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ENGEfiED  TDK  THE   OTJAETO    XDlTHm  OF -YlEBaTEKS    .AMEHIOAH  DlCTiaSSKr 


AN 

AMERICAN    DICTIONARY 


OF   THE 


ENGLISH    LANGUAGE; 

CONTAINING  ^ 

THE  WHOLE  VOCABULARY  OF  THE  FIRST  EDITION  IN  TWO  VOLUMES  QUARTO;    THE  ENTIRE  CORREC- 
TIONS AND  IMPROVEMENTS  OF  THE  SECOND  EDITION  IN  TWO    VOLUMES  ROYAL  OCTAVO ; 

TO    WHICH    IS    PEEFIXED 

AN  INTRODUCTORY  DISSERTATION 

ON    THE 

ORIGIN,  HISTORY,  AND  CONNECTION,   OF  THE  LANGUAGES  OF  WESTERN  ASIA  AND  EUROPE, 

WITH    AN    EXPLANATION 

OF  THE  PRINCIPLES  ON  WHICH  LANGUAGES  ARE  FORMED. 


BY  NOAH  WEBSTER,  LL.  D., 


Member  of  tfit  American  Philosophical  Society  in  Philadelphia;   Felloto  of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  in  Massachusetts 
Member  of  the  Connecticut  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences ;   Fellow  of  the  Royal   Society  of  Northern  Antiqiuiries  in  Co- 
penhagen ;  Member  of  the  ConnectictU  Historical  Society ;  Corresponding  Member  of  the  Historical  Societies 
in  Massachttsetts,  New  York,  and  Georgia ;  of  the  Academy  of  Medicitie  in  Philadel- 
phia, and  of  the  Columbian  Institute  in  Washington ;   and  Honorary 

Member  of  the  Michigan  Historical  Society.  ' 


GENERAL  SUBJECTS  OF  THIS  WORK. 

I ETYMOLOGIES   OF  ENGLISH  WORDS,  DEDUCED   PROM   AN  EXAMINATION  AND  COMPARISON  OP  WORDS  OF  CORRESPONDING 

ELEMENTS  IN  TWENTY  LANGUAGES   OF  ASIA   AND  EUROPE. 
11.— THE  TRUE  ORTHOGRAPHY  OF  WORDS,  AS  CORRECTED   BY  THEIR   ETYMOLOGIES. 
IIL  — PRONUNCIATION   EXHIBITED   AND   MADE   OBVIOUS   BY  THE   DIVISION   OF  WORDS   INTO  SYLLABLES,   BY   ACCENTUATION,  BY 

MARKING  THE  SOUNDS   OF  THE   ACCENTED   VOWELS,   WHEN   NECESSARY,   OR   BY  GENERAL  RULES. 
IV.  — ACCURATE  AND  DISCRIMINATING  DEFINITIONS,   ILLUSTRATED,  WHEN    DOUBTFUL  OR    OBSCURE,   BY   EXAMPLES  OP  THEIR 
USE,  SELECTED   FROM   RESPECTABLE  AUTHORS,  OR  BY   FAMILIAR  PHRASES  OP  UNDISPUTED   AUTHORITY. 


REYISED   AND   ENLAHGED, 

BY  CHAUxNCEY   A.   GOODRICH, 

PBOPE880B    IN    TALE    COLLEOE. 


WITH  PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARIES  OF  SCRIPTURE,  CLASSICAL,  AND  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


SPHINGFIELD,  MASS. 

PDBLISHED    BY    GEORGE    AND    CHARLES    MERRIAM, 

CORNER  OF  MAIN  AND  STATE  STREETS. 

1857. 


KSTERBD  ACCORDISO  TO   ACT  OF  CONORESS,    IS   TUB   YEAR   1840, 

By  NOAH  WEBSTER,  LL.  D., 
Ig  THB  (Xebk'b  OrricK  op  tub  District  Court  of  the  District  of  Connecticut. 


Entered  accoudixo  to  Act  ok  Congress,  in  the  Year  1847, 

Bt  GKORGE  ASD  CHARLES  MERRIAM, 

Ik  THB  Clerk's  OrricE  op  the  District  Court  of  tiie  District  of  ilASSAcnusBTTS. 

Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  Year  185G, 

i3t  EMILY  W.  ELLSWORTH,  JULIA  "W.  GOODRICH, 

WILLIAM  G.  WEBSTER,  ELIZA  S.  W.  JOXES, 

AND  LOUISA  WEBSTER, 

Is  THE  Clerk's  Ofhce  of  the  District  Court  op  the  District  of  CoNiracncuT. 


STEREOTYPED  AT  THE 
BOSTON  TYPE  A.VD  STEREOTYPE  FOUNDEY. 


rtlKTKD    BT  J 

CAHE,   TlFFA^t    AND   COMPAWT,  OJlT  i 


I  ARTr ORD. 


Bmcroft  Librty 


PREFACE  TO  THE  REVISED  EDITION.       a. 

BY    THE    EDITOR.  / 


The    demand    for    The    American    Dictionary    or    the    English    Language    has    increased    so 
rapidly  within  a  few  years  past,  that  the  publishers  have  felt  the  necessity  of  its  being  stereotyped,  for 
the  greater  convenience  of  the  public,  in  a  single  quarto  volume.      In  deciding  upon  this  measure, 
they  were   desirous    that    the  work   should  be  thoroughly  revised  anew,  and    that  each    department 
which  it  embraces,  should  be  brought   down,  as   far   as  possible,  to  the  latest   advances  of  science, 
literature,  and  the  arts,  at  the  present  day.       With  this  view,  it  was  placed  in  the  hands  of  Rev. 
Chacncey  a.  Goodrich,  Professor  in  Yale  College,  as  one  of  the  members  of  Dr.  Webster's  family, 
in  the  expectation  of  his  obtaining  such  additional  aid  as  might  be  necessary  for  the  accomplishment 
of  this    design.      The    Editor    has    not   acted,    however;    upon  his  own    personal    responsibility    in 
executing  this  trust.      He  has,  from  time  to  time,  laid  open  the  sheets  to  the  inspection  of  the  other 
members  of  the  family ;  and  no  important  alterations  have  been  made,  especially  in  any  of  the  lead- 
ing characteristics  of  the  work,  except  with  the  concurrence,  or  at  the  request,  of  Dr.  Webster's  legal 
representatives.      In  laying  before  the  public  an  edition  thus  prepared,  the  fruit  of  nearly  three  years 
of  care  and  attention,  the  Editor  will  be  expected  to  make  some  brief  statement  of  the  principles  on 
which  he  has  conducted  the  revision,  and  the  results  of  his  labors  as  exhibited  in  the  present  volume. 
This  work  was  first  published,  in  two  quarto  volumes,  in  the  year  1828.      At  the  expiration  of 
twelve  years,  or  in  the  year  1840,  a  second  edition  was  published  by  the  Author,  in  two  royal  octavo 
volumes.      Of  this    he  thus   speaks    in    the  Advertisement    prefixed :    "  The    improvements    in    this 
edition  of  the  American  Dictionary  consist  chiefly  in  the  addition  of  several  thousand  words  to  the 
vocabulary,  the  division  of  words  into  syllables,  and   the  correction  of  definitions  in  several  of  the 
sciences,    which  are  made    conformable    to  recent    discoveries   and    classifications.       For    the    latter 
improvements,   the    Author   is  indebted  chiefly  to  Professor   Tuli.y,  of  the  Medical  College  in  New 
Haven.      To  these  improvements  may  be  added  the  introduction   and  explanation  of   many  phrases 
from  foreign  languages,  frequently  used  by  English  authors,  and  in  conversation  ;  and  also  of  many 
foreign  terms  used  in  books  of  music."      In  conducting  this  revision.  Dr.  Webster  was  aided  in  some 
part  of  his  labors  by  his  son,  William  G.  AVebster,  Esq.,  of  New  Haven;  who,  also,  at  a  subse- 
quent period,    prepared   the   revised  Addenda,  under   the    direction    of    his  father.      The  later   im- 
provements   of  the  Author,  down    to  the  period  of  his  death,  are  here  inserted    under    their  proper 
heads,  from  the  manuscripts  which   he  left.     By  these   successive  revisions,  and  the   one  which  has 
now  been  made,  new  matter,  to  the  amount  of  more  than  three  hundred  pages,  has  been  added  to  the 


m7' KMVJry 


PREFACE   TO    THE    REVISED    EDITION. 


work ;  all  of  which,  by  the  use  of  a  smaller  type,  and  by  careful  compression,  is  now  brought 
within  the  compass  of  this  volume.  Of  the  course  pursued  in  the  revision,  it  will  now  be  proper 
briefly  to  speak. 

In  respect  to  the  Etymologies,  the  Editor  has  not  considered  it  as  lying  within  his  province,  to 
make  any  material  alterations.  In  a  very  few  cases  of  obvious  necessity,  some  slight  change  has 
been  made.  But  the  chief  labor,  in  reference  to  this  part  of  the  work,  has  been  bestowed  on  the 
difficult  task  of  giving  with  accuracy  the  numerous  words  from  Oriental  and  foreign  languages,  which 
are  used  in  tracing  the  origin  of  our  own. 

The  chief  value  of  a  dictionary  consists  in  its  Definitions ;  —  in  giving  a  clear,  full,  and  accurate 
exhibition  of  all  the  various  shades  of  meaning  which  belong,  by  established  usage,  to  the  words  of 
a  language.  It  is  in  this  respect,  especially,  that  Dr.  Webster's  Dictionary  has  been  generally  con- 
sidered superior  to  every  other,  both  of  this  country  and  of  England.  To  this  point,  therefore,  the 
labors  of  the  Editor  have  been  mainly  directed.  No  efforts  have  been  spared  to  obtain  the  most 
recent  and  valuable  works,  not  only  in  lexicography,  but  in  the  various  departments  of  science  and 
the  arts  embraced  in  the  American  Dictionary.  As  these  subjects  are  in  a  state  of  continual  progress, 
every  important  word,  in  its  various  applications,  has  been  diligently  examined  and  compared  with 
the  statements  made  on  each  topic,  by  the  latest  and  most  approved  authorities.  Smart's  English 
Dictionary,  in  the  edition  of  1846,  has  been  carefully  collated  with  this  work,  and  also  the  unfinished 
one,  in  a  course  of  publication,  by  Gilbert,  so  far  as  the  numbers  have  appeared.  Reference  has 
likewise  constantly  been  made  to  Richardson's  Dictionary,  —  although  this  had  been  previously 
examined  by  Dr.  Webster,  —  and  also  to  the  Analytical  Dictionary  of  Booth.  Each  of  the  articles 
in  Brande's  Encyclopedia  of  Science,  Literature,  and  Art,  has  been  collated  with  the  corresponding 
portions  of  this  Dictionary,  as  the  starting-point,  when  necessary,  of  investigation  in  larger  treatises. 
The  Penny  Cyclopedia  has  been  consulted  at  every  step,  especially  in  matters  of  science  ;  and  the 
Encyclopedia  Americana  (based  on  the  German  Conversations-Lexikon)  has  been  relied  upon,  partic- 
ularly on  subjects  of  continental  literature,  philosophy,  history,  art,  &c.  In  order  to  secure  greater 
accuracy,  numerous  special  dictionaries,  or  vocabularies  confined  to  some  single  department,  have 
also  been  collated  with  this  work ;  and  the  ablest  treatises  on  important  branches  of  science  and 
art  have  been  diligently  examined.  In  architecture,  the  chief  reliance  has  been  placed  on  the 
Oxford  Glossary  of  Architecture,  (1845,)  and  the  Encyclopedia  of  Architecture,  (1842,)  by  Gwilt, 
author  of  the  articles  on  this  subject  in  Brande's  Encyclopedia.  In  agriculture,  Johnson's  Farmer's 
Encyclopedia,  (1844,)  and  Gardner's  Farmer's  Dictionary,  (1846,)  have  been  chiefly  used.  In 
general  antiquities,  the  large  treatise  of  Fosbroke  has  been  frequently  consulted,  while  in  classical 
antiquities,  the  principal  reliance  has  been  placed  on  the  recent  dictionary  of  Smith,  (1846,)  as  a 
work  of  the  highest  authority.  In  respect  to  the  antiquities  of  the  church,  the  elaborate  work  of 
Coleman  (1841)  has  been  frequently  consulted;  and  Hook's  Church  Dictionary  (1844)  has  been 
collated    throughout,  with   reference    to    the    rites,    ceremonies,    vestments,   &c.,   of   the    Church    of 


PREFACE   TO   THE   REVISED    EDITION. 


England,  and  also  of  the  Roman  Catholic  and  Greek  Churches.  In  botany,  use  has  principally- 
been  made  of  the  writings  of  Lindley  and  Loudon.  In  natural  history,  Partington's  British  Cyclo- 
pedia of  Natural  History,  (1835—7,)  and  Jardine's  Naturalist's  Library,  (1834—43,)  have  been  much 
consulted,  in  connection  with  the  articles  on  these  subjects  in  the  Penny  Cyclopedia  and  similar 
works.  In  geology,  mineralogy,  and  some  associated  branches  of  natural  history,  Humble's  Dic- 
tionary of  terras  in  these  departments  (1840)  has  been  compared  with  this  work  throughout.  In 
respect  to  mercantile  subjects,  banking,  coins,  weights,  measures,  &c.,  McCulloch's  Commercial 
Dictionary  (1845)  has  been  collated  at  every  step,  as  the  standard  work  on  tliese  subjects.  In 
manufactures  and  the  arts^  Dr.  Ure's  Dictionary  of  Manufactures,  Arts,  and  Mines,  with  its  Supple- 
ment, (1845,)  has  been  relied  upon  as  of  the  highest  authority.  In  engineering  and  mechanical 
philosophy,  Hebert's  Engineer's  and  Mechanic's  Cyclopedia  (1842)  has  been  carefully  collated, 
with  a  constant  reference  to  the  more  popular  and  recent  dictionaries  of  Francis,  Grier,  and 
Buchanan,  in  the  editions  of  1846.  la  seamanship,  the  Dictionary  of  Marine  Terms,  in  Lieutenant 
Totten's  Naval  Text-Book,  (1841,)  has  been  taken  as  a  guide.  In  military  affairs,  the  dictionary 
of  Campbell  (1844)  has  been  followed,  in  connection  with  the  more  extended  articles  contained  in 
Brande  and  the  Penny  Cyclopedia,  on  the  kindred  topics.  In  the  fine  arts,  much  use  has  been 
made  of  the  dictionary  of  Elmes.  In  domestic  economy,  the  Encyclopedia  of  Webster  and  Parkes 
on  this  subject  (1844)  has  furnished  many  important  statements,  on  a  great  variety  of  topics, 
presented  for  the  first  time  in  a  scientific  form ;  and  to  this  has  been  added  Cooley's  Cyclopedia  of 
Practical  Receipts,  (1846,)  as  exhibiting  much  collateral  information,  in  respect  to  the  arts,  manufac- 
tures, and  trades.  Such,  in  general,  are  the  authorities  which  have  been  relied  on  in  this  revision. 
But  it  is  obviously  impossible  for  any  one  mind  to  embrace  with  accuracy  all  the  various 
departments  of  knowledge  which  are  now  brought  within  the  compass  of  a  dictionary.  Hence  arise 
most  of  the  errors  and  inconsistencies  which  abound  in  works  of  this  kind.  To  avoid  these  as  far 
as  possible,  especially  in  matters  of  science,  the  Editor  at  first  made  an  arrangement  with  Dr.  James 
G.  Percival,  who  had  rendered  important  assistance  to  Dr.  Webster  in  the  edition  of  1828,  to 
take  the  entire  charge  of  revising  the  scientific  articles  embraced  in  this  work.  This  revision, 
however,  owing  to  causes  beyond  the  control  of  either  party,  was  extended  to  but  little  more  than 
two  letters  of  the  alphabet ;  and  the  Editor  then  obtained  the  assistance  of  his  associates  in  ofiice, 
and  of  other  gentlemen  in  various  professional  employments.  To  these  he  would  now  return  his 
acknowledgments,  for  the  aid  they  have  afibrded.  The  articles  on  law  have  been  collated  with 
Blackstone  and  Bouvier's  Law  Dictionary,  by  the  Hon.  Elizur  Goodhich,  formerly  Professor  of 
Law  in  Yale  College,  and  the  errors  discovered,  which  were  few  in  number,  have  been  carefully 
corrected.  The  departments  of  ecclesiastical  history  and  ancient  philosophy  have  been  thoroughly 
revised  by  the  Rev.  James  Murdock,  D.  D.,  late  Professor  in  the  Andoyer  Theological  Seminary, 
who  has  furnished,  in  many  instances,  new  and  valuable  definitions.  The  terms  in  chemistry 
have  been  s^ibmitted  to  Professor  Silliman,  of  Yale  College  ;   and  whatever   changes  were  requisite 


PREFACE   TO   THE   REVISED    EDITION. 


in  the  explanations,  have  been  made  under  his  direction.  In  the  departments  of  botany,  anatomy, 
physiology,  medicine,  and  some  branches  of  natural  history,  Dr.  Webster  received  assistance,  in  the 
revision  of  1840,  as  mentioned  above,  from  Dr.  William  Tully,  late  Professor  in  the  Medical 
Institution  of  Yale  College.  Still  further  aid  has  been  received  from  the  same  source  in  the 
present  revision,  and  much  of  the  accuracy  of  this  work,  in  these  branches,  will  be  found  owing 
to  the  valuable  assistance  he  has  thus  afforded.  On  topics  connected  with  Oriental  literature,  aid 
has  frequently  been  obtained  from  Professor  Gibbs,  of  Yale  College.  A  part  of  the  articles  on 
astronomy,  meteorology,  and  natural  philosophy,  in  the  edition  of  1828,  passed  under  the  revision 
of  Professor  Olmsted,  of  Yale  College.  This  revision  has  now  been  extended  to  all  the  articles 
on  thfse  subjects  throughout  the  work,  and  new  definitions  have  been  furnished  in  numerous 
instances.  The  definitions  in  mathematics,  after  having  been  compared  with  those  given  in  the 
dictionaries  of  Hutton,  or  Barlow,  have  been  submitted  to  Professor  Stanley,  of  Yale  College,  and 
the  alterations  have,  in  all  cases,  been  made  under  his  direction.  In  the  sciences  of  geology  and 
mineralogy,  a  thorough  revision  of  the  whole  volume  has  been  made  by  James  D.  Dana,  Esq., 
Geologist  and  Mineralogist  of  the  United  States  Exploring  Expedition,  and  associate  editor  of  the 
American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  to  whom  the  Editor  is  likewise  indebted  for  assistance  on 
various  other  subjects,  which  has  greatly  enhanced  the  value  of  the  work.  In  practical  astronomy  and 
the  science  of  entomology,  aid  has  been  frequently  received  from  Edward  C.  Herrick,  Esq.,  Librarian 
of  Yale  College.  The  articles  on  painting  and  the  fine  arts  have,  to  a  great  extent,  passed  under 
the  inspection  of  Nathaniel  Jocelyn,  Esq.,  Painter,  of  New  Haven,  and  new  definitions  have  in 
many  cases  been  furnished. 

A  correspondence  has  likewise  been  carried  on  with  literary  friends  in  England,  and  especially 
with  one  of  the  contributors  to  the  Penny  Cyclopedia,  with  a  view  to  obtain  information  on  certain 
points,  in  respect  to  which  nothing  definite  could  be  learned  from  any  books  within  the  reach  of 
the  Editor.  Extended  lists  of  words  have  been  transmitted  for  examination,  and  returned  with 
ample  notes  and  explanations.  Much  obscurity  has  thus  been  removed  in  respect  to  the  use  of  terms 
which  have  a  peculiar  sense  in  Englemd,  especially  some  of  frequent  occurrence  at  the  imiversities,  in 
the  circles  of  trade,  and  in  the  familiar  intercourse  of  life.  To  the  friends  who  have  given  their 
assistance  in  these  various  departments,  the  Editor  would  return  his  cordial  thanks.  Whatever  im- 
provement the  work  may  have  gained  from  this  revision,  in  respect  to  clearness,  accuracy,  and  fullness 
of  definition,  will    be    found    owing,  in  a  great   degree,  to  the  aid  which   they  have  thus  afforded. 

With  regard  to  the  insertion  of  new  words,  the  Editor  has  felt  much  hesitation  and  embarrassment. 
Some  thousands  have  been  added  in  the  course  of  this  revision,  and  the  number  might  have  been 
swelled  to  many  thousands  more,  without  the  slightest  difficulty.  There  is,  at  the  present  day, 
especially  in  England,  a  boldness  of  innovation  on  this  subject,  which  amounts  to  absolute  licen- 
tiousness. A  hasty  introduction  into  our  dictionaries,  of  new  terms,  under  such  circumstances,  is 
greatly  to  be  deprecated.     Our  vocabulary  is  already  encumbered  with  a  multitude  of  words,  which 


PREFACE   TO   THE    REVISED    EDITION 


have  never  formed  a  permanent  part  of  English  literature,  and  it  is  a  serious  evil  to  add  to 
their  number.  Nothing,  on  the  contrary,  is  so  much  needed  as  a  thorough  expurgation  of  our 
dictionaries  in  this  respect,  —  the  rejection  of  many  thousands  of  words  which  may  properly  find 
a  place  in  the  glossaries  of  antiquarians,  as  a  curious  exhibition  of  what  has  been  proposed,  but 
never  adopted,  as  a  part  of  our  language,  but  which,  for  that  reason,  can  have  no  claim  to  stand 
in  a  dictionary  designed  for  general  use.  All  words,  indeed,  which  are  necessary  to  an  under- 
standing of  our  great  writers,  such  as  Bacon,  Spenser,  Shakspeare,  &c.,  ought,  though  now  obsolete, 
to  be  carefully  retained ;  and  in  the  present  revision  a  considerable  number  of  this  class  have  been 
introduced  for  the  first  time.  Other  words  have  likewise  been  admitted  to  a  limited  extent, 
namely,  the  familiar  terms  of  common  life  in  England,  which  have  been  much  used  of  late  by 
popular  writers  in  Great  Britain.  Many  of  these  need  to  be  explained  for  the  benefit  of  readers  in 
this  country;  and,  if  marked  as  "familiar,"  "colloquial,"  or  "low,"  according  to  their  true  char- 
acter, they  may  be  safely  inserted  in  our  dictionaries,  and  are  entitled  to  a  place  there,  as  forming  a 
constituent  part  of  our  written  and  spoken  language.  One  of  the  most  difficult  questions  on  this 
subject,  relates  to  the  introduction  of  technical  and  scientific  terms.  Most  of  our  general  diction- 
aries are,  at  present,  without  any  plan  as  to  the  extent  and  proportion  in  which  such  words 
should  be  inserted ;  nor  can  they  ever  be  reduced  to  order  until  each  department  is  revised  by 
men  of  science  who  are  intimately  acquainted  with  the  subjects,  and  who  are  competent  to  decide 
what  terms  ought  to  be  admitted  into  a  general  dictionary,  and  what  terms  should  be  reserved  for 
special  dictionjiries  devoted  to  distinct  branches  of  science.  Something  of  this  kind,  on  a  limited 
scale,  lias  been  attempted  in  the  progress  of  this  revision.  Lists  of  words  have  been  obtained  from 
the  gentlemen  mentioned  above,  which  might  properly  be  inserted  in  this  volume ;  and  very  few 
terms  of  this  class  have  been  admitted  except  under  their  direction.  In  accordance  with  their 
advice,  a  small  number  have  been  excluded ;  but  in  this  respect  the  Editor  has  not  felt  at  liberty 
to  carry  out  his  views  in  their  full  extent. 

In  respect  to  Americanisms,  properly  so  called,  it  is  known  to  those  who  are  conversant  with 
the  subject,  that  they  are  less  numerous  than  has  been  generally  supposed.  Most  of  those  familiar 
words,  especially  of  our  older  states,  which  have  been  considered  as  peculiar  to  our  country,  were 
brought  by  our  ancestors  from  Great  Britain,  and  are  still  in  constant  use  there  as  local  terms. 
The  recent  investigations  of  Porby,  Holloway,  and  Halliwell,  have  thrown  much  light  on  this 
subject ;  and  the  names  of  these  authors  are,  therefore,  frequently  placed  under  the  words  in  question, 
to  indicate  their  origin  and  their  present  use  in  England.  Notes  have  also  been  added  to  some 
words  which  are  peculiar  to  our  coimtry ;   but  their  number  is  comparatively  small. 

In  reference  to  Orthography,  some  important  alterations  have  been  made,  but  in  strict  conform- 
ity, it  is  believed,  with  the  Author's  principles  on  this  subject.  The  changes  in  our  orthography 
recommended  by  Dr.  Webster,  are  of  two  distinct  kinds,  and  rest  on  very  different  grounds. 
These  it  may  be  proper  for  a  moment  to  consider.     His  main  principle  was,  that  the  tendencies  of 


PREFACE    TO    THE    REVISED    EDITION. 


our  lang^uage  to  greater  simplicity  and  broader  analogies,  ought  to  be  watched  and  cherished  with 
the  tttmost  care.  He  felt,  therefore,  tliat  whenever  a  movement  toward  wider  analogie:^  and  more 
general  rules,  had  advanced  so  far  as  to  leave  but  few  exceptions  to  impede  its  progress,  those 
exceptions  ought  to  be  set  aside  at  once,  and  the  analogy  rendered  complete.  On  this  ground,  he 
rejected  the  u  from  such  words  as  favour,  labour,  &c.  Of  these  we  have  a  large  number,  which 
came  to  us,  in  most  cases,  from  Latin  terminations  in  or,  through  the  Norman  French,  but  encum- 
bered with  a  silent  u,  as  in  emperour,  authour,  editour,  &c.  From  this  entire  class,  except  about 
twenty  words,  the  u  has  been  gradually  dropped ;  and  iu  respect  to  these,  scarcely  any  two  persons 
can  be  found,  however  strenuous  for  retaining  it,  who  arc  in  practice  consistent  with  each  other, 
or  with  themselves,  as  to  the  words  in  which  this  letter  is  used.  In  fact,  we  have  reached 
a  point  where,  unless  we  take  Webster  and  the  dictionaries  which  agree  with  him  as  our  guide, 
we  have  no  standard  on  the  subject;  for  Jolmson,  Walker,  and  others,  retain  the  u  in  numerous 
words,  into  which  no  one  would  thiuk  of  introducing  it  at  the  present  day.  Public  convenience, 
therefore,  demands  that  we  do  at  once  what  must  ultimately  be  done.  No  one  can  believe  that  the 
progress  of  our  language  will  be  arrested  on  this  subject.  The  u  will  speedily  be  omitted  in  all 
words  of  this  class,  miless,  from  the  sacredness  of  its  associations,  it  be  retained  in  Saviour,  which 
may  stand  for  a  time  as  a  solitary  exception.  Nor  is  it  Dr.  Webster  who  is  the  innovator  in  this 
case,  but  the  English  mind,  which  has  for  two  centuries  been  throwing  off  a  useless  encumbrance, 
and  moving  steadily  on  toward  greater  simplicity  in  the  structure  of  our  language.  -  Such,  too,  is  the 
case  with  certain  terminations  in  re,  pronounced  like  er ;  as,  centre,  metre,  &c.  We  have  numerous 
words  of  this  class  derived  from  the  French,  all  of  which  originally  ended  in  re;  as,  cider, \cidre,) 
chamber,  (chambre,)  &c.  These  have  been  gradually  conformed  to  the  English  spelling  and  pronun- 
ciation, till  the  number  in  re  is  reduced  to  not  far  from  twenty  words  with  their  derivatives ;  and  in 
respect  to  them  also  the  process  is  still  going  on.  Center  is,  to  a  considerable  extent,  the  spelling 
of  the  best  mathematicEd  writers.  Meter  is  the  word  given  by  Walker  in  his  Rhyming  Dictionary, 
from  a  sense  of  the  gross  inconsistency  of  attaching  to  this  word  and  its  derivative  diameter  a 
different  termination.  Others  are  gradually  undergoing  the  same  change.  Dr.  Webster  proposes, 
therefore,  to  complete  the  analogy  at  once,  and  conform  the  spelling  of  the  few  that  remain  to  the 
general  principles  of  our  language.  Acre,  lucre,  and  massacre,  present  the  only  difficulty,  from  their 
liability,  if  changed,  to  be  mispronounced,  and  may  therefore  be  suffered  to  stand  as  necessary 
exceptions.  Another  departure  from  the  principles  of  English  orthography  which  Dr.  Webster  has 
endeavored  to  correct,  is  one  that  was  pointed  out  by  Walker,  in  very  emphatic  terms,  nearly  fifty 
years  ag^.  The  principle  in  question  is  this,  —  that,  in  adding  to  a  word  the  formatives  m.?)  od,  cr, 
&,c.,  a  single  consonant  (if  one  precedes)  is  doubled  when  the  accent  falls  on  the  last  syllable,  as 
in  forgetting,  beginning,  (fcc,  but  is  not  doubled  when  the  accent  falls  on  any  of  the  preceding  syl- 
lables, as  in  benefiting,  gardening,  (fcc.  Walker,  in  his  fifth  Aphorism,  says,  "  Dr.  Lowth  justly  re- 
nivks  that  an  error  frequently  takes  place  in  the  words  worshipping,  counselling,  <fcc.,  which,  having 


PREFACE    TO    THE    REVISED    EDITION 


the  accent  on  the  first  syllable,  ought  to  be  written  worshiping,  counseling.  An  ignoreince  of  this 
rule  has  led  many  to  write  bigotted  for  bigoted;  and  from  this  spelling  has  frequently  arisen  a  false 
pronunciation.  But  no  letter  seems  to  be  more  frequently  doubled  improperly  than  I.  Why  we  should 
write  libelling,  levelling,  revelling,  and  yet  offering,,  suffering,  reasoning,  I  am  totally  at  a  loss  to 
determine  ;  and  unless  I  can  give  a  better  plea  than  any  other  letter  of  the  alphabet  for  being  doubled 
in  this  situation,  I  must,  in  the  style  of  Lucian  in  his  trial  of  the  letter  T,  declare  for  an  expul- 
sion." These  were  the  deliberate  and  latest  opinions  of  Walker.  If  he  had  taken  the  trouble  to 
carry  them  into  his  vocabulary,  instead  of  relying  on  a  mere  remark  of  this  kind  for  the  correction 
of  the  error,  —  if  he  had  simply  stated,  under  about  forty  verbs;^  how  the  participle  should  be 
spelt,  (for  he  did  not  give  participles  in  his  Dictionary,)  and  had  altered  six  or  eight  words, 
as  worshipper  into  worshiper,  traveller  nito  traveler,  &c.,  the  error  would  probably,  by  this 
time,  have  been  wholly  eradicated  from  our  orthography ;  and  Dr.  Webster  would  have  escaped 
much  ignorant  vituperation,  for  following  in  the  footsteps  of  Walker  and  of  Lowth.  Walker 
also  says  in  his  Aphorisms,  "  Why  should  we  not  write  dullness,  fullness,  skillful,  willful,  as 
well  as  stiffness  and  gruffness  ? "  The  principles  of  our  language  plainly  require  us  to  do  so ; 
and  Dr.  Webster  felt  that  the  change  might  easily  be  made.  The  words  which  need  to  be  reduced 
to  this  analogy  are  only  about  eight  in  number,  including  installment  and  inthrallment,  which,  if 
spelt  with  a  single  I,  are  liable  to  be  mispronounced,  instal'ment,  &c.  Again,  the  words  expense, 
license,  recompense,  which  formerly  had  a  c  in  the  last  syllable,  have  now  taken  an  s,  because  the 
latter  consonant  is  the  only  one  used  in  the  derivatives ;  as,  expensive,  &c.  A  similar  change  is 
needed  in  only  three  words  more  to  complete  the  analogy,  namely,  defense,  offense,  and  pretense  ; 
and  these  Dr.  Webster  has  changed.  It  is  sometimes  asked,  "  Why  not  change  fence  also  ?  " 
For  the  simple  reason,  that  its  derivatives  are  spelt  with  a  c,  as  fenced,  fencing ;  and  the  word 
therefore  stands  regularly  with  otherg  of  its  own  class.  Finally,  Dr.  Webster  proposes  to  drop 
the  u  in  mould  and  moult,  because  it  has  been  dropped  from  gold,  and  all  other  words  of  the 
same  ending.  —  Such  are  the  principal  changes  under  this  head,  introduced  by  Dr.  Webster  into  his 
Dictionary.  In  the  present  edition,  the  words  are  spelt  in  both  ways,  for  the  convenience  of  the 
public,  except  in  cases  where  this  seemed  to  be  imnecessary  or  Avas  found  to  be  inconvenient. 
These  changes,  considering  the  difficulty  that  always  belongs  to  such  a  subject,  have  met  with  far 
more  favor  from  the  public,  than  was  reasonably  to  be  expected.  Most  of  them  have  been  exten- 
sively adopted  in  our  country.  They  are  gaining  ground  daily,  as  the  reasons  by  which  they 
are  supported  are  more  generally  understood  ;  and  it  is  confidently  believed  that,  being  founded 
in  established  analogies,  and  intended  merely  to  repress  irregularities  and  remove  petty  exceptions, 
they  must  ultimately  prevail. 

The  other  class  of  changes  mentioned  above  rests  on  a  different  basis,  —  that  of  Etymology. 
These  will  be  estimated  very  differently,  according  to  the  acquaintance  of  different  persons  with 
the  languages  from  which   the  words  are   derived.      When  Dr.  Webster  substituted  bridegoom  for 


PREFACE.  TO    THE    REVISED    EDITION. 


bridegroom,  fether  for  feather,  &.C.,  the  German  critics  hig}ily  applauded  the  change.  They  pre- 
dicted its  speedy  and  universal  reception,  because  similar  miprovements,  on  a  much  broader  scde, 
had  been  easily  made  in  their  lEuiguage.  But  Dr.  Webster  found  the  case  to  be  widely  different 
among  us.  After  an  experiment  of  twelve  years,  he  restored  the  old  orthography  to  a  considerable 
number  of  such  words.  In  the  present  edition,  it  is  restored  in  respect  to  nearly  all  that  remain, 
from  the  full  conviction,  that,  however  desirable  these  changes  may  be,  in  themselves  considered, 
as  they  do  not  relate  to  the  general  analogies  of  the  language,  cmd  can  not  be  duly  appreciated  by 
the  body  of  the  people,  they  will  never  be  generally  received.* 

On  the  subject  of  Pronunciation,  much  labor  has  been  bestowed  in  the  progress  of  this  revision. 
A  CEireful  comparison  has  been  made  with  the  latest  authorities,  and  wherever  changes  seemed 
desirable,  and  could  be  made  in  consistency  with  the  Author's  principles,  they  have  been  here 
introduced.  The  key  to  pronunciation  has  been  somewhat  enlarged,  and  placed  at  the  bottom  of 
each  page  for  greater  ease  of  reference,  and  the  pointed  letters  have  been  used  to  a  still  greater  ex- 
tent. Many  thousand  words  have  been  re-spelled,  and  no  efforts  have  been  spared  to  render  the  work, 
in  all  respects,  a  complete  Pronouncing  Dictionary.  In  the  progress  of  these  labors,  the  Editor 
has  been  frequently  struck  with  the  wisdom  of  Dr.  Webster  in  not  attempting  too  much  as  to 
marking  the  pronunciation.  Most  of  the  later  orthoepists,  as  Knowles,  Smart,  <fcc.,  have  made 
their  system  of  notation  so  extensive  and  complicated,  and  have  aimed  to  exhibit  so  many  nice 
shades  of  distinction,  as  in  many  cases  to  perplex  rather  than  aid. 

The  Publishers,  being  desirous  to  make  this,  in  all  respects,  a  complete  work  of  reference,  have 
introduced,  at  the  close  of  the  volume,  a  list  of  Greek  and  Latin  Proper  Names,  with  their  pronun- 
ciation, prepared  by  Professor  Thacher,  of  Yale  College  ;  a  list  of  Scripture  Proper  Names,  pre- 
pared by  Professor  Porter,  of  Yale  College ;  and  a  Pronouncing  Vocabulary  of  Modern  Geographical 
Names,  prepared  also  under  the  superintendence  of  Professor  Porter.  Of  these  a  full  account  will 
be  found  in  the  several  prefaces  by  which  they  are  accompanied. 

In  conclusion,  the  Editor  would  acknowledge  his  obligations  to  the  gentlemen  who  have  aided 
him,  for  more  than  two  years,  in  these  labors,  —  Mr.  Samuel  W.  Barnum,  M.  A.,  of  Yale  College,  and 
William  G.  Webster,  Esq.,  of  New  Haven.  The  intimate  acquaintance  of  the  latter  with  his 
father's  views,  has  made  his  counsel  and  cooperation  of  great  value  in  the  progress  of  this  revision. 

To  the  overseers  of  the  mechanical  execution  of  this  work,  at  the  Boston  Type  and  Stereo- 
type Foundry,  the  Editor  would  likewise  make  his  acknowledgments  for  many  valuable  suggestions 
during  the  progress  of  the  revision,  and  for  the  watchful  care  and  assiduity  with  which  they  have 
performed  the  difficult  task  of  giving  accuracy  to  the  details  of  this  volume. 

New  Havek,  Sepiembtr,  1847. 

•  For  a  more  full  and  detailed  account  of  Dr.  Webster's  orthography,  as  exhibited  in  this  volume,  see  page  Ixxii. 


AUTHOR'S    PREFACE. 


In  the  year  1783,  just  at  the  close  of  the  Revolution,  I  published  an  elementary  book  for 
facilitating  the  acquisition  of  our  vernacular  tongue,  and  for  correcting  a  vicious  pronunciation, 
which  prevailed  extensively  among  the  common  people  of  this  country.  Soon  after  the  publication 
of  that  work,  I  believe  in  the  following  year,  thai  learned  and  respectable  scholar,  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Goodrich,  of  Durham,  one  of  the  trustees  of  Yale  College,  suggested  to  me  the  propriety  and 
expediency  of  my  compiling  a  Dictionary,  which  should  complete  a  system  for  the  instruction  of 
the  citizens  of  this  country  in  the  language.  At  that  time,  I  could  not  indulge  the  thought,  much 
less  the  hope,  of  undertaking  such  a  work  ;  as  I  was  neither  qualified  by  research,  nor  had  I  the 
means  of  support,  during  the  execution  of  the  work,  had  I  been  disposed  to  undertake  it.  For 
many  years,  therefore,  though  I  considered  such  a  work  as  very  desirable,  yet  it  appeared  to  me 
impracticable ;  as  I  was  under  the  necessity  of  devoting  my  time  to  other  occupations  for  obtaining 
subsistence. 

About  thirty-five  years  ago,  I  began  to  think  of  attempting  the  compilation  of  a  Dictionary. 
I  was  induced  to  this  undertaking,  not  more  by  the  suggestion  of  friends,  than  by  my  own  ex- 
perience of  the  want  of  such  a  work,  while  reading  modern  books  of  science.  In  this  pursuit,  I 
found  almost  insuperable  difficulties,  from  the  want  of  a  dictionary,  for  explaining  many  new  words, 
which  recent  discoveries  in  the  physical  sciences  had  introduced  into  use.  To  remedy  this  defect 
in  part,  I  published  my  Covipeiidious  Dictionary  in  1806 ;  and  soon  after  made  preparations  for 
undertaking  a  larger  work. 

My  original  design  did  not  extend  to  an  investigation  of  the  origin  and  progress  of  our  lan- 
guage, much  less  of  other  languages.  I  limited  my  views  to  the  correcting  of  certain  errors  in 
the  best  English  dictionaries,  and  to  the  supplying  of  words  in  which  they  are  deficient.  But 
after  writing  through  two  letters  of  the  alphabet,  I  determined  to  change  my  plan.  I  found 
myself  embarrassed  at  every  step,  for  want  of  a  knowledge  of  the  origin  of  words,  which  Johnson, 
Bailey,  Junius,  Skinner,  and  some  other  authors,  do  not  afford  the  means  of  obtaining.  Then, 
laying  aside  my  manuscripts,  and  all  books  treating  of  language,  except  lexicons  and  dictionaries,  I 
endeavored,  by  a.  diligent  comparison  of  words  having  the  same  or  cognate  radical  letters,  in  about 
twenty  languages,  to  obtain  a  more  correct  knowledge  of  the  primary  sense  of  original  words,  of 
the  affinities  between  the  English  and  many  other  languages,  and  thus  to  enable  myself  to  trace 
words  to  their  source. 

I  had  not  pursued  this  course  more  than  three  or  four  years,  before  I  discovered  that  I  had  to 
unlearn  a  great  deal  that  I  had  spent  years  in  learning,  and  that  it  was  necessary  for  me  to  go 
beick  to  the  first  rudiments  of  a  branch  of  erudition  which  I  had  before  cultivated,  as  I  had 
supposed,  with  success. 

I  spent  ten  years  in  this  comparison  of  radical  words,  and  in  forming  a  Synopsis  of  tlie  principal 
Words  i7i  twenty  Languages,  arranged  in  Classes  under  their  primary  Elements  or  Letters.  The 
resilt  has  been  to  open  what  are  to  me  new  views  of  language,  and  to  unfold  what  appear  to  be 
the  genuine  principles  on  which  these  languages  are  constructed. 

After  completing  this  Synopsis,  I  proceeded  to  correct  what  I  had  written  of  the  Dictionary, 
and  to   complete  the  remaining  part  of  the  work.      But  before  I  had  finished  it,  I  determined  on 


AUTHOR'S   PREFACE. 


a  voyage  to  Europe,  with  the' view  of  obtaining  some  books  and  some  assistance  which  I  wanted  ; 
of  learning  the  real  state  of  the  pronunciation  of  our  language  in  England,  as  well  as  the  general 
state  of  philology  in  that  country ;  and  of  attempting  to  bring  about  some  agreement  or  coincidence 
of  opinions,  in  regard  to  unsettled  points  in  pronunciation  and  grammatical  construction.  In  some 
of  these  objects  I  failed ;  in  others,  my  designs  were  answered. 

It  is  not  only  important,  but  in  a  degree  necessary,  that  the  people  of  this  country 
should  have  an  American  Dictionary  of  the  English  Language;  for,  although  the  body  of  the 
language  is  the  same  as  in  England,  and  it  is  desirable  to  perpetuate  that  sameness,  yet  some 
dilferences  must  exist.  Language  is  the  expression  of  ideas ;  and  if  the  people  of  one  country  can 
not  preserve  an  identity  of  ideas,  they  can  not  retain  an  identity  of  language.  Now,  an  identity 
of  ideas  depends  materially  upon  a  sameness  of  things  or  objects  with  which  the  people  of  the  two 
coimtries  are  conversant.  But  in  no  two  portions  of  the  earth,  remote  from  each  other,  can  such 
identity  be  found.  Even  physical  objects  must  be  different.  But  the  principal  differences  between 
the  people  of  this  country  and  of  all  others,  arise  from  different  forms  of  government,  different 
laws,  institutions,  and  customs.  Thus  the  practice  of  hawking  and  hunting,  the  institution  of 
heraldry,  and  the  feudal  system,  of  England  originated  terms  which  formed,  and  some  of  which 
now  form,  a  necessary  part  of  the  language  of  that  country  ;  but,  in  the  United  States,  many  of 
these  terms  are  no  part  of  our  present  language,  —  and  they  can  not  be,  for  the  things  which  they 
express  do  not  exist  in  this  country.  They  can  be  known  to  us  only  as  obsolete  or  as  foreign 
•words.  On  the  other  hand,  the  institutions  in  this  country  which  are  new  and  peculiar,  give  rise 
to  new  terms  or  to  new  applications  of  old  terms,  unknown  to  the  people  of  England  ;  which  can 
not  be  explained  by  them,  and  which  will  not  be  inserted  in  their  dictionaries,  unless  copied  from 
ours.  Thus  the  terms  land-office;  land-warrant;  location  of  land ;  consociation  oi  churches;  regent 
of  a  university ;  intendant  of  a  city ;  plantation,  selectmen,  senate,  congress,  court,  assembly,  escheat, 
Sec,  are  either  words  not  belonging  to  the  language  of  England,  or  they  are  applied  to  things  in 
this  country  which  do  not  exist  in  that.  No  person  in  this  country  will  be  satisfied  with  the 
English  defmitions  of  the  words  congress,  senate,  and  assembly,  court,  »fcc.  ;  for  although  these  are 
words  used  in  England,  yet  they  eire  applied  in  this  country  to  express  ideas  which  they  do  not 
express  in  that  country.  With  our  present  constitutions  of  government,  escheat  can  never  have 
its  feudal  sense  iu  the  United  States. 

But  this  is  not  all.  In  many  cases,  the  nature  of  our  governments,  and  of  our  civil  insti- 
tutions, requires  an  appropriate  language  in  the  definition  of  words,  even  when  the  words  express 
the  same  thing  as  in  England.  Thus  the  English  dictioneiries  inform  us  that  a  justice  is  one 
deputed  by  the  king  to  do  right  by  way  of  judgment — he  is  a  lord  by  his  oflice — justices  of 
the  peace  are  appointed  by  the  king's  commission  —  language  which  is  inaccurate  in  respect  to 
this  officer  in  the  United  States.  So  constitutionally  is  defined,  by  Chalmers,  legally ;  but  in  this 
country  the  distinction  between  constitution  and  law  requires  a  different  definition.  In  the  United 
States,  a  plantation  is  a  very  different  thing  from  what  it  is  in  England.  The  word  marshal, 
in  this  country,  has  one  important  application  unknown  in  England,  or  in  Europe. 

A  great  number  of  words  in  our  language  require  to  be  defined  in  a  phraseology  accommodated 
to  the  condition  and  institutions  of  the  people  in  these  States,  and  the  people  of  England  must 
look  to  an  American  Dictionary  for  a  correct  understanding  of  such  terms. 

The  necessity,  therefore,  of  a  dictionary  suited  to  the  people  of  the  United  States  is  obvious ; 
and  I  should  suppose  that,  this  fact  being  admitted,  there  could  be  no  difference  of  opinion  as  to 
the  time  when  such  a  work  ought  to  be  substituted  for  English  dictionailes. 

There  are  many  other  considerations  of  a  public  nature,  which  serve  to  justify  this  attempt  to 
fmnish  an  American  work  which  shall  be  a  guide  to  the  youth  of  the  United  States.  Most  of 
these  are  too  obvious  to  require  illustration. 

One  consideration,  however,  which  is  dictated  by  my  own  feelings,  but  which,  I  trust,  will  meet 


AUTHOR'S    PREFACK. 


with  approbation  in  correspondent  feelings  in  my  fellow-citizens,  ought  not  to  be  passed  in  silence  ; 
it  is  this: — "The  chief  glory  of  a  nation,"  says  Dr.  Johnson,  "arises  from  its  authors."  With 
this  opinion  deeply  impressed  on  my  mind,  I  have  the  same  ambition  which  actuated  that  great 
man,  when  he  expressed  a  wish  to  give  celebrity  to  Bacon,  to  Hooker,  to  Milton,  and  to  Botle. 

I  do  not  indeed  expect  to  add  celebrity  to  the  names  of  Franklin,  Washington,  Adams,  Jay, 
Madison,  Marshall,  Ramsat,  Dwight,  Smith,  Trumbull,  Hamilton,  Belknap,  Ames,  Mason,  Kent, 
Hare,  Silliman,  Cleaveland,  Walsh,  Irving,  and  many  other  Americans  distinguished  by  their 
writings  or  by  their  science ;  but  it  is  with  pride  and  satisfaction  that  I  can  place  them,  as 
authorities,  on  the  same  page  with  those  of  Boyle,  Hooker,  Milton,  Dryden,  Addison,  Ray, 
Milner,  Cowper,  Davy,  Thomson,  and  Jameson. 

A  life  devoted  to  reading  and  to  an  investigation  of  the  origin  and  principles  of  our  vernacular 
language,  and  especially  a  particular  examination  of  the  best  English  writers,  with  a  view  to  a 
comparison  of  their  style  and  phraseology  with  those  of  the  best  American  writers,  and  with 
our  colloquial  usage,  enables  me  to  affirm,  with  confidence,  that  the  genuine  English  idiom 
is  as  well  preserved  by  the  unmixed  English  of  this  country,  as  it  is  by  the  best  English  writers. 
Examples  to  prove  this  fact  will  be  found  in  the  Introduction  to  this  work.  It  is  true  that 
many  of  our  writers  have  neglected  to  cultivate  taste,  and  the  embellishments  of  style  ;  but  even 
these  have  written  the  language  in  its  genuine  idiom.  In  this  respect,  Franklin  and  Washington, 
whose  language  is  their  nereditary  mother  tongue,  unsophisticated  by  modern  grammar,  present  as 
pure  models  of  genuine  English  as  Addison  or  Swift.  But  I  may  go  further,  and  affirm,  with 
truth,  that  our  country  has  produced  some  of  the  best  models  of  composition.  The  style  of 
President  Smith  ;  of  the  authors  of  the  Federalist  ;  of  Mr.  Ames  ;  of  Dr.  Mason  ;  of  Mr.  Har- 
per ;  of  Chancellor  Kent  ;  [the  prosej  of  Mr.  Barlow  ;  of  Dr.  Channing  ;  of  Washington  Irving  ; 
of  the  legal  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  ;  of  the  reports  of  legal  decisions 
in  some  of  the  particular  states  ;  and  many  other  writings  ;  in  purity,  in  elegance,  and  in  technical 
precision,  is  equaled  only  by  that  of  the  best  British  authors,  and  surpassed  by  that  of  no  English 
compositions  of  a  similar  kind. 

The  United  States  commenced  their  existence  under  circumstances  wholly  novel  and  unex- 
ampled in  the  history  of  nations.  They  commenced  with  civilization,  with  learning,  with  science, 
with  constitutions  of  free  government,  and  with  that  best  gift  of  God  to  man,  the  Christian 
religion.  Their  population  is  now  equal  to  that  of  England ;  in  arts  and  sciences,  our  citizens  are 
very  little  behind  the  most  enlightened  people  on  earth  ;  in  some  respects,  they  have  no  superiors  ; 
and  our  language,  within  two  centuries,  will  be  spoken  by  more  people  in  this  country  than  any 
other  language  on  earth,  except  the  Chinese,  in  Asia ;  and  even  that  may  not  be  an  exception. 

It  has  been  my  aim  in  this  work,  now  offered  to  my  fellow-citizens,  to  ascertain  the  true 
principles  of  the  language,  in  its  orthography  and  structure ;  to  purify  it  from  some  palpable  errors, 
and  reduce  the  number  of  its  anomalies,  thus  giving  it  more  regularity  and  consistency  in  its 
forms,  both  of  words  and  sentences ;  and  in  this  manner  to  fiunish  a  standard  of  our  vernacular 
tongue,  which  we  shall  not  be  ashamed  to  bequeath  to  Jive  hundred  millions  of  people,  who  are 
destined  to  occupy,  and  I  hope  to  adorn,  the  vast  territory  within  our  jurisdiction. 

If  the  language  can  be  improved  in  regularity,  so  as  to  be  more  easily  acquired  by  our  own 
citizens  and  by  foreigners,  and  thus  be  rendered  a  more  useful  instrument  for  the  propagation  of 
science,  arts,  civilization,  and  Christianity ;  —  if  it  can  be  rescued  from  the  mischievous  influence 
of  sciolists,  and  that  dabbling  spirit  of  innovation,  which  is  perpetually  disturbing  its  settled  usages 
smd  filling  it  with  anomalies;  —  if,  in  short,  our  vernacular  language  can  be  redeemed  from  corrup- 
tions, and  our  philology  and  literature  from  degradation  ;  it  would  be  a  source  of  great  satisfaction 
to  me  to  be  one  among  the  instruments  of  promoting  these  valuable  objects.  If  this  object  can 
not  be  eflfected,  and  my  wishes  and  hopes  are  to  be  frustrated,  my  labor  will  be  lost,  and  this 
work  must  sink  into  oblivion. 


XI T 


ADVERTISEMENT   TO   THE   EDITION    OF    1840. 


This  Dictionary,  like  all  others  of  the  kind,  must  be  left,  m  some  degree,  imperfect ;  for  what 
individual  is  competent  to  trace  to  their  source,  and  define  in  all  their  various  applications,  pop- 
ular, scientific,  and  technical,  seventy  or  eighty  tkousajid  words  !  It  satisfies  my  mind  that  I  have 
done  all  that  my  health,  my  talents,  and  my  pecuniary  means,  would  enable  me  to  accomplish. 
I  present  it  to  my  fellow-citizens,  not  with  frigid  indifference,  but  with  my  ardent  wishes  for 
their  improvement  and  their  happiness ;  and  for  the  continued  increase  of  the  wealth,  the  learning, 
the  moral  and  religious  elevation  of  character,  and  the  glory,  of  my  country. 

To  that  great  and  benevolent  Being,  who,  during  the  preparation  of  this  work,  has  sustained 
a  feeble  constitution,  amidst  obstacles  and  toils,  disappointments,  infirmities,  and  depression  ;  who 
has  borne  me  and  my  manuscripts  in  safety  across  the  Atlantic,  and  given  me  strength  and  reso- 
lution to  bring  the  work  to  a  close,  I  would  present  the  tribute  of  my  most  grateful  acknowl- 
edgments. And  if  the  talent  which  he  intrusted  to  my  care,  has  not  been  put  to  the  most 
profitable  use  in  his  service,  I  hope  it  has  not  been  "  kept  laid  up  in  a  napkin,"  and  that  any 
misapplication  of  it  may  be  graciously  forgiven. 

NOAH   WEBSTER. 
New  Hates 


ADVERTISEMENT  TO  THE  EDITION  OF  1840. 


The  improvements  in  this  edition  of  the  American  Dictionary  consist  chiefly  in  the  addition 
of  several  thousand  words  to  the  vocabulary,  the  division  of  words  into  syllables,  and  in  the 
correction  of  definitions  in  several  of  the  sciences,  which  are  made  conformable  to  recent  discov- 
eries and  classifications.  For  the  latter  improvements,  the  author  is  indebted  chiefly  to  Professor 
TtJLLT,  of  the  Medical  College  in  New  Haven. 

To  these  improvements  may  be  added  the  introduction  and  explanation  of  many  phrases  from 
foreign  languages,  frequently  used  by  English  authors  and  in  conversation ;  and  also  of  many 
foreign  terms  used  in  books  of  music. 


MEMOIR    OF    THE    AUTHOK. 


BY    THE    EDITOR. 


It  is  natural  for  those  who  make  frequent  use  of  a  work  like 
this,  to  desire  some  knowledge  of  the  author's  life,  and  especially 
of  that  long  course  of  intellectual  labor,  by  which  he  contributed 
so  largely  to  the  literary  treasures  of  our  language.  To  gratify 
this  desire  is  the  object  of  the  present  Memoir.  A  brief  outline 
will  be  given  of  the  leading  occurrences  of  liis  life,  with  particu- 
lar reference  to  the  occasions  which  called  forth  the  principal 
productions  of  his  pen.  The  materials  of  this  sketch  were 
obtained  from  Dr.  Webster  himself,  about  ten  years  before  his 
death,  and  were  first  used  in  the  preparation  of  a  memoir  inserted 
in  the  "  National  Portrait  Gallery  of  Distinguished  Americans," 
in  the  year  1833.  That  memoir  has  been  re-written,  with  large 
additions,  and  is  now  brought  down  to  the  period  of  the  author's 
death. 

Noah  Webster  was  born  in  Hartford,  Connecticut,  about 
three  miles  from  the  center  of  the  city,  on  the  16th  of  October, 
1758.  His  father  was  a  respectable  farmer  and  justice  of  the 
peace,  and  was  a  descendant,  in  the  fourth  generation,  of  Jolm 
Webster,  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Hartford,  who  was  a  magis- 
trate, or  member  of  the  colonial  council  from  its  first  formation, 
and,  at  a  subsequent  period,  governor  of  Connecticut.  His 
mother  was  a  descendant  of  William  Bradford,  tlie  second 
governor  of  the  Plymouth  colony.  The  family  was  remarkable 
for  longevity.  His  father  died  at  the  advanced  age  of  neariy 
ninety-two.  He  and  one  of  liis  brothers  lived  considerably 
beyond  the  age  of  eighty.  His  remaining  brother  died  in  his 
eightieth  year ;  and  of  his  two  sisters,  one  was  advanced  beycmd 
seventy,  and  the  other  had  nearly  reached  the  same  age,  at  the 
period  of  their  death. 

Mr.  Webster  commenced  tlie  study  of  the  classics,  in  the  year 
1772,  under  the  instruction  of  the  clergyman  of  the  parish,  the 
Rev.  Nathan  Perkins,  D.  D.,  and  in  1774  was  admitted  a  member 
of  Yale  College.  The  war  of  the  revolution,  commencing  the 
next  year,  interrupted  the  regular  attendance  of  the  students  on 
their  usual  exercises,  and  deprived  them  of  no  small  part  of  the 
advantages  of  a  collegiate  course  of  instruction.  In  his  Junior 
year,  when  the  western  part  of  New  England  was  tlirown  mto 
confusion  by  General  Burgoyne's  expedition  from  Canada,  Mr. 
Webster  volunteered  his  services  under  the  command  of  his 
father,  who  waa  captain  in  tlie  alarm  list,  a  body  comprising  tliose 
of  the  militia  who  were  above  forty-five  years  of  age,  and  who 
were  called  into  the  field  only  on  pressing  emergencies.  In  that 
campaign,  all  the  males  of  the  family,  four  in  number,  were  in 
the  army  at  the  same  time.  Notwithstanding  the  interruption  of 
his  studies  by  those  causes,  Mr.  Webster  graduated  witli  rep- 
utation in  1778. 

The  class  to  which  he  belonged  produced  an  unusual  num- 
ber of  men  who  were  afterward  distinguished  in  public  life. 
Among  these   may   be  mentioned  Joel   Barlow,  author  of    the 


CcJumbiad,  and  minister  of  the  United  States  to  the  court  of 
France ;  Oliver  Wolcott,  secretary  of  the  treasury  of  the  United 
States  under  the  administration  of  Washington,  and  subsequently 
governor  of  the  State  of  Connecticut;  Uriah  Tracy,  a  distin- 
guished member  of  the  senate  of  the  United  States ;  Stephen 
Jacob,  chief  justice,  and  Noah  Smith,  associate  judge,  of  tlie 
Supreme  Court  of  Vennont;  Zephaniah  Swift,  chief  justice,  and 
Ashur  Miller,  associate  judge,  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Con- 
necticut ;  besides  a  number  of  others  who  were  either  members 
of  Congress,  or  among  the  leaders  of  our  great  political  parties,  _ 
at  the  commencement  of  the  present  century. 

The  period  at  which  Mr.  Webster  entered  upon  life,  was  an 
unpropitious  one  for  a  young  man  to  be  cast  upon  the  world 
wiJiout  property.  The  country  was  impoverished  by  tlie  war  to 
a  degree  of  which  it  is  diiKcult,  at  the  present  day,  to  form  any 
just  conception ;  there  was  no  prospect  of  peace ;  the  issue  of 
the  contest  was  felt,  by  the  most  sanguine,  to  be  extremely 
doubtful ;  and  the  practice  of  the  law,  which  Mr.  Webster 
intended  to  pursue,  was  in  a  great  measure  set  aside  by  the 
general  calamity.  It  was  under  those  circumstances  that,  on  liis 
return  from  the  Commencement  when  he  graduated,  his  father  gave 
him  an  eight  dollar  bill  of  the  Continental  currency,  (then  worth 
about  four  dollars  in  silver,)  and  told  him  that  he  must  thence- 
forth rely  on  his  own  exertions  for  support  As  a  means  of 
immediate  subsistence,  he  resorted  to  the  instruction  of  a  school, 
and,  during  the  summer  of  1779,  resided  at  Hartford,  Connecticnt, 
in  the  family  of  Mr.,  afterward  Chief  Justice,  Ellsworth.  An 
intimate  friendship  was  thus  formed  between  these  two  gentlemen, 
wliicli  was  interrupted  only  by  the  death  of  the  chief  justice. 

Not  having  the  means  of  obtaining  a  regular  education  for  the 
bar,  Mr.  Webster,  at  the  suggestion  of  a  distinguished  counselor 
of  his  acquaintance,  determined  to  pursue  the  study  of  the  law  in 
the  inter\'als  of  his  regular  employment,  without  the  aid  of  an 
instructor;  and,  having  presented  himself  for  examination,  at  the 
expiration  of  two  years,  was  admitted  to  practice  in  tlie  year  1781. 
As  he  had  no  encouragement  to  open  an  office,  in  the  existing 
state  of  the  country,  ho  resumed  the  business  of  instruction,  and 
tcuffht  a  classical  school,  in  1782,  at  Goshen,  in  Orange  county. 
New  York.  Here,  in  a  desponding  state  of  mind,  created  by  the 
unsettled  condition  of  things  at  the  close  of  the  war,  and  the 
gloomy  prospects  for  business,  he  undertook  an  employment 
which  gave  a  complexion  to  his  whole  fiiture  life.  This  was  the 
compilation  of  books  for  the  instruction  of  youth  in  schools. 
Having  prepared  the  first  draught  of  an  elementary  treatise  of 
this  kind,  he  made  a  journey  to  Philadelphia  in  the  autumn  of  the 
same  year,  and,  after  exhibiting  a  specimen  of  the  work  to  several 
members  of  Congress,  among  whom  was  Mr.  Madison,  and  to  the 
Rev.  S.  S.  Smith,  D.  D.,  at  tliat  time  a  professor,  and  afterward 
president,  of  the  college  at  Princeton,  he  was  encouraged  by  their 


MEMOIR    OF    THE    AUTHOR. 


approbation  to  prosecute  his  design.  Accordingly,  in  tiie  winter 
following,  he  revised  what  he  had  written,  and,  leaving  Goshen  in 
1783,  he  returned  to  Hartford,  where  he  published  his  "  First  Part 
of  a  Grammalical  Institute  of  the  English  Language."  The 
second  and  third  parts  were  published  in  the  years  immediately 
following.  These  works,  comprising  a  Spelling  Book,  an  English 
Grammar,  and  a  compilation  for  reading,  were  the  first  books  of 
the  kind  published  in  the  United  States.  They  were  gradually 
introduced  into  most  of  the  schools  of  our  country ;  and  to  so 
great  an  extent  has  the  Spelling  Book  been  used,  that,  during  the 
twenty  years  in  which  he  was  employed  in  compiling  his  Ameri- 
can Dictionary,  the  entire  support  of  his  family  was  derived  from 
the  profits  of  this  work,  at  a  premium  for  copyright  of  less  than 
a  cent  a  copy.  About  twenty-four  millions  of  this  book  have 
been  published,  down  to  tlie  present  year,  1847,  in  the  difierent 
forms  which  it  assumed  under  the  revision  of  the  author;  and  its 
popularity  has  gone  on  continually  increasing.  The  demand  for 
aome  years  past,  has  averaged  about  one  million  copies  a  year. 
To  its  influence,  probably,  more  than  to  any  oilier  cause,  are  we 
indebted  for  that  remarkable  uniformity  of  pronunciation  in  our 
country,  which  is  so  often  spoken  of  with  surprise  by  English 
travelers.     . 

In  entering  thus  early  on  his  literary  career,  Mr.  Webster  did 
not  confine  himself  to  the  publication  of  his  own  works.  At  a 
period  when  nothing  had  as  yet  been  done  to  perpetuate  the 
memorials  of  our  early  history,  he  led  the  way  in  this  important 
branch  of  literary  effort,  by  the  publication  of  that  highly  valuable 
and  characteristic  work.  Governor  Wintlirop's  Journal.  Having 
learnt  that  a  manuscript  copy  was  in  possession  of  Governor 
Trumbull,  of  Connecticut,  he  caused  it  to  be  transcribed,  at  his 
own  expense,  by  the  governor's  private  secretary,  and  risked 
more  than  the  amount  of  his  whole  property  in  its  publication. 
The  sale  never  remunerated  him  for  the  expenses  tlius  incurred. 

At  the  period  of  Mr.  Webster's  return  to  Hartford,  in  1783,  the 
state  WHS  agitated  by  violent  dissensions,  on  the  subject  of  a  grant 
made  by  Congress  to  the  army,  of  half  pay  for  life,  which  was 
afterward  commuted  for  a  grant  of  full  pay  for  five  years  beyond 
their  term  of  service.  To  this  grant  it  was  strongly  objected, 
that,  if  the  army  bad  suffered  by  the  reduced  value  of  the  bills  in 
which  they  were  paid,  the  country  at  large  had  sustained  an 
equal  loss  by  the  depreciation  of  the  currency,  and  by  other 
causes.  So  strong  was  the  excitement  on  this  subject,  that  public 
meetings  were  held  tliroughout  the  state,  to  prevent  the  laws  of 
Congress  from  being  carried  into  effect ;  and  at  length  a  conven- 
tion met  at  Middletown  with  the  same  design,  at  which  two  thirds 
of  the  towns  in  Connecticut  were  represented.  In  this  state  of 
thmgs,  Mr.  Webster,  though  only  twenty-five  years  of  age,  came 
forward  to  vindicate  the  measures  of  Congress,  and  wrote  a  series 
of  papers  on  the  subject,  under  the  signature  of  Honorius,  which 
were  published  in  the  Connecticut  Courant,  and  read  extensively 
throughout  the  state.  The  effect  was  great.  At  the  next  election, 
in  April,  1784,  a  large  majority  of  the  legislature  were  supporters 
of  Congress  in  their  measures.  So  highly  were  Mr.  Webstei-'s 
services  appreciated  on  this  occasion,  that  he  received  the  thanks 
of  Governor  Trumbull  in  person,  a"nd  was  publicly  declared,  by  a 
member  of  the  council,  to  have  "  done  more  to  allay  popular 
discontent,  and  support  the  authority  of  Congress  at  this  crisis, 
than  any  other  man." 

These  occurrences  in  his  native  state,  together  with  the  distress 
and  stagnation  of  business  in  the  whole  country,  resulting  from 
the  want  of  power  in  Congress  to  carry  its  measures  into  effect. 


and  to  secure  to  the  people  the  benefits  of  a  stable  government, 
convinced  Mr.  Webster,  that  the  old  confederation,  after  the 
dangers  of  the  war  were  past,  was  utterly  inadequate  to  the  ne- 
cessities of  the  people.  He  therefore  published  a  pamphlet,  in 
the  winter  of  1784-5,  entitled  "  Sketches  of  Jlmerican  Policy" 
in  which,  after  treating  of  tlie  general  principles  of  government, 
he  endeavored  to  prove  that  it  was  absolutely  necessary,  for  the 
welfare  and  safety  of  the  United  States,  to  establish  a  new  system 
of  government,  which  should  act  not  on  the  states,  but  directly  on 
individuals,  and  vest  in  Congress  full  poiver  to  carry  its  laws  into 
effect.  Being  on  a  journey  to  the  Southern  States,  in  May,  178.5, 
he  went  to  Mount  Vernon,  and  presented  a  copy  of  tliis  pamphlet 
to  General  Washington.  It  contained,  the  writer  believes,  the 
first  distinct  proposal,  made  through  the  medium  of  the  press,  for 
a  new  constitution  of  the  United  States. 

One  object  of  Mr.  Webster's  journey  to  the  south  was,  to  peti- 
tion the  state  lei^islaturcs  for  the  enactment  of  a  law  securing  to 
authors  an  exclusive  right  to  the  publication  of  their  writings. 
In  this  he  succeeded  to  a  considerable  extent ;  and  the  public 
attention  was  thus  called  to  a  provision  for  the  support  of  Ameri- 
can literature,  which  was  rendered  more  effectual  by  a  general 
copyright  law,  enacted  by  Congress  soon  after  tlie  formation  of 
our  government  At  a  much  later  period,  (in  the  years  1830-31,) 
Mr.  Webster  passed  a  winter  at  Washington,  with  the  single 
view  of  endeavoring  to  procure  an  alteration  of  the  existing  law, 
which  should  extend  the  term  of  copyright,  and  thus  give  a  more 
ample  reward  to  the  labors  of  our  artists  and  literary  men.  In 
this  design  he  succeeded ;  and  an  act  was  passed  more  liberal  in 
its  provisions  than  the  former  law,  though  less  so  tlinn  the  laws  of 
some  European  governments  on  this  subject. 

On  his  return  from  the  south,  Mr.  Webster  spent  the  summer 
of  1785  at  Baltimore,  and  employed  his  time  in  preparing  a  course 
of  lectures  on  the  English  language,  which  were  delivered,  during 
the  year  1786,  in  the  principal  Atlantic  cities,  and  were  published 
in  1789,  in  an  octavo  volume,  with  the  title  of  "Dissertations  on 
the  English  Language." 

The  year  1787  was  spent  by  Mr.  Webster  at  Philadelphia,  as 
superintendent  of  an  Episcopal  ixcaAemy.  The  convention  which 
framed  the  present  constitution  of  the  United  States  were  in 
session  at  Philadelphia  during  a  part  of  this  year;  and  when 
their  labors  were  closed,  Mr.  Webster  was 'solicited  by  Mr. 
J^itzsimmons,  one  of  the  members,  to  give  the  aid  of  his  pen  in 
recommending  the  new  system  of  government  to  the  people.  He 
accordingly  wrote  a  pamphlet  on  this  subject,  entitled  an  "  Ex- 
amination of  the  Leading  Principles  of  the  Federal  Constitution." 

In  1788,  Mr.  Webster  attempted  to  establish  a  periodical  in 
New  York,  and  for  one  year  published  the  "American  Magazine," 
which,  however,  failed  of  success ;  as  did  also  an  attempt  to 
combine  the  efforts  of  other  gentlemen  in  a  similar  undertaking. 
The  country  was  not  yet  prepared  for  such  a  work. 

In  1789,  when  the  prospects  of  business  became  more  encour- 
aging, after  the  adoption  of  the  new  constitution,  Mr.  Webster 
settled  himself  at  Hartford  in  the  practice  of  the  law.  Here  he 
formed  or  renewed  an  acquaintance  with  a  number  of  young  men 
just  entering  upon  life,  who  were  ardently  devoted,  like  himself, 
to  literary  pursuits.  Among  these  may  be  mentioned  his  two 
classmates,  Barlow  and  Wolcott ;  Trumbull,  author  of  McFingal ; 
Richard  Alsop ;  Dr.  Lemuel  Hopkins ;  and,  though  somewhat 
older,  the  Rev.  Nathan  Strong,  pastor  of  the  First  Congregational 
Church,  who,  in  common  with  the  three  last  mentioned,  was  highly 
distinguished  for  the  penetration  of  his  intellect  and  the  keenness 


MEMOIR    OF    THE    AUTHOR. 


of  his  wit.  Tlie  incessant  contact  of  such  minds,  at  the  forming 
period  of  their  process,  had  great  influence  on  the  literary  habits 
of  them  all,  in  after  life.  It  gave  them  a  solid  and  manly  cast  of 
thought,  a  simplicity  of  taste,  a  directness  of  statement,  a  freedom 
from  all  affectation  and  exuberance  of  imagery  or  diction,  which 
are  often  best  acquired  by  the  salutary  use  of  ridicule,  in  tlie 
action  and  reaction  on  each  other  of  keen  and  penetrating 
minds.  It  had,  likewise,  a  powerful  influence  on  the  social  circles 
in  which  they  moved  ;  and  the  biographer  of  Governor  VVolcott 
has  justly  remarked,  that  at  this  time  "  few  cities  in  the  Union 
could  boast  of  a  more  cultivated  or  intelligent  society  than  Hart- 
ford, whether  men  or  women." 

In  the  autumn  of  the  same  year,  encouraged  by  the  prospect  of 
increasing  business,  Mr.  Webster  married  the  daughter  of 
William  Greenleaf,  Esq.,  of  Boston,  a  lady  of  a  highly  cultivated 
intellect,  and  of  great  elegance  and  grace  of  manners.  His 
friend  Trumbull  speaks  of  this  event  in  one  of  his  letters  to 
Wolcott,  who  was  then  at  New  York,  in  his  characteristic  vein  of 
humor.  "Webster  has  returned,  and  brought  with  him  a  very 
pretty  wife.  I  wish  him  success ;  but  1  doubt,  in  the  present 
decay  of  business  in  our  profession,  whether  his  profits  will  en- 
able him  to  keep  up  the  style  he  sets  out  witli.  I  fear  he  will 
breakfast  upon  Institutes,  dine  upon  Dissertations,  and  go  to  bed 
Bupperless."  The  result,  however,  was  more  favorable  than  it 
appeared  in  the  sportive  anticipations  of  Trumbull.  Mr.  Webster 
foiud  his  business  profitable,  and  continually  increasing,  during 
his  residence  of  some  years  in  the  practice  of  the  law  at  Hartford. 

This  employment  he  was  induced  to  relinquish,  in  17!)3,  by  an 
interesting  crisis  in  public  affairs.  General  Washington's  cele- 
brated prodamidion  of  neutrality,  rendered  necessary  by  the 
efforts  of  the  French  minister.  Genet,  to  raise  troops  in  our 
country  for  the  invasion  of  Louisiana,  and  to  fit  out  privateers 
against  nations  at  peace  with  the  United  States,  had  called  forth 
the  most  bitter  reproaches  of  the  partisans  of  France  ;  and  it  was 
even  doubtful,  for  a  time,  whether  the  unbounded  popularity  of 
the  Father  of  his  Cocntrt  could  repress  the  public  efferves- 
cence in  favor  of  embarking  in  the  wars  of  the  French  revolution. 
In  this  state  of  things,  Mr.  Webster  was  strongly  solicited  to  give 
the  support  of  his  pen  to  the  measures  of  the  administration,  by 
establishing  a  daily  paper  in  tlie  city  of  New  York.  Though 
conscious  of  the  sacrifice  of  personal  ease  which  he  was  called 
upon  to  make,  he  was  so  strongly  impressed  with  the  dangers  of 
the  crisis,  and  so  entirely  devoted  to  the  principles  of  Washing- 
Ion,  that  he  did  not  hesitate  to  accede  to  the  proposal.  Removing 
his  family  to  New  York,  in  November,  1793,  he  commenced  a 
daily  paper,  under  the  title  of  the  Minerva,  and  afterward  a  semi- 
weekly  paper,  with  that  of  the  Herald,  names  which  were 
subtequently  changed  to  those  of  the  Commercial  Mvertiser,  and 
JVew  York  Spectator.  This  was  the  first  example  of  a  paper  for 
tiie  country,  composed  of  the  columns  of  a  daily  pajier,  without 
recoinposition  —  a  practice  which  has  now  become  very  common. 
In  addition  to  his  labors  as  sole  editor  of  these  papers,  Mr. 
Webster  published,  in  the  year  1794,  a  pamphlet  which  had  a 
very  extensive  circulation,  entitled  "  The  Revolution  in  France.'" 

The  publication  of  the  treaty  negotiated  with  Great  Britain  by 
Mr.  Jay,  in  1795,  aroused  an  opposition  to  its  ratification  of  so 
violent  a  nature,  as  to  stagger  for  a  time  the  firmness  of  Wasliing- 
tOD,  and  to  threaten  civil  commotions.  Mr.  Webster,  in  common 
with  General  Hamilton  and  some  of  the  ablest  men  of  the 
country,  came  out  in  vindication  of  the  treaty.  Under  the  signa- 
ture of  CcRTios,  he  published  a  series  of  papers,  which  were 


very  extensively  reprinted  throughout  the  country,  and  afterward 
collected  by  a  bookseller  of  Philadelphia  in  a  pamphlet  form. 
Of  these,  ten  were  contributed  by  himself,  and  two  by  Mr., 
afterward  Chancellor,  Kent.  As  an  evidence  of  their  effect,  it 
may  not  be  improper  to  state,  tliat  Mr.  Rufus  King  expressed  his 
opinion  to  Mr.  Jay,  that  the  essays  of  Curtius  had  contributed 
more  than  any  other  papers  of  the  same  kind,  to  allay  the  discontent 
and  opposition  to  tlie  treaty  ;  assigning  as  a  reason,  that  they  were 
peculiarly  well  adapted  to  the  understanding  of  the  people  at 
large. 

When  Mr.  Webster  resided  in  New  York,  the  yellow  fever 
prevailed  at  different  times  in  most  of  our  large  Atlantic  cities ; 
and  a  controversy  arose  among  the  physicians  of  Philadelphia  and 
New  York,  on  the  question  whether  it  was  introduced  by  in- 
fection, or  generated  on  the  spot  The  subject  interested  Mr. 
Webster  deeply,  and  led  him  into  a  laborious  investigation  of  the 
history  of  pestilential  diseases  at  every  period  of  the  world.  The 
facts  which  he  collected,  with  the  inferences  to  which  he  was  led, 
were  embodied  in  a  work  of  two  volumes,  octavo,  which,  in  1799, 
was  published  both  in  this  country  and  in  England.  This  work 
has  always  been  considered  as  a  valuable  repository  of  facts ;  and 
during  the  prevalence  of  the  Asiatic  cholera  in  the  year  1832,  the 
theories  of  the  author  seemed  to  receive  so  much  confirmation, 
as  to  excite  a  more  than  ordinary  interest  in  the  work,  both  in 
Europe  and  America- 

During  the  wars  which  were  excited  by  the  French  revolution, 
the  power  assumed  by  tlie  belligerents  to  blockade  their  enemies' 
ports  by  proclamation,  and  the  multiplied  seizures  of  American 
vessels  bound  to  such  ports,  produced  various  discussions  re- 
specting the  rights  of  neutral  nations  in  time  of  war.  Tiiese 
discussions  induced  Mr.  Webster  to  examine  the  subject  histori- 
cally ;  and,  in  1802,  lie  published  a  treatise  full  of  minute  infor- 
mation and  able  reasoning  on  the  subject.  A  gentleman  of 
competent  abilities,  who  said  he  had  read  all  that  he  could  find  on 
that  subject,  in  the  English,  French,  German,  and  Italian  lan- 
guages, declared  that  he  considered  this  treatise  as  the  best  he 
had  seen.  The  same  year,  he  also  published  "  Historical  JVotices 
of  the  Origin  and  Slate  of  Banking  Institutions  and  Insurance 
Offices^  which  was  republished  in  Philadelphia  by  one  Humphrey, 
without  giving  credit  to  the  author;  and  a  part  of  which,  taken 
from  this  reprint,  was  incorporated  into  the  Philadelphia  edition 
of  Rees's  Cyclopedia, 

At  this  time,  Mr.  Webster  resided  at  New  Haven,  to  which 
place  he  had  removed  in  the  spring  of  1798.  For  a  short  period 
after  his  departure  from  New  York,  he  wrote  for  the  papers 
mentioned  above,  which,  although  placed  under  the  care  of 
another  editor,  continued  for  a  time  to  be  his  property.  He  very 
soon  succeeded,  however,  in  disposing  of  his  interest  in  them, 
and  from  that  time  devoted  himself  entirely  to  literary  pursuits. 

In  the  year  1807,  Mr.  Webster  published  "^  Philosophical  and 
Pradical  Grammar  of  the  English  Langtuige."  This  was  a  highly 
original  work,  the  result  of  many  years  of  diligent  investigation. 
The  author's  views  may  be  gathered  from  the  motto  on  the  title 
page,  taken  from  Lord  Bacon's  Aphorisms,  —  «  Antisthenes,  being 
asked  what  learning  was  most  necessary,  replied,  '  To  unlearn 
that  which  is  naught. ' "  He  considered  our  English  Grammars  as 
objectionable  in  one  important  respect,  namely,  that  of  being  too 
much  conformed  to  those  of  the  Latin  and  Greek  languages  in 
their  nomenclature  and  classification-  True  philosophy,  he  main- 
tained, requires  us  to  arrange  things,  and  give  them  names,  accord- 
ing to  their  real  nature.    But  our  language  is  rude  and  irregular, 


MEMOIR    OF    THE    AUTHOR. 


in  comparison  with  those  of  the  ancients.  It  can  not  be  reduced 
to  the  same  orderly  system.  The  several  parts  of  it  can  not  be 
brought  under  the  same  names  and  classifications.  We  need, 
therefore,  a  nomenclature  of  our  own,  in  some  important  particu- 
lars. Thus  the  word  pronoun  properly  denotes  a  substiliUe  for  a 
noun.  But,  in  many  cases,  words  of  this  class  are  substitutes  for 
clauses,  or  parts  of  sentences,  and  not  far  single  nouns.  Tliere 
are  also  other  words,  not  ordinarily  ranged  among  pronouns,  which 
act  equally  as  substitutes,  that  is,  perform  the  office  of  pronouns. 
Mr.  Webster,  therefore,  proposed  to  lay  aside  the  word  pronotin, 
and  apply  the  terra  substitute  to  this  whole  class,  as  describing 
their  true  office.  Other  changes  were  proposed,  of  the  same 
nature,  and  for  the  some  reasons.  No  one,  who  examines  the 
subject  with  attention,  can  doubt  the  advantages  of  Mr.  Webster's 
nomenclature,  in  itself  considered.  It  enabled  him  to  give  an 
analysis  of  sentences,  and  to  explain  constructions,  in  a  manner  in- 
comparably superior  to  that  of  the  ordinary  systems.  His  intimate 
acquaintance  with  the  sources  of  ouf  language  prepared  him  to 
account,  in  tlie  most  satisfactory  manner,  for  many  puzzling  forms 
of  expression.  Still,  the  prejudice  against  a  change  of  no- 
menclature is  so  great,  that  tliis  work  has  been  far  less  known 
than  it  ought  to  be.  It  contains  much  valuable  matter  found  in  no 
other  work,  and  is  believed  to  be  tlie  most  truly  philosophical 
Grammar  which  we  have  of  the  Englisli  language. 

After  publishing  his  Grammar,  Mr.  Webster  entered,  in  tlie  same 
year,  (1807,)  on  the  great  work  of  his  life,  which  he  had  contemplated 
for  a  long  period,  —  that  of  preparing  a  new  and  complete  Dictionary 
of  the  English  language.  As  preliminary  to  tliis,  he  had  pub- 
lished, in  1606,  a  dictionary  in  the  octivo  form,  containing  a  large 
number  of  words  not  to  be  found  in  any  similar  work,  with  the 
definitions  corrected  throughout,  though  necessarily  expressed  in 
very  brief  terms.  Prom  this  time,  his  reading  was  turned  more 
or  less  directly  to  this  objtxt  A  number  of  years  were  spent  in 
collecting  words  which  had  not  been  introduced  into  the  English 
dictionaries  ;  in  discriminating  wifh  exactness  the  various  senses 
of  all  the  words  in  car  language,  and  adding  those  significations 
which  they  had  recently  received.  Some  estimate  may  be  formed 
of  the  labor  bestowed  on  this  part  of  the  work,  from  the  fact  thnt 
"  The  .imtrican  LHdionciry  of  the  English  Language "  contained, 
in  the  first  edition,  twelve  tliousand  word-s,  and  between  thirty  and 
forty  thousand  definitions,  which  are  not  to  be  found  in  any  pre- 
ceding work.  The  number  has  been  swelled,  by  subsequent 
additions,  to  about  thirty  thousand  new  words.  Seventy  years 
had  elapsed  since  the  first  publication  of  Johnson's  Dictionary ; 
and  scarcely  a  single  improvement  had  been  attempted  in  the 
various  editions  through  which  it  had  passed,  or  the  numerous 
compilations  to  which  it  had  given  rise,  except  by  the  addition  of 
a  few  words  to  the  vocabulary.  Yet  in  this  period  the  English 
mind  was  putting  itself  forth  in  every  direction,  with  an  accuracy 
of  research  and  a  fertility  of  invention  wliich  are  without  a  par- 
allel in  any  other  stage  of  its  history.  A  complete  revolution  bad 
taken  place  in  almost  every  branch  of  physical  science;  new 
departments  had  been  created,  new  principles  developed,  new 
modes  of  classification  and  description  adopted.  The  political 
changes  which  so  signally  marked  thnt  period,  the  excitement  of 
feeling  and  conflict  of  opinion  resulting  from  the  American  and 
French  revolutions,  and  the  numerous  modifications  which  fol- 
lowed in  the  institutions  of  society,  had  also  left  a  deep  impress 
on  the  language  of  politics,  law,  and  general  literature.  Under 
these  circumstances,  to  make  a  defining  dictionary  adapted  to  the 
present  state  of  our  language,  was  to  produce  an  entire!)-  new 


tvork ;  and  how  well  Mr.  Webster  executed  tlie  task,  will  appear 
from  the  decision  of  men  best  qualified  to  judge,  both  in  tills 
country  and  in  Europe,  who  have  declared  tliat  his  improvements 
upon  Jolmson,  are  even  greater  than  Johnson  liimself  made  on 
those  who  preceded  him.  Still  more  labor,  however,  was  bestowed 
on  another  part  of  the  work,  viz.,  the  etymology  of  our  leading 
terms.  In  this  subject,  Mr.  Webster  had  always  felt  a  lively 
interest,  as  presenting  one  of  the  most  curious  exhibitions  of  the 
progress  of  tlie  human  mind.  But  it  was  not  till  he  had  advanced 
considerably  in  the  work  as  originally  commenced,  that  he  found 
how  indispensable  a  knowledge  of  the  true  derivation  of  words 
is,  to  an  exact, development  of  their  various  meanings.  At  this 
point,  tlierefore,  he  suspended  his  labors  on  the  defining  part  of 
the  Dictionary,  and  devoted  a  number  of  years  to  an  inquiry  into 
the  origin  of  our  language,  and  its  connection  with  those  of  other 
countries.  In  the  course  of  these  researches,  he  examined  the 
vocabularies  of  twenty  of  the  principal  languages  of  the  world,  and 
made  a  synopsis  of  tlie  most  important  words  in  each  ;  arranging 
them  under  tlie  same  radical  letters,  with  a  translation  of  their 
significations,  and  references  from  one  to  another,  when  tlie 
senses  are  the  same  or  similar.  He  was  thus  enabled  to  discover 
the  real  or  probable  affinities  between  the  different  languages, 
and,  in  many  instances,  to  discover  the  primary,  physical  idea  of 
an  original  word,  from  which  the  secondary  senses  have  branched 
forth.  Being  tlius  furnished  witli  a  clew  to  guide  him  among  the 
numerous,  and  often  apparently  inconsistent,  significations  of  our 
most  importint  words,  he  resumed  his  labors  on  tlie  defining  part 
of  the  Dictionary,  and  was  able  to  give  order  and  consistency  to 
much  tliat  had  before  appeared  confused  and  contradictory.  The 
results  of  his  inquiries  into  tlie  origin  and  filiation  of  languages, 
were  embodied  in  a  work,  about  half  the  size  of  tlie  American 
Dictionary,  entitled  "  .i  Synopsis  of  Words  in  Twenty  Lan- 
guages.^ This,  owing  to  the  expense  of  the  undertaking,  has  not 
yet  been  published ;  though  its  principal  results,  so  far  as  our 
language  is  concerned,  are  briefly  given  in  tracing  the  etymology 
of  our  leading  terms. 

During  the  progress  of  these  labors,  Mr.  Webster,  finding  his 
resources  inadequate  to  the  support  of  his  family  at  New  Haven, 
removed,  in  1812,  to  Amherst,  a  pleasant  country  town  within  eight 
miles  of  Northampton,  Massachusetts.  Here  he  entered,  with  his 
characteristic  ardor,  into  the  literary  and  social  interests  of  the 
people  among  whom  he  was  placed.  His  extensive  library,  which 
was  open  to  all,  and  his  elevated  tone  of  thought  and  conversa- 
tion, had  naturally  a  powerful  influence  on  the  habits  and  feelings 
of  a  small  and  secluded  population.  It  was  owing,  in  part,  prob- 
ably, to  his  removal  to  this  town,  that  an  academy  was  there 
established,  which  is  now  among  tlie  most  flourishing  seminaries 
of  our  land.  A  question  having  soon  after  arisen  respecting  the 
removal  of  Williams  College  from  a  remote  part  of  the  state  to 
some  more  central  position,  Mr.  Webster  entered  warmly  into  the 
design  of  procuring  its  establishment  at  Amherst,  as  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  and  appropriate  locations  in  Now  England. 
Though  the  removal  did  not  take  place,  so  strong  an  interest  on 
the  subject  was  awakened  in  Amherst  and  the  neighboring  towns, 
that  a  new  college  was  soon  after  founded  there,  in  the  establish- 
ment of  which  Mr.  Webster,  as  president  of  its  first  board  of  trus- 
tees, had  great  influence,  both  by  his  direct  exertions  to  secure  it 
patronage,  and  by  the  impulse  which  he  had  given  to  the  cause  of 
education  in  that  part  of  the  state. 

In  1822,  Mr.  Webster  returned  with  his  family  to  New  Haven, 
and,  in  1823,  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  Yale  College. 


MEMOIR    OF    THE   AUTHOR. 


Having  nearly  completed  his  Dictionary,  he  resolved  on  a  voyage 
to  Europe,  with  a  view  to  perfect  the  work  by  consulting  literary 
men  abroad,  and  by  examining  some  standard  autliors,  to  which 
he  could  not  gain  access  in  tliis  country.  He  accordingly  sailed 
for  France  in  June,  1834,  and  spent  two  months  at  Paris  in  con- 
sulting several  rare  works  in  the  Bibliothiqve  du  Roi,  and  tlien 
went  to  England,  where  ho  remained  till  May,  1835.  He  spent 
about  eight  months  at  the  University  of  Cambridge,  where  lie  had 
free  access  to  the  public  libraries ;  and  there  he  finished  "  The 
AMERrcAX  DicTio.VARy."  Ho  afterward  visited  London,  Oxford, 
and  some  of  the  other  principal  cities  of  England,  and  in  June 
returned  to  this  country.  This  visit  to  England  gave  him  an 
opportunity  to  become  acquainted  with  literary  men  and  literary 
institutions  in  that  country,  and  to  learn  the  real  state  of  the 
English  language  there. 

Soon  after  Dr.  Webster  returned  to  this  country,  the  necessary 
arrangements  were  made  for  the  publication  of  the  work.  An 
edition  of  twenty-five  hundred  copies  was  printed  in  this  country, 
at  tlie  close  of  1828,  which  was  followed  by  an  edition  of  three 
thousand  in  England,  under  the  superintendence  of  E.  H.  Barker, 
Esq.,  editor  of  the  Thesaurus  Grmc/E  LimgutB  of  Henry  Stephens. 
With  the  publication  of  the  American  Dictionary,  at  the  age  of 
seventy,  Dr.  Webster  considered  the  labors  of  his  literary  life  as 
brought,  in  a  great  measure,  to  a  close.  He  revised  a  few  of  his 
earlier  works  for  publication,  and  particularly  his  "  History  of  the 
United  Stales,"  a  book  designed  for  the  higher  classes  of  schools, 
f  )r  youth  who  are  acquiring  a  taste  for  history,  and  for  men  of 
business  who  have  not  time  to  peruse  larger  treatises. 

In  1840,  Dr.  Webster  published  a  second  edition  of  the  Ameri- 
can Dictionary,  consisting  of  three  thousand  copies,  in  two  vol- 
umes, royal  octavo.  The  improvements  consisted  chiefly  in  the 
addition  of  a  number  of  thousand  words  to  the  vocabulary,  the 
correction  of  definitions  in  several  of  the  sciences,  in  conformity 
with  later  discoveries  and  classifications,  and  tlic  introduction  and 
explanation  of  many  phrases  from  foreign  languages,  and  of  foreign 
terms  used  in  books  of  music. 

In  1843,  he  published  ".1  Collection  of  Papers  on  PolUicd, 
Literary,  and  Moral  Subjects,"  in  one  volume,  octavo.  This  was 
composed  chiefly  of  tracts  and  disquisitions,  which  had  been  pub- 
lished at  an  earlier  period  of  his  life,  either  in  tlie  form  of  pam- 
phlets, or  of  papers  read  before  literary  and  philosophical  societies, 
and  printed  among  their  Transactions.  It  contains  his  "  Observa- 
tions on  the  flench  Revolution,"  his  "Essay  on  the  Rights  of  Ntu- 
tral  JValions,"  and  the  papers  signed  Curtics,  in  vindication  of 
Mr.  Jay's  treaty  with  Great  Britain.  To  these  is  added  an  elabo- 
rate dissertation  "  On  the  supposed  Change  in  the  Temperature  of 
ff inter,"  which  was  read  before  the  Connecticut  Academy  of  Arts 
and  Sciences,  in  the  year  17!)9.  In  this  he  controverts  tlie  opinion 
which  has  generally  prevailed,  that  the  temperature  of  the  winter 
season,  in  northern  latitudes,  has  suffered  a  material  change,  and 
become  warmer  in  modern  than  it  was  in  ancient  times.  The 
subject  was  one  which  required  very  great  minuteness  and  extent 
of  historical  research,  and  this  paper  contains  the  result  of  a  series 
of  investigations,  which  had  been  carried  on,  in  conjunction  with 
the  author's  other  pursuits,  for  a  period  of  more  than  ten  years. 
Many  of  the  facts  which  it  presents  are  of  a  very  curious  and 
striking  nature.  There  is,  probably,  no  other  treatise  which  ex- 
hibits the  historical  evidence  on  this  subject  witli  so  much  fullness 
and  accuracy.  In  addition  to  this,  the  volume  contains  a  num- 
ber of  other  papers  of  an  interesting  character,  and  the  whole  col- 
lection forms  a  truly  valuable  record  of  the  author's  earlier  labors. 


In  thus  tracing  Uie  principal  events  of  Dr.  Webster's  life,  we 
have  reached  the  commencement  of  the  year  in  which  he  died ; 
and  it  may  here  be  proper  to  pause  for  a  moment,  and  consider 
some  of  tliose  qualities  and  habits  of  mind,  which  prepared  him  for 
this  long  course  of  public  service  and  literary  labor.  The  lead- 
ing traits  in  the  character  of  Dr.  Webster  were  enterprise,  self- 
reliance,  and  indomitable  persfverance.  He  was  naturally  of  a 
sanguine  temperament;  and  the  circumstances  under  which  he 
entered  on  tlie  active  duties  of  life,  were  eminently  suited  to 
strengthen  the  original  tendencies  of  his  nature.  Our  country 
was  just  struggling  into  national  existence.  The  public  mind 
was  full  of  ardor,  energy,  and  exjjectation.  His  early  associates 
were  men  of  powerful  intellect,  who  were  engaged,  to  a  great 
extent,  in  laying  the  foundations  of  our  government,  and  who 
have  stamped  the  impress  of  their  genius  on  the  institutions  of 
their  country.  As  the  advocate  of  the  Federal  Constitution,  and 
a  strenuous  supporter  of  Washington's  administration,  he  was 
brought  into  habits  of  the  closest  intimacy  with  Alexander  Ham- 
ilton, John  Jay,  Oliver  Wolcott,  Timothy  Pickering,  and  the  other 
great  men  on  whom  Washington  relied  for  counsel  and  aid  in 
organizing  the  new  government  The  journal  which  he  estab- 
lished at  New  York  was  their  organ  of  communication  with  the 
public,  in  the  great  commercial  emporium  of  the  United  States. 
He  was  thus  placed  on  terms  of  constant  and  confidential  inter- 
course witli  the  leading  members  of  the  cabinet,  and  tlie  prominent 
supporters  of  Washington  throughout  the  country.  While  he  had 
their  respect  as  a  ready  and  energetic  writer,  he  enjoyed  their 
counsel,  imparted  with  the  utmost  freedom,  ns  to  the  manner  in 
which  he  might  best  conduct  the  defense  of  their  common  princi- 
ples. The  natural  result,  especially  on  a  mind  constituted  like 
his,  was  th-'  formation  of  all  his  habits  of  thought  and  action,  into 
a  resemblance  to  theirs.  Energy,  sclf-reUance,  fearlessness,  the 
resolute  defense  of  whatever  he  thought  right  and  useful,  the 
strong  hope  of  ultimate  success,  —  these  became  the  great  ele- 
ment? of  his  intellectual  character.  He  carried  them  with  him,  at 
a  subsequent  period,  into  all  his  literary  pursuits,  and  they  sus- 
tained him  under  the  pressure  of  difiiculties  which  would  have 
crushed  the  spirit  of  almost  any  other  man. 

One  of  the  habits  which  Dr.  Wel)ster  formed  in  this  early  course 
of  training,  was  that  of  arranging  all  his  acquired  knowledge  in 
the  most  exact  order,  and  keeping  the  elements  of  progressive 
tliought  continually  within  his  reach.  Although  his  memory  was 
uncommonly  quick  and  tenacious,  he  saw,  as  the  editor  of  a  daily 
journal,  how  idle  and  unsafe  it  is,  to  rely  on  mere  recollection  for 
the  immense  mass  of  materials  which  a  public  writer  must  have 
ever  at  command.  He  learnt,  therefore,  to  preserve  documents  of 
all  kinds  with  the  utmost  care.  All  that  he  had  ever  written,  all 
that  had  been  written  against  him,  every  thing  that  he  met  with 
in  newspapers  or  periodicals  which  seemed  likely  to  be  of  use  at 
any  future  period,  wag  carefully  laid  aside  in  its  appropriate  place, 
and  was  ready  at  a  moment's  warning.  He  had  also  a  particular 
mark  by  which  he  denoted,  in  every  work  he  read,  all  the  new 
words,  or  new  senses  of  words,  which  came  under  his  observation. 
He  filled  the  margin  of  his  books  with  notes  and  comments  con- 
taining corrections  of  errors,  a  comparison  of  dates,  or  references 
to  corresponding  passages  in  other  works,  until  his  whole  library 
became  a  kind  of  Indtx  Rerum,  to  which  he  could  refer  at  once 
for  every  thing  he  had  read. 

Another  habit  which  resulted  in  part  from  his  early  pursuits, 
was  that  of  carrying  on  numerous  and  diversified  employments  at 
the  same  time.    To  men  of  the  present  generation,  Dr.  Webster 


MEiMOIR    OF   THE    AUTHOR. 


is  known  chiefly  as  a  learned  philologist ;  and  the  natural  infer- 
ence would  be,  tliat  he  spent  his  whole  life  among  his  books,  and 
chiefly  in  devotion  to  a  single  class  of  studies.  The  fact,  how- 
ever, was  far  otherwise.  Though  he  was  always  a  close  student,  — 
reading,  thinking,  and  writing  at  every  period  of  his  life,  —  he  never 
withdrew  hunself  from  the  active  einployraents  of  society.  After 
his  first  removal  to  New  Haven,  he  was  for  a  number  of  years  one 
of  the  aldermen  of  the  city,  and  judge  of  one  of  the  state  courts. 
He  also  frequently  represented  that  town  in  the  legislature  of 
the  state.  During  his  residence  at  .\mherst,  he  was  called, 
in  repeated  instances,  to  discharge  similar  duties,  and  spent  a 
part  of  several  winters  at  Boston  as  a  member  of  the  General 
Comt.  He  entered  with  zeal  into  all  the  interests  of  tlie  town 
and  county  where  he  lived,  its  schools  and  academies,  its  agricul- 
ture and  mechanic  arts,  its  advance  in  taste  and  refinement  He 
gave  freely  of  his  time,  his  counsel,  and  the  efibrts  of  his  pen, 
when  requested,  in  public  addresses,  or  through  the  medium  of 
the  press,  for  tlie  promotion  of  every  kind  of  social  improvement 
Equally  large  and  diversified  was  the  range  of  his  intellectual 
pursuits.  There  was  hardly  any  department  of  literature  which 
he  had  not  explored  with  lively  interest,  at  some  period  of  his  life. 
He  wrote  on  a  greater  variety  of  topics  than  perhaps  any  other 
author  of  the  United  States ;  —  on  the  foundations  of  government, 
the  laws  of  nations,  the  rights  of  neutrals,  the  science  of  banking, 
the  history  of  his  country,  the  progress  of  diseases,  and  the  varia- 
tions of  climate ;  on  agriculture,  commerce,  education,  morals, 
religion,  and  the  great  means  of  national  advancement,  in  addition 
to  the  principal  theme  of  his  life,  philology  and  grammar.  Such 
was  the  activity  of  his  mind,  and  the  delight  he  found  in  new 
acquisitions,  that  a  change  of  employment  was  all  the  relief  he 
needed  from  the  weariness  of  protracted  study.  The  refreshment 
which  others  seek  in  journeys,  or  the  entire  suspension  of  intellec- 
tual eflTort,  he  found,  during  most  of  his  life,  in  the  stimulus 
afibrded  by  some  new  and  exciting  object  of  pursuit  Mental 
exertion  was  the  native  element  of  his  soul ;  and  it  is  not  too 
much  to  say,  that  another  instance  of  such  long-continued  literary 
toil,  such  steady,  unfaltering  industry,  can  hardly  be  found  in  the 
annals  of  our  country. 

The  last  of  tliose  mental  habits  which  will  now  be  traced,  was 
that  of  original  investigation,  of  tliorotigh  and  penetrating  research. 
The  period  at  which  Dr.  Webster  came  forward  in  public  life  was 
one,  to  an  uncommon  extent,  in  which  every  important  subject 
was  discussed  in  its  principles.  It  was  a  period  when  the  founda- 
tions of  our  civil  polity  were  laid,  and  when  such  men  as  Hamilton, 
Madison,  and  Jay,  became  "  the  expounders  of  the  constitution," 
and  the  advocates  of  the  new  government  All  things  conspired 
to  make  the  discussions  of  that  day  masterly  exhibitions  of  rea- 
Boning  and  profound  investigation,  —  the  character  of  the  men 
engaged,  the  conflict  of  great  principles,  and  the  weighty  interests 
suspended  on  the  issue.  Dr.  Webster  for  some  years  took  a  large 
share  in  these  discussions,  both  in  pamphlets  and  through  the 
journal  which  he  conducted.  The  habits  which  he  thus  formed 
went  with  him  into  all  the  literary  pursuits  of  his  subsequent  life. 
They  made  him  a  bold,  original  thinker,  —  thorough  in  all  his  in- 
vestigations, and  fearless  in  proclaiming  the  results.  He  had  no 
deference  for  authority,  except  as  sustained  by  argument  He 
was  no  copyist,  no  mere  compiler.  Every  thing  he  wrote,  from  a 
chapter  in  "The  Prompter,"  to  his  "Introduction  to  the  American 
Dictionary,"  bore  the  same  impress  of  original  thought,  personal 
observation,  and  independent  inquiry. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  say  how  perfectly  these  habits  were  adapted 


to  prepare  Dr.  Webster  for  the  leading  emplojrment  of  his  life, 
the  production  of  the  American  Dictionary.  Nothing  but  his 
eager  pursuit  of  every  kind  of  knowledge,  and  his  exact  system  in 
bringing  all  tliat  he  had  ever  read  completely  under  his  command, 
could  have  enabled  him  to  give  in  his  first  edition  more  than 
twelve  thousand  words  and  forty  tliousand  definitions,  which  could 
tlien  be  found  in  no  other  similar  work.  Nothing  but  his  passion 
for  original  investigation  prevented  him  from  building,  like  Todd, 
on  the  foundation  of  Johnson,  or  arranging  Home  Tooke's  etymol- 
ogies, like  Richardson,  with  some  additions  and  improvements, 
under  their  proper  heads  in  a  dictionary.  But,  commencing  with 
the  Diversions  of  Purley  as  the  starting-point  of  his  researches, 
he  was  led  by  the  character  of  his  mind  to  widen  continually  the 
field  of  his  inquiries.  lie  passed  from  the  western  languages  to 
the  eastern,  in  tracing  the  aSinities  of  his  native  tongue.  He 
established  some  of  those  great  principles  which  have  made  ety- 
mology a  science,  and  led  the  way  in  that  brilliant  career  of  in- 
vestigation, by  which  the  German  philologists  are  throwing  so 
clear  a  light  on  the  origin  and  filiation  of  the  principal  languages 
of  the  globe.  But  into  these  studies  he  would  never  have  entered, 
nor  even  thought  of  attempting  such  a  work  as  an  original  diction- 
ary of  the  English  language,  except  under  the  impulse  of  those 
otlier  traits,  —  that  sanguine  temperament,  that  spirit  of  self-reli- 
ance, that  fearless  determination  to  carry  out  every  thing  that  he 
thought  useful  and  true,  to  its  utmost  limits,  —  which  were  spoken 
of  above,  as  forming  the  master  principle  of  his  character.  It  is 
difficult  to  conceive,  at  the  present  day,  how  rash  and  hopeless 
such  an  undertaking  then  appeared,  on  the  part  of  any  citizen  of 
the  United  States.  It  was  much  as  though  we  should  now  hear 
of  a  similar  design  by  one  of  the  settlers  of  New  Holland.  He 
was  assailed  with  a  storm  of  ridicule  at  home  and  abroad ;  and  even 
his  best  friends,  while  they  admired  his  constancy,  and  were  fully 
convinced  of  his  erudition,  had  strong  fears  that  he  was  engaged 
in  a  fruitless  effort,  —  that  he  would  never  have  justice  done  him,  in 
bringing  his  work  before  the  world  under  such  adverse  circum- 
stances. Nothing,  plainly,  but  uncommon  ardor,  boldness,  and 
self-confidence,  could  have  sustained  him  under  the  pressure  of 
these  difficulties.  But  such  qualities,  it  must  be  confessed,  not- 
withstanding all  the  support  they  afford,  are  not  without  their  dis- 
advantages. They  often  lead  to  the  adoption  of  hasty  opinions, 
especially  in  new  and  intricate  inquiries.  Of  this  Dr.  Webster 
was  aware.  He  saw  reason  to  change  his  views  on  many  points, 
as  he  widened  the  sphere  of  his  knowledge.  In  such  cases,  he 
retracted  his  former  statements  with  the  utmost  frankness  ;  for  he 
had  not  a  particle  of  that  pride  of  opinion  which  makes  men  so 
often  ashamed  to  confess  an  error,  even  when  they  have  seen  and 
abandoned  it  This  ardor  of  mind  is  apt,  also,  to  lead  men  into  a 
strength  and  confidence  of  statement  which  may  wear  at  times 
the  aspect  of  dogmatism.  If  Dr.  Webster  should  be  thought  by 
any  one  to  have  erred  in  this  respect,  the  error,  it  should  be 
remembered,  was  one  of  temperament,  —  the  almost  necessary 
result  of  that  bold,  self-relying  spirit,  without  which  no  man  could 
have  undertaken,  much  less  have  carried  through,  the  Herculean 
task  of  preparing  the  American  Dictionary.  Those,  however, 
who  knew  him  best,  can  testify,  that  his  strength  of  statement, 
however  great  it  might  be,  was  never  the  result  of  arrogance  or 
presumption.  He  spoke  from  tlie  mere  frankness  of  his  nature ;  he 
practiced  no  reserve ;  he  used  none  of  that  cautious  phraseology 
with  which  most  men  conceal  their  feelings,  or  guard  against  mis- 
construction. He  was  an  ardent  lover  of  truth,  and  he  spoke  of 
the  discoveries  which  he  behoved  himself  to  have  made,  much  as 


MEMOIR    OP    THE    AUTHOR. 


he  would  have  spoken  of  the  same  discoveries  when  made  by 
others.  He  was  aware  that  there  must  be  many  thin^  in  a  book 
like  this,  especially  on  a  science  so  imperfect  in  its  development 
as  etymology,  which  would  not  stand  the  test  of  time.  But  he 
never  doubted,  even  in  the  darkest  seasons  of  discouragement  and 
obloquy,  that  he  could  at  last  produce  such  a  work,  that  tlie  world 
"  should  not  willingly  let  it  die."  The  decision  of  tlie  public  verified 
his  anticipations,  and  freed  him  from  the  charge  of  presumption. 
Three  very  large  editions,  at  a  high  price,  have  already  been 
exhausted  in  this  country  and  England.  The  demand  is  still 
uicreasing  on  both  sides  of  tlie  Atlantic;  and  tlie  author  might 
well  be  gratified  to  learn,  tliat  a  gentleman  who  asked,  some  years 
since,  at  one  of  the  principal  bookselling  establishments  of  London, 
for  the  best  English  dictionary  on  their  shelves,  had  this  work 
handed  to  him,  with  the  remark,  "  That,  sir,  is  the  only  real  dic- 
tionary which  we  have  of  our  language,  though  it  was  prepared  by 
an  American." 

In  his  social  habits.  Dr.  Webster  was  distinguished  by  dignified 
ease,  afiability,  and  politeness.  He  was  punctilious  in  his  obser- 
vance of  all  the  nicer  proprieties  of  life.  There  was  notliing  tliat 
annoyed  him  more,  or  on  which  he  remarked  witli  greater  keen- 
ness, than  any  violation  of  the  established  rules  of  decorum,  any 
disposition  to  meddle  with  the  concerns  of  others,  or  to  encroach 
on  the  sanctity  of  those  rights  and  feelings,  which,  as  tliey  can  not 
be  protected  by  law,  must  owe  their  security  to  delicacy  of  senti- 
ment in  an  enlightened  community.  He  had  an  uncommon  degree 
of  refinement  in  all  his  thoughts  and  feelings.  Never,  in  his  most 
sportive  or  unguarded  moments,  did  any  sentiment  escape  him 
which  was  coarse  or  vulgar.  He  had,  in  this  respect,  almost  a 
feminine  purity  of  mind.  It  might  be  truly  said  of  him,  as  was 
remarked  concerning  one  of  his  distinguished  cotemporaries  in 
public  life,  that  he  was  never  known  to  utter  an  expression  which 
might  not  have  been  used  witli  entire  freedom  in  the  most  refined 
female  society.  In  his  pecuniary  transactions,  ho  was  acknowl- 
edged by  all  to  be  not  only  just,  but  liberal.  It  was  a  principle  with 
him,  for  life,  never  to  be  in  debt  Every  thing  was  paid  for  at  tlie 
time  of  purchase.  In  all  his  dealings  and  social  intercourse,  he  was 
remarkably  direct,  frank,  and  open.  He  had  but  onj  character,  and 
that  was  "  known  and  read  of  all  men."  Whatever  faults  might  be 
imputed  to  him,  no  one  ever  suspected  him  of  double  dealing ;  no 
one  ever  thought  he  was  capable  of  a  mean  or  dishonorable  action. 

In  the  discharge  of  his  domestic  duties,  Dr.  Webster  was 
watchful,  consistent,  and  firm.  Though  immersed  in  study,  he 
kept  in  his  hands  the  entire  control  of  his  family  arrangements, 
down  to  the  minutest  particulars.  Every  tiling  was  reduced  to 
exact  system;  all  moved  on  ^ith  perfect  regularity  and  order,  for 
method  was  the  presiding  principle  of  his  life.  In  the  government 
of  his  children  there  was  but  one  rule,  and  that  was  instantaneous 
and  entire  obedience.  This  was  insisted  upon  as  right,  —  as, 
in  the  natiu-e  of  things,  due  by  a  child  to  a  parent.  He  did  not 
rest  his  claim  on  any  explanations,  or  on  .showing  tliat  the  thing 
required  was  reasonable  or  beneficial.  While  he  endeavored  to 
make  it  clear  to  his  children  that  he  sought  their  happiness  in 
whatever  he  required,  he  commanded  as  one  having  authorilij,  and 
he  enforced  his  commands  to  the  utmost,  as  a  duty  which  he  owed 
equally  to  his  children  and  to  God,  who  had  placed  them  under 
his  control.  He  felt  tliat,  on  this  subjoct,  there  had  been  a  gradual 
letting  down  of  the  tone  of  public  sentiment,  which  was  much  to 
be  deplored.  Many,  in  breaking  away  from  the  sternness  of 
Puritan  discipline,  have  gone  to  the  opposite  extreme.  They 
have  virtually  abandoned  the  exercise  of  parental  authority,  and 

n      ~ 


endeavored  to  regulate  the  conduct  of  their  cliildren  by  reasoning 
and  persuasion,  —  by  the  mere  presentation  of  motives,  and  not 
by  the  enforcement  of  commands.  If  sucli  persons  succeed,  as 
they  rarely  do,  in  preserving  any  thing  like  a  comfortable  state  of 
subordination  in  their  families,  they  fail  at  least  in  the  accomplish- 
ment of  one  great  end  for  which  their  offspring  were  committed  to 
their  care.  They  send  forth  tlioir  children  into  life,  without  any  of 
tliose  habits  of  submission  to  lawful  autliority  which  are  essential 
to  the  character  of  a  good  citizen  and  a  useful  member  of  society. 
In  the  intellectual  training  of  his  chUdren,  on  the  other  hand,  Dr. 
Webster  had  much  less  of  system  and  complicated  machinery, 
than  many  are  disposed  to  adopt.  His  great  principle  was  not  to 
overdo, — to  let  nature  have  tree  scope,  and  to  leave  the  development 
of  the  mind,  within  certain  limits,  to  tlio  operation  of  awakened 
curiosity  directed  to  its  proper  objects.  He  tlierefore  threw  open 
his  extensive  library  to  his  children  at  an  early  period  of  their 
lives,  and  said,  in  tlie  words  of  Cotton  Mather,  "  Read,  and  you 
will  know."  He  felt  that  children  should  learn  to  acquire 
knowledge  by  severe  effort;  that  the  prevailing  disposition  to 
make  every  tiling  easy  is  unphilosophical  and  wrong ;  that  the 
gnat  object  of  early  training  is  to  form  the  mind  into  a  capacity 
of  surmounting  intellectual  difiiculties  of  any  and  every  kind.  In 
his  view,  also,  the  young  have  much  to  learn  in  early  life,  tiie  use 
of  which  they  can  not  then  comprehend.  They  must  learn  it  by 
rote,  particularly  the  spelling  of  so  complicated  a  language  as  ours; 
and  all  those  systems  which  lead  forward  children  no  faster  than 
they  can  understand  and  apply  every  word  they  spell,  he  consid- 
ered as  radically  erroneous.  He  wished,  on  tlie  contrary,  at  this 
early  period  of  ready  memory  and  limited  comprehension,  to  store 
tlio  mind  witli  many  things  which  would  afterward  be  found  of 
indispensable  use;  things  which  are  learnt  witli  tlie  utmost  reluc- 
tance, or  rather,  in  most  cases,  are  not  learnt  at  all,  in  the  more 
advanced  stages  of  intellectual  progress.  He  felt  that  there  must 
necessarily  bo  much  of  drudgery  in  the  formation  of  a  thoroughly 
educated  mind.  He  tliouglit  it  wise,  therefore,  to  commence 
tliose  tasks  which  it  involves,  from  the  earliest  period  at  which 
the  youtliful  intellect  can  endure  them.  Upon  these  jirinciples 
he  constructed  his  Spelling  Book,  and  other  works  for  tlie  use 
of  children.  He  designed  to  make  them  instructive,  and  not  mere 
books  of  amusement.  Whether  his  views  were  incorrect  or  unphil- 
osophical, the  public  will  judge. 

In  respect  to  religion.  Dr.  Webster  was  a  firm  believer,  during 
a  large  part  of  his  life,  in  the  great  distinctive  doctrines  of  our 
Puritan  ancestors,  who.'se  character  he  always  regarded  with  tlie 
highest  veneration.  There  was  a  period,  however,  from  the  time 
of  his  leaving  college  to  the  ago  of  forty,  when  ho  had  dottbts  as 
to  some  of  tliose  doctrines,  and  rested  in  a  different  system.  Soon 
after  he  graduated,  being  uncertain  what  business  to  attempt  or 
by  what  means  he  could  obtain  subsistence,  he  felt  his  mind 
greatly  perplexed,  and  almost  ovcnvlielmed  with  gloomy  appre- 
hensions. In  tliis  state,  as  ho  afterward  informed  a  friend,  he 
road  Johnson's  Rambler  with  unusual  interest ;  and,  in  closing  the 
last  volume,  he  made  a  firm  resolution  to  pursue  a  course  of  virtue 
through  life,  and  to  perform  every  moral  and  social  duty  with 
scrupulous  exactness.  To  this  he  added  a  settled  belief  in  the 
inspiration  of  the  Scriptures  and  the .  governing  providence  of 
God,  connected  with  highly  reverential  views  of  the  divine 
character  and  perfections.  Here  he  rested,  placing  his  chief 
reliance  for  salvation  on  a  faithful  discharge  of  all  the  relative 
duties  of  life,  though  not  to  the  entire  exchision  of  dependence  on 
the  merits  of  the  Redeemer.    In  this  state  of  mind  he  remained, 


MEMOIR    OP   THE    AUTHOR 


though  with  some  misgiving  and  frequent  fluctuations  of 
feeling,  to  the  winter  of  1807-8.  At  lliat  time,  there  was  a 
season  of  general  religious  interest  at  New  Haven,  under  the 
ministry  of  the  Rev.  Moses  Stuart,  now  a  professor  in  the  Andover 
Theological  Seminary.  To  this  Dr.  Webster's  attention  was  first 
directed,  by  observing  an  unusual  degree  of  tenderness  and  so- 
lenmity  of  feeling  in  all  tlie  adult  members  of  his  family.  He 
was  thus  led  to  reconsider  his  fonner  views,  and  inquire,  with  an 
earnestness  which  he  had  never  felt  before,  into  the  nature  of  per- 
sonal religion,  and  the  true  ground  of  man's  acceptance  with  God. 
He  had  now  to  decide  not  for  himself  only,  but,  to  a  certain 
extent,  for  others,  whose  spiritual  interests  were  committed  to  his 
charge.  Under  a  sense  of  this  responsibility,  he  took  up  tlie 
study  of  the  Bible  with  painful  solicitude.  As  he  advanced,  the 
objections  which  he  had  formerly  entertained  against  llie  Imuibling 
doctrines  of  the  gospel,  were  wholly  removed.  He  felt  their  trutli 
in  his  own  experience.  He  felt  that  salvation  musl  be  wholly  of 
grace.  He  felt  constrained,  as  he  afterward  told  a  friend,  to  cast 
himself  down  before  God,  confess  his  sins,  implore  pardon  tluxiugh 
the  merits  of  the  Redeemer,  and  there  to  make  his  vows  of  entire 
obedience  to  the  commands  and  devotion  to  tlie  service  of  his 
Maker.  With  his  characteristic  promptitude,  he  instantly  made 
known  to  his  family  the  feelings  which  he  entertained.  He  called 
them  together  the  ne.'ct  rooming,  and  told  them,  with  deep  emotion, 
that,  while  he  liad  aimed  at  the  faithful  discharge  of  all  his  duties 
as  their  parent  and  head,  he  had  neglected  one  of  tlie  most  impor- 
tant, that  of  family  prayer.  After  reading  tlie  Scriptures,  he 
led  them,  with  deep  solemnity,  to  the  throne  of  grace,  and  from 
that  time  continued  the  practice,  with  the  liveliest  interest,  to  tlie 
period  of  his  death.  He  made  a  public  profession  of  religion  in 
April,  1808.  His  two  oldest  daughters  united  with  liim  in  the  act, 
and  another,  only  twelve  years  of  age,  was  soon  added  to  the 
number. 

In  his  religious  feelings.  Dr.  Webster  was  remarkably  equable 
and  cheerful.  He  had  a  very  strong  sense  of  the  providence  of 
God,  as  e.xtending  to  the  tmnutest  concerns  of  life.  In  tliis  he 
found  a  source  of  continual  support  and  consolation,  under  the 
severe  labors  and  numerous  trials  which  he  had  to  endure.  To  the 
same  divine  hand  he  habitually  referred  all  his  enjoyments ;  and  it 
was  known  to  his  family,  that  he  rarely,  if  ever,  took  the  slightest  re- 
freshment, of  any  kind,  even  between  meals,  without  a  momentary 
pause,  and  a  silent  tribute  of  tlianks  to  God  as  the  giver.  He 
made  tlie  Scriptures  his  daily  study.  After  the  completion  of  his 
Dictionary,  especially,  they  were  always  lying  on  his  table,  and 
he  probably  read  them  more  than  all  other  books.  He  felt,  from 
that  time,  that  the  labors  of  his  life  were  ended,  and  that  little 
else  remained  but  to  prepare  for  death.  With  a  grateful  sense 
of  past  mercies,  a  cheering  consciousness  of  present  support, 
and  an  animating  hope  of  future  blessedness,  he  waited  with 
patience  until  his  appointed  change  should  come. 

During  the  spring  of  1843,  Dr.  Webster  revised  the  Appendix 
of  his  Dictionary,  and  added  some  hundreds  of  words.  He  com- 
pleted the  printing  of  it  about  the  middle  of  May.  It  was  the 
closing  act  of  his  life.  His  hand  rested,  in  its  last  labors,  on  the 
volume  which  he  had  commenced  thirty-six  years  before.  Within 
a  few  days,  in  calling  on  a  number  of  friends  in  different  parts  of 
the  town,  he  walked,  during  one  afternoon,  between  two  and 
three  miles.  The  day  was  chilly,  and  immediately  after  his 
letom,  he  was  seized  with  faintness  and  a  severe  oppression  on 


his  lungs.  An  attack  of  peripnoumony  followed,  which,  though 
not  alarming  at  first,  took  a  sudden  turn  after  four  or  five  days, 
witli  fearful  indications  of  a  fatal  result  It  soon  became 
necessary  to  inform  him  that  he  was  in  imminent  danger.  He 
received  the  communication  with  surprise,  but  with  entire  com- 
posure. His  healtli  had  been  so  good,  and  every  bodily  function 
so  perfect  in  its  exercise,  that  lie  undoubtedly  expected  to  live 
some  years  longer.  But  though  suddenly  called,  he  was  com- 
pletely ready.  He  gave  some  characteristic  directions  as  to  the 
disposal  of  his  body  after  death.  He  spoke  of  his  long  life 
as  one  of  uniform  enjoyment,  because  filled  up  at  every  stage 
witli  active  labors  for  some  valuable  end.  He  expressed  his  entire 
resignation  to  the  will  of  God,  and  his  unshaken  trust  in  the 
atoning  blood  of  the  Redeemer.  It  was  an  interesting  coinci- 
dence, tliat  his  former  pastor,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Stuait,  who  received 
him  to  the  church  tliirty-five  years  before,  had  just  arrived  at  New 
Haven  on  a  visit  to  his  friends.  He  called  immediately  ;  and  the 
interview  brought  into  affecting  comparison  the  beginning  and 
tlie  end  of  that  long  period  of  consecration  to  the  service  of 
Christ.  The  same  hopes  which  had  cheered  the  vigor  of  man- 
hood, were  now  shedding  a  softened  light  over  the  decay  and 
sufferings  of  age.  "  I  know  in  whom  I  have  believed,"  —  such 
was  the  solemn  and  affecting  testimony  which  he  gave  to  his 
friend,  while  tlic  hand  of  death  was  upon  him,  —  "I  know  in  whom 
I  have  believed,  and  that  He  is  able  to  keep  tliat  which  I  have 
committed  to  him  against  that  day."  Thus,  without  one  doubt,  one 
fear,  he  resigned  his  soul  into  the  hands  of  his  Maker,  and  died 
on  the  28tii  day  of  May,  1843,  in  the  eighty-fifth  year  of  his  age. 

In  his  person.  Dr.  Webster  was  tall,  and  somewhat  slender, 
remarkably  erect  throughout  life,  and  moving,  even  in  his  ad- 
vanced years,  with  a  light  and  elastic  step. 

Dr.  Webster's  widow  survived  him  more  than  four  years,  and 
died  on  the  25tli  day  of  June,  1847,  in  the  eighty-second  year  of 
her  age.  He  had  seven  children  who  arrived  at  maturity,  —  one 
son,  William  G.  Webster,  Esq.,  who  resides  at  New  Haven,  and 
six  daughters.  Of  tliese,  the  oldest  is  married  to  the  Hon. 
William  W.  Ellsworth,  of  Hartford,  late  governor,  and  now  judge 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Connecticut ;  the  second  to  the  author 
of  this  sketch ;  the  third,  now  deceased,  was  first  married  to 
Edward  Cobb,  Esq.,  of  Portland,  Maine,  and  afterward  to  the 
Rev.  Professor  Fowler,  of  Amherst,  Mass. ;  the  fourth,  also 
deceased,  was  married  to  Horatio  Southgate,  Esq.,  of  Portland, 
Maine,  and  left  at  her  deatii  a  daughter,  who  was  adopted  by  Dr. 
Webster,  and  is  now  married  to  Henry  Trowbridge,  Jun.,  Esq., 
of  New  Haven ;  the  fifth  is  married  to  the  Rev.  Henry  Jones,  of 
Bridgeport,  Conn. ;  and  tlie  sixth  remains  unmarried,  in  the  family 
of  her  brother. 

In  conclusion,  it  may  be  said  that  the  name  of  Noah  Web- 
ster, from  the  wide  circulation  of  some  of  his  works,  is  known 
familiarly  to  a  greater  number  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  United 
States,  than  the  name,  probably,  of  any  other  individual  except 
the  Father  or  his  Coontrt.  Whatever  influence  he  thus 
acquired  was  used  at  all  times  to  promote  the  best  interests  of 
his  fellow-men.  His  books,  though  read  by  millions,  have  made 
no  man  worse.  To  multitudes  they  have  been  of  lasting  benefit, 
nor  only  by  the  course  of  early  training  they  have  furnished,  but 
by  those  precepts  of  wisdom  and  virtue  with  which  almost  every 
page  is  stored. 

Jhignst,  1847. 


INTRODUCTION. 


DEFINITION  OF  LANGUAGE. 

Lamgdacs  or  Speech  is  the  atterance  of  articulate  sounds  or 
voices,  rendered  si^ificant  by  usage,  for  the  expression  and 
communication  of  thouj^hts. 

According  to  this  definition,  language  belongs  exclusively  to 
intellectual  and  intelligent  beings,  and,  among  terrestrial  beings, 
to  man  only;  for  no  animal  on  earth,  except  man,  can  pro- 
nounce words.  The  word  language  is  sometimes  used  in  a  more 
comprehensive  sense,  and  applied  to  the  sounds  by  which  irra- 
tional animals  express  their  feelings  or  atfections ;  as  to  the 
neighing  of  the  horse,  the  lowing  of  the  ox,  tlie  barking  of  the 
dog,  and  to  the  cackling  and  chirping  of  fowls ;  for  the  sounds 
uttered  by  these  animals  are  perfectly  understood  by  the  re- 
spective species.  So  also  language  is  figuratively  applied  to  tiie 
signs  by  which  deaf  and  dumb  persons  manifest  their  ideas ;  for 
these  are  instruments  of  communicating  thoughts. 

But  language  in  its  proper  sense,  as  the  medium  of  intercourse 
between  men,  or  rational  beings,  endowed  with  the  faculty  of 
uttering  articulate  sounds,  is  the  subject  now  to  be  considered. 

Written  language  is  the  representation  of  significant  sounds  by 
letters,  or  characters,  single  or  combined  in  words,  arranged  in 
due  order,  according  to  usage. 


ORIGIN  OF  LANGUAGE. 

We  read  in  the  Scriptures,  that  God,  when  ho  had  created 
man,  *'  blessed  them ;  and  said  to  them.  Be  fruitful  and  multi- 
ply, and  replenish  the  earth,  and  subdue  it :  and  have  dominion 
over  the  fish  of  the  sea,"  &c.  God  afterward  planted  a  garden, 
and  placed  in  it  the  man  he  had  made,  with  a  command  to  keep 
it,  and  to  dress  it;  and  he  gave  him  a  rule  of  moral  conduct,  in 
permitting  him  to  eat  the  fruit  of  every  tree  in  the  garden,  except 
one,  the  eating  of  which  was  prohibited.  We  further  read,  that 
God  brought  to  Adam  the  fowls  and  beasts  he  had  made,  »nd  that 
Adam  gave  them  names ;  and  that  when  his  female  companion 
was  made,  he  gave  her  a  name.  After  the  eating  of  the  for- 
bidden fruit,  it  is  stated  that  God  addressed  Adam  and  Eve, 
reproving  them  for  tiieir  disobedience,  and  pronouncing  the  pen- 
alties which  they  had  incurred.  In  the  account  of  these  trans- 
actions, it  is  further  related  that  Adam  and  £ve  both  replied  to 
their  Maker,  and  excused  their  disobedience. 

If  we  admit,  what  is  the  literal  and  obvious  interpretation  of 
this  narrative,  that  vocal  sounds  or  words  were  used  in  these  com- 
munications between  God  and  the  progenitors  of  the  human  race, 
it  results  that  Adam  was  not  only  endowed  witli  intellect  for 
understanding  his  Maker,  or  the  signification  of  words,  but  was 
furnished  both  with  the  faculty  of  speech  and  with  speech  itself, 
or  the  knowledge  and  use  of  words  as  signs  of  ideas,  and  this 
before  the  formation  of  the  woman.  Hence  wo  may  infer  that 
language  was  bestowed  on  Adam,  in  the  same  manner  as  all  his 
other  faculties  and  knowledge,  by  supernatural  power ;  or,  in 
other  words,  was  of  divine  origin  :  for,  supposing  Adam  to  have 
had  all  the  intellectual  powers  of  any  adult  individual  of  the 
species  who  has  since  lived,  we  can  not  admit  as  probable,  or 
even  possible,  that  he  should  have  invented  and  constructed  even 
a  barren  language,  as  soon  as  he  was  created,  without  super- 
natural aid.  It  may  indeed  be  doubted  whether,  without  such 
aid,  men  would  ever  have  learned  the  use  of  the  organs  of 
speech,  so  far  as  to  form  a  language.  At  any  rate,  the  invention 
of  words  and  the  construction  of  a  language  nmst  have  been  by 
a  slow  process,  and  must  have  required  a  umch  longer  time  than 

•  C«*Iebrantj  carminibas  antiqtiis,  Tiiistonpm  deiim  irrri  rditiim,  et  filium 
Mannum,  origuiefn  gencia  conditoresque.  Manno  tres  lilios  aasignant.  — Do  Mbr. 
Oerm.  % 

"  In  ancient  songs  they  celebrate  Tuisto,  a  god  sprung  from  the  earth,  and  his 


that  which  passed  between  the  creation  of  Adam  and  of  Eve.  It 
is,  therefore,  probable,  that  language,  as  well  as  the  faculty  of 
speech,  was  the  immediate  gift  of  Gud.  We  are  not,  however,  to 
suppose  the  language  of  our  first  parents  m  paradise  to  have  been 
copious,  like  most  modern  languages  ;  or  the  identical  language 
they  used,  to  be  now  in  existence.  Many  of  the  primitive  radi- 
cal words  may  and  probably  do  exist  in  various  languages;  but 
observation  teaches  that  languages  must  improve  and  undergo 
great  changes  as  knowledge  increases,  and  be  subject  to  con- 
tinual alterations,  from  other  causes  incident  to  men  in  society. 


A  Brief  Account  of  the   Origin  and   Progress  of  the 

PRINCIPAI.   LaNGDAQES,   ANCIENT   AND   MODERN,   THAT    HAVE 
BEEN     SPOKEN     BY    NATIONS     BETWEEN     THE    GaNQES     AND 

THE   Atlantic    Ocean. 

We  learn  from  the  Scriptures  that  Noah,  who,  with  his  family, 
was  preserved  from  destruction  by  the  Deluge,  for  the  purpose 
of  re-peopling  the  earth,  had  three  sons,  Shem,  Ham,  and  Ja- 
pheth.  This  fact,  a  little  obscured  by  tradition,  was  retained  by 
our  rude  German  ancestors,  to  the  age  of  Tacitus.* 

Japheth  was  the  eldest  son ;  but  Shem,  the  ancestor  of  the 
Israelites  and  of  the  writers  of  the  Scriptures,  is  named  first  in 
order. 

The  descendants  of  Shem  and  Ham  peopled  all  the  great  plain 
situated  north  and  west  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  between  that  Gulf 
and  the  Indian  Ocean  on  the  cast,  and  the  Arabic  Gulf  and  the 
Mediterranean  Sea  on  the  west,  with  the  northern  coast  of 
Africa;  comprehending  Assyria,  Babylonia  or  Chaldea,  Syria, 
Palestine,  Arabia,  Egypt,  and  Libya.  The  principal  languages  or 
dialects  used  by  these  descendants,  are  known  to  us  under  tlie 
names  of  Chaldee,  or  Chaldaic,  which  is  called  also  Aramean, 
Syriac,  Hebrew,  Arabic,  pjthiopic,  Samaritan,  and  Coptic.  Of 
these,  tlie  Chaldee  and  Hebrew  are  no  longer  living  languages, 
but  they  have  come  down  to  us  in  books ;  the  Samaritan  is  prob- 
ably extinct  or  lost  in  the  modern  languages  of  the  country,  but 
the  language  survives  in  a  copy  of  the  Pentateuch  ;  the  Coptic  is 
nearly  or  quite  extinct,  and  little  of  it  remains  ;  the  Syriac,  Ara- 
bic, and  Ethiopic  are  yet  living  languages,  but  they  have  suffered 
and  are  continually  suffering  alterations,  from  which  no  living 
language  is  exempt. 

These  languages,  except  the  Coptic,  being  used  by  the  de- 
scendants of  Shem,  I  call  Shcmitic,  or  Assyrian,  in  distinction 
from  tlie  Japhetic.  As  the  descendants  of  Japheth  peopled  Asia 
Minor,  the  northern  parts  of  Asia,  about  the  Euxine  and  Cas- 
pian, and  all  Europe,  their  languages  have,  in  the  long  period 
that  has  elapsed  since  their  dispersion,  become  very  numerous. 

All  languages  having  sprung  from  one  source,  the  original 
words  from  which  they  have  been  formed  must  have  been  of 
equal  antiquity.  That  the  Celtic  and  Teutonic  languages  in 
Europe  are,  in  this  sense,  as  old  as  the  Chaldee  and  Hebrew,  is  a 
fact  not  only  warranted  by  history  and  the  common  origin  of 
Japheth  and  Shem,  but  susceptible  of  proof  from  the  identity  of 
many  words  yet  existing  in  both  stocks.  But  there  is  a  marked 
difference  between  the  Shcmitic  and  Japhetic  languages ;  for 
even  when  the  radical  words  are  unquestionably  the  same,  the 
modifications,  or  inflections  and  combinations  which  form  the 
compounds,  are,  for  the  most  part,  different. 

As  it  has  been  made  a  question  which  of  the  Shemitic  Ian 
guages  is  the  most  ancient,  and  much  has  been  written  to  prove 
it  to  be  the  Hebrew,  I  will  state  briefly  my  opinion  on  what 
appears  to  me  to  be  one  of  the  plainest  questions  in  the  history 
of  nations.     We  have  for  our  certain  guides,  in  determining  this 

Hon  Manntis,  [Man]  the  origin  and  founders  of  their  nation.    To  Mannus  they 
niwit^  Oiret  s(fn».'^ 

Noati  is  here  called  M<tn. 


INTRODUCTION. 


question  —  Ist,  The  historical  narrative  of  facts  in  the  Book  of 
Genesis;  aud  :2d.  The  known  and  uniform  progress  of  languages, 
within  the  period  of  authentic  profane  history. 

1.  The  Scripture  informs  us  that,  before  the  dispersion,  the 
whole  earth  was  of  one  language  and  of  one  or  the  same  speech  ; 
and  that  the  descendants  of  Noah  journeyed  from  tlie  east,  and 
settled  on  the  plain  of  Shinar,  or  in  Chaldea.  The  language 
used  at  that  time,  by  the  inhabitants  of  tliat  plain,  must  then 
have  been  the  oldest  or  the  primitive  language  of  man.  This 
must  have  been  the  original  Chaldee. 

2.  The  Scripture  informs  us,  that  in  consequence  of  the  im- 
pious attempts  of  the  people  to  build  a  city,  and  a  tower  wliose 
top  might  reach  to  heaven,  with  a  view  to  make  themselves  a 
name  and  prevent  tlieir  dispersion,  God  interposed  and  con- 
founded tlieir  language,  so  tliat  they  could  not  understand  each 
other ;  in  consequence  of  which,  they  were  dispersed  "  from 
thence  over  the  face  of  all  the  earth." 

3.  If  the  confusion  of  languages  at  Babel  originated  the  differ- 
ences which  gave  rise  to  the  various  languages  of  the  families 
which  separated  at  the  dispersion,  then  those  several  languages 
are  all  of  equal  antiquity.  Of  these  the  Hebrew,  as  a  distinct 
luignage,  was  not  one ;  for  the  Hebrew  nation  was  of  posterior 
origin. 

4.  All  the  words  of  the  several  great  races  of  men,  both  in 
Asia  and  Europe,  which  are  vernacular  in  their  several  lan- 
guages, and  unequivocally  the  same,  are  of  equal  antiquity,  as 
they  must  have  been  derived  from  the  common  Chaldee  stock 
which  existed  before  the  dispersion.  The  words  common  to  the 
Syrians  and  Hebrews  could  not  have  been  borrowed  from  the 
Hebrew ;  for  the  Hebrews  originated  from  Hebor  and  Abram, 
several  centuries  after  Syria  and  Kgypt  were  populous  eonntries. 
This  fact  is  attested  by  the  Scripture'  history,  which  declares  that 
when  .'Vbram  migrated  from  CirJdea,  and  came  into  Canaan  or 
Palestine,  "  the  Canaanite  was  then  in  tlie  land  ;  "  and  when  he 
returned  from  Egypt,  "the  Periziite  dwelt  in  the  land."  These 
declarations,  and  the  history  of  Abinielech,  and  of  the  war  of  four 
kings  or  chiedains  with  five,  as  also  of  the  cities  of  Sodom  and 
Gomorrah,  prove  Syria  to  have  been  at  that  time  well  peopled. 
The  language  of  the  inhabitants,  then,  mnst  have  been  coCval 
with  the  nation,  and  long  anterior  to  the  Hebrew  as  a  distinct 
dialect.  It  may  be  added,  that  in  the  early  periods  of  the  world, 
when  no  books  existed,  nations,  livmg  remote  or  distinct,  never 
borrowed  words  from  each  otlier.  One  nation  living  in  the  midst 
of  another,  as  the  Hebrews  did  among  tlie  Egyptians,  may  adopt 
a  single  word,  or  a  few  words  ;  but  a  family  of  words  thus  adopted, 
is  an  occurrence  rarely  or  never  known.  The  borrowing  of  words, 
in  modem  times,  is  almost  wholly  from  the  use  of  books. 

5.  It  is  probable  that  some  dilferences  of  language  were  pro- 
duced by  the  confusion ;  but  neither  that  event  nor  any  super- 
natural event  is  necessary  to  account  for  the  differences  of  dialect 
or  of  languages  now  existing.  The  different  modem  languages 
of  the  Gothic  or  Teutonic  stock  all  originated  in  the  natural 
course  of  events ;  and  the  differences  are  as  great  between  thera 
as  they  are  between  the  languages  of  the  Shemitic  stock. 

6.  Soon  after  two  races  of  men  of  a  common  stock  have  sepa- 
rated and  placed  tiiemsclves  in  distant  countries,  the  language 
of  each  begins  to   diverge  from  th.-it  of  the   other,   by  various 

means 1.  One  tribe  or  nation  will  suffer  one  word  to  become 

obsolete  and  be  forgotten  ;  another  will  suffer  the  loss  of  another  ; 
sometimes  a  whole  family  of  words  will  be  lost ;  at  other  times,  a 
part  only  ;  at  other  times,  a  single  word  only  of  a  numerous  fam- 
ily will  be  retained  by  one  nation,  while  another  nation  will  re- 
tain the  whole.  2.  The  same  word  will  be  differently  applied 
by  two  distant  races  of  men,  and  the  difference  will  be  so  great 
as  to  obscure  the  original  affinity.  3.  Words  will  be  compounded 
by  two  nations  in  a  different  manner,  the  same  radical  words 
taking  a  different  prefix  or  sulBx,  in  different  languages.  Thus 
wisdom  in  English  is  in  German  weisheU,  [w'isehead,  wisehood,] 
from  teise,  iceis.  The  English  mislead  is  in  Danish /ar/crfer,  from 
luul,  leder.  4.  The  pronunciation  and  orthography  of  words  will 
often  be  so  much  changed,  that  the  same  word  in  two  languages 
can  not,  without  difficulty,  be  recognized  as  identical.  No  per- 
son, without  a  considerable  attention  to  the  changes  which  letters 
have  suffered,  would  at  once  suspect  or  believe  the  English  let 
and  the  French  laisser  to  be  the  same  word. 

7.  As  Abram  migrated  from  Chaldea,  he  must  have  spoken 
the  Chaldee  language ;  and  probably,  at  that  time,  the  Syriac, 


•  Welsh  «&,  a  cover  or  shelter,  a  Celt ;  cclUad^  an  inhabitant  of  the  covert  or 
wood ;  cflu,  to  conceal,  Lat.  ctlo.    In  Gaelic  the  ivonl  is  coiU  or  ceilL     The  Celts 


Arabic,  and  Egyptian,  had  not  become  so  different,  as  to  render 
it  impracticable  for  him  to  converse  with  the  inhabitants  of  Pal- 
estine and  Egypt.  But  the  language  of  Abram's  descendants, 
and  that  of  tlie  land  of  Shinar  or  the  Chaldee,  must,  in  the  natu- 
ral course  of  things,  have  begun  to  diverge  soon  after  the  separa- 
tion;  and  the  changes  in  each  language,  being  different,  would, 
in  the  course  of  a  few  centuries,  form  somewhat  different  lan- 
guages. So  in  the  days  of  Hczekiah,  the  Syriac  and  Hebrew 
had  become,  in  a  degree,  distinct  languages.  2  Kings  xviii.  In 
which  of  these  languages  the  greatest  number  of  alterations  were 
produced,  we  do  not  know  ;  but,  from  the  general  observations  I 
have  made  in  my  researches,  it  appears  that  the  Chaldee  dialect, 
in  the  use  of  dental  letters  instead  of  sibilants,  is  much  the  most 
general  in  tlie  Celtic  and  Teutonic  languages  of  Europe.  Thus 
the  German  only  has  a  sibilant  in  irasser,  when  the  other  Teu- 
tonic languages  have  a  dental,  water.  I  think  also  that  there  are 
far  more  words  in  the  European  languages  which  accord  with  the 
Chaldee  or  Arabic,  than  there  are  words  which  accord  with  the 
Hebrew.  If  this  observation  is  well  founded,  the  Hebrew  must 
have  suffered  the  loss  of  more  primitive  words  than  the  other 
languages  of  the  Shemitic  family.  This,  however,  is  true,  that 
all  of  tliem  have  lost  some  words,  and  in  some  cases  the  Hebrew 
retains  what  the  others  have  lost. 

8  The  Hebrew  Scriptures  are,  by  many  centuries,  the  most 
ancient  writings  extant.  Hence  probably  the  strange  inference, 
that  the  Hebrew  is  the  oldest  language  ;  as  if  the  inhabitants  of 
Chaldea  and  Syria  had  had  no  language  for  ages  before  the  pro- 
genitor of  tlie  Hebrews  was  born. 

9.  The  vernacular  words  in  the  Celtic  and  Teutonic  languages 
of  modern  Europe,  which  are  evidently  the  same  words  as  still 
exist  in  the  Shemitic  languages,  are  of  the  same  antiquity  ;  being 
a  part  of  the  common  language  which  was  used  on  the  plain  of 
Shinar,  before  the  dispersion. 

The  descendants  of  Japhoth  peopled  the  northern  part  of  Asia, 
and  all  Europe ;  or,  if  some  colonies  from  Egypt  planted  them- 
selves in  Greece  at  an  early  period,  they  or  their  descendants 
must  have  been  merged  in  tlie  mass  of  Japhetic  population. 
Certain  it  is,  that  tlie  Greek  language  is  chiefly  formed  on  the 
banie  radical  words  as  the  Celtic  and  Teutonic  languages. 

Tlie  .laplictlc  tribes  of  men,  whose  descendants  peopled  the 
south  and  west  of  Europe,  were  first  established  in  the  country 
now  called  Persia,  or,  by  the  natives  themselves,  Iran.  Of  this 
fact,  the  evidence  now  existing  is  decisive.  The  numerous  words 
found  in  the  Greek,  Latin,  Gaelic,  English,  and  the  kindred 
tongues,  which  are  still  used  in  Persia,  prove,  beyond  all  ques- 
tion, that  Persia  must  have  been  the  residence  of  the  people 
whose  descendants  introduced  into  Europe  the  languages  from 
which  the  modern  languages  are  derived.  The  fact  proves  fur- 
ther, tiiat  a  great  body  of  the  original  Persians  remained  in  their 
own  country,  and  their  descendants  constitute  the  mass  of  the 
population  at  this  day. 

In  the  early  stages  of  society,  men  dwelt  or  migrated  in  fami- 
lies, tribes,  or  clans.  The  family  of  Abraham  and  Jacob  in  Asia, 
and  the  clans  of  the  Gaels  in  Scotland,  exhibit  to  us  the  manner 
in  which  societies  and  nations  were  originally  formed.  The 
descendants  of  a  man  settled  around  him,  and  formed  a  clan,  or 
tribe,  of  which  the  government  was  patriarchal.  Such  families 
often  migrated  in  a  body,  and  often  the  personal  characteristics 
of  the  progenitor  might  be  distinctly  traced  in  his  descendants 
for  many  generations.  In  process  of  time,  some  of  these  families 
became  nations ;  more  generally,  by  means  of  wars  and  migra- 
tions, different  tribes  became  blended,  and  the  distinction  of 
families  was  lost. 

In  rude  ages,  the  families  or  tribes  of  men  are  named  from 
some  characteristic  of  the  people  ;  or,  more  generally,  from  the 
place  of  their  residence.  The  Greeks  gave  the  name  of  Scythia 
to  the  north  of  Europe  and  Asia,  but  the  primitive  inhabitants  of 
the  west  of  Europe  they  called  Kikt'n,  Kelts,  Celts,  a  word  signi- 
fying woods  men*  These  were  descendants  from  the  same 
ancestors  as  the  Greeks  ajid  Romans  themselves,  but  they  had 
pushed  their  migrations  into  Gaul,  Spain,  and  Britain.  The  first 
settlers  or  occupiers  of  those  countries  were  driven  forward  by 
successive  hordes,  until  they  were  checked  by  the  ocean  ;  there 
they  made  their  stand,  and  there  we  find  their  descendants  at 
this  day.  These  may  be  considered  as  the  descendants  of  the 
earliest  settlers  or  first  inhabitants  of  the  countries  where  they 
are  found.     Among  these  are  the  inhabitants  of  France,  south  of 

were  originally  a  tribe  or  nation  inhabiting  the  north  of  Italy,  or  the  still  more 
northern  tt-rritory. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Ilie  Garonne,  and  those  of  the  north  of  Spain,  called  by  the  Ro- 
mans Aquitani  and  Cantabri,  in  more  modern  times  Gaacoigns, 
Basques,  and  Cantabrians,  who  still  retain  their  native  language; 
and  in  Great  Britain,  the  Gaels  in  Scotland,  and  the  natives  of 
the  north  and  west  of  Ireland,  who  also  retain  their  primitive 
language.* 

The  first  inhabitants  of  the  north  and  west  of  Europe,  known 
to  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for  our 
earliest  accounts  of  that  region,  were  the  Cimbri,  who  inhabited 
the  peninsula  of  Denmark,  now  called  Jutland,  and  the  tribes 
which  belonged  to  the  Teutonic  and  Gothic  races  which  were 
established  in  Germany  and  on  both  sidesof  the  Baltic.  Whether 
tribes  of  Celtic  origin  had  overspread  the  latter  countries  before 
the  arrival  of  the  Gothic  and  Teutonic  races,  and  all  Europe  had 
been  inhabited  by  the  Celts  even  to  the  borders  of  Sarmatia,  has 
been  a  question  much  disputed  by  historians  and  antiquaries. 
The  German  and  French  writers  generally  contend  that  the 
Celts  inhabited  all  the  north  of  Europe,  as  far  at  least  as  Sarma- 
tia; but  some  respectable  English  writers  are  of  a  different  opin- 
ion. Now,  it  is  agreed  that  the  Welsh  are  descendants  of  the 
Cimbri,  inhabitants  of  Jutland  ;  and  their  language  bears  a  strong 
affinity  to  the  Celtic  languages  which  still  exist  —  a  fact  that 
countenances  the  opinion  of  the  German  and  French  writers. 
But  the  dispute  is  of  little  moment ;  the  Celtic,  Teutonic  and 
Gothic  races  being  all  of  the  Japhetic  stock,  migrating  from  Asia 
through  Asia^Iinor  at  different  times,  and  pursuing  different 
courses  westward.  The  first  tribes  probably  sought  the  warm 
climates  along  the  north  coast  of  the  Mediterranean,  and  estab- 
lished themselves  in  Greece  and  Italy.  Others  followed  the 
course  of  the  Danube  and  its  subsidiary  streams,  till  they  fell 
upon  the  rivers  that  conducted  them  to  the  Baltic.  The  first 
inhabitants  of  Greece  and  Italy  were  probably  of  the  Celtic  race  ; 
but  if  they  were,  it  is  very  evident  that  tribes  of  the  Teutonic  or 
Gothic  races  invaded  those  countries  before  they  were  civilized, 
and  intermingled  with  the  original  inhabitants.  The  Pelasgi 
may  have  been  among  the  number.  This  is  an  inference  which 
I  draw  from  the  affinities  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  languages  with 
those  of  Teutonic  origin.  The  Teutonic  and  Gothic  races  im- 
pressed their  language  upon  all  the  continent  of  Europe  west  of 
the  Vistula,  and  from  that  river  to  the  Rhine,  or  rather  to  the 
Seine,  anterior  to  the  conquest  of  Gaul  by  Juliuii  Cesar.  The 
same  races,  invading  and  conquering  the  south  of  Europe,  in  the 
fourth  and  fifth  centuries,  on  the  downfall  of  the  Roman  empire, 
infused  a  portion  of  their  language  into  the  Italian  and  Spanish, 
which  is  still  distinguishable. 

The  ancient  Sarmatia,  inclviding  Poland  and  Russia,  was  prob- 
ably peopled  originally  by  races  of  men  who  passed  into  Europe 
by  the  country  north  of  the  Euxine.  Tlieir  original  residence 
was  along  the  Rivers  Kur  and  Araxcs,  or  on  the  mountains  be- 
tween the  Euxine  and  Caspian.  The  name  of  the  Russ  or  Rus- 
sians is  clearly  recognized  in  the  Fozolani  of  Pliny  and  Ptolemy, 
Und  poiisibly  the  ancestors  of  tliis  race  may  have  entered  Europe 
by  Asia  Minor.  That  the  Teutonic  races,  originally  from  Persia, 
inhabited  Asia  Minor,  and  migrated  westward  by  that  course,  is 
evident  from  the  names  which  they  impressed  on  mountains, 
rivers,  and  places.  Such  arc  the  Cragvs  of  Pliny,  the  Welsh  and 
English  crag ;\  Perga  in  Pampliylia,  now  liuri^  or  Acrn-sn;  Tliijiii- 
breck,  the  name  of  a  small  stream  near  the  Bite  of  Troy,  a  word 
in  which  we  recognize  the  English  brook;  it  was  contracted  by 
the  Greeks  into  Thi/mbrfus.' 

It  n  admitted  by  all  gentlemen  acquainted  with  Oriental  litera- 
ture, that  the  Sanscrit,  or  ancient  language  of  India,  the  parent 
of  all  the  dialects  of  that  great  peninsula,  is  radically  the  same 
language  or  from  the  same  stock  as  the  Greek  and  Latin  ;  the 
affinities  between  them  being  remarkably  clear  and  decisive.  If 
so,  the  inhabitants  of  India  and  the  descendants  of  the  Celtic  and 
Teutonic  nations  are  all  of  one  family,  and  must  have  all  migrated 


•  t  pnrpnacly  omit  all  ronsldfration  of  the  dilT'-n^nt  fninilteii,  tribet*,  or  nationit, 
which  fir!*t  peopled  Greece  and  Itrily.  In  Greece  we  read  of  ths  V/'iicn  or 
r,.a(»fli,  the  fiellenea.  the  Arli8*;tnB,  the  Dorians,  the  Aln\nn<^^  the  loniani^,  the 
Pelasgi,  &.C. ;  in  Italy,  of  the  Illyrian!*,  the  Libunil,  the  Siciili,  the  Veneti  or 
Ilenetr,  the  Iberi,  Linares,  Sicatii,  F.lriisri,  Insiihre«,  Pabini,  Latini,  f  amnileff. 
and  many  others.  But  a-*  the.se  nations  or  their  descendants  nave  the  name  of 
Celt*  to  the  Utnbri,  or  n-itioni  that  dwelt  hi  the  north,  in  the  less  cultivated 
parts  of  Europe,  and  to  the  inhabitants  of  Gaul ;  and  as  nil  the  tribes,  under 
whatever  denomination  they  Were  known,  were  branches  of  the  great  Japhetic 
stock,  1  shall  call  them  by  that  general  name,  Celts  ;  and  under  the  general 
name  of  Golhs  tir  'I'eutoiis,  shall  romprehend  the  varir»U8  triljes  that  inhabited 
the  north  of  Germany,  and  the  rounlry  north  of  the  liallie,  or  .^carulinavia. 

A  late  writer  secmd  to  consider  the  Teutonic  races  as  tlu;  only  ancestors  of  the 
Greeks  and  Romans.  But  from  Celtic  words  still  found  in  the  Greek  and  I.ntin, 
words  not  belonging  to  any  of  the  Gothic  or  Teutonic  lanipiRgcs,  it  is  demon- 


from  one  country  after  the  separation  of  the  nations  of  the  She- 
mitic  stock  from  those  of  tlie  Japhetic  race.§ 

Whether  that  country  was  Persia,  or  Cashmir,  or  a  country 
farther  east,  is  a  point  not  easily  determined.  One  important 
inference  results  from  this  fact  —  tliat  the  white  men  of  Europe, 
and  the  black  or  tawny  men  of  India,  are  direct  descendants 
from  a  common  ancestor. 

Of  the  languages  of  Europe,  the  Greek  was  first  improved  and 
refined,  and  next  to  that  the  Latin.  The  affinity  between  these 
languages  and  those  of  the  west  and  north  of  Europe  is  very 
striking,  and  demonstrates  their  common  origin.  It  is  probable, 
however,  that  there  are  some  words  in  tlje  Greek  derived  from 
Africa,  if  Egyptian  colonies  were  established  in  Greece,  as  his- 
torians inform  us. 

Tlie  modern  Italian,  Spanish,  French,  and  Portuguese,  are 
composed  chiefly  of  Latin  words,  much  altered,  however,  both  in 
orthograpliy  and  inflections.  Perhaps  nine  tenths  of  all  the  words 
now  found  in  those  languages  are  of  Latin  origin  ;  being  intro- 
duced by  the  Romans,  wiio  held  Gaul  in  subjection  five  or  six 
centuries,  and  Spain  much  longer  ;  or  being  borrowed  from  Latin 
authors  since  the  revival  of  letters.  Ail  these  languages,  how- 
ever, retain  many  words  of  Celtic  origin ;  the  primitive  language 
not  having  been  entirely  extirpated.  In  some  instances,  the 
same  word  has  been  transmitted  through  both  channels,  the  Cel- 
tic and  the  Latin,  and  is  yet  retained.  Thus  in  Frci^ch  cdder^ 
and  in  Italian  ccdcre,  is  directly  from  the  Latin  cedo  ;  wliilc  the 
French  congedler  antl  Italian  ron^rerfarc  are  composed  of  the  same 
word,  with  a  prefi.x,  derived  from  the  Celtic,  and  retained  in  the 
Welsh ^arfatr,  to  quit,  to  leave,  [L.  conccrfo.]  And  this  same  verb 
probably  appears  also  in  quit,  a  word  common  to  the  Teutonic 
and  to  the  Celtic  languages.  —  See  CotfOE,  in  the  Dictionary. 

It  must  be  observed  further,  that  the  Spanish  language  con- 
tains some  words  of  African  origin,  introduced  by  the  Carthagin- 
ians before  the  Roman  conquest  of  S^iain,  or  afterward  by  the 
Moors,  who  for  several  centuries  were  masters  of  that  country. 
It  contains  also  some  words  of  Gothic  origin,  introduced  by  the 
Goths,  who  conquered  that  country,  at  the  downfall  of  the  Ro- 
man empire.  The  Frencli  also  contains  some  words  of  Teutonic 
origin,  either  from  the  Belgic  tribes,  who  occupied  the  country 
to  the  Seine  at  the  time  of  Cesar's  invasion,  or  from  the  Franks, 
who  established  the  dynasty  of  the  Merovingian  kings  in  the  fifth 
century,  or  from  the  Normans,  who  obtained  possession  of  the 
northern  part  of  that  kingdom  in  the  tenth  century,  or  from  all 
these  sottrces. 

The  German,  Dutch  or  Belgic,  Anglo-Saxon,  Danish,  and 
Swedish  languages  are  of  Teutonic  or  Gothic  origin. ||  They 
are  all  closely  allied  ;  a  great  part  of  tlie  words  in  them  all  being 
the  same  or  trom  tlie  same  roots,  witli  different  prefixes  or  affixes. 
There  is,  however,  a  greater  ditfercnce  between  the  Danish  and 
Swedish,  which  are  of  the  Gothic  stock,  and  the  German  and 
Dutch,  which  are  of  Teutonic  origin,  than  between  two  lan- 
guages of  the  same  stock,  as  between  the  Danish  and  Swedish. 
The  Norwegian,  Icelandic,  and  some  of  the  languages  or  dialects 
of  Switzerland,  belong  to  the  same  stock  ;  but  of  these  I  have  no 
particular  knowledge. 

The  Basque  or  Cantabrian  in  Spain,  the  Gaelic  in  the  north 
of  Scotland,  and  the  Iliherno-Celtic  or  native  language  of  Ire- 
land, are  the  purest  remains  of  tlie  ancient  Celtic.  Froiii  a  com- 
parison of  a  vocabulary  of  tlie  Gaelic  and  Hiberno-Cellic,  I  find 
little  or  no  difference  between  them  ;  and  from  a  long  and  atten- 
tive examination  of  this  language,  and  of  the  languages  of  Teu- 
tonic origin,  I  find  less  difference  between  them  than  most  authors 
have  supposed  to  exist. 

The  Armoric  or  language  of  Brittany,  in  the  north-west  angle 
of  France,  and  the  Cornish,  in  the  south- «ve»t  of  England,  are 
also  of  Celtic  origin.  The  Cornish  is  nc^  extinct;  but  the  Ar- 
moric is  a  living  language. 


strably  certain  that  the  primitive  settlers  In  Creece  and  Italy  belonged  to  the 
f'eliic  races.  Thus  the  Greek  jiimxtiiiVf  Lat  iz-arkiam,  the  arm.  Is  formed  on  the 
Gaelic  braitsh,  raijrh,  VV.  ftrfl/f,  a  word  not  fjtmd  among  the  1'eutouic  naliom. 
So  the  Welsh  muciaw,  to  mock,  is  found  in  the  Greek  /i-oao  ■',  and  French  mo- 
qurr,  to  mock,  and  Ir.  mttffaiih,  a  mocking  ;  tut  not  in  any  of  the  Gothic  or  Teu- 
tonic languages.  Many  similar  facts  prove  that  the  Celtic  races  were  among 
the  earliest  inhabitants  of  Greece. 

t  Plin.  II.  \.  lib.  .5,  cap.  i27.  Slraho,  lib.  7.  6,  informs  us  th.it  the  Dalmatians 
had  the  singular  practice  of  making  a  diviBion  of  their  fields  every  uightb  year 
Hence  perhajrs  the  name,  from  deal,  and  matX  or  madA,  country. 

J  Clarke's  Travels. 

^  Sec  the  word  Chuk,  in  the  Pictionary. 

II  In  strictness,  the  .Swedish  and  Danish  are  of  Gothic  origin,  and  the  German 
and  Saxon,  of  Teutonic  origin. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  English,  as  now  spoken,  is  a  language  composed  of  words 
from  several  others.  The  basis  of  the  language  is  Anglo-Saxon, 
or,  as  I  shall,  for  the  sake  of  brevity,  call  it,  Saxon,  by  which  it 
is  closely  allied  to  the  languages  of  Teutonic  and  GotJiic  origin 
on  the  continent.  But  it  retains  a  great  number  of  words  from 
the  ancient  languages  of  Britain,  the  Belgic  or  Lloegrian,  and 
the  Cymraeg  or  Welsh,  particularly*  from  the  latter,  and  some 
from  the  Cornish.  Cesar  informs  us,  that  before  he  invaded 
Britain,  Belgic  colonies  had  occupied  the  southern  coast  of  Eng- 
land ;  and  the  inhabitanU  of  the  interior,  northern  and  western 
parts,  were  the  ancestors  of  the  present  Welsh,  who  call  them- 
selves Cymry,  and  their  countrf^Cymni,  a  name  which  indicates 
their  origin  from  the  Cirabri,  inhabitants  of  the  modem  Denmark, 
or  Cimbric  Chersonese,  now  Jutland. 

The  modern  Welsh  contains  many  Latin  words  introduced  by 
the  Romans,  who  had  possession  of  Britain  for  five  hundred  years. 
But  the  body  of  the  language  is  probably  their  vernacular  tongue. 
It  is  more  nearly  allied  to  the  languages  of  Celtic  origin  than  to 
those  of  the  Teutonic  and  Gothic  stock ;  and  of  this  British  lan- 
guage, the  Cornish  and  Armoric  are  dialects. 

It  has  been  commonly  supposed  that  the  Britons  were  nearly 
exterminated  by  the  Saxons,  and  that  the  few  that  survived 
escaped  into  the  west  of  England,  now  Wales.  It  is  true  that 
many  took  refuge  in  Wales,  which  their  descendants  still  retain ; 
but  it  can  not  be  true  that  the  other  parts  of  England  were 
entirely  depopulated.  On  the  other  hand,  great  numbers  must 
have  escaped  slaughter,  and  been  intermixed  with  their  Saxon 
conquerors.  The  Welsh  words,  which  now  form  no  unimportant 
part  of  the  English  language,  atford  decisive  evidence  of  this  fact. 
It  is  probable,  however,  that  these  words  were  for  a  lon^  time 
used  only  by  the  common  people,  for  few  of  them  appear  in  the 
early  Saxon  writers. 

The  English  contains  also  many  words  introduced  by  the 
Danes,  who  were  for  some  time  masters  of  England ;  which  words 
are  not  found  in  the  Saxon.  These  words  prevail  most  in  the 
northern  counties  of  England ;  but  many  of  them  are  incorpo- 
rated into  the  body  of  the  language. 

After  the  Conquest,  the  Norman  kings  endeavored  to  extirpate 
the  English  language,  and  substitute  the  Norman.  For  this  pur- 
pose, it  was  ordained  that  all  law  proceedings  and  records  should 
be  in  the  Norman  language  ;  and  hencfe  the  early  records  and 
reports  of  law  cases  came  to  be  written  in  Norman.  But  neither 
royal  authority,  nor  the  influence  of  courts,  could  change  the 
vernacular  language.  After  an  experiment  of  three  hundred 
years,  the  law  was  repealed ;  and  since  that  period,  the  English 
has  heen,  for  the  most  part,  the  official,  as  well  as  the  common 
language  of  the  nation.  A  few  Norman  words,  however,  remain 
in  the  English ;  most  of  them  in  law  language. 

Since  the  Conquest,  the  English  has  not  suffered  any  shock 
from  the  intermixture  of  conquerors  with  the  natives  of  England  ; 
but  the  language  has  undergone  great  alterations,  by  the  disuse 
of  a  large  portion  of  Saxon  words,  and  the  introduction  of  words 
from  the  Latin  and  Greek  languages,  with  some  French,  Italian, 
and  Spanish  words.  These  words  have,  in  some  instances,  been 
borrowed  by  authors  directly  from  the  Latin  and  Greek ;  but 
most  of  the  Latin  words  have  been  received  through  the  medium 
of  the  French  and  Italian.  For  terras  in  the  sciences,  authors 
have  generally  resorted  to  the  Greek ;  and  from  this  source,  as 
discoveries  in  science  demand  new  terms,  the  vocabulary  of  the 
English  language  is  receiving  continual  augmentation.  We 
have  also  a  few  words  from  the  German  and  Swedish,  mostly 
terms  in  mineralogy  ;  and  commerce  has  introduced  new  com- 
modities of  foreign  growth  or  manufacture,  with  their  foreign 
names,  which  now  make  a  part  of  our  language.  Such  are 
camphor,  amier,  arsenic,  and  many  others. 

The  English,  then,  is  composed  of, 

1st,    Saxon  and  Danish  words  of  Teutonic  and  Gothic  origin. 

•2d,  British  or  Welsh,  Cornish  and  Armoric,  which  may  be 
considered  as  of  Celtic  origin. 

3d,    Norman,  a  mixture  of  French  and  Gothic. 

4th,    Latin,  a  language  formed  on  the  Celtic  and  Teutonic. 

5th,    French,  chiefly  Latin  corrupted,  but  with  a  mixture  of 
ij  Celtic. 

i      6th,    Greek,  formed  on  the  Celtic  and  Teutonic,  with   some 
I'  Coptic. 

7th,  A  few  words  directly  from  the  Italian,  Spanish,  German, 
and  other  languages  of  the  continent. 


8th,  A  few  foreign  words,  introduced  by  commerce,  or  by 
political  and  literary  intercourse. 

Of  these,  the  Saxon  words  constitute  our  mother  tongue , 
being  words  which  our  ancestors  brought  with  them  from  Asia. 
The  Danish  and  Welsh  also  are  primitive  words,  and  may  be 
considered  as  a  part  of  our  vernacular  language.  They  are  of 
equal  antiquity  with  the  Chaldee  and  Syriac. 


AFFINITY  OF  LANGUAGES. 

On  comparing  the  structure  of  the  different  languages  of  the 
Sheraitic  and  Japhetic  stocks,  we  can  not  but  be  struck  with  the 
fact,  that  altliough  a  great  number  of  words  consisting  of  the 
same  or  of  cognate  letters,  and  conveying  the  same  ideas,  are 
found  in  them  all,  yet  in  the  inflections,  and  in  the  manner  of 
forming  compounds  and  derivatives,  there  are  remarkable  differ- 
ences between  the  two  great  families.  In  the  modifications  of 
the  verb,  for  expressing  person,  time,  and  mode,  very  little  re- 
semblance is  observable  between  them.  If  we  could  prove  that 
the  personal  terminations  of  the  verb,  in  the  Japhetic  languages, 
were  originally  pronouns,  expressive  of  the  persons,  we  should 
prove  an  affinity  between  the  words  of  the  two  races  in  a  most 
important  particular.  Some  attempts  of  this  kind  have  been 
made,  but  not  with  very  satisfactory  results.*       * 

In  the  formation  of  nouns,  we  recognize  a  resemblance  be- 
tween the  English  termination  th,  in  birth,  truth,  drouth,  [Saxon 
drutrothc,]  warmth,  &c.,  and  the  Shemitic  terminations  tT'  and 
ri ;  and  the  old  plural  termination  en,  retained  in  oxen,  and  the 
Welsh  plural  ending  ion,  coincide  nearly  with  the  Arabic  termi- 

nation  of  the    dual   number  o'  an,  and  the  regular  masculine 

plural  termination  ^}  on,  as  well  as  with  the  Chaldee,  Hebrew, 

and  Syriac  T^  in.  And  it  is  justly  remarked  by  Mitford,  that  in 
the  variety  of  plural  terminations  of  nouns,  there  is  a  striking 
resemblance  between  the  Arabic  and  the  Welsh.  There  is  one 
instance,  in  the  modern  languages  of  Teutonic  origin,  in  which 
we  find  the  Arabic  nunnation  :  —  this  is  the  German  and  Dutch 
binnen,  the  Saxon  binnan  or  binnon,  signifying  within,  Hebrew 

and  Chaldee  X''^,  At.  (-jf^  bin,  without  the  mark  of  nunnation 
when  it  signifies  within  ;  but  when  it  signifies  separation,  space, 

interval,  the  original  sense,  it  is  written  jj^^,  and  pronounced, 
with  the  nunnation,  like  the  Teutonic  word  binnon. 

One  mode  of  forming  nouns  from  verbs  in  the  Shemitic  lan- 
guages is  by  prefixing  m.  I  know  of  no  instance  of  this  manner, 
of  formation  in  the  Japhetic  languages,  except  in  some  names 
which  are  of  Oriental  origin.  Mars  is  said  to  be  from  aij>,c,  but  if 
BO,  the  word  was  undoubtedly  formed  in  the  East.  So  we  find 
Morpheus,  the  god  of  sleep,  to  be  probably  formed  with  the  pre- 
fix m,  from  the  Ethiopic  I\Oi(^  aorf,  to  rest,  to  fall  asleep; 
whence  we  infer  that  Morpheus  is  sleep  deified. t 

But  as  many  words  in  all  the  languages  of  Europe  and  Asia 
are  formed  with  prepositions,  perhaps  it  may  be  found,  on  exami- 
nation, that  some  of  these  prefixes  may  be  common  to  the  fami- 
lies of  both  stocks,  the  Japhetic  and  the  Shemitic.  We  find  in 
German  gemiith,  in  Dutch  gr.moed,{rom  muth,  moed,  mind, moorf. 
We  find  mad  in  Saxon  is  gcmaad ;  polish,  the  Latin  pojio,  is  in 
Welsh  caboli;  mail  in  Italian  is  both  maglia  and  camaglia  ;  belief 
in  Saxon  is  geleaf,  and  in  German  glaube.  We  find  that  in  the 
Shemitic  languages,  Kba  signifies  to  fill  or  be  full,  and  we  find 

in    the    Arabic    V,g^  kamala,  has  the  same  signification.     In 

Syriac,  ^  y^giJ,  signifies  to  remove ;  and  \^  kagal,  signifies 

to  wander  in  mind,  to  be  delirious.  In  Chaldee  and  Syriac,  "l?:i 
is  to  wonder,  precisely  the  Latin  demiror,  which  is  a  compound 
of  de  and  miror. 

We  find  also  that  nations  differ  in  the  orthography  of  some  in- 
itial sounds,  where  the  words  are  the  same.     Thus  the  Spanish  has 


•  According  to  Dr.  Edwards,  there  is  a  remarkable  resemblance  between  the 
Shemitic  languages  and  the  Muhheltaneew,  or  Mohegan,  one  of  the  native  lan- 


suaees  of  New  England,  in  the  tise  of  the  pronouns  as  prellies  and  affixes  to 
ierbs.- Observations,  Ifc.  p.  13.  t  Ludolf,  Col.  446,  417. 


INTRODUCTION. 


xxvii 


Uamar^  Itorar,  for  the  Latin  clamOj  pforo ;  and  the  Welsh  has 
LlaicT^  for  the  English  floor,  llabi^  a  tall,  lank  person,  coinciding 
with  flabbyy  llac  for  slack,  and  the  like 

As  the  prepositions  and  prefixes,  in  all  languages,  constitute  an 
important  class  of  words,  being  used  in  composition  to  vary  the 
sense  of  other  parts  of  speech,  to  an  almost  unlimited  extent,  it 
may  be  useful  to  give  them  a  particular  consideration. 

The  simple  prepositions  are,  for  the  most  part,  verbs  or  parti- 
ciples, or  derived  from  them ;  when  verbs,  they  are  the  radical  or 
primary  word,  sometimes  varied  in  orthography  by  the  addition 
or  alteration  of  a  single  vowel,  or  perhaps,  in  some  cases,  by  the 
loss  of  the  initial  consonant,  or  aspirate.  Such  are  the  Greek 
naoa,  ;ie(ji,  nara  ;  the  Latin  con  and  per  ;  the  English/or,  which 
retain  their  original  consonants.  The  following,  of,  by,  in,  on, 
uh;  the  Latin  ab,  ad^pro,  pr<E,  re;  the  Greek  a/io,  *;T(,  nqo,  may 
have  lost  the  initial  or  final  consonants;  of  for  hof;  in  for  hin ; 
ab  for  hub;  pro  for  prod.  In  some  words  this  loss  can  only  be 
conjectured ;  in  others,  it  is  known  or  obvious.  Thus  the  Eng- 
lish by  and  be  was  originally  big,  as  it  is  in  the  Saxon ;  and  the 
Latin  re  is  written  also  red,  evidently  a  derivative  of  an  Arabic 
verb  still  existing;  the  Latin  sub  and  super  are  formed  probably 
from  the  Greek  mo,  rjzin,  by  the  change  of  an  aspirate  into  5, 
or  the  Greek  words  have  lost  that  letter.  The  English  but  in  the 
phrase  **They  are  all  here  but  one,"  is  a  participle;  the  Saxon 
butan,  or  buton  ;  Dutch  buiten,  from  buiten,  to  rove.  Among  is  the 
Saxon  gemang  the  verb,  or  the  participle  of  gemengan,  to  mingle. 

In  general,  the  primary  sense  of  the  preposition  is  moving,  or 
moved.  Thus  to  in  English,  and  ad  in  Latin,  primarily  denote 
advancing  toward  a  place  or  object;  as  in  the  sentence,  "We 
are  going  to  town."  From,  of,  Lat.  ab,  Gr.  ano,  denote  motion 
from  a  place  or  object.  The  French  pr^s  is  from  the  Italian 
presso,  and  this  is  the  Latin  participle  pressus,  pressed ;  hence  it 
denotes  near,  close. 

In  some  instances  prepositions  are  compounds,  as  the  English 
before ;  that  is,  be  or  by  fore,  by  the  front ;  and  the  French 
auprls,  at  or  near. 

Prepositions,  from  their  frequent  use,  and  from  the  ease  with 
which  their  primary  signification  is  modified  to  express  differ- 
ences of  position,  motion,  or  relation,  as  occasions  demand,  have, 
in  many  instances,  a  great  variety  of  applications  ;  not,  indeed,  as 
many  as  lexicographers  sometimes  assign  to  them,  but  several 
different,  and  sometimes  opposite  significations  ;  as,  for  examples, 
the  English /or,  with,  the  Latin  con,  and  the  Greek  naifa.  For, 
which  is  from  the  root  of  the  Saxon  faran,  Greek  noittvotuxi,  to 
pass,  denotes  totcard,  as  in  the  phrase  **  A  ship  bound /or  Jamai- 
ca;*' or  it  denotes  in  favor  of,  as,  "This  measure  is  for  tiie 
public  benefit;  "or,  "The  present  is /or  a  friend."  But  it  de- 
notes also  opposition  or  negation,  as  in  forbear ,  forgive,  forbid. 

With  is  a  verb,  but  has  rather  the  sense  of  a  participle.  It  is 
found  in  the  Gothic  with  a  prefix,  ga-itithan,  to  join  or  unite. 
Its  primary  sense,  then,  is  joined,  close  ;  hence,  in  company  ;  as  in 
the  sentences  —  *' Go  irt'/A  him,"  "  Come  w//A  me."  It  has  the 
sense  also  of  from,  against,  contrariety,  opposition,  tLS  in  withdraw, 
withstand,  without.  In  Saxon  it  had  also  the  sense  of  toward,  as 
^^with  eort/ian,"  toward  the  earth;  also  of  for,  denoting  substitu- 
tion or  equivalent  in  exchange,  as,  "  sytan  with  dodges  weorce,"  to 
give  for  a  day's  work;  also  of  opposite,  over  against,  as,  *'  with 
tha  ste,"  opposite  the  sea. 

Con,  in  Latin,  generally  signifies  with,  toward  or  to,  denoting 
closeness  or  union,  approach,  joint  operation,  and  the  like,  as 
in  concurro,  conjungo,  congredior  ;  but  it  has  also  the  sense  of 
against  or  opposition,  as  in  contendo. 

The  Greek  nana  is  doubtless  from  the  root  of  the  English /c/re, 
Saxon  faran,  to  go,  to  pass.  It  signifies  front,  that  is,  departure 
—  also  at,  to,  Latin  ad  ;  near,  with,  beyond,  and  against. 

To  understand  the  cause  of  the  different  and  apparently  con- 
trary significations,  we  are  to  attend  to  the  primary  sense.  The 
effect  of  passing  to  a  place  is  nearness,  at,  presso,  pr^s,  and  this 
may  be  expressed  by  the  participle,  or,  in  a  contracted  form,  by 
the  verb.  The  act  of  passing  or  moving  toward  a  place,  readily 
gives  the  sense  of  sucn  prepositions  as  to,  and  the  Latin  ad,  and 
this  advance  may  be  in  favor  or  for  the  benefit  of  a  person  or 
thing,  the  primary  sense  of  which  may  perhaps  be  best  expressed 
by  toward;  "A  present  or  a  measure  is  toward  him."  But 
when  the  advance  of  one  thing  toward  another  is  in  enmity  or 
opposition,  we  express  the  sense  hy  against ;  and  this  sense  is 
especially  expressed  when  the  motion  or  approach  is  in  front  of  a 
person,  or  intended  to  meet  or  counteract  another  motion.  Hence 
the  same  word  is  often  used  to  express  both  senses,  the  context 
determining  which  signification  is  intended.     Thus /or  in  Eng- 


lish, in  the  sentence,  "  He  that  is  not  for  us  is  against  us,"  de- 
notes in  favor  of.  But  in  tlie  phrase  '■'■for  all  that,"  it  denotes 
opposition.  "  It  rains  ;  but /or  all  that,  we  will  take  a  ride,"  that 
is,  in  opposition  to  that,  or  notwithstanding  the  rain,  we  will 
ride. 

The  Greek  nana,  among  other  senses,  signifies  beyond,  that  is, 
past,  and  over,  Hebrew  ^25. 

The  prepositions  which  are  used  as  distinct  words,  are  called 
separable  prepositions,  or  more  genctoWy  prepositions  :  —  those 
which  are  used  only  in  composition,  are  called  inseparable  prep- 
ositions. For  the  sake  of  brevity,  I  give  to  all  words  or  single 
letters,  prefixed  to  other  words  in  composition,  the  general  name 
of  prefixes. 

One  of  the  best  modes  of  ascertaining  the  true  sense  of  a  prep- 
osition, is,  to  examine  its  various  uses  in  composition,  and  dis- 
cover what  effect  it  has  in  modifying  the  signification  of  the  word 
to  which  it  is  prefixed. 

■  Prepositions,  used  in  compounds,  often  suffer  the  loss  or  change 
of  a  letter,  for  the  sake  of  euphony,  or  the  ease  of  pronunciation. 
Thus  ad  in  Latin  becomes  a/ in  affero  ;  con  becomes  coL  in  colligo; 
the  Greek  noQa  loses  a  letter  in  7ia^cr/ii,  as  does  uirt  in  many 
words.  '' 

The  following  sketch  of  the  principal  prepositions  and  prefixes 
in  several  languages  of  Europe,  will  exhibit  some  of  the  affinities 
of  tliese  languages,  and,  in  a  degree,  illustrate  the  uses  of  this 
class  of  words. 

SAXON   AND   GOTHIC. 

And,  Saxon  and  Gothic,  signifies  against,  opposite.  This  is 
the  Greek  urn,  and  Latin  ante,  not  borrowed  from  the  Greek  or 
Latin,  but  a  native  word.  Examples,  andstandan,  to  stand 
against,  to  resist;  andswarian,  ajiswarian,  to  answer;  that  is,  to 
speak  again,  against,  or  in  return. 

Amh,  emb,  ymh,  usually  emb,  Saxon,  signifying  about,  around  ; 
coinciding  with  the  Latin  amb,  and  Greek  a^iift.  Example,  emb- 
faran,  to  go  around,  to  walk  about ;  emhutan,  about ;  emb,  about, 
and  butan,  without.  See  But.  Anibeht,  emlicht,  ijmbeht,  office, 
duty;  whence  we  have  embassador.  This  in  Gothic  is  and- 
bahtci;  and  a  bailiff,  minister,  or  servant,  in  «/(///»///((."?.  The  Ger- 
mans have  the  word  contracted  in  ami,  charge,  office,  Dutch 
umpt,  Danish  ambt.  The  Gothic  orthography  gives  rise  to  the 
question,  wiiether  amb,  emb,  and  am,  Saxon  and  Gothic  and,  are 
not  radically  the  same  word ;  and  it  is  very  certain  that  the 
Gothic  and  Saxon  and  is  radically  the  same  word  as  tlie  Latin 
in,  Danish  ind.  So  in  Gothic,  '■'•  and  wigans,"  in  the  ways,  into 
the  highways,  Luke  xiv.  23;  "anrf  haimos,"  per  vicos,  through 
the  towns,  Luke  ii.  6. 

This  preposition,  amb.  Is  in  Dutch  om.;  in  Grerman  um;  in 
Swedish  and  Danish  om. 

At  is  a  Gothic  preposition  and  prefix,  coinciding  with  English 
at,  Latin  ad. 

Be,  in  Saxon,  as  a  preposition  and  prefix,  is  always  written  be, 
or  big,  answering  to  the  English  by,  a  preposition,  and  be  in  beset. 
In  Gothic,  it  is  written  bi,  by,  ancf  be,  being  contractions  of  big. 
The  primary  and  principal  signification  is  near,  close  ;  as,  "  Stand 
or  sit  by  me."  So  in  the  word  bystander.  It  is  a  prefix  of  ex- 
tensive use  in  the  Saxon,  German,  Dutch,  Danish,  and  Swedish. 
Its  use  in  denoting  instrumentality,  may  be  from  the  sense  of 
nearness ;  but  more  probably  it  is  from  passing,  Wkc  per,  through  ; 
or  it  denotes  proceeding  from,  like  of;  as,  "  Salvation  is  of  the 
Lord." 

For,  in  Saxon,  as  in  English,  is  a  preposition  and  prefix  of  ox- 
tensive  use.  In  Saxon, /or  signifies  a-going,  from  faran,  to  go, 
to  fare.  It  is  radically  the  same  word  as  fore,  in  the  sense  of  in 
front,  before.  Its  primary  sense  is  advancing;  hence  moving 
toward;  hence  the  sense  of  in  favor  of,  and  that  of  opposition,  or 
negation.     See  the  preceding  remarks. 

This  word  in  German  is  fitr,  but,  with  this  orthography,  the 
word  is  little  used  in  composition.  Yet  the  German  hna  furbitte, 
intercession,  or  pray mg  fur  ;  fuTwort,  intercession,  recommenda 
tion,  and  a  pronoun,  [for-word;]  trnd  fur-wahr,  forsooth. 

In  the  sense  of  fore,  the  German  has  vor,  a  word  of  extensive 
use  as  a  prefix.  Thus  in  Saxon/orc*eon,  to  foresee,  is  in  German 
vorsehen.  The  identity  of  these  words  will  not  be  questioned. 
But  in  German,  as  in  Dutch,  the  preposition  ver,  which  is  the 
English  far,  and  Saxon  fyr,  is  used  in  composition,  in  words  in 
which  the  Saxon  and  English  have  for.  Thus  forgifan,  to  /or- 
give,  is  in  German  vergcben,  tind  in  Dutch  vcrgccvcn  —  Saxon, 
/or^i/an,  to  forget ;  Getmdnivergessen;  X>Mic\\vcrgeeten.    Hence 


INTRODUCTION. 


we  Bee  that  the  Sajion  for,  fore,  fyr,  the  English /ur,/or«,/ar, 
and  the  German /fir,  vor,  and  ter,  are  from  tlie  same  radii. 

In  Dutch, /or  and  fore  are  represented  by  roor,  and  rer  repre- 
sents/or and^r. 

The  Danish  also  unites /or  and /ore,  as  does  the  Swedish. 

The  French  has  this  word  in  pour,  and  the  Spanish  and  Portu- 
guese in  por.  The  latter  signifies  not  only  for,  but  through,  as 
m  Portuguese,  "  Eu  passarei  por  Franqa,"  1  will  pass  through 
France.  Here  we  see  the  sense  of  moving.  In  Spanish  and 
Portuguese,  this  word  is  written  also  para,  as  if  from  the  Greek. 
It  is  evidently  the  same  word,  probably  received  through  a  differ- 
ent channel  from  that  of  por.  Now,  through  is  the  exact  sense 
of  the  Latin  per;  and  per  is  the  Italian  preposition  answering  to 
for  and  por.  But,  what  is  more  to  the  purpose,  the  Spanish, 
Italian,  and  Portuguese  word,  equivalent  to  the  English  forgirc, 
is  in  Spanish  perdonar,  in  Italian  pcrdonart,  and  in  Portuguese 
perdoar ;  and  the  French  is  pardonnrr.  Here,  tlien,  we  have 
strong  if  not  conclusive  evidence,  that  for,  pour,  por,  per,  par; 
and  para,  in  different  languages,  are  all  from  one  stock,  the 
word  being  varied  in  dialect,  or  by  the  different  families:  just  as 
we  have  far,  as  well  as  the  Saxon  fyr,  and  the  English  forth, 
further,  from  the  same  primitive  word.  We  have  the  same  word 
m  pursue  and  purchase,  from  the  French  pour. 

The  Greek  has  ntna\,  and  jio(>ti,  probably  from  tlie  same  root, 
as  well  as  nuotvijuai.  m^qoi. 

Ga,  in  Gothic,  which  is  ge  in  Saxon,  is  a  prefix  of  very  exten- 
sive use.  In  Saxon,  it  is  prefixed  to  a  large  portion  of  all  the 
verbs  in  the  language.  According  to  Lye,  it  has  sometimes  the 
sense  of  the  Latin  cum;  but  in  most  words  I  can  not  discern  any 
effect  of  this  prefix  on  the  signification  of  the  simple  verb.  It  is 
retained  in  the  Danish  and  in  some  German  and  Dutch  words, 
especially  in  the  participles  of  verbs,  and  in  nouns  formed  from 
them,  but  it  is  remarkable  that,  although  the  Saxon  is  our 
mother  tongue,  we  have  not  remaining  in  the  language  a  single 
instance  of  this  prefix,  with  the  original  orthography.  The  only 
remains  of  it  are  in  the  contraction  a,  as  in  atcnkc,  adrift,  ashamed, 
&c.,  from  gncttean,  aicacan ;  gedrifan,  adrifan ;  gesccaviian, 
ascamian.  The  letter  y  prefi.xed  to  verbs  and  participles  used  by 
Chaucer,  as  yberied,  yblent,  ybore,  ydight,  and  a  few  others,  is  the 
remnant  of  the  ge.  The  words  yclad  and  ycleped  are  the  last 
English  words  used  in  which  tliis  letter  appears. 

It  is  possible  that  the  first  syllable  of  gonern,  from  Latin  gu- 
berno,  Greek  iti'*iniBi»,  may  be  the  same  prefix  ;  or  it  may  be  the 
Welsh  prefix  go,  which  occurs  in  goberu,  to  work,  which  the 
Romans  wrote  operor.  But  1  know  not  whetlier  the  first  syllable 
of  govern  is  a  prefix  or  not. 

There  is  another  word  which  retains  this  prefix  corrupted,  or 
its  equivalent ;  this  is  common,  %vhich  we  have  received  from  the 
Latin  eommunis.  This  word  in  the  Teutonic  dialects  is,  Saxon 
gemane ;  German  gemein  ;  Dutch  gcmeen ;  Danish  gemeen ; 
Swedish  gemen.  Now,  if  this  is  the  Latin  communis,  —  and  of  the 
identity  of  the  last  component  part  of  the  word  there  can,  I 
think,  be  no  doubt,  —  tlien  the  first  part  of  the  word  is  the  Teu- 
tonic ge  altered  to  com ;  or,  what  is  more  probable,  com  is  the 
eqaivuent  of  ge,  or  ge  may  be  a  contracted  and  corrupted  form 
of  cant,  com.  In  either  case,  we  arrive  at  the  conclusion  that  the 
Teutonic  ge  and  the  Latin  cum  are  equivalent  in  signification. 

In  is  used  in  the  Saxon  and  Gothic,  as  in  modern  English. 
It  is  in  German  ein,  Dutch  and  Swedish  in,  Danish  ind,  Greek 
ir,  Latin  in,  French  en.  This  is  radically  the  same  word  as  on 
and  un,  the  German  on,  Dutch  aan,  and  Welsh  an.  In  its  origi- 
nal sense,  it  implies  moving,  advancing  toward ;  and  hence  its 
use  as  a  particle  of  negation  or  contrariety.  "  Eunt  in  urbem," 
They  are  going  to  the  city.  "  Hac  audio  in  te  dici,"  I  hear  these 
things  said  against  you.  In  modern  military  usage,  on  is  used  in 
the  same  sense  of  advancing;  "The  army  is  marching  on  Liege." 

Mid,  in  Saxon,  signifies  with.  It  is  the  Gothic  mitk,  German 
mit,  Dutch  mede  or  met,  and  the  Greek  ^tro  ;  but  not  retained  in 
English.  It  seems  to  have  the  same  origin  as  mid,  middle,  amidst. 
In  the  Gothic  it  is  used  as  a  prefix. 

Mis,  a  prefix,  is  the  verb  miss,  to  deviate.  It  is  used  in 
Saxon,  German,  Dutch,  Swedish,  and  Danish,  in  nearly  the  same 
sense  as  in  English.     Its  radical  sense  is  to  depart,  or  wander. 

Of  is  a  preposition  and  prefix  of  extensive  use  in  the  Saxon, 
as  in  English.  It  denotes,  primarily,  issuing  or  proceeding  from  ; 
hence  separation,  departure,  and  distance  :  in  the  latter  sense,  it 
is  written  off.  It  is  the  Latin  ab,  written  by  the  early  Romans 
af;  the  Greek  tt,To,  the  German  ab,  the  Dutch  af,  Danish  and 
Swedish  af.  The  Saxons  oflen  prefixed  this  word  in  cases  where 
we  use  it  afler  the  verb  as  a  modifier  j  as,  of-drifan,  to  drive  off; 


as  it  is  still  used  by  the  Germans,  Dutch,  Swedes,  and  Danes. 
We  retain  it,  as  a  prefix,  in  offset  and  offspring,  Saxon  of-spring. 
As  it  denotes  proceeding  from,  it  is  the  proper  sign  of  the  genitive 
case;  the  case  expressing  production. 

Ofer,  English  over,  Gothic  vfar,  German  Hber,  Dutch  over, 
Danish  over,  Swedish  ofrcr,  is  a  preposition  and  prefix,  in  all  the 
Teutonic  and  Gothic  languages  which  I  have  examined ;  and  in 
the  same  or  similar  senses.  This  seems  to  be  the  Greek  iniQ, 
from  which  the  Latins  formed  super  by  converting  the  aspirate 
of  the  Greek  vowel  into  s.  This  is  probably  the  Heb.  Ch.  Syr. 
Ar.  13S)  to  pass,  a  passing,  beyond. 

On  is  a  Saxon  preposition  and  prefix,  of  very  extensive  use. 
It  is  obviously  a  different  orthograpliy  of  in,  and  it  is  used  for  in 
in  the  Saxon  ;  as,  "  on  onginn,"  in  the  beginning.  It  has  also  the 
sense  we  now  give  to  on  and  upon,  with  other  modifications  of 
signification. 

In  composition,  on  signifies  into,  or  toward ;  as,  on-blawan,  to 
blow  in  ;  onclijian,  to  adhere,  to  cleave  to  ;  and  it  is  also  a  parti- 
cle of  negation,  like  un;  as,  onbijidun, to  unbind.  This  on  is  only 
a  different  spelling  of  un,  in  Dutch  on,  German  uti,  used  as  a 
word  of  negation.  The  Gothic  has  nn  and  nnd,  in  the  like  sense, 
as  the  Danish  has  un  ;  the  Dutch  ont.  In  this  sense,  un  answers 
precisely  to  the  Greek  oin,  and  as  this  is  sometimes  written  und 
in  Gothic,  as  in  is  written  ind  in  Danish,  there  can  be  little  doubt 
that  in,  on,  uji,  arrt,  are  all  from  one  stock.  The  original  word 
may  have  been  han,  hin,  or  hon;  such  loss  of  the  first  letter  is 
very  common ;  and  inn,  from  the  Ch.  and  Heb.  n-H,  presents  us 
with  an  example.     See  Is  and  I.\s,  in  the  Dictionary. 

The  German  has  an,  and  the  Dutch  aan,  in  the  sense  of  in 
and  on. 

0th  is  a  Saxon  preposition  and  prefix,  sometimes  written  ath 
and  ed,  and  answering  nearly  to  the  Latin  ad  and  re;  as  in  otk. 
witan,  contracted,  to  twit,  to  throw  in  the  teeth.  It  has  also  the 
sense  of  from,  or  mcay,  or  against,  as  in  othswerian,  to  abjure. 
This  preposition  is  obsolete,  but  we  have  the  remains  of  it  in 
ttcit,  and  perhaps  in  a  few  other  words. 

Sam,  samod,  a  prefix.     See  the  Danish  and  Swedish,  infra. 

To  is  a  preposition  and  prefix,  of  extensive  use  in  our  mother 
tongue.  It  occurs  as  a  prefix  in  such  words  as  to-bra:can,  to 
break  ;  to-beran,  to  bring  or  bear,  [ad-fcrrc,']  We  retain  it  in  to- 
gether, Saxon  togadere ;  and  in  toward,  Saxon  tozcard,  towardes ; 
and  in  tomorrow,  today,  tonight.  The  Dutch  write  it  toe,  and  the 
Germans  :w,  and  both  nations  use  it  extensively  as  a  prefix.  In 
Gothic  it  is  written  du,  as  in  du-ginnan,  to  gin,  that  is,  to  begin. 

It  would  be  gratifying  to  learn  whether  the  Ethiopic  T",  which 
is  prefixed  to  many  verbs,  is  not  the  remains  of  the  same  prep- 
osition. 

Un  is  a  Saxon  prefix,  of  extensive  use  as  a  privative  or  parti- 
cle of  negation.     See  On  and  In. 

Under  is  a  Saxon  preposition  and  prefix,  of  considerable  use  in 
the  present  English  sense.  Tlie  Germans  write  it  anlcr,  and  the 
Dutch  onder,  and  use  it  in  like  manner.  The  Danes  and  Swedes 
write  it  under,  and  use  it  in  the  same  sense. 

L'p,  uppe,  is  a  Saxon  preposition  and  prefix,  of  considerable  use 
in  the  present  English  sense.  The  Gothic  has  vf,  in  the  sense 
of  the  Latin  sub.  Tlie  Germans  write  it  auf,  and  the  Dutch  op, 
the  Danes  op,  and  the  Swedes  up,  and  all  use  it  as  a  prefix. 

Us,  in  Gothic,  is  a  preposition  and  prefix.  This  is  the  German 
aus,  and  equivalent  to  the  Latin  ex.  It  is  the  Saxon  ut,  the  Eng- 
lish out,  Dutch  uit,  Swedish  ut,  and  Danish  ud,  dialectically 
varied.  To  this  answers  the  Welsh  ys,  used  in  composition ;  but 
ys  seems  rather  to  be  a  change  of  the  Latin  ex,  for  the  Latin 
ezpello  is  written  in  Wclsli  yspeliaw,  and  extendo  is  estyn. 

Wither,  in  Saxon,  from  tlio  root  of  with,  denotes  against,  or 
opposition.  It  is  a  prefix  in  Saxon,  written  in  German  wider,  in 
Dutch  wedcr ;  Danish  and  Swedish  veder.  It  is  obsolete,  but 
retained  in  the  old  law  term  withernam,  a  counter-taking  or 
distress. 

In  the  German  language,  there  are  some  prepositions  and  pre- 
fixes not  found  in  the  Saxon  ;  as, 

Ent,  denoting  from,  out,  away. 

Er,  without,  out  or  to.     Danish  er. 

Jfack,  properly  nigh,  as  in  nachbar,  neighbor ;  but  its  most 
common  signification  in  composition  is  after ;  as  in  nachgehen,  to 
go  after.  This  sense  is  easily  deducible  from  its  primary  sense, 
which  is  close,  near,  from  urging,  passing,  or  following.  In 
Dutch,  this  word  is  contracted  to  na,  as  in  nabmir,  neighbor; 
nairaan,  to  follow.  The  Russ  has  na  also,  a  prefix  of  extensive 
use,  and  probably  the  same  word.     This  fact  suggests  the  ques- 


INTRODUCTION. 


tion,  whether  the  ancestors  of  these  great  families  of  men  had  not 
tlieir  residence  in  the  same  or  an  adjoining  territory,  it  deserves 
also  to  be  considered  whether  this  na  is  not  the  Shemitic  :.  oc- 
curring as  a  prefix  to  verbs. 

Weg  is  a  prefix  used  in  the  German  and  Dutch.  It  is  the 
Saxon,  German,  and  Dutch  vieg,  way ;  in  the  sense  of  away,  or 
passing  from,  from  the  verb,  in  Saxon  wagan,  wcgan,  to  carry,  to 
weigh,  English  to  tcag,  the  sense  of  which  is  to  move  or  pass  ;  as 
German  wegfallen,  to  fall  off  or  away. 

Zcr,  in  German,  denotes  separation. 

In  the  Gothic  dialects,  Danish  and  Swedish,  fra  is  used  as  a 
prefix.  This  is  the  Scottish  fra,  English  from,  of  which  it  may 
be  a  contraction. 

Fram  in  Swedish,  and  frem  in  Danish,  is  also  a  prefix.  The 
primary  sense  is  to  go,  or  proceed,  and  hence  it  denotes  moving 
to  or  toward,  forth,  &c.,  as  in  Danish  fremforer,  to  bring  forth  ; 
fremkalder,  to  call  for.  But  in  Danish,  frcmmed  is  strange, 
foreign,  and  it  is  probable  that  the  English /rom  is  from  the  same 
root,  with  a  different  application,  it  may  be  from  the  same  stock 
as  the  Gothic  frum,  origin,  beginning,  Latin  primus,  signifying 
to  shoot  forth,  to  extend,  to  pass  along. 

GUn,  igien,  in  Danish,  and  igen,  in  Swedish,  is  the  English 
gain  in  again,  against.  This  is  a  prefix  in  both  these  Gothic 
languages.  It  has  the  sense  of  the  Latin  re,  as  in  igienkommer, 
to  come  back,  to  return  ;  o{  against,  as  in  igienkaldcr,  to  counter- 
mand, or  recall ;  of  again,  as  gicnhinder,  to  bind  again.  This 
may  be  the  Latin  con. 

Mod,  in  Danish,  and  mot,  emot,  in  Swedish,  is  a  preposition, 
signifying  to,  toward,  against^contrary,  for,  by,  upon,  out,  &c. ; 
as  "mod  staden,"  toward  the  city;  modstridcr,  to  resist;  mod- 
gift,  an  antidote ;  modhor,  a  contrary  wind  ;  modvind,  the  same. 
This  is  the  English  meet,  in  the  Gothic  orthography,  motyan,  to 
meet,  whence  to  moot. 

O,  in  Swedish,  is  a  negative  or  privative  prefix,  as  in  otidig, 
immature,  in  English,  not  tidy.  It  is  probably  a  contracted 
word.  , 

Paa  in  Danish,  pa  in  Swedish,  is  a  preposition  and  prefix, 
signifying  on,  in,  upon.  Whether  this  is  allied  to  be,  by,  and  the 
Russ.  po,  I  shall  not  undertake  to  determine  with  confidence ; 
but  it  probably  is  the  same,  or  from  the  same  source. 

Samman,  signifying  together,  and  from  the  root  of  assemble,  is 
a  prefix  of  considerable  use  in  both  languages.  It  answers  to 
the  Saxon  sam,  samod,  equivalent  to  the  Latin  con  or  cujn.  It 
seems  to  be  allied  to  same  and  the  Latin  similis. 

Til,  both  in  Danish  and  Swedish,  is  a  prefix,  and  in  Danish,  of 
very  extensive  use.  It  is  equivalent  to  the  English  to  or  toward, 
and  signifies  also  at,  in,  on,  by,  and  about,  and  in  composition 
often  has  the  sense  of  back  or  re,  as  in  tilbage,  backward,  that  is, 
to  back  ;  but  generally  it  retains  the  sense  of  to  or  onward;  as  in 
lilbyder,  to  offer,  that  is,  to  speak  or  order  to ;  tUdriver,  to  drive 
on  ;  tilgiver,  to  allow,  to  pardon,  that  is,  to  give  to,  and  hence  to 
give  back,  to  remit.  This  js  the  English  till,  which  we  use  in  the 
game  sense  as  the  Danes ;  but  in  English  it  always  refers  to  time, 
whereas  in  Danish  and  Swedish  it  refers  to  place.  Thus  we 
can  not  say,  "  We  are  going  till  town  ;  "  but  we  say,  "  Wait  till 
I  come,  till  my  arrival ;  "  literally,  "  Wait  to  I  come,  to  my  arri- 
val ;  "  that  is,  to  the  time  of  arrival.  The  difference  is  not  in  the 
sense  of  the  preposition,  but  in  its  application. 

The  Scotch  retain  the  Danish  and  Swedish  use  of  this  word ; 
no  slight  evidence  of  their  origin. 

U  in  Danish,  the  Swedish  0,  is  a  prefix,  equivalent  to  in,  and 
is  used  as  a  privative  or  negative  ;  as  in  uaar,  an  unseasonable 
year;  uartig,  uncivil. 

RUSSIAN. 

Vo,  or  Tt,  signifies  in,  at,  by,  and  may  possibly  be  from  the 
same  root  as  the  English  be,  'ly.     But  see  Po. 

Za  is  a  prefix  signifying /or,  on  account  of,  by  reason  of,  after; 
as  in  zariduyu,  to  envy,  from  rid,  visage  ;  viju,  to  see,  Latin 
video;  zadirayu,  (rom  deru,  to  tear;  zamirayu,  to  be  astonished 
or  stupefied,  from  the  root  of  Latin  miror,  and  Russian  mir, 
peace  ;  miryu,  to  pacify,  to  reconcile  ;  mirnie,  pacific  ;  zamirenie, 
peace,  pacification  ;  zamiriayu,to  make  peace  ;  Arm.  miret,  to  hold, 
to  stop;  the  radical  sense  of  wonder,  astonishment,  and  of  peace. 

Ko,  a  preposition,  signifying  to,  toward,  for. 

Na,  a  preposition  and  prefix,  signifying  on,  upon,  at,  for,  to, 
■eems  to  be  the  German  nach,  Dutch  na ;  as  in  nagrada,  rec- 
ompense ;  na,  and  the  root  of  Latin  gratia ;  nasidayu,  to  sit 
down,  &c. 


J^'ad,  a  preposition,  signifying  above  or  upon. 

O,  a  preposition,  signifying  of  or  from,  and  fur. 

Ob,  a  preposition  and  prefix,  signifying  to,  on,  against,  about; 
as,  obnemayu,  to  surround,  to  embrace ;  ob  and  Saxon  neman,  to 
take. 

Ot  is  a  preposition,  signifying  from,  and  it  may  be  the  English 
out. 

Po  is  a  preposition  and  prefix  of  extensive  use,  signifying  ire, 
by,  after, from.  Sec. ;  as,  podayu,  to  give  to;  polugayu,  to  lay,  to 
expend,  emploj-,  lay  out ;  to  tax  or  assess ;  to  establish  or  fix  ; 
to  believe  or  suppose  ;  po  and  lay.  This  corresponds  with  Eng- 
lish by,  and  the  Latin  has  it  in  possideo,  and  a  few  otlier  words. 
[Saxon  bcsittan.l     Fomcn,  remembrance,  po  and  mens,  mind. 

Rod,  a  preposition,  signifying /or,  or  for  the  love  of. 

So,  a  preposition  and  prefix  of  extensive  use,  signifying  with, 
"/i /'■"'"'■  """i  43  a  mark  of  comparison,  it  answers  nearly  to  the 
English  so  or  as. 

¥,  with  the  sound  of  u,  is  a  preposition  and  prefix  of  extensive 
use.  it  signifies  near,  by,  at,  with,  as  uberayu,  to  put  in  order,  to 
adjust,  to  cut,  to  reap,  to  mow,  to  dress,  French  purer,  Latin 
paro ;  ugoda,  satisfaction;  ugodnei,  good,  useful,  English  good; 
udol,  a  dale,  from  dol. 

WELSH. 

The  prefixes  in  the  Welsh  language  are  numerous.  The  fol- 
lowing are  the  principal. 

Am,  about,  encompassing ;  Saxon  amh,  Greek  anifi. 

An.     See  Saxon  In.  ^ 

Cy,  cyd,  cyv,  cym,  implying  union,  and  answering  to  rum,  con, 
and  CO  in  Latin.  Indeed  cym,  written  also  cyv,  seems  to  be  the 
Latin  cum,  and  cy  may  be  a  contraction  of  it,  like  co  in  Latin. 
Ca  seems  also  to  be  a  prefi.T,  as  in  caboti,  to  polish,  Latin  polio. 

Cyn,  cynt,  former,  first,  as  if  allied  to  begin. 

Di,  negative  and  privative. 

Dis,  negative  and  preciye. 

Dy,  iterative. 

E  and  ec,  adversative. 

Ed  and  eit,  denoting  repetition,  like  re,  Saxon  ed,  oth. 

Es,  separating,  like  Latin  ex.     See  Ys. 

Go,  extenuating,  inchoative,  approaching,  going,  denotes  dim- 
inution or  a  less  degree,  like  the  Latin  sub  ;  as  in  gobrid,  some- 
wliat  dear.     This  seems  to  be  from  the  root  of  English  go. 

Ilan,  expressive  of  origination 

Lied,  partly,  half. 

on,  all. 

Rhag,  before. 

Rhy,  over,  excessive. 

Tra,  over,  beyond ;  Latin  trans. 

Try,  through. 

Ym,  mutual,  refiective. 

Is,  denoting  from,  out  of,  separation,  proceeding  from, answer- 
ing to  the  Latin  ez  ;  as,  yspeliaw,  to  expel.  So  cs,  Welsh,  estyn, 
to  extend. 

Most  of  these  prepositions,  when  used  as  prefixes,  arc  so  dis- 
tinct as  to  be  known  to  be  prefixes. 

But  in  some  instances,  the  original  preposition  is  so  obscured 
by  a  loss  or  change  of  letters,  as  not  to  be  obvious,  nor  indeed 
discoverable,  without  resorting  to  an  ancient  orthography.  Thus, 
without  the  aid  of  the  Saxon  orthography,  we  should  probably 
not  be  able  to  detect  the  component  parts  of  the  English  twit. 
But  in  Saxon  it  is  written  edwitan  and  othwitan;  the  preposition 
or  prefix  oth,  with  witan,  to  disallow,  reproach,  or  cast  in  the 
teeth. 

It  has  been  above  suggested  to  be  possible,  that  in  the  Shemit- 
ic languages,  the  3  in  triliteral  roots  may  be  the  same  prefix  as 
the  Russian  na,  the  Dutch  na,  and  the  German  nach.  Let  the 
reader  attend  to  the  following  words. 

Hebrew  1533,  to  look,  to  behold,  to  regard.  The  primary  sense 
of  look  is,  to  reach,  extend,  or  throw. 

Ch.,  to  look;  also  to  bud  or  sprout. 

Ar.  J^j^  nabata,  to  sprmg,  or  issue  as  water ;  to  flow  out ;  to 

devise  or  strike  out ;  to  draw  out. 

If  the  first  letter  is  a  prefix,  the  Hebrew  word  would  accord 
with  Latin  video ;  the  Chaldee,  with  video  and  with  bud,  Spanish 
botar,  French  bouton,  bouter,  to  put,  and  English  to  pout,  and 
French  bout,  end,  from  shooting,  extending. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Ar.  i^XnJ  nabatha,  to  bud;  to  germinate.     See  Ch.  supra. 

Heb.  i^  naval,  Xofall ;  to  sink  down  ;  to  wither ;  to  fall  off,  as 
leaves  and  flowers;  to  act  foolishly;  to  disgrace.  Derivative, 
foolish;  A  fool;  bM  nafal,  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Sam.,  to  fall. 

Ch.  bS3  natal,  to  make  foul;  to  defile;  that  is,  to  throw  or 
put  on. 

Ar.  Vaj  nabaltt,  to  shoot,  as  an  arrow ;  to  ilrive,  as  camels ;  to 

excel ;  also  to  die;  that  is,  probably,  to  fall. 

Can  there  be  any  question,  that  fall,  foul,  And  fool  are  this  very 
word,  without  the  first  consonant .'  The  Arabic,  without  the  first 
consonant,  agrees  with  Or.  jtaiiio),  and  the  sense  of  falling,  then, 
is  to  throw  one's  self  down. 

Heb.  "i:;:  natar,  to  keep,  guard,  preserve,  retain,  observe. 

Ch.  to  observe ;  to  keep ;  to  lay  up. 

Syr.  and  Sam.  id. 

Eth.  hiWi  natar,  to  shine. 

Ar.    Ui  natara,  to  keep ;  to  see ;  to  look ;  to  attend. 

Remove   the   first  letter,  and  this  coincides  with  the  Greek 

No  person  will  doubt  whether  ifZZ  namal,  to  circumcise,  is 
formed  on  i"!";  mul.  ^ 

Ch.  123  nasar,  to  cut ;  to  saw.     Syr.  id.     LiSt.  serra,  scrro. 

At.  JiJU  nt^UU,  to  fade,  to  vanish,  to  perish,  to  be  empty,  to 

fail. 

Heb.  nc:  nafack,  to  blow,  to  breathe.  Ch.  Syr.  Eth.  Ar.  id. 
from  TV.S,  puaeJi,  to  blow. 

If  the  Shemitic  I  in  these  and  similar  words  is  a  prefix  or  the 
remains  of  a  preposition,  it  coincides  very  closely  with  tlie  Russ. 
and  Dutch  na,  and  the  latter  we  know  to  be  a  contraction  of  the 
German  nack.  Now,  the  German  nack  is  the  English  nigh  ;  fur 
no  person  can  doubt  the  identity  of  the  German  nachbar  and  the 
finglish  neighbor. 

In  the  course  of  my  investigations,  I  very  early  began  to  sus- 
pect that  b,  f  p,  e,  g,  and  k,  before  I  and  r,  are  either  casual 
letters,  introduced  by  peculiar  modes  of  pronunciation,  or  the 
remains  of  prepositions;  most  probably  the  latter.  I  had  ad- 
vanced far  in  my  Dictionary,  with  increasing  evidence  of  the 
truth  of  this  conjecture,  before  I  had  received  Owen's  Dictionary 
of  the  Welsh  language.  An  examination  of  this  work  has  con- 
firmed my  suspicions,  or  rather  changed  them  into  certainty. 

If  we  attend  to  the  manner  of  articulating  the  letters,  and  the 
ease  with  which  W,  lr,fi,fr,  pi,  pr,  cl,  cr,  gi,  gr,  are  pronounced, 
without  an  inttrvening  vowel,  even  without  a  sheva,  we  shall 
not  be  surprised  that  a  preposition  or  prefix,  like  he,  pe,  pa,  po,  or 
ge,  should,  in  a  rapid  pronunciation,  lose  its  vowel,  and  the  con- 
sonant coalesce  closely  with  the  first  letter  of  the  principal  word. 
Thus  bloTik,  prank,  might  naturally  be  formed  from  belank,perank. 
That  these  "words  are  thus  formed,  I  do  not  know ;  but  there  is 
nothing  in  the  composition  of  the  words  to  render  it  improbable. 
Certain  it  is,  that  a  vast  number  of  words  are  formed  with  these 
prefixes,  on  other  words,  or  the  first  consonant  is  a  mere  adven- 
titious addition ;  for  they  are  used  with'  or  without  the  first  con- 
sonant.    Take  the  following  examples  :  — 

Hibemo-Celtic,  or  Irish,  brae  or  brach,  the  arm,  is  written  also 
nigh,  Welsh  4ratf,  whence  j^oa/imr,  brachium.  Braigh,  the 
neck,  Sax.  hraca,  Eng.  raek,  Gr.  ^a/tg.  Praoch,  heath,  ling, 
brake,  L.  erica. 


*  H  before  I  and  r  in  Saxon  corresponds  to  the  Greek  k,  and  l.atin  e,  before  tbe 
same  lenerm. 

t  I  do  not  follow  Owen  to  the  last  step  of  bis  analysis,  as  I  am  of  opinion 
that,  in  making  monosyllabic  words  to  be  compound,  be  of^n  errs.  For  ex- 
ample, he  supposes  frroc,  a  tumult,  to  be  from  rho^,  a  broken  or  rough  utterance  ; 
a  grant  or  groan ;  and  this,  to  be  a  compound  of  rkp,  excess,  what  is  over  or 
beyond,  and  oc,  a  forcible  utterance,  a  groan.  I  believe  r?w^  to  be  a  primitive 
nncompounded  word,  coinridins  with  the  English  rouffh, 

Owen  supposes  plod,  a  flat  thing,  a  plate,  to  be  from  Uad,  with  py.  X2ad  he 
explains,  what  is  given,  a  gift,  good  things,  and  py,  what  is  inward  or  involved. 
I  have  no  doubt  that  the  first  letter  is  a  prefix  in  pUid,  but,  beyond  all  question, 
Uad  is  from  the  same  root  as  lUd,  br&'Ldth,  coinciding  with  Lat.  latiu ;  both  from 
a  common  root  signifying  to  extend.  But  1  do  not  l)elieve  Uad  or  tied  to  be  com- 
pound words. 

Dug,  a  duke,  Owen  supposes  to  be  formed  on  ug,  over;  which  can  not  be 


Welsh  llaicr,  Basque  lurra,  Eng.  floor 

Li^t.  flocciis,  "Eng.  flock  or  lock. 

Sax.  hraccan,  Eng.  to  reach,  in  vomiting.* 

Sax.  hracod,  Eng.  ragged. 

Ger.  rocA',  Eng. /rocA. 

Dutch  geluk,  Ger.  gluck,  Eng.  luck. 

Greek,  Eolic  dialect,  fi^oSor.  for  qoSov.  a  rose. 

Latin  clunis,  Eng.  loin,  G.  lende,  W.  clun,  from  Hun. 

Eng.  cream,  Ger.  rahm,  Dutch  room. 

Sax.  hiaf,  Polish  chtieb,  G.  leib,  Eng.  loaf. 

Sax.  hladan,  Eng.  to  lade  or  load,  Russ.  kladu,  to  lay. 

Greek  xXtrai,  Lat.  clino,  Sax.  hlinian,  hleonan,  Russ.  klonyu, 
Eng.  to  lean. 

Greek  laytjyot,  Lat.  lagena,  Eng.  flagon. 

Sax.  hrysan,  Eng.  to  rush. 

French /ru/);)cr,  Eng.  to  rap. 

Sax.  gcra:dian,  to  make  ready ;  in  Chaucer,  greith,  to  make 
ready.  Sax.  hrad,  quick;  hradian,  to  hasten;  hradnes,  Eng 
readiness. 

Spanish /rw«r,  to  curl  or  frizzle  ;  rizar,  the  same. 

Sax.  gerefa,  Eng.  reeve,  G.  graf,  D   graaf. 

Lat.  glycyrrhiza,  from  the  Greek  ;  Eng.  liquorice. 

But  in  no  language  have  we  such  decisive  evidence  of  the 
formation  of  words  by  prefixes,  as  in  the  Welsh. 

Take  the  following  instances,  from  a  much  greater  number 
that  might  be  produced,  from  Owen's  Welsh  Dictionary. 

Blanc,  a  colt,  from  llanc. 

Blith,  milk,  from  lith. 

BHant,  fine  linen,  from  lliant. 

Plad,  a  flat  piece  or  plate,  from  Had. 

Pled,  a  principle  of  extension,  from  lied. 

Pledrcn,  a  bladder,  from  pledyr,  that  distends,  from  lied. 

Pleth,  a  braid,  from  llelh,  Eng.  plait 

Plicciaw,  to  pluck,  from  llig. 

Ploc,  a  block,  from  Hoc  ;  plociaw,  to  block,  to  plug. 

Plieng,  a  plunge,  from  Ihcng,  our  vulgar  lunge. 

Glicth,  a  glutton,  from  llwth. 

Glas,  a  blue  color,  verdancy,  a  green  plat,  whence  Eng.  glass, 
from  lias. 

Glyd,  gluten,  glue,  from  Uyd. 

Claer,  clear,  from  llaer. 

Clav,  sick,  from  llav. 

Clwpa,  a  club,  a  knob,  from  llwb. 

Clwt,  a  piece,  a  clout,  from  llwd,  llwt. 

Clamp,  a  mass,  a  lump. 

Clawd,  a  thin  board,  from  llawd. 

Cledyr,  a  board  or  shingle,  whence  cledrwy,  lattice,  from  Ued. 

Bran,  Eng.  bran,  from  rhan;  rhanu,  to  rend. 

Brid,  a  breaking  out,  from  rhid. 

Bro<;,  noise,  tumult,  a  brock,  from  rho<;. 

Broi;,  froth,  foam,  anger,  iroft,  to  chafe  or  fret,  from  briec,  a 
boiling  or  ferment,  from  rhwc,  something  rough,  a  grunt,  Gr. 

Bryd,  what  moves,  impulse,  mind,  thought,  from  rhyd. 

Brys,  quickness,  JrysiuK',  to  hasten,  to  shoot  along,  from  rhys, 
Eng.  to  rusk,  and  erysiaw,  to  hasten,  from  rhys,  to  rush.  [Here 
is  the  same  word  rhys,  with  diiferent  prefixes,  forming  brysiaw 
and  erysiaw.     Hence  W.  brysg,  Eng.  brisk.'\ 

Graz,  [pronounced  grath,]  a  step,  a  degree,  from  rfiaz,  Lat. 
gradus,  gradior. 

Greg,  a  cackling,  from  rheg. 

Grem,  a  crashing,  gnash,  a  murmur,  grcmiaw,  to  crash  or 
gnash,  from  rhem.     Hence   Lat.  fremo,  Gr.  |9(i«iitu.l 

We  have  some  instances  of  similar  words  in  our  own  language  ; 
such  a.Teflag  and  lag  ;  flap  and  lap  ;  clump  and  lump. 

There  is  another  class  of  words  which  are  probably  formed  with 
a  prefix  of  a  difierent  kind.     I  refer  to  words  in  which  s  precedes 

true,  unless  the  Latin  dux,  duco,  are  compounds.    Dut,  steel,  he  derives  from 
vr,  extreme,  over ;  but  doubtless  it  is  from  the  root  of  the  Latin  durus. 

So  par,  signifying  what  is  contiguous,  a  state  of  readiness  or  preparation,  a 
pair,  fellow,  or  match,  Owen  makes  a  compound  of  py,  and  ar;  py,  as  above 
explained,  and  ar,  a  word  of  various  significations,  on,  upon,  surface,  &.c.  But 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  par  is  from  the  root  of  the  Latin  paro,  to  prepare, 
being  the  Latin  par,  equal ;  the  root  of  a  numerous  family  of  words  not  only  in 
the  Japhetic  languages  of  Europe,  but  in  the  Shemitic  languages  of  Asia.  It 
certainly  is  not  a  Welsh  compound,  nor  is  there  the  least  evidence  to  induce  a 
belief  that  it  is  not  an  nncompounded  word.  Had  the  learned  author  of  the 
Welsh  Dictionary  extended  his  researches  to  a  variety  of  other  languages,  and 
compared  the  monosvllabic  roots  in  them  with  each  other,  I  think  he  would 
have  formed  a  very  different  opinion  as  to  their  origin.  I  am  very  well  con- 
vinced that  many  o"f  the  words  which  he  supposes  to  be  primitive  or  radical,  are 
contractions,  such  as  rhy,  lie,  Uy,  the  last  consonant  being  lost. 


INTRODUCTION. 


XXXI 


another  consonant,  as  scalp,  skvil,  sUp,  slide,  sluggish,  smoke, 
smooth,  speed,  spire,  spin,  stage,  steep,  stem,  sitell,  spout.  We 
find  that  tego,  to  cover,  in  Latin,  is  in  Greek  ortyio  ;  the  Latin 
/alio  is  in  Greek  oifaJLiia.  We  find  fiaQaySoc  is  written  also 
Ofia^tXYSoi ;  and  it  may  be  inquired  whether  the  English  spin  is 
not  from  the  same  root  as  nrivri,  web  or  woof,  ttj^viot,  a  spindle, 
7ir,yitia.  to  spin.     Sprout  in  English  is  in  Spanish  hrota. 

We  find  the  Welsh  ysbrig,  the  English  sprig,  is  a  compound  of 
ys,  a  prefix  denoting  issuing  oi  proceeding  from,  like  the  Lat.  ex, 
and  brig,  top,  summit. 

Ysgar,  a  separate  part,  a  share;  ysgar,  ysgaru,  to  divide; 
ysgariaw,  to  separate,  is  composed  of  ys  and  car,  according  to 
Owen ;  but  the  real  root  appears  distinctly  in  the  Gr.  xci^ci. 
This  is  the  English  shear,  shire. 

Ysgegiaw,  to  shake,  by  laying  hold  of  the  throat,  to  shake 
roughly,  is  a  compound  of  ys  and  cegiaw,  to  choke,  from  ceg,  the 
mouth,  an  entrance,  a  choking.  This  may  be  the  English  shake; 
Sax.  sceacan. 

Ysgin,  a  robe  made  of  skin;  ys  and  «n,  a  spread  or  covering. 

Ysgodi,  to  shade ;  ysgawd,  a  shade  ;  y5  and  eawd. 

Ysgrali,  what  is  drawn  up  or  puckered,  a  scrip  ;  ys  and  crah, 
what  shrinks.     See  Eng.  crab,  crabbed. 

Ysgraru,  to  scrape;  ys  and  crav,  claws,  from  rhav. 

Ysgret^,  a  scream,  a  shriek,  ysgret^iaic,  to  shriek,  from  crcf, 
a  shriek,  cre(;ian,  to  shriek,  from  creg,  cryg,  hoarse,  rough,  from 
rhyg,  rye,  that  is,  rough  ;  the  grain  so  named  from  its  roughness. 
This  is  the  English  rough,  Lat.  raucus.  Here  we  have  the  whole 
process  of  formation,  from  the  root  of  rough.  We  retain  the 
Welsh  cre^ian,  to  shriek,  in  our  common  word  to  creak,  and  with 
a  formative  prefix,  we  have  shriek,  and  our  vulgar  screak.  The 
Latin  ruga,  a  wrinkle,  Eng.  rug,  shrug,  are  probably  from  the 
same  source. 

Ysgritenu,  to  write,  Lat.  scribo,  from  ysgriv,  a  writing,  from 
criv,  a  mark  cut,  a  row  of  notches;  criviaw,  to  cut,  to  grave; 
from  rhiv,  something  that  divides.     Hence  scrivener. 

Ysgub,  a  sheaf  or  besom,  ysgubaic,  to  sweep,  Lat.  seopie,  from 
cufi,  a  collection,  a  heap,  a  cube. 

Ysgud,  something  that  whirls  ;  ysgudaie,  to  whisk  or  scud  ;  from 
cud,  celerity,  flight;  ysguth,  ysguthaw,  the  same. 

Ysgwth,  a  push ;  ysgwthiaw,  to  push  or  thrust ;  from  gicth, 
gtcthiaxc,  the  same  ;  probably  allied  to  Eng.  shoot.  The  Welsh 
has  ysgythu,  to  jet  or  spout,  from  the  same  root. 

Yslac,  slack,  loose  ;  yslaciaw,  to  slacken  ;  from  Uae,  loose,  slack, 
llaciaw,  to  slacken,  from  Hag,  slack,  sluggish;  allied  to  Eng. 
lag  and  slotc. 

Yslapiaw,  to  slap,  to  fiap,  from  yslah,  what  is  lengthenefl  or 
distended,  from  llab,  a  flag,  a  strip,  a  stroke.  Uabi,  a  tall,  lank 
person,  a  stripling,  a  looby,  a  lubber,  is  from  the  same  root ; 
Uabiau),  to  slap. 

Ysled,  a  sled,  from  Ued,  says  Owen,  whirh  denotes  breadth ; 
but  it  is  probably  from  the  root  of  slide,  a  word  probably  from  the 
same  root  as  lied,  that  is,  to  extend,  to  stretch  along. 

Ysmot,  a  patch,  a  spot ;  ysmotiauj,  to  spot,  to  dapple,  from 
m/»d,  Eng.  inote. 

Ysmvociav,  ysmygn,  to  dim  with  smoke,  from  mteg,  smoke. 
So  smooth,  from  Welsh  mwyth. 

Yspaii^  spoil,  from  pail,  farina,  says  Owen.  I  should  say  from 
the  root  of  palea,  straw,  refuse,  that  is,  from  the  root  of  peel,  to 
strip.      Ysfeiliota,  to  be  pilfering. 

Yspeliatr,  to  eipel,  from  pel,  a  ball,  says  Owen ;  but  this  is  the 
Latin  expello,  from  pello.     Ball  may  be  from  the  same  root. 

Yspig,  a  spike,  a  spine  ;  yspigaw,  to  spike  ;  from  pig,  a  sharp 
point,  a  pik&.     Hence  Eng.  spigot. 

Yspin,  a  spine,  from  -pin,  pen. 

Ysgynu,  to  ascend,  Lat.  ascendo,  from  eyn,  first,  chief,  fore- 
most.    The  radical  sense  is  to  shoot  up. 

Yslwr,  a  slough,  from  Ihoe,  a  collection  of  water,  a  lake. 

Yspar,  a  spear,  from  p&r,  a  cause  or  principle  of  producing,  the 
germ  or  seed  of  a  thing,  a  spear.  This  consists  of  the  same  ele- 
ments  as  ber,  a  spit,  and  Eng.  bar  ;  and  in  Italian  bar  is  sbarra. 
The  primary  sense  is  to  shoot,  thrust,  drive. 

Yspinr,  &  finch,  from  pine,  gay,  fine,  brisk;  a  sprig,  ».  finch. 

Ysplan,  clear,  bright ;  ysplana,  to  explain  ;  from  plan,  that  is 
parted  off,  a  ray,  a  shoot,  a  planting,  a  plane;  whence  plant,  a 
child  ;  Eng.  a  plant;  planu,  to  shoot,  as  a  plant.  Hence  splen- 
dor, W.  ysplander. 

Ysporthi,  to  support,  from  porth,  a  bearing,  a  port,  passage,  &c. 
Lat.  porta,  porta, 

Ystac,  a  stack,  a  heap ;  ystaca,  a  standard ;  from  tag,  a  state  of 
being  stuffed  or  clogged. 


Ystad,  a  state;  ystadu,  to  stay ;  from  tad,  that  spreads,  a  con- 
tinuity.    The  primary  sense  is  to  set. 

Ystain,  that  is  spread;  a  stain;  tin,  Lat.  stannum;  yslaeniaw, 
to  spread  over,  to  stain;  ystaenu,  to  tin,  or  cover  with  tin;  from 
taen,  a  spread,  a  layer.     Qu.  is  tin  from  spreading .' 

Ystawl,  a  stool,  from  tawl,  a  cast  or  throw.  The  sense  is  to  set, 
to  throw  down.     Tawl  is  the  root  of  deal. 

Ystor,  a  store,  that  forms  a  bulk,  from  tor,  a  swell,  a  promi- 
nence. 

Ystorm,  a  storm,  from  torm,  that  is  stretched,  but  the  sense  is  a 
rushing. 

Ystrym,  a  stream,  from  trym,  compact,  trim,  that  is,  stretched, 
straight,  from  extending. 

Ystwmp,  a  stump,  from  ticmp,  a  round  mass,  a  tump. 

YswatiaiD,  to  squat,  from  yswad,  a  throw,  orfalling  down,  from 
gjcad,  a  denial;  gwadu,  to  deny  or  disown.  If  this  deduction  is 
correct,  the  sense  of  denial  is  a  throwing  or  thrusting  back,  a 
repelling.     It  is  so  in  other  words. 

Yswitiaw,  to  chirp,  twitter,  from  yswid,  that  makes  a  quick 
turn.     Qu.  twitter. 

In  some  of  the  foregoing  words,  it  appears  evident  that  the 
Welsh  prefix  ys  is  an  alteration  of  the  Latin  ez,  and  the  words  in 
which  this  is  the  case  were  probably  borrowed  from  the  Latin, 
while  the  Roman  armies  had  possession  of  England.  But  there 
is  a  vast  number  of  words,  with  tliis  prefix,  which  are  not  of 
Latin  origin  ;  and  whether  ys  is  a  native  prefix  in  the  Welsh, 
may  be  a  question.  One  thing  is  certain,  that  s  before  another 
consonant,  and  coalescing  witli  it,  is,  in  a  great  number  of  words, 
a  prefix. 

The  modern  Italian  affords  abundant  proof  of  the  extensive  use 
of  t,  as  the  remains  or  representative  of  ez;  as,  sballare,  to  un- 
pack, unbale  ;  sbarbato,  beardless  ;  sbattcre,  to  abate  ;  shrancarc, 
to  pluck  off*  branches;  scaricare,  to  discharge;  scommodare,  to 
incommode ;  sconcordia,  discord ;  scornare,  to  break  the  horns ; 
scTostare,  to  pull  off  the  crust ;  and  a  great  number  of  others. 

Now,  if  the  same  manner  of  forming  words  with  this  prefix  has 
actually  prevailed  among  the  northern  nations  of  Europe,  we  may 
rationally  suppose  that  many  English  words,  and  perhaps  all  of 
this  class,  are  thus  formed.  Thus  scatter  may  be  formed  from  a 
root  in  Cd  ;  shape,  from  Cb,  Cf,  or  Cp  ;  skill,  from  the  root  of  Lat. 
calleo ;  slip,  from  the  root  of  Lat.  labor ;  smart,  from  tlie  root  of 
Lat.  amarus,  bitter,  Heb.  "1!^  ;  smite,  from  the  root  of  Latin  mitto  ; 
span,  from  the  root  of  pan,  to  stretch;  spar,  from  the  root  of  bar  ; 
speak,  from  the  root  of  Lat.  toco  ;  speed,  from  a  root  in  Pd,  per- 
haps Lat.  peto;  steal,  from  the  root  of  Lat.  tollo ;  steep,  from  the 
root  of  deep  ;  stretch,  from  the  root  of  reach  ;  sweep,  from  the  root 
of  wipe  ;  swan,  from  wan,  white  ;  swell,  from  the  root  of  to  well. 
Sax.  wellan,  to  boil,  &c.  That  many  English  and  other  Teutonic 
and  Gothic  words  are  thus  formed,  appears  to  be  certain. 

These  facts  being  admitted,  let  us  examine  a  little  further.  In 
Russ.  svadiba  is  a  wedding.  Is  not  this  formed  on  the  root  of 
wed,  with  s  for  a  prefix  .'  Srara  is  a  quarrel.  Is  not  this  formed 
on  the  root  of  vary,  variance,  or  of  spar  ?  Sverlo  is  a  borer ;  qu. 
bore  and  veru;  svertivayu,  to  roll;  qu.  Lat.  verto ;  skora,  furs, 
peltry;  qu.  Fr.  mir ;  shot,  a  beast;  qu.  cattle;  skupayu,  to  pur- 
chase in  gross;  qu.  cheap,  Dan.  kioben,  and  its  root;  slabei, 
weak;  qu.  Li^t.  labor,  lapsus ;  slagayu,  to  fold;  qu.  lay,andplico ; 
slivayu,  to  pour  out  liquors;  qu.  Lat.  libo ;  slupayu,  to  peel  off 
bark  or  skin;  qu.  Lat.  liber;  snimayu,  to  take  away;  qu.  Sax. 
ncman,  to  take;  snova,  new;  qu.  Lat.  novus ;  snig,  sneig,  snow, 
Fr.  neigc.  The  Lat.  niris  is  from  this  root,  with  g  opened  to  v. 
Russ.  spletayu,  to  plait,  &c. 

The  Russ.  prefix  so  occurs  in  a  great  number  of  words; 
sobirayu,  to  collect  or  assemble,  precisely  the  Heb.  and  Ch.  "122' 

It  now  becomes  an  interesting  question,  to  determine  how  far 
any  analogy  exists  between  the  languages  of  the  Japhetic  and 
Shemitic  families  in  regard  to  prefixes.  For  example,  in  the 
Shemitic  languages,  2  is  a  prefix  of  extensive  use,  corresponding 
almost  exactly  with  the  English  and  Dutch  by,  the  Saxon  be,  and 
German  bei.  This  preposition  and  prefix  has  several  senses  in 
the  Saxon  which  are  now  obsolete  ;  but  its  present  prevailing 
sense  occurs  in  all  the  Shemitic  languages.  fl'S  Dinp  mia,  by 
a  strong  east  wind.  Ex.  xiv.  21.  Compare  the  following  defini- 
tions of  this  preposition  ;  the  Sax.  from  Lye,  and  the  Shemitic 
from  Castle. 

Sax.  de,  e,  ez,  in,  secus,  ad,  juxta,  secundum,  pro,  per,  super, 
propter,  circa. 

Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  in,  e,  ex,  cum,  propter,  usjui  ad,  adeo  ut,  ad, 
super,  per,  contra,  ante 


INTRODUCTION. 


Eth.  in,  peT^  pro,  propter,  cum,  secundum,  apud. 

Ar.  in,  cum,  propter,  per,  ad,  erga. 

In  Numbers  xiv.  34,  it  signifies  according  to,  or  after ;  15S>:2 
t3'i?3"'n,  according  to  the  number  of  days.  This  signification  is 
now  perhaps  obsolete  in  English,  but  was  common  in  the  Saxon ; 
as,  "i«  kis  magnum,"  according  to  his  strength  ;  pro  riribus  suis. 
So  "i«  *A«m  uutstan,"  by  the  most,  is  now  expressed  by,  at  the 
most. 

Now,  it  is  remarkable  that  this  word  in  Hebrew,  Arabic,  and 
Persic,  is  the  preposition  used  in  oaths,  precisely  as  it  is  in  Eng- 
lish.    Gen.  xxii.  16,  '2,  By  myself  have  I  sworn.     Arabic,  bul- 

3 

lah,  or  l/y  Mlah  ;  Persic,  Ia^cvj  bechoda,  or  begoda,  by  God,  the 

very  words  now  used  in  English.  The  evidence,  then,  is  de- 
cisive, that  the  Shemitic  prefix  2  is  the  Teutonic  be,  by,  bei,  con- 
tracted, and  this  Teutonic  word  is  certainly  a  contraction  of  big, 
which  is  used  in  the  Saxon,  especially  in  compound  words,  as  in 
bigspell,  [by-spell,]  a  fable  ;  bigstandun,  to  stand  by.  This  prefix, 
then,  was  in  universal  use  by  the  original  stock  of  mankind,  be- 
fore the  dispersion  ;  and  this  word  alone  is  demonstrative  proof 
of  the  common  origin  of  the  Shemitic  and  Teutonic  languages. 
Now,  it  is  equally  certain  that  this  is  the  prefix  b,  and  probably  p, 
before  I  and  r,  il>  block,  braigh,  and  a  multitude  of  words  in  all 
the  modern  languages ;  and,  probably,  the  same  letter  is  a  prefix 
in  many  Shemitic  words. 

We  know  that  be  in  the  Saxon  bedttlan,  and  Dutch  bedeelen,  is 
a  prefix,  as  the  simple  verb  is  found  in  all  the  Teutonic  and 
Gothic  langtiages.  The  Hebrew  and  Chaldee  i^2  corresponds 
exactly,  in  elements  and  in  signification,  with  the  Saxon  and 
Dutch.  Whether  the  first  letter  is  a  prefix  in  the  latter  lan- 
guages, let  the  reader  jud^.  See  the  word  Deal,  which,  when 
traced,  terminates  in  the  Welsh  tawl,  a  cast  o9°,  a  throw  ;  separa- 
tion ;  tawlu,  to  cast  or  throw  ofi°,  to  separate. 

In  Chaldee,  "^12  badar,  signifies  to  scatter,  to  disperse.  The 
word  has  the  same  signification  in  the  Syriac  and  Samaritan. 

In  Ethiopic,  the  word,  with  A  prefixed,  signifies  to  wish,  love, 

desire  ;  and  with  "V  prefixed,  to  strive,  to  endeavor  ;  and  without 
a  prefix,  strife,  course,  race.  Both  these  significations  are  from 
stretching,  straining. 

In  Arabic,  j*^  badara,  signifies  generally  to  hasten,  to  run  to ; 

but  j<^  badtara,  signifies  to  disperse,  to  sow  or  scatter  seed. 

This  verb  is  written  in  Hebrew  1T2>  with  precisely  the  same 
signification.  The  -Arabic,  also,  has  the  verb  with  this  orthogra- 
phy, signifying  to  sow,  and  also  to  beat  or  strike  with  a  stick. 

Now,  in  Syriac,  >;  dar,  signifies  to  strive  or  struggle.   '  Here 

we  have  the  simple  verb,  without  the  prefix,  with  the  sense  of  the 
Ethiopic  ir<(A  a  prefix.     Supra. 

• 

We  find  also  the  Arabic  jii  tharra,  the  simple  verb,  signifies 
to  sprinkle. 

We  find  in  Chaldee  fklTI,  rTlT,  and  ''"1",  the  simple  vcr\j,  signi- 

f  .-^ 
fies  to  disperse ;  in  Syriac,  the  same.     In   Arabic    ' ji    tharaa, 

signifies  to  sow,  like  the  foregoing  verb,  and  hence  to  procreate. 
Both  this  and  the  former  verb  signify  also  to  whiten,  as  the  hair 
of  the  head;  as  we  say,  to  sprinkle  with  gray  hairs.  The  Arabic 
i  — 

Ij^  darutt,  signifies  to  drive,  to  impel,  to  repel,  to  contend,  to 
strive;  to  shine,  to  sparkle.  And  here  we  have  the  literal  signi- 
fication of  this  whole  class  of  verbs;  to  drive,  urge,  throw,  send; 
hence  to  scatter,  to  strive,  to  shoot  as  rays  of  light,  procreate,  &c. 

The  Hebrew  corresponding  verb  is  niT  or  SIT,  to  scatter,  to 
sow  ;  and  the  word  with  the  like  orthography  occurs  in  Ch.  Syr. 
and  Ar.  This  is  the  Latin  sero.  And  who  can  doubt  that  2  is  a 
prefix  in  the  verb  ^"2  above  mentioned .' 

In  Welsh,  goberu  signifies  to  work,  to  operate ;  gober,  work, 
operation  ;  formed  by  the  prefix  go  znd per  ;  go  denoting  progress 
toward,  approach  ;  and  per  rendered  by  Owen,  that  pervades,  a 


fruit,  a  pear ;  but  the  real  sense  is  to  strain,  to  bring  forth ;  to 
drive,  thrust,  urge,  &c. 

This  word,  in  the  Armoric  dialect,  is  written  either  gober  or 
ober ;  in  Latin  operor,  whence  Eng.  operate.     The  same  word  is 

in  tlie  Ethiopic,  /tI^  gi'l'cr,  to  make,  to  do ;  (1/(14  agahar,  to 
cause  to  be  made  ;  T' /fl^  tagabar,  to  work,  operate,  negotiate  ; 
vXi,  gabar,  a  maker. 

This  is  the  Heb.  and  Ch.  "123i  to  be  strong,  to  prevail,  to  estab- 
lish ;  and  as  a  noun,  a  man ;  Ar.  _>-*-=?•  jabara,  to  make  strong, 
to  heal,  as  a  broken  bone  ;  to  strengthen. 

That  this  Shemitic  word  and  the  Welsh  and  Ethiopic  are  all 
radically  one,  there  can  not  be  a  question  ;  and  the  Welsh  proves, 
indisputably,  that  go  is  a  prefix.  This,  then,  is  a  word  formed  on 
12  or  S12.     The  Heb.  "li2Hi  strong,  that  is,  strained,  and  "12»,  a 

~.i 

wins,  that  is,  a  shoot,  are  from  the  same  root;  and  in  Arabic       \ 

abara,  signifies  to  prick,  to  fting,  and  its  derivatives,  the  e.xtrem- 
ity  of  a  thing,  a  point,  a  needle,  corresponding  with  the  Welsh 
bar,  a  summit,  a  tuft,  a  branch,  a  bar,  and  the  Welsh  t.cr,  a  pike, 
a  lance,  a  spit,  a  spear,  Lat.  rent;  in  Welsh,  also,  par,  a  spear, 
and  per,  a  spit,  are  all  doubtless  of  the  same  origin. 

In  Syriac,   i-O  .  tsabar,  signifies  to  make,  to  work  or  operate. 

Is  this  the  same  root  with  a  different  prefix  .' 

The  same  word  in  Arabic,  _^^-^  tsabara,  signifies  to  be  patient, 
to  bear,  to  sustain. 

We  observe,  tliat  in  the  Teutonic  and  Gothic  languages,  the 
same  word  is  used  with  different  prefixes.  Thus,  in  our  mother 
tongue,  begin  is  written  gynnan,  the  simple  radical  word,  and 
aginnan,  beginntin,  and  ongynnan;  and  in  the  Gothic,  duginnan, 
which,  in  English,  would  be  togin. 

Should  it  appear,  upon  investigation,  that  verbs  in  the  Assyri- 
an languages  have  the  same  prefixes  which  occur  in  the  European 
languages,  the  fact  will  evidence  more  afiinity  between  the  lan- 
guages of  these  two  stocks  than  has  yet  been  known  to  exist. 

Let  us  now  attend  to  the  natural  causes  which  may  be  sup 
posed  to  have  obscured  or  destroyed  tlie  identity  or  resemblance 
of  languages  which  had  a  common  origin. 

Tlie  affinity  of  words,  in  two  or  more  different  languages,  is 
known  by  identity  of  letters  and  identity  of  signification  ;  or  by 
letters  of  the  same  organ,  and  a  signification  obviously  dcducible 
from  the  same  sense.  Letters  of  the  same  organ,  as,  for  example, 
b,f,  p,  and  r,  are  so  easily  converted,  the  one  into  the  other,  and 
the  change  is  so  frequent,  that  this  circumstance  seldom  occasions 
much  obscurity.  The  changes  of  signification  occasion  more 
difficulty,  not  so  much  by  necessity,  as  because  this  branch  of 
philology  is  less  understood. 

1.  CHANGE  OF  CONSONANTS  WHICH  REPRESENT 
THE  ARTICULATIONS  OF  THE  ORGANS  OF 
SPEECH. 

Consonants  are  the  stamina  of  words.  They  are  convertible 
and  frequently  converted  into  their  cognates.  The  English  word 
bear  represents  the  Latin  fcro  and  pario,  and  fero  is  the  Greek 
(f  cow.  The  Latin  tentus  is  wind  in  English ;  and  habco  is  have. 
The  Latin  dens,  in  Dutch,  Danish,  and  Swedish,  is  tand ;  and 
dance  in  English  is  in  German  tanz. 

These  changes  are  too  familiar  to  require  a  multiplication  of 
examples.  But  there  are  others  less  common  and  obvious,  which 
are  yet  equally  certain.  Thus  in  the  Gaelic  or  Hiberno-Celtic, 
7n  and  mb  are  convertible  with  v ;  and  in  Welsh,  m  and  »  are 
changed,  even  in  different  cases  of  the  same  word.  Thus,  in  Irish, 
the  name  of  the  hand  is  written  either  Imnh  or  lav,  and  in  Welsh 
maen,  a  stone,  is  written  also  vacn.  The  Greek  ,*  is  always  pro- 
nounced as  the  English  »,  as  ^i>v).o^at,  Lat.  volo,  English  will, 
German  wollen  ;  and  the  sound  of  6  the  Greeks  express  by  uft. 

In  the  Chaldee  and  Hebrew,  one  remarkable  distinction  is  the 
use  of  a  dental  letter  in  the  former,  where  the  latter  has  a  sibi- 
lant. As  niD  cuth  in  Chaldee  is  w12  cush  in  Hebrew ;  2mi 
goldjinChaldaic  is  2nT  in  Hebrew.  The  like  change  appears  in 
tlie  modern  languages;  for  ■tealer,  which  in  most  of  the  northern 
languages  is  written  with  a  dental,  is  in  German  written  wasser 


INTRODUCTION. 


and  the  Latin  dejis^  W.  dunt,  Dutch  tatid,  Swedish  and  Danish 
land,  is  in  German  zahn.  The  like  cliange  is  frequent  in  the 
Greek  and  Latin.  *7>gaTTo>,  in  one  dialect,  is  ifuaaata,  in  another ; 
and  the  Latins  often  changed  t  of  tiie  indicative  present,  or  in- 
finitive, into  *  in  the  preterit  and  participle ;  as,  mitto^  mittere^ 
misi,  missus. 

L  and  r,  though  not  considered  as  letters  of  the  same  organ, 
are  really  such,  and  changed  the  one  into  the  other.  Thus  the 
Spaniards  write  blandir  for  brandish^  and  cscolta  for  escort.  The 
Portuguese  write  brando  for  bland,  and  branquear,  to  whiten,  for 
blanch.  The  Greek  has  <foayf/.;.(ov  for  the  Latin  fiagcllmn.  In 
Europe,  however,  this  change  seems  to  be  limited  chiefly  to  two 
or  three  nations  on  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean.  L  is  some- 
times commutable  with  d. 

We  have  a  few  instances  of  the  change  of  g  or  gh  into  /. 
Thus  rough  is  pronounced  ruf,  and  trough,  trauf. 

The  Russians  often  change  the  rf  of  a  noun  into  the  sound  of  j, 
or  the  compound  g,  in  the  verb  formed  from  that  noun ;  as,  lad, 
accord,  harmony  j  laju,  to  accord  or  agree ;  bred,  damage,  loss ; 
breju,  to  injure. 

The  Italians  and  French  have  also  changed  a  dental  into  a 
palatal  letter,  in  many  words ;  as,  Italian  raggio,  a  ray,  from  Lat. 
radius ;  and  ragione,  reason,  from  ratio;  Fr.  manger,  to  eat,  from 
Lat.  rnando,  or  manduco. 

In  the  south  of  Europe,  the  Greek  /  has  been  changed,  in 
some  instances,  into  the  Italian  or  Spanish  z,  and  then  by  the 
French  into  s.  It  seems  that  the  Spanish  2  has,  at  some  former 
period,  been  pronounced  as  a  guttural.  Thus  the  Gr.  ^ou/iot*. 
Lat.  brachium,  the  arm,  is  in  Spanish  brnzo,  and  the  Spaniards 
have  the  word  from  the  Latin,  or  from  the  same  source  as  tlie 
Latin  and  Greek,  the  Celtic  braii;.  This  word  brazo  the  French 
changed  into  bras,  and  from  that  we  have  brace  and  embrace.  A 
similar  change  occurs  in  Durazzo,  from  Dyrrachium,  and  in  the 
Spanish  luz,  light. 

The  Teutonic  nations  often  used  h  to  express  the  power  of  the 
Greek  x,  and  the  Latin  c;  as,  heart  for  xu»(^ia,  horn  for  cornu. 
Hence  we  find  that  the  Saxon  hlinian,  hlconian,  or  hlijnian,  to 
lean,  is  the  Greek  xAo-o',  Latin  clino.  The  letter  h  is  now 
dropped,  and  we  write  the  word  lean. 

In  like  manner,  the  Saxon  hlid,  which  we  now  write  lid,  is 
from  the  same  root  as  the  Latin  claudo,  cludo,  the  Greek  x/.nAout, 
which  is  contracted  into  xitiu.  And  in  this  word  we  may  notice 
another  fact,  that  the  word  signifies  not  only  to  shut,  but  to  praise 
or  celebrate  ;  proving  that  this  word  and  the  Latin  plaudo  are  tlie 
same,  with  different  prefixes,  as  luudo ;  and  that  the  primary  sense 
is,  to  strain.  This  in  Saxon  appears  in  hlud,  loud,  hlydan,  to  cry 
out. 

In  Latin,/  and  h  have  been  converted  ;  as,  k^/rdeum  for  fordeum ; 
and  the  Spaniards  now  write  h  for/;  aa,  hacer  for  the  Latin/aure; 
hilo  for  fdum;  herir  tor  ferire,  &.C. 

The  letters  r  and  s  are  commutable.  Thus  iron  in  German  is 
eiscn;  in  D.  yzer. 

The  letters  n  and  s  seem  also  to  be  commutable  ;  as  in  Latin 
pono,  posui. 

The  letters  I  and  r  are  convertible ;  for  the  English  colonel  is 
in  Spanish  and  Portuguese  coronet,  and  in  Armoric  coronal. 

The  cause  of  these  differences  is  in  the  position  of  the  organs 
in  the  articulations;  the  position  being  nearly  but  not  exactly 
the  same. 

2.   CHANGE   OF   VOWELS. 

The  change  of  vowels  is  so  common,  as  to  occasion  no  difficulty 
in  determining  the  sameness  of  words  ;  indeed,  little  or  no  regard 
is  to  be  had  to  them,  in  ascertaining  the  origin  and  affinity  of  lan- 
guages. In  this  opinion  I  accord  with  almost  all  writers  on  this 
subject ;  but  I  have  to  combat  the  opinion  of  that  elegant  scholar. 
Sir  William  Jones,  who  protests  against  tlie  licentiousness  of  ety- 
mologists, not  only  in  transposing  letters,  but  in  totally  disregard- 
ing the  vowels,  and  who  seems  to  admit  the  common  origin  of 
words  only  when  written  with  the  same  letters,  and  used  in  a 
sense  precisely  the  same." 

I  am  not  at  all  surprised  at  the  common  prejudice  existing 
against  etymology.  As  the  subject  has  been  treated,  it  is  justly 
liable  to  all  the  objections  urged  ag;|inst  it.  But  it  is  obvious 
that   Sir   W.  Jones  had  given  very  little   attention   to  the   sub- 

i'ect,  and  that  some  of  its  most  common  and  obvious  principles 
tad  escaped  his  observation.  His  opinion,  with  regard  to  both 
articulations    and   vowels,  is  unequivocally    erroneous,   as   will 


appear  from  the  following  list  of  words,  taken  from  modern  lan- 
guages, and  respecting  the  identity  of  which,  that  gentleman 
himself,  if  living,  could  not  have  the  slightest  doubt. 


English.    Saxon. 
'^"'J;}    dragan, 


Dutch.  Gervian. 

trekken,  tragen, 

geeven,  geben, 

Toet,  fuss, 

haak,  haken, 


Swedish.    Latin. 
draga,        traho. 
gifva. 
fot. 


*  Asiatic  Researches,  vol.  3,  p.  489. 


drag, 

give,         gifan, 

r.  °'  >  fot,  fet,  Toet,  fuss,  fot,     ^       P    ' 

feet,  5  ^^-  ^'"■'S- 

hook,  hoc,  haak,  haken,  hake. 

day,  dag,  dteg,  daag,  tag,  dag. 

have,  habban,  hebben,  haben,  hafva,         habco. 

[Fr.  avoir ;  ai,  as,  a,  avons,  avez,  ont.] 

leap,  hleapan,  loopen,  laufen,      ,    Ibpa. 

burn,  byrnan,  branden,  brennen,  brinna. 

will,  willan,  willen,  wollen,  willja,  volo,  velle. 

stone,  Stan,  steen,  stein,  sten. 

broad,  bred,  breed,  breit,  bred, 

earth,  eorth,  aarde,  erde,  jord,  Dan.  iord. 

who,  hwa,  wie,  ho,  Dan.  hvo. 

seek,  secan,  zockcn,  suchen,  sokia,  sequor. 

bean,  bean,  boon,  bohne,  bona,  Dan.  bonne. 

Here  are  scarcely  two  words  written  with  the  same  letters  in 
two  lantruages ;  and  }'ct  no  man  ever  called  in  question  their 
identity,  on  account  of  the  difference  of  orthography.  The  diver- 
sity is  equally  great  in  almost  all  other  words  of  the  same  original. 
So  in  the  same  words  we  ot\en  find  the  vowel  changed,  as  in  the 
tiSL\..facio,feci ;  ago,  cgi ;  sto,  stcti ;  TeUo,Tulsi.  Nothing  is  more 
certain  than  that  the  Welsh  gwyz  and  the  English  wood  are  the 
same  word,  although  there  is  one  letter  only  common  to  them  both. 
It  is  pronounced  gooyth,  that  is,  g  and  icyth ;  as, guard  for  ward. 
This  prefixing  of  g  to  words  wiiich  in  English  begin  with  w,  is 
very  common  in  Spanish  and  French.  The  word  war  in  French 
\a  guerre;  Sp.  guerra. 

3.  CHANGE  OR  LOSS  OF  RADICAL  LETTERS. 

There  are  some  words  which,  in  certain  languages,  have 
suffered  a  change  of  a  radical  letter ;  while  in  others  it  is  wholly 
lost.  For  example,  word,  in  Danish  and  Swedish,  is  ord  :  wort,  a 
plant,  is  urt ;  the  Saxon  gear,  or  ger,  English  year,  in  Danish  is 
aar,  in  Swedish  is  ar,  in  Dutch  jV/ar,  and  in  German  JaAr. 

In  the  word  yoke,  and  its  atlinitics,  we  have  a  clear  and  deci- 
sive example  of  changes  in  orthography.  Yoke,  the  Latin  JM^m, 
is  from  the  Chaldee,  Syriac,  and  Arabic  31t  zug,  to  join,  to  couple  ; 
a  word  not  found  in  the  Hebrew.  The  Greeks  retained  the  ori- 
ginal letters  in  tvyo;,  ivynm;  the  Latins  changed  the  first  letter  to 
j  in  jugum,  and  inserted  a  casual  n  in  jungo.  From  the  Latin 
the  Italians  formed  giogo,  a  yoke,  and  giugnr.re,  to  join  ;  the 
Spaniards,  7/ugo,  a  yoke,  and  juntar,  to  join  ;  the  French,  joug, 
a  yoke,  and  joindre,  to  join.  In  Saxon,  yoke  is  geoc  or  ioc;  in 
Dutch,  jkA;  G.joch;  Sw.  ok. 

One  of  the  most  general  changes  that  words  have  undergone, 
is  the  entire  loss  of  the  palatal  letl<'r  g,  when  it  is  radical  and 
final  in  verbs,  or  the  opening  of  that  articulation  to  a  vowel  or 
diphthong.  We  have  examples  in  the  English  bow,  from  Saxon 
bugan,  to  bend;  buy,  from  bycgnn;  brow,  from  breg ;  lay,  from 
lagan,  or  lecgan  ;  say,  from  siegan  ;  fair,  from  fitter  ;  fiail,  from 
the  German  fiegel,  Lat.  flagellum ;  French  nier,  from  Lat.  rugo, 
negare 

The  same  or  similar  changes  have  taken  place  in  all  the  modern 
languages  of  which  1  have  any  knowledge. 

The  loss  and  changes  of  radical  letters  in  many  Greek  verbs 
deserve  particular  notice.  We  find,  in  the  Lexicons,  -uQayua, 
TtQayo?,  nQaxnxui,  are  referred  to  7i(tanaio,  ^rpl^rrw,  as  the  theme 
or  root;  Tuywa,  to  tuooui;  o^roio,  to  {iito  ;  and  (poa/fta,  to  q^Quanaj. 
This  reference,  so  far  as  it  operates  as  a  direction  to  the  student 
where  to  find  the  verb  to  which  the  word  belongs,  and  its  expla- 
nation, is  useful  and  necessary.  But  if  the  student  supposes  that 
these  words  are  formed  from  the  theme,  so  called,  or  the  first  per- 
son of  the  indicative  mode,  present  tense,  he  is  deceived.  I  am 
confident  no  example  can  be  found,  in  any  language,  of  the  pal- 
atals Y  and  x,  formed  from  the  dentals  and  sibilants  t  and  a ;  nor 
is  j>;roin,  or  any  similar  word,  formed  by  the  addition  of  the  dental 
to'a  verb  ending  in  a  vowel.  The  truth  is,  the  last  radical  in 
^iti)  is  lost,  in  the  indicative  mode  ;  and  in  TrtHtanw,  ttouttoi,  it  is 
changed.  The  radical  lost  in  //tm  is  J  or  0  ;  the  original  word  was 
ijila  or  (itSia,  and  the  derivatives  /ii;tuij,   ^ijiofixi;,  were  formed 


INTRODUCTION. 


before  the  radical  letter  was  dropped  in  the  verb.  No  sooner  is 
the  verb  restored  to  its  primitive  form,  than  wc  recognize  its  con- 
nection with  the  Irish  raidham^  to  speak ;  Saxon  rizd^  speech ; 
radan,  to  read  ;   German  redrn,  Ttde  ;  Dutch  raad.  Sea. 

The  original  root  of  noaaaut  was  nqayia,  -.Tjaxtoy  or  7rnaxo>,  and 
from  this  were  formed  Trjujiia,  .Tga)trixuc,  before  the  last  radical 
was  changed.  No  sooner  is  the  original  orthography  restored, 
than  we  see  this  to  be  the  Teutonic  verb,  German  brauchen, 
Dutch  getrttikcn,  Danish  Itruger,  S\v.  bmka,  Sax.  brucan,  to  use, 
to  practice,  and  hence  the  English  broker. 

The  same  remarks  are  applicable  to  rayiia  and  racjao\;  tf.Qayna 
and  tf^annat;  aikayr^  and  uiiitaata  ;  x"t!'*''^*:Q  ^^^  j^anatjaw,  and 
manv  other  words  of  like  formation.  In  all  these  cases,  the  last 
radical  letter  is  to  be  sought  in  the  dert"r<i<irM  of  the  verb,  and  in 
one  of  the  past  tenses,  particularly  in  an  aorist.  This  fact  affords 
no  feeble  evidence  that  in  Greek,  as  in  the  Shemitic  languages, 
the  preterit  tense  or  an  aorist  was  the  radix  of  the  verb.  A'patio, 
in  Greek,  is  to  cry  like  a  crow  or  rook ;  but  the  last  radical  is 
changed  from  y,  as,  in  the  second  aorist,  it  forms  xnaytif.  Now, 
in  Danish,  crow  is  krage,  in  Ger.  krahe,  in  D.  kraai,  in  Sw. 
kraka;  a  fact  that  demonstrates  the  last  radical  letter  to  be  a  pal- 
atal, which  in  English  is  opened  to  o,  in  crow. 

But  it  is  not  in  the  Greek  language  only  that  we  are  to  seek 
for  the  primitive  radical  letters,  not  in  what  is  now  called  the 
root  of  the  verb,  but  in  the  derivatives.  The  fact  is  the  same  in 
the  Latin  and  in  the  English.  The  Latin  fiuclus  and  fliixi  can 
not  be  deduced  from  JIuo ;  but  the  orthography  of  these  words 
proves  demonstrably  that  the  original  root  vasjlugo,  or  Jliuo.  So, 
in  English,  sight  can  not  be  deduced  from  see,  for  no  example 
can  be  found  of  the  letter  g  introduced  to  form  the  participles  of 
verbs.  SiglU,  in  Saxoa  gesicht,  D.  zigt,  G.  sickt,  Dan.  sigt,  Sw. 
sickl,  is  a  participle  ;  but  the  verb  in  the  infinitive,  in  Saxon  is 
seon,  geseon,  Ger.  sehen,  D.  zi'cit,  Dan.  seer,  Sw.  se;  in  which 
no  palatal  letter  is  found,  from  which  g  or  cA  can  be  deduced. 
The  truth,  then,  is,  that  the  original  verb  was  segiin,  or  in  Dutch 
zegrn  ;  the  g  being  lost,  as  it  is  in  tlie  French  nier,  from  the 
Lat.  ntgo. 

In  the  change  of  letters  in  the  Greek  verbs  before  mentioned, 
the  process  seems  to  have  been  from  y  or  x  to  ^,  and  then  to  a  and 
T  ;  .Toayc*.  nouzut,  rtrtaoooi,  .Tnirrxw.  This  is  certainly  a  process 
which  is  natural  and  common.  The  Latin  brachium  thus  be- 
came in  Spanish  brazo,  and  then  in  French  bras;  and  thus  in 
the  Italian,  Altiandria  has  become  .llessandria. 

When  the  last  radical  of  a  Greek  verb  is  a  dental,  it  may  not  be 
certain  whether  the  original  letter  was  d,  or  th,  or  t.  We  find  the 
Greek  verb  i.too',  to  draw,  forms  its  derivatives  with  o,  nnunpta, 
a.iaatf  ;  and  this  is  probably  the  Armoric  spaza,  from  which  we 
have  spay.  So  tfoa'^oi,  ifnadi^,  and  tf/jaSi^,  are  evidently  of  the 
same  family.  It  is  not  improbable  that  the  original  letter  might 
have  a  compound  sound,  or  it  might  correspond   nearly  to  the 

Arabic  Ji  or  ^,  or  the  English  dh  or  th,  or  ds,  so  as  easily  to 

pass  into  d  or  into  s. 

It  is  equally  clear  that  many  Greek  words  have  lost  an  initial 
consonant.  The  letter  most  generally  lost  is  probably  the  Ori- 
ental n>  but  obviously  the  palatals  y  and  x  have,  in  many  in- 
stances, been  dropped.  There  seems  to  be  no  question  that  the 
Greek  oi..;  is  the  English  whole,  and  perhaps  all.  This  in  Welsh 
is  oU  or  holl,  in  Saxon  al  or  geM;  and  this  is  undoubtedly  the 
Shemitic  ^j.  So  the  Greek  uUt ui  is  the  Welsh  colli,  to  lose; 
and  «i/no  may  be  the  English  coil,  Fr.  eueitlir. 

In  like  manner  the  Greek  has,  in  many  words,  lost  a  labial 
initial,  answering  to  the  English  b,  f,  or  r.  The  Greek  jiijiii  is 
undoubtcdlv  the  Latin  video ;  tf.yoi  is  from  the  same  root  as  work  ; 
kiiug  is  from  the  root  of  vid,  in  the  Latin  dicido,  and  indiniduus, 

that  is,  separate,  and  from  the  Arabic  i\j  badda,  to  separate. 

In  many  in&tances,  the  Latin  retained  or  restored  the  lost  let 
ter :  thus  hmruixa  for  u«a;a  ,  harpago  for  uQTtayr^  ;  harmonia  for 
uPuijr'tx  ;  cideo  for  tiSta. 
'if  the  marks  of  breathing,  called  spiritus  asper  and  spiritus 
lenis,  now  pref  xed  to  Greek  words,  were  intended  to  represent 
the  letters  lost,  or  to  stand  in  the  place  of  them,  they  answer  this 
purpose  very  imperfectly.  The  spiritus  asper  may  stand  for  a 
palatal  or  guttural  letter,  but  it  does  not  designate  which  letter, 
the  n,  or  the  :  ;  much  less  does  this  or  the  other  spiritus  justly 
represent  the  labials,  b,f,  v,  or  w.  Whenever  the  Latins  wrote 
A  in  the  place  of  the  Greek  spiritus,  we  may  conclude  that  the 
original  letter  was  rii  or  a  cognate  letter  ;  and  we  may  conclude 


also  that  the  v  in  video,  and  in  divido,  viduvs,  indiriduus,  stands 
for  the  original  labial  lost  in  tidvi  and  i(!iu;.  But  there  are  many 
words,  I  apprehend,  in  which  the  lost  letter  is  unknown,  and  in 
which  the  loss  can  not  be  recovered  by  any  marks  ])refixed  to  the 
words.  We  may  well  suppose  that  hyvinus  exhibits  the  correct 
written  form  of  vuvof  ;  but  what  is  there  in  the  Greek  t'xfi;  to  lead 
us  to  consider  this  word  as  the  English  woof,  and  vifaot  to  be  the 
same  as  weave  ?    Both  fhe  Greek  words  have  the  spiritus  asper. 

What  proportion  of  Greek  words  have  been  contracted  by  the 
loss  of  an  initial  or  final  consonant,  can  not,  I  appreliend,  be  de- 
termined with  any  precision ;  at  least,  not  in  the  present  state  of 
philological  knowledge.  It  is  probable  the  number  of  contracted 
words  amounts  to  one  fourth  of  all  the  verbs,  and  it  may  be 
more 

Similar  contractions  have  taken  place  in  all  other  languages ; 
a  circumstance  that  embarrasses  the  philologist  and  lexicographer 
at  every  step  of  his  researches,  and  which  has  led  to  innumer- 
able mistakes  in  etymology.  We  know  that  the  Swedish  ar, 
and  Danish  aar,  a  year,  have  lost  the  articulation  g,  and  that  the 
English  y  in  year  is  the  representative  of  g,  as  j  is  in  the  Dutch 
jaar,  and  German  ^aAr:  for  the  g  is  found  in  our  mother  tongue  ; 
and  in  a  multitude  of  words,  one  language  will  supply  the  means 
of  determining  tlie  real  origin  or  true  orthography,  which  can  not 
be  ascertained  by  another.  But  doubtless  many  changes  have 
taken  place,  of  which  the  evidence  is  uncertain  ;  tlie  chain  which 
might  conduct  us  to  the  original  orthography  being  broken,  and 
no  means  now  remain  of  repairing  tlie  loss. 

In  no  language  has  the  rejection  or  change  of  consonants 
served  so  effectually  to  obscure  the  original  words  as  in  the 
French.  So  extensive  have  been  the  changes  of  orthography 
in  that  language,  that,  had  not  the  early  lexicographers  indicated 
the  loss  of  letters  by  a  mark,  it  would  be  impossible  now  to  dis- 
cover the  original  orthography,  or  to  trace  the  connection  of 
words  with  other  languages,  in  a  large  portion  of  them.  And  it 
is  with  regret  we  observe  the  influence  of  the  Frencli  practice 
of  suppressing  consonants  extending  itself  to  other  countries. 
It  is  owing  to  the  most  servile  obsequiousness  of  nations,  that 
Basil  or  Basilea,  the  elegant  name  of  a  town  in  Switzerland,  has 
been  corrupted  to  Ba.ile,  and  pronounced  most  barbarously  Bale. 
The  Germans  are  pursuing  a  like  course  in  suppressing  the  pala- 
tal letters ;  a  most  unfortunate  circumstance  for  the  strength  of 
the  language. 

The  Italians  also  have  a  disposition  to  reject  letters  when  they 
interfere  with  their  habits  of  pronunciation  ;  and  hence  we  see, 
in  their  language,  piano,  written  for  piano  ;  jiore  for  flore  ;  Jiocco 
for  Jlocco  ;  a  change  that  has  removed  a  radical  consonant,  and 
thus  obscured,  or  rather  destroyed,  the  affinity  between  the  Italian 
and  the  Latin  words. 

Another  difference  of  writing  and  pronouncing  has  been  pro- 
duced by  the  change  of  a  sibilant  letter  into  an  aspirate  ;  or,  e 
converso,  by  the  change  of  an  aspirate  into  a  sibilant.  No  person 
doubts  whether  the  Latin  super  is  the  Greek  vnfQ  ,•  or  6ita/.og  is 
similis  ;  or  liAs  is  sal,  salt.  The  latter  in  Welsh  is  halen,  hal.  So 
lielyg,  a  willow,  in  Welsh,  is  in  Latin  salix.  The  Greek  inra  is 
the  Latin  septem,  English  seven.  This  in  Persic  is  ,^2tx£>  f^'^fi  o' 
haft,  which  approaches  the  Greek  enra.  It  has  been  commonly 
supposed  that,  in  this  case,  the  aspirate  in  Greek  has  been  con- 
verted into  an  s.  There  are,  however,  strong  reasons  for  be- 
lieving that  the  change  has  been  the  reverse,  and  that  «  has  been 
dropped,  and  its  place  supplied  by  an  aspirate.     The  word  seven 

is,  beyond  a  question,  the  Shemitic  <ckM<,  SS",  whence  tlSSi 
Eng.  sabbath;  and  the  Gaelic  sean,  old,  whence  Latin  senex,  in 

Welsh  ken,  seems  clearly  to  be  the  Ar.  ^^j**  sanna,  to  be  old.  It 
is  then  clear  that  in  these  words  «  is  radical.  It  is  probable,  how- 
ever, that  the  aspirate,  in  some  cases,  has  been  changed  into  s. 

It  deserves  to  be  noticed  that  the  radix  of  a  word  is  sometimes 
obscured,  in  Greek  and  Latin,  by  the  loss  or  change  of  a  radical 
letter  in  the  nominative  case.  We  find  in  Latin  nepos,  in  the 
nominative,  is  nepotis  in  the  genitive  ;  horws,  honoris,  &.c.  In 
these  changes,  I  suppose  ffiie  letter  restored  in  the  oblique  cases 
to  be  the  true  radical  letter.  Thus  adamant  has  been  deduced  by 
our  etymologists  from  the  Greek  a  negative  and  duuaw,  to  sub- 
due, on  the  supposition  that  the  stone  was  named  from  its  hard- 
ness. This  is  a  good  example  of  a  great  part  of  all  etymological 
deductions ;  they  are  mere  conjectures.     It  did  not  occur  to  the 


INTRODUCTION. 


inquirer  that  adarruts,  in  the  norainativp,  becomes  in  the  genitive 
adamantis  ;  that  n  is  radical,  and  that  this  word  can  not  be  reg- 
ularly deduced  from  the  Greek  verb.  Any  person,  by  looking 
into  a  Welsh  dictionary,  may  see  the  original  word. 

In  some  words,  it  is  not  easy  to  determine  whether  n  before  d 
is  casual  or  radical.  In  such  words  as  the  Latin  /undo,  to  pour, 
and  tundo,  to  beat,  there  is  reason  to  think  the  n  is  casual,  for  the 
preterit  is  formed  without  it,  fudi,  tutudi.  But  in  other  words 
n  before  d  seems  to  be  radical,  and  the  d  casual ;  as  in  fundo, 
fundare,  to  found.  For  this  word  coincides  with  the  Irish  bun, 
foundation,  and  with  the  Shemitic  ra3  hanah,  to  build.  So  the 
English^nrf  is  in  Swedish ^nna,  and  in  is  in  Danish  ind. 

Another  fact,  of  considerable  consequence,  is  the  casual  sound 
of  n  given  to  g,  which  produced  the  effect  of  doubling  the  y  in 
Greek,  and  of  occasioning  the  insertion  of  n  before  g  in  the  Latin, 
as  also  in  the  Teutonic  and  Gothic  languages.  Thus  we  see  the 
y  is  doubled  in  the  Greek  ayytlXio,  and  we  know,  in  this  case, 
how  the  change  originated ;  fbr  the  original  word  is  in  the  Gaelic 
and  Irish,  agalla.  So  y  is  prefixed  to  another  palatal  or  guttural 
letter  in  a-/^w,  oy/o?,  ey/iLW. 

A  similar  nasal  sound  of  g  probably  introduced  the  n  before  g 
in  lingo,  to  lick;  linquo,  to  leave. 

We  may  be  confident,  in  all  cases,  that  n  is  not  radical,  when 
it  is  dropped  in  the  supine  and  participle,  as  in  lictum,  lictus, 
from  Htkiuo.  When  n  is  retained  in  the  supine  and  participle, 
there  may  be  more  reason  for  doubt ;  but  in  this  case,  tlie  ques. 
tion  may  often  be  determined  by  the  corresponding  word  in 
another  language,  or  by  some  other  word  evidently  of  the  same 
family.  Thus  we  can  have  little  doubt  that  lingo  and  the  Eng- 
lish lick  are  the  same  word,  or  that  the  Lat.  lingua  and  ligula  are 
of  one  family. 

This  casual  insertion  of  n  in  words  of  this  class  must  be  care- 
fully noticed  by  the  etymologist,  or  he  will  overlook  the  aftinity 
of  words  which  are  evidently  the  same.  We  have  many  words 
in  English  wliich  are  written  with  n  before  a  »•  or  a  k,  when  tlfb 
ancient  words  in  the  Gothic  and  Teutonic  languages,  and  some 
of  them  in  the  modern  Danish  and  Swedish,  are  written  without 
n.  Thus  sink,\n  Gothic,  is  sigcican  ;  to  X)i\nk,\a  thagkyan.  It 
is  not  improbable  that  the  Gothic  word  was  pronounced  with  the 
sound  of  n  or  -ng,  as  in  English.  So  also  in  sigguan,  to  sino-; 
loggs,  long.  In  a  few  instances  we  find  the  Swedes  and  Danes 
have  tlie  word  written  in  both  ways,  as  tanka,  tanker,  and  tyrka, 
tykker,  to  think.  But,  in  general,  the  Germans,  Danes,  Swedes, 
and  Dutch,  write  words  of  this  sort  with  ntr. 

To  show  how  important  it  is  to  know  the  true  original  orthog- 
raphy, I  will  mention  one  instance.  In  our  mother  tongue,  the 
word  to  dye,  or  color,  is  written  deagan  ;  the  elements  or  radical 
letters  are  dg.  To  determine  whether  this  and  the  Latin  tingo 
are  the  same  words,  we  must  first  know  whether  n  in  tingo  is 
radical  or  casual.  This  we  can  not  know  with  certainty,  by  the 
form  of  the  word  itself,  for  the  n  is  carried  through  all  the  tenses 
and  forms  of  the  verb.  But  by  looking  into  the  Greek,  we  find 
the  word  written  with  y,  rfyym;  and  this  clearly  proves  the 
alliance  of  the  word  with  deagan.  —  See  Dve,  in  the  Dictionary. 
We  have  many  English  words,  in  which  a  d  has  been  inserted 
before  g,  as  in  badge,  budge,  lodge,  pledge,  vedge.  In  all  words, 
I  believe,  of  this  class,  the  d  is  casual,  and  the  g  following  is  the 
radical  letter,  as  pledge,  from  the  French  pleige  ;  wedge  from  the 
Saxon  Kjccn-.  The  practice  of  inserting  d  in  n-ords  of  this  sort 
seems  to  have  originated  in  the  necessity  of  some  mode  of 
preserving  the  English  sound  of  g,  which  might  otherwise  be 
sounded  as  the  French  g  before  e.  And  it  is  for  this  reason 
we  still  retain,  and  ought  to  retain,  d  in  judge,  abridge.  In  like 
manner,  the  Teutonic  c  has  been  changed  into  the  sound  of  ch, 
as  Sax.  wacian,  wacian,  to  wake,  to  watch;  Sax.  thac,  thatch. 

There  arc  some  nations  which,  in  many  words,  pronounce  and 
write  g  before  u  or  w  ;  as  in  the  J'rench  guerre,  for  war  ;  guede, 
for  woad;  guetter,  for  wait;  in  Welsh, gical,  for  wall;  gwain,  for 
wain;  gwared,  for  guard,  which  in  English  is  ward,  Sp.  guariUi. 
In  some  instances,  the  u  or  w  is  dropped  in  modern  writing,  as  in 
the  French  garenne,  a  warren;  garde,  for  guard.  This  differ- 
ence of  orthography  makes  it  difficult,  in  some  cases,  to  ascertain 
the  true  radical  letters. 

CHANGE  OF  SIGNIFICATION. 

Another  cause  of  obscurity  in  the  affinity  of  languages,  and 
one  that  seems  to  have  been  mostly  overlooked,  is,  the  change  of 
the  primary  sense  of  the  radical  verb.     In  most  cases,  this  change 


consists  in  a  slight  deflection,  or  difference  of  application,  which 
has  obtained  among  different  families  of  the  same  stock.  In 
some  cases,  the  literal  sense  is  lost  or  obscured,  and  the  figura- 
tive only  is  retained.  The  first  object,  in  such  cases,  is  ttTfind 
the  primary  or  literal  sense,  from  which  the  various  particular 
applications  may  be  easily  deduced.  Thus  we  find,  in  ]  atin, 
libeo,  libet,  or  lubeo,  lubct,  is  rendered,  to  please,  to  like ;  luhens, 
willing,  glad,  cheerful,  pleased ;  libenttr,  lubenter,  willingly, 
gladly,  readily.  What  is  the  primary  sense,  the  visible  or  physi- 
cal action,  from  which  the  idea  of  wiUing  is  taken  .'  I  find,  either 
by  knowing  the  radical  sense  of  willing,  ready,  in  other  cases,  or 
by  the  predominant  sense  of  the  elements  Lb,  as  in  Lat.  labor,  to 
slide,  liber,  free,  &c.,  that  the  primary  sense  is  to  move,  incline 
or  advance  toward  an  object ;  and  hence  the  sense  of  willing, 
ready,  prompt.  Now,  this  Latin  word  is  the  English  love,  Ger- 
man liebcn,  liebe.  "  Lubet  me  ire,"  I  lore  to  go ;  I  am  inclined 
to  go  ;  I  go  with  cheerfulness  ;  but  the  affinity  between  love  and 
lubeo  has  been  obscured  by  a  slight  difference  of  appfication, 
among  the  Romans  and  the  Teutonic  nations. 

Perhaps  no  person  has  suspected  that  the  English  words  heat, 
Aflfe,  and  hest  in  behest,are  all  radically  the  same  word.  But  this 
is  the  fact.  Sax.  hatian,  to  heat,  or  be  hot,  and  to  hate  ;  htctan,  to 
heat  and  to  call ;  hatan,  to  call,  to  order,  to  command  ;  ge-hirfan 
or  ge-hatan,  to  grow  warm,  to  promise,  to  vow  ;  Gothic  gahaitrin, 
to  call,  to  promise ;  Dutch  heelen,  to  heat,  to  name,  to  call,  bid  or 
command  ;  German  keitzen,  to  heat ;  heissen,  to  call ;  hitzen,  to 
heat,  to  hoist;  Swedish  hetsa,  to  inflame,  to  provoke;  Danish 
heder,  to  heat,  to  be  called.  Behest  we  have  from  the  German 
or  Swedish  dialect.  Heat  coincides  with  the  Latin  astus,  for 
hcestus,  which  is  written  with  s,  like  the  German.  Hate  coin- 
cides with  the  Latin  odi,  osus,  so  written  for  hodi,  hosus ;  and  as 
the  Teutonic  A  often  represents  the  Latin  c,  as  in  Aorn,  cormi, 
the  Danish  orthography,  heder,  coincides  with  the  Latin  cito,  to 
call.  Now,  what  is  the  radical  sense  .'  Most  obviously  to  stir, 
agitate,  rouse,  raise,  implying  a  driving  or  impulse;  and  hence 
in  Latin  astuo,  to  be  hot,  and  to  rage  or  storm  ;  hence  to  excite, 
and  hence  the  sense  of  the  Latin  cito,  quickly,  from  stirring, 
rousing  to  action.  In  this  case,  hatred,  as  well  as  heat,  is  violent 
excitement.  We  find  also  in  the  Saxon  and  Gothic  the  sense  of 
vowing,  that  is,  of  driving  out  the  voice,  uttering,  docL-iring,  a 
sense  allied  to  calling  and  commanding;  and  to  this  is  allied  the 
sense  of  the  Latin  recito,  to  recite. 

In  English,  befall  signifies  to  fall  on, to  happen  to;  in  German, 
the  same  word,  befallen,  has  the  like  signification.  But  in  Saxon, 
gefeallan  signifies  to  fall,  to  rush  on;  while  in  German,  ^c/oWcn 
signifies  to  please,  that  is,  to  suit,  to  come  to  one's  mind,  to  be 
agreeable.  The  Danish  gefalder  has  the  same  signification  as  the 
German. 

We  find  by  the  Saxon,  that  the  English  reck,  to  care,  and 
reckon,  and  the  Latin  rego,  to  rule,  are  all  the  same  word,  varied 
in  orthography  and  application.  To  find  the  primary  sense  of 
reck,  to  care,  we  are  then  to  examine  the  various  derivative 
senses.  And  we  need  go  no  further  than  to  the  Latin  rectus  and 
English  right,  the  sense  of  which  is  straight,  for  this  sense  is 
derived  from  straining,  stretching.  Care,  then,  is  a  strainintr  of 
the  mind,  a  stretching  toward  an  object,  coinciding  with  the 
primary  sense  of  attention.  The  primary  sense  of  reckon  is  to 
strain  out  sounds,  to  speak,  tell,  relate  ;  a  sense  now  disused. 

The  Saxon  care,  care,  ccercian,  to  cure,  to  cark,  is  connected  in 
origin  with  the  Latin  career,  a  prison  ;  both  from  the  sense  of 
straining,  whence  holding  or  restraint. 

To  prove  how  the  primary  general  sense  of  a  word  may  ramify 
into  different  senses,  by  special  appropriation  of  the  word  among 
separate  families  of  men  proceeding  from  the  same  stock,  let  us 
observe  the  different  senses  in  which  leap  is  used  by  the  English, 
and  by  the  nations  on  the  continent.  In  English,  to  leap  is  simply 
to  spring;  as,  to  leap  a  yard;  to  leap  over  a  fence.  But  on  the 
continent  it  signifies  to  run.  Now,  it  will  be  seen  that  this  word, 
as  used  by  the  Germans,  can  not  always  be  translated  by  itself, 
that  is,  by  the  same  word,  into  English.  Take,  for  illustration, 
the  following  passage  from  Luther's  Version  of  the  Scriptures ; 
1  Sam.  xvii.  17.  —  '*  Nimm  far  deine  broder  diese  epha  sangen, 
und  diese  zehcn  brod,  und  lauf  ins  heer  7,u  deinen  brddern ;  " 
"  Take  now  for  thy  brethren  an  epha  of  this  parched  corn,  and 
these  ten  loaves,  and  leap  to  the  camp  of  thy  brethren."  Leap, 
instead  of  rmi,  is  good  German,  but  bad  English."  There  are 
two  other  words  in  this  passage,  of  which  a  like  remark  may  be 
made.     The  German  brod,  loaves,  is  our  bread,  which  admits  of 


•  "  He  walks,  he  lespe,  he  runs."  —  Cmeptr. 


INTRODUCTION 


no  plural :  and  sangen  is  our  singed,  which  we  can  not  apply  to 
parched  corn. 

So,  in  8oine  of  the  Teutonic  languages,  to  warp  kittens  or 
puppies,  to  icarp  eggs,  is  correct  language,  though  to  our  ears 
very  odd ;  but  tliis  is  only  a  particular  application  of  the  primary 
sense,  to  throK.     We  say,  to  tali  eggs ;  but  to  lay  is  to  throio  down. 

By  this  comparison  of  the  different  uses  and  applications  of  a 
word,  we  are  able,  in  most  cases,  to  detect  its  original  significa- 
tion. And  it  is  by  this  means,  I  apprehend,  that  we  may  arrive  at 
a  satisfactory  explanation  of  the  manner  in  which  the  same  word 
came  to  have  different  and  even  opposite  significations. 

It  is  well  known,  for  example,  that  the  Hebrew  word  "112 
harak,  is  rendered,  in  our  version  of  the  Scriptures,  both  to  bless 
and  to  curse.  The  propriety  of  the  latter  rendering  is  contro- 
verted by  Parkhurst,  who  labors  to  prove,  that  in  Kings  and  in 
Job,  where  it  is  rendered  to  curse,  it  ought  to  be  rendered  to 
bless;  and  he  cites,  as  authorities,  the  ancient  versions.  It  is 
true,  that  in  1  Kings  xxi.  10,  13,  and  in  Job  i.  U,  and  ii.  5,  the 
Seventy  have  rendered  the  word  by  nioytot,  to  bless;  and  other 
ancient  versions  agree  with  the  Septuagint.  But  let  the  word 
be  rendered  by  bless  in  tlie  following  passages :  "  Put  forth  thy 
hand  now,  and  touch  his  bone,  and  his  flesh,  and  he  will  bless  thee 
to  thy  face."  "  Biess  God  and  die."  How  very  absurd  does 
such  a  translation  appear  !  It  shows  the  immense  importance  of 
understanding  the  true  theory  of  language,  and  the  primary  sense 
of  radical  words.  Let  us,  then,  endeavor  to  discover,  if  possible, 
the  source  of  the  difficulty  in  the  case  here  mentioned.  To  be 
enabled  to  arrive  at  the  primary  sense,  let  us  examine  the  word 
in  the  several  languages,  first  of  the  Shemitic,  and  then  of  the 
Japhetic  stock. 

Heb.  "|1-,  to  bless ;  to  salnte,  or  wish  a  blessing  to. 

2.  To  curse  ;  to  blaspheme. 

3.  To  couch  or  bend  the  knee,  to  kneel. 
Deriv.     A  blessing,  and  the  knee. 

Chaldee,  y^,  to  bless ;  to  salute  at  meeting,  and  to  bid  fare- 
well at  parting. 

2.  To  bend  the  knee. 

3.  To  dig ;  to  plow  ;  to  set  slips  of  a  vine  or  plant  for  propa- 
gation.—  Talm.  and  Rabbin. 

Deriv.  The  knee  ;  a  blessing ;  a  cursing ;  a  cion  ;  the  young 
of  fowls. 

Syriac,  ,^3^.0,  to  fall  on  the  knees;  to  fall  or  bow  down. 
Judg.  V.  27 

2.  To  issue  or  proceed  from.     Matth.  iv.  19. 

3.  To  bless. 

Samaritan,  iJ'SS,  to  bless 

Ethiopie,  n^Tl,  to  bless.     Deriv.  the  knee. 

Arabic,  ^^  baraka,  to  bend  the  knee;  to  fall  on  the  breast, 

as  a  camel. 

2.  To  be  firm,  or  fixed. 

3.  To  rain  violently ;  to  pour  forth  rain,  as  the  clouds.     Gr. 

4.  To  detract  from ;  to  traduce ;  to  reproach  or  pursue  with 
reproaches ;  to  revile. 

5.  To  bless ;  to  pray  for  a  blessing  on ;  to  prosper ;  to  be 
blessed. 

6.  To  hasten  ;  to  rush,  as  on  an  enemy ;  to  assail. 

Deriv.  The  breast;  the  basin  of  a  fountain  ;  a  fishpond,  or 
receptacle  of  water,  as  in  Heb.  and  Ch. ;  also,  increase ;  abun- 
dance ;  constancy  ;  splendor ;  a  flash  of  light. 

In  the  latter  sense,  usually  from  Ow  ^<"°<i^,  HeD.  and  Ch. 
p*l-  barak. 

The  Arabic  word  supplies  us  with  the  certain  means  of  deter- 
mining the  radical  sense ;  for  among  other  significations,  it  has 
the  sense  of  pouring  forth  rain  ;  and  this  is  precisely  the  Greek 
^otxm.  The  primary  sense,  then,  is  to  send,  throw,  or  drive,  in  a 
transitive  sense  ;  or  in  an  intransitive  sense,  to  rush,  to  break  forth. 

To  Mess  and  to  curse  have  the  same  radical  sense,  which  is,  to 
send  or  pour  out  words,  to  drive  or  to  strain  out  the  voice,  pre- 
cisely as  in  the  Latin  appello,  from  pelJo,  whence  peal,  as  of 
thunder  or  of  a  bell.  The  Iteo  senses  spring  from  the  appropria- 
tion of  loud  words  to  express  particular  acts.  This  depends  on 
usage,  like  all  other  particular  applications  of  one  general  signi- 
fication.    The  sense  in  Scripture  is  to  utter  words  either  in  a 


good  or  bad  sense  ;  to  bless,  to  salute  ;  or  to  rail,  to  scold,  to  re- 
prpack  ;  and  this  very  word  is  probably  the  root  of  reproacft,  as  tl 
certainly  is  of  the  Latin  prccor,  used,  like  the  Shemitic  word,  in 
both  senses,  praying  and  cursing,  or  deprecating.*  It  is  also  the 
same  word  as  the  Lnglish  pray,  It.  prcgare,  L.  prccor,  the  same 
as  preach,  D.  prceken,  W.  pregetku.  To  the  same  family  belong 
the  Gr.  *io^<u,  |»oi'/ui.  finvxaofiai,  to  bray,  to  roar,  to  low,  Lat. 
rugio.  Here  we  see  that  bray  is  the  same  word,  applied  to  the 
voice  of  the  ass  and  to  breaking  in  a  mortar,  and  both  are  radi- 
cally the  same  word  as  break. 

The  sense  of  kneeling,  if  radical,  is  to  throw,  and  if  from  the 
noun,  the  sense  of  the  noun  is  a  throwing,  a  bending. 

The  Chaldee  sense  of  digging,  if  radical,  is  from  thrusting  in 
an  instrument,  or  breaking  the  ground  ;  but  perhaps  it  is  a  sense 
derived  from  the  name  of  a  shoot  or  cion,  and  in  reality,  to  set  a 
shoot,  to  plant. 

The  Syriac  use  of  this  word  in  Matth.  xv.  19,  is  intransitive, 
to  issue,  to  shoot,  or  break  forth.  So  in  Arabic,  to  rush  on,  to 
assault.  The  sense  of  firmness  in  Arabic  is  from  setting,  throw- 
ing down,  as  in  kneeling ;  and  hence  the  sense  of  breast,  the 
fixed,  firm  part. 

That  this  word  has  the  sense  both  of  blessing  and  of  cursing, 
or  reproaching,  we  have  demonstrative  evidence  in  the  WeLsh 
language.  Rhig,  in  Welsh,  is  "IIS,  without  the  prefoc.  It  signi- 
fies a  sending  out ;  utterance ;  a  gifl  or  present ;  a  consigning  ; 
a  ban,  a  curse  or  imprecation.  Rhegu,  to  give  ;  to  consign  ;  to 
curse.  From  rhlg  is  formed  preg,  a  greeting,  or  salutation,  [the 
very  Hebrew  and  Chaldee  word,]  pregeth,  a  sermon,  and  pregcthu, 
to  preach.  Here  we  have  not  only  the  origin  of  preach,  but 
another  important  fact,  that  preg,  and  of  course  "112,  is  a  com- 
pound word,  composed  of  a  prefix,/)  or  i,  and  rhSg.  But  this  is 
not  all ;  the  Welsh  grcg,  a  cackling,  gregar,  to  cackle,  is  formed 
with  the  prefix  g  on  this  same  rh^g.     [Dan.  krage,  a  crow.] 

In  Welsh,  bregu  signifies  to  break;  brig,  a  breach,  a  rupture. 
This  Owen  deduces  from  bar,  but  no  doubt  erroneously.  It  is 
from  rhegu  ;  and  there  is  some  reason  to  tliink  that  break  is  from 
"lis,  rather  tlian  from  pIC  ;  but  probably  both  are  from  one  radix, 
with  different  prefixes. 

We  observe  one  prominent  sense  of  the  Arabic  ^yj  baraka,  is 

to  rain  violently ;  to  pour  forth  water,  as  clouds.  This  is  pre- 
cisely the  Greek  /»p»/m;  a  word  found  in  all  the  Teutonic  and 
Gothic  languages,  but  written  either  with  or  without  its  prefix. 

Saxon,  rtegn  or  rcgn,  rain  ;  regnan,  to  rain. 

Dutch,  regen,  rain ;  regenen,  beregcnen,  to  rain  upon. 

German,  regen,  rain  ;  regncn,  to  rain ;  beregnen,  to  rain  on. 

Swedish,  regna,  to  rain. 

Danish,  regn,  rain ;  regner,  to  rain. 

Saxon,  racu,  rain  ;  Cimbric,  rakia,  id. 

Here  we  find  that  the  English  rain  is  from  the  same  root  as 
the  Welsh  rhlg,  rhegu,  and  the  Shemitic  "l^i^' 

Pursuing  the  inquiry  further,  we  find  that  the  Saxon  recan,  or 
reccan,  [W.  rhegu,]  signifies  to  speak,  to  tell,  to  relate,  to  reckon, 
the  primary  sense  of  which  last  is  to  speak  or  tell ;  also  to  rule, 
which  shows  this  to  be  the  Latin  rego;  also  to  care,  which  is  the 
English  reck.  That  this  is  the  same  word  as  rain,  we  know  from 
the  Danish,  in  which  language  regner  signifies  both  to  rain  and 
to  reckon,  to  tell,  to  count  or  compute.  In  the  German,  the  words 
are  written  a  little  differently  ;  rechnen,  to  reckon,  and  regnen,  to 
rain.  So  in  Dutch,  reckcnen  and  regenen;  but  this  is  a  fact  by 
no  means  uncommon. 

Here  we  find  that  the  English  reckon  and  reck,  and  the  Latin 
rego,  are  the  same  word.  The  primary  sense  is  to  strain,  to  reach, 
to  stretch.  Care,  is  a  stretching  of  tlic  mind,  like  attention,  from 
the  Latin  tendo,  and  restraint  is  the  radical  sense  of  governing. 
Hence  tectus,  right,  that  is,  straight,  stretched. 

Hence  we  find  that  rain  and  the  Latin  regnum,  reign,  are  radi- 
cally the  same  word. 

Now,  in  Saxon,  racan,  or  rtBcan,  is  the  English  reach,  to  stretch 
or  extend,  from  the  same  root,  and  probably  reek,  Saxon  recan, 
reocan,  to  fume 'or  smoke  ;  for  lliis  is  to  send  off. 

I  might  have  mentioned  before,  that  the  Chaldee  nS'^IS,  a  cion 
or  branch,  is  precisely  the  Celtic  word  for  arm ;  Irish,  braic,  or 
raigh;  Welsh  brail; ;  whence  the  Greek  flna);ii»r,  the  Latin  bra^ 
chium,  whence  the  Spanish  brazo,  whence  the  French  bras, 
whence  the  English  brace      The  arm  is  a  shoot,  a  branch,  and 

•  "  Improbus  urgel  iratis  preeibus."  —  Horace, 


INTRODUCTION. 


branch  is  from  this  root  or  one  of  the  family,  n  being  casual ; 
bratick  for  brack. 

On  this  word  let  it  be  further  observed,  or  on  pIB  or  p"!!:,  if 
radically  different,  are  formed,  with  the  prefix  s,  the  German 
sprechen,  to  speak,  spracke^  speech ;  Dutch  spreeherij  spraak ; 
Swedish  spruka,  sprak ;  Danish  sprogy  speech ;  and  Swedish 
spricka,  to  break;  Danish  sprekker.  The  same  word  with  n  cas- 
ual is  seen  in  spring,  the  breaking  or  opening  of  tlie  winter  j  and 
here  we  see  the  origin  of  the  marine  phrase,  to  spring  a  mast, 
Danish  springer,  to  burst,  crack,  or  spring.  This  in  Swedish  is 
written  without  n,  spricka,  to  break,  burst,  split ;  but  a  noun  of 
this  family  has  »,  springa,  a  crack,  and  spring,  a  spring,  a 
running. 

Now  let  ns  attend  to  other  Shemitio  words  consisting  of  cog- 
nate elements. 

Chaldee,  "TiZprak,  to  rub  or  scrape ;  to  rub  out  or  tread  out,  as 
grain  from  the  ear  or  sheaf;  L3.t\nfrico,frio, 

2.  To  collect  and  bind,  as  sheaves ;  perhaps  English,  to  rake. 

3.  To  break  or  break  down. 

4.  To  question ;  to  doubt.  In  Saxon  and  Gothic,  fragnan, 
fragan,  signifies  to  ask. 

Deriv.  Froward;  perverse.  Prov.  ii.  12.  So  in  English  re- 
fractory. 

This  verb  is  not  in  the  Hebrew ;  but  there  are  two  derivatives, 
one  signifying  the  inner  vail  of  the  temple  ;  so  called  probably 
from  its  use  in  breaking,  that  is,  interrupting  access,  or  separa- 
tion, like  diaphragm  in  English.  The  other  derivative  is  ren- 
dered rigor,  or  cruelty ;  that  which  strains,  oppresses,  breaks 
down,  or  rakes,  harasses. 

With  this  verb  coincides  the  Irish  hraeaim,  to  break,  to  harrow, 
that  is,  to  rake. 

Syr.  •^i-%  to  rub;  so  rendered,  Luke  vi.  1.  Lat.frico.  A 
derivative  signifies  to  comminute. 

Deriv.     Distortion ;  winding';  twisting.     Let  this  be  noted. 

At.  jjjlj/ara&a,  lornb,  Lat. /rico. 

2.   To  hate,  as  a  husband  or  wife  ;  to  be  languid,  or  relaxed. 

Deriv.     Laxity  ;  frangibility  ;  friability. 

Heb.  pi!;,  to  break,  burst,  or  rend ;  to  break  off;  to  separate. 

Deriv.     A  breaking  or  parting  of  a  road. 

Ch.  pnc,  to  break. 

2.  To  redeem ;  that  is,  to  free,  separate,  or  deliver. 

3.  To  explain,  as  a  doubtful  question. 

Deriv.  One  who  ransoms  or  delivers ;  a  rupture  ;  the  neck  or 
its  juncture  ;  a  joint  of  the  fingers,  &c. ;  the  ankle  ;  the  joint  of 
a  reed ;  a  chapter  or  section  of  a  book  ;  explanation  ;  ezposition. 
pTIC,  a  rupture,  coinciding  with  the  English  broke. 

Syr.  -  *"^t  °'j  to  redeem. 

2.   To  depart ;  to  remove ;  to  separate. 

Deriv.  A  recess,  or  withdrawing ;  separation ;  liberation ; 
redemption  ;  safety  ;  vertebra. 

Sam.     The  same  as  the  Syriac  verb. 

Ar.  i^yy  faraka,  to  separate;  to  divide  ;  to  withdraw;  to  dis- 
perse; [qu.  Lat.  spargo;]  to  lay  open;  to  disclose;  to  cast  out; 
to  immerse. 

Deriv.  Separation;  distinction,  distance;  interval;  disper- 
sion ;  aurora,  as  we  say,  the  break  of  day  ;  also,  a  garment  reach- 
ing to  the  middle  of  the  thigh,  (\n.  frock;  also  breech. 

I  have  placed  these  two  words  together,  because  I  am  con- 
vinced they  are  both  of  one  family,  or  formed  on  the  same  radical 
word.  The  latter  coincides  exactly  with  the  Ldiit'in  frango,  fregi, 
fractum;  for  n  in  frango  is  undoubtedly  casual.  Now,  in  Welsh, 
bregu,  to  break,  would  seem  to  be  directly  connected  with  "113, 
yet  doubtless  bregu  is  the  English  break,  the  German  brcchen,  the 
Dutch  breeken,  &c.  In  truth,  the  three  words  "112,  "l"!?,  and 
pic,  are  probably  all  from  one  primitive  root,  formed  with  dif- 
ferent prefixes,  or  rather  with  the  same  prefix,  differently  written  ; 
the  different  words  bearing  appropriate  senses,  among  different 
tribes  of  men. 

We  observe  in  the  Chaldee  word  the  sense  of  qnestioning. 
Perhaps  this  may  be  the  Gothic /ra^on,  to  ask  ;  and  if  so,  it  coin- 
cides with  the  Latin  rogo,  the  latter  without  the  prefix.  In  the 
•ense  of  break,  we  find,  in  the  Greek,  oijyiuoi,  without  a  prefix. 

Mott  of  the  tignifications  of  these  verba  are  too  obvious  to 


need  illustration.  But  we  find  in  the  Syriac  the  sense  of  distor- 
tion, a  sense  which  at  first  appears  to  be  remote  from  that  of 
breaking  or  bursting  asunder.  But  tiiis  is  probably  the  primary 
sense,  to  strain,  to  stretch  ;  a  sense  we  retain  in  the  phrase,  to 
break  upon  the  wheel ;  and  by  dropping  the  prefix,  we  have  the 
precise  word  in  the  verb,  to  rack. 

Now,  if  this  is  the  genuine  sense,  we  find  it  gives  the  English 
wreck  and  wrack,  the  Danish  vrag,  Sw.  vrak,  a  wreck.  In  Saxon, 
wrtecati,  wrecan,  is  the  English  wreak;  that  is,  to  drive,  or  throw 
on ;  wrare,  is  an  exile,  a  wretch.  In  Dan.  vrager  signifies  to 
reject;  Sw.  vraka,  to  throw  away  ;  all  implying  a  driving  force; 
and  that  wreck  is  connected  with  break,  is  probable  for  another 
reason,  that  the  hs-tinfractus,  frango,  forms  a  constituent  part  of 
naufragium,  the  English  shipwreck,  which  in  Danish  is  simply 
vrag. 

Now,  if  straining,  distortion,  is  one  of  the  senses  of  this  root, 
the  English  wring,  wrong,  Danish  rrang,  Sw.  vrang,  may  be 
deduced  from  it,  for  undoubtedly  n  is  not  radical  in  these  words. 
The  Dutch  has  wringcn;  but  the  German  drops  the  first  letter,  and 
has  ringen,  both  to  twist  or  wind,  and  to  ring  or  sound  ;  the  latter 
sense  from  straining  or  throwing,  as  in  other  cases.  Without  n, 
wring  would  be  tcrig,  and  wrong,  wrog ;  wrang,  wrag,  Danish 
rrag. 

In  Greek,  ir,yog  is  a  blanket  or  coverlet,  and  connected  with 
oijyivui  ;  that  is,  a  spread  ;  from  stretching,  or  throwing  over. 

We  find  also  among  the  Chaldee  derivatives  the  sense  of  a 
neck,  and  a  joint.  Now,  we  find  this  word  in  Irish,  braigh,  the 
neck  ;  in  Greek,  without  the  prefix,  oo/ic,  the  spine  of  the  back ; 
Saxon,  hracca  ;  English,  the  rack,  and,  from  the  Greek,  the  rick- 
ets, from  distortion. 

Coinciding  with  the  Greek  pi-yrvm,  to  break,  we  find  in  Welsh 
rhwgaw,  to  rend ;  and  coinciding  with  nu^'a,  a  rock,  a  crag, 
Welsh  craig ;  and  connected  with  these,  the  Saxon  hracod,  Eng- 
lish ragged,  that  is,  broken ;  evidently  the  participle  of  a  verb  of 
this  family. 

Hence  we  find  the  senses  of  distortion  and  breaking  connected 
in  this  root,  in  a  great  variety  of  instances. 

The  Shemitic  pl^i  to  lighten,  to  shine  or  flash,  is  one  of  this 
family.  The  sense  is,  to  shoot  or  dart,  to  throw,  as  in  all  like 
cases.  And  under  this  root  the  Arabic  has  the  sense,  to  adorn, 
as  a  female;  to  make  bright  or  shining;  which  gives  the  English 
prank  and  prink,  D.  priigt,  G.  prarht.  Prance  is  of  the  same 
family,  from  leaping,  starting,  darting  up. 

In  Greek,  ,9ytt/fs,  short,  stands  in  the  Lexicons  as  a  primary 
word  or  root.  But  this  is  from  the  root  of  break,  which  is  lost  in 
Greek,  unless  in  iit/^rvut,  without  the  prefix.  From  i^^io/ij,  or 
the  root  of  this  word,  the  French  language  has  abreger,  to  abridge; 
and  what  is  less  obvious,  but  equally  certain,  is,  that  from  the 
same  root  the  Latin  has  breris,  by  sinking  the  palatal  letter,  as 
we  do  in  bow,  from  bugan,  and  in  lay,  from  tecgan;  so  tliat  abridge 
and  abbreviate,  brief,  are  from  one  root. 

It  should  have  been  before  mentioned  that  the  Latin  refragor 
signifies  to  resist,  to  strive  against,  to  deny,  whence  refractory ; 
a  sense  that  demonstrates  the  primary  sense  to  be,  to  strain,  urge, 
press ;  and  refraction,  in  optics,  is  a  breaking  of  the  direct  course 
of  rays  of  light  by  turning  them;  a  sense  coinciding  with  that  of 
distortion. 

We  see,  then,  that  one  predominant  sense  a{ break,  is,  to  strain, 
to  distort.  Let  us  now  examine  some  of  the  biliteral  roots  in  rg 
and  rk,  which,  if  A  is  a  prefix,  must  be  the  primary  elements  of 
all  the  words  above  mentioned. 

Ch.  331  rag,  regag,  to  desire,  to  long  for.  This  is  the  Greek 
Off yiu,  and  English  to  reach ;  for  desire  is  expressed  by  reaching 
forward,  stretching  the  mind  toward  the  object.  So  in  Latin 
appcio  and  expclo,  from  pcto,  to  move  toward.  This  coincides 
nearly  with  the  Latin  rogo,  to  ask,  and  the  Goth,  fragnan.  Sax. 
frtegnan. 

Syr.  ^  vi,  to  desire ;  and  with  olaph  prefixed,  ...^j,  to  desire, 
or  long;   also  to  wet,  or  moisten;   also   j.^,  to  moisten  —  Latin 

rigo,   irrigo,  to  irrigate. 

Deriv.  Tender,  soft,  fresh,  from  moisture  or  greennesa.  Qu. 
Lat.  recens,  a  derivative. 

Here  desire  and  irrigation  are  beth  from  one  root ;  desire  is  a 
reaching  forward,  and  irrigation  is  a  spreading  of  water. 

This  root,  in  Hebrew  31S,  signifies  to  weave,  or  connect,  as  in 
texture  and  net- work ;  but  the  primary  sense  is  to  stretch  or 
strain. 


INTRODUCTION. 


In  Arabic,  the  same  verb  —S  signifies  to  emit  an  agreeable 

■mell ;  to  breathe  fragrance ;  radically,  to  throw  or  send  out ;  to 
eject ;  a  mere  modification  of  tlie  same  sense.  This  is  the  Latin 
fraaro,  whence  fragrant,  with  a  prefix ;  but  according  exactly 
wiu  the  English  reek. 

"T"!!*  in  Ch.  Heb.  Syr.  and  Sam.,  signifies  to  prolong,  to  extend. 
In  Ar.  as  in  Heb.  in  Hiph.  to  delay,  or  retard ;  that  is,  to  draw 
out  in  time. 

S3"l  in  Heb.  has  been  differently  interpreted;  indeed,  it  has 
been  rendered  by  words  of  directly  contrary  signification.  The 
more  modern  interpreters,  says  Castell,  render  it,  to  split,  divide, 
separate,  or  break  ;  the  ancient  interpreters  rendered  it,  to  stiffen, 
to  make  rigid  or  rough,  to  wrinkle  or  corrugate.  Castell  and 
Parkhurst,  however,  agree  in  rendering  it,  in  some  passages,  to 
quiet,  still,  allay.  Jer.  xlvii.  C,  1.  34.  In  Job  vii.  5,  our  trans- 
lators have  rendered  it  6roAen,  "  My  skin  is  broken,"  [rough,  or 
rigid.]  In  Job  xxvi.  Vi,  it  is  rendered  by  divide,  "  He  dicideth 
the  sea  by  his  power."  In  Vanderhooght's  Bible  it  is  in  this 
place  rendered  by  commoret,  he  agitates  the  sea.  The  Seventy 
render  it  by  x^riTiavat,  he  stilled;  and  this  is  the  sense  which 
Parkhurst  gives  it. 

In  Isaiah  li.  13,  and  Jer.  xxxi.  35,  it  is  rendered  in  our  version 
by  divide.  "  But  I  am  the  Lord  thy  God,  tliat  divided  the  sea, 
whose  waves  roared." 

In  Vanderhooght's  Bible  it  is  rendered  in  Isaiah  li.  15,  "  I  am 
Jehovah  thy  God,  qui  eommovens  mare,  ut  perstrepant  fluctus 
ejus."  In  Jer.  xxxi.  35, "  eommovens  mare,  ut  tumultuentur  fluc- 
tus"  —  agitating  or  moving  the  sea,  that  the  waves  roar,  or  may 
roar.  The  passage  in  Isaiah  is  rendered  by  the  Seventy,  on  6 
©•o;  aov,  d  raoaaofur  rr^v  daAuanar,  xat  i:/wr  to  xvuara  avrrif, 
*»agitating  the  sea,  and  causing  its  waves  to  roar  and  resound." 
In  the  French  translation,  the  passage  in  Isaiah  is,  "  qui  fend  la 
mer,  et  ses  fiots  bruient :  "  [I]  who  divide  the  sea,  and  the  waves 
roar.  In  Jeremiah  tlie  passage  is,  "  qui  agite  la  mer,  et  les  flots 
en  bruient :  "  who  agitates  the  sea,  and  therefore  the  waves  roar. 
In  Italian,  the  passage  in  Isaiah  is  rendered,  "  che  muovo  il  mare, 
e  le  sue  onde  romoreggiano."  In  Jorcmiah,  "che  commuove  il 
mare,  onde  le  sue  onde  romoreggiano;"  who  moveth  the  sea, 
wherefore  its  waves  roar,  or  become  tumultuous. 

These  different  renderings  show  the  importance  of  under- 
standing the  literal  or  primary  sense  of  words ;  for  whatever  may 
be  the  rea'  sense  in  the  passages  above  mentioned,  it  can  not  be 
to  divide  If  we  are  to  give  to  vau  in  the  following  word  its 
usual  sense  of  and,  it  is  difficult  to  make  sense  of  the  word  53"li 
by  translating  it,  he  slillcth :  He  slillelh  the  sea,  and  its  wares  are 
tumtdtuous,  or  He  stilleth  the  sea  that  the  waves  may  roar  or  be 
agitated  !  This  will  not  answer.  The  more  rational  version 
would  be.  He  rougheTts  the  sea,  and  its  waters  roar ;  or  he  drives, 
impels  it  into  agitation.  In  Ethiopic,  the  same  word  signifies  to 
coagulate,  to  freeze,  to  become  rigid  ;  and  this  is  undoubtedly  the 
Latin  rj^«o,and  with  a  pieUxfrigeo,  and  this  signification  is  per- 
haps allied  to  the  Lat.  rugo,  to  wrinkle  ;  for,  as  a  general  rule, 
the  radical  sense  of  wrinkle  is  to  draw,  as  in  contract,  contraho, 
and  this  seems  to  be  the  sense  of  rigeo.  Both  these  words  are 
allied  to  rough,  which  is  from  breaking  or  wrinkling.  This  sense 
would  perhaps  well  suit  the  context  in  these  two  passages,  as  it 
would  also  that  in  Job  vii.  5 :  My  skin  is  rough. 

Now,  in  Arabic,  the  general  signification  of  531  is  to  return,  to 
repeat,  to  withdraw,  which  may  be  from  drawing  back ;  a  differ- 
ent application  of  the  original  sense,  to  strain,  stretch,  or  extend. 
The  root  j:""!  in  Chaldee  signifies  to  spit,  and  this  is  probably 
the  Latin  ructo,  somewhat  varied  in  application.     The  same  verb 

in  Arabic  oK  rauka,  signifies  to  drive  off,  to  reject ;  to  shoot  or 

grow  long,  as  teeth ;  to  strain,  purify  or  make  clear,  as  wine ; 
precisely  the  English  to  rack;  also,  to  spread,  and  to  pour  out. 
Hebrew  pi,  to  empty,  to  draw  out,  to  attenuate  or  make  thin ; 
and  as  a  nrun,  spittle  ;  Syriac,  to  spit,  to  draw  out,  to  attenuate  ; 
Samaritan,  to  pour  out,  to  draw  out,  to  extend ;  Ethiopic,  to  be 
fine,  slender,  or  thin ;  Arabic,  to  be  soft,  tender,  thin.  The  verb 
■yi  has  a  like  signification,  and  is  perhaps  from  the  same  original 
root ;  Spl,  Hebrew,  to  spread,  stretch,  extend.  But,  says  Castell, 
all  the  ancient  interpreters  rendered  the  word,  to  ordain,  estab- 
lish, make  firm ;  to  strike,  to  beat,  as  plates  of  metal.  But  the 
sense  is  to  stretch,  to  spread,  and  the  beating  is  only  the  means 


of  extending.  Hence  S'^pl,  the  firmament,  which  agrees  well 
with  Lat.  regio,  an  extent ;  in  Hebrew,  properly,  an  expanse. 
And  to  reconcile  the  ancient  and  modern  interpretations  of  this 
word,  let  it  bo  remembered  that  strength  and  JirmjLcss  are  usually 
or  always  from  stretching,  tension. 

Now  let  us  hear  Ainsworth  on  the  word  regio.  "  Regio  a  rego 
quod  priusquam  provinciffi  fierent,  regiones  sub  regibus  erant 
atque  ab  his  regebantur."  How  much  more  natural  is  it  to  de- 
duce regio  from  the  primary  sense  of  rego,  which  is  to  stretch,  to 
strain,  to  extend  !  Regio  is  an  extent,  a  word  of  indefinite  signi- 
fication. 

In  Chaldee  and  Arabic  this  verb  signifies  to  mend,  to  repair,  to 
make  whole ;  from  extending,  spreading  over,  or  making  strong. 
See  the  root  Jd,  infra. 

We  observe  that  331  and  Spl  agree,  in  original  signification, 
with  the  English  reach,  on  the  root  of  which,  or  some  of  its  deriv- 
atives, was  formed  stretch.  That  "112,  lICi  and  pIS  were  formed 
on  any  of  the  foregoing  billteral  roots,  we  may  not  be  able  to 
affirm ;  but  it  is  certain  from  the  Welsh,  that  the  first  consonant 
of  the  triliteral  root  is  a  prefix,  and  it  is  certain  from  the  Shemitic 
languages,  that  the  primary  sense  is  the  same  in  the  biliteral  and 
triliteral  roots,  or  that  all  the  applications  or  particular  significa- 
tions may  readily  be  deduced  from  one  general  signification. 

To  illustrate  this  subject  more  fully,  let  us  attend  to  the  various 
applications  of  some  other  Shemitic  words  of  extensive  use. 


ma. 

Heb.   Sia  bara,  to  create.     This,  by  most  lexicographe-s,  is 

fiven   as  the   first  signification,   in  all  the   Shemitic  languages, 
arkhurst  says,  to  create;  to  produce  into  being.     Gen.  i.  1. 

2.  To  form  by  accretion  or  concretion  of  matter.     Gen.  i.  21. 

3.  In  Hiph.  to  make  fat;  to  fatten  or  batten.     1  Sam.  ii.  29. 

4.  To  do  or  perform  something  wonderful.     Num.  xvi.  30. 

5.  In  Niph.  to  be  renewed.     In  Kal.  to  renew,  in  a  spiritual 
sense.     Ps.  li.  12. 

Castell  says, 

1.  To  create  from  nothing,  or  to  produce  something  new  or 
excellent  from  another  thing.     Gen.  i.  Is.  xlii.  5. 

2.  In  Niph.  to  be  renewed  or   re-created.     Is.    xlviii.  7.    Ps. 
cii.  19. 

3.  To  cut  off;  to  take  away  ;  to  bear  away,  or  remove ;  also,  to 
select ;  to  prepare.     Josh.  xvii.  15,  18.     Ezek.  xxiii.  47. 

Gesenius  says, 

1.  Strictly,  to  hew,  to  hew  out.     [Ar.  to  cut,  to  cut  out,  to 
plane.] 

2.  To  form;  to   make;  to  produce.     Ar.   'jJ.     The   order  of 

significations  is,  as  in  the  Ar.  v^JiXri  galaka,  to  be  smooth,  to 
make  smooth.  2.  To  plane.  3.  To  form,  make.  Gen.  i.  1, 
21,  27. 

1.  Niph.  passive  of  Kal.  No.  2.     Gen.  ii.  4. 

2.  To  be  bom.     Ezek.  xxi.  30.     Ps.  cii.  18. 

Pi.  ttin,  the  verb  differently  pointed ;  to  hew,  to  cut  down. 
Josh.  xvii.  15,  18. 

2.  To  cut  down  with  the  sword ;  to  kill.     Ezek.  xxiii.  47. 

3.  To  make  fat.     1  Sam.  ii.  29. 
Thus  far  the  Hebrew. 

Chal.  S12,  to  create.     Gen.  i.  1. 
2     To  cut  off.     Is.  xl.  20. 

3.    To  make  fat ;  to  grow  sound  or  strong.     Talm. 
Deriv.     Fat ;  whole ;  sound  ;  strong.     Castell. 
Syr.  IlO,  to  create.     Gen.  i.  1.     Mark  xiii.  19. 
2.    To   remove    to   a   distance ;  and    Deriv.    distance,  distant. 

Castell. 

Sam.  /(■'\%  to  create.     Gen.  i.  22.     Dent.  iv.  32.     Castell. 

Ar.  \fj,  to  create.     Job  xxxviii.  7.  [qu.  4  and  6.] 

2.  To   be    free,   or   guiltless,    not   obnoxious   to   punishment. 
Num.  V.  28,  31 ;  and  xxxii.  22.     Rom.  vii.  6. 

3.  To  free ;  to  absolve  from  a  crime ;  to  liberate ;  to  dismiss ; 
to  justify.     Ex.  XX.  7.     Num.  xiv.  18. 

4.  To  escape  ;  to  forsake. 

5.  To  recover  from  disease  ;  to  be  healed ;  to  restore  to  health. 
Lev.  xiii.  18.     Josh.  v.  8.     Matth.  iv.  23. 


INTRODUCTION. 


6.  To  cleanse ;  to  free  from  impurities. 

7.  To  ahfttain  from. 


7.    To  abstain  from. 

Deriv.     Creator ;  free ;  unobnoxious ;  clean  ;  empty. 

Ar.  1^,  to  create. 

2.  To  cut  off;  to  hew  or  pare. 

3.  To  separate  ;  to  distinguish. 

4.  To  make  thin. 

5.  To  oppose  ;  to  strive  ;  to  resist. 

6.  To  provolce  ;  to  boast,  or  make  a  parade. 

7.  To  distribute  ;  to  disperse.  Castell. 
According  to  Gesenius,  the  primary  sense  of  the  verb  is  to  hew, 

to  cut  out,  and  thus  to  make  smootii,  and  thus  to  create  ;  and  he 
deduces  these  senses  in  the  same  order  as  he  does  those  of  the 
Arabic  verb,  which  gires  the  word  Hie.  But  there  is  no  ground 
for  this  opinion ;  and  doubtless  the  verb  originated  before  the  use 
of  edge  tools. 

The  predominant  senses  of  this  word  are,  to  separate,  to  free, 
to  remove  ;  as  we  see  by  the  Arabic  and  Syriac. 

Now,  hewing  is  indeed  separating,  and  we  have  the  English 
word  pare  from  this  root ;  but  we  must  seek  for  a  signification 
which  is  more  general  than  that  of  paring,  or  we  shall  not  be 
able  to  account  for  the  sense  of  making  fat,  sound,  entire,  and 
strong,  nor  for  that  of  being  born. 

The  truth  undoubtedly  is,  this  word  is  of  the  same  family  with 
the  English  bear,  the  Latin  pario,  and  the  radical  sense  is  to 
throw,  to  thrust,  to  send,  to  drive,  to  extend ;  hence  to  throw  out, 
to  produce,  as  applied  to  the  birth  of  children  or  of  the  world. 
To  throw  or  drive  is  the  primary  sense  of  separation  and  division, 
that  is,  to  drive  off.  The  English  word  deal,  when  traced  to  its 
root,  presents  the  same  fact.  See  Deal.  To  create  is  to  produce 
or  bring  forth,  the  same  sense  as  that  of  birth,  applied  to  a  differ- 
ent object.  The  sense  of  hewing  and  paring  is  from  drivino-  off, 
separation.  In  Syriac,  we  observe  the  general  application,  in 
remoraJ,  or  departure  to  a  distance.  The  sense  of  fattening  is 
derivative,  and  allied  to  that  of  healing  or  making  whole,  sound, 
strong,  in  the  Arabic  ;  that  is,  preparing,  bringing  to  a  good  state, 
or  from  tension,  the  usual  primary  sense  of  strength  and  power. 

To  obtain  a  more  full  and  satisfactory  view  of  this  subject,  let 
us  attend  to  the  same  word  in  the  modern  languages  of  Europe. 


LATIN.  • 

Paro,  to  prepare,  make  ready,  procure,  design,  &c.  The  radi- 
cal sense  of  paro  is  probably  the  same  as  in  the  Shemitic  lan- 
guages ;  to  produce,  to  bring  forward.  So  also  ready  implies  an 
advancing,  and  so  does  promptness.  But  the  various  ways  of 
preparing  a  thing  for  use  naturally  give  to  the  word,  in  process 
of  time,  a  variety  of  particular  significations  ;  each  of  which  re- 
sults in  bringing  the  thing  to  the  state  desired.  The  compounds 
of  paro  are  apparo,  to  prepare,  to  furnish,  accouter  or  get  out ; 
eomparo,  to  prepare  or  procure,  to  make  equal,  to  compare,  to 
join,  to  dress  or  make  ready ;  prceparo,  to  prepare  ;  reparo,  to  re- 
pair, to  create  anew,  to  regain,  to  compensate  ;  separo,  to  sepa- 
rate. Let  the  Latin  uses  of  this  word  be  compared  with  the  same 
Hebrew  word  in  Joshua  xvii.  15,  where  it  is  rendered  cut  down. 
"  Ascend  to  the  wood  country  and  cut  down  for  thyself;  "  Sep- 
tuagint,  iKxuianov  aiavria,  clear  for  thyself.  This  is  one  mode  of 
preparation  for  use.  In'  Ezek.  xx'i.  19,  it  is  rendered  choose ; 
Septuagint,  diaraliis,  appoint. 


ITALIAN. 

Parare,  to  prepare  ;  to  garnish;  to  adorn  ;  to  propose  an  occa- 
sion ;  to  parry,  or  ward  off,  as  a  blow  ;  to  defend  ;  to  cover  from 
or  shelter;  to  repair;  to  teach  a  horse  to  stop,  and  in  horseman- 
ship, to  stop  ;  parata,  a  warding  off,  a  garnishing ;  parato,  pre- 
pared, ready,  prompt,  warded  off  or  parried,  shielded,  defended. 

Jlpparare,  to  learn ;  apparato,  learned,  prepared ;  apparato, 
preparation,  garnishment. 

Partcchio,  a  preparation  ;  also  equal,  even  [L.  par  ;]  parecrhiare, 
to  prepare;  parz-^^iare,  to  make  equal,  to  compare;  apparecchiare, 
to  prepare,  to  ornament  or  garnish,  to  set  in  order ;  appare'ggiare, 
to  put  in  competition,  to  match,  to  equal. 

Comparare,  to  compare. 

Z)«;)orare,  to  forget ;  disparare,  sparare,  to  uafurniab,  disgar- 
ni»h,  to  make  unready,  to  disbowel,  to  separate,  disjoin,  unpair ; 
to  discharge,  aa  artillery. 


Imparare,  to  learn. 

Riparare,  to  repair,  to  restore  to  the  first  state ;  to  repair,  or 
resort  to,  or  have  access  to ;  to  parry,  or  ward  off;  riparo,  repa- 
ration, a  fort,  a  bank,  fence,  mound,  remedy,  shelter. 


SPANISH. 

Parar,  to  prepare;  to  stop,  detain,  prevent;  to  end;  to 
treat  or  use  ill;  to  stake  at  cards;  to  point  out  the  game,  as 
pointers. 

Parada,  a  halt  or  stopping,  end,  pause;  a  fold  for  cattle;  a 
relay,  as  of  horses  ;  a  dam  or  bank  ;  a  stake  or  bet ;  a  parade,  or 
a  place  where  troops  are  assembled  to  exercise ;  parado,  remiss, 
careless,  unemployed. 

Par,  a  pair ;  a  peer ;  aflerbirth  ;  the  handle  of  a  bell. 

Aparar,  to  stretch  out  the  hands  or  skirts  of  a  garment  for 
receiving  any  thing  ;  to  dig  and  heap  earth  round  plants  ;  to  close 
the  upper  and  hmd  quarter  of  a  shoe  to  the  sole  ;  to  couple  male 
and  female  animals;  to  dub,  as  a  ship. 

Jiparador,  a  sideboard,  a  dresser  in  a  kitchen,  a  workshop,  a 
wardrobe  ;  aparato,  preparation,  pomp,  show. 

Jlparear,  to  match ;  to  suit  one  thing  to  another,  [pair.] 

Jlparejo,  preparation,  harness,  sizing  of  a  piece  of  linen  or 
board  on  which  something  is  to  be  painted ;  tackle,  rigging  em- 
ployed on  board  of  a  ship.     [Appard,  parrel.] 

Comparar,  to  compare. 

Desparejar,  to  make  unequal. 

Disparur,  to  discharge,  as  fire-arms. 

Jimpara»,  p)  shelter ;  to  protect.  [Aragon,  to  sequester,  as 
goods.] 

Emparedar,  to  confine  or  shut  up. 

Reparar,  to  repair;  to  observe  carefully,  to  consider;  to  mend 
or  correct ;  to  suspend  or  detain  ;  to  guard,  defend,  protect ;  to 
regain  strength,  or  recover  from  sickness;  to  right  the  helm. 

Separar,  to  separate. 

PORTUGUESE. 

Parar,  v.  i.  to  stop,  to  cease  to  go  forward ;  to  confine  upon,  to 
meet  at  the  end,  to  touch,  to  be  bounded ;  to  tend,  to  drive  at 
something,  to  aim  at,  to  come  to ;  to  imply,  involve,  or  comprise  : 
"  Nao  posso  parar  com  fome,"  I  can  not  bear  hunger.  "  Ningucm 
pode  aqui  parar,"  Nobody  can  live  or  stay  here.     [Eng.  bear.] 

Parar,  v.  t.  to  stop,  to  hinder  from  proceeding;  to  parry  ot 
ward  off;  to  turn  or  change  with  regard  to  inclination  or  morals ; 
to  lay  or  stake,  as  a  wager.  Parada,  a  stopping,  or  place  of  stop- 
ping ;  a  bet  or  wager. 

Mmparar,  to  protect,  shelter,  defend,  abet. 

Comparar,  to  compare ;  comprar,  to  buy,  to  procure. 

J]paTar,  to  pare,  as  an  apple;  to  mend  or  make  a  pen;  to 
parry  a  blow. 

.Iparelhar,  to  prepare,  to  fit,  to  cut  out  or  rough  hew ;  aparelho, 
tackle  in  a  ship  for  hoisting  things,  Eng.  a  parrel. 

Disparar,  to  shoot,  to  discharge,  as  fire-arms. 

7Jc/)arar,  to  repair ;  to  ^arry  in  fencing;  to  advert;  to  observe  ; 
to  make  amends ;  to  retrieve;  to  recover;  to  recruit;  to  shelter; 
reparo,  in  fortification,  defense. 

FRENCH. 

Purer,  to  deck,  adorn,  trim,  set  off,  embellish ;  to  parry  or  ward 
off.  "Purer  des  cuirs,"  to  dress  leather;  "Purer  le  pied  d'un 
cheval,"  to  pare  a  horse's  hoof. 

Parer,  v.  i.  to  stop;  paresse,  idleness. 

Pari,  a  lay,  bet,  or  wager ;  parier,  to  bet  or  lay  a  wager. 

Appareil,  preparation,  furniture,  train,  retinue,  [Eng.  apparel.] 
Apparauz,  tackle,  sails  and  rigging,.  [Eng.  parre/.] 

Pair,  a  peer,  an  equal ;  pnire,  a  pair ;  nppaner,  to  pair,  to  match 

S'emparer,  to  seize,  to  invade. 

Reparer,  to  repair. 

Separer,  to  separate. 

ARMORIC. 

Para,  to  dress,  to  trim,  to  stop,  to  parry,  to  prepare. 

RUSSIAN. 

Vberayu,  to  put  in  order,  to  adjust,  to  mow  or  reap,  to  cat,  to 
dreia,  as  the  hair.    This  word  has  the  common  prefix  u. 


zl 


INTRODUCTION. 


PERSIC. 
JjtXjw  poridan,  to  cut  off. 

WELSH. 

Par,  something  contiguous,  or  that  is  in  continuity ;  a  state  of 
readiness  or  preparedness;  a, pair  or  couple  ;  a  fellow,  match. 
Pdr,  a  cause  ;  the  essence,  germ,  or  seed  of  a  thing ;  a  spear. 
Para,  to  continue,  to  endure,  to  persevere 
Parad,  a  causing ;  parni,  that  causes  to  be. 
Paratei,  prepared,  ready  ;  parodi,  to  prepare. 

That  all  the  foregoing  words  in  the  present  European  lan- 
guages [and  several  others  might  have  been  added]  are  formed 
from  one  stock  or  radix,  coinciding  with  the  Latin  pnro,  is  a  fact 
that  admits  of  no  question.  The  only  doubt  respecting  the  cor- 
rectness of  the  whole  preceding  statement,  is,  whether  the  Latin 
paro  is  radically  the  same  as  the  Oriental  X"13 ;  and  with  regard 
to  this  point,  I  should  suppose  the  evidence  to  be  convincing. 
Indeed,  there  is  good  reason  to  believe  that  the  Oriental  verbs 
!*",  ^1^,  "u;n,  and  "i^",  are  all  formed  from  one  primitive  radix. 
Certain  it  is,  that  the  English  bear  comprehends  both  the  Latin 
faro  and  pario,  and  the  latter  corresponds  nearly  with  mS  and 
Eth.  <t4P  fori,  to  bear. 

But  admitting  only  what  is  certain,  that  all  the  foregoing 
European  words  are  from  one  radix,  we  are  then  to  seek  for  a 
primary  meaning  from  which  may  be  deduced  the*  following 
significations ;  Lat.  to  prepare  ;  Ital.  to  adorn,  to  parry,  to  stop, 
to  defend,  to  repair,  to  learn  ;  Span,  to  prepare,  to  stop,  to  lay  or 
stake  as  a  wager,  a  pair  or  couple  ;  Port,  to  stop,  to  confine  upon 
or  be  contiguous,  to  drive  or  aim  at,  to  parry,  to  pare;  Fr.  to 
deck,  to  parry,  to  stop,  to  pare;  Arm.  to  dress,  to  prepare,  to 
parry;  Russ.  to  adjust,  to  dress,  to  mow  or  reap;  Welsh,  pre- 
paredness, contiguity,  a  pair,  a  cause,  to  continue  or  endure ; 
and  several  other  significations. 

The  various  significations  result  from  throwing,  sending,  driv- 
ing. To  separate  or  remove  is  to  drive  or  force  apart ;  hence  to 
parry,  and  hence  to  defend.  Separation  implies  extension,  a 
drawing  out  in  length  or  time ;  hence  the  Portuguese  senses  of 
confining  upon,  reaching  to  the  limit.  This  gives  the  sense  of 
par,  equal,  that  is,  of  the  same  extent;  and  hence  coming  to,  and 
suiting,  as  in  Latin  eonvenio. 

Here  let  it  be  observed  that,  admitting  the  word  par,  equal,  to 
belong  to  this  family,  as  in  the  Welsh,  we  have  strong  reason  to 
believe  that  the  Shcmitic  "zn  to  join,  or  fit  together,  to  asso- 
ciate, whence  as  a  noun,  an  associate,  is  formed  from  the  same 
root,  or  S~.2 ;  for  in  the  Saxon  we  find  not  only  fera,  but  gefera, 
a  companion,  fellow,  or  peer ;  gefera  answering  precisely  to  the 
Oriental  word. 

The  sense  of  betting  is  from  throwing  down,  as  we  say,  to  lay 
a  wager.  The  sense  of  stopping  is  from  setting,  fixing,  or  from 
parrying.  The  sense  of  adorning  is  from  putting  on,  which  is 
from  sending,  or  from  extension,  enlargement,  as  we  say,  to  set 
off,  and  hence  it  is  allied  to  the  sense  of  show,  display,  parade. 
Preparation  is  from  producing,  bringing  forward,  or  adjusting, 
making  right;  and  often  implies  advancing,  like  ready,  prompt ; 
and  the  latter  word,  prompt,  from  promo,  to  bring  forth,  affords  a 
good  illustration  of  the  words  derived  (roui  paro. 

The  senses  of  cutting  off,  paring,  and  the  like,  require  no 
explanation. 

The  Italian  disparare,  and  the  Spanisn  and  Portuguese  dis- 
parar,  to  discharge  fire-arms,  present  the  original  sense  of  the 
root,  to  send  or  drive.  This  sense  gives  that  of  the  Welsh  pdr,  a 
spear,  as  well  as  a  cause,  or  that  which  impels.  A  spear  is  a 
shoot,  from  the  sense  of  thrusting ;  and  our  word  spear  is  proba- 
bly formed  from  the  root  of  bar,  and  Welsh  ber,  a  spit,  a  pike 
a  lance,  a  spear,  Lat.  vera.  Now,  in  Chaldee,  a  bar  is  snS?, 
from  "IS,  to  pass ;  a  verb  which  is  probably  of  the  same  family 
with  S-2.  It  is  further  to  be  observed  that,  in  Italian,  bar  is 
written  both  barra  and  sharra. 

It  is  observed  above  that  «-)2  is  the  English  bear  and  the  Latin 
pario  ;  but  pario  would  seem  to  be  the  Hebrew  ms:  parah,  to  be 
fruitful,  to  bear  fruit,  applied  to  planU  and  animals.  But  this 
word  seems  to  denote  producing  in  general,  rather  than  the  pro- 
duction of  children.  However  this  may  be,  it  is  certain  that  bear 
m  English,  as  well  as  in  Saxon,  expresses  the  sense  of  both  pario 


and  fero  in  Latin.  The  Latin  fero,  and  the  Greek  tfi'jui,  signify 
both  to  carry  and  to  produce,  as  young  or  fruit.  Pario  does  not. 
So  in  the  Gothic,  bairan  is  to  carry,  gabairan  is  to  carry  and  to 
produce  young.  In  German,  filliren  is  to  carry,  and  gebaren,  to 
bring  forth,  to  bear  a  child.  In  Dutch,  beuren  is  to  lift;  voeren, 
to  carry  ;  and  baaren,  to  bring  forth,  as  children  ;  to  bear,  to  be- 
get, to  cause.  Danish,  barer,  to  carry,  to  support,  and  to  yield 
or  produce.  Sw.  bara,  to  carry  ;  barn,  a  son.  Irish  beirim,  to 
bear  or  bring  forth,  and  to  tell  or  relate,  like  the  Latin  fero, 
whence  Fr.  parler,  to  speak. 

It  appears,  then,  that  the  English  bear,  and  the  Saxon  from 
which  we  have  received  it,  and  tlie  Gothic  and  the  Danish  cor- 
responding words  unite,  in  the  same  orthography,  the  senses 
of  two  words  of  different  orthography  in  other  languages.  I 
have  found  other  examples  of  a  similar  kind.  There  is,  there- 
fore, solid  ground  to  believe  that  all  these  words  are  from  one 
primitive  root ;  the  different  modes  of  writing  the  word,  and  the 
several  appropriations,  having  originated  in  different  families  of 
the  great  races  of  men,  before  languages  were  reduced  to  writing; 
and  when  they  came  to  be  written,  each  word  was  written 
according  to  its  usual  pronunciation,  and  defined  according  to 
its  use  in  each  family.  .And  by  the  intermixture  of  tribes,  two 
or  three  derivatives  of  the  same  stock  might  have  become  a 
part  of  the  same  national  language.  Unquestionably  the  Greek 
iftom,  and  f ru(i(iu,  are  branches  of  Oie  same  stock. 

We  have,  in  the  modern  languages,  decisive  evidence  that 
different  verbs  may  have,  and  in  fact  have,  a  common  radix. 
Thus,  in  English,  list  and  lust  are  different  modes  of  writing  the 
same  word  ;  both  are  united  in  the  other  Teutonic  dialects.  So, 
in  Latin,  libet  and  label ;  and  similar  instances  I  have  found  in 
almost  every  language  which  I  have  examined. 

The  Latin  pareo,  to  appear,  to  come  to  light,  if  not  a  compound 
word,  may  be  of  this  family.  Paries,  a  wall,  if  primarily  a  par- 
tition  wall,  is  of  the  same  stock.  Per  belongs  to  this  family,  as 
its  signification  \a  passing.  The  Sax./aran,  tofare,  Gr.  noiiivufiai, 
seems  to  be  from  one  branch  of  this  stock,  probably  "125.  See 
the  word  Pass,  in  the  Dictionary,  in  the  derivative  senses  of 
which  there  are  some  resemblances  to  those  of  s"U. 


133  Jcafar- 

This  ^rb,  says  Lowth,  means  to  cover,  to  cover  sin,  and  so  to 
expiate ;  and  it  is  never  used  in  the  sense  of  breaking  or  dissolv- 
ing a  covenant,  though  that  notion  occurs  so  often  in  the  Scrip, 
tares ;  nor  can  it  be  forced  into  this  sense,  but  by  a  great  deal  of 
far-fetched  reasoning.  See  Isaiah  xxviii.  18.  Lowth  on  Isaiah, 
Prelim.  Diss. 

"\S2,  says  Castell,  "  texuit,  operuit,  Anglice,  to  cover  ;  per  me- 
tathesin,  xr>v:irm,  xQv<ftj,  peculiariter  bitumine,  sive  glutinosa 
aliqua  materia  obduxit;  picavit."      Gen.  vi.  14. 

Parkhurst  gives  to  this  verb  the  sense  of  covering  or  over- 
spreading, as  primary,  and  deduces  from  it  the  Greek  xovjiia, 
and  English  cnrcr  and  coffer.  He,  however,  admits,  tliat,  in 
Isaiah  xxviii.  18,  it  signifies  to  annul,  as  a  covenant.  He  also 
considers  the  sense  of  atonement  or  expiation  to  be  radically  that 
of  covering. 

Gesenius  agrees  with  the  English  lexicographers,  in  assigning 
to  this  verb  the  primary  sense  of  covering  or  overlaying,  as  in 
Gen.  vi.  It.  He  admits  that  this  woid  has  the  sense,  in  Isaiah 
xxviii.  18,  of  blotting  out,  obliterating.  But  he  gives  to  it  the 
sense  oi^  forgiving,  in  some  passages,  in  which  our  version  has 
that  of  purging  away.  Ps.  Ixv.  3,  and  Ixxix.  9.  In  these  pas- 
sages, Castell  renders  the  word,  to  be  merciful  or  propitious. 

In  all  these  authors  there  is,  I  conceive,  a  radical  mistake,  in 
supposing  the  primary  sense  to  be  to  cover,  and  in  the  opinion 
that  this  Hebrew  word  is  the  English  verb  to  cover.  A  still 
greater  mistake  is  in  the  supposition  of  Castell  and  Parkhurst, 
that  this,  by  a  metathesis,  gives  the  Greek  xqvtitoi. 

The  English  word  cover  conies  to  us  through  the  French  cou- 
vrir,  from  the  Italian  coprire,  a  contraction  of  the  Latin  co-operio, 
whence  co-opertus,  Italian  coperto,  covered,  Eng.  covert.*'  The 
Latin  aperio  is  to  open,  and  operio  is  to  cover,  both  from  pario  or 
one  of  the  roots  in  Br,  which  has  just  been  explained.  The  root 
in  these  words  is  per  or  par,  and  the  sense  is  varied  by  prefixes ; 
perhaps  ad-pario  or  ab-pario  and  ob-pario.     Now,  cover  can  have 


*  In  this  deiluction  of  cover  from  the  Latin,  I  am  supported  by  Lunier,  the 
ablest  French  etymologist  whose  works  I  have  seen. 


INTRODUCTION. 


xU 


no  connection  with  1SS,  unless  this  latter  word  is  a  compound, 
with  S  for  a  prefix.  This  may  be  the  fact,  but  the  connection, 
even  in  that  case,  is  very  remote. 

Let  us  see  if  we  can  gain  any  light  upon  the  subject  of  the 
primary  sense  of  153  from  the  cognate  languages. 

Chaldee,  "|E2,  to  deny,  to  reject.     Prov.  xxx.  9. 

2.  To  wipe;  "  She  eateth  and  wipeth  her  mouth."  Prov.  xxx. 
20. 

3.  To  wash  or  cleanse.     Matth.  xxvii.  24.  Castdl. 
Syriac,  •  o\'->  kefar,  to  deny.     Gen.  xviii.  15.     Luke  xii.  9. 

2.  To  wipe,  to  wipe  away,  to  annul,  to  abolish.  Prov.  xxx. 
20.  Is.  xxviii.  18.  Castdl. 

Arabic,  yiS>  kafara,  to  deny  ;  to  disbelieve  ;  to  be  an  infidel ; 
to  be  impious;  to  blaspheme.  Acts  iii.  13,  14.  2  Pet.  ii.  1,  5. 
Jude  15. 

2.  To  cover ;  to  conceal. 

3.  To  expiate ;  to  make  expiation  for  one,  and  free  him  from 
crime.  Castell. 

Now,  the  senses  of  the  Chaldee,  Syriac,  and  Arabic,  to  deny,  to 
reject,  to  annul,  to  wipe,  wash,  or  to  cleanse  by  these  acts,  can  not 
be  deduced  from  covering. 

In  Hebrew,  the  word  has  the  sense  of  covering,  as  the  ark,  with 
bitumen  or  pitch,  in  Gen.  vi.  14;  that  is,  to  smear,  or  pay  over, 
as  our  seamen  now  express  it.  But  it  should  be  considered  that 
the  sense  of  covering  is  rarely  or  never  primary;  it  is  usually 
from  the  sense  of  putting  on,  which  is  from  the  sense  of  throwing 
or  pressing,  or  it  is  from  ocerspreading,  which  is  a  spreading, 
stretching,  or  throwing  over  ;  Iience  the  derivative  senses  of  cov- 
ering and  hiding.  These  latter  senses  are  sometimes  derived 
from  others ;  but  these  are  the  most  general.  And  in  this  pas- 
sage of  Genesis,  the  literal  sense  is  probably  to  put  on,  or  to  ruh 
or  spread  over,  a  sense  which  coincides  with  that  of  tiie  Chaldee 
and  Syriac,  Prov.  xxx.  20,  though  differently  applied  ;  or  what  is 
more  probable,  the  verb,  in  Gen,  vi.  14,  is  from  tlie  noun,  which 
is  the  name  of  the  substance  used ;  as  we  should  say,  to  pitch 
with  pitch. 

The  real  original  sense  of  this  Shemitic  verb  is  to  remove,  to 
separate,  by  thrusting  away  or  driving  off.  Hence  its  application, 
in  the  Chaldee,  Syriac,  and  Arabic,  to  denial,  the  rejection  of 
God  or  truth.  To  deny  or  reject  is  to  thrust  away.  Hence  from 
the  Arabic  coffer,  an  infidel,  one  who  denies  and  rejects  the  Mo- 
hammedan religion  ;  hence  Caffraria,  the  southern  part  of  Africa, 
the  country  of  infidels  ;  so  called  by  the  followers  of  Mohammed, 
just  as  the  Christians  gave  the  name  of  pagans  to  the  inhabitants 
of  villages  [pagus]  who  rejected  the  Christi.an  religion. 

This  signification  explains  the  Hebrew  uses  of  this  word. 
Its  literal  sense  is  applied  to  tlie  cleansing  or  purification  of 
sacred  things,  as  the  altar.  Lev.  xvi.  18  In  a  spiritual  sense, 
to  the  purification  of  the  soul,  a  type  of  tlie  purification  by  the 
blood  of  Christ;  hence  it  is  rendered  atonement,  or  erpiiition. 
Hence,  probably,  the  sense  of  appeasing,  Gen.  xxxii.  21,  Prov. 
xvi.  14,  though  this  may  be  from  removing  or  smoothing. 

The  sense  of  forgivenesa  is  from  thrusting  away  or  giving  back, 
precisely  as  in  the  modern  languages  ;  Lat.  rcmitto,  to  send  back  or 
away  ;  forgive,  to  give  back  or  away  ;  pardon,  in  French,  Spanish, 
and  Italian,  has  a  like  sense,  which  is  more  clearly  exhibited  by 
the  Dutch  vergeeven,  German  vergeben;  ver  being  the  English 
far,  to  give  far,  to  give  away;  hence  to  reject,  and  remember  no 
more.  The  sense  of  ^tue,  and  of  the  French  donner,  is  nearly  the 
same  as  that  of  "|E3-  To  give  is  to  send,  to  cause  to  pass;  and 
so  of  donner. 

Now,  it  is  a  question  of  some  moment,  whether  the  opinion  that 
ItD  is  the  same  as  the  English  cover,  has  not  inclined  lexicog- 
raphers and  commentators  to  render  it  by  this  word,  in  several 
passages,  where  the  true  sense  is  to  forgive,  or  to  purify  by 
cleansing  from  sin. 

However  this  may  be,  the  interpretation  given  above  will  fully 
disprove  Lowth's  assertion,  that  this  word  is  never  used  in  the 
sense  of  breaking  or  annulling  a  covenant.  So  confident  is  the 
learned  bishop  on  this  point,  that  he  ventures  to  call  in  question 
the  reading,  Isaiah  xxviii.  18,  and  to  suppose  the  true  word  to 
be  isri,  from  T!!:,  to  break.  With  respect  to  the  reading,  I  shall 
offer  no  opinion ;  but  if  the  present  reading  is  correct,  I  am 
confident  that  no  word  in  the  Hebrew  language  is  better  fitted  to 
express  the  sense.  Your  covenant  with  death  shall  be  wiped 
away,  abolished,  or,  as  in  the  version,  annulled.  And  so  is  the 
rendering  in  the  Syriac. 


If  123  is  a  compound  word,  and  the  first  letter  a  prefix,  it  may 

be  from  the  same  root  as  the  Arabic  %jtc  gafara,  whose  signifi- 
cation is  to  cover.  But  the  primary  sense  is,  to  throw  or  put  on. 
It  signifies,  also,  to  forgive ;  but  to  forgive  is  to  send  back  or 
away,  remitto,  and  not  to  cover.  And  I  apprehend  that  for  want 
of  knowing  the  primary  sense  of  such  verbs,  the  word  cover  has 
been  often  substituted  for 'forgive,  in  the  translating  of  this  verb. 


•^3  kal  or  kol. 

No.  1.  Heb.  ins,  is,  to  hold,  to  contain  ;  Sw.  halla.  isis,  to 
hold,  to  sustain,  to  maintain,  to  comprehend. 

Ch.  bl3>  to  measure ;  that  is,  to  ascertain  the  contents,  or  to 
stretch,  and  comprehend  the  whole. 

Pah.     To  feed,  to  nourish.     See  ^^K. 

Deriv.  A  measure  ;  also  custom,  rite,  manner ;  probably  from 
holding  or  continued  practice. 

Syr.     In  Aph.  to  measure.     Deriv.     A  measure. 

Eth.  ln®n,  to  follow;  to  go  behind;  Gr.  axoiou^iw ;  that  is, 
to  hold  to,  or  to  press  after. 

Deriv.  The  hinder  part;  the  poop  of  a  ship;  behind.  French  cu<. 

No.  2.  Hub.  iir,  to  finish ;  to  complete ;  to  make  perfect. 
Gr.  xa).o^. 

bD,  all;  the  whole;  Gr.  oios,  Eng.  all,  by  the  loss  of  the  first 
letter;  butjn  Welsh  hoH,  or  oil;  and  in  Saxon  al,  ibI,  and  geall. 

Ch.  ;:3,  to  crown;  to  adorn. 

Pih.     To  perfect;  to  complete  ;  to  comprehend  ;  to  embrace. 

Deriv.     Comprehending ;  universality  ;  a  general  rule,  &c. 

Syr. '^Xo,  to  crown.     Deriv.    A  crown  ;  all;  every  one. 

Sara.  Zii3,  as  the  Chaldee. 

Eth.  llAn,  the  same ;  also,  to  cover. 

Ar.  J.^3  katla,  to  be  weary  or  dull ;  to  be  languid  ;  to  tire ; 
also,  to  crown  ;  to  shine.     Deriv.     All ;  dullness  ;  heaviness. 

No.  3.  Heb.  sbD,  to  hold;  to  restrain;  to  shut  or  confine;  to 
check;   Gr.  xmivm;  Sw.  halla. 

Deriv.     A  place  of  confinement ;  hat.  caula. 

Ch.  &<^3,  nbS,  ^b3,  to  hold  ;  to  restrain  ;  also,  to  trust ;  to  con- 
fide in,  or  rely  on  ;  to  hope.  (See  No.  6.)  Also,  to  finish ;  to 
perfect ;  also,  to  consume  ;  to  cause  to  fail. 

In  Aph.  To  call;  to  cry  out;  to  thunder;  Gr.  xajlxu  ;  Lat. 
calo  ;   W.  galw;  Eng.  to  call;  Lat.  gallus,  from  crowing. 

Syr.  ^^wO,  to  hold  ;  to  restrain  ;  to  forbid ;  to  deny. 

Deriv.  all;  a  cork,  bar,  or  bolt. 

Sam.  /f  Zi5,  to  hold,  or  restrain. 

Eth.  TiAn,  to  hold,  restrain,  or  prohibit. 

Deriv.     Lat.  alius ;  a  fellow,  or  companion. 

Ar.  Mtc^  kaln,  to  keep ;  to  preserve ;  to  turn  the  face  toward 

a  thing  and  look  repeatedly.  So  in  English,  to  behold.  Also,  to 
come  to  the  end,  as  of  life  ;  also,  to  feed,  to  devour  food  ;  also,  to 
abound  in  pasture  ;  also,  to  hinder,  or  detain  ;  also,  to  look  atten- 
tively ;  also,  to  sprout;  also,  to  take  upon  a  pledge,  or  upon 
trust;  supra,  Chaldee.     (See  No.  6.) 

No.  4.  llcb.  nba,  to  finish;  to  consume;  to  bring  to  naught; 
to  waste  ;  to  fail.     (Sec  No.  8.) 

No.  5.  Ch.  b~!4,  to  eat ;  to  consume  ;  also,  to  take ;  to  hold  ;  to 
contain.  In  Aph.  to  feed ;  to  give  food ;  also,  to  call ;  to  thunder ; 
to  roar,  or  bellow  ;  also,  to  publish  ;  to  accuse  ;  to  defame. 

Heb.  to  cat  ;  to  consume. 

Sam.  ZiJA-,  to  eat. 

Syr.  vvol,  to  publish  ;  to  divulge,  as  a  crime  ;  to  accuse. 

Eth.  /^TlA,  to  suffice ;  as  we  say,  it  is  well,  Lat.  valeo;  also,  to 
be  or  exist ;  that  is,  to  be  held,  or  to  be  fixed  or  permanent,  to 
continue. 

Ar.  to  eat ;  to  devour ;  to  corrode  ;  Lat.  helluo. 

No.  6.  Ar.  V^^j  wakala,  to  trust ;  to  commit  to  another  in 
confidence.     (See  No.  3.) 


I 


zlu 


INTKODUCTION. 


Eth.  ©tlA  icakal,  with  a  prefix ;  to  trust,  as  above. 
No.  7.  Heb.  br",  to  be  able ;  to  prevail;  Lat.  «aWeo;  Vf.gallu; 
Eng.  could. 
No.  8.  Ch.  bS9,  to  digest;  to  consume.     (No.  5.) 

Ar.  ^y5^.  to  collect;  to  tie  ;  to  bind;  to  unite  ;  also,  to  divide, 

impel,  or  compel.  This  is  the  primary  sense  of  the  word,  or 
rather  of  this  root ;  to  press ;  to  strain  ;  to  urge,  or  impel ;  also, 
to  extend.  These  verbs  are  different  modifications  of  one  radix  ; 
and  hence  the  English  hold,  call,  hoUoto,  heal,  hate ;  the  Latin 
calo,  eaulis,  calleo,  callus ;  Greek  xolXa.  xu>lo;,  or  x^tXloi;  ;  and  a 
multitude  of  words  in  all  the  modern  languages  of  Europe. 

The  sense  of  holding,  restraining,  forbidding,  hindering,  and 
keeping,  are  too  obvious  to  need  any  explanation.  They  are 
from  straining.  To  this  sense  is  nearly  allied  the  sense  of  meas- 
uring,  or  ascertaining  what  is  held  or  contained.  That  which  is 
contained  is  all,  the  whole  that  is  comprehended,  from  the  sense 
of  extension. 

The  signification  of  finishing  or  perfecting  seems  in  a  good 
sense,  to  be  from  that  of  soundness ;  a  sense  which  is  from 
stretching  or  strength.  Or  it  may  be  from  coming  to  the  end, 
Xi\ie  finish  and  achiere,  or  from  shutting,  closing.  And  the  sense 
of  consuming,  wasting,  failing,  may  be  from  bringing  to  an  end. 
In  Latin,  to  consume  is  to  take  all  ;  and  possibly  this  may  be  the 
sense  of  this  verb.  But  the  .\rabic  sense  of  failure  would  seem 
rather  to  be  from  holding,  stopping,  or  coming  to  an  end. 

The  sense  of  eating  may  be  from  consuming,  or  taking  apart ; 
bat  from  some  of  the  derivatives  of  No.  5,  I  am  inclined  to  think 
the  primary  sense  is  to  feed,  to  crowd,  to  stuff;  the  primary  sense 
of  the  root  applied  to  this  particular  act ;  for  under  the  Chaldee 
root  we  find  words  which  signify  the  nut  of  a  species  of  oak,  the 
Gr.  a/iiiif,  and  a  collection  or  crowd  of  people,  [Gr.  o/io{,]  both 
of  which  are  from  collecting  or  pressing  together. 

The  sense  of  jrfe/iio-and  looking  is  from  reaching  or  casting  and 
striking,  or  from  holding  or  firing  the  eyes  on. 

The  sense  of  trusting  seems  also  to  be  that  of  holding  to  or 
resting  on.     The   English  hold  in  behold  is  from  this  root. 

The  sense  of  calling,  roaring,  and  thunder,  is  from  impelling 
the  voice  or  sound  ;  a  pressing,  driving,  or  straining,  applied  to 
sound ;  like  the  Latin  appello,  from  pcllo.  Hence  the  sense  of 
pubhshing,  accusing,  and  defaming. 

The  sense  of  sproutmg,  in  the  Arabic,  is  a  shooting  or  pushing 
out,  as  in  other  cases ;  Lat.  caulis. 

The  sense  of  ability,  power,  strength,  in  No.  7,  is  from  strain- 
ing, stretching,  or  holding,  as  in  other  words  of  the  like  sense. 
Hence  Lat.  calleo,  to  be  skilled,  and  to  be  hard,  callus. 

On  this  root  b-  is  probably  formed  b-wi  a  word  differently 
pointed  in  the  Hebrew  and  Chaldee.  This  word  signifies,  in 
Hebrew,  to  pervert,  to  err,  to  be  foolish  or  infatuated,  to  act 
foolishly. 

In  Chaldee,  to  understand,  know,  or  consider ;  to  look  or  be- 
hold ;  to  cause  to  understand  ;  Rabbinic,  to  be  ignorant ;  whence 
its  derivatives,  knowledge,  wisdom,  ignorance.  These  different 
significations  may  result  from  the  different  effects  of  the  prefix 
on  the  original  verb. 

In  Syr.  '■\'-\m  (the  same  word)  signifies  to  be  foolisli,  or  mad ; 
to  cause  to  know,  or  to  give  understanding ;  to  observe ;  to 
search  or  know  thoroughly ;  to  ask  or  seek  to  understand ;  to 
discern  or  distinguish ;  also  to  err,  to  sin,  to  be  foolish  or 
perverse. 

In  Sam.  the  same  word  signifies  to  look,  and  to  be  accustomed. 
See  Castell,  col.  2523. 

That  ;r~  is  formed  on  the  same  root  with  a  different  prefix,  is 
obvious  and  certain,  from  the  corresponcience  of  significations. 
This  word  in  Hebrew  signifies  to  understand,  or  know ;  to  cause 
to  understand;  to  be  wise,  or  to  act  wisely  ;  corresponding  with 
the  Ch.  tZZ  above  ;  and  being  a  mere  dialectical  orthography  of 
the  word.  It  signifies,  also,  to  deprive,  strip,  bereave  ;  and  to 
waste,  scatter,  and  destroy ;  also,  to  cast,  as  fruit  or  offspring ; 
also,  to  prosper. 

Ch.  to  understand,  and  Ch.  birr,  to  complete,  to  finish ;  also, 
to  found,  to  lay  the  foundation.     This  is  ^'^^  with  C  prefixed. 

Syr.  to  found,  to  finish,  to  adorn. 

Ar^  3^^—--"  thakala,  to  bind  under  the  belly ;  to  gird ;  to 
bind  the  feet;  to  fetter;  to  shackle;  to  form,  or  fashion;  to  be 
dubious,  obscure,  and  intricate ;  to  agree,  suit,  or  answer  to ;  to 


be  like  ;  to  have  a  beautiful  form ;  to  know,  perceive,  or  compre- 
hend ;  to  hesitate ;  to  be  ignorant.  Derivative,  a  shackle.  See 
Castell,  col.  3750. 

To  this  root  Castell  refers  the  English  skill ;  and  it  is  certain 
the  words  correspond  both  in  elements  and  in  sense.  Now,  in 
the  Gothic  and  Teutonic  languages,  the  verbs  correspondino*  to 
these  Shemitic  verbs,  signify,  in  Saxon,  scylan,  to  separate,  to 
distinguish ;  Icelandic  and  Swedish,  skilia,  to  divide,  separate, 
sever;  whence  shield,  that  which  separates,  and  hence  defends; 
D.  scheeten,  to  differ  ;  schillcn,  to  peel,  or  pare  ;  whence  scale  and 
shell.  To  this  root  our  lexicographers  refer  skill.  The  prefix  in 
this  word  would  seem  to  have  the  force  of  a  negative,  like  L.  ex. 
Now,  is  it  possible  to  suppose  that  these  words  can  be  formed 
from  a  common  root  ? 

The  sense  of  sin  and  folhj  is  probably  from  wandering,  devi- 
ating, as  in  delirium;  and  this  is  only  a  modification  of  the  pri- 
mary sense  of  b-,  to  stretch  or  extend ;  that  is,  departure,  sepa- 
ration.    Or  the  3  has,  in  these  senses,  the  force  of  a  negative. 

The  sense  of  knotcing,  understanding,  is  usually  or  always 
from  taking,  holding,  or  extending  to;  as  we  say,  I  take  your 
meaning.  In  tliis  application,  these  words  would  seem  to  be 
directly  from  the  Eth.  and  Ch.  br!2,  to  be  able ;  the  Latin  calico, 
to  be  hard,  and  to  know  or  be  well  skilled.  That  this  word  bilS 
is  from  the  same  root  as  bi-,  sb::,  "bj,  we  know  by  the  Samari- 
tan Z5[i5,  which  signifies  all,  and  which  is  a  mere  dialectical 
spelling  of  the   fleb.  and  'Ch.   b^. 

The  sense  of  depriving  and  wasting,  in  the  Hebrew,  is  from 
separation,  the  sense  of  the  Gothic  and  Teutonic  words ;  but  it 
is  to  be  noticed  that  this  sense  seems  to  imply  throwing,  as  one 
mode  of  parting,  and  this  is  also  the  direct  act  of  founding,  laying 
the  foundation. 

When  we  turn  our  attention  to  the  Arabic,  new  affinities  are 
disclosed.  The  first  definition  is,  to  bind,  to  gird,  to  shackle,  and 
hence  the  English  word.  The  radical  sense  of  bind  is  to  strain, 
the  sense  oi' hold.  And  here  we  arrive  at  tlie  origin  and  primary 
sense  of  sliidl,  should;  Saxon  scealan,  to  be  obliged;  tliat  is,  to 
be  bound  or  constrained.  Hence  we  see  why  the  words  scale, 
shell,  and  shall,  are  all  written  alike  in  Saxon,  scenl ;  for  scale  and 
shell  are  from  peeling,  or  covering,  binding. 

From  this  verb  the  Saxon  )ias  srtjid,  a  crime,  or  guilt,  Lat. 
scelus,  and  scyld,  a  shield.  The  German  lias  the  same  word  in 
schuld,  guilt,  culpability,  debt;  Dutch,  sclmid;  Danish  skulde, 
should^ and  scyld,  a  debt,  a  fault,  a  crime;  Sw.  skuld,  the  same. 
This  word  scyld,  skuld,  and  schuld,  is  the  English  should,  tlie 
preterit  of  the  verb  shall;  and  it  is  the  word  used  in  the  Saxon, 
German,  Dutch,  Danish,  Swedish,  Norwegian,  Icelandic,  and 
Swiss  Lord's  Prayer,  to  express  what  is  rendered  in  English 
debts;  forgive  us  our  debts.  Here  we  see  the  primary  sense  of 
the  word  is  to  be  held,  or  bound  ;  hence,  liable.  The  English 
word  guilt  may  be  from  the  same  root,  without  a  prefix;  but 
whether  it  is  or  not,  we  observe  the  word  expresses  more  than 
the  English  word  debt,  trespass,  or  offense  ;  it  comprehends  the 
sense  of  fault,  or  sin,  with  that  of  being  held  or  liable  to  answer 
or  to  punishment.  Debt,  in  the  modern  use  of  the  word,  implies 
the  latter,  but  not  the  former ;  trespass  and  offense  imply  the  sin, 
but  not  the  liability  to  answer.  We  have  no  English  word  that 
includes  both  senses  except  guilt,  and  this  seems  to  be  hardly 
adequate  to  express  the  full  sense  of  scyld. 

To  account  for  the  various  significations  of  the  same  word,  in 
different  languages,  and  often  in  the  same  language,  it  is  neces- 
sary to  find  the  primary  action  expressed  by  the  root ;  and  in 
compound  words  it  is  necessary  to  observe  or  ascertain  the  differ- 
ent effects  produced  on  tlie  original  word  by  the  prefixes.  Thus 
the  verb  inculjjo,  in  Low  Latin,  signifies  to  excuse;  but  some 
modern  writers  use  inculpate  in  a  directly  different  sense ;  that 
is,  to  blame. 

In  like  manner  impartible  has  two  different  significations ;  that 
mny  be  imparted ;  and  in  law,  not  partible,  or  divisible.  Such  is 
the  fact  also  with  impassionate.  I  am  persuaded  a  vast  number 
of  instances  of  similar  diversities  in  the  application  of  prefi.tes, 
may  be  found  in  the  Shemitic  languages ;  and  this  will  account 
for  differences  which  otherwise  seem  utterly  irreconcilable. 

We  find  in  our  mother  tongue,  that  the  same  word  signifies  to 
heal  and  to  conceal,  Lat.  celo  ;  Saxon  hal,  health ;  limlan,  helan, 
to  heal,  to  conceal ;  ge-ha^an,  and  ge-helan,  to  heal,  and  to  con- 
ceal ;  Old  English  hele.  Hence  we  see  that  the  English  heal  and 
the  Latin  celo  are  the  same  word  differently  applied,  but  from  a 
common  signification,  which  is,  to  make  strong  or  fast,  or  to  hold, 
from  the  sense  of  pressing.     Or  perhaps  the  Latin  celo  may  have 


INTRODUCTION. 


xliii 


this  sense  of  holding,  restraining ;  and  heal  may  rather  be  from 
making  perfect.     No.  2,  supra. 

We  may  now  also  see  the  radical  sense  of  Ao/y;  Saxon  kal  and 
ge-hal^  tchole^  sound,  safe;  fialig,  holy;  halglan^  to  hallow.  If 
this  word  contains  the  sense  of  separation,  or  driving  off,  like 
Latin  sacer,  as  it  may,  it  is  from  shutting,  confining,  or  restrain- 
ing intercourse.  But  I  am  inclined  to  believe  the  primary  sense 
of  holy  is  sound,  entire,  coinciding  with  the  radical  sense  oihcal. 

CLOD,   LAUDO,   CLAUDO 

In  Welsh,  clod  is  praise,  from  Worf,  a  forcible  utterance.  This 
is  the  English  loud^  and  Lat.  laudo^  which,  with  a  prefix,  becomes 
plaudo.  In  Welsh,  Uodi  signifies  to  reach  out,  to  crave,  from 
the  radical  sense  of  Hod,  to  thrust  out  or  extend  ;  but  according 
to  Owen,  Uodi  is  from  llawd,  which  signifies  a  shooting  out,  or  a 
going  onward,  productiveness,  a  lad;  and  as  an  adjective,  tending 
forward,  craving,  lewd;  Itodig,  craving,  brimming;  Uodinch, 
lewdness.  Now,  beyond  all  question,  these  words  are  the  Chal- 
dee,  Syriac,  Hebrew,  and  Samaritan  "i"',  to  beget;  to  bring 
forth  ;  to  cause  to  be  born ;  and  as  a  noun,  a  child  of  either  sex, 
a  lad.     The  Arabians  and  Ethiopians  use  vau  ot  waic,  where  the 

Hebrews  use  yod.     The  Arabic  corresponding  word  is  «>Jj  wa- 

lada,  the  Ethiopic  QAJ?  walada,  to  beget,  to  bring  forth. 

But  this  is  not  all.  In  Greek,  the  verb  xinm,  a  contraction 
of  xkitSotD,  signifies  to  praise,  to  celebrate.  Here  we  have  pre- 
cisely the  Welsh  Uod  move,  corresponding  with  the  Latin  laudo 
and  plaudo.  But  the  same  Greek  word  x/.nta.  x).tdu<o.  signifies  to 
shut  or  make  fast.  This  is  the  Latin  dudo,  cluudo.  The  Saxons 
used  h  for  the  Greek  x  and  tlie  Latin  c;  and  with  these  words 
accords  the  Saxon  hlid,  a  cover;  English,  a  lid;  that  whicli 
shuts  or  makes  fast.  That  these  words  are  all  from  one  root,  is 
a  fact  apparent  beyond  any  reasonable  doubt ;  nor  is  there  the 
least  difficulty  in  ascertaining  the  affinit}',  for  the  radical  sense, 
to  reach  forward,  to  thrust,  to  strain,  solves  the  whole  mystery. 
To  thrust,  gives  the  sense  of  begetting  and  producing;  to  strain 
or  throw  out  the  voice,  gives  the  sense  of  praise  ;  and  to  thrust 
or  press  together,  gives  the  sense  of  closing  and  making  fast.  In 
this  manner,  words,  which  at  first  view  appear  to  have  no  con- 
nection, will,  when  pursued  through  different  languages,  assimi- 
late and  unite,  not  only  without  forced  analogies,  but  in  defiance 
of  all  preconceived  opinions ;  and  the  reluctant  mind  is  at  last 
compelled  to  admit  their  identity. 

There  is  another  set  of  words  whose  derivation  from  the  same 
root  is  very  certain,  though  perhaps  less  obvious.  These  are  the 
Danish  slutter,  to  shut,  close,  conclude,  finish,  determine  ;  slutter, 
a  key-keeper,  a  jailer;  Swedish  sluta,  claudere,  obserare,  to  shut, 
or  shut  up,  or  end  ;  slott,  a  castle  ;  D.  steutd,  a  key  ;  slot,  a  lock, 
a  castle,  a  conclusion  ;  stititen,  to  shut,  lock,  close,  stop,  con- 
clude ;  G.  schloss,  a  lock  ;  schliessen,  to  close,  conclude,  finish, 
fetter,  shackle  ;  schlcuse,  a.  sluice  ;  D.  sluis,  id.  Eng.  sluice,  that 
is,  which  shuts  or  fastens;  Low  Latin,  erclusa.  See  Spelmans 
Glossary.  These  words  arc  unequivocally  formed  from  the  root 
of  claudo,  clausi,  by  the  prefix  5,  just  as  the  Welsh  yslac,  slack, 
loose,  is  formed  on  llac,  and  yspeiliaw  on  yspail,  spoil,  and  this 
on  the  root  of  peel.  We  observe  all  the  Teutonic  dialects  use 
the  dental  t,  as  the  final  radical,  except  the  German.  The  Latins 
use  both  the  dental  and  a  sibilant,  claudo,  clausi,  clausus. 

If  the  Danish  lyd,  sound,  Sw.  lyda,  to  sound,  is  the  same  word 
a«  English  loud,  these  words  belong  to  this  family. 

CRADLE. 

Another  example.  The  English  word  cradle,  Saxon  cradcl,  is 
in  Welsh  cryd,  a  rocking,  a  shaking,  a  cradle.  In  Welsh,  the 
verbs  crydu,  crydiaw,  crydian,  signify  to  shake,  to  tremble. 
These  correspond  to  the  Irish  creatham,  to  shake  ;  Greek  xnuSnw, 
to  shake,  to  swing.  The  Welsh  verbs  are  by  Owen  deduced 
from  rhyd,  which  signifies  a  moving.  Now  IS"),  in  Hebrew, 
Chaldee,  and  Ethiopic,  signifies  to  shake  or  tremble.     The  same 

word  in  Arabic,  iSs.,,  signifies  to  thunder;  to  impress  terror;  to 
tremble  ;  to  shake.  This  coincides  with  the  Latin  rudo,  to  roar, 
to  bray  ;  and  we  know  from  the  voice  of  the  ass,  that  roughness 
or  shaking  is  an  ingredient  in  the  sense  of  this  word.  We  know 
it  also  from  rudis,  one  of  the  atGnities  of  rudo.     There  is  also  in 


Arabic,  .il,,  which  is  rendered  to  run  hither  and  thither;  to 
move  one  way  and  the  other ;  to  tremble ;  to  shake  In  Hebrew 
1"in  signifies  to  tremble  or  shake,  and  to  palpitate  ;  in  Syriac 
and  Eth.  to  rub  or  scrape.  This  connects  the  word  directly  with 
cradle,  through  the  Hebrew ;  and  through  the  Syriac,  with  the 
Latin  rudo.  Here  again  we  find  the  sense  of  roughness  or 
grating.  Then  turning  to  the  Welsh,  we  find  grydiaw,  which 
signifies  to  utter  a  rough  sound  ;  to  shout,  whoop,  or  scream  ; 
grydwst,  a  murmur,  from  gryd,  a  shout,  or  whoop,  and  this  from 
rhyd,  the  word  above  mentioned ;  so  that  crydu,  to  shake,  whence 
cradle,  is  from  the  same  root  as  grydiaw,  to  shout,  and  this  is  the 
Italian  gridare ;  Sp.  and  Vot^..  gritar  ;  Saxon  grtedan  ;  Swedish 
grata;  Danish  grader;  Dutch  kryten ;  German  greiten.  This 
word  in  French  is  contracted,  by  the  omission  of  the  last  radical, 
into  crier  for  crider ;  whence,  probably,  we  have  cry,  W.  cri. 
Hence  we  find  that  the  sense  of  cry  is  to  utter  a  rough  sound ; 
and  this  is  connected  with  the  braying  of  the  ass,  with  shaking, 
trembling,  and  with  roaring,  murmuring,  and  thunder.  The 
connection,  in  this  example,  is  so  marked  as  to  preclude  all  hesi- 
tation as  to  the  identity  of  the  words. 

The  Shemitic  roots  Tl3,  G^n,  niH,  and  Tip,  all,  in  some  of 
the  languages  of  that  stock,  coincide  in  sense  and  elements  with 
the  English  grate,  French  gratter  ;  and  if  the  first  letter  is  a  pre- 
fix, they  would  seem  to  unite  with  the  Latin  rado.  But  this  is  a 
point  I  would  not  undertake  to  determine. 

One  fact  more.  The  Welsh  cri,  above  mentioned,  signifies  a 
cry ;  and  as  an  adjective,  rough,  raw.  Now,  this  coincides  with 
the  Latin  crudus,  in  sense ;  and  crudus  with  the  Welsh  cryd, 
above  mentioned. 

The  Dan.  brygger,  Eng.  to  brew,  are  probably  connected  with 
break,  with  freckle,  and  with  rough.  So,  under  this  root,  the 
Welsh  grediuw,  signifies  to  heat,  scorch,  parch  ;  whence  greidyll, 
a  griddle,  from  gruid,  that  shoots  in  rays ;  heat,  ardency,  from 
gra,  that  shoots,  or  rises,  as  the  nap  or  frieze  of  cloth.  The  latter 
is  probably  a  contracted  word,  of  the  same  family,  but  not  the 
root,  as  Owen  supposes.  But  the  radical  sense  implies  a  shaking, 
agitation,  and  roughness. 

MEET,   METE,  MEASURE. 

Saxon.  —  Mtetan,  to  put,  to  place;  Fr.  mettre.  It.  mettere,  Sp. 
and  Port,  meter,  Lat.  mifto. 

Ma:tan,  melan,  to  find,  to  meet,  or  meet  with;  to  paint;  to 
dream;  to  measure,  to  mete,  Lat.  inctior,  metor,  Gr:  ^tT(>tui,  fit' 
rnur,  Lat.  mensus,  with  a  casual  n,  that  is,  mesus,  Fr.  mesure. 

^metan,  gemetan,  to  meet,  to  find,  to  measure. 

Gemeting,  gemetung,  a  meeting. 

Gemet,  gemete,  fit,  suitable,  Eng.  meet;  also,  painted  or  poi- 
trayed. 

Gemetegan,  gemetian,  to  moderate ;  gemetlie,  moderate^  modest. 

Mete,  measure,  mode,  Lat.  modius,  viodus. 

Meter,  measure  in  verse,  meter  [not  metre.] 

Mcterc,  an  inventor,  a  painter. 

Mate,  middling,  [incdiocris,]  modest,  moderate. 

Mot,  gemot,  a  meeting,  a  council. 

IVilena-gemot,  a  council  of  wise  men. 

Motion,  to  meet,  especially  for  debate.     Eng.  to  moot. 

Gothic.  —  Motyan,  gamotyan,  to  meet,  to  find. 

Mota,  a  place  for  the  receipt  of  toll  or  customs. 

Dutch. —  Ontmoeten,  to  meet,  to  encounter. 

Meetcn,  and  tocmetten,  to  measure. 

Mccter,  a  measurer. 

Gemoeten,  to  meet ;  gemoct,  a  meeting. 

German.  —  Mass,  measure,  meter;  masse,  moderation. 

Messen,  vermcsscn,  to  measure  ;  messer,  a  measurer. 

Gemass,  measure;  also,  conformable,  suitable;  Eng.  meet,  suit- 
able ;   German  gemassigt,  temperate,  moderate. 

Swedish. — Mata,  to  meet,  to  fall  on,  to  come  to,  to  happen. 
[This  is  the  sense  o{  finding.} 

Mote,  a  meeting.  ^ 

Mot,  and  emot,  toward,  against ;  as  in  motsta,  to  stand  against, 
to  resist. 

Mata,  to  measure;  matt,  measure,  meter,  mode. 

Mattelig,  moderate,  middling,  frugal,  temperate. 
Malta,  to  be  sufiicient,  to  satisfy,  to  cloy. 

Da.vish.  —  Moder,  to  meet,  to  convene  ;  mode  or  mode,  a  meet- 
ing; mod,  contrary,  opposite,  against,   to,  toward,  for,  on,  by, 


xliv 


INTRODUCTION. 


aside,  abreast,  as  in  modsetter,  to  set  against,  to  oppose ;  mod- 
riger,  to  say  against,  to  contradict ;  modviad,  a  contrary  wind. 

Motd,  moden,  ripe,  mellow,  mutvre.     [Qu.  Lat.  mitii] 

Mode,  manner,  fashion.     [Probably  from  the  Latin.] 

Mimde,  measure,  form,  style  of  writing,  way,  mode,  manner, 
fashion.  [This  is  the  native  Danish  word  corresponding  to  the 
Lat.  modus.] 

Maadelig,  moderate,  temperate. 

MtEt,  enough,  sufficient ;  matter,  to  satisfy,  or  sate,  to  glut. 

From  the  same  root  are  the  G.  ini<,  D.  met,  mede,  Sw.  and  Dan. 
med,  Gr.  mra.  signifying  with. 

By  the  first  signification  of  the  Saxon  matan,  orm^etan,  we  find 
that  this  word,  which  is  the  English  meet,  is  also  the  French 
meltre,  and  Lat.  mitto,  the  sense  of  which  is  to  throw  or  send,  to 
put,  to  lay.  Meet  is  only  a  modification  of  the  same  sense,  to 
come  to,  to  fall,  to  reach,  hence  to  find  ;  as  we  say,  to  fall  on. 

The  sense  of  painting  or  portraying  is  peculiar  to  the  Saxon. 
I  am  not  confident  that  this  sense  is  from  finding ;  but  we  ob- 
serve that  metere  is  rendered  an  inventor  and  a  painter.  The 
sense  of  paint,  then,  may  be,  to  find  out,  to  devise  or  contrive. 

The  sense  of  dreaming  is  also  peculiar  to  the  Saxon.  The 
sense  may  be  to  devise  or  imagine,  or  it  may  be  to  rove,  as  in 
some  other  words  of  like  signification.  If  so,  tiiis  sense  will 
accord  with  the  Syriao  ^,  infra. 

The  other  significations  present  no  difficulty.  To  meet  is  to 
come  to,  to  reach  in  proceeding  or  in  extending;  hence  to  find. 
The  primary  sense  of  measure  is  to  extend,  to  stretch  to  the  full 
length  or  size  of  a  thing. 

Meet,  fit,  suitable,  like  par,  peer,  pair,  is  from  extending  or 
reaching  to.  So  suit  is  from  the  Latin  sequor,  through  the 
French,  to  follow,  to  press  or  reach  toward.  See  par,  under  S"l2i 
supra.  ' 

The  English  meet  and  mett  appear  to  be  from  the  Saxon  dia- 
lect,  but  moot  from  tlic  Gothic. 

Let  it  be  remarked  tliat  the  Saxon  meet  and  mete  are  united  in 
the  same  orthography ;  and  in  the  Dutch  the  orthography  is  not 
yery  different ;  onlmoetcn,  gemoetcn,  to  meet,  and  mecten,  to 
measure.     Not  so  in  the  other  languages. 

In  German,  mass  is  measure,  and  messen,  to  measure ;  but  the 
sense  ofmeet  does  not  occur.  Yet  that  mass  is  the  same  word  as 
meet,  fit,  varied  only  in  dialect,  appears  from  this,  that  gemass, 
with  a  prefix,  is  suitable,  answering  to  the  English  meet. 

The  Swedish  and  Danish  words  follow  the  Gothic  orthography  ; 
Swedish  mota,  to  meet,  to  fall  on,  to  come  to,  to  happen.  These 
significations  give  the  sense  of  finding,  and  are  closely  allied  to 

the  senses  of  the  Arabic  verb  iX.«  madda,  infra. 

The  Danish  verb  is  moder,  to  meet ;  but  in  both  the  Swedish 
and  Danish,  the  sense  of  measure  is  expressed  by  a  different 
orthography.  Sw.  mdta,  to  measure  ;  matt,  measure  ;  Dan. 
moiuU,  measure,  mode,     la  these  two  languages  we  find  also  the 

sense  of  sufficiency,  and  to  satisfy.  See  infra,  the  Ar.  <X.«  and 
Heb.  and  Ch.  k::<3. 

But  in  these  Gothic  dialects,  there  is  one  application  of  meet- 
ing, which  deserves  more  particular  notice.  In  Swedish,  mot 
and  emot  is  a  preposition  of  the  same  signification  as  the  English 
against.  It  is  rendered  toward,  against.  So  in  Danish,  mod  is 
contrary,  opposite,  against,  to,  toward,  by,  aside,  abreast.  This 
preposition  is  the  simple  verb,  without  any  addition  of  letters, 
prefix  or  suffix.  We  hence  learn  that  the  sense  of  such  prepo- 
sitions is  a  meeting  or  coming  to,  which  gives  the  sense  of  to  or 
toward;  but  when  one  meets  another  in  front,  it  gives  the  sense 
of  opposition,  or  contrary  direction.  This  coming  to  or  meeting 
may  be  for  a  friendly  purpose,  and  hence  in  one's  favor,  like  for 
in  English.  Thus  in  Danish,  "  Guds  godhed  m^>d  os,"  God's 
goodness  or  mercy  toward  us.  In  other  cases,  mod  signifies 
against,  and  implies  counteraction  or  opposition ;  as  modgift,  an 
antidote ;  modgang,  adversity.  So  for,  in  English,  signifies  to- 
ward, or  in  favor  of;  and  also  opposition  and  negation,  as  in 
forbid. 

In  the  Danish  we  find  moed,  moden,  ripe,  mature.  We  shall 
see  this  sense  in  the  Chaldee  vafZ-  The  sense  is,  to  reach,  ex- 
tend, or  come  to. 

The  Latin  modus  is  from  this  root,  and,  by  its  orthography,  it 
seems  to  have  been  received  from  the  Gothic  race.  The  sense  is 
measure,  limit,  from  extending,  -or  comprehending.     This,  then. 


becomes  tlie  radix  of  many  words  which  express  limitation  or 
restraint,  as  moderate,  modest,  modify ;  a  sense  directly  contrary 
to  that  of  the  radical  verb. 

This  leads  us  a  step  further.  In  Saxon,  Gothic,  and  other 
northern  languages,  Tnod,  moed,  signifies  mind,  courage,  spirit, 
anger,  whence  English  moody.  'Tlie  primary  sense  is  an  ad- 
vancing or  rushing  forward,  which  expresses  mind,  or  intention ; 
that  is,  a  setting  or  stretching  forward,  and  also  spirit,  anima- 
tion, heat,  and,  lastly,  anger.  So  the  Latin  animus  gives  rise  to 
animosity ;  and  the  Greek  ^svoi;,  mind,  signifies  also  strength, 
force,  vehemence,  and  anger.  Mania  is  from  the  same  radical 
sense. 

Let  us  now  connect  this  root,  or  these  roots,  with  the  Shemitio 
.languages. 

In  Hebrew  and  Chaldee,  nn>3  signifies  to  measure ;  IXi,  a 
measure.  This  coincides  with  the  Latin  metior,  and  Gr.  finqtm, 
as  well  as  with  the  Saxon,  Dutch,  Danish,  and  Swedish,  which 
all  write  the  word  with  a  dental,  but  the  German  is  mass. 

In  Syriac,  ^^  mad,  signifies  to  escape,  to  get  free  ;  that  is,  to 

depart,  a  modification  of  the  sense  of  extending  in  the  Arabic. 
A  derivative  in  Syriac  signifies  a  duty,  toll,  or  tribute  ;  and  we 
have  seen  in  the  Gothic,  that  mvta  is  a  toll-house.  It  may  be 
from  measuring,  that  is,  a  portion,  or  perhaps  income. 

This  word  in  Arabic,  >X«  madda,  signifies, 

1.  To  stretch  or  extend,  to  draw  out,  to  make  or  be  long,  to 
delay  or  give  time,  to  forbear,  to  bring  forth.  To  extend  is  the 
radical  sense  of  measure.  v 

2.  To  separate,  or  throw  off  or  out ;  to  secern,  secrete,  or  dis- 
charge. Hence  to  become  matter  or  sanies,  to  produce  pus,  to 
maturate.  Here  we  have  the  origin  of  the  word  matter,  in  the 
sense  of  pus.  It  is  an  excretion,  from  throwing  out,  separating, 
freeing,  discharging.  Here  we  have  the  sense  of  the  Latin 
mitto,  einitto. 

3.  To  assist,  to  supply.  This  sense  is  probably  from  coming 
to,  that  is,  to  approach  or  visit.  "  I  was  sick,  and  ye  visited  me. 
I  was  in  prison,  and  ye  came  to  me."     Matth.  xxv. 

This  application  coincides  with  the  English  meet,  but  particu- 
larly with  the  Swedish  and  Danish  sense  of  the  word. 

4.  To  make  thin,  to  attenuate  ;  probably  from  stretchmg. 
Among  the  Arabic  nouns   formed   under  this  root,  we  find  a 

measure,  or  moJius,  showing  tliat  this  verb  is  the  same  as  the 
Chaldee  and  Hebrew ;  we  find  also  matter,  or  pus,  and  lenity. 
Qu.  Lat.  mitis. 

In  Chaldee,  («t:>3  or  TV^Iz  signifies  to  come  to,  to  happen,  to 
reach,  [to  meet,]  to  be  ripe  or  mature,  to  cause  to  come,  to  bring 
or  produce.  The  first  sense  gives  that  of  finding,  and  the  latter 
gives  that  of  maturing,  and  we  observe  that  matter,  c :  pus,  is 

from  the  Arabic  »X»o  madda,  and  the  sense  of  mature,  from  the 
Chaldee  Ht3?3  meta.  Yet  in  the  use  of  maturate,  from  the  Latin 
maturo,  we  connect  the  words ;  for  to  maturate  is  to  ripen,  and  to 
generate  matter. 

In  Syriac,  this  verb  signifies  the  same  as  the  Chaldee,  to 
come  to ;  and  also  to  be  strong,  to  prevail ;  that  is,  to  strain  or 
stretch,  the  radical  sense  of  power. 

In  Hebrew,  ^'2'^  has  the  sense  of  the  foregoing  verb  in  the 
Chaldee  ;  to  find,  to  come  to,  to  happen. 

In  Chaldee,  this  verb  signifies  to  find,  and  to  be  strong,  to 
prevail ;  hence,  both  in  Hebrew  and  Chaldee,  to  be  sufficient. 
Here  we  see  the  Danish  and  Swedish  mwtter,  and  Tnatta,  to  be 
sufficient.     This  is  also  meet,  dialectically  varied. 

In  Syriac,  also,  this  verb  signifies  to  be  strong  or  powerful ; 
also  in  Pah.  to  bring  or  press  out,  to  defecate,  which  sense  unites 
this  word  with  the  Heb.  m'O,  to  press,  to  squeeze.  In  Ethiopic, 
this  verb  signifies  to  come,  to  happen,  to  cause  to  come,  to  bring 
in,  to  bring  forth.  Now,  it  is  evident  that  i<X>3,  and  the  Chaldee 
Kw?2>  are  dialectical  forms  of  the  same  word  ;  the  former  coin- 
ciding with  the  German  mass  in  orthography,  but  with  the  other 
languages  in  signification. 

In  Chaldee,  I'ZIZ  signifies  the  middle,  and,  as  a  verb,  to  set  in 
the  middle,  to  pass  the  middle  ;  in  Syriac,  to  be  divided  in  the 
middle.     Qu.   Is  not  this  a  branch  of  the  family  of  meet.? 

In  Chaldee,  ~?:8t  amad,  to  measure,  is  evidently  from  T>2^  with 
a  prefix  or  formative  8.  This  word,  in  Syriac,  signifies,  like  the 
simple  verb,  to  escape,  to  be  liberated.     In  Pael,  to  liberate. 


INTRODUCTION. 


xlv 


In  Arabic,  thia  verb  ,S^\  amida^  signifies  to  be  terminated, 

to  end  ;  whence  the  noun,  an  end,  limit,  termination,  Latin  incta  ; 
which,  Ainsworth  informs  us,  signifies,  in  a  metaphorical  sens^,  a 
limit.  The  fact  is  the  reverse  ;  this  is  its  primary  and  literal 
sense,  and  that  of  a  pillar  and  goal  are  particular  appropriations 
of  that  sense. 

In  Hebrew,  1^3  signifies  a  cubit,  a  measure  of  length. 

The  same  in  the  Rabbinic,  from  "l*^,  with  a  prefix. 

In  Chaldee,  this  verb  signifies  to  he  contracted^  to  shrink. 

Is  not  this  sense  from  "T]^,  measure,  modus;  a  limit,  or  a 
drawing  ? 

That  the  Shemitic  words,  T:?:,  »t2^,  xr?2  and  "l>:fi^,  are  words 
of  the  same  stock  with  meet^  mete,  Lat.  metior,  there  can  be  no 
doubt ;  but  it  is  not  easy  to  understand  why  the  different  signifi- 
cations of  meeting  and  measuring  should  be  united  in  one  word, 
in  the  Saxon  language,  when  they  are  expressed  by  very  differ- 
ent words  in  the  Shemitic,  and  in  most  of  the  Teutonic  languages. 
We  know,  indeed,  that  in  German  a  sibilant  letter  is  often  used, 
in  words  which  are  written  with  a  dental  in  all  the  other  kindred 
lan<Tuages.  But  in  this  case,  the  German  mass,  measure,  must 
coincide  with  ";?:,  as  must  the  Swedish  mata,  and  Dan.  maade^ 
and  the  Saxon  mctan,  Y>Mic\i  gcmoeten,  Goth,  motyan,  Sw.  mota, 
Dan.  modcr,  with  the  Chaldee  fc^::*^,  but  not  with  the  word  VCZ'*2. 

It  may  not  be  impossible  nor  improbable  that  all  these  words 
are  from  one  stock  or  radix,  and  that  the  different  orthographies 
and  applications  are  dialectical  changes  of  that  root,  introduced 
among  ditierent  families  or  races  of  men,  before  languages  were 
reduced  to  writing. 

In  the  Latin  mensus,  from  metior,  the  n  is  probably  casual,  the 
original  being  m.esus,  as  in  the  French  mesure.  I  have  reason 
to  think  there  are  many  instances  of  this  insertion  of  n  before  d 
and  s. 

From  this  exhibition  of  words  and  their  significations,  we  may 
fairly  infer  the  common  origin  of  the  following  words.  Lat. 
mitto,  Frencli  incttre,  English  meet,  to  come  to,  meety  fit,  and  mete, 
to  measure,  Lat.  metier,  meter,  Gr.  /<(Tyor,  fitT(Jtw,  Lat.  mensura, 
Fr.  mesure,  Eng,  measure,  Lat.  modus,  mode.  Sax.  and  Goth. 
mod,  mind,  anger;  whence  moody,  Eng.  moot,  Lat.  maturus,  ma- 
ture, and  Eng.  matter. 

In  Welsh,  madu  signifies  to  cause  to  proceed ;  to  send  ;  [Lat. 
mitto;]  to  suffer  to  go  ofi*;  to  render  productive;  to  become 
beneficial ;  and  mdd  signifies  what  proceeds  or  goes  forward, 
hence  what  is  good  ;  and  mad,  the  adjective,  signifies  proceeding, 
advancintr,  progressive,  good  or  beneficial.  This  word,  then, 
affords  a  clear  proof  of  the  radical  sense  of  good.  We  have  like 
evidence  in  the  English  better,  best,  and  in  prosperity,  which  is 
from  the  Greek  nnonifioo>,  to  advance. 

In  Welsh  also  we  find  madrez,  matter,  pus  ;  madru,  to  dissolve, 
to  putrefy,  to  become  pus.     That  these  words  are  from  the  same 

root  as  the  Arabic  »X-o  supra,  I  think  to  be  very  obvious ;  and 
here  we  observe  that  the  Welsh  have  one  important  sense  de- 
rived from  the  root,  that  of  good,  which  occurs  in  none  of  the 
other  languages.  But  the  primary  sense  is  the  same  as  that  of 
the  other  significations,  to  go  forward,  to  advance  ;  hence  to  pro- 
mote interest  or  happiness.  Here  we  have  undeniable  evidence 
that  the  sense  of  good,  Welsh  m^d,  and  the  sense  of  matter,  pus, 
proceed  from  the  same  radix. 


LEGO. 

The  Greek  Xiytu  is  rendered,  to  speak  or  say  ;  to  tell,  count,  or 
number;  to  gather,  collect,  or  choose;  to  discourse;  and  to  lie 
down.  This  last  definition  shows  that  this  word  is  the  Knglisli 
lie  and  lay  ;  and  from  this  application,  doubtless,  the  Latins  had 
their  lectus,  a  bed  ;  that  is,  a  spread,  a  lay. 

The  Latin  Ugo,  the  same  verb,  is  rendered  to  gather ;  to 
choose  ;  to  read;  to  steal,  or  collect  by  stealing;  and  the  phrase 
legtre  oram  signifies  to  coast,  to  sail  along  a  coast ;  legere  vela, 
is  to  furl  the  sails  ;  legere  halitum,  to  take  breath  ;  legere  littua, 
to  sail  close  to  the  shore;  legere  milites,  to  enlist  or  muster  sol- 
diers ;  legere  pugno,  to  strike,  perhaps  to  lay  on  with  the  fist. 

It  would  seem,  at  first  view,  that  such  various  significations 
can  not  proceed  from  one  radix.  But  tlie  fact  that  they  do  is 
indubitable.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root  must  be  to  throw, 
■train,  or  extend,  which  in  this,  as  in  almost  all  cases,  gives  the 


sense  o^  speaking.  The  sense  of  collecting,  choosing,  gathering, 
is  from  throwmg,  or  drawing  out,  or  separating  by  some  such 
act;  or  from  throwing  together.  The  sense  of  lying  down  is 
probably  from  throwing  one's  self  down.  The  sense  of  reading, 
in  Latin,  is  the  same  as  tliat  of  speaking,  in  the  Greek,  unless  it 
maj'  be  from  collecting,  that  is,  separating  the  letters,  and  uniting 
them  in  syllables  and  words  ;  for  in  the  primitive  mode  of  writing, 
diacritical  points  were  not  used.  But  probably  the  sense  of 
reading  is  the  same  as  in  speaking. 

The  phrases  legere  oram,  legere  littus,  in  Latin,  may  coincide 
with  that  of  our  seamen,  to  stretch  or  lay  along  the  shore  or 
coast,  or  to  hug  the  land  ;  especially  if  this  word  lay,  in  Sanscrit, 
signifies  to  cling,  as  I  have  seen  it  stated  in  some  author,  but  for 
which  I  can  not  vouch.  If  this  sense  is  attached  to  the  word,  it 
proves  it  closely  allied  to  the  L.  ligo,  to  bind. 

That  the  sense  of  throwing,  or  driving,  is  contained  in  this 
word,  is  certain  from  its  derivatives.  Thus,  in  Greek,  anoXiyvt 
signifies  to  select,  to  collect ;  and  also  to  reject,  to  repudiate,  and 
to  forbid ;   which  imply  throwing,  thrusting  awav. 

Now,  if  throwing,  sending,  or  driving,  is  the  primary  sense, 
then  the  Latin  lego,  to  read,  and  lego,  legare,  to  send,  are  radi- 
cally the  same  word  ;  the  inflections  of  the  verb  being  varied, 
arbitrarily,  to  designate  the  distinct  applications,  just  as  '\Xi  pello, 
appello,  appellere,  to  drive,  and  appello,  appellare,  to  call. 

And  here  it  may  be  worth  a  moment's  consideration,  whether 
several  words  with  prefixes,  such  as  slay,  fog,  and  the  Latin 
plico,  W.  plygu,  are  not  formed  on  the  root  of  lay,  that  is,  lag  or 
lak.  The  sense  o{ slay.  Sax.  slogan,  sltean,  is  properly  to  strike, 
to  beat ;  hence,  in  Saxon,  "  Hig  slogan  heora  wedd,^'  they  slew 
their  It-ague,  or  contract;  that  is,  Ihey  struck  a  bargain.  It 
signifies  also  to  throw,  as  to  slag  one  into  prison  ;  also,  to  fall ;  to 
set  or  lay.  The  sense  of  killing  is  derivative  from  that  of  strik- 
ing, a  striking  down. 

Flog,  hat.  figo,  signifies,  primarily,  to  rush,  drive,  strike,  Eng. 
to  lick ;  and,  if  formed  on  the  root  of  lay,  is  precisely  the  popular 
phrase,  to  lay  on. 

If  plico  is  formed  with  a  prefix  on  lay  or  its  root,  it  must  have 
been  originally  pelico,  that  is,  helico,  belay.  Then,  to  fold  would 
be  to  lay  on  or  close ;  to  lay  one  part  to  anotiier.  Now,  this  word 
is  the  Welsh  plyfftiy  to  fold,  which  Owen  makes  to  be  a  compound 
oi py  and  II y.     The  latter  word  must  be  a  contraction  of  llyg. 

We  know  that  the  word  reply  is  from  the  French  repliquer,  the 
Latin  replico.  Now,  to  reply  is  not  to  fold  back,  but  to  send 
back,  to  tlirow  back,  as  words,  or  an  answer  ;  and  this  gives  the 
precise  sense  of  lay,  to  throw,  to  send,  which  must  be  the  sense 
of  the  radical  word. 

It  is  no  inconsiderable  evidence  of  the  truth  of  my  conjecture, 
that  we  constantly  use  the  phrase  to  lay  on,  or  lay  to,  as  synony- 
mous with  -ply,  a  word  belonging  to  tiiis  family.  To  pledge, 
another  of  this  family,  is  to  lay  down,  to  deposit;  and  the  pri- 
mary sense  of  play,  Saxon  plegan,  Dan.  legcr,  Sw.  leka,  is  to 
strike  or  drive. 

In  Welsh,  llu^ato  signifies  to  throw,  fling,  cast,  or  dart;  to 
pelt;  to  drifl ;  from  Hue  ^  darting,  a  flash,  glance,  or  sudden 
throw  ;  hence  llured,  lightning.  Llug  signifies,  also,  that  breaks, 
or  begins  to  open;  a  gleam,  a  breaking  out  in  blotches;  the 
pl.igue.  Lhrg  signifies,  also,  that  is  apt  to  break  out,  that  is 
bright,  a  tumor,  eruption.  These  words  coincide  with  English 
light,  Lat.  luceo  ;  the  primary  sense  of  which  is  to  throw,  shoot, 
or  dart;  and  these  words  all  contain  the  elements  of  fog  and 
fling. 

In  Welsh,  lly^u  signifies  to  fall  flat,  to  lie  extended,  or  to  squat. 
This  is  evidently  allied  to  lay  and  lie. 

These  senses  agree  also  witli  that  of  luck,  to  fall,  or  come  sud- 
denly ;  that  is,  to  rush  or  drive  along. 

In  Russ.  vlagayu  is  to  lay,  or  put  in  ;  equivalent  to  the  German 
einfegen. 

Tlio  Latin  fuo  is  contracted  from  fugo;  and  the  radical  sense 
off  010  is  the  same  as  that  of  light.  So  tiie  river  Jlar,  in  Europe, 
is  doubtless  from  the  same  source  as  the  Oriental  ^1X,  to  shine, 
whence  air.  And  ^n3,  which,  in  Hebrew,  signifies  to  flow  as 
water,  as  well  as  to  shine,  chiefly  signifies,  in  Chaldee  and  Syriac, 
to  shine. 

To  show  the  great  importance,  or  rather  the  absolute  necessity, 
of  ascertaining  the  primary  sense  of  words,  in  order  to  obtain 
clear  ideas  of  the  sense  of  ancient  authors,  more  particularly  of 
difficult  passages  in  dead  languages,  let  the  reader  attend  to  the 
following  remarks. 

In  commenting  on  certain  parts  of  Isaiah  xxviii.  Lowth  ob- 


-^■'-  I 


jdvi 


INTRODUCTION. 


Berves,  in  his  Preliminary  Dissertation,  the  difficulty  of  deter- 
mining the  meaning  of  ntn,  in  verse  Ijth.  In  our  version,  as 
in  others,  it  is  rendered  agreemetU ;  but,  says  Lowth,  "  tlie  word 
means  no  such  thing  in  any  part  of  the  Bible,  except  in  the  18th 
verse  follon-ing ;  nor  can  the  lexicographers  give  any  satisfactory 
account  of  the  word  in  this  sense."  Vet  he  agrees  with  Vitringa, 
that  in  these  passages  it  must  have  this  signification.  The  dif- 
ficulty, it  seems,  has  arisen  from  not  understanding  the  primary 
sense  of  seeing,  for  the  verb  generally  signifies  to  see ;  and  as  a 
noun  the  word  signifies  sight,  vision  ;  and  so  it  is  rendered  in  the 
L^atin  version  annexed  to  Vanderhooght's  Bible.  The  Seventy 
render  it  by  avr!^i,xr,.  a  covenant  or  league;  and  they  are  fol- 
lowed by  tlie  moderns.  "  Nous  avons  inielligenct  avec  le  se- 
pulchre :  "  French.  "Noi  habbiam  fatta  lego,  col  ucpulcro : " 
Italian   of  Dioitati. 

Parkhurst  undorstauds  the  word  to  signify,  to  fasten,  to  settle, 
and  he  cites  2  Sim.  xx.  it,  tnr,  "  Joab  took  Amasa  by  the  beard." 
Here  the  sense  is  obvious ;  and  from  this  and  other  passages,  we 
may  infer  with  certainty,  that  tlie  radical  sense  is  to  reach  to,  or 
to  seize,  hold,  or  fix.  If  the  sense  is  to  reach  to,  then  it  accords 
with  covenant,  conveniens,  coming  to ;  if  the  sense  is  to  fix,  or 
fasten,  then  it  agrees  with  league,  Lat.  ligo,  and  with  pact, 
pactum,  from  pango,  to  make  fast ;  all  from  the  sense  of  exten- 
sion, stretching,  straining.  Hence  the  meaning  of  HTn,  the 
breast;  that  is,  the  firm,  fixed,  strong  part.  And  if  the  English 
ga:e  is  the  same  word,  which  is  not  improbable,  this  determines 
the  appropriate  sense  of  seeing,  in  this  word,  to  be  to  fix,  or  to 
look  or  reach  with  the  eye  fixed. 

But  we  have  other  and  decisive  evidence  of  the  primary  signi- 
fication of  this  word  in  the  obvious,  undisputed  meaning  of  triSt, 
the  same  word  arilh  a  prefix,  which  signifies  to  catch,  or  lay  hold 
on ;  to  seize ;  hence  behind,  following,  as  if  attached  to  ;  and 
hence  drawing  out  in  time,  to  delay. 

Now,  it  is  not  improbable  that  the  Arabic  \l=>.  hauza,  may  be 

a  word  of  the  same  stock ;  and  this  signifies,  among  other  senses, 
to  collect,  contract,  or  draw  togellier,  to  accamulatc,  to  have  in- 
tercourse or  commerce  with  another.  The  latter  sense  would 
give  nearly  the  signification  of  the  Hebrew  word. 

Lexicographers  are  often  embarrassed  to  account  for  the  differ- 
ent signiBcation  of  words  that  ore  evidently  derived  from  the 
same  root.  Thus,  in  Hebrew,  1";3  is  rendered  to  sing;  to  look, 
behold,  oi  observe ;  and  to  rule ;  and  its  derivatives,  a  ruler,  a 
wall,  tlie  navel-string,  a  chain  or  necklace,  &c.  How  can  a 
word  signily  to  rule,  and  to  sing,  and  to  look  ?  Nothing  can  bo 
more  easy  or  natural.  The  sense  is,  in  both  cases,  to  stretch  or 
strain,  to  reach.  To  s'mg  is  to  strain  the  voice ;  to  rule  is  to  re- 
strain men ;  and  to  see  is  to  reach,  or  to  hiU  in  view. 

In  Latin,  sero  signifies  to  sow,  to  plant,  to  beget,  to  spread ; 
ccnsero,  to  sow,  aud  to  close  cr  join  ;  desero,  to  leave  off,  to  de- 
sert; asscro,  to  plant  by  or  near,  and  to  assert,  affirm,  and  pro- 
nounce ;  disscro,  to  discourse  ;  inscro,  to  insert,  to  implant ;  rcscro, 
to  unlock,  to  open,  to  disclose.  Desero,  to  desert,  Ainsworth 
says,  is  a  compound  of  de  and  scro,  "  ut  sit  descrtum  quod  non 
seritur  nee  colitur."  And  dissero  he  supposes  must  be  a  meta- 
phorical Hse  of  tile  word.  Now,  on  the  principles  I  have  un- 
folded, nothing  is  easier  than  an  explanation  of  tliese  words. 
The  sense  o{  scro  is  to  throw,  to  thrust ;  its  literal  sense  is  applied 
to  sowing  and  planting ;  consero  is  to  thrust  or  drive  together ; 
desero  is  to  throw  from ;  assera  is  to  throw  in  words,  or  to  throw 
out,  as  in  appello;  dissero  is  to  throw  words  or  arguments,  with 
the  sense  of  spreading,  expatiating  ;  insero  is  to  throw  or  thrust 
in  ;  rtsero  is  to  throw  or  drive  from,  hence  to  unlock  or  open. 

It  is  by  resorting  to  the  primary  idea  of  words,  that  we  are 
able  to  explain  applications,  apparently,  or  in  fact,  diverse  and 
even  contrary.  A  very  common  example  of  this  contrariety 
occurs  in  words  which  signity  to  guard  or  defend.  For  instance, 
the  Latin  arcco  signifies  to  drive  off,  and  to  protect,  secure,  hold, 
restrain,  or  keep  from  departing  or  escaping ;  two  senses  directly 
opposite.  This  is  extremely  natural ;  for  arcco  signifies  to  thrust 
off,  repel,  drive  back;  and  this  act  defends  the  person  or  object 
attacked.  Or  if  we  suppose  tiie  sense  of  straining  to  be  anterior 
to  that  of  repulsion,  which  is  not  improbable,  then  the  act  of 
straining  or  holding  produces  both  effects ;  to  repel  or  stop  what 
advances  to  assault,  and  protect  what  is  inclosed  or  assaulted. 
The  words  guard  and  warren  present  a  similar  application  of  tlie 
primary  idea ;  and  all  languages  which  I  have  examined  furnish 
a  multitude  of  similar  examples. 


These  examples  illustrate  the  utility  of  extensive  researches  in 
language ;  as  all  cognate  languages  throw  light  on  each  other ; 
one  language  often  retaining  the  radical  meaning  of  a  word  which 
the  others  have  lost.  Who,  for  instance,  that  is  acquainted  only 
witli  the  English  use  of  the  verb  to  hare,  would  suspect  that  this 
word  and  happen  are  radically  one,  and  that  the  primary  sense  is 
to  fait  or  rush,  hence  to  fall  on  and  seize  .'  Yet  nothing  is  more 
certain.  In  the  Spanish  language  the  senses  of  both  verbs  are 
retained  in  hal/cr;  and  the  VVelsh  hapiaw  gives  us  the  true  origi- 
nal signification. 

In  like  manner  the  primary  sense  of  venio,  in  Latin,  can  not  be 
certainly  determined,  witiiout  resorting  to  other  words,  and  to 
kindred  languages.  In  Latin,  the  word  signifies  to  come  or 
arrive  ;  but  in  Spanish,  Tcnid/i,  from  renir,  the  Latin  TcnUi,  sig- 
nifies not  only  a  coming  or  arrival,  but  an  attack  in  fencing. 
Venio  coincides  in  origin  with  tiie  English  ^nr/;  S^xc a  jmdan ; 
German  and  Dutch  finden,  to  find,  to  fall  or  light  'r,  Danish 
finder;  Swedish,  finna,  to  find,  to  discover,  to  mf.;'.,  to  strike 
against,  [o^cn//ere.]  The  primary  sense  of  Tenia,  then,  is  not 
merely  to  come  or  arrive,  but  to  rush  or  move  *ith  a  driving 
force ;  and  this  sense  is  applicable  to  coming  or  going. 

That  the  primary  sense  is  to  fall  or  rush,  we  i.ave  evidence  in 
the  Latin  ventus,  and  English  wind,  both  from  the  root  of  this 
verb.  We  have  still  further  evidence  in  the  word  venom,  which 
in  Welsh  is  gwenwyn ;  given,  white,  and  gwtjn,  rage,  smart, 
whence  gwifut,  wind.  Venojn  is  that  which  frets  or  excites  a 
raging  pain.  Hence  we  may  infer  that  Latin  venor,  to  hunt,  to 
chase,  is  of  the  same  family  ;  and  so  is  renia,  leave,  or  leave  to 
depart,  or  a  departure,  a  leaving,  coinciding  in  signification  with 
leave. 

The  latter  word.  Tenia,  proves  another  fact,  that  the  primary 
sense  of  retiio  is,  in  general,  to  move  in  any  direction,  and  that 
the  Latin  sense,  to  come,  is  a  particular  appropriation  of  that 
sense. 

In  ascertaining  the  primary  sense  of  words,  it  is  often  useful  or 
necessary  to  recur  to  the  derivatives.  Thus  the  Latin  la;do  is 
rendered  to  hurt;  but,  by  adverting  to  allido,  elido,  and  coUido, 
we  find  tliit  the  original  signification  is  to  strike,  hit,  or  dash 
against.  Hurt,  then,  is  the  secondary  sense ;  tlie  effect  of  the 
primary  action  expressed  by  the  verb. 

So  tlie  Latin  rapio,  to  seize,  docs  not  give  the  sense  of  rapidus, 
rapid ;  but  the  sense  of  the  latter  proves  the  primary  sense  of 
rapio  to  be  to  rush,  and  in  its  application,  to  rush  on  and  seize. 

These  examples  will  be  sullicicnt  to  show  how  little  the  affini- 
ties of  language  have  been  understood.  MeT  have  been  generally 
satisfied  with  a  knowledge  of  the  appropriate  sense  of  words, 
without  examining  from  what  visible  or  physical  action,  or  pri- 
mary sense,  that  particular  application  has  been  derived.  Hence 
the  obscurity  that  still  rests  on  the  theory  of  language.  It  has 
been  supposed  that  each  word,  particularly  each  verb,  has  an 
original  specific  sense,  or  application,  distinct  from  every  other 
verb.  We  find,  however,  on  a  close  examination  and  compari- 
son of  the  same  word  in  different  languages,  that  the  fact  is 
directly  the  reverse  ;  that  a  verb  expressing  some  action,  in  a 
general  sense,  gives  rise  to  various  appropriate  senses,  or  partic- 
ular applications.  And  in  the  course  of  my  researches,  I  Iiave 
been  struck  with  the  similarity  of  manner  in  which  different 
nations  have  appropriated  derivative  and  figurative  senses.  For 
example,  all  nations,  as  far  as  my  researches  extend,  agree  in 
expressing  the  sense  of  justice  and  right  by  straightness ;  and  sin, 
iniquity,  wrong,  by  a  deviation  from  a  straiglit  line  or  course. 
Equally  remarkable  is  the  simplicity  of  the  analogies  in  language, 
and  the  small  number  of  radical  significations;  so  small,  indeed, 
that  I  am  persuaded  the  primary  sense  of  all  the  verbs  in  any 
language  may  be  expressed  by  thirty  or  forty  words. 

AVe  can  not,  at  this  period  of  the  world,  determine,  in  all  cases, 
which  words  are  primitive,  and  which  are  derivative  ;  nor  whether 
the  verb  or  the  noun  is  the  original  word.  Mons.  Gebelin,  in  his 
Monde  Primitif,  maintains  that  the  noun  is  the  root  of  all  otlier 
words.  Never  was  a  greater  mistake.  That  some  nouns  may 
have  been  formed  before  the  verbs  with  which  they  are  connected, 
is  possible ;  but,  as  languages  are  now  constructed,  it  is  demon- 
strably certain,  that  the  verb  is  the  radix  or  stocK  from  which 
have  sprung  most  of  the  nouns,  adjectives,  and  other  parts  of 
speech  belonging  to  each  family.  This  is  the  result  of  all  my 
researches  into  the  origin  of  languages.  We  find,  indeed,  that 
many  modern  verbs  are  formed  on  nouns ;  as,  to  practice  from 
practice;  but  the  noun  le  derived  from  a  Greek  verb.  So  we  use 
wrong  as  a  verb,  from  the  adjective  wrong ;  but  the  latter  is  pri- 
marily a  participle  of  the  verb  to  wring.     Indeed,  a  large  part  of 


INTRODUCTION. 


xlvii 


all  nouns  were  originally  particles  or  adjectives,  and  the  things 
which  they  denote  were  named  from  their  qualities.  So  pard, 
pardus^  is  from  "712  barad,  hail ;  and  the  animal  so  named  from 
his  spots,  as  if  sprinkled  with  hail,  from  the  sense  of  separation  or 
scattering.  Crape,  the  Fr.  cripe,  is  from  criper,  to  crisp.  Sight 
signifies,  primarily,  seen  ;  it  being  the  participle  of  seon,  con- 
tracted from  sigan.  Draught  is  the  participle  of  draw,  that 
which  is  drawn,  or  the  act  of  drawing ;  thought  is  the  participle 
of  think. 

As  the  verb  is  the  principal  radix  of  other  words,  and  as  the 
proper  province  of  this  part  of  speech  is  to  express  action,  almost 
all  tlie  modifications  of  the  primary  sense  of  the  verb  may  be 
comprehended  in  one  word,  to  move. 

The  principal  varieties  of  motion  or  action  may  be  expressed 
by  the  following  verbs. 

1.  To  drive,  throw,  thrust,  send,  urge,  press. 

2.  To  set,  fix,  lay.     But  these  are  usually  from  thrusting,  or 
throwing  down. 

3.  To    strain,    stretch,    draw ;    whence    holding,    binding, 
strength,  power,  and  often  health. 

4.  To  turn,  wind,  roll,  wander. 

5.  To  flow,  to  blow,  to  rush. 

6.  To  open,  part,  split,  separate,  remove,  scatter.     See  No.  16. 

7.  To  swell,  distend,  expand,  spread. 

8.  To  stir,  shake,  agitate,  rouse,  excite. 

9.  To  shoot,  as  a  plant ;  to  grow ;  allied  to  No.  1. 

10.  To  break,  or  burst;  allied  sometimes  to  No.  3. 

11.  To  lift,  raise,  elevate;  allied  to  No.  9. 

12.  To  flee,  withdraw,  escape ;  to  fly  ;  often  allied  to  No.  1. 

13.  To  rage  ;  to  bum  ;  allied  to  Nos.  7  and  8. 

14.  To  fall;  to  fail;  whence  fading,  dying,  &c. 

13.  To  approach,  come,  arrive,  extend,  reach.  This  is  usually 
the  sense  ot gaining.     No.  34. 

16.  To  go,  walk,  pass,  advance  ;  allied  to  No.  6. 

17.  To  seize,  take,  hold;  sometimes  allied  to  No.  31. 

18.  To  strike;  to  beat;  allied  to  No.  1. 

19.  To  swing;  to  vibrate.     No.  29. 

20.  To  lean  ;  to  incline ;  allied  to  the  sense  of  wandering,  or 
departing. 

21.  To  rub,  scratch,  scrape;  often  connected  with  driving, 
and  with  roughness. 

22.  To  swim  ;  to  float. 

23.  To  stop,  cease,  rest ;  sometimes,  at  least,  from  straining, 
holding,  fastening. 

24.  To  creep ;  to  crawl;  soraetimes  connected  with  scraping. 

25.  To  peel,  to  strip,  whence  spoiling. 

26.  To  leap,  to  spring  ;  allied  to  Nos.  9  and  1. 

27.  To  bring,  bear,  carry ;  in  some  instances  connected  with 
producing,  throwing  out. 

28.  To  sweep. 

29.  To  hang.     No.  19. 

30.  To  shrink,  or  contract;  that  is,  to  draw.     See  No.  3. 

31.  To  run;  to  rush  forward;  allied  to  No.  1. 

32.  To  put  on  or  together;  to  unite  ;  allied  to  Nos.  1  and  3. 

33.  To  knit,  to  weave. 

34.  To  gain,  to  win,  to  get.     See  No.  15. 

These  and  a  few  more  verbs  express  the  literal  sense  of  all  the 
primary  roots.  But  it  must  be  remarked  that  all  the  foregoing 
significations  are  not  distinct.  So  far  from  it,  that  the  whole 
may  be  brought  under  the  signification  of  a  very  few  words. 
The  ^nglish  words  to  send,  throw,  thrust,  strain,  stretch,  draw, 
drive,  urge,  press,  embrace  the  primary  sense  of  a  great  part  of 
all  the  verbs  in  every  language  which  I  have  examined.  Indeed, 
it  must  be  go,  for  the  verb  is  certainly  the  root  of  most  words  ; 
and  the  verb  expresses  motion,  which  always  implies  the  appli- 
cation of  force. 

Even  the  verbs  which  signify  to  hold  or  stop,  in  most  instances 
at  least,  if  not  in  all,  denote,  primarily,  to  strain  or  restrain  by 
exertion  of  force;  and  to  lie  is,  primarily,  to  throw  down,  to  lay 
one's  self  down.  So  that  intransitive  verbs  are  rarely  exceptions 
to  the  general  remark  above  made,  that  all  verbs  primarily  ex- 
press  motion  or  exertion  of  force.  The  substantive  verb  has 
more  claims  to  be  an  exception  than  any  other;  for  this  usually 
denotes,  1  think,  permanence  or  continued  being  ;  but  the  pri- 
mary sense  of  this  verb  may  perhaps  be  to  set  ot  fix;  and  verbs 
having  this  sense  often  express  extension  in  time  or  duration.  So 
TKio),  in  Greek,  is  to  stretch,  but  the  same  word  teneo,  in  Latin, 
is  to  hold  ;  hence  continuance. 

Let  us  now  attend  to  the  radical  lense  of  some  of  the  most 
common  verba. 


Speaking,  calling,  crying,  praying,  utterance  of  sounds,  is  usu- 
ally from  the  sense  of  driving  or  straining.  Thus,  in  Latin, 
appcllo  and  compello,  though  of  a  diflerent  conjugation  from  pello, 
depcllo,  impello,  are  from  the  same  root ;  and  although  the  Latin 
repello  does  not  signify  to  recall,  yet  the  corresponding  word  in 
Italian,  rappellare,  and  the  French  rappeler,  signify  to  recall,  and 
hence  the  English  repeal.  Hence  also  peal,  either  of  a  bell  or  of 
thunder.  This  is  the  Greek  fiaiXc,  and  probably  naUm  is  from 
the  same  root.  The  sense  of  striking  is  found  in  the  Greek  verb, 
and  so  it  is  in  the  Latin  lot/nor,  English  clock.  But  in  general, 
speaking,  in  all  its  modifications,  is  the  straining,  driving,  or  im- 
pulse of  sounds.  Sometimes  the  sense  coincides  more  exactly 
with  that  of  breaking  or  bursting. 

Singing  is  a  driving  or  straining  of  the  voice  ;  and  we  apply 
strain  to  a  passage  of  music,  and  to  a  course  of  speaking. 

I  am  not  confident  that  I  can  refer  the  sensation  of  hearing  to 
any  visible  action.  Possibly  it  may  sometimes  be  from  striking, 
hitting,  touching.  But  we  observe  that  hear  is  connected  in 
origin  with  ear,  as  the  Latin  audio  is  with  the  Greek  oif,  wTo{, 
the  ear ;  whence  it  appears  probable  that  the  verb  to  hear  is 
formed  from  the  name  of  the  car,  and  the  ear  is  from  some  verb 
which  signifies  to  shoot  or  extend,  for  it  signifies  a  limb. 

The  primary  sense  of  secijig  is  commonly  to  extend  to,  to 
reach ;  as  it  were,  to  reach  with  the  eye.  Hence  the  use  of  be- 
hold, for  the  radical  sense  of  hold  is  to  strain ;  and  hence  its  sig- 
nification in  beholden,  held,  bound,  obligated.  See  the  verb  See, 
in  the  Dictionary. 

The  sense  of  look  may  be  somewhat  different  from  that  of  see. 
It  appears,  in  some  instances,  to  have  for  its  primary  signification, 
to  send,  throw,  cast ;  that  is,  to  send  or  cast  the  eye  or  sight. 

The  primary  sense  of  feeling  is  to  touch,  hit,  or  strike;  and 
probably  this  is  the  sense  of  taste. 

Wonder  and  astonishment  are  usually  expressed  by  some  word 
that  signifies  to  stop  or  hold.  Hence  the  Latin  miror,  to  wonder, 
is  the  Armoric  miret,  to  stop,  hold,  hinder;  coinciding  with  the 
English  moor,  and  Spanish  ainarrar,  to  moor,  as  a  ship. 

To  begin  is  to  come,  or  fall  on  ;  to  thrust  on.  We  have  a 
familiar  example  in  the  Latin  incipio,  in  and  capio  ;  for  capio  is 
primarily  to  fall  or  rush  on  and  seize.  See  Begin,  in  the  Dic- 
tionary. 

.Ittempt  is  expressed  by  straining,  stretching,  as  in  Latin  tento. 
See  Assay  and  Ess.yv. 

Power,  strength,  and  the  corresponding  verb,  to  be  able,  are 
usually  expressed  by  straining,  stretching,  and  this  is  the  radical 
sense  of  ruling  or  governing.  Of  this  the  Latin  rego  is  an 
example,  which  gives  rectus,  right,  that  is,  stretched,  straiglU. 
Care,  as  has  been  stated,  is  usually  from  straitung,  that  is,  a 
tension  of  the  mind. 

Thinking  is  expressed  by  selling.  To  think  is  to  set  or  fix  or 
hold  in  the  mind.  It  approaches  ts  the  sense  of  suppose,  Latin 
supfiono. 

And  under  this  word,  let  us  consider  the  various  applications 
of  the  Latin  pnto.  The  simple  verb  puto  is  rendered  to  prune, 
lop,  or  dress,  as  vines ;  that  is,  according  to  Ainsworth,  putum, 
t.  e.  purum  reddo,  purgo,  by  which  I  understand  him  to  mean, 
that  putum  is  cither  a  change  of  purum,  or  used  for  it ;  a  most 
improbable  supposition,  for  the  radical  letters  t  and  rare  not  com- 
mutable.  Puto  is  rendered,  also,  to  make  even,  clear,  adjust,  or 
cast  up  accounts ;  also  to  think  or  consider ;  to  sxippose  ;  to  de- 
bate. Its  compounds  are  amputo,  to  cut  off*,  prune,  amputate,  to 
remove  ;  eomputo,  to  compute,  to  reckon,  to  think  or  deem  ;  dis- 
puto,  to  make  clear,  to  adjust  or  settle,  to  dispute  or  debate,  to 
reason  ;  imputo,  to  impute,  to  ascribe  or  lay  to,  to  place  to  ac- 
count;  reputo,  to  consider,  to  revolve,  to  reckon  up,  to  impute. 
The  Latin  deputo  signifies  to  think,  judge  or  esteem,  to  account 
or  reckon,  and  to  prune  ;  but  the  Italian  dcputare,  Spanish  dipu- 
tar,  and  French  depalcr,  from  the  Latin  word,  all  signify  to  send. 
How  can  the  sense  of  think,  and  that  of  lop  or  prune,  be  deduced 
from  a  common  root  or  radical  sense  i*  We  find  the  solution  of 
this  question  in  the  verb  to  depute.  The  primary  sense  is  to 
throw,  thrust,  or  send,  or  to  set  or  lay,  which  is  from  throwing, 
driving.  To  prune  is  to  separate,  remove,  or  drive  off";  to  force 
off";  to  think  is  a  setting  in  the  mind  ;  to  compute  is  to  throw  or 
put  together,  either  in  the  mind  or  in  numbers;  to  dispute  is  to 
throw  against  or  apart,  like  debate,  to  beat  from  ;  to  impute  is  to 
throw  or  put  to  or  on  ;  and  to  repute  is  to  think  or  throw  in  the 
mind  repeatedly.  To  amputate  is  to  separate  by  cutting  round. 
Puto,  then,  in  Latin,  is  from  the  same  root,  probably,  as  the  English 
put,  or  the  same  word  differently  applied ;  and  also  the  Dutch 
pooten,  to  plant;  poot,  a  paw,  a  twig  or  shoot,  Or.  ^ivTor,  &-c. 


xlviii 


INTRODUCTION. 


In  attempting  to  discover  tlio  primary  sense  of  words,  we  arc 
to  carry  our  reflections  back  to  the  primitive  state  of  mankind, 
and  consider  how  rude  men  would  effect  their  purposes,  before 
the  invention  or  use  of  the  instruments  which  the  moderns  em- 
ploy. The  English  verb  to  cut,  signifies,  ordinarily,  to  separate 
with  an  edged  tool ;  and  we  are  apt  to  consider  this  as  the  chief 
and  original  sense.  But  if  so,  how  can  cut,  the  stroke  of  a  whip, 
which  is  a  legitimate  sense  of  the  word,  be  deduced  from  the  act 
of  severing  by  an  edged  tool.'  We  have,  iii  this  popular  use  of 
the  word,  a  clew  to  guide  ns  to  the  primary  sense,  which  is,  to 
drive,  urge,  press;  and,  applied  to  the  arm,  to  strike.  But  we 
have  better  evidence.  In  the  popular  practice  of  speaking  in 
New  England,  it  is  not  uncommon  to  hear  one  person  call  to 
another  when  running,  and  say,  Cut  on,  cut  on  ;  that  is,  hurry, 
run  faster,  drive,  press  on  ;  probably  from  striking  a  beast  which 
one  rides  on.  This  is  llie  original  sense  of  the  word.  Hence  we 
see  that  this  verb  is  the  Latin  ciedo,  to  strike,  to  cut  down,  some- 
what differently  applied  and  cado,  to  fall,  is  only  a  modified 
sense  of  the  same  root,  and  tlie  compounds  incido,  to  cut,  and 
iacido,  to  fall  on,  are  of  one  family.  To  cut  is,  tlierefore,  prima- 
rily, to  strike,  or  drive ;  and  to  cut  off,  if  applied  to  the  severing 
of  bodies,  before  edged  tools  were  used,  was  to  force  off,  or  to 
strike  off;  hence  the  sense  of  separating  in  the  phrase  to  cut  off 
a  retreat  or  communication. 

So  the  Latin  carpo  is  the  English  came,  originally  to  separate 
by  plucking,  pulling,  seizing  and  tearing ;  afterwards,  by  cutting. 

Asking  is  usually  expressed  by  the  sense  of  jtre^sinff,  urging. 
We  have  a  clear  proof  of  this  in  the  Latin  ptlo  and  its  com- 
pound*. This  verb  signifies,  primarily,  to  rush,  to  drive  at,  to 
assault ;  and  this  sense,  in  Dictionaries,  ought  to  stand  first  in 
the  order  of  definitions.  We  have  the  force  of  the  original  in 
the  words  impetus  and  impetuous.  So  the  Latin  rogo  coincides 
in  elements  with  reach. 

The  act  of  understanding  i»  expressed  by  reaching  or  taking, 
holdings  sustaining  ;  the  sense  of  comprehend,  and  of  understand. 
We  have  a  popular  phrase  which  well  expresses  this  sense,  "  1 
tats  your  meaning  or  your  idea."  So  in  German,  begrei/en,  to 
btgripe,  to  apprehend. 

Knotoing  seems  to  have  the  same  radical  sense  as  under- 
standing. 

Pain,  grief,  distress,  and  the  like  affections,  are  usually  ex- 
pressed by  pressure  or  straining,     ,'ijjliction  is  from  striking. 

Joy,  mirth,  and  the  like  affections,  are  from  the  sense  of  rous- 
ing, tzciting,  lirehj  action. 

Covering,  and  the  like  actions,  are  from  spreading  over  or 
catting  off,  interruption. 

Hiding  is  from  covering  or  from  withdrawing,  departure ;  or 
concealment  may  be  from  withholding,  restraining,  suppressing, 
or  making  fast,  as  in  the  Latin  celo. 

Heat  usually  implies  excit^^ent;  but  as  tlie  effect  of  heat,  as 
well  as  of  cold,  is  sometimes  to  contract,  I  think  both  are  some- 
times from  the  same  radix.  Thus  cold  and  the  Lat.  caleo,  to  be 
warm,  and  callus  and  calleo,  to  be  hard,  have  all  the  same  ele- 
mentary letters,  and  I  suppose  them  ail  to  be  from  one  root,  the 
«ense  of  which  is,  to  draw,  strain,  shrink,  contract.  I  am  the 
more  inclned  to  this  opinion,  for  these  words  coincide  with  calleo, 
to  be  strong  or  able,  to  know  ;  a  sense  that  implies  straining  and 
holding. 

Hope  is  probably  from  reaching  forward.  We  express  strong 
desire  by  longing,  reaching  toward. 

Earnestness,  boldness,  daring,  peril,  promptness,  readiness,  will- 
ingness, love,  and  favor,  are  expressed  by  advancing  or  inclining. 

Light  is  ofien  expressed  by  opening,  or  the  shooting  of  rays, 
radiation;  and  probably,  in  many  cases,  the  original  word  was 
applied  to  the  dawn  of  day  in  the  morning.  Whiteness  is  oflen 
connected  in  origin  with  light.  We  have  an  instance  of  this  in 
the  Latin  caneo,  to  shine  and  to  be  white. 

And  that  the  primary  sense  of  this  word  is  to  shoot,  to  radiate, 
that  is,  to  throw  out  or  off,  we  have  evidence  in  the  verb  cano,  to 
sing,  whence  canto,  the  sense  of  which  is  retained  in  our  popular 
use  o( cant ;  to  cant  a  stone;  to  rant  over  a  cask;  give  the  thing 
a  cant  ;  for  all  these  words  are  from  one  stock. 

The  Latin  virtus,  the  English  worth,  is  from  the  root  of  vireo, 
to  grow,  that  is,  to  stretch  forward,  to  shoot ;  hence  the  original 
sense  is  strength,  a  sense  we  retain  in  its  application  to  the 
qualities  of  plants.  Hence  the  Latin  sense  of  virtus  is  bravery, 
coinciding  with  the  sense  of  boldness,  a  projecting  forward. 

Pride  Is  from  swelling  or  elevation,  the  primary  sense  of  some 
other  words  nearly  allied  to  it. 

Fear   is  usually   from  shrinking  or  from  shaking,  trembling; 


or  sometimes,  perhaps,  from  striking,  a  being  struck,   as  with 
surprise. 

Holiness  and  sacredness  are  sometimes  e^ressed  by  se.paration, 
as  from  common  things.  The  Teutonic  word  holy,  however, 
seems  to  be  from  the  sense  of  soundness,  entireness. 

I'liith  and  belief  seem  to  imply  a  resting  on,  or  a  leaving.  It  is 
certain  that  the  English  belief  Is  a  compound  of  thP  prefix  be  and 
leaf,  leave,  permission.  To  believe  one,  then,  is  to  leave  with 
him,  to  rest  or  suffer  to  rest  with  him,  and  hence  not  to  dispute, 
contend,  or  denj*. 

Color  may  be  from  spreading  over  or  putting  on  ;  but  in  some 
instances  the  primary  sense  is  to  dtp.     See  Dye  and  Tinge. 

Spots  are  from  the  sense  o{  separating,  or  from  sprinkling,  dis- 
persion. 

The  radical  sense  of  making  is  to  press,  drive,  or  force.  We 
use  make  in  its  true  literal  sense,  in  the  phrases,  MaJie  your  horse 
draw.  Make  your  servant  do  what  you  wish. 

Feedinir  is  from  the  sense  o{  pressing,  crowding,  stuffing ;  that 
is,  from  driving  or  thrusting.  Eating  seerns  to  have  a  somewhat 
dllVerent  sense. 

Drinking  is  from  draicing,  or  from  wetting,  plunging.  Drench 
and  drink  are  radically  one  word. 

.Inger,  and  the  like  violent  passions,  imply  excitement,  or 
violent  action.  Hence  their  connection  with  burning  or  inflam- 
mation, the  usual  sense  of  which  is  raging  or  violent  commotion. 

Jlgreement,  harmony,  are  usually  from  meeting  or  union,  or 
from   extending,  reaching  to. 

Dwelling,  abiding,  are  from  the  sense  of  throwing  or  setting 
down,  or  resting,  or  from  stretching;  as  we  see  by  the  Latin 
continuo,  from  teneo,  Gr.  rtivoi,  to  extend. 

Guarding  and  defending  are  from  roots  that  signify  to  stop,  or 
to  cut  off ;  or,  more  generally,  from  the  sense  of  driving  off;  a 
repelling  or  striking  back.     In  some  cases,  perhaps,  from  holding. 

Opposition  is  usually  expressed  by  meeting,  and  hence  the 
prepositions  which  express  opposition.  Thus  the  Danish  prepo- 
sition mod,  Swedish  mot  or  emot,  against,  contrary,  la  the  English 
word  to  mat. 

Words  which  express  spirit,  denote,  primarily,  breath,  air,  wind, 
the  radical  sense  of  which  is  to  flow,  move,  or  rush.  Hence  the 
connection  between  spirit  and  courage,  animus,  animosus  ;  hence 
passion,  animosity.  So  In  Greek  tfi^tyiTig,  frenzy,  is  from  ((','»,''i 
the  mind,  or  rather  from  its  primary  sense,  a  moving  or  rushing. 

So  in  our  mother  tongue,  mod  Is  mind  or  spirit ;  whence  mood, 
in  English,  and  Saxon  modig,  moody,  angry.  Hence  mind  in  the 
sense  of  purpose,  its  primary  signification,  is  a  setting  forward,  as 
intention  is  from  intendo,  to  stretch,  to  strain,  the  sense  that 
ought  to  stand  first  in  a  Dictionary. 

Reproach,  chiding,  rebuke,  are  from  the  sense  of  scolding,  or 
throwing  out  words  with  violence. 

Sin  is  generally  from  the  sense  of  deviating,  wandering,  as  is 
the  practice  of  lewdness. 

Right,  justice,  equity,  are  from  the  sense  of  stretching,  making 
straight,  or  from  laying,  making  smooth. 

Falsehood  is  from  falling,  failing,  or  from  deviation,  wander- 
ing, drawing  aside. 

The  primary  sense  of  strange  and  foreign,  is  distant,  and  from 
some  verb  signifying  to  depart.  Wild  and  fl.erce  are  from  a  like 
sense. 

Vain,  vanity,  wane,  and  kindred  words,  are  from  exhausting, 
drawinir  out,   or  from  departing,  withdrawing,  falling  away. 

Paleness  is  usually  irom  failure,  a  departure  of  color. 

Glory  is  from  opening,  expanding,  display,  or  making  clftir. 

Binding,  making  fast  or  close,  is  from  pressure,  or  straining. 

Writing  is  from  scratching,  engraving,  the  sense  of  all  primi- 
tive words  which  express  this  act. 

A  croicd,  a  mass,  a  wood,  &.C.,  are  from  collecting  or  pressing, 
or  some  allied  signification. 

Vapor,  steam,  smoke,  are  usually  from  verbs  which  signify  to 
exhale  or  throw  off. 

Stepping  seems  to  be  from  opening,  exp.anding,  stretching. 
Thus  passus  in  Latin  is  from  panda,  to  open,  but  this  agrees  in 
origin  with  pateo,  and  with  the  Greek  nunm.  Gradus,  in  Latin, 
coincides  with  the  Welsh  rhawd,  a  way,  and  this,  when  traced  to 
its  root,  terminates  in  the  Oriental  Tt,  mi,  Chaldee,  to  open, 
stretch  or  expand  ;  in  Syriac,  jti  reda,  to  go,  to  pass.  Walking 
may  be  sometimes  from  a  like  source ;  but  the  word  walk  signi- 
fies, primarily,  to  roll,  press,  work  and  full,  as  a  hat,  whence 
walker  signifies  a  fuller. 

Softness  and  weakness  are  usually  named  from  yielding,  bend- 


INTRODUCTION, 


xlix 


ing,  withdrawing,  as  is  relaxation.     Softness,  however,  is  some- 
times connected  with  smoothness,  and  perhaps  with  moisture. 

Sweetness  seems  to  have  for  its  primary  sense,  either  softness 
or  smoothness. 

Roughness  is  from  sharp  points,  wrinkling  or  breaking;  and 
acidity  is  from  sharpness  or  pungency,  and  nearly  allied  to 
roughness. 

Death  is  expressed  by  falling  or  departure  ;  life,  by  fixedness 
or  continuance,  or  from  animation,  excitement. 

Selling  is,  primarily,  a  passing  or  transfei.  Sellan,  in  Saxon, 
signiHes  to  give,  as  well  as  to  sell. 

A  coast  or  border  is  usually  the  extreme  point,  from  extending. 
Law  is  from  setting,  establishing. 

The  primary  sense  of  son,  daughter,  offspring,  is  usually  a 
shoot,  or,  as  we  say,  issue.  Hence,  in  Hebrew,  "p  ben,  signifies 
both  a  son,  a  cion,  a  branch,  and  the  young  of  other  animals. 
A  son,  says  Parkhurst,  is  from  ~3  banah,  to  build  ;  and  hence  he 
infers  that  a  son  is  so  called,  because  he  builds  up  or  continues 
his  father's  house  or  family.  But  if  so,  how  does  the  word  apply 
to  a  branch,  or  an  arrow .'  What  do  these  build  up  ?  The  mis- 
take of  this  author,  and  of  others,  proceeds  from  their  not  under- 
standing the  original  meaning  of  the  verb,  which  is  not  to  erect, 
or  elevate,  but  to  throw,  to  set,  to  found  ;  and  this  verb  is  probably 
retained  in  our  word  found.  A  son  is  that  which  is  thrown  or 
shot  out ;  a  cion  or  branch  is  the  same,  an  offset,  one  an  offset  of 
the  human  body,  the  other  of  a  plant,  and  an  arrow  is  that  which 
is  shot  or  thrown.  Hence,  probably,  the  Hebrew  "CSt  ehen  or 
eren,  a  stone,  W.  maen  or  vatn,  that  which  is  set,  so  named  from 

— E 
its  compactness  or  hardness.     And  in  Arabic  ^i  abana,  signifies 
to  think,  Lat.  opinor,  that  is,  to  set  in  the  mind. 

Few  and  small  are  senses  often  expressed  by  the  same  word. 
Thus,  although /eio  in  English  expresses  merely  a  small  number, 
yet  the  same  word  in  French,  pcu,  and  in  the  Italian,  por.o,  sig- 
nifies little  in  quantity,  as  well  us  few  in  number. 

Cause  is  from  the  sense  of  urging,  pressing,  impelling.  Hence 
it  well  expresses  that  which  produces  an  effect;  and  hence  it  is 
peculiarly  expressive  of  that  by  which  a  man  seeks  to  obtain  a 
claim  in  law.  A  cause  in  court  is  properly  a  pressing  for  right, 
like  action  from  ago;  and  prosecution  from  the  Latin  sequor, 
wiiich  is  our  word  seek.  Hence  the  Latin  accuso,  to  accuse,  to 
tarow  upon,  to  press,  or  load  with  a  charge.  The  Saxon  som, 
C'jntention,  suit  in  law,  is  synonymous  with  cause,  and  from  the 
root  of  seek,  sequor.     It  is  the  English  sake. 

The  word  thing  is  nearly  synonymous  with  cause  and  sake. 
See  Thixg,  in  the  Dictionary. 

The  primary  sense  of  time,  luck,  chance,  fortune,  is  to  fall,  to 
come,  to  arrive,  to  happen.  Tide,  time,  and  season,  have  a  like 
original  sense.  Tide,  in  Saxon,  is  time,  not  a  flow  of  the  sea,  the 
latter  being  a  secondary  and  modern  application  of  the  word. 
This  primary  signification  of  time  will  unfold  to  Us  what  I  for- 
merly could  not  understand,  and  what  I  could  find  no  person  to 
explain ;  that  is,  why  the  Latin  tempora  should  signify  times  and 
the  temples.  It  seems  that  tcmpura  are  the  fulls  nf  the  head. 
Hence,  also,  we  understand  why  tempest  is  naturall}*  dcduciblo 
from  tempos,  as  the  primary  sense  is  to  fall,  to  rush.  Hence 
tempestivus,  seasonable,  that  comes  in  good  time.  Season  has  a 
like  sense. 

Hence,  also,  we  are  led  to  understand,  what  has  seemed  inex- 
plicable, how  the  French  heureux,  lucky,  happy,  can  be  regu- 
larly deduced  from  heurc,  an  hour.  We  find  that  in  Greek  and 
Latin  the  primary  sense  of  hour  is  time,  and  time  is  a  coming,  a 
falling,  a  happening,  like  the  English  luck,  and  hence  the  sense 
of  lucky ;  hence  fortunate  and  happy.  The  word  fortunate  is 
precisely  of  the  same  character. 

The  primary  sense  of  the  Shemitic  "i-T  darnr,  or  tharar,  cor- 
responds almost  precisely  with  thatof  coMi«  and  thing  in  English  ; 
that  is,  to  strain,  urge,  drive,  fall,  or  rush.  Hence  it  signifies  to 
speak,  and  in  Ch.  and  Syr.  to  lead,  to  direct,  to  govern.  As  a 
noun,  it  signifies  a  word,  that  which  is  uttered  ;  a  thing,  cause,  or 
matter;  that  is,  that  which  happens  or  falls,  like  event  from  evcnio  ; 
also  a  plague,  or  great  calamity ;  that  is,  that  which  falls  or  comes 
on  man  or  beast,  like  plague;  a  stroke  or  affliction,  from  striking. 
And  it  may  be  observed,  that  if  the  first  letter  is  a  prefix  answer- 
ing to  the  Gothic  du,  Saxon  and  English  to,  in  the  Saxon  to- 
drifan,  to  drive,  then  the  root  1U  coincides  exactly  with  the 
Welsh  peri,  to  command,  which  is  retained  in  composition  in  the 
Lat.  impero.     Indeed,  if  the  first  syllable  of  guberno  is  a  prefix, 


the  root  of  this  word  may  be  the  same.  The  object,  however, 
for  which  this  word  is  here  mentioned,  is  chiefly  to  show  the 
uniformity  which  men  have  observed  in  expressing  their  ideas; 
making  use  of  the  same  visible  physical  action  to  represent  the 
operations  of  the  mind  and  moral  ideas. 

Silence,  deafness,  dumbness,  are  from  stopping,  holding,  or 
making  fast. 

War  is  from  the  sense  of  striving,  driving,  struggling. 
Good  is  generally   from  enlarging,   or  advancing,    like  pros- 
perous. 

Evil  is  from  wandering,  departing,  or  sometimes  from  softness, 
weakness,  flowing  or  fluxibility,  as  is  the  case  with  the  Latin 
malum,  from  the  Welsh  mall. 

The  primary  sense  of  the  names  of  natural  and  material  ob- 
jects can  not  always  be  ascertained.  The  reasons  are  obvious. 
Some  of  these  names  are  detached  branches  of  a  family  of  words 
which  no  longer  form  a  part  of  our  language ;  the  verb  and  all 
the  derivatives,  except  a  single  name,  being  extinct,  or  found 
only  in  some  remote  country.  Otliers  of  these  names  have  suf- 
fered such  changes  of  orthograpliy,  that  it  is  difficult  or  impossible 
to  ascertain  tiie  primary  or  r,Tdical  letters,  and  of  course  the 
family  to  which  they  belong.  Numerous  examples  of  such  words 
occur  in  English,  as  in  every  other  language.    . 

But  from  such  facts  as  have  occurred  to  me  in  my  researches, 
I  may  venture  to  affirm  with  confidence,  that  most  names  of 
natural  objects  are  taken  from  some  obvious  quality  or  action,  or 
some  supposed  quality  of  the  thing;  or  from  the  particular  action 
or  operation  by  which  it  is  produced.  Thus  tumors  are  named 
from  pushing,  or  swelling ;  and  redness,  or  red,  seems,  in  some 
instances  at  least,  to  be  named  from  eruptions  on  the  body.  The 
human  body  is  named  from  shaping,  that  is,  setting,  fixing,  or  ex- 
tending, and  hence,  sometimes,  the  general  name  of  the  human 
race.  The  arm  is  a  shool,  a  push,  as  is  the  branch  of  a  tree. 
A  board,  a  table,  a  floor,  is  from  spreading,  or  expanding,  ex- 
tending.    Skin  and  bark  are  from  peeling,  stripping,  &c. 

The  names  of  particular  animals  and  plants  can  not  always  be 
traced  to  their  source  ;  but,  as  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  discover 
their  origin,  I  find  animals  to  be  generally  named  from  some 
striking  characteristic  of  external  appearance  ;  from  the  voice, 
from  habits  of  life,  or  from  their  office.  There  is  reason  for 
believing  that  the  Greek  cnnvfoc  and  Latin  struthio,  or  ostrich, 
is  from  the  same  root  as  the  English  strut,  the  strutter;  the 
primary  sense  of  which  root  is,  to  stretch,  which  explains  all  the 
senses  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  words  of  this  family.  It  is  certain 
that  the  crow  is  named  from  its  cry,  and  the  leopard  from  his 
spots. 

Thus  plants  were  named  from  their  qualities;  some  from  their 
form,  others  from  their  color,  others  from  their  effects,  others 
from  the  place  of  their  growth.  The  English  root,  Lat.  radix,  is 
only  a  particular  application  of  rod  and  ray,  radius;  that  is,  a 
shoot.  Spurge  is,  undoubtedly,  from  the  root  of  the  Latin  purgo. 
There  is  reason  to  think  that  many  names  of  plants  were 
originally  adjectives,  expressing  their  qualities;  or  the  name  was 
a  compound,  used  for  the  same  purpose,  one  part  of  which  has 
been  dropped,  and  the  other  remaining  as  the  name  of  the  plant. 
Thus  pine,  pinus,  is  from  pin,  pinna,  penna ;  for  in  Welsh  pin  is 
a  pin  and  a  pen  or  style  for  writing,  and  pinbren  is  a  pine-tree. 
The  tree,  then,  was  named  from  its  leaf. 
Fir  has  a  similar  origin  and  signification. 

It  is  probable  or  rather  certain,  that  some  natural  objects,  as 
plants  and  minerals,  received  their  names  froni  their  supposed 
qualities;  as,  in  ages  of  ignorance  and  superstition,  men  might 
ascribe  effects  to  them,  by  mistake.  The  whole  history  of  magic 
and  enchantment  leads  us  to  tliis  conclusion. 

Minerals  are,  in  many  instiinces,  named  from  their  obvious 
qualities,  as  gold  from  its  yellowness,  and  iron  from  its  hardness. 
The  names  can,  in  some  cases,  be  traced  to  their  original,  as  that 
of  gold  and  of  the  Latin /crru7n;  but  many  of  them  are  not  easily 
ascertained.  Indeed,  the  greatest  part  of  the  specific  names  of 
animals,  plants,  and  minerals,  appear  to  be  obscure.  Some  of 
them  appear  to  have  no  connection  with  any  family  of  words  in 
our  language,  and  many  of  them  are  derived  to  us  from  Asia,  and 
from  roots  which  can  be  found  only,  if  found  at  all,  in  the  Asiatic 
languages. 

These  observations  and  explanations  will  be  sufficient  to  show 
the  importance  of  developing,  as  far  as  possible,  the  origin  of 
words,  and  of  comparing  the  different  uses  of  the  same  word  in 
different  languages,  in  order  to  understand  either  the  philosophy 
of  speech,  or  the  real  force  and  signification  of  words  in  their 
practical  application. 


1 


INTRODUCTION. 


If  it  should  be  found  to  be  true,  that  many  of  the  Shemitic 
verbs  are  farmed  with  prefixes,  like  those  of  the  European  lan- 
guages, this  may  lead  to  new  illustrations  of  the  original  lan- 
guages of  the  Scriptures.  In  order  to  determine  this  fact,  it  will 
be  useful  to  examine  whether  the  Chaldee  and  Hebrew  3  is  not 
often  a  prefix  answering  to  be  in  the  Teutonic  languages  ;  whether 
3  and  2  are  not  prefixes  answering  to  the  ga  and  ge  of  ihe  Gothic 
and  Teutonic ;  whether  1,  S,  and  r,  and  t,  a  dialectical  form  of 
a,  do  not  coincide  with  the  Gothic  du,  the  Saxon  to,  the  Dutch 
toe,  and  the  German  zu  ;  whether  3  does  not  answer  to  the  Russ. 
and  Dutch  na,  the  German  nnch  ;  and  whether  0  and  ™  do  not 
answer  to  s,  sh,  and  sch  in  the  modern  English  and  German. 

If  many  of  the  Shemitic  triliteral  verbs  are  compound,  it  fol- 
lows that  the  primary  radix  has  not  been  detected.  At  any  rate, 
I  have  no  hesitation  in  affirming,  that  the  primary  sense  of  many 
of  the  roots  in  the  Shemitic  languages,  that  sense  which  is  almost 
indispensable  to  an  understanciing  of  many  obscure  passages  in 
the  Scriptures,  has  been  hitherto  overlooked  or  mistaken.  In 
order  fully  to  comprehend  many  uses  of  the  words,  it  will  be 
necessary  to  compare  them  with  the  uses  of  the  words  of  the 
same  family  in  the  modern  languages  ;  and  this  comparison  must 
be  far  more  extensive  than  any  hitherto  made,  and  conducted  on 
principles  which  have  not  been  before  duly  appreciated  and 
applied. 

1  have  introduced  the  foregoing  comparative  view  of  the 
several  significations  of  the  same  word  in  dltferent  languages, 
not  merely  to  illustrate  the  general  principles  of  language,  but 
with  a  special  reference  to  an  explanation  of  the  etymologies 
which  occur  in  this  work.  Should  my  Synopsis  ever  be  pub- 
lished, the  learned  inquirer  might  pursue  the  subject  at  his 
pleasure. 

The  results  of  the  foregoing  remarss  and  illustrations  may  be 
thus  recapitulated. 

1.  The  nations  which  now  constitute  the  distinct  families  or 
rfcceo  of  Japhcth  and  Shem,  are  descendants  of  the  common  fam- 
ily which  inhabited  the  plain  of  Shinar  before  the  dispersion. 

2.  The  families  at  the  dispersion  retained  a  large  proportion  of 
the  words  which  were  in  common  use  before  that  event,  and  the 
same  were  conveyed  to  their  posterity.  In  the  course  of  time, 
some  of  these  words  were  dropped  by  one  family  or  tribe,  and 
some  by  another,  till  very  few  of  them  are  retained  in  their  origi- 
nal form  and  signification,  by  all  the  nations  which  have  sprung 
from  the  main  stock.  A  few  of  them,  however,  are  still  found  in 
all  or  nearly  all  the  languages  which  I  have  examined,  bearing 
nearly  the  same  signification  and  easily  recognized  as  identical. 

3.  Although  few  of  the  primitive  words  can  now  be  recognized 
as  existing  in  all  the  languages,  yet  as  w^e  better  understand  the 
changes  which  have  been  made  in  the  orthography  and  sig- 
nification of  the  same  radical  words,  the  more  affinities  are  dis- 
covered; and  particularly,  when  we  understand  the  primnrij 
sense,  we  find  this  to  unite  words  whose  appropriate  or  custom- 
ary significations  appear  to  have  no  connection. 

4.  A.  great  number  of  the  primitive  radical  words  are  found  in 
compounds,  formed  in  different  languages,  with  different  affixes 
and  prefixes,  which  obscure  the  affinity.  Thus  tcritas  in  Latin, 
is  viihrhtU  in  German ;  the  first  syllable  in  each  is  the  same 
word,  the  last  different.  In  other  instances,  both  difference  of 
orthography,  of  formation,  and  of  application,  concur  to  obscure 
the  affinity  of  words.  Thus  the  English  woid  strong  is  in 
Danish  streng,  signifying  stern,  severe,  rigid,  strict ;  and  strtng- 
hcd  [stronghood]  is  severity,  rigor,  strictness.  Now,  n  in  these 
words  is  not  radical ;  remove  this  letter,  and  we  have  strog,  streg, 
which  coincide  with  the  Latin  stringo,  strictus;  and  these  words 
are  found  to  be  from  the  same  radix,  which  signifies  to  draw,  to 
strain,  to  stretch. 

5.  It  appears  that  i,  p  and  /  are  often  prefixes,  either  the 
remains  of  prepositions,  or  casual  additions  to  words,  introduced 
by  peculiar  modes  of  pronunciation,  which  prefixes  now  precede 
consonants,  with  which  they  readily  coalesce  in  pronunciation, 
as  I  and  r,  forming  triliteral  words  on  biliteral  roots  ;  as  in  block 
from  Hoc,  or  lock;  play,  Saxon  plegan,  from  leg  or  lek,  Swedish 
leJia,  Dan.  Uger  ;  fioir,  Lat.  Jiuo,  from  lug,  or  luc,  which  appears 
in  light,lux,  tuceo,  and  in  lug,  a  river,  retained  in  Lugdujiuvu 

6.  It  appears,  also,  that  c  or  k  and  g  are  often  prefixes  before 
the  same  consonants,  I  and  r,  as  in  Lat.  clunis,  Eng.  loin;  W. 
doi,  praise,  from  Hod,  Latin  laus,  laudo  ;  German  gluck,  English 
luck  ;  Lat.  gratia,  W.  rhad. 


7.  It  appears,  also,  that  j  is  a  prefix  in  a  vast  number  of  words, 
as  in  speed,  spoil,  swell,  sweep  ;  and  it  is  very  evident  tiiat  st  are 
prefixed  to  many  words  whose  original,  radical,  initial  consonant 
was  r,  as  in  struight,  strict,  strong,  stretch,  from  the  root  of  right, 
rectus,  reach,  and  in  stride,  from  tlie  root  of  the  Latin  gradior, 
W.  rhnz. 

If  those  inferences  are  just,  as  I  am  persuaded  they  are,  it 
follows  that  there  is  a  more  near  resemblance  and  a  much  closer 
aliinity  between  the  languages  of  Europe  and  of  Western  Asia, 
than  has  hitherto  been  supposed  to  exist.  It  follows,  also,  that 
some  of  the  most  important  principles  or  rudiments  of  language 
.have  liitlierto  escaped  observation,  and  that  philology  is  yet  in  its 
infancy.  Should  this  prove,  on  further  examination,  to  be  the 
state  of  philology,  it  is  reserved  for  future  investigators  to  ex- 
amine the  original  languages  of  the  Scriptures  on  new  principles, 
which  may  serve  to  illustrate  some  obscure  and  difficult  passages, 
not  hitherto  explained  to  the  general  satisfaction  of  critics  and 
commentators. 

If  any  persons  should  be  disposed  to  doubt  or  contradict  these 
facts,  let  them  first  consider  that  my  conclusions  are  not  hasty 
opinions,  formed  on  isolated  facts ;  but  that  they  have  been 
forced  upon  me,  in  opposition  to  all  my  former  habits  of  thinking, 
by  a  series  of  successive  proofs  and  accumulating  evidence, 
during  a  long  course  of  investigation,  in  which  1  have  compared 
most  of  the  radical  words,  in  more  than  twenty  languages,  twice, 
and  some  of  them  three  times. 

No  part  of  my  researches  has  given  me  more  trouble  or  solici- 
tude than  that  of  arriving  at  the  precise  radical  signification  of 
moral  ideas;  such,  for  example,  as /io/>c,  loce,  favor,  faith.  Nor 
has  it  been  with  much  less  labor  that  I  have  obtained  a  clear 
knowledge  of  some  of  our  physical  actions.  It  is  literally  true 
that  I  have  sometimes  had  a  word  under  consideration  for  two 
or  three  years,  before  1  could  satisfy  my  own  mind  as  to  the  pri- 
mary signification.  That  1  have  succeeded  at  last,  in  every 
instance,  can  hardly  be  supposed  —  yet,  in  most  cases,  I  am 
perfectly  satisfied  with  tlie  results  of  my  researches. 


PROGRESS  AND  CHANGES  OF  THE  ENGLISH 
LANGUAGE. 

It  has  been  already  observed  that  the  mother  tongue  of  the 
English  is  the  Anglo-Saxon.  The  following  are  specimens  of 
that  language  as  it  was  spoken  or  written  in  England  before  the 
Norman  conquest.  The  first  is  from  the  Saxon  Chronicle.  The 
original  is  in  one  column,  and  the  literal  translation  in  the  other. 
The  English  words  in  Italics  are  Saxon  words.  The  number  of 
these  will  show  how  large  a  proportion  of  the  words  is  retained 
in  the  present  English. 


An.  DCCCXCI.  Her  for  se 
here  east,  and  Earnulf  cyning 
gefeaht  with  thcem  riede-here 
ter  tha  scipu  comon,  mid  East- 
Francuin,  and  Seaxum,  and 
BiEgerum,  and  hine  geflymde. 
And  thry  Scottas  cwomon  to 
iElfrede  cyninge  on  anum  bate, 
butan  telcum  gerr thiim,  of  IJi- 
bernia ;  and  thonon  hi  hi  bestie- 
lon,  forthon  the  hi  woldon  for 
Godes  lufan  on  eltheodinesse 
bion,    hy   ne  roliton    hwa;r. 


Se  bat  wses  geworht  of  thrid- 
dan  healfre  hyde,  the  hie  on 
foron,  and  hi  namon  mid  him 
that  hie  liosfdon  to  seofon  nih- 
tum  mete,  and  tha  comon  hie 
ymb  seofon  niht,  to  londe  on 
Cornwealum,  and  foran  tha  sona 
to  jElfrede  cyninge. 


An.  891.  Here  [this  year] 
fared  the  army  east,  and  Ear- 
nulf, the  king,  fought  with  the 
cavalry  [ridearmy]  ere  the  ships 
come,  with  the  East-Fra.ncs,  and 
Saxons,  and  Bavarians,  and  put 
them  to  flight.  Jlnd  three  Scots 
come  to  iElfred,  the  king,  in  a 
[an]  boat,  without  any  rowers, 
Irom  Hibernia,  and  thence  they 
privately  withdrew  [bcstole']  be- 
cause that  they  would,  for  God's 
love  be  [or  live]  in  a  state  of 
pilgrimage,  they  should  not  be 
anxious  —  [reck,  care]  where. 

The  boat  was  wrought  of  two 
hides  and  a  half  [third  half  hide,] 
in  which  they  fared  [came]  and 
they  took  with  them  that  they 
had  for  seven  nights  meat,  and 
they  come  about  the  seventh 
night,  to  land  in  Cornwall,  and 
fared  [went]  soon  to  iElfred, 
the   king. 


The  following  specimen  is  from  the  Anglo-Saxon  version  of 
Orosius,  supposed  to  be  made  by  King  Alfred. 


INTHOnuCTION, 


Olithere  sffide  his  hlaforde, 
jElfrede  kyninge,  thaet  he  palra 
North-manna  north  mest  bude. 
He  cwasth  that  he  bude  on  thsrm 
lande  northeweardum  with  tha 
west  SEB.  He  siede  theah  thiet 
thiEt  land  sy  swythe  north  tha- 
non ;  ac  hit  is  call  west  buton  on 
feawum  stowuiu  sticce  niffilura 
wiciath  Finnas,  on  huntathe  on 
wintra,  and  on  suinera  on  fis- 
cothe  be  there  sffi.  He  siede 
thiEt  he  tet  sumum  cyrre  wolde 
fandiam  hu  lange  thajt  land 
north    right    liege. 


Octhere  told  [snid]  his  lord, 
king  Alfred,  that  he  lived  ?iorth 
most  of  all  the  north  men.  He 
quoth  that  he  dwelt  in  the  [thcw] 
land  northward,  opposite  [with] 
the  west  sea.  He  said  though, 
thut  that  land  is  due  north  from 
thence,  and  that  it  is  all  tcastc 
except  [bvf]  in  a  few  places 
[stows]  where  the  Finns  for  the 
most  part  dwell,  for  hunting  i7i 
winter,  and  in  summer  for  ^'A- 
ing  in  that  sea,  [by  the  sea.] 
He  said  that  he,,  at  some  time, 
would  find  how  long  that  land 
lay  right  north. 


Laws  of  King  iEthelbert. 


Gif  Cyning  his  leode  to  him 
gehatath,  and  heom  mon  thier 
yfel  gedo,  II  bote  and  cyning 
L.  scillinga. 

Gif  in  Cyningcs  tune  man 
manaain  ofsleah,  L.  sciU.  ge- 
bete. 

Gif  on  Eorles  tune  man  man- 
nan  ofsleath,  XII  soil,  gebete. 

Gif  man  thone  man  ofslffihth, 
XX  scil.  gebete. 

Gi/thuman  (of  a  slsehth)  XX 
scil.  Gif  thuman  nsegl  of  weor- 
deth  III  scil.  gebete.  Gif  man 
scytefinger  (of  a  sliehth,)  VIII 
scil.  gebete.  Gif  man  middle 
finger  (of  a  sliehth,)  IV  scil. 
gebete.  Gif  man  gold-finger  (of 
a  sliehth,)  VI  scil.  gebete.  Gif 
man  thon  litlan  finger  (of 
slajhth)  XI  scil.  gebete. 


If  the  King  shall  call  [cite] 
his  people  to  him,  and  any  one 
[man']  shall  there  do  evil,  let 
double  compensation  be  made, 
aitd  fifty  shillings  to  the  King. 

If  in  the  King's  town  a  man 
slay  a  man,  let  him  compensate 
[boot]  with  fifty  shillings. 

If  in  an  EarVs  town  one  man 
slayeth  another  man,  let  him  pay 
twelve  shillings  for  reparation. 

If  man  [any  one]  slniieth  any 
man,  let  him  compen.-*ate  with 
twenty   shillings. 

If  the  thumb  shall  be  cut  off, 
twenty  shillings.  If  the  thumb 
nail  shall  be  cut  oiT,  three  shil' 
lings  shall  be  the  compensation. 
If  any  one  [off  slayeth,  stnketli 
off,]  cutteth  off  the  fore  finger, 
[shoot  finger,]  let  him  compen- 
sate with  eight  shillings.  Ifuny 
one  cutteth  off  the  middle  finger, 
let  him  pay  four  shillinirs.  If 
any  one  cutteth  off  tlie  gold 
finger,  [ring  finger,]  let  him  pay 
six  shillings.  If  any  one  cut- 
teth off  the  little  finger,  let  him 
pay  eleven  shillings. 


Laws  of  King  Eadgar. 


We  terath  that  lelc  cristen 
man  his  beam  to  christendome 
gcornlice  wffinige  and  him  paler 
nostcr  and  credon  tscce. 


Wc  order  (or  instruct)  that 
each  Christian  man  earnestly 
accustom  [wean]  his  children  to 
Ciiristianity,  [Christendom,]  and 
teach  him  the  Pater  Noster  and 
Creed. 

We  liErath  that  preost  ne  beol  We  direct  that  a  priest  be  not 
hunta  ne  hafecere  ne  lipflere  ;  a  Aun/fr,  nor  Aa»p/.'cr,  nor  a  game- 
ac  plegge  on  his  bocum  swa  his  ster;  but  that  he  apply  to  Am 
hade  gebirath.  \books,  as  it  becomes  A/5  order. 

We  observe  by  these  cxtracta  that  rather  more  than  half  the 
Saxon  words  have  been  lost,  and  now  form  no  part  of  our 
language.* 

This  language,  witli  some  words  introduced  by  the  Danes, 
continued  to  be  used  by  the  English  till  the  Norman  conquest. 
After  that  event,  great  numbers  of  Saxon  words  went  into  dLsuse, 
not  suddenly,  but  gradually,  and  French  and  Latin  words  were 
continually  added  to  the  language,  till  it  began  to  assume  its 
present  form,  in  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries.     Yet  the 


*  Mr.  Meidinger  of  Frankfort,  In  the  Introdtictinn  to  his  Etymological  and 
Compamlive  Dictionary  of  the  Teuto.Gothic  Lani:uai(^"»,  notii-i^s  thi-s  ohsorva- 
lion  of  mine,  respecting  the  proportion  of  Haxon  word*  wliich  have  been  lost, 
and  then  staler  the  opinion  ff  Mr.  Turner,  that  more  than  fitur-Hfthn  of  tlie 
words  in  modem  English  areof  3axon  origin.  Thi»  difference  in  the  two  state- 
tatnu  proceeda  from  a  circumstance  overlooked.    My  statement  refers  only  to 


writings  of  Gowcr  and  Chaucer  can  not  now  be  fully  understood 
without  a  glossary. 

But  it  was  not  in  the  loss  of  native  Saxon  words  and  the  acces- 
sion of  French  and  Latin  words  alone,  that  the  change  of  our 
language  consisted.  Most  important  alterations  were  made  in 
the  sounds  of  the  vowels.  It  is  probable,  if  not  certain,  that  our 
first  vowel  a  had  usually  or  always  the  broad  sound,  as  we  now 
pronounce  it  in  fall,  or  in  some  words  perhaps  the  Italian  sound, 
as  it  is  now  called,  and  as  we  pronounce  it  in  far.  The  sound  of 
e  was  probably  nearly  the  same  as  it  is  in  French  and  Italian,  and 
in  the  northern  languages  on  the  continent  of  Europe  ;  which  is 
nearly  that  of  a  in  facor.  The  Saxon  sound  of  i  was  probably 
the  same  as  it  is  still  on  the  Continent,  the  sound  of  ee  or  long  e. 
The  sound  of  u  was  that  of  our  present  oo,  French  on,  the  sound 
it  still  has  in  Italian,  and  in  most  countries  on  the  European 
continent.  It  is  probable  that  the  change  of  the  sound  of  u 
happened  in  consequence  of  the  prevalence  of  the  French  pro- 
nunciation after  the  conquest;  for  the  present  sound  of  u  may  be 
considered  as  intermediate,  between  the  full  sound  of  oo,  or 
French  ou,  and  the  French  sound  of  u. 

These  changes,  and  the  various  sounds  given  to  the  same 
character,  now  serve  to  perplex  foreigners,  when  learning  Eng- 
lish ;  and  tend,  in  no  small  degree,  to  retard  or  limit  the  ex- 
tension of  our  language.  This  is  an  unfortunate  circumstance, 
not  only  in  obstructing  the  progress  of  science,  but  of  Chris- 
tianity. 

The  principal  changes  in  the  articulations  are  the  use  of  k  for 
c,  as  in  look  for  locian ;  the  loss  of  A  before  /,  as  in  loaf  from 
hlaf,  lot  for  Mot,  lean  for  hlinian  ;  and  the  entire  loss  of  the  prefix 
ge  or  ga,  as  in  deal  for  ge-dtElan,  deem  for  ge-deman  ;  and  of /o  as 
a  prefix,  as  in  to-kelpan,  to  help  ;  to-dailan,  to  deal.  In  no  in- 
stance do  we  feel  more  sensibly  the  change  of  sounds  in  the 
vowels,  than  in  that  of  i,  which  in  French,  Spanisii,  and  Italian, 
is  e  long  ;  for  in  consequence  of  this,  persons  who  are  not  ac- 
quainted with  tlicse  foreign  languages,  mispronounce  such  words 
as  viarino,  Messina,  Lima,  giving  to  (  its  English  sound,  when  in 
fact  the  words  are  to  be  pronounced  marerno,  Messcena,  Leema. 

In  grammatical  structure  the  language  has  suffered  consider- 
able alterations.  In  our  motlier  tongue,  nouns  were  varied  to 
form  cases,  somewhat  as  in  Latin.  This  declension  of  nouns  has 
entirely  ceased,  except  in  the  possessive  or  genitive  case,  in  which 
an  apostrophe  before  *  lias  been  substituted  tor  the  regular  Saxon 
termination  es.  Some  of  our  pronouns  retain  their  declensions, 
somewhat  varied.  The  plural  termination  in  en  has  been  dropped, 
in  a  number  of  words,  and  the  regular  plural  termination  been 
substituted,  as  houses  for  Itousen. 

In  most  cases,  the  Saxon  termination  of  the  infinitive  mode  of 
verbs  has  been  dropped,  and  for  gifin  we  now  write,  to  give. 
The  variations  of  the  verb,  in  the  several  persons,  have  been 
materially  changed.     Thus  for  the  Saxon  — 


In  lufige, 
Thu  lufast, 
He  lufath; 


wc  now  write - 


I  love, 

Thou  lovest, 

He  loveth  or  loves  ; 


We  lufiath, 
Ge  lufiath, 
Hi  lufiath; 


We  love, 
Ye  love, 
They  love. 


In  the  Saxon  plural,  however,  wc  see  the  origin  of  the  vulgar 
practice  still  retained  in  some  parts  of  England  and  of  this  coun- 
try.     We  loces,  they  lores,  which  are  contractions  o[ lufiath.  - 

In  the  substantive  verb,  our  common  people  universally,  and 
most  persons  of  better  education,  unless  they  have  rejected  their 
traditionary  language,  retain  the  Gothic  di.alect,  in  the  past 
tense. 

We  was, 


I  was, 
Thou  wast. 
He  was; 


Ye  was. 
They  was. 


However  people  may  be  ridiculed  for  this  language,  it  is  of 
genuine  origin,  as  old  as  the  Saxon  word  were.  In  Gothic  the 
past  tense  runs  thus  — 


the 

Dhly 


actual  proportion  of  Sa.Ton  words  retained  In  the  vocahulary,  which  is  prot>- 
_./Ies»  than  half  of  the  whole  number  of  words  in  the  language.  Mr.  Turner's 
statement  refers  to  the  prfpjwrtion  of  Saxon  words  actually  usetl  in  our  coninion 
language,  which  is,  doubtless,  as  great  as  he  represents  it.  The  words  of  Saxon 
origm  are  the  more  necessary  words ;  such  as  are  wanted  in  all  the  common 
concerns  of  life;  and  therefore  in  use  they  compose  the  body  of  the  language. 


lu 


INTRODUCTION. 


-1 


Ik  was, 
Thu  wast. 
Is  was  ; 


Weis  wesum, 
Yus  wesuth, 
Eis  wesun." 


In  the  present  tense  of  the  substantive  verb,  our  common 
people  use  dn't,  as  in  this  phrase:  "he  in't  present"  This  is 
evidently  a  contraction  of  the  Swedish  and  Danish  dr,  er,  present 
indicative  singular  of  the  substantive  verb  vara  or  rcrc"  to  be, 
which  we  retain  in  arc  and  tcere.  In  Swedish,  han  ar,  and  in 
Danish,  han  er,  he  is.  Hence*he  er  not  or  ar  not,  contracted  into 
he  (in't  or  en'(. 

These  facts  serve  to  show  how  far  the  Gothic  dialect  has  been 
infused  into  the  English  language. 

It  would  be  tedious,  and  to  most  readers  uninteresting,  to 
recite  all  the  changes  in  the  forms  of  words  or  the  structure  of 
sentences  which  have  taken  place  since  the  Norman  conquest. 
Since  the  invention  of  printing,  changes  in  the  language  have 
been  less  rapid  than  before ;  but  no  art  nor  effort  can  completely 
arrest  alterations  in  a  living  language.  The  distinguished  writers 
in  the  age  of  Queen  Elizabeth  improved  the  language,  but  could 
not  give  it  stability.  Many  words  then  in  common  use  are  now 
obsolete,  or  have  suffered  a  change  of  signification.  In  the  period 
between  Queen  Elizabeth  and  the  beginning  of  tlie  eighteenth 
century,  tlie  language  was  improved  in  grammar,  orthograph3-, 
and  style.  The  writers  in  the  reign  ot  Queen  Anne  and  of 
George  I.  brought  the  language  nearly  to  perfection ;  and  if  any 
improvement  has  since  been  made,  it  is  in  the  style  or  diction,  by 
a  better  selection  of  words,  and  the  use  of  terms  in  science  and 
philosophy  with  more  precision. 

In  regard  to  grammatical  construction,  the  language,  for  half  a 
century  past,  has,  in  my  apprehension,  been  suffering  deteriora- 
tion, at  least  as  far  as  regards  its  written  form.  This  change  may 
be  attributed  chiefly  to  the  influence  of  the  learned  Bishop  Lowth, 
whose  Grammar  made  its  appearance  nearly  seventy  years  ago. 
I  refer  particularly  to  his  form  of  the  verb,  which  was  adjusted  to 
the  practice  of  writers  in  the  age  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  instead  of 
the  practice  of  authors  in  tlie  age  of  William  and  Mary,  Queen 
Anne,  and  George  I.  Hence  he  gives  for  the  form  of  the  verb 
in  the  subjunctive  mode,  after  the  words  which  express  a  con- 
dition, if,  thouffh,  &c.,  /  lore,  thou  lore,  he  lore,  observing  in  a 
note,  that  in  the  subjunctive  mode,  the  event  being  spoken  of 
under  a  condition  or  supposition,  or  in  the  form  of  a  wish,  and 
therefore  doubtful  and  contingent,  the  verb  itself  in  the  present, 
and  the  auxiliary  both  of  tlie  present  and  past  imperfect  times, 
often  carry  with  them  somewhat  of  a  future  sense ;  as,  "  If  he 
come  to-morrow,  I  may  speak  to  him"  —  "  If  he  should  come,  I 
should  speak  to  him."  This  is  true ;  but  for  that  very  reason, 
this  form  of  the  verb  belongs  to  the  future  tense,  or  should  be 
arranged  as  such  in  Grammars.  1/  he  come,  would  be  in  Latin  si 
venerit,  in  the  subjunctive  future. 

But  the  learned  author  has  entirely  overlooked  the  important 
distinction  between  an  event  or  fact,  of  uncertain  existence  in 
the  present  time,  and  which  is  mentioned  under  the  condition  of 
present  existence,  and  a  future  contingent  event.  "  If  the  mail 
that  has  arrived  contains  a  letter  for  me,  I  shall  soon  receive  it," 
is  a  phrase  that  refers  to  the  present  time,  and  expresses  an  un- 
certainty in  my  mind,  respecting  the  fact.  "  If  the  mail  contain 
a  letter  for  me,"  refers  to  a  future  time,  that  is,  "  If  the  mail  of 
to-morrow  contain  [shall  or  should  contain]  a  letter  for  me." 
The  6rst  event,  conditional  or  hypothetical,  should  be  expressed 
by  the  indicative  mode,  and  the  latter  by  the  suiyunctive  future. 
The  Saxon  form  of  the  verb,  if  he  slay,  if  he  go,  is  evidently  a 
contingent  future,  and  is  so  used  in  the  laws. 

This  distinction,  one  of  the  most  important  in  the  language, 
has  been  so  totally  overlooked,  that  no  provision  has  been  made 
for  it  in  British  Grammars ;  nor  is  the  distinction  expressed  by 
the  form  of  the  verb,  as  used  by  a  great  part  of  the  best  writers. 
On  the  other  hand,  they  continually  use  one  form  of  the  verb  to 
express  both  senses.  The  fact  is  the  same  in  the  common  ver- 
sion of  the  Scriptures.  If  he  go,  if  he  speah,  sometimes  express  a 
present  conditional  tense,  and  sometimes  a  contingent  future. 
In  general  this  subjunctive  form  of  the  verb,  in  Scripture,  ex- 
presses future  time.  "  If  he  thus  say,  I  have  no  delight  in  thee," 
expresses  a  future  contingent  event.  2  Sam.  xv.  26.  "  If  in- 
iquity be  in  thine  hand,  put  it  far  away,"  expresses  a  fact,  under 
a  condition,  in  the  present  time.     Job  xi.  14. 

•  This  ts  pfxibably  the  Latin  «j£.  The  Latins  dropped  the  first  articulation  v, 
which  answen  to  our  le. 

The  preasnl  tense,  indicative  mode,  of  the  Latin  verh,  with  the  «  restored, 
would  be  wiitten  thus:  — 


In  many  instances  tlie  translators  have  deviated  from  the 
original,  in  using  the  subjunctive  form  of  the  English  verb  to 
express  what  in  Greek  is  expressed  in  the  indicative.  Thus 
Matthew  iv.6.     Ki  viu(  tt  Ton  0iuv,  If  thou  be  [art]  the  son  of  God. 

Ch.  V.  29  and  30.  Ki  9t  6  o^duXitv;  aov  o  (Ji^iof  axitviaXttti  at. 
If  thy  right  eye  offend  [offendcth]  thee  ;  Ei  I,  3ii.ia  aov  x"(  axar- 
daliitt  nt.  If  tliy  right  hand  offaid  [offendeth]  thee. 

So  also  in  chapter  xviii.  8  and  9. 

Ch.  xii.  aG.  El  a  Saturai  ruv  Saratav  tx^aXiti,  If  Satan  cast 
[castctli]  out  Satan. 

Ch.  xix.  10.  Et  ot'roif  i=iv  i,  aunt  tov  ui'^ow.TOL-  /MTo  T»;ff  yvvuf 
*us.  If  the  case  of  the  man  be  [is]  so  with  his  wife. 

Ch.  xxii.  45.  El  oiv  Jn^iii  xu/m  avtoy  Kv(>iov,  If  David  then 
call  [callcth]  him  Lord. 

2  Cor,  iv.  16.  El  6  e;o>  [uoiv  ov^ouirto?  iiaif^ttntrai.  Though  our 
outward  man  perish  [perishes,  or  is  perishing.] 

In  all  these  passages,  the  English  verb,  in  the  subjunctive, 
properly  expresses  a  conditional,  contingent,  or  hypothetical  fu- 
ture tense,  contrary  to  the  sense  of  the  original,  except  in  the  last 
passage  cited,  where  tlie  apostle  evidently  speaks  of  the  perishing 
of  the  outward  man  as  a  fact  admitted,  which  renders  the  transla- 
tion still  more  improper. 

Let  us  now  attend  to  the  following  passages. 

Matthew  vii.  9.  //  tj?  e^iv  f^  luwv  aiSjjojTroff,  qv  tav  airrjatj  6 
v!o;  oiTou  ooTof,  Or  what  man  is  there  of  you,  whom  if  his  son 
ask  [shall  ask]  bread,  will  he  give  him  a  stone .' 

Kui  lar  ixSvv  oiri.oij,  If  he  ask  [shall  ask]  a  fish,  will  he  give 
him  a  serpent .' 

Here  the  original  tense  is  varied  to  express  a  future  or  hypo- 
thetical event,  yet  the  verb  in  English  is  in  the  same  tense  as  in 
the  first  class  of  examples ;  and  what  renders  the  version  more 
objectionable  is,  that  the  verb  in  the  first  clause  docs  not  corre- 
spond with  that  in  the  second  clause.  There  is  no  possible  way 
of  making  g^od  English  of  the  translation,  but  by  supposing  the 
verb  in  the  first  clause,  asfi,  to  be  in  the  future  tense.  So  it  would 
be  in  Latin,  and  so  it  is,  "  si  petierit."  If  thy  son  shall  ask  (or 
should  ask)  a  fish,  will  he  give  (or  would  he  give)  him  a  serpent  ? 

This  fault  runs  through  the  whole  English  version  of  the 
Scriptures,  and  a  distinction  of  tenses  clearly  marked  in  the 
original  languages,  is  generally  neglected  in  the  translation. 

Now,  the  most  unlettered  man  in  this  country  would  express 
the  sense  in  English  with  the  same  marked  distinction  of  tenses 
which  appears  in  the  Greek,  If  thou  art  tlie  son  of  God  ;  if  thy 
right  e^'e  offends  thee  ;  if  the  case  of  the  man  is  such ;  if  David 
calls  him  Lord  ;  or,  if  the  sense  is  understood  to  be  future  and 
contingent,  if  thy  son  shall  ask  bread,  or  if  he  should  ask  bread, 
would  be  the  uniform  language  of  any  of  the  common  people  of 
our  country.  There  would  not,  probably,  be  a  single  exception, 
unless  in  the  use  of  the  substantive  verb,  which  is  often  nsed  in 
the  subjunctive  form.  And  the  most  unlettered  man  would  use 
the  corresponding  verbs  in  the  two  clauses,  if  he  shall  ask,  will 
he  give  ;  or,  if  he  should  ask,  would  he  give.  The  use  of  the 
verb,  in  all  similar  phrases,  is  perfectly  well  settled  in  this  coun- 
try, and  perfectly  uniform  among  the  higher  and  lower  classes  of 
men  ;  unless  when  the  practice  has  been  varied  by  the  influence 
of  Grammars,  in  which  the  conjugation  of  the  verb  is  according 
to  the  antiquated  practice  of  the  age  of  Elizabeth. 

1  Tim,  v,  4.  Et  di  Tig  /J^oa  Ttxru  »;  ezyova  «^f(.  If  any  widow 
hare  [has]  children  or  nephews. 

Verse  8.  Ei  St  ng  tuh'  i^ioir  xai  yaXiza  ruiv  oixtiiav  ov  noovott, 
If  any  provide  [provideth]  not  for  his  own,  and  especially  for 
those  of  his  own  house. 

This  subjunctive  form  of  the  verb,  if  he  be;  if  he  have;  if  he 
go;  if  he  say ;  if  thou  write;  whether  thou  see;  though  he  fail, 
which  was  generally  used  by  the  writers  of  the  sixteenth  century, 
was  in  a  great  measure  discarded  before  the  time  of  Addison. 
Whether  this  change  was  in  consequence  of  the  prevalence  of 
colloquial  usage  over  grammar  rules,  or  because  discerning  men 
perceived  the  impropriety  and  inconsistency  of  the  language  of 
books,  I  pretend  not  to  determine.  Certain  it  is,  that  Locke, 
Watts,  Addison,  Pope,  and  other  authors  of  the  first  distinction, 
who  adorned  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  and  beginning  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  generally  used  the  indicative  mode  to  express 
condition,  uncertainty,  and  hypothesis  in  the  present  and  past 
tenses.     Thus  Locke  writes  —  "  If  these  two  propositions  are  by 


E^o  vesum, 
Tu  ves, 
llle  vest : 


*.os  vesumus,  [was,] 
Vos  vestis,  [was,] 
llli  vesuDt,  [was.] 


INTRODUCTION. 


liii 


nature  imprinted."  "  If  principles  are  innate."  "  If  any  person 
huth  never  eiaminpd  this  notion."  "  Whether  that  substance 
thinks  or  no."  "  If  the  soul  dotli  think  in  sleep."  "If  one 
considers  well  these  men's  way  of  speaking."  "  If  he  does  not 
reflect."  "  Unless  that  notion  produces  a  constant  train  of  suc- 
cessive ideas."  "If  your  lordship  metnis."  Such  is  the  lan- 
guage of  LocJic. 

Now,  what  is  remarkable,  the  learned  Dr.  Lowth,  the  very 
author  who  has,  by  his  Grammar,  done  much  to  sanction  the 
subjunctive  form  of  the  verb,  in  such  cases,  often  uses  the  indica- 
tive in  his  own  writings.  "  If  he  does  not  carefully  attend  to 
this  —  if  this  pleasure  arises  from  the  shape  of  the  composition 
—  if  this  is  not  firmly  and  well  established."  These  verbs  are  in 
contradiction  of  his  owu  principles.      On  Isaiah,  Prelim.  Diss. 

Addison.  "  If  the  reader  has  a  mind  to  see  a  father  of  the 
same  stamp."  "  If  exercise  throws  off  all  superfluities  —  if  it 
clears  the  vessels  —  if  it  dissipates  a  growing  distemper."  Such 
is  the  language  of  Addison,  the  most  elegant  writer  of  tlie  genu- 
ine English  idiom  in  the  nation. 

"If  the  thief  is  poor  —  if  it  obliges  me  to  be  conversant  with 
scenes  of  wretchedness."  Jf'ilberforce. 

"  If  America  is  not  to  be  conquered."  Lord  Chutham. 

"If  we  are  to  be  satisfied  with  assertions."  "  \{\\. gives  blind 
confidence  to  anv  executive  government."  "If  such  an  opinion 
has  gone  forth."  "If  our  conduct  has  been  marked  with  vigor 
and  wisdom."  Fox. 

"  If  my  bodily  strength  is  equal  to  the  task."  "  A  negro,  if  he 
irorks  for  himself  and  not  for  a  master,  will  do  double  the  work." 
"  If  there  is  any  aggravation  of  our  guilt."  "  If  their  conduct 
displays  no  true  wisdom."  "The  honorable  gentleman  maj-,  if 
he  chooses,  have  the  journals  read  again."  "Whether  this  is  a 
BuSicient  tie  to  unite  them."  "  If  this  measure  comrs  recom- 
mended." "  If  there  exists  a  country  which  contains  the  means 
of  protection."  Pitt. 

"If  the  prudence  of  reserve  and  decorum  dictates  silence." 
"If  an  assembly  is  viciously  or  feebly  composed."  "If  any 
persons  are  to  make  good  deficiencies."  "  If  the  King  of  the 
French  has  really  deserved  these  murderous  attempts."  "  If  this 
representation  of  M.  Necker  teas  false."  "  Whtthet  the  system, 
if  it  deserves  the  name."  "  The  politician  looks  for  a  power  that 
our  workmen  call  a  purchase,  and  if  hejinds  the  power."  "  If  he 
feels  as  men  commonly  feel."  Burke. 

"  If  climate  Itas  such  an  effect  on  mankind."  "  If  the  effects 
of  climate  ore  casual."  Coze's  Rass. 

"  K hejinds  his  collection  too  small."  "  If  he  thinks  his  judg- 
ment not  snfiiciently  enlightened."  "Whether  it  leads  to  truth." 
"  If  he  warns  others  against  his  own  failings."  This  is  generally 
the  language  of  Johnson. 

In  regard  to  this  distinguished  author,  I  would  observe  that, 
except  the  substantive  verb,  there  is  in  his  Rambler  but  a  single 
instance  of  the  subjunctive  form  of  the  verb  in  conditional  sen- 
tences.    In  all  other  cases  the  use  of  the  indicative  is  uniform. 

Such  also  is  the  language  of  the  most  distinguished  men  in  the 
United  States,  particularly  of  those  who  wrote  their  native  lan- 
guage as  they  received  it  from  tradition,  and  before  grammars 
nad  made  any  impression  on  its  genuine  construction. 

"The  prince  that  acquires  new  territory,  if  he_^n(/»  it  vacant." 
"If  we  are  industrious  we  shall  never  starve."  "If  one  fuis 
more  corn  than  he  can  consume,  and  another  has  lees.'  Buch  is 
the  language  of  Franklin. 

"  If  any  persons  thus  qualified  arc  to  be  found."  "  If  it  is 
thought  proper."  "  If  the  Congress  does  not  choose  to  point  out 
the  particular  regiment."  "  If  1  am  rightly  informed."  "If  the 
army  has  not  removed."  "  If  a  proposition  has  not  been  made." 
Such  is  the  language  of  fVashingfon. 

"  If  any  philosopher  pretends."  "  If  he  has  food  for  the  pres- 
ent day."  "  If  a  revelation  is  not  impossible."  "  If  the  Christian 
system  contains  a  real  communication  to  mankind."  "  If  the 
former  of  these  facts  opposes  our  reception  of  the  miraculous 
history  of  the  gospel."  "  If  the  preceding  reflections  arc  just." 
Such  is  the  language  of  the  late  i^resident  Smith.* 

"  If  any  government  deems  the  introduction  of  foreigners  or 
their  merchandise  injurious."  "  Unless  he  violates  the  law  of 
nations."  **  If  a  person  has  a.  settlement  in  a  hostile  country." 
"  If  he  resides  in  a  belligerent  country."  "  If  a  foreign  consul 
carries  on  trade  as  a  merchant."  Such  is  the  language  of  the 
ex-Chancellor  Kent. 
— — ~— — — « 

•  The  iubrtantlr©  vRrb  is  oftpn  iiied  in  the  niihjunctlve  ftjrm  by  writers  who 
Dover  use  that  furm  in  any  other  verb.    The  reason  doubtlein  U,  that  be  ii  pri- 


But  neither  the  auth.ors  here  mentioned,  nor  most  others,  even 
the  most  distinguished  for  erudition,  are  uniform  and  consistent 
with  themselves  in  the  use  of  the  tenses.  In  oift  sentence  we 
find  the  indicative  used,  "  If  it  is  to  be  discovered  only  by  the 
experiment."  "  If  other  indications  are  to  be  found."  In  the 
next  sentence,  "  If  to  miscarry  in  an  attempt  lie  a  proof  of  having 
mistaken  the  direction  of  genius."  Johnson. 

"If  the  former  be  refined  —  if  those  virtues  are  accompanied 
with  equal  abilities."  Gibbon. 

"  If  love  reward  him,  or  if  vengeance  strike."  Cowpcr. 

"  Or  if  it  does  not  brand  him  to  the  last."  Cowper. 

"  If  he  is  a  pagan  —  if  endeavors  are  used  —  if  the  person  hath 
a  liberal  education  —  if  man  be  subject  to  these  miseries." 

Milner. 

The  following  expressions  occur  in  Pope's  Preface  to  Homer's 
Iliad,  in  the  compass  of  thirteen  lines. 

"  If  he  has  given  a  regular  catalogue  of  an  army." 

"  If  he  has  funeral  games  for  Patroclus." 

"  If  Ulysses  visit  the  shades." 

"  If  he  be  detained  from  his  return." 

"  If  Achilles  be  absent." 

"  If  he  gives  his  hero  a  suit  of  celestial  armor." 

I  recollect  one  English  author  only,  who  has  been  careful  to 
avoid  this  inconsistency ;  this  is  Gregory,  who,  in  his  Economy 
of  .Vature,  has  uniformly  used  the  indicative  form  of  the  verb  in 
conditional  sentences  of  this  kind. 

The  like  inconsistency  occurs  in  almost  all  American  writings. 
"  If  moral  disposition  lie  here."  "  If  preference  necessarily  in- 
volves the  knowledge  of  obligation."  "  If  the  proposition  is  true." 
"  If  the  proposition  be  confirmed."     "  If  hi;  refutes  any  thinor." 

In  a  pamphlet  now  before  me,  there  are  no  less  than  fifty  of 
these  inconsistencies  in  the  compass  of  ninety  pages  ;  and  three 
of  them  in  one  sentence. 

How,  in  this  case,  is  a  foreigner  to  understand  the  author.'  and 
how  can  such  sentences  be  translated  into  another  language 
without  a  deviation  from  the  original .' 

The  propriety  of  using  the  indicative  form  of  the  verb  to  ex- 
press a  present  or  past  event  conditionally,  does  not  rest  solely 
on  usage;  it  is  most  correct  upon  principle.  It  is  well  known 
that  most  of  the  words  which  are  used  to  introduce  a  condition  or 
hypothesis,  and  called,  most  improperly,  conjunctions,  are  verbs, 
having  not  the  least  affinity  to  the  class  of  words  used  to  connect 
sentences.  If  is  the  Saxon  gif,  give,  having  lost  its  first  letter  ; 
if  fur  the  ancient  gif.  Though  is  also  a  verb  now  obsolete, 
except  in  the  imperative  mode.  Now  let  us  analyze  this  con- 
ditional tense  of  the  verb.  "If  the  man  knows  his  true  interest, 
he  will  avoid  a  quarrel."  Here  is  an  omi.-<sion  of  the  word  that 
after  if.  The  true  original  phrase  was,  "  If  that  the  man  knows 
ills  true  interest,  he  will  avoid  a  quarrel"  —  that  is,  give  that 
[admit  the  fact  which  is  expressed  in  the  following  clause,]  the 
man  knows  his  true  interest,  then  the  consequence  follows,  he 
will  avoid  a  quarrel.  That  in  this  sentence  is  a  relative  or 
demonstrative  substitute  for  the  following  clause.  This  will 
more  plainly  appear  by  transposing  the  clauses.  "The  man 
knows  his  true  interest;  give  that  [admit  that;]  he  \v\]\  then 
avoid  a  quarrel."  Now,  let  the  subjunctive  form  be  used.  "The 
man  know  his  true  interest;  give  that;  he  will  avoid  a  quarrel." 

Here  the  impropriety  of  this  form  of  the  verb  appears  in  a 
stron"  liirht.  It  will  appear  more  clearly  by  the  use  of  other 
words  of  "equivalent  signification.  Grant  the  man  know  his  true 
interest,  he  will  avoid  a  quarrel.  JIlow  the  man  Anew  his  true 
interest.  Suppose  the  man  know  his  true  interest.  We  never 
use  the  subjunctive  form  after  the  three  last  verbs  which  intro- 
duce the  condition.  Though  is  sometimes  followed  by  the  in- 
dicative ;  sometimes  by  the  subjunctive  ;  but  it  ought  always  to 
be  followed  by  the  indicative,  for  it  supposes  the  fact  to  be  given  ; 
and  so  docs  admit,  when  used  in  hypothetical  sentences.  Admit 
that  the  man  knoics  hh  interest.  We  have  then  decisive  proof 
that  the  use  of  the  indicative  form  of  the  verb  after  if,  when  it 
expresses  a  conditional  event  in  present  time,  is  most  correct; 
indeed,  it  is  the  only  correct  form.  This  remark  is  equally  appli- 
cable to  the  past  tense  conditional. 

The  language  of  Addison,  Johnson,  and  other  distinguished 
writers  of  the  last  century,  in  the  use  of  the  indicative,  is,  there- 
fore, more  correct  than  the  language  of  the  writers  in  the  age  of 
Elizabeth  ;  and  their  practice  ia  principally  the  common  usage 
of  our  country  at  this  day. 


marily  the  inilfcative  as  well  as  the  sabjtinctive  mode  of  that  verb.    J  be,  tte  fit, 
as  used  in  Scripture.    So  in  German,  Icit  bin. 


hv 


INTRODUCTION. 


I  have,  therefore,  constructed  a  Grammar  on  this  usage ; 
bringing  down^the  standard  of  writing  a  century  and  a  half  later 
than  Bishop  Lowth.  1  have  done  t\iis,  first,  on  the  authority  of 
strict  analogical  principles,  as  above  stated  ;  secondly,  on  the 
authority  of  the  best  usage  of  that  cluster  of  distinguished  writers 
who  adorned  the  beginning  of  the  last  century  ;  and,  thirilly,  on 
the  authority  of  universal  colloquial  practice,  which  I  consider  as 
the  real  and  only  genuine  language.  I  repeat  this  remark,  that 
general  and  resiiectable  usage  in  speaking,  is  the  genuine  or 
legitimate  language  of  a  country,  to  which  the  Kritten  language 
ought  to  be  conformed.  Language  is  that  which  is  uttered  by 
the  tongue,  and  if  men  do  not  write  the  language  as  it  is  spoken 
by  the  great  body  of  respectable  people,  they  do  not  write  the 
real  language.  Sow,  in  colloquial  usage,  the  subjunctive  form 
of  the  verb,  in  conditional  sentences,  is  rarely  used,  and  perhaps 
never,  except  when  the  substantive  verb  is  employed.  Our  stu- 
dents are  taught  in  school  the  subjunctive  form,  1/  thou  hare,  if 
ke  come,  &c.,  and  some  of  them  continue,  in  after  life,  to  tcrite  in 
that  manner ;  but,  in  the  course  of  more  tlian  forty  years,  I  have 
not  known  three  men  who  have  ventured  to  use  that  form  of  the 
verb  in  conversation.  We  toil  in  school  to  learn  a  language 
which  we  dare  not  introduce  into  conversation,  but  whicli  the 
force  of  custom  compels  us  to  abandon.  In  this  respect,  the 
present  study  of  grammar  is  worse  than  useless. 

This  colloquial  custom  accords  with  other  languages.  The 
French  say  and  write  s'il  est,  if  he  is.  The  Latins  oflen  used  the 
same  form,  ^'^1  quid  est  in  me  ingenii,  judices;"  but  the  use  of 
the  Latin  subjunctive  depends  on  certain  other  words  which  pre- 
cede;  as,  '^  eum  'it  ciris,"  as  he  1*  a  citizen,  or,  since  he  u  a 
citizen  ;  and  the  present  tense  is  oiien  used  to  express  what  we 
express  by  an  auxiliary.  That  the  Greeks  used  the  indicative  to 
express  &  conditional  present  tense,  we  have  seen  by  citations 
above. 

By  this  arrangement  of  the  verb,  the  indicative  form  after  if 
and  other  verbs  introducing  a  condition  or  hypothesis,  may  be 
used  uniformly  to  express  a  fact  or  event  nnder  a  condition  or 
supposition,  either  in  the  present  or  past  tenses ;  the  speaker 
being  uncertain  respecting  the  fact,  or  representing  it  as  doubtful. 

"If  the  man  is  honest,  he  will  return  what  he  has  borrowed." 
"  If  the  ship  has  arrived,  we  shall  be  informed  of  it  to-morrow." 
"If  the  bill  teas  presented,  it  was  doubtless  paid."  "  If  the  law 
Aas  been  passed,  we  are  precluded  from  further  opposition." 

On  the  other  hand,  when  it  is  intended  to  speak  of  a  future 
contingent  event,  I  would  always  use  the  auxiliaries  that  are 
proper  for  the  purpose.  "  If  it  shall  or  should  rain  to-morrow, 
we  shall  not  ride  to  town."  I  would  never  use  the  subjunctive 
form,  if  it  rain,  in  prose  ;  and  in  poetry,  only  from  necessity,  as 
an  abridged  phrase,  for  if  it  shall  or  should  rain.  In  this  manner 
the  distinction  between  the  tenses,  which  are  now  constantly 
confounded,  may  be  preserved  and  made  obvious,  both  to  natives 
and  foreigners. 

The  effect  of  the  study  of  Lowth's  principles,  which  has  been 
greatly  extended  by  the  popularity  of  Murray's  Grammar,*  "has 
been  to  introduce  or  establish  a  form  of  the  veib  in  writing, 
which  is  obsolete  in  colloquial  language ;  to  till  our  books  with  a 
confusion  of  tenses,  and  thus  to  keep  the  language  unsettled. 
Nothing  can  be  more  perplexing  to  the  student,  than  every 
where  to  meet  with  discrepancies   between  rules  and  practice. 

There  is  another  erroneous  manner  of  writing,  common  to  the 
best  authors  in  the  language,  which  seems  to  have  escaped  notice. 
This  is,  to  connect  a  verb  in  the  past  tense  with  a  preceding  one 
in  the  same  tense,  when  the  latter  verb  is  intended  to  express  a 
very  different  time  from  the  former.  Thus,  "  Then  Manasseh 
bnevi  that  the  Lord,  he  was  God."     2  Chron.  xxxiii.  13. 

The  Latins,  in  this  case,  would  probably  have  used  the  infini- 
tive; "Manasseh  novit  Jehovam  Deura  esse."  In  English  we 
ought  to  write  and  say,  "  Manasseh  knew  Jehovah  to  be  God,"  or, 
"Manasseh  knexc  that  Jehovah  he  is  God."  In  most  similar 
cases  the  use  of  the  infinitive  in  English  is  as  elegant  as  in  Latin. 
But  there  are  many  cases  where  the  infinitive  can  not  be  used. 
We  can  not  use  it  after  say  ;  "  he  said  him  to  be  a  good  man,"  is 
not  English  ;  though  "  he  declared,  or  affirjned,  or  believed  him  to 
be  a  good  man,"  is  elegant. 

In  order  to  understand  the  impropriety  of  the  common  mode  of 


•  Lindley  Murray,  in  the  Introduclion  to  his  Grammar,  acknowledges,  in 
general  terms,  that  "  the  authors  to  whom  the  grammatical  part  of  this  corapi- 
latioD  is  principally  indebted  for  iu  materials  are,  Uarris,  Johnson,  Lowth, 
Priestley,  Beattie,  Sheridan,  Walker,  and  Coote."  But  on  examination  it 
appears  that  the  greatest  portion  of  the  grammatical  part  is  from  Lowth,  whose 


using  the  latter  verb,  as  in  the  example  above  cited,  it  may  be 
remarked,  that  the  present  tense  is  that  which  is  used  to  express 
what  exists  at  all  times.  Thus  we  say,  God  is  or  exists,  when- 
ever wc  speak  of  his  permanent  existence ;  we  say.  Gold  7* 
yellow  or  ductile  ;  iron  is  a  most  valuable  metal;  it  is  not  con- 
vertible into  sliver ;  plants  and  animals  are  very  distinct  living 
beings.  We  do  not  say,  Gold  was  yellow ;  iron  was  a  valuable 
metal ;  for  we  mean  to  express  permanent  qualities.  Hence,  in 
the  passage  cited  from  Chronicles,  the  first  verb  knew,  referring 
to  a  fact  past,  is  correct ;  but  the  last,  which  is  intended  to  express 
the  permanent  being  or  character  of  God,  should  be  in  the  infini- 
tive or  the  indicative  present  tense.  The  following  are  examples 
of  correct  language  ;  "  ills  master  had  taught  him  that  happiness 
consists  In  virtue."  Aiuicharsis,  ii.  I!i0. 

"  Sabellius,  who  openly  taught  that  there  is  but  one  person  in 
the  Godhead."  Encyclopedia. 

"  Our  Savior  taught  that  eternal  death  is  the  proper  punish- 
ment of  sin."  Emmons. 

But  very  different  is  the  following :  "  Having  believed  for  many 
years,  that  water  was  [is]  an  elastic  fluid."  The  following  would 
be  still  better  :  "  Having  believed  water  to  be  an  elastic  fluid." 

So  the  following :  "  We  know  not  the  use  of  the  epidermis  of 
shells.  Some  authors  have  supposed  that  it  secured  [secures]  the 
shells  from  being  covered  with  vermes."  Edin.  Encyc. 

"  It  was  just  remarked,  that  marine  fossils  did  not  [do  not] 
comprise  vegetable  remains."  lb. 

"  if  my  readers  will  turn  their  thoughts  back  on  their  old 
friends,  they  will  find  it  difiicult  to  call  a  single  man  to  remem- 
brance who  appejircd  to  know  that  life  was  short,  ("Is  short,]  till 
he  was  about  to  lose  it."  Rambler,  J\'o.  71. 

"  They  considered  the  body  as  a  hydraulic  machine,  and  the 
fluids  as  passing  through  a  series  of  chemical  changes  ;  forgetting 
that  animation  was  [Is]  its  essential  characteristic."       Darwin. 

"  It  was  declared  by  Pompey,  that  if  the  Commonwealth  was 
[should  be]  violated,  he  could  stamp  with  his  foot  and  raise  an 
army  out  of  the  ground."  Rambler,  J\'o.  10. 

In  tlie  foregoing  sentence,  the  past  tense  is  used  for  the  future 
contingent. 

"  It  was  affirmed  in  the  last  discourse,  that  much  of  the  hon- 
orable practice  of  the  world  rested  [rests]  on  the  substratum  of 
selfishness;  that  society  was  [is]  held  together.  In  the  exercise 
of  its  relative  virtues,  mainly  by  the  tie  of  reciprocal  advantage  ; 
that  a  man's  own  interest  hound  [binds]  him  to  all  those  average 
equities  which  obtained  [obtain]  in  the  neighborhood  around  hlin; 
and  in  which  if  he  j^rored  [should  prove]  himself  glaringly 
deficient,  he  would  be  abandoned  by  the  respect,  and  the  con- 
fidence, and  the  good-will  of  the  people  with  whom  he  had  [might 
have,  or  should  have]  to  do."  Chalmers's  Com.  Dis.  4. 

"  In  the  last  discourse,  I  observed  that  love  constituted  [con- 
stitutes] the  whole  moral  character  of  God." 

DwighCs  Theology. 

"  And  he  said,  Nay,  father  Abraham ;  but  if  one  went  [shall  or 
should  go]  to  them  from  the  dead,  they  will  repent.  And  he 
said  to  him.  If  they  hear  not  Moses  and  the  prophets,  neither  will 
they  be  persuaded  though  one  rose  [shall  or  should  rise]  from  the 
dead."  Luke  xvi.  30,  31. 

"  Independent  of  parties  in  the  national  legislature  itself,  as 
often  as  the  period  of  discussion  arrived,  the  state  legislatures, 
who  will  always  be  not  only  vigilant,  but  suspicious  and  jealous 
guardians  of  the  rights  of  the  citizens,  against  encroachments 
from  the  federal  government,  will  constantly  have  their  attention 
awake  to  the  conduct  of  the  national  rulers,  and  will  be  ready 
enough,  if  any  thing  improper  appears,  to  sound  the  alarm  to  the 
people." 

Let  any  man  attempt  to  resolve  the  foregoing  sentence,  if  he 
can,  or  render  it  into  another  language. 

"  Cicero  vindicated  the  truth,  and  inculcated  the  value  of  the 
precept,  that  nothing  was  [is]  truly  useful  which  was  [is]  not 
honest." 

"  He  undertook  to  show  that  justice  was  [Is]  of  perpetual 
obligation." 

"  The  author  concedes  much  of  his  argument,  and  admits  that 
the  sea  was  [is]  susceptible  of  dominion."  [Better  still,  he 
admits  the  sea  to  be  susceptible  of  dominion.] 


principles  form  the  main  stnicture  of  Murray's  compilation.  Some  vnlnahle 
notes  and  remarks  are  taken  from  Priestley's  Grammar.  I  studied  grammar  in 
the  originals  long  before  Murray's  compilation  appeared,  and,  in  citing  author- 
ities, deem  it  proper  to  cite  the  originals. 


INTRODUCTION. 


"  A  nation  would  be  condemned  by  the  impartial  voice  of 
mankind,  if  it  voluntarily  went  [should  go]  to  war,  on  a  claim  of 
which  it  doubted  [should  doubt]  the  legality." 

"  The  Supreme  Court  observed  that  they  were  not  at  liberty 
to  depart  from  the  rule,  whatever  doubt  might  have  been  enter- 
tained, if  the  case  was  [had  been]  entirely  new." 

"  He  held  that  the  law  of  nations  prohibited  [prohibits]  the  use 
of  poisoned  arms." 

"  He  insisted  that  the  laws  of  war  gave  [give]  no  other  pt)wer 
over  a  captive  than  to  keep  him  safely." 

"  The  general  principle  on  the  subject  is,  that,  if  a  commander 
makes  a  compact  with  the  enemy,  and  it  be  of  such  a  nature  that 
the  power  to  make  it  could  be  reasonably  implied  from  the  nature 
of  the  trust,  it  would  be  valid  and  binding,  though  he  abused  his 
trust."  Let  any  man  translate  this  sentence  into  another  language, 
if  he  can,  without  reducing  the  verbs  to  some  consistency. 

"  Congress  have  declared  by  law,  that  the  United  States  were 
[are]  entitled  to  priority  of  payment  over  private  creditors,  in 
cases  of  insolvency." 

"  The  Supreme  Court  decided,  that  the  acts  of  Congress, 
giving  that  general  priority  to  the  United  States,  were  [are] 
constitutional." 

"  It  was  admitted  that  the  government  of  the  United  States 
was  [is]  one  of  enumerated  powers." 

"  From  his  past  designs  and  administrations,  we  could  never 
argue  at  all  to  those  which  were  future."  [This  is  an  odd  com- 
bination of  words.] 

"Jesus  knowing  that  the  Father  had  given  all  things  into  his 
hands,  and  that  he  w^as  come  from  God  and  went  to  God." 
John  xiii.  3. 

"  Alexander  dispatched  Eumenes  with  three  hundred  horse  to 
two  free  cities  —  with  assurance  that  if  they  submitted  and  re- 


ceired  him  [should  or  would  submit  and  receive]  as  a  friend,  no 
eviljhould  befall  them." 

"The  apostle  knew  that  the  present  season  was  [is]  the  only 


time  allowed  for  this  preparation.' 

"  What  would  be  the  real  effect  of  that  overpowermg  evidence 
which  our  adversaries  required  [should  require]  in  a  revelation, 
it  is  difficult  to  foretell." 

"  It  could  not  otherwise  have  been  known  that  the  word  liad 
[has]  this  meaning." 

"  I  told  him  if  he  weiU  [should  go]  to-morrow,  I  would  go  with 
him." 

This  fault  occurs  in  our  hearing  every  hour  in  the  day. 

A  like  fault  prevails  in  other  languages ;  indeed,  the  English 
may  have  been  led  into  it  by  reading  foreign  authors.  "  Mais  on 
a  remarqu6  avec  raison,  que  I'espace  conchoidal  ^tait  infini." 
Lanier.  It  has  been  remarked  with  reason,  that  the  conchoidal 
space  was  [is]  infinite. 

But  whatever  may  be  the  practice  of  other  nations,  there  would 
be  no  difficulty  in  correcting  such  improprieties  in  our  own  lan- 
guage, if  as  much  attention  were  given  to  the  study  of  its  true 
principles,  as  is  given  to  other  subjects  of  literature  and  science. 
But  if,  in  this  particular,  there  is  a  British  or  American  author 
who  writes  his  vernacular  language  correctly,  his  writings  have 
not  fallen  under  my  inspection. 

There  is  another  fault  very  common  among  English  writers, 
though  it  is  less  frequent  in  the  United  States  ;  this  is  the  con- 
version of  an  intransitive  verb  into  a  passive  one.  It  is  sur- 
prising that  an  error  of  this  kind  should  have  gained  such  an 
established  use,  in  some  foreign  languages,  as  to  be  incurable. 
Barbarous  nations  may  indeed  form  languages ;  but  it  should  be 
the  business  of  civilized  men  to  purify  their  language  from 
barbarisms. 

In  the  transitive  verb,  there  is  an  agent  that  performs  some 
action  on  an  object,  or  in  some  way  affects  it.  When  this  verb 
becomes  passive,  the  agent  and  the  object  change  places  in  the 
sentence.  Thus,  John  loves  Peter,  is  transitive,  but  I'cter  is 
loved  by  John,  is  passive.  In  the  intransitive  verb  the  case  is 
different ;  for  the  action  is  limited  to_  the  agent ;  and  when  it  is 
stated  that  a  thing  is  done,  there  is  no  agent  by  which  it  is  done. 
i perish,  is  intransitive  ;  lamperislud,  is  the  passive  form  ;  but  the 
latter  neither  expresses  nor  implies  an  agent  by  which  I  perish. 

This  fault  occurs  frequently  in  the  common  version  of  the 
Scriptures. 

"  Yea,  whereto  might  the  strength  of  their  hands  profit  me,  in 
whom  old  age  was  [had]  perished."     Job  xxx.  2. 

•  On  tbis  u»  of  intmnsltive  verbs,  »«,  The  ship  wtudeparud.  It  may  be  a^ked, 
Wbo  depaited  Hi — The  mail  u  arrivtd.     Who  has  arrived  it.^ — The  tree  u 


"  Their  memorial  is  [has]  perished  with  them."     Ps.  ix.  6. 
"The   heathen  are  [have]  perished  out   of  this   land."     Ps. 
X.  16. 

"  Israel  is  [has]  fed  before  the  Philistines."     1  Sam.  iv.  17. 

"  David  is  [has]  fled."     2  Sanu  xix.  9. 

"  The  days  were  [had]  not  expired."     1  Sam.  xviii.  26. 

"And  when  the  yearico*  [had]  expired."     2  Chron.  xxxvi.  10. 

"  I  only  am  [have]  escaped  alone  to  tell  thee."     Job  i.  15. 

"And  it  came  to  pass,  when  he  was  [had]  returned."  Luke 
xix.  15. 

Return  is  sometimes  a  transitive  verb,  and  sometimes  intran- 
sitive. When  a  sum  of  borrowed  money  is  returned,  the  phrase 
is  correct,  for  this  is  the  passive  form  of  a  transitive  verb.  But 
when  a  man  is  returned,  we  may  ask,  who  has  returned  him  ?  In 
this  case,  tlie  man  returns  by  his  own  act,  and  he  can  not  be  said 
to  be  returned. 

"  He  found  the  empress  was  [had]  departed."  Coxe. 

"  They  were  [had]  arrived  within  three  days'  journey  of  the 
spice  country."  Gibbon,  ch.  i.  note. 

"  Neither  Charles  nor  Diocletian  were  [had]  arrived  at  a  very 
advanced  period  of  life."  «/A.  ch.  xiii. 

"  The  posterity  of  so  many  gods  and  heroes  was  [had]  fallen 
into  the  most  abject  state."  lb.  ch.  ii. 

"  Silver  was  [had]  grown  more  common."  lb. 

"  He  was  [had]  risen  from  the  dead,  and  was  [had]  just 
ascended  to  heaven."  Milner,  i.  20. 

"  Hearing  that  they  were  [had]  arrived."  lb.  211. 

"  Claudius  —  vexed  because  his  wife  was  [had]  become  a  Chris- 
tian." lb.  274. 

"  Does  not  the  reader  see  how  much  we  are  [have]  already 
departed  from  Christian  simplicity  .'  "  Jb.  299. 

"  My  age  is  [has]  departed."     Isaiah  xxxviii.  12. 

"The  man  out  of  whom  the  demons  were  [had]  departed." 
Luke  viii.  35. 

"  Workmen  irere  [had]  arrived  to  assist  them."  Mitford. 

"  A  body  of  Athenian  horse  was  [had]  juM  arrived."  lb. 

This  fault  is  common  in  Mitford  s  History  of  Greece.  In  the 
writings  of  Roscoe,  which  are  more  elegant,  it  occurs,  but  less 
frequently. 

"  The  time  limited  for  the  reception  of  the  cardinal  was  ex- 
pired." Roscoe,  Leo  X. 

"  He  inquired  whether  the  report  was  true,  that  a  legate  was 
arrived."  Jb.  L.  Med. 

**  The  nation  being  [having]  once  more  got  into  a  course  of 
borrowing."  Price  on  Liberty. 

"  When  he  was  [had]  retired  to  his  tent."  Coze's  Russ. 

"  He  was  [had]  not  yet  arrived."'  •  lb. 

The  intransitive  verb  grow  is  constantly  used  by  the  English 
as  a  transitive  verb ;  as,  to  grow  wheat.  This  is  never  used  in 
the  Northern  States,  unless  by  persons  who  have  adopted  it 
recently    from   the    English. 

It  seems  almost  incredible  that  such  errors  should  continue,  to 
this  time,  to  disfigure  the  language  of  the  most  distinguished 
writers,  and  that  they  should  escape  animadversion.  The  prac- 
tice has  evidently  been  borrowed  from  the  French  or  Italian; 
but  surely  no  lover  of  correctness  can  excuse  such  violation  of 
the  best  established  principles  in  our  language. 

This  fault  occurs,  in  a  few  instances,  in  the  writings  of  the  best 
American  authors,  as  in  the  writings  of  Ames  and  Hamilton.  It 
is,  however,  very  rare,  either  in  books  or  colloquial  usage.  Even 
our  common  people  are  remarkably  accurate  in  using  the  auxil- 
iary have  with  the  participles  of  intransitive  verbs.  They  always, 
I  believe,  say,  a  ship  has  arrived,  a  plant  has  peri.shed,  the  enemy 
had  fled,  the  price  had  fallen,  the  corn  has  or  had  grown,  the  time 
has  expired,  the  man  has  returned,  the  vessel  had  departed. 
Such  also  is  the  language  of  our  most  eminent  writers. 

"The  Generals  Gates  and  Sullivan  have  both  arrived." 

Washington  s  Letters. 

"The  Indians  of  the  village  had  fled."  B.  Trumbull. 

"  Our  Tom  has  grown  a  sturdy  boy."     Progress  of  Dullness. 

"  Our  patriots  have  fallen." 

Discourse  of  D.  Webster,  Aug.  1826. 

"  Our  commissary  had  not  arrived."  Ellicott. 

The  exceptions  to  this  correct  practice  are  chiefly  in  the  use 
of  the  participles  of  come  and  go.  It  is  very  common  to  hear  the 
expressions,  he  is  come  or  is  gone,  in  which  case  the  participle 
seems  to  take  the  character  of  an  adjective ;  although,  in  most 

ptritked.    Who  has  perished  it .'  —  The  enemy  maiJUd.    Who  fled  them  f  —  The 
time  mu  expired.    Who  expired  it  I 


Ivi 


INTKOIWJCTION. 


instances,  the  regular  form  of  expression,  he  has  come,  or  has 
gone,  is  to  be  preferred.  So  dead,  originally  a  participle,  is  used 
only  as  an  adjective ;  and  decenstd  and  departed  are  often  used 
in  the  like  manner.  We  say,  a  deeeased  or  departed  friend ;  but 
it  should  be  remarked  that  the  original  e.tpression  w.is,  our  friend 
has  deceased,  or  has  departed  this  life  ;  and  this  pliraseology,  by 
an  easy  but  heedless  transition,  became  is  deceased,  or  is  departed. 
In  general,  however,  the  conversion  of  an  intransitive  verb  or 
form  of  expression  into  the  passive  form,  is  very  rare  among  the 
people  of  New  England. 

There  is  a  grammatical  error  running  tlirough  Hie  writings  of 
BO  respectable  a  writer  as  Mitford,  which  ought  not  to  be  passed 
unnoticed  ;  as  it  seems  to  be  borrowed  from  tlie  French  language, 
whose  idioms  are  dilierent  from  the  English,  but  which  the  Eng- 
lish are  too  apt  to  follow.  This  fault  is,  in  using  the  preterit  or 
perfect  tense,  instead  of  the  past  tense  indefinite,  usually  called, 
most  improperly,  the  imperfect.  Take  the  following  sentences 
for  examples  :  "The  condnct  of  Pelopidas  toward  Arcadia  and 
its  minister  at  the  Persian  court  —  has  scarcely  been  the  result  of 
mere  caprice  or  res<>ntment."     The  verb  here  ought  to  be  vas. 

"  The  orati«n  [of  Isocrates]  has  been  [was]  a  favorite  of  Dio- 
njrsius  of  Haliearnassus." 

This  form  of  expressing  the  time  would  be  good  in  French,  but 
is  very  bad  in  English.  And  it  may  be  here  remarked,  that  the 
tense  he  vas,  he  arrired,  he  irrole,  is  not  properly  named  imper- 
fect. These  verbs,  and  all  verbs  of  this  form,  denote  actions 
finished  or  perfect;  as,  '*  In  six  days  God  created  the  heaven  and 
the  earth."  Imperfect  or  unfinished  action  is  expressed  in  Eng- 
lish in  this  manner  —  he  teas  reading,  they  icert  tcriting.  The 
error  of  calling  the  former  tense  imperfect,  has  probably  pro- 
ceeded from  a  servile  adoption  of  the  Latin  names  of  the  tenses, 
without  considering  the  difference  of  application. 

There  are  some  errors  in  all  the  English  Grammars,  that  have 
been  derived  to  us  from  antiquity.  Such  is  tlie  arrangement  of 
that  among  the  conjunctions,  like  the  Greek  on,  and  the  Latin 
ut.  Kai  fiaxuQta  i/  mztvnana,  on  t^at  Tiifiotettq  rot;  Xijia/.r;uerots 
avrn  Tjuna  Kiniw.  And  blessed  is  she  who  believed  tluit  there 
shaU  be  a  performance  of  the  things  which  were  told  her  from 
the  Lord.  Luke  i.  4.'>.  In  our  version,  on  is  rendered  for,  but 
most  erroneovisly.  The  true  meaning  and  character  of  on  will 
best  appear  by  a  transposition  of  the  clauses  of  the  verse : 
"  There  shall  be  a  performance  of  the  things  told  her  from  the 
Lord;  blessed  or  happy  is  she  who  believed  that."  Here  on, 
that,  appears  to  be  what  it  really  is,  a  relative  or  substitute  for 
the  wh'<le  clause  in  Greek  succeeding  it.  So  in  Luke  xiii.  IB. 
Jeyoi  yiro  fiiii-  or/  oi'  vr^  tt/oj,  &c.  I  say  to  you  tluit  I  will  not 
drink.  I  will  not  drink,  I  say  to  you  that.  It  is  the  same  in 
Latin  :  "  Dico  enim  vobis  quod  non  bibam."  Qvoii  is  here  a  rela- 
tive governed  by  dito,  and  referring  to  the  following  clause  of 
the  sentence. 

So  also  Matthew  ix.  28.  ni-tvert  in  9vrauat  rtix'ro  noirnai ; 
Do  ye  believe  that  I  am  able  to  do  this  ?  1  am  able  to  do  this  : 
do  ye  believe  that  ? 

This  error  runs  through  all  Grammars,  Greek,  Latin,  French, 
English,  &c  But  how  such  an  obvious  fact,  that  the  word  that, 
and  its  corresponding  words  in  other  languages,  refer  to  the  clause 
of  a  sentence,  should  escape  observation,  age  after  age,  it  is  not 
easy  to  explain.  How  could  it  be  supposed  that  a  word  is  a  con- 
junction which  does  not  join  words  or  sentences  ?  That  is  used, 
in  the  passages  cited,  not  to  unite  tico  sentences,  but  to  continue 
the  same  sentence  by  an  additional  clause. 

The  relative,  when  referring  to  a  sentence  or  the  clause  of  a 
sentence,  is  not  varied,  for  a  variation  of  case  is  not  wanted. 

So  noticithstanding  and  provided  in  English,  and  ^Mrrii  que  in 
French,  are  called  conjunctions,  but  most  improperly,  as  they 
are  participles;  and  when  called  conjunctions,  they  always  form, 
with  a  word,  clause,  or  sentence,  the  case  absolute  or  independent. 
Thus,  "  It  rains,  but  notwithstanding  tliat,  [it  rains,]  I  must  go 
to  town."  That  fact  (it  rains)  not  opposing  or  preventing  me, 
that  is,  in  opposition  to  that,  I  must  go  to  town ;  hoc  non  ob- 
stante. 

"  I  will  ride,  provided  you  will  accompany  me."  That  is,  I 
will  ride,  the  fact,  you  will  accompany  me,  being  provided. 

Such  is  the  structure  of  these  sentences.  See  my  Philosophi- 
cal and  Practical  Grammar.*  It  is  the  same  in  French,  potirvu 
que,  that  being  provided,  que  referring  to  the  following  clause. 

There  are  other  points  ia'gramraar  equally  faulty.  Not  only 
in  English  grammar,  but  in  the  grammars  of  other  languages. 


L 


*  Now  estitled   .\n  Imprtned   Orammar. 


men  stumble  at  the  threshold,  and  teach  their  children  to  stumble. 
In  no  language  whatever  can  there  be  a  part  of  speecli  properly 
called  an  article.  There  is  no  word  or  class  of  words  that  falls 
within  the  signification  of  article,  a  joint,  or  that  can  otherwise 
than  arbitrarily  be  brought  under  that  denomination.  The  defin- 
itive words  called  articles,  are  all  adjectives  or  pronouns.  When 
they  are  used  with  nouns,  they  are  adjectives,  modifying  the  sig- 
nification of  the  nouns,  like  other  adjectives ;  for  this  is  their 
proper  office.  When  they  stand  alone,  they  are  pronouns,  or 
sub.flilutes  for  nouns.  Thus  hie.  Hie,  ipse,  in  Latin,  when  used 
with  nouns  expressed,  are  adjectives  ;  hie  homo,  tliis  man  ;  Hie 
homo,  that  ni.in.  When  they  stand  alone,  hie,  illc,  they  stand  in 
the  place  of  nouns.     The  fact  is  tlie  same  in  other  languages. 

The  English  the  is  an  adjective,  which,  for  distinction,  I  call  a 
drfinilive  adjective,  and  for  brevity,  a  definitive,  as  it  defines  the 
person  or  thing  to  which  it  refi^rs,  or  rather  designates  a  particu- 
lar person  or  thing.  But  wh}'  this  should  be  selected  as  tlie  only 
definitive  in  our  language,  is  very  strange ;  when  obviously  this 
and  that  are  more  exactly  definitive,  designating  more  precisely  a 
particular  person  or  thing  than  the.  These  words  answer  to  the 
Latin  hie  and  itle,  which  were  always  used  by  the  Romans,  when 
they  had  occasion  to  specify  definite  persons  or  things. 

As  to  the  English  an  or  a,  which  is  called  in  grammars  the 
indefinite  article,  there  are  two  great  mistakes.  A  being  consid- 
ered as  the  original  word,  it  is  said  to  become  an  before  a  vowel. 
Tlie  fact  is  directly  the  reverse.  Jin  is  the  original  word,  and 
this  is  contracted  to  a  by  dropping  the  a  before  a  consonant. 

But  an  is  merely  the  Saxon  orthography  of  one,  un,  unus,  an 
adjective  found  in  nearly  all  the  languages  of  Europe,  and  ex- 
pressing a  single  person  or  thing.  It  is  merely  a  word  of  num- 
ber, and  no  more  an  article  than  two,  three,  four,  and  every  other 
number  in  the  language.     Take  the  following  examples. 

Bring  me  an  orange  from  the  basket ;  that  is,  any  one  of  the 
number. 

Bring  me  tu>o  oranges  from  the  basket ;  that  is,  any  two  oT  the 
number. 

Bring  me  three  oranges  from  the  basket ;  that  is,  any  three  of 
the  number;  and  so  on  to  any  number,  ad  infinitum. 

When  thus  used,  an,  two,  three,  are  all  indefinite  ;  that  is,  they 
are  used  with  nouns  which  are  indefinite,  or  expressing  things 
not  particularly  designated.  But  this  is  not  owing  to  the  essen- 
tial character  of  the  adjectives,  an,  one,  two,  three;  for  any  of 
them  may  be  used  with  definite  nouns ;  and  an  is  continually 
thus  used. 

"  I  will  be  an  adversary  to  thine  adversaries." 

"  The  angel  stood  for  an  adversary  against  Balaam. 

"  Make  this  fellow  return,  lest  in  the  battle  he  be  aa  adversary 
to  us  " 

"  Rezon  —  was  an  adversary  to  Israel  all  the  days  of  Solomon," 

".\nd  he  spake  a  parable  to  them  to  this  end." 

"  And  there  was  a.  widow  in  that  city." 

"  And  seeing  the  multitude,  he  went  up  into  a  mountain." 

"  I  will  be  a  God  to  thee  and  thy  seed  after  thee." 

'*  Thou  art  a  God  ready  to  pardon." 

Now,  let  any  of  these  phrases  be  tested  by  the  common  defini- 
tion of  an  or  a,  '*  that  it  is  used  in  a  vague  sense,  to  point  out  one 
single  thing  of  the  kind;  in  other  respects  indeterminate." 

Loirth. 

"  I  will  be  an  adversary  to  thine  adversaries ;  "  that  is,  "  I  will 
be  any  adversary,  one  of  the  kind,  but  vague  or  indeterminate." 

"  Rezon  was  an  adversary  to  Israel ;  "  that  is,  in  a  vague  sense, 
any  adversary,  indeterminate. 

"  And  he  spake  a  parable  to  them  ;  "  that  is,  any  parable,  inde- 
terminate. 

"Thou  art  a  God  ready  to  pardon  ;  "  that  is,  any  God,  one  of 
the  kind,  in  a  vague  sense,  indeterminate  I 

If  it  should  be  said,  the  noun  is  rendered  determinate,  by  other 
words  in  the  sentence,  and  not  by  an  or  a,  this  may  be  and  gen- 
erally is  true  ;  but  this  shows  that  an  does  not  give  to  the  noun 
its  character  of  definiteness  or  indefiniteness ;  it  always  retains 
its  proper  signification,  which  is  one,  and  nothing  more  ;  and  it 
is  used  indilierently  before  nouns  definite  or  indefinite. 

This  mistake  of  the  character  of  ati  is  found  in  other  languages  ; 
but  I  was  gratified  to  find  a  French  Grammar  in  Paris,  recom- 
mended by  the  Institute,  the  author  of  which  had  discarded  the 
indefinite  article. 

In  English,  an  or  a  is,  for  the  most  part,  entirely  us-.?Ies'!. 
Used  with  a  noun  in  the  singular  number,  it  serves  no  purpose, 
except  that  which  the  form  of  the  word  in  the  singular  number 
is  intended  to  answer.     It  expresses  unity  only,  ai  «  lj'<  it  tlie 


INTRODUCTION. 


Ivii 


province  of  the  singular  number.  Were  it  not  for  habit,  "  Give 
me  orange,"  would  express  the  sense  of  '*  give  me  an  orange," 
with  precision  and  certainty.  In  this  respect  the  Latin  language 
has  the  advantage  over  the  English.  But  the  use  of  such  a  short 
word  is  not  very  inconvenient,  and  the  usage  can  not  be  changed. 
Other  languages  are  subject  to  the  same  inconvenience  ;  even 
the  definite  articles,  or  definitives,  in  Greek  and  in  French, 
are  very  often  useless,  and,  were  it  not  for  usage,  would  be 
improper. 

ORTHOGRAPHY. 

From  the  period  of  the  first  Saxon  writings,  our  language  has 
been  suffering  changes  in  orthography.  The  first  writers,  having 
no  guide  but  the  ear,  followed  each  his  own  judgment  or  fancy  ; 
and  hence  a  great  portion  of  Saxon  words  arc  written  with  differ- 
ent letters,  by  different  authors  ;  most  of  them  are  written  two 
or  three  different  ways,  and  some  of  them  fifteen  or  twenty.  To 
this  day  the  orthography  of  some  classes  of  words  is  not  entirely 
settled  ;  and  in  others  it  is  settled  in  a  manner  to  confound  tiie 
learner,  and  mislead  him  into  a  false  pronunciation.  Nothing 
can  be  more  disreputable  to  the  literary  character  of  a  nation, 
than  the  history  of  English  orthography,  unless  it  is  that  of 
orthoepy. 

1.  The  Saxon  diphthong  ff,  which  probably  had  a  specific  and 
uniform  sound  or  combination  of  sounds,  has  been  discarded,  and 
crt  generally  substituted  in  its  place  ;  as,  brteth^  breath.  Now,  ea 
tlius  united  have  not  a  uniform  sound,  and  of  course  they  are  no 
certain  guide  to  pronunciation.  In  some  instances,  where  the 
Saxon  spelling  was  not  uniform,  the  modern  orthography  follows 
the  most  anomalous  and  difficult,  instead  of  that  which  is  regular. 
Thus  the  Saxons  wrote  fiether  and  fetfier,  more  generally  the 
latter,  and  the  moderns  write  feather. 

a.  The  letter  g,  in  Saxon  words,  has,  in  many  English  words, 
been  sunk  in  pronunciation,  and  either  wholly  lost,  or  it  is  now 
represented  by  y  or  lo.  Thus  dai^^  or  dug,  has  become  day  ;  geur 
is  year,  bugan  is  boic,  And  faiger  in  fair. 

•i.  The  Saxons,  who  adopted  the  Roman  alphabet,  with  a  few 
alterations,  used  c  with  its  close  sound  like  that  of  k.  Thus  lie, 
like  ;  locian,  to  look.  But  after  the  Norman  conquest,  c  before 
e,  I,  and  y,  took  the  sound  of  s;  hence  arose  the  necessity  of 
changing  this  letter  in  words  and  syllables,  where  it  was  neces- 
sary to  retain  the  sound  of  A-  before  these  vowels.  Thus  the 
Saxon  licean,  pronounced  originally  liheun,  becomes,  with  our 
present  sound  of  c  before  «,  Usean  ;  and  iueian  becomes  losian. 
To  remedy  this  evil,  our  ancestors  introduced  k  from  the  Greek, 
writing  it  generally  after  c,  as  in  lick,  stick,  though  in  some  in- 
stances omitting  c,  as  in  like  and  look.  Hence,  in  all  monosvl- 
lables  in  which  a  syllable  beginning  with  e  or  2  is  added  to  the 
word,  as  in  the  past  time  and  participles  of  verbs,  we  use  k  in  the 
place  of  the  Saxon  c,  as  in  licked,  licking. 

Our  early  writers  attempted  to  extend  this  addition  to  words 
introduced  from  the  Latin  and  Greek,  in  which  no  such  reason 
exists  for  the  use  of  k.  Thus  they  wrote  publick,  musick,  rheto 
rick.  In  these  and  similar  words  tiie  Latins  used  c  for  the  Greek 
X  :  as,  musicus,  for  umuMxni;  ;  and  the  early  English  writers  took 
both  letters,  the  Roman  e  and  Greek  x.  This  was  absurd  enough  ; 
but  they  never  proceeded  so  far  as  to  carry  the  absurdity  through 
tlie  derivatives  ;  never  vrr'itmg  publickati.on,muaickal,  rhctorickat, 
aitliolickism,  skeptickism,  stoickism.  After  a  long  struggle  with 
the  force  of  authority,  good  sense  has  nearly  banished  this  pe- 
dantic orthography  from  use;  and  all  words  of  this  kind  now 
appear,  in  most  of  our  public  acts  and  elegant  writings,  in  their 
proper  simplicity  ;  public,  publicatioyi,  viusic,  musical. 

4.  In  many  words,  fijrmerly  ending  in  ic,  these  letters  have 
been  discarded  from  the  singular  number,  and  y  substituted. 
Thus  remedie,  memorie,  are  now  written  remedy^  memory.  But, 
what  is  very  singular,  the  plural  of  these  words  retains  the  ie, 
with  the  addition  of  t,  as  in  remedies.  This  anomaly,  however, 
creates  no  great  inconvenience,  except  that  it  has  been  ex- 
tended by  negligent  writers  to  words  ending  in  ey,  as  in  attar- 
nics.  But  words  ending  in  ey  properly  make  the  plural  by 
simply  taking  s,  as  in  surveys,  attorneys.  The  same  rule  applies 
to  verbs  when  an  s  is  added,  as  in  conveys. 

5.  In  a  vast  number  of  words  the  vowel  c  has  been  discarded 
as  useless  ;  as  in  eggs,  for  e^ges  ;  certain,  for  certaine  ;  empress,  for 
empresse  ;  goodncis,  for  goodnesse.  This  is  an  improvement,  as 
the  e  has  no  sound  in  modern  pronunciation.  But  here  again  we 
meet  with  a  surprising  inconsistency  ;  for  the  same  reason  which 
justifies  this  omission,  would  justify  and  require  the  omission  of 


e  final  in  motive,  pensive,  juvenile,  genuine,  sanguine,  doctrine, 
examine,  determine,  and  a  multitude  of  others.  The  introduction 
of  e,  in  most  words  of  these  classes,  was  at  first  wrong,  as  it 
could  not  plead  any  authority  in  the  originals;  but  the  retaining 
of  it  is  unjustifiable,  as  the  letter  is  not  merely  useless,  but,  in 
very  numerous  classes  of  words  it  leads  to  a  false  pronunciation. 
Many  of  the  most  respectable  English  authors,  a  century  ago  or 
more,  omitted  e  in  such  words  as  examin,  detcrmin,  famin,  ductil, 
fertil,  definit,  &c. ;  but  these  improvements  were  afterwards  re- 
jected, to  the  great  injury  of  orthography.  In  like  manner,  a 
final  e  is  inserted  in  words  of  modern  coinage,  as  in  alumine, 
salicine,  chloride,  oxyde,  »S:c.,  without  the  least  necessity  or 
propriety. 

6.  A  similar  fate  has  attended  the  attempt  to  anglicize  the 
orthography  of  another  class  of  words,  which  we  have  received 
from  the  French.  At  a  very  early  period,  the  words  chambre, 
d.esastre,  desordre,  chartre,  'monstre,  tendre,  tigre,  entre,  fievrc, 
diarnetrc,  arbitre,  iiombre,  and  others,  were  reduced  to  the  English 
form  of  spelling;  chamber,  disaster,  disorder,  charter,  monster, 
tender,  tiger,  enter,  fever,  dinmcttr,  arbiter,  number.  At  a  later 
period.  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  Camden,  Selden,  JVlilton,  Whitaker, 
Prideaux,  Hook,  Whiston,  Bryant,  and  other  authors  of  the  first 
character,  attempted  to  carry  through  this  reformation,  writing 
scepter,  center,  sepulcher.  But  this  improvement  was  arrested, 
and  a  few  words  of  this  class  retain  their  French  orthography  ; 
such  are  metre,  mitre,  nitre,  spectre,  sceptre,  theatre,  sepulchre, 
and  sonictimes  centre.  It  is  remarkable  that  a  nation  distin- 
guished for  erudition  should  tlius  reject  improvements,  and 
retain  anomalies,  in  opposition  to  all  the  convenience  of  uni- 
formity. I  am  glad  that  so  respectable  a  writer  as  Mitford  has 
discarded  this  innovation,  and  uniformly  written  center,  scepter, 
theater,  sepulcher.  In  the  present  instance,  want  of  uniformity 
is  not  the  only  evil.  The  present  orthography  has  introduced 
an  awkward  mode  of  writing  the  derivatives,  for  example,  cen- 
tred, sceptred,  sepulchred ;  whereas  Milton  and  Pope  wrote  these 
words  as  regular  derivations  of  center,  scepter,  sepulcher;  thus, 
"  seepttred  king."  So  Coxe,  in  his  Travels,  "  The  principal  wealth 
of  the  church  is  centered  in  the  monasteries."     Tiiis  is  correct. 

7  Soon  after  the  revival  of  letters  in  Europe,  English  writers 
began  to  borrow  words  from  the  French  and  Italian  ;  and  usually 
with  some  little  alteration  of  the  orthography.  Tlius  they  wrote 
authour,  embassadour,  predece-ssour,  ancestour,  successour  ;  using 
our  for  the  Latin  termination  or,  and  the  French  eur,  and  writ- 
ing similar  words  in  like  manner,  though  not  of  Latin  or  French 
original.  What  motive  could  induce  them  to  write  these  words, 
and  errour,  hanour,  favour,  inferiour,  &c.,  in  this  manner,  follow- 
ing neither  the  Latin  nor  the  French,  I  can  not  conceive.  But 
this  orthography  continued  down  to  the  seventeenth  century, 
when  the  «  began  to  be  rejected  from  certain  words  of  this  class, 
and  at  the  beginning  of  the  last  century,  many  of  these  words 
were  written,  ancestor,  author,  error,  &.C.,  as  they  are  now  written. 
But  favor,  honor,  tabor,  candor,  ardor,  terror,  vigor,  inferior,  su- 
perior, and  a  few  others,  were  written  with  u,  and  Johnson  intro- 
duced this  orthography  into  his  Dictionary.  Nothing  in  language 
is  more  mischievous  than  the  mistakes  of  a  great  man.  It  is  not 
easy  to  understand  why  a  man,  whose  professed  object  was  to 
reduce  the  language  to  some  regularity,  should  write  author  with- 
out u,  and  errour  and  honour  with  it !  That  he  should  write 
labour  with  a,  and  laborious  without  it !  Vigour  with  u,  and 
vigorous,  invigorate,  withcjut  it !  Inferiour,  supr.riour,  with  u, 
but  inferiority  and  superiority  without  it  !  Strange  as  it  is,  this 
inconsistency  runs  through  his  work,  and  his  authority  has  been 
the  means  of  continuing  it,  among  his  admirers,  to  this  day. 

In  this  country,  most  of  our  best  writers  have  rejected  the  u 
from  all  words  of  this  class,  and  reduced  the  whole  to  uniformity. 
This  is  a  desirable  event;  every  rejection  of  an  anomaly  being  a 
valuable  improvement,  which  sound  judgment  approves,  and  the 
love  of  regularity  will  vindicate  and  maintain. 

8.  There  is  another  class  of  words,  the  orthography  of  which 
is  not  uniform  nor  fully  settled  —  such  as  take  the  termination  able 
to  form  an  adjective.  Thus  Johnson  writes  provcable  with  e,  but 
approvable  and  reprovahle  without  it.  So  moveable,  but  immov- 
able and  reinovable  ;  tameable,  but  hlamable,  censurable,  desirable, 
excusable  ;  saleable,  but  ratable. 

With  like  inconsistency  Walker  and  Chalmers  write  d^ub 
with  «,  and  bediiuh  with  w,  deviating  in  this  instance  from  John- 
son. Chalmers  writes  abridgement  and  judgement  with  c,  but 
acknoieledgment  without  it.  Walker  writes  these  words  without 
e,  but  adds  it  to  lodgement.  I  have  reduced  all  words  of  this 
kind,  as  far  as  possible,  to  uniformity. 


Iviii 


INTRODUCTION. 


9.  Johnson  writes  oetoedrical ;  Chalmers,  octoedrat ;  Sheridan. 
Wa]ker,  and  Jones,  follow  Johnson  ;  but  Jones  has  octahedron^ 
which  is  not  in  the  olier  Dictionaries.  The  Greek,  in  words  of 
this  kind,  is  inconsistent,  for  uxrci  is  changed,  in  compound  words, 
to  ojfra.  1  have  followed  the  Greek  compounds,  and  have  in- 
serted A,  which  I  consider  as  almost  indispensable  in  the  English 
orthography  ;  as,  octahedron. 

10.  Johnson  introduced  instntcter,  in  the  place  of  instiructoT, 
in  opposition  to  every  authority  which  he  has  himself  adduced  to 
exemplify  his  definitions  —  Denham,  Milton,  Roscommon,  Locke, 
Addison,  Rogers,  and  the  common  version  of  the  Scriptures. 
But  what  is  more  singular,  this  orthography,  instructer^  is  con- 
trary to  his  own  practice  ;  at  least,  in /our  editions  of  his  Rambler 
which  I  have  examined,  the  word  is  uniformly  written  instructor. 
The  fact  is  the  sauie  with  risitor. 

This  is  a  point  of  little  importance  in  itself;  but  when  in- 
ttructor  had  been  from  time  immemorial  the  established  orthog- 
raphy, why  unsettle  the  practice  ^  I  have  in  this  word  and  in 
euttor  adhered  to  the  old  orthography.  There  is  not  aparticle 
of  rea«>n  for  altering  instructor  and  risitor,  which  would  not 
apply  to  eolUctor,.ruUirator,  oijertor,  projector,  and  a  hundred 
other  words  of  similar  termination. 

11.  Most  of  these  and  some  other  inconsistencies  have  been 
of  long  continuance.  But  there  are  others  of  more  recent  date, 
which  admit  of  no  apology,  as  they  are  changes  from  right  to 
wrong.     Such  is  the  change  of  the  correct  orthography  of  de- 

ffMse,  expense,  offense,  pretense,  and  recompense,  by  substituting  e 
for  s,  as  in  defence.  This  change  was  probably  made  ur  en- 
couraged by  printers,  for  the  sake  of  avoiding  the  use  of  the  old 
long«;  bat  since  this  has  been  discarded,  that  reason  no  longer 
exists.  The  orthography  defense,  &c.,  is  justified,  not  only  by 
the  Latin  originals,  but  by  the  rule  of  uniformity ;  for  the  deriv- 
atives are  always  written  with  s  —  defensive,  extensive,  offensive, 
pretension,  recompensing. 

12.  No  less  improper  was  the  change  of  sceptic  into  skeptic. 
In  favor  of  this  innovation,  it  is  alleged  that  the  word  is  from  the 
Greek  (tx^.ttixu?.  True ;  but  is  not  scene  derived  from  the  Greek 
ojti^ti;.  and  scepter  from  (ijti;7ir<)o>',  and  ascetic  from  uoxrjiieus,  and 
ocean  from  uixiai  u;  ?  Are  not  all  these  words  in  exact  analogy 
with  each  other,  in  their  original  orthography .'  Were  they  not 
formerly  analogous  in  the  English  orthography  .'  Why  violate 
this  analogy  .'  Why  introduce  an  anomaly  !  Such  innovations, 
by  dividing  opinions  and  introducing  discrepancies  in  practice,  in 
classes  of  words  of  like  formation,  have  a  mischievous  elFect,  by 
keeping  the  language  in  perpetual  fluctuation.  But  as  usage 
inclines  to  the  use  of  A  in  this  class  of  words,  I  have  adopted  it. 

13.  In  like  manner,  dispatch,  which  had  from  time  immemorial 
been  written  with  i,  was  changed  into  despatch,  on  the  wonderful 
discovery  that  the  word  is  derived  from  the  French  deptcher. 
But  why  change  one  vowel  and  not  the  other .'  If  we  must  fol- 
low the  French,  why  not  write  despech,  or  dipech  ?  And  why 
was  this  innovation  limited  to  a  single  word  .**  Why  not  carry 
the  change  through  this  whole  class  of  words,  and  give  us  the 
benefit  of  uniformity  '  Is  not  disaster  from  the  French  desaslref 
Is  not  discharge  from  derharger  ?  Is  not  disarm  from  desarmerf 
Is  not  disobey  from  desobeir?  Is  not  disohlige  from  desoblifer  9 
Is  not  disorder  from  desordre  ?  The  prefix  its  is  more  properly 
English  than  de,  though  both  are  used  with  propriety.  But  dis- 
patch  vraa  the  established  orthography ;  why,  then,  disturb  the 
practice  ?  Why  select  a  single  word  from  the  whole  class,  and 
introduce  a  change  which  creates  uncertainty  where  none  had 
existed  for  ages,  without  the  smallest  benefit  to  indemnify  us  for 
the  perplexity  and  discordance  occasioned  by  the  innovation  ? 
Now,  let  it  be  observed  that  Johnson  himself  wrote  dispatch  ;  for 
this  orthography  occurs  twice  under  Send  in  his  Dictionary,  and 

Jire  times  under  Speed. 

It  is  gratifying  to  observe  the  stern  good  sense  of  the  English 
nation,  presenting  a  firm  resistance  to  such  innovations.  Black- 
stone,  Paley,  Coxe,  Milner,  Scott,  and  Mitford,  uniformly  use  the 
old  and  genuine  orthography  of  instructor,  risitor,  and  dispatch. 

14.  The  omission  of  one  I  in  befall,  install,  installment,  recall, 
inthratl,  &c.,  is  by  no  means  to  be  vindicated  ;  as  by  custom  the 
two  letters  II  serve  as  a  guide  to  the  true  pronunciation,  that  of 
broad  a  or  aw.  According  to  the  established  rules  of  English 
pronunciation,  the  letter  a  in  instalment  would  have  the  sound  it 
has  in  balarue;  it  is,  therefore,  expedient  to  retain  both  letters  in 
all  words  of  this  class. 

15.  It  is  an  established  rule,  in  the  English  language,  that 
monosyllabic  verbs  ending  in  a  single  consonant,  not  preceded 
by  a  long  vowel,  and  other  verbs  ending  in  a  single  accented 


consonant,  and  of  course  not  preceded  by  a  long  vowel,  double 
the  final  consonant,  in  all  the  derivatives,  which  are  formed  by  a 
termination  beginning  with  a  vowel.  Thus, /«,  blot,  bar,  when 
they  take  the  terminations  cd,  eth,  ing,  are  written  fitted,  filtelh, 
fitting;  blotted,  bloltclh,  blotting  ;  barred,  barreth,  barring.  Jlbet, 
compel,  form  the  like  derivatives  ;  abetted^  abettcth,  abetting  ;  com- 
pelled, compelleth,  compelling.  The  reason  of  this  rule  is,  that 
without  this  duplication  of  the  last  consonant,  the  vowel  of  tlie 
primitive  word  would,  in  the  derivative,  be  naturally  pronounced 
wrong,  that  is,  with  its  long  sound  ;  fued.  Moling,  bared,  compeled. 
Hence  we  see  the  reason  why  verbs,  having  the  long  sound  of  a 
vowel,  do  not  double  the  last  consonant  ;•  as,  feared,  repealed, 
repeated. 

The  converse  of  this  rule  is,  that  verbs  ending  in  a  single  con- 
sonant, but  having  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable,  or  on  a  syllable 
preceding  tlie  last,  ought  not  to  double  the  final  consonant  in  the 
derivatives.  Thus,  limit,  labor,  charter,  clatter,  pardon,  deliver, 
hinder,  have  for  their  derivatives  limited,  luborelh,  chartered, 
clattered,  pardoning,  delivering,  hindcrest.  But,  strange  as  it  may 
seem,  the  rule  is  wholly  neglected  and  violated  in  numerous  words 
of  this  class.  Thus  we  observe,  in  all  authors,  biassing,  bevel- 
ling, levelled,  traveilcd,  cancelled,  rerelling,  rivalling,  worshipped, 
vor.^hipper,  apparelled,  emboicelled,  libelling,  and  many  others,  in 
which  the  last  consonant  is  doubled,  in  opposition  to  one  of  the 
oldest  and  best  established  rules  in  the  language.  Perry,  in  his 
Dictionary,  lays  down  the  rule  for  guidance,  but  has  not  been 
careful,  in  all  cases,  to  observe  it.  I  have  endeavored  to  reduce 
these  classes  of  words  to  a  regular  and  uniform  orthography.  In 
like  manner,  nouns  formed  from  such  verbs  are  written  with  a 
single  consonant,  as  jeweler,  traveler,  icorshipcr,  for  the  purpose 
of  establishing  a  general  rule,  to  which  there  may  be  no  excep- 
tion. What  should  we  say  to  a  man  who  should  write  audiitor, 
alterrer,  barterrer,  banterrer,  gardenner,  laborrer  ?  Yet  no  good 
reason  can  be  assigned  why  the  final  consonant  should  not  be 
doubled  in  these  words  as  well  as  in  jeweller,  traveller,  enameller. 
The  truth  is,  the  syllable  to  be  added  to  the  original  word  is  the 
usual  termination  er  or  or,  and  nothing  more. 

Not  less  remarkable  is  the  practice  of  doubling  the  last  conso- 
nant in  equalled,  equalling,  but  not  in  the  verb  equalize.  And  to 
add  to  the  inconsistency,  the  last  consonant  is  sometimes  doubled 
in  tranquillize,  a  word  in  exact  analogy  with  equalize.  [The  /, 
however,  is  properly  doubled  in  crystallize  and  metallize,  as  if  de- 
rived from  xnvaTaHtZoj  and  ftiTu/.i.i^vt,  in  which  the  /  is  doubled; 
and  for  the  sake  of  uniformity  the  double  I  is  retained  in  the 
other  derivatives  of  xnvnru/./.ui  and  iitTuiXor.  A  few  other  words 
have  the  I  doubled  on  the  gromid  of  their  derivation  ;  as,  tran- 
quillity, from  tranquiUitas ;  chancellor,  from  cancellarius,  &c.] 

A  singular  instance  of  inattention  to  analogy  or  uniformity, 
occurs  in  the  formation  of  certain  words  from  the  Greek.  Thus, 
in  anatomy,  broncholomy,  cacophony,  euphony,  lithotomy,  and 
others,  the  final  vowel  of  the  Greek  original  is  represented  in 
English  by  y,  which  makes  a  syllable.  But  in  epitome,  catas- 
trophe, hyperbole,  and  many  others,  the  final  vowel  of  the  Greek 
is  represented  by  e,  which,  in  words  of  English  origin,  rarely  or 
never  makes  a  syllable  at  the  end  of  a  word.  The  consequence 
is,  that  the  last  two  syllables  are  liable  to  be  pronounced  in  one, 
tome,  trophe,  hole.  Sucii  a  departure  from  analogy  is  very  incon- 
venient. Besides,  if  the  letter  y  closed  the  words  in  the  singular 
number,  the  plural  would  be  regularly  formed  by  changing  y 
into  ies. 

A  like  fault  is  observable  in  the  spelling  of  certain  derivatives 
ending  in  er.  In  barometer,  hygrometer,  thermometer,  and  all 
similar  derivatives,  the  G^eek  ^fTfior  gives  meter,  in  English, 
while  in  English  books  the  word  is  written  metre,  like  the  French 
word.  The  French  are  consistent,  for  they  write  the  word  in 
the  same  manner,  both  when  single  and  in  composition.  Such 
discrepancies  in_  the  English  language  are  little  honixable  to 
English  philologists. 

In  the  use  of  the  prefixes  en,  em,  in,  im,  there  is  not  uniformity 
nor  settled  usage.  The  French  changed  the  Latin  in  into  en  or 
em,  and  English  authors  have  adopted  one  or  the  other,  without 
regard  to  any  settled  rule.  Johnson's  Dictionary  has  done  some- 
thing toward  reducing  the  number  of  discrepancies  of  this  kind ; 
but  some  changes  have,  since  his  time,  been  mtroduced.  I  have, 
in  most  words,  followed  his  orthography;  but,  in  a  few  instances, 
have  adopted  the  more  modern  usage  ras,  indorse  and  insure,  with 
their  derivatives,  according  to  prevailing  mercantile  practice. 

In  the  use  of  the  prefix  un,  many  changes  have  taken  place 
within  the  last  century  or  two,  and  the  use  of  in  has  been 
substituted  for   un ;  as,   inaccessible,    for   unaccessible.     The  in- 


INTRODUCTION. 


lix 


quirer  will  observe  that  1  have,  uuder  each  word,  noticed  this 
change. 

In  the  use  of  the  termination  /ze,  the  English  books  are  all  at 
variance  with  each  other  ;  and  no  lexicographer  is  consistent  with 
himself.  Hence  we  every  day  see  authorise  and  authorize^  apos- 
tatise and  apostatize^  temporise  and  temporize.  As  this  termina- 
tion from  the  Greek  or  Latin  has  a  definite  signification,  to 
make^  1  have  adopted  the  mle  to  write  it  uniformly  tze,  when 
it  is  from  either  of  those  languages  ;  as  in  legalize^  to  make  legal. 
The  French  write  the  termination  ise,  and  this  has  led  to  the 
English  discrepancies. 

In  other  cases,  when  the  French  ise  does  not  proceed  from  the 
Latin  izcj  1  have  retained  the  original  orthograpiiy  of  words  from 
the  French  ;  as  in  enterprise^  adcise^  surprise.  This  is  a  distinc- 
tion of  some  importance. 

In  many  cases,  when  a  false  orthography  has  been  long  estab- 
lished, 1  have  noticed  the  fact,  without  making  any  alteration  in 
the  common  spelling. 

In  a  few  words  I  have  followed  Milton,  Dryden,  Pope,  and 
other  autltors  of  the  Augustan  age,  who  were  more  correct  than 
more  modern  writers ;  as  they  followed  the  etymology,  from 
which  later  writers  have  deviated,  sometimes  by  mistake  in  taking 
the  word  from  the  French,  instead  of  the  Saxon. 

In  a  few  instances,  I  have  discarded  English  innovations, 
which  are  evidently  mere  blunders.  Such  are  comptroller  and 
others,  which  convert  the  words  into  absolute  nonsense.  The 
words  disannul,  unloose,  and  others,  fall  under  the  like  condem- 
nation. No  lexicographer,  knowing  the  proper  origin  of  these 
words,  can  be  justified  in  giving  support  to  such  outrageous  de- 
viations from  etymology.  They  are  a  reproach  to  the  literature 
of  the  nation. 

The  negligence  of  the  English  in  giving  currency  to  such 
errors,  hardly  admits  of  an  apology.  Philology  has  indeed  been 
neglected  during  a  century  and  a  half;  it  is  not  cultivated,  to  any 
extent,  in  the  universities  and  schools;  or  it  is  studied  in  very 
superficial  writers.  Indeed,  in  etymology  there  is  no  accurate 
scholarship,  either  in  English  or  French  writers.  No  autlior, 
whose  works  have  come  under  my  observation,  has  explored  the 
wide  field  of  my  researches;  none  has  traced  words  to  their  pri- 
mary source,  and  discovered  the  radical  signification,  willi  the 
manner  in  which  derivative  senses  have  been  drawn  from  the 
radical  signification,  and  moral  ideas  have  been  expressed  by 
words  denoting  physical  action  or  properties.  The  discoveries 
on  this  subject  constitute  an  era  in  philology,  and  it  is  hoped 
that  the  advantage  gained  will  be  pursued. 

If  men  of  adult  years  do  not  choose  to  examine  the  subject  of 
orthography,  and  correct  their  own  practice,  their  children,  learn- 
ing the  language  as  corrected,  will  become  familiar  with  the  true 
orthography,  and  familiarity  and  habit  will  lend  support  to  truth 
and  uniformity. 

There  are  many  words  in  the  language  containing  superfluous 
letters,  especially  in  the  terminating  syllable.  Thus,  one  s  in 
the  syllables  less  and  7iess,  at  the  end  of  words,"  is  useless ;  one  / 
in  gill,  rill  J  sill,  dull,  one/  in  cliff,  bluff,  are  superfluous;  but  in 
such  words  no  alteration  is  made. 

The  rule  for  adding  two  consonants  of  a  sort  should  be,  to  add 
two  letters  to  the  original  word,  when  they  are  both  wanted  in 
the  derivatives.  Thus  Jil  would  give  the  sound  o^  fill ;  but  this 
being  a  verb,  the  two  letters  are  required  in  the  past  tense  and 
participles,  filled,  filling.  So  in  the  adjective  stiffs  the  second 
letter  is  wanted  in  stiffen,  otherwise  a  person  would  be  apt  to 
pronounce  the  word  sfifen. 

But  in  some  words  the  terminating  consonant  is  doubled,  not 
only  without  necessity  or  use,  but  in  oppo.sition  to  propriety. 
Plaintiff  is  the  French  plaintif;  pontff  is  tlie  French  pontifc  ;  and 
no  possible  reason  can  be  assigned  for  adding  an  fin  the  original 
word,  any  more  than  for  adding  the  same  letter  to  hrirf  a.nd  relief. 
And  what  is  worse,  the  letter  is  doubled  in  pontiff,  the  original, 
and  then  omitted  in  all  the  dcT\va.i\vcs,  pontificatr,  pontifical,  &,c. 
[In  such  words,  however,  the  alteration  has  not  been  insisted  on, 
as  the  public  do  not  seem  prepared  to  unite  in  rejecting  tlie 
second  /.] 

In  like  manner,  the  vowel  e  is  added  to  a  multitude  of  words, 
in  which  it  is  not  pronounced,  and  is  worse  than  useless,  as  it 
oflen  misleads  the  learner  in  the  pronunciation.  If  the  final  e 
were  omitted  in  jurenil,  volotil,  the  pronunciation  could  not  be 
mistaken;  but  a.^  tiie  preceding  vowel  is  sometimes  long  and 
sometimes  short  in  the  terminating  syllables  He,  ine,  ite,  the 
final  c  serves  only  to  perplex  the  learner.  In  such  words, 
however,  no  alteration  is  made. 
I ,  ,.   — . 


In  the  terminating  syllable  ive,  the  final  e  is  worse  than  useless, 
as  the  I  IS  always  short,  iv,  and  the  addition  of  c  contravenes  the 
general  rule,  that  the  vowel  followed  by  a  consonant,  and  e  final, 
is  generally  long,  as  in  mate,  mote,  mute,  dissipate.  When  I  wai* 
young,  the  popular  pronunciation  of  ire  was  ive,  with  the  i  long. 
The  general  use  of  my  Spelling  Book  has  nearly  banished  that 
pronunciation,  and  the  orthography  is  not  altered. 

Our  modern  writers  seem  to  delight  in  this  useless  addition  of 
e  final;  as  they  annex  it  to  words  without  reason  or  authority. 
This  fault  occurs  frequently  in  words  borrowed  from  foreign 
languages,  in  which  the  letter  is  not  found  in  the  original  lan- 
guage. One  would  suppose  that  good  taste  alone  ought  to  correct 
this  error. 

With  regard  to  words  which  recent  discoveries,  have  introduced 
into  ^he  sciences,  there  may  be  some  apology  for  differences  of 
orthography,  as  \Mriters  have  not  established  usage  for  a  guide. 
Hence  we  find  oxyd  is  written  also  oxide  and  ozyde  ;  oxygen  and 
hydrogen  are  written  also  oxigene,  oxygene,  and  hydrogene.  Sul- 
jikate,  nitrate,  &c.,  are  written  aldo  sulphat,  nitrat. 

In  this  case,  what  curse  is  the  lexicographer  to  pursue  ?  Shall 
he  adopt  the  method  by  which  Walker  attempts  to  settle  pro- 
nunciation, and  cite  a'jthoritics  in  favor  of  each  mode  of  spelling  ? 
Then  the  result  is,  to  manj*  names  appear  on  one  side,  and  so 
many  on  the  other.  But  who,  it  may  be  asked,  will  undertake 
to  graduate  the  scale  by  which  the  weight  of  authorities  is  to  be 
determined.''  Numbers  will  not  always  decide  questions  of  this 
sort  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  public. 

In  this  case  I  have  determined  to  conform  the  orthography  to 
established  English  analogies;  the  only  authority  from  which 
there  can  be  no  legitimate  appeal.  Now,  no  rule  in  orthography 
is  better  established,  than  that  which  we  have  adopted  from  the 
Latin  language,  of  representing  the  Greek  upsilon  by  the  letter 
y.  In  the  orthography  of  oxygeji  and  hydrogen,  from  o^fs  and 
n^trio,  this  rule  has  been  observed;  and  why  should  oxyd  be  an 
exception } 

With  regard  to  sulphate,  nitrate,  and  other  names  of  that  class 
of  compounds,  I  consider  the  final  e  as  essential  to  the  words,  to 
prevent  a  false  pronunciation  ;  the  vowel  a  having  its  first  sound 
as  \\\  fate,  though  slightly  pronounced. 

The  wurd  usually  written  chemistry  has  undergone  two  or  three 
changes,  according  to  fancy  or  to  conjectural  etymology.  Men 
have  blundered  about  the  plainest  thing  imaginable  ;  Tor  to  de- 
termine its  true  orthography,  nothing  was  necessary  but  to  open 
an  Arabic  lexicon.  The  inhabitants  of  the  south  of  Europe,  who 
introduced  the  word,  doubtless  knew  its  origin,  and  wrote  it  cor- 
rectly, chimistry,  with  i,  not  with  //  or  e  ;  and  had  the  English  been 
contented  to  take  it  as  they  found  it,  the  orthography  would  have 
been  correct  and  uniform.  {"This  alteration  has  not,  however, 
been  insisted  on,  as  men  of  science  have  not  as  yet  seemed  ready 
to  adopt  it.] 

In  introducing  words  from  other  languages,  it  is  desirable  that 
the  orthography  should  be  conformed,  as  nearly  as  may  be,  to 
established  English  analogies.  For  this  reason,  I  have  written 
maneuver,  reconnoitcr,  as  English  words;  and  should  prefer  to 
pronounce  aiddecamp,  as  an  English  word,  with  English  pro- 
nunciation and  a  regular  plural  termination.     So  also  rendezvous. 

The  word  talc  is  ill-formed.  The  original  word  on  the  conti- 
nent of  Europe  is  talk  or  talg ;  and  the  change  of  k  into  c  is  not 
merely  needless,  but  worse,  for  it  precludes  the  use  of  the  regular 
adjective,  talcy.  Hence  we  see  the  adjective  used  is  tnlcose,  an 
awkward  compound  of  a  Teutonic  word  with  a  Latin  termination. 
This  word  would  more  properly  be  written  talk  or  talck,  which 
admit  regular  derivatives,  taUky,  talckiness.  In  like  manner, 
zinc,  if  written  zlnk,  would  admit  the  regular  adjective,  zinky,  as 
written  by  Klrwan. 

It  is  with  no  small  regret  that  I  see  new  terms  formed,  without 
a  due  regard  to  regular  English  analogies.  New  terms  are  often 
necessary,  or  at  least  very  useful ;  but  they  ought  to  be  coined 
according  to  the  settled  principles  of  the  language.  A  neglect 
of  these  principles  is  observable  in  the  word  systematize,  which, 
not  being  borrowed  from  the  Greek,  ought  to  follow  the  general 
rule  of  English  formation,  in  agreement  with  legalize,  modernize, 
civilize,  animalize,  and  others,  and  be  written  systcmize.  This  is 
the  more  important,  as  the  derivates  systemizing,  system ization, 
are  of  more  easy  utterance  than  those  of  systematize,  and  particu- 
larly  the  noun  systematization. 

On  this  head  1  would  subjoin  a  remark  or  two  on  the  mode  of 
writing  Indian  names  of  rivers,  mountains,  and  places  in  America, 
which  we  have  adopted. 

The  French  were  the  first  Europeans  who  explored  the  country 


Iz 


INTRODUCTION, 


between  the  great  lakes  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and,  of  course, 
the  first  to  commit  to  writing  the  Indian  names  which  occurred 
lo  them  in  their  travels.  In  doinw  this,  they  attempted  to  express 
the  sounds  in  letters,  according^  to  the  French  uianuer  of  pro- 
nunciation. Hence  it  happened  that  they  wrote  ch  where  we 
should  hare  written  jA,  had  we  first  reduced  those  names  to 
writing.  Thus  we  have  Chenango,  Michigan,  and  Michiflimacki- 
nac*  in  the  French  orthography.  And  as  the  French  have  no  w 
in  their  language,  they  could  not  express  the  proper  sound  of  the 
first  syllable  of  Wabash,  H'tsconsin,  }yuckitn,  otherwise  tlian  by 
writing  them  Ouahache,  Ouisronsin^  Ouachita;  and  Missoori  in 
French  is  Missouri,  All  this  is  very  proper  for  Frenchmen,  for 
the  letters  used  express  the  true  sounds  of  the  words.  But  in 
£nglish,  the  letters  used  lead  to  a  false  pronunciation,  and  for 
this  reason  should  not  be  used  in  English  compositions.  It  is  to 
be  deeply  regretted  that  our  language  is  th»a  doomed  to  be  a 
heterogeneous  medley  of  English  and  foreign  languages;  as  the 
same  letters  representing  different  sounds,  in  different  languages, 
serve  to  embarrass  the  reader  who  understands  only  his  own. 

The  irregularities  in  the  English  orthography  have  always  been 
a  subject  of  deep  regret,  and  several  attempts  have  been  made  to 
banish  them  from  the  language.  The  first  attempt  of  this  kind 
was  made  by  Sir  Thomas  Smith,  Secretary  of  State  to  Queen 
Elizabeth  ;  another  was  made  by  Dr.  Gill,  a  celebrated  master  of 
St.  Paul's  School,  in  London;  another  by  Charles  Butler;  sev- 
eral attempts  were  made  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I. ;  an  attempt 
was  made  by  Elphinstone,  in  the  last  century  ;  and  lastly,  another 
eflTort  was  made  by  Dr.  Franklin.  The  latter  gentleman  com- 
piled a  Dictionary  on  his  scheme  of  reform,  and  procured  types 
to  be  cast,  which  he  offered  to  me,  with  a  view  to  engage  me  to 
prosecute  his  design.  This  offer  1  declined  to  accept;  for  1  was 
then,  and  am  still  convinced,  tliat  the  scheme  of  introducing  new 
characters  into  the  language,  is  neither  practicable  nor  expedi- 
ent.    Any  attempt  of  this  kind  must  certainly  fail  of  success. 

But  that  some  scheme  for  expressing  the  distinct  sounds  of 
our  letters  by  visible  marks,  ought  to  be  adopted,  is  a  point  about 
which  there  ought  to  be,  and  I  trust  Uiere  can  be,  but  one  opin- 
ion. That  such  a  scheme  is  practicable  as  well  as  expedient,  I 
should  presume  to  be  equally  evident.  Such  is  the  state  of  our 
written  language,  that  our  own  citizens  never  become  masters  of 
orthography,  without  great  difficulty  and  labor;  and  a  great  part 
of  them  never  learn  to  spell  words  with  correctness.  In  addition 
to  this,  the  present  orthography  of  some  classes  of  words  leads  to 
a  false  pronunciation. 

In  regard  to  the  acquisition  of  our  language  by  foreigners,  the 
evil  of  our  irregular  orthograpliy  is  extensive,  beyond  what  is 
generally  known  or  conceived.  While  the  French  and  Italians 
have  had  the  wisdom  and  the  policy  to  refine  and  improve  their 
respective  languages,  and  render  them  almost  the  common  lan- 
guages of  all  well-bred  people  in  Europe,  the  English  language, 
clothed  in  a  barbarous  orthography,  is  never  learned  by  a  for- 
eigner but  from  necessity ;  and  the  most  copious  language  in 
Europe,  embodying  an  uncommon  mass  of  science  and  erudition, 
is  thus  very  limited  in  its  usefulness.  And  to  complete  the  mis- 
chief, the  progress  of  arts,  science,  and  Christianity  among  the 
heathen,  and  other  rude  or  unevangelized  nations,  is  most  sen 

*  This  WM^  is,  I  believe,  customarily  pronounced  MackUaK,  and  the  original 
mi^  well  be  suffered  to  fall  into  disuse. 

t  We  bear  iC  said  thai  a  lexico«rapher  should  adopt  or  follow  the  eommrm 
Oltb(^^^ltay  of  words.  This  is  true  Vfhia  the  orthosmphy  arcord^  with 
etymolofy,  and  is  settled  or  undisputed.  But  in  the  En^li^b  lan^jn^e 
there  are  many  words  whose  spelling  is  not  settled ;  some  \vhos3  spelling 
is  a  deviation  from  established  aniilosies ;  some  whose  spelling  presents 
wrong  compon>>Dt  syllables  or  radical  letters.  In  other  words,  whose  origin 
is  known,  authors  diScr  in  the  manner  of  writing  them.  Take  the  fulluw- 
ing  examples. 

In  Johnson's  Dictionary  we  find  blamable,  hlamahly^  appeasahh,  approrable, 
dairablf^  rafoMe,  without  tht?  final  <  of  the  original  words;  but  saieabUj  iam^ 
abU,  with  e :  pnycecble,  with  e ;  improvablt^  reprovabley  witliout  it ;  mooeablt^  with 
c,  but  immovable^  remarabir,  without  it.  Daniel  H.  Barnes,  in  the  Rod  Book,  re- 
marks, that  in  this  class  of  words,  Johnson's  contradictton<t  ('discrepancies,  are 
tat  on  one  side,  and  nine  on  the  other.  We  every  day  see  the  like  discrepancies 
ia  books  and  the  public  print.'*. 

Johnson  has  cogniste^  cognistvrj  rtcognise^  reco^lsefy  rgcogyiijor,  with  5,  (but 
ea^zable  and  cogTiizanu,  with  x,)  and  the  terminating  syllable  ^^ur  and  sor. 
Walker  has  atuhorize^  eutAoriuaUm;  but  disau thorite.  Johnson  and  Walker 
bave  cAuUrizey  eauUrizatimt^  but  epttirmise  :  canonize,  familiarize^  fertilize,  with  z, 
but  Johnson,  vutdernisey  VValker,  modernize  j  Johnii^n,  syllogize,  but  Walker, 
sfOogiMf  both  have  txUmporize,  temporize,  but  contemporise,  eqaalige;  \^*alker 
luis  amortise^  but  amortization,  amorUzemenU  Similar  diiKrepaiicies  are  seen  in 
all  our  books  and  papers. 

We  ever}'  day  see  surprise  and  surprize ;  merchandise  and  merchandize ; 
CMfiupe  and  inquire ;  cntrtLil  and  intrust ;  ensitre,  eitiniranc£y  and  injure,  tn> 
citmce;  endorse^  endortementy  and  indorsey  indorseinent :  £-u^/ and  s^iJph;  par- 
tian  and  pdrtitMi  cowMctuni  and  eonnexicn;  chemist  and  chfmist,  both  wrong; 


sibly  retarded  by  the  difficulties  of  mastering  an  irregular  or- 
tiiography. 

Tlie  mode  of  ascertaining  the  proper  pronunciation  of  words  by 
marks,  points,  and  trifling  alterations  of  the  present  characters, 
seems  to  be  the  only  one  which  can  be  reduced  to  practice.  This 
mode,  resembling  the  use  of  points  in  the  Hebrew,  has  been 
adopted  by  some  of  the  nations  on  the  Continent;  and  1  have 
pursued  it,  to  a  certain  extent,  in  designating  distinctions  in  the 
sounds  of  letters,  in  this  work.  The  sciieme  I  have  invented  is 
not  considered  as  perfect;  but  it  will  accomplish  sojne  importunt 
purposes,  by  removing  the  most  numerous  classes  of  anomalies. 
With  this  scheme,  the  visible  cliaracters  of  the  language  will  pre- 
sent to  the  eye  of  a  reader  the  true  sounds  of  words;  and  the 
scheme  itself  is  so  simple,  that  it  may  be  learned  in  a  few  mo- 
ments. To  complete  a  scheme  of  this  kind,  a  few  oilier  alterations 
would  be  necessary,  but  such  as  would  not  materially  change  the 
orthography,  or  occasion  the  least  difliculty  to  the  learner  or 
reader. 

After  these  alterations,  there  would  remain  a  few  words  whose 
anomalies  may  be  considered  as  incorrigible,  such  as  know,  gnaw, 
rough,  &c.,  which  may  be  collected  into  tables  and  easily  learned  ; 
and  all  the  other  irregularities  may  be  so  classed  udder  general 
rules,  as  to  be  learned  with  very  little  labor. 

The  adoption  of  this  or  any  otlier  scheme  for  removing  the 
obstacles  which  the  English  orthography  presents  to  learners  of 
the  language,  must  depend  on  public  opinion.  The  plan  I  have 
adopted  for  representing  the  sounds  of  letters  by  marks  and 
points,  in  this  work,  is  intended  to  answer  two  purposes,  first, 
to  supersede  the  necessity  of  writing  and  printing  the  words  a 
second  time,  in  an  orthography  adapted  to  express  their  pronun- 
ciation. The  latter  mcliiod  pursued  by  the  English  orthoepists, 
as  applicable  to  most  words,  is,  1  think,  not  only  unnecessary,  but 
very  inexpedient.  The  second  purpose  is,  to  exhibit  to  my  fel- 
low-citizens the  outline  of  a  scheme  for  removing  the  difficulties 
of  our  irregular  orthography,  without  the  use  of  new  characters; 
a  scheme  simple,  easy  of  acquisition,  and  sufficient  to  answer  all 
the  more  important  purposes  of  a  regular  orthography.! 

Note.  —  In  the  formation  of  tlie  plural  number  of  nouns  end- 
ing in  ance,  ancy  ;  ence,  ency ;  the  general  rules  are  to  be  observed. 
When  the  letter  c  terminates  the  word,  the  letter  s  only  is  to  be 
added;  as  in  compliance,  compliances ;  but  if  the  letter  y  termi- 
nates the  word,  this  letter  is  omitted,  and  ies  are  added;  as  in 
discrepancy,  discrepancies ;  dependency,  dependencies.  In  some 
cases,  the  same  word  is  sometimes  written  with  c,  and  sometimes 
witli  y;  in  which  cases  the  word  admits  of  either  form  of  the 
plural  termination. 

PRONUNCIATION. 

As  our  language  has  been  derived  from  various  sources,  and 
little  or  no  systematic  effort  has  been  made  to  reduce  the  orthog- 
raphy to  any  regularity,  the  pronunciation  of  the  language  is 
subject  to  numerous  anomalies.  Each  of  our  vowels  has  several 
different  sounds ;  and  some  of  the  consonants  represent  very 
different  articulations  of  the  organs.  That  part  of  the  language 
which  we  have  received  from  the  Latin,  is  easily  subjected  to 

hedge,  pltilge,  but  allege,  and  many  others.  What  then,  and  where,  is  the 
common  ortJiutfraphy  ? 

In  our  lang'mge,  the  unqualified  rule  of  following  the  common  orthography 
can  net  have  place,  for  in  respect  to  many  words  there  is  no  such  thinj.  It  is, 
therefore,  wrong  in  principle,  for  it  would  sanction  mistakes  and  tend  to  per- 
petuate them  ;  it  would  preclude  correctness  and  regularity.  Such  a  rule  would 
ha\'e  been  a«  just  in  the  age  of  Chaucer  as  it  is  now,  and  had  it  been  observed, 
what  would  have  been  the  present  stale  of  English  orthography  ? 

Many  of  the  anomalies  in  our  language  have  originated  in  carelessness,  or  in 
mistakes,  respecting  the  origin  of  words.  Philology,  for  a  long  series  of  jears, 
has  been  most  shamt-fully  neglected. 

In  this  condition  of  our  lani^uage,  I  hold  it  to  be  the  duty  of  a  lexicographer 
to  ascertain,  as  far  as  it  is  practicable,  the  genuine  orthography  of  words,  and 
introduce  that  which  is  correct ;  prirticularly  when  the  true  orthography  serves 
to  illustrate  their  sisnificaliim.  When  this  is  known,  men  will  be  satisfied 
with  it,  anrl  fluctuations  of  spelling  will  cease.  V\'ith  a  full  conviction  of  the 
value  of  truth  and  correctness  in  language,  as  in  every  other  department  of 
literature,  I  have  diligently  sought  for  truth,  and  made  it  the  guide  of  my 
decisions.  I  can  not  consent  to  give  countenance  to  errors,  which  obscure  the 
origin  or  pervert  the  signification  of  words,  and  be  an  instrument  of  corrupting 
the  purity  and  disliguring  the  beauty  of  the  language.  A  due  regard  to  the 
purity  of  the  language,  to  the  convenience  of  learners,  whether  citizens  or  for- 
eigners, and  to  the  usefulness  of  a  language  which  is  to  be  tiie  most  extensive 
on  the  globe,  and  the  chief  instrument  of  civilizing  and  christianizing:  nations, 
seems  to  demand,  and  surely  justifies,  the  labor  of  correcting  the  more  enormous 
anomalies  which  deform  it.  One  would  suppose  that  these  considerations,  con- 
curring with  the  honor  of  our  nation,  would  induce  the  lovers  of  literature  to 
make  some  concessions  of  private  opinions  for  the  accomplishment  of  these 
desirable  objects. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Ixi 


a  few  general  rules  of  pronunciation.  The  same  is  the  fact  wit!i 
most  of  the  derivatives  from  the  Greek.  Many  words  of  French 
origin  retain  their  French  orthography,  which  leads  to  a  very 
erroneous  pronunciation  in  English ;  and  a  large  portion  of  our 
monosyllabic  words  of  Saxon  origin  are  extremely  irregular  both 
in  orthography  and  pronunciation. 

If  we  can  judge,  with  tolerable  certainty,  from  the  versification 
of  Chaucer,  the  pronunciation  of  words  must  have  been,  in  many 
respects,  different  in  his  age  from  that  of  the  present  day  ;  par- 
ticularly in  making  a  distinct  syllable  of  e  final,  and  of  the  termi- 
nation cd.  But  no  eff'ort  was  probably  ever  made  to  settle  the 
pronunciation  of  words  till  the  last  century.  In  England,  which 
was  settled  by  various  nations,  there  are  numerous  dialects  or 
diversities  of  language  still  retained  by  the  great  mass  of  the 
population. 

The  first  settlers  of  New  England  were  almost  all  of  English 
origin,  and,  coming  from  different  parts  of  England,  they  brought 
with  them  some  diversities  of  language.  But  in  the  infancy  of 
the  settlements,  the  people  lived  in  towns  adjacent  or  near  to 
each  other,  for  mutual  aid  and  protection  from  the  natives ;  and 
the  male  inhabitants  of  the  first  generation  frequently  assembled 
for  the  purpose  of  worship  or  for  government.  By  the  influence 
of  these  and  other  causes,  particularly  by  that  of  common  schools, 
the  differences  of  language  among  our  citizens  have  been  gradu- 
ally lost ;  so  that  in  this  part  of  the  United  States,  there  can 
hardly  be  said  to  e.\ist  a  difference  of  dialect. 

It  is  to  be  remarked,  further,  that  the  first  ministers  of  the  gos- 
pel, who  migrated  to  this  country,  had  been  educated  at  the 
English  universities,  and  brought  with  them  all  the  learning 
usually  acquired  in  those  institutions,  and  the  English  language 
as  it  was  then  spoken.  The  influence  of  these  men,  who  were 
greatly  venerated,  probably*had  no  small  effect  in  extinguishing 
differences  of  speech. 

Hence  it  has  happened  that  the  traditional  pronunciation  of  the 
language  of  well-educated  people  has  been  nearly  the  same,  in 
both  countries,  to  this  day.  Among  the  common  people,  whose 
pronunciation  in  all  countries  is  more  or  less  corrupt,  the  diver- 
sities in  this  country  are  far  less  numerous  than  in  England. 

About  sixty  or  seventy  years  ago,  Thomas  Sheridan,  an  Irish 
gentleman,  who  had  been  the  pupil  of  an  intimate  friend  of  Dean 
Swift,  attempted  to  reduce  the  pronunciation  of  English  words  to 
some  system,  and  to  introduce  it  into  popular  use.  His  analysis 
of  the  English  vowels  is  very  critical,  and  in  this  respect,  there 
has  been  little  improvement  by  later  writers,  though  I  think  none 
of  them  are  perfectly  correct.  But  in  the  application  of  his  prin- 
ciples, he  failed  of  his  object.  Either  he  was  not  well  acquainted 
with  the  best  English  pronunciation,  or  he  had  a  disposition  to 
introduce  into  use  some  peculiarities  which  the  English  did  not 
relish.  The  principal  objection  made  to  his  scheme  is,  that  he 
gives  to  *  the  sound  of  »A,  in  sudorific,  aiipcrb,  and  other  words 
where  »  is  followed  by  u  long.  These  he  pronounces  shoodoT- 
ifie,  ahooperb,  shooperfluihj,  &c.  This  pronunciation  of  5,  corre- 
sponding to  the  Sheinitic  r,  he  probably  learnt  in  Ireland,  for  in 
the  Irish  branch  of  the  Celtic,*  has  often  the  sound  of  sh.  Thus 
scan,  old,  is  pronounced  shtan.  This  pronunciation  was  no 
sooner  published,  than  condemned  and  rejected  by  the  English. 

Another  most  extraordinary  innovation  of  Sheridan  was,  his 
rejection  of  the  Italian  sound  of  a,  as  in  father,  culm,  ask,  from 
ev«ry  word  in  the  language.  Thus  his  notation  gives  to  a  in  bar 
the  same  soimd  as  in  barren,  barrel,  bat;  to  a  in  father,  pass, 
mass,  pant,  the  same  sound  as  in  fat,  passion,  massacre,  pan, 
fancy.  Such  a  gross  deviation  from  established  English  usage 
was  of  course  condemned  and  rejected. 

In  his  pronunciation  of  ti  and  ci,  before  a  vowel,  as  in  par- 
tialitij,  omniscience,  Sheridan  is  more  correct  than  Walker,  as  he 
is  in  some  other  words ;  such,  for  example,  as  bench,  tench,  book^ 
took,  and  others  of  the  same  classes. 

Sheridan  also  contributed  very  much  to  propagate  the  change 
of  tu  into  chu,  or  tshu;  as  in  natshur,  cuftshur,  xirtshue.  This 
innovation  was  vindicated  on  the  supposed  fact,  that  the  letter  u 
has  the  sound  of  i/u;  and  natijar,  cultyiir,  rirti/ue,  in  a  rapid 
enunciation,  become  natshur,  &.c.  And  to  this  day,  this  error 
respecting  the  sound  of  a  is  received  in  England  as  truth.  But 
the  fact  is  otherwise,  and  if  not,  it  does  not  justify  the  practice  ; 
for  in  usage,  u  is  short  in  nature,  culture ;  so  that  on  the  princi- 
ples of  Sheridan  himself,  this  letter  can  have  no  effect  on  the 
preceding  articulation. 

This  innovation,  however,  has  prevailed  to  a  considerable 
extent,  although  Sheridan  subjected  the  change  oftu  to  no  rules. 
He  ■■  consistent  in  applying  this  change  equally  to  tu,  whether 

I 


the  accent  follows  the  (  or  not.  If  tu  is  to  be  changed  to  tshu,  in 
future  and  perjyetuaj,  it  ought  to  undergo  the  same  change  in 
futurity  and  perpetuity ;  and  Sheridan,  in  pronouncing  tutor, 
tutelage,  tumult,  as  if  written  tshootor,  tshootelnge,  tshoomuU,  is 
certainly  consistent,  though  wrong  in  feet.  In  other  words, 
however,  Sheridan  is  inconsistent  with  himself;  for  he  pro- 
nounces multitshood,  rcciitsltood,  servitshood,  while  habitude, 
betUitude,  certitude,  decrepitude,  gratitude,  &c.,  retain  the  proper 
sound  of  t. 

Walker's  rule  for  changing  tu  to  chu  only  when  the  accent 
precedes,  is  entirely  arbitrary,  and  evidently  made  by  him  to  suit 
his  own  practice.  It  has,  however,  the  good  effect  of  reducing 
the  chus,  and  removing  'he  outrageous  anomalies  of  tshootor, 
tshoorault,  &c. 

There  are  many  other  words  which  Sheridan  has  rriarked  for  a 
pronunciation,  which  is  not  according  to  good  usage,  and  which 
the  later  orthoepists  have  corrected.  In  general,  however,  it 
may  be  asserted  that  his  notation  does  not  warrant  a  tenth  part 
as  many  deviations  from  the  present  respectable  usage  in  Eng- 
land, as  Walker's;  yet  as  his  Dictionary  was  republished  in  this 
country,  it  had  no  small  effect  in  corrupting  the  pronunciation  of 
some  classes  of  words,  and  the  effects  of  its  influence  are  not  yet 
extinct.  What  the  precise  effect  of  Sheridan's  scheme  of  pro- 
nunciation was  in  England,  I  am  not  able  to  determine.  But  I 
have  had  information  from  the  late  venerable  Dr.  Johnson,  of 
Stratford,  and  from  the  late  Dr.  Hubbard,  of  New  Haven,  who 
were  in  England  between  the  year  1765  and  the  revolution,  that 
about  that  period,  the  change  off  into  chu  had  not  taken  place,  to 
any  extent.  It  began  to  prevail  on  the  stage  and  among  the 
younger  barristers  and  members  of  parliament  before  Dr.  John- 
son left  England,  just  before  the  war  with  America;  and  Sheri- 
dan's Dictionary,  published  soon  after,  undoubtedly  contributed 
to  extend  the  innovation.  This  change  presents  a  new  obstacle 
to  the  acquisition  of  a  language,  whose  anomalies  were  before 
frightfully  formidable  and  perplexing.  The  favorers  of  innova- 
tion seem  not  to  reflect  on  the  immense  convenience  of  a  correct 
notation  of  sounds  in  a  language,  by  its  proper  characters  ;  the 
utility  of  uniformity  and  permanence  in  that  notation  ;  and  the 
extensive  evil  of  destroying  or  impairing  the  use  of  alphabetical 
writing.  The  man  who  perverts  or  changes  the  establislied 
sound  of  a  single  letter,  especially  of  a  tonsonant,  does  an  injury 
to  tliat  language,  and  to  the  conmiunity  using  it,  which  fifty  men 
of  the  same  talents  can  never  repair. 

In  a  few  years  after  the  publication  of  Sheridan's  Dictionary, 
appeared  Walker's,  the  author  of  which  introduces  the  work  to 
the  ])ublic  with  the  following  remarks  on  the  labors  of  his  pred- 
ecessors, 

**  Among  those  writers  who  deserve  the  first  praise  on  this 
subject,  is  Mr.  Elphinstone,  who,  in  his  Principles  of  the  English 
Language,  has  reduced  the  chaos  to  a  system,  and  laid  the  foun- 
dation of  a  just  and  regular  pronunciation.  But  this  gentleman, 
by  treating  his  subject  with  an  affected  obscurity,  and  by  absurdly 
endeavoring  to  alter  the  whole  orthography  of  tlie  language,  has 
unfortunately  lost  his  credit  with  the  pulilic,  for  the  part  of  bis 
labors  which  entitles  him  to  the  highest  j)raise." 

"  After  him.  Dr.  Kenrick  contributed  a  portion  of  improvement, 
by  his  Rhetorical  Dictionary  ;  but  he  has  rendered  his  Dictionary 
extremely  imperfect,  by  entirely  omitting  a  great  number  of 
words  of  doubtful  and  diflicult  pronunciation  ;  those  very  words 
for  which  a  Dictionary  of  tliis  kind  would  naturally  bo  con- 
sulted." Let  it  be  noted,  that  the  same  objection  lies  in  full  force 
against  Sheridan,  Walker,  and  Jones. 

"To  him  succeeded  Mr.  Sheridan,  who  not  only  divided  the 
words  into  syllables,  and  placed  figures  over  the  vowels,  as  Dr. 
Kenrick  had  done,  but  by  spelling  these  syllables  as  they  are  pro- 
nounced, seemed  to  complete  the  idea  of  a  Pronouncing  Diction- 
ary, and  to  leave  but  little  expectation  of  improvement.  It  must 
be  confessed  that  his  Dictionary  is  generally  superior  to  every 
thing  that  preceded  it,  and  his  method  of  conveying  the  sound  of 
words  by  spelling  them  as  they  are  pronounced,  is  highly  rational 
and  useful.  But  here  sincerity  obliges  me  to  stop.  The  numer- 
ous instances  I  have  given  of  impropriety,  inconsistency,  and 
want  of  acquaintance  with  the  analogies  of  the  language,  suf- 
ficiently show  how  imperfect  I  think  his  Dictionary  is,  upon  the 
whole,  and  what  ample  room  was  left  for  attempting  another, 
that  might  better  answer  the  purpose  of  a  guide  to  pronun- 
ciation." 

"  The  last  writer  on  this  subject  is  Mr.  Nares,  who,  in  his 
Elements  of  Orthoepy,  has  shown  a  clearness  of  metjiod,  and  an 
extent  of  observation,  which  deserve   the   highest   encomiums. 


bcii 


INTRODUCTION. 


But  he  seems,  on  many  oeeatimis'  to  have  mistaken  tlie  best 
lua^,  and  to  have  paid  too  little  attention  to  the  first  principles 
of  pronunciation." 

Soon  after  tJiR  publication  of  Walker's  Dictionary,  appeared 
the  Dictionary  of  Stephen  Jones,  who  undertakes  to  correct  the 
errors  of  Sheridan  and  Walker.  This  author  objects  to  Sheridan, 
that  he  has  not  introduced  the  Italian  sound  of  o,  [as  in  father,] 
in  a  single  instance,  and  tliat  Walker  has  been  too  sparing  in  the 
use  of  It.  He  objects  that  Sheridan  has  not,  by  any  peculiar 
marks,  pointed  out  the  sound  of  oi  or  oy,  as  in  noise  and  clo)/ ; 
and  that  Walker  has  given  distinct  marks  of  pronunciation  to  the 
diphthong  ok,  which  are  terrific  to  tlie  learner,  and  not  well  calcu- 
lated to  express  the  exact  sound.  He  considers  it  as  no  trivial 
error  in  Walker's  system,  that  he  uses  the  long  e  in  place  of  the 
short  y,  which  gives  to  asperity,  for  example,  the  ludicrous  sound 
of  aspereetet.  He  notices  also,  as  a  fault  in  Walker's  scheme, 
that  he  makes  no  difference  in  the  sound  of  oo  in  tool,  tooth,  and 
in  look,  took. 

In  all  these  particulars,  except  that  of  oi  and  oy,  I  think  every 
man  who  understands  genuine  English,  will  accord  with  Jones. 
From  careful  observation,  while  in  England,  I  know  that  Jones's 
notation  is  far  more  correct  tljan  that  of  Sheridan  or  Walker; 
and,  except  in  two  or  three  classes  of  words,  his  pronunciation  is 
exactly  that  which  I  uniformly  heard  ^n  England,  and  nearly  the 
same  as  that  o)  well-educated  gentlemen  in  New  England. 

A  few  years  after  the  appearance  of  Jones's  Dictionary,  Wil- 
liam Perry  published  a  Pronouncing  Dictionary,  in  which  an 
attempt  is  made  to  indicate  the  sounds  of  the  letters  by  certain 
arbitrary  marks.  In  this  work,  the  autlior  has  rejected  most  of 
the  peculiarities  of  Sheridan,  Walker,  and  Jones,  and  given  the 
language  nearly  as  it  was  spoken,  before  those  authors  undertook 
to  regulate  the  pronunciation.  This  author's  manner  of  desig- 
nat:ng  the  sounds  of  the  letters  is  too  complex  for  convenience, 
but  his  pronunciation  is  nearer  to  the  actual  usage  in  England, 
than  that  of  either  of  his  predecessors  before  mentioned.  His 
orthography  also  is  more  correct,  according  to  present  usage, 
than  that  of  his  predecessors. 

During  the  year  1828,  appeared  the  Dictionary  of  R.  S.  Jame- 
son, of  Lincoln's  Inn,  intended  to  combine  the  merits  of  the  most 
popular  Dictionaries,  and  to  correct  the  false  pronunciation  of 
Walker,  whose  notation  in  some  classes  of  words  he  entirely 
rejects.  He  condemns,  as  a  slovenly  enunciation,  the  sound 
given  to  d,  which,  before  i  and  «,  Walker  directs,  in  certain 
words,  to  be  pronounced  like  j.  He  rejects  also  his  notation  of 
eh,  or  tsh,  in  congratulation,  fiatidcnt,  natural,  and  all  similar 
words.  He  rejects  also  the  affected  pronunciation  of  Sheridan  and 
Walker,  in  such  words  aa  guide  and  kind.  Most  of  the  other  er- 
rors of  Walker  he  copies,  as  he  does  his  antiquated  orthography. 

The  English  orthoepists  have  analyzed,  and  in  general  have 
well  defined  or  described,  the  sounds  and  appropriate  uses  of  the 
letters  of  the  alphabet.  Slicridan's  analysis,  which  appeared  a 
few  years  before  Walker's,  is,  for  the  most  part,  correct;  but,  in 
describing  the  sounds  of  what  may  be  called  the  diphthongal 
vowel  i",  I  think  he  has  erred,  in  making  it  to  consist  of  tlio 
broad  a  or  aie  and  «.  He  admits,  indeed,  Uiat  the  voice  does  not 
rest  on  the  sound  axe,  but  he  contends  that  the  mouth  is  opened 
to  the  same  degree  of  aperture,  and  is  in  the  same  position,  as  if 
it  were  going  to  sound  aic ;  but  before  the  voice  can  get  a  passage 
to  the  lips,  the  under  jaw  is  drawn  up  to  the  position  for  sounding 
e.  On  this  it  is  justly  remarked  by  Walker,  that  aw  and  e  are 
precisely  the  component  elements  of  the  diphthong  oi  and  oy. 
if  the  ow  is  pronounced,  I  would  add,  then  i  and  oy  must  be 
pronounced  exactly  alike ;  and  if  air  is  not  pronounced,  then  it  is 
not  a  component  part  of  the  diphthongal  vowel  t. 

Walker  contends  that  this  diphthong  i  is  composed  of  the 
sound  of  the  Italian  a,  as  in  father,  and  the  sound  of  «.  If  so,  he 
must  have  given  to  o  a  very  different  sound  from  that  which  we 
are  accustomed  to  |;ive  it.  But  this  is  a  mistake  ;  that  sound  of 
a  is  no  more  heard  m  i,  than  the  sound  of  ate.  Tlie  sound  of  i  in 
fight,  mind,  time,  idle,  is  not  faweght,  mawend,  tawem,  aicedle  ; 
nor  is  it  faeglu,  maend,  taem,  aedle.  Let  any  man  utter  the  aw 
or  the  Italian  a  before  the  e,  and  he  will  instantly  perceive  the 
error,  and  reject  botli  definitions,  as  leading  to  a  false  pronuncia- 
tion. The  truth  is,  the  mouth,  in  uttering  i,  is  not  opened  so 
wide  as  in  uttering  oie  or  a  ;  the  initial  sound  is  not  that  of  aw  or 
a ;  nor  is  it  possible,  by  any  characters  we  possess,  to  express 
the  true  sound  on  paper.  The  initial  sound  is  not  formed  so 
deep   in    the  throat   as  oi*  or   a;  the  position  of  the  organs  is 


•  Jm  mmy  iiutcxea,  I  sappose  the  writer  means. 


nearly, yet  not  exactly  the  same.  The  true  sound  can  be  learned 
only  by  the  ear. 

Equally  inaccurate  is  the  definition  of  the  first  sound  of «,  or 
long  u,  which  these  writers  allege  to  consist  of  the  sounds  of 
e  and  00,  or  you.  It  has  this  sound,  indeed,  in  certain  words,  as  in 
unite,  union,  and  others;  but  this  is  a  departure  from  the  proper 
sound  of  this  character,  as  heard  in  cuhe,  abuse,  durable,  human, 
jury.  These  words  are  not  pronounced  kcoob,  abeoosc,  deoorable, 
heooman,  jeoory.  The  efl'ort  to  introduce  this  affected  pronuncia- 
tion is  of  most  mischievous  tendency.  The  sound  of  c  is  not 
heard  in  the  proper  enunciation  of  the  English  u,  and  for  that 
reason  it  should  not  be  so  stated  on  paper,  nor  named  yu  ;  as  the 
error  naturally  leads  to  a  corrupt  pronunciation.  Dr.  Kenrick 
remarks,  that  we  might  as  well  prefix  y  to  the  other  vowels,  as 
to  M,  and  pronounce  them  ya,  ye,  yi,  yo. 

But  this  is  not  tlie  whole  evil ;  this  analysis  of  tt  has  led  orthoe- 
pists to  give  to  our  first  or  long  u  two  distinct  sounds,  or  rather 
to  make  a  diphthong  and  a  vowel  of  this  single  letter.  Thus 
they  make  it  a  diphthong  in  almost  all  situations,  except  after  r, 
where  they  make  it  a  vowel  equivalent  to  oo,  or  the  French  ou. 
They  represent  u  as  being  equivalent  to  ew,  that  is,  «  and  oo,  in 
cuhe,  tube,  duty,  confusion,  endure,  pronounced  kevihe,  tetcbe, 
detcty,  confeicsion,  endewre ;  but  in  brute,  fruit,  rude,  intrude, 
ruby,  they  make  u  equivalent  to  oo ;  thus,  broote,  froot,  roode, 
introode,  rooky. 

I  know  not  where  this  affectation  originated  ;  it  first  appeared 
in  Sheridan's  Dictionary,  but  it  is  a  most  unfounded  distinction, 
and  a  most  mischievous  error.  No  such  distinction  was  known 
to  Dr.  Johnson  ;  he  gives  the  long  u  but  one  sound,  as  in  con' 
fusion;  and  no  such  distinction  is  observed  among  good  speakers 
generally,  either  in  this  country  or  m  England.  I  was  particu- 
larly attentive  to  the  public  speakers  in  England,  in  regard  to 
this  point,  and  was  happy  to  find  tliat  very  few  of  them  made  the 
distinction  here  mentioned.  In  that  country,  as  in  this,  the  lonf 
u  has  a  uniform  sound  after  all  the  consonants. 

The  source  of  the  error  in  thip,  as  in  another  case  to  be  men- 
tioned hereafter,  may  be  an  inattention  to  the  manner  in  which 
tlie  articulations  affect  the  vowels  which  follow  them.  To 
understand  this,  it  will  be  necessary  or  useful  to  examine  the 
anatomical  formation  of  articulate  sounds. 

"  An  articulate  sound,"  says  Lowth,  "  is  the  sound  of  the 
human  voice,  formed  by  the  organs  of  speech.  A  vowel  is  a 
simple  articulate  sound." 

These  definitions  seem  not  to  be  sufficiently  accurate.  Articu- 
lation, in  human  speech,  is  the  jointing,  juncture,  or  closing  of 
the  organs,  which  precedes  and  follows  the  vowels  or  open 
sounds,  and  which  partially  or  totally  intercepts  the  voice.  A 
vowel  or  vocal  sound  is  formed  simply  by  opening  the  mouth. 
Thus,  in  sounding  a  or  o,  the  mouth  is  opened  in  a  particular 
manner,  but  without  any  articulation  or  closing  of  the  organs. 
In  strictness,  therefore,  a  simple  vowel  is  not  an  articulate  sound, 
as  Lowth  supposes;  and  it  is  certain  that  many  irrational  ani- 
mals, without  the  power  of  articulation,  do  utter  vowel  sounds 
with  great  distinctness. 

An  articulate  sound,  then,  is,  properly,  a  sound  preceded  or 
followed,  or  both,  by  an  articulation  or  junction  of  the  organs. 
Thus  4a,  ab,  and  bad,  are  articulate  sounds;  the  vowel  being 
begun  or  closed,  with  a  junction  of  the  lips,  interrupting  the 
voice,  in  ba  and  ab;  and  in  bad,  the  vocal  sound  being  preceded 
by  one  articulation  and  followed  by  another.  The  power  of 
articulation  constitutes  the  great  difference  between  men  and 
brutes;  the  latter,  being  unable  to  articulate,  can  utter  only 
vocal  sounds.  The  imperfect  articulations  of  the  parrot  and 
some  other  animals,  form  no  exception  that  deserves  notice. 

I  give  the  name  articulation  to  the  act  of  joining  the  organs, 
and  to  the  character  or  letter  which  represents  the  junction.  In 
the  latter  sense,  the  word  is  equivalent  to  consonant ;  and  articu- 
lation may  be  considered  the  preferable  term,  as  it  expresses  the 
fact  of  closing  the  organs. 

Human  speech,  then,  consists  of  vocal  sounds  separated  and 
modified  by  articulations  of  the  organs.  We  open  the  mouth  in 
a  particular  manner,  to  utter  a  vowel ;  we  then  close  the  organs, 
interrupt  that  sound,  and  open  the  organs  to  utter  a  second 
vowel ;  and  continue  this  opening  and  closing,  to  the  end  of  the 
word.     This  process  is  carried  on  with  surprising  rapidity. 

Now,  in  passing  from  an  articulation,  or  close  position,  to  an 
open  position  for  uttering  a  vowel,  it  happens  often  that  a  very 
slight  sound  of  e  is  uttered  so  as  to  be  perceptible  to  the  ear, 
either  before  or  after  the  utterance  of  the  proper  vowel.  This  is 
remarkably  the  case  with  the  long  vowels  preceding  r;  for  such 


INTRODUCTION. 


Ixiii 


is  the  nature  of  that  letter,  that  hare,  mire,  more,  parent,  appa- 
rent, &c.,  can  not  well  be  pronounced  without  a  slight  sound  of 
e  between  the  long  vowel  and  the  consonant.  Thus  the  words 
above  named  are  pronounced  nearly  bacr,  mier,  moer,  pderent, 
appacrent;  and  bare,  viire,  approach  toward  two  syllables  drawn 
very  closely  together. 

A  like  case,  though  less  obvious,  occurs  in  uttering  u,  particu- 
larly after  the  labial  and  palatal  articulations.  In  passing  from 
the  articulations  eb,  eg,  em,  ep,  or  pe,  to  the  sound  of  u,  as  in 
mute  and  pure,  we  are  apt,  insensibly,  to  utter  a  slight  sound  of 
e;  and  this  utterance,  which  proceeds  from  the  particular  situa- 
tion of  the  organs,  has  been  mistaken  for  the  first  component 
sound  of  the  long  or  open  u.  The  same  cause  has  given  rise  to 
the  pronunciation  of  e  before  the  vowel  in  such  words  as  guide, 
guard,  kind,  guise.  This  is  precisely  similar  to  the  vulgar  pro- 
nunciation of  cow,  gown,  county,  town,  &c.,  that  is,  kcow,  geown, 
kcounly,  teown  • —  a  pronunciation  formerly  common  in  New  Eng- 
land, and  not  yet  wholly  extinct.  This  vicious  pronunciation,  in 
all  words  of  this  kind,  whether  countenanced  by  men  of  low  life 
or  of  fashionable  life,  ought  to  be  carefully  avoided;  as  the  slen- 
der sound  of  e,  in  such  cases,  gives  a  feebleness  to  the  words 
utterly  inconsistent  with  that  full,  open,  and  manly  enunciation 
which  is  essential  to  eloquence. 

The  genuine  sound  of  «  long,  detached  from  the  influence  of 
consonants,  is  the  same  in  all  the  words  above  specified;  and  the 
reason  why  it  has  been  made  a  distinct  vowel  after  r,  as  in  rude, 
[rood,]  is,  that  the  organs  are  open  before  the  sound  commences ; 
whereas,  when  it  follows  most  of  our  consonants,  the  sound  is 
commenced  immediately  after  an  articulation,  or  close  position  of 
the  organs,  as  in  mutable  and  infusion.  For  this  reason,  u  has 
more  distinctly  its  long  or  open  sound  after  labials  and  palatals, 
than  after  r;  but  this  accidental  circumstance  should  not  be  the 
ground  of  radical  distinctions,  equivalent  to  the  sounds  of  differ- 
ent letters. 

There  is,  in  Walker's  analysis  of  the  alphabet,  an  error  pecu- 
liar to  himself.  This  is,  in  making  a  distinction  between  the 
short  i  when  it  is  followed  by  a  consonant,  and  when  it  is  not ; 
as  in  ability.  In  this  case,  he  calls  the  first  i,  in  abil,  short ;  but 
the  second  he  cnlls  open,  and  equivalent  to  c  in  equal.  (See 
Principles  107,  54-1.)  He  also  makes  the  unaccented  y,  at  the 
end  of  a  syllable,  precisely  like  the  first  sound  of  e  in  me,  meter. 
Ability,  then,  written  according  to  his  principles,  would  be 
abileetee.  Never  was  a  grosser  mistake.  The  sound  of  i  and  y 
in  unaccented  syllables,  whether  followed  by  in  articulation  or 
not,  is  always  the  short  sound  of  e  long,  that  is,  e  shortened ;  the 
same  sound  in  quality  or  kind,  but  not  in  quantity.  To  prove 
this  fact,  nothing  is  necessary  but  an  attention  to  the  manner  in 
which  the  words  little  and  tiny  are  pronounced,  when  they  are 
made  emphatical  by  utterance.  They  are  then  pronounced  leetle, 
teeny ;  and  this  we  hear  every  day,  not  only  among  children, 
but  often  among  adults.  In  this  change  of  pronunciation,  there 
is  nothing  more  than  a  prolongation  of  the  sound  of  i,  which,  in 
the  syllables  lit,  tin,  is  short,  in  leetle,  teeny,  is  long. 

In  consequence  of  this  mistake.  Walker  has  uniformly  made  a 
different  notation  of  i  when  accented,  and  followed  by  a  con- 
sonant in  the  same  syllable,  and  when  it  stands  alone  in  the 
syllable  and  unaccented.  Thus  to  the  first  s  in  ability  he  assigns 
a  different  sound  from  that  of  the  second  ;  and  in  article,  he  gives 
to  i  the  sound  of  c  long,  arteecle;  but  in  articular,  articulate,  he 
givt^s  it  the  short  sound,  tik.  It  is  in  consequence  of  this  mis- 
take, that  he  has  throughout  his  Dictionary  assigned  to  i  and  y 
unaccented,  and  to  y  unaccented  terminating  words,  tlie  sound  of 
e  long;  an  error,  which,  it  is  ascertained  by  actual  enumeration, 
extends  to  more  than  eleven  thousand  rowels  or  syllables ;  an 
error,  which,  if  carried  to  the  full  extent  of  his  principles,  would 
subvert  all  the  rules  of  English  versification.  Jones  and  Perry 
have  corrected  this  error  in  their  notations,  throughout  the 
language. 

If  it  should  be  said  that  Walker  did  not  intend  to  direct  y,  in 
this  case,  to  be  pronounced  as  e  long,  but  that  his  notation  is  in- 
tended only  to  mark  the  quality  of  the  sound,  it  may  be  replied, 
he  either  intended  the  sound  to  be  that  of  e  long,  according  to  his 
express  direction,  or  he  did  not.  If  he  did,  his  notation  is  not 
according  to  any  good  practice,  either  in  England  or  the  United 

•  From  the  Ihct,  which  Walker  relates  of  himself,  (Prin.  34^;)  Ihnt  he  made 
n  distinction  between  the  found  of  tt  In  fiee  and  in  mttt,  until  he  had  consulted 
good  speaknrs,  and  particularly  -Mr.  Garrick,  who  could  find  no  ditF'jrence  in  the 
■ound,  it  might  be  inferred  that  his  ear  wa-i  not  very  accurate.  Hut  hia  miiitnko 
evirienlly  arose  from  not  nttendine  to  the  effect  of  the  articulation  in  the  Inltcr 
word,  which  stops  the  sound  suddenly,  but  does  not  vary  it.    It  is  the  same 


States;  and  by  changing  a  short  vowel  into  a  long  one,  his  nota- 
tion would  subvert  the  rules  of  metrical  composition.  If  he  did 
not,  his  notation  is  adapted  to  mislead  the  learner,  and  it  does 
mislead  learners,  wherever  his  book  is  strictly  followed.  In 
truth,  this  notation  is  generally  condemned  in  England,  and 
universally  rejected  in  practice.* 

In  the  notation  of  sounds,  there  is  a  mistake  and  inconsistency 
in  most  orthoepists,  which  deserves  notice,  not  on  account  of 
its  practical  importance  so  much,  as  to  expose  an  error  in  syllab- 
ication or  the  division  of  words  into  syllables,  which  has  been 
maintained  by  all  writers  in  Great  Britain,  from  time  immemorial. 
The  rule  is,  that  "  a  single  consonant  between  two  vowels,  must 
be  joined  to  the  latter  syllable."  According  to  this  rule,  habit, 
baron,  tenet,  are  to  be  divided  thus,  luirbit,  Im-ron,  te-net. 

This  rule  is  wholly  arbitrary,  and  has  for  ages  retarded  and 
rendered  difficult  the  acquisition  of  the  language  by  children. 
How  is  it  possible  that  men  of  discernment  should  support  a  rule, 
that  in  thousands  of  words  makes  it  necessary  to  break  a  syllable, 
detaching  one  of  the  letters  essential  to  it,  and  giving  it  a  place 
in  the  next .'  In  the  words  above  mentioned,  hab,  bar,  ten,  are 
distinct  syllables,  which  can  not  be  divided  without  violence. 
In  many  words,  as  in  these,  this  syllable  is  the  radix  of  the 
word ;  the  other  syllable  being  formative  or  adventitious.  But 
where  this  is  not  the  case,  convenience  requires  that  syllables 
should,  if  possible,  be  kept  entire  ;  and  in  all  cases,  the  division 
of  syllables  should,  as  far  as  possible,  be  such  as  to  lead  the 
learner  to  a  just  pronunciation. 

As  in  our  language  the  long  and  short  vowels  are  not  dis- 
tinguished by  differences  of  character,  when  we  see  a  single 
consonant  between  vowels,  we  can  not  determine,  from  the  pre- 
ceding vowel  character,  whether  the  sound  is  long  or  short.  A 
stranger  to  the  language  knows  not  whether  to  pronounce  habit, 
ha-bit  or  hab-it,  till  he  is  instructed  in  the  customary  pronuncia- 
tion. It  was  probably  to  avoid  this  inconvenience,  that  our 
ancestors  wrote  two  consonants  instead  of  one  in  a  great  number 
of  words,  as  in  banner,  dinner.  In  this  respect,  however,  there 
is  no  uniformity  in  English;  as  we  have  generally  retained  the 
orthography  of  the  languages  from  which  we  have  received  the 
words,  as  in  tutor,  rigor,  silent,  and  the  like. 

Now,  it  should  be  observed  that  although  we  often  see  the 
consonant  doubled,  as  in  banner,  yet  no  more  than  one  articula- 
tion, in  these  cases,  is  ever  used  in  speaking.  We  close  the 
organs  but  once  between  the  first  and  second  syllable,  nor  is  it 
possible  to  use  both  the  letters  n,  without  pronouncing  ban,  then 
intermitting  the  voice  entirely,  opening  the  organs  and  closing 
them  a  second  time.  Hence,  in  all  cases,  when  the  same  conso- 
nant is  written  twice  between  vowels,  as  in  banner,  dinner,  bet- 
ter, one  of  them  only  is  represented  by  an  articulation  of  the 
organs;  the  other  is  useless,  except  that  it  prevents  any  mistake 
as  to  the  sound  of  the  preceding  vowel. 

In  the  notation  of  most  orthoepists,  there  is  inconsistency,  at 
least,  if  not  error.  If  they  intend  to  express  the  true  pronuncia- 
tion by  using  the  precise  letters  neces.sary  for  the  purpose,  they 
all  err.  For  instance,  they  write  bar'run  for  bar'on,  when  one 
articulation  only  is,  or  possibly  can  be,  used  ;  so  also  ballance, 
biggot,  biggamy,  viellon,  mcttaphor,  mellody.  This  is  not  only  use- 
less, for  the  use  of  the  accent  after  the  consonant,  as  bar'on,  baU- 
ance,  big'ot,  mcl'on,  &.C.,  completely  answers  the  purpose  of 
determining  the  pronunciation,  but  it  is  contradictory  to  their 
own  practice  in  a  vast  number  of  cases.  Thus  they  write  one 
consonant  only  in  civil,  civic,  rivet ;  and  Walker  writes  kollonade, 
doubling  /,  but  kolony,  kolonisc,  with  a  single  /.  This  want  of 
system  is  observable  in  all  the  books  which  are  offered  to  the 
public  as  standards  of  orthoepy. 

A  still  greater  fault,  because  it  may  lead  to  innumerable  prac- 
tical errors,  consists  in  the  notation  of  unaccented  syllables.  In 
this  particular,  there  Is  error  and  discrepancy  in  the  scliemes  of 
the  orthoepists,  which  shows  the  utter  impossibility  of  carrying 
them  into  effect.  The  final  y  unaccented  Walker  makes  to  be 
e  long,  as  I  have  before  observed ;  while  Sheridan,  Jones,  and 
Perry,  make  it  equivalent  to  short  i,  or,  at  least,  give  it  a  short 
sound,  according  to  universal  practice.  Walker  pronounces  the 
last  vowel  in  natural  and  national,  as  a  short;  Sheridan,  as  c 
short,  nnturcl ;  Jones,  as  u  short,  naturul.     Sheridan's  notation 

mistake  which  he  made  in  the  sound  oft  in  the  second  syllable  of  ability,  which 
he  rallH  short,  while  the  sound  of  the  second  i  and  of  y  is  that  of  long  e.  'I'he 
celebrity  of  VValker  as  a  teacher  of  elocution,  and  his  Key  to  tlie  Pronunciation 
of  Ancient  Names,  which,  with  a  few  exceptions,  la  a  ftood  standard  work, 
have  led  many  persons  to  put  more  cnnfidtmce  in  his  English  Orthoepy,  than  a 
close  examination  of  its  principles  will  support. 


Ixiv 


INTRODUCTION. 


may  be  a  mistake,  for  he  gives  to  al  in  naliontil,  the  sound  of  ril. 
In  the  adjective  dtlibrrate.  Walker  and  Jones  give  a  in  the  last 
syllable  its  proper  long  sound  ;  and  Sheridan,  the  sound  of  e 
short,  dclibertt.  Dignitary  is  pronounced  by  Sheridan  dignilcTy, 
and  Walker  and  Jones  give  to  a  its  short  sound,  as  in  at.  The 
terminating  syllable  ncss  is  pronounced  by  Walker  and  Jones 
nM,  by  Sheridan  n/^;  as,  Olessedncs,blrsgrdnis.  The  same  differ- 
ence exists  in  their  notation  ot  trss ;  Sheridan  pronouncing  it 
lis,  as  in  hiamelis,  and  Walker  and  Jones  giving  e  its  proper 
sound.  These  differences,  and  many  others,  run  through  tlieir 
works,  and  appear  in  a  large  portion  of  all  the  words  m  the 
language 

Now,  it  is  probable  that  all  these  gentlemen  pronounced  these 
words  alike,  or  so  nearly  alike,  that  no  difference  would  be  noticed 
by  a  bystander.  The  mischief  of  these  notations  is,  that  attempts 
are  made  to  express  minute  distinctions  or  shades  of  sounds,  so 
to  speak,  which  can  not  be  represented  to  the  eye  by  characters. 
A  great  part  of  the  notations  must,  necessarily,  be  inaccurate, 
and  for  this  reason,  the  notation  of  the  vowels  in  unaccented 
syllables  should  not  be  attempt<-d.  From  a  careful  attention  to 
tnia  subject,  1  am  persuaded  that  all  such  notations  are  useless, 
and  many  of  tliem  mischievous,  as  they  lead  to  a  wrong  pronun- 
ciation.  In  no  case  can  the  true  pronunciation  of  words  in  a 
language  be  accurately  wid  completely  expressed  on  paper ;  it 
can  be  canght  only  by  the  ear,  and  by  practice.  No  attempt  has 
ever  been  made  to  mark  the  pronunciation  of  all  the  sounds, 
in  «ny_ other  language;  and  in  our  language  it  is  worse  than 
on  less. 

As  Walker's  pronnnciation  has  been  represented  to  the  people 
of  this  country  as  the  standard,  I  shall  contine  my  remarks 
chiefly  to  his  work,  with  a  view  to  ascertain  its  merits,  and 
correct  any  erroneous  impressions  which  have  been  received 
from   such   representations. 

1.  The  first  class  of  words  which  I  shall  mention,  is  that  in 
which  a  has  what  is  called  its  Italian  sound,  as  we  pronounce  it 
in  father,  psalm,  calm.  From  a  hasty  enumeration  of  words  of 
this  class,  I  find  there  are  two  or  three  hundred  in  number,  in 
which  Walker  gives  to  a  its  short  sound,  as  in  fat,  bat,  fancy, 
when,  in  tact,  the  most  respectable  usage  hi  England,  as  well  as 
in  the  United  States,  gives  that  letter  its  Italian  sound.  This 
error  Jones  and  Perry  have  corrected.  To  be  correct  in  this 
class  of  words,  we  have  only  to  retain  the  customary  pronuncia- 
tion of  the  Northern  States. 

2.  The  notation  of  the  sound  of  oo  by  Walker  is  wrong  in 
most  or  all  the  words  in  which  oo  are  followed  by  k,  and  in  some 
others.  Notwithstanding  the  distinction  between  the  long  and 
short  sound  of  oo  is  clear,  and  well  established  in  a  great  number 
of  words,  yet  he  assigns  the  short  sound  to  eight  words  only,  viz. 
vool,  vood,  good,  hood,  foot,  stood,  understood,  and  withstood. 
(Prin.  307.)  It  seems  inconceivable  that  a  man,  bred  or  resident 
in  London,  should  assign  to  oo  in  book,  cook,  took,  and  other  like 
words,  the  same  sound  as  in  cool,  boom,  hoot,  food.  Jones  and 
Perry  have  corrected  this  notation,  and  given  the  pronunciation 
according  to  good  usage,  and  just  according  to  our  customary 
pronunciation.  While  in  England,  I  did  not  hear  a  single  word 
of  this  class  pronounced  according  to  Walker's  notation. 

3.  To  the  letters  ch  in  benck,  bunch,  clinch,  drench,  inch,  tench, 
wrench,  and  many  other  words.  Walker  gives  the  French  sound, 
that  is,  the  sound  of  sh,  instead  of  eh  ;  as,  bensh,  insh,  &c.  It 
would  seem  by  this  and  other  examples  of  wrong  notation,  that 
the  author  had  been  accustomed  to  some  local  peculiarities,  either 
in  l.ondon,  where  all  kinds  of  dialects  are  heard,  or  in  some  other 
place.  In  this  instance,  he  gives  to  tlicse  words  a  pronunciation 
different  from  that  of  other  orthoepists,  and  one  which  I  have 
never  heard,  either  in  England  or  in  this  country.  His  notation 
is  palpably  wrong,  as  our  customary  pronunciation  is  universally 
correct. 

4.  It  has  been  already  remarked,  that  Walker's  notation  of  the 
sound  of  t  and  y  short,  in  unaccented  syllables,  which  he  directs 
to  be  pronounced  like  e  long,  in  me,  mete,  is  contrary  to  all  good 
usage,  and  is  rejected  by  every  other  orthoepist,  except  Jameson. 
Walker  admits  i  to  be  short,  when  followed  by  a  consonant  in 
the  same  syllable.  Thus  the  first  i  in  ability  is  short,  but  the 
second  i  and  the  y  are  long  e,  ahilcctee.  Now,  observe  the  con- 
sequence. In  the  plural,  abilities,  according  to  his  rule,  must  be 
pronounced  abileeteez;  but  the  word  is  never  thus  pronounced; 
universally  it  is  pronounced  ahilitiz  ;  the  last  vowel  sound  is,  in 
practice,  immediately  followed  by  a  consonant,  and  'oy  his  own 
rule,  must  be  short.  Then  the  result  is,  y  in  ability  is  long  e,  but 
it  in  the  plural,  is  short  i.     And  for  this  change  of  sound,  no 


provision  is  made  in  Walker's   scheme,  nor  in  any  other  that 
I  have  ever  seen. 

5.  In  the  analysis  of  the  sounds  of  our  letters.  Walker  alleges 
the  diphthong  ov,  ow,  to  consist  of  the  broad  a  or  aw,  and  the 
Italian  sound  of  u.  According  to  his  scheme,  about,  abound, 
round,  noic,  vow,  are  to  be  pronounced  abawvt,  abawund,  rawund, 
natcu,  TUWH.  But  who  ever  heard  this  pronunciation  ?  The  fact 
is  not  so ;  the  broad  sound  of  a  is  not  the  initial  sound  of  this 
diphthong;  it  is  not  commenced  as  deep  in  the  throat,  or  with 
the  same  aperture,  as  aw  ;  it  is  a  sound  that  can  be  learned  only 
by  the  ear.  The  pronunciation  of  this  diphthong  is  uniform  in 
both  countries. 

6.  In  noting  the  sonnd  of  the  unaccented  vowels,  and  those 
which  have  the  secondary  accent,  there  are  mistakes  without 
number,  in  all  the  schemes  which  I  have  seen,  and  one  continued 
series  of  differences  between  the  orthoepists.  The  following 
is  a  specimen. 

Walker. 
Deliveranse, 
Dignetare, 
Ansur, 
Assembladje, 
Averaje, 
Barren, 
Penal, 
Pennansp, 
Penneteushal, 
Pennetensharc, 
Persunidje, 
Proksemat, 
Proflegat, 
Pcnnetrant, 
Akkuzatore, 
Akkremone, 
AJlemunne, 
Seremone, 


Jones. 
Deliveranse. 
Dignytary. 
Ansur. 

Assembladzhe. 
Avercdzh. 
Barren. 
Penul. 
Pennunsc. 
Pennytenshul. 
Penny  tenshary. 
Persunedje. 
Proksymet. 
Proflyget. 
Pennetrant 
Akkuzatury. 
Akkrymunny. 
Allymunny. 
Scrymony. 


Sheridan. 
Doliverense, 
Dignytery, 
A  user, 

Assembledzh, 
Averaje, 
Barrin, 
Penal, 
Pennens, 
Pennyte!ishcl, 
Penny  tensherry, 
Persunidzh, 
Proksymet, 
Proflyget, 
Pennetront, 
Akkuzaturry, 
Akkrymunny, 
Allymunny, 
Seremunny, 

I  take  no  notice  of  the  different  letters  by  which  these  writers 
express  the  same  sound,  one  using  c  where  another  uses  y,  but  of 
the  different  sounds  which  they  give  to  the  vowels  in  the  second, 
third,  or  last  syllable.  Now,  I  appeal  to  any  person  who  has  a 
tolerably  correct  ear,  whether  it  is  the  sound  of  a  that  is  uttered 
by  good  speakers,  or  any  sjjeakers,  in  delirerance  and  dignitary. 
Is  it  the  sound  of  a  that  we  hear  in  the  last  syllable  of  penance, 
penetrant,  and  assemblage?  Do  we  hear,  in  the  last  syllable  of 
profligate,  the  short  a,  as  in  fat  ?  So  far  from  it,  that  a  public 
speaker,  who  should  utter  the  sound  of  a  so  that  it  should  be 
distinctly  recognized  in  any  polite  audience,  would  expose  him- 
self to  ridicule.  The  sound  of  the  last  vowel  approaches  to  that 
of  e  or  M,  and  the  notation  of  Sheridan  is  nearest  the  truth.  But 
any  notation  is  worse  than  useless  ;  for  without  it,  there  would 
be  no  difference  in  customary  pronunciation. 

To  show  the  utter  impracticability  of  expressing  the  unac- 
cented vowels,  in  all  cases,  with  precision,  let  the  reader  observe 
Walker's  notation  of  a  in  the  word  moderate,  and  its  derivatives. 
In  the  adjective  and  verb,  the  a  is  long,  as  in  fate;  in  moderately 
and  moderateness  it  is  short,  as  \nfat.  This  is  certainly  incorrect 
notation ;  no  good  speaker  ever  pronounces  these  words  mod- 
eratly,  moderatncss.  In  addition  to  this,  the  a  in  the  verb  to 
moderate,  is  more  distinctly  pronounced  than  it  is  in  the  adjective, 
in  which  it  has  rather  the  sound  of  e  short,  modcrct ;  at  least  the 
sound  is  more  nearly  that  of  e  than  of  a..  And  this  distinction  of 
sound,  between  letters  in  the  same  word,  when  an  adjective,  and 
when  a  verb,  occurs  in  a  multitude  of  cases  — a  distinction  for 
which  no  provision  is  made  in  any  system  of  orthoepy  that  I 
have  seen,  and  one  which  must  be  left  to  the  cognizance  of  the 
ear  alone. 

There  is  another  class  of  vowel  sounds  that  comprises  too 
many  inaccuracies  to  be  overlooked.  This  is  the  class  in  which 
the  first  syllable  has  an  unaccented  e,  as  in  debate.  In  all  words 
of  this  kind,  Walker  directs  the  letter  e  to  have  its  long  sound,  as 
in  me,  mete.  Then,  become,  bedeck,  begin,  debate,  debar,  declare, 
elect,  legitimate,  mechanic,  medicinal,  memorial,  necessity,  peculiar, 
petition,  rebuke,  recant,  relate,  secure,  select,  velocity,  Ac,  are  to 
be  pronounced  beecome,  heedeck,  heegin,  deebate,  dcebar,  deeclare, 
eclect,  leegitimate,  meechanic,  mecdicinal,  mecmorial,  neecessity, 
peeeuliar,  peetition,  rechuhe,  reecant,  rcelate,  seecure,  seclect,  vec 
locity,  &c. 

According  to  this  notation,  the  first  vowel  e  in  eril,  even,  and 
in  event,  is  to  have  the  same  sound,  being  all  marked  with  the 


INTRODUCTION. 


Ixv 


same  figure.  Now,  let  me  ask,  where  a  speaker  can  be  found 
who  pronounces  these  words  in  this  manner.  Who  ever  heard 
of  such  a  pronunciation?  This  notation  is  erroneous  and  mis- 
chievous, as  it  is  inconsistent  with  the  regular  accent,  which 
carries  the  stress  of  voice  forward  to  the  next  syllable,  and  must, 
necessarily,  leave  the  first  vowel  with  the  feeble  sound  of  short  i 
or  y.  This  short  sound,  and  not  the  long  one,  as  in  eveuj  is  that 
which  we  always  hear  in  such  words. 

The  like  error  occurs  in  Walker's  notation  of  i  in  direct^  di- 
minish^ and  many  other  words.  Walker  himself,  under  despatch^ 
calls  the  sound  of  c  the  short  i;  but  under  rule  107,  says  this 
sound  of  I  can  not  be  properly  said  to  be  short,  as  it  is  not  closed 
by  a  consonant;  yet  it  has  half  its  diphthongal  sound,  the  sound 
of  e.' .'  This  reason,  that  i  or  e  is  not  short,  because  the  sound  is 
not  closed  by  a  consonant,  is  entirely  groundless,  and  contra- 
dicted by  the  universal  pronunciation  of  thousands  of  Knglish 
words.  To  direct  such  words  to  be  pronounced  deerect,  dceinin- 
isk,  is  inexcusable.  This  error  corresponds  with  that  specified 
under  No.  4,  supra. 

Thus  there  is  neither  uniformity  nor  consistency  among  the 
ortlioepists,  in  the  notation  of  the  unaccented  vowels;  and  it  is 
hardly  possible  there  should  be,  for  many  of  the  sounds  are  so 
slight,  in  ordmary  pronunciation,  that  it  is  almost  impossible  for 
the  ear  to  recognize  the  distinctions,  and  absolutely  impossible  to 
express  them  on  paper.  In  truth,  as  Dr.  Ash  remarks,  in  a  dis- 
sertation prefixed  to  his  Dictionary,  the  sounds  of  the  five  vowels, 
in  unaccented,  short,  and  insignificant  syllables,  are  nearly  coin- 
cident; and  it  must  be  a  nice  ear  that  can  distinguish  the  diff*er- 
ence  of  sound  in  the  concluding  syllable  of  altar,  alter,  manor, 
murmur,  satyr.  It  is  for  this  reason  that  the  notation  of  such 
vowels  at  all  savors  of  hypercritical  fastidiousness,  and,  by  aiming 
at  too  much  nicety  and  exactness,  tends  only  to  generate  doubts 
and  multiply  differences  of  opinion.  If  the  accent  is  laid  on  the 
proper  syllable,  and  the  vowel  of  that  syllable  correctly  pro- 
nounced, the  true  pronunciation  of  the  word  will  follow  of 
course  ;  at  least  the  pronunciation  is  more  likely  to  be  right  than 
wrong,  and  no  mistake  will  occur,  which  shall  be  an  object  of 
notice. 

Nor  can  I  approve  the  practice  of  writing  all  words  in  differ- 
ent characters,  to  express  their  pronunciation,  as  if  their  proper 
letters  were  so  many  hieroglyphics,  requiring  interpretation.  A 
great  part  of  English  words  have  an  orthognij)hy  sufficiently  reg- 
ular, and  so  well  adapted  to  express  the  true  pronunciation,  that 
a  few  general  rules  only  are  wanted  as  a  guide  to  the  learner. 

7.  Another  error  of  notation,  in  most  of  the  English  books,  is 
that  of  the  vowel  in  the  first  syllable  of  circle,  circumstance,  and 
many  other  words,  the  first  syllable  of  which  Sheridan  first,  and 
afterwards  Walker  and  Jones,  directed  to  be  pronounced  ser. 
This  pronunciation  1  have  never  heard  either  In  England  or  in 
this  country.  Perry's  notation  makes  the  syllable  sur,  according 
to  all  the  usage  with  which  I  am  acquainted. 

8.  Another  objection  to  the  books  offered  as  standards  of 
pronunciation,  particularly  to  the  Dictionaries  of  Sheridan  and 
Walker,  is,  that  the  rules  are  inconsistent,  or  the  execution  of 
the  wmk  is  inconsistent  with  the  rules.  Thus  Walker  lays  it 
down  as  a  rule,  (No.  357,)  that  c  after  the  accent,  and  foUoWed 
by  ea,  in,  ie,  io,  or  eous,  takes  the  sound  of  sh,  as  in  ocean, 
social,  Phocion,  saponaceous,  which  are  pronounced  as  if  written 
oshean,  sosheal,  Phoskeon,  saponasheous.  But  in  the  Dictionary, 
the  author  departs  from  the  rule,  and  directn  tliese  words  to  be 
pronounced  as  if  written  oshun,  soshal,  saponashus.     So  also  in 

fracious,  anrient,  especial,  prorincial,  tenacious,  rapacious,  and  I 
now   not  how  many  others,  the  author  departs  from  his  own 
rule ;  so  that  either  his  rule  or  his  practice  must  be  wrong. 

And  here  it  may  be  proper  to  notice  a  mistake  of  the  author, 
which  has  led  to  an  erroneous  notation  in  a  great  number  of 
words.  The  mistake  is,  that  he  assigns  to  c  and  t  before  the 
vowels  ea,  ia,  ie,  eo,  and  io,  the  sound  of  sh.  Thus  in  ocean,  he 
considers  c  as  pronounced  like  sh ;  and  in  partial,  he  considers 
the  sound  of  sh  as  proceeding  from  t  only.  Now,  the  truth  is, 
that  the  sound  of  sh,  in  thesc*and  in  all  similar  cases,  results  from 
the  combination  of  c,  t,  or  s,  with  the  following  vowel;  that  is, 
from  the  rapid  enunciation  and  blending  of  the  two  letters. 
Then  the  sound  of  the  first  vowel  being  blended  with  c  or  t,  it 
ought  not  to  be  repeated,  and  form  a  distinct  syllable.  To  make 
three  syllables  of  ocean,  is  to  use  the  vowel  c  twice.  In  most 
cases,  all  the  orlhocpists  agree  in  pronouncing  these  combinations 
correctly  in  dissyllables,  and  primitive  words  ;  as,  oshun,  grashus, 
tenashus,  parshal,  suhstanshal,  nashun,  rclashun,  preshus,  and  the 
like.     But  in  a  number  of  words  that  arc  primitive  in  our  lan- 


guage, Walker  and  Jones  depart  from  this  rule ;  for  although 
they  pronounce  conscience  in  two  syllables,  conshcnse,  yet  they 
pronounce  nescience  and  prescience  in  \hTee,neshyense,preshyense. 
So  also  when  they  make  tial  one  syllable  in  the  primitive  word, 
they  make  two  syllables  of  these  letters  in  the  derivatives  j  par- 
tial is  parshal,  but  partiality  is  parsheality.  Thus  one  error  has 
led  to  another,  and  a  large  part  of  all  words  of  this  kind  are  mis- 
pronounced. Sheridan  and  Perry,  in  this  respect,  are  consistent 
and  correct ;  making  one  syllable  only  of  cia,  cie,  cio,  tia,  tio, 
both  in  primitives  and  derivatives,  throughout  the  language.  A 
single  line  of  poetry  ought  to  settle  this  point  forever. 

Expatiate  free  o*er  all  this  scene  of  man.  Pope. 

m 
0.  A  remarkable  instance  of  inconsistency  occurs  in  the  fol- 
lowing words.  Armature,  aperture,  brcviaturc,  feature,  &c.. 
Walker  pronounces  annatshure,  apert.thtire,  breviatshure,  ovcr- 
tshure  ;  hut  forfeiture  is  forfcctyure,  and  judicature,  ligature,  lite- 
rature, miniature,  nunciature,  portraiture,  prefecture,  quadrature, 
signature,  are  pronounced  as  here  written.  Can  any  reason  be 
possibly  assigned  for  such  inconsistency  ? 

10.  Obedience  and  its  family  of  words  Walker  pronounces 
obejeence,  obejcent,  obejcenthj ;  but  disobedience,  disobedient,  as 
here  written.  Expedient  is  either  as  here  written,  or  expcjccnt ; 
but  rjpcdience  without  the  alternative.     Why  this  inconsistency  ? 

11.  Obdurate,  obduracy,  are  marked  to  be  pronounced  obdurate 
or  objurate,  obduracy  or  objuracy ;  but  objuratehj,  objurateness, 
without  an  alternative.  In  these  last  words  occurs  another  error; 
the  a  in  the  third  syllabic  is  made  short,  as  if  pronounced  rat  —  a 
deviation  from  all  good  usage. 

This  notation  of  obdurate  is  inconsistent,  also,  with  that  of  in- 
durate, and  witli  that  of  ob dure  —  an  inconsistency  which  appears 
to  have  no  plausible  pretext. 

The  conversion  of  d  into  j  before  i  is  rejected,  I  believe,  in  all 
words,  by  Jones,  Perry,  and  Jameson,  and  before  w  is  rejected 
by  Perry  and  Jameson,  and  in  many  words  by  Jones.  It  is  a  de- 
parture from  orthography  wholly  inexcusable. 

12.  Walker  (Principles,  No.  92)  lays  it  down  as  a  rule,  that 
when  a  is  preceded  by  the  gutturals  hard  g  or  c,  [ho  should  have 
said  palatals,]  it  is,  in  polite  pronunciation,  softened  by  the  inter- 
vention of  a  sound  like  e,  so  that  card,  cart,  guard,  regard,  are 
pronounced  like  heard,  heart,  ghcard,  regheard.  Now,  it  is  re- 
markable that  in  the  vocabulary  or  dictionary,  the  aijthor  has 
departed  from  his  rule,  for  in  not  one  of  the  foregoing  words, 
except  ^/orrf,  nor  in  a  multitude  of  other  words  which  fall  within 
the  rule,  has  he  directed  this  sound  of  c  before  the  following 
vowel.  Had  he  conformed  to  his  own  rule,  he  must  have  per- 
verted the  pronunciation  of  car,  carbuncle,  care,  carcass,  cardinal, 
cargo,  garden,  garter,  discard,  and  a  long  list  of  other  words,  too 
long  to  be  here  enumerated.  The  English  orthocpists  now  con- 
fine this  prepositive  sound  of  e  to  guard,  guaranty,  guardian, 

fuilc,  kind,  and  a  few  others.  The  probable  origin  of  this  fault 
as  been  already  assigned,  in  treating  of  the  letter  u.  It  is  an 
affected  pronunciation,  which  Nares  calls  **  a  monster,  peculiar  to 
the  stage."  Indeed,  this  slender  sound  of  c  before  another  vowel, 
is  wholly  incompatible  with  that  manly  enunciation  which  is 
peculiarly  suited  to  the  genius  of  the  language.  Perry  and 
Jameson  have  rejected  it. 

13.  In  the  first  edition  of  Walker's  Dictionary,  the  author, 
under  the  word  tripod,  observes,  that  "  all  words  ol  two  syllables, 
with  the  accent  on  the  first,  and  having  one  consonant  between 
two  vowels,  ought  to  have  the  vowel  in  the  first  syllable  long." 
But  this  was  too  rash,  for  such  words  as  ccm'ent,  dcs'ert,  preface, 
prcs'ent,  profit,  rcb'el,  trop'ic,  and  a  multitude  of  others,  stand, 
in  the  author's  book,  in  direct  opposition  to  his  own  rule.  In  a 
subsequent  edition,  the  author,  or  some  other  person,  has  qualified 
the  rule  by  an  exception  in  favor  of  settled  usage.  This  excep- 
tion destroys  the  value  of  the  rule  ;  and  indeed  there  is,  and  there 
can  be,  no  rule  applicable  to  words  of  this  class.  The  pronuncia- 
tion of  the  first  vowel  can  be  known  only  by  the  usage. 

14.  The  derivatives  of  nation  and  ratio  Walker  and  Jones 
pronounce  nash'onal,  rash'onal.  If  this  should  be  defended  on 
the  ground  of  the  shortening  power  of  the  antepenultimate  ac- 
cent, then  let  me  ask  why  we  have  not  nosh'onal  from  notion^ 
decosh'final  funw  devotion,  prohash'oner  from  jnobation,  stash'on- 
ary  from  station^  Why  make  rules  and  not  apply  them  ?  Why 
indulge  such  palpable  inconsistencies  and  multiply  anomalies.'' 

J 5.  Possfi.ss  is,  by  the  English  orthoepists,  pronounced  pozzess ; 
but  why  not,  then,  pronounce  assess,  a.ssist,  tissassin,  concession, 
obsession,  with  the  sound  of  z  ?  Can  any  good  reason  be  assigned 
for  making  possess  an  exception  to  the  pronunciation  of  this  class 


Ixvi 


INTRODUCTION. 


of  words?  This  utterance  of  sounds  through  the  nose  is  always 
disagreeable  to  the  ear,  and  should  be  restricted  to  words  in 
which  usage  is  established.  Good  taste  should  rather  Induce  a 
limitation  than  an  extension  of  tliis  practice.  This  remark 
applies  also  to  some  words  beginning  with  dis,  in  which  Walker 
goes  beyond  other  orthoepists  in  giving  to  s  this  nasal  sound. 

16.  Walker  lays  it  down  as  a  fact,  that  u  has  the  sound  of  e 
aud  oo  or  yu.  This  is  true  in  many  words,  as  in  union,  unite, 
unanimitij,  &c.  Hence,  according  to  his  principle,  u  in  these 
words  is  to  be  pronounced  yunion,  yunite,  without  the  letter  y 
prefixed.  Yet  he  writes  these  and  similar  words  with  y,  yunion, 
which,  upon  his  principles,  would  prefix  yu  to  the  sound  of  yn, 
and  the  pronunciation  would  be  yuyunitc,  or  cooyunile.  But  his 
notation  of  this  sound  of  u  is  not  uniform;  for  he  writes  lisuniun 
and  disunite  witliout  y,  though  it  must  be  as  proper  in  tiie  com- 
pound as  in  the  simple  word.  The  same  inconsistency  occurs 
between  use,  written  yuse,  yuze,  and  disuse,  disuze. 

17.  There  is  a  fault  in  Walker's  notation  of  o,  when  it  has  the 
sound  of  oo,  the  French  ou.  In  the  Key,  he  marks  o,  when  it 
has  this  sound,  with  the  figure  2,  and  gives  jnore  as  an  example. 
Then,  according  to  his  Key,  o  alone,  when  thus  marked,  sounds 
as  oo.  But  in  the  Vocabulary,  he  thus  marks  both  vowels  in 
book,  took,  boot,  and  all  similar  words.  Then,  according  to  his 
notation,  each  of  the  vowels  has  the  sound  of  oo,  and  book,  look, 
are  to  be  pronounced  6oO'OoA-,  loo'ook.  He  certainly  did  not  in- 
tend this;  but  such  is  precisely  his  direction,  or  the  result  of  his 
notation  ;  and  a  foreigner,  without  counter-direction,  must  be  led 
into  this  pronunciation. 

The  same  fault  occurs  in  hia  notation  of  M,  as  in  meet  and  seek. 

18.  yolume.  Walker  and  Jones  pronounce  Tolyume,  but  this  is 
not  exactly  correct.  Will  it  be  said  that  in  volume  the  u  is  long .' 
This  is  not  the  fact;  at  least  I  never  heard  it  thus  pronounced 
either  in  England  or  America  ;  it  is  always  short  in  common 
usage,  i.  e  ,  has  the  first  sound  of  u,  shortened. 

19.  Ink,  uncle,  concord,  concourse,  concubine,  are  pronounced 
by  Walker,  ingk,  ungkl,  kongkord,  kongkorse,  kungkubine ;  and 
these  odious  vulgarisms  are  offered  for  our  adoption.  There  can 
be  no  apology  fur  such  attempts  to  corrupt  our  language. 

20.  It  Is  known  that  tlie  word  imagery  is,  by  Walker  and  the 
other  orthoepists,  pronounced  in  four  syllables;  the  final  e  of  the 
primitive  word  being  detached  from  it,  and  uttered  with  r,  as  a 
distinct  syllable.  Why  savogery  has  escaped  the  same  fate,  I  do 
not  know.  It  is  obvious  that,  in  negligent  practice,  these  words 
have  ot\en  been  thus  pronounced.  But  the  most  correct  pro- 
nunciation retains  the  original  word  entire  m  the  derivative,  the 
slight  sound  of  e  before  r  no  more  constituting  a  syllable,  than  it 
does  in  more  and  mire.     Take  the  following  examples :  — 


Of  marble  stone  was  cut 
An  altar  carv'd  with  cunning  imagery.  Spenser. 

When  in  those  oratories  might  you  see 

Rich  carvings,  portraitures,  and  imagery.  Dryden. 

Your  gift  shall  two  large  goblets  be 
Of  silver,  wrought  with  curious  imagery.  Dryden. 

What  can  Ihy  imagery  of  sorrow  mean.'  Prior. 

Pronounced  in  four  syllables,  imagery,  in  these  lines,  makes 
a  syllable  too  much,  and  Injures  the  measure,  and  in  the  last 
example  utterly  destroys  it.  The  true  pronunciation  of  Spenser, 
Dryden,  and  Prior,  is  the  same  as  it  always  has  been  in  my  ele- 
mentary books.  [Although  the  same  remarks  may  be  applicable 
to  such  words  as  hrarery,  jinery,  knavery,  scenery,  slavery,  &c., 
it  has  been  thought  best  to  make  a  distinct  syllable  of  the  e  and 
r,  to  avoid  misunderstanding  as  to  the  sound  Intended.] 

21.  Formerly  the  words  puissance,  puissant,  had  the  accent 
on  the  second  syllable  ;  although  the  poets  seem,  in  some  in- 
stances, to  have  blended  the  four  first  letters  into  one  syllable. 
But  the  modern  change  of  the  accent  to  the  first  syllable.  Is  not 
in  accordance  with  Kngllsh  analogies,  and  it  impairs  the  measure 
of  many  lines  of  poetry,  in  which  these  words  occur.  In  the 
adverb  puissantly,  it  has  a  very  bad  effect. 

The  foregoing  observations  extend  to  whole  classes  of  words, 
in  which  the  gennine  pronunciation  has  been  changed,  unsettled, 
and  perverted.  It  would  be  inconsistent  with  the  limited  nature 
of  this  Introduction,  to  enter  into  an  examination  of  every  par- 
ticular word  of  disputable  pronunciation.  It  seems  to  be  Inex- 
pedient and  useless  to  bestow,  as  Walker  has  done,  half  a  page, 
or  a  page,  on  a  single  word,  in  attempting  to  settle  some  trifling 
point,  or,  in  many  cases,  to  settle  a  point  that,  in  this  country, 
has  never  been  disputed. 

To  give  a  brief  statement  of  the  errors,  diversities,  and  contra- 
dictions of  the  principal  schemes  of  orthoepy  which  have  been 
oflfered  to  the  public,  within  the  last  half  century,  two  classes  of 
words  only  will  be  sufficient  as  specimens. 

The  following  lists  are  not  complete,  but  they  comprehend  the 
greatest  number  of  words  In  their  respective  classes.  The  dates 
at  the  head  of  the  columns,  designate  the  year  when  the  Dic- 
tionaries in  my  possession  were  published,  indicating  nearly,  but 
not  exactly,  the  origin  of  each  scheme.  In  the  orthography,  I 
have  given  the  letters  used  by  each  author,  in  the  syllable  which 
contains  the  difference  of  pronunciation ;  in  the  others,  [  have 
followed  the  common  orthography. 


Sheridan 
1784. 
Abbrcvyatnre, 
Accentuate, 
Accentuation, 
Actual, 
Actuate,  &c., 
Admikstshnr, 
Adventual, 
Adventshur, 
Agriculture, 
Aperture, 
Arkitektshur, 
Armature, 
Artuate, 
Attaintsbnr, 
Avcntshor, 
Befortune, 
Bounty  us. 
Calenture, 
Capitulate, 
Capsular, 
Captshur, 
Cartulary, 
Celature, 
CInctshur, 
Claushur, 
Commensurate, 
Commutual, 
Compactshur, 
Compostshur, 


fValker. 
17;»4. 
Abbreveatshore, 
Accentshuate, 
Accentshuation, 
Actshnal, 
Actshuate, 
Admikstshure, 
Adventshual, 
Adventshurc, 
Agricultshure, 
Apertshure, 
Archltectshure, 
Armatshure, 
Artshuate, 
Attaintshure, 
Aventshure, 
Befortshune, 
Bountcheous, 
Calentshure, 
Capitulate, 
Capshular, 
Captshure, 
Cartshulary, 
Celatshure, 
CInctshure, 
Clauzhure, 
Commenshurate, 
Commutshual, 
Compactshure, 
Compostshure, 


Jones. 

1798. 
Abbreviature, 
Accentuate, 
Accentuation, 
Actual, 
Actuate, 
Admixture, 
Adventual, 
Adventure, 
Agriculture, 
Aperture, 
Archltectshure, 
Armature, 
Artuate, 
Attalnture, 
Aventure, 
Befortune, 
Bounteous, 
Calenture, 
Capitulate, 
Capshular, 
Captshur, 
Cartulary, 
Celatshure, 
Cincture, 
Clauzhure, 
Commenshurate^ 
Commutshual, 
Compacture, 
Compostshure, 


Perry, 

1805. 
Abbrev'iature, 
Accentuate, 
Accentuation, 
Actual, 
Actuate, 
Admixture, 
Adventual, 
Adventure, 
Agriculture, 
Aperture, 
Architecture, 
Armature. 

Attalnture. 

Befortune, 

Bounteous, 

Calenture, 

Capitulate, 

Capsular, 

Capture, 

Cartulary, 

Celature, 

Cincture, 

Clauzhure, 

Commensurate, 

Commutual, 

Compacture, 

Composture. 


Jameson. 
1827. 
Abbreveature 
Accentuate. 
Accentuation. 
Actual. 
Actuate. 
Admixture. 
Adventual. 
Adventure. 
Agriculture. 
Aperture. 
Architecture. 


Aventure. 

Befortune. 

Bounteous. 

Calenture. 

Capitulate. 

Capsular. 

Capture. 

Cartulary. 

Celature. 

Cingkture. 

Clauzhur. 

Commensurate. 

Commutual. 

Compacture. 


INTRODUCTION. 


JtVll 


Sheridan. 
1784. 
Concretshur, 
Congratulate, 
Conjectshur, 
Conjunctshur, 
Connatural, 
Constituent, 
Constructahur, 
Contextshur, 
Conventual, 
Counternatural, 
Courtshus, 
Creatshur, 
Cultshur, 
Debentshur, 
Decoctshur, 
Defeatshur, 
Dejectshur, 
Departshur, 
Dicta  tshur, 
Diseomfitshur, 
Discourtshus, 
Disnaturalize, 
Disnatshured, 
Divestshur, 
Dutyus, 
Effectual, 
Euraptshur, 
Estuary, 
Estuate, 
Eventual, 
Expostulate, 
Fac  tshur, 
Fastuous, 
Featshur, 
Fistula, 
Flatulence, 
Flatuous, 
Fluctuate, 
Fortune, 
Fractshur, 
FructuouB, 
Futshur, 
Garnitshur, 
Gestshur, 
Gratulate, 
Guttural, 
Habitual, 
Uorticultshur, 
Hortulan, 
Illnatshur, 
Immensburable, 
Impetuous, 
Importunate, 
Impostshur, 
Incestuous, 
Indentshur, 
Ineffectual, 
Infatuate, 
Insculptshur, 
Insular, 
Insulated, 
Intellectual, 
Jolntshur, 
Junctsbur, 
Lectshur, 
Legislatshur, 
Mantua, 
Manufactshur, 
Maturate, 
Menshurable, 
Meteor, 
Misfortshun, 
Mixtsbur, 
Moistshur, 
Morshur, 
Mutshual, 
Natahur, 
Natabural, 


Walker. 
1794. 
Concretshure, 
Congratshulate, 
Conjectshure, 
Conjunctshure, 
Connatshural, 
Const!  tshuent, 
Constructshure, 
Contextshure, 
Conventsbual,  , 

Counternatshural, 
Courtsheous.^ 
Cretshure, 
Cultsbure, 
Debentshure, 
Decoctshure, 
Defeatshure, 
Dejectsbure, 
Departahure, 
Dictatshure, 
Discomfityure, 
Discourtshus, 
Disnatshuralize, 
Disnatshured, 
Divestsbure, 
Duteous  or  Dutsheous, 
Effectshual, 
Enraptshure, 
Estshuary, 
Estsbuate, 
Eventshual, 
Expostsbulate, 
Factshurc, 
Fastshuous, 
Featshure, 
Fistsbula, 
Flatshulence, 
Flatsbuous, 
Fluctshuate, 
Fortshune, 
Fractshure, 
Fructshuous, 
Futshure, 
Garnitsbure, 
Gestshure, 
Gratshulate, 
Guttshural, 
Habitshual, 
Horticultsbure, 
Hortsbulan, 
Illnatshure, 
Immenshurable, 
Impetshuous, 
Importsbunatc, 
Impostsbure, 
Incestshuous, 
Indentshure, 
Ineffectshual, 
Infatahuate, 
Insculptshure, 
Insbular, 
Insbulated, 
Intellectabual, 
Jointshure, 
Junktsbure, 
Lectabure, 
Legialatsbure, 
Mantshua, 
Manufactsbure, 
Matsb  urate, 
Menahurable, 
Meteor  or  Metsheor, 
Misfortsliune, 
Mixtshure, 
Moiatabure, 
Morsbure, 
Mutshual, 
Natshure, 
Natshural, 


Jones. 

1798. 
Concretshure, 
Congratulate, 
Conjectur, 
Conjunctur, 
Connatshural, 
Constituent, 
Constructure, 
■Contextshure, 
Conventual, 
Counternatural, 
Courteous, 
Creatshure, 
Culture, 
Debenture, 
Decocture, 
Defeature, 
Dejecture, 
Departahure, 
Dictature, 
Discomfityure, 
Discourteous, 
Disnaturalize, 
Dianatabured, 
Divestsbure, 
Duteous, 
Effectual, 
Enraptshure, 
Estuary, 
Eatuate, 
Eventual, 
Expostulate, 
Facture, 
Fastshuous, 
Featshure, 
Fiatsbula, 
Flatulence, 
Flatuous, 
Fluctuate, 
Fortshune, 
Fractshure, 
Fructuous, 
Futshur, 
Garniture, 
Gestshure, 
Gratulate, 
Guttural, 
Habitual, 
Horticulture, 
Hortulan, 
Illnatshure, 
Immenshurable, 
Impetshuous, 
Importsbunatc, 
Impostsbure, 
Incestshuous, 
Indentshure, 
Ineffectshual, 
Infatuate, 
Insculptshure, 
Insular, 
Insulated, 
Intellectshual, 
Jointure, 
Junctsbure, 
Lectshure, 
Legislature, 
Mantua, 
Manufactsbure, 
Matshurate, 
Menshurable, 
Meteor, 
Misfortshune, 
Mixtshure, 
Moistsbure, 
Morsbure, 
Mutshual, 
Natshur, 
Nattshural, 


Perry. 

1805. 
Concreture, 
Congratulate, 
Conjecture. 
Conjuncture, 
Connatural, 
Constituent, 
Constructure, 
Contexture, 
Conventual, 
Counternatural. 
Curtcheous, 
Creature, 
Culture, 
Debenture, 
Decocture, 
Defeature. 
Dejecture, 
Departure, 

Discomfiture, 

Discurcheous, 

Disnaturalize, 

Disnatured. 

Divesture, 

Duteous, 

Effectual, 

Enrapture, 

Estuary, 

Estuate, 

Eventual, 

Expostulate, 

Facture, 

Fastuous. 

Feature, 

Fistula, 

Flatulence, 

Flatuous. 

Fluctuate, 

Fortune, 

Fracture, 

Fructuous, 

Future, 

Garniture, 

Gesture, 

Gratulate, 

Guttural, 

Habitual, 

Horticulture 

Hortulan, 

Illnature, 

Immenshurable, 

Impetuous, 

Importunate, 

Imposture, 

Incestuous, 

Indenture, 

Ineffectual, 

Infatuate, 

Insculpture, 

Insular, 

Insulated, 

Intellectual, 

Jointure, 

Juncture, 

Lecture, 

Legislature, 

Mantua, 

Manufacture, 

Maturate, 

Mensurable, 

Meteor, 

Misfortune, 

Mixture, 

Moisture, 

Morsbure. 

Mutual, 

Natchure, 

Natural, 


Jameson. 
1827. 
Concreture. 
Congratulate. 
Conjecture. 
Conjunkture. 
Connatural 
Constituent 
Constructure 
Contexture. 
Conventual. 

Courteous 

Creture. 

Culture. 

Debenture. 

Decocture. 

Dejecture 

Departure. 

Dictature. 

Discomfiture. 

Discourteous. 

Disnaturalize 

Divesture. 

Duteous. 

Effectual. 

Enrapture 

Estuary. 

Estuate. 

Eventual. 

Expostulate 

Facture. 

Feteyer. 

Fistula. 

Flatulence 

Fluctuate 

Fortune. 

Fracture. 

Fructuous. 

Futyure. 

Garniture. 

Gesture. 

Gratulate. 

Guttural. 

Habitual. 

Horticulture. 

Hortulan. 

lUnatyur. 

Immcnsurable 

Impetuous. 

Importunate. 

Impostyur. 

Incestuous. 

Indentyur. 

Ineffectual. 

Infatuate. 

Insculptyur. 

Insular. 

Insulated. 

Intellectual. 

Jointyur. 

Junctyur. 

Lectyur. 

Legislatyur 

Mantua. 

Manufactyur 

Maturate. 

Mensurable 

Meteor. 

Misfortune. 

Mixtyur. 

Moistyor. 

Mutual. 

Nateyur. 

Natural. 


Ixviii 


INTRODUCTION. 


Sheridan. 
1784. 
NocUhuary, 
Nurtshur, 
Uvertshar, 
PainUbur, 
PasUhur, 
Peninshula, 
Periostshura, 
Perpetshual, 
Perpetshuity, 
Pictshur, 
Piteous, 
Plentshos, 
Postsbur, 
Pos  tabulate, 
Presumptuous, 
Projectshur, 
Promptsbur, 
Punctsbual, 
Punctshur, 
Pnstshul, 
Raptsbur, 
Recapittsbulate, 
Ritsbual, 
Ruptsbor, 
Sanctshuarj, 
Satsburate, 
Scriptsbur, 
Sculptsbar, 
Septsbuagint, 
Sittsbuate, 
Spirituhual, 
Sportshul, 
Stattsbaarjr, 
SUttsha, 
Stattshur, 
Stattsbut, 
Strictahur, 
Structsbur, 
Sumptabuous, 
Sbootshur, 
Taran  tabula. 
Tempestuous, 
Tenshur, 
Teitshuary, 
TexUbur, 
Tinctsbur, 
Titsbular, 
TorUhur, 
Tortshuous, 
Tritsburation, 
Tshooniultshuous, 
UnctshuouSf 
Unstattshutable, 
Ve«tsbur, 
Ventshur, 
Veolentchelo, 
Vertshu, 
Vitshuline, 
Voluptshuous, 
Vultshur, 
Waftshur, 


1794. 
Noctshuary, 
Nurtshure, 
Overtshure, 
Paintsbure, 
Pastshure, 
Peninshula, 
Periostsbum, 
Ferpetsbual, 
Perpetuity, 
Fictshure, 
Pitcheous, 
Plentshus, 
Postahure, 
Pnatsbulate, 
Prezumtshuous, 
Projeetsbure, 
Promptshure, 
Punctsbual, 
Punctshure, 
Pustshule, 
Raptshure, 
Recapittsbulate, 
Ritahual, 
Ruptahure, 
Sanctsbuary, 
Satsburate, 
Scriptshure, 
Sculptsbure, 
Septsbuagint, 
Sittsbuate, 
Spirittsbual, 
Sportsbule, 
Stattabuary, 
SUttshu, 
Stattsbure, 
Stattshute, 
Strictshure, 
Structsbure, 
Sumptabuous, 
Sutshure, 
Taran  tshula, 
Tempestshuoua, 
Tenshure, 
Teitshuary, 
Teitsbure, 
Tinctshure, 
Tittsbular, 
Tortshure, 
Tortshuous, 
Tritshuration, 
Tumultabuous, 
Ungkt&buous, 
Unatattsbutable, 
Vestshure, 
Ventsbure, 
Veolentshelo, 
Vertabu, 
Vitshuline, 
Voluptshuous, 
Vultshure, 
WaiUhure, 


Jones, 

1798. 
Noctuary, 
Nurtahure, 
Overture, 
Paintsbure, 
Pastshure, 
Peninshula, 
Perioateum, 
Perpetshual, 
Perpetuity, 
Pictshur, 
Piteous, 
Plenteous, 
Postshure, 
Postshulate, 
Prezumtshuous, 
Projeetsbure, 
Promptshure, 
Punctual, 
Punctshure, 
Pustshule, 
Raptsbur, 
Recapittsbulate, 
Ritsbual, 
Ruptshure, 
Sanctuary, 
Satahurate, 
Scriptshure, 
Sculptsbure, 
Septuagint, 
Situate, 
Spirittsbual, 
Sportsbule. 
Stattshuary, 
Stattshu, 
Stattsbure, 
Stattshute, 
Strictshure, 
Struclshure, 
Sumtshuous, 
Sutshure, 
Taran  tshula, 
Tempestshuons, 
Tenshure, 
Teitshuary, 
Textshure, 
Tinctshure, 
Titshular, 
Tortshure, 
Tortshuous, 
Tritshuration, 
Tumultshuous, 
Unctuous, 
Unstattshutable, 
Vestshure, 
Ventsbure, 
Veoloncbelo, 
Vertshu, 
Vitshuline, 
Voluptshuous, 
Vultshure, 
Waftsbure, 


Perry. 

Jameson. 

1805. 

1827. 

Noctuary, 

Noctuary. 

Nurture, 

Nurtyur. 

Overture, 

Overture. 

Painture. 

Pasture, 

Pastyur. 

Peninsula, 

Peninsula. 

Periosteum, 

Perioateum. 

Perpetual, 

Perpetual. 

Perpetuity, 

Perpetuity. 

Picture, 

Pictyur. 

Piteous, 

Piteous. 

Plenteous, 

Plenteous. 

Posture, 

Postyur. 

Postulate, 

Postulate. 

Presumptuous, 

Presumptuous 

Projecture, 

Projecture. 

Prompturc, 

Promptyur. 

Punctual, 

Pungtual. 

Puncture, 

Pungktyur. 

Pustule, 

Pustule. 

Rapture, 

Raptyur 

Recapitulate, 

Recapitulate 

Ritual, 

Ritual. 

Rupture, 

Ruptyur. 

Sanctuary, 

Sangktuary 

Saturate, 

Saturate. 

Scripture, 

Scriptyur. 

Sculpture, 

Sculptyur. 

Septuagint, 

Septuagint 

Situate, 

Situate. 

Spiritual, 

Spiritual. 

Statuary, 

Statuary. 

Statu, 

Statu. 

Stature, 

Statyur. 

Statute, 

Statute. 

Stricture, 

Strictyur. 

Structure, 

Structyui*. 

Sumptuous, 

Sumptuous. 

Suture, 

Suteyur. 

Tarantula, 

Tarantula. 

Tempestuous, 

Tempestuous. 

Tenshur, 

Tenshur. 

Teituary, 

Textuary. 

Teiture, 

Textyur. 

Tincture, 

Tingktyur. 

Titular, 

Titular. 

Torture, 

Tortyur. 

Tortuous, 

Tortuous. 

Triturate, 

Trituration. 

Tumultuous, 

Tumultuous. 

Unctuous, 

Ungktuoua. 

Unstatutable. 

Vesture, 

Veatyur. 

Venture, 

Ventyur. 

Violoncello, 

Veolontaello. 

Virtue, 

Virtu. 

Vituline. 

Voluptuous, 

Voluptuous. 

Vulture, 

Vultyur. 

Wafture. 

This  table  of  words  may,  perhaps,  be  thought  a  burlesque  on 
English  orthoepy.  It  certainly  presents  a  phenomenon  altogether 
novel  in  the  history  of  language. 

Of  these  five  authorities,  the  notation  of  Perry,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  a  few  words  ending  in  ure,  is  most  nearly  accordant 
to  the  present  usage  in  England,  as  far  as  my  observations,  while 
in  that  country,  extended.  That  of  Walker  is  by  far  the  most 
remote  from  that  usage.  From  an  actual  enumeration  of  the 
syllables  in  certain  classes  of  words  in  which  the  vowel  is  errone- 
ously pronounced,  in  Walker's  scheme,  I  have  ascertained  that 
the  number  amounts  to  more  than  twelve  thousand,  without 
including  several  classes  of  unaccented  syllables,  which  would 
swell  the  number  by  some  thousands.  Of  this  whole  number,  I 
did  not,  while  in  England,  hear  one  vowel  pronounced  according 
to  Walker's  notation.     The  zeal  manifested  in  this  country  to 


make  his  pronunciation  a  standard,  is  absolute  infatuation,  as, 
if  adopted  in  its  full  e.ttent,  it  would  introduce  many  differences 
in  the  pronunciation  of  words  in  the  two  countries,  in  wiiich 
sameness  now  exists;  and  even  the  attempt,  should  it  not  be 
successful,  must  multiply  discordancies  and  distract  opinions, 
and  thus  place  the  desired  uniformity  at  a  greater  distance  than 
ever.  Fortunately,  Walker's  pronunciation  has  never  been  gen- 
erally received  in  England,  and  where  it  has  been  received,  we 
see,  by  Jameson's  Dictionary,  that  it  is  becoming  unpopular  and 
obsolete.  Walker's  pronunciation  of  several  classes  of  words 
is  also  condemned  by  Jones  and  Knowles. 

We  observe  in  the  following  list,  that  the  three  first  of  these 
ortboepists  have  no  rule  by  which  their  pronunciation  is  regulated. 
Hence  the  want  of  uniformity  in  words  of  like  orthography. 
See  bounteous,  courteous,  duteous,  and  plenteous.     Why  should 


INTRODUCTION. 


Ixix 


plenteous  be  reduced  to  two  syllables,  when  bounteous  is  pro- 
nounced in  three  ?  And  what  reason  can  be  assigned  for  the 
different  notation  of  capitulate  and  recapitulate  ? 

A  remarkable  instance  of  inconsistency  in  Walker's  notation, 
occurs  in  words  of  more  syllables  than  txv^,  ending  in  turc. 
Thus  we  find  tare  converted  into  chare  [tshure]  in 

Abbreviatshure.  Compactshure.  Dejcctshure. 

Admixtshure.  Compostshure.  Dcpartshure. 

Advcutshure.  Concretshure.  Dictatshure. 

Agricultshure.  Conjectshure.  Divestshure. 

Apertshure.  Conjunctshure.  Impostshure.  , 

Attaintshure.  Contextshure.  Indentshure. 

Aventshure.  Debentshure.  Overtshure. 

Celatshure.  Decoctshure.  I'rojectshure. 

Calentshure.  Defeatshure. 

But  in  the  following  words  the  terminating  syllable  remains 


unaltered 
Illlterature. 
Intemperature 
Inrestiture. 
Judicature. 
Ligature. 
Limature. 


Literature. 

Miniature. 

Nunciature. 

Nutriture. 

Prefecture. 


Prelature. 

Quadrature. 

Serrature. 

Signature. 

Temperature. 


In  this  class  of  words,  Sheridan  and  Jones  are  also  inconsistent 
with  themselves,  though  not  to  the  same  extent  as  Walker. 
Perry  and  Jameson  retain,  in  all  these  words,  the  true  orthog- 
raphy and  pronunciation.  In  these  words,  also.  Walker  gives  to 
u,  in  the  last  syllable,  its  first  or  long  sound  ;  but  this  is  an  in- 
accurate notatjon ;  the  sound  is  that  of  tlie  long  «,  slwrtened, 
at  least  so  far  as  my  observation  extends,  either  in  England  or 
the  United  States. 

In  the  following  classes  of  words,  as  pronounced  by  Walker, 
there  is  either  error  or  inconsistency,  or  both. 


Assidjuoua. 

Commodious  or  Commojeus. 
Crcdjulous. 
Dividual  or  Dividjual. 
Fastidious  or  Fastidjeous. 
Gradient  or  Grajcent. 
Gradual  or  Gradjual. 
Gu.irdian  or  Guarjean. 
Hideus  or  Hidjeous. 
Immediacy  or  Immejeasy. 
Incendiary  or  Incenjcary. 
Individual  or  Individjual. 
Ingrejent  [for  Ingredient.] 
Insidious  or  Insidjeus. 
Intermedial  or  Intermejeal. 
Invidious  or  Invidjeus. 
Mediocrity  or  Mejeocrity. 
Medium  or  Mejeum. 
Melodious  or  Mclojeus. 
Meridian  or  Meridjean. 
Modulate  or  Modjulatc. 
Nidjulalion. 
Nodjule. 
Noctidyal  or  Noctidjcal. 


Obejeence. 

Obejeent. 

Obduracy  or  Objuracy. 

Obdurate  or  Objurate. 

Occidjuus. 

Odium  or  Ojeum. 

Ojus  or  Ojeus. 

Ordeal  or  Orjeal. 

Penjulous. 

Penjulum. 

Predial  or  Prcjeal. 

Prelujeus. 

Presidjeal. 

Procejure. 

Quotijean. 

Radiate  or  Rajeatc. 

Radiant  or  Rajeant. 

Radius  or  Rajeus. 

Rezidjual. 

Sardius  or  Sarjeus. 

Sedulous  or  Sedj  ulcus. 

Studious  or  Stujeus. 

Tedious  or  Tcjeus. 


It  would  seem  that,  in  a  large  part  of  these  words,  we  may 
take  our  choice,  either  to  retain  the  proper  sound  of  (/,  or  to 
convert  it  into  that  of  j.  This  clioicc  certainly  makes  an  odd 
kind  of  standard.  But  why  mediate  should  retain  the  sound  of 
(/,  while  imvicdiacy  and  medium  suffer  a  change  ;  or  why  radiate 
should  bo  given  in  the  alternative,  radiate  or  rajcale,  while  irra- 
diate and  irradiance  are  not  subjected  to  any  change  ;  or  why 
obedience  should  be  changed  into  obejeence,  and  disobedience  re- 
main unchanged,  I  am  not  able  to  conjecture. 

•  Walker's  Dictionary  has  been  trumpeted,  in  tliii  country,  ns  the  Htanilard  of 
orthoepy  in  Enplnnd.  This  is  so  far  from  the  truth,  that  tliree  Inter  comiiiler!) 
of  prrmouncini^  diction.iries,  living  in  London,  have  expressly  cundcmncd  his 
pronunciation  in  whole  classes  of  words. 

Walker's  notation  of  a  before  5,  in  such  words  ns  loMt,  last,  past,  giving  a  the 
•hort  sound  it  ha.s  in  fan,  lack,  is  condenmed  by  Jones,  who  calls  it  a  minciiiff, 
modem  nfectation.  Walker's  giving  to  oo  in  took,  took,  and  others,  the  same 
voiind  as  in  toofJi,  toot,  is  condemned  by  the  same  author.  Walker's  givinc  to 
Ibe  short  I  and  y  the  sound  of  ee  or  long  e,  in  such  words  ns  /rtory,  prottUy, 
which,  by  his  not.atitm,  are  to  be  pronounced  ghiree,  prubeetee,  Jones  pronounces 
to  be  ItutiCTOUA.     This  error  extends  to  more  than  eleven  thoiuaml  syllabley. 

Walker's  change  of  the  sound  uf  d  into  that  of  j,  in  certain  cLudos  of  words. 


These  classes  of  words  exhibit  a  specimen  of  the  modern 
ORTHOEPY,  so  callcd,  of  our  language  ;  it  is  indeed  a  brief  and 
imperfect  specimen,  for  1  have  ascertained  by  actual  enumera- 
tion, that  a  catalogue  of  all  the  differences  of  notation  in  these 
authors,  would  comprehend  about  one  third  of  all  the  words  in 
their  vocabularies.  Amidst  this  mass  of  errors  and  conlradio- 
tions,  our  consolation  is,  that  the  good  sense  of  the  English 
nation,  a  learned  and  respectable  peiiple,  is  triumphing  over  the 
follies  and  caprices  of  fashion,  and  frowning  on  this  most  mis- 
chievous spirit  of  innovation." 

In  proportion  as  the  importance  of  settled  usages  and  of  pre- 
serving inviolate  the  proper  sounds  of  letters,  as  the  true  and 
only  safe  landmarks  of  pronunciation,  shall  be  appreciated  by  an 
enlightened  people,  just  in  that  proportion  will  all  attempts  of 
affected  speakers  to  innovate  upon  such  established  usages,  be 
reprobated  and  resisted. 

The  intentions  of  the  men  who  have  undertaken  to  give  a 
standard  of  pronunciation,  have,  unquestionably,  been  upright 
and  sincere;  but  facts  have  proved  that  instead  of  good,  they 
have,  on  the  whole,  done  harm  ;  for  instead  of  reducing  the  pro- 
nunciation of  words  to  uniformity,  they  have,  to  a  considerable 
extent,  unsettled  it,  and  multiplied  differences.  The  whole 
process  of  these  attempts,  from  Sheridan's  first  publication,  is 
within  my  memory  ;  and  I  am  confident  that,  .whatever  has  been 
the  effect  of  these  attempts  in  Great  Britain,  the  result  of  them, 
in  the  United  States,  has  been  to  multiply  greatly  the  diversities 
of  pronunciation.  And  such  is  tlie  present  state  of  the  authori- 
ties, offered  as  standards,  that  it  is  impossible,  from  books,  to 
gain  a  correct  knowledge  of  what  is  the  general  us.ige.  If  I  had 
no  other  means  of  knowing  this  general  usage,  than  the  English 
books,  I  should  be  utterly  unable  to  ascertain  it,  and  should  give 
up  the  attempt  as  hopeless. 1 

Some  of  the  differences  of  notation,  in  the  several  books,  may 
be  rather  apparent  tlian  real ;  but  with  all  due  allowance  for  this 
imperfection  of  the  schemes,  I  am  persuaded  that  there  are  ttn 
differences  among  these  orthoepists,  where  there  is  one  in  tlie 
actual  pronunciation  of  respectable  people  iir  England  and  the 
United  States;  and  in  most  of  them  the  notation,  if  strictly  fol- 
lowed, will  lead  to  ten  differences  of  pronunciation,  where  one 
only  now  exists  in  the  actual  practice  of  the  two  countries. 

This  effect  of  multiplying  doubts  and  diversities  has  resulted 
from  very  obvious  causes. 

1.  The  limited  acquaintance  of  orthoepists  with  the  general 
usage,  and  their  taking  the  pronunciation  of  London,  or  some 
dialect  or  local  practice  in  tliat  city,  for  the  best  usage.  Tlie 
propagation  of  such  a  dialectical  or  peculiar  practice  would  of 
course  disturb  the  uniformity  of  any  other  practice  in  other  parts 
of  England  or  in  this  country. 

2.  "The  difficulty,  or  rather  impracticability,  of  representing 
sounds,  and  nice  distinctions  of  sound,  on  paper ;  especially  iu 
unaccented  syllables. 

3.  The  partiality  of  authors  for  the  practice  of  particular 
speakers,  either  stage  players  or  others,  which  would  lead  them 
to  denominate  tliat  the  best  practice  which  had  been  adopted  by 
their  favorites. 

4.  A  spirit  of  fastidious  hypercriticism,  which  has  led  writers 
to  make  minute  distinctions,  that  are  liable  to  be  disputed,  and 
which  tend  only  to  perplex  the  inquirer,  and  generate  uncertainty 
or  diversity,  where  no  essential  difference  had  previously  ex- 
isted in  practice.  This  spirit  is  continually  producing  new  books 
and  new  schemes  of  orthoepy,  and  every  additional  book  serve.s 
only  to  increase  the  difficulty  of  uniting  opinions  and  establishing 
uniformity.  ' 

This  view  of  the  subject  is  probably  the  most  favorable  tliat 
can  be  presented.  The  real  fact  seems  to  be  this;  these,  men 
have  talien  for  the  standard  wliat  they  were  pleased  to  call  the 
best  ilsage,  which,  in  many  cases,  is  a  local  usage,  or  some  favor- 
ite peculiarity  of  particular  speakers,  at  least  if  they  have  had 
any  authority  at  all ;  or  they  have  given  the  pronunciation  which 

is  condemned  by  Jameson.  He  remarks  that  Walker's  adjulation  for  atlufiition  ; 
campenjeum  for  compcitdium ;  insrrjiiiit  for  ingredient,  if  spr>ken  with  solemnity, 
would  be  intolerable.  He  condemns,  also,  Walker's  change  of  tu  into  t.^li,  in 
such  words  as  eonffrat^hulntion,  Jlatshutcnt,  naUhuraL  This  pronunciation, 
Knowlcs,  a  still  later  compiler,  declares  to  be  absolute  pedantry  i  nd  vulgarity. 

t  The  multiplicity  of  books  for  instntcting  us  in  our  vernacular  language,  is 
an  evil  of  no  smiUl  magnitude.  Every  man  has  some  peculiar  nolion.s  wliich  he 
wishes  to  propagate,  anrl  there  is  scarcely  any  p^iciAnrily  or  absurdity  for  which 
some  authority  may  nut  be  found.  'J'he  facility  of  book-making  favors  litis  dis- 
position ;  and  while  a  chi'-f  qualiticallon  for  authorship  is  a  dextrous  u.-ic  of  an 
inverted  pen,  and  a  pair  of  scissors,  we  are  nut  to  expect  relief  from  the  evil. 


bcx 


INTRODUCTION. 


happened  to  please  their  fancy,  though  not  authorized  by  usage 
In  tliis  manner  they  have  attempted  to  bend  the  common  usage 
to  their  particular  fancies. 

It  has  been  in  this  manner,  by  presenting  to  the  public  local 
OT  particular  practice,  or  mere  innovation,  for  a  standard,  instead 
of  general  or  national  usage,  that  the  authora  above  mentioned 
have  unsettled  the  pronunciation  of  many  words,  and  multiplied 
diversities  of  practice.  These  attempts  to  obtrude  local  usage  on 
the  public,  and  bend  to  it  the  general  or  national  us.igc,  are  the 
boldest  assumptions  of  authority  in  language  that  the  history  of 
literature  has  ever  exhibited.  In  England,  however,  tliese  pre- 
tensions to  direct  the  pronunciation  of  the  nation,  have  less  eflect 
than  they  have  in  the  United  States,  for  this  obvious  reason,  that 
in  England  pronunciation  is  regulated  almost  exclusively  by  tlie 
practice  of  the  higher  classes  of  society,  and  not  by  books ;  hence, 
if  books  do  not  exhibit  the  customary  pronunciation,  tlie  falsity 
of  notation  is  easily  detected,  and  tiie  work  which  offers  it  is 
neglected.  But  in  this  country,  where  the  people  resort  chiefly 
to  books  for  rules  of  pronunciation,  a'  false  notation  of  sounds 
operates  as  a  deception,  and  misleads  the  inquirer.  How  long 
the  citizens  of  this  country  will  submit  to  these  impositions,  time 
only  can  determine. 

The  English  language,  when  pronounced  according  to  the 
genuine  composition  of  its  words,  is  a  nervous,  masculine  lan- 
guage, well  adapted  to  popular  eloquence ;  and  it  is  not  improb- 
able that  there  may  be  some  connection  between  this  manly 
character  of  the  language  and  tlie  freedom  of  tht  British  and 
American  constitutions.  They  may,  perhaps,  act  and  react  upon 
each  other  mutuollv,  as  cause  and  etfect,  and  each  contribute  to 
the  preservation  of  the  other.  At  the  same  time,  tlie  language 
is  by  no  means  incapable  of  poetical  sweetness  and  melody. 
The  attempts  to  refine  upon  the  pronunciation,  within  the  last 
half  century,  have,  in  my  opinion,  added  nothing  to  its  smooth- 
ness and  sweetness,  but  have  very  much  impaired  its  strength  of 
expression  as  well  as  its  regularity.  The  attempts  to  banish  the 
Italian  sound  of  a,  and  to  introduce  the  sound  of  e  before  i  and  a, 
as  in  kintt,  gxtard,  duty,  &c.,  ought  to  be  resisted,  as  injurious  to 
the  manly  character  of  the  genuine  English  pronunciation.* 

In  order  to  produce  and  preserva  a  tolerable  degree  of  uni- 
formity, and  the  genuine  purity  of  our  language,  two  things 
appear  to  be  indispensable,  viz., 

1.  To  reject  the  practice  of  noting  the  sounds  of  the  vowels  in' 
the  unaccented  syllables.  Let  any  man,  in  genteel  society  or  in 
public,  pronounce  the  distinct  sound  of  a  in  the  last  syllable  of 
important,  or  the  distinct  sound  of  e  in  the  terminations  less  and 
ntss,  as  in  hopeless,  happiness,  and  he  would  pass  for  a  most  in- 
elegant speaker.  Indeed,  so  different  is  the  slight  sound  of  a 
great  part  of  the  unaccented  vowels,  in  elegant  pronunciation, 
from  iJiat  which  is  directed  in  books  of  orthoepy,  tliat  no  man 
can  possibly  acquire  the  nicer  distinction  of  sounds,  by  means  of 
books ;  distinctions  which  no  characters  yet  invented  can  express. 
Elegant  pronunciation  can  be  learned  only  by  the  ear.  The 
French  and  Italians,  whose  languages  arc  so  popular  in  Europe, 
have  never  attempted  to  teach  the  sounds  of  their  letters  by  a 
system  of  notation  embracing  the  finer  sounds  of  the  vowels. 

2.  To  preserve  purity  and  uniformity  in  pronunciation,  it  is 
necessary  to  banish  from  use  all  books  which  change  the  orthog- 
raphy of  words,  to  adapt  the  pronunciation  to  the  fashion  of  the 
day.  The  scheme  now  pursued  is  the  most  mischievous  project 
for  corrupting  the  language  that  human  ingenuity  ever  devised. 
By  removing  the  landmarks  of  language,  all  the  fences  which 
can  secure  the  purity  and  regularity  of  the  language  from  un- 
licensed depredations  without  end  are  demolished,  the  chief  use 
and  value  of  alphabetical  writing  are  destroyed,  and  every  thing 
is  given  to  chance  and  to  caprice. 

In  determining  the  pronunciation  of  words  in  this  work,  I  have 
availed  myself  of  the  most  respectable  English  authorities,  as 
well  as  of  my  own  personal  observations  in  both  countries,  and  of 
the  observations  of  American  gentlemen  of  erudition,  who  have 
visited  England.  In  selecting  from  a  mass  of  contradictory 
authorities,  I  may  not,  in  all  cases,  have  adopted  the  best  pro- 
nunciation ;  but  I  have  spared  no  pains  to  execute  this  part  of 
the  work  with  fidelity. 

In  general,  the  rules  I  have  prescribed  to  myself  are  these. 
1.   The  usage  of  respectable  people  in  England  and  the  United 

•  The  French  lansuaee,  by  the  loss  or  imperfect  use  of  articulations,  thoneh 
rendered  easy  in  utterance,^:!?  become  so  feeble  in  sound  as  to  be  unfit  for  bold, 
impressive  e'ltxiuence.  From  the  specimens  which  I  have  witnessed  in  the 
Chamber  of  Deputies  in  Paris,  I  should  suppose  the  orator  must  depend  almost 
entirely  oe  his  own  animation  and  action  for  success  in  popular  speaking,  with 


States,  when  identical  in  the  two  countries,  settled  and  undis- 
puted. This  rule  comprehends  most  of  the  words  in  the  lan- 
guage. 2.  When  usage  is  unsettled  or  uncertain,  I  have  adjusted 
the  pronunciation  to  the  regular,  established  analogies  of  the 
language,  as  far  (re  these  can  be  definitely  ascertained ;  having, 
however,  in  accentuation,  some  regard  to  euphony,  or  the  prosaic 
melod3'  wliich  proceeds  from  a  due  succession  of  accented  and 
unaccented  sj-llables. 

There  are  some  words,  differently  pronounced  by  respectable 
people,  in  which  no  decisive  reasons  appear  for  preferring  one 
mode  of  pronouncing  them  to  another ;  either  might  be  adopted, 
without  any  injury  to  melody  or  analogy.  I  see  no  particular 
reason  v,-\iy  pat'ent  should  have  its  first  vowel  short,  and  mu'tron, 
pa'tron,  andpa'triot,  tlie  first  vowel  long.  Much  less  do  I  approve 
the  reasons  assigned  for  making  the  a  short  in  mat'ronal,  and  not 
in  TTia'tronly,  or  short  in  pat'ranal,  and  not  in  pa'troness.  The 
reasons  assigned  by  Walker  appear  to  me  to  be  absolute  trifling. 
The  rule  of  uniformity  is  p.iramouiit  to  every  other,  excepting 
that  of  general,  undisputed  cu.stoin ;  and  when  the  practice  is 
unsettleil,  it  seems  to  be  tlie  duty  of  the  lexicographer  to  be 
guided  by  that  rule,  for  his  authority  may  lead  to  the  uniformity 
desired. 

In  a  few  instances,  the  common  usage  of  a  great  and  respect- 
able portion  of  the  people  of  this  country  accords  with  the  analo- 
gies of  the  language,  but  not  with  the  modern  notation  of  English 
orthoepists.  In  such  cases,  it  seems  expedient  and  proper  to  re- 
tain our  own  usage.  To  renounce  a  practice  confessedly  regular, 
for  one  confessedly  anomalous,  out  of  respect  to  foreign  usage, 
would  hardly  be  consistent  with  the  dignity  of  lexicography. 
When  we  have  principle  on  our  side,  let  us  adhere  to  it.  The 
time  can  not  be  distant,  when  the  population  of  this  vast  country 
will  throw  oflTtheir  leading-strings,  and  walk  in  their  own  strength  ; 
and  the  more  we  can  raise  the  credit  and  authority  of  principle 
over  the  caprices  of  fashion  and  innovation,  the  nearer  we  ap- 
proach to  uniformity  and  stability  in  practice. 

It  is  difficult,  if  not  impracticable,  to  reconcile  the  opinions  of 
a  nation,  in  regard  to  every  point,  either  of  orthography  or  pro- 
nunciation. Every  attempt  that  has  yet  been  made  in  regard  to 
the  English  .anguage,  has  served  only  to  increase  the  difficulty ; 
and  as  a  gentleman  remarked  to  me  in  London,  a  convention  of 
learned  men  could  not  effect  the  object,  for  no  two  men  would 
think  alike  on  the  subject. 

The  language  of  a  nation  is  the  common  property  of  the  peo- 
ple, and  no  individual  has  a  right  to  make  inroads  upon  its  prin- 
ciples. As  it  is  the  medium  of  communication  between  men,  it 
is  important  that  the  same  written  loords  and  the  same  oral  sounds 
to  express  the  same  ideas,  should  be  used  by  the  whole  nation. 
When  any  man,  therefore,  attempts  to  change  the  established 
orthography  or  pronunciation,  except  to  correct  palpable  errors 
and  produce  uniformity,  by  recalling  wanderers  into  the  pale  of 
regular  analogies,  he  offers  an  indignity  to  the  nation.  No  local 
practice,  however  respectable,  will  justify  the  attempt.  There 
is  great  dignity,  as  well  as  propriety,  in  respecting  the  universal 
and  long-established  usages  of  a  nation. 

With  these  views  of  the  subject,  I  feel  myself  bound  to  reject 
all  modern  innovations,  which  violate  the  established  principles 
and  analogies  of  the  language,  and  destroy  or  impair  the  value  of 
alphabetical  writing.  I  have,  therefore,  endeavored  to  present  to 
my  fellow-citizens  the  English  language  in  its  genuine  purity,  as 
we  have  received  the  inheritance  from  our  ancestors,  without 
removing  a  landmark.  If  tlie  language  is  fatally  destined  to  be 
corrupted,  1  will  not  be  an  instrument  of  the  mischief. 

ETYMOLOGY. 

Irregular  as  is  the  orthography  of  the  English  language,  and 
unsettled  or  corrupt  as  is  the  pronunciation,  there  is  nothing 
either  in  English  or  in  any  other  language  of  which  I  have  any 
knowledge,  which  exhibits  so  strikingly  the  low  state  of  philol- 
ogy, as  the  etymological  deductions  of  words,  or  the  history  of 
their  origin,  affinities,  and  primary  signification.  To  enable  the 
young  inquirer  to  estimate  the  erudition,  correctness,  or  negli- 
gence of  writers  on  this  subject,  and  to  awaken  more  attention  to 
this  branch  of  learning,  I  will  state  briefly  the  results  of  my 
researches,  and  the  opinions  which  I  have  been  compelled  to 

little  or  no  aid  fVom  the  strength  and  beauty  of  language.  The  language  of 
popular  eloquence  should  be  neither  the  mouthing  cant  of  the  stage,  nor  the 
mincing  atfectation  of  dandies,  nor  the  baby  talk  of  the  nursery.  Such  was  not 
the  language  of  Demosthenes  nor  of  Cicero ;  and  such  may  never  be  the  lan- 
guage of  the  British  Chatham  and  of  the  American  Ames. 


INTRODUCTION. 


=1 


form  on  the  merits  of  the  principal  treatises  on  tl»is  subject. 
And  if  these  opinions  or  this  statement  should  be  charged  to 
egotism,  or  my  overweening  confidence  in  the  success  of  my 
own  investigations,  ray  apology  is,  that  I  have  suffered  samuch 
myself  by  a  misplaced  confidence  in  the  erudition  of  writers ;  I 
have  BO  often  embraced  errors  which  it  has  cost  me  more  labor  to 
unlearn  than  to  learn ;  that  if  I  can  prevent  my  fellow-citizens, 
who  have  a  taste  for  this  study,  from  being  subjected  to  the  same 
evils,  I  shall  think  the  advantage  obtained  more  than  a  balance 
for  any  unmerited  imputation. 

The  first  example  of  etymology  which  1  shall  mention  is  that 
of  Josephus,  the  historian  of  the  Jews,  who  informs  his  readers 
that  the  first  man  **  was  called  Jldam^  which,  in  the  Hebrew 
tongue,  signifies  one  that  is  red^  because  he  was  formed  out  of 
red  earth  compounded  together;  for  of  that  kind  is  virgin  and 
true  earth."  Here  is  a  mistake  proceeding  from  a  mere  resem- 
blance of  words  ;  it  being  certain  that  Adatn  no  more  signifies 
red  earthy  than  it  does  red  cedar.  This  mistake  is  connected 
with  another,  that  Jidam  was  the  proper  name  of  the  first  man, 
an  individual;  whereas -the  word  is  the  generic  name  of  the 
human  species,  and,  like  man  in  English,  signifies  form,  shape, 
image,  expressing  distinctively  the  characteristic  eminence  or 
distinction  of  form  of  the  human  race.  This  fact  explains  the 
use  of  the  plural  pronoun,  in  the  account  of  the  creation  of  the 
species.  "  And  God  said.  Let  us  make  man  in  our  image,  after 
our  likeness;  and  let  them  have  dominion  over  the  fish  of  tlie 
sea,"  &c.  Gen.  i.  26.  It  is  evident,  also,  that  the  words  used  in 
relation  to  the  species,  the  image^  the  likeness  of  God,  have  ref- 
erence, not  only  to  their  intellectual  and  moral  faculties,  but 
also  to  tlieir  external  form;  and  so  the  apostle  interprets  the 
words,  1  Cor.  xi.  7.  Not  that  God  has  any  bodily  shape  of 
which  man  can  be  the  image,  but  that  man  has  a  superior  or 
super-excellent  form,  corresponding  to  his  intellectual  powers, 
and  distinguishing  him  from  all  other  animals.  Now,  the  mis- 
take of  Josephus  has  infected  the  Christian  world  for  eighteen 
hundred  years,  and  the  mistake,  witli  erroneous  inferences  from 
it,  enters  into  the  most  recently  published  systems  of  tlieology. 

Among  the  most  celebrated  authors  of  antiquity,  who  have 
written  on  the  subject  of  language,  is  Varro,  who  has  left  a 
treatise  De  Lingua  Latina.  On  this  author's  learning,  Cicero, 
Quinctilian,  and  Augustine  have  bestowed  the  most  unbounded 
praises.  He  is  pronounced  to  have  been  vlr  cgregius;  cruditis- 
simtis  Romanorum ;  perittssimus  lingua;  Latino*  et  omnis  anti- 
quitatis,  sine  uUa  dubitatione,  doctissimus*  He  was,  doubtless, 
a  man  of  uncommon  erudition  for  the  age  in  which  he  lived ; 
and  his  etymological  treatise  may  be  consulted  with  advantage, 
by  persons  who  have  knowledge  enough  of  this  subject  to  sepa- 
rate the  certain  or  probable  from  the  improbable  and  conjectural. 
But  it  is  certain,  from  what  remains  of  his  treatise,  that  his 
knowledge  of  the  origin  of  words  did  not  extend  beyond  tlie 
most  obvious  facts  and  principles.  Thus  he  deduces  initium 
from  ineo ;  exitus  from  cxeo ;  victoria  from  vinco.  All  this  is 
well;  and  we  have  reason  to  think  him  correct,  in  deducing 
velhis,  fleece,  from  vdlere^  to  pluck,  as,  doubtless,  fleeces  were 
plucked  from  sheep,  before  the  use  of  shears.  And  we  have 
reason  to  believe  him  when  he  informs  us  that  imher  was  origi- 
nally written  himher ;  that  hircu^  was  written  by  the  Sabines 
fircus^  and  hcedus^  fcdus. 

Very  diflcrent  must  be  our  opinion  of  the  following  ety- 
mologies. 

Pater,  says  Varro,  is  from  patcfacio ;  ager  cultus  is  so  called 

•  Of  Ihe  full  Talue  of  thc««  encomiums  we  can  hardly  judge,  as  mod  of 
Varro*8  writings  hnve  i>nri8hf>TI,  »nd  some  of  lliosc  which  giirvire  appear,  in  a 
mutilitted  form.  But  the  crentcr  his  erudition,  the  more  striking  will  apjicar 
his  ignorance  of  thii  subject. 

t  Thus  far  had  I  wrilten,  before  I  had  Been  thia  author's  FIkhmch  ScrTHii^C". 
By  this  work  I  find  the  author  acrijcs  with  ra^  in  rrtj.ird  to  the  identity  and 
rommon  oricin  of  many  of  the  Gothic  and  Cirt-vk  preposition*.  Ind<!»-d,  [  hnd 
siippos'-d  that  proof  of  wich  an  ohvjoun  fact  could  hardly  be  nec'-»sary,  in  the 
|irc)»'iit  Mnlf.  of  philolofiirni  knowlcdire.  Some  of  these  prepositions  he  has 
illustrated  with  a  Rwd  degree  of  accuracy  j  although,  should  this  work  ever 
fall  inin  his  hands,  I  think  he  will  be  convmred  thai  in  one  or  two  imporiant 
point'*,  hm  explanations  are  dffective.  In  recard  to  other  pre|>osition«,  [  am 
aatisfiid  the  autlior  has  ventured  upon  unsafe  ground  ;  at  leaflt  his  opinions 
appear  to  me  not  to  be  well  Hupported. 

In  rrwppft  to  hifl  explanations  of  the  namen  of  the  mythological  deities,  it  si]y- 
pears  to  me  the  author,  like  all  other  authors  whose  workn  I  have  seen,  wanders 
in  darkness.  From  all  my  researches  into  the  origin  of  words,  I  have  drawn 
this  ronrltision,  tti;it  the  pngrm  deities  are  mostly  the  powers  or  supposed  pow- 
ers of  nature,  or  Imaginary  beings  suppftstid  to  preside  over  the  varicius  parts  of 
creation,  or  the  qualiiics  of  men,  dfijird,  thnt  is,  exalted  and  clehrated  as  super- 
natural agenu.  There  are  few  of  the  names  of  these  deities  which  I  pretend  to 
anderstarid  ;  but  there  are  a  few  of  th«:m  that  seem  to  be  too  obvious  to  be  mis- 
taken.   So  person,  I  think,  can  doubt  that  the  Dryads  are  named  from  d^vi^  an 


because  in  it  seeds  coalesce  or  unite  with  the  earth;  referring 
agcr,  perhaps,  to  the  root  of  agger,  or  the  Greek  a/et^to.  Campus, 
he  says,  was  so  named  because  fruits  were  first  gathered  from 
the  open  field,  deducing  the  word  from  capio.  Next  to  this  were 
the  hills,  colics,  so  named  colcndo,  from  colo,  because  these  were 
cultivated  next  to  the  open  plain.  That  land  or  field  which  ap- 
peared to  be  the  foundation  of  cattle  and  money,  was  called 
fundus,  or  it  was  so  called  because  it  pours  forth  [fundat}  annua] 
crops.  He  deduces  cogitarc  from  cogcndo ;  concilium  from  cogi- 
tatione;  cura  from  burning  cor,  the  heart j  volo  from  voluntas, 
and  a  volatu,  a  flying,  because  the  mind  flies  instantly  whither  it 
will.  How  low  must  have  been  the  state  of  philology,  when 
such  improbable  conjectures  as  these  could  attract  the  enco- 
miums before  mentioned  from  Cicero  and  Quinctilian  ! 

The  reader  will  find  many  things  in  Isidore  and  Priscian 
worthy  of  his  attention,  though  much  of  what  their  works  con- 
tain is  now  so  familiar  to  scholars  of  moderate  attainments,  as 
scarcely  to  repay  the  labor  of  perusal.  But  he  who  learns  that 
Isidore  makes  oratio,  a  compound  of  oris  ratio;  nomcn,  u.  con- 
traction of  notamen ;  and  that  he  derives  verbwn  from  verbcrato 
acre,  will  hardly  think  it  worth  his  labor  to  pursue  his  researches 
into  that  author's  works.  Nor  will  he  be  disposed  to  relish  Pris- 
cian's  deduction  of  litera  from  Icgilitera,  heca.uae  a  letter  affords 
the  means  of  reading,  or  from  lituro,  to  obliterate,  because  the 
ancients  used  to  write  on  wax  tables,  and  afterwards  to  obliterate 
what  they  hai  written. 

Vossius  wrote  a  folio  on  the  etymology  of  Latin  words;  but 
from  repeated  examinations  of  his  book,  I  am  persuaded  that 
most  of  his  deductions  arc  far-fetched,  conjectural,  and  fanciful ; 
many  of  them  are  certainly  erroneous. 

Menage  and  Minshew  I  have  not  consulted;  chiefly  because 
from  such  extracts  as  I  have  seen,  from  their  writings,  I  am 
certain  that  little  reliance  can  be  placed  on  their  opinions, 
except  in  cases  too  plain  to  be  mistaken. 

Junius  and  Skinner,  the  autimritics  for  most  of  the  etymologies 
of  Bailey  and  Johnson,  are  sufficiently  correct  in  referring  Eng- 
lish words  to  the  language  from  which  they  are  immediately  de- 
rived, especially  when  the  orthograpliy  is  too  plain  to  be  mistaken. 
They  inform  us,  that/n/Acr  is  from  the  Saxon  fa:de.r,  that  drop  is 
from  the  Saxon  droppan,  that  picket  is  from  the  French  piquet, 
and  tlie  like.  So  Johnson  informs  us  that  accent  is  from  the 
Latin  accentus,  and  accept  from  the  French  accepter,  Latin  ac- 
cipio.  All  this  is  well,  but  it  can  hardly  be  called  etymology,  or 
the  deduction  of  words  from  their  originals. 

Whiter,  in  his  Etymologicon  Magnum,  the  first  volume  only 
of  which  I  have  perused,  began  his  work  on  a  good  plan,  that  of 
bringing  together  words  of  the  same  or  of  cognate  radical  letters, 
and  in  pursuance  of  his  plan,  he  has  collected  many  real  affinities. 
But  he  has  destroyed  the  value  of  his  work  by  mistaking  the 
radical  sense  of  many  words,  and  by  confounding  words  of  dif- 
ferent elements. 

Jamieson,  in  his  Etymological  Dictionary  of  the  Scottish  Lan- 
guage, has  collected  the  affinities  of  words  in  that  language, 
particularly  words  of  Gothic  and  Teutonic  origin,  with  industry, 
and  probably  with  judgment,  and  a  good  degree  of  accuracy.  In 
some  instances,  I  think,  he  has  departed  from  correct  principles 
of  etymology,  and  mistaken  facts  ;  and  he,  as  well  as  Whiter,  falls 
very  short  of  trutli  in  a  most  important  particular,  a  clear  under- 
standing of  the  primary  sen.se  of  words.  Jamieson's  Dictionary, 
however,  contains  a  valuable  addition  to  our  stock  of  etymo- 
logical   materials.! 


oak  or  tree.    Hence  I  infer  tlmt  this  name  was  applied  to  certain  imaginary 
beings  inhabiting  the  forests. 
Ko  |>crsun  can  doubt  that  JWtciw,  the  deity  of  the  sea,  and  the  ncreida, 

nymphs  of  the  sea,  are  named  fVom  tlie  Oriental  '^^^■>y^,  a  river,  from  the 

corresponding  verb,  to  flow.  No  person  doubts  that  Flora,  the  goddess  of  flow- 
ers, is  men'ly  a  flower  deified. 

Hence  I  infer  that  the  true  methnd  of  discovering  the  origin  of  the  pagan 
deities,  is  to  find  the  meaning  of  their  names. 

Now,  Diatia  is  the  goddess  of  hunting.  What  quality,  then,  is  most  necessary 
for  a  hunter.'  What  quality  would  rude  nun,  di;stitute  of  Ihn  weapons  which 
we  possess,  most  value  as  useful  in  obtaining  subsistence  ?  Doubtless  courage 
and  swiftness.  Thus  we  have  subistantial  reasons  for  believing  that  Diana  is  Urn 
Critic  tlan  or  dian,  which  signifies  bold,  strong,  vehement,  impetuous,  the  root 
of  Danube.^  Don^  and  other  naini's  of  large  rivers. 

If  we  examine  the  name  of  Minerva^  we  whall  find  that  the  first  syllable  con- 
tains the  elements  of  TTiHidw,  the  liand,  and  of  Tnini/ ,*  and  the  last  constitui^nt 
partof  the  word  corresponds  will  with  the  German  or*ci(,  D.  nrfifirf,  lab()r,  work, 
the  last  consonant  being  lost.  Well,  what  are  the  characteristics  of  Minerva  } 
Why,  she  Is  the  goddess  of  wisdom  and  of  the  arts.  The  sense  of  ;!£»"•(,  would 
give  one  of  her  characteristics,  and  that  q{  manus  and  arbeit,  the  otticrj  but 
which  is  tlie  tnio  word,  I  do  not  know. 


Ixxii 


INTRODUCTION. 


To  Home  Tooke  are  we  indebted  for  the  first  explanation  of 
certain  indeclinable  words,  (ailed  conjunclions  and  prepositions ; 
and  for  this  let  him  have  all  merited  praise.  But  his  researches 
were  very  limited,  and  he  has  fallen  into  most  material  errors, 
particularly  in  his  second  volume.  I  have  made  no  use  of  his 
writings  in  this  work. 

The  Hermes  of  Harris,  according  to  Dr.  Lowth,  "  is  the  most 
beautiful  and  perfect  example  of  analysis  tliat  has  been  exhibited 
since  the  days  of  Aristotle."  This,  in  my  opinion,  is  not  the 
character  of  the  work,  which,  for  the  most  part,  consists  of  pas- 
sages from  the  works  of  Aristotle,  Ammonius,  Apollonius,  Pris- 
cian,  and  other  grammarians.  It  is  little  more  tliau  a  collection 
of  the  opinions  of  the  ancient  writers  on  philology,  whose  meta- 
physical subtilties  rather  obscure  than  illustrate  the  subject.  To 
show  how  easily  men  may  b^  misled  by  metaphysics,  when 
applied  to  the  plainest  subject  imaginable,  take  the  following 
example  from  the  Hermes. 

".i  respects  our  primary  perception,  and  denotes  individuals  as 
unhTwttn ;  the  respects  our  secondary  perception,  and  denotes 
individuals  as  known."  [This  is  nearly  a  literal  translation  of  a 
passage  in  Priscian,  lib.  1/.] 

To  illustrate  the  truth  of  this  observation,  the  author  gives  the 
following  example  :  "  There  goes  a  beggar  witli  a  long  beard ;  " 
indicating  that  the  man  had  not  been  seen  before ;  and,  there- 
fore, a  denotes  tlie  primary  perception.  A  week  after,  the  man 
returns,  and  I  say,  "  Tliere  goes  the.  beggar  with  (Aejong  beard ;  " 
the  article  the  here  indicating  the  secondary  perception,  that  is, 
that  the  man  had  been  seen  before.  All  this  is  very  well.  But 
let  us  try  the  rule  by  other  examples,  and  see  whether  it  is  uni- 
versal, or  whether  it  is  the  peculiar  and  proper  office  of  an  or  a 
to  denote  primary  perception. 

"Tlie  article -a,"  says  Harris,  "  leaves  the  individual  unascer- 
tained.^^    Let  us  examine  tliis  position. 

"  But  Peter  took  him,  saying,  Stand  up ;  I  myself  also  am  a 
man."  Now,  according  to  Harris,  a  here  denotes  the  primary 
perception,  and  the  individual  is  muiscertained.  That  is,  this 
man  is  one  I  have  never  seen  before. 

"  He  that  cometh  to  God  must  believe  that  he  is,  and  that  he 
is  a  rewarder  of  them  that  diligently  seek  him."  Whether  a,  in 
this  sentence,  denotes  first  perception,  I  can  not  determine  j  but 
sure  I  am  the  individual  is  not  left  unascertained. 

A.  B.  says  to  ine,  *'  1  have  lately  dismissed  an  old  servant,  who 
has  lived  with  me  for  thirty  years."  Here  an  may  present  a 
primary  perception  to  the  hearer,  but  not  so  to  the  speaker.  To 
both,  the  individual  must  be  well  ascertained. 

It  appears,  then,  that  this  definition  of  an  or  a  is  incorrect ;  and 
the  pains  of  these  metaphysical  writers,  who  form  such  perfect 
analyses  of  language,  is  little  better  than  learned  trifling.  On 
testing  the  real  character  of  an  or  a  by  usage  and  facts,  we  find 
it  is  merely  the  adjective  one,  in  its  Saxon  ortliography,  and  that 
its  sole  use  is  to  denote  one,  whether  the  individual  is  known  or 
unknown,  definite  or  indeliuite. 

Again,  Harris  translates  and  adopts  the  definition  which  Aris- 
totle has  given  of  a  conjunction.  "  An  articulate  sound  or  part 
of  speech  devoid  of  signification  by  itself,  but  so  formed  as  to 
help  signification,  by  making  two  or  more  significant  sentences 
to  be  one  significant  sentence." 

This  is  so  far  from  being  true,  that  some  of  the  conjunctions 
are  verbs,  equivalent  to  join,  unite,  or  add,  in  the  imperative 
mode.  In  like  manner,  the  prepositions  called  inseparable,  and 
used  as  prefixes,  are  all  significant  per  se,  although,  by  custom, 
they  sometimes  lose  their  appropriate  use.  For  example,  re, 
which  denotes  repetition,  has  lost  its  use  in  recommend,  which  is 
equivalent  to  commend,  without  the  sense  of  repetition.  But 
still  it  has  ordinarily  an  appropriate  sense,  which  is  perfectly 
understood,  even  when  first  prefixed  to  a  word.  Let  any  person 
prefix  this  word  to  pronourue  for  the  first  time,  and  direct  a  boy 
fourteen  years  old  to  repronounce  his  oration,  and  he  would  per- 
fectly well  understand  the  direction. 

Bryant,  the  author  of  *' An  Analysis  of  Ancient  Mythology," 
whose  works  I  should  love  to  read,  if  I  could  have  confidence  in 
his  opinions,  has  given  to  the  public  a  history  of  the  Cuthites,  or 
descendants  of  Ham,  a  race  of  bold  adventurers,  who,  as  he  sup- 

Thp  two  ciminiPtances  which  rhiefly  distinpiish  Hercules^  are  his  labors  and 
bis  dab.  We  never  hear  of  Hrrcnlf.t  iiut  with  these  accompaniments.  Now, 
the  tirsl  »;yllabte  of  his  name  is  precisely  the  rod  of  tiie  Greek  cn\ov,  rpyno), 
lliat  is,  (i>j  or  trif,  which  would  give  the  sense  of  work,  I;il>or.  Whether  the 
last  conFtituent  of  the  name  is  nA'iov,  or  from  tlial  root,  I  sliall  not  pretend  to 
affirm.  Indet;d,  1  olTer  these  explanations  mtiier  a--*  probuMf,  lUaa  as  clearly 
proved  ;  but  they  do  ap{H-jir  lo  he  probaMii  well  founded.    Hercules,  then,  was  a 


poses,  made  exp*'ditions  by  sea  and  land,  introducing  arts,  found- 
ing cities,  and  corrupting  religion  by  the  propagation  of  Sabian- 
ism.  For  proof  of  his  opmions,  he  relies  very  much  on  etymology 
and  the  signification  of  names.  Two  or  three  examples  of  his 
deductions  will  be  sufficient  to  show  his  manner  of  proof.  Ham, 
or  Cham,  signifying  heat  and  the  sun,  he  deduces  from  C>2n,  to 
be  hot,  to  heat.  So  far  he  may  be  correct.  But  he  goes  on  to 
deduce  from  this  root,  also,  as  Castell  had  done  before  him,  the 
Greek  xavua,  heat,  not  considering  that  this  is  from  xaiin,  to  burn, 
in  which  m  is  not  radical ;  but  probably  s  is  the  radical  consonant, 
as  this  occurs  in  the  derivatives.  Kuviia  has  no  connection  with 
Ham.  From  Cam,  or  Cham,  he  tlien  deduces  the  Latin  camera, 
Gr.  xafiixna,  an  arched  roof  or  vault,  whence  our  chamber,  though 
it  is  not  easy  to  discover  the  connection  between  this  word  and 
heat ;  and  from  the  same  root  he  deduces  Camillus,  Camilla,  and 
many  other  words,  without  any  support  for  his  opinions  but  a 
mere  similarity  of  orthography  in  the  first  syllable.  In  all  tliis 
he  is  certainly  wrong. 

The  Greek  Sjoc,  God,  he  supposes,  most  unwarrantably,  to  be 
formed  from  the  Egyptian  Theuth,  or  Tlioth,  Mercury. 

The  sun  he  supposes  to  have  been  styled  El-uc ;  El  [iiiac] 
and  uc  or  och,  a  title  of  honor  among  the  Babylonians.  This 
word,  says  Bryant,  the  Greeks  changed  into  >.vxit(,  [a  wolf,]  and 
hence  the  Latin  lux,  luceo.  A  strange  conjecture  this,  not  to 
call  it  by  a  harsher  name.  Now,  if  Bryant  had  examined  the 
Teutonic  dialects,  and  the  Welsh,  he  would  have  seen  his  mis- 
take ;  for  the  Saxon  IcolU,  liht,  Dutch  and  German  licht,  are 
from  the  common  root  of  the  Welsh  Uutr,  a  shooting  or  gleaming, 
lluciaw,  to  throw.  Hue,  a  darting  or  flashing,  tlie  root  of  lucco ;  a 
simple  root,  that  can  have  no  connection  with  El-uc. 

Excepting  Faber's  work  on  the  Cabiri,  I  have  seen  scarcely 
a  book  in  any  language,  which  exhibits  so  little  etymological 
knowledge,  with  such  a  series  of  erroneous  or  fanciful  deductions, 
as  Bryant's  Analysis.  Druniraond's  Origincs  abounds  with  ety- 
mological deductions  of  a  similar  character. 

Gebelin,  a  Frencli  writer,  in  his  Monde  Primitif,  has  bestowed 
much  labor  in  developing  the  origin  and  signification  of  words; 
but  a  large  part  of  his  labor  has  produced  no  valuable  effect.  Hia 
whole  system  is  founded  on  a  mistake,  that  the  noun  is  the  root 
of  »11  other  words. 

Of  all  the  writers  on  etymology,  whose  works  I  have  read  or 
consulted,  Spelman  and  Lluyd  are  almost  the  only  ones  in 
whose  deductions  much  confidence  can  be  placed.  I  do  not 
name  Camden,  Hickes,  Sclden,  and  Gibson,  as  their  etymo- 
logical inquiries,  though  generally  judiciously  conducted,  were 
very  limited.  This  is  true,  also,  in  some  degree,  of  Spelman 
and  Lluyd;  but  the  researches  of  Spelman  into  the  origin  of 
law  terms,  and  words  of  the  middle  ages,  have  generally  pro- 
duced very  satisfactory  results.  From  the  limited  nature  of  the 
designs  of  Spelman  and  Lluyd,  errors  may  have  occasionally 
escaped  them ;  but  they  are  few,  and  very  pardonable. 

I  know  of  no  work  in  any  language,  in  which  words  have 
been  generally  traced  to  their  original  signification,  with  even 
tolerable  correctness.  In  a  few  instances,  this  signification  is 
too  obvious  to  be  mistaken ;  but  in  most  instances,  the  ablest 
etymologist  is  liable  to  be  misled  by  first  appearances,  and  the 
want  of  extensive  investigation.  I  have  been  often  misled  my- 
self, by  these  means,  and  have  been  obliged  to  change  my  opin- 
ions, as  I  have  advanced  in  my  inquiries.  Hence  the  tendency 
of  my  researches  has  been  very  much  to  increase  my  caution  in 
referring  words  to  their  originals  ;  and  such,  I  am  persuaded, 
will  be  the  result  of  all  critical  and  judicious  investigations  into 
the  history  and  affinities  of  language. 

Ajirincipal  source  of  mistakes  on  this  subject  is  a  disregard 
of  the  identity  of  the  radical  consonants,  and  a  licentious  blend- 
ing and  confounding  of  words,  whose  elementary  letters  are  not 
commutable.  Another  source  of  error  is  an  unwarrantable  license 
in  prefixing  or  inserting  letters,  for  the  purpose  of  producing  an 
identity  or  resemblance  of  orthography  ;  a  fault  very  justly  op- 
posed by  Sir  William  Jones. 

The  learned  Dr.  Good,  in  his  Book  of  Kature,  Lecture  IX.  of 
the  second  series,  suggests  it  to  be  probable  that  both  pupa  and 
father  issued  from  the  Hebrew  source  2S,  K2S,  r2!*.     He  then 

name  given  to  any  bold,  heroic  leader  of  a  tribe  of  rude  men,  who  was  distin- 
guished for  his  aciiievements  as  a  warrior  ;  and  this  name  must  have  ori-xinated 
in  very  early  ases,  when  chibn  were  the  principal  weapons  of  war,  and  instru- 
ments of  defense.  -And  hence,  probably,  the  ori)iio  of  the  scepter,  as  a  badge  of 
royalty.  Now,  it  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  the  war  club  of  rude  nations,  at  this 
day,  especially  of  the  savage  nations  of  the  South  Hea  Isles,  is  of  the  same  shape 
as  the  ancient  scepter 


INTRODUCTION. 


Ixxiii 


fearlessly  ventures  to  affirm,  that  there  is  scarcely  a  language  or 
dialect  in  the  world,  polished  or  barbarous,  in  which  the  same 
idea  is  not  expressed  by  the  radical  of  one  or  the  other  of  tiiese 
terms.  True,  the  letter  8  is  found  in  most  words  of  this  signifi- 
cation ;  although  our  knowledge  of  languages  is  too  limited  to 
warrant  such  a  broad  assertion.  But  the  attempt  to  deduce  all 
words  signifying  father  from  the  Hebrew,  must  certainly  fail ; 
for  we  know  from  history,  that  a  great  part  of  Asia  and  of  Europe 
was  inhabited  before  t!»e  existence  of  the  Hebrew  nation.  Be- 
sides, a  large  portion  of  the  European  population  have  no  word 
(ot  father,  which  can  be  rationally  deduced  from  2S«.  The  Welsh 
tiid,  whence  our  daddy,  the  Gothic  atta,  Irish  aithiiir,  Basque 
aita,  and  Laponnic  atki,  can  not  be  formed  from  the  Hebrew 
word,  the  letter  d  and  t  not  being  commutable  with  h.  One 
would  suppose  that  a  learned  physiologist  could  not  fail  to  assign 
the  true  cause  of  the  similarity  of  words  bearing  the  sense  of 
father  and  mother,  among  the  nations  of  the  earth.  The  truth  is, 
the  sound  of  a  is  very  easy,  and  probably  the  easiest  for  children, 
being  formed  by  simply  opening  the  mouth,  without  any  exertion 
of  the  organs  to  modulate  the  sound.  So,  also,  the  articulations 
b,  m,  and  d  or  t,  being  natural  and  easy,  will  generally  enter 
into  the  first  words  formed  by  children.  The  labials  are  formed 
by  simply  closing  the  lips,  and  the  dentals,  by  placing  the  tongue 
against  the  root  of  the  upper  teeth ;  the  position  which  it  naturally 
occupies  in  a  healthy  child.  From  these  circumstances,  we  may 
fairly  infer,  a;/r!or!,  that  such  words  as  a4,a4a,;)a;)rt,  tad,  mamma, 
must  be  the  first  words  uttered  by  children.  Indeed,  were  the 
whole  human  race  to  lose  their  present  names  for  father,  mother, 
and  nurse,  similar  names  would  be  formed  by  a  great  portion  of 
mankind,  without  any  communication  between  different  nations. 

The  author  further  observes,  that  the  generic  terms  for  the 

Deity  are  chiefly  the  three  following 11  oi.jtlah,  TheusoT  Deus, 

and  God,  *  Besides  these,  there  is  scarcely  a  term  of  any  kind,  by 
which  the  Deity  is  designated,  in  any  part  of  the  world,  whether 
among  civilized  or  savage  men.  Yet  these  proceed  from  the 
same  common  quarter  of  the  globe."  True ;  men,  and  of  course 
words,  all  came  from  a  common  quarter  of  the  globe.  But  it  so 
happens,  that  these  three  terms  must  have  originated  among  dif- 
ferent families,  or  from  different  sources,  for  they  are  all  formed 
with  different  radicals,  and  can  have  had  no  connection  with  a 
common  radix.  But  it  happens,  also,  that  not  one  of  these  terms, 
as  far  as  1  can  learn,  exists  among  the  Slavonic  nations,  who 
compose  a  large  portion  of  all  the  population  of  Europe,  and 
whose  name  of  God  is  Boif,  a  word  radically  distinct  from  all 
which  the  author  has  mentioned. 

The  author  proceeds  to  say,  **  that  the  more  common  etymon 
for  death,  among  all  nations,  is  Trior,  mart,  or  mut."  But  if  cither 
of  these  terms  for  death  is  a  native  word  among  the  great  Gothic, 
Teutonic,  and  Slavonic  families,  which  constitute  the  half  or  two 
thirds  of  all  the  inhabitants  of  Europe,  1  have  not  been  able  to 
find  it.  Besides,  mor  and  mut  are  words  radically  distinct,  and 
tlius  originated  in  different  families. 

"  A'«r,"  says  the  author,  "is,  in  our  language,  the  common 
title  of  respect ;  and  the  same  term  is  employed  in  the  same  sense 
throughout  every  quarter  of  the  globe.  In  the  Sanscrit  and  Per- 
sian, it  means  the  organ  of  the  head  itself."  He  finds  the  word 
in  Arabia,  Turkey,  in  Greek,  among  the  Peruvians  in  South 
America,  in  Germany,  Holland,  and  the  contiguous  countries. 
In  some  of  the  languages  of  these  countries  I  liave  found  no  such 
word  ;  but  if  it  exists,  the  author's  inference,  that  the  name  of  the 
haid  gave  rise  to  this  term  of  respect,  (for  this  is  what  I  under- 
stand him  to  mean,)  is  totally  unfounded  ;  and  equally  fanciful 
and  unfounded  is  his  supposition,  that,  by  the  loss  of /*  from  sher, 
the  pronoun  her,  and  the  German  herr,  lord,  are  to  be  deduced 
from  sir.  In  all  this  it  is  demonstrably  certain  there  is  no  truth 
or  even  semblance  of  reality. 

Man  the  author  deduces  from  the  Hebrcvir  ratti  to  discern  or 
discriminate,  a  sense  I  do  not  find  in  the  Lexicons;  and  hence 
he  infers  that  the  radical  idea  of  man  is  that  of  a  thinking  or  a 
reasonable  oeing.  With  this,  word  he  connects  Menu,  Mencs, 
Minns,  and  fiirog,  mens,  mind;  a  sweeping  inference,  made  at 
random,  from  a  similarity  of  orthography,  without  a  distant  con- 
ception of  the  true  primary  meaning  of  either  of  these  words. 
But  what  is  worse,  he  appears,  if  I  do  not  mistake  his  meaning, 
to  connect  with  these  words  the  tane,  tanato,  or  tangi,  of  the 
Sandwich  Isies ;  words  which  arc  formed  with  a  radical  initial 
consonant,  not  convertible  with  m,  and  most  certainly  uncon- 
nected with  man.  See  the  words  Fatueb,  Man,  and  Sir,  in  the 
Dictionary, 


The  author  offers  some  other  etymologies  and  affinities  equally 
remote  from  trutli,.and  even  from  probability. 

The  governing  principles  of  etymology  are,  first,  the  identity 
of  radical  letters,  or  a  coincidence  of  cognates,  in  different  lan- 
guages;  no  affinity  being  admissible,  except  among  words  whose 
primary  consonants  are  articulations  of  the  same  organs,  as  B,  F, 
M,  P,  V,  and  W;  or  as  D,  T,  Th,  and  S;  or  as  G,C  close,  K, 
and  Q;  R,  L,  and  D.  Some  exceptions  to  tliis  rule  must  be  ad- 
mitted, but  not  without  collateral  evidence  of  the  change,  or 
some  evidence  that  is  too  clear  to  be  reasonably  rejected. 

Second.  Words  in  different  languages  are  not  to  he  considered 
as  proceeding  from  the  same  radi,x,  unless  they  have  the  same 
signification,  or  one  closely  allied  to  it,  or  naturally  deducible 
from  it.  And  on  this  point,  much  knowledge  of  the  primary 
sense  of  words,  and  of  the  manner  m  which  collateral  senses 
have  sprung  from  one  radical  idea,  is  necessary  to  secure  the 
inquirer  from  mistakes.  A  competent  knowledge  of  this  branch 
of  etymology  can  not  be  obtained  from  any  one,  or  from  two  or 
three  languages.  It  is  almost  literally  true,  that,  in  examining 
more  than  twenty  languages,  I  have  found  each  language  to 
throw  some  light  on  evert/  other. 

That  the  reader  may  have  more  clear  and  distinct  ideas  of 
what  is  intended  by  commuluUc  letters,  and  the  principles  by 
which  etymological  deductions  are  to  be  regulated,  it  may  be 
remarked  tliat  commutable  or  interchangeable  tetters  are  letters  of 
the  same  organs;  that  is,  letters  or  articulations  formed  by  the 
same  parts  of  fee  mouth.  Thus,  b,  m,  and  p,  are  formed  immedi- 
ately by  the  lips,  the  position  of  which  is  slightly  varied  to  make 
the  distinction  between  these  letters,  /■'and  v  are  formed  by  the 
lips,  but  with  the  aid  of  the  upper  teeth.  Now,  the  difference  of 
the  jointings  of  the  organs  to  utter  these  letters  is  so  small,  that 
it  is  easy  for  men,  in  utterance,  to  slide  from  one  form  into 
another. 

The  following  examples  will  illustrate  this  subject. 
Labial  Letters  commuted  for  otlier  Labials, 

English  bear,  Lat,  fero,  pario,  G.  gic^tu,  tpoQata,  D,  voeren, 
G,  flihrcn. 

Here  is  the  same  word  written  in  different  languages,  with  five 
different  initial  letters, 

German  wahr,  true,  L,  rerus. 

Celtic  lanih,  lav,  the  hand,  Goth.  lofa. 

L.  guberno,  Fr.  gouverncr,  Eng.  govern. 

Dental  Letters  commuted  for  other  Dentals. 
Eng.  dew,  G.  than. 
Eng.  good,  G.  gut. 
Eng,  dare,  Gr.  ^an{ieoi. 
Eng.  day,  G.  tag.  ■ 
Eng.  thank,  D.  danken. 
Eng,  brother,  D.  breeder. 

Palatal  Letters  commuted  for  other  Palatals, 
Eng,  call,  W.  galw,  Gr.  xuitw. 
Eng.  get.  It.  caltare. 
Greek  /«i^o,  L.  hicms,  winter. 

Dentals  converted  into  Sibilonta 
Eng.  jouter,  G.  irasser. 
Lat.  dens,  a  tooth,  G.  zalin 
Eng.  let,  Fr.  laisser. 
Ch.  mS,  Heb,  ai3. 
Sax.  lid,  time,  G.  zeit. 

Change  of  Linguals. 
Eng.  escort,  Sp.  and  Port,  escolta.  • 

Fr.  hlanc,  white.  Port,  branco. 

Change  of  F  into  //, 
Sp.  habla  for  Ltit.fabula;  haz  for  fades,  face;  kacer  for  facto. 

It  is  believed  that  n  and  s  are  sometimes  convertible  ;  as  in 
Latin  pono,  posui,  and  also  r  and  s,  as  in  English  iron,  German 
isen. 

Letters  formed  by  different  organs  are  not  commutable ;  hence 
we  are  hot  to  admit  a  radical  word  beginning  or  ending  with  b, 
f,  or  r,  to  be  the  same  as  a  word  beginning  or  ending  with  g,  d, 
t,  T,  or  s ;  nor  a  word  whose  radical  letters  are  m,  n,  to  be  the 
same  as  one  whose  elements  are  r,  d,  or  s,  t.  If  such  words  are 
in  any  case  the  same,  they  must  have  suffered  some  anomalous 


Ixxri 


INTRODUCTION 


strive  to  retain  the  resemblance  between  Die  written  and  spoken 
language. 

A  considerable  part  of  Johnson's  Dictionary  is,  however,  well 
executed  ;  and  when  his  definitions  are  correct,  and  his  arrange- 
ment judicious,  it  seems  to  be  expedient  to  follow  him.  It 
would  be  mere  affectation  or' folly  to 'alter  what  can  not  be 
improved. 

The  principal  faults  in  Johnson's  Dictionary  are, 

1.  The  want  of  a  great  number  of  well-authorized  words  be- 
longing to  the  language.  This  defect  has  been,  in  part,  supplied 
by  Mason,  but  his  supplemental  list  is  still  imperfect,  even  in 
common  words,  and  still  more  defective  from  the  omission  of 
terms  of  science. 

2.  Anotlier  great  fault,  that  remains  uncorrected,  is  the  manner 
of  noting  tlie  accented  syllabic;  the  accent  being  laid  uniformly 
on  the  vowel,  whether  it  closes  tlie  syllable  or  not.  Thus  the 
accent  is  laid  on  e  in  U'nant  as  well  as  in  te'acker,  and  the  in- 
quirer can  not  know  from  the  accent,  whether  the  vowel  is  long 
or  short.  It  is  surprising  tliat  such  a  notation  should  still  be 
retained  in  that  work. 

3.  It  is  considered  as  a  material  fault,  that,  in  some  classes  of 
words,  Johnson's  orthography  is  either  not  correct  upon  princi- 
ple, or  not  uniform  in  the  class.  Thus  he  writes  heedlessly,  with 
*5,  but  carrlesltj,  with  one  s ;  defence,  with  c,  but  defensible,  de- 
fensive, with  s ;  rii^our,  inferiour,  with  m,  but  rigorous,  inferiority, 

without  it ;  publick,  authentlck,  with  k,  but  publiratiun,  aulhenli- 
eate,  without  it;  and  so  of  many  other  words  of  the  same  classes. 

4.  The  omission  of  tlie  participles,  or  most  of  them,  is  no  small 
defect,  as  many  of  them,  by  use,  have  become  proper  adjectives, 
and  require  distinct  definitions.  The  additions  of  this  kind  in 
this  work  are  very  numerous.  It  is  also  useful,  both  to  natives 
and  foreigners,  to  be  able,  by  opening  a  dictionary,  to  know  when 
tlic  final  consonant  of  a  verb  is  doubled  in  the  participle. 

5.  The  want  of  due  discrimination  in  the  definitions  of  words 
that  are  nearly  synonymous,  or  sometimes  really  synonymous, 
at  other  times  not,  is  a  fault  in  all  the  dictionaries  of  our  lan- 
guage which  I  have  seen.  Permetite,  says  Johnson,  signifies  to 
pass  through;  and  Permeable,  such  as  may  be  passed  through. 
But  we  pass  through  a  door  or  gate  ;  although  we  do  not  permeate 
it,  or  say  tliat  it  is  permeable.  Obedience,  says  Johnson,  is  obse- 
quiousness;  but  tliis  is  rarely  the  present  sense  of  the  word;  so 
far  from  it,  that  obedience  is  always  honorable,  and  obsequiousness 
usually  implies  meanness.  Peculation,  says  Johnson,  is  robbery- 
of  the  public,  theft  of  public  money.  But  as  robbery  and  theft  are 
now  understood,  it  is  neither.  Inaccuracies  of  this  kind  are 
very  numerous. 

6.  There  are  in  Johnson's  Dictionary  some  palpable  mistakes 
in  orthography,  such  as  comptroller,  redoubt,  and  some  others, 
there  being  no  such  legitimate  words  in  the  language.  In  other 
instances,  the  author  mistook  the  true  origin  of  words,  and  has 
erred  in  the  orthography,  as  in  ckymistry  and  diocess. 

7.  The  mistakes  in  etymology  are  numerous ;  and  the  whole 
scheme  of  deducing  words  from  their  original  is  extremely 
imperfect. 

8.  The  manner  of  defining  words  in  Johnson,  as  in  all  other 
dictionaries,  is  susceptible  of  improvement.  In  a  great  part  of 
the  more  important  words,  and  particularly  verbs,  lexicographers, 
either  from  negligence  or  want  of  knowledge,  have  inverted 
the  true  order,  or  have  disregarded  all  order,  in  the  definitions. 
There  is  a  primary  sense  of  every  word,  from  which  all  the  other 
have  proceeded ;  and  whenever  this  can  be  discovered,  this  sense 
should  stand  first  in  order.  Thus  the  primary  sense  of  make  is 
to  force  or  compel  ;  but  this  in  Johnson's  Dictionary  is  ths  fifteenth 
definition;  and  this  sense  oi facia  in  Ainsworth,  the  nineteenth. 

9.  One  of  the  most  objectionable  parts  of  Johnson's  Dictionary, 
in  my  opinion,  is  the  great  number  of  passages  cited  from  authors, 
to  exemplify  his  definitions.  Most  English  words  are  so  famil- 
iarly and  perfectly  understood,  and  the  sense  of  them  so  little 
liable  to  be  called  in  question,  that  they  may  be  safely  left  to  rest 
on  the  authority  of  the  lexicographer,  without  examples.  Who 
needs  extracts  from  three  authors,  KnoUcs,  Milton,  and  Berkeley, 
to  pro^e  or  illustrate  the  literal  meaning  of  hand  ?  Who  needs 
extracts  from  Shakspeare,  Bacon,  South,  and  Dryden,  to  prove 
hammer  to  be  a  legitimate  English  word,  and  to  signify  an  in- 
strument for  dttving  nails  ?     So,  under  household,  we  find  seven 

•  There  is,  among  some  poets  of  the  present  i!ay,  an  affectation  of  reviving 
Ibe  U3«  of  obsolete  wortla.  SV-me  of  these  may,  ptrrhaps,  be  revived  to  advan- 
tage ;  but  when  this  practice  procetjds  so  far  as  to  malct;  a  glossary  Decessajy 


passages  and  nearly  thirty  lines  employed  to  exemplify  the  plain 
interpretation,  a  family  living  together. 

In  most  cases,  one  example  is  sufficient  to  illustrate  the  mean- 
ing of  a  word  ;  and  this  is  not  absolutely  necessary,  except  in 
cases  where  the  signification  is  a  deviation  from  the  plain,  literal 
sense,  a  particular  application  of  the  term  ;  or  in  a  case  where  the 
sense  of  the  word  ntay  be  doubtful  and  of  questionable  authority. 
Numerous  citations  serve  to  swell  the  size  of  a  Dictionary,  with- 
out any  adequate  advantage.  But  this  is  not  the  only  objection 
to  Johnson's  exemplifications.  Many  of  the  passages  are  taken 
from  authors  now  little  read,  or  not  at  all ;  whose  style  is  now 
antiquated,  and  by  no  means  furnishing  proper  models  for  stu- 
dents of  the  present  age. 

In  the  execution  of  this  work,  I  have  pursued  a  course  some- 
what different ;  not,  however,  without  fortifying  my  own  opinion 
with  tliat  of  other  gentlemen,  in  whose  judgment  I  have  con- 
fidence. In  many  cases,  where  the  sense  of  a  word  is  plain  and 
indisputable,  I  have  omitted  to  cite  any  authority.  I  have  done 
the  same  in  many  instances,  where  the  sense  of  a  word  is  wholly 
obsolete,  and  the  definition  useful  only  to  the  antiquary.  In 
some  instances,  definitions  are  given  without  authority,  merely 
because  I  had  neglected  to  note  the  author,  or  had  lost  tlie  refer- 
ence. In  such  cases,  I  must  stand  responsible  for  the  correctness 
of  the  definition.  In  all  such  cases,  however,  I  have  endeavored 
to  be  faithful  to  the  duty  of  a  lexicographer  ;  and  if,  in  any  in- 
stance, a  mistake  has  escaped  me,  I  shall  be  happy  to  have  it 
suggested,  that  it  may  be  corrected. 

In  general,  I  have  illustrated  the  significations  of  words,  and 
proved  them  to  be  legitimate,  by  a  short  passage  from  some 
respectable  author,  often  abridged  from  the  whole  passage  cited 
by  Johnson.  In  many  cases,  I  have  given  brief  sentences  of  my 
own ;  using  the  phrases  or  sentences  in  which  the  word  most 
frequently  occurs,  and  often  presenting  some  important  maxim 
or  sentiment  in  religion,  morality,  law,  or  civil  policy.  Under 
words  which  occur  in  the  Scriptures,  I  have  often  cited  passages 
from  our  common  version,  not  only  to  illustrate  the  scriptural  or 
theological  sense,  but  even  the  ordinary  significations  of  the 
words.  These  passages  are  short,  plain,  appropriate,  antl  famil- 
iar to  most  readers.  In  a  few  cases,  where  the  sense  of  a  word 
is  disputed,  I  have  departed  from  the  general  plan,  and  cited  a 
number  of  authorities. 

In  the  admission  of  words  of  recent  origin  into  a  Dictionary, 
a  lexicographer  has  to  encounter  many  difficulties  ;  as  it  is  not 
easy,  in  all  cases,  to  determine  whether  a  ^ord  is  so  far  author- 
ized as  to  be  considered  legitimate.  Some  writers  indulge  a 
licentiousness  in  coining  words,  which  good  sense  would  wish  to 
repress.  At  the  same  time,  it  would  not  be  judicious  to  reject  all 
new  terms,  as  these  are  often  necessary  to  express  new  ideas ; 
and  the  progress  of  improvement  in  arts  and  science  wpuld  be 
retarded  by  denying  a  place  in  dictionaries  to  terms  given  to 
things  newly  discovered.  But  the  lexicographer  is  not  answer- 
able for  the  bad  use  of  the  privilege  of  coining  new  words.  It 
seems  to  be  his  duty  to  insert  and  explain  all  words  which  are 
used  by  respectable  writers  or  speakers,  wnether  the  words  are 
destined  to  be  received  into  general  and  permanent  use  or  not. 
The  future  use  must  depend  on  public  taste,  or  the  utility  of  the 
words  —  circumstances  which  are  not  within  the  lexicographer's 
control. 

Lexicographers  arc  sometimes  censured  for  inserting  in  their 
vocabularies  vulgar  words,  and  terms  of  art,  known  only  to  par- 
ticular artisans.  That  this  practice  may  be  carried  too  far,  is 
admitted  ;  but  it  is  to  be  remarked  tliat,  in  general,  vulgar  words 
are  the  oldest  and  best  authorized  words  in  language  ;  and  their 
use  is  as  necessary  to  tlie  classes  of  people  who  use  them,  as 
elegant  words  are  to  the  statesman  and  the  poet.  It  may  be 
added,  that  such  words  are  often  particularly  useful  to  the  lexi- 
cographer, in  furnishing  him  with  the  primary  sense,  which  is  no- 
where to  be  found  but  in  popular  use.  In  this  work  1  have  not 
gone  quite  so  far  as  Johnson  has  done,  in  admitting  vulgar  words. 
Some  of  them  are  too  low  to  deserve  notice. 

The  catalogue  of  obsolete  words  in  Johnson  has  been  consider- 
ably augmented  by  Mason.  I  have,  though  somewhat  reluc- 
tantly, inserted  nearly  the  whole  catalogue,  which,  I  presume, 
amounts  to  seven  or  eight,  and  perhaps  to  ten  thousand  words. 
Most  of  these  may  be  useful  to  the  antiquary  ;  but  to  the  great 
mass  of  readers  they  are  useless.* 

to  the  linderstandini;  of  a  poem,  it  seems  to  be  a  violation  of  good  taste.  How 
different  is  the  simple  elegance  of  Drj'den,  Fope,  Gray,  Goldsiuitb,  and  Cow- 
pert 


rr 


INTRODUCTION. 


Ixxvii 


I  have  also  inserted  many  words  which  are  local  in  England ; 
being  retained  from  the  different  languages  that  have  been 
spoken  in  that  country,  but  which  are  no  more  a  part  of  our 
present  language  in  the  United  States,  than  so  many  Lapland 
words.  These,  however,  occur  in  books  which  treat  of  agricul- 
ture and  the  arts  —  books  which  are  occasionally  read  in  this 
country. 

Law  terms,  which  are  no  part  of  the  proper  language  of  the 
United  States,  and  never  can  be,  as  the  things  they  express  do 
not  exist  in  this  country,  are,  however,  retained,  as  it  is  necessary 
that  the  gentlemen  of  the  bar  should  understand  them ;  and  it 
will  be  time  to  dismiss  them  from  books  when  they  are  obsolete 
in  practice. 

As  to  Americanisms,  so  called,  I  have  not  been  able  to  find 
many  words,  in  respectable  use,  which  can  be  so  denominated. 
These  I  have  admitted  and  noted  as  peculiar  to  this  country.  I 
have  fully  ascertained  that  most  of  the  new  words  charged  to  the 
coinage  of  this  country,  were  first  used  in  England. 

In  exhibiting  the  origin  and  affinities  of  English  words,  I  have 
usually  placed  first  in  order  the  corresponding  word,  in  the  lan- 
guage from  or  through  which  we  have  receired  it ;  then  the  cor- 
responding words  in  the  languages  of  the  same  family  or  race ; 
then  the  corresponding  word  in  the  languages  of  other  families. 
Thus,  for  example,  the  word  break  we  have  from  our  Saxon 
ancestors ;  I  therefore  give  the  Saxon  word  first ;  then  the 
same  word  in  the  other  Teutonic  and  Gothic  languages ;  tlien 
the  Celtic  words ;  then  the  Latin ;  and,  lastly,  the  Hebrew, 
ChaJdaic,  and  Arabic.  This  order  is  not  followed  in  every  in- 
stance, even  of  vernacular  words,  but  it  is  the  more  general 
course  I  have  pursued.  When  there  can  be  no  rational  doubt 
respecting  the  radical  identity  of  words,  I  have  inserted  them 
without  any  expression  of  uncertainty.  When  there  appears  to 
be  any  reason  to  question  that  identity,  1  have  mentioned  the 
probability  only  of  an  aflinity,  or  inserted  a  query,  to  invite  fur- 
ther investigation.  Yet  I  am  aware  tliat  many  things,  which  in 
my  view  are  not  doubtful,  will  appear  so  to  persons  not  versed 
in  this  subject,  and  who  do  not  at  once  see  the  chain  of  evidence 
which  has  led  me  to  my  inferences.  For  this  there  is  no  remedy 
but  further  investigation. 

In  regard  to  words  which  have  been  introduced  into  tlie  lan- 
guage in  modern  days,  I  have  generally  referred  them  to  the 
language  from  which  the  English  immediately  received  them. 
A  great  part  of  these  are  from  the  Latin,  through  the  French  ; 
sometimes,  probably,  through  the  lUlian  or  Spanish.  In  some 
instances,  however,  the  order  is  reversed ;  indeed,  it  can  not 
always  be  known  from  which  language  the  words  have  been 
received,  nor  is  it  a  matter  of  any  consequence. 

One  circumstance,  however,  deserves  to  be  particularly  noticed — 
that  when  I  refer  a  vernacular  word  to  the  corresponding  word  in 
one  of  the  Shemitic  languages,  I  would  not  have  it  understood 
that  the  English  word  was  derived  or  borrowed  fix»m  that  Oriental 
word.  For  example,  I  have  given  the  Shemitic  pID  as  the  verb 
corresponding  with  the  English  breaks  that  is,  the  same  word  in 
those  languages ;  not  intending  by  this  that  our  ancestors  bor- 
rowed or  received  that  word  from  the  Chaldeans,  Hebrews,  or 
other  Shemitic  nation.  This  is  not  the  fact.  It  would  be  just  as 
correct  for  the  compiler  of  a  Chaldee  or  Hebrew  Lexicon  to 
derive  p'lS  from  the  English  break  or  German  brechen.  So 
when   I  deduce  coin,  through  the  French,  Spanish,  or  Italian, 

from  the  Arabic,   •  \J},  I  do  not  consider  the  word  as  borrowed 

from  the  Arabic,  but  as  proceeding  from  a  common  radix.  With 
regard  to  vernaeular  words,  in  any  European  language,  such  de- 
duction is  always  incorrect.  Yet  errors  of  this  kind  abound  in 
every  book  I  have  seen,  which  treats  of  this  subject.  The  truth 
is,  all  vernaeular  words  in  the  languages  of  Europe  are  as  old  as 
the  same  words  in  Asia  ;  and  when  the  same  words  are  found  in 
the  Shemitic  and  Japhetic  languages,  it  is  almost  demonstrably 
certain  that  these  words  were  in  use  before  the  dispersion ;  the 
nations  of  both  families  have  them  from  the  common  stock,  ojid 
the  words,  like  the  families  of  men  which  used  them,  arc  to  be 
considered  as  of  the  same  antiquity. 

When,  therefore,  1  state  the  words  of  another  language  as  cor- 
responding with  vernacular  words  in  the  English,  they  are  offered 
as  affmities,  or  the  same  word  varied  dialectically,  perhaps,  in 
orthography  or  signification,  but  words  from  the  same  root  as  the 
English.  Thus,  under  the  word  bright,  I  state  the  Saxon  word, 
and  then  the  corresponding  word  in  the  Ethiopic,  the  participle 
of  a  verb;  not  that  our  ancestors  borrowed  the  word  from  the 


Ethiopians,  but  that  the  verb  from  which  bright  was  derived, 
though  lost  in  the  Saxon,  is  still  retained  in  the  Ethiopic.  This 
fact  proves  that  the  ancestors  of  the  Saxons  once  used  the  verb, 
but  suffered  it  to  go  into  disuse,  substituting  shine,  scinan,  in  its 
place. 

It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  British  authors  and  travelers 
admit  into  their  writings  foreign  words,  without  conforming  them, 
in  orthography,  to  regular  English  analogies.  It  is  owing  to  tliis 
disregard  of  the  purity  and  regular  form  of  orthography  in  Eng- 
lish, that  we  are  perplexed  witii  such  words  as  burlesque,  soup, 
group,  tour,  corps,  depot,  suite,  pacha,  ennui,  and  many  others. 
In  this  respect,  modem  writers  manifest  less  tJiste  than  the 
writers  of  former  centuries,  who,  when  they  borrowed  foreign 
words  wrote  them  in  conformity  to  English  analogies.  This 
practice  of  blending  with  the  English  many  words  of  an  orthog- 
raphy which  in  our  language  is  anomalous,  is  very  embarrassing 
to  readers  who  know  only  their  vernacular  tongue,  and  often 
introduces  an  odious  difference  between  the  pronunciation  of 
different  classes  of  people — an  evil  more  sensibly  felt  in  this 
country  than  in  Great  Britain,  where  differences  of  rank  exist ; 
in  short,  it  multiplies  the  irregularities  of  a  language,  already  so 
deformed  by  them  as  to  render  it  nearly  impracticable  for  our 
own  citizens  ever  to  overcome  the  difficulties  of  its  orthography  — 
irregularities  which  foreigners  deem  a  reproach  to  the  taste  of  a 
literary  nation. 

Where  is  the  good  sense  which  should  dictate  a  manly  firmness 
in  preserving  the  regular  analogies  and  purity  of  the  language  ? 
Where  is  there  a  due  attachment  to  cniformitv,  which  consti- 
tutes the  principal  beauty  and  excellence  of  a  language,  and, 
bevond  all  other  means,  facilitates  its  acquisition  ?  I  would  not 
refuse  to  admit  foreign  words  into  the  language,  if  necessary  or 
useful ;  but  I  would  treat  them  as  our  laws  treat  aliens  ;  I  would 
compel  them  to  submit  to  the  formalities  of  naturalization,  before 
they  should  be  admitted  to  the  rights  of  citizenship;  I  would  con- 
vert them  into  English  words,  or  reject  them.  Nor  would  1  per- 
mit the  same  word  to  be  written  and  pronounced  in  two  different 
ways,  one  English,  the  other  French.  The  French  suite  in  Eng- 
lish is  suit,  whether  it  signifies  a  set  of  clothes,  or  of  apartments, 
or  of  armor,  or  of  attendants. 

In  the  orthography  of  certain  classes  of  words  I  have  aimed  at 
uniformity  ;  but  I  have  not  proceeded  so  far  in  this  desirable  ref- 
ormation of  the  common  spelling,  as  my  own  wishes  and  strict 
propriety  might  dictate.  Thus,  W  vicious,  from  the  Latin  vitium, 
is  written  with  c,  the  verb  vitiate  should  regularly  be  written  with 
the  same  letter  ;  and  we  have  precedents  in  the  words  appreciate 
and  depreciate,  from  the  Latin  pretium.  In  like  manner,  expa.- 
tiaie  should  be  conformed  to  the  ortliography  of  spacious  ;  exceed, 
proceed,  and  succeed,  should  follow  the  analogy  of  concede,  inter- 
cede, and  recede.  These  are  points  of  minor  importance,  but  far 
from  being  unimportant. 

In  writing  the  termination  of  such  verbs  as  civilize,  legalize, 
modernize,  there  is  a  diversity  which  may  be  corrected  without 
inconvenience.  We  indeed  have  some  of  the  verbs  of  this  class 
from  the  French,  in  which  language  iscr  is  the  tPnnin,ation  ;  but 
most  of  them  we  have  borrowed  directly  from  the  Latin  or  Greek, 
or  perhaps  from  the  Spanish  or  Italian,  or  they  are  of  our  own 
coinage.  As  the  termination  ize  is  conformable  to  the  Greek 
original,  as  it  has  a  definite  meaning,  and  as  it  e.xpresses  the 
true  pronunciation  in  English,  it  seems  expedient  to  reduce  the 
whole  class  to  a  uniformity  of  orthography. 

Enterprise,  devise,  comprise,  revise,  compromise,  and  surprise, 
belong  to  a  different  class,  and  retain  the  orthography  of  their 
originals. 

There  is  a  fact  respecting  the  pronunciation  of^n  in  cognizance 
and  recognizance,  which  seems  to  have  escaped  observation  ;  this 
is,  that  e  was  introduced  to  express  a  nasal  sound,  as  in  the  French 
gii,  or  Spanish  S,  but  not  for  the  purpose  of  being  pronounced  as 
g.  It  is  probable  that  the  Latins  changed  con,  before  nosco,  into 
cog,  for  this  reason  ;  and  it  may  be  inferred,  from  the  modern 
pronunciation  of  these  words,  that  the  Greeks  omitted  or  softened 
the  sound  of  y  in  yiytoinxm  and  yiyroiiai.  However  this  may  be, 
the  old  pronunciation  of  the  words  w,is  undoubtedly  conusance, 
or  comzanee,  reconizance  ;  and  hence,  in  the  old  writers  on  law,  the 
letter  g  was  omitted.  Indeed,  there  is  a  harshness  in  the  pro- 
nunciation of  g  in  these  words,  that  ofl'ends  the  organs  both  of 
the  speaker  and  hearer,  and  which  well  justifies  the  pronunciation 
of  the  old  lawyers  —  a  proniinciation  which  we  frequently  hear  at 
this  day  among  gentlemen  of  the  bar. 

Whether  the  Latins  pronounced  the  letter  g  in  such  words  as 
benignus,  condignus,  malignus,  it  is  of  no  moment  for  us  to  deter- 


Ixxriii 


INTRODUCTION. 


mine.  In  our  mode  of  writing  benign,  condign,  malign,  the 
sound  of  g  must  be  dropped ;  but  it  is  resumed  in  the  derivatives, 
lenignitif,  condignity,  tnalignity :  so  in  design,  designate;  resign, 
resignation.' 

In  noting  the  obsolete  words,  which  amount  to  some  thousands, 
I  may  have  committed  mistaiies ;  for  words  obsolete  in  one  part 
of  the  British  dominions,  or  in  some  part  of  the  United  States, 
may  be  words  in  common  use  in  some  other  part  of  such  domin- 
ions not  within  my  knowledge.  The  rule  I  have  generally  ob- 
served, has  been  to  note  as  obsolete  such  words  as  1  have  not 
heard  in  colloquial  practice,  and  which  I  have  not  found  in  any 
writer  of  the  last  century.  The  notation  of  such  words  as  are 
disused,  may  be  of  use  to  our  own  youth,  and  still  more  to  for- 
eigners who  learn  our  language. 

Under  the  head  of  etymology,  in  brackets,  the  reader  will  observe 
references  to  another  work,  lor  a  more  full  explanation  or  view  of 
the  affinities  of  the  words  under  which  these  references  occur. 
These  are  references  to  a  Synopsis  of  the  principal  uncompounded 
words  in  twenty  languages  —  a  work  that  is  not  published,  and  it 
is  uncertain  whether  it  will  ever  be  published.  But  if  it  should 
be,  thes«  references  will  be  useful  to  the  philologist,  and  I  thought 
it  expedient  to  insert  them. 


ENGUSH    ALPHABET. 

Language  or  speech  consists  of  human  voices  or  articulate 
sounds,  intended  to  communicate  thoughts  or  ideas  from  one 
person  to  another. 

Articulate  voices  are  those  which  are  formed  by  closing  and 
opening  the  organs  of  speech  —  the  lips,  the  tongue,  the  teeth,  &c. 
An  articulation  is  a  jointing  or  closing  of  the  organs,  as  in  pro- 
nouncing ab,  ed,  op,  un,  at,  eth,  ag,  eng. 

Articulate  sounds  of  the  human  voice  are  represented  by  letters 
or  characters  written,  painted,  engraved,  or  printed.  A  letter,  or 
letters  in  combination,  form  syllables  and  words,  which  are  the 
symbols  of  ideas. 

To  letters,  syllables,  and  words,  are  annexed  certain  sounds, 
which,  being  uttered  by  the  organs  of  speech,  communicate  ideas, 
through  the  instrumentality  of  the  ears.  When  letters  and  words 
are  written,  painted,  engraved,  or  printed,  they  communicate 
thoughts,  through  the  instrumentality  of  the  eyes. 

In  order  to  the  communication  of  thoughta  or  opinions  cor- 
rectly, from  one  person  to  another,  it  is  essential  that  both  persons 
should  annex  the  same  sounds  to  tlie  same  letters  and  words ;  or 
that  the  letters  and  words  used  should  be  symbols  of  the  same 
thoughts  to  both  persons.  This  identity  of  sounds  and  symbols 
constitutes  a  particular  language,  the  instrument  of  social  inter- 
course in  a  nation. 

In  the  English  language,  the  letters  are  twenty-six  ;  represent- 
ing sounds,  simple  or  compound ;  or  modifying  such  sounds. 
Letters  are  of  two  kinds,  voweis  and  consonants. 
Vowels  are  vocal  sounds,  uttered  by  opening  the  mouth  or 
organs  of  speech,  without  a  contact  of  the  parts  of  the  mouth. 
The  sound  of  a  perfect  vowel  may  be  prolonged  at  pleasure,  with- 
out altering  the  position  of  the  organs.  Such  is  the  first  or  long 
sound  of  a,  e,  o. 

The  vowels  in  the  English  are  six  —  a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  y.  But  i  and 
K  are  not  always  simple  vowels ;  and  y  is  sometimes  used  as  a 
consonant.  These  letters  also  represent  different  sounds  —  a  cir- 
cumstance which  creates  much  difficulty  in  learning  the  language. 
The  broadest  or  deepest  vowel  sound  is  that  of  a  in  fall,  au  in 
aught,  aw  in  law.  This  sound  requires  the  largest  opening  of  the 
mouth.  A  less  opening  of  the  organs  gives  the  sound  of  the  Ital- 
ian a,  as  in  father,  glass.  One  less  deep  gives  the  sound  of  the 
short  a,  as  in  fat,  cat,  can.  A  still  smaller  opening  gives  the 
sound  of  a  in  fate,  make;  and  a  still  smaller,  gives  the  sound  of  e 
in  raete,feet.  The  first  sound  of  o,  as  in  note,  is  made  by  a  circu- 
lar position  of  the  lips ;  and  with  a  less  circular  opening  of  the 
lips  we  utter  the  sound  of  oo  in  tool. 

The  first  or  long  sound  of  t  is  compound,  as  in  pine  ;  so  is  the 
first  sound  of  u  in  due,  suit,  tribunal.  These  sounds  can  not  be 
exactly  expressed  or  described  in  writing. 

•  The  Spanish  pvrio  is  the  Latin  pu^iu ;  and  our  word  paien,  the  D.  pajtd,  ia 
the  Latin  pi^ua.    So  we  pronounce  impune,  tor  impugn,  French  impugntr,  from 


The  first  or  long  sound  of  each  vowel  U  exemplified  in  the 
following  words :  — 

a  in  make,  name.  o  in  note,  hold. 

e  in  me,  mete.  u  in  dvty,  true. 

i  in  pitie,  bind.  y  in  dry,  defy. 

The  short  sound  of  each  vowel  may  be  exemplified  in  the  fol- 
lowing words  ;- 


a  in  mat,  ban. 
e  ia  bet,  men. 
i  in  bit,  pin. 


0  in  not,  boss, 
u  in  dun,  must, 
y  in  pity,  duty. 


The  vowel  a  has  a  third  sound,  called  broad,  as  in  ball,  all, 
walk.  The  same  sound  is  expressed  by  au  in  taught,  and  by  aw 
in  saw.  This  sound  is  shortened  in  what,  quadrant,  quality.  Its 
remaining  sound  is  the  Italian  one  mentioned  above,  as  in  father, 
glass. 

The  vowel  e  has  the  sound  of  long  a  in  a  few  words,  as  in  prey, 
surrey,  their. 

The  letter  f  retains  its  French  sound,  that  of  the  English  long  e, 
in  some  words  which  we  have  received  from  the  French  lan- 
guage, as  in  pique,  ntarine,  machine. 

The  vowel  o,  in  a  few  words,  has  the  sound  of  oo,  the  French 
ou,  as  in  move,  prove,  lose.  This  sound  of  oo  is  shortened  in 
book,  look.  In  a  few  words,  o  has  the  sound  of  u  short,  as  in 
dove,  love. 

The  first  sound  of  y,  as  in  dry,  is  the  same  as  that  of  t  in  pine  ; 
and  its  short  sound  in  glory,  pity,  is  the  same  as  that  of  t  in  pin, 
brisk.  This  short  sound  of  i  and  y  is,  properly,  the  short  sound 
of  e  long.  Hence  little,  when  the  first  vowel  is  prolonged,  be- 
comes leetle.     Hence  been  is  prononnced  bin. 

The  short  e  in  let  ia  nearly,  but  not  precisely,  the  short  sound 
of  a  in  late.  ' 

[Short  e  before  r  at  the  end  of  a  word,  and  before  r  followed  by 
any  consonant  but  itself  in  the  middle  of  a  word,  verges  toward 
the  sound  of  short  u,  as  in  her,  fertile,  in  which  e  has  not  exactly 
the  same  sound  as  in  herring,  ferry.  Most  persons,  indeed,  as 
Smart  remarks,  run  completely  into  the  sound  of  short  u,  pro- 
nouncing the  first  syllable  of  mercy  and  of  murder  alike.  Those 
who  are  more  delicate  in  their  pronunciation,  endeavor  to  avoid 
this  in  accented  syllables,  retaining  very  slightly  the  sound  of 
short  e,  though  it  is  difficult  to  do  this,  in  some  eases,  without 
running  into  the  sound  of  a.  These  remarks  apply  also  to  the 
sound  of  short  i  and  y  in  the  same  circumstances,  as  in  sir,  circle, 
mirth,  &c.  Smart  remarks  that,  "  even  among  the  more  refined 
classes,  sir,  dirt,  bird,  are  pronounced  sur,  durt,  burd ;  and,  in- 
deed, in  all  very  common  words,  it  would  be  somewhat  affected  to 
insist  on  the  delicacy  refered  to."] 

The  vowel  u,  in  some  words,  has  the  sound  of  oo  in  book,  as  in 
pull,  full,  put. 

The  letter  «,  in  some  words,  is  pronounced  yu,  in  which  case  it 
is  anomalous,  representing  both  a  consonant  and  a  vowel.  This 
pronunciation  occurs  in  words  which  begin  with  u,  forming  a  syl- 
lable by  itself;  as  in  unite,  union,  unanimous ;  and  before  r,  as  in 
failure,  measure,  insure,  and  in  a  few  other  cases. 

Some  English  writers  allege  that  the  proper  sound  of  u  is  yu. 
This  is  a  great  mistake  ;  the  true  sound  is  nearly  eu,  but  these 
letters  do  not  express  its  exact  sound. 

The  letter  w  has  its  form  and  its  name  from  the  union  of  two 
v's,  in  old  books ;  v  being  called  yu.  This  name  is  ill  chosen,  and 
not  adapted  to  express  its  sound.  This  letter  is,  properly,  a 
vowel,  with  the  sound  of  oo,  French  ou,  but  shortened  in  pro- 
nunciation, as  in  dwell,  pronounced  dooel'. 

That  w  IS  a  vowel,  is  proved  by  the  fact,  that  its  sound,  oo,  may 
be  prolonged  at  pleasure,  with  the  same  position  of  the  organs ; 
and  it  has  the  same  sound  both  in  the  middle  and  at  the  beginning 
of  a  word ;  as  in  dieell,  well.  Yet  at  the  beginning  of  a  word,  it 
is  preceded  by  a,  as  a  wall,  a  woolen  garment,  which  has  led 
writers  to  number  it  among  the  consonants. 

IV,  before  another  vowel,  forms  a  diphthongal  sound  ;  at  least 
this  combination  seems  to  deserve  a  place  among  diphthongs.  It 
corresponds  exactly  with  u  befoie  a  vowel,  as  in  equal,  equity,  in- 
iquity, antiquity,  quote,  question,  persuade,  in  which  w  might  be 
substituted  for  u,  as  it  is  in  the  Dutch  language. 

In  a  few  words,  w  is  written  before  A,  but  pronounced  afler  it, 
as  in  when,  white,  pronounced  hooen,  hooite.  This  absurdity  has 
proceeded  from  a  change  of  the  order  of  letters  in  the  Saxon,  in 
which  A  preceded  u  ;  thus,  hwen,  hwite. 

the  Latin  pvgno,  pagruu'  How  far  these  facta  tend  to  show  the  Latin  pronuD- 
ciation,  let  the  reader  judge. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Ixxu 


Before  r,  as  in  wrench^  wrtngy  w  is  not  pronounced.  Before 
the  diphthong  ou,  as  in  wound,  to  aids  in  forming  a  triphthong. 

Following  o,  w  forms  part  of  a  diphthong,  as  in  now,  vow;  or  is 
mute,  as  in  low,  slow,  snow. 

Two  vowels  rapidly  pronounced  in  one  jyllable,  constitute  a 
diphthong ;  as  oi  in  join  ;  oy  in  joy  ;  ou  in  sound  ;  and  ow  in  vow. 

Two  vowels  in  succession,  when  one  only  is  pronounced,  do 
not  form  a  diphthong.  In  my  books  I  follow  Sheridan,  and  de- 
nominate such  vowels  a  digraph  ;  that  is,  double  written.  Such 
are  the  following ;  ai,  ay,  au,  aw,  ea,  ee,  ei,  cu,  ew,  ey,  ic,  ou,  vi. 

Consonants  are  the  letters  which  represent  the  articulations  of 
the  organs.  The  letters  of  this  sort,  in  the  English  language,  are 
the  following,  in  large  and  small  characters :  B,  b ;  C,  c  ;  0,  d ; 
F,  f;  G,  g;  H,  h;  J,  j  ;  K,  k  ;  L,  I;  M,  m;  N,  n;  P,  p;  Q,  q  ; 
R,  r ;  S,  s ;  T,  t ;  V,  v  ;  X,  x ;  Z,  z. 

The  articulations  or  jointings  made  by  these  letters,  may  be 
learned  from  the  following  syllables  :  ab,  ac,  ad,  of,  ag,  aj,  ak, 
al,  am,  an,  ap,  aq,  ar,  as,  at,  av,  ax,  az.  Observe  the  point  of 
contact  in  the  organs  which  stops  the  sound. 

The  letters  b,f,  p,  m,  v,  represent  the  articulations  of  the  lips, 
and  are  called  labials,  or  lip-letters. 

The  consonants  d,  t,  I,  n,  and  th,  represent  the  jointings  of  the 
tongue  and  the  upper  teeth,  or  gum  in  which  the  teeth  are  inserted. 
For  this  reason,  they  are  denominated  dentals,  or  tooth-letters. 

The  consonants  close  e,  close  g,  k,  and  q,  represent  the  articu- 
lations of  the  lower  part  of  the  tonguo  and  upper  part  of  the 
mouth,  or  palate  ;  hence  they  are  called  palatals,  or  palate-letters. 
~  The  consonants  s  and  i  represent  the  position  of  the  end  of  the 
tongue  near  the  upper  teeth  ;  and  when  pronounced,  the  breath 
issues  or  is  driven  out  between  the  toague  and  teeth,  with  a  hiss- 
ing ;  hence  these  letters  are  called  sibilants,  or  hissing-letters. 
The  letter  c  before  e,  t,  and  y,  is  precisely  equivalent  to  s. 

The  letter  r  is  uttered  with  a  jar  or  vibration  of  the  end  of  the 
tongue,  near  the  upper  teeth. 

The  letters  j  and  x  represent  eich  two  sounds  ;  those  of  j  may 
be  expressed  by  dj,  and  those  of  x  by  ks.  The  consonant  g  before 
e,  i,  and  y,  is,  in  many  words,  the  exact  equivalent  of  j. 

The  close  articulations  ir  terrupt  all  distinct  sound  ;  such  are  k, 
p,  and  (,  as  ui  ak,  ap,  at.  These  are  called  mutes.  B  and  d  are 
mutes,  but  less  close. 

C  and  g  are  close  artxulations  at  the  end  of  syllables,  as  in 
public,  rag.  At  the  beginning  of  syllables,  tlxey  are  close  before 
a,  o,  and  u,  as  in  can,  rot,  cud;  gap,  go, gun.  But  before  «,  i,  and 
y,  c  is  equivalent  to  s,  as  in  cedar,  city,  cycle;  and  g  is  sometimes 
close,  as  in  gift,  and  sometimes  compound,  as  in  general,  ginger. 

The  consonants  which  represent  articulations  not  close,  are/,  I, 
m,  n,  T,  s,  r,  z ;  as  in  the  syllables  ef,  el,  em,  en,  er,  es,  ev,  ez. 

H  represents  p  breathing,  and  is  denominated  aspirate. 

There  are,  in  English,  four  articulations,  for  which  there  are  no 
single  chara^iers  ;  but  they  are  represented  by  ch,  sh,  th,  and  ng. 

The  sound  of  cA,  as  in  church,  cheer,  may  be  represented  by  tsh. 

The  jound  of  ih  occurs  in  thine,  shall.  It  is  precisely  equiva- 
lent to  'he  French  ch. 

Th  are  aspirated  in  think,  throne;  but  vocal  in  that,  thou. 

Walker,  in  explaining  the  letters  of  the  alphabet,  represents  or 
denominates  the  consonant  b  as  flat,  and  p  as  sharp ;  e  as  flat,  and 
/  as  sharp  ;  d  as  flat,  and  t  as  sharp ;  th  in  thee,  thou,  as  flat,  and 
Ih  in  think,  as  sharp.  These  epithets  do  not  express  the  powers 
of  tliese  consonants,  nor  the  diSerences  between  them.  The  true 
representation  of  them  is  this  :  B  is  a  labial,  representing  a  less 
close  articulation  than  p,  which  indicates  a  compression  of  the  lips, 
that  instantly  stops  all  sound.  The  articulation  is  the  same.  D 
represents  a  less  close  articulation  of  the  tongue  and  upper  teeth 
than  t.  T  represents  an  articulation  of  the  upper  teeth  and  the 
lower  lip,  with  a  breathing  without  sound  ;  v  represents  the  same 
articulation  with  sound.  S  represents  a  near  articulation  of  the 
end  of  the  tongue  and  the  upper  teeth,  with  a  breathing  or  hissing 
without  sound;  z  represents  the  same  articulation  with  a  hissing 
sound.  The  same  distinction  exists  between  the  articulation  sh 
as  in  fresh,  and  that  of  zA  as  in  osier,  fusion,  delusion. 

The  sound  of  ng  is  simple,  and  occurs  in  sing,  thing,  in  which 
the  articulation  is  not  close.  The  same  is  also  true  of  the  parti- 
ciples and  verbals,  as  singing,  singer.  But  there  is  another  class 
of  words,  as  anger,  longer,  in  which  the  g  goes  to  the  subsequent 
syllable,  while,  at  the  same  time,  the  peculiar  sound  of  ng  is  re- 
tained on  the  preceding  syllable.  To  indicate  this,  such  words 
are  marked  with  a  double  accent,  thus,  an"ger,  lon"ger,  denoting 
that  they  are  not  to  be  pronounced  cither  ang-er,  or  an-gcr,  but 
with  the  peculiar  sound  of  ng  followed  by  g,  as  described  above. 


Yet  there  are  not,  in  this  case,  two  articulations,  as  some  or- 
thocpists  seem  to  suppose.  The  g  directly  succeeds  the  pecuUar 
sound  of  ng  witliout  any  new  position  of  the  organs,  so  that  there 
is  only  one  articulation  or  jointing  between  the  syllables,  though 
that  is  a  close  one. 

OrthoCpists  represent,  that,  in  the  combination  nk,  as  in  ink, 
bank,  n  has  the  sound  of  ng.  This  is  a  mistake.  The  sound  of 
ng  is  nasal,  the  articulation  being  less  close  than  nk.  If  the  n  in 
such  words  had  the  sound  of  ng,  then  ink  would  have  a  nasal 
sound,  ing,  preceding  k;  but  this  is  not  the  fact;  on  the  other 
hand,  the  close  articulation  k  stops  all  sound.  Walker,  then,  in 
representing  bank,  brink,  as  being  pronounced  bangk,  bringk,  en- 
tirely mistakes  the  fact. 

Note.  —  In  this  work,  the  diphthongs  of  foreign  words,  from 
which  anglicized  words  are  derived,  are  very  often  rejected  ;  as  in 
economy,  edematous,  atheneum,  maneuver,  pean.  The  diphthongs 
ffl  and  (E  are  of  difficult  formation  in  writing,  and  of  no  use  in 
English  words. 


RULES   FOR   PRONUNCIATION, 

AND  EXPLANATIONS  OF  THE    MANNER  OF    DESIGNAT- 
ING SOUNDS  IN  THIS  WORK. 

The  first  or  long  sound  of  the  vowels  is  designated  by  a  horizon- 
tal mark  over  the  vowel,  thus,  i,  6,  i,  6,  0,  f.  This  mark  is  not 
necessary  (though  it  is  here  used)  in  words  and  syllables  ending 
in  e,  after  a  single  consonant,  as  in  fate,  mete,  rite,  note,  mute,  in 
which  the  first  vowel  is  long,  and  the  final  e  is  silent.  So  also  it 
is  unnecessary  in  the  last  syllables  of  colonnade,  fortitude,  anti- 
pode,  suicide,  proselyte,  consecrate,  and  others  of  similar  formation. 

The  first  sound  of  a  vowel  is  also  indicated  by  the  mark  of 
accent  immediately  after  the  vowel,  as  in  fa'vor,  ce'dar,  vi'tal, 
glo'ry,  tru'ly,  cy'cle. 

The  second  or  short  sound  of  a  single  vowel  is  indicated  by 
one  or  more  consonants  terminating  the  word  or  syllable,  as  in 
ban,  band,  pen,  bend,  pin,  flint,  not,  plot,  sun,  must,  cyst,  withstand, 
descend,  rotund. 

The  short  sound  is  also  indicated  by  the  mark  of  accent  im- 
mediately after  a  single  consonant,  as  in  sal'ary,  en'crgy,  in'famy, 
bot'any,  hus'band,  sym'bol. 

The  third  or  broad  sound  of  a  is  designated  by  two  points 
under  the  vowel ;  thus,  bdtl,  broqd.  But  the  necessity  of  these 
points  is  superseded  by  a  general  rule,  that,  in  most  words  in 
which  a  is  followed  by  Id,  Ik,  II,  as  in  bald,  balk,  fall,  the  letter  a 
has  its  broad  sound.  [Still  the  a  is  generally  used  for  greater 
clearness.] 

This  broad  sound  occurs  in  the  digraphs  au  and  aw;  as  in 
taught,  law. 

When  this  broad  a  is  shortened,  the  sound  is  indicated  by  a 
single  point  under  a;  as  in  what,  quadrant. 

The  fourth  or  Italian  sound  of  a  is  designated  by  two  points 
over  the  letter  ;  thus,  bar,  most,  father. 

The  letter  e  having  the  sound  of  a  long,  has  a  mark  under  the 
letter  ;  as  in  prey,  convey. 

The  letter  i,  when  it  has  the  sound  of  e  long,  has  two  points 
over  the  letter;  thus,  fatigue,  Tnartne. 

The  letters  i  and  o,  when  they  have  the  sound  of  u  short,  have 
a  curving  mark  ;  thus,  bird,  dive. 

The  vowel  o  has,  in  a  few  words,  the  sound  of  oo,  French  ok, 
which  is  indicated  by  two  dots  over  the  letter;  thus,  mOve,  lose. 
Tliia  sound,  when  shortened,  is  designated  by  a  point  under  each 
of  the  vowels;  thus,  book,  look;  bush, full. 

The  two  letters  oo,  without  points,  have  the  sound  of  the 
French  ou  ;  as  in  fool,  room. 

The  digraphs  ai,  ay,  always  have  the  sound  of  the  first  or  long 
a,  unless  otherwise  marked. 

The  digraphs  ea,  ee,  ei,  ic,  always  have  the  sound  of  the  first  or 
long  e,  unless  otherwise  marked. 

In  all  cases,  when  one  vowel  of  a  digraph  is  marked,  that 
vowel  has  the  sound  designated  by  the  mark,  and  the  other  is 
quiescent ;  thus,  uphriid,  arrdyed,  deceit,  siege,  appear,  course, 
float,  broad,  vein,  show. 

By  marking  the  vowel  o,  in  the  digraphs  ou  and  ow,  the 
digraph  is  distinguished  from  the  diphthong  ;  thus,  in  source,  ou 
are  a  digraph;  but  in  smir  they  are  a  diphthong;  and  bOw,  a 
weapon,  is  distinguished  from  bow,  to  bend. 


Ixxx 


INTRODUCTION. 


Thus  ou  and  ow,  without  a  mark,  are  always  diphthongs. 

The  digraphs  eu,  etc,  and  ui,  have  the  sound  of  the  first  u;  as 
in/«urf,  ireic,  bruise.  The  writers  who  attempt  to  give  u  and  etc, 
after  r,  the  sound  of  oo,  as  in  rude,  brew,  [rood,  broo,^  encourage 
an  affected  pronunciation.  In  all  such  words,  u  and  ew  have  the 
proper  sound  of  u  in  duty,  tumult,  lucid,  both  in  this  country  and 
in  the  general  u.sage  in  England.  Some  persons  affect  to  pro- 
nounce the  letters  e  and  ic  distinctly,  e  and  oo  ;  but  this  affectation 
was  condemned  by  WalUs,  as  early  as  the  reign  of  Charles  II. 

The  vowel  i,  in  the  termination  ire,  is  always  short;  as  in 
motive,  relative,  pronounced  motiv,  relativ. 

The  peculiar  articulation  of  the  letter  r  renders  it  necessary  to 
utter  a  slight  sound  of  e  short  between  a  vowel  and  that  letter. 
Thus,  bare,  mere,  mire,  more,  mure,  are  pronounced  bacr,  vieer, 
mier,  moer,  viucr ;  so  in  parent,  apparent,  pronounced  nearly 
pdercnt,  appierent.  This  necessity  makes  a  slight  variation  in 
the  sound  of  a,  but  too  inconsiderable  to  deserve  a  particular 
mark  of  distinction. 

The  accented  syllable  is  designated  by  this  mark '  at  the  end, 
as  in  la*bor,  glo^ry,  tcn*or,  amend',  detriment,  withdraw',  avoir', 
destroy',  renew'. 

After  syllables  having  two  or  more  consonants  followed  by  e 
quiescent,  or  a  diphthong,  the  accent  has  no  effect  upon  the  vow- 
el, as  in  dislodge',  rejoice'. 

In  many  cases,  the  mark  over  the  Towel  might  designate  both  the 
sound  of  the  vowel  and  the  accented  syllabic,  as  in  abrade,  up- 
braid, deduce,  besiege;  but  the  accent  is  uniformly  marked." 

The  letters  ch,  in  words  from  the  French,  are  pronounced  as 
sh,  and  over  the  letter  c  is  a  mark  ;  thus,  chaise,  pronounced 
shayz. 

The  letters  ce,  ci,  and  ti,  before  a  vowel,  often  blend  into  the 
sound  of  sh.  Thus,  ocean,  Fkocion,  motion,  are  pronounced 
o'shun,  Pho'shun,  mo'shun.  Hence,  ceous,  cious,  tious,  blend  into 
the  syllable  shus,  as  in  cetaceous,  gracious,  factious,  pronounced 
ceta'shus,  gra'shus,fac'shus.^ 

The  termination  *jon,  after  a  consonant,  is  pronounced  shun; 
concession  is  pronounced  concesh'un.  But  after  a  vowel,  it  is 
pronounced  zhun  ;  diffusion  is  pronounced  diffu'zhun. 

The  termination  (ion,  in  most  words,  is  pronounced  shun,  after 
a  vowel  or  consonant ;  tuition,  affection,  are  pronounced  na'shun, 
affec'shun. 

In  a  few  words,  lian,  (ion,  are  pronounced  chunj  as  in  Chris- 
tian, bastion.     Egyptian  is  an  exception  ;  Egypshun. 

The  termination  sier,  when  not  under  the  accent,  is  pronounced 
zher  or  zhur,  as  in  o'sier,  bra' sier  ;  but  when  under  the  accent,  it 
has  the  sound  of  seer,  as  in  cuirassier' .  . 

When  two  accents  occur  after  e  or  t,  and  before  ci  and  ti,  they 
indicate  that  the  preceding  syllable  ends  with  the  pronunciation 
oi  sh.  Thus,  pre"cious,  vV'tiate,  are  pronounced />r«A'ou*,  vish'- 
ate;  the  ci  and  ti  blending  into  the  sound  of  sh. 

In  such  words  as  pronunciation,  euphony  seems  to  require  that 
cia  should  be  uttered  in  two  syllables,  pro-nun-ci-a'tion,  to  pre- 
vent the  repetition  of  the  sound  of  sh;  pronunshashun.i 

Dr.  Ash  remarks,  that  the  different  vowels,  in  unaccented  syl- 
lables, are  pronounced  alike,  or  nearly  so.  Thus,  in  the  words 
altar,  alter,  manner,  manor,  murmur,  all  the  vowels  of  the  last  syl- 
lables have  nearly  the  same  sound.  Hence  it  is  useless  to  mark  the 
unaccented  vowels,  their  sounds  being  too  obscure  and  indistinct 
to  be  defined,  or  to  be  distinguished  by  marks.  The  nice  dis- 
tinctions between  them,  if  any  exist,  are  to  be  acquired  only  by 
usage  and  good  taste. 

The  letters  gh,  in  most  English  words,  are  quiescent.  In  the 
following,  they  are  pronounced  like  /;  cough,  chough,  dough, 
enough,  hough,  laugh,  rough,  slough,  tough,  trough. 

H  after  r  is  mute,  as  in  rhetoric. 

G  and  h  before  n  are  mute,  as  in  gnaw,  knave. 

W  before  r  is,  mute,  as  in  icrest,  wrong. 

In  a  few  words,  k  after  w  is  pronounced  before  it,  as  in  what, 
which. 

In  the  termination  en,  e  is  nsaally  mute,  as  in  broken,  pro- 
nounced brokn. 

*  It  is  said  by  st^me  writer,  that  the  accent  tiever  falls  on  a  vowel,  but  always 
on  a  consonant.  This  is  a  grv'at  mistake.  The  last  syllable  of  foresee  has  the 
accent  on  the  last  syllable,  and  on  the  vowels  which  end  the  syllable.  In  open, 
the  accent  is  on  the  first  syllable,  in  which  there  is  no  consonant. 


The  final  e  is  mute  after  I,  in  the  following  syllables  :  ble,  cle, 
die,  fie,  gle,  kle,  pie,  tic,  zle. 

B  after  m  is  mute,  as  in  dumb. 

L  is  mute  before  k,  as  in  walk ;  before  m,  as  in  ealm ;  and 
before  /,  as  in  half,  calf. 

Jf  is  mute  after  m,  Us  in  hymn. 

Ph  are  always  pronounced  like  /,  as  in  philosophy;  but  they 
are  silent  in  phthisic,  pronounced  tizzic. 

P  is  mute  before  s,  as  in  psalm;  and  before  (,  as  in  ptyalism, 
Ptolemy. 

In  the  terminating  syllable  of  adjectives,  ous,  the  letter  o  is 
always  silent. 

The  unaccented  y,  at  the  end  of  words,  is  short,  like  » in  pin, 
pit,  as  in  glory,  probity.  In  the  plural  of  such  words,  ies  are 
pronounced  iz,  as  glories,  pronounced  gloriz. 

But  y,  in  monosyllables,  has  its  first  sound,  as  in  dry,  my;  and 
in  verbs  and  plurals  of  nouns  the  same  sound  occurs  in  the  in- 
fiections,  as  infiy,  flies  ;  try,  tries  ;  pronounced  y?I:c,  trlze. 

In  the  termination /y,  the  y  has  its  first  sound,  as  \n  fortify.  So 
also  i  in  the  last  S3'llable  of  fortifies. 

S  has  its  proper  sound  after  /,  p,  k,  t,  and  (A  aspirate,  as  in 
chiefs,  caps,  franks,  pits,  deitths. 

S  has  the  sound  of  z  after  b,  d,  g,  gh,  I,  m,  n,  r,  s  and  ss,  z,  v, 
aw,  ay,  ew,  ey,  ow,  oy,  sh,  ng,  th  vocal,  ch,  oe,  ie,  and  after  c  fol- 
lowed by  e  final ;  as  in  robs,  robes,  races,  rods,  rides,  rags,  rages, 
toils,  dreams,  sighs,  rains,  bars,  waves,  roses,  passes,  mazes,  laws, 
days,  news,  preys,  vows,  joys,  brushes,  sings,  breathes,  churches, 
foes,  files. 

S  before  m  has  the  sound  of  z,  as  in  spasm,  baptism 

The  letter  z,  in  Welsh  words,  is  pronounced  as  the  vocal  th  in 
that,  thou. 

In  many  cases,  a  word,  the  better  to  express  the  pronunciation, 
is  written  a  second  time,  in  the  letters  most  proper  for  the  pur- 
pose. In  this  case,  the  pronunciation  of  the  radical  word  is  to 
be  observed  in  the  derivatives,  unless  otherwise  noted.  Thus, 
bright  is  written  brlte,  to  show  the  pronunciation  ;  and  this 
pronunciation  is  to  be  observed  in  its  derivatives,  brightness, 
brightly. 

The  letter  u,  it  has  been  remarked,  has  the  sound  of  yu  in 
words  in  which  this  letter  forms  a  syllable  by  itself,  as  in  u-nil, 
u-nanimous,  u-biquity,  u-surp,  and  in  some  monosyllables,  as  in 
use,  pronounced  yusc. 

In  extending  this  sound  to  u  after  d,  as  in  gradual.,  credu- 
lous. Walker  has  changed  the  sound  of  d  to  that  of  dj ;  and 
gradual  becomes  gradjual  or  grajual ;  credulous  is  changed 
to  credjulous  or  crejulous.  But  this  pronunciation  of  Walker  is 
severely  condemned  by  Jameson  and  Knowles.  So  also  Walker's 
butsheus  for  beauteous,  plentshus  for  plenteous,  are  condemned 
and  discarded.  The  same  fate  attends  Walker's  ingrejent  for  in- 
gredient, and  other  words  of  a  like  orthography. 

The  present  practice  is  to  give  to  u  the  sound  of  yu,  in  such 
words  as  nature, feature,  rapture;  which  are  pronounced  ndt-yur, 
fiat-yur,  rapt-yur.  This  practice  seems  to  have  been  adopted 
to  avoid  the  common  corruption  of  a  change  of  (  into  tsh,  as  in 
natshur  —  a  pronunciation  condemned  by  the  latest  orthofipists. 

But  in  words  of  more  syllables  than  two,  this  pronunciation  of 
K  as  yu,  in  the  last  syllable,  as  in  caricature,  literature,  judicature, 
is  not  to  be  commended.  [Still,  as  the  corruption  referred  to  oc- 
curs quite  as  frequently  in  words  of  this  class  as  in  those  of  two 
syllables,  it  has  been  thought  best  to  place  them  all  on  the  same 
footing,  and  to  mark  with  the  sound  of  u  as  heard  in  unite,  all  the 
terminations  in  ure,  with  their  derivatives.] 

The  termination  ed,  in  the  past  tense  and  participles  of  verbs, 
retains  the  vowel  e,  in  this  vocabulary,  for  showing  the  proper 
orthography,  especially  to  foreigners ;  but  in  the  customary  pro- 
nunciation, this  vowel  is  omitted,  except  after  d  and  (.  Thus, 
abandoned,  delivered,  charmed,  are  pronounced  abandond,  de- 
liverd,  charmd.  This  rule  extends  to  all  cases,  except  to  some 
formal  uses  of  particular  words,  or  to  occasional  uses  of  some 
words  in  verse. 

Aftj>r  d  and  (,  this  termination  ed  is,  from  necessity,  pronounced 
as  a  distinct  syllable ;  as  in  abraded,  hated. 

t  The  English  orthoc;[)ists  alle|!e  that  the  letter  c,  in  such  words,  has  the 
sound  of  Bh.  This  is  a  mistake.  The  pronunciation  of  sh,  in  such  words,  is  the 
effect  of  blending  the  sound  of  e  with  the  following  vowel  This  mistake  has 
misled  Walker  and  others  into  a  multitude  of  errors 


Izxsi 


ORTHOGRAPHY    OP    DR.   WEBSTER, 

AS    EXHIBITED    IN    THIS    VOLUME. 


1.  Terminations  in  OCR  changed  into  or.  —  Such  words  ns  favor , 
labor,  &c.,  formerly  ending  in  our,  drop  the  u.  One  word,  how- 
ever, is  here  given  in  both  ways,  viz..  Savior,  Saviour. 

2.  Terminations  in  CK  changed  into  c.  —  Words  of  more  than 
one  syllable,  ending  in  ie  or  iac,  which  formerly  ended  in  k,  have 
dropped  the  k,  as  in  music,  maniac,  tfcc.  Add  to  these  almanac, 
sandarac,  limbec  (from  alembic);  also  havoc.  The  A  is  retained 
(1)  in  a  few  derivatives,  as  colicky,  trafficker,  mimicking,  &c.,  to 
prevent  an  erroneous  pronunciation ;  (2)  in  all  monosyllables,  as 
sick,  stick,  wreck,  &c.,  and  hence  in  their  compounds,  as  brain- 
sick, candlestick,  shipwreck,  &c. ;  (3)  in  all  other  terminations 
except  ic  and  iac,  as  in  arrack,  hammock,  &c. 

3.  Terminations  in  R£  changed  into  £R.  —  Such  words  as  centre, 
metre,  theatre,  &c.,  with  their  compounds,  have  the  re  changed  into 
er,  as  center,  meter,  theater,  &c.  Some  hundreds  of  words,  like 
chamber,  cider,  diameter,  &c.,  have  already  undergone  this  change, 
which  is  here  extended  to  about  twenty  more,  to  complete  the 
analogy.  Jlcre,  lucre,  and  massacre,  are  necessarily  excepted,  be- 
cause the  change  would  lead  to  an  erroneous  pronunciation.  The 
above  words,  however,  are  here  given  in  both  modes  of  spelling. 

4.  Words  in  which  the  final  consonant  is  not  doubled  in  adding 
such  formalives  as  mo,  ed,  er,  ^c.  —  It  is  a  rule  extending  to 
many  hundreds  of  cases,  that,  in  adding  to  a  word  such  forniatives 
as  ing,  ed,  er,  &c.,  a  single  consonant  at  the  end  of  a  word  is 
doubled  when  the  accent  falls  on  the  last  syllable,  as  in  forgetting, 
beginning,  excelling  ;  but  is  not  doubled  when  the  accent  falls  on  any 
preceding  syllable,  as  in  benefiting,  gardener,  «&c.  This  rule  has 
been  violated  in  the  case  of  about  fifty  words  ending  in  I,  whose 
derivatives  have  had  the  I  doubled,  as  traveller,  &.C.  These  words 
are  here,  restored  to  their  true  analogous  spelling,  as  recommended' 
by  Walker,  Lowth,  Perry,  and  others,  as  in  traveling,  canceled, 
leveler,  counselor,  duelist,  marvelous,  &c.  On  the  same  principle, 
woolen  is  spelled  with  a  single  I.  It  does  not  interfere  with  this 
rule  that  chancellor,  and  the  derivatives  of  metal  and  ertjstal,  as  met- 
alline, metallurgy,  crystalline,  crystallize,  &c.,  have  the  /  doubled, 
since  they  come  directly  from  the  Latin  cancellarius  and  metallum 
(Greek  fiitaXlov),  and  the  Greek  xqiarallot.  The  above  rule  is  also 
applied  to  the  derivatives  of  worship  and  bias,  making  them  wor- 
shiping, worshiped,  worshiper,  biasing,  biased.  Bigoted  has  already 
taken  its  true  spelling  with  but  one  t,  and  such  should  be  the  spell- 
ing of  carbureted,  sulphureted,  &c. 

5.  Distinction  between  verbs  in  IZE  and  ISE.  —  Verbs  from  the 
Greek  itu,  and  others  formed  in  analogy  with  them,  have  the  ter- 
mination i:e,  as  baptize,  legalize,  Sec.  Catechise  and  exorcise  are 
exceptions.  Verbs,  and  also  some  nouns,  derived  directly  from  the 
French,  with  a  few  from  other  sources,  end  in  ise,  as  advertise, 
advise,  ajfranchise,  amortise,  chastise,  circumcise,  comprise,  com- 
promise, criticise,  demise,  despise,  devise,  disfranchise,  disguise, 
divertise,  emprise,  enfranchise,  enterprise,  exercise,  manumise,  mer- 
chandise, misprise  (to  mistake),  premise,  reprise  (to  take  again), 
revise,  supervise,  surmise,  surprise. 

6.  Terminations  in  able.  —  ^ble,  when  incorporated  into  words 
ending  with  silent  e,  cuts  it  off,  as  in  hlamable,  except  after  e  or  g, 
OS  in  noticeable,  changeable. 

7.  Compounds -tf  words  ending  in  i.L.  —  Such  compounds  as 
befall,  miscall,  install,  forestall,  inthrall,  enroll,  retain  the  double  I, 
to  prevent  a  false  pronunciation,  making  the  last  vowel  short,  as 
befal,  enrol,  &c.  For  the  same  reason,  double  I  should  be  retained 
in  the  nouns  installment,  inthrallment,  thralldom,  and  enrollment. 

8.  Dr.FEKSE,  OrrENSE,  and   Pretense. —  In  those  words,  «  is 


rtibstituted  for  c,  because  s  is  used  in  the  derivatives,  as  defensive, 
offensive,  pretension.  The  words  expense,  recompense,  and  license, 
have,  on  this  ground,  undergone  the  same  alteration  within  com- 
paratively a  short  period,  and  a  change  in  the  three  mentioned  above 
would  complete  the  analogy.  These  words  are  here  given  in  both 
forms  of  spelling. 

9.  Foretell,  Distill,  Instill,  Fulfill.  —  These  words  retain 
the  II  of  their  primitives,  for  it  must  be  retained  in  the  participles 
and  other  derivatives,  as  foretelling,  distiller,  instilling, fulfilled,  &c. 
In  this  case,  it  is  only  necessary  to  remember  the  rule,  that  the 
spelling  of  the  original  words  tell,  still,  fill,  is  retained  in  all  the 
derivatives. 

10.  CoNNECtioN,  Deflection,  Inflection,  Reflection.  — 
These  follow  the  spelling  of  their  verbs,  connect,  deflect,  inflect,  reflect. 

11.  Derivatives  of  Dull,  Skill,  Will,  and  Full.  —  These  re- 
tain the  II,  r'lz.  dullness,  fullness,  skillful,  willful,  to  prevent  the 
inconvenience  of  exceptions  to  a  general  rule.  Walker  says,  there 
is  no  reason  why  we  should  not  write  dullness,  fullness,  skillful^ 
and  willful,  as  well  as  stiffness,  gruffness,  and  crossness. 

12.  Derivatives  o/  Villain.  —  The  derivatives  of  villain  ought  to 
retain  the  i,  as  in  villainous,  villainy,  &.c.  This  is  the  case  in  all 
similar  words  when  the  ain  is  not  under  the  accent,  as  mountain- 
ous from  mountain,  captaincy  from  captain,  chieftaincy  from  chief 
tain,  chaplaincy  from  chaplain,  certainty  from  certain,  &.c.  Both 
modes  of  spelling,  however,  are  given  in  this  volume. 

13.  Mould  and  Moult.  —  These  words  should  be  written  mold 
and  molt,  like  gold,  bold,  fold,  colt,  &c.,  in  which  the  u  has  been 
dropped,  or  was  never  introduced ;  but  they  are  here  given  in  both 
ways. 

14.  Terms  in  chemi.itry.  —  The  orthography  oxyd  (from  oJtJ{)  is 
considered  preferable  to  oxide,  because  in  all  other  derivatives  the 
Greek  u  is  represented  by  the  English  y,  as  in  oxygen,  hydrogen, 
&c.  In  such  terminations  as  chlorid,  fluorid,  ammid,  &c.,  the 
final  e  is  not  used,  because  they  are  formed  in  analogy  with  acid, 
and  the  e  is  unnecessary,  and  might  lead  to  the  error  of  giving  a 
long  sound  to  the  preceding  i.  Such  words  as  salicin,  cerin,  vera- 
trin,  Slc,  also  omit  the  final  «  in  most  cases,  because  it  is  unneces- 
sary, though  it  is  retained  in  bromine,  chlorine,  fluorine,  iodine,  and 
a  very  few  others.  The  spelling  of  the  last  class  of  words  has  the 
authority  of  Brando's  Encyclopedia,  the  Penny  Cyclopedia,  and 
some  distinguished  chemical  works. 

15.  Woe.  —  This  word  takes  the  final  e,  like  doe,  foe,  hoe,  sloe, 
toe,  and  all  similar  nouns  of  one  syllable.  The  termination  in  o  be- 
longs, among  monosyllables,  to  the  other  parts  of  speech,  as  go,  so, 
and  to  nouns  of  more  than  one  syllable,  as  motto,  potato,  tomato,  &c. 

16.  Practice,  as  a  verb.  —  This  verb  should  be  spelled  like  the 
noun,  with  a  c,  as  in  notice,  apprentice,  and  all  similar  words  in 
which  the  accent  precedes  the  last  syllable.  The  distinction  of 
spelling  between  the  noun  and  verb  belongs  properly  to  words  ac- 
cented on  the  last  syllable,  as  device,  n.,  devise  (pronounced  de- 
vize'), V.  To  apply  the  distinction  here,  and  spell  the  verb  practise, 
tends  to  give  it  the  same  pronunciation  (practize)  as  we  often  find 
in  uneducated  persons ;  but  as  this  spelling,  though  in  opposition 
to  the  regular  analogy,  is  more  prevalent,  the  verb  is  here  given 
in  both  ways. 

17.  Drouth  is  given  as  spelled  by  Spenser,  Bacon,  &.C.,  and  as 
still  extensively  pronounced ;  and  hight  as  spelled  by  Milton,  and 
derived  from  high.  They  are,  however,  placed  under  drought  and 
height,  the  more  ordinary  spelling,  though,  on  some  accounts,  the 
old  spelling  is  to  be  preferred. 


Izxxii 

» 

t 

• 

ALPHABETS. 

< 

i 

HEBREW  AND 
CUALOEB. 
ffama. 

SAMARI- 
TAN. 

^ARABIC. 

Initial. 

Abmw. 

SYRIAa 

MtdiaL 

rnitioL 

Aleph            X 

It- 

Elif             11             I 

\ 

Olapli 

i             \ 

I 

i 

Beth              a 

a 

Be               •_>      bA             Jk. 

•               •                             • 

j- 

Beth 

.^       .O. 

£^ 

o 

Gimel           a 

T 

Jim             C     g^          "^ 

j^ 

Gomal 

*^l!»       N5. 

>^ 

>is 

i    Daleth          T 
i 

•T 

C  Dal               3       .s            <X 
I  Dhal           i      Js           i^ 

Dolath 

t      r 

r 

.' 

He               n 

3t 

He               «        A             4 

£> 

He 

Ol          Ol 

Ol 

Ol 

Tau              1 

t 

Wau            J       >             > 

3 

Vau 

o       a 

a 

o 

Zain              T 

^ 

Ze              j       >            > 

J 

Zain 

1         V 

\ 

1 

Cheth           n 

^ 

(Ha              C      ^           ^ 
J  Kha            C      ^           =^ 

Heth 

WW         a-AA 

A* 

** 

Teth             6 

^ 

(  Ta              k       k            k 
(Tha            ii       Ji            k 

k> 

Teth 

4,    -S 

■& 

I 

Yod 

at 

Ye              t?       i?             A 

J 

Yud 

%s       •    «A 

* 

* 

Caph          -^  : 

a 

Kef            £    <L      i.^>. 

S  s=, 

Coph 

—     — 

2^ 

3 

T.amed          b 

I 

Lam            j       3-             J^ 

J 

Lomad 

^    ^ 

^ 

:^ 

Mem          tj  a 

a 

Mim            f       r            t 

•« 

Mim 

>0         >Q 

2a 

io 

Nun            1 3 

i 

Nun           o      u             * 

J 

Nun 

V       ^ 

1 

J 

Samech        o 

^ 

wanting     —       —             — 

— 

Semcath 

%£P         UQ 

ai 

0 

Ain               9 

V 

CAin              £       2             X 
<  Gain           it             * 

Ee 

'^     ^ 

:^ 

1. 

Pbe           C)  B 

3 

Fe              ij     ._*             i 

i 

Pe 

.Si     ^a. 

2k. 

3 

Tzaddi      f  s 

■m 

(  Tsad         ^jfl     (ja         ^  *a 
C  Dhad         ^     ija        ^  to. 

Tsode 

^       J 

J 

3 

Koph           p 

V 

Kaf            o      (Ji             * 

ji 

Kuph 

^      «a 

a. 

O 

Resh             1 

^ 

Re               J       J            J' 

J 

Rish 

'        r 

r 

J 

Sin               B^ 
.  Shin             D> 

u> 

(  oin            (|M     (jMh            ***• 
i  Shin          yi     ^            M 

:^ 

Shin 

•^          ..A. 

M. 

« 

Thau            n 

A 

(  Te              c      ilU             A 
^  The           O      C.             i 

J  J 

Tau 

Z       A 

A 

Z 

The  Arabic  Towela  are  on 

y  three,  viz.  Fatha,  _;.  a,  e ;   Kesra,  ~  e, 

i ;    Dhamma,  J_  o,  u. 

The  diacritical  si 

gn»  are  J 

earn  ^  or  quiescent  Sheva  ;   Teshdid  j^ 

or  Dagesh  forte  ;    Hamza  ±_ 

placed  over  Elif  when 

radical. 

Nunnation  or  doable  final 

vowels,  ^  "^  £.,  showing  that  they  are 

to  be  pronounced  an,  en  or 

in,  on  or  an. 

The  Persian)  use 

the  Arab 

ic  alphabet,  with  the  addition  of  Pe,  j  ; 

Che,  :s. ;  Ghaf,  f  ^  ;  and 

Zhe.J. 

I 


Izxxiii 

ETHIOPIC 

ALPHABET. 

A  short. 

u. 

I. 

A  long. 

E. 

Y. 

0. 

Alph 

A  a 

A-  u 

A.i 

A  a 

A.  e 

hy 

A  0 

Bet 

n  ba 

fV  bu 

a  hi 

n  ba 

a  be 

-n  by 

p  bo 

Gemel 

1  ga 

T-  gu 

1  gi 

3  ga 

"i  ge 

T  gy 

*!  go 

Den 

J?  da 

^  du 

^  di 

^  da 

£  de 

^  dy 

^  do 

Hoi 

U  ha 

l>  hu 

y  hi 

V  ha 

y  he 

U  hy 

1/  ho 

Waw 

®  wa 

(D,  vvu 

<g  wi 

<p  wa 

*e  we 

([r  wy 

p  wo 

Zai 

H  za 

\h  zu 

H,  zi 

H  za 

a  ze 

-H  zy 

H  zo 

Haut 

fh  ha 

rh-  hu 

fh,hi 

fti  ha 

rh.  I»e 

ih  hy 

<h  ho 

Hharm 

■*i  ha 

■V  hu 

•\  hi 

■J»  ha 

•^  he 

''i  hy 

rf^  ho 

Tail 

m  tha 

n>  thu 

fix  tU 

rn  tha 

fa  the 

^  thy 

fr»  tho 

Yaman 

p  ya 

P  yu 

R.  yi 

/>  ya 

^  ye 

.e  yy 

p-  yo 

Quaf 

n  ka 

n-  ku 

n.  ki 

n  ka 

n.  ke 

Tl  ky 

^  ko 

Lawi 

A  la 

A-  lu 

A,li 

A  la 

A.  le 

A  ly 

A-  lo 

Mai 

<w  ma 

o>  mu 

<'\  mi 

<^  ma 

"^  me 

^  my 

<p  mo 

Nahas 

'i  na 

V  nu 

h.  ni 

9  na 

h  ne 

ij  ny 

7  no 

Saut 

UJ  sa 

U>  su 

Ui  si 

Ul  sa 

Ut  se 

^  sy 

vp  so 

A  in 

0  a 

O  u 

^i 

°,  a 

^b  e 

6  y 

/)  0 

Af 

dlfa 

a:  fu 

,dfi 

<  fa 

<  fe 

4:  fy 

tfj  fo 

Pait 

ft  pa 

ft.  PU 

ft.  F 

ft  pa 

ft.  pe 

?^  py 

ft  po 

Psa 

T  pa 

T  pu 

X  P' 

7  pa 

T  pe 

T  py 

T  po 

Zadai 

«  za 

ft.  zu 

ft.  zi 

^  za 

ft.  ze 

ft"  zy 

f5    ZO 

Zappi 

0  zza 

9.  zzu 

q.  zzi 

g  zza 

q,  zze 

6  zzy 

^    ZZO 

Kaf 

t  ka 

«fe  ku 

•t  ki 

^  ka 

<fe  ke 

^  ky 

•f  ko 

Rees 

i  ra 

4,  ru 

<i  ri 

I,  ra 

<^  re 

^  ry 

C  ro 

Saat 

ft  sa 

ft,  su 

ft.  si 

ft  sa 

ft.  se 

n  sy 

ft  so 

Tawi 

t  ta 

1;  tu 

't  ti 

^  ta 

-t  te 

^  ty 

-f  to 

NOTE.- 

—  In  the  foregoing 

alphabets,  the  order  of  the  Arabic  and  Ethiopic 

letters  ia  conformed  to  that  of  the  Chaldee  and 

Hebrew. 

The  reader  will  obierre  two  or  three 

defect*,  which  are  owing  to  the  imperfection 

of  the  fonts  of  type 

LT^ 

bucxiv 


DIRECTIONS    AND    EXPLANATIONS. 


%•  CoDipound  words*  which  fn  ordinary  writing  have  the  parts  sepurated  by  a  I     •«•  At  the  end  of  Bomo  of  the  eU-moIogies,  there  are  references,  (as,  under  the 
hyphen,  are  arranged,  when  numerous,  directly  after  the  word  which  furms  their    word  Abate,  "See  Class  Bd,  No.  23^33,")  which  point  to  corresponding  parts  in 
first  part.     In  many  Ciist-s,  however,  etipecially  when  thsirnninbtr  is  small,  they  are    the  author's  ''Synopsis  of  Words  in  Twenty  Languages" — a  work  which  has  not 
arranged  in  their  regular  alphalx'ticil  order.    If,  lhen,acoin|huind  word  is  nut  found  i  yet  been  imbtishcd. 
in  the  first-mentioned  place,  it  should  be  sought  in  iu  suictly  alphabetical  order.      I 


ABBREVIATIONS, 


«.  stands  for  adjective. 

mdv adverb. 

eoa^  .  .  .  comparative,  «r  compound. 

cm.  ....  conjunction,  &r  connective. 

txtlam    .  .  exclamation,  or  inteijection. 

^.  •  •  .  .  •  feminine. 

M.  .         .  .  masculine. 

«,  .        .  .  name,  or  noun. 

ok*.      .     .  (^Molete. 

pL  .  .  pluiaL 

ff, .        .  .  partici[de  paaaiv*,  or  perfect. 

ffr  participle  present. 


stands  for .  .  preposition. 

, preterit  tense. 

pron. pronoun. 

tuperU superlative. 

V.  i. verb  Intransitive. 

tr.  L verb  transitive. 

J  America,  or  Ameri- 
can. 

^r. Arabic. 

jJmu Aruioric 

Ck. Chaldee. 

Cone Cornish. 


prep. 
prtt. 


Am. 


Dan, .  stands  for  .  Danish. 

Z>. Dutch,  or  Belgic. 

Eng. England,  or  English. 

EtA Ethiopic. 

Fr. French, 

O.  or  Oer,    ....  German. 

Ootk. Gothic 

Or. Greek. 

Ifeb Hebrew. 

Ice. Icelandic. 

Ir. Irish,  or  Gaelic 

It Italian. 


Lot.  or  Z^    stands  for  Latin. 

Ptr. Persic,  or  Persian. 

Port. Portuguese. 

Russ. Russian. 

Sam. Samaritan. 

Sana, Sanscrit. 

Sax.  ...  .         i  ^'**"">  <"■  Anglo- 

(     Saxon. 

Sp Spanish. 

Ste Swedish. 

Syr. Syriac. 

fV, Welsh. 


KEY  TO  THE   P  ROJ^  UN  C  I  A  T  I  ON, 


i»fi.I'**=-Wasin 
long  or  open, ) 

A  Italian,  or  AU,   . 
A  broad,  AU  or  AW 

A. 

£  like  long  «,  .  .  .  . 
EE,  £,  or  CE,  j 
like  long  e,  (  * 


j  mate,  mete,  mite, 
(  mute,  mule,  dye. 
.far. 
fait 
,  what. 
,  prfy,  thfre. 

.  mMt,c«sura. 


EW,  or  EU,  tike  long  «,  as  in  new,  feud. 

I  like  long  e, marine. 

I  like  short  «, .  bird. 

O, move. 

0  like  short  k,  .  .  .  dove, 
p,  .  .                                 .        wolf. 

01  or  OY, od,  boy. 

00,  .  .  moon. 


QQy as  in     book. 

OU  or  OW, about,  town. 

y, bull. 

II  like  yu vnite. 

C  hard,  or  €H,  like  ft,  .  .  .  carry. 

C  soft,  like  Sf certain. 

CII, ...  mucA. 

CU  likesA,       macAine. 


CK  hard,  like  Jt,   .  .   as  in  .  .  Blek. 

ti  Bofl,  like^, ^em. 

G  hardj five. 

S  like  z, &s,  was. 

S, west, 

TH, (Ais. 

TH, thin. 


REMARKS. 


1.  Improper  J>^pAMoM^.<^In  these,  the  vowel  which  is  sounded  is 
alone  marked,  as  in  at,  ea,  or  oi,  i>u,  &e. 

2.  Double  Accent  (").  —  This  is  used  in  two  cases :  (1)  When,  in  such 
words  as  an''^^  (pronounced  ang'ger^)  the  y  is,  as  it  were,  drawn  back 
to  the  preceding  syllable,  forming  with  n  the  sound  of  ng^  while  it  is  also 
retained  with  its  proper  hard  sound  in  its  own  syllable.  Thus  the  dis- 
tinction is  marked  between  such  words  as  lon"yer,  of  greater  length, 
and  lofu'eTf  one  who  longs.  (2)  AVTicn,  in  the  case  of  e  or  »  followed  by 
ci  or  tit  tl**  sound  of  sh  is  drawn  back  to  the  preceding  syllable,  as  in 
spe"cialf  discr^'tion,  addi"tton,  ri'Wous,  (pronounced  spesh'al,  diskresh'- 
tm,  addUh'un^  rish'tts.)  The  double  accent  is  also  used  when  the  sound 
of  zh  is  drawn  back,  as  in  Cransi'tion,  vi'sioiiy  (pronounced  transizh'u?if 
vizh'un;)  but  this  peculiaritv  is  also  indicated  either  by  respelling  or  by 
the  marked  s.  When  the  single  accent  O  and  double  accent  (")  both 
occur  on  the  same  word,  the  former  is  to  be  considered  the  primary,  and 
the  latter  the  secondary  accent,  as  in  cheese' mon"ger. 

3.  Votcelt  in  Italics.  —  Vowels  which  are  Italicized  arc  not  sounded, 
as  the  a  in  metal ;  the  e  in  us«i,  hazel,  burde^i ;  the  i  in  evil,  cousm ;  the 
o  in  beckon,  &c.  Hence,  the  termination  erf  in  participles  and  adjectives, 
when  the  c  is  Italicized,  though  separated  to  the  eye,  does  not  to  the 
ear  form  a  distinct  syllable.     Thus  used  is  pronounced  in  one  syllable. 

4.  Accented  Syllables.  —  WTien  an  accented  syllable  ends  in  a  conso- 
nant, the  vowel  which  it  contains  has  its  regular  short  or  shut  sound, 
unless  otherwise  denoted  according  to  the  key. 

5.  Unaccented  Syllables.  —  AVTien  an  unaccented  syllable  ends  in  a 
vowel  other  than  e  mute,  this  vowel  has  an  obscure  or  faint  sound,  un- 
less otherwise  marked.  The  obscure  a  is  usually  the  short  Italian  a,  as 
in  .America.  The  obscure  «,  i,  and  y,  have  the  open  sound  of  e  shortened, 
as  in  event,  labial,  duty ;  and  hence,  in  respelling  for  pronunciation,  the 
e  is  used  to  denote  these  sounds.  The  obscure  o  and  u  have  their  regular 
open  sounds,  but  somewhat  shortened,  as  in  monopoly,  strperfluous. 
When  the  unaccented  syllable  ends  in  a  consonant,  the  vowel  which  it 
contains,  if  single,  has  its  regular  short  or  shut  sound,  as  in  assign,  ex- 

glain,  furnish,  connective,  caU<mny ;  but  a  in  such  words  as  monarchy,  &c., 
as  the  faint  sound  of  the  Italian  a.     In  neither  of  these  cases  should 
the  sound  of  the  other  vowels  (o,  e,  «",  o,  y)  run  into  that  of  u  in  tub. 

6.  Terminations  in  icE,  ige,  Stc.  —  When  the  i  in  such  terminations  as 
iee,  ige.  He,  \me,  ine,  ise,  ite,  »r<,  is  not  marked  with  any  distinctive  char- 
acter, it  is  to  be  considered  short,  as  in  malice^  vestige^  hostile,  feminine, 
ike,  pronounced  mal'is,  ves'tij,  kos'til,fenx'inin,  &c. 

7-  LojiQ  A  before  e.  —  The  long  sound  of  a  before  r  in  the  same  syllable, 
as  heard  in  fare,  pair,  parent,  bear,  &c.,  is  nearly  the  same  as  in  fate ;  or, 
more  exactlv,  it  begins  with  the  latter  sound,  and  ends  with  the  faint  sound 
of  e  or  a.  In  this  case,  however,  the  a  should  never  be  made  a  distinct 
syllable,  fVer,  pay'rent,  but  fare,  &c.  So  prayer,  though  spelled  in  two 
syllable?,  s^o'iid  be  pronounced  in  one,  as  prire.  By  many,  however, 
the  first  part  of  tnis  compound  sound  is  entirely  omitted,  and  the  a  in 


fare,  &c.,  is  pronounced  like  the  a  in  fot,  hut  much  lengthened  in  quan- 
tity. This,  according  to  Smart  and  all  the  later  ortho^pists,  as  well  as 
Walker,  is  a  departure  from  true  English  usage. 

8.  Italian  a.  —  The  sound  of  a  in  far,  daunt,  &c.,  and  its  sound  in  fast, 
pant,  &c.,  being  radically  the  same,  is  represented  by  the  same  charac- 
ter, S.  Yet,  in  words  like  fast,  clasp,  ask,  pass,  waft,  path,  pant,  &c.,  the 
sound  is  not  so  much  prolonged  as  in  far ;  and  in  such  words  as  dance, 
advantage,  it  is  shortened  still  more,  and  by  some  is  changed  into  the 
sound  of  a  in  fat. 

9.  Broad  a.  —  The  distinction  between  the  broad  a  (a),  or  aw,  and  the 
same  sound  shortened  (»),  as  in  what,  is  readily  perceived.  In  some  words, 
however,  as  salt,  cobalt,  &c.,  the  a  is  not  so  broad  as  in  all,  nor  so  short 
as  in  what ;  but,  in  respect  to  this  nicer  distinction,  the  ear  must  decide. 

10.  Short  E  before  a.  —  The  sound  of  short  e  before  r  at  the  end  of  a 
word,  or  followed  by  another  consonant  than  r,  as  in  confer,  perform, 
herd,  earth,  &c.,  is  nearly  the  same  as  that  of  short  u  before  r ;  but 
some,  particularly  in  England,  attempt,  in  this  case,  to  give  the  e  its  reg- 
ular short  sound,  as  heard  in  hen,  herald,  herring.  The  same  remarks 
may  be  made  respecting  tr,  to  which  some  attempt,  in  such  words  as 
viT^in,  mirth,  &:c.,  to  give  the  regular  sound  of  short  e  and  r. 

11.  Short  o.  —  The  shut  sound  of  o  before  r  in  the  same  syllable,  as  in 
nor,  being  unavoidably  the  same  as  that  of  %  is  not  marked  with  any 
distinctive  character.  A  sound  intermediate  in  length  between  that  of 
a  in  all  and  of  o  in  not  is  heard  in  such  words  as  off,  soft,  song,  cloth, 
loss,  frost,  &c.     Here,  however,  a  drawl  is  carefully  to  be  avoided. 

12.  Loiigv.  —  The  long  or  open  sound  of  «  has  been  considered  by 
many  as  a  diphthong  composed  of  e,  or  y,  and  oo.  Dr.  Webster  regarded 
it,  in  most  cases,  as  a  peculiar  vowel  sound,  nearly  resembling  e  and  oo, 
but  so  much  closer  as  hardly  to  be  diphthongal ;  and  considered  the  sound 
as  yoo  only  when  it  begins  a  syllable,  or  when  it  is  heard  in  certain 
terminations,  as  in  ure,  &c.  There  is  a  strong  tendency,  which  ought 
to  be  carefully  avoided,  to  change  this  sound  into  oo  after  rf,  t,  I,  n,  and 
«,  as  doo'tv  for  du'ty,  &c. ;  but  in  avoiding  this,  as  Smart  remarks,  the  u 
must  be  kept  very  close,  and  not  run  into  dyuty  or  de-uty.  Walker 
sounds  u  like  oo  after  r ;  but  even  here,  the  best  speakers,  in  Dr.  Web- 
ster's view,  give  a  slight  softening  between  the  vowel  and  the  consonant, 
pronouncing  rwde  in  a  less  broad  and  open  manner  than  rood,  i.  e.,  giving 
the  u  its  distinctive  sound. 

13.  Respelliiig  for  Pronunciation.  —  (1)  In  respelling  the  French  en, 
on,  &c.,  the  letters  ng  are  designed  simply  to  mark  the  vowel  as  nasal, 
and  are  not  to  be  pronounced  themselves.  (2)  The  respelling  of  a  word, 
when  a  number  of  related  words  follow,  applies  to  all  of  them  down  to 
some  other  word  which  is  rcspelled.  (3)  Compound  words,  which  are 
not  respelled  or  otherwse  marked,  are  to  be  pronounced  like  the  simple 
words  of  which  they  are  composed;  but  q/and  with  at  the  end  of  com- 
pounds, like  hereof  h.eTewith,  &c.,  have  their  final  consonants  sounded 
as  in  do^,  smi^A. 


WEBSTER'S  DICTIONARY 


OF 


THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE. 


AB 


AIJA 


Ais  the  finrt  letter  of  the  alphaliet  in  most  of  the 
known  tanmiage^  of  the  earth ;  in  the  Kthiopic, 
howevt-r,  it  i^  the  tkirtrmrk^  and  in  tlu-  Kunic,  the 
U^tk.  It  is  naiiirally  the  first  Ulicr,  tx-caiise  it 
represents  Uie  fira  vocal  stHiiul  natnnillv  ftirined 
by  the  human  orKnii^  ;  hfing  the  atnnni  uttered 
with  a  mt-re  i»p-jniiig  of  the  muuih  witliout  con- 
straint, and  witlitmt  any  erfort  to  alter  the  natural 
position  or  confignratttrn  of  the  ]i|>s.  Ileuce  tliia 
letter  is  foumi  tn  ninny  word:*  fir^t  uttered  by  in- 
fants ;  which  word;*  are  llie  names  of  the  objects 
with  which  infanlii  aru  tirst  concerned,  a:*  the 
breast,  and  the  parents.  Ilr-nce  in  Hebrew  ON  fl«n, 
in  mother,  ^d  3K  abf  it)  f;ither.  In  ChaM'-r  and 
Ryriar,  abha  in  father  ;  in  Arabic,  aba  ;  in  Kthiopic, 
abi ;  in  Malayan  and  lien gai^tui ^  bappa :  in  WVIiih, 
far/,  whence  we  retain  dad:  in  Old  Greek  and  in 
(jf)lhic,  atta  :  in  Iri^^h,  aithair  ;  in  Cantabrian,  aila  ; 
in  I^apponic,  utki:  in  Abystiinian,  abba:  in  Am- 
haric,  a&a;  in  Shilhic  and  Mtlindane,  African 
dialect^,  fraAa:  and />ii/fA  ii«  found  in  many  natiuuA. 
Hence  the  Latin  mniuna,  the  brea.'«t,  whirh  in^  in 
(M>p>ilar  use,  the  name  of  mother;  in  Swcdii^h, 
amma  is  a  nur^te.  This  list  might  be  greatly  ex- 
ti^nded  ;  but  these  eAamples  prove  A  to  by  thi!  first 
natural  vocal  soun>l,  and  <  ntilled  to  the  fir^t  place 
In  alphalvl.').  The  Hebrew  name  of  tins  letter, 
altph^  signififs  an  m  or  a  leader. 

A  has,  in  English,  fuiir  »nnnds;  the  Inntf  ot 
Blender,  as  in  plate^  fute:  the  hmad,  a.«  in  ie>all, 
faUf  which  is  fihtrrt'  ned  in  <quaH,  tekat :  Iheojwn,  or 
Italian,  &4  in /aMcr,  which  is  sJiortened  in  china; 
and  the  short  »ound,  as  in  fat,  It^  primitive  sound 
was  probably  aip.  A  i^  aNo  an  abbreviation  of  ihe 
Haion  ««  or  anr,  onr,  U:<ed  before  words  iM'ijinning 
with  an  articulation  ;  n-«,  a  tahb-,  instead  of  an 
table,  or  one  table.  This  is  a  mod  rn  change  ;  for 
in  Saxon  an  was  u^H-d  Iwfore  connonants  a-<  well  as 
vowels  ;  as,  an  tidy  a  lime,  an  gear,  a  year.    [See 

Tiiis  letter  serve*  n«  s  prefix  to  many  En^ish 
words,  as  in  a.iUep,  nrr.ikf^  afnot.  ajrovml,  airnin^. 
In  some  ca<»es,  thi.-t  in  a  contraction  of  the  TeuUtnic 
gf,  as  in  atlrfp:  airnre,  from  the  Saxon  gf-slapan^ 
to  ■h'ep,  getcartan,  to  beware  ;  llm  Dutch  geiraar. 
Homctimes  it  is  n  corrnption  of  the  SaXiin  on  ;  as, 
agaii*^  from  onjrean  :  airakr^  from  ntiTracinn^  to  watch 
or  wake.  Before  [Hirticiple«,  it  may  be  a  contrac- 
tion of  the  Celtic  0;',  the  sign  of  the  participle  of 
the  prrsi-nt  tense  ;  as,  ag-raiih^  saying  ;  a-gaijing^ 
a-ffoinff.  Or  this  may  be  a  contraction  of  on,  or. 
what  IS  crqually  iwobuble,  it  may  have  proceeded 
from  a  mere  accidental  sound  produced  by  negli- 
grnt  utli-rance.  In  some  worils,  «  may  be  a  con- 
traction of  at,  af,  i«,  Ii»,  or  an.  In  some  words  of 
Greek  original,  a  is  privative,  giving  to  them  a 
negative  sense,  as  in  aTionymotui,  from  u  and  ui^'.^n, 
name. 

'Among  the  ancients,  A  was  a  numeral,  denoting 
500;  and  with  a  dash.  A,  5000.  In  the  Hebrew, 
Hyr.,  Ch.,  Ham.,  and  Ar.,  it  denotes  one  or  unity. 
In  the  Julian  calendar,  A  la  the  first  of  the  seven 
dominical  letters. 

Among  logicians,  A,  as  an  abbreviation,  stands 
fur  a  universal  affirmative  proposition.     A  asserts; 


E  denies.    Thus  in  barbara^  n,  liirice  repeated,  de- 
notes so  many  of  tlie  propositi<ins  to  be  universal. 

The  [tomans  used  A  to  signify  a  negative  or  dis- 
sent in  giving  their  votes ;  A.  i^iandiug  for  antiquo, 
I  opjjose  or  object  lo  the  proposed  law.  Opjiosed 
to  this  K'tter  were  U.  ll.,tUi  rajras,  be  itaa  you 
desire  —  the  word;*  used  to  express  ai^seht  to  a 
proposition,  'i'he-se  I  Iters  w*-re  marked  on  wooden 
ballots,  and  each  voter  had  an  athrmalive  and  a 
negative  put  into  his  hands,  one  of  wliicli,  at 
pliiasup;,  he  gave  OS  his  vote. —  In  criminal  trials, 
A.  stood  for  absotvoy  I  acquit ;  C.  for  emulemnot  I 
condemn  :  and  N.  L.  fi>r  nan  liquet,  it  is  not  evi- 
dent ;  and  the  judges  voti^'d  by  balloia  thus  marked. 
—  Ill  inscriptions,  A.  standi  for  .^u^ustux  i  or  fur 
agcr,  auutt^  uuru'/i,  argentum,  &c. 

A.  is  also  used  for  anno  ;  as  in  A.  D.,  for  anno 
Domini,  the  year  of  our  Lord  ;  and  A.  M.,  for  anno 
mnndL,  the  year  of  the  wor'd  :  and  tilsofor  nnfr^ns  in 
A.  M.,f<»rfln(*  mrriitirin,U'-(tire  mnin  :  and  forarf-*, 
as  in  A.  M.,fiiTarf:um  i.i/iiri.tlrr,  master  of  arts.  With 
the  Romans,  A.  V.  ('.  st<Mtd  for  anno  urbi.t  rnndita^  in 
the  year  from  the  buildinir  of  the  city  of  Rome. 

In  al;rtbra,  a  and  the  first  letters  of  the  ulphalMH 
represent  known  quantities  —  the  lust  lett.Ts  are 
Sometimes  used  to  rejiresent  unknown  (luaiititiea. 

In  mitsir,  A  is  the  nominal  of  the  sixlli  note  in 
the  natural  diatonic  scnlo  —  called  by  Giiido  la. 
It  is  also  the  name  of  one  of  the  tw<  natural 
mtstds ;  ^nd  it  is  th<;  u\trn  note  of  the  9d  string  of 
the  violin,  by  which  the  other  strings  are  tuued 
and  reg'ibit  d. 

Ill  phai-macij,  3  or  fld,  abhreviatiims  of  the  Greek 
add,  signify  "f  each  vvpunitely,  or  that  the  tilings 
mentioned  should  bu  taken  in  iiuantities  of  the 
same  weight  or  measun;. 

In  fJiemistrifj  AAA  stand  for  amal-^ama^  or  amtU- 
gamation. 

In  eommerce,  A.  stands  for  accepted,  as  in  case  of 
a  bill  of  exchange.  ^It•rchant^  alno  ntiinber  their 
books  by  th<;  letters,  A,  H,  C,  instead  of  figures. 
Public  oirici-rs  numl>er  ttieir  exiiibits  in  itiu  same 
manner  ;  a^  the  document  A,  or  R. 

Alpha  and  Omega,  the  first  anil  la-t  letters  of  the 
Creek  ulplinbet,  ore  used  in  Prripture  for  the  6e- 
ginninif  RUil  end — reprewntative  of  Christ. 

In  innthematics,  letters  are  used  as  representatives 
of  numbers,  lines,  angles,  and  quantities.  In  aT<ru- 
mentji  letters  are  substituted  for  persons,  in  cas<r8 
Bupp4is<-d,  or  stated  for  illustration  ;  as,  A  contracts 
with  D  to  deliver  pro(»crty  to  I).  —  In  the  English 
phraseology,  **  a  landlord  has  a  Imndred  u  year," 
"  the  sum  amounted  to  ten  doltars  a  man,"  a  Is 
merely  the  adjective  our,  and  this  mode  of  expres- 
sion is  idiomatic;  a  hundred  in  a  [one]  year;  ten 
dollars  to  a  [yne]  man. 
^AM,  n.  [C]i.  nan,  or  N0«,  a  cubit,  a  measure 
containing  five  or  six  palms.]  A  measure  of 
liquids  among  the  Dutch,  varying  In  different  cities 
from  37  to  41  English  wine  gallons. 
AA-RO.V'IC,  i  a.     Pertaining  to  Aaron,  the  Jew- 

AA-RON'IC-AL,  \     Ish  high  priest,  or  to  the  priest- 
hood of  which  he  was  the  hi-ad.  Doddridge.. 
AB,  in  English  names,  Is  an  abbreviation  of  Jibbey 
or  Abbot  i  aii^AbUmy  Abb^ttnon,  or  Abbot-Unen. 


AB,  a  prefix  to  words  of  I^atin  origin,  and  a  Latin 
preposition,  as  in  abduct ^  is  the  Greek  <it*>,  and  the 
Eng.  of,  Ger.  ab,  D.  of,  Hw.  l>an.  i^f,  written,  in  an- 
cient Latin,  t^'.  It  denotes //■««!,  separating  or  de- 
parture. 

AB  ;  the  Hebrew  name  of/athir.     [See  Abha.] 

AB  ;  the  eleventh  month  of  the  Jewish  civil  year, 
and  the  fiflh  of  the  ecclesiastical  year,  answering 
to  a  part  of  July,  and  a  part  of  August.  In  the 
Ryriac  calendar,  Ab  is  the  name  of  the  last  sum- 
mer month. 

AIJ'A-€A,«.    A  kind  of  flax  in  the  Philippine  Islands. 

AB-A-UlS'CtJS,  n.  In  ancind  architeclarcy  tlie  square 
compartments  of  Mosaic  pavements. 

AB'A-UIST,  M.  Tfrom  nhariu.] 

One  that  casts  accounts  ;  a  calculator. 

A-B.\l'K',  adn,  [a  and  back,  Sax.  on  b(£ci  at,  on,  or 
toward  Ihe  back.     Hce  Back.! 

Toward  the  back  ;  on  the  i>aok  part;  back\vard. 
In  sfamen^d  language,  it  signifies  the  situation  of 
the  sails,  when  pressed  back  against  the  in:i.st  by 
the  wind. 

Taknt  aback,  is  when  the  sails  are  carried  back 
suddenly  by  the  wind. 

Laid  aback,  is  when  the  sails  are  purposely  placed 
in  that  situation  to  give  the  stiip  stern  way. 

Jllarini'r^s  Diet. 

AB'A-€OT,  71.  The  cap  of  state,  formerly  used  by 
English  kings,  wrought  into  the  figure  of  two 
crowns. 

Alt-AC'TOR,  n,    [Latin,  from  atfigo,  ab  and  agOf  to 


drive.] 
In   law. 


one  that  feloniously  drives  away  or 
steals  a  herd  or  nnntbers  of  cattle  at  once,  in  dis- 
tinction from  one  that  stents  a  sheep  or  two. 

All'A-*/U.S,  H.  [L.  abacus,  any  thing  flat,  as  a  C!ii>- 
bo;ird,  a  bench,  a  slate,  a  table  or  board  li)r  games  ; 
Gr.^i^df.  Usually  deduced  from  the  Oriental,  p:iN 
abak,  dust,  because  the  ancii^nts  used  tabb-s  cov- 
ered with  ilust  for  making  figiin^s  and  diagrams.] 

*        1.  Among  Uie  Roman-i,  a  cupboard  or  buffet. 

2.  An  iiistrimiciit  to  facilitale  operations  in  arith- 
metic. On  tliis  ore  drawn  lines ;  a  counter  tJii  the 
lowest  line  is  one;  on  the  next,  ten;  on  the  tiiird, 
a  hundred,  &lc.  On  ttiu  spaces,  counters  denote 
half  the  number  of  the  line  above.  Other  schemes 
arc  called  by  the  same  name.  'J'he  name  is  also 
given  to  a  table  of  numbers  cast  up  ;  as,  an  ahaciis 
of  addition;  and,  Iiy  analogy,  to  the  art  of  num- 
bering, as  in  Knighton's  Clironicon.  F.ntijc, 

3.  In  at chitceturc,  a  table  constituting  Ihe  upper 
ini-mt)er  or  crowning  of  a  coluniu  and  its  capital. 
It  IS  square  in  the  Tuscan,  Doric,  and  Ionic  or- 
ders, but  its  sides  are  arched  inward  in  Ihe  C(»- 
rinthian  antl  Composite.  7'he  name  is  also  given 
to  a  concave  molding  on  the  capital  of  the  'J'us- 
can  pedestal,  and  to  the  plinth  above  the  boultin 
in  tlie  Tuscan  and  Doric  ordi.Ts.  Evcyc. 

4.  A  game  amtmg  the  Romans;  so  called  iVom 
it4  being  pU'yed  on  u  board,  somewliat  in  the 
manner  of  clifss.  P.  Ci/c. 

AB'A-i  I'S  HAR-MON'IC-US,n.  The  slnictiire  anj 
disposition  of  the  keys  of  a  musical  in»trunu-nt. 

AB'A-CUa  MA'JOR,  ».  A  trough  us<;d  in  mines  to 
wash  ore  in.  Kneyt. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL.  WH^T.— MKTE,  PRBY.  — n.VE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQpK,  — Tt>EE,  BULL,  T;xiTE.— 
AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS.— e  as  K ;  6  aa  J ;  8  as  Z  ;  CII  as  SH;  TU  aa  in  THIS. 


ABA 

AB'A-eUS   PY-TnA-GOR'IC-US,  n.    The  multipli- 

caliun  table,  invenied  by  Pythagoras. 
A-BAD'DO\,  H.     [Ileb.  Ch.  Syr.  8ain.  ^2K  abai,  to 

be  lost,  or  destroyed  ;  to  perUb.] 

1.  The  Ue^truyer,  or  auget  of  the  boLtomlesa  pit. 
Rev.  ix. 

2.  The  bottunilesa  pit.  JtRtton. 
A-BXFT',  adv.  or  prrp,  [Sax.  fft,  or  (rft^  again.    Hence 

Cfter  or  t^Ur^  after,  subsequent ;  Hax.  ajlan^  behind 
in  place;  to  which  word  he  is  pri^-lixed  —  bftrfta*, 
behind  —  and  this  word  ia  corrupted  into  aimft.] 

A  sea  term,  signifying  in  or  at  the  hinder  ii&rt 
of  a  ship,  or  the  parts  wtiich  lie  toward  the  stern  ; 
opposed  to  afvre.  Relatively,  it  denotes  further 
q^,  or  toward  the  stern  ;  as,  abuft  the  raaiiiinast. 
Abtifi  the  beam,  is  in  lliat  arch  of  (he  horizon  «  hich 
is  between  a  line  drawn  at  riclil  angles  with  the 
keel,  and  the  pi>int  to  which  the  stern  is  directtd. 
It  is  often  contracted  inlo  aJU  Mar.  DuL 

A-BAI'SANXE.     See  OaEisksev. 

AB-AL'lEN-ATE,  r.  (.  [See  ALiEr»*TS,  Aliene.] 
To  transfer  the  tirJe  of  pro[>erty  from  one  to  anoth- 
er ;  a  term  of  the  civil  law,  rweJy  vr  neoer  lued  ta 
common  law  prtteteJi^^s, 

AB-AL'lI^N'-A-TED,  fp.  Tmnsferred  from  one  to 
another. 

AB-AL'lEX-A-TING,  ypr.  Transferring  from  one 
to  anottier. 

AB-ALr-lE.N-A'TIOX,  a.  The  transferring  of  UUe 
to  property.     [St«  .\LiE:«ATiorf.] 

A-BA\'i)0"N,  r.  L  [Ft.  aboMdiiniier;  Sp.  and  Port. 
abandtjnari  It.  abbandonare ;  said  to  be  from  ban 
and  doMurf  to  give  over  to  the  ban  or  proscription  ; 
or  from  a  or  oA  and  bandum,  a  flag  or  ensign.] 

1.  To  forsake  entirely  j  as,  to  aband*/it  a  hopeless 
ealeipriae. 

Woe  M  thai  nnrntMO  tw  wbidi  the  tetfiawnj  of  God  AaU 
heakamdotti.  Dr.  Maavti. 

3.  To  renounce  and  fiir?<ake  \  to  leave  with  a 
view  never  to  return  ;  to  do«ert  as  lost  or  desper- 
ate ;  a-<t,  to  abandon  a  country  ;  to  abattdon  a  cause 
or  party. 

3.  To  give  up  or  resign  without  control,  aa  when 
a  person  yields  himself,  without  restraint,  to  a 
propensity  \  as,  to  abamdom  one's  self  to  intem- 
perance. AbandoDod  motr  and  abandoned  ttf  are 
obsolete. 

4.  To  resign  j  to  yield,  relinquish,  or  give  over 
entirely. 

Veru*    mbmmdjmod    the    curt    of  cntpin    lo    hk  wWr    eol- 
lea;(ue.  O^tbon. 

5.  In  CMHMTM,  to  relinquish  to  insurers  all 
claim  to  a  ship  or  goods  insured,  as  a  preliminary 
toward  recovering  for  a  total  loss.  ParJL 

A-BA.N'DON,  II.  One  wbo  totally  taaakm  or  de- 
serts.   [  Ohs.] 

ii.  A  rt'linquishmenL     [.Vot  used.\  Kamfs. 

A-BAX'I)0.\-£D,  pp.    Wholly  forsalten  or  deserted. 
0.  a.  Given  up,  as  to  a  vice :  hence,  extrenudy 
wicked,  or  sinning  without  restraint ;  irreclaima- 
bly  wicked. 

A-B.\X-DO.\-CE',  a.  In  loif,  one  to  whom  any 
thing  is  abandoned. 

A-BA.\'DOX-ER,  h.    One  who  abandons. 

A-BAN'DO.\-ING,  ppr.  Forsaking  or  deserting 
wholly  :  renouncing  j  yielding  one's  self  without 
reslrainL 

A-BAN'DON-IXG,  a.     A  forsaking;  total  desertion. 

When  thi«  tha  hftm  of  joaboe  b  «fauMlaocd,  a  nnhet**!  mbat^ 
donuig  of  aU  other  ports  wd  wieoBtJ.  tktrta. 

A-BAX'DON-MGNT,  a.    A  total  desertion  ;  a  state 

of  being  fontaken. 

2.  In  eojujuerce,  the  relinquishing  to  underwri- 
ters all  the  property  saved  fntm  loss  by  shipwreck, 
capture,  or  other  peril  stated  in  the  policy.  This 
abiadi'mmfnt  must  be  made  before  the  insured  can 
demand  indemnification  for  a  total  loss.        Park. 

A-B.\N"DUM,  a.    In  old  Zov,  any  thing  forfeited  ot 

con  fixated. 
AB-A.N-\["TIOX,  r-an-nish'un,)  a.     [Low  LaU] 
A  banishment  for  one  or  two  years  for  man- 
Blau-hter.     LW  much  v^ed.]  Diet. 

A-BAP-TI.-?'TO.V,  n.  The  perforating  part  of  the 
old  trephine,  an  instrument  used  in  trepanning. 
[pbs.]  Coxt. 

A-BARE',  V.  L     [Sax.  abariaju     See  Bare.] 

To  make  bare ;  to  uncover.     f-Vut  in  usf.] 
AB-AR-TIC-l^-LA'TION,  n.     [See  Articulate.] 
In  ajiatomy,  that  species  of  articulation  or  struc- 
ture of  joints,  which  admits  of  manifest  motion ; 
called  also  diartkrosii  and  dearticuiatioju 

Encyc    Coie. 
A-BAS',  a-     A  weight  in  Persia  used  in  weighing 
pe.arls,  one  eighth  less  than  the  European  carat, 

Encyc 
A-BASE',  r.  (.    [Fr.  abaisntr,  from  ftos,  low,  or  the 
bottom  ;  W.  bai9 ;  Latin  and  Gr.  bans ;  Eng.  base ; 
It.  abbaasare;  Sp.  baxo,  low.     See  Abash.] 

1.  The  literal  sense  of  ah/ue  is,  to  lower  or  de- 
press, to  throw  or  cast  down,  as  used  by  Bacon, 
"  to  abase  the  eye."  But  the  word  is  seldom  used 
in  reference  to  material  things. 


ABA 

2.  To  cnst  down ;  to  reduce  low ;  to  depress  ; 
to  humble;  to  degrade;  applied  to  the  passions, 
rank,  office,  and  condition  in  life. 

ThoM  thai  walk  fn  pnd?  hr  b  iible  lo  abat.  O^a.  iv. 

MuU.  xiiji.    Job  x1.    8  Cor.  xi. 

A-BAS'£D|  i)p>  Reduced  to  a  low  state,  humbled, 
depressed. 

In  heraldry,  it  is  used  of  the  wings  of  eagles, 
when  the  tops  are  turned  downward  toward  the 
point  of  the  shield  ;  or  when  the  wings  are  shut, 
the  natural  way  of  bearing  them  being  spread, 
with  the  top  pointing  to  the  chief  of  tlie  angle. 

Bailrg.      CKambrrg. 

A-BASE'ME\T,  n.  The  act  of  humbling  or  bring- 
ing low  ;  also,  a  state  of  depression,  degradation, 
or  humiliation. 

ABASH',  V.  L  [Ueb.  and  Cb-  na  bosk,  to  be  con- 
founded, or  ashamed.] 

To  make  the  spirits  to  fail ;  to  cast  down  the 
countenance  ;  to  make  ashamed  ;-  to  confuse  or 
confound,  as  by  exciting  suddenly  a  consciousness 
of  guilt,  error,  inferiority,  &c. 

Thev  he*r<J  iml  were  aba»hr4.  bTiUon. 

A-BASH'£D,  pp  Confused  with  nhame,  confound- 
ed ;  put  to  silence:  followed  by  at 

A-BASll'lNG,  mrr.     Putting  to  shame  or  confusion. 

A-BASH'MENT,  a.     Confusion  fnmi  shame. 

A-BAS'ING,  ppr.  Humbling,  depressing,  bringing 
low. 

A-BAS'SI,  or  A-BAS'SIS,  n.  A  silver  coin  of  Per- 
sia, of  the  value  of  twenty  cents,  about  ten  i>ence 
sterling.  Knaje. 

A-BAT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  or  can  be  abated ;  as, 
an  abatabU  writ  or  nuisance. 

A-BATE',  c.  L  [Fr.  abattrey  to  beat  down  ;  baUre,  to 
beat,  to  strike  ;  Si».  batir,  abatir  i  Port,  bater,  abater  ; 
It.  batterer  abbatUre;  lleb.  Cb.  Ban,  kabati  to  beat ; 

l^y*  •-^^^-*'  id     .\r   t^A,,?^  habtoa,  to  beat,  and 


^'\  A.  ^^  kabata,  lo  beat  down,  to  prostrate.    The 

Saxon  has  the  participle  gebatod,  abated.  The 
prelix  is  sunk  to  a  in  abatr,  and  lost  in  the  parti- 
ciple brat.     See  Class  Bd.  \o.  'X\,  33.] 

1.  I'o  l>eat  down  ;  to  pull  down ;  to  destroy  in 
any  manner  ;  as,  to  abate  a  nuisance. 

2.  To  leaaen ;  to  diminish;  to  moderate;  as,  to 
abau  seal ;  to  abate  pride  ;  to  abate  a  demand  ;  to 
oAcfa  courage. 

3.  To  lauen  ;  to  mitigate  ;  as,  to  abate  pain,  sor- 
row, or  misery.  ji'Uligon. 

4.  To  overthrow  ;  to  cause  to  fail ;  to  frustrate 
by  judicial  sentence  :  as,  to  abate  a  writ. 

5.  To  deject  j  to  depress  j  as,  to  abale  the  soul. 
[OA^.l 

6.  To  deduct. 

Nothin;  to  add,  nod  notiilng  to  abate.  Popt. 

7.  To  cause  to  fail ;  to  annul.  By  the  English 
law,  a  legacy  to  a  charity  is  abated  by  a  deficiency 
of  assets. 

8.  To  remit ;  as,  to  abate  a  tax. 

A-BATE',  v.-A,  To  decrease,  or  become  less  in 
strength  or  violence ;  as,  pain  abalm ;  a  ^torra 
abate.". 

2.  To  fail ;  to  be  defeated,  or  come  to  nought ; 
as,  a  writ  abates.  By  the  civil  law,  a  legacy  to  a 
charity  does  not  abate  by  deficiency  of  assets. 

3.  Id  latOf  to  enter  into  a  freehold  afliT  the 
death  of  the  last  possessor,  and  before  the  heir  or 
devisee  Lakes  possession.  Blarkstone. 

4.  In  borsetnanship^  to  perform  well  a  downward 
motion.  A  horse  is  said  to  abate,  or  lake  down 
his  curvets,  when,  working  upon  cun'ets,  he  puts 
both  his  hind  legs  to  the  ground  at  once,  and  ob- 
serves the  same  exactness  in  all  the  times. 

Encyc 
A-BAT'ED,  pp.   or  a.      Lessened ;    decreased  ;    de- 
stroyed ;    mitigated ;    defeated ;    remitted ;    over- 
thrown ;  depressed. 
A-BATE'MEXT.  ju     The  act  of  abating;  the   state 
of  being  abated. 

2.  A  reduction,  removing,  or  pulling  down,  as 
of  a  nuisance.  Blackjtffne. 

3.  Diminution,  decrease,  or  mitigation,  as  of 
grief  or  pain. 

4.  Deduction,  sura  withdrawn,  as  from  an  ac- 
count. 

5.  Overthrow,  failure,  or  defeat,  as  of  a  writ. 

Blacksione. 

6.  The  entry  of  a  stranger  into  a  freehold  after 
the  death  of  the  last  possessor,  before  the  heir  or 
devisee.  BlacksUnie, 

7.  In  heraldry,  a  mark  of  dishonor  in  a  coat  of 
arms,  by  which  its  dignity  is  debased  /or  some 
stain  on  the  character  of  the  wearer. 

A-BAT'ER,  71.    The  person  or  thing  tUat  abates. 
A-BaT'IXG,  pjtr.     Pulling  down;  diminishing;  de- 
feating ;  remitting. 


ABB 

A-BAT'OK,  k.  a  person  who  enters  Into  a  free- 
hold on  the  death  of  the  lai>t  possessor,  before  the 
iieir  or  devisee.  Blackstonc 

AB'A-TIS,      )  H.     [Fr.  abatis.}    [from  beating  or  pull- 

AU'AT-TIS,  J  ingdown.  Fr,  abattre.]  UubbUh. 
In  fortification,  piles  of  trees,  or  branches  of  trees 
8har)>ened,  and  laid  with  their  points  outward,  in 
front  of  ramparts,  to  prevent  assailants  from 
mounting  the  walls.  Encyc. 

A-BATTOIH',  (a-bat-wnr',)  n.  [Fr.]  A  building 
for  the  slaughtering  of  cattle. 

AB'.A-TQDE,  n.  [from  abaU.]  Any  thing  dimin- 
ished. Bailey. 

AB'A-TT^RE,  n.  [from  abate.']  Grass  beaten  or 
trampled  down  by  a  stag  iu  passing.  Diet. 

A-l!AUM',  n.     A  species  of  red  clay.     [Aoi  in  a^yr.] 

AB-A\V'>;i),  ;v».     Abashed.     [Ohs.]  Chaucer. 

ABB,  n.  [Sax.  ab  or  ab.]  Among  weavers,  yarn 
for  the  warp.    Hence  abb-wool  is  wool  for  the  abb. 

Encyc. 

AB'BA,  n.  In  the  Chaldee  and  Syriac,  a  father; 
and  figuratively,  a  superior.    Sans,  appen. 

In  ttie  Syriac,  Coptic  and  Ethiopic  churches,  it 
is  a  title  given  to  the  bisliops,  and  the  bishops  be- 
stow Ilie  title,  by  way  of  distinction,  on  the  bishop 
of  Alexandria.  Hence  the  title  Buba,  or  Papa, 
Pope  or  OrrM  FaUicr,  which  tlie  bishop  of  Alexan- 
dria bore,  before  the  bishop  of  Rome. 

AB'B.\-CY,  n.  [from  abba.  Low  Lat.  abbaiia.']  The 
dignity,  rights  and  privileges  of  an  abbot.  It  com- 
prehends the  government  and  revenues. 

AB-BA'TIAL,^'  \  ^     B«>"ng"'g  t«  «"  ^^^'^y- 

AB'BE,  (ab'by,)  n.    [Fr.  abbe,  from  abba.] 

In  a  monastic  sense,  the  same  as  an  albut;  but 
more  generally,  a  title  in  Roman  Catholic  countries, 
without  any  determinate  rank,  office,  or  rights. 
The  abbes  are  numerous,  and  generally  have  some 
literary  attainments  ;  they  dress  as  academics  or 
scholars,  and  act  as  instructors,  in  colleges  and 
private  families  ;  or  as  tutors  to  young  gentlemen 
on  their  travels ;  and  many  of  them  become 
authors. 

AB'BESS,  w.  [from  abba.] 

A  female  superior  ur  governess  of  a  nunnery, 
or  convent  of  nuns,  having  the  authority  over  the 
nuns  which  tlte  abbots  have  over  the  monks. 
rSi'e  Ahbev.] 

AB'BEY,  n.  pi.  Abbeys,  [from  abba.] 

A  monastery  or  society  of  persons  4f  either  sex, 
secluded  from  the  world  and  devoted  to  n  ligion. 
The  males  arc  called  monk'',  and  governed  by  an 
abbot ;  the  f  inal-s  are  called  nun^,  and  governed 
by  an  abbess.  'I'lii.-se  institutions  were  suppressed 
in  England  by  Henry  VIII. ;  but  Ihey  still  exist 
in  Roman  Catholic  countries. 

AU'UEY-LUB-BEK,  n.  A  name  given  to  monks  in 
contempt  for  their  idleness. 

AB'IIOT,  n.  [fitnnerly  Abhat,  from  abba,  Litinlzed 
alibas,  -atis,  or  from  Heb.  plural  ni2N,  abutfi.]  The 
superior  or  governor  of  an  abbey  or  monastery. 
Originally,  monasteries  were  founded  in  retired 
places,  and  the  religious  had  no  concern  with 
secular  affairs,  being  entirely  subject  to  the  prel- 
ates. But  the  abbots,  possessing  most  of  the 
learning  in  ages  of  ignorance,  were  called  from 
their  seclusion  to  aid  the  churches  in  opposing 
heresies  ;  monasteries  were  founded  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  cities;  the  abbots  became  ambitious,  and  set 
themselves  to  acquire  wealth  and  honors  ;  some 
of  them  assumed  the  miter,  threw  off  their  depend- 
ence on  the  bishops,  and  obtained  seats  in  parlia- 
ment. For  centuries,  princes  and  noblemen  bore 
the  title  of  abbots.  At  present,  in  Roman  Cath(dic 
countries,  abbots  are  reirular.  or  sucli  a.'^  take  the 
vow,  and  wear  the  habit  of  the  order;  and  com- 
mendatory, such  as  are  seculars,  but  obliged,  when 
of  suitable  age,  to  lake  orders.  The  title  is  borne 
also  by  some  persons  who  have  not  the  govern- 
ment of  a  monastery ;  as  bishops  whose  s*!es  were 
formerly  abbeys.  Encyc 

AB'BOT-SHIP,  n.     The  state  of  an  abbot. 

AB-BRE'VI- ATE,  V.  t.  [It.  abbrcviare  ,■  Sp.  abreviar  ; 
Port,  abbreviar ;  from  L.  abbrevio,  brecio,  from 
brevis,  short  ;  contracted  from  Gr.  Spuxus,  from 
the  root  oi  break,  which  see.] 

1.  To  shorten ;  to  make  shorter  by  contracting 
the  parts,  [fn  tjils  sense  not  much  used,  nor  often 
applied  to  material  substancci.  ] 

9.  To  slrorten  ;  to  abridge  by  the  omission  or 
defalcation  of  a  part ;  to  reduce  to  a  smaller  com- 
pass ;  as,  to  abbreviate  a  writing. 

3,  lij  Tnath$}n(Uic3,  to  reduce  fractions  to  lower 
terms.  IVallis. 

AB-BR£'VI-.\TE,  71.     An  abridgment.     [Obs.] 

FJyoU 
AB-BRfi'VI-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.     Shortened;  reduced 
to  U>wer  terms  ;  abridged. 

2,  In  botany,  an  abbreviated  perianth  Is  short- 
er than  the  tube  of  the  corol.  Martyn. 

AB-BRK'VI-A-TIXG,  ppr.  Shortening;  contract- 
ing in  length,  or  into  a  smaller  compass  ;  reducing 
to  lower  terms. 


FZTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — MeTE,  PRfiV.  — PIXE,  M.\RT£?^,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  B<?QK.  — 


ABD 

AB-BRE-VI-A'TlON,)i.  The  act  of  shortening  or 
Contracting. 

2.  A  letter  or  a  few  letters  used  for  a  word  ;  aa, 
Gin.  for  OrnesU f  U.  S.  A.  for  United  SlaUs  of 
jSmerua,  Also,  an  arbitrary  mark,  used  for  the 
same  purpose  ;  as,  5  fur  dollar;  $  for  copper,  or 
the  planet  Vt-nus. 

3.  The  reduction  of  fractions  to  lower  terms. 

4.  In  music^  one  dash,  or  more,  through  the  stem 
of  a  note,  dividing  it  respectively  into  quavers, 
semiquavers,  or  demise  niiquavers. 

P.  Cue.  Brandt. 

AB-BRR'VI-A-TOR,  n.  One  who  abridges  or  re- 
duce»_to  a  smaller  compass. 

AB-BRE' VI-S-TOR?,  n.  pt.  A  college  of  seventy-two 
persons  in  the  chancery  of  Rome,  whose  duty  is  to 
draw  up  the  pope's  briefs,  and  reduce  petitions, 
when  granted,  to  a  due  form  for  bulls. 

AB-BRRfVI-A-TO-RV,  a     Shorteuingj  contracting. 

AB-BRf.'VI-A-TURE,  b.  a  leticr  or  character  fur 
shortening  ;  an  abridgment,  a  compcnd. 

A,  B,  C  ;  the  three  first  letters  uf  the  alphabet, 
used  for  the  h  hitle  alphabet. 

A'B-C-Book;  a  little  book  for  teaching  the  ele- 
ments of  reading.  Shak, 

AB-DAL-A'VI,  n.    The  Egyptian  melon. 

AB'DAL£,  n.  pL  The  name  of  certain  fanatics  in 
the  Mohammedan  countries  of  Asia,  who,  in  ex- 
cels of  zeal,  sometimes  run  into  the  streets,  and 
attempt  to  kill  all  they  meet  who  are  of  a  diflerent 
religion  ;  and  if  they  are  slain  fur  their  madness, 
they  think  it  meritorious  to  die,  and  by  the  vulgar 
are  deemed  martyrs.  Encyc 

AB'DE-RITE,  it.  An  inhabitant  of  Abdera,  a  mar- 
itime tuwn  in  Thrace.  Democritus  is  so  called 
from  l>eing  a  native  of  the  place.  As  he  was 
given  to  laughter,  foolish  or  incessant  laughter  is 
called  abdtrian.  WkHaker. 

AB'D£ST,  X.  Purificalion  by  washing;  a  Moham- 
medan rite. 

AB'DI-CA^'T,  a.  [See  Abdicate.]  Abdicating;  re- 
nouncing. 

AB'Dl-CATE,  o.  L  [L.  abdico ;  ah  and  dico,  to  ded- 
icate, to  be^itow ;  but  the  literal  primary  sense  of 
dico  is  to  send  or  thrust.} 

1.  In  a  general  <«njte,  to  relinquish,  renounce,  or 
abandon.  Forsttr. 

2.  To  abandon  an  office  or  trust,  without  a  for- 
mal resignation  to  those  who  conferred  it,  or  with- 
out their  con:4ent ;  also,  to  abandon  a  throne,  with- 
out a  formal  surrender  of  the  crown. 

C«we  of  King  Jamcs^  Blackstotte. 
9.  To  relinquish  an  ol^ce  before  the  expiration 
of  the  time  of  service.     Case  of  Diocletian^  Oibboa  ; 
also  Ca^e  of  Peter  ///.,  Coze'*s  Russ. 

4.  To  reject ;  to  renounce  ;  to  abandon  an  a  right. 

Burke. 

5.  To  cast  away ;  to  renounce ;  as,  to  abflicate 
our  mental  faculties.     [Unu-tuAl,^        J.  P.  Smith. 

6.  In  the  eivU  Ltw^  to  disclaim  a  son  and  expel 
him  from  the  family,  as  a  father  ;  to  disinherit 
during  the  life  of  the  father.  Eneyc 

AB'UI-t^ATE,  V.  i.  To  renounce;  to  abandon;  to 
cast  off;  to  relinquish  as  a  right,  power,  or  trust. 

Thmigti  B  kin;  may  ab£aHM  fat  Ul  ovn  penon,  be  can  not 
■hflcoa  tat  Uie  mod^irch/.  Burk: 

AB'DI-€A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Renounced  ;  relinquished 
without  a  formal  resignation  ;  abandoned. 

AB'DI-€A-TING,  ppr.  Relinquishing  without  a 
formal  resignation  ;  abandoning. 

AB-l)I-CA'TION,   n.     The   act   of  abdicating;    the 
abandoning  of  an  othce  or  trust,  without  a  fonnal 
Burrender,  or  before  the  usual  or  slated  time  of  ex- 
piration. 
2.  A  casing  off;  rejixtion. 

AB'DI-fA-TIVE,  or  AB-Die'A-TIVE,  a.  Causing 
itT  implying  abdication.  DicL 

AB'DI-TlVE,  a.  [I*,  abdo,  to  hide;  ab  and  do.] 
Having  the  power  or  quality  of  biding.     [Little 

usrd.]  DicL 

AB'l)I-TO-RY,  n.  A  place  for  secreting  or  preserv- 
ing etvA<,  CvweL 

AB  Dfi'MEN,  or  AB'DO-MEN,  n.  [L.,  perhapsoftdo 
and  omr.ntitaL.] 

1.  The  lower  belly,  or  that  part  of  the  borly 
which  lies  between  the  thorax  and  the  bottom  of 
the  pelvis.  It  is  lined  with  a  membrane  called 
pfritanram,  and  contains  the  stomach,  liver, 
spleen,  pancreas^  kidneys,  bladder,  and  intestines. 
It  is  sfrparated  from  the  breast  intenially  hy  the 
dinphragnt,  and  externally  by  the  extremities  of 
the  ribs.  Qtdiri/. 

2.  In  in^ect^,  that  part  nf  the  body  jKisterior  to 
the  corseh't.  In  some  species,  it  Is  coverv"*!  with 
wing^,  and  a  case.  It  is  divided  into  s(>gments  or 
rings,  on  the  sides  of  which  are  small  spiracles  by 
which  the  insect  respires,  D.  J^Tat.  IfuiL 

AB-OOM'1\  AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  Ihe  lower  belly. 

AB  I>OM'IN-AL,  n.;  ;)^  Ardomimai.s.  In  ichthyol- 
Offy,  the  abdominals  are  a  class  or  order  of  n~li 
whiTse  ventral  fins  are  placed  behind  the  p«'Ctoral, 
and  whirh  belong  to  the  division  oi  bonyjuih.    The 


ABE 

class  contains,  among  other  fl^-hes,  the  loche,  sal- 
mon, pike,  argentine,  atherine,  mullet,  trying  fish, 
herring,  and  carp.  F.ncyc 

ABDOMINAL  RING,  or  IN"GUIN-AL  RING,  n. 
An  oblong  tendinous  cing  in  each  groin,  through 
which  passes  the  spennatic  cord  in  men,  and  the 
round  ligaments  of  the  uterus  in  women. 

Med.  Diet. 

AB-DOM'IN-OUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  abdomen  ; 
having  a  large  belly.  Cowper. 

AB-DC'CE',  V.  L  [L.  abdueo^  to  lead  away  ;  of  ab  and 
duco,  to  lead.     See  Duke. 

To  draw  from  ;  to  withdraw,  or  draw  to  a  dif- 
ferent part ;  used  chiefly  in  anatomy. 

AB-DO'CENT,  a.  Drawing  from,  pulling  back  ; 
used  of  those  muscles  which  pull  back  certain 
parts  of  the  body,  for  separating,  opening,  or  bend- 
ing them.  The  abducent  muscles,  called  abductors^ 
are  op{K>sed  to  tlie  adducent  muscles  or  adductors. 

Mai.  Diet. 

AB-DUCT',  V.  t.  To  take  away  surreptitiously  and 
by  fiirce. 

AB-DUtl'TION,  T!.  In  a  general  sense^  the  act  of 
drawing  apart,  or  carrying  away. 

2.  In  surgery,  a  species  of  fracture,  in  which  the 
broken  parts  recede  from  each  other. 

3.  In  logic,  a  kind  of  argumentation,  called  by 
the  Greeks  apagoge,  in  which  the  major  is  evident, 
but  the  minor  is  not  so  clear  as  not  to  require  fur- 
ther proof;  aa  in  this  syllogism,  *'  All  whom  God 
absolves  are  free  from  sin :  God  absolves  all  who 
are  in  Christ;  therefore  all  who  are  in  Christ  are 
free  from  sin."  Eneyc. 

4.  In  /aw,  the  taking  and  carrying  away  of  a 
child,  a  ward,  a  wife,  &,c.,  either  by  fraud,  per- 
suasion, or  o[»en  violence.  Blackstone. 

AB-DU€'TOR,    n.      In    anatomy^   a    muscle   which 
serves  to  withdraw,  or  pull  back,  a  certain   jtart 
of  the  body  ;  aa  the  abductor  oculi^  which  pulls  the 
eye  outward. 
3.  A  person  guilty  of  abduction. 

A-BEaR',  (a-bire',)  c.  (.  [Sax.  oAicran.]  To  bear;  to 
beliave.     [pbs.'\  Spenser. 

A-BEaR'ANCE,  n.  [from  nftrar,  now  disused  ;  from 
bear^  to  carry.]    Behavior,  demeanor. 

BUiekstfine. 

A  BE-CE-DA'RI-AN,  n.  [a  word  formed  from  the 
first  four  letters  of  the  alphabet.]  One  who 
teaches  the  letters  of  the  alphabet,  or  a  learner  of 
the  letters. 

A-BE>C£'DA-RY,        )  a.    Pertaining  to,  or  formec* 

A-BE-CE-DA'RI-AN,  (  by  the  letters  of  the  alpha- 
bet. 

A-BED',  ada.      S«!e  Bed.)    On  or  in  bed. 

A-BkLE',  or  X'BEL-TREE,  n.  A  name  of  the 
white  jtoplar.     [See  Poplar.] 

A-B£L'I-ANS,  AB-E-L.f)'NI-ANS,  or  A'BEL-ITES, 
ft.  pi.  In  cJiarck  liiAtory,  a  reputed  tem[Kirary  sect 
in  Africa,  mentioned  only  by  Augustine,  who 
states  that  they  married,  but  lived  in  continence, 
after  the  manner,  as  tliey  pretended,  of  At)el,  and 
attempted  to  maintain  the  sect  by  adopting  the 
children  of  others.  J.  Mardork. 

A'BEL-MOSK,  n.  A  trivial  nnme  of  a  species  of 
hibiscus,  or  Hyrian  mallow.  The  plant  rises  on  a 
herbaceous  stalk,  three  or  four  feet,  sending  out 
two  or  three  side  branches.  The  seeds  have  a 
musky  odor,  (whence  its  name,  ;iotxo(,)  for  which 
reason  the  Arabians  mix  Diem  with  roftee. 

A'BER,  n.     In  Celtic,  the  mouth  of  a  river. 

A-HER'DE-ViNE,  «.  The  European  siskin,  Car- 
dueti.i  fptnu.*,  a  small  green  and  yellow  finch. 

AB-ER'RANCF:,    >  n.     [I*  aberrans,  aberro,  to  wan- 

AB-ER'RAX-CY,  )  der  from  ;  of  ab  and  erro,  to 
wander.] 

A  \vandr'ring  or  deviating  from  the  right  way, 
but  rarely  used  in  a  literal  sense.  In  a  Jiguraiivt 
sense,  a  deviation  from  truth,  error,  mistake  ;  and 
in  morala,  a  fault,  a  deviation  from  rectitude. 

Brovn. 

AB-ER'RANT,  a.  Wandering ;  straying  from  the 
right  way, 

AB-ER-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  aberratio.}  The  act  of 
wandering  from  the  right  way  ;  deviation  frotn 
tnilh  or  moral  rectitude  ;  deviation  from  a  straight 
line. 

2.  In  a.ftronomy,  ft  small  apparent  motion  of  the 
fixed  stars,  orcjisioned  by  the  progres.sive  motion 
of  light  nnd  the  earth*s  annual  motion  in  its  orbit. 
By  this,  they  sometimes  appear  twenty  seconds 
distant  from  their  true  sitiuition.  Lunier. 

.'I.  In  oatifji,  a  deviation  in  the  rays  of  light, 
whim  Intlected  by  a  bns  or  speculum,  by  which 
they  are  preventt-d  from  uniting  in  the  same  point. 
It  Is  ocrasiimed  by  the  figure  of  the  glass  or  specu- 
lum, or  by  the  unequal  refrangibility  of  the  rays 
of  light.  Eneyc. 

CrotBn  of  aberration ;  a  luminous  circle  surround- 
ing the  dirik  of  the  sun,  de|>ending  on  the  aberra- 
tion of  its  rays,  by  whicii  its  apparent  diameter  is 
enlarged.  Cyc. 

AB-EK'RING,  part.  a.    Wandering ;  going  astray. 

JSrown, 


ABl 

AB-ER-RUNC'ATE,  r.  (.  fL.  aveminco.]  To  pull 
up  by  the  roots  ;  to- extirpate  utterly.    [A*£»(  used,] 

DicU 

A-BET',  p.  (.  [Sax.  betan,  gebetan  ;  property,  to  push 
forward,  to  advance  ;  hence,  to  amend,  to  revive, 
to  restore,  to  make  better;  and  applied  to  fire,  to 
increase  tlie  fiame,  to  excite,  to  promote.  Hence, 
to  aid  by  encouraging  or  instigating.  Hence,  in 
Saxon,  JV(i  bete  nan  vian  the  fi/r;  Let  no  man  bet 
(better,  excite)  the  fire,  LL,  Ina,  78.] 

1.  To  encourage  by  aid  or  countenance,  but  now 
used  chiefly  in  a  bad  sense.  "  To  abrt  an  opinion," 
in  the  sense  of  support,  is  used  by  Bishop  Cumber- 
land ;  but  this  use  is  hardly  allowable. 

2.  In  law,  to  encourage,  counsel,  incite,  or  assist 
in  a  criminal  act. 

A-BET',  n.  The  act  of  aiding  or  encouraging  in  a 
crime,     f^ot  u.ted.] 

A-BET'MENT,  n.    The  act  of  abetting. 

A-BET'TED,  pp.  Incited,  aided,  encouraged  to  a 
crime. 

.\-BET'TrNG,  ppr  Counseling,  aiding  or  encourag- 
ine  to  a  crime. 

A-BET'TOR,  n.  One  who  abets,  or  incites,  aids  or 
encourages  another  to  commit  a  crime.  In  (rcojiwt, 
there  are  no  abettors  ;  all  persons  concerned  being 
principals. 

AB-E-VAC-IT-A'TIOX,  ».  [aft  and  eraeuation.]  In 
medicintj  a  partial  evacuation  of  morbid  humors  of 
the  body,  either  by  nature  or  art.  Cye. 

A-B£Y'ANCE,  (a-bay'ance,)  n.  [Norm,  abbaiaunce, 
or  abaizance,  in  expectation,  boyanee,  expectatitm. 
Uu.  Fr.  baijer,  to  gape,  to  bsik  a  long  time  with  the 
mouth  open  ;  to  stand  looking  in  a  silly  manner; 
It.  badare^  to  amuse  one's  self,  to  stand  trifling; 
"tenere  a  bada."  to  keep  at  bay  ;  *'  star  a  bada," 
to  stand  trifling.  If  Bd  are  the  radical  letters,  it 
seems  to  belong  to  the  root  of  abide     See  Bat.]^ 

1.  In  expectation  or  contemplation  of  law.  The 
fee  simple  or  inheritance  of  lands  and  tenements 
is  in  abeyance,  when  there  is  no  person  in  bemg  in 
whom  it  can  vest ;  so  that  it  is  in  a  state  of  expec- 
tancy or  waiting  until  a  projHjr  person  shall  appear. 
Thus,  if  land  is  leased  to  A  for  life,  remainder  to 
the  heirs  of  B,  the  remainder  is  in  abeyance  till  the 
donth  of  B.  Blackstone. 

2.  Popularly,  a  state  of  suspension,  or  temporary 
extinction.  Eel.  Ticw 

AB'GRE-GATE,  v.  U     [L.   abm-ego,  ab   and   grez.'] 

To  separate  from  a  herd.     [06.*.] 
AB-GRJi-GA'TlON,  n.    Separation  from  a  herd  or 

flock.     [  Obs  ] 
AB-HOR',  V,  I.     [L.  nbharreo,  of  ah  and  horreo^  to  set 

up  bristles,  shiver  or  shake  ;  to  look  terrible,  j 

1.  To  hate  extremely,  or  with  contempt ;  to 
lontlic,  detest,  or  abominate.  kkak. 

2.  To  despise  or  neglect.  Psal.  xxii  2-1.  Amos 
vi.  8. 

3.  To  cast  off  or  reject.     Psal.  Ixxxix.  38. 
AB-IIOR'RJED,    pp.    or    a.     Hated   extremely ;    de- 
tested. 

AB-MOR'RENCE,  \  n.     Extreme  hatred  ;   detesla- 

AB-IIOR'REN-CY,  \     lion  ;   great  aversion. 

AB-HOR'RENT,  o.  Hating;  detesting;  struck  with 
abhorrence. 

2.  Contrary;  odious;  inconsistent  with  ;  expres- 
sive of  extreme  opimsilion  ;  aa,  slander  is  abhorrent 
to  all  ideas  nf  justice.  In  this  sense,  it  should  be 
always  followed  by  fo  — abhorrent  from  la  not 
agreeable  to  the  English  idiom. 

AB-H0R'UI:NT-LY,  adv.    With  abhorrence. 

AB-IIOR'RER,  n.     One  who  abhors. 

AB-IIOR'RING,  jtpr.  Having  great  aversion,  de- 
tecting. As  a  noun,  it  is  used  in  Isaiah  Ixvi  for 
the  object  of  hatred  —  "  an  abhitrring  to  all  flesh." 

A'BIB,  Ti.  [Heb.  3N,  oA,  swelling,  protuberant.  Ch. 
33K,  abab,  to  produce  tlie  first  or  early  fruit ;  y*^H 
abih,  a  full  gmwn  ear  of  corn.] 

The  first  month  of  the  Jewish  ecclesiastical  year, 
called  also  JVt-san.  It  begins  at  the  spring  equintu, 
and  answers  to  the  latter  part  of  March  and  be- 
ginning of  A|»ril.  Its  name  is  derived  frotn  the 
full  growth  of  wheat  in  Egypt,  which  look  place 
anciently,  as  it  does  now,  at  that  season. 

A-BIDE',  P.  i.  prct.  and  part.  Abode.  [  Ar.  iXj)  abada^ 

to  be  or  exist,  to  continue  ;  W.  bod,  to  be  ;  Sax. 
bidan,  abidan ;  Sw.  bida  ,■  f).  beidea ;  Dan.  bie  for 
bide;  Russ.  vitatjii,  to  dwell,  rest,  continue,  stand 
firm,  or  be  stationary  for  any  time  indefinitely. 
Class  Bd.  No.  7.1 

1.  To  rest,  or  dwell.    Gen.  xxix.  19. 

2.  To  tarry  or  stay  for  a  short  time.    Gen.  xxiv. 

3.  7'o  continue  permanently  or  in  the  same  state ; 
to  be  firm  and  immovable.     Psal.  cxix.  90. 

4.  I'o  remain  ;  to  continue.     Acts  xxvii.  31. 
A-BIDE',  tJ.  t.    To  wail  for;  to  be  prepared  for;  to 

await. 

Bond*  snd  nftliction*  nbide  me.  —  Acu  xx.  23. 
[Fbr  ii  hen;  ui)iI<t>Iuo<J.] 

2.  To  endure  or  sustain. 

Toahidt  itvi  in<li^nnlion  of  (he  I^r<l.  — Joel  tl.  II. 


TONE,  BI;LL,  unite.  — AN^'OER,  Vr'C10US.~e  u  K;  a  as  J;  «  as  Z;  CH  aa  8H;  TH  B8  in  THia 


ABJ 

;*.  To  b-ar  or  eudiire ;  to  bear  patiently  ;  aa,  I 
cai)  itui  nlfide  tiis  iii)t>ertinence. 

Tliw  Verb,  who'll  iiilnmsiiive,  h  followed  by  in  or 
at  b-'forc  the  place,  and  with  before  the  iterson  ; 
Abide  teUh  me  —  at  Jerusalt'in,  or  in  this  tiiiid. 
Suiiietliii'S  by  en  ;  The  sword  shiill  iibide  on  hia 
cities.  And  in  the  sense  of  vait^  by /or:  Abide/tw 
me.  Hu:tea  iii.  3.  tiuuietiines  by  byi  Abide  iy  the 
crib.     Job  \xxix. 

In  p*n,Tjl,  abide  hu  signifies  to  adhere  to,  mnin- 
Uiiii,  defnd,  or  stand  to ;  as,  to  abide  by  a  prtunise, 
or  fry  a  friend  ;  or  to  suffer  the  consequences  ;  ajj,  to 
abide  bjf  the  event,  that  is,  to  be  fixed  or  permanenl 
in  n  particular  condition. 

A-BID'EK,  «.    One  who  dwelU  or  continue*. 

.\-BlI»'ING,  ppr.  nw.'lling;  remaining;  continu- 
ing; enduring;  awaiting. 

A-BiO'ING,  tu  Continuance;  fixed  state;  resi- 
dence :  an  enduring. 

A-BIIVINO,  a.    Coniinuine ;  pemmnent. 

A-BiU'lM^LV,  ado.  In  a  manner  to  continue; 
permanently.  Haweu, 

.\-BII/I-'rV,  n.  [Fr.  habUeti;  It.  abititd ;  Bp.  kahOi- 
dad  t  L.  kabUiUu,  abteness,  fitness,  from  kabe^  lo 
have  or  hold.1 

I.  Pliysicaf  power,  whether  bodily  or  mental, 
n:Uunil  or  ncquired  ;  force  of  understanding  ;  skill 
in  arts  or  wience.  Ability  is  active  power,  or 
powrr  to  p  'rfttnn  ;  n*  opt)usfd  to  aipacitit^  or  power 
lo  HM'c-ive.  In  the  plural,  abtlitJM  is  niiirh  ui^ed  in 
H  ltk*>  s<-iiAe ;  nnd  als^i  for  faculties  of  the  mind, 
and  nrqiiired  qualitication^  FraaldtR. 

^  RicJies,  wealth,  substance,  which  are  the 
muan-*,  ur  wbkh  Airnidh  the  pMccr,  of  doing  cer- 
tain act«. 

Th«y  gn**  nccoriTInf  lo  their  oiu'Jity  to  the  wort.  —  Eir«  B. 

3.  Moral  power,  depending  on  the  will  — aauto- 
jfku-'iral  and  ikft^latpcai  senje, 

4.  i."i%il  or  legal  pi>wer  ;  the  power  or  right  to  do 
ceriiiin  iliinjr" ;  as,  an  abdiitt  to  imnsfrr  proptrty  or 
di^P's*' i>f  effects  —  a^tit/y  to  inlient.  It  is  opposed 
tu  d4.-«bihttf,  CjfC 

AB  LV-I'tlOylL.]    From  the  beginning. 
AB-IN-TfcaT'ATE,  a.    [U  ab  and  i«i«(a/a*—  dying 

wtiliout  a  will,  from  in  and  tesO'r,  lo  b*-ar  witness  ; 

W,  tifst  i  Arm.  test,  wttne**.  See  Test  and  Testify.] 
In  tile  cit'ti  latCy  inhtrriiing  the  estate  uf  one  dying 

without  H  will. 
AB-JKt'T',  r.  (.    To  throw  away;  to  cast  down. 

[Ob*.]  Spenser. 

AB'JKt T,  fl.    [L,  ahjretus,  (mm  «fr>icM,  to, throw 

away,  fmni  ab  and /ofifl,  to  throw.] 
].  E^unk  tu  a  luw  condition;  appiitd  to  jtenmu  or 

Henc*, 

5.  Worthies*,  mean,  despicable ;  low  in  eflUma- 

tion  ;  without  hope  or  regard. 

AB'JElT,  n.  A  person  in  the  lowest  conditioo  and 
de»picahl--,    Pi«al.  xixv. 

AB-JEtT'El>-NESS,  a.  A  very  low  or  despicable 
condition.     [Uule  tbmL] 

AB-JEc'TiO.N,  ».  A  slate  of  being  east  away; 
hfuce,  a  low  state  ;  meanness  of  i^pirit ;  baseness. 

AB'JEt.'T-LV,  ade.  In  a  contemptible  manner; 
meanlv  ;  Sfrvilclv. 

AB'JEo'T-NE^rfl,  iu  The  state  of  being  abject; 
meanness  ;  »*rviliiy. 

ABJO'DieA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Given  by  judgment 
from  one  to  another.  Know/es. 

.\B^i;-DI-eA'T10N,  ■.    Rejection.  KaowUs, 

AB-JU-RA'TION,  n.     (8ee  Abjurk.] 

I.  The  art  of  abjurine  ;  a  renunciation  upon 
oatb  ;  as,  ^^  an  abjuT-aiioH  of  the  realm,*'  by  which  a 
person  swears  to  leave  the  couutr\*,  and  never  to 
return.  It  is  used  also  for  the  oath  of  renuncia- 
tion. Formerly,  in  England,  felons,  taking  refuge 
in  a  church,  and  couf'-ssine  their  guilt,  cuuld  not 
be  arrested  and  tried,  but  might  save  their  lives  by 
a^urim^  tbe  realm ;  that  is,  by  taking  an  oath  to 
quit  the  kingdom  forever. 

3.  A  rejection  or  denial  with  solemnity  ;  a  sol- 
emn renunciation  ;  a?,  an  abjuratiatt  of  heresy. 

OatA  of  abjuratioR  :  an  oath  asserting  the  rieht  of 
the  present  royal  family  to  the  crown  of  England, 
and  expressly  disclaiming  such  right  in  the  de- 
scndant?  of  ihe  pretender.  Brande. 

ABJC'RA-TO-RY,  a.     Containing  abjuration. 

AB-JORE',  r.  t,  [L.  abjuroj  to  deny  upon  oath,  from 
ab  and  JKi-o,  to  swear.  1 

1.  To  renounce  upon  oath  ;  to  abandon ;  as,  to 
abjnrf  all'-giance  to  a  prince. 

2.  To  renounce  or  reject  w^ith  solemnity  ;  to  re- 
ject ,  «i»,  to  abjure  errors,  abjure  reason. 

3.  To  recant  or  retract.  Shak. 

4.  To  banish.     [A'^t  usfd.] 

AB-JORE',  V.  i.     To  abjure  the  realm.  Burnet, 

AlWf  R'>:D,  pp.  Renounced  upon  oath;  sulemnly 
recanted. 

AB-JCRtyMEXT,  a.     Renunciation.  J,  mU. 

AB-Ji_K'ER,  n.     One  who  abjures. 

AB-JrR'I\G,  ppr.  Rf^nouucing  upon  oath;  dis- 
claiming witli  solemnity. 


ABL 

AB-LA€'TaTE,  r.  (.  [I«  ttblai:toi  from  -o4  and  Uic^ 
milk.]     To  wean  from  the  breast.     [Little  iLfctl.] 

Alt-LAt'-TA'TlUN,  n.  [L.  ab  and  /ac,  milk.  Lacto^ 
to  suckle.] 

1.  In  mettical  authorsy  tho  weaning  of  a  child  from 
the  breast. 

2.  Among  anetrnt  gardeners^  a  method  of  graft- 
ing, in  whieli  the  cion  was  not  separated  from  the 
)Hin-iit  stock,  till  it  was  firmly  united  to  that  in 
which  it  was  inserted.  This  is  now  called  graft- 
ing bff  appntaeh  or  inarching,     [See  GBArr.] 

AB-LAa-UE^-A'TlOX,  «.  [L  abloqu.'otio,  from  ai  and 
/dfu/tir,  a  roof  or  covering.] 

.\  laying  bare  the  roots  of  trees  to  expose  them 
lo  the  air  and  water — a  practice  among  gtirdencrs. 
AB-LA'TIO.N,  n.     [L.  ab  and  latio^  a  carrying.] 

A  carrying  away.  In  mn/iciNtr,  the  taking  from 
the  body  whatever  is  hurtful ;  evacuations  in  gen- 
eral. In  eAcmimtry^  the  removal  of  whatever  is  fin- 
ished or  no  longer  necessary. 
AB'I.A-TIVE,  a.  or  n.  {Vr.  ablatif;  It.  ablatiro ;  L. 
ablativug !  L.  abltitusy  from  aufero^  to  carry  away, 
Compounded  of  ab  and /rro.] 

A  word  applied  to  the  sixth  case  of  nouns  in 
the  Latin  language,  in  which  case  are  used  words 
when  the  actions  of  carrying  away  or  taking  from 
are  signified. 

Ablative,  abnolnte,  is  when  a  word  in  that  case  is 
independent,  in  construction,  of  the  rest  of  the 
SM-nlrncw. 
A-Bl.AZE'.  (m/p.    On  fire;  in  a  blaze.  MUmaiu 

A'BLE,  (a'hl,)  a.  [Norm,  ablcz,  kabh;  fuibltTj  to 
enable,  from  L.  habilLi.] 

1.  Having  physical  power  sufiicient ;  having 
competent  power  or  strength,  botlily  or  mental  : 
as,  a  man  abU  to  perform  military  service  —  a  child 
is  not  able  to  rf-ason  on  abstract  subjects. 

3:  Having  strong  or  unusual  powers  of  mind,  or 
intellectual  qualifications;  as,  an  able  minister. 

Pn^hleoutoTainanwlai;*  inen._Ex.  xviii. 

3.  Having  large  or  competent  property,  or  simply 
having  proiterty,  or  means. 

Ever/  mAii  alLvIl  gjr«  aa  he  ii  abU.  —  Deul.  xvi. 

4.  Having  comp*--tent  strength  or  fortitude;  as, 
he  is  not  al/le  to  su^t;iin  such  pain  or  affliction. 

5.  Having  sufficient  knowledge  or  skill  ;  ns,  he 
is  able  to  speak  French;  she  is  not  abU  to  play  on 
the  piano. 

6.  Having  comi>cient  legal  power  or  qualifica- 
tions :  as,  an  illegitimate  son  is  not  able  to  take  by 
inheritance. 

i'BLE,  r.  L     To  enable.     [Obs,] 

I'll  able  them.  Shak, 

A'SLE-BOD-Ii-^D,  a.  Having  a  ftotind,  strong  body, 
or  a  body  of  competent  strength  for  service.  In 
morula  lanjruage^  it  denotes  skill  in  seamanship. 

AB'LEGATE,  c.  l    [L.  aJtUgo.]    To  send  abroad. 

A^Lci-GA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  sending  abroad. 

lObs.] 
AB'LB.V,  or  AB'LET,  n,    A  small  fresh-water  fish, 

the  bleak. 
i'BLE-KESS,  n.    Ability  of  body  or  mind  ;  force  ; 

vigor. 
AB'LEP-SY,  m.     [Gr.  a/3Xn}/ia.]     Want  of  sight ; 

blindness. 
A'BLER,  and    A'BLEST;    comp.    and  superl.    of 

Ahlb. 
AB'LI-GATE,  r.  L    [L.  abligo.]    To  tie  up  from. 

roA*.] 

AB'LO-eATE,  w.  t.    [I*  abloco;  ab  and  loco,  to  let 

ouL]     To  let  out ;  to  lease.         Calvin^a  Lex.  Jur, 
AB-LO-CA'TIO.\,  n.     A  letting  to  hire. 
AB-LCDE',  V.  U     [L.  ablado;ah  and  furfo,  to  piny.] 

To  be  unlike  ;  to  ditfer.     [JVi-t  uard.]  NulL 

AB'LU-EXT,  a.     [L.  abluo,  to  wash  away  ;  ab  and 

Iho  or  /aro,  to  wash  ;  Ir.  h  or  lua,  water.] 

Washing  clean  ;  cleansing  by  water  or  liquids. 
AB'LU-ENT,   n.      In   medicine^    that    which    thins, 

purifies,  or  sweetens  the  blood.  Q_uincy. 

AB-LO'TIO.N,  n.      [L.  ahluiio^  from  ab  and  lv.o  or 

iaco,  to  wash.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  the  act  of  washing;  a 
cleansing  or  purification  by  water. 

2.  Appropriately,  the  washing  of  the  hody  as  a 
preparation  for  religious  duties,  enjoined  by  Moses, 
and  still  practiced  in  many  countries. 

3.  In  chemistry,  the  purification  of  bodies  by  ths 
affusion  of  a  proper  liquor,  as  water  to  dissolve 
Kills.  Qiiincy. 

4.  In  mrdicine^  the  washing  of  the  hody  ezicmalhj, 
as  by  baihs  ;  or  inipmaiiij^  by  diluting  fluids. 

5.  Pnpe  has  used  abluiion  for  the  water  used  in 
cleansing. 

6.  \n  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  vi  small  quantity 
of  wine  and  water,  which  is  used  to  wa-^h  the  chalice 
and  the  priest's  fingers  after  the  communion,  and 
which  then,  as  containing  portions  of  the  conse- 
crated elements,  is  drunk  by  the  priest. 

Biihop  Fill  Patrick. 
AB-LO'Vr-ON,  a.     [U  ahluo.] 

That  which  is  washed  off.  Dwight, 


ABO 

A  'BLV,  adf.     In  an  able  manner ;  with  great  ability. 
AB'XE-OATE,  v.  t.    To  deny 

AB-NE-GA'TIOX,  «.     [L.  abnrgo,  to  deny,  from  oA 

and  nego  ;  W.  naca,  ixaeau. ;  Sw.  neka,  to  deny  ;  W, 

Tiac,  no  ;  Eng.  nay ;  L.  nee,  not ;  Ir.  nach,  not.]     A 

denial ;  a  renunciation  ;  self-denial.       Hammund. 

AB'NE-GS-TOR,  n.    One  who  denies,  renounrrs, 

or  opjmses  any  thing.  Sandys. 

AB'XKT,  n.    The  girdle  of  a  Jewish  priest. 
AB'NO^DATE,  v.  U     [L.  abnodo ;   ab  and   nodus,   a 

knitL]     To  cut  knots  from  trees. 
AB-NO-DA'TION,  n.     The  act  of  cutting  away  the 

knots  of  trees.  DicL 

.Ml-XORM'I-TY,  «,     [L.  abnormia,  irregular;  ab  and 

vonna,  a  rule.]     Irregularity  ;  deformity.       Diet. 

AB-NURM'AL,     \a.      [I.,    abn^tnnis,    supra.]       Not 

AB-NORM'OUt?,  i     conformed  to  rule;  irregular; 

deformed.  Diet, 

3.  In  botany,  when  the  organs  of  a  plant  have  a 
greater  or  less  nmnber  of  parts  than  the  regular 
number,  they  are  said  to  be  abiuyrmaU         Brande, 
A-Bf)ARD',  ade.  [a,  for  on,  and  board.    See  Board.] 
Within  a  ship,  vessel,  or  boat. 
To  go  aboard;  to  enter  a  ship,  lo  embark. 
To  fall  aboard;  to  strike  a  ship's  side. 
To  get  aboard;  to  get  foul  of,  as  a  ship. 
Aboard  main  tack ;  an  order  to  draw  a  corner  of 
the  main-«ail  down  to  the  chess-tree. 

JEneyc    Mar.  DitL 
A-BOD'ANCE,  n.   [from  hode.\      An  omen,     [^Tot 

Vited.  'I  Jacluson. 

A-BoDE',  prct  of  Abide. 

A-BoDE',  n.  [See  Abide.]  Stay  ;  continuance  in  a 
place  ;  residence  for  a  longer  or  shorter  time. 

2.  A  place  of  continuance  ;  a  dwelling ;  a  hab- 
itation. 

3.  To  make  abode;  to  dwell  or  reside. 
A-B6DE',  p.  e.     [SeeBoDi:.]     Toforeshow.     Shak. 
A-BoDE',  tj.  i.     To  be  an  omen.  Dryden. 
A-BoDE'MENT,  n.  [from  bode.\     A  secret  anticipa- 
tion of  something  future.  Sltak. 

A-BoI>'ING,  n.    Presentiment;  prognostication. 

UalU 
A-BOiyiSH,  V.  t.     [Fr.   abolir ;  L.  aboleo ;   from   ab 
and  oleo,  olcseo,  lo  grow.] 

1.  To  make  void  ;  to  annul;  to  abrogate;  appli'd 
chiefly  and  approi)riately  to  established  laws,  con- 
tracts, rites,  customs  and  institutions  ;  as,  to  abol- 
iak  laws  by  a  repeal,  actual  or  virtual. 

2.  To  destroy,  or  put  an  end  to  ;  as,  to  abolish 
idols,  Isa.  ii. ;  to  abolL-<h  dcalli,  3  Tim.  i.  This 
sense  is  not  common.  To  abolish  posterity,  in  Ihe 
translation  of  Pausanias,  lib.  3,  ca.  t>,  is  hardly  al- 
lowable. 

A-BOL'ISH-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  annulled,  ab- 
rogated, or  destroyed,  as  a  law,  rite,  custom,  &c. 

A-BOL'ISH-ED,  pp.  Annulled;  repealed;  abro- 
gated, or  destroyed. 

A-BOL'ISH-ER,  n.     One  who  abolishes. 

A-BOL'ISH-ING,  ppr.  Making  void;  annulling; 
destroying. 

A-BOL'ISH-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  annulling;  abro- 
gation ;  destruction.  Hooker. 

AB-0-LI"TION,  (ab-o  lish'nn,)  n.  The  art  of  abolish- 
ing; or  the  slate  of  being  abolished  ;  an  annulling; 
abrogation  ;  utter  destruction  ;  as  the  abolition  of 
laws,  decrees,  ordinances,  rites,  customs,  debts, 

&.C. 

2.  The  putting  an  end  to  slavery  ;  emancipation. 

The  application  of  this  word  to  persons    and 

things,  is  now   unusual   or  obsolete.    To  abolish 

persons  and  senses,  the  language  of  good  writers 

formerlv,  is-  no  longer  legitimate. 

An-0-Lr"'TlON-IS.\l,  n.  The  principles  of  an  abo- 
litionist, 

AB-0-LI"T10N-lST,  n.  A  person  who  favors 
abolition,  or  the  immediate  emancipation  of  slaves. 

A-BOL'LA,  n.  [Lat.]  An  ancient  military  garment, 
worn  hv  the  Greeks  and  Romans. 

AB-0-MA'SUS,  i"'     [i-- omasum.] 

The  fourth  stomach  of  a  ruminant  animal. 
A-BOM'IN-A-BLE,    a.       [See  Abomlnate,]      Very 
hateful ;  detestable  ;  loatnsome. 

2.  Tliis  word  is  applicable  to  whatever  is  odious 
to  the  mind  or  offensive  to  the  senses.        Milton. 

3.  Unclean.     Levit.  vii. 
A-BOM'IN-A-BLB-NESS,  n.    The  quality  or  state 

of  being  very  odious  ;  hatefuln  ss. 

A-B0M'I\-A-BLY,   adv.      Very   odiously;    detesta- 
bly ;  sinfully.     1  Kings  xxi. 
9.  I>i  vulgar  language,  extremely,  excessively. 

A-BOM'IN-aTE,  p.  £.  [L.  ahumino,  supposed  to  be 
formed  by  ab  and  omen  ;  to  deprecate  as  ominous ; 
May  the  gods  ave:rt  the  evil  1] 

To  hate  extremely  ;  to  abhor;  to  detest. 

Soittficm. 

A-BO^riN-A-TED,  pp.  Hated  utterly  ;  detested  ; 
abhorred. 

A-BOM'IN-A-TING,  ppr.  Ahhorrii.g  ;  hating  ex- 
Ire  m;-'Iy. 

A-BOM-IN-A'TION,  n.  Extreme  haired  ;  detesta- 
tion. Sieifl, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  VVH^T.  — METE,  PRgY.  — HNE,  WARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  TiC^K. 


ABO 

2.  The  object  of  dutcstation,  a  comjoon  aignifiea- 
tion  in  Hcriptare, 


3.  Ilcnce,  dffilement,  pollution,  in  a  physical 
sense,  or  evil  doctrines  and  pmctices,  which  are 
moral  deSleraents,  idols  and  idolatry,  are  called 
abominatwus.  The  Jews  were  an  a&ominatuia  to 
the  £<:>'ptians ;  and  the  sacred  animals  of  the 
Egyptians  were  an  abomination  to  the  Jews.  The 
Roman  army  is  called  the  aboimnation  of  desulation. 
Matt.  xxiv.  13.  In  short,  whatever  is  an  object  of 
extreme  hatred,  is  called  an  abomination. 

A-BOR(V,  n.  fFr.  See  Border.]  Literally,  arrival, 
but  need  for  nrstapiwarance,  manner  of  accosting, 
or  addres.s,  but  not  an  English  word.  Che^sUrfield. 

A-BORD',  c.  L  To  approach  ;  to  accosL  [JVut  in 
use.} 

AB-O-RIG'IN-AL,  a.  [L.  ah  and  oriffOy  origin.  See 
Origin.]  FirM  ;  original ;  abori^nal  people  are  the 
fin$t  inhabitants  of  a  country. 

Aboriginal  tribes  of  America.  President  Snuih. 

AB-O-Rld'IN-AL,  n.  An  original  inhabitant.  The 
first  selilers  in  a  countrj'  are  called  aborie^inais  i  as, 
the  Celts  in  Europe,  and  Indians  in  America. 

Prestdntt  Smith. 

AB-O-Rl0'IN-f:S,  n.  pi  The  first  inhabitants  of  a 
country.  [Tliis  word  is  not  rrgnlarly  fonned,  but 
has  become  generally  prevalent.]      [See  Aboxigi- 

A-BORSE'ME-\T,  (a-bors'ment,)  n.     [See  Abort.] 

Abortion.     [A'of  in  use.] 
A-BORT',  r.  i.     [L.  aborto;  ab  and  ortus,  ortor.] 

To  mi8carr>'  in  birth.  Herbert. 

A-BORT',  n.    An  abortion.    [JVof  tn  use.]    Burton, 
A-BOR'TIOX,  n.     [h.  abortio^  a  miscarriage  ;  usually 

deduced  from  ah  and  on'or.] 

1.  The  act  of  miscanjing,  or  producing  young 
before  the  natural  time,  or  before  the  fetus  is  per- 
fectly formed. 

2.  The  fetus  brought  forth  before  it  is  perfectly 
formed. 

3.  In  a  f^trative  sense^  any  fruit  or  produce  that 
does  not  come  to  maturity,  or  any  thing  which 
fails  in  its  progress,  befon-  it  is  matured  or  perfect, 
OS  a  design  or  project 

A-BORT'IVK,  a.  Brow^.u  forth  in  an  immature 
state ;  failing,  or  coming  to  naught,  before  it  is 
complete. 

2.  Failing  In  its  effect;  miscarrying;  producing 
nothing  ;  aa,  an  abortive  scheme. 

3.  Productive  of  nothing  j  as,  oftorthie  gulf,  in  Mil- 
ton, but  not  legitimate. 

4.  Pertaining  to  abortion  ;  as,  abortive  vellum, 
niade  of  the  skin  of  an  alwrtive  calf.  F.ncvc. 

h.  In  medicincy  procuring  abortion;  as,  abortive 
medicines.  Parr. 

6.  In  botany,  an  abortive  flower  is  one  which 
falls  without  producing  fruit.  Martitn. 

This  term  is  applied  to  parts  imperfectly  formed  ; 
S9,  an  abortire  stamen,  whose  filament  has  no 
anther  ;  or  to  such  as  do  not  arrive  at  perfect  ma- 
turilv,  as  a  seed  unimpregnated.  Branitc. 

A-BORT'IVE,  n.  That  which  is  brought  forth  or 
born  prematurely. 

A-BORT'IVE-LY,  adv.  Immaturely ;  in  an  un- 
timely manner. 

A-BORT'IVE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  abor- 
tive ;  a  failing  in  the  propress  to  perfection  or  ma- 
turity ;  n  failure  of  prnducing  the  mtended  effect. 

A-BORT'MENT,  n.     An  untimely  birth.        Bacon. 

A-BOU\D',  V.  i.  [L.  abuTfdo;  Ft.  abonder:  It  ab- 
bondart ;  ?p.  abundar.  If  thi^  word  is  from  L. 
unda,  a  wave,  the  latter  has  probably  lost  itK  firH 
consonant  Abound  may  naturally  be  deduced 
from  the  Celtic.  Arm.  /own,  plenty  ;  funna^  u* 
abound  ;  W.  fyniaw,  to  produce,  lo  generate,  to 
abound,  from  /len,  a  source,  the  root  of  fynon,  L. 
/enj,  a  fountain.  Or  it  may  be  connected  with  h. 
bonusAn  the  sense  of  attending,  enlargement] 

1.  To  have  or  pos^^ess  in  great  quantity  ;  to  be 
copiously  supplied;  folhiwed  liy  irith  or  i"  ;  as,  to 
abiiund  with  provisions  ;  to  abound  in  good  thini:«. 

2.  To  be  in  gnat  plenty ;  to  be  very  prevalent. 

Wbri*  tin  a&ourui«f,  grace  (bJ  mi>cti  more  abound.  — Horn.  r. 

A-BOVSO'iSQf  ppr.  OT  a.  Having  in  great  plenty; 
being  in  grfat  plenty  j  being  very  prevalent ;  gen- 
erally prevailing. 

A-B0»;NU'1i\G,  n.    Increase.  South. 

A-BOUT',  prep.  [Sax.  afrtitan,  onbutxtn,  emhutan, 
about,  aruund  ;  on,  or  emh^  coinciding  witli  Gr. 
ap1>i,  and  baton,  without,  [see  But,]  literally, 
ttroundy  on  Vie  ouLi.de.'\ 

1.  Around  ;  on  the  exterior  part  or  surface. 

Cia<I  Uiem  nbottl  th/  nedt — Pro*.  U).  3.     Isa.  I. 

Hence, 

3.  Near  to  in  place,  with  the  sense  of  Glrcularlty. 

0<>l  yoa  np  rrocn  about  the  iKbernaele.  —  Num.  srl. 

3.  Near  to  in  time. 

II«  went  out  abovt  ih?  third  hour.  — Mntt.  zxl.  8. 


ABR 

4.  Near  to  in  action,  or  near  to  the  perfonnance 
of  some  act 

Paul  was  about  to  op^n  his  monih,  —  Acts  iTiii.  H. 
They  were  about  to  tlou  oni  of  th«  sliip,  —  Acii  xxvii,  30. 

5.  Near  to  the  person  ;  ap|iended  to  the  clothes. 
Every  thing  fliout  him  is  in  order.  Is  your  snuff- 
box about  you  I 

From  iieumeas  on  all  sides,  the  transition  is  easy 
to  the  idea  of  a  concern  with.     Hence, 

6.  Concerned  in,  engaged  in,  relating  to,  re- 
specting ;  as,  what  is  he  about? 

1  in.isi  bi-oioul  my  Piither'»  busitiPM.  — Luke  ii,  i9. 
The  painter  ia  not  lo  tAke  »•  miich  |ati»  about  ttie  flmpery 
U  about  lite  t:ic«,  Drydtn. 

7.  In  compass  or  circumference  j  two  yards 
abotit  the  stem. 

8.  Near  to  in  number  or  quantity. 

There  fell  that  day  about  tlireo  ihouKind  men.  —  Ex.  nxxii. 
A-BOUT',  adv.     Near  to  in  quality  or  degree  j  as, 
about  as  high,  or  as  cold. 

3.  Here  and  tliere  j  around ;  in  one  place  and 
another. 

Wandering  about  from  houie  to  hoiiK.  —  I  Tim.  t. 

3.  Round,  or  the  longest  way,  opposed  lo  across, 
or  the  shortest  way ;  as,  a  mile  about,  and  lialf  a 
mile  across. 

To  brin^  abont ;  to  bring  to  the  end  ;  to  eflect  or 
accomplish  a  pur[>ose. 

To  come  about ;  to  change  or  turn  ;  to  come  to  the 
desired  point  In  a  like  sense,  seamen  say  ^ro 
about,  when  a  ship  changes  her  course  to  go  on  the 
other  tack. 

Ready  about,  about  ship,  are  orders  for  tacking. 

Tu  go  about,  signifies  to  enter  upon ;  also  to  pre- 
pare I  to  se^k  the  means. 

Why  ^o  jc about  lo  kill  met —  John  tU. 
A-BOVE',    prfp.      [Sax.   abufan^    bufan,   bvfon;    D. 
boven.] 

1.  Literally,  higher  in  place. 

The  fowla  ihul  fiy  abot>€  the  eanh.  —  Gen.  i.  20. 

2.  Figuratively,  superior  in  any  respect 

I  saw  a  lis:ht  above  th-  bri^hinru  (if  tlic  xin.  —  AcU  xxv\. 
The  price  of  a  virtni^us  wontan  ia  oAom  rubK«.  —  Prur.  ixxi. 

3.  More  in  number  ot  quantity  j  as,  the  weight  is 
aboce  a  tun. 


(  Are  hundred  1'reihfvn  al  once. .— 1  Cor. 


H-:  wns  teen  by  a 
x«.  6. 

4.  More  in  degree  ;  in  a  greater  degree. 

Hnnaninh  frareil  Goil  t^>09€  many.  —  Neh.  tH.  t, 
Tbc  »erpetit  b  cursrd  above  all  cattle. —  Uen.  iii. 

5.  Bei'ond  ;  in  excess. 

In  ttripra  aboM  mcniurc.  —  S  Cor.  xl. 

Uud  will  not  BiilfrT  von  to  be  tempted  above  what  ye  are  able. 
—  I  Cor.  X.  13. 

6.  Beyond;  in  a  state  to  be  unattainable;  as, 
things  above  comprehension. 

7.  T(K)  proud  for;  an,  this  man  is  abore  his 
business. 

8.  Too  elevated  in  mind  or  rank  ;  h  tving  too 
much  dignity  for  j  as,  this  man  is  aburc  nK>^tn  ac- 
tions. 

9.  It  is  oflcn  used  elliptically  for  heaven,  or  the 
celestial  regions  ;  as,  the  powers  above. 

Lift  not  God  re^rd  it  frnm  abooe.  —Job  ill. 

10.  In  a  book  or  writing,  it  denotes  brfiire  or  in  a 
f'lrmer  pl.ire  ;  as,  what  hatt  been  said  ahoee;  supra. 
This  moile  of  s|M-aking  originated  in  the  ancient 
manner  of  writnig,  on  a  strip  of  parchment,  be- 
ginning at  one  cnti  and  proceeding  to  the  other. 
The  becinning  was  the  upper  end. 

A-BOVE  ,  adv.    Overhead  ;  in  a  higher  place. 

Bacon. 

2.  Before.  Dnjden. 

3.  Chief  in  rank  or  power.     Deut  xxviil. 
.^hore  all  is  elliptical;  above  all  considerations; 

rhiefiy  ■  in  pP-ferenc*  to  othrir  things, 

A-HOVK'-B^ARD,  adv.  Above  the  board  or  table  ; 
in  ojten  sight;  without  trick,  concealment,  or  de- 
ception. This  expression  is  said  by  Johnson  to  t>e 
borrowed  from  gamesters,  who,  when  thtiy  change 
their  cards,  piii  their  hands  under  the  table. 

A-»OVK'-CiT-EI),  a.  Cited  before,  in  the  preceding 
part  of  n  book  or  writing. 

A-Bt")VE'-r.R(>MNn,  n.     Alive;  not  buried. 

A-BOVK'-ME.\-TIO.\-ED,  a.     Mentioned  before. 

JilS  OFO  USQUF.ADMAIJI,  [\..]  From  the  egg  to 
the  apples  ;  frtimihebeginningof  supper  to  the  end  ; 
rrt>m  the  first  di^h  to  the  last. 

A-BOVE'-SAID,  a.    Mentioned  orrecited  before. 

ABP. ;  abbrev-  for  Archb|!>hof. 

AB-RA-CA-DAB'RA,  n.  The  name  of  a  deity,  wor- 
shiped by  the  Syrians  ;  a  cabalistic  word.  The 
letters  of  his  name  written  on  paper,  in  the  form 
of  an  inverted  triangle,  were  recommended  by 
Samonicus  as  an  antidote  against  certain  diseases. 

En  eye. 

AB-RXDE',  V.  t.    [L.  ahradoyto  scrape  ;  from  rado.] 
To  rub  or  wear  off;  to  w.iste  by  friction  ;  used 
especially  to  express  the  action  of  sharp,  corrosive 


Two 


ABR 

medicines,    in    wearing   away    or   removing   the 
mucus  of  the  membranes. 

AB-KAD'ED,  pp.  Rubbed  or  worn  off;  worn  j 
scm|H*d. 

AB-RAD'ING,  ;>P7-.    Rubbing  off ;  wearing. 

AB-Ra1>'ING,  m.  In  agriculture,  the  crumbling 
down  of  banks  of  earth,  from  tlie  effects  of  frost,  or 
of  the  alternate  action  of  drought  and  moisture. 

Brande. 

A-BRA-HAM'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  Abraham,  llie 
patriarch  ;  as,  JIbrahamic  covenant.  Mason. 

AbraJiam  Men,  formcr\y  were  impostors,  in  Eng- 
land, who  wandered  about  the  country,  personat- 
ing lunacy.  P.  Cvc 
To  sham  Abraham,  to  feign  sickness.     Ooldtmith. 

A-BRA\CH'I-AN,  71.    (  Tenns  applied   to   an  order 

A-ItRANCIia-A,  H.p/.  i  of  Annelida,  so  called  be- 
cause the  Species  composing  it  have  no  external 
organs  of  respiration ;  including  wonns  and 
leeches.  Brande. 

AB-RA'SIO\,  (ah-ra'7,hun,)  n.  The  act  of  wearing  oi 
rubbing  off;  also  subsUmce  worn  off  by  attrition. 

A-BREAST',  (a-brest',)  ndc,  [from  a  and  breustl]^' 
1.  Side  by  side ;  with  the  breasts  in  a  line.     J 

men  rode  abreast. 

9.  In  vtaritit   langua<re,   ships    are   abreast  when 

their  heads  are  equally  advanced  ;   and  they  are 

abreast  of  objects  when  the  objects  are  on  a  line 

with  the  beam. —  Hence, 
3.  Opiwsite  ;  against ;  on  a  line  with  —  as,  a  ship 

was  abreast  of  Montauk  p4iint.  — A  scaman^s  phrase. 
AB-RE-NUN-CI-A'TION,  n.    Renunciation;    abso- 
lute denial.     [J\rotused.\  Mede. 
AB-REP'TION,  n.     [L.  abripio.]     A  carrying  away  ; 

or  state  of  being  seiaed  and  carried  away. 
A-BREUVOIR',  (a-bru-vwor',)  n.     [Fr.  abrruvoir,  a 

watering-place,  from  abreuver,  to  water ;  Sp.  abre- 

var,  id.,  from  Gr.  /?,utx<'''] 
Among  masons,  tlie  joint  between  stones,  to  be 

filled  with  mortar. 
A-BKII)CE',  (a-bridj',)  r.  (.     [Fr.  abr^ger,  from  Gr. 

lS)ia\vi,  short,  or  its  root,  from  tlie  rotit  of  break,  or  a 

verb  of  that  family.] 

1.  To  make  shorter  ;  to  epitomize ;  to  contract 
by  using  fewer  words,  yet  retaining  the  sense  in 
substance  — used  of  writings;  as,  Justin  abridged 
the  history  of  Trogus  Poinpeius. 

S2.  'I'o  lessen  ;  to  diminish  ;  as,  to  abridge.  labor ; 
lo  abi-idgt  power  or  rights.  Smith. 

3.  To  deprive ;  to  cut  off  from  ;  followed  by  of: 
as,  to  abridge  one  of  his  rights,  or  enjoyments.  To 
abridge  from,  is  now  obsolete  or  improper. 

4.  In  alitebra,  to  reduce  a  compound  quantity  or 
equation  to  its  more  simple  expression.  The  equa- 
tion thus  abridged  is  called  ^formula,  Cyc 

\-\\R\\i(i'  F.B,  pp.  or  a.     Made  shorter;  epitomized  ; 

reduced  to  a  smaller  compass j  lessened;  deprived. 
A-BRin6'KR,   n.      One    who    abridges;    one   who 

makes  a  rompend. 
A-BRID(j'ING, /»/»■.    Bh{irtening;  lessening;  depriv- 

inn :  debarring. 
A-BKII»G'ME\T,  n.    An  epitome;  a  compend  or 

summary  of  a  book. 

2.  Diminution;  rontrnction  ;  reduction;  as,  an 
abridgment  of  expenses, 

',i,  deprivation;  a  debarring  or  restraint;  as,  an 
abridirmrut  of  pleasures. 
A-BRfl ACII',  flrfp.     [See  Broach.] 

Broached:  letting  out  or  yiehling  liquor,  or  in  a 
posture  for  letting  out  ;  as,  a  cask  is  abroach.  Fig- 
uratively used  l»y  Shnkspeare  for  setting  loose,  or 
in  a  slate  of  being  diiru«ed,*'Set  mischiefa^ruucA;" 
but  this  sfMise  is  uTiusnal. 
A-BROAD',  (a-brawd',)  adv.     [See  Broad.] 

In  a  gr.ntral  sense,  at  large;  widely;  not  con- 
fined to  narrow  limits.     Hence, 

1.  In  the  open  air. 

2.  Beyond  or  out  of  the  walls  of  a  house  ;  as,  to 
walk  abroad. 

3.  Beyond  the  limits  of  a  camp.     Pent  xxiii.  10. 

4.  Beyiuid  the  bounds  of  a  country ;  in  foreign 
countries  ;  as,  to  go  abroad  for  an  education  ;  we 
have  broils  at  home  and  enemies  abroad. 

5.  Extensively  ;  before  the  public  at  large. 

He  bejan  to  LJiiM  abroad  the  mnlter.  —  Murk  \.  45.    Estlier  I. 

6.  Widely ;  with  expansion  j  as,  a  tree  spreads 
its  branches  abroad. 

AU'RO-GA  BLE,  a.     That  may  bo  abrogated. 

AB'RO-GATE,  v.  t  [L.  ahrogn,  to  repeal  ;  from  ab 
and  roffo,  to  ask  or  propose.  See  the  English 
reach.     Class  Rg.] 

To  repeal  ;  to  annul  by  an  authoritative  act;  to 
abolish  by  the  authority  of  tlie  maker  or  his  suc- 
cessor ;  applied  lo  the  re|ieal  of  laws,  decn^es,  or- 
dinances, the  abolition  of  established  rustoms,  ice. 

AB'RO-GA-TEU,  pp.  Repealed  ;  annulled  by  an  act 
of  authority. 

AB'RO-GA-T!NG,  ppr.  Repealing  by  authority; 
making  void, 

AB  ROGA'TION,  n.  The  art  of  abrogating  ;  rept^al 
by  authority  of  the  legislative  jwwer. 


TONE,  BULL,  tJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUB,— 0  M  K;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ABS 


A-BROOD'»  adr.  [See  Ukoop.J  Id  Uie  RClton  of 
broodinp.     [.Xot  in  u.if.]  Saneroft, 

A-BKOOD'ING,  H,    A  silting  abruod.    [A'ut  in  lue.] 

Barret. 

A-BRQQK',  «.  t.  To  brook,  to  endure  [JVot  in 
usf.]     ScQ  Brook.  SkaJt. 

A-BROT'A-NOID.  n,  [Gr.  alptruvov^  and  ((*^«5, 
form.]  A  species  of  coral  belunghic  lo  Uie  ftrnus 
Madrepora.  It  is  one  of  the  reef-corals  of  the 
EaM  Indi(^ 

A-BROT'A-NUM,  n.     [Gr.  afiporavov.] 

A  species  of  eversrei^n  plant  arranged  under  the 

genus  Artemisia :  ca)li-d  altto  SoutkerHWood, 
-RUPT',  a.    [L.  tiJVruyfM,',  from  abrum^^  to  break 
off,  of  o*  and  rampo.     Set-  RfPTL'BE.J 

1.  Literallv^  bruken  off",  or  brokt-n  *nort.     Hence, 

2.  Steep,  cragg}' ;  api^icd  lo  n>cks,  precipices, 
and  the  Hkt^ 

3.  Fi«Knitir«i)r,  duddcn ;  without  notice  to  pre- 
pare the  mind  for  the  event  \  a«,  an  o^m^t  entrance 
or  addre:«s. 

4.  Unconnected  ;  having  sudden  transitjoiu  firom 
one  subject  to  another  ;  as,  an  abrupt  «l>ie. 

Ben  Jvtiaom. 

5.  In  hoUmif^  an  abmpt  pinnate  leaf  ia  una  which 
has  neither  leaflet,  nor  tendril  at  the  end. 

Jfcrtya. 
AB-RUFT',  «.    A  chasm  or  gulf  with  sleep  side*. 

Ovrr  the  Tut  ahrmpU  MUtgn. 

[This  n^te  of  the  urord  is  infrequent.] 
AB-RUPT'ED,  a.    Torn  off;  lorn  asunder. 
AB-RUP'TION,  n.     A  suddt-n  breaking  off;  a  vio- 
lent separation  of  bodies.  HWrfieor^ 
AB-RL'ri"LV,  adr.    Suddenly  :  without  giving  no- 
tice, or  without  the  u^ual  tonns ;  aa,  the  minister 
left  France  abrufthf. 
AR-RUPT'NESS,  a.     A    Kate   of  being   broken  ; 
cnggedaeM;  sleepoeaa. 

a.  flfurutivelff     suddenoen;      nneeremoaious 
haste  or  vehemence. 
AB'SCGSS,  a.    [L.  aiscessms^  from  ah  and  eed#,  to 
go  froiDb] 

A  cavity  containing  pii^,  or  a  colb^tion  of  puni- 
lent  matter,  in  siime  |>art  of  the  body,  fonaed   by 
the  process  called  suppuraUonj  consequent  on   in- 
flammation. 
AB-^CIND',  V,  L     [L.   abseindo.]     To  cut  off.     [Litr 

Ue  u-tedA 

AB'SCISff,      }  a.     [L.  abKissus^  from  ah  and  sdnHo^ 

AB-SCIS'SA,  i      to  cut;  Gr.  <r\.i;«.^    See  Scusoas,] 

In  esHtu,  a  part  of  the  diameter  or  transverse 

axis  of  a  conic  section,  intercepted  between  the 

vertex  or  aome  other  fixed  poiut  and  a  S'-niiurdi- 

nate.  t^ncyc. 

Oeneran^f  any  port  of  the  diameter  or  axiisof  a 
curve,  comprised  between  any  flxed  point  where 
all  the  abscisses  begin,  and  another  line,  called  the 
vrdtMote,  which  is  terminated  in  the  curve. 

Barlow, 
AB-SCI»'SIOX,  (-sizh'un,)  a.     [See  Absciss. ] 

1.  A  cutting  otr,  or  a  beins  cut  off.  In  surgery. 
the  separation  of  any  cornipted  or  useless  part  of 
the  body,  by  a  Kharp  in.<rumenl ;  applied  to  the 
soft  parts,  as  amputation  is  to  the  bones  and  flesh 
of  a  limb.  Quuu-i/. 

2.  In  rhetoric,  a  figure  of  speech,  when,  having 
begun  to  say  a  thing,  a  speaker  stops  abruptly,  a^ 
supposing  the  matter  suflirienlly  undt-rstood.  Thu?, 
**  He  is  a  man  of  so  much  honor  and  candor,  and 
such  generosity — but  I  need  say  no  more." 

AB-St'0\D',  r.  t.  [L.  absmndo,  to  hide,  of  aba  and 
condo^  to  hide,  i.  e.  to  withdraw,  or  to  thrust  aeide 
or  into  a  comer  or  secret  plac^.] 

1.  To  retire  from  public  view,  or  from  the  place 
in  which  one  resides  or  is  ordinarily  to  be  fiiund  ; 
to  withdraw,  or  absent  one's  self  in  a  private  man- 
ner ;  to  be  concealed  ;  appropriately  used  of  per- 
sons who  secrete  themselves  to  avoid  a  legal  pro- 
cess. 

2.  To  hide,  withdraw,  or  be  concealed. 

The  nurmot  ahtnttd*  in  wlni/r.  Ray. 

AB-SeOND'ER,  a.  One  who  willidraws  from  pub- 
lic notice,  or  conceals  himself  from  public  vi»*w. 

AB-StO\D'I\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Withdrawing  privately 
from  public  view  ;  as,  an  ab^tcondmir  drbtor,  who 
confines  himself  to  bis  apartmenU,  or  absents  him- 
self to  avoid  the  ministers  of  justice.  In  the  latter 
sense,  it  is  properly  an  adjective. 

AB'SENCE,  n.  [L.  abieiis^  from  absutn,  ahetsej  to  be 
away  -.  ab  and  sjm.] 

1.  A  state  of  being  at  a  distance  in  place,  or  not 
in  company.  It  is  used  to  denote  any  distance  in- 
definitely, either  in  the  same  town,  or  country,  or 
in  a  foreign  country,  and  primarily  supposes  a  pri- 
or presence;  as,  speak  well  of  one  in  his  absence, 

2.  Want;  destitution;  implying  no  previous pres- 
emee. 

In  the  abaenee  o( con^entJonn]  law.  Ok-  KenL 

3.  In  /aie,  non-appearance ;  a  not  being  in  court 
to  answer. 

4.  Heedlessness  ;  inattention  to  things  present 
Jibsence  of  mind  is  the  attention  of  the  mind  to  a 


ABS 

subject  which  d(x-»  not  occupy  ilie  rest  of  thr>  com- 
pany, and  which  draws  the  mind  from  things  or 
obji'cts  wtiich  are  pres<;nt,  tu  oUiersi  distant  or 
fureign. 

AB'SENT,  a.  Not  present;  not  in  cum  [tan  y  ;  at 
such  a  distance  as  to  prevent  rommunicatiun.  It 
is  used  also  for  being  in  a  foreign  country ;  as,  a 
gentleman  is  absent  on  his  travels. 

Abttni  Trom  one  iiiioth>r.  —  Ucn.  szxi.  49. 
3.  Heedless  ;    htattentive  to  persons  present,  or 
to  subjects  ot  conversation  in  company  ;  as,  an  ab- 
smt  uinn  is  uncivil  to  the  company. 

3.  In  familiar  laaguagty  nt>t  at  home  ;  as,  the 
master  of  the  house  is  absent.  In  other  words,  he 
does  not  wish  to  l>e  disturbed  bv  conipnnv. 

AB-SE\T',  r.  U  To  depart  to  such  u  disiance  as  to 
prevent  intercourse  ;  to  retire  or  withdraw  ;  to  for- 
bear to  app4-ar  in  presence  ;  used  with  the  recij*- 
rocal  prontmn ;  as,  let  a  man  absrnt  himself  from 
Uie  com[xiny. 

AB-SE\T'ED,  pp.    Retired  or  withdrawn. 

,\B  SE\T-EE',  n.  One  who  withdraws  from  his 
country,  oflice,  or  esuite ;  one  who  removes  to  a 
distant  place  or  to  another  country. 

In  recrnt  prlttital  trriters,  a  landholder  or  cap- 
italist, who  derives  his  revenue  from  one  country, 
and  resides  in  and  expends  it  in  another. 

P.  Cije. 

AB[-SENT-EEa»M,  n.  Absence  fn.m  duty  or  sta- 
tion :  applied  to  the  act  of  residing  in  a  country 
difftrrnl  from  that  from  which  one's  resources  are 
derived. 

AB-SENT'ER,  a.    One  who  absents  himself. 

AB-SEN'T'I\G,  ppr.     Departing ;  withdrawing. 

AB-SENT'MENT,  a.    A  state  of  being  absent. 

Barrnw. 

AB-SIN"THIAN,  a.  [from  absinthium.]  Of  the  na- 
ture of  wormwood.  Randolph. 

AB-SI.NTHI-1-TED,  a.      Impregnated  with  worm- 

O    O        O' 

AB-SINTHI-UM,  a.   [Gr.  aiPit'Oitv ;  Vvr.(^r*:^^^^^ 

qfsint-hin ;  the  same  in  Clialdaic.  Bud;eu8,  In  his 
commentaries  on  Theophra.«t,  supposes  the  word 
compos(>d  of  a  priv.  and  ipn-ioi^  drlij^hty  so  named 
from  its  bitterness.  '  But  it  may  be  an  Oriental 
word.] 

Tlie  common  wormwood ;  a  bitter  plant,  used  aa 
a  tonic     A  species  of  Artemisia. 
AR'SIS.    In  astronomy.     [See  Apsis.] 
AB'SO-LUTE,  a.     [L.  absolutas.     See  Absolve.] 

1.  IJttraUti^  in  a  general  senj*e.,  free  or  independ- 
ent of  any  thing  extraneous.     Hence, 

3.  Complete  in  itself;  positive;  as,  an  absolute 
declaration. 

3.  Unconditional ;   as,  an  absolute  promise. 

4.  Existing  independent  of  any  other  cause  ;  as, 
God  is  absolute. 

5.  Unlimitt'd  by  extraneous  power  or  control ;  as, 
an  absolute  government  or  prince. 

6.  Not  relative  ;  as,  absolute  space.     StiUingfieeL 

7.  In  chemistry^  pure,  unmixed;  as,  absolute  al- 
cohol. 

In  grammar^  the  case  absolute^  is  when  a  word 
or  member  of  a  sentence  is  not  immediately  de- 
pendent on  the  other  parts  of  the  sentence  in  gov- 
ernment.   A  clause  independent. 

Absolute  equation,  in  astronomy,  is  the  siim  of 
the  optic  and  eccentric  equations. 

Absolute  numbers,  in  algebra,  are  such  as  have 
no  letters  annexed  ;  a^,  2a-f-3G==48.  The  two  latter 
numbers  are  absolute  or  pure.  F.ncyc 

Absolute  space,  in  physics,  is  space  considered 
without  relation  to  any  other  object.  Bailey, 

Absolute  gravity,  in  philosophy,  is  that  property 
in  bodies  by  which  they  are  said  lo  weigh  so 
much,  without  regard  to  circumstances  of  miidifi- 
cation,  and  this  is  always  as  the  quantity  of  mat- 
ter they  contain.  Bailey. 
AB'SO-LUTE-LY,  adv.  Completely  ;  wholly  ;  as, 
a  thing  is  absolutely  unintelligible. 

2.  Without  dependence  or  relation  ;  in  a  state 
unconnt'cted. 

Absolutely  we  ctn  not  discommend,  we  ctn  not  nhtotutefy  np- 
prove,  eiibcr  willingncu  lo  ii»e,  or  forwartliiCM  lo  di-. 
Hooker. 

3.  Without  restriction  or  limitation ;  as,  God 
reigns  absolutely. 

4.  Without  condition  ;  as,  God  does  not  forgive 
absolutely^  but  upon  condition  of  faith  and  re- 
pentance, 

5.  Positively,  peremptorily ;  as,  command  me 
ahsoluteht  not  to  go.  Jililt/m. 

AB'SO-Li'TE-NESS,  a.  Independence  ;  complete- 
ness in  itself. 

2.  Despotic  authority,  or  that  which  is  subject  to 
no  extraneous  restriction,  or  control. 

AB-SO-LO'TIO.V,  71.  In  the  cinl  law,  an  acquittal, 
or  sentence  of  a  judge  declaring  an  accused  person 
innocent.  In  tke  canon  law,  a  remis^jion  of  sins 
pronounced  by  a  priest  in  favor   of  a  penitent. 


ABS 

Among  /'  o'«'ap>,  a  sentence  by  which  an  ex- 
c<)iiuiiuuii:rued  person  is  released  from  his  liability 
to  [Minisl.'neni.  Ayliffe.     South. 

AB'SO-LOT-ISM,  a.    State  of  being  absolute;   or 
principles  of  abmilute  government, 
a.  DiH-trine  of  predestination.  Ash. 

AB'SO-LCT-IST,  n.  One  who  is  in  favor  of  an  ab- 
solute guveniment. 

AH'SO-LU-'l'O-KY,  or  AB-SOL'lI-TO-RV,  a.  Ab- 
solving: that  ;thsulves. 

AB-SOLV'A-TO-RY,  a.  [fVora  absolve.]  Containing 
absolution,  [>ardun,  or  release;  huvmg  power  to 
absolve.  Cctgram. 

AB-SOLVE',  (;ib-zotv',)  r.  (,  [L.  absolve,  from  ab  and 
5o/ro,  to  loose  or  relcast* ;  Ch.  nSf,  shalak,  to  ab- 
solve, to  finish  ;  Heb.  Stt',  «/ui/,  to  loose  or  k>osen. 
See  SoLVE.J 

To  set  tree  or  release  from  some  obligation,  debt, 
or  resiHinsibility ;  or  from  that  which  subjects  a 
person  to  a  burden  or  penalty  ;  as,  to  absolve  a  pcr- 
Bun  frtmi  a  promise  ;  to  absolve  an  offender,  which 
amounts  to  an  ncquittiit  and  remission  of  his  pun- 
ishment. Hence,  in  tbe  civil  laie,  the  word  was 
used  for  acquit ;  and  in  tJie  canon  lato,  for  forgive, 
or  remit.  In  urdinar^'  language,  its  sense  is  to  setfrcf. 
or  release  from  an  engagement.  Formerly,  good 
writers  used  the  word  in  the  sense  of  jinwA,  accom- 
plish; as,  to  absolve  work,  in  Milton;  but  in  this 
sense,  it  seems  to  be  obsolete.  Voung  lias  also 
used  it  for  resolve  or  explain i  as,  "Absolve  we 
this  ?  "  but  this  sense  is  rare. 

AB-SOLV'£D,  pp.  Released  ;  acquitted  ;  remitted  j 
declared  innocent. 

AB-SOLV'EK,  n.  One  who  absolves;  also,  one  that 
pronounces  sin  to  be  rettiitted. 

AB-SOLV'ING,  pftr.  Setting  free  from  a  debt,  or 
charge  ;  acquitting  ;  remitting. 

AB'SO-NANT,  fl.  [See  Absohous.]  Wide  from  the 
purpose  ;  contrary  to  reason. 

AB'SONOUS,  a.  [L.  abj^ontis  ,"  ab  and  sonus,  sound.] 
Contrary  lo  reason  ;  unmusical,  or  untunable. 

OranvUle.     Fotherhy, 

AB-SORB',  V.  L     [h.  ab.iorbeo,  ab  and  sorbeo,  to  drink 

in;  Ar.  .  _Y""  sharaha;  Eth.  ft^fl  ^'^  fD^fl 
id. ;  Rab.  (j-iS?,  skarap ;  to  draw  or  drink  in  ;  whence 
eirup.sheroct.,  shrub.] 

1.  j'o  drink  in  ;  to  suck  up;  to  imbibe;  aa  a 
sponge,  or  as  the  lacteals  of  the  body. 

2.  To  drink  in,  swallow  up,  or  overwhelm  rtith 
water,  as  a  body  in  a  whirlpool. 

3.  To  waste  wholly  or  sink  in  expenses ;  to  ex- 
haust; as,  to  absorb  an  estate  in  luxur)'. 

4.  To  engross  or  engage  wholly  ;  as,  absorbed  in 
study  or  the  pursuit  of  wealth. 

AB-SORB-A-BIL'I-TV,  tu  A  state  or  quality  of 
being  iibsorbahle. 

AB-SORB'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  imbibed  or 
swalliiwed.  Kcrr^s  Lavoisier. 

AB-SORB'ED,  or  AB-SORPT',  pp.  Imbibed  ;  swal- 
lowed ;  wasted  ;  engaged  ;  lost  in  study  ;  wholly 
engrossed. 

AB-SORB'ENT,  a.     Imbibing  ;  swallowing. 

Absorbent  ground,  in  painting,  a  ground  prepared 
for  a  picture,  chiefly  with  distemper,  or  water 
colors,  by  which  the  oil  is  immediately  absorbed, 
and  thus  the  work  hastened.  Brandt. 

AB-SORB'ENT,  B.  In  onfl(<?mp,  a  vessel  which  im 
bibes,  as  the  lacteals  and  lymphatics.  In  medicine, 
a  substance  used  to  absorb  acidity  in  the  stomach, 
ao  magnesia,  chalk,  &c.  Encye. 

AB-SORH'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Imbibing;  engrossing; 
wasting. 

AB-SORP'TION,  It.  The  act  or  process  of  imbibing 
or  swallowing  ;  either  by  water,  which  overwhelms, 
or  by  substances,  which  drink  in  and  retain  liquids  ; 
as,  the  absorjition  of  a  l>ody  in  a  whirlpool,  or  of 
water  by  the  earth,  or  of  the  humors  of  the  body  by 
dry  powders.  It  is  used  also  to  express  the  swal- 
lowing up  of  substances  by  the  earth  in  chasms 
made  by  earthquakes,  and  the  sinking  of  large 
tracts  in  violent  c^mumlions  of  the  earth. 

2.  Entire  occupatiipn  or  engrossment  of  mind;  as, 
absorption  in  business. 

3.  In  pAy.'rto/rt^/,  one  of  the  vital  organic  functions, 
which  conveys  lo  ihe  circulating  system  the  mate- 
rials of  nutrition,  by  means  of  the  lacteals,  and  the 
effete  particles  of  Ihe  body,  by  means  of  the  lym- 
phatics. 

4.  In  chemistry,  the  conversion  of  a  gaseoTis  flnid 
into  a  liquid  or  solid,  by  union  with  another  sub- 
stance. Ure. 

AB-SOUP'TIVE,  fl.     Having  power  to  imbibe. 

Danrin. 

ABS'Q,UE  HOC;  without  this  or  that ;  in  law,  words 
used  in  traversing  what  has  been  alleged,  and  is 
repeated. 

AB-ST.aIX',  v.  x.  [L.  abitrneo,  to  keep  from;  abM 
and  t^neo,  to  hold.     See  Tesaxt.] 

In  a  genn-al  sense,  to  forbear,  or  refrain  from,  vol- 
untarily ;  but  used  chiefly  to  d.note  a  restraint 
U(>on  the  passions  or  appetites  ;  lo  refrain  from  in- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.  — 

6 


dulgence ;   as,  to  ab.^tain  (torn  the  use  of  ardent 
iipirits  i  to  abstain  fruni  luxuries. 

Abstain  Trotn  meiu  oQ'ercd  to  idoli.  —  Acts  xv. 

AB-STk'MI-OUS,  a.  [L.  ab^ttmius,  from  abs  and 
temetum,  an  ancieiii  name  of  strong  wine.  Recording 
to  Fiibhis  and  Gellius.  But  Vossius  sujiposes  it  to 
be  from  abMtuo,  by  a  change  of  n  to  m.  It  may  be 
from  the  root  oCtimeoy  to  fear,  that  is,  to  withdraw.] 
1.  Sparing  in  diet ;  refrainmg  from  a  free  use  of 
food  and  ittrong  drinks. 


2.  Sparing  in  the  enjoyment  of  animal  pleasures 
of  any  kind.  [TAw  seiteie  Ls  lcs3  cojitnwiiy  and  perhaps 
nvt  le^itimitle.] 

3,  Sparingly-  used,  or  used  with  temperance  ;  be- 
longing; to  abstinence ;  as,  an  abstetniotu  diet,  an 
absti-wii'UJi  life. 

AB-tiTlC'AlI-OLS-LV,  a^v.  Temperately;  with  a 
sparing  u(*e  of  meat  or  drink. 

AB-STE'MI-OL'S-.VEt^?^,  n.  The  quality  of  bemg 
tcmpf  rate  or  sparing  in  the  use  of  foud  and  suong 
drinks.  . 

This  word  expresses  a  greater  degree  of  absti- 
nence than  temperance^ 

AB-STEN'TiOX,  n.     The  act  of  abstaining. 

AB-STEIK5E',  (ab-sterj',)  r.  L  [h.  ab.-tergeoj  of  abs 
and  tergeo,  to  wipe.  Tergeo  may  have  a  common 
origin  with  the  Sw.  torcka^  G.  trocknea,  D.  droogen^ 
Sax.  drijffan^  to  dry  ;  for  tliese  Teutonic  verbs  sig- 
nify to  tcipe,  as  well  as  to  dr>'.] 

To  wipe  or  make  clean  by  wiping  ;  to  cleamte  by 
lotions  or  similar  applications.  [Used  cAiefiy  oj  a 
medical  to'm.] 

AB-fiTERC'EN'T,  a.     Wiping;  cleansing. 

AB^TERG'EN'T,  n.  A  nu'«dicine  which  cleanses 
away  fnulnoss,  as  lotions ;  but  the  use  of  the  word 
is  nearly  «upt^rseded  by  detergent^  which  see. 

AB-STER'SION,  n.  ffrtim  L.  abgtergeo,  ab^Ursus.] 
The  act  of  wiping  cltan  ;  or  a  cleansing  by  lotions 
or  similar  applications.  [See  DETEB«iE,  Dcteb- 
Biox.l  Bacon. 

AU-STER'SIVE,  a.  Cleansing ;  having  the  quality 
of  removiTig  foulness.     [Sve  Detersive.] 

AB'STI-NENCE,  H.  [h.  ab^tinentta.     Stx'    Abstaim.] 

1.  In  g.neral,  the  act  or  practice  of  voluntarily  re- 
fraining from,  or  forbearing  any  actioru 

Abtt'Kttce  fn>m  t^erj  thing  which  am  be  detmcd  labor. 

Palrj/'a  Philo: 

More  appropriately, 

2.  The  refniiniiigVrom  an  indulgence  of  appetite, 
or  from  customary  g rut ilicat ions  of  anim:d  |jr<»pen- 
Bities.  It  denotes  a  total  forbearance,  as  in  fii-siing, 
or  a  forbearance  of  the  usual  quantity.  In  the  lat- 
ter st-nse,  it  may  coincide  with  temperance  f  but  in 
genenil,  it  denotes  a  more  siiaring  use  of  enjoy- 
ments than  U-mprrance.  (Besides,  ahitinenec  iniftlies 
ppvious  free  hidulgt-nce  ;  temperance  does  not.) 

AB'STI  NE.N'T,  a.  Ktfraining  from  indulgence,  es- 
pecially in  the  use  of  ftKjd  and  drink. 

AB'STI-NE.NT-LV,  adv.     With  abstinence. 

AB'STI-NENTS,  ru  pi.  A  sect  which  appeared  in 
Prance  and  Spain  in  the  third  ccnturj',  who  oi>- 
posed  marriage,  condemned  the  use  of  tk-sh  meat, 
and  placed  the  Holy  Spirit  in  the  class  of  created 
beings. 

AB-STORT'ED,  a.     Forced  away. 

AB-STRACT',  r.  U  [L.  abstraho,  to  draw  from  or 
separate  ;  from  aba  and  (roAo,  which  is  the  Eng. 
draie.     See  Da&w.] 

1.  To  draw  from,  or  to  separate ;  as,  \a  ab.*tract 
an  action  from  its  evil  elfecls  ;  to  ab.itract  spirit 
from  any  substance  by  distillation  ;  but,  in  this  lat- 
ter sense,  ertract  is  now  more  generally  used. 

2.  To  separate  ideas  by  the  operation  of  the 
mind  ;  to  consider  one  part  of  a  complex  object  by 
itself.  Home. 

3.  To  select  or  separate  the  substance  of  a  borik 
or  writing :  to  epitomize  or  reduce  to  a  summary, 

IVatts. 

A.  To  take  secretly  for  one's  own  use  from  the 
property  of  another,  when  placed  in  one's  power  ; 
to  purioin  ;  as,  to  abstraU  goods  from  a  parcel,  or 
money  from  a  bank.  JfotciL 

5.  In  ehfmijitryy  to  separate,  as  the  more  volatile 
parts  of  a  substance  by  repeated  distillation,  or  at 
l<-ast  by  distillation. 
AB'STRACT,  a.  [L.  ab.ttractus.]  Separate;  dis- 
tinct from  something  else.  An  abstract  idea,  in 
metaphysics,  is  an  idea  sepirited  fn>m  a  complex 
object,  or  from  other  ideas  which  naturally  accom- 
pany it ;  as  the  solidity  nf  marble  contemplated 
■part  from  its  e«»>or  or  figure  Buryc 

jtbstraU  termit  are  those  which  express  abstract 
ideas,  as  beauty,  whiteness,  roundness,  without 
regarding  any  subject  in  which  they  exist;  or  aA- 
gtraet  terms  are  the  names  of  orders,  genera,  or 
species  of  things  in  which  there  is  a  combination 
of  similar  qualilies.  Stttcart. 

Ab^ratt  numbers  are  numbers  used  without  ap- 


to  any  thing,  as  G  feet,  10  men,  they  become  con- 
creU'. 

Abstract  or  pure  mathematics,  is  that  which 
treats  of  mapnituUe  or  (piantity,  without  restriction 
to  any  species  of  [mrticular  magnitude,  as  arithme- 
tic and  geomitrj' ;  opposed  to  which  is  mixed  math- 
ematics, which  treats  of  simple  propt^rties,  and  the 
relations  of  quantity,  as  applied  to  sensible  objects, 
as  hydrostatics,  navigation,  optics,  &c.         Ennjc. 

2.  Separate  ;  existing  in  the  mind  only  ;  as,  an  ab- 
stract subject ;  an  abstract  question ;  and  hence, 
difficult,  abstruse. 

AB'STRA€T,  n.  A  summary,  or  epitome,  contain- 
ing the  substance,  a  genera!  view,  or  tlie  prmcipal 
heads  of  a  treatise  or  writing.  Wu/t*. 

2.  Fonnerly,  an  extract,  or  a  smaller  quantity, 
containing  the  essence  of  a  larger. 

In  Ou  abstract^  in  a  state  of  separation,  as  a  sub- 
ject considered  in  the  tdtstract^  i.  e.  without  ref- 
erence to  jKirticuIar  persons  or  Utings. 

AB-STRAfT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Sepjimted  ;  purioined ; 
refined;  exalted;  abstruse;  absent  in  mind. 

Milton.     Donne. 

AB-STR.\eT'ED-LY,  adv.  In  a  separate  state,  or  in 
contemplation  onlv.  Dryilen. 

AB-STRACT'ED-JS'ESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  ab- 
stracted. Baiter. 

AB-STRACT'ER,  n.  One  who  mokes  an  abstract, 
or  summary. 

AB-STRAt;T'ING,  ppr.  Separating;  purloining; 
making  a  summary. 

ABSTRACTION,  h.  The  act  of  separating,  or 
stale  of  being  se()aniled. 

2.  The  opemiion  of  the  mind  when  occupied  by 
abstract  ideas  ;  as  when  we  contemplate  some  par- 
ticular part  or  prop<'rty  of  a  complex  object  as  sep- 
arate from  the  rest.  Thus,  when  the  mind  con- 
siders the  branch  of  a  tree  by  itself,  or  the  color  of 
the  leaves,  as  separate  from  their  size  or  figure,  the 
act  is  called  abstractitm.  So,  also,  when  it  consid- 
ers V)hiteness^  sofinc--^,  virtue^  ezistence,  as  separate 
from  any  particular  objects.  Kncyc, 

The  ptiwer  which  the  understanding  has  of  se\> 
araimg  the  comliinations  which  are  presented  to  it, 
is  distinguished  by  lugieiaiw  by  the  name  of  ab- 
straction, Stewart. 

Abstraction  is  the  grouiyl-work  of  classificati(»n, 
by  which  things  are  arrauyed  in  orders,  genera,  and 
spt^cies.  We  sepanite  in  idea  the  qualities  of  cer- 
tain objects  which  are  of  the  same  kind,  from 
others  which  are  diff-r«  nt  in  each,  and  arrange  the 
objects  having  the  same  properties  in  a  class,  or 
collected  body. 

3.  A  separation  from  worldly  objects;  o  recluse 
life  ;  as,  a  henuit's  abytrartioa. 

4.  Absence  of  mind  ;  inattention  to  present  ob- 
jects. 

5.  Taking  for  one's  own  use  part  of  the  property 
of  another  when  placed  in  one's  power.  [Recent 
una -re.] 

6.  In  the  prcjcess  <if  dislillallon,  the  term  is  used 
to  denote  the  separation  of  the  volatile  parts,  which 
rise,  come  over,  and  are  condensed  in  a  receiver, 
from  those  which  are  fixed.  It  is  chiefly  used, 
when  a  fluid  is  repeatedly  [Ksired  upon  any  sub- 
Btivuce  in  a  letort,  and  distilled  off,  Ui  change  its 
state,  or  the  nature  of  its  comiMwition.    Jficholson, 

AB'STRA*  T'lVE,  a.     Having  the  power  or  quality 

of  ubstracling, 
AB-STRAfT'lVE,  i  a.    Abstracted,  or  drawn 

AB-STRACT  r'TIOUS,  (        (Vi>m  other  substances, 

particularly  from  vegetables,  without  fermentation. 

Cye. 
AB'STRAtT-LY,  adv.      Separately;  absolutely ;  in 

a  state  or  manner  unconntrcted    with  any  thing 

else  ;  as,  matter  nbstrac'Jy  considered. 
.\B'STRAfT-NESS,  n.     A  stparate  state;    a  state 

of  being  in  contemplation  only,  or  not  connected 

with  any  objecL 
AB-STRlS'CE',  V.  t.    To  unbind. 


AB-stRCl/E',V.  U  [liifra.']    Tothnist  away,     {^ot 

u-*ed.  ] 
AB-STROSE',  a.   [L.    ab^triLnts,  from  ahstnido^    to 

thrust  away,  tn  conceal ;  abs  and  trudo ;  Ar.  ^  _i3 

taroiUi  (  Ch.  T"*0,  to  thrust ;  Syr.  Sam.  Id.  ;  Eng.  to 
thrust.]  Hid  ;  conceali'd  ;  hence,  remote  from  ap- 
prehension ;  dilTicuIl  tu  be  comprehended  or  under- 
strtod  ;  opposed  to  wliat  is  obvioiu.  [JVot  used  nf 
vmtenal  ubjectii.] 

M<-'livph7»icj  b  ut  abttrutt  »cici»oe  Encye. 

AB-STROSE'LY,  adv.     In  a  concealed  manner  ;  ob- 
scurely ;  in  a  manner  not  to  be  easily  understood. 

AB-STROSE'iNESS,  «.     Obscurity  of  meaning;  tlje 
state  or  quality  of  being  dilhcult  to  be  understood. 

Bt*]ile- 

AB-STRO'SI-TY,  n.    Abstruseness ;  that  which  la 

abstrUHe. 

AB  SC'ME',r.  f.    To  bring  to  an  end  by  a  gradual 
waste;  tu  consume. 


Abstract  numbers  are  numi>er»  uspq  wiiiiom  «p-        "";"V»W,  V        .        i        e    ^     k  ««,!    «,«/»• 

pUeation  to  thinga,  W  6,  8,  10;  but  when  applied  !  AB^SURD',  a.     [L.  ab.mrdas,  from  ab  and  surdus, 


deaf,  insensible.]  Opposed  to  manifest  truth  ;  in- 
consistent with  reason,  or  the  plain  dictates  of  com- 
mon sense.  An  absurd  man  acts  contrary  to  the 
clear  dictates  of  reason  or  sound  judgment.  An 
ab.^-urd  proposition  contradicts  obvious  truth.  An 
ab^irU  practice  or  opinion  is  repugnant  to  the 
reason  or  coniuion  apprehension  of  men.  It  is  ab- 
surd to  say  six  and  six  make  ten,  or  that  plants  will 
take  root  in  stone. 
AB-SURI)'1-TY,  K.  The  quality  of  being  inconsist- 
ent with  obvious  truth,  reason,  or  sound  judg- 
ment Want  of  judgment,  applied  to  men  ;  want 
of  propriety,  applied  to  things.  Johnson. 

2.  'i'hat  which  is  absurd:  in  this  sense  it  has  a 
plural ;  the  absurdities  of  men. 
AB-SURD'LY,  ado.    In  a  manner  Inconsistent  with 

reasoTi,  or  obvious  propriety. 
AB-SURD'NESS,  n.    The  same  as  Absurdity,  and 

less  used. 
A-BUND'ANCE,  n.  [Fr.  abondance.  See  AnousD.J 
Great  plenty  ;  an  overflowing  quantity  ;  ample  suf- 
ficiency :  in  strictness  applicable  to  quantity  only: 
but  sometimes  used  of  uumber  ;  as,  an  abundance  of 
peasants,  Addison. 

In  Scripture^ 
The  aiiunilance  oi  the  rich  b  grval  wo&lLh.  —  Ecd.  r.    Maj-k 

xiu     L.iko  xxL 
Tiie  abundatict  ol    ilie  tea*  i«  grvst  plenty  ol    fUh.  — Deut. 
XKxiii. 

It  denotes  also  fullness,  overflowing ;  as,  tlie 
abundtince  of  the  heart.  Matt,  xii.  Luke  vi. 
A-BUiND'AiN'T,  a.  Plentiful;  in  great  quantity; 
fully  sulficient  ;  as,  an  abundant  supply.  In  Scrip- 
ture^ abounding;  having  in  great  quantity;  over- 
fiowing  with. 

The  Ljonl  Uod  \»  abundant  in  gtxxJiieaa  And  truth.  —  £x.  xxxir. 

Abundant  number,  in  arithmetic,  is  one,  the  sum 
of  whose  aliquot  parts  exceeds  the  number  itself. 
Thus  1,  2,  3,  4,  (),  the  aliquot  parts  of  12,  make  the 
stmi  of  16,  This  is  opposed  to  a  deficient  number, 
OS  14,  whose  aliquot  parts  are  1,  2,  7,  the  sum  of 
which  is  10;  and  to  a  perfect  number,  which  is 
eipial  to  the  sum  of  its  aliquot  parts,  as  ti,  whose 
aliciuoi  [Kirts  are  1,  2,  3.  Kncyc. 

A-BU.\D'ANT-LY,  adv.  Fully  ;  amply  ;  plentifully  ; 
in  a  suthcienl  degree. 

A-BO'SAGE,  «.     Abuse.     [J'J'ot  u.*cd] 

A-BOSE',  c.  U  [Fr.  abasrr;  Sp.  abu^ar;  It.  abusare ; 
L,  abutor,  abusujty  of  ab  and  utor,  to  use;  Ir.  idh; 
W.  fraethj  Use  ;  Gr.  cQw,  to  accustom.     See  Use.] 

1.  To  use  ill;  to  maltreat;  to  misuse;  to  use 
with  bad  motives  or  to  wrong  purposes;  as,  to 
abuse  rights  or  privileges. 

They  that  use  this  world  m  not  tshaiing  it,  —  1  Cor.  vu. 

2.  To  violate ;  to  defile  by  improper  sexual  in- 
tercourse. Spetiser. 

3.  To  deceive  ;  to  impose  on. 

Nur  be  with  all  thaw  tempting  word*  abused.  Pope. 

4.  To  treitt  rudely,  or  with  reproachful  language  ; 
to  revile. 

He  mocked  and  abused  them  Bhaineriilly.  A/.ie. 

5.  To  pervert  the  meaning  of;  to  misapply;  as, 
to  abuse  words, 

A-BCSE',  n.  111  use;  improper  treatment  or  employ- 
ment; application  to  a  wrong  purpose;  as,  an 
abuse  of  our  natural  powers  ;  an  abuse  of  civil 
rights,  or  of  religious  privileges ;  abuse  of  advan- 
tages, &,c. 

Libfrty  may  bn  endanp^red  by  the  abuses  of  librrty,  m  well  u 
by  the  abuMtt  of  power.  f^dtralul,  MwJhon. 

2.  A  corrupt  practice  or  custom;  as,  the  abuses 
of  government 

3.  Rude  speech  ;  reproachful  language  addressed 
to  a  person  ;  contumely  ;  reviling  words.   Mdton. 

4.  Violation  of  a  female. 

After  the  abust  he  forsook  me.  Sidnty. 

5.  Perversion  of  meaning  ;  improper  use  or  ap- 
plication ;  as,  an  abuse  of  words. 

A-BO«'KU,  pp.  or  a.  Ill-used  ;  used  to  a  bad  pur- 
pose ;  treated  with  rude  language ;  misemployed  ; 
perverted  tO  bad  or  wrong  ends  ;  deceived ;  defiled  ; 
violated. 

A-BOSE'FIJL,  a.  Using  or  practicing  abuse;  abu- 
givc.  Bp.  BarUne. 

A-IICS'ER,  n.  One  who  abuses,  in  speech  or  be- 
havior; one  that  deceives  ;  a  ravisher  ;  a  sodomite. 
1  Cor.  vi,  .    , 

A-nC'8'ING,;»pi-.  Using  ill ;  emphiymg  to  bad  pur- 
jHjses;  deceiving;  violating  the  person  ;  perverting. 

A-IiO'SlON,  (abu'zhun,)  n.  Abuse  ;  evil  or  corrupt 
usage  ;  reproach  ;  deception,    i Little  used.]   Spenser. 

A-BCS'IVE,  a.  Practicing  abuse;  oflTering  harsh 
words,  or  ill  treatment ;  as,  an  abusire  author  ;  an 
abusive  fellow. 

2.  Containing  abuse,  or  that  is  the  instrument 
of  abuse;  as,  abusive  w '-ds  ;  rude;  reproachful. 
In  the  sense  of  deceitf'j  i  as,  an  abusive  treaty. 
[Little  used.]  Bacon. 

A-BCS'lVE-LY,  adv.  In  an  abusive  manner ; 
rudely  ;  reproachfully. 

A-BC8'IVE-NESS,  n      Ill-usage;   the    quality   of 


TONE,  BJ^ILL,  UNITE.  — A>'"GEB,  VV'CIOUS,^€  as  K;  0  as  J  i  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  BH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


being  abusive ;  nident^s  of  bngimge,  or  viuU-nce 
to  the  person.  Bttrlow. 

A-BUT',  r.  i.  [Fr.  aboutiry  from  6our,  an  riid.]  To 
border  upon  i  to  be  contiguous  to  ^  to  meet ;  in 
strictness,  to  adjoin  to  at  the  end ;  but  this  dis- 
tinction has  ni>i  always  been  itbsened.  The  word 
is  cbiedy  used  in  describing  the  bounds  or  situa- 
tion of  land,  and,  in  popular  language,  is  contracted 
into  bnt :  as   butted  and  hvuntUd. 

A-BUT' AIE.N'T,  «.  The  hoad  or  end;  that  which 
unites  one  end  of  a  thing  to  another  i  cliiedy  used 
to  denote  the  s<»lid  pier  or  ni<Htnd  of  earth,  sioiie  or 
timber,  which  is  erecttnl  on  tht-  bank  of  u  river  to 
support  the  end  of  a  bridge  and  c^muect  il  with  the 
land. 
3.  That  which  abuts  or  bitrdera  on  another. 

Btyant. 

A-BUT'TAL,  «.  The  buttine  or  boundary  of  liuid 
at  the  end  ;  a  headland.  &^maR.    C/iteL 

Aiso,  in  a  mer€  gmtrat  »mM,  fn  the  plmralt  the 
boundaries  »(  land. 

AB'VO-L.^TE,  F.  i.    To  fly  ftwm. 

Afl-VO-LA'TIO\,  n.    The  nu  of  flyinr  from. 

A-BT',  F.  £.  or  i.  [Probably  contracted  from  abidt.] 
To  endure  ;  to  pay  dearly  ;  to  reuiaiu.     [Ots.] 

A-BY8M',  (a-bvxm',)  «.  [Old  Fr. ;  now  mblmt.  See 
ABTS9.}    A  guir.  Skak, 

A-BVS'M.\I*,  a.    Pertaining  to  an  abyss. 

A-BYS8',  m.  fGr.  a^vjvoiy  bottumlesa,  from  a  priv. 
and  idpatr-Yf,  bottom.  Ion.  for  0v9mi.  See  Bottom.] 
A  bodomleM  gulf  j  used  alM  for  a  deep  masa  or 
walers,  suppoaed  to  liave  encumpuaed  tfae  euUi  In 
tha  hftgipwin^ 

lfa>  face  of  the  deep,  (crotyM,  m  Ufa  la  the 

La. 

The  word  h  also  used  for  an  immense  cavern 
in  the  earth,  in  which  God  is  supposiil  lo  have  col- 
lected all  ihf  waters  on  the  Uiird  day  of  the  crcalii'n. 
It  is  used  also  for  hell,  Erebus.  Enct/c, 

2.  That  which  is  imme^u^unible ;  that  in  which 
any  thing  id  UmL 

Thj  thrunr  to  dufcacM,  In  ibealyM  of  %liC  Afi'lon. 

Tte  ahf*9  of  liaM.  Dryitn, 

3.  In  oflfi'Tuirjr,  the  temple  of  Proserpine,  so  called 
frttm  the  immense  treai>urej  it  waj*  supposed  lo  con- 
tain. Kncge, 

4.  In  kemidry^  the  center  of  an  escutcheon. 

He  beojv  uuiv,  «  fltrur  de  U^  in  oAyu,  £n«yc. 


fcacH  wvt  upon 


AB-YS-SIN'I-AX,  a.    [Ar. 


u-e* 


hiih^Jum,  Ab}->. 


shUans,  Ethiopians,  firom    jjeij^^^  kabaska^  to    col- 

w    • 
lert,  or  congregate.] 

1.  A  uaiue  danuling  a  mixed  multitude  or  a  black 
race.  LmlMfi.     CmeUtl. 

2.  Belonging  to  Abyssinia. 
AB-YS-SlN'i-A.\S,  n.  pL     A   sect  of  Christians  in 

Abyssinia,  who  admit  but  one  nature  in  Jesus 
Christ,  and  reject  ihe  council  of  Chalcedon.  They 
-are  governed  by  a  bi.-'hup,  or  mtirvip<^>litan,  called 
jSbuna,  who  is  appointed  by  the  Coptic  patriarch  of 
Alexandria  residing  at  Cairo.  EMcyc 

A6,  is  Saxon,  oaky  the  initial  sjllable  of  uanius  j  a^, 
JUiaiL,  oaktown. 

A-€a'C1A,  h.  [U.  acatiay  a  thorn,  friim  Or.  avr^, a 
point.}  A  genus  of  elegant  trees  and  shrubs  with 
funnated  leaves.  From  the  juice  of  one  of  its  species 
13  produced  caiefkay  a  mild,  astringent  drug,  fonm-rly 
caUed  terra  Japonuo.  Fmui  tJie  juice  tif  another 
^Kcies  is  produced  the  Oam  jirabtc  Hut  most  of 
the  drug  which  posses  under  ibts  name,  is  the  in- 
spusated  juice  of  unripe  sloea,  Encyc 

A-^A'CIA,  among  amtitjuariesy  ia  a  name  gi^'t^n  to 
soiDethinglikearoll  or  bag,fteen  on  medals,  a-i  in  the 
hands  of  sev.  r.J  emperors  and  consuls.  c^>me  ttike 
it  to  represent  Bh)indk<-rchtef  rolled  up,  with  which 
signals  were  given  at  the  games  ;  others,  a  roll 
of  petititHis ;  and  some,  a  purpJe  bag  of  earth,  to 
remind  them  of  their  mortaliiy.  Kncyc. 

A-CA'CIANS,  n.  pL  In  chmrch  khtory.,  were  cer- 
tain sects,  so  denominated  from  their  leaders,  Aca- 
cius,  bL«hop  of  Ccflarea,  and  Acacius,  patriarch  of 
Constantinople.  Some  of  these  maintained  thai 
the  Son  w:ls  only  a  similar,  not  the  sam.?,  substance 
with  the  Falh^'r ;  others,  that  he  was  not  only  a 
distinct  but  a  dissimilar  substance,  Encyc, 

AG-A-DSME',  n.  An  academy  ;  a  society  of  persons. 
[A*o(  used,]     Tbe  academy  or  school  of  Plato. 

AC-.VDe'.MI-AL,  a.     Pttftiining  to  an  academy. 

A€-A-DE'MI-A.N,  «.  A  member  of  an  academy  ;  a 
student  in  a  university  or  c-jllege. 

A€^A-DEM'I€,  /  a.     Bclongmg  to  an  academy, 

AC-A-DEM'tt'-AIj,  i  or  tti  a  college  or  uiiivt-rsity  ; 
as,  academic  Studies.  Warburton.  Also,  noting  what 
belongs  to  the  school  or  philosophy  cf  Plato ;  as, 
the  aeailemic  secL 

A€-A-DE.M'I€,  n.  One  who  belonged  to  the  sehool 
or  adhered  to  tb&  philosophy  of  Socrates  and  Plato. 


.lie  living  iiioufi.  oramu, 

■P.'PHAN,  II.  \  [Or.  aitaXni^Tj  a  netUe.l 
F.  PHA,  n.  pL  >  Tenns  applied  to  n  class  of 
VJVHMy  n.  pLf    marine,  radiate  animals  or 


The  latter  is  considered  as  the  founder  tif  Itie  acji 
deniic  pliiIi»sopliy  in  Greece  He  taught,  iliat  mat- 
ter is  ettrnal  and  inlinite,  but  without  form,  n-frac- 
tory,  and  undiiig  to  disorder  ;  and  that  there  is  an 
Inti-lligeni  cause,  the  author  of  spiritual  being,  and 
of  the  material  world.  EnJiiU. 

2.  A  student  in  n  college  or  university.     tVatoe. 
AC-A-UE.M'IC-AL-LY,  ado.    In  an  academical  uiuu- 

ner. 
At;-A-DE-MI"CIAN,  n.     [Fr.  academicien.] 

A  member  of  an  academy,  or  society  for  promo- 
ting arts  and  sciences ;  purtieularly,  a  member  of 
the  French  academies. 
A-C.\D'E-MISiM,  n.    The  doctrine  of  the  academic 

phil.wopliy.  baxter. 

ACAU'EMIST,  n.     A  member  of  an  academy  fur 
pronuiting  arts  and  sciences  ;  also,  an  academic  phi- 
iuAopher. 
A-t.'.\D'E-.MY,  m.     [L.  aeademia;  Gr.  ai^a^riftta.] 

Originally,  it  is  said,  a  garden,  prove,  or  villa, 
near  Atliens,  where  Plato  and  iiis  followers  lield 
their  phtloso|ihical  conferences. 
I.  The  school  of  Plato. 

S.  A  school,  or  st-ininiuy  of  learning,  holding  a 
rank  between  a  univeisity,  or  college?,  and  a  ctmi- 
mnn  school ;  also,  a  school  for  teaeliiiig  a  particular 
art,  or  particular  sciences ;  as,  a  military  actidemit. 

3.  A  liotise,  in  which  the  students  or  members 
of  an  academy  meet ;  a  place  of  education. 

4.  A  society  of  men  united  for  the  promotion  of 
aits  and  sciences  in  general,  or  of  some  piirticulur 
art  or  science. 

5.  The  term  academy  is  especially  applied  tn  an 
Institution  for  the  cultivation  and  promi>tion  of  the 
fine  arts,  partaking  of  the  character  bnih  of  an 
asu^ociation  of  nrtii^t-i  for  mutual  improvement  and 
of  a  school  of  instruction. 

Jicadanif  fi^re;  in  paintinffy  a  drawing  usually 
made  with  black  and  white  chalk,  on  tinted  i>aiKr, 
aAcr  the  living  model.  BraHite. 

A-eAL-P.'PHAN,  n. 

A  CAL-f 

A-eAI^K 

zoophytes;  so  called  from  the  property,  possessed 
by  miMit  of  the  s)>ecies,  of  irritating  and  inflaming 
the  skin  when  touched  ;  including  the  medusa,  sea- 
ncltie,  jelly-fish, &.C.  [.>tM/epA  is  sometimes  found.] 

Brande. 

A€-A-NA'CEOi;S,  (ac-a-na'shus,)  o.  [Gr.  ««ui.<  j,  a 
prickly  shntbJ 

Anned  with  prickles.  A  class  of  plant!>  are 
called  ^canauia.  Milne, 

A-CAN'TIIA,  ».    [Gr.  a«n»-d.i,a  spine  or  thoni.J 

In  botanf,  a  prickle;  in  lootogyy  a  spine  or  prickly 
fin  :  thi'  spinous  pn.»ce3Sof  the  vrrtthra;.     Ehcijc. 

AC-AN-THA'CEOU:?,  a.  Armed  with  prickles,  as  a 
plant. 

A-CAN'THICE,  n.    The  sweet  juice  of  ivy  buds. 

A-€AN'THI\E,  o.     [See  Acasthls.] 

Pertaining  to  the  plnnt  acantha.*.  Tlie  acavthine 
garment^  of  the  ancients  were  made  of  the  down 
of  thistles,  or  embroidered  in  imitation  of  the  acatv- 
thtLf.  Ertctje. 

A-CAN'THO-POD,  n.      [Gr.    o<q*'Ou,  a  spine,  and 

VOVfy    foe*.] 

A  term  applied  to  a  tribe  of  clavicorn  coleopter- 
ous insect^:,  including  those  species  with  spiny 
legs.  Brande. 

A-€AN-THOP-TE-RYG'I-AN,  n.  Tbe  name  of  an 
order  of  fishes. 

A  €AN-THUP-TE-RYC'I-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  aKavOoy  a 
thorn,  and  nTcpvyioiy  a  little  feather,  from  zrcfiovy 
a  feather.] 

In  lOfVoiry, having  back  fins,  which  are  hard,  bony 
and  prickly  :  a  term  applied  to  certain  Jl^ihes.     Linn, 

A-€A.N'THUS,  n.  [Gr.  <tK.iiO,i,  L.  arantJiu.^,  from 
axnuffay  a  prickle  or  thorn.     See  Acantha.] 

1  The  plant  bear's  breerli  or  hrank  ursine  ;  a 
genus  of  several  species,  rt;ceiving  their  name  from 
their  prickles. 

2.  In  ardiitecturey  an  ornament  resembling  the 
foliage  or  leave-*  of  the  acanthus,  used  in  the  capi- 
tals of  the  Corinthian  and  Composite  orders. 

Milttm.     Encyc. 

A-CA.\'TI-C0XE,  fi.     See  Pistacite. 

A-€A.\'ZI-I,  n.  pi.  The  name  given  to  lipht-horse 
in  Turkey.  Kiuncle^t. 

A-€AR'I-I).\\,  Tu         i  Term^  applied   to  a  division 

A-e.\R'l-DA,  n.  pi.  \  of  AmcJmida,  including  the 
mite,  {aearujiy)  and  the  tick,  {licinus.) 

.^-CARN'AR,  n.  A  bright  star  of  the  first  magni- 
tude, in  Eridanus.  Baiiey. 

AC'A-RUS,  n.  A  mite  ;  a  minute  animal  of  the  class 
Arachnida.  Brand". 

A-CAT-A-LEC'Tie,  n.  [Gr.  aKaTa\n'rr'>g,nni  defec- 
tive at  the  end,  of  if'i-i  and  Aij)^'-',lo  cease;  Ir. 
lirgk'm.]  A  verse,  which  has  the  complete  number 
of  s\llable3  without  defect  or  superfluity.  Johnson. 

A-€AT'A-LEP-SY,  n.  [Gr.  oKaraXnil/ia  i  u  and 
KiiT'tXnuiJ-ivr-^y  to  comprehend.] 

Impossibility  of  complete  discovery  or  compre- 
hension ;  inci;rnprehen5ibilitv.      [Liulf  iL*ed.] 

A-€AT-A-LEP'Tie,  a.     Incomprehensible. 


A-€a'TEK,     A-eATES'.       Sea      Caterer      and 

.^  CA-Ti'IaR'SIA,  n.     [Gr.] 

I.  In  medicine,  inipnrily  of  the  blood  and  htimors. 
■2.  In  surgertfy  the  tilth  or  sordes  proceeding  from 
a  wound. 
A-€AU'LOUS,a.     [L.  a  priv.  and  cau/is,  Gr.  k.ivX,^. 
u  sulk,  W.  haul;  D.  ioui, cabbage.  See  Culkwort.] 
In  botamty  without  the  stem  called  eaidisi  as  the 
Carlme  thistle. 
AC-CicDE',  t'.  i.     [L.  accedoy  of  ad  and  c«io,  lo  yield 
or  give  place,  or  rather  to  move.] 

1.  To  agree  or  assent,  as  to  a  pro[>osition,  nr  to 
terms  proi>osed  by  another.  Hence,  in  a  negotia- 
tion, 

2.  To  become  a  party,  by  agreeing  to  tlie  terms 
of  a  treaty  or  convention. 

AC-Ci:I)'ING,  ppr.  and  a.  Agreeing;  assenting;  be- 
coming a  party  to  a  treaty  by  agreeing  to  Uie  terms 
proiK>sed. 

AC-CKL'ER-ATE,r.  L  [L.  accelfrOyOt  ad  and  rrlcro, 
to  hasten,  from  ccirr,  quick;  Gr.  KtXng :  lleb.  Ch. 
Syr.  aod  Eth.  SVP,  nSp  or  Sp,  to  be  light,  nimble ; 
Syr.  to  hasten.  In  Ch.  and  Ar.  Uiis  root  signifies, 
also,  to  be  siniiM,  or  minute.] 

1.  To  cause  to  move  faster  ;  to  hasten  ;  to  quick- 
en motion  ;  to  add  to  the  velocity  of  a  moving  body. 
It  implies  previous  motiim  or  prognsssion. 

2.  To  add  lo  natural  or  ordinarj-  progression  ;  as, 
to  Qcecleratf  the  growth  of  a  plant,  or  the  progress 
of  knowledge, 

3.  To  bring  nearer  in  lime  ;  to  shorten  the  time 
between  the  present  time  and  a  future  event ;  as, 
to  accelerate  the  mm  of  a  government ;  to  accelerate 
a  battle.  Bacon. 

AC-CEL'ER-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  auickened  in  mo- 
tion ;  hastened  in  progress. 

jirceifrated  motion;  in  riieckavtcs  and  physics^  that 
which  conlinujilly  receives  accessions  of  velocity. 

A€!-CEL'ER-A-TI.\G,  ppr.ota.  Hastening  ;  increas- 
ing velocity  or  progression. 

^ccrlrrnting  farce  i  the  force  which  causes  acceler- 
ated motion. 

AC-CEIv-ER-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  increasing  ve- 
locity or  progress  ;  the  state  of  being  quickened 
in  ninnon  or  action ;  as,  a  fiUling  body  moves  liv 
ward-i  the  earth  with  an  acceleration  of  velocity.  It 
is  tin?  opiM)site  of  rctardotiun. 

.Hrcrlrralion  of  tJie  inuon,  is  the  increase  of  the 
tntHtn's  meiia  motion  fn>ni  the  sun,  compared  with 
the  diuniiii  motion  of  the  earth  ;  the  moon  moving 
with  more  velocity  now  than  in  ancient  times  — a 
discover)-  made  by  Dr.  Halley. 

The  diunnd  accrlcratio/i  of  the  frcd  etarSy  is  the 
time  by  which  they  antieip!ite  the  mean  diurnal 
revolution  of  the  sun,  which  is  nearly  tliree  minutes 
filly-six  seconds.  Cifc. 

'I'lie  acceleration  of  the  pJancU,  is  the  increasing 
velocity  of  their  motion,  in  proceeding  from  the 
aimgee  to  the  perigee  of  their  orbits.  Brande. 

At'-CEL'ER-A-TlVE,a.  Adding  to  velocity  ;  quick- 
ening progression.  Rfid. 

AC-CEL'Eit-A-TO-RY,a.  Accelerating;  quickening 
motion. 

AC-CE.\D'  r.  t.  [L.  accendo,  to  kindle  ;  ad  and  ean- 
dfOy  caneoy  to  be  white,  canus^  white  ;  W,  can,  white, 
bright ;  also,  a  song.  Whence  cantOy  to  sing,  to 
chant;  cantusy  a  song;  Eng.  cant  i  VV.  canUy  to 
bleach  or  whiten,  and  to  sing  ;  cynnud,  fuel. 
Hence,  kindlr.y  L.  candidiufy  eandidy  white.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is,  to  throw,  dart,  or  thrust ;  to  shoot, 
as  the  rays  of  light.  Hence,  to  canty  to  throw.  See 
Chant  and  Caj^t.I  To  kindle;  lo  set  on  fire. 
[  Tlie  rrrh  iif  not  iL-etf,] 

AC-CEND-l-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Capacity  of  being  kin- 
dled, or  of  becoming  infiamed. 

AC-CE\D'I-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  inflamed  or 
kindled.  Ure. 

AC-CEN'SIO.V,  71.  The  act  of  kindling  or  setting  on 
firo  ;  or  the  stite  of  being  kindled  ;  inflammation. 

ACCENT,  n.  [li.  accnttiLSy  from  a.d  and  eano,  can- 
tavty  lo  sing-  \V.  canuj  Corn,  kanaf  Ir.  canaim. 
See  AcccND.] 

1.  Ttie  modul.ation  of  the  voice  in  reading  or 
Rpeaking,  as  practiced  by  the  ancient  Greeks,  wliich 
rendered  their  rehears:d  nuisical.  More  strictly,  in 
English, 

2.  A  particular  stress  or  force,  of  voice  upon  cer- 
tain syllables  of  words,  which  distinguishes  them 
from  the  others.  Accent  is  of  two  kinds,  primary 
and  secondary  ;  as  in  as'pi-ra'tion.  In  uttering  this 
word,  wc  observe  the  first  and  Viird  sjllables  are 
di?:tinguished  ;  the  third  by  a  full  sound,  which  con- 
stitutes the  primary  accent ;  the_^ra-f,  by  a  degree  of 
force  in  the  voice  which  is  less  than  tliat  of  the 
primarj-  accent,  but  evidently  greater  than  tliat 
which  falls  on  the  second  and  fourth  syllables. 

When  the  full  accent  falls  on  a  vowel,  that  vowel 
has  its  long  sound,  as  in  vo'cal;  but  whtrn  it  falls 
on  an  articulation  or  consonant,  the  preceding 
vowel  is  short,  as  in  hab'it.  Accent  alone  regulates 
English  verse. 

3.  A  mark  or  character  used  in  writing  to  direct 


FATE.  FAR,  FALL,  WH.>T.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PIXE,  MARINE,  KIRD.  — NOTE,  DOYE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK.— 


ACC 

the  stress  o!"  the  voice  in  pronunciation.  Our  an- 
cestors borrowed  from  the  Greek  languape  three  of 
these  characters,  thj  iiciite  (Ojthe  grave  (),  and  the 
cirrnintlex  (',  or  ").  In  the  Greek,  tJie  first  sliows 
when  the  voice  U  to  be  raised  ;  the  second,  when 
it  is  Co  be  depressed  ;  and  the  tljird,  when  the 
vowel  is  to  be  uttered  witli  an  undukitinfc  sound. 

4.  A  modulation  of  tlie  voice  expressive  of  pas- 
sion or  sentiments. 

The  tiroder  accent  of  a  womui'a  C17.  Prior, 

5.  Manner  of  speaking. 

A  tOAn  of  plftin  dcwnl.     (06«.)  Shak. 

6.  Poetically^  words,  language,  or  expressions  in 
general. 

Wiiidg  !  on  jour  wingv  to  hmren  her  aatnu  bear, 

Sueta  wurcU  »*  heaven  aione  u  fit  to  he;u'.  ,  Dryden. 

7.  In  music,  either  the  stress  laid  on  the  accented 
parts  of  tile  bar,  callt-d  ^ammaticai  accent ;  or  the 
emphasis  dictated  by  feeling,  and  giving  the  music 
its  peculiar  expression,  called  orixtorical  accent. 

P.  Cue. 

8.  A  peculiar  tone  or  inflection  of  voice. 

9.  In  mathematUs,  accents  arc  used  to  distinguish 
mafmitudes  of  the  same  or  similar  kind,  expressed 
by  the  some  letter,  but  dilTering  in  value  ;  as,  a',  a". 

10.  An  accent  at  the  right  hand  of  a  number  ex- 
presses a  minute  of  a  degree,  two  accents  a  second, 
ice.  P.  Cye. 

Ar-CEXT',  V,  t.  To  express  accent ;  to  utter  a  syl- 
lable with  a  particular  stress  or  modulation  of  the 
voice.  In  poetr^y  to  utter  or  pronounce  in  general. 
Al«o,  to  note  accents  by  marks  in  writing. 

Locke,     tVuttan. 

AC-CE\T'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Uttered  with  accent ; 
marked  with  accent. 

.iccented  parU  ef  a  bar,  in  miMiV,  are  those  parts 
of  the  bar  on  which  tlib  stress  falls ;  as  the  first 
and  third,  in  common  time.  P.  Chc. 

AC-CEXT'LNG,  ppr.  Pronouncing  or  marking  with 
accpnL 

A€-CE.\T'OR,  n.  In  music,  one  that  sings  the  lead- 
ing part. 

A€-CE.\T'tJ-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  accent. 

AC^CENT'y-ATE,  v.t.  To  mark  or  pronounce  with 
an  accent  or  with  accents. 

A€-C'i::\T'Q-A-TED,  pp.  Marked  or  pronounced 
with  an  accent. 

A€^-CENT'U-A-TING,  pjtr.  Marking  or  pronounc- 
ing with  an  accent. 

.^e-CE.\T-  l^-A  'TION,  n.  The  act  of  placing  accenu 
in  writing,  or  of  pronouncing  them  in  speaking. 

AG-CEPT',  r.  ^  [L.  accept^),  from  accipio,  ad  and 
ecpw,  to  take  ;  Fr.  accepter :  Sp.  aceptar  i  Fort.  acei~ 
tar  i  It.  accettare.     See  Lat.  capio.  Clans  Gb.1 

1.  To  tjike  or  receive  what  is  offered  with  a  con- 
senting mind  ;  to  receive  with  approbation  or  favor  ; 
as,  he  madu  an  offer  which  waif  accepUd. 

hirm,  I.oTri,  hb  nibo&aop,  aail  aeetpl  the  vroHt  of  fab  buila.  — 

Observe  the  difference  between  receive  and  accept. 

UertaiaH  no   sppointturt.t,  or  the  tiSer  of  &  coiuiniatioa,  but 
hr  tbd  not  acctfi  lU 

2.  To  regard  with  partiality  ;  to  value  or  esteem. 

It  b  Bol  good  to  acttpt  the  p^noa  Qt  the  wicked,  —  Prov.  x*ui. 
a  Cot.  »ili. 

fn  tkeola^,  acceptance  with  God  implies  forgive- 
ness of  sins  and  reception  into  his  favor. 

3.  To  con^nt  or  agrtre  to  ;  to  receive  as  terms  of 
a  contract ;  as,  to  aerrpt  a  treaty  ;  —  often  followed 
by  of;  as,  accept  of  the  termn, 

4.  To  undt-rtOand  ;  tu  have  a  particular  idk  of; 
to  receive  in  a  particular  sense ;  as,  how  is  this 
phrase  to  be  accepted  1 

5.  In  cammeree,  to  agree  or  promise  to  pay  ;  as,  a 
bill  of  excliang^.     [See  Accbptamce.j 

A€^CEPT'A-BLE,  a.    That  may   be   received   with 

pleatfure  ;  hence,  pleasing  to  a  receiver  ;  gratifying  ; 

as,  an  acceptable  presenL 
2.  Agreeable  or  pleasing  fn  person ;  as,  n  man 

makes  himself  on-rpfA/t/e  by  bis  (icrvic^^s  or  civilities. 
AC-CEPT'A-BLE-NESS,  i  M.  The  tiualUy  of  being 
AC-CEPT-.\-BIL'I-TV,     \      agreeable  U.  a  receiver, 

or  to  a  person  with  whom  one  has  intercourse. 

[The  latter  leord  is  little  u.ied,  or  not  at  all.] 
AC-CEPT'A-BLV,  adc.    In  a  manner  to  please,  or 

give  sat  if)  faction. 


A€-CEPT'A.VCE,  it.  A  receiving  with  approbation 
or  satisfaction  j  favorable  reception  j  as,  work  done 
to  acceptance, 

Tli'T  sb-ill  eotn*  up  with  acceptanct  on  my  itur.    In.  Ix, 

2.  The  receiving  of  a  bill  of  exchange  or  order, 
In  Niich  a  manner  as  to  bind  the  accepter  to  make 
payment.  This  must  be  by  express  words;  and  to 
charg'-  the  drawer  with  costs,  in  cawe  of  min-pny- 
ment,  the  acceptance  mii-*t  be  in  wrir'n^',  under, 
across,  or  on  the  back  of  the  bill.  Blackstonf. 

3.  .\n  agreeing  to  terms  or  proposals  in  commerce, 


ACC 


by  which  a  bargain  is  concluded  and  the  parties 
bound. 

4.  An  agreeing  to  the  act  or  contract  of  another, 
by  some  act  which  binds  the  jK'rson  in  law;  as,  a 
bishop's  taking  rent  reserved  on  a  lease,  made  by 
his  predecessor,  is  an  acceptance  of  the  lemis  of  the 
lease,  aad  binds  the  party.  Laiss. 

5.  In  mtrcaniik  lunirua^e,  a  bill  of  exchange  ac- 
cepted ;  as,  a  merchant  receives  anotlier's  acceptance 
in  payment. 

ti.  i\>nni'rh',  the  sense  in  which  a  word  is  under- 
stood.    {Obt-A     yee  AcczpTATio>-. 
A€^CEPT-A'TlON,  ti.    Kind  reception  j  a  receiving 
with  favor  or  approbation. 

This  U  a  •.^inj^  wijrtliy  yf  fill  acceptation.     I  Tim.  I. 

2.  A  state  of  being  acceptable  ;  favorable  regard. 

Soine  thiugi  an  of  grval  dignity  and  accfpla4on  wtih  Ciod. 

Jlooker . 

But  in  this  sense  acceptabtcaesa  is  more  generally 
used, 

3.  The  meaning  or  sense  in  which  a  word  or  ex- 
pression is  understood,  or  generally  received  ;  as,  a 
term  is  to  be  used  according  to  its  usual  acceptation. 

4.  Reception  in  general.     [Obs.] 
A€-C'EPT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Kintlly  received  ;  regarded  ; 

agreed  to  ;   understood  ;  received  with  a  pledge  to 
pay,  as  a  bill  of  exchange. 

AC-OEPT'  ER,  n.  A  person  who  accepts ;  the  person 
who  receives  a  bill  of  exchange  so  as  to  bind  him- 
self to  pay  it.     [See  Accept  anck.] 

A€-CEP-TI-LA'TION,  n.  [from  L.}  Remission  of 
a  dt  bt  by  an  acquittance  from  the  creditor,  without 
receiving  the  money.     [JVot  lued.]  Cotgnive. 

AC-(JEPT'[NG,  ppr.  Receiving  favorably;  ngreeing 
to  ;  nndf'rstanding ,  promising  to  pay,  as  a  draft. 

A€^CEP''riO.V,  n.  Acceptation;  the' received  sense 
of  a  word.     {JSTot  noic  tued.]  Hammond. 

AC-CEPT'lVE,  o.    Ready  to  accept.    [A'wt  vsed.] 

B.  Jonson. 

AC-CESS'  or  ACCESS,  n.  [L.  acce^stu^,  from 
acceda.    See  Accede.     Fr.  acc^s.] 

1.  A  coming  to;  near  approach;  admittance; 
admission  ;  as,  to  gain  aecesg  to  a  prince. 

2.  Approach,  or  the  way  by  which  a  thing  may 
be  approached  ;  as,  the  access  is  by  a  neck  of  land. 

Bacoru 

3.  Means  of  approach  ;  liberty  to  approach ;  im- 
plying previous  obstacles. 

Bjr  whom  alao  wb  ha»C  acet$a  by  fiith.     Rom.  V. 

4.  Admission  to  sexual  intercourse. 

During  Ci'V<Ttiir>-,    acLets  of  tli'.'    IiukUiikI   aludl  ^'*  prrsumrd, 
uiil'.-M  Uiucoittrnry  be  thuwii,  Illack»tuttt, 

a.  Addition  ;  increase  by  something  added  ;  as, 
an  acce^it  of  territory  ;  but  in  this  sense  accession  is 
more  generally  used. 

fi.  The  return  of  a  fit  or  iiaroxj'sm  of  disease,  or 
fever.    In  this  sense  accession  in  generally  used. 

AC'CES-SA-RI-LV.    See  Accesiorilt. 

A€'CES-SA-Rr-.\K^S.    See  Att;i:s»oRi.-*Es5. 

AG'CES^A-RV.     See  Accessory. 

AC-CESS-I-BIL'I-TV,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ap- 
proachable, or  of  admitting  access.        Lan<rhorne. 

Ae-<>EHS'l-uLE,  a.  That  may  be  appniached  or 
reached  ;  approachable ;  applied  to  things ;  as,  an 
accessible  town  or  mountain. 

2.  Easv  «)f  approach ;  affable;  used  of  persons. 

A€-CE.SS'"l-HLV,  oilv.    So  as  Ui  be  accessible. 

AC'CES'SION,  «.  [L.  accessio.]  A  coming  to  ;  an 
seeding  to  and  joining  ;  as,  a  king*:i  auession  to  a 
confederacy, 

2.  Increase  by  something  added  ;  that  which  is 
added  ;  augmentation  ;  as,  an  accession  of  wealth  or 
territt.r>'. 

The  only  acntrinn  which  Lh?  Ilonian  empiw  iwd»ed,  wiu  ihf 
province  ol  BriiA^ii.  uibboti. 

3.  In  lavy  a  mode  of  nrqnirlng  property,  by  which 
the  owner  <if  a  cori«>rcal  substance,  which  receives 
an  addition  by  pri»wth,  or  by  Inlmr,  has  a  right  to 
the  thing  added  or  the  improvement;  provided  the 
thing  is  not  changt-d  into  a  diffL-rent  species.  Thus 
the  owner  of  a  cow  becomes  the  owner  of  her  calf. 

Blacksttme. 

4.  The  act  of  arriving  at  a  throne,  an  office,  or 
dignity. 

&.  The  invasion  of  a  fit  of  a  perirtdical  disease,  or 
fever.  It  dirtVrs  from  e.tarerbution.  .Accession  im- 
plies a  total  previous  internii.'<sion.  as  of  a  fever  ; 
ftxacerbation  im|Uies  only  u  previous  remis-sioii  or 
abatKniciit  of  violence. 

Ae-CE.S'SI().\-AL,  a.     Additional. 

AC-CES-tiC'Itl-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  accessory;  as, 
acjXKsorial  Jkffoncy,  accessorial  gyiill.    Butt's  Trio!. 

A€'CES-SO-RI-LY,  adv.  [Hee.  AccEssonv.]  In  the 
manner  of  an  accessory  ;  by  subordinate  means,  or 
in  a  fH>condary  character;  not  as  principal,  but  as  a 
Fnb<)rdmal/>  agent. 

AC'CE?*-SO-RI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  acr.es- 
noT}',  or  of  bring  or  acting  in  a  scrondnrj-  character. 

AC'CES-SO-RV,  a.  [L.  aeces.<oriua,  from  accessus, 
aecedo.  See  Accede.  This  word  is  accented  on 
the    first  fiyllabla   on   account  of  the   derivatives. 


ACC 

which  require  a  secondary  accent  on  the  third  ;  but 
the  nalunil  accent  of  accessory  is  on  Uie  second  syl- 
lable, and  thus  it  is  oIVmi  pronounced.] 

1.  Acceding;  contributing;  aiding  in  producing 
Bonie  elllct,  or  acting  in  subordinaiion  to  the  prin- 
cipal agenL  Usually  in  a  bad  ^ense;  as,  John  was 
accessory  to  the  ftlony. 

2.  Aiding  in  certain  acts  or  efiects  in  a  secondary 
manner ;  as,  accessory  sounds  in  music.        Encyc. 

Jlceessury  7terve.--y  m  anatomy,  a  pair  of  nerves, 
which,  arising  from  ttie  medulla  in  the  vertebra:  61 
the  neck,  ascend  and  enter  the  skull :  then,  passing 
out  with  the  par  vagiim,  are  distributed  into  the 
muscles  of  the  neck  and  shoulders.  Kncye, 

A€'(;ES-S0-RY,  Tj.  In /uifl,  one  who  ia  guilty  L-f  a 
felony,  not  by  committing  the  offense  in  (H-riion  or 
as  principal,  but  by  advising  orconun-indiut*  innither 
to  commit  the  crime,  or  by  concealing  the  olll-nder. 
There  may  be  uccessories  in  all  felonieSj  but  not  in 
treason.  An  accessory  before  the  fact,  is  one  who 
counsels  or  commands  another  to  commit  a  felony, 
and  is  not  present  when  the  act  is  executed;  after 
the  fact,  when  one  receives  ond  conceals  the  of- 
fender. 

2.  That  which  accedes  or  belongs  to  something 
else,  as  its  principal. 

.Accessory,  among  painters,  an  epithet  given  to 
parts  of  a  historj- -piece  which  are  merely  orna- 
mental, as  vases,  armor,  tc. 

JiC'CI-Ji^-€.^-TtriLa,  (at'che-ak-ka-tu'tU,)  n.  [It.] 
In  musicy  a  grace  note,  one  semitone  below  the 
note  to  which  it  is  prefixed.  Brandt. 

ACCIDENCE,  n.  [See  Accident.]  A  small  book 
containing  tiie  rudiments  of  grammar. 

A€'C'i-DE\T,  n.  [L.  aecidensy  falling,  from  ad  and 
eadOy  to  fall ;  W.  coduviy  a  fall,  cvyzaw,  to  fall  ;  Ir. 
kudaim ;  Corn,  kotha;  Arm.  kuetMy  to  fall.  See 
Case  and  Cadenck.     Class  Gd.] 

1.  A  coming  or  falling ;  an  event  that  takes 
place  without  one's  foresight  or  expectation;  an 
event  which  proceeds  from  an  unknown  cause,  or 
is  an  unusual  effect  of  a  known  cause,  and  there- 
fore not  expected  ;  chance ;  casualty  ;  eonlingenry. 

2.  That  which  lakes  place  or  bejjins  to  exist  with- 
out an  etticieut  intelligent  cause  and  without  de- 
sign. 

All  of  thfm,  in  his  o)i{iiion,  owe  ih'.'ir  \ie\ng  tu  fat?,  accident,  az 
ilie  bliud  acciun  at  biiipid  iiiatier.  Dtgight. 

3.  In  loffic,  a  property,  or  quality  of  a  being  which 
is  not  essential  to  it,  as  tchdeness  in  paptT.  This 
word  is  also  applied  to  all  qualities  in  opposition  to 
eubstancey  as  sweetness  and  avflne^Sy  and  to  things 
not  essential  to  a  body,  as  clothe>:  Encyc. 

4.  In  grammar,  something  belonging  to  a  word, 
but  not  essential  to  it,  as  gender,  number,  and  case. 

Kncyc. 

5.  In  heraldry,  a  point  or  mark,  not  essential  to  a 
coat  of  arms.  Encyc, 

AC-CI-DENT'AL,  a.  Happf-ning  by  chance,  or 
rather  unexpectedly ;  casual ;  fortuitous  ;  taking 
place  not  according  to  the  usual  course  of  things; 
opposed  to  that  which  is  ron-tanl,  regular,  or  in- 
tended ;  as,  an  accidents  visit. 

2.  Non-essentia!  ;  not  necessarily  belonging  toj 
as,  songs  are  arcideufal  to  a  play. 

.Aeeiilental  flats  and  sharps,  in  music,  are  those 
flati  and  simrps  which  are  prefixed  to  such  notes 
as  would  be  natural  by  the  signature.  The  natural 
sign,  prefixed  to  a  note,  is  iilso  accidentally  flat  or 
sharp,  according  as  the  note  is  siiarp  or  flat  by  the 
signature. 

j9i:cidcntal  colorSy  OTC  those  whirh  depend  upon 
the  afflictions  of  the  eye,  in  distinction  from  those 
which  belong  to  the  light  itself.  Encyc. 

Jiccidental  point,  in  perspective,  is  that  point  in 
the  horizontal  line,  where  the  projectittns  of  two 
lines  pitrallel  to  each  other  meet  the  in'r^^pfjciive 
plane.  Encyc. 

AC-CI-PE.VT'AL,  n.  Occidentals,  in  rnusie,  are  acci- 
dental flats  or  sharps.  Ar.ciftentah^  in  pdinting,  (ffe 
those  chance  ert'ects,  arising  from  luminous  nys 
falling  on  certain  objects,  by  whirh  they  are 
brought  into  a  stronger  light,  and  their  shadows 
rendered  mure  intense,  than  they  otherwise  would 
be.  Brande. 

A€-Cr-DEXT'AL-LY,  adv.  By  chance;  casually; 
fortuittiuslv  ;  not  essentially. 

A€-CM)E-\'T'AL-NESS,  «.  The  quality  of  being 
casual.     [Little  used.^ 

A€^CI-UE,\'TIA-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  acci- 
dence.    [JV""?  M.iTt^.]  Morion. 

A€-CI-PEN'SER,  n.     See  AciPcysER. 

Ae-C^IP'I-ENT,  rt.     A  receiver. 

AC-CIP'I-TER,  77.     [L.  ad  and  ffl7.i<>,  to  BPixe.] 

1.  A  name  given  to  a  fish,  the  Milvus  or  Lurerna, 
a  species  of  Trigla.  Cyc. 

2.  In  orniUioiogy,  one  of  the  order  of  rapacious 
birds. 

The  Accipitres  have  a  hooked  bill,  the  superior 
mandible,  near  the  base,  being  extended  on  each    1 
side  beyond  the  inferior.     The  genera  are  the  Vul-   1 
ture,  the  Falco  or  hawk,  and  the  Strix  or  owl.  ' 


TONE,  BULL,  i;\ITE  — AN"GER.  VI"CI0U8.  — C  as  K ;  <5  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SHj  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ACC 

A€-C1P'I-TRINE,  a.  [Supra.)  Sciring ;  nii»aciousj 
es,  the  acdpurine  order  of  hir'!t  EJ.  Knctfc^ 

AC-CtTK',  c.  U  [h.  ad  and  ctto.  to  cite.]  To  coll ; 
to  cite  ;  to  sumuum.    [.We  used.] 

AC-CLAIM',  r.  L  [L.  at^amo^  ad  and  damo^  to  cr>' 
out;  Sp.  c^oinitr;  Port,  clamor  i  It.  clamarti  W. 
Utfroia  j  Ir.  iiKniAam.  See  Cu.im,  Ci^mor.]  To 
applaud.    [ZaUU  «Md.]  lialt. 

AC-CUaXM',  n.    A  shout  of  joy :  acckinuaion. 

.V./ton. 

A€J-€LA-MATIOX,  «  [Uaw/aaiafio.  ?€e  Acci.aiii.] 
L  A  shout  of  applause  utl«red  by  a.  inultilud:-. 
Anciently,  acclamation  was  a  form  of  wurds,  ut- 
tered with  vehemence,  somewJirii  res'emlding  a 
song,  Boroetimes  accompanied  willi  appl:uises  which 
wer«  given  bv  the  bauds.  Acclamations  were 
ecclesiastical,  niilitao',  nuptial,  senatorial,  Fvnodi- 
cal,  iheatricul,  -kc. ;  iluy  were  musical  and  ilijth- 
mical,  and  bestowed  l\r  joy,  respect,  aud  even 
reproach,  and  olVn  repeated,  live,  twenty,  and 
even  siity  and  eighty  iimvs.  In  lU-?  later  ajtos  of 
Botne,  acdamatKiis  were  perfurrucd  by  a  cbonis 
of  muaic  instructed  lor  the  purpuso.  Kiuj/c. 

In  modem  lime^,  acclantatiuns  are  expmMed  by 
bnrraba ;  by  cl^niing  of  hands  j  and  ouen  by  re- 
pealiiif  viMCrec,  vmt  vgfmkUc^  Ion?  live  the  king 
or  republic,  or  otber  wociU  ezprefiuve  of  joy  and 
good  wishes. 

9.  In  wrdmoUgift  a  repieaeBtation,  in  sriilpture  or 
on  medals,  of  p^;^  expreftiins  juy.  AeclMmnUwn 
meiaUt  are  those  on  which  laudatory  occlainalions 
are  recorded.  Eimf^. 

A€-€LAM'A-TO-RY,  a.  Expre^iiug  joy  or  ui^plaui^e 
by  shouts,  or  clapping  of  hanJ^. 

AC-CLI'MATE,  r.  U  {ac,  for  ad^  and  diwatr.'^  To 
habituate  the  body  to  a  climatt)  nitc  native,  so  as 
noc  to  be  peculiarly  exposed  to  its  endemic  di^caiies. 

AC^LT'MA-TED,^.  ord.  Ilabiiiialed  to  a  iVini^m 
climate,  or  a  dimota  not  native  \  fo  far  ar«ustumed 
to  a  foreii^  climate  as  not  to  be  peculiarly  liable  to 
its  endemic  diseases.  Med,  RfpoiUiam. 

A&eLI-MA'TIOX,  n.  The  process  of  becoming 
habituated  to  a  foreign  climate. 

9.  The  stale  of  being  liabitualed  or  inured  to  a 
climate.       

AC-CLI'MA-TIZE,  r.  f.  To  inure  plants  to  a  climate 
dilfefr-nt  from  that  which  U  natural  to  them.   Brwtde, 

Ae-eLI'.\IA-'i'IZ-i:D,  pp.  and  a.  Inured  to  a  dif- 
ferent climate. 

A€;-CLI'MA-TIZ-ING,  fpr.  Inuring  to  a  dia*erent 
clinute. 

Ae-ei.I'MA-Tt;RE,  «.  Aa  of  acclimating,  or  atate 
of  being  acchmated.  CWWgstf. 

AC-€LLV'I-TV,  n.  [L.  see/iens,  aeeltw,  ascending, 
firom  ai  aud  c/iroj,  an  ascent :  It.  c^w  i  Gr.  £«n. 
jrJtiwf ;  SajE.  d^f,  a  d^^  bank  or  shore ;  difiojiy 
ditfwt,  lo  cleave  or  split.    See  Ci.ipr.] 

A  ah^  or  inclination  of  the  earth,  as  the  side  of 
a  hiU,  considered  as  a»ctMdmgy  in  opposition  tu  d*- 
c/trttjr,  or  a  side  descending.  Rising  ground  j  aacent ; 
the  tains  of  a  rampait. 

AC-eU'VOUS,  a.    Rising,  aa  a  hill  with  a  slope. 

AC-CLOY',  p.  t  To  fill  i  to  stuff  j  lo  liU  to  satiety. 
[See  Clot.]  Spauer. 

AC-COIL',  V.  L    To  encircle  i  to  gather  around. 


AC-CO-LADE',  iu    ['L.ad  and  coUum^  neck,  _ 

A  ceremony  formerly  used  in  conferring  knight- 
hood i  but  whether  an  embrace  or  a  blow,  seems 
not  to  be  wtiled.  Cyc 

AC'CO-LENT,  n.   [L.  ad  and  i»lo.]    A  borderer  j  one 
who  dwells  on  a  border  of  a  country,  or  near.  -4sA. 
AC-eOM'MO-DA-BLE,  a.     [Fr.  accommoiiaMe,    See 
Accommodate.] 

That  may  be  fitted,  made  suitable,  or  made  to 
agree.     [LUtte  used.] 
AC-COM'MO-DA-BLE-XESS,  «.    The  capability  of 

accommodating. 
AC-COM'MO-DaTE,  e.  L     [h.  aeammodo^  to  apply 
>»*  suit,  from  ad  and  Mimwds,  to  profit  or  help;  of 
COM,  with,  and  sMdas,  measure,  propution,  limit,  or 
manner.     &ee  Modk.j 

1.  To  fit,  adapt,  or  make  suitable ;  as,  to  aetom- 
modat*  ouri«Jves  to  circumstances ;  lo  aeconunodaie 
the  choice  of  subjects  to  the  occasions.         Paley. 

3.  To  supply  with  or  furnish;  —  followed  by 
vitA ;  as,  lo  aecommodate  a  man  with  apartments. 

3.  To  supply  with  conveniences;  as,  lo  accommo- 
date a  friend. 

4.  To  reconcile  things  which  are  at  variance  ;  to 
adjust ;  as,  to  accommodate  dilferences. 

5.  To  show  fitness  or  agreement  \  to  apply ;  as, 
to  accommodate  prophecy  lo  events, 

6.  To  lend  to  — a  eommeraal  seinte. 

In  an  intr«nsitive  sense,  to  agree,  to  be  conform- 
able to,  as  used  by  Bovle.     [Obs.] 

AC-C0M'M04)ATE,  a.'  Buitable  ;  fit ;  adapted  ;  as, 
means  accommodate  lo  the  end.        Ray.     Tdlotaon. 

AC-COM  MO-Da-TED,  pp.  Fitted  :  adjusted  :  adapt- 
ed ;  apfriied ;  also,  furnished  with  conveniences; 
as,  we  are  well  accommodated  with  lodgings. 

AC-C0M'M0-D.\TE-LY,  ttdv,  Buiiably ;  filly. 
[LittU  used.]  More, 


ACC 

A€>^eoM'MO-DATE-NESS,  n.  Fitness.  [LiUie 
used.] 

AC-COM'MO-Da-TIXG,  vpr.  Adapting;  making 
suitable;  reconciling;  lurnishing  with  conveni- 
ences ;  applying. 

AC-eo.M'MO-DA-TIXG,  a.  Adapting  one>  self  to  ; 
obliging ;  yielding  to  the  desires  of  others  ;'  disposed 
to  comply,  aud  to  oblige  auutbur  ;  a»,  uu  acconuno- 
datin\r  auM. 

Ae-€OM-.MO-DA'TIOA',  n.  Fitness ;  adaptation  ; 
—  fttllowcd  by  Ut. 

Tbf  oT^itixulon  of  the  bwly  with  accommodation  to  lt»  funo- 
liosis.  Hal*. 

S.  Adjustment  of  diflbrenccs ;  reconciliation  ;  as 
of  parties  in  dispute. 

3.  Ptovision  of  conveniences, 

4.  In  the  ;»/«ra:,  coni'eniences;  things  fUmlshed 
for  use ;  —  cliietly  applied  to  lodgings. 

5.  In  mrrtaHtde  langua^rr^  accommodation  ia  used 
for  a  loan  of  money  which  is  often  a  great  con- 
renirucf.  .\n  accommodation  »iutf,  in  the  language 
of  bank  directiirs,  is  one  drawn  and  offered  fur  dis- 
count, for  the  purpose  of  borrowing  \t^  amount,  in 
opposition  u>  a  nole  which  the  owner  has  received 
in  payment  for  good-^. 

In  Kniflandy  an  accommodatioti  biU  is  one  given  in- 
stead of  a  K»an  of  money.  Crabbe. 

6.  It  is  also  used  of  a  note  lent  merely  to  accom- 
modate tlie  borrower. 

7.  In  UteoloffTfj  aceommodatiait  is  the  application 
pf  a  passage  to  Mimelhing  not  originally  intended  by 
it,  on  the  ground  of  resemblance  or  analogy. 

M&nj  of  ttMM  qtiotAtiona  w^Tv  prub.\bly  Uitendcd  na  nothing 
lAura  Ibon  aoeomaiodiuions.  Paiey. 

8.  In  marhif  langna^e^  an  acenmmodation  ladder  is 
a  light  ladder  bung  over  the  sido  of  a  ship  ut  the 
panirwav. 

A€-€OM''MO-D.\-TIVE,  a.  Furnishing  accommo- 
dation. 

AC-€O.M'MO-DA-TOR,  tu  One  that  accommodates  ; 
one  that  adjust?.  IVarburton. 

AC-eOM'PA-NA-BLE,  a.  [See  Accompaitt.]  So- 
ciable.    [.Vti(  u^ed.] 

A€^€OM'i*A-.N'I-£D,  pp.  Attended  by;  connected 
with. 

AC-COM'PA-NI-MENT,  n.  [Fr.  accompfis^emmL 
See  AccoMFATTT.]  Something  that  attends  as  a 
circumstance,  or  which  is  add^d  by  way  of  orna- 
ment to  the  principal  thing,  or  ior  the  sake  of  sym- 
metr>-. 

jJccompanimnt^  in  wmtnc,  the  subordinate  part,  or 
parts,  accompanying  the  voice,  or  a  principal  in- 
strument ;  also,  the  harmony  of  a  figured  base. 

.Aceompanimmt  of  tht  scalr^  in  mw-«c,  the  harmony 
assigned  to  Uie  series  of  niuci  forming  the  diatonic 
scale,  ascending  and  descending.  P.  Cf/c. 

.Accompaniment^  in  paiittin^f  an  object  accessory 
to  the  principal  object,  and  serving  for  iu  orna- 
ment or  illustration.  Brandt. 

AC-COM  P.\-N1ST,  7F.  The  performer  in  mu!«ic  who 
lakes  the  accompanyine  part.  BiL^by. 

A€^GOM'PA-NV,  r.  C  [Fr.  aceompasTitT ;  Sp.  acem- 
panan  Port,  aceompanhar.    See  Compa:«t.] 

1.  To  go  with  or  attend  as  a  companion  or  asso- 
ciale  on  a  journey,  walk,  &c. ;  as,  a  man  accom- 
panie.t  his  friend  to  church,  or  on  a  tour. 

2.  To  be  with,  as  connected ;  to  attend  ;  as,  pain 
accompanies  diseat^e. 

AC-GOM'PA-NY^.  i.  To  attend ;  to  be  an  asso- 
ciate i  OF,  lo  aecompantj  with  others.     [OAs.] 

Bacon. 
a  To  cohabit.  MiUnn. 

3.  In  miwir,  lo  perform  the  accompanying  part  in 
a  composition.  Bimbn. 

A€^COM'PA-NY-I\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Attending;  going 
with,  ns  a  companion. 

Ae-€OM'PLICi:,  n.  [Fr.  eompUre;  L.  compliratus, 
folded  tocelht-r,  of  con,  with,  and  plico,  to  fold  ;  W. 
ple^l^  to  plait ;  Arm.  ple^a.  See  Complex  and 
Pledge.]  An  as:?ociate  in  a  crime;  a  partner  or 
partaker  m  guiiL  It  was  formerly  used  in  a  good 
sense  for  a  co-operator,  but  this  sense  is  wholly  ob- 
solete. It  is  followed  by  leith  before  a  person  ;  as, 
A  was  an  accomplice  7ri(A  B  in  the  murder  of  C. 
Drvden  u<ies  it  with  to  betbre  a  thing. 

Ae-COM'PLICE-SHIP,  n.  The  state  of  being  an 
accomplice.  H.  Taylor. 

AC-COM'PLISH,  V.  L  [Fr.  accompUr,  to  finish',  from 
ad  and  L.  compleoy  to  complete.  See  Complete.] 
To  complete  ;  lo  finish  entirely. 

That  He  would  fuxomjilish  ieveuty  j-can  in  the  deflation  of 
Jenisalem. .—  Max*,  ii. 

2.  To  execute  ;  as,  lo  accomplish  a  vow,  wrath,  or 
fur>-.     Lev.  xiii.  and  xx. 

3.  To  gain  ;  to  oblain  or  effect  by  successful  ex- 
ertions ;  as,  to  accomplish  a  purpose.    Prov,  xiii. 

4.  To  fullill  or  bring  lo  pass ;  as,  to  accomplish  a 
prophecy. 

Thk  lh.ll  it  wiiuen  mi»t  jrt  be  accompHahed  in  me.  —  Luke 

xxii. 

5.  To   furnish   with   qualities   which   serve   to 


ACC 

render  the  mind  or  body  complete,  aa  with  valuable 
endowments  and  elegant  manners. 
ti.  To  arm  and  equip. 

Th«  ormorere  accompluHng  the  kolj^tta.  Shak. 

A€-COM'PLIHH-£D,  pp.  Finished ;  completed  ;  ful- 
filled; executed  ;  etteclcd. 

2.  a.  Well  endowed  with  good  qualities  and 
manners ;  complete;  in  acquirements ;  having  a 
finished  education ;  applied  usually  to  acquired 
qualifications,  withaut  including  moral  excellence.. 

3.  Fashionable.  Sttift. 
AC-COM'PLISH-ER  n.    One  who  accomplishes. 
AC-eO.M'PUSH-L\G,  ppr.     Finishing;  conipliting; 

fulfilling;    executing;   effecting;   furni^liiug    with 
valuable  qualities. 
AC-CO.M'PLI.SII-MENT,    t7.      Completion;    fulfill- 
ment; Entire   performance;   as,  the   accomplL-ihment 
of  a  prophecy. 

2.  The  act  of  carr\-inK  into  effect,  or  obtaining  an 
object  designed;  attainment;  as,  the accomplishtnent 
of  our  desires  or  ends. 

3.  Acquirement ;  that  which  constitutes  excel- 
lence of  mind,  or  elegance  of  manners,  acquired  by 
education. 

AC-eOMPT'.     [Obs.]     See  Accou:^T. 

AC-CO .MPT'AXT.     [Oft.*.]     See  Accouwtawt. 

AC-CORD',  TI.  [Fr.  accord,  agreement,  consent ; 
accordcr,  to  adjust,  or  reconcile  ;  Sp.  acordar  ;  Arm. 
accord  J  accoriii ;  It.  accordOy  accordare.  The  Lat. 
has  concors,  concordo.  Clu.  cor  and  cordis,  Ihe 
heart,  or  from  the  same  toot.  In  some  of  its  appli- 
cations, it  is  naturally  deduced  from  chorda,  IL 
corda,  the  string  of  a  musical  instrument.] 

1.  Agreement ;  harmony  of  minds ;  consent  or 
concurrence  of  opinions  or  wills. 

Thcj  nil  continued  with  o»e  accord  in  prayer.  — AcU  I. 

S.  Concert ;  harmony  of  sounds ;  the  union  of 
dififerent  sounds^  which  is  agreeable  to  the  ear : 
agreement  in  pitch  and  lone ;  as,  the  accord  of 
notes  ;  but  in  this  sense  it  is  more  usual  to  employ 
concord  or  chord. 

3.  Agreement :  just  correspondence  of  things  ;  as, 
the  accord  of  light  and  shade  in  painting. 

4.  Will ;  voluntary  or  spiuilaneous  motion ;  used 
of  the  will  of  persons,  or  the  natural  motion  of 
other  bodies,  and  preceded  by  own, 

E^iti?  inon;  forwarit  of  hia  own  acrord. — 3  Cor,  viii. 

TivU  MTtiJch  growc^  of  iu  own  accord  thoushait  not  reap. — 

5.  Adjustment  of  a  difference  j  reconciliation; 
as,  the  mediator  of  an  accord.. 

IJ.  In  latCj  an  agreement  between  parties  in  con- 
troversy, by   which   satisfaction   for  an    injury   is 
stipulated,  and  which,  when  executed,  bars  a  suit. 
Black^tone. 
7.  Permission,  leave. 
AC-CORU',  r.  (.    To  make  to  agree,  or  corresp(md  ; 
to  adjust  one  thing  to  another. 

Her  h:^n(i>  accorded  the  lute's  mudc  to  the  Toice.         Sidney, 

9.  To  bring  to  an  agreement ;  to  settle,  adjust,  or 
compose  ;  as,  to  accord  suits  or  controversies. 

Jlale. 
3.  To  gnint,  to  give,  to  concede  ;  as,  to  accord  to 
one  due  praise. 
AC-CORD',  B.  i.    To  agree  ;  to  be  in  correspondence. 

My  hedrt  accordeih  wiih  iny  tongue,  Shak. 

9.  To  agree  in  pitch  and  tono. 

AC-CO  RO'A-BLE,  a.    Agreeable  ;  consonant. 

Oincer. 

AC-CORD' A  NCE,n.  Agreement  with  a  person  ;  con- 
formity letth  a  tiling.  Shak. 

AC-CORD' A  N'T,  a.  Corresponding;  consonant ; 
aereeable. 

AC-CORD'ANT-LY,  adv.  In  accordance  or  agree- 
ment. Dioight. 

AC-CORD'ED,  pp.    Made  to  agree  ;  adjusted. 

AC-CORD'ER,  n.  One  thai  oids,  or  favors.  [Hale 
used.] 

AC-CORD'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Agreeing  ;  harmonizing. 

Th'  according  music  of  a  well-mixt  •uile.  Popt. 

5.  Suitable;  agreeable;  in  accordance  with.  In 
these  senses,  the  word  agrees  with  or  relers  to  a 
sentence. 

Our  zeal  should  be  according  to  Imowled^.  SpraU 

Nobl'.'  ia  the  f.\me  that  is  buUl  on  &»ii<tor  ftiid  ingenuity,  accord' 
in*  to  tboae  beautiful  line*  of  Sir  John  DenlWm.     Sped. 

Here  the  whole  preceding  parts  of  the  sentence 
are  to  accord,  i.  e.  agree  with,  correspond  with,  or 
be  suitable  to,  what  follows.  According,  here,  has 
its  true  participial  sense,  agreeing^  and  is  followed 
by  to.     It  i.s  never  a  preposition. 

AC-eORD'L\G-LY,  adv.  Agreeably;  suitably;  in  a 
manner  conformable  lo. 

Those  who  live  in  faith  and  good  works,  will  be 
rewarded  accordingly. 

AC-CORD'I-ON,  71.  ffrom  accord,]  A  small  keyed 
wind  instntment,  whose  tones  are  generated  by  the 
play  of  wind  upon  meLaltic  reeds.  It  is  a  small 
wind-chest,  the  sides  of  which  are  made  to  fold  and 
expand  like  a  bellows.    On  the  top  are  apertures  in 


FITE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT METE,  PRfiY HNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DTVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


ACC 

which  the  reeds  are  inserted,  .ind  upon  wliich  the 
reeds  play.  Each  key  pl.iyin»  on  two  apertures,  the 
reeds  of  which  are  furnished  with  revenw-d  valve^j, 
is  made  to  command  two  successive  notes  in  the 
scale,  according  as  tlie  wind  is  drawn  in  by  espiind 
ing  the  che?t,  or  forced  out  Wy  closing  it.  In  add' 
tion  to  the  keys,  there  is  a  slide  whicli  op-ii?  is**  n 
reeds  attuned  to  the  harmonics  of  ttie  tonic  nrj 
dominant,  by  opening  which  the  air  has  an  tar- 
monic  accompaniment.  The  bottom  of  the  chest 
is  furnished  with  a  large  key,  by  which  the  ctiest 
may  be  opened,  and  suddenly  exhausted  or  filled, 
as  need  requires.  This  is  a  melodious  portable  in- 
strument, commanding  two  or  tliree  octaves  in  the 
diatonic  scale.  Prof.  Fitch, 

A€-eOR'P5-RATE,  r.  t  To  unite.  [JSTot  in.  vse,] 
[See  Tjccorporate.]  Milton. 

Ae-€OST',  V.  L  [Ft.  accoster:  ad  and  eOUy  side, 
border,  coast;  G.  histr;  D.  kust;  Dan.  hjsL] 

To  approach  j  to  draw  near ;  to  front,  or  face. 
[A'wf  in  usf.] 
9.  To  speak  first  to  ;  to  address.  Jtrtltoa.  Dniden. 

A€-eOST',  r.  I.     To  adjoin.     [.Vof  in  use.}    Spenser. 

Ae-€OST'A-B;*E,  a.    Easy  of  access  ;  familiar. 

Hotoell 

A€^eOST'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Addressed  ;  first  spoken  to. 
In  hrraltirv.  being  side  by  side. 

A€-€OST'r\G,  ppr.     Addressing  by  first  speaking  to. 

A€-GOUCHE'ME.VT,  (ac-coosh'raong,)  n.  [Fr.]  De- 
Ijverv  in  child-bed. 

A€J-edUCH-EUR',  (ac-<oo-phare',)  it.  [Fr.]  A  man 
who  assi.«ts  women  in  childbirth. 

AeeOUNT',  «,  [Fr.  conte ;  IL  conto;  Pp.  euemta; 
Arm.  count;  an  account,  reckoning,  computation. 
Fonnerly  writers  used  accompt  from  the  Fr.  compu. 
See  Cou.fT.] 

1.  A  sutn  stated  on  paper;  a  regi-stry  of  a  debt  or 
credit ;  of  debts  and  credits,  or  dinrpes  ;  an  entry 
in  a  book  or  on  paper  of  things  bought  or  sold,  of 
payment'!,  services,  &c.,  including  the  names  of 
the  parties  to  the  transaction,  date,  and  price  or 
value  of  the  thing. 

.Account  si^ifies  a  single  entry,  or  charge,  or  a 
statement  of  a  number  of  piiriicular  debts  and 
credits,  in  a  book  or  on  a  separate  fwiper  ;  and  in  the 
plural,  is  used  for  the  books  containing  such  entries. 

2.  A  computation  of  debts  and  credits,  or  a  g^-nenil 
statement  of  particular  sums  ;  as,  the  (uc«urU  stands 
Urns  ;  let  him  exhibit  his  account. 

3.  A  computation  or  mode  of  reckoning;  applied 
to  other  things  than  money  or  trade;  as,  the  Julian 
account  of  time. 

4.  Narrative  ;  relation  ;  statement  offsets;  recital 
of  particular  transactions  and  event.*,  verbal  or 
Y\Titten  ;  as,  an  account  of  the  revolution  in  France. 
Hence, 

5.  An  assi^roent  of  reasons ;  explanation  by  a 
recital  of  particular  transactions,  given  by  a  person 
in  an  employment,  or  to  a  superior,  often  implying 
responsibility ;  answering  fur  conduct. 

CnT«  tn  aecoum  of  thy  tirwnrUiiip.  —  Luk«  xrL 

Without  responslbiUty  or  obligation. 

He  gireth  notoeroun/  of  h»  muien.  —  Job  xxxili. 

6.  Reason  or  consideration,  as  a  motive  ;  as,  on 
all  aceovtUn,  on  every  account. 

7.  Value  ;  importance  ;  estimation  ;  that  is,  such 
B  vtate  of  persons  or  things  as  renders  them  worthy 
of  more  or  lea*  estimation ;  as,  men  of  account. 

VTlM  It  tlw?  Ht)   of  mui,  Ut.it  Uu>u  nukeat  aceoant  of  him  I 

—  l'«al.CxilT. 

8.  Profit ;  advantage ;  that  is,  a  result  or  pro^Iuc- 
I       tion  worthy  of  estimation.    To  find  our  aecoutU  in 

a  pursuit ;  to  turn  Ut  account.     Philip,  iv. 

9.  Regard  ;  behalf;  sake ;  a  aen%e  deduced  fVom 
charges  on  book. 

Put  ihal  to  my  aecourtt.  —  PliJlpm.  19. 
To  malie  account^  that    fs,  to    have    a    previous 
opinion  or  expecUition,  is  a  sense  now  ob^tk-ta. 

A  April  of  a/: county  in  law.  Is  a  writ  which  the 
plaintiff  brings  demandine  that  the  defendatit  should 
render  his  just  account,  or  show  good  cauite  to  the 
contrary  ;  called  also  an  atUoa  of  account.  Coterl. 
AeeoUNT',  V.  U  To  deem,  judge,  consider,  tliink, 
or  hold  in  opinion. 

I  »ml  roy  tun  Solomon  th&tl  be  <ut:ounttd  ofTi-ndTt.  —  I  King*  i. 
3.   To  account  of^  to  hold  in  esteem  ;  to  value. 

Silver  «nui  not  *ny  thing  accounted  of  in  Ibo  diiyi  of  Solomon, 

—  I  Kin^  X. 

3.  To  reckon,  or  compute  ;  as,  the  motion  of  the 
sun  whereby  years  are  accounted;  also,  to  assign  as 
«  debt;  OS,  a  project  accounted  to  his  service;  but 
these  uses  are  antiquated. 
AC-GOUNT',  V.  i.  To  render  an  account  or  relation 
of  particulars.  An  officer  must  account  kUA  ur  Co 
the  treftmier/or  money  received. 

9.  To  give  reasons ;  to  assign  the  causes  ;  to  ex- 
plain ;  with/ffr;  as,  idleness  accounts  for  poverty. 

3.  To  render  reasons  ;  to  answer  for  In  a  renpon- 
•ible  cnanicter  ;  aa,  we  must  accoutufvr  all  the  tal- 
ents intnisted  to  us. 

AC-€Oi;\T-A-BIL'I-Tr,  «.     The   state  of  being 


ACC 

liable  to  answer  for  one*s  conduct ;  liability  to  give 
Rcriiunt,  and  to  receive  reward  or  punishment  for 
artions. 

Th«  awfiil  idea  of  accoartJabiltn/.  .  R.  Halt, 

9.  Liability  to  the  payment  of  money  or  of  dam- 
ages ;  resjw>nsibility  for  a  trust.  ' 

Ae-eoUNT'A-BLE,  a.  Liable  to  be  called  to  ac- 
count ;  answerable  to  a  superior;  as,  every  man  is 
accoantable.  to  God /ur  his  conduct 

2.   Subject  to  pay,  or  make  good,  in  case  of  loss. 
A  sheriff  IS  accountable,  as  bailiff  and  receiver  of  goods. 
Jiccountable  fur,   that   may   be  explained.      [JVot 
eIe<T<int.] 

A€^€OUXT'A-BLE-NE.SS,  n.  Liablencss  to  answer 
or  to  give  account;  the  state  of  beins  answerable, 
or  liable  to  the  pavment  of  money  or  damages. 

A€-eOUNT' A-BLV,  adv.    In  an  accountable  manner. 

AC-eoUNT'ANT,  n.  One  skilled  in  mercautiie  ac- 
counts ;  more  generally,  a  person  who  keeps  ac- 
counts ;  an  officer  in  a  public  office  who  has  charge 
of  the  accounts.  In  Great  Britain,  an  officer  in  the 
Court  of  CJiancery  who  receives  the  money  paid 
into  the  court,  and  deposits  it  in  tiie  Bank,  is  called 
ac-ountant'<reneTaL 

A€-ec)U\T'.\NT-SHlP,  x.  The  office  or  employ- 
ment of  an  accntmtnnt. 

Ae-eOUNT'-BQQK,  n,  A  book  in  which  accounts 
are  kiTtl.  Steiji. 

A€-€OUNT'ED,  pp.     Esteemed;  deemed  j    consid- 
ered ;  regarded  ;  valued. 
.Accounted  for;  explained. 

Ae-eoU.\T'L\G,  ppr.  Deeming;  esteeming;  reck- 
oning ;  rendering  an  account. 

Jiccoitnting  for  i  rendering  an  account ;  assigning 
the  reasons  ;  unfolding  the  causes. 

AC-COUNT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  reckoning  or  adjust- 
ing accounts. 

A€-efMJP'LE,  (ac-cup'pl,)  p.  t.  To  couple;  to  join 
or  link  together.     [See  Couple.] 

Ae-€OUP'LK-ME\*r,  (ac-cup'pl-menl,)  n.  A  coup- 
ling ;  a  ciuinccting  in  iKtirs ;  junction.     [LittU  used.) 

ACeOUR'AGE,  (ac-cur'agp,)  r.  t.  [See  Couragb.] 
To  enciiunge.     [JV«(  used.]  Spenser. 

AC-COl/RT'  r.  U  [Sk*  Court.]  To  entertain  with 
courtesy.     [jVW  ii.*«i.]  Spmser. 

A€-e(^(J'TEU,   ;  (ac-<oot'er,)  r.   f.      [Fr.   aceoutrer ; 

AC-COU'TRE,  \  contracted  from  accoustrvr,  fram 
Norm,  eosie^  a  cont,  coster,  a  ricii  clotii  or  vestment 
for  festivals.  [  thmk  ihi^  to  be  the  true  origin  of 
the  word,  rather  than  cmrlre,  couture,  couturier.] 

In  a  general  senile^  to  dress  ;  to  equip  ;  but  appro- 
priatehj,  to  amy  in  a  military  dress  ;  to  put  on,  or 
to  furnish  with  a  military  dress  and  arms  ;  to  equip 
the  body  for  milit!:r>'  service. 

A€-€OU'TER-f;D,  i  pp.  Dressed  inarms;  equipped. 

AC-eOU'TR/.D,      \  Bcattie. 

AC-CO U'TER-ING,  ppr.  Equipping  with  military 
hnbilim'-'nts. 

AC-COU'TER-MENTS,  /  a.  pi.      Dress;    equipage; 

Ae-€OU'TRI:>ME.\Tti,  \  furniture  for  the  body  ; 
appropTxatel^,  military  dress  and  anna  ;  equipage 
for  military  service. 

2.  In  comiHffn  u^ase^  an  old  or  unusual  dress. 
AC-COY',  r.  (.  [old  Fr.  aexoijtir.] 

To  render  quiet  or  ditfident ;  to  soothe  ;  to  caress. 
[OAy.j  Spenser. 

AC-CRED'IT,  V.  t,  [Fr.  aeerediterf  Sp.  aereditar ;  It, 
arcrfditare i  to  give  authority  or  reputation;  from 
\,.  ad  and  crcdoj  to  believe,  or  give  faith  to.  See 
CntniT.] 

To  give  credit,  authority,  or  reputation  ;  to  arcred. 
it  an  envny,  is  to  receive  him  in  his  public  character, 
and  give  him  credit  and  rank  accordingly. 

AC-CRKD-IT  A'TION,  n.  That  which  gives  tiUe  to 
credit.     [fMtJe  used.] 

AC-CRED^I T-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Allowed  ;  received  with 
reputation  ;  auUiorixed  in  a  public  character. 

Cbrist.  Obs. 

A€-€RED'IT-L\G,  ppr.  Giving  authority  or  repu- 
tation. 

A€-€RES'CENT,  a.    [3oe  AccnsTio.-f.]   Increasing. 

Shuckford. 

AC^CRK'TION,  n.  [Im  aecretto,  increase;  accres'co, 
to  increase,  literally,  to  grow  to;  ad  and  crtsco ; 
Kng.  accrue;  Vr.  accroitre^     See  Increase,  Accrue, 

GtLOW.] 

].  A  growing  to;  nn  inrrcawe  by  natural  growth  ; 
applied  u>  the  increa.se  of  organic  bodies  by  the  ac- 
cession of  pstrts.  Arbuthnot. 

S.  An  increase  by  an  accession  of  parts  exter- 
nally. Bacon. 

3.  In  the  eieil  law,  the  adhering  of  property  to 
something  else,  by  which  the  owner  of  one 
thing  becotnes  possessed  of  a  right  to  another ;  as, 
when  a  legacy  is  left  to  two  persons,  and  one  of 
them  dies  before  the  testator,  the  legacy  devolves  to 
the  survivor  by  right  of  accretion.  Encyc 

AC-CRIM-I-NA'TIU.V,  n.     Accusation. 
AC-CItF:'Tl  VE,  tt.     Increasing  by  growth  ;  growing; 

adiling    to    by    growtll;  as,  Uie  accrettce  motion  of 

plants. 
Ae-€ROACH',  r.  i.     [Fr.  aceroeher,  to  fix  on  a  hook ; 


ACC 

from  croc,  crochet,  a  book,  from  the  saoie  elements 
as  crook,  which  see.] 

1 .  To  hook,  or  draw  to,  as  with  a  hook  ;  hut  in 
this  sense  not  used. 

2.  To  encroach ;  to  draw  away  from  another. 
Hence,  in  old  laws,  to  assume  the  exercise  of  royai 
prerogatives.  Blackstone. 

The  noun  accroachment,  an  encroachment,  or  at- 
tempt to  exercise  royal  power,  is  rarely  or  never 
used.     [See  Encroach.] 

AC-CROE',  (ac-cru',)  v.  i.  [Fr.  aeeroitre,  accru,  to  in- 
crease ;  L.  accresco,  cresco  ;  Sp.  crecer  and  acrecer  f 
It.  crescere,  accrescerc  ;  Port,  crecer;  Arm.  crisqi.] 

Uteralbj,  to  atow  to ;  hence,  to  arise,  proceed  or 
come  ;  to  be  added,  as  incnsase,  profit,  or  damage  ; 
as,  a  profit  accrues  to  government  from  the  coinage 
of  cop[>er ;  a  loss  accrues  from  the  coinage  of  gold 
and  silver. 

.\€>-CRCE',  (ac-cru',)  n.  Something  that  accedes  to 
or  follows  the  property  of  another.     [06;*.] 

AC-CRO'ING,  ppr.  Growing  to  ;  arising;  coming; 
being  added. 

AC^CRC'MENT,  ji.  Addition  ;  increase.  [LittU 
u.^ed.]  Montagu. 

AC-CU-BA'TIO.V,  n.  [L.  accubatio,  a  reclining,  from 
ad  and  cubo,  to  lie  down.  See  Cube.]  A  lying  or 
reclining  on  a  couch,  as  the  ancients  at  their  meals. 
The  manner  was  to  recline  on  low  beds  or  couches, 
with  tlie  head  resting  on  a  pillow  or  on  the  etbow. 
Two  or  three  men  lay  on  one  bed,  the  feet  of  one 
extended  behind  the  back  of  another.  This  prac- 
tice was  not  permitted  among  soldiers,  children, 
and  servants ;  nor  was  it  known,  until  luxury  had 
corrupted  manners.  Encyc 

A€-eU.MB',  V.  i.  [h.aeeumbo;  ad  and  cubo.]  To 
recline,  as  at  table.     [JVvt  rued.] 

Ae-eU.\I'BEN-CY,  n.  State  of  being  accumbent  or 
reclining. 

AC-CUiM'BENT,  a.  [L.  aceumhtns,  accumbo,  from 
cubo.  See  .\ccubatioi(.1  Lieaning  or  reclining,  aa 
the  ancients  at  their  meals. 

In  botany,  when  one  part  of  an  organ  is  applied 
to  anotlier  by  its  edge,  it  is  said  to  be  uccumbeuu 

Brande. 

A€-CO'MU-LATE,  v.  U  [L.  aecumulo;  ad  and  nt- 
malo,  to  heap;  cumulus,  a  heap;  Sp.  ocumu^or;  It. 
accumuiart ;  Vx.  accuinuler,  contbter.] 

1.  To  heap  up ;  to  pile ;  to  amass ;  as,  to  accumu- 
late earth  or  stones. 

2.  To  collect  or  bring  together;  as,  to  accumulate 
causes  of  misery  ;  to  accumulate  weullii. 

AC-CC'MU  LA'J'E,  V.  i.     To  grow   tn  a  great  size, 

number,  or  quantity ;  to  increase  greatly  ;  as,  public 

evils  accumulate. 
A€-eO'MU-LATE,    a.      Collected  into    a  mass  or 

quantitv.  Bacon, 

AC-Ct)' VlU  LA -TED,  pp.  or  a.    Collected  into  a  heap 

or  great  quantitv. 
AG-CO'MU-LA-'l'lNG,  ppr.    Heaping  up  ;  amassing ; 

increasing  greatlv. 
Ae-eO-.VlU  LA''J'io\,  n.    The  act  of  accumulating  ; 

the    state  of   being    accumulated ;    an   amassing ; 

a  collecting  togetiier ;   as,  an  accumulation  of  earth 

or  of  evils. 

2.  In  law,  the  concurrence  of  several  titles  to  the 
same  thing,  or  of  several  circumstances  to  the  same 
prthjf.  Encyc. 

3.  In  uniTjernitics,  an  accumulation  of  dti^ecs,  is 
the  taking  of  several  together,  or  at  smaller  intervals 
than  usual,  or  than  is  allowed  by  the  rules.  Encyc 

AC-CC'MU-LA-TIVE,  a.  That  accumulates;  heap- 
ing up;  accumulating. 

AC-CO'-MU-LA-TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  an  accumulative 
manner ;  in  heaps. 

A€-eO'MU-LA-TOR,  n.  One  that  accumulates, 
gathers,  or  amasses. 

AC'CL'-HA-CY,  n.  [L.  accuratio,  from  aceurare,  to 
take  care  of;  ad  and  curare,  to  take  core;  cura^ 
care.     See  Care.] 

).  Exactness;  exact  conformity  to  tnith  ;  or  to  a 
rule  or  model ;  freedom  from  mistake  ;  nicety  ;  cor- 
rectness ;  precision  which  results  from  core.  The 
accurarii  of  ideas  or  opinions  is  conformity  to  truth. 
The  value  of  testimony  depends  on  its  accuracy ; 
copies  of  legal  instruments  should  be  token  with 
accuracy. 

2.  Closeness ;  tightness ;  as,  a  tube  scaled  with 
accuracy. 

AC'Cn-RATE,  a.  [L.  accuratus.]  In  exact  con- 
formity to  truth,  or  to  a  standard  or  rule,  or  to  a 
model ;  free  from  failure,  error,  or  defect ;  as,  an 
accurate  account ;  accurate  measure ;  an  accural* 
expression. 

a.  Determinate ;  precisely  fixed ;  as,  one  body 
may  not  have  a  very  accurate  influence  on  another. 

Bacon. 

3.  Close ;  perfectly  tight ;  aa,  an  accurate  sealing 
or  luting. 

AC'CU-RATE-LY,  adv.  E.'iactly ;  in  an  accurate 
manner;  with  precision;  wittiout  error  or  defect  j 
aa,  a  writing  accurately  copied. 

3.  Closely  ;  so  as  to  be  perfectly  tight :  as,  a  vial 
aeeurately  stoppt-d.  Comjitock. 


TONE,  B(^.L,  UNITE.  — AN"GBR.  VI"CI0U8.  — G  as  K ;  <^  as  J ;  8  aa  Z  j  CII  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ACK 


ACE 


ACH 


Ki)'t><L    tATE-NESS^     h.     Accuracy;     ejcuciness ; 

At;-t'l'RSE  ,  (ac-ciirs',)  p.  L  [jtc^  for  ad^  and  ntr**.] 
Tu  (Icvott;  tu  destnictiun  ;  to  imprecate  niisfry  or 
evil  ujKin.     [ThU  verb  is  raretp  lueiL     See  Curse.] 

AG-CL'RS'ED,  pp.  nr  «.  (part.  proiHiiinre<l  ar-^-iirsi' ^ 
mdj.  ai-curs'ea,    Dotwiiftl  lo  desinjction  or  miser>'.7 

'Vhe  citf  ih.\U  be  ocmrMd.  ~-  John  vU 

%  Separated  fVoni  the  faillifUl;  cast  out  of  the 
church  i  exconuuunicated. 

I  coiUd  wbh  in^racir  tuxttr»td  from  Cbrirt.  St.  PattL 

3.  Worthy  of  the  curse ;  detestable ;  Meerable. 

K>r«p  fioiD  ihe  luxttnad  ihiag.—J^Mb.  ^ 

Hence, 

4.  Wicked  :  maJipnant  in  the  eitreme. 
Aet'C'SA-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  accused  ;  charpea- 

bla  with  a  crime ;    bUmable ;  liable  to  ceniturtf ; 

f.illowed  bv  tif. 
AC-CC  SA.VT,  n.    One  who  acctiMS.  Mall. 

AO-t'C  SA'TIOX,  11-     The  act  of  charging  with  a 

crime  or  otfeose  ^  the  act  of  accusing  of  any  wrong 

or  inj'ij-lict'. 
•2.  The  charge  of  an  offense  or  crime ;  or  the 

d^'IaratioR  containing  the  charge. 

Thi-y  r-l  over  hii  bead  hk  aeeuMUiott.  —  Mau.  xxtII. 

Ae-€0'»A-TIVE,  a.  or  ».  A  term  given  to  a  case 
uf  nount,  in  grautmars,  on  which  the  action  t>f  n 
Tcrb  terminates  or  (aUs  j  called  in  English  grammar 
llie  objfdive  case. 

AC-CC  SA-TI\'E-LV,  adc.  In  an  accusative  mann-^r. 
-2.  In  rehtttun  to  the  accusative  case  in  ^rnuinar. 

AC-€0'SA-TO-RV,  a.  Accusing;  coataiuiug  an 
acoiKition  ;  a?,  an  aeeusaXtny  libel. 

AC'CCSE',  r.  L  [L.  accuio^  to  blame,  or  accuse  ; 
md  and  e«iu«r,  to  blame,  or  accuse ;  coum^  blame, 
suit,  or  process,  csiu«  ,*  Vr.  ucnuer  ;  Sp.  aewuir ;  Port. 
aceuMtr ;  IL  aecMMur ;  Arm.  arcH^i.  The  seiifie  ix,  to 
attack,  to  drive  against,  to  charge  or  to  fail  upi.in. 
fiee  CiutE.] 

1.  To  charge  with,  or  declare  tn  have  committed  a 
crim;?,  cither  by  pluint,  or  complaint,  inr<irmnlion,  in- 
dictnu^ni,  ur  impeachment  y  to  chnrg-^  with  an  otlense 
agaiu»t  the  laws,  judicially  or  by  a  ptiblic  proce^  ; 
as,  to  accuse  one  of  a  high  crime  or  misdemeanor. 

2.  To  charge  wilh  a  fault ;  to  blame. 

Their  thoo^hu  in  Uie  mnawhile  acauinf  or  elw  txcaiiag  ooe 
KnoUtft Ron.  ii. 

It  is  followed  by  ij^bcfore  the  subject  of  accttsa- 

tion  ;  the  use  ofjvr  alter  this  verb  it  illegitimnle. 
Ae-€CS'£0, 1^  or  «.    Charged  wilh  a  crime,  by  a 

legal  [iruceiss  ;  charged  with  a*  offense  ;  blamed. 
.AG-CCS'ER,  n.    One  who  accuses  or  blames ;    an 

officer  who  prcfera  an  accuhation  against  anothtr 

for  some  oiTeMse,  in  the  name  of  the  govern  in  t-ni, 

K'fore  a  tribunal  that  has  cognizance  of  ttie  utfense. 
.\e-eCS'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Charging  with  a  crime; 

blaniine. 
AC-CL'S'TOM,  V.  t.    [Fr.  accxnaumtr,  from  ad  and 

coutunte,  eoiL-itumf^  custom.     See  Custom.] 
To  make  familiar  by   use;   to  form  a  habit  by 

practice :  to  habituate  or  inure ;    as,  to  aeeiLdain 

onp*s  s»-irto  a  spare  diet. 
AC  CL'S'TOM,  F.  i.    To  be  wont,  or  habituated  to 

do  anv  thing.     ILUiU  used.] 
2.  To  cohabit.     [JVot  usmL]  Milton. 

AG-CL'S' TOM,  n.     Custom.     NVirf  «serf.]      Milton. 
A€^el'S'TOM-.\-BLE,  a.    Of  long  custom  i  habit- 
ual ;  customarv.     \JMt!e  used.] 
Ae-CCS'TOM-A-BU\',  adc.     According  to  custom 

or  habit.     [Little  u.*fd.] 
AC-CUS'TOM-ANCE.  «.    Custom ;  habitual  use  or 

practif  e.     [.Vat  ugrd.]  Boyle, 

Ae-€L':S'TO>l-A-Rl-LV,a(fr.   According  to  custom  or 

common  practice.   !  See  CrtToif  arilt.]   [UUie  used.] 
Ae-CCs*'TOM-A-RV,   a.     Usual;   customar>'.      [See 

CusTOMART.j     [UttUuscdJ] 
AG-CL's*'TOM-rD,    pp.      Being    familiar    by    use; 

babitiLited  ;  inured. 

5.  a.  L'su.!! ;  oAen  practiced  ;.  as,  in  their  eceus- 
tometi  manner. 

A€-eL'S'TOM-IXG,/pr.  Slaking  famBiar  by  prac- 
tice ;  inuring. 

ACE,  It.  \h.  as,  a  unit  or  pound ;  Fr.  as:  It.  »sso; 
D.  atLt :  C.  ass  :  ?p.  as.] 

1.  A  unit;  a  single  point  on  a  card  or  die  ;  or  the 
card  or  die  so  marked. 

2.  A  very  small  (]nanlity  ;  a  particle ;  an  atom  ; 
a  triile  ;  as,  a  creditor  will  not  abate  an  ace  of  his 
demand. 

A-CEL'DA-MA,  n.  [Ch.  Vpn,  a  field,  and  KTJi,  Ch. 
Syr.  and  Sam.,  Wood.] 

A  field  said  to  have  lain  south  of  Jerusalem,  the 
same  a-s  the  potttr's  fiL-td,  purchased  with  the 
bribe  which  Juda^s  took  for  brtraying  his  master, 
and  therefore  called  the  field  of  blood.  It  was  ap- 
propriated to  the  interment  of  strangers. 
A-CEPH'A-L.AX,  n.  j  [Gr.  o«0aAo-.]  Terms  ap- 
A-CEPH'A-LA,  n.  pi.  \  plied  to  a  cla-ss  of  mothis- 
cous  animals,  comprehending  those  which  have  no 
bead,  as  the  oyster  and  muscle.  B^U 


A'i'EPWALt,  n  j>l.  (Gr.  a  and  Ktii»a>.<n.'\  A  sect  of 
levelers  who  acknowledged  no  chief  or  head. 

A-CEPH'A-LIST,  n.  One  who  acknowledges  no 
head  or  superior. 

A-CEPH'A-t.OUd,  a.  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  At^aA^,  a 
head.] 

1.  Without  a  head,  headless.  In  kivUrry^  the 
term  Aeephuii  wiis  given  to  several  sects  who 
rt;fused  to  follow  some  noted  leader,  and  to  such 
bishops  as  were  exempt  from  the  Jurisdiction  and 
discipline  of  their  patriarch.  It  was  also  civen  to 
certain  levelers  who  acknowledged  nit  head  in  the 
reien  of  llunry  I.  It  was  also  applied  to  the 
Blemmyes,  a  prewndtd  nation  of  Africa,  and  to 
other  tribes  in  the  East,  wtiMtn  ancient  naturalists 
ri'presenled  as  having  no  head  ;  their  eyes  and 
mouth  being  placed  in  other  parts.  .Modern  dis- 
coveries have  dis>«tpated  these  lictions.  In  En^li^h 
/arx,  men  who  held  lands  of  no  (farticular  lord, 
and  clerg>'nieu  wlm  were  under  no  bishop. 

LL.  lien.  I.  CoweL 
3.  In   frrtMny,    spplied   to    ovaries,   the   style   of 
which  springs  from  their  base,  instead  of  their 
npex.  Brandr. 

'.<.  In  anatomy,  applied  to  a  fetus  havinc  no  henil. 

A-CEPH'.A-LUS,  M.  ^uobsoIt-tcnamLvof  theheniaor 
tapi'-wonn,  which  w:i3  ftirmerly  supposed  to  have 
no  liead  ;  an  error  now  expbMled.  'I'hn  ItTui  is  al:»o 
used  to  express  a  verse  def<etive  in  the  beginning. 

ACE'-POINT,  n.  The  side  uf  a  card  or  die  that  has 
but  one  5pot. 

ACE-RAN,  n,      )     [Gr.  a  priv.  and  iccotK,  horn.] 

AC'E-KA,  a.  p/.  \  Terms  applied  to  a  family  of 

apterous  insects,  without  antennie  ;  anit  to  a  family 
of  gastropod  molluscous  animals,  witliout  t^-ntacles. 

.\-CERB',  4.  [L.  acrrbus;  G.  herbe^  harsh,  sour,  tart, 
bitter,  rough,  whence  herb,ft,  autumn,  herbstzeU^ 
harvest  time  ;  D.  /ufrfst,  harvest.     See  Harvest  ] 

Sour,  bitter,  and  harsh  to  the  taste ;  sour,  with 
a^ringency  or  roughness;  a  quality  of  unripe 
fniits.  Quincfj. 

.^-CERB'ATE,  r.  L  To  make  sour,  bitter,  or  harsh 
to  the  taste. 

A-CERB'A-TING,ppr.     Making  sour. 

A-CERB'I-TY,  R.  A  sournetfc)  with  bitterness  and 
aslringency. 

a.  Harshness,  bitterness,  or  severity  ;  applied  to 
persons  or  things ;  as,  acerbUg  of  temper,  acerbity 
of  pain.  Barrow. 

A-*.'ER'fe,  a.  [h.  acfr^  a  maple-tree.]  Pertaining  to 
the  maple  ^  obtained  from  the  maple  ;  as,  accric  acid. 

Ure. 

A-CER'I-DKa,  B.  pL  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  <tijoo{,  wa.T.] 
Phisters  made  without  wax.  Parr 

.\C"i-iK-^SE,  t  a.     [L.    acerosus^   chaffy,    from    acvs^ 

AC'Kll-OL'r«,  \  chaiTjOr  a  point.]  in  6ota«ff,  chalfy  ; 
retiembtiug  chaA'. 

a.  An  acertMJS  or  aceniso  leaf  is  one  which  is 
linear  and  permanent,  in  form  of  a  needle,  as  in 
pine.  Martt/n, 

AA^EU'R.1,  n.  [L.]  In  Rf)man  antiquity^  a  vessel 
in  which  incense  was  burnt;  a  censer. 

Adam's  AnU 

A-CERV'AL,  o.    Pertaining  to  a  heap. 

A-CERV'ATB,  r.  L     To  heap  up. 

A-CERV'ATE,  a.  In  natural  kistxtnj,  heaped,  or 
growing  in  heaps,  or  in  closelv  comjwirted  clusters. 

A-CERV'OSE,  a.     Full-bf  heap's.     [Obs.] 

.\-CES'CE.\CE,    (  n.      [L.    acesceas,    turning    sour, 

A-CES'CE\-CY,  )  from  acf*co.  See  Acid.]  A 
turning  sour  by  spontaneous  decomi>osition,  and 
hence  a  being  moderately  sour  ;  a  tendency  to  turn 
sour. 

A-CES'CEXT,  a.  Turning  sour;  readily  becoming 
tart  or  acid  by  spontaneous  decomposition.  Hence, 
slighUy  "sour  :  but  the  latu<r  sense  is  usually  ex- 
pressed by  acidulous  or  sub-acid.  JVi£A<>/^on. 

.\-CES'TIS,  n.  [Gr]  A  factitious  sort  of  chryso- 
colla,  made  cmT  Cyprian  verdigriii,  urine,  and  niter. 

Cyc. 

A-CE-TAB'i;-IX^M,  tu  [L.  from  aeetum,  vinegar. 
See  Acid.]  Among  the  Romatut^  a  vinegar  cnise 
or  like  vessel,  and  a  raea.sure  of  about  one  eighth 
of  a  pint. 

1.  In  anatomy^  the  canity  of  a  bone  for  receiving 
the  protul>emnt  end  of  another  bone,  and  therefore 
fcHming  the  articulation  called  enarOirosis.  It  is 
used  especially  for  the  cavity  of  the  os  innomina- 
(am,  which  receives  the  head  of  the  thigh  bone. 

2.  A  glandular  substance  found  in  the  placenta 
of  some  animals. 

3.  In  botany^  the  trivial  name  of  a  species  of 
Peziza,  the  cup  peziza ;  so  called  from  its  resem- 
blance to  a  cup. 

4.  It  is  sometimes  used  in  the  sense  of  cotyledon. 

5.  A  species  of  lichen.  Cyc. 
r>.  In  cntomole jry-,  the  socket  on  the  tnink,  in 

which  the  leg  is  inserter!.  Brands. 

7.  A  sucker  of  the  Sepia  or  cuttle-fish,  and  of 
other  similar  molluscous  animus.  Brande. 

AC-E-Ta'RI-OUS,  a.  Used  in  salads;  as,  acrtariotM 
plants.  Brande. 


ACIi-TA-RY,  n.  [See  Ariu.l  An  acid  pul|.y  sub- 
stance in  certain  fruits,  as  tlie  (H-ar,  inclused  in  a 
roni;eries  of  small  calculous  bodies,  toward  the 
base  of  the  fniit.  (irno. 

AC'E-TATE,  n.  A  salt  formed  by  the  union  of 
acetic  acid  wilh  any  salifiable  b:iHe. 

AC'E-TA-TED,  o.    Combined  wilh  acetic  acid. 

A-CS'TIC,  a.  Kelatiug  to  acetic  acid ;  as,  aceUc 
ether.  Ure, 

A-Cr.'TIC  ACID,  n.  An  acid  composed  of  carbon, 
hydrogen,  and  oxygen,  always  in  the  same  uni- 
form and  definite  proportions.  It  exists  in  vinegar 
in_a  dilute  and  impure  state. 

A-Cic-Tl-FI-CA'TlON,  n.  The  act  of  making  ace- 
tous or  sour  ;  or  the  operation  of  making  vinejrar. 

Cue. 

A-CET'I-FV.  V.  L    To  convert  into  acid  or  vinegar. 

Aikin. 

A-CST'l-F?,  p.  i.   To  turn  acid.  Encyc.  Donu  Eton. 

.■\C-E-TIM'E-TERj  n.  [L.  aceium,  vinegar,  and 
fxiTfii'Vy  measure.] 

An  Instrument  for  ascertaining  the  strength  of 
vinegar.  Ure. 

AC-E-TIME-TRY,  n.  The  act  or  method  of  ascer- 
taining the  strength  of  vinegar,  or  the  projwrtion 
of  acetic  acid  contained  in  it.  Ure, 

ACE-TOXE,  n.  A  new  chemical  name  for  the 
pyro-acetic  spirit,  Ure. 

A-CF,'TOt'S,  i  a.     1.  Soiir;  acid  ;  as,  acetous  spirit. 

AC-E-TaSE',  \  Boyle. 

9.  Causing  acetification  ;  as,  acetous  fermentation. 

A-Cr.'TOL'S  ACID,  ».  A  tenn  formerly  applied  to 
impure  and  dilute  acetic  acid,  under  the  notion  that 
it  was  composed  of  carbon  and  hydnigen  in  the 
same  projiortions  as  in  acetic  acid,  but  with  less 
oxygen.  It  is  now  known  that  no  such  acid  exists, 
sojhat  this  term  is  not  now  in  use. 

.\-Ck'TUM,  n.  [L.  See  Acid.]  Vinegar ;  a  sour 
liquor,  obtained  from  vegetables  dissolved  in  boiling 
water,  and  from  fermented  and  spirituous  liquors, 
by  exposing  them  to  heat  and  air.  This  process  is 
called  the  acid  or  acetous  fermentation. 

ACHE,  (ake,)  r.  i.    [Sax.  ac^,  ece;  Gr.  (i\c'.>,to  ache  or 
b-j  in  [Klin  ;  'i\('f,  pain.    Tlie  primary  sense  is,  to  be 
pressed.     Perliaps  the  Oriental  p^i?,  to  press.] 
Jike  would  be  a  better  spelling  of  this  word. 

1.  To  sulfer  pain  ;  to  have  or  be  in  pain,  or  in 
continued  pain  ;  as,  the  head  ar.hes. 

2.  To  suffer  grief,  or  extreme  grief;  to  be  dis- 
tressed ;  as,  the  heart  aches. 

ACHE,  (ake,)  n.  Pain,  or  continued  pain,  in  opposi- 
tion to  sudden  twinges,  or  spa><inodir  pain.  It  de- 
notes a  more  moderate  degree  of  pain  than  pi»^, 
antruish^  and  torture, 

A-CIlE'AX,  a.  Pertaining  to  Arhaia  in  Greece,  and 
to  a  celebrated  league  or  ctinfi'derary  established 
there.  This  state  lay  on  iJic  Gulf  of  Corinth,  witii- 
in  Peloponnesus. 

A-€HK'.\I-UM,  n.  [Gr.  axni',  poor.]  In  hotamj,  a 
small  bony  fruit,  consisting  of  a  single  .seed,  which 
neither  adheres  to  the  pericarp  nor  opens  when  ripe. 

A-CHER.\'AR,  n.  A  sUirof  the  first  magnitude  in  the 
southern  extremity  of  the  constellation  Eridanus. 

ACH'E-RO.\,  n.  [Gr.  (iy"5,  pain,  and  p-io^,ti  river 
or  stream.]  A  fabled  river  of  hell  or  the  lower  re- 
gions, Ancient  Poets. 

ACH'ER-SET,  n.  An  ancient  measure  of  corn,  sup- 
posed to  be  about  eight  bushels.  Encyc 

A-CHIkVA-BLB,  o.  [See  Achieve.]  Tiiat  may 
be  performed  Barrow. 

A-CHIkV'ANCE,  n.     Performance.  Elyot 

A-CHIkVE',  v.  L  [Fr.  achever,  to  finish;  Arm. 
acchui;  old  Fr.  cVrrr,  to  come  to  the  end,  from  Fr, 
chef,  the  head  or  end ;  old  Eng.  ckeve ;  Sp.  and 
Port,  acabar,  from  cabo,  end,  cape.    See  Chief.] 

1.  To  perform,  or  execute;  to  accomplish;  to 
finish,  or  carry  on  to  a  final  close.  It  is  appropri- 
ately used  for  the  effect  of  efforts  made  by  the 
hand  or  bodily  exertion  ;  as,  deeds  achieved  by  valor. 

2.  To  gain  or  obtain,  as  the  re.Hult  of  exertion. 


Show  Kli  the  spoils  bj  v.-ilirviit  kin^  achuved. 


Prior. 


A-ClU^VEOj  pp.  Performed;  obtained;  acrora- 
plished. 

A-CHIEVE'MEXT,  n.  The  pcrfonnance  of  an 
action. 

'2.  A    great   or  heroic   deed ;    something    accom- 
I)lished  by  valor,  or  boldnes?. 
3.  An  obtaining  by  exertion. 

-1.  An  escutcheon   nr   ensicns  armorial,   granted 
for  the  performance  of  a  great  or  honorable  action. 

Encyc. 

A-CHIEV'ER,  V.  One  who  accomplishes  a  purpose, 
or  obtains  an  object  bv  his  exertions. 

A-CHIeV'ING,  ppr.  "performing;  executing;  gain- 
ins. 

AeH'I\G,ppr.  or  a.  [Bee  Ache.]  Being  in  pain; 
suff-ring  distress. 

ACH'ING,  ff.     Pain  ;  continued  pain  or  distress. 

A'CHI-OTE,  n.  The  anotta,  a  tree,  and  a  dnig 
used  for  dyeiag  red.  The  bark  of  the  tree  makes 
good  conlage,  and  the  wood  is  used  to  excite  fire 
by  friction,     [See  Anotta.]  Claviitero. 


FATE,  F\R,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRgY.  — PI-VE,  MARIN'E,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.  - 

^^  ti  "—  ""^ 


ACI 

A€in-IirTE,  'I.     A  sviioiivm  uf  Diuptasb. 

A-€IILAM-VD'E  OU?*,  a. '[  .  neg.  and  Gr.  xXajivi,  a 
giirmenu]  In  botamjy  iiuked,  having  uu  Huml  en- 
velope. Li/tiiley, 

A'CIIOR,  n.     [Gr.  ayf-ip,  sordes  capitis.] 

1.  The  scald  head,  a  disease  fonning  scaly  erup- 
tions, suppu^ed  tu  be  a  cntica!  evacuation  of  acri- 
munioos  humors  ;  a  species  of  herpes. 

Hooper.     Quincy. 

2.  In  myUtolo^t  the  god  of  tiies,  said  to  have 
been  war<hipt*d  by  the  Cyreneans^  to  avoid  being 
vexed  bv  tluise  insects.  £/tcyc 

A€H-RO-.MAT'I€,  a.  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  xo«^Ma» 
color.] 

I>e»tiuite  of  color.  Adtromatie  telescopes  are 
formed  of  a  combination  of  lenses,  which  neparate 
the  variously  colored  rays  of  liglit  to  equal  angles 
of  divergence,  at  difftrent  angles  of  refractitm  of 
the  mean  my.  In  this  case,  the  rays  being  made 
to  refract  toward  contrary  parts,  the  whole  r.iy  is 
caused  to  deviate  from  its  course,  wiilumt  being 
separated  into  colors^  and  the  optii'.il  aberration 
arising  from  the  various  colors  of  light,  is  pre- 
vented.   This  teleitcope  is  an  invention  of  Doltond. 

J^'ickolsotu 

A€H-RO-MA-TIC'I-TY,  tu  The  sUte  of  being 
achromatic 

AeH-RO'MA-TISM,  n  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  xpuifia, 
color.] 

1.  1'he  destruction  of  the  primary  colors,  which 
accompany  tiie  linage  of  on  object  seen  thmugh  a 
prism  or  lens.  Brande. 

2,  The  stale  of  being  achromatic  j  as,  the  achro- 
matwm  of  a  iuns.  Cyc, 

A-CICr-L.E,  n,  pt.  [I*  acietda.]  The  opines  or 
prirkles  of  some  animals  and  plants.  Cyc. 

A-CIt/"l^-LAR,  a.  [L.  acieula,  Priscian,  a  needle, 
from  Gr.  turr?,  !<.  aciea^  a  point.     See  Acid.] 

In  the  sha}»e  uf  a  needle  j  having  sharp  points 
like  needles,  iCtrwan.    Martyn. 

An  aetcular  prism  is  when  the  crj-stals  are  slender 
and  siraighL  PtuUipn. 

A  i;ie'l;-LAU-LY,  o^r.  In  the  manner  of  needles, 
or  tackles. 

A-Cie'lJ-LATE,  o.  [L.  aeiculu,  a  needle.]  In  the 
fjrm  of  a  nt-edle;. 

A-Cie'U-Ll  FORM,  a.    Having  the  form  of  needles. 

ACID,  a.  [L.  acidus  i  Sax.  actd^  vinegar;  from  the 
root  of  aues,  edge ;  Gr.  otj;  ,•  W.  awe,  an  edge  or 
point.     See  Euge.] 

8our,  sharp  or  oiting  to  the  ta!>te ;  having  the 
ta<<te  of  vinegar  ;  as,  acul  fruits  or  liquors. 

ACID,  p.  In  common  lanjrtuige,  a  sour  substance. 
In  ciirntuttrif^  a  compoiind  capable  of  uniting  with 
balirt.'ible  bases,  and  thereby  forming  salts.  An  acid 
miy  b?  composed  eiiiier  of  a  simple  or  compound 
a'ldiiiable  base  unit^^d  with  one  or  more  acidifying 
principle*.  Those  acids  which  were  fir^^t  n-cog- 
ni/.<;d  were  sour  to  the  taste  (hence  the  name)  and 
capaMt:  of  reddening  blue  Tcgetabie  colors.  Many 
arid*  are  now  known  which  have  neither  of  ttiese 
properties.  An  acid  is  always  the  electro-negative 
inLT'iliPnl  of  a  salt. 

AC-IU-IF'ER-OUri,  a.  [acid  and  I^  ftro.]  Con- 
taining acids,  or  an  acid. 

^3fAd*fernii.i  minerals  are  such  as  consist  of  an 
earili  coniliined  with  an  acid,  as  carbonate  of  lime, 
uliiniinit<o,  &c.  PkiUipg. 

A-Ciai-FI  ABLE,  a,  [from  acidify.^ 

(,'apuble  nf  being  converted  into  an  acid,  by  union 
with  an  acidifymg  principle. 

A-CII>-I-FI  CA'TloN,  «.     The  art  or   process  of 
acidifying  or  changing  intit  an  acid. 

A-CIl>'I-FI'££>,  pp.  Made  acid ;  converted  into  an 
acid. 

A-CirVI-FI-ER,  ft.  A  "impl**  or  compound  principle, 
u  i  >  fur  acidity.    The  ele- 

iJi  '  are  oxygen,  chlorine. 

tji  -jlphur,   selenium,   and 

iiiipinnin,  c>aiins<-n  m.iv  be  named  as  an  exam- 
ple uf  a  coni[>ouNd  acidifying  principle,  and  prob- 
ably there  are  one  or  two  niorc  No  acid  is  known 
which  does  Rot  contain  one  of  (hesc  substances. 

A-CIO'I-F?,  r.  f,  [acirf  and  L./(m:*o.] 

'i"o  make  acid  ;  but  apinropriately,  to  convert  into 
an  acid,  rh'.'mically  so  called,  by  combmation  with 
any  substance. 

A-Cir>'I-F9-I\G,  pi»r.  or  a.  Making  acid;  convert- 
ing into  an  acid  \  having  power  to  change  into  an 
acid.  Oxygen  is  caJled  an  acuUfijing  principle  or 
element. 

AC-ID-IM'E-TER,  n.  {add  and  Gr.  h'tqqv^  meas- 
ure.] 

An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  strength  of 
■cids.  Ure» 

A-CIU'I-TY,  n.    [Fr.  aridiU,  from  (uid.] 

'I'he  quality  of  being  sour;  sourness;  tartness; 
sharpness  to  the  ta«t/:, 

AC'ID-.VE^H,  n.     The  quality  of  being  "our  :  acidity. 

A-CID'l^-L^,  R.  pf.  Medicinal  springs  impregnated 
with  rATlMinic  acid.  Parr 

A-CIIl'li-LATB,  p.  (.  [U  acixtulus,  Flightly  sour; 
Fr.  adduler,  to  make  slightly  sour.    See  Acid.] 


ACM 

To  tin^'e  with  an  acid ;  to  ludkt  acid  >n  a  mod- 
erate de"rc'e.  ^iritutAnoL 
A-CIU'U-La-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Tinged  with  an  acid  ; 

made  slightly  sour, 
A-CID'l^-LA-TING,  ppr.    Tinged  with  an  acid. 
AC'ID-l;LE,       t  n.     In  cherttistry^  a  Fait,  in  which 
A-CID'U-LL'M,  \     the  acid  is  in  excess;  as,  tartaric 

acidulum,  ox:Uic  acidulum. 
A-CID'U-LOL'S,  a.     [L.  acidulits.    See  Acid.] 

i^lightly  sour  ;  sub-acid  ;  as,  acidulous  sulphate. 
JiciduioiLs  mineral  waters,   are   such   as   contain 
carbonic  acid.  Brande. 

AC'I-FORM,  a.     [L.  aca*,  a  needle,  and /in-mcc,  form.] 

Sha)ied  like  a  needle. 
AC-I-NA'CEOUS,  a.    [U]    Full  of  kernels. 
AC-I-NAC'I-FORM,  a.     [L.  ncinaee^,  a  cimeler,  Gr. 
aifivuKtii,  and  L./orma,  form.] 
In  botantjy  formed  like,  or  resembling  a  cimeter. 

Martytu 
A-CI.\'I-FORM,  0.     [L.  acinus,  a  grape  stone,  and 
forma^  shape.] 

Having  clusters  like  the  stones  of  grapes ;  full  of 
small  kf  rnels.  The  uvea  or  post'-rior  lamina  of  the 
iris  111  the  eye,  is  called  the  arinifunn  tunic,  from  its 
color  resembling  that  of  an  unripe  grape.        Parr. 

AC'IX-OtiE,   >  rr-      „  T  ■  o        *  -1 

AC'I\'-OUS   t  ""     [From  L.  ocmiw.    See  Acimfobm.j 
Consisting  of  minute  granular  concretions ;  used 
in  mineralogy.  Ktrtoatu 

AC'IN-US,  «.     [L.] 

1.  In  botany^  one  of  the  small  grains  which  com- 
pose the  fruit  of  the  blackberry,  and  otlier  similar 
plants, 

'2.  In  anatomy,  this  term  is  applied  to  the  ultimate 
secerning  fultictes  of  glands,  or  the  granulations 
composing  the  structure  of  some  conglomerate 
glands,  as  the  liver. 
AC-I-PEN'SER,  TU  In  ichOiyolofry,  a  genus  of  fishes 
of  the  order  of  ChondroptVry(jii,  having  an  obtuse 
head  ;  the  mouth  under  tho  head,  retractile  and 
without  teeth.  To  this  genus  belong  tlie  sturgeon, 
slerlft,  huso,  &.C.  Cyc. 

A€-K\OVVL'EL>GE,  (ak-nol'cdgB,)    r.  (.     [ad    and 
knowledge.      See   Know.] 

1.  To  own,  avow,  or  admit  to  be  true,  by  a 
declaration  of  assent ;  as,  to  acknotclcdgt  tlie  being 
of  a  GikI. 
a.  To  own  or  notice  with  particular  regard. 

In  rU  thy  WAy»  adenoieltdge  Otxl.  —  Pru».  iii.     Im.  zxxiit, 

3.  To  own  or  confess,  as  implying  a  conscious- 
ness of  guilt. 

1  acknoifted^e  m.T  tmnarrvniooa,  and  my  iin  It  CTrr  bcfiire  »iae. 
—  P».  li.  and  xxmi. 

4.  To  own  with  assent;  to  admit  or  receive  with 
approbation. 

lie  lliat  neknoteledreth  tb«  Son  hath  the  FnUipr  abo. — 1  Joha  ii. 
'i  Tiin.  ii. 

5.  To  own  with  gnititude  ;  to  own  as  a  benefit ; 
as,  to  ackiimeled^r.  a  favor,  or  the  receipt  of  a  gift. 

Thry  hi»  ^fw  acknou-led gtd  not.  Milton, 

G.  To  own  or  admit  to  belong  to;  as,  to  acknowl- 
ed^e  a  son. 

7.  To  receive  with  respect. 

Ail  Uvtt  v^  tlu-m  ihiiU  ackuoioltdgi  thnt  'h'-y  «rp  Mtti  tord  whidi 
llir  Lodl  h«Ui  HcMriil.  —  l«;i.  »i.     1  Cur.  xvi, 

8.  To  own,  avow,  or  assent  to  an  act  in  a  legal 
form,  to  give  it  validity  ;  us,  to  acknoieUdge  a  deed 
bff<ire  CiHnpeient  authority. 

AC-K.\O\VL'Ei>0-£I*,/';'.  or  a.  Owned  ;  confessed  ; 
notic^Ml  with  rogiud  or  gratitude  ;  received  with  ap- 
pntbation  ;  owned  br-fore  authority. 
A€>-K.\»>VVL'EI>G-LNG,  ppr.  Owning  ;  confessing  ; 
approving  ;  gniteful :  but  the  latter  sense  is  a  Galli- 
cirtoi,  lint  to  lie  used. 
AC-KNOVVL'EDG-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  owning  ; 
confession  ;  sis,  liie  ofJinoielrdtrment  of  a  fault. 

y.  The  owning,  with  approbation,  or  in  the  true 
character  ;  as,  the  acknowledgment  of  a  God,  or  of  a 
public  miuiHter. 

'd.  Concession  ;  admission  of  the  truth  ;  as,  of  a 
fact,  {Mtsition,  or  princitilo. 

4.  The  owning  of  a  benefit  received,  accompanied 
with  gratitude;  and  hence'it  combiuL's  the  idea  of 
nil  frprtitsvtn  of  thanks.  Hencc,  it  is  used  also  for 
something  given  or  done  in  return  for  a  favor. 

Ti.  A  duchration  or  avowal  of  one's  own  act,  to 
give  it  It'cal   validity  ;  as,  the  aeUnouileUgment  of 
deed  liefc»re  a  proper  officer. 

jJckiu'trlrd^rncnl^miinnjy  ill  some  parts  of  England, 
in  a  sum  paid  by  ti'naiits,  on  tin;  death  of  their  land 
lonls,  as  an  acknowU-dgment  of  their  new  lords. 

Etuyc, 
Ae'MB,(ak'my,)  n.    [Gr,  a^ftn-] 

Th<;  top  or  highest  iK>int;the  height  or  crisis  of 
any  thing.  It  is  uted  to  denote  the  maturity  or 
perfection  of  an  animal.  Among  physicians,  the 
crisis  of  a  disease,  or  ilh  utmost  violence.  Old  med- 
ical writers  divided  the  progress  of  a  disease  into 
four  periods  ;  the  ar«A<,  or  beginning,  the  anabaxvr^ 
or  increase,  the  aem«,  or  utmost  violence,  and  the 
partictnr.  or  df^cline. 
A€'.Mri'E,  n.  [Gr.  u*(iiT,  a  p^  <nt.]    A  mineral  of  the 


AGO 

augite  family,  occurring  in  long,  i»ointed  crj'.stals,  of 
a  dark  brownish  color,  and  a  bright  and  somewhat 
resinous  luster. 
A€'NE,(ak'ny,)n.     [Gr.] 

A  small,  hard  pimple  or  tubercle  on  the  face. 

(luincy. 
A-€OLD',  adv.  Cold ;  very  cold ;  aa,  Tom*s  a-cold, 

[pbs.]  SAak. 

A-eOL'O-GY,  71.    [Gr  oKOi  and  Xoyo^.] 

The  doctrine  of  remedies,  or  the  materia  medica. 
A-eOL'0-THIST,  (       r^,         ^      a       1 
A€'0-LYTH,  i  "•  l^^-  "««>oi'-«w.l 

In  the  ancient  churchy  one  of  the  subordinate  offi- 
cers, who  lighted  the  lamps,  brought  forward  the 
elements  of  the  sacmments,  attended  the  bishops, 
&.C.  An  officer  of  tlie  like  cliamcler  is  still  em- 
ployed in  the  Roman  Catholic  church.  Encyc 
Ae'ON-ITE,  71.    [ L.  aconitam  f  Gr.  tuoviroi-.] 

The  herb  wolf's-bane,  or  monk's-hood,  a  poison- 
ous pl.int ;  and  in  poetrj',  used  for  poison  in  general. 
A-CON'I-TI.\,  n.     A  (Kiisonous  vegetable  principle  oi 

alkaloid,  extracted  from  the  aconite.  Brande. 

A-CON'TI-AS,  n.  [Gr.  uKOvrias  ;  axoiriyv,  a  dart, 
fruin  a\u}i'.] 

1.  A  species  of  serpent,  called  dartsnaJie,  or 
jaculuin,  from  its  manner  of  darting  on  itn  prey. 
This  serpent  is  about  three  feet  in  length  ;  of  a  liglit 
gray  Color,  with  black  spots  resembling  eyes ;  the 
belly  perfectly  white.  It  is  a  native  of  Africa  and 
tlie  Mediterranean  isles  ;  is  the  swiftest  of  its  kind, 
and  coils  itself  upon  a  tree,  from  which  it  darts 
upon  its  prey. 

2.  A  cunii^t  or  meteor  resembling  the  serpent. 
A-COP',  adv.  [a  and  cope,] 

At  the  top.     [065.]  Jonson. 

A'€ORN,  Ti.  [Sa-x.  (Ecem,  from  a:c  or  acj  oak,  and 
com,  a  grain.] 

1.  The  seed  or  fruit  of  the  oak ;  an  oval  nut 
which  grows  in  a  rough  permanent  cup. 

Tbr   &ni  arU\en  of  Boston  were  nsliiwd   to  thr  D«cf  uity  of 
fading  on  clatn*,  iiitucln,  gruund-aute,  uid  acornt. 

B.  Trumbult. 

9.  Tn  marine  language,  a  small  ornamental  piece 
of  Wood,  of  a  conical  shape,  fixed  on  the  point  of 
the  spindle  above  the  vane,  on  the  mast  head,  to 
keep  the  vane  from  being  blown  off.      JMar.  Diet. 

X  In  vatural  histimj,  the  Lopas,  a  genus  of  shells 
of  several  sppcies,  found  on  the  British  coast.  The 
shell  is  multivalvular,  unequal,  and  fixed  by  a  stem  ; 
the  valves  are  parallel  and  perpendicular,  but  they 
do  not  open,  so  that  the  animal  performs  its  func- 
tions by  an  aperture  on  the  top.  These  shells  are 
always  fixed  to  some  solid  body, 

X'COR.V  ED,  a.  Furnished  or  loaded  with  acorns ; 
fed  with  acorns.  Hhak, 

Ae'OR-US,  n.     [L.,  from  Gr.  OKOfiov.^ 

1.  Sweet  flag,  or  sweet  rush. 

2.  In  natural  historijj  blue  coral,  which  grows  in 
the  form  of  a  tree,  on  a  rocky  bottom,  in  some  parts 
of  the  African  seas.  It  is  brougiit  from  the  Cama- 
roncs  and  Renin.  £iic^c. 

3.  In  medicine^  this  name  is  sometimes  given  to 
the  great  galungal.  Encyc. 

A-€OS'MI-A,  n.  [Gr.  a  priv,  and  «c'i(r//os,  order, 
beauty.]  Irregularity  in  disease,  particularly  in 
crises ;  also,  ill  health,  with  loss  of  color  in  the 
face.  Parr.     Blancard. 

A-CO-TYL-E'DON,  «.  [Gr.  a  priv,  and  KoTvXniiov, 
from  K'tTi'Xri,  a  hollow.] 

In  botany,  a  plant  in  which  the  seed-lobes,  or 
cotyledons,  are  not  present,  or  are  iiidistincL  Part- 
ington. The  acotyledons  lorin  a  grand  division  of 
tlu'  vegetable  kingdom,  including  the  ferns,  lichens, 
&c.,  and  cnrresiH>nd  to  the  Crvptvgamia  of  Linnsus, 

A-€O-TYL-P.'UON-0US,  a,  llaving  either  no  seed- 
loties,  or  such  as  are  indistinct,  like  tlie  fenis,  lich- 
ens, SlC. 

A-€OUCll'Y,  V.  [Ft.  acmtchi.]  A  small  species  of 
cavy,  the  olive  cavy;  sometimes  called  the  Surinam 
rabbit. 

A-€OUS'TI€,  a.  [Gr.  aKovartK'Ji,  from  aifoirw,  to 
hear,] 

Pertaining  to  the  ears,  to  the  sense  of  hearing,  or 
to  the  doctrine  of  sounds. 

Acoustic  duct,  in  anatomy,  the  meatus  auditormi, 
or  external  passage  of  the  ear. 

Acoustic  vessels,  in  ancient  theaters,  were  brazen 
tubes  or  vessels,  shaped  like  a  bell,  used  to  propel 
the  voice  of  the  actors,  so  as  to  render  tlicin  audi- 
ble to  a  great  distance  ;  in  some  theaters  at  the  dis- 
tance of  4U0  feet.  Encyc. 

Acoustic  inulrument,  or  auricular  tube;  called  in 
popular  language  an  ear-trumprt.  Parr. 

Acoit.vt.icti,  or  Acotismatifs,  was  a  name  given  to 
such  of  the  disciples  of  I^ythngoros  as  had  not  com- 
pleted their  five  years'  probation. 

A-€(JUS'TI€.S,  n.  The  science  of  sounds,  teaching 
their  cause,  nature,  and  phenomena.  This  science 
is,  by  some  writers,  divided  into  diacou.Hics,  which 
explains  the  propt-rties  of  sounds  coming  directly 
from  the  sonorous  body  to  the  car  ;  and  caUtcounticn, 
wliich  treats  of  reflected  sounds.  Hut  the  distinc- 
tion is  considered  of  little  real  utility. 


TONE,  BULL,  TIXITB.  — AN"GEB,  VI"CIOUa  — e  o«K;  tinaJj  SasZ;   CHaa  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


2.  In  mrdiciHTy  Uiis  term  is  sometimes  usud  for 
reineUics  for  dcat'uew,  or  imperfect  hearing. 

Ae-aiTAINT',  V.  L  [Old  FY.  aceointrr^  lo  make 
known,  wbeace    acooinUiuej  acquainiance.     Uu. 

Per-  ^h>SA^3  kwJa,  knowing,  intelligent;  Ger. 
kunde,  knowing* ;  kund,  km»wn,  public  ;  D.  kond 
or  kumtU,  knowledge ;  9w,  taiwi,  known ;  Dan. 
kUntUj  lo  know,  to  be  acquaiiued  with.  These 
words  seem  to  have  for  their  primitive  root  the 
Goth,  and  8&x.  JtuniKiii,  lo  kn<iw,  tlie  root  of  cun- 
ning; Ger.  ktnnen:  D.  kunmrn^kM;  Eng.  «ii  and 
keiT;  which  see,]  , 

1.  To  make  known  ;  lo  make  fuUy  or  inUmalely 
known  ;  to  make  ftuniltvV. 

A  m-ui  of  •omiwt  *Dd  orjufli.u^tf  with  grv-T.  —  Im.  lia- 

2.  To  infonn ;  to  couraiunicale  notice  to;  as,  a 
friend  in  the  countr>'  ocyHauts  me  with  bi^  success. 
C^  before  tlie  object  — as  to  ac^taitU  a  n>an  iff  this 
design  —  lias  beeu  lued,  but  is  obsuiete  or  iin- 
proper. 

3.  To  acfuaiia  «■«*<  m^/*,  is  to  gain  an  intimate  ca 
paiticuUr  knowledge  oC 

Aof^iM  BO«  Ihyad/  wkta  Urn,  ttoA  tap  u  peur.  —  Job  xxU. 

A€-Ql.'AIXT'ANCE,  n.  Familiar  knowledge ;  a 
stale  of  tH-inj;  acquainted,  ur  of  having  intimate  or 
more  than  slight  or  superficial  knowledge;  a,*,  I 
know  the  man,  hut  have  no  aetpiaintancf  with  him. 
Sometimes  it  dcnoles  a  nuvre  slight  knowledge. 

a.  A  person  or  persons  well  known  ;  usualiy  per- 
sons we  have  been  accustomed  lo  see  and  converse 
with,  but  not  standing  on  the  more  intimate  relation 
o(  friendship. 

L^TCf  \ad  fricwl  ta-ut  tbou  pu  &r  froo  me,  ^nd  n^  acftiaiftf- 
anew  into  iU/tiM-».  —  P*.  Lxzxvui. 

Mt  ac^uouilBJie*  u«  cMnngM)  flora  me.  — Job  ilx. 

.4c^Harjt/((iir»,  in  the  plural,  is  used,  as  applietl  to 
individual  p-rsnns  known  ;   but  more    generally, 
acqmai>itanct  is  used  fur  one  or  more. 
A-rqvaijUattt^  in  like  sense,  is  not  used. 

AC-aUAi\T'.\>'CE-i5HIP,  a.  :?tate  of  being  ac- 
quainted. Chalmers, 

AC-Q,LX1XT'ED,  fp.  Knorvn  ;  familiarly  known  j 
informed  ;  hitvina  pei-sona!  knowlc^dge. 

AC-UrAINT'INf;',  ;j^r.  .Making  known  to;  giving 
notice  or  information  to. 

AC-UrEST',  ».     [L.  acquvnttut,  aetptiro,^ 

1.  Acquisition  ;  the  thing  gained.  Bacnn, 

2.  Conquest ;  a  place  acquired  by  force.    Bacon, 
Ae-CiL'l-E:^CE',  (ak-que-ess',}  r.  i.     [L.  aofuiejfco^  of 

ad  and  quiescoj  to  be  quiet ;  quiesj  rest  3  Fr.  acqui- 
escer.] 

1.  To  rest  satlsified,  or  apparenily  satisfied,  or  lo 
rest  withuut  oppt«ttion  and  discontent,  uitually  im- 

eying   previous  opposition,  uneasine^,  ur  dislike, 
It  ultimate  compliance,  or    submission ;   as,  to 
acquiesce  in  the  dispensations  of  Providence. 

2.  To  assent  to,  upon  conviction  ;  as,  to  ofquiesee 
in  an  opinion  ;  thai  is,  to  rest  satisfied  of  its  cor- 
rectness, or  propriety. 

jicquif^ced  in  ,■  in  a  passive  sense  complied  with  ; 
submitted  to,  without  opposition  ;  as,  a  measure  bos 
been  acquif.-'ced  i«. 

A€-ClL*I-ES't'E.\CE,  n.  A  quiet  assent;  a  silent 
submission,  or  submi.<sion  with  app:ircnt  content  ; 
distinguished  from  avowed  consent  on  the  one 
hand,  and  on  the  other,  from  oppoi^ition  or  open  dis- 
content;  as,  an  acquicscenee  in  the  decisions  of  a 
court,  or  in  the  allotments  of  Prr.vidence. 

A€-aL'I-ES'CE\T,  a.  Resting  satisfied  ;  easy  ;  sub- 
mitting-disposed  to  submit.  Jtthason, 

A€^QCl-ES'CI^'G,  ppr.  UuJetly  submitting  ;  resting 
contenr 

AC-unR-A-BIL'I-TV,  n.  Slate  of  being  acquira- 
ble, Paley, 

A€-QtTTR'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  acquired. 

A€-UL'IKE',  c  £.  [L.  acquiro,  ad  and  qiuero,  to  seek, 
that  is,  to  fallow,  to  press,  to  urge  :  aequiro  signifies 
to  pursue  to  the  end  or  object  j  Fr.  acquerirj  Sp. 

mdqwirir;   At.  \Ji    kara;    Heb.  "^pn  to   sedc,  to 

make  toward,  to  follow.  The  L.  quasici,  unless 
contracted,  is  probably  from  a  di^erent  rooL  See 
Class  Gr.  and  Gs.] 

To  gain,  by  any  means,  something  which  is  in  a 
degree  permanent,  or  which  becomes  vested  or 
inherent  in  the  possessor ;  as,  to  acquire  a  title, 
estate,  learning,  habits,  skill,  donunion,  k.c.  Plants 
acquire  a  green  coior  from  the  solar  rays.  A  mere 
temporary  possession  is  not  expressed  by  aajuire^ 
but  by  ^(UR,  ubtainy  procure ,'  as,  to  obutin  [not  ac- 
qmirt]  a  book  c>n  loan. 

Descent  k  Ok  tiUt  wheieb*  a  amn,  on  the  de&tb  W  In  mocestor, 
ac^putTM  bU  ouw,  by  ncU  of  RpnaeataiwA.  m  tiM  beir  «t 
Iaw.  Black*ton€. 

A€7-CIUIR'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Gained,  obtained,  or  re- 
ceived from  art,  labor,  or  other  means,  in  distinc- 
tion from  those  things  which  are  bestowed  by  nature. 


Thus  we  say,  abihtie.«,  natund  and  aafuirrd.  It 
implies  title,  or  s<ime  peniiiiMeiice  of  {Kwaession. 

ACMiUIRE'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  acquiring,  or  that 
which  is  ncqtiirtMl ;  attainment.  It  is  used  in  oppo- 
sition to  natural  gifXs ;  as,  eloquence,  and  skill  in 
music  and  painiinti,  are  aequtrrmtntji ;  genius,  the 
gift  of  nature,  it  denotes  esix^ially  prrsonal  attain- 
ments, in  opposition  lo  material  or  rrtemal  things 
gained,  which  are  more  usually  chilled  acquiiitions  ; 
but  thii  distinction  is  not  always  uhwr^''ea. 

AC-ULIK'ER,  «.    A  pers<in  who  acquires. 

Ae-Ul'TR'ING,  n.     Acquirciiunt. 

A&QUIR'I.N'G,  ppr.  Gaining,  by  labor  or  other 
nieanA,  somt  thing  that  has  a  degree  of  permanence 
in  tlie  pn^csessor. 

A€^QUT'RV,"m.  Ac^iuirement.    r.Vwt »««/.]    Bamnc. 

Ae'aCI$4TE,  u.     Gained.     [A«f  K^ri;.]       Burton. 

Ae-Cll'l-«l"TION,ii.  [I^  aeqtiisitio,  Intin  aequL-itus, 
acy— wri,  which  are  given  as  the  |>;irl.  and  prci.  of 
•cfairo*  but  qtuesivi  is  probably   from  a  difl'ereut 


root  i  W.  easime ;  Eth. 


rhUUUJ 


chtuaSf  ehus  i  Ax. 


1  tMh9  kasscj  to  seek.    Class  Gs.] 

1.  The  act  of  acquiring  ;  as,  a  man  takes  pleasure 
in  the  acquisition  of  properly,  as  well  us  in  the  pos- 
session. 

2.  The  thing  acquired,  or  gained  ;  na,  teaming  is 
tn  acquisition.  It  is  used  for  intellectual  attainments, 
a.1  well  as  for  external  things),  property  or  doniir.ion  j 
and  in  a  good  sense,  denoting  something  estirnable. 

.\€-UUI»'l-TlVK,  a.  That  is  acquired  ;  at4mired  ; 
[but  uiipropfr.)  fVotton. 

AC^aUI*'I-'l'£vE-LY,  adv.  Noting  acquirement. 
A  word  is  said  to  be  used  acquiiiticflyy  when  it  is 
used  with  M  or /i)r  following.        LUiy^a  Orammar. 

AC-QUIS'I-TIVE-NESS,  r.  Desire  of  possession; 
prQpensity  to  acquire. 

A€-aCIST',«.  See  AcQUK»T.    [Xotuted.]    Mdton. 

ACJ-UUIT',  r.  L  [Fr.  acquiiXfr;  \V.  gadu.  gadavs ;  L. 
cedo  ;  Arm.  kitat,  or  qu^taat^  to  leave,  or  forsake  ;  Fr. 
quitter,  to  forsake  ;  Sp.  quitar  i  Port,  quitar ;  It.  quitare, 
to  remit,  forgive,  remove  ;  D.  kvvtnn  Ger.  qtuttircH.] 
To  set  free  ;  to  release  or  discharge  irum  an  obli- 
gation, accusation,  guilt,  censure,  suspicion,  or 
whatever  lies  upon  a  person  Jis  a  charge  or  duty  ; 
as,  the  jur>'  aequiUtd  the  prisoner ;  we  acquit  a  man 
of  evU  intentions.  It  is  followed  by  of  before  the 
object;  to  acquit  from  is  obsolete.  In  a  reciprocsd 
sense  as,  Ihe  soldier  acquitted  kimnelf  well  in  battle, 
the  word  has  a  like  sense,  implying  the  discharge 
of  a  duty  or  obligation.  Hence  Us  use  in  express- 
ing crcelUncs  in  pcrftrmance  i  as,  tlie  itratur  acquitted 
htmsflf  well,  that  is,  in  a  manner  that  his  situation, 
and  public  evf^eciatiun,  demanded. 

A€  ULIT'MEXT,  n.  The  act  of  acquitting,  or  state 
of  t>eing  acquitted.  Houiiu 

r  T'.iJ--'  icord  is  superseded  by  Acn^uittau] 

.^e-Ut'IT'TAL,  n.  A  judicial  setting  free,  or  deliv- 
erance from  the  charge  of  an  olfense,  as  by  verdict 
of  a  jury,  or  sentence  of  a  court ;  as,  the  acquittal 
of  a  principal  operates  as  an  acquittal  of  the  acces- 
si^nes. 

AG-ULJIT'TAXCE,  «.  A  discharge  or  release  from 
a  debt. 

a.  The  writing,  which  is  evidence  of  a  discharge; 
a  receipt  in  full,  wliich  bars  a  further  demand. 

Ae-UUIT'TA\CE,  u.  £.   To  acquit.    [Obs.]     Shak. 

AC-UUIT'TED,  pp.  Set  free,  or  judicially  dis- 
charged from  an  accusation  ;  released  from  a  debt, 
dutv,  obligation,  charge,  or  suspicion  of  guilU 

.\€-Ut'IT'TING,  ppr.  Setting  free  from  accusation  ; 
releasing  liom  a  charge,  obligation,  or  suspicion  of 
guilt. 

.\-eRASE',  \v.  L     To  make  crazy  ;    to  infatuate. 

.VCRAZE',  i      [See  Cbaiv.] 

2.  To  impair;  to  destroy.    [JVbt  m  use.\ 

A€'R.\-SV,  n.  [Gf.  UKpaTta^  from  a  priv.  and  Kpaoii, 
ctin»titution  or  temperament.] 

1.  In  medicM  authors,  an  excess  or  predominancy 
of  one  quality  above  another,  in  mijiture,  or  in  the 
human  constitution.  '  Bailey. 

2.  Excess ;  irregularity 

A'€RE,  (a'ker,)  71.  [Sax.  acer,  aen-a,  or  teeer;  Ger. 
acker;  D.  akker  ;  Sw.  aclcer;  Dan.  agcr;  W.  eg;  Ir. 
acra;  Ice.  akr;  Pers.  akkar ;  Gr.  ny/iof  ;  Lai.  a^fr. 
In  these  languages,  the  word  retains  its  primitive 
sense,  an  open,  plowed,  or  sowed  field.  In  English, 
it  retained  its  original  signiticaiion,  that  of  any  open 
field,  until  it  was  limited  to  a  definite  quantity  by 
Blatutes  31  Ed.  IH.  5  Ed.  I.  24  H.  VIIL  CoiceL 
A  preferable  spelling  of  this  word  would  be  aker.] 

1.  A  quantity  of  land,  containing  lt>0  square  rods 
or  perches,  or  4840  square  yards.  This  is  the  Eng- 
lish statute  acre.  The  acre  of  Scotland  contains 
6150  2-3  square  yards.  The  French  arpeni  differs 
not  greatly  from  the  English  standard  acre.  The 
Roman  jugenim  was  32Ui)  square  yards. 

a.  In  the  Mogul's  dominions,  acre  is  the  same  as 
lac,  or  100,000  rupees,  equal  lo  £12,500  steriing,  or 
55,500  dollars. 

Jicr^fight ;  a  sort  of  duel  in  the  open  field,  formerly 


fought  by  English  and  Scotch  combatants  on  their 

froniicrs. 

.    J^cre^taz  ;  a  tax  on  land  in  England,  at  a  certain 

sum  for  each  acre,  called  also  acre-shot. 

H'CREDf  a.    Possessing  acres  or  landed  property. 

Pope. 

ACRID,  a.     [Fr.  acre;  L.  acer.] 

Sharp  ;  pungent ;  bitter;  snarp  or  biting  to  the 
ta.<te  ;  acrimonious  ;  as,  acrid  salt-s. 

A€'RID-\KSS,  «.     A  sharp,  bitter,  pungent  quality. 

Ae-RI-MO'M-OUS,  a.  Sharp;  bitter;  corrosive; 
abounding  with  acrimony. 

2.  J-'iVMrofirc/y,  severe;  sarcastic;  applied  to  lan- 
guage or  tem[H'r. 

AC-Rl-M^'M-OUS-LY,  adv.  With  sharpness  or 
bitterness. 

Ae-KUMo'NI-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  acrimonious. 

ACKI-MO-NY,  71.  [L.  acnmonta,  from  aeer,  sharp. 
The  latter  part  of  the  word  seems  to  denote  like- 
ness, state,  condition,  like  head,  hood^  in  kuighb- 
hood;  in  which  case  it  may  bo  from  the  same  root 
as  maneoy  Gr.  /trfb).] 

1,  Sharpness ;  a  quality  of  bodies,  which  cor- 
rodes, dissolves,  or  destroys  others  ;  as,  the  acrimony 
of  the  humors.  Bacon, 

2.  Ft:rurativelyy  sharpness  or  severity  of  lem|»er  ; 
bitterness  of  expression  proceeding  from  anger,  ill- 
nature,  or  petulance.  South, 

.\e'RI-SY,  n.     [Gr.  u  priv.  and  rpto-if,  judgment.] 
A  state  or  condition  of  which  no  right  judgment 
can  be  formed  ;  that  of  which  no  choice  is  made; 
matter  in  dispute  ;  iiijudiciousness.    [Little  used.] 

Bailnj. 
2.  In  medicine,  defect  of  crisis,  or  of  a  separation 
and  expulr^ion  of  morbific  mutter  in  the  human 
bod  v. 

A-€Rt'T.\N,  n,     }      [Gr.    aKflirog,    indiscernible.] 

A-€RI'TA,  n.pl,    \  Terms  applied  lo  that  divis^- 

ion  of  radiate  animals  in  which  there  is  no  distinct 
discernible  nervous  system,  and  no  separate  alimen- 
tarv  canal,  as  the  s(K>nges,  polypes,  6tc.     Brande, 

Ae'RI-TUUE,  B.     [See  Acrid.] 

An  acrid  quality  ;  bitterness  to  the  taste;  biting 
heat. 

ACRI-TY,  n.     Sharpness;  easemess.     {Obsolete.'] 

A-eRa-A-MAT'l€,  \  a.  [Gr.  a^o«a/4urt««$,  from 

A-t'RO-A-MAT'ie-AL,  )      aKpoa»txat,  to  hear.] 

Abstruse  ;  pertaining  to  deep  learning;  an  epithet 
appliiid  to  the  secret  doctrines  of  Aristotle.     Enfield. 

A-€RO-AT'ie,  n.     [Gr.  «<f/>.jur(*of.] 

Abstruse  ;  pertaining  to  deep  (naming  ;  and  op- 
posed to  exoteric.  Aristotle's  lectures  were  of  two 
kinds,  arrvatie,  acronntalic,  or  esoteric,  which  were 
delivered  to  a  class  of  select  disciples,  who  had  been 
previously  instructed  in  the  elements  of  learning; 
and  exoteric,  which  were  delivered  in  public.  The 
former  rcs|)ected  being,  God,  and  nature;  the  prin- 
cipal subjects  of  the  latter  were  logic,  rhetoric,  and 
policy.    The  abstruse  lectures  were  called  acruat-ics, 

Enfield. 

A-GRO-CE-RAU'NI-AX,  a.  [Gr.  a<fpa,  a  summit, 
and  (fEoinif.j'i,  thunder.] 

An  epithet  applied  to  certain  mountains,  between 
Epinis  and  lll^ricum,  in  the  41st  degree  of  latitude. 
They  pnjjecl  into  the  Adriatic,  and  are  so  lenned 
from  being  often  struck  with  lightning.        Encyc. 

AC'RO-eHOllO,  7i.  [L.  acrochordiis,  from  Gr. 
aKou\Qu6ix}Vy  a  wart.]  The  name  of  a  g«nus  of 
serpents,  found  in  Java,  covered  entirely  with  small 
scales,  wliich  resemble  granulated  warts  when  the 
body  is  inflated.  P.  Ctjc. 

AG'RO-GE.N',  H.  [Gr.  air/)rjf  and  yetyop.ai.']  A  cr>'p- 
logamic  or  acotyledonous  plant,  so  called  from  in- 
creasing, in  growth,  chifriy  at  its  extrenuty.  Drande, 

A€'RO-LlTiI,  71.  [Gr.  aKf>'>i  and  Aftfas.]  In  arehi- 
tectare  and  sculpture^  a  statue  whose  extremities 
were  of  si(»ne.  Eltneji. 

A-€ROL'ITII-.\N,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  acrolith ; 
formed  like  an  acrolith ;  as,  an  acrolltkan  statue. 

Brande, 

A-€R0'MI-ON,  n.  [Gr.  awpof,  highest,  and  w^yj, 
shoulder.] 

In  anatomy,  that  part  of  the  spine  of  the  scapula 
whicli  receives  the  extreme  part  of  the  clavicle. 

Q_aincy. 

A-GROX'IC,         I  a.    [Gr.  aKpos^  extreme,  and  vtrf, 

A-GRO.N'ie-AL,  \       night.] 

In  astroaomy,  a  tenn  applied  to  tlie  rising  of  a 
star  at  sunset,  or  its  setting  at  sunrise.  This 
rising  or  setting  is  cidled  acronical.  The  word  is 
opposed  to  coitmical.  Bailey.   Encyc.  Johruon, 

A-€RO\'IG-AL.-LY,  adv.  In  an  arronical  manner; 
at  the  rising  or  setting  of  the  sun. 

A-GROP'O-LIS,  ^^  [Gr.  (i*^/j(j(  and  jtoAij.]  A  cita- 
del ;  the  citadel  in  Athens. 

Ae'RO-SPIRE,  Tu  [Gr.  aKpod  highest,  and  aircipaj 
a  spire,  or  spiral  line.] 

The  sprout  at  the  ends  of  seeds  when  they  begin 
to  germinate  ;  the  plume,  or  plumule,  so  called  from 
its  spiral  form.  Mortimer. 

A€'RO-SPIll->:D,  a.  Having  a  sprout,  or  having 
sprouted  at  both  ends.  Mortimer. 


FaTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — M£TE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  —NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


ACT 

This,  and  Die  preceding  wordj  are  especially  used 
by  tlie  English  malsiers. 
A-tROSS',  (a-kraos',)  ;»r(y.  [a  and  cro.-!5.  See  Cross.] 

1.  Frum  side  to  side,  upitosed  tu  along:,  whicli  is 
in  tbe  direction  of  the  length  ;  atti  wart ;  quite  over ; 
Oil,  a  bridge  is  laid  across  a  river. 

2.  Intersecting  ;  passing  over  at  any  angle;  as,  a 
line  passing  across  anutlier. 

A-€KO:<'TltJ,  n.  [Gr.  u^fpa,  extremity  or  beginning, 
and  arixuij  order  or  ver^e.] 

A  composition  in  verse,  in  which  the  first  letters 
of  the  lines,  taken  in  order,  form  the  name  of  a  per- 
son, kingdom,  city,  &^c.,  which  is  the  subject  of  the 
compa«ition,  or  some  title  or  motto. 

A-CKUS'T[€,  a.     That  relates  to,  or  contains  an 

A-eitOS'Tie-AI.-LY,  adv.    In  tlie  manner  of  an 

acrastic. 
A-e  ROTE-LEO 'Tie,  n.     [Gr.  a.K,)Oiy  extreme,  and 

rtuiT/j,  end.] 
Among  ccclesiasticai  writers^  an  appvltation  given 

to  any  thing  added  lo  the  end  oi  a  psalm  or  hymn ; 

as  a  doxologj-. 

A^ROTFi^I-A,  71.  pi.  \  t*^*"-  °'P°''''.''>  a  summit.] 
la  arduieciuTe,  a  term  applied  to  small  pedestals, 
usually  without  a  base,  anciently  placed  at  tJie  two 
extremes,  ur  m  tlie  middle  of  pediments  or  frontis- 
pieces, ^er^-ing  to  support  the  statues,  Sec,  It  ab^o 
siguities  the  figures  placed  us  omument^  on  the  tops 
of  churches,  and  the  sharp  pinnacles  that  stand  in 
ranges  about  riat  buildmgs  with  rails  and  balusters. 
Anciently  liie  word  -signifii;d  the  extremities  of  the 
body,  as  the  liead,  hand^,  and  fecU  Encyc 

A-€RO-Tr:'RI-Ai.,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  acroter  ,  aa, 
acrutmal  ornaments,  P.  Cyc. 

A-€RO-THVM'I-O.V,  n,  [Gr.  a</>os,  extreme,  and 
■^vftof,  thymt^] 

Amung  pkytiicians^  a  species  of  wart,  with  a  nar- 
row basis  and  broad  top,  having  the  color  of  thyme. 
It  is  C4illed  Thymus.  Cclsus. 

A-eROT'O-MOL'S,  a.  [Gr.  aKpot>^  lop,  and  Tc/t.-..',  to 
cut.]  In  moicro/oi'-y,  having  a  cleavage  iMirallt-I  with 
the  top.  Dana, 

A€T,  r.  i.  [Gr.  a>(j,  L.  a^-o,  to  urge,  drive,  lead, 
bring,  do,  perform  ;  or  in  general,  lo  move,  to  exert 
force;  Cantabrian,  e^,  force;  \\.  effni;  Ir.  t-igeany 
force  ;  Ir.  aige^  to  act  or  carry  on  ;  eaeitdam,  to  do  or 
aeli  octaim,  to  ordain;  eacht,  orA^,  deed,  act,  condi- 
tion ;  Fr.  agir  ;  it.  ag'tre^  to  do  or  act.] 

1.  To  exert  power;  as,  the  stomach  art*  upon 
food ;  the  will  acts  upon  the  body  in  producing 
motion. 

)L  To  be  in  action  or  motion  ;  lo  move. 

Ilr  )uin^  t)etw«en,  in  douU  to  tut  ur  rest.  Pop*. 

3.  To  iR'have,  demean,  or  conduct,  as  in  morals, 
private  duties,  or  public  offices  ^  as,  we  know  not 
why  a  minister  has  aetr4  in  this  manner.  But  in 
this  sens«7,  it  is  mo^t  frequent  in  popular  language  ; 
as,  how  the  man  acts  or  has  acted. 

To  act  trp  to,  is  to  equal  in  action  ;  to  fhllill,  or  per- 
form a  correspondent  action  ;  as,  he  has  acted  up  to 
his  engagemf^nt  or  his  advantages. 
A€T,  p.  (.  To  peifurm ;  lo  represent  a  character  on 
tlie  stage. 

AetwcUyoar^uX;  tb«n  aH  die  booor  Itn.  Popt. 

S.  To  feign   or  counterfeit.     [Obs.  or   improper,] 

With  aeitd  (cm  the  rfllain  thtia  pursued.  Drylen. 

3.  To  put  in  motion  J  lo  aclnale;  to  regulate 
movements. 

Mgai  pcopip  la  tbe  world  «n  ofttd  tgr  terllj.    SouA.  Lock*. 

[/n  OiU  latter    tmse  obsoUief  and   superstdtd  fry 
Actuate,  irAicA  see.'] 
A€T,  n.     The  exertion  of  power ;  the  effer t,  of  which 
power  exerted  is  the  cause  ;  as,  the  act  of  giving  or 
receiving 

In  this  sense,  it  denotes  an  opemtion  of  the  mind. 
Thus,  to  discern  is  an  act  of  the  understanding  ;  to 
Judge  is  an  art  of  the  will. 

2.  I'hat  which  is  done  :  a  deed,  exploit,  or  achieve- 
ment, whether  good  or  ill. 

Aad  hk  miriidn  and  bl«  act*  wlucb  b«  did  in  Iba  mkUt  of 
Kgj'pt.  — l>cut.  xi. 

3.  Action  ;  performanrc  ;  production  of  effects  ; 
as,  nn  act  of  charity.  But  this  gense  ts  cloicly  allied 
to  the  fvrfgi'itts^. 

4.  A  state  of  reality  or  real  existence,  as  opposed 
to  a  possibility. 

The  ■'^1*  r.f  pUnti  arr  not  at  first  In  act,  but  to  powbiltlv,  wImI 
Uwj"  •Icrwjfl  grow  lo  be.  Hiioktr. 

5.  In  general^  act  denotes  action  complrted;  but 
preceded  by  in,  it  denotes  Incomplete  action. 

She  WfU  ttkea  in  the  rerj  act.  —  Juhn  viii. 

In  act  i»  used  also  to  signify  incipient  action,  or 
'  a  state  of  preparation  to  exert  power ;  us,  *'  In  act 
lo  strike,"  a  poeUaU  use. 

a.  A  part  or  division  of  a  play  to  be  performed 
without  int'-miption  ;  afler  which  the  action  is  sos- 

S ended  to  give  respite  to  (he  performers.    Acts  an 
irided  into  smaller  portions,  called  scenes. 


ACT 

7.  The  result  of  public  deliboralion,  or  the  decis- 
ion of  a  prince,  b^gislaiive  bt»dy,  council,  court  of 
justice,  or  raagistmte ;  a  decree,  edict,  law,  judg- 
ment, resolve,  award,  determination  ;  as,  an  act  of 
piirliainent,  or  of  congress.  Tbe  tenn  is  also  trans- 
ferred to  the  book,  record,  or  writing,  containing 
the  laws  and  determinations.  Also,  any  instru- 
ment in  writing  to  verify  facts. 

In  the  sense  of  agency,  or  power  to  produce  effects, 
as  in  the  passage  cited  byJohuson  fromShakspeare, 
the  use  is  improper. 

To  try  till?  vi^or  nt  Ihi'm,  and  apply 
All^iymcttta  tu  their  act. 

jfce,  in  English  unii-'ersities,  is  a  thesis  maintained 
in  publif,  by  a  candidate  for  a  degree,  or  to  show  liie 
proficiency  of  a  studtuil.  At  Oxford,  the  time  when 
masters  and  doctors  complete  their  degrees, is  also 
called  the  act,  which  is  held  wilh  great  solemnity. 
At  Cambridge,  as  in  the  United  States,  it  is  called 
commeitennent.  Encyc. 

Act  of  faith,  (auto  da  f<'',)  in  Roman  Catholic  coun- 
tries, is  a  solemn  day  held  by  tlie  Inquisition  for  the 
punishment  tW  heretics,  and  the  absolution  of  ac- 
cused jvrsons  found  innocent ;  or  it  is  the  sentence 
of  the  Inquisition. 

Acts  qf  the  Apostles ;  the  title  of  a  book  in  the  New 
Testament,  containing  a  historj^  of  the  transactions 
of  the  apoi^tles. 

Acts  vf  Sederunt :  in  Scots  t/iw,  statutes  made  by  the 
lords  of  session,  sitting  in  judgment,  by  virtue  of  a 
Pcottisli  act  of  parliament,  (1540,)  empowering  them 
to  make  such  constitutions  or  regulations  as  they 
may  think  expedient  for  ordering  the  procedure 
and  forms  of  administering  justice.  Brande. 

Acta  Diuma  ;  among  t?ie  Romans,  a.  sort  of  gazelte, 
containing  'in  authorized  account  of  transactions  in 
Rome,  nearly  similar  to  our  newspa[H'ra. 

Acta  Pttpuli^  or  Acta  PubUra  ;  the  Roman  registers 
of  assemblies,  trials,  executions,  buildings,  births, 
marriages,  and  deaths  of  illustrious  persons,  &f. 

AcJu  Hanctxirum  { the  liveb  and  reputed  miracles  of 
Romish  saint<i. 

Acta  Scjtatus  ;  minutes  of  what  passed  in  the  Ro- 
man senate,  called  also  Commmturii,  commentaries. 

AVT'ED,pp,  Done;  performed;  represented  on  the 
stage. 

AC'TI-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Actium,  a  town  and  prom- 
ontory of  Epirus  ;  as,  Action,  games,  which  were 
instituted  by  Augustus,  to  celebrate  his  naval  victory 
over  Antliony,  near  that  town,  Sept.  2,  B.  C.  31. 
They  were  celebrated  every  five  years.  Hence, 
Action  years,  reckoned  from  that  era.  Eneyc 

ACT'IN'ti,  ;*7>r.  or  (7.  Doing;  |)erfonning;  behaving; 
representing  the  diameter  of  another. 

A€T'IiS'G,  n.  Action  ;  act  of  perfcinning  a  part  of  a 
niay.'  Shak.     Cfiurchill. 

A€-TIN'I-A,  n.  [L.  from  Gr.  axTtf,  a  ray.l  A  genus 
of  Aealepha,  hiiving  a  circle  of  tentacles  or  mys 
around  the  mouth  ;  including  the  animal  tlowers  or 
sea-aneninne>'.  C«f. 

A€-TLN'I-FURM,  a.  [Gr.  a^ric,  a  ray,  and  Lat. 
forma,  furm.l     Having  a  radiated  form. 

AC-TLN'O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  a^n^,  a  ray,  and  Aifl-y.  a 
stone.]  The  bright  green  variety  ot  hornblende, 
occurring  usually  in  glassy  prismatic  crystals,  and 
als<i  fibrous.  Dana. 

A€-TI.N-0-LIT'ie,  a.  Like  or  pertaining  lo  actino- 
lite. 

AC-TIN/)M'E-TER,  ji.  [Gr.  a^riv,  a  ray,  and 
ptTooi',  measure.] 

Sn  instrument  for  measuring  the  inlenstty  of  solar 
mdfation.  Uaubeny. 

ACTION,  ».     [Jj.  actio.     Bee  Act.] 

1.  Literally,  a  driving  ;  hence,  the  state  of  acting 
or  muving  ;  exertion  of  power  or  force,  a»  when  one 
body  acts  on  annthcr  ;  or  action  is  the  effect  of  power 
exerted  on  one  body  by  another;  motion  produced. 
Hence,  action  is  opposed  lo  rest.  Action,  when 
produced  by  one  l>ody  on  an<jther,  is  mechanical ; 
when  prndiiced  by  the  will  of  a  living  being,  spon- 
ptneoiLH  or  vi'luutary.     [See  Def.  3.] 

2.  An  act  or  thing  done  ;  a  deed. 

1*be  Tiior)    ia  a  0<i'1  <>(  knowleti^,  mtd  by  him  an  actiona 
wigh''»i.  — 1  Sum-  ii. 

3.  In  mfcMnicsy  agency  ;  operation  ;  driving  im- 
pulse ;  effort  of  one  body  upon  another ;  as,  the 
action  of  wind  upon  a  ship's  sails;  also,  the  effect 
of  Much  action. 

4.  In  ethics,  xhei  external  signs  or  expression  of  the 
sentirncnifl  of  a  moral  agent;  conduct;  behavior; 
demeanor ;  that  is,  motion  or  movement,  with  respect 
to  a  rule  or  propriety. 

.5.  In  portni,  a  series  of  events,  called  also  the 
subject  or  fable  :  this  is  of  two  kinds;  the  principal 
action,  which  is  more  strictly  the  fable,  and  the  in- 
cidental action  or  episode.  Encyc. 

0.  In  oratory,  gesture  or  gesticulation  ;  the  ex- 
ternal deportment  of  tlie  speaker,  or  the  accommo- 
dation of  his  attitude,  voice,  gestures,  and  counte- 
oance,  to  the  Mubjuct,  or  to  the  Uioughls  and  feelings 
»f  the  mind.  Eiuuc. 

7.  In  phymvlogy^  the  motions  or  functions  of  the 


ACT 


body,  viUd,  animal,  and  natuntl ;  vital  and  involun- 
tary, as  Uio  action  of  the  heart  and  lungs;  ananaly 
as  muscular,  and  all  voluntary  motions;  ,iaf uraJ, 
as  manducation,  deglutition,  and  digestion.  £i)c^c. 

8.  In  late,  litenUly,  an  urging  for  rigiit  ;  a  suit  or 
process,  by  which  a  demand  is  made  of  a  rigiU ;  a 
claim  made  bef<ire  a  tribunal.  Actions  are  real, 
personal,  or  mired ;  real,  or  feudal,  when  the  demand- 
ant claims  a  title  to  real  estate  ;  personal,  when  a 
man  demands  a  debt,  personal  duty,  or  damages  in 
lieu  of  it,  or  satisfaction  for  an  injury  to  person  or 
property  ;  and  mixed,  when  real  estate  is  demanded, 
w  ith  damages  for  a  wrong  sustained.  Actions  are 
also  civil  or  penal :  civil,  when  instituted  solely  in 
behalf  of  private  persons,  to  recover  debts  or  dam- 
ages ;  penal,  when  instituted  to  recover  a  penalty, 
imposed  by  way  of  punishmenL  The  word  isi  also 
used  for  a  right  of  action;  as,  the  law  gives  an  action 
for  every  claim.  BiacLstvne. 

A  chose  in  action,  is  a  right  to  a  thing,  in  opposi- 
tion to  the  possession.  A  bond  or  note  is  a  chose  in 
action,  [Fr.  chuse,  a  thing,]  and  gives  the  owner  a 
right  to  prosecute  his  claim  to  the  money,  as  he  has 
an  absolute  proiierty  in  a  right,as  well  as  in  a  thing, 
in  possession. 

9.  In  some  countries  of  Europe,  especially  France, 
action  is  a  siiare  in  the  capital  stock  of  a  joint-stock 
Company,  or  in  the  public  funds,  equivalent  to  our 
term  share ;  and  consequently,  in  a  more  general 
sense,  in  the  pluml,  to  stocks.  The  word  is  also 
used  for  movable  effects. 

10.  In  painting  and  sculpture,  the  attitude  or  posi- 
tion of  the  several  [Kiits  of  the  body,  by  which  they 
seem  to  be  actuated  by  passions  ;  ns,  the  arm  ex- 
tended, to  represent  the  act  of  giving  or  receiving. 

11.  Battle;  fight;  engagement  between  troops  in 
war,  whether  on  land  vr  water,  or  by  a  greater  or 
smaller  nunit>er  of  combatants.  This  and  the  8th 
definition  evhibit  the  hteriU  meaning  of  action,  viz. 
a  driving  or  urging. 

Quantity  of  action  ;  in  pAt/.Wc.t,  the  product  of  the 
mass  of  a  biuiy  by  the  space  it  runs  through  and  its 
velocity.  Encyc. 

In  many  cases  action  and  act  are  synonymous  ;  but 
some  distinction  between  them  is  observable.  Action 
seems  to  have  more  relation  to  the  power  that  acts, 
and  its  opemtion  and  process  of  acting  ;  and  act, 
more  relation  lo  the  effect  or  oiwration  complete. 
Action  is  also  more  generally  used  for  ordinarj- trans- 
ections ;  and  act,  for  such  as  are  remarkable,  or  dig- 
nified ;  as,  all  our  actitms  should  be  regulated  by 
prudence  ;  a  prince  is  distinguished  by  acts  of  hero- 
ism or  humanity.  Eneifc. 
Actiiw-tak in g^  in  Shakspenre,  is  used  for  litigious. 

AC'TlON-A-BliE,  a.  That  will  bear  a  suit,  or  for 
whicli  an  action  at  law  may  be  sustained  ;  aa,  to 
call  a  man  a  thief  is  actionable. 

ACTION-A-BLV,  adv.  In  a  manner  that  subjects  to 
legal  process. 

A€'TIOX-A-RY,  or  A€'TION-IST,  n.  In  Europe,  a 
proprietor  of  slock  in  a  joint-stock  company )  one 
who  owns  actions  or  shares  of  stock. 

A€T'IV-ATE,  r.  (.    To  make  active.  Bacotu 

ACT'IVE,  a.     [I^  acticus  ;  Fr.  aft{f'.] 

1.  That  has  the  power  or  quality  of  acting;  that 
contains  the  principle  of  action,  independent  of  any 
risible  external  force  ;  as,  attraction  is  an  active 
power ;  or  it  may  be  defined,  that  commiinicatefl 
action  or  motion,  0|>posed  lo  passive,  that  receives 
action  ;  as,  the  lutivc  powers  of  the  mind. 

2.  Having  the  power  of  quick  motion,  or  the 
disposition  to  move  with  xpi^ed  ;  nimble  ;  lively  ; 
brisk;  agile;  as,  an  ac/fcc  animal.     Hence, 

3.  Busy  ;  constantly  engaged  in  action  ;  pursuing 
business  with  vigor  and  assiduity  ;  ujiposed  to  dullf 
stoic,  or  indolent;  as,  an  active  offiwr.  It  ia  also  op- 
potfcd  to  sedentary  ;  as,  an  active  life. 

4.  Requiring  action  or  exertion  ;  practical ;  opera- 
tive ;  producing  real  effects  ;  opposed  to  speculative  } 
as,  the  actiiw  duties  of  life. 

5.  In  grnmmar,  active  verbs  are  Ihnse  which  not 
only  signify  acti»m,  but  have  a  noun  or  name  fol- 
lowing them,  denoting  the  object  of  the  action  or 
impression  ;  called  also  transitive,  as  they  imply  tbe 
passing  of  the  action  expressed  by  Uie  verb  lo  the 
object;  as,  a  pn)fes»or  instructn  hla pupils. 

f).  Active  cnvit/il,  or  wenlVi,  is  money,  or  property 
that  may  readily  be  converted  into  money,  and 
used  in  commerce  or  other  employment  for  profit. 

Hamillon. 

7.  Active  commerce  ,•  the  commerce  In  which  a  na- 
tion carries  its  own  productions  and  foreign  com- 
modities in  its  own  ship^,  or  which  is  prosecuted  by 
its  own  citizens  ;  as  contradistinguished  from  paa- 
site  commerce,  in  which  the  productions  of  one 
country  are  Iran-sported  by  the  people  of  another 
countn,'. 

The  commerce  of  Great  Britain  and  of  the  United 
Btatcs  is  active;  that  of  China  is  passive. 

It  may  b^  tho  infr^at  of  ■cip.-ii't)  nntii^n*  \a  dt^privf  na,  na  far  M 
foaaibl'^i  of  ut  (wttM  coiiimeice  iu  our  »wii  bo(b>iiiii. 

/>f/«niJi»(,  Hamilton. 

ACT'IVE-LY,  adv.  In  an  active  manner;  by  action  i 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE AN'^GER,  VV'CIOUS.  — G  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  OH  aa  SU ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

— —  — 


ACU 

nimbly  ;  briskly.    In  gmntmar^  in  an  active  sigiiifi- 
catiun  ;  a-*,  a  word  i*  used  actirettf. 

AC  I"  IV  EN  ESS,  K.  The  qiialiiy  of  being  active; 
the  faculty  uf  actine:  ninibleno^is  ^  quickness  uf  mo- 
tion.    l>e's>3  used  than  Activht. 

A€T-IV'I-TV,  a.  Tl>e  quality  of  beintf  nctive  ;  (he 
active  faculty  :  nimblt-nL'^-^ ;  agility  ;  :iiso,  the  habit 
of  diligent  ana  vi{:oruus  pursuit  of  bn^iiic^ns ;  as,  a 
man  of  acticity.     It  is  ap{Mied  to  persons  or  things 

^kere  nf  uettoitu,  is  the  wlmle  .<9[>;ice  in  which  the 
virtne,  power,  or  i'ntluence  of  any  Uijert,  is  exprtcti. 
TVpiiz  ia  aaieity;  a  French  pluase,  fur  putting  in 
action  or  cinplovmenL 

A€T'LES3,  fl.     Without  action  or  spirit. 

ACT'OR,  a.  lie  that  acts  or  perforuu  j  an  acUve 
agent. 

5.  l!e  that  represents  a  character,  or  acta  a  port  in 
a  plav  ;  a  stage  plaver. 

3.  'Among   cioilumg^  an  advocate  or  prx>ctor  in 
civil  cinirts  or  causes. 
ACT'RESS,  «,    A  female  who  acts  or  performs,  and 

especially  on  the  stage,  or  in  a  play. 
A€T'IJ-AL,«.    [Fr.  arfiwi.    See  Act.] 

1.  Real  or  enl-ctual,  or  that  exists  truly  and  abac^ 
lutely ;  as,  aetunl  heat,  opposed  to  that  which  is 
vtrCwi/  or  ptUmtiai ;  metmml  caalery,  or  the  burning  by 
a  red-boc  iron,  oppuied  to  foUmtud  coutcr)-,  or  a 
caustic  applicaiiun,  Utal  may  produce  the  name 
«fftxt  upon  tbtr  body  by  a  ditfc'rent  procesa. 

a.  Ettftinz  tn  net ;  real ;  in  oppu^ition  to  fpecula- 
rtr^.  •  thoorv-  only:  as,  an  aetmiU  crime. 

3.  ■■-<-'  present  lime  ;  as,  the  aetml  sit- 
uaii<                       luir)'.  Bierke. 

4.  In  (AfWon-y.  ortaa/nn  is  that  wfakh  is  comiuit- 
tad  hy  a  peiwHi  himself,  opposed  to  sri/taai  sin,  or 
the  comiption  of  nalura  supposed  to  M  eoouuuai- 
caied  ftooi  Adam. 

6.  That  includes  actkn. 

BnU-s  ber  wxQdiig  wl  other  urtMsf  petkttmaae*.    rnstfTy 

Aer-U-AL'l-TY.  a.    Reality.  ffmteis, 

ACT'U-AL-LY.  ado.    In  fact :  reallv  ;  in  truth. 

At'T'l;-AL-T/.E.  r.  L    To  uiake  actual. 

ACT'i;-AL.-IZ-lNG,p;»r.    Making  actual.  Coleridfe, 

A€T'U-AL-NI1SS,  n.     The  quality  of  being  actual. 

A€T'U-A-RY,  H.     [L.  octMar***.] 

A  regi.-trar  or  ctiiric  ;  a  terra  of  the  civil  law,  and 
used  originally  in  rourts  of  civil  law  juristliction  ,  but 
in  Europe  used  fur  a  clerk  or  registrar  generally. 

In  EngUnd^  this  lenn  is  now  us«*d  tV>r  the  man- 
ager of  a  joiiit-^ock  company,  particularly  of  an 
insurance  company.  P,  Cve. 

In  j9'neriea^  it  is  chiefly  applied  to  the  nuuiager 
of  a  life  instiniuce  company. 

ACT' I;- ATE,  a.     Put  m  action.     [LiuUused.] 

AtTT'l^-ATE,  r.  L  [from  act,] 

To  put  into  acuon  ;  to  move  or  incite  to  action  ; 
as,  men  are  oftnated  by  motives,  or  passiims.  It 
spvms  to  have  been  used  formerly  in  the  sense  of 
ianVirral^,  noting  increase  of  action  ;  but  the  use  is 
not  U'gilimale. 

ACT't^-A-TED,  pp.    Put  in  action;  incited  to  af'tion. 

ACT' \l-A-T UiG f  ppr,  Putliug  m  action  ;  inciting  to 
ariion. 

ACT-Q  .STIOX,  a.  The  state  of  being  put  in  ac- 
tion ;  effectual  opemtiim.  OlaaviUe. 

AC1''US,  It.  Among  Lke  Roman*^  a  measure  in 
building  equal  to  1*J0  Roman  feet.  In  andent  agri- 
eaUurf.Uiib  l<;ngth  of  one  furrow. 

AG'U-AtE,  r.  t     [I*,  acno,  fa  sliarpen.    See  Aero,] 
To  sharpen ;  to  make  pungent,  or  corrosive.    [Lit- 
tie  "jeil  HarvfM, 

Ae-lC-I"T!OX.  n.  rfrom  L.  aciw,  to  sharpen.]  The 
shnrpenin:  of  medicines  u>  increase  their  effi^ct, 

A-eC'LE-ATE,  a.  [L.  aeuieiw,  from  ociw,  Gr.  a<ii,  a 
point,  and  the  diminutive  ul.     See  Acid.] 

In  bHatuiy  having  prickl-s,  or  i:hnrp  points  ;  point- 
ed ;  used  chiefly  to  den<»te  prickles  fixed  in  the 
bark,  in  distinction  from  thorns,  which  grow  from 
the  wood.  Mtbu, 

a.   In  zooloiTP^  having  a  sting,  or  prickles. 

A-eCLE-I,  ■.  p/.  [L.]  In  froeany and  :oo/o^,  prickles. 

A€'T;-L0N,  w  Ae'l^-LO:*,  a.    [Gr.  o^uAss,  proba- 
bly from  dc,  an  oak.] 
The  friit  or  acorn  of  the  Hex,  or  scarlet  oak. 

A-CO'ME\,  n.     [L.  arumtm^  from  ociu  or  acuoJ] 

A  sharp  point;  and  fi^mvtirHy^  quickness  of 
perception,  penetration  of  mind,  the  faculty  of  nice 
discrimination. 

A-eO'>!IN-ATE,a.    [T*.  acHminatus,  from  acitmmJ^ 
Having  a  long    projecting   and   highly  tapenng 
p<iint.  De  CandoUe. 

A-eO'MI.N-A-TEI),  B.    Sharpened  to  a  point. 

A-€U-Ml.\-A'TIO.\,a.  A  sharpening;  termination 
in  a  sharp  point. 

A€-i:-Pr.\e-TUR-A'TIO\,  n.     See  Accpci^cTraa, 

Ae-lIPUX€'Ti;RE,  n.  [L.  oiiiL*,  needle,  tmd  puao- 
txro,  or  puaOus^  a  pricking.] 

A  surgical  operation,  p-rfonned  by  pricking  the 
part  affected  with  a  net;dle,  as  m  headaches  and 
lethanries.  F.ncvc 

A-COTE',  o.      [I*  ocu^ttt,  fharp-pointed  ;  Q,u.  from 


ADA 

acao^  orw.4,  or  from  the  Oriental  "^n  had  or  chad., 
sharp,  Hell.  Ch.  Ar.] 

1.  Slmrp  at  the  end ;  ending  in  n  sharp  point ; 
op[>osed  to  blttnt  or  obtuse.  An  acute  an^le^  in  geom- 
etry, is  one  which  is  less  than  a  ripht  angle,  or 
which  subtends  U'jis  than  ninety  degrers.  An 
aeuU-anfrUd  triangle,  is  one  whose  three  angles  sre 
all  acute,  or  Ktss  tlian  ninety  degrees  each.  An 
aciu»~aiiffted  cone,  is  one,  the  angle  at  the  vertex  of 
which  is  acute. 

5.  Figumtit^^j  applied  to  mental  powers ;  pene- 
trating ;  having'  nice  discernment ;  perceiving  or 
using  minute  di»-tincUons ;  opposed  to  dull  or  stupid ; 
as,  an  ucute  rt^asoner. 

3.  jSpplied  to  Vtti  setLfcs ;  having  nice  or  quirk  sen- 
sibility ;  susceptible  of  slight  impressions;  liaving 
powe,f  to  feel  or  perceive  sm.Ul  objects ;  as,  a  mau 
of  dcufr  eyesight,  hearing,  or  fet'ling. 

4.  An  acute  disease,  is  one  which  is  attended  witli 
symptoms  of  some  degree  of  severity,  and  comes 
speedily  to   a   crisis,  as  a  pleurt^iy  ;    opposed    to 

CArONiC. 

5  An  oeuf<  accent,  is  that  which  elevates  or 
sharpens  the  voice. 

6.  In  music,  acute  is  applied  to  a  tone  which  is 
sliarp,  or  high  ;  opposed  to  gmve, 

7.  In  froloMy,  ending  in  an  acute  angle,  as  a  leaf 
or  perianth.  Martun, 

A-CCTE'LY,  «ii:<.  Sharply}  keenly  j  with  nice  dia- 
crimi  nation. 

A-t;CTE'.\ESS,  71.  Sharpness ;  but  seldom  used 
in  this  literal  sense,  as  ap(>lied  to  nLiterial  things. 

t2.  Ftguraticelu^  the  faculty  of  nice  di<>cernineiit  or 
perception ;  applied  to  the  senses,  or  the  under- 
slandinz.  By  an  acuteness  of  feeling,  wu  (>erceive 
small  objects  or  .<^light  iinprest^ions  ;  iiy  ajx  acuteuesM 
of  intellect,  we  discern  nice  distinctions. 

3.  Sharpness,  or  elevation  of  sound,  in  rhetoric 
or  music.  Buyle. 

4.  Violence  of  a  disease,  which  brings  it  speedily 
to  a  crisis. 

.\-eU-TIA'TOR,  a.  In  the  middle  aires,  a  person 
whose  office  was  to  sharpen  instnimeiits.  Itefore 
the  invention  of  lire-nrms,  such  officers  attended 
armies  to  sharpen  their  instruments.  Enct/c. 

AD,  a  l.atin  preposition,  signifying  to.    It  U  probably 

.-* 
from  Heb.  Ch.  Sjt.  Sam.  Eth.  nnw,  Ar.       vt  to 

come  near,  to  appmach  ;  from  which  root  we  may 
also  deduce  at.  Iti  annpogitiony  the  last  letter  is 
usually  changed  inUi  the  first  letter  of  the  word  to 
which  it  is  prefixed.  Thus  for  adclamo^  the  Romans 
wrote  acclamo  ;  for  ad-p'edwr,  aggre'lior ;  for  ad- 
firmo^  afirjHo ;  for  adlego^  alle^o ;  for  a/lporu',  ap- 
pono;  for  adripio,  ampio;  Cat  aducnbo,  a-icribo :  tor 
tutiineOf  atiinto.  The  reason  of  this  change  is  found 
in  the  ease  of  pronunciation,  and  ogreeablencss  of 
the  sounds. 

Jtd  iuuttinem;  to  the  man;  in  logic,  an  nrgument 
adapted  to  touch  the  prejudices  of  ttie  person  ad- 
dressed. 

Jid  inqu'trendum  ;  in  law,  a  judicial  writ  command- 
ing inqiiir)'  to  be  nmde. 

^d  Lb.ium;  at  pl?asure:  in  mttsie,  applied  to  a 
pan  or  accompaniment  which  may  be  perfonned  or 
not,  without  interfering  with  the  comptisition. 

jid  talorcm  ;  acci>rding  to  the  value  ;  in  commerce 
anil  finance,  terras  used  to  denote  duties  or  charges 
laid  ui>on  goods,  at  a  cerUiiu  rate  per  cent,  upon 
tJieir  value,  as  stated  in  their  invoices  ;  in  opposition 
to  a  specific  sum  upon  a  given  quantity  or  number. 
A-DAG'TVL,  n.     [Gr.  .i  priv.  and  r'uvj-.-A  j,  a  digit.] 

In  zoology,  a  locomotive  extremity  without  digits. 

Brande. 
AD'AGE,  n.     [I*,  adafrium^  or  adagio  ,•  It.  adtigio.] 

A  proverb  ;  an  old  saying,  which  has  obtained 
credit  by  hmg  use ;  a  wise  observation  handed  d;jwn 
from  antiquity. 
AD-A'Gl-O,  a."  [IL  adagiOf  a  compound  of  ad  and 
agiOf  leisure  ;  S[>,  ana  Port,  ociv ;  1*.  otium ;  Fr. 
aise ;  Eng.  easr.] 

In  mifiic,  a  alow  movement.  A  piece  of  music, 
to  be  performed  in  adagio  ;  as,  an  adagio  of  Ilaydn. 
As  an  adverb,  slowly,  leisurely,  and  with  grace. 
When  repealed,  adasrioy  adagioj  it  directs  the  move- 
ment to  be  very  slow. 
AD'AM,  71.  In  Heb.  Cli.  Syr.  Eth.  Ar.  Man;  prima- 
rily, the  name  of  the  human  species,  mankind  ; 
appropriately,  ths  first  Man,  the  progenitor  of  the 
human  race.  The  word  signifies  fonn,  shape,  or 
suiuble  form  ;  hence,  species.  As  a  verb,  the  word 
signifies,  in  Ethiopic,  to  please  or  he  agreeable;  in 
Arabic,  to  join,  unite,  or  be  accordant,  to  agree.  It 
is  evidently  connected  with  ncn  dam*iA,  Heb.  Ch. 
Syr.,  to  be  like  or  equal,  to  form  an  image,  to  assim- 
ilate; whence  the  sense  of  likeness,  image,  form, 
shape  ;  Gr.  6'^ftai,  a  body,  like.     [Se^  Man.] 

Jliam's  apple  ;  a  species  of  citron,  [see  Citrox  ;] 
also,  the  prominent  p:ut  of  the  throat. 

jJJawi'j  needle;  the  popiilar  name  of  the  yucca,  a 
plant  of  four  specie;!,  cultivated  in^rdens.     Of  the 


ADD 

roi>t!4.  the  Indians  made  a  kind  of  bread.      [See 
Yi'ecA.] 

AD'A-MAN'l',  M.  [Gr.  a^apai ;  L.  adamas:  a  word 
of  Celtic  origin  ;  W.  Mrrfcupn,  a  lodesKme,  from 
ehfd^  to  fly  or  nuive,  and  rurn,  or  niaeny  a  stone. 
Chaucer  uses  adamant  for  the  lodcstone.  Romaunt 
of  Oie  Rose,  lin.  IWii.  Ger.  d'lamant  is  adtimant  and 
diamond;  Sp.  diamante;  Sw.  damant;  Ft.  aiviaiU, 
lodestone.     See  Diamond.] 

A  stone  imagined  by  some  to  be  of  impenetra- 
ble liardness ;  a  name  given  to  the  diamond  and 
other  substances  of  extreme  hardness.  The  name 
has  oClen  been  given  to  thf  lodestone  ;  a?,  you  draw 
me,  you  hard-liearted  adamant.  Shak.  But  in  mod- 
ern mineralogy  it  li.xs  no  technical  signification. 

Al)-A-MA.NT-K'AN,  a.    Hard  as  iuhnu:int.  Mittan. 

AD-A-MANT'INE,  a.  Made  of  adamant;  having 
the  qualities  of  adaiiiitiit;  that  can  not  be  broken, 
dissolved,  or  peiietuiled  ;  as,  adaiuuntiae  bonds,  or 
chains. 

.Adamantine  sjiar ;  a  variety  of  corundum,  witn 
gmy,  brown,  or  greenisli  shades.  This  stone  is 
very  hard,  and  of  dirticult  fusion.  Dana. 

."Vn-AM'ie,  0.  Pertaining  to  Adam.  .Adamic  earth, 
is  the  term  given  to  common  red  clay,  so  called  by 
means  of  u  mistaken  opinion,  that  .Adam  means 
red  earth. 

AD'A-M-ITpS,  n.  pi.  In  church  hi<i>rfj,  a  sect  of 
visionaries,  who  pretended  to  establish  a  state  of 
innociMice,  and,  like  Adam,  went  naked.  They 
abh()rTed  marriage,  holding  it  to  be  the  cflect  of  sin. 
Several  attempts  have  been  made  to  revive  this 
sect ;  one  as  late  as  the  15th  centurj\  Enajc. 

AD-AM-IT'ie,  «.     Like  the  Adamites.  Taylor. 

AI>-AN-SCi'NI-A,»j.  Ethiopian  sour  gourd,  monkey's 
bread,  or  .African  calab;ish-tree.  It  is  a  genus  of 
one  species,  called  baobab,  a  native  of  Africa,  nnd 
one  of  the  liirgest  of  the  vegetable  kingdom.  The 
stem  ris<!S  not  above  twelve  or  fifteen  feet,  but  is 
from  sixty-five  to  seventy-eight  feet  in  circum- 
ference. The  branches  shwit  horizontally  to  the 
length  of  sixty  feet,  the  ends  bending  to  the  ground. 
The  fruit  is  oblong,  pointed  at  both  ends,  ten 
inches  in  length,  and  covered  with  a  greenish 
down,  under  which  i^  a  hard,  ligneous  rind.  It 
hangs  to  tlic  tree  by  a  pedicle  two  feet  long,  and 
contains  a  white,  spongy  substance.  The  haves 
and  bark,  dried  and  iMJWdered,  are  used  by  the 
negroes  as  j>epper  on  their  food,  to  promote  jierspi- 
ralion.  The  tree  is  named  from  M.  Adanson,  who 
li:is  given  a  description  of  it.  Encyc. 

AD'A-PIS,  n.  An  animal  of  the  pachydermatous 
order  of  mammals,  somewhat  resembling  a  hedge- 
hog ;  now  extinct.  Buckland. 

A-D.\PT',  r.  (.  [Sp.  adaptar  ;  It.  adattare ;  L.  ^u  z.tA 
a^(o,  tofil;  Gr.  nnjui.] 

To  make  suitable  ;  to  fit,  or  suit  ;  as,  to  adapt  an 
instrument  to  its  uses  ;  we  have  provision  adapted 
to  our  wants.  It  is  applied  to  things  material  or 
immaterial. 

A-DAI'T-A-BIL'I-TY,     J  n.      The   quality   of  being 

A-OAPT'A-BLE-XESS,  (      caprible  of  aduptaiion. 

A-DAl'T'A-HLE,  a.     That  may  be  adapted. 

AD-Al*T-A'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  making  suitable,  or 
the  state  of  being  suitable,  or  fit ;  fitness. 

A-DAI»T'EI>,  pp.     Suited  ;  made  suiUible  ;  fitted. 

A-DAPT'ED-XESS,  n.  State  of  being  adapted  j  suit- 
nblenesi*. 

A-DAPT'ER,  n.    One  who  adapts. 
2,   In  chemistry.     See  Adopter. 

A-DAPT'[XG,  ;//»r.     Suiting;  making  fit 

A-DAI"TI0X,  71.  Adaptation ;  the  act  of  fitting. 
[Little  u.^ed,  and  hardly  Icgititimte,} 

A-DAPT'XKSS,  n.  A  state  of  being  fitted.  [JK'ot 
used.]  A'evton. 

A'DaR,  n.  A  Hebrew  month,  answering  to  the 
latter  part  of  February  and  the  beginning  of  March, 
the  lOth  of  the  sacred  and  Cth  of  the  civil  year;  so 
named  from  "^nN,  to  become  glorious,  from  the  ex- 
ubemnce  of  vegetation,  in  that  month,  in  Egypt 
and  I'alestinf.  Parkhvrst. 

AD  AR-BITRI-UM,  [L.J     At  will  or  pltasure. 

A-D.\R'CE,  n.     [Or.  amtpKr^g.] 

A  saltish  concretion  on  reeds  and  grass  in  marshy 
grounds  in  Galatia.  It  is  lax  and  porons,  like  bas- 
tard 8p«)nge,  and  used  to  clear  the  skin  in  leprosy, 
tetters,  &c.  Qi«7icV'     P^ot. 

A-DAUNT',  V.  t.  To  subdue.  [Xoi  xLsed.  See 
Daunt.]  Skelton. 

AD-AW,  V.  U     To  daunt;  to  subject.     [A>»/.  used.] 

Spenser. 

A-DA YS',  adv.  On  or  in  days  ;  as  in  the  phrase  now 
a^davs. 

AD  CAP-TAJ^'DUM,  [L.]  To  captivate  ;  ad  cap- 
tandittn  vutgus,  to  please  and  attract  the  populace. 

AD-COR'PO-RaTE,  r.  L  To  unite  one  body  with 
another. 

ADD,  r.  t.     [L.  addo,  from  ad  and  do,  to  give.] 

1.  To  set  or  put  tosether,  join,  or  unite  ;  as,  one 
thing  or  sum  to  another,  in  an  aggregate ;  as,  add 
tliree  to  four,  the  sum  is  seven. 

2.  To  unite  in  idea  or  considemtion  ;  to  subjoin  :  as 
to  what  has  been  alleged,  let  this  argument  be  added. 


L 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T METE,  PEEY.  — FIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE.  DOVE.  MOVE.  VVpLF,  BQpK.— 


16 


ADD 

3.  To  increase  number. 

rhoti  thiitt  add  three  cidcs  more  of  refuge.  — DtiuL  xix. 

4.  To  augment. 

Reholio.un  sui,  I  n'Ql  add  to  your  jokv,  —  1  Kings  xii. 

Ye  Khali  uot  odif  to  ihe  word  viuch  I  command  you.  — DeuU  Iv. 

As  here  used,  the  verb  is  intnmsitive,  but  there 
may  be  an  ellipsis. 

To  add  tOy  IS  used  in  Scripture,  as  equivalent  to 
five,  or  bestow  upon.  Gen.  xxx.  Matt.  vi.  In  Gal* 
li.  the  word  is  understood  tu  signify  instruction  ; 
"  In  conference  they  added  nothing  to  me."  In 
namition,  he  or  they  added,  is  elliptical ;  he  added 
words,  or  what  follower,  or  he  continued  his  dis- 
course. 

In  general,  when  u»ed  of  things,  add  implies  a 
principal  thine,  to  which  a  smaller  is  to  be  an- 
nexed, as  a  iJart  of  the  whole  sum,  mass,  or  number. 

AD-DKC'l-MATE,  r.  L    [h.  ad  and  dtcimus,  tenth.] 
To  take,  or  to  ascertam  tithes.  DicL 

ADD'ED,  pp.  Joined  in  place,  in  sum,  in  niiiss  or 
asgregate,  in  number,  in  idea,  or  consideration  ; 
nniied;  put  together. 

AD-DkEM',  r.  ^  [See  Deem.]  To  award  ;  to  sen- 
tence.    [Littie  used,] 

AD-DEJT'DUj'^f^n.-.pl  AD-DEy^DA.  [L.]  A  thing 
or  things  to  be  added  :  an  appt*ndix. 

AD'DER,  N.  [Sax.  tettrr  or  attor,  a  serpent  and 
poison  ;  D.  adittr,  Q.u.  Sax.  nadre.a.  serpi-nt ;  Goth. 
nadr ;  G.  natter ;  W.  nridrr ;  Com.  Tuiddyr ;  Ir. 
naUiair ;  L.  natrir,  a  serpent.] 

A  venomous  serpent  of  several  species,  belonging 
to  the  viper  family. 

AD'DER-FL?,  n,  A  name  of  the  dragon-fly  or 
Lihelltila;  sometimes  called  a/tder-boli, 

AD'DER'S-GRXSS,  n.  A  plant  about  which  ser- 
pents lurk. 

AD'DER'ft-TON'GUE,  «,  A  ppnus  of  ferns,  Ophio- 
glossum^  whose  seeds  are  produced  on  a  spike  re- 
semhlin<;  a  serpent's  tongue. 

AD'DER'S-WORT,  n.  Snakeweed,  so  named  from 
its  supposed  virtue  in  curing  the  bite  of  serpents. 

AD-Dl-BIL'I-TY,  n.    The  possibility  of  being  added. 

Locks, 

AD'DI-BLE,  o.    [See  Add.]    That  may  be  added. 

Locke. 

AD'DTCE.n.    {Oha.^     Pee  Ad«. 

AD-DieT',  a.     Addicted.     [AVii  much  uynl] 

AD-DIGT',  n,  (.  [L.  addicoy  to  devote,  fVom  ad  and 
dico,  to  dedicate.! 

To  apply  one*s  self  habitually ;  to  devote  time 
and  attention  by  customary  or  constant  practice. 
\^!iomelimts  in  a  good  stnjie.'] 

Thfj  havp  adrlUbfd  Lhemselm  to  the  muiEstry  of  the  saints. 
—  1  Cor.  xt. 

More  u-moZ/jf,  in  a  bad  sense,  to  follow  customa- 
rily, or  devote,  by  habitually  practicing  that  which 
is  ill  ;  as,  a  man  is  adiUcted  to  intempc^-nuice. 

To  addict  one's  self  to  a  per.*on  —  a  sen-^c  borrowed 
from  the  Romans,  who  used  the  word  for  a.s.signing 
debtors  in  service  to  their  creditors  —  is  found  in 
Ben  Jou'^on,  hut  is  not  legitimate  in  En^tt^h. 

AIV-I>ieT'Et>,  pp.     Devoted  by  cuBtomary  practice. 

Al>^nieT'ED  NESS,  R.  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  adriirted. 

AD-UieT'ING,  ppr.  Devoting  time  and  attention ; 
practicing  cuiitomanly. 

AI>'I)ie'TlOX,  71.  The  act  of  devoting  or  giving  up 
in  jiractice  ;  the  state  of  being  dcvotctU 

H  u  addicUon  wiu  to  cdutmc  rain.  Shak. 

5.  Among  the  Amuiu,  a  making  over  goods  to 
another  by  sale  or  legal  sentence  ;  alAO,  an  align- 
ment of  debtors  in  service  to  their  creditors. 

Eneyc. 
ATtD'lSQ^ppr.  Joining;  nutting  together;  increasing. 
AD-IUT'A-.MEN'T,  n.      [L.  addiiameiUuMy  from   ad- 
dittiji  and  mrnt.     See  Add.] 

An  addition,  or  rather  the  thing  added,  as  furni- 
ture in  a  house ;  any  material  mixed  with  the 
prinripnl  ingredients  in  a  compound.  Ancient 
anatrmiiKts  gave  the  name  to  an  epiphv^^is,  or  junc- 
tion of  \nmv9  without  articulation.  [LUtle  used  in 
eitJier  smse.] 
AU-DI"TION,  n.     [L.  addUio,  fi-om  a'ldo.) 

I.  The  act  of  adding,  opposed  to  suhtraetion,  or 
dimhtutioa  ;  as,  a  Bum  is  increased  by  widUion. 

%  Any  thing  added,  whether  material  or  im- 
material. 

X  In  arithmetic,  the  uniting  of  two  or  morr!  num- 
bers in  one  sum  ;  also  the  rule  or  branch  of  arith- 
metic which  treat'!  of  adding  numbers,  fiimple  ad- 
dition is  the  joining  of  sums  of  the  same  denom- 
ination, a.'i  pounds  to  prmnds,  dollars  to  dollars. 
Compound  addition  is  the  joining  of  sums  of  dif- 
ferent denominations,  as  dollars  and  cents. 

4.  In  law,  a  title  annexed  to  a  man's  name,  to 
•how  his  rank,  nrrupatiun,  or  place  of  residence  ; 
u,  John  Doe,  E.^q, ;  Rirhfird  Roe,  Gent. :  Robert 
Dflle,  Mason  ;  Thomas  Way,  ofJ^nn  Y<fTk. 

h.  In  mujtic,  a  dot  at  the  right  side  of  a  note,  to 
lengthen  its  sound  one  half. 

6.  In  A«p«iEd7y,  something  added  to  a  coat  of  arms, 


ADD 

as  a  mark  of  honor,   opjiosed  to  abatements ;  as, 
bordure,  quarter,  canton,  gyron,  pile,  &c.    Encyc 

7.  In  dutiliing,  any  thing  added  to  the  wash  or 
liquor  in  a  slate  of  ft-rrueniation. 

8.  [n  popular  languajre,  an  advanUtge,  ornament, 
improvement ;  that  is,  an  addition  by  way  of 
eminence. 

AD-Ut"TION  AL,  a.    That  is  added.    It  is  used  by 

Uacun  for  addition  ;  but  improperly. 
AD-DI"TION-AL  LY,  adv.     Hv  way  of  addition. 
ADU'I-TIVE,  a.     That  may  be  added,  or  that  is  to 

be  added. 
ADD'I-TO-RY,  a.    That  adds,  or  may  add. 
AD'DLE,  a.     [W.  hadijl,  corrupt;  hadht,  to  decay,  to 

putrify  J    lleb.  Sin,  to  fail,  Ar.  ^tX=:>  kadala,  to 

decline,  and  j»Xsi.  chadaJa^  to  frustrate,  to  fail,  to 
cease ;  Sax.  aidOan,  to  be  empty,  or  vain.] 

Unimpregnated ;  not  fecundated ;  also,  having 
lost  the  power  of  development ;  in  a  morbid  state  ; 
putrid  :  applied  to  eggs.  Hence,  barren,  producing 
nothing. 

IIm  brUiu  grow  addU.  Dryden. 

AD'DLE,  r.  f.  To  make  addle  ;  to  make  corrupt  or 
morbid,  Scotf. 

AD'DLl-D,  pp.  or  a.  Morbid,  corrupt,  putrid,  or 
barren.  Brmcn, 

AD'DLE-HEAD'ED,  i  a.     Having  empty  brains. 

AD'DLE-Pa-TED,     t  Drylen, 

.\D-DOOM',  tj.  f,  r^iee  Doom.]  To  adjudge.  Spnisrr. 

AD-DORS'JED,  (ad-dorst',)  a.  [L.  ad  and  dorsam,  the 
back.] 

In  heraldry,  bavmg  the  backs  turned  to  each 
Otiier,^*"  be^tsts. 

AD-DRESS',  V.  L  [Ft.  adressfr;  Sp.  enderezar",  TL 
rfin:;a«,  to  direct,  to  make  straight.  This  is  sup- 
posed to  be  from  L.  din^o.     See  I)re!'s.] 

1.  To  preiKire  ;  to  make  suitable  dispositions  for  ; 
to  enter  upon  ;  as,  he  now  addressed  hims^df  to  the 
business, 

Tuniua  addrftted  his  mfn  to  tUn^)"  fi  j'lt.  DryUn. 

Th';   nrcK^uiif-l    uiil   Uie  evil  vprnt  tuidrta^ng  theinc-lv^a  for 
\iv  eoniluU  AiUUaon, 

[TAw  smut  is,  I  believe,  obsolete  or  little  used.] 

S.  To  direct  words  or  disci>urse;  to  apply  to  by 

words;  as,  to  otif/rc^^  a  discourse  to  an  assembly; 

to  address  the  judges. 

3.  To  direct  in  writing,  as  a  letter;  or  to  direct 
and  transmit ;  as,  he  addressed  a  letter  to  the 
Speaker.  Sometimes  it  is  used  with  the  reciprocal 
pronoun  ;  as,  he  addressed  hitusrlf  to  the  S|K>aker, 
instead  of,  he  addressed  his  disz-ourse.  The  phrase 
is  faulty,  hut  less  so  than  the  fnllnwing:  To  such 
1  would  address  with  tJiis  most  atFectiotiate  pt!lition. 

Youitg  Tuniu*  to  the  be.iuU-ous  in.iiJ  adilrtgttd.       Dryden. 

The  latter  is  admissible  iq  poetry,  as  an  elliptical 
phrase. 

4.  To  present  an  address,  as  a  letter  of  thanks  or 
congnitiilalion,  a  potitiun,  or  a  testiuiony  of  resjKict ; 
as,  the  legishtture  nddresAed  the  President. 

5.  To  court  or  make  suit  as  a  lover. 

0.  In  commerce,  to  coiisijiu  or  intrust  to  the  care 
of  another,  as  agent  or  factor  ;  as,  the  ship  was  ad- 
drrs^rd  to  a  merchant  in  Haltiinore. 

AD-DRESS',  n.  A  speaking  to;  verbal  application  ; 
a  formal  manner  of  s|x:cch  ;  as,  when  introduced, 
the  President  made  a  sliurt  address, 

2.  A  written  or  formal  application  ;  a  message  of 
respect,  congratulation,  thanks,  pc^tition,  &.('. ;  as, 
an  address  of  thanks  ;  an  otlicer  is  r(*n)ovuble  upon 
the  address  of  both  houses  of  assembly. 

3.  Manner  of  speaking  to  another  j  as,  a  man  of 
pleasing  adilress. 

A,  Courtship ;  more  generally  in  the  plumi,  ad- 
drensci ;  as,  he  makes  or  pays  his  addressfs  to  a  lady. 

5.  Skill;  dexterity;  skillful  manacemetit ;  as,  the 
envoy  conducted  the  negittiation  witli  midress. 

6.  Direction  of  a  letter,  Sec,  inilmting  the  name, 
title,  and  place  ttf  residence  of  the  person  for  whom 
it  is  intended.  Hence,  these  particulars  arc  denom- 
inated a  man*s  address. 

AD-DRESS'/;D,  (ad-drest',)  pp.    Spoken  or  applied 

to;  directed;  court'd  ;  consigned. 
AD-DRESS'ER,  It.     One  who  addresses  or  pPlitions. 
AD-DRESS'Ii\(>,  ppr.      Sjieaking    or    applying    to ; 

directing;  courting;  consigning. 
AD-DOCE',  r.  t.     [L.  addueo,  to  lead  or  bring  to;  ad 

and  daco.  to  lead,    .'^ee  Dure.] 

1.  To  bring  forward,  present,  or  offer ;  as,  a  wit- 
ness was  adduced  to  proVe  the  fact. 

2.  To  cite,  name,  or  introduce  ;  as,  to  adduce  an 
authority  or  an  arciiment. 

AD-UOCED^  rad-duste',)  pp.  Drought  forward; 
cited  ;   alleged  in  argument. 

AD-DO'CE.\T,  a.  Brtntiing  forward,  or  together;  a 
Word  applied  to  tho-se  muscles  of  the  body  which 
pull  one  part  toward  another.     [See  Adductor-] 

AD-DO'CER,  n.    One  that  adduces, 

AD-DO'CI-IJLE,  a.     That  may  be  adduced. 


ADF 

AD-DOC'I\G,  ppr.  Bringing  forward ;  citing  m 
argument. 

AD  DUe'llO.V,  H,    The  act  of  bringing  forward. 

AD-DUe'TIVE,  a.     That  brings  forward. 

AD-DUe'TOR,  71.     [L.l 

A  muscle  whicli  draws  one  part  of  the  body 
toward  another  ;  as  the  ailductor  oculi,  which  turns 
the  eye  toward  the  nose  ;  the  adductor  poUiciswanuSy 
which  draws  the  thumb  toward  the  fingers. 

AD-DULCE',   (ad-duls',)  v.  t.      [L.   ad  and  du/cw, 
sweet.]     To  sweeten.     [JVot  used.]  Bacon. 

AD'EB,  71.  An  Egyptian  weight  of  210  okes,  each  of 
three  rotolos,  which  last  is  a  weight  of  about  two 
drams  less  than  the  English  pound.  But  at  Rosetta, 
the  adeb  is  only  150  okes.  Encyc. 

AD-E-LAN-TX'bO,  n.     [Spanish.] 

A  governor  of  a  province ;  a  lieutenant-governor. 
Robertson. 

.\D'EL-ING,  n.  A  title  of  honor,  given  by  our  Saxon 
ancestors  to  the  children  of  princes,  and  to  young 
nobles.  It  is  composed  of  add,  or  rather  mthel,  tbo 
Teutonic  term  for  noble,  illustrious,  and  ling,  young, 
posterity.  Sprlman.  Sw.  adclig  ;  D.  e/M ;  Ger.  «W 
and  adelig,  noble ;  Sp.  hidalgo.  We  observe  the 
term  in  many  Saxon  names  of  princes  ;  as,  Etliclr^oUy 
noble  wolf,  or  noble  help ;  EUid-bald,  noble  bold ; 

Ethel'bert-,  noble  brightness. .  Ar.    Vj!  athala,  to  be 

well  rooted,  to  b,"  of  noble  stock  or  birth.  Class  Dl. 
AD'E-UTE,  71.  Adelitus  or  Almoganens,  in  Spain, 
were  conjurers,  who  predicted  the  fortunes  of  indi- 
viduals by  the  flight  and  singing  of  birds,  and  other 
accidental  circumstances.  Ed.  Enctfc. 

A-DEL'O-POD,  71.  [Gr.  a  privative,  hX's,  apparent, 
and  Tois,  foot.] 

An  animal  whose  feet  are  not  apparent.    Morin. 
AD-EMP'TION,  71.     [L.  aJi  mo,  to  take  away;  of  od 
and  emo,  to  take.] 

In  the  civil  law,  the  revocation  of  a  grant,  dona- 
tion, or  the  like. 
AD-E\-OG'RA-PRY,   n.     [Gr.  a^Tjr,  n  gland,  and 
j.piii/j'.>,  to  descrihe.] 
That  part  of  anatomy  which  treats  of  the  plands. 
AD'E.N-OID,  a.    [Gr.  ai^tjv,  a  gland^  and  fitSuj,  form.] 

In  the  form  of  a  gland  ;  glanditorm. 
AD-E.\-0-LOG'ie-iVL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  doctrine 

of  the  gland«.  Encyc, 

AD-E\-OL'0-fiY,  n.  [Gr.  a67\v,  a  gland,  and  Aj>oj, 
discourse.] 

In  anatomy^  the  doctrine  of  the  glands,  their  na- 
ture, and  their  uses. 
AD'E-NOS,  It.      A  species  of  cotton,  from  Aleppo, 

called  al^o  marine  cotton. 
AD^E\-OT'0-MY,  7t.     [Gr.  u(T;,r,  a  gland,  and  ro^iij, 
a  cutting.] 

In  anatomy  and  surgery,  a  cutting  or  incision  of  a 
gland.  JHi:rin. 

ADEPT',  II,     [I*,  adrptns,  obtained,  from  adipiicor,] 
One  fully  skilled  or  well  versed  in  any  art.     'JTie 
term  is  borrowed  from  the  alchemists,  who  applied 
it  to  one  who  pretended  to  have  founa  the  philoso- 
pher's stone,  or  the  punaceii.  Encyc. 
ADEPT',  (T.     Well  skiltt^d  ;  completely  versed  or  ac- 

quiiinled  with.  Boyle, 

AD-KI"T10i\,  77.     [L.  adqitio.] 

An  obtaining;  acquirement.     [0&.f.]        Bacon, 
AD-1:F'I''1ST,  71.     An  adrpt. 

Ai>'K-Q,UA-CY,  71.  [L..  adtri/uatas,  of  ad  and  fFqiiatits^ 
made  equal.] 

The  state  or  quality  of  being  equal  to,  proportion- 
ate, or  surticienl ;  a  suflirieney  for  a  particular  pur- 
pose. 

Tlie  atlequacy  ot  lupply  to  \\\e  expi'mliliin*. 

Wnr  in  Disguhe. 

AD'E-dUATE,  a,  .  Etiual  ;  proportionate  ;  corre- 
spondent to;  fully  sullicient;  as,  means  adrquatc 
to  the  object ;  we  liave  no  adequate  ideas  of  ililinite 
power. 

Adequate  ideas,  are  such  as  exactly  represent  their 
object, 

AD'E-dUATE,  V.  t.  To  resemble  exactly.  [J^ot 
jw<'</,]  S/uiprd. 

AD'E-CJ.UATE-LY,  n(/('.  In  an  adequate  manm-r;  in 
ex;n't  proportion  ;  with  just  corres|»ondence,  repre- 
sentation, or  propoiliuu  ;  in  a  degree  equal  to  the 
objrcL 

AD'E-UUATE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  ade- 
quate ;  justness  of  proportion  or  representation ; 
sufficiency. 

AD-E-UlJA''TI0N,  71.     Adequatencss,      [Xof   v.^cd.] 

lip.  Barlojc. 

AD-ES-SE-N  A'RI-ANS,  n.  pL  [L.  adesse,  to  be  pres- 
ent.] 

In  church  kistory,  a  sect  who  ho'.d  the  real  pres- 
ence of  Christ's  body  in  the  eucharist,  but  not  by 
tran substantiation.  They  dilfer,  hwweycr,  as  to 
this  presence  ;  some  holding  the  body  of  Christ  to 
be  ill  the  bread  ;  others,  ahuut  the  bread.       Encyc-. 

AD-FECT'ED,  a.  In  algebra,  compouiuled  ;  consist- 
ing of  different  powers  of  the  unknown  quantity. 

Badey. 


TONE,  BVLL,  IGNITE — AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8.  — C  as  K ;  6  aa  J ;  8  as  Z  j  CH  as  SHi  TH  as  in  THIS. 
_  .  _ 


ADl 

A1>-FIL'I-X-TED,  a.    Adopted  as  a  son.    [See  Ar- 

riLIATE.] 

AD-FIL-I-aTION,  h.    [L.  orf  and  JUius.  a  son.] 

A  Gothic  custom,  by  which  the  chiluren  of  a  for- 
mer inarriiige  are  put  upon  the  sanie  footing  witb 
those  of  a  succeeding  oue ;  still  retained  ia  some 
pans  of  Germany. 

J3DF1'XEM,    [Ul    To  the  end. 

AD-UERE',r.  i.  [L  o<iA*»reo,  arf  and  A<itm,  to  slick  j 
Ir.  adXarcdK'\ 

1.  To  slick  to,  as  glutinous  substances,  or  by  nat- 
ural growth  ;  Bi,  the  lungs  someliinea  adkert  to  Iho 
pleura. 

2.  To  be  joined,  or  held  in  contact ;  to  cleave  to. 

3.  Fi>ttrafiWy,  to  hold  to,  be  attached,  or  remain 
filed,  efther  by  pt  reonaJ  uniuu  or  conformity  of  faith, 
principle,  or  opmion :  as,  nit-n  adhere  la  a  party,  a 
leader,  a  church,  or  creed. 

4.  To  be  consiiteni ;  lo  bold  toceuicr  as  the  paito 
of  a  system. 

B»rtj  thiu|:  odUrwi  toprther.  Suik. 

AI>-H£R'EXCE,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of  sticking 
or  adberinc. 

3.  ngmmttttl^^ii  being  fixed  in  attachment ;  fidel- 
ity i  steady  attachmeul ;  as,  aa  uiktrtnct  to  a  port)* 
or  opinlooa. 

A0-HeR'EN-CT,  s.  The  same  aa  Aohkrkivck.  In 
tbe  sMMe  of  U«l  wJUdb  a44crc«,  not  legitimate, 

AD-H£R'£NT,  a.  SticJdsi«.  uniting,  as  ^ue  or  wax ; 
united  with ,  as,  "  an  Ausrait  naode^**  in  Locke, 
ikat  id,  a  node  accidentally  Joined  wiih  aa  ol^ect, 
as  ir«ta£»  in  a  cloth. 
AD-BCR'£NT,  m.     Tbe  peiaon  who  adberea ;  one 
who  fulluwi  a  leader,  party,  or  profession  ;  a  fol- 
lowar,  or  partisan ;  a  buiever  in  a  parUculai  taith 
or  church. 
Jn  tkf  satM  tf  an  appendage,  otspfato. 
AD-H^'ENT-LY,  «rfe.    la  aa  adfaereat  ataaoer. 
AD-H£R'£R,a.    One  that  adheres }  aanUiereBt. 
AI>-1I£  SIGN,  (ad-be'ahunO  «.    [L.  oAmw.] 

L  T^e  act  or  state  of  slicking,  or  being  united 
and  attached  lo ;  as,  the  a^aw'tfii  lu  glue,  or  of  parts 
united  by  growth,  cement,  and  tbelike.  AdkeMon 
a  genciwly  need  ia  a  litoal,  attvows  in  a  meia- 
pboffical  sense. 

S.  Sometimes,  JSgmmtivly,  adherence,  union,  or 
steady  atlacliment ;  firmness  in  opinion ;  as,  an  ait- 
kfsioK  lo  vice  i  but  in  this  sense  nearly  obsolete. 
The  union  of  bodiea  by  altiactiun  is  usually  de- 
nominated e^keticm 

7*he  term  mdkeawm,  in  p^sac,  has  been  np|»lied  lo 
the  force  by  which  iKMliea  of  different  kmds  adberv 
when  nailed ;  MA«ne«,  lo  the  force  that  unites  tbe 
particles  of  homogeneous  bodies.  Bramde, 

In  sisJirijie,  the  anion,  by  disease,  of  contigoous 
parti,  naturally  separate ;  as,  the  adkuum  of  tbe 
longs  to  the  pleura  ;  or  the  union  of  the  separated 
parts  of.a  wound,  in  the  process  of  healing. 
AI>-U£'^IVE,  a.  Sticky;  tenacj'jus,  as  ^utinons 
sulk<tances ;  apt  or  tending  to  adhere.  Thu^i  guuu 
are  aAkeMTDe. 

JUkttOM  platUr  ;  in  medioMe.  sticking  plaster  ; 
aaed  ei^edaUr  fur  uniting  the  lip>!«  of  v%-uuud.«. 

jMJtaw*  infUmmmtitn ,-  m  mrdidne^  that  kind  of 
inflamifmiyim  whlcb  causeis  adht-sion. 

Adkeiivt  date :  a  variety  of  slaty  clay,  adhering 
strongly  to  tbe  tungue,  and  rapidly  absorbing  water. 

Ure. 
AD-Hk'SIVE-LY,  Alto.    In  an  adhesive  manner. 
AD-Hc'8IVE-XESS,  n.    The  quality  of  sticking  or 

adherine :  stickiness ;  tenacity. 
AD-illB'IT,  r.  C    rL.ai£b^0,  otfandAd^M,  tohave.] 

To  use.  or  apiuy.     [Aordy  tued.] 

AD-HI-BI''TlON,  n.     Application;  use.     fFhitakrr, 

AD'UIL,  N.     A  ^'tar  of  the  sixth  ma^initude,  upon  the 

garment  of  Andromeda,  under  the  last  star  in  her 

fooL  Kncyc 

AD  HOM'f-S'EMy  [L.]  To  the  man ;  to  the  interests 

or  pa.s$ions  of  the  man. 
AD-HOR-TA'TIOX,  «.     [L.  adkartalio.] 

Advice.    iS^idom  luedLl 
AD-HOR'TA-TO-RV,  a.    "[L.  MdJutrtor,  lo  advise,  ad 
and  koTt^r.! 
AdviK>r>  ;  containing  counsel  or  warning. 

PotUr'g  Antiq. 

A-Dl-APH'OR-ISTS,  ju    l_Gr.  a^ta^oo  ;$,  indifferent.] 
Modeniie  Lutherans ;  a  name  given,  in  tlie  six- 
teenth ceiUur)-,  to  certain  men  that  followed  Me- 
lancthon,  who  was  more  p;icific  than  Luther. 

The  Adiaphorisis  held  some  opinions  and  ceremo- 
nies to  be  indifferent,  which  Luther  condemned  as 
sinful  or  heretical. 

X-DI-APH'OR-fTES.    See  Adivphorists. 

A-DI-APH'O  ROUS,  a.  Indifferent  ;  neutral.  A 
name  given  by  Bo>le  to  a  spirit  distUled  from  tar- 
tar, and  some  other  vegetable  substances,  neither 
acid  nor  alkaline,  or  not  possessing  the  distinct 
charBct;.-r  of  any  chemical  body 

In  meMicinf,  denoting  a  medicine  which  will  do 
neither  harm  nor  good.  Dunglhon. 


ADJ 

A-DIEO',  (a-du'O  [Fr.  d  Dieu,  Ui  God  ;  a  compound 
word,  and  an  elliptical  form  of  speech,  fur  /  com- 
mend you.  to  Qoti.  It  is  called  an  adverb,  but  it  has 
none  of  the  proi»'nies  of  a  n»o<lifying  word.] 

Farewell ;  an  expression  of  kind  wishes  at  the 
parting  of  friends. 

A-DIEC,  «.  A  farewell,  or  commendation  to  the 
care  of  God  ;  as,  an  everlasting  etdUu. 

AD  LXDEFI J^TTUM,  [L.J  To  any  indefinite 
extent. 

AD  LVFI-J^TTVMy  [L.]    To  endless  extent. 

AD  I.V-Q_UfRl^y  DUM:  [h.]    For  inquiry,  a  writ. 

AD  LVTER-JM^  [L.]  In  tlio  mean  lime;  for  the 
present. 

AD'L\-6LE,  n.    See  Petrosilbi. 

AD-I-POC'ER-ATB,  r.  L    To  convert  into  adipoccre. 

Al>-l-POC-ER-A'TION,  n.  The  act  or  process  of 
being  changed  into  ndipiKcre. 

AD'I-P0-C£RE',  n.  [L.  adrps,  fat,  and  ceray  Fr.  drct 
wax.] 

A  soil,  unctuous,  or  waxy  substance,  of  a  light- 
brown  color,  into  which  the  muscular  fibres  of  dead 
animal  bodies  are  converted,  by  lung  immersion  in 
water  or  spirit,  or  by  burial  in  moi^t  places  under 
ptrcullar  circumst:inces.  This  substance  was  first 
discovered  by  Fourcroy,  in  the  burying-ground  of 
the  Church  des  Innocens,  when  it  was  removed  in 
1787.  Lunier.    Med.  Rrpoi'.     EiL  Encyc 

AD'1-POSE,  a.  [L.  odimwu,  from  adeps^  fat.  Qu. 
Cb.  VCB,  to  glow  fat  3  Ileb.  and  Ch.,  ful,  gross,  stu- 

fdd  i  Ar.  ifUi^i  Uifashun^  fat,  bulky.] 

FaL  In  anatomy,  the  adipose  membrane  is  the  cel- 
lular membrane,  containing  the  fat  in  its  cells.  The 
adipose  arteries  and  veins  are  spread  on  the  coat  and 
fat  that  cover  the  kidneys. — The  <w/i/»(».«  sacs  and 
dirtts  are  the  bags  and  ducts  which  contain  the  fat. 
Qiiinrv.  Cvie.  —  Adipose  tijisue ;  an  assemblage  of 
minute,  round  vesicles,  containing  the  fat ;  closely 
agglomerated,  and  imbedded  in  the  interstices  of 
the  common  cellular  tissue.  Oeddiiigs,  —  Adipose 
n^tstance ;  animal  fat. 

AD'IT,  n.  [L.  adittLSt  from  adeoj  oditam,  to  approach, 
ad  and  eo,  to  go.] 

An  enlrance  or  passage ;  a  term  in  mining,  used 
to  denote  the  openutg  by  which  a  mine  is  entered. 
or  by  which  water  and  ores  are  carried  away ;  called 
also  the  drift.  It  18  usually  made  in  the  side  of  a 
hill.  The  word  is  sometimes  used  fur  air'skq/iy  but 
not  with  strict  propriety.  Kncyc 

ADJA'CEN-CV,  n.  [L.  adjaceo^  to  lie  contiguous, 
from  ad  and  jaceoy  to  lie.] 

The  state  of  lying  close  or  contiguous;  a  border- 
ing upon  or  lying  next  to  ;  as,  the  adjacencj/  of  lands 
or  buildings.  In  Uie  sense  of  that  whick  w  adjacent, 
as  used  by  Drown,  it  is  not  legitimate. 

AD-JA'CE.NT,  a.  Lying  near,  close,  or  contiguous  ; 
borderintr  iipon  ;  a.-*,  a  field  adjacent  to  the  liighway. 

ADJA't^NT,  ».  That  which  is  next  to  or  contigu- 
ous.    (LiUle  used.]  Locke. 

ADJA'CENT-LY,  adv.    So  as  to  be  adjacent. 

AD-JECT',  V.   L      [L.   adjicio,   of  ad  and  jaciOy   to 
throw.] 
To  add  or  put,  as  one  thing  to  another. 

Macknighl. 

ADJEG'TION,  H.  The  act  of  adding,  or  tiling  add- 
ed.    [Uttlt  ui'td.']  Broicn. 

ADJE&-TI"TIOUS,  a.     Added.    Parkhur.tt,  Oram, 

AD'JEC-TIVE,  n.  In  grammar,  a  word  used  with  a 
noun,  to  express  a  quality  of  the  thing  nnined,  or 
sometliing  attributed  to  it,  or  to  limit  or  define  it,  or 
to  specify  or  describe  a  thing,  as  distinct  from  some- 
thing else.  It  is  called  also  an  attributice  nr  attri- 
butf.  Thus,  in  the  phr-ise,  a  ttise  ruler,  wine  in  the 
adji-ctive  or  attributes  expressing  a  particular  prop 
ertv  of  rultr. 

Adjective  color;  a  color  which  requires  to  be  fixed 
bj-  some  mordaut  or  base  to  give  it  permanencv. 

Ure. 

AD'JEC-TIVE-LYj  adr.  In  the  manner  of  an  adjec- 
tive ;  as,  a  word  is  used  ai/jecticelif. 

AD-JOIX',  r.  L  [Fr.  adjoindre;  L.  adjungo,  ad  and 
janjro.     See  Joirf.] 

To  join  or  unite  lo ;  to  put  to,  by  placing  in  con- 
tact;  to  unite,  by  fastening  together  with  a  joint, 
mortise,  or  knot.  But  in  these  transitive  senses,  it 
is  rarelv  used.     [See  Join.] 

AI)-JOI.N',  r.  L  To  lie  or  be  next  to,  or  in  contact; 
to  be  contiguous  ;  as,  a  farm  adjoining  to  the  high- 
way. This  is  the  common  use  of  the  word,  and  £o 
is  oiien  omitt^'d  ;  as,  adjoining  the  highway. 

AI>-JOL\'.^-NT,  a.     Contiguous  lo.     [J^ot  iwcrf.] 

Carew. 

AD-JOIN'frO,  (ad-joind'p  pp.    Joined  to;  united. 

AD-JOIX'LNti,  ppr.  Jomiug  to;  adjacent;  contigu- 
ous. 

AD-JOURX',  (ad-jurn',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  ajoumer,  from  jour- 
n^*-,  a  day,  or  day's  work,  or  journey i  It.  giorno. 
See  Joua.vAi.,  Joubskt.] 

Literally,  to  put  off,  or  defer  to  another  day  ;  but 
■now  used  to  denote  a  formal  intermission  of  busi- 
ness, a  putting  off  to  any  future  meeting  of  tiie 


ADJ 

same  body,  and  appropriately  used  of  public  tiodies 
or  private  commissioners,  intrusted  with  business  ; 
aa,  the  court  adjourned  the  consideration  of  Ute  ques- 
tion. 
AD-JOURN',  V.  i.  To  suspend  business  for  a  time; 
as  from  one  day  to  another,  or  for  a  longer  period, 
usually  public  business,  as  of  legislatures  and  courts, 
for  repose  or  refreshment ;  as.  Congress  adjourned 
at  four  o'clock.  It  is  also  used  for  the  act  of  clotiiug 
the  session  of  a  public  body ;  as,  t!ie  court  adjourned 
without  day. 

h  wu  raoved  that  parliament  thoiiM  adioum  for  bIz  weeks. 
Select  SpMchsa,  »oI.  r.  403. 

AD-JOURN'ED,  (ad-jumd',)  pp.  Put  off,  delayed,  or 
deferred  for  a  limited  time. 

2.  As  an  adjecttcc,  existing  or  held  by  adjourn- 
ment ;  as,  an  adjourned  session  of  a  couil.,  opposed 
to  stated  or  retpilar. 

AD-JOURN'ING,  ppr.  Deferring;  suspending  for  a 
time  ;  closing  a  session. 

ADJt^URN'.MENT,  ji.  The  act  of  adjourning ;  as, 
in  lefiislaiures,  the  adjournment  of  one  house  is  not 
an  adjournineiu  of  the  otlier. 

52.  The  putting  off  till  another  day  or  time  speci- 
fied, or  Without  day :  that  is,  tlie  closing  of  a  session 
of  a  public  or  ofitciul  body. 

3.  The  lime  or  interval  during  which  a  public 
body  defers  business;  as,  during  an  adjournment. 
But  a  suspension  of  business  for  refresliinent,  be- 
tween the  forming  of  a  house  and  an  adjoumvient,  is 
called  a  recess.  In  Great  Britain,  the  close  of  a  ses- 
sion of  parliament  is  called  a  prorogation ,-  as  tlie 
close  of  a  parliament  is  a  dissolution.  But  in  Great 
Britain,  as  well  as  in  the  United  Slates^  a(//ourn//ieiU 
is  now  used  for  an  intermission  of  business  for  any 
indefinite  time;  as,  an  adjournment  of  parliament 
for  six  weeJts.  Select  Speeches,  vol.  v.  404. 

AD-JUDGE',  V.  L  [Fr.  adjugcr,  from  juge,  judge. 
See  Judge.] 

To  decide,  or  determine,  in  the  case  of  a  contro- 
verted question  ;  as,  the  prize  was  adjudged  to  the 
victor ;  to  decree  by  a  judicial  opinion  ;  used  ap- 
propriately of  courts  of  law  ond  equity  ;  as,  the 
case  was  adjudged  in  Hilary  term  ;  a  criminal  was 
adjudged  to  suffer  death. 

It  has  been  used  in  the  sense  of  to  htdge  ;  as,  he 
adjudged  him  unworthy  of  his  friendship.  But  this 
sense  is  unusual. 

AD-JUDG'£D,  fad-judjd',)  pp.  Determined  by  judi- 
cial opinion  ;  decreed  ;  sentenced. 

AD-JUDG'ir*iG,  ppr,  Deteriuining  by  judicial  opin- 
ion ;  sentencing. 

ADJUDG'MEiNT,  71.    The  act  of  judging;  sentence. 

Temple. 

AD-JO'DI-CATE,  v.  U  [L.  adjudico,  to  give  sentence. 
See  Judge.] 

To  adjudge  ;  to  try  and  determine,  as  a  court.  It 
has  the  sense  of  adjudge. 

AD-J0'DI-€ATE,  v.  i.  To  try  and  determine  upon 
judicially  ;  as,  the  court  adjudicated  upon  the  case. 

AD-JO'DI  €A-TED,  pp.  Adjudged;  tried  and  de- 
cided. 

AD-JO'DI-CA-TING,  ppr.  Adjudging;  Hying  and 
determining. 

AD-J0-DI-€X'TION,  n.  The  act  of  adjudging ;  the 
act  or  process  of  trying  and  determining  judicially ; 
as,  a  ship  was  taken  and  sent  into  port  for  adjudica- 
tion. 

a.  A  judicial  sentence ;  judgment  or  decision  of  a 
court. 

Whose  fHiiiilii-s  were  ptirties  lo  norm  of  ihe  former  adjudicor 
lioiiM.  Blacktlorie. 

3.  In  Scotj  laiB,  an  action  by  which  a  creditor  at- 
taches the  heritable  estate  of  his  debtor,  or  his  debt- 
or's heir,  in  payment  or  security  of  his  debt ;  or  an 
action  by  which  the  holder  of  a  heritable  right,  la- 
boring under  a  defect  in  point  of  form,  may  supply 
that  defect.  Encyc. 

AD'JU-MENT,  n,     [L.  adjumeirtuTU.] 
Help;  support.     [JVotttsed.] 

AD'JUNCT,  H.  [L.  adjunetus,  joined,  from  adjungo. 
See  Joitf.] 

1.  Something  added  to  another,  but  not  essential- 
ly a  part  of  it ;  as,  water  absorbed  by  a  cloth  or 
sponge  is  its  adjuncL  Also,  a  person  joined  to  an- 
other. 

2.  In  metaphysics,  a  quality  of  the  body  or  the 
mind,  whether  natural  or  acquired ;  as  color,  in  tlie 
body  ;  Viinking,  in  the  mind. 

3.  In  grammar,  words  added  to  Illustrate  or  am- 
plify the  force  of  other  words;  as  the  Ilisiury  of 
the  American  Revolution.  The  words  in  italics  ore 
the  adjuncts  of  History. 

A.  In  music,  the  word  is  employe*!  to  denominate 
the  relation  betwein  the  principal  mode  and  the 
modes  of  its  two  fifths.  Encyc, 

The  adjunct  deities,  among  the  Romans,  were  in- 
ferior deities,  which  were  added  as  assistants  to  the 
principal  gods ;  as  BeUona  to  Mars  ;  to  Vulcan,  the 
Cabiri ;  to  the  Good  Genius,  the  Lares;  to  the  Evil, 
the  Lemures.  Encyc. 

In  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Pari*!,  the  ad- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T METE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.- 

—  ^  .  _  -  .  .  - 


ADL 

juncta  were  a  class  of  members  attached  to  the  pur- 
suit of  particular  sciences.  They  were  twelve  in 
dumber,  created  in  1716.  Encye. 

Adjunct  has  been  used  for  a  colUague^  but  rarely. 

Wotton. 

AD'JITXQX)  a.  Added  to  or  united  with ;  as,  an  ad- 
junct professor. 

AJ>-JUNe'T10N,  n.  The  act  of  joining  ;  the  thing 
joined. 

AD-JUX€T'IVE,  a.  Joining;  having  the  quality  of 
join  ins. 

AD-J  UN€T'IVE,  iu    That  which  is  joined. 

ADJUN€T'IVE-LY,  adv.  In  an  adjunctive  man- 
ner. 

AI>-JUN€T'LY,  ode.  In  connection  with  j  conae- 
quentlv- 

AD-JU-RA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  adjuring  ;  a  solemn 

charging  on  oath,  or  under  the  penalty  of  a  curse. 

2.  Tlie  form  or  f»ath.  Addison. 

AD-J  IRE',  r.  U  [h.  adjuro^  to  swear  solemnly,  or 
compel  one  to  swear  ;  from  ad  and  juro^  to  swear.j 

1.  To  charge,  bind,  or  command  on  oath,  or  under 
the  penalty  of  a  curse. 

JunhMt^adJartd  them  at  that  lime,  •ayine',  Ciira^  br  the  man 
betuiT  the  Jjonl,  Uisi  ructh  up  ana  buildeth  tiiis  city  of 
Ji-ncbo.  —  Jwh.  vi. 

2.  To  charge  earnestly  and  solemnly,  on  pain  of 
God's  wrath. 

I  adjurt  tbe«  bj  the  Bring  God.  —  MatL  xxvl.  Acta  xtx. 

3.  To  conjure  ;  to  charge,  ui^e,  or  summon  with 
solemnity. 

I'be  magistTatea  adjurtd  by  aUtite  bonda  of  drQ  dutv. 

Sniion. 
Ye  aacrrd  nJwrs,  V  ill  of  you  adjurrd.  Drydtn. 

Tlic  comiiiiisionere  adjurtd  Ovrta  not  to  !pt  pnas  so  favorable 
ao  opponunity  ot  atoirin^  tlieir  lihcnj's 

Marthali'4  Life  of  Wathington. 

AD-JPR'/TD,  pp.  Charged  on  oath,  or  with  a  denun- 
ciation of  God's  wrath  ;  solemnly  urged. 

AD-JOR'ER,  n.  One  that  adjures  \  one  that  exacts 
an  oath. 

AIW  C  R'IN'G,  P7W.  Charging  on  oath,  or  on  the  pen- 
alty of  a  curse;  beseeching  with  siil(>mnity. 

ADJUST',  tJ.  e.  [Sp.  aJMstan  Port,  id.;  It,  as^ius- 
tart ;  Fr.  ajusUv^  to  fit  or  frame  ;  of  t..  ad,  and  jus- 
hw,  just,  exact.     See  Just.] 

1.  To  make  exact ;  to  fit ;  tn  make  correspondent, 
or  conformable  ;  as,  to  adjust  a  garment  to  the  body, 
an  event  Co  the  prediction,  or  things  to  a  standard. 

*  Swift,     iMcke.    Addison. 

2.  To  put  in  order;  to  regulate  or  reduce  to  sys- 
tem ;  as,  to  adjust  a  scheme ;  to  mljuM  atlairs. 

3.  To  make  accurate  ;  to  nettle  or  bring  to  a  satis- 
factory state,  so  that  parties  are  ntrreed  in  the  re- 
sult ;  as,  to  adjast  accounts ;  the  diiferences  are  ad- 
justed. 

AD-JUST'A-BLE,  a.     That  may  or  can  be  adjusted. 

AD-JUST'EDy  pp.  Made  exact  or  confonnable  ;  re- 
duc:ed  to  a  nght  form  or  standard  ;  settled. 

AI>-JU8T'ER,  n,  A  person  who  adjusts  ;  that  which 
regulates. 

AD-JIJST'L\G,  ppr.  Reducing  to  due  form  ;  fitting; 
milking  exact  or  corroHp<jndent ;  settline- 

ADJUST'MENT,  n.  Tlie  art  of  adjusting;  regula- 
tion ;  a  reducing  to  just  fonn  or  order ;  a  making  lit 
or  conformable  ;  settlement.      Watts.     H'oodwetrd. 

AD'JU-TAGE,  or  AJ'U-TAGE,  n.  A  tube  fitted  to 
the  mouth  of  a  vessel,  through  which  water  Is  played 
in  a  fountain.  Encye. 

AD'JU-TA\-CY,  n.  [See  Adjutakt.]  The  office 
of  an  adjutant ;  skillful  arrangement.  Burke. 

Af>'JU-T.\NT,  n.  [L.  aifjitfaiWy  aiding;  from  atljuioy 
to  aisist,  of  ad  anajuvoyjutujiiy  to  help.] 

In  mtluary  affairs,  an  ofiicer  whose  business  is  to 
as>i^t  the  surwirior  officers  by  receiving  and  commu- 
nicating orders.  He  places  guards,  receives  and 
diittributes  ammunition,  assigns  places  of  rendez- 
vous, SlC. 
Adjutant' gtnrral,  in  an  army,  Is  the  chief  adjutant 
Adjutants- treneral^  among  the  Jesuits,  were  a  select 
nuinlMT  of  fathers,  who  n-!-ided  with  the  general  of 
lh(-'  order,  each  of  whom  had  a  province  or  country 
aB-^icned  to  his  care.  Their  business  was  to  cor- 
respond wiiJi  that  province,  by  their  delegates,  em- 
liisaries  or  visitors,  and  give  infonuation  of  occur- 
rences to  the  father-generaL  Encyc, 

The  adjutant  is  a  very  large  species  of  crane, 
call'*d  also  the  gi^antir.  crane,  a  native  of  India ;  one 
of  the  moat  voracious  and  carnivorous  birds  known. 

P.  Cyc 

ADJOTE',  ».  f.    Tnhelp.     [JVot  iwrrf.] 

AD-JO'TOR,  n.  A  helper.  [LUOe  used ;  Us  cimpound 
(JoADjtJTOR  if  in  common  iw*.] 

AU-JO'TRIX,  n.    A  female  assistant. 

Al>  JOVANT,  o.     Helping;  assisting.  Hawen. 

AD-JO'VA\T,  71.  An  assistant.  In  medicine,  a  sub- 
Ktance  added  to  a  prescription,  to  aid  the  operation 
of  the  principal  ingredient  of  basis.         Cyc.  Med. 

AD-LE-^;A'TI0N,«.  ri*.  ad  and  legatio,  an  embassy, 
from  UgOf  to  send.    See  Leoatb.J 

In  tM  public  law  of  the  German  empire,  a  right, 
claimed  by  the  states,  of  Joining  their  own  minis- 
ters with  those  of  the  emperor,  in  public  treaties 


ADM 

and  negotiations,  relating  to  the  common  interest 

of  tlie  empire.  Encyc. 

AD  LIB'ITUMy  [L.]    At  pleasure;  without  restric- 

AD-LO  eO'TION,  H.    See  Allocution.  [tion. 

AD-MEAS'IIRE,  (ad-mezh  ur,)  v.  t.     [ad  and  meAis- 

ure.     See  SIeasure.] 

1.  To  measure  or  ascertain  dimensions,  size,  or 
capacity  ;  used  for  measure. 

2.  To  apportion ;  to  assign  to  each  claimant  his 
right ;  as,  to  admeasure  dower  or  common  of  pasture. 

Black.'^tone. 
AD-MEAS'llR-ED,  pp.     Measured;  apportioned. 
AD-MEAS'l^RE-MENT,  n.     The   measuring  of   di- 
mensions by  a  rule,  as  of  a  ship,  cask,  anil  the  like. 

2.  The  measure  of  a  thing,  or  dimensions  ascer- 
tained. 

In  these  uses  the  word  is  equivalent  to  measure- 
menty  mensuration,  and  measure. 

3.  The  adjustment  of  proportion,  or  ascertain- 
ment of  shares,  as  of  dowor  or  pasture  held  in  com- 
mon. Tliis  is  done  by  writ  of  admeasurement^  di- 
rected to  the  sheriff.  Blackstone. 

AD-.MEAS'l'R-ER,  n.     One  that  admeasures. 
AD-MEAS'IJR-IXG,  ppr.     Meastiring  ;  apportioning. 
AD-ME\-SU-RA'TION  is  equivalent  to  Aomeasurk- 

MEr*T,  but  not  much  used,     [.^ee  Mexsuratiok.] 
AD-.MIN'I-€LE,  a      [I^  admiuiculum.l 

Help  ;  support.     [JVot  it.««/.] 
Ar)-MI\-I€'lT-LAR,  a.     Supplying  help;  helpful. 
AD-MIN'IS-TER,   r.   ^      [L.   administro,  of  ad  and 

inini.«fcrc',  to  serve  or  manage.     See  Minister.] 

1.  To  act  as  minister  or  chief  agent,  in  managing 
public  affairs,  under  laws  or  a  constitutitm  of  gov- 
ernment, as  a  king,  president,  or  other  supreme 
officer.  It  is  used  also  of  absolute  monarclis,  who 
nile  not  in  subordination  ;  but  is  more  strictly  appli- 
cable to  limited  monarch^  and  other  supreme  exec- 
utive officers,  and  to  governors,  viceroys,  judges, 
and  the  like,  who  are  under  the  authority  of  laws. 
A  king  or  a  president  administers  the  government  or 
laws  when  lie  executes  them,  or  carries  them  into 
effect.  A  judge  administers  tlie  laws  when  he  ap- 
plies them  to  particular  cases  or  persons.  In  short, 
til  o'tmiuister  is  to  direct  the  execution  or  application 
of  laws. 

2.  To  disjwnse,  as,  to  administer  justice  or  the 
sacrament. 

3.  To  aflcjrd  ;  to  give  or  fiirnish  ;  as,  to  administer 
relief,  that  is,  to  act  as  the  agent.  To  administer 
medicine.  Is  to  direct  and  cause  it  to  be  taken. 

4.  To  give,  as  an  oath  j  to  cause  to  swear  accord- 
ing to  law. 

AD-MI\'IS-TER,  r.  t.  To  contribute  ;  to  bring  aid 
or  supplies  ;  to  add  something ;  as,  a  shade  adminis- 
ters to  our  comfort, 

2.  To  perform  the  office  of  administrator ;  as,  A 
administers  uf>on  the  estate  of  H. 

AI)-MIN'IS-TER-£D,  pp.  Executed  ;  managed  ; 
governed  ;  afforded  ;  given  ;  disjiensed. 

AD-MIN-IJ^  TE'RI-AL,  o.  Pertaining  to  administra- 
tion, or  to  th(^  executive  part  of  goveniment. 

AD-MI\'IS-TER-ING,p;»r.  Executing;  carrying  into 
effert ;  giving;  disptuising. 

AD-MIX'IS-'IRATE,  in  the  place  of  Administee, 
has  been  used,  but  is  not  well  authorized. 

AI>-MI\-IS-TRA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  administer- 
ing ;  direction  ;  management ;  government  of  public 
affairs  ;  the  conducting  of  any  office  or  employment 

5.  The  executive  part  of  government,  consisting 
In  the  exercise  of  the  constitutional  and  legal  pow- 
ers, the  general  superintendence  of  national  affairs, 
and  the  enforcement  of  laws. 

3.  The  persons  collectively,  who  are  intrusted 
with  the  execution  of  laws,  and  the  xuperintendence 
of  public  affairs;  the  chief  magistrnie  and  his  coun- 
cil ;  or  the  council  alone^  as  in  Great  Britain, 

4.  Dispensation  ;  distribution  ;  exhibition;  as,  the 
administration  of  justice,  of  the  sacrament,  or  of 
grace.     1  Cor.  xii.    2  Cor.  ix. 

5.  The  management  of  the  estate  of  an  intestate 
person,  under  a  coniiiiission  from  the  proper  author- 
ity. This  managenieiit  cruisists  in  collecting  debts, 
paying  debts  and  legacicit,  and  distributing  the 
property  among  the  hcxxa. 

6.  The  i>ower,  office,  or  commission  of  an  admin- 
istrator. 

HuiTD^t/^  an^  authorized  to  pranl  edminUtrri&on. 

Laie»  nf  New  York, 
It  ii  man  uaiinl  to  say,  letter!  of  adminiutratMn. 

Black$lone. 

7.  This  name  was  given  by  the  Spaniards  to  the 
sttiple  maga/Jne  or  warehouse  at  Callao,  in  Peru, 
where  foreicn  ships  must  unload.  Encyc. 

AD-MIN'IS-rRA-TIVE,  a.  That  administers,  or  by 
which  one  adniinislers. 

AI>-MIN-IS-TRA'TOR,  n.  A  man  who,  by  vutue  of 
a  commission  from  the  ordinary,  surrogate,  court 
of  pnjbale,  or  other  proper  authoritv,  has  the  charge 
of  the  goods  and  estate  of  one  dying  without  a  will. 

2.  One  who  administ^Ts,  or  who  directs,  man- 
ages, distributes,  or  dispenses  laws  nnd  rites,  either 
in  civil,  judicial,  political,  or  eccleHlastical  affairs. 

3.  In  Scoti  law,  a  tutor,  curator,  ur  guardian,  hav- 1 


ADM      - 

ing  f^e  care  of  one  who  is  incapable  of  acting  for 
himself.  The  term  ia  usually  applied  to  a  fatlier 
who  has  power  over  his  children  and  their  estate, 
during  their  minority.  Encyc. 

AD-MIN-IS-TRA'TOR-SHIP,  b.  The  office  of  an 
administrator. 

AD-MIN-IS-TRA'TRIX,  n.  A  female  who  adminis- 
ters upon  the  estate  of  an  intestate ;  also,  a  female 
who  administers  government 

AD-MI-RA-IIIL'I-TY,     J  n.    Thequality  of  being ad- 

AD'MI-RA-BLE-NESS,  i  mirable ;  the  power  of 
exciting  admiration. 

AD'MI-RA-BL^,  a.     [L.  admirabilis,'\ 

To  be  adniired  ;  worthy  of  otlmiration ;  having 
qualities  to  excite  wonder,  with  approbation,  esteem, 
or  rijverence ;  used  of  persons  or  things:  as,  the 
admirable  structure  of  the  body,  or  of  tlie  universe. 

AD'MI-KA-BLY,  iw/r.  In  a  manner  to  excite  wonder, 
mingled  with  approbation,  esteem,  or  veneration. 

AD'MI-RAL,  71.  [In  the  Latin  of  the  middle  ages, 
amira,  aiinrasy  admiralis,  an  emir;  8p.  almirantc; 
Port.  id. ;    It.   ammiraglio ;    Fr.   amiral ;    from    Ar. 

wc)  amara,  to  command,   >a.4i,  a  commander; 

Sans,  amara;  Heb.  Ch.  Svr.  Sam  ^aH,  to  speak. 
The  terminating  syllable  of  admiral  may  be  a^s,  the 
sea.  This  word  is  said  to  have  been  introduced  into 
Europe  by  tht  Genoese  or  Venetians,  in  the  I2th  or 
13th  centur>'.] 

A  marine  commander  in  chief;  the  commander 
of  a  fleet  or  navy. 

1.  Tlie  lordkiirh  admiral,  in  Great  Britain,  is  an 
officer  who  superintends  all  maritime  affairs,  and 
has  the  government  of  the  navy.  He  has  also  juris- 
diction over  all  maritime  causes,  and  commissions 
the  naval  officers. 

2.  The  admiral  of  the  fleet,  the  highest  officer 
under  the  admiralty.  When  he  embarks  on  an  ex- 
I)etlition,  the  union  flag  is  displayed  at  the  main-top- 
gallant-mast-head. 

3.  The  vice-oilmiral,  an  officer  next  in  rank  and 
command  to  the  admiral,  has  command  of  the 
second  squadron.  He  carries  his  flag  at  the  fore-top- 
gallant-mast-head.  This  name  is  given  also  to  cer- 
tain officers  who  have  power  to  hold  courts  of  vice- 
admiraliy  in  various  jKirts  of  the  British  dominions. 

4.  The  rear  admiral,  next  in  rank  to  tlie  vice-ad- 
miral, has  command  of  the  thirtl  squadron,  and 
carrieH  his  flag  at  the  mizzen-top-galhtut-mast-head. 

5.  The  commander  of  any  bingle  fleet,  or  in  gen- 
eral any  flag  officer. 

■  6.  The  ship  which  carries  the  admiral ;  also  the 
most  consklerable  ship  of  a  fleet  of  merchantmen, 
or  of  fishing  vessels.  Encyc. 

7.  In  two/«^,  aspeciesof  shell-fish.  [See  Voll'ta.] 

8.  A  species  of  butterfly,  which  lays  her  eggs  on 
the  great  slinging  nettle,  and  delights  in  brambles. 

Encyc. 
AD'MI-RAL-SHIP,  n.    The  office  or  power  of  an  ad- 

minil.  [Little  used.] 
AD'M1-RAL,-TY,  7t.  In  Great  Britain,  the  office  of 
lord  high  admiral.  This  office  is  discharged  by  one 
person,  or  by  a  board  of  commissioners,  called  lords 
of  the  admiralty  i  formerly  seven,  but  now  six  in 
number. 

2.  The  building  where  the  lords  of  the  admiralty 
transact  business. 

The  admiraltij  court,  or  court  of  admiralty,  is  the 
supreme  court  for  the  trial  of  maritime  causes,  held 
before  the  lord  high  admiral,  or  lords  of  the  admi- 
ralty. 

In  general,  a  court  of  admiralty  is  a  court  for  the 
trial  of  causes  arising  on  tho  high  seas,  as  prize 
causes  and  the  like.  In  tho  United  Htates,  there  ia 
no  admiralty  court,  distinct  from  others;  hut  the 
district  courts,  esUiblished  in  tlie  several  states  by 
Congress,  are  invested  with  admiralty  powers. 
AD-Mi-RA'TION,  n.  Wonder  mingled  with  pleas- 
ing emotions,  as  approbation,  esteem,  love  or  vener- 
atit>n  ;  a  compound  emotion  excited  by  something 
novel,  rare,  great,  or  excellent ;  applied  to  persons 
and  their  works.  It  otlen  includes  a  slight  degree 
of  ^rprise.  Thus  we  view  the  solar  system  with 
adm  iration. 

Vi  ry  near  (o  admirn&on  i^tlie  wkh  to  admire.  Anon. 

It  has  been  sometimes  used  in  an  ill  sense,  denot- 
ing wonder  with  disapprobation. 

Vour  bol(ln**w  I  with  admiration  §ec.  Dryden, 

Wtteii   ]   «uw  b<.T,  I  wondercd  with  great  adtruration.  —  Rev. 
xvii. 

AD-MTRE',  V,  t,  [L.  atlmiror,  ad  and  miror,  to  won- 
der ;  Sp.  and  Port,  admirar ;  Fr.  admirer ;  It.  ammirare  ,* 

■  Fr.  vtirer,  to  look,  to  take  aim  ;  Corn,  miras,  to  look, 
see,  or  face  ;  Arm.  miret,  to  stop,  hold,  keep  ;  W. 
mir,  visage  ;  also,  fair,  comely  ;  and  mnn;  one  that 
looks  after,  keeps  or  guards,  a  mayor,  or  bailiff;  Russ. 
tamirayu,  to  be  astonished  or  stupefied  ;  to,  a  prefix, 
and  niir,  peace;  mirtju,  to  p:icify ;  zamiriayu,  to 
make  peace.  The  primary  sense  is  to  hold,  to  stop, 
or  sh-ain.  Ch.  and  Syr.  1D1 ;  L.  demiTor.  See 
Mouaand  Mab.] 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 

19"" 


.      ADM 

1.  To  rt^aard  with  wondtT  or  surpriss**,  ^eiingled 
wilh  apprultfilion,  esteem,  reverence,  or  afiV-ctinn. 

Wbm  br  shall  conie  to  be  gtorifiml  in  tm  sainu,  awl  be  «!• 
mind  lu  ftll  ifa^^m  that  W'«  him.— S  IVm.  i. 

This  word  has  been  used  In  an  ill  sense,  but 
seems  now  correcUy  restricted  to  the  sense  here 
given,  and  implytiig  souiething  great,  rare,  or  ex- 
cellt^nt,  in  the  object  admired. 

2.  To  repard  with  aflectiuu  ;  a  familiar  term  for 
to  itfM  greatly.  [It  is  an  ermr  to  follow  this  verb 
wftb  an  infinitive ;  a.^  I  admire  to  see  a  man  con- 
sistent in  hid  conduct.    £</.] 

AI>-MIRE%  r.  C  To  wonder ;  to  be  affected  with 
slight  surprise  ;  sometimes  witii  at ;  as,  Ui  admire 
atliisown  contrivance.  /t^y. 

To  admire  ai  sometimes  implies  di.^approbatinn. 

AD-MIR'/:D,  pp.  Kegarded  with  wontier,  mingled 
with  pU-asurabId  sensations,  as  estt^m,  love,  or 
revtT''i»rc. 

.\D-MTR  r.K,  It.  One  who  admires;  one  who  c»- 
let-ni-J  r.r  luvcs  greatly. 

AJ[>-MTK'I.\<;,  ppr.  Kegardlng  with  wonder  united 
with  I.'vc  or  esteem. 

AIX-MIK'I\4i-LY.  ade,  Wilh  admiration j  in  the 
manner  of  an  admirer. 

AI>-MI:*-8I-BIL'I-TY,  a.  The  quaUl>-  of  being  ad- 
missible. Judve  Chuse, 

AD-Mlri'Sl-RLE,  «.  [See  Admit.]  That  may  be 
admitted,  allowed,  or  conceded ;  ai^,  Uie  testimony  id 

admissiblf,  • 

AD-.MIS'SI-BLY,  aJv.    So  as  to  be  admitted. 
AD-MI3'S10.\,  a.     [L.  admU-*io.] 

1.  The  act  or  practice  of  admitting ;  as,  the  admi»- 
tdon  of  aliens  into  our  countrj- ;  also,  the  state  of 
being  adiniltt-d. 

2.  .Admittance  ;  power  or  permission  to  enter ;  en- 
trance ;  access;  power  to  approach j  as,  our  laws 
give  to  foreigners  easy  admiAgiom  to  the  rishts  of 
citizens ;  the  admisfwk  of  a  clerk  to  a  benefice. 

3.  Allowance ;  grant  ot  an  argument  or  poaitlnn 
nc4  frilly  proved. 

AD-.MIT'  e.  t.  [U  mdmitto,  from  ad  and  mUto,  to 
send  ;  Ft.  meOre.) 

1.  To  sufler  to  enter ;  to  grant  entrancf .  whether 
Into  a  place,  or  an  office,  or  into  the  mind,  or  con- 
sideration; as,  to  admit  a  student  into  cidlege}  to 
admit  a  serious  thought  into  the  mind. 

2.  To  give  riglu  of  entrance ;  as,  a  ticket  admits 
onp  i/ito  a  play-house. 

3.  To  allow  ;  to  receive  as  true ;  as,  the  arguraent 
or  fact  is  admitted, 

4.  To  permit,  grant,  or  allow,  or  to  be  capable  of; 
as,  the  words  do  not  admit  of  such  a  constriction. 
In  this  sense,  ^  may  be  uaed  after  the  verb,  or 
omitted.  — 

AD-MIT'TA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  admitted  or 
allowed. 

AD-MIT'TAXCE,  a.    The  no.  of  admitting ;  allow- 
More  usually,  [ance. 
2.   Permission  to  enter ;  the  power  or  right  of 
entrance  ;  and  iKnce,  actual  entrance  ;  as,  he  gained 
admittamce  into  the  church. 

3l  Concession;  admisskm:  allowanre;  as,  the 
mdmWtat£  of  an  argunienL     {yot  uttrd.l 

4.  ^faakspeare  uses  the  \v(.rd  fi»T  the  custom  or 
prerogative  of  being  admined  ;  "Sir  John,  you  are 
a  gentleman  of  excellent  breeding,  of  great  admil- 
tancf:  "  but  the  license  is  unwarrantable. 

AJ)->UT'TED,  pp.  Penuitted  to  enter  or  approach  ; 
allowr'd  :  granted  ;  conceded. 

AD-.MIT'TER,  n.    He  that  admits 

AI>-MrT'TlNG,p;7r.  Permitting  to  enter  or  approach ; 
allowing  ;  conceding. 

AD-5LIX',  V.  L  To  mingle  with  something  else. 
[See  Mix  J 

AD-MIX'TION.  (ad-mU'chun,)  n.  [L.  admixtio,  or 
admutia^  of  mdmnd  auaceo^  to  mix.     See  Mix.] 

A  mingling  of  bodies  i  a  union  by  mixing  differ- 
ent substances  together.  It  differs  from  compotntutn 
or  chemical  combination ;  tat  admixtion  does  not  alter 
the  nature  of  the  substances  mixed,  but  merely  blends 
them  together ;  whereas  in  campositiony  the  particles 
unite  by  affinity,  loee  their  former  properties,  and 
form  new  compounds,  with  different  properties. 

A&MIX'TL'RE,  n.  [from  admix.]  • 

The  ijubstance  mingled  with  another;  soni'-times 
the  act  of  mixture,  or  the  *ale  of  being  mixed.  We 
say,  an  admixture  of  sulphur  with  alum,  or  the 
admijturt  of  different  bodies. 

AI>-MON'ISH,  r.  t.  [L.  admoneoyOd  and  stcmra,  to 
leach,  warn,  admonish ;  Fr.  adxatmcter;  Norm. 
amonesUr  ,•  Sp.  amtnustar ;  Port,  amoestar^  or  admo- 
estar  i  IL  ammanirt :  G.  mahnen^  ermahnen ;  D. 
muiaen,  to  dun,  vermaanen^  to  admonish  ;  t?w.  mana, 
f6rmana  ;  Dan.  mane^/ormane  ;  Pax.  ma-nan^  lo  mean.] 

1.  To  warn  or  notify  of  a  fault;  to  reprove  with 
mildness. 

Count  tilm  not  ms  fta  eoemy,  but  admonUh  him  u  a  brother. 
—  9Tben.iu. 

2.  To  counsei  against  wrong  practices ;  to  caution 
or  advise. 

Admonish  one  soother  in  pKilmt  uid  hTTQot. Col.  ni. 


ADO 

3.  To  iiistnut  or  direct. 

Mew*  WN«  otfmomthed   by  God,  when  ho  wu  about  to  nnkc 
ibc  tabrrnud**.  —  llcbi  viii. 

4.  In  ecctMostieftl  a^irs^  to  reprove  a  member  of 
the  chureh  for  a  fault,  either  publicly  or  privately  ; 
the  first  step  of  clmrch  di?<ciptine.  !i  is  followed  by 
of  or  against :  as,  to  admonish  of  a  fault  committed, 
or  a^ain-st  conmiitting  a  fault.  It  has  a  like  use 
in  collepes. 

AI>-MO.\'ItJH.£D,;jp.  Reproved  j  advised ;  warned  j 
instnirted. 

AD-.MO.\'lSH-F.R,)i.    One  who  reproves  or  counsels. 

AD-MON'Isn-I\G,;>;»r.  Reproving  ;  warning ;  coun- 
seling ;  dinM-ting. 

AD-.\ION'I^H-ME\T, «.    Admonition.  Skak. 

AI)-MO-M"TION,  n.  Gentle  reproof;  counseling 
against  a  fault  j  instruction  in  duties;  caution; 
dinxriion.  'J'it.  til.  1  Cor.  x.  In  cJiurch  dishpliney 
public  or  private  reproof  to  reclaim  au  offender;  a 
step  pretiiiiinatT  to  excommunirntion. 

AD-MO-iNl"T£OK.ER,  n.  A  disj^nser  of  admoni- 
tions. Hooker, 

AD-MON'I-TIVE,  a.    Containing  admonition, 

Harrow. 

AD-MOX'I-TIVE-LY,  adr.    Ry  admonition. 

AD-Mt)\'I-T()K.  n.    All  admonislicr  ;  a  monitor. 

AD-.MON'I-TO-R Y,  a,  Coutaiinng  admonition ;  that 
admonishes. 

AD-MOKT-l-ZA'TrON,ii,  The  reducing  of  lands  or 
tenemenUUi  mortmain.  [SeeMoHTMAis.]    Encyc 

AD-MOVE',  p.  (.     [1^  admovM.] 

To  move  to ;  to  bring  one  tiling  lo  another. 
[Little  «,W.|  BroKit. 

AD-i\A.S'CEvNT,  a.     [L.  ad  and  Ha.«rits,  growing.] 
Growing  to  or  on  soiueiliing  else.  Erelijit. 

.\D-\A'TA,  m.  [L,  ad  and  n(itH.v,  grown,  from  na^cor^ 
to  grow.  ] 

1.  In  snotomM,  a  sj-nonym  of  tlie  conjunetma^  or 
outer  ctwa  of  the  eye]  reflected  over  the  ball  of  the 
e>e  from  the  inner  surface  of  the  eyelirls.  Tlie 
tt^nn  has  also  been  applied  to  the  albuirinea. 

2.  tfuch  (larts,  growing  on  animal  or  vegetable 
bodies,  as  are  usual  and  natiintl,  as  the  hair,  wool, 
horns ;  or  accidental,  as  fungus,  mistletoe,  and  cx- 
crvscenu's. 

3.  Offsets  of  plants,  germinating  under  ground, 
as  from  the  lily,  narcissus,  and  hyacinth    Quinaj, 

jEneyc 
AD'NXTE,  a.     [h.  ad  and  natuj,  grown.] 

In  buttinyy  pressing  close  to  the  stem,  or  gniwing 
to  iL  JUarfyiu 

AD'NOUN,  H.    [ad  and  ntmi?.] 

In  grammar,  an  adjective,  or  attribute.     [LitOe 
ustd.] 
.\D-\0'BI-LA-TEn,  o.    Clouded  ;  obscured. 
A-IK>',  a.     [Qu.  a  and  do.] 

Bustle  j  tniuble ;  labor ;  difficulty ;  as,  to  make  a 

great  ado    about    trillus ;    to   persuade    one    with 

miirh  ado. 

AI>-0-LES'CEN'CE,  ».     [L.  oihlrscensy  growing,  vfad 

and  olegeo,  to  grow,  from  oko.    Heb.  TVj'y  to  aacend  ; 

Ar.  LLc  to  be  high.] 
The  state  of  growing,  applied  to  the  voung  of  the 

human  race ;  youth,  or  the  period  of  life  between 

ehtldhnod  and  manhood. 
AD-0-LES'CENT,  a.     Groyving ;    advancing   from 

childluKjd  lo  manhood. 
AD-O-NE'AN,  a.     Pertaining  to  Adonis 

Fair  Adonean  Veiius.  libber. 

A-DO'XI-A,  n.  pi.  Festivals  celebrated  anciently  in 
honor  of  Adonis,  by  females,  who  spent  two  days 
in  himeutations  and  infamous  pleasures.       Kncvc 

A-DO\'fG,  a.  Adonic  cer.te^  a  short  verse,  in  which 
the  death  of  Adonis  was  bewailed.  It  consists  of  a 
d;tct\  1  and  spondee.  Bailey.     Cijc, 

A-DOX'ie,n.  An  Adonic  verse.  Among  the  jJit^lo- 
Sojujui,  a  poetic  verse  consisting  of  one  long,  two 
phort  and  two  long  s>'l]ables.  Henry^s  Brit.  2,  383. 

A-Do'^i'If*,  n.  In  myVwloiry^  Uie  favorite  of  Venus, 
said  to  be  the  stm  of  Cinynis,  king  of  Cyprus.  He 
W!is  fund  of  hunting,  and  received  a  mortal  wound 
from  the  tusk  of  a  wild  boar.  Venus  lamented  his 
death,  and  changed  him  into  the  flower  anemone, 

A-D6'.Mi^,  «.     In  fiiila/ii/,  bird's  eye  or  pheasant's  eye. 

A-Do'-Mi^TS,  n.  pZ,  filth.  Ch,  and  Syr.  ]pH  AiUm, 
Lord,  a  fcripiural  title  of  the  Supreme  Being.] 

Among  critics,  a  sect  or  party  who  maintain  that 
the  Hebrew  points  ordinarily  annexed  to  the  conso- 
nants of  the  word  Jekotah^tire  not  the  natunil  points 
belonging  to  that  word,  and  that  they  do  not  express 
the  true  pronunciation  of  il ;  but  that  they  are  vowel 
points  belonging  to  the  words  Jidonai  and  Elokim, 
applied  to  the  ineffable  name  Jrhavah,  which  the 
Jews  were  forbid  to  utter,  and  the  true  pronuncia- 
tion of  which  was  lost ;  tiiey  were  therefore  ahvays 
lo  pronounce  the  word  .ddtnuU,  instead  of  Jehovah, 

Encyc. 

A-DOPT',  r.  t     [L.  adnpto,  of  ad  and  opto,  to  desire 
or  choose.     See  Option.] 
1.  To  take  a  stranger  into  one's  family,  as  son 


ADO 

and  heir  ;  to  take  one  who  is  not  a  child,  and  treat 
him  as  one,  giving  him  a  title  to  the  privdeges  and 
rights  of  a  child.  ' 

2.  In  a  uptritnal  aensfy  to  receive  the  sinful  chil- 
dren of  men  into  the  invisible  chureh,  and  into 
God's  favor  and  protection,  by  which  Vnf.y  become 
heirs  of  salvation  by  Christ.  Brown. 

3.  To  Lake  or  receive  as  one's  own  that  wliich  is 
not  natunilly  so ;  as,  to  ndi>j>t  the  opinions  of  an- 
other ;  or  to  receive  that  which  is  new  ;  as,  to  adopt 
a  particular  mitde  of  hu.sbandry. 

4.  To  select  and  take  ;  as,  which  mode  will  you 
adopt  7 

A-D01*T'En,  pp.  or  a.  Taken  as  one*s  own ;  received 
as  son  and  heir  ;  selected  for  use. 

A-I>orT'EU-LY,  fldu.  In  tlie  manner  of  something 
adopted. 

A-DtiPT'ER,  n.    One  who  adopts. 

2,  In  cAfwi-'frw,  n  largo,  round  receiver,  wilh  two 
necks,  diametrically  op|K)8ite  to  each  other,  one  of 
which  ndniiL>4  the  neck  of  a  retort,  and  the  other  is 
joined  to  another  receiver.  It  is  used  in  distilla- 
tions, lo  give  more  space  to  elastic  vapors,  or  to  in- 
crease the  length  of  the  neck  of  a  retort. 

A-DOPT'ING,  ppr.  Taking  a  stmiiger  as  a  son  ;  tak- 
inu  as  one's  own. 

A-DOP'TION,  n,     [L.  aJoptio.] 

1.  The  act  of  adopting,  or  the  slate  of  being 
adopted ;  the  taking  and  treating  of  a  stranger  as 
one's  own  child, 

2.  The  receiving  as  one's  own  what  is  new  or 
not  natural. 

3.  Gtid's  tiking  the  sinful  children  of  men  into 
his  fav4irand  protection.    Eph.  iv. 

Adoption  by  ann^;  an  ancient  ceremony  of  pre- 
senting arms  to  one  for  his  merit  or  valor,  which 
laid  the  person  under  an  obligation  to  defend  the 
giver. 

AdiTjttion  by  baptism,  is  the  Spiritual  affinity  Which 
is  c^mtracted  by  god-f;ithers  and  god-cliildren,  in 
the  ceremony  of  baptism.  It  was  introduced  into 
llie  Greek  churchj  and  afterward  among  the  an- 
cient Fmnkw.  This  affinity  was  supposed  to  entitle 
the  god-child  to  a  share  of  the  god-lUihtr's  estate. 

Knnjc. 
Adoption  by  hair,  was  performed  by  cutting  oiVihe 
hair  of  a  person  and  giving  it  to  tlie  adoptive  father. 
Thus  Pojie  John  VIII.  adopted  lUwon,  king  of  Aries. 
Adoption  by  viairimvnyy  is  the  takin»  of  the  chil- 
dren of  a  wife  or  hitsband,  by  a  forfter  marriage, 
into  the  condition  of  nntuml  childien.  This  is  a 
practie*  peculiar  to  the  Germans,  but  is  not  so  prop- 
erly adoption  as  adjiliaiion.  Kncyr,. 

Adiiption  bii  testament,  is  the  appointing  of  a  per- 
son to  be  heir,  by  will,  on  condition  of  his  taking 
the  name,  arms,  &c.,  of  the  adfipter.  Eticije. 

In  Euroiie,  adoption  is  used  for  many  kinds  of 
admissiun  to  a  more  intimate  relation,  and  is  nearly 
equivalent  to  reception,  i  as,  the  admission  of  persons 
into  hos[)iials  or  monasteries,  or  of  one  society  into 
another.  Enciic 

A-DOP'TION-IST,  n.  One  who  maintains  that 
Christ  was  the  son  of  God  by  adoption  only. 

Murdoch. 

A-DOPT'IVE,  a.     [L.  adojdirus.] 

Thai  adopts ;  as,  an  adoptive  father ;  or  that  is 
adopted  ;  as,  an  adoptioe.  son. 

A  DOPT'IVE,  n.     A  jn-rson  or  thing  adopted. 

A  UoU'A-BLE,  a.  That  ought  to  be  adored  ;  worthy 
of  divine  honors.  In  popular  use,  worthy  of  the 
utm<Mil  love  or  respect, 

A-DOR'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ador- 
able, or  worthy  of  adoration. 

A-D6R'A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  worthy  of  ado- 
ration. 

AD-0-Ka'TION,  n.  The  act  of  paying  honors  to  a 
divine  being ;  the  worship  paid  to  God  ;  the  art  of 
addressing  a«  a  God.  Adoration  consists  in  external 
homage,  accompanied  with  the  highest  reverence. 
It  is  used  for  the  act  of  pniying,  or  preferring  re- 
quests or  thanksgiving  to  the  Supreme  Being. 

5.  Homage  paid  to  one  in  high  esteem  ;  profound 
reverence. 

Adoration^  among  the  Jnti^^  was  performed  by 
bowing,  kneeling,  and  prostration.  Anmu^  Uie  Ro~ 
mans,  the  devotee,  with  his  head  covered  or  vailed, 
applied  his  riglit  hand  to  his  lips,  bowing  and  turn- 
ing himself  from  left  to  righL  The  Persians  fell  on 
the  face,  striking  the  forehead  against  the  earth, 
and  kissing  the  ground.  The  ad(»nition  paid  to  the 
Grecian  and  Roman  emperors  consisted  in  l)owtng 
and  kneeling  at  the  feet  of  the  prince,  laying  lum 
of  his  robe,  then  withdrawing  llie  hand  and  clap, 
ping  it  to  the  lips.  In  modern  times,  adonition  is 
paid  to  the  pope  by  kissing  his  feet,  and  to  princes 
by  kneeling  and  kissing  the  hand.  This  word  was 
used  by  the  Romans  for  acclamation  or  great  aji- 
plause,  given  to  public  performers;  and  the  election 
of  a  poiKi  is  sometimes  by  adoration,  that  is,  by  sud- 
den arxlaniation  without  scrutiny.  Kncifc. 
A-DORE',  r.  t  [L.  adoro.  In  Ch.  and  Ilib.  ^^^, 
hadar,  to  honor,  reverenct;,  or  glorify,  to  adorn ; 
Heb.  ITN,  to  be  niagniticent  or  glorious,  to  m;ignify, 


FaTE,  far,  fall,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRgY PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.- 


ADR 

to  glorify.  This  word  is  usually  referred  to  the 
Latin  ad  orar",  to  carry  to  one's  mouth  ;  ad  and  os^ 
oA;  ajs,  in  order  to  kiss  one'3  hand,  the  hand  is 
carried  to  one's  muuih.  See  Calinei,  ad  cerium,  who 
cites,  in  conftrnmiion  of  this  opinion,  the  ancient 
practice  of  kissine;  the  tuind.  See  Job  xxxi.  I  Kings 
xix.  Ps.  ii.  Gen.  xli.  Ainsworth  supposes  the 
word  to  be  a  compound  of  ad  and  oro,  to  pray  ;  and 
if  the  word  is  compound,  as  I  suspect,  ttiis  opinion 
is  most  probably  correct.] 

1.  To  worship  with  profound  reverence ;  to  ad- 
dress with  exalted  thoughts,  by  prayer  and  thanks- 
giving ;  to  pay  divine  honors  to ;  to  honor  as  a  god, 
or  as  divine.  Dnjden, 

2.  To  love  in  the  highest  degree  ;  to  regard  with 
^he  utmost  esteem,  affection,  and  respect ;   as,  the 

people  adore  their  prince.  Toiler. 

A-DOR'£D,  pp.  ore.  Worshiped  as  divine;  highly 
reveri^nced  ;  greatly  beloved. 

A-DOU'ER,  n.  One  who  worships,  or  honors  as  di- 
vine ;  in  popular  lann'tiajre^  an  admiring  lover. 

A-DoR'IN'(J,  ppr.  or  a.  Honoring  or  addressing  as 
divine  ;  regarding  with  great  love  or  reverence. 

A-I>OR'I\G,LY,  ado.     With  adoration. 

A-DOR.\',  r.  L  [L.  adorno^  ad  and  onto,  to  deck  or 
bpaniify,  to  dress,  set  off,  extol,  furnish  ;  Fr.  omer  ; 
Hp.  Port,  ornar;  It.  omart;  Aim.  aourna.  Orno  is 
probably  the  Saxon  krinan,  germian,  grrinan^ 
gekrinaa^  to  touch,  to  strike,  \A  adorn,  that  is,  to 
put  on.} 

I.  To  deck  or  decorate;  to  make  beautiful;  to 
ftdd  to  beauty  by  dress ;  to  deck  with  external  oma- 
meuts, 

A  bnde  odomcA  benelf  vith  Jewels.  —  Isa.  vi. 

S.  To  set  off  to  advantage  ;  to  add  omamf-nts  to  ; 
to  embellish  by  any  tiling  external  or  adventitious  ; 
as,  to  adorn  a  speech  by  appropriate  acti(»n,  senti- 
nit'nts  with  elegance  of  'language,  or  a  gallery  with 
pictures. 

.1.  To  make  pleasing,  or  more  pleasing ;  as,  great 
abilities  adtrrned  by  \irtue  or  affability. 

4.  To  display  the  beaiity  or  excellence  of;  as,  to 
ttdftrn  the  doctrine  of  God.     Titus  ii. 

ADORN",  H.     Ornament.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

A-D(>R.\',  a.     Adorned  ;  deconited.    [Ob.".]  Milton. 

A-noR.V'KI),  p;».     Decked;   deconited;  embellished. 

A-OOR\'ER,  ru     One  who  ad,.rns. 

A-DUKN'I-N'G,  ppr.  Ornamenting;  decorating;  dis- 
playing h'Siity. 

A-l)OKN'I.\<;,  n.    Ornament;  decoration.    1  Pet.  iii. 

A-D()R\'I\G-LY,  adv.     By  adorning. 

A-DORN'Mi;.\T, »?.     An  adorning;  ornament. 

AD-OS-CO-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  ad  and  osculatio,  a 
kissing,  from  oi^cuhim^  a  kiss,  or  mouth.J 

The  impregnation  of  planU  by  the  tailing  of  the 
(hrina  on  the  pistil.  Kncur, 

Ji'lo.icuiaUoH  is  also  defined  to  be  the  inserting  of 
one  [tart  of  a  plant  into  another.  Crabbe. 

A-DoS.S'tD,  (a-dost',)  o.  [Pr.  adossie^  part,  of  a- 
dossfTy  to  set  bat-k  to  back  ;  dos,  the  back.] 

In  hrraldnj,  denoting  two  tigures  or  bearings 
pl.icfd  back  to  back.  Encyc. 

A-OOW.V,  prrp.  la  and  rfffwn.]  From  a  higher  to  a 
lower  situation  ;  downward  ;  implying  descent. 

A-DOWN',  ode.  Down ;  on  Uie  ground  ;  at  the 
bottom. 

AD  (iC'OD  DjIM'JVUM,  [L.1  In/«w,a  writ  directing 
the  -(heriff  to  iniphre  wlmt  damage  may  accrue  from 
the  grant  of  certain  Iibt;r1irs  or  franclii»es.  Braiuie. 

A-URKAD',  (a-*lred',)a.  [See  Dread.]  Affected  by 
dread.     [Oft.*.] 

AD  RF.F-ERrEJsTDUM.  [L.]  For  further  consid- 
eration. 

A-DRI-AT'IC,  iX.  [L.  Adria  or  TIadria,  the  Gulf  of 
Venice,]  Pertaining  to  the  gulf  called,  from  Venice, 
the  Venetian  Gulf. 

A-DRI-AT'ie,  n.  The  Venetian  Gulf;  a  gulf  that 
w:ish<^s  the  eastern  side  of  Italy. 

A-DRIFT',  a.  or  adv.  [Sax.  adrifan,  f^etirifan,  and 
(/r'/un,  lo  drive.  See  Dhivb.  Aiirifl  is  the  partici- 
ple of  the  verb.] 

Litrrally,  driven;  floating;  floating  at  mndom  ; 
imptiiled  or  moving  without  direction.  A.^  an  adjrc- 
eice,  it  alwatfa  fuUawa  iu  Tioun  i  as,  the  bout  wait 
adrift 

AD  RO-GA'TI0.\,  n.     [L.  ad  and  rogo,  to  ask.    See 

IrtTERHor.ATE  and   RctiATIO:*.] 

A  specicii  of  adoption  in  ancient  Rome,  by  which 
a  per*on  caiKible  of  choiising  for  himself  was  ad- 
mitted into  the  relation  of  a  son.  So  called  from 
the  ({iiefttions  put  to  the  parties.  Encyc 

A  DROIT',  (adroyt',)  o.  [Fr.  from  droit,  riglit, 
straight,  dirr.ct;  whence  droitf.^  the  right  band;  It. 
dinUi'^  right,  straigbi.  contracted  from  the  L.  di- 
rrctiis,  diriito  i  Arm.  dret     See  Right.] 

Dextrous  ;  skillful ;  active  in  the  use  of  the  hand, 
%n*\  Ji'jfiratioehj.  in  the  exercise  of  the  ment:il  facul- 
\W-* ,  iric»*nifiU8  ;  rcadv  in  invention  or  execution. 

A-DROIT'f.Y,  oflc.  With  dexterity  ;  in  a  ready, 
■killfiil  manner.  Chesttrfidd, 

A-DROIT'.N'I->5.S,  n.  Dexterity  ;  readiness  in  the  UM 
of  the  limlw,  or  of  the  ment-il  faculties.       llame. 


ADU 

A-DR^',  a.  [Sax.  adri;ran,  to  dry.] 

Thirsty  ;  in  waiit  of  drink.  iTkls  adjective  always 
follows  Vie  noun.]  Spectator. 

AD-SCI-T1"T10U3,  0.  [L.  oscitiriiw,  adscisco^a^ciscOf 
to  add  or  join.] 

Added  ;  taken  as  supplemental ;  additional ;  not 
requisite.  fVarton. 

AD'e€RIPT,  n,     [L.  adscribo.]     One  who  is  held  to 
service  as  attached  to  some  object  or  place,  as  when 
a  slave  is  made  an  adscript  of  the  soil.      Bancroft. 
AD-STRie'TIOi\,  n.     [L.  adMrictio,   a.-itnctw,  of  ad 
and  Ktrimro,  to  strain  or  bind  fast.     See  Strict.] 

A  binding  frust.  Among  pkysieians^  the  rigidity  of 
a  part  of  the  body,  occasioning  a  retention  of  usual 
evacuations  ;  costiveness  ;  a  closeness  of  the  emunc- 
tories  ;  also,  the  styptic  efllxta  of  medicines. 

Encvc     Qiiiney. 
AD-STRie'TO-RY,     AD-STRIN6'EN'T.      See    Aa- 

TBIWGENT. 

AD-TT-LA'Rl-A,  »r,  [from  Ailula^  the  summit  of  a 
Swiss  mountain.] 

A  term  applied  to  the  semi-transparent  varieties  of 
albite  and  felspar;  its  color  is  white,  or  with  a  tinge 
of  green,  yellow,  or  red.  Cleavcland. 

AD-U-LA' IJON,  n.     [U  aduJatio.] 

Servile  flattery  ;  pniise  in  excess,  or  beyond  what 
is  merited  ;  high  compliment.  Shak. 

AD'IT-LA-TOR,  H.  A  flatterer;  one  who  offers  praise 
servilely. 

AD'U-LX-TO-RY,  a.  Flattering  ;  containing  exces- 
sive praise  or  compliments  ;  servilely  praising  ;  as, 
an  adulatory  address. 

AD'II-LA-TUESS,  n.  A  female  that  flatters  with 
servility. 

A-DULT',  a,  [X,.  adultus,  grown  to  maturity,  from 
oUo,  to  gmw  ;  Heb.  nhv  to  ascend.] 

Having  arrived  at  mature  years,  or  to  full  size  and 
strenirth  ;  as,  an  aduii  [>erson  or  plant. 

A-DULT',  n.  A  person  grown  to  full  size  and 
strength,  or  to  tJie  years  of  manhtxMl.  It  is  also 
applied  to  full-grown  plants.  Among  civilianSf  a 
person  between  fourteen  and  twenty-five  years  of 
age.  Eticifc. 

Adult  scJifinh;  sch(X)ls  for  instructing  arlulLs,  who 
have  not  been  educated  in  their  youth  ;  first  estab* 
lished,  in  England,  in  181 1.  P.  Ciic. 

A-DUL'TER-A\T,  n.  The  person  or  thing  that 
ad  n  lie  rales. 

A-DIJL'TER-ATE,  v.  t  [h.  adultero,  from  adulter, 
mixed,  or  an  adulterer  ;  ad  and  nltrr,  other.] 

To  corrupt,  debase,  or  make  impure  by  an  admix- 
ture of  baser  materials  ;  as,  to  adulterate  liquors,  or 
the  coin  of  a  country.  Boylt. 

A-DUI/TER-ATE,  v.  i.     To  commit  adultery,  \0b.^^.'\ 

A-DUI/TKR-ATE,  a.  Tainted  with  adultery;  de- 
based by  foreign  mixture. 

A-DUL'TER-A-TED,  pp.  oro.  Corrupted;  debased 
by  a  mixture  with  something  of  less  value, 

A-DUL'TER-ATE-LV,  ode.  In  an  adulterate  manner. 

A-DUL'TER-ATE-\ESS,  h.  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  debiised  or  corrupted. 

A-D(JL'TER-A-TLNG,  ppr.     Debasing  ;  cornipting. 

A-DIJL-TER-A'TIO.\,  n.  The  act  of  adnltemiing, 
or  the  state  of  being  adulterated,  corrupted,  or  de- 
based by  foreign  mixture. 

The  adulteration  of  liquors,  of  drugs,  and  even  of 
bread  and  beer,  is  a  conunon,  but  a  scandalous 
crime. 

A-DIJL'TER-ER,  n.     [L.  adult/r.] 

1.  A  man  guilty  of  adulterj- ;  a  man  who  has 
sexual  citmmerce  with  any  married  woman  except 
his  wife.     JSee  Adultkhv.] 

2.  In  Scripture,  an  idolater.    Ezek.  xxiii. 

3.  An  apostate  from  the  true  faith,  or  one  who 
violates  his  covenant  entpigementa  ;  a  very  wicked 
person.    Jer.  ix.  and  xxiii. 

4.  One  devoted  to  earthly  things.    James  iv. 
A-DUL'TER-ESS,  n.     A   married   woman   guilty  of 

incontinence. 

A-DUI-'TER-KVE,  a.  Proceeding  from  adulterous 
commiTre  ;   spurious.  IfaU. 

A-DUL'TER  INK,  n.  In  the  civil  /aw, a  child  issuing 
from  nn  adulterous  connection. 

A-DUL'TER-ons,  a.  Guilty  of  adultery  ;  pertain- 
ing to  adultery. 

3.  In  Scn'/j^Mre,  idolatrous ;  very  wicked.  Matt 
xii.  and  \vi.  Mark  viii. 

A-DUL'TER-0US-I.Y,  adv.  In  nn  adulterous  man- 
ner. 

A-DUL'TER-Y,   n.     [L.   aduUcrium.   See   Adl-lteb- 

ATE.l 

I.  violation  of  the  marriage  bed ;  a  crime,  or  a 
civil  injury,  which  intrtxluces  or  may  introduce, 
into  a  family,  a  spurious  offspring. 

In  rommnn  v.iairr.  adultery  means  the  unfaithful- 
ness of  any  marrieil  person  to  the  marriage  bed.  In 
Kniftandf  Parliament  grant  absolute  divorces  for  in- 
fidelity to  the  marriage  bed  in  either  party  ;  and  the 
spiritual  courts  divorce  a  mtn.-<n  et  toro. 

IJy  the  laws  of  Connrrt.ir.Ht,  the  sexual  Intercourse 
of  any  man  with  n  married  woman,  is  the  crime  of 
adiilt<'>ry  in  both  ;  such  interc<»urse  of  a  married 
man   with  an  uninarried  woman,  is  fornication  in 


ADV 

both,  and  adulter>-  of  the  man,  within  the  meaning 
of  the  law  respecting  divorce;  but  not  a  felonious 
adultery  in  either,  or  the  crime  of  adultery  at  com- 
mon law,  or  by  .statute.  'J'his  latter  ofl'ense  is,  in 
England,  proceeded  with  only  in  the  ecclesiastical 
courts. 

2.  In  a  scriptural  senses  all  manner  of  lewdness  or 
unchastity,  as  in  the  seventh  commandment. 

3.  In  Scripture,  idolatiy,  or  apostasy  from  the  true 
God.    Jer.  iii. 

4.  In  old  laics,  the  fine  and  penalty  imposed  for 
the  offense  of  adultery. 

5.  In  ecclejiiastical  affairs,  the  intrusion  of  a  person 
into  a  bishopric,  during  the  life  of  the  bisliop. 

Knc^jc. 

6.  Among  ancient  natural i^ft^t,  the  grafting  of  trees 
was  called  adultery,  being  considered  as  an  un- 
natunil  union.  Pliny. 

A-DULT'NESS  71.    The  state  of  being  adult. 

AD-UM'RRANT,  a.  [See  Adumprate.]  Giving  a 
faint  shadow,  or  slight  resemblance. 

AD-UM'BRATE,  it.  (.  [h.  adumbro,  to  shade,  from 
U7iibra,  a  shade  ;  Fr.  mnbre ;  Sp.  sonibra  ;  It.  omlfra.] 
To  give  a  faint  shadow,  or  slight  likeness  ;  to  ex- 
hibit a  faint  resemblance,  like  a  shadow. 

AD-lJM-IIRA'T10iN,7i.  The  act  of  making  a  shadow 
or  faint  resemblance. 

2.  A  faint  sketch  ;  an  imperfect  representation  of 
a  tiling.  Bacon. 

3.  In  heraldry,  the  shadow  only  of  a  figure,  out 
lined,  and  painted  of  a  color  darker  than  the  field. 

Diet, 
AD-IT-NA'TION,  n.     [Ii.  ad  and  umts,  unio.] 

The  suite  of  being  united  j  union.    [JVot  used.] 
Cranmer. 
AD  UN'CI-TY.  n.     [L.  aduncitas,  hookedness,  of  ad 
and  uncus,  a  nook.] 
Hookedness  ;  a  bending  in  form  of  a  hook. 

ArbuthnoL 
AD-UN€'OUS,  a,     [L.  adnnevs.] 

Hooked  ;  bent  or  made  in  the  form  of  a  hook. 

Bacon. 
AD-UNUUE'.  (a-dunk',)  a.    Hooked.    [:\-ot  «..«/,] 

Bacon, 
A-DORE',  V.  L     [L.  adiiro,  ad  and  uro,  to  burn.] 

To  bum  up.     [JVot  «,-Cf/.]  Bacon. 

A-DUST',  a.  f  L.  adustu^^,  burnt,  the  participle  of  adu- 
ro,  to  burn.] 

Burnt ;  scorched  ;  become  dry  by  heat ;  hot  and 
fierv. 
A-DUST'ED,     a.      Become   hot    and   dry  ;    burnt  ; 

scorched. 
A-DirS'TION,  V.     The  act  of  burning,  scorching,  or 
.  heating  to  dryness  ;  a  state  of  being  thus  heated  or 
dried. 
AD  yA-LO'REATy  [L.]    According  to  the  value.   An 
,   ad  valvrem  duty  is  a  certain  per  centage  on  the  val- 
ue or  price. 
AD- VANCE',  (ad-vans',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  arancer  ;  Sp.  nrnn- 
lar,  to  move  forward  ;   It.  avaniare,  to  get  or  in- 
crease ;   Arm.   avans,  to  advance.     This  word    is 
formed  on  ran,  the  front,  which  seems  to  be  the 
Ch.  and   Heb.  nso,  0^3D,  surface,  face;  whence  Fr. 
avant;  It.  arond",  before,] 

1.  To  bring  forward ;  to  move  further  in  front. 
Hence, 

9,  To  promote  ;  to  raise  to  a  higher  rank  ;  as,  to 
advance  one  from  the  bar  to  the  bench. 

3.  To  improve  or  make  better,  which  is  consid- 
ered as  a  progressifm  or  moving  forward  ;  as,  to  arf- 
vance  one's  true  interests. 

4.  To  forward  ;  to  accelerate  growth  ;  Sfi,  to  ad- 
vance the  growth  of  plants. 

5.  To  offer  or  pnipose  ;  to  bring  to  view  or  no- 
tice ;  as,  to  ailvancr.  an  opinion  or  ;in  arpmnent. 

6.  In  commerce,  to  supply  beforehand  ;  to  furnish 
on  credit,  or  before  g(M)ds  are  delivered,  of  work 
done  ;  or  to  furnish  as  a  part  of  a  stork  or  fund  ;  as, 
to  advance  money  on  loan  or  contract,  or  toward  a 
purchase  or  establishment. 

7.  To  furnish  for  others  ;  to  supply  or  pay  for  oth- 
ers, in  expectation  of  roimburseinent. 

Thr-y  adonnred  tho  money  out  of  llicir  own  fundi,  and  look 
the  Mhcnil'ft  (leoda  in  ibeii  own  n:iinc. 

Kent,  JohnMon't  Hep. 

8.  To  raise  ;  to  enhance  ;  as,  to  advance  the  price 
of  goods. 

AD-VANCE',  V.  i.  To  move  or  go  forward ;  to  pro- 
ceed ;  as,  the  troops  advanced, 

2.  To  improve,  or  make  progress;  to  grow  better, 
greater,  wiser,  or  older;  as,  to  advance  in  knowl- 
edge, in  stature,  in  wisdom,  or  in  years. 

3.  To  rise  in  rank,  office,  or  consequence  ;  to  be 
preferred  or  promoted  ;  as,  to  advance  in  imlitical 
standing. 

AD- VANCE',  n.  A  moving  forward,  or  toward  the 
front.  Clarendon. 

2.  Gnidiial  progression  ;  improvement ;  as,  an  ad- 
vance  in  religion  or  ktuiwleilge.  Artrrbunj. 

3.  Advancement;  promotion;  preferment ;  as,  on 
advance  in  rank  or  office. 

4.  First  hint  hy  way  of  invitation;  first  step  to- 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"C10Ua.— G  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  aa  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


ADV 

ward  ui  nin^ement ;  a-'',  A  mnde  an  adoance  to- 
ward a  reconcili.-iiion  with  B.  In  thia  sense  it  is 
Tec7  fVequently  used  in  the  pltiniL 


5.  In  tradey  ndditionnl  price ;  profit ;  as,  an  ad- 
vene* on  the  prime  cuet  of  goods. 

6.  A  giving  beforehand  ;  a  fumishinp  of  sonie- 
thinjTt  on  contract,  before  an  equivalent  is  received, 
as  money  or  goiKls,  toward  a  capita)  or  stock,  or  on 
loan  ;  or  the  money  or  goods  thus  ftirnislied  ;  as,  A 
mnde  large  adrances  to  R 

7.  A  furnishing  of  money  or  goods  for  others,  in 
expectation  of  reimbursement;  or  the  prt^rty  bo 
Airnished. 

I  ahall,  with  gnxL  pkruim,  nutte  the  aeeeasaj  adMncn. 

Tbft  wooani  WM  made  op  with  Inient  to  ■haw  wfau  aOvaitma 
hod  bf«»  made.  K^mL 

in  adroHcei  in  front;  l>efi»« ;  also,  bcforrhand  ; 
before  an  eqiiit'aleiit  is  received,  or  when  one  part- 
ner in  trade  has  fumi-^bed  more  than  h.s  pro|i»rtion  ; 
a5,  A  is  JM  advaitce  to  B  a  thousand  dollan)  or  pounds. 
AD-VANCE'-GUARD,  in.  The  van-giinnl  ;  the 
AI>-VX.\C'£I>-GUARD,  (  first  line  or  division  of 
an  anny  in  order  of  battle,  in  front  of  the  main 
body  ;  c^tpmed  to  rtar-fward. 

8.  A  sinall  party  in  utvance  of  the  main-guard. 

Oyc 
AD-VANC'ED,  (ad-vanst',)  yp.  or  «.  Moved  for- 
ward ;  prooiotea  ;  improved*;  ftimtshed  befctfehand  ; 
situated  in  fVont,  or  befortt  the  rest ;  alao,  cdd,  hav- 
faif  reached  the  decline  of  life  j  as,  mdvmmead  in 
vears ;  an  adpanctd  age. 
AD-VXXCE'MEXT,  n.  The  act  of  moving  forward 
or  proceeding. 

•2.  The  state  of  being  advanced  ;  preferment ; 
prttmotion,  in  rank  or  excellence ;  the  act  of  pro- 
moting. 

3.  Settlement  on  a  wife,  or  jomtiire. 

4.  Provision  mndu  by  a  t>annt  fur  a  child  by  gift 
of  property,  during  his,  the  itarentVs  life,  to  which 
the  child  would  be  entitled  as  heir,  aAer  hts  parentis 
doAU^  A..V.  SkenMn. 

5.  The  payment  uf  money  in  advance ;  money 
paid  in  advance. 

AD-VAXC'ER,  K.    One  who  advances;  a  promoter. 
Among  spiTrtaneit,  a  ^tnrt  or  bninch  of  a  buck's 
ailire,  between  the  back  antler  and  the  palm. 

Kntvc 
AD-VANC'IN'G,  ppr.     Moving  for^vard  ;  proceeding ; 
pmmotine  :  raising  to  high^-r  rank  or  excellence  ; 
I?"'-  "^'"■-r    -"';>p)ytng  befurehand,  as  on  loan,  w  as 

AI  <  a.   Tending  to  advance  nr  pnmole. 

AIJ-'.->.w  ..^;.,   a.     [Fr.  aran/a/e,  from  sraaC,  be- 
Ibni  ;  It.  vmmiaggic  i  ^p.  vfitlaja.] 

1.  Any  state,  condition,  or  cirrum^tance,  fa\'ora- 
Me  to  success,  prosperity,  inttrre-^t,  or  reputation ; 
as,  the  enemy  bad  tbe  advamu.gt  of  eievalcd  ground. 
&  BeaeOt ;  gain  ;  profit. 

WbM  ■itwiMft  via  it  br  to  thM  ?  — Job  xxxv. 
Thifn  «xtes  m  the  taooonj  and  taatm  at  nuuie,  an  India- 
Bolttble  unioo  between  viitua  aad  bafipineH :  brtwera  duty 
and  arfgruilayc.  WoMhmgton, 

3.  Means  to  an  end ;  opportunity  ;  convenience 
for  obtaining  benefit ;  as,  students  enjoy  great  ad- 
vania^rs  for  improvement ;  the  general  took  adcaiU- 
mge  of  bis  enemy's  negligence. 

4.  Favorable  stale  or  circumstances;  as,  jewels 
B^  to  adtsanla^ 

b.  Superiunty,  or  prevalence  over  ;  with  of  Gt 

Leat  Sntui  abouU  grt  an  adwanlagt  of  us  (or  over  ua.)  —  2 
Cor.  U. 

6.  Bnperiorit}',  or  that  which  gives  it ;  as,  the  ad- 


vaaCaF*  ot  a  good  constitution. 
77&ile 


Merest  j  increase  ;  overplus. 

AoJ  with  aJisiOfa  meaaw  lo  pay  thy  tow.     I06a.1     Shak. 

8.  Additional  circumstance  to  give  prepondera- 
tion. 
AD-VANT'AfiE,  r.  U    To  benefit  j  to  yield  profit  or 
pun. 

What  h  •  nan  mdmrnmiagti,  if  be  gain  th*i  wMe  worid,  and 
bae  NBMt^  or  be  caat  away  r  —  Lufca  is. 

2.  To  promote  ;  to  advance  the  interest  ot 

AD-VXN'r'A6E-A-BLE,  a.  Profitable  ;  convenient ; 
gainful.     {UtiU  tL^ed.] 

AD-VXXT'AG-jEn,  pp.    Benefited  ;  promoted. 

AD-VAXT'A6E-GR0UXD,  n.  Ground  that  gives 
advantage  or  supe-riority  ;  a  state  that  gives  supe- 
rior advantages  for  annoyance  or  resistance. 

Clarendon. 

AI>;VAN-T.^'6E0US,  a.  Being  of  advantage  ;  fur- 
nishing convenience,  or  oppi>rtunity  to  gain  benefit ; 
gainful ;  profitable  ;  useful ;  beneficial ;  as,  an  «i^ 
vantn^eous  position  of  the  troops  ;  trade  is  tubtoMta- 
gtoui  lo  a  nation. 

AD-VA-N-Ta'GEOUS-LY,  ode.  In  an  advantageous 
manner;  profitably;  usefully;  conveniently. 

ArtniOtnoU 

AD-VAX-1  J'GEOUS-\ESS,  n.    The  quality  or  stale 


ADV 

of  hiing  advantagiKius  ;  profitableness  ;  usefulness  ; 
convenience  Boyle. 

AD-VANT'AG-ING,  ppr.     Profiting;  benefiting. 

AD-VEe-TI"T10US,  a.  Drought  fVom  another  place ; 
imported  ;  foreign. 

AD-VfilNE',  e.  i.  [I*.  oJrcnw,  to  come  to,  ad  and  rfr- 
nioA 

To  accede,  or  come  to  ;  to  be  added  to,  or  become 
a  part  *if,  thoii^h  not  es<*ential.     \^Linle  usnt] 

Al>-\'E'Ni-E\T,  a.  Advening;  coming  from  out- 
ward causes. 

AO'VENT,»,  [L.  adrmtusy  from  advenio^  of  ad  and 
rmip,  to  come.     See  Fixd.] 

A  coming  ;  appropriately^  the  coming  of  our  Sav- 
ior, and  in  the  cilendar,  it  includes  four  gablmths 
belore  <^hristm.is,  beginning  on  St,  Andrew's  day, 
or  on  the  Sabbath  next  before  or  after  it.  It  is  in- 
tcndod  as  a  season  of  devotion,  with  reference  to 
tbe  coming  of  Christ  in  the  flesh,  and  his  second 
comitig  to  judge  ihe  world.  Kueyc. 

AD-VilNT'INE,  a.    Adventitious.    [JVW  used.] 

Bacon, 

AnVEN-Tr'TIOUS,  a.  [L.  advenUtius^  from  adre^ 
nu*y    See  Adtlxt.] 

Added  extrinsically ;  accidental;  not  essentially 
inherent ;  casual ;  foreign. 

Dtapaar*  of  conUituAnce  gvt  an  adotnUtioua  strength  from  cuf 
U»n.  Bacon, 

AI>-VE\-T1"TI0US-LY,  ado.     Accidentally. 

AD-VE.\-TI"TIOUS-NESS,  a.  The  state  of  being 
adventitious. 

AD-VE.VTaVE,  o.  Accidental;  adventitious.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Bacort. 

AD-VEiNT'IVE,  a.  The  thing  or  person  that  comes 
f>om  without.     [Little  usetU]  Bacon. 

AD-VENT'U-AL,  a.  Relating  to  the  season  of  ad- 
vent. Saunderson. 

AD-VEN'TITRE,  n.  [Ft.  aventure,  from  oilDcnio.  See 
Adve:*t.] 

1.  Hazard  ;  risk ;  chance  ;  that  of  which  one  has 
no  direction  ;  as,  at  all  adcenturesy  that  is,  at  all  haz- 
ards.    [See  Vb:vtube.1 

2.  An  enterfirise  of  hazard  ;  a  bold  undertaking, 
In  which  hazards  are  to  be  encountered,  and  the  is- 
sue is  staked  upon  unforeseen  events.       Dry<ien. 

X  A  remarkable  occurrence ;  a  striking  event, 
more  or  less  important ;  as,  the  adventurer  of  one's 
life.  Bacon. 

4.  That  which  is  put  to  hazard  ;  a  sense  in  popu- 
lar use  with  seamen,  and  usually  pronounced  ven- 
ture, Pomethine  which  a  seaman  is  permitted  to 
carry  nbn.>ad,  with  a  \'iew  lo  sell  for  profit. 

Jl  bill  of  adventure^  is  a  writing  signed  by  a  person, 
who  takes  goods  on  board  of  his  ship,  wholly  at  tlie 
risk  of  the  owner. 

AD-VEX'TI;rE,  r.  (.  To  risk,  or  hazard  ;  to  put  in 
the  power  of  unforeseen  events;  as,  to  adccntxtr* 
one's  life.     [P^e  Vksturx.J 

AD-VE\'TI;rE,  r.  j.  To  dare  ;  to  try  the  chance  ; 
as,  to  adventure  on  *'the  tempestuous  sea  of  lib- 
ert}'." 

AD-VEX'TIJR-^D,  pp.  Put  to  hazard  ;  ventured  ; 
risked. 

.ADVEN'TUR  ER,  ft.  One  who  hazards,  or  puts 
something  at  rif^k  ;  as,  merchantHiWrai{ur<Y«. 

2.  One  who  seeks  occasions  of  chance,  or  attempts 
hold,  nov.-I   or  extraordinarj*  enterprises. 

AD-VE\'TI.RE-rjJL,  a.  Given  to  adventure  ;  full 
of  enterprisf.  BenOiam. 

AD-VEX'TURE^f^OME,  a.  Bold;  daring;  incurring 
hazard.     [See  Vexti;resome.] 

AD-VEX'TrRE^t-'OME-XESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
beine  hold  and  venturesome. 

AD-VEX'TI;R-IXG,  ;;;»r.  Putting  to  risk;  hazard- 
ing. 

AD-VEX'TT;R-0US,  «.     [Fr.  avrnfurnLz,] 

1.  Inclined,  or  willing  to  incur  hazard ;  bold  to 
encounter  danger;  daring;  courageous;  enterpris- 
ing :  applied  to  persons. 

^  Full  uf  hazard;  attended  with  risk;  exposing 
to  danger;  n^uiring  courage:  applied  to  things i  as, 
an  adrenturous  undertaking. 

Aad  fi^liowcJ  freedom  on  Uie  adsenturetit  tide.      Trum&uU, 

AD-VEX'TUR-OUS-LY,  adv.  Boldly  ;  daringly  ;  in 
a  manner  to  incur  hazard. 

AI>-VEX'TT;R-0US-XESS,  n.  The  act  or  quality  of 
beiniF  adventurous. 

AD'VERB,  «,  [tu  adcerbiumy  of  ad  and  verbum^  to  a 
verb.] 

In  rrrnmmar^  a  Word  used  to  modify  the  sense  of 
a  verb,  participle,  adjective,  or  other  adverb,  and 
usually  placed  near  it ;  a*!,  he  writes  iccll:  paper  ez- 
trenteh)  while.  This  part  of  speech  might  be  more 
sienific;inily  named  a  moilifieT,  as  its  use  is  to  modifuy 
that  ifi,  to  vary  or  qualify  the  sense  of  another  word, 
by  enlargine  or  restraining  it,  or  by  expressing  form, 
quality,  or  manner,  which  the  word  itself  does  not 
express.  The  term  adverb,  denoting  position  merely, 
is  often  improper. 

AD-VERB'I-AL,  o.  Pertaining  to  an  adverb. 

AD-VERB'I-AL-LY,  ado.  In  the  manner  of  an  ad- 
verb. 


ADV 

AD-VER-SA'RI-A,  n.    [L.  from  adversus.    See  An- 

TERSE.]  ^ 

1.  Among  VteancitnL",  a  book  of  accounts,  so  named 
from  the  placiag  of  debt  and  credit  in  opposition  to 
each  other. 

2.  A  common-place  book.  Encyc 

3.  In  lUerature,  a  miscellaneous  collection  of  notes, 
remarks,  or  selections  ;  ust^d  as  a  title  of  hooks  or 
papers  of  such  character.  This  meaning  is  derived 
from  the  second. 

AD-VER-SA'Rl-OU3,  a.    Adversary.    [Bad.] 

Southey. 
AD'VER-SA-RV,  n.     [See  Adverse.] 

1.  An  enemy  or  foe  ;  one  who  has  enmity  at 
heart.  ^ 

The  Lord  wltl  take  vcnge&nu  on  hla  adperaarU*.  —  Nah.  L 

In  Scripture^  Satan  is  called  THE  AovansARr,  by 
way  of  eminence.  —  1  Pet.  v. 

2.  An  opp<uient  or  antagonist,  as  in  a  suit  at  law, 
or  in  single  combat ;  an  op|>osiiig  litigant. 

AD'VER-SA-RY,  «.  Opposed  ;  opposite  to;  adverse. 
In  law,  havijiR  an  opposing  party  ;  as,  an  adversary 
suit;  in  distinction  I'rom  an  application,  in  law  or 
cquit>',  to  which  no  opposition  is  made. 

AD-VERS'A-Tl  VE,  a.  Noting  some  difference,  con- 
trariety, or  opposition  ;  as,  John  is  an  honest  man, 
but  a  fanatic.  Here  but  is  called  an  adcer.iative  con- 
junction. I'his  denomination,  however,  is  not  al- 
ways correct;  for  but  doi>s  not  always  denote  oppo- 
sition, but  something  additionid. 

AD-V'ERS'A-TIVE,  n.  A  word  denoting  contrariety 
or  opiKisition. 

AD'VERSE,  (ad'vcrs,)  a.  [L.  advcr.tus,  opposite  ;  of 
at!  and  verstis,  turned  ;  from  verto,  lo  turn.  See  Ao- 
TEBT.  U'his  word  was  formerly  accented,  by  some 
authors,  on  the  last  syllable  ;  but  the  accent  is  now 
settled  on  the  first.] 

1.  Opposite  ;  opposing ;  acting  in  a  contrary  direc- 
tion ;  cull  dieting  ;  counteracting  ;  as,  adverse  winds ; 
an  adver.-io  party. 

2.  Figuratively,  opposing  desire ;  contrary  to  the 
wishes,  or  to  supiwsed  good  ;  hence,  unfortunate  ; 
calamitous ;  afflictive  ;  pernicious  ;  unprosptrous  ; 
as,  atlrrr.-te  fate  or  circumstances. 

AD-VERSE',  (ad-vers',)  w.  t.  To  oppose.   [JVotused.] 

Otnoer. 

AD'VERSE  LY,  ado  In  an  adverse  manner  ;  oppo- 
sitely ;  unfortunately;  unprosperously ;  in  a  man- 
ner cuntniry  to  desire  or  success. 

AD'VEIiSE-NESS,  n.  Opposition  ;  unprosperous- 
nei*s. 

AU-VERS'I-TY,  n.  An  event,  or  series  of  events, 
wliich  oppose  success  or  desire;  misfortune;  ca- 
lamity ;  ainictiun  ;  distress  ;  state  of  uuhappinesa. 

In  Ui*;  day  of  adpertity,  conauter.  —  Keel.  yu. 
Yc  havf-  fj-xi>cl  Gixi,  who  aaved  you  out  of  all  your  advern- 
tlei.  —  I  8^m.  X. 

AD-VERT',  r.  t.  [L.  advcrto,  of  ad  and  rerto,  to 
turn.] 

To  turn  the  mind  or  attention  to  ;  to  regard,  ob- 
serve, or  notice  ;  with  to  ,-  as,  he  adverted  to  what 
was  said,  or  fo  a  circumstance  that  occurred. 

AD-VERT'ED,  }>p.     Attended  to;  regarded  ;  with  to. 

AD-VERT'ENCE,   )  tu     A  direction  of  the  mind  to; 

AD-VERT'EX-CY,  \  attention  ;  -notice  ;  regard  ; 
consideration  ;  heodfuluess. 

AD-VERT'EXT,  a.     Attentive  ;  heedful. 

AD-VERT'EXT-LY,  adv.     In  an  advertent  manner. 

AD-VERT'ING,  ppr.  Attending  to;  regarding;  ob- 
serving. 

AD-VER-TISE',  v.  U  [Fr.  avertir;  Arm.  avertisia, 
to  inform ;  from  ad  and  verto,  to  turn.     See  Ad- 


ERT.] 
1.  To 


inform ;  to  give  notice,  advice,  or  intelli- 
gence to,  whetlier  of  a  past  or  present  event,  or  of 

something  future. 

1  will  adoertiM  thee  what  this  people  wUl  do  to  Iby  prople  En 

ibc  luirrd^iy.  — Niini.  xxW. 
I  thought  lo  ndrerdte  ih'-e,  sayings,  Buy  it  before  the   iahath 

iunu  anil  cld'Ts  ol  my  pi.-ople.  —  Hiiih  iv. 

In  this  sense,  it  has  of  before  the  subject  of  infor- 
mation ;  as,  to  advertise  &  man  of  his  losses. 
2.  To  publish  a  notice  of;  to  publish  a  written  or 

Srinted  account  of:  as,  to  advertise  goftdw,  or  a  farm. 
-VER-TIS'/;D,  pp.  Informed;  notified;  warned  ; 
used  ofpcrbons!  published;  made  known;  iiscd  i(f 
Vilnius. 

AD-VER'TISE-MENT,  n.  Information  ;  admoni- 
tion ;  notice  given.  More  generalbj,  a  publication 
intended  to  give  notice  ;  this  may  be  by  a  short  ac- 
count printed  in  a  newspaper,  or  by  a  written  ac- 
count posted,  or  otherwise  made  public. 

AD-VEU-TIS'ER,  n.  One  who  advertises.  This  ti- 
tle is  often  civen  to  public  prints. 

AD-VER-TIS'ING,  ppr.  Informing;  giving  notice; 
publishing  notice. 

2.  a.  Furnishing  advertisements ;  aa,  advertising 
customers. 

3.  In  the  sense  of  monitory,  or  active  in  giving 
intelligence,  as  u^ed  by  Shakspcare.  [JVot  now 
vsrd.] 

AD- VICE',  n.     [Fr.  oris,  opinion,  notice  ;  Arm.  avis 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PRfiY.  — PIXE,  MARtXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.- 


ADV 


This  and   the  verb  avi^er^  lo  advise,  seem   to  be 
formed  of  ad  and  the  L.  ri.<t>,  to  see,  to  visit.] 

I.  Counsel ;  an  opinion  recommended,  or  offered, 
as  worthy  to  be  followed. 

'Wh-uadmct  ?ive  ye?  — 2  Chron.  x. 

Wild  good  adcice  uik\kn  vaz,  —  Prov,  xx. 

We  may  give  tuicice,  but  we  caq  not  j^ve -conduct.  Franklin. 

3.  Prudence  ;  deliberate  consideration.       Shak. 
3.  Information  as  to  the  state  of  an  affair  or  af- 
fairs ;  notice  ;  intelligence  ;    as,  we  have  late  ad- 
vices from  France.     [Commotihj  in  thr-  plural,] 
To  Uike  adviccy  is  to  consult  with  others. 
AD-VlCE'-BoAT,  n,    A  vessel  employed  to  carry 

dispatches  or  information. 
AD-VIS' A-BLE,  a.     [See  Advise.] 

1.  Proper  to  be  advised  ;  prudent ;  expedient ; 
proper  to  be  done  or  practiced  ;  as,  it  is  not  adv'u)- 
able  to  proceed,  at  this  time,  to  a  choice  of  olficeri^. 

2.  Open  to  advice.  South, 
AD-VTS'A-BLE-XESS,  n.    The  quaJity  of  being  ad- 
visable or  expedienL 

AD-Vla'A-BLY,  adv.     With  advice. 
AD-VlSE',  V.  U     [Fr.  ariser ;  Arm.  avisa ;  Sp.  avisar ; 
It.  aptfisarf.     See  Advice.] 

1.  To  give  counsel  to  ;  lo  offer  an  opinion,  as  wor- 
thy or  expedient  to  be  followed  ;  as,  I  advise  you  lo 
be  cautious  of  speculation. 

2.  To  give  information  ;  to  communicate  notice  ; 
lo  make  acquainted  with  ;  followed  by  «/ before  the 
thing  communicated;  as,  the  merchant;  were  iwi- 
visrd  ttf  the  risk. 

3.  To  deliberute,  consider,  or  consulL 

Advise  ih;vir  o(  what  won!  I  itull  taing  agnin  lo  hitn  UiAt 
lem  nie.  —  I  Cliron.  xxi. 

But  in  this  sen?e  it  is  usually  intranititive. 
AI>-\"ISE',  V.  i.    To  deliberate,  weigh  well,  or  con- 
sider. 


7*0  advise  tcith,  is  to  consult  for  the  purpose  of  tak- 
ing the  opiuions  of  others. 
AD-VIS'£D,   pp.  or  a.     Informed  ;  counseled  ;  aliio, 
cautious  ;  prudent ;  acting  with  deliberation. 

IvH  Kim  btr  adtAttd  in  lii(  mriwera.  Baeon. 

With  tb^  M-fU  admstd  m  wuilum.  —  Prov.  xlji. 

S.  Done,  formed,  or  taken  with  advice  or  drlibor- 
alion  ;  intended  ;  as,  an  advuied  act  or  schem?. 

AD-VI*'KD-LY,  adc.  With  deliberation  or  advice  ; 
hecdfiilly  ;  purposely  ;  by  design  j  as,  an  ent«,'rprise 
advi<eilhj  uiidi-rtaken. 

AD-VIS'ED-NESS,  lu  Deliberate  consideration  ;  pru- 
dent procedure. 

At)-VTSE'MENT,Tt.    Counsel;  information;  circum- 
spection. 
Q.  Consultation. 

The  KCtiou  ttaiiditig  coniintiftl  nln  Ibr  advUrrrtnU 

Mast.  Ktporta. 

AI)-\^S'ER,  lb  One  who  gives  advice  or  admoni- 
tion ;  also,  in  a  bad  senae,  one  who  instigates  or  per- 
suades. 

AD-VT3'IXG,  ;ipr.    Giving  counsel. 

AD-Vrs'I.NO   n.     Advice  ;  counsel.  Shak. 

AD-VT*'0-RY,  a.     Having  power  to  advise. 

Thr  ^Pnml  usodatkni  ha4  m  gvoernJ  advuory  ■upr>ritit(>nil<M)e^ 
oVer  kil  th^  inlaktm  and  ctuiRlira.  —  TVumbuU't  HuL 
Ckmn.    Mtduon.    Hairuaif,  HitL  Car. 

2.  Containing  advice  ;  as,  their  opinion  is  merely 
advisorv. 

AD'VO-€A-CY,  n.  The  art  of  pleading  for  or  sup- 
porting ;  vindication ;  defense  ;  intercestiion. 

Brown, 

3.  Judicial  pleading  ;  lawsuit.  Chaueer. 
AO'VO-CATE.  n,     [U.  advocatu*^  from  advoeo^  to  cnll 

ffir,  lo   plead   fur ;  of  ad  and  doco,  lo  calL    See 
Vocal.] 

1.  Ji'icocatf,  in  its  primar)'  sense,  signifies  one 
who  pleads  the  cause  of  another  in  a  court  of  civil 
law.     llenre, 

2.  One  who  pleads  the  cause  of  another  brfore  any 
tribtinal  or  judicial  court,  a*  a  barrister  in  ilu-  Eng- 
lish couru.  We  say  a  man  is  a  learned  lawyer 
and  an  aWi?  a-tri-catf. 

3.  In  church  history,  a  person  appointed  lo  defend 
the  rights  and  revenues  of  a  church  or  monastery. 

Kitr.iif. 

In  Enrope.,  advoratM  have  diflerent  titles,  accord- 
ing to  their  particular  dutit;s. 

Cnnjii.-!timal  advorjtten,  in  Rome,  appear  before 
the  ConfiMory,  in  opposition  to  tlie  disiH>sal  of 
bene  tires. 

FJrctirf  advoeatea  are  chosen  by  a  bishop,  abbot, 
or  ch.iiit'T,  with  license  fr<,m  the  prince. 

Feutlal  advnmttm  were  of  a  military  kind,  and  to 
attach  them  to  liie  church,  had  grantt  of  land,  with 
power  to  lead  the  va^^alx  of  the  church  to  war. 

Fi.*r{d  adtiteatr.-',  in  anrient  Rome^  defi-ndfd  causes 
In  which  the  fi-^ais  or  private  revenue  of  the  emper- 
or was  concerned. 

Jnruheol  advocates  became  judges,  in  consequence 
of  thf-ir  attending  causes  in  the  Count's  coilrt. 

Mutricular  advocaUa  defended  the  cathedral 
churches. 


ADY 

Military  advocates  were  employed  by  liie  church 
to  defend  it  by  arms,  when  force  gave  law  to 
Euroiie. 

Some  advocate  were  called  nominative^  from  their 
being  nominated  by  the  pope  or  king ;  some  regular, 
from  their  being  qualified  by  a  proper  course  of 
study.     Some  were  supreme  ,■  others^  subordinate. 

.Advocate,  in  the  Qennan  polity,  is  a  magistrate 
appointed  in  the  emperor's  name  to  administer 
justice. 

Faculty  of  advocates,  in  Scotland,  is  a  society  of 
eminent  lawyers,  who  practice  in  the  highest  courts, 
and  wJio  are  admitted  mt:nibers  only  upon  the 
severest  examination,  at  three  different  times.  It 
consists  of  more  than  two  hundred  memhtrs,  and 
from  thi.s  body  are  vacancies  on  the  bencli  usually 
supplied. 

Lord  advocate,  in  Scotland,  the  pruicipal  crown 
lawyer,  or  prosecutor  of  crimes. 

Judge  advoctUe,  in  ofurts  martial,  a  person  wlio 
manages  the  prosecution. 

In  English  and  Jimerican  courts,  advocates  are  the 
same  as  counsel,  or  counselors.  In  England,  they 
are  of  two  degrees,  barristers  and  Serjeants  ;  the 
fonner,  being  apprentices  or  learners,  can  not,  by 
ancient  custom,  he  admitted  serjeaiiis  till  of  six- 
teen years'  standing.  Elackstone.     Encyc. 

4.  One  who  defends,  vindicates,  or  espouses  a 
cause  by  argument ;  one  who  is  friendly  to  ;  as,  an 
advocate  for  peace,  or  for  the  oppressed. 

hi  Scripture,  Christ  is  called  aa  advocate  for  his 
people. 

We  hnve  ail  advocate  wiUi  the  PAthn*.  —  1  John  ii. 

AD'VO-€ATE,  v.  L  To  plead  in  favor  of ;  to  defend 
by  argument,  before  a  tribunal  or  the  public ;  lo 
support  or  vindicate. 

ThtMC  who  advocatt  ■  ditcrimlnntion. 

Hamilu>n'§  Jtepttrt  on  PubHc  Dtbt. 
The  Diikn  of  Yoric  adfocaud  ihe  sn^t^ndntrnt. -~  DebaUt  on 

tJ)t  Nf^tnty  in  tht  Hu^e  of  fAtrds,  Die  27,  I81U. 
The  klitl  01  BiiduiiehAin  adaotaud  the  ori^uaj  n:si>tutiiin. 

Ibid. 
I'bc  him  of  a  li^^islxlur^,  constating  or  a  sing^Ie  branch,  lliough 
aditocaUd  by  loiiu:,  wujt  (generally  n■p^u6«t'^l. 

lia/nstii/,  Hill.  GaroHna. 
How  IHdo  claim  pfnona,  who  adooctUe  tliis  KnUiiK-ni,  n-ally 

Cxft'M  to  br  coiiaiilcnnl  Ca]viiu»in,  will  nj'pi-ar  Irom  the 
iluwiii2  qtiobition.  Iilac!:eneit't  t.Q'e  of  CaJotn. 

The  n>oat  cnUucul  orntura  wcnr  t:ug^ig>il  to  adoocale  tiia  ciiuse. 

Aht/„rd. 
A    pfirt   only  of  the  bociv,  whose  Miisr  h*-  ndvoailea,  cuinciJe 
with  hiin  in  Jmi^enl.  Chris.  Oba.  xi.  434.     ScoU. 

AD'VO-CA-TED,  pp.  Defended  by  argument;  vin- 
dtcatiid. 

AD'VO-€ATE-SHIP,  n.  The  office  or  duty  of  an 
advocate. 

AD'VO-Ca-TESS,  n.     A  female  advocate. 

Taylor, 

AD'VO-CA-TIXG,  jijrr.  Supporting  by  reasous  ;  de- 
fending ;  inaiutnining. 

AU-VO-CA'TION, n,    A  pleadingfor;  plea;  apologj-. 

Shak. 
Ji  bill  of  advocation,  in  Scotland,  is  a  written  ap- 
plication to  0  su|KTior  court,  lo  call  an  action  before 
I  hem  from  an  inferior  court.  'I'he  order  of  the  su- 
perior court  for  litis  purpose  is  called  letters  of  ad- 
rocation, 

AD-VO-LC'TION,  n.     A  ntlling  toward  Bointthing. 

AD-VOU'TRER,  n.     An  adultrrcr, 

AD-VOIT'TKESH,  n.     An  ndultertss.  Bacon. 

AI»-VOL"TRV,iL    Adultery.     [Little  vsrd.]    Bacon. 

AD-VOW-fclE',  n.  He  that  has  the  right  of  advow- 
Bon.  Coieel. 

9?  The  advocate  of  a  church  at  religious  house. 

Cyc, 

AD-VOW'SON,  n,  [Fr.  avouerie^  from  avouer,  to 
avow;  Norm,  avoerie,  or  avoeson.  But  the  word 
wa9<  latinized,  adoocativ,  from  adcocvj  and  avmo  is 
from  adroco,] 

in  English  law,  a  right  of  presentation  to  a  vacant 
benefice  ;  or,  in  other  words,  a  right  of  nominating 
a  [ti-rfnn  lo  officiate  in  a  vacant  church.  I'he  name 
is  derived  from  adoocatio,  because  the  right  was  first 
otitiiu'-d  by  such  as  were  founders,  benefactors, 
or  strenuous  defenders,  advocates,  of  the  church. 
'i'liose  who  have  this  right  are  styled  patrons.  Ad- 
vowsons  are  of  three  kinds,  presentatire,  collative, 
and  donative;  presentntive,  when  the  patron  presents 
his  clfrk  U>  the  bishop  of  Ihe  diocese  to  be  insti- 
tiiird  ;  collative,  when  the  bishop  is  the  patron,  and 
institutes  or  collates  his  clerk,  by  a  single  act ;  dona- 
live,  when  a  church  is  founded  by  the  king,  and 
assigned  to  the  patron,  withotit  being  subject  to  Ihe 
onlitiary,  so  that  the  patron  confers  the  benefice 
on  his  clerk,  without  presentation,  institution,  or 
induction. 

.^dvowHons  are  also  appendant,  that  is,  annexed  to  a 
manor,  or  in  grosj,  that  is,  annexed  to  the  p^^irson 
of  Ihe  iKitron.  Blaekstone. 

AD-VOV'KR.     Hee  Atoter. 

A-DY-NA.M'ie,  a.     Weak  ;  destitute  of  strength. 

.^dynamic  frrers,  in  viedttine,  a  term  employed  by 
Pinel,to  denote  malignant  or  putrid  fevers  attended 
with  great  muscular  debility.  Cye.  Med, 


AER 

A-DYiVA-MY,  Tu  [Gr.  a  itfivative  and  tJiivo/iij, 
power.] 

In  medicine,  weakness;  want  of  strength  occa- 
sioned by  disease.  Morin. 
A-DV'TU.M,  M.     [I^it ;  Gr.  «(TDroc.] 

A  secret  apartment     In  ancient  temples,  a  secret 

glace  from  whence  oracles  were  given. 
Z,  n.     [Sax.   adese ;  tfp.  azuela ;  formerly  written 
in  En^.  atldicc] 

An  iron  instrument  with  an  arching  blade,  across 
the  line  of  the  handle,  and  ground  from  a  base  on 
its  inside  to  the  outer  edge ;  used  for  chipping  a 
horizontal  surface  of  timber.  Encyc. 

J£t ;  a  diphthong  in  the  Latin  language  ;  used  also  by 
the  Saxon  writers.  It  answers  to  the  Gr.  ai.  The 
Sax.  at  has  been  changed  into  e  or  ea.  In  deriva- 
tives from  the  learned  langiniges,  it  is  mostly  super- 
seded by  e,  and  convenience  seems  to  require  it  to 
be  wholly  rejected  in  anglicized  words  For  most 
words  found  with  this  initial  combination,  the  reader 
will  therefore  search  under  the  letter  E. 

iED,  ED,  EAI),  syllables  found  in  names  from  the 
Saxon,  signify  Aii/jpj/ ;  as,  J-Uidric,  hap|)y  kingdom; 
Eadrig,  happy  victory  ;  Edward,  prosperous  watch  ; 
Edgar,  successful  weapon.  Oibson.     Lye, 

^'DILE,  n.  [L.]  In  ancient  Rome,  an  officer  or 
magistrate,  who  had  the  care  of  the  public  build- 
ings, [ades,]  streets,  highways,  public  spectacles,  &,c. 

iE'GlL-OPS,  n.  [Gr.  ai}  lAai^;  ui(,  a  gt>at, and  tu^/, 
the  eye.]  A  tumor  in  the  uiner  corner  of  the  eye, 
and  a  plant  so  called.  Q^uincy. 

JE'OlS,  ».  [Gr.  ai}iij  a  goal  skin,  and  shield  ;  from 
ai^,  a  goat] 

A  shield,  or  deftusive  armor ;  originally  applied 
to  the  shield  given  by  Jupiter  to  Minerva. 

^L,  AL,  ALII,  or  EAL,  in  Saxon,  Eng.  aU,i\Te  seen 
in  many  nanus ;  as  in  Alfred,  Alfred,  all  i)eace  ; 
,^licin,  all  conqueror.  Oibiion, 

JEliV  seems  to  be  one  fonn  of  help,  but  more  gener- 
ally written  elph  or  ulph  ;  as  in  ,^(fwin,  victorious 
aidj^  JEthchcutph,  illustrious  help.  Gibson. 

JE.-'Sv.'\Ii,'n.  [1*.  ^«e>*.]  An  heroic  poem,  written 
by  Virgil,  in  which  ^-'ui  as  is  the  hero. 

iE'O-LIST,  n.  [L.  ^olus,]  A  pretender  to  inspi- 
nition.  Str'fi. 

.(f^O'LI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  ^olus,  the  god  of  the 
winds. 

iE-0'LI-AN  HARP,  n.     See  Eolian  IIakp. 

A':-aUIN'0-LTTE,  n.     Sec  Pitchstonk. 

A'ER-aTE,  iJ.  (.     [See  Aib.] 

1.  In  chmtistry^  to  combine  with  carbonic  acid, 
formerly  calK'd  fxed  air.  [T'he  word  has  been  dis- 
carded from  modern  chemistry.] 

2.  In  lo'^logy,  tt)  change  the  circulating  fluids  of 
animals  by  the  agency  <tf  the  air  ;  to  arteritiliz.e. 

A'ER-A-TED,  ;)p.  Combined  with  carbonic  acid  ;  as, 
aerated  mineral  waters  ;  changed  by  the  agency  of 
the  air ;  nrtenalized. 

a'ER-A-'I'LVG,  pjir.  Combining  with  carbonic  acid  ; 
changing  by  the  agency  of  the  air;  arteriali/Jng. 

A-KU-A'TION,  n.  In  chemistry,  Iho  act  or  operation 
of  combining  with  carbtuiic  acid. 

S.  In  zoologii,  the  change  in  tlie  circulating  fluids 
of  animals,  edected  by  the  agency  of  the  air  ;  as  the 
arterializatiou  of  the'  blood  by  respiration  in  tlie 
higher  animals^ and  the  corres[ioiiding  change  in 
the  lower  animals, 

3.  In  airriculture,  the  exposure  of  soil  to  the  free 
action  of  the  air,  as  essential  to  the  growtli  of  plants. 

A-£'RI-AL,  a.     [1..  arrius.     See  Air.] 

1.  Belonging  lo  the  air,  or  atmosphere  ;  as,  aerial 
regions. 

2.  Consisting  of  air  ;  partaking  of  the  nature  of 
air  ;  as,  aerial  particles. 

3.  Produced  by  air  ;  as,  aerial  honey.  Pope, 

'  4.  Inhaliiting  or  frequenting  the  air  ;  as,  aerial 
songsttTs. 

5.  Placed  in  the  air;  hijh  ;  lofty;  elevated;  as, 
aerial  spires  ;  aerial  flight. 
Jii-rialacid;  carbonic  acid.     [06*.]  Vre, 

.Serial  perspective.     See  p£R9i>£CTirE. 
A-E'R1-A\S,  n.  pi.      In  cburck  history,  a  branch  of 
Arians,  so  calli-d  from  Aerius,  who  maintained  that 
there  is  no  difTiTonce  between  bishops  and  priests. 
A'E-RIE,  (a'ry  or  e'ry,)  n.     [W.  cryr.  Corn,  cr,  an 
eagle.] 

'I'he  nest  of  a  bird  of  prey,  as  of  an  eagle  or 
hawk  ;  a  brood  of  such  l)ir(iH.  Shak. 

A-ER-I-FI-€A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  combining  air 
with  ;  the  state  of  being  filled  with  air.    Fourcnry. 

2.  The  act  of  iKJComing  air,  or  of  changing  mto 
an  aeriform   state,  ru»   substances  tvhich   are   con- 
verted from  a  Ittpiid   or  solid  fonn  inttt  gas  or  an 
elastic  vapor;  the  sUite  of  being  aeriform.        Ibid, 
A'ER-I-FT-AD,  pp.     Having  air  mfuscd,  or  combined 

with, 
A'£R-I-FORM,  a.     [L.  arr,  air,  and  forma,  form.] 
Having  the  frtrni  or  nature  of  air,  or  of  an  elastic 
fluid.    The  gases  are  aeriform  fluids. 
A'ER-I  FV,  V.  t.    To  infuse  air  into  ;  to  fill  with  air, 
or  to  combine  air  with ;  to  change  into  an  aeriform 
st-ite. 
A-ER-O-DY-NAAneS,  «.     [Or.  avp  and  ivyafu^,} 


TONE,  BpLL,  tlNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K;  0  as  J ;  a  as  Z ;  CH  as  SI] ;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


S3 


AFA 


AFF 


AFF 


Tbe  sritrQctr  which  ircnUof  tlie  motion  of  the  air, 
and  ul'  tbe  mechanical  edt-cts  oTair  in  niution. 

Brande. 

A-ER-OG'NO-SY,  «.  [Gr.  0170,  air,  and  yvu>ati, 
knowledge.]  'the  science  which  treats  of  the  prop- 
erties of  air,  and  tbe  part  it  perforuis  in  the  opera- 
tionr*  of  nulure. 

i-ER-OG'RA-PHY,  h.  [Gr.  aijo,  air,  and  >.rtrt0to,  to 
descnW.]  A  description  of  the  air  ur  atiuiuspbere ; 
but  anvlogfia  chiefly  used. 

X'ER-O-LITE.  «.  [Gr.  anoy  air,  and  XiOos,  a  stone.] 
A  stone  wbich  has  fallL-n  from  the  air,  or  atinoB- 
pberic  regions  j  a  meteoric  stones 

Ouid9tU.    M$d.Rtp. 

A-ER-0-LOG'I€-AL,  «.    Pertaining  to  aerology. 

A-ER-0L'O-6lST,  n.    One  who  is  vcrsrd  in  aerology. 

A-ER-0L'0-4^V,  a.  [Gr.  at,Pt  air,  and  Aoju;,  de- 
scription.] 

A  description  of  the  air;  that  branch  of  phitoso- 
pby  which  treats  of  the  air,  its  cou:itituent  parts, 
properties,  and  phenomena.  Eiugc. 

i'ER-0-M.VN-C\,  a.     [Gr.  aup,  and  fiavrcta,  div- 
ination.] 
Divination  by  roearu  of  tbe  air  and  winds. 

A-EK-OM'E-TER,  a.  [Gr.  af?*},  air,  and  ftirpovf 
measure.] 

1.  An  mstrument  for  malting  the  necessary  cor- 
rections in  asceitaining  the  mean  bulk  of  gases. 

JifberL 

2.  An  Instrument  for  ascertaining  the  den:^iiy  or 
rarity  of  air.  Mtfrim. 

i-ER-OM'E-TRY,  a.  [as  Mbott.]  The  science  of 
measuring  the  air,  including  the  doctrine  of  its 
mvanire,  elasticity,  rarefaction,  and  ctindensation. 
[tn  this  sense,  tbe  word  is  nuw  di^u^ied,  the  term 
piMammtiu  having  taken  iU  place.]  Ejuge, 

Rather  aervmOrjf  is  .the  art  or  science  of  ascer- 
taining tile  mean  bulk  of  the  gases.  Ur*. 
A'ER-O-^AUT,  a.     [Gr.  cq>«  and  mvtik,  a  sailor, 
from  vavd  a  *hip-] 

One  who  sails  or  floats  in  tbe  air ;  an  aerial  nav- 
ipUor :  flyyiisrf  to  ptrMiu  xko  ajtccmf  la  m*  baUooiu. 

Buik*, 
A-ER-O-N^CJT'ie,  s.    Sailing  or  floating  in  the  air; 

pertaining  to  aerial  sailing. 
A-ER-t>-N\VUT'ieS,  a.    The  doctrine,  science,  or  art 

of  sailing  in  the  air,  by  means  of  u  b;iUiMin. 
A'ER-0-NAUT-l«M,  a.    The  practice  of  ascending 
and  floating  in  the  atmosphere,  in  b^tUnons. 

Jourtu  iifScienM, 
l'ER-0-PHTTE,  m-    [Gr.  ano  and  .pvr  »•,  a  planL] 
A  plant  that  lives  exclusively  in  air,  in  di^inc- 
tion  nt>m  a  kifdr^pkjfU,  Brandt. 

A-ER-0~SCEP'SY,  a.    [Gr.  anp  and  axc^TTotiat,  to 

The  lucultj'  of  perception  by  the  medium  of  the 
ah,  supposed  to  re^jide  in  the  antenux  of  iu.tects. 

JTtrAy. 
A-ER-OS'€0-PYy  n.    [Gr,  ai7pand  c- K^fTru^i a  1,  to  see.] 

The  ob^er\-ation  or  perception  of  Uie  air. 
A'ER-O-SrrE,  ».     See  RED-tJiLVBK. 
A'ER-O-STAT,  n.    [Gr.  ant^  and  craToi^  sustaining, 
from  (OTi^i,  to  stand.] 

A  machine  at  ves^^l  sustaining  weights  in  the 
air ;  a  name  given  to  air  balloons.  JEacyc 

A-ER-O-STAT'ie,  a.    Suspendingln  air ;  pertaining 

to  the  art  of  aenal  navifniiion. 
i-ER-O-ST.-VT'ies,  n.  The  science  that  treats*of  the 
equilibrium  of  elastic  fluids,  or  of  tMNlied  sustained 
in  them  ;  hence,  the  science  of  aerial  navigniion. 
A-ER-OS-TA'TIOX,  a.     At:ri;U  navigation ;  the  sci- 
ence of  raising,  su^pemline,  and  guiding  machines 
in  the  air,  or  of  ascending  in  air  balloons. 
-2.  1'he  scif  nee  of  weighing  air.  Adams, 

iE-RC'ClX-OL'S,  a.    Partaking  of  copper  rusL 
A'ER-V-LlGiiT,  a.    In  MtUon^  Light  as  air ;  used  for 

iES'-€in*-XTTE.  a.  A  black  or  rfark  brownish  yel- 
low ore,  from  the  L'ral  Mountains ;  an  ore  contain- 
ing tiuinium,  Zirconium,  and  cerium.  Dana, 

.fiS-THET'ieS,  /         rr.  o  , 

ES-THET'ICS,   1  "•     [*^^-  ""^IT'^oJ-J 

Tbe  theory  or  philosophy  of  taste ;  the  science  of 
the  beautifiu,  or  that  which  treats  of  the  principles 
of  tbe  belles  lettres  and  fine  arl& 

A-E-THE-OG'A-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  a/)9ijy,  unusual,  and 
>a^o(,  marriage.]  A  term  applied  to  cryptogamic 
I^ants,  founded  on  the  opinion,  tiiat  Their  mode  of 
propagation  is  not  hidden,  but  only  unusual.  Brande, 

.ffi-TI-OL'O-GY,  II.  [Gr.  .i«ria,  cause,  and  Aoj^ut, 
Uiscou^e.]    The  science  of  the  causes  of  disease. 

jE-TI'TeS,  n.    Eagle  stone,  which  see. 

A-FAR',  a^c.     [a  and /or.    See  Fab.  1 

1.  At  a  distance  in  place ;  to  or  from  a  distance  ; 
used  with  from  preceding,  or  off  following  ;  as,  he 
was  seen  fruin  afar  :  I  saw  him  afar  of. 

2.  in  Scripture,  figuratively,  estranged  in  afl'ec- 
tion;  alienated. 

Mj  Idnameo  Hand  afar  <^.  —  Pn].  xxxrffi. 

3.  Absent ;  not  assisting. 

Why  ttandm  Uiou  afar  (yf,  0  Lord.  —  P»*l,  x. 

4.  Not  o^tbe  visible  church.  —  Eph.  ii. 


A-FkARD',  a.  [Sax.  fl/»Tan,  to  make  afraid.  Afcard 
is  the  participle  passive.     See  Fkah.] 

Afraid ;  Bllected  with  fear  or  nppreliension,  in  a 
more  moderate  degree  tlian  is  expressed  by  terrified. 
It  is  ftJlowed  by  u/,  but  no  longer  U!»ed  in  books, 
and  even  in  popular  use  is  deemed  vul);ar. 

AF'FA,  H.  A  weight  used  on  the  Guint^a  coast,  equal 
tu  an  ounce.    The  tmlf  of  it  is  called  eggeba. 

Encye. 

AF-FA-BIL'I-TY,  a.  [See  Affable.]  The  quality 
of  being  fttfable ;  readiness  to  converse;  civility 
and  couiteousucas  in  n-ceiving  others,  and  in  con- 
versation ;  condescension  in  munners.  A^'abilUy 
of  countenance  is  that  mildness  of  aspect  which 
invites  to  free  social  intercourse. 

AF'FA-BLE,  a.  [L.  cjfUfii/w,  of  at/  and  fabulor.  See 
Fable.] 

1.  E:isy  of  conversation  ;  admitting  others  to  free 
conversation  without  reserve :  courteous ;  com- 
plaisant; of  e&sy  manners ;  conde'^ccnding  ;  usually 
applied  to  superiors  ;  as,  an  affable  prince. 

'Z.  Applied  to  external  appearance,  affable  denotes 
that  combination  of  features  which  invites  to  con- 
versation, and  n^nders  a  [person  accessible,  opposed 
to  a/vrbulding  aspect ;  mUd  ;  benign  ;  as,  an  affi^le 
countenance. 

AF'FA-IILE-NESS, ».     Afl'ahility. 

AF'FA-BLY,  aiic.  In  an  oiTable  manner;  courte- 
ously ;  invitinglv. 

AF-FAB-l^-LA'TiON,  n.    The  moral  of  a  fable. 

AF-FAIR',  n.  [Fr.  affairty  from /aire,  Xo  make  o^do ; 
lj.faefr»;  Sp.  kaeer :  \U  fare.  The  primary  sense 
of  facto  is  to  urjre,  drive,  iinpi-1.] 

1.  Business  of  any  kind  ;  that  which  is  done,  or 
is  to  be  done:  a  wordofvinj  mdrjinite  and  uniiefnable 
signitiMtion,  In  tlie  plural,  it  denotes  transnctioni* 
in  general ;  as,  human  affairs ;  political  or  ecclesi- 
astical affairs;  alst>,  the  business  or  concerns  of  an 
individual ;  as,  his  affairs  are  embarrassed. 

3.  Matters  ;  state ;  condition  of  business  or  con- 
cerns. 

I  hAtf  tent  that  jc  may  know  our  affairt.  —  Epb.  t1. 

3.  In  the  singular^  it  is  used  for  a  private  dispute, 
or  duel ;  as,  an  affair  of  liuni)r. 

4.  In  miiitan/  language^  a  partial  engagement  of 
troi>ps. 

!k  Affairs^  in  the  plural,  public  concerns  and  their 

mannceraent ;  as,  "  at  tht*  liead  of  affairn,"  Junius  ; 

"  a  taienl  fur  affairs^*  Prtscutt, 
AF-FAM'ISEI,  r.  L    [See  Famish.]    To  Starve. 
AF-FAM'ISII-ME.VT,  n.     A  starving. 
AF-FEAR',  f.  t     To  frighten.     [06^*.]  Spenser. 

AF-FECT',  r.  L     [L.  affcio^  affectum,  of  ad  ami  facioj 

to  m;ike  ;  I^  affrcto,  to  desire,  from  the  same  root. 

j^eet  is  to  make  to,  or  uptMi,  to  press  upon.] 

1.  To  act  upon  ;  to  produce  an  efTtct  or  change 
upon ;  as,  cold  affecU  the  body ;  loss  affects  our 
interests. 

2.  I'o  act  upon,  or  move  the  passions ;  as,  affected 
with  grief. 

3.  To  aim  at ;  aspire  to  ;  desire  or  entertiin  pre- 
tension to  ;  as,  to  affect  imperial  sway.  [See  the 
etymology  of  Affair.} 

4.  To  lend  to  by  natural  affinity  or  disposition  ; 
'    as,  the  drops  of  a  fluid  affect  a  sjih-  rical  form. 

5.  To  love,  or  regard  with  funduLSs. 

•      Think  nut  llial  wan  we  luve  wul  stiifc  affect.  Ftirfas. 

[This  i>ense  is  closdy  allied  to  the  third.'] 
b.  To  make  a  show  of;  to  attempt  to  imitate,  in 

a  manner  not  natural ;  to  study  the  appearance  of 

what  i)>  not  natuml,  or  real ;  us,  to  affect  to  be  grave ; 

affected  friendship.  * 

It  seems  to  have  been  used  formerly  for  convict  or 

atiaiiUy  as-  in  AyUfie*s  Parergon ;  but  this  sense  is 

not  now  in  use. 
AF-FE€T-A'TIO\,  ti-     [L.  affectatio.J 

1.  An  attempt  to  assume  or  exhibit  what  is  not 
natural  or  real;  false  prt-tense  ;  artificial  appear- 
ance, or  show ;  as,  an  affectatum  of  wit,  or  of  virtue. 

2.  Fondness  ;  aflection.     [A*of  used.] 

Hooker.  Halt 
AF-FE€T'ED,  pp.  Impressed  ;  moved,  or  touched, 
either  in  person  or  in  interest ;  having  suflereii 
some  change  by  external  force,  loss,  danger,  and 
tbe  like  :  as,  we  are  more  or  less  affected  by  the 
faUure  of  the  bank. 

2.  Touched  in  the  feelings;  having  the  feelings 
excited  ;  as,  affected  with  cold  or  heat. 

3.  Having  the  passions  ^oved ;  as,  affected  with 
sorrow  or  joy. 

4.  0.  Inclined  or  dii^poscd;  followed  by  to;  as, 
well  affi-cted  to  govemmunt. 

5.  a.  Given  to  false  ^how  ;  assuming,  or  pretend- 
ing to  possess  what  is  not  natural  or  real ;  as,  an 
affected  lady. 

6.  a.  Assumed  artificially ;  not  natural ;  as,  af- 
fected airs. 

7.  In  algebra,  this  term,  when  applied  to  an  equa- 
tion, denotes  that  two  or  more  several  powers  of  the 
unknown  quantitv,  enter  into  the  equation. 

AF-FE€T'E1>-LY,"  adc.  In  an  aflected  manner ; 
hypocritically  ;  witii  more  show  than  reality  ;  for- 


mally ;  studiously;  unnaturally;  as,  to  walk  tiffect- 
ediu ;  afftctedly  civil. 

AF-FEeT'EO-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  af- 
fected ;  atleciaiion. 

AF-FEeT-1-UIL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  af- 
fectible. 

AF-FEGT'I-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  affected. 

AF-FEGT'ING^  Mr.  Impressing;  having  an  effect 
on;  touching  tlie  feelings;  moving  the  passions; 
attempting  a  false  show;  greatly  desiring ;  aspiring 
to  poss(*ss. 

2.  a.  Having  power  to  excite,  or  move  the  pas- 
sions;  tending  to  move  the  affections;  pathetic;  as, 
an  aj'cctintr  address. 

'I'ha  motl  qfftcting  music  U  genemUy  tho  mott  ^iiiplc. 

Mit/onl. 

AF-FE€T'ING-LY,  adv.    In  an  affecting  manner; 

in  a  manner  to  excite  emotions. 
AF-FEe"l'lU\,  n.     [L.  affuio.]    The  state  of  being 

affected.     [Little  used.] 

2.  Passion  ;  but  more  generally, 

3.  A  bent  of  mind  toward  a  particular  object, 
holding  a  middle  place  between  dt^fpositiun y  \vh\ch 
is  natural,  and  position,  which  is  excited  by  the 
presence  of  its  exciting  object.  Affection  is  a  per- 
manent bent  of  the  mind,  formed  by  the  presence 
of  an  object,  or  by  some  act  of  another  person,  and 
existtng  without  the  presence  of  its  object. 

Encyc. 
A.  In  a  more  particular  sense,  a  settled  good-will, 
love,  or  zealous  attachment ;  as,  the  affection  of  a 
parent  for  his  child.  It  was  furmerly  followed  by 
to  or  totcardy  but  is  now  more  generally  followed  by 
for. 

5.  Desire  ;  inclination ;  propensity  ;  good  or  evil ; 
as,  virtuous  or  vile  affections.    Kom.  i.    Gal.  5. 

6.  In  a  general  sense,  an  attribute,  quality,  or 
projierty,  which  is  inseparable  from  its  subject ;  as, 
iove,  fear,  and  hope  are  affections  of  the  mind  ;  figure, 
weight,  &c.,  are  affections  of  bodies. 

7.  AmongpAi/.i^(ciaH-s,  a  disease,  or  any  particular 
morbid  stale  of  the  body ;  as,  a  gouty  affection ; 
hysteric  affection, 

8.  In  paintiiigy  a  lively  representation  of  passion. 

fVvtton. 
Bliakspeare  uses  the  word  for  affectation ;  but  this 
use  is  nitt  lenitminte. 
AF-FEe'TlUiN-ATE,  a.     [Fr.  affectionni.] 

1.  iluviiig  great  love,  or  atfectiou ;  fond;  as,  an 
affectionate  brotller. 

2.  Warm  in  affection  ;  zealous. 


Mivn,  ht  hl«  love  (o  GoA,  and  deiire  to  pies 
t>>-  unj  affeckoitale. 


z  him, can  norcr 
Syrai. 


3.  Proceeding  from  affection ;  indicating  love ; 
benevolent ;  tender ;  as,  the  affectionate  care  of  a 
parent ;  an  affectionate  countenance. 

4.  Stronglv  inclined  to.     [Little  used.]      Bacon, 
AF-FEC'TIOK-ATE-LY,  adv.    With  affection ;  fond- 

Iv  ;  tenderly  ;  kindly.     1  Thess,  ii. 

AF-FEC'TION-ATE-NESS,  n.  Fondness;  good- 
will ;  affection. 

AF-FEe'T?ON-£D,  a.  Disposed;  having  an  affec- 
tion of  heart. 

B«  kindly  afftcHoned  one  to  another,—  Rom,  xii. 
2.  Affected;  conceited.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

AF-FECT'IVE,  o.  That  affects,  or  excites  emotion  ; 
suited  to  affect,     [Little  vsed.] 

AF-FE€T'1\'E-LY,  adu.  In  an  affective  or  impres- 
sive manner. 

AF-FEeT'OR,  I  n.    One  that  affects  ;  one  that  prac- 

AF-FEer'EK,  i      tices  affectation. 

AF-FEeT'U-OUe,  c     Full  of  passion.     [JV&(  used.] 

Lcland, 

AF-FeER',  V,  L     [Fr.  affier,  to  set.] 
To  ct>nfirm.     w^ot  used,] 

AF-FeER',  v.  U  [Ft.  afferer,  affeurer,  or  afforer,  to 
assess  or  value,] 

In  late,  to  assess  or  reduce  an  arbitrary  penalty  or 
amercement  to  a  precise  sum  ;  to  reduce  a  general 
amercement  to  a  sura  certain,  according  to  the  cir- 
cumstances of  the  case.  Blackstone. 

AI''-FkER'£D,  pp.  Moderated  in  sum;  assessed; 
reduced  to  a  certainty. 

AF-FF:ER'ME\T,  n.  The  act  of  affeering,  or  assess- 
ing an  amercement,  according  to  the  circumstances 
of  the  ca«e 

AF-FkER'OR,  n.  One  who  affeers  ;  a  person  sworn 
to  assess  a  penalty,  or  reduce  an  uncertain  penalty 
to  a  certainty.  CoweU 

AF-FET-TU-0'SOy  or  COJf  AF-FET'TO.  [It., 
from  L.  affcctus.] 

In  musicy  a  direction  to  render«iotes  soft  and 
affecting. 

AF-FI'AACE,  tl  r.Norm.  affaunce,  confidence  ;  Fr. 
Jiancer,  to  betroth ;  Sp.  fiama,  security  in  bail, 
ajianzar,  to  give  security  or  bail,  from  far,  to  trust, 
to  bail,  to  confide  in  ;  Port.  id. ;  Fr.  jier,  to  trust ; 
It.  Jidare,  affidare,  to  trust,  fidanza,  confidence, 
fdanzare^  to  betroth,  from  lt.JidQyfide^.] 

1.  The  marriage  contract  or  promise ;  faith 
pledged. 


FaTE,  far,  fall,  WH.^T.— M£TE,  PREY.  — fine,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


24. 


AFF 


AFF 


AFF 


S.  Strong  trust  or  reliaocej  applied  chiefly  to  tlie 
Supreme  Being. 

The  Christian  looks  in  GcnI  wilh  implicit  affiance.    Alterbury. 

AF-FI'ANCE,  V.  t.  To  betrotli ;  to  pledge  one's  faith 
or  fidelity  in  marriage,  or  to  promise  marriage. 

To  nu^,  sad  m^iiil,  be  u-u  ajfiancad,  Sptnatr, 

3.  To  give  confidence. 

Affianced  Id  my  feith.  Pope. 

AF-FI'.-VNC-i;D,  faf-fi'anst,)  pp.  or  a.  Pledged  in 
marriage;  betrothed;  bound  in  fuith. 

AF-FI'AN'C-ER,  n.  One  who  makes  a  contract  of 
mnrriage  between  parties. 

AF-FrA\C-T\G,  ppr.  PU-dging  in  marriage  ;  prom- 
ising fidelity. 

AF-FI-DA'\^iT,  n.  [An  old  law  verb  in  the  perfect 
tense  ;  he  made  oath  ;  from  ad  undjidesj  faith.] 

A  declaration  upon  oath.  In  the  United  States^ 
more  genemlty,  a  declaration  in  writing,  signed  by 
the  party,  and  sworn  to,  before  an  authorized  magis- 
trate. 

AF-FI'£D,  (af-flde'j)  a.  or  part.  Joined  by  contract ; 
affianced.  Shcdt. 

AF-FILE',  r.  (.    [Fr,  (t^/v.] 

To  polish.     {}<rot  iwfrfj  Chaucer. 

AF-FIL'I-ATE,  r.  (.  [Fr.  a_^Urr,  to  adopt,  tu  ini- 
tiate into  iJie  mvsterit'a  uf  a  religious  order  i  L.  ad 
tMdJiUus,  a  son.] 

1.  To  adopt  i  to  receive  into  a  family  as  a  srih. 

2.  To  receive  into  a  society  as  a  member,  and 
initiate  in  it^:  mysteries,  plans,  &.c. — a  sense  in 
which  the  word  was  much  nsed  by  the  Jacubins  in 
France,  durinff  the  retotution. 

AF-FIL'l-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Adopted;  associated; 
received  into  a  society,  ^^iatrd  societirs  ;  local  so- 
cieties, connected  with  a  central  society,  or  with 
each  other. 

AF-FIL'I-A-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Adopting  j  associating; 
receiving  inin  a  society. 

AF-FfL-I- ACTION',  tu  Adoption  ;  association  in  the 
same  family  or  society. 

In  E-ngli^h  lair,  the  assienment,  by  law,  of  a 
child,  a«'a  b:i.«tard,  to  it.-'  fatJuT.  Brande. 

AF'FrX-A6E,  n.    A  refining  of  metals. 

AFFI.\'£D,<L    Joim-d  in  alliniiv.     [06a.]      Shak. 

AF-FL\'I-TY,  n.  [L.  apnita^,  from  affinis,  adjacent, 
rtrtated  by  marriage  ;  ad  and .fini«,  end.] 

1.  The  relation  contracted  by  inarrrage  between 
t  nu^iband  and  his  wife's  kindred,  and  between  a 
vife  and  her  h!i.><band's  kindred;  in  contradistinc- 
«IOD  from  consanguinittj^  or  relation  by  blood. 
Solomon  made  aj^mty  with  Pbaiuoh-  —  1  Kin^  i!i. 

9.  Agreement ;  relation  ;  ronfonnity ;  resem- 
Uance;  connection  ;  as,  the  ajjinity  of  sounds,  of 
colors,  or  of  languages. 

3.  In  chemLstnj,  that  attraction  which  takes  place, 
at  an  inst'nsible  distance,  between  the  heteroge- 
neous particles  of  bodies,  and  forms  compounds. 

AFFIRM',  r.  t,  [L.  affirmo;  ad  and  Jirmo^  lo  make 
firm.     See  Firm.] 

1.  To  asttert  ptiaitively;  to  tell  with  confidence; 
to  aver;  to  declare  the  existence  of  something  ;  to 
maintain  as  true,  opiK>sed  to  deny. 

Of  on«  Ji'tiu,  whom  Piiul  affirmed io\x  nllv*.  — Actf  nt». 

2.  To  make  firm  ;  to  estahlis'h,  confirm,  or  ratify  ; 
w,  the  Supreme  Court  affirmed  thu  judgmenL 

AF-FYUM'.  p.  t.  To  declare  solemnly  before  a  court 
or  magi.-itrate.  for  conflrinine  a  fact,  or  to  have  an 
affirmation  ndniinistt-rcd  to,  by  way  of  confinnation, 
or  as  a  snl^litute  for  an  oath  ;  as,  the  witness 
firmed  to  the  fact,  or  he  was  affirmed  to  the  fact. 

AF-FIR.M'A  HLE,  fl.  That  may  be  asserted  or  de- 
clared ;  followed  by  ^i  as,  an  attribute  qffirmable  of 
evcrj'  just  man. 

AF-FIRM'A-aLV,  ode.  In  a  way  capable  of  affirm- 
ation. 

AFFIRM'ANCE^  n.  Confirroalion ;  ratification  ;  as, 
tlie  affirmance  of  a  judgment ;  a  stJitute  in  affirmance 
of  common  taw. 

2.  Declaration;  affirmation.     [LittU  used.] 

Selden.     Cowper* 
AF  FTRM'ANT,  n.    One  who  afHrm-J. 
AF-FIRM-A'TION,  n.      The  act  of  affirming  or  as- 
serting as  true  ;  opposed  lo  ne^atitm  or  denial,  shak. 

3.  That  which  is  asserted  ;  position  derlared  as 
tniP  ;  averment,  Hammnnd. 

X  Confirmation;  ratification;  an  estahli-ihrnent 
of  what  had  been  bePire  done  or  ilecreed.  Iftmker. 

4.  A  solemn  deelaration  made  under  the  pen- 
alties of  p'Tjiir>-,  by  persons  who  conscientiously 
decline  taking  an  oath  ;  which  affirmation  is  in  law 
equivalent  to  tectimony  given  undi-roath. 

AF-FIRM'A-TIVE,  a.  That  aflirms  or  asserts; 
declfiratory  of  what  exisVH  ;  opposed  to  negative  \  as, 
an  affirmative  proposition. 

2.  Confirmative;  ratifying;  as,  an  act  affirmaiine 
of  common  law. 

3.  In  algebra,  positivt; ;  a  term  applied  to  quan- 
tities which  have  Uie  sign  4- pfu*,  denoting  addi- 
tion, and  opposed  lo  negative.,  or  such  as  have  the 
sign  —  mtiiiw,  denoting  subtraction. 

4.  Poeitive  ;  dogmatic.     [06«.]  Taylor. 


AF  riRM'A  'JIVE,  w.  Th:il  side  uf  a  question 
which  atlinns  or  mnintains  ;  opposed  to  nearative: 
as,  there  were  seventy  voles  in  tlie  affirmative,  and 
thirtv-five  in  the  nei/ative. 

AF-FIKM'A-TIVB-LY,  adr.  In  an  aflirm:itive  man- 
ner ;  positively;  on  the  athrmative  side  of  a  ques- 
tion ;  opposed  lo  negatively. 

AF-FTR..\1'£;d,  pp.  Declared;  asserted;  averred; 
confirmed  ;  ratified. 

AF-FIRM'ER,  n.     One  who  affirms. 

AF  FIRM'IXG,  ppr  Asserting ;  declaring  positively ; 
confirming. 

AF-FIX',  i\  (.  [L.  affigo^  affixum,  of  ad  and  JigOj  to 
fix;  CJr.  7Tr]y(''j  7r//;vvw,  ffj/^cj ;  Eng.  peg.  fc?ee 
Fix.] 

1.  To  unite  at  the  end  ;  to  subjoin,  annex,  or 
add  at  the  close ;  as,  to  affix  a  syllublc  lo  a  word ; 
to  affix  a  seal  to  'Ji  instrument. 

9.  To  attach,  unite,  or  connect  with  ;  as,  names 
affixed  to  ideas,  or  ideas  affixed  to  thingt?. 

3.  To  fix  or  fasten  in  any  manner.  In  this  sense, 
fix  is  more  generally  used. 

AF'FIX,  n,  A  syllable  or  letter  added  to  the  end  of 
a  word. 

AF-FIX'£D,  (af-fixt',)  pp.  United  at  the  end ;  an- 
nexed ;  attached. 

AF-FiX'ING,  ppr.  Uniting  at  the  end;  subjoining; 
attaching. 

AF-FIX'ION,  n.  The  act  of  uniting  at  the  end,  or 
suite  of  being  so  united.     [Little  used.'] 

AF-FIX'TI:RE,  n.    That  which  is  affixed,     jyrake. 

AF-FIiA'TIOx\,  It.     [U  affio,  afflatum,  of  ad  and  Jlo; 
Eng.  hUne.     See  Blow.] 
A  blowing  or  breathing  on. 

AF-FLa'TUS,  n.     fL.] 

1.  A  breath  or  bK-uil  of  wind. 

3.  Inspiration  ;  communication  of  divine  knowl- 
edge, or  the  power  of  prophecy.  Spence. 

AF-FL.ICT',  e.  L  [L.  affiigo^  afflicto,  of  ad  and  JiigOy 
to  strike;  Eng.  jiug  i  Gr.  Evil.  ipX-rot,  to  strike; 
Gr.  jfXnin,  L.  plaga^  a  stroke;  Goth,  flekon,  to 
strike.  Ilence,  Ger.JIfii'p/,*  D.vleget;  Engl.  J?ai/,  ^ 
bluing  suppressed  ;  1*.  fiagellum.     See  Flo«.] 

1.  To  give  to  the  body  or  mind  pain  which  is 
continued  or  of  some   pernmnence ;  to   grieve,   or 
distress  ;  ai»,  one  is  afflicted  with  the   gout,  or  with 
melancholy,  or  with  losses  and  misfortuiu's. 
Th'-j'  affiirt  lliy  herita™,  0  Lord.  —  Pa;J.  xcv. 
9.  To  trouble ;  to  harass  ;  lo  distress. 

AFFLICT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Affected  with  continued  or 
often  repealed  pain,  either  of  lH»dy  or  mind  ;  suffer- 
ing grief  or  distress  of  any  kind  ;  followed  by  a(,  &j/, 
or  tritk :  as,  alHicted  at  the  loss  of  a  child,  by  tlie 
rhelIm.^tisrll,  or  7cith  losses. 

AF-FLICT'ED-NESS  n.  The  state  of  being  af- 
flicted ;  l>ut  superseded  by  ArFLicTiorf. 

AF-FLICT'ER,  n.  One  who  afHicts,  or  causes  pain 
of  body  or  of  mind. 

AF-FLICTMNG,  ppr.  Causing  continued  or  durable 
pain  of  body  or  of  mind  ;  grieving;  distressing. 

AF-FLlCI''rNG,  a.  Grievous;  distressing;  as,  an 
(iffiirlinff  event,  ^ 

AFFLICTION,  n.  The  state  of  being  afilirted  ;  a 
state  of  pain,  distress,  or  grief;  as,  some  virtues  are 
seen  only  in  affiictian. 

9.  The  cause  of  continued  pain  of  body  or  mindj 
ns  sickness,  losses,  calamity,  adversity,  persecution. 
M-Hiy  ttn  the  affiictione  uf  th«  ri5ht''0'i».  —  P«,»l.  xxxir. 

AF-FLI€T'IVE,  a.  Giving  pain  ;  cau-<<ing  continued 
or  repeated  pain  or  grief;  peiinful ;  distressing. 

Halt. 

AF-FLICT'IVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  give  pain 
or  grief.  BruiPn. 

AF'FLU-ENCE,  n.  [L.  ajfluentiaf  of  ad  and  Jtuo,  to 
Jloir.     See  Flow.] 

1.  Literally,  a  flowing  to,  or  concotirse.  In  this 
sense  it  is  rarely  used.  It  is  sometimes  written 
affiueney. 

2.  FtjfiiMfirc?)/,  abundance  of  riches  ;  great  plenty 
of  worldly  goods  ;  wealth.  Hoirer/f. 

AF'FLU-E.NT,  a.  Flowing  to;  wort  g'ltn-ally, 
wealthy  ;  abounding  in  goods  or  riches  ;  abundant. 

Prior. 

AF'FLU-ENT-LY,  adi\    In  abundance  ;  abundantly. 

AF'FLL'X,n.      [L,  affiuinm,  from  offiiio.     .'^ee  Flow.] 

The  act  of  flowing   to;    a  flowing   to,  or   that 

which  i\mvi*  to;  as,  an  afflux  of  bbtod  lo  the  head. 

AF-FLIJX'IO.V,   n.     The  act   of  flowing   to;    that 

which  flows  to.     [See  Afflux.] 
AF'FOR-A(iE,B.   [Fr.fljPwci-,10 value.  SeeArFEBR.] 
In  France,  a  duly  [raid  to  the  lord  of  a  district, 
for  peniiis!4i()n  lo  sell  wine  or  other  liquors  within 
his  seigniory.  Encyc. 

AF-FORCE'MEN'T,  n.  [ad  and/orrc] 

In  old  charters,  a  fortress ;  a  fortificalion  for  de- 
fense. [  OA^.]  Cye. 
AFFORD',  V.  u  [ad  and  the  rr»ot  of  forth,  furOirr :  G. 
fdrdem,  lo  further  or  promote;  D.  voorderen;  Dan. 
bffordre,  to  further.  The  sense  is  to  send  forth. 
But  I  have  not  found  this  iwecise  word  in  the 
exact  sense  of  the  English,  in  any  other  language.] 
1.  To  yield  or  prmluce,  as  fruit,  profit,  issues,  or 


result.  Thus,  the  earth  affords  grain  ;  a  well  affords 
water;  trade  affords  profit;  distilled  liquors  affura 
spirit. 

2.  To  yield,  grant,  or  confer;  as,  a  good  life 
affords  consolation  in  old  age. 

3.  To  be  able  to  grant  or  sell  with  profit  or  wilh 
out  loss ;  as,  A  can  afford  wine  at  a  less  price 
than  B. 

4.  To  be  able  to  expend  without  injury  to  one's 
estate  ;  as,  a  man  can  afford  a  sum  yearly  in  char- 
ily ;  or  to  be  able  to  bear  expenses,  or  the  price  of 
the  thing  purchased  ;  as,  one  man  can  afford  lo  buy 
a  farm,  which  another  can  not. 

5.  To  be  able  without  loss  or  with  profit. 

Tlie  merchiuit  can  afford  lo  irule  for  Bmailcr  pru&te. 

liamiHan. 

AF-F6RD'ED,  pp.     Yielded,  as  fniil,  produce,  or 

result ;  sold  without  loss  or  with  profit. 
AF-FoRD'I\G,  ppr.     Yielding  ;    producing  ;   selling 

without  loss  ;  bearing  expt-nses. 
AF-FOR'EST,  v.  t.  [arfand/crf-vf.] 

To  convert  ground  into  forest,  as  was  done  by  the 

fin-t  Norman  kings  in  England,  for  the  puriwse  of 

affording  them  the  pleasures  of  the  chase. 
AF  FOR  r.ST-A'TlON,    n.      The    act    of  turning 

grouud  into  f<irest  or  wood  land.         Blackstone. 
AF-FOR'EST-El),  pp.  or  a.     Converted  into  forest. 
AF-K(  )H'EST~iNG,  ppr.     Converting  into  forest. 
AF  FKAN'ClirsE,  v.  U     To  make  free. 
AF-FR  A\'CIlI?-i^:D,  pp.     Made  free. 
AF-FRAN'CHISE-MENT,  n.     [See  Fhaschisk  and 

Dl9FBANCHI8E.] 

The  act  of  making  free,  or  liberating  from  de- 
pendence or  servitude.     [Little  used.] 
AF-FRAN'CIIIS-ING, ppr.     Making  free. 
AF-FRAP',  r.  U  or  v.  i.    [Fr./rappcr,  to  strike;  Eng. 

rap.] 

To  strike.     \Ohs.\  Spenser. 

AF-FRaY',  D.  ^    To  frighten.     [Ohs.]         Spender. 
AFFRAY',  in,      [Fr.   effrayer,   to    frighten; 

AF-FRAY'MENT,  (      effroi,   terror;    Arm.    effrnjia, 

effirey.] 
1.  In  law,  the  fighting  of  two  or  more  persons,  in 

a  public  place,  to  the  terror  of  others.    A  fighting 

in  private  is  not,  in  a  legal  sense,  an  affray. 

Blackstone. 
9.  In  popidar  langvage,frtiy  is  used  to  express  any 

fighting  of  two  or  more  jier^ons ;  but  the  word  is 

now  deemed  inelegant. 
3.  Tumuli:  disturbance.  Sptnser. 

AF-FREIGHT',  (af  frate',)r.  t.     [See  Freight-] 
To  hire  a  ship  for  the  transportation  of  goods  or 

freight.  Commerce. 

AF-FREIC.IIT'ED,  pp.    Hired  for  transporting  goods. 
AF-FREIGHT'ER,   n.      The   person    who   hires  or 

charters  a  ship  or  other  vessel  to  convey  goods. 

Wahh,  Jivi.  Rev. 
AF-FH£[GnT'MENT,  71.    The  act  of  hiring  a  ship 

fiir  the  transportation  of  goods.        Jim.  Rev.  App. 
AF-FRET',  rt.     [It.  affrcttdre,  to  hasten.! 

A  furious  onset,  or  attack.  [JVot  used.]   Spenser. 
AF-FRIC'TION,   n.      The    acl    of   rubbing.      fJVot 

tisfii.     See  Friction.]  Boifle. 

AFFKIEND'ED,    (af f^reud'ed,)   a.     Made   friends; 

recoiinteil,     [OA.v.J  Spender. 

AF-FKKJIIT',  (af  lrite',)o.  (.    [Sax.  frihtun.      See 

FbioHt.] 
'I'o  im[iresH  witli   sudden  fear;   lo   frighten;   lo 

terrify  or  alarm.    It  express((s  a  stronger  imjires- 

sion  than  fear  or  apprehend,  and  perhaps  less  tlian 

terror. 
AF-FRTGIIT',  n.     Sudden  or  great  fear  ;  terror ;  also, 

the  ciiuse  of  terror;  a  frightful  object. 
AF-FRTGIIT'ED,  pp.     Suddenly  alarmed  wilh  fear; 

terrified  ;  followed  by  at  or  with,  more  generally  by 

at :  a-",  ajfriirhfed  at  the  eiy  of  fire. 
AF  FRTGNT'ED-LY,  a'le.     With  fright. 
AF-FJiKJilT'ER,  n.     One  who  frightens. 
AF-FKTGMT'FIJL,  a.      TerrilVing;    terrible;    that 

iiiiiv  '■>rite  gre;it  fear;  dn.'adt^iil. 
AF  FRT(;irr'F!_.:L-LY,  otfp.     Frightfully, 
AF  FRTCJMT'ING,  ppr.      Impressing  sudden    fear; 

terrifying. 
AF-FRKJHT'MENT,  «.    Affright;  terror;  the  stale 

of  being  frightened.     [Rarrhj  used.] 

[/n  Common  ditfcvitrse,  the  Ujte  of  this  word,  in  all  its 

furm.'i,  is  superseded  by  Fright,  Frighted,  Fright- 
ful J 
AF-FRONT',  V.  t.    [Fr.  affronter,  to  encounter  face 

to  face  ;  of  arf  and  h.fmns,  front,  face.] 

1.  LiternUy,  to  meet  or  encounter  face  to  face,  in 

a  good  or  bad  sense  ;  as, 

The  •wlilioui  affronted  tlie  kliig'i  fiirc^. 

Hayaard.    Milton.     Shak. 

[The  foregoing  sense  is  ohsotetr.] 

9.  To  ofier  abuse  lo  the  face ;  to  insult,  dare,  or 
brave  openly  ;  to  ofler  abuse  or  instdt  in  any  man- 
ner, by  words  or  actions ;  as,  to  affront  one  by  giv- 
ing him  the  lie. 

3.  To  abuse,  or  give  cause  of  ofTc-nse  to,  without 
being  present  wilh  the  person  ;  to  make  slightly 
angry  ;  a  popular  use  of  the  word.  i 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-.€  ai  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SII ;  Til  as  In  THIS. 
"4  583'" 


AFO 

AF-FRONT',  n.    Opposition  lo  Uie  fiice;  open  de- 
fiance ;  encounter.    [  06s.] 

2.  Ill  tn'atment ;  abu.<ic ;  any  thing  reproactifnl 
or  conlcniptuous,  thai  uxcites  or  justifies  resent- 
ment, as  foul  lnn|;uage,  or  pcrsoiiiil  abuse.  It 
usually  expresses  a  lesa  de;cree  of  abuse  than  insidL 

3.  SUaine  ;  disjcrace.    [AVt  ilt«o/.]     jir^utknoL 

4.  In  popular  Uutguagff  slight  redentuient  3  dfs- 
plex-mre. 

AF-FROXT'ED.  pp.    Opposed  face  to  fiicoi  dared; 

defied ;  abused. 
2.  In  pi^ular  lon^vo/e,  offended  ;  sliphtly  angry 

at  ill  treatm'*ni,  by  words  or  actions  ;  displeased. 
AF-FRO.NT-eE',  «.    In  luntUry,  fn«t  10  front ;  an 

epithet  ^ven  to  animals  that  ftice  each  other,  ^sh. 
AFFRO.N'T'ER,  n.     One  that  amoiiU. 
AF-FRO.NT'I\li,  par.    Opposing  face  to  face  ;  defy- 
ing ;  abusing ;  oOering  abuse,  or  any  cause  of  dii»- 

^esBure. 
AF-FRONT'IN'G,  a,    ContumeliiMis  ;  abusire. 
AF-FRO.VT'I.N'G-LY,  tuir.    In  an  affnmling  manner. 
AF-FRONT'lVE,  a.      Giving   offenae  j     Undiug    lo 

offend ;  abusive. 
AF-FRONT'IVG-X£SS,  «.    The  quality  that  gives 

offend.     [LittU  used.] 
AF-FOSE',r.  L     [U  nfharfs,  ^^d»mmyad  and  fundcj 

to  pour  out.    See  FctK.] 
To  pour  upon  ;  to  sprinkle,  ns  with  a  liquid. 
AF-FCS'£D,  pp,    Sprinklid  tvith  a  liquid  ;  sprinkled 

on  ;  banne  a  liquid  poured  UfKin. 
AF-FCS'ING,  ppr.    Pouring  upim,  or  sprinkling. 
AF-FC'8IO.\,  (af-fu'rhunj  m.    The  act  of  pouring 

upon,  or   sprinkling  with  a  liquid  substance,  as 

upon  a  child  in  baptism. 
In  wuJicimr,  the  act  of  pouring  water  on  the  whole 

(»- port  of  the  body,  as  a  remedy  in  disease. 
AF-FT',  r.  (,    [Fr.  ^gUr.]    To  betroth  j  to  bind  or 

Join.     [JVU  nstd.] 
AF-F?',  r.  I.    To  trust  or  confide  in.       [M'U  HMd.1 
AFIELD',  ado.     [a  uxdfitU.] 

To  the  field.  MUtrnt. 

A-FTRE',  adv.     On  fire.  Oower, 

A-FLAT',  OiUr.    [a  and  jCoL]    Level  with  the  ground. 

A-FLC AT',  oAf.  or  a.    {a  and  JUmiL] 

L.  Borne  on  tbe  water ;  floioing  i  swimming ;  as, 
the  ship  b  4fM. 

9.  Figivmtittlff,  moving ;  passing  Irom  place  to 
place ;  as,  a  rumor  is  ajCtKtC 

3»  Unfixed  ;  moving  without  guide  or  control ;  as, 
our  afikirs  are  all  aJUmt    [j9j  om  adjecGw^  this  word 
aiwwfeiUwi  tXi  moiut.] 
A-FQOr\  Uc    [s,  or  sa,  and /»«<.]    On  foot ;  borne 
by  tne  leet ;  oppoeed  to  ridimg. 

3.  In  action  ;  in  a  state  of  being  i^anned  for  exe- 
cution :  as,  a  design  is  affau  or  onfooU 
A-FORE',  oJr.  «  prwi.  [a  and /•»-«.]     In  front 

S.  Between  one  Object  and  another,  so  as  to  inter- 
cept a  direct  view  or  inu  rcounie .  as,  to  stand 
between  a  person  and  the  light  of  a  candle  —  a 
popular  ust  of  tiu  leord. 

3.  Prior  in  time ;  before ;  anterior ;  prior  time 
being  considered  as  in  front  of  subsequent  time. 

Tbe  s^^m  which  wilbereUi  afore  ii  rroireth  up.  —  PanJ.  cxjdx. 

In  all  these  senses  it  is  now  inelegant,  and  super- 
seded by  btfoTt, 

A.  In  stamrn^s  tanirua^f^  toward  the  head  of  the 
ship  ;  further  fon\-ard,  or  nearer  the  stem  ;  as,  afort 
the  windla^tg.  ^fore  du  moa-t,  is  a  phrase  which  is 
applied  to  a  common  sailor,  one  who  does  duty  on 
the  main  deck,  or  has  no  office  on  board  the  ship. 

Mar,  Did. 
A-FORE'GO-IXG,  a.     Going  before.      [See   Foas- 

GoixG,  whi^h  is  cliierty  used.] 
A-FORE'H.\XD,  ode.     [afort  and  AaaA] 

1.  In  time  previous ;  by  previous  provision ;  as, 
be  is  ready  afurekand. 

Bhe  fe  oo«K  oforAaM  to  wmint  017'  faodj.  —  Mufc  xlv. 

2.  a.  Prepared  ;  previously  provided :  as,  to  be 
^ort\aud  in  business.  Hence,  in  popular  langua^ej 
amply  provided ;  well  supplied  with  the  means  of 
living ;  havine  means  beyond  tbe  requirements  of 
necessity  ,  moderately  wealthy.  This  word  is  pop- 
ularly changed  into  afurefuuuled,  brforehanded,  or 
rattier /i>rfi«uu^^,*  as,  a  forehanded  farmer. 

A-F0RE'MEX-TIO\-£D,  a.     [afore  and  mtntioned.] 

Mt;ntiuned  before  in   tbe   same  writing  or  dis- 
course. Addison, 
A-FoRE'\AM-£D,  a.     [afore  and  uanu.] 

Named  before.  Peackam. 

A-FORE'SAID.  (a-fare'sed,)  a.     [afore  and  sar/.] 

Said  or  recitt-d  before,  or  in  a  preceding  part. 
A-F5RE'THOLGHT,(-ihawl,)<i.  [afore  andM^iu^Af.] 

Premeditated  ;  prepense  ;  as,  malice  ofrrcikoughty 
which  i.-*  required  to  constitute  murder.  Cam.  Law. 
A-F6RE'TIME,  adv.     [afore  and  time,^ 

In  time  i)a-;t :  in  a  former  time.  Bible. 

^FOii-r/-0'i27,  (afor-«he-o'rI,)  [L.J  With  stronger 

reasons. 
A-FOUL',  ado.  or  a.  [a  znA.fo¥L1 

Not  free  ;  entangled. 


Culumbiad, 


AFT 

AFRAID',  a.     [The  [Ktrticiplc  of  Affray.] 

Impressed  with   fear   or   apprehension  ;    fearful. 

This  word  expresses  a  less  degree  of  fear  than 

terrijieii  or  frig-htened.     It  is  followed  by  ri/"  before  the 

object  of  fear ;  as,  to  be   afraid  nf  diuith ;  Joseph 

was  afraid  lo  sin  against  G*id. 

A-FRE;;ir,  adc.     [a  and/rwA.I 

Anew  ;  again  ;  recently  ;  after  intermission. 

They  cnicifjr  liw?  Son  of  God  ofntK.  —  IK-b.  t1. 

AF'RI-CA,  w.    [Qu.  L.  o.  neg.  and/n^iw.  cold.] 

One  of  the  four  quarters  or  largest  uivisions  of 
the  plubc ;  a  continent  setMuatud  from  Europe  by 
the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

AF'Rie^AV  1    ***    Pertaining  to  .\frica. 
AF'RI€~AN*  n.    A  native  of  At'rica. 

This  name  is  given  also  to  the  African  mary- 
gold.  Tate^a  Ct>wley. 

A-FRO\T',  adc.    In  fronU  ShaL 

AFT,  a.  or  adr.     [Sax.  <p/i,  <ft,  after,  behind.] 

in  «amf/iV  taniruasre^  a  word  used  to  denote  the 
■tern, or  what  pt^rtains  to  the  stem  of  a  ship;  as  the 
afi  part  of  the  ship;  haul  afi  the  main  sheet,  that  is, 
further  toward  the  stem.  hWe  and  aft  is  the  whole 
length  of  a  ship.  Right  oft  is  in  a  direct  line  with 
the  stem.  Mar.  Diet. 

XFT'ER,  a.  [The  comparative  degr^^c  of  aft.  But 
in  some  Teutonic  dialects  it  is  written  with  e''  ^• 
affter;  Dan.  agttra.  The  Eng.  corresponds  with  the 
Sax.  irfttTf  Sw.  efUr,  Goth,  ^aro^  Dan.  rfUr.] 

1.  In  marine  language,  more  aft,  or  toward  the 
stern  of  the  ship;  as,  the  a/ler  sails  j  aflcr  hatch- 
way. 

Q.  In  common  language,  later  in  time  ;  as,  an  afUr 
period  of  life.  Mar.slutlU 

In  this  sense,  the  word  is  often  combined  with 
the  following  noun  ;  as,  in  after-ages. 
AFT'ER,  prep.  Behind  in  place ;  as,  men  placed  in  a 
line  one  afier  another. 

a.  I^ter  in  time ;  as,  after  supper.  This  word 
often  precedes  a  sentence,  as  a  governing  preposi- 
tion. 

AfUr  I  MTi  riarn  »pdo,  I  wQI  go  before  you  Ento  GaJHee.  — 
MaU.  xxvL 

3.  In  pursuit  of,  that  is,  moving  behind^  following ; 
in  search  of. 

Afhtr  whom  b  the  kin^  of  IvnueX  comr  out  ?  — I  Soin.  xxir, 
Ve  *h«il  not  ga  t^fier  otber  godM. —  IX-ut.  r\, 

4.  In  imitation  of;  as,  to  make  a  thing  qfter  a 
model. 

5.  Accffltiing  to;  as,  consider  a  thing  after  its 
inlrinsic  value.  Bacon, 

6.  According  to  the  direction  and  influence  of. 

To  wslk  «/>«•  the  flr«h ;  to  lire  afUr  the  IWh.  —  Bom.  Tiu. 
To  judge  <^f1gr  \bt  wigbt  of  ihe  c>c.  —  I*,  xi. 

To  inquire  after,  is  to  seek  by  asking ;  to  ask 
concerning. 

To  follow  after^  in  Scripture,  is  to  pursue,  or  imi- 
tite  ;  to  serve,  or  worship. 

AFT'ER,  Otic.  Posterior;  later  in  time;  as,  it  was 
about  the  space  of  three  hours  after.  In  Uiis  sense 
the  word,  however,  is  rsally  a  preposition,  the  object 
being  unuersttKMi ;  about  three  hours  after  the  time 
or  fact  iH-fore  (Specified. 

^fler  is  prefixed  to  many  words,  furming  com- 
pounds, but  retaining  its  genuine  siginlication. 
Home  of  the  following  words  are  of  this  kind  ;  but  in 
simie  of  iht-m  after  seems  rather  to  be  a  aepjirate  word. 

AFT'ER-Ae-CEPT-A'TIUX,  n,  A  sense  not  at 
first  atlmiltcd.  £>ryden. 

XFT'ER-Ae-eOUNT',  n.  A  subsequent  reckoning. 
K'dlingbeck. 

AFT'ER-A€T,  n,    A  subsequent  act. 

AFT'ER-A'GES,  n.  pU  Later  ages ;  succeeding  times. 
jyter-age,  in  the  singular,  is  not  improper. 

.Addison, 

AFT'ER-ALL  is  a  phra.'<e  signifying,  when  all  has 
been  considered,  said,  or  done ;  at  last ;  in  the  final 
result.  Pope. 

AFT'ER-BAND,  n,     A  future  link  or  connection. 

MUton. 

AFT'ER-BIRTII,  n.  The  placenta  in  which  the 
fetus  is  involved,  and  which  comes  away  after 
deliver)'.  fVi^teman, 

AFT'ER-GLAP,  ru  An  unexpected  subsequent 
event;  something  disagreeable  happening  after  an 
affair  is  supp<»sed  to  be  a'-  an  end.  /lalUweiL 

AFT'ER-OOM'ER,  n.     A  successor. 

AFT'ER-eOM'FORT,  n.    Future  comfort.  Jonson. 

AFT'ER-tON'DUCT,  n.    Subsequent  behavior. 

Sherlock. 

X  FT'EE-CON-Vie'TION,  n.    Future  conviction. 

South. 

AFT'ER-€OST,  71.  Later  cost;  expense  after  the 
execution  of  the  main  deei^.  Mortimer, 

AFT'ER-eOURSE,  n.     Future  course.  Brown. 

XFT'ER-€ROP,  n.  The  second  crop  in  the  same 
year.  Mortimer. 

AFT'ERDAVS,  n.  pi.     Future  days.        Congreve. 

AFT'ER-DI-VL'L6'ER,  n,    A  subsequent  divulger. 

Baiter, 


AGA 

AFT'ER-eAT'AOK,  h.  Part  of  the  increase  of  the 
same  vear.     [fAtmL]  Bum. 

AKT'KR-EN-IIEAV'OR,  (-en-dev'or,)  n.  An  en- 
deavor after  the  first  or  former  effort.  Locke. 

AI'"1''ER-GAAIE,  n.  A  subsequent  scheme,  or  ex- 
pedient, h'vtton. 

AFT'ER-GUARD,  n.  The  seaman  stationed  on  the 
poop  or  ailer-part  of  the  ship,  to  attend  the  after- 
smls.  Mar.  Diet, 

AFT'ER-HCrE,  n.     Future  hope.  Jonson. 

AFT'ER-UOURS,  n.  pL  Hours  that  follow  ;  time  fol- 
lowing. Shak, 

AFT'ER-IG'NO-RANCE,  n.    Subsequent  ignorance. 

Sfuffbrd. 

AFT'ER-INGS,  n.  pi.  The  last  milk  drawn  in  milk- 
in:: ;  strokinga.  Oro.ie. 

AFT'ER-KING,fl.    A  succeeding  king.  ShurJifirrd. 

A  FT'ER-LIFE,  n.    Future  life,  or  the  life  afte-r  this. 

Budcr. 
2.   A  later  period  of  life  ;  subsequent  life. 

Dryden. 

AFT'ER-LIV-ER,  n.  One  who  lives  in  Bucre<!ding 
times.  Sidnnj. 

A  FT'ER-LOVE,  ti.    The  second  or  later  love.  S/uik. 

AFT'ER-MAL-ICEjTi.  Succeeding  malice.  Drydcn. 

AFT'ER-MATH,  n.     fa/ter  and  rnu^.    Stre  Mow.] 
A  second  crop  of  grass  in  the  same  season  ; 
rowen.  Holland. 

AFT'ER-MOST,  a.  Superl.  Hindmost,  in  marine 
language;  nearest  the  .stern  ;  (i\i\Htsed  to  foremost. 

AFT'ER-NOON',  n.  The  part  of  the  day  which 
fnllows  noon,  between  noon  iind  evening.  Drydcn. 

AFT'ER-PaLNS,  n.  pL  The  pains  which  succeed 
childbirth. 

AF'J''ER-PART,  n.  The  latter  part.  In  marine  lartr 
guage^  the  part  of  a  ship  toward  the  stern. 

.Mar.  Diet. 

AFT'ER-PIECE,  n.  A  piece  performed  after  a  play  ; 
a  farce  or  other  .small  entertainment.  CuinberluiaL 

AFT'ER-PROOF,  n.  Subsequent  proof  or  evidence  ; 
qualities  known  by^subsequcnt  experience. 

tVottan. 

AFT'ER-RE-PENT^ANCE,  n.  Subsequent  repent- 
ance. Soutk. 

AFT'ER-RE-PORT',  n.  Subsequent  report,  or  in- 
formation. South. 

AFT'EU-SAILS,  n.pl  The  sails  on  the  mizzcn-mxst 
and  on  the  stays  between  the  main  and  mizzen- 
niasls.  Mar.  Diet. 

AFT'ER-STAOE,  n.     A  subsequent  stage. 

AFT'ER-STaTE,  n.    The  future  state.    Olanville. 

AFT'ER-STING,  n.     Subsequent  sting.       Herbert, 

AFT'ER-STORM,  n.    A  succeeding  or  future  storm. 

Dryden. 

AFT'ER-SUP'PER,  n.  The  time  between  supper 
and  Roing  to  bed.  Sluik, 

AFT'ER-.SVVARM,  v.  A  swarm  of  bees  which 
leaves  the  hive  after  tlie  firat. 

Al"r'ER-TA.STE,  n.  A  Uiste  which  succeeds  eating 
and  drinking. 

AFT'ER-TllOUGIIT,  (thawt,)  n,  [See  Thought.] 
Reficctions  after  an  act ;  later  thought,  or  expedi- 
ent occurring  loo  late.  Drydcn. 

AFT'EiUTIMES,  n.  pi.  Succeeding  times.  Xt  may 
be  used  in  the  singular.  Dryden. 

AFT'EIl-TOSS'lNG,  n.  The  swell  or  agitation  of 
the  sea  after  a  stonn.  Jiddismt. 

AFT'ER-AVARU,  adv.  [See  Ward.]  In  later  or 
subsequent  time.  Jlooker. 

AFT'EH-WISE,  a.    Wise  afterward  or  too  late. 

.^dditon. 

AFT'ER-WIT,  71.  Subsequent  wit ;  wisdom  that 
comes  too  late.  L'Estrange. 

AFT'ER-WIT'NESS,  n.  A  subsequent  or  future 
witness. 

AFT'ER-WRATH,  n.  Later  wrath  ;  anger  after  the 
provfication  has  ceased;  Shak, 

AFT'ER-WRIT'ER,  n.    A  succeeding  writer. 

f.^^  ,^_  Skuckford, 

A'GA,  n.  [Per.  <3\  and  U»\  ak  and  aka,  lord, 
dominuR,  hems ;  also,  sir,  a  title  of  respect ;  Tart. 
aha.    Qu.  the  ock  in  Belock^  and  ak  in  Balak.] 

In  the  Turkish  dominions,  a  commander  or  chief 
officer.  The  title  is  given  lo  various  chief  oflicers, 
whether  civil  or  military.  It  is  also  given  by  cour- 
tesy to  any  distinguished  individual. 

Encye.  Brands. 

A-GAIN',  (a-gen',)  adv.  [Sax.  gean,  agcn^  agean,  on- 
gean;  D.  with  a  different  prefix,  tegcn  ;  G.  dagegen, 
gegen;  Sw.  igcn;  Dan.  igien;  qu.  L.  con,  whence 
contra ;  Ir.  coinne,  opp(.isite,  a  meeting.  Hence  Sax. 
togeanesy  togegnej,  against ;  but  placed  after  its 
object ;  as,  "  hi  comai  heom  togeanes,"  they  come 
them  against  D.  tegens,  against ;  jegens,  toward ; 
G.  entgegen,  dagegcn,  against ;  begegiwn,  to  meet  or 
encounter.  The  primary  sense  is  to  turn,  or  to 
meet  in  front ;  or  the  name  of  the  face,  front,  or 
forepart.  So,  in  Dan.  and  Sw.,  mod,  imod,  etnot, 
against,  is  our  word  meet.] 
I.  A  second  time ;  once  more. 

I  wiJI  not  again  cane  the  ground. —  Gen.  rlU. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^^LL,  WH^T.— METE,  PREY.  — PLVE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  W^QLF,  BQQK.- 


a.  It  notes  sumething  further,  or  additional  to  one 
or  more  particulars. 

For  to  which  of  ibr  uigrls  aaid  he  at  any  diw,  Thou  wt  my 
•oo ;  thia  d*y  have  iliegoUen  xhev  f  and  again,  I  will  be  lo 
him  a  fiithpr,  and  b^  ahall  be  to  me  a  Boti  f  and  again,  hel 
ail  the  an^U  of  God  worship  him  i  —  Heb.  i. 

All  the  uses  of  this  word  cairy  in  them  the  ideas 
of  return  or  repetition  j  as  in  these  phrases, —  give 
it  back  aa-ain ;  give  him  as  much  again^  that  is,  the 
same  quantity  once  more  or  repeateil.  There  is  not, 
in  the  world  again^  such  a  commerce  as  in  London. 
Who  art  thou  that  answerest  again.  7  Bring  us 
Word  again. 

jJirain  and  again ;  often  ;  with  frequent  repetition. 
A-GAINST',  (a-geust'j)  prep.  [Sax.  togcanes.  See 
AoAirf.] 

1.  In  opposition  ;  noting  enmity  or  disapprobation. 

[lb  b.-uid  wiil  b-  againsl  every  mm.  —Gen.  xtL 

1  am  aguiriMt  your  pUlowi.  —  El.  xiii. 

2.  In  opposition,  noting  contrariety,  contmdic- 
tion,  or  repugnance  ;  as,  a  decree  against  law,  rea- 
son, or  public  opinion. 

3.  In  opposition,  noting  competition,  or  different 
sidi's  or  parties  ;  as,  there  are  twenty  votes  in  the 
Rttirmntive  against  ten  in  the  negative. 

4.  In  an  opposite  direction ;  as,  to  ride  against 
Uie  wind. 

5.  Opposite  in  place ;  abreast ;  as,  a  ship  is  against 
the  mouth  of  a  river.  In  this  sense  it  is  often  pre- 
ceded by  over, 

Aana  ligtiiad  the  lampi  orrr  agaifut  tlK  eandlntklo.  —  Num. 
TtiL 

6.  In  opposftton,  notinfr  adversity,  mjurj-,  or 
contrariety  to  wishes  j  as,  this  ciiange  of  measures  is 
against  us. 

7.  Bearing  upon  ;  as,  one  leans  against  a  wall. 

8.  In  provision  for ;  in  preparation  for. 

Crijah  made  it,  againjt   King  Abu  came  from  Danwacua. — 

2  Kings  zvi. 

In  this  sense  against  is  a  prfpositlon,  with  the 
fiilluwing  part  of  the  sentence  for  an  object.  See 
After,  prep.  def.  2. 

In   short,  the   sense   of  this  word   is  oppoyiriVn, 
variously  modified  according  to  itj  application  to 
diffirrent  objects. 
AG'A-LAX-Y,  n.    Destitution  of  milk. 
A-GAL'LOeii-UM,   n.     [Gr.   from   ayaXXiaon'U,  to 
rejoice,  so  named  from  its  odor.] 

A  very  soft,  resinous  wood,  of  a  highly  aromatic 
smrll,  brought  from  the  East  Indies,  and  burnt  as  a 
p<'rfume,  &.c.  It  ha-i  sometimes  been  called  al(»e»- 
wuod,  but  has  no  connection  with  the  common  aloe. 
I>ungtigon. 
AO-AL-MAT'O-LTTE,  n.  [Gr.  aj  a>;i<i,  image,  and 
Xtii'ii,  stone.] 

A  soft  stone,  carved  into  images,  in  China,  and 
hence  called  jS^urp-j<(on£.  It  has  the  appearance  of 
wiajwtone,  but  contains  alumina  instead  of  mag- 
nesia.     It   is  called,   in  German,  biliLttfin^   figure- 


ftone,  and  b>*  Brungniart,  ^eatiu^  pagodite, 

iO'A-M r^.  .  f       . 

pfr^on, 


AO'A-MIST,  n.     [Gr.  a  and 


teatiU.^  pa 


An  unmarried 


AG'.\-5IOU3,  a.    [Gr.  a  nep.  and  jn/ios,  marriage.] 

In  botany^  having  no  visible  organs  of  fructiflca- 
lion. 

A  term  applied  to  crjptogamic  plants,  because 
they  have  no  distinct  sexual  organs,  or  to  those  in- 
fi-nor  group:*  of  cr^  ptocamic  plants,  in  which  ihere 
is  nothing  analogous  to  such  organs,  as  the  fun- 
pisfi  lichens,  and  conferva.  Lindleij,  Brande. 
A-GXPE',  adv.  or  a.     [a  and  gapf.     See  Gaps.] 

Gaping,  as   with  wonder,  expectation,  or  eager 
attention  ;  having  the  mouth  wide  open.    Miltan. 
AG'A-PE,  (ag'a-pe,)  n, ;   pL    Aoapje.      [Gr.  ujaT^j, 
love.] 

Among  the  primiiire  ChrisrianSy  a  love  feast  or 
ft'ast  of  charily,  held  brfore  or  after  the  communion, 
wli^n  contributions  were  made  for  the  poor.  This 
fnaxt  was  b'ld  nt  first  without  scnnd.il,  but  aft'jr- 
ward  b<:ing  abused,  it  was  condemned  at  the  coun- 
cil nf  Carthage,  A.  D.  397.  Eneyc. 
AG'AR  If',  w.  [Gr.  a\ni>iKuy,  Q,u.  from  Agaria^  in 
.Snnnatia.     Dtoncoride^.} 

\n  botany^  [I>.  a-rarieus^]  the  name  of  a  genus 
of  fungus*^?,  containing  numerous  species,  includ- 
ins  many  of  the  most  common  mushrooms,  some  of 
whirh  are  valued  as  articles  of  food,  while  otheni  are 
poiHonous. 

In  pharmacy,  the  tprm  has  been  applied  to  two 
spffcies  of  funetis»^B,  belonging  to  the  Linnean  genus 
bol^tu;  lhr\t  of  the  larch,  (B.  tarieis^  calli-d  also 
male  a-rarie  :  and  tliat  of  the  oak,  (B.  igniariiL^,) 
calli-d  al.ao  frmaU  agaric,  and  Umdiwoodj  from  its 
rcadinesii  to  take  fire.  The  ftrriner  has  been  used 
M  a  cathartic  ;  the  latter  as  a  Ktyjitic,  and  abo  for 
tinder  and  in  dyeing.  Brande. 

Agaric  minrral;  a  light,  chalky  deposit  of  carlxmale 
of  lime,  rubbing  to  a  powder  between  the  fingers  j 
formed  in  cavemH  or  li?aiires  of  limestone.  In  com- 
position it  is  identir.-il  with  chalk.  It  is  uned  as  an 
nstrltigent  In  (tuxeH,  and  a  styjitic  in  hemorrhages. 
A-GAST',  or  A-GHA.ST',  a.     [Qu.  a  contraction   of 


agazedy    or    Gotli.   agis^   Sax.   egtsa,  horror.      See 
Aghast  and  Gaze.] 
Struck  with  terror   or  astonishment;  amazed; 

struck  silent  with  horror. 


With  ihuddering  horror  pale,  and  ejnaghaat. 


MUlon, 


A-GAS'TRI-A,  n.  pL  [Gr.  a  and  yaffTTjp.]  A  class 
of  marine  auiinats,  supposed  to  be  destitute  of  in- 
testines. Kirhy. 

A-GaTE',  adv.     [a  and  gate.} 

On  the  way  ;  going.     [Obs.]  Oower. 

AG' ATE,  ju  [Fr.  agate ;  L.  aekatesy  gagales  ,•  Gr. 
yayaTiji,;  so  called,  says  Pliny,  37,  10,  because 
ibund  near  a  river  of  that  name  in  tiicily.  So  also 
Solinus  and  Isidore.  But  Uochart,  with  more 
probability,  deduces  it  from  the  Punic  and  Heb. 
TpV,  and  with  a  dilfercnt  prefix  Heb.  Tps,  nakad^ 
spotted.  The  word  is  used,  Gen.  xxx.  and  xxxi.,  to 
describe  the  speckled  and  spotted  cattle  of  Laban 
and  Jacob.] 

A  semi-pellucid,  un crystallized  variety  of  quartz, 
presenting  various  tints  in  the  same  s[x;cimen. 
Its  colors  are  delicatt^Iy  arranged  in  stripes  or  bands, 
or  are  blended  in  clouds  ;  when  they  are  in  an- 
gular shapes,  like  the  outline  of  a  fortification,  it 
is  called /(/r(i/icaf ion  agate. ;  when  in  mossy  threads, 
moss  agate.  The  Scotch  pebble  is  a  fortification 
agate.  It  has  always  been  esteemed  one  of  the 
least  valuable  of  the  precious  stones,  and  is  used 
for  rings,  seals,  cufis,  beads,  boxes,  handles,  and 
also  fur  mortars  for  chemical  puriK>ses.         Dima. 

AG'ATE,  n.  An  instrument  used  by  gold-wire 
drawers,  so  called  from  the  agate  in  the  middle 
of  it. 

AG'A-TINE,  a.    Pertaining  to  agate. 

ACA-TIZ-^JD,   a.      Having   the   colored   lines   and 

,     figures  of  agate.  Fourcroy. 

Jigatizrd  wood ;  a  kind  of  agate,  resulting  from  the 
petrifaction  of  wood,  and  still  showing  something 
of  its  texture. 

AG' A-TV,  a.     Of  the  nature  of  agate.      fVdodward. 

A-GA'VE,  n.     [Gr.  uyavos,  admirable.] 

The  American  aloe.  The  great  aloe  rises  twenty 
feet,  and  its  bninches  form  a  sort  of  pyramid  at  the 
top.  Eneyc 

A-GAZE',  r.  t.  [from  gaze.]  To  strike  with  amaze- 
ment.    [Obs.\  Spmscr. 

A-GAZ'£D,  pp.  Struck  with  amazement.  [JVX  in 
«.•>■«.]  Shak, 

AGE,  n.  [Fr.  age;  Arm.  oage;  deduced  by  Lunier 
from  LaU  atas,  or  mum.  But  these  are  undoubt- 
edly Contracted  words;  Guth.  aiw ;  M.  emw;  Gr. 
attoy  ;  from  the  Celtic,  VV.  haug^  fullness,  com- 
pleteness, an  age,  a  space  of  time  ;  pi.  hogion  ;  the 
g  being  sunk  iu  the  Latin  words  ;  in  the  Sanscrit, 
yuga.} 

1.  The  whole  duration  of  a  being,  whether  ani- 
mal, vegetable,  or  other  kind  ;  as,  the  usual  age  of 
a  man  is  seventy  years ;  the  age  of  a  horse  may  be 
twenty  or  thirty  years;  the  age  of  a  tree  may  be 
four  hundred  years. 

2.  That  part  of  the  duration  of  a  being  which  ts 
between  its  beginning  and  any  given  time  ;  as, 
what  is  the  present  age  of  a  man,  or  of  the  earth  ? 

Jeaua  began  to  be  about  thirty  ycara  of  agt.  —  Lnkr  iii. 

3.  The  latter  part  of  life,  or  long  continued  dura- 
tion ;  oldness. 

The  eyea  or  Israel  wnre  dim  for  age.  —  Gen.  xIriU. 

4.  A  certain  period  of  human  life,  marked  by  a 
difference  of  state ;  as,  life  is  divided  into  four 
stages  or  a^M,  infancy,  youth,  manhood,  and  old 
age  ;  the  age  of  youth  ;  the  age  of  manhiKwl. 

5.  'i'he  period  when  a  person  is  enabled  by  law 
to  do  certain  acts  for  himself,  or  when  he  ceases  to 
be  controlled  by  parents  or  guardians  ;  as,  in  the 
United  States,  both  males  and  females  are  of  age  at 
twenty -one  years  old. 

C  iMature  years;  ripcncsa  of  strength  or  dis- 
cretion. 

lb  la  ofagt :  aak  Um.  — John  ix. 

7.  The  time  of  life  for  conceiving  children,  or 
perhaps  the  usual  time  of  such  an  event. 

S.irah   WM   delivered  of  a  aon,  when  ahe   waa   poat  age.  — 
ilrb.  xi. 

8.  A  particular  period  of  time,  as  distinguished 
from  others  ;  as,  the  golden  agr^  the  age  of  iron, 
the  age  of  heroes  or  of  chivalry. 

9.  I'he  people  who  live  at  a  particular  period  ; 
hence,  a  g'-neration,  and  a  successitm  of  genera- 
tions ;  as,  ages  yet  unborn. 

The  mjulfry  hid  from  nget.  —Col.  1. 

10.  A  centurj- ;  the  period  of  one  hundred  years. 
A'GED,   a.     Old;  having  lived  long;    having  lived 

almost  the  uxual  time  allotted  to  that  species  of 
being;  applied  to  animals  or  plants;  as,  an  aged 
man,  or  au  aged  oak. 

2.  Having  a  certain   age;    having  lived;   as,   a 
man  aged  forty  years. 
A'GE1>,  n.     Old  i)crsonii. 

And  the  agtd  ftroae  and  ilood  up.^  Job  ztlx. 


TONE,  ByLI.,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VC'CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SB  ;  TH 


A'6ED-LY,  adv.    Like  an  aged  person. 
A-GEN',  fur  Again.     [Obs.] 
A'6EN-CY,  n.     [U  agens.     See  Act.] 

1.  The  quality  of  moving,  or  of  exerting  power  j 
the  state  of  being  in  action ;  action  ;  operation ; 
instrumentality  ;  as,  the  agency  of  Providence  in 
the  natural  world. 

2.  'J'he  office  of  an  agent,  or  factor ;  business  of 
an  agent  intrusted  with  the  concerns  of  another ; 
as,  the  principal  pavs  the  charges  of  agency. 

A-6EN'DA,  Ti.     [L.  things  to  be  done.] 

A  memoranaum-boijk  ;  the  service  or  office  of  a 
church  ;  a  ritual  or  liturgy.  Eneyc 

A'GEr<IT,  a.  feting;  op|H»8ed  to  patient.,  or  sustain- 
ing action  ;  as,  the  body  agcnL     iLittle  usedA 

Bacon. 
A'CiENT,  Ti.     An  actor;  one  that  exerts  power,  or 
has  the  power  to  act ;  as,  a  moral  agcia. 

2,  An  active  power  or  cause  ;  that  which  has  Uie 
power  to  produce  an  effect ;  as,  heal  is  a  powerful 
age7it. 

3.  A  substitute,  deputy,  or  factor  ;  one  intrusted 
with  the  business  of  another  ;  an  attorney  ;  a  min- 
ister. 

A'CENT-PHIP,  n.    The  office  of  an  agent.    [JVot 

used.]     We  now  use  agency. 
A<i^E-LA'T10N,  n.     [L.  gka.] 

Concretion  of  a  fluid.    TAyt  used.}  Brown. 

AG-CEN-ER-A'TION,  n.     [L.  arf  and  gnieratio.] 
The  state  of  growing  to  another.     [J^ot  used,} 

Brown. 
Ati'CER,  n.    [L.]    A  fortress,  or  mound.    [JsCot  used.} 

Hcame. 
AG'GEK-ATE,  v.  t.     [L.  aggero.}    To  heap,    [JVot 

AO^ER-A'TION,  n.     A  heaping;    accumulation; 

RS.aggeratiatis  of  sand.  Ray, 

AO-gKE-oS£',  a.  In  heaps,  or  formed  in  heaps. 

Dana, 
AG-GLOM'ER-ATE,  v.   t,     [L.   agglomero,   ad  and 

glomerOf  to  wind  into  a  ball,  from  glomus,  a  ball  of 

yam ;  from  tlie  Ileb.  d^j,  to  involve ;  Uu.  Ar.  aJ 

lamma,  to  go  round  in  a  circle,  to  be  round,  to  col- 
lect, or  condense.] 

To  wind,  or  collect  into  a  ba\\ ;  to  gather  into  a 
mass.  Young. 

AG-GLOM'ER-ATE,  o.  u  To  gather,  grow,  or  col- 
lect into  a  ball  or  mass,  Thomson. 

AG-GLOM'ER-A-TEl>,  pp.  Wound  or  collected  into 
a  hall. 

AG-GLOM'ER-A-TING,  ppr.  Winding  into  a  b:dl ; 
gathering  into  a  lump. 

AG-GLO\f-ER-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  winding  into  a 
ball ;  the  state  of  being  gathered  into  a  ball  or  mass. 

A6-GL0'TIN-ANT,  n.  Any  vifjcoiis  substance  which 
unites  other  substances,  by  causing  an  adhesion  ; 
any  application  which  tends  to  unite  parts  which 
have  too  little  adhesion.  Coze. 

AG-GLO'TIN-ANT,  a.  Uniting,  as  glue  ;  tending  to 
cause  adhesion. 

AG-GLO'TIN-ATE,  v.  t.  [L.  aggtutino,  ad  and 
glntino,  from  gluten^  Eng.  glue;  Fr.  glu;  Arm. 
glud ;  W.  glyd.     See  Glue.1 

To  unite,  or  cause  to  adhere,  as  with  glue  or 
other  viscous  substance  ;  to  unite  by  causing  an  ad- 
hesion of  substances. 

AG-GLC'TIN-A-TEI),  pp.  Glued  together;  united 
by  a  viscous  substance. 

AG-GLC'TIN-A-TING,  ppr.  Gluing  together;  unit- 
ing by  causing  adhe.sioii. 

AG-GLU-TLN-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  uniting  by 
glue  or  other  tenacious  substance  ;  the  state  of 
being  tlnis  united. 

AG-GLu'TiN-A-TIVE,  a.  That  tends  to  unite,  or 
has  power  to  cause  adhesion.  fVisnnan. 

AG-GRA(;E',t'.  t.    Tofavor.     [JVotused,]     Spenser. 

AG-GRACE',  7i.    Kindness  ;  favor.     [J^at  usetL] 

^cnser. 

AO-GRAND-IZ'A-BLE,  o.  That  may  be  aggran- 
dized. 

AG-GRAND-IZ-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  aggrandiz- 
ing.    [JVf/t  used.]  fVraerhousc. 

AG'GRAND  IZK,  v.  t.  [Fr.  agrandir,  of  L.  ad  and 
grandis.     See  Grand.] 

1.  To  make  great  or  greater  in  power,  rank,  or 
honor;  to  exalt ;  as,  to  aggrandize  a  family. 

2.  To  enlarge,  applied  lo  things  ;  as,  to  aggran- 
dize our  conceptions.  It  seems  to  be  never  applied 
to  the  bulk  or  dimensions  of  material  bodies. 

AG'GRANO-I/-Kn,  pp.     Made  great  or  greater;  ex- 

alt^'d  ;  enlaru''-d. 
AG^R.\XD'1ZE-MENT,        or      AG'GRAND-IZF^ 

MENT,  n.     The  act  of  aggrandizing  ;  the  state  of 

bein;:  exalted  in  power,  rank,  or  honor  ;  exaltation  ; 

enlargement ;   aSj  the  emptTor  seeks  only  the  ag- 

grandizeniritt  of  his  own  family. 
AG'GRAND  IZER,  n.     One   that   aggrandizes  or 

exalts  in  po\V(  r,  rank,  or  honor. 
AG'GRAND-IZ-ING,  Pin-.    Making  great;  exalting; 

enlarging. 


ax  in  THIS. 


AGG 

AG-GRATE',  c.  u    [ILJ    To  please.    [.Vt-I  u^e4.] 

AG'GRA-V.XTE,  *.  L  TT*  uggrmo,  of  atf  and  grnvisy 
heavy,    See  Grats,  Giiatitt.] 

I.  To  mzikc  heavy,  but  not  used  in  tMi*  UUr^U  sense. 
F^vroCipW^,  to  make  wotse,  more  severe,  or  less 
CoKntble  ;  as,  to  a^s^rarate  the  evils  of  tile  ;  to  a^ 
grmmte  pain  or  piiutshmeitL 

9.  To  make  more  enormous,  or  less  excusable  j 
sa,  to  aggr^naU  a  crime. 

3.  To  exaggemte. 

4.  To  give  culoringiin  description  ;  to  give  an  ex- 
aggeralea  representation  \  as,  to  a^grttKoU  a  charge 
against  an  od'ender ;  to  aff'sr^taU  ^cumstanc«8. 

Oitkrie.  ^luaX.    Fmitf. 

Action  Bod  modra  iwiUctoudr  aefraeattd. 

The  propriety  of  the  word  in  the  latter  passage  is 
questionable.  ,'Jlrsrraea^e  is  (renerally  usrd  in  rvf- 
erence  to  evil^,  or  iktmcthine  imi>n)[KT  or  luinatuml. 

AG'GRA-VA-TED,;rp.  or  a.  Incnadcd  in  severity  or 
enMmily  ;  made  worse  ;  exagferated. 

AG'GRA-VA-TIXG,  fpr.  Increasing  In  aerority, 
enormity,  or  degree ;  as  evils,  mt^fortimes,  pain, 
punishment,  rrimes,  guilt,  &.c. ;  exnget-oting. 

AG-GRA-VA'TION,  ■.  The  act  t.f  nuikmc'woree, 
used  of  evils,  natural  or  moral ;  the  act  of  tncnii.'*- 
Ing  severity  or  heinoufinr£« ;  addiiiim  to  that  which 
is  evU  or  improper  i  as,  an  a^^twaOon  of  pain  or 
pief. 

2.  Exaggemted  representation,  or  hfiplilcned  de- 
Kriptiua  of  any  tliine  wnme,  iiii[irc>|H'r,  or  iinnat- 
tiralj  as,  an  aggruratwn  of  features  in  a  caricature. 
PaUjf.    AddUon. 

AG'GRE^<;ATE,  r.  c  [L.  mggrtmo^  to  collect  In 
tioc^ ;  of  md  and  grtXy  a  herd  or  und.    See  Gas- 

CARIOVS.] 

To  bring  together }  to  collect  paiUculars  into  a 
sum,  ma^s,  or  biKly. 
AG'GRE-GATE,  a.    Formed  by  a  collection  of  par- 
ticulars into  a  whole  m.&»»  oi  sum  ;  as,  the  Ofgrt- 
gaie  amount  of  charges. 

■AggrsgaU  JLoteers,  in  botany^  are  snch  as  are  com- 
poanfor^flarets  united  by  means  of  the  rocrptacle 
or  calyx.  MUtu. 

Aggregate  animals^  in  looligv^  are  such  as  are 
luiitea  ill  a  common  orinmzcd  base  or  envelope, 
a.0  most  of  the  class  uf  p(.>ly|>s.  Brande. 

■'f-^g'^g*^  corporatioiL,  ill  i«w,  is  one  which  con- 
st:A^  of  two  or  more  perM>us  unit»-d,  whtwe  exist- 
ence is  preser\'ed  by  a  succcijsion  of  new  uu-nibcxs. 

maricift/tttf, 
AG'GRE-GATE,  a.  A  sum,  maaa,  or  aaaeinblage  of 
piuticulars ;  as,  a  bouae  is  on  aggrtgmU  of  stones, 
brick,  timber,  &c.  It  diffWs  (ram  a  compound  in 
this,  that  the  particul.-iri  of  an  aggrrgau  arc  less 
intimately  mixed  than  in  a  eornpouHd. 

2.   In  /fAy^-ict,  a  mass  foruK-d  by  the  union  of 
homogeneous  particles  ;  in  dUtinction  from  a  com- 
poand^  funned  bv  the  union  of  hetcrugt-'Ueous  par- 
ticle:;, crrf. 
AG^GRE-GA-TED,  pp.    CoJlecled  into  a  sum,  mass, 

or  svsiem. 
AG'GRE-GATE-LY,  ado.    Collectively ;  Liken  in  a 

sum  or  mass. 
AG'GRE-Ga-TIXG,  ppr.    Collecting  into  a  sum  or 


AG^RE-GA'TIO\,  H.  The  act  of  a^sregating  ;  the 
state  of  being  collecttrd  into  a  sum  or  mass ;  a  col- 
lection of  paniculars  ;  an  agcrepiite. 

2.  The  union  and  ^ohtrrence  of  b«Klic5  of  the  same 
nature  Aggregatiom  is  caused  by  that  attraction 
which  takes  place  at  an  insensible  di^incc  between 
the  homogeneous  particles  of  bodies,  and  forms 


AG'GRE-Ga-TIVE,  a.    Taken  together;  collective. 

AG'GRE-Ga-TOR,  a.  He  that  coUecls  into  a  whole 
ormass.^  Burton, 

AG-GIIESS',  r.  C  [I^  aggrtdior^  aggressus,  uf  ad 
and  gradi^j  to  go.    See  Grade.] 

To  make  a  first  attack  ;  u>  commit  the  first  act  of 
hostility  or  offense;  to  begin  a  quarrvl  or  contro- 
versy ;  to  assault  first,  or  invade.  Prior. 

AG-GRES.S'1\G,  ppr.  Commencing  hostility  first; 
makiitK  the  first  attack. 

AG-GRES  ;5lO.\,  n.  The  firrt  attack,  or  act  of  hos- 
tility ;  the  lirst  act  of  injury,  or  first  act  leading  to  a 
war  or  contrt>versy.  VF^-trnnge. 

AG-GRE?*S'I  VE,  a.  Tending  to  aggress  j  making  the 
firrt  att:ick.  Clarksun. 

AG-GRE:?:S'OR,  n.  The  person  who  firet  attack? ;  he 
who  first  cummenc<-s  hostility  or  a  quarrel ;  an 
assaulter  ;  an  invader.  Dryderu 

The  IttmAmo!  of  th-  aer-^^or  b  owally  propoitiODcd  to  tfae 
tajiit-noi  of  ibrt  hUXctct.  Amu. 

AG-GRlEV'ANCE,K.     [See  Agcbiete.] 

Oppression  ;  hardship ;  injury.     But  grievance  ia 

more  generally  used. 
AG-GRIeVE',  v.  t.  [of  ad  and   trrierf,   from   gri^. 

Perhaps  the  word  is  borrowed  directly  from  the  Sp. 

aympwr.  to  injure;  Fr.  griver.     See  Gaiar  and 

Grate.] 


AGI 

1.  To  give  p:Lin  or  S4.irrow  ;  to  afflict, 

2.  To  bear  hard  upon;  to  oppress  or  injure  in 
one's  rights ;  to  vex  or  harass  by  civil  or  political 
injustice. 

AG-GRlfiVE',  F.  i.  To  mourn  ;  to  lament.  [JVut 
ustd.    ^ee  Grieve.] 

AG-GRIkVAD,  pp.  Pained;  afflicted;  civilly  or 
politiratly  oppressed. 

AG-GRIkV'LNG,  ppr.  Afilicting ;  imposing  hard- 
ships on  ;  oppressing. 

AG-GROLTP',  r.  (.     [Sp.  agrvpar;  It.  aff<rrvpparc^  ag- 
gro^pare^  to  knot  or  bring  together.    Sec  Giioup.]' 
To  bring  togeUier ;   to   group;  to  collect  many 
persons  in  a  crowd,  or  many  fijiiires  into  a  whole, 
either  in  statuary,  iiainting,  or  di^srription.  Encye. 

AG-GUOUP'£D,  pp.  Collected  into  a  group  or  as- 
semblage.. 

A-GIIXST',  or,  more  correctly,  A-GAST',  a.  or  adr. 
[Perha[»s  the  participle  ufagaie  ;  otlierwise  from  the 
root  of  gkcLitly  and  irA^wf.] 

Struck  with  ama£omeut ;  stupefied  with  sudden 
fVisht  or  horror. 

AG'lLE,  a.   [Fr.  o^7#;  L.  a«-i/£s,  from  fliyo.   See  Act.] 
Nimble;  having  the  faculty  of  quick  motion  in 
the  limbs ;  apt  or  ready  to  move  ;  brisk  ;  active. 

Ami  bending  fbrwuU  uratk  \m  agHt  hpels.  Shak. 

A6'II.R-IA',  adv.    In  a  nimble  manner. 
AG'ILE-NESS,  «.     NiniMeness;  activity;  the  fac- 

nllv  of  moving  the  limbs  qiticklv  ;  acUiiy. 
A-G1"L'I-TY,  n.     VL.  egditas.]       ' 

The  power  of  moving  the  limbs  quicklv ;  nim- 

bleness;  briskness;  activity;  quickness  ot' motion. 

^      •  WatU. 

.\-GlL'LO-€HrM,  a.     See  Aoallochum. 
A'Gl-0,  lu     [Ital.  aginoy  surplus,  diifcreucc.] 

1.  In  commtTte,  the  ditTerence  in  value  between 
meUillic  and  paper  money,  or  between  one  port  of 
metallic  money  and  nnothf^r.  McCuUoeh. 

2.  IVmiuiii ;  sum  pivt-n  above  the  nominal  value  ; 
as,  the  aj-io  of  exchange.  Lnnier. 

A'GI-0-TAGE,  a.  [Fr.]  Stockjobbing;  the  ma- 
neuvers of  speculators  to  raise  or  lower  the  pric<;  of 
stocks  or  public  funds.  Brawle. 

A-GlST',  r.  ^  [If  the  primary  sense  is  to  lie,  or  to 
rest,  this  is  from  Fr.  gMtr ;  Norm,  n'riser,  to  be 
levant  and  couchant,  from  gi.^er,  to  lay  or  throw 
down ;  whence  gist^  cast ;  gistance^  a  casting. 
Class  Gs.  No.  18.  If  the  primary  signification  is  to 
feoil,  see  Nos.  5,  f>,  10,  !•!,  atxt  5ti.     Ch.  Class  Gs.] 

In  'ow,  to  take  the  cattle  of  others  to  gra?^  at  a 
certain  sum  ;  to  feed  or  pasture  the  cattle  of  others  ; 
used  criginally  for  the  feeding  of  cattle  in  the  king's 
forests.  C<'iff^.     BUickstone. 

A-61ST'MENT,  n.  The  t-iking  and  feeding  of  other 
men's  cattle  in  the  king's  forest,  or  on  one's  own 
land  ;  also,  the  price  paid  for  such  feeding.  It  de- 
notes also  a  burden,  charge,  or  tax.  [In  canon  Uite^ 
a  modus,  or  composition.    Johnson,  Uu.] 

Co  tod.     Blaei  stone.     Knryc, 

A-6rPT'0R,  )  n.    An  officer  of  the  king's  forest, 

A-Gl8T-A'TOR,  I  who  has  the  care  of  cattle  agisted, 
anil  collects  the  money  for  the  same;  hence  callt-d 
gist-taker,  which  in  England  is  corrupted  into  guejt- 
taker.  Kncyc. 

AG'I-TA-BLE,  a.  [See  Agitate.]  That  may  be 
agitated,  shaken,  or  discussed. 

AG'I-TATE,  r.  (.     [L.  agUo,  from  afro.    See  Act.] 

1.  To  stir  violently ;  to  move  back  and  forth  with 
a  quick  motion  ;  to  shake  or  move  briskly  ;  as,  to 
agitate  water  in  a  vessel. 

2.  To  move  or  force  into  violent  irreg;ular  action  ; 
as,  the  wind  aifitates  the  sea- 

3.  To  disturb,  or  excite  into  tumult ;  as,  to  agitate 
the  mind  or  passions. 

4.  To  discuss ;  to  debate ;  to  contro^'ert ;  as,  to 
agitau  a  question. 

5.  To  consider  on  all  sides ;  to  revolve  in  the 
mind,  or  view  in  fdl  its  aspects;  to  contrive  by 
mental  deliberation  ;  as,  politicians  agitaU  desperate 
designs.  JCmg  Charles. 

6.  To  move  or  actuate.    [JVot  used,]    Blatkmore. 
AG'I-TA-TED,  pp.     Tossed  from  side  to  side;  sha- 
ken ;  moved  violently  and  irregularly  ;  disturbed  ; 
discussed  ;  coiuidered. 

AG'[-Ta-TI\G,  ppr.  Shaking;  moving  with  vio- 
lence; disturbing;  disputing;  contriving. 

AG-I-TA'TION,  Tu  The  act  of  shaking;  the  state  of 
being  moved  with  violence,  or  with  irregular  ac- 
tion ;  commotion ;  as,  the  sea  after  a  storm  is  in 
agilatiim.  Bacon. 

9.  Disturbance  of  tranquillity  in  the  mind  ;  per- 
turbation ;  excitement  of  passion. 

3.  Discussion ;  examination  of  a  subject  in  con- 
troversy. L*K.itraitgc. 

4.  A  state  of  being  deliberated  upon,  with  a  view 
to  contrivance,  or  plan  to  be  adopted ;  as,  a  scheme 
is  in  a^itniion. 

AG'I-TA-TIVE,  a.     Having  a  tendency  to  agitate. 

A(t-I-TA'TO,  in  m«5ic,  denotes  a  broken  siyh;  of  per- 
formance, adapted  to  awaken  surprise  or*  perturba- 
tion. Diet.  ofMiuie. 

AG'I-TA-TOR,  m    One  who  agitates;  also,  an  in- 


AGO 


surgent;  one  who  excites  sedition  or  revolt.  In 
aiitii/uity,  a  charioteer,  that  is,  a  driver.  In  Crom- 
well's time,  certain  ofticers  appxiinttd  by  the  army 
to  manage  tlieir  concerns  were  culled  agitators. 

Hume. 
AG'LET,    i  n.    [Fr.  aiguillfttc,  a  point,  from  aifruiUe, 
AIG'LET,  i      a  needle,  from  aiga^  sharp.    See  Acio.] 

1.  A  lag  of  a  point  curved  into  the  representation 
of  an  animal,  generally  of  a  man ;  a  small  plate  of 
metal. 

2.  In  botany^  a  pendant  at  the  ends  of  the  chives 
of  (lowers,  as  in  the  rose  and  tulip  ;  an  anther. 

AG'LET-BA'UY,  n.  A  small  image  on  the  top  of  a 
lace.  akak. 

AG'MIN-AL,  a,  [L.  agmen^  a  troop  or  body  of  men 
arrayedj  from  ago.] 

Perlanitng  to  an  army  or  troop.        [Little  used.] 

AG'NAII.,  A.    [ad  and  iiatlj  or  Sax.  ange^  pain,  and 

HoiL] 

A  whitlow  }  an  inflammation  round  the  nail. 

Bailey. 
AG'NATE.  o.     [h.  agnatus.] 

Related  or  akin  by  the  father's  side. 
AG'NATE,  «.  [h.  aenatus^  adnascor,ijf  od  and  naseoVf 
to  be  born.    Sec  Nature.] 
Any  niiUe  relation  by  the  father's  side.     Encye. 
AG-\A'TT.    [L.  pi.]     Relations  liy  the  father's  side. 
AG-N.\T'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  descent  by  the  male 

line  of  ancestors.  Blackstone. 

AG-NA'TION,  n.     Relation  by  the  father's  side  only, 
or  descent  in  the  male  line,  distinct  from  cognatiottj 
which  includes  descent  in  the  ni;Ue  and  female  lines. 
AG'NEL,  n.  [from  agniLs,  a  lamb,  the  figure  struck 
on  the  coin.] 

An  ancient  French  gold  coin,  value  twelve  sols, 
six  deniers.  It  was  called  also  mouton  d\rr  and 
affnel  d^or.  £itcyc. 

AG-NI"TION,  n.     [L.  a^itio,  agnosco.] 

Acknowledgment.     [Little  used.]  Pearson, 

AG-NIZE',  V.  L     To  acknowledge.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Shak. 
AG-NO'MEN,  n.    [L.]    An  additional  fourth  name, 
given  by  the  Romans,  on  account  of  some  exploit 
or  event ;  as,  jifricanus  added  to  P.  C.  Scipio. 
2.  A  name  added  in  praise  or  dispraise. 
AG-NO.M'IN-ATE,  v.  t.     [L.  agnutnino  ;  ad  and  nom- 
ino,  nomen^  name.] 
To  name.     [LitUe  ttsed.]^ 
AG-NOM-IN-A'TION,  71.    [I.,  agnomen,  a  sunianie, 
of  ad  and  nomen.     See  Name.] 

1.  An  additional  name,  or  title;  a  name  added  to 
another,  as  expressive  of  some  act,  achievement, 
&,c. ;  a  surname.  Encyc. 

2.  Allusion  of  one  word  to  another  by  sound. 

Camden. 

AG'NUS  CAS'TUS,  n.  [h.]  A  species  of  Vitex,  so 
called  from  the  Gr.  aj  rf;$,  chaste,  from  its  imagined 
virtue  of  preserving  chastity.  'J'he  Athenian  ladies 
reposed  on  tlie  leaves  of  this  plant  at  the  feast  of 
Ceres.  TJie  Latin  ca.-^tvs,  chaste,  now  added  to  the 
name,  fonns  a  duplication  of  the  sense.       Kncyc 

AG'NUS   Dk'I,ti,     [Lamb  of  God.] 

1.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church.,  a  cake  of  wax 
stsimped  with  the  figure  of  a  lamb,  supiKirting  the 
banner  of  the  crats.  It  is  suppfjsed  to  p<jsscss  great 
virtues  in  presen'ing  those  who  carry  it,  in  faith, 
from  accidents,  &c.  Al.-io,  a  part  of  the  mass,  in 
which  the  prayer  beginning  with  these  words  is 
reiR-alcd  by  tlie  priest.  Encyc 

2.  A  prayer  beginning  with  these  words. 
AG'NUS   SCYTH'I-eUS.     [Scythian  lamb.] 

A  name  applied  to  the  roots  of  a  species  of  fern, 
jj^'pidium  Baromctz,  covered  with  brown  wtiolly 
scales,  and  in  shape  resembling  a  Iamb ;  found  in 
Russia  and  Tartary. 
A-GO',  ade.  or  a.  (Sax.  agan^  or  grond,  the  participle 
ofgan,  to  go ;  contracted  from  agone.    See  Go.] 

Past ;  gone  ;  as,  a  year  ago. 
A-GOG',  adD.     [Fr.  d  gogo  ,■   It.  agognare^  ardently  to 
desire.] 

In  a  state  of  desire  ;  highly  excited  by  eagerness 
after  an  object. 


The  gaudy  ^imm;),  when  ihe's  act  agog. 


Dryden. 


A-GO'ING.     [The  participle  of  ^o,  with  the  prefix  a.] 
In  motion ;  as,  to  set  a  mill  a</oing ;  or  about  to  go ; 
ready  to   go;  as,  he  is  agoing  immediately.     The 
latter  use  is  vulvar. 

A'GON,  n,  [Gr.]  The  contest  for  the  prize.  [.Vot 
u.ir.d.]  Sancrojl, 

A-GONE',  C^-e«wn',)pp.    [See  Aoo  and  Gune.] 
Apo  :  past ;  since,     [J^'early  obs.] 

AG'O-NISM,  n.     [Gr.  ay'.H'iaptJi.] 

ContPiition  for  a  prize.  Diet 

AG'0-NfrST,  n.  One  who  contends  for  the  prize 
in  public  games,  .Milton  has  used  ugonlites  in  this 
sense,  and  so  called  his  tragedy,  from  the  siniiliiude 
of  Samson's  exertions,  in  slaying  the  Philistines, 
to  pri/.e-rtghting.  In  church  hittoryy  the  di^iciples 
of  I)onatuH  are  called  agoifi.stics. 

AG-O-NIST'IC,         )    a.    Pertaining  to  prize-fight- 

AG-O-NIST'ie-AL,  J  ing,  coutesU  of  strength,  or 
athletic  combats,  Enfeld, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALI^  WHAT.— MkTE,  PREV.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BOOK.— 

2a 


AGR 

AG-0-NIST'I€J-AL-LY,  adv.  In  an  agonistic  man- 
ner; like  prize-fighting. 

AG'O-MZE,  V.  i.  [Gr.  ayavigw,  to  strive.  See 
Agont.] 

To  writhe  with  extreme  pain ;  to  suffer  violent 
anguish. 

To  «m(irt  and  agonixt  M  trnj  pore.  Pope. 

AG'O-NTZE,  r.  u  To  distress  with  extreme  piiin ; 
to  torture.  Popr. 

AG'0-N'TZ-£D,  pjj.  Distressed  with  excessive  pain  j 
tortured. 

AG'O-NIZ-IXG,  ppr.  Suffering  severe  pain  ;  writh- 
ing with  torture. 

AG'0-NTZ-IXG,  a.    Giving  extreme  pain. 

AG'0-NTZ-IXG-LY,  adv.    With  extreme  anguish. 

AG-0-\0-TIIeTE',  h.  [Gr.  ayt^Vf  couUiSt,  and 
TiOfjMS  to  appoint,] 

An  officer  who  presided  over  the  games  in 
Greece. 

AG-O-NO-THET'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  president 
of  the  Grecian  games. 

AG'O-NY,  ?i.  [Gr.  jj  ojc,  a  contest  with  bodily  exer- 
tion ;  a  word  used  to  denote  the  athletic  games  in 
Greece;  whence  aioiym,  anguish,  solicitude,  from 
aytA}j  ll  ago.  In  Ir.  o/A  is  a  battle,  conflict ;  Gr. 
ayoiui^o},  to  strive.     See  Act.] 

1.  In  strictness,  pain  so  extreme  as  to  cause 
writhing  or  contortions  of  the  bodj^  similar  to  those 
made  in  the  athletic  contests  in  Greece.     Hence, 

2.  Extreme  pain  of  bmly  or  mind  ;  anpuish;  ap- 
propriately, the  pangs  of  death,  and  tlie  sufferings  of 
our  Pavjor  in  the  garden  of  Getiiseniane.  Luke  xxii. 

3.  Violent  contest  or  striving.  More, 
A-GOOD'   orfo.     In  earnest.     [JVbt  v-fcd.]  Skak. 
A-G6C'TI,   (  (a-gub'tv,)  n.     [Uu.  Sp.  a^uJo,  sharp  ; 
A-GOU'TY,  i      L.  aeiiius.] 

A  quadruped  of  the  order  Rodentia;  arranged  by 
naturalists  in  the  genus  Cavia.  It  is  of  the  size  of 
a  nbblL  The  upper  part  of  the  body  is  brownish, 
with  a  mixture  of  red  and  black  ;  the  belly  yillow- 
Ish.  Three  varieties  are  mentioned,  all  peculiar  to 
South  America  and  the  West  Indies.  It  burrows 
in  the  ground,  or  In  hollow  trees ;  lives  on  vegcLi- 
bles ;  is  voracious  like  a  pig,  and  makes  a  similar 
grunting  noise.  It  holds  its  food  in  its  fore  paws, 
like  a  squirrel.  When  scared  or  angr>',  its  hair  is 
erect,  and  it  strikes  the  ground  with  its  bind  feet. 
Its  flesh  is  white  and  well  tasted.  Encyc 

A-GRAM'MA-TIST,  K.  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  j^u/j^ia,  a 
letter.] 

An  iIIrteTate  person. 
A-GRa'RI-AN,  a.     [h.  a p-arius^  from  a^er^  a  fiold.] 

I.  Relating  to  lands,  .appropriately,  denoting  or 
pertaining  to  an  equal  division  of  lands  ;  as,  the 
a^p-arian  laws  of  Rome,  which  distributed  the  con- 
quered and  other  public  lands  equally  among  all  the 
ciliz-ns,  limiting  the  quantity  which  each  might 
enjoy.  Authors  sometimes  use  the  word  as  a  noun  ; 
an  agrarian^  for  ajrrarian  lata.  Barke^ 

An  a^arian  distribution  of  land  or  property 
wduld  make  the  rich  poor,  but  would  not  moke 
the  poor  rich. 

9.  Pertaining  to  agmrianism. 
A-GRA'RI-AN,  n.    One  in  favor  of  an  equal  division 

of  property  among  the  inhabitants  of  a  country. 
A  GRA'RI-.AN-ISM,  n.  An  equal  division  of  lands 
or  property,  f»r  the  principles  of  those  who  favor 
such  a  divisir>n. 
.V-GRi"E',  r.  t.  [fr.  agr^er,  from  ^^,  will,  accord. 
This  is  contracted  from  Pp.  a^adar^  Port,  id.,  to 
please,  to  gratif)',  whence  airnidahlt^  agreeable; 
from  the  root  of  L         '  -   "'    -'—'    — *■ 


Uip-afw,  W.  rAarf,  ^ce,  favor, 
tlial  comes  freely.  T^e  primarj'  sense  is  ailvancing. 
from  the  same  ro<H  as  L.  gradior;  W.  rAa:,  [rhath  ;] 
Syr.  j^i  rfldoA,  to  go.J 

1.  To  be  of  one  mind  ;  to  harmonize  in  opinion  ; 
a*,  in   the   expediency  of  the  law,  all  the   parties 

'2.  To  live  in  concord,  or  without  contention  ;  as, 
parent-*  and  children  agree  well  together. 

3.  To  yii-ld  assent ;  lo  approve  or  admit ;  fol- 
lowed by  to  i  as,  to  agree  to  an  offer,  or  to  an 
opinion. 

4.  To  settle  by  stipulation,  the  minds  of  parties 
being  a^rrrd  as  to  the  terms  j  as,  to  agrct  on  articles 
of  partnership. 

i>i>lit  Uwu  ntAogrte  with  me  (or  a  pronf  a  ttay  ?  —  MaU.  ix. 

.S.  To  come  to  a  compromise  of  differences  ;  to  be 
reconciled. 

Agret  with  iWfifl  aAtrrviTy  qnlcU;.  —  Mall.  t. 

6.  To  come  to  one  opinion  or  mind  ;  to  concur ; 
as,  to  a^M  on  a  place  of  meettng. 

This  sense  differs  not  essentially  from  the  fourth, 
and  rt  often  implies  a  resolving  to  do  an  a*  l.  John  ix. 

7.  To  be  consistent ;  to  harmonize ;  not  to  ron- 
trndict,  or  be  repugnant ;  as,  this  story  agrees  with 
what  has  been  related  by  otiiers. 

Tfi«r  wiuwM  agrMd  not  top-thfr.—  Mark  x\t. 

8.  To  renemble;  to  be  similar;  as,  the  picture 
doe*  not  agree  with  the  original. 


AGR 

9.  To  suit;  to  be  accommodated  or  adapted  to; 
as,  the  same  food  does  not  agree  with  every  consti- 
tuticm. 

A-GReE',  v.  u  To  admit,  or  come  to  one  mind  con- 
cerning ;  as,  to  asrrre  the  fact.  Also,  to  reconcile  or 
make  friends ;  to  put  an  end  to  variance  ;  but  these 
senses  are  unusual  and  hardly  legitimate.  Let  the 
parties  agree  the  fact,  is  really  elliptical ;  I^et  them 
acree  on  the  fact. 

A-GReE-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Easiness  of  disposition. 
[JV(»(_u.W.]_  Chaucer. 

A-GReE'A-BLE,  a.  Suitable;  conformable  ;  corre- 
spondent :  consistent  with  ;  as,  the  practice  of  virtue 
is  agreeable  to  the  law  of  God  and  our  own  nature. 

2.  In  pursuance  of ;  in  conformity  with ;  as, 
agreeable  to  the  order  of  the  day,  the  House  took 
up  the  report  of  the  committee.  It  is  not  correctly 
followed  by  wiOi.  In  this  sense,  some  writers  use 
agreeably  for  agreeable,  but  in  violation  of  the  true 
principles  of  construction  ;  for  the  word  is  an  ad- 
jective or  attribute,  in  agreement  with  the  last 
clause  of  the  sentence.  The  House  took  up  the 
report  of  the  committee,  (which  taking  up  was) 
agreeable  to  the  order  of  the  day.  The  use  of  agree- 
abhi  in  this  sentence  would  pervert  the  sense. 

3.  Pleasing,  eithPr  to  the  mind  or  senses ;  as, 
airrerable  mannfra  ;  fruit  agreeable  to  the  ta.'*te. 

A-GReE'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Suitableness;  conform- 
ity ;  consistency  j  as,  the  agrceableness  of  virtue  to 
the  laws  of  God. 

2.  The  quality  of  pleasing  ;  that  quality  which 
gives  satisfaction  or  moderate  pleasure  to  the  mind 
or  senses ;  as,  an  agreeablcncss  of  manners  ;  there 
is  an  agrceableness  in  tlie  taste  of  certain  fruits. 
This  is  the  usual  sense  of  the  word. 

3.  Resemblance  ;  likeness ;  with  to  or  between. 

The  ezreeableneu  betiMcn  nin.n   and  other  purl*  of  iD^on. 
[(%».]  Grew. 

AGREE' A-BLY,  (irfr.  Pleasingly;  in  an  agreeable 
manner;  in  a  manner  to  give  pleasure;  as,  to  be 
agreeably  entertained  with  a  discourse- 

2.  Suitably  ;  consistently  ;  conformably. 
Tlie  cff-'ct  of  whith   li,   ihaC  mwria'-'B    grow    Ie»  fn-qu^ut, 

agreeably  to  ilte  iiiaxini  aLore  Uin  down.  PaUy. 

This  is  a  gross  error,  proceeding  from  mistake. 
Agreeably  signifies,  in  an  agreeable  manner ;  but  this 
is  not  the  sense,  nor  does  the  word  modify  the  verb 
grow.  The  sense  is.  Marriages  grow  loss  frequent, 
which  (fact,  or  whole  member  of  the  sentence,  or 
proiKJsiiion)  is  agreeable  to  the  ma:xim  above  laid 
down.  This  use  of  agreeably  is  common,  but  ver>' 
erroneous, 

3.  Alike  ;  In  the  same  manner. 

Both  nnnrd  agreeoAJy.     [  Oba.\  Speneer. 

A-GRE£D',pp.  Being  in  concord  or  harmony  of 
opinion  ;  of  one  mind. 

Cin  two  walk  li>y thrr  rtc^  tiv^  be  agreed  7  —  Amoa  lij. 

2.  Assented  to ;  admitted ;  as,  a  proposition  Is 
agreed  to. 

3.  Settled  by  consent ;  implying  bargain  or  con- 
tract ;  as,  the  terms  were  agreed  to,  or  agreed  upon. 

A-<;RiiE'L\'G,;<;»r.    Living  in  concord  ;  concurring; 

assenting  ;  settling  by  consent, 
A-GReE'LNG-LY,  adv.    In  conformity  to.      [LUtle 

u.*edA 
A-GRkE'MENT,  n.    Concord  ;  harmony  ;  conformity. 

Wli(itojre«m*nIlialhll»c  ('■iiipl<?of  UtRl  wiihlJuU?  — 2  Cor,  vS. 

2.  Union  of  opinions  or  sentiments ;  as,  n  good 
agreement  subsists  among  the  members  of  the 
council. 

3.  Resemblance  ;  conformity  ;  similitude. 

K»pfiii»ion  and  duration  Invp  thia  furtlirr  agreemr.nt.    Locke. 

4.  Union  of  minds  in  regard  to  a  transfer  of  in- 
terest; bargain  ;  com|Kicl;  contract ;  stipulation  ;  as, 
he  maJde  an  agreeiamt  for  the  purchase  of  a  house. 

M.di'?  an  agreement  with  me  tiy  a  prrwnt.  —  2  Kiiigi  xviu. 

5.  In  grammar,  concord,  which  see. 
A-GRKS'7'IC,         (  a.     [L.  agresti-t ;  Vr.  agre.tfe ;  from 
A-GRE.S'TIC-AL,  i      L.  agefy  a  field,  or  the   same 

root.] 

Rural ;  nistie  ;  pertaining  to  fields  or  the  countrj-, 
In  opposition  to  the  city  ;  unpolished.        Orrgory, 

A-GRI  fT-O-  La'TIOX,  n.     Culiivalion  of  the  soil. 

AG'R[-€UL-T0R.  tu  [L.  ager,  a  field,  and  eultar,  a 
cultivator.] 

One  whose  occupation  Is  to  till  the  ground  ;  a 
fanner  ;  a  husbandman  ;  one  skilled  in  husbandry. 

AtJ-RLeUI/TIJR-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  husbandry, 
tillage,  or  the  culture  of  the  earth. 

AG'RI-CUL-TI^KE,  n.  [L.a^rr,  a  field,  and  eultura, 
cultivation.    See  Acni  and  C't'i-TOBE.] 

In  a  general  sfivte,  the  cultivation  of  the  gnmnd, 
for  the  pnr^iose  of  producing  vegetables  and  fruits, 
for  the  use  of  nwn  and  beast ;  tvr  the  art  of  prepar- 
ing the  soil,  sowing  and  planting  seeds,  dress- 
ing the  pbints.  and  removing  the  crops.  In  this 
sens*^,  the  worn  includes  gartlening,  or  horticulture, 
and  also  the  raising  and  feeding  of  cattle  or  stock. 
But  ia  a  more  common  and  appropriate  aense^  it  is  used 
I      lo  signify   that  species  f>f  cultivation  which  is  in- 


AGU 

tended  to  raise  grain  and  other  field  crops  for  man 
and  beast.     It  is  equivalent  to  ktisbandry. 
Agriculture  is  the  most  general  occupation  of  man. 
AG-RI-eUL'TUR-ISM,  n.     The  art  or  science  of 

agriculture.     (Little  iLsed.l 
AG-RI-CUL'TUR-IST,  n.    One  skilled  in  the  art  of 

cultivating  the  ground  j  a  skillful  husbandman. 
AG'RI-.MO-NY,  n.  [L.  argeuionia,  from  the  Gt. 
Thus  it  is  written  by  Pliny.  But  in  lower  Latin 
it  is  written  agrimonia.  Said  to  be  fr»m  Gr.  a/ty  ma, 
the  web  or  pearl  of  the  ^-e,  from  «p)0(,  white, 
which  this  plant  was  supposed  to  cure.  See  The- 
oph.  687.] 

A  genus  of  plants,  of  several  species.  Of  these, 
the  eupatoria  or  common  agrimony,  and  the  odtirata 
or  sweet-scented,  are  the  most  useful.  It  is  a  mild 
astringent  and  stomachic.  Encyc. 

AG-RIP-PIN'I-ANS,  71.  pi.  In  rhirch  history,  the  fol- 
lowers of  .Agrippinus,  bishop  of  Carthage  in  tlie  third 
century,  who  first  taught  and  defended  the  doctrine 
of  rebaptization.  Encyc. 

A-GR'ISE',  V.  i.     rSax  agri3an.\ 

To  shiver.     [JV"o(  in  tise.]  Chaucer. 

A-GRtSE',  r.  (.    To  terrify  ;  also,  to  make  frightfuL 

[J^'ot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

A'GROM,  n.  A  disease  frequent  in  Bengal  and  other 
parts  of  the  East  Indies,  in  which  the  tongue  chaps 
and  cleaves,  becomes  rough,  and  sometimes  covered 
with  white  spjits.  The  remedy  is  some  chalybeate 
liquor,  or  the  juice  of  mint.  Encyc. 

A-GRON'O-MY,  n.    [Gr.  u>  005,  a  field,  and  vopQ^^  a 
rule.] 
The  art  of  cultivating  the  ground  ;  agriculture. 

Brande. 
AG-RO-STEM'MA,  n.     A  genus  of  plants  of  several 
species,  containing  the  common  com  cockle,  wild 
lychnis  or  campion,  &,c. 
A-GROS'TIS,  n.     [Gr.  uypomrn.} 

Bent-grass  :  a  genus  of  many  species. 
A-GROS-TOG'RA-PHY,  n.     A  description   of   the 

grasses. 
A-GROS-TOL'O-GY,  n.     [Gr.  aypMcns,  grass,  and 

Xo/"*'] 
That  part  of  botany  whicll  relates  to  the  grasses. 

Brande. 
A-GROUXD',  adv.     [Of  a,  at,  or  on,  and  ground.] 

1.  On  the  groiina  ;  a  marine  term,  signifying  that 
the  bottom  of  a  ship  rests  on  the  ground  for  want  of 
sufficient  depth  of  water.  When  the  ground  is 
near  the  shore,  the  ship  is  said  to  be  ashore  or 
st  ran  lied. 

2.  Ftgurativcly,  stopped  ;  impeded  by  Insuperable 
obstacles. 

A'GCE,  (a'gu,)  n.  [Sax.  trge,  oga,  or  hoga,  fear,  hor- 
ror ;  Ann.  hegea,  to  shake  ;  Goth,  agis,  fear,  agyun  or 
ogan,  to  fear  ;  Ir.  agh,  fear,  agha  or  aghaim,  to  fear. 
The  radical  ideals  a  shaking  or  shivering  sunUar  to 
that  occasioned  by  terror.] 

1.  The  ctild  tit  which  precedes  a  fever,  or  a  par- 
oxysm of  fever  in  intermittents.  It  is  accompanied 
with  shivering. 

2.  Chilliness  ;  a  chill,  or  state  of  shaking  with 
cold,  though  in  health. 

3.  It  is  used  for  a  periodical  fever,  an  intermittent, 
whether  quotidian,  tertian,  or  quartan.  In  this  case, 
the  w(»rd,  which  signifies  the  preceding  cold  fit,  is 
used  for  Ihe  disease. 

A'GCE.  V.  t.  To  cause  a  shivering  in  ;  to  strike  with 
a  colli  fit.  Ilayitood. 

A'GCE-CaKE,  n.  A  hard  tumor  on  the  left  side  of 
the  bi'lly,  U»wer  than  the  false  ribs  ;  supposed  to  be 
the  erVect  of  intermittent  fevers.  Encyc. 

A'GfjKD,  a.  Chilly  ;  having  a  fit  of  ague  ;  shivering 
with  cold  or  fear.  Shak. 

A'GfiE-KIT,  n.  A  paroxysm  of  cold,  or  shivering; 
chilliness. 

A'GCE-PKOOF,  n.  Able  to  resist  agues;  proof 
against  agues. 

A-GI-'EU'RY,  V.  f,  [Yr.  agurrrir;  from  guerre,  war.] 
To  inure  to  the  Hardships  of  war ;  to  instnict  in 
the  art  of  war.     [JVu(  in  u-te.]  Lyttleton. 

A'GOt-i-SPELL,  «.  A  charm  or  spell  to  cure  or  pre- 
vent ague.  Oay. 

X'(;OK  -STBITCK,  a.    Stnick  with  ague.        Hncyt. 

A'GCE-'l'REE,  71.  .\  name  sometimes  applied  lo  sas- 
safras, un  account  of  its  febrifuge  qualities,  Encye. 

A-(;Ulsr/,  r.  t,  [See  Guibe.]  To  dress;  to  adorn. 
[A~ot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

A-GUIi*E',  71.    Dress.     [^Titt  in  lue.]  More. 

A'GU-ISH,  a.  Chilly;  somewhat  cold  or  shivering  ; 
also,  having  the  qualities  of  an  ague. 

Ilor  agiiiih  love  now  glow  awd  hums.  Oranville. 

A'GU-ISH-XESS,  n.  Chilliness  ;  the  quality  of  being 
aguish. 

A-GUIL-LA-XEf>F',  n.  [from  a,  to,  gvi,  misletoe, 
and  Van  neiif,  the  new  year.] 

A  form  of  rejoicing  among  the  ancient  Fmnks,  on 
the  first  day  of  the  year;  derived  from  the  druidical 
custom  of  cutting  misletoe,  which  was  held  sacred 
by  the  dniida,  and,  on  the  first  day  of  the  year,  con- 
secrating it  by  cn,'ing  aguillaneuf,  the  new  year  to 
thf^  misletoe.    'J'his  cry  is  said  to  be  still  obs(y:ved  in 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  ai  K ;  <3  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  8H ;  Til  as  in  TUIS. 


30 


AID 

8006  puts  of  Fmnce ;  nntl  the  tenu  came  to  signify 
abo  ■  beg^ng  of  New  Year's  ^ids.  JuHcyc. 

i'GUL,  n.    A  species  of  the  Iledysaniin. 

AH,  [Ger.  ack.}  An  exchiiuation,  expressive  of  sur- 
prise, pily,  complaint,  coniempt,  di^Hke,  joy,  exul- 
tation, &C.,  acconiiug  to  the  manner  of  utterance. 

A-HX' ;  an  exclaniotiun  expressing  triumph,  con- 
iempt, or  simple  surprise;  but  the  st'nsos  are  dis- 
tinguished by  verv  dilTerent  modes  of  utterance, 
and  dilVerent  modifications  of  fealures, 

2.  A  sunk  fence,  nut  visilil©  without  near  ap- 
proach ;  spelt  more  commonly,  hak-kaJi,      MmMm. 

A-HAX'I-GEK,  «      A  namL-  of  the  pnr-lish. 
A-HEAD',  (a  lied',)  a'ir.     [a  and  *«krf,  or  of  hsad.} 

1.  Further  forward  than  another  ihinR  ;  in  front ; 
originallv,  a  sea  term,  denoting  further  forward  li»an 
another  ship,  or  on  the  [niint  to  which  the  »tem  is 
directed,  in  oni>«»sition  t»«  astern.  vVar.  Diet. 

S.  Onward  ;  fortvard  ;  toward  the  point  before  tlie 
gte-m  or  head  ;  as,  move  aAnid, 

3.  Headhmg  ;  w  ithoiit  restraint ;  nrecipiUnUy  ; 
■a,  ciiUdren  nifiert^  to  run  aJumd,    [AW  used,] 

A-H£IGHT%  (»4ine',}  aAr.    [«  and  Ac^JU.] 

AUt ;  oo  higb.    [AM  MM/.]  Sktk. 

A-niGH'  aib>.    6nhig}u    {/ifHustd,} 

A-llOLIV,  «fv  Near  tbe  wind ;  as,  to  lay  a  ship 
mMold.     LVot  m  usf.]  SMak, 

A-HOU'Al,  «.  The  trivial  name  of  a  species  of  Or- 
ktra.  Its  fruit  ii  a  plum  or  drupe,  the  kemeb  of 
which  are  very  poiswnoua. 

A-HOV^  txeUm.    A  sea  term  used  in  bailing. 

AH'RI-MAN.    SeeAaiMA^. 

A-HULL',  adr.  With  the  sails  furled,  and  the  helm 
lambed  ;  applied  to  ship:^  in  a  sti>rm. 

Al,  n.    The  Ihrec-U^ed  shrtli.    {Bradypu^.)     P.  Cyc 

AI-Al'A,  ■.  The  trivKd  nanic  of  a  species  of  Platal- 
em  or  spoonbill ;  calleil  also  the  rvttaU  gpowuML 

Al-eO'HLTS,  n.  A  larpe  and  beautiful  eiKciea  of  par- 
rot, found  in  Brazil :  its  head  beautifully  variegated 
with  yellow,  n  <1,  and  violet  colors  ;  it*  Uniy  preen  ; 
the  tips  of  lis  wiugs  red,  and  itA  tail  long  and  yel- 
low. Viet,  nf  -Vdf.  UliU 

AID,  r.L  [Fr.  oidrr,  t»-belp  i  lU  oiMXarr,  which  seems 

to  be  contracted  from  L.  adjuto.  In  Aro\)  or  J^) 
Bttf,  signifies  to  assist  or  strengthen ;  and  1^  1  mjfada^ 

and  *3  \  odoioa,  to  bHp.    In  Welsh,  cerf  Is  a  benefit, 

and  the  word  was  nsed  to  denote  the  auU  of  feudal 
tenants] 

To  help  :  to  aaslat ;  to  sopport,  either  by  fhrnish- 
ing  strength  or  means  to  enect  a  purpose,  or  to  [ire- 
Tent  or  remove  evil. 
AID,  H.     Help ;  succor ;  support ;  assisLince.    WatU. 

2.  The  person  who  aids  tir  yields  support ;  a  help- 
er ;  an  auxiliary  ;  aUo,  the  ttiing  that  aids  or  yields 
succor. 

3.  In  EMgliik  lam^  a  subsidy  or  tax  granted  by 
parliament,  and  making  a  part  of  the  lung's  reve- 
nue. 

In  FroMCf^  ciils  are  equivalent  to  cuMoms  or  da- 
tiea  on  certain  consumable  commodities,  particular- 
ly wiaes  and  liquors  \  nearly  equivalent  to  the  £Ing- 


4.  In  Em^ismd^  a  tax  paid  by  a  tenant  to  his  lord  ; 
originally,  a  mere  gift,  which  afterward  becanit?  a 
ri^t  demandable  by  tlie  lord.  'I'lie  aids  o(  thi^ 
kind  were  chiefly  three.  1.  To  rTinM>m  the  lord 
when  a  prisoner.  :2.  To  make  the  lord's  eldest  son 
a  kutgbt.    3.  To  marry  tlie  lord's  elde^it  daughter. 

5.  An  aiddecamp,  f^  called  by  abbreviation. 

6.  T«  pray  i*  aid^  in  law,  is  to  call  in  a  person  in- 
terested in  a  title,  to  assist  in  defending  it.  I'hus 
a  tenant  for  life  may  pray  in  aid  of  him  in  rfniain- 
der  or  reversion  ;  thai  is,  he  may  pray  or  pt*tilion 
that  he  may  be  joined  in  the  suit  to  aid  or  help  main- 
tain the  title.  This  act  or  petition  is  call  .-d  aid- 
frawrr.  Cneel.     Blncknttme, 

&art  of  aidsy  in  Fnatet^  is  a  court  whicli  has  cog- 
nizance of  causes  respecting  duties  or  customs. 

EneyiC 
AID'ANCE,  n.    Aid:  help:  assistance.    [UttU  tue^l 

Skak, 
AID' ANT,  a.    Helping;  helpfid  j  supplying  aid.  [AVt 

MStdJS 

AID'D&€AMP,  (aid'de-kong,)  «.     [Fr.J 

In  milUary  ajairsy  an  officer  whose  duty  i*  to  re- 
ceive and  communicate  the  orders  of  a  general  offi- 
cer.    It  is  desirable  that  this  word  should  be  natu- 
ralized, and  no  longer  pronounced  aid'de-kunrr, 
AID'ED,  pp.    As;>isted ;  supported  ;  furnished  with 

succor. 

AID'ER,  ji.    One  who  helps;  an  assistant,  or  aiixil- 

AID'ING,  ppr.  Helping;  assisting.  ['^fy* 

AXD'LESt?,  a.    Uelple^;  without  aid  ;  unsupported; 

undefended.  Shak, 


AIR 

AI'GKET,  AI'GRETTE,  n.  A  tuft,  a8  of  feathers, 
diamonds,  &.C-. 

2.  In  zifoloffy,  a  name  of  the  small  white  heron. 
[See  Egret.]  Diet  of  J\at,  UisU 

3.  In  frctaitjf.     See  Egret 

AI'GU-LET,   «.      [Fr.     LsuiUly  contracted  Into  Ai- 
glet.] 
A  point  or  tag,  ns  at  the  ends  of  fringes. 

AIK'RAW,  H.  A  popular  name  of  a  species  of  lichen, 
or  moss.  Fam.  <f  Plants. 

AII«,  o,  L  [Sax.  egiian.  to  be  troubled,  to  be  irksome ; 
«//«,  trouble,  grief.  In  the  Snxon,  it  is  inipcrsnnal.1 
To  tnniblo  ;  to  affect  with  uneasiness,  either  of 
body  or  mind  ;  used  to  express  some  uneiLsiness  or 
afii-ction,  whose  Ciiuse  is  unknown  ;  as,  what  aiU 
tlie  miui  ?    I  know  not  what  ailji  him. 

Whal  aiieth  ihce,  Ilagar?  —  Cn-n.  jxi. 

It  is  never  used  to  express  a  specific  disedse.  We 
never  say,  he  aiU  a  pleurisy  ;  but  it  is  usual  to  say, 
he  aili  something ;  he  ails  nothing  ;  nothing  ails  him. 

AIL,  n.     Indisposition,  or  morbid  udVction. 

AIL'ING,  ppr.  Diseased ;  indisposed ;  full  of  rom- 
plainls. 

AIL'MENT,  n.  Disease;  indl^'posiiton  ;  morbid  af- 
fection of  the  body  ;  but  the  word  is  not  applied  or- 
dinarily to  acute  diseases. 

AIM,  V.  L  [Uu.  Ir.  oijrAam,  to  eye.  Skinner  refers 
this  word  tt»  the  old  Fr.  (jfrnrr.  If  tliis  was  the  or- 
thography, 1  know  not  its  nffinities.] 

To  point  at,  with  a  missive  weaixm  ;  to  direct  the 
Intention  or  purpose  ;  to  atu^inpt  to  reach,  or  accom- 
plish ;  to  tend  tttward  ;  to  endeiivor ;  followed  by 
«t  before  the  object ;  as,  a  man  aims  at  dLstinctiun  ; 
or  aiMu  to  be  rich. 
3.  To  guess  or  corvjecture.    [Ohs.']  Shak. 

AIM,  r.  U  To  direct  or  point,  as  a  weapon  ;  to  direct 
to  a  particular  object ;  as,  to  aim  a  musket  or  an  ar- 
row, the  list  or  a  blow  ;  to  aim  a  satire  or  a  reflec- 
tion at  some  person  or  vice. 

AIM,  n.  Tlie  pointing  or  direction  of  a  missile  weap- 
on ;  the  direction  of  any  thing  to  a  particular  point 
or  object,  with  a  view  to  strike  or  nfl'ect  it ;  as  of  a 
ep«?ar,  a  blow,  a  discourse,  or  remark. 

2.  The  point  intended  to  be  hit,  or  object  intend- 
ed to  be  afiected  ;  as,  a  man  missed  his  mm. 

3.  FifnrativtJy,  a  ptiriHise;  intention  ;  dcsii^n  ; 
scheme ;  as,  men  are  often  disappttinted  of  their 
aim. 

4.  Conjecture ;  gueas. 

h  b  ImpoMiblr,  bj  aim,  to  tell  tt.    [Not  u»td  ] 

Spenttr  en  JreJand. 

AIM'£D,  pp.  Pointed;  directed;  intended  to  strike 
or  affect. 

.^IM'ER,  n.     One  that  aims. 

AI.M'ING,  ppr.  Pointing  a  wrnpon  at  nn  object;  di- 
recting anything  to  an  object ;  intending;  purpos- 
ing. 

AIM'LESS,  a.    Without  aim. 

AIM'LESS-LY,  adr.     Without  aim. 

AIR,  a.  [Fr.  air :  L.  aer ;  Gr.  artp  ;  It.  aria  ;  Sp.  ayre ; 
Port,  or  ;  Arm,  rar^  eer ;  Ir.  aer  ;  W.  awtjr  ;  Ch.i^'^K, 

aur;  Syr.  >|(,  aar;  Eth.  t^jic,;   At.     L»i»  aiyar. 

This  word,  in  the  Shemitic  languages,  falls  under 
the  root  •^■'K  Heb.  and  Ch.,  to  shine.  The  radical 
scn9e  is  to  open,  expand ;  whence  clear ;  or  to  flow, 
to  shoot,  to  radiate.) 

1.  The  fluid  which  we  breathe.  Air  is  inodor- 
ous, invisible,  insipid,  colorless,  elastic,  possesst^d 
of  gravity,  and  easily  moved,  rarefied,  and  con- 
densed. 

JStmtispheric  air  is  composed  by  volume  of  20  or 
91  ox)"gen,  and  80  or  79  nitrogen  ;-by  weight,  of  8 
oxygen  to  OS  nitrogen. 

The  body  of  air  surrounding  the  earth  is  called 
the  ntmo^hfTt^  The  8[»ecific  gravity  of  air  is  to  that 
of  water  nearly  as  1  to  8-28.  Air  is  necessary  to 
life;  being  inhaled  into  tiie  lungs,  ilie  oxygenous 
part  is  separated  from  the  azotic,  and  is  supposed  to 
fttrnish  the  body  with  heat  and  animation.  Air  is 
also  the  medium  of 'sounds,  and,  under  ordinary 
circumstances,  is  necessary  to  combustion. 

3.  An  aeriform  body ;  a  gas  ;  as,  oxygen  is  called 
vital  air. 

3.  Air  in  motion  ;  a  light  breeze. 

L«  remai  aira  through  trembling  osiers  play.  Pope. 

4.  Vent ;  utterance  abroad  ;  publication  ;  publici- 
ty ;  as,  a  story  has  taken  air. 

You  gave  it  air  before  in-!.  Dnjden, 

Wind  is  used  in  like  manner. 

5.  A  tune  ;  a  short  song  or  piece  of  music  adapted 
to  words  ;  also,  the  peculiar  modulation  of  the  notes, 
which  gives  music  its  character  ;  as,  a  soft  air  A 
song  or  piece  of  poetry  for  singing;  also,  the  lead- 
ing part  of  a  tune,  or  that  which  is  intended  to  ex- 
hibit the  greatest  variety  of  melody. 

6.  The  i>eculiar  look,  appearance,  manner  or  mien 
of  a  person  ;  as,  a  heavy  air  ;  the  air  of  a  youth  ;  a. 
graceful  afr;  a  lofty  air.  It  is  applied  to  manners 
or  gestures,  as  well  as  to  features 


AIR 

7.  Airs^  in  the  plural.  Is  used  to  denote  an  affect- 
ed manner,  show  of  pride,  liaughtiness  ;  as  when 
it  is  said  of  a  person,  he  puis  on  airs.  The  word  is 
used,  also,  to  express  the  artificial  motions  or  car- 
riage of  a  horse. 

8.  In  paintings  that  which  expresses  the  life  of  ac- 
tion ;  manner;  gesture;  attitude. 

9.  Any  thing  light  or  uncertain  ;  that  is  light  as 
air. 

Who  buUdi  hb  hope  in  air  of  your  Aur  looka.    [(l,u.  Obt.\ 

•Shak. 

10.  Advice;  intelligence;  infonnalion.    [06s.] 

[Bacon.} 

11.  Different  states  of  atr  are  characterized  by  dif- 
ferept  epithets;  as,  good  air^  foul  air,  morning  airy 
evening  uir;  and  sonn'times  aim  may  have  been 
used  for  ill  scent  or  vai>or,  but  tlie  use  is  not  legiti-« 
mate. 

To  take  the  air,  is  to  go  abroad  ;  to  walk  or  ride  a 
little  distance. 

To  take  air,  is  to  be  divulged  ;  to  be  made  jmblic. 

AIR,  r.  t.  To  expose  to  the  air  ;  to  ^ve  access  to  the 

ojien  air;  to  ventilate;  as,  to  air  clotlies ;  to  atr  a 

room. 

9.  To  expose  to  heat ;  to  warm  ;  as,  to  air  liquors. 

'3.  To  dry  by  a  fire  ;  to  expel  dampness  ;  as,  to  air 

linen. 

XIR'A,  n.    Ilair-grass,  a  genus  of  plants. 

.^IR'-HAULOON'.     See  Balloon. 

AIR-BAt-LOON'IST,  n.  One  who  makes  or  uses 
air-b:illoons.  Kirby. 

AIR'-BLAD-DER,  n.  A  vesicle  or  cuticle  filled  with 
air,  as  the  cells  of  the  lungs.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  The  bladder  of  a  fish,  containing  air,  by  which 
it  is  enabled  to  maintain  its  eqi|Uibriuiii  in  the  wa- 
ter, 

AIU'-nORN,  a.     Bom  of  tlie  air.  CongrevA, 

AlR'-B6Ri\E,  a.     Borne  in  or  bv  the  air. 

AIK'-BRA  V-liN'G,  a.     Bniviug  the  winds.        Shak. 

AIH'-BUILT,  (-bilt,)fl.  Erected  in  the  air ;  Iuivuilmio 
solid  foundation  ;  chimerical ;  as,  an  air-buUl  castle  ; 
air-built  hopes. 

AIU'-CELLS,  n.  pL  Cavities  or  cells  containmg  air. 
In  plantjij  certain  cavities  in  the  cclluliir  tissue,  by 
which  they  are  rendered  buoyant  in  water ;  in  bird^, 
the  same  as  the  air-sacs  ;  in  iiuscctsj  dilatations  of 
the  air-vessels. 

AIR'-DRAWN,  a.   Drawn  in  air  ;  imaginary.  Shak. 

AIR'/;IJ,  pp.  Ex[>osed  to  air  ;  cleansed  by  air  ;  heat- 
ed or  dried  by  exposure  to  a  fire  ;  ventilated. 

AIR'KR,  n.     One  who  exposes  to  the  air. 
2.  A  frame  on  which  clothes  are  aired. 

AIR'-GUN,  71.  A  pneumatic  engine,  resembling  a 
mufket,  to  discharge  bullets  by  means  of  ttie  el.istic 
force  of  compressed  air.  Kncf/c 

AIR'-IIOLD-ER,  n.  [air  and  A^W.] 

An  instniment  for  holding  air,  for  the  purpose  of 
counteracting  the  pressure  of  a  decreasing  column 
of  merrur>-.  Clajjjield.     Davy. 

AIR'-HOLE,  n.  An  opening  to  admit  or  discharge  air. 

AIH'I-LY,  euiv.     In  an  airy  manner. 

AIR'I-NESS,  n.  Exiwsure  to  a  free  current  of  air; 
openness  to  the  air  ;  as,  the  airiness  of  a  country- 
seat. 

2.  Gayety  ;  levity ;  as,  the  airiMss  of  young  per- 
sons. 

AIR'ING,  ppr.  Exposing  to  the  air  ;  wanning  ;  dry- 
ing. 

AIR'ING,  n.  An  exposure  to  the  air,  or  to  a  fire,  for 
wanning  or  drying  ;  also,  a  walk  or  ride  in  the  open 
air ;  a  short  excursion.  The  exercise  of  horses  in 
the  open  air. 

AIR'^ACK-ET,  n.  A  jacket  having  air-tight  cells  or 
cavities  which  can  be  filled  with  air,  to  render  per- 
sons buoyant  in  swimming.  Ennjc. 

AIR'LESS,  a.  Not  open  to  a  free  current  of  air; 
wanting  fresh  air,  or  communication  with  open  air. 

AIR'IilNG,  71,     A  thoughtless,  gay  person.    Jortson. 

AIR'-PIPE,  n.  A  pipe  ujied  to  draw  foul  air  from  a 
ship's  hold,  by  means  of  a  communication  witli  the 
furnace,  and  the  rarefaction  of  the  air  by  fire.  This 
pi|>e  is  intendfd  to  supply  the  combustion  with  the 
air  of  the  hold,  by  preventing  the  access  of  other  air 
to  the  fin?.  Enx:yc. 

AIR'-PLA\T,  n.  A  name  given  to  certain  plants, 
which  will  grow  for  a  long  time,  without  being  root- 
ed in  earth,  or  in  any  other  substance.  They  have 
been  supposi-d  to  derive  their  nourishment  wholly 
from  the  air  ;  but,  in  many  cases,  it  comes  from  otli- 
er  plants,  or  from  vegetable  matter,  with  which  they 
are  in  contact.  Brande. 

AIR'-POISE,  7t.  [air  and  poUe.! 

An  instrument  to  measure  the  weight  of  the  air. 

AIR'-PUMP,  7U  A  machine  for  exhausting  the  air  of 
a  vessel.  The  machines  for  this  purpose  are  of  dif- 
ferent constructions. 

AIR'-SA€S,  n.  pi.  Air-bags,  in  birds,  which  are  cer- 
tain receptacles  of  air,  or  vesicles  iodqed  in  the  fleshy 
parts,  in  the  hollow  bones,  and  in  the  abdomen, 
wiiich  all  communicate  with  the  liinirs.  Th^'se  are 
supposed  to  n^nder  the  body  sperific:illy  lit'hter,  and 
to  supply  the  place  of  a  musctUar  diaphragm. 

Knrvr.. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LI^  WH.^T MeTE,  PRgY PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQI.F,  BQ^K.. 


ALA 

AIR'-SHAFT,  «.  A  passage  for  air  into  a  mine,  usu- 
ally opened  in  a  p<^rp'''i'li<^'ular  direction,  and  nteet- 
ing  the  aditg  or  tiorizunt^tl  passages,  to  cau^  a  free 
circulation  of  fresh  air  througli  the  mine.    Eneyc 

JIR-eLACK'£D,  C-slakt',)  a.  t-lacked  or  pulverized 
by  expitsure  to  the  air ;  as,  air-slacked  lime. 

JIR'->STIR-RING,  (-stur-ring,)  a.  Putting  the  air  in 
motion.  May. 

aiR'-THREAD,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  spider's 
webs,  which  are  ofUn  seen  floating  in  the  air,  and 
serve  to  support  tlie  spider  when  in  quest  of  prey. 

Eitcyc. 

AIR'-THREAT'EN-ING,  (-thret'ning,)  a.  Threat- 
ening the  air  ;  lolliy.  Todd, 

AIR'-TIGUT,  C-tite,)  a.     [air  and  tiffhtl 

So  tight  or  comiKict  as  to  be  impermeable  to  air. 
.  ilR'-TRAP,  7u     A  contrivance  fur  the  escape  of  foul 
air  from  drains,  sewers,  &c. 

AIR'-VES-SEL,  !i.  In  plants,  a  spiral  duct  contain- 
ing air,  and  supposed  to  be  analogous  to  tliu  lungs 
in  animals.  Encyc. 

2.  In  insects,  a  tube  or  trachea,  by  which  air  is 
conveyed  through  the  body,  for  the  purpose  of  res- 

fiimtion. 
t'Y,  a.    Consisting  of  air;  as,  an  ain/  substance. 

2.  Relating  or  belonging  to  air ;  high  in  air;  as, 
an  airy  flight ;  airy  region. 

3.  Open  lu  a  free  current  of  air  ;  as,  an  airy  situ- 
ation. 

4.  Light  as  air  ;  resembling  air  ;  thin  ;  unsubstan- 
tial;  without  Solidity;  as,  airy  ghosts.  An  airy 
dress  is  one  which  admits  air,  and  is  cool. 

5.  Without  reality  ;  having  no  solid  foundation  ; 
vain  ;  trifling ;  as,  an  airy  scheme  ;  airy  notions. 

6.  Gay ;  sprightly  ;  full  of  vivacity  and  levity ; 
light  of  heart ;  lively  ;  as,  an  airy  girl. 

ilR'Y,  or  A'E-RIE,  n.     [See  Aerie.] 

Among  ityortsmen,  the  nest  of  the  hawk  or  eagle. 
ArR'V-FLY-I.NG,  a.     Flying  like  air.         Tfuniuon. 
AISLE,  or  AILE,  (ile,)  n.     [Fr.  aile,  a  wing ;  L.  ala.] 

1.  In  architecture,  a  tenn  applied  to  the  side  por- 
tions of  a  cJmrch,  in  distinction  from  the  central 
portion  or  nave.  F.  Cyc 

2.  A  walk  or  pa.«<sage  in  a  church. 
AISL'£D,  (i'ld,)  o.  Furnished  with  aisles,     Byron. 
AIT,  n.    An  islet,  or  little  i.sle,  in  a  river  or  lake. 
AI-ZOO\',  n.     [l5ax.  aizon,  from  L.  aizoon.     It  seems 

to  be  composed  of  Gr.  01:1,  always,  Sax.  aa,  Eng. 
aye,  and  ^toof.  living.] 

A  genus  of  plants,  called  by  Miller  Sempervive. 
The  name  h:u-.  by  sonje  writers,  been  applied  to  the 
house-leek  ana  to  the  aloes.  Encyc 

A-JAR',  adr.     Partly  o(>cn  ;  as  a  door. 

A-JA'VA,  n.  The  seed  of  a  plant  brought  from  Mal- 
abar, said  to  be  an  excellent  carminative,  and  very 
useful  in  the  colic.  Q.uinqt- 

A-JC'GA,  n.     Itugle  ;  a  genus  of  plants.         Encyc. 

AJ'U-TAGE,  or  AD'Jti-TACE,  n.  [Fr.  from  ajouUry 
to  juin.l 

A  tube  ntted  to  the  mouth  of  a  ves.sel,  through 
which  the  water  of  a  fountain  is  to  he  played. 

A-KL\',  a.     [a,  or  of,  and  kin.    See  Kin.] 

1.  Rclat'-d  by  bltKHl,  used  of  persons  ■  as,  the  two 
families  are  near  aiiin. 

2.  Allied  by  nature  ;  partaking  of  the  same  prof^ 
ertiea  ;  as,  envy  and  jealousy  are  near  akin.  [tMb 
adjective  is  used  only  after  the  noun.] 

AL  ;  in  Jlrabic,  an  adjective  or  ins«-parabte  prefix,  an- 
swering to  the  Italian  i/,  and  the  Sp.  rl  and  la.  Its 
use  is  to  render  nouns  definite,  like  the  English  Ote  ; 
as,  alkoran,  the  konin,  or  the  bo4'>k,  by  eminence  ;  al- 
coety  alchemy^  alembic,  almanac.  Sec. 
AL,  in  English,  is  sfinietiniei  a  contraction  of  the  Sax. 
tttkel,  noble  or  illustrious. 

More  genenilly,  aJ,  in  composition,  Is  a  contraction 
of  aid  or  alt,  old,  and  it  is  prefixed  to  many  names, 
as  Jilburg.     Sax.  eald ;  Germ,  a/f,  old. 

.^t,  in  the  composition  of  Latin  words,  is  written 
before  I  for  ad,  for  the  ease  of  pronunciation  ;  as  in 
(Utevo,  alludfl,  for  ad  Uro,  ad  ludo. 
AL'A-BAS-TER,  ti.  [L.,  from  Or.  aXaSaTpov  t  sup- 
posed to  be  from  1,  privative,  and  Xaiiff-tv^i},  to  take 
or  hold,  and  to  be  so  named  from  its  smoothness,  or 
from  ves;<els  having  no  handles.     Qw.] 

A  compact  variety  of  sulphate  of  lime,  or  gypsum, 
of  fine  teKiure,  and  usually  white  and  t«emi-|>ellu- 
cid,  but  sometimes  yelli»w,  red,  or  gray.  It  is  carved 
into  vases,  mantel  ornaments,  &.c.  The  name  is 
occasionally  npjJied  incorrectly  to  a  compact  variety 
of  carbonate  of  lime.  Dana. 

Among  antiquaries  and  artists,  the  name  ala!>a^ter 
is  given  to  varieties  both  of  carbtmate  of  lime  and 
gj-psum  i  the  alabaster  vcifsels  of  the  ancienta  hav- 
ing been  formed  of  both  those  ciubstances. 

P.  Cyc. 

A  sub  variety  of  carbonate  of  lime,  found  in  large 
masses,  formed  by  the  deposition  of  calcareous  par- 
ticles in  caverns  of  limentone  rocks.  These  concre- 
tions have  a  foliated,  fibrous,  or  granular  ii^tnicture, 
and  are  of  a  pure  white  color,  or  more  generally  they 
present  shades  of  yellow,  reo,  or  brown,  in  undula- 
ting or  concentric  stripes,  or  m  spotH.    Cleavelan/l. 

Among  the  ancients,  alabaster  was  also  the  name 


ALA 

of  a  vessel  in  which  odoriferous  liquors  were  kept ; 
socilled  from  the  stone  of  which  it  was  made, '  Al- 
so, the  name  of  a  measure,  containing  leu  ounces 
of  wine,  or  nine  of  oil.  Erteitc.  Macquer.  Plinv. 
AL'A-BAS-TER,  a.  Made  of  ulabaster,  or  resembling 
it.  Addison. 

Alabastruin  dendroide:  a  kind  of  laminated  alabas- 
ter, variegated  witij  figures  of  shrubs  and  trees, 
found  in  the  province  of  Hohcnstein.  Encyc. 
AL^A-HAS'TRI-AN,a.  Pertaining  to  or  like  alabaster, 
AL-AB  AS 'TRITE,  n.  A  vase,  box,  or  other  vessel 
of  alabaster,  used  by  tlie  Greeks  and  Romans  for 
holding  periumes.  Eluies. 

A-LACK',  exclam.    [Per.  jJaLA  halaka,  perdition,  de- 
stniction,  and  alaksadan,  to  perish.] 
An  exclamation  expressive  of  sorrow. 

A-L.'\CK'A-DAY  ;  an  exclamation  uttered  to  express 
regret  or  sorrow. 

A-LAC'RI-OUS,  a.     Cheerful. 

A-LAC'RI-OUS-LY,  adc.    With  alacrity  ;  cheerfully. 

A-LAC'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.     Briskness.     [A^i  useit,] 

A-LAC'RI-TY,  n.  [L.  uiacritti.t,  from  alacrr,  alacris.] 
Cheerfulness;  gayety;  sprightliness ;  more  usually, 
a  cheerful  readiness  or  pnunptilude  to  do  some  act ; 
cheerful  willingness  ;  as,  tlie  soldiers  advanced  with 
alacrity  to  meet  the  enemy. 

A-LAD'IN-ISTS,  n.  pU  Free  thinkers  among  the  Mo- 
hammedans. Encyc. 

AL'A-LH'E,  n.  A  bright  green  variety  of  pyroxene, 
in  prisms  ;  obtained  lirst  near  the  village  of  Ala,  in 
Piedmont.  Cleaveland, 

X-LA-MI'RE,  (a-la-me'ra,)  71.  The  lowest  note  but 
one  in  Guidu  .Aretine's  scale  of  nmsic.      Johnson. 

AL-A-MoDE',o^f.  [Fr.  d  la  morfe,aaerthe  fashion.] 
According  to  the  fashion  or  prevailing  mode. 

Whitlock. 

AL-A-MoDE',  n.  A  thin  gloiisy  black  silk  for  hoods, 
scarfs,  &c. 

X-LA-MORT',  a.  [Fr.  d  la  morW]  Depressed  ;  mel- 
ancholy. 

A-LANI>',  adv.    At  or  on  land.  Sidney. 

A-LAN'TirV,  n.  An  amylaceous  or  starchy  sub- 
stance extracted  from  the  root  of  the  Angelica  arch- 
angi'lica  ;  identical  with  Inulin. 

A'LAR,a.    [L.  a/a,  a  wiug.]    Pertaining  to,  or  having 

AL'A-RY,  a.     Of  the  nature  of  wings.  [wings. 

A-LARM',  w.  [Dan.  larm,  noise,  bustle,  alarm  i 
larme,  to  make  a  noise  or  btwtle,  to  alarm;  G.  Idnn, 
Idrmen,  id.  ;  Sw.  larm,  larina^  id.  ;  Fr.  alarme,  alar- 
mer;  Sp.  alarma,  alarmar  ;  It.  aJlarme,  allarmare ; 
W.  alarm,  a  great  shout,  compounded  of  al,  very, 
most,  and  gnrm,  an  outcry.  The  Welsh  gives  the 
true  origin  and  priuiary  signification.] 

1.  Any  sound,  outcry,  or  information,  intended  to 
give  notice  of  approaching  danger ;  as,  to  sound  an 
alarm. 

2.  A  summons  to  arms.  Dryden. 

3.  Sudden  surprise  with  fear  or  terror ;  as,  the 
fire  of  the  enemy  excited  an  alarm. 

4.  Terror ;  a  sensation  excited  by  an  apprehen- 
sion of  danger,  from  whatever  cause ;  as,  we  felt  an 
alarm  at  the  cry  of  fire. 

.^  A  mechanical  contrivance  for  awaking  persons 
from  sleep,  or  rousing  their  attention. 

(i.  In  fencing,  an  a|»|»eal  or  challenge.        Encyc. 
A-LARM',  p.  t.     To  give  notice  of  danger  ;  to  rouse 
to  vigilance,  and  exertions  for  safety, 

2.  To  call  to  arms  for  defense. 

3,  To  suri>rise  with  ajiprehension  of  danger;  to 
disturb  with  terror;  to  fill  with  anxiety  by  the  pros- 
pect of  evil. 

A-LAR.M'-BELL,  ji.  A  bell  that  gives  notice  of 
dangtrr. 

A-LARM'-GLOCK,  n.  A  cI(M-k  which  can  be  so  set 
as  to  ring  loudly  at  a  particular  hour,  to  wake  from 
sleep,  or  excite  alt«-nlion. 

A-LXR.\I'Kl->,  p/i.  Notified  of  stidden  danger;  sur- 
prised with  fear;  roused  to  vigilance  or  activity  by 
apprehension  of  approaching  danger;  solicitous  at 
Uje  prospect  or  cxpectiition  of  evil.  Thus,  we  are 
alarmed  at  the  approach  of  danger,  or  alarmed  for 
the  safety  of  friends  at  sea- 

A-LXRM'Cn'*5,  /'/"■•  Giving  notice  of  approaching 
danger;  rousing  to  vigilance  ;  exciting  solicitude  by 
a  prospect  of  evil, 

A-LARM'IXG,  0,  Exciting  apprehension;  terrify- 
ing; awakening  a  sense  of  danger ;  as,  an  a^armtn^ 
message. 

A  LARM'IXG-LY,  adv.  With  alarm;  in  a  manner 
to  excite  apprehension. 

A-LaR.M'IST,  n.     One  that  excites  alarm. 

A-LXRM'-PCHT,  n.  A  pluce  to  which  troops  are  to 
repair  in  cases  of  an  alarm. 

A-LAR.M'-WATCH,  n.  A  watch  that  can  be  so  set 
a»  to  strike  frequently  ut  a  particular  hour,  to 
awaken  attention. 

A-LAR'UM,  for  Alarm,  is  a  corruption,  and  is  not  to 
be  used. 

A-LAS',  exclam.     [Dutch,  hr.laas  ;  Fr.  kclas.] 

An  exclamation  expressive  of  sorrow,  grief,  pity, 
concern,  or  apprehension  of  evil;   sometimes  fol- 


ALB 

lowed  hy  day  or  ichite;  alas  the  day,  Vike  alack  a  day  j 
or  altis  Oie.  wh'de,  \_Obs.\     Spenser,  expressing  an  un- 
happy time, 
A-LAf  E',  adv.    Lately.     [JVot  used.] 

A'LA-TED   (  "•     ^^'  °'°»  *  wing  ;  alctus,  winged.] 
In  nutarat  history,  winged  ;  bordered  by  a  mem- 
branous or  leafy  expansion.  Brands. 

AL-A-TER'NUS,  n.  The  trivial  name  of  a  species 
df  Rhamnus  or  buckthorn. 

ALB,  n.     [L.  albus,  Gr.  aXfo^,  white.] 

A  tunic  or  vestment  of  white  linen,  reaching  to 
the  feet,  worn  by  the  Roman  Catholic  clergy.  Also, 
a  Turkish  coin,  c.-ilied  also  an  (wpcr,  value  one  hun- 
dred and  twelve  mills. 

AL'BA-TROSS,  it.  An  aquatic  fowl,  belonging  to 
the  order  of  Anseres.  The  bill  is  straight ;  the  upper 
mandible  crooked  at  the  point,  and  the  lower  one 
truncated  ;  the  nostrils  are  oval,  open,  and  but  little 
prominent,  and  placed  on  the  sides;  the  wings  are 
pennated,  and  there  are  three  webbed  toes  on  each 
foot.  The  upper  part  of  the  body  is  sometimes 
white,  but  usually  of  a  spotted  brown,  and  the  belly 
white.  It  is  of  the  size  of  a  pelican  or  larger,  very 
voracious,  preying  on  fish  and  small  water  fowls. 
These  fowls  are  seen  in  great  numbers  about  the 
capes  of  the  two  continents,  and  on  the  north- 
eastern shores  of  Asia.  They  are  sometimes  called 
the  great  gull.  Encyc. 

AL-Bk'1T.  [This  is  supposed  to  be  a  compound  of 
all,  be,  and  U,  and  is  equivalent  to  admit,  or  grant 
it  all.] 

Be  it  so ;  admit  all  that ;  although ;  notwith- 
standing. 

WhercM  ye  say,  Tho  Lord  uulb  it,  aibeil  I  have  not  apoItMi.  — 
K.i.  xiU. 

[This  trord  is  nearly  antiquated.] 

AL-BES'CENT,  a.     [L.  aibesco,  to  grow  white.] 

Becoming  white ;  or  rather,  whitish ;  moderate- 
ly white.  Enaie. 

AL'BI-CoRE,  JI.  [Port,  albacor;  al  and  bacoro,  a  lit- 
tle pig.] 

A  marine  fish,  like  a  tunny,  noted  for  following 
ships. 

AI^BI  FI  CA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  making  white, 

AL-BI-<!;EN'SeS,  AL-BI-CEOIS',  n.  pi.  A  party  of 
reformers,  who  separated  from  the  church  of  Rome 
in  the  12th  century  ;  so  called  from  the  Albigeois,  a 
small  territory  in  Fmnce,  where  they  resided.  They 
are  sometimes  confotmded  with  the  IValdeimes ;  but 
they  were  prior  to  them  in  time,  diflrred  from  them 
in  some  of  their  tenets,  and  resided  in  a  different 
part  of  France.  The  Roman  Catholics  made  war 
upon  them,  and  they  gradually  dwindled,  till  tlie 
Refonnation,  when  the  remains  of  them  fell  in  H-ith 
the  followers  of  Zuinglius  and  the  Genevan  Protes- 
tants. Encyc. 

AL'BIN,  71.     [L.  albu/t,  white.l 

A  variety  of  apupliyllite,  of  an  opaque  white  color, 
from  Aussig,  in  Bohemiiu 

AL'BI-NISM,7i.     The  state  or  condition  of  an  albino. 

AL-BI'NO,  n.     [L.  albus,  white.] 

A  white  person  belonging  to  a  race  of  blacks. 
This  tenn  was  originally  applied,  by  the  Portuguese, 
to  the  white  negroes  on  the  C4Kist  of  Africa  ;  but  is 
now  appti^d  generally  to  denote  individuals  of  any 
race  of  mim,  characterized  by  a  preternatural  white- 
ness of  the  skin  and  hair,  and  a  peculiar  redness  of 
the  iris  and  jHipil  of  the  eye.  P.  Cyc. 

AL-BI'NO-I»M,  n.    The  state  of  an  albino. 

Partington. 

AL'BI-ON,  n.  An  ancient  name  of  England,  still 
used  in  poetry.  It  is  supposed  this  name  was  given 
to  it  nri  account  of  its  white  clifls. 

AL'BITE,  n,  A  species  of  mineral,  of  the  feldspar 
family,  of  a  white  color;  difteringfrom  the  common 
feldspar  in  containing  soda  instead  of  potash.  It  is 
n  constituent  of  many  varieties  of  granitic  rocks. 

AL-BO'RA,  TI.  A  sort  of  itch,  or  rather  leprosy,  ter- 
minating without  ulceration,  but  with  fetid  evacua^ 
tions  in  the  mouth  and  nostrils.  Qmncij. 

AL-Bo'RAK,  71.  The  white  mule  on  which  "Mo- 
hammed is  said  to  have  journeyed  from  the  temple 
of  Jernsnleni  to  heaven. 

AL-Bu  OLN'E-A,  n.  [L.]  The  partial  coat  of  the 
eye,  fornu'd  by  the  ex[Kinsion  of  the  tendons  of  its 
straight  muscles,  at  their  insertion  into  tlie  sclerotica 
around  tlie  cornea.  It  forms  tlie  white  of  the  eye, 
so  called. 

AL-BC-GIN'E-OUS,  a.  [L.  albugo,  the  white  si»ot  in 
the  eye,  from  albus,  white.] 
Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  white  of  the  eye, 

or  of  an  eflg.  Enryc. 

AWagineuxis  humor ;  the  aqueous  humor  of  the  eye. 
Enryc.  Q_uincy. 
AL-BCGO,  n.  The  white  speck  in  the  eye,  called 
the  pin  and  web,  and  also  the  Jitm,  haw,  dragon, 
pearl,  or  cicatrice.  It  is  a  disease  of  the  eye,  orca- 
sioned  by  a  white  opaque  ."ipot  growing  on  tlie  cornea 
atrd  obstructing  vision.  It  is  called  also  leucomUy 
nebula,  pannus  oaAi,  onyx,  unguis,  &.C. 

Quiney.    Eneyc. 


TC\E,  BJ;LL,  IGNITE.  —  AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS.— €  as  K;  6  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CU  as  SH ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


ALC 

AL'BUM,  R.    [L.  alhui,  white.] 

1.  Among  Ike  Romans^  a  while  table,  board,  or 
reirister,  on  which  the  niune^  of  public  officers  and 
public  traiisnctioii^  were  entered.  Lat.  Viet. 

2.  A  book,  origin:dty  blank,  in  which  foreiiniers 
or  stranp-rs  insert  autngraphs  of  celebrated  persons, 
or  in  which  friends  in^rt  piect^  as  nK^nuiriiUs  f»r 
each  other.  Also,  a  book  at  public  place:;,  in  wliich 
vftitors  enter  their  names. 

AI^BO'MEN',  n.    [L.,  from  «Ifriu,  While.] 

1.  The  white  of  an  cpe. 

a.  A  substance,  which  forms  a  constituent  part  of 
both  the  animal  fluids  and  si>lids,  and  which  e.\i8t^ 
nearly  pure  in  the  while  of  an  egg.  A  substance, 
piissessmg  the  same  or  similar  proiR-rtie*,  occurs  m 
a  [wozimale  principle  iu  vegetables. 

3.  In  boUttf,  a  subsUince  iuterjKwed  between  Ihe 
embrj-o  and  integiiment  of  the  se^,  in  SQine  plants. 
It  furois  the  bulk  of  tba  8ee4  in  corn,  co^e,  Ute 
cocoa-nut,  and  tlie  cacas. 

Alr-BC'MIN-OL'S,  a.    Pertaining  to,  or  having  the 

pi\>pi^riiej  of  albumen. 
AL'BURX,  a.    Auburn.  JQwyc 

AlrBUR.N'X'M,  M.    [U,  from  a26w,  whUe.] 

The  white  and  suAer  part  <kf  wood,  between  the 

inner  bark  and  the  bard  wood  or  duramen.    In 

America,  it  is  popularly  called  the  sa^wotni.    This 

ii  annually  actiuiring  Ommeds,  and  thus  becomiOK 

.\L-€ADE',  ■-    See  Alt  a  id.  [hard  woo<L 

AL'CA-HE^T,  I  n.    [Ar.]     A  pretended  universal 

AL'1C\-HRST,  )     solvent,  or  menstruum.  [See  Ai^ 

EkHEST.] 

ALr-€A'lC,  a.  PertainiofE  to  Alc«ti«,  a  lyric  poet  of 
Mityb-ne,  in  Le^Un,  who  flourished  about  the 
forty-fourth  Olympiad  ;  or  to  other  px'ts  nf  the 
same  name,  of  which  three  are  rarntioned  ;  one 
an  Athenian  tragic  pi^t.  and  another  a  MfS^nian. 

AlrCA'ICS,  n.  pi.  Several  kinds  of  verse,  so  called 
from  Alccus,  titeir  inventor.  One  kind  consiiits  of 
five  feet,  a  spondee  or  iambic,  an  iambic,  a  long 
sylU^le,  and  two  dactyls.  Ijtcyc. 

AL-eillV,  a.    [Sp.  oloayd* ;  Port,  akmds  t  Ar.  OoU» 

kmidon,  with  the  prefix  of,  from  ^Ij  Jcaduy  to  lead, 
rule,  Bovem.     Hence  the  Cadi  of  the  Turks.] 

Ainun^  t/ie  Moors,  SoaniimLi,  and  Pnrtngitr.ie^  B 
governor.  In  PorittfM^  the  chief  civil  mns!).->'trate 
of  a  tiiwn  or  city  ;  alM),  the  jurimlictton  of  certain 
judges  of  app«U.  In  Spain^  the  povemur  of  a  cas- 
tle or  fort  ;  also,  a  jailer.  S/wiiu  and  Port,  Diet, 

AL-CAL'PE.  n.  [Sj*.]  In  ;%'a<»,  a  niafiistnite  or 
ju»L  r.l  has  been  i>omt-timfS  improperly 

coti:  <  aUaid,  P.  Cjfc 

AL-t    '.  1       I  it,  n.    See  Alkauxktcr. 

AL-CA-N  -NA,  n.  [Arabic]  A  plmt,  a  species  of 
Lawsonia  ;  and  a  powder,  prepared  from  its  leavt?s, 
osed  by  the  Turkis^h  female^i  to  ^ive  a  golden  color 
to  the  nails  and  hair.  Infused  in  water,  it  fonns  a 
yellow  color :  with  vinegar,  it  forms  a  red.  In 
Cairo,  it  form^  an  article  of  commerce.  From  the 
berries  is  extracted  aji  oil,  used  in  medicine.  The 
same  as  Hi?rf<A.  Encsc.     Tluxtphrast. 

AL-€A-VX'LA,  n.  In  Spaim,  a  tai  on  every  trans- 
fer of  property,  real  or  personal.  Emcvc, 

AL-CE'DO,  ■-    fl*] 

The  kine-fisDer;  a  genns  of  birds,  of  the  order  of 
Pice.  The  species  are  numerous.  They  usually 
live  about  rivers,  feeding  on  fish,  which  they  take 
by  darting  into  the  water  witli  surprising  velocity. 
[i^ee  HAtxTTos.] 

aL-€HEM'I€,         I  a.    Relating  to  alchemy,  or  pro- 

AL-CHEM'ie-AL,  (     duced  bv  it. 

AL-€HEM'ie-.\L-LY,  adr.  In  the  manner  of  al- 
cbemv. 

AL'€H*E-MIST  n.    One  who  practices  alchemy. 

AL-CHE-MIST'ie,  (a.     Practicing  alchemy,  or 

AL-€HE-MlST'ie-AL,  j     reUting  to  it. 

AL'€UE-MV,  a.      [It.  aidiimia;   Ax.  al,  the,  and 

Lk^^jki^b  kimi*,  secret,  bidden,  or  the  occtdt  art, 


ixfua 


to  hide.  This  word,  according 


to  ha  deriration,  would  more  property  be  speUed 
clchnt^.    Bee  Chemistet.] 

1.  1  he  more  sublime  and  difficult  parts  of  chem- 
istry, and  chiefly  such  as  relate  to  the  transmuta- 
tion of  meiald  into  gold,  the  finding  a  universal 
remedy  for  diseases,  and  an  alkahest,  or  universal 
solvent,  and  other  things  now  treated  as  ridiculous. 
This  pretended  science  was  much  cultivated  from 
the  thirteenth  to  the  seventeenth  centurj',  but  is 
cow  held  in  contempt. 

2.  Formerly,  a  mixed  metal  used  for  utensils. 
AL€>-MA'>:i-A\,  a.    Pertaining  to  Alcman,  a  l>'Hc 

poet  of  the  twenty-seventh  Olympiad,  celebrated 
for    his    ain'^tous    verses.     The   Alcmanian    verse 


ALD 

consisted  of  six  anapests  or  tlieir  equivalent*", 
wanting  the  two  last  syllables.  Encyc. 

AL'€0,  If.  A  qunUrufR-d  of  America,  nearly  resem- 
bling a  dog,  but  mute  and  melancholy  ;  and  this 
circumstance  seems  to  have  given  rise  to  the  fa* 
ble  that  dogs  tninsi»orlrd  to  America  become  mule. 
The  animal  was  used  for  foiMl  by  the  native  Ameri- 
cans, and  the  first  Sjianish  settlers  ;  but  it  is  said  to 
be  now  extinct.  It  is  known  also  by  the  name  of 
TecAicAi.  Clavigero. 

AL'eO-HOL,  a.     [Ar.  y^x^^s  kahala ;  Ileb.  Syr. 

and  Eth.  S^O,  to  paint  with  a  preparation  of 
powder  of  antimony.  The  Oriental  females  still 
practice  the  painting  of  the  eyebn.»ws  with  this 
material.  The  name  was  applied  to  this  substance, 
and  afterward  to  other  fine  powders,  and  to  high- 
ly rectified  spirits.] 

Pure  or  highly  rectified  spirit,  obtainetl  from  fer- 
mented liquors  by  distillation.  It  consists  of  hy- 
drogen, carbon,  and  oxygen.  It  is  extremely  light 
and  infl.immable,  and  a  ]K>werful  stimulant  and  anti- 
septic. This  is  the  usual  sense  of  the  word  ;  hut 
originally,  in  Arabic,  it  signified  a  fine,  impnlimMe 
powder,  in  which  sense  it  is  still  used.         Kunic. 

AL.'€0-HOL-ATE,  n.  A  salt  in  which  alcoJiof  ap- 
pears totai^e  the  place  of  the  water  of  crystnlliza- 
tton.  jSrande. 

AL-€O-H0L'ie,  a.  Pertoiniitg  to  alcohol,  or  [Hiriak- 
ing  of  lis  qualities.  Med.  Rrp. 

AL-eO-HOL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  rectifying 
spirit  till  it  is  wholly  dephlegmaled  ;  or  of  reducing 
a  substance  to  an  impalpable  powder. 

.\L'€0-HOI^IZE,  r.  t.  To  convert  into  alcohol ;  to 
rectify  spirit  till  it  is  wholly  dephlegmaled  ;  also, 
to  reduce  a  suhinance  to  an  iniptilpabte  powder. 

AL-€0-HOL'ME-TEK,  n.  An  instrument  for  deter- 
mining the  strencth  of  spirits,  with  a  scale  gradu- 
ated so  as  to  indicate  Ihe  per-ceniagu  of  pure  al- 
ctAol,  either  bv  weiglit  or  volume.  Ure. 

Al^CO-HOUMET'Rie-AL,  a.  Kelating  to  the  al- 
coholmeler  ;  as,  alcohulmetnatl  labK*s.  Ure.. 

AI,eO-MET'RIC-AL,a.  Relating  to  the  alcoomeU'r; 
as,  alcometrieal  tables.  Ure. 

AI^€(>-0.\I'E-TER,  ».  [Fr.fl/c/»ofiii'(rc.]  An  instru- 
ment contrived  by  Gay-Lussac,fiir  determining  Ihe 
strengtli  of  spirits,  by  indicating  the  per-cenluge  of 
pure  alcohol  by  volume.  *    Ure. 

.\L'COR,  n.  [Ar.]  A  small  star  adjoining  to  the 
lorgc  bright  one  in  the  middle  of  the  tail  of  Ursa 
Major.  Encyc. 

AL't'O-RAN.    See  Koba:?  and  Alkobai*. 

AL-€OVE'  !  "•    f^**"  alcoba^  composed  of  oZ,  with 

the  Ar.  i_0  Icabba,  to  arch,  to  construct  with  an 

arch,  and  its  derivatives,  an  arch,  a  round  hmise  ; 
Eng.  cubby.] 

1  .\  recess,  or  part  of  a  room,  separated  by  an 
estrade,  or  partititm  of  columns,  or  by  other  corre- 
si»onding  ornaments ;  in  which  is  placed  a  bed  of 
state,  and  sometimes  seats  for  company.  The  bed 
is  sometimes  raised  two  or  three  steps,  with  a  rail 
at  the  foot.    These  are  frequent  in  Spain.   Ettcife. 

2.  A  recess  in  a  librarj',  or  small  lateral  apart- 
ment for  books  j  or  a  similar  recess  in  a  room  of 
any  kind. 

3.  A  covered  building,  or  recess,  in  a  garden. 

4.  A  recess  in  a  grove. 
AL'CY-ON,  n.    The  trivial  name  of  a  species  of 

king-fisher.     [See  Haix;tos.] 

Alr-C'Y-ON'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Alcyonew,  Q^t- 
eyoaium,)  a  group  or  familv  of  zoophytes,  allied  to 

AL'Cy-ON-lTE,  n.     [Swpra.']  [the  sponges. 

A  fossil  zoophyte,  somewhat  resemblmg  a  fungus. 
J.  of  Science. 

AL-CY-6'Xl-UM,  n.  A  family  of  zoophytes,  branch- 
ing somewhat  like  a  plant,  and  when  alive  covered 
with  small  pol>p.<,  shaped  like  an  exfuinded  pink. 

AL-DE-Ba'R.V.\,  h.  A  star  of  the  first  magnitude, 
situated  in  the  eye  of  Taurus.  It  is  the  bright  star 
in  Ihe  group  of  five,  caUi.-d  the  Hyades.       ■/".  Cijc, 

AL'DER,  71.     [L.  ahtus  ;  Fr.  aune,  aulne ,-  Sax.  a/r.l 
A  tree,  usually  growing  in  moist  land,  and  be- 
longing to  the  genus  Alnits.     The  name  is  applied 
also  to  some  species  of  other  genera. 

AL'DER;  the  ancient  genitive  plural  of  the  Saxon 

"  eo/,  all.    It  was  formerly  prefixed  to  adjectives  in 

the  superlative  ;  as,a/der^'r.v(,  first  of  all ;  alder-bent^ 

best  of  all ;  alder-liefest,  or  edder-lieveat,  (from  /*>/,) 

dearest  of  all.  Toone. 

AL'DER-M,\X,  »t.,-p/.  Aldermew.  [Sax.  a?(/,  or  eaW, 
old,  comp.  alilrr,  older,  and  man;  G.  alti  D.  oud.] 

1.  Among  our  Saxon  ancestors,  a  senior  or  supe- 
rior. The  title  was  applied  to  princes,  dukes,  earls, 
senators,  and  presiding  magistrates;  also  tn  arch- 
bishops and  bishops,  implying  superior  wisdom  or 
authority.  Thus  Ethelstan,  duke  of  the  Easl- 
Anglians,  was  called  alderman  of  all  P^ngland: 
and  there  were  aldermen  of  cities,  counties,  ana 


ALE 

castles,  who  had  jurisdiction  within  their  respec- 
tive districts. 

2.  In  present  usage^  a  magistrate  or  officer  of  a 
town  corporate,  next  in  rank  below  the  mayor. 
The  number  of  aldermen  is  different  in  ditTerent 
cities.  In  London^  tlie  number  is  twenty-six,  one 
in  each  ward,  and  the  office  is  held  for  life. 

Spelnian.  Cowel,  Encyc. 
In  the  United  States,  the  number  of  aldermen 
depends  on  the  charters  of  incorporation.  In  gen- 
eral, aldermen  have  the  powers  of  a  justice  of  the 
peace,  nnd,  with  the  mayor,  they  constitute  the 
court  of  the  corporation.  In  most  of  our  cities  they 
are  annually  elected  by  the  citizens. 

AI/hEK-MAN-UKE,  a.     Like  an  alderman. 

AL'DKR-M.\N-LV,  o.  Pertaining  to  or  like  an  al- 
derman. Swifi. 

AL'UEKX,  fl.     Made  of  alder. 

AL'DINE  E-DI"TIOx\S,  «.  pL  A  term  applied  to 
those  editions,  chiefly  of  the  classics,  which  pro- 
ceeded fnun  the  press  of  Aldus  Manulius,  of 
Venice,  for  the  most  part  in  the  sixteenth  century. 
The  tenn  has  been  recently  applied  to  certain  ele- 
gant editions  of  English  works. 

ALE,  n.  [Sa\,  eala,  rate,  or  aloth  ;  G.  dl ;  Sw-  Vl  ; 
Dun.  Vl;  Ir.  ol ;  Ou.  Ir.  olam,  to  drink.] 

1.  A  liquor  made  from  an  infusion  of  malt  by 
fermentation.  It  ditJ'ers  from  beer  in  having  a 
sTiiaJler  proportion  of  hops,  and  hence  being  sweeter, 
and  of  a  lighter  color.  It  is  of  different  sorts,  chiefly 
paie  and  braicn ;  the  first,  made  from  malt  slightly 
dried ;  the  second,  from  malt  more  considerably 
dried  or  roasted.  Ale  was  the  common  drink  of  the 
ancient  inhabitants  of  Europe.  It  is  usually  made 
with  barley  ;  but  sometimes  with  wheat,  rye, 
millet,  oats,  &.C.  Encyc. 

2.  A  merry  meeting  in  English  country  places,  so 
called  from  the  liquor  drank.  Ben  Jon,-<on. 

Medicated  ales  are  those  which  are  prepared  for 
medicinal  purposes,  by  an  infusion  of  herbs  during 
fermentation.  Encyc. 

ALE'-BEXCH,  n.  A  bench  in  or  before  an  ale- 
house. Homilies. 

ALE'-BER-RY,  n.  A  beverage,  made  by  boiling  ale 
with  spice,  sugar,  and  sops  of  bread.        Johnson. 

ALE'-DREVY-Ell,  «.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
brew  Hie. 

ALE'-€0\-NER,  v.  [ate  and  con,  to  know  or  see.] 
An  officer  in  London,  in  former  times,  whose 
business  was  to  insi»ect  the  measures  used  in  public 
liouses,  to  prevent  frauds  in  selling  liquors.  Four 
of  these  were  chosen  annually  by  the  livery-men, 
in  common  hall,  on  midsummer's  day.    Act  of  ParL 

ALE'-eoST,  Ti.  C'ostniary,  a  plant,  a  species  of 
Tanacetum. 

ALE'-FED,  a.     Fed  with  ale.  Stafford. 

ALE'-HOIJSE,  M.  A  house  where  ale  is  retailed  j 
and  hence,  a  lippling-house. 

ALE'-KOUSE-KiJiP'EK,  n.  One  who  keeps  an 
ale-hoUKe. 

ALE'-KNIGIIT,  w.    A  pot  companion.        Camden. 

ALE'-SllUT,  w.     A  reckoning  to  be  paid  for  ale. 

ALE'-SIL-VER,  n.  A  duty  paid  to  the  lord  mayor 
of  London,  by  the  sellers  of  ale  within  the  city. 

ALE'-STAKE,  n.  A  stake  set  as  a  sign  before  an 
ale-house.  Chaucer. 

ALE'-TAST-ER,  n.  An  officer,  in  former  times,  ap- 
pointed in  every  cotirt  leet,  and  sworn,  to  inspect 
ate,  beer,  and  bread,  and  examine  the  quality  and 
quantity  within  the  precincts  of  the  lordship. 

Cowel. 

ALE'- VAT,  n.    A  vat  in  which  ale  is  fermented. 

ALE'-W-^SH-£D,  (ale'-wosht,)  a.  Steeped  or  soaked 
in  ale.  .    Shak. 

ALE'-WIFE,  n.    A  woman  who  keeps  an  ale-house. 

A  LE' WIFE,  /  n.    [This  word  is  properly  aloof  the  In- 

A'LOOF,  i  dian  name  of  a  fish.  See  Winthrop 
on  the  culture  of  maize  in  America,  Phil.  Trans.  No. 
l-fcj,  p.  10G5,  and  Baddam's  Memoirs,  vol.  2,  131.] 

An  American  fish,  belonging  to  the  genus  Clupea, 
and  called  Clupea  srrrata.  It  resembles  the  her- 
ring. The  established  pronunciation  is  alcwife,  pi. 
alcicires. 

ALEe-TO-R0M'A-€IIY,  n.  [Or.  aXcKTo^pj  a  cock, 
and  n'f\j},  a  fight.]    Cock-fighting. 

A-LEe'TRY-0-MAN-€Y,  w.  [Gr.  uAE-crpvtor,  acock, 
and  /idiTctti,  divination.] 

An  ancient  practice  of  foretelling  events  by  means 
of  a  cock.  The  twenty-four  letters  were  traced  on 
the  ground,  and  a  grain  of  com  laid  on  each  ;  a 
cock  was  then  permitted  to  pick  up  the  grains,  and 
the  letters  under  the  grains  selected,  being  formed 
into  words,  were  supposed  to  foretell  the  event  de- 
sired. Encyc. 

A-L£E',  adv.     [a,  or  a(,  and  lee.     See  Lee.] 

In  seamen^s  langvufre,  on  the  side  opposite  to  the 
wind,  that  is,  opp<jsite  to  the  side  on  which  it 
strikes.  The  helm  of  a  ship  is  alee,  when  pressed 
close  to  the  lee  side. 

Hard  alee,  or  Luffalecj  is  an  order  to  put  the  helm 
to  the  lee  side. 

Helm^s  alee ;  that  is,  the  helm  is  alee,  a  notice  given 
as  an  order  to  the  seamen  to  cause  the  head-sajjs  to 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WlL^T.— METE,  PREY.— PINE,  MAKXXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK. - 
38  ~  ^b 


ALG 

shake  in  Ihe  winrl,  wiili  a  view  to  bring  the  ship 
aboiil.  JIar.  Diet. 

AL'E-GAR,  n.  [«/?,  and  Fr.  ai^r,  snur.]  Sour  alej 
llie  arid  of  ale  ;  vinrenr  made  of  ale. 

AL'EtiEK,  c  fFr.  ale^rrr ;  h.  alacer.]  Gay;  cheer- 
ful ;  sprightly.     [Aol  ujied.]  Bacon, 

A-LEGGE',  r.  (.     To  lighten  ;  to  lessen;  to  assuage. 

ALE'HOOF,  n.  Ground  ivy  ;  fo  called  by  our  Pa.ton 
ance!*tor«  as  being  a  chief  incredient  in  niakinp  ale. 

A-LE.MB'DAR,  «.  In  Turkey^  an  officer  who  bears 
the  preen  standard  of  Muliaimned,  wlien  the  sultan 
appi^ira  in  public.  Eneyc. 


ALl 


A-Ll 


CC 


AJLEM'Bie,  n.    [Ar.  al  and 


Xo! 


^c 


or  i^vxJi  an- 


hkoHy  a  chemical  vessel.] 

A  chemical  vessel  used  in  distillation,  usually 
made  of  glass  or  metal.  The  bottom  part,  contain- 
ing the  liquor  to  be  distilled,  is  called  the  cucurbit ; 
the  upper  part,  wiiich  receivt-s  and  condenses  the 
steam,  is  calUd  the  kcad^  liie  beak  of  which  is  fitted 
10  the  neek  of  a  receiver.  'J'he  head  is  more  prop- 
erly the  alembic.  This  vessel  U  not  so  generally 
used  now,  as  the  worin-stiH  and  retort. 
A-LE.M'BROTH,  «.  A  compound  uf  corrosive  subli- 
mate and  sal-ammoniac. 
A-LE.\GTH',  adr.     [a  imd  length.] 

At  full  length  i  along ;  stretched  at  full  length. 

Chaucer. 
A-LEP'I-DOTE,  »i.    TGr.  -i  priv.  and  ^rrrry,  a  scale.] 

Any  firfh  whose  skin  is  not  covered  with  scales. 
A-LERT',  a.     [Fr.  alcrtt ;  ?p.  alertOf  vigilant,  watch- 
ful, tstar  alerta^  to  he  on  the  watch.] 

1.  Watchful;  vigilant;  active  in  vigilance.  Hence 
the  military  phrase,  upon  the  alert^  upon  the  watch, 
guardins  asraiiist  surprise  or  danger.  • 

2.  Brisk  ;  nimble  ;  moving  with  celeniy.  Spectator. 
A-LERT'.^■E?^ri,  ru    Briskness;   nimbleness:  apright- 

line^;  levity.  Addison. 

AL-E0'BO-MA\-CY,  n.  [Gr.  aXcvpovy  meal,  and 
^jiTcta,  divination.] 

A  kind  of  divination  by  nual,  used  by  the  ancients. 
^  Unetjc. 

A-LEC'TIAN, )  a.     Designating  certain  isles  in  the 

A-LEO'Tie,  )  Pacific  Ocean,  eastward  of  Kani- 
schatkn,  extended  north-eastward  toward  America. 
The  word  is  formed  from  nleut,  which,  in  the  lan- 
guage of  these  parts,  is  a  bald  rock.  l^ooke. 

A'hKW,  n.     Shouting;  same  as  Halloo.     [0**.] 

SpcnsfT. 

AL-EX-A\'DrK,  71.  The  name  of  a  plant  of  the 
genus  Smvrniiitn.  Muhlenbere- 

AL-EX-A.N'DEK'S  FpQT,  n.    The  name  uf  a  plant. 

AL-EX-A.\^DRI-.\Nj  a.  Pertaining  to  Alexandria. 
There  are  many  cities  of  this  nann-,  in  various  piiri:^  of 
the  earth.  The  term  is  often  applie<l  as  an  attribute, 
or  used  as  a  noun,  for  one  who  professed  or  taught 
the  sciences  in  the  school  of  Alexandria,  in  Egjpt ; 
a  place  highly  celebrated  for  its  liter.itiirc  and  liiag- 
nificence,  an<f  whose  library,  it  is  said,  ctmsisted  of 
TOOjCXI  volunies.  'I'he  Persians  and  Turks  write  for 
Alexander,  Scandrr  or  Seonder;  and  for  Alexandria, 
Seanderona ;  hence  ycinderoon,  a  scap*irt  in  i^yria. 

AL-EX-A\'DRINE,   (  n.     A  kind  of  verse,  consisting 

AI^EX-AX'DRI-AN,  \  of  twelve  syllables,  or  of 
twelve   and   IhirUvn  alternately  ;   so   CHlI"d  from  a 

?)em  written  in  French  on  the  life  of  Alexander, 
bis  species  of  verse  is  peculiar  to  miKlern  poetry, 
but  well  adapted  to  epic  iK>ems.  The  Alexandrine 
in  English  consists  of  Iwi.-tvo  syllables,  and  is  less 
used  than  this  kind  of  verse  \^  among  Ihe  French, 
whose  tragedies  are  genenilly  composed  of  Alexan- 
<Jrin«8-  Pope.     Dnjden. 

A-LE.X-I-PHAJtM'IC,  o.  [Gr.  oA-rf;..,  to  expel,  and 
^ai'/j(i>o^',  poison.] 

fixpelling  or  resisting  poison;  antidotal:  also, 
sudorific  ;  that  has  the  quality  of  expelling  poison  or 
infection  by  sweat. 

A-LEX-I-PHARM'ie,  n.  A  medicine  that  is  intended 
to  obviate  the  effects  of  poinon  ;  an  antidote  Ut  poison 
or  infection.  In  the  latter  sense,  applii-d  to  remedies 
in  malignant  fevers.  By  the  Greeks,  the  word  was 
used  for  an  aniTilut.  Quiney.     Uneve. 

A-LEXITER'K;       J«.    [Cr.  oXtK  to  expel,  and 

A-LEX-I-Te'RI-AL,  i      6n^'iTnf-'y\  poison.] 

Resisting  poison  ,  obviating  the  effects  of  venom. 

A-LEX-I-TER'IC,  n.  A  medicine  to  resist  the  effects 
of  poi^n,  or  the  bite  uf  venomous  animals  ;  nearly 
synonymous  with  aUxiplutrmic..  L'sed  also  by  the 
Greeks  for  an  amulet.  Qutncu.    Encuc. 

AL'GA,  n.     fL.]     Hea-weed. 

AL'iiA^,  n.  pi.  f  I^.]  A  tribe  of  submersed  or  subaque- 
ourptants,  inclciding  Ilm  sea-weeds,  (Furu.*,)  and  the 
lavers,  {Ulra^)  growing  in  salt  water,  and  the  fresh- 
water conferva?. 

AL'GA-ROT,     )  n.    The  nam«  of  an  emetic  powder. 

AL'GA-ROTH,  \  a  comp<juud  of  the  se9{itioxyd  and 
sesquichlorid  of  antimony,  obtained  by  pouring 
water  into  a  solution  of  the  sestiuirhlnrid  of  that 
metal.  It  is  either  an  Arabic  term,  or  from  the  name 
of  the  inventor,  Algarotti,  a  physician  of  Verona- 
Vre,     Q  It  huy.     Encyc, 


AL'GATES,  adv.     [Sax.  algcatst  all  and  gtat,  a  gait, 
a  way.] 
By  all  means  ;  on  any  terms.    {Obs-I 

AL'6E-BRA,  n.  [Ar.  al  and  vjtrs.,  g-abron^  the  re- 
duction of  parts  to  a  whole,  or  fractions  to  whole 
numbers,  from  the  verb,  which  signifies  to  consoli- 
date ;  Ueb.  Ch.  Svr.  and  Eth.  -»3J,  to  be  strong.] 

The  science  o^  quantity  in  general,  or  universal 
arithmetic.  Algebra  is  a  general  method  of  compu- 
tation, in  which  signs  and  symbols,  which  are  com- 
monly the  letters  of  the  alphabet,  are  made  to  repre- 
sent numbers  and  quantities.  It  takes  an  unknown 
quantity  sought,  as  if  gmnted  ;  and,  by  means  of  one 
or  more  quantities  given,  proceeds  till  the  quantity 
supposed  is  discovered,  by  sume  other  known  quan- 
tity to  which  it  is  equal. 

This  science  was  of  Oriental  discovery ;  but 
whether  among  the  Arabians  or  In<lians,  is  uncertain. 

AL-GE-BRa'IG,  J  a.     Pertaining  to  algeltra  ;  con- 

.\Lr-GE-liKA'ie-AL,  \  taining.vn  operation  of  algebra, 
or  deduced  froiu  such  operntion. 

Alfrebraie  curve ;  a  figure  wiiose  intercepted  diame- 
ters bear  always  the  same  proportion  to  tlieir  resp;;c- 
tive  ordinales.  Bailev. 

AL-GE-BRA'I€-AI^LY,  adr.     By  algebraic  process. 

AL-GE-BKa'LST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in  the  science 
of  algebra. 

AL'GE-URA-IZE,  r.  t.  To  perfonn  by  algebra,  or  re- 
duce to  algebraic  form. 

AL'GC\-EB,  n.  A  fixed  star  of  the  second  magni- 
tude, in  the  right  side  of  Perseus.  Encvc. 

AL-GE-RI.\E',  »,  [from  Algiers.]  A  native  of  Al- 
giers, a  city  and  a  countrj  on  the  north  coast  of 
Africa. 

AL-GE-RKNE',  a.    Belonging  to  Algiers. 

AL'GID,  a.     [L.  algidus.] 
Cold.     [.A  wt  itifft/.] 

AL'GlD-NESrf  i  "•    f;''"i'"CS9,  coldness. 

AL-GlF'l€,  a.     Producing  cold, 

AL'GOL,  n.  A  fixed  star,  in  Medusa's  head,  in  the 
conylelliition  Perseus,  remarkable  lor  its  periodic 
variation  in  brightness. 

AI/GOR,  n.  [L.]  Among  physicians,  an  unusual 
coldness  in  any  part  of  the  hotly. 

AL'GO-RITIl.M,  j  71.      An  Anibic  term,  signifying  nu- 

AI.'GO-RISfi.\I,  \  merical  computation,  or"  the  six 
openitlons  of  arithiitetic.  Jtih/ixon.     Eneyc, 

Alsii,  the  common  rules  of  computation  in  any 
branch  of  analysis  ;  as,  tlie  algorithm  of  the  differ- 
ential calculus.  Barlme.     Brande. 

AL'GOUH,  a.     [h.  al<ra,  sen-weed. 1 

Pertaining  to  sea-weed  ;  abounding  with,  or  like 
sea- weed. 
'  Al^GUA'ZW^  n.    An  inferior  officer  of  justice  in 
Spain  ;  a  constable. 

AL-HE.\'.\A,  n.    See  Alrc-t-ta  and  H«:"»?fA. 

A'LI-AH,  [L.J  Otherwise;  as  in  this  example,  "Sim- 
son,  o/f/w  Smith  ;"  a  word  used  in  judicial  proceedings 
to  connect  the  different  names  by  which  a  person  is 
called,  who  attem))ts  to  conceal  "his  true  name,  and 
puss  under  a  fictitious  one. 

A'L.l-A.'^,  ».  A  second  writ,  or  execution,  issued 
when  the  first  has  failed  to  enforce  the  judgment. 

AL'I-BI,  71.  [L.]  Elsewhere;  in  another  place  ;  a  ^u 
term.  When  a  person  is  charged  with  an  offense, 
and  he  proves  that  he  could  not  have  committed  it, 
because  he  was,  at  the  lime,  in  another  place,  he  is 
said  to  prove  an  altbi.  The  part  of  a  plea  or  allegu- 
t?(Mi,  which  avers  the  party  to  have  been  in  another 
place,  is  also  called  an  alibi. 

AL'inhE,  d.     Nutritive,  or  that  may  be  nourished. 

ALM-DADE,  ti.  [from  the  Arabic]  A  name  for  the 
index  of  a  graduated  iuslrunient,  (such  as  a  quad- 
rant,) carrying  the  sights  or  telescopp,  and  showing 
the  degrees  cut  off  on  Ihe  arc  of  the  instrument. 

Ilutton. 

AL'IEN,  (al'yen,)  a.  [\,.  alienu.'^,  from  aliiif,  another; 
Ir.  aile,  eiie,  ode,  anuf|i'>r ;  VV.  all,  other,  and  ail, 
second  ;  Arm.  eel,  all,  eirudc ;  Corn,  grle  :  Gr.  oAAos. 
Hence,  L.  aliens,  to  alienate  ;  n/f^r,  another ;  whence 
Ft.  alterer,  to  alter;  L.  alterno,  to  alter,  to  alternate, 

and  alterco,  altcreor,  to  altercate.  Eth.  llfbA  kalea, 
to  alter,  to  change  ;  whence  alius,  another,  the 
second ,  the  first  letter  being  lost,  except  in  the 
Cornish  and  Armoric,  as  it  is  io  all.  iSeo  Class  Gl. 
No.  3(1,  and  Liidolf,  Vial.] 

1.  Fr>reign ;  not  belonging  to  the  same  country, 
land,  or  government. 

2.  RelonEing  to  one  who  is  not  a  ritizen. 

3.  E-traiiged  ;  foreign;  n<rt  allied  ;  adverse  to;  as, 
principles  nlitn  from  our  religion. 

AL'IEN,  (iil'yen,)  n.  A  foreigner;  one  l>om  in,  or 
hetongiiig  to,  another  country;  one  who  is  not  a 
denizen,  or  entitled  to  the  privileges  of  a  citizen. 

2.  In  Scripture.one  who  is  a  stranger  to  the  church 
of  Christ,  or  to  the  covenant  of  grate. 

At  Unl  Umf,  yf  w<-f  wiihout  Chriit,  btlag  alitff  from   lb« 
coniinCHiweuUh  of  ianwl.  —  Kph.  it. 

In  France,  a  child  born  of  residents  who  are  not 


citizens  is  an  alietu  In  Great  Britain,  the  children 
of  aliens  born  in  that  country  are  mostly  natu-Til 
bom  subjects  ;  and  the  children  of  British  suhjecU, 
owing  alL'giance  to  the  crown  of  England,  though 
btjrn  in  other  countries,  are  natunil  subjects,  and 
entitled  to  the  privileges  of  resident  citizens. 

Blackstonfi, 
Alien  duty;  a  tax  upon  goods  imported  by  aliens, 
beyond  the  duty  on  the  like  goods  inip<jrted  by  citi- 
zens ;  a  discriminating  duty  on  the  tonnage  of  ships 
belonging  to  aliens,  or  any  extra  duties  im[x>sed  by 
laws  or  edicts  on  aliens. 
AL-IEN-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  capacity  of  being  alien- 
ated or  transferred. 

Tlie  a!itnal»litt/  uf  tli*  doniciln.  Durlt. 

AL'IEN-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  sold  or  transferred 
to  another;  as,  land  is  alienable  according  to  ilie 
laws  of  Ihe  state. 

AL'IEN-AGE,  n.    The  state  of  being  an  alien. 

Why  n-Wore  csCttri  lurli'iUblp  on  nccotinl  ot'a.'unaje7     Story. 

AL'IEX-ATE,  (Sl'yen-ate,)  v.  t.     [L.  alicno.'] 

1.  To  tmnsfer  title,  properly,  or  rigiit  to  another: 
as,  to  alienate  lauds,  or  sovereignty. 

9.  To  estrange  ;  to  withdraw,  as  the  affections  ;  to 
make  indillerent  or  averse,  where  love  or  friendship 
bt:(ore  subsisted  ;  with  from;  as,  to  alienate  Ihe  heart 
or  affections ;  to  alienate  a  man  fro/n  the  friends  of 
his  youth. 
3.  To  apply  to  a  wrong  use. 

T[>?y  shall  not  alunatt  Uk-  fim  ftiiii 
AL'IEX-ATE,  a.     [L.  alienatus.^ 

Estranged  ;  withdrawn  from  ;  stranger  to :  with 
from. 

MUhn. 

Estranged  ;  withdrawn  ;  trans- 


i>f  the  !wid.  —  Kick.  xlTiij. 


O  arutiaU  from  Ood,  0  Bpirit  ficciirat. 
The  Whiji  were  aiUmtt/roin  truth. 


Estranging;  transferring  to 


AL'IEX-A-TED,  pp. 

ferred  to  anolher. 
AL'IEN-A-TIXG,  ppr. 

another. 
AL-IEN-A'TION,  ti.     [L.  alienatio.] 

1.  A  transfer  of  title,  or  a  legal  conveyance  of  proi>. 
erty  to  another. 

2.  The  state  of  being  alienated. 

3.  A  withdrawing  or  estrangement,  as  of  the 
heart  or  affections. 

4.  Delirium;  derangement  of  mental  fnnillies ; 
insanity.  Hooker. 

Ahenation-office,  in  Great  Britain,  is  an  office  to 
which  all  writs  of  covenant  and  entrj-,  on  which 
fines  are  levieil  and  recoveries  suffered^  are  carried, 
to  have  fines  for  alienation  set  and  paid  thereon. 

Eneyc. 
AL'IEX-A-TOR,  ju    One  that  alienates  or  transfer! 

property.  fVarUm. 

AL-IENE',  (ale-yCen',)  v.t.     [L.  aliena.] 

1.  To  translo"r  title  or  pro|>erty  to  another;  to  sell. 

Nor  could  h«   tliins  dw  »(atc  cYt-n  with   the  coiii*ml  of  the 
'"r^l.  BlackMton: 

Q.  To  eslran;*'? ;  to  make  averse  or  indifferent ;  to 
turn  the  affections  from. 

The  prince  was  o/ufncd  Ironi  sll  tlioughto  of  the  mnrrin jfc. 

ClaTttidon. 

In  this  sense,  it  is  more  common  to  nse  alienate. 
AL-IEN-SE',  n.     One  to  whom  llie  title  of  property  is 
tnms  ferred. 

If  th?  aiitnft  enXfn  niul  kiVjn  poMOBsiou.  Blaekttojtx, 

AL'IEN-IS.M,  (iryen-izm,)  ti.    The  slate  of  being  an 
alien. 
The  li 


wnt  rery  jcnUe   \a  the  conitmction  of  Uw  (li*iliIUy  of 
nhtuisi...  iUtit. 

A'LTFE',  adv.     \a,  or  on,  and  Vife.'l 

On  my  life.  Shak. 

A-LIF'ER-OUH,  a.     [I,,  ala,  wing,  and  fero,  to  bear.] 

Having  w'ngK. 
Ah'I-FORlVI,  <i.     [L,  ala,  wing,  and  fin-ma,  shape.] 
In  anatomy,  a   tt^rm  synonyni<)UB  with  pterygoid; 
applied   It)  the   pterycnld    process  of   the  sphenoid 
bone,  and  to  the  pterygoid  muscles,  which  arise  from 
that  process. 
A-LIG'ER-OI'H,  a.     [L.  ala,  wing,  and  gero,  to  carry.] 

Having  wings. 
A-LIGHT',  V.  i.      [Sax.  aliktan,  gelihtan,  lUitan,     See 
Lir.HT.] 

1.  To  pet  down  or  descend,  as  from  on  horseback 
or  from  a  carriage. 

2.  To  descend  and  settle ;  as,  a  flying  bird  alights 
on  a  tree. 

3.  To  fall  or 'descend  and  lodge  ;  as,  snow  alights 
on  a  roof. 

A-LIGX',  (a-llue',)  t.  t.     [Fr.  aligner.'] 

1.  'i'o  adjust  to  a  line  ;  to  lay  out  or  regulate  by  a 
line. 

2.  V.  i.   To  form  in  line,  as  troops. 
A-UGN'MENT,  71.     [Fr.  alignement.] 

The  act  of  adjusting  lo  a  line  ;  the  state  of  being 
so  adjusted  ;  the  line  of  adjustment. 
A-LTKE',  a.     [Hax.  gelie.    See  Like.] 

Having  n-semblanr«  or  similitude  ;  similar. 
Thr  (intkne^u  una  the  liyht  »»  botli  alike  to  ibce.  —  P«.  x  fi. 

[7*^15    adjectivt  nevgr  prttedts  tht  noun  leack  it 

qualifies.] 


TONE.  BULL,  1:NITE.-.AN"GER,  VI"CIOU8.-t'  as  K ;  6  ai  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 
5      ^0  33 


AbK 

A^.tK£',  air.  In  Ibc  sanie  mannT,  fiirm,  or  degree ; 
as,  we  are  all  alike  concerned  in  religiun. 

Hr  Suhbneth  thetr  hciuta  atHu.  ~  Pa.  xxxiH. 

A-LrKE'-MTM>-£D,  a.  Having  ilie  same  mind ;  but 
LiKE-MiTfDSD  is  nioTe  p;enerally  used. 

AL'I-AIENT,  n.  [L.  alimfntum^  from  o/o,  to  feed  ;  Ir. 
aiaim^  adiiB^  otaiMy  to  faed  or  uur»e.J 

That  which  nourish*^ ;  ftxHJ  ;  nutriment ;  any 
t^ing  which  feaiia  or  adds  to  a  sub^iauco,  animal 
Of  veeelable,  in  uatuni)  ^iwtb. 

AL-I-ME\T'AL,  a.  Supplymgfoud  ;  tliat  box llie  qual- 
ity of  nourishing  ^  that  fumishcji  the  nuiterial^  fur 
natural  f^owth  ;  ax^  chylo  is  alimentai ;  aUmeiual  sap. 

AL-I-ME-NT'AL-LV,  adc.  i^o  as  to  sen*e  fur  nour- 
ishment or  foihl. 

AI^I-ME\T'A-RI-XESS,  n.  The  quaUty  of  nipply- 
ing  nuirimenu 

AL-I-ME.\T'A-RV,  a.  Pertaining  to  aliment  or  food  ^ 
baring  the  quality  of  nourishing ;  a«,  aiime/ttarj 
particle*. 

The  aliwtaitar]f  eaaa/f  in  animal  bodies,  is  the  grcm 
duct  or  intestine,  by  which  alinenls  are  conveyed 
through  tha  body,  and  the  uielen  puu  evacuated. 

Mtment^T/ 1««,  among  Uu  Soaunu^  was  a  law  which 
oblifed  children  to  support  their  parent:>.       £««yr. 

OtSgmti^m  ^^imtmt,  ui  Scots  Lir,  is  tht*  natural  obli- 
ntion  oTpafenta  to  provide  f^ir  their  children.  Encvc 

AUI-MENT-A'TIOX,  n.    The  act  or  power  of  aflord- 
inc  nntrimenL 
a.  The  stale  of  b<>ing  nourished.  Johnson,   Bacon, 

AL-f-ME.NT'lVE-XESS,  a.  A  word  invented  by 
phrenolo$!ii<ts.  to  denote  the  organ  which  cummuni- 
cates  the  pleaiuirv  that  arises  frum  eating  and  driiik- 

AH-MO'\I-OCS,«.    JSee  AuMowr.J  [ing. 

Nourishing  ;  adbrding  food.    [fMtU  utti.] 

AL'I-MO-.W,  a.    [L.  oltmoniA,  of  o/o,  to  feed.    See 

At-tUCXT.] 

An  allowance  made  for  the  mippnn  of  ■  woman, 

legally  separated  fhan  ho-  husband.    The  sum  is 

fixed  by  tne  |n-oper  judge,  and  granted  out  of  the 

hu-«lKind*9  estate..  Btmckstomt, 

AL.'1-UTU,  a.    A  star  on  the  tail  of  the  Great  Bear, 

m:ich  used  in  finding  the  latitude. 
AL'I-PED,  a.    ru  aU,  wine,  and  pes,  foot.] 

Wing-footed ;    having  ihe   toea   connected  by  a 
membrane,  which  serves  as  a  wing. 
Al/I-PED,  a.     [Smyrm.} 

An  animal  whose  toea  are  connected  by  a  mem- 
brane, and  thus  serve  fur  wing^;  a  cheir^ipter;  as 
the  bat.  DumuriL 

ALa-UUANT,  0.    [U  aUquajUum,  a  liule.] 

la  aniAM«(ic,  an  aliquant  number,  or  part.  Is  that 
which  does  not  me«Fitre  another  number  without  a 
remiinder.    "niiu  5  is  an  mti^mmnt  part  of  Id,  fur  3 
times  5  is  15,  leaving  a  remainder  I. 
AL'I-UUOT,  ■.     [L.] 

Ao  aliquot  pan  of  a  number  or  quantity  Is  one 
which  will  measure  it  without  a  niuainder.    Thus 
5  is  the  aliquot  part  of  15. 
IL'Ii^li,  a.     [froma/cl 

Like  ale:  having  the  qualities  of  ale.  Mortimer, 
AL'I-TRU.VK,  a.     [L.  aia,  a  wing,  and  (ru*t.] 

The  segment  of  the  body  of  an  m«ect  to  which  the 
wings  are  attached.  Kirlnf. 

A-LIVE'.  a.     [Sax.  ^t,:faa,to  live,  from  lifian,  to  live. 
See  LiFE.J 

1.  Having  life,  in  opposition  to  dfod:  living;  be- 
ing in  a  state  in  which  the  orcans  perform  their 
functions,  and  the  fluidti  move,  whether  in  animals 
or  vegetables  ;  as,  the  man  or  plant  is  alirf. 

2.  In  a  state  of  action ;  unextinguistied ;  unde- 
stroyed  ;  unexpired  ;  in  force  or  operation  ;  as,  iteep 
the  process  aiire. 

3.  Cheerful ;  spriehUy  :  lively  ;  full  of  alacrity ; 
as,  the  company   were  all  aliee. 

4.  Susceptible ;  easily  impressed ;  having  lively 
feelings,  as  when  the  mind  is  M^tcituus  about  some 
event ;  as,  one  is  alive  to  whatever  is  iutere^tng  to 
a  friend. 

5.  Exhibiting  motion  or  moving  bodies  in  great 
numbers  ;  as,  ihe  city  was  all  o/ir*,  when  the  gen- 
eral entered. 

&  In  a  tcr^tural  jease,  regenerated ;  bom  again. 

For  IhJt  mr  aoo  «u  dnd,  uid  ii  o^tM.  —  Luke  xt. 
[  T%i3  adjtoice  alwayg  fallows  ti«  movji  vhicA  it  fuoZ- 

A-UZ'A-RtXE,    m.      [from  alizarin  the  cranmcrcial 
name  of  madder,  in  the  Levant.] 
A  peculiar  coloring  principle,  obtained  from  mad> 
.  ^«''-  Bmnde, 

AL'KA-HEST,  n.     [Arab.] 

A  univer^  solvent ;  a  mf-nstruum  capable  of  dis- 
solviog  all  bodies,  which  Panicelsus  and  Van  Hel- 
mont  pretended  they  possessed.  This  prt  tense  no 
\otijtt;i  imposes  on  the  credulity  of  any  man. 

The  word  is  sometimes  used  for  fixed  salts  volatil- 
fe^d.  Biicuc 

AL-KA-KE.ST'I€,  o.    Pertaining  to  the  alkahest 
ALr-KA-LES'CE\-Cr,  b.     fS.  .i  Ai-kali.] 

A  tendency  to  become  alkaline  j  or  a  tendency  to 
the  properties  of  an  alkali;  or  the  slate  of  a  sub- 
wan  -e  in  which  alkaline  properties  begin  to  be  de- 
veloi-ed,  or  to  be  predominant.  fj^e. 


ALL 


ALL 


AL-KA-LES'CENT,  a.    Tending  to  tllo  properties  of 
an  alkuli ;  sligtuly  alkaline. 

AL'KA-LI,  (-II  or  -le,)  k.  ;  pi.  Ai.»»uis, 


[At.  ^- 


fct/i,  with  the  common  prefix,  the  plant  called  glass- 
mort,  from  its  use  in  the  manufacture  of  plass ;  or 
iho  ashes  of  the  plant,  which  ceems  to  be  its  primi- 
tive sense,  for  the  verb  signifies  (*i  /«/.] 

A  salifiable  base,  having  in  a  greater  or  k-'s  de- 
gree a  peculiar  acrid  taste,  the  p«»wer  of  changing 
blue  vegetable  colors  lo  a  gre«!n,and  the  color  of  tur- 
meric and  rhubarb  to  a  brown,  ^ome  chemists  com- 
pebend  all  salifiable  bases  under  this  name. 
AL'KA-LI-FI-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  bo  alkalifiod,  or 

converted  into  an  alkali. 
AL'KA-U-FI-£D,  ;»;»•    Converted  into  alkali. 
AL'KA-LI-FY,  c.  t.    To  form,  or  to  convert  Into  an 

alkali. 
AL  KA-LI-F?,  r.  i.    To  become  an  alkali. 
AL-KA-LIi5'K-XOU5,  a.    [oiAo/i,  and  viicaw,  lo  gon- 
eutie.l 
Prv»ducing  or  generating  alkali. 
Atf-KA-LIM'E-TEU,  iu  [ulla/i,and  Gr.  lurpov.  meas- 
ure,] 

An  instrument  for  ascertaininc  the  strenpth  of  al- 
kalies, or  the  qu.iutity  of  alkali  in  poto^ih  and  soda. 
Ure. 
AL-KA-LIM'E-TRY,  n.    The  art  of  ascertaining  the 

strength  of  alkalies.  McCulloch, 

AL'KA-LINE,  (-Ine  or  -in,)  o.    Having  the  properties 

ol  alk.tli. 
AL-KA-LI\'I-TY,  «.    The  quality  which  constitutes 

an  alkali.  Thomson, 

AI*-KA'LI-OL'S,  m.    Having  the  properties  of  alkali. 
AL'K.\-LI-ZATE,  a.      Alkaline  ;   itnpregiiated  with 

alkali.     [Ob.^,]  Boyle.    JVcwton, 

AL-KA-Lr-ZA'T10\,  n.    The  act  of  rendering  alka- 
line by  impregnating  with  an  alkali. 
AL'KA-LIZB,  r.  (.    [and  formerly  Alkalizate.] 
To  make  alkaline  ;  to  communicate  the  properties 
of  an  alkali  to,  by  mixture. 
AL'KA-LOID,  II.     A  salifiable  base  formed  and  exist- 
ing in  some  vegetables  a.s  a  proximate  principle,  and 
having  only  in  a  slight  decree  the  pc'culiar  proiwrties 
of  an  alkali.     The  alkaloids  are  numerous.     .\ll, 
which    have  been    accurately   analyzed,   are   com- 
posed of  cjubon,  hydnigen,  nitroeen,  and  oxygen, 
and  their  diiferences,  in  comparison  with  each  other, 
depend  upon  a  variation  iu  the  proportions  of  their 
componeiit  elemenl>t. 
AL'iCA-NET,  n.    A  pl.'int;a  species  of  anchusa.   The 
root  is  u^sed  to  imjiart  a  deep  red  color  to  oily  sub- 
stances, ointnK>nts,  plasters,  fcc  Encye. 

2.  A  reddish-purple  dye,  obtained  from  the  root  of 
the  plant.     ^  Braiide. 

AI/-KE-KE.\'t»I,  N.  The  winter  cherry,  a  species  of 
Pbysalij*.  The  plant  bears  a  near  resemblance  to  so- 
lanum,  or  nightshade.    The  berry  is  medicinal. 

Chambers. 
AL-KEN'XA,  >  n.  A  si>ecies  of  Lawsonia.  The  pul 
AL-HE.\'NA,  i  verixed  leavesof  this  plant  are  much 
used  by  the  Eastern  nations  for  staining  tlieir  nails 
yellow.  The  piiwder,  being  wet,  farms  a  paste, 
which  is  bound  on  the  naiU  for  a  night,  and  the  col- 
or thus  given  will  la:jt  several  weeks.  The  same  as 
henna,  Encyc, 

.■VL-KERM'eS,  a.     [Arab.    See  Kermes.I 

In  pharmacy^  a  compound  cordial,  in  the  form  of  a 
confection,  deriving  its  name  from  the  kermes  ber- 
ries, its  principal  ingredienL  Its  other  ingredients 
are  said  to  be  pippin-cider,  rose-water,  sugar,  amber- 
gris, musk,  cinnamon,  al<je3-wood,  pilaris,  and  leaf- 
gold,  ^aincy.  Chamber.*.  Encyc. 
AL-liER' V-l,  a.  An  Arabic  name  of  the  Palma  Chris- 

ti.  Qaincy. 

.4L'KO-RAN,  n.  [Arab,  ai,  the,  and  k»ran,  book.  The 
IU*ok,  by  way  oi  eminence,  as  we  say  the  Bible.  See 
KoRA^r.  It  is  pronounced,  I  believe,  by  Orientalists, 
allii*rairn.'] 

The  book  which  contains  the  Mohammedan  doc- 
trines of  faith  and  practice.  It  was  written  by  Mo- 
bammed,  in  the  dialect  of  the  Koreish,  which  is  the 
puretit  Arabic  ;  but  the  Arabian  language  has  suffered 
6uch  changes  since  it  was  written,  that  tlie  langfiage 
of  the  Koran  iif  not  now  intelligible  lo  the  Arabians 
themselves,  without  being  learned  like  other  dead 
languapPH.^  AVAuAr.     i'Hci'c. 

AL'KO-RA.V,  )  ?i.  In  Eastern  architecture^  the  name 
AL'€0-RA\,  (  of  hiirh,  i^lcnder  towers,  attached 
to  mosques,  in  which  the  priests,  at  stated  times,  re- 
cite aloud  prayrs  from  the  Koran.  OwUi. 
AL'KO-RAN-iaT,  n.  One  who  adheres  strictly  to  the 
letter  of  the  Koran,  rejecting  all  comments.  The 
Persians  are  generally  Alkoranists  ;  the  Turks, 
Arabs,  and  Tartars,  admit  a  multitude  of  traditions. 
ALL,  (awl,)  a.  [f*ax.  cat;  Dan.  al ;  G.  all;  Sw.  all; 
\V.  oil  or  hoU:  Arm.  vll ;  ir.  uile:  Gr.  oAo(  ;  Shemit- 
ic  73,  from  n?^,  calah,  to  be  ended  or  completed,  to 
perfect.  The  \VelsIi  retains  the  first  radical  letter. 
This  is  radically  the  same  word  as  heal,  f-.n  in  t?w. 
h/J,  and  in  Dan.  hcle,  signify  all,  and  these  words 
are  from  the  root  of  heal.  See  Call,  Heal,  and 
Whole.] 


1.  Every  one,  or  the  whole  number  of  particulars. 

2.  The  whole  quantity  extent,  duration,  amount, 
quality,  or  degree;  as,  all  the  wheat;  all  the  land  : 
aU  the  year;  aU  the  strength.  This  word  signifies, 
then,  the  whole  or  entire  thing,  or  alt  the  parts  or 
particulars  which  compoi^e  it  ft  always  precedes  the 
definitive  adjectives  tJie,  mi/.  My,  his,  our^  your,  their ; 
as,  alt  the  cattle  ;  all  iiiy  lalw)r  ;  all  thy  goods  ;  all  his 
wealth  ;  oil  our  families ;  all  your  citizens  :  all  their 
property. 

This  word,  not  only  in  popular  language,  but  in 
the  Scriptures,  often  siu'iiifies,  indefinitely,  a  large 
pijrtion  or  number,  or  a  great  part.  Thus,  all  the  cat- 
lie  in  Egj'pt  died,  all  Jiitiea  and  all  the  region  round 
about  Jordan,  all  men  held  John  as  a  prophet,  are 
not  to  be  understood  in  a  literal  sense,  but  as  includ- 
ing a  large  part  or  very  great  numbers. 

This  word  is  prefixed  to  many  other  words  to  en- 
large their  signification  ;  as,  already,  always,  ail-pre- 
vaiUnjr. 
ALL,  adi\  Wholly  ;  completely  ;  entirely  ;  as,  aU 
ttli.ng;  all  bedewed;  all  over;  my  friend  is  all  for 
ninusenu'iit;  I  love  my  father  all.  In  the  ancient 
phra-^es,  all  too  dear,  a//  so  long,  this  word  retains  its 
appropriate  sense  ;  as,  "  He  tlHtught  them  sixpence 
all  loo  dear,"  that  is,  he  thought  ihem  loo  dear  by 
the  suni  of  sixpence.  In  the  sense  of  although,  as, 
"  all  were  it  as  the  rest,"  and  in  the  sense  oi  just,  or 
at  the  jnomeat,  as,  "  all  as  his  stmyiug  flock  he  fed," 
it  is  obsolete,  or  restricted  to  poeir>-. 

It  is  all  one,  is  a  phrase  equivalent  lo  the  same  thing 
in  effect ;  that  is,  it  is  irhoUy  the  same  thing. 

Jill  t!t€  better,  is  equivalent  to  wholly  the  better: 
that  is,  better  by  the  whole  difference. 
ALL,  n.     The  whole  number;  as,  all  have  not  the 
same  dispoi^ition  ;  that  is,  all  men. 

2.  The  whole;  the  entire  thing;  the  aggregate 
amount ;  as,  our  all  is  at  stake. 

Ami  Lnhon  taiJ,  AU  that  Uwii  aecrt  U  mirw.  —  Gen.  xxxl. 

This  adjective  is  much  used  as  a  noun,  and  ap- 
plied to  persons  or  things 

j^U  in  all,  is  a  phrase  which  signifies,  all  things  to 
a  person,  or  every  thing  desired. 

Thou  mhalt  Ik  ail  in  all,  aiiil  1  ia  ihec, 

Wh'-n  the  words  ami  all  close  an  enumeration  of 
particulars,  the  won!  all  is  either  intensive,  or  is  add- 
ed as  a  general  term  to  express  what  is  not  enumer- 
ated ;  as,  a  tree  fell,  nest,  eagles,  and  alt. 

U  E.,itranrre., 

Jit  all,  is  a  phrase  much  used  by  way  of  enforce- 
mr-nl  or  emphaifis,  usually  in  negative  or  interroga- 
tive sentences.  He  has  no  ambition  at  all ;  that  is, 
not  in  the  least  degree.     Has  he  any  properly  at  alii 

Jill  and  some,  in  Sponser,  Mason  interpret:-,  one  and 
all.  ilut  from  Lye's  Saxon  Dictionary,  it  app<:ar8 
tlial  Ihe  phrane  is  a  corruption  of  the  Sax.  eatle  a:t 
somne,  all  together,  all  at  once,  from  soinne,  together, 
at  once.     [See  Lye,  under  Samiie.] 

.SU  in  the.  vind,  in  seamen's  language,  is  a  phrase 
denoting  that  the  sails  are  parallel  wiih  the  course  of 
the  wind,  so  as  to  shake.  J^Jar.  Diet. 

Jill  is  well,  is  a  watchman's  phrase,  expressing  a 
state  of  safety. 

.dtl,  in  composition,  enlarges  the  meaning,  or  adds 
force  to  a  word  ;  and  it  is  generally  more  emphatiral 
than  inoxL  In  some  instances,  all  is  incorporated  in- 
to words,  as  in  almighty,  already,  always ;  but  in  most 
instances,  it  is  an  adjective  prefixed  to  othc;r  words, 
but  s-'iMirated  by  a  hyphen. 

ALI^A-BA^''DON-£D,  a.    Abandoned  by  all. 

Skelttm. 

ALL-AB-HOR'R^m,  a.     Detested  by  all.  ShaJi. 

ALL-AB-SORlt'ING,  a.     Engrossing;  tliat  drowns  or 
supersedes  all  other  considerations. 

ALI^A€eOM'PLISH-/;D,   a.     Fully  accomplished; 
whose  education  is  highly  finished  or  complete. 

ALL-AD-MTR'I\G,  a.     Wholly  admiring.         Hhak. 

ALL-AD- VlS'£D,  a.     Advisetl  by  all.       tVarburton. 

ALL-A-MORT'.     [See  Alamort.] 

ALI^AP-rR5V'/:D,  a.     Approved  by  all.        More, 

.\LL~A-TON'iNG,  a.    Atoning  for  ail ;  making  com- 
plete atonement.  Dryden. 

ALL-BEAR'ING,  a.    Producing  every  thing;  oinnipa- 
rous.  jMarAon. 

ALL-BEAC'TE-OUS,  a.    Perfectly  beautil'nl.     Ptrpe. 

ALI^BE-HOLD'L\G,    a.      Beholding  or    seeing   all 
Ihine?.  Drayton. 

ALL-BLAST'ING,  a.    Blasting  all;  defaming  or  de- 
stroying all.  Marston. 

ALL-nOU.\'TE-OUS,  )a,    Perfectlv  bountiful ;  ofin- 

ALL-BOtJiS'TI-FyL,   \      finite  bounty. 

ALL-CHA.\G'I.\G,   a.     Perpetually  changing.    Shak, 

ALI,-CHEER'Ii\G,   a.    That  cheers  all ;   that  gives 
gayety  or  cheerfulness  to  all.  Sltak. 

ALI^t'OM-MAND'ING,  a.     Having  command  or  sov- 
ereignty over  all.  Raleitrh, 

ALL-t,'OM-PL^^t\G,  a.  Complying  in  every  respect. 

More. 

ALL-COM-POS'ING,  a.    That  makes  all  tranquil  or 
peaceful.  Cra-ltatt. 

ALL-eOM-PRE-HEXD'IXG,  a.    Comprehending  all 
things. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PREY — FIXE,  MARIXE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOA%  WQLF,  BQQK. 
3i  '  ■T=^^:r=T^ 


ALL 

ALI^eOM-PRE-HEX'SIVE,  a.    Comprehending  all 
thinfr-s.  QtanvtUe. 

ALL-COX-CeAL'IXG,  a.    Hiding  or  concealing  all. 

Spetiser, 

ALL-eON'aUER-lSG,  {-konk'er-,)  a.    That  subdues 
alL  Milttm. 

ALlr^ON'BCIOUS,  «.    Conscious  of  all ;  all-know- 
ing. 

ALL-eOX-STRJIN'ING,  a.    Constraining  all. 

ALL-eOX-SOM'ING,  a.    That  consumes  or  devours 

all.  Pope. 

ALL-CON-TROU-'ING,  a.     Controlling  all.    Everett. 
ALLt-DaR'ING,  a.    Daring  to  attempt  ever>-  thing. 

Jon^on, 
ALL-DE-SIGN'ING,  a.     Designing  all  things. 
ALL.-DE-STH0Y'1XG,  a.    Destroying  everj-  thing. 

Fan^hatc. 
ALL-DEV'AS-T.^-TIXG,  a.  Wasting  even  thing. 
ALL-DE-VOUB'IXG,  a.    Eating  or  consuming  all. 

Pupe. 
ALL-DIM'MIXG,  a.    Obscuring  every  thing. 

Marstpit, 
ALL-DI-RECT'IXG,    a.     Directing  all ;    governing 

all  things. 
ALL-DIS-CERX'IXG,  a.    Discerning  every  thing. 
ALI^DIS-COV'ER-IXG,  a.    Disco\-ering  or  disclosing 

ever>'  thing.  More. 

ALL-I)IS-GRA'C£D,  a.    Completely  disgraced. 

Shai. 
ALI^DIS-PE.VS'IXG,  a.    Dispensing  all  things;  af- 

furdine  dispensation  or  permission.  MiUim. 

ALL-I>I-VT.\E',  a.     Suprenielv  excellent.      HowclL 
AIJ^DI-V7X'IXG,  a.    Foretelling  all  things. 

Fan-sJuitp. 
ALL-DREAD'ED,  a.     Dreaded  by  all.  Shot. 

ALlr-EF-FI-CA'CIOUS,  a.    Having  all  efficacy. 

EreretL 
ALI^EP-FI"CIEXT,  a.    Of  perfect  or  unlimited  effi- 
cacy or  efficiency. 
ALI^EL'0-aUE.NT,   a.     Eloquent  in  the  highest  de- 
gree. Pope. 
ALL-EM-BRA'CIXG,  o.    Embracing  all  things, 

Cra^Aato. 
ALL-E.\D'I.\G,  a.    Putting  an  end  to  all  things. 

S/iak. 
ALL-EN-UGHT'£N-ING,  a.  Enlightening  all  Uiings. 

Cottmt. 
ALb-E.V-RAG'ED,  a.    Highly  enraged.  Hatt. 

ALr^ES-SE.N'TI.\L,  £1.    WhoUy  essential.    Everett. 
ALL-FLAM^XG,  a.    naming  m  all  directions. 

BeaujrumL 
ALI^FOOW-DAV,  n.    The  first  of  April. 
AlJ>-FOK-GIV'IXG,  a.    Forgiving  or  pardoning  alL 

Z>rgden. 
ALI^FOI'R*',  n.     [oU  and  fiur.] 

A  game  at  cards,  played  by  two  or  four  persons  ; 
so  called  from  the  four  chanr».-fl  of  which  it  consists, 
viz.  High,  I.OW,  Jack,  and  the  Game. 

To  go  OH  itUfoura^  is  to  move  or  walk  on  four  legs, 
or  on  the  two  legs  and  two  anns. 
ALI^GIV'F.R,ii.     The  giver  of  all  things.    MUtim. 
AI,b-f;l.fi'KI()US,  a.     t;lorious  to  the  full  extent. 
AI,I^<;QOU',  a.     t'ompleU'ly  good.  Dn/drn. 

AI.L-GOQI)',  n.   The  popular  nameof  the  plant  Good- 
Henry,  or  English  Mercury,  Chenopodium  bonut  Hen- 

fWIW. 

ALLMJRA'CIOU.S,  a.     Perfectly  gracious. 
At.Lr-GUID'lXG,  a.  Guiding  or  couducting  all  things. 

Handys. 
ALI^HATL',  eirl.    {alt  and  Sax.  lurl,  health.] 

/Ml  health  ;  a  phrase  of  salutation,  expressing  a 

wish  of  all  healthy  or  safety,  to  the  [lerson  addressed. 

ALI^MAI-'IXiW,    j  n.      AllSatnts-dav,  the   first  of 

ALI^HAI^'LOVVS,  i     November;  a  ^ast  dedicated 

to  all  the  saints  in  general.     {CollaqujaL.'\ 
ALI^IIAL'I,mV-TIUE,  n.     [T,d,  in  Sax.,  is  tons.] 

The  time  near  All-.'^aints,  or  Xovember  first. 
AI.I.-I1AP'PY,  a.    Completely  happy. 
ALI^IIicAI.',  77.    The  popular  name  of  several  plants. 
ALI^IIkAL'I.SG,  o.     Healing  all  things.        Stidrn. 
ALL-IIEI.P'I.NG,  a.     Assisting  all.  &-;,/rii. 

Al.l^ltlD'I.NG.  a.    Concealing  all  things.         !>Aa*. 
]    AI.I^HOL'LOW,  orfr.     Entirely  ;  completely ;  as,  to 
I       beat  any  one  all-lujUov. 
I    ALI^Hl^'LV,  a.     Completely,  jicrferlly  holy. 
AI.I^HON'OK  KD,  (.on'ord,)  a.     Honored  by  all. 
ALI^HI'RT'l.NG.n.     Hurting  all  things.  SlmJ:. 

ALL-I'DOl-r-IZ-IXG,  a.     Worshiping  every  thing. 

Crmluiir. 
AJ^L-IL-LC'MIX-A-TIXC,   a.      Enlightening  every 

thing. 
ALL,-I.M'I-TA-T[XG,  a.    Imitating  every  thing. 

.^fore. 

ALL.«M-POK'TA.NT,  a.    Important  above  all  things ; 

extremely  impf7rt.Tnt.  Everett. 

ALI.-l.M-I'RESH'lVK,  a.     Impressive  to  the  utmost 

extent. 
ALI^l.N-FORM'IXG,  a.    Actuating  all  by  vital  ptiw- 

en.  Sandiin. 

ALL-IN'TER-EST-ING,  a.     Interesting  in  the  higli- 

est  degree. 
ALL-l.VTER'PRBT-INC,  o.    Explaining  alt  thlngiL 

MUltm. 


ALL 

ALL-^UDf^'ING,  a.  Judging  all ;  possessing  the  sov- 
ereign right  of  judging.  Rowc 

ALL-JUST',  a.     Perfectly  just. 

ALL-KiN'D'   a.     Perfectly  kind  or  benevolent, 

ALL-KNOW  'ING,  a.  Iiaving  all  knowledge  ;  om- 
niscient. JJtterbury. 

ALL-Lr'CENS-£D,  o.  Licensed  to  everything.  Sfiak. 

ALL-Lf^V'IKG,  a.     Of  infinite  love.  More.. 

ALL-AIAK'ING,  a.     Making  or  creating  all ;  oninific. 

£>rydeiu 

ALL-MA-TCR'ING,  a     Maturing  all  things. 

Dnjden. 

ALL-MER'CI-FJJL,  a.  Of  perfect  mercy  or  compas- 
sion. 

ALL-MUR'DER-ING,  a.  Killing  or  destroying  every 
thing.  FanshaiB. 

ALL-(KBk'DI-E\T,  a.     Entirely  obedient.    Cr(L</iait. 

ALL-0-BEY'L\G,  a.  [See  Obey.]  Receiving  obedi- 
ence from  all.  Shak. 

ALL-OK-LIV'I-OUS,  fl.  Causing  total  oblivion.  Sfuik. 

ALL-OB-St;CR'ING,  a.    Obscuring  every  tiling. 

King. 

ALL-Pa'TIENT,  a.  Enduring  every  thing  without 
niunnurs.  M'ttfvrd. 

ALL-PEN 'E-TRA-TING,  a.   Penetratins  everj  thing. 

Stafford. 

ALL-PERTECT,  a.  Completely  perfect;  having  all 
perfection. 

ALr^PER'FECT-NESS,  »i.  The  perfection  of  the 
whole;  entire  perfection.  More^ 

ALL-PER-VAD'IiNG,  o.    Pervading  ever>'  place. 

Allen. 

ALL-PTkR'CING,  a.    Piercing  ever^- thing.    Marston, 

ALL-Po'TE\T,  0.     Having  all  power.  Irving. 

ALL-POW'ER-FJJL,  a.    Almighty;  omnipotent. 

SwifU 

ALL-PRAIS'£D,  a.     Praised  by  all.  Shak, 

ALLr-PRES'E.VT,  a.     OinniprertenL 

ALL-PRO-TECT'ING,  a.  FurniaJ^'ne  complete  pro- 
tection. 

ALL-ROL'ING,  a.    Governing  all  things.      M'dton. 

ALI^SA-GA'CIOUS,  a.  Having  all  sagacitj' ;  uf  per- 
fect discernment. 

ALL-SAINTS'-n.^V,  n.  The  first  day  of  November, 
called ,  also,  .4//-Aa/^ic5 ;  a  feast  in  honor  of  all  the 
saints. 

ALL-SANC'TI-F^-ING,  a.     Sanctifting  the  whole. 
^  WesL 

ALI^SAV'ING,  a.    Saving  nil.  Sclden. 

ALL-.*<EARCH'I\G,  (scrch'ing,)  «.  Pcr\'ading  and 
searching  every  thing.  South, 

ALI.#-SKl'yiNG,  a.     Seeing  every  thing.        I>njden. 

ALL-.*KEIt',  «.     One  ttirit  sees  ever>'  thing.      Shak. 

ALL-.«HAK'ING,  a.     Phalcing  all  things.  Shak. 

ALlv-SMROUD'iNG,  a.  Shrouding;  covering  all 
things. 

ALL-S1IUN'N/:D,  a.     Shunned  bv  all.  Shak. 

ALL-SOULS'-DAY,  n.  The  second  day  of  Novem- 
ber ;  a  feast  or  solenmity  held  by  the  Roman  Catholic 
church,  to  supplicate  fur  tlie  sould  of  the  faitliful  do- 
ceased. 

AIjL'SPK'E,  n.  The  berry  of  the  pimento,  a  tree  of 
the  West  Indies  ;  a  spice  of  a  niililly  pungrnt  taste, 
and  agreeably  aromatic.  It  has  been  si]p[>osed  to 
combine  the  flavor  of  cinnamon,  nutmegs,  and 
cloves ;  and  hence  the  name. 

Encyc.  of  Dom.  Econ. 

ALL-SUB-MIS'SIVE,  a.    Wholly  submisiiive. 

ALL-i3UF-Fl"CIEN-CY,«.  Complete  or  infinite  abil- 
ity. I/alL 

ALI^'^UF-F1"CIENT,  a.  Sufficient  to  every  thing  ; 
infiniu-lv  able.  /looker. 

ALL-SUF-Fi"CIENT,  n.  The  all-sufficient  Being  ; 
(iod.  fVJiitloek. 

ALL-SUR  ROUND'ING,a.  Encompassing  the  whole. 

ALI>-Si;it-VEY'!NG,  (-«ur-va'ing,)a.  [See  Subvkv.] 
Survcving  every  thing.  Sandys, 

ALL-SCJS-TAIN'ING,  a.    Upholding  all  things. 

Beaumont. 

ALL-TELL'L\G,  a.  Telling  or  divulging  every  thing. 

Siiak. 

ALT^TRI'UMPH-rNG,  a.  Triumphant  every  where 
or  over  nil.  Jonsnn. 

ALI.,-VVATCn'KD,  a.    Wntehed  throughout.    Shah. 

ALL-VVfsE'   o.  Poase.nsrd  of  infinite  wisdom.  South. 

ALI.r-VVIT'']  ED,  a.    Having  all  kindti  of  wil.    Jtinnon. 

AI.L-WOR'SHIP-iCD,  (wur'ehipt,)  a.  VV'orshi|>ed  or 
adonrd  bv  all.  Milton. 

ALI^VVOR'TII  Y,  a.  Of  infinite  worth  ;  of  the  high- 
est worth. 

AL'LA-GITE,  n.  An  impure,  brownish  variety  of 
manganese  spar.  Dana. 

AL'LAlI,  R  The  Arabic  name  of  the  Supreme  Be- 
ing. 

AL'LAN-ITE,  ir.  An  ore  of  the  metals  cerium  and 
lantlinnuni,  having  a  piteh-blark  or  brownish  color. 
It  was  first  dittcovered,  as  a  sjwcies,  by  Mr.  Allan,  of 
Edinburgh.  Dana. 

AL-LAN-TO'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  ronlaineJ  in  iho 
allantnis. 

AIj-I.AN-TO'IC  acid,  n.  An  arid  of  animal  origin, 
found  in  the  liquor  of  the  allantois  of  the  fetal  khu. 
[See  Aj.LANToii.1  This  is  the  same  acid  which  waa 
formerly  called  amniotic  acid. 


ALL 

AL-LAN-TOIS'    )  n.      [Gr.  a>>a(,  a   sausage,  and 

AL-LAN-TOID';  j     ct.5«?,  form.} 

A  thin  tuembrano,  situated  bL-tween  the  chorion 
and  amnion  in  quadrupeds,  and  forming  one  of  the 
membranes  which  invest  the  fetus  in  those  animals. 

Ed.  Encyc 

AL'LA-TRATE,  v.  U     [L.  allatro.'] 

To  bark,  as  a  dog.    [J^'ot  used.\  Stubbes. 

AL-LAY',  r.  t,  [Sax.  alecgan,  alegan,  to  lay,  to  set,  to 
d  :-press,  lecgan,  to  lay,  to  cast  or  strike  down  ;  G.  te- 
gCHf  D.  leggctiy  to  lay  ;  Gr.  Xey  (■'.  The  Fr.  aWicr,  to 
alloy,  Sp.  llgar,  seems  to  be  directly  from  the  L.Ugo^ 
to  bind  ;  but  this  may  be  ttie  same  word  differently 
applied,  that  is,  to  si^t,  to  fix,  to  make  fiwt,  to  unite. 
Allay  and  allotf  were  formerly  used  indifferently  ;  but 
I  have  recognized  an  entire  distinction  between  them, 
applying  alloy  to  metals.] 

1.  To  nrike  quiet ;  to  pacify  or  appease  ;  as,  to  al- 
lay  the  tumult  of  the  passions,  or  to  allay  civil  com- 
motions. 

2.  To  abate,  mitigate,  subdue,  or  destroy  ;  as,  to  ol- 
lay  grief  or  pain. 

FcmaleB,  wlio  BolWn  aud  allay  the  Uttcmoa  of  adrcnKy. 

Ravtl*. 

3.  To  obtund  or  repress,  as  acrimony  ;  as,  to  aZIay 
the  acrid  qualities  of  a  sulistance. 

4.  Formerly,  to  reduce  the  purity  of;  as,  to  aUay 
metals.  But  in  this  sense  aUoy  is  now  exclusively 
used.    [See  Alloy.] 

AL-LAY',  n.  Formerly,  a  baser  metal  mi-ted  with  a 
finer;  but  in  this  sense  it  is  now  written  Allot, 
which  gee, 

2.  That  which  allays,  or  abates  the  predominant 
qualities ;  as,  the  allay  of  colors.  AVwfon. 

Also,  abatement ;  diminution  by  means  of  suine 
mixture ',  as,  joy  without  allay.  But  alloy  is  now 
more  generally  used. 

AL-LaY'£D,  pp.  Layed  at  rest;  quieted;  tranquil- 
ixed  ;  abated  ;  [reduced  by  mixture.     Obs.] 

AL-LAY'ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  allays. 

AL-LAY'ING,  ppr.  Uuieting;  reducing  to  tranquilli- 
ty ;  abating  ;    reducing  by  mixture.    |  Obs.] 

AL-LAY'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  quieting,  or  a  state  of 
tninquillity  ;  a  state  of  rest  after  disturbance  ;  that 
which  allays ;  abatement ;  ease  ;  as,  the  allayment  ol 
grief.  Shak. 

AL'LE,  (al'Iy,)  n.  The  little  auk,  or  black  and  white 
diver. 

AL-LECT-A'TION,  n.  Enticement ;  allurement.  [JVo( 
used.]  Coles. 

AL-LECT'IVE,  a.    Alluring.    [J^otused.']    Chaucer, 

AL-LECT'IVE,  n.     Allurement.     [JVy(  used.] 

Eli^ 

AT..-LET)GE'.  See  Allege.  [This  spelling,  corre- 
sponding to  abridge^  was  once  the  prevailing  one, 
and  would  still  be  preferable.] 

AL-LE-GA'NE-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  mountains 
called  Alleg;my,  or  Alleghrnny. 

AL'LE-GA-NY,  n.  The  chief  ridge  of  the  great  chains 
of  mountains  whicli  run  from  N,  East  to  S.  West, 
thrutigh  the  Middle  and  Southern  States  of  North 
America ;  but,  more  appropriately ^  the  main  or  un- 
broken ridge,  which  casts  all  the  waters  on  one  side 
to  the  east,  and  on  the  other  side  to  the  west.  This 
rulge  runs  from  Pennsylvania  to  Georgia,  and  chains 
extend  through  the  United  States. 

This  name  is  given  also  to  the  River  Ohio,  above 
its  condiienre  with  the  Monongalutla ;  but  improper- 
ly, as  the  Indian  name  of  the  river  to  its  source  is 
()hio. 

AL-LE-GA'TION,  n.  Affirmation;  positive  assertion 
or  declaration. 

2.  That  which  is  affirmed  or  afsserted  ;  that  which 
is  offered  as  a  plea,  excuse,  or  justification. 

3.  In  ecclettiastical  courts^  a  formal  complaint,  or 
declaration  of  charges. 

AL  LEGE',  r.  t.  [I*,  alfego,  ad  and  lego,  to  send  ;  Fr. 
alleguer  i  Sp.  alegar;  Port,  allegar ;  It.  allegare.  This 
is  only  a  modified  application  of  the  Eng.  lay  f  L.  lo- 
co, to  set,  or  throw.     See  Class  Lg.] 

1.  To  declare  ;  to  affirm  ;  to  assert;  to  pronounce 
with  positiveness  ;  as,  to  allege  a  fact. 

2.  To  produce,  as  an  argument,  plea,  or  excuse; 
to  cite  or  quote  ;    as,  to  allege  the  authority  of  a 


judge. 

\L-C-- 


AL-LEGE'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  alleged  or  affirmed. 

Brown, 

AL-LE(j'Kn,  pp.  or  a.    Affirmed  ;  asserted,  whether 
a.x  a  charge  or  a  plea. 

AL-LF,GE'M1:NT,  n.     Allegation.     [JVot  in  use.] 

AL-LE6'ER,  h.     One  w  ho  affirms  or  declares. 

AL-Le'GI-ANCE,  w.     [old  Fr.,  from  L.  ailiffo,  of  ad 
Biul  ligo,  to  bind.    See  Liboe  and  Leaoue.] 

The  tie  or  obligation  of  a  subject  to  his  prince  or 
government ;  the  duty  of  fidelity  to  a  king,  govern- 
ment, or  state.  Every  native  or  citizen  owes  allegi- 
ance to  the  government  under  which  he  is  born.  This 
is  called  natural  or  implied  allegiance,  which  arises 
from  the  connection  of  a  person  with  the  society  in 
which  he  is  bom,  and  his  duty  to  be  a  faithful  sub- 
jrtt,  independent  of  any  express  promise.  Erpruss 
allegiance,  is  ihat  obligation  which  proceeds  from  an 
express  promise,  or  oath  of  fidelity. 


TCXE,  BIJT.L,  TINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUe.  — €  as  K ;  0  as  J  j  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  811;  TH  a«  in  THia 

3^' 


ALL 

LiKul  or  fntporary  aUe<:ianca  is  due  ftom  mn  alien 
to  the  guvcratnt'ni  or  suite  in  wliicb  be  it'sides. 

SiuciisUfite, 

AL-Le'CI-A.VT.o.    Loyal.    [JVV(  iwrtt]  SHak. 

Al^Lr.C lyiii.  fiftr,    Asxningi   averring;  declaring. 

AL-LE-GOR'lt*,         I  a.     In  ihe  manner  of  allegory  ; 

ALr  LB-GOIE'IC-AL, )  figurative  ;  describing  by  re- 
semblances. 

AL-LE-GOR'ie-.Mr-LY,  ade.  In  a  figurative  manner  j 
bv  way  of  allegory. 

Al^LE-GOR'ie-AL-XESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
allesorical. 

AL'LC-GO^RIST,  «.  One  who  allegorisea,  or  luea  al- 
Icgor)',  as  Bunyan  or  Spenser. 

J.  Warttnu     Warhmrton. 

AI/LE-GO-RTZE,  e.  U  To  form  an  allegory  ;  lo  turn 
into  allegory  ;  as,  to  tlUgoriic  the  histoiy'  of  »  P«o- 
jJs.  '  CumpbtlL 

a  To  understand  in  an  allegorical  sense  ;  an,  when 
a  passage  in  a  wntt- r  may  be  understood  Ittenilly  or 
liguralivi  ly,  tie  wtiu  give«  it  a  figunuive  aeutte  ia  said 
to  ailtgyrizf  it. 

AL'LE*0-RIZE,  r.  i.  To  >i*e  allegory;  as,  a  nian 
nnv  o<lfjvr<if  tti  please  his  f:inry. 

AL'l>  I*,  pp.  Turned  into  allegory,  or  un- 

der-: ^.ly. 

AL'l.:  ..K.  One  who  allegorizet, or  turns 

thii.  :\. 

ALL  -<:,  ^^.    Turning  inln  allegoo'^  nr 

uni!  a  au  allegorical  sense  j  ustug  alle- 

■OfA. 

AL'LE-CO-RY,  m.  [Gr.  oXXnyv******"  "^*'**»  °*''*'^ 
and  <(;- j^'itu,  to  sp^k,  from  <i>vi)a>  a  forum, an  ora- 
tion.] 

A  figurative  sentence  or  discounter  in  which  the 
princt^  subject  is  describt-d  by  another  subject  re- 
st uiblins  it  in  iu  propcrtit^  and  circuin.-<tances.  The 
principiil  subject  is  tliu*  k<-{il  out  of  view,  mid  we 
are  I -ft  to  uillect  the  inieniiun*  of  the  writer  or 
sp«:aki-r,  by  the  rfsembinnce  of  the  secondary  to  the 
priniaF^*  subject.  Allegor)-  i«  in  words  what  liicro- 
glvphics  are  in  painlinc.  Wc  h:\ve  a  line  eiample 
o^an  ailegor>'  in  theeigliitetli  Psalm,  in  which  God's 
chosen  ()ei'|>ie  are  represented  by  a  vineyard.  The 
distinction  in  Scripture  between  a  pomUle  and  an  al- 
legory,  is  said  to  be,  that  a  panihle  is  a  fupfnned  his- 
tory,and  an  allegory,  a  tieiirative  descripiirtn  of  rral 
fiiLs.  An  allegory  is  calltd  a  continued  metaphor. 
The  following  line  in  Virgil  is  an  exaiuple  of  au  al- 
legory. 

CL\ixS(c  yuo  rirm,  puni ;  Mt  pnu  UhfnutC 

"  Stoi*  the  eurrenls.  young  men  ;  the  meadows  have 
drank  sntficiently  ;"' that  i^i,  Ix-t  your  music  cease, 
our  ear*  have  been  sutficiently  dt-'lighted.  Eitejfe, 
jiL-LE-ORKVTO  [It.,  diminutive  of  aUrgro]  de- 
nutes,  in  muyic,a  movement  or  time  quicker  than  «ii- 
dan'fy  but  not  so  quick  a^  allegro.  Rousseau. 

AL-IS'ORO,  [ft.,  mern-,  clierrful  ;  It.  irg^cn;  Sp. 
li^mt;  Ft.  U^er^  light,  nimble.  St-e  Lioht.  In  this 
sense  it  h  used  in  the  po<-ni  uf  Milton  to  n.inifd.] 

In  niiL*ic,  a  word  denoting  a  brisk  movement ;  a 
ftprightly  priTt  or  strain;  the  quickest  except  prcj- 
(0.     Piu  oUtgTif  is  a  :>tiU  quicker  muvcmeiiL 

RouAsrau. 

As  a  nnui,  a  piece  of  music  to  be  performed  in  al- 
Itgnt. 
AL-LE-LCIAH,  «.    [Heb.  m-iVSn,  Praise  to  Jah.J 

Prai-ie  J(-liov;ih  ;  a  word  used  to  denote  pious  joy 
and  e\uli:itinn,  chiefly  in  hymns  and  anthems.  The 
Greeks  retained  the  \vord  m  their  EAtX'*  lij,  Praise 
to  lo;  probably  a  corruption  of  ./oA.  The  Romans 
retained  the  latter  word  in  their  lo  triumphr^ 
AL-LE-MX\DE',  ■-  A  slow  air  in  common  lime,  or 
grave,  solemn  music,  with  a  slow  movement.  AJso, 
a  brisk  dance,  or  a  figure  in  dancing.  Z>ict.  of  Miuie. 
.\l^LE>-MA.\'Me,  a.  Belonging  to  the  JSUnumniy  an- 
cient Germans,  and  to^iesMjniM,  their  country.  The 
word  is  gencrnily  supposed  to  be  composed  of  oXt  and 
omuiu,  all  men.  Ciucer^  p.  C8.  This  is  prt>bahly  an 
error.  The  word  is  more  probably  composed  of  the 
Celtic  a//,  other,  the  root  of  Latin  alitw^  and  man, 
place  ;  one  of  another  place,  a  stranger.  The  Welsh 
otimMM  is  thus  render^,  and  this  seems  to  be  the 
ori^nal  wOTil.  Owea,  fFelfh  Diet. 

The  name  jJlnunini  seems  to  have  been  first  giv- 
en to  the  Germans  who  invadi  d  Gaul  in  the  reign  of 
Augustus.  C/itrer,  Oerm.  jintiq. 

AL-Lr'RI-OX,  n.  In  heraldry^  an  eagle  without  beak 
or  feet,  with  expanded  wings  ;  denoting  Imperialists 
vanquished  and  disarmed.  Kneyc 

AL-LE- VECR',  a.  A  small  Swedish  coin,  value  a'bout 

a  cent.         Encyc 

AL-Le'\'I-ATE,  r.  (.  [Low  L.  attecia;  ad  and  leva,  to 
raise,  lecis^  light ;  Fr.  lertr ;  It.  lezare^  to  raise  ;  r*p. 
Unary  to  carry,  /eroniar,  to  raise,  and  levante,  a  ris- 
ing, and  the  eastern  c<»asts  of  the  Mediterranean, 
the  east,  so  calLd  from  tlie  rising  of  the  sun,  like 
orieituU^  fmm  orior^  to  rise ;  Sax.  hlif^aTi^  to  be  em- 
inent.   See  Li^T.] 

1.  To  make  light ;  but  always  in  a  figurative  sense, 
as  ix  is  not  applied  to  material  objects.  To  remove 
in  part ;  to  lr^«sen,  mitigate,  or  make  easier  to  be  en- 
dured j  applied  to  evils  ;  as,  to  alUciate  sorrow,  pain, 


ALL 

care,  punishment,  a  burden,  ^c  ;  opposed  to  ag^a- 
vate^ 

3.  To  make  less  by  representation  ;  to  lessen  the 
m:icnitudf  or  crimitmlity  ;  to  extenuate  ;  applied  to 
mural  conduct;  as,  to  aUcvuUe  an  oifense.  [TTiis 
sfHmr  of  ihe  wprd  in  rare.'\ 

AL-LE' VI-A-TED,   pp.      Made  lighter  ;    mitigated  ; 

eased  :  extenuated. 
AL-LE'VI-A-TLN'G,  fpr.     Making  lighter,   or  more 

toliTible;  extenuating. 
AL-LK-V1-A'T10\,  n,    Tho  act  of  liphteninp,  allay- 

iug,  or  extenuating  ;  a  lessening,  or  mitigation. 
a.  That  which  lessens,  mitigates,  or  makes  more 

tolerubl-*;  as,  the  symiiathy  of  a  friend  is  an  allevia- 

tian  of  grief. 

1  hxvp  not  mrnlnt  tiich  oJitrvtAortM  of  lif'  st  friracUliip  could 
•uppljr.    (Dr.  Ji>tiik«on'i  IvUcr  Ut  Mr.  lIccLor.)     ButtotlL 

This  use  of  allrviat'ton  is  hardly  lecitimate  without 
RU|»plying  sonu'  word  expressing  en/,  ns  trouble,  sor- 
row,  4cc. —  Without  such  aUeviatioru  of  the  cares  or 
troubles  of  life. 

AL-L£'Vl-.\-TI  V£,  It.  That  which  mitigates.  [JVut 
IN  use.'] 

AL'LEY,  (al'ly,)  n.  [Fr.  allee,  a  passage,  fVom  aUerf 
to  go ;  Ir.  ttitadJu    Litemlly,  a  passing  or  going.] 

1.  A  walk  in  a  garden  ;  a  narrow  passage. 

2.  .\  narrow  passage  or  way  in  a  city,  as  distinct 
from  a  public  street. 

'X  A  choice  taw,  originally  made  of  alabaster,  is 
BO  called  by  b«>ys.  I/atUited. 

4.  Thf  ,iilcy,  or  C>. an ze -We^;  a  place  in  London 
where  stocks  were  furmerlv  bought  and  sold.  Sgh, 

AL-LI-A'CEOUS,  a.     [I*  aUium,  garlic] 

Perlainiu!;  lo  allium,  or  garlic;  having  the  smell  or 

pntiH-rti'-s  of  garlic.  BarUm, 

AL-LI'A.NCE,   n.     [Fr.  ailiance,  from  oUiVr,  /icr,  to  tie 

or  unite,  from  L.  h^;  Gr.  Ar<*  oo;  Hp.  aliaaia;  Port. 

alian\,a ;  It.  aUtoHia ;   from   the  same  root  as  Uege^ 

UaiTue,  alltifiance.     Class  Lff.J 

1.  The  relation  or  union  between  families,  con- 
tracted by  marriagt!.  Dryden, 

2.  The  union  between  nations,  contracted  by  com- 
pact, ire.-ily,  or  leagiie. 

3.  The  tri'Hly,  bague,  or  compact,  which  is  the  in- 
strument of  confederacy  ;  sumetiuies,  perhaps,  tho 
act  of  confederating. 

4.  .^ny  unH'ti  or  connection  of  interests  between 
persons,  families,  states,  or  corporations  ;  as,  an  aXli- 
oMct  bi.'tween  church  and  stale. 

5.  The  pers4tiis  or  parties  allied  ;  as,  men  or  states 
mav  secure  any  aiUauces  in  their  jxiwer.    .^lidiwn, 

AL-LI'A.NT,  H.     An  ally.     [A^'ot  ils«/.]_         WuMon. 

AL-LI"C'IE.\-CV,  «.  [L.  oHicio,  ad  and  lacio  ;  G.  luck- 
m  ;  D.  tvkXeH ;  Sw.  Utcka ;  Dan.  lakke ;  L.  alUctOj  elicio. 
Class  Lp.] 

The  power  of  attracting  any  thing;  attraction; 
mngnttism.     [Uaie  used.]  GlanciUc 

AL-L1"CIENT,  IU    That  which  attracts.    UsTot  used,] 

Rubinsvn. 

AL-LI'£T>,  fal-IIde',)  pp.  Connected  by  marriage, 
treaty,  or  similitude.     [See  Allv.] 

AL'LI-GATE,  v.  t.    [L.  allisoyod  and  ligo^  to  bind. 
See  Aut-KCiANeB,  LiccE,  League.] 
To  tie  tog'-ther ;  to  unite  by  some  tie. 

AL'LI-GA-TIXG,  ppr.  Tying  together;  uniting  by 
some  tie. 

AL-LI-GA'TIO\,  B.  The  act  of  tying  together;  the 
state  of  beina  tied.     [LUUe  used,] 

2.  A  rule  o(  arithmetic  for  finding  the  price  or  val- 
ue of  compounds,  consisting  of  ingredients  of  differ- 
ent values.  Thus,  if  a  quantity  of  sugar,  worth  eight 
cents  the  pound,  and  another  quantity  worth  ten 
cents,  are  mixed,  the  question  lo  be  solved  by  alliga- 
tion is,  what  is  the  value  of  the  mixture  by  the  pound. 
Alligation  is  of  two  kinds,  medial  and  alternate  ;  me- 
dialj  when  the  rate  of  a  mixture  is  sought  from  the 
rates  and  quantities  of  the  simples ;  alternate,  when 
the  quantities  of  the  simples  are  sought  from  the 
rates  of  the  simples,  and  the  rate  of  the  mixture. 

.\L'LI-GA-TOR,  n-  [properly  alUtgarto,  from  the 
Spanish  and  Portuguese  lagarto,  a  lizard  ;  L.  lacer- 
ta.  The  Latin  word  seems  to  be  connected  witli  la- 
eertus,  the  arm ;  and  the  animal  may  be  named  from 
the  resemblance  of  his  legs  to  arms.] 

The  American  crociHlile.  This  auiinal  has  a  long, 
nak''4J>ody,  four  feet,  with  five  toes  on  tXie  fore  feet, 
und  four  on  the  hind,  armed  with  claws,  and  a  ser- 
rated tail.  The  mouth  is  very  large,  and  furnished 
with  sharp  teeth  ;  the  skin  is  brown,  tough,  and,  on 
the  sides,  coi'ered  with  tubercles.  The  largest  of 
these  animals  grow  to  the  knetb  of  seventeen  or 
eighteen  fc-et.  They  live  in  and  about  the  rivers  in 
w:irm  climates,  eat  fish,  and  sometimes  catch  hogs 
on  the  shore,  or  dogs  which  are  swimming.  In  win- 
ter, they  burrow  in  the  earth,  which  they  enter  un- 
der water  and  work  upward,  I>ing  torpid  till  spring. 
The  female  lays  a  great  nunib:?r  of  eges,  which  are 
deposited  in  the  sand,  and  left  to  be  h^itched  by  the 
beat  of  the  sun.  Encye. 

AL'LI-GA  TOR-PEAR,  n.  A  West  Indian  fniit,  re- 
sembling a  pear  in  shape,  from  one  to  two  pounds  in 
weight,  (Z-auriuT /*(T.ffa,  Linn.)  It  contains  within 
its  rind   a  yellow,   butyraceuus  substance,  which. 


ALL 

when   the   fruit   is  perfectly    ripe,   constitutes  an 

agreeable  food.  Kncye. 

AL-LIG'.^-Tl'KE,  n.     Sec  Lioature,  which  is  the 

Word  in  use. 
AL-Lia'lO.\,  (al-llzh'un,)  Ji.     [L.  allido^  to  dash  or 

strike  against,  of  ad  and  lado,  to  hurt  by  str:king  ;  Ir. 

li-a.1,  a  sore  ;  I),  leed,  a  hurl ;  D.  bekediircn ;  Ger.  6« 

leidigen,  to  hurt ;  Fr.  ble.isrr,  to  hurt.     Lirdo  forms  its 

piirticiple  l<Bsus.     Class  Ld,  Ls.1 
A  striking  against ;  as,  the  a//L»'t(7Rof  th.-;  sen  against 

the  shore.  IVaodward, 

AL-LIT-EK-A'TIO\,  n.     [L.  ad  and  htera,  a  kiier.] 
Tiie  re|Htition  of  the  same  letter  at  tlie  beginning  of 

two  or  more  words  immediately  sueceetiing  each  other, 

oral  sliori  intervals  ;  as /and  g\\\  the  fuilowing  line: 

V\A\S»  ever  fmli,  antl  gTw»c«  forever  green. 

AL-LTT'ER-A-TIVE,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  consisting 
in,  nlliteratiou. 

ALIv-I.OVES  ,  a  former  mode  nf  adjuration,  meaning 
for  Vie.  tone  of  all,  as  of  heaven,  eartli,  &.c. ;  us,  Speak, 
of  all-loves .'  S/iak.     Toonr, 

AI^LO-CA'TIO.V,  n.  [L.  ad  and  locatio,  a  placing, 
from  lorus^  place.    See Xocal.] 

Tne  acT  of  putting  one  thing  to  another ;  hence  its 
usual  sense  is,  tlie  admission  of  an  article  of  account, 
or  an  allowance  made  upon  an  account ;  a  term  used 
In  the  English  exchequer.     [Sd«  Allow.] 

Chambers.     Johnson. 

AL-LO-CA'TCR,  n.  [I^]  Tn  law,  a  certificate  of  al- 
lowance of  cost  by  the  proper  oilicer. 

AL'LO-CHRO-rrE,  M.     [Gr.  aXA;*  and  \o^(«.] 

A  fine-grained,  massive  garnet,  of  a  ding}-  reddish- 
yellow  color.  Its  name  is  said  to  be  given  to  it,  aa 
expressive  of  its  changes  of  color  before  the  blow- 
pipe. Dana, 

AL-LOrC'TION,  n.  [L.  allocutioj  of  ad  and  ioy(*6r, 
to  speak.     See  ELOi^uENcE.] 

1.  The  net  or  niuunerof  speaking  to,  or  of  address- 
ing in  words. 

2.  An  address;  a  formal  address,  as  of  a  general 
to  bis  troops  ;  a  Roman  term,  rarely  used  in  Enplish. 

Jiddi-iotu     Kncyc 
.\L-LCni-AL,  o.    Pertaining  to  allodium  ;  freehold: 
free  of  rent  or  service  ;  held  independent  of  a  lord 

iiarainoiint ;  opposed  lo  feudal.  Blackstune. 

,-LO'ltI-AN  w  bometimes  used,  but  is  not  well  au- 
Ihorizi^d.  Cowel, 

AL-LO'DI-UM,  Ti.  [Fr.  nll^n,  contr.  word.  Accord- 
ing 10  O'Brien,  in  iiis  Foculoir.  or  Dictionary  of  the 
Irish,  this  word  is  the  Celtic  allod.  ancient.  Accord- 
ing to  Pontoppidan,  it  is  composed  of  aW  and  «(/A,  all- 
property,  or  whole  estate.  In  Sw.  odal,  and  in  Uan. 
odelj  signify  allodial ;  the  word  being  used  as  an  ad- 
jective ;  Hw.  odalgods,  that  is,  oded  goods,  signifies  al- 
lodial lands  ;  and  odaljurd,  odal  earth,  is  used  as  its 
synonym.  Odalman  is  one  who  possesses  allodial 
land  ;  odnlbomlc  is  a  yeoman  or  freeholder ;  odeit  sig- 
nilies  undivided  ;  o,  in  Swedisli,  being  a  prefix,  an- 
swering to  the  English  un,  and  giving  to  words  a 
negative  signification.  If  o  in  odal  is  this  prefix,  and 
dal  from  the  rcwt  of  deal,  the  word  signifies  undivided. 
But  some  obscurity  rests  on  this  word.  Pontoppi- 
dan's  derivation  is  most  probably  the  true  one.] 

Freehold  esLite  ;  land  which  is  the  absolute  prop- 
erty of  the  owner  ;  real  estate  held  in  absolute  inde- 
pendence, without  being  subject  lo  any  rent,  service, 
or  acknowledgment  loa  superior.  It  is  thus  op|>osea 
to  feud.  In  England,  there  is  no  allodial  land,  all 
land  being  held  of  the  king  ;  but  in  the  United  Slates, 
most  lands  are  allodial. 

AI^LONGE',  fal-lunj',)  n.  [Fr.  allonger,  to  lengthen, 
to  thnist ;  allojtgi,  lengthened,  of  ad  and  long.] 

1,  A  pass  with  a  sword  ;  a  thrust  made  by  stepping 
forward  and  extending  the  arm  ;  a  term  used  in  fen- 
cing, often  contracted  into  lunge. 

'i.  A  long  rein,  when  a  horse  is  trotted  in  the 
hand.  Juhason. 

AL-LOO',  V.  t.  or  L    To  incite  dogs  by  a  call. 

PlulUps. 
[See  the  correct  word,  Halloo.] 

AL-L0-PAT1I'1€,  a.  Pertaining  to  allopathy  or  the 
mode  of  cure  bv  producing  an  op|josite  state. 

AL-LO  PATIl'IC-AI^LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  con- 
formable to  ailopalhy. 

AL-LOP'j\-'J'IIIST,  n.  One  who  practices  medicine 
according  to  the  principles  and  rules  of  allopathy. 

AL-L01"A-THY,  n,  [Gr.  ^AA -s,  other,  and  raOuf, 
morbid  condition.] 

'J'hiit  method  of  medical  practice,  in  which  there 
is  an  attempt  to  cure  disease  by  the  productiun  of  a 
condition  of  the  system  either  diflcrent  from,  oppo- 
site to,  or  incompatihU;  with,  the  condition  essential 
to  the  disease  to  be  cured  ;  the  ordinary  mode  of 
medical  practice,  in  opposition  to  komaopnthyt 

AL'LO-PHAiNE,  a.  [Gr.  «XAji,  other,  and  ^(ii^to,  to 
appear.] 

A  clayey  or  aluminous  mineral,  of  a  blue,  and 
sometimes  of  a  green  or  brown  color,  which  occurs 
massive,  or  in  imitative  shapes.  It  gelatini/.es  in 
acids,  and  loses  its  color  before  the  blow-pipe, 
wh.'Uce  its  name.  It  consists  chiefiy  of  silica,  alu- 
mina, and  water,  and  derives  its  color  from  a  small 
^rtion  of  copper.  Dana. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALI,,  W11.\T.  — METE,  rREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  EQQK. — 


36 


ALL 

AL'LO-UUY,  n.     [L.  ad  and  lotjuvr.] 

A  speaking  to  aiiuilier. 
AL-LOT',  r,  t.     [of  ad  and  Jot:  Sax.  lUvt.   See  Lot.} 

1.  To  divide  or  distribute  by  lut. 

2.  To  distribute,  or  parcel  out  in  parts  or  portions ; 
arte  distribute  a  share  to  each  individual  concerned. 

3.  To  grant,  as  a  portion  ;  to  give,  assign,  or  ap- 
point in  geni^ral ;  as,  let  every  man  be  contented 
with  tliat  which  Providence  alloLi  to  him. 

ALr-LOT'ME.NT,  n.    The  act  of  allotting. 

2.  That  nhich  is  allottir-d  ;  a  share,  part,  or 
ponioti  (granted  or  distributt-d  ;  that  which  is  as- 
signed by  lot,  or  by  the  act  of  God. 

3.  A  part,  portion,  or  place  appropriated. 

In  «  dWtl,  tti>:]T  ia  (ui  aHolmeiit  tor  olircs.  Brootnt. 

AL-LOT'TED,  pp.      Distributed    by    lot;     granted; 

assigned. 
AL-LOT'TER-Y  is  used  by  Shakf^peare  for  Allot- 
ment ;  but  is  not  atithorized  by  usage. 
AL-LOT'TL\G,  ppr.     Distributing  by  lot;  giving  as 

portions;  assigning. 
AL-LOV\'',  V.  U     fFr.  aUouer,  from  Ltuer;  L.  loco^  to 
lay,  set,  place;  VV.  Uogii  A'orm.  allucr.     See   Lat. 
Class  Lg.j 

1.  To  grant,  give,  or  yield  ;  as,  to  allow  a  servant 
his  liberty  ;  to  alUno  n  pension. 

3.  To  admit;  as,  to  allov>  tiie  truth  of  a  proposi- 
tiun  ;  to  allam  a  claim. 

3.  To  admit ;  to  own  or  acknowledge  ;  as,  to 
allote  the  right  of  the  president  to  displace  officers. 

4.  To  approve,  justify,  or  sanction. 

Ye  alloi*  Uic  iWii»  of  your  ^uhv-r*.  —  Luke  xL    Rom.  tH. 

5.  To  afford,  or  grant  as  a  compensation ;  as,  to 
aUow  a  dollar  a  day  for  wages. 

^.  To  abate  or  deduct ;  as,  to  alloia  a  sum  for  tare 
or  leakage. 

7.  To  permit ;  to  grant  license  to ;  as,  to  alloie  a 
Kon  to  be  absent. 

AL-LOVV'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  permitted  as  law- 
ful, or  aJniitted  as  true  and  propter  ;  not  forbidden  ; 
not  unlawful  or  improper;  as,  a  certain  degree  of 
freedom  is  allowable  among  frir-nds. 

AL-LO\V'A-BLE-XESS,  r.  The  quality  of  being 
allowable  ;  lawfulness  ;  exemption  from  prohibition 
or  inittropriety.  South. 

AL-LOVV''A-Bf*Y,  ado.  In  an  alluwable  manner; 
with  propriety.  LnwtJi. 

AL-L<J\V'A.N'CE,  n-  The  act  of  allowing  or  ad- 
mitting. 

3.  INrmission  ;  license;  approbation;  sanction; 
nsiially  shght  approbation.  Locke.     Shak. 

3.  Admission  ;  assent  to  a  fact  or  state  of  things  ; 
a  pmntmg.  Ilouker. 

4.  Freedom  from  restraint ;  indulgence. 

5.  That  which  is  allowed  ;  a  jxirtion  appointed  ; 
m  tttati  d  quantity,  as  of  food  or  drink  ;  hence,  in 
«ea.-n<fjV  Iciianage,  a  limited  quantity  of  meat  and 
driiik.  when  provisions  fall  short. 

G.  AlKttenient;  deduction;  as,  to  make  an  allow- 
miue  fur  the  inexperience  of  youth. 

7.  ET'lablished  character;  reputation;  as,  a  pilot 
of  nitiymwd  aUtixance,     [Obs.]  Sittik. 

8.  In  commerce,  a  cncitomiiry  deduction  from  the 
l*ro*M  weight  of  goods,  dtlferenl  in  dilferent  coun- 
trie$>,  ntirh  n<4  tare  and  tret.  P,  Cyc 

AL-LOWANCE,  r.  L  To  put  upon  allowance  ;  to 
retilrain  or  limit  to  a  certain  quantity  of  provlsiontt 
or  drink  ;  as,  distr<.-s8  compelled  the  captain  of  Uic 
ship  to  alUiteance  his  crew. 

AL-LOW'Kll,  pp.  Granted  ;  pemiilted  ;  OKsenled  to  ; 
iulmitt>-d  ;  approved  ;  indulged  ;   assigned  ;  abali-d. 

AU-LOVV'Ell,  jc  One  who  allows,  permits,  gnuits, 
or  authori/.es. 

AL-LOVV'I.NG,  ppr.  Granting;  permitting;  admit- 
ting: approving;  indulging;  deducting. 

AI#  LOV',  r.  U  [Fr.  ailia-y  to  unite  or  mix  ;  L.  alligo^ 
ad  and  ttgo^  to  bind  ;  Gr.  \v\  o'.t ;  .Sp.  Itgnr^  to  tie  or 
bind,  to  alU-^  or  mix  ba.<!«  metals  with  gold  or  silver, 
to  league  or  confederate  ;  Port.  id. ;  It.  legarf.  \Ve 
observe  that  alluy  and  leaffur^  aUiMice,  allijf  are  from 
the  same  riM>t.     Cluits  Lg.j 

1.  To  rrduce  the  purity  of  a  metal,  by  mixing  with 
it  a  portion  of  one  less  valuable ;  as,  to  alloy  gold 
with  silver,  or  silver  with  cop[ter. 

"2.  To  mix  metals.  Lar.oiMtr. 

X  To  rediu^e  or  abate  by  mixture ;  as,  to  alloy 
plea.<iMre  with  misfortunes. 
AI*-LOY',«.    In  coinage^  a  baser  metal  mixed  with  a 
fint-r. 

2.  In  ekfitti^ry,  the  mixture  of  different  mttals  ; 
any  m:.'tallic  conipound  except  that  of  mercury  with 
anoth'T  m'^tal,  which  is  called  an  amalgam. 

3.  Evil  nitxed  with  good  ;  as,  no  happiness  is  with- 
out allorf, 

AL-U)Y'ACE,  71.     [Fr.  alliagc,  from  aWicr  ] 

1.  The  art  of  alloying  metals,  or  th*-  mixture  of  a 
baser  m^tal  with  a  finer,  to  reduce  its  purity  ;  the 
act  of  mixing  metals. 
U.  Thf  mixture  of  difTrent  metals.       Lavoisier, 
AL-LOY'/TD,  pp.      Mixed,  as    metals;    reduced    in 

piirily  ;  dr-based  ;  abated  by  f'>reign  mixture. 
AL-LOY'I.VG,  ppr.    Mixmg,  ns  metals;  reducing  in 
purity;  abating  h>-  foreign  mixture. 


ALM 

ALL't^PICE,  »u    See  under  the  compounds  of  All. 
.^L-LODE',  r.  i.     [L.  aUudo,  to   smile   upon  or  make 

sport  with,  of  ad  and  Ituio,  to  play  ;  Sp.  Port,  aludir  ,• 

It.  ailadere..     CUiss  Ld.] 
To  refer  to  something  not  directly  mentioned  ;  to 

have  reference;   to  hint  at  by  remote  suggestions; 

as,  tjiat  story  alludes  to  a  recent  transaction. 
AL-LUD'ED,  pp.     Referred  to  ;  hinted  at. 
AL-LOD'ING,  ppr.     Having  reference  ;  hinting  at. 
AI^L0'ML\-OR,     11.       [Fr.    aUiimer^    to    light.     See 

LlMNEH.] 

One  who  colors  or  paints  upon  paper  or  parch- 
ment, giving  light  attd  ornament  to  letters  and 
figures.  Cowel.     Eiicyc. 

This  is  now  written  Limner. 

AL-LORE',  V,  t*  [Fr.  Icurrery  to  decoy,  from  leurre^  a 
lure.] 

To  attempt  to  draw  to ;  to  tempt  by  the  offer  of 
Fonie  good,  real  or  api>arent ;  to  invite  by  something 
flattering  or  acceptable  ;  as,  rewards  aUure  men  to 
brave  danger.  Sometimes  used  in  a  bad  sense,  to 
allure  to  evil ;  but  in  this  sense  entice  is  more 
comnu>n.  In  Hosea  ii.  14,  aUure  is  used  in  its  genu- 
ine sense  ;  in  2  Peter  ii.  18,  in  the  sense  of  eiuice. 

AL-LOR'£D,  pp.  Templed,  drawn,  or  invited,  by 
sonr-'thingthnt  appears  desirable. 

AL-LOUE'.ME.NT,  n.  That  which  allures;  any  real 
or  apparent  good  held  forth,  or  opcratutg,  as  a  motive 
to  action  ;  temptation  ;  enticement ;  ud,  the  allure- 
meiitu  of  pleasure,  or  of  honor. 

AL-LOR'ER,  n.     He  or  that  which  allures. 

AL-LOR'I\G,  ;>/jr.  Drawing;  tempting;  inviting  by 
some  real  or  aj)[)arent  good. 

2.  a.  Invitmg;  having  the  quality  of  attracting 
or  tempting. 

AL-LCR'ING-LY,  aJo.  In  an  alluring  manner;  en- 
ticinjzlv. 

AULCR'IXG-NESS,  n.  The  qmdity  of  a'.Iuring  or 
tempting  by   the  prospect  of  some    good.     [Ranly 

AL-LO'SION,  (al-lu'zhun,)  a.  [Fr.  from  oZ/itsio,  Low 
L.     See  Allude.] 

A  reference  to  something  supjwsed  to  be  known, 
but  not  explicitly  uiL:ationed ;  a  hiiit ;  a  suggestion. 

Bur  net. 
In  rkftorir^  a  reference  to  some  striking  incident 
in  history,  or  passage  in  some  writer,  which  illus- 
tnitcs,  and    at   the   same   time    pleases,   by   resem- 
blance. 
AL-LO't?IVE,  a.     Having  reference  to  something  not 

fully  expressed.  Soutli. 

.\L-LC'';*1VE-LY,  ado.  IJy  way  of  allusion  ;  by  impli- 
cation, remote  suggestion,  or  insinuation. 

ITammonfl. 
AULO'SIVE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  allu- 
sive.    [Rarely  iLsed.\ 
AL-LO'.SO-RY,  a.     Allusive.  //cart. 

AL-LO'VI-AL.a.     [See  Alluvios.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  alluvion;  added  to  land  by  the 
wash  of  water. 

2.  Washed  ashore  or  down  a  stream  ;  formed  by  a 
current  of  water ;  deposited  from  water ;  as,  alluvial 
ores:  allucial  Sitil.  Klriran. 

AL-LO'VI-ON,  n.  [L.  af/un'o,  of  ad  and  lavo  or  luoj 
alluo^  to  wa.'^h.     See  Late.] 

1.  A  gradual  washing  or  carrying  of  earth  or 
other  substances  to  a  shoru  or  bank  ;  tlie  earth  thus 
added. 

2.  In  law,  the  gradual  increase  of  earth  on  ashore, 
or  bank  of  a  river,  by  the  force  of  water,  as  by  a 
current  or  by  xvaves.  The  owner  of  the  land  thus 
augmented  has  a  right  to  the  alluvial  earth. 

3.  In  pliunical  geographv^  a  tract  of  alluvial  fonna- 
tinn  ;  particularly  up[>lie(i  to  the  bottom-lands  and 
deltas  of  rivers. 

AI*-L0'Vl-Or.S  a.  The  same  a<i  Alluvial.  \_Obs.} 
AL-LO'V!-UM,  n.  [1^.]  Earth,  simd,  gravel,  and 
other  tranM[Hirt''d  matter,  which  has  been  washed 
away,  and  thrown  down  by  rivers,  floods,  or  other 
causes,  nptm  land  not  pcnuancntly  submerged  be- 
neatli  the  waters  of  lakes  or  seas.  Lijell. 


AL-LV,  V.  t.  [FT.allicr:  reciprocal  verb,  a'aUter,  to 
match  or  conii'derute  ;  from  ad  and  /trr,  to  tie  or 
unite  ;  L.  tigo.) 

1.  To  unite,  or  form  a  relation,  as  between  fami- 
lies by  marriage,  or  between  princes  and  states  by 
treaty,  h^ague,  or  confederacy. 

a.  To  form  a  relation  by  similitude,  resemblance, 
or  friendnhip.  JVotr.  This  word  is  more  generally 
used  in  the  passive  form;  as^  families  are  allied  by 
blood  ;  or  reciprocally  ;  as,  princes  ally  themselves  to 
powerful  slates, 
AL-LV,  71.  A  prince  or  state  united  by  treaty  or 
league  ;  a  ronfedumte. 

Th'.-  ailut  uf  Komf  were  ■Ixv-a,  Amet. 

2.  One  related  **y  marriage  or  other  tie ;  but  seldom 
applied   to   individuals,  except   to   princes  In  their 

Eublic  cnjacity. 
-LV'LN'G,  pur.     Uniting  bv  marriage  or  treaty. 
AL'MA-CAN  'JAR,  n.     See  Almucantaiu 
AL'MA-DIE,  B.     A  bark  raiK>e  used  by  the  Africans  ; 


ALM 

also,  a  long  boat  used  at  Calicut,  in  India,  eighty  feel 
long,  and  six  or  seven  broad  ;  colled  also  cuUturL 

Eitcye. 
AL'MA-XjEST,  n.     [at  and  ncytar^  greatest.] 

A  hook  or  collectiim  of  problems  in  aiitronoray  and 
geometry,  drawn  up  by  Ptolemy.  The  same  title 
has  been  given  to  other  works  of  the  like  kind. 

Knajc. 
AL-MA'GRA,  n.  A  fine,  deep-red  ocher,  with  an  ad- 
mixture of  purple,  very  heavy,  dense,  but  triable, 
with  a  rough,  dusty  surface.  It  is  the  sil  utlicujit  of 
the  ancients.  It  is  austere  to  the  taste,  astringent, 
melting  in  the  mouth,  and  staining  the  skin.  It  is 
used  as  a  paint  and  as  a  medicine.  Enct/c. 

AL'MAMlJTRRy  [L.]    Fostering  mother;  a  college 
or  seminary  where  cue  is  educated. 
5  ^^ 

AL'MA-NAC,  71.  [Ar.  aZand  ,^vx*<  manocA,  7najtacjS:, 
'  a  calendar,  or  diary.]  C 

A  small  book  or  table,  containing  a  calendar  of 
days,  weeks,  and  months,  with  the  times  of  the 
rising  and  setting  of  the  sun  and  moon,  changes  of 
the  moon,  eclipses,  hours  of  full  tide,  stated  festivals 
of  churches,  statea  terms  of  courts,  observations  on 
the  weather,  &c.  for  the  year.  This  calendar  is 
sometimes  published  on  one  side  of  a  single  sheet, 
and  called  a  sheet-almaHoc. 

The  Baltic  nations  formerly  engraved  their  calen- 
dars on  pieces  of  wood,  on  swords,  helves  of  axes, 
and  various  other  utensils,  and  especially  on  walk- 
ing-sticks. Many  of  these  are  preserved  in  the  cab- 
inets of  the  curious.  They  are  called,  by  dilferent 
nations,  rimstockSf  prinistariej^  ruiistocks^  run*tdjf>, 
clogs,  &.C. 

The  characters  used  are  generally  the  Runic  or 
Gothic  Junius.     Eneyc.     'rooke^s  Russia. 

^L'MA-N  AC-MIK-ER,  n.    A  maker  of  almanacs. 

AL'MA\-1)INE,  n.  [Fr.  and  It.]  In  vmieralogy^ 
precious  garnet,  a  beautiful  mineral  of  a  red  color, 
of  various  shades,  sometimes  tinged  with  yellow  or 
blue.  It  is  commonly  translucent,  sometimes  trans- 
parent. It  occurs  crystallized  in  the  rhombic  dodeca- 
hedron. Phillips. 

AL'ME,  or  AL'M  AT,  v.  Girls  in  Egypt,  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  amuse  company  with  singing  and 
dancing.  Encyc.     iSavary. 

AL-M£'NA.  77.  A  weight  of  two  pounds,  used"  to 
weigh  satiron  in  several  parts  of  Aaia.       'S;>.  Diet. 

AL-.MIGUT'I-LY,  (awl-mit'e-le,)  adv.  With  almighty 
power.  //.  Tai/lor. 

^L-MIGHT'LNESS,  n.  OmniiH>tencc ;  infinite  or 
boundless  power  ;  an  attrilmte  of  Ovd  vnhj. 

^L-MTGHT'Y,  a.     [all  and  mightrj.     See  Might.] 

Possessing  all  jiower  ;  omni|R(tent;  being  of  un- 
limited might;  being  of  boundless  sutlicieucy  ;  ap- 
propruttrlu  applied  to  the  Supreme  Bring. 

AL-MIGIIT'Y,  71.    The  Omnipotent  God. 

AL'MO.ND,  n.  [Fr.  amands  ;  It.  /nandulai  Sp.  alincj^ 
dra  i  Ger.  mandel.'^ 

1.  The  fruit  of  the  almond -tree;  an  ovate,  com- 
pressed nut,  perforated  with  [wres.  It  is  either 
sweet  or  bitter.     [It  is  popularly  pronounced  dmond.^ 

j^iclioUon,     Encyc. 

2.  The  tonsils,  two  glands  near  the  basis  of  the 
t(mguo,  are  called  almotidsy  iVom  their  resemblance 
to  that  nut ;  vulgarly,  but  impri)pi:rly,  called  the 
almondd  qf  the  e^irs,  as  they  belong  to  tliL-  throat. 

Quiiicy.    Johnson. 

3.  In  Portuj^cd,  a  measure  by  whicli  wine  is  sold, 
twenty-six  of  which  make  a  pipe.  Encyc. 

[But  in  Portuguese  it  is  \vritten  abnudc] 

4.  Among  laptdarie-i,  almonds  signify  pieces  of 
rock  crj'slal,  usvd  in  adorning  branch  randleslicks, 
so  called  fnun  their  resemblance  to  this  fruiL    Encyc. 

AL'-MOND-FUK'NACE,  ju  A  kind  of  furnace  used 
in  the  refining  process,  to  spparnle  the  metal  from 
cinilcrs  and  other  foreign  matter.  Chambers. 

AL'.'yO\I)-OIL,  n.  A  bland,  tixed  oil,  obtained  from 
almonds  by  pressure.  Ure. 

AL'-MOM^SHaP-A-'U,  (-shapl,)  a.  Having  the  form 
of  an  almond. 

AL'MOND-TREE,  v.  A  species  of  Amygdalus  ;  the 
tree  which  produces  the  almond.  The  leaves  and 
flowers  resemble  those  of  tlie  pi^ich,  but  the  fruit  is 
longer  and  more  compressed,  the  green  coat  is  thin- 
ner and  drier  when  ripe,  and  the  slull  is  not  so  rug- 
ged. Miller. 

AL'MOND-WIL'LOW,  n.  A  willow  with  leaves  of 
a  light  green  on  both  sides.  Jilasonjfrvm  Shnistone. 

AL'Ivfo.V-ER,  n.     [See  Alms.] 

An  officer  whose  duty  is  to  distribute  charity  or 
alms.  By  tne  ancient  canons,  every  monastery  was 
to  dispose  of  a  tenth  of  its  inromu  in  alms  to  the 
poor,  and  all  bishops  were  obliged  to  keep  an  al- 
moner. This  title  is  sometimes  given  to  a  chap- 
lain ;  as,  the  almoner  of  a  ship  or  regiinent. 

The  lord  almoner,  or  U/rd  high  nlmnnrry  in  England, 
is  an  ecclesiastical  officer,  generally  a  bishop,  who 
has  the  forf-Mture  of  all  deodnndi,  ami  Itie  gJKids  of 
self-nmrderers,  which  he  Is  to  distribute  to  the  poor. 
The  grand  almoner,  in  Frannr,  is  the  first  ecclesi- 
astical dignitary,  and  has  the  superiutendence  of 
ha-'pitals.  Encyc. 


TONE,  BI;LL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  In  TIUS. 


ALO 

AL'MON~KV,  «.     [coTTupCed  into  Ambrgy  aumbryj  or 

The  place  where  the  almoner  resides,  or  where 
iht;  iihiL-i  ore  ditftrtbuted. 
^L'.MO:?T,  ado,  [aU  and  iitMf.  The  Saxon  order  of 
writins  was  Ihus:  "a//  mojt  who  were  presenL" 
Sax.  Chrun.  p.  t2i25.  We  now  use  a  dupUcaUon, 
mlmost  aii  who  were  presviit.] 

Nearly  ;  well  nigh  j  for  the  greatest  part. 

^iJWMl  ihou  pcnUKdeM  me  to  te  &  Chratiun.  —  Acu  ic?ct1. 


XLM8«(ajiuO  M.  fL  [Sax.  atmes;  old  Eng.  o/mano; 
Nunn.  utmoifHes ;  Fr.  aumitus ;  l>.  aiUmoes ,'  Sw. 
iUmaa* ;  Dan.  o/muM ;  G.  «lm»»m  i  U  tieemoryna  i  Gr. 
rAm/iot^^")*  "^hc  fif^  syllables  ai^teor  to  be  fVont 
cAicbi,  to  piiy.] 

Any  thing  gircn  gratuitow^tly  to  relieve  the  poor, 
«■  money,  food,  or  clothing,  otli^m'ise  called  cAortty. 

A  lummu  wwkUtUiljr  to  uk «n  o/aw.  —  Aeu  uL 
Conetioi  {«*«  Dineb  sAm  Id  the  i«^iie.—  Acta  x. 

7>»Mr«  *jr A*«  «A"'t  'I'  fhmk-almoifn,  in  England, 
is  that  by  whicJi  tbe  poraemor  is  bound  to  pmy  fiv 
tlM  snul  of  the  donor,  whether  drad  or  alive ;  a 
tenure  by  which  roost  oitlie  ancient  nitmasterirs  ani 
religiom  bousas  la  England  held  their  lamU,  as  do 
tbe  puochfad  cl«r|gr,  and  many  ei-clc^iasticnl  and 
eleemwynary  Mtabliiiimt-nts  at  this  da) .  I.and  thus 
he!^  "  -    '-      •'-  rn  bU  rent  or  oilier  ser\'ice.  BiaekM^mr, 

ALM~  .     ALM«'-BOX,     XUiW-CHEST. 

V--  L[ed  to  receive  alms. 

XL.Ms  ~t-»t:t:.u,  m.  An  Bct  oT  cbaiUy  j  a  charitable 
gilt 

ALMS'-FOLK,  (Sniz'f&k,)  a.  PenoDs  mippoitod  by 
alin^    [-Vo*  uMd,'\ 

XUMS'-GlV-ER,  s.    One  who  givw  to  the  poor. 

Baetm. 

ALM?'-GTV-I\G.  a.    Tbe  bestowmrnt  of  chanty. 

ALMS'-lIOrsL,  a.  A  house  appropriated  for  tbe  uae 
of  the  poor,  wtio  are  supported  by  the  public. 

In  F-M^tlamd^  the  term  is  also  i^iptied  to  bmucs  for 
lapporting  the  poor  on  private  chariUhle  foundations. 

P,  Cjfc 

ALMS'-MA\,  a.    A  man  who  lives  by  abas.    Skmk. 

ALMS'- MEN,  >  M.pL  Perwns  supported  by  charity 

AL.M«'-PkO-PLE,  I     or  by  public  pcovisioo. 

AL'MC-CA.N-TAH.a.  [Arabic]  A  term  applied  to 
circles  of  the  upbore  parallel  to  tlte  liorlzon,  con- 
ceived to  pass  through  eveiy  degrea  of  the  m«cidian. 

/Tsttoa. 

AL'Mr^A.V-TAR'S  STAFF,  a.  An  Instniraent  of 
box  or  p^ar-irre,  having  an  arch  of  fifteen  degrees, 
formerly  u^H  to  t-Oce  ob«iervatii>ns  of  the  sun,  about 
the  lime  of  it.«  h<^in^  or  setting,  to  Rnd  the  amplitude 
and  thf  variation  of  the  coroptus.   EMcye.  Ot^itAert, 

AL-.MC'DB,  B.  A  wine  measure  in  Portugal,  of 
which  twcnty-ffix  make  a  pipe.  PerC  Diet 

AL'MI'G,  t    a.'    In   Seripture,  a  tree  or  wood  about 

AL'GUM,  i  which  the  learned  are  not  agreed.  Tlie 
latest  probaMe  conjecture  is,  tlrnt  the  word  denotes 
the  sandol-wmKl  of  the  Ln^t.  Kitto, 

Tlie  Vulgate  translates  it  Uffiui  tMyima^  apd  tbe  Sep- 
tiiacint,  icrou^kt-wuodi  OCbeia,  steay,  brazil,  or  pine  ; 
and  the  Ribbins  render  it  eer«/.  It  was  used  for 
musical  in^lnim?nts,  staircases,  &.C. 

The  t^yms-'N  is  the  ci*.nin-tr«e,  from  Mauritania, 
much  esteemed  by  the  nncicnis  for  its  fmgmnce  antl 
beauty.  Tht;  o/ak^,  almug^im,  or  o/^mim,  or  simply 
rummim,  is  mo<t  pn>bably  k  gummy  wood,  and  per- 
Dapa  may  be  the  shitiJm,  ofU-n  mentioned  in  Srrip. 
ture.    See  1  Kinrs  x.  11.  Calmrt,     F.ncyc 

AL'XAGE,  a.      [Fr.   eulna^y  now  softened   into  ««- 
*nagt;  L.  ulna*  Gr.  t^Xci  rj,  an  arm,  a  cubit ;  W.  ^in  ; 
Ir.  aWfn,  MtUy  or  aiZeaa,  an  elbow,  a  nook  or  comer. 
See  Eij_] 
,A  measnring  bj*  the  e!!. 

AL'NA-^ER,  /  a.    A  mra.«Tirfr  by  the  ell ;  a  sworn 

AL'XA-G.\R,  (  officer,  whose  duty  was  to  inspect 
and  measure  woolen  cIrHh,  and  fix  upon  it  a  seal. 
This  oflice  was  aliolisbed  by  statute  It  and  13.  WilL 
III.  Xo  duty  or  office  of  this  kind  exists  in  the 
United  States, 

AL'NTGHT,  (awl'nltc,)  a.  A  cake  of  wax  with  the 
wirk  in  thie  midst.  Bacon. 

AL'OE,  fal'o,)  a.  [L.  a!i><i ;  Gr.  iiX-Jiif  Sp.  Port.  IL  Fr. 
mloe  ;  Heb.  pi.  C'jnx,  aloe-tree*.] 

In  kitainr,  a  genus  of  the  class  and  order  Hexan- 
dria  Monoc>'nia,  of  many  species;  all  natives  of 
warm  climates,  and  mo^  of  them  of  the  southern 
part  of  Africa. 

Among  thtf  Mohammedans,  the  aloe  is  a  sym- 
bolic  plant,  esjiecially  in  Eg)'pt ;  and  every  one  who 
returns  from  a  pilgrimage  to  Mecca  bancs  it  over 
his  street  tlour,  as  a  token  that  he  has  performed  the 
Jonmey. 

In  Africa,  the  leaves  of  the  Guinea  aloe  are  made 
into  durable  ropes.  Of  one  ^lecieiii  are  made  fishing- 
lines,  bow'strings,  stockincs,  and  hamniockj.  The 
leaves  of  another  species  hold  rain  water. 

AL'oES,  n.  In  mA/i'euii',  the  in^piss-tted  juice  of  tbe 
aloe.  The  juice  is  collected  from  the  leaves,  which 
are  cut  and  put  in  a  tub,  and  when  a  large  quantity 
is  procured,  it  is  boiled  to  a  suitable  consistence  ;  or 
it  is  exposed  to  the  sun,  till  all  the  fluid  part  is  ex- 
haled.   There  are  several  kinds  sold  in  the  shops  ; 


ALO 

as,  the  Socotrine  nloes  frutn  Socotora,  an  isle  in  the 
ludiuM  Ocean  ;  the  hejuitic  or  coutuion  Uurbadoes 
aloes  ;  and  the  f^'tid  or  calmlline  ulues. 

.Aloes  is  a  stimulating  stuuiHrjiic  purgative  ;  when 
taken  in  small  doses,  it  is  useful  for  people  of  a  lax 
habit  and  sedentary  life.  Encyc 

AL'OES-WQpD,  M.     See  Aoallochvm. 

AL-O-ET'lC,  I  a.     1.   Pertaining  to  aloe  or  aloes  ; 

.\L-0-ET'ie-AL,  (     pnrtakingofthe  qualities  of  nK>es. 

2.  Consisting  chiefly  of  alnea ;  having  aloes  as  a 
principal  ingredient ;  as,  an  alurtic  preimmtlou. 

AL-O-ET'ie,  B.  A  medicine  consisting  chiefly  of 
aloes.  putney. 

A-LOFT',  adr.     [a  and  lofl.    See  Loft  and  Luff.] 
1.  On  high ;  in  the  air ;  high  above  the  ground ; 
as.  the  eagle  soars  alofl, 

3.  Id  aeamen^s  lan^a^e,  in  the  top ;  at  the  mast 
head  ;  or  un  the  higher  5  ards  or  rigging.  Hence,  on 
the  upper  fvirt,  as  of  a  building. 

A-LO'Gl-ANS,  a.  pL     [>i  neg.  and  -\oj  oc,  wonl.] 

In  thurrJi  history,  a  sect  of  ancient  heretics,  who 
denied  Jesus  Christ  to  be  the  />/>/«,<,  and  conseiiuently 
rejr'ct'd  the  Gospel  of  SU  John.  Burk.     Entfic. 

AL'O-GO-TRO-PHY,  a.  [Gr.  uA^joj,  unrcasouablc, 
and  T,  0^11,  nutrition.] 

A  disproportionate  nutrition  of  the  parts  of  the 
bwly,  as  when  one  part  receives  more  or  less  nour- 
ishment and  growth  than  another.  Bailey. 
AL'O-M.-V.N'-CY,  u.     [Gr.  aAf,  salt,  and  ^airuti,  div- 
ination.] 
Divination  by  salt.                                       Jt/oria. 
AL'0-6Y,  n.    [Gr.  a  and  Xoj  /.(.] 

Unreasonableness;  absurdity.  Brovn. 

A-Ij6XE',  a.  [cUl  and  oae;  Germ,  aliein;  D.  alUen; 
Sw.  aUe»a ;  Dan.  alUne,] 

1.  Single;  solitary;  without  the  presence  of 
another ;  applied  to  a  person  or  thing. 

It  m  not  good  thnt  mao  kboitld  be  aion*.  — Uen.  I, 

[T'kis  adjeciirt  follows  its  noun.] 

S.  It  is  allied  to  two  or  more  persons  or  things, 
when  separate  from  others,  in  a  place  or  condition 
by  themselves}  without  company. 

And  wbra  tW  were  alont,  be  expounJwl  sll  thtngi  to  lib  disci- 
pit*. —  MmikW. 

3.  Only. 

Thou,  irboar  nanx^  n/one  is  Ji'bovnh.  — Pa.  Ixxxlil. 

This  sense  at  first  appears  to  be  advcrbiol,  hut 
really  is  not;  whose  name,  fm^/r,  solitanjy  loitJioul 
anotkrr^  is  Jehovah. 

To  Irtalone^is  to  suflV-r  torest ;  to  forbear  molesting 
or  meddling  with  ;  to  sufTer  to  remain  in  its  present 
state,  Jilone^  in  this  phrase,  is  an  adjective,  the 
word  to  which  it  ref.-rs  being  omitted  ;  let  me  alone  ; 
let  them  alone  ;  let  it  alone  ;  that  is,  suffer  it  to  be 
unmolested,  or  to  remain  as  it  is,  or  let  it  remain  hy 

A-l.ftNK',a^e.     SejKirately  ;  by  itself.  [itself. 

A-LO.\E'LY,a.  oriufo.  Onlyj  merely;  singly.  [JVot 
»fSrt(.l  Gower. 

A-Lo.\E'XESS,  lu  That  state  which  belongs  to  no 
other.     [A«(  used.]  Montague. 

A-LOXG',  adv.  [Sax.  and-lanir  or  ond-lang ;  Fr.  au 
lonff,  U  long.  See  Lo«o.  The  Saxons  always  pre- 
fixed and  or  onrf,  and  the  sense  seems  to  be,  by  the 
length,  or  opposite  the  length,  or  in  the  direction  of 
the  length,] 

1.  By  the  length ;  lengthwise  ;  in  a  line  with  the 
length  ;  a*<,  the  troops  marched  alonj;  the  bank  of  the 
river,  or  along  the  highway.      1  Sam.  vi. 

2.  Onward ;  in  a  line,  or  with  a  progressive  mo- 
lion  ;  as,  a  meteor  glides  along  the  sky  ;  let  us  walk 
alone. 

AU  along,  signifies  the  whole  length  ;  through  the 
whole  distance  ;  in  the  whole  way  or  length. 

lifanmH  wern  forth,  weepia^  ail  aiong  u  he  wenL  —  Jer.  xli. 
1  Sam.  xxviii. 

^ZtfUfwifA,  signifies  in  company  ;  joined  with  ;  as, 
go  along  with  us.    Sometimes  tcitA  is  omitted. 

Cofae,  Uien,  my  tiintd,  my  gctiitw,  coriK  along.  Pope. 

Along  side,  in  seamen*s  language,  that  is,  by  the 
length  or  in  a  line  with  the  side,  signifies  side  by 
side,  as  by  another  ship,  or  by  the  side  of  a  wharf 

Along  shore ^  is  by  the  shore  or  coast,  lengthwise, 
and  near  the  shore. 

Ltfittg  along,  is  lying  on  the  side,  or  pressed  down 
by  the  weight  of  sail.  Mar.  Diet. 

A-LOX^GST',  adv.    Along;  through  or  by  the  length, 

{Otfg.^  KnollM. 

A-LOOF',  adv.  [probably  from  the  root  of  leave,  to 
depart.] 

1.  At  a  distance,  but  within  view,  or  at  a  small 
distance,  in  a  literal  sense ;  as,  to  stand  aloof. 

2.  In  a  figurative  sense,  not  concerned  in  a  design  ; 
declining  to  take  any  share,  implying  circumspec- 
tion ;  keeping  at  a  distance  from  the  point,  or  matter 
in  debate, 

A-LOOF'XESS,  Tu    The  keeping  at  a  distance. 

Coleridge. 
AL'O-PE-CY,  n.     [Gr.  aX-  rr^J',  a  fox,  whose  urine  is 
said  to  occasion  bnldness.] 

A  disease,  called  the  Jciz-evil  or  sevrf,  which  is  a 
falling  off  of  the  hair  from  any  part  of  the  body. 
Quinoj.     Encyc.     Bailey. 


ALR 

A-LOUD',  adv.  [a  and  loud;  Sax.  gehlyd,  clamor. 
See  Loud.]  Loudly;  with  a  loud  voice,  or  great 
noise. 

Cry  aloud,  •jvire  not.  —  las.  Iviii. 

A-LOW,  adv.  In  a  low  place,  or  a  lower  part ;  op- 
posed to  alvft  Dryden. 

ALP,  H.  ;  [Qu.  Gr.  n>0i'c,  white  ;  L,  albus.     The 

ALPS,  n.  pi.  1  Cells  called  all  high  mountains  afpes  or 
olbr.  Cluver.  Thucydides  mentions  a  castle,  m  the 
territory  of  Argos,  situated  on  a  hill,  and  called 
Otpas  or  Olp.  Lib.  3,  Ca.  la^i.  Pelloutier,  Hist,  des 
Ceiles,  Liv.  I.  15.  The  derivatior)  of  the  word  from 
aXjwi,  white,  is  therefore  doubtful.  In  Ir.  or  Gaelic, 
aitp  is  a  huge  mass  or  hmip.] 

A  high  mountain.  The  name,  it  is  supposed,  was 
orijiinally  uiven  to  mountains  whose  lops  were  cov- 
ered wuii  snow,  and  hence  appropriately  applied  to 
the  moimtaiiis  of  Switzerland  ;  so  that  by  Alps  is 
generally  undersUKid  tbe  latter  mountains.  But 
geographers  apply  the  name  to  any  high  mountains. 

Piitkerton. 

AL-PAC.A,  a.  An  animal  of  Peru,  used  as  a  beast  of 
burden,  and  tnure  pariicijlarly  for  its  wool  ;  the 
CamelusPacoof  Linnieus,  and  the  Paras  of  Pennant. 

AL'PII.A,  n.     [Heb.  eji'^K,  nn  ox  or  leader.] 

The  first  letter  in  the  Greek  alpiialwt,  answering 
to  A,  uud  used  to  denote  first  or  begiuniug. 

1  aiij  Aljiha  (tut]  Onieg*.  —  Rc».  1. 

As  a  numeral,  it  stands  for  one.  It  was  formerly 
used  also  to  denote  chitf;  as,  Plato  was  the  Alpha  of 
Ihe  wiLs. 

AL'PHA-BET,  n,     [Gr.  aUa  and  Snra,  A  and  B.] 
The  letters  of  a   language   arranged  in  the  cus- 
tomary order ;  the  series  uf  letters  which  form  the 
elern<^nts  of  speech. 

AL'PHA-BET,  r.  /.  To  arrange  in  the  order  of  an 
alphabet ;  to  form  nn  alphabet  in  a  book,  or  desig- 
nate the  leaves  by  the  letters  of  the  alphabet, 

AL-PHA-BET-A'RI-AX,  ».  A  learner  while  in  the 
A,  B   C. 

AL-PHA-BET'ie,         )  a.    1.  In  the  order  of  an  al- 

A1^P11A-BET'I€J-AL,  \  phabet,  or  in  the  order  of 
the  letters  as  customarily  arranged;  as,  an  alphabet- 
ical arrangement  or  series. 

2.  Furnished  with  an  alphabet;  as, an  o//)Aa6ciicaI 
language, 

3.  Expressed  by  the  letters  of  the  alphabet ;  as, 
alphtibetic  writing. 

AL-PHA-BET'ie-AI^LY,  adv.  In  an  alphabetical 
manner  ;  in  llie  customary  order  of  the  letters, 

AL-PMI^'XI.X,  n.     [til  and  pkaniz.] 

White  barley  sugar,  used  for  colds.  It  is  common 
sugar  boiled  till  it  will  easily  crack;  then  poured 
upon  an  oiled  marble  table,  and  molded  into  various 
figtire;<,  Enei/c. 

AL'PHE.'^T,  Ti,  A  small  fi^h,  having  a  purple  back 
and  belly,  with  yellow  sides,  a  smooth  mouth,  and 
thick,  fleshy  lips  ;  always  caught  near  the  shore  or 
ainong  rocks.     Labrus  Ciniedus   Linn. 

Diet.  ofJVaL  Hist. 

AL-PHIT'O-MAX-CY,  n.     Divination  by  barley  mtial. 

Knowlcs. 

AL-PIIOX'SIX,  n.  A  surgical  instrument  for  extract- 
ing bullets  fr<mi  wounds,  so  called  from  its  inventor, 
Alpliousus  Ferrier  of  Naples.  It  consists  of  three 
branches,  which  close  by  a  ring,  and  open  when  it  is 
drawn  back.  Encvc. 

AL-PHOX'SIN  TA'BLES,  n.  Astronomical  libles 
which  were  published  in  P252,  under  the  patronage 
of  Alplionso  X.,  king  of  Castile  and  Leon.  P.  Cyc 

.\L'Pm:H,  n.     [Gr.  aA0"?,  white.] 

Tiiat  species  of  leprosy  called  vitiligo,  in  which 
the  skin  is  rough,  with  white  spots,  Quiney. 

AL'PI-^EXE,  a.  Produced  or  growing  in  Alpine 
regions. 

AL'PIXE,  Cine  or  in,}  a.     [/*  alpinus,  from  Alpes.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  the  Alps,  or  to  any  lofly  moun- 
tain ;  very  high  ;  elevated.  Milton.     Thomson. 
9.  Growing  on  high  mountains  ;  as,  alpine  plants. 
The  alpine  straabcrry,  is  a  kind  of  strawberry  grow- 
ing on  lofty  hills.  Mason,  Supp. 

AL'PISTE,  i  TU    The  seed  of  a  species  of  canary  grass, 

AL'Pl-A,  \  (Phalaris,)  a  small  seed  used  for  feed- 
ing birds.  Encyc, 

AL'Q,UI-ER,n.  A  measure  in  Portueal  for  dry  things, 
as  well  as  liquids,  containing  half  an  almudo,  or 
about  two  gallons.     It  is  called  also  cantar. 

Port.  Diet. 

AL'aULFOTJ,  fal'ke-foo,)  v.  A  sort  of  lead  ore, 
[giilena,]  which,  when  broken,  looks  like  sulphurct 
of  antimony.  It  is  found  in  Cornwall,  England; 
used  by  potters  to  give  a  green  varnish  to  their 
wares,  and  called  pottrr^s  ore.  A  small  mixture  of 
mansane^e  gives  it  a  blackish  hue.  Encyc. 

AL-READ'Y,  (ol-red'dy,)  adv.  [all  and  ready.  See 
Ready.] 

Literally,  a  stale  of  complete  preparation  ;  but,  by 
an  ea*jy  deflection,  the  sense  is,  at  this  time^^or  at  a 
s;K'cified  time. 

F.!l «  u  CiTtf  A'retuly,  —  M  itt,  itvii, 
Jijw'jih  H'u*  in  Kgypl  already,  —  Exail.  _ 

It  has  reference  to  past  time,  but  may  bs  used  for 
a  future  past ;  as,  when  you  shall  arrive,  tbe  business 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T.  — MeTE,  PRfiY.— FIXE,  M^VRtXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.  - 


ALT 

will  be  already  cumplctml,  or  will  tmve  been   cum- 

Cleted  airtady. 
_    'SO,  adc.    \^l  and  so     Sax.  eal  and  swa  ;  cdy  all, 
the  whole,  and  5ifa,8o.] 
Likewise  ;  in  Hke  manner. 

Where  your  uvaiure  is,  there  will  yoiir  hearu  bo  a!ao.  —  ALiit. 
jivi. 

ALT.      )  a.     [It.,  from  L.  o/fBu,  high  ;  Celt,  c?(,  ailtj 

AL'TO,  \      a  high  place  ;  Heb.  n>Si?,  upjier,  b-J?,  hiph.] 

In  jHits7c,  a  term  applied  to  high  notes  in  the  scale. 

In   sculptuTfy  alto^eiieio^  high   relief,  is  when   the 

figures  project  half  or  more,  without  being  entirely 

detached  from  the  ground.  Encyc.     Cue. 

Al^TA'ie,  or  AI^Ta'IAN,  a.     [Tart,  alatau,  perhaps 
al-tagy  high  mountain.    Tooke,  I,  121.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Altai,  a  vast  ridge  of  mountains 
extending,  in  an  easterly  direction,  through  a  consid- 
erable part  of  .Asia,  and  forming  a  boundary  between 
the  Ruiisian  and  Chinese  dominions. 

Pinkrrtfn.     F.ncyc. 

AL'TAR,  n.     [L.  altare^  probably  from  the  same  root 
as  aliiis^  high  ;  Celt,  alt,  a  high  place.] 

1.  A  mount ;  a  table  or  elevated  fuace,  on  which 
sacrifices  were  anciently  oflTered  to  pome  deity. 
Altars  were  originally  made  of  turf,  afterward  of 
Stone,  wood,  or  horn  ;  some  were  round,  others 
square,  others  triangular.  They  differed  also  in 
ht^ight,  bm  all  faced  the  east.  The  princip;il  aliars 
of  the  Jews  were  the  altar  of  incense,  of  burnt-olfer- 
ings,  and  of  showbread  ;  all  of  shtttim  wood,  and 
covered  with  gold  or  brass.  F.nnjc.  • 

2.  In  Episcopal  churdtes^  the  communion  table; 
KiAyfisrurat-iptl-ij^  a  cliurch  ;  a  place  of  worship. 

3.  In  Scrrpfurf,  Christ  is  called  the  a/for  of  Chris- 
tians, he  being  the  atoning  sacrifice  for  xin. 


AL'TAR-CLOTH,  a.  A  cloth  to  lay  upon  an  altar  in 
churches. 

AL'TAR-FTRE,  n.    Fire  on  an  altar. 

AL'TAR-PIF-CE,  71.  I.  A  painting  placed  over  the 
altar  in  a  church.  IVarton. 

2.  The  entire  decoration  of  an  altar  taken  collect- 
ively. Oipat. 

AL'TAR-VVISE,  adr.  Placed  in  the  manner  of  an 
altar.  Jlotcelt. 

ALTAR-AGE,  n.  The  profits  arising  to  priests  from 
oblations,  or  on  account  of  the  altar.  Also,  in  /aw, 
altars  erected  in  virtue  of  donations,  bffore  the 
Refonunlion,  within  a  parochial  church,  for  the  pur- 
po-ic  ofsinu'ing  a  mass  for  deceased  friends.  Kncyc. 

AL'TAR-IST,  *  «.      In  old  latcn,   an    appellation 

AL'TAR-THAN'E,  i  given  to  the  priest  to  whom 
the  attaraue  belonged  ;  also,  a  chaplain.  Ci.c 

AL'TER,  r.  t.  [Ft.  alter  er ;  Sp.  alterar;  It.  altcrart; 
fVom  L.  a/£<T,  another.  See  Alien.  .4/(«r  is  supposed 
to  l>e  a  contraction  of  aAAi>7f/jpus,  alienus,  of  aK\t,i 
and  £TcnoiJ\ 

I.  To  make  some  change  in  ;  to  make  diferent  in 
tome  particular ;  to  vary  in  some  degree,  without  an 
entire  change. 

}>ly  eu*<^»n(  will  I  niH  brttnk,  nor  n2lgr  the  Ihin^  Lhxt  baa  gone 
oul  uf  my  lii«.  —  P«.  bcxxix. 

%.  To  cbanee  entirely  or  materially ;  w,  to  akfr 
an  opinion.  In  general,  in  alttr  is  to  changr>  |>ar- 
tially  ;  lo  cAon^e  is  more  generally  to  substiititc  one 
thing  fur  another,  or  to  make  a  material  dillVrence 
in  a  thing. 
^  L'TER,  V.  i.  To  become,  in  some  respects,  diflurcnt ; 
to  vary  ;  as,  the  weather  otters  almost  daily. 

Tl>o  Inw  which  allm-ah  nui.  —  Dan.  vi. 

AL-TER-A  niL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  bein)f  mis- 
ceirtihie  «f  alteration. 

AL'TER-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  become  different; 
that  may  varv. 

AL'TER-A-BLE- VESS,  ».  The  quality  of  admitting 
alteration  ;  variableness. 

AL'TER-A-P,LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  that  may  be  al- 
tered, or  varied. 

AL'TER-AGE,  «.     [from  a/o,  to  fef'd.] 

The  breeding,  nourii'hiiig,  or  fnttertng  of  o  child. 
Sir  J.  DaviP4t.     But  this  is  not  an  English  word. 

AL'TER-ANT,  a.     Altering  ;  gradually  changing. 

AL'TER-A\T,  m.  A  medicine  which  gradually  cor- 
rects the  state  of  the  body,  and  changes  it  from  a 
diseased  to  a  healthy  condition  ;  an  alttnitive. 

AL-TER-A'TIO.V,  Ji.     TL.  aiteratw.] 

The  act  of  making  ditF-rent,  or  of  varying  in  some 
particular;  an  alt»riiig  or  partial  change;  aNi,  the 
change  madi;,  or  tiie  Iciss  or  ac(|uisition  of  (junlities 
not  essential  to  the  fonn  or  nature  of  a  thing.  'I'hua 
a  cold  substance  sulTcrs  an  aiteration  when  it  be- 
comes hot. 

AL'TER-A-TIVE,  /t,  Cauwing  allenition  ;  having  the 
power  to  restore  fh'i  healthy  functiond  of  the  body, 
without  senfibl-,*  evacuations. 

AL'TER-A-TIVK,  b.  A  medicine  which  gradually 
Induces  a  change  in  the  habit  or  constitution,  and 
restores  healthy  funciiouH  without  sensible  evacua- 
tions. This  word  is  mure  generally  used  than 
alterant. 

AL'TER-CATE.f.  i.  [L.  alUreiyr,  aUtrcOy  Trom  alterj 
another.] 


ALT 

To  contend  in  words  j  to  dispute  with  zeal,  heat, 
or  anger  ;  to  wningie. 
AL-TER-€a'TIOx\,  n.     [L.  arteraitio.] 

\Varni   contention   in  words  j   dispute  carried  on 
with  hi-at  or  anger  ;  controversy;  wrangle. 
AL'TERX,  a.     [L.  altemus,  o( altera  another.] 

1.  .Acting  by  turns;  one  succeeding  another;  ai- 
ttntate,  which  is  the  word  generally  used. 

2.  In  crystal! arraph  11,  exhibiting,  on  two  parts,  an 
upper  and  a  Inwer  i)art,  faces  which  alternate  among 
themselves,  hut  which,  when  the  two  parts  are  com- 
pared, correspond  with  each  other.  Clcavdand. 

^Item-base,  in  trigonometry,  is  a  tenn  used  in  dis- 
tinction from  the  true  base.  Thus  in  oblique  trian- 
gles, the  true  base  is  tiie  sum  of  the  sides,  and  then 
the  ditl'erence  of  ilie  sides  Is  the  altern-base  ;  or  the 
true  base  is  the  difference  of  the  sides,  and  then  the 
sum  of  the  aides  is  the  altem-base.  Enajc 

AL-TER.\'A-CV,  n.  Performance  or  actions  by 
Itirns.     [Little  jt^erf.] 

AL-TER.N'AL,  a.     Alternative.     [Little  used.'] 

AL-TER\'AL-LY,  im/p.    By  turns.    [Litf^e  uscd.'\  May. 

AL-TER.\'ANT,  a.  A  term  applied  in  geology  when 
a  rock  is  composed  of  alternating  layers. 

AL-TERN'ATE,  a.     [L.  ahernatus.] 

1.  Being  by  turns  ;  one  following  the  other  in 
succession  of  time  or  place ;  lience,  reciprocal. 

And  Lit!  aHemaU  ptudorw  fnll  and  riae.  Pope. 

2.  In  botany,  ports  are  alternate,  when  they  arise 
at  nearly  reguhu"  distances  from  each  other  around 
an  a.xis,  and  not  from  the  same  plane.  Lindley. 

Jllternate  alligation..     See  Almoation. 
Altn-naie   an-rles;  in  geometry,  the  internal  angles 
made  by  two  lines  with  a  third,  on  opposite  sides  of 
it.     If  the  two  lines  are  parallel,  llie  alternate  angles 
are  equal.  p.  Cyc. 

Ill  heraldry,  the  first  and  fourth  quarters,  and  the 
second  and  third,  are  usually  of  the  same  nature, 
and  are  called  alternate  quarters. 

AL-TERX'ATE,  ».  1.  That  wiiich  happens  by  turns 
with  something  else  ;  vicissitude.  Prior. 

2.  In  the  Presbyterian  church,  a  substitute  or 
second  ;  one  designated  to  take  the  place  of  another 
in  performing  some  duty,  in  ca^c  of  failure. 

AL'TERN-ATE,  r.  (.  [L.  alUrno.  See  Alter.  With 
the  accent  on  the  second  syllable,  the  participle 
alternating  can  hardly  be  pronounced.] 

To  perform  by  turns,  or  in  succession  ;  to  cause  to 
succeed  by  turns;  to  change  one  tiling  for  another 
reciprocally  ;  as,  God  alternutrs  good  and  evil. 

AIj''i'KRN-ATE,  v.  i.     To  happen  or  to  net  by  turns; 
as,  the  flood  and  ebb  tides  alternate  with  each  other, 
a.  To  follow  recipnwally  in  place. 
Uiir«^nl  »pceie«  nltm-natirig  willi  c.ich  oihrr.  Kirwan. 

AI*-TERN'ATE-LY,  adv.  In  reciprocal  succession  ; 
by  turns,  so  that  each  is  succeeded  by  that  which  it 
8ucce«rds  ;  a«  night  follows  day  and  dav  fipllows  night. 

AL-TER\'ATE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  alter- 
nate, or  of  following  in  succession. 

AL'TERN-A-TINO,  j^r.  Performing  or  following  by 
turns. 

AL-TEU\-A'TION,  n.  The  reciprocal  succession  of 
things,  in  time  or  place  ;  the  act  of  following  and 
being  followed  in  succession  ;  as,  we  observe  the 
alternation  of  day  and  night,  cold  and  heat,  summer 
and  winter. 

a.  The  diflTercnt  changes  or  alterations  of  orders 
tn  numbers.  'I'hus,  if  it  is  rocjuired  to  know  how 
many  changes  can  be  ning  on  six  bells,  multiply  the 
nunit)ers  I,  9,  3,4,.'i,r»,continually  into  one  another, 
and  the  last  product  is  the  number  required.  71iis  is 
alsti  called  pcrmutution. 

3.  The  answer  of  the  con^'gation  speaking  alter- 
nately with  the  minister. 

4.  Alternate  performance,  in  the  choral  sense. 

Ma;ioiu 
AI^TER\'A-TIVE,  a,     [Fr.  alternatif.] 

Ofl'ermB  a  choice  of  two  thing-i. 
AI*-TER\'A-TI  VE,  n.  7'hat  which  may  be  ch<M»en  or 
omitted  ;  a  choice  of  two  things,  so  that  if  one  is 
taken,  the  other  must  be  left-  Thus,  when  two 
things  ortVr  a  choice  of  one  only,  the  two  things  are 
called  altemaltnen.  In  strictness,  then,  tile  word 
can  not  be  applied  to  more  than  tieu  things,  and 
when  one  tl)tn<;  only  is  offered  for  choice,  it  is  said 
there  is  no  alUrnatirc. 

BctwTn  thcte  aJttrtuuij>€$  ttvn  is  no  midtllc  grcninil. 

Cranch, 

AL-TEKN'A-TIVE-LV,  adn.  In  the  manner  of  al- 
tern:itives  ;  in  a  manner  that  admits  the  choice  of 
one  out  of  two  things. 

Ar^TER.N'A-TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of, 
being  alternative. 

AI^TEIt\'l-TY,  Ti.    Succession  by  turns;  alternation. 

AL-THi^'A,  B.  [Or.  oAOtiitt,  from  nAyw,  or  uA'-'oi^w, 
to  heal.] 

In  bvtanvt  a  genus  of  the  class  and  order  Mono- 
delphia  Pidyandria,  of  several  species.  The  com- 
mon species  is  called,  in  English,  marsK-midloie.  It 
lias  a  |M-renninl  r^Hjt,  and  an  annua]  stalk,  rising  four 
or  five  feet.  It  abounds  with  mucilage,  and  is  used 
as  an  emollient. 

AL-'fllOIJCH',  (al-tW,)  obs.  verb,  or  used  only  in  the 


ALU 

imperative,  [all  and  thou-rh;  from  Sax.  t/iah  or  UkoA; 
Ir.  daighim,  to  give  ;  Ger.  dock  i  I),  dog ;  Sw.  dvck 
and  ctrtda  ;  Dan.  dog,  though.     See  Though.] 

Grant  all  this;  be  it  so ;  allow  all;  suppose  that; 
admit  all  that;  as,  "-^aUhtrugh  the  fig-tree  shall  not 
blossom."  Hab.  iii.  That  is,  grant,  aduiit,  or  sup- 
pose what  foUows— "the  fig-tree  shall  not  blos- 
som." H  is  a  transitive  verb,  and  admits  after  it 
the  dehnitive  (Aizi  — altJiough  that  the  fig-tree  shall 
not  blossom  ;  but  this  use  of  the  verb  has  been  long 
obsolete.  The  word  may  be  defined  by  notwith-iiandr 
ing,  no7t  obstante ;  as  not  oj>posing  may  be  equivalent 
to  admitting  or  supposing. 

AL-TIL'O-UUENCE,  H.  [L.  artiw,  high,  and  loquorj 
loquens,  sjJeaking.J 

Lofty  speech  ;  pojnpous  language. 

AL-TIL'O-UUENT,  a.     High  sounding ;  pompous. 

Ashe. 

AL-TIM'E-TER,  n.  [L.  alius,  high,  and  Gr.  //i:r,,ov, 
measure.     See  iMeasube  and  Mode.] 

An  instrument  for  taking  altitudes  geometrically, 
as  a  quadrant. 

AL-TIM'E  TRY,  TI.  The  art  of  ascertaining  ahitudcs 
by  taking  angles  with  a  prttper  instrument,  and  by 
trigonometrical  calculations,  without  actual  men- 
s  unit  ion. 

AL'TIN,  n.  A  money  of  accxiunt  in  Russia,  value 
three  kopecks,  or  about  three  cents  ;  also,  a  lake  in 
Siberia,  ninety  miles  in  length.  Tooke.     Encye, 

AL-TINC'AR,  n.  A  species  of  factitious  salt  or  pow- 
der, used  in  the  fusion  and  purification  of  metals, 
prepared  in  various  ways.     [See  Ti.ncal.]    Encyc. 

AL-TIS'O-NANT,  /  a.     fL.  o/tiw,  high,  and  sonana. 

AL-TIS'O-NOUS,  I      sounding;  ifoauv*,  sound.] 
High  sounding  ;  lofty  or  pompous,  as  language. 

Ecehtn. 

AL'TI-TCDE,  ff.  fL.  altitudo,  of  altusy  high,  and  a 
common  tenniuation,  denoting  state,  condition,  or 
manner.] 

1.  Space  extended  upward  ;  height ;  the  eleva- 
tion of  an  object  above  its  foundation  ;  as,  the  alti- 
tude of  a  mountain,  or  colunm;  or  the  elevation  of 
an  oliject  or  place  above  the  surface  on  which  we 
stand,  or  above  the  earth  ;  as,  the  altitude  of  a  cloud 
or  meteor ;  or  the  elevation  of  one  object  above 
another,  as  of  a  bird  above  the  top  of  a  tree. 

2.  In  iwtronomy,  the  elevation  of  a  point,  or  star,  or 
other  cclt!stial  object,  above  thi;  horizon  ;  marked  by 
the  arc  of  a  vertical  circle  intercepted  between  such 
point  and  the  horizon.  This  is  either  true  or  ap- 
parent altitude ;  true,  when  taken  from  the  rational 
or  real  horixon  ;  ajtjiarcnt,  when  taken  from  the  sen- 
sible or  apparent  horizon.     * 

3.  Figurativthj,  high  degree;  superior  excellence, 
highest  point  of  excellence. 

llr?  la  proud  to  the  aUiludg  of  lili  virtue.  Shot. 

The  altitude  of  the  eye,  in  perspective,  Is  a  right 
line  let  fall  from  the  eye,  perpendicular  to  the  geo> 
metrical  plane.  Encyc. 

-Mfndiau  altitude,  is  an  arc  of  the  meridian  b^-tween 
the  horizon  and  any  point,  or  the  center  of  any  ob- 
ject, on  the  meridian. 
AL-TIV'O-LANT,   a.      [L.   aJtua,  high,  and   tJoian*, 
flying.] 

Flying  bigh. 
AL'TO,  [It.,  from  U  alius.]     High. 

In  tna.-'ic.     1.  See  Alt. 

2.  The  counter-leiior  part,  or  that  between  th« 
tenor  and  treble. 

3.  The  tenor  violin. 

Alto  ct  Basso ;  hi^h  and  low  ;  in  old  law,  terms  used 
to  signify  a  submission  of  all  dillt'rcncea  of  every 
kind  to  arbitration. 
AL'TO-CLEF,  n.    The  counter-tenor  clef,  or  the  C 

clef,  placed  on  the  third  line  of  the  siafl'. 
AL'TO-OC-TSi'vo^  [It.]     An  octave  higher. 
AL'TO-RErLlE'VO,  [It.] 

High  relief,  in  sculpture.,  Is  the  projection  of  a 
figure,  half  or  more,  without  being  entirely  de- 
taelicd.  Cyc 

AL'TO-RI-PIEWO,  [It.] 

The  tenor  of  the  great  chorus,  which  sings  and 
plavs  only  in  particular  places.  Encyc, 

AL'tO-VT-O'IJi,  [lu]^    A  small  tenor  viol. 
AIJTO~rl-OTJ'^ro,  [It.]     A  small  tenor  violin. 
AI^TO-GETH'ER,   ado.  (all  and  togcUicr      See  To- 
gether.] 
Wholly;  entirely  ;  completely  ;  without  exception. 

Evry  man  at  bU  br-»i  cttftfr  isaltogflhtr  mniij'.  — Pm!.  jijxix. 
AL'U-DEL,  n.  [a  and  lutum,  without  lute.     Lunier.] 

In  chemistry,  aludels  are  earthen  pots  without 
bottoms,  that  they  may  bo  exactly  fittod  into  each 
other,  and  used  in  sublimations.  At  th'^  bottom  of 
the  furnace  is  a  pot  containing  the  matla/  to  be  sub- 
limed, and  at  the  top  a  head  to  receive  t^ie  volatile 
matter.  (^uiney.     Encyc. 

A  suljfliate  of  alumina  and  potassa.  T  h's  sub- 
stance is  white,  transjKirent,  and  very  a«:i-iigenL; 
but  seldom  found  pure  or  crysiiillized.  This  salt  is 
us'ually  prepared  by  roasting  and  lixiviating  ct'rtain 
schists  containing  pyrites,  and  to  the  lyo  adding  a 
certain  quantity  oftNitasEia  ;  the  salt  is  then  obtained 


TONE,  BULL,  tIMTE.  — AN"OEB,  VI"CIOUB.  — e  as  K;  O  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  7H  as  In  THIS. 


AM 

by  crystallization.  Alum  is  of  gnal  use  in  medicine 
and  the  arts.  In  medicine,  it  is  used  as  an  astrin- 
grnl ;  inienuilly,  in  )ieDU)[i«o«i,  dtarrhen,  and  dysen- 
leO'  y  eitemally,  as  a  styptic  apjilied  to  bleeding 
vess«'Is,  and  as  an  escharotic.  In  the  arts,  it  is  used 
iu  dyeing,  to  fix  colurs  ;  in  making  candles,  Tot  hard- 
ening the  tallow  ;  in  tanning,  tor  restorinc;  the  cohe- 
sion uf  skins.  EHCyc.     Fvurcroy. 

AL'UM,  r.  L  In  difeitij^,  to  impregnate  or  sleep  in  a 
solution  of  alum.  Vre, 

AL'CM-EARTII,  n.  A  massive  mineral,  of  a  Wack- 
isb-brown  color,  a  dull  luster,  and  ratlier  soft  con- 
sistence, chiefly  composed  of  carbon,  silica,  and  alu- 
mina i  an  impure  earthy  variety  of  lignite.        Urr, 

A-LC'MI-NA,  j /I.     One  of  the  earths,  consisting  of 

AL'Q-MLXE,  i  the  metaJ  aluminum  and  oxygen. 
It  id  the 'characterizing  inpredieni  in  cumnion  clay, 
and  is  sometimes  called  pure  day.  When  moistened 
with  water,  it  forms  a  plastic  mass.  DAntu 

A-Ll-MI^'-lF'£R-OUS,  a.  Containing  or  afiurdiag 
alum. 

A-LO'MIX-I-FORM,  a.    Having  the  form  of  alumina. 

CKuptaL 

A-LO'MO'-TTE,  a.  Subsulphate  of  alumina  ;  a  min- 
eral thai  occurs  in  small  roundish  or  reniform  maaaea. 
Its  color  is  «now  white  or  yellowish  white. 

A-Lr'MTN-OUS,a.   Pntainingto  or  containing  alum. 

A-LO'MIN-L'M,  ff.  The  name  given  to  the  metallic 
base  of  alumina. 

AL'UM-iSH, A.  Haring  the  nature  of  alum;  some- 
what  re^mbling  alum. 

ALUMNUS,  H. ,-  W.  Alumsi.  [L.,  from  «i#,  to 
notirii^h.]  A  pupil;  one  educated  at  a  seuiinaiy  is 
called  an  aiimKus  of  that  institution. 

AL'UM-SLATE,  n.  A  variety  of  shale  or  clay  slate, 
cunuining  iron  pjTites,  the  deccmposiiion  of  which 
leads  to  the  formation  of  ntum,  which  often  efflo- 
resces on  the  surface  of  the  rock. 

AL'U.M--STO.NK,  n.  The  siiicious  subsulphate  of  alu- 
mina and  piitftsh.  Cleartiand. 

A-I.C'TA,  n.  [L.]  A  ppecies  of  leather-stone,  soft,  pli- 
able, and  not  laminatrd.  Qatiiey. 

AL-U-TA'CEOUS,  a.     [L.  oia/*.] 
Of  a  pale  brown  color. 

AL-IJ-TA'TION,  a.    [U  alula,  tanned  leather.] 
The  tanning  or  dressing  of  leather. 

AL'VE-A-RV,  a.  TL.  mlcearimm^  aicMors,  a  bee-hive, 
frura  oiruj.-,  the  belly.] 

1.  A  bee-hive.  Barrtt. 

S.  In  afatomii,  the  hollow  of  Uie  external  ear,  or 
bnttimi  of  tlie  concha.  Qutjicy. 

AL'VE-O-LAR,      i  «.  XL.  alvmlms,  a  socket,  from  ei- 

AL'VE-O-LA-RV,  \     wu.  a  hollow  vessel.] 

Containing  sockets,  boUow  cells,  or  pits  ;  pertain- 
ing to  sockets.  Anatomti. 

The  alreoUr  pr^eastet^  are  the  processes  of  the 
maxillar)-  bones,  conlaming  the  sockets  of  the  teeth. 

AL'VE-O  LATE,  a.  [L.  aictoiatug^  from  oireiu,  a 
hollow  vessel.' 

Deeplv  pitt^,  so  as  to  resemble  a  honey-comb. 

AL'VE-OLE,     I        ,,      ..      „-  .    „   ,        [Jfortya. 

AI^VE'O-LUS,  j  "•    [L..d'ni.ofatoeitf.]         I-         ' 

1.  A  cell  in  a  honey-comb. 

2.  The  socket  in  the  jaw,  in  which  a  tooth  Is  fixed. 

3.  A  sea  fossil,  of  a  conic  figure,  composed  of  a 
number  of  hemispherical  portions,  like  bee-hives, 
joined  by  a  pipe  of  communication.  Enctfc 

4.  The  term  is  likewise  applied  to  one  ot  the  hem- 
ispherical portions  of  the  above  fossil. 

AL'VE-O-LITE,  n.     [L.  aJreoUs,  and  Gr.  XiSh.] 

In  natural  Aiftori',  a  genus  of  stony  polypiera,  or 
coral  zooph^-tes,  formed  by  numerous  concentric 
layers  of  a  hemispherical  figure,  each  composed  of 
liule  cells  ;  the  same  as  the  aiceolus. 

DieL  Sist.  JVat 
AL'VIN-E,  a.  [from  o/rK.*,  the  belly.] 

Pertaining  to  tiie  lower  belly  or  intestines  ;  as, 
ah-ime  discharges.  Dcrtein. 

AL-WAR'GRIM,  «.    The  ppoUed  plover,  C/utradriiu 

Avricarius,  Pennant, 

AL'WaY,     i  adv.   [ol/  and  vcay:    Sax.  eal  and  ur^^, 
AL'^VA YS,  \     way  ;^roperiy,  a  going,  at  all  goings  j 
hence,  at  all  times.] 

1.  Perpetually ;  throughout  all  time ;  as,  God  is 
ahteys  the  same. 
3.  'Continually  ;  withoat  variation. 

1  do  o/iMijr  t&oM  Uiia»i  which   ple«ae  hio.  —  John  vm.    MaU. 

3.  Cdntinually  or  constantly  during  a  certain  pe- 
riod, or  regularly  at  stated  intervals. 

Meptuboabeth  sluil  at  btcad  oitroy  »X  mj  vAAf.  —  2  Sara,  ix, 

4.  At  all  convenient  times  ;  regularly. 

CorneliiH  pr«jed  u  God  Oi'trajr.  —  Acta  x.    Luk^  xrin.    Eph.  tI. 

Alway  is  now  seldom  used.  The  application  of 
this  compound  to  time  proceeds  from  the  primary 
sense  of  tray,  which  is  a  going  or  passing  j  hence, 
continuation- 
A.  M.  stand  for  artium  majri.*(er,  master  of  arts,  the 
second  degree  given  by  universities  and  colleges ; 
called,  in  some  countries,  doctor  of  philosophy.  In 
America,  this  degree  is  conft;rre*d,  without  examina- 
tion, on  bachelors  of  three  years'  standing. 


t'MA,     I  ».     [D.  aaniy  a  vessel.]     In  church  affairs,  a 
iA'MA,  \     vossci  to  contain  wme  for  the  euclmrist. 


AMA 

A,  M.  stand  ali^o  for  anno  muiidi^  in  Uie  year  of  the 

world. 
AM,  the  first  person  of  the  verb  to  bCj  in  the  Indicative 

mode,  present  tense.     Hax.  eom;  Gr.  £ifit  ;  Goth,  im; 

Pers.  aiH, 

I  AM  ihAt  I  AM.  —  Ex.  m. 

A'MA 
HA 

Encyc. 

A'M.\,  II.    A  wine  measure,  as  a  cask,  a  pipe,  &.c. 
AM-A-BIL'1-TY,  n.     [L.  amabUisj  from  uwio,  to  lave.] 
Loveliness;  the  power  of  pU^asing,  or  rallter  the 
combination  of  agreeable  quiUities  which  win  the 
affections.  Taylor. 

A.M'A-DOT,  a.     A  sort  of  p<*ar,  Jokn^son, 

AM'A-DCU.  n.  f  Fr.]  A  variety  of  the  Boletus  ignia- 
rius,  found  on  idd  a:>h  and  other  trees,  colled  spunk 
and  Oerman  tinder.  Urc 

This  is  written  also  amadow^  and  called  black 
mofcA,  and  pyroUchnical  sponge^  on  account  of  its  in- 
flammabitily.  Ctjc. 

A-MAI\',  ad&.  [Sax.  a  and  nw^-n,  force,  streiigtli. 
See  Mat,  Might.] 

\Vith  force,  strength,  or  violence;  violently;  fu- 
riously ;  suddenly  ;  at  once. 

Wt»I  when  we  fi»l  atnain,  htUlon. 

Let   ^0    amainy   in  seamen's  language,  or  strike 
amain^  is  to  let  fail  or  lower  at  once.        J^ar.  Diet. 
A-MAL'GAM,n.     [Gr.   /I'lAajua,    from    ^aXmro-ti*,  to 
soften.     Its  usual  derivation  is  certainly  erroneous.] 

1.  A  compound  of  mercury  or  quicksilver  with 
another  metal ;  any  metallic  alloy, of  which  mercury 
forms  an  essential  constituent  part.  Cye. 

2.  A  mixture  or  compound  of  different  things. 

Burke. 

A-MAL'GAM-ATE,  r.  U  To  compound  quicksilver 
with  another  metal.     Gregory  uses  amalgamize, 

2.  I'o  mix  durerent  things,  to  make  a  compound  ; 
to  unite. 

A-MAL'GAM-ATE,  r.  i.  To  unite  jn-nn  amalgam; 
to  blend. 

A-.M.\L'GAM-A-TED,pp.  Compounded  with  quick- 
silver ;  blended. 

A-MAL'GAM-A-TING,  pjrr.  Compounding  quick- 
silver with  anotiier  metal ;  blending. 

A-MAL-GAM-A'TION,  n.    The  act  or   operation  of 

compounding  mercury  with  another  metal  \  applied 

particularly   to  the  process   of  separating  gold  and 

silver  from  their  ores  by  means  of  mercury.      Ure. 

Q.  The  mixing  or  blending  of  different  things. 

A-MA\'DO-LA,  II.  A  green  marble,  having  the  ap- 
pearance of  honey -comb,  and  containing  white 
spots ;  of  100  parts,  7fi  are  mild  calcareous  earth,  20 
schist,  and  2  Iron.  The  cellular  appearance  proceeds 
from  the  schist.  Kirican.    JVichuUun. 

A-MAN-U-E.N'fJIS,  n.     [L,,  from  manas,  hand.] 

A  persttn  whose  employment  is  to  write  what 
another  dictates,  (m:  to  copy  what  another  has 
written. 

AM'A-RANTH,  a.    A  color  inclining  to  purple.  Cyc. 

AM'A-RA\TH,  >  n.     [Gr.  a;i<j/jafrys,    of  a    rieg. 

AM-A-RA.\TH'U8,  \  and  ymr'atfw,  to  decay;  so 
called,  it  is  said,  because  its  flowers,  when  cropped, 
do  not  soon  wither.] 

1.  FI<iwer-gentle ;  a  genus  of  plants,  of  many  spe- 
cies. Of  these  the  three  colored  has  long  been  cul- 
tivated in  gardens,  on  account  of  the  beauty  of  its 
variegated  leaves.  Encye. 

S.  In  poetry,  an  imaginary  flower  that  never  fades. 

JHilton. 

AM-A-RANTH'IXE,  a.  Belonging  to  amaranth  ;  con- 
sisting of,  containing,  or  resembling  amaranth. 

A-.MAR'I-TCDE,  n.     [L.  amariludo^  from  amarus^  bit- 
ter ;  from  Heb.  i3  biUer.] 
Bitterness.     [A""*;*  much  itsed.') 

AM-A-UYL'LIS,  n.  [^The  name  of  a  country  girl  in 
Theocritus  and  Virgil.J 

In  botany,  U]y  asphodel,  a  genus  of  liliaceous  plants 
of  several  species,  which  are  cultivated  in  gardens 
for  the  beauty  of  their  flowers.  Encyc. 

A-MXSS',  V.  t,  [Fr.  amasser;  It.  ammassarr. ;  L.  massa, 
a  heap  or  lump;  Gr.  ^afa.     See  Mass.] 

1.  To  collect  into  a  heap  ;  to  gather  a  great  quan- 
tity ;  to  accumulate  ;  as,  to  amass  a  treasure. 

2.  To  collect  in  great  numbers  ;  to  add  many- 
things  together  ;  as,  to  amass  words  or  phrases. 

A-MaSS',  n.  An  assemblage,  heap,  or  accumulation. 
[This  is  superseded  by  Mass.] 

A-MASS'£D,  (a-mist',)  pp.  Collected'  in  a  heap,  or 
in  a  great  quantity  or  number ;  accumulated. 

A-ilASS'IXG,  pjir.  Collecting  in  a  heap,  or  in  a  large 
quantity  or  number. 

A-MAS.^'MENT,  n.  A  heap  collected  ;  a  large  quan- 
tity or  number  brought  together  ;  an  accumulation. 

A-MATE',  r.  L  [See  Mate.]  To  accompany  ;  also, 
to  terrify,  to  perplex.     [A"*)!  iLsed.'] 

A5I-A-TEt'R',  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  amator,  a  lover,  from 
omo,  to  love,] 

A  person  attached  to  a  particular  pursuit,  study,  or 
science,  as  to  music  or  painting;  one  who  has  a 
taste  for  the  arts.  More  particularly,  one  who  cul- 
tivates any  study  or  art,  from  taste  or  attachment, 
without  pursuing  it  professionally.  Burke. 


AMB 

AM'A-TIVE-NESH,H.  In  pkmwlojpj^tin  organ  which 
is  supiwsed  to  influence  sexual  desire  ;  propensity  to 
love. 

AM-A-TO'RT-AL,  (  a.      [L.   amatorius,   from   amoy  to 

AM'A-TO-KY,        j      love.] 

1.  Relating  to  love  ;  ns,  amatorial  verses  ;  causmg 
love  ;  ns,  amatory  potions  ;  produced  by  sexual  inter- 
course; as,  aina/oriul  progeny.  Darwin. 

2.  In  anatomy,  a  term  applied  to  the  oblique  mu(t- 
cles  of  the  eye,  from  their  use  in  ogling. 

AM-A-TO'RI-AL-LY,  adv.  In  an  amatorial  manner  ; 
by  way  of  love.  Danmn. 

AM-A-TO'RI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  love ;  as,  amato' 
rian  odes.  Johnson. 

AM-A-TO'RI-Otjg,  a.     Pertaining  to  love.      Milton. 

AM-AUR-C'SIS,  n.     [Gr.  uitivtioi,  obscure.] 

A  loss  or  decay  of  sight  from  a  palsy  of  the  optic 
ner\'e,  without  any  visible  defect  in  the  eye,  except 
an  immovable  pupil;  called  also  gutta  serena,  the 
"  drop  serene  "  of  Milton.  Sometimes  the  disease  is 
periodical,  coming  on  suddenly,  continuing  for  hours 
or  days,  and  then  disappearing.  It  has  sometimes 
been  cured  by  electricity.  Encyc.     Coze 

A-MAUS'ITE,  n.     [See  Petrosilex.] 

A-MAZE',  V.  (.    [Q.U.  Ar.  ■  wi^r  amasa,  to  perplex 

or  confuse  ;  or  from  maze.] 

To  confound  with  fear,  sudden  surprise,  or  won- 
-der ;  to  astonish. 

Tb'^y  thai]  be  ofntid  ;  they  shall  be  amaxtd  at  one  another.  — 

Isn.  xiii. 
They  were  all  anuutd,  and  glorifipd  God.  —  Mark  li.    Luke  ». 

This  word  implies  astonishment  or  perplexity,  aris- 
ing from  something  extraordinary,  unexpected,  un- 
accountable, or  frightful. 

A-MAZE'j  n.  Astonishment;  confusion;  perplexity, 
arising  (^roni  fear,  surprise,  or  wonder.  It  is  chiefly 
used  in  poetry,  and  is  nearly  synonymous  witli 
anmzemrmt. 

A-MAZ'£D, pp.  Astonished;  confounded  with  fear, 
surprise,  or  wonder. 

A-MAZ'ED-LY,  adv.  With  amazement;  in  a  manner 
to  confound.     \^Little  uscd.'\ 

A-MAZ'ED-NESS,  ju  The  state  of  being  confounded 
with  fear,  surprise,  o* wonder  ;  astonishment;  great 
wonder. 

A-MAZE'MENT,  n.  Astonishment ;  confusion  or  per- 
plexity, from  a  sudden  impression  of  fear,  surprise, 
or  wonder.  It  is  sometimes  accompanied  with  fear 
or  terror;  sometimes  merely  extreme  vxonderor  admi- 
ration at  some  great,  sudden,  or  unexpected  event, 
at  an  untisual  sight,  or  at  the  narration  of  extraordi- 
nary events. 

A-MAZ'INGjP/w-.  Confounding  with  fear,  surprise, 
or  wonder. 

9.  a.  Very  wonderful ;  exciting  astonishment  or 
perplexity. 

A-MAZ'ING-LY,  adv.  In  an  astonishing  degree  ;  in  a 
manner  to  excite  astonisliment,  or  to  perplex,  con- 
futmd,  or  terrify. 

AM'A-ZON,  n.  [This  is  said  to  be  formed  of  a  neg. 
and  f.ia'^O'i,  breast.  History  informs  us,  that  the 
Amazons  cut  off  their  right  breast,  that  it  might  not 
incommode  them  in  shooting  and  hurling  the  javelin. 
This  is  doubtless  a  fable.] 

1.  The  Amazons  are  said  by  historians  to  have 
been  a  race  of  female  warriors,  who  founded  an  em- 
pire on  the  River  Thermodon,  in  Asia  Minor,  on  the 
coast  ofthe  Euxine.  Theyaresaid  to  have  excluded 
men  from  their  society,  and  by  their  warlike  enter- 
prises, to  have  conquered  and  alanned  surrounding 
nations.     Some  writers  treat  these  accounts  as  fables. 

Herod.     Justin. 

2.  By  analogy,  a  warlike  or  masculine  woman ;  a 
virago. 

3.  This  name  has  been  given  to  some  American 
females  on  the  banks  of  the  largest  river  in  the 
world,  who  joined  their  husbands  in  attacking  the 
Spaniards  that  first  visited  the  country.  Tins  trivial 
occurrence  gave  the  name  j9inozun  to  that  river, 
whose  real  name  is  jMaranon.       Oarr.Hasso,  p.  606. 

AM-A-Zo'iVI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
an  Amazon.  J3pphed  to  females,  bold  ;  of  masculine 
manners;  warlike. 

2.  Belonging  to  the  River  Maranon  in  South  Amer- 
ica, or  to  Amazonia,  the  country  lying  on  that  river. 

AMB,  AM;  about;  around;  used  in  composition. 
Sax.  emb,  ymb;  VV.  am  ;  Ir.  im,  um  ;  G.  um  ;  D.  om  y 
Dan.  omj_  Sw.  om ;  Gr.  a^'ht ;  L.  am  or  amb. 

AM-Ba'GeS,  n.     [Ia.  amb,  and  a^o,  to  drive.] 

1.  A  circumlocution  ;  a  circuit  of  words  to  express 
ideas  which  may  be  expressed  in  fewer  words. 
9.  A  winding  or  turning. 

AM-Ba'6I-OUS,  a.     Circumlocutory. 

AM-IJA.S'SA-DOR,  v.  [This  is  the  more  common  or- 
thography ;  but  good  authors  write  also  embassador; 
and  as  the  orthography  of  embassif  is  established,  it 
would  be  better  to  write  embassador,  as  it  is  written 
by  Blackstone.    See  Embassadob.] 

AM'Bl''  I  "*    t^*"*  ^f^^'^^  **  ^"'"  '  ^^^"^  "■^^^  about.] 
Literally,  a  brim  ;  bat  in  surgrry,  an  instniment  for 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT MeTE,  PREY.  — PTXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. — 

40  "  ~~      ""  ~~ 


AMB 

reducing  di:ilocatt;d  sliuulders;  eo  c:illud  iVuiii  Ihu 
jutting  of  iu  extremity.    Also,  the  mungo-trce. 

^uinoj.     Uncyc     Coze, 
AM'BER,  n.     [Fr.  ambrt;   &p.  amban   Port,  id.;  It. 

amhra ;  an  Oriental  word ;  Pera.  tjJLs  ofl&ar  or  ana- 

5^0-  -'^^ 

6ar;  Ar.  jJuLc  anbarun.     In  1    Kings  x.  2,  10,  tlie 

Arabic  is  rendered  gpUes.  The  Arabic  word  is  ren- 
dered by  Castelt,  amfrfr,  a  marine*  ttsli,a  sliit-Id  made 

of  skins,  crocus,  and  fimiis.  In  Etli.  Ull  !*•  anba- 
ra,  is  rendered  a  tthaie:  and  the  Word  is  used  in  Jo- 
nah ii.  1,  and  Matt.  xii.  40.    This  word  la  placed  by 

Castell  under  (.^£  a/tno^a,  to  produce   grapes,  and 
signifies  grapes,  Ch.  and   Hcb.  2:j7      The 


Cbaldee  verb  signifies  to  join  or  connect,  and  the 

•  sense  of  this  word,  applied  to  grapes,  is  a  cluster, 
Uke  grape  in  English.  It  signifies,  also,  in  Ch.,  a  tu- 
mor, a  pustule,  a  mountain,  tlie  sense  of  which  is  a 
lump  or  mass  collected  ;  and  this  may  be  the  sense 
of  omAfr.  In  Gennan,  Dutch,  Swedish,  and  Danish, 
it  has  a  name  corresponding  tu  Uie  English  burn- 
gtffHe,} 

A  iiard,  scmi-pcUucid  substance,  tasteless  and 
without  sm-r-ll,  except  when  pounded  or  heated, 
when  it  emits  a  fragrant  odor.  It  is  found  in  al- 
luvial soils,  or  on  the  sea  shore,  in  many  places  ; 
particularly  on  the  shores  of  the  Baltic,  in  Europe, 
and  at  Cape  SabU-,  in  Maryland,  in  the  United  Slates. 
The  ancient  opinion  of  its  vegetable  origin  seems 
now  to  be  established,  and  it  is  bt-lieved  or  known 
to  be  a  fossil  re:jin.  It  yit;Ids,  by  distillation,  an  eni- 
pyreumatic  oil,  and  the  succinic  acid,  which  sub- 
limes ID  small,  white  nt;edlt:s.  Its  color  usually  pre- 
sents some  tinge  of  yellow.  It  is  liighly  eli:ctrical, 
and  is  the  bas=.s  of  a  varni.sh. 

Journal  of  Science,     Encyc.     Chambers. 

AM'DF.R,  a.     CoiLsisting  uf  or  resembling  amber. 

AM'BKK,  V.  U    To  scent  with  amber. 

A.M'BER-JJilI?»lC,  n.  A  drink  resembling  amber  in 
color. 

AM'BER-DROP  PZ\G   a.   Dropping  amber.   MUton, 

AM'BER-.^'KED,  n.  Musk-seed  ;  a  seed  somewhat 
resembling  millet.  It  is  of  a  bitterish  taste,  and 
brought  from  Egypt  and  the  West  Indies. 

Chambers. 

AM'BER-TREE,  n.  The  English  name  of  a  species 
of  Anthusjx-nnuni,  a  shrub,  with  evergreen  leaves, 
which,  when  bruised,  emit  a  fragrant  odor. 

Mitler. 

AM'BER-GRIS,  n.  [amber,  and  Fr.  gris^  gray  ;  gray 
amber.  1 

A  solid,  opaque,  ash-colored,  inflammable  substance, 
variegated  like  marble,  remarkably  light,  rugged  on 
its  surface,  and  when  heated,  it  has  a  fragrant  odor. 
It  does  not  efrer\*csce  with  acids ;  it  mults  easily  into 
a  kind  of  yellow  resin,  and  is  soluble,  but  nut  readi- 
ly, in  ipirit  of  wine.  Various  opinions  have  been 
entertained  resiiecting  its  origin  ;  but  it  is  well  ascer- 
tained that  it  is  a  morbid  secretion  into  the  intestines 
of  the  spermaceti  whale,  a  species  of  Physeiir.  It 
has  been  fuund  in  that  species  of  whule,  but  usually 
\»  found  floating  on  the  surface  of  the  ocean,  in  re- 
gions frequented  by  whales  ;  sometimes  in  masses 
of  from  (iO  to  '-"-ii  lbs.  weight.  In  this  substance  are 
found  the  beaks  of  the  cuttle-fish,  on  which  that 
whale  is  known  to  feed.  It  is  highly  valued  as  a 
material  in  perfumer}'.  Kncyc 

AM-BI-DE.V'TEK,  n.  [L.  ambo,  both,  and  dezUr\  the 
right  hand.] 

1.  A  person  who  uses  both  hands  with  eqnal  facil- 
ity. 

2.  A  double  dirnler;  one  equally  ready  to  act  on 
either  side  in  party  disputes.  [Thin  teiute  i*  lued  in 
tudicroita  tangva^c] 

3.  In  law,  a  jiifor  who  takes  money  from  both  pnr- 
tien,  for  giving  his  verdict.  Coieei. 

AM-Bl-DK.VTEK'I-TV,  I   n.     The  faculty  of  us- 

A.M-1JI-DE.\'TIH>US-NE8.S,  i  ing  birth  hands  with 
equal  facility  ;  dMuble  d'-nling;  the  taking  of  money 
from  both  pnrties  for  a  verdict. 

AMBI-DEX'TROUS,  a.  Having  the  fncully  of  using 
both  hands  with  equal  ease  j  practicing  or  siding 
witli  both  panirs. 

A.M'BI-EiNT,  a.  [I^  ambienn^  from  ambto^  to  go  round, 
from  amh,  alKtut,  and  eo,  to  go.] 

Surrotimting  ;  enrompassing  on  all  sides  ;  invest- 
ing i  applied  to  fluids  or  dilfiisiblu  substances}  as, 
the  ambient  air.  Mtilon, 

AM-niO'E-N.\L,  d.  [I*,  amboj  both,  and  genu,  a 
knf*.] 

All  'v/>^rfro/d,  is  one  of  the  triple  hyper- 

bol;i  1  order,  liaving  one  of  in  infittite 

let;-<  ,  I  an  angle  formed  by  the  asymp- 

tole.'*,  :iiiu  uif  ouier  without.  Kncyr. 

AM'Bl^U,".     [Fr.    See  Ambigcitt.] 


AMB 

An  entertainment  or  feast,  consisting  of  a  medley 
of  dishes.  King- 

AM-BI-GO'I-TV,  n.     [I*,  ambiguitas,  from  ambigo?\ 
Doubtfulness  or  uncertainty  of  signification,  fiom 
a  word's  bc'ing  susceptible  of  dirterent  meanings; 
double  meaning;  as,  words  should  be  used  whicii 
admit  of  no  ambiguity. 

AM-BIG'U-OUS,  a.     [L  ambiguus.] 

Having  two  or  more  meanings ;  doubtful ;  being 
of  uncertain  signification  ;  suriceptible  of  ditTerent 
interpretations  ;  hence,  obscure.  It  is  applied  to 
words  and  e.xpressinns  ;  not  to  a  dubious  state  of 
mind,  though  it  may  he  to  a  person  using  words  of 
doubtful  signification ;  as,  the  ancient  oracles  were 
ambi^^uousy  as  were  their  answers. 

A.M-blG'li-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  an  ambiguous  manner; 
with  doubtful  meaning. 

AM-BIG'U-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  am- 
biguous ;  uncertainty  of  meaning  ;  ambiguity;  and 
hence,  obscurity. 

AM-IilL'E-VOUy,  a.    fL.  ambo^  both,  and  lavusj  left.] 
Left-handed  on  both  sides.     [JSToi  in  use.'] 

Brown. 

AM-BIL'O-GY,  ju  [L.  ambOj  both,  and  Gr.  XoyoSt 
speech.] 

Talk  or  language  of  doubtful  meaning. 

AM-BIL'0-Q,UOL'ti,  a.  [I*,  atubo^  both, and  luquor,  to 
speak.] 

Using  ambiguous  expressions. 

AM-BIL'O  aUY,  n.  The  use  of  doubtful  or  ambigu- 
ous expressions. 

AM'BIT,  n.  [L.  ambitiiaj  a  circuit,  from  ambio^  to  go 
ab<mt.    See  Ambient.] 

The  line  that  encompasses  a  thing.     In  ^eometry^ 
the  perimeter  of  a  figure,  or  of  the  surface  of  a  body  j 
the  periphery  or  circumfc;rence  of  a  circular  body. 
Johnson.     Encyc 

AM-BI"TION,  n.  [L.  ambitio^  from  amiJo,  to  go  about, 
or  to  seek  by  making  interest ;  of  ami,  about,  and  eo, 
to  go.  [See  Ambages.]  This  word  had  its  origin  in 
the  practice  of  Roman  candidates  for  office,  who 
Went  about  the  city  to  solicit  votes.] 

A  desire  of  preferment,  or  of  honor;  a  desire  of 
excellence  or  superiority.  It  is  thus  ust-d  in  a  good 
sense  ;  as,  emulation  may  spring  from  a  laudable  am- 
bition. It  denotes  more  commonly,  however,  an  in- 
ordinate desire  of  power,  or  eminence,  often  accom- 
panied with  t)ie  use  of  illt-g.-(l  means  to  obtain  the 
object.  It  is  sonieiinios  followed  by  of;  as,  a  man 
has  an  ambition  o/wit.  Milton  has  used  the  word  in 
the  Latin  sense  of  ^oinif  about  to  solicit  or  obtain ; 
but  Ibis  sense  is  hardly  R'giliinate. 

AM-BI"TIUX,  V.  L     [Fr.  ambUiuyiner.] 

Ambitiously  to  seuk  after.     [Little  iwcrf.]      King. 

AM-Br'TIU\-LE.ss   a.   Devoid"  of  ambition.   Polhk. 

AM-BI"TIOUS,  a.     [L.  ambitio^u^.] 

1.  Desirous  of  power,  honor,  office,  superiority,  or 
excellf  nee  :  aspiring ;  eager  fur  fame  ;  fulluwud  by 
of  before  a  noun  :  as,  ambitious  nf  glur>'. 

2.  tjhowy  i  adapted  to  command  notice  or  praise ; 
as.  ambitiuas  ornanu-nts. 

3.  FiguraUcelyy  eager  to  swell  or  rise  higher ;  as, 
the  ambitious  ocean.  Sftak. 

AM-BI"TI(>US-LV,  adv.  In  an  ambitious  manner; 
with  an  eager  desire  after  prefennent  or  superiority. 

AM-BI"TIOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  am- 
bitious ;  ambition.  Being  nearly  synonymous  with 
ambititm.  it  is  not  often  used. 

AM'Bi-TUB,  n,  [L.]  1.  The  circumference  or  exte- 
rior edge  or  border  of  a  thing. 

2.  In  Roman  laic^  tJie  ojmju  space  surrounding  a 
building  or  tomb.  Kncyc 

3.  In  Roman  histaryf^  convassiDg  fur  votes  by  can- 
didates for  office. 

AM'BLE,  r.  i.  [Fr.  ambler^  from  L.  ambnlo^  to  walk  ; 
Qu.  amb^  about,  and  the  root  of  Fr.  alter.] 

1.  To  poce  ;  to  move  with  a  certain  peculiar  pace, 
a.^  a  horse,  fir>:t  lifting  his  two  legs  on  one  side,  and 
then  changing  to  the  other.  Edin,  Ettcye. 

%  To  move  easy,  williout  hard  shocks. 

lUm  Uin«  ambUi  vnthal.  Shxik. 

3.  In  aludterouM  aente^  to  move  with  submission, 
nr  by  direction,  or  to  move  affectedly.         Johnson. 

AM'BLE,  n.  A  peculiar  pace  of  a  horse,  in  which  the 
two  legs  of  the  same  iside  rinc  togL-ther. 

AM'BLKR,  71.     A  horse  which  ambles  ;  a  pacer. 

AM'BLhN'G,  ppr.  or  a.  Lifting  the  two  legs  on  the 
same  side  at  first  going  off,  and  then  changing. 

AM'BLIXG-LY,  adv.     With  iin  ambling  gait. 

AM'BLY  GON,  n.  \Gt.  ofiliXvi^  obtuse,  and  yf.^v^a^ 
an  angle.] 

An  obtuse -angled  triangle  ;  n  triangle  with  one  an- 
gle of  more  than  ninety  (li-grees.      Bailey.    Encyc, 

AM-BLYG'ON-AL,  a.    Contaming  an  obtuse  angle. 

AM-BLYG'ON-ITE,  n.  [Gr.  ofifiXvy  wkos,  having  an 
obtuse  angle.] 

A  mineral  from  Saxony,  of  a  pale-green  color, 
sometimes  spotted,  somewhat  resembling  pyroxene. 
It  consists  of  phosphoric  acid  and  alumina,  with  9 

f^-r  cent,  of  litliia.  Dana. 

_   I'BLY-O  PY,  n.     [Gr.  *i^/?>trt,  dull,  and  wii,  eye.] 
Weakikess  of  sight,  witiiout  any  opacity  of  the  cor- 


AMB 

nea,  or  of  the  interior  of  the  eye ;  either  absolute 
weakness  of  sight  from  disease  or  old  age  ;  or  rela- 
tive, when  objects  can  he  seen  only  in  a  certain  light, 
distance,  or  position,  as  in  day  and  night  blindness, 
near  and  far  sightedness,  and  stmbismus  or  squint- 
ing. Sauragrs. 

AM'BO,     (  n.     [Gr.   aupoiv.   a  pulpit ;    L.  umbo,  a 

AM'BON,  i       boss.] 

An  oblong,  elevated  pulpit,  in  the  early  Christian 
churclies,  but  disused  after  the  fourteenth  century. 

Oicilt. 

AM-BRE-A'DA,  n.  [fVom  amber.]  A  kind  of  facti- 
tious amber,  which  the  Europeans  sell  to  the  Afri- 
cans. F.nciic. 

AM-BRK'ie  AC^ID,  n.  An  acid  formed  by  digesting 
ambreme  in  nitric  acid. 

AM-BRe'INE,  n.  One  of  the  animal  proximate  prin- 
ciples, and  the  chief  constituent  of  ambergris. 

AM-BRO'SIA,  (am-bro'zha,)  n.  [Gr.  a  neg.  and  (ipo~ 
Tos,  mortal,  because  it  was  supposed  to  confer  immor- 
tality on  them  that  fed  on  it.J 

1.  In  heathen  antiquity^  the  imaginary  food  of  the 
gods      Hence, 

2.  Whatever  is  very  pleasing  to  the  taste  or  smell. 
The  name  has  also  been  given  to  certain  alexiphar- 
mic  compositions. 

3.  A  genus  of  plants. 

AM-BRC'Sl-AC,  a.    Having  the  qualities  of  ambrosia. 

AM-vBR0'SI.4,L,  (am-bro'zhal,)  a.  Partaking  of  the 
nature  or  qualities  of  ambrosia  ;  fragrant;  delighting 
the  taste  or  smell  ;  as,  ambrosial  dews.  Ben  Jonson 
uses  ambrosiac  in  a  like  sense,  and  Bailey  has  ambro- 
sian,  but  these  seem  not  to  by  warranted  hy  usage. 

AM-BKf^'SIAL-LY,  adc.     In  an  ambrosial  way. 

A.M-BR6'SIA.\,  a.  Pertaining  to  St.  Ambrose.  The 
Jlmbrosian  office,  or  ritual,  is  a  formula  of  worship  in 
the  church  of  Milan,  instituted  by  St.  Ambrose. 

AM-BRO'SIAN-CHANT,  ;..  A  mode  of  singing  or 
chanting  introduced  by  St.  Ambrose.  It  was  more 
monotontpus  than  the  Orcgorian,  which  was  used 
afterward. 

AM'RRO-SIN,  n.  In  fA?  m(V*/fc  a^w,  a  coin  struck  by 
the  dukes  of  Milan,  on  which  St.  Ambrose  was  rep- 
resented  on  horseback,  with  a  whip  in  his  right  hand. 

AM'BRV,  n.  [contracted  from  Fr.  aamOnerie^  almonry, 
from  ohi  Fr.  almoig-ne^  alms.] 

1.  An  almonrj- ;  a  place  where  alms  are  deposited 
for  distribution  to  tlie  [wwr.  In  ancient  nbbeyri  and 
priories  there  was  an  oHice  of  this  name,  in  which 
the  almoner  lived. 

2.  A  place  in  which  arc  deposited  the  utensils  for 
house-keeping;  also,  a  cupboard;  a  place  for  cold 
V  id  u  ills. 

AMBK'-ACE,  (amz'ace,)  n.     [L.  amboy  both,  and  ace.] 

A  double  ace,  as  when  two  dice  turn  up  the  ace. 
AM'BU-LA^'CE,  n.  [Fr.]  A  flying  hospital ;  a  mov- 
able ha>4{pital,  or  place  of  succor  for  the  wounded, 
formed,  for  the  occasion,  on  the  field  of  battle,  or  in 
its  imtuediatc  vicinity  ;  fir^t  introduced  into  the 
French  armies.  Cye.  Med. 

AM'BU-LANT,  a.     [L.  amftw/aiw,  from  ambalu.] 

Walking ;  moving  from  place  to  place.       Encyc. 
Jimbulant  brokers,  in   Am»tterdam,   are  exchange- 
brokers  or  agents,  who  are  not  sworn,  and  whose 
testimony  is  not  received  in  courts  of  justice. 
A.M'RU-L.^TE,  r.  i.    To  walk;  to  move   backward 

and  ftirward. 
AM-BU-LA'TION,  «.     [L.  ambuIatio.^ 

A  walking  about :  the  act  of  walking. 
AM'BU-LA-TIVE,  a.     Walking. 

AM'BU-LA-TU-RY,  a.  'I'hat  h;ts  the  power  or  faculty 
of  walking;  as,  an  animal  is  ambulatory^ 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  walk  ;  as,  an  ambulatory  view. 

3.  Moving  from  place  to  place  ;  not  stationary- ;  as, 
an  ambulaUrry  court,  which  exercises  its  jurisdiction 
in  dilferent  places.  Johnson. 

4.  In  ornithology,  formed  for  walking  ;  applied  to 
the  feet  of  birds  with  three  toes  before  and  one  be- 
hind. Brands. 

AM'BU-LA-TO-RY,  n.  A  place  to  walk  in  ;  applied 
to  any  place  in  buildings,  inclrised  by  a  colonnade  or 
arcade,  as  porticoes  and  corridors  ;  also,  to  the  aisles 
or  piLssages  in  churches.  P,  Cyc. 

AM'BU-RY,  )  n.      [Qu.    I^   umbo,   the    navel  ;    Gr. 

AN'BU-UY,   t         a/ifJun:] 

Anumg  farriers,  a  tumor,  wart,  or  swelling  on  a 
horsf!,  full  of  blood,  and  soti  to  the  touch.      Encyc, 

AM'BU.S-t::Al)E,  II.  [Ft.  embusmdc;  Sp.  and  Port,  cm- 
bnscada  <  It.  imboscata^  from  It.  imboncare  i  Hp.  cnibos- 
cor,  to  lie  in  bushes,  or  concea]t::d  ;  in  and  bosco,  bos^ue, 
a  wood  ;  Eng.  bush.] 

1.  Literally,  a  lying  in  a  wood,  concealed,  for  the 
purpose  of  attacking  an  enemy  by  surprise;  hence, 
a  lying  in  wait,  and  concealed  in  any  situuliun,  for  a 
like  purpos'^ 

2.  A  private  station  in  which  troops  He  concealed, 
with  a  view  to  attack  their  enemy  by  surprise;  ao^ 
bush. 

3.  A  bodv  of  troops  hiug  in  ambush. 
A.M'BUS-fAbE,  r.  t.     'JV  lie  in  wait  for,  or  to  attack 

from  a  concealed  piFsiti(m.  _ 

AM'BUS-CAD-ED,  jtp.  Having  an  ambu.«h  laid  against, 
or  att.icked  fVoiu  a  private  station ;  as,  his  troops  were 
ambuscadi:d. 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER.  VI"CIOUS €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  In  THia 

6  \i 


AME 

AM'BUS-tAl>-INti,  ppr.    Lying  in  wait  for;  altacJi- 

ing  from  a  secret  ittation. 
AM'BJJSIl,  H.  [Fr.  em&^the,  of  in  and  bujh  i  Dan.  »«.«&  ; 

D.  AojcA ;   Ger.  htisek ;   Fr.  bosquet,  boMOg*^  hoeagt, 

kiiis.    See  Bu«h.] 

L  A  private  or  concealed  station,  where  troops  lie 

Ib  wait  to  attack  their  enemy  by  surprise. 

2.  Tbe  state  of  lying  conct^alcd,  fi>r  the  purpose  of 
attacking  by  surprise  ;  a  lying  in  waiL 

3.  The  troops  posted  in  a  concealed  place,  for  at- 
tacking by  surprise. 

Loj  ibw  *a  iitw*  brOwdtjr-— J<"b.  rii. 

AM'BKSH,  c  (.  To  lie  in  wail  for ;  to  surprise,  by  as- 
sailing unexpectedly  from  a  concealed  place. 

AM'B};SU,  V.  u  To  lie  in  wait,  fur  the  purpoae  of  at- 
tacking by  surprise^ 

Nor  nw  the  nuke,  that  amiaJkmt  fatMt  pnj.        Tn^mhuO. 

AM'B!JSH-ED,  (am'byuhl,)  pp.  I^in  in  wail  fur ;  sud- 
denly attacked  from  a  concealed  station. 

AM'BySH-ING,  »r.  Lying  in  wait  fur;  attacking 
from  a  ronccaled  station. 

AM'SysiI  MENT,  K.    An  ambosii ;  which  ms. 

AM-BU:^'T10.\,  a.  [U  ■MtesCis,  fhim  umhtav,  to  burn 
or  scorch ;  of  tmhy  about,  and  aro,  to  bum.J 
Among  sAfsiciaM,  a  burning ;  a  bum  or  scald. 

AM'EL,a.    [FY.smLI 

The  nntler  with  wbkh  metallic  bodies  are  over- 
laid in  the  process  of  enameUng ;  but  its  use  Is  super- 
seded by  moaui;  which  M«.  BvpU, 

A-M  rL'IOR-A-BLE,  o.    That  may  be  meliofatM. 

A-MgL'lOR-ATC,  r.  L  [Fr.  aswUsnr,  fton  U  SMfisr, 
better.] 
To  make  better ;  to  troproTe ;  to  meliorate. 

&  &  Smith,     ChruL  Obs.     Butkanttn. 

A-MgL'IOR-XTB,  o.  t.   To  grow  better ;  to  mdiorate. 

A-MeL'10R^%-TED,  pp.    Qtawn  belter;  improved. 

A-M£L'IOR-A-T1NO,  ppr.  Becoming  or  nakiag 
bener. 

A-M£L-IOR-A'TI0N,  a.  A  making  or  beeominf  bet- 
ter :  improvement ;  radionition. 

A-.UEN'.  This  word,  with  slight  differences  of  or- 
thofnvptiv,  is  in  all  tbe  dialects  of  the  Shemttish 
stock.  As  a  ««rft.  It  signlfles  to  confirm,  estntilb^, 
verify  ;  to  trust,  or  give  confidence  ;  as  a  ncmii,  truth, 
firmness,  tni?^,  confidence ;  as  an  adjretirr,  firm,  sta- 
ble. In  ^n^lish.aAcr  ibe  Orit-ntnl  nmnncr,  it  is  U'^d 
at  the  beginning,  but  more  eeni*rally  at  the  end  of 
declarations  and  prayers,  in  the  sense  of,  be  it  Jtrm^ 
be  it  citahluhed. 

And  W  aO  the  |«(fh  Hy,  AMMt.  —  Pt.  cvL 

The  word  is  used  also  as  a  noun  :  "  M\  the  prom- 
ises of  God  are  amen  in  Christ,"  that  Is,  firmness, 
stabilitr,  constancy. 

A-MP.-NA-BIL'I-TY,     (  a.    The  state  of  being  ame- 

AM£'\.\-BLE  XESd,  (       nable;  liabUity  to  answer. 

Judge  Ston/, 

A-Mfi'NA-BLE,  a.  [It.  menare :  Fr.  Mm«r,  amener ; 
Norm,  amesner,  to  lead,  tu  bring;  Fr.  ojkaut,  It.  Otn- 
maimartt  in  marine  langttace,  to  strike  sail.] 

L  In  oU  lotf ,  easy  to  be  led ;  governable,  as  a 
woman  by  Iter  husband.    [  Tlus  tenee  is  obMleu.] 

3.  liable  to  answer  ;  rssponsible ;  answerable  ;  li- 
able to  be  called  to  account ;  as,  every  man  is  om^iui- 
U«  to  the  laws. 

We  retain  tliis  idiom  in  the  popular  phrase,  to  bring 
In,  to  make  answerable ;  as,  a  man  is  Imitgkt  in  to 
pay  the  debt  of  another. 

A-ME'XA-BLY,  adr.    In  an  amenable  manner. 

AM'EN-AGE,  r.  t     To  manage.     [Ob^.]        ^tntMr. 

AM'EX-AXCE,  a.     Conduct ;  behavior.     [06*.] 

Spfnser, 

A-MEXIV,  *.  L  [Ft.  tmeudtr ;  L.  emendo,  of  «  neg. 
and  menda,  mmJiim,  a  fault ;  W.  moaa,  a  spot  or 
blemish  ;  Sp.  acd  Fort.  eoLeudar ;  IL  nmmimttare.  Bee 
Ua:«D.] 

L  To  eerrect ;  to  rectify  by  expunging  a  mistake ; 
as,  to  ammd  a  wriL 

3.  To  reform,  by  quitting  bad  habits ;  to  make  bet^ 
ter,  in  a  raoral  sen^  ;  as,  to  amend  uur  ways  i}x  our 
conduct 

3l  To  correct ;  to  supply  a  defect ;  to  improve  or 
make  better,  by  some  addition  of  what  is  wanted, 
as  weO  as  by  exptinging  what  is  wrong  ;  as*,  to  amend 
a  bill  before  a  legislature.  Hence  it  is  applied  to  t)ie 
correction  of  authors,  by  restoring  passages  which 
had  been  omitted,  or  restoring  the  true  reading. 

A-MEXD',  r.  i.  To  grow  or  become  better,  by  refor- 
mation, or  rcctifyinc  sometliing  wrung  in  manners 
or  morals.     It  diifers  from  improre^  in  tliis,  that  to 

^  amend  implies  something  previously  wrong  ;  to  tm- 
prore^  docs  not. 

A-MEXD'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  amf^nded  ;  capable 
of  corr-^ction  ;  as,  an  amendahU  writ  or  error. 

AMEND  A-TO'RV,  a.  Tliat  amends;  supplying 
ami-ndntf-nt;  corrective. 

Ji^\fE^''DK'y  n.  [Fr.]  A  pecuniary  punishment,  or 
fine  ;  a  reparation  or  recantation.  The  ammdt  ho- 
norable, in  France,  is  an  iiifamuus  punishment  in- 
flicted on  traittirs,  parricides,  and  sacrilegious  per- 
sons. The  offender,  beins  led  into  court  with  a 
rope  about  his  neck,  and  a  lighted  torch  in  his 
band,  hcgi  pardon  of  his  God,  the  court,  &c.     These 


AME 

word.H  also  denote  simply  a  recunt:tlion  in  open  couri, 
or  in  presence  of  the  injured  pi-rson.  Bmryc. 

3.  In  popular  lanenai^ty  the  phrase  denotes  a  public 
recantation  and  re)Kmition  to  an  injured  party,  for 
improper  language  or  treatment. 
A-ME.NU'ED,    pp.     Corrected  ;    rectified  ;    reformed  ; 

impriwed,  or  altered  for  the  better. 
A-ME.\D'ER,  n.    The  person  lliat  amends. 
A-ME.N'D'FIJL,  a.     Full  of  improvement. 
A-ME\1>'L\'G,  ppr.    Correcting;  reforming;  altering 

for  the  better. 
A-ME.\D'MEXT,  a.    An  alteration  or  change  for  the 
better ;  correction  of  a  fault  or  faults  ;  reformation  of 
life,  by  quittine  vices. 

3.  In  UgLitatti^e  procfrd'm^s,  any  alteration  in  a  bill 
or  motion,  by  adding,  changing,  or  omitting. 

3.  In  foac,  tbe  correction  of  an  error  in  a  writ  or 
prooesa. 

Shakspeare  uses  it  for  the  recovery  of  health,  but 
this  si-nse  is  unusual. 
A-MEXDS',  It.  pL     [Ft.  amende  ] 

Compen^tion  for  an  injury ;  recompense ;  satis- 
faction ;  equivalent ;  as,  tJie  happiness  of  a  future 
life  will  uiore  than  make  amends  for  tlie  miseries 
of  thiit. 
A-ME.N'I-TY,  n.  [L.  amtrnitas;  Fr.  aminili;  L. 
amaHua:  W.  miryn,  good,  kind.] 

Pleasantness ;  agreeableness  of  situation ;  that 
which  delights  the  eye;  used  of  pl^^ea  and  prospects. 

Brown. 
jaME.\*SA  ETT0iRO,[L.]    From  board  and  bed. 
A  divorce  from  board  and  bed  is  when  husband  and 
wife  separate,  but  the  husband  maintains  the  wife. 

AMEXT^UM  t  "*    ^^  ameTUnmy  a  thong,  or  strap.] 
In  botantff  a  species  of  inflorescence,  consisting  of 
many  scales,  ranged  along  a  sUitk  or  slender  axis, 
which  is  the  common  receptacle ;  as  in  birch,  oak, 
chestnuL  Martyn. 

A  spike,  the  bracts  of  tvhich  are  all  of  equal  size, 
and  closely  imbricated,  and  which  is  articulated  wiUi 
the  stem.  Lindley. 

AM-EX-TA'CEOUS,  a.  I.  Growing  in  an  ament ;  re- 
sembling a  thong ;  aB,  the  chestnut  has  an  amentor 
ce4fus  inflorescence.  Martyn. 

2.  Funii^hcd  with  aments ;  having  flowers  ar- 
mni;ird  in  aments  ;  as,  amentaceoiis  pXiuitfi.   Brande. 

A-MERCE',  (a-mers',)  c.L  [A  verb  formed  from  a,  for 
on  or  at,  and  Fr.  merci,  mercy,  or  from  L.  merces^ 
reward.] 

1.  To  inflict  a  penalty  at  mercy ;  to  (Hinish  by  a 
pecuniary  penalty,  the  amount  of  which  is  not  fixed 
by  law,  but  left  to  the  discretion  or  mercy  of  the 
court ;  aa,  the  court  amerced  tlie  cruuinal  in  the  sum 
of  one  hundred  dollars. 

2.  To  inflict  a  pecuniary  penalty ;  to  punish  in 
general.  Milton  uses  vf  aSltr  amerce:  "  Blillions  of 
spirit-:  amerced  of  heaven ;  "  hut  this  use  seeuxs  to  be 
a  pi»f-tic  license. 

A-MEK'CiJD,  pp.     Fined  at  the  discretion  of  a  court. 

A-MEltCEMEXT,  ( a-mers' me nt,)  n.  A  pecuniary 
penalty  intlicled  on  an  oirender  at  the  discretion  of 
tbe  court.  It  dilTeri  fruin  a  Jine,  in  that  the  latter  i», 
or  was  originally,  a  ti.\ed  and  ct;rtain  sum  prescribed 
by  sLUute  for  an  offense  ;  but  an  amercement  is  arbi- 
trary. Hence  the  practice  ofajeering.  [See  Affeer.] 
But,  in  America,  tiie  word  fine  is  now  used  for  a  pe- 
cuniary penalty  which  is  uncertain ;  and  it  is  com- 
mon, in  statutes,  to  enact  tliat  an  offender  ifhall  be 
fiHt'iy  at  the  discretion  of  the  court.  In  Kagland^  also, 
fines  are  now  usually  discretionary.  Thus  the  word 
Jine  has,  in  a  measure,  superseded  the  use  of  amerce- 
ment This  word,  in  old  books,  is  written  aincrcia- 
menL 

.Amercement  royal,  is  a  penalty  imposed  on  an  officer 
for  a  misdemeanor  in  his  office. 

A-.MER'CER,  n.  One  who  sets  a  fine  at  discretion 
upon  an  ofi'ender. 

A-MER'I-CA,  n.  [from  Amerigo  Vespucci,  a  Flor- 
enline,  who  pretended  to  have  first  discovered  the 
western  continent.] 

One  of  the  great  continents,  first  discovered  by 
Sebastian  Cabot,  June  11,  O.  S.,  1498, and  by  Colum- 
bus, or  Christoval  Colon,  Aug.  1,  the  same  year.  It 
extends  from  the  eightieth  degree  of  north,  to  the 
fifty-fourth  degree  of  south  latitude ;  and  from  the 
thirty-fifth  to  tlia  one  hundred  and  fifty-sixth  degree 
of  longitude  west  from  Greenwich,  being  about  nine 
thousand  miles  in  length.  lU  breadth  at  Darien 
is  narrowed  to  about  furty-five  miles,  but  at  the 
northern  extremity  is  nearly  four  thousand  miles. 
From  Darien  to  the  twrth,  the  continent  is  called 
J^urtk  America^  and  to  tlie  south,  it  is  called  South 
AmTica. 

A-MEIl'I-CAX,  a.    Pertaining  to  America. 

A-MEit'I-€A\,  n.  A  native  of  America;  originally 
applied  to  tiie  aboriginals,  or  copper-ci>lored  races, 
found  here  by  the  Europeans;  but  now  applied  to 
the  descendants  of  Europeans  born  in  America,  es- 
pecially to  the  inhabitants  of  tlie  United  States 

Tb-?  name  Am^riaui  mutt  ajwayt  exalt  the  piiiJe  of  patriotiain. 
WoMhingion. 

A-MER'I-CA N-I8M,  a.    An  idiom  peculiar  to  America. 


AiMl 

a.  The  love  which  American  citizens  have  to  their 
own  country,  or  the  preference  of  its  interests. 

A-MER'I-CA.V-IZE,  r.  L  To  render  American;  to 
naturalize  in  America. 

A.MKS'-ACE.    See  AMns-ACB. 

A-MET-A-B6'LI-AN,  n.   J  [Gr.  a  neg.  and  u£ra/?aXXu, 

A-MET-A-BO'LI-A,n.;^/.  (      to  change.] 

In  zoology,  terms  denoting  a  division  of  insects 
which  do  not  undergo  any  metamorphosis.  Brande, 

A-ME'ni'O-DlST,  «.     A  quack.     [JVot  used.] 

AM'E-T1IY!:*T,  v.  [L.  ameOiystus ;  Gr.  u^t^uffroj, 
which  the  Greeks  supposed  to  be  formed  from  a  neg. 
and  |(t$P(,i,  to  inebriate,  from  some  supposed  quality 
in  the  stone  of  resisting  intoxication.  Phn.  xxxvii. 
9,  mentions  an  opinion,  that  it  takes  its  name  from 
its  color  upproachin  g  that  of  wine,  but  not  reaching  it.] 
A  sub-species  of  quart/.,  of  a  bluisn  violet  color,  of 
difTercnl  degree.s  of  intensity.  It  generally  occurs 
crystallized  in  hexnhedral  prisms  tenninaleu  by  cor- 
resjHiiuling  pyramids;  also  in  rolled  fragments,  com- 
ptts.'d  of  iiuperfrct  prismatic  cr>stals.  Ha  fracture  is 
conchoidal  or  f^plintcry.  It  is  wrought  into  various 
articles  of  jewelry.  Cleavdattd,     Encyc 

Oriental  amcViy.-itj  the  violet  blue  variety  of  traas- 
parent  cr>-stallized  corundum. 

AM'E-THVST,  in  heraldry,  signifies  a  purple  color. 
It  i-s  the  same,  in  a  nobleman's  escutcheon,  as  pur- 
pure  in  a  gentleman's,  and  vurrcury  in  that  of  a 
sovereign  prince.  Eneyc. 

AM-E-THV.ST'INE,  a.  1.  Pertaining  to,  or  resem- 
bling amethyst ;  anciently  applied  to  a  garment  of 
the  color  of  amethyst,  as  distinguished  from  the 
Tyrian  and  hyaciiithine  purple. 

3.  Composed  of  ttie  amethyst ;  as,  an  amethystine 
cup.  Brande. 

A'MI-A,  a.  A  genus  of  fish,  of  tlie  Abdominal  order, 
found  in  the  rivers  of  Carolina.  Pcnnaid. 

X-MI-A-BIL'1-TY,  a.     Amiableness. 

A'MI-A-ItLE,  a.  [Fr.  amable  ,-  L.  amabUis;  from  amo, 
to  love.] 

1.  Lovely;  worthy  of  love;  deserving  of  affection  ; 
applied  ustuilly  to  persons.  But  in  Psal.  Ixxxiv.  ], 
there  is  an  exception  .  "  How  amiable  are  thy  taber- 
nacles, O  Lord ! " 

2.  Pretending  or  showing  love. 

I.ny  aitwible  tiege  to  the  honevty  of  Ihii  Ponl'«  wife.         SliaJc. 

But  this  use  is  not  legitimate. 

A'MI-A-BLE-NESS,»u  The  quality  of  deserving  love; 
liiveliness. 

A'MI-A-BLY,  a4lo.  In  an  amiable  manner ;  in  a 
manner  to  excite  or  attract  love. 

AM-I-AN'THUS,  71.  [Gr.  u/i(uvru<,  of  a  neg.  and 
fiinifoi,  to  |H>llutc  or  vitiate  ;  so  called  from  its  In- 
cumbustibility.    Plin.  3().  19.] 

Earth-flax,  or  mountain-flax  ;  a  mineral  substance 
somewhat  resembling  flax,  belonging  eittier  to  the 
sjx'cies  pyroxene  or  hornblende,  usually  grayish,  or 
of  a  greenish  white ;  sometiinea  of  a  yellowish  or 
silvery  white,  olive  or  mountain  green,  of  a  pale 
flesh  red  or  oeher  color.  It  is  composed  cf  delicate 
filaments,  very  flexible,  and  somewhat  elastic,  often 
long,  and  resembling  threads  of  silk.  It  is  iiicom- 
busiiblc,  and  has  sometimes  been  wrought  into  cloth 
and  pa|»er.  Ktrwoji.     Encyc.     Cleatcland. 

AM-I-AX'THI-FORM,  o.     [amianthus  and  form.] 
Having  the  form  or  likeness  of  amianthus. 

ATnian&^fo^m  arspiiioie  of  copper.  Phillipg. 

AM-I-AN'TIIIN-ITE,  n.  A  species  of  amorphous 
mineral,  a  variety  of  aclinolite ;  its  color  ash, 
greenish,  or  yellowish  gray,  often  mixed  with  yel- 
low or  red ;  its  fracture  confusedly  foliated  and 
fibrous.  KiTwan. 

AM-1-AN'THOID,  n.  [amianthus  and  Gr.  £i(i..(,rorm.] 
A  variety  of  a>!bcstus,  composed  t>f  long  capillary 
filaments,  flexible  and  very  elastic  ;  more  flexible 
than  tlie  fibers  of  asbestus,.  but  stilTer  and  more 
elastic  than  those  of  amianthus.  The  color  is  olive 
preen,  or  greenish  white.  Haiiy.     Cleavcland. 

A.M-I-AN'THOID,a.     Resembling  amianthus  in  form. 

AM'l-C  A-BLE,  a.  [  L.  amicabdis,  from  amicus,  a  friend, 
from  amOy  to  love.] 

1.  Friendly;  peaceable;  harmonious  in  social  or 
mutual  transactions ;  usually  applied  to  the  disposi- 
tions of  men  who  have  business  with  each  other,  or 
to  their  intercourse  and  transactions  ;  as,  nations  or 
men  have  come  to  an  amicable  adjustment  of  their 
differences. 

2.  Disposed  to  peace  and  friendship  ;  as,  an  amica- 
ble temper. 

iBut  rarely  applied  to  a  stnsrle  person.] 
-CA-BLE-NESS,  n.     Tlie  quality  of  being  peace- 
able, friendly,  or  disposed  to  peace  ;  friendliness;  a 
disposition  to  preserve  ijeace  and  friendship. 
AM'l-eA-BLY,a(/tj.     In  a  friendly  manner  ;  with  har- 
mony or   good-will ;   without  controversy  ;  as,   the 
dispute  was  amicably  adjusted. 
A.M'ICT,  in.    [L.  amictus,  from  amicior,  to  clothe  ;  Fr. 
AM'ICE,  \      amict;  Sp.  amito  ;  Port,  amicto.] 

A  square  linen  cloth  that  a  Roman  Catholic  priest 

ties  about  his  neck,  hanging  down  behind,  under  the 

alb,  when  he  ofticiates  at  mass.  Sp.  ami  Port.  Vict. 

A-MID',        )  prep,    [of  a  and  Sax.  midrf,  the  middle; 

A-MIDST',  )       L.  rriedius.     Amidst  is  the  superlative 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRfiY.  — PIXE,  MARXNE,  BIRD — N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.- 


AMM 

degree,  middest^  a  contraction  of  Sax.  mid^mcstaj  mid- 
most.    See  Middle  and  Midst.] 

1.  In  the  mid^t  or  middle. 

2.  Among ;  mingled  with ;  osj  a  shepherd  amidst 
his  flock. 

3.  Surrounded,  encompassed,  or  enveloped  with  ; 
ns,  amidst  the  shade ;  amid  the  waves.*  ^mid  is  used 

AM'IDE,      I        g     AMMtD  [mostly  m  poetry. 

AMT-DET,  i  "•    ''^^  AMMtD. 

AMT-DINE,  n.  Starch  modified  by  heat  so  as  to  be- 
come a  transparent  mass,  like  hum,  which  is  soluble 
in  cold  water. 

A-MID'-SIIIPS ;  in  marine  Um^tage^  the  middle  of  a 
ship,  with  regard  to  her  length  and  breadth. 

AM'I-LOT,  n.  A  white  fish  in  the  Jlexican  lakes, 
more  than  a  foot  in  length,  and  much  esteemed  at 
the  table.  Clacigcro. 

A-MISS',  €u     [a  and  miss.    See  Mibs.] 

1.  Wrong ;  faulty ;  out  of  order  ;  improper ;  as,  it 
may  not  be  amiss  to  ask  advice.  [^Thia  adjective  al- 
vays  fuUtnt!.i  its  noun.]  » 

2.  adv.  In  a  faulty  manner ;  contrary  to  propriety, 
truth,  law,  or  morality. 

Yv  uk  *nd  ^'^o^iTe  not,  b-caiue  ye  nikamUi. — Jame«  ir. 

Applied  to  the  body,  it  signifies  indisposed ;  as,  I 
am  Stimewhat  amits  to-day. 
AM'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  amiti^;  It.  amistd,  amistAde;  Sp. 
amistad,  from  ontii-fdr,  to  reconcile  ;  Port,  amizade ; 
Nonn.  amistee,  friendship,  amei,  friends,  amcis^ameti, 
beloved.     Q.U.  L.  amo,  amicitia.] 

Friendship,  in  a  general  sense,  between  individ- 
uals, societies,  or  nations;   harmony;   good  under- 
standing; Rs,  our  nation  is  in   amitif  with  all   the 
world  ;  a  treaty  of  amity  and  commerce. 
AM'MA,  71.    [Hcb.  ON,  mother.] 

1.  Aji  abbess  or  spiritual  mother. 
2-  A  girdle  or  truss  used  in  ruptures.    [Gr.  atiftft.] 

Coze. 
AM'MAiV,  n.     [G.  amtmann;  D.  amptman;   Dan.  amC- 
mand;  a  compound  of  ampt,  Sax.  ambaht,  or  embeht^ 
office,  duly,  charge,  and  man.    See  Embassadoiu] 

In  torn  European  nAUons,  a  judge  who  has  cogni- 
Trance  of  civil  causes.  Encyc 

AM'MID,  n.     [formed  from  ammonia.'] 

A  compound  of  ammidogen  with  an  element,  in 
which  ammidogen  is  the  electro-negative  ingredient. 
AM-MID'0-6EN,    n.      [arnmid    and    Gr.   jtyj-aw,   to 
pr(»duce.l 

A  basifying  and  basic  principle,  composed  of  two 
equivalents  of  hydrogen  and  one  of  nitrogen. 
AM'MI-RAL,  n.     An  obaolele  form  of  admiroL 

UAwUiTeM-     [Gr.  ».,.«,  «l..d.] 

A  sandstone  or  freestone,  of  a  pale  brown  color, 
very  heavy,  of  a  lax  texture,  composed  of  email 
ronnd  gmnules,  cemented  by  an  earthy,  sp;irry 
matter.  The  grit  or  granules  are  small  stalagmites, 
composed  of  crusts  or  coats  including  one  another. 
It  id  the  roe-«tonc  or  oiJlite  uf  recent  authors. 

Da  Costa.     I'lin.  37.  10. 

AM'MO-€IIRYSE,  (am'mo-kris,)  n.  [Gr.  wfi^oj,  sand, 
and  x.oi'(r'*(,  gold.] 

A  yellow,  soft  stone,  found  in  Germany,  consi.-iline 
of  glossy  yellow  particles.  When  rubbed  or  ground, 
it  is  «wd  to  strew  over  writing,  like  black  sand  with 
us.     Qu.  vrlloje  miea.  P(tn.  37.  II.     Encyc 

AM-MO-U^'T£S,  n.  [Gr.  i/j/i  <(,  sand,  and  ^uoj,  to 
enter.] 

The  sand  eel,  a  genus  of  fith,  of  the  Apodal  order, 
about  a  foot  in  length,  with  a  comnressed  head,  a 
long,  slender  body,  and  scales  haruly  perceptible. 
Two  species  are  now  recognized  by  naturalists.  It 
buries  iftelf  in  the  sand,  and  is  found  also  in  the 
stomach  of  the  porpoii*e,  which  indicates  that  the 
latter  ff*>h  roots  up  the  sand  like  a  hog.  Eneyc. 

AM-Mr)'NI-A,  n.  [The  real  origin  of  this  word  is  not 
ascertained.  Pome  authors  suppose  it  to  be  from 
Ammony  a  title  of  Jupiter,  near  whijsc  temple  in  Upper 
Egypt  it  was  generated.  Others  cuppose  it  to  be  from 
Am)Boniay  a  Cyrcnnic  territory  ;  and  others  deduce  it 
from  aif/ioc,  sand,  as  it  was  found  in  sandy  ground.] 
Ammonia  is  an  alkali,  which  is  gat^eous  or  a<irifnnn 
In  its  uncombined  state,  and  is  cfimposrd  uf  three 
equivrilf-nts  uf  hydrne.-n  and  une  uf  nitrogen  ;  now 
considered  an  aomiid  uf  hydrogen.  It  is  often  called 
volatile  alkali. 

AM-Mo'MI-AC,         J  fl.    Pertaining  to  ammnnia,  or 

AM-MO-iVT'AC-AL,  |     possessing  itf  properties. 

AM-MONI-AC,  or  GLI.M-AM-NIO'M-Ae,  n,  [See 
Ammoxia.] 

The  concrete  Juice  of  an  umbelliferous  plant,  the 
Dorema  ammoniarnm,  brought  from  Persia  In  large 
masses,  competed  of  tears,  internally  white,  and  ex- 
ternally yellow.  It  has  a  fetid  *:mfll,and  a  naus«'ous, 
sweet  ta-Kte,  followed  by  a  bitter  one.  It  is  inllam- 
mnble,  soluble  in  wat.T  and  spirit  of  wine,  anil  is  used 
in  medirine  as  a  deobstnirnl  nnd  reaulveni.     Encyc. 

AM-MO'\J-AN,  o.  Relating  to  Ammonius,  sumnmed 
Raccas,  of  Alexandria,  who  flmirished  at  the  end  tif 
the  second  century,  and  was  the  founder  of  the 
eticctic  system  of  philosophy  ;  or  rather,  he  com- 
|ri»led  the  estabtiithment  of  the  sect,  which  oHgi- 
nalcd  with  PoCamo.  I^etd. 


AMO 

AM'MON-ITE,  «.  [carnu  Ammonis,  from  ifapiter  Am- 
wwn,  whose  statues  were  represented  with  rara*s 
horns.] 

The  serpent-stone,  or  comu  Ammonis,  a  fossil  shell, 
curved  into  a  spiral,  like  a  ram's  horn  ;  of  various 
sizes,  from  the  smallest  gmins  to  three  feet  in  diam- 
eter. This  fossil  is  found  in  strata  uf  limestone  and 
clay,  and  in  argillaceous  iron  ore.  It  is  smooth  or 
ridged  ;  the  ridges  straight,  crooked,  or  undulated. 
Ci/c.     Encyc.     Plin.  37.  10. 

AM-MO'NI-UM,  n.  A  compound  radical,  consisting 
of  four  equivalents  of  hydrogen  and  one  of  nitrogen, 
and  having  the  habitudes  and  chemical  relations  of 
an  element. 

AM-MO-XT'U-RET,  )  n,     A  term  once  applied  to  cer- 

A.M-MO-NI'A-RET,  (  tain  supposed  compounds  of 
ammonia  and  a  pure  metal.  All  of  these  Jiave  been 
ascertained  to  be  salts  composedof  ammonia  with  an 
acid  of  the  metal,  which  renders  the  term  incorrect 
and  useless. 

AM-MU-NI"TION,  n.  [L.  ad  and  muniiio ^froia  munio, 
to  fortify.] 

Militjirj-  stores,  or  provisions  for  attack  or  defense. 
In  modern  usage,  the  signification  is  confined  to  the 
articles  which  are  used  in  the  discharge  of  fire-arms 
and  ordnance  of  all  Kinds  ,  as  powder,  bulls,  bombs, 
various  kimls  uf  shut .  &c. 

Ammunitiim  bread,  shoes,  stockincrs  &c.  are  such 
as  are  contracted  for  by  guvernmeni  ami  strved 
out  to  the  private  :»oidit^rs.  Eneyc.  Am. 

AM'NES-TY,  n.    i  Gr.  a^n"i<yrin^f\f  a  neg  ami  fivri<ji^, 
memory,  from  the  root  of  meuA,  mind     See  Misd.J 
An  act  of  oblivion  .  a  geTierai  pardon   ol  the  of- 
fenses of  subjects  ag:niist  the  government,  or  the 
proclamation  of  such  pardon. 

AM'N"I-0\  I  "*    t^*"^'  "*'*'""'»  ^  vessel  or  membrane.] 
The  innermost  membrane  surrounding  the  fetus  in 
the  womb.     It  is  thin,  transparent,  and  soft,  smooth 
on  the  inside,  but  rough  on  the  outside.  Encyc. 

AM-NI-OT'l€,  a.      Pertaining  to  the  amnios;  con- 
tained in  the  amnia< ;  as,  the  amniotic  fluid. 
2.  Relating  to  the  liquor  of  the  amnios.  ' 

Amniotic  acid^  an  acid  found  in  the  amniotic  fluid 
of  the  cow ;  considered  the  same  as  the  ullantuic 
acid. 
AM-rE-B,'E'AN,  a.     Alternately  answering.    Warton. 
AM-CE-B.^S'  UM,  n,   [Gr.  nfiotfiutoit  alternate ;  uftot^tjf 
change.] 

A  poem  in  which  persons  are  represented  ns  speak- 
ing alternately,  as  the  third  nnd  seventh  eclogues  of 
Virgil.  Encyc 

A-MO-LI"TION,  n.    Removal.        ^    ,    ^ 

A-MO'MUM,  n.    [Gr.  ayioi/^oi';  Ar.  LoLf.^  fuimauma. 


from  *.^  hammaj  to  warm   or  heat;  the  heating 

plant.] 

A  genus  of  plants  ;  all  natives  of  warm  climates, 
nnd  remarkable  for  their  pungency  and  aromatic 
properties.  It  includes  the  granum  parodist,  or  grains 
of  paradise.  Cyc. 

True  amomum  is  around  fruit,  from  the  East,  of 
the  size  of  a  gripe,  containing,  under  a  membranous 
cover,  a  number  of  angular  seeds  of  a  dark  brown 
color,  in  three  cells.  Of  this  fruit,  ten  or  twelve 
grow  in  a  cluster,  adhering,  without  a  pedicle,  to  a 
Woody  stalk.  It  is  uf  a  pungent  taste  and  aromatic 
smell,  and  was  fonnerly  much  used  in  medicine,  but 
is  now  a  stronger  to  the  shops. 

Plin.  12.  13.     Eneye. 

A-MOXG',  fa-mnng',)  |  prrp,   [Sax.  onmang,  onge- 

A-MCVGST ',  (a-mungst',)  i     mang,  among;  geman- 

snn^  tu  mingle;   D.  nnd  Ger.  mengen;  Sw,  mamga; 

l)nn.  mange;  to  mingle  ;  Gr.  /iiyvua).     See  Mingle.] 

1.  In  o  grneral  or  primitive  sense,  mixed  ur  min- 
gled with  ;  as  tares  amon^  wheat, 

2.  Conjoined,  or  associated  with,  or  making  port 
of  the  number. 

Blt'M'^d  iirt  lliou  atnong  women.  —  Litke  [, 

3.  Of  the  number  ;  as,  there  is  not  one  among  a 
thousand  possessing  the  like  qualities. 

A-MO'NI-AN,  a.  [from  Amon  or  Ifamon,  a  title  of 
Jupiter,  or  rather  of  the  srm  ;  Ar.  Ileb.  and  <'h.  on, 
non,  Ilam  or  Camah,  which,  as  a  verb,  signifies  to 
heat  or  warm,  and,  ns  a  noun,  heat  or  the  sun,  and  in 
Arabic,  the  supreme  God.] 

Pertaining  to  Jufiiter  Ammon,  or  to  his  temple  and 
worship  in  (TpjK^r  Egypt.  Bryant. 

AM-0-RA'I-)0^  n.  [L.  amor,  love,  amo,  to  love.  But 
the  word  is  ill  formed.] 

A  lover.     [See  I.oiAMonATo,  which  is  chiefly  used.] 
Ch.  Rcl.  AjfppaU 
AM-O-RE'AXS,  n.  p^     A  sect  of  Geiuaric   doctors  or 
commentators  on  the  Jerusalem  Talmud.     'J'he  Am- 
oreans    succeeded  the    Mishnic   doctors,   and   were 
fdlluwed  by  the  Sebureans 
AM'O-KKT,  j(.     [L,  amor,  love.]     A  lover. 
ASI-0-RETTE',  n.     [I.,  amor,  love  ;  Fr,  umourtlte.'\ 
An  amoroua  woman  ;  alsu,  a  love  knot,  or  a  trining 
love  affhir.  Oood^a  Sacred  Idyls.     Chaucer. 


AMP 

AM'O-RIST,  n.     [L.  amor,  love.] 

A  lover ;  a  gallant ;  an  inamorato.  Boyle, 

AM-O-Rfl'.SA,  n.    [It.]    A  wanton  woman. 
AM-O-RO'SO,  n.     [It.,  from  anwr,  love.] 

A  lover  ;  a  man  enamored. 
AM'O-ROUS,  a.     [Fr.  amourcux;  IL  amoroso;  tiom  L. 
amor,  love.] 

1.  Inclined  to  love  ;  having  a  propensity  to  love,  ct 
to  sexual  enjoyment ;  loving;  fond. 

2.  In  love  ;  enamored.  Shak. 

3.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  love  ;  produced  by  love  j 
indicating  love  ;  as,  amorous  delight ;  amorous  airs. 

Milton.     WaUer. 
A5I'0-R0US-LY,  adv.    In  an  amorous  mannei ;  fond- 
ly ;  lovingly. 
AM'O-ROUS-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  inclined 
to  love,  or  to  sexual  pleasure ;  fondness ;  luvingness. 

Sidney. 
A-MORPII'OUS,  a.     [Gr.  a  neg.  and  /i^jp^fj,  form.] 
Having  no  determinate  form;  of  irregular  shape; 
not  of  any  reguliir  figure.  Klrwait. 

A-MORPIl'V,  n.    Irregularity  of  form;  deviation  from 

a  dfterinina'te  shape.  St^ifl^ 

A-MORT',  adc.    JL.  mors,  mortuus.'] 

In  the  state  or  the  dead  ;  dejected  ;  spiritless.  SItak. 
A-MORT-I-ZA'TION,  i  n.  The  act  or  right  of  alien- 
A-MORT'IZE-ME.\T,  \  ating  lands  ur  tenements  to 
a  corporation,  which  was  considered  formerly  as 
transferring  them  to  rfffl/i  hands,  a^i*  such  alienations 
were  mostly  made  to  religious  houses  for  superstitious 
uses.  BlackstOHC. 

A-MORT'TZE,  v.  L  [Nonn.  amortiier,  amortir;  Sp. 
amortizar,  to  sell  in  mortmain  ;  It.  ammortire,  to  ex- 
tinguish, from  morte;  L.  mqrs^  death.  See  Mort- 
main.] 

In  Engliih  law,  to  alienate  in  mortmain,  that  is,  to 
sell  to  a  corporation,  sole  or  aggregate,  ecclesiastical 
or  tempond,  and  their  successors.  This  was  con- 
sidered as  selling  to  dra/l  hands.  This  can  not  be 
done  without  the  king's  license.  [See  Mohthain.] 
Buidutone.  CoweL 
A-MO'TION,  n.    [L.  amotio ;  amavco,] 

Removal.  Warion. 

In  law,  deprivation  of  possession.         BlacksUme. 

A-MOUNT',  V.   t      [Fr.   monter,   to  ascend;    Norm. 

amont,  upward  ;  Sp.  Port,  montar ;  It.  montare ;  from 

L.  nwns,  a  mountain,  or  its  root;  W.  mynm.] 

1.  To  rise  or  reach,  by  an  accumulation  of  par- 
ticulars, to  an  aggregate  whole ;  to  compose  in  the 
whole  ;  as,  the  interest  on  the  several  sums  amounts 
to  fifty  dollars. 

2.  To  rise,  reach,  or  extend  to,  in  effect  or  sub- 
stance ;  to  result  in,  by  consequence,  when  all  things 
are  considered  ;  as,  the  testimony  of  these  witnesses 
amnunLi  to  very  little.  Bacon, 

A-MOUXT',  71.  The  sum  total  of  two  or  more  jKirtic- 
ular  sums  or  quantities ;  as,  the  amount  uf  7  and  9 
is  16. 

2.  The  effect,  substance,  or  result ;  the  sum  ;  ns,th& 
amount  of  the  testimony  is  this. 
A-MOUNT'IXti,  ppr.     Rising  to,  by  accumulation  or 
addition;    coming  or  increasing  to;   resulting,  in 
effert  or  substance, 
A-MOtJR',  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  amor,  love.l 

An  unlawful  connection  in  love;  a  love  Intrigue; 
nn  affair  uf  gallantry.  Souih. 

A-MOV'AIj,  ti.     [h.  amoveo.] 

Total  remuval.     [JVot  used.]  Errlyju 

A-MOVE',  V.  t.     [L,  amoveo,  a  and  moveo^  to  move.] 
1.  To  remove.     [JV«(  used.]  Spenser, 

9.  In  lair,  to  remove  from  a  post  or  station.    Hale, 
A-MHV  ING,  a.     Moving  away. 

AM'PE-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  (it'ncXo^,  a  vine.]  The  name 
of  an  earth  abounding  in  pyrites,  used  by  the  an- 
cients to  kill  insects,  &c.,  on  vines  ;  hence  the  name. 
The  term  has  also  been  applied  by  Brongniart  to  a 
compound  of  alum,  and  graphic  schist. 

AMJ-Hin'l-AN,".    I     iGrn^0,,  both  or  about,  and 

In  zoology,  the  Amphibia  arc  a  class  of  animals,  so 
formed  as  to  live  on  land,  and  for  a  long  time  under 
water.  Their  heart  has  but  one  ventricle ;  their 
blood  is  red  and  cold;  and  they  have  such  command 
of  the  lungs,  as  for  a  considerable  time  to  suspt^nd 
respimtiun.  This  class  of  animals  is  divided  into 
two  urders,  the  Reptiles  and  the  Serpents.  To  the 
first  belong  the  'J  estudo  or  tortoise,  the  Draco  or 
dragon,  the  Lacerta  or  lizard,  and  the  Rana  or  frog  ; 
to  the  second,  the  Crotnlus,  Boa,  Coluber,  Anguis, 
Amphisbnena,  and  Ciecilia.  Linn. 

The  term  has  also  been  applied  by  Cuvier  to  des* 
ignate  a  family  of  marine  quadrup^ids,  including  the 
seal  and  walrus.  Encyc. 

This  term  is  strictly  applicable  only  to  such  ani- 
mals as  possess  both  lungs  and  gills,  as  the  siren,  or 
other  equivalent  organs,  as  some  of  the  lower  ani- 
mals. Less  strictly,  it  maybe  applied  to  such  ani- 
mals as  breathe  by  gills  at  one  period  of  their  exist- 
ence, nnd  by  lungs  at  another,  as  the  frog.  P.  Cyc. 
AM-PIIIB'I-O-LTTE,  n.  [Gr.  a^-jli/ii-^s,  amphibious, 
and  Xi0'K,  stone.J 

A  term  denoting  the  fossil  remains  of  the  Am- 
phibia of  Linnffius.  Diet,  ITtst^  JVaL 


TONE,  H\}U.,  TimTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CroUS C  as  K;  0  as  J  j  8  as  K ;  Oil  tw  SH  ;  TU  as  in  TITia 


AMP 

AiH-PHIB-I-O-LOG'ie-AL,  a.     [/;</rff.] 
Pf  rtaming  lo  unipbibiuluc^. 

AM-PHIB-I-OL'CMSV,  n.  [Gr.  a;t0(,on  bylh  sides, 
/?«'(,  life,  and  Ao}".;,  discimrse.] 

A  discuunte  or  treatise  on  ampliibiows  animals,  or 
the  history  mid  description  of  such  aiiiinal^ 

AM-PHIO'I'-Ol:?,  a.     [See  Amphibial.] 

1.  Iliiviiig  ilie  power  uf  living  in  two  elements,  air 
and  water,  as  frogs,  crocodiles,  beavers,  and  Ute 
like. 

3.  Of  a  mixed  nature ;  partaking  of  two  natures ; 
as,  an  ampfubiona  breed. 

AM-PHIB'l-OUS-NEt*^,  n.  The  quality  of  bein|r  able 
lo  live  in  two  elements,  or  of  partaking  of  two  na- 
tures. 

AM-PHIB'I-UM,  K.  That  which  lives  in  two  cle- 
mpnt~4,  as  in  air  and  water. 

AM'PHI-BOLE,  a.  [Gr.  u/i^<j:?oA«f,  equivocal;  aji^i 
and,yu\Xi,i.] 

A  name  given  by  Haily  to  a  species  of  minemls, 
including  tremolite,  boniblrnde,  and  actiuolite  Its 
primitive  fono  t^  an  obl.que  rbooibic  prism. 

ClfavrUimd, 

AH-FHI-BOL'IC,  m.  PerUining  lo  amphibole  \  re- 
sembling amphibide,  or  putakiiig  uf  iu  nature  and 
cbancieis.  O^cr. 

Jtmpktht^  tvdbt;  such  as  contain  ami^iibale  or 
bomMcnde  as  a  leading  constituent. 

/>rrt.  //l<*.  AoC 

AM-PHIB'O-LTTE:,*.  Trap,  or  greens  me;  a  rock  with 
a  bn$e  of  amphibole  or  homblrnde.  Did.  frut.  J^at. 

AM-PIHB-O-LOO'IC-AL,  «.  IXmUful ;  of  dotibtful 
mraning. 

AM-PHIB-O-LOG'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  Wilh  a  doubtful 
meaning. 

AM-Pnt-BOL'OGV,  a.  [Gr.  a/f^i,^dXAu,and  Aoyos, 
speech;  a  •>i(^oAo>  ta.] 

A  phrase  or  diseouree,  sasceptiblc  of,  two  interpre- 
tations; aud  hence,  a  phrase  or  discourse  of  luicer- 
tain  meaning.  Amphibology  arises  from  the  order 
of  the  phraiie,  rather  than  fn>ni  the  ambiguous  mean- 
ing of  a  word,  which  is  culled  rtfHtrocutunu  \Vv 
have  au  e\ainple  in  the  answer  of  the  oracle  to 
Pyrrhus:  "  Aio  te  Roinanus  vincerc  p<ksse."  lii-re 
t«  and  RomaHin  may  either  uf  them  pncede  or  fol- 
low vincert  po.--\'sr,  and  tlie  sense  may  be  either,  yon 
may  conquer  the  Ruman-^y  or  the  Romaiig  may  con- 
qut-r  voK.  The  £iigli?>h  lonpiafe  seldom  odinils  of 
amphibi.ilo!rv'.  Enetfc    Johtison. 

AM-PHIBO-LOID,  n,  A  rock  composed  of  aniphi- 
bole  and  f.  t.-^pcir,  in  which  the  ainphibule  predom- 
inates ;  a  varutv  of  greenstone.       lUct.  I{i<t.  ^Vat. 

AM-PHIB'O-LOUrf,  a.  [Gr.  u^ipi^oXji  ;  u;.pi  and 
^aXX,}^  lo  strike,] 

Tossfd  from  one  to  another:  striking  each  way, 
with  mqtTial  blows.    [LatU  MSdll 

AM-PHIBOLY,  a.  [Gr.  mu^ffoXta;  (i/<>i,  both 
wa>-s,  and  ^aXXa*,  to  strtkcj 

Amhiznitv  of  meauing.     iRarefif  med.]    SpelmaM, 

A-M'PHI-BR.ieH,  n.  [Gr.  att-;>t,  and  ^,'uxviy  short.] 
In  poetry,  a  ft>ot  of  three  s}iiables,  the  middle  one 
long,  the  fintt  and  bat  short ;  as,  k&hfrt^  in  lAtin. 
In  English  verse,  it  b  used  as  Ibe  last  fool,  when  a 
syllable  is  added  lo  the  usual  number  fonning  a 
double  rhyme ;  as. 


The  pMc,  jou  Uiink,  it  booiwct ;  wkf,  tUt  k. 

Pup*. 


TVumtMtt, 


AM'PIII-€0->fE,  B.    rCr.  a^^t  and  rowij,  hair.] 

A  kind  of  figured  stone,  of  a  round  shape,  but 
mgged  and  beset  with  eminences;' called  also 
ErtttftaSy  on  account  of  its  supp<tscd  power  of  excit- 
ing love.  .Anciently,  it  was  ust-d  in  divination  ;  but 
it  is  little  known  to  the  modems.  Eneve, 

AM-PHIC-TV-0.\'IC,  a.     Pextaining  lo  the  august 
council  of  Amphictvons. 

AM-PHie'TY-OX8,  iu  p!.  In  Ortnan  hi<tmy,  an  .Twem- 
bly  or  council  of  deputies  from  the  diifertnt  states  of 
Gicece,  supposed  lo  be  so  called  from  .^inpliictyun, 
the  aon  of  Deucalion  ;  but  this  opinion  is  probably  a 
fable.  Ten  or  twelve  sttates  were  represented  in  this 
assembly,  which  sat  alternately  at  Thermopylx  and 
at  DelphL  Each  city  sent  two  deputies,  one  calL'd 
J^enmntrngK  and  the  otlier  Pfla^ras.  The  firmer 
inspected  the  sacrifices  and  ceremonies  nf  relifrion  ; 
the  latter  had  the  charge  of  decidin"  causes  and  dif- 
ferences between  private  persons.  The  former  wad 
elected  by  lot;  the  latter  bv  a  plurality  of  voices 
They  had  an  eqanl  right  to  QL-libenitu  and  vote  in  all 
matters  relating  to  the  common  interests  of  Greece. 
Ptaur.     Pfin.     Straho.     Ktut/c. 

AM'FHID,  ».    A  term  applied  to  compounds  consisl- 

*ing  of  acids  and  bases,  as  difitinguisbed  from  haloid. 
compounds.  Bcneiitu. 

AM-PH[G'.A-MOU3,  a.     [Gr.  aw^i  and  ya.,  i.] 

A  tenn  applied,  by  I>ec;indulle,  to  the  lowest  rla.s9 
'  of  plants,  or  those  whocte  stniciure  is  entirely  cellul.u, 
and  which  have  no  distinct  sexual  orsins. ' 

AM'PUI-Ge.NE,  n.     [Gr.  u^^.  and  Mvoi.] 

In  mineraiagyj  another  name  <if  the  leucite  or  Vo- 
suvian. 

AM-Pill-HEX-A-HE'DR.\I    «.     [Gr.  o/i^t,  and  Aew- 
kedruL] 

In  aystalljsrrapkyt  when  the  faces  of  the  crystal. 


AMP 

counted  In  two  diffTent  directions,  give  two  beza- 
hedral  oiftlines,  or  are  fuund  to  be  six  in  number. 

CU^celand, 

AM-PMIM'A-CER,  n.  [Gr.  aj/^i/iax^ns,  lung  on  both 
sides.] 

In  aHciertt  poftrp^  a  foot  of  three  8>-llnhles,  the  mid- 
dle one  short  and  the  others  long,  as  in  c&siltas. 

AM-PIMP'NKCST,  n.  [Gr.  aj>.:,ii  and  irvtu.]  A 
term  applied  to  a  tribe  of  reptiles,  which  have  both 
lungs  and  gills  at  ihe  same  time  ;  comprehending  the 
true  aniphiliia,  as  the  proteus  and  siren.       Brand*. 

AM'PIII-I'OI),  w.    [Gr.  tMfitt  and  Kux-i.] 

One  of  an  iTder  of  crnstaceous  animals,  with  sub- 
cnudil,  naLiton"  feet,  and  sessile  eyes.         Brande. 

AM-PHIP'itO-StVI-E,  «.  [Gr.  u/i^i,  ir^jo,  before,  and 
vTv\  >(,  a  column.] 

A  double  proNtUe,  or  an  edifice  with  columns  in 
front  and  behind,  but  not  on  the  sides.  Morin. 

A.M-PHI.^BiE  .\A,  «.  [Gr.  amtoJaiviyOf  an^iy  and 
/y<itv  -',  to  go  ;  indicating  tJiut  the  animal  moves  with 
cither  end  foremost.] 

A  genus  of  serpents,  with  th.?  head  smalt,  smooth, 
and  blunt;  the  nostrils  small,  the  eyes  minute  and 
bl.icki>h,  .-md  the  mouth  furnished  with  small  teeth. 
The  body  is  cylindrical,  and  divided  into  numerous 
nnnular  seciuent* ;  the  tjiil  obtuse,  and  scarcely  to 
be  di>itinguished  from  the  hi-ad,  w  firiice  the  belief 
tliat  It  moved  equally  wull  with  eitliei  end  foremost. 
There  are  t%vo  species,  the  f'tUttrnivfa.  nliick  with 
white  spots,  found  in  .-Vfnca  an. I  Aiiierka  and  the 
a!ba,  or  white  species,  found  in  iKitli  th<-  tndies,  and 
generTilIy  in  ant-hillocks.  'I'liev  tVe»i  on  anis  and 
earth-worms,  and  were  formerly  deemed  jioisonous  ; 
but  this  opinion  is  e\plt»ded.  Ene^e.     Cyc^ 

The  Biinatic  ainphisbienn,  Gtrntiu^*  aouattcus^  Lnm., 
is  an  animal  resembhng  a  horsehair,  found  in  water, 
and  nmving  with  either  end  foremo»t.  7'he  vulgar 
opinion  that  thus  is  an  animated  lu>rse-hair  is  found 
lo  be  an  error.  This  hair- worm  is  generated  in  the 
common  black  beetle,  in  which  the  parent  wonn  lays 
its  eggs  ;  and  is  sometimes  fuund  in  the  earth  and  ou 
the  leaves  of  trees.  Li^tfr,  Phil.  Trans.  A"o.  83. 

AM-PHIt!'CI-I,       (  n.  pL    [Gr.  'i;^0i,  on  both  sides, 

AM-PHIS'('IA.\a,  I      and  (tmo,  shadow.] 

In  geoirraphtiy  the  inhabitants  between  the  tropics, 
whost?  shadows,  in  one  piirt  of  the  year,  are  cast  to 
the  nonh,  and  in  the  other  to  the  south,  according 
as  the  sun  is  south  or  north  of  tlieir  zenith. 

AM'PIH-T.\NE,  n.  A  name  given  %  ancient  nat- 
uralists lo  a  f^ossil,  called  by  Dr.  Hill,  Pyrieubium. 
Pliny  describt-s  it  as  of  a  square  figure  and  a  gold 
color.     Uu.  Cubic  ijvrius.        Pii«!/,  37,  10.     Enajc. 

AM  PHI-TUk'A-TER,  I  n.    [Gr.  ui/.^.cti.ir^.-i',  of  a«0i, 

AM-PHI-THE'A-TRE,  (  about,  and  Siurp.i-,  thear 
ler,  from  itaofta.-^  to  si'e  or  look.] 

1.  An  edifice  in  an  oval  or  circular  form,  having 
its  area  encompassed  with  rows  uf  seats,  rising 
higher  as  they  recede  from  the  area,  on  which  peo- 
ple used  to  sit  to  view  the  combats  of  gladiators  and 
of  wild  beasts,  and  otiier  sports.  The  ancient  thea- 
ter was  a  semicircle,  but  exceeding  it  by  a  fourth 
pail  of  its  diameter  ;  the  amphiUieater  was  a  double 
theater,  and  its  longest  diameter  was  to  its  shortest 
as  i  l-'2  lo  I.  Amphitheaters  were  at  first  of  wood, 
bul  in  the  reign  of  Augustus,  one  was  erected  of  stone. 
The  area,  being  covered  with  sand,  was  callt^d  arena. 

KeaaeU 

2.  In  frordcnin^y  a  disposition  of  shrubs  and  trees 
in  the  form  of  an  amphitheater,  on  a  slope,  or  form- 
ing a  slope,  by  phicing  the  lowest  in  fronL  An  am- 
phitheater may  abto  be  formed  uf  turf  only.    Eneyc* 

AM-PHI-TIIe'A-TRAL,  a.  Resembling  an  amphi- 
theater. Tiioke. 

A.M-PHI-THE-AT'Rie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  («■  ex- 
hibited in  an  amphitheater.  IVartoiu 

AM'PIII-TRITE,  «.  [Gr.  an<{>tTi,iTtt^  a  goddess  of  the 
sea.] 

A  genus  of  marine  animals,  of  the  Linntran  order 
i^lnliiisca,  arnnged  by  Cuvier  in  the  class  Annelida. 

AJI-PHOD'E-LITE,  a.  A  reddi.>h  crjsLallized  mineral 
fiom  Finland  ;  consisting  chiefly  of*  silica,  alumina, 
and  lime,  with  a  small  portion  of  iron  and  nianga- 
n-.'se.  Dana. 

A.M'PIIO-R.\,  n.  [h.  amphora;  Gr.  ttfi-l,opcvi  or  a^Jipt- 
(fi'1-t.i-i  ;  afn^ti  and  ^'fEtjj.] 

Among  the  Gref^ks  and  Romans,  a  two-bandied 
vessel  used  for  hnldiug  wine,  oil,  &.c.  The  amphora 
of  the  Romans  contained  forly-eipht  sextarie.-,  equal 
to  about  seven  gallons  and  a  pint,  English  wine 
measure.  Tlie  Grecian  or  Ailic  amphor  contained 
about  a  third  more.  7'his  was  also,  among  the  Ro- 
mans, a  dry  m;;asure  of  about  tliree  bushels.  Amung 
the  Venetiun?',  it  is  a  liquid  measure  of  sixteen  quarts. 

Eiicyc. 
This  name  was  formerly  used   in   Ensland  ;  but 
the  capacity  of  the  Sax.  amhra  is  not  certaiiilv  known. 
LL.  Iiue.  dp.  70.     fKuAwu,  Prrf.  LL.  Jl^UuUan. 
Si'fJman. 

AM'PiiO-RAL,   o.      Pertaining  to  or  resembling   an 

AM'PLE,  a.     [Fr.  ample;  L.  a/np/«A]  [amphora. 

1.  Litrge ;  wide  ;  spacious  ;  extended  ;  as,  ample 
room.  This  word  carries  with  it  the  sense  of  room 
or  space  fully  sufficient  for  tJie  use  intended. 

2.  Great  in  bulk,  or  size  ;  as,  an  ample  tear.     Shak. 


AMU 

3.  Liberal  j  unrestniined  ;  without  parsimony  ;  ful- 
ly sufi!icient ;  as,  ample  provision  for  liie  table)  ample 
justice. 

4.  Liberal  ;  magnificent;  as,  ample  promises. 

5.  Diffusive  ;  not  brief  or  contracted  ;  as,  an  ample 
narrative.  [ciency  ;  abundance. 

AM'PLE-NESS,  n.     Largeness  ;  spaciousness ;  sufS- 

A.M'PLEST,  a.  suprrl.     Most  ample  or  extended. 

A.M-PI.EX'l-eALL,  u.  [L.  amplexor,  to  embrace,  of 
amb,  about,  and  plicoj  plexus^  to  fold,  aud  cauiisj 
«rai>A^'(,  a  stem.] 

In  botany^  nearly  surrounding  or  embracing  the 
stem,  as  the  base  of  n  leaf. 

AM'PH-ATE,  V.  U     [L.  atnplio.     See  Ample.] 

To  enlarge;  lo  make  greater;  lo  extend.  [Littie 
used.] 

AM-PLI-A'TION,  n.  Enlargement ;  amplification  ; 
dili"usenes3.     [LiUle  lued.] 

2.  In  Roman  antiquity,  a  deferring  to  pass  sentence ; 
n  postiKjnement  uf  a  decision,  to  obtain  furtiier  evi- 
dence. Encyc. 

A.NT-PLIF'I-CATE,  v.  t  [L.  avtpl\fico.}  To  eiUarge  j 
to  amplifv. 

AM-PLl-Fl-eA'TIOX,  n.     [L.  ampli/icatio.} 

1.  Enlargement ;  extension. 

2.  In  r/ift^yWc,  diifusive  description  or  discussion; 
exaggerated  representiition  ;  copious  argument,  in- 
tended to  present  the  subject  in  every  view,  or  in 
the  strongest  light ;  diffuse  narrative,  or  a  dilating  up- 
on all  the  panic  ulars  of  a  subject ;  a  description  given 
in  more  words  than  arc  necessary,  or  an  illusimtion 
by  various  examples  and  proofs,  [treated. 

.\y(' rL\-VX- El) y pp.     Enlarged;  extended;  dimisively 

A.^1'PLI-FI-ER,  fl.     One  who  amplifies  or  enlarges ; 

one  who  treats  a  subject  diffusively,  to  exhibit  it  in 

the  strongest  light.  Sidney. 

AM'PLl-FV,  V.  U     [Ft.  ainpHJicr;  L.  ampl{fico  {  of  am- 

plus  anil  facto.,  to  make  large.] 

1.  To  enliu-gc  ;  to  augment ;  to  increase  or  extend, 
in  a  general  sense ;  applied  lo  material  or  immaterial 
things. 

2.  In  rhetoric,  to  enlarge  in  discussion  or  by  repre- 
sentation ;  to  treat  copi4)UsK',  so  as  to  present  the 
subject  m  every  view,  and  in  the  stnmgesi  lights. 

3.  To  enlarge  by  addition ;  lo  improve  or  extend  ; 
as,  to  amplify  the  sense  of  an  author  by  a  paraphrase. 

AM'PLI-F?j  r.  I.  To  speak  largely  or  copiously  ;  to 
be  diffuse  in  argument  or  description  ;  to  dilate  upon  ; 
oftf-n  followed  by  on  ,■  as,  to  amplify  on  the  several 
topics  of  discnurse.  fVatts. 

2.  To  exaggerate  ;  to  enlarge  by  representation  or 
description ;  as. 


Ilonirr  ampUfiea,  —  not  invfnta. 


Pop*. 


AM'PLI-F?-ING,  ppr.     Enlarging  ;  exaggerating ;  dif- 
fusively treating. 
AM'PLI-TUDE,  71,    [L.  arnplitiidn,  from  amplus,  large.] 

1.  Largeness  ;  extent,  ajiplied  to  bodies  ;  as,  Uie 
amplitude  of  the  eartli. 

2.  Largeness  ;  extent  of  capacity  or  intellectual 
powers;  as,  (/)rf;}/i{uf/«  of  mind. 

3.  Extent  of  means  or  power ;  abundance ;  euf- 
ficiency.  ff^atts. 

Jimphtude.,  in  astronomy,  is  an  arch  of  the  horizon 
intercepted  between  the  true  east  and  west  points 
and  the  center  of  Uie  sun  or  a  star  at  its  rising  ur  set- 
ting. At  the  rising  of  a  star,  The  amplitude  is  eastern 
or  orlive  ;  at  the  setting,  it  is  western,  occiduous,  or 
occasive.  It  is  also  northern  or  southern,  when 
north  or  south  of  the  equator.  Juknson.    Encyc. 

jimplitude  of  the  rangfy  in  projectiles,  is  the  hori- 
zontal line  snbt^mding  the  path  of  a  body  thrown,  or 
the  line  which  measures  the  distance  it  has  moved. 
Johnson.  Chambers. 
Jilagnetical  amplitude,  is  the  arch  of  the  horizon 
between  the  sun  ur  a  stiu",  at  its  rising  or  setting,  and 
Uie  east  or  west  point  of  the  horizon,  by  the  com- 
pass. The  difference  between  tliis  and  the  true  am- 
plitude is  the  variation  of  the  com[)asa.  Encyc 

A.M'PLY.  axle.     Largely  :  liberally ;  fully  ;  sufficiently  j 
copiously  ;  in  a  diffusive  manner. 

AM-PUL-LA'CEOUS,  a.    Like  a  bottle  or  inflated 
bladder  ;   swelling.  Kirhy. 

AM'PU-TATE,  V.  L     [L.  amputOt  of  ambj  about,  and 
put'i,  to  prune.] 

1.  To  prune  branches  of  trees  or  vines  ;  to  cut  off. 

2.  To  cut  ofl"  a  liiiih  or  other  part  of  an  animal 
body;  a  term  of  surgery.  [body. 

AM'PU-TA-TED,  pp.     Cut  off;    separated   from  the 

A.M'PU-TA-Th\G,  w""'     Cutting  off  a  limb  or  part  of 
the  bodv. 

AM-PU-TA'TION,  n.     [L.  amputatio.] 

i'he  act  or  operation  of  cutting  oti  a  limb  or  other 
part  of  the  iKxly. 

AM'U-I'KT, /I.     [L.  amuleturn:  Fr.  amulctU;  Sp.  antu- 
leto  ;  from  LaL  amolior,  amolitus,  to  remove.] 

Homethiug  worn  as  a  remedy  or  preservative 
against  evils  or  mischief,  such  as  diseases  and  witch- 
craft. Amulets,  in  days  of  ignorance,  were  com- 
mon. ThL-y  consisted  of  certain  stones,  nietala,  or 
plants;  sometimes  of  words,  characters,  or  sen- 
tences, arranged  in  a  particular  order.  They  were 
appended  to  the  neck  or  other  part  of  the  body. 
Among  some  nations  they  are  still  in  use.      Encyc. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WiL\T.  —  .MtTE,  PRgV.  — PIXE,  MARI.N'E,  BIRD.  — .NOTE,  DOVE,  3I0VE,  VVQLF,  B(X»K.— 


AN 

AM  U-LET'ie,  a.     Pert-iinitiK  to  an  amulet. 

A-.MCR-COt?'I-TY,  Ti.    The  qurility  of  lees  or  scum. 

A-MOSE',  V.  t.  [Vr.  amu^rr,  to  stdp  or  keep  at  bay,  to 
dei<iin  ;  from  muser^  to  loiter  or  tritle  ;  It.  mitsare^  to 
giize  or  sLind  idle ;  Ger.  mti&nV,  idle.  du.  Gr.  ^u^ij*; 
Lat.  tfiH^^o.] 

1.  To  entertain  the  mind  aprreeably  ;  to  occupy  or 
detain  attention  witii  agreeable  objects,  whether  by 
singing,  conversation,  or  a  show  of  curiosities.  Dr. 
Jot)ii5(in  remarks,  that  amuat  implies  sometiiing  \esA 
lively  than  divert^  and  less  important  than  please. 
Hence  it  is  often  said,  we  are  atnu.-ied  with  triiles. 

2.  To  detain  ;  to  engage  the  attention  by  hope  or 
etp'?clation  ;  aa,  to  amiue  one  by  flattering  promises. 

A->ICS'£D,  pp.  Agreeably  entertained  j  having  the 
mind  engaged  by  something  pleasing. 

A-Mi-SE'.\!E\T,  n.  That  which  amuses,  detain?,  or 
engages  the  mind  ;  entertainment  of  the  mind  ; 
pastime;  a  pleasurable  occvipation  of  the  sense?,  or 
that  which  lurnishea  it,  as  dancing,  pport?",  or  music. 

A-MCS'ER,  n.  One  who  amuses,  or  aiTords  an  agree- 
able entertainment  to  the  mtnd. 

A-MC$'I\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Entertaining;  giving  moder- 
ate pleru^ure  to  the  mind,  so  as  to  cni,'age  it ;  pleasing. 

A-MCS'I\G-LY,  adr.     In  an  amusing  nianmr. 

A-MC'SIV'E,  a.  That  has  the  power  to  amuse  or  en- 
tertain the  niind. 

A-MO'SIVE-LV,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  give  amuse- 
ment. 

A->IYG'D.\-LATE,  a.  [L.  amygdatiUj  an  almond.] 
Made  of  almonds. 

A-MVG'D.\-LATE,  n.      An    emulsion    made  of  al- 
monds ;  milk  of  almonds.  BaiUy.     Coze. 
2.  A  sail  whose  acid  is  the  nmvgdalic. 

A-MVG-DAL'ie  ACID,  n.  An  acid  obtained  from 
the  bill-'r  almond. 

A-MYG'D.\-LLNE,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the 
almond. 

A-MYG'DA-LINTI,n.  A  crjftnllinesnbstance obtained 
from  the  kernel  of  the  bittr  almnnd. 

A-MYG'D.\-LOID,  n.  [Gr.  a^"> -"aXea,  an  almond, 
and  Cii'iif  form  ;  Ger.  mandei-stein^  almond-.'^tone.] 

A  variety  of  trap  rock,  containing  wnall  cavities, 
occupied,  wholly  or  in  part,  by  nodules  or  gfodcs  of 
different  minerals,  particularly  agates,  quart/,,  calca- 
reous spar,  and  the  zeolites.  When  the  imbf-dded 
minerals  are  detached,  it  is  poroup,Iike  lava.    DttTa. 

A-MYG-DA-LO[D'AL,  a.  Pertainmg  to  or  consisting 
of  anivc'liiloid. 

A.M-V-LX'CEOUS,  71,  [L.  ami/um,  starch,  of  .i  priv. 
and  u>'Xr)i,  a  mill,  being  formerly  made  u ittiout 
grinding.     Plin.  18.  7.] 

Ftarchy  ;  pertaining  to  rtarch  ;  rc!»pmbling  Ptarch. 

A-MYL'ie  ACID,  71.  A  voIatUo  acid  obtained  from 
starch.  Turner. 

AM'Y-LIXE,  n.  [L.  amyJum;  Gr.  aftvX'iv  ;  u^vAoj, 
ungrouiid,  n  and  ^vAir,  luill.] 

The  insohible  portion  of  starch  which  constitutes 
the  citvering  of  the  sphericles.  Tftonuon. 

AM'Y-RALD-ISM,  n.  In  church  kL<:tortj,  the  doctrine 
of  universal  grace,  as  explained  by  Amyraldiis,  or 
Amymilt,  nf  France,  in  the  seveiiteenih  century. 
He  Uiijrlit  that  God  desires  the  happiness  of  all  men, 
and  that  none  arc  er  Juded  by  a  divine  decree,  but 
that  none  can  obtain  salvation  without  faith  in 
Chnst ;  that  God  refuses  to  ni>ne  the  power  of 
believing,  though  he  doef*  not  grant  to  all  his  a<iitist- 
ancc  to  unprove  this  power.  F.ncyc. 

AN,  a.  [Sax.  dTi,  a»(r,  one  ;  D.  ecu ;  Ger.  dn  ;  yw.  and 
Ihvn.  ««;  Fr.  o»,  un,  une,-  Sp.  «n,  wnwf  It.  uwo,  una; 
I*  KAtur,  una,  unum  ;  Gr.  iv  i  Ir.  rm,  ea/i,  aotii  VV. 
HA.  yn  ;  Corn,  uyrapi ;  Arm.  yut^it.] 

One ;  nuting  an  individual,  either  definitely, 
known,  certain,  specified,  or  understood  ;  or  mdefl- 
nitely,  not  certain,  known,  or  specified.  Definitely  ; 
as,  "'Noah  buiU  an  ark  of  Gopher  wood:"  "  Paul 
was  tu^  eminent  apfwile."  Indefinitely  ;  as,  "  Bring 
ms  an  onng«.**  ll<:fure  a  consonant  the  letter  n  is 
dropped  i  a«,  a  man  ;  but  our  ancestors  wrui*'  an  man, 
flaking.  'Ihis  letter  reprci*ents  an  definitely,  or  in- 
definitely. Definitely  ;as,'*  I  will  Like  you  to  me  for 
a  people,  and  I  will  "he  to  you  a  God."  Ex.  vi.  In- 
definitely ;  ttH,  "  The  province  of  a  judge  is  to  decide 
contmversics."  Jln^  being  the  same  word  .is  onr, 
should  not  be  used  with  it ;  "  such  an  o7i^,"  is  tau- 
tology ;  the  true  phrase  is  guch  one.  Although  an,  a, 
and  o«(!,  are  the  same  word,  and  always  have  the 
same  sens*^,  yet  by  custom,  an  and  a  are  used  exclu- 
sively a^  a  doiinitive  adjective,  and  one  is  used  in 
numbering.  Where  our  ancestors  wrote  on,  tita. 
thnj,  we  now  use  onf,  tiro^  three.  Ho  an  and  a  are 
never  U'*ed  except  with  a  noun  ;  but  on«,  lik'i  oili'-r 
adjmives,  is  sometim'-s  used  without  its  noun,  and 
as  a  subxtitute  for  it:  "  One  is  at  a  loss  to  ai-^ign  a 
reason  for  such  cond'ict." 

.4n  is  to  be  used  before  a  vowel  and  before  a  silent 
hi  as.an  lutur.  It  is  nlso  owed  b^-fore  A  wh«n  the 
accent  of  the  word  f.dl-4  on  any  syllable  exctrpt  the 
fimt,  as  in  Aulortos,  and  hisUnioffrapher. 

AN,  in  old  English  authors,  ligaifies  \f;  as,  "^a  il 

o 

please  your  boBor.**    So  In  Or.  af  or««i',  Ar.    "  1, 


ANA 

Sain,  and  L.  an,  if  or  whether ;  Ir.  (in,  Ch.  ]H  or  pN 
if,  whether.  It  is  probably  an  inifierative,  like  if^ 
gift  give.     Qu.  Si\x.  annan^  or  a7iaft,  to  give. 

A'NA,  aa,  ora.     [Gr.  ai^u] 

In  medical  pre^-criptiovs.  It  denotes  an  equal  quan- 
tity of  the  several  ingredients ;  as,  wine  and  honey, 
ana,  UQ  or  S  oz.  ii.,  that  Is,  of  wine  and  honey  each 
two  ounces. 

A'NA,  as  a  termination,  denotes  a  collection  of  memo- 
rable sayings.  Thus,  Sraliirrrana  is  a  book  con- 
taining Hie  sayings  of  Swiliger.  Similar  collections 
existed  among  the  ancients,  as  the  Dicta  Collectanea^ 
or  sayings,  of  Julius  Cesar. 

A\-A-BAP'TISM,  71.     [See  A:«abapti5T.] 

The  doctrine  of  the  Anabaptists.  .Ssh. 

AN-A-BAP'TIST,  n.  [Gr.  a^u,  again,  and  ^<inTtffT7/s, 
a  baptist.] 

One  who  holds  the  doctrine  of  the  baptism  of 
adults  alone,  or  of  the  invalidity  of  infant  baptism, 
and  who  of  course  maintains,  that  those  who  have 
been  baptized  in  their  infancy  ought  to  be  bapti7.ed 
Cf^ain.  With  these  sentiments  is  generally  united 
the  belief,  that  baptism  ouglit  always  to  be  i»erforined 
by  immersion.  Encyr. 

AN-A-BAP-TIST'ie,         )    a.     Relating  to  the  Ana- 

AN-A-BAP-TIST'IC-AL,  ]  baptisU,  or  to  their  doc- 
trines. Milton.     BulL 

AN-A-BAP'TIST-RY,  n.    The  sect  of  Anabaptists. 

AN-A-B.VP-TIZE'.  v.  U     'iV  rebaptizii.     [A»(  itsfiL] 

Wiitlodi 

AN-.-i-BRfi'SIS,  n.     A  wa<!ting  nway  of  the  bodv. 

AX-A-CAMP'Tie.a.     [Or    if.  and  it.i/<7rr'..,  to  bend.] 

1.  Rertecting  or  reflect**r1  a  word  formerly  applied 
to  that  part  of  optics  which  totals  of  retiection  ;  the 
same  as   what  is  now  called  catirptric     [See-CATOP- 

TBIC9.] 

2.  Jlnaeamptie  sounds,  among  the  Oreeks,  were 
sounds  produced  by  reflection,  as  in  echoes  ;  or  such 
as  proceeded  downward  from  acute  to  gnive.  Biuhy. 

AN-A-€AMP'Tie-AL-LY,  Oilv.  By  reflection;  as, 
echoes  are  sounds  produced  anaaimplicaUti.  Uutttm. 

AX-A-CAMP'TieS,  n.     The  doctrine  of  rellecled  light. 
[See  Catoptrics.] 
2.  The  doctrine  of  reflected  sounds.  Ilatton. 

AN-A-€AR'DI-UM,  71.  The  name  of  a  genus  of 
plants,  a  species  of  which  produces  the  cashew -nut, 
or  marking  nut,  which  furnishes  a  thickish,  red, 
acrid,  infiaiiimable  liquor,  which,  when  used  in  mark- 
ing, turns  black,  and  is  very  durable.  Ure. 

AN-A-€A-TllXR'Tie,  a.  Uir.  nvi,  upward,  and 
Au'*.if,(Tn',  a  purging.     See  CATHAnxic.] 

Cleansing  by  exciting  discharges  from  the  mouth 
and  nostrils.  QHincy. 

AN-A-CA-THAR'Tie,  ti.  A  medicine  which  excites 
discharg)!s  by  the  mouth,  or  nose,  as  expectorants, 
emetics,  steniutalories,  and  masticatories.     ^ainctj. 

AN-A-CKPH-.\-L.i;-0'SIH,  M.  In  rhetaricja  recapitu- 
lation of  the  head.4  of  a  discourse. 

AN-AeH'O-RET.    See  ArtcHuRtx. 

AN-ACH'RO-.XIS.M,  tu     [Gr.  avi,  and  xntivnf,  time.] 
An  error  in  computing  time  ;    any  error  in  chro- 
nology, by  which  evenu  are  misplaced  in  regard  to 
each  olher.- 

Ai\-A€H-RO-MS'TIC,  o.  Erroneous  in  date  ;  con- 
taining an  anachroiiisni.  Warton, 

AN-A-eLAS'TIC,rt.  [Gr.  uraand  <Xd(rif,  a  breaking, 
from  k\'h-<,  to  break.) 

Refrarting  ;  breaking  the  rectilinear  course  of  light. 
.^ natluj^tic  glajtues ;  nonvrona  glasses  or  phials,  which 
are  flexilile,  and  emit  a  vehement  noise  by  means  of 
the  human  breath  ;  called  alr«o  veiing  ghisses,  from 
the  fright  which  their  resilience  occasions.  They 
are  low  phials  with  flat  btllies,like  inverted  turners, 
and  with  very  thin,  convex  bottoms.  By  ur.iw/ng 
out  a  iiitb:  air,  the  bottom  springs  into  a  concave 
form  with  a  smart  crack  ;  and  by  breathing  or  blow- 
ing into  thi-tn,  the  bottom,  with  a  like  noise,  springs 
into  Its  former  convex  form.  Eneyc. 

AN-A-Cl.AS'TlCti,  n.  That  part  of  optica  which 
treats  of  the  refraction  of  light }  comitionly  called 
dinptrict^  which  see.  Kncijc. 

AN-A-COi-NO'SIS,  71.  [Gr.  avnKoitoxrii:  ava  and 
Moiyof,  common.] 

A  figure  of  rhf^loric  l»y  which  a  si>enkrr  applies  to 
his  opponents  fur  their  opinion  on  the  point  in 
debate.  '         fVaJkrr. 

AN-A-eo-LO'THON,  n,  [Gr.  avaKoXovOov^  not  fol- 
lowing.} 

A  U-'rm  In  grammar,  denoting  the  want  of  sequence 
in  a  sentenrTe,  one  of  whose  members  docs  not  vxw- 
re<(pond  with  the  remainder.  Brnndr. 

AN-A-CO.N'DA,  n,  A  name  given  in  Ceylon  to  a 
large  snak*?,  a  species  of  Boa,  which  is  said  to  de- 
vour travelers.     Its  flesh  is  excellent  fo*td.     Eneyc. 

A  .\At;-RE-0\'TI€,  a.  Pertaining  to  Anacreon,  a 
Greek  poet,  whose  odes  and  epigrams  are  celebrated 
for  their  delicate,  easy,  and  graceful  air,  and  for  their 
exact  imitation  of  nature.  The  Anacreontic  verse 
consisU  of  three  feel  and  a  half;  the  first  fool 
cilher  a  spondee  or  iambus,  or  an  anapest ;  the  rest 
usually  spcjndees  or  iambuses  \  as, 

OcAt.i  Xty'tv   Arpfi(J«i(  — 


ANA 

A-NAe-RE-ON'Tie,  ti.     A  poem  composed  in  the 

manner  of  Anacreon, 
AN'A-DEM,  n.     [Gr.  avahtia.\ 

A  garland  or  fillet.    A  chajMet  or  crown  of  flowers. 
}V.  Browne. 
AN-A-DI-PLO'SIS,  71.    [Gr.  ava,  again,  and  JiffAooj, 
double.] 

Duphcation,  a  figure  in  rhetoric  and  poetry,  con- 
sisting in  the  rei)etition  of  the  last  word  or  words  in 
a  line  or  clause  of  a  sentence,  in  the  beginning  of 
the  next;  as,  "  He  retained  his  virtues  amidst  all 
bis  misfortunes  —  misfortunes  which  no  prudence 
could  fort'see  or  prevent."  Encyc. 

AN'A-DROM,  71.    [See  below.]    A  fish  that  ascends 

rivers.  Murin. 

A-N.^D'RO-MOUS,  a.    \^t.  ava,  upward,  and  cpopoi, 
course.] 

Ascending;  a  word  applied  to  such  fi.'^h  as  pass 
from  the  sea  into  fresh  waters,  at  stated  seasons. 

Encyc. 
AN'.A-GLYPH,  71.     [Gr.  avn,  and  j-Xn^w,  to  engrave.] 

An  ornament  made  by  sculpture. 
AN-A-GLYPH'ie,  v.     In  ancient  sculpture,  a  term  ap- 
plied to  chased  or  embossed  work  on  metal,  or  to  any 
thing  worked  in  relief.  Srande. 

AN-A-GLYP'TIC,  0,     Relating  to  the  art  of  carving, 

engraving,  enchasing,  or  embossing  plate.    Evelyn. 
A-NAG-N(.)K'I-SI.S,  n.     [Gr.  (ii'(i>i/(..oi<7(i.]     Recogni- 
tion ;  Uie  unraveling  of  a  plot  in  dramatic  action. 

Blair. 
AN'A-GO-GE,  77.     [Gr.  ii-aj'wvTj,  of  ai-a,  upward,  and 
aybiyrj,  a  leading,  from  (ivw.j 

An  elevation  of  mind  to  things  celestial ;  the 
spiritual  meaning  or  application  of  words;  also,  the 
application  of  the  tyjies  and  allegories  of  the  Old 
Testament  to  snbj'Tts  of  tlie  New.  Encyc 

AN-A-GO-GET'ie-AL,  fl.     fllysterious. 
AN-A-GOG'IC-AL,  a.     Mysterious ;    elevated  ;    spirit- 
ual ;  as,  the  rest  of  the  Sabbath,  in  an   anagogical 
sense,  signifies  the  repose  of  the  saints  in  heaven. 
AN-A-GOG'IC-AIj-LY,  adu.    In  a  mysterious  sense; 

with  religion-;  elevation. 
AX-A-GOG'ICS,  71,     Mysterious  considerations. 

I4.  AddLion. 
AN'A-ORAM,  71.     [Gr.  ava  and  ypai>tta,  a  letter.] 

A  transposition  of  the  letters  of  a  name,  by  which 

a  ni;w  word  is  formed.    Thus  Oa/rniw becomes  ange- 

lujt;  iVdOam  JVoy  (aitorney-generil    to  Charles  I.,  a 

laborious  man)  may  be  turned  into  /  moyl  in  law. 

AN-A-GRAM-MAT'ie,         (a.    Making  an  anagram. 

A.V-A-GRAM-MAT'IC-AL,  S  Caiaden^s  Kcmain.^\ 

AN-A-GUA.M-MAT'I€-AL-LY,  ado.    In  the  manner 

of  an  anagram. 
AN-A-GRAM'MA-TIS.M,  71.    The  act  or  practice  of 

making  anngninis.  Camden. 

AN-A-GKAM'MA-TIST,  71.    A   maker  of  anagrams. 
AN-A-GKAM'MA-TIZE,  v.  i.    To  make  anagrams. 

Ilcrbert. 
AN'A-GR.VPII,  71.    An  inventory  ;  a  commentarj-. 

Knowles, 
AN'A-GROS,  7t.     A  measure  of    grain  in  Spain,  con- 
taining something  |i;ss  than  two  bushels.     Encyc. 
A'NAL,  a.     [h.  anus.] 

Pertaining  to  tlie  anus ;  situated  near  the  anus ; 
as,  the  anal  fin.  Eneyc.     Pennant. 

A'NAI/CI.M,      )  71.     A  white  or  fiesh-red  minenU,  of 
A-NAL'CIME,  j      the    zeolite    family,  occurring  in 
twenty-four  sided  (tnipczoidal)  crystals,  niid   some- 
times in  cubes.    It  is  coiumon  in  amygdaloid  and 
some  lavas.  Dana. 

By  friction,  it  acquires  a  weaJc  electricity  ;  hence  its 
nanic,  [Gr. 'jyaX^if,  weak.]  Cleavcland. 

AN-A-LhCTie,  a.     Collecting  or  selecting;  made  up 

of  selections;  as,  an  anahclic  magazine. 
AN'A-LECTS,  n.     [Gr.  av.i  and  Xty,',  to  collect.] 

A  Collection  of  short  pieces,  as  ctisays,  remarks,  &.c. 

Encyc 
AX'A-LE.M-MA,  t7.     [Gr.  ava\ripna,  altitude.] 

1.  In  genmrtry,  a  projection  of  the  sphere  on  the 
plane  of  tlie  meridian,  orthographically  made  by 
straight  lines,  circles,  and  ellipses,  the  eye  being  sup- 
posed at  an  infinite  aistance,  and  in  the  cast  or  west 
points  of  the  horizon.     Also, 

2.  An  instrument  of  wood  or  brass,  on  which  this 
kind  of  projection  is  drawn,  with  a  horizon  or  cursor 
fitted  to  it,  in  which  the  solstitial  colore,  and  all  the 
circles  parallel  lo  it,  will  be  concentric  circles;  all 
circles  oblique  to  the  eye  will  be  ellipses;  and  all 
circles  whose  planes  pass  through  the  eye  will  bo 
right  lines.  Eneyc.     Ash. 

AN-A-LEP'SIS,Ti.     [Gr.  ava\ti\pti,  from  avahmliai'Wt 

to  receive  again.] 
The  augmentation  or  nutrition  of  an  emaciatcfl 

body  ;  recovery  of  strength  after  a  disease,  ^uinctj. 
AN-A-LEP'Tie,    a.      Corroborating ;      invigorating  j 

giving  strength  after  disease. 
AN-A  LEP'Tie,  71.     A  medicine  which  gives  strength, 

and  aids  in  restoring  a  body  to  health  after  sickness  j 

a  restorative. 
A\-AL'0-GAL,  a.     Analogous.     [Aof  used.]     Hale. 
AN-A-LOG'IG-AL,  «.    Having  analogy;  used  by  way 

of  analogy ;  bearing  some  relation.   Thus  analn^icta 

rexsoning  is  reasoning  from  some  similitude  which 

things  known  bear  tu  things  unknown.  An  analogical 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"t;iOU9.— €  as  K  j  0  as  J  ^  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  gtl ;  TU  aa  in  THIS. 


ANA 

word  13  one  which  carries  with  it  sume  niation  tu  thfi 
original  iJea.  Thus  the  word/rm  primarily  denotes 
solidity  or  compactness  in  a  material  hotly ;  and  hy 
analocjs  when  used  of  the  mind,  it  conveys  the  idea 
of  qualities  having  a  similitude  to  the  solidity  of 
bodit^,  that  is,  fixedness  or  immo^'ability.      IVatts. 

ASAl^oQ'lC-\l^L\\  ttdv.  In  an  analogical  man- 
ner ;  by  way  of  simdilude,  relation,  or  ajn^enienu 
Thus,  to  reason  anahgically  is  to  deduce  inferences 
from  some  agreement  or  relation  which  things  hear 
to  each  other. 

AN-A-LOG'ie-AL->*ES3,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
analogical ;  fitness  lo  be  applied  for  the  illustration 
of  Slime  analocy  ^A*«»ii. 

1.  An  argument  from  the  cause  to  the  cfftcL 

a.  Invrstipition  of  things  by  the  analogy  they 
bear  to  each  other.  CnaW*. 

A-NAL'C»-CI?T,  n.    One  who  adheres  to  analogy. 

A-X.VL'O^XZE,  F.  t  To  explain  by  analt>g>- ;  to 
form  some  resemblance  between  different  things  ;  to 
consider  a  thing  with  regard  to  iu  analogy  to  some- 
thing el»e,  Cktynf, 

A-NAL'O-GOrs,  a.  Having  analoCT  ;  bearing  some 
resemblance  or  pn»pnrtion  ;  PJlowed  by  ta;  as,  there 
is  something  In  the  exercise  of  the  mind  aaaloginu  to 
that  of  body. 

A-NAL'0-G0C3-LY,  nrfr.    In  an  analocoua  manner. 

A>"A-tOGl'E,(an'a-log.)w.  [Fr.,  fromGr.a»aAo>  <«.] 
1.  A  ward  corresponding  with  another;  an  analtv 


gonH  term. 


PriUMrd. 


2.  An  animal  or  other  thing  resembling  another, 
A-NAL'O-CY,  M.    [Gr.  oiaAa/ia,  of  maand  X3}0(, 
mtio,  proportion.] 

1.  An  agreement  (W  likeness  between  things  in 
some  circumstances  or  effV-ct^,  when  the  things  are 
oth'-rwi^e  cntinly  different-  learning  enli^htriu  the 
mind,  because  Uis  lo  the  mind  what  li^kt  is  to  the 
eye,  enabling  it  to  discover  things  beftwe  hidden. 
When  Nith  the  things  which  have  an  analogy  follow 
a  pn-piwition,  that  prep<it*ition  must  be  betieen  or 
bftwijt  i  as,  there  is  an  analop'  brtjrecn  plants  and  ani- 
nuda,  or  httvern  cuMoms.  Vvhen  one  of  the  things 
precedes  a  verb,  and  the  other  follow-,  the  prepoai- 
tioo  tised  mnst  be  to  or  wifA  ,*  as,  a  {riant  has  some 
analocy  to  or  viU  an  animal. 

2.  With  gTBrnmariami^  analogy  is  a  conformity  of 
words  to  tiie  genius,  slnjclure,or  general  rules  of  a 
language.  Thus  the  general  nile  in  English  is,  that 
the  plural  of  a  noun  ends  in  rs :  thrrrfore  all  nouns 
which  have  that  plural  termination  have  nn  anaS- 
osjy  or  are  formed  m  muJogj/  with  oUier  words  of  n 
like  kind.  Joiinutn.     Encyc 

A-NALT-:?!?,  ■.  [Gr.  rti-oXT-vfj,  of  awa  and  Awnj,  a 
loosing,  or  resolving,  fVom  Avu),  \o  loosen.  See 
Loose.) 

2,  Tt^-  f.--fiii..na  •tepnration  of  a  cfiropt^ind  body 
into  :'  '  :>aitii ;  a  resolving  ;  as,  an  anaif 
gis  1 1  *id»lo  di-*cover  its  elements. 

3.  A :,jn  of  any  thing  in   its   separate 

parts  i  an  trxaoiiuation  of  the  different  [)art.«  of  a  sub- 
ject, each  separately,  as  the  words  whirh  compose 
a  sentence,  the  notes  of  a  tune,  or  the  simple  propo- 
eittons  which  enter  into  an  argumenU  It  is  opposed 
to  syntAtsis, 

In  maVtrmaticji,  tn/Jwsif  is  the  resolving  of  prob- 
lems by  reducing  them  to  equations.  The  analysis 
of  finite  quantities  is  otherwise  called  al^ehroy  or  ype- 
dims  ariOaKOie.  The  anaU'sis  of  inhuiles  is  ths  meth- 
od of  fi¥sien»,  or  the  catauus.  Eneyc 

Ancient  ajtatusis  ;  in  mathenuOics^  a  method  of  pro- 
ceeding from  the  thing  sought,  as  taken  for  granted, 
through  its  consequences,  to  something  really  grant- 
ed or  known ;  opposed  to  synthesis.  Tliis  chiefly  re- 
spected geometrical  inveMigalioDS.  Jfatton. 

In  iogiCf  analysis  is  the  CT-icing  of  things  to  their 
source,  and  the  resolving  of  knowledge  into  its  origi- 
nal principles. 

3.  A  syllabus,  or  Uible  of  the  principal  heads  of  a 
conttnueid  discourse,  di?po<ed  in  their  natural  order. 

4.  A  brief,  m<nhodical  illustnition  of  the  princi|rfes 
of  a  science.  In  this  sense  it  is  neariy  synonymous 
with  ftrnnpng. 

AN'A-LVST,  m.  One  who  analyzes,  or  is  versed  in 
analysis.  ICtrtean. 

AN-A-LYT'ie,         /  ff.    Pertaining  to  analysis  j  that 

AX-A-LYT'ie-AL,  \  re.<»lves  into  fim  principhi^s  ; 
that  separates  into  parts  or  original  principles  ;  that 
resolves  a  compound  body  or  subject;  as,  an  ana'p- 
ieat  experiment  in  ch'*mi?try,  or  an  analytUal  investi- 
jFrtian.     It  i?  oppo''ed  to  svnL't'tic. 

AN-A-I.^T'ICJ-AI^LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  anal- 
ysis ;  by  way  of  separating  a  body  into  its  constitu- 
ent parts,  or  a  subject  into  its  principles. 

AX-A-LVT'I€S,  n.    The  science  of  analysis      [See 

A?«*LT9I«.] 

VN-A-LS'Z'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  be  analyzed. 

AX-A-L^Z'A-BLE-XESS,  n.  •  The  state  of  being  an- 
alvrable. 

A>'^A-LVZE,  p.  *.    [Gr.  nroXp...     See  A!«alt9I».] 
To  resolve  a  body  into  its  elements  ;  to  separate  a 
compound  subject  into  its  \atns  or  proposition^,  for 
the  purpose  of  an  examination  of  each  separately ; 


ANA 

as,  to  aiiotyzf  a  ftt«i^il  substance  ;  to  analyze  an  action 
to  a.-«certnih  its  momliiy. 

A.\'A-LV7-*i:n,  H'-  Re^ilved  into  its  constituent  paits 
or  principles,  for  examination. 

.A.\'A-I*?Z-EK,  ».  One  who  analyzes;  thai  which 
nnnlyzts  or  has  the  power  to  analyze. 

AN'A-IA'/l.NG,  ppr.  Resolving  into  elements,  con- 
stituent parts,  or  first  principle?. 

,\N-AM-.\K'SIS,  s.     [Gr.  afat.fn<T,i.] 

A  ticure  in  rhetitruy  which  calls  to  remembrance 
pomvthiiii:  omitted.  Knowles. 

AN-AM-M:8'Tie,  a.    That  aids  the  memory 

AN-A-MonPlI'O-.'^IS  or  AN-A-MOUni-O'SlS,  n, 
[Gr.  ava  and  ^np0b><T<(,  formation.] 

1.  In  ptrsprcUre  drnvings,  a  deformed  or  distorted 
portrait  w  figuro,  which,  m  one  point  of  view,  is 
confused  or  unintclligiMe,  and  in  another,  is  an  ex- 
act and  repilar  r<  presentation  ;  or  confused  to  the 
naked  eye^  hut  reftecied  from  a  plain  or  curved  mir- 
ror, appt'armg  rvgular,  and  in  right  propf)rtion.  Kncyc. 
i  In  botany^  any  part  of  a  plant  in  which  there  is 
an  unusu:U  degree  of  cellular  devedopment,  is  said  to 
be  in  a  stale  vX  anamorphosifi.  Lindlnj. 

A-NA'NAS,  n.  The  name  of  a  species  of  Gronu'lia  ; 
the  pine-appln.  Kiiajc 

AN-A\"Gir-I,AR,  a.    Without  angles. 

AN'A-PF:.sT,  a.    [Gr  .ni  and  t  u-,  to  strike.  Bmlty.'\ 
In  poftry,  n  foot  consisting  of  three  syllables,  the 
first  two  short,  the  last  lung;  the  reverse  of  the  dac- 
tyl ;  as, 

Cftn  &  l>5s/>ni  sO  g{!ml€  r^tnain 

Unmoved  when  hi-r  Corydim  sighs?    Shmstone 

AN-A-PEST'ie,  n.    The  anapestic  measure.    lientlry. 
.\\-A-PEST'It',  a,    Perlaming  to  an  anapest  j  consist- 
ing of  anapestic  feet. 
A-XAPH'O-RA,  a.     [Gr,  from  a.avV/io.] 

1.  .\  figure  in  rhetoric,  when  the  same  word  or 
words  are  repeated  at  the  beginning  of  two  or  more 
succeeding  V(r:*es  or  clauses  of  a  sentence  ;  as, 
*'  HTkcrc  is  the  wise  ?  Where  is  the  scribe  ?  Where 
is  the  disputer  of  this  world  ?"  Johnson. 

2.  Among  physicians^  the  discharge  of  bloctd  or  pu- 
niUnt  matter  hy  the  mouth.  Encyc     Coze 

AN-APLE-KOT'ie,  a.     [Gr.  ainffXco""',  to  fill.] 

Filling  up ;  promoting  granulation  of  wounds  or 
tilcers, 

A\-.\-PLE-ROT'!C,  n,    h  medicine  which  promotes 
the  granulation  or  mcamation  of  wounds  or  ulcers. 
Eiicyr,     Parr, 

A.V'.\RCII,  a.  [See  .^rtAnenr.]  The  author  of  con- 
Atston  ;  one  who  excites  revolt.  Milton, 

A-XXRCM'ir,         (a.     Without  rule  or  government; 

A-X.XR€H'ie-AL,  j  in  a  state  of  confusion  ;  applied 
to  a  state  or  society.  Fielding  tises  anarchial,  a  word 
of  lesn  dilRriili  pronunciation. 

AX'ARCII  l*M,  B.    Confusion;  anarchy 

AN'.\R€H-IST,  n.  An  anarch  5  one  who  excites  re- 
volt, or  promotes  disorder  in  a  state.  Strphens, 

AN'.\ReH-Y,  n.  [Gr.  avanxia^oi  a  priv.  and  .ipxT» 
rule.] 

Want  of  government ;  a  state  of  society  when 
there  is  no  law  or  supreme  power,  or  whf  n  the  laws 
are  not  efficient,  and  individuals  do  what  they  pli;ase 
with  impunitv  ;  ptjiitical  confusion. 

.-V-XAR'Rine'HAS,  n.  The  sea-wolf;  a  genus  of  rav- 
enous fish,  of  the  order  of  Apodals,  foimd  in  the 
north'-rn  ?ea«. 

AX-XKTH'ROU3,  a.  [Gr.  av  priv.  and  apOoiy,  a  joint 
or  article.] 

In  g-rannitnr,  without  the  article.  BtoomJteltL 

A'NAS,  n.  [L.]  A  genus  of  water-fowls,  of  the  or- 
der Anwn's,  including  the  various  species  of  ducks. 
The  species  are  vcr>*  numerous. 

AX-A-S.\R'eA,  n.  [Gr.  ava,  in  or  between,  and  pripf, 
flesh.] 

Dropsy  of  the  cellular  membrane  ;  an  eflfusion  of 
sennn  into  the  cellular  substance,  occasioning  a  soft, 
pale,  inelastic  swellinir  of  the  skin.    Q^uincy.    Core. 

AX-A-S.^R't'OUS,  a.  Belonging  to  anasarca,  or  drop- 
sy ;  dropsical. 

AX-A-STAL'TI€,  a,     [Gr.  avifrreW'jy  to  closcj 
In  niriUcinr,  x'^rinsent;  styptic  C'>rf, 

AX-A-STAT'ie-PRIXTaXG,  n.  A  mode  of  obtain- 
ing a  fac-simile  of  any  printed  page,  engraving,  &c., 
on  a  plate  of  zinc,  from  which  an  impression  can  be 
taken,  as  from  the  stone  of  the  lithographic  press. 

A-XAS-TO-.MAT'ie,  a  Having  the  quality  of  lemov- 
inc  obstnictions. 

A-XAS'TO-M0?E,  r.  1.     [Gr.  avn  and  fTToj'n,  mouth.] 
To  inosculate;  to  communicate  with  each  otht^r ; 
applied  to  the  vessels  of  the  body,  as  the  arteries  and 
veins.  Darwin.     Encyc. 

A-XAS'TO-M(^-SIXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Inosculating;  commu- 
nicating with  each  other ;  as,  anasUmoinng  vessels. 

A-NAS-TO-M0'i:^IS,  n.  The  inosculation  of  vessels, 
or  the  opening  of  one  vessel  into  another,  as  an  arte- 
ry into  another  artery,  or  a  vein  into  a  vein.    Coxe. 

\jx  oUier  authors^iixG  supposed  opening  of  the  mouths 
of  the  extreme  vessels,  causing  a  discharge  of  their 
contents,  as  in  excretion. 

A-XAS-T0-MOT'I€,  a.     Pertaining  to  anastomosis. 

A-X.AS-TO-MOT'ie,  n.  A  medicine  suppos*id  lo  have 
the  power  of  opening  the  mouths  of  vessels,  and  re- 


ANA 

moving  obstructions;  such  as  catliartics,  deohstru- 
ents,  and  sudorilics.  Eneyc. 

A-X.\S'TRO-PlIE,  ?t.  [Gr.  avaarpofpj],  a  conversion, 
.or  inversion.] 

In  rhrioric  and  grammar^  an  inversion  of  the  natu- 
ral order  of  words ;  as,  soia  per  et  scopulos,  for  per  saxa 
ct  scopuliis.  Eneyc. 

AN'A-TAPE,  n.  [Gr,  avaraa-ti,  extension,  so  named 
from  the  length  of  its  crystals.] 

A  native  oxide  of  titanium,  also  called  octahedriUy 
occurring  in  brilliant  octahedral  crysuilw,  of  a  brown 
or  somewhat  bluish  color  externally,  but  greenish- 
yellow  hy  transmitted  light,  Dana. 

A-NATII'E-MA,  n.  [Gr,  ava^tiiay  from  avariOtipi^ 
to  place  behind,  backward,  or  at  a  distance,  to  sepa- 
rate,]^ 

1.  Excommunication  with  curses.  Hence,  a  curse 
or  denunciation  by  eccU'siastical  authority,  accompa- 
nj'ing  excommunication.  This  species  of  excommu- 
nication wa.^  pncticcd  in  the  ancient  churches  against 
notorious  olfendi'rs  ;  all  churches  were  warned  not  to 
receive  them  ;  all  nirigistrates  and  private  persons 
were  admonished  not  to  harbor  or  maintain  them, 
and  priests  were  enjoined  not  to  converse  with  them, 
or  attend  their  funeral. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  anathemas,  jitAiciary  and 
(ibjuraU*ry.  The  former  is  pnmounced  by  a  council, 
pope,  or  bishop  ;  the  latter  is  the  net  of  a  convert  who 
anaUiematizes  the  heresy  which  he  abjures. 

2.  In  heathen  nntJcruity,  an  oflering  or  present  made 
to  some  deity,  and  hung  up  in  a  temple.  Whenever 
a  person  quitted  his  employmnnt,  he  set  apart,  or  ded- 
icated, his  tools  to  his  patron  deity.  IVrsons  who 
Iiad  escaped  danger  remarkably,  or  breu  otl)erwirie 
ver>'  fortunate,  testified  their  gratitude  hy  some  olfer- 
iiig  to  their  deny.  Eneyc. 

A-NATH-F^MATTC-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  anathema. 

A-XATH-E-MAT'It^AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  maimer  of 
anathema. 

A-XATH'E-MA-TISM,  v.  Excommunication,  Ifooker. 

A-NATH-E-ai.\-TI-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  anathe- 
matizing. Kncyc. 

A-XATH'E-MA-TTZE,  v.  U  To  excommunicate  with 
a  denunciation  of  curses  ;  to  pronounce  an  anathema 
against.  Hammond. 

A-XATlI'E-MA-TIZ-i:D,  pp  Excommunicated  with 
curses. 

A-NATH'R-MA-TTZ-ER,  n.  One  who  pronounces  nn 
annrhema.  Hammond. 

A-NATU'E-MA-TIZ-INGj/jpr  Pronouncingan  nnuth- 
eina, 

AN-A-TIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  anas^  a  duck,  and  /ere,  to 
produce.] 

Producing  ducks.  Brown, 

A-XAT'O-CISM,  n.  [L.  anatocismus ^  from  Gr.  ucu, 
again,  and  tokos,  usury.] 

Interest  upon  interest;  the  taking  of  compound  in- 
terest ;  or  the  contract  by  which  such  interest  is  se- 
cured,    r  RnrrUj  «,,•&-/.]  Johnson.     Cicero. 

AN-A-TOaI'IG-AL,  a.  Belonging  to  anatomy  or  dis- 
section i  produced  by  or  according  lo  the  principles 
of  anatomy,  or  natural  structure  of  the  body  ;  relating 
lo  the  parts  of  the  iKwly  when  dissected  or  separated. 

AX-A-TOM'I£-AL-LY,  adv.  In  an  anatomical  nnn- 
ner  ;  by  means  of  dissection  ;  according  to  the  doc- 
trine of  anatomy. 

A-XAT'0-MIST,  n.  One  who  dissects  bodies  ;  more 
generally,  one  who  is  skilled  in  the  art  of  dissectiim. 

A-XAT-0-MI-7A'TI0X,  n.    The  act  of  anatonii  ing. 

A-NAT'O-MIZE,  r.  U  To  dissect ;  to  divide  into  the 
constituent  parts,  for  the  purpose  of  examining  each 
by  itself;  lo  lay  open  the  interior  slrurture  of  the 
parts  of  a  body  or  subject ;  as,  to  anatomize  an  animal 
or  plant ;  to  anatomize  an  argumenl. 

A-XAT'0-MTZ-/:D,  pp.  Dissected,  as  an  animal  body. 

AXAT'O-MTZ-IXG,  ppr     Dissecting, 

A-XAT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  avar.pr}^  of  (u-a,  through,  and 
T-nm-,  a  cutting.] 

I,  The  art  of  dissecting,  or  artificially  sepnrating 
the  different  parts  of  an  animal  b<»dy,  to  discover  their 
situation,  structure,  and  economy. 

9.  The  doctrine  of  the  structure  of  the  bcnly, 
learned  by  dissection ;  as,  a  physician  understands 
anatomy. 

3.  The  act  of  dividing  any  thing,  corporeal  or  in- 
tellectual, for  Ihe  purpose  of  examining  its  parts ;  as, 
the  anatmny  of  a  plant,  or  of  a  disc»)urse. 

4.  The  body  stripped  of  its  integuments  and  mus- 
cles ;  a  skeleton,  or  the  corporeal  fraihe  of  bones  en- 
tire, without  the  skin,  flesh,  and  vessels.  {An  im- 
proper use  of  the  irnrdj  and  vulgar.] 

5.  Ironically^  a  meager  person. 
AN-A-TREP'TI€,  a.     [Gr.  (ii/dT/x-Trf,  to  overturn.] 

Overthrowing  \  defeating  ;  prostrating  :  a  word  ap- 
plied to  those  Dialogues  of  Plato  which  represent  a 
complete  defeat  in  the  gymnastic  exercises.  EnJieUL 
AX'A-TROX,  n.     [from  Gr.  I'lrnoi',  niter.] 

1.  Poda,  or  mineral  fixed  alkali. 

2.  ^purne,  or  glass-pnll ;  a  scum  which  rises  upon 
m-lted  glass,  in  the  furnace,  and,  when  taken  off", 
dissolves  in  the  air,  and  then  coagulates  into  common 
salt. 

3.  The  salt  which  collects  on  the  walls  of  vaults. 

Coze,     Johnson, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT— METE,  PRgY.  — PIXE,  MAR1XE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BOOK.— 
46 


ANC 

AN'BU-RV,  n.    A  suit  tumor  on  horses,  conUiiiing 
blood. 

3.  A  sort  of  gall  produced  by  insects  on  the  roots 
of  Kirnips,  cabbages,  &.c. 
AN'CES-TOK,   n.     [Ft.  ancestrrji,  ancHrcs;  L.  antcces- 
sor,  of  arti?,  before,  and  cedo,  to  go.] 

One  from  whom  a  person  descends,  either  by  the 
father  or  mother,  al  any  distance  of  time,  in  the  tenth 
or  hundredth  generation.  An  ancestor  precedes  in  the 
order  of  nature  or  blood  j  a  predcct^s^rj  in  the  order 
of  office. 
AN-CES-TO'RI-AL,  a.     Ancestral.  PoUok. 

AN-CES'TRAL,  a.  Relating  or  belonging  to  ancestors  ; 
claimed  or  descending  from  ancestors  ;  a;?,  an  ances- 
AN-CES'TRE3S,  n.    A  female  ancestor,     \tral  estate. 
AN'CES-TKV,  n.  A  series  of  ancestors,  or  progenitors ; 
lineage,  or  those  who  compose  the  line  of  natural  de- 
scent.    Hence,  birth  or  honorable  descent.  Addison.. 
AX€H'I-LOPS,  n.     [Gr.  mjiAwi;/,  from  ai^^  a  goat, 
and  f-tii-,  an  eye.     Uu.] 

The  goat's  eye  5  an  abscess  in  the  inner  angle  of 
the  eye  ;  an  incipient  fistula  lachrj-mahs.  Core. 
ANeH'OR,  n.  [L.  anckora;  Gr.  a>«i'^<i ;  It.  and  Port. 
ancora ;  Sp.  aitcla ;  D.  G.  Dan.  anker ;  Sw.  ankare ; 
Ir.  artkairey  ancoir^  or  inffir ;  Com.  ankar  ;  Ar.  ankar ; 
Pers.  anghar;  Russ.  iacor ;  Fr.  aiicre ;  Arm.  ancor.] 

1.  An  iron  instrument  for  holding  a  ship  or  other 
vessel  al  rest  in  water.  It  is  a  strong  shanit,  with  a 
ring  al  one  end,  to  which  a  cable  may  be  fastened  ; 
and  with  two  arms  and  flukes  at  the  other  end, 
forming  a  suitable  angle  with  the  sliank  to  enter  the 
ground. 

In  ^ramen*s  lantrttagt^  the  anchor  corner  home,  when 
it  is  disltxlged  from  its  bed,  so  as  to  drag  by  the  vio- 
lence of  the  wind,  sea,  or  current. 

Foui  anchor,  i^  when  the  anchor  hooks  or  is  entan- 
gled with  another  anchor,  or  with  a  wreck  or  cable, 
or  when  the  slack  cable  is  entangled. 

The  anchor  a  cock  bUl^  is  when  it  is  suspended  per- 
pendicularly from  the  cat-head,  ready  to  be  let  go. 

The  anchor  a  prak^  is  when  it  is  drawn  iu  so  tight 
as  to  bring  the  ship  directly  over  it. 

The  anchor  is  a  trip,  or  a  weigh,  wlien  it  is  just 
drawn  out  of  the  ground,  in  a  pt-rpendicular  direction 
either  by  the  cable  or  the  buoy-rope. 

To  back  an  anehar,  is  to  lay  down  a  small  anchor 
ahead  of  that  by  which  the  ship  ridt-s,  with  tlie  cable 
fastened  to  the  crown  of  the  latter  to  prevent  its  com- 
ing home. 

At  anchor,  is  when  a  ship  rides  by  her  anchor. 
Hence,  to  tie  or  ridlr  at  anchor. 

To  ca^t  anchor^  or  to  anchor,  is  to  let  go  an  anchor, 
to  keep  ,'t  ship  at  rest. 

To  weigh  anchor^  is  to  heavc  or  raise  the  anchor  out 
of  the  ground. 

Andurrn  are  of  different  sizes.  The  principal,  and 
that  on  which  most  dependence  b  placed,  is  the  sheet 
anchor.  Then  come  the  beat  bowrr,  the  small  buirer^ 
the  gpare  anchor,  the  atrram  anchor,  and  the  kcdge 
anchor,  which  is  the  smallesL  Mar.  DicL 

2.  In  a  figurative  xense,  that  which  gives  stability 
or  security  j  that  on  which  we  place  dependence  for 
■afety. 


3.  In  architecture,  anchorg  Kie.  carved  work,  some- 
what resembling  an  anchor.  It  is  c(m)rnonly  a  part 
of  the  ornaments  of  the  boullins  of  capiuds  in  the 
Tuscan,  Doric,  and  Ionic  orders,  and  on  ttie  mold- 
ing* of  cornices. 

In  hrraldry,  anchors  are  emblems  of  hope.  Eneye. 
ANt'H'UR,  r.  r.     I'o  pl.tct- at  anchor;  as,  to  ancht^r  a 
ship.     A  ship  is  anchored,  but  not  moored,  by  a  single 
anchor. 

3.  To  fix  or  fasten  on  ;  to  fix  in  a  stable  condition. 
ANCH'OR,  r.  i.     To  cast  anchor  \  to  come  to  anchor  j 
as,  our  ship  aaqhored  off  the  Isle  of  Wight. 

2.  To  !*top  ;  to  fix  or  rest  on. 
A\€U'OR-A-KLE,  a.     Fit  for  anchorage.      IlerbrrU 
A.\t'H'OR-.\(5E,  n.     Anchor -ground  ;  a  plac*  where 

a  Rhipcan  anchor,  wht;re  the  ground  is  mA.  toon>cky, 
nor  the  watt^^r  tm)  deep  nor  t(H>  shallow. 

Q.  The  hold  of  a  slup  at  anrhor,  or  rather  the  anch- 
or and  all  the  necessary  tarkle  for  anrhurint;. 

3.  A  duty  imposed  on  ships  for  anchoring  in  a  har- 
bor. 

ANeH'OR.f:D,  pp.    Lying  or  riding  at  anchor;  held 
by  an  anchor  i  hxed  in  safety. 

ANeH'O-KESS,  n.     A  female"  anchoret        Fatrfaz. 

ANeH'O-RET,    in.     [Gr.   <i»'<iyV'"?ris,  from   ovuxw- 

A.NeH'O-RII'K,  I      pt .',  to  retire,  of  avt  and  x'-j/'cw* 
to  go.     Written  by  some  authors  anaehoret.] 

A  hermit ;  a  rechise  ;  one  who  relinks  from  sttciely 
Into  a  desert  or  solitary  place,  to  avoid  the  temiita- 
tions  of  the  world,  and  devote  himsulf  to  religious 
duller.  A1-40,  a  monk,  who,  with  the  leave  of  the 
ablxft,  retires  ti>  a  cave  or  cell,  with  an  allowance 
from  thf  monast4:r)',  to  live  in  solitude.  Encyc. 

AVCIl  <>-RI:'I"R:,         t  a.     Pertaining  to  a  hcnnit,  or 

ANCH-ft-itKT'IC-AL,  \      his  mode  of  life. 

A.NCH'OR-GROUM),  n.     Ground  suitable  for  anchor- 

ANClI'OR-HOLD.R.  The  hold  or  fastness  of  an  anch- 
or; security. 


ANC 

ANCH'OR-ING,  ppr.  Coming  to  anchor  ;  casting 
anchor ;  mooring. 

AN€H'OR-SMiTH,  n.  The  maker  or  forger  of  anch- 
ors, or  on^  whose  occupation  is  to  make  anchors. 

AN-CHO' VY,  71.  [Port,  and  l?p.  anchuva  ;  Fr.  anchois ; 
lU  acciuga;  G.  anschuvc.'\ 

A  sm:ill  fish,  about  three  inches  in  lengthj  of  the 
genus  Clu[)ea  or  herring,  found  and  caugiit  m  vast 
numbers  in  llie  Mediterranean,  and  pickled  for  ex- 
portation.    It  is  used  ;is  a  sauce  or  seasoning. 

AN-CHo'VY-PEaR,  n.  A  fruit  of  the  West  Indies, 
produced  by  a  sj)ecies  of  the  genus  Grias.  It  resem- 
bles the  mango  in  taste,  and,  like  it,  is  sometimes 
pickled  when  green.  Enctjc.  of  Dom.  Econ. 

A\eH'Y-LOS-£D,  (!ink'e-lost,)  a.  Immovably  united 
or  fixed,  as  joints  of  bones.  MantelL 

AN'CH-V-LO'SIS,  71.  |Gr.  ajfriXtuuif,  from  o^klAos, 
crooked.] 

Stiffness  of  a  joint ;  immobility  of  a  joint  natural- 
ly movable. 

A\eH-Y-LOT'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  anchylosis. 

AX'CIENT,  a.  [Fr.  ancien;  It.  anziano,  anzi ;  from  L. 
ante,  antitjuag.] 

1.  Old  ;  that  happened  or  existed  in  former  times, 
usually,  at  a  great  distance  of  time ;  hs,  ancient  au- 
thors, ancient  days.  Old,  says  Johnson,  relates  to  the 
duration  of  the  thing  itself;  as,  an  old  coat ;  and  an- 
ciejtt,  to  time  in  general ;  as,  an  ancient  dress.  But 
this  distinction  is  not  always  observed.  We  say,  in 
old  times,  as  well  an  ancient  times  ;  old  customs,  &.c. 
We  usually  apply  both  ancient  and  oU  to  things  sub- 
ject to  gradual  dec^iy.  We  say,  an  old  man,  an  an- 
cient record  ;  but  never,  the  old  sun,  old  stars,  an  old 
iTVer  or  mountain.  In  general,  however,  ancient  is 
opiK3sed  to  modern,  and  old  to  new,  fresh,  or  recent. 
When  we  speak  of  a  thing  that  existed  fonm^rly, 
which  has  ceased  to  exist,  we  commonly  use  ancient : 
.IS,  ancient  republics,  ancient  heroes;  ai)d  not,  old  re- 
publics, old  heroes.  IIul  when  the  tiling  whtrh  be- 
gan or  existed  in  former  times,  is  still  in  existence, 
we  use  either  ancient  or  oLt;  as,  ancient  statues  or 
paintings,  or  old  statues  or  paintings ;  ancient  authors, 
or  old  authors,  meaning  b(^»oks.  But,  in  these  exam- 
ples, ancient  seems  the  nnwt  correct,  or  best  author- 
ized. Some  persons  apply  ancient  to  men  advanced 
in  years,  still  living  ;  but  this  use  is  not  common  in 
modern  practice. 

S.  Old  ;  that  has  been  of  long  duration  ;  as,  an  an- 
cient forest ;  an  ancient  city. 

3.  Known  from  ancient  times ;  as,  the  ancient  con- 
tinent, opiK>sed  to  the  new  continent.        Rubertsoiu 

AN'CIENT,  7J.  {Supra.}  Generally  used  in  the  plural, 
ancientg.  Those  who  lived  in  former  ages,  opposed 
to  modernjt. 

In  Scripture,  very  old  men.  Also,  governors,  rulers, 
political  and  ecclesiastical. 

Tbe  Lor^l  wilt  enter  iiilo  Jutl^ineiil  with  tlie  andenU  of  his  peo- 
ple. —  Inn.  iii.     Jcr.  xix. 

God  is  called  "  the  Ancient  of  days,"  from  his  eter- 
nal existence.     Dan.  vii. 

Hooker  uses  the  W(>rd  for  seniors;  *'they  were  his 
andentu ;  "  but  the  use  is  not  authorized. 

*2,  Ancient  is  also  used  for  a  Ilag  or  streamer  in  a 
ship  of  w:tr,  or  the  colors  of  a  regiment ;  and  ftir  an 
ensign  or  the  bearer  of  a  flag,  as  in  t?hakspeare. 
Cowel  supposes  the  word,  when  used  for  a  flag,  to 
be  a  corruption  of  eiid-skcet,  a  flag  at  the  stern.  It  is 
probably  tliu  Fr.  ensei<rne.    Juhn.ton,  Cowei.   Encyc. 

Ancient  demesne,  in  English  law,  is  a  tenure  by  which 
nil  manors  beUtnging  to  the  crown,  in  the  reign  of 
William  the  Conqueror,  were  held.  The  numbers. 
names,  &.c.,  of  these  were  all  entered  in  a  book  culleu 
Domes-day  Book.  CoweL     liluckstune. 

Council  (if  Ancients,   in  French  history,  the  higher 
bninch  of  the  legislative  bodv,  in  the  constitution  of 
1795. 
AN'CIENT-LY,  a//r.  In  old  times  ;  in  times  long  since 
past;  as,  Rome  was  ancientiy  more  populous  than  at 
present. 
AN'CIENT-NESS,  n.    The  slate  of  being  ancient ;  an- 
tiquity ;  existence  from  old  limes. 
AN't'IENT-RY,  n.    Dignity  of  birth;  the  honor  of  an- 
cient lineage.  Spenser  on  Ireland,     Shak. 
AN'CIENT-Y,  Tu    Age ;  antiquity.     [JVotinuse,] 

Martin. 
AN'CIE\T-Y,  71.     In  some  old  English  sUautes  and  au- 

thors,  eldership  or  seniority.     M  Hen.  III. 
AN-CI'LE,  7t.     [L.]     In    Homan  antiijuHy,  the  sacred 
shield  of  Mars,  said  to  have  fallen  from  heaven  in  the 
reign  of  Xiima.  Adams. 

AN'CIL-LA-RY,  a,     [L.  nncilln,  a  female  servant.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  a  maid-servant,  or  female  service. 

Blackstone. 
3.  Hubservient  or  sut>ordinate  to ;  as,  a  court  ancil- 
lary to  anoth(;r  jurisdiction. 
AN-CIP'I-'J'AL,  a.     [L.  anccpx.} 

Doubtful,  ur  double  ;  double-faced,  or  doubte- 
furmed. 

In  botany,  two-edged  ;  compressed,  and  forming 
two  opp<»site  aniiU's,  as  a  stem  ;  having  two  promi- 
nent, longitudinal  angles,  with  a  convex  disc,  as  a 
leaf.  Barton,  FJem.  of  Botany. 

AN'CO.ME,  m.  A  small  ulcerous  swelling,  coming  ^wA- 
denly.  Boucher.      I 


AND 

AN 'GUN,  iu     [L.  ancon  ;  Gr.  ay^w*-,  the  elbow.] 

The  olecranon,  or  elbow  ;  the  larger  posterior  pro- 
cess at  the  upper  end  of  the  ulna. 

AN'GO.NES,  71.  pi,     [L.  ancon;  Gr.  ayKCiiv.] 

In  architecture,  the  brackets  supporting  a  cornice  on 
tlie  Hanks,  as  in  doorways,  &c. ;  also,  the  corners  or 
qutiins  of  walls,  cross-beams,  or  rafters.  Owdt. 

AN'CO-NY,  71.  [probably  from  aj^wv,  the  cubit,  from 
its  resemblance  to  the  ann.1 

In  iron  wiirks,  a  piece  of  half  wrought  iron,  in  the 
shripeof  a  bar  in  the  middle,  but  rude  and  unwrought 
at  the  ends.  A  piece  of  cast  iron  is  melted  otT  and 
hammered,  at  a  forge,  into  a  mass  of  two  feet  long, 
and  4tf  a  square  shape,  which  is  called  a  bloom;  then 
carried  to  a  finery,  and  worked  into  an  ancany ;  it  is 
tlien  sent  to  a  cliaferj-,  where  the  ends  are  wrought 
into  the  shape  of  the  middle,  and  the  whole  is  made 
into  a  bar.  Encyc. 

AND,  conj.  [Sax.  and ;  Ger.  und ;  D.  ende  or  en ;  and.] 
And  is  a  conjunction,  connective,  or  conjoining 
word.  It  signifies  that  a  word  or  part  of  a  sentence 
is  to  be  added  to  what  precedes.  Thus,  give  nic  an 
apple  and  an  orange  ;  that  is,  give  me  an  apple,  a/Id, 
or  give  in  addition  to  tliat,  an  orange.  John  and  Pe- 
ter and  James  rode  to  New  York  ;  that  is,  John  rode 
to  New  York,  add  or  further  Pjter  rode  to  New  York, 
a/Id  James  rode  to  New  York. 

AN-DA-LO'sSlTE,  n.  A  mineral,  occurring  usually  in 
tliick  lamellar  forms,  of  a  grayish  or  pale  reddish 
tint,  and  sometimes  in  rhombic  prisms,  and  com- 
posed chiefly  of  silica  and  alumina.  Its  name  is  de- 
rived from  Andalusia,  in  S|)ain,  where  it  was  first 
discovered.  In  a  variety  called  cross-^tone,  or  chias- 
tolite,  the  crystals,  when  cut  transversely,  show  a  tes- 
selaled  structure,  or  appear  to  consist  of  four  white 
crystals,  placed  so  as  to  make  a  white  cross,  and  set 
in  a  dark  ground.  Dana. 

AJ^-DAJ^'TE.  [It.,  from  andare,  to  go  ;  Eng.  to  wend, 
to  wander.] 

In  music,  a  word  used  to  direct  to  a  morement 
moderately  slow,  between  largo  and  allegro.     Eneye, 
As  a  noun,  it  denotes  a  piece  of  music  to  be  per- 
formed in  andante. 

AN'DAR-A€,  n.     Red  orpiment.  Coxe. 

AN'DE-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Andes,  the  great 
chain  of  mountains  extending  thnmgh  South  Auier- 
ica.  Odambittd,  3,  138. 

AN-DI'RAjTi.  The  name  of  the  genus  of  plants  which 
comprehends  the  rabliage  bark-tree  of  Jamaica. 

ANI>'I-RO\,  7t.  [Tent,  andena,  or  andrla.  In  Sax. 
the  corresponding  word  is  brandisen,  brand  or  fve 
iron  ;  D.  brand-yier.  The  Fr.  landier.  Arm.  laiulcr, 
Junius  thinks,  is  our  and-iron,  with  the  FreucJi  I  pre- 
fixed.] 

An  iron  utensil  used  in  Great  Britiin,  where  cooJ 
is  the  common  Aiel,  to  supptirt  the  ends  of  a  spit ;  but 
in  America,  used  to  support  the  wood  in  fireplaces. 

AN-DRA-NA'l'O-MY,  71.  [Gr.  avnpt  a^dfoi,  a  man, 
and  avaniprt,  dissection.] 

The  dissection  of  a  human  body,  especially  of  a 
male.  Coxe.     Quincy. 

AN'DRE-O-LITE,  n.  A  mineral,  the  harmotome,  or 
cross-stone.  Ure. 

AN-DROti'Y-NAT^,    Jo.   [Gr.  avrip,  a  man,  and /lu/ij, 

AN-DROG'Y-NOUS,  (      woman.] 

Having  two  sexes;  being  male  and  female;  her- 
mapliroditical. 

In  botany,  the  word  is  applied  to  a  plant  bearing 
both  sUminiferous  and  pistil  I  iferous  flowers  on  tlie 
same  root.  These  plants  constitute  the  class  Monm- 
cia.  In  Linnxus's  system.  Mtlne. 

AN-DROC'Y-NAL-LY,  adv.  With  the  parts  of  botJi 
sexes. 

AN-DU06'Y-NUS,  n.     An  hermaphrtidite.  Johnson. 

AN-DR01U'kS,  n.  [Gr.  avnpy  mftn,  and  ei<I  •(,  form.J 
A  machine  in  the  human  form,  which,  by  cert.iin 
sprini^s,  performs  some  of  the  natural  motions  of  a 
livinu  man.  One  of  these  machines,  invented  b^  M. 
Vaucanson,  appeared  at  Paris  in  1738,  represt^nting  a 
flute -player.  Encyc 

AN-DROM'E-DA,  71.  A  northern  constellation,  behind 
Pegasus,  Cassiopeia,  and  Perseus,  representing  the 
figure  of  n  woman  chained. 

2.  The  name  of  a  celebrated  tragedy  of  Euripides, 
now  lost.  Eneye. 

3.  Also,  a  genus  of  plants. 
AN'DRON,  7*.     [Gr.  'tfriii,  a  man.] 

In  Grecian  and  Roman  architecture,  the  apartment 

appropriated  for  the  males.    This  was  in  the  lower 

part  of  the  house,  and  the  gynofceum,  or  apartment 

for  ftrmales,  was  in  the  upper  part.  Brande. 

AN-DRO-PET'AL-OUS,  a.     [Gr.  .ivt,(}  and  fftniAtti.] 

An  epithet  applied  to  double  flowers,  produced  by 
the  conversion  of  the  stamens  into  petals,  as  in  the 
gartifn  ranunculus.  Brande. 

AN-DItOPII'A-Cr,  n.  [Gr.  octj/),  man,  and  (/-u^w,  to 
eat.1 

Man-eaters ;  but  the  word  is  little  used,  being  su- 
perseded by  A:<TMnopopnAoi,  which  see.   HeriMiotus 
mentions  ikwdIc  of  this  character.         Mrlpum.  lOiJ. 
AN-DRUT'0-MY,  n.    [Gr.  a^'ripj  n  man,  and  r'tftrj,  a 
cutting.] 

A  cutting  of  human  bodies  ;  dissection  of  the  hu- 
man body,  as  distinguished  from  zootomy. 


TONE.  BULL.  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— C  as  K  ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

_ 


ANG 

A-  N  E  A  R '    prrp.     Near.  jttterkurf 

AN'Ee-DO-TAL,  «.    Peitalnin;  to  an^dotess. 

AN'EtVDOTE,  H,  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  ct^nfiofii,  to  pub- 
lish y  fK^-'T  If,  given  tmt.] 

1.  Id  its  oririnal  amsr^seent  history,  or  facts  not 
peneraHy  known.  But  in  more  common  u^ajrf,  a  par- 
ticrilar  or  drinched  inridcnl  or  fact  of  an  interesting 
nniure  ;  a  biuigmpliical  inrtdent ;  a  single  pas^sage 
of  private  life.  Proropins  gave  the  title  of  anecdotes 
to  a  book  he  published  against  Justinian  and  his  wife 
Tlwodora;  and  similar  collections  of  incidents  in  the 
hrm  of  eminent  men  are  now  common.  Encye, 
S.  The  relation  of  an  incident  or  particular  event. 

MelmoUL 

AN-E€4)OT'I€-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  anecdoce.^ 

Botingbnke, 

A-NELE'.  r.  t    [Sax.  rff»  oil.] 

To  rive  extreme  unction.     [.Vol  used.}  ShaJL 

AN-E-BiOC'RA-PIlY,  m.  [Gr.  ^vf/^oj,  wind,  and  ypatprit 
dewription  ^ 
A  description  of  the  winds,  Jvkiuom, 

AN-E^OL'O-CY,  M.    [Gr.  aw/tof,  wind,  and  Xjyost 
QiMtrane.  J 
Tbe  dortrin«  of  winds,  or  a  tmtlse  on  the  subject. 

AN-B-MOM'E-TEK,  «.  [Gr.  avc/i^j,  wind,  and  ^cr/woi, 
tomeasttre.] 

An  instrument  or  mnrhine  fur  measuring  tbe  force 
and  velocity  of  the  wind.  Emo/c 

A-NEM'O-Nfc,  n.  [Gr.  avruMri),  from  a»'c^'>s,  wind. 
It  wa.1  by  the  ancient  Greeks  written  avettuXm,  Tb&- 
oph.  lib.  R,  cap.  7.  Piin.  21.  S3.  Venus  is  said  to  have 
changed  her  Adonis  into  an  anemana,  Ovid.  Metam. 
lib.  10.  T^ci.] 

VV'md-tlower ;  a  genus  of  plants  of  numerous  spe- 
cies^  Some  of  the  s^K'cies  are  cultivated  in  gardens, 
of  which  their  double  flowers  are  among  tbe  most  el- 
egant omatnt-nt^. 

Sm  jSnemoae.     See  A:*iMAL-Fi.oi*rR. 

A-NEM'O-XIN,  n.  An  acrid,  cr>-5tallir.ablo  substance, 
obtained  from  some  species  of  anemone.  It  bums 
like  camphor.  Brands, 

A-NEM'O^eOPE,  m.  [Gr.  aic^of,  wind,  and  vcoircu, 
to  view.] 

A  macliine  which  shows  the  eoune  or  direction  of 
ttM  wind.  fncyc 

A-NE\T',  ^rff.  About ;  concerning ,  over  against :  a 
Scottish  woftl.     Q,u.  Gr.  twam 

AXES.     Se«  Awrr*. 

AN'EU-RISM.N.  [Gr.  ara,  and  tvpvvM,  to  dilate,  ftom 
cvfipi,  bru&d.] 

A  soft,  ptilsattttg  tnmor,  arising  IVom  the  pretemat- 
nral  dilatation  or  rupture  of  the  coats  of  an  artery. 
This  is  either  encysted  or  diflbsed.  The  encysted 
mnatrism  is  when,  the  coats  of  the  artery  baing  only 
dilated,  the  Mood  is  confined  within  its  pn^ter  cool 
Of  thiis  kmd  i9  the  varicose.  The  diffused  aneurvtm 
incliidefi  all  those  in  which,  from  an  aperture  in  the 
artery,  the  Uood  is  spread  about  in  the  cellular  mem- 
brane, out  of  its  proper  course.         Qwacyb    One^ 

ANEU-RIS'MAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  an  aaeurism. 

A-NEW  odT.    [a  and  nnr.] 

Over  a>uin  ;  another  time ;  in  a  new  form  ;  as,  to 
arm  aneie  ;  to  cn_'ate  anejt, 

AN-FRAe-TU-OS'I-TY,  a.  A  state  of  being  full  of 
winding  and  turnings. 

AN-FRA€'TU-OUS,  a.  [I*  <nfraci*s^  of  itsi3,  about, 
and  /raetusy  bn>ken.     See  Break.] 

Winding  ;  full  of  windings  and  turnings ;  written, 
less  corrertlv,  AsFBAcruost.  Rat/. 

AN-FRAe'TiT-OUS-XESS,  n,  A  state  of  being  full  of 
windin?!)  and  turnings. 

AN-FRAe'Ti;RF>,  a.     A  mazy  winding. 

AN-GA-RI-A'TIUN,   n.     [L.  an^arie ;  Gt.  ayyapevut, 
to  compel ;  a  word  of  Persian  origin.] 
Compulsion  ;  exertion,     [^'ot  t^ed,] 

AN-GEI-OT'O-MY,  n.    See  Asgiotoxt. 

2N'<j>EL,  ».  IL-an^usf  Gr.  ajyeXii,  a  messenger, 
from  a}  >c>A(i*,  to  tell  or  announce;  Ir.  a^aUa^affol- 
leimt  to  speak  or  tell  i  from  the  root  of  calif  or  of  Ar. 

yiS  toaJa,  to  say,  to  telL   Sax.  axgtt ;  Ir.  ainge4ilt  Cff 

mingiel ;  D.  G.  Sw.  Dan.  engrt;  Sp.  angel ;  It.  angelo ; 
Port,  ttirjoj  Ft.  «nge;  Buss.  tatgti.} 

1.  Liieran^j  R  messenger;  one  employed  to  commu- 
nicate news  or  infumiation  fnun  one  person  to  anoth- 
er at  a  di::4ance.     But  apprapruiUlv-, 

2.  A  spirit,  or  a  spiritual  intelligent  being,  employed 
by  God  to  communicate  bis  will  to  man.    Hence,  an- 

g'ls  are  ministers  of  God,  and  ministering  spirits. 
eb.  i. 

3.  In  a  bad  sense^  an  evil  spirit ;  as,  the  mtgel  of  the 
bottomltf^s  piu     Matt.  xxv.     1  Cor.  vi.     Rev.  ix. 

4.  Christ,  tbe  niL-diator  and  head  of  the  church. 
Eev.  X. 

5.  A  minister  of  the  go«^l,  who  is  an  embassador 
of  God.    Rev.  ii.  and  iii. 

6.  Any  being  whom  God  employs  to  execute  his 
judgments.     Rev.  ivi.  Crudeiu 

7.  In  the  gtvU  of  tove^  a  very  beautiful  person. 

S?Mk. 
2N^CEL,  n.    A  fish  found  on  the  coa.'^t  of  Carolina,  of 
the  Thoracic  order,  and  genus  Cha:todon.     It  has  a 
small,  projecting  mouth  ;  tlie  laminx  above  the  gills 


ANG 

arc  nrinrd  with  ccnilenn  sjnneR  ;  the  lu«ly,  a  fimt  in 
kneth,  nppinrs  as  if  cut  off,  and  waveil,  and  covered 
with  large  green  snilrs.  Pennant ^  from  Cat^shy, 

AX'GKL,  n.  A  gold  coin,  f  innerly  current  in  England, 
bearing  the  figure  of  an  angt-l.  Hkinner  says  this  de- 
vice was  impressed  upon  it  in  allusion  to  an  obser\*a- 
tion  of  Pope  Gn^gory  the  Great,  who,  seeing  some 
tveautiful  English  youths  in  the  nrirket  at  Rome, 
asked  who  they  were ;  being  told  they  were  AnffU. 
En;:lish,  he  replied,  they  ought  rather  to  be  called 
aHiTfit,  nngi'Irt.  This  coin  had  different  values  under 
diffen-nt  princes  ;  but  is  now  an  imaginary  sum  or 
money  of  account,  implying  ten  shillings  sterling. 

Knetfc- 

XX'CEL,  a.  Resembling  angels;  angelic;  as,  angel 
whiteness.  Shak. 

AX'GEL-AGE,  n.     The  existence  or  stale  of  angels. 
Beaumont  S[  Flttcher, 

XN'GEL-BED,  n.    An  open  bed  without  posts. 

Knevileji. 

AN'OEL-FISH,  H.  A  species  of  shark,  the  Sqnulus 
squatina.  It  is  from  six  to  eight  feet  long,  with  a 
large  head,  teeth  broad  at  the  base,  but  slender  and 
sharp  above,  dispoficd  in  five  rows,  all  around  the 
jaws.  The  fish  lakvs  its  name  frt>m  its  pectoral  fins, 
which  are  very  large,  and  extend  horizuntully,  like 
wings  when  spread.  This  fish  connects  ti»e  genus  of 
Rays  with  that  of  Sharks,  partaking  of  the  charac- 
ters of  both  ;  hut  it  ditf^>rs  from  both  in  this,  that  its 
mouth  is  placed  at  the  extremity  of  tiie  head. 

Encyc 

AN-6EL'I€,         \  a.     [L.  aneelievA.] 

AN-GKL'I€-.AL,  i  Resembling  angels  ;  belonging  to 
angels,  or  p;irtaking  of  tlietr  nature;  suiting  the  na- 
ture and  dignity  of  angels. 

AX-^SEL'l-CA,  n.  The  name  of  a  genus  of  umbellif- 
erous plants,  arranged,  by  Linnxus,  in  the  class  and 
order  Pentandria  Uigvnia. 

AN-45EL'ie-AL-LY,  <uir.    Like  an  angel. 

AN-GEL'IC-AL-NE-SS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  an- 
gelic ;  excellence  more  tlian  human. 

AN'GEL-ITES,  in  church  hi.*tory^  so  cjilled  from  Ange- 
lium  in  Alexandria,  where  they  held  their  first  meet- 
ings ;  a  sect  of  henuics,  neiir  the  close  of  the  fiAh 
cenlur>-,  who  held  the  persons  of  the  Trinity  not  to 
be  the  same,  nor  to  exist  by  tlieir  own  nature  ;  but 
each  to  be  a  God,  existing  by  particiiKitine  of  a  deity 
common  to  them  all.  7'hey  arc  colled,  also,  Scver- 
iTEs,  from  S*'venis,  tlH*ir  head  ;  and  Thkodosians, 
from  one  Tbcodudius,  whom  Uiey  made  their  pope. 

Fmciic 

AN'GEL-LTKE,  a.  Keaembling  or  having  tbe  manners 
of  angels, 

aN-GEL0L'0-6V,a.    [aayeland  ^oyi.'] 

A  discourse  on  angels ;  or  the  doctrine  of  angelic 
beings.  Ck,  Spectatur. 

AN'CE-UDT,  n.  [Pr.  anehf,  the  reed  of  a  hautboy  or 
other  wind-instrument  of  music] 

1.  An  instrument  of  music,  somewhat  resembling 
a  lute.  Johnson. 

^  An  ancient  English  coin,  stnick  at  Paris  while 
under  the  dominion  of  England  ;  so  called  from  the 
figure  of  an  angel  supporting  the  escutclietm  of  the 
arms  of  England  and  France.  Also,  a  sniull,  rich 
sort  of  cheese,  made  in  Normandv.  Encyc 

XN'GEL-PEO'PLtD,  a.    Peoplod  'with  angels. 

JeiDnburff* 

XN'CEL-SHOT,  ».     [Fr.  an^e,  a  chain-shot.] 

Chain-shot,  being  two  halved  of  a  cannon-ball  fast- 
ened to  the  end:*  of  a  chain. 

AN'GEL-WEL'COMi:,  n.    Welcome  by  angels. 

Botoring: 

AN'GEL-WING-£D,  a.    Winged  like  angels. 

l^homson. 

£N'6£L-W0R-SHIP,  n.    Tbe  worshiping  of  angels. 

Trapp. 

AN"GER,  n.  [L.  anjrn^  to  choke,  strangle,  vex  ; 
whence  angor^  vexation,  angaUkj  the  quinsy,  ajigi- 
Tia.  Gr.  a;  \'.i,  to  strangle,  to  stmin  or  draw  together, 
to  vex.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  press,  squeeze, 
make  narrow;  Gr.  >i)Xh  near;  Sax.  enge:  G.  enge ; 
D    Dan    eng,  narrow,  utrait ;   W.  ing.     This  word 


may  be  connected  in  origin  with  the  Ar. 


ha- 


niJEca,  to  be  angry,  and  t_,V-^  chawikaj  to  strangle  ; 
Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Eih.  pin,  to  strangle.  In  Sax.  ange 
signifies  vexed  ;  angmod,  sad,  anxious  ;  ang-set,  a  car- 
buncle ;  anastim,  pressed  close;  anxsumian,  to  vex, 
to  make  anxious;  E.nz.  angHUh^  anxious ;  L.  angu*- 
tuSf  angina,  4:c.     Pee  Auguish.J 

1.  A  violent  passion  of  the  mmd  excited  by  a  real 
or  supposed  injur>" ;  usually  accompanied  with  a  pro- 
pensity to  taKe  vengeance,  or  to  obtain  satisfaction 
from  the  offending  party.  This  passion,  however, 
varies  in  degrees  of  violence,  and,  in  ingenuous 
minds,  may  be  attended  only  with  a  desire  to  re- 
prove or  chide  the  offender. 

Anger  is  aiso  excited  by  an  injury  offered  to  a  rela- 
tion, friend,  or  party  to  which  one  is  attached  ;  and 
some  degrees  of  it  may  be  excited  by  cruelty,  injus- 
tice, or  oppression  offered  to  those  with  whom  one 


ANG 

has  no  immediate  connecti(m,  or  even  to  the  cununu- 
nily  of  which  one  is  a  member.  Nor  is  it  unusual  to 
see  something  of  this  passion  roused  by  gross  absurd- 
ities in  others,  especially  in  controversy  or  discussion. 
Anger  may  be  inttamed  till  it  rises  to  rage  and  a  tem- 
porary delirium. 

2.  Pain  or  smart  of  a  sore  or  swelling ;  the  literal 
tteitJte  of  the  won!,  but  little  used. 
AN"GER,  r.  u  To  excite  anger ;  to  provoke  ;  to  rouse 
resent  tnent. 

2.  To  make  painAil ;  to  cause  to  smart ;  to  inflame ; 
ns,  to  aiiirrr  an  ulcer.  Bacon. 

AN"GRR-i':D,  pp.     Provoked  ;  made  angrj'. 
AN"GEU-L,Y,  adv.     [anger  and  liJce,] 

In  an  angry  manner ;  more  generally  written  An- 
oniLy. 
AN-GT'NA,  n.  [L.,  from  an^o.  to  choke.  See  Axorn.] 
In  medieine^  a  term  npplicil  to  all  inflammatory  ai- 
fertions  of  the  throat  or  fauces,  from  the  accompany- 
ing difficulty  of  breathing  ;  including  the  quinsy,  ma- 
lignant sore-throat,  croup,  mumps,  &c.  CuUrn. 

Angina  pectoris ;  a  peculiar,  painful,  periodic,  nerv- 
ous affection  of  the  chest. 
AX-GI-OG'RA-PHY,  n.    [Gr,  nyyctov,  a  vessel,  and 
ypa4>T),  description.] 
A  description  of  the  vessels  In  the  human  body. 

Ash. 
AN-6r-0L'0-6Y,  n.    [Gr,  a^yetov,  a  vessel,  and  Xoy- 
0$,  discourse.] 

A  treatise  or  discourse  on  the  vessels  of  the  human 
body,  as  the  arteries,  veins,  lymphatics,  &.c. 

Bailetf,     Quincy. 
AN'6l-0-M0N0-SPERM'0US,  n.     [Gr.  ayyciov,  a 
vessel,  pi>vo^,  alone,  and  arrepfia,  seed.] 

Producing  one  seed  only  in  a  soed-pod.   John/ton, 
AN'Gl-O-.Se0PE,  n.    [Gr,  ayycioi',  a  vessel,  and  oko- 
irtw,  to  view.] 

An  instrument  for  examining  the  capillary  vessels 
of  a  bodv.  JHorin. 

AN'Gl-0-^PERM,  n.  [Gr.  ayyttov,  a  vessel,  and  crrep- 
pa,  seed.] 

In  botany^  a  plant  Which  has  its  seeds  inclosed  in  a 
pericarp. 
AN-Gi-O-SPERM'OUS,  a.  Having  seeds  inclosed  in  a 
pod  or  other  pericarp).  In  Linnteus's  system,  the  sec- 
ond order  of  plants  in  the  class  Didynamia  are  called 
Anpiospermia.  This  word  is  opposed  to  gymnogperm~ 
ou-x,  or  niiked-soeded. 
AN-Gl-OT'O-.MY,  n.  [Gr.  ayyctov,  a  vessel,  and  ropij, 
a  cutting.] 

1.  In  medictne,  the  opening  of  a  vessel,  whether  a 
vein  or  an  artery,  as  in  bleeding.  It  includes  both 
orteriotomy  and  phlebotomy. 

2.  In  anatomy,  a  dissection  of  tbe  vessels  of  the 
body.  Parr. 

AN"GLE,  n.  [Fr.  angle;  Ij.  anguliis,  a  comer ;  Gr. 
avKvXoi ,'  W.  angle  ;  G.  and  D.  angel,  a  hook,  an  a»r- 
gte;  Dan.  an^el,  a  hook,  angle,  a  sling;  Sax.  an- 
gel, a  hook  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  angulo  ;  It,  angolo.  The 
German  has  angeln,  to  angle  with  a  hook ;  but  in  D, 
hengd  is  the  rod,  and  hengclea,  to  angle.  Q,u.  hinge 
Kxxa  ha.ng.'] 

In  popular  language,  the  point  where  two  lines 
meet,  or  the  meeting  of  two  lines  in  a  point ;  a 
comer. 

In  geometry,  the  space  comprised  between  two 
straight  lines  that  meet  in  a  point,  or  between  two 
straigiit  converging  lines,  which,  if  extended,  would 
meet;  or  the  quantity  by  which  two  straight  lines, 
departing  from  a  [X)int,  diverge  from  each  other  The 
point  of  meeting  is  the  vertex  of  the  angle,  and  the 
lines  containing  the  angle  are  its  sides  or  legs. 

In  optics,  the  angle  of  incidence  is  the  angle  which  a 
ray  of  light  makes  with  a  perpendicular  to  that  point 
of  the  surface  of  any  medium  on  which  it  falls. 

The  an^le  of  refraction  is  the  angle  which  a  ray  of 
light  refracted  makes  with  a  perpt-ndicuhir  to  that 
point  of  the  surface  of  the  refracting  medium  on 
which  it  falls.  Encyc. 

A  ris'ht  angle  is  one  formed  by  a  right  line  falling 
on  another  (k-rpendicuiarly,  or  an  angle  of  90  degrees, 
making  the  quarter  of  a  circle.  _ 

An  obtujie  anirlB  is  greater  than  a  right  angle,  or 
more  than  90  degrees. 

An  acute  antfie  is  less  than  a  right  angle,  or  less 
than  90  degrees. 

A  rectilineal  or  right-lined  angle  is  formed  by  two 
right  lines. 

A  curvilineal  angle  is  formed  by  two  curved  lines. 

A  mi^ed  angle  is  formed  by  a  right  line  with  a 
curved  line. 

Adjacent  or  contiguous  angles  are  such  as  have  one 
leg  common  to  both  angbs,  and  both  together  are 
equal  to  two  right  angles. 

Ezternal  angles  are  angles  of  any  right-lined  figure 
without  it,  when  ttie  sides  are  produced  or  length- 
ened. 

Internal  angles  are  those  which  are  within  any 
right-lined  figure. 

Oblique  angles  are  either  acute  or  obtuse,  in  opposi- 
tion to  right  angles. 

A  solid  angle  is  the  meeting  of  three  or  more  plane 
angles  at  one  poinL 

A  spherical  angle  is  one  made  by  the  meeting  of 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRf>Y.  — PIN'E,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BOpK.- 


ANG 

two  arches  of  great  circles,  which  iiuitiialiy  cut  one 
another  on  tlie  ssurface  of  the  glubo  ur  sjiherc. 

£aUeu. 
AN"GLE,  (ang'gl,)  n. 

1.  A  hook  ;  an  instrument  to  take  fish,  consisting 
of  a  rod,  a  line,  and  a  huok,  or  a  line  and  hook. 

2.  One  who  may  be  easily  enticed  ;  a  giill.    Shak, 
AN"GLE,  r.  u    To  fish  with  an  angle,  or  with  line 

and  huok. 

2.  r.  fc.  or  t.  To  fish  for ;  to  try  to  gain  by  some 
bait  or  insinuation,  as  men  angle  for  fii$h  ;  as,  tu 
angU  for  tlie  hearts  of  people  or  to  an-rlc  hearts. 

Shak.     Sidneif, 
AN"GLED,  0.    Having  angles :  vsrd  only  in  compounds. 
AN"GLER,  n.     One  thai  fishea  with  an  angle  ;  ;0^o,  a 
fish,  a  species   of  Lophius,  sometimes  called  Jiskiag- 

AN"GLE-ROD,  n.  The  rod  or  pole  to  which  a  line 
and  hook  are  fastened. 

AX"GLE-SITE,  Tt.  Native  milphate  of  lead.  It  oc- 
•curs  in  white  or  yellowish  prismatic  crj'sials,  semi- 
transparent,  with  a  gla.-'sy  or  adamantine  luster,  and 
is  found  associated  with  other  ores  of  lead.  The 
name  is  from  .\uglesea,  a  British  locality  of  the  min- 
eral. Dana. 

AN"GLie,         \  a.  [from  Jjaglcs ;  Sax.  ing^  a  plain  or 

AN'"GLIG-AN,  j  meadow,  and  Zu:,  like,  or  £(<o(, 
like,  which  is  the  root  of  the  L.  icu^y  in  ptMicu-ty  and 
all  similar  adjectives.  From  ing^  was  formed  Jingles^ 
the  English,  to  which  is  nddtd  this  common  affix,  ic. 
The  AHgles  were  the  Ingievones  of  Tacitus,  iag- 
vfonerSy  dwellers  on  the  plain  or  level  land,  near  the 
Elbe  and  Weser.  [See  Ent.lish  and  Wost.]  Jng 
is  annexed  to  many  English  names,  as  Readings 
Basing,  KeUtrin^,  towns  situated  on  flat  land.] 

English  ;  pertaining  to  England  or  the  English 
natifm  ;  as,  the  j3nglican  church.  Pinkerton. 

A\"GUe-AN,  n.  A  member  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land. Burke. 

jLVOfJCF.,  [Im]  In  English,  in  the  English  manner. 

AN"GLI-CIS.\[,  K.  An  English  idiom  j  a  form  uf  lan- 
iniage  peculiar  to  the  English.  MUlon. 

A.\"GL1-CIZE,  p.  t.  To  make  English;  to  render 
conformable  to  the  English  idiom,  or  to  English 
analogiea. 

AN"GLI-CrZ-CD,  pp.  Made  English  ;  rendered  con- 
formable to  the  English  idiom. 

AN"GLI\G,;»pr.     Fi;-hing  with  an  angle. 

AN"GL[\G,  n.  A  fishing  with  a  rod  and  line;  the 
art  of  ftshinc  with  an  angle. 

AN"GLO-A-.MER'I-eAX,  n.  A  descendant  from  Eng- 
liiih  ancestors,  born  in  America, orlhe  UTiited  States. 

AiN"GLO-A-MER'I-eAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  de- 
scendants of  Englishmen  in  America. 

A*\"GL(>-DA'\iaiI,  a.  Tertaining  to  the  English 
Danes,  or  the  Danes  who  settled  in  England. 

IVotlon, 

AX"GLO-.\OR'MAN,  o.  Pertaining  to  the  English 
Norm;in<<.  fVutton. 

AN"GLO-NOR'MAN,  B.     An  English  Norman. 

.\N"GL0-i;AX'O\,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Saxons  who 
settlt-d  in  England,  or  Eriglii^h  Saxons. 

AX'GLO-SAX'OX,  n.  An  English  Saxon;  also,  the 
lanc'iage  of  the  EngUsIi  Haxoiis. 

AX-G0'L.\-P£A,  or  PIG  EO\-P£A.  A  speciea  of 
Cytisuf. 

AN"GOR,  n.     [L.     See  Asgkr.] 
1.  Pain  ;  intense  bo^lily  pain. 

3.  The  retiring  of  the  native  Ikodily  beat  to  the 
center,  occasioning  headache,  palpitation,  and  sad- 
ness. Enc^c,     Core. 

AN"GRED,  or  AN"GEU-i:D,  j>p.     Made  angry  ;  pro- 

vokfd. 
AN"GRI-LY,  flip.    In  an  angry  manner;  peevishly; 

with  indications  of  rest-ntmenL 
AN"GRV,  a.     [See  Augkb.] 

1.  Feeling  resentment;  i»wokedj  followed  ^n- 
erally  by  vsah  before  a  person. 

God  facMfTy  viih  ihp  widred  rrny  dajr. — Pa.  vii. 

But  it  is  usually  followed  by  at  before  n  thing. 

Whrrefore  thtn\V{  (iwi  be  angry  at  thy  vuioc  f  —  Kxcln,  *. 

2.  Showing  anger-;  wearing  tlie  marks  of  anger; 
caused  by  anger;  a.i,  an  an^T-jr  countenance  ;  angry 
words. 

3.  Inflamed,  as  a  sore;  red;  manifesting  inflam- 
mation. 

4.  Raging  ;  furious  ;  tumultuous. 

Or  ehuo  Uic  an^ry  vengeance  Qf  tb«  wkvm. 

f'tdgt  Tntmhtitt. 

ANG-SA'.VA,  or  ANG  SA'VA,  n.     A  red  gum  of  the 

East  Indies,  like  that  of  dragon's  blood.  Core. 

AN"GU,  n.   Bread  made  of  the  Cassada,  a  plant  of  the 

West  Indies. 
AN"GUI-FER,  n.    [L.  anguU^  a  serpent,  and  fero^  to 
bear  ;  Sans,  agui.] 

In  tufronomtf,  a  cluster  of  stan  in  the  form  of  a 
man  holding  a  serpent ;  .SerpenUrius,  one  of  the  con- 
fftellation<t  of  th'?  northern  hemisphere.  .^jtk. 

AN-Gi;iL'LI-FOR.\l,  a.  [L.  angaUia,  an  eel,  and 
forma^  shape.] 

In  the  form  of  an  ee. .  resembling  on  eel. 

This  term  is  employed  by  Cuvier  to  denote  a  fam- 


ANI 

ily  of  aptfdal  fishes,  including  the  eel,  and  other 
fishes  resfnihiiiig  it  in  form  and  structure, 
AN-GLIIN'E-AE,  o.  [L.  uRgui^^  a  snake.]  Resem- 
bling or  pi.^rtaining  to  a  snaHo. 
j  AN"GU'ISH,  II.  [Fr.  angoUse  ;  It.  angoseia  ;  Sp.  ansia; 
Port,  angustia^  snowing  the  direct  derivation  of  Uiis 
word  from  L.  augiintuiy  narrowness,  from  pressure ; 
D.  and  G.  ang.st ;  Dan.  angesu  This  and  a  numfrous 
class  of  words  are  from  the  root  ang,  eugy  denoting 
narrow,  from  pressure.    See  Asgeh.] 

Extreme  pain,  either  of  body  or  mmd.  As  bodily 
pain,  it  may  dilfer  from  agtmy^  which  is  such  dis- 
tress of  tlie  whole  body  as  to  cause  contortion, 
whereas  anguish  may  be  a  local  pain,  as  of  an  ulcer, 
or  gout.  But  anguL'h  and  agtrny  are  nearly  synony- 
mous. As  pain  of  the  mind,  it  signifies  any  keen 
distress  from  sorrow,  remorse,  des|«iir,  and  the  kin- 
dred passions. 

Ami  ihey  ln-arketied  ho(  to  Moses,  fur  anguish  of  spirit,  mid  for 
ctut^l  boiidajjt. —  Ex.  »i. 

AN'^GUISU,  V.  t.  To  distress  with  extreme  pain  or 
grief.  Temple. 

AN"GUISH-ED,(ang'gwi8ht,)pp.  Extremely  pained ; 
tortured ;  deeply  distressed. 

AN"GU-LAR,  a.  Having  an  angle,  angles,  or  comera ; 
pointed  ;  as,  an  angular  figure. 

2.  Consisting  of  an  angle;  forming  an  angle;  as, 
an  angular  point.  Angular  motion  ;  the  motion  of  a 
body  moving  circularly  about  a  fixed  point,  as  of  a 
planet  or  pt^nduluni.  Hutton. 

AN"GU-LAR'I-TV,  n.  The  quality  of  having  an 
angle  or  comer. 

AN"GU-LAR-LV,  adv.  Witli  angles  or  corners;  in 
the  direction  of  the  angles. 

AN"GU-LAR-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  angular. 

AN"GU-LA-TED,  a.     Foruted  with  angles  or  cornt-rs. 

Woodu>ard. 

AN"GU-LOS'l-TY,  n.     A  state  of  being  angular. 

AN"GU-LOUS,  a.    Angular  ;  having  corners ;  hoicked. 

Olanc'ilic 

AN-GUST',  a.     [L.  angustus.-] 

Narrow;  strait,     f^Vot  usc*lJ\       '  Burton. 

AN-GUST'ATE,  a.  Narrow;  diminishing  rapidly  in 
breadth. 

AN-GUST-A'TION,  b,  ^L.  angustusj   narrow.     See 

A."(OER.] 

The  act  of  making  narrow  ;  a  straitening,  or  being 
made  narrow.  Jl'l^etnan. 

AN-GUSTTei*AVE,  n.  [L.  angttstiut,  narrow,  and 
clavus,  a  knob  or  stud,] 

A  robe  or  tunic  embroidered  with  purple  studs  or 
knobs,  or  by  purple  siripj^s,  w(»rn  by  Kuman  knights. 
The  laticlavcy  with  broader  studs,  was  worn  by  sen- 
ators. Quinctilian.     Keiinet. 

AN-HE-LA'TION.  n.  [L.  anhrlo,  Ut  i»ant,  or  breathe 
witli  difficulty  ;  from  halo^  to  breathe.] 

Shortness  of  breath ;  a  panting ;  tUfficuU  respira- 
tion. Kncyc     Coj-e. 

AN-HE-LOSE',  o.  Outof  breath;  panting;  breathing 
with  difficulty.     [Uttie  used.]  Diet. 

AN'III-MA,  tt,  A  Brazilian  aquatic  fowl,  larger  than 
a  swan,  and  somewhat  like  a  crane  ;  the  Palamedea 
cornuta  (Linn.),  or  hnrned  screamer.  Its  head  is 
small,  its  bill  black,  the  toes  armed  with  Kmg  claws. 
But  what  is  remarkable,  is  a  horn  growing  from  its 
ftirehead  ;  and  the  furcond  joint  of  the  wing  is  armed 
with  two  straight  trian^iular  spurs,  an  inch  in  bnigth. 
The  fidelity  bttween  the  male  and  female  is  so  great, 
that  when  one  is  dying,  the  other  remains  by  the  car- 
cass till  it  expires.  Diet.  o/JsToL  IfisL 

AN'MY-DRITE,  n.  [So  called  because  destitute  of 
wat(;r.    See  Ashtdrous.] 

Anhydrous  gypsum  ;  differing  from  g>'psum  in  not 
containing  wat*r.  It  occurs  in  rectmgular  cr>'stals, 
nearly  colorless,  or  of  p;ile  shades  of  blue  or  red  ;  also 
fibrous,  rHdiaIrd,  and  granular.  A  siliceous  v;u-iety 
is  called  vuluinite.  Dana. 

AN  lIV'DROLlS,  a,  [Gr.  acu.Vof,  dry;  a  pnv.  and 
iij'.ifi,  water.] 

Dnttitule  of  water  ;  as,  anhydrous  s-alts  or  acids. 

AN-I-ENT'ED,  a.  [It.  vimte^  nothing;  Nonn.  luantj 
Fr.  anmnfiV,  to  annihilate.] 

Frustrated  ;  brought  to  naught.     [06^.]    Chaucer. 

A-NIGHT',  aiU\  [a,  or  at,  and  niglitA 

In  the  night  time.    Anighu,  m  tlie  plural,  is 
of  frequent  and  customary  acta. 

You  muH  ooinc  in  OKrllrr  anighti.  Shak. 

AN'IL,  n.  [Sp.  aili7,  indigo }  Port,  anil;  D.  amjl;  Ar. 
3 


I  used 


VjO  ni/un,  slendt-r,  ni7a,  blue.] 


A  shnib  fri>m  whose  leaves  and  stalks  indigo  Is 

made  ;  a  species  of  Iiidigofera,  or  indigo  plant. 
AN'ILK,  (I.     Aged;  imbecile.  [Rnnfc 

A-NIL'I-TV,  n,     [I*,  anility  anilitas,  from  anus,  an  old 

woman  ;  Celtic,  hen,  old.] 
The  state  of  being  an  old  woman ;  the  old  age  of 

a  woman  ;  dotage. 
AN'I-MA-ULE,  a.     Susceptible  of  animation. 
AN-I-MAD-VER'SAL,  n.    That  which  has  the  power 

of  perceiving  and  Judging.  More. 

AN-I-MAD-VKR'SION,  n.     [L.  anvnadversio.] 


ANI 

Remarks  by  way  of  censure  or  criticism  ;  reproof; 
blame.  It  may  sometimes  be  used  for  puniihmcnt,  or 
punishment  may  be  implied  in  the  word,  but  this  is 
not  common.  In  an  ecclesi.'u>tical  sense,  it  difiers 
fruni  ctiLiurr,  says  Aylitfc  ;  censure,  respecting  spir- 
ituid  punishment,  and  animadversion,  a  temporal 
one.  Glanville  uses  the  word  in  the  sense  of  percep' 
tion,  but  this  use  is  not  autlu»ri/.ed. 

AN-I-SIAD-VKR'SIVE,  a.  That  has  the  power  of 
perceiving.  *  Glanville. 

AN-I-MAD-VER'SIVE-NESS,  n.  The  power  of  an- 
imadverting. 

AN-I-MAD-VERT',  v.  i.  fL.  anijnadverto,  of  animus, 
mind,  itnd  adcrrto,  to  turn  to.] 

1.  To  turn  the  mind  to  ;  to  consider. 

2.  To  consider  or  remark  upon  by  way  of  criticism 
or  censure.  Drydcn. 

3.  To  infiict  punishment ;  followed  by  u;)M/i.  Greto. 
AN-I-MAD-VERT'ER,  n.     One  who  animadverts  or 

makes  remarks  by  way  of  censure. 
AN-I-MAD-VERT'ING,  ppr.      Considering;  remark- 
ing by  way  of  criticism  or  censure. 
AN'I-lLVL,  n.     [L.  animal,  from  animay  air,  breath, 
soul ;  Gaelic  anam,  breath.     The  W.  has  awil,  eii,  a 
being,  soul,  spirit,  and  mt/,  a  beast .-  Arm.  a/iecal  ; 
Ban.  an,  animi.     Q,u.  Dan.  aande,  Sw.  c«de,  breath.] 
.       An  organized  body,  endowed  with  life,  sensation, 
and  the  p<^wer  of  voluntarj-  motion  ;  a  living,  sensi- 
tive, locomotive  body  ;  as,  man  is  an  intellij^ent  ani- 
maf.      Animals  are   essentially   distinguished    from 
plants  by  the  property  of  urnsation.    The  contractile 
property  of  some  plants,  as  the  Mimosa,  has  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  eJfect  of  sensation,  but   it  may  be 
merely  the  effect  of  irritabilittj. 

The  distinction  here  made  between  animals  and 
vegetables  may  not  be  philosophically  accurate  ;  for 
we  can  not  perhaps  ascertain  the  precise  limit  be- 
tween the  two  kinds  of  beings  ;  but  this  is  sufficiently 
correct  for  common  practical  purptises. 

The  histor>'  of  animals  is  called  zoology. 

By  way  of  contempt,  a  dull  person  is  called  a 
stupid  animal. 
AN'I-,M  AL,  a.     That  belongs  or  relates  to  animals ;  as, 
animal  functicms. 

Mnimid  is  distinguished  from  intellectual ;  as,  animal 
appetites,  the  appt^tites  of  tlie  body,  as  hunger  and 
thirst. 

The  animal  functions  include  sensation,  and  vol- 
untary motion,  in  distinction  from  the  natural  and 
vital,  or  the  orjranic  functions. 

jinimal  life  is  opposed  to  vegetable  life. 

Jinimal  is  opposed  also  to  spiritual  or  rational,  which 
respecLsthe  soul  and  reasoning  faculUea ;  dm,  animal 
nature,  spiritual  nature,  ra/iV/n^  nature. 

.Animal  food  may  signify  that  food  which  nourishes 
animals  ;  but  it  usually  denotes  food  coniusting  of 
animal  flesh. 

.Hnimal  economy  is  the  system  of  laws  by  which 
the  bodies  of  animals  are  governed,  and  depending 
on  Ihoir  organic  structure. 

jSnimal  spirits,  in  the  plumi,  denotes  the  nervous 
fluid,  and  in  popular  language,  life,  vigor,  energy. 

.Animal  system,  denotes  the  living  animal  organi- 
zation. 

Jinimal  kingdom,  denotes  the  whole  class  of  boingi! 
endowed  with  animal  life.  Kncyc.     Juhnsuji, 

AN-I-M.\L'€tJ-L.\R,    )  a.    Pertaining  to  animalcules. 
AN  I-MAl/eU-MNE,  t  Un.  Rev. 

AN-I-.MAL'GOI*E,  n.     [L.  animalrutum,  avimalcula.] 

A  little  animal ;  lint  appropriately,  an  animal 
whr»se  figure  can  not  be  discerned  without  the  aid 
of  a  magnifying  glass  ;  such  as  are  invisible  to  the 
naked  eye.  Jlnimalcula  [L.  pi.]  is  also  used. 
AN-I-.MAL'eU-LIST,  n.  One  versed  in  the  knowl- 
edge of  animalcules,  Keith. 
AN'I-MAIj-F1.0W-ER,  n.  In  zoologij,  a  name  ap- 
plied to  several  species  of  marine  animals,  {laophyteg,) 
but  more  cspt^cially  to  the  Actinias  or  sea-anenumes. 
They  are  usually 'fixed  to  rocks,  and  appear,  when 
expanded,  like  a  large  flower,  nnich  resembling  an 
Aster,  At  the  renter  of  the  nower  is  the  mouth  of 
the  animal,  and  around  it  there  are  one  or  more  cir- 
cles of  slender  appendages,  called  tentacles^  corre- 
sponding in  iiositiim  to  the  |»etnls  of  the  Aster.  The 
colors  of  these  animal  flowers  are  often  of  singular 
beauty.  They  are  also  culled  polyps,  and  are  iden- 
tical in  structure  with  a  large  part  of  coral  animals. 

The  other  marine  animals,  to  which  the  term  ani- 
mal-fioiocr  is  al!*o  extentlcd,  belong  to  the  Ilotothu- 
rias,  which,  with  the  Actinias,  were  ranped  under 
the  Molluscu,  by  LinnnMis  ;  and  to  the  Tubularias, 
Sertularias,  Hydras,  and  AU-gonia,  which  were 
classed  iviih  the.  zoophyttss.  They  are  all  arranged 
under  the  zo-phytes  by  Cuvier.  Cyc. 

AN'1-MAI>-ISK    a.    Like  an  animal.  Cudirorih. 

AN'I-MAL-ISM  n.  The  state  of  mere  animals,  actu- 
ated by  sensual  appetites  only,  without  intellectual 
or  moral  qualities.  Beechcr. 

AN-1-.MALM-TV,  «.     Animal  existence. 
AN-I-MAI^r^.A'TlON,  n.    The  act  of  giving  animal 
life,  or  endowing  with  tJie  properties  ol  an  animal. 
Med,  Hepo9, 
S.  Conversion  into  animal  matter,  by  the  proceuiea 
of  assimilation. 


TONE,  BULL,  TJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  u«  K ;  0  as  J ;  •  ns  Z ;  CH  as  8H;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


AXl 

AN'1-MAL.-TZE,  r.  L    To  Rire  animal  life  to  j  lo  en- 
dow will)  the  properties  of  uninial^. 
2.  To  convert  into  animiil  matter. 

AJ»'1-MAL-IZ  £D  yp.    Emlowed  with  animrU  Ufa, 

AX'I-MAL-IZ-ING.  ppr.     Giving  animal  life  to. 

AN'I-MAL-MAG'\ET-ISM,  n.  A  supiKised  agent  of 
ft  peculiar  and  mysterious  nature,  said  to  have  a  pow- 
crhil  influence  on  the  patient  when  acted  upon  by 
contact  or  voluntarj-  emotion,  on  the  p;trt  of  ilie  op- 
erator.    See  Mesuerisu. 

AN'I-MAL-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  animal  existence 

AN'I-MATE,  r.  C     [L.  iiii>i»4>.     f^ee  Ammau] 

L  To  give  natural  life  to ;  tu  quicken ;  tp  make 
ftlivc  ;  as,  the  soul  aiuMoUs  the  biKly. 

2.  To  give  powers  to,  or  to  heighten  the  powers  or 
effect  ofi  thing ;  as,  to  oMimaU  a  lyre. 

a  To  give  jipirit  or  vigor ;  to  infuse  coura^,  Jtiy, 
or  other  enlivening  pwinon  ;  to  stimulale  or  mcite  ; 
as,  to  Mmtmuae  dispirited  troops. 

A:«»'I-MATE,  a-     Alive ;  poeseasing  animal  life, 

mViltfflL. 

tTkis  trtfrdis  umJ  cki^  in  fC€tnffm-  A<titf*.TKD.] 
•MA-TED,  ^.  cr  «.    Betaig  endowed  with  animal 
life  ;  as  the  varwus  dftsse*  ofmMimaitd  tM-in^rf. 

2.  m.  Lively  ;  vigorous  ;  full  of  ftpirit  j   indicating 
animation  ;  as,  an  mtuMoted  discour^*-. 
AN'I-MA-TL>'G,  fpr.    Giving  life ;  iikfusing  spirit ;  en- 
livening. 
AN'l-MA-TINO-LV,  mie.    Bo  u  to  animate  or  excite 

feeling. 
AN-I-MA'TION\  n.  The  act  of  infUsing  life  ;  the  atale 
of  being  animated. 

9.  The  state  of  being  lively,  brisk,  or  full  of  spirit 
and  vigor;  as,  he  recited  the  story  with  great  «■»• 


AN'I-MA  -TI VE,  a.  That  has  the  power  of  giving  life 
or  sfHiit.  ^knsom. 

A>'I-MA-TOR,  K.  One  that  gives  life;  that  which 
infuses  life  or  spirit. 

AX'IM-E,  m.  [Ft.]  In  hrraldnf^  a  term  denoting  that 
the  eyt^  of  a  mpaciiMt^  animal  are  home  of  a  dif- 
ferent tincture!  fruni  tin-  unmial  iis'-lf. 

AN'I>I-E,  a.  [.*p.]  A  resin  exuding  from  the  stem 
of  a  l-irge  Anuncan  tret-,  (a  ?p. oie?  of  Hymenca.) 
called  by  the  nati\*es  conrharil ;  by  Viso,  jrtaiba.  It 
b  of  a  trnnsparent  ambiT  color,  a  lisht,  agreeable 
smell,  and  of  liiih'  or  no  taste.  It  dissolves  entirely, 
but  noi  readily,  in  rectitied  spirit  of  wine,  and  is 
used,  like  gum  copal,  a;^  a  varnish.  Eneyc 

AN-I-MET'TA,  n.  Among  redryiastical  m-Uera,  the 
cloth  which  covers  the  cup  of  llie  eucharist.     Eiiej/e, 

AA"I-MISM.  H.     [I^  anima.) 

The  doctrine  that  the  phenomena  of  the  animal 
economy  are  produced  by  the  agency  of  the  soul,  as 
taught  by  Stahl  and  Sauvagea  ;  also,  the  doctrine 
that  thelivin^  phenomena  ul' organized  bodies  are 
produced  by  an  actunimg  or  vital  principk*,  distinct 
from  the  substance  of  those  b«.>dif's.  Cyc.  Mtd, 

AN'I-MIST,  a.  One  who  maiutatus  the  doctrine  of 
animism. 

JSJrt-MO  FU-RA^DT,  [L.]  In  lair,  with  intent  to 
sCeaL 

AN-I-M^E',a.  [L.]  FtiU  of  spirit;  hot;  vehement; 
resolute, 

AN-I-.MOSE'.VESS,  a.    Ppirit ;  vehemence  of  temper. 

AX-I-MOS'I-TV,  ju  [I*,  animositas;  Fr.  animosite  i 
from  L.  animcsus,  animated,  counigtHius,  enraged ; 
from  animus^  spirit,  mind,  pa-^^ion.  So  in  Teutonic, 
modt  mind,  ftignifics  aUo  pnde,  passiun,  anger.  Ani- 
mus^ spirit,  Gr.  aifi^  >5j  wind,  breatii,  is  from  flowing, 
swelling,  rushing,  which  give:^  tlie  sense  of  violent 
action  and  passiun.     See  A.hjmau] 

Violent  hatred,  leading  to  active  opposition  ;  active 
enmity.  Amim^sitjf  differs  from  nnaiiy,  which  may 
be  secrM  and  inactive  ;  and  it  expresses  a  less  crim- 
inal passion  than  auiie*.  AmtmosUy  seeks  to  gain  a 
cause  or  destroy  an  enemy  or  riv^,  from  hatred  or 
private  interest ;  malie*  seeks  revenge  for  the  sake  of 
giving  p«n. 

A-XIX"G.\,  a.  A  root  growing  in  the  West  Indies, 
like  the  China  plant,  used  in  refining  sugar. 

£scyc. 

AN'I-OX,  a.     [Gr.  ava^  upward,  and  iwr,  going.] 

The  same  as  ^earty-ne^attre  element,  or  the  element 
which,  in  electro-chemical  decompo-iiliuns,  is  evolved 
&am  itd  combinations  at  lliat  surface  by  which  tlie 
electric  current  enters  the  electrolyte;  oppoeed  to 
tttion. 

AKTSE,  (an'nis,)  n.  [L.  anisiim;  Gr.  aii^si-,  Ar. 
Unison.     CasL  l'.'I9.] 

An  annual  plant,  placed  by  Linnaeus  under  the 
^nu3  Pimpinella.  It  grows  naturally  in  Eg:}pt,  and 
IS  cultivated  in  Spain  and  Malta,  whence  the  Beedd 
are  imported.  The  stalk  rises  a  foot  .nd  a  half  high, 
dividing  into  slender  branches,  gan  ^hed  with  nar- 
row leaves,  cut  inio  three  or  four  narrow  seeiuents. 
The  branches  terminate  in  large,  loose  umbels,  com- 
posed of  smaller  umbels  or  rays,  on  long  footitaJka. 
The  flowers  are  small,  and  of  a  yellovftsh  white ; 
the  seeds  oblong  and  swelling,  .\nise-seeds  have  an 
aromatic  smell,  and  a  pleasant,  warm  taste  ;  they  are 
useful  in  warming  the  stomach  and  expelling  wind. 
Eacijc.     Theopk.  lib.  7.  3.     PUr.  20.  17. 

AX'ISE-SEED,  a.    The  seed  of  anise. 


ANN 

AN-IS-ETTE',  a.    A  cordial  flavored  with  anise-seed. 

AXK'ER,  #u     [Dutch.] 

A  measure  of  wine  and  spirits,  (particularly  the 
laner,)  f.mnerly  used  in  England,  and  containing  ten 
wine  gallons.  P.  Cyc. 

ANK'EK-TTE,  n.  A  mineral  consi<:ting  of  the  car- 
bonates of  lime,  magnesia,  and  iron.  It  resembles 
cnrbcnate  of  lime  in  color  and  crystiilline  structure, 
but  turn^  brown  on  exposure,  owiug  to  the  iron  il 
contains. 

AKK'l.E,  (ank'l,)  n,     [Sax.  anchcTt;  D.  enkeLI 
The  joint  which  connects  tlje  foot  with  the  leg. 


The  bone  of  the  ankle ;   the 


joi: 
Ai\K'LE-B6XE, 

a.-'tmpTilus. 
ANK'LET,  a.    A  little  ankle;  an  ornament  for  the 

ankle, 
AN'L.\CE,  n.    A  short  dagger  shaped  like  a  sr>'thc. 

[06,T.] 


ANN.         I  n.    In  SeoteJi  tctOy  the  right  of  the  executor 

AN 'NAT,  S  of  a  deceased  clergyman  to  a  half-year's 
revenue  of  his  henelice.  Ed.  Kitcy^. 

AN'NAL,  a.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  cJtHrch,  a  mass  said 
for  any  person  every  day  during  the  year,  or  a  mass 
said  on  a  particuhir  dav  every  year.  P.  Cue. 

AN'.\.\L-iST,  a.     [SeoAEiHAU.] 

A  writr-r  of  annals.  Eitcyc 

AN'N.\L-XZE,  D.  L    To  record ;  to  write  annals. 

[J^Tot  much  lined.] 

AN'NALS,  H.  pL  [L.  aaiui/e*,  ciuut/u,  from  annus^  a 
year,  the  root  of  which  may  be  the  Celtic  an,  am, 
ft  great  circle.  Vorro  says  the  word  ciantu  signities  a 
great  circle.] 

1.  A  species  of  history  digested  in  order  of  time, 
or  ft  relation  of  events  in  ctinmological  order,  each 
event  being  recorded  under  the  year  in  which  it 
happened.  Annals  difler  from  history,  in  merely 
relating  e%-enls,  without  obst-rvaiiuns  ou  the  motives, 
causes,  and  consequences,  which,  in  history,  are 
more  ditfusively  illustrated. 

2.  The  books  containing  annals;  as,  the  AnnaU  of 
Tacitus. 

AN'NATS,  ».  pi     [L.  annus.] 

A  year's  income  of  a  spiritual  living ;  the  first  fVaits, 
oripiiially  given  to  the  pope,  upon  the  decease  of  a 
bishop,  ablM>t,  or  parish  clerk,  and  paid  by  his  suc- 
ceswtr.  In  England,  they  were,  at  tlif*  reformation, 
vested  in  the  king,  and  in  tlie  n^ign  of  Queen  Anne, 
reiitm«d  lo  the  church,  and  vested  in  trustees  to  form 
a  fund  for  the  augmentation  of  poor  livings,  com- 
nionW  cnlled  Uueen  Anne's  bounty.  Eitnfc. 

AN-NE.\L',  r.  £.  [Sax.  analan^  onif/ff-t,  to  kindle  or 
indame,  t^  heat ;  from  dtioa,  to  kindle,  to  lieat,  or 
bake,  and  to  anoint  with  oil.  Sa\.  att,  oil.  Hence 
it  may  be  inferred,  that  oil  is  named  from  inflaming, 
or  burning.] 

To  heat;  to  heat  and  cool  slowly,  as  glass,  cnst- 
Iron  or  other  metals,  for  the  purpose  of  rendering  them 
less  brittle,  vul;,'arly  called  nr<iiinir.  This  is  done 
by  heating  the  glas^  or  metal  nearly  to  fluidity,  and 
then  sutfering  it  to  c<kj1  gradually.  Metals  made 
hard  and  brittle  by  hammering,  by  a  similar  pro- 
cess, recover  their  malleability.  Johnson.  Tlic  word 
has  aUo  been  applied  to  the  heating  of  glass  to  fix 
colors,  and  to  the  baking  of  tiles.    Bailnj.     Encyc 

AN-NeAL'£D,  jrp.  or  a.  Heated;  tempered;  tnade 
malleable  and  less  brittle  by  heat. 

AN-N£AL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Heating;  tempering  by 
heat 

-\N-NEAL  ING,  n.  The  process  of  applying  heat  for 
the  purpose  of  removing  brittlcncss  or  increasing 
ductility. 


A\'XE-LID, 

AN-NEL'I-DAN, 

AN-NEL'I-DA 

AN-NEL-LA'TA 


n.pl. 


[L.  annt^usy  a  little  ring, 
and  Gr.  £(^(;s,  form.] 
Terms  applied  to  a  divis- 
ion of  the  artinilaUiy  or 
articulate  animals,  characterized  by  an  elongated 
body,  formed  of  numerous  rings  or  annular  seg- 
menu,  including  the  eorth-worju  and  various  other 
animals. 
AN-XECT'ANT,  a.  Connecting;  annexing. 
AN-NEX',  r.  (,  [L.  anneclo^  annezum;  Fr.  annexer; 
of  ad  and  nfcto,  to  tie,  or  connect.] 

1.  To  unite  at  tlie  end  ;  as,  to  annex  a  codicil  to  a 
will.    To  subjoin  ;  to  atfix. 

2.  To  unite,  as  a  smaller  thing  to  a  greater;  as,  lo 
annex  a  province  to  a  kingdom. 

3.  To  unite  to  something  preceding,  as  the  main 
object ;  to  connect  with  ;  as,  to  annex  a  penalty  to  a 
prohihiiion,  or  punishment  to  guilL 

AN'-NEX',».  i.    To  j.)in  ;  to  be  united.  Tooke. 

AN-NEX',  n.     Something  annexed. 

AX-NEX-A'TIO\,n.  The  act  ol  annexing,  or  uniting 
at  the  end ;  coujunction ;  addition  ;  the  act  of  con- 
necting ;  union.  In  English  I<iu),tlie  uniting  of  lands 
or  rents  to  the  crown. 

AN-.NEX'JCl),  an-neit',)  pp.  Joined  at  the  end  ;  con- 
nected with ;  atTiiod. 

AN-NEX'ING,  ppr.    Uniting  at  the  end  ;  affixing. 

AN-XEX'IO\,  Ji.  The  act  of  annexing;  anuczation  ; 
addition.     [Laile  used.] 

AN-NEX'MENT,  lu  The  act  of  annexing;  the  thing 
annexed.  Shah. 

AN-NI'IH-LA-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  annihilated. 

AN-NTHl-LATE,  r.  £.     [L.  od  and  ni'>ilum,  a  trifle.] 


ANN 

1.  To  reduce  to  nothing  ;  to  destroy  the  existence 
of;  as,  no  human  power  can  ttnttihUatf  matter. 

2.  To  destroy  the  form  or  [leculiar  distinctive  prop- 
erties, so  that  the  specific  thing  no  longer  exists; 
as,  to  annihilate  a  forest  by  cutting  and  carrying  away 
the  trees,  though  the  timber  may  still  exist;  to  onni- 
hUoif  a  house  by  demolishing  the  structure. 

AN-M'Hl-LATE,  .i.     Annihilated.  SmilX 

AN-NI'HI-LA-TE1>,  pp.  Keduced  to  nothing;  de- 
Blroyed. 

AN-NI'H[-LA-TING,  ppr.  Reducing  to  nothing; 
destroying  the  specific  form  of. 

AN-NI-Hl-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  reducing  to  noth- 
ing, or  non-existence  j  or  the  act  of  destroying  the 
form  or  combination  of  parts  under  which  a  thing 
exisL'?,  so  that  the  name  can  no  longer  be  applied  to  it ; 
as,  the  aimUiilaiioit  of  a  corporation. 
2.  The  state  of  l)eing  reduced  to  nothing. 

AN-NI-VERS'A-HI-LY,  arfr.     Annually.  IfalL 

AN-NI-VERS'A-KY,  a.  [L.  annivenarius,  of  annus^ 
year,  and  trrta,  to  turn.] 

Reluming  with  the  year,  at  a  stated  time  ;  annual; 
yearly  ;  as,  an  anniversary  feast, 

Annircrsary  days,  in  Vte  Roman  Catholic  church,  are 
the  days  in  which  an  office  is  yearly  performed  for 
the  souls  of  the  deceased,  or  in  which  the  martyrdom 
of  the  saints  is  yearly  celebrated.  P.  Cyc. 

AN-NI-VERS'A-KY,  n.  A  slated  day  returning  with 
the  revolution  of  the  year.  The  term  is  applied  to  a 
day  on  which  some  remarkable  event  is  annually 
celebrated,  or  a  day  on  which  an  interesting  event  is 
c  urn  me  morale  d  by  soleiimilies  of  religion,  or  exhibi- 
tions of  respect.  In  the.  Roman  Catholic  church,  an  of- 
fice yearly  performed  for  the  souls  of  the  deceased. 

2.  The  act  of  celebration  ;  perfonnancc  in  honor 
of  an  event.  Dryden. 

AN'NI-VERSE,  n.    Anniversary.  [JVut  tts«/.]  Dryden. 

AM"^-0  DOM' f-JVT,  [L.]  In  the  year  of  our  Lord, 
noting  the  time  from  our  Savior's  incarnation ;  as, 
Anno  Domini,  or  A.  D.  1800. 

Tliik  vna  VTiUeii  Auiio  Dumlm  1909,  KBd  revised  A.   D.  182S 
»nd  W.'7.  .  W. 

.\N-NOM-IN-A'TION,  n.  [L.  oJ  and  nominatio,  from 
jtojnino,  to  name,  from  nomen.] 

1.  A  pun  ;  the  use  of  words  nearly  alike  in  sound, 
but  of  dilferent  meanings  ;  a  paronomasia.    Eneye. 

'2.  Allitenition,  or  the  use  of  two  or  more  words 
successively  begiiuiing  with  the  same  letter. 

Tynchitt. 
A^^rOMUJ^'Dfy  [L.]     In  the  year  of  the  world. 
AN-NO'NA,  w.     [L.  annona,  from  annua,  a  yi;ar.]   A 
yejir's  production  or  increase  ;  hence,  provisions. 

2.  In  Vie  Roman  etnpire,  a  contribution  or  tax,  paya- 
ble ill  corn,  impo/>ed  on  some  of  the  more  fertile 
provinces.  Brando. 

AN'NO-TaTE,  v.u     [L.  annoto.] 

To  comment ;  tu  make  remarXs  on  a  writing. 

Tatler. 
AN-NO-Ta'TION,  n.     [L.  annotatio,  of  arf  and  notado^ 
a  marking,  from  noto,  to  mark,  or  nota,  a  mark.] 

1.  A  remark,  note,  or  commentary  on  some  passage 
of  a  book,  intended  to  illustrate  its  meaning  ;  gener 
ally  used  in  the  plural ;  as,  annotations  on  the  Scrip- 
tures. 

2.  The  firrit  symptoms  of  a  fever,  or  attack  o( 
a  paroxysm.  Coxt. 

AN'NO-TA-TOR,  n.  A  writer  of  notes  ;  a  commen- 
tator, a  scholiast ;  one  who  writes  notes  to  illustrate 
the  com[H>sition  of  an  author. 

AN-NO'TA-TO-RY,  a.    Containing  annotations. 

AN-NOT'TO.     See  Anotta. 

AN-NOUNCE',  (an-nouns',)  v.  t  [Fr.  annoncer ;  It. 
annuniiare;  L.  (innM7U,to,  to  deliver  a  message,  of  od 
and  nu7icio,  to  tell,  from  nuncius,  a  messenger.] 

1.  To  puolish  ;  to  proclaim  ;  to  give  notice,  or  first 
notice  ;  as,  tlie  birth  of  Christ  was  annautued  by  an 
angel. 
£  To  pronounce  ;  to  declare  by  judicial  sentence. 

Prior, 

AN-NOU.\'C£D,  (an  nounst',)  pp.  Proclaimed  ;  first 
published. 

AN-NOUNC&'MENT,  (jin-nouna'ment,)  n.  The  act 
of  giving  notice  ;  proclamation  ;  publication. 

AN-NOUN'CER,  n.  One  that  announces,  or  first 
gives  notice  ;  a  proclaimer. 

AN-NOUN'CING,  ppr.  Introducing  notice  ;  first  pub- 
lishing ;  proclaiming. 

AN-NOV,  V.  u  [Norm,  annoyer,  from  w«ure,  naire,  to 
hurt;  Fr.  nuire;  It.  nuocere;  from  L.  noceo,  to  hurt, 

that  is,  to  strike  ;  Syr.  ^OJ.  Ar.  Uo  naka,  lo  strike, 

to  hurt;  Heb.  and  Ch.  n23,to  strike.     Hence,  proba- 
bly, L.  neco,  to  kill.     See  Nuisance  and  Noxious.] 

To  incommode ;  to  injure  or  disturb  by  continued 
or  repeated  acta  ;  to  tease,  vex,  or  molest ;  as,  to  annoy 
an  army,  by  impeding  their  march,  or  by  a  continued 
cannonade. 

AX-N0Y',7u  Injury  or  molestation  from  continued 
acts  or  inconvenience.  Skak.     Bcattie. 

AN-NOY'ANCE,  n.     That  which  annoys  or  injiues 
the  act  of  annoying  ;  the  state  of  being  annoyed 
includes  something  more  than  inconvenience. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T.— METE,  PREY— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


ANN 

AN'-\OY'£D,  pp.  Incommoded,  injured,  or  molested 
bv  something  that  is  continued  or  repeated. 

AX-NOV'EK,  II.     One  thai  annoys. 

AX-XOY'FJJL,  a.  Giving  trouble;  incommoding; 
molestinEf.     [Ab(  used.]     Chaucer. 

AN-XOY'ING,  ppr.  Incommoding ;  hurting ;  mo- 
lesting. 

AN-\OY'OUS,  a.  Troublesome.   [JVotiised.]  Ckaucfr. 

AN'XU-AL,  a.  [Fr.  annuel;  Sp.  anual;  It.  ami u ale  ; 
L.  annalis,  from  annusy  a  year;  Gr.  cios,  n/voa 
Bans,  anda.] 

1.  Yearly  ;  that  returns  every  year  ;  coming  yearly ; 
as,  an  annual  feast. 

2.  Lasting  or  continuing  only  one  year  or  season  ; 
that  requires  to  be  renewed  every  year ;  as,  an 
annual  plant.  Leaves  that  grow  in  Uie  spring,  and 
perish  in  the  autumn,  are  called  annual,  in  opposi- 
tion lo  evergreen, 

3.  Performed  in  a  year;  as,  the  annual  motion  of 
the  earth. 

AN'.VU-AL,  m.  A  Fmall  book  published  yearly,  con- 
taining select  compositions  and  elegant  engravings. 

AN'NU-AL,  n.  A  plant  that  Uvea  but  one  year,  or 
ritli»T  but  one  summer.  Martyiu 

AN'\U-AL-LY,  odp.  Yearly;  returning  every  year  ; 
year  by  year. 

AN'NU-A-RY,  o.     Annual.  [Obs.]    .7.  llalL 

A-\-NC'I-TAXT,  n.     [See  AirrfciTT-J 

One  who  receives,  or  is  entitled  to  receive,  an 
annuity. 

AN-Nf'l-TTT,  «.  [Fr.  <mjtuW,  from  annus,  a  year 
See  Axi*t'Ai-] 

A  sum  of  money,  payable  yearly,  to  continue  for  a 
given  number  of  years,  for  life  or  forever ;  an  annu- 
al income  charged  on  the  person  of  the  grantor  ;  or 
an  annual  allowance.  Governments  often  borrow 
money  upon  annuities  ;  that  is,  for  a  certain  sum 
advanced  on  loan,  the  government  contracts  to  pay 
the  Under  a  specific  sum,  for  life,  or  for  a  term  of 
year*.  The  stock  created  by  such  loans  is  trans- 
■ferable. 

AN-Nt'L',  r.  u  [Fr.  annuilety  of  L.  aJ  nvRwm^  to 
nothing.] 

1.  To  make  void;  to  nullify;  to  abrogate;  to 
abolish  ;  used  appropriately  of  laws,  decrees,  edicts, 
deri^ion^  of  courts,  or  other  established  rules,  perma- 
nent usages,  and  the  hke,  which  are  made  void  by 
comp'-tent  authority. 

2.  To  reduce  to  nothing;  to  oblitenite.  \J\''ot  in 
much  use.]  Miltun. 

AN'.NU-LAR,  a,  [L.  annulus,  a  ring,  from  Celtic  oin, 
a  circle,  and  uf,  young,  small ;  annulus,  a  litUe 
circlf.] 
Having  the  fonn  of  a  ring;  pertaining  to  a  ring. 
Annular  crystal  is  when  ahexahedral  prism  has  six, 
or  an  itclahedral  prism  eight  marginal  faces,  dis- 
posed in  a  ring  about  each  base ;  or  when  these 
pri!im><  are  truncated  on  all  their  temiinat  edges. 

Cleax'rland. 
Annular  rrliptf,  an  eriipee  of  the  sun,  in  which  the 
mo(in  conceal^  the  whole  of  the  sun's  disc,  except  a 
bright  ring  around  the  border.  Br.tnd'. 

A.N'NU-LA-RY,  a.     Having  the  form  of  n  ring.     Raij. 

AN'NC-LATK,      (  a.     Furnished  with   rings,  or  cir- 

AN'\U-l-A-TED,i  cles  like  rings;  having  belU; 
Bumiunded  bv  rings. 

AN-NU-LA'Tlb\,  n.  A  circular  or  ring-like  for- 
mation ;  a  ring  t>r  belt. 

AN'MJ-I-KT,  n.     [L.  annulus,  a  ring.] 

In  architrcture,  a  wmall  pquare  member  in  the  Doric 
capital,  under  the  qtiarter  round  ;  also,  a  narrow,  flat 
molding,  which  is  common  to  many  nurti*  of  columns, 
as  in  the  bnjies  or  capitals;  caltea  nUo  a  fillet,  a 
listil  or  cincture,  or  a  list,  timea,  eyebrow,  or  square 
rabbeL  F.neye. 

In  hrraldry,  a  little  circle,  borne  as  a  charge  in 
coats  of  arms;  fonnerly  reputed  a  mark  of  nobility 
aifd  jurisdiction  ;  it  being  the  custom  of  prr'Inies  to 
receive  their  investiture  per  baculum  et  anvulum,  by 
staff  and  ring.  It  denotes  al-fo  strength  and  eternity, 
by  its  circular  form.  Among  the  Humaru,  it  rt'pre- 
•ented  libf-rty  and  di'«tincli4.n  of  rank.  It  denotes 
also  a  ditfi-rence,  or  mark  of  distinction,  which  the 
fifth  brother  of  a  family  ought  to  bunt  in  his  coat 
of  arms.  Kncye.  .hknuon. 

AN-i\UL'LPn,p/t.     Made  void  ;  abmgnird. 

AN-NUL'LIN(i,  ppr.     Abmgatmg  ;  aboliHliing. 

A.S-M;L'MK\T,  n.    The  act  of  annuUing. 

AW\U-LO.*^K,  a,  [L.  annulus.]  Funiiohcd  with 
rinir* ;  composed  of  rings. 

The  Jlnnulose  animals  [L.  annuJosa]  are  the  same 
as  Ihi*  articulate  animal?,  or  Articuinta.  ParUngtan. 

AN-NC'MIi-RATK,  r.  f.  [L-  annumem,  «if  ad  and 
nnrnfTo,  to  number,  from  numeru.*,  number;  W. 
nivrr;  It.  nuiver  or  naimtur.     See  Ni'mber.] 

To  add  to  a  former  number ;  to  unite  to  something 
before  mentioned.  Jokngon. 

AN-MJ-MK-RA'TION,  n.  Addition  to  a  former 
nurnhnr. 

AN-.NUN'CUTG,  r.  t     [See  Awxousce.] 

To  bring  lidingM  ;  to  announce.  Ckaurpr. 

AN-MJ.N-(LA'T10\,  n.  An  announdng  ;  the  tidings 
brought  by  tlte  angel  to  Mary,  of  the  incarnation  of 
Christ.     AI>w,  the  day  celebrated  by  the  church,  in 


AND 

memory  of  the  angel's  salutation  of  the  blessed 
Virgin,  which  is  the  i25th  of  March.  Tlie  Jews  give 
the  title  to  a  part  of  tlie  ceremony  of  the  passover. 

Encyc. 
9.  Proclamation ;  promulgation. 

AN-NU\-CI-A'T0R,  n.  One  who  announces;  an 
officer  in  the  church  of  Constantinople,  whose  busi- 
ness was  to  infonn  the  people  of  the  festivals  which 
were  to  be  celebrated.  Eneye. 

AN'ODE,  n.  [Gr.  u^u,  upward,  and  fcf^of,  way.]  In 
electro-chemistry,  the  way  by  which  the  electric  cur- 
rent enters  substances  through  which  it  passes,  or  the 
surface  at  which  the  electric  current  enters  the  electro- 
lyte ;  opposed  locathode,  and  equivalent  to  positirrpofc. 

AN'O-D^NE,  n.     [Gr.  a  or  av  priv.  and  f}ivvrij  pain.] 
Any  medicine  which  allays  pain, as  an  opiate,  par- 
egoric, or  narcotic.  Coxe. 

AN'O-DV.VE,  a.     Assuaging  pain. 

AN'O-DS-NOUS,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  an  ano- 
dyne. Coles. 

A-?}OiNT',  r.  U  [Fr.  oindre,  part,  oint ;  Pp.  untar,  to 
anoint ;  L.  ungo  ;  Sp.  ungir  ;  IL  ungere,  or  ug^nere.] 

1.  To  pour  oil  upon  ;  to  smear  or  rub  over  with  oil 
or  unctuous  substances  ;  also  to  spread  over,  as  oil. 
We  say,  the  man  anoints  anotjier,  or  the  oil  anoints 
him. 

2.  To  consecrate  by  unction,  or  the  use  of  oil. 

Thou  thalt  anoinf  Uie  alur  uul  miciify  K.  —  Ex.  xxix. 

3.  To  smear  or  daub. 

He  anmnled  il»t  ejrci  of  ihe  blind  mnn  wtt!i  cUy.  —  John  ix. 

4.  To  jirepare,  in  allusion  to  the  consecrating  use 
of  oil. 

Anoint  tlie  ■liloli!.  — lininh  xxL 
To  anoint  the  head  with  oil,  Ps.  xxiii.  seems  to  eig- 
nifv  to  communicate  the  consolations  of  the  Holy 
Spirit. 

The  use  of  oil  in  consecrations  was  of  high  anti- 
quity. Kings,  prophets,  and  priests  were  sai  apart  or 
consecrated  to  their  offices  by  the  use  of  oil.  Hence 
the  peculiar  application  of  the  t^rm  anointed  to  Jesus 
Christ 

A-NOINT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Pm-^ared  or  rubbed  with  oil ; 
set  apart ;  consecrated  with  oil. 

.VNOINT'ED,  n.  The  .Mtssiah,  or  Son  of  God,  con- 
secrated to  the  great  office  of  Redeemer ;  called 
the  Lorded  anotntrd.  Cyrus  is  also  called  the  Lord*ji 
anointed,     Isaiah  xlv. 

A-NOINT'ER,  71.    One  who  anomts. 

A-NO!i\T'ING,  ppr.  Smearing  with  oil ;  pouring  on 
oil,  or  other  oleaginous  substance ;  consecrating. 

A-NOL\T'ING,  n.  The  net  of  smearing  with  oil ;  a 
consecrating. 

A-NOlNT'MK.\T,  n.  Tho  act  of  anointing,  or  state 
of  being  anointed. 

A-NO.M'AL-ISM,  n.  An  anomaly;  a  deviation  from 
rule. 

A-NOM.A-LI:5T'!e,  )  a.       Irregular ;      dep;ir1ing 

A-NOM  A-LIST'IC-AI-,  j  from  common  or  e^Uib- 
lisht'd  rules. 

In  astronomy,  tho  anomalistic  or  periodical  year  is 
the  time  in  which  Ihe  earth  passes  ilirough  its  orbit, 
which  is  longiT  than  the  tropical  year  on  account  of 
the  precession  of  the  equinoxes. 

A-NOM'A-LOUS,  a.  Irregular;  deviatiuj^  from  a  gen- 
cnil  rule,  method,  or  analogy  ;  a[)plied,  in  grammar, 
to  words  which  deviate  from  the  common  nilea  in 
inflection  ;  and  in  astrouoniy,  to  Ihe  seeniingly  irreg- 
ular motions  {((  the  planrts  ;  but  applied  alsu  gener- 
ally to  whatever  is  irrifgular;  as,  an  anomalous  char- 
acter ;  annmalnit-n  pnmuncintion. 

A-.\(».M'AIjOCS-LV,  oJr.  Irregularly;  in  a  manner 
ditlen>nt  fVom  common  rule,  method,  or  analogy. 

A-NOM'A-LV,  B.  [Fr.  anomalie  i  Sp.  anomaha;  Gr. 
av''fia\ia,  inequafity,  of  a  priv.  and  6/4uAu(,  equal, 
similar;  Celtic,  \V.  A<iMa  or  kacal}  Ir.  ar/iAui/,  sim- 
ilar.] 

1.  Irregularity  ;  deviation  from  the  common  nile  ; 
thus  oren,  the  plural  of  or,  is  an  anomaly  in  gram- 
mar, as  the  Tf^gular  plural  would  be  ore.''. 

%  In  astronomy,  the  angular  distance  of  a  planet 
from  its  perihelion,  as  seen  from  the  sun  ;  either  true, 
mean,  or  eccentric.  Encyc. 

3.  In  muAc,  a  small  deviation  from  a  perfect  inter- 
val, in  tuning  instrumt^nts  with  lixed  notes  ;  a  tem- 
perament. Kd.  Encyc. 

AN-O-MOil'AXS,  it.  pi.     [Gr.  m  ojioiaf,  dissimilar.] 
In  church  hitttrry,  the  pure  .\rian8,  as  distinguished 
from  the   8emi-Arians.    They   held   the  Son   to  be 
unlike  the  Father  in  his  essential  nature.       Eneuc. 

A-N<^'MI-A,  n.     [Gr.  aiitina  ;  a  priv,  and  yifiOi,  rule.] 
A  genus  of  bivalve  <*heMs,  so  called  from  their  un- 
equal valves  ;  the  beaked  cockle. 

AN'O-MITE,  n.    A  fossil  shell  of  the  genus  Anomia. 

Jameson. 

AN'O-MY,  n.    [Gr.  ay^f^in.] 

A  violation  of  law.     {Harehj  u.-ied.]        Bramhall. 

A-NC»N',  adv.  [Sax.  on  an,  in  one  ;  not^  as  Junius 
supposes,  in  one  minute,  hut  in  continuation,  without 
intermission  ;  applied  originally  to  extension  in  meas- 
ure, and  then  to  time  by  analogy.  '*  And  sa-don 
that  hi  sfpgon  on  north-euKt,  Ur  niicel  and  brad  with 
Ihone  earihe  and  wenx  on  lengthe  up  an  on  to  tham 
wotcne."    Sax.  Chron.  A.  D.  1099.    And  they  said 


ANS 

that  they  saw  in  the  north-east  a  great  f!re  and 
broad,  near  the  earth,  and  it  increased  in  length  in 
continuation  to  the  clouds.  See  also  An.  Dom.  il27.J 
\.  Uuickly;  without  intermission;  soon;  imme- 
diately. 

'riio  %.^^Trx  Is  he  (bit  heareth  the  wonl,  tud  anon  with  Joy  rceeir. 
elhil.  — Matt.  liii. 

9.  Sometimes  ;  now  and  then  ;  at  other  times ;  ac- 
companied with  ever,  ever  and  anon, 
A-NOX'Y-MOUS,  a.     [Fr.  anonyme ;  L.  anomjmus ;  Gr. 
av'jifvfio^,  of  a  priv.  and  ovo^ia,  name.    See  Namb.] 
Nameless;    wanting  a  name;    without   the   real 
name  of  the  author  ;  as,  an  annnymoui'  pamphlet. 
A-NOX'Y-MOUrf-LY,  adr.     Without  a  name. 
AN-0-PLO-TME'RI-UM,n.  [Gr.  uf  neg.,  oirAoi-,  arms, 
and  Onpiov,  a  beaf:t.] 

The  name  given  by  Cuvicr  lo  a  genus  of  extinct 
quadrupeds  of  the  order  Pachydermata,  whoi?e  bones 
were  first  found  in  the  gypsum  quarries  near  Paris; 
chanictcTi7.ed  by  the  shortness  and  feebleness  of  their 
canine  teeth,  whence  the  name. 
A-NOP'SY,  M.     [Gr.  av  neg.  and  on^,  sight.] 

Want  of  sight ;  invision.     [Littie  us^]     Broum, 
AN'O-REX-Y,  n.     [Gr.  a  priv.  and  o/-£(4f,  appetite.] 

\Vanl  of  api)elite,  without  a  loathing  of  food.  Coxe. 
A-NORM'AL,  a.     Not  according  lo  nile  ;  abnormal. 
A-NOR'THITE,  n.     A  species  of  mineral  of  the  feld- 
spar family,  occurring  in  small  glassy  crystals.     It 
has  hi^en  found  only  in  lavas. 
AN-O'f  II'ER,  (an-utn'er,)  a.  [an,  or  one,  and  other."] 
I.  Kot  the  same  ;  different ;  us,  we  have  one  form 
of  government ;  France,  another. 
,    2.  One  more,  in  addition  to  a  former  number,  in- 
definitely ;  as,  grant  one  request,  they  will  ask  an- 
otiier  favor,  another,  and  another. 

3.  Any  other;  any  dilferent  person,  indefinitely  ; 
as,"  LetflHofAcr  praise  thee,  and  not  thy  own  mouth.** 
This  word  is  often  used  without  a  noun,  becoming  a 
substitute  for  the  name  of  a  person  or  thing;  as  in 
the  last  example.  It  is  also  much  used  in  opposition 
to  one,  as  in  the  first  and  second  passages  cited.  It 
is  also  fre<iuently  used  with  one^  in  a  reciprocal  sense ; 
as,  "  Ixjve  one  another  i"  *' Bear  one  another''^  bur- 
dens ;  "  that  fs,  love  one,  or  let  one  love  another. 
AN-0'fH-ER-GAINES,a//B.    Of  another  kind.    [Ofij.] 

Sidney. 
AN-OTH'ER-GATES,  adv.    Of  another  sort.    [Obs.] 

Sanderaon. 
AN-OTH'ER-GUISE,  a.  [another  and  Fr.  gui^e,  way, 
manner  ;  Sax.  wise.    The  Saxon  manner  of  writing 
this  word  would  he  anather-wise.] 

Of  a  dilferent  kind  ;  diflerenl.     This  is  a   vulgar 
word,  and  usually  contracted  into  other- gue^s. 
A-NOT'TA,  n.     An  elegant  red   coloring   substance, 
obtained  from  the  pulp  of  the  seed- vessel  of  the  Bixa 
Orellana. 
AN'SA-TED,  a.     IL.  ansatas,  from  ansa,  a  handle.] 
Having  a  handle  or  handles,  or  something  in  the 
form  of  iianrilcs.  JohnsoTu 

AN'SER,  n.     [L.,  a  goose.] 

1.  In  loology,  the  trivial  name  of  the  goose,  [Anas 
ansrr,]  whether  lame  or  wild.  The  domestic  goose 
is  the  gmy-Iag  or  wild-goose,  domesticated. 

2.  In  astronomy,  a  small  star,  in  the  milky  way, 
between  the  swan  and  eagle.  Knajc. 

AN'SER-INE,  a.     [L.  ansennus,  from  anscr,  a  goose.] 
I.  Resembling  the  skin  of  a  goose  ;  uneven  ;  as,  an 
an.'icrifttr  skin.  Encyc 

'2.  Pertaining  to  the  Anseres. 

AN'SER-i'iS,  w.  pK  In  Linna;us*s  system,  the  third 
order  of  Avcs  or  birds,  whose  characteristics  are  a 
smiioth  bill,  broadest  at  the  point,  covered  with  a 
smooth  skin,  and  furnished  with  teeth.  The  tongue 
is  Ileshy,  and  the  t(x^s  are  webbed  or  palmated.  It  in- 
cludt'.«  all  the  web-foc'led  water  fowls,  with  legs  and 
feet  adapted  to  swimming. 

AN'.SLAlGiri',  n.    [See  Slat.]    An  attack;  an  affray. 

[JVft  in  ii^e.] 
AN'SVVEIir(tin'sur,)  t).  t.  [Sax.  and^-tcarian^  of  anti, 
against,  and  Sax.  sicaran  or  swcrtan  or  .itccrigan,  Goth. 
stcnran,  to  swear.  The  primitive  sense  of  swear  was 
merely  to  speak  or  affirm  ;  and  hence,  originally, 
oath  was  used  after  it,  to  stccar  an  oath  ;  which  is  not 
a  pleonasm,  as  I^ye  supposes,  but  the  primitive  form 
of^expresriion  retained.  The  sense  of  ansxcer  is  an 
opposite,  a  returned  word  or  speech.  Hence  we  ob- 
serve the  Saxon  has  andwyrd,  antiword,  an  answer; 
Goth,  andaitaurd;  I),  antwoord;  Ger.  antKort.] 

1.  To  sp«'ak  in  return  lo  a  call  or  question,  or  to  a 
speech,  declaration,  or  argument  of  anoilier  per>K>n  ; 
as,  "I  have  called,  and  ye  have  not  answered." 
"  He  ansaicred  the  question  or  the  argument."  This 
may  bo  in  agreement  and  confirmation  of  what  was 
said,  or  in  opposition  to  it. 

2.  To  be  e<|uivak'nt  to;  to  be  adequate  to,  or  suf- 
ficirnt  to  accomplish  the  object.  "  Money  amncercth 
all  things,"  noting,  primarily,  return. 

3.  To  comply  with,  fulfill,  pay,  or  satisfy;  as,  he 
ati-neered  my  order  ;  lo  answer  &  debt. 

4.  To  act  in  retuni,  or  opposition  ;  aa,  the  enemy 
antnecred  our  fire  by  a  shower  of  grape-shot. 

5.  To  bear  a  due  proportion  to  ;  to  be  equal  or  ad- 
equate ;  to  suit ;  as,  a  weapon  does  not  answer  the 


TONE,  BULL,  TINITE.  — AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS.  — C  aa  K ;  6  a«  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


ANT 

site  and  sin.-tigth  of  the  inan  using  ii  j  Uie  success 
(Joes  ma  OMsxrcr  our  expeclativnu 

6.  To  perfotm  what  was  iuttfndi?d  ;  to  accoiiii>tish  ;' 
as,  the  measure  does  Dot  oAsmtr  its  eud  j  it  does  uoc 
tt]um>  the  piirpose. 

7.  To  be  opposite  to  i  to  f&ce  ;  as,  fire  anstpers  Are. 

8.  To  write  In  reply  ;  to  reply  to  another  n-riting 
by  way  of  explaiialion,  rerutalion,  or  juelificaliou ; 
9s.to  mmsvir  a  pampbU-t. 

3.  To  sdve,  as  a  proposition  or  problem  in  math- 
emoUcs. 

This  word  may  be  applied  to  a  preat  variety  of  ob- ; 
Jects,  expieasing  the  idea  of  a  return;  as  the  notes 
or  sounds  of  birds,  and  other  animals  ;  an  echo,  Jtc 

10.  To  resp<md  to,  or  attrnd  uponj  as,  an  att«a~ 
tive  servant  instantly  ansieers  the  bt-II. 
AN'tJWER,  r.  u    To  nply  ;  lo  speak  by  way  of  re- 
turn ,  as,  there  is  none  lo  a^sfrr.     1  Kuifs  xviiL 

2.  To  be  BfcouniaWe,  liabK-,  or  rfsnon;^ibIc  ;  fol- 
lowed by  to  before  the  prr*ou,  and  /i-r  before  the 
thing,  fur  which  one  is  liable  ;  a^o,  iIk-  man  must 
anstetr  ta  his  emi^oyer  far  thrt  money  inlr\Kited  to 
his  care ;  we  can  not  ciucirr  to  Goijor  our  olTi-nites. 

X  To  vindlcale,  or  give  a  jusliAcator>-  acc*>unt  of; 
IbOowcd  by  /ifr ;  as,  a  man  can  nut  a«ne«r  for  hu 
ftiend. 

4.  To  cocrespond  withj  to  soil  with;  followed 
by  (a. 

Aa  ia  vMw  fcM  awwnA  *  EMii.  M  te  bMit  of  a>B  »  una. — 
Prav.  xsvL 

5.  Td  act  reciprecally,  aa  tiia  Mrings  of  an  Instru- 
mant  to  ibe  buKL  Dnfden. 

6.  To  stand  as  opposile  or  correlatiTe ;  as,  alle- 
giance in  tbe  subject  Minecrr  to  protectiun  oi^the 
part  of  the  prince  or  goveraraent. 

7.  To  rvtum,  as  soond  ferertteraled ;  lo  echo. 

TW  oakK  veioi  to  flj  ftwsf ,  umI  onnMr  nl  m  fteal  distane^. 
Bmcyc,  ut.  Bdio. 

8.  To  succeed  ;  lo  effect  the  object  intended  ;  to 
bare  a  good  effect ;  as,  g>  psum  OMjieert  as  a  manure 
cm  a  dr>-  soil. 

A.\':?WER,  K.  A  reply ;  that  which  is  said,  In  return 
to  a  call,  a  question,  au  argument,  an  allegation,  or 
address. 

A  BoA  loir  bmiMh  vm*y  vnufa Prw. 

I  caUol  hua,  bat  be  (are  tx»  no  ojwtMr.  — CuiL  w, 

3.  An  account  to  be  rendered  lo  justice. 

Bb  win  «U1  fou  ID  ao  hoi  u  «iwMr  fcn-  b.  Sl^. 

3.  In  l«»,  a  counter4<atement  of  fects,  in  a  courae 
of  pleadings ;  a  confiitation  of  what  the  other  party 
bas  alleged. 

4.  A  writinic,  pami^et,  or  book,  in  reply  to  another. 

5.  A  reverberated  sound ;  an  echa 

6.  A  return  ;  that  which  is  sent  in  consequence  of 
some  petition ;  as,  a  bleadng  is  sent  in  •nnxr  to 
prayer. 

7.  A  solution,  the  result  of  a  mathematical  oper- 
ation. 

8.  The  reply  of  a  leaislative  body  or  house  to  an 
address  or  mes.sa*e  of  the  supreme  majtistiate. 

AN'SWER-A-BLE,  a.  Th:U  may  be  an^^wered ;  that 
to  wliicb  a  reply  may  be  maiie ;  usually  implying 
tbiU  the  an.sn'cr  may  be  satisfactory' ;  a^,  an  answer- 
abtt  ar^mr'nt. 

!L  Obliged  to  give  an  account,  or  liable  lo  be  called 
to  account  ^  amenable  ;  re^pon^ble  ^  us,  an  agent  is 
wuweraMr  to  his  principal. 

9L  Obliged  or  liable  to  pay,  ind'^mnity,  or  make 
good ;  as,  to  be  ansicrr<ibU  fur  a  debt  or  for  dani.nges. 

4.  COTTeffpondent ;  agreeing  with  ;  in  conformity 
with ;  as,  the  features  expressed  in  a  picture  are 
mtuKrrahtt  to  the  oricinnL 

5.  Suitable ;  suited  ;  proportionate ;  as,  an  achieve- 
ment m*jverubU  to  the  preparation  for  it. 

6.  Equal ;  corre^pondeut ;  proportionate ;  as,  the 
soecess  is  tauncrrnblt  to  my  desires. 

AN'SWER-A-BLE-NESS,  w.  The  quality  of  being 
answerable,  liable,  responsible,  or  corraipondenL 

AN'SWER-A-BLY,  adr.  In  due  propt^ion ;  corre- 
spondence, or  conformity- ;  suitably  ;  as,  continents 
have  rivers  oa^ipera^/jr  larger  than  t*les, 

AN'SWER  .ED,  pp.  Replied  lo  ;  fulfilled  ;  paid  ;  com- 
plied with  ;  accomi^itfbed  ;  solved  ;  confiit«-d. 

AX'SWER  ER,  n.  One  who  answers;  he  or  that 
wliich  make^  a  return  to  what  another  has  spoken  ; 
be  who  wTitPs  an  answer. 

AX'S\VEK-[.\G,  pyr.  Replying;  corresponding  to; 
fulfilling;  solving;  succeedmg;  reverberating;  con- 
fUtine. 

AN'S\VER-JOBTJER,  a.  One  who  makes  a  business 
of  writing  answers.  Swift 

AX'SWER-LE.SS,a.  That  has  no  answer,  or  that  can 
not  be  answrred.  Byron. 

AX'T,  in  old  authors,  ia  a  ewitraction  of  an  it,  that  is, 
if  it.     [See  Ax,] 

ANT,  in  our  vtilcar  dialect,  as  in  the  phrases  I  flu'*,  you 
fla't,  he  an'f,  we  an*(,  itr,,  is  uhdouht-dly  a  contrac- 
tion of  the  I>ani5h  er,  (tp,  the  f:ubst.-intive  verb,  in 
the  present  tense  of  the  indicative  ni.>dc,  and  not ;  I 
er-iwt,  we  ere-not,  he  tr-not ;  or  of  the  ^wfdish  (Tt,  the 
same  verb  \  infinitive  raro,  lo  be,  Thes*'  phrases  are 
doubtless  le^ttimate  remains  of  the  G<->ihic  dialect. 


ANT 

XNT,  a.    [Sax.  cmst,  sauut,  contracted  into  ant  ,■  Ger. 

An  emmet ;  a  lusmtre.  Anbi  constitute  a  genus 
of  insects  of  the  onler  Hymenopiera,  of  which  the 
chanicteristics  are,  a  small  sc:ile  Itetween  the  breast 
and  belly,  witli  a  joint  so  deep  that  the  animal  np- 
pcarti  as  if  almost  cut  in  two.  7'he  females,  and  tlie 
neuter  or  working  ants,  which  have  no  sexual  char- 
acterifitic^,  are  furni>hed  with  a  hidden  Hting  ;  and 
bttth  males  and  f.-iniiles  have  wing?i,  but  the  neuters 
have  'none.     Thet^e  injects  keep  togettier  in  com- 

Eanies,  and  maintain  a  sort  of  rejMiblic  Thoy  mine 
ilktcks  of  earth,  in  which  they  live.  In  these  tlicre 
are  paths,  leading  to  Uie  repositories  of  their  provit^ 
ions.  The  large  bUi-k  nuts,  in  the  warm  climates  of 
America,  lo  avoid  the  ertV^cls  <>f  great  rains,  btiiid 
large  nests  on  trees,  of  light  earth,  roundi.-ih,  and 
{Mastered  smooth.  Kacyr, 

XNT'-REARj      (  tt.    Names  applied  to  a  species  of  a 

AXT'-£ATER,  i  genus  of  quadrm^ds  that  feed  on 
ants,  {Mtninfci»pbii^ay  aiil-eater).  Thes«  animals 
}:.\  '         .  1'iit  a  snout  or  muzzle,  with  a  long 

r\  .ue.     The  name  anf-Aror  is  applied  to 

tji  I  -H  of  the  genus;  that  of  ojU-eutor  is 

e>  ■  'V  ■  -:i",-ies. 

AN  i  'K'  Whitehall?  found  in  thehil- 

]..  .  >iip{>osed  to  be  their  eggs,  but 

ff'iii  I.  "II  rvtMiiii.i.f'ii,  to  Im!  the  voung  brood  in  their 
first  and  second  stale,  pivrticularly  the  latter.  Tiny 
an-  veruiiciilcs,  wrripped  in  a  fihn,  com[K«ed  of  a 
silky  substance  spun  by  thenueh*cs,  like  the  cocoons 
of  silk-wonns.  E»evc 

AN1''HILL,  N.  A  little  tumulus  or  hillock,  formed  by 
ants,  for  their  habitation. 

ANTA,  a.  In  antieHt  arckiteeturf^  a  square  pillar  at 
the  comer  of  a  building  ;  a  pilaster ;  written  also  attU. 

ANT-ACID,  B.  [amti  and  acid.] 

In  Mf</iaMf,  a  remedy  fur  acidity  of  the  stomach,  as 
an  alkali  or  absttrbenL 

ANT-AC'ID,  a.    Counteractive  of  acidity. 

ANT-Ae'RID,  a.  [a nti  and  acrid,] 
That  which  airrects  acrinumy 

AN-TAG'0-Nia.M,  m.  Opposition  of  action  ;  counter- 
action of  thinifs  or  principles.     Qood^  B.  ofJ^uturr. 

AN-TAG'O-NIST,  n.  [Gr.  utri,  ngjiinst,  and  a)  wfia- 
TijSt  &  champion.    See  Act  and  Auony.] 

1.  One  who  contends  with  another  in  combat; 
used  primarily  in  the  Grecian  games ;  an  adversary. 

2.  An  opponent  in  controversy.  CampbeiL 

3.  In  oiMtoarf,  a  muscle  which  acts  in  opposition 
to  another  ;  aa  a^fUxar^  which  hnuU  a  part,  is  the  an- 
UevmiM  of  an  extowsr,  which  eiiemda  it. 

A\-TAG'0-N1ST,  fl.  Counteracting ;  0|)p06lng ;  cora- 
liating  i  as,  an  antagomist  muscle. 

AN-TAf^dS'IST'IC,  a.  Oppoding  in  combat;  con- 
t-  '  I. 

AN  1*,  r.  i.    To  contend  against ;  to  act 

ill  to  oppose  in  argtmienL 

A\- T A<;'<»-.M/.-ING,  ppr.    Acting  in  opposition. 

AN-TAG'O -NY,  n.     Contest ;  opposition.        Milum, 

ANT-AL'Gie,a.    [Gr.  avr<,  against,  and  uXy')s,pain.] 
Al]e\iating  pain  ;  anodyne.     [LittU  u*ed.] 

ANT-AL'KA-LL        )  n.      In  mtdtcine,  a  remedy   for 

ANT-AL'KA-LINE,  \  the  purpose  of  neutralizing 
alkali,  or  of  counteracting  ou  alkaline  tendency  in 
the  system.  Jlooprr.     P.  Cije. 

ANT-A.VA-eLA'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  avrava^Auatj,  a  driv- 
ing hack.] 

1.  In  rhftorie^  a  figure  which  consists  in  repeating 
the  same  word  in  a  dilTerent  sense  ;  as,  whilst  we 
Irrf,  let  us  lire.  Learn  some  craft  when  young,  that 
when  old  you  may  live  without  craft. 

a.  It  is  aUo  a  repetition  of  words,  beginning  a  sen- 
tence, alter  a  long  parenthesis  ;  as,  shall  that  heart, 
(which  not  only  feels  them,  hut  which  has  all  mo- 
tions of  life  placed  in  them,)  shall  that  heart,  &.c. 
Smith's  RhcU 

ANT--\N-A  G0'6E,  (ant-an-a-go'jy,)  n.  [Gr.  airi, 
against,  and  at'ay.iyq^  a  taking  up.] 

In  rkctvric,  a  fi^re  which  consists  in  replying  to 
an  adversary,  by  way  of  recrimination  ;  as,  when 
the  accusation  of  one  party  is  unanswerable,  the  ac- 
cused person  charges  him  with  the  same  or  other 
crime.  Bailey. 

ANT-APH-RO-DIS'I-AC,  a.  [Gr.  flvn,  against,  and 
a'P{)'>6'<Ti  Ii.,  venereal,  from  Ajfo^iTi,  Venus.] 

Antivenereal ;  having  the  quality  of  extinguishing 
or  les,«ening  venereal  desire. 

ANT-APH-RO-DIS'I-A€,  n.  A  medicine  that  lessens 
or  extinguishes  the  venereal  appetite. 

Encye.     Core. 

AN"r-APH-RO-DIT'ie,  a.  [Gr.  See  the  preceding 
words.] 

Antivenereol ;  abating  the  venereal  appetite,  or 
efficacious  against  the  venereal  disease. 

ANT-APH-RO-DIT'ie,  ju  A  medicine  which  abates 
the  venereal  appetite,  or  is  good  against  the  venereal 
di!*L-ase.  Coze.     Quincy. 

ANT-AP-O-PLEC'Tie,  a.     Good  ai^inst  apoplexy. 

ANT-AR'eHISM,tt.     [Gr.  avri  and  -ij^x'/.] 

Opposition  to  all  government,  or  to  all  restraint  of 
individuals  by  law. 

ANT-AR'eFll.ST,  71.  One  who  opposes  all  social  gov- 
emuient,  or  all  control  of  individuals  by  law. 


ANT 

AXT-XUrillST'ie,        (  a.    OpiKwed  to  all  human 

ANT-A  K-CrnST'ie-AL,  \       guvenuuent. 

ANT-AltCrie,  a.  [Gr.  qj-ti,  against,  and  a/Mroj, 
the  Bear,  a  northern  c<iu'JielIiitioii.] 

t.>pposite  to  the  norihf^rn  or  arctic  pole  ;  relating  lo 
the  southern  [hAc  or  lo  the  rt^gion  near  it,  and  applied 
especially  to  a  lesser  circle,  distant  from  the  pole  23* 
2tf'.  Thus  we  say  the  antarctic  pt>le,  antarctic  circle, 
or  antarctic  rvgion.  Rneyc. 

AN-TA 'Uf:*,  n.  The  name  of  a  star  of  the  first  mag- 
nitude, i'iil!iMi  also  the  Scorpioii's  Heart,  Kncyc. 

ANT  AR-TIIHl'l''ie,  a.  [Gr.  avrt,  against,  and 
ai'OptTii^  gout.] 

Countt^nieiing  the  gout. 

ANT-AR-THRlT'ie,  n.  A  remedy  which  cures  or 
alleviates  Uie  gout. 

ANT-AS'I'Il-MAT'ie,  (-nsl-mafik,)    a.      [Gr.    avrt, 
against,  and  aaOfnij  asthma.] 
tjpposing  the  asthma. 

ANT-ASTIl-XlAT'ie,  n.     A  remedy  for  the  asthma. 

AN'TE;  a  Latin  preposition,  the  Gr.  air*,  Hax.  and 
Goth,  and}  much  iisvd  in  the  ctimposition  of  English 
words,  especially  in  words  Ironi  the  Latin  and  Greek 
languages.  It  signilii-s  btforn  in  place,  in  front ;  hence 
opposite,  contrary;  and  figuratively,  b^are  in  time. 
The  Ijltin  antr  is  genenilly  used  ill  the  sense  of  before^ 
and  the  Greek  ai/ri    in  that  of  opposite,  or  in  the 

51  ace  of. 
'TE,   )  n.    A  pilaster.    In  heraldry,  ante  denotes  that 

AN'TA,  (  the  pieces  are  let  into  one  another,  in 
the  manner  there  expressed,  as  by  dove-tails,  rounds, 
swalluw-tails,  &c.  £ncyc 

ANTE-ACT,  n.  [iintf.  and  act.]     A  preceding  act. 

AN'TE-AL,  a.     Ht;ing  beftite  or  in  front.      Fleming. 

jSJ^'TE  BRL'LUM,  [L.]     Before  the  war. 

A.\-TE-CE-IlA'NE-OUS,  o,  {Infra.]  Antecedent ; 
preceding  in  time.  Owen. 

AN-TE-CEDE',  r.  (.  [ante  and  cedo.  to  go.    See  Ckde.] 
To  go  lK'f()re  in  time  ;  to  preceae.  //ti/c. 

AN-TE-CkD'ENCE,  ru  The  act  or  state  of  going  be- 
fore m  time  ;  preredence.  In  astronomy,  an  appjirent 
motion  of  a  planet  toward  the  west,  or  contrary  to 
tlie  order  of  the  signs.  Encyc. 

AN-TE-CkD'EN-CY,  a.  The  act  or  state  of  going  be- 
fore. 

AN-TE-CED'ENT,  a.  Going  before  in  time;  prior; 
anterior;  preceding;  as,  au  event  antecedent  to  the 
d<-Iu2e. 

AN-TE-CkD'ENT,  n.  That  which  goes  before  in 
time;  hence,  in  writings,  that  which  precedes  in 
place.  In  sramiAar,  tlie  noun  to  Which  a  relative  or 
other  substitute  refers;  aa,  Solomon  was  the  prince, 
who  built  the  Temple.  In  iog-ic,  the  first  of  two 
profKtsitions  in  an  enthymeme,  or  argument  of  two 
propositions  ;  as,  every  man  is  mortal ;  therefore 
every  king  is  mortal.  Here  the  first  proposition 
(every  man  is  mortal)  is  the  antecedent  j  the  second, 
the  conseouenu  Also,  the  first  and  conditional  part 
of  a  conditional  or  hypothetical  proposition  ;  as,  if 
the  sun  is  fixed,  the  earth  must  move.  Here  also 
the  second  part  is  called  the  consequenL 

Joknson.     Duncan.     Watts. 
In  mathematics^  the  first  of  two  terms  of  a  ratio,  or 
that  which  is  compared  with  the  other.  Encyc 

AN-TE'CeD'ENT-LY,  adv.  Previously  ;  at  a  time 
preceding. 

AN-TE-CES'SOB,  n.    [L.,  whence  ancestor.    See  Ait- 

TEC  tPE.] 

1.  One  who  goes  before;  a  leader;  a  principal. 
It  was  formeriy  a  title  given  to  those  who  excelled 
in  any  science;  to  professors  of  civil  law;  and  in 
the  universities  of  France,  the  teachers  of  law  take 
the  title  in  their  theses. 

2.  One  tJiat  possessed  land  before  the  present  po»- 
sessor.  Brady. 

AN'TE-CMAM-BER,  n.  [ante,  before,  and  chamber.] 
A   chamber  or  apartment  t>efore  the  chief  apart- 
ment to  which  it  leads,  and  in  which  persons  wait 
for  audience.  Dmden. 

AN'TE-CHAP-EL,  n.  The  part  of  the  chapel  through 
which  is  the  passage  lo  the  choir  or  body  of  it. 

Warton. 
AN-Tk'CIAN,  n.    [Gr.  airi,  opposite,  and  o(Afw,  to 
dwell ;  L.  nntaci.] 

In  ffeoi^aphy,  the  antecians  are  those  inhabitants 
of  the  earth,  itnder  the  same  meridian,  and  at  the 
same  distance  from  the  equator,  but  on  opposite 
sides,  one  party  north,  the  other  south.  They  have 
the  same  hr»urs  of  day  and  night,  but  opposite  sea- 
sons;  it  being  winter  with  one  when  it  is  summer 
with  the  other.  Encyc. 

AN-TE-CO-LUM'BI-AN,  a.    Before  Columbus,  or  his 

discovery  of  America, 
AN-TE-CIIR'SOR,  n.     [L.  ante,  before,  and  cursor,  a 
runner,  from  cnrro,  to  run.     See  Course.] 

One  who  nins  before;  a  forerunner.  In  the  Ro- 
man armii;9,  the  antecur^iirrs  were  a  body  of  horse 
detached  to  obtain  intelligence,  and  to  gel  provisions, 
fex..,  for  the  main  body.  Enajc. 

AN'TE-DaTE,  n.     [fnfra.] 

1.  Prior  dale  ;  a  date  antecedent  to  another.   Good. 
-2,  Anticipation,  Donne. 

AN'TE-DATE,  r.  U  [L.  anU  and  datam,  given.  See 
Date.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— -MeTE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  M/VRINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 
_ 


ANT 

1.  To  dale  before  the  true  lime;  thus  to  anitdate 
a  dee'i  or  a  bond,  is  to  expif.-is  a  date  anterior  to 
the  true  time  oi'  its  execuiiou 
S.  To  anticipate  ;  to  take  betoi'c  the  true  time. 
And  siUedait  the  bliss  aiiov«.  f'lye, 

AN*TE-DAT-EI>,i)/>.  iJated  before  the  true  time  ; 
&i)ticipateii. 

AH'TE-DAT-ING,  -ppr.  Dating  before  the  true 
time ;  anticipating. 

AN-TE-DI-LL"VIAL,  )a.     [L  aM/e  and  diV«riu»t,a 

AN-TE-Di-LU'VIAN,)      flood.     See  Lave.] 

Before  tbe  fl^Kid,  or  deluge,  in  Noah's  time  ;  ex- 
isting, happening,  or  relating  to  what  tiappened 
before  the  dehige. 

AN-TE-DI-LU'VI-AN.  ».  One  who  lired  before 
the  deluge. 

ANTE-LOPE,  n.  [L.  antiloijf^  Q.u.  Gr.  ovn  and 
t\tt^iK,  resembling  a  deer.  Said,  by  Cuvier,  to  be 
d^-ived  from  Gr.  -.ryoXw^^,  fucHo;,  Hower,  and  ^^^ 
eye,)  applied,  by  Eu&tathius,  to  the  gaxel,  in  at..  - 
aion  to  iiA  beautiful  e^-es.] 

In  zooli'^i/,  the  name  of  a  genus  of  ruminant  quad- 
ru[ieds,  intenncdiate  between  the  deer  and  gt*at. 
Their  horns  are  solid  and  permanent,  straishl  or 
curved ;  in  aome  species  animlaied  ;  in  others,  sur- 
rounded by  a  spiral ;  and  in  othfi*».  smooth.  They 
rt-stiiible.  in  general,  the  deer,  in  the  ii^^litness  and 
eli_'.'j,uce  of  tlieir  forraa,  and  in  their  agility.  They 
inli^h't.  iiMislIj.open  plains  or  mountains,  and  some 
■IHTCius  go  in  herds  of  two  or  three  thou->«nd.  The 
•yes  of  some  species,  as  the  gazel,  are  large,  black, 
and  of  exiiui>ite  beauty  and  vivacity,  and  are  thei"e- 
fore  a  favorite  image  with  the  Eastern  poets.  £ii4:yc, 

AN-TE-LU'CAN,  a.  [L.  «)U(Jufa«»M.  of  Un/t,  before, 
and  liix,  light.] 

Uuini^  before  light ;  a  word  applies!  to  3S!>embIieP 
of  ("lui^tiaiw,  ill  ancient  times  of  persecution,  held 
bt'f'Tt  \i^hl  in  the  morning.  Eucvc. 

AN-Tl^-ME-KlU'l- AN.  a.  [aH<c,before,  and  mcrMUoMJ 
Pein^  brf'irc  noon  ;  pertaining  to  the  fotv noon. 

A.\T-E-.MET'I€,  «.     [Gr.   aire,  against,  and  emetic^ 
from  '(JT'u,  to  vomiU] 
KiMnmininif  or  allaying  vomittnc.  QHtruri/. 

ANT-E-.MET'ie,  «.  A  medicine  which  checks  vom- 
it in -j.  Q^ainry.     Core, 

AN    I  K-MO-»A'IC,  «.  Being  before  the  time  of  Moses. 

A.\   I  i:Mi;N'DA.\E,   a.  [oaie,   before,  and   mundtu. 


tit- 


!.l 


'he  creation  of  tlie  world. 
A^  '..  n.      In   old  frt^f/**.^,   a   barbaran   or 

»■';  line  of  a  slrone,  htch  wall,  witli  tur- 

ttUi  in  front  of  ti»e  gate,  for  defending  the  entrance. 
Henrtf.f  Brit. 

AiN-TE-M'CENE,  a,  [ourt,  before,  and  JVicent^  from 

\nterinr  to  the  first  council  of  Nice ;  as,  arttnticent 
faith.  Knci/c 

AN-TEN'NAI.,  a.    Belonging  to  thi-  nntpnn». 

AN-TE.\'.\,4:,  n.  pi.     [I-  antmna,  a  sail  yard.] 

(n  looiogy,  certain  movable,  articiilatfd  organs  of 
s*^n-ntion,  allarhed  to  th**  ht-ads  of  mtwcls,  and  of 
cni'tacra  or  crab-like  animals;  two  in  iht- former, 
ari't  »i-^M!tMy  f.-ur  in  the  lallrr.  They  are  n^ed  as 
(■r.  ■       'i,  and  in  wHny  «i>ccirs,  the  cavity  of 

ti.  '■  d  n^ar  Ih'^  ba-'<al  j-iint.     In  inserts, 

l^  ly  calUnl  konvi,  nmi  also /rWrr.',  but 

i;  i-i  nii»re  pr>t|»«-'T!y  applied  to  tht:  palpi, 

AN  i;  OUS,  a.     Ilenrinir  ant«  nnte. 

AN  :  M,  a.     f  I^]     ^^h.^JM■d  like  ant<>nns. 

A.N- '  ..-!,'. .-.  ..1^11,  A.     A  niimbt-r  that  precedes  an- 
ntlH-r.  Bacon, 

AN  TE-NCP'TIAL,  a,  [ante  and  nuptiaL] 

rteing  before  marriage  ;  as,  an  anUnuptial  agree- 
ment;  an/^HHurtd/ children.  Kent, 

AN-l'E-PAS'CH.VL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  time  before 
Ea«i»T.  AVZrtw. 

ANTE-PAST,  n,  [anu,  before,  and  parfam,  fed.] 

A  foretaste  j  something  taken  before  the  proper 
time. 

AN' ThVPE-NULT',  a.     [L.  a«l«,  before,  pmf,  almost, 
and  ultrmua,  last.) 
I'he  last  iiyllabia  of  a  word  except  two  ;  as,  iry(  in 

AN  'rF:^PB-NULT'I-MATE,  a.    Pertaining  to  tbe  Inst 

•nllrihle  but  two. 

A.VT-EP-I-LEP'TIC,  a.  [aj-ri,  against,  and  tiriAriffn- 
«<»(,  r-p(b?irtic,  from  (Ti>n(*/y.jyui,  to  seize.] 
RfTuwting  or  caring  epilt;psy, 
A.N'TEP  I-LKP'Tie,  n.    A  remedy  for  the  epilepsy. 
AN  TE  Pf>*l"TION,  n.    [L.  antt^  before,  and  />osi- 
tton,  from  pono,  to  place,] 

In  grammar,  the  pl^iring  of  a  word  before  another, 
whirh,  bv  ordinary  nib's,  ought  lo  follow  it, 
AN-TR-P(l&IH€'A-ME\T,  w.  [anU  and  prrdicommt.] 

A  term  applf''  '    -  - rcvioiit*  matt'TM  r'-qnisile 

lo  a   rl-ar  till''  -  the   pr«-dir.ament'<  and 

cat«'cnrir>*«.  a«  d  mmon  terms.        Cye, 

AN- 1  '~  '■'  'i"   ■'.     j^...j     I.- lulu  in  time  ;  pribr;  ante- 
r*'  iig  in  time. 

■i  front  in  plar.e, 
A.N  i    .   -.       .  ;  J  Y,  «.    'J  he  stale  of  being  anterior, 
pn-< fading,  or  in  front;  a  state  of  Nring  before  in  time 
or  situation. 


ANT 

AN'TE-ROO.M,  n.  [,t)iU  and  room.] 

A  niiiiii  brture  or  in  front  of  another.        Dancin. 
AN'TkS,  /  n.  pi      [L.]      Pillars  of  large  diniu-nsions 
AN'T^^,  \     that  siipiwrt  the  front  of  a  building. 
AN-TE-STAT'URE,  ».  \anU  and  stiture.] 

In  fortification,  a  smairretrenchmeiil  or  work  formed 
of  palisades,  or  sacks  of  earth.  Encyc 

AN-TE-ST0.M'A€H,  n.  [ante  nnd  stomach.] 

A  cavity  which  leads  into  the  stomach,  as  in  birds. 

AN-TE-TEM'PLE,  a.    The  nave  in  a  chun-h.     [  Obs.] 

AN-TE-VEItT',  V.  U  [L.  atUcvcrto.]  To  pnvenL 
[JVot  in  use.]  Hall. 

AN-TnEL-MINTie,  a,  [avri,  against,  and  :X/ii^(,  a 
wonn.l 
GiK>d  against  wonns. 

AN-TIIEL-MIN'Tie,  n.  A  remedy  for  worms  in  the 
intestines.  Encyc.     Core. 

AN'THEM,  n.  [Gr.  avn^  against,  and  i-itios,a  hymn, 
from  i-fiviH'*,  to  sing.     Pee  llTsirc.] 

A  hynm  sung  in  alternate  parts ;  but  in  modem 
usage,  a  sacred  tune  or  piece  of  nm.«ic  set  to  words, 
taken  from  the  Psalms  or  other  jKirts  of  the  Scriptures, 
first  introduced  into  the  Enj^lish  church  service  in 
Elizab:-th's  reign.  Kncnc. 

AN'THE.M-U'ISE,  (ufr.  In  the  manner  of  an  anthem  ; 
alti-rnnlflv.  Bacon. 

AN'TIIE-.\ilS,  B.    Camomile,  Tate. 

AN'THER,n.  [h.  antAera,  a.  flowery  plant,  from  tlie 
Greek  ,it-f)r)/'tc,  ftnwerj*,  from  ai''>os,  a  flower.] 

In  ftoMni^,  the  summit  or  top  of  the  stamen,  elfvated 
by  means  uf  the  filament  or  thread.  It  contains  the 
pnlh-n,  or  fertilizing  dust,  which,  when  mature,  it 
emitted  for  the  impregnation  of  the  ovarj'.  It  i-i 
called  by  Ilay  the  aptj^  and  by  Malpighi  the  ettpsuU 
stumini.f.  Milne.     Jilart^t. 

AN'THER-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  anthers. 

jliiaU  Res.  4,  AOA. 

AN'TIIKR-DT^ST,  n.  The  dnst  or  pollen  of  an  anther. 

AN-Tm:R-IF'ER-OUS,  a.  [ar,tha-  andfrro,  to  bear.] 
Producing  anthers,  as  plants;  supporting  anthers, 
as  a  part  of  a  flower.  Bart/>n,  Iti'i 

AN-TIIES-TF/RI-ON.n.  [Gr.]  The  sixth  month  of  Uie 
Athenian  year,  consisting  of  29  days,  and  answering 
lo  a  part  of  November  and  a  part  of  Ih-cember.  It 
is  sup|M>sed  to  be  so  called  from  the  Antht«teria,  a 
festival  in  honor  of  Bacchus,  celebrated  in  that 
month,  anti  so  called  frt>tn  tiftiitt,  a  flower  ;  garlands 
of  flowers  b<'ing  offered  to  Bacchus  at  that  festival. 

AN-TUo'lU-AN,  n.     [Gr.  .tv^o^  and  i^ioi.] 
An  animal  that  lives  on  flowers. 

AN-TII6'DI-UM,  n.  [Gr.,  from  aflh^,  a  flower.]  In 
botany,  the  inflorescence  of  a  compound  flower  ;  or 
the  cojiimoN  calvx  of  a  compound  flower.    Lindlcy. 

AN-THO-LOG'ie-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  anthology. 

AN-THUL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  «.3(;?,a  flower,  and  Xo;  of, 
a  discourse,  or  Xny  tt,  a  collection.] 

1.  A  disc!»nrRe  on  flowers.  Encyc. 

2.  A  CitHertion  of  fliiwers;  a  garland.      Jvltn.s»n. 

3.  A  r4*!lection  of  beautiful  [Missages  from  authors: 
a  ctdlection  of  p«iems  or  epignims,  iKirtlcuIarly  applied 
to  a  collection  of  ancient  Greek  epigrams. 

4.  In  Ote  Greek  cAurcA,  a  collection  of  devotions,  or 
a  bo<»k  of  office's.  Johns. 

AN-TIIOPH'YI^LITE,  n.  [Gr.  rtt-^wj,  a  flower,  and 
<,')oXAof,  a  leafj 

A  mineral  of^  the  hornblende  family,  occurring  In 
brittle  filx-rs.  or  fihnuM  or  bladed  ni;issi;s,  of  dilferent 
shades  of  ilark  brown,  and  with  a  senii-metnllic 
luster.  It  consists  chiefly  of  silica,  magnesia,  and 
nxyd  of  iron,  and  is  found  abundantly  in  some  ra- 
rieiies  of  primary  rocks.  Dana. 

AN-THOPH-VL-LlT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  anlhophyl- 
lite  or  ctmtnining  it.  Jiitchrock, 

AN'TIIO-KIS.M,  n.  [Gr.  oiri,  opposite,  and  o^nap-js, 
definition.] 

In  rArt-fri«,  a  description  or  definition  contrary  to 
that  which  is  given  by  the  adverse  party.  .^mH* 

AN'THKA-CITE,  a,  [Gr.  a»'5/>a(,a  burning  coal,  and 
Ai^os,  a  st<ine,] 

A  hard,  roinpacl  variety  of  mineml  coal,  of  high 
luster,  dinermg  fnmi  bituminous  coal  in  containing 
little  or  no  bitum<-n,  in  consequence  of  which  it 
burns  without  flame.  The  purer  specimens  consist 
wholly  of  carbon.  It  is  also  called  glance  coal,  and 
blind  coal.  Dana. 

A.VTIIKA  CIT'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  anthracite. 

AN-THRAe'f>-Ln  E.     Hee  Authbaciik. 

AN-THKA-eO-TIlE'RI-UM,n.  [Gr.  01-3^ of,  a  coal, 
and  criiuGv,  a  beasL] 

The  name  of  a  genus  of  pachydermatous  quadru- 
peds, fir>t  fwmd  in  Italy,  in  tertiary  lignite  or  brown 
c*ial,  whenci^  the  name.  Dana. 

AN  TlIRAX,  n.     [Gr,  -Supra.] 

A  carbuncle;  a  malignant  nicer,  with  intense 
burning.  Th«  ancients  gave  this  name  to  a  gem, 
and  it  is  sometimes  us«rd  for  lithanthrax  or  pit-coal. 

Encyc 

AN-THRO-PO-GLOT'TUS,  a.  [Gr.  ap^ptoiroi^  man, 
and  >X'.'rT'«,  the  tongue.} 

An  animal  which  has  a  tongue  resembling  that  of 
man,  of  which  kind  ar"  parrots.  Encyc. 

AN-THROPOG'RA-PHY,  n,  [Gr.  ai-Spwaoj,  man, 
and  yita<i,r),  description.] 


ANT 

A  description  of  man  or  the  human  race,  or  of  the 

.    parts  of  the  human  body.  Enajc. 

Mure  particularly,  thai  branch  of  physical  trei':sr(i 
phj/y  which  treats  of  the  actual  distribution  of  the 
human  race,  as  distinguished  by  physical  character, 
laiiguagf,  institutions,  and  customs;  in  distinction 
from  ethnofrrtiphy,  whirh  treats  historically  of  the 
origiti  and  filiation  of  races  and  nations.       P.  Cyc. 

AN-T1IKO-PO-L(»0'I€-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  anlhro- 
pologj* ;  according  to  human  manner  of  speaking. 

Kincnn. 

AN-THRO-POL'0-GrST,  n.  One  who  describes,  or 
is  versed  in  the  physical  history-  of  man  or  of  the  hu- 
man hodv, 

AN-THKO-POL'O-GY,  a.  [Gr.  av^potirt^s,  man,  and 
Xovys,  discourse.] 

1.  A  discourse  upon  human  nature.  Eneye, 
9.  The  doctrine  of  the  structure  of  the  human 

body  ;  the  natural  history  or  physiology  of  the  human 
opecies. 

3.  More  definitely,  the  science  of  man,  considered 
physically,  intellectually,  and  morally, or  m  his  entire 
nature.  KanL     P.  C'je. 

4.  'I'he  word  denotes  that  manner  of  expression  by 
which  the  inspired  writers  attribute  human  parts  and 
paA^ioiis  to  Go«i.  Ennic 

f  N'TIiRO-PO-M AN-CY,  a.    [Gr.  acS/jwTaf,  man,"  and 

pavTi  <a,  divination.] 
Divination  by  inspecting  the  entrails  of  a  hntnan 

heinc  Ennie. 

.\N-THRO-PO-MORPH'I»M,   n.    Tbe  representation 

of  the  Deity  under  a  human  form,  or  with  human 

altribuTes  and  affections,  P.  Cyc 

2,  The  heresy  of  the  .'Vnthropomorphites.   Encye. 
AN'rnRO-PO-.MORPH'I.ST,  n.     One  who  represents 

Deity  under  a  human  form,  or  with  human  attri- 
butes. 
AN-THRO-PO-MORPH'ITE,  n.    [Gr.  av^ptairoi,  man, 
and  pajxpr},  form.] 

One  who  believes  a  human  form  In  the  Supreme 
Being.  A  sect  of  ancient  heretics  are  called  jJntkro- 
pO'tKirp.'iitfs.  Encyc. 

AN-TimO-PO-MORPH-IT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  an- 
throp*iini>rphisin.  Kitto. 

AN-TnRO-PO-MORPH'IT-I«M,  a.  The  doctrines  of 
Antliropomorphites. 

AN-THKO-PO-MORPH'OUS,  a.  Belonging  to  that 
which  has  tiie  fonn  of  man ;  having  the  figure  of  or 
resemhlnnre  to  a  man.  Jt.-^h.     Encye. 

AN-THRO-PO-PATII'ie-AL,  a.  Subject  to  human 
passions. 

AN-TIIRO-PO-PATH'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  When  human 
passions  are  ascribed  to  a  being. 

AN-TIIRO-POP'A-THY,  n,  [Gr.  aj-SpwToj,  man.  and 
TTu^fs,  passion.] 

The  aflVclions  of  man,  or  the  application  of  human 
passiiins  to  the  Supreme  Being.    0\ren.  Encyc.  jI.i/i. 

AN-THRO-POPII'A-GI,  B.  pi.  [Gr.  ai'3/;cu«-ov,  man, 
and  ii)H)  10,  to  eat,] 

Man-eaters  ;  cannibals  ;  men  that  eat  human  fler'h. 
Juhniton.     Etmic 

AN-TIIRO-POPII'A-GOUS,  a.  Feeding  on  human 
flesh. 

AN-TflRO-POPH'A-GY,  t..  The  eating  of  hutnan 
fle.sh,  or  the  pmctice  of  eatmg  it.    Johnson.     Kneye. 

AN-THRO-POS'€0-PY,  n.  [Gr.  api:,-(oKoi,  man,  and 
<r«or£(.>,  to  view.]  • 

The  art  of  discovering  or  judging  of  a  man*s  char- 
acter, passions,  and  inclinations,  troni  the  lineaiiifiiiH 
of  his  bodv.  Encijr. 

AN-TIIRO-i'OS'O-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  av?/iw7rc5,nian,  and 
ff»,i((i,  wisdom. 1 

Knowledge  of  the  nature  of  man  ;  acquaintance 
with  man's  structure  and  functions,  comprelKMuling 
anatomy  and  physiology.  Encyc. 

AN-TliHO-POT'a-MY,n.    [Gr.  ai^3/)a>ffof,a  man,  and 
Toi'n,  a  cuttini!.] 
The  anatomy  or  dissection  of  the  human  body. 

Jilorin. 

ANT-IIYP-NOT'I€,    a.    [corrupt    ortho^p-aphy.]      See 

AjtTIHrPXOTIC. 

ANT-llYP-0-eHON'DRl-A€.      See   AKTiHTPocHorr- 

DRIAC. 

ANT-MY-POPII'O-RA.     See  Antihypophora. 

ANT-HYP-TER'ie.     Hce  A:«tihy3Tebic. 

AN'TI,  [Gr.  See  Ante.]  A  preposition  signifying 
again.it,  opposite,  contrary,  or  in  place  qfi  used  in 
manv  English  words, 

AN-T/-AB-0-L1"T10N-IST,  a.  One  who  opposes  ab- 
olition. 

AN-TI-A-MER'ieAX,  a.  Opposed  to  America,  or  to 
the  tnte  interests  or  government  of  the  United  States ; 
opposed  to  the  n'voliition  in  America.        Marshall. 

A\-']'I-A-POS'TI,E,  w.    One  who  opjwses  tlfe  apostles. 

AN-TI-AR-.MIN'1-AN,  n.  One  who  opposes  Armin- 
ianism. 

ANTI  AR-TnRIT'ie,o.  [See  AsTARTiiniTic]  Good 
against  the  gout. 

AN-TI-AR-THRIT'I€,  it.     A  remedy  for  the  gout. 

AN-TI-ASTH-MAT'ie,  n.    A  remedy  for  the  asthma. 

AN-TI-AT-TRI"T10N,  n.  A  compound  applied  to 
macbinery  to  prevent  tbe  effects  of  friction,  often 
consisting  of  plumbago,  with  some  oily  substance. 

Brande. 


TONE,  BULL,  tINITE.  — AN"OER,  VI"CIOUe.— €  as  K ;  d  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  aa  811 ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ANT 

AN-TI-BAC'CHI-US,  n.  [(Jr.  a^rt  nnU  /iaKxtms,  a 
foot  of  one  shurt  an  J  two  lung  styllublcs.]  • 

In  poetry^  ft  loot  of  Uirae  jtyMaliles,  the  two  lirst 
long,  and  the  last  abort ;  ns,  aniblri  ;  opiiosed  to  the 
hmukims^  in  which  the  first  svllable  is  shurt  and  the 
two  liut  lone.  TnmiuiL    £iteyc     Gr.  Ux, 

AX-TI-B.\-«IL'ie-AN,  a.    [Gr.  a«-r(,  and  /)'.iPiA.»fr, 
a  palace  ;  L.  Ao^i/inu,  rD}-al,  bagdica,  a  hall  of  justice.] 
Opposed  to  royal  state  and  ma^iAience. 

PlotnirH^  Brit.  Empirr, 

ANTiniL'IOUS,  C-bfl'yus,)  a.  CounleracUve  of  bil- 
ious complaints 

ANTl-BaACH^I-AI^n.    Pertaining  to  the  fore  arai. 

ANTIC,  o.  [f«TO  l->.  mntiquei  L.  antiipau;  lU  o»- 
tkm;  a  tease  derivett  from  the  groceeque  figum  of 

CMd  ;  fantastic  :  a*,  antu  tricks. 

ANTie,  «.     A  biilTiwn  o€  merry  Andrew;  one  tliat 

practices  odd  pestjculation**.  Shak, 

2.  Odd  apjit'iinince  ;  f;uil.i?tJc  figure.         Spenser, 

AN'Tie,  r.  L    To  make  antic.  SAa*. 

A\-Ti-eA-eHEe'Tie,«.  [(ir.  wn,  and  «ox«rw, 
ofaniU  bahiC  of  body.] 

Curing  or  lending  to  cure  an  iU  babix  of  the  con- 
Mihitiim.  Joka*<nt. 

AK-TI  CA-eHEC'Tie,  ».  A  medicine  that  tends  to 
correct  an  ill  habit  of  body  Cozm. 

ANTI-CAL'VIN-IST,  «.  One  oppoeed  to  Calvin- 
ism. 

A.N'TI-CAL-VIN-ISTie,  «.    Opposed  to  Calvinism. 

AN-TI-C.VR-NIV'O-ROUa,  a.  OppoMd  to  feeding  on 
flesh. 

ANT! -CATXRRM'AL,  (-ka-t&r'ral,}  a.  [am, against, 
and  c*ira0^»«(,  a  catarrn.] 
Oood  again^  catarrh. 

AN-TI-eA^A&RH'AL,  a.    A  mnedy  for  catarrh. 

C^ixa. 

AN-TI-CAlT-dOT'ie,    «.      [Gr.    arri,   agahut,    and 
c«^clK,  a  buminjE  f-ver.] 
Good  acainst  a  iMiming  (^Ter. 

AN-TI  CiVU-SOT'lC,  m.  A  remedy  for  a  bitmlng 
6-vi'f.  C^re, 

AA'TI-CUAM-BER,  a.  Dr.  Johnson  prt-f^rrs  .4>f#- 
tkmwtktr^  which  tee.  But  amte  and  •nCi  aie  the  same 
word  in  dil&reni  dialects,  and  have  the  same  rad- 
icr.i  ^,,.n,fi.--,.,on.     [See  .ArrrB,] 

A>  ■'.  m.    [Gr.  ivn,  afaSnat,  and  ObricLl 

mry  uf  Chri«<  ;  the  nan  of  sin;  ae- 

sl: .  .._:i   ii.  18.    9  The*,  it    Rcr.  ix.    PrxHr 

estauu  generally  npiKm  thii  adversar>-  to  be  the 
Papal  power;  and  some  divinee  believe  tliat,  in  a 
■lore  pencml  sens-,  the  word  extends  to  any  persons 
who  H' '  '  oppoee  the  fhndankchtol  doc- 

tnnea  >  :  EnffC     BrfVtu     Back. 

AN-TI-Cli  :    .    «.     Pertaining  to  Aotichnst; 

opposite  lo  or  uppoAing  the  Christian  relieion. 

AN-TI-GHRIS'TIAN,  «.  A  follower  of  Autkhriat ; 
«Be  opposed  to  the  Chrt^Aian  reJi^on. 

A.N-TI-CIIRIST'IA\-IS.M,  «.  Oppowlion  or  contia- 
rietv  tu  the  Chn«tian  relieion. 

AN-Yl-CHRIST-IA.V'I-TV,  lu  OppoeiUon  or  con- 
tnirietv  to  Christianity. 

AN-TI  -6liRlST'L\.\-iZE,  r.  L  To  seduce  from  Chria- 
tianitv. 

AN-Tl-CHRON'ie-AL,  «.  [Gr.  a.-rt  and  x"*"*?. 
time.]  Deviating  from  the  proper  order  of  time  ; 
efmnenwslj  dated. 

AN-TI-eHRU.N'ie-AL-LY.  ad.  In  an  aniichronical 
manner. 

AK-TICH'RO-XISM,  a.    [Gr.  ain  and  \poyr>s,  time.] 
D'ViatJon  from  the  tnie  order  of  time.       Seltten. 

AN-TIC'I-PA.\T,  c  Aiiticipnlinc;  applied,  in  medi- 
ant^ to  periodic  diseases,  each  of  wlwiie  attacks  re- 
curs at  an  earlier  penod  t  han  the  one  preceding. 

Pttrr, 

AS  TIC'I-PATE,  e.  L  [L.  atiiidp*,  of  mOe,  before, 
and  MIM9,  to  take.] 

1.  To  take  or  act  before  another,  co  as  to  prevent 
bi3  ;  to  take  first  possession. 

2.  To  lake  before  the  pn^ier  time ;  as,  the  advocate 
has  tmtieifttUd  that  pan  of  bis  arginnent. 

3.  To  foietasie  or  forenee ;  to  have  a  previous 
Tiew  or  impreaskia  of  scwnettiing  future  ;  a.«,  to  an- 
tidfU  the  nknaorea  of  an  entertainment ;  to  anud- 
fmu  the  «T&  of  Ufe. 

4.  To  prevent  by  crowding  in  before  j  lo  preclude. 

Joknson, 
[Thin  srnsst  i"  exsefOialltf  itteJmded  m  tA*,^rrf.] 
AX-TIC'I-PA-TED,  pp.    Taken  before  i    foretasted  ; 

forr^en  ;  prerluded  .  prevented. 
A-NTIC'I-PA-TI.\G,ppr.   Takingbefore ;  foretasting; 

precluding:  pr-^venting. 
A.N-TH>I-Pa'TIO\,w.    The  art  of  taking  up,  irfacing, 
or  con-:idr-ring  !k>mething  before  the  pruper  time,  in 
natiinti  order ;  prevention. 

2.  Foretaste  ;  previous  view  or  impression  of  what 
in  to  happen  anem*ard  ;  as,  the  anticipation  of  the 
jfi>  s  of  heaven. 

Tte  b«pf7  ■iiJf^ttMiii  of  B  Rsewed  exbience  la  eonmanj  whh 
tite  aiMte  U  tte  juau  Tkodty. 

3.  Previous  notion :  preconceived  opinion,  pro- 
duced ;n  the  mind  before  the  truth  is  known  ;  slight 
previtMH  impression. 


ANT 

4.  The  attack  of  a  fever  before  the  usual  time. 

Coze. 

5.  In  wM-Wc,  the  ohinision  of  a  chord  upon  a  syn- 
co[>ated  note,  li>  wliich  it  forms  a  discord.      Bu^by. 

AN'-TU"I-PA  TIV'E,  a.     Contninin?  niitirip:iiian. 
A.\-TK"!  P.^-TOR,  a.     One  who  nulicipjites. 
AiN-TIC'I-PA-TO-RY,  a.    Taking  before  the  time. 

Jiltrre* 

AN-TI-eLT'MAX,  n.    [Gr.  (i*.ri,  opposite,  and  kA</iuJ, 
ctiritax.     ^ee  Climate.] 

.\  sentence  in  wliirh  the  ideas  fall  or  become  less 
importint  and  striking  at  the  dose, opposed  to  c/tmor. 
For  example, 

And  iboa,  DalhotMle,  ihou  gv^iA  rod  of  mr, 
Ulf'iiu-n.int-euloneJ  to  Ute  surl  of  M.tr. 

AN-TI-€Lr.VAL,  a.  [Gr.  «. n  and  ^>ivft.,  lo  Incline.] 
Marking  inclination  in  opposite  dirr'ctious. 
In  z'^>-'oijy,  an  anticlinal  linf,  or  orw,  is  a  line  from 

which  jftmta  dip  in  opposite  directions. 
AN'TIC  LY,  cf/r.    In  an  antir  manner  :  with  odd  pos- 
tures and  gesticulations  ;  with  fanciful  appearance. 

Shak. 
AN'TIC-MXPK,  w.  A  mask  of  antics.  B.  Jonson, 
AN-TI-CO\-.^n-TC'T[ON-AL,   a.      Opposed   to   or 

acain-it  (he  constitution.  BoUngbroke, 

AN-TI-CO.\-PTI  TC'TIO.\-AL-rST,n,    Oneopposed 

In  the  constitiitinn. 
AN-TI  CON-TA'OIOX-IST,  n.    One  who  opposes  the 

diictrine  of  contagion. 
AN-TI-eoX-TA'GlOL'P,    a.       [Gr.   avrt    and    cimta- 

/iiMM,]    Oppi>sing  or  destroving  rontagion. 
AN-TI-COX-VCLS'IVK,rt.  [Gr.  uiri  and  conrtthivt.] 

Gotid  against  convulsions.  Flmjrr. 

AN'1'I-€OR,  M.      [anti  and  Fr.  eaur,  or  L.  wr,  the 

heart.] 
.\mon3  /arrirr»,   an    inflammation    In  a  horse's 

thntai.  nnsw'TiuE  to  the  quinsy-  in  man.     Enatc. 
A.\-TI-eOS-MKT'ie,  a.   [«nr- and  cc.«flffre.    See  Cos- 

Mr.Ticj     Destnirtive  or  injurious  to  beauty. 
AN-TI-COS MET'ie,  n.    Any  preparation  which  in- 

jun-s  beatitv. 
AN'TI-eOL'ilT,  0.    In  opposition  to  the  court.     LYot 

Msi'^.]  Rrresby. 

AX-Tl-eflURT'IER,    (an-U-kfirt'yur,)    a.     [anti  and 

Cvwrtirr.] 

One  who  opposes  the  court,  or  the  measures  of  ad- 
mtnistratitm.  **         Aah. 

ANTreOUS,  «.     [L.  mifica*.] 

In  &'>raity,  turned  inward  toward  the  axis;  in  ixn- 

tXfTn^  drntaiiic  that  the  line  of  dehiscence  is  turned 

towani  the  pistil.  Lindlni. 

AN-TI-€RE-A'TOR,  m.   One  that  oppo«e«  tlie  Creator. 

A.N-TI-DEM-O-eRAT'ie,         )  a.     Opposing  dcmoc- 

A.\-TI-DE-M-0  CRAT'ie-AL,  \      racy  •.    contnir>-  to 

government  by  the  people.  JMitfirrd. 

A.\'TI  DOTAL,  a.  That  hasnhe  quality  of  pft-vent- 
ing  the  ill  elTerts  of  poison,  or  of  any  thing  noxious 
or  mi«:hievoua. 
AN-Tl-DO'TAL-EY,  arfr.  In  the  manner  of  an  anti- 
dote ;  bv  way  of  antidote.  Brfltcru 
AN'TI-D6TE,  ».  [Gr.  ayrt^nrn^^of  avrt^  against,  and 
6t6uiiii,  to  give  ;  W.  dot/i,  to  give.] 

1.  A  medicine  lo  counteract  the  effect-s  of  poison, 
or  of  any  thme  noxious  taken  into  the  stomach. 

Q.  Whatever  lends  tn  prevtnt  mischievous  effecls, 
or  tn  counteract  the  evil  which  something  else  might 
produci*, 
A\-TI-D^T'f€J-AL,  a.    gerving  as  an  antidote. 
A^'-Tl-DOT'ie-Ab-LY,  adc.    By  way  of  antidote. 

Brown. 
AX-TI-DYS-EN-TER'ie,  a.    [Gr.  ni-n,  against,  and 
6vT'fTCi>tK'>?t  dysenteric] 
Good  aijainst  the  dvsentery,  or  bloody  flux. 
AX-TI-DYS-EN-TER'ie,  a.    A  remedy  for  dysentery. 

Coxe. 
AX-TI-DYS-lT'Rie,  a.     [Gr.   avrt,  ^«5,  and   ovpov, 
urine.] 

CoTinterarting  or  curing  dysury,  or  a  difficulty  of 
voiding  urine. 
AX-TI-E-ME T'le,  a.  [Gr.  atrt,  against,  and  cftcTiKOit 
emKic,  from  c-.f  m,  to  vomit  j 

Having  the  quality  of  allaying  vomiting. 
A.N'-TI-E-MET'je.  a.  A  remedy  to  check  or  allay  vom- 
iting. 
A>-TI-EX-XE-A-He'DRAL,  a.     [Gr.  ai/ri,  opposite, 
Cf^'fa,  nine,  and  i6pu,  side.] 

In  cnjMal^^aphy^  having  nine  faces  on  two  oppo- 
site parts  of  the  crvstal.  Clfavel/ind. 
AN-TI-E\-THU-SI-AST'ie,  a.  [anti  and  enthusla.ttie.] 

Opposing  enthusiasm.  Shaftsbunf. 

ZN'TIEXT-RY,n,  [morecorrectly,  At^cIE^TBY.]  Cast 
of  antiquity  ;  that  which  is  ancient;  applied  to  lan- 
guage. fVest, 
AN-TI-EP-I-LEP'Tie,  a.     Opposing  cpilep-y. 
AX-TI-E-PIS 'CO-PAL,  a.     Adverse  to  episcopacy. 

K.  Charlfs  I. 
AN-Tr-E-VAN-GEL'I€^AL,  0.  Contrary  toorthortoxy, 

or  the  genuine  sense  of  the  gospel.  Mtlner, 

AN'TI-FaCE,  n.     Opposite  face.  Jonson. 

AX-TI-FA-NAT'IC,  n.    An  opposer  of  fanaticism. 

JUilUiiu 
AN-TI-FF;'BRII-E,  or  AN-TI-FEB'RILE,  a.  [Gr.  av- 
ri,  against,  and  febrile.] 


ANT 

Th:(l  has  the  quality  of  abating  fever  ;  opposing  or 
tending  to  cure  fever. 

A.N-TI-Fi^'IUllLE,  or  AN-TI-FEB'RlLE,n.  A  med- 
icine that  cures,  abates,  or  tends  to  allay  fever. 

AN-'ri-FED'ER-AL,  a.  Opposing  the  federal  consti- 
tution. 

AN-TI-FEn'ER-AL-rSM,  n.  Opposition  to  the  ratifi- 
cation iif  the  constitution  of  the  United  Suites. 

AN-TI-FEIVEIl-AL-IST,  n.  One  who,  at  the  forma- 
tion of  the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  opixMed 
its  adoptiim  and  ratification. 

AN-TI-FLAT'TER-I.NG,  a.     Opposite  to  flattery. 

Delany, 

AN.Tt-FLAT'lJ-LENT,  a.    Opposing  flatulence. 

A\  TIGA-LAe'Tie,  r*.  A  medicine  which  lends  to 
diminish  the  secretion  of  milk. 

AN'TI-GRAPH,  n.     A  copy. 

AN-TI-GUG'GEER,  n.     [anti  and  fcuggle.'] 

A  crooked  tube  of  metal,  so  bent  as  to  be  Intro- 
duced into  the  neck  of  a  bottle,  for  drawing  out  the 
liquor  without  disturhing  the  sediment.  Eiicyc. 

.\N-TI  HECTIC,  a,  [Gr.  tori,  against,  and  £«ri(ca{, 
hectic.] 

Th;tt  has  the  quality  of  opposing  or  curing  hectical 
disorders. 

A.N'-TI-HEC'TrCj  n.  A  medictne  that  is  good  In  the 
cure  of  hectic  disorders.  Encijc.     Coze. 

AN-TMIK'I.IX,  n.     [Gr.  avrt  and  t\ii.] 

The  setnirircular  prominence  of  the  external  ear, 
situaied  Ix-fore  and  within  the  helix. 

AN-Tl-HYP-NOT'ie,  a,     [Gr.  .i,ti  and  l7n"^i,  sleep.] 
Counteracting  sleep;  tending  to  prevent  sleep  or 
lelharg>'. 

AN-TI-HYP-NOT'IC,  n,  A  medicine  that  prevents  or 
tends  to  prevent  sleep.  Cuxe. 

AN-TI-HYP-O-CHON'DRI-AC,  a.  [Gr.  avri  and  vno- 
XotAotaK'iy  hyimchondriac] 

That  counteracts  or  tends  to  cure  hypochondriac 
aflt'ctions  and  d':'pr"ssion  of  spirits. 

AN-TI-HYP-O-CHGN'DUI-AC,  n.  A  remedy  for  hyj^- 
ocliondriac  nflt'ctions  ;ind  low  spirits. 

A.\  TI-HY-POPIi'O-KA,  lu  [Gr.  avn  and  viro^opa, 
an  inference.] 

In  rhftiiricj  a  figure  which  consists  in  refuting  an 
objection  by  the  opposition  of  a  contrary  sentence. 
SmilJu    Johnson.     Jish. 

AN-TMIYS-TER'ie,  a.  [Gr.  avn  and  iorc/jn,  ute- 
nis.l     Counteracting  hysterics. 

AN-'I'I-HYS-TKFl'ie,  n.  A  medicine  that  cures  or 
counteracts  hysterical  nfftxtions.  Coze. 

AN-'l'I-MTII'ie,  a.     [Gr.  nvn  and  Xiflof,  stone.] 

Tending  to  prevent  the  fonnation  of  urinary  calcu- 
li, or  to  destrov  them  wlien  formed. 

AX-TI  LITH'ie,  n.  A  medicine  that  tends  to  prevent 
the  formation  of  urinary  calculi,  or  to  destroy  them 
when  fnrin .d. 

AN-TI-LITH-O-TRIP'TIST,  n,    [Gr.  avn,  >.i6<>i,  and 

Tpi/itiJ.] 

One  opposed  to  lithotripsv. 
A\-TI-LOG'A  RITHM,  n.  [anti  and  ho-arithm.]  - 
The  complement  of  the  logarithm  of  any  sine, 
tangent,  or  secant,  to  that  of  90  degrees.       Bailey. 

The  complement  of  a  logarithm  ;  more  generally, 
the  numbirr  to  a  logarithm.  P.  Cyc. 

AM-TIL'O-GY,  iu  [Gr.  avTt^  against,  and  Aojos, 
speech.] 

A  contradiction  between  any  words  or  passages  in 
an  author. 
AN-TI-LOI'Mie,n.  [Gr.  airi  and  Aai/iOf,the  plague.] 

A  remedy  ai;ainst  the  plague.  Braade. 

AN-TIL'O-ftUlST,  n.     A  contradictor.     [Obs.] 
AN-TII/O-QUY,  n.     [Gr.  acn  and  loquor.] 

Preface.     [Obs.] 
AN-Tl-MA-GlS'TRre-AE,  a.    Opposed  to  the  oflico 
of  magistrates.     [A'vt  %ued.]  Soutk, 

an-tiIma-m'ac-al,  I  °-  t*"""'  ""•*  "'«"'■'"•] 

Counteracting  or  curing  madness  or  frenzy. 

Brattie. 
AN'Tl-MXPK,  n,    A  lesser  mask  ;  in  contradistinction 

to  the  pTinci(>nl  or  main  mask.  Bacon. 

A\-TI-MA'SON,  n.     One  npiwsed  to  freemasonry. 
AN-TI-MA-.SO.\'ie,  a.     Opposing  freemasonry. 
A\-TI-MA'SO\-RY,  n.     Opposition  to  freemasonry. 
AN-TI-ME-TAB'O-LE,   fan-ti-me-lab'o-ly,)    n.      [Gr. 
ai'Tt^  r  •ainst,  and  ^.rro/itAr;,  mutation.] 

In  rhrtoric^  a  setting  of  two  things  in  opposition  to 
each  other;  as,  an  honorable  action  may  be  attended 
with  labor,  but  tlie  labor  is  soon  past,  and  the  honor 
is  immortal.  Kneyc. 

AN-TI-ME-TATH^E-Srs,  n,  [Gr.  airi,  against,  and 
(iiTahtrtii,^  a  transposition.] 

In  rbcUtricy  an  inversion  of  the  parts  or  membeni 
of  an  antithesis ;  as,  *'  Compare  the  arrival  of  this 
governor  with  the  victory  of  that  general."  "  Com- 
pare this  peace  with  that  war." 

Cicero  in  Ferrem.     Enciie, 

AN-TIM'E-TER,  n.     [Gr.  am  and  ^cr/joi/,  measure.] 

An  optical  instrument  for  measuring  angles  with 

gn^ater  accuracy  than  can  be  done  by  the  usual 

quadrants  or  sextants.  lires. 

AN-TI-MET'RIC-AL,  a.      Contrary  to  the  rules  of 

meter  or  verse.  Bailev. 

AN-TI-MIN-IS-Tk'RI-AL,  a.  [anti  and  ministerial.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— M£TE,  PREY.  — PINE,  »IARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF.  BQQK.— 
54 


ANT 


ANT 


OppoMd  lo  tlie  miiiialry,  or  aduiinislration  of  eov 

AN-TM1I.\-IS-Te'RI-AI^I6T,  ,1.     One  Ihat  oppoees 
the  tiiinisiry.  Ki~«» 

A.\-TI.>10-NAReH'ie-AL.  a.      {^nU,   against,    and 

Opposed  to  monarchy;  that  opiwses  a  kin^Iv  cov- 

^^J''-''0-^'-!^C»'lC-M^^ESa,  n.     The  IS"  of 
being  opposed  to  monarchy. 

A\T!MA.vf'?f  "■"*;';'  "■  An  oppo^rof  monarchy. 

A.\-ll  MO'M-AL,  a.   [from  antiinony.] 

Pertaining  to  antimony,  or  piutaking  of  its  quali- 
ties; composed  of  antimony,  or  containing  antimony 
as  the  prmcipal  ingredient. 

'^'I'Ji'"'^'''  ■^'"",^'^-    ^  preparation  of  antimony  :  a 
dient  '"  antimony  ia  the  principal  iiigVe- 

''^^'^W^^r^TE,  n.     A  compound  or  sal't"?™.- 
,  ^^  ,'i'«?;;',™T.^.?"''  ""'1  ^  base.  J{c„ry. 

A.VTI-.MS'M-A-TED,  a.      Partaking  of  aniimoily; 
ni^xcd  or  prepared  with  antimony ;  as,  antimonmud 
a  V  ^•'!'"«„x-,.„  _  J\rieJwLon. 

AV -i-t  viS'O  iS'  "-^P^nainingto  antimony.  Ilrar,,. 
.i.>-i  i-.iio.v  1^  ACID,  n.    An  acid  composed  of  two 
cqmralenU!  of  antimony  and  live  of  ojygen. 

1 1-'IO-iVITE,  ».  A  compound  of  intimonious 
acid  and  a  ba«.  ;/,„™ 

AX-TI-.MO'.VI.OUS  AC^D.  m  An  acid  consistii^'of 
.iv^'i.'^i'/?".  ''!"^  "'  antimony  and  four  of  oxygen. 
A.\'lI-JIO-\y,  ,.  [Fr.  aHtm,oin,:  Low  U  i«„«K 
MUM  I  It.  mluHona, ;  Sp.  id.  This,  by  s<inie  writers, 
IS  supposed  lo  be  composed  of  aiiti  and  Kr.  oioi«e 
monk,  froni  the  fact  thai  certain  monks  were  poi- 
soned by  ,u  This  story,  reporud  by  Furetiereris 
treated  by  Morin  as  fabulous,  and  by  him  it  is  said 
to  bo  composed  of  Gr.  a»r,,  against,  and  uo.uc, 
alone,  and  »o  n.imed  because  it  is  not  found  alone, 
i  ne  real  trutJi  is  not  ascertained.] 

Primanlf,  a  metallic  ore  consisting  of  sulphur 
combined  Willi  a  meuil ;  the  sulpliuret  of  antimony, 
the  ,tJ„um  of  the  Romans,  and  the  <rr,;<,i,  of  the 
l.reeka.  It  is  a  blackish  mineral,  which  stains  the 
hands,  hard  brittle,  full  of  long,  shining,  needle-like 
Btns.  It  IS  found  in  the  mines  of  Bohemia  and  llun- 
pir),  in  France  and  England,  and  in  America. 
1  Ins  word  IS  also  used  for  the  pure  meUl  or  rr.rului 
0/  aniiminy,  a  metal  of  a  grayish  or  silvery  white, 
very  brittle,  and  of  a  plated  or  scaly  texture,  and  of 
moderate  8|)eci(ic  gravity.  By  exposure  to  air,  its  sur- 
face becomes  tarnished,  but  docs  not  rust.  It  is  used 
as  an  ingredient  in  concave  mirrors,  giving  them  a 
finer  texture.  In  bells,  it  renders  the  sound  more 
clear  ;  it  renders  tin  more  hard,  white,  and  sonorous, 
and  gives  to  printing  types  more  (irniness  and  smooth- 
ness. It  IS  also  useful  in  promoting  the  fusion  of 
metale  and  especially  in  casting  cannon  balls.  In 
Its  crude  state.  It  is  harmless  to  the  human  constitu- 
tion I  but  many  of  its  preparations  act  violently  as 
""^!'"  ""''  cathartics.  Cliamiera.  Ennr.  JV.c/tiiimil. 
Aa-TI-MOB'AL-IST,  n.    An  opposer  of  morality. 

AN-TI-MC'SIC-AL,  «.    Opposed  to  music  ;  having  no 

esr  for  music.  Jlm^   Revtn; 

AN-Jl-NE-PHRiT'ie,  a.    [ond  and  ^fphritk,  which 

.  X,  Coon'wacting  diwaaea  of  the  kidneys.        Com. 
A.V.TI-.NE-PllfilT'lC,  ».     A  medicine  that  tends  to 

remove  diseases  of  the  kidneys. 
'*-J';J'-"«0'>"-A.N,  a.    [Gr.  a.ri,  against,  ud  ,o^,t, 

,«i-Pi"I^}}'.'  '"""i  pertaining  to  the  Antlnomians. 

A«-II-NO'MI-A.N,  n.  One  of  a  sect  who  maintain 
that,  under  the  gospel  dispensation,  the  law  is  of  no 
use  or  obligation  ;  or  who  hold  doctrines  which  su- 
persede the  necessity  of  good  Works  and  a  virtuous 
life.  Thw  sect  originated  with  John  Agricola,  about 
the  year  1538.  "        i'    ,, 

AN-TI-N0'MI-A.V-I8M,  n.  The  tenets  of  the  Xlitl- 
nnmians.  /Ai// 

AN'TI-NO-.MIST,  k.  One  who  pays  no  regard  to  the 
law,  or  to  pood  works.  SonilrrZn. 

AX'TI-NO-.MY,  n.      A    contradiction    between    two 
S'''/"  between  two  parts  of  the  same  law.  Baker. 
2.  A  law  or  other  thing  opposite  or  contrary. 

A.J-TI-0  €HI-A.V,  a.  Pertaining  to  AlitiiK-hus,  the 
founder  of  a  sect  of  philosophers,  a  cotemnorarv- 
with  ticero.  This  sect  was  a  branch  of  the  Aca- 
demics, though  Antiochcis  was  a^Ioir.  lie  att.inptid 
to  reconcile  the  doctrines  of  the  difl-.Tont  srh.H.I-  and 
was  the  last  prece|rtor  of  the  Platonic  sclii,..!.  k'«™<:. 
The  Jlnlinrhian  rpurh  was  a  lll'lliod  of  computing 
lime,  from  the  proclamation  of  liberty  granted  to  the 
city  of  Anlioch,  about  the  time  of  the  battle  of  Phar- 
••lia.  Encur 

A.N.TI-P.^'PAI.,  ..    Opr»»ing  Poiwry.  *' 

■JSJi^')''"*'"'*''         ;  '^      Opposed   to  Popery  or 
AN-TI-PA.PIST'I«-AL,  i      PapacV-  jl!rtL 

A.N-ri-PAR'ALrLEL,  a.     Running  in  a  contrary  dl- 

rection.  Hammond. 

A.\-ri-PAR-A-LYT'I€,  c   [avr,  ani  paratuUc,  which 

«ee.]  r       ,    , 

Good  against  the  palsy 


A.N-Tl-P,Ut-A-LVT'IC,  ,i.    A  remedy  for  the  palsy. 

AN-TI-PA-TIIBT'lt;,  )a.     fPee  AvtipathtT 

A.V-TI-PA-THET'1C-AL,  j      Ilfivh'g'^a   n^unU-lon- 
.  J™"'.?'  °'  '-'"'"'iti'tioual  aversion  to  a  thing. 
A.N-TI-^A-THET'lt;-AL-.NESS,   a.     The  q^ualily  or 
state  of  having  an  aversion  or  contrariety  to  a  thing. 

AN-TI-PATH'ie,  a.     [Gr.  ,„■„  and  ,r„9„f  /"*''•"'"• 
Having  opiwsile  affections.    In  imdUuic,  the  same 

as  .Allopathic. 
AN-TIP'A-TilOUS,  a.    Adverse;  having  a  natural 

contrariety.  Bcaiim  *  PL 

A-VTlP'A-THy,  ,..    [Gr.  a.r,,  against,  anj  *S"„,, 

Natural  aversion  ;  instincUve  contrariety  or  oppo- 
sition in  feeling;  an  aversion  felt  at  tlie  presence, 
reiU  or  ideal,  of  a  particular  object.  This  word  liter- 
ally denotes  a  natural  aversion,  which  may  be  of  dif- 
ferent degrees,  and  in  some  cases  may  excite  terror 
or  horror  at  the  presence  of  an  object.  Such  is  the 
aversion  of  animals  for  their  natural  enemies,  as  the 
aMipathy  of  a  mouse  lo  a  cat  or  a  weasel.  Some- 
times pi-rsoiis  have  an  insiipemble  constitutional  an- 
Vpathy  to  certain  kinds  of  food. 

The  word  is  applied,  also,  to  aversion  contracted 
by  experience  or  habit ;  as  when  a  person  has  suf- 
fered an  injury  from  some  food,  or  from  an  animal 
which  before  was  not  an  object  of  hatred,  or  when 
a  p;irticular  kind  of  food  or  medicine  is  taken  into  a 
sickly  stomach,  and  which  nauseates  it,  the  etTect  is 
anlipaUiy,  which  is  often  of  long  continuance. 

Antipathy,  however,  is  often  nlTcted  ;  as  when 
persons  pretend  a  great  aversion  to  things  from  false 
delicacy. 

2.  In  ethicj,  antipaUiy  is  hatred,  aversion,  or  repug- 
nancy ;  hiitrc^l  to  persons ;  aversion  to  persons  or 
things  ;  repugnancy  to  actions.  Of  these,  haired  is 
most  yolunurv.  jjocrsion,  and  antipathy,  (in  its  true 
sense,)  depend  more  on  the  constitution  ;  repumanaj 
may  depend  on  reason  or  education.  Encye. 

Inicleru,  nnlipmi*.  ,|pu„,t  pntlkulir  nnlioii.,  ■nil   mjnioraK 
ftUacliKiei.u  to  oLlieri,  are  lo  lie  .-ofoidcd.         K'MAington. 

a  In  physUs,  a  contrariety  in  the  proiierties  or  af- 
tcclions  of  matter,  as  of  oil  and  waur,  which  will 
not  mix. 

Antipathy  is  regularly  followed  by  (o,  aonietiines  by 
«/<im*i,  and  is  opposed  to  yymiiatfiti. 
Alf  TI-PA-TRI-<.)V'le,  or  AN-Tl-PAT-RI-GT'ie   a. 
Aot  [Kitriotic  i  opiKwiiig  the  iiiteicMa  of  one's  country. 

.InlipaMoM  [,rju,i;t™.  J„4„.„„. 

AN-TI-PE-DO-IIAP'TIST,  n.  [Gr.  ^i-ri,  against,  iruic, 
irairi.-f,  a  child,  and  .JurrnCw,  to  baptize.] 
One  who  is  opposed  to  the  baptism  of  infants. 

AN-TI-PF--RI-OD'IC,  n.  In  medicine,  n  remed^^ 
seasing  the  property  of  preventing  the  return  of  peri- 
odic diseases,  as  intermittenls.  Cac  Med. 

A.N-TI-PEIt-l-STAI-'Tie,  a.     [Seo  Perltaltic'i 

1.  Opposite  to  perutalUc!  acting  upward,  in  a  di- 
rection contrarj-  lo  peristaltic  ;  as,  aiuiperiitaltic  mo- 

2.  Counteracting  or  checking  peristaltic  motion : 
as,  an  antiperut^ltie.  remedy. 

AN-Tl-PE-RIS'TA-SIS,  n.  (Or.  ai'T,,  against,  and 
ntf^ytarasti,  a  standing  around.] 

The  opiKwitii.n  of  a  contrary  quality,  by  which  the 
quality  oppiwcd  acquires  strength;  or  the  action  by 
which  a  b<«ly  atucked  collects  force  by  opiiosition  ■ 
or  the  intension  of  the  activity  of  one  quality  by  the 
opposition  of  another.  Thus  quicklime  Is  set  on  lire 
or  sensible  heat  is  excited  in  it,  by  mixture  with  wa' 
ter ;  and  cold  applii>d  to  the  human  bisly  may  increase 

.  ''■'  '"■"'•  Juhiuan.     JJnidn,.     Qaincn. 

A.N.TI-PER-I-8TAT'ie,  a.    Pertainiiig  to  anlipe^sta- 

A,\-TI-PES-TI-LE.\'TIAL,  a.     [anU  and  peHuJuiat, 

which  see.]  ' 

Coiinterneting  contagion  or  Infection  ;  having  the 

.  3".?.."v„".'.'y'v'"""':"'  'lestroying  nestilentinl  diseases. 

A.N.  I  l-i'III.O.<ilS'TIA.\,  (aq-te-fJo-jischan,)  n.  tanti 

and  pMoiriaV/n,  which  see.] 

An  opposer  of  l\w  theory  of  phlogiston. 

AN-TI-PIILO-Glii'Tie,  a.    Counteracting  a  phlogistic 

condition.  ore 

2.  Opposed  to  the  doctrine  of  phlogiston ;  as,  the 

aniinldi)!ri.Jic  system. 
A.N-'I  IPlll.O-OIS'Tie,    n.      Any  medicine  or  diet 

"liich  tends  to  obvi.ite  a  phlogistic  condition.  Core. 
AN' I  l-Pllo.v,  „.    [See  ANTieHo-ir.l    The  chant  or 

alleriMile  singing  in  choirs  of  cathedrals. 
AJ -J'l'I'O.N-AI,,        1  a.     [See   A»TiPHo:«r.]     Per- 
Av-I.    nii'-'J','.',''''..    {      laming  to  auliphonv  or  al- 
Av'/riu  iV  '  ("rnate  singing.      Eneye. 

A.\- 1  IPII'O.N'  AL,  n.  A  book  of  antiphons  or  anthems. 

AN.TIPII'0-.\A-RY,  n.  [Gr.  a.ri,  contrary,  "n'iltn, 
sound,  voice.]  .>>         e      o 

,  A  service  b<.ok.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church, 
containing  all  ihe  invitatories,  responaories,  collects, 
and  whatever  is  said  or  sung  in  the  choir,  except  the 
lessons  ;  called  also  a  rcsponiaryi  compiled  by  Greg- 
ory the  Great.  "^         j::„„^  " 


ANT 


TOXE,  BtJLL,  IlfllTE— AW"CEB,  Vr-C10U8.-e  a.  K ,  O  «.  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  a,  SH 


AN-TIPII'0-.\Ell,  tt.  A  book  of  anthems  or  .antiphons. 

A.\-TIPH'O.NY,  n.     [Gr.   a.n,  coottaiy,  aif 'Z-',. 
voice.]  '  ^        * 

1.  The  answer  of  one  choir  to  another,  when  an 
anthem  or  psalm  is  sung  alternauly  by  two  choirs  : 
alternate  singing. 

2.  A  species  of  psalmody,  when  a  congregation  is 
divided  into  two  parts,  and  each  sings  the  verses  al- 
"•"'".Si-       ,     .  Eneyc. 

J.  I  he  words  given  out  at  the  beginning  of  a  psalm, 
to  which  both  the  choirs  are  to  accoiuniodate  their 
S'"e'"?-        .  Eaeyc. 

4.  A  musical  composition  of  several  verses,  extract- 
ed from  different  psahns.  Encuc. 
AN-TIPIl'RA-SIS,  n.    [Gr.  airi,  against,  and  vS„aT,f, 
a  form  of  speech.]  -ee      », 

The  use  of  words  in  a  sense  opposite  to  their  prop- 
er meaning;  as  when  a  court  of  justice  is  called  a 
court  cf  reneeanee.  Juhnson.     jlth 

A.^:?!:?!,'5i?:i.;!&.vi.,  \  -J^-^"-"^  'o  "nuphra- 

AN-TI-PHKAST'ie-AL-LV,  adv.     In  the  manner  of 
antiphrasis. 

AN-Tl-PH  YS'ie-AL,  a.    Contrary  to  physics  or  to  na- 

A.\-TIP'C>-DAL,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  antipodes,  or 
'hose  wlio  have  their  feet  directly  opposite. 

ANII-PODE,  71. ;  ;,/.  As'Ti-eooKs  or  An-Tir'o-ort. 
IGr.  oiTi,  opposite,  and  irouj,  «^„<lo5,  fool.] 

A  term  applied  to  those  who  live  on  opposite  sides 
of  the  globe,  and,  of  course,  whose  feet  are  direcllv 
opp<(Slte.  ' 

A.\-TI-PO'DE-A.\,  a.    Antipodal ;  pertaining  to  the 
antipodes. 

a'm;-p1'K2L?°-"'''!-  An  antidote  for  poison.  Broieii. 
Ai\'  1 1-POl'E,  n.     [anti  and  pope.] 

One  who  usurps  the  Pupal  power,  in  opposition  to 

AN'Tl-PORT,  n.    An  outward  gate  or  door. 

AN-TI-PRE  LAT'ie-AL,  a.    Adverse  to  prclMy!"*" 

A.VTI-PRiesT,  B.    An  opposer  or  enemy  of  priests. 

AN-TI-PRIKST'CRAPT,  n.    Opposition  iTpSltcraft. 

AN-TI-PRL\'CI-PLE,  n.    An  opposite  principle".'   "' 

AN-TI-PROPH'ET,  ».  An  enemy  or  opposer  of  proph- 

^^i'J'-^OR'lC,  a.     [Gr.  „vt,  and  l/zwp,.,  Uie  itch'] 

ttticacious  in  curing  the  itch. 
AN-TIP-TO'SIS,  „.    [Gr.  ui-r<  and  nriaats,  case.] 

In  grammar,  the  putting  of  one  ease  for  another. 

AN-TI-PO'RI-TA.\,  ,.    An  oppiser  of  Puritans""^ 

AN-TI-QUA'RI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  antiquaries.'or 
«  i'.SV'J'.'lVl';^  As  a  ;i,.u,i,  this  is  used  for  Anthuari. 
AN-T1-UUA'RI-AN-IS.M,  ,u    Love  of  antiquities. 

AN'TI-aitA-Ry,„.    [L.  „„„„,„„■„,.]      »'"'»-'<'"• 

One  who  studies  into  the  history  of  ancient  things 

as    statues,  coins,  medals,    paintings,  inscriptions, 

iKKiks,  and  manuscripts,  or  searches  for  them,  and 

explains  their  origin  and  purport ;  one  versed  in  au- 

AN'TI-UMTE,  r.  (.     [U  aati^io.    See  Ai.ti(,ua«t.] 
lo  make  old,  or  obsolete  ;  to  make  old  in  such  a 
degree  as  to  put  out  of  use.    Hence,  when  applied 
to  laws  or  customs,  it  denotes  to  make  void,  or  ab- 
rogate.] 

CiimtiwiilY  miffht  rruoti&blY  introduce  new  Inwi,  and  undmMtt 
or  kbiogrtU!  oid  ouea.  Hal* 

AN'TI-aUA-TEn,  pp.  or  a.    Grown  old  ;    obsolete  : 

out   of  use  ;  having   lost   its   binding  force  by  noB- 

observaiice ;  as,  an  antiquated  lata. 
A.N'TI-aUA-TED-NESS,  n.     The  state  of  being  old 

or  obsolete. 
AN'TI-aUATE-NE.SS,  ii.    The  suite  of  being  obso- 

lete. 
AN-TI-QUA'TION,  n.    Tile  stale  of  being  antiquated. 

AN-TiaUE',  (an-tcek',)  a.  [Pr.,  from  L.'"«,T(°™i«. 
probably  from  ante.] 

1.  Old;  ancient;  of  genuine  antiquity ;  in  this 
sense  it  usually  refers  to  the  flourishing  ages  of 
Greece  and  Rome  ;  as,  nn  antiyue  statue. 

2.  Old,  as  respects  the  present  age,  or  a  modern 
period  of  lime  ;  of  old  fashion  ;  as,  an  anlii/ue  robe. 

3.  Odd  ;  wild  j  faii:.-istic ;  more  generally  writlen 
antic. 

AN-TiaUE',  (an  teek',)  n.  In  general,  any  thing  very 
old ;  but  In  a  more  limited  sense,  the  remains  of 
ancient   artists,   as    busts,   statues,   paintings     and 

A«'V;.''J'Ai!'S,'?'',V''"  "''  <^''™'an  and  Roman  antinuity. 

A.\-II(iUE'LY,  orfc.    In  nn  antique  manner. 

AiyiiaCE'.\E.SS,  (an-teek'ness,),.  The  quality  of 
being  antique  ;  un  appearance  of  ancient  origin  and 
workmanship.  },«,-„„ 

AN-TIU'UI-TY,  (an-lik'we-te,)  ,.    [I.  anll'n/,^!] 
1.  Ancient  tuiu.s ;  lormer  ages  ;  times  long  since 


Til  ns  in  THIS. 


ANT 

post ;  a  rrry  imd^iutt  t»rm ;  as,  Ctcero  was  the  moat 
elcqucnt  orator  of  mmtiquittf. 

3.  *]]^  ancients:  Ibe  m»pl«  of  ancient  tiiqes;  as, 
the  fact  ia  adinittea  by  all  luuiquitjf. 


Hemh^g  tint  ti 


I  an  tnd&cd  to  Terilj  ibe  nrnlktioru  of 
T.  DaiM*. 

3.  AndeaUMi;  great  age  ^  the  quulity  of  being 
ancient ;  aa,  a  natue  of  remarkable  oAti^puty  i  • 
family  of  great  umti^uittf. 

4.  Old  age  ;  «  tudiermu  sense  used  fry  Skakspear*. 

5.  The  remains  of  ancient  times.  In  thia  sense  It 
is  ii5uallv  or  alwa\-fl  plural.  Ji^tiiiuUies  comprehend 
all  llic  rt-m.-iina  6C  ancient  iini^»  :  all  Uie  tiiunu- 
m(*nT:t^  coins,  inscriptions,  edifices,  IiwUirj*,  and  frag- 
tmnu  of  literature,  offices,  habiliments,  weapons, 
manners,  ceremonies;  in  short,  wliatever  n^pecu 
anv  of  the  ancient  nations  of  Uie  earth. 

AN-i'I  RHEO-MAT'ie,    «.     Efficacious  in  cases  of 

rhemni'i-*in. 
AN-TI-REV-0-LC'TlO.S-A-RY,   a.      [See  Revolv- 

TIOS.] 

Opposed  to  a  revtdtition ;  of^oaed  to  an  entire 
change  In  the  form  of  irovemroent  Burke. 

AJJ-TI-REV-O-LOTIOX-IST,  m.     One  who  is  op- 

powd  to  a  revolurton  in  gitremrof^nt 
AN-TI^AB-BA-TA  RL-.\.\',  a.     [amti  and  SahbaXk.] 
One  of  a  sect  who  oppose  the  obsenrance  oTthe 
Ctidslian  SaMHtth;    maintaining  that    the  Jewisti 
Kbbatb  was  only  of  cemoontal,  not  of  moni  obli- 
gation, and  was  conseqiteoUy  abolished  by  Chriac 

£iicyc. 
AN-TI-SA'BI-AN,  a.    [See  Sabiah.] 

Oppowd  or  cootimiy  to  Bahianimn,  or  Ibe  wor^ip 
of  the  celestial  nrba.  AAsr. 

AS-Tl-aAC-EMrWyrALtM,    Adrensto  priests. 

A,\-TI3'CUXS,  {  n.  ^    [U  oCucn,  of  Gr.  aprtt  op- 
AS'TlB^CUTy       S      posite,  and  ffjri a,  shadow.] 

In  #sep-a^*a,  the  iahabiunts  of  the  earth.  Uring 
on  different  sides  of  the  equator,  whose  shadows  at 
noun  are  cast  in  contrary  directioiia.  Those  who 
live  north  of  the  aiuator  are  omtisdaM*  to  those  on 
the  south,  and  vice  vt;rsa ;  the  shadows  on  one  side 
bein::  ca^st  loward  the  north  j  those  on  the  other, 
U)  n.  £iicye. 

AN  PfC,         I  4.      [and  and    atorbuiic^ 

A.N  I'le-AL,  t     which  see-]    Counter- 

A.N  Tie,  a.    A  remedy  for  the  scurvy. 

A.N  Il-AL,  a.     Not  accordant  with  the 

AN  :MSM,  a.    Opposition  to  the  Holy 

s.  BofU, 

AN- 1 1-^^.  lilt'  1  r  R-I3T,  n.  One  that  denies  revela^ 
tion.  Sa^e* 

A:<-TI^EP'Tie,  «.  rcr.  a^rt  and  mirrss,  pntrid, 
fnxtt  ffjr»->,  lo  |»iitref> .] 

Oppuocd  to,  or  C4Hi»teracting,  a  putrescent  tenden- 
cy in  tiie  ft\-stem. 

AN-TI-SEP''ri€,  n.     A  substance  which  resists  or 
corrects  putrefaction,  as  acids  and  saline  sTil>st:uices. 
'2.  A  remedy  which  counteracts  a  putrescent  ten- 
dency injhe  ^-^u-m,  as  cinchona. 

AX-T1-i?LaV'ER-V,  «.    Opposition  to  slavery, 

AX-TI-SO'CIAL,   tt.     [See  SociAi-] 

1.  Averse  to  society  ;  that  tends  to  interrupt  or 
deslrov  social  intercourse.  PascMiSy  Med.  Rrp. 

2.  llostile  to  the  existence  of  society ;  as,  laUi- 
tecial  princi^iles. 

AS'TlS'PASlSt  a.  [Gr,  om,  against,  and  irraw,  to 
draw.] 

A  revulsion  of  fluids  from  one  part  of  the  body  to 
another.  Qtiiacy. 

AN-TI-SPAS-MOD'ie,  a.  [Gr.  awt,  against,  and 
wvavjtaij  from  vrau,  tn  draw.] 

Opposing  spasm  j  resisting  convulsions ;  as  ano- 
dynes. Coze, 

A.V-TI-SPA»-MOD'I€,  a.  A  remedy  for  spasm  or 
convulsioiu,  as  opium,  balsam  oi  Peru,  and  the 
essential  oils  of  vegetables.  Coze. 

AN'TU-^rAST,  (  m.    [Gr.  «i-i  and  ittiiwjIo  draw.] 

AS  ''■^,  ]      In  ;^ro*orfw,a  telrasvllabic  fiiot, 

ii.  -t  and  last  syllables  are  short,  and  the 

Hi  "  long. 

A-N-Tl-:iP:VS'lI€,  o.     [See  A^fTiarASis.] 

1.  Causing  a  revulsion  of  fluids  or  humors. 

.^Ajuen. 

3.  Counteracting  s[Kum  ;  antii>pasmodic. 
AN-TI-SP.\.S'Tie,  n.     In  old  writers^  a  medicine  sup- 
posed to  act  by  causing  a  revulsion  of  the  humors. 

2.  A   renietiv   that   counteracu   spasm ;    an   anti- 
AN-TI-SPLE.\"'feT-ie,  a.     [S«^  Spleen.]  f^paamodic, 

Good  ad  a  remedy  in  diseases  of  the  spleen. 

Joknson. 
AN-TIS'TA-SIS,  a.    [Gr.  oyri,  oppooile,  and  ar^ij, 
station.] 

In  oratory,  the  defense  of  an  action  from  the  con- 
sideration that  if  it  had  been  omitted,  something 
worse  would  have  happened.  £acye. 

AN-TIS'TkS,  n.     [L.] 

The  chief  priesit  or  prelate.  MiUon. 

AN-TIS'TRO-PilE,  n.  [Gr.  airi,  opposite,  and  urpa- 
^q,  a  turning.] 


ANT 

1.  In  grammar,  the  changint;  of  things  mutually 
dei)enditi''  i>n  each  other;  reciprocal  conversion;  as, 
the  master  of  the  ser^'ant,  the  iservunt  of  the  master. 

2.  .\nuiiiR  the  attciruts^  thiit  part  of  a  sonji  or 
dance,  iiruund  the  altar,  which  wan  porfurmea  by 
turning  from  the  lef^  to  the  ri4;lit,  in  opiHisitinn  to  the 
strophe,  wliich  wais  jh'rfi>rnicd  by  turning  from  the 
rigiit  to  the  left.  The  ancifnl  odes  consisted  of 
Btnn/.ns  called  strophes  und  antiatrophes,  to  which  was 
often  added  the  epode.  These  were  sunfi  by  a  choir, 
which  turned  or  changed  places  when  they  re- 
[>ealed  tlie  different  piirts  of  the  ode.  The  epode 
was  sung. as  the  chorus  stood  stdl.    [See  Odk.] 

iVtsi^s  prff.  to  hu  Pindar. 
AX-TI-PTROPine.a.     Belonging  to  the  anti:itroplie. 
A-N-'l'Iri'TRO-PUOX,  M.    A  figure  which  rcpials  a 

word  often.  JIJJt4rn, 

AN-Tl-i5TUU-.MATae, )  a.    [ostiand  stntmay  a  scrof- 
AN-TI-STRO'MOL'S,     (      ulous  swoUing.] 
Good  against  scrofulous  disorders. 

Johnson,     fTiseman. 
AN-TI-SYPII-l-LlT'ie,  a.     Efficacious  against  syph- 
ilis, or  the  Venereal  dist^ase  ;  antivenereal. 
A-N'Tl-TllK-ia.M,  a.     [Gr.  avrt  and  Oiui.] 

Opp»>8iiii>n  lo  tlie  belief  of  a  God.  Chalmers. 

AN'Ti-Tllli-IST,  n.    One  who  opposes  the  belief  of  a 

God. 
A.\-TI-TnE-IST'I€^AL,  a.    Opposing  the  bcli<ff  of  a 

God. 
AX-TI-THE-IST'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  By  opposing  the  be- 
lief in  a  God. 
AN-TITII'E-SIS,  a.    [Gr.  avrtBiati,  of  o»ri  and  ^taHy 
from  rltft|^ttJ  to  place.] 

1.  In  rketorie,  an  opposition  of  words  or  senti- 
menl*< ;  contrast;  as,  "  VVlten  our  vices  leave  it», 
we  flatter  oursulves  we  Uare  them."  "  The  prodigal 
rots  his  ketr^  the  miser  n»6s  hinuif!/."  »*  Kxc&w  of 
cervmony  shows  leant  of  breeding.'*  **  Liberty 
ifiitk  Unesj  and  government  mitJuittt  oppressioiu" 
"i  Oppositiou'of  opinions:  conlroveray.  Eneye. 
AN-TI-THKT'ie,  ia.     Pertaining  to  anlitliesia. 

A.N-TI-TIIBT'ie-AL,  j     or  opposition  of  words  and 
sentiments  ;  containing  or  abounding  with  antithe- 
sis. "*  Enfield.     Encyc, 
AN-TI-TIIET'ie-AL-LY,  adv.     By  antithesis,  Byron. 
AN-TIT'RA-GUS,  n,     A  prominence  on  the  lower 
pOiiterior  portion  of  the  external  ear,  opposite  the 
Ira  (HIS. 
A.N-TI-TRIN-I-TA'RI-AN,  n.     [anti   and   trinUarian, 
which  see.] 

Oul*  who  denies  the  Trinity,  or  the  existence  cf 
three  person?  in  the  G«K!head.  Kncye. 

.\.N-TI-TRIN-1-Ta'R1-AN,  a.    Opposing  the  Trinity 
AN  TITRL\-I-TA'RI-.\N-1SM,  a.    A  denial  of  Uie 

Trinity. 
AN-TIT'RO-PAL,    )  a.     [Gr.  ayri  and  rptvij.] 
AN-TIT'RO-POUS,  (     In  botany,  denoting  that  the 
radicle,  in  a  seed,  is  at  the  extremity  most  remote 
from  the  hilum,  or  that  the  embryo  is' inverted  wiili 
respect  tti  the  seed.  Lindley. 

AN'TI-TYPB,  H.      [Gr.  nvrtrvnov,  of  acri,  against, 
and  roTos,  a  tvpe  or  pattern.] 

That  of  which  the  type  id  the  prefiguration.  Thus 
the  paschal  lamb,  in  s^cripmre,  is  the  tyi>e,  of  which 
Christ  is  the  auUtijpe..  An  antitype,  then,  is  some- 
thing which  16  formed  according  lo  a  model,  or  pat- 
tern, and  bearing  strong  features  of  resemblance 
toil. 

In  Vu  Qretk  lilvrgy^  the  sacramental  bread  and 
wine  are  called  antitypes,  liiat  is,  fifiiiros,  similitudes  ; 
and  the  Greek  fathers  used  the  word  in  a  lilte  »ense. 

£ncyc. 
AN-Tl-TYP'I€J-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  an  antitype  ;  ex- 
plaining the  tvpe.  Johnson. 
A\-'I'I-TVP'ie-AL-LY,  ado.    By  way  of  antitype. 
AN-TI-VA-RI'0-LOUS,  a.     [anU  and  variolous^  which 
see.] 
Preventing  the  contagion  of  the  small-pox. 

Med.  Rep. 
AX-TI-VE-NE'RE-AL,  o.     [anti  and  venereal,  wliich 
see.] 
Residing  venereal  poison. 
ANT'LER,  n.    [from  the  root  of  anU,  before;  Fr. 
tutdouiUer.    See  Axte.] 

A  start  or  branch  of  a  hom  of  a  cervine  animal, 
as  of  the  slag  or  moose.  The  branch  next  lo  the 
head  is  called  the  brvuhantisr,  and  the  branch  next 
above,  the  bcs-antler.  Encyc, 

ANT'LER-£D,  a.     Furnished  with  antlers.     Kncye. 
ANT'-LTKE,  a.     Resembling  the  habits  of  ants. 
AN-T5^'M-A.\,  a.    Noting  certain  medicinal  waters 

in  Gennanv,  at  or  near  Tonstein.  Eneyc 

A.\-T0.N-O-MA'S£A,  n.  [Gr.  uiri  and  ova^ta,  name.] 
The  use  of  the  name  of  some  oHice,  dignity,  pro- 
fession, science,  or  trade,  instead  of  the  proper  name 
of  the  person  ;  as  when  hit  majesty  is  used  for  aking, 
or  his  lordship  for  a  nubleman  ;  or  when,  instead  of 
Aristotle,  we  say,  the  philosopher .-  Or,  conversely,  the 
use  of  a  proper  name  instead  of  an  appellative,  as 
when  a  wise  man  is  called  a  Oito,  or  an  eminent 
orator  a  Cicero,  the  application  being  supported  by  a 
ressembUince  in  chanicier.  Eno/c. 

AX-TON-0-.MAS'Tie-AL.-LY,  adv.  By  the  figure  an- 
ion oma.-'ia. 


AOR 

AN'TRE,  (an'tur,)  n.    [L,  anirum.]    A  cavern. 

Shak,     Othello. 

A'NUS,  n.  The  opening  of  the  body  by  which  excre- 
ment is  expelled. 

AN-C'BIS,  «.  An  Eyj'ptian  deity,  the  conductor  of 
departed  spirits,  and  rcpresentetf  by  a  human  figure 
with  the  head  of  a  dog  or  fox. 

AN'VIL,  H.  [Sax.  a}t.(Ut,(Pnfilt;  D.  aanberld;  old  Eng. 
anvelL  The  first  syllable  seems  to  be  the  prejMwi- 
tion  on,  from  the  Belgic  dialect  aaiu  The  hust  syl- 
lable is  from  the  verb  build  ;  in  Germ,  bilden^  to  furin 
or  «ha[>e,  and  bdd,  an  image  or  form,  which  in  l>ulch 
is  becld.  To  build  is  to  shape,  lo/onn,  and  ani-il,  that 
is,  OB  build,  is  that  on  which  thingn  are  shaped.  The 
Latin  word  incus,  iticuUis,  is  formed  by  a  like  anal- 
og>'  from  in  and  cudo,  to  hammer,  or  shape  ;  and  Ihe 
same  ideas  are  connected  in  the  Celtic  ;  VV.  eingiun; 
Ir.  inneon,  anvil,  and  inneonam,  to  strike.] 

An  iron  block  with  a  smooth  face,  on  which 
smiths  hammer  and  shape  their  work.  Figuratitdy, 
any  thing  on  wliich  blows  are  laid.  ahak. 

To  be  on  the  anvil,  is  to  be  in  a  state  of  discussion, 
formation,  or  prep;iration,  as  when  a  scheme  or 
measure  is  forming,  but  not  matured.  This  figure 
liearii  un  analogy  to  that  of  duscussion,  a  shaking  or 

AN'VIUJED,  a.    Wrought  on  the  anvil.  rbeatmg. 

Beaumont  4"  Fletcher. 

ANX-I'E-TY,(ang-zi'e-ty,)Ti.  [L.  anxietas,  from  anx- 
ius,  solicitous  ;  L.  an^o.     See  ArtoER.] 

1.  Concern  or  solicitude  respecting  some  event, 
future  or  uncertain,  which  disturbs  the  mind,  ana 
keeps  it  in  a  state  of  painful  uneasiness.  It  ex- 
presst^s  more  tlian  uneasiness  or  disturbance.,  and  even 
more  than  trouble  or  solicitude.  It  usually  springs 
from  fear  or  serious  apprehension  of  evil,  and  in- 
volves a  suspense  respecting  an  event,  and  often  a 
pt-rplexily  of  mind,  to  know  how  to  shape  our  con 
ducU 

2.  In  medical  language,  uneasiness ;  unceasing 
restlessness  in  sickness. 

ANX'IOUS,  (ank'shus,)  a.  Greatly  concerned  or 
solicitous  respecting  something  future  or  unknown; 
being  in  painful  suspense  ;  applied  to  persons ;  as, 
to  be  antious  for  the  issue  of  a  battle. 

2.  Full  of  solicitude  ;  unquiet;  applied  to  things; 
as,  anxious  thoughts  or  labor. 

3.  Very  careful ;  solicitous  ;  as,  anxious  to  please  j 
anxiou.f  to  commit  no  mistake. 

It  is  folli»wed  by  for  or  about,  before  the  object. 

ANX'IOCS-LY,  adv.  In  an  anxious  rnunner  ;  solicit- 
ously ;  with  painful  uncertainty ;  carefully ;  un- 
quietly. 

AN.\'I0US-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  anxious  ; 
great  stdicitude.  Johnson. 

AN'Y,  (en'ny,)  a.  [Sax.  anig,  anig;  D.  eenig ;  Ger. 
einig.  This  word  is  a  compound  of  an,  one,  and  ig, 
which,  in  the  Teutonic  ^dialects,  is  the  ic  of  the 
Latins,  mus-jc-ua.    .^ny  is  umm;-U3,  oa&4ike.] 

1.  One,  indefinitely. 

Nor  knoweth  any  man  the  FalhT,  tare  the  9oa.  —  MM,  xU  _ 
If  a  auul  ah^Ul  aiti  n^^iiiit  ain/  of  the  cuininaiidincnli.  —  Lev.  iv. 

2.  Some;  an  indefinite  number,  plurally  ;  for 
though  the  word  is  formed  from  one,  it  often  reiers  to 
many.  Are  there  any  witnesses  present?  'I'iie  sense 
seems  to  be  a  small,  uncertain  number. 

3.  Some  ;  an  indefinite  quantity  ;  a  small  portion. 

Wlio  will  fthow  lu  any  good  i  —  Pi.  if. 

4.  It  is  often  used  as  a  substitute,  the  person  or 
tiling  being  understood. 

And  wli'^n  yp  atand  praying,  forgive,  if  ye  have  augbl  against 

any,  —  Mnrk  xl. 
If  any  lack  wisdom,  Id  liim  fuk  it  of  God.  —  Jnmes  1. 

It  is  used  in  opiwsition  to  none.  Have  you  any 
wheat  to  sell .'  I  hiive  jione. 
AN'Y-WTSE,  is  sometimes  used  adverbially  ;  but  the 
two  words  may  be  separated,  and  used  with  a  prep- 
osition, in  any  wise. 
A-0'-\i-AN,  tt.  [from  Aonia,  a  part  of  Boeotia,  in 
Greece.] 

Pertaining  to  the  muses,  or  to  Aonia,  in  Boeotia. 
The  Aonian  fount  was  .^ganipoe,  at  the  ftxjt  of 
Mount  Helicon,  not  far  from  TheoKs,  and  sacred  to 
the  muses.  Hence  the  muses  were  called  Jlonides. 
Dryden^s  Virgil,  Eclogue  10.  16.  But  in  truth,  .^unia 
itself  is  formed  from  the  Celtic  aon,  a  spring  or  foun- 
tain, [the  fabled  son  <ff  Neptune,]  and  this  word 
gave  name  to  Jionia.  As  the  muses  were  fond  of 
springs,  the  word  was  applied  to  the  muses,  and  lo 
mountains  which  were  their  favorite  residence,  as  lo 
Parnasrius.  Milton. 

A'O-RIST,  n.  [Gr.  aopicTos,  indefinite,  of  a  priv. 
and  bp'ii,  limit.] 

The  name  of  certain  tenses  in  the  grammar  of  the 
Greek  language,  which   express  an   action   as  com- 
pleted in    past  time,  but  leave  it,  in  other  respects, 
wholly  indeterminate. 
A-O-RlisT'ie,  a.    Indefinite  ;  pertaining  lo  an  aorisl, 

or  indefinite  tense. 
A-ORT'A,  n.    fGr.  oopr/j,  the  great  artery ;  also,  an 
ark,  or  chest.] 

The  great  arterj-,  or  trunk  of  the  arterial  system, 
proceeding  from  the  left  ventricle  of  the  Iieart,  and 
giving  origin  to  all  the   arteries,  except  the  pulmo- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PR£Y.  — PINE,  MARLVE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. — 


56 


APE 


APIl 


nary  ancncs.  It  first  rises,  when  it  is  callrnl  tlie 
ascenjmf  aorta  ;  tlien  makes  a  (ircat  cur^'e,  when  it 
pves  off  branches  t,i  tin-  head  and  upper  extremi- 
ties; then  proceeds  downward,  called  the  (lescend- 
tng  aorla,  when  it  gives  off  brandies  to  the  trunic: 
and  flniilly  divides  into  the  two  iliacs,  which  sunplv 
the  pelvis  and  lower  extremities.  Cgc     Parr. 

V"S52!!;*'''  I  "•     Pertaining  to  the    aorta,  or  -great 
A<)RT'ie,   j      arterj-.  Darwin. 

A-PACE',  fliir.     faandpac/.j 

With  a  quick  pace;  quick;  fast;  speedily;  with 
haste;  hastily;  applied  to  things  in  motion  or  pro- 
»  S?'i"i'  V.^'  ^"^^  '^y  "/"■" ''  yfxia  grow  apace. 
AV  A-GO-GE,  n.    [Gr.,  from  UTa;  ij,  to  draw  aside,  of 
a-.',  from,  and  <ij  a>,  to  drive.] 

1.  In  hgic,  abduui.in  ;  a  kind  of  argument 
wherein  the  greater  extreme  is  evidently  coiitiiined 
in  the  uicdiuin,  but  the  medium  not  so  evidently  in 
the  lesser  extreme,  as  not  to  require  further  proof. 
Thus,  "  All  whom  God  absolves  are  free  from  sin  ■ 
but  God  absolves  all  who  are  in  Christ ;  therefore  all 
who  are  in  Christ  are  free  from  sin."  The  first  prop- 
osition is  evident ;  hut  the  second  may  require  fur- 
ther proof,  as  that  God  received  full  satisfaction  for 
sin  by  the  suffering  of  ClirisL 

2.  In  mathrmaiu^y  a  progress  or  p.assage  from  one 
proposition  to  another,  when  the  first,  having  been 
demonstrated,  is  euipluyed  in  proving  others. 

3.  In  tAe  JtOieaian  law,  the  carrjing  a  criminal, 
taken  in  the  fact,  to  a  magistrate.  Eticyc. 

AP-A-GOG'ie-AL,  a.  An  apagogiud  demonstration  is 
an  indirect  way  of  prixjf,  by  showing  the  absurdity 
or  unix)ssibility  of  the  contiarj  ;  corresponding  to 
the  reHiutio  ad  ahiturdum,  or  ad  iinpu^ijfdtUe. 

AP-.\-LACH't-A.V,  a.  Pertjiining  to  the  .^p.alaches, 
a  tribe  of  Indians  in  the  western  part  of  O<^orgia. 
Hence  the  word  is  applied  to  the  mountains  in  or 
near  their  country,  which  are  in  fact  the  southern 
extremity  of  the  Alleganean  ridges. 

AP'A.\-.\GE.     See  ArnKiot.* 

A-PAN'TIIKO-Py,  n.  [Gr.  uko,  from,  and  a.Opazot, 
man.)  e       >. 

An  aversion  to  the  company  of  men 
solitude. 

AP-.VRITH'ME-SIS, ».    [Gr.] 
lion. 

APART',  adv.    [a  and  part :  Fr.  apartf.    See  Part.] 
I.  Separably  ;  at  a  distance  ;  in  a  state  of  separa- 
tion, as  to  phice. 

'■•»  depwterf  thence  into  a  dnon  place  a^oel  —  MalL  xlT. 


APL 


a  love  of 
Kiteijc. 
In  rlutoricy  enuiuera- 


9.  In  a  state  of  distinction,  as  to  purpose,  use  or 
character. 

The  Lo»d  iKiOi  Kt  apart  him  tlwt  ii  gwlly  for  hifiwlr. Pi.  W. 

3.  Distinctly ;  separately ;  as,  consider  the  two 
propositions  apart, 

4.  Aside ;  in  exclusion  of;  as,  apart  from  all  re- 
gard to  his  morals,  he  is  not  qualified,  in  otlier 
iBspects,  for  the  office  he  holds. 

A-PAR  f'MH.NT,  n,     [Vl.  apartemeat,  or  appartrment^ 
of  ab  or  a,  from,  and  p<irtir,  to  do|i.'irt.    See  P»nT.] 

A  room  in  a  building;  a  division  In  a  house,  sep- 
arated from  others  by  partitions ;  a  place  separated 
by  inrlosuro. 
AP-A-TIIET'lC    a.     Void  of  feeling  ;  free  from  pas- 
sion ;  Insensible.  Uarrit. 
AP'A-TllltiT,  n.    One  destitute  of  feeling. 
AP-.VTlllSTle-Al.,,..     Apathetic.                Seaari. 
Y'THV,  n.     [Gr.  ,t  priv.  and  n^lh'i,  pas^on.] 
Want  of  feeling  ;  privation  of  passion,  or  insen- 
sibility to  Dam  ;  applied  either  tt,  tie  budij  or  Ute  mtnd. 
As  applied  to  the  mind,  it  is  stoicism,  a  calmness  of 
mind  incapable  of  being  ruffled  by  pleasure,  pain,  or 
possion.    In  the  first  ages  of  the  church,  llic  (;hri»- 
Uans  adojited   the  term  to  eipreaa  a  contempt  of 
earthly  concerns. 

auieii»m  U  uil,  apaOf  dbgulnd  under  the  •pimu.i^  of  dc 

AP'A-TTTE,  a.  [from  Gr.  anarato,  to  deceive:  It 
having  been  often  misLaken  for  other  mi;ierals.) 

jNaUve  phosphate  of  lime.  It  occurs  usually  in 
•Ix-sirted  prisms,  of  a  green  or  greenish  color  ;  ro- 
scmhling  b<!ol,  tut  much  softer.  Its  ixjwder  phos- 
phureseei  on  hot  coals.  The  phosphorite  of  VVer- 
net  ia  an  eartliy  variety.  j5„„^ 

APE,  a.  [D.  aap;  Dan.  aie;  Sax.  apa:  Bw.  and  fr. 
mia  :  Ice.  <ijie ;  Genu,  nffc  i  W.  ai,  or  epa,  so  named 
from  the  Celerity  of  lU  motions.] 

1.  A  genus  of  quadruuiana,  found  in  the  torrid 
r-one  of  b^ith  continents,  containing  a  great  number 
of  species.  In  common  use,  the  word  extiinds  to  all 
the  tribe  of  monkeys  and  babixms ;  but  in  /.istlogy, 
ape  is  limited  to  such  of  thitse  animals  as  have  no 
Hols  ;  while  tlLoe  witli  short  Uils  axe  callial  baboon.!, 
and  those  with  lung  ones,  moukti^.  These  animals 
have  four  cutting  teeth  in  each  Jaw,  and  two  canine 
teeth,  with  obtuse  grinders.  Iho  foet  are  formed 
like  hands,  with  fisir  Angers  and  a  thumb,  and  flat 
nails.  Apes  are  lively,  full  of  frolic  and  chatter, 
thieving,  and  mischievous.  They  inhabit  the  for- 
ests, and  live  on  fniiu,  leaves,  and  iiisecUi.  £scjrc. 
2.  One  who  imitates  *rrvilely,  in  allusion  to  the 
manners  of  the  ape  ;  a  silly  fellow. 
2PE,  e.  t.    'J'o  Imitate  servilely;  to  mimic, as  on  ape 


imitates  human  actions.    Weak  persons  are  always 
pnjne  to  ape  foreigners. 
A-PkAK',  adc.    [a  and  peak,  a  point    See  Peak.] 

1.  On  the  point ;  in  a  posture  to  pierce.  Johnson. 

2.  In  sM/jiea's/a/t^ita^e,  perpendicular.  The  anch- 
or IS  apeak,  when  the  cable  is  drawn  so  as  to  bring 

AT  r..\-.'\l.M,,  a.  [L.  apenmnu.i;  ad  and  pmniyias, 
an  epiUiet  applied  to  a  peak  or  ridge  of  llic  Alps. 
Livy.  Celtic  pen  or  bai,  the  peak  of  a  mountain,  or 
m  general,  a  mountain.]  ' 

Pertaining  to  or  designating  a  chain  of  mountains 
which  extend  from  the  Alps,  south  of  the  plains  of 
Piedmont,  and  around  the  Gulf  of  Genoa,  to  tlie  cen- 
ter  of  Italy,  and  thence  south-east  to  tile  exlreiuitv. 
AP'E.\-NI.\E,     )         ,r.i 

AP'EX-.N'INES,  J  "•     ^  '"^  mountains  above  described. 
^-P^P'SV,  B.     [Gr.  a  priv.  and  irtTrroJ,  to  digest] 

Defective  digestion  ;  indigestion.  Coze 

A'PEK,  n.     [from  ape.]     One  who  apes. 

2.  fL.]     In  looloiry,  the  wild  boar. 
A-Pk'UI-ENT,    a.     [L.  aperiens,  apcrio  ;  Sp.  and  Port. 
abrir  ;  It  aprire  ;  Fr.  oucrir.] 

Opening;  that  has  the  quality  of  opening;  deob- 
stnient ;  laxative. 
A-Pe'UI-E\T,  n.  Formerly,  a  medicine  supiiosed  to 
possess  the  property  of  opening  the  mouths  of  the  ex- 
treme vessels,  and  thus  removing  obstructions  ;  an 
anasuiniotic  ;  a  deobstruent  As  now  used,  a  remedy 
that  promotes  excretion,  or  a  laxative. 
A-PEK'I-TIVE,  a.    Opening;  deobstruent;  aperient 

A-PERT'.o.     rU  apertu,.]  ^'''""^" 

.  n5?.'!^S,;.?r.'''''"'i.'""''*R"'''«J-  i^'ot  med.]  Fotlierbu. 
A-PEK'T10.\,  n.    The  act  of  opening  ;  the  state  of  bi- 
liig  opened  ;  an  opening ;  a  gap,  api«ure,  or  passa.'e. 
.  U'^'"?''f:l  mseman.     Wolton. 

A-T'LRT'I.\ ,  ado.     Openly.     [Little  used.]  Bolt. 

A-PEKT'NESS,  a.     [U  o^ertis.)  ^ 

Olxmness.     IRareln  use4.]  Holder. 

A-PER  T'OB,  a.    A  muscle  that  raises  the  unnir  eye- 
lid ;  usu.ally  called  the  levator  of  tlie  up|)er  eyelid. 

(putney. 


a.    [Gr.  n  priv.  and  #Aoj  irof,  in- 


;■/,  an  opening ;  a  gap,  clell,  or  chasm ;  a  passage 
perforated  :  a  hole  through  any  solid  substance. 
,  Holder.     A'ewtefn. 

a.  An  opening  of  moaning  ;  explanation.     fJVot 

""S^l  -  Tnvlor. 

J.  In  geometry,  the  space  between  two  right'  lines, 
forming  an  angle.  Kne.ijc. 

^""oS-n^.'."-     ''I'"  practice  of  aping.  Cou'ruige. 

.     ,    AL-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  a  neg.  and  TtruAur,  a  flower 
leaf,  or  petal.] 

In  ioianii,  having  no  petals,  or  flower  leaves  :  hav- 
ing no  con*l.  Martifn 

A-PET'AL-OUS-NESS,   a.    A  state  of  being  without 
petals. 

ATEX,  H.;  pL  Apkies.     [U  irprz,  pi.  apices.] 

The  tip,  point,  or  summit  of  any  thing.  In  antiqui- 
ty, the  cap  of  a  Hamen  or  priist ;  the  crest  of  a  hel- 
met in  grammar,  the  mark  of  a  long  syllable.  In 
botany,  formerly,  the  anthers  of  flowers,  or  top  of  the 
stamens,  like  a  knob  ;  at  present  the  point  or  termi- 
nation of  any  part,  as  a  leaf,  seed,  or  ovule. 

•^'Efl^i'J^Pf.L''' !  (»-''r'-=-«l».)  «•  [c'r^'uU-..,  frolnfand 
A-PIIEU'E-Sl.1,    t      eiuco),  to  take.] 

1.  In  grammar,  tile  taking  of  a  letter  or  syllable 
from  the  beginning  of  a  word.  Thus,  by  apluereaia, 
omttere  is  written  mutcre.  Kncyc. 

2.  In  lAe  healiog  art,  the  removal  of  any  part  dis- 
eased or  superfluous.  Parr, 

In  "^g'nb  amputation.  Qaincyi  " 

A-PHAN'E.S-ITE,  m.    [Gr.  ui'ti-fK,  indistinct] 

A  copper  ore,  of  a  dark-bluish  or  verdigris-green 
color,  consisting  of  nra<^iiic  acid  and  oxyil  of  copper. 
APII-AN-lST'ItJ,  a.     In  mineralogy,  indistinct 
AI'H'A-Nri'E,  n.     [Gr.  a  priv.  and  .(>,o<.o>,  to  show.] 
A  very  compact,    dark-colored   rock,  consisting 
chiefly  of  hornblende.  •  Dana. 

A-PIIEL'IO.\,(a-fi:l'yon,)a  [Or.inro.from.ttnd  /iAiuc, 
the  sun.] 

That  point  of  a  planet's  orbit  which  Is  most  distant 
from  the  sun  ;  upixjsed  to  perihelion. 
APIl-I-DIV'O  ROUS,  a.     [of  aphis,  the  puceron  or 
vine-fretter,  and  vara,  to  eat] 

Eating,  devouring,  or  subsisting  on  the  aphis,  or 
plant-louse.  Danain. 

a-PHI-LAN'TlIRO-PV,  n.  [Or.,  of  a  neg.  and  0.Aa^- 
Ofiwriu,  of  j&iXttjj,  to  lovcj  and  auVptoif'^,  man.] 

Want  of  love  to  mankind.  In  medicine,  the  first 
stage  of  mehincholy,  when  solitude  is  preferred  to 
society.  Coze. 

A'PIIIS,  n.  In  tz/ology,lhe  puceron,  vine-fretter,  or 
plant-louse  ;  a  genus  of  insects  belonging  to  the  or- 
der llemiptera.  The  aphis  is  furnished  with  an  in- 
flected beak,  and  with  antenna'  longer  Ihan  the  tho- 
rax. In  the  same  species,  some  indivnluals  have 
four  erect  wings,  and  otliers  are  entirely  without 
tvings.  I'lM)  leet  are  of  the  anibiilut<iry  kind,  and 
the  belly  usually  ends  in  two  horns,  from  which  is 
ejected  the  substance  called  lioncydew.  The  species 
arevery  numerous.  Encyc     \ 


APH-LO-018'Tle, 

flanitnable.] 

FLameless  ;  as,  an  apMogistic  lamp,  in  which  a  coil 
ol  wire  IS  kept  m  a  slate  of  continued  ignition  by  al- 
A  oVilS'j;;""""  Z'''""^-  Comstvck. 

J  '  "■    ^^''  "  f"'''''  '""^  <li<o<"l,  voice.] 

i.t>,i^A°^Vj{,''"'''£  '  •'"'"'"'ess.  Johnson.  Coze. 

APH'0-RIg.M,  (afo-rizm,)  „.    [Gr.  a^ooicpos,  deter- 
mination, distinction  ;  from  a^ooiCo},  to  separate.] 

A  maxim ;  a  precept  or  principle  expressed  in  a 
few  words ;  a  detached  sentence  containing  some 
important  truth  ;  as,  the  aplurrisms  of  Hippocr.ates.  or 
of  the  civil  law.  fnevc 

^Jllj-'J-RISM'ER,  n.  A  dealer  in  aphorisms.  MdlZii 
API!  o  Rl.s  r,  II.    A  writer  of  aphorisms. 

Ai  ii-o-Ktb  I  'lt^-,\L,  S  rism  ;  in  the  form  of  short, 
nnconnected  sentences  ;  as,  an  aphoristic  style. 

APH-0-KIST'l€-.VL-LV,  ado,  la  the  form  or  manner 
o(  apliorjsms. 

AI'II'RITE,  n.     [Gr.  a^oof,  froth.] 

An  earthy  variety  of  carbonate  of  lime,  having  a 
silvery  luster;  the  silveni  elialk  of  Kirwan,and  tile 

A mj',n"."3'r *■  Cf'"""^'""!!)  "f  Weriier.  Dana, 

AfH  1.1-jin  L,  n.     A  variety  of  black  tourmalin. 

A?lTRS"n!«rA?\r    h-   ,tGr.  «0P«J..,,^*S-re- 

APH-RO-I)l-sr.ie-AL,  i  ol,  K^poiirn,  Venus,  from 
o^'joj,  froth.] 

Exciting  venereal  desire ;  increasing  the  anDetlte 
for  sexual  connection. 

APII-RO-DI»'I-Ae,  (af-ro-dizh'e-ik,)  n,  A  provoca- 
tive to  venery.  Kncyc     Qitincy. 

APIl  UO-Dl'T.\,  n.  In  zoology,  a  genus  of  marine  An- 
nelida, characterized  by  two  rows  of  inembninous 
scales  along  the  hack,  covering  the  hranchiie.  A  spe- 
cies,  on  the  Dritish  coast,  is  called  the  sen-mouse. 

APH'RO-UITE,  ».     [Gr.  A^^ojir,,.] 

A  i>,  A,'''"i"J''"'  "'  Venus.  Cleaveland. 

Alll-RO-DI'TL,  n.  A  name  of  Venus,  so  called  from 
Gr.  nibitos,  froth,  from  whicll  the  gixldess  was  sup- 
isiseii  to  liave  been  produced.    [See  Vekus.] 

AI'll-Tlirr'A-LITE,  H.  A  compound  salt,  consisting 
chiefly  ol  the  sulphates  of  potash  and  soda,  and  eom- 

A  .',"""  ."'''"  '  *"'""'  ™  "'"  '^'''^  "'  Vesuvius.     Dana. 

APirTllo.XO,  (af'thoiig,)  71.  [Gr.  uni,  without,  and 
ipOjyy^ii,  sound.] 

A  letter,  or  combination  of  letters,  which,  in  the 
customary  pronunciation  of  a  word,  have  no  sound. 
'■'"'"'•"'■,  or  DUt.  of  (/if  Jliberno-Cellic  Language. 

APIrniOlIS,  a.     [Gr.  aijiUai,  ulcers  in  the  mouth.] 
Pertaining  to  the  Uirush,  (aplitha: ;)  of  the  nature  of 
the  tlirush,  or  ulcerous  affection  of  the  mouth. 

APIl'YL-LOUS,  a.  [Gr.  a  neg.  and  av^KooffoUum. 
a  leaf.] 

in  botany,  destitute  of  leaves,  as  the  tush,  mush- 
rmuns,  garlic,  some  sea-weeds,  &c.  Milne. 

^'Pj-A-RI.ST,  n.    One  who  keeps  an  apiary.  K'irby. 
A  rl-A-RY,  ft.     [L.  npiarium,  of  apis,  a  bee.] 

The  place  where  bees  are  kepi ;  a  stand  or  shed  for 
bees. 
A'Pl-AS-TER,  n,     [from  L.  afis,  a  bee.) 

The  trivial  name  of  a  bird,  a  species  of  Merops,  or 
bee-eater.    The  apiaster  has  an  iron-colored  back, 
and  a  belly  of  hluisli-grecn.  Eucve. 
AP'I-CKS,   (      o       .               ,   . 
-  '     isee  Apex  and  Anther. 


A'PE.X-EiS.j      "'^ 

A-P1€'U-1.X-TED,  a.    In  frutafti/,  terminated  abruptly 

hy  a  small,  distinct  [wint,  us  a  leaf. 
A-PIeCE',  ado.     [a  and  piece.] 

To  each  ;  noting  the  share  of  each  ;  as,  here  is  an 
orange  apiece, 
A'PIS,  n.    In  mythology,  an  ox,  worshiped  in  ancient 

Egypt,  as  a  divinity. 
A'l'tS,  n,  [1..]  in  utology,  tlie  bee,  a  genus  of  insects 
of  the  order  liynienoptera.  The  month  has  two 
Jaws,  and  a  proboscis  infolded  in  a  double  sheath ; 
the  wings  are  four,  tlie  two  forcniost  covering  the 
hinder  ones  when  at  rust  The  females  and  working 
bees  have  a  sting.  Eneye^ 

AP'ISII,   a.     [See  Ape.)     Having  the  qualities  of  an 
aile  ;  inclined  to  imitate  in  a  servile  manner;  hence, 
lisilitth  ;  foppish  ;  nfleeted  ;  trifling  ;  insignificant;  as, 
an  upis/i  fellow  ;  apish  inanners. 
A1"1.S11-I.Y,  adv.    In  an  apish  manner;  with  servile 

iiiiil.-ition ;  foppishly. 
AP'ISll-.VE.SS,  a.    The  quality  of  being  apish ;  mun- 

icry  ;  foppery. 
A-1'IT'PAT ;    with  quick  beating  or  palpitation  ;  a 
word  formed  from  itie  sound,  pit  and  pat,  or  IVom 
beaL 
AP-LA-NAT'ie,  a.    [Gr.  a  neg.  and  rAaxau,  to  wan- 
der.) 

An  aptanatic  telescope  is  one  which  entirely  cor- 
rects the  aberration  of  color  of  the  rays  of  light  It 
is  tlius  distingilished  from  the  achromatic,  which  only 
partiiUly  corrects  the  aberration.  Ed.  Encyc 

A-l'l.AS'TIC,  a.     Not  plastic  or  easily  molded. 
AP'l^OME,  n.     [Gr.  ..iAo»i,  simple.] 

A  mineral  closely  allied  to  garnet  It  is  considered 
by  Jameson  as  crysuillized  common  garnet  It  is  a 
rare  mineral,  found  in  dodecahitdrons,  with  rhombic 
faces,  supposed  to  be  derived  from  the  cube  hy  one 


TO.VE,  BULL.  UNITE— AW"CEg.  VI"CIOU8.-e  a.  K;  0  as  J ;  g  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII;  TH  a.  in  THIS. 


APO 

of  the  mitst  simple  laws  of  dtyrivmtrnt,  ilint  of  a  ttin* 
gle  mn^*  uf  panicles,  paralU-l  tii  all  the  edges  uf  a 
cube.  /fatly.     Clfaveland* 

A'PLt'3'TR£,  n.  [I-,  ^m  Gr.  a^kaorovy  the  gummit 
of  the  poop  of  a  ship.] 

In  iCfman  antiquity^  an  ornament  made  of  wooden 
planka,  rising  from  tbe  stem  of  a  ship,  corresponding 
to  tbe  Greek  apkUuton^  l.n^Xa<jTov ;)  by  the  side  of 
which  a  pole  was  erected  with  a  flag  or  hbboua  at- 
tached, to  indicate  the  course  of  tlie  wind. 

SmiVCt  Diet, 

A-POe'A-LYPSE,  (a-poc'a-IjrpsO  n.  [Gr.,  fhim  arovo- 
Atrrrw,  to  dtscJoee  ;  otw  and  miAuffrw,  to  cover.] 

Revelation;  discovery;  disclosure.  The  name  of 
a  book  of  the  New  Testament,  containing  many  dia- 
coveries  or  predictions  respecting  the  Aiture  state  of 
Christianity,  written  by  St.  John,  in  Palmos,  near 
the  close  <tf  the  first  cenlurv. 

A-POe-A-LYP'Tie,        \  «.  Containing  or  pertaining 

A-POe-A-LYP'TIC-AL,  (     to  revelation  ;  disclosing. 
2.  I^rtainingto  tbe  apoc^ypse. 

A-PO€;-A-LYP'Tl€^AL-tY,  mdv.  By  revelation  ;  in 
tbe  manner  of  disckwure ;  in  rriation  to  tbe  apoca- 
hrpse. 

AP-0-€XRP'0U8,  a.     [Gr.  a^o  and  <a4.jrof,  fmit.] 
la  *o(a»jr,  a  term  denoting  that  tbe  corpeU  of  a 
compound  pistil  are  either  entirely  or  partially  dis- 
tinct. Lituilfy. 

A-POC'O  PJTE,  r.  t.     [See  Apocopb.]     To  cut  olTor 

'  drxip  the  la^t  letter  or  syllable  of  a  word. 

A-PO€'(-)-P.\-TED,  pp.  or  a,  Shortened  by  the  omis- 
sion nf  the  last  letter  or  sjllable. 

A-P0€'O-Pa-T1NG,  ppr.  Cutting  off  or  omitting  the 
last  letter  or  3>-llabte. 

A-POe'O-PE,  K.  [Gr.  araroirit,  abscission,  ofaro  and 
«eirrtj,  to  cut.] 

Tlie  cutting  off  or  omission  of  tbe  last  teeter  or  syl- 
lable of  a  word  ;  as,  <<j  for  diu 

A-PO€'RI-SI-A-RY,       {  n.   [Gr.,  from  awKpitrtf,  an- 

A-POe-RI-SI-A'RI-US,  j  awer;  aicoxatvofiat^  to  an- 
swer.] 

Anciendy^  a  term  applied  to  the  residents  at  the  im- 
perial city,  Constantinople,  in  tbe  name  of  a  foreign 
church  or  bishop,  including  the  pope's  legale  or  nun- 
cio, wlio^e  othce  was  to  negotiate,  as  proctors,  at  the 
emperor's  court,  in  all  ecclesiastical  causes  in  wfaicb 
tkeir  principal*  were  concerned.  The  term  was  also 
applied,  under  the  early  French  kings,  to  the  highest 
officer  in  tbe  royal  court,  nearly  corresponding  to 
chancellor.  JEacfc     Speimmiu 

AP-O-CRUST'IC.o.  [Gr  aTocpuvffnxa,  from  aru  and 
■perw,  to  drive.] 
.A>trinRent ;  repelling. 

AF-0-€RL*ST'IC,  M.  A  medicine  which  constriogea, 
and  rept'U  the  bumors  ;  a  repellent  Qiiutcy.  G/ze. 

A-POC'RY-PilA,  H.  [Gr.,  from  arocpwsro* ;  ara  and 
KptiTTb>,  to  conceal. J 

LUeraily,  such  things  as  are  not  publtsh^-d  ;  but  in 
urn  appi opi  .au  sriuf,  books  whose  authenticity,  as  iu- 
a|Nred  writing>t,  ig  not  admitted,  and  which  ore  there- 
fore not  considered  a  part  of  the  sacred  cnnon  of  the 
Scripture.  When  the  Jews  published  tlieir  sacred 
books,  they  called  them  canonieal  and  dirine  ;  such  as 
tbey  did  not  pubhsh  were  called  apocryphal.  The 
Jewish  apocrj'phal  books  are  received  by  the  Roman 
Catholic  church  as  caiwiuca/,  but  not  by  Protestants. 

£ncye. 

A-POe'RY-PHAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  apocrypha; 
not  canonical ;  of  uncertain  authority  or  credit ;  false ; 
fictitious,  Congrne.     Hooker. 

A-POC'RY-PHAL-LY,  ado.  Uncertainly;  not  indis- 
putaWv. 

A-POe'RV-PHAL-XESS,  n.  Uncertainty  as  to  au- 
thenticity ;  doubtfulness  of  credit  or  genuineness. 

AP'0-D.\L,  a.    [See  Apodcs.]    Withoiit  feeL    In  lool- 
destitute  of  ventral  tins ;  denoting  an  order  of 


AP'ODES,  «.  fL    [Gr.  a  iwiv.  and  irort,  ro^uj,  foot.] 
A  term  af^ied  to  animals  that  have  no  feet ;  es- 
pecially to  certain  fabulous  birds  which  were  said  to 
have  no  legs,  and  also  to  some  birds  whicb  have  very 
sbort  legs. 

In  looUgfj  the  Apodes  are  an  order  of  fishes  which 
bave  no  venlral  fins ;  tbe  first  order  in  Linuatus's 
system.  Kncifc. 

AP-0-Die'TI€,         t  a.     [Gr.  airo^fifis,  evidence,  of 

AP-0-DI€'Tie-.\L,  i       QTT'.  and  ^eiici-b^i,  to  show.] 
Demonstrative  ;    evident  beyond   contradiction  ; 
clearly  proving.  Bronnu     OlanoiUe. 

AP-O-DIC'TIC-AL-LY,  adv.  So  as  to  be  evident  be- 
yond contradiction. 

AP-O-DIX'IS,  n.     [Gr.]     Full  demonstration.  Buck. 

A-POD'O-SIS,  n.  [Gr.l  In  grammar,  the  [Mrincipal 
clause  of  a  conditional  sentence,  expressing  tbe  r&- 
suU ;  as  distinguished  from  tbe  prvtasu  or  subordinate 
clause,  which  expressea  a  condition.  Thus,  in  the 
sentence,  "  Though  be  alay  me,  yet  will  I  tnist  in 
him,"  the  former  clause  is  the  protasis,  and  the  latter 
the  apodosis.  Uy  some  respectable  grammarians,  this 
distinction  is  not  condned  to  conditional  sentences, 
but  is  extended  to  others  similarly  constructed. 

AP'O-GEE,  n.    [apogeoUf  apogeum}  Gr.  arro,  from,  and 
yji,  the  earth.] 
In  modem  astrojumy,  that  point  in  the  orbit  of  the 


APO 

moon,  which  la  at  the  greatest  distance  from  the 
eartli. 

In  ancimt  astronomy,  that  point  in  the  orbit  of  the 
sun,  or  of  a  planet,  whic))  is  at  the  greatest  distance 
from  the  earth.  Tbe  ancients  regarded  the  e:irth  as 
fixed  in  the  center  of  the  system,  and  therefore  as- 
signed to  the  sun,  with  the  planet?,  an  orbit  and  an 
api>-rfei  but  the  modems,  considering  the  sun  as  the 
center,  use  tbe  tonus  pankelion  and  aphelion,  to  de- 
note tbe  least  and  greatest  distance  ijf  the  planets 
from  that  orb.  Tbe  siui*s  apogee,  therefore,  is,  in 
strictness,  the  earth's  apkelum.       Kjictjc.    Johnson, 

A-PCGO.\,  n.  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  jrwywt',  beard,  because 
its  jaws  want  the  appendages  called  beard.'] 

The  name  of  a  sub  genus  of  fishes,  subordinate  to 
the  genus  Perca,  ( p^rcA,)  one  species  of  which  inhab- 
its the  Meililerrjinran.  Cavicr. 

AP'O-GRAPH,  a.     [Gr.  airo)  pa<*>Qv ;  airojpa^u.] 
An  exemplar  ;  a  copy  or  transcript.  Anh. 

A-POI^LI-NA'Rt-AN,  a.     [from  .-JpoWo.] 

The  jipolliRarian  gamr.t,  in  Raman  anfj^ut/y,  were 
celebrated  in  honot- of  Ajwllo;  instituted  A.  R.  54'i, 
after  the  battle  of  Cannae.  They  were  merely  scen- 
icnl,  with  exhibitions  of  music,  dances,  and  various 
mountebank  tricks.  Encyc. 

A-POUI.I-.NA'RI-AN»;  In  cAurcA  histonj,  a  sect,  de- 
riving their  name  from  Ap*>llinaris,  bishop  of  Lnodi- 
cea,  in  the  4th  centurj-,  who  denied  the  proper  hu- 
manity of  Christ ;  maintaining  that  his  bmly  was  en- 
dowed with  a  sensitive,  and  not  with  a  rational  soul, 
and  that  the  divine  nature  supplied  tbe  place  of  the 
intelli-ctual  principle  in  man.  Kncye.     Hooker. 

A-POL'LO,  i».  A  deity  among  tbe  Greeks  and  Romans, 
and  worshiped  under  the  name  of  Pkah^,  the  sun, 
as  tbe  fountain  of  light  and  IieaL  lie  was  the  pre- 
siding deity  of  archer)',  propliecy,  medicine,  and 
music,  and  president  and  protector  of  the  Muses. 

Brande* 

A-POI/LO-BEI^VI-DERE',  a.  A  celebrated  statue 
of  A|>ollo,  in  the  Belvldere  gallery  of  the  Vatican 
palace  at  Rome,  esteemed  one  of  the  noblest  rep- 
n^sentations  of  the  human  frame.  Brands. 

A-POLL'VO.\,  n-     [Gr.  .uroAAi-cii',  destroying.] 

Tbe  destroyer ;  a  name  used.  Rev.  ix.  11,  for  the 
angel  of  Uie  bottomless  pit,  answering  to  tlie  Hebrew 
.Abaddon. 

A-POL-O^ET'I€,         (a.  [Gr.  aTuXo>fgpa(,  to  speak 

A-POLr-CMSET'ie-AL,  (  in  defence  of;  arru  and  Ao>. 
Of,  speech.] 

Defending  bv  words  or  arguments  ;  excusing  ;  said 
or  written  in  defense,  or  by  way  of  apology  ;  as,  an 
motagftic  essay.  Boyle, 

A-P0L-0-6ETa€J-Al»-LY,  «dr.  By  way  of  apology 
or  excuse. 

A-POL-O-OET'ieS,  a.  That  hninch  of  theology  which 
defends  the  ll*»ly  Scriptures,  and  sets  forlli  the  evi- 
dence of  their  divine  authority. 

A-PI)L'0-6IST,  n.  [See  Apologt.]  One  who  makes 
an  npologj-  j  one  who  speaks  or  writes  in  defense  of 
another. 

A-PUL'0-GTZE,  r.  u  To  make  an  apology  ;  to  write 
or  speak  in  favor  of,  or  to  make  excuse  for ;  followed 
by  /er ;  as,  my  correspondent  afolvgiied  for  not  an- 
swering my  letter. 

A-POL'O-GIZ-ER,  n.  One  who  makes  an  apology  or 
defends. 

AP'O-LOGUE,  (ap'o-log,)  n.  [Gr.  a-xoXoyo^^  a  long 
speech,  a  fable.] 

A  moral  fable ;  a  story  or  relation  of  fictitious 
events,  intended  to  convey  useful  truths.  An  ap- 
ologve  differs  from  a  parable  in  this:  the  parable  is 
drawn  from  events  which  pass  among  mankind,  and 
tlierefore  requires  probability  in  the  narrative  ^  the 
apologue  is  ftiuuddd  on  siip|>osed  actions  of  brutes  or 
inanimate  things,  and  tlierefore  is  not  limited  by 
strict  rules  of  probability.  Esop'e  fables  are  good 
examples  of  apologues.  Encyc 

A-P0L'0-6Y,  n,  [Gr.  aroAoyia,  of  ano  and  Xoyos, 
disciMirse.] 

An  excuse  ;  something  said  or  written  in  defense 
or  extenuation  of  whA  appears  to  others  wrong  or 
unjustifiable,  or  of  what  may  be  liable  to  disnppro- 
bation.  It  may  be  an  extenuation  of  what  is  not 
pi'rfectly  Justifiable,  or  a  vindication  of  what  is  or 
may  be  disapproved,  but  which  the  apologist  deems 
to  be  right.  A  man  makes  an  apology  for  not  fulfill- 
ing an  engagement,  or  for  publishing  a  pamphlet. 
Ai\  apology,  then,  is  a  reason  or  reasons  assi-rned  fur 
wliat  is  wrong  or  may  appear  lo  be  wrong,  and  it  may 
be  either  an  extenuation  or  a  justification  of  some- 
thing  that  is  or  may  be  censured  by  those  who  are 
not  acquainted  with  the  reasons. 

AP-O-ME-CO.M'E-TRY,  n.    [Gr.  otto,  //7?kos,  distance, 
and  tLETp-v,  measure.] 
The  art  of  measuring  things  distant 

AP-O-NEU-RO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  aira,  from,  and  vEvpov^  a 
nerve  ;  W.  nertk  ;  Arm.  ncrz.     See  Nerve.] 

An  expansion  of  a  tendon  in  the  manner  of  a 
membrane  ;  a  tendinous  expansion  in  which  a  mus- 
cle  terminates,  inserted  into  otlier  relatively  fixed 
parts,  or  covering  and  confining  other  muscles,  and 
forming  a  fascia.  Encyc.     Blancard. 

AP-0-PE.MP'Tie,  a.  [Gr.  airo,  from,  and  Trcpffiu,  to 
send.] 


APO 

Denoting  a  song  or  hymn  among  the  ancients,  sung 
or  addressed  to  a  stranger,  tm  his  de|Kirture  from  a 
place  to  his  own  country.  It  may  be  used  as  a  noun 
fur  the  hymn.  Enryc. 

A-POPIl'A-SIS,  11.  [Gr.  aro,  frow,  and  (paats,  form  of 
speech.] 

In  rhetoric,  a  waving  or  omission  of  what  one, 
spt^aking  ironic^itly,  would  plainly  insinuate  ;  as,  "  I 
will  not  mentiiin  another  argument,  which,  however, 
if  I  should,  you  Cfiuld  not  refute."  Smith.    Johnson. 

AP-0-PHLEG-M.\T'ie,  a.  [Gr.  airoy  from,  and  ipXcy- 
pu,  phlegm.] 

Having  the  quality  of  exciting  discharges  of  phlegm 
or  mucus  from  the  mouth  or  nostrils. 

AP-0-!*ULEG-MAT^I€,  n.  A  medicine  which  excites 
discharges  of  phlegm  or  mucds  from  the  mouth  or 
nostrils.  Coxe. 

AP-O-PHLEG'MA-TISM,  n.    An  apophlegmatic. 

Bacon, 

AP-aP»LEG-.MAT'I-ZANT,  «.     An  aiiophlegniatic. 
Qiiincy.     Core. 

AP'OPH-TIIEGM,  I  (ap'o-thera,)  n.     [Gr.  aw,  from, 

AP'O-THEGM,  i  and  tpOty,,a.  word.  It  would  be 
eligible  to  reduce  this  harsh  word  to  apo/Aew.] 

A  remarkable  saying;  a  short,  sententious,  in- 
structive remark,  uttered  on  a  particular  occasion,  or 
by  a  distinguished  character;  as  that  of  Cyru«,  "  He 
is  unworthy  to  be  a  magistrate,  who  is  not  better 
Uian  his  subjects  ;  "  or  thnlof  Cato,  "  Homines,  nihil 
agendo,  discuut  male  agere,"  Men,  by  doing  nothing, 
s»ton  learn  to  do  mischief. 

A-POPH'Y-GE,  n.     [Gr.  aito,  from,  and  01-;  jj,  flight.] 
In  architecture,  that  part  of  a   column   where   it 
springs  out  of  its  base  ;  sunietimes  called  tbe  spring 
of  the  column.  Chambirs. 

A  concave  part  or  ring  of  a  column,  lying  above  or 
below  the  flat  member;  ciOled  by  the  French,  le 
eongp  rfVn  bas,  or  d'rn  hant,  and  by  the  Itiilians,  U 
caco  di  bastto,  or  di  sifpra.  It  was  originally  a  ring  or 
ferule  to  bind  the  extremities  of  wooden  columns, 
and  keep  them  from  splitting  ;  aflcrward  imitated 
in  stone  pillars.  Encyc. 

A-POPH'YIr-LrrE,  rt.  [Gr.  airo,  from,  and  0v>Auf^  a 
leaf;  so  called  from  tlie  readiness  with  which  its 
laininiE  are  separated.] 

A  zeulilic  mineral,  occurring  in  pearly,  laminated 
mosses,  or  crystallized  in  glassy,  square  prisms,  with 
pyramidal  terminations,  which  break  very  readily 
across,  and  adurd  a  surface  with  a  pearly  luster.  It 
consists  of  silica,  lime,  and  potash.  Vft^tn  its  peculiar 
luster,  it  is  eomctimes  culled  ichthyophthalntite,  or  fish- 
eve  stone.  Dana. 

A-POPH'Y-SIS,n.   [Gr.  aJro,from,and0tKns,growlh.] 
A  process  of  a  bone  ;  a  prominent  part  of  a  Ixjiie, 
fotining,  originally,  a  continuous  part  of  the  body  of 
the  bone,  in  distinction  from  epiphysis. 

AP-O-PLEC'Tie,  (  a,     [See  Apoplext.] 

AP-O-PLEC'Tie-AL,  j  Pertaining  to  or  consisting 
in  apoplexy  ;  as,  an  apoplectic  fit ;  or  predisposed  to 
ajMiplexv  ;  as,  an  apoplectic  habit  of  body. 

AP-O-PLEC'Tie,  n.    A  person  affected  with  apoplexy. 

KnaicklmlL 

AP'0-PLEX  .ED,  (ap'o-plext,)  a.  Affected  with  ai>o- 
plexy.  SItak. 

AP'O-'PLEX-Y,  n.  [Gr.  aTroTrXijfia,  of  airo,  from,  and 
Tj\n<jau},  to  strike.] 

Abolition  of  sense  and  voluntary  motion,  from  sua- 
pcn^iion  of  the  functions  of  the  cerebrum. 

Dryden,  for  the  sake  of  measure,  uses  apophz,  for 
apoplrni, 

AP'O-KON,    (  n.    [See  Apobia.]     A  problem  diflicult 

AP'O-KIME,  i      to  be  resolved.  Encyc. 

A-l'O'Rl-A,  n.  [Gr.  anopia,  from  arropos,  inops  con- 
silii,  of  a  and  nopo;,  way  or  passage.] 

1.  In  rActoric,  a  doubting  or  being  at  a  loss  where 
to  begin,  or  what  to  say,  on  account  of  the  variety  of 
matter.  Smith. 

2.  In  the  medical  art,  febrile  anxiety;  uneasiness j 
restlessness  from  obstructed  perspiration,  or  the 
stoppage  of  any  natural  secretion.  Coze. 

A-PO-SEP'E-DIN,  TU  [Gr.  n-no,  from,  and  ctiTrt^tin', 
putrefaction.]  A  peculiar  crystallized  substince  ob- 
tained fromjjutrid  cheese.  Brande. 

A-POS-I-O-Pe'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  arojiwiriifffj,  of  airo  and 
aiotTTao),  to  be  silent] 

Reticency  or  suppression ;  as  when  a  speaker,  for 
some  cause,  as  fear,  sorrow,  or  anger,  suddenly 
breaks  off  his  discourse,  before  it  is  ended  ;  or  speaks 
of  a  thing  when  he  makes  a  show  as  if  he  would  say 
nothing  on  the  subject;  or  aggravates  what  he  pre- 
tends to  conceal,  by  uttering  a  part  and  leaving  the 
remainder  to  be  understood.  Smith.  Johnson.  Encyc. 

A-POS'TA-SIS,  n.     [Gr.  an<JCTTact^.] 

1.  In  ancient  medicine,  the  termination  or  crisis  of  a 
diseiise  by  some  secretion  ;  in  opiKwiiion  to  metastasis, 
or  the  termination  by  transfer  to  another  part.    Hence, 

2.  An  abscess  ;  such  collection  of  purulent  matter 
having  been  considered  a  critical  secretion,  and 
hence  called,  in  Greek,  anaarripa,  and  in  Latin,  ab- 
scessus.  Blancard, 

3.  The  throwing  off  or  separation  of  exfoliated  or 
fractured  bone.  Coze. 

A-POS'TA-SY,  n.  [Gr.  anoaraiTif,  a  defection,  ^ 
atpiornpi^  to  depart,  oto  and  larript.] 


FATE,  FAR,  PALL,  WH^T.  — MeTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARKNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


APO 

1.  An  abaodonmcnt  of  what  one  has  professed ;  a 
total  desertion  or  departure  I'rom  one's  faith  or  re- 
ligion. 

2.  The  desertion  from  a  party  to  which  one  has 
A-POS'TaTE,  n.     [Gr,  a-rrocTaTm.]  [adhered. 

One  who  has  forsaken  the  church,  sect,  or  profes- 
sion to  which  he  before  adhered.  In  its  original 
sense,  applied  to  one  who  has  abandoned  his  re- 
ligion ;  but  correctly  applied  also  to  one  who  aban- 
don:^  a  political  or  other  party. 

In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  one  who,  without  a 
legal  dispensation,  forsak'js  a  religious  order,  of 
which  he  has  made  profession.  Eiicyc. 

A-POS'TATE,  a.     False  ;  traitorous.  Spnt.ier. 

AP-0-STAT'I€J-AL,  a.  After  the  manner  of  an  apo»- 
latu.  Sandys. 

A-POS'TA-TIZE,  r.  i.  To  abandon  one's  profession 
or  church  ;  to  forsake  principles  or  faith  which  one 
has  professed,  or  the  party  to  which  one  has  been 
attached.  Worlhintrton. 

A-POS'TA-nZ-IN'G,  pjrr.  Abandoning  a  church,  pro- 
f^ssidn,  sect,  or  parly. 

A-POS' TE-MATE,  v.  I  To  form  into  an  abscess  ;  to 
swell  and  fill  with  pus, 

A-PO^^-TE-MA'TIOX,  tu  The  formation  of  an  npos- 
li'me  ;  the  process  of  gathering  into  an  abscess ;  writ- 
ten comipllv  imposthumation. 

AP-OS-TEM'A-TOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  abscess  ; 
partaking  of  the  nature  of  an  apo^^teme. 

_  Jvum,  qf  Science-. 

AP'OS-TeME,  n.  [Gr.  aTro-rrn/ii,  from  .ir>(or/?/i(,  Id 
go  off",  to  recede  ;  urro  and  iTrrutt,  to  stand. 1 

An  abscess ;  a  swelling  filled  with  purulent  mat- 
ter ;  written  also  corruptly  imposthumf. 

A  PO^TI^Rl-O'RTy  [L.  po.-Herior,  afl.r.] 

Arguments  a  posteriori^  are  drawn  from  effects,  con- 
sequences, or  facta ;  in  opposition  to  reasoning  a ;7n>ri. 

A-POri'TlL,  lu  [Fr.  aposUlie.]  A  marginal  note  or 
reference  ;  a  postscri|H. 

A-POS'TLE,(a-p06'l,)  tu  VU.  apostoluji  i  Gr.  aTrrtoroXoj, 
from  aTToareWuiy  to  send  away,  of  ana  and  arcAAu, 
to  send ;  Germ,  stellen.,  to  set] 

A  person  deputed  to  execute  some  important 
business ;  but  apprapriateUj,  a  discijile  of  Christ 
commissioned  to  preach  the  gospel.  Twelve  per- 
sons were  selected  by  Christ  fur  this  purpose  ;  and 
Judas,  one  of  *he  number,  proving  an  apostate,  his 
place  wa^  supplied  by  Matthias.     Acts  t 

The  title  of  apostle  is  applied  to  Christ  himself, 
Ileb.  iii.  In  the  primitive  ages  of  the  church,  other 
ministers  were  called  apostlrs^  Rom.  xvi. ;  as  were 
persons  sent  to  carry  alms  from  one  church  to  an- 
other, Philip,  ii.  This  title  was  also  given  to  per- 
sons who  fir«t  planted  the  Christian  faith.  Thus 
DiunysiuB  of  Coriotb  is  callrd  the  apostle  of  Prance  ; 
and  the  Jesuit  missionaries  are  called  apostUs. 

Among  the  JetoSy  the  title  was  given  to  officcra 
who  were  sent  into  distant  provinces,  as  visitors  or 
cominidsionrrs,  to  see  the  laws  observed,  and  to  col- 
lect money  or  tribute. 

ApuHtU^  in  the  Greek  liturg>-,  is  a  book  containing 
the  Epistles  of  iSt.  Paul,  printed  in  the  order  In  which 
they  are  to  be  read  in  the  churches  through  the  year. 

Encye. 

A-POS'TLE-SHIP,  n.  The  ofBce  or  dignity  of  an 
apof:tle. 

A-POS'TO-LATE,  n.  A  mission ;  the  dignity  or 
oRict;  of  an  apostle.  Ancient  writers  use  it  for  the 
office  uf  a  bishop ;  but  it  is  now  restricted  to  the  dig- 
nity of  the  pope,  whose  see  is  called  the  apostolic 
see,  Kncyc. 

AP-OS-TOL'I€,         \a.    Pertaining  or  relating  to  the 

AP-08-T0I/I€>AL,  j      apostles  ;  as,  the  apostolic  age. 
2.  According  to  tne  doctrines  of  the  apostles ;  de- 
livered or  taught  by  ttie  apostles  ;  as,  apostolic  faith 
or  practice. 

Apostolic  eoTutitations  ;  a  collection  of  regulations 
attributed  Ut  the  apostles,  but  generally  supposed  to 
be  spurious.  They  appe:ired  in  the  fourth  century, 
are  divided  into  eight  books,  and  c«m.sisi  of  rules  and 
pn>cepts  relating  to  the  duty  of  Christians,  and  par- 
ticularly to  Uhj  ceremonies  and  discipline  of  llie 
church. 

Apoatolic  fatlurs  ;  an  appellation  given  to  the  Chris- 
tian writers  of  the  firrt  century. 

AP-OS/roL'IC-ALr-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  the 
afx  istles. 

AP-Orf-TOL'IC-AL-NE.«S,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
apoMtiflical,  or  accordant  with  the  doctrines  of  the 
apo<Ies. 

AP-OH-TOL'ieS,  II.  ^l.  Certain  secui,  «o  called  from 
their  pretending  to  imitate  the  practice  of  the  ap<is- 
tlen,  abstaining  from  marringis  from  wine,  flesh,  pe- 
cuniary reward,  &c.,  and  wandering  about  clothed 
in  white,  with  long  beards  and  bare  beads.  Haga- 
relli,  the  founder  of  one  of  these  sects,  was  burnt  at 
Parma  in  I'.Wl.  Kncyc 

A-PO.S'TRO-PIIE,  a.  [Gr.  an-«,  from,  and  ar^'o^r],  a 
turning.] 

1.  In  rkf-torif,  a  diversion  of  speech;  a  digressive 
aildreits  ;  a  changing  the  course  of  a  speech,  and  ad- 
dressing a  person  who  is  dead  or  absent,  as  if  present ; 
or  a  ahi>rt  address  introduced  into  a  discourse,  di- 
rected to  some   person  different  from  the  p;irty  to 


APP 

which  the  main  discourse  is  directed,  as  when  an 
advocate,  in  an  argument  to  the  jury,  turns  and  ad- 
dresses a  few  remarks  to  the  court.     Encyc.  Smith. 

2.  In  grammar^  the  contraction  of  a  word  by  the 
omission  of  a  letter  or  letters,  which  omission  is 
marked  by  a  comma  ;  as,  caXVd  for  called.  The  comma 
used  for  this  purpose  may  also  be  called  an  apostrophe. 

AP-OS-TROPH'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  apostrophe  i 
noting  the  contraction  of  a  word.  Murray. 

A-POS'TRO-PHIZE,  V.  t.     To  address  by  apostrophe. 

2.  To  contract  a  word  by  omitting  a  letter  or  letters. 

3.  To  mark  with  a  comma,  indicating  the  omission 
of  a  letter. 

A-POS'TRO-PHTZE.  v.  i.  To  make  an  apostrophe,  or 
short,  detached  address  in  speaking. 

A-POS  TRO-PHiZ-£0,  pp.  Addressed  by  way  of  di- 
gression ;  contracted  by  the  omission  of  a  letter  or 
letters  ;  marked  by  an  apostrophe. 

A-POS'TRO-PHIZ-ING,  ppr.  Addressing  in  a  digres- 
sion ;  contracting  or  marking  by  apostrophe. 

AP-O-TAe'TIl'E,  n.  [Gr.  aa-ormcTos,  from  mrorarroj, 
to  renounce  ;  airo  una  rarrci,  to  ordain.] 

One  of  a  sect  of  ancient  Christians,  who,  in  imita- 
tion of  the  first  believers,  renounced  all  their  etrccts 
and  possessions.  Encyc, 

AP-O-TEL-ES-MAT'IC,  a.  [Gr.  arraTeXcapariKOi, 
from  ajTQTiXiapt,  an  effect  otthe  stars.] 

Relating  to  astrology  j  teaching  by  the  science  of 
the  stars.  Gau^sen, 

A-POTII'E-CA-RY,  n.  [L.  apotheca^  Gr.  a-T«()<;*r!,  a 
repository,  fmm  arroTicripiflo  deposit  or  lay  aside,  or 
from  ^nitfi,  a  chest.] 

1.  One  who  jtractices  pharmacy ;  one  who  pre- 
pares drugs  f(tr  medicinal  uses,  mid  keeps  them  for 
sale.  In  England^  apothecaries  were  formerly  ohli^red 
to  prepare  medicines  according  to  the  formula*^  pre- 
scribed by  the  college  of  physicians,  and  were  liable 
to  have  their  shops  visited  by  the  censors  of  the  col- 
lege, who  had  power  to  destroy  medicines  which 
Were  not  gotnl.  Apothecaries  are  now  the  most  nu-. 
mrrous  class  of  medical  practitioners  in  England, 
called  gmrral  practitioners. 

2.  In  thf  middle  airrs^  an  apothecary  was  the  keeper 
of  any  shop  or  warehouse  ;  and  an  officer  appointed 
to  take  charge  of  a  magazine  Kncyc. 

AP'OTIIEG.%1,  (ap'o-them,)  n.     [See  Apophthecjm.] 
A  remarkable  saving  ;  a  short,  instructive  remark. 
AP-0-THEG-.MAT'i€,  /  a.     In  the  manner  of  an 

AP-O-TMEG-MAT'ie-AL,  J      apothegm.       tVarton. 
AP-O-THEG'MA-TIST,  n.    A  coUector  or  maker  of 

a  pot  he  trms.  Pope. 

AP-O-TIIEG'MA-TIZE,  v.  u    To  utter  apothegms,  or 

short,  instructive  sentences. 
AP-O-THe'O-SIS,  n.    [Gr.  ajroScwffis,  of  aito    and 

ecos,  God.] 
Deification;    consecration;  the  act  of  placing  a 

ftrince  or  other  distinguished  pers(m  among  the 
leathen  deities.  This  honor  was  often  bestowed  on 
illustrious  men  in  Rome,  and  followed  by  the  erec- 
tion of  temples,  and  ttie  institution  of  sacrtllces  to 
the  new  dfiiy.  Encyc 

AP-0-THK'O-SrZE,  r.  t.     To  consecrate,  or  exalt  to 

the  dignity  of  a  deity  ;  to  deify.  Bacon. 

A-POTH'E-vS|H,  n.    [Gr.  anonirrnit.  to  putaway.] 
1.  The  reduction  of  a  dislocatea  l>oue.  C>ixe. 

3.  A  place  on  the  south  side  of  the  chancel  in  the 
primitive  churches,  furnished  with  shelves,  for 
books,  vestments,  Slc.  t^hcler. 

A-POT'O-ME,  n.     [<:r.  aworcuvoi,  to  cut  off.] 

1.  In  maih^mattcjiy  the  difference  between  two 
quantities  commensurable  only  in  power;  as  between 
v^  and  1,  or  between  the  diagonal  and  side  of  a 
square.  I/ntton. 

2.  In  music,  that  portion  of  a  tone  major  which  re- 
mains after  deducting  from  it  an  interval,  less  by  a 
comma  than  a  semitone  major.  Busby. 

'i'he  part  remaining  of  a  greater  tone  aftera  greater 
semitone  hiLs  been  taken  from  it.  The  Greeks,  sup- 
posing the  gn'at(^-r  tone  could  not  be  divided  into  two 
etpial  (KUts,  called  the  smaller  part  apotome,  and  the 
other  Itmma.  This  refers  to  the  proper  apotome,  said 
to  have  been  so  denominated  by  Pythagoras,  and 
corresponding  to  the  chromatic  or  minor  semitone, 
as  tile  limma  to  the  diatonic  or  major  semitone. 

Calcott,  Ed.  Encyc* 
The  difference  between  a  greater  and  lesser  semi 
tone.  Kncyc, 

This  refers  to  the  apotome  major  of  Boelhins,  cm- 
responding  to  the  enharmonic  diesis.  This  term 
apotome.  w;is  also  applied  by  the  ancient  musicians 
to  sevenil  other  peculiar  intervals,  Ed.  Kncyc. 

AP-O-TKEP'SIt?,  n.     [Gr.  ht-.  and  rptnu,  to  turn.] 

'i'he  resolution  of  a  suppurating  tumor.         Coze. 

AP-O-TRO-P^'A,  71.  pL  [Gr.  airr)  and  rp<:n-f.>,to  turn.] 

In  ancient  poetry,   verses  or  liymns    comjwsed   for 

averting  the  wrath  of  incensed  deities.    The  deities 

invoked  Were  called  apotropmans.  Encyc. 

AP'O /EM,  n.     [Gr.  nrro  and  >£(.),  to  boil.] 

A  decitction,  m  which  the'medicinal  substances  of 
plants  are  extracted  by  boiling.     Encyc.     IViscman. 
AP-(J-ZE.M'IC-AL,  a.     Like  a  decoction,     ir/utaker. 
AP-PAIR',  r.  £.    To  impair.     [JTotinuse.] 
AP-PAIR',  V.  i.    To  degenerate.     [JVot  in  use.] 


APP 

APPALL',  (ai>-paul',)  v.L  [Fi.palir;  h,paUeo,  lobe- 
come  pale.     See  Palb.] 

1.  To  depress  or  discourage  with  fear;  to  impress 
with  fear,  m  such  a  manner  that  the  mind  shrinks, 
or  loses  its  firmness  ;  as,  the  sight  appalled  the  stout- 
est heart. 

2.  To  reduce,  allay,  or  destroy  j  as,  to  appall  thirst. 
[UnusuaL]  Thomson. 

AP-PALL',  V.  i.    To  grow  faint ;  to  be  dismayed. 

Lidffate. 

AP-PALL'-ED,  (ap-pauld',)  pp.  Depressed  or  dis- 
heartened with  fear ;  reduced. 

AP-PALL'ING,  ppr.    Depressing  with  fear ;  reducing. 
2.  a.  Adapted  to  depress  courage, 

AP-PALL'fNG-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  appall. 

AP-PALL'MEXT,  n.  Depression  occasioned  by  fear; 
discouragement. 

AP'PAN-AGE, ;(.  FFr.  apantage,  an  estate  assigned  to 
a  younger  son  for  his  maintenance  ;  an  appendix^  de- 
pendence, appurtenance;  It.  appannaggio^  an  appen- 
dage. If  this  word  is  from  the  panage,  panagium  of 
the  middle  ages,  it  is  from  panis,  food,  provision  ;  It. 
panaggio,  provision.  Tliis  is  probably  the  true  origin 
of  iho  word.] 

1.  The  portion  of  land  assigned  by  a  sovereign 
prince  for  the  subsistence  of  his  younger  sons. 

EiL  Encyc 

2.  Formerly,  in  France,  lands  assigned  by  the 
king  for  the  maintenance  of  his  younger  sons,  as 
their  patrimony  ;  but  on  condition  that,  on  the  failure 
of  male  offspring,  they  were  to  revert  to  the  crown. 
From  the  apiKinage  it  was  customary  for  the  sons  to 
take  their  titles  or  surnames.         Speiman.     P.  Cyc. 

3.  Sustenance;  means  of  nourishing. 

Wcalih  —  Ihe  ajtpanage  of  wit.  Sanfl. 

AP-PAN'A-GIST,  n.  A  prince  to  whom  an  appanage 
was  granted.  P.  Cyc. 

AP-PA-RA'TU9,  n;pl,  ArPARATusss.  [L.,  from  ap- 
paro,  to  prepare,  of  ad  and  paro.] 

1.  Things  provided  as  means  to  some  end  ;  as  the 
tools  of  an  artisan,  the  furniture  of  a  house,  instru- 
ments of  war.  In  more  technical  language,  a  com- 
plete set  of  instruments  or  utensils,  for  performing 
any  operation  or  experiment.  Cavallo.     Encyc. 

2.  In  surgery,  the  operation  of  cutting  for  the 
stone,  of  three  kinds,  the  small,  tlie  great,  and  the 
high.  Encye.     Cure. 

Apparatus  is  also  used  as  the  title  of  several  books, 
in  the  form  of  catalogues,  bibliothecas,  glossaries, 
dictionaries,  &.c.  Encyc 

AP-PAR'EL,  n.  [Fr.  apparctl,  from  parer,  to  dress  or 
set  off;  Sp.  aparejar ;  L.  paro,  apparo,  to  prepare; 
Arm.  para;  Port,  aparelho,  Sp.  aparcjfl,  tackle,  whence 
parrel  in  seamen's  language ;  Cb.  Heb.  K'^2.  bara ; 

At.  \yj  bara.    Class  Br.  No.  8,  10, 19.J 

1.  Clothing  ;  vesture  ;  garments  ;  dress. 

2.  External  habiliments  or  decorations ;  appear- 
ance ;  as,  religion  appears  in  the  natural  apparel  of 
simplicity 

Glorious  III  apparel.  — lat^  IzUi. 

3.  The  furniture  of  a  ship,  as  sails,  rigging,  an- 
chors, &,c. 

AP-PAR'EL,  V.  U    To  dress  or  clothe. 

Ttioy  wlio  um  gorgeously  appartled  are   til   idiigi'  courla. — 

2.  To  adorn  with  dress. 

Slif^  tiiil  apjtarel  hor  upparel,  iSWn^, 

3.  To  dress  with  external  ornamcnta  ;  to  cover  with 
something  ornamental;  to  cover,  as  with  garments; 
as,  trees  appareled  with  flowers,  or  a  garden  with 
verdure. 

4.  To  furnish  with  external  apparatus ;  as,  ships 
appari'led  for  sea, 

AP  I'AR'El^*;!),  pp.      Dressed;  clothed;  covered  as 

with  dress  ;  furnished. 
AP-PAll'ElrlNG,  ppr.    Dressing;  clothing;  covering 

as  with  dress  ;  l^urnishing. 
AP-PAR'ENCE,    i  n.     Appearance.     [JVot  in  use.] 
AP-PaK'EN-CY,  i  Chaucer.     Oower. 

AP-PAR'ENT,  a.     [See  Appear.] 

1.  Tliat  may  Im)  seen,  or  easily  seen  ;  visible  to  the 
eye  ;  within  sight  or  view.  Atterbury. 

2.  Obvious;  plain;  evident;  indubitable;  as,  the 
wisdom  of  the  Creator  is  apparent  in  his  work«. 

3.  Visible,  in  opi>osilion  to  kid  or  secret ;  as,  a  man's 
apparent  conduct  is  good. 

4.  Visible;  appearing  to  the  eye;  seeming,  in  dis- 
tinction from  true  or  real ;  as,  the  apparent  motion 
or  diameter  of  the  sun. 

Heirs  apparent  are  those  whose  right  to  an  estate 
is  indefeasible,  if  they  survive  the  ancestor ;  in  dis- 
tinction from  presumptive  heirs,  who,  if  the  ancestor 
should  die  immediately,  would  inherit,  but  whoso 
right  is  liable  to  be  defeated  by  the  birth  of  a  nearer 
heir.  Blackstone, 

AP-PAR'ENT-LY,  ado.  Openly;  evidently;  as,  the 
goodness  of  God  is  apparently  manifest  in  his  works 
of  providence. 

2.  Seemingly  ;  In  appearance;  as,  a  man  may  be 
apparently  friendly,  yet  malicious  in  heart. 


TONE,  BULL,  1;NITE.  — AN"GEB,  VI"CIOi;S.— C  as  K  i  6  as  J ;  8  as  Z;  CH  as  SH  j  TIf  as  in  THIS. 


APP 

AP- PAR' EXT- NESS,  «.    Plainnesa  lo  Ibe  eye  or  the 

iiiinJ  ;  vi.iibUiiess  i  obvluusnesa. 
AP-PA-RI"TION.  (ap-pa-rish'uu,)  n,     [See  AFPEiR.] 
L  In  ■  gamtrmt  «MUf,  oppeanuce  ;  vUibtlit>-.    [Lit- 
lU  %sedJ\  MilUiH. 

2.  The  thing  appearing  j  a  visible  object ;  a  fonn. 
JUUtoiu    S.'uik. 
3l  a  ghost  i  a  specter ;  a  visible  spirtu    [  This  u 
now  Uu  um^  s«mm  iff  the  vonL] 
^  Mete  appearance ;  opposed  to  reality. 

Datkam, 
5.  In  asCTMiMty,  the  first  a|4)camnc«  of  a  star  or 
other  laminaiy,  after  having  been  obscured  j  opposed 

AP  PAR'I-TOR,  n.  [L.,  from  app^ro,  to  prepare,  or 
api'^ro',  to  attend.] 

Aut  1:1;  tMe  Rotmtnsy  any  officer  who  attended 
magistrates  mad  judges  to  execute  thf  tr  orders.  In 
^tgimad^  a  meMenaer  or  oihcer  who  serves  the 
pnicev  of  a  aptriUtarcouit,  or  a  beadle,  iu  a  univcr- 
«icv,  who  carries  the  mace.  Eitcjic 

AP-PAY',  r.  L    rS(i,  and  Port.  ^«rir.] 

ToKili^fy.     [Ots,]     [See  Pat.]  SAt^ 

AP  rKACir',  r.  (.  Tu  accuse  j  to  censure  or  reproach. 
[tMv.j     :S<.T.>  Ij(rKA.cH.j  Skak. 

AP  I'KACri'iiE.NT,  n.  Accnsation ;  charge  exhib- 
iu-d      lOkt.]  fVMon. 

AP-PfiAL',  r.  i.  [Fr.  appeUr ;  lU  BjrptUart ;  ep.  apt- 
lar ;  Port.  appeHar  :  L.  appeiUr ;  ad  and  prUoy  to  drive 
or  send;  tir.  JuWw,  V\e  do  not  see  the  sense  of 
tali  in  pfllii^  but  to  drive  or  press  out,  is  the  mdicul 
sense  of  (ulliitir,  naniine.  This  word  coincides  in 
elements  with  L.  boJ^t,  Kng.  teiof,  and  peaL  Class 
BL] 

I-  To  refer  lo  a  superior  judge  or  court,  for  the 
decision  of  a  cause  depending,  or  the  revision  of  a 
cause  decided  in  a  lower  court. 

uOmr.  — AdRXxL 


2.  To  refer  lo  another  for  the  decision  of  a  ques- 
tion con irovt-n I'll,  or  ihe  coHfilrniciion  of  u-stinmny 
or  farts  \  as,  I  appeai  tu  all  raoukind  for  the  truth  of 
whni  is  alleged. 

APPEAL',  o.  L  To  call  or  remove  a  cau«c  from  an 
inferior  lo  a  superior  j'ltlge  or  courL  This  may  be 
done  after  trial  and  Judirment  in  the  lower  court ;  or 
by  special  statute  or  ap^eement,  a  party  may  apptal, 
before  trial,  upon  a  fictitious  issue  and  judgruL-nL 
We  sav,  the  cause  wtu  appealed  before  or  after 
trial. 

AP-Pi^AL',  V.  (.  In  criminal  fan,  to  charge  with  a 
crime ;  tit  accuse ;  to  institute  a  private  criminal 
prosecution,  for  some  heinous  ofR-nse  ;  as,  to  appmi 
a  p-^-rson  of  felony.  This  process  was  anciently 
pivt-n  to  a  private  person  to  recover  the  werepild, 
or  private  |»ecnniaiy  satisfacXiiui  for  an  iiOori'  he  had 
received  by  the  morder  ot  a  relatioa,  or  Vy  some 
personal  injtin-.  BiackMene. 

AP-PkAL',  w.  "The  removal  of  a  cause  or  suit  from 
an  inft-rior  to  a  superior  tribunal,  as  from  a  common 
pleas  court  to  a  superior  or  supreme  court.  Also, 
the  ri^of  appeal. 

3.  An  accusatxHi ;  t  pmeem  instituted  by  a  pri^-ate 
person  against  a  man  for  some  heinous  crime  b\ 
which  he  has  been  injured,  as  for  murder^  larceMy^ 
mayhem.  Blaekstone, 

2.  A  summons  to  answer  to  a  charge.      Drydcn. 

4.  A  call  upon  a  person  j  a  reference  to  anollicr  for 
proof  or  decision. 

In  an  oath,  a  person  makes  an  appeal  to  the  Deity 
tor  the  truth  of  his  declaration. 

5.  Kesort  j  recourse. 

Emr  mild-r  Dv^thtxl  b  10  be  tried,  bHtoe  a  dbIImi  mak*  aa  ap- 
peai  u  amw.  K^nt. 

AP-PkAL'A-BLE.  o.  That  may  be  appealed;  that 
may  be  removed  to  a  higher  tribunal  for  decision  ; 
as,  the  cause  is  ^ipealaNa. 

2.  That  may  be  accused  or  called  to  answer  by 
appeal ;  applied  t»  pfrsons  i  as,  a  criminal  is  appeti- 
abif  for  manslaughter. 

AP-PeAL'A.NT,  tu      One  who  appeals.     [AV(  used,] 

Shak. 

AP-PeAL'KD,  (ap-peeld',)  pp.  Remo^-ed  to  a  higher 
court,  as  a  cause  ;  prosecuted  fur  a  crime  by  a  private 
person,  as  a  criminal. 

AP-Pf.AL'ER,  m.    One  who  appeals  ;  an  appellor. 

AP-PeAL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Remo\in£  a  cause  to  a 
bigh<;r  tribunal ;  prosecuting  as  a  private  person  for 
an  offense  ;  rt^ferring  to  anther  for  a  decision. 

AP-Pk.VR',  t.  i.  [Lh  apparfCy  of  ad  and  paren^  to  ap- 
pear, or  be  manifei-t ;  It.  apparire ;  Sp.  pareccr,  apa- 
recer  :  Fr.  apparoir,  apparoiirc     Class  Br.] 

].  To  cume  or  be  in  sight  j  to  be  in  view ;  to  be 
visible. 

T^  kpro^  ^iptar^  in  th^  dan  o(  ihe  flcifa.  —  Lct.  jcitt. 
Aad  God  k-uJ,  l^t  Um  dry  Und  appear.  — Gea.  1. 

9.  To  become  visible  to  the  eye,  as  a  niirit,  or  to 
the  apprehension  of  the  mind ;  a  sense  freqaeut  m 
Scripture, 

Tbe  Lord  opptorgrffo  Abram,  and  nid.  —  G«^,  xi. 
The  angel  m  Ux  l^ird  apptartd  u>  hiin  id  a  flame  <^  fire  out  of 
lite  ffiklMof  Uic  tAMh.  — £x.iu. 

3.  To  Stand  in  presence  of,  as  parties  or  advocates 


APP 

before   a  cotirl,  tir  as  persons  to  be  tried.    The  de- 
fendant, being  called,  did  not  appear. 

W«  iiitut  oil  appear  bcron   the  Jml^ni'm  sent  of  Clirist. — 2 
Cor.  T. 

4.  To  be  obvious ;  to  be  known,  as  a  subject  of 
observation  or  comprehension. 

I>»t  iliy  wort  appear  to  thy  anrranL  —  Pt.  xe. 

U  (Mh  tiot  ret  appear  wUal  ue  tiaaiX  he.  —  1  John  iil, 

5.  To  be  clear  or  made  clear  by  evidence ;  as,  this 
fhct  apjffars  by  ancient  records. 

Il4K  aiu,  that  it  iniglit  apptar  ain.  —  Rom.  rll. 

&  To  seem.  In  of^wettion  to  reality. 

Thejr  dMptn  tbolr  hoe*  tliat  \hej  kaj  opptar  to  men  (o  feM. 

—  Mao.  ri, 

7.  To  be  discovered  or  hud  open. 

Tbat  tt9  ■hruM  may  appear.  —  Jcr.  xlQ. 

AP-PSAR', «.    Appearance.     [Oft*,] 

AP-PeAR'AXCE,  n.  The  act  of  coming  into  sight; 
the  act  of  becoming  vii<ible  tu  tlie  eye;  as,  his  sud- 
den appearance  surprised  ine. 

2.  The  tiling  st*en  ;  a  phenomenon ;  as,  an  appear- 
ance in  the  5:ky. 

3.  Semblance  ;  apparent  likeness. 

TbeK  was  upon  the  tabeniACle  u  it  were  the  appaamnea  of  fin. 

—  Niuii.  Ix. 

4.  External  show;  semblance  assumed,  in  oppasi- 
lion  to  reality  tu*  substance  ;  as,  we  are  often  de- 
ceived  by   appearances:    ho   has  the   appearojice    of 

virtue- 

For  man  looketh  on  the  outwxnl  apptaranca.  —  1  Sam.  xv). 

5.  Personal  prtrsense  ;  exhibition  of  the  [)er9on  ;  as, 
he  miulti  his  first  appearoKce  at  court,  or  on  the  stajEc. 

6.  Exhibition  of  the  character:  introduction  of  a 
person  to  the  {xiblic  in  a  particular  character;  as,  a 
person  makes  his  appearance  in  the  world  as  an  his- 
torian, an  artist,  or  an  orator. 

7.  IVobahUily  ;  likelihtHxl.  Bacon, 
This  sense  is  rather  an  inference  fmm  tlie  third 

or  fmirth  ;  as,  probubilUy  is  inferred  from  external 
eemblanee  or  shtitr, 

8.  Presence  ;  mien  ;  figure  ;  as  presented  by  the 
person,  dress,  or  manners  ;  as,  the  lady  made  a  noble 
appearance, 

9.  A  betni;  present  in  court;  a  defendant's  filing 
common  or  special  bail  to  a  process. 

M.  .An  ap[>aritinn.  ^^ddiion, 

AP-PkAR'ER,  It,    The  person  that  appears.    Broicn. 

AP-PiCAR'INtJ,  ppr.  Cominjt  in  sight;  becoming 
evidi'nt ;  making  an  external  show  ;  seeming  ;  hav- 
ine  the  semblance. 

AP-Pl^AR'l\(i,  n.  The  act  of  becoming  visible  ;  ap- 
pearance, 

AP-PE AS'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  appeased,  quieted, 
calmed,  or  pacified. 

AP-P£A«'A-BLE-NESS,  ji.  The  quality  of  being  op- 
pea  <abte. 

AP-PEASE',  tj.  i.  [Fr.  aptuser^  of  ad  and  poix,  peace  ; 
L.Dai.     S^ee  Peace.] 

To  make  quiet ;  lo  calm  ;  to  rediice  to  a  state  of 
peace ;  to  still  ;  to  pacify  ;  as,  to  appease  the  tumuli 
of  the  ocean,  or  of  the  passions;  to  appease  hunger 
or  thirsL  [This  word  is  of  a  general  application  to 
every  thing  in  a  distarbetl^  ru^ed^  or  asitaleii  state] 

AP-PkAS'/JD,  (ap-pcezd',)  pp.  Uuicted  ;  calmed  j 
siill'd  ;  pacifr-d. 

AP-PkASE'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  appeasing;  the 
slate  of  being  in  peace. 

AP-PkAS'ER,  TU    One  who  appeases  or  pacifies. 

AP-PeA'SIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  to  appease; 
mitisatinz;  quieting. 

AP-PEL'LA\*CY,  n.    Appeal ;  capability  of  appeal. 

AP-PEL'L.\NT,  iu     [See  Aphkauj 

1.  One  who  appcds,  or  removes  a  cause  from  a 
lower  to  a  higher  tribunal. 

2.  One  who  prosecutes  another  for  a  crime. 

3.  One  who  challenges  or  summons  another  to 
single  coml}at. 

4.  In  church  history f  one  who  appeals  from  the 
Constitution  Unigenilus  to  a  general  council.    Kncyc. 

Party  appellant ;  in  t/ir,  the  party  who  appeals. 
AP-PEL'LATE,  n.     A  person  appealed,  or  prosecuted 
for  a  crime.    ["ATiit  now  u.fceL    See  Ai-pellee.]  Aijliffe. 
AP-PEL'LATE^  a.      Pertaining  to  appeals;    having 
cognizance  of  appeals;  as,  '^  appellale  jurisdiction." 
Const,  of  the  UaiUd  States. 
ApptlUUt  ju(lj««.  Burke,  Reo.  in  France. 

Partii  appdlate ;  in  laWy  the  party  appealed  against. 

AP-PEI^LA'TION,  n.  [L.  appeUatio.  See  Appeal.] 
Name  ;  the  word  by  which  a  thing  is  called  ana 
known.     Sp"nser  uses  it  for  appeal. 

AP-PEL'LA-TI  VE,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  common  name ; 
notinjj  the  common  name  of  a  species. 

AP-PEL'LA-TIVE,  tu  A  common  name,  in  dj.stinction 
from  a  proper  n:un?.  A  common  name,  or  appellative^ 
stands  for  a  whole  class,  genus,  or  species  of  beings, 
or  for  universal  ideas.  Thus  man  is  the  name  of  the 
whole  human  race,  and /mri  of  all  winged  animals. 
Tree  Is  the  name  of  all  plants  of  a  particular  class  ; 
plant  and  veiretable  are  names  of  things  that  grow  out 
of  the  earth.  A  proper  name,  on  the  other  hand, 
stands  for  a  single  thing  ;  as,  Luadonj  Philaddpkia^ 
Washington^  Boston. 


APP 

AP-PEL'LA-TIVE  LY,  adv.  According  to  the  man- 
ner (if  nouns  nppttlaiive  ;  in  a  manner  lo  express 
whole  classes  or  species  ;  as,  Hercules  is  sometimes 
used  apjirVatirely,  that  Is,  as  a  common  name  to  sig- 
nify a  smmc  man.  Johnson. 

AP-PEL'LA-TO-RY,  a.    Containing  an  appeal. 

AP-PEL-LEE',  n.     The  defendant  in  an  appeal. 

2.  The  person  who  is  appealed,  or  proserutrd.  by  a 
private  man  for  a  crime.  Blaekstone. 

AP-PEL-LOR',  n.  'Jhe  person  who  institutes  an  ap- 
peal, or  pnwecules  another  for  a  crime.   Blacksiuju: 

This  word  is  rarely  or  never  used  for  the  plaintiff 
in  appeal  from  a  lower  court,  who  is  called  the  ap- 
petlaitL  Jippdlee  is  opposed  bolh  to  appellant  and 
apprlUtr. 

APPEND',  p.  U  [L.  appendOf  of  ad  and  pendeoj  to 
hang.l 

1.  To  hang  or  attach  to,  as  by  a  string,  so  that  the 
thing  is  sustK-nded  ;  as,  a  se:d  appended  to  a  record. 

2.  To  add,  as  au  accessory  to  the  princiiKil  thing. 

Ji}!insiin. 
AP-PEND'ACE,  Tt,    Something  added  to  a  principal 
or  greater  thing,  though  nut  necessary  to  it,  as  a  p<»r- 
tico  to  a  house. 

MoiWty  is  Uic  appendage  of  •ohriely.  Tht/Ior. 

In  botany,  any  part  subordinate  to  another  part,  as 
hairs  and  glands  to  a  stem  or  Uiaf,  or  nectaries  to  the 
corolhu  -More  strictly,  any  part  arising  from  and 
around  the  axis,  as  heaves  around  the  stem, 

AP-PENU'ANCE,  )    n.    Something    annex.d.      [JVot 

AP-PEND'ENCE,  (        u.icd.]  Bp,  Hall. 

AP-PE\D'ANT,  a.  Hanging  to  ;  annexed  ;  belong- 
ing to  something  ;  attached  ;  as,  a  seal  appendant  tu 
a  paper. 

2.  In  /aw,  conunon  appendant,  is  a  right,  belonging 
to  the  owners  <it  ociuipiers  of  land,  to  put  common- 
able beasts  upon  the  lord's  Wiiste,  and  upon  the 
lands  of  other  persons  within  the  same  manor.  An 
advowson  appendant,  is  the  right  of  patronage  or 
presentation,  annexed  to  the  possession  of  a  ntanor. 
•So  also  a  connnou  of  fishing  may  be  appendant  to  a 
freehold.  Blaekstonc     Cotrel. 

AP-PENU'ANT,  n.  That  which  belongs  to  another 
thinz,  as  incidental  or  subordinate  to  iU 

AP-PEND'ED.  p;?.     Annexed  ;  attached. 

AP-PEND'I-€ATE,  v.  L    To  append  ;  to  add  lo.  [OK] 

AP-PEND-I-CA'TION,  «,  An  appeiiJage  or  adjunct. 
[Obs.]  Hale. 

AP-PEND'LCLE,  n.     A  small  appendage. 

AP-PEN'DIC'U-LATE,  a.     in  A»(«Hy,  having  an  ap- 
pendage, as  a  leaf  with  lobes  attached  to  the  petiole, 
a  calyx  with  expansions,  or  a  corolla  with  a  nectary. 
Smith.     IJndley. 
.Sppendiciilate  leafj  a  small  appended  leaf.  IVithering, 

AP-PEXD'ING,  ppr.     Annexing  ;  attaching 

AP-PEND'IX,  n.:  pL  Appendixes,  [L.  The  I^tin 
plural  is  jippendice^.     See  Append.] 

1.  Something  appended  or  added. 

Nonnan'lj'  became  an  apperuUx  to  Knrlaiid,  Bate, 

2.  An  adjunct,  concomitant,  or  appendage.   fVatts. 

3.  Jlore  g'-nerally,  a  supplement  or  short  treatise 
ndtied  lo  a  book. 

,\P-PER-Cf:IVE',  V.  t.  [Fr.  apcrccvoir.]  To  com- 
prehend.    [  Obs.]  Chaucer. 

AP-PER-CEP'TION,  tu     [ad  and  pn-cpption.] 

Perception  that  retlecta  upon  itself;  consciousness, 
Leibnitz.     Reid. 

AP-PER'IL,  n.    Peril;  danger.    [J^otinuse.]    ShuJc. 

AP-PER-TAIN',  V.  i.  [Fr.  apparlcmr  ;  It.  appartenere i 
L.  ad  and  pertinco,  to  pertain,  of  per  and  teneo,  to 
hold.  Pertineo  is  to  reach  to^  to  extend  to^  hence  to 
belong.     See  TEyA>-T.] 

To  belong  to,  whether  by  right,  nature,  or  appoint- 
ment.   [See  Pertain.] 

Give  it  to  him  lo  whoin  il  apperbUneth.  —  Lev.  »!. 

AP-PER-TAIN'ING,p;»r.     Belonging. 

AP-P£R-TaL\'ING,  n.  That  which  belongs  to  a 
thing. 

AP-PER-TArN'ME\T,7u    That  which  belongs.  S/iak. 

AP-PEU'TE-NEXCE,  n.     See  AppuflTFSAN' e. 

AP-PER''J'1-NENT,  a.  Belonging;  now  written  Ap- 
purtena:<t.  Shak. 

AP-PER'TI-NENT,  n.    That  which  bekn^s  to  some- 
thing else.     [Obs.]  Shak. 
[See  Appurtxmawce.J 

AP'PE-TENCE,   )  7U     .[L.   appetJ^ntia,   appctens^  from 

AP'PE-TliN-CY,  \      appeto,  to  desire  ;  of  ad  and  peto^ 

to  ask,  supplicate,  or  seek ;  Ch.  tO'*o ;  Eth.  H»T^vl> 
fatoft,  to  desire,  to  entreat ;  Dan.  bede;  D.  bidden  ;  Get 
bitten;  Ann.  pidi;  Eng.  bid;  Sax.  bidan  ;  Sw.  bedja  : 
L.  invito,  compound.  The  primary  sense  is  to  strain 
to  urgc^,  or  press,  or  to  advance.    See  Bid.    Class  Bd.1 

}.  In  a  gmeral  amse,  desire  ;  but  especially  carnat 
desire;  sensual  appetite. 

2,  The  dit*position  of  organized  bodies  to  select 
and  imbibe  such  ptirtions  of  matter  as  serve  to  sup- 
port  and  nourish  them,  or  such  particles  as  are  d.i 
signed,  through  their  agency,  to  carry  on  the  animal 
or  vegetable  economy. 

TUeae  liictpala  have  inouihs,  nml  bjr  nnimal  »elociion  or  apjieUruy 
thf-y  dUoitt  ntch  part  of  ihe  fiitid  as  m  n^reeabl'-  to  iheu 
pihte.  Darwin. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  VVH^T.— MeTE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 

60 


APP 

3.  An  inclinntion  or  propensity  in  animals  to  per- 
fonn  certain  actions,  a§  in  the  young  to  sack,  in 
aquatic  fowls  to  enter  into  water  and  to  swim. 

4.  Attraction,  or  the  tendency  in  bodies  to  move 
toward  each  other  and  unite.  Copernicus. 

AP'PE-TENT,  a.     Desiring;  very  desirous.      Buck. 
AP-PE-TMHI.'I-TY,  ju      The  quality   of   being  de- 

sirahle  for  gratification. 
AP'PK-TI-BLE,  a.     [Low  L.  appcHbilisj  from  apprto.] 

Dcfirable ;  that  may  be  the  object  of  sensual  desire. 
AP'PE-'rn*E,  n.     fL.  appetiiuSj  from  appeto.    See  Ap- 

FBTE?fCE.] 

1.  The  natunU  desire  of  pleasure  or  good ;  the  de- 
sire of  gratification,  either  of  the  body  or  of  the 
mind.  Jippeutes  are  passions  directed  to  general  nb- 
JecU,  as  the  appetite  for  fame,  glory,  or  riches  ;  in  dis- 
tinction fn>m  passions  directed  to  some  partictihir 
objects,  which  retain  their  proper  name,  as  the  pas- 
sioR  of  love,  envy,  or  gratitude.  PasMon  does  not 
exist  without  an  object  j  natural  appetites  exist  first, 
and  are  then  directed  to  objects.  Eneyc 

a.  A  desire  of  food  or  drink. 

3.  Strong  desire ;  eagernesa  or  longing.    Clarendon. 

4.  The  thing  desired. 


Powrr  being  the  oaturil  apptdU  of  princes. 


Swi/L 


Apjietites  are  natuTol  or  nrtijicial.  Ilungtr  and 
thirst  are  natural  app«nites  ;  the  appetites  fur  olives, 
tobacco,  snuff,  &,c.,  are  artificial. 

In  old  authors,  appetite  is  followed  by  (o,  but  reg- 
ularly it  should  be  followed  by/w  before  the  object ; 
as,  an  appetite /<n-  pleasure. 

To  be  jrxren  to  appettUyis  to  be  voracious  or  glutton- 
ooa.    Prov.  xxiii.  i 

AP-PE-TI'TION, ».  {UappetUio.^  Desire.  {Rarely 
usrdJ] 

AP'PE-TI-T! VE,  a.  That  desires ;  that  has  the  qual- 
ity of  desiring  gratification  j  as  appetitive  power  or 
facultv.  Hate, 

AP'PI-AX,  a.  Designating  something  that  bebtngs  to 
Appiua,  partirul.'irly  a  way  from  Rome  through 
Capua  to  BniiKlusium,  now  Brindi^i,  ronFtniclcd 
partly  by  Appius  Claudiun,  A.  R.  441.  It  is  more 
than  330  miles  in  length,  formed  of  hard  stones 
squared,  and  so  wide  as  to  admit  two  carriages 
abrr*a**L  ■^'^y-     Lcrnpriere. 

APPLAUD',  r.  t.  [L.  applaiido  ;  ad  and  plaada,  to 
make'a  noise  by  clapping  the  hands ;  t?p.  aplaiuUr  ; 
U.  applaufiirc  ;  t  r.  apptauOir.  This  word  is  fomitrd 
on  the  nuAof  tau-fjlaudo  ;  Eng.  loud;  W.  eloii^  praise, 
from  //'"/,  what  is  forcibly  uttered  ;  f/od*,  to  reach 
out,  frnui  Haicd^  that  shoots  out.  It  coincides  also 
with  W.  A/wr:,  a  shout,  or  outcry  ;  bloeiiaw,  to  shout ; 
6f«if^(,  applause,  acclamation.  Ir.  btaodh^  a  shout  j 
blatlty  praise.  These  may  all  be  of  one  family. 
Class  Ld.    See  Lot-o.] 

1.  To  pniise  by  clapping  the  bands,  acclamation, 
or  other  significant  sign. 

2.  To  praise  by  words,  actions,  or  other  means ;  to 
exi>res8  approbation  of  j  to  commend  j  used  in  a  geit- 
eral  ««*«.  Pope. 

AP-PLAUU'ED,  pp.  Praised  by  acclamation,  or  other 
means ;  cointuended. 

AP-PLAl' h'HK,  It.    One  who  praises  or  wimroends. 

AP-PI«AL'n'L\(i,ppr.  Praiiing  by  acclamation  \  eotor 
mending.  * 

AP-PLAU»E',  n.     [L.  apptoMsusJ] 

A  shotit  of  apprt»bation  ;'apprnhation  and  praise, 
expreraetl  by  clipping  the  hands,  acrlamatiim,  or 
huzxaa ;  appn>bation  expre«!>ed.  In  antiquity,  ap~ 
jtlaitse  dilTered  from  aedamaiion ;  applaune-  was  ex- 
pressed by  the  hands,  and  Mclamatton.  by  Die  voice. 
There  were  three  species  of  apiUause  ;  the  bombua^  a 
umftised  din  made  by  tlie  hands  or  mouth  ;  the  im- 
brice.-y  and  UM^,  made  by  beating  a  sort  of  sounding 
vesm-'ls  in  the  theaters.  Persons  were  appointed  for 
the  pur|Mtfc  of  applauding,  and  ma^^ters  were  em- 
ployed t(t  teach  the  art.  The  npplaudcrs  were  di- 
vided into  rhdni.-jrs,  and  placed  opposite  to  each 
othrr  like  the  rhorlHters  in  a  cathedral.  Encyt. 

AP  PLAU'tflVE,  a.      Applauding  ;      containing    aj>- 

filause.  Joiuftn. 

"PLP:,  (ap'pl,)  n.  \i^n%.  airpl,  nppit ;  Ti.apprl;  Ger.ap- 
ffl :  Dan.  a-bte  ;  ^*w,  ttple;  VV.  ami ;  Ir.  ahhal  or  ubtud  ; 
Ann.  anal:  Rii^s.  aiblnko,  or  yahioka.  This  word  pri- 
marily signified  fruit  in  general,  especially  of  a  round 

form.    lo  Pera.  tbe  same  word    V^u',  pronounced 

vMk/,  signiflf^  the  fruit  or  bt^ries  of  the  savin  or 
Juniper.  CagttU.  In  VVrl-<h  it  signifies  not  only  the 
appU^  but  the  plum  and  other  fruius.  LhttyU  Aval 
metynhir^  a  b-inon  ;  anal  ruraid^  an  orange.  Oiccn.] 

1.  'Vh''  fniil  "f  th«  apple-tn^e,  [Pijr4U  maiatij]  from 
which  cider  is  ma^le. 

2.  The  anp'e  vf  the  ryr,  is  the  pupil. 

Apple  aflorey  or  teve-apple^  the  tomato,  or  Solanum 
|yc(>iK!nticum.  The  stalk  is  herhaccoua,  with  oval, 
pinnau-d  leaves,  and  small  yellow  flowers.  The 
berry  is  snuK)th,  w»ft,  of  a  yclbiw  or  reddish  color, 
and  is  usi'd  in  soups  and  broths.  Kncyc 

APPLE,  r.  t.     To  h»rm  like  an  apple.  Marshall, 

AP'PI.E~<iRAFr,  I*.  A  cion  of  the  apple-tree  engra/led. 


APP 

AP'PLE-IIAR'VEST,n.    The  gathering  of  apples,  or 

the  time  of  gathering. 

AP'PLE-JOII.\,(ap'pI-jon,)  n,  A  kindof  apple  which 
keeps  lone,  but  becomes  withered,  Shak. 

AP'PLE-I'IE,  w.  A  pic  made  of  apples  inclosed  in 
paste,  or  covered  with  paste,  as  in  England. 

AP'PLE-SAUCE,  n.     A  sauce  made  of  stewed  apples. 

AP'PLE-TART,  n.  A  tart  made  of  apples  baked  on 
pai<ie. 

AP'PLE-TREE,  n.  A  tree  arranged  by  LinniEus  un- 
der the  genus  Pyrus.  The  fniit  of  this  tree  is  in- 
definitely various.  The  European  crab  apple  is  sui>- 
posed  to  be  the  original  kind,  from  which  all  others 
have  sprung.  New  varieties  are  springing  annually 
from  the  seeds, 

AP'PLE-WO.M'AN,  n,  A  woman  who  sells  apples 
and  othiT  fruit. 

AP'PLE-YARD,  n.  An  orchard;  an  inclosure  for 
apples. 

AP-PLI'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Applt.]  That  may  be  ap- 
plied. 

AP-PI.I'ANCE,  n.  The  act  of  applying,  or  the  thing 
applied.  Everett.     Sfuik. 

AP-PH-eA-BIL'r-Ty,«,  [See  Apply.]  The  quality 
of  being  apiiJicablc,  or  fit  to  be  applied. 

AP'PLL€A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  applied  ;  fit  to  be 
applied,  as  related  to  a  thing  ;  that  may  have  relation 

10  something  else  ;  as,  this  observation  is  appUcubte 
to  the  case  umirr  consideration. 

AP'PM-CA-BLE-NESS,  «.     Fitness  lo  be  applied ; 

the  ipiality  uf  being  applicable. 
APTLI-CA-BLV,  ode.    In  such  a  manner  that  it  may 

be  applied. 
AP'PLI-CAN-CY,  71,    The  state  of  being  applicable. 
AP'PLI-CANT,  n.    One  who  applies  i  one  who  makes 

request ;  a  petitioner. 

Tbe  anpfiennt  tor  «  cup  of  wntcr  declares  hiniK-If  to  be  the 

Al-'wi.u.  PlumXrte. 

Tlir  court  r-qnire  (be  appiicant  In  nppew  in  ppnno.    Z,  6'tFJ/i, 

AP'PLI-CATE,  n.  A  right  line  drawn  across  a  curve, 
so  Sis  to  be  bisected  by  the  diameter ;  an  ordinate. 

Cue. 

AP'PLieATE-OR'DI-NATE-  n.  A  right  line  applied 
at  right  angles  to  the  axia  of  any  conic  section,  and 
bounded  by  the  curve.  Bailey, 

Al'-PLI-CA'TION,  lu     [I*,  applicatio.     See  Apply.] 

1.  The  act  of  laying  on;  as,  the  application  of 
emollients  to  a  diseased  limb. 

2.  The  thing  applied  ;  as,  the  pain  was  abated  by 
the  apjilicution. 

3.  The  act  of  making  request  or  soliciting;  as,  he 
made  application  to  a  court  of  chancery. 

4.  The  act  of  applying  as  means  ;  the  employment 
of  means  ;  as,  childn'n  may  be  governed  by  a  suitable 
application  of  rewards  and  punishments.  This  id  the  ' 
first  signification  directed  to  moral  objects. 

5.  1'he  act  of  fixing  the  mind;  intcnseness  of 
thought ;  close  study ;  attention ;  as,  to  injure  the 
health  by  application  to  study. 

Had  his  appHcaAon  t^vn  «)ubl1  xo  hia  taI<raU,  hiii  progrm  mlg^t 
hn»e  tccii  jjrettter,  J,  Jay. 

6.  The  act  of  directing  or  referring  something  to  a 
particular  case,  to  discover  or  illustrate  the  agree- 
ment or  disagreement ;  as,  I  make  the  remark  and 
leave  you  to  make  the  application, 

7.  In  eA«./o^,the  act  by  which  the  merits  of  Christ 
are  transferred  t4>  man,  for  hisjustinration. 

8.  In  gromrtry,  division;  or  the  applying  one 
quantity  to  anirthcr,  whose  areas,  but  not  figures, 
shall  be  the  same  ;  or  the  transferring  a  given  line 
Into  a  circle  (»r  other  figure,  so  that  its  ends  shall  be 
in  the  perimeter  of  the  figure,  Encyc. 

9.  In  neruian.t^  that  part  of  the  discourse,  in  which 
the  prineiples  before  laid  down  and  illustrated,  are 
api'Iied  to  practical  uses, 

Appliiaiion  of  one  ccience  to  another.  Is  the  use  of 
the  principles  of  one  for  the  purpose  of  enlarging  or 
j»erfeciiiig  the  other  ;  particularly  applied  to  the  dif- 
ferent branches  of  the  mathematical  sciences  ;  as,  the 
appliratJon  of  alg<rl»ra  tu  geometry,  Cifc 

AP'PLI  CA-TI  VE.  a.    Thai  applies.  BramhiiH. 

AP'PLieA-TO-RV,  a.  That  Includes  the  act  of  ap- 
plying. Edjcnrds'ii  Ifi.-rt.  of  Rrdeinptinn, 

AP'l*LI-eA-TO-RY,Ti.   Thai  which  applies.   Taylor. 

AP-PM'KD,»n.    Put  on  ;  put  to  ;  directed;  employed, 

AP-PT.rED-LY,  aiin.  In  a  manner  which  may  be  ai>- 
plled.  JjjVwt  in  Twr.]  Montagu. 

AP-PLT'KR,  n.     One  that  applies. 

AP-PLI'MEN T,  M,     Application,     [JW(  in  «»r,] 

Mar.'tton.. 

AP-PL?',  V.  t,  [L,  applieo^  of  ad  and  plieo^  lo  ft»hl  or 
knit  together;  Fr.  appliqtier;  Sp,  apliear ;  It.  ap~ 
plirare  f  W.  pie/ry^  to  bend  or  fr»ld  ;  Arm,  ple^a,  to 
frtld  or  plait;  pteea,  a  fold;  Or.  nXcKoy^  lo  knit,  or 
twist ;  Sa.i.  plrjran,  plegian^  pUjriran,  to  p/ny,  to  bend 
to  or  apply^  lnciiml»er«; ;  Dan.  fittif^  a  fold  -,  D.  p/woi, 
a  fold  ;  plnntjen,Xo  plait;  Eng,  />/y,  rf»,*7»/aj/,  and  em- 
ploy. T  he  word  plr^v^  plieo,  is  formed  from  the  root 
of  ?ny,  Hax.  Ircgan.     'f  he  sense  tlien  is  lo  lay  t-o  ;  and 

11  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  we  use  Vay  tu  in  the  pre- 
cise sense  of  p/i/ and  oft^tly.  It  Is  certain  from  Ihe 
Welsh  that  the  first  consonant  is  a  prefii.] 

1.  To  lay  on  ;  to  put  one  thing  to  another  ;  nsy  to 


APP 

apply  the  hand  to  the  breast ;  to  apply  medicaments 
to  a  diseased  part  of  the  body. 

2.  To  use  or  employ  for  a  imrticular  purpose,  or  in 
a  particular  case ;  as,  to  apply  a  sum  of  money  to  the 
payment  of  a  debt. 

3.  To  put,  refer,  or  use,  as  suitable  or  relative  to 
something;  as,  to  appbj  the  testimony  to  the  case. 

4.  To  fix  the  mind  ;  to  engage  and  employ  with 
attention  ;  as,  "  Apply  thy  heart  to  instruction." 

Proverbs. 

5.  To  address  or  direct  j  as,  "  sacred  vows  applied 
to  Pluto."  Pope. 

6.  To  betake  ;  to  give  the  chief  part  of  time  and 
attention  ;  as,  to  apply  one's  self  to  the  study  of 
botany.    This  is  essentially  the  fourth  sense. 

7.  To  make  application ;  to  have  recourse  by  re- 
quest i  as,  to  apply  one's  self  to  a  counselor  for  ad- 
vice. This  is  generally  used  intransitively;  as,  lo 
apply  Xo  a  counselor. 

8.  To  busy  ;  to  keep  at  woA  ;  to  ply.  [Ohs.  Su- 
perseded by  p/t/,  which  see.]  Sidney.     Spenser. 

AP-PLV,  V.  i.  To  suit ;  to  agree  ;  to  have  some  con- 
nection, agreement,  or  analogj-;  as,  this  argument 
applir.t  well  to  the  case. 

2.  To  ntake  request  to  ;  to  solicit ;  to  have  re- 
course to;  with  a  view  to  gain  something;  as,  lo 
ap]}ly  to  the  president  for  an  office ;  I  allied  to  a 
friend  for  infomialion. 

AP-PLY'ING,  pj)r.    Laving  on ;  making  application. 

AP-POa-fit-A-Tt^RA,  n.  [It.]  In  mu.<ie,  a  note  m 
a  smaller  character  than  tlie  regular  notes  of  the 
piece,  interposed  between  two  of  the  latter,  and 
sharing  the  lime  of  the  following  note  ;  used  for 
transition  or  expression. 

AP  POLNT',  r.  f.  [Fr.  apjioint/r^Xo  refer,  to  give  an 
alKmance  ;  Pp.  opuntar,  to  iMtint  or  aim,  to  sharpen, 
to  fasten  as  with  p<»ints  or  nails ;  It.  appuntare^  to  fix, 
appoint, or  sharpen.     See  Point.] 

1.  To  fix  ;  to  settle  ;  to  establisn  ;  to  make  fast. 

VVlten  'h':  nppoiiiUd  liir  fnuiuUliinia  ofilw  earth. —  ProY.  Yiii. 

2.  To  constitute,  ordain,  or  fix  by  decree,  order,  or 

decision, 

Ij?t  Pli:ir.ioh  appoint  officri  o»fr  tlw  lund.  —  Gpti.  xU. 
Uu  hiiili  appoiiiUd  K  dny  m  wtiicli  Itc  will  Juilg?  tbe  worl<l,~> 
^citi  xvii, 

3.  To  allot,  assign,  or  designate. 

Aoniii  ami  hii  ■oiii  Bball  appoint  evi-ry  one  to  his  service. — 

Num.  iv. 
Tbo»?   dtii-i  were  apttoifiled  for  all   iho   cliilJrcn  of  luitcl,  — 

J,«!i.  XX. 

4.  To  purpose  or  resolve  ;  lo  fix  the  intention. 

For  10  lie  hid  apjxihittd,  —  Acts  XJt. 

5.  To  ordain,  command,  or  order. 

Thy  Brrvaiits  am  n-iulv  to  Jo  whalfiTer  itijr  lord  the   king  ■hall 
appoint. — i  i^im.  xv. 

6.  To  settle  ;  to  fix,  name,  or  determine  by  agree- 
ment ;  as,  they  appointed  a  lime  and  place  for  the 
meeting, 

7.  Milton  uses  the  word  in  a  peculiar  sense,  "  Ap- 
point not  heavenly  disi>osition,"  Sam.  Aifon.;  i.  e., 
pohit  not  to  it  by  way  of  censure  or  condemnation  j 
arraign  not. 

AP-POL\T',  V.  L    To  ordain  ;  to  determine. 

2  Sam.  xvii.  14. 

AP-POINT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  appointed  or 
constituted  ;  as,  oflicers  are  appoivtable  by  the  exec- 
utive. Eederali.-'ty  MadLton. 

AP-POINT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Fixed  ;  set ;  established  ;  de- 
creed J  ordained ;  constituled  ;  nllotted. 

2.  Furnished;  equipped  with  things  necessary; 
as,  a  shin  or  an  army  is  well  appointed. 

AP-POL\T-EE',  n.  A  p'-rson  apjKunted.  "  The  com- 
mission auMiori7,es  them  to  make  appointments,  and 
|Viy  the  a}tpointer.H." 

Circular  of  Mass.  Representatively  17G8  ;  also  Whea- 
tim's  R'-ports. 

3.  A  foot  soldier  in  the  French  anny,  who,  for 
long  service  and  bravery,  receives  more  pay  than 
other  privates.  Encyc     Bailey, 

AP  roiNT'ER,  n.     One  who  appoints. 

AIM'OINT'ING,  ppr.  Setting;  fixing;  ordaining; 
coustituiing  ;  nnsigiiing. 

AP  POLN'T'MEN'I',  n.  The  net  of  ap(H>inting  ;  desig- 
nation to  ullice ;  as,  be  erred  by  the  appointment  of 
unsuitable  men, 

2.  Stipulation  ;  assignation  ;  the  act  of  fixing  by 
mutual  agreement;  as,  they  niadu  an  appoinlment 
to  meet  at  six  o'clock. 

3.  Decree;  established  order  or  constitution  ;  as,  it 
is  our  duty  to  submit  to  the  divine  appoirUmenti. 

4.  Direction  ;  order ;  command. 

Wh«^t,  »tlt,  winf,  at)']  oil,  Id  It  brr  giTcn  according  to  the  ap- 
pot'UmeTtt  ul  liie  pricaU.  —  Kt.  v). 

5.  Equipment,  furniture,  as  for  a  ship,  or  nn  army  ; 
whatever  is  ajipointed  for  use  and  management. 

6.  The  accouiermcnts  of  military  officers,  as  belts, 
sashes,  gorgets,  &,c.,  used  In  the  plural. 

Campheins  .mi.  Dirt, 

7.  An  allowance  lo  a  person  ;  a  salarj-  or  [lension, 
as  to  a  public  officer ;  pmperly  used  only  In  the 
plural. 

Appointments  difler  from  wages  in  being  a  special 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUa  — €  as  K  ;  0  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH ;  TH  an  in  THia 


APP 

nant,  or  gnitiAcation,  nut  fixed,  whereas  w.iges  are 
fixed  and  onlinaiy.  Enqfc. 

8.  A  devise  or  grant  to  a  charitable  use. 

Blackstotit. 

AP-P^UT'ER,  R,     [Ft.  apportrr ;  h.  porta.] 

A  bringer  iu ;  one  that  brings  into  the  reabn.  fJVot 
nt  use.]  Jltue, 

AP-P5R'TION,  v.L  [l^ad  and  porUo,  portion.  See 
FoBTioT*  and  Fart.] 

To  divide  and  assign  in  jnst  proix)rtion  ;  to  dis- 
tribute ainoof;  two  or  more  persons  or  ihinfrs  a  just 
partorsltareloeach  ;  as,loap;»yr(ir>;iiinilividrd  rights  j 
to  aupt'ruon  time  among  various  emplovnients. 

AP-PoK'TIO\-KD,  pp.  Divided ;  disUibuled  or  a»- 
si^ed  in  suit:itile  [Kuts  or  shares. 

AP-POR'TION'-ER,  n.     One  that  apportions. 

AP-POR'TIOX-ING,  ppr.  Disuibuiing  in  just  propor- 
tions or  s^hart's. 

AP-P(^R'TIOX-MENT,  «.  The  act  of  apportioning  ; 
a  dividing  intu  just  proportions  or  shart^f  a  dividing 
and  assigning  to  earh  proprietor  bis  Just  portion  of  an 
undivided  right  or  property. 

II&mUiM,  Rrp.  Feb.  13,  1793. 

AP-PfJSE',  r.jt  [Fr.  appoatr^  to  set  to;  I*.  appono. 
See  Appositk.J 

1.  To  put  questions  ;  to  examine.    [See  Pose.] 

Bacvnm 

2.  To  apply.  Uarvei/. 
AP-P0S'EB[,  a.    An  examiner ;  one  whoee  business  is 

to  ptit  questions.  In  the  Rnclish  Ooitrt  of  Exchequer 
there  is  an  ollicer  called  Uis  foreign  appostr.  A 
bishop's  examining  chaplain  was  fonuerly  cnlltMl  his 
apposer  :  ordinarily  pronounced  po^rr.  Kncyc 

AP'PO-?ITE,  a.  [L.  tipposdu-t^  set  or  put  to,  from  ap- 
pono^ of  ad  and  ponu^  to  put  or  place.] 

Suitable  ;  lit ;  very  applicable  ;  well  adapted  ;  fol- 
lowed by  to  i  as,  tliis  argument  is  very  appvsiu  to  Che 
case. 

AP'PO-eiTE-LY,  adv.    Suitably  ;  fitly  ;  properly. 

AP'PO-SITE-NESS,  it.  Fitnessj  propriety  ;  suitable- 
ness. Hale, 

AP-PO-?r'TI0N,  n.  The  act  of  adding  to  j  addition} 
a  setting  to  ;  accretion. 

Hy  thr  apposition  ot  nnv  imUer.  ilr6wAncpC. 

S.  In  irrammar^  the  state  of  two  nouns  put  in  the 
same  case,  without  a  connecting  word  between 
them  ;  as,  I  admire  Cicero,  the  <iniior.  In  this  case, 
the  second  nonn  explains  or  characurizes  the  first. 

AP-POiK'I  TIVE,  a.    Ap[Kistte  ;  ap[>lirnl.le.  KnaUhbulL 

AP-PRaIS'AI.,  (ap-priz'al,)  n.  A  valimtion  by  au- 
thority :  an  appraisement.  StaL  Conn.  1824. 

AP-PRaI*E',  r.  (.  [Ft.  appreder;  Sp.  aprrriar;  It.  ap- 
prei'.arf,  to  set  a  value ;  from  L.  ad  and  prtttumj 
price.     See  Prics  and  Appbeciate.] 

This  w  ord  is  written  and  often  pronwinced  after  the 
French  and  ItalLin  manner.  But  generally  it  is  pro- 
nounced more  com'Ctly  apprize,  directly  frura  tlie  D. 
prvs  ;  W.pris:  "Enci.  price  or  priie.     [See  Appriik.] 

^o  set  a  value  on  ;  to  estimate  the  worth  of,  par- 
ticularly by  persons  appointed  for  the  purpose. 

AP-PRAr.«E'MEXT,  w.  The  act  of  seUing  the  value  ; 
a  valuation.     [See  AppfciiEMEr<T.] 

AP-PRSIS'ER,  n.  One  who  values;  apprvpriatelp^  a 
person  appointed  and  sworn  to  estimate  and  fix  the 
value  of  poods  and  estate.     [See  Apprizer.] 

AP-PRE-eA'TIO\,  n.    Earnest  prayer.  Hall. 

AP'PRE-eA-TO-RV,  a.     Praying  or  wishing  good. 

AP-PRE'CIA-BLE,  (ap-pre'sha-bl.-,)  a.  [See  Appre- 
ciate.] That  may  be  appreciated  ;  capable  of  being 
duly  estimated  -,  valuable.  £Neyc. 

^  That  may  be  estimated  (h*  determined ;  as,  an 
apprehablf  quantity. 

AP-PRe'CIATE,  (ap-pre'shite,)  v.  L  [Fr.  appreei^, 
to  set  a  value ;  L.  ad  and  pretivm,  value,  price }  D. 
prys;  W.pris;  Ger^ prris.    See  Price.] 

1.  To  value ;  to  set  a  price  or  value  on ;  to  esti- 
mate ;  as,  we  seldom  sufhcienlly  appreciate  the  ad- 
vantages we  enjoy. 

2.  To  raise  the  value  of. 

Lnt  a  •u<]Jcn  peaee  should  apprtoaU  ihe  monej.      Rammay, 

[\nt  used  in  the  latter  sense  in  England,  and  but 
little  in  America.] 
APPRk'CI.aTE,  r.  t.  To  rise  in  value;  to  become 
of  more  \'aliie  ;  as,  the  coin  of  the  countr>'  appre- 
ciates; public  securities  appreciated  when  the  debt 
was  funded.  [Not  used  m  this  sense  in  England, 
and  bnt  little  in  America.] 
AP-PRf.'CIa-TED,  pp.     Valued;  prized;  estimated; 

ad#'anred  in  value. 
AP-PRe'CIA-T1\G,  ppr.     Setting  a  value  on ;  esti- 
mating ;  rising  in  value. 
AP-PRf,  CUa'TION,  It.     A  setting  a  value  on  ;  a  just 
valuation  or  estimate  of  merit,  weight,  or  any  moral 
consideration. 

lVa.-(hington^s  Inaug,  Speech^  Apr.  30,  1769. 
2.  A'rising  in  value  ;  increase  of  worth  or  value. 
Mar-^hall,   /Jftt  of  fyoffhington.     Hamilton'M  Report. 

Feb.  13,  1793. 
[See  remark  under  Appreciate.] 
AP-PRE-HE.\D',  r.  I.    [U  apprthcndo,  of  ad  and  prt- 
kendo,  to  lake  or  seize  ;  Sax.  hendan  or  hentan.] 
I.  To  take  or  seize ;  to  take  hold  of.    In  this  liter- 


APP 

al  sense,  it  is  applied  chiefly  to  taking  or  arresting 
persons  by  legal  process,  or  with  a  view  to  trial ;  as, 
to  apprehend  a  thit-f. 

2.  I'o  tike  with  the  understanding,  that  is,  to  con- 
ceive in  Uie  mind  ;  to  underst:nid,  without  passing  a 
judgment,  or  making  an  inference. 

I  afiprehmd  not,  whjr  — 

So  maiiy  uid  ao  vuioiia  ln«r«  mn  gtren.  Milton. 

3.  To  think  ;  to  believe  or  be  of  opinion,  but  with- 
out iiositive  certainty  ;  as,  all  this  is  true,  but,  we  ap- 
prthendy  it  is  not  to  the  purpose. 

Notw-ilhctamllnf  ihl«  .l.-clirilioii,  w«  do  oot  apprtheml  thftt  we 
UT  giulty  of  presomptioii.  Encyc.,  ut,  MtUijthysica. 

A.  To  fear  ;  to  entertain  suspicion  or  fear  of  future 
evil ;  as,  we  ayprehend  calamities  from  a  feeble  or 
wicked  adminisimtion. 

AP  PRE-IIEND'EO,  pp.  Taken;  s'^ized  ;  arrested; 
conceived  ;  undfr^ilood  ;  believed  ;  feared. 

AP-PRE-HEND'ER,  n.  One  w  ho  takes  ;  one  who  con- 
ceives in  his  mind  ;  one  who  fears. 

AP-PRE-IIENU  LN'G,  par.  Seizing  ;  taking;  conceiv- 
ing :  understanding;  believing;  fearing. 

AP-PRE-IIEN'SI  BLE,  a.  That  may  be  apprehended 
or  conceived. 

AP-PRE-HEN'SION,  n.  The  net  of  seizing  or  taking 
hold  of;  as,  the  hnnd  is  an  organ  of  apprehmAon. 

2.  The  act  of  taking  or  arresting;  as,  the  felon,  af- 
ter his  apprehension^  cscajMld. 

3.  The  mere  contemplation  of  things  without  af- 
firming, denying,  or  passing  any  judgment ;  the  op- 
emtion  of  the  mind  in  contemplating  ideas,  without 
comtKiring  them  with  others,  or  referring  them  to  ex- 
ternal objects ;  simple  intellection. 

IVattf,     Olanrille,     Encyr, 

4.  An  tnndi^nate  or  imperfect  idea,  as  when  the 
word  is  applied  to  our  knowledge  of  God.     Encyc 

5.  Opinion  ;  conce|>tion  ;  sentiments.  In  this  sense, 
the  word  often  denotes  a  belief,  founded  on  sufficient 
evidence  to  give  pre pon deration  to  the  mind,  but  in- 
BUtficient  to  induce  certainty ;  as,  in  our  apprekensiitn^ 
the  facts  prove  the  issue. 

To  bp  h.\9^,  Riid  to  b^  ihoii^l  fUw,  ta  all  on^,  in  rrsprct  of  iwn, 
who  na  not  iLCO'nlittg  lo  iniih,  but  apprtnetition.    South, 

6.  The  faculty  by  which  new  ideas  are  conceived  ; 
as,  a  man  of  dull  apprehension. 

7.  Fear;  suspicion  ;  the  prospect  of  future  evil,  ac- 
companied Willi  uneasiness  of  mind. 

CUudiua  «ru  ia  iio  muill  apprthtndon  fur  bui  own  life. 

Aibliton, 

AP-PRE-HEN'SIVE,  a.  auick  to  understand  ;  as,  an 
apprehrn.-'ive  scholar.  Uulder.     SouUi. 

2.  Fearful ;   in  expectation  of  evil  j  as,  we  were 

^reXen-givt  of  fatal  consequences. 
This  ut  the  usual  sense  of  the  trortL] 
.  Suspicious  \  inclined  to  believe ;  aa,  I  am  appre- 
hensire  he  does  not  understJind  mo, 
4.  Sensible ;  feeling ;  perceptive.     [Rarelti  used.] 

Mdtoiu 
AP-PRE-HEN'SIVE-LY,  adv.     In   an  apprehensive 

manner. 

AP-PRE-HEN'SIVE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being 

apprehensive;  readiness  to  understand  ;  fearfuhnrss. 

AP-PRE\'T1CE,  n.   [Fr.  apprenti,  an  apprentice,  from 

ajtprendre,  to  learn  ;  L.  ajtprcheruh.  See  Apprehend.] 

1.  One  who  is  bound  by  covenant  to  serve  a  me- 
chanic, or  other  person,  for  a  certain  time,  with  a 
view  to  learn  his  art,  mystery,  or  occupation,  in 
which  his  master  is  hound  to  instruct  him.  Appren- 
tices are  regularly  tiound  by  indentures. 

Blacki^one. 

2.  In  old  law  bookx,  a  barrister,  considered  a  learn- 
er of  law,  till  sixteen  years  standing,  when  he  might 
be  called  to  the  degree  of  gerjeant,  Blackstone. 

AP-PREN'TICE,  r.  L  To  bmd  to,  or  put  under  the 
care  of,  a  master,  for  the  purpose  of  instruction  in  the 
knowledge  of  a  trade  or  business. 

AP-PREN'TICE-FEE,  n.  A  sum  given  tn  the  master 
of  an  apprentice  as  a  premium  for  the  iiistruclion  of 
the  latter.  Blackstone, 

AP-PREN'TICE-IIQQD,  n.  Apprenticeship.  [J^Tot 
used.]  Shak, 

AP-PREX'TICE-SIIIP,  a.  TTie  term  for  which  an  ap- 
prentice is  bound  to  serve  his  master.  This  term,  in 
England,  is,  by  statute,  seven  years.  In  Paris,  the 
term  is  five  years,  in  the  greater  number  of  trades  ; 
after  which,  the  person,  before  he  is  qualified  to  ex- 
ercise the  trade  as  a  master,  must  serve  five  years  as 
a  journeyman  ;  during  which  term  he  is  called  the 
companion  of  his  master,  and  the  terra  is  called  his 
companionship.  Encyc. 

The  statements  above  refer  to  a  former  state  of 
things.  Jipprentieeship,  as  obligatory,  was  abulisJied 
in  France  at  the  revolution  ;  and  in  England,  Lon- 
don and  a  few  other  corporate  towns  excepted,  by 
the  act  of  M  Geo.  111.  c  96,  (1814.) 

P.  Cyc.    Brande, 
2.  Theservice,state,  or  condition  of  an  apprentice; 
a  state  in  which  a  person  is  gaining  instruction  under 
a  master. 

AP-PREN'TIS^AGE,  n.  Apprenticeship.    [JVwtmiwe.] 

Bacon. 

AP-PRESS'ED,  (ap-prest',) 

AP-PREST', 


[  a.  [ad  and  pressed.] 


APP 

In  botany^  pressed  close;  lying  near  the  stem,  tr 
applying  its  upjM'r  surface  to  the  stem. 

Martyn.     Ed.  Encyc. 

AP-PltlSE',  r.  (.  [Fr.  apprvt,  participle  of  apprendre, 
lo  leurii,  or  inform.     See  Apprehend.] 

To  inform  ;  to  give  notice,  verbal  or  written  ;  fol- 
lowed by  ^,-  as,  we  will  ajrpri-te  the  general  of  an 
intended  attack  ;  he  apprised  the  commander  «/what 
he  had  done.  TlioniJ^on.     Porteus. 

AP-PRTS'KD,  (np-prizd',)  pp.  Informed  ;  having  no- 
tire  or  knowledge  cointnunicatcd. 

AP-PRlS'IiS'G,  ppr.  Informing;  communicating  no- 
tice to. 

AP-PRTZE',  V.  u  [This  word  is  usually  written  ap- 
prat.fr,  as  if  deduced  from  the  Italian  appreziare. 
There  is  no  other  word  from  which  it  can  regularly 
lie  formed  ;  the  French  appre4:ier  being  recognized  in 
appreriaie.  But  apprize,  the  word  genenUly  used,  is 
regularly  formed,  with  ad,  from  price,  prize;  I),  prys ; 
Ger.  preix ;  W.  prit ;  or  from  the  Fr.  priner,  to  prize  ; 
and  this  is  the  more  desirable  orthography.] 

To  value  ;  to  set  a  value,  in  pursuance  of  author- 
ity. It  is  generally  used  for  the  act  of  valuing,  by 
men  appointed  for  the  purpose,  under  direction  of 
law,  or  bv  agreement  of  parties  ;  as,  to  apprize  the 
goods  and  estate  of  a  deceased  person.  The  private 
act  of  valuing  is  ordinarily  expressed  hv  prize. 

AP-PUI7.'/:D,  pp.  Valued;  having  the'  worth  fixed 
by  authorized  jwrstms. 

AP-PRIZE'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  setting  a  valtae  un- 
der some  authority  or  appointment ;  a  valuation. 

Statutes  of  Conn.     Blackstone. 
2.  The  rate  at  which  a  thing  is  valued  ;  the  \-alue 
fixed,  or  valuation  ;  as,  he  purchased  the  article  at 
the  apprizement. 

AP-PRIZ'ER,  M.  A  person  appointed  to  rate,  or  set  a 
value  on  articles.  When  apprizers  act  under  the 
autln>rity  of  law,  they  must  be  sworn. 

AP-PRIZ'1?J<»,  ppr.  Rating;  setting  a  value  under 
authority. 

AP-PRTZa\G,  n.    The  act  of  valuing  under  authority. 

AP-PRoAC'H',  V.  u  [Fr.  approchevy  from  procke,  near ; 
It.  approcciare.  The  I*atin  proximas  contains  the 
root,  but  the  word,  in  the  positive  degree,  is  not 
found  in  the  Latin.  It  is  from  a  root  in  Class  Brg. 
signifj  ing  lo  drive,  move,  or  press  toward  ;  probably 

1.  To  come  or  go  near,  in  place ;  to  draw  near ;  to 
advance  nearer. 

Wlwrpfm'  apjrroacktd  ye  ao  nigh  tJie  citjf  i  —  2Sarn.  xi. 

2.  To  draw  near  in  time. 

And  to  much  the  men  ni  ye  boo  Uie  day  approaching,  —  Ht^h.  x. 

3.  To  draw  near,  in  a  figurative  sense  ;  to  advance 
near  to  a  point  aimed  at,  in  science,  literature,  gov- 
emintnt,  morals,  &c. ;  to  approximate;  as,  he  ap- 
praadie.i  Ui  tiie  character  of  the  ablest  sUitesman. 

4.  To  draw  near  in  duty,  as  in  prayer  or  worship. 

They  Ukc  ilclight  in  approaching  to  God.  —  I>a.  li. 

AP-PR5ACH',  r.  L  To  come  near  to;  as^  Pope  ap- 
proaches Virgil  in  smootimcss  of  versification.  I'his 
use  of  the  word  is  elliptical,  to  being  omitted,  so  tliat 
the  verb  can  hardly  be  said  to  be  transitive.  The 
old  use  of  tlie  word,  as,  ^^  .Approach  the  hand  to  the 
handle,"  is  not  legitimate. 
2.  To  have  acdfess  carnally.     Lev.  xviii. 

AP-PROACIl',  n.  The  act  of  drawing  near;  a  coming 
or  advancing  near;  as,»he  was  apprised  of  the  en- 
emy's afrpruach. 

2.  .Access  ;  as,  the  approach  to  kings.  Bacon. 

3.  Ihe  path  or  avenue  which  leads  from  the  pubUc 
road  or  highway  to  a  house  or  dwelling.     Downing. 

4.  In  fortification,  approache.-f  are  the  works  thrown 
up  by  the  besiegers,  to  protect  them  in  their  advances 
toward  a  fortress. 

AP-PROACII'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  he  approached  ; 
accessible. 

AP-PROACH'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  ap- 
proachable. 

AP-PRoACH'ER,  n.  One  who  approaches  or  draws 
near. 

AI'-PR6ACn'I\G,  ppr.  Drawing  nearer;  advancing 
towrird. 

AP-PROACHTNG,  n.  In  gardeninrr,  the  act  of  in- 
grafting a  sprig  or  sIkhA  of  one  tree  into  another, 
without  cutting  it  from  the  parent  stock;  called  also 
inarrhin^  and  irrafting  bij  approach.  Encyc. 

AP-PIUIACII'LE.'^S,  a.     I'liat  can  not  he  approached. 

AP-PR6ACH'MEi\T,  n.  The  act  of  coming  near. 
[f.ittlc  usrd/l  Brown. 

AP'PRO-BATE,a.    {"L.  apjrrohatvs.]    Approved.  ElmU 

AP'PRO-BATE,  V.  U     [L.  aporobo,  to  approve.] 

To  express  approbation  of:  to  manifest  a  liKing,  or 
degree  of  satisfaction.  "  The  cause  of  this  battle 
everj'  man  did  allow  and  approbate,''^  Hally  Hen.  VH. 
RichartLion^a  Dictionary.  [This  word,  though  obso- 
lete in  England,  is  occasionally  used  in  America.] 
Mr.  Utitchitison  approbaUd  the  choice.  J.  Eliot, 

AP'PRO-BA-TED,  pp.     Approved;  commended. 

AP'PHO-Ba-TING,  ppr.    Expressing  approbation  of. 

APPRO  BA'TION,  n.  [L.  approbatio.  See  Proof 
and  Prove.] 

1.  The  act  of  approving;  a  liking;  that  state  or 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PREV.— PIN'E,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 
63 


APP 

dispositiun  of  the  mind,  in  which  we  nssent  to  tlie 
propriety  of  a  tiling,  with  snme  degree  of  pleasure  or 
satisfuction ;  as,  tbo  laws  uf  (jod  require  our  appro- 
bation, 

2.  Attestation ;  support ;  iliat  is,  active  approbation, 
or  action,  in  favor  of  what  irf  apiirnvd.  Shak. 

3.  Tlie  commendation  of  a  book  ''censed  or  per- 
mitted to  be  published  by  authority,  v»  v  us  formerly 
the  case  in  England. 

AP'PRO-BA-T[VE, o.  Approving;  implying  approbar- 
tion.  JilUner. 

AP'PRO-BA-TO-RY,  a.  Containing  approbation  ;  ex- 
pressing approbation.  jish.     Scott, 

AP-PRO.\IPT',  r.  t.  for  Prompt.    [J^ot  used.]    Bacoji. 

AP-PROOF',  n.    Approval. 

2-  CerLiin  knowledge.    [JV^t  u.W.]  Shak. 

AP-PROP'ER^aTE,  v.  L     [L.  appropero.] 
To  hasten.     [Jv'ot  used.] 

AP-PRO-PIN'aUATE,  v.  i.     [L.  approptnguoJ] 
To  draw  near,     [-^"ot  used.] 

AP-PRO-PIN-aUA'TION,  n.  A  drawing  nigh.  [JVot 
VSfd.]  HalU 

AP-PRO-PI^aUE',  V.  u    To  approach.    [Aot  used.] 

Hadibras. 

AP-PRCPRI-A-BLE,  a.  [from  appropriate]  That  may 
be  appropriated  ;  that  may  be  set  apart,  sequestered, 
or  asBieiied  exclusively  to  a  particular  use.    Brown, 

AP-PROTRI-ATE,  r.  U  [Fr.  appraprier,  o{  U  ad  and 
propriusj  private,  peculiar.    See  Propeb.] 

1.  To  set  apart  fur,  or  assign  to  a  particular  use.  in 
exclusion  of  ail  other  uses^  as,  a  spot  of  ground  is 
appropriated  for  a  garden. 

2.  To  take  to  one's  self  in  exclusion  of  others  ;  to 
claim  or  use  as  by  an  exclusive  right ;  as,  let  no  man 
uppropriatc  the  Use  of  a  couinion  benelit. 

3.  To  make  peculiar ;  as,  to  appropriate  names  to 
ideas.  Locke. 

4.  To  sever  an  ecclesiastical  benefice,  and  annex 
U  to  a  spiritual  corporation,  sole  or  aggregate,  being 
the  patron  of  ttie  living.  Btadtstone. 

5.  To  sirt  apart  or  vole  a  sum  of  money  for  a  par- 
ticular object ;  as.  Congress  has  appmpriaied  a  million 
of  dollars  for  the  increase  of  the  navy.  [  Tliig  is  one 
of  the  most  rommotl  uses  of  the  lOord  in  Jimerica.] 

AP-PR6'PRI-ATE,  a.  iielunglng  peculiarly;  pecu- 
liar ;  set  apart  fur  a  particular  use  or  person  ;  as,  re- 
lifc'ious  worship  is  an  apprnpriate  duty  to  the  Creator. 
2.  Most  suitable,  fit,  or  proper;  as,  to  use  appropri- 
ate words  in  pleading. 

AP-PRO'PRI-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Assigned  to  a  partic- 
ular use ;  claimed  or  used  exclusively  ;  annexed  to 
an  errlf^i.-istical  corporation. 

APPRO' PR1-ATE-XES.1,  n.  Peculiar  fitness;  the 
qriaijiy  of  bcin?  a[>prt)priate,  or  peculiarly  suitable. 

AP-PRf)'PRI-ATE-LY,  adv.  In  an  appropriate  or 
prnpt-r  manner. 

AI'-PUr/PRI-A-TIXG,  ppr.  .\s8igninff  to  a  particular 
p-rson  or  use  ;  claiming  or  using  exriusively  ;  sever- 
ing to  the  perjx'tual  use  of  an  ecclesiastical  cor|M>ration. 

AP-PRfvPRI-A'TION,  B.  The  act  of  sequestering,  or 
assigning  to  a  particular  use  or  p<>rson,  in  exclusion 
of  all  others  ;  application  to  a  special  use  or  purpose ; 
as,  of  a  piece  of  ground,  fnr  a  park  ;  of  a  right,  to 
one's  sell;  or  of  words,  to  ideas. 

2.  In  /rtKi,  the  severing  or  sequei>tering  of  a  benefice 
to  the  purpeiual  use  of  a  spiritual  corporation,  sole  or 
aggregiite,  being  the  (Kitron  of  the  living.  For  this 
purpose  must  be  obtained  the  king's  license,  and  the 
consent  of  the  bi-^hop  and  <»f  the  patron.  When  the 
appropriation  is  thus  made,  the  nppropriator  and  his 
siiccesriora  become  perpetu:J  parsons  of  the  clmrch, 
and  must  sue  and  be  sued  in  that  name. 

£«"■-  Lmw.     Blarkstnne. 

3.  The  wetting  apart  by  vote  of  a  sum  <if  mi.ney  to 
be  expended  for  a  given  purjKise,  and  alsv)  the  money 
thus  set  apart  \  as,  an  appropriation  has  been  made  to 
Increase  the  navy. 

AP-PaO'PJU-A-TIVE,  a.    That  appropriates. 

McCuUoch. 
AP-PRO'PRI-A-TOR,  n.    One  who  apprnpriai.^. 

2.  One  who  is  possessed  of  an  appropriat'-d  bene- 
fice. Blarkstone. 
AP-PR6'PRI-E-TA-RY,  n.     A  lay   po«ae»8<)r  of  the 

prrifits  of  a  iM-nefice.  Spelman, 

AP-PRnV'A-BLE,  a.     [See  ArrnoxK.) 

That  may  be  approved  ;  that  merits  approbation. 
AP-PROV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  being  ap- 

prriviiblc 
AP-PROV'AL,  a.    Approbation.     [See  Appbovk.] 

Ttrnple. 

AP-PROV'ANCE,  n.    Approbotion.    [See  Approve.] 

T^hamsoT*. 
AP-PROVE',  r.  r.     [Fr.  approuvrr  s  I-  trpprobo,  of  ad 
and  probo^   to  prove  or  approve.      See  Approbate, 
pRuvc,  and  Proof.] 

1.  To  like ;  to  be  [rfeajted  with  ;  to  admit  the  pro- 
priety viS'i  9Aj  we  approve  the  measures  of  adminis- 
tration.   This  word  may  include,  with  the  assent  of 
the  mind  to  the  propriety,  a  coniniendation  to  others. 
%  To  prove ;  to  show  to  be  tnie  \  to  justify. 

Woiililat  iliou  appnn*  thy  coiutAnc^  i     Approo* 

rtnC  <bj  obMUencc.  AfiJton. 

[  Tki$  tautf  though  common  a  untury  or  two  ago,  u 
AMD  rare] 


APP 

3.  To  experience  ;  to  prove  by  trial.  [JVot  used. 
See  PRof  E.l  Sitak. 

4.  To  make  or  show  to  be  worthy  of  npprobiuiou  ; 
to  commend  ;  as,  to  approve  one's  self  to  God  by 
righteousness. 

5.  To  like  and  sustain  afi  right ;  to  commend. 

Yel  their  pMU-rity  approve  their  wyings.  —  Pa.  xlU. 
This  word,  when  it  signifies  to  be  pleased,  is  often 
followed  by  of  in  which  use  it  is  intransitive  ;  as,  I 
approve  of  the  measure.    But  the  tendency  of  modern 
usage  is  to  omit  of.-  "  I  approve  the  measure." 

6.  To  improve.  Blackstone. 

7.  In  mUUary  affairs^  to  sanction  officially ;  as,  to 
approve  the  decision  of  a  court-martial. 

AP-PR0V'£1),  pp.  Liked  ;  commended  ;  shown  or 
proved  to  be  worthy  of  approbation  ;  having  the  ap- 
probation and  support  of. 

Study  to  show  tfiya^lf  approved  Ui  God.  — 2  Tim.  li. 

.^pjtroved  la  used  by  Shakspeare  for  proved  ,*  as, "  an 
approved  wanton." 

Je»ui,  a  man  approved  of  God.  —  Acte  B. 

This  word  here  seems  to  include  the  idea  of  Christ's 
real  office,  as  the  Messiah,  and  of  God's  love  and  ap- 
probation of  him  in  that  character.      Brown^s  Diet. 
AP-PKOVE'MENT,n.   Approbation  ;  liking.  Hayward. 

2.  In  laWf  when  a  perstm  indicted  for  felony  or 
treason,  and  arraigned,  confesses  the  fact  before 
plea  pleaded,  and  apjieals  or  accuses  his  accomplices 
of  the  same  crime,  to  obtain  his  pardon,  this  confes- 
sion and  accusation  are  called  approvement^  and  the 
person  an  approver,  Bluckstone. 

3.  Improvement  of  common  lands,  by  inclosing 
and  converting  them  to  the  uses  of  husbandry. 

Blackstone. 
AP-PROV'ER,  n.    One  who  approves.    Formerly,  one 
who  proves  or  makes  trial. 

2.  In  law,  one  who  confesses  a  crime  and  accuses 
another.  [See  Approvement.]  Formerly,  those 
who  had  the  letting  of  the  king's  demesne,  in  small 
manors,  were  called  approvers  uf  ilin  king.  In  Stat. 
1  Edw.  III.  c.  8,  sherilTs  arc  eddied  the  king's  ap- 
provers. 

In  old  law  writers,  a  bailiff  or  steward  of  a  manor 
is  called  an  approver.  Eneifc 

AP-PROV'ING,  ppr.      Liking;  commending;  giving 

or  expressing  approbation. 
AP-PUOV'L\G,  a.     Yielding  approbation;  as,  an  ap- 

provinir  Conscience. 
AP-PKOV'ING-LY,  adv.     By  approbation. 
AP-PROX'I-.MANT,  a.    Approaching.     [JVo(  iised.] 

Dering. 
AP-PROX'I-MATE,  a.    [L.  od  and  proximus,  next. 
See  Approach.] 

Nearest  to  ;  next ;  near  to.  [  This  word  is  superseded 
by  Proximate.] 

^pprozimatc  quantities ;  in  mathematics,  those  which 
are  m'arly,  but  not  absolutely,  equal.  Brande. 

AP-PROX'I-iMATE,  V.  L  To  carry  or  advance  near; 
to  cause  to  approach.  jlikin.     Shenstone. 

To  ajiproximeUM  tl«  iDcqualUy  or  riches  to  llic  kvel  of  imtiire'. 

Burk*. 

AP-PROX'I-MATE,  o.  u    To  come  near ;  to  approach. 

Burke. 
AP-PROX'I-MA-TED,  pp.    Carried  or  advanced  near. 
AP-PROX'r-MA  TING,  ppr.    Advancing  near ;  caus- 

inif  to  approach. 
AP-IMtOX-I-MA'TlON,  n.     Approach;   a   drawing, 

moving,  or  advancing  near.  Hale. 

2.  \n  arithmetic  ^nd  aiirefrra,  %  continual  approach 
or  coinint;  nearer  and  nearer  to  a  nH)t  or  other  quan- 
tity, without  being  able  perhaps  ever  to  arrive  at  it. 

Kncye.     Johnson. 

3.  In  medicine,  communication  of  disease  by  con- 
tact. Coxe. 

4.  A  mode  of  cure  by  transplanting  a  disease  into 
an  animal  or  veeetable  by  iinmediate  contiict.     Coxe. 

AP-PROX'I-MA-TIVE,  a.  Approaching;  that  ap- 
praiches.  KiL  fZncye. 

AP-PULSE',  (ap-puls',)  n.  [L.  appuUus,  of  ad  and 
peilOy  to  drive.] 

1.  The  act  of  striking  against ;  as,  in  all  conso- 
nants there  is  an  appulse  of  the  organs.         Holder. 

2.  Arrival  ;  landing.  Bryant, 

3.  I  n  astronomy^  the  approach  of  any  planet  to  a 
conjunction  with  the  stin  or  a  star. 

AP-PUL'SION,  7u  The  act  of  striking  against  by  a 
moving  body. 

AP-PtiLS'IVE,  a.  Striking  against ;  driving  toward; 
as,  the  appulsive  inlluence  of  the  planets. 

Mtd.  Rep. 

AP-PULS'IVE-LY,  adv.    By  apimlsion. 

AP-PUR'TEN-A\CE,  n.  So  written  for  Apperte- 
«r.7i<:K.     fPr.  apparfcnance.     S<;e  Appertain.] 

I'hat  winch  belongs  to  somi-thing  else  ;  an  adjunct ; 
an  appendage  \  as,  small  biiildingH  arc  the  appurte- 
nances  of  a  mansion.  Apprupriali;ly,  such  buildings, 
rijiht-i,  and  improvements,  as  belong  to  land,  are 
called  the  appurtr nances. 

AP-PUH'TENAiNT,  a.  Belonging  to;  pertaining  to 
of  ri^lit ;  as,  a  right  of  way  appurtenant  to  land  or 
bii  ild  i  ngrt.  Blackntone. 

In   law,    common    appurtenant    is    that    which    la 


APT 

annexed  lo  land,  and  cnn  be  claimed  only  by  pre- 
!<rriptitin  or  immemorial  usage,  ou  a  legal  presump- 
tion of  a  sfieeial  gnint.  BlacksUme. 

A'PRI-CATE,  V.  i.     [L.  apricor.] 

To  bask  in  the  sun.     [LittU  used.]  Ray 

A-PRIC'l-TY,  H.     Sunshine.     [LitUe  used.] 

A'PRI-COT,  «.  Old  orthography,  apricock.  [W. 
bricyUen ;  Arm.  brijresen ;  Fr.  aliricot,  whence  the 
present  orthography.  Junius  and  Skinner  allege 
that  tlie  Italians  formerly  wrote  the  word  bericoco^ 
berricoeeolL  At  present  they  write  it  albicocca,  and 
the  Spaniards  alburicoque,  which  indicate  the  word 
to  be  formed  of  albas  and  coccus,  white  berr>' ;  Sp, 
albar^  white.  But  apricot  seems  to  be  formed  from 
the  old  orthography.] 

The  fruit  of  the  Armeniaca  vulgaris,  (a  species 
arranged  by  Linnseus  in  tlie  genus  Prunus  ;)  allied 
to  the  plum,  and  of  an  oval  figure  and  delicious  taste. 

A'PRIL,  n.     [L.  aprilis  ;  Fr.  avrU;  Sp.  abrilj  Ir.  abrail; 
Corn,  ehrit ;  VV.  ebrilL] 
The  fourth  month  of  the  year. 

A'PRIL-KOOL,  n.  One  who  is  sportively  imposed 
upon  by  others  on  the  first  of  April. 

J  PRI-O'Rl,  [L.]  Reasoning  a  priori  is  that  which 
deduces  consequences  from  definitions  formed,  or 
principles  assumed,  or  which  infers  effects  from 
causers  previously  known.  This  is  the  reverse  of  a 
poMn-iori.  Hedge. 

a'PRO.N,  (ii'purn,)  tu  [Ir.  aprun ;  a,  or  ag^  and  Celtic 
bron,  the  breasL] 

1.  A  cloth  or  piece  of  leather  worn  on  the  fore  part 
of  the  body,  to  keep  the  clothes  clean,  or  defend 
them  from  injury. 

2.  The  fat  skin  covering  the  belly  of  a  goose. 

Johnson. 

3.  In  gttnnery,  a  fiat  piece  of  lead  that  covers  the 
vent  of  a  cannon. 

4.  I  n  ships,  a  piece  of  carved  timber,  Just  above  the 
foremost  end  of  the  keel.  Mar.  Diet. 

5.  A  platform,  or  tlooring  of  plank,  at  the  entrance 
of  a  dock,  against  which  the  dock-gates  are  shut. 

Kncye, 

6.  A  piece  of  leather  or  other  thing  to  be  spread  be- 
fore a  person  riding  in  a  gig,  chaise,  or  sulky,  to  de- 
fend him  from  rain,  snow,  or  dust. 

A'I'RO\-KD,  a.    Wearing  an  apron.  Pope. 

A'FRON-MAN,  n.  A  man  who  wears  an  apron;  a 
laboring  [nan;  a  mechanic. 

AP'RO-PoS,  (ap'ro-po,)  adv.  [Fr.  d  and  propos,  pur- 
pose.] 

1.  Opportunely;  seasonably.  fVarburton. 

2.  By  the  way ;  to  the  purpose  ;  a  word  used  to 
introduce  an  incidental  observation,  suited  to  the 
(tension,  though  not  strictly  belonging  to  the  narra- 
tion. 

AP'SIS,  Ti.  f  pi.  Ap'si-oes.  mf.  ii^iy,  connection,  from 
aiTTO},  to  connect.] 

1.  In  ancient  astronomy,  the  apsides  were  the  two 
points,  in  the  orl)it  of  the  sun  or  of  a  planet,  at  the 
greiUest  and  li;ast  distance  from  the  earth  ;  the  most 
distant  called  the  higher  or  greater  ;  the  least  distjint, 
the  lower  or  lesser  apsis,'  and  corresponding  to  the 
n|X}gec  and  perigee.  In  modem  astronomy,  the  apsides 
are  those  points,  in  the  orbit  of  a  primary  jihinet,  at 
the  greatest  and  least  distance  from  the  sun  ;  corre- 
s[K)nding  to  tlie  aphelion  and  the  perihelion  ;  also, 
those  (wints,  in  the  orbit  of  a  secondary  planet,  at 
the  greatest  and  least  distance  from  its  primary  ;  cor- 
responding, in  relation  to  the  moon,  to  the  apogee 
and  )>erigce,  and  in  relation  to  the  satellites  of  Jupiter, 
to  the  a|)ojove  and  perijove.  The  line  connecting 
these  is  called  the  line  of  the  apsides. 

Kncyc.  Mcth.    Ed.  Encyc. 

2.  Apsis,  or  absis,  is  the  arched  roof  of  a  house, 
room,  or  oven  ;  also  the  ring  or  compass  of  a  wheel. 

3.  In  ecctesiojitical  writers,  an  inner  part  of  a  church, 
bi-ing  a  domed  seniicirciilar  or  polygonal  termina- 
tion of  the  choir  or  aisles,  where  the  altar  was  placed, 
and  where  the  clergy  sat.  Also,  the  bishop's  seat  or 
throne,  in  ancient  churches;  called  also  exedra  and 
tribune.  This  same  name  was  given  to  a  reliquary 
or  case  in  which  the  relics  of  saints  were  kept. 

Encyc. 
APT,  a.     [Ij.  aptus,  from  apto,  to  fit ;  Gr.  d>rrai,  to  tie ; 
Sax.  htpp.] 

1.  Fit ;  suitable  ;  as,  he  used  very  apt  meLiphors. 

2.  Having  a  tendency;  liable;  u.trd  of  things ;  as, 
whoat  on  moist  laiul  is  apt  to  blast  or  be  winter- 
killed. 

3.  Inclined  ;  disposed  customarily  ;  used  qfpersonsi 
as,  men  are  too  apt  to  slandiT  others. 

4.  Ready  ;  quick  ;  used  of  the  mental  powers;  as,  a 
pupil  apt  to  learn  ;  an  apt  wit. 

5.  Uualilicd ;  fit. 

All  the  men  uf  might,  »lrong  nntl  apt  for  war.  —  2  Kings  xxlr. 

APT.  r.  U    To  fit ;  to  suit  or  adapt.     [Obs.] 
APT'A-IILE,  a.    That  may  be  adapted.     [Mot  used.] 

Sherwood, 
^p/T^TE^^^  (^    To  make  fit.     [JVot  used.]     Bailey. 
AP'TER-A,  n,  pi.     [Gr. »»  priv.  and  irrcfjoc,  a  wingj 
A    term   applied  to  inserts  without  wings.     'l*ne 
Aptem,  constituting  the  seventh  order  f>f  insects  in 
Linnmus's  system,  comprehend  many  genera.     But 


TONE,  B!;iX,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CII  aa  SII ;  TH  a*  in  THIS. 

*  -  

63 


AQU 

titter  rooliAcist^  have  mnde  a  vcr>-  different  distribu- 
tion of  these  aniinalit. 
AP'TEK-AI^  a.     [Si(;»ni.]     Destitute  of  wings. 

In  itrcAii«ci«re,  without  lateml  c^iltiiiins;  applied 
to  buUdiDgs  which  have  no  series  of  columns  along 
their  aides,  but  are  either  prost>'te  or  tunphiprostyle, 
tundoppoeed  to  yeryterai.  P.  Cue 

APTKk-OVS,  a.  In  to^gjy  destitute  of  wings; 
applied  to  insects  of  tbe  order  ApCera. 

a.  In  frecsay,  destitute  of  membnuMNW  axpandlona, 
as  a  Mem  or  petiole  ;  ^iposed  to  aUite,        Aramta. 
AP'TER-VX,  a.     [Gr.  a  ntg.  and  wrtf*u(y  a  winp.] 
A  bird  of  New  Zt-aland,  with  only  short  mdinienls 
of  wingSf  armed  with  a  claw,  and  witJt«>iii  n  tnil. 

PartimgUfm, 
APT'I-TUDE,  a.     [of  apftw,  apC] 

1.  A  natural  or  acquired  disposition  fur  a  particular 
purpose,  or  lendensjr  to  a  particular  action  or  eOect ; 
■•,  oil  has  an  mftitmie  to  bum  j  men  aequin  an  afti- 
tmie  to  particular  rices. 

2.  Fitness ;  suitableness 

3.  Aptne«  ;  readiness  in  learning;  docility. 
Arr-I-TC'DLV-AL,  a.     Containing  ainitude. 
APT-I-TC'DL\-AL-LV,  m/v.    In  an  aplitudinal  man- 
ner. 

APT'LY,  arfr.    In  an  apt  or  suitable  manner ;  with 

just  correspondt-nre  of  parts;  fitly ;  properly  ;  jiuUy ; 

pertmeDtly ;  readily. 
APT'NESS,  a.    Fitness ;  suitableness  ;  as,  the  mpbust 

of  things  Co  their  end. 
iL  Dispoaitkm  of  the  mind  ;  propensity ;  as,  the 

aptmm*  of  men  to  follow  example. 

3.  Quickness  of  apprelu-ii^ion  ;  readiness  in  learn- 
ing; docility;  &»,  an  ttptnejm  to  learn  is  more  (^ 
semble  in  some  children  than  in  others. 

4.  Tendency,  in  things ;  as,  the  aptmesg  of  iron  to 
AP'TOTE,  a.     [Gr.  a.priv.  and  wratai^,  case.]      [rust. 

In  grammar^  a  noun  which  has  no  variatiun  of 
termination,  or  distincti4»t  of  cases ;  ao  indeclinable 
noiln. 

AP'V-REX-Y,  ■.    [6r.  «  prtr.  and  irvpeww,  to  be  fe- 
verish, from  ro,),  fire.] 
The  absence  or  intermission  of  fever. 

A-PT'ROUS,  a.     [Gr.  <it»^-.?,  .i  priv.  and  irfp,  fircj 
IncombuMible,  or  that  sustains  a  strong  heat  with- 
ost  alteration  of  form  or  properties. 

j9fjfriu  bodies  differ  from  those  simply  refVactory. 
Rtfritierji  bodies  can  not  be  fused  by  beat,  but  may 
be  atterea.  £aeyc. 

2'QDA,  a.  [L.  a^aa .-  Sp.  a^ua ,-  Port,  agoa  ;  It.  aequa^ 
water;  Arm.  ea^i,  to  water,  or  steep;  Goth,  akioa^ 
water;  which  in  Saxon  is  reduced  to  m;  G.  and  D. 
SI,  in  stbDttf ;  Fr.  ess ;  VV.  gKf  or  am;  It.  oig  or  mcAc ; 
Amh.  ogtJl 

A  Latin  word,  signifying  water;  much  used   in 

pharmacy,  and  the  old  chemistry,  in  various  signifi- 

catioas,  detennined  by  the  word  or  words  annexed. 

.tffaa  fbrtU^  in  the  old  chemistry,  is  now  called 

miricmdd. 

jSftta  sMrnu,  or  aqma  wtarme ;  a  name  which  Jewel- 
era  ghre  to  the  frrryf,  on  account  of  its  ciJor. 

j^a*  rtgiay  in  the  old  chemiMry,  is  nuw  called 
niU'i  WMi'iatig  acu/. 
J9^na  rita  :  brandv,  or  spirit  of  wine. 

A-ftUA'RI-AN,  n.  One  of  a  sect  of  Chri^^ians,  in  the 
primitive  church,  who  consecrated  water  in  the  eu- 
chari.«t  instead  of  wine;  either  uiidtT  a  pretense  of 
abstinence,  or  because  they  thought  it  was  unlawful 
to  drink  wine.  Encyc 

A-Q.Ua'RI-U.M,  n.  [L.]  An  artificial  pond  in  gardens 
for  rearins  aquatic  plants.  Brande. 

A-UU.\'RI-CS,  n.  [L.]  The  Water-bearer  ;  a  sign  in 
the  Kodlac,  which  the  sun  enters  about  the  21st  of 
Januar)';  so  calleil  from  the  rains  which  prevail,  at 
that  season,  in  Italy  and  the  East.  Al<o,  a  constel- 
lation of  the  zodiac,  containing,  according  to  Flam- 
stead,  108  stars,  and,  accuniing  to  the  P.  Cyc,  1^ 
The  sign  and  the  constellation  originally  coincided  ; 
but  from  its  recession,  in  consequence  of  the  preces- 
sion of  the  equinoxes,  toe  sign  now  begini  in  the 
constellation  of  Capricorn. 

A-aUAT'I€,  a.     [L.  aquatisug.    Pee  Af^rA.] 

Pertaining  to  water:  applied  to  animals  s%'hich  live 
in  water,  as  fishes;  or  to  such  as  frequent  it ;  as, 
aquatic  fowls.  Applied  tu  plants,  it  denotes  such  as 
grow  in  water.    Jiquntiaii  is  rarely  used. 

A-QUAT'ie,  a.  A  plant  which  grows  in  water,  as 
the  flag. 

Aa'C.\-TILE,  a.  That  inhabits  the  water.  [Rardy 
M»tdS\  Broum. 

Z-aUA-TINT'A,  a.  [L.  a^iuiy  water,  and  It  tinta,  dye. 
See  TiwcTfRE.] 

A  method  of  engraving  by  aqua  fortis,  by  which  an 
effect  is  produced,  resembline  a  drawing  in  water 
ci^ors  or  Indian  ink.  This  peculiar  effect  is  produced 
by  covering  the  plate,  after  the  outlines  of  the  design 
have  been  etched,  with  a  grunulaled  ground,  which 
permits  the  acid  to  act  only  in  the  interstices  of  its 
grain,  now  formed  by  p«iuring  over  the  plate,  in  an 
inclined  position,  a  solution  of  resin  in  alcohol.  Ori- 
ginally, the  ground  was  formed  by  sifting  over  the 
plate  a  fine  powder  of  resin,  or  of  resin  and  asphal- 
tom,  and  then  heating  the  plate  ;  but  this  method  is 
now  obsolete.  p.  Cyc 


AUA 

AU'l'K-l>IJ€T,  (ttk'we-dukt,)  ».  [l..mpM,  water, nnd 
liurtHs^  a  pJiR'  or  rnnni,  from  dueoy  tn  trad.  See  DrKE.] 
A  conduftor  or  conduit  of  water,  by  means  oi" 
ptpi>s,  or  a  canal  or  tunnel,  or  other  channel,  sup- 
{Kirted  by  some  structure.  iSlore  particularly  a|i|dicd 
to  the  ancient  structun*?,  raised  on  one  or  more  series 
of  arches,  and  sustaining  one  ur  more  channels,  con- 
ducted un  a  slt|;litly  dejscending  plane.  These  have 
been  superseded,  in  a  great  measure,  in  modern 
times,  by  pipe.i  following  the  inequalities  of  Uie 
ground,  and  cunveying  the  water  on  the  principle 
of  hydrostatic  pressure.  This  term  is  also  applied 
tu  a  structure,  sunilar  to  tJie  ancient  aqueducts,  fur 
c*iuveying  a  canal  over  n  river  or  hollow  ;  more  prop- 
erly called  an  aqtteductrbridge. 

A'UUE-OUS,  a.  Watery :  partaking  of  the  nature  of 
wattr,  or  abounding  witn  it. 

2.  Made  by  means  of  water ;  as,  an  aqueoxu  sola- 
tloa. 

Ajmt«mi  humor ;  In  anntamii,  one  of  the  humors  of 
the  eye  ;  a  transparent,  limpid  fluid,  occupying  the 
dpace  between  the  cr>'st:illiae  lens  and  lite  cornea, 
divided  into  two  chambers  by  the  iris.  fVigtar. 

A'Ut'E-0U8-NES8,  ji.  The  quality  of  being  watery; 
wati-rishness  ;  waterinesa. 

A'aL'I-FORM,  a.     In  the  form  of  water. 

AU'l*l-LA,  R.  [I*,  whence  aptilinuji ;  from  the  Orient- 
al SpF  to  be  crooked.  This  bird  Is  probably  named 
from  its  curving  b^uk.] 

In  i/rnitAo/ow-v,  tlie  eagle.  Also,  a  northern  constel- 
lation, coniaiiimg,  according  to  the  Britannic  cata- 
logue, 71  stars.  Eitcyc. 

AU'UI-LIXE,  (-lin  or  line,)   a.      [L.  aquilinus.     See 

At^lILA.] 

1.  Belonging  to  the  eagle. 

2.  Curving ;  hooked  ;  prominent,  like  the  beak  of 
an  eagle  ;  applied  pariicularly  to  the  nose. 

Aa'UI-LO.V,  n.     [L.  tu/uUo.] 

The  north  wind.  Shak, 

AQ-UI-Ta'NI-AN,  o.  Pertaining  to  Aquitania,  one 
of  the  great  divisions  of  Gaul,  which,  according  to 
Cesar,  lay  between  the  Garonne,  the  Pyreneuti,  and 
the  ocean.  In  modern  days,  it  Ikis  been  called  Gas- 
cony.  The  inhabitants,  in  Cesar's  time,  spoke  a  dif- 
ferent dialect  from  that  of  the  proiHT  Cells,  between 
the  Garonne  and  Seine-  This  dialect  bore  an  aflin- 
ity  to  the  Btw/nr,  in  Biscay,  to  which  they  were 
contiguous  ;  and  some  remains  of  it  still  exist  in  the 
Gascon,  .^quiiania  is  the  country  of  tJie  jJt/ui ;  from 
the  name  of  the  people,  with  tan.  a  Celtic  word,  sig- 
nifying region  vT  coutiiru.  The  Romans,  cither  from 
their  general  u«ace,  or  f'rom  not  understanding  the 
Celtic  loa,  annexed  another  termination  signifying 
counin.-,  td,  tile  Ir.  ai  or  aW,  lleb.  ^K  ai,  a  tM-ttlement 
or  habitation;  Gr.  ma,  land,  country;  Hindu,  tya, 
the  same.  Cesarj  Com.  lib.  L  1.     VJlnvdle, 

A.  R.  stand  fur  ojino  rtgni,  the  year  of  the  reign  ;  as, 
A.  R.  G.  R.  '20,  in  ihe  20th  year  of  the  reign  of  ICiug 
George. 

AR'AB,  «.  [Literally,  a  wanderer  or  dweller  in  a  des- 
ert.]    A  native  of  Arabia. 

AR'.VBESK,  n.  The  corrupt  modern  Anibic,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  pure  old  Arabic  of  the  Koran. 
[Auf  in  H.'tf.|  Guthrie. 

Alt'A-BESULE,  (ar'a-besk)  TU  An  ornament  execu- 
ted in  the  Ambesque  style^ 

AR'A-BESUUE,  a.  [See  Arabiatt.]  In  the  manner 
of  the  .\rabians  ;  applied  to  paintings  or  ornaments 
consisting  of  imaginary  foliage,  stalks,  planLs,  &,c., 
in  which  there  are  no  figures  of  men  or  animals. 

A-RA'Bl-A.V,a.  ■  Pertaining  to  Arabia.  [Encyc. 

A-Ra'BI-AX,  ji.     A  native  of  Arabia;  an  Arab. 

AK'A-BIC,  a.  Belonging  to  Arabia,  or  the  language 
of  its  inhabitants. 

AR'A  BIG,  n.    The  language  of  the  Arabians. 

A-RAB'IC-AL-LV,  adr.     In  the  Arabian  manner. 

AR'A-BIS.M,  n.  An  Arabic  idiom  or  peculiarity  of  lan- 
giiDC.  Encyc.     Stuart. 

AR'A-BIST,  u.  One  well  versed  in  the  Arabic  lan- 
guage or  literature.  Encyc. 

-VR'A-BLE,  a.    [L.  aro  :  Gr.  apoot,  to  plow  ;  Ir.  arain.] 
Fit  for  phiwing  or  tillage  ;  hence  often  ajtplied  to 
land  which  bas  been  plowed  or  tilled. 

AK'A-BY,  n.     Arabia.  Milton. 

A-RAturXI-DAN,  n.     j      [Gr.  apayvri,  a  spider,  and 

A-RACK'M-DA,  n.  pU  \  tiM,  form.] 

Terms  applied  to  a  cl.iss  of  articulate  animals, 
with  legs,  but  witliout  wings,  including  the  spi- 
ders, mites,  and  scorpions;  arranged  by  Linnaius 
in  the  class  Insecta,  order  Aptera,  but  diifuring  from 
tnte  insects  by  the  absence  of  antenme,  and  by  not 
undercoing  metamorphosis, 

A-RACH'NOID,  a.  [Gr.  aoaxvTii  a  spider,  and  tt^o?, 
form  ;  Heb.  T'N,  to  weave,  that  is,  to  stretch,  to 
draw  out ;  Eng.  reach.] 

In  anatomy,  the  arachnoid  tunic  or  membrane  ((u- 
nica  aracktwida)  is  a  very  thin  and  delicate  semi- 
tnmsparent  membrane,  which  is  spread  over  the 
brain  and  Uie  spinal  cord  between  the  dura  mater 
and  pia  mater.  The  term  was  formerly  applied,  al- 
so, to  the  hyloid  membrane,  or  membrane  of  the  vit- 
reous humor  of  the  eye,  and  to  Ihe  capsule  or  proper 
coat  of  the  crystalline. 

The  term  araneous  tunic  or  membrane  (tunica  ara~ 


ARB 

nz-a)  was  formerly  used  as  synonymoiis  with  nraeh- 
naid,  Cijc.      Wistar.     Parr. 

A-RACU'NOID,  n.  A  species  of  madrepore,  found 
fossil.  Cye. 

A-RAeiI-NOL'0-dIST,  n.  One  versed  in  arach- 
noli>gv. 

A-R.\C'H-N0L'0-6Y,  n.     [Gr.  aoaxi'l  and  Xoyn^.] 
'J'lie  science  or  history  of  spiders  and  other  Aracb- 
niila. 

AR-A-CHO'SIAN,  a.  Designating  a  chain  of  moun- 
tains which  divide  Persia  from  India. 

jIs.  Re-tearchefi. 

AR-AIGN'BE,   (ar-ran'ya,)  )    n.     [Fr.,  a  spider.] 

AR-Ra1GN',  (ar-rain',)  \  In  furttjlcatutn,  the 
branch,  return,  or  gallery  of  a  mine.  Bnileij. 

A-R  A ISE'   r.  L    To  raise.     [JVot  usrd.]  Shnk. 

AR-A-MA'ie,  a,  A  term  applied  to  the  languagu  of 
the  Syrians  and  Chaldeans,  their  litemture,  &c. 

AR-A-Me'AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Syrians  and  Chal- 
deans, who  were  descended  from  Aram,  son  of  Shem, 
or  to  th^'ir  language. 

AR-A-Mk'AN-ISM,  b.  An  idiom  of  the  Aramcan  lan- 
guage. 

A-RA-NP.T-DAN,  n.     )      Terms  applied  to  a  tribe  of 

A-RA-Ni^'I-D^^,  n.  ;*/.  )  Arachnida,  including  the 

pro|H'r  spiders.  Brandr, 

A-RA'NE-OUS,  a.     [I*,  aranea^  a  spider,  or  cobweb.] 

1.  Resembling  a  cobweb. 

2.  Tliin  and  delicate,  like  a  cobweb  ;  ns,  the  onz- 
ntuus  membrane  of  the  eye.     [See  Arachnoid.] 

Dvrham. 

.\-RA'TION,  n.    A  plowing.  CdwIvu. 

A-RATOR,  M,     [L.J     A  plowman. 

AR'A-TO-HY,  a.    That  conrribiites  to  tillage. 

AJt-AU-eA'\I-Ai\,  a.  Pertaining  U\  a  tribe  of  aborigi- 
nals, called  Arnncaiiians,  inhabiting  Arauco  and  the 
adjoining  districts,  in  Chili.  Molina. 

AR'BAL-IST,  n.  [from  L.  arcwa,  a  bow,  and  b<Uistat 
an  engine  to  throw  stones  ;  Gr.  liaWw^  to  throw.] 

A  crass-bow.  'i'lus  consists  of  a  steel  bow  set  in 
a  shaft  of  wood,  Airnished  with  a  string  and  a  trig- 
ger ;  and  is  bent  with  a  piece  of  iron.  It  serves  to 
throw  bullets,  durts,  arrows,  &c.  Encyc. 

AR'BAL*IST-ER,  Tt.     A  cross-bowman.  Speed. 

AR'Bl-TER,  n.  [L.]  A  person  appointed,  or  chospn 
by  parties  in  controversy,  to  decide  tlieir  dilTerences. 
This  is  its  sense  in  the  civil  law.  In  modern  usage, 
arbitrator  is  the  technical  word. 

'X  In  a  general  sense^  vow  most  commony  a  person 
who  lias  the  power  of  judging  and  detennining,  with- 
out control ;  one  whose  power  of  deciding  ami  gov- 
erning is  not  limited. 

3.  One  that  commands  the  destiny,  or  holds  the 
empire  of  a  nation  or  state.  Mttford. 

XR'ni-THA-BLE,  a.  Arbitrary ;  depending  on  the 
will.  Speinmn. 

9.  Determinable.  Hall. 

AR-niT'RA-ME.\T,  n.    Will;  determination;  decis- 
ion. MUton. 
9.  The  award  of  arbitrators.  Cowel. 
In  tl(is  sense,  aioard  is  more  generally  used. 
AR'BI-TRA-RI-LY,  ad(7.     By  will  only;  desjwtically ; 

absolutely. 
AR'Bi-TRA-RI-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  biding  arbi- 
trary ;  despoticalnuss;  tyranny.  Temple. 
XR-Bl-TRA'RI-OUS,   a.    Arbitrary;    despotic.     [JVot 

used.\  JVoTTtg.     Mure. 

AR-BI-TRA'RI-OUS-LY,(wfo.  Arbitrarily.  [Ao(  iwed.] 

Olanville. 
AR'BI-TRA-RY,  a.     [L.  arbitrarius.] 

1.  DefH-nding  on  will  or  discretion  ;  not  governed 
by  any  fixed  rules  ;  as,  an  arbitrary  decision  ;  an  ar- 
bitrary punishment. 

Arbitrary  powT  b  mort  eraHj  raUblabcii  OD  the  rulna  of  llberiy 
obunea  lo  liccntiuLUDcss.  WaslUngton. 

2.  Despotic;  absolute  in  power;  having  no  exter- 
nal control ;  as,  an  arbitrary  prince,  or  government. 

XR'BI-TRATE,  v.  L     [L.  arbUror.] 

1.  To  hear  and  decide,  as  arbitrators;  as, to  choose 
men  to  arbitrate  between  us. 

2.  In  a  general  scnse^  to  decide,  or  detennlne. 

South. 

AR'BI-TRATE,  v.  L  To  decide;  to  determine;  to 
judge  of.  Milton.     ShiLk. 

AR-Bl-TRA'TION,  n.  The  hearing  and  determination 
of  a  cause  between  parties  in  controversy,  by  a  per- 
son or  persons  chosen  by  the  parties.  This  may  be 
done  by  one  person  ;  but  it  is  usual  to  choose  two  or 
three  ;  or  for  each  party  to  choose  one,  and  these  to 
name  a  third,  who  is  called  the  umpire.  Their  deter- 
mination is  called  an  award, 

AR'BI-TRA-TOR  tu  A  term  applied  to  a  person  or 
persons  chosen  by  parties  who  have  a  controversy,  to 
determine  their  diiferences. 

The  act  of  the  parties  in  giving  power  to  the  arbi- 
trators is  called  the  siibmisftiony  and  this  may  be  ver- 
bal or  K-ritten.  The  person  chosen  as  umpire,  by  two 
arbitrators,  when  the  parties  do  not  agree,  is  also 
called  an  nrbUratttr. 

2.  An  arbiter,  governor,  or  president.        Milton. 

3.  In  a  more  cztcimve  sense,  an  arbiter;  one  who 
bas  the  power  of  deciding  or  prcscribinc  without  con- 
trol. .Addison.     Shak. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PI.NE,  MARINE,  BIRD. —  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 
64        '  ! 


ARC 


ARC 


*?"BJ-TRA'TRIX,   n.    A   fuinale   who  arbitrates  or 

XR'BI-TRESS,  n.    A  female  aibiter  or  wituess. 

x„,„„_  ._,  Cmoper.    Milton. 

Att  BOK,  n.  [The  French  express  tlie  sense  by  ber- 
cfau,  a  cradle,  an  arbor  or  bower ;  Sp.  emparrado, 
troni  parro,  a  vine  raised  on  suilies,  and  nailed  to  a 
K-all.  Qu.  Chaucer's  hrrber^  herberwe^  a  lodge,  coin- 
ciding with  harbor^  which  see.] 

1.  A  frame  of  lattice-work,  covered  with  vines, 
branches  of  trees  or  other  plants,  for  shade  ;  a 
bower. 

2.  [L.]  In  botany,  a  tree,  as  distinguished  from  a 
shrub.  Arborejs  (trees)  formed  the  lourUl  division  of 
the  seventh  family  in  the  PhiUisuphia  Botunica  of  Lin- 
neus. 

3.  In  mechanics,  the  principal  spindle  or  axis  which 
communicates  motion  to  the  rest  of  the  machinery. 

_,.  ,     .  JVicA^iiO/t. 

i  his,  in  America,  is  called  the  shaft. 
iR'BOR   Dl-A'^.m,    [L.,    the    tree   of  Diana,  or 
silver.]  ' 

A  precipitation  of  silver  in  a  beautiful  arbores- 
cent form ;    mad«  by  putting  mercury  into  a  solu- 
tion of  nitrate  of  silver.  Turner 
IR'BOR  &A-rUR'.\-l,  [L.,tree  of  Saturn,  or  lead.] 
A  similar  arborescent  precipitation  of  lead,  best 
made  by  suspendmg  a  piece  of  zinc  in  a  solution  of 
acetate  of  lead.                                                 Turner. 
AR'BO-RA-RV,  a.    Belonging  to  a  tree. 
^SIdSI'?"!  "^    Furnished  with  an  arbor.     Pollok. 
AR  B0-R.\-10R,  n.    One  who  plants  or  who  nnine» 

trees.  Ecelinu 

XR-BO'RE-OUS,  a.     [L.  arhorcus,  from  arbor.] 

Belonging  to  a  tree  ;  resembling  a  tree  ;  constitut- 
»  0*0^  d'^J/  S",'*^''"e  on  trees  ;  as,  moss  is  arboreous. 
AK-BO-REl?'CE.NCE,  n.     [I*  arborcsco,  to  grow  to  a 
tree.] 

The  figure  of  a  tree  ;  the  resemblance  of  a  tree  in 
minerals,  or  crystallizations,  or  groups  of  cr5  stals  in 
that  fi>rin. 
AR-BO-RE.s'CE.\T,  a.     Resemblmg  a  tree:  having 

the  ngure  of  a  tree  ;  dendriticiU.  Eneyc. 

vn  ^„'!!'l"'''"'>^''<'o'"  becoming  woody.     Martun. 
AR-BO-RE8'CENT  .STAR'-FISH,   „.     A  species  of 
Asterias,  called,  also.  Caput  Mcdusw.    [Sec  Sue- 
Fish.]  ^ 
AR'BO-RET,  n.     [It  arboreta,  from  L.  arbor,  a  tree.] 
A  small  tree  or  shrub ;  a  place  planted  or  over- 
grown with  trees.  MUtan. 
AR-BO-RK'TU.M,  n.    A  place  in  a  park,  nursery,  &c., 
m  which  a  collection  of  trees,  consisting  of  one  of 
each  kind,  is  cultivated.                                 Brande 
AR-BORI-eUL'TI^RE,  n.     [L.  arbor  and  cultura.] 
The  art  of  cultivating  trees  and  shrubs,  chiefly  for 
timber  or  ornamental  piirfioses. 
*R;P"R'l:f"<-'R>l,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  tree. 
AR  uOR-LST,  «.    One  who  makes  trees  his  study,  or 

who  is  versed  in  the  knowledge  of  trees.     Howell. 

AR-BOR-I-ZA'TIUN,  n.     The  appearance  or  figure  of 

a  tree  or  plant  in  minerals  or  fossils.    [See  lUaao- 

mZATlO!*.] 

AR'UOR-IZE,  r.  t.    To  form  the  appearance  of  a  tree 

or  plant  in  minerals. 
*R'B'JR-Vr.\E,  n.    A  species  of  bindweed. 
AK  BUS-CLE,   (Ir'bus-si,)   n,     [L.  arbuacutm,  a  little 

tree.]  ' 

A  dwarf  tree,  in  size  between  a  shrub  and  a  tree. 

AR-BUS'eU-LAR,  a.     Resembling  a  shrub ;  having 

the  figure  of  small  trees.  Da  Casta. 

AR-BUST'IVE,  a.     (from  arbustum.] 

i^oMaiaiag  copses  of  trees  or  shrubs ;  covered  witli 

AR-BUST'UM,  ,.    JL.    See  Aaacl  """^""^ 

,  ^.A™"^*  "^  shrubs  or  trees  :  an  orchard. 

AR'BUrt,,  n,     [L.  arbutus] 
'i'he  strawbeny-lree. 

AR-BC'TE-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  made  of,  the 
strawberry-tree.  Encyc.    EctLn. 

AKt,,  n.  lU  areas,  a  bow,  vault,  or  arch;  areuo,  to 
bend  ;  Gr.  aoxr,,  beginning,  origin  ;  anxu,  to  begin, 
to  be  the  author  or  chiif ;  K.  arc,  arche  ;  Sp.  ara,.  a 
bnw  and  arch;  Fort.  id. ;  It.  id. ;  Arm.  foarec  The 
l.reek  word  has  a  different  application,  but  is  proba- 
bly from  the  same  root  as  areas,  from  the  sense  of 
spnnging  or  stretching,  shooting  up,  rising,  which 
gives  the  sense  of  a  vault,  or  bow,  as  well  as  of  chief 


circle,  or  other  curve,  lying  from  one  point  to  anoth- 
er; a  segment  of  a  circle.  Encae. 

AR-CADE',  n.     [Fr.,  from  areas  ;  Sp.  arceida.! 

A  long,  continued  arch,  or  series  of  arches,  eleva- 
ted on  piers  or  columns  ;  a  walk  arched  above. 

2.  A  long, arched  buUding  or galleo, lined  on  each 
Bide  with  shops.  P.  Cue. 

i^'^-l^V^^'  t  '^    Pertaining  to  Arcadia,  a'  moun- 
n  . '^         '      >     tainous  district  in  the  heart  of  the 

« l^^f^^^^tlf-  .  ''''■'"•-'■  "f  Pausanias. 

V  I;"J;-  '  "•    ^  native  of  Arcadia,  in  Greece. 

XR-eA'Uie.S,  n.  pi.    The  title  of  a  book  in  Pausanias, 

,  ^il'- x™""*  "L^'^'"""-  Trans.  \>.i. 

XR-€aNE',  a.     [L.  arcnnvs.] 

Hidden ;  secrcL    [JVul  much  used.] 
YD  r^T#wrT»»  ,    .  Trans,  of  Pausanias. 

AK-t,A'NUM,  n.  I  pL  AaoiUi.     [L.,  perhaps  from  ar- 
ceo,  to  keep  in.] 

A  secret ;  generally  used  in  the  plural :  orcana,  se- 
cret things,  mysteries. 

In  medicine,  a  secret  remedy.  In  the  old  chemistry 
the  secret  virtue  of  anv  thing.  Parr 

ARe-BOO'TAN'T,  (-boo'tang,)  n.  [Fr.  an  and  JoiU. 
See  About,  Abutme.nt.] 
'"  tiuildin^,  a  flying  buttress,  which  see.  OieiU. 
ARCH,  ji.  [See  Arc]  A  segment  or  part  of  a  circle. 
A  concave  or  hollow  structure  of  stone  or  brick,  sup- 
ported by  its  own  curve.  It  m.ay  be  constructed  of 
wood,  and  supported  by  the  mechanism  of  the  work. 
This  species  of  structure  is  much  used  in  bridges 
A  vauU  is  properly  a  broad  arch.  Encuc. 

9.  The  space  between  two  piers  of  a  bridge  when 
arched  ;  or  any  place  covered  with  an  arch.    ' 

3.  Any  curvature  in  the  form  of  an  arch. 

4.  The  vault  of  heaven,  or  the  sky.  Shot. 

Triumphal  arches,  are  magnificent  structures  erect- 
ed to  adorn  a  triumph,  and  perpetuate  the  memory  of 
the  event.  ' 

ARCH,  V.  L  To  cover  with  an  arch  ;  to  form  with  a 
curve  i  as,  to  arcA  a  gate. 

ARCH,  r.  i.  To  make  an  arch  or  arches  :  as,  to  arch 
beneath  the  sand.  Pope. 

ARCH,  a.  [It.  arcare,  to  bend,  to  arch,  to  cheat  or  de- 
ceive, from  arco  ;  L.  areas,  a  bow  ;  G.  ar<r,  cunning, 
arch,  bad  ;  D.  arg,  crafty,  rojfuish ;  Sw?  art; ;  Dan. 
arng.  The  Tent,  arg  appears  to  bo  allied  to  orcA, 
and  to  be  the  Eng.  rogue.  This  circumslalice,  iinil 
the  Arm.  goaree,  [see  Arc,]  indicate  that  the  radical 
letters  in  arc,  arch,  apxi,  are  Ug.  The  radical  sense 
of  bend  IS  to  strain.] 

Cunning  ;  sly  ;  shrewd  ;  waggish  ;  mischievous 
for  s|iort  ;  mirthful ;  as  we  say  in  iKipular  language 
roguish  i  as,  an  arch  lad.  =     »  > 

ARCH,  a.     Used   also  in    composition.      [Gr.  aprnc 
chief;  Ir.  arg,  noUf,  famous.] 
Chief;  of  the  first  class ;  principal ;  as,  an  arch 

■""S?-,  SImk. 

Shakspcare  uses  this  word  asa  noun  ;  "  my  worthy 

arch  and  patron  ; "  but  the  use  is  not  authorized. 
ARCH-A-B0.M-iy-A'T10.\,  n.     Chief  abomination. 

Everett. 
XR-€llJE-OL'0.(;Y,  n.  A  discourse  on  antiquity  ;  k-am- 
.  '"f,pcri''''ni"l!  to  antiquity  ;  the  siienre  of  antiquities. 
AR-CH/E-O-LOC'ie-AI,,  <i.     Relating  to  ar.haMjloLT. 
AR-CH^-O-LOO'le-AL-LY,  ad.    In  an  archajolugical 

manner. 
AR-eHjE-OL'0-6lST,  n.    One  versed  in  antiquity,  or 

ancient  learning. 


ARC 


or  head.  Heb.  JIM,  to  weave ;  Syr.  »^i  to  desire, 
or  long  for ;  Ar.  _.  ^1  aricha,  ariga,  to  emit  odor, 

to  diffuse  fragrance  ;  and  Heb.  Jiy,  to  desire,  or  long 

for,  to  ascend  ;  Eth.  QCl  to  ascend,  to  mount ;  Ar. 
m.  1  he  radical  sense  of  all  these  roots  is,  to  stretch 
strain,  reach  ;  Or.  o^t,  u  ,■  I,,  fragra  ;  and  the  s.nsc 
or  areh  Is  from  stretching  upward,  ascending.  From 
are  or  areh  comes  the  sense  of  bending,  deviating, 
and  cunning.]  **' 

In  gcomHry,  any  part  of  the  circumference  of  a 


*a*ax    ■%-jab    ■^ullSAlig. 

^!f  S!!y.'*''.  ?•,  i?/'  'VXoi"'5.]    Ancient ;  obsolete. 

AK-CHAI-OL'O-CY.     {Has  AacH.ioLoor.) 

AItCH'.\-ISM,  n.  [Gr.  axpatoi,  ancient,  ftom  aoyn, 
bepiiiiiing.]  ' 

An  aiici«t  or  obsolete  word  or  expression.    Watts. 

ARCH-AN'GEL,  n.  An  angil  of  the  highest  order; 
an  angel  eccupying  the  eighth  rank  in  the  celestial 
hierarchy.  ^,„j,j_ 

i.  A  name  applied  to  different  species  of  plants,  of 

.  i'i;',?''.";','/''™"""-  inhering. 

ARCH-AN-GEI.'le,  a.    Belonging  to  archangels. 

ARCH-A-rOS'TATE,  n.     A  chief  aiKistite. 

AIKJH-A-PIIS'TLE,  a.     The  chief  aiKistlc.     Trapp. 

ARCH-AReH'I-TECT,  n.    The  supreme  archiK^ctf 

ARCH-nEA'CO.V,  n.    The   chief   bcacon.'placT'of 

prospect,  or  sigiifU. 
ARCH  BlHH'Or 


—  --  ^. ,  ._  A  chief  bishop  ;  a  church  digni- 
tary of  the  first  cl.oss  ;  a  melro|>olitan  bishop  who 
superintends  the  conduct  of  the  sullragan  bishops  In 
his  province,  and  also  exerci^ics  epi^cojial  authority 
in  his  own  diocese.  Clarendon. 

ARCH-BISirOP-Kie,  II.  [arehiUhof   and   ric  or  rick, 
territory  or  jurisdiction.] 
The  jurisdiction  or  place  of  an  archbishop ;  the 
province  over  which  an  archbishop  exercises  authority. 

Clarendon. 
ARCH-BOTCH'ER,  n.    The  chief  botcher,  or  mender, 

irniiically.  Corhct. 

ARUH-BLIILD'ER,  (-bild-cr,)  n.    Chief  builder. 

Jtarmar. 
ARCH-BUT'LER,  a.  The  chief  butler;  an  officer  of 
the  (Jerman  empire,  who  presented  the  cup  to  tlie 
emperor  on  solemn  occasions  ;  also  culled  arch-cup- 
bearer, or  arch-skinker  (G.  eri-sehenke.)  This  office 
belonged    to  the   king  of   Bohemia.      Encyr..     The 


TO.\E,  BULL,  UNITE. -A!<"GEa,  Vl"CIOU8— ti  as  K;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  '£ H  as  in  THIS. 


G<»rman  empire  was  dissolved  in  1806;  and  the  slates 
that  composed  it  were  united,  in  1814-1.-1,  under  a 
different  form  of  union,  called  the  Germanic  conftder- 
aUon.  All  the  peculiar  institutions  and  offices  of  the 
German  empire  are,  of  course,  now  extinct. 

*"V""';'w'*'','"^''-'''^"^>  "•  [G.  erz-kammerer.] 
1  he  chief  chambcriain  ;  an  officer  of  the  Germaii 
empire  whose  office  was  similar  to  that  of  the  great 
c  lamberiain  in  England.  This  office  belonged  to  the 
elector  of  Brandenliurgh.  Fnrue. 

ARC1I-CHA.\'CEL-L0R,  a.  [G.  eri-kan-J^r.l  A 
chief  chancellor ;  an  officer  in  the  German  empire 
who  presided  over  the  secretaries  of  Uie  court  Un- 
der the  two  first  races  of  French  kings,  when  Ger- 
many and  Italy  belonged  to  them,  three  arclichaii- 
ccjlurs  were  appointed,  and  this  gave  rise  to  the  three 
archchancellors  of  the  German  empire,  who  tvere 
the  archbishops  of  Mentz,  of  Treves,  and  of  Cologne. 

ARCH-CIIXNT'ER,  n.    The  chief  chanter,  ^"^^- 

d.iil  of  ihe  chanters  of  a  church.  Hcnru. 

ARCIl-eHE.M'It',  a.    Of  supreme  chemical  iwwers. 

ARCH-eO.\-SPIR'A-TOR,  n.    A  princip.al  SpTrv 
x  oVm-i  £i/ATTv.T./  .  .Monndrtll. 

AKL  11-t-OlJ.NT',  n.  A  chief  count:  a  title  formerly 
given  to  the  eari  of  Flanders,  on  account  of  his  ureal 
riches  and  power.  £,,,„. 

ARCll-eRlT'le,n.    A  chief  critic.  ^ 

AltCH-DAP'I-FER,  n.  [arch,  chief,  and  L.  dapifir,  a 
food-bearer,  from  daps,  meat,  or  a  feast,  and  /.to,  to 
carry.]  j      >  '^ 

An  oflicer  in  the  German  empi-e,  whose  office 
was,  at  the  coronation  of  the  emperor,  to  carry  the 
first  dishes  of  meat  to  table  on  horseback,  called  also 
arcli-sewer.  (O.  erz-lrachsrss.)  This  office  was  con- 
lerred,  by  the  Golden  Bull,  on  the  elector  Pidatine, 
but  afterward  assigned  to  Uie  elector  of  Bavaria. 

ARClI-Di?A'€0.\,  (-de'kn,)  n.  [See  Deaco.!'"'"' 
In  Eu-rland,  an  ecclesi.astical  dignitary,  next  in 
rank  beluw  a  bishop,  who  has  jurisdiction  either 
over  a  part  or  over  the  whole  of  the  diocese.  He  i> 
usually  apiHiinted  by  the  bishop  and  has  an  auUior- 
ity  originally  derived  from  the  bishop,  but  now  inde- 
pendent of  him.  He  has  a  court,  the  most  inferior 
of  ecclesiastical  courts,  for  hearing  ecclesiastical 
causes,  and  the  punishment  of  oli'enders  liy  spiritual 

,  ,?,*.",';'',';'-•.  ,„  Bloekstanc. 

XUCII-DICA'CON-RY,  n.  The  office,  jurisdiction,  or 
residence  of  an  archdeacon.  In  ai^lnarf,  every  di- 
ocese is  divided  into  archdeaconries,  of  wliich  there 
are  sixty,  and  each  archdeaconry  into  rural  dean- 
eries, and  each  deanery  into  parishes. 

ARCH-DEA'eo.V-SHIP,  n.    The  office  of'1m'"Mcli. 

deacon. 
ARC'H-DI'0-Civ;SE,  n.    Tlic  diocese  of  an  archbishop 
ARCII-I)1-VI.\E',  lu    A  principal  theologian. 
ARCH-IJRO'ID,  n.     [See  Druid.]     A  chief  druid,  or 

p*>iitiff  of  the  ancient  druids. 
.  -r,,/';^"!?;.^'"''-  "-^  ■*•"«■•     Rmeland's  Mona  Auliqua. 
ARCIl-DO'CAL,  a.     [See  Archduke.]     rertaiuing  to 

an  archduke. 
ARCll-DUCH'ESS,  n.     [Sec  Duchess.]     A  title  given 

to  Ihe  felriaies  of  the  house  of  Austria. 
AIK!I1-DL'CH' V,  71.    'Ihe  territory  of  an  archduke  or 

arcliducliesK.  .^sh, 

AKCII-DOKE',  n      [See  Duke.]     A  title  given  to 

princes  of  the  house  of  Austria ;  all  the  sous  being 

arrlidilkes,  ami  Ihe  dauglHers  archducllcssis.    Eni^ 

ARCIl-DCKE'llO.M,  n.    The  territory  or  jurisdiction 

ol  au^archduke  or  archduches.s. 
AHCII-E' AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  archeus  ;  as,  archeal 
ideas :  caused  by  the  archeus;  as,  archeal  diseases, 
f  Oft>-.]  Cwc. 

AKfll'/,T),  {ilrcht,)  pp.  or  a.    Made  with  an   arch  or 
curve  ;  covered  Willi  an  arch  ;  in  the  form  of  an  arch. 
ARCll-E.N'E-MY,  n.    A  principal  enemy.       MUton. 
ARCH'ER,  n.     [Sp.  arehcro  i  It   arciire ;    Fr.   archer; 
from  areas,  a  liow.    See  Abch  and  Arc.] 

A  bowman  ;  one  who  u-ses  a  bow  in  Dattle ;  one 
wJio  is  skilled  in  the  use  of  the  bow  and  arrow. 
ARC'II'ER-ESS,  n.     A  female  archer.  Mirkham, 

ARCH'EIt-Y,  a.  The  use  of  the  bow  and  arrow  ;  the 
practice,  art,  or  skill  of  archers  ;  the  act  of  shooting 
with  a  bow  and  arrow. 
ARCIl'E8-eOURT,  in  England,  so  called  from  the 
church  of  St  .Mary  le  bow,  (Je  orcuiiu,)  whose  top  is 
raised  of  stone  pillars  built  archwise,  vvhrre  it  was 
am  iently  held,  is  a  court  of  appeal,  in  the  ecclesias- 
tical p<jlity,  the  judge  of  which  is  called  Ilie  dean  of 
the  arclies.  This  court  had  pro|>erly  jurisdiction 
only  over  the  thirteen  peculiar  parishes  in  Lonilon, 
belonging  to  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  ;  hut  the 
office  of  dean  of  the  ardies  being  united  with  that  of 
the  archbishop's  principal  official,  the  dean  now  re- 
ceives and  determines  apiieals  from  the  sentence  of 
all  inferior  courts  within  the  province  j  and  from  him 
lies  an  appeal  to  the  king  in  chancery.  This  and  all 
the  principal  spiritual  courts  are  now  held  at  Doc- 
tors' Commons.  Btuckstanc 
AR-ClIET',  (ir-sha'O  a.  [Fr.]  The  bow  of  a  violin  or 
similar   instrument   of  music.     'I'ho    French  term 


cr. 


ARC 

d  arehet  Cwtth  bow)  denotes  grnerally  musical  in- 
Btrumenis  jdayed  with  a  bow,  ad  the  violiu,  viul,  &,c. 

Porter, 

ABCR'E-TTP-AL,  a.  Original  \  constituting  a  model 
or  pattern. 

Among  Platonists^  the  archrtvpai  world  is  the  world 
Bs  ii  existed  in  the  idea  of  Hod  before  the  creation. 

Eiuye, 

XHeil'E-TYPE,  «.  [Gr.  ati\£Tvvav ;  ap\nt  btfiin- 
ning^and  n^ra^,  form.] 

1.  The  originiu  pattern  or  model  of  a  work  ;  or  the 
model  firom  which  a  thing  is  made ;  as,  a  tree  Is  the 
•robeftip*  or  pattern  of  our  idea  of  that  tree.    tVatts, 

S.  Among  minUrty  the  sLindard  weight  by  which 
othere_aTe  aqjusted. 

ARCII-E'US,  n.  [Gr.  •o.X'Ji  beginning,  or  ap\3j,  a 
chief;  W.trtku] 

A  term  used  by  the  old  chemi&ts  to  denote  the 
internal  efficient  cause  of  all  things ;  the  otnNa 
watmdi  or  plx-!tic  power  of  the  old  pliiUisophers;  the 
active  principle  of  the  mntcrial  world  ;  also,  the 
power  that  pniskles  over  the  animal  eeonum)',  c»  the 
vis  mrduatrix,  Jokiumu     Encyc,     Oozt, 

JUtCH-FEL'ON, «.    [SeeFxrow.]    A  chief  frlon. 

Mdton. 

ARCH.Fl£XD',  n.  [See  Fiixn.]  A  chief  fiend  or 
foe.  JUdtoiu 

ARCU-FLa'MEX,  It.    A  chief  flamen  or  priest. 

Herbert. 

ABCH-FLAT'TER-ER,  lu  [3**  f*-*"^*-]  A  chief 
flatterer.  Baean. 

ARCU-FOE',  IK.    [SeeFo».J    A  grand  or  chief  enemy. 

Milton. 

ARCII-FOUXD'ER,  «.    A  chief  fminder.       MUiom. 

ARCH-G0V'ER\-OR,  ».    The  chief  governor,  Brnerr. 

ARCH-REUtX-tiY,  R.  [See  Heust.]  The  greatest 
heres*'.  ButUr. 

ABCH-'HER'E-Tie,  «.    A  ebtef  heretic  Shak. 

ARCH-HYP'0-€RIT£,  a.    A  great  or  chief  hypocrite. 

FiUUr, 

ARCH'I-X-TER,  «.  IGr.  ft<ixo(,  chief,  and  tor^o{, 
physician.]  Chief  piiysician  ;  a  term  applied,  on  the 
continent  of  Europr,  to  the  iln't  or  btnly  physician 
of  princes,  and  to  the  fii^t  physician  of  some  cities; 
in  Russia,  to  the  first  imptrial  physician.      P.  Cyc 

XR€H'IC-AL,  a.     Chief;  primary.  Ilail^cU, 

AR€IM-DI-Ae'0.\-AL,  *.     [8ce  Da4Co:t.] 

Feitoiniug  to  an  archdeacon  ;  as,  an  ardudiaconal 
tion. 

AReR-l-E-PIS'€0-PA-CT,  a.  The  estate  of  an  arcb- 
bishopL 

AR€H-I-E-PIS'€0-PAL.  a.    [See  Emjcofau] 

Bcloaging  to  an  arcohishop;  aj,  Cantt:rh(io'  is  aji 
mrekupuctnal  see.  H'e^vrr. 

ARGU-rE-REV,  a.  [Gr.  ayye^^  chief,  and  icpcv{> 
wieat.]  A  term  applied  to  Ui*^  hiphcr  order  of  clergy 
m  Ramia;  including  the  mt:tropi4Uan^,  archbishops, 
and  bisbops.  It,  PinUrton. 

ARCU'lL,  a.  A  lichen,  which  grows  on  rocks,  in  the 
Caaaiy  and  Cape  de  Venl  Ule.s,  and  which  yields  a 
rich  purple  color,  not  durable,  Itut  very  beniitiful.  It 
is  brui^-d  between  stones,  and  nioi^it^ncd  with  strong 
^iht  of  urine  mixed  with  quick-lime.  It  lirst  takes 
a  purplish  red  color,  and  then  turns  tu  blue.  In  the 
first  state,  it  va  called  ardtd ;  and  m  the  second,  lacmus 
or  htDlose,  IttJtitLg.  Encyc 

AReH-I-LO'eHI-AX,  a.  Pertainin?  to  the  Greek  poet 
Archilochus.  In  amciait  pro^oiiy,  a  term  denoting  the 
four  metrioal  combinations,  which  he  invented. 
There  are  three  dactylic  Arcbilochian  distichfi,  and 
one  iambic  Archilorhian  distich.  The  third  verse  of 
the  Horatian  stanza  is  also  sometimes  called  j3rcJu- 
loekiam. 

AR€H-I-MA'GUS,  n.  [See  Macici*:*.]  The  high 
priest  of  the  Persian  Magi,  or  worshipers  of  fire. 

AReH-I-5L\M)'RITE,  a.  [Gr.  n.^x^ic,  chief,  "and 
/taifiiiaj  a  fold,  and  in  the  lower  empire,  a  nionos- 
tety**  (Father  Simon  derives  it  from  mandriu^  a 
Syriac  word  fcv  monk  Encyc.)  But  tiaii}jirr,$  is  a 
regular  Greek  derivative  from  n  nr'pa.'\ 

In  tk*  OreA  ekurck,  a  chief  of  a  monaster^',  cor- 
responding to  sAAoC,  in  the  RomUh  church ;  or  a 
superintendent  of  several  monasteriei),  correspond- 
ing to  superior  ahtutt,  or  /alhcr  pracijtdid^  in  the 
Romish  church.  Branile.     P,  Cyc 

In  Uu  Rustian  Oretk  church,  a  term  applied  to  the 
higher  order  of  chiefs  of  monastenef,  corresponding 
to  the  Romish  abbot,  in  distinction  from  Hegumin^ 
(Gr.  )';)  Qvpcvai,  Russ.  iffiuMen,)  a  chief  of  a  smaller 
monastery,  corresponding  to  the  Romish  prior. 

R.  Pinktrion, 

AR-€HTM-E-De'AX,  tu  Pertainmg  to  Archimedes,  a 
celebrated  Greek  philosopher. 

j^rclutmedean  scrnc ;  a  machine  for  raisins  water, 
invented  by  Archimedes,  and  consisting  of  a  tube 
rolled  in  a  spiral  form  round  a  cylinder. 

ARCH'ING,ppr.     Formine  an  arch  ;  covering  with  an 

ARCH'LNG,  a.     Curving  like  an  arch.  [arch. 

AR€il-I-PEL'A-GO,  n.  [Authors  are  not  agreed  as  to 
the  origin  of  this  word.  Some  suppose  it  to  be  com- 
pounded ot  apxji,  chief,  and  TtAa>os,  sea;  others, 
of  Aoa(t/5,  and  jrc>a>-of,  the  Egcan  Sea.  See  Gib- 
bon, iUtford,  and  Kd.  Encyc] 


ARC 

Properly,  the  sea  which  separates  Greece  from 
Asia  -Minor,  oiherwis.*  called  the  K^can  Hca,  and  con- 
taining tlie  Grecian  isles,  called  Cifchuias  and  Spor- 
attesy  but  in  a  general  stnse,  a  sea  mterspersed  with 
iiKinv  i?les,  or  a  gniup  of  isles. 
AK€li''I-Ti:t:T,  H.  [Gr.  <j-?x'<,  chief,  and  rcxri^r,  a 
Workman.     See  Technical.]  " 

I.  A  person  skilled  in  llie  art  of  building  ;  one  who 
understands  architecture,  or  makes  it  his  occupation 
to  form  plans  and  desists  of  buildings,  tuid  superin- 
tend the  artittcers  empli>yed. 
'2.  A  contriver ;  a  former  or  maker.  Ray. 

AReil-l-TEei''lVE,  a.    Used  in  buUding  ;  proper  for 

building.  DcrhaiH. 

AKeiM-TE€T-ONa€,  a. 

I.  Pertaining  to  architecture.  Elaies, 

0.  That  ha^  power  or  skill  to  biiUd.  Smdiit,  th.  13. 
ARCll-I-TKer-O.N'ieS,  a.     The  science  of  archi- 
tecture. ..isk. 

AReU-l-TE€T'UESS,  a.    A  female  architect   fVottoti. 

AReH-I-TECT'liR-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  art  of 
building  ^  that  is  according  to  the  rules  of  architect- 
ure. J\Iason. 

ARCli'I-TECT-lCRE,  «.     [L.  archiuctura.} 

1.  The  nrt  or  science  of  building  ;  but  in  a  more 
limited  and  appropriate  sense,  th«  nrt  of  constructing 
houses,  bridges,  and  other  buildings,  for  the  purpose 
ol'  civil  life  -,  often  called  cirij  architecture, 

2.  Frame  or  structure ;  workmanship. 

The  e*nh  »  ■  r&ece  of  dirine  tutfiiitcturt.  Bumtu 

Military  arehiUeture  is  the  art  of  fortification, 
A*ant/  arthiteeture  is  the  art  of  building  ships. 

ARCH'I-TRAVE,  a.  [Gr.  apxost  chief,  and  It.  trave^ 
from  L.  trabgy  a  beam.] 

In  architecture^  the  lower  division  of  an  entabla- 
ture, or  tliat  part  which  rest-4  inmiediatcty  on  tJie 
column.  It  probably  npreseuts  tlie  beam  which,  in 
ancient  builduigii,  extended  from  column  to  column, 
to  support  the  roof.  Cyc 

In  chinmeys,  tbe  architrave  is  called  the  mantel- 
piece ;  and  over  doors  and  windows,  the  kyperthe- 
rion.  Ji)hjisoH.     Kncyc. 

ARCiri-VAL,  a.  [See  Archivi:>.J  Pertaining  to 
archives  or  records;  contained  in  records.      Tuokc 

AR'emVES,  a./)/.  fGr.  afJXf»o*'»  Low  L.  archivum; 
Ft.  archices ;  It.  arcnivio.] 

The  |dace  in  which  records  arc  kept;  also,  the 
records  and  papers  which  are  preserved,  as  evidence 
of  facts. 

AR'eill-VIST,  a.  [Fr.andlt.]  The  keeper  of  arch- 
ives or  records.  Encyc 

AReH'I-\OLT.  a.     [arch,  chief,  and  IL  vita.] 

In  arehittctHrey  the  inner  contour  of  an  arch,  or  a 
bond  adorned  with  moldings,  ninning  over  the  faces 
of  the  arch-stones,  and  liearing  irpon  the  imposts.  It 
has  only  a  single  face  in  the  Tuscan  order,  two 
faces  crowned  in  tlie  Doric  and  Kmic,  and  the  same 
moldings  as  the  architrave,  in  the  Coiinliiiun  and 
Compttsile,  Encyc. 

XKCH^LXKE,  a.    Built  like  an  arch.  Yuung. 

ARCH'LCTE,     ?„      rrt  7     »    1 

A  large  lute^  a  theorUi,  the  base-strings  of  which 
are  doubled  with  an  octave,  and  the  higher  strings 
wiiji  a  unison.  Busby. 

XRCH'l-V,  n//r.     Shrewdly;  slvly  ;  wittily  i  jestingly. 

AKCll-MA-<;i"CIA.N,  (-ma-jisTh'an,)  n.  The  chief 
magician.  Spenser. 

ARCII-.MAU'SHAI.,  n.  [G.  erz-marschall.)  The 
gniiid  marshal  of  the  German  empire;  a  dignity  that 
belitn;:e«i  to  the  elector  of  Saxony. 

AUCH-iiOCK', n.  Chief  mockery  :  the  fiend's  arcA- 
mock.  Shak. 

ARCirXESS,  a.  Cunning;  shrewdness;  sly  humor, 
waggishness. 

AUCll'ON,  n.    [Gr.  apxtavj  a  prince.] 

The  arrhons  in  Athens  were  chief  magistrates, 
chosen,  after  the  death  of  Codnis,  from  the  most 
illun-trioiis  families,  to  >iuperintend  civil  and  religious 
concerns.  They  were  nine  in  number  :  the  first  was 
properly  the  archon;  the  second  was  called  king;  the 
third fPulemarch,  or  general  of  the  forces.  The  oilier 
six  were  called  thejtMotheUE,  or  legislators,  not  because 
they  enacted  hiws,  but  declared  and  explained  them. 

Encyc. 

ARCn'OX-SIIIP,  n.  The  office  of  an  archon,  or  the 
term  of  his  office.  Jlldford. 

ARCH-ON'TieS,  tt.  In  church  history,  a  branch  of 
the  Valentiniaiis,  who  held  that  the  world  was  not 
created  by  God,  but  by  angels  called  arckontes. 

XRCH-1'AS'TOR,  n.  The  chief  pastor  ;  the  shepherd 
and  bi^^hop  of  our  ^oxiU.  Barrow. 

AUCU-PHl-LOS'O-PUER,  tu    A  chief  philosopher. 

Hooker. 

ARCH  PIL'LAR,  n.    The  main  pillar.  Ilarmar. 

AKC'II-P6'ET,  n.     The  princip;U  pot^L 

ARCH-P01^I-TI"CIAX,  71.  JSee  Poucr.]  An  emi- 
nent or  distinguished  politician.  Bacon. 

ARCII-PON'TIFF,  «.  [See  Powtiff.J  A  supreme 
pontiff  or  priest.  Burke. 

ARCH-PREL'ATE,n.  [See  Prelate.]  A  chief  prelate. 

ARCH-PRES'BY-TER,a.  [See  Prusbyter.]  A  chief 
presbjler  or  priest.  Encyc. 


ARD 

ARCH-PRES'BY-TER-Y,  n.  The  absolute  dominion 
of  presbylm',  or  the  chief  presbylerj-.  MUtun. 

ARCH-PKIi£ST',  lu     [See  Priest  J     A  chief  priest. 

Encyc. 

ARCn-PRI'M.-VTE,  n.  The  chief  primate  ;  an  arch- 
bisliop,  over  other  archbishops.  Jililton. 

ARCil-PROPII'ET,  (  profet,)  ru    A  chief  prophet. 

tyartun. 

AUClI-PROT'EST-Ai\T,  7u  A  principal  or  distin- 
guished Protestant. 

ARCH-PUB'Lie-AN.  n.    The  distinguished  publican. 

Ifalt. 

ARCII-RER'EL,  n.    The  chief  rebel.  MUton. 

AUCH'S'lTiNE,  n.  The  stone  that  binds  an  arch; 
the  key-ttone. 

ARCH-TR.\rr'OR,  n.     A  principal  traitor. 

ARCH-TREAS'lJR-ER,  w.     [G.  cnscluHzmcister.] 

The  great  treasurer  of  the  German  empire  ;  a  dig- 
nity assigned  to  the  elector  Palatine  by  the  treaty  of 
\Vcstph:Uta,  but  claimed  by  the  elector  of  Hanover. 

Outhrie. 

ARCH-TREAS'lJR-ER-SniP,  m.  The  office  of  arch- 
treasurer.  Collins*  Peerage. 

ARCH-TY'RANT,  n.    A  principal  or  great  tyrant. 

HuU. 

ARCH-VIL'LAIX,  n.  [See  Villain.]  A  chief  or 
great  villain.  HhnJi. 

XKCH-VIL'LAIN-Y,  n.     Great  villainy. 

AU(.'H'\VAY,  ?i.    A  way  or  passage  under  an  arch. 

AKCH'\VAY-£0,  a.     Having  a  way  by  an  arch. 

ARCH-WIFE',  n.  A  woman  in  the  higher  ranks  of 
society. 

ARCH'WTSE,  adv.  [arch  and  vise.  See  Wise.]  In 
the  fonn  of  an  arcli. 

ARCO-GRAPH,  ru  An  instrument  for  drawing  a 
circular  arc  without  a  central  point.  UeberU 

XRC-TA'TION,  I         rT  <       .    ..  1 

arc'ti-tltde;  i  "•    1^^  *'"'"'''  ^'P''^'] 

Preternatural  straitness  ;  constipation  from  inflam- 
mation or  spasm.  Coie. 

ARCTIC,  a.  [Gr.  a.o*rof,  a  bear,  and  a  northern  con- 
stellation so  called  ;  \V.  arth ;  Ir.  art^  a  bear.] 

Northern  ;  pertaining  to  the  northern  constellation 
called  the  Bear}  as,  the  arctic  jxjle,  circle,  region,  or 
sea. 

The  arctic  circle  is  a  lesser  circle  parallel  to  the 
equator,  23' 28' from  the  north  pole.  This,  and  the 
antarctic  circle,  are  called  tlie  putar  circles,  and  with- 
in these  lie  tlie  frigid  zones. 

ARC-TO-E-GYP'TIAN,  [Gr.  apKTos   and   E^;piinn.] 

1.  n.  A  northern  Egyptian,  appar(;ntly  (if  pure 
Caucasian  origin.  Mortun. 

9.  a.   Relating  to  the  northern  Egyptians. 
ARG-TO'RUS,  n.    [Gr.  aoKms,  a  hear,  and  -jupa,  tail.] 
A  fixed  star  of  tlie  first  magnitude,  in  the  constel- 
lation of  Bootes.  Encyc. 
ARC'lJ-ATE,  a.    [L.  arcuatiis.     See  Abc] 
Bent  or  curved  in  the  form  of  a  bow. 

Jlfariiin,     Bacon.     Ray. 
ARC'TJ-A-TILE,  a.    Bent.    [Obs.] 
Alteil-A'TIOX,  n.     The   act  of  bending;    incurva- 
tion ;  the  state  of  being  bent ;  curvily  ;  crookedness ; 
great  convexity  of  the  thorax.  Cvxc. 

2.  A  method  of  raising  trees  by  layers  ;  that  is,  by 
bending  branches  to  the  ground,  covering  the  small 
Blioots  with  earth,  three  inches  deep  uptm  the  joints, 
and  making  a  basin  of  earth  around  them  to  hold 
the  water.  When  these  have  taken  root,  they  are 
removed  into  a  nurserj'.  Chambers.     Encyc. 

AR'CU-BAL-IST,  ;*.  [L.  arcus,  a  bow,  and  balista, 
an  engine  for  throwing  stones.] 

A  cross-bow.  Warton, 

AR.eU-RAL'IS-TER,n.  A  cross-bowman  ;  one  who 
used  the  arcubalist.  Camden. 

XllD,  the  termination  of  many  English  word*;,  is  the 
Ger.  art,  species,  kind  ;  Sw.  and  Oan.  art,  mode,  na- 
ture, genius,  form;  Ger.  artcn,  to  take  nfler,  resem- 
ble ;  Sw.  arta,  to  form  or  fashion  ;  Ger.  artig,  (>{  the 
nature  of,  also  comely  ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  artig,  beauti- 
ful ;  D.  aarden,  to  take  after,  resemble  ;  aardig,  gen- 
teel, pretty,  ingenious.  We  observe  it  in  GotUlurd, 
a  divine  temper  ;  Oijard,  a  disposition  to  g-ire,  liber- 
ality ;  Bcrn/ird,  filial  aifection  ;  standard,  drunliard, 
dotard.  Sec. 

AR-DAS'SINES,  n.  A  very  fine  sort  of  Persian  silk  ; 
the  finest  used  in  the  looms  of  France. 

AR'DEB,  71.  A  Turkish  measure,  a  little  more  than 
eipht  bii.shels. 

AR'DKN-CY,  V.     [Ii.  arden.i,  from  ardeo,  to  burn.] 

Warmth  of  jiassion  or  affection  ;  ardor ;  eager- 
ness ;  as,  the  ardency  of  love  or  zeal. 

AR'DENT,  a.  Hot;  burning;  Ilmt  causes  a  sensation 
of  burning ;  as,  ardent  spirits,  that  is,  distilled 
spirits  ;  an  ardait  fever. 

2.  Having  the  appearance  or  quality  of  fire; 
fierce ;  as,  ardent  eyes. 

3.  Warm,  applied  to  the  pa.ssions  and  affections ; 
passionate  ;  affectionate  ;  much  engaged  ;  zealous ; 
as,  ardent  love  or  vows  ;  ardent  zeal. 

AR'DENT-LY,  adv.      With  warmth;  affectionately; 

passionately. 
AR'DENT-NESS.Ti.     Ardency. 
AR'DERS,  a.  p^  Fallowings  or  plowings  of  ground. 

Orose. 


Fate,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRfiY PINE,  MARXNTI,  BIRD.— ^^OTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVpLF,  BQQK. - 

66 


ARE 

XR'DOR,  n.  \h.]  Heat,  in  a  literal  sense,  as,  the 
ardor  of  the  .sun's  rays. 

3.  Warmth,  or  heat,  applied  to  the  passions  and 
affections  ;  eagerness  ;  as,  he  pursues  study  with 
ardor  ;  lliey  fought  with  ardor. 

Milton  uses  tlie   word  for  person  or  spirit,  bright 
and  effulgent,  but  by  an  unusual  hccnse. 
AR'DU-OL'3,   (ird'yu-ous,)   a,     [L.  arduus;    Ir.  ard, 
high  ;  W.  hardh  ;  Ir.  atrdh,  high,  hight.] 

1.  High,  lofty,  in  a  literal  ^ense  j  as,  ardiious  paths. 

Piype. 

2.  DifBcuIt  ;  attended  with  great  lalior,  like  the 
ascending  of  acclivities;  as,  an  arduous  employ- 
ment, task,  or  enterprise. 

AR'DU-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  an  arduous  manner;  with 
laboriousness. 

AR'DU-OUS-NESS,  (ird'yu-us-,)  n.  Hight ;  difficulty 
of  execution. 

ARE,  (Ar;)  the  plural  of  the  substantive  verb;  but  a 
different  word  from  be,  am,  or  was.  It  js  from  the 
Sw.  vara,  Dan.  FiErr,  to  be,  to  exist ;  tt  or  w  being 
lost.  We  arc  ;  ye  or  you  arcf  they  arc;  past  tense 
plural,  itere. 

ARE,  n.     [L.  area.] 

In  France,  a  measure,  the  new  square  perch,  con- 
taining a  hundred  square  meters,  a  little  less  than 
two  square  perches  of  OH  feet,  in  the  ancient  meas- 
ure. LuTiier. 

A'REy  I  n.    The  lowest  note,  except  one,  in 

A'LJt-JtPREj  \  Guido's  scale  of  music.  [See  Al*,- 
MiBE.]  Shak. 

A'RE-A,  »,  [L.  I  Ruspect  this  to  be  contracted  from 
Ch.  io»*>K,  ari^a,  an  area  or  bed  ;  Heb.  nj^ij; ;  from 
a  root  which  signities  to  reach,  stretch,  lay,  or 
spread.] 

1.  Any  plain  mirfare,  as  the  floor  of  a  room,  of  a 
church  or  other  building,  or  of  the  ground. 

2.  The  inclosed  space  or  site  on  which  a  building 
stands ;  a  sunken  space  around  the  basement  of  a 
budding.  Oieiit. 

3.  In  sfometrij,  the  snperflcial  contents  of  any 
figure  ;  the  surface  included  within  any  given  lines; 
as,  the  arra  of  a  square  or  a  triangle. 

4.  Among  phtj.iicians,  baldness ;  a  bald  space  pro- 
duced by  alop(--cy  ;  also,  a  name  of  the  disease. 

Coze.     Parr. 

5.  Tn  mining,  a  compass  of  ore  allotted  to  diggers. 

A-RkED';!    •^-'-     [Sax.  ar«/a»i.]  L  J 

Tu  counsel ;  to  advise.     [06.*.]  Spenser. 

A'-RE-AI^  rt.  Verliiinins  to  an  area;  as,  area',  inter 
slices  the  nrtras  or  spaces  inclosed  by  the  reticulate 
vessels  of  U?aves.)  Barton. 

A-RF.'t-'A,  B.  A  kind  of  palm-tree,  one  of  whose 
ElK'cies  produces  the  areca  nut,  or  betel  nut,  which  is 
so  extensively  chewed  in  India,  with  the  leaf  of 
p^pprr  lielel  and  limp.  Partington, 

A-R£XK',  ode.    In  a  reeking  condition.     [See  Reek.] 

SwifU 
AR-E^FAe'TION,  n.     [!>.  arrfiuio,  to  dry,  from  areo,] 
The  act  of  drj-ing  ;  the  state  of  growing  dry. 

Bacon, 
AR'E-P?,  t.  U    To  dr>-  or  make  dry.  Bacon. 

A-RE'i\A,  H.     [L.  arena,  sand.] 

1.  In  Rmnan  antiquity,  the  area  in  the  central  part  of 
an  amphitheater,  in  which  the  gladiators  fought  and 
other  nhows  were  exhibited;  so  callfd  beciuise  it 
wa-i  cover^'tTwith  sand.  Jldain*s  Rom.  Jiiit, 

S.  Fi^uratirdy,  any  place  of  public  contest  or  ex- 
ertion ;  as,  the  arena  of  debate,  the  arena  of  life. 

3.  Among  physicianji.  sand  or  gravel  in  the  kidneys. 

4.  The  middle  of  a  temple  or  inclosed  place. 
AR-E-NAM:eOITS,  a.     [from   arena,  sand.]     Sandy; 

havinc  the  properties  of  sand.  tfoodward. 

2.  Flrwily  disintegmting  into  sand  ;  friable ;  as, 
arenar^ou.t  limettonc.  Kirwan. 

AR-E  .N'A'RI-OIJS,  a.     [from  arena,  sand.]     Sandy. 
Jirmarimui  goil :  soil  in  which  sand  ia  the  prevail- 
ing ingredient.  Brande. 

AR-E-NA'TION,  ti.  Among  physteianji^  a  sand  bath; 
a  sprinkling  of  hot  sand  U|Kin  a  dtaea-ied  person. 

Cvze. 

A-REN'DAL-ITE,  n.  In  mintraJo^,  another  name 
of  epidote,  or  pistacite  :  epidotr'  being  the  name 
civen  to  it  by  HaUy,  and  pistaeiu  by  Werner.  [See 
EnnoTB.l 

AR-E\-DA'TOR,  n.  [Russ,  arenda,  a  farm.  Q\\.  Sp. 
errefuiar,  to  rent.] 

In  Lironia,  and  other  provinces  of  Russia,  a 
fanner  of  thR  farms  or  rents  ;  one  who  contracts 
with  the  crown  for  the  rents  of  the  farms.  He  who 
rents  an  esiate  belonging  to  the  crown,  is  called 
crotBn-arrndator.  Arende  is  a  term  used  both  for 
the  estate  let  to  f:uRn,  and  the  sum  for  which  it  is 
renled.  Tooke's  Rant.  ii.  a88. 

A-RE.N  I-LIT'IC,  a.  [arena,  sand,  and  Xte<j(,  a 
•tone.] 

Pertaining  to  sandrtone  ;  consisting  of  sandstone; 
wt.areiiilitic  mountains.  Kinean, 

AR-E-.\(^HK',  a.     Sandv  ;  full  of  sand.         Johnson. 

A  RKX'I'^r.Oi;.'*,  a.     Flit!  of  small  sand. 

A-U£'0  t.AR,  fl.     Pertaining  to  an  areola. 

Lawrence. 

A-RE'0-LATE,  a.  ,  Divided  Into  »mall  spaces  or  areo- 


ARG 

lations,  as  the  win^s  of  inserts,  the  leaves  of  plants, 
or  the  recejJtacle  of  compound  flowers.        Brande. 

A-RE-O-LA'TlOiV,  v.  Any  small  space,  bounded  by 
some  part  differing  in  color  or  structure,  as  the  spaces 
bounded  by  the  nervures  of  the  wings  of  insects,  or 
those  by  the  veins  of  leaves.  Brande. 

AH'E-OLE,   j  n.     [L.]     The  colored  circle  round  the 

A-Re'0-LA,  i      nipple,  or  round  a  pustule.  Enc.  Coze. 
In  anatomy,  an  interstice  in  the  capillary  network 
of  the  tissues.  Cve.  Med. 

AR-E-OM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  o/jaiof,  rare,  "thin,  and 
fitrpEt-},  to  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  specific  gravity 
of  liquids.  Fourcroy. 

AR-E-O-MET'Rie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  areom- 
eter. 

AR-E-OM'E-TRY,  tu  The  measuring  or  act  of  meas- 
uring the  Biwcific  gravity  of  fluids. 

AR-E-OP'A-GITE,  ti.  A  member  of  the  Areopagus, 
wliich  see.     Acts  ivii.  34. 

AR-E-OP-A-GlT'ie,  o.     Pertaining  to  the  Areopagus. 

Jililford. 

AR-E-0P'A-GU9,K.  [Gr.  A/)»7f,  Mars, and  nayos,  hill.] 
A  sovereign  tribunal  at  Athens,  fhmous  for  the 
justice  and  impartiality  of  its  decisions.  It  was  ori- 
ginally held  ou  a  hill  in  the  city  of  the  same  name  ; 
but  afterward  removed  to  the  Ropal  Portico,  an  open 
square,  where  the  judges  sat  in  the  open  air,  in- 
clined by  a  cord.  Their  sessions  were  in  the  night, 
that  they  might  not  be  diverted  by  objects  of  sight, 
or  influenced  by  the  presence  and  action  of  the 
speakers,  Hy  a  law  of  Solon,  no  jwrson  could  be  a 
memtierof  ttiis  tribunal,  until  he  hiul  bt^en  archon,  or 
chief  magistrate.  Tliis  court  took  cognizance  of 
high  crimes,  impiety,  and  immorality,  and  watched 
over  the  laws  and  the  public  treasury. 

Lempritre.     Encyc.     Pauaanias.     Acts  xvii.  19. 

A'RE-O-STVLE,  7u  rCr.  <ioa(»s,  wide,  and  ffr..X.»s,  a 
column.]  A  term  denoting  an  arrangement  of  col- 
umns, with  wide  intercolumniations,  of  from  four  to 
five  diameters,  suited  only  to  the  Tuscan  order. 

P.  Cyc    Brande. 

A-RE-0-SYS'T?LE,  n.  [Gr.  afato^,  wide, o-iu,  with, 
and  oTi'Aos,  cohinm.]  A  term  denoting  a  modern 
manner  of  arranging  mtcrcolumniations,  which  con- 
sists in  placing  columns  in  pairs,  thus  presenting  al- 
ternately very  wide  and  very  narrow  intercolumnia- 
tions. Eimea.     P.  Cyc 

A-RE-OT'ie,  a.    [Gr.  npato^,  thin.] 

Attenuating;  making  thin,  a.s  liquids  ;  rarefying. 

A-OE-()T'IC,  n.  A  medicine  which  attenuates  the 
humors,  dissolves  viscidity,  opens  the  pores,  and 
increases  perspiration  ;  an  atteuiiant.  Coze. 

AR-E-TOI/0-GY,n.  [Gr.  apcrnt  virtue,  and  At>yof, 
discourse.] 

That  part  of  moral  philosophy  which  treats  of 
virtue,  its  nature,  and  the  means  uf  attuning  to  IL 

Johnson, 

AR'GAL,  n.  Unrefined  or  crude  tartar,  a  substance 
adhering  to  the  sides  of  wine  casks.     Johnson.   Coze. 

AR'GA\r>-LA5IP,  n.  [from  the  name  of  the  in- 
ventor.] 

An  improved  lamp,  invented  by  Argand,  in  1780, 
in  which,  by  means  of  a  hollow  wick  and  a  glass 
chimney,  a  strong  and  clear  light  is  produced  by 
placing  the  flame  between  two  currents  of  air. 

Brande. 

AR-CS'aN,  o.    Pertaining  to  Argoor  the  Ark.    Fnber. 

AR'GENT,  n.  [L.  arirmtum;  Gr.  ri/,jt>pi>(,  silver,  from 
apyus,  white  ;  Ir.  ar^r,  white  ;  atrgiod,  silver,  money  ; 
Fr.  argent,  silver,  money  ;  Sans,  rajatam,  Uu.] 

1.  The  white  color  iu  coats  of  arms,  intended  to 
represent  silver,  or  figuratively,  purity,  innocence, 
beauty,  or  gentleness.  Encyc. 

2.  a.  Silvery  ;  of  a  pale  white,  like  silver. 

Johnson.    Encyc. 

3.  a.  Bright  like  silver. 

A»k  of  jromlcr  argtnt  fleldi  nboTo.  Popa. 

AR-OENT'AL,  a.  Port.aining  to  silver  ;  consisting  of 
silver;  containing  silver;  combined  with  silver. 
Jirgental  mercury^  the  native  amalgam  of  silver. 

Cleavelaiid. 
AR'GE.N'T-AN,  n.    An  alloy  of  nickel  with  copper  and 

zinc;  German  silver. 
AR-GE.\T-A'TIO\,  tu    An  overlaying  with  silver. 

Johnson. 
AR'6ENT-HOR\-KD,  a.    Silver-horned. 
AR-GENT-IF'ER-OUS,  a.     ft*,  argentum,  sUver,  and 
fero,  to  produce.] 

Produring  silver  ;  n^,  argentiferoua  ore.   Rinran.    . 

AR-GEN-TI'NA,  n.     In  ichthyology,  a  genus  of  fishes 

of   the  order  Abdominales ;    so  called    from   their 

silver^'  scales.  Encifc. 

AR'GE.NT-I.NE,  a.     Like  silver;  pertaining  to  silver, 

or  sounding  like  it.  Johnson. 

In  ir>i>/o«if,  silver-colored;  silvery;  applied  to  the 
scales  of  fMh«!S. 
XR'GE.STINE,  n. 

1.  In  mineralogy,  j%  sllicfous  variety  of  carbonate  of 
lime^  having  a  silvery-white,  pearly  luster,  and  a 
wavmg  or  curved  lamellar  structure. 

9.  A  name  conirmm  to  the  s[H(ciea  of  tho  genus 
Argentina,  —  which  see. 


ARG 

AR'GENT-TNE  RE-PUB'UC,  n.  A  name  given  to 
the  -states  of  Buenos  Ayres,  a  South  American 
con  fed  e  nit  ion. 

AR'GIL,  T?.    The  gigantic  crane;    a  species  of  the 

fen  us  Ardea.  Ctjc 

'GIL,  Ti.  [L.  ar^I/<2,  white  clay,  from  Gr.  apjoy, 
white.] 

In  a  general  sense,  clay,  or  potter's  earth  ;  but  in 
a  teehnieal  sense,  pure  clay,  or  alumina,     Fourcroy. 

XR-GlL-LA'CEOUS,  a.     [L.  argillaceus.] 

Partaking  of  the  nature  of  clay ;  clayey;  consist- 
ing of  argil.  Kirwan. 

AR-GIL-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  ttrgiOa^  clay,  and  fero, 
to  produce.] 

Producing  clay  ;  applied  to  such  earths  as  abound 
with  ariril.  Klncan, 

AR'GIL-LITE,  n.  Argillaceous  schist  or  slate  ;  clay- 
slate.  Its  usual  color  is  bluish  or  blackish  gray, 
more  rarely  greenish  gray.  Ktrwan. 

XR  GIL-Llt'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  argillite. 

XR-GIL'LO-AR-E-NA'CEOUS,  a.  Consisting  of  clay 
and  sand,  as  a  soil. 

AU  GlL't.O-€AL-eA'RE-OUS,  a.  Consisting  of  clay 
and  caIrare(Mis  earth. 

AR-GlL'LO-CAL'CrTE,  n.  [of  argilla,  clay,  and 
clar,  calcareous  earth.] 

.\  species  of  calcareous  earth,  or  limestone,  with 
a  I.irge  proportion  of  clay.  Kinoan. 

AR-GIL'LO-MO'RITE,  n.  [of  argUla,  clay,  and 
muria,  brine  or  salt  water;  magnesia  being  obtained 
from  sea-salt.] 

A  spi-cies  of  earth  consisting  of  magnesia,  mixed 
with  sdex,  alumine,  and  lime ;  a  variety  of  mag- 
nestte.  Kirwan.     Cleaveland. 

AR-tilL'LOUS,  a.  Consisting  of  clay  ;  clayey;  par- 
taking of  flay  ;  belonging  to  clay.  Brotcn. 

AR'GIVE,  a.  Designating  what  belongs  to  Argos, 
the  capital  of  Argolis  in  Greece,  whose  inhabitants 
were  called  Argioi.  This  name,  however,  is  used  by 
the  poets  for  the  Greeks  in  general.     Pans.   Trans. 

AR'GO,  n.  The  name  of  the  ship  which  carried 
Jason  and  his  fifly-four  companions  to  Colchis,  in 
quent  of  the  golden  fleece. 

AR-(IO'.\N,  a.    Pertainiug  to  the  ship  Argo.    Faber. 

AR'GOL.     See  Aroau. 

AR-GOL'ie,  a.  Belonging  to  Argolis,  a  territory  or 
district  of  Peloponnesus,  between  Arcadia  and  the 
Egean  Sea  ;  as,  the  Argolic  Gulf.  D^AnnlU. 

XR-GOLMCS,  TI.  pi.  The  title  of  a  chapter  in  Pausa- 
nias,  which  treats  of  Argolis.  Trans,  b.  ii.  15. 

AR'GO-NAIJT,  Ti.  [of  A/^j-o),  Jason's  ship,  and  vav~ 
Tt}q,  a  sailor.] 

One  of  the  persons  who  sailed   to  Colchis  with 
Jason,  in  the  Argo,  in  quest  of  the  golden  fleece. 
Cicero.     Pliny.     Sir  fV.  Jones. 

XR-GO-NAtJT'A,  ti.     [Sue  Ahoonaut.] 

A  genus  of  shells,  of  the  class  Cephalopoda.  The 
shell  con.HJyts  of  one  spiral  involuted  valve.  The 
Argo,  with  a  subdcntated  carina,  is  the  famous  nauti- 
lus, which,  when  it  sails,  extends  two  of  its  arms, 
spreading  a  membrane,  which  serves  for  a  sail,  and 
six  other  arms  are  thrown  out,  for  rowing  or  steer- 
ing. Encyc.     Cuvier. 

AR-GO-NAUT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Argonauts, 
or  to  tlieir  voyage  to  Colchis ;  as,  the  Argonautic 
story.  Sir  W.  Jones. 

AR-GO-NAUT'ies,  ti.  A  poem  on  the  subject  of 
Jason's  voyage,  or  the  expedition  of  the  Argonauts  ; 
as,  the  Ar>ronantics  of  Orpheus,  of  V.  Flaccus,  and 
of  ApolIotiiiH  Rhodius.  Encyc. 

AR'QO  J^'Ji'yiS,  the  ship  Argo,  is  a  constellation  in 
the  soutln;rn  hemisphere,  whose  stars,  in  the  Britan- 
nic catalogue,  are  sixty-four.  Encyc. 

AR'GO-SY,  II.  [Sp.  Argos,  Jason's  ship.]  A  large 
merchantman  ;  a  carac.  Shak. 

AR'GOM,  V,  i.  [L.  argtto,  to  show,  argue,  accuse,  or 
convict;  Fr.  argufir  ;  tip.  arguir  :  It.  arguire.  The 
radical  sense  of  argue  is  to  urge,  drive,  press,  or 
struggle.] 

1.  To  reason  ;  to  Invent  and  offer  reasons  to  sup- 
port or  overtlirow  a  proposition,  opinion,  or  measure; 
as,  A  argues  in  favor  of  a  measure ;  B  argues 
against  it. 

2.  To  dispute  ;  to  reason  with  ;  followed  by  trith ; 
as,  you  may  argue  wit/i  your  friend  a  week,  without 
convinciTig  him. 

AR'GCE,  i\  U  To  debate  or  discuss;  to  treat  by 
reasoning;  as,  tlie  counsel  argued  the  cause  before 
the  Su[>reme  Court ;  the  cause  was  well  argued. 

2.  To  prove  or  evince  ;  to  manifest  by  mference 
or  deduction,  or  to  show  reasons  for  ;  as,  the  order 
visible  in  the  universe  argues  a  divine  cause. 

3.  To  persuade  by  reasons ;  as,  to  argue  a  man  into 
a  different  opinion. 

4.  Formerly,  to  accuse  or  charge  with  ;  a  Latin 
sense,  now  obsolete ;  as,  to  argue  one  of  profane- 
ness.  Drydcn. 

AR'GO-Z^n,  pp.  Debated  ;  discussed  ;  evinced  ;  per- 
suaded ;  accused. 

AR'GU-ER,  n.  One  who  argues;  a  reasoner ;  a  dis- 
puter  ;  a  controvertlst. 

AR'(;LI-IN'G,  ppr.  Inventing  and  offering  reasons; 
disputing;  discussing;  evincing;  persuading;  ac- 
cusing. 


TONE,  BULI*,  IfNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8.— C  as  K;  d  as  J;  8  as  Z;  CH  as  3H ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 

67" 


ARI 

XK'GU-LNG,  R.    Reasoning  i  argutuentalion. 

Wtakt  doth  jrour  ATftMnf  nrprovv  f  —  Job  vU 

XA'GU-MEXT,  n.     [U  mrgmmttUum.] 

1  A  reason  offmd  fur  m  against  a  proposition, 
opinUm,  or  measure ;  a  reason  oflrred  in  proof,  to 
induce  belief,  or  convince  the  mind ;  followed  by 
ftr  or  mgaimsU 

2.  In  logic,  an  Inference  drawn  from  pvemiaes 
which  ore  indi9|^ilable,  or  at  least  uf  probable  truth. 

3.  The  midfeet  of  a  discomw  or  writing.     Skak. 
^4.  An  abstract  or  summary  of  a  book,  or  the 

heads  of  the  sufctfects. 

5.  A  debate  or  discussion  ;  a  series  of  rrasomng  ; 
as,  aa  argmm0mi  was  bad  before  the  court,  in  w-hich 
mremment  all  the  reasons  were  urged. 

6.  In  agtntmtimf.  the  quantity  on  which  another 
quantiiv  in  n  tame  depends ;  a«,  the  altitude  ia  the 
Br-^umfHt  of  the  n'fVaction.  Brtndt, 

AR-GU-MlilNT'.VBLB,  a.    That  admits  of  argumenL 

Ckalmtn, 

^R-GC-MGNT'AL,  «.  Beloaglng  to  argument ;  con- 
si<(inj!  ill  ar^nimeuL  i'wp*. 

AU  ^  :   A'TION^  M.    Reamning;   the  act  of 

r  act  of  inventing  or  forming  reaiton?. 

Ill  tiuos,  drawing  coDcluaions,  and  npply- 

in^  ih'-m  u>  the  case  In  djscuwion.  The  operntion 
or  inferring propOiritkias, not  known  or  admiti'd  as 
true,  fhira  racu  or  ptiudflm  known,  admiurd,  or 
proved  to  be  true.  £m^     tVatU. 

AR-GL-Mi:\T'A'T[VE,a.  CowdMhig of  argument ; 
conta!n"^c  a  processor  reasoning ;  as, an  ar/asittU- 
tj' 

reasons  for;   as,  the  sdapcotkin  of 
t.  .   uses  b  ar/iuuMlotiM  of  inhnite  wis- 

duin  111  uir  i  reator. 

3.  Aiidicted  to  argument ;  as,  an  arguwtentative 
writer. 

XR-GU-MENT'A-TIVE-LY,  dA>.  In  an  argumenta- 
tive manner.  jHijftor. 

jUi.Or-.\IFJk"*TUM  AD  IIOJrf-J^EMt  [L.}  An 
a-- '-iwn  fVom  the  principles  or  conduct  of 

A-TIVE-XESS.a.    State  of  being  ar- 

AH'GL'd,  a.  A  fUbohNis  being  of  antiquity,  said  to 
have  had  a  hundred  eyes,  who  was  placed  by  Juno 
to  guard  lo.  The  origin  f^  this  story  may  perhaps 
be  found  in  the  Teutonic  word  ar;?,  crafty,  cunning, 
of  which  the  hundred  eyes  are  .Hymlwlical. 

XR'GKS-^EIELL,  a.  A  species  of  porcelain -shell, 
beautu'iiDy  variegated  with  spots,  resembling,  in 
S4inie  mt'iisure,  those  in  a  peacock's  tail.        ftcyc. 

AR-4:0T£',  «.  [L.  argvtMS.]  Sharp  ;  shrill ;  subtile  ; 
wiitv.     [Uu't  uMd,] 

AR-GCT£^N£Sd,  a.  Acnteneas}  witUnessL  ILiaU 
usM.]  Drfiau 

X'Rl-A,  R.     [lU]     .\ir;tune. 

i'RI-.AX,  «.  Pertaining  to  Arins,  a  presbyter  of  the 
church  of  Alexandria,  in  the  fourth  century  \  or  to 
bis  doctrines. 

A'RI-AN,  X.  One  who  adheres  to  the  doctrines  of 
j\xius,  who  held  Christ  lobe  a  created  being,  infe- 
rior lo  God  the  Father  in  nature  and  dipnity,  Ihou^h 
the  first  and  noblof't  of  all  created  beinpi ;  and  also 
that  the  Holy  Spirit  is  not  GtKi,  but  created  by  the 
power  of  the  Son.  Emcuc 

A'RI-AN-ISM,  a.     The  doctrines  of  the  Ariani*. 

A'RI-AN-IZE,  p.  i.   To  admit  the  tenets  of  the  Arians, 

IVorthintrion, 

A-RIC1-XA,  a.  A  veg^able  alkaloid  obuined  from 
the  iKirk  of  a  species  of  Cinchona.  It  was  first 
brought  from  Aria,  in  Peru  ;  whence  iL-:  name. 

AR'ID,  a.     [L.  toidmsy  dry,  from  ««■«,  to  be  dry.] 

Dry  ;  euaosted  of  moisture ;  parched  with  beat ; 
as^  an  and  wa^te.  TTtomson. 

AR'ID-AS,  a.  A  kind  of  taffeta,  from  the  Cast 
Indie?,  made  of  thread  from  certain  plants.  £Mctrc 

A-R1I)'I-TV,   in.    Dryneas;  a  stale  of  being  with- 

AR'm-NESS,  {     out  moisCurB.  ArbtiOinot. 

2.  A  dr>-  state  of  the  body ;  emaciation ;  the  with- 
ering of  a  limb ;  marasmus.  Coxe.  ■  Parr, 

X'Rl-ESy  a.  [L.,  from  the  Ctltic  Ir.  m£A*,  or  recath; 
Com.  vrx,  a  nm  ;  W.  hwrz^  a  thrust,  a  ram.} 

The  Ram  ;  a  constellation  of  the  zodiac,  drawn  on 
the  gluhe,  in  the  figure  of  a  r.tm.  Also  the  tir^t  of 
the  tweli%  signs  in  the  zodiac,  which  the  sun  enters 
about  the  31tt  of  March.  It  originally  coincided 
with  the  constellatioa ;  biU  from  lU  recession,  owing 
to  the  precession  ot  the  equinoxes,  it  now  begins  in 
Uie  constellation  of  Pisces. 
2.  The  battering  ram. 

AR1-E-T.5TE,  c.  i.  ru  oricto,  from  ories.]  To  butt, 
as  a  ram.     LXot  itsed.1  Johnsaiu 

AR-I-E-Ta'TIO.\,  m.  The  act  of  butting,  m  a  ram. 
The  act  of  battering  with  the  aries  or  battering 
nun.  Bacon, 

S.  The  act  of  striking  or  conflicting.  IRardy 
useiLj  Olanr  lUe, 

AR-I-ET'TA,  a.  [It.]  A  short  song;  an  air,  or 
little  air. 

A-RIGHT',  (ufp.  [a  and  n>ftt  Sas.  ^wcSt]  Rightly; 
in  a  right  form  ;  without  mistake  or  crime 


ARI 

AR'IL,  t  H.    The  exterior  coat  or  covering  of  a 

A-UIL'IiU?*,  \  wHid,  fixed  lo  it  at  the  bnaa  only,  in- 
vesting it  wholly  or  partially,  :uid  tailing  oil'  sp<jn- 
laneously  ;  by  some  former  wriU'rs  called,  from  the 
Greek,  calyptra.  It  is  either  succulent  or  corlilagi- 
aous  ;  colored,  el.istic,  rough,  or  knotted. 

Linna-Hs.     Mdnc     JUurtt/n.     Smith* 
An  expansion  of  tlie  funiciilua,  or  placenta,  about 
a  seed,  into  a  Hueby  lM>dy,  as  Uie  mace  of  a  nutmeg. 

LimUey. 

AR'IL-LA-TED,  (  a.    Havinp  an  exterior  covering  or 

AR'IU-L£D,         )     aril,  us  cotfee.    Kucyc    JCatvn. 

AR'I-.MAN,     ^ 

AR'I-.MA,        >  a.    [Per.  oAnsun;  Sans.  art.  a  fbe.] 

AU'RI-M.\N,> 

The  evil  genius  or  demon  of  ihe  Persians  ;  opposed 
to  fnaif  yndaiL,  m-imnd,  or  hvriHiidny  the  good  demon. 
The  ancient  magi  held,  that  there  are  two  deities  or 
principles ;  one  the  author  of  all  gtwd,  eternally 
absorbed  in  liglit ;  ihe  other,  the  author  of  oil  evil, 
forever  burietl  in  darkness ;  or  Uie  one  represented 
by  light,  the  irthcr  by  diirkness.  The  latter  answers 
to  the  lake  of  the  Scandinavians,  who;?e  Celtic  nani", 
(o<^,si;*iiifles  darkne^.  Originally,  Ihel'er^iaiitt  lield 
these  demons  or  principles  to  be  equal,  and  from  all 
eternity  ;  but  the  nxHlerns  maintain  that  the  evil  prin- 
ciple is  an  inf'^rior  being.  So  the  devil  is  called  tlie 
prince  of  darkness.  Encye,  Otbbon.  As,  Researches. 

All-I-O-LA'TIOX,      \  n.      [l^    oriolus  or  kariolusj  a 

UAR-I-O-L.X'riOX,  I      soothsayer.] 

A  soothsaying  ;  a  foreu-lling.  Brown, 

AR'I-CSE,  a.  Characterized  by  melody,  as  distin- 
guisbed  from  harmony. 

lleodcteitui  wnnli  tlir  oriaa*  tteautr  of  Raadel — tomI  mclodj 
■  not  ha  iMe  —  ihc  iaUnM  gf  bS  akn  i»  bumoaic 

fbr.  Qu.  R*o. 

ABrI-0'SO,  0.     [IL,  from  aria,  air.]    Light;  airy. 

IL  Diet, 
Literaltyj  in  the  mnnner  of  an  air ;  but  in  instru- 
mental mii-iic,  in  a  susLiincd  vocjil  stylo.      P.  Cije. 

Prefixed  to  an  air,  it  denotes  a  stisbtined,  elaborate 
style,  appropriate  to  the  great  airs  of  the  opera- 

Rousjieatty  Diet,  .Vtiit. 
A-RISE',  P.  i.  .* prrt.  Arose  ;  pp.  Abisbh  ;  (jtron.  a-rize', 
a-roxe',  a-riz'n.)  [Sax.  onsox ,-  D.  ryxea ;  Goth,  rcimn. 

It  may  be  allied  to  Ar.  (wij  raasa,  to  be  the  head 

or  chief;  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Sam.  EUi.  vh-^  head,  origin.] 

I.  To  ascend,  mount  up^  or  move  toaJiigher  place  ; 
as,  vapors  ari^c  from  humid  places. 

3  To  emerge  from  below  the  horizon  ;  as,  the  sun 
or  a  star  oriMv  or  rises. 

3.  To  get  out  of  bed  ;  to  leave  the  plnce  or  state  of 
rest ;  or  to  leave  a  sitting  or  lying  posture. 

The  king  arOM  eutj  aixi  wai  to  the  t)rD.^Dan.  tL 

4.  To  begin  ;  to  spring  up ;  to  originate. 

A  prnecudoo  oroM  about  Slrpben.-~Aeta  xl. 

5.  To  revive  from  death ;  to  leave  the  grave. 

hlnnj  todii^  of  Kiinu  aroat.  —  MaU.  xxvii. 

Fiffurativti-gy  to  awake  from  a  slate  of  sin  and  stu- 
pidity ;  to  repent. 

Arist  from  the  dead,  and  Christ  ■hall  gtre  lhe«  lifr.  —  Eph.  v. 

6.  To  begin  to  act ;  to  exert  power  j  to  move  from 
a  state  of  inaction. 

Let  Goii  ariae  ,*  let  \a»  eoemiea  he  Kaaer«i.  —  P».  Ixrfii, 

7.  To  appear,  or  become  known  j  to  become  ris- 
ible, sensible,  or  operative. 

To  Tou  •haJl  the  »un  of  risrhioouaneai  ariae.  —  Matt.  It, 
TUl  the  day-std  shall  oriM  In  your  hetuu.  — 9  Pet,  L 

8.  To  be  put  in  motion  \  to  swell  or  be  agitated  j  as, 
the  waves  arose, 

9.  To  be  excited  or  provoked  ;  as,  the  wrath  of  the 
king  shall  arise. 

10.  To  emerge  from  poverty,  depression,  or  distress. 

B;  wtiam  ttoU  Jacob  ariae  7  for  be  ■  •mall.  —  Amoa  li. 

II.  To  appear  In  a  particular  character  j  to  enter 
upon  an  office. 

Th»*re  oro<e  a  new  Mng,  who  knew  not  Joi'-ph.  —  Ex.  L 

12.  To  begin  sedition,  insurrection,  or  mutiny  ;  as, 
the  men  arose^  or  rosey  upon  their  officers. 

13.  To  invade,  assault,  or  begin  hostility  ;  followed 
by  against. 

When  he  aroat  apiintt  me,  I  caught  him  by  the  beard.  —  1 
Sani.  xvil. 

In  this  sense,  the  word  against  really  belongs  to 
the  verb,  and  is  necessary  to  give  it  this  meaning. 
[See  Rise,  another  fomt  of  this  verb,  which  has  the 
same  signilication,  and  is  more  generally  used  in 
popular  language.] 

A-RIS'IXG, /?pr.  Ascending;  moving  upward;  origi- 
nating, or  proceeding  fromj  getting  upj  springing 
up  ;  appearing. 

A-RI.S'TA,  n.  [L.]  In  botany^  the  awn  ;  the  pointed 
beard  which  issues  from  the  husk  or  scaly  flower- 
cup  of  the  irrasses,  called  the  glume.  Milne. 

AR'IS-TARCH,  n.  [from  Ari^tarchusy  a  critic  dis- 
tinguished for  severity  among  the  ancients.]  A 
Severe   critic.  Knmoles. 


ARM 

AR-1S-TAR€II'I-AN,  a.  Severely  critical,  like  the 
ancient  critic  Aristarchus. 

AK'IS-TARCH-Y,  a.  [Gr.  apicroiy  best,  and  apxit 
rulo.1 

A  body  of  good  men  in  power,  or  government  by 
excellent  men.  Harrington. 

A-lUS'TA'i'E,  a,  Awned;  having  n  pointed,  beard- 
like pmcnss  ;  as  the  glumes  of  wheat. 

AR-IS-TOC'RA-CY,  n,  {Gr.  u/.itrros,  best,  and 
KfjATHjx,  to  hold  or  govern.] 

1.  A  form  of  poveniment,  in  which  the  wliole 
supreme  power  is  vested  in  the  principal  persons  of 
a  stale,  or  in  a  privileged  order.  VV'lien  the  supremo 
I>mver  is  exercised  by  a  small  number,  ttie  coveru- 
mont  is  called  an  oligarrJiy.  The  latter  word,  how- 
ever, is  iisuiUly  applied  lo  a  corrupted  form  of  aris- 
tocracy. 

2,  '1  lie  nobility  or  chief  persons  in  a  state. 
AR'IS-TO-CRAT,  or  A-RlH'TO-€RAT,  n.     One  who 

favors  an  aristocracy  in  principle  or  practice ;  (me 
who  is  a  friend  to  aa  aristocratical  form  of  govern- 
ment. Burke. 

AR-IS  rO-€RAT'ie,  }  a.     Pertaining    to  aristoc- 

AR-lS-TO-eRAT'ie-AL,  i  racy;  consisting  in  a 
govenmient  of  nobles,  or  principal  men  j  as,  an  aris- 
tocratic constitution. 

2.  Partaking  of  aristocracy;  as,  an  aristocratic 
measure  ;  aristocratic  pride  or  manners. 

AR-IS-TO-€RAT'i€-AI^LY,  adv.  In  an  aristocrat- 
ical manner. 

AR-IS-TO-CRAT'ie-AL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  aristocmticnl. 

AR-lS-TO-PilAN'ie,  0.    Pertaining  to  Aristophanes. 

JV.  A.  Rev. 

AR-IS-T0-T£'L1-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Aristotle,  a 
celebrated  pliilosopher,  who  was  born  at  Slagjra,  in 
Macedon,  about  384  years  before  Christ.  The  Aris- 
totelian philosophy  is  otherwise  called  the  peripatetic. 

AR-IS-TO-TF:'LI-Ai\,7i.  A  follower  of  Aristotle^  who 
was  a  disciple  of  Plato,  and  founded  the  sect  otperi- 
pflfrfif-.'-.     [See  Peritatetic.] 

AK-IS-TO-Tk'LI-AN-ISM,  71.  The  philosopliy  or  doc- 
trines of  Aristotle, 

AR-IS-TO-TEL'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  .\ristotle  or  to 
his  pttilosophy. 

Tl)c  p^niicioua  pfTi-cta  of  tlie  ArialnUUe  Bystcm.  Schlcgel,  7>ana. 

AR'ITH-MAN-Cy  or  A-RITII'.MAN-CY,  n.      [Gr. 

api6//os,numbor,  and  pavrtiay  divination.] 

DivijuUion,  or  tlie  foretelling  of  future  events  by  the 

use  or  oliserviition  of  numbers. 
A-RITIl'ME-Tie,  n.     [Gr.  apiOucto,  to  number,  npiO- 

priTtKHy  the  art  of  numbering,  from  n/yi<y;/os,  number; 

from  ^'•Oiii'i,  number,  rhythm,  order,  agreement.] 
The  science  of  numbers,  or  the  art  of  computation. 

The  various  operations  of  arithmetic  are  performed 

hy  addition,  subtraction,  multiplication,  and  division. 
AR-1TH-MET'I€,  )  a.     Pertaining  to  arithmetic  ; 

AR-ITH-MET'IC-AL,  i     according  to   the    rules  or 

method  of  aritlmietic. 
AR-ITll-MET'ie-AL-LY,    adv.     According    to    the 

niles,  principles,  or  method  of  arithmetic. 
A-R1TI1-ME-TI"CIAN,  n.     One  skilled  in  arithmetic, 

or  versed  in  the  science  of  numbers. 
ARK,   71.     [Fr.   arche;  L.   area;  Sp.    Port.   It.  area,  a 

cliest  or  coffer ;  Ir.  atrg,  airk ;  Sax.  ere  or  erk ;  G. 

arche  ;  D.  arke;  Ch.  iJ-iK.] 

1.  A  small,  close  vessel^  chest,  or  coffer,  such  as 
that  which  was  the  repository  of  the  tables  of  the 
covenant  among  the  Jews.  This  was  about  three 
feet  nine  inches  in  length.  The  lid  was  the  pro- 
pitiatory, or  mercy-seat,  over  which  were  the  cheni- 
blm-  The  vessel  in  which  Moses  was  set  afloat 
upon  the  Nile,  was  an  ark  of  bulrushes. 

2.  Tlie  large,  floating  vessel  in  which  Xoah  and 
his  family  were  preserved  during  the  deluge. 

3.  A  depository. 

Ari*',  O  T>ortI,  into  thj  reit,  thou  and  the  or*  of  thy  atrength. — 
Pi.  cxxxU. 

4.  A  large  boat  used  on  American  rivers  to  trans- 
port produce  to  market. 

5.  In  early  English  and  Scottish  icritersy  a  chest 
or  coffer ;  as,  an  ark  for  meal ;  a  bolting  ark.  Still 
used,  in  the  north  of  England,  for  a  chest  containing 
meal.  P.  Cyc. 

ARK'ITE,  71,  A  term  used  by  Bryant  to  denote  one 
of  the  persons  who  were  pfeser\'ed  in  the  ark,  or 
who,  arcording  to  pJigan  fables,  belonged  to  the  ark. 

ARK'ITE,  a.     Kelonging  to  the  ark.    Briiant.  Fabcr. 

ARK'TIZ-ITE,  (  n.    A  mineral,  now  called  Wemerite  ; 

ARG'TIZ-ITE,  i      a  variety  of  scai»olite. 

ARM,  71.  [Sax.  arirty  eartn;  D.  G.  Sw.  Dan.  ami  L* 
armvs,  an  arm,  a  shoulder,  a  wing.  In  Russ.  a 
shoulder  is  ramo,  which  may  be  the  same  word  as 
the  E.  arnin.^.  If  so,  this  word  belongs  to  the  root 
Rm,  coinciding  with  L-  ramus,  a  branch,  that  is,  a 
slioot,  like  the  Celtic  braich,  L.  brachium.  But  if  the 
L.  annus  is  directly  from  the  Gr,  aifioi,  a  joint,  it 
would  seem  to  be  fonnt-d  from  Gr.  aiiu)^  to  fit.] 

1.  The  limb  of  the  Imman  body  which  extends 
from  the  shoulder  to  the  hand. 

2.  The  bnnch  of  a  tree,  or  the  slender  part  of  a 
machine,  projecting  from  a  trunk  or  axis.  The  limbs 
of  animals  are  also  sometimes  called  arms. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PRgY.  — PLVE,  M.UliNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.  — 


ARM 

3.  An  inlet  of  water  from  the  sea. 

4.  Figaratii'dtj,  power,  might,  strength;  as,  the 
secular  artiu  lu  thid  seuse  the  word  \s  oAen  used  in 
the  Scriptures. 

To  vrhom  a  thr  arm  of  tlw  Lord  reTcaied  F  —  Ita.  tiiU 
ARM,  V.   t.      [L.   armo  ,•   Fr.  armCT ;    Sp.   armor ;  It. 
arinare  ;  from  L.  qtoto.] 

1.  To  furnish  or  equip  with  weapons  of  offense  or 
defeniw  j  a.s,  to  arm  the  militia. 

2.  To  cover  with  a  plate,  or  with  whatever  will 
add  strength,  force,  or  security  j  as,  to  arm  the  hilt 
of  a  sword. 

3.  To  furnish  with  means  of  defense ;  to  prepare 
for  resistance  ;  to  fortify,  in  a  moral  sense. 

Arm  youreotves  »ilh  ihe  same  niind,  —  t  Pet.  ir. 

4.  To  fit  up ;  to  fumldh  with  the  means  of  action 
or  effect;  Bi?,  to  arm.  a  hook  in  angling;  to  arm  a 
dresjtiing  in  surgery.  To  ana  a  lomEsloae.,  is  to  fit  it 
with  an  armature. 

ARM,  r.  t-  To  provide  with  arms,  weapons,  or  means 
of  attack  or  reaistance;  to  take  arms;  as,  the  nations 
arm  for  war. 

This  verb  is  not  really  intransitive  in  this  use,  but 
reflective,  the  pronoun  being  omitted.  The  nations 
arm  —  for,  the  nations  arm  tHe/itscltias, 

AR-MA'DA,  «.     [.Sp.,  from  arma.] 

A  fleet  of  armed  ships  ;  a  squadron.  The  term  la 
u.'tually  applied  to  the  Spanish  fleet  called  the  Invht- 
cibU  Armada^  consisting  of  131J  shi[>s,  intended  to  act 
against  England,  in  the  reign  of  Uueeu  Elizabeth, 
A.  D.  15.SS. 

AR-MA-DIL'LO,  n.  [Sp. }  so  called  from  being  armed 
with  a  bony  shell.] 

A  name  given  by  the  Fpaniards  to  the  different 
gpi'cies  of  quadrupeds,  belonging  to  the  Linniean 
genus  Desypus ;  peculiar  to  South  America,  and 
called  by  the  Portuguese  encubesto^  frum  their  piecu- 
liar  "Covering,  and  by  the  natives  of  Brazil  talon. 
These  animals  have  only  molar  teeth,  and  are  cov- 
ered with  a  hard,  bony  shell,  divided  into  ninvable 
br-lts,  except  on  the  forehead,  sliouldcrs, and  hniinchcs. 
where  it  is  not  movable.  The  belts  are  connected 
by  a  membrane,  which  enables  the  animal  to  roll 
it^^elf  up  like  a  hedgehog.  These  animals  burrow  in 
the  earth,  where  they  lie  during  the  daytime,  sel- 
dom going  abroad  except  at  night.  They  are  of  dif- 
ferent sizes  i  the  largest  more  than  three  feet  in 
length,  without  the  tail.  They  subsist  chiefly  on 
fruits,  rout«,  and  insects ;  sometimes  on  flesh.  VVhen 
attacktrd,  Ihcy  roll  themselves  into  a  b;ill,  presenting 
their  armor  on  all  sides  to  any  assailant ;  but  they 
are  inoffensive,  and  their  flesh  is  esteemed  good 
fo<xI.  Encifc. 

ARM'A-ME\T,  n.  [I*  armamntto,  utensils,  tackle, 
from  anna,] 

1.  A  body  of  forces  equipped  for  war;  used  of  a 
land  or  naval  force.  It  is  more  generally  used  of  a 
naval  force. 

2.  In  nttral  affairs^  the  guns  and  other  munitioiu 
of  war  witli  which  a  ship  is  armed. 

ARM-A-ME\T'.VRy,  n.    An  armory;  a  magazine  or 

arsenal.     [Rarely  mcd.] 
AR.M'A-TIJRE,  a.     [L.  armatara,1 

1.  Armor:  that  which  defends  the  body.  It  com- 
prehends whatever  is  worn  for  defense  of  the  body, 
and  has  been  sometimes  used  fur  offensive  weapons. 
jirraature^  like  artM  and  anaor^  is  used  also  of  the 
furniture  of  animals  and  vegetables,  evidently  in- 
tended for  tlieif  protection,  as  prickles,  spines,  and 
horn*. 

2.  In  ancient  military  art^  an  exercise  performed 
with  missive  weajwns,  as  darts,  spears,  and  arr^iws. 

llnctjc. 

3.  The  armature  nfa  magnet.  Is  a  piece  of  inm  used 
to  connect  the  two  poles,  in  order  to  maintain  Uie 
magnetic  power  undiminished. 

formerly,  the  armature  or  armor  of  a  magnet  con- 
sisted of  two  pieces  cf  iron  applied  to  the  poles  of  a 
paral lei opi pedal  magnet,  so  as  to  project,  and  partly 
inclose  the  magnet  on  one  side,  and  thus  give  to  the 
poles  a  direclirjn  perpendicular  to  thvir  origmal  direc- 
tion. Each  of  these  pieces  was  called  the  armature 
of  its  respertive  pole,  and  the  two  together  the 
armature  of  the  magnet.  In  order  to  prrw-rve  the 
power  of  a  magnet  so  armed,  and  to  combine  the 
action  of  the  two  pfih^s,  the  latter  were  cunnecu-d 
by  a  piece  of  iron,  which  alw  served  as  iin  armature. 
Horse-shoe  magnets  have  been  substituted  for  such 
aimed  magnets,  and  the  term  armature  has  been 
thus  limited  to  the  piece  of  iron  connecting  the  potea. 
Ed.  Encyc     EnfieiiL 

ARM'-CIIAIR,  n.  A  chair  with  arms  lo  support  the 
elbows. 

ARM'AT),  (armd,)  pp.  or  a. 

k  Furnished  with  weapons  of  ofl^ense  or  defense  ; 
furnished  with  the  means  of  security  ;  fortified,  in  a 
moral  ien.-e. 

2.  In  hrraJfinjf  armrd  i^  when  the  beaks,  talons, 
horns,  or  f»^t  of  birds  and  beasts  of  prey  are  of  a  dif- 
ferent colur  from  the  rest  of  the  body.        Chambers. 

3.  Furni-ihed  or  fitted  with  an  armaXure^  as  a  mag- 
net or  load<«t(ine. 

4.  In  botany^  having  prickles  or  thorns.      Encyc 


ARM 

An  armed  ship,  is  one  which  is  tiken  into  the  ser- 
vice of  government  for  a  particular  occasion,  and 
armed  like  a  ship  of  war. 

jtrmcd  inflate.  A  ship  is  armed  in  flute,  i.  e.,  after 
the  manner  of  a  transport,  when  part  of  her  guns  have 
been  taken  out  for  the  sake  of  making  room,  and  her 
efl^xtive  armament  is  thus  reduced  below  ^^vX  at 
which  she  rates. 

ARM'KI^-CHaIU,  n.     See  Arm-Chair. 

AR-M£'N1-AN,  7^.  A  native  of  Armenia  ;  or  the  lan- 
guagL-  of  the  country.  Sir  W.  Joiies. 

AR-Mk'NI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Armenia  ;  a  country, 
and  formerly  n  kingdom,  in  Asia,  divided  into  AJr- 
menia  Major  and  Minor. 

.Armenian  bole,  is  a  species  of  clay  from  Armenia, 
and  found  in  other  countries.  But  the  term,  being 
of  uncertain  signification,  is  rejected  in  modern  min- 
eralogy.    [See  iioLE.]  Croiistedt.     Kirtran. 

Jinnenian  stone ;  a  soft,  blue  stone,  consisting  of  cal- 
careous earth  or  gypsum,  with  the  oxyd  of  copper. 
It  is  too  soft  to  give  fire  with  steel,  loses  its  color 
when  heated,  and  does  not  admit  of  a  polish. 

JVlchoteon. 

AR-MENT'AL,    )         rr  «,  r   i 

AR-MENT'IN'E,  P     [^  armentalis.] 

Belonging  to  a  drove  or  herd  of  cattle. 

ARME-PO'IS-tJANT,  a.  [See  Puissakt.]  Powerful 
in  arms.  fVeeocr. 

ARM'FIJL,  n.    As  much  as  the  arms  can  hold. 

ARM'GAU^T,  a.    Slender,  as  the  arm.     [JVot  m  uar.] 

Shak. 

ARM'HOLE,  n.  [arm  and  hole.]  The  cavity  under  the 
shoulder,  or  the  armpiL  Bacon, 

2.  A  bole  for  the  arm  in  a  garment. 

ARM'I-6ER,  n.  [L.  armitrer  i  arma  and  ffcro ;  liter- 
ally, one  that  bears  arms!] 

An  esquire  ;  a  knight's  companion.  But  in  present 
juatre,  armiger  is  a  title  of  dignity  next  in  degree  to 
a  knight.  In  time^  of  chivalry,  it  signified  an  at- 
tendant on  a  knight,  or  other  jx'rson  of  rank,  who 
bore  his  shield,  and  rendered  him  other  military  ser- 
vices, So  in  antiffuUy,  Abimelecli,  Saul,  &.C.,  had 
their  armor- be areiB.  judg.  ix.  1  .Sam.  xvi.  As  had 
Hector  and  Acliilles.  Ifamcr.  This  title,  under  the 
Norman  French  princes,  in  England,  was  exchanged, 
in  common  usage,  for  «.^uirp,  Fr.  ecuycr,  a  w»i  of 
similar  import,  from  ecu,  L.  seutam,  a  shield,  ^rm- 
ijfcr  is  still  retained  with  us  as  a  title  of  resi>ect, 
being  the  Ljitin  word  equivalent  to  esquire,  which 
sec.  Spclman. 

AR-MIG'EU-OUS,  ft.     Bearing  arras. 

ARM'llx-LA-RY,  a,  [L.  armilla,  a  bracelet,  from 
ariTtux,  the  arm.] 

Resemliling  a  bracelet,  or  ring;  consisting  of  rings 
or  circles.  Tlie  armllnry  sphere  is  an  artificial  sphere, 
composwl  of  a  number  of  circles  of  the  mundane 
sphere,  put  together  in  their  natural  order,  to  assist 
in  giving  a  just  conception  of  the  constitution  of  the 
heavens,  and  the  motiofls  of  the  celestial  bodit^s. 
This  artificial  sphere  revolves  upon  its  axis  within 
a  hori7.on,  divided  into  degrees,  and  movable  every 
wav  u|H)n  a  brass  supporter.  Encyc* 

AR.M'IL-LA-TEl).  fl.     Furnished  with  bracelets. 

ARM'LNG,  p//r.  lApiipping  with  arms;  providing  with 
the  means  of  defense  or  attack,  preparing  for  resist- 
ance, in  ft  mond  sense;  fitting  with  an  annature,  as 
a  magnet. 

ARM'I.N<iS.  «.  pi.  The  s.nme  as  tootrf-c/oeAc*,  hung 
about  a  snip's  upper  works.  Chambern. 

AR-.MI.\'IAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Armiuius,  or  desig- 
nating his  principles. 

AR-M1N'!AN,  Tt.  One  of  a  sect  or  party  of  Chris- 
tians, S4)  called  from  Anninius,  or  Ilarmanscn,  of 
Holland,  who  fluurished  at  the  clo««e  of  tlie  U'>th  cen- 
tury and  beginning  i>f  the  ITtlu  The  Arminian  doc- 
trines are,  1.  Conditional  el'-ction  and  reprobation, 
in  opposition  to  absolute  predestination.  2.  Univer- 
sal redemption,  or  that  the  atoneint_'nt  was  made  by 
Christ  for  all  mankind,  though  ncpue  hut  b^^Iievers 
can  be  partakers  of  the  lienefit.  3.  That  man,  in 
ordej-  to  exercise  true  faith,  must  be  regenerated  and 
renewed  by  the  operation  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  which 
is  the  gift  of  (Jod  ;  but  that  this  grace  is  not  irresist- 
ibl(!,  and  may  be  lost ;  so  that  men  may  relapse  from 
a  state  of  gram,  and  die  in  their  sins.  Encyc 

AR-M IN' IAN-ISM,  n.  'I'hc  peculiar  doctrines  or  tenets 
of  the  Armiiiians. 

ARxM-IP'O-TKNCE,  n.  [arma  and  potentia.  Pee  Po- 
TEffcr.]     Power  in  arms.  Johnson. 

ARM-IP'O-TENT,  a.  Powerful  in  arms;  niif-hty  in 
battle.  Drijdcn. 

ARM-IS'O-NOTJS,  a.  [arma  and  sonua.    See  Soumd.] 
SfHinding  or  rustling  in  arms,  Johtmon. 

ARM'IS-TICE,  ju  [\j.  arma  and  svito,  to  stand  still  ; 
Or.     tOTTffn  i    Sp.    armidticia ;    It.    armistXiio  j    Fr.  ar^ 

A  cessation  of  arms,  for  a  short  time,  by  conven- 
tion; a  truce  ;  a  t(!m|iorary  susi)ension  of  hostilities 
by  agreement  of  the  parties. 
ARM'LESH,a.    VVitlioutan  arm  ;  destituteof  weapons. 

Itraumont  ^  Fletcher. 
ARM'LET,  n.  [dim.  of  arm.]     A  small   arm  ;  as,  an 
armlet  of  the  sea ;  a  piece  of  armor  for  the  arm  ;  a 
bracelet.  Dnjden,    Johnson. 


ARM 

ARM'OR,  n.  [from  arm.] 

1.  Defensive  arms;  any  habit  worn  to  protect  the 
body  in  haltle  ;  formerly  called  harness.  A  Ciimplele 
armor  formerly  consisted  of  a  casque  or  helmet,  a 
gorget,  cuirass,  gauntlets,  tasses,  brnssets,  cuishes, 
and  covers  for  the  legs,  to  which  the  spurs  were  fast- 
ened. Encyc.  ^ 

In  English  statutes,  armor  is  used  for  the  whole  ap- 
paratus of  war ;  including  olTensive  as  well  as  de- 
fensive arms.  The  statutes  of  armor  directed  what 
arms  every  man  should  provide,  27  Hen.  II.,  and  that 
of  Westminster,  13  Edw.  I.  Hence  armor  includes 
oil  instruments  of  war. 

BlarJi-Htone,  b.  iv.  ch.  7 ;  b.  i.  ch.  13.  Hau  Ifist. 
Brit  b.  iii.  ch.  1, 

2.  In  a  spiritual  .tense,  a  good  conscience,  faith,  and 
Christian  graces  are  called  armor.  Rom.  xiii.  Eph. 
vi.    2  Cor.  vi. 

Coat  annor,  is  the  escutcheon  of  a  person  or  family, 

with  its  sevenil  chargi;s  and  other  furniture,  as  niau- 

tling,  crest,  supporters,  motto,  &.c.  Encyc. 

./Jrmor  of  a  ntajrnet ;  the  same  as  annature.  Ed.  Enc. 

ARM'0R~BEAR-ER,  n.    One  who  carries  the  armor 

of  another. 
ARM'OR-ER,  n. 

1.  A  maker  of  armor  or  arms  ;  a  manufacturer  of 
instruments  of  war.  The  armitrer  of  a  ship  has  the 
charee  of  the  arms,  to  see  that  they  are  in  a  condi- 
tion fit  for  service. 

2.  One  who  has  care  of  the  arms  and  armor  of 
another,  and  who  dresses  him  in  annor. 

Tb','  nrmoTtrt  accomplisliiiig  the  kiti^iU.  Shale. 

ARM-0'RI-AL,  a.  Belonging  to  armor,  or  to  the 
arms  or  escutcheon  of  a  family  ;  as,  ensigns  armorial. 

Biackstone. 

AR-MOR'IC,  )  a,     [Celtic  ar,  upon,  and  mor,  the 

AR-MOR'K'-AX,  (      sea  ;  that  is,  maritime.] 

Defiignaiiiig  the  north-western  pan  of  France,  for- 
merly called  Annorica,  now  Hretagne,  or  Britanny. 
This  part  of  Franc*  is  piMipled  by  inhabitants  who 
Fp*-;ik  a  dialect  of  the  Celtic.  It  is  usually  supposed 
their  ancestors  were  refugees  or  colonists  from  Eng- 
land. 

AR-MORTC,  «.  The  language  of  the  Anuoricans  ; 
one  of  the  Celtic  dialects  which  have  remained  to 
the  pr<'sent  times. 

AR-MOR'IC-AN,  a.  A  native  of  Armorica,  or  Bro- 
tague. 

ARM'OR-IST,  n.     One  skilled  in  heraldry. 

ARM'OR-Y,  n.  A  place  where  arms  and  instruments 
of  war  are  deposited  for  safe  keeping. 

2.  Armor  ;  defensive  and  olTonsivo  arms.  Milton. 

3.  Ensigns  armorial.  Spen.-n: 

4.  The  knowledge  of  coat-armor  ;  that  branch  of 
heraldry  which  tn^ats  of  roni-armor.  Eneye. 

5.  In  the  United  States,  a  place  or  building  in  which 
arms  are  manufactured. 

ARM'PIT,  71.  [arm  and  piL]     The  hollow  place  or  cav- 
ity under  the  shoulder.  Moxon. 
A  RMS ,  7/.  pi.     [  L.  unna ;  Fr.  arme  ;  Bp.  and  It.  arma.  ] 

1.  VVeaiK>n»  of  oflfense,  or  armor  for  defense  and 
protection  of  the  body. 

2.  War  ;  hostility. 

Arma  and  the  man  I  •inff.  Ihyden. 

To  be  in  armsf  to  be  in  a  state  of  hostility,  or  prep- 
aration for  war. 

To  arms,  is  a  phrase  which  denotes  a  taking  arms 
for  war  or  ho;:iiIity ;  particularly,  a  summoning  to  war. 

To  take  arwi.t,  is  to  arm  for  attack  or  defense. 

Bred  to  arms,  denotes  that  a  person  has  been  edu- 
cated to  the  profession  of  a  soldier. 

3.  Tlie  ensigns  armoriid  of  a  family  ;  consisting  of 
figures  and  colors  borne  in  shields,  banners,  &c.,  as 
nnrks  of  dignity  and  distinction,  and  descending 
fn  m  fith^r  to  son. 

4.  In  hjr,  arms  are  any  thing  which  a  man  takes 
in  his  hand  in  anger,  to  strike  or  assault  another. 

Coirel.     Black-'ifone. 

5.  In  hfitany,  one  of  the  seven  kinds  of  fulcra  or 
props  of  plants,  enumi^rated  by  EiniiKUs  and  others. 
The  diffenMU  species  of  arms,  or  armor,  are  prickles, 
thorns,  forks,  and  stings,  which  seem  intended  to 
protect  the  plants  from  injury  by  aiiiinaJs. 

Milne.     Martyn. 
Fire-anns,  are  snrh  as  may  be  charged  with  |k)W- 
der,  as  cannon,  muskets,  mortars,  &c. 

A  stnnd  of  arms,  consists  of  a  musket,  bajimct, 
cartridge-box  and  nelt,  with  a  sword.  But  for  com- 
mon soldiers  a  sword  is  not  necessary. 

In  falconrtf,  arms  arc  the  legs  of  a  hawk  from  the 
thigh  to  the  foot.  Encyc, 

ARMS'-EM),  T?.    At  the  end  of  the  arms  ;  at  u  good 

distance  ;  a  phrase  tnke.n  from  bozers  or  wrestlers. 
AKM'-SIIAP-/;D,  (-slmpt,)  a.    Shaped  like  the  arm. 
ARM'S'-LEXGTIl,  n.    The  length  of  the  arm. 

To  kprfi  at  arms-length,   is  sometimes  used    figura- 
tively fur  keeping  one  olT;  not  allowing  one  to  come 
into  close  contact  or  familiarity. 
XRM'S'-RkACH,  n.    Within  reach  of  the  arm 
AR'MV,  n.     [Fr.  annSe ;  It.    arbhar,  or  armhar ;  from 
the  common  root  of  ann,  armo,  anna.] 

I.  A  collection  or  hoity  of  men  armed  for  war,  and 
organized  in  companies,  battalions,  regiments,  brig- 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER.  VI"CIOUa— €  m  K ;  C  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


ARQ 

adcs,  and  divisions,  under  pr\>pcr  odicers.  In  gener- 
al, tm  armify  m  niodvm  liuie^,  cun^ists  of  infantry 
and  cavalry,  with  artillery ;  nlthou::h  the  union  of 
mU  is  not  eawntial  loUie  coiistittitiun  of  an  army. 
Among  MiTages,  armies  are  dilfcrently  formed. 

3.  A  ^re'at  number  ;  a  vast  uiultttude  ;  a^,  an  army 
of  locusts  or  caterpillan*.    Joel  ii.  2a. 

AK'NOU)-lST,  n.  A  disciple  of  Arnold  of  Brescia, 
wbo,  in  tbe  l^h  century-,  preached  asain^t  the 
Roman  Calbcdic  church,  for  ivhich  he  was  bnni:«hed  ; 
but  be  wma  afterward  permitted  to  ntiim.  Ky  his 
prrachtnR,  an  insiirn-ctiori  was  excited,  for  which  be 
wa:s  conaemned  and  executed.  Emo/c 

AB'XOT,  K.  A  namr  of  the  pignut  or  earthaul,  a  epe- 
ries  of  Canini,  (Huniuni,  Linn.) 

AK-XOT'TO,  a.  Tb«  AnoiU  j  wbicb  see.  Also, « 
tret-  so  called. 

An'XL'TS,  lu    Tall  oal-poss.    . 

A-RO'MA,  a.     [Ur.  a^u>fttu] 

The  quality  of  (ilants,  ur  other  substances,  which 
ctinstitntes  their  fhigrance,  which  is  perceived  by  an 
axmrable  smell,  acconi|MUiied  in  aome  witb  a  warm, 
spicy  ta^te, 

AR-O-MAT'IC,         )  «.      Fmermnt  ;    simcv  ;   strong 

AR-O-MAT'IC-AL,  I  scrntcd;  odoriferoiia  ;  having 
an  aereeaUe  odor. 

AR-O-MAT'IC,  a.  A  plant,  dnifr,  or  medicine,  char- 
act«riz«<I  by  a  fragrant  smctl,  and  usually  by  a  warm, 
pungent  ::i^\e,  Cyc    Parr, 

AR-O-M  \  r-I-ZA'TION,  a-  The  art  of  impregnating 
or  scentiu::  with  an>ma,  ur  rendering  aromatic 

A-RO'MA  Tr/.E,  r.  L  To  impregnate  with  aroma ;  to 
tnftioe  an  nromatic  odor;  to  give  a  spicy  M:cnt  or 
T"  ■  "*"'ime.  Bacom. 

A  1  /-D,  pp.     Impregnated  with  aroma; 

_rint. 

A-Kt.'  •■  A  I  1/1  CR,  a.  That  which  communicates  an 
ar<:mntic  quality.  Evelvn* 

A-KO'.MA-TrZ-lS'G,  ppr.  Rendering  Fpicyj  impreg- 
nating with  aroma. 

A-RO'HA-TOL'S,  a.  Containing  aroma,  or  the  princi- 
ple of  fngrance. 

AR'OPU,  a.  [a  contracUoo  of  aroma  pkilonpkarmM.] 
A  aame  by  wbicb  aaAon  b  aometimea  called. 
jtrwpk  PanMtfai,  a  cbemkal  preparalion  of  Paracel- 
iDs,  focmed  by  Mblimatfon  mm  equal  quantities  of 
hematite  and  sal  ammoniac  The  term  «r^  is  aluo 
used  by  the  same  writer  as  e)-nonymouvvith  litA«»- 
Irmbc,  a  solvent  for  the  stone.  Eitcye.     Cvx*. 

A-RoSE'  i  the  pcwt  or  preterit  tense  of  the  verb  to 
AajsE. 

A-ROCXD',  prfp.    [a  and  rmatd.    See  Rocrd.] 

L  AbooTi  oa  aU  aides;  encircling}  encompassing. 

A  taotaM  hnt  arvMMrf  Ua  farowm.  Z>ryrfm. 

9.  In  « IfaMT  MHM,  from  place  to  place ;  at  ran- 
dan* 

A-ROUXIV,  mit.    In  a  ctrrle  :  on  every  side. 

S.  In  «  iMMcr  sruM,  at  random  ;  without  any  fixed 
direction ;  as,  to  bavel  around  from  town  to  town. 
[See  RocwD-j 

A4tOU^RA,  H.  [Gr.]  A  Grecian  measure  of  fifty  feeL 
Also,  a  square  measure  of  half  tlie  plethron,  or,  ac- 
cordine  to  Suidas,  of  a  fourth  part  of  a  plethron. 
The  Eg>'ptian  arvura  was  tlie  square  of  a  hundred 
feet,  or  a  hundred  cubits.       jfrbtuM.     SmUk*s  Diet. 

A-ROUSE',  (a-rooz',)  r.  L  [in  ICeb.  nin ;  Ar.  mOv=* 

Aorstza,  to  stir,  to  excite.  It  is  often  contracted  in- 
to nnue.  It  may  be  allied  to  D.  raaau ;  G.  frroiLyex, 
to  rage,  to  stir,  bluster.     Class  Rs.] 

To  excite  ijito  action  that  which  is  at  rest ;  to  stir, 
«r  put  in  motion  or  exertion,  that  which  is  lang*ud  \ 
ms,  to  arvust  one  from  bleep  j  to  arouse  the  doroant 
facnlttes. 

A-ROl*8'£D,  pp*    Exritpd  into  action  ;  put  in  motion. 

A-ROL*S'ING,  ppr.  Putting  in  motion  j  siirring  j  ex- 
citin*  into  action  or  exertion. 

A-RdW,  adr.     [a  and  row.]     In  a  row  ;  successively. 
Sidjtnf.     SJiak. 

A-ROYXT',  arfr.    Be  gone;  away.    [Obs.]       SitaJc 

AR~PEG'&I-0^  (Ir-ped'je-o,)  a.  [It.,  from  arpa,  a 
harp.] 

In  situur,  a  term  denoting  that  the  notes  of  a  chord 
are  beard  in  nptd  succession,  and  not  simultaneoit»- 
ly  ;  or  the  striking  the  notes  of  a  chord  in  quick  suc- 
c&ision,  in  the  manner  of  playing  the  harp. 

Turk.    P.  Cjfc 

AR'PENTj  a.  [Fr.  arpent ;  y orm.  mrpau  In  Domes- 
day,  it  IS  nTitten  arpmniUf  arpemduSj  and  arpemL 
Columella  mentions  that  the  arrpnmis  was  equal  to 
half  the  Roman  jufer.  The  word  is  said,  by  Scali- 
ger,  to  be  derived  from  arpmdium^  L  e.  arripnuiiumj 
or  arrrpenniu.ttj  n  cord  for  measuring  land.  Spriiaaju 
LuMter.] 

A  portion  of  land  in  France,  ordinarily  containing 
one  hundred  square  rods  or  perches,  each  of  18  feet, 
But  the  arpent  is  different  in  different  parts  of 
France.  The  arpent  of  Paris  contains  900  square 
toises.  It  is  less  than  ike  English  acre  by  about 
one  seventh. 

Spdmait.     Eitcye.     CotPfL     .Arthur  Ttntng, 

AR-QUE-BUS-ADE',  n,    A  distilled  wat^r  applied  to 


ARR 

a  bruise  ur  wound  ;  so  ciUU-d  becituse  it  was  original- 
ly used  as  n  vulnerary  in  [cun^hut  wounds.      Parr. 
5.  The  shot  of  an  aiqiiebuse.  ^.*A, 

XR'UUE  BUSE,       i  M.      [Fr.  from    ar^urr,  to    make 

UAR'UUE-BrsE,  i  criKiked,  luid  the  Tout.  6iw,  a 
pipe,  a  gun  ;  D.  fru.<,  a  lube,  i)i)>e,  (,nin  ;  Sw.  bossa^  a 
gun  or  cannon.  Hence  the  word  signiJies  a  hook- 
gun.] 

A  sort  of  hand-eun  ;  a  S|wcies  of  fire-arms,  an- 
ciently used,  which  was  cocked  with  a  wheel.  It 
carried  a  ball  that  weighed  nearly  two  ounces. 
A  larger  kind,  used  in  fortresses,  carried  a  ball  of 
three  ounces  and  a.half.  KHcye, 

AK-UUE-BUS-IivR',  n,  A  acddier  armed  with  an  ar- 
quebuse. 

AK'ULII-FOUX,  O*r'ke-foo,)  n.  A  kind  of  lead  ore, 
used  by  potters  to  give  iheir  wares  a  green  varnish. 

JifcCulU/ch. 

AR'RACn.  n.     A  plant.     [Sec  Orhach.] 

AH-KACK',  ».  [conimrted  into  racjl.]  A  spirituous 
liquor  from  the  £ast  Indies.  The  name  is  said  to 
sipiify,  iu  the  East,  any  spirititwis  liquor;  but  that 
which  usually  beani  tliis  name  is  a  tii|uor  distilled 
fn>m  tuidif,  the  juice  of  the  cocoji nut-tree,  procured 
by  incision.  8ome  persons  allege  it  to  be  a  spirit  dis- 
tilled from  rice  or  sugar,  fermented  with  the  juice  of 
the  cocoanut. 

AR'R.\-GO.\-rTE,  n.  (from  jSrraffonj  in  Spain,  where 
it  was  first  obser\*ed.] 

In  minrralopify  carbonate  of  lime,  cnyslallized  in 
rhombic  prisms,  or  in  fvnni*  derived  from  the  same. 
It  diflers  fVom  common  carbonate  of  lime,  or  calcare- 
ous spar^  in  ils  cr^stallizaiiou  ;  ihecryHUil-*  of  the  lat- 
ter affording,  by  cleavage,  a  rhombi>hedron,  and  those 
of  itte  arra^vnitf.  a  rhombic  prism.  It  has  also  a  great- 
er hardness,  and  a  higher  specific  gravity  than  calca- 
reous lipar.  Dana. 

AR-RAIGX',  (ar-rane',)  r.  u  [Norm,  arranrr,  arrai- 
MniT,  and  ure^sr,  to  put  to  answer,  to  arraign.  The 
usual  derivation  of  this  word  fnm»  Sax.  irrr^an,  ge^ 
vregan.  lo  accuse,  is  pn4ia))ly  incorrect.  It  appears  to 
be  of  .Vormoii  origin,  and  if  s  is  radical,  il  coincides 
in  origin  with  L.  reus,  contracted  from  the  root  of 
re*.] 

I.  To  call  or  set  a  prisoner  at  the  bar  of  a  court,  to 
SMwer  to  tlie  matter  charged  against  him  in  an  in- 
dRment  or  infurniation.  Wht^ti  rall<:U,  the  indict- 
ment is  read  to  hiui,  and  he  '\i  jnit  to  plead,  guilty  or 
not  guilty,  and  to  elect  by  whom  he  will  be  tried. 

BlarJistone, 
3.  According  to  lavo  writtr/t^  to  set  in  order  ;  to  fit 
for  trial ;  as,  to  arraign  a  writ  of  novel  disseisin.  To 
arraign  tAe  assize^  is  to  cause  the  demandant  to  be 
called  to  make  the  plaint,  and  set  the  cause  in  order, 
that  the  tenant  may  be  brought  to  answer.    Cuwel. 

3.  To  accuse ;  to  charge  with  faults.  Johnsoru 
More  corre-ctly,  to  call  before  the  bar  of  reason,  or 
taste  ;  to  call  in  question,  for  faults,  before  any  tri- 
bunaL 

Tb«7  win  BiK  arraign  joa  fiir  want  of  knowlnlgo.     Dryien. 

AR-RAIG.N"',  (ar-rane',)  n.  Arraignment ;  as,  clerk  of 
the  arrai-rn.''.  Blacksiont. 

AK-RAIGX'AT),  pp.  Called  before  a  tribunal  to  an- 
swer, and  elect  triers  ;  accused  ;  called  in  question. 

AR-RAIGX'ER,  «.     One  who  arraigns.       Colcridgf. 

AR-RAIGX'IXG,  ppr.  Calling  before  a  court  or  tribu- 
n-ril  ;  accusing. 

AR-RXig\'A1ENT,  n.  [Norm.  arpMnemfnf,  arraijne- 
ment.] 

1.  The  act  of  arraigning;  the  act  of  calling  and 
setting  a  prisoner  Wfore  a  court  to  answer  to  an  ac- 
cusation, and  to  choose  bis  triers. 
S.  Accusation. 
3,  A  calling  in  question  for  faults. 

AR-RAI'MEXT,  n.  [See  AaoAt.]  Clothes ;  garments. 
We  now  use  raimmt. 

AR-RAXtiE',  F.  L  [Fr.  arrane'r,  rtf  ad  and  rangrr,  to 
set  in  order;  Arm.  renega,  rangy  rank^  a  row  or  line. 
See  R*?<B.] 

1.  To  put  in  proper  order  ;  to  dispose  the  parts  of  a 
whole  in  the  manner  intended,  or  bi-st  suited  for  the 
fHirpose  ;  ai«,  troops  arranged  for  batlle. 

2.  To  adjust;  to  settle;  to  put  in  order;  to  pre- 
pare :  a  popular  lue  of  the  wordy  of  very  general  appli- 
cation. 

AR-RAXG'KD,  (ar-ranjd'j)  pp.   Put  in  order ;  disposed 

in  the  proper  order  ;  .adjusted. 
AB  RAXGE'MEXT,   n.    The  act  of  putting  in  proper 

order;  the  state  of  being  put  in  order;  disposition  in 

suitable  form. 

3.  That  which  is  disposed  in  order;  system  of  parts 
disposed  in  due  order. 

The  mVrrral  pi  that  portion  of  wda]  arrangtmtnt  b  tn  thn  hantb 
of  all  tfaoK  who  conipoae  IU  Burke. 

3.  Preparatory  measure  ;  previous  disposition  ;  as, 
We  have  made  arrangemmls  for  receiving  company. 

4.  Final  settlement ;  adjustment  by  agreement ;  as, 
the  parties  have  made  an  arrangement  between  them- 
selves concerning  their  disputes :  a  pipular  use  of  Vie 
word. 

5.  Classification  of  facts  relating  to  a  subject,  or  of 
objects,  in  re^lar,  systetnatic  order  ;  as,  the  Linns- 
an  arrangeinait  of  plants. 


ARR 

AU-RAX4i'ER,  «.     One  that  puts  in  order. 

AR-UAXO'IXG,  ppr.  Putting  in  due  order  or  form; 
adjusting. 

AR'RAXT,  a,  [I  siiniwse  this  to  be  a  different  spell- 
ing of  Errant,  which  see.] 

Notorious,  in  an  ill  sense  ;  infamous  ;  mere ;  vile ; 
as,  nri  arrant  rogue  ttr  coward. 

AR'RANT-LY,  adv.  Xotoriously,  in  an  ill  sense;  in- 
famously ;  impudently  ;  shamefully. 

AR'RAS,  n.    [^sttid  to  be  from  .-Vrras,  the  capital  of  Ar- 
tois,  iu  the  French  Netherlands,  where  this  article 
was  manufactured.] 
Tapcstrj' ;  hangings  wove  with  figHjres.       Shak. 

AR-RAUGHT',  (rawt,)  o.    Seized  by  v((gence. 

Spenser. 

AR-RAY',  n.  [Norm,  araie^  and  arraer^  arair,  lo  array. 
settle,  prejMire  ;  rnij^  a  robe,  and  the  array  or  panne! 
of  the  jnr\- ;  old  I-'r.  arroi ;  [this  is  a  word  coninict- 
ed  ;]  Ir.  earralik,  a  suit  of  armor,  furniture,  arrouter- 
nu'nts,  wares  ;  IL  arredo,  furnittire,  implements,  rig- 
ging ;  arredarf,  to  prepare  or  equip;  Arm.  nc/ia,  to 
put  in  order  or  amiiige;  Sp.  orrco  ,•  Von.  armio^  ar- 
rcyo^  array,  dress  ;  Port,  arrear^  to  dress.  Class  Rd, 
arid  allied  to  rod^  raditi.i^  ray.  The  primary  sense  is 
to  make  stniight  or  right.     Scte  Dress.] 

1.  Order  ;  dispositton  in  regular  lines  ;  an,  an  army 
in  battle  array.     Hence,  a  pcfcsture  of  d^nse. 

2.  Dress  ;  garments  disposed  in  order  upon  the  per- 
son, 'flfrydrn, 

3.  In  late,  the  act  of  impanneling  n  jury  j-wiajury 
impauneled;  that  is,  a  jury  set  in  order  byUje'smir- 
iff,  or  called  man  by  ninn.  BlacLstune.     Owrci. 

Commission  of  array,  in  English  history,  was  a  com- 
mission given  liy  tlie  prince  to  olficers  in  every  coun- 
ty, to  muster  and  array  the  inhabitants,  or  see  them 
in  a  condition  for  war.  BUtckstune. 

AR-RAY',  r.  t,  To  phuje  or  disp^e  in  order,  as  troops 
for  battle. 

12.  To  deck  or  dress  ;  to  adorn  with  dress :  applied 
especially  to  dress  of  a  splendid  kind. 

Arrrtii  lhy»rlf  with  glory.  —  Job  xl. 

riij.r.tuli  arrayed  Jowpli  wllh  line  linen.  — Gen.  x!l. 

3.  To  set  a  jury  in  order  for  the  trini  of  a  cause; 
that  is,  to  call  them  man  by  man.  Black^tone.  CotoeC  ■ 

4.  To  envelop.  ' 

In  gfllid  cavci  willi  horrid  g]oorx\»  arrayed.  TyumbuU. 

AR-RAY'KI),  (ar-rade',)  pp.  Pet  in  order,  or  in  lines  ; 
arranged  in  order  for  attack  or  defense  ;  dressed  ; 
adorned  by  dress  ;  impatmeled,  as  a  jury  ;  enveloped. 

AR-RAY'ER,  n.  One  who  arrays.  In  some  early  Eng- 
lifh  statutes,  an  officer  who  had  care  of  the  soldiers* 
armor,  and  who  saw  them  duly  accoutered.  In 
some  reigns,  conmiissioners  of  array  were  appoint- 
ed for  this  purpose.  Kncijc. 

AR-RAY'IXG,  ppr.  Setting  in  order;  putting  on 
splendid  raiment;  impanneling. 

AR-Re.AR',  adp,  [Fr.  arriere,  behind.  In  someofite 
uses  it  hiis  the  sense  of  lower,  inferior.  [See  Arri- 
ere-ban.] Sp.  and  Port,  arriar,  to  lower  sail ;  Ann. 
reor^  revr,  or  refr,  the  fundament ;  W.  rheryr,  id., 
from  rhev,  thick.  Lunicr  deduces  arrear  and  arritn 
from  L.  ad  and  retro.  Rut  the  derivation  from  Oie 
Celtic  seems  most  probably  correct.] 

Behind  ;  at  the  hinder  part.  Spenser. 

In  this  sense  obsolete.  But  from  this  use,  we  retain 
the  word  as  a  noun  in  the  phrase  in  arrear,  lo  signi- 
fy brhinii  in  payment. 

AR-ReAR',  n.  That  which  is  behind  in  payment,  or 
^vilich  remains  unpaid,  though  due.  It  is  penerally 
used  in  the  plural ;  as,  the  arrears  of  rent,  wages,  and 
taxes  ;  and  supposes  a  part  of  the  money  already  paid. 

AR-ReAR'AGE,  m.  [arrear  and  the  common  French 
termination  age,] 

Arrears ;  any  sum  of  money  remaining  unpaid,  af- 
ter previous  payment  of  a  part.  A  person  may  be  in 
arrfar  for  the  whole  amount  of  a  debt ;  but  arrtars 
and  arrearage  imply  that  a  part  has  been  paid. 

AR-REGT',        (  a.      [Ij.  arrectus,  raised,  erect,  from 

AR-RECT'ED,  (      arrigo.     See  Reach.] 

Erect ;  attentive ;  as  a  person  listening.    Jikenside. 

AR-REX-TA'TION,  n.  [Sp.  arrendar,  to  rent,  to  take 
by  lease  ;  of  ad  and  reado,  to  return.     Sue  Rent.] 

In  tJie  forest  //ijr.v  of  England,  a  licensing  the  owner 
of  land  in  a  forest  to  inclose  it  with  a  small  ditch  and 
low  hedge,  in  consideration  of  a  yearly  rent.   Cowel. 

AR-REP-TI"TIOUS,  (ar-rcp  tish'us,)  a.    [L.  arreptius, 
of  ad  and  rapio,  to  snatch.    See  Rapacious.] 
1.  Snatched  away. 

9.  [orf  and  r^po,  to  creep.  See  Creep.]  Crept  in 
privilv.  Johnson.     BaUey. 

AR-REST',  tJ.  (.  [Fr.  arrittr,  for  arrester;  Sp.  arre*- 
tar  ;  It.  arrestare  ;  L.  resto,  lo  stop  ;  W.  arairs,  arosiy 
to  stay,  wait,  dwell ;  Eng.  inresL     See  Rest.] 

1.  To  obstruct;  to  stop;  to  check  or  hinder  mo- 
tion ;  3JS*,  lo  arrest  the  current  of  a  river ;  to  ottm* 
the  senses.  ' 

9.  To  take,  seize,  or  apprehend  by  virtue  of  a  war- 
rant from  authority ;  as,  to  arrest  one  for  debt,  or  for 
a  crime. 

3.  To  seize  and  fix  ;  as,  to  arrest  the  eyes,  or  at- 
tention. 

Th*"  ttpp^apvne*  ofmch  r  jwmton  In  the  wr>r!'l,  an'i  M  inch  k 
p-rioil,  ou^tit  lo  arrest  the  coiwideiation  ol  "V(>ry  ihiiikinj 
niiiul.  Buckmitieier. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK.— 

_ 


ARR 

4.  To  hinder  or  restrain  ;  as,  to  arrest  the  course 
of  justice. 
AR-KEST',  n.    The  taking  or  apprehending  of  a  per- 
flon  by  virtue  of  a  warmnt  from  authority.     An  ar- 
rest is  made  hy  seizinp  or  touching  the  body. 

a.  Any  seizure,  or  taking  by  power,  physical  or 
moral. 

3.  A  stop,  hinderance,  or  restraint. 

4.  In  laic,  an  arrest  of  judgment  Is  the  staying  or 
stopping  of  a  judgment  after  verdict,  for  causes  as- 
signed. Courts  have  jKiwer  to  arrest  judfrmtnt  for 
intrin^^ic  causes  appearing  upon  the  face  of  the  rec- 
ord ;  as  when  the  declaration  varies  from  the  origi- 
nal writ ;  when  the  verdict  differs  materially  from 
tlie  pleadings  ;  or  when  the  case  laid  in  the  declara- 
tion is  not  sufficient,  in  point  of  law,  to  found  an  ac- 
tion upon,  'i'he  motion  for  this  purpose  is  called  a 
motion  in  arre.<l  of  judgmenL  BlacUsione. 

5.  A  inantT  Innnor  between  the  ham  and  pastern 
of  tho  hind  legs  of  a  horse,  Johnson. 

AR-RErfT-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  arresting;  an  ar- 
rest, or  seizure. 

AR-REST'ED,  pp.  Seized;  apprehended;  slopped; 
hindered  ;  restrained. 

AR-RES T'ER, ;  n.     One  who  arrests.     In   Scots  laiOy 

AR-RE5?T'0R,  \  the  person  at  whose  suit  an  arrest- 
ment is  made. 

AR-REST'L\G,  j>pr.  Seizing;  staying;  hindering; 
restraining. 

AR-REdT'MEXT,  n.  A  terra,  in  Scots  late,  applied  to 
persons  or  thing^i.  Applied  to  persons^  it  denotes,  in 
criminal  cases,  the  securing  of  a  criminal  until  he 
un4l(;rgoes  trial,  or  finds  caution  or  Iwiil,  and  in  some 
civil  cases,  the  securing  of  a  debtor,  until  he  gives  se- 
curity. .Applied  to  tJungx^  it  denotes  the  allachmenl, 
by  a  creditor,  of  the  movahle  estate  of  a  debtor,  or 
the  order  of  a  judge,  by  which  he  who  is  debtor  in  a 
movable  oblig:tlion  to  the  arrester's  debtor,  is  pro- 
hibited to  make  payment  or  delivery,  till  the  debt 
due  to  the  arrester  is  paid  or  secured.  The  debtor, 
thus  restrained,  is  called  the  arresue.  as  the  retrain- 
ing creditor  is  called  the  arrestn:  Ed.  Eneyc. 

jiH-RETt  (af-ra'O  n*  [Fr.  arrit;  arrester^  arritevy  to 
detain,  to  fix,  tu  determine.] 

A  French  word,  signiiying,  1.  A  judgment,  decis- 
ion, or  decree.  Applied  more  particularly  to  the  judg- 
ments and  dccisiuns  of  courts  and  tribunals.  Before 
the  revolution,  it  denoted  a  judgment  or  decision  of 
a  sovereign  court,  such  as  the  parliaments,  chamber 
of  accounlH,  court  of  aids,  and  some  othfrs,  whose 
decisions  were  without  appeal,  and  could  be  reversed 
only  by  their  own  act,  or  by  the  king  or  his  council ; 
also,  the  decisions  or  decrees  of  the  royal  council, 
which  were  con.-^idered  as  a  part  of  the  French  law. 
2.  An  arrest  or  seizure  of  persona,  or  a  seizure  or  at- 
tachment of  goods  ;  corresponding  to  the  Scotch  law 
t^:nn  arrc.-'tmoU. 

ARRET',  c,  L    To  assign  j  to  alloL  [Obs.]   Spenser. 

Afi-RIOE',  0  L     [Uarrideo.] 

To  laugh  at ;  to  please  well.    [J^ot  in  use.'] 

B,  Jonson, 

AB  RI&RH',  (ar-reer'.)  n.    [Fr.  am6-«.] 

The  lost  tMxly  or  an  army;  now  called  Rsas, 
which  see. 

J3rriere-ban  ;  the  convocation,  hy  the  sovereign,  of 
all  his  feudatories,  to  march  in  arms  against  the  en- 
emy. JEnrtjc,  Jifeth. 

Ban  and  arrirre-ban  ;  the  assembly  of  the  vassals 
and  arriere  vassals,  convoked  by  the  sovereign  to 
march  against  the  enemy.  Ban  refers  to  the  fiefs 
immediat(;ly  holding  of  the  king;  and  arriere-baa  to 
the  arriere  fief;,  or  those  holding  of  the  vas.-'ois.  Boh 
•ignifieH  priM'lamation,  and  ^rnfrrrAan,  arriere  proc- 
lamation. This  word  is  used  in  the  sense  of  the  act 
of  convoking  ;  as,  the  sovereign  has  the  right  of  ban 
and  arriere-itan  i  —  of  the  duty  of  assembling  when 
convoked  ;  as,  subject  to  and  exem|>t  from  the  baa, 
jtc. ; —  the  assembly  or  asKeinblinf; ;  as,  to  apiK'ar  at 
the  frail,  &.C. ;  —  and  the  body  assembled,  a.^  mustier  of 
the  ban,  general  of  the  ban.  Encf/r„  Meth. 

Arrterf-fce.^  ox  frf ;  a  fee  or  fief  dependent  on  a 
superior  ftjc,  or  a  fee  held  of  a  feudatory, 
jfrricre  ca.*W ;  the  vassal  of  a  vassal, 

AR'RIH,  n.  [Fr.  arente^aritr.  In  arckitectarfy  the  edge 
formed  by  two  surfaces  meeting  each  other,  whether 
plane  or  curved  ;  applied  particularly  to  the  edges  in 
moldings,  and  to  the  raised  edges,  which  septmte  the 
fluttnes  in  a  U»tric  coluniti.  /*.  Cyc. 

AR-RIS'IO.N,  (ar  rizh'un,)  n.  [L.  arrig'w.]  The  act 
<.f  fiinilini;.  Ji.<h,c. 

AR-RIV'AL,  B.  The  coming  to,  or  reaching  a  place, 
from  a  distince,  wliether  by  water,  as  in  its  original 
•ense,  or  by  l»n<l. 

2.  The  att:iinment  or  gaining  of  any  object,  by 
effort,  agreement,  practice,  or  study. 

3.  The  person  or  thing  arriving  ;  as,  news  brought 
by  the  last  arriPoi, 

Th»  WM\  arnvaia  h«m  will  ^•ulli''r  build  their  imts.  Warn»r. 

AR-RrV'ANCE,  n.    Company  coming,    [yoi  iwerf.} 

Shak. 
2.  Arrival ;  a  rearhinc  in  progress.  [Oft*.]    Brown. 
AR-RIVE',  c.  i.     [Fr.  ameer  ;  Arm.  arriptnit, arriveia ; 
It.    arrivare ;  Sp.    and    Port,  arnbar ;  of  ad  and   Fr. 


ARtt 

rtF«,  the  shore  or  sloping  bank  of  a  river;  Sp. 
ribera  ;  L.  ri/ta  :  t-ans.  arioi,  in  Irish,  airbke  is  ribs. 
It  appears  that  n^,  Wre,  and  Wpa  are  radicallv  one 
word  ;  in  like  manner,  coata^  a  rib,  and  cvasty  are 
radically  the  same.] 

1.  LiicraUu,  to  come  to  the  shore,  or  bank.  Ilencr*, 
to  come  to  or  reach  in  progress  by  water,  followed  by 
at.  We  arrived  at  Havre  de  lirace,  July  10,  1624. 
N.  W. 

2.  To  come  to  or  reach  by  traveling  on  land  ;  as, 
the  post  arrives  at  7  o'clock. 

3.  To  reach  a  point  by  progressive  motion  ;  to  gain 
or  compass  by  efibrt,  practice,  study,  inquiry,  reason- 
ing, or  exjwriment;  as,  to  arrive  at  an  unusual  de- 
gree of  excellence  or  wickedness  ;  to  arrive  at  a  con- 

4.  To  happen  or  occur.  [elusion. 
Happy  !  lo  whom  iliia  glorious  death  arrivea.  Waller. 

AR-RIVE',  V.  U    To  reach.     {J^ot  in  use.]  Shak. 

AR-RIV'ING,  ppr.  Coming  to  or  reachmg, by  water 
or  land  ;  gaining  by  research,  efllbrt,  or  study. 

AR'RO-GANUE,  n  [L.  arroffantia,  from  arrogo,  to 
claim  ;  of  ad  and  rugo^  to  heji,  o'  desire ;  Fr.  arro- 
gance;  Arm.  roguentcz;  Sp.  and  Port,  arrogancia; 
It.  arroganza.     See  Akrooate.] 

The  act  or  quality  of  Uiking  much  upon  one's  self; 
that  species  of  pnde  which  consists  in  exorbitant 
claims  of  rank,  dignity,  estimation,  or  power,  or 
which  exalts  the  worth  or  importance  of  the  person 
to  an  undue  degree  ;  proud  contempt  of  otliers; 
conccitedness ;  presumption. 

1  »-ill  ciusc  the  arroganct  uf  the  proud  to  ceaie.  —  Ua.  xui.    1 
iiAiri.  tL     Pruf.  vui. 

AR'RO-GAX-CY,  n.  Arrogance.  [This  orthography 
is  less  usual.J 

AR'RO-GANT,a.  Asstmiing;  making,  or  having  the 
dis[K>sition  to  make  exorbitant  claims  of  rank  or  esti- 
mation ;  giving  one's  self  an  undue  degree  of  im- 
portance ;  haughty  ;  conceited  ;  applied  to  persoits. 

2.  Containing  arrogance  ;  marked  with  arrogance  ; 
proceeding  from  undue  claims  or  self-iniiK>rtance  ; 
applied  to  things  i  as,  arrogant  pretensions,  or 
behavior. 

.\U'RO-GAXT-I,Y,  adv.  In  an  arrogant  manner; 
with  undue  pride,  or  self-importance. 

AR'RO-<iANT-NESS,  n.     Arrogance.     [LitUe  itsad.] 

AR'RO-GaTE,  r.  (.  [l..  arrogo^  of  ad  and  ro^'-o  ;  Fr. 
arrogrr:  ^\\  and  Port,  arrogar ;  It.  arrogarc.  The 
primary  sense  of  rogo,  to  nsk,  is  to  reach  or  stretch.] 
To  assume,  demand,  or  challenge  more  than  is 
proper  ;  to  makii  undue  claims,  from  vanity  or  false 
pretensions  lo  right  or  merit ;  as,  the  pops  arrogated 
dominion  over  kings. 

AR'IUi-<;A-'l'ED,  /»p.     Claimed  by  undue  pretensions. 

AR'RO-GA-TlN(;,/»pr.  Cliall.nging  or  claiming  more 
power  or  respect  than  is  just  or  reasonable. 

AR-RO-GA'TIO\,  «.  The  act  of  arrogating,  or  mak- 
ing exorbitant  claims;  the  act  of  taking  more  than 
one  is  justly  entitled  to. 

AR'RO-GA  TIVE,  a.  Assuming,  or  making  undue 
cIniuH*  and  pretensions.  More, 

J3R-H0^r' DtSSE^Mh^YTt  f-mSng,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  ar- 
rondir,  to  make  round  ;  of  ati  and  rond,  round.] 

LiteriUt>'.  a  circuit,  or  district.  As  now  used,  in 
Prance,  it  uenotes,  especially,  the  immediate  subdivi- 
sion of  a  dejinrtm.aiL  The  territory  of  France,  since 
the  revi>hition,  h;is  been  divided  into  departments: 
those,  into  arroHdii,srmenU ;  tliosu,  into  aiiUons  i  and 
th  ■  latter,  into  eoviwtunes. 

AR-KO'SIO.V,  (ar-ro'zhun,)  n.  [L.  arrodo.]  A 
gnawing. 

AR'ROW,  n.     [Sax.  areva.     0.u.  ray,  radius,  a  shoot.] 

1.  A  mi:*sive  weapim  of  otfense,  straight,  slender, 
pointed,  and  barbed,  to  be  shot  with  a  bow. 

a.  In  Scripture,  tlie  arrotes  of  Ood,  are  the  appre- 
hensions ol  his  wrath,  which  pierce  and  pain  the 
cfuiscience.  Job  vi.  Ps.  xxxviii.  In  a  like  tigura- 
tiv(.'  manner,  arrows  repre.sent  the  judgments  of  God  ; 
as  thtind.;r,  lightning, lenip^'sls,  and  famine.  2  Sam. 
xxii.  Ez.  v.  (lab.  iii.  The  word  is  used  also  for  slan- 
derous words  and  malicious  purposes  of  evil  men. 
Ps.  xi.  Prov.  XXV.  Jer.  ix.  Ps.  Ixiv.   Cruden,  Brown. 

AR'ROVV-GRXSS,  h.  A  |iopiilar  name  of  different 
plants,  sp.'cies  of  the  jzenus  Triglochin. 

AR'ROW-HEAU,  (  hed,)  ».     The  head  of  an  arrow. 
o    '[■!,..   i.,,-...iir  t,  .III.- ->r  diilerent  aquatic  plants, 
t|.  ■    riii  ;  HO  called  from  the 

f.  '  •  the  head  of  an  arrow. 

AH  '.}"-    Shaped  like  the 

'.»,  are  certain  charac- 
ter ,  M-imlis,  and  the  bricks 
of  li;»l)vl  "es  of  the  East; 
formed'  I  .  'liar,  or  wedge- 
lik^  fig;;  '.aiuifurm  charac- 
U-rs.  P.  Cye. 
AR'ROW-ROOT,  H.  A  popular  name  applied  to  the 
different  s|iecieflof  th?  genus  Maranta.  The  Indians 
are  said  to  employ  the  roots  of  the  iM.  Galanga  in 
extracting  the  poison  of  arrows,  whence  the  name. 
From  the  root  of  the  M.  Arundinacea,  or  starch 
plant,  i)  obt:iincd  the  arrow-root  of  the  shops. 

2.  The  starch  of  the  .Maranta  Arundinacea,  a  nu- 
tritive medicinal  food. 


ART 

AR-RoVV-SMAP'/:D,  (shSpt,)  a.    Shaped  like  an  ar- 
row.    In  botainj,  sagittate. 
AR'Rf)\V-Y,  a.  "^Consisting  of  arrows.  .Milton. 

9.  Fonned  like  an  arrow.  Cotcper, 

ARSE,  «.  (ira,)  [Sux.  ear.^e ;  D.  aars ;  G.  arseh :  Persic, 
ar,fi(,  or  arst.]  The  buttocks,  ur  hind  part  of  an 
animal. 

7'o  hang  an  arse,  is  to  lag  behind  ;  to  be  sluggish, 
or  tardy,     [yalgar.] 
XRSE'-SMXRT,  n.    The  vulgar  name  of  a  species  of 

Polygonum,  or  knot-gmss. 
AR'SE-NAL,   n.     [Sp.    Port.    Fr.   Arm.    arsenal;    It. 
arsenate ;  a   magazine  or   repository   of   stores  ;    in 
Italian  and  Spjinish,  a  dock  or  dock-yard ;  probably 
L.  arz  napalis,  a  naval  citadel  or  reposilorv'.J 

A  repository  or  magazine  of  arms  and  military 
stores,  whetlier  for  land  or  naval  service. 

In  Enirland,  and  otJier  European  countries,  a  pub- 
lic esiablishmeiit  where  naval  or  niiliUiry  engines 
and  equipments  are  manufactured  or  stored. 

P.  Cye. 
AK-Pk'NI-ATE,  n.    A  salt,  formed  by  arsenic  acid 
combined  with  any  base. 

AR'SEN-ie,  n.    [Ar.  <JUjj  zimakun;  Syr.  J^^^jJ) 

zamika  ;  Gr.  aptieftKoy  ;  lu  arsenicum ;  Sp.  arsenicoi 
Fr.  arsenic.} 

.\rsenic  is  a  metal  of  a  Rteel  gray  color,  and  bril- 
liant luster,  and  quite  brittle.  It  forms  alloys  with 
most  of  the  metals.  Combined  with  sulphur,  it 
forms  orpimcnl  and  realgar,  which  are  the  yellow 
and  red  sulphurets  of  arsenic.  Orpiment  is  tlie  true 
arsrnicum  of  the  ancients.  PI  in.  34.  18.  Native  or- 
piment appears  in  yellow,  brilliant,  and  seemingly 
talcky  masses  of  various  sizes;  realgar  is  red,  of 
diffeix.'nt  shades,  and  often  crystallized  in  needles. 
Arsenic  is  also  fouml  as  a  mineralizer  in  cobalt, 
antimony,  copper,  iron  and  silver  ores.  It  is  brought 
cliietly  from  the  cobalt  works  in  Saxony,  where 
zatler  is  miidc. 

The  substance  known  as  arsenic,  in  the  shops,  is 
the  arsenious  acid,  called  also  oxyd  of  arsenic  and 
ishitr  arsenic.  Fovrcrvy.     J^icholson. 

AR-SE\'1G  ACID,  n.  An  acid  composed  of  two 
equivalents  of  arsenic  and  five  of  oxygen. 

XR-SEN'IC-AL,  fl.  Belonging  to  arsenic;  consisting 
of  or  containing  arsenic. 

.'^U-vSEX'lt.'-ATE,  7'.  (.    To  combine  with  arsenic. 

All-SE.VIC-A-TED,  pp.  or  n.   Combined  with  arsenic. 

AR'SEN-ITE,  n.  A  salt  formed  by  tlie  arsenious  acid 
with  a  base. 

AR-Sii'NI-OUS,  a.  Pertaining  to,  consisting  of,  or 
containing  arsenic ;  as,  arsenious  powder,  or  glass. 

Ure. 

AR-Sic'.VIOUS  ACID,  n.  An  acid  composed  of  two 
equivalents  of  arsenic  and  three  of  oxygen. 

XRSII'IXE,  n.     A  Russian  measure  of  two  feet  four 

.  inches  and  243  decimals.  This  seems  to  be  the 
Chinese  oracAin,  of  which  four  make  tiiree  yards 
English.  Tooke.''s  Russia.     Encyc. 

XR'SIS,  n.  [Gr.]  In  prosody^  that  point  in  a  meas- 
ure where  the  ietiis  is  put,  or  which  is  marked  by  a 
greater  stress  or  force.  Hmnnann. 

'J'hat  elevation  of  voice  now  called  metrical  ac- 
centuation, accompanied  by  the  ictus,  or  stroke  of  the 
foot,  marking  iL  It  is  imcertain  whether  the  arsis 
consisted  in  a  hi^ther  musical  note,  greater  volume, 
or  longer  duration  of  sound,  or  in  all  combined. 

P.  Cye. 
Q.  In  music,  the  rising  of  tho  hand  in  beating 
time.  P.  Cye. 

XR'SON,  n.  [Norm.  Fr.  am/w, iirs«un  y  from  L.  ardeo, 
arsum,  to  burn.] 

In  low,  the  malicious  burning  of  a  dwelling-house 
or  out-house  of  another  man,  which  by  the  common 
law  is  felony.  1'lie  definition  of  this  crime  is  varied 
by  statutes  in  ditfereiit  countries  and  stales.  In 
Connerticut,  the  burning  not  only  of  a  dwelling- 
house  or  contiguous  building,  but  of  a  ship  or  other 
vessel,  is  declared  to  bJ  arson,  if  human  life  is 
thereby  destro)  ed  or  put  to  hazard. 

ART;  the  secoiid  person,  indicative  mode,  present 
tense,  of  the  substantive  verb  am;  but  from  were, 
Sw.  vara,  Dan.  varre. 

XilT,  71.  [I*,  ars,  art  is ;  probably  contracted  from  the 
root  of  \v.  ccrz,  Ir.  ccard.  The  radical  sense  is 
sirnigth,  from  stretching,  straining,i\xti  primary  sense 
of  strengtli  and  [>i>vver,  and  hence  of  skill.  See  an 
analogy  in  can.] 

1.  'I'he  disptwJtion  or  mo<lification  of  things  by 
human  skill,  to  answer  the  purpose  intended.  In 
this  sense  art  stands  opposed  to  nature. 

Bacon.     Encye. 

2.  A  sj'fitem  of  niles,  serving  to  facilit.Ue  the  per- 
formance of  certain  actions;  opposed  to  science,  or 
to  speculative  principles  ;  as,  the  art  of  building  or 
engraving.  Arts  arc  divided  into  useful  or  mechanic, 
and  liberal  or  polite.  The  mechanic  arts  are  those 
in  wiiich  the  hands  and  body  an;  more  concerned 
than  the  mind,  as  in  making  clothes  and  utensils. 
'I'hese  arts  are  called  trades.    The  liberal  or  polite 


TONt',  BJJLLj  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  O  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ART 

aita  ftr«  Uiose  in  wbkb  Ui«  mind  or  iniAgination  is 
chiefly  concerned,  as  poeu>',  music,  and  painting. 

In  AiMficx,  Btmtum  ukI  the  He|mot  vt*  miM  gtvm  up  Ate 
bgr  ml*  wiak  ihe  vmtmrt  plAuu  of  tbulj  nectwUj.    imrif . 

3.  Business  or  employmeut ;  as,  the  various  arts 
of  life.  SvifL 

4.  Skill,  dexterity,  or  Ihe  power  of  performing 
certain  actions,  acquired  by  experience,  study,  or 
obserralion  ;  as,  a  nuui  has  the  art  of  managing  liis 
business  to  advantage. 

5.  Cunning ;  artifice ;  as,  **  Animals  nmctlce  art 
when  opp«i^  to  their  saporWs  In  atrength."  Crabbt. 

6.  Punneriy,  in  an  mtMdemitmt  jeiuc,  tlie  orfjr,  or 
the  Ucrof  mrtSy  denoted  the  sctenees  and  philuao|i4iy, 
or  the  circle  i^  academical  education ;  bonce,  de- 
grees in  the  arts ;  master  and  bachelor  of  arU, 

Jtrt  mmd  pmrt  i  in  Seais  f«0,  a  term  denoting  the 
diarge  of  eoacriTing  a erinioal  design  a>)  wttl  as  of 
participadng  in  the  peipelittkMi  of  the  crimm-il  act ; 
said  to  be  an  abbreviation  of  Ihe  Laiiu  art^ex  e( 
wmrtiermA. 
AR-TE-SlISlA.  11.  A  genus  of  planU  of  numerous 
species,  including  the  plants  ralkd  mugwort,  S4»uth- 
emnrood,  and  wormwood.    Of  these  the  A.  Ab^tia- 

AE 


thium,  or  commoa  wormwood,  Is  well  known. 
E-T£'KI-AI^  a.    [See  AaTsaT.]    Ptn:iii 
aitoy  or  Ihe  arteries ;  as,  arierm  action. 


%  OooCateed  tn  >■  utery ;  as,  arterial  blood. 
Aimrial  U»q4  dlfl^  from  venous  blood  paiticn- 
Inrty  by  its  ligblar  florid  red  color,  and  its  greater 
wsrmth  and  congulabUtty  —  chsnges  produced  by  the 
praeessof  ren^ration. 

XR-Tfi  RI-AL-IZ-i'TION,  m.  The  process  of  making 
arteriaL  Watts, 

AR-TE'RI-Ab-TZE,  r.  L  To  communicate,  as  to 
venous  biood,  \he  qualities  of  arterial  blood ;  to 
m.ike  arterial.  ProuU 

AR-Tr,'RI-Alx-TZ-fn),  py.  or  «.     Made  arterial. 

AR-TE'RI-AI^rZ-LNG,  ypr.    Rendering  arteriaL 

AR-Tk-RI-OL'O^V,  m.     [Gr.  a^rij^id,  artery,  and 
Aoj  OS,  discourse.J 
A  treatise  or  dUBCOurse  on  the  arteries.      Marviu 

AR-Tfi-RI-OT'O-MY,  h.  [Gr.  u^n/iia,  an  artery, 
and  TOfLUt  a  cutting.J 

1.  The  opening  or  an  artery  by  a  lancet,  or  other 
fuFtmrnent  for  the  purpose  of  letting  blood. 

3.  That  port  of  anatomy  which  treats  of  the  dis- 
•eetion  of  the  arteries. 

AR'TE-RV,*.  [Gr.  iipriT/)ia,fh>m<irr^,air,  and  rri/irw, 
to  preserve  or  contain ;  so  called,  from  the  opinion  of 
the  ancients,  that  the  arteries  contain  only  air.  The 
term  wna  alao  applied  to  the  trachea  or  windpipe, 
ariais.  aapera.  In  Ger.  li^/t-vUrj  air-^'eln,  is  the 
name  for  artery ;  in  Dutch,  gUj^-idtr,  atroke-vein  ; 
in  Swed.  pitU-aJtr,  pulse-vein  ;  Dan.  puU-marc,  pulse- 
vein  ;  that  U,  the  beating  vein.] 

A  term  a[»Ued  to  the  vessels  or  tubes  which  con- 
vey the  blood  from  the  heart  to  all  parts  of  the  body. 
There  ate  two  principal  arteries ;  the  aortdi,  which 
rises  fiom  the  left  ventricle,  and  ramifies  through  the 
whole  body  ;  and  the  pmlmmuaj  artery,  which  con- 
veys the  Hood  from  the  right  ventricle  to  the  lungs, 
to  undergo  respiration.  An  artety  is  composed  of 
thne  conts ;  tbe  onler  conitists  of  condensed  cellular 
membrtfbe,  and  is  supplied  with  niirnrnnis  bUwHl- 
Toaseb  and  nerves ;  the  middle  coal  amsisu  of  cir- 
cular fibers,  forroeriy  supposed  by  »omt>  to  be  muscu- 
lar, but  now  regarded  as  a  peculiar  fibrous  tissue ; 
the  inner  coat,  thin,  smooth,  and  dense,  confines  the 
blood  within  its  canal,  and  facilitates  its  mutlun. 

Parr,     Cyc 

AR-TE'SIAN,  fl.    [from  Artois,  in  Fmnce.1 

Jbterimi  mQs  are  those  which  are  made  by  boring 
faMo  the  earth,  till  Ibe  fnstrument  reacbea  wat-.T, 
which,  fhjoi  internal  pressure,  flows  spontaaeously 
like  a  fountain. 

ART'FyL,«.     [See  Aar.] 

1.  Performed  with  art  or  skill.  Dngden, 

S.  Artificial,  as  opposed  to  satitraL  Jukuson. 

3.  Cunnin?  \  practicing  art,  or  stimtagem  ;  crafly ; 
as,  an  artful  boy.     [  This  i$  tke  most  tuuai  sense.] 

4.  Proceeding  {rom  art  or  croflj  as,  an  ar{faZ 
scheme. 

ART'FpL-LY,«to.    With  art,  or  cunning;  skillfully  ; 

deTlrouslv. 
ART'FJ.'L-'XESS,  a.    .\rt:  craft:  cunning;  address, 
AR-THRIT'ie,         } 
AR-THRITie-.M.,  j  * 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  Joints  ;  affecting  the  joints. 
9.  Pertaining  to  the  gout ;  gouty. 
AR-THRI'TIS,  Tu      [Gr.    a^*^u(r»(,  from    ao^pov^  a 
joint.] 

In  a  general  sen^e^  any  inflammation  of  the  joints ; 
but  more  particularly^  the  goiit,  an  hereditary,  inter- 
mitting dlsea^,  usually  Meeting  the  suiall  Joints  ; 
8ometimf»s  the  stomach.  Cuie.     QwtN£y. 

AR-THRo'Dl-A,  ».  [from  apQaobi.  to  fmme  or  artic- 
ulate.] r  r     I 

1.  In  enalomif^  a  species  of  articulation,  in   which 

the  head  of  one  bone   is  received  into  the  shallow 

socket  of  another  ;  as  that  of  the  humerus  into  the 

^noid  cavity  of  the  scapula.  Encm. 

^  In  Hotural  history^  a  genus  of  imperfect  crystals. 


ART 

fiuiiMl  in  complex  nia::se9,  and  forming  luii)!  single 
pyramids,  with  ver>'  short  and  slender  columns. 

Kncye, 

XR-TTIROD'r€,  a.    Relating  to  nrthrodia,  which  see. 

AU'Tie.  This  word  is  erruneously  used  by  some 
authors  for  artiic 

XR'TI-CHOKE,  a,  [Q«-  the  first  syllable  of  Gr, 
aoTVTiKi.  Fr.  oTiiehaHt;  Ann.  ariichauden;  Sp.  alc<t- 
CAiifa  i  Port,  akachofra :  It.  earciofo^  carcinfanOf  or 
atrtuifalo.  The  first  syllable  is  probably  the  L.  car- 
duK.ty  ihard,  thistle,  corrupted.  D.  'oHix/ok}  G. 
artL<KM4>ciie ;  Dan.  artiikok.] 

The  Cynnra  Scnlymu:*,  a  plant  somewhat  resem- 
bling a  thistle,  wiih  u  dilated,  imbricated  and  prickly 
calyx.  The  head  is  lar^e,  rough,  and  scaly,  on  an 
tipriglil  stalk.  It  is  rom}inscd  fk  numerous  oval 
scales,  inclosing  the  florets,  sitting  on  n  broad  rece^K 
tade,  which,  with  the  tlesliy  base  i»f  tJie  scales,  la 
the  eatable  part  of  tlie  pl:uit.  EHcye.    Miller. 

The  JernjoUm  ATticAiike  is  a  sjtecies  of  suntlower, 
(Ileiuutiktu  tub<ToMiii.)  This  is  the  plant  commonly 
called  articAoke,  in  •■Xmerica.  The  term  Jerusalem 
is  here  a  corrupJon  of  tlie  Itol.  girasole^  sunflower. 

AR'TI-c'LE,  a.  [h,  arttctdusf  a  joint,  from  artus ; 
Gr.  dpj-fWM.] 

L  A  single  clause  in  a  contract,  account,  system 
of  regulations,  treaty,  or  other  writing  j  a  particular 
separate  charge  or  item  in  an  account ;  a  term,  con- 
ditiun,  or  stipulation  in  a  contract.  In  short,  a  dis- 
tinct part  of  a  writing,  instrument,  or  discourse, 
consisting  of  two  or  more  particulars ;  as,  articles 
of  agreement ;  an  account  consisting  of  many 
artkles. 

2.  A  point  of  faith ;  a  doctrinal  point  or  proposi- 
tion in  theolocy  ;  as,  the  tliirty-nine  articles. 

3.  Comprehensi(m  ;  as,  a  soiil  of  great  article.  Shak. 

4.  A  distinct  part. 

Upon  each  artidt  of  human  duty.  Pa^'ey. 

5.  A  particular  commodity,  or  substance;  as,  an 
article  of  merchandise ;  salt  is  a  necessary  article^ 
In  common  usage,  this  word  is  applied  to  almost 
every  separate  substance  or  moterioL 

The  artteUt  which  coinpoao  iho  Uood.  Dandn. 

6.  A  point  of  time.     [JVot  in  xse,]         Clarendon. 

7.  In  grammar,  an  nitjective  used  before  niiuns,  to 
limit  or  define  their  application  ;  as,  Aic,  iUe.ipse,  in 
Latin  ;  hf  ^,  TO,  in  Greek  ;  the,  this,  that^  in  English  : 
/c,  lay  lejt,  in  French  ;  i/,  /c,  /u,  in  Italian.  The  pri- 
mary use  of  Ih'^-w  adjectives  was  to  convert  an  in- 
dttcrminale  name  into  a  determinate  one  ;  or  to  limit 
the  application  of  a  common  name  to  a  specific, 
known,  or  certain  individual.  But  article  being  an 
improper  term  to  express  the  true  siunificalion,  I 
make  use  of  drfinitinr.  which  see. 

In  the  article  iff  deatk.  fL.  in  artiealo  mortu  ;]  liter- 
ally, in  the  moment  of  death;  iu  the  last  struggle  or 
agony. 

Articles  ofiear;  the  code  or  retaliations  for  the 
government  of  the  army  in  Great  Britain,  and  of  the 
army  and  navy  in  the  United  States, 

Articles  of  the  nary ;  the  code  or  regulations  for 
the  government  of  the  navj-  in  Great  Britain. 
■  Lords  of  article-s  ;  in  Scottish  history,  a  committee  of 
the  parliament,  who-^  business  was  to  prepare  and 
digest  all  matters  that  were  to  be  laid  before  it,  in- 
cluding the  prepiration  of  all  bills  fur  laws;  called 
also  lords  artiadars.  Robertson. 

AR'TI-CLE.  p.  L 

1.  To  draw  up  in  distinct  particulars;  as,  to 
article  the  errors  or  ftdlics  of  man.  Taylor. 

2.  To  accuse  or  charge  by  an  exhibition  oi  articles. 
**  He  shall  be  articled  against  io  the  Uigh  Court  of 
Admiralty."     Slat.  33  Geo.  III. 

3.  To  bind  by  articles  of  covenant  or  stipulation ; 
as,  to  article  an  apprentice  to  a  mechanic. 

AR'TI-CLE,  V.  L  [Sapra.]  To  agree  by  articles;  to 
stipulate.  Donne. 

AR'TI-€LED,pp.  Drawn  up  in  particulars;  accused 
or  bound  bv  articles. 

AR-Tie'U-LAR,  a.     [L.  artinilaris.] 

Belonging  to  the  juints ;  as,  the  gout  is  an  articular 
disea.ae. 

AR-Tie'U-LAR-LY,  adv.     So  as  to  sound  every  letter. 

Alt-TIG-U-LA'TA,  71.  pL  [L.]  The  name  of  a  di- 
vision of  the  nnimal  kingdom,  characterized  by  a 
jointed  or  articulated  covering,  consisting  of  a  series 
of  annulations  or  rings,  corresponding  to  the  internal 
skeleton  of  the  vertehratcd  animals.  Tins  division 
includes  the  Annelida,  or  worms;  the  Crustacea, 
or  crab-like  animals;  the  Arachnida,  or  spider-like 
'  animals  ;  and  the  Insecta,  or  proper  insects, 

AR-Tie'IJ-LATE,  a.  [L.  articulatus,3n\nted,  distinct.] 
1.  Formed  by  j«pintmg  or  articulation  of  the  organs 
of  speech  :  applied  to  sound.  An  articulate  sound  is 
made  by  closing;  and  opening  the  organs  of  speech. 
The  junction  or  closing  of  the  organs  forms  a  joint 
or  articulation,  as  in  the  syllables  abj  ad,  ap  ;  in  pass- 
ing  from  one  articulation  to  another,  the  organs  are, 
or  may  be,  opened,  and  a  vowel  is  uttered,  as  in 
attune;  and  the  differcnl  articulations,  with  the  in- 
tervening vocal  sounds,  form  what  is  called  artica- 
late  sounk.1 ;  sounds  distinct,  separate,  and  modified 
by  articulation  or  jointing.     This  articulation  con- 


ART 

Ptitutes  the  pnmiinent  dTfi"('rence  between  the  human 

vuice  ami  that  of  brutes.  Brutes  open  the  mouth 
and  make  V(Kal  sounds,  but  have  either  not  at  all,  or 
very  iiupi-rfecily,  the  power  of  articulation. 

2.  Clrar  ;  distinct;  as,  arr/cM/uff  pronunciation. 

3.  Expressed  in  articles,  or  in  separate  particulars, 
[JVot  H;*f(/.]  Bacon, 

4.  In  natural  history.  Jointed  ;  formed  with  joints. 
AR-Tie'l|-LATE,  f.  i.    To   utter  articulate  sounds  ; 

to  utter  distinct  syllables  or  words;  as,  to  articultUe 
distinctly. 
AK-Tie'll-LXTE,  r.  (. 

1.  To  form  into  elementary  sounds  ;  to  form  into 
distinct  syllables,  or  words  ;  as,  to  articulate  letters 
or  language. 

2.  To  draw  up  or  write  in  separate  particulars. 
[JVi*(  u.t(y/,]  Shuk. 

3.  To  treat,  stipulate,  or  make  terms.    [JVot  itv^d.] 

Sh/ik. 

4.  To  joint.  Smith. 
AR-Tie'U-LA-TEI>,  pp.  or  a. 

1.  Uttered  distinctly  in  syllables  or  words. 

5.  Jninted  ;  having  joints  ;  as  a  plant  or  animal. 
AR-TIC'U-LATE-LY,  adv, 

1.  With  distinct  utterance  of  syllables  or  w(trds. 

9.  Article  by  article  ;  in  detail.  Pulfv. 

XR-'I'I€'U-LATE-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  bt-ing 

articulate. 
AU-Tie'lJ-LS-TING,  ppr.    Uttering  in  distinct  syl- 
lables or  words. 
AR-Tl€-l^-LA'TION,  n. 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  Joining  or  juncture  of  the  bones. 
This  is  of  throe  kinds:  1st,  diarthrosis,  or  a  movable 
connection,  including  ennrthrosis,  or  the  ball  and 
socket  joint ;  arthrodia,  which  is  the  same,  but  more 
sut»erficial ;  ginglymus,  or  hingo-Iike  joint;  and  tro- 
choid, or  the  wheel  and  axle:  2d,  synarthrosis,  im- 
movable connection,  as  by  suture,  or  junction  by 
serrated  margins;  harmony,  or  uni<m  by  straight 
margins;  and  gomphosis,  like  a  nail  driven  in  a 
board  J  as  the  teeth  in  their  sockets:  3i\,  symphysis, 
or  union  by  means  of  another  substance  ;  as  syn- 
chondrosis, union  by  a  cartilage  ;  syssarcosis,  union 
by  muscular  fibers;  synneurosis,  union  by  tendons; 
syndesmosis,  union  by  ligaments;  and  synostosis, 
union  by  a  bony  substance.  Qaincy.     Cuxe. 

2.  In  botany,  a  term  applied  to  the  connection  of 
the  parts  of  a  plant  by  joints,  as  in  pods  ;  also,  to  the 
ntnies  or  joints,  as  in  cane  and  mai/.e  ;  and  to  the 
parts  intercepted  between  the  joints.  Encyc. 

3.  'J'he  fonning  of  words  ;  a  distinct  utterance  of 
syllnblrs  and  W(»rds  by  the  human  voice,  by  means 
of  closing  and  opening  the  organs. 

4.  A  consonant ;  a  letter  noting  a  jointing  or  closing 
of  the  cirgana, 

ART'I-FICE,  n.  [L.  artijiciuniy  from  ars,  art,  and 
facio,  to  make.] 

1,  Artful  contrivance;  an  artful  or  ingenious 
device,  in  a  good  or  bad  sense.  In  a  bad  sense,  it 
corresponds  with  trick,  or  fraud. 

2.  Art  ;  trade  ;  skill  acquired  by  science  or  prac- 
tice.    [JS'*y(  used.] 

ART-IFT-CER,  tu     [L.  aHfez,  from  ars  and  facio.] 

1.  An  artist;  a  mechanic  or  manufitctur<;r ;  one 
whose  occupation  requires  skill  or  knowledge  of  a 
particular  kind,  as  a  silversmith  or  saddler. 

2.  One  who  makes  or  contrives ;  an  inventor ;  as, 
an  artificer  of  fraud  or  lies.  Milton. 

3.  A  cunning  or  artful  fellow.     [JVot  tLsed.] 

Ben  Jonson. 
ART-r-FI"CIAL,  (drt-e-fish'al,)  a.    Made  or  contrived 
by  art,  or  by  human  skill  and  labor,  in  opposition  to 
natural ;    as,   artificial    heat    or    light ;    an    artificial 
magnet. 

2.  Feigned  ;  fictitious ;  not  genuine  or  natural ;  as, 
artificial  tears. 

3.  Contrived  with  skill  or  art. 

4.  Cultivated  ;  not  indigenous;  not  being  of  spon- 
taneous growth  ;  as,  artificial  grasses.  Gibbon. 

Artificial  arguments,  in  rhetoric,  are  arguments  in- 
vented by  the  sfHsaker,  in  distinction  from  laws, 
authorities,  and  the  like,  whicii  are  called  inart{fict<u 
argimients  or  proofs.  Johnson. 

Artificial  lines,  on  a  sector  or  scale,  are  lines  so 
contrived  as  to  repmsent  the  logaritlimic  sines  and 
tangents,  which,  by  the  help  of  the  line  of  nun(b:^rs, 
solve,  with  tol(;ral)le  exactness,  questions  in  trigo- 
nomi'try,  navigation,  &:c. 
Artificial  numbers  i  the  same  with  logarithms. 

Chiimbcrs.     Encyc. 

XRT-I-FI"CI-ATVI-Ty,  n.  The  quality  of  being  arti- 
ficial i  ai)[n-arance  of  art.  Slien-^tune. 

XRT-I-Fl"CIAL-LY,  atlv.  By  art,  or  human  skill 
and  contrivance;  hence,  with  good  contrivance; 
with  art  or  ingenuity. 

ART-l-FI"CIALr-NESS,  tu  The  quality  of  being  ar- 
tificial. 

AR-TIL'LE-RIST,  n.     A  person  skilled  in  gunnerv. 

AR-TIL'LE-RV,  n.  This  word  has  no  plural.  [Fr. 
artillerie ;  It.  artigUeria ;  Sp.  artilleria.  In  Fr.  ar- 
tilleitr,  artillier,  is  a  matross  ;  Sp.  artillar,  to  mount 
cannon.  In  Armoric,  artillery  is  artUhiry,  and  an 
artist  is  arlUkrr.  In  Norm.  tr.  artillery  is  written 
articlarie.     The  Armoric  unites  this  word   with  art. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PTXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK  ■ 
73  ' 


ARU 

artistj  indicating  tliat  the  priinnry  sense  is,  instru- 
ments, things  fiirmed  by  art,  or  rattier  prepared  by 
art,  preparalioD:».] 

1.  In  a  geaerai  sense^  offensive  weapons  of  war. 
Hence  it  was  formerly  used  for  bows  and  arrows. 

And  Jonathan  g^re  \ua  artiileTy  lo  lus  lad.  —  I  Sam.  xx. 

But  in  present  usage,  apprcpriatfly^ 

2.  Cannon  ;  great  guns;  ordnnnce,  including  guns, 
mortars,  howitzers,  &.c.,  with  their  furniture  of  car- 
riages, ball-4,  bombs,  and  shot  of  all  kinds,  and  also 
rockets  and  grenades. 

3.  In  a  more  extended  sense^  the  word  includes 
the  p4^)wder,  cartridges,  matches,  utensils,  machines 
of  all  kinds,  and  horses,  that  belong  to  a  train  of 
artillep.-. 

4.  The  men  who  manage  cannon  and  mortars,  in- 
cluding mairosses,  gunners,  bombardiers,  caniioniers, 
or  by  whatever  name  they  are  called,  with  the  offi- 
cers and  engineers,  and  the  persons  who  supply  the 
artillery  with  implements  and  materials.        Eiicyc 

5.  'I'he  science  of  artillery  and  gunnerj'. 

Campbeira  Mil.  Diet 
AR-TIL'LE-RY-MAN,  n.    A  man  who  manages  a 

large  gun  in  tiring. 
AUT'I-SAN,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  ars.    See  A«t.] 

I.  One  trained  to  manual,  dexterity  iji  any  art, 
mystery,  or  trade. 
'IL  A  handcratlsman  ;  a  mechanic. 
ART'IST,   n.      [Fr.  artiste  i  lu  artifitai   from  i*  or*. 
See  Art.] 

1.  In  a  general  aense^  one  who  is  skilled  in  the 
practice  of  some  art.  Drydcn. 

2.  Apprapriaieltit  in  present  usage,  one  wiio  pro- 
fesses and  practices  one  of  the  liberal  arts,  in  which 
science  and  taste  preside  over  the  manual  execution. 
It  is  thus  that  the  artist  is  distinguished  from  the 
artisan^  who  follows  mechanically  the  rules  of  his 
bandcratl  or  art.  The  term  is  particularly  applied 
to  painters,  sculptors,  engravers,  and  architects. 

Elmes. 

iRTfSTE'y  (ir-teert',)  n,  [Fr.]  A  term  of  very  ex- 
tensive application  among  the  French,  to  denote  one 
who  is  peculiarly  dextrous  and  tasteful  in  almost 
any  art,  as  an  opera  dancer,  and  even  a  hair-dresser 
or  a  cook.  This  term  should  not  be  confounded 
with  the  Englitih  word  artist. 

XRT-IST'ie,         I  a.     [from  artwt.]     Pertaining  to  an 

XRT-IST'ie-AL,  i  artist  J  made  in  the  manner  of 
an  artist;  conformable  to  art ;  regular. 

ART-I.ST'ie-AL-LV,  adv.     in  an  artistic  manner. 

ART'LE:?S,  a.  Unskillful;  wanting  art,  knowledge, 
or  skill.  Dryden. 

2.  Free  from  guile,  art,  eraA,orstratagem  ;  simple  ; 
sincere  \  unaffected  j  undesigning ;  as,  an  artiens 
mind. 

3.  Contrived  without  skill  or  art ;  as,  an  artUas 
tale. 

ART'LESS-LY,  adv.  Without  art  or  skill ;  in  an  art- 
less manner. 

2.  Without  guile;  naturally;  sincerely;  unaffect- 
edly. Pope. 

ART'LESS-NESS,  ti.  The  quality  of  being  void  of  art 
or  guile  ;  simplicity  ;  sincerity  ;  unaffectedness. 

AR'TO-TY-RITE,  n.  [of  Gr.  a;>roi,  bread,  and  rvpos, 
cheese.] 

One  of  a  sect  of  heretics,  in  the  primitive  church, 
who  celebrated  the  eurharist  with  bread  and  cheese, 
alletnng  that  the  first  oblations  of  men  were  not  only 
of  the  fruit  of  the  earth,  but  of  their  tlocks.  They 
admitted  females  to  the  priesthood  and  episcopacy. 

t^neijc. 

ARTS'-MAN,  n.     A  learned  man.     [Ob^.]         Sfuik. 

AR-IJN-DeL'IAN,  a.  Pertaining  Ui  Arundel;  as, 
JiraiulfUan  marbles.  The  Anindelian  marbles  are 
ancient  stones,  containing  a  chronological  dt,tail  of 
the  principal  events  of  (Jreece,  from  Cecrops,  who 
lived  about  l.'iS'J  years  before  Christ,  to  the  archon- 
ship  of  Diogneius,  before  Christ  2«>4.  The  engraving 
was  done  in  Parus,  and  the  chronology  is  called  the 
Parian  Chronicle.  These  stones  are  called  Jlrandel- 
ian,  from  the  earl  of  Arundel,  who  employed  VVil- 
liam  Petty  to  procure  relics  of  antiquity  m  the  East, 
in  1G24.  These,  with  other  curiosities,  were  pur- 
chased, and  by  the  earl's  grandson  presented  to  the 
University  of  Oxford.  Their  antiquity  and  even 
their  authenticity  have  been  questioned.        Kneye, 

A-RU.\-DIN-A'CEOUS,  a.     [L.  aru,id»,  a  reed.] 

Pertaining  to  a  reed  ;  resembling  tlie  reed  or  cane. 

AR-UN-DIN'E-OUS,  a.     Abounding  with  reeds. 

A-RC'RA,  n.  [Or.  af/uoa.]  Literally,  as  authors  sup- 
pose, a  plowed  field.  According  to  Herodotus  and 
8uida<«,  the  arura  of  Egypt  was  a  piece  of  ground 
fifty  feet  M|uare.  Others  make  it  a  square  of  100 
cubits  ;  others  of  100  feet.  The  Grecian  arura  was 
asquare  measure  of  half  the  ph^thron.  [8ce  Aruura.] 
Kncyc.     Herod.^  Euterpe. 

A-RUS'PEX,  n.     [h.]     A  sooth-sayer.  Dryden. 

A-RUS'PICE,  n.  Written  also  HASutPin.  fL.  ariMpei, 
or  harujrpezy  a  soothsayer,  or  diviner,  who  attempted 
to  foretell  events  by  consulting  the  entrails  of  beasts 

slalo  in  sacrifice.  Qu.  Teut.  or/,  yrji  Eth.  AAX 
ttrue,  cattle,  and  L.  specio,  to  view.] 


ASC 

A  priest,  in  ancient  Rome,  whose  business  was  to 
inspect  the  entrails  of  victims  killed  in  sacrifice,  and 
by  them  to  furetetl  future  events. 
A-RUS'Pl-CY,  n.    The  act  of  prognosticating  by  in- 
spection of  tlie  entrails  of  beasts  slain  in  sacrifice. 

Bialer. 
AR'VEL,  n.    A  funeral.  Oro^e. 

AS,  (az,)  adv.  [Pars.  Lg^,l  asa,  like,  similar,  as ;  Gr. 
wf  i  Qu.  Fr.  aussi.  But  more  probably  the  English 
word  is  contracted  from  al^,  ti.  and  D.  It  corre- 
sponds in  sense  with  the  Persian.] 

1.  Literally,  like;  even;  similar.  "Ye  shall  be 
OS  Gods,  knowing  good  and  evil."  "  .^g  far  as  we 
can  see,"  that  is,  like  far,  equally  far.  Hence  it  may 
be  explained  by  in  like  manner;  as,  do  as  you  are 
commanded. 

2.  It  was  formerly  used  where  we  oow  use  tkoL 
[Obs.] 


3,  It  was  formerly  used  for  as  \f.    [Obs.] 

Hff  li'-<,  (M  he  him  bliw  did  know.  Wa!!er. 

4.  While  ;  during ;  at  the  same  time.  "  He  trem- 
bled o-t  he  spoke."  But  in  most  of  its  uses,  it  is  re- 
solvable into  like,  equaly  even,  or  equally,  in  like  man~ 
ner.  In  some  phrases,  it  must  be  considered  a  nom- 
inative word,  or  other  words  must  be  supplied. 
"  Appoint  to  office  such  men  as  deserve  public  con- 
fidence." This  phrase  may  be  elliptical  for  "such 
men  as  those  who  deserve  public  confidence." 

.^;f  seems,  in  some  cases,  to  imply  the  sense  of 
proportion.  "  In  general,  men  are  more  happy,  as 
they  are  less  involved  in  public  concerns," 

j9.«,  in  a  subsequent  part  of  a  sentence,  answers  to 
such ;  give  us  such  things  o.^  you  please  ;  and  in  a 
preceding  part  of  a  sentence,  has  so  to  answer  to  it ; 
as  with  the  people,  so  with  the  priest. 
AS,  Tu  [L.]  A  Roman  weitihl  of  twelve  ounceS|  an- 
swering to  the  libra  or  pound. 

2.  A  Roman  coin,  originally  of  a  pound  weight; 
but  reduced,  after  the  first  Punic  war,  to  two  ounces  ; 
in  the  second  Punic  war,  to  one  ounce  ;  and  by  the 
Papirinn  law,  to  half  an  ounce.  It  was  originally 
stamped  with  the  figure  of  a  sheep,  sow,  or  ox  ;  and 
afterward  w^ith  a  Janus,  on  one  side,  and  on  the  re- 
verse, a  rostrum  or  prow  of  a  ship. 

3.  An  integer;  a  whole  or  single  thing.  Hence 
the  English  ace.  Hence  the  Romans  used  the  word 
for  the  whole  inheritance;  hares  ex  asse,  an  heir  to 
the  whole  estate.  Kncyc. 

AS'A  ;  a  corruption  of  lasar^  an  ancient  name  of  a  gum. 
Literally,  the  healer  ;  from  the  Hebrew  asa,  a  physi- 
cian or  healer.     Parr.     [See  Ooze.]  Encyc 

AS-A-DUL'CI.S  ;  the  same  as  Rxszois. 

AS-A-FCET'I-DA,  (  n.  [(wa,  gum,  and  L.  fo'tidus.  fet- 

AS-A-FEn-DA,    t      id.] 

A  fetid  inspissated  sap,  from  Persia  and  the  East 
Indies.  It  is  the  concrete  juice  of  a  large  umbellifer- 
ous plant,  the  Ferula  assafetida,  mucli  used  in  med- 
icine, ns  an  antispasmodic.  Kncyc. 

AS'A-RI\,  71.  A  crystallized  substance,  restsmbling 
camphor,  obtained  from  the  Asarum  Europceum; 
now  called  camphor  of  asarum. 

A8-HE.S'TI-FORM,  o.  Having  the  structure  of  as- 
bestus, 

AS-BE.S'TIXE,  a.     [See  Asbestus.] 

Pertaining  to  asbestus,  (jf  partaking  of  its  nature 
and  qualities;  incombustible. 

AS-BES'TI.N-ITE,  n.  [See  A«bb»tui.]  The  actino- 
lite  or  stralllstein.  Kh-wan. 

Caleifmtus  aabestmite;  a  vaiiety  of  actinolite,  par- 
tially etJ'.TVescing.  Kiriran. 

A.S-HE8'TU.^,  I  n.     [Gr.  aa/^cuTof^    inextinguishable; 

AS-llES'Toa,  f  Ola  neg.  and  (/.ieffo/ii,  to  extin- 
guish,] 

A  tcnn  applied  to  varieties  of  hornblende  and  py- 
roxene, occurring  in  long,  delicate  fibers  ;  usually 
of  a  white  or  gray  color,  and  also  in  compact  fibrous 
masses  and  seams,  of  greenish  and  reddish  shades. 
The  finer  varieties  have  been  wrought  into  gloves 
and  cluth,  which  are  incombustible.  The  cloth 
was  formerly  used  as  a  shroud  for  dead  bodies,  and 
has  been  recommended  for  firemen's  clothes.  As- 
bestus  is  also  employed  in  the  manufacture  of  iron 
saft^s,  and  for  lamp-wicks.  Dana, 

lAgniform  asbeMus  is  a  variety  of  a  brown  color, 
and  of  a  slaty  or  splintery  fracture,  and  if  bniken 
across,  presents  on  irregular,  filamentous  structure, 
like  wood.  Kirtoan. 

A«'BO-LI\,  n.     [Or.  anpiAr,.] 

A  yellow,  oil-like  matter,  very  acrid  and  bitter,  ob- 
tained from  soot. 

AS'€A-Rl.^,  n. ;  pi.  As-CAR'i-DEi.     [Gr.] 

In  loologij,  a  genus  of  intestinal  worms.  The  body 
Is  cylindrical,  and  tapering  at  the  ends. 

AS-CEND',  r.  i.  [L.  (wccndo,  from  scando^to  mount 
or  climb ;  \V.  es/pjn,  to  rise  ;  cy«,  first,  chief.  It  has 
the  same  elcmenl«  as  be^n.) 

1.  To  move  upward;  to  mount;  to  go  up;  to 
rine,  whether  in  air  or  water,  or  uixin  a  material 
object 


ASC 

2.  To  rise,  in  a  figurative  sense  ;  to  proceed  from 
an  infi^rior  to  a  snr)erior  degree,  from  mean  to  noble 
objects,  from  particuhu^  to  generals,  &:c. 

3.  To  proceed  from  modem  to  ancient  times ;  to 
recur  to  funner  ages;  as,  our  inquiries  ascend  to  the 
remoti'st  antiquity. 

'1.  In  a  corresponding  sense,  to  proceed  in  a  line 
toward  ancestors  ;  as,  to  ascend  to  our  first  pro- 
genitors. 

5.  To  rise,  as  a  star;  to  proceed  or  come  above 
the  horizon. 

6.  In  mttsicyio  rise  in  vocal  utterance;  to  pass 
from  any  note  to  one  more  acute. 

AS-CEXD',  f.  U  To  go  or  move  upward  iipon  ;  as,  to 
ascend  a  hill  or  ladder;  —  or  to  climb;  as,  u>  ascend 
a  tree. 

AS-CE.VD'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  ascended. 

AS-CEND'ANT,  n.  Superiority,  or  commanding  in- 
fluence ;  as,  one  man  has  liie  ascendant  over  another. 

2.  An  ancestor,  or  one  who  precedes  in  geneabigy, 
or  degrees  of  kindred  ;  opposed  to  descendant. 

3.  Hight;  elevation.     {^LitUe  used.}  Temple. 

4.  In  astrology,  the  horoscope,  or  that  degree  of  III^ 
ecliptic  whicii  rises  above  the  horizon  at  the  time  of 
one's  birth ;  supposed  to  have  influence  on  a  per- 
son's life  and  fortune.  Kncyc, 

That  one  of  the  twelve  houges  of  heaven,  which 
at  any  time  is  about  to  rise ;  called  also  the  Jirst 
koiwe.  That  point  of  the  ecliptic,  included  in  it, 
which  is  just  rising,  is  called  the  horoscope,  and  the 
planet,  or  other  heavenly  body,  which  rules  in  the 
house,  is  called  lord  of  the  ascendant.  The  ascendant 
is  considered  the  strongest  house,  and  is  supposed  to 
exercise  an  especial  inlluence  on  the  furtune  of  a 
person  born  at  the  time.  P.  Cyc. 

Hence  the  phrases  to  be  in  (Ae(wcf»t(/an(,  denoting, 
to  have  commanding  power  or  influence,  and  lord 
of  the  ascendant,  denoting  one  who  has  possession 
of  such  power  or  influence;  as,  to  rule,  for  a  while, 
lord  of  the  ascmdant  Burke. 

AS-CEXD'AIVT,  a.    Superior  ;  predominant ;  surpass- 
ing. 
2.  In  astrology,  above  the  horizon. 

AS-CEND'EI},pp.  or  tt.  Risen;  mounted  up;  gone 
to  heaven. 

AS-CE.\D'EN-CY,  n.  Power;  governing  or  controll- 
ing influence. 

CiiHtom  hds  an  ageetvUna/  over  the  umlf  ntondiiig.        WaJU. 

AS-CEND'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Rising;  moving  upward; 
proceeding  from  the  less  to  the  greater ;  proceeding 
from  modern  to  ancient,  from  grave  to  more  acute. 
A  star  is  said  to  be  ascending,  when  rising  above  the 
horizon,  in  any  parallel  of  the  equator. 

.Ascending  latitude,  is  the  latitude  of  a  planet,  when 
moving  toward  ttie  north  pole. 

Ascending  node,  is  that  point  of  a  planet's  orbit, 
wherein  it  passes  the  ecliptic  to  proceed  nortliward. 
It  is-  also  called  the  northern  node. 

Ascending  vessels,   in  anatomy,   are   those   which 
carry  the  blood  upward  or  toward  the  superior  parts 
of  the  body. 
AS-CEN'SION,  (as-sen'shun,)  n.     [L.  ascen^o.] 

1.  The  actor  ascending  ;  a  rising.  It  is  fn-quently 
applied  to  the  visible  elevation  of  our  Savior  to 
heaven. 

2.  The  thing  rising,  or  ascending.  [Act  author- 
ized.] 

3.  In  o.v(r(»nomy,  ascension  is  either  right  or  oblique. 
Right  ascension  of  the  sun,  or  of  a  star,  is  that  degree 
of  the  eqiiimjctial,  counted  from  the  beginning  of 
Aries,  which  ris-^s  with  the  sun  or  star,  in  a  right 
sphere  ;  or  the  arc  of  the  equator  intercepted  between 
the  (irst  [Kiiiit  of  Aries  and  that  point  of  the  equator 
that  ctunes  to  the  meridian  with  the  sun  or  star. 
Oblique  ascension,  is  an  arc  of  the  equator,  intfrcept- 
ed  between  the  first  point  of  Aries  and  that  point 
of  the  equatur  which  rises  together  with  a  star,  in 
an  oblique  sphere  ;  or  the  arc  of  the  equator  inter- 
cepted between  the  first  point  of  Aries  and  that 
point  of  the  equator  that  comes  to  the  horizon  with 
a  star.  Johnson.     Brande, 

AS-CEi\'SION-DAY,  n.  A  festival  of  some  Christian 
churches,  held  ten  days,  or  on  the  Thursday  but 
one,  before  Whitsuntide,  in  commemoration  of  our 
Savior's  ascension  into  heaven,  after  his  resurreo 
tion  ;  called  also  Holy  Thursday. 

Ascensional  difference,  is  the  diff"erence  between  the 
right  and  oblique  ascension  of  the  same  point  on  the 
surface  of  the  sphere.  Chambers. 

AS-CE\'SIVE,  a.  Rising;  tending  to  rise,  or  cau»- 
ing  to  rise.  Joum.  of  Science. 

AS-CENT',  H.     [L.  asernsits.] 

1.  Tlie  act  of  rising ;  motion  upward,  whether 
in  air,  water,  or  other  fluid,  or  on  elevated  objects  ; 
rise  ;  a  mounting  upward  ;  as,  the  ascent  of  vapor« 
from  the  earth 

2.  I'he  way  by  which  one  ascends  ;  the  means  of 
ascending.  Bacon. 

3.  An  eminence,  hill,  or  high  place.        Addison. 

4.  The  degree  of  elevation  itf  an  object,  or  the  an- 
gle it  makes  with  a  horizontal  line  ;  as,  a  road  haa 
an  ascent  of  five  degrees. 

5.  Acclivity  ;  the  rise  of  a  hilt ;  as,  a  steep  aseeat. 


TONE,  BULL,  UMTE.— AN"GER,  VI"C10US €  a«  K ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


10 


73 


=rj=U 


AS-CES'SANT.     J**   AcE«t-< 
AS-CET'IC,«.    [Gr.  ac^irros,  ea 


ASH 

AS-CGR-TXIN',  c  (.  [from  the  U  oil  eerttun,  to  a 
certainty.] 

1.  To  mako  certain  ;  to  define  or  reduce  to  pr»< 
dsion,  by  remoring  obscurity  or  ambigtuty. 

The  dMne  Uw  esetnahtM  xbf  iruth.  tiaokw. 

SS.  To  make  certain,  by  trial,  examlnntion,  or  ct- 
periment,  so  aa  to  know  what  was  before  unknown  ; 
as,  to  oMCrtam  the  weight  of  a  commodity-,  or  the 
pdrttyofaBetaL 

3.  To  make aora  by  previous  measures.  [Unusual] 

The  mlnhtrr.  ki  wJer  \o  aatmlain  ■  imlorHy  te  ihc  llovm  of 
Lank,  penuaJed  the  quem  lo  weMe  twelve  orw  ^^ 

4.  To  make  certain  or  ronfidcnt,  followed  bv  an 
objective  ami  t^;  as,  to  Macerttum  ua  qf  the  goodiiesi 
of  our  work-     [VnusmatJ]  Drydem. 

5.  To  fix  ;  to  establish  with  certainty  ;  to  reader 
Invariable,  and  not  subject  to  wilL 

The  irAlnnn  and  i<r«Mon  cf  (heir  km  aMartdiwd  Om  r^  ud 

mnsurv  of  UXAik«.  Offlfaw. 

AS-CZR-TAIX'A-BLE. «.  Tbat  may  be  made  cer- 
tain in  fact, or  certain  to  the  mind;  that  may  be 
certainly  known,  or  mluced  to  a  certainly. 

KtTT^i  Ijxroisier, 

AS-CER-TXtN'£T),  M.  Made  certain  ;  defined  ;  ea- 
tabtt<:hed  :  reduceii  to  a  certainty. 

AS-CER  TAIN'ER,  a.  The  person  who  ascertains  or 
makes  certain. 

AS-CER-TAlN'IN*G,pjw.  Making  certain;  fixing; 
establishinf!;  reducing  to  a  outaioty  ;  obtaining 
certain  knuwledcr. 

AS-CER-TAiX'.MKNT,  n.  The  act  of  ascertaining  ; 
a  rediicini:  to  certainty  ;  certainty  ;  fixed  rule.  Sw\fi, 

"tcr,    ACKSCEXT. 

exercised,  hardened ; 
ftom  aTKus  to  exercise.! 

Retired  from  the  worid  ;  rizid  ;  severe  ;  austere  ; 
undulv  rigid  in  devotions  and  mortifications. 
AS-CEt'lt,  R. 

1.  In  the  tarly  cMurtX^  one  who  retired  f^m  the 
cti^omar>-  bu$>ine^  of  lift^,  and  devoted  himself  to 
Ihedutiesof  piety  and  dc\-<>tion  ;  a  hermit ;  a  recluse. 

2.  One  who  pmciices  undue  rigw  and  self-denial 
in  religioufl  thine< 

3.  The  title  of  certain  books  on  devout  exercises  ; 
as,  the  Ascetttj  of  St.  Basil. 

AS^£T1-CISM,  a.    The  state  <v  practice  (^ascetics. 

Bik.  Repog, 
AB'CI-T,        {  a-  pJ^    [L.  oM-ii,  from  Gr.  a  priv.  and 
AS'CI-AXS,  i     ffcio,  a  shadow.] 

Persons,  who,  at  certain  limes  of  the  year,  have 

DO  shadow  at  noon.    Such  are  the  inhabitants  of  the 

torrid  zone,  who  have,  at  times,  a  vertical  sua.  BmUf. 

AS'CI-TA.\S,  a.  fL    [Gr.  acK.i^  a  bag  or  bottle  of 

akin.} 

A  sect  or  branch  of  Montanl'^B,  who  appeared  in 
the  second  century.  They  introduced  into  their  as- 
Bcmblies  certain  bacchanals,  whu  daiirtnl  around  a 
bag  or  skin  di<4endf*d  with  air,  in  allusion  to  the 
bottles  filled  with  new  win*-.  Malt,  ix.  £srye. 
AS-CI'T£3,  s.     [Gr.  «ic*o(,  a  bladder.] 

Drops>'  of  the  bt-lly ;  a  lense,  eqtiable  swelling  of 
the  b<^!ly,  witit  fluctuation,  from    a   collection  of 
serous  fluid  in  the  cavitv  of  the  peritoneum. 
AS-CIT'ie,  (  a.     BelonffiuE  lo  an  a^ites;  dropsl- 

AS-CIT'ie-AL,  i     cal ;  hvdropic^il. 
AS-Cl-TI"TIOU3,  (as-si-lisii'u-s)  a.   [L.  oJtiitvs ;  Low 
L.  oscititiHs  :  from  a.%i#co,  to  take  to  or  associate.] 

Additional;  added;  supplemental;  not  inherent 
or  original. 

Homex  bu  fam  rrcfconrd  rn  a»titi6oaM  matm.  Popt, 

A8-€LE'P1-AD,  a.  in  nnaent  pM(nr,  a  verse  of  four 
feet,  the  fimt  of  which  m  a  spondee,  the  second  a 
choriamb,  and  the  last  two  dactyls  ;  or  of  four  feet 
and  a  CT!?ura,  the  first  a  ppondee,  the  second  a  dao- 
^1,  Uien  the  c«.<iiri,  followed  by  two  dactyls  ;  as, 
Hec£  I  nis  4ta  |  vlii  |  id.\l&  \  rfgibiis.         Eneyc 

AS-€niTB'A-BLE.  a.  [See  Ascribe.]  That  may  be 
ascribed  or  attributed. 

AS-CRIBE',  r.  (.  {h.  astribo^  of  ad  and  scribo^  to 
write  ;  Eng.  seraye.) 

1.  To  attribute,  impute,  or  set  to,  aa  to  a  cause  ;  to 
refer  an  effect  to  its  cause  ;  a?,  losses  arc  oiU:n  to  be 
ascribed  to  im^tfudence. 

2.  To  attribute,  as  a  qiiality,  or  an  appurtenance  ; 
to  consider  or  allege  to  belong ;  ad,  to  ascribe  perfec- 
tion to  God,  or  imperfection  to  man.  Job  xxxvi. 
Ps.  Ix^'iiL     1  fam.  xWii. 

AS-€RTB  £0,  pp.  AttrlbuUd  or  imputed  ;  considered 
or  alleced,  as  belonging. 

AS-€R1B'I.NG,  pjr.  Attributing  ;  imputing  ;  alleg- 
in:;  to  belong. 

AS~€RlP'TION'.  (as-krip'-hun,)  n.  The  act  of  as- 
cribing, imputing,  or  affirming  to  belong. 

AS-CRIP-Tr'TIOL'S,  a.  That  is  ascribed.  This 
word  was  applied  to  villains  under  the  feudal  sys- 
tem, who  were  annexed  to  the  freehold  and  trans- 
ferable with  it.         Spelman.    Lib.  J^iger  Scacearu, 

2-SEX'tJ-AL,  a.    Having  no  distinct  sex. 

ASH,   If.      [Sax.    a:se;   Dan.    a^ki    G^erm.   esehej    D. 


ASI 

1.  The  pojtular  name  of  diffs-rent  sp-'cios  of  trees 
of  Uie  LinuTiui  gfuus  Fraxtniu.  The  common  Eu- 
ropean ash  is  the  F,  excelsior. 

2.  The  wood  of  the  ash-tree, 

ASH,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  like  the  ash  ;  made  of  ash. 
ASII,  r.  t.    To  strow  or  sprinkle  with  ashes  ;  aa,  to 
ash  the  hair.  IIoiceL 

e.  To  strow  with  ashes  for  the  pitrpose  of  manure. 
A-SirA-ME',  e.  U    To  shame.     [A\j(  usrtL] 
A-S1IA.M'£:D,  o.     [from  Sax.  gtxamian  or  o.«amian,  to 
be  a!<hamed,  to  blush,  from  acataay  sliame ;  originally 
a  p:irticiple.    See  Sh&mb.] 

1.  Afiectcd  by  shame ;  abashed  or  conftised  by 
guilt,  or  a  c^anviction  of  some  criminal  action  or  in- 
I  eccrous  conduct,  or  by  the  exposure  of  some  gross 
irror  or  mi^coiidiict,  which  the  person  is  c-onscious 
must  bo  wrtmg,  and  which  tends  to  impair  his  honor 
or  rrputalion.    it  is  followed  by  ^, 

Tho\\  iImJi  remember  tbT  m.y\,  and  he  aaSamtd.  —  Ex.  Xft, 
Israel  •tull  \»  OMhamMt  nf  \m  own  oouaael.  —  Uowa  zx. 

9.  Confused  by  a  consciousness  of  guilt  or  of  in- 
ft'riorily,  by  the  mortification  of  pride,  by  failure  or 
disappoint  men  I. 

Th'j'  •hali  br  pr*a.ily  athanud  that  trtM  in  imsy^  — 1««.  xlii- 
tTfiut  adjective  alieays  foUotcs  its  hour.] 
A-8H.XM'ED-LY,  «./p.    BashAilly.    {J^vt  use^,] 
ASII'(^Lr-OR-£D,  a.    Of  a  color  between  brown  and 

pray.  fVuudteard. 

ASII'EX,  a,    [See  Ash.]    Pertaining  to  a-sli;  made  of 
ASH'ER-Y,  n,  [ash. 

1.  A  place  where  ashes  are  deposited. 

2.  A  place  where  potash  is  made. 

ASH'ES,  fi.  pL  without  the  singular  number.  [Sax. 
atcaf  Goth,  azffa;  D.  a.tch;  G.  asche;  Sw.  askai 
Dan.  ofke ;  Basque,  auseua.] 

1.  The  earthy  partirlt-s  of  combustible  substances 
remaining  after  combustion,  as  of  wood  or  coal. 

SL  The  remains  of  the  human  body  when  burnt. 
Ilence,  ficiirattvely,  a  dead  body  or  corp«c. 

3.  In  ScriptHrf^  a-vAm  is  used  to  denote  vilcness, 
meanness,  frailly,  or  humiliation. 

I,  wbo  am  but  dual  and  oafUa.  —  Gen.  xritl. 
I  abbor  tnjwit,  and  Kpeat  in  duat  and  astut. — Job  xlS. 
Volcanic  asheai  the  looee,  earthy  matter  ejected  by 
volcanoes. 

ASH'-KIRE,  M.  A  low  fire  itscd  in  chemical  oper- 
ation^. 

AJ^H'-HOLE,  n.  A  repository  for  ashes;  the  lowest 
pTrt  of  a  furnace. 

ASH'LAR,  I  «.  lnarcAJ/«fKrr,  afacingmadeofsquared 

ASII'LER,  \  stones  ;  or  a  facing  made  of  thin  slabs, 
used  lo  cover  walls  of  brick  or  rubble.  The  term 
has  also  been  applied,  in  England,  to  common  or  free 
sinnes  as  they  are  brought  from  the  quarrj-.  GailK 

ASH'LER-l.VG,  n.  Q.uariering  for  lathing  to,  in  gar- 
rets, two  or  three  feet  high,  perpi'ndicular  to  the 
floor,  and  reaching  to  the  under  side  of  the  rafters. 

A-SHORE',  ode.    [a,  af,  or  or,  and  akore.    See  Shore.] 

1.  On  shore ;  on  the  land  adjacent  to  water ;  to 
the  shore  ;  aa,  bring  the  goods  o-ibore. 

2.  On  land,  np|X)sed  to  aboard  i  as,  the  captain  of 
the  ship  remained  ashore. 

X  On  the  ground  ;  as,  the  ship  was  driven  ashore. 

ASH'-PA\,  n.  A  pan  beneath  a  grate  or  furnace  lo 
receive  ashes. 

ASH'TO-RETH,  n.  [Heb.]  A  goddess  of  the  Si- 
doninns  and  Philistines,  Uie  same  as  the  Venus  of 
the  Romans.  '»■ 

ASH'-TI;B,  r.    A  tub  to  receive  ashei. 

ASII-WED.N'ES'DAy,  (ash-wenz'de,)  r.  The  first 
day  of  Lent ;  supposed  to  be  so  called  from  a  custom 
in  the  Roman  Catholic  church  of  sprinkling  ashes, 
that  day,  on  the  heads  of  penitents,  then  admitted  to 
penance. 

ASH'-WEED,  n,  A  plant,  the  smalUwild  angelica, 
goutwort,  jroat3-fix)t,  or  hcrb-gerard,  a  species  of  the 
genus  iEgopodium.  F.ncyc. 

A£II'Y,  a.     1.   Belonging  to  ashes. 

2.  Aah-colored  ;  tiale ;  inclining  to  a  whitish  gray. 

SAoi. 

3.  Made  or  composed  of  ashes  ;  as,  the  ashy 
womb  of  the  phenix.  Mdion. 

4.  Filled  or  strewed  with  ashes  i  as,  ashy  hairs. 

ClMUcer. 

ASH'Y-PALE,  a.    Pale  as  ashes.  Shak. 

A'SIA,  n.  One  of  the  four  quarters  of  the  globe. 
[A  name  originally  given  to  Asia  Minor  or  aomPs  part 
of  it ;  perhaps  from  the  Asses,  Ases,  or  Osses,  about 
Mount  Tauni.=<.     Mallet^  JVortA.  j3nL  i.  60.     PUny.] 

X'SIAN,  o.     Pertaining  lo  Asia.     Dnjden.    Mitford, 

A'SI-AR€H,  (a'she-Mk,)Tu  [Jisia  and  hox"!*  *^bief.] 
A  term  applied  to  the  chiefs  or  pf>ntifrs  of  Procon- 
sular Asia,  who  had  the  superintendence  of  the 
public  jrames.     Acts  xix.  Milner. 

A-SI-AT'1€,  (a-she-at'ik,)  a.  Belonging  to  Asia;  a 
quarter  of  the  globe  which  extends  from  the  Strait 
of  Constantinople  and  the  Arabian  Gulf  to  the  Pa- 
cific Ocean  on  iho  east.  It  is  probable  the  name 
was  originaHy  appropriated  to  what  is  now  Asia 
Minor,  or  rather  a  part  of  it. 

A-SI-AT^e,  n,    A  native  of  Asia. 

A-Sl-AT'I-CISM,  n.    Imitation  of  the  Asiatic  manner. 

A-f=TDE',  ado,     [a  and  side,    .See  Side.] 


ASL 

1.  On  or  to  one  side;  out  of  a  perpendicular  or 
straight  direction. 
S.  At  a  little  distance  from  the  main  part  or  body 

Thou  ihalt  Mt  atidt  tlmi  whictt  U  f'lll.  —  2  Kinn^i  ir. 

3.  From  the  body ;  as,  to  put  or  lay  aside  a  gar- 
ment.   John  xiii. 

4.  From  the  contpany ;  at  a  small  distance,  or  In 
private  ;  as  when  speakers  utter  something  by  tbem- 
Bclves,  upon  the  stage. 

5.  Separate  from  the  person,  mind,  or  attention ; 
in  a  state  of  abandonment. 

I,pt  111  lay  aavit  eTPry  weight.  —  Hrb.  xli. 

6.  Out  of  the  line  of  rectitude  or  propriety,  In  a 
moral  view. 

Thry  are  all  gono  tuide.  —  P«.  xiv. 

7.  In  a  state  of  separation  to  a  particular  use  ;  as, 
to  set  aside  a  thing  for  a  future  day. 

To  set  axide^  in  judicial  priweedings,  is  to  defeat 
the  effect  or  operation  of,  by  a  subsequent  dciA^ion 
of  a  su{»erior  tribunal ;  as,  to  set  aside  a  verdict  or  a 
Judgioent. 

AS-I\-E'GO,  n.    [Sp.  ojTiico,  a  little  ass.]    A  foolish 
fellow.  Mason. 

AS'I-NINE,  rarely  AS'I-NA-RY,  a.    [L.  asinusi  W. 
asvn,  the  ass.] 

Belonging  to  the  ass ;  having  the  qualities  of 
the  ass. 

ASK,  r.  U     [Sax.  asdauy  acsiaiiy  or  axian  ;  D.  ei^chent 

G.  heisehen;  Ir.  aseaim;  Gr.  a^uiM.  Ou.  Elh.  Anrr 
asku,  to  pray  or  beseech.  In  foriher  times,  the 
English  word  was  pronounced  ar,  as  in  the  royal 
style  of  assenting  to  bills  in  parliament.  "  Be  it  as 
it  is  axed."  In  Calmuc,  asoc  signifies  to  inquire. 
The  sense  is  lo  urge  or  press.] 

1.  To  request ;  to  seek  to  oittain  by  words  ;  ip  pe- 
tition ;  with  u/,  in  the  sense  b^'from^  before  the  pT- 
son  to  whom  the  request  is  made. 

Atk  counael  of  God.  —  Jud^ei  xviii. 

2.  To  require,  expect,  or  claim. 

To  whom  iHi^n  hii»p  conimiu^  much,  i^f  him  Ihey  will  a«fc  (ha 
more.  —  Liikc  xU. 

3.  To  interrogate,  or  inquire ;  to  put  a  question, 
with  a  view  to  an  answer. 

He  Is  of  av9,  aak  him.  —  John  ix, 

4.  To  require,  or  make  claim. 

Auk  me  nevor  bo  much  dowry.  — Gen.  xxxi*.     Pf^i^  H. 

5.  To  claim,  require,  or  demand,  as  thfr  p^jg^  -or 
value  of  a  commodity  ;  to  sct^^rice  ;  as,  whj 
do  you  ask  1  .^* 

6.  To  require,  as  physteully  necessary.       -  ^ 

An  eitig-nM  of  stale  atkf  a  iiiucb  longer  lime  lo  conduct  a  do- 

aijn  to  nialurity,  .       *•  Ad/Usoa.^ 

This  sense  is  nearly  or  entirely  obsolete;  ask  bein^ 
superseded  by  re/juire  and  dmuand. 

7.  To  invite  ;  as,  to  ask  guests  to  a  wedding  or  en- 
tertainment ;  ask  my  frienci  to  step  into  the  bouse. 

ASK,  T.  i.     To  request  or  petilioB,  followed  by  for;  as, 
ask  for  bread  ;  or  without /or. 

Aik,  and  it  shall  be  giwrn  you.  —  Matt.  tH. 

9.  To  inquire,  or  seek  by  request  ;  sometimes  fol- 
lowed by  ajler. 

Wherefore do« thou  <uk  after  my  name?  —  Gen.  xxxii. 

This  verb  can  hardly  ho  considered  as  strictly  in- 
transitive, for  some  person  or  object  is  always- 
understood. 

jisk  is  not  equivalent  to  demand,  claim,  and  require, 
at  least  in  modern  usage:   much  less    is  it  equiva- 
lent to  beff  and  beseech.     The  first  three  words,  de- 
mand, daim,  rtquire,  imply  a  right,  or  supposed  right, 
in  the  person   asking,  to  the  thing  requested  \  ana 
bes  a.na  beseech  imply  more  urgency  than  ask,    Ask 
and  request  imply  no  richt,  but  suppose  the  thing  de- 
sired to  be  a  favor.    The  French  demander   is  cor- 
rectly rendered  by  ask,  rather  than  by  demand. 
AS-KANCE',  >  adv.     [D.    schutns,    slopingly.]      Side- 
AS-KANT',     )      ways ;   obliquely  ;   toward   one  cor- 
ner of  the  eye.  MUton,     Dryden. 
ASKfiD,  pp.     Requested  ;  petitioned  ;  questioned  ;  in- 
ASK'ER,  n.  [terrogated. 

1.  [from  ask.]  One  who  asks  ;  a  petitioner  ;  an 
inquirer. 

2.  A  water  newt.  Johnson. 
A-SKEVV,  adv      [G.   sehief;    Dan.   skiasv ;    D.   scJuuf, 

awry,  crooked,  oblique.] 

With  a  wry  look  ;  a.side ;  askant ;  sometimes  in- 
dicating scorn,  or  contempt,  or  envy.  Spenser. 
ASK'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Requesting  ;  petitioning ;  inter- 
rogating ;  inquiring. 

a.  Silently  expressing  request  or  desire. 

ExpIaJD  the  atking  eye.  Pop: 

A-SLAKE',  r.  L     [Sax.  aslacian.     See  Slack.] 

To  remit ;  to  slackeji.     [JVot  in  use.]        Spenser. 
AS-LA'NI,  n.    A  Turkish  silver  coin  worth  from  115 

to  120  aspers.  Encyc 

A-SLANT',  a.  or  adv.     [a  and  slant.    See  Slant.T 
On  one  side ;    obliquely ;  not  perpendicularly  or 
with  a  right  angle. 

Tlie  ihafl  drove  through  his  neck  (utant.  Drydsn. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PEBY- —  PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  B(?<?K.- 


T4 


ASP 

A  ^I<£EP',  a.  or  adxs,     \a  and  sUepj  or  Sax.  guUtpany 
to  sleep.] 
L  Sleeping  ;  in  a  state  of  sleep ;  at  rest. 
Sb?rs  WM  fsM  atleep.  —  Ju<ltfn«  it. 

2.  To  a  slate  of  sleep  ;  as,  to  fall  asletp. 

3.  Dead  ;  in  a  state  of  death. 

C-onceming-  ihera  who  are  atUep,  sarrow  nol.  — I  TUmb.  St. 

4.  To  death. 

Tor  silica  Uie  Tathen  feU  atleep,  all  thin^  coQtiniif.  —  S  PeL  tii. 
A-SLciPE',  a.  or  adv,     [a  and  slope,     See  Slope.] 

With  leaning  or  inclination  ;  obliquely  ;  with  de- 
clivity or  descent,  as  a  hiU;  declining  from  an  up- 
right direction. 

Set  ihrm  not  upright,  but  tulope.  Bacon. 

A-SLUG',  adv.    In  a  sluggish  manner.    [A^of  used,] 

Fotherby, 

AS-MO-\E'AX,  a.  Pertaining  to  Asinoneus,  the 
father  of  Simon,  and  chief  of  the  Asnioneans,  a 
family  that  reigned  over  the  Jews  126  years. 

AS-MO-\E'A\,  n.    One  of  the  family  of  Asmoneus. 

A-So'.MA-TOUS,  a.     [Gr.  <i  priv.  and  t(u(/.j,  body.] 
Without  a  material  body  ;  incorporeal.        Ti'da. 

ASP,        /  «.     [L.  aspts;  Gr.  iitrnj,  a  round  shield  and 

ASP'ie,  (  an  asp;  supposed  to  be  fmm  Heb.  and 
Ch.  DCK,  to  gather  in,  or  collect;  from  the  coil  of 
this  serpent,  with  his  bead  elevated  in  the  center, 
like  the  boss  of  a  buckler.] 

A  small,  poisonous  serpent  of  Eg>'pt  and  Libya, 
whose  bite  occasions  inevitable  death,  but  without 
pain.  It  is  said  that  the  celebraled  Cleopatra,  rather 
than  be  carried  a  captive  to  Rome  by  Augustus,  suf- 
fered death  by  the  bile  of  the  asp ;  but  the  fact  haa 
been  questioned.  Authors  are  not  agreed,  to  what 
species  the  asp  of  the  ancients  should  be  referred. 
Bruce  thinks  it  the  CuUber  cerasUs^  Linn.  Cuvier 
con^^idcrs  it  the  Coluber  hnje,  Linn. 

AS-PAL'A-THUM,  n.  The  calambac,  &  \*ariety  of 
the  agallochum  or  aloes-wood  ;  also,  the  rose-wood, 
(Li^am  Rfiodium.)  Porr.     Cye. 

AS-PAL'A-THUS,  n.  I.  A  penim  of  papilionaceous 
plants,  of  the  natural  order  Fabaceie,  (class  De- 
candria,  Linn.)  The  species  are  chiefly  natives  of 
tlie  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

•2.  A  plant,  called  rose  of  JcriLsalemy  or  our  lady*s 
rose, 

3.  The  rose-wood,  {lifrnvm  Rhodium,)  a  frajrrint 
wood,  yieliting  an  essential  oil  with  the  odor  of 
roses;  furnished  by  two  species  of  Convolvulus, 
(C.  jioridita  and  C.  scopanmsy)  natives  of  the  Cana- 
ries. Parr.     Cye. 

AS-PAR'A-OIN,  n.  A  crystallized  substance,  first  dis- 
covered in  the  juice  of  asparagus,  the  precise  nature 
of  which  is  not  settled. 

AS-PAR-\G'1\-0US,  a.  Properly,  allied  to  the  aspar- 
agus ;  but  in  hot ticuiturcj  denoting  plants  whose 
tender  shoots  are  eaten,  like  those  of  asparagus. 

Brands. 

A9-PAR'A-<;US,  1*.  [L.  and  Gr.  ;  probably  from 
tTTaioTiTtj,  to  tear,  from  its  lacerated  appearance,  or 
from  the  root  of  ffn-cioa,  a  spire,  from  its  stem.] 

The  name  of  a  genus  of  plants  ,  and  al.«<i  the  com- 
mon name  of  one  of  its  species,  cultivated  in  gar- 
dens, called  otherwise  spara^uj*,sparaeey  and  vulgar- 
ly irparriiw-grajs.  This  has  an  upright,  herbaceous 
stalk,  bristly  leaves,  and  equal  siipulas.  The  roots 
have  a  bitterish,  mucilaginous  taste;  and  the  stalk 
is,  in  some  degree,  aperient  and  deob^trucnt,  but 
not  very  efficacious. 

AS-PAR'TATE,  n.  Any  compound  of  the  napartic 
acid  with  a  salifiable  base. 

AS-PAR'T1€  ACID,  n,  A  concrete  or  crystalline 
acid,  obtained  from  asparagus,  and  composed  of  car- 
btm,  hydrogen,  nitrogen,  and  oxygen. 

AS'PECrr,  n.  [L.  anpectuSy  from  o^tcio,  to  look  on,  of 
ad  and  tpecio,  to  sec  or  Took.] 

\.  Look ;  view ;  appearance  to  the  eye  or  the 
mind  ;  as,  to  present  an  object  or  a  subject  in  its 
true  aspect,  or  under  a  double  aspecL  tio  we  say, 
public  affairs  have  a  favorable  aspecL 

3.  Countenance;  look,  or  particular  appearance  of 
Ihf  fac«  ;  as,  a  mild  or  severe  a^ccL 

3.  Look;  glance  ;  act  of  seeing.  {This  sense  is 
ueiD  unmnial.] 

4.  Position  or  .•situation  with  regard  to  seeing,  or 
that  position  which  enables  one  to  look  in  a  particu- 
lar direction  ;  or,  in  a  more  general  sense,  position 
in  relation  to  the  points  of  the  compass  ;  as,  a  house 
has  a  southern  asprct^  that  Ls,  a  position  which  faces 
or  looks  to  the  south. 

Ti,  In  a^trolojTy,  the  situation  of  one  planet  with 
P'spect  to  another,  or  the  angle  formed  by  the  rays 
of  light  proceeding  from  two  planets,  and  mtseting  at 
the  eye.  The  aspects  are  five  ;  scxtile,  when  the 
l^anets  are  (')0'  distant ;  quartile,  or  quadrate,  when 
their  distance  is  90^,  or  the  quarter  of  a  circle  ;  trine, 
when  the  distance  is  i-Hi';  nppositi<m,  when  the  dis- 
tance is  180^,  or  half  a  circle  ;  and  conjunction, 
when  they  are  in  ttie  same  degree. 

Kneyc.  Brande., 
AS'PEPT,  r.  f.  To  behold.  [AV(tt«(i.J  Tetnple, 
Afl-PECT'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  seen.    [JVot  used.] 

Raleigh. 


ASP 

AS-PECT'ED,  o.     Having  an  aspect.     [JVot  used.] 

B.  Jon^on. 
AS-PEG'TION,  tt.    The  act  of  viewing.    [JVoS  used.] 

Brown. 
ASP'EN,  )  n.    [D.  tspa ;  G.  aspe^  espe ;  Sax.  lespe ;  Sw. 
ASP,         )       asp  i    Dan.   asp ;    Q.U.    from    the    Ar. 

<^t,^-*l  kkasfiafa,  to  be  agitated.] 

A  species  of  the  pojilar,  so  called  from  the  trem- 
bling of  its  leaves,  which  move  with  the  slightest 
impulse  of  the  air.  Its  leaves  are  roundish,  smooth, 
and  stand  on  long,  slender  foot-stalks. 

ASP'EN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  aspen,  or  resembling  it; 
made  of  aspen  wood. 

Nor  atpen  lea»ei  canfiyat  the  g^nUert  brrfTP.  Gay. 

AS'PER,  a,  [L.  See  Asperate.]  Rough ;  rugged. 
[Little  used.]  Bacon. 

AS'PER,  71.    [L.  a.<piro,  to  breathe.] 

In  frrammar,  the  Greek  accent,  importing  that  the 
letter  over  which  it  is  placed  ought  to  be  aspirated, 
or  pronounced  as  if  the  letter  h  preceded  it.    Encyc. 

.\S'PER,  B.  A  Turkish  coin,  of  which  three  make  a 
medine. 

Its  value  is  about  a  cent  and  19  decimals. 

AS'PER-ATE,  r.  f.     [L.  a.-iperoy  from  ooyer,  rough.] 
To  make  rough  or  uneven.  Boyle. 

AS'PER-A-TED,  pp.     Made  rough  or  uneven. 

AS  PER-A'TIOX,  n,    A  making  rough. 

AS-PER-GIL'LUS,  n.  The  bnish  used,  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  church,  for  sprinkhog  holy  water  ou  the 
people. 

AS-PER-GOIRE',  n.  [Fr.  aspersoir.]  A  sprinkling 
with  holv  water. 

AS-PER-I-F6'LI-ATE,  a.  [L.  aspery  rough,  and 
folium,  a  leaf.] 

Having  rough  leaves. 

The  term  asprrifoUate  (L.  aspcrifoJitr)  has  been  ap- 
plied, by  different  botanists,  to  a  natural  family  of 
plants,  characterized  by  a  monopetalous  corolla,  usu- 
ally with  four  divisions,  an  ovary  deeply  four-clelt, 
ftimierly  regarded  as  four  naked  seeds,  and  alternate 
leaves,  rough  to  the  touch,  whence  the  name.  These 
plants  constitute  the  forty-first  order  in  LinnJEUs'a 
fragments  of  a  natural  method,  and  also  form  a  di- 
vi.siun  in  the  methods  of  Hermann,  Doerhaave,  and 
Ray.     Tlicv  now  form  the  natural  order  Borasmace' 

AS-PER-I-Fo'LI-OUS,  a.  Having  leaves  rough  to  the 
touch.     [See  the  precettinir  word.] 

AS-PEIt'I-'l'V,  n.     [L.  asperitaSy  from  asper,  rough.] 

1.  Roughness  of  surface  ;  unevenness  ;  opposed  to 
smoothness,  Boyle. 

2.  Roughness  of  sound  ;  that  quality  which  grates 
the  ear  ;  harshness  of  pronunciation.  Warton. 

3.  Roughness  to  the  taste  ;  sourness. 

4.  Roughness  or  niggedncsa  of  temper  ;  morose- 
ness  ;  s(>urness  ;  crabbcduess.  Rogers. 

h.  Sharpness.  Berkeley. 

A-SPERM'OUS,  a.     [Gr.  'i  priv.  and  cnrrp/ia,  seed.] 

In  botany,  destitute  of  seeds.  ^  , 

AS  PER-NA'TION,  n.     Disregard  ;  contempt. 
AS'PER-OUS,  a.     [L.  asper,  rough.] 

Roueh  ;  uneven.  Boyle, 

AS-PERSE',  (as-pen*',)  o.  U    [L.  aspergOy  aspersusy  of  oil 


split, 


and  spargOy  to  scatter ;  Ar.  ->-  yp  faragCy  to 

divide,  scatter.    See  Class  Brg.] 

1.  To  bespatter  with  fuul  reports  or  false  and  in- 
jurious charges  ;  to  tarnish  in  point  of  reputation  or 
good  name  ;  to  slander  or  calumniate  ;  as,  to  asperse 
a  poet  or  his  writings  ;  to  asperse  a  character. 

S.  To  cast  upon.  Ileitieood. 

A8-PERS'ER,  n.  One  that  aspcrseii  or  vilifies  an- 
other. /  — - 

AS-PER'srO\,  71.  A  sprinkling,  bs  of  water  or'ffhst, 
in  a  literal  senrte.  Ukak. 

2.  The  spreading  of  calumnious  reportsor  charges, 
which  tarnish  reputation,  like  the  bespattering  of  a 
body  with  fdul  water  ;  calumny  ;  ceijsure.  Up.  IlalL 

A8-PERS'0-RY,  a.    Tending  to  asperse ;  defamatory. 

AS-PHALT'  >         ,„         .   ^        1 

AS-PHALT'bM.i»-     t«-  "'^^aXr^f.] 

Ititumen  Juuaicum,  Jew's  pitch;  a  smooth,  hard, 
brittle,  blufk  or  brown  substance,  which  breaks  with 
a  poliuh,  melts  easily  when  heated,  and  when  pure, 
burns  without  leaving  any  ashes.  It  has  little  tafte, 
and  scarcely  any  smell,  unless  heated,  when  it  emits 
a  strung  smell  of  pitch.  It  is  found  in  a  soft  or  liquid 
state  on  the  siirfiice  of  the  Dead  Sea,  which,  from 
this  substance,* is  called  Ji.-.phaltites,  or  the  Asphaltic 
Lake.  It  is  found  alw  in  the  earth,  in  man)^  parts 
of  Asia,  Euro[H!,  and  America.  Fornierly,  it  was 
used  for  embalming  dead  bodies  ;  the  solid  asphalt- 
um  is  still  employed  in  Arabia.  Egypt,  and  Persia, 
instead  of  pitch,  for  ships  ;  and  the  tluid  ai^phaltum 
is  used  for  varnishing,  and  for  burnin:  in  lamps.  It 
Is  also  used  for  pavement  in  streets.  A  K(»ecips 
found  in  Neufchatel  is  found  excellent  as  a  cement 
for  walls  and  pavements  ;  very  durable  in  air,  and 
not  penetrable  by  water.  A  comiiosition  of  as[ihalt- 
um,lamp-bbirk,andoil  of  spike,  or  turpentine,  is  used 
for  drawing  black  figures  on  dial  plates.  J^TieAoUoTu 


ASP 

AS-PHALT'IG,  a.  Poitaiuing  to  asphultum,  or  con- 
taining it;  bituminous,  .Milton. 

AS-PH.\LT'ITE,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  containing  aa- 
phaltum.  Bryant.     fVilJ'urd, 

AS-PHALT'US,  n.    Asphaltum. 

N.tphtha  and  Atyftoltut,  Milton. 

AS'PHO-DEL,  n.  [L.  asphodetus ;  Gr.  na^l.o^eXof 
See  Theoph.  lib.  7.  Plin.  lib.  21. 17.  Perhaps  it  is 
from  the  root  of  spud;  Dan.  spyd;  Sw.  spiut;  Ice. 
spiocty  a  spear,  from  the  shape  of  its  leaves.] 

The  common   name  of  different  species    of   the 
genus  Asphodelus  ;  cultivated  for  the  beauty  of  their 
flowers.    The  ancients  planted  asphodels  near  graves, 
to  supply  the  manes  of  tlie  dead  with  nourishment* 
Encyc.    Johnson. 

AS-PHU-RE-LA'TA,  ti.  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  <r0upu,  a 
hammer ;  not  malleable.]" 

A  series  of  semimetalhc  fossils,  fusible  by  fire,  and 
in  their  purest  state  not  malleable.  In  their  native 
state,  they  are  mixed  with  sulphur  and  other  adven- 
titious matter,  in  the  form  ot^  ore.  Under  this  de< 
nomination  are  classed  bismuth,  antimony,  cobalt, 
zinc,  and  quicksilver.  Coze.     Encyc. 

AS-PHYX'I-A,  I  n,  rGr.ao0vtia,of  apriv.  and  a^iifif, 

AS-PHYX'Y,     i      pulse.] 

Originally,  want  of  pulse,  or  cessation  of  the  mo- 
tion of  the  heart  and  arteries  ;  as  now  used,  apparent 
death,  or  suspended  animation,  particularly  from 
suffocation  or  drowning,  or  tlie  inhalation  of  irrespi- 
rable  gases  ;  recently  applied  also  to  the  collapsed 
state,  in  cholera,  with  want  of  pulse. 

ASP'ie,  71.     The  asp  ;  which  see. 

2.  A  piece  of  ordnance  carrjing  a  twelve  pound 
phot. 

ASP'IC,  7?.  [Fr.]  A  plant  growing  in  France,  a  species 
of  lavender,  (Lavaiidala  spica,)  which  resembles  the 
cmnmon  kind  (L.  vera)  in  the  blue  color  of  its 
flowers,  ami  in  the  figure  and  green  color  of  its 
leaves.  It  is  called  male  lavender,  spica  nardi,  and 
pseudo-nardus.  The  oil  of  this  plant,  called  oil  of 
spike,  or  oil  of  aspic,  is  U::!ed  by  painters,  farriers,  and 
other  artificers.  It  is  very  infiammnble,  of  a  white 
color,  and  aromatic.  J^^icholson.     Fourcroy. 

AS-PIR'ANT,  a.     Aspiring. 

AS-PTR'ANT,  71.     [See  Aspire.]     One  who  a-^pires, 

breathes  after,  or  seeks  with  eagenicss.  Faber. 

9.  A  candidate.  Hard. 

AS'PI-RATE,  f.  t.  [L.  a.'^iro,  to  breathe  or  blow ; 
Gr.  aanatpuy  to  palpitate;  from  spiro  and  aJiaipuif 

Ar.  jJu^  safara,  to  hiss,  or  make  a  hissing  by  blow- 
ing on  a  wind  instrument.     See  Spire,  Spirit.] 

Tit  pronounce  with  a  breathing  or  full  emission  of 
breath.     We  aspirate  the  words  horse  and  house. 

Drpden. 
AS'PI-RATE,  r.  i.    To  give  or  impart  a  strong  breath- 
ing ;  as,  the  letter  A  aspirates.  Drydcu. 
AS'PI-R.\TE,  n.    A  letter  marked  with  an  asper,  or 
note  of  breathing  ;  a  mark  of  aspiration,  as  the  Greek 
acrent.  Bmtley. 
AS'PI-ItATE,  a.    Pronounced  with  a  full  breath. 

JioUer. 
AS'PI-RA  TED,  ;}j/.    Uttered  witli  a  strong  emission 

of  ttreath. 
AS'PI-RA-TIN'G,  ppr.    Pronouncing  with  a  full  breath. 
AS-PI-RA'TION,   /I.    The   pronunciation   of  a  letter 
with  a  full  emission  of  breath.  Holder, 

9.  A  breathing  after;  an  ardent  wish  or  desire, 
chiefly  of  spiritual  blessings.  Watts. 

3.  The  act  of  aspiring  or  of  ardently  desiring  what 
is  noble  or  spiritual.  Sliak. 

AS-PI'RA-TO-llY,  a.     \Tt.  asjnrer,  to  draw  breath.] 
Pertaining  to  breathing;  suited  to  the  inhaling  of 
air.  Bujhn. 

AS-PrRE',c.  7.    [li.  aspiroy  to  breathe.    See  Aspirate.] 
1.  To  desire  with  eagerness  ;  to  pant  afler  an  ob- 
ject, great,  noble,  or  spiritual ;  followed  by  ((J  or  i^/i!«r  ( 
as,  to  aspire  to  a  crown,  or  after  immortality. 

S.  To  aim  at  something  elevated ;  to  rise  or  tower 
with  dc.siie. 

Atjiiriiig  to  b^  g«t«i  If  angt-l«  fell, 

Aajiiriiig  In  be  angels,  men  rebel.  Pope. 

3.  To  rise  ;  to  ascend.  IValler.     O.  FleUher. 

J^oie.  —  This  word  has  been  used  transitively  ;  as, 
to  aspire  thrones :  to  aspire  the  clouds.  (MarloWy 
ShtiL) ;  but  properly  this  is  elliptical  for  aspire  to. 

A8-PTR'ER,  71.  One  who  aspires;  one  who  aims  to 
rise  in  power  or  consequence,  or  to  accomplish  soma 
important  object.  J^IUton. 

AS-PTR'INtJ,  ppr.  Desiring  eagerly  ;  aiming  at  some- 
thing nobie,  great,  or  spiritual ;  rising. 

AS-PEU'ING,  a.  Ambitious;  animated  with  nn  ar- 
dent desire  (»f  power,  importance,  or  excellence. 

AS-PIR'ING,  n.     Ambition;  eager  desire  of  something 

great.  JIammond. 

2^  Piiints  :  stops.     [AV(  used.]  Herbert 

AS-PiR'l\G-LY,  atlti.    In  an  aspiring  manner. 

AS-FTR'i\(i  NESS,  a     The  state  of  being  aspiring. 

AS-POKT-A'TION,  n.  [U  asportatio,  of  aba  and 
porto,  to  carry  ;   W.  porthi,  to  carrv.    See  Bear.] 

A  carrj-ing.  away.  In  law,  the  felonious  removal 
of  goods  from  the  place  where  they  were  deposited. 


TCNE,  BULL,  IZNITE.  — AN"GEa,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K;  6  as  J;  ■  as  Z;  CH  as  8H;  TH  as  In  THia 


ASS 

the  gooud  are  not  camed  ttiaa  the  house  or  apart- 

■wnu  BiacksU/ti«» 

ASQ,VlST'y  adv.      [V.    srhuintr,    a    slope;    scMuimsy 

slopinffly ;   Sdl  cffiujui ;   D.  kant,   a   comer.     See 

AaK^ANCK  ana  S^vi^t.] 

I.  To  the  comer  or  an^e  of  the  eve  ;  obliquely ; 

toward  cue  nde  ;  niA  in  Uie  straight  line  of  vision  ; 

as,  ti>  look  asquinL 
3.  Not  with  regard  or  due  notice.  Fox, 

X.SS,  n.     [yy.  asyn ;  It.  amm ;  L.  aainus :  Fr.  Aie.  tor 

mtne ;  Arm.  <L!«ra ;  Sp.  Port,  asno  ;  IL  tuino  ;  Qu.  from 

Goth,  ausu,  Gr.  uvs,  an  ear.] 

1.  A  quadruped  of  the  genus  Equus.  This  animal 
baslonp,  fkmciiing  ears,  ash<irt  mane,  and  a  tail  cov- 
ered with  long  haira  at  the  end.  lie  is  usually  of  an 
ash  ct>lnr,  with  a  black  bar  across  the  shoulders. 
The  tame  or  domestic  ns*  is  patient  to  stupidity,  and 
carrit^-s  a  heavy  burden.  He  is  slow,  but  vcr>-  sure- 
footed, anil  for  tliis  reamtn  vor)'  u^>ful  on  rough,  steep 

2.  A  dull,  heavy,  Ktupid  fellow  ;  a  dull.  [bills. 
AS-^A  FET'i-DA,' N.    See  AtAtariDA. 

jSS-SJit't  [li:»I-]   In   music,  an  augmentative  adverb 

c^en  joined  to  a  word  Imiiraling  the  niuvemenl  of  an 

air  or  other  cotnpositiun  ;  as,  lar^o  a<^Mi,  ver>'  slow ; 

frtsto  iLuai,  \kT\  quick.  Roiissrau^  DUt.  Mua. 

AS-S-SIL',  r.  L    [Fr.  lusailUr.  from  I-  assUiOy  to  leap 

or  rush  t^pon,  of  ad  and  .<a/i0,  to  lenp,  to  rise.] 
1.  To  leap  ot  fall  up>in  by  violence ;  to  a^tsaull ;  to 

attack  sutluenly.  as  when  one    person  falls   upun 

aoother  to  beat  uim. 
8.  To  ionde  or  attack,  in  a  hostile  manner,  as  an 

anny,  or  nation.  Spetisrr. 

3.  To  attack  with  arpiiments,  cen««ure(  abuse,  or 
criticism,  with  a  view  to  injure,  briug  into  disre- 
pute, or  overthrow. 

4.  To  attack  with  a  view  to  overcome,  by  motives 
•pidled  to  the  pa»kma. 

Nor  bMle  Ibe  enonmmf  almtmUng  tym.  SMak. 

AS^XFL'A-BLE, «.    That  may  he  aoaUed,  attacked, 

or  invad*:d. 
AS-SAIL'ANT,  «.    [Fr.  astaiiamu]    One  who  amiU, 

attncks,  or  a*«attlt^. 
AS-SAIL'ANT,  a.    Assaulting;  attacking;  Invading 

with  violence. 
A9-8AiL'f:D,    (as-aaild',)  pp.     Assaulted ;  invaded  ; 

atLirked  with  violence. 
AS-STTT.'F.T:.  h.    One  who  assails. 
A>  npr.    Assaulting^  invading  by  force; 

vjtilcnce. 
A>  >  i  t  *(•    Attack;  particularly,  an  attack 

of  ■.l:--i-'-.       IM:U  usfii.]  .     Johnm/n. 

Af^A-PAN'l^,  a.    The  flyhig  K|uiml;  an  animal 

which  tlies  a  little  distance  by  extending  Ibe  skin 

between  ibe  fore  and  hind  legs,     [dee  B^t;faRat.} 
Diet,  Trrvoux. 
A5'SA-R0X,  a.    The  omer,  a  Hebrew  measure  of  five 

pints.  Eitefc* 

A&-SART',  m,     [OJd  Fr.  MMtuirr^  to  umb  np.] 

1.  In  amciemt  laws^  the  odeniie  of  grubbing  up  trees, 

and  thus  de^ruying  thickets  or  coverts  of  a  forest. 
Spebmam.     OhmL 
%  A  tr^  plucked  up  by  the  roots  ;  also,  a  piece  of 

land  cleared.  JSsk, 

AS-SART',  a.  t.    To  grub  up  trees ;  to  commit  an 


AS-SAS'aCi,n.   [Ar.  ,j«j^  A«sa,  to  kUK] 

One  who  kills,  or  attempts  to  kill,  b>'  mrprise  or 
secret  assaalL  The  circumstance  of  tmr^ri**  or 
merta/  seems  essential  lu  the  sigititication  of  this 
word,  tbou^  it  is  sometimes  used  to  denote  one 
who  takes  any  advantage,  in  killing  or  attempting  to 
murder:  as,  by  attacking  one  when  unarmed. 

AS-SAS'SIN-ATE,  v.  L    To  kUI,  or  attempt  to  kill,  by 
— rprtoe  or  secreC  assault ;  to  murder  by  sudden  vio- 
tence.    Jitmnin,  as  a  verb,  is  not  now  used, 
a.  To  w^lay  ;  to  take  by  treachery.         Milton. 

AaSAS'SIN-ATE,  a.  A  murder  or  murderer.  [AW 
used.]  B.  Jomson.     Dn/dat. 

AS-SAS'SIN-A-TED,  fp.  Murdered  by  surprise  or 
secret  assanlt. 

AS-SAS'StiV-A-TlNG,  ^r.  Murdering  by  surprise  or 
secr^  assault. 

AS^-\S-g!IX-ATTON,  a.  The  act  of  killing  or  mur- 
dering, by  surprise  or  secret  assault;  murder  by 
violence. 

AS-SAS'8lX-A-TOR,  a.    An  assassin  ;  which  see. 

AS-SASSIX-OUS,  a.     Murderous.     {JVot  used,] 

AB-SAS'SlSi,  n,  pL  In  S^ia^  a  tribe  or  clan  called 
Ismaelia  is,  Batanlsts,  or  Batenians.  Thpy  originated 
in  Persia  about  the  year  lOtW  ;  whence  a  colony  mi- 
grated ait  1  i^ettled  on  the  mountains  of  Lebanon,  and 
were  ren  arkable  for  their  assa^inaiion^  Their 
religion  >\as  a  compound  of  Magianif^m,  Judaism, 
Christianity,  and  Mohammedism.  One  article  of  their 
creed  was,  that  the  Holy  C-pirit  r(«»id!'d  in  their  chief^ 
and  that  his  orders  proceeded  frum  God  himself. 
He  was  called  Sheikh  al  jfbd,  lord  or  senior  of  the 
mountain,  but  is  better  known  by  the  denomination 
of  old  man  oft^  nunaOmn.  This  barbaruu^  chieflain 
and  his  followers  spread  terror  among  nations  far  and 


ASS 

near,  for  almost  two  centuries,  when  the  tribe  was 
subdued  by  £<ullan  Bibaris,  JCncye, 

AS-£!A'TK)S',  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  as*a(ii*.] 
A  roasting.     [A"o(  used,] 

AS-SAULT',  ».  [Fr.  assault^  now  assaut;  It.  Port. 
assiHto;  ^p.  asaito;  from  L.  (U#u/J«,  of  ad  and  saltOy 
to  leap,  funned  on  saiio^  or  its  root.  See  Assail. 
We  have  the  same  root  in  insult  and  rrxult,] 

1.  An  attack  or  violent  onset,  whether  ny  an  in- 
dividual, a  company,  or  an  army.  An  a.tsnult  by 
private  persons  may  be  made  with  or  without  weap- 
ons. .\n  assault  by  an  army  is  a  violent  liuKtile  at- 
tack ;  and  when  made  upon  a  fort  or  fortified  place, 
is  called  a  storm^  as  opposed  to  sap  or  sif^e. 

2.  An  attack  by  hi>^tile  words  or  measures ;  as,  an 
tusautt  upon  tlie  prerogatives  of  a  prince,  or  U]>on  a 
constitution  of  government. 

3.  In  laiCj  an  unlawful  setting  upon  one's  person  ; 
an  attempt  or  oiler  U>  beat  another,  wilhuut  touching 
his  p'Tson ;  as,  by  liAlug  the  fist  ur  a  cane,  in  a 
threatening  manner,  or  by  striking  at  him,  and  niiss- 
iug  him.  If  ihe  blow  aimed  takes  etTect,  it  is  a 
battrty.  Blac-k.'^tone.      Finch. 

.\S-SAL'LT',  r.  ^  To  attack  or  full  U[K>n  by  violence, 
or  with  a  hostile  iutentiun ;  as,  to  assault  a  man,  a 
house,  or  town.  • 

2.  To  invade  or  fall  on  with  force  ;  as,  the  cry  of 
war  assaults  our  ears. 

3.  To  attack  by  words,  arguments,  or  unfriendly 
measures,  with  a  \iew  to  shake,  impair,  or  over- 
throw ;  as,  to  assault  a  cltaracter,  tlie  taws,  or  the 
ndmtnist  ration. 

AS-SAL'LT'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  assaulted. 

frUliams. 

AS-SACLT'ED,  pp.  Attacked  with  force,  arms,  vio- 
lence, or  hostile  views. 

AS-SAULT'ER,  n.  One  who  assaults,  or  violently 
attacks. 

AS-SACLT'IXG,  ppr.  Attacking  with  force,  or  with 
ho«iUe  measures. 

AS-SAY',«  [Ft.  essai;  Sp.  ensayo ;  Port,  nnsaio ;  It. 
Mtigfioy  an  oMoy  i  Fr.  easayT,  to  try  ;  old  Fr.  es.ioycr, 
to  endeavor.  KelAam^s  Srorm,  DicL  II.  tissafrgiare, 
to  try  ;  sa^f  itre,  to  tr>',  essay  ;  Sp.  ensayar^  to  try  ; 

Sw.  /ursoAo,  to  tr\- ;  Dan.  for^/re,  to  try,  examine, 
endeavor.  These  words  are  all  from  the  same  root  as 
««*,  the  radical  sense  of  which  is,  to  follow,  to  urge, 
(vess,  or  strain  ;  Sax.  sccan^  to  seek  ;  1).  loeken  ;  U. 

tud>«n  i  Sw.  S0ka  :  Dan.  aif^e ;  L.  gequor^  assrqttor^  to 
follow,  to  examin^;  Ir.  seicAJm  ;  It.  seguire  ;  Up.  so- 
fHtr.  to  follow,  .^ssay  and  ejisay  are  nidically  one 
won! ;  but  modern  usage  has  appropriated  assay  to  ex- 
periments in  metallurgy,  and  essay  Ut  intelleclual  and 
bodily  eiTorfs.     Class  i?e.     See  Essav.] 

1.  The  determination  of  the  quantity  of  any  par- 
ticular metal  in  an  ore,  or  other  niet.illic  com^mund 
alloy  ;  or  more  especially  the  detemiinatiun  of  the 
quantity  of  gold  or  silver  in  coin  or  bullion.  Analysis 
is  the  detennination  of  the  nature  and  proportions  of 
all  the  ingredients  of  a  compound.  Assaying  is 
called  the  docimastic  art.  P,  Cyc.     Eneyc. 

2.  The  siibs^tince  to  be  assayed.  Ure. 

3.  In  law,  an  examination  of  weights  and  measures 
b>"  the  sLindard.  Coicel. 

4.  Examination  ;  trial ;  cflVirt ;  first  entrance  upon 
any  bu^siness  ;  attempt.  In  these  senses,  which  are 
found  in  old  authors,  now  rarely  used,  [see  Essat.] 

5.  Value.    [Obj,] 

PouU  and  prtckius  stones  ofgr^Al  assay.  Sptnstr. 

AS-SAY',r.  (.    1.  To  determine  the  amount  of  a  partic- 
ular metal  in  an  ore,  alloy,  or  other  metallic  compound. 
2.  Figuratively^  to  apply  to,  as  to  tlie  touchstone. 

Miltun. 
AS-SAY',  e.  t.    To  attempt,  try,  or  endeavor. 

He  assayed  to  go.  —  I  Sam.  zvii. 
[/■  this  sense  Essat  is  note  used.] 

AS-SAY'-BAL'.\XCE,  n.  A  balance  used  in  the 
process  of  assaying. 

A3-SAY'£D,  pp.  Examined ;  tested ;  jvoved  by  ex- 
periment. 

AS-SAV'ER,  n.  One  who  examines  metallic  ores  or 
compounds,  for  the  purpose  of  determining  the  amount 
of  any  particular  metal  in  the  same,  particularly  of 
gold  or  silver.  .\n  officer  of  the  mint,  whose  busi- 
ness is  to  determine  the  amount  of  gold  or  silver  in 
coin  or  bullion. 

A8-KAY'-FUR'XACE,  a.  A  furnace  used  in  the  pro- 
cess of  assaying.  (/re. 

.\S-:?A  V'lXG,'  n.  The  determination  of  the  amount  of 
any  particular  metal  in  a  metallic  compound.    [See 

AsSAT.l 

AS-f?AV'lNG,  ppr.  Trying  by  some  standard  i  exam- 
ininp  by  experiment,  as  metals  ;  proving  ;  attempting. 

AS^aV'-MAS'TER,  71.  An  at^sayer ;  an  oflicer  ap- 
pointed to  determine  the  amount  of  gold  or  silver  in 
coin  or  htillion. 

AS-.SK€-TA'TI0X,  n.    Attendance  or  waiting  upon. 

Ai?-SE-€OR'AXCE,  n.     Assurance,     [JVot  used.] 

Sheldon. 

AS.SE^U-RA'TIOX,  a.  Assurance;  a  making  sure. 
[M-ot  used.]  Bp.  Hail. 


ASS 

AS-SE-eORE',  V.  L    To  make  sure.    [Abf  used.] 

Bulloicar. 
AS-SE-eO'TION,  n.     [l^  asaeqwr.] 

An  obtaining  or  acquiring.  Ayl\ffi 

AS^E.M'IJLACE,  n.     [Fr.    See  Assemble.] 

1.  A  collection  ot^  individuals,  or   of  particular 
things  i  the  state  of  being  a-iseinWed.      Thomson. 
a.  Rarely,  the  act  of  assembling. 
AS-SE.M'ltLAXCE,   n.     Representation ;    an    assem- 
bling.     [Jv'ct  in  use."^  Shuk.     Spmsir. 
A9-SEM'BLE,  v.  L     [Fr.  assejnbler ;  Sw.  samlaf  Dan. 
eamle ;  D.  zamdcn;   Ger.  sainmeln,  to   assemble.     L. 
simul ;  Dan.  sammrn  ;  D.  lameitj  together.] 

To  collect  a  number  of  individiinis  or  particulars 
into  one  place  or  body  ;  to  bring  or  call  together  ;  to 
conveuR  ;  to  congregate. 
AS-SEM'BLE,  r.  i.    To  meet  or  come  together;  to 

convene,  us  a  number  of  individuals. 
AS-SE.M'BLKD,;ip.  Collected  intoa  body;  congregated 
AS-SE.M'ltLKK,  n.    One  who  assembles. 
AS-SEM'ULI\G,  ppr.     Coming  together;    collecting 

into  one  place. 
A8-HEM'BLIXG,  tu     A   collection,  or   meeting   to- 
gether.    Heb.  X. 
AS-SE.\I'RLV,  n.      [Sp.  asamblea ;  It.  assamblea ;  Fn 
assembUe.] 

I.  A  company  or  collection  of  individuals,  in  the 
same  place  ;  usually  fur  the  same  purpose. 
"■2.  A  congregation  or  religiouH  society  convened. 
3.  In  a  cifil  or  politicai  sense ^  a  meeting  convened 
by  authority,  for  the  transaction  of  public  business  ; 
as,  the  assemblies  of  the  Roman  people  ;  the  assembly 
of  the  States-General,  and  tiie  Xational  .^jf^mt^/?/,  in 
Fmnce. 

,4,  In  some  of  the  United  Statrs^  the  legislature,  con- 
sisting of  ditierent  houses  or  branches,  whether  in 
session  or  not;  more  usually  cuHfd  the  Generul  As- 
sembly, In  some  states,  the  popular  branch,  or  House 
of  RepreseuLitives,  is  denominated  the  ./i^»/iMy.  [See 
the  constitution  of  tJie  several  stales.] 

5.  A  collection  of  persons  for  amusement;  as,  a 
dancing  assembly. 

6.  A  convocation,  convention,  or  council  of  min 
isters  and  ruling  elders,  delegated  from  each  presby- 
tery ;  as,  the  General  Assembly  of  Scotland,  or  of  the 
United  States.  Encyc 

7.  In  ar/Hit.^,  the  second  beating  of  tlie  drum  be 
fore  a  march,  when  the  soldiers  strike  their  tents. 

Ettcyc, 

8.  An  assemblage.    [JVof  m  use.] 

Primary  assembly ;  »  meeting  of  the  people  or  loffal 
voters  in  a  lt>wn,  city,  or  other  district,  who  a|<pear 
and  act  on  public  business  in  person,  and  a  majoriti 
of  whose  votes  originate  the  supreme  power  in  a 
state. 

AS-SEM'BLY-ROOM,  n.  A  room  in  which  personr 
assemble,  especially  for  amusement.  Cije. 

AS-SEXT',  w.     [L.  asscasa^,  from  a.ssentior,  to  assent, 

of  ad  and  sentio^  to  think  ;  Eth.  C\if\  sena  or  sana, 
concord,  and  its  derivative,  to  agree,  to  harmonize; 
Sw,  sianCj  mind,  sense;  D.  zm,  mind;  zinnen,  to 
feel  or  mind  ;  G.  sinn^  sense ;  sinnen,  to  think  or  con- 
sider. The  Danes  preserve  the  final  consonant,  sind, 
mind,  settse,  inclination  ;  W.  syn^  sense  ;  syniaw,  to 
perceive.]* 

1.  The  act  of  the  mind  in  admitting,  or  agreeing  to, 
the  truth  of  a  proposition. 

Faith  b  the  asterit  u>  anj  propoulion,  oa  the  credit  of  thr  pro- 
poser. Locke. 

2.  Consent ;  agreement  to  a  proposal,  respecting 
some  right  or  interest;  as,  the  biil  before  the  house 
has  xhe  assent  of  a  great  majority  of  the  members. 

The  distinction  between  assent  and  consent  seems 
to  be  this :  assent  is  the  agreement  to  an  abstract 
proposition.  We  assent  to  a  statement,  but  we  do 
not  consent  to  it.  Consent  is  an  agreement  to  some 
proimsal  or  measure  which  affects  the  rights  or  in- 
terests of  the  consenter.  We  consent  to  a  proposal  of 
marriage.  This  distinction,  however,  is  not  always 
observed.  [See  Comsest.]  Assent  is  an  act  of  the 
understanding;  consent  is  an  act  of  the  will.  So 
Baxter  speaks  of  justifying  faith  as  the  assenting 
trust  of  the  understanding,  and  the  consenting  trust 
of  the  will.  Short  Meditations. 

3.  Accord  ;  agreement.    2  Chron.  xviii. 

Royal  assent ;  in  Enu-Ltnd,  the  assent  of  the  sove- 
reign to  a  bill  which  has  passed  both  houses  of  par- 
liament, given  in  the  House  of  Lords,  either  in  p^'rson 
or  bv  commissioners.  P.  Cyc. 

AS-SEXT'  r.  L  To  admit  as  tnie  ;  to  agree  to,  yield, 
or  concede,  or  rather  to  express  an  agreement  of  the 
mind  to  what  is  alleged  or  proposed. 

The  JfWi  aUo  atieated,  nying  iha,t  the«:  things  were  lo.  —  Acta 

ft  is  sometimes  used  for  consent^  or  to  express  an 
agreement  to  something  affecting  the  rights  or  in- 
terest of  the  person  assenting.     But  to  asseiu  to  the 
-  marriage  of  a  daughter,  is  less  correct  than  to  consent, 
AS-SE.\T-A'TIOX,  n.    [L.  asscntatio,  from  assentor,  to 
comply.] 

Compliance  with  the  opinion  of  another,  from 
flattery  or  dissimulation.  Che^terjield, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  —  M£TE,  PRfiY.— PIXE,  MARtXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  W<?LF,  BQQK.— 
_  ^  - 


_I 


ASS 

A5-SE.\T-A'TOU,  n.     A  flatterer. 

AS-SENT-A-TO'Hl-LY,  adv.  With  adulation.  [J^ot 
in  use.]  Bacon. 

AS-SE\  r'ER,  n.  One  who  assents,  agrees  to,  or 
admits. 

AS-SENT'TNG,  ppr.  Agreeing  to,  or  admitting  as 
true  :  yielding  to, 

AS-SENT'ING-LY,  aJp.  In  a  manner  to  express  as- 
sent ;  by  aijreemenL 

AS-SENT'ilE^T,  n.  Assent ;  agreement.  [Rarely 
used.]  Broicn. 

AS-SEltT',  tJ.  t,  [L.  assero,  assertum,  to  claim  or  chal- 
lenge, to  maintain  or  assert ;  of  ad  and  sero.  The 
sense  of  sero  is  to  sow,  properly  to  tlirow  or  set.  To 
asKtrt  is  to  throw  or  set  firmly.] 

1.  To  aflinn  positively  ;  to  declare  with  assurance  j 
to  aver.  MUtun. 

a.  'I'o  maintain  or  defend  by  words  or  measures  ; 
to  vindicate  a  claim  or  title  to;  as,  to  asi<ert  our 
rights  and  liberties.  Drydeii. 

AS-^ERT'ED,  pp.  Affirmed  positively;  maintained  ; 
vindicated. 

AS-S*EKT'ING,  ror.  Bedaring  with  confidence  j 
maintaining;  defending. 

AS-SER'TfON,  n.  1.  The  act  of  asserting  j  the  main- 
taining of  a  claim. 

2.  Positive  decharation  or  averment ;  aftinnaiion  ; 
po-^itinn  advanced.  Brotcn. 

.\:vj-ERT'IVE,  a.    Positive;    affirming  confidently; 

perrni plorv.  .    Ola» c'dle. 

AS-SEKT'lVE-LY,  orfr.     Affirmatively.  BedcU. 

Arf-^ERT'OR,  n.    One  who  affirms  positively  ;   one 

who  maintains  or  vindicates  a  claim  \  an  a'ffirmer, 

supiKpfter,  or  vindicator.  DnjtUn. 

A9-.«EKT'0-RY,  0.  Affinning;  maintaining.  Bp.  Hail. 
Ail-.SE.''S',  o.  L     [Fr.  anseoir;  Norm,  a^^er,  asi<enir;  to 

settle,   fix,  a.->certain,  <Ujfr.v« ;  It.  w^sesUire^  as:scttare; 

L.  aa.<ideo^  ad  and  sedto ;  Eng.  to  sU^  or  seL    See  Set 

and  Sit.] 

1.  To  set,  fix,  or  charge  a  certain  sum,  as  a  tax ;  as, 
to  as.-'^xs  enrii  citizen  in  due  proportion. 

2.  To  value  ;  lo  iix  the  value  of  property,  for  the 
purposi;  of  being  taxed  ;  as  by  the  law  of  the  I'nitcd 
folates.  Also,  to  value  or  fix  the  profits  of  business, 
fur  tiie  purpose  of  taxation. 

3.  To  set,  fix,  or  ascertain  ;  as,  it  is  the  province  of 
a  jury  to  a^^e^g  damages. 

AS-t^ESS',  n.     Assessment.     [JVw*  used.^ 

.AS-.Si«*<tf'A-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  asses 

A^^.'^ES.Si'A-BLV,  ado.     By  assessment. 

A.S-.-^E?'S'ED,  (as-sest',)  pp.  Charsied  with  a  certain 
sum  ;  valued  ;  set;  fixed  ;  ascert;iined. 

AS-sr.s.S'L\G, /»pr.  Charging  wilii  a  sura;  valuing; 
fi.xmc;  ascertaining. 

A.'^-."^K.->'t'IU.\,  n.  A  sitting  down  by  a  person.  [JV"u( 
u.frd.] 

AS-SES'RIOV-A-RY,  a.    Pertaining  to  assessors. 

AS-SESS'M£,NT,  n.  A  valuation  of  properly  or  profits 
of  bu^mess,  for  the  purpose  of  taxation.  An  aj^tds- 
ment  is  a  valuation  made  by  authorized  persons  ac- 
cording to  tlieir  discretion,  as  opposed  to  a  sum  cer- 
tain or  determined  by  law.  It  is  a  valuation  of  the 
property  of  those  who  are  to  (ifiy  the  lax,  for  the  pur- 
purtv  of  fixing  the  pro[NirtioQ  which  each  man  shall 
pny  ;  on  which  valuation  the  law  imposes  a  specific 
sum  upon  a  given  amount.  * 

Blttdistone,     Lates  of  the  United  States. 
3.  A  tax  or  specific  sum  charged  on  persons  or 
property. 

3.  The  act  o'  aascssing ;  the  act  of  determining  the 
amount  of  damages  by  a  jury. 

AS-SCSi$'OR,  It.  One  appointed  to  assess  the  person 
ur  property. 

2.  An  inlferlor  officer  of  juntlee,  wbo  sits  to  assist 
the  judge.  Encyr.. 

3.  In  England,  persons  chosen  to  assist  the  mayor 
and  aJdennen  of  corporations.  In  matters  cimceruing 
elections.  Brandc. 

4.  One  who  slta  bf  another,  as  next  in  dignity. 

jMilLon. 
AS-SES^-aiVRI-AL,  0.    Pertaining  to  assessors,  or  a 

court  of  assemoTB.  Coxe. 

Aii'SETS,  lupL    [Fr.  omcz,  enough  ;  It.  luwi,  enough, 

or  many ;  Ir.  *«/A,  sufficiency  ;  mnadh^  satisfaction  ; 

L.  tat.  salUf  enough.] 

1.  Goods  or  estate  of  a  deceased  prson,  subject  by 
law  lu  the  payment  of  his  debts  and  legacies  ;  called 
OMfLff  because  sufficient  to  rendf;r  the  executor  or 
administrator  liable  to  the  creditors  and  legatees,  so 
far  an  such  gtjotis  or  estate  may  extend.  Asseta  are 
real  or  pcraonai :  real  a.<ifet^  are  lands  which  descend 
to  the  heir,  subject  to  the  fulfillment  of  the  obliga- 
tions of  the  ancestor ;  personal  a^srta  are  the  mrmey 
or  goods  of  the  deceased,  or  debbt  due  to  him,  which 
come  into  the  hands  of  the  executor  or  admmistroOir, 
or  which  he  is  bound  to  collect  and  convert  into 
money.  Blackstone. 

2.  Effects  of  an  insolvent  debtor. 

3.  The  entire  property  of  all  sorts,  belonging  lo  a 
merl  hant  or  to  a  trading  association.      JPCuUocA. 

A8-HEV'ER,  IV.  L      [L.  OMtvero,  from  ad  and 

AS-SEVER-ATE,  i      the  Teutonic  avtear ;  Hax.  mds- 
rioa  i  Gnth.  xwamn,  to  swear,  to  aAirm  positively.j 
To  affirm  or  aver  positively,  or  with  solemnity.        | 


ASS 

AS-SEV'EU-A-TEU,  pp.  Affirmed  or  averred  posi- 
tively. 

AS-tfE'V'ER-A-TING,  ppr.    Affirming  positively. 

ASvSEV-EU-A'TION,  7i.  Positive  affirmation  'or  as- 
sertion :  solemn  declaration.  This  word  is  not,  gen- 
erally, if  ever,  ust^d  for  a  declaration  under  an  official 
oath,  but  for  a  declaration  accompanied  with  so- 
lemnity. 

ASS'-HEAD,  n.  \ass  and  head.]  One  dull,  like  the 
ass  ;  one  slow  of  apprehension  ;  a  blockhead. 

A  sect  of  Jews  who  resorted  to  JiTaUatliias  lo  fight 
for  the  laws  of  their  God  and  the  liberties  of  their 
country.  They  were  men  of  great  zeal,  and  ob- 
served the  traditions  of  the  elders.  From  these 
sprung  the  Pharisees  and  Essenes.  Encyc. 

AS'Sl-DENT,  a.  [L..  assidcOj  assidtttSf  of  ad  and  sedeo^ 
to  sit,] 

Jiasident  signs,  in  medicine,  are  such  as  usually 
attend  a  disease,  but  not  always  ;  distinguished  from 
paUiog-nomic  signs,  which  are  inseparable  from  it. 

Evcyc 
AS-SID'lT-ATE,a.    Daily.    [A"bf  m  u.«.]    K.  Charles  L 
A8-S1-D0'I-TY,  n,     [L-  assiiluiUu.    See  Assiduous.] 

1.  Constant  or  close  application  to  any  business  or 
enterprise ;  diligence.  Adilison. 

2.  Attention  ;  attentiveness  to  persons.  Assiduities^ 
in  the  plural,  are  studied  and  persevering  attentions. 

AS-SID'lJ-OL'S,  a.  [L.  assiduiLi,  from  assidco^  to  sit 
close,  ad  and  sedeo ;  Eng.  to  sit ;  Sax.  sittan^  srttan.] 

1.  Constant  in  application;  as,  a  person  assiduvwi 
in  his  rH:cupatlon. 

2.  Attentive  ;  careful ;  regular  in  attendance ;  as, 
an  assiduous  physician  or  nurse. 

3.  Performed  with  constant  diligence  or  attention  ; 
as,  assiduous  labor. 

AS-SID'(;-Oi;S-LY,  ada.  Diligently;  attentively; 
with  earnestness  and  care ;  with  regular  attendance. 

AS-SID'l|-OUS-NESS,  a.  Constant  or  diligent  appli- 
cation. 

AS-S1k6E',  r.  L     To  besiege.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

AS-SI-E.NT'O,  n.  [Sp.  astenlo,  a  seat,  a  contract  or 
agreement ;  L.  assideo.] 

A  contnict  or  convention  between  the  king  of 
Spiiin  and  other  powers,  for  furni^ihing  slaves  for  the 
Spani.vti  dominions  in  America. 

Contract  of  the  Assimto,  March  96,  1713,  referred  to 
in  the  treaty  between  Oreal  Britain  and  Spaittj  July 
13,  1713. 

.Hssiento  Company;  a  Company  to  whom  the  con- 
tract of  the  Assiento  was  granted;  originally  the 
French  Guinea  Company  ;  but  when  the  contract 
wiis  transf.rred  to  England  by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht, 
July  13,  1713,  the  South  Sea  Company. 

Encye.  Meth, 

AS-SI-ENT'IST,  Ti.  A  shareholder  or  stoekholder 
of  the  Assiento  company,  French  or  English  ;  one  of 
the  holders  of  the  Assmnto  contract.  BancrnfL 

AS-SIGN',  (a»-slne',)  v.  L  [Fr.  a^si^rr  ;  Sp.  a^ignar; 
Port,  assinar ;  It.  asseg^nare ;  L.  astigno.  of  ad  and 
BiffTto,  to  allot,  to  mark  out ;  Ir.  sif^hin  t  L.  si-rnuw,  a 
mark.  The  primary  sense  of  sign  is  to  send,  or  to 
set.] 

1.  To  allot ;  to  appoint  or  grant  by  distribution  or 
apportionment. 

Th*  prie»t«  had  a  ponton  attigntd  thrm,  —  Gen.  xlrH. 

3.  To  designate  or  appoint  for  a  particular  purpose. 

'Vhey  aesigtitd  Bcier,  a  ciiy  of  prtugr.  —  Jutli.  xx. 

3.  To  fix,  specify,  or  designate;  as,  to  assign  a 
limit. 

4.  In  lawy  to  transfer,  or  make  over  to  another,  the 
right  one  has  in  any  object,  as  an  estate,  chose  in 
action,  or  reversion.  To  assi-rn  daiser.  tti  make  over 
a  life  interest  in  lands  to  the  widow  of^  the  one  from 
whom  the  assignor  inherits.  Blackntone. 

To  a.s.4irn,  in  bankruptcy,  to  transfer  pni|>erty  to, 
and  vest  it  in  certain  jiersona,  culled  assignees^  for 
the  benefit'M'ire'lilors. 

5.  I'm  '^^'  In  particular;  as,  to  o^jfTt  a 
reason  l  i^t. 

fi.  To  )'•  -jfcify;  as,  to  a5.»i57i  errors. 

AS-f<IG.N',  lu     A  p(  r^on  to  whom  property  or  an  in- 
terest is  transferred ;  as,  a  deed  to  a  man  and  his 
heirs  and  assigns,    -s 
A8-SIG.\'A-BLE,a.    That  may  be  allotted,  appointed, 
or  assigned. 

'J.  That  may  be  transforred  by  writing;  as,  an  a*- 
*/.  '  bill. 

be  specified,  shown  with  precision, 
t'!  ■  .  .  a:*,  UD  asst^iabU  quantity. 

As'."?!!'  i>  ,\  1  ,  n. 

1.  In  French  lair,  the  as?!ignment  of  an  annuity 
(nmcr)  on  an  estate,  by  which  the  annuity  is  based 
on  the  security  of  the  latter.    Hence, 

2.  Paper    curr-ncy,   issued   by   the    revolutionary 

fiovernmenl  of  France,  based  on  the  security  of  the 
ands  of  the  state. 
AS-SIG-NA'TION,  n.     An  appointment  of  time  and 
place  fi.r  meeting;  used  chiefly  of  love  meetings. 
2.  A  making  over  by  transfer  of  title.     [See  Aa- 

•lOTtMKRT.] 

Tooke  uses  bankrostigrtationa,  1 


ASS 

AS-SIGN'/'^D,  pp.  or  a.  ApiMintcd;  allotted;  made 
over;  shmvn  or  designated. 

AS-SIGN-eE',  71.  A  person  to  whom  an  assignment 
is  made  ;  a  [lerson  appc-iinted  or  deputed  by  anottier 
to  do  some  an,  p<Tl'orm  some  business,  or  enjoy 
some  right,  privilege,  or  property  ;  as,  an  assignee  of 
a  bankntpt.  An  tusignee  may  be  by  special  apfmint- 
ment  or  deed,  or  be  created  by  law  ;  as  an  executor. 

Cowel. 
.Assignees    in    bankruptcy;    in    England,    persons 
appointed,   under  a   commission   of  bankruptcy,  to 
manage  the  estate  of  a  bankrupt,  for  tlie  benefit  of 
his  creditors. 

AS-SIGN'ER,  (aa~sin'cr,)  n.  One  who  assigns,  or 
appoints. 

AS-SIG\'IXG,  (as-sTn'ing,)  ppr.  Allotting;  appoint- 
ing; ;  transferring  ;  showing  specially. 

AS-SIGN'ME.NT,  n.  An  allotting,  or  an  appointment 
to  a  particular  person  or  nse. 

In  /aw,  1.  A  transfer  of  title  or  interest  by  writing, 
as  of  a  lease,  bond,  note^  or  bill  of  exchange. 

2.  The  writing  by  which  an  interest  is  transferred. 

3.  The  apptiintment  or  designation  of  causes  or 
actions  in  court,  for  trial  on  particular  days. 

4.  The  conveyance  of  the  whole  interest  which  a 
man  has  in  an  estate,  usually  for  life  or  years.  It 
differs  from  a  lease,  which  is  the  conveyance  of  a  less 
term  than  the  lessor  has  in  the  estate.        Z.  Smi/L 

jistrignmrnt  in  bankruptcy ;  the  transfer  of  the  prop- 
erty of  a  bankrupt  to  certain  persons  called  assignees, 
in  whom  it  is  vested  for  the  benefit  of  creditors. 

AS-SIGN-OR',  n.  An  assigner  ;  a  person  who  as- 
signs or  transfers  an  interest;  as,  the  assignor  of  a 
biH  of  exchange. 

AS-SIM'I-LA-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  assimilated. 

AS-SIM'1-IjATE,  t).  L  [L.  assimilo,  of  ad  and  similis, 
like.    See  Similar.] 

1.  To  bring  to  a  likeness  ;  to  cause  to  resemble. 

Swiji. 

2.  To  convert  into  a  like  substance;  as,  food  is 
assimilated  by  conversion  into  animal  substances, 
flesh,  chvie,  blood,  &c. 

AS-SI.M'I-LATE,  e.  i. 

1.  To  become  similar. 

2.  To  perform  the  act  of  converting  food  to  the 
substance  of  the  body  ;  as,  birds  assimilate  less  than 
beasts.  Bacon, 

3.  To  tfe  converted  into  the  substance  of  the  body  ; 
as,  flesh  assimilates  more  readily  ilian  vegetables. 

AS-SIM'I-LA-TEI),  pp.  Brought  to  a  likeness ; 
changed  into  a  like  substance. 

AS-SIM'1-LA-TING,  ppr.  Causing  to  resemble  ;  con- 
verting into  a  like  substance. 

A8-SIlM-LA'TION,  n. 

1.  The  net  of  bringing  to  a  resemblance ;  or  a  stato 
of  resemblance. 

2.  The  act  or  process  by  which  bodies  convert 
other  bodies  into^their  own  nature  and  substance  ; 
as,  flame  assimUalr^'<  oil. 

3.  In  physiulopj,  the  conversion  of  nutriment  into 
the  fluid  or  solid  substance  of  the  body. 

4.  In /;rf«cr/)«(Aw/H^r7/,  the  wupiKJsed  conversion  of 
the  fluids  of  tlie  body  to  the  nature  of  any  nKTbific 
matter.  Parr. 

The  term  assimilation  has  been  limited  by  some,  lo 

the  final  process  by  which  the  blood   is  converted 

into  Ilie  substance  of  the  organs. 
AS-SIM'[-LA-TIVB,  a.     Having  power  of  converting 

to  a  likiaiess,  or  to  a  like  substance,  Hakewill. 

AS-HI.M'I-I.A-TO-RY,  a.     Tending  to  assimilate. 
AS-SIM'TJ-LA'iT.,  v.  t.     [L.  assivinh.] 

To  feign.     U^\iiiisetL    See  Simulate.] 
AS-SIM-U-LA'TION,    n.      A    counterfeiting.       [JVut 

used.     See  Simulation.] 
AS-SI-Nk'GO,  n.     An  ass.  ITcrbrrt. 

AS-SIST',  t?.  f.     [h.  assisto,  of  ad  and  sisto,io  stand 

up  ;  Russ.  sizhu,  to  sit,  or  be  placed  ;  Sp.  asistir;  It. 

assisterei  Fr.  assister.     Literally,  to  be  present,  or,  as 

we  still  say  in  English,  to  stand  by.] 
To  help  ;  to  aid  ;  to  succor;  to  give  support  to  in 

some  undertaking  or  effort,  or  in  time  of  distress. 
AS-SIST',  P.  i. 

1.  To  lend  aid. 

2.  To  he  present ;  to  attend  ;  as,  to  assist  at  a  pub- 
lic meeting.     [j3  Oallicism.]  PrcscutL 

AS-SIST'A\CE,  n.     Help;  aid  ;  furtherance  ;  succor; 

a  contribution  of  support  in  bodily  strength  or  otlier 

means. 
AS-SIST'ANT,  0.     Helping;  lending  aid  or  support; 

auxiliary.  Hide. 

AS-»IST'ANT,  TI.    One  who  aids,  or  who  contributes 

his  strength  or  other  means  to  further  tlie  designs  or 

welfare  of  another;  an  auxiliary. 

2.  An  attendant.     [Little  used.]  Dryden, 

3.  Formerly,  in  some  of  the  Sew  England  States, 
a  member  of  the  upper  house  of  the  legislature. 

AS-Sl.'^T'ANT-LY,  adv.     In  a  manner  to  give  aid. 
AS-SIST'ED,pp.     Helped;  aided. 
AS-SIST'ER,  n.     One  that  lends  aid  ;  a  helper. 
AS-SIST'I\0,    ppr.       Helping ;    aiding ;    supporting 

with  strength  or  means. 
AS-SIST'LESS,  a.     Without  aid  or  help.  Pope. 

AS-STZE',  a.  i  [Fr.  assisvji;  L.  eui-ndeo,  lo  sit  by,  of 

AS-SIZ'ES,  n.  pi.  J      ad  and  sedeo,  to  sit ;  Ir.  tmuair,  a 


TONE,  K\JhU  tINITE — AN"GER.  VI"CI0U9.  — €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  9  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SH;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


»7 


ASS 


.  See  Amksj.I  J^'ote.  This  word  wu  fonneriy 

written,  as  in  Fif  nru,  assut^ 

1.  On^nM//y,  an  asseaibly  of  knie^ts  and  other 
ihftantial  rmd,  with  a  batlifTor  jii^iici',  in  a  certain 
pteoa  and  at  a  certain  timef  fur  public  bu<(iness.  The 
general  council,  or  fTiUMmmgemtU^  of  Knxland,  was 
called  th«  OmwtW  Jtsmxe.      BUtkttone,     OimmmUe, 

2.  Id  Eitftmmd^  the  0»«rt  ^jUnu^  popalariy  called 
the  Jlxtiie*.  is  the  seasions  held,  by  at  least  one  of  the 
jud|^  of  tn«  aaperior  courts,  in  each  of  tlie  counties, 
under  commlasiQiu  of  assize  for  civil  rnj»es,  and  of 
tqrer  and  iprminer^  ajid  jail  deliver>'i  f«v  criminal 
cases.  The  commission  of  assise  originally  directed 
the  judges  to  take  assizes,  cv  the  verdicts  of  a  par- 
ticular jury  called  rhe  OMiie^  now  obsolete.  P.  Cfc 

3L  A  juty.  In  this  sense  the  word  was  applied  to 
the  grand  assize,  for  the  trial  of  property,  and  to  the 
petty  a^tze,  fur  the  trial  of  poamsion.  In  SeotUitdy 
the  assise  consists  of  filteen  men,  sd«ct«Nl  from  a 
l^ealer  number. 

4.  A  writ;  as,  an  essize  ^  mntHi$»tuUy  which  is 
giren  to  rectnrer  the  prweaiioa  of  lands,  tenemenu, 
nats,  conunoo,  ^c^  of  which  the  tenant  bos  been 
lately  diaisised ;  *mx«  ^  smtC  d*aMe«tor,  which  lies 
afainst  an  ahaior,  who  enten  upon  land  aHer  the 
death  of  the  ancestor,  and  before  the  heir  enters ; 
asms  ef  darrm  prtwjmtmmtf  or  last  presentation, 
which  lies  afaliHt  a  atranger  who  presents  a  clerk  to 
n  benefice,  mm  the  petsno.  who  hinueifl  or  his  an- 
caMor,  lasl  befise  presented.  BladuLmf. 

5.  A  particular  species  of  rents,  established  and 
not  auttject  to  be  varied.  Eng*  ^tc. 

G.  Tbetimewplaoeof  holding  the  Court  of  AMLze; 
generally  in  the  plural,  agsizes. 

7.  In  «  SMTS  ftrntnU  mkm,  any  tribunal  or  court  of 
jttstice. 

8.  A  statute,  or  ordinance,  generally ;  as,  the  «*- 
sizes  of  the  realm  j  the  OMoei  tf  As  fvrmtj  rules  and 
regulations  fi>r  the  manageosent  of  the  ruyal  forests ; 
asms  ^  oral*,  a  statute  of  Uen.  II.  for  arming  the 
fcifJQM  ;  the  asMxss  «r  .Anvsalaa,  a  code  of  feudal 
laws  firmed  by  the  crusaders  for  their  kingdom  uf 
Joitsalem. 

9.  A  statute  of  reflation ;  an  ordinance  repi- 
lating  the  weight,  measure,  and  price  of  articles  sold 
in  nirket ;  and  hence  the  word  came  to  signify  tJte 

It,  meadnrr,orprice  tieelf;  as,  the  ossiu  of  bread. 


Speimatu     Omeel.    Emcfc    MMk^ome. 

IQL  Aa  ordinance  fixing  the  standara  of  weights 
9a4  Measures;  hence,  the  «tandard  weights  and 
■eaaurea  ;  as,  the  cii»tody  of  the  swizs.  Blmdutane. 

II.  Measare;  dimension.  [In  this  sense,  now  cor- 
rupted into  8ixx,  which  aee.] 

Xa  tauudnd  culata  Uf^  hj  JiuK  msslM,  Spenstr. 

AS-SIZE',  r.  L  To  fix  the  weight,  measure,  or  price 
ef  cocninoditiee,  by  an  onliuanc*  or  regmation  of 
authority.  ^ 

9-  To  fix  the  rate  of:  to  aaseaa,  aa  taxes.  BumfTM. 

AS-SIZ'£D,  ^.  Regulated  in  weight,  measure,  or 
price,  by  an  assize  or  ordinance ;  aaseased. 

AS-i^IZ'ER,  «.  An  officer  who  has  the  care  or  inspec- 
tion of  WKigUts  and  m  >.X3ur>'-i>.  Ckambrr$, 

AS-*;nC'OR,  ».    In  &:«//afi<  a  juror.  Baiie^, 

AS£i'-LtKE,  a.    Resembling  an  aas.  SAneu. 

A5-5d'B£R,  r.  L  [iSee  s»oB£a.J  To  make  or  keep 
sobT.     [.\V(  iwfrf.  [  Quierr. 

AS-«>0-CIA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  iK-ing  capa- 
ble of  a^ociatiou ;  the  quality  oi  sutTering  suiiie 
change  by  synipoiby,  or  of  beiti*  slfecitd  by  the 
aif:^tions  of  antxher  part  of  the  h<>dv.       />anruu 

AS-t^O'CIA-BLE:,  (a»-«o'sha-We.)     [?*ee*  Associatk.] 
I.  That  may  be  joined  to  or  associated. 
S.  Sociable  ;  companionable. 

3.  In  a  m^ual  «e«.<r,  liable  to  be  affected  by  nm- 
pnihy,  or  to  receive  from  other  parts  correi^iKindent 
feejia^i  and  afi^ctiMts.  **  The  stomach,  the  most 
arssfisWf  of  all  the  organs  of  the  auimsil  body.'* 

Med.  Rrp.     JOimcuu 

A£LgO'CIA-BLE-yESS,  n.    Associabilily. 

AS-^'CIaTC,  (as-so'shite,)  r.  L  [Fr.  assoderi  L. 
assvcio,  of  ad  and  socio,  to  join.] 

1.  Tu  join  in  company,  as  a  friend,  companion, 
partner,  or  confederate ;  as,  to  asaociaU  others  with 
us  in  buriaes5,  or  in  an  enterprise. 

It  conveys  the  idea  of  intimate  union. 

2.  To  unite  in  the  aame  mass;  as,  particles  of 
matter  as-^aciaUd  with  other  substances. 

AS-i>o'CIATE,  r.  i. 

1.  To  unite  in  com[wny  ;  to  keep  company,  imply- 
ing intimacy ;  aa,  congenial  minds  are  disposed  to 
mxiociaU. 

3.  To  unite  in  action,  or  to  be  aAected  by  the 
action  of  a  different  part  of  the  bodv.  Danpin. 

A&^O'CIATE,  a. 

1.  Joined  in  interest  or  purpose  j  confederate. 

Milton. 
%  Joined  in  em;doyment  or  office ;  a.«,  an  associate 
judge. 

3.  In  me^amtj  connected  by  habit  or  sympathy ; 
as,  associate  motions,  such  as  occur  sympattietically, 
in  consequence  of  preceding  motious.  Darwiiu 

AS-SO'CIATE,  n. 

1.  A  companion  ;  one  frequently  in  company  with 


ASS 

another,  iinjilying  intimacy  or  equality;  a  mate;  a 
tVlIuw. 

5.  A  partner  in  interest,  as  In  business  ;  or  a  con- 
federate in  a  leaswc. 

3.  A  conifianion  in  a  criminal  transaction;  an 
acrnniplice. 

AS-S6'C1A-TED,  pp.  United  in  company  or  in  in- 
terest ;  joined. 

AS-^O'CIATE-SHIP,  n.  The  state  or  office  of  an 
ositoctate.  Encije.y  art.  hcttmiltis. 

AS-SO'CIA-Tf.VG,  ppr.  Uniting  in  company  or  In 
interest ;  joining. 

AS-,'*(>-CI-A'TIOX,  n. 

1.  The  act  of  associating;  union;  connection  of 
persons. 

2.  Union  of  persons  in  a  company ;  a  society 
formed  for  transacting  or  carryinc  on  some  business 
for  mutual  advantage  ;  a  partnership.  It  is  ollcn  ap- 
plied to  a  union  of  stales,  or  a  confederacy. 

3.  Union  of  things ;  apposition,  as  of  particles  of 
matter. 

4.  Union  or  connection  of  ideas.  An  asxoeiation 
of  tJras  is  where  two  or  more  ideas  conMantly  or 
naturally  follow  each  other  in  the  mind,  so  that  one 
almost  infallibly  produces  the  otlier.  Enaje, 

6.  An  exertion  or  ctiange  of  some  extreme  part  of 
the  sensoriutu  residing  in  the  muscles  or  oralis  of 
sense,  in  consequence  of  some  antecedent  or  attend- 
ant (iiirous  contractions.  Dantin. 

6.  Ainung  Conj^eg-ationalisU^  a  society  of  the  cler- 
gy, consit^ting  of  a  number  of  pastors  of  neighboring 
churches,  united  for  promoting  the  interests  of  re- 
ligion and  the  hnriiiony  of  tlie  churches. 

A^-J?0-<'l-A'TiO.\-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  associa- 
tion of  rieromen. 

AS-.50'ClA-TiVE,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  associ- 
ating, or  of  being  affected  by  sympatliy. 

Darwin.    MUlrr. 

AS-SO'CIA-TOR,  n.    A  confederate.  Dryden. 

rA»90ciATK  is  now  used.] 

Ag-SOIL',  r. /.  [Old  Fr.,  from  L.  a&.»o/ro.]  To  solve; 
U>  release ;  to  absolve.     [06ji.1         Taylor.     Bacon, 

AS-SOIL',  c.  L  [Fr.  souiUer.]  To  "soil;  to  stain. 
\Obs.l 

Ais-SOiL'MEXT,  a.    Act  of  assoiling ;  absolution. 

More.     Speed, 

A8'SO-NA\CE,  ji.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ad  and  suno,  to 
sound.     See  Souwd.J 

Resemblance  of  sounds.  In  rhetorie  and  poetry,  a 
concurrence  of  words  or  tines,  terminated  by  sounds, 
approximating  to,  but  not  concurring  in  a  rhyme. 

Eiieyc.  Mcth. 

AS'SO-\A\T,  a.  Having  a  resemblance  of  sounds. 
in  Spanish  poetrv,  o.v.-'U'taMt  rAy»i»are  those  in  which 
a  resemblance  ol'  sounds  serves  instead  of  a  natural 
rhyme;  as,  /j>rra,  tierra.  These  rtM^uire  only  the 
same  vowel  in  the  last  or  two  last  sylhibles,  without 
any  concurrence;  of  consonants  as  in  rhyme. 

AS-80RT',  p.  L  [Fr.  assurer  ;  It.  assorttre;  of  a/l  and 
sortiTf  sortire,  to  sally  forth,  and  in  It.  to  draw  lots. 
See  SoBT.] 

1.  To  separate  and  distribute  into  classes  things  of 
the  like  kind,  nature,  or  quality,  or  things  which  are 
suited  to  a  like  purpose.  It  is  sometimes  applied  to 
persons  as  well  as  things. 

2.  To  furnish  with  all  sorts.  Burk^. 
AS-SORT',  r.  t.     To  agree ;  to  be  In  accordance  with  ; 

to  suit.  Mitford, 

AS-SORT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Distributed  into  sorU,  kinds, 
or  classes. 

2.  Furnished  with  an  assortment,  or  with  a  vari- 
ety ;  as,  a  Wf\l-a3.<iurted  store.  Burke 

3.  Filled  or  adapted  to. 

Tli^y  Bpfurar — novr^y  OMaoried  to  tho«?  whh  whom  tli^ymuit 
■Mociaic.  Burke. 

.AS-SORT'ING,  ppr.    Separating  into  sorts  ;  supplying 

with  an  assortment ;  agreeing. 
AS  SORT'MENT,  n. 

I.  The  act  of  distributing  into  sorts,  kinds,  or 
classes,  or  of  selecting  and  suiting  things. 

3.  A  mass  or  quantity  distributed  into  kinds,  or 
sorts;  or  a  number  of  things  assorted. 

3.  A  number  of  things  of  the  same  kind,  varied  in 
size,  color,  quality,  price,  form,  or  the  like,  to  suit 
the  market,  the  wants  of  people,  or  various  purposes  ; 
as,  an  assortment  of  thread,  of  silks,  of  calicoes,  &c. 

Ad  ataorlmtnt  of  painting!.  W.  Cox«. 

4.  A  variety  of  sorts  or  kinds  adapted  to  various 
wants,  demands,  or  purposes ;  as,  an  lussortmcnt  of 
goods.  Mercantile  Usage. 

AS-SOT',  r.  e.     [See  Sct.]    To  infatuate;  to  besot. 

[^"ot  iLied.]  Spenser. 

AS-SUAGE',  V.  t     [This  word  appears  to  be  formed 

on  the  G.  schwadi;  D.  iwak,  weak;  or  on   D.  zagt, 

sort,  gentle,  quiet,  which  coincides  with    liie   Sax. 

jwto-,  silence ;  swigan,  to  be  silent ;  whence   geswl' 

fean,  to  be  silent;  G.  schiaeigen;  D.  zicygen,  id. 
n  Sax.  also,  gesufican  is  to  cease,  fail,  rest,  be 
quiet.  But  the  Dutch  word  for  assauge  is  verzagten, 
to  soften.] 

To  soften,  in  a  figurative  sense;  to  allay,  mitigate, 
ease,  or  lessen,  as  pain  or  grief;  to  app(?ase  or  pacify, 
as  passion  or  tumult.     In  strictness,  it  signifies  rather 


ASS 

to  mad.~rate,  than  to  quiet,  tranquilize,  or  reduce  to 
perfect  peace  or  ease. 
AS-iJUAGE',  V.  t.    To  abate  or  subside. 

The  wM«n  aatuagtd.  —  Gen.  viii. 

But  I  apprehend  the  sense  is,  —  the  waters  were 
checked.    Heb.  IIP. 

A8-i:?UAG'£D,  pp.  Allayed;  mitigated;  eased;  ajv 
peased. 

AiS-Sl'AGE'MENT,  n.    Mitigation  ;  abatement. 

AS^UAG'ER,  n.  One  who  allays  or  pacifies  ;  that 
which  mitigates  or  ahatf's. 

AS-SUAG'(\G,  ppr.  Allaying;  mitigating;  appeas- 
ing; abating. 

AS-SUA'SIVE,  a.  [from  assuage.]  Softening;  miti- 
gating: tranqnilizing.  Pope. 

AH-SUB'JU-GATE,  r.  f.  To  bring  into  subjection. 
fOA.-.]  Shak. 

AA-SUE-F ACTION,   n.     [L.  assuefacio.] 

The  act  of  accustoming.     [JN-ot  used.']         Brown. 

AS'SUE-TODE,  n.  [L.  assueiudo,  from  assuetus,  part. 
of  a.isiie.'fr Of  to  accustom.] 

Custom;  habit;  habitual  use.  Bacon, 

AS-80ME',  r.  t.     [I,.  a^suinOf  of  ad  and  sumo,  to  take.] 

1.  To  take  or  lake  upon  one's  self.  It  differs  from 
reeeiee,  in  not  implying  an  offer  to  give. 

The  God  attumed  his  native  lonii  ug^ii.  Popt. 

2.  To  take  what  is  not  just ;  to  take  with  arrogant 
claims  ;  to  arrogate ;  to  seize  unjustly  ;  as,  to  assume 
haughty  ajrs  ;  to  assume  unwarnuitalile  powers. 

3.  To  take  for  granted,  or  without  proof;  to  sup- 
pose as  a  fact ;  as,  to  assume  a  principle  in  reasoning. 

4.  To  appropriate,  or  take  to  one's  self;  aa,  to 
aasum«  the  debts  of  another. 

5.  To  take  what  is  fictitious ;  to  pretend  to  pos- 
sess ;  to  take  in  appearance  ;  as,  to  assume  the  garb 
of  humility. 

.4»-t^0ME',  V.  u 

1.  To  be  arrogant ;  to  claim  more  than  is  due. 

2.  In  Inir,  to  take  upon  one's  self  an  obligation  ;  to 
undertake  or  promise;  as,  A  assuHtcti  upon  himself, 
and  promised  to  pay. 

AS-i^OM'£D,  pp.    Taken  ;   arrogated  ;  taken  without 

proof;  nrelended. 
AS-SO.M'ER,  n.    One  who  assumes ;  an  arrogant  per- 
son. 
AS-SCM'ING,  ppr.    Taking;  arrogating;  taking  for 

granted  ;  pretending. 
.AS-SCM'LNG,   a.     Taking  or  disposed  to  take  upon 

one's  self  more  than  is  just ;  haughty;  arrogant. 
AS-^PM'I\G,  n.     Presumption.  Jousvn. 

Ay-HUMP'SIT,  n.     [pret.  tense  of  L.  assumo.] 

1.  In  law,  a  promise  or  undertaking,  founded  on  a 
consideration.  This  promise  may  be  verb;il  or  writ- 
ten. An  assumpsit  is  express  or  implied  i  ezpress, 
when  made  in  words  or  writing ;  iVnw/icrf,  when,  in 
consequence  of  some  benefit  or  consideration  accru- 
ing to  one  persfm  fn)m  the  acts  of  another,  the  law 
presumes  that  person  has  promised  to  make  compen- 
sation. In  this  cjise,  the  law,  upon  a  principle  of 
justice,  implies  or  raises  a  promise,  on  which  an  ac- 
tion may  be  brought  to  recover  the  compensation. 
Thu?<,  if'A  contracts  with  B  to  build  a  house  for  him, 
by  implication  and  int/^ndment  of  law,  A  promises  to 
pay  B  for  the  same,  without  any  express  words  to 
that  effect. 

^2.  An  action  founded  on  a  promise.    When  this 
action  is  brought  on  a  debt,  it  is  called  indebitatus  as- 
sumpsit, which  is  an  action  on  the  case  to  recover 
damages  for  tlie  non-payment  of  a  debt.    Blackstone. 
AS-SU.MPT-,  r.  £.     To  take  up  ;  to  raise.    [Barbarous, 

and  nut  vseiL]  Sheldon, 

.\S-SUMPT',  n.    That  which  is  assumed.    [Xot  used."] 

ChiUingicortA. 
AS-SUMP'TION,  n.     [I^.  assumptio.] 

1.  I'he  act  of  taking  to  one's  self.         Hammond. 
9,  The  act  of  taking  for  granted,  or  supposing  a 
tiling  without  proof;  supposition.  Js''orTis. 

Thia  givei  no  aanctiDn  to  ihe  unwarrantable  aasumpdorj  that  the 
toiil  alet-pi  from  tlie  ixritKl  of  death  lo  the  rtaura-ciion  ol  the 
body.  TTiodey. 

3.  The  thing  supposed  ;  a  postulate,  or  proposition 
assumed.  In  logic,  the  minor  or  second  proposition 
in  a  categorical  syllogism.  Encyc 

4.  A  conrfequeiice  drawn  from  the  propositions  of 
which  an  argument  is  composed.  Enryc, 

5.  Undertaking;  a  taking  upon  one's  self.  Kent. 
t).  'I'he  taking  up  a  [>erson  into  heaven.    Hence,  in 

the  Roman  Catkolic  and  Greek  churches,  a  festival  in 

honor  uf  the  miraculous  ascent  of  the  Virgin  iMary 

into  heaven.  Enryc. 

7.    Adoption.  Warton. 

AS-SU.MP'TIVE,  a.  That  is  or  may  be  assumed.  Jis- 
sumptivr.  arms,  in  heratdnj,  are  such  as  a  person  has  a 
right,  with  the  approbation  of  his  sovereign,  and  of 
the  heralds,  to  assume,  in  consequence  of  an  exploit. 

En  eye, 

AS-SUMP'TIVE-LY.  adv.     Bv  way  of  assumption. 

AS-SOR'ANCE,  (as-*hur'ans,)  71.  [Fr.,  from  assurer, 
of  ad  and  sttr,  seur,  sure,  certain.  Cln.  the  Rab.  and 
Talm.  1B?N  to  make  finn,  confirm,  verify  ;  or  is  seur 
the  G.  iwar,  from  the  root  of  I*,  verus;  more  probably 
it  is  from  It.  sieurare,  assicurare,  to  insure,  from  L. 
seeurus.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.^T.  — M£TE,  PRgV PL\E,  MARLVE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

7%         ~ 


AST 

I.  The  act  of  assurinc,  or  of  making  a  dectamtion 
in  tenns  that  furnish  ground  of  confidence;  as,  I 
trusted  to  Uis  assarauers ;  or  the  act  of  furnishing 
any  ground  of  full  confidence. 


2.  Firm  persuasion  ;  full  confidence  or  trust ;  free- 
dom from  doubt  j  certain  expectation  -j  the  utmost 
certainty. 

Lei  us  draw  near  wiih  a  true  heart,  in  ftiH  atmrnTtct  of  fnith. — 
Ileb.  X. 

3.  Firmness  of  mind  ;  undoubting  steadiness  ;  in- 
trepidity. 

Erarc  mi»n  mt^t  danp!r  with  a#»uranc«.  KnoHet. 

A.  Excess  of  boldness;  impudence;  as,  his  assur- 
ance is  intolerable. 

5.  Freedom  from  excessive  modesty,  timidity,  or 
bo^hfulness ;  laudable  contideTice. 

CoDTiTsition  with  the  world  will  ^ve  ih^rn  Imowled^f  nnd  o#- 
tiiraii^e,  Lockt. 

6.  Insurance  ;  a  contract  for  the  payment  of  a  sum 
on  occasion  of  a  certain  event,  as  loss  or  death.  Re- 
cently, asguranee  has  been  used,  in  Enjjland,  in  rela- 
tion to  life  contingencies,  and  insurance,  in  relation 
to  other  contingencies.     [See  I.xsurance.] 

P.  Cyc. 

7.  Any  WTitten  or  other  lejial  evidence  of  the  con- 
veyance of  prtiperty.  In  Kngland,  the  lepul  evidences 
of  the  conveyance  of  property  are  called  the  common 
a»surancfs  of  the  kingdom.  Blackstont. 

8.  Conviction.  TilfuUmu 

9.  In  theoloa^ij,  full  confidence  of  one's  interest  in 
Christ,  and  of  nnal  satvatjim. 

AS-SCRE',  (ash-share',)  r.  f.    [Fr.  assurer.    See  A»- 

SURANCE.] 

1.  To  make  certain  ;  to  give  confidence  by  a  prom- 
ise, declaration,  or  other  evidence  ;  as,  he  assured  me 
of  his  sincerity. 

2.  To  confirm  ;  to  make  certain  or  secure. 

And  U  ahftll  be  atrwrtd  to  him.  —  t^v.  zxrit. 

3.  To  embolden  ;  to  make  confident. 

And  hereby  we  ahail  tuturt  our  hcarU  before  him, —  I  John  ill. 

4.  To  make  sure,  with  of  before  tlie  object  secured ; 
an,  let  me  be  a.'tsured  of  your  fidelity. 

5.  To  affiance  ;  to  betroth.     [0l>8.]  ShaJi. 

6.  To  insure ;  to  covenant  to  indemnify  for  loss. 
[See  IxsuHE.] 

AS-SCR'KD,  (ash-shurd',)  pp.    Made  certain  or  confi- 
dent ;  made  secure  ;  Insured. 

AS-fifR'FA),  (ash-shurd',)  a.     Certain;    indubitable; 
not  doubting  ;  bold  to  excess.  Bacon.     Shak. 

AS-SiCR'ED-LV,  (aah-shur'ed-ly,)  adv.    Certainly  ;  in- 
dubitably. 

Atsurtdly  ti\j  won  Solomon  diall  ret^.  —  I  Kinga  i. 

A8-SCR'ED-.NESS,  (rwh-shur'ed-nefw,)  n.    The  state 
of  being  assured  ;  certainly  ;  full  confidenre. 

Jlakneill. 

AS-SCR'ER,  i».    One  who  assures  ;  one  who  insures 
against  Iciss  ;  an  insurer  or  underwriter. 

A9-SL'R'GE\T,  a.     [L.  assurgens,  ajtnir^o.] 

In  bijtnnt/,  rising  upward  in  a  curve  from  n  declin- 
ing base.  MarUpu 

AS-WPIl'ING,  (ash-shQr'ing,)  ppr.      Making  sure   or 
confident;  giving  security  ;  confirming;  insuring. 

AS-SCR'I.\(>-LY,  adv.    In  a  way  to  create  assurance. 

AS-SWACE'.    See  Assuaoe. 

AS-SYR'I-AX,  a.     Pertaining  to  Assyria. 

AS-TXR  T£,  R.     Ashtoreih,  a  goddess  of  the  Bidoni- 
ans  ;  the  same  as  Ventks  of  the  Romans. 

AS'TE-ISM,  n.     [Or.  arti- 5,  beautiful,  p<)lite.] 

In  rhftorie^  genteel  irotiy  ;  a  polite  and  ingenious 
mann'^r  of  deriding  another.  Kncyc 

AS'TEK,  a.     [(Jr.  aTnc-] 

A  genus  of  plants,  with  compound  flower^,  many 
of  which  are  cultivated  for  their  beauty,  particularly 
the  China  A»leT.    Th*;  specii-s  are  very  numerous. 

A8-TE'RI-AS,  n.     [Gr.  arn^,  a  star.] 

iittella  marina,  sea-stir,  or  star-l'ish  ;  a  subdivision 
or  family  of  radiate  animals,  characterized  by  a  sub- 
orbicular,  depressed  body,  divided  into  rays,  usually 
five  in  numb'_-r,  with  a  mouth  below,  at  the  renter. 
The  rays  vary,  in  length  and  f(»rm,  in  dift'^rent  spe- 
cies, from  simple  saliL-nl  ancb's,  to  very  long,  and,  in 
some  «|wcips,  minutclv  ramified  processes. 

AS-TE'R!-A-TEI>,  a.    [Supra.]    Radiated  ;  presenting 
diverging  rays,  like  a  star  ;  as,  a^tn-iaie-d  sapphire. 

Cl^anrlancl. 

A8'TBR-ISK,  n.    [Gr.  areptanot,  a  linlc  star,  from 
arn'^t  *  *tAr.] 

The  figure  of  a  star,  thus,  *,  used  in  printing  and 
writing  as  a  n^ferencp  to  a  passage  or  note  In  the  mar- 
gin, or  to  fill  the  space  whi^n  a  name,  or  part  of  a 
name,  is  omitted. 

A8'TER-I?M,  n.    [Gr.  arc/>'fffio(,  a  Utile  star,  from 
aTnff,  a  siar.] 

1.  Formerly^  a  con ''tell  at  ion  ;  as  now  used,  a  small 
cluster  of  stars,  either  iucludcd  or  not  in  a  constella- 
tion. P.  Cye. 
a.  An  asterisk,  or  mark  of  reference.    {Thts  is  Usa 

A-8TERN',  adv.    [o,  or  at,  and  attrm.    See  Sterw.] 


AST 

1.  In  or  at  the  hinder  part  of  a  ship ,  or  toward  the 

hinder  part    or  backward  ;  as,  to  go  astern. 

2.  Behind  a  ship,  at  any  indefinite  distance. 

Mar.  Diet. 
AS'TER-OID,   n.     [Gr.  a^r,n,  a  star,  and  ai'  ?,  form.] 
A  name  given  by  Her^chel  to  the  four  newly-dis- 
covered planets  between  the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Ju- 
piter.    A  firth,  Jistri£a,  has  since  been  discovered. 
AS-TER-OllVAL,   c.     Resembling  a  star  ;  or  pertain- 
ing to  tiie  asteroids.  Junrn.  of  Scimcf. 
AS-TER-C)-Po'DI-U.M,  n,  [Gr.  oti^,  a  star,  and  jtuvj, 
jTo^tij,  a  foot.] 

A  kind  of  extraneous  fossil,  of  the  same  substance 
with  the  astrite,  to  which  it  serves  as  the  base, 

Eneijc 
A-STERT',  V,  L  To  startle.  \JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 
AS-THEX'ie,  a.     [Gr.      priv.  and  (rSfi-os,  strength.] 

In  medicine,  weak  ;  characterized  by  debility. 
AS-THE\-OL'0-GY,n.  [Gr.  a  priv  ,  adevo^^  strength, 
and  Xoj-'K,  discourse.] 

The  doctrine  of  diseases  connected  with  debility. 
ASTH'MA,  (a-st'ma,)  n.     [Gr.  .ipfl,.a.]  [Coif. 

A  chronic,  paroxysmal,  and  intermittent  disease  of 
respiration  ;  the  paroxysms  exarerbating  and  remit- 
ting ;  tlip  inspirations,  during  the  attack,  fuller  and 
more  fnquent  than  natuml,  but  with  a  sensation  of 
want  of  air,  accompanied  by  jMileness  of  the  skin 
and  lividness  of  the  lips.     The  t*'rm  is  also  often  ap- 
plied to  any  chronic  difficulty  of  breathing. 
ASTJI-MAT'IC,  It,    P(  riaining  to  asthma ;  also,  affect- 
ed by  asthma;  as,  an  asthmatic  patient. 
ASTIl-MAT'ie,  n.     A  person  troubled  with  asthma. 
•  ArbuOinot. 

AS-TIP'TJ-LATE,  for  Stipulate.  \    r  ...  ■    „„  , 

AS-TI_P-T--LA'TIO\,  for  Stipulation^.  \  l-^'^' '"  «-'^] 
A8-To\E',  \v.t.  [See  A9To?(i9H.]  To  terrify,  or  as- 
AS-TO\'Y,  i      tonish.     [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

AS-TO\'f:i)     \  pp.  ox  a.    Astonished.    [Obs.] 
AS-TO.\'U:n,  i  Spenser.     Milton, 

AS-TO.\'ISII,  o.  t.  [Old  Fr.  e.^fonner,  now  it^nner;  T*. 
atUmo,  to  astonish  ;  ad  and  tvno.  !?ax.  jrcjitun,  noise, 
and  .ttu/tian,  to  stun  ;  G.  stauneni  Arm.  eston^  won- 
derfully. The  primarj-  sense  is,  to  stop,  to  strike 
dumb,  to  fix.     See  Tove  and  Stu?«.J 

To  stun,  or  strike  dumb  with  sudden  fear,  terror, 
surprise,  or  wonder ;  to  amaze ;  to  confound  with 
some  sudden  passion. 

I,  Duniel,  WM  attomthtd  at  the  riaien.  — Dan.  *iii. 

AS-TON'ISH-ED,   fas-ton 'isht,)  pp.  or  a.     Amazed; 

confounded  with  fear,  suri'rise,  or  admiration. 
AS-TO.\'iSH-I\G,ppr.    Amazing;  confounding  with 

wonder  or  fear. 
AS-TON'I.SH-ING,  a.    Very  wonderful ;  of  a  nature 

to  excit;-  nrr-iit  admiration  or  am;izenient. 
AS-TUN'I.SH.|\G-LY,  ado.    In  a  manner  or  degree  to 

excite  amazement.  Bp.  Fleetwood. 

AS-TON'ISII-ING-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  exciting 

astonishment. 
AS-TON'lSH-ME\T,  n.    Amazement;  confusion  of 

mind  from  ft-ar,  surpriie,  or  admiration,  at  an  extra- 
ordinary or  unexpected  event. 
AS-TOU\D'   V.  L     [fn.m  Old  Fr.  estonnrr.] 

To  astonish  ;  to  strike  dumb  with  amazement. 
AS-TOIT\n'En,  pp.    .\stonished  to  dumbness. 
AS-TOUND'l\G    ppr.     Astonishing. 

9.  a.    Adapted  to  astonish. 
AS-T0UN1)'ME.\T,  7i.     Amazement.         Coleridge. 
A-STRAD'DLE,  adv.  [a  and  slraddtr.  See  Straddle.] 
With  the  legs  across  a  thing,  or  on  ditTerent  sides  ; 

ns,  to  sit  astratldle. 

aI'tu'I'.V  i  "•   t"'-  "=■'"'' »  ""•] 

1.  The  goddess  of  justice.  A  name  sometimes 
pven  to  the  sign  Virno.  The  poets  feign  that  Jus- 
lice  quitted  heaven,  in  thr^  golden  age,  in  reside  on 
earth  ;  but  becoming  weary  with  the  iniquities  of 
men,  she  rt  turned  to  heaven,  and  comn»cnced  a  con- 
stullation  of  stars,  Kncyc. 

2.  A  small  planrt,  discovered  in  Dec.  181.5,  revolv- 
ing rtMind  the  sun  In  l.'ilO  days,  and  belonging  to  tlie 
group  sometimes  call'-d  asteroiil.'i. 

3.  A  s|)ecie3  of  coral  /.tn^phv  tcs,  of  a  rounded  form, 
and  covered,  when  aliv<-,  with  anirnat  tlowers. 

AS'TRA-GAL,  w.  [Gr.  iir;'a>aAof,  a  turning  joint, 
vertebra,  spondylns.] 

1.  In  iirfhiirriurr,  a  little  round  molding  which  sur- 
rounds the  top  or  iMittom  of  a  column,  in  the  form  of 
n  ring  ;  repre*>enting  a  ring  or  band  of  iron,  to  pre- 
vent the  splitting  of  the  column.  It  is  often  cut  into 
beads  or  berries,  and  is  used  in  ornamented  entabla- 
tures to  separate  the  several  faces  of  the  architrave. 

Kncyc. 

Q,  In  gunnery,  a  round  molding  on  a  cannon  near 
the  moiiih.  Kncyc 

AS-TRA(;'A-I-US,  n.     fL.] 

I.  In  anatomy,  tlie  iiiirkle,  ankle,  or  sling  bone  ; 
the  upper  bone  of  that  part  of  the  ff»ot  called  the  tar- 
au.-t,  supporting  the  tibia.  Core. 

3.  A  genus  of  papilionaceous  plants,  of  the  natural 
order  Fabacete,  containing  numerous  species,  some 
of  which  are  called,  in  Englwh,  milk-vetch  and 
liffuorice-velcfu  Giini  tragaranth  is  obtained  from 
different  species,  particularly  the  j9.  vcrus. 


AST 

AS'TRAL,  a.     [I.,  astnt-m  :  Gr.  ns"»?p,  a  star.] 

Beioncine  to  the  stars  ;  starry.  Drydcn. 

AS'TRAL-LA.MP,  n.  An  Arpand  lamp,  in  which  the 
oil  is  contained  in  a  vessel  in  the  form  of  a  flattened 
ring,  obliquity  inclined  outward  and  downward. 
and  surinoutitf'd  by  a  flattened  hemispherical  ground 
glass;  the  whide  arrangemf:iil  designed  to  throw  a 
strong  and  uninterrupted  light  on  the  table  below. 

A-STRAY',  ade.     [a  and  stray.     See  Strat.I 

Out  of  the  right  way  or  proper  place,  both  in  a  lit- 
eral and  figurative  sense.  In  morals  and  religion,  tl 
signifies  wandering  from  the  path  of  rectitude,  from 
duty  and  happiness. 

Beforf  I  wat  afflicted,  1  went  astray.  —  Pa.  cxix. 

Cattle  go  astray  when  they  leave  their  proper  own- 
ers or  inciosures.     See  DeuL  xxii. 
AS-TRk'A,  71.    See  A9Tra:a. 
AS-TRICT',  r.  t     [L.  astringo,   astrictas.     See   A«- 

TRINGE.l 

1.  To  "bind  fast ;  to  confine.     [Ji'ot  muck  used.] 

2.  To  constrict :  to  contract. 

AS-TRR'T',  «.     Compendious;  contracted.   Weever, 
AS-TRICT'ED,    pp.      Bound   fast;    confined;    con- 
stricted. 
AS-TRICT'ING,  ppr.    Binding  fast;  confining;  con- 
AS-TRIC'TION,  H.  [trading. 

1.  The  act  of  binding  fast,  or  confining. 

2.  A  contraction  of  parts  by  applications  ;  the  stop- 
ping of  fluxes  or  hemorrhages.  Coie. 

'X  Constipation.  JirbvfJtnot^ 

4.   In  Scotland^  thirlage  ;  an  obligation  to  have  corn 
ground  at  a  certain  mill,  paying  a  toll  called  multure. 
Kd.  Enajc     Sinclair. 
AP-TRICT'IVE,  rt.     Binding;  constricting;  styptic. 
AS-TRICT'0-RY,a.   Astringent;  binding;  apt  to  bind. 
A-STRTOE',  adt>.     With  the  legs  across. 
AS-TR(F'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  astr\feT;  astrumy  a  star,  and 
/(TO,  to  bear.] 

Bearing  or  containing  stars.     [Little  used.] 
AS-TRIG'ER-OUS,  a.     [Low  L.  astriger.] 

Bearing  stars.     [J^ot  used.] 
AS-TR[iVGE',  (as-trmj',)  v.  U     [L.  astringo,  oTad  and 
stringo,  to  bind  fast,  to  strain.     See  Strain.] 

1.  'I'o  bind  fast ;  to  constrict ;  to  contract ;  to  cause 
parts  to  draw  together.  Bacon. 

2.  To  bind  by  obligation.  Tfijl^ey. 
AS-TRING'AD,  pp.    Bound  fust;  constricted;  con- 
tracted. 

AS-TRING'E\-CY,  n.  The  power  of  contracting  the 
I»arts  of  the  body  ;  that  quality  in  medicines  which 
causes  vital  coutniction  of  the  soft  solids  ;  as,  the  as- 
trinjreiicy  of  acids  or  bitters.         Bacon.     Arbuthnot. 

AS-TRL\G'ENT,  a.  Binding;  contracting;  strength- 
ening ;  opposed  to  Inzatire.  Quineif. 

.^stringent  principle  ;  in  e.hemittru,  tannic  acid  or 
tannin  ;  characterized  particularly  by  forming  an  in- 
soluble coU)p<tund  with  gelatine.  Ure. 

AS-TRI\G'ENT,  n.  A  medicine  that  has  the  property 
of  causing  viial  contraction  in  the  soft  solids,  usually 
accompanied  with  increased  absorption  and  dimin- 
i.ihed  exrp'tion. 

AS-TRI.\G'ER,     (   71.      [Fr.   austour,   autour,   a   go»- 

AUS-TRING'ER,  (       hawk.] 

A  falctmer  that  keeps  a  goshawk.     Shak.    Coteel, 

AS-TRIiNG'ING,  ppr.  Binding  fast ;  constricting  ;  con- 
tracting. 

AS-TROG'RA-PHY,  b.  [Gr.  rtriTp,  or  a^pov,  a  star, 
and  )  flti^ifi),  to  describe.] 

A  description  of  tiie  stars,  or  the  science  of  describ- 
ing them. 

AS'TRO-LABE,  ji.  [Gr.  as-Jj-i,  a  star,  and  >a/?£ii',  to 
take.] 

1.  An  instrument  formerly  used  for  taking  tlie  al- 
titude of  the  sun  or  stars  at  sea. 

2.  A.  Ptereographic  projection  of  the  sphere,  on  the 
plane  of  a  great  circle,  usually  either  u[H>n  the  plane 
of  the  equator,  the  eye  being  supptised  to  be  in  the 
p<^)le  of  the  world,  or  upon  the  plane  of  the  meridian, 
the  eye  being  in  the  jwint  of  intersection  of  the  equi- 
noctial and  the  horizon. 

3.  Among  the  ancients,  the  same  as  the  modem  ar- 
millarv  sphere.  Kncyc 

AS-'i'ROL'A-TRY,  n.     [Gr.  nnrnp  and  Aarof/a.] 

The  worsliip  of  the  stars.  Cudurorth. 

AS-TROL'O-GER,      )  ti.    [L.  astrologus,  of  Gr.  a^oov 
AS-TRO-LO'GI-AN,  \      a  star,  and  A->  a^,  discourse.] 

1.  One  who  professes  to  foretell  future  events  by 
the  asi>ect3  and  situation  of  the  stars.  Astrologian  is 
little  used.  IVotton. 

2.  Formerly,  one  who  understood  the  motions  of 
the  planets,  without  predicting.  Raleigh. 

AS-TRO-LOG'ie,         i  a.      Pertaining  to  a-Jtrology; 

AS-TRO-LOG'IC-AL,  \  professing  or  practicing  a»- 
tndopy. 

AS-TRO-L0G'I€-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  as- 
trology. 

AS-TR(JE'0-GIZE,  v.  i.    To  practice  astrology. 

AS-TROL'O-GY,  «.  [Supra.]  A  sc.enctyvhich  teaches 
to  judge  of  the  effects  and  influences  ol  the  stars,  and 
to  foretell  future  events  by  their  situation  and  differ- 
ent aspects  ;  called,  also,  _;«rf'>(fl/  astrology.  This  sci- 
ence was  formerly  in  great  request,  as  men  ignorant- 
ly  supposed  the  heavenly  bodies  to  have  a  ruling  in- 


TONE,  B(;LU  UNITE — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US €  a«  K ;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  8H  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


AT 

ISuence  over  tbt*  physical  and  moral  world  ;  bur  it  id 
non-  univenally  exploded  by  true  science  aiid  ptnlud- 
ophy. 

.Vote,  The  term  mstrtl^gjf  was  used  by  the  ancients 
in  tho  itt-nse  of  ddtrmunny. 

A3  TRON'O-MER.  n.  One  who  \s  versed  in  nsirono- 
Biy ;  one  who  has  a  knowledge  of  the  laws  of  tlie 
heaveiUy  orbs,  or  the  principles  by  whirh  their  mo- 
tions are  regulated,  with  their  various  plipnonienu. 

AS-TRO  NOM'IC  J 

AS-TRO-XOM'ielAL.  [  *•   P«rt''"n'nK  »<>  astronomy. 

AS-TKONOM'It;-AL.-LV,  adv.  In  an  astronomical 
manner;  by  the  princiides  of  asirunoniy. 

A5-TR0.\'0-MIZE,  r.  i.     To  study  asironomv.     [LU- 

AS-TRO.N'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  as-?o»^  a  star,  and  w>^o(,  a 
law,  or  rule.] 

The  science  which  teaches  the  knowledfe  of  the 
celeatial  bodies, tbetr  magnitudes,  motions,  dratances, 
periodsofrevolutkm,  eclipses,  ordtT,  and  cY the  causes 
at  their  variotu  phenomena.  This  science  depends 
on  c^Henrations  made  chiefly  with  uutruments,  and 
upon  mathematical  calculations 

AiSTRO-iSeOPE,  n.  [Gr.  os-po*-,  a  star,  and  ««»««, 
to  view.] 

An  aMnuMmkal  fautnuwnt,  compnard  of  two 
cones,  on  wboM  Muftce  tbe  consteliatinn^i,  with 
their  rtars,  an  dellaealed,  1^  means  of  which  the 
Stan  may  be  essUy  known.  £iicjk>. 

AS-TROS'eOPY,  n.  [See  AjTaoMorx.]  Observation 
of  the  stars. 

AS'TRO-THE-OL'O-^V,  a.  [L.  aJCrH■^  a  star,  and 
tJtex'logta^  dii'inity.] 

Natural  tiieolog)  founded  on  the  observation  of  the 
celesttai  bodies.  Dtrham. 

A-STRL'T',  ««/r,  [See  SrauT.]   In  a  stmtting  manner. 

AS-TCTE',  s.  [L.  astutus^  from  sjtju,  eralt,  subtilty  ; 
It.  mud*^  cuts,  ingenuity.] 

Shrewd;  sharp;  eagle-eyed;  critically  examining 
or  diM:eming  ;  subtle  ;  cunning.  SoHdms. 

AS-TCTE  LY,  */r.     :5hrewdly  ;  sharply  ;  sublUly. 

AS-TCTE'XES:*,  a.     HhrewUne!*;; ;  cuiininff. 

A^U\'1>ER,  s/Jr.  [Sax.  avNitdruia,  to  divide.  Se« 
Sl-xdes.]  Apart;  into  parts j  separately;  in  a  di- 
vided state. 

Tbe  Lord  luob  cm  wwNdirr  tlK  conb  oT  Uie  wkked.  —  Pk  exxlx. 

A-S;VOO.\',  adv.     In  a  swoon.     [04*.]  Oowvr. 

A-S?'LUM,  m.  [U  from  Gr.  aav\  .f,  safe  from  spoil, 
a  and  trvAit,  *PmI,  e»Asbf,  to  plunder.] 

i,  A  aanctuaiy  or  plaoe  of  rei^ige,  where  criminals 
and  debtom  ahdter  themselves  from  justice,  and 
fkwB  which  they  can  not  be  taken  without  sacrilege. 
Temples  and  attars  were  anciently  o^}  luni^  ;  as  were 
toiuhs,  statues,  and  monuiueiit:^  The  ancient 
Iwitthens  allowed  asylums  fur  the  protertion  of  tlie 
idtost  criminals ;   and  the  Jews  had  tht.-ir  cities  of 

%  Any  place  of  retreat  and  M-cunty.  [rrf'ii|^. 

S.  An  institution  for  the  protection  or  relict  of  the 
anforttinate  ;  a.^,  an  as^^mm  for  the  poor,  fur  the  duaf 
anil  dumb,  or  fur  the  ■»— ne. 
A-SVM  ME-TRAL,        >         re      =  , 

AS-VM-MET  Kie-AL,  {  '^     C^"  STJiii.Tar.] 

\irf  h:\vinp  pyniinetrj*.     [UtUe  uxfd.]  Mfr*, 

A-SYM'ME-TRV,  ji.  iGr.  a  priv.  and  wttficrata^ 
syuiuietn-,  of  o-pi,  with,  and  fttroiM^  to  measure.] 

The  want  of  pn>p(irtion  betweon  the  ports  of  a 
thing.  It  is  also  used  in  mathematics  for  incom- 
mensurability, whru  between  two  quantities  tiiere  is 
ao  common  measure.  JokMson. 

AS'YMP-TOTE,  «.  [Gr.  a  priv.,  o-ei-,  with, and  srooi, 
to  fall ;  nut  meeting.]     Sometimes  pron.  matfmp'tate, 

A  line  which  approaches  nearer  and  nearer  to 
Bonie  curve,  but,  though  infinitely  extended,  would 
never  meet  iL  This  may  be  cfmcelved  as  a  tangent 
to  a  cur\-e  at  an  inlinile  dimance.  Chambers. 

AS-YMP-TOT'IC-AL,  a.    Belonging  to  an  asymptote. 
jS^ymptotUal  »urres,  are  such  as  continually  approach 
when  extended,  but  never  meet. 
A^YX-AA-TkTE',  o.     [Gr.  a  priv.,  otjv,  and  apraw.] 

LiUrmlbif  disconnfCt<.-d  ;  not  litted  or  adjustt-d. 

AmptawUU  saoencr^i ;  tho!»c  of  which  the  mrmbers 
are  not  united  by  connective  panicles ;  as,  I  came, 
I  saw,  I  conquered.  Brande, 

JUiptarUU  Dove ;  hi  proaoiif^  a  vene  consisting  of 
two  membets,  baring  diOerent  rhythms  ;  as  when 
tbe  flrat  consists  of  iambuses  and  the  second  of 
taMAees,  or  the  fiiac  of  dactyls  and  the  second  of 


A-SYX'DE-TOX,  ».  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  trvvrna^  to  bind 
together.]  In  gramwtar,  a  figure  which  omits  the 
connective ;  as,  veni,  vidi,  via.  It  stands  opposed  to 
polgstfrndttaiL,  which  to  a  multiplication  of  connectives. 

Ouupbell, 

AT,  prep.  rSax,  *f ;  Goth,  at ;  L.  ad.  At,  ad,  and  to, 
if  ncrt  rndically  the  same  word,  often  coincide  in 
signification.  In  \V.  at  is  to,  and  in  Danish  and 
Swedish,  it  is  ihe  8i»n  of  the  infinitive  mode ;  in 
Amb.  ed,  or  1^  i!>  toward.  The  word  at  is  doubtless 
the  Oriental  khk,  nnK,  Ch.  and  Heb.  to  come,  to 
anvoach.  Hence  it  primarily  denoCea  fre»me£, 
metmgy  nettnun,  direetiun  ttnoard.'] 

In  general,  at  denotes  tuamess  or  presence;  as,  at 
the  ninth  hour,  at  the  house  ;  but  it  is  less  definite 


ATH 

than  in  or  on  .-  at  the  house,  may  be  ia  or  nrar  the 
lnMi^e,  It  denotes  also  toicard,  versus;  as,  to  aim  an 
arrow  lU  a  mark. 

From  this  original  import  are  derived  uM  the  vari- 
ous uses  of  a^  .tft  the  sight,  ia  mth^prtnent,  or  com- 
ing the  sight;  at  this  news,  present  the  news,  on  or 
VitX  the  approach  or  arrival  of  this  news.  At  peace, 
at  war,  in  ii  sUilc  of  peace  or  war,  peace  or  war  ex- 
isting, beinf  present ;  at  ease,  at  plav,  at  n  loss,  &<;,, 
convey  the  like  idea.  At  anns,  furnished  with  nrnis, 
bearing  arms;  (U  hand,  withm  reach  of  the  hand, 
and  then-fore  «f<ir  ,*  at  my  ciwt,  icith  my  cost ;  at  his 
suit,  hif  or  irttA  his  siiir ;  at  Uus  declaration,  he  rose 
from  his  seat,  tliat  is,  present,  ot  coming  this  decla- 
ration ;  whence  results  the  idea,  in  cuusegufHcr  of  it. 
At  his  command,  is  eitJier  under  his  command,  that 
is,  literally,  coming  or  being  come  his  command,  in 
the  jHtwer  of,  or  in  consequence  of  it.  He  is  good 
or  eneraving,  at  husbandr>- ;  that  is,  in  performing 
that  business.  He  deserves  well  at  our  hands,  that 
is,  from  us.  The  peculiar  phrases  in  which  this 
word  occurs,  with  appropriate  significations,  are  nu- 
merous. At  first,  at  last,  at  least,  at  best,  at  the 
worst,  at  the  highest  or  lowest,  are  phrases  in  which 
some  noim  is  implied  ;  .ts,  at  the  first  time  or  begin- 
ning ;  at  the  la&t  time,  or  point  of  time  ;  at  the  least 
or  best  degree,  &c. ;  all  denoting  an  extreme  point  or 
Mipertativu  uegree.  At  alt,  is  in  any  manner  or  degree. 
Jtl  is  sometimes  used  for  te,  or  Ufteard,  noting  pro- 
pMaion  or  direction  ;  as,  he  aims  at  perfectiim  ;  he 
makes  or  runs  at  him,  or  points  at  him.  In  this 
phraae,  he  longs  to  be  ci<  him,  at  has  its  general  sense 
of  OMPpooakta^,  or  present,  or  tcitfi,  in  contest  or  nttaclft 

AT'A-BAL,  lu  [Sp.]  A  kctUe-drum  ;  a  kind  of  tabor, 
u«ed  by  the  Moors. 

A-TAe'A-.\HTE,  B.  A  native  chloride  of  copper, 
originally  found,  in  the  form  of  sand,  in  the  desert 
of  Atacama,  between  Chili  and  Peru.  Dana. 

AT'A-GHA\,  ».  Amung  tJte  Turks^  a  long  dagger, 
worn  in  a  belt,  wiUi  pistols,  in  a  metal  scabbard. 

BifTon. 

AT'A-.MAX,  a.  [Russ.,  from  Polish  hetman,  a  general 
in  chief;  G.  hauptmann.]  A  hetmon,  or  chief  of  the 
Cossacks. 

AT-A-.MAS'CO,  n.  The  trivial  name  of  a  species  of 
the  genus  Amarjilts,  colled  atamasca-tdy. 

AT'.^-RAX-V,  n.  [Gr.  arciou\u(,  of  ^  priv  and 
Tupaxn,  tumult.] 

Calmness  of  mind  :  a  term  used  by  the  stoics  and 
skeptics  to  denote  a  freedom  from  the  emotions 
which  proceed  from  vanity  and  self-conceit.     Kacyc. 

A-T\X'Y*  '  i  "•    ^^^'  **  P"^^*  ^^^^  ^"^'5>  order.] 

Aofs.  Ataxia  is  more  gcnemlly  used  by  medical 
writers  til  an  ataxy. 

1.  Want  of  order  ;  disturbance  ;  irregularity,  /{all. 

2.  In  medieine,  irregularity  in  disease,  or  in  the 
functions;  irregularity  in  tJie  crises  and  paroxysms 
of  fever,  Caxe.     Encye. 

A  state  of  disease  characterized  by  great  irregu- 
laritj'.  Cyc.  Mrd. 

A-TAX'I€,  a.  In  medicine,  irregular ;  characterized  by 
great  irregularity. 

Ataxic  fever  i  a  term  applied  by  Find  to  malignant 
t>-phous  fever.  Cyc.  Med. 

AT'CHE,  a.  In  Turkey,  a  small  silver  coin,  value 
about  six  or  seven  mills.  Encyc 

ATE  ;  the  preterit  of  ro/;  which  see. 

i'TE,  (a'ty,)  n.  [Gr.  arq,  mischief;  m-aw,  to  hurt. 
Ate  is  a  personification  of  evil,  mischief,  or  m;ilice.] 

In  pa^an  mytkvlogif,  the  goddess  of  mischief,  who 
was  cast  down  from  heaven  by  Jupiter.  Horn. 
IL  xix.  1*25. 

AT'E-LEXE,  o.     [Gr.  tinXm,  imperfect.] 

In  mineralvgT/j  iniperfect ;  wanting  regular  forms 
in  the  eenus,  SJirpard. 

AT-E-LE.S'TTTE,  n.  A  crj'stalline  mineral,  in  struc- 
ture resembling  sphene.  Shepard. 

.\-7'EL'LA\,  a.  Relating  to  the  dramas  at  Atella,  in 
ancient  Italy.  Skuftesbury. 

A-TEL'LAX,  n.  A  dramatic  representation,  satirical 
or  licentious.  .Shaftesbury. 

X  TEMPO,  or  A  TEM'PO  PRPMO,  [It.]  In  nmsie, 
a  direction  that,  uftcr  any  change  of  nuivement,  by 
acceleration  or  retardation,  the  original  movement 
be  restored. 

A  TEM'PO  GT-US'TO,     [It. ;  L.  in  temptn-e  justo.] 
In  music,  a  direction  to  sing  or  pluy  in  an  equal, 
true,  and  just  time. 

ATH-A-XA'SI.\X,  a.  Pertaining  to  Athanasius,  bish- 
op of  Alexandria,  in  the  fourth  century.  The 
Atbanasian  creed  is  a  formulary,  confesi^ion,  or  expo- 
sition of  faitJi,  supposed  formerly  to  have  been  drawn 
up  hy  Athanasius  ;  but  this  opinion  is  now  rejected, 
and  the  composition  is  ascribed  by  some  to  Hilary, 
bishop  of  Aries.  It  is  a  summary  of  what  was 
colled  the  ortliodoi  faith. 

ATH'A-.NOR,  n.  [Ar.  and  Heb.  n::n  than^r,  an  oven 
or  furnace,] 

A  digesting  furnace,  formerly  used  in  chemical 
operations,  so  constructed  as  to  maintain  a  uniform 
and  durable  heaL  It  is  a  furnace  with  a  lateral 
tower  close  on  all  sides,  exff^pt  a  communication  be- 
low with  the  fireplace,  which  is  filled  with  fuel,  by 


ATH 


nn  opt  iiing  above  fitted  with  a  close  cover.  As  the 
fuel  htldw  is  consumed,  that  in  the  tower  falls  down 
to  sup[)ly  its  place.  J^ickoUon. 

A''I'HE-ISM,  n.  The  disbelief  of  the  existence  of  a 
God,  or  supreme  intelligent  Being. 

AOieitm  u  «  fi-rocifiis  Bytlcin,  tlinC  \fai^  nolhing  dboYC    ui  to 
excile  awe,  nor  aruuuii  lu  U>  awaken  tcndcrucu, 

R(A.  flaU. 
A'THE-IST,  n.     [Gr.  af)£"f ,  of  a  priv.  and  Be  .$,  God.] 
C>ne  who  disbelieves  the  existence  of  a  God,  or 
supreme  intelligent  Being. 
A'THE-IST,  n.    Atheistical ;  disbelieving  or  denying 

the  being  of  a  supreme  God.  Milton. 

A-THE-IST'I€,  ) 

A-TllE-IST'ie-AL,  i  °* 

1.  Periaining  to  atheism. 

2.  Disbelieving  the  existence  of  a  God  ;  impious  ; 
applied  to  persons ;  as,  an  atfteistic  writer. 

3.  Implying  or  containing  atheism  ;  applied  to 
things  i  as.  atheistic  doctrines  or  opinions. 

A-TllE-IST'It-AL-LV,  adv.     In  an  atheistic  manner; 

impiously. 
A-THE-IST'ie-AL-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being 

atheistical. 
A'THE  IZE,  r.  t.     To  discourse  as  an  atheist,     [^rot 

wrilA  Cudworth. 

A'THE-IZE.  r.  L    To  render  atheistic.  Berkeley. 

A'THEL,  A^DEL  or  AJ'THEL ;  noble,  of  illustnous 

birth;  Sax.  adel,  <Ethel;  G.  adelf  D.  tdcl ;  Sw.  fedd; 

Dan.  adtl;  At.    Vji  atJuUa,  to  be  well  rooted,  to  be 

of  noble  origin.  This  word  is  found  in  many  Saxon 
names  ;  as  in  Atheling,  a  noble  youth ;  Ethelred, 
noble  counsel ;  Ethelard,  noble  genius ;  Ethdbert, 
noble,  bright,  eminently  noble  ;  Eihelwald,  noble  gov- 
ernmentj^or  power:  fJ(AWicarrf,  noble  defender. 

ATH-E-Xk'UM,  n.  [Gr.  aOnfaiOv,  from  Athens.]  In 
ancient  Athens,  a  pl;ice  where  poets,  philosopher^, 
and  rhetoricians  declaimed,  and  repeated  their  com- 
positions. In  the  United  States,  a  building  or  an 
apartment  where  a  library,  periodicals,  and  news- 
IKtiwrs  are  kept  for  public  use,  or  for  a  reading 
room,  so  called.  [JVote.  This  word  is  angliciz.ed,  by 
discarding  the  di|)hthong,  as  is  done  in  economy  and 
oth^r  English  words.J 

A-TllK'Xl-AN,  a.  [from  AtJims.]  Pertaining  to 
AllH^ns,  the  metropolis  of  Attica,  in  Greece. 

A-TllK'NI-AN,  n.     A  native  or  inhabitant  of  Athens. 

A-THE-O-LO'Gl-AN,  m  One  who  is  tlic  opfMj^ite  to 
a  theologian.  Jlayward. 

A-THE-OL'O-GY,  n.    Atheism.    [J\rot  in  use.]   S/riJL 

A'THE-OUS,  o.     Atheistic;  impious.     [JVot  usrif.] 

Mdton. 

ATH-E-RI'XA,  71.  A  genus  of  fishes  of  the  order 
Abdominales.  The  characters  are,  the  upper  jaw  ia 
rather  flat,  the  rays  of  the  gill  membrane  are  six,  and 
the  side  belt  or  line  shines  like  silver.  The  species 
best  known  is  the  A.  Hepsetus,  very  abundant  in  the 
Mediterranean,  where  it  is  caught  in  large  quantities. 
Pennant.     Ed.  Encyc. 

ATH'E-RIXE,  n.  A  name  common  to  the  species  of 
the  genus  Atherina. 

ATII-E-RC'MA,  n.     [Gr,,  from  aOnna,  pap.] 

A  species  of  wen  or  encysted  tumor,  whose  con- 
tents arc  curdy. 

ATIl-E-ROM'A-TOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
an  atheroma  ;  having  the  qualities  of  an  atheroma. 

IVLseman. 

A-THIR.ST',(a-thurst',)a,  [ataid  thirst  See  Thirst.] 

1.  Thirsty  ;  wanting  drink. 

2.  Having  a  keen  appetite  or  desire. 

He  h-wl  a  sou!  atiiirtl  lor  knowledge.  Ch.  Observer. 

ATH'LeTE,  ti.     [See  Athletic.] 

1.  Among  the  ancients,  one  who  contended  for  the 
prize  in  the  public  games.     Hence, 

2.  A  contender  for  victory.       A.  Smithes  Theory. 
ATH-LET'ie,  a.  [Gr.  aOXnrns  ;  L-  athleta,  a  wrestler ; 

from  atOX'i,  strife,  contest] 

1.  Belonging  to  wrestling,  boxing,  running,  and 
other  exercisea  and  sports,  which  were  practiced  by 
the  ancients,  usually  called  the  otfc/cfic  games.  Hence, 

2.  Strong;  lusty;  robust;  vigorous.  An  athletic 
body  or  constitution,  is  one  fitted  for  vigorous  ex- 
ertion*. 

ATII-LET'IC-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  strong,  robust,  or 
athletic  manner.  Borrow. 

ATH'LE-TlSM,  n.  The  act  of  contending  at  the  pub- 
lic games  ;  muscular  strength. 

A-THVVART',  prep,     [a  and  thwarL     See  Thwart.] 

1.  Across  ;  from  side  to  side  ;  transverse  ;  as, 
athwart  the  path. 

2.  In  marine  language,  across  the  line  of  a  ship'a 
course  ;  as,  a  fleet  standing  athwart  our  course. 

Athicart  hawse,  is  the  situation  of  a  ship  when  she 
lies  across  the  stem  of  another,  whether  in  contact 
or  at  a  small  distance. 

Athwart  the  fore  foot,  is  a  phrase  applied  to  the 
flight  of  a  cannon-ball,  fired  by  one  ship  across 
another  ship's  course,  ahead,  as  a  signal  for  her  to 
bring  to. 

Athwart  .vAip* ;  reaching  across  the  ship  from  side  to 
aide,  or  in  that  direction.  Mar.  DicL 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BppK.— 
.80.  ~  


ATO 

A-TH\VART',  adv.  In  a.  manner  to  cross  and  perplex  j 

crossly  i  WTone  ;  n'ronyl'ully. 
A-TILt',  adv.     [a  and  till.     Sec  Tilt.") 

1.  Ill  the  manner  of  a  tilter;  in  the  position,  or 
with  the  action  uf  a  man  making  a  thru:>t ;  as,  to 
stand  or  nin  aiiU. 

2.  In  the  manner  of  a  cask  tilted,  or  with  one  end 
rai:^d. 

AT'f-MY",  ?(,    [Gr.  aTtfiia,  a  and  ri/iTj,  honor.] 

In  ancient  Oreece,  public  disgrace  ;  exchision  from 
office  or  magistracy,  by  some  dit^qualifying  act  or  de- 
cree. Maford. 

AT-LAN-Te'AX,  )  a.     Pertaining  to  the  Isle  Atlantis, 

AT-L.A\'TI-AN,  \  which  the  ancients  allepe  was 
snnk  and  overwhelmed  by  the  ocean.  Plato, 

S.  Pertaining  to  Atlas  ;  resenihling  Atlas. 

AT-LAN'TeS,  n.  pi.  [L.]  In  arcJutccture,  figures  or 
half  figures  of  men,  used  instead  of  cuUimns  or  pilas- 
ters, to  support  an  entahhuiire.  P.  Cyc 

AT-LAX'TR',  a.     [from  ^//«^  or  Atlantis.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  that  division  uf  the  ocean,  which 
lies  between  Europe  and  -Africa,  on  the  east,  and 
America  on  the  west. 

5.  Pertaining  to  the  Isle  of  Atlantis ;  as,  Atlantic 
island.  Cyc. 

AT-LA.\'TIC,n.  The  ocean,  or  thnt  part  of  the  ocean, 
which  is  betwetin  Kurope  and  Africa  on  tlie  ea^^t  and 
America  on  the  west. 

AT-LAX'TI-tJA,  i  n.    An  isle  mentioned  bv  the  an- 

AT-LA.N'TIS,  (  X  cients,  situated  westof  the  Strait 
ot'Gades,  or  Gibraltar.  The  piieLs  mention  two  isles, 
and  call  them  Iie.--prri<U~iy  we^itcrn  isles,  and  Elijsian 
Jieids.  Authors  are  not  agreed  whether  these  isles 
were  the  Canaries,  or  some  other  isles,  or  the  conti- 
nent of  America. 

JWir  Atlantis^  (J^ava  Atlantis .)  a  fictitious  philo- 
sophical commonwealth  of  Lord  Bacon,  or  the  piece 
describing  it;  composed  in  the  manner  of  More'a 
Utopia^  and  CampJinclla's  City  of  the  San.  One  jtart 
of  the  w6rk  is  finished,  in  which  the  author  has  de- 
scribed a  college,  founded  for  the  study  of  iN;iture, 
under  the  name  of  Svlouiun'a  Hoiise.  The  model  of 
a  common w<-a]th  was  never  executed.  F.ncye. 

AT-LAN"'TI-Df:*,  n.  pt.  A  name  given  to  the  Pleiades 
or  seven  stars,  which  were  feigned  to  have  been  the 
daughters  of  Atlas,  a  king  of  Mauritania,  or  of  hi« 
hruUier  Hesperus,  who  were  translated  to  heaven. 

AT'LAS,  ».  [L.]  A  collection  of  maps  in  a  volume; 
supposed  to  be  so  called  from  a  picture  of  Atlas,  sup- 
porting the  heavens,  prefixed  to  some  collections. 

Jokjison. 
S.  This  term  is  now  also  applied  to  works  in  which 
subjects  are  exhihitt'd  in  a  tabular  form  or  arrange- 
ment ;  a<;,  an  histurical  or  ethnogrnphicid  atlas. 

3.  AJarge,  square  folio,  resembting  a  volume  of 
maps,  called,  al^^J,  (Uiai-fulio. 

4.  A  silk-satin,  manufactured  in  the  East  with  ad- 
mirable ingi-nuity.  Atlusfjf  are  plain,  striped,  or  flow- 
ered ;  but  they  have  not  the  fine  gluss  and  luster  of 
some  French  silks.  Encyc 

5.  The  first  vertebra  of  the  neck,  articulating  im- 
mediately with  the  occipital  hone,  and  thus  sustain- 
ing the  head,  whence  ttie  name. 

0.  A  term  applied  to  i»aper  ;  as,  atloir  fine.  Burke. 
AT-MO.M'K-TKK,  ju     [Gr.  rtr/ijj,  vapor,  and  /itr/jtw, 

to  measure.] 

An  inurnment  to  measure  the  quantity  of  (txhnla- 
tion  from  a  humid  surface  In  a  given  time  j  an  evap- 
oromcter.  Ure. 

A'l''MOS-PM£RE,  n.  [Or.  arftofy  vapor,  and  tnpatpa^ 
a  J7»**re.  J 

1.  The  whole  mass  of  aeriform  fluid  surrounding 
the  earth. 

2.  In  rlectricitti,  the  spare  around  an  electrical  body, 
through  which  its  electrical  inrhirnce  extends. 

3.  FiffuToticelgt  pL:r\~ading  infiuence  j  as,  a  moral 
atmo^/in'f-. 

AT-MOS-PHER'ie,        I  a.    Pertaining  to  the  atmos- 
AT-MOS-PHER'ie-AL,  (      phere;  as,  atmospheric  air 
or  vnpors. 

Atnw.fphrrlc  air ;  common  air,  or  the  air;  so  called 
In  diittinrtjon  from  vital  airor  oxygen, fizai  air  or  car- 
bonic acid,  and  other  ga^es. 
Almojrphrrie  stmte* ;  meteoric  stones,  or  aerolites. 

2.  Dependent  on  the  atmo«iriiere. 

I  nm  an  atmotphtnc  crrstun.  Popt. 

AT'OLL,  n.  [A  Maldive  word.]  A  name  given  to 
coral  islands  consisting  of  a  strip  or  ring  of  coral 
surrounding  a  central  iag04)n.  ^        LyelL 

AT'OM,  n.    [Gr.  arofios;  I^  atomua;  from  a,  not,  and 

TlpVM,  to  cut.] 

1.  A  particle  of  matter  so  minute  as  to  admit  of  no 
division.  Atoms  are  conceived  to  be  the  first  princi- 
ples or  component  parts  of  all  hoilies.  ^aincy. 

Q.  In  cAcTfii/tt;^,  a  supposed  ultimate  particle  or  com- 
ponent part  (if  a  body  ;  the  smallest  particle  supposed 
to  result  from  the  division  of  a  body,  without  decom- 
pTMition. 

3.  Any  thing  extremely  small.  Shak. 
A-TOM'IC,        to.    PertJiining  to  atomf;  consisting 
A-TOM'IC-AL,  \      of  atoms;  extremely  minute. 

I'he  aUnnuat  phitonophii,  or  doctrine  of  atoms,  said 
to  have  been  Aral  broached  by  Moschus,  before  the 


ATR 

Trojan  war,  but  much  cultivated  and  improved  by 
Epicurus,  leaches  tli.-.t  iitnins  are  endued  with  grav- 
ity and  motion,  by  whieli  all  thinirs  were  formed, 
without  the  aid  of  a  supreme  intt  lli^'ent  lieiiig. 

The  atomic  theory^  in  ciiemistrij,  or  the  doctrine  of 
definite  jrrppttrtions^  "teaches  that  all  chemical  combina- 
tions take  place  between  the  sup|H)sed  ultimate  parti- 
cles or  fltoz/Lf  of  bodies,  and  that  tliewe  unito,  either 
one  atom  with  one  atom,  or  by  sums  of  atoms  which 
are  integral  muUiples  of  unity.  'I'his  theory  was  first 
presented  by  Daltim. 

Atomic  wcigltt;  the  relative  weight  of  a  supposed 

ultimate  particle  or  atom  of  a  body,  con.^idered  in 

reference  to  some  standard  unit,  and  to  some  rule  for 

determining  when  bodies  unite  one  atom  with  one 

_AT'O.M-lSM,  n.    The  doctrine  of  atoms.  [atom. 

AT'OM-IST,  71.  One  who  holds  to  the  atomical  phi- 
losophy. 

AT'OM-IZE,  V.  t.     To  reduce  to  atoms.  Baxter. 

AT'OM-LIKE,  a.     Resembling  atoms.  Brirmne. 

AT-OM'OL'0-GV,  n.  The  doctrine  of  atoms.  Kiwwles. 

AT'OM-Y,  n-  A  word  used  by  Shakspeiu-e  for  atomi 
also,  an  abbreviation  of  anatomy, 

AT-0.\E^     >  adv.     [at  and  one.] 

AT-TONE',  I      At  one  ;  together  ;  at  once.  Spenser. 

A-TONE',  V.  L  [Supposed  to  be  compounded  of  at  and 
one.    The  SfKinish  has  adunar.  tu  unite  or  join,  and 
the  It.  adanare^  to  assemble;  from  L.  ad  and  unus^ 
unto.      In  Welsh,  tlyun  signifies  united,  accordant, 
agreeing ;  duunaie^  to  unite  or  agree  ;  from   u»,  one, 
and    dy,  a    prefix  denoting  itenition.  —  J^cte.    This 
word  was  formerly  written  ««-»«/-.] 
•  1.  To  agree  ;  to  be  in  accordance  ;  to  accord. 
H'"  xikI  Aufiiliug  csn  no  morw  atone, 
TIttn  violonU'st  cotitmri-iy.  Shak. 

[T^is  sense  w  obsolete.^ 

2.  To  stand  as  an  equivalent ;  to  make  reparation, 
amende,  or  satisfaction  for  an  offense  or  a  crime,  by 
which  reconciliation  is  procured  between  the  olfend- 
ed  and  offending  parties. 

Th«?  murdcrrr  fell,  and  lil-wl  atoned  for  bitwil.  Pop*. 

By  wtut  pfupitutioa  thiUl  1  atone  tur  my  fonttcr  ^mvity  f 

-^  Rambler,  So.  10. 

The  lifr  of  a  •l^re  wnt  firrmwl  to  !«  of  m  lilUe  v:\l\ie,  that  a  Tt-ry 
■ '    f  it  awtiy. 

\uberUon,  Charles  V, 

3.  To  alone  fori  to  make  compensation  or  amends. 

Thii  evil  wa«  atoned  for  liy  (lie  gtxni  etlccu  of  ihi-  sludy  of  Ibe 
pnciicil  iffiyaica  ul'  Arisioili-.  Schleget,  TVon*. 

Tlie  iiiifiiatry  iiul  atoning  Jar  Lljcir  former  coiiUiici  by  any  wiae 
or  populitr  meanuie.  Jumut, 

A-TONE',  tj.  «. 

1.  Ilo  expiate ;  to  answer  or  make  satisfaction  for. 

Or  rach  olon*  bU  guilty  love  wiUi  lif«.  Pope. 

9.  To  reduce  to  concord  ;  to  reconcile,  as  parties  at 
variance  ;  to  appea'w.     [Ao(  noio  vsed.] 
A-TO.\'/JD,  ;»p.    Expiated  ;  appeased  ;  reconciled. 

Firyden. 
A-TCNE'ME.VT,  B,    Agreement;  concord;  reconcili- 
ation afler  enmity  or  cnntrnverHy.     Horn.  v. 

Hr  •rv'ka  to  niakr  alottfmetit 
Rrtwfen  th«  Dtikc  of  iilo'Uxr  niul  your  bruthrm.  Shai. 

9.  Expiation  ;  satisfaction  or  reparation  made  by 
giving  an  equivalent  for  an  injury,  or  by  doing  or  suf- 
fering that  whicli  is  received  in  salisfacliuu  for  an  of- 
fense or  injury  ;  with  for. 

Awl  M>«>-a  inj'l  to  Aaron,  Co  to  ttu*  nltnr,  niid  offi^r  thy  «n- 
oHiHn*,  und  Uiy  tximl-otl^rinir,  fmil  nioite  an  aiunenuiU  fur 
Uiywlf  urid  tor  the  i»"..jil".  —  !-•».  Ix. 
When  a  man  liaa  I*-*!!  guilty  uf  any  vicr,  the  bt>»t  atonement  he 
can  make  fur  it  ia,  to  w.tm  otbera  not  to  liill  iiilo  llie  liki;. 
Wc(.  No.  8. 
The  Pho^'Wi*  h^harrd  with  w  nmcli  frtH'tnlry,  that  ihfv  wpre 
Uiougtu  to  have  made  a  autiicioul  atuiietnerit  R<r  ilx-ir  ttirmcr 
oHniie.  Potter,  Antiq. 

3.  In  tAu^lofijt  the  expintion  of  sin  made  by  the 
obedience  anti  j»er*'?nal  nutr'Tiiig^  of  Christ. 
A-TON'ER,  n.     lie  wlio  makes  atonement. 
A-TOx\'ie,  a.     Ptbilitated  ;  wanting  tone. 

In  medicine,  characterized  by  atony,  or  want  of  vi- 
tal energy  ;  as,  an  oilonir  dinea^e. 
A-TON'l\G,  ppr.  or  a.     Reconciling. 

2.  Making  amends,  or  satisfactiiui. 
AT'O-NY,  n.   [Gr.  nrocia,  defect,  of  a  priv,  and  rouofj 

lone,  from  rcivto,  to  stretch.] 

In  medicine,  debility ;  a  want  of  tone ;  defect  of 
muscular  power  ;  pal-*y.  HlUon.     Coze. 

•More  particularly,  wantof  vital  energy  and  strength 
of  action  in  the  heart  and  arteries  ;  asthenia. 
A-TOP',  ado.     [a  and  top.    See  Tor.]     On  or  at  the 

top.  Milton. 

AT-RA-nil^A'RI-AN,     )  rr      *      n-r    M««t  k:i    i 

AT-RA-BIUA'RI-OUH,  \  '^     [L.'^'*'' »'''*> black  bde.] 

Affected  with  melancholy,  which  the  ancients  at- 
tributed to  the  black  Itil'' ;  replete  with  black  bile. 

AT-KA-ltll^A'RI-OUS-N'KSH,  n.  The  state  of  being 
melancholy,  or  aifocted  with  disordered  bile. 

AT-RA-IilL'IA-RY,  a.  Mt-lancholir,  or  hypochon- 
driacal ;  fVura  the  supposed  predominance  of  black 
bile.  Cyc.  Med. 

Atrabiliary  enpsvles,  [L,  eap.tuIiK  atrahilaria-,  so 
called  from  their  supposed  office  of  secreting  bbick 
bile ;]  two  small  gland-like  bodies,  situated  one  on 
the  ufiper  and  interior  edge  of  each  kidney  ;  called 
also  renal  or  nupra-reaal  gland/t  or  c:ipsulcs.  Cyc.  Med, 


ATT 

AT-HA-IIT'I.IS,  71.  [L.  from  atra  and  bilis.\  Black 
bile  ;  a  thick,  black,  acrid  fluid,  suppt>sed  by  the  .in- 
cientM  to  be  secreted  by  tlic  spleen,  pancreous  or 
atrabiliarv  capsules,  but  only  a  morbid  state  of  the 
pro|)er  bile.  Cye.  Med. 

AT-llA-ME\T-A'CEOUS,fl.  Hiack,  like  ink  ;  inky; 
as  the  atramcntaceoHs  mucus  of  the  eye,  or  fitrmentam 
ni^am,  n  black  pasty  substance  covering  the  internal 
surface  of  the  choroid  coat  of  the  eye.        Decham. 

AT-KA-ME.\T'AL,      i  a.     [L.  atramentam,  ink,  from 

AT-RA-MEXT'OrS,  j      afcr,  black,] 
Inky  ;  black  like  ink. 

AT-RA-MENT-A'R[-OUS,  a.  Like  ink;  suitable  for 
making  ink.  The  sulpliate  of  iron,  or  green  copi^r- 
as,  is  called  atrainefitarimis,  as  being  the  material  of 
ink.  VitUTcruy. 

A-TRIP',  adv.     [a  and  trip.     See  Trip.] 

In  nauticat  laiig-ua^e,  the  anchor  is  atrip,  when 
dniwn  out  <tf  the  ground  in  a  pt^rpendJcular  direc- 
tion. The  topsails  are  uirip,  when  they  are  hoisted 
to  the  top  of  the  mast,  or  as  high  as  possible. 

Mar.  Diet. 

A-TRo'CIOUS,  a.     [L.  atror,  trtix,  fierce,  cruel.] 

1.  Extremely  heinous,  criminal,  or  cruel;  enor- 
mous, outrageous  ;  as,  atrocious  guilt  or  otfense. 

2.  Very  grievous;  violent;  as,  atrocious  distem- 
pers^   [Obi.]  Ckeync. 

A-TR6'i'IOUS-LY,  adv.  In  an  atrocious  manner; 
with  enormous  cruelty  or  guilt. 

A-TRo'CTOUS-i\ESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  enor- 
mously criminal  or  cruel. 

A-'l'ROC'I-TY,  w.  Enormous  wickedness  ;  extreme 
heinousness  or  cruelty  ;  as,  the  atrocity  of  murder. 

AT'UO-Plf  Y,  71.     [Gr.  o  priv.  and  rpf/ici,  to  nourish.] 

1.  A  consumption  or  wasting  of  the  flesh,  witli  loss 
of  strength,  without  any  sensible  cause  ;  a  wasting 
from  detect  of  nourishment.  Coie.     F.neyc. 

2.  More  ai)proprialely,  gradual  progres.sive  emacia- 
tion and  exhaustion  from  defect  of  nutrition. 

AT-RO-PI'N  A,  (at-rtvpi'na,)  sometimes  calb-d  A-tro'- 
pi-A,  n.  A  vegetable  alkaloid,  extracted  from  the 
Alropa  Belladonna,  or  deadly  nightshade.  It  is 
wliite,  brilliant,  and  crystallizes  in  long  nt-edles. 

AT-TACir,  V.  L  [Vr.  attacker,  to  tie  or  fasten,  to 
apply,  to  engage,  to  stick  ;  Arm.  xtaira  ;  It.  attaecnre ; 
Konn.  attucher,  to  attack  ;  tache^  tied,  fixed,  tacked 
together;  Port.  Sp.  fl(flcar.  Jt  seems  to  be  allied  to 
attack,  and  the  sense  is,  to  put,  throw,  or  fall  on, 
hence,  to  seize,  and  stop,  coinciding  with  the  Eng, 
take ;  Sw,  ta^fa;  Dan.  tage;  Sax.  tarccan  :  Gr.  i^tx'inm  ; 
I.,  tan^o,  for  ta^To ;  Eng.  tack ;  &c.  Class  Dg.  See 
Attack  and  Tack.] 

1.  To  take  by  legal  authority  ;  to  arrest  Ihe  p^r^cm 
by  writ,  to  answer  for  a  debt  or  demand  ;  applied  to 
a  taking  of  the  person  by  a  f(ei7  process  ;  being  never 
used  for  the  arrest  uf  a  criinin.al.  It  is  applied  also 
to  the  taking  of  gotxls  and  real  estate  by  an  oIhc<;r, 
by  virtue  of  a  writ  or  precept,  to  hold  "the  same  to 
satisfy  a  judgment  to  be  rendered  in  the  suit. 

2.  To  take,  seixe,and  lay  hold  on,  by  moral  force, 
as  by  adirtion  or  interest ;  to  win  the  heart ;  to 
fa^Jtcn  or  bind  by  moral  influence  ;  as,  atiachrd  to  a 
friend  ;  atUichnir  otliers  to  us  by  wealth  or  flattery. 

3.  To  make  to  adh.-re  ;  to  tie,  bind,  or  fasten  ;  as, 
to  attarh  substiinces  by  any  glutinous  matter;  to 
attack  one  thing  to  another  by  n  string. 

4.  To  cotnn!tt  with,  in  a  figurative  sense  ;  as, 
to  attach  great  importance  to  a  particular  circum- 
stance. 

AT-TACH'A-DLE,  a.  That  may  be  legally  attached  ; 
liable  to  be  taken  l>y  writ  or  precept. 

AT-TA-CHF.',  (at-ta-^hfi',)  n.  [Fr.]  One  attached 
to  another,  as  a  part  of  his  suite  or  attendants  ;  par- 
ticularly, one  attached  to  the  suite  of  un  embas- 
sador. 

AT-'IACU'ED,  (at-tacht',)  pp.  Taken  by  writ  or 
precept ;  drawn  to  and  fixed,  or  united  by  artection 
or  interest ;  fastened  ;  connected  with. 

A'i'-TACiri\G,  ppr.  Taking  or  seizing  by  com- 
mandment or  writ;  dmwiug  u>,  and  fixing  by  iiitlii- 
euce :  witiiiiiig  the  afiections ;  fastening;  connect- 
ing with. 

AT-TACH'ME\T,n. 

1.  A  taking  of  ilie  person,  goods,  or  estate,  by  a 
writ  or  precept  in  a  civil  action,  to  secure  a  debt  or 
demand. 

2.  A  writ  directing  the  person  or  estate  of  a  person 
to  be  taken,  t«  secure  his  apfiearance  hefiire  a  conrt. 
In  Kniflaiid,  the  first  notice  to  appear  in  court  ia  by 
summinis;  and  if  the  defijiidant  disttbeys  this  moni- 
tion, a  writ  of  altachment  issues,  commanding  the 
sheriir  to  attach  him,  by  taking  gage,  or  security  in 
goods,  which  he  forftMts  by  ntm-jippearance,  or  by 
making  him  find  safe  pledgi;s  or  sureties  for  his  ap- 
pearance. But  in  tresp.isses,  an  attachment  Is  the 
first  pr(M;e8M.  In  this  country,  attiichmeut  is  more 
generally  the  first  process;  and  in  some  states,  the 
writ  of  attachment  issties  at  first  against  the  prop- 
erty or  person  of  the  defendant,  li^  Connecticut, 
this  writ  issues  against  the  p<'rson,  gotuls,  or  land, 
in  the  first  instance,  commanding  to  take  the  goodii 
and  estat*;  of  the  defendant,  if  to  be  found  ;  or  other- 
wine,  to  take  his  body.  In  Enirland,  witnesses  not 
appearing  uptpn  a  summons,  may  be  taken  by  oUaeK- 


TONE,  BWLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GEa,  Vr'CIOUa  — €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  i  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  Til  as  In  THIS. 

iT"  ~  a: 


ATT 


wtent:  a  process  called  with  tu  a  capias.  Altoch- 
menU  al:M  isaue  aj^iRt  persons  for  contempt  of 
cotiru  The  court  ^  attackMoOs^  in  England,  \a  held 
befcve  the  rerderon  fit  the  furr^,  to  aUack  and  try 
o^t'ndors  apun«t  vert  and  venison. 

Jibntfa  ■OadL-Hritt,  is  the  taking  of  ttic  money  or 
goods  Of  a  debtor  in  the  \vmhU  of  a  third  [nrsoii  \  as 
when  the  debtor  is  not  within  the  jiirisdictiim  of  Ute 
court,  or  ha^  ahdcoiidt'd.  Any  person  who  has  gooda 
or  efft-cl:3  of  a  dtbtor.  Is  considered  in  law  b«  the 
agent,  a»ornt-y,  fanor,  or  tnistt-e  of  thu  dubtur  ;  and 
an  aiuichinfiil  served  on  such  person  binds  the 
property  iu  bis  handu  to  respond  tlie  judgment  against 
the  debtor. 

3.  Cluse  adhen'nf-'  or  nflection  ;  fidHity  ;  regard  ;. 
any  iwsiion  or  ^ilWiioii  lluit  binds  a  pentonj  aSi  an 
aUajJiintnt  to  a  (Vuii.!,  or  to  a  iKirty. 

4.  That  by  whicbtme  thing  UatlachwitoanoUicr; 
as,  to  cut  the  attaJumtmis  of  a  miueU, 

&.  Some  adjunct  attached  to  an  in^tnimfnt,  ma- 
chine, or  other  object  i  as,  the  Eolian  ^uuckm^ni  to 
the  piano-forte. 
AT-TACK',  r.  t  [Ft.  attaqua- ;  Arm.  aCdC^;  lU  at- 
laoMTf,  to  fasten,  to  attack  i  attatcv^  a  sticking  ;  Sp. 
alacAr,  to  wttiiilt,  to  fJuten,or  moke  close,  to  cram  ; 
Poet,  ataev,  to  attack,  to  teaae,  to  fasten  ;  Heb.  and 
Ch.  "Spn^  to  thrust,  to  drive,  to  strike.  U  aeems  to 
be  allied  to  atuck ;  but  the  latter  verb  agnes  better 

with  the  Etb.  I llQ/x  coik,  todk,  to  press,  whanoe 

A  /(DT  4tMfc,lo  pre«,  to  make  close ;  and  the 
Ch.  n:9,  to  accuse,  to  unite.    Class  Dg.] 

1.  To  BMault ;  to  fall  upon  with  force ;  to  assail, 
as  with  force  und  arms.  It  is  the  appropnata  word 
for  tlie  commeDcing  act  of  bostiUty  between  anniss 


S.  To  &11  apoo,  with  unfHendly  words  or  writing  ; 
lo  begin  a  oootrorervy  with ;  to  attempt  to  uverthrow 
or  bnng  into  dtscepule,  bjr  satire,  calumny,  or  criti- 
daam ;  as,  to  sCtsak  a  man  or  tus  opiuluoa  m  a  pam- 
^ileL 

AT-TACK',  a.  An  ooael }  first  invasion ;  a  falling  on 
with  fun«  or  violence,  or  with  calumny,  satire,  or 
criticism. 

AT-TACK'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  be  attacked  j  assail- 
able. 

AT-TACK'£D,  (at-takt',)  yp.  Assaulted ;  Invaded } 
fiUIen  on  with  force  or  enmity. 

AT-TACK'EK,  a.    One  who  assautu  m  invades. 

AT-TACK'I.NO,  m.  Assaulting;  iuvadinfj  fUUng 
on  with  force,  auumnv,  or  criticism. 

AT-TA-euT' Tie,  a.  I*eitaining  to  the  AttaeolU,  a 
tribe  of  ancient  unions,  allies  of  tiie  Scots. 

AT'TA-GAS,  }  M.    [L.]     Xomes    applied,   bv  former 

ATTA-^EX,  i  naturalists,  to  a  variety  of  the  7>- 
frss  Waans,  or  baael  grouse,  found  in  the  south  at 
Europe.  Cicrier. 

ATTA-GHAN.    8ee  AvACiuif. 

ATTAIN',  V.  i.  [Pr.  and  Norm,  attaadre ;  L.  sttts^, 
to  ruach,  come  to,  or  overtake;  od  and  toMffOy  to 
loach,  reach,  or  Miike ;  that  is,  to  thrust,  urge,  or 
push  to.  It  has  no  couoccUon  with  L.  aiiauo.  See 
ClasEiDg.] 

1.  To  ruach ;  to  cmxiq  to  or  arrive  at,  by  motion, 
bodily  eiertion,  or  eiforts  toward  a  place  or  object. 
If  bf  U17  mouM  ihej  might  attain  to  Ptmiioe.  —  Asa  xxvfl. 

3.  To  reach  ;  to  come  to  or  anive  at,  by  an  eiTort 
of  mind. 

Such  kiMivledfeii  toowoiuletfiil  Car  aw;  HuUgbi  1  ««a  not 
■aim  10  il.  —  Pi.  cxxjdx. 

Regularly  this  verb  should  be  alwajrs  foHowed  by 
ta ;  tbe  omisskm  of  ta,  and  the  use  of  the  verb  in 
a  transitive  sense,  may  have  originated  in  mistake, 
from  the  opinion  that  the  verb  »  from  the  L.  aUuuOj 
and  equivalent  to  o^tota. 
AT-TALV,r.t. 

1.  To  gain  ;  to  oompaa^;  to  achieve  or  accompli^, 
thatis,  to  reach  by  eSbrts;  without  to  following. 

li  he  wise  who  hopes  to  olfetiji  the  end  withum  the  mrans  I 

TiLoUon. 

This  use  of  the  verb  is  now  established ;  but  in 
strictness  to  is  here  implied  ;  aUain  to  the  end.  The 
real  sense,  as  in  the  inlmnsilive  use  of  the  verb,  is, 
to  fflocA  or  eoau  to  the  end  or  purpose  in  view.  This 
word  always  implies  an  effort  toward  an  object. 
Hence  it  is  not  9yn«n>'moii3  with  obtain  and  procure^ 
which  do  not  necessarily  imply  such  effort.  We 
procure  or  obtain  a  thin;  by  purchase  or  loan^  and  we 
abtain  by  inheritance,  but  we  do  not  attain  it  by  such 
means.  An  inattention  to  this  distinction  has  led 
good  authors  into  great  mistakes  in  the  use  of  this 
word. 

2.  To  reach  or  come  to  a  place  or  object  by  pro- 
gression or  motion. 


But  m  weh  fdinfi  riiaU  bia  ean  attain, 
CwiMum  be  nov  aaaina. 


3.  To  reach  in  excellence  or  degree  ;  to  equal. 

AT-TAIX-A-BII/I-TV,fu     Altai nabieness.  Coleridga. 
AT-TilX'A-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  attained  ;    that 


ATT 

may  be  nached  bv  efforts  of  the  mind  or  l»wly  ;  that 
may  be  comiKissed  or  accomplished  by  efforts  directed 
to  the  objt-rt ;  as,  [lerfection  ia  not  attainable  in  this 
lifi'.  From  an  inattention  to  the  true  sense  of  this 
word,  OK  explained  under  Attaix,  authors  have  very 
Improperly  used  this  word  for  ubtainabUy  procurable; 
as  m  the  followinj;  pas.s-ages :  **  The  kind  and  qual- 
ity of  food  and  liquor,  the  species  of  habitation,  furni- 
ture and  eloLhin;*,  to  which  the  conunon  i>eo])le  of 
each  country  are  habituated,  nuist  be  atiainublc  with 
ease  anil  cert;unty."  Paley^  Philos.  b.  G,  chap.  11. 
"  Gen.  Howe  would  not  permit  the  mirchano  ()f  those 
articles  [clothes  and  blankets]  in  riiiladelphia,  and 
thev  were  nut  attainable  in  the  country."  Jiiursfuilt\s 
)jji  <if  ll'ushingtanj  3,  4:27.  Each  of  thoite  words 
fthoutd  be  obtainable. 

AT  r.\l.\'A-ULE-XES3,  n.  The  quality  of  being  at- 
tainable. 

AT-TAIN'DKR,  a.  [Xonn.  Fr.  atteindre^  to  corrupt, 
oliaiut ;  also  conviction:  L.  ad  and  tinge^  to  stain; 
Gr.  Tiy  jw.    Class  Dg.    See  Ti-»fiK.] 

1.  lAer^ft  a  staining,  comijition,  or  rendering 
impure  ;  a  corruption  of  blood.     Hence, 

2.  By  the.  common  late^  an  immediate  and  insrpnni- 
bloefieet  of  a  judpment  of  death  or  outlawry,  for  trea- 
son or  fMony  ;  tlie  const^quences  of  which  to  the  per- 
son alt;iinted  are  forfeiture  of  lands,  tmements,  and 
hereditaments;  corruption  of  blood, by  which  he  can 
no  longer  inherit,  or  transmit  an  inheritance ;  and 
loss  of  reputation,  and  of  civil  rijjhtd  generally.  A 
statute  of  parliament  attainting  a  crimmal,  is  called 
an  act  or  bdi  of  attainder.  IJy  a  statute  of  ^1  Wro. 
IV.,  the  consequences  of  attainder  are  limited  to  the 
liJb  of  the  person  attainted. 

Cpoo  the  thorough  dnnonitRdoo  of  which  fuDt  bjr  V%*\  ol. 
'    ,  Um  kMtUl  covupUU  b  brakoo.  "'"^ 


3.  The  act  of  attainting. 

An  ut  wu  nude  t>r  lh«  tOaindtr  of  MrenJ  poiona.    ^neyc 

J^ote,  By  the  constitution  of  the  United  plates, 
no  bill  of  atLunder  shall  be  passed  ;  and  no  attainder 
of  trtisson  (in  consequence  of  a  judicial  sentence) 
shall  work  corruption  of  blood  or  forfeiture,  except 
during  the  life  of  the  person  attainted. 

AT-TA1X'/:D,   (at-taind',)  pp.     Ucached  ;  achieved. 

AT-TAIX'IXG,  ppr.  Keacbing;  arriving  at;  accom- 
pliiihing. 

AT-TAIN'MEXT,  )^ 

1.  The  act  of  attaintne  ;  the  act  of  arriving  at  or 
reaching  ;  hence,  the  act  of  obtaining  by  efforts  ;  as, 
Uie  o/Miflwi««l  of  excellence. 

2.  That  which  is  attained  to.  or  obtained  by  exer- 
tion ;  nrquiMtion  ;  ai«,  a  man  of  frrpnt  atlainmcuts. 

AT-TAINT',  r.  (.     [See  Attainder.] 

1.  To  taint  or  corrupt  ;  to  e\tin*piish  the  pure  or 
inheritable  blo«>«l  of  a  penwn  found  f;u)lty  of  treason 
or  felony,  by  confei4.sion,  battle,  or  verdict,  and  con- 
sentence  of  death,  or  by  special  act  of  par- 


Ko  penott  ■biQ  bs  oOainlMl  of  M^  tmwm  wh<Te  comptioQ  of 
Uuud  b  iucuirnl,  but  by  the  olUh  of  two  wiuicai>-«,  Ac 

Sm.7afuia  Wkl.UI. 

2.  To  taint,  as  the  credit  of  jurors,  convicted  of 
giving  a  fjlse  verdict.  This  is  done  by  Rp**cial  writ 
of  attaint.  The  conviction  of  such  a  crime  attaints 
the  reputation  of  juront,  and  renderrt  them  infamous. 

3.  To  disgnice ;  to  cloud  witli  infuiny  ;  to  stiin. 

SpCVSCT. 

4.  To  titnt  or  corrupt  Hhak, 
AT-TAINT',  n. 

1.  A  Ptiin,  spot,  or  taint.    [See  Taint.]        S\ak. 

2.  Any  thing  injurious)  that  which  imi«iirs.   f  06a.] 

S}iak. 

3.  In  farriery,  a  blow  or  wound  on  the  legs  or  feet 
ofnhorye.  £ncyc. 

4.  A  writ  which  lies  after  judgment  against  a  jury 
for  pivin^  a  false  verdict  in  any  court  of  record. 

AT-TAIXT'ED,  pp.  Stained;  corrupted;  rendered 
infamous  ;  rendered  incapable  of  inheriting. 

AT-TAI.N'T'LNG,  ppr.  Staining;  corrupting;  render- 
ing infamous  by  judicial  act ;  depriving  of  inheritable 
bhxtd. 

AT-TAIXT'MEXT,  n.    The  being  attainted. 

AT-TAIXT'URE,  n.  A  staining  or  rendering  infa- 
mous; reproach;  imputation. 

AT'TAU  of  R6'aiF.S,  Ti.  A  highly  fragrant  concrete 
obtained  in  India  from  the  petals  of  roses,     P.  Cyc. 

AT-TASK',  v.  t.  To  laskj  to  tax.  [JVo(  used.  See 
Task.]  Skak. 

AT-TA:^TE',  r.  t     To  taste.    [^Totuscd.    See  Taste.] 

AT-TEM'PER,  p.  L  [I*  attempero^  of  ad  and  tempcroy 
to  temper,  mix,  or  moderate.    See  Temper.] 

1.  To  reduce,  modify,  or  moderate  by  mixture,  as, 
to  attemper  heat  by  a  cooling  mixture,  or  &piril  by 
diluting  it  with  water. 

2.  To  soften,  mollify,  or  n»oderate ;  as,  to  or £emp«r 
rigid  justice  with  clemency. 

3.  To  mix  in  just  proportion  ;  to  regulate  ;  as,  a 
mind  well  attempered  with  kindness  and  justice. 

4.  To  accommodate  ;  to  fit  or  make  suitable. 

A*u  —  aaempered  w  ihe  lyre.  Pc^t. 

AT-TEM'PEtt-ANCE,  n-    Temperance.    [AV.(  used.] 

C/iavcer. 


ATT 

AT-TEM'PEU-ATK,  a.     [U  attemperatuj/.] 
Tempered  ;  pro^wrtioned  ;  suited. 
Hope  miut  be  praponiuimt  tuid  atumpemta  la  the  rroaiW. 

Itammoiid. 

AT-TEM'PER-ATE,  v.  t.    To  attemper.    [A()f  in  use.] 

Barrow. 

AT-TEM'PER-Jn>,  pp.  Reduced  in  quality;  mod- 
erated :  softened  ;  well  mixed  ;  Kuited. 

AT-TEM'PER-I.\G,ppr.  Moderating  in  quality  ;  soft- 
ening; mixing  in  due  proportion;  making  suitable. 

AT-TEM'PKR-LY,  ado.  In  a  temperate  manner. 
[JVot  in  vsf.]  Chaucer. 

AT-TEM'PEK-ME\T,  n.  A  tempering,  or  due  pro- 
port  inn. 

AT-TEAIPT',  tJ.  (.  [Fr.  attrnter,  from  L.  aUmtOy  to 
attempt,  of  ad  and  tentoy  to  try  ;  Arm.  attempti.  'J'ho 
I.,  tcnta  is  from  liic  same  rtwt  as  tendo,  to  strain  ; 
Gr.  rcivio.  Hence,  the  literal  sense  is  to  strain,  urge, 
stretch.] 

1.  To  make  an  effort  to  effect  some  object ;  to 
make  trial  or  experiment;  to  try;  to  endeavor;  to 
use  exertion  for  any  purpose  ;  as,  to  attempt  to  sing  ; 
to  attempt  a  bold  HighU 

S.  To  attack  ;  to  make  an  effort  upon  ;  as,  to  at- 
tempt the  enemy's  camp. 

This  verb  is  not  always  followed  by  an  object,  and 
appears  to  be  intransitive  ;  but  some  object  is  under- 
stood, or  a  verb  in  the  infinitive  follows  m  the  {tlace 
of  an  object ;  as,  he  attempted  to  speak. 

AT-TE.MPT',  n.  An  essay,  trial,  or  endeavor  ;  an  at- 
tack ;  or  an  effort  to  gain  a  [K^int.  Bacon. 

AT-TEMPT'A-BLE,a.    'I'hat  may  Iw  attempted,  tried, 

'     or  attacked  ;  liable  to  an  attempt,  or  attack.     Hhak. 

AT-TEMPT'ED,p/>.     Eiwiiyed  ;  tried  ;  attacked. 

AT-TEMPT'ER,  n.     One  wlio  attempts,  or  attacks. 

Milton, 

AT-TEMPT'ING,  p;n-.  Trying;  essaying;  making 
an  effort  to  gain  a  txiint;  attacking. 

AT-TENU',  r.  U  [L.  attend o ;  Fr.  aUendrf^  to  wait, 
stay,  expect;  Sp.  alendcr;  It.  attciidere;  L.  ad  ana 
tendoy  to  stretch,  to  lend.     See  Te>d.] 

1.  To  go  with,  or  accompany,  as  a  companion, 
minister,  or  servant. 

2.  To  be  present ;  to  accompany  or  lie  united  to ; 
as,  a  cold  attended  with  fever. 

3.  To  be  present  for  some  duty,  implying  charge  or 
ovcrsicht ;  to  wait  on;  as, the  physician  or  the  nurse 
attend.^'  the  sick. 

4.  To  be  present  in  business ;  to  be  in  company 
from  curiosity,  or  from  sonii,-  connection  in  ali'airs  ; 
OS,  lawyers  or  spectators  attciid  a  court. 

5.  To  be  consequent  to,  from  connection  of  cause; 
as,  a  measure  attended  with  ill  effects. 

6.  To  await ;  to  remain,  abide,  or  bo  in  store  for  ; 
as,  happiness  or  misery  attcmls  as  after  death. 

7.  To  wait  for  ;  to  lie  in  wait  Shak. 

8.  To  wait  or  stay  for. 

Three  days  I  proniiiwl  to  atltnd  my  tloom.  Drydtn. 

9.  To  accompany  with  solicitude ;  to  regard  with 
interest. 

Their  hunppr  thin  app»?a»f'il,  their  care  aOenda 

The  tluul>uul  lonuuc  of  tluir  aUciit  tricuili.  Dnjdtn. 

10.  To  regard  ;  to  fix  the  mind  upon. 

The  pilgt  tluih  nol  atUtvi  the  umkillfal  word*  of  the  pnsa-'nsipr. 

.S'M/ii«y. 

This  is  not  now  a  legitimate  sense.  To  express  this 
idea,  we  now  use  the  verb  intransitively,  with  to  — 
attend  to. 

11.  To  expect.     [JV*o(  in  i/jp.]  Raleigh. 
AT-TEND',  r.t. 

1.  To  listen ;  to  regard  with  attention  ;  usually  fol- 
lowed by  to. 

Attend  to  the  rolce  of  my  mpplicallon.  —  Pb.  Ixrxvi. 
Hence  much  used  in  the  imperative,  attend! 

2.  To  regard  with  observatiim,  and  correspondent 
practice  ;  as,  my  son,  attend  to  my  words. 

Hence,  to  regard  with  comi>Iiance. 

fie  halh  atUndtd  to  the  toIm  of  my  prayer.  —  P«.  Ixvi, 

3.  To  fix  the  attention  upon,  as  an  object  of  pur- 
suit ;  to  be  busy  or  engaged  in ;  as,  to  attend  to  the 
study  of  the  Scriptures. 

4.  To  wait  on  ;  to  accompany  or  be  present,  in 
pursuance  Of  duty;  with  on  or  -upon;  as,  to  attend 
vpon  a  committee  ;  to  attend  upon  business.     Hence, 

5.  To  wait  on,  in  service  or  worship  ;  to  serve. 

That  ye  m^iy  alJend  upon  the   Lord  without  dklntclioD.  —  1 
Cor.  vii. 

6.  To  Stay;  to  delay.    [Obs.] 

For  Uiis  perf'Ttion  ahe  mual  yet  allend. 

Till  to  her  Malcer  Uie  eapoiiwtl  l«,  Dane: 

7.  To  wait;  to  be  within  call.  SpetL-ier. 
AT-TEXD'A.NCE,  n.     [Fr.] 

1.  The  act  of  waiting  on  or  serving. 

For  he  —  peruln«ih  to  wiothrr  tribe,  of  which  do  m»»  gn*e  at 

tendance  at  the  altar.  — Hch.  vii. 
9.  A  waiting  on  ;  a  being  present  on  business  of 
any  kind  ;  as,  the  attendance  of  witnesses  or  persona 
in  court  ;  attendance  of  members  of  the  legislature. 
3.  Service  ;  ministrj-  *,  as,  to  receive  attendance. 

Shak 
A.  lite  persons  attending ;  a  train ;  a  retinue. 

MiUon. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— MfiTE,  PRfiY.  — riNJS,  AIAKINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  W<?LF,  BQQK.— 


ATT 

&  AtteDtion  j  regard ;  careful  application  of  mind. 

Gire  aOendarux  to  reiuiiug.  —  1  Tim.  ir. 
6.  Expectation,     [Obs.]  Hooker. 

AT-TE\D'Ai\T,  a.    XFr.] 

1.  Accompanying  ;  being  present,  or  in  llie  train. 

Other  lutu  —  nilh  their  atlendanl  mooiis.  Aillton. 

9.  Accompanying,  connected  with,  or  immediately 
following,  as  consequential  j  as,  intemperance  with 
all  its  attendant  evils. 

3.  In  lato,  depending  on,  or  owing  duty  or  service 
to;  as,  the  wife  atteaJant  to  the  heir.  Cowel. 

Aticiulant  keys;  in  music,  the  keys  or  scales  on  the 
fiiUi  above,  and  fifth  below,  ^or  fourth  above,)  any 
key-note  or  tonic,  considered  m  relation  to  the  key 
Of  scale  on  that  Ionic.  Callcott. 

AT-TE\D'AN'T,  ti.  One  who  attends  or  accompanies 
in  any  character  whatever,  as  a  friend,  companion, 
minister,  or  servant ;  one  who  belongs  to  tlie  train. 

Dnjilen. 

2.  One  who  is  ivesent;  as,  an  attendant  at  or  upon 
a  meeting. 

3.  In  iauj,  one  who  owes  duty  or  service  to,  or  de- 
pends on  another.  CoweL 

4.  That  which  accompanies  or  is  consequent  to. 

A  lovr  of  6uw,  ti^  aOemiant  o(  noble  aplrits.  Popt. 

Siuitoe  in  the  auendant  of  vice.  Anun, 

AT-TEXD'ED,  pp.  Accompanied ;  having  attend- 
ants ;  9e^^'ed  ;  waited  on. 

AT-TEND'ER,  n.  One  who  attends;  a  companion; 
an  associate.     [Littie  used,^ 

AT-TE\D'1\G,  ppr.  Going  with;  accomp-mylng ; 
waiting  on  ;  superintending  or  taking  care  of;  bt-ing 
present;  immediately  consequent  toj  serving;  list- 
ening; regarding  with  care. 

AT-TE\T',  a.     Attentive.    2  Chron.  vi. 

AT-TENT',  R,    Attention  ;  as,  with  due  attenU 

Spnuifr. 

AT-TENT'ATES,  tu  pi.  Proceedings  in  a  court  of 
jttdirattire,  after  an  inhibition  is  decreed.     Ayliffe, 

AT-TEN'TION,  n.  [Fr.]  The  art  of  attending  or 
heeding  ;  the  due  application  of  the  ear  to  sounds,  of 
the  eye  to  visual  objects,  or  of  the  mind  to  any  ob- 
jects presented  to  its  contemplation.  [Literally,  a 
stretching  toteanf.] 

Tl»<7  Bar,  the  tonm\t*  of  dying  mr-n 

Eaforc«  aOetoion  Eke  de«p  b-timony.  SfuiJc. 

2.  Act  of  civility,  or  courtesy ;  as,  attention  to  a 
stnui^LT. 

3.  The  word  of  command  given  to  B(ddicrs  before 
pfrfi)rniing  any  exercise  or  evolution, 

A*J'-'I'E.\T'IVE,  a.     [Fr.  attentif.] 

Heedful;  intent;  observant;  regarding  with  care. 
It  in  Applied  to  the  senses  of  hearing  And  seeing,  as, 
an  cUentive  ear  or  eye ;  to  the  application  of  the 
mind,  as  in  contemplation  ;  or  to  the  application  of 
the  mind,  together  with  the  senses  above  mentioned, 
as  wiien  a  person  is  attentive  to  the  words,  and  to 
the  uianuer  and  matter  of  a  speaker,  at  the  same 
linn-. 

AT-TE.\T'IVE-LY,  odo.  Ileedfully;  carefully  j  with 
fixed  attention. 

AT-TENT'IVI-^NESS,  n.  The  sUile  of  being  attent- 
ive ;  heeUfiilness ;  attttntion. 

AT-TK.\T'LY,  adv.    Attentively.  Barrow. 

AT-TE\'U-A\T,  a.  [See  Attbruate.]  Makine 
thin,  as  Huids;  diluting;  rendering  less  dense  and 
viitcid  ;  properly,  subtilizing  the  humors  uf  Uie  body, 
or  hn-riking  th'-in  into  finrj  parts, 

AT-TE.\m:-ANT,  n.  A  medicine  that  thins  the  fluids ; 
a  dilii'-nt.  Coie. 

Pntfierly,  as  originally  used,  a  medicine  (tupposed 
lot«wfes3  the  property  of  rendering  tlie  blood  and 
other  hiimnrs  more  fluid,  by  diminishing  the  size  of 
the  p;irtu:le5,  eithtr  by  abrasion  or  division  ;  in  the 
latt'-r  rase  cilled  also  an  ituUimt, 

AT-TE.V^-ATE,r.  L  [L.  attenuo^  of  ad  and  Unm, 
to  make  thm ;  L.  tenuis;  W.  tenauf  Ir.  tana  or 
tanaidhe;  Eng.  thin;  which  see,] 

1.  To  make  thin  or  less  consistent ;  to  render  less 
viscid  ;  properly,  to  subtilize  the  humors  of  the  body, 
or  to  break  them  into  finer  parts;  oppoefcd  to  coi»- 
den^ie.  incra.isale,  or  thicken. 

3.  I'o  comminute ;  to  break  or  wear  solid  sub- 
stances into  finer  or  very  minute  p:uta. 

Ttu«  unii)t/>miptr^l  tDotibfi  mutt  aOtnitate  nnd  wf-nr  avny  thi; 
binlfit  rucka.  Tliuu.  o/  Chaplai'a  Cktmtalry. 

In  alchemy^  to  pulverize,  or  reduce  Co  an  impilpable 
Pf>wd'T.  Ehcijc, 

3.  To  make  slender;  to  reduce  In  thickness. 
AT-TE\'IT-ATE,a. 

1.  Made  thin,  or  less  viscid ;  made  slender. 

Bacon. 
fi.  In  botanjf,  attenuated  ;  growing  slender  toward 
a  point  or  exirf^mity. 
AT-TEN'IJ.A-Tl::i),p;j.  or  a.     Made  thin  or  less  vis- 
cid ;  Cf»nnnmiiti;d  ;  made  slentler.     In  Aoiany,  grow- 
ing si'-nder  toward  an  e.xtremitv. 
AT-TE.\'r-A-TL\G,  p/)r.      Making  thin,   as   fluids; 
making  fine,  as  solid  substances  ;  making  slander  or 
l«^an. 
AT-TENM.:-A'TXON,  n.    The  act  of  making  tlun,  as 
ftuids  ;  as,  the  attenuation  of  the  humors. 


ATT 

2.  The  act  of  making  fine,  by  comminution,  or  at- 
trition ;  pulverization. 

Tlie  action  of  the  air  fkcilitates  the  aUen%tadon  of  ihrvy  rocks. 
Trails.  ChapJal. 

3.  The  act  or  process  of  making  slender,  thin,  or 
lenn.  • 

AT'TER-ATE,  v.  U    [L.  flttrro,  to  wear.] 
1.  To  wear  away. 

a.  To  form  or  accumulate  bv  wearing. 
AT'TER-A-TED,  pp.     Furmed  'by  wearing.        B^y. 
AT-TEU-A'TION,  n.     Tlie  operation  of  forming  land 
by  the  wearing  of  the  sea,  and  tlw  wearing  of  the 
earth  in  one  place  and  depositiun  of  it  in  another. 

Rtty. 
AT-TEST',  V.  U     [Fr.  aUesler ;  L.  attestor  ;  of  ad  and 
tc^oTt  to  aflirm  or  boar  witness,  from  testis.    See 
Testify.] 

1.  To  bear  witness  to  ;  to  certify  ;  to  affirm  to  be 
true  or  genuine;  to  make  a  solemn  declaration  in 
words  or  writing,  to  support  a  fiict ;  aiipropriately 
used  for  the  affirmation  of  persons  in  their  otiicial 
capacity  ;  as,  to  attest  the  truth  of  a  writing,  to  attest 
a  ropy  of  record.  Persons  also  attest  writings  by  sub- 
scribing ttieir  names. 

2.  To  bear  witness  to,  or  support  the  truth  of  a 
fact,  by  other  evidence  than  words  ;  as,  the  ruins  of 
Palmyra  attest  its  ancient  magnificence. 

3.  To  call  to  witness  ;  to  invoke  as  conscious. 

Th(>  Kkcroil  atmiLins  which  heaven'i  imperial  hUle 

Atte»U  ill  oatJM,  luiil  lean  to  violate.  IhyUn. 

AT-TEST',  n.    Witness ;  testimony  ;  attestation.    [Lit- 
tle used^ 
AT-TEST-A'TION,  n.    Testimony;  witness;  a  sol- 
emn or  olficial  declaration,  verhal  or  written,  in  stip- 
port  of  a  fact ;   evidence.    The  truth  appears  from 
the  attestatiun  of  witnesses,  or  of  the  proper  otlicer. 
The  subscription  of  a  name  to  a  writing  is  an  aitest- 
ation. 
AT-TEST'EI),  pp.  or  a.    Proved  or  supported  by  testi- 
mony solemn  or  otficial ;  witnessed  to ;  sup^Kirted  by 
evidence. 
AT-TEdT'ING,  ppr.    Witnessing  to;  calling  to  wit- 
ness ;  affirming  in  support  of. 
AT-TEST'OR,  n.     One  who  attests. 
AT'Tie,  a.     [L.  Atticus;  Gr.  Attikos.] 

Pertaining  to  Attica,  in  Greece,  or  to  its  principal 
city,  Athens ;  marked  by  such  qualities  Jis  were 
cliiiracterislic  of  the  Atheniims.  Thus,  jtttic  wit, 
Attic  salt,  a  poignant,  delicate  wit,  peculiar  to  the 
Attienians  ;  an  Attic  style,  a  style,  puro,  classical, 
and  elegant ;  Attic  faith,  inviolable  faith. 

Attic  dialect ;  tlie  dialect  of  the  ancient  Greek  lan- 
guage used  by  tiie  Athenians. 

Attic  base  ;  a  peculiar  base  used  by  the  ancient  ar- 
chitects in  the  Ionic  and  Corinthian  orders,  and  by 
Palladiu  aud  some  others  in  tlie  Doric. 

Knnjc.  Cyc 
Attic  order;  an  order  of  small  square  pillars  at  the 
uppermost  extremity  of  a  building.  This  had  its 
origin  in  Athens,  and  was  intended  to  conceal  the 
roof.  Ttiese  pillars  should  never  exceed  in  hight 
one  third  uf  the  hight  of  the  order  on  which  they 
are  placed,  nor  be  less  than  one  quarter  of  it. 

Knrye. 
AT'Tte,  )  «.    A  story  in  the  upper  jinrt  of 

AT'Tie  STO'RV,  J      a  hous4-,  with   small  windows 

either  in  or  above  the  cornice. 
AT'TIC,  71.     A  small  square  pillar  with  its  cornice  on 
the  up|)ermost  part  of  a  building.     Attics  properly 
furm  the  crown  of  the  building,  or  a  finishing  fitr  the 
other  orders,  when  they  are  used  in  the  structure. 

Eitcyc* 
2.  An  Athenian  ;  an  Athenian  author. 

Joneses  Oreck  Orammar. 
AT'Ttf^AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  Athens;   pure,  clas- 

mcnl.  Hammond. 

AT''i'I-CISM,  n.  The  jjeculiar  style  and  idiom  of  the 
Gre(;k  Innguagc,  used  by  the  Athtinians  ;  refined  and 
elcg:uit  Greek  ;  concise  and  elegant  expression. 

Eneyc,  art.  Phiios. 
2.  A  particular  attachment  to  the  Athenians. 

Mitford. 
Applied  particularly  to  the  act  of  siding  with  the 
Athenians,  during  the  PcloponnetJian  war. 

Ilubba^s  Thucyd.  viii. 

AT'TI-CTZE,  r.  t.    To  conform  or  make  conformable 

to  tiie  languitge  or  idiom  of  Attica.    Adjectives  in  of, 

when  atticiitdy  become  wj.     Joneses  Greek  Orammar. 

AT'TI-CIZK,  ».  t.    To  use  Atticisms,  or  the  idiom  of 

the  Athenians. 

2.  To  side  with  the  Athenians,  or  to  subserve  the 
interests  of  Athens.  Smithes  Tfiucyd.  viii. 

AT'Ties,  n.  pU     The  title  of  a  book  in   Pausaiiias, 

which  treats  of  Attica.  Trans,  of  Paus.  b.  1. 

AT-TI.\GE',  V.  t.     [L.  stingo.] 

To  t«>uch  lightly. 
AT-TTRE',  V.  t.  [Norm,  attyrer,  to  provide  ;  Fr.  atours, 
dr'jss,  attire;  atowrner,  to  dress  a  woman,  to  attire; 
atiiiirneres.iej  a  tire  woman ;  Ann.  atourm,  female 
ornriments  ;  G.  ilerrn^  to  adorn.  We  retain  tire^  the 
sinijile  word,  applied  to  the  band  of  a  wheel,  and  this 
Word,  in  the  JJ.  toer^  coincides  with  Uriir  See 
Class  Dr.] 


ATT 

To  dress ;  to  array ;  to  ndorn ;  particularly,  to 
adorn  with  elegant  or  splendid  garments. 

Wiih  the  litten  miter  ihaJI  Aaron  \x  aidrtd.  —  Lct.  xW. 
AT-TtRE',  n.     Dress;   clothes;  habit;  but  appropri- 
ately, ornnmenUil  dress. 

Can  a  bride  forget  heroUire?  —  Jcr.  U. 

2.  The  horns  of  a  deer. 

3.  In  some  early  botanical  leriterSf  the  internal  parts 
of  a  flower,  included  within  the  enipalement  or 
calyx,  and  the  foliation  or  corolla.  Florid  attire^ 
called  Uirums  or  suits,  as  in  the  flowers  of  the  mari- 
gold and  tansy,  consis^ts  commonly  of  three  parts,  of 
which  the  outer  part  is  the  floret,  'i'his  corresponds 
to  the  floret  of  the  disc  in  compound  flowers.  Semi- 
form  attirej  consists  of  two  parts,  the  chives  and 
apices  ;  corresponding  to  the  stamens,  with  their  fil- 
aments and  anthers.  Johnson.     Cye. 

AT-TIR'iJD,  pp.    Dressed ;  decked  with  ornaments 

or  altire. 
AT-TIR'ER,  71.     One  who  dresses  or  adorns  with 

attire. 
AT-TIR'ING,ppr.    Dressing;  adorning  with  dress  or 

attire. 
AT-TI'TLE,  V.  L    To  entitle.    [JVot  m  use.]     Oower. 
AT'Tl-TUDE,  n.     [Fr.  attitude,  posture;  Sp.  aetitudy 

from  L.  acitis,  airo.    The  Italian  attitudine  is  posture 

and  fitness  ;  altitude  and  aptitude  being  united  in  the 

same  wonl.] 

1.  The  posture  or  ptwition  of  a  person,  or  the  man- 
ner in  wliicli  the  parts  of  his  body  are  disposed,  par- 
ticularly in  relation  to  some  purpwe  or  emotion  ;  as, 
a  tlireatening  attitude  ;  an  attitude  of  entreaty. 

2.  Posture  or  position  of  things,  in  a  corresponding 
relation  ;  as,  in  times  of  trouble  let  a  nation  preserve 
a  lirm  attitude.  H'ushinsrton's  Farcwdl  Address, 

Hamilton.     Oov.  Smitk,  JV.  H. 

3.  In  pflin/i/i^  and  *cM//>(ur<*,  the  posture  or  action 
in  which  a  figure  or  statue  is  placed  ;  the  gei<ture  of 
a  figure  or  statue  ;  such  a  disposition  of  the  {Kirts  as 
serves  to  expres-s  the  action  and  sentiments  of  the 
jKTson  represented.  Johnson     Encyc 

AT-Tl-T0'1)1N-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  attitude. 
AT-TOL'LENT,  a.     [L.   attollens,  attollo,  of  ad  and 
tollo,  to  lift.] 

Lifting  up ;  raising  ;  as,  an  attollcnt  muscle. 

Derham. 
AT-TOL'LENT,  n      A   muscle  which    raises   some 
part,  as  the  ear,  tlie  eyeball,  or  tlie  upper  ej'X'Ild ; 
otherwise  called  levator  or  elecator. 

Quivcy.     Encye. 
AT-TORN',  V.  i.     [L.  ad  and  tomo  ;  Fr,  Umrner;  Arm. 
tairgna,  turnein,  to  turn;   Sp.  tomar ;  Port,  id.;  IL 
flUorwiare,    turniare.      Hence,   torniamento,  a  tuurna- 
ment ;  Sp.  torneo.     See  Turn.] 

In  (Afl  fcutlal  laiD,  to  turn,  or  transfer  homage  and 
service  from  one  lord  to  another.  This  is  the  act  of 
feudatories,  vassals,  or  tenants,  upon  the  alienation 
of  the  estiite.  BUukstone.     Encyc. 

AT-TORN'EY,(at-tum'y,)n.  .-p/.  Attornets.  [Norm. 
attournon ;  torne,  id.  ;  from  Umr,  tourn,  turn,  change. 
One  who  takes  the  turn,  or  place  of  another.  See 
Atjorw  and  Tiirn.) 

One  who  is  h^gaily  apjMiinted  by  another  to  transact 
any  business  for  him.  An  attorney  is  either  public 
or  private.  A  private  attorney  Is  a  person  appointed 
by  another,  hy  n  letter  or  power  of  attorney,  tc»  transact 
any  business  for  him  odt  of  court.  A  public  attorney, 
or  attorney  at  law,  is  an  olficer  of  a  court  of  law,  le- 
gally qualifled  to  prosecute  and  defend  actions  in  such 
court,  on  the  retainer  of  clients.  Tiie  attorney  at  law 
answers  to  the  procurator,  or  proctor,  of  the  civilians 
and  canonists,  and  to  the  solicitor,  in  chancery. 

In  Oreat  Britain,  and  some  of  the  United  States, 
attorneys  are  not  admitted  to  practice  in  any  court 
until  examined,  approved,  licensed,  and  sworn  by 
that  court,  after  which  they  are  proper  officers  of  the 
court  ;  but  in  Connecticut,  an  attorney  admitted  nnd 
sworn  hy  one  of  the  county  courts,  u  authorized  to 
practice  in  all  the  courts  of  the  State. 

In  OrcM  Britain,  attorneys  are  not  admitted  to 
plead  at  the  bar,  or  to  be  advocates  or  counsel.  In 
the  higher  courts  ;  this  privilege  being  conliiied  to 
barrisierd  and  Serjeants. 

In  JVrio  York,  and  in  Massacfiu^'ictts,  there  is  a  dis- 
tinction observed  between  attorneys  and  counselors 
at  law,  but  in  most  of  the  United  States,  the  two 
offices  are  combined,  or  that  of  attorney  alone  re- 
tained. 

In  Virginia,  the  duties  of  attorney,  counselor,  con- 
veyancer, ajid  advocate,  are  all  performed  by  the  same 
individual.  IVirt. 

An  attorney  may  have  general  powers  to  trans.-tct 
business  fi>r  another;  or  his  powers  may  be  special, 
or  limited  to  a  particular  act  or  acts. 

Attorney  general,  in  Great  Britain,  is  an  officer  ap- 
pointed by  the  crown,  with  general  powers  to  net  in 
all  legal  proceedings,  in  which  the  crown  is  a  party ; 
particularly,  to  prosecute  In  criminal  matters  alfi'ct- 
ing  the  state.  In  the  government  of  tho  United 
Slateji,  and  in  some  of  the  StJite  governments,  the 
attorney  general  is  an  ofliccr  with  corresponding 
powers. 

A  power,  tetter,  or  mimiRC  of  attorney,  is  a  written 


TONE,  BRLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  C  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


ATT 

;r  :  one  person  eiupowt-riug  nuother  to 

T  vs  (or  hiui. 

A'J'        ..  \  .   ^  ,  r.u    To  pcrfunu  by  proxy  j  to  employ 

a:i  a  (;r,>\v.     LVut  in  !».*«.]  ShaJc, 

AT-'mRN'EV-8HIP,  (at-ium'y-9hip.)  n.     The  office 

of  an  attorney  ;  agency  fur  antitij-T.  SJlak, 

AT-TORN'IXG,  ppr.    Acknowledging  a  new  lord,  or 

tnnalbrhug  boniage  and  fealty  to  tiiu  purchajicr  of  an 

estate. 
AT-TORN'MENT^  n.  The  net  of  a  ffudalon-,  vassal, 

or  tetiani,  by  which  he  cunst'nts,  upt>n  Uu-  .-iht-nution 

of  an  estate,  to  receive  a  new  lord  or  euix;rior,  and 

tran^'cns  to  htin  his  hom^e  and  service. 

fMcye.    BUekstame, 
AT-TRAeT',  p.  L     [U  «ttra*fl,  attr*€t**t  of  «t  and 

trdko,  to  draw.    See  Drau  nnd  Draw. J 

1.  In  pk§«i€Sy  to  draw  to,  cir  c«H!»e  to  tend  to  ;  par- 

Ckularly  to  cause  to  niipruarh,  adhere,  or  combine  ; 

or  lo  cause  to  resist  divutsion,  scporaliun,  or  decom- 
position. 
S.  To  draw  by  tnflnence  of  n  moral  kind  i  to  invite 

or  alhire  ;  as,  to  «Urae<  admirt-rH. 
4.  To  eiM^^ ;  as,  to  mttnut  attention. 
AT-TRACT',  n.     AtUiiction.     [J\U  m  usf.] 

AT-TRAer-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
adimctabte,  or  of  being  toibject  iti  the  l.iw  of  attrac- 
tion. .^Mai.  Rttetckt*. 

AT-TRA€T'A-BLI:,  a.  That  may  be  anracted ;  sub- 
ieri  to  attrnctuin.  Lncintr-,  K  Kerr, 

AT-TRA€r'El).  pf.  Drawn  toward;  invited  j  al- 
lurt*d  ;  eiisii::eu. 

AT  TRAf^I  '!€,         (    a.     Having  |»wer  to  draw  to. 

AT-TRAt'T  le-AL,  I      {Jn'oi  tuU.]  Ray, 

AT-Ttt.\eT'ILE,  a.    That  has  power  to  attract. 

Med.  Rep. 

AT-TR AtTlXO,  ppr.  Drawing  to  or  toward ^  in- 
V  z;  engagmg. 

A  1  '  '-LV,  a^    la  an  altracting  manner. 

A'i       .-  'N,  a. 

1.  Xu  phf*ics,  the  pow  or  force  wbicb  draws 
bocUes  or  loelr  particles  toward  each  other,  or  which 
causes  them  to  tend  toward  each  other,  or  to  resist  a 
oounenctiiif  teiideB»;  «r  tiie  Uw  by  which  they 
tmd  lowanfeacli  other,  or  resist  a  couuteracUag 

AUmctitm  is  distinguished  into  tbal  which  is  mani- 
fMttd  between  bodies  or  loaivea  at  sensiUe  distances, 
maA  Itat  wtaicll  is  mamfested  between  the  particles 
or  nolecitles  of  bodies  at  insensible  distances.  The 
Ifanoer  Inctades  the  marmcban  i/  tn^oit§.  or  frntrita- 
lasa,  or  Uie  matnal  tendency  of  all  bodies  to  each 
otber,  aa  the  tendency  of  the  planeU  toward  the  sun, 
or  of  a  abioe,  when  miaed  in  the  air,  to  fall  to  the 
earth ;  and  also,  the  ■Uraerisn  ^  sMfWiCwst,  and  (As/ 
^  tlactrid^  The  tatter  takea  place  either  between 
parlMTtf**  of  the  sane  kind,  or  boaMffencoas  particles, 
and  M  then  callsd  the  otirsclwn  if  mtgngtiim,  or 
wdlffrisa?  or  between  dissimilar  or  hoterogoiieous 
puticlea,  uniting  them  into  compounds,  and  is  then 
caOod  aktmital  attrsctwn,  or  ^fiMlUf.  The  attractions 
of  the  fine  class,  however,  exist  between  particles  as 
well  as  masses ;  and  the  sur&cea  of  massea.ta  con- 
tact, or  at  ioapiveciable  distances,  alao  attract  each 
other,  causing  adtowa,  in  heterogeneous  ae  wnt  as 
iMmogeneoos  bodies. 

llie  gttraethm  efgrmvitf  is  0up|Xi!«a  to  be  th(!  creat 
princi[4e  which  confines  the  planets  in  their  «rl>its. 
Its  power  or  force  i«  <itrse(iy  as  the  quantity  of  matter 
in  a  body,  and  iaverseh/  as  the  aquartji  uf  the  dis- 
tances of  the  altraciiag  bodies. 

2.  The  act  trf*  attracting  ^  the  effect  of  toe  princi- 
ple of  attraction. 

Afrsdhw  nsj  H  pcifconed  bf  Iiii|Mihr  or  wtne  otbrr  irvuns. 
Ainiton'*  Opaca. 

3.  The  power  or  act  of  alluring,  drawing  to,  in- 
viting, or  engaging;  as,  the  aUruelion  of  boiuty  or 
eloquence. 

EUetire  ailraetum,  or  eUctioe  affimii^j  in  dlemufrjr,  is 
the  tendency  of  those  substances  in  a  mixture  to 
combine,  which  have  the  strongest  attraction. 
AT-TRACT'IVE,«.     [Fr.  aOrarf./.  1 

1.  Having  the  powerorqualily  of  attracting;  draw- 
ing to  ;  OS,  the  attractive  force  of  bodies. 

2.  Drawing  to  by  monil  influence;  alluring;  in- 
viting; engaging;  as,  the  aUractive  graces. 

Ad  aarac&oe  nunlnUkinf.  Rotcoe. 

AT-TRACT'ITE-LY,  adt.     With  the  power  of  aU 

tracting  or  drawing  to. 
AT-TRAtT'lVE-NES3,  a.     The    quality   of  being 

attraciire  or  engaging. 
AT-TRAC T'OR,  n.    The  person  or  thing  thai  attracts. 
AT-TRa'IIE.\T,  o,     [U  aitrahens.] 

Drawing  to :  attracting. 
AT-TRa'IIE.\T,  «. 

1.  That  wtiich  draws  to  or  attracts,  as  a  magnet. 

Tbe  motion  of  the  cteel  \o  in  aaroJttnt.  OianoiUe. 

2.  In  medietMy  a  substance,  formerly  snpposed  to 
possess  the  property  of  drawing  the  humors  to  the 
part  where  applied,  but  which  really  only  excites 
action  in  iho  pari,  ami  thus  niiy  increase  excretiun, 
as  an  apispiistic,  sinapism,  rubefacient,  or  suppurative. 


AUli 

AT-TRAP',  r. ;.     [Uu.  Fr.  limp,  cloth.] 

To  dot  he  i  lo  dres^;  to  udorn  with  trappings. 
[JW't  in  iL.-!e.\  Barret,     Spenser, 

AT-TREeT-A'TION,  n.     ^I*  attrectatio.] 

Fri-tiueiit  handhne.  Diet, 

AT-TRlB'i;-TA-B[.E,  a,  [See  Attribute-! 
■  Tlml  may  be  iiscril»cd,  imputed,  or  attributed  ;  as- 
cribahle;  imputable;  as,  the  fault  is  nut  altriltata&te 
to  the  author. 
AT-TRIB'gTE,  e.  L  [L.  attrihun:  ad  and  trihuo,  to 
divide,  to  be.<tow,  ta  afeign  ;  tri&tui,  a  tribe,  division, 
or  ward  J  Fr,  attribaeri  Sp,  alribmr^  tribitir]  It. 
attrihutre.     Sec  Tribk.} 

1.  To  allot  or  attach,  in  contemplation  ;  to  ascribe  ; 
to  consider  u^  beluuging. 

We  •Sribult  noihiuf  la  God  thnt  conuiiit  r  coiitnutirtion. 

'miotaoti. 

S.  To  give  as  due  ;  to  yield  by  nn  net  of  the  mind  ; 
as,  to  axtriiuU  to  God  all  the  glor>'  of  rcdi'mptiuu. 

3.  To  impute  lo  as  a  cause ;  afi,  our  misfortunes 
are  generally  to  he  attributed  to  our  fullies  or  im- 
prudence. 
AT'TRI-UICTE,  s.  Tliat  which  is  attributed ;  that 
which  i^  considered  as  lii^loiiging  to,  or  inherent  in  ; 
as,  iK)Wcr  and  wisdom  are  attributes  of  the  Supreme 
Being  ;  or  a  quality  determining  somLnliiiig  to  be 
alter  a  cerlaiu  manner;  os,  extension  is  an  attribute 
of  body.  Entyc 

S.  Ounlity ;  characteristic  disposition;  as  bravery 
and  grii:-riisity  in  men.  Bacon. 

3.  A  thing  bt-loiifiing  to  another;  an  appendant; 
ai',  the  anii!f  of  a  warrior.  In  painting  and  gculjfturt, 
a  symb<J  of  otiice  or  character,  added  lo  any  partic- 
ular figure  }  as,  a  club  is  the  uUribute  of  Uereules. 

JCncye. 

4.  Reputation  ;  honor.  iihaJu 
{^"M  a  proper  sens*  ofthit  ifvrd!.] 

AT-TRIB'li-TED,  pp.     Ascribed;    yielded   as  due; 

imputed. 
AT-TRIB'TJ-TI\G,  ppr.    Ascribing;  yielding  or  giv- 

ine  as  due  :  im(Kiting. 
AT-TRI-BI;'TK»\,  n.    Tlie  act  of  attributing,  or  the 

quality  nftcrib'^d  ;  commendation. 
AT-TRin'I^-TIVE,  a. 

1.  Fertainrne  to  or  expressing  an  nttriliule.  Harris. 

2.  That  attributes  ;  attributing  ;  as,  attrtbutiot  jus- 
tice. Bacon. 

AT-TRIB'U-TIVE,  n.    In  grammar,  a  word  significant 

of  an  attribute ;  as  an  aJjtxrtive,  verb,  or  p;irticiple, 

which  deuiites  the  nttribute  nf  a  substance  :   or  an 

adverb,  which  denotes  the  attribuU;  of  an  nttribute. 

Jiarrid^s  Hennts, 

AT-TRITE',  a.  [L.  attritiu^  worn,  of  ad  and  teroj  to 
wear;  Gr.  Tttpu.     See  Tritk.] 

1.  Worn  by  nibbing  or  friction.  Mitttm. 

2.  In  Roman  CaiJujlic  tbevlogy,  repentant  only  from 
fear  of  piiiii^-hmenU 

AT-TKITE'NEtd,  it.    The  being  much  worn. 

Johngon- 
AT-TRI"TIO\,  (at-trish'un,)  n.    Abraatrr. .   tn»-  .ict 

of  wearing  by  friction,  or  !>y  riDb.ug  ^aiRttances 

together. 

TU.  eovre  T  jLljiienl  to  cfftctfd  by  atlri&on  of  Ih*  Inwaid 
aX;ti«eil.  ArbuthnoL 

2.  The  state  of  bein^  worn.  Johnson. 

3.  With  Roman  Cathvlu:  riirrnej,  grief  for  sin.  arismg 
only  from  fear  uf  punishment  j  tne  lowest  degree  of 
repentance.  '  JVallis. 

AT-TCNE',  c.  c     i^ol  ad  and  tune.    Sec  Tone  and 

1.  To  tune,  or  put  in  tune  ;  to  adjust  one  sound  to 
another  ;  to  make  accordaut ;  as,  to  attune  Uie  voice 
to  a  harp. 

2.  To  make  musicaL 

Vvruo]  fiin  —  attune  the  (rrmtGiig  Wre*.  Milton. 

3.  Figitrativelti,  to  arrange  fitly  ;  to  make  accord- 
ant ;  a^,  to  attune  the  thoughts  ;  to  attune  our  aims  to 
the  divine  will. 

AT-TCN'/-D, pji.  Made  music^il  or  harmonious;  ac- 
commodated in  sound  ;  made  accordant. 

AT-TuN'lNG,  p;»r.  Putting  in  tunej  making  mu- 
sical ;  m.'Lking  accordanL 

A-T\VaI\',  flJc.     In  twain  ;  asunder.     [Obs.]    Shak. 

A-TWEEN',  adc.     Between.     fObs.]  Spenser. 

A-TWIXT',  aJo.     Betwixt.     [Obs.\  Hjiensa: 

A-TWp',  adc.     In  two.     [Ob.^.]  Oumcer. 

AU-BAlJVE'j  fo-baiie',)  n.  [Fr.  aubdn,  an  alien.] 
The  droit  a^aubaiuc,  in  France,  was  the  right  of  the 
king  to  tlie  succession  or  iiilieritance  uf  a  foreigner 
not  naturalized,  or  of  a  foreig:ner  naturalized,  who 
had  left  no  heirs  within  the  kinf^dom,  and  who  had 
not  disposed  of  his  property,  while  living,  by  dona- 
tion or  testament.  Encyc.  Meth. 

This  right  was  abolished  in  1790,  by  llic  National 
Assembly  ;  restored,  by  Napoleon,  in  1804  j  partially 
abolished,  by  tlie  treaty  of  Paris,  in  ldl4  ;  and  fin;Uly 
entirely  abolished  in  J819.  P.  Cue 

AU'lil.N,  n.     [Fr.l     A  broken  kind  of  gait  in  a  horse, 

"  between  an  ainolc  and  a  gallop,  vulgarly  called  a 
Cantrrbanj  gallop, 

AU'BURN,  a.     [This  word  is  evidently  formed  from 

"  Fr.  bran.  It.  bruno,  brown,  by  a  tran!^i>osilii)n  of  the 
letters    r   and    n,  with  a  prefix,  auburn,  ft>r  aubrun^ 


AUD 


from   brennai0i  burn,   denoting    tlie   cokv  mudu   by 
scorching.] 
Reddish  brown. 

IIU  au&um  Kicks  on  either  ahouliler  flovrrd.  Drytltn. 

AUCTION,  Ti.  [L.  flMfitu,  (rtu^'^eojto  incr^nae,)  a  pub- 
lic sale ;  or  Eng.  to  hawk  ;  G.  hSkcn ;  pro,)erIy,  to  cry 
out.     See  II.vwK.] 

1.  A  public  sale  of  property  to  the  highest  bidder, 
and  rennlaily,  by  a  p:?rsoii  licensed  and  authoriisea 
for  the  piirp(Kse;  a  vendue  Contracts  for  servicen, 
supplies,  Slc,  sometimes,  are  sold  lo  Ihe  lowest  bid- 
der Among  the  Romans,  this  siwcies  of  sale  waa 
made  by  a  crier,  sub  hasia,  i.  e.,  under  a  spear  stuck 
in  the  earth. 
a.  'i'he  things  sold  at  auction.  Puj»b. 

DutcJi  auction;  the  public  otTer  of  property  at  a 
price  beyond  its  value,  then  gniilunlly  loweriiifi  the 
price,  till  some  one  accepts  it,  as  purchaser.     P.  Cye. 

AL'€'l  lON-A-RY, o.  Belonging  loan  auction  or  pub- 
lic sale.  Drytien 

AUe-TlO\-EER',  n.     [L.  aurtionnriu!'.'] 

'I'he  person  who  sells  at  auction  ;  a  person  licensed 
by  government  lo  dispose  tif  gm»ds  or  lauds  by  public 
sale  to  the  highest  bidder. 

AUe  TKJN-EER',  v.  U     To  sell  at  auction.  Covpcr. 

XU-CU-PA'TION,  n-  [h,  aucupatio,  t'tom  aticupor,  of 
avU  and  capio.] 

Ttui  act  or  practice  of  taking  birds  ;  fowling  ;  bird- 
catching.     [LUUe  used.] 

AU-I)A'CIOUS,  a.  [L.  audax  ;  Fr.  audacieux;  from  1* 
atuleo,  to  dare.     'I'he  sense  is,  advancing  forward.] 

1.  Very  l)old  or  daring;  impudent;  coutemnmg 
the  restntints  of  law,  religion,  or  decorum  ;  used  for 
bold  in  tpjckedness ;  applied  to  {persons;  as,  an  auda- 
cious wretch. 

2.  Conuuitted  with,  or  proceeding  from,  daring  ef- 
fronler>-,  or  contempt  of  law  ;  as,  an  audacious  crime, 

'X   Bold  ;  spirited.  Milton.  B.  Jonson, 

AU-DA'CIOUS  LY,  adc.    In  an  impudent  manner; 

"  with  excess  of  boldness.  Shak. 

AU-DA'CIOUS-NESS,  ri.     The  quality  of  being  au- 

"  daeious  .-  iiopudence  ;  audacity.  Sandys. 

AU-DAC'I-TV,  n.  Boldness  ;  sometimes  in  a  good 
sense ;  daring  spirit,  resolution,  or  confidence. 

Q.  Audaciousness  ;  impudence  ;  in  a  bad  sense;  im- 
plying a  (-ontfuipi  of  law  or  moral  restraint. 

AUD'li-A\-l».\I,  ft.  Anlhrojmmorpliism  ;  or  the  doc- 
trine of  Audeus,  a  Syrian  of  the  fourth  centurj',  who 
maintained  that  God  has  a  huniun  shape  ;  from 
Gen.  i.  2fi.  Kncyc. 

AUI>'I-BLE,  fl.  [It,  audibdis,  from  audio,  to  hear. 
This  word  is  evidently  connected  with  the  name  of 
the  ear;  Gr.  ovti,  ovoT'ii ;  Vulg.  Gr.  av^ta.  The 
verb  audio  is  contracted  into  Sp.  oir :  Por*.  ouvrr: 
Fr.  ou'ir,  to  hear.  Hence,  in  law.  n^tr  "VcA  trcm  ihe 
French  oyeiy  hear  v^  ',aK  oiir'^ssrixia  O  yes,  of  our 
courts-'' 

*  n^:,  ir.py  ue  neard  ;  perceivable  by  the  car  ;  loud 
enough  to  be  heard  ;  as,  an  audible  voice  or  whisjjer. 

^UD'I-BLE-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  being  a-idiiim. 

AUD'I-HLY,  a</«.  In  an  audible  \iiz.itUKi ,  in  ii  man- 
ner so  as  to  be  heard. 

AUD'I-E\CE,  ft.  ru*t  qC*  of  hearing,  cr  attending  to 
sounds. 

Ills  bold  ditcoune  h&d  aud'unei.  MVlon. 

2.  Admittance  to  a  hearing ;  reception  to  an  in- 
terview, especially  with  a  sovereign  iir  the  head 
of  a  government,  for  conference  or  the  transaction 
of  business  ;  as,  Mr.  Pitt  had  an  audience  of  the  king. 
The  term  is  also  applied  to  an  interview  of  mere 
ceremony  b'?tween  the  head  of  a  governmoot  and 
the  representatives  of  foreign  powers  ;  as  when  an 
embassador  requests  an  andlenc^of  leave. 

3.  .An  auditory;  an  assembly  of  hearers. 

4.  In  Spain,  one  of  the  seven  supreme  courts,  to 
wliicli  appeiUs  lie  from  the  inferior  courts,  and  from 
which  no  apiwal  lies,  except  in  the  higher  civil  suits 
to  the  two  chanceries,  and  the  council  of  Ciu>tille. 

Ed,  Enryc 
In    Uie  former  Spanish  provinces  in  AiaericM.,  a  su- 
pronie  court  of  justice,  and  the  district  over  which 
its  jurisdiction  extend*  d.         Robertson.   Ed.  Encyc. 

5.  The  court  of  audience,  or  audience  coufl ;  a  court 
held  originally  before  an  archbishop  in  person  ;  that 
of  the  archbisiiop  of  Canterbury  is  now  held  by  the 
dean  of  the  arclms  as  his  ofiicial. 

AUD'I-ENCE-CHaM-BER,  n.    An  ap:mmenl  for  an 

audienre  or  formal  meeting. 
AUD'I-ENT,  n.     A  hearer.     [Js'ut  in  iwe.]       SMton. 
AUU'IT,  n.     [L.  audd,  he  hears,] 

1.  An  examination  of  an  account  or  of  aecounts, 
with  the  hearing  of  the  parties  concerned,  by  proper 
ofiicers,  or  ])ersons  apjKiinted  for  that  purpose,  who 
compare  the  charges  with  the  vouchers,  examine 
witnesses,  and  state  the  balance. 

2.  'J'he  result  of  such  nn  examination,  or  an  ac- 
count as  adjusted  by  auditors ;  a  fiiuU  acrounL  Shak, 

AUD'IT,  V.  L  To  examine  and  adjust  an  account  or 
accounts,  by  proper  officers,  or  by  pi-rsons  legally 
authorized  for  the  piir|>oae  ;  as,  to  audit  the  acciumta 
of  a  treasurer,  or  of  parlies  who  have  a  suit  depend- 
ing in  court. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIl^T.— MeTE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  MARJXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.— 


AUG 

AL'D'[T-HOU?E,  »,    An  appendage  to  a  cathedral, 
'  in  which  tlie  business  belonging  to  it  is  tmnsacted. 

miehr. 

AV-DTTA  QUERS'LA,  [L.]  In  law,  when  a  de- 
fendant or  bail,  against  whom  judgment  has  been 
recovered,  coniplaina  that  he  has  already  satisfied 
the  demand,  or  been  released  from  it,  an  audita 
qurrcia,  i^  a  WTit  in  the  nature  of  a  bi^  in  equity,  di- 
rected tn  the  court,  enjoining;  it  to  hear  the  parlies, 
and  cause  justice  to  be  done  them. 

AUD'IT-IVE,  a.     Having  the  power  of  hearing. 

Cotarave. 

AUD'IT-OR,  [L.]  A  hearer;  one  who  attends  to  hear 
a  discourse. 

2.  A  p^Tson  appointed  and  authorized  to  examine 
an  account  or  accounts,  cumpiire  the  charges  with 
the  vouchers,  examine  the  parties  and  witnesses, 
allow  or  reject  charges,  and  state  the  balance.  It  is 
uijual  with  courts  to  refer  accounts,  on  which  an 
action  i^  brought,  to  auditors  fur  adju^itment,  and 
their  report,  if  received,  is  the  basis  of  the  judgment. 
In  Eiiirlanii^  there  are  officers  who  are  audUitrs  of 
courts,  of  the  revenue,  of  corporations,  &,c  In  ttie 
United  States  government,  and  the  state  govern- 
ments, there  are  auditors  of  the  treasur\',  or  of  the 
public  accoiini:^ 

AUD'IT-OR-SUIP,  n.     The  office  of  auditor. 

AUfVIT-O-RY,  a.  That  has  the  power  of  hearing; 
pertaining  to  the  sense  or  organs  of  hearing.  ^udiUiry 
ncrce :  in  atuttomy,  the  soft  part  (pcrtio  mollis)  of  each 
of  the  seventh  pair  of  n^rve^,  distributed  to  ditlerent 
parts  of  the  labmnth  of  the  internal  car;  the  ieat  of 
the  8en:se  of  hearing. 

iVUD'IT-O-RY,  n.     [U  auflitorittm.] 

1.  An  audience ;  an  assembly  of  hearers,  as  in  a 
church  or  lecture-room. 

2.  A  place  or  apartment  where  discourses  are  de- 
livered. In  ancient  churchfj,  the  nave,  where  the 
bearers  stood  to  be  instnicted. 

3.  A  bench  on  which  a  judge  sits  to  bear  causes. 

AUD'IT-RESS,  n.     A  female  hearer.  MUton. 

XUF,  n.     A  fool ;  a  simpleton.     [See  Oaf.] 

^(/  FJilT,  (o-fa,)  [Fr.]  Literally,  to  or  up  to  the  ac- 
couiplislnnent  of  any  thing,  L  e.  master  of  it ;  per- 
fectly able  to  perfonn  it.  As  the  phrase  is  followed 
by  tie  in  French,  it  ought  properly  to  be  followed  by 
<if  in  English  ;  as,  be  is  entirely  au.  fait  of  that 
matter. 

^U-6k'AN,  a.  T\\Q  Augean  stable,  in  Grecian  my- 
tholngy,  iK  represented  as  belonging  to  Augeas  or 
Augias,  one  of  the  Argonauts,  and  afterward  king 
of  Kits.  This  prince  kept  a  great  nuinbi>r  of  oxen 
in  a  stable  which  was  never  cleansed,  until  Ht-rcutes 
undertook  the  task  ;  a  task  which  it  st-emed  imprac- 
ticable to  execute.  Hence  the  Aa^ean  stable  came 
to  represent  what  is  deemed  impracticable,  or  a  place 
which  has  not,  for  a  long  time,  been  cleansed. 

Lrmpriere. 

AU'GER,  71.     [D.  avfgaar.     The  Saxon  word  is  nnft^ 
'  ffar  or  naae-gar,  from  mifa,  the  nave  of  a  wheel,  and 
gar,  a  tool  or  a  borer.     It  is  probable  that  the  real 
Word  is  nauffar,  romipted.] 

1.  An  instrument  furlK)ringlar(;e  h<des,rhiefly  used 
liy  c-arjienters,  joiners,  cabinet  iii:iker?,  whe»*lwrif;his, 
and  shipwrights.  It  consists  of  an  iron  blade,  end- 
ing in  a  steel  bit,  witli  a  handle  placed  at  right  an* 
gitrs  with  the  blade.  Augers,  made  with  a  i«trai[;ht 
channel  or  griwive,  in  Mome  places^  are  called  pod- 
ttugrra ;  the  nifidern  augers,  with  spiral  channels,  are 
coiled  .■'cm&  nM grrs. 

2.  An  instnnnent  for  boring  or  perforating  soils  or 
rocks,  consisting  of  a  handle  for  working,  a  rod 
whicli  may  be  lengthened  as  the  p«_Tforation  pxt'^nds, 
and  a  bit,  mouth,  or  cutting  piece,  resembling  the 
bit  of  a  common  auger,  fur  soils  or  mft  rocks,  and  a 
rhii=fl  for  hnrder  rocki.  Brands,     Urt. 

AC'dKR-IIOLE,  n.     A  hole  made  by  an  anger. 
AtJ-GET',  a.     A  tube  filled  with  powder  and  extend- 
"  ing  frotn  the  clianiber  of  a  mine  to  the  extremity  of 

the  iTiIlery,  used  in  exploding  mines.        MU.  Diet. 
^UGIIT,  (awt,)  n.     [Sax.  awiht^  aht^  or  owiA/,  oAwi(, 
'  ohty  from  iriA/,  vi^ht^  a  creature,  animal,  thing,  any 
thing.    Tliii  wiht  seems  to  be  our  iriglit  nnd  whit; 
and  1  suiipect  the  V.  qai^  //iw?,  quod,  tjuid^  what,  to  Ik^ 
the  same  word  varied  in  orthography.    This  word 
should  not  be  written  oitgHi.'\ 
1.  Any  thing,  indefinitely. 
But  ^,  mj  Km,  antl  w«  '\taughi  tie  witnlin;.  Addiaon. 

3.  Any  part,  the  smallest ;  a  jot  or  tittle. 

Tbn*  CiiW  not  aught  of  «my  good  Uuiig  whicti  Ow  I.orf  lnul 
■pukcn — Juali.  xx\. 

^U'6TTE,  n.  [Gr.  aw)  ij,  brightness.  Plin.  37,  10.^ 
A  mineral,  called  by  Haiiy  pijroixne;  occurring 
crystallized  in  oblique  prismatic  forms,  and  al^o  mas- 
sive, laui'-llar,  craniilar,  and  fibrous,  and  presenting 
a^nally  some  shade  of  green,  but  sometimes  whitu  or 
Mack.  It  conxi.'ils  chiefly  of  silica,  magnesia,  and 
lime,  with  oxjd  of  iron,  and  sometimes  oxyd  of 
manganese.  It  <»ccurs  as  a  constituent  of  levas,  trap, 
and  basalt,  and  also  of  many  of  the  primary  rocks. 
UifiTerent  varieties  have  received  the  namt^s  SaA/tte, 


AUG 

DiopsiJe,  Fiuataite,  CoceoUte,  Baikalitey  and  Omphacite. 
Common  asbe;^tus  is  often  only  a  fibrous  augite. 
jVU-<5iT'ie,  a, 

1.  Pertaining  to  augite  ;  resembling  augite,  or  par- 
taking of  its  nature  and  characters. 

2.  Composed  of  augite,  or  containing  augite  as  a 
principal  constituent ;  as,  augitic  rocks  ;  augitic  por- 
phyry. 

AUG-.SlE\T',  r.  t  [Fr.  auirmrntrr  ;  li.augvimto,auff~ 
mciUiim,  from  au^eo,  aaxi,  to  increase  ;  Gr.  Bufw, 
ai^to,  which  seems  to  be  the  Eng.  to  icox,  or  to  eke; 
Sax.  eacan.] 

1,  To  increase ;  to  enlarge  in  size  or  extent ;  to 
swell ;  to  make  bigger ;  as,  to  amrment  an  army,  by 
reenforcement ;  rain  auirmcntis  a  i^iream. 

2.  Figuratirsehj,  to  increase  or  swell  the  degree, 
amount,  or  magnitude  ;  as,  impatience  augments  an 
evil. 

^UG-MENT',  V.  ('.    To  increase  ;  to  grow  larger;  as, 

a  stream  augments  by  rain. 
^UG'MEiVT,  w.     Increase;  enlargement  by  addition  ; 
'  state  of  increase. 

2.  I  n  philolory^  a  syllable  prefixed  to  a  word ;  or  an 
increase  of  the  quantity  of  the  initial  vowel. 

3.  In  mrdicine,  the  increase  of  a  disease,  or  the 
period  intervening  between  its  attack  and  liighL 

Parr. 
AUG-ME.\T'A-nLE,  a.     That  may  be  increased  ;  ca- 
"  pable  of  augmentation.  iVaisk's  Amer.  Review. 

iVUG-ME.Vr-.^'TIO.V,  n. 

1.  The  act  of  increx-sing,  or  making  larger,  by  addi- 
tion, expansi'  n,  or  dilatation. 

2.  TJie  state  of  being  increased  or  enlarged. 

3.  The  thing  added  by  which  a  thing  is  enlarged. 

4.  In  Hiuy'f,  a  d-.iubling  the  value  of  the  notes  of 
tbe  subject  of  a  fugue  or  canon.  Busby. 

Augmentation  Court ;  in  Kn^land,  a  court  enacted 
by  27  Hen.  VIII.,  to  augment  the  revenues  of  the 
crown  by  the  suppression  of  monasteries.  It  was 
long  ago  dissolved.  F.neyr^ 

Aa^mentjitiony  in  hcrahlT^,  consists  in  additional 
charges  to  a  coat-armor,  often  given  as  marks  of 
honor,  and  generally  borne  on  the  escutcheon  or  a 
canton.  Encyc 

i\UG-M  EXT' A-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  quality  or  pow- 
er of  augmenting. 

AUG-MENT'EU,  n.     He  that  augments. 

AI-JG-MENT'L\G,  ppr.     Increiusing;  enlarging. 

^U'GUR,  71.  [L.  nnsrur.  The  first  sylhible  is  from 
'  autjf,  a  bird  ;  but  tlie  meaning  and  origin  of  the  last 
Byllable  are  not  obvious.] 

1.  Among  the  Roiiuins^  an  officer  whose  duty  was 
to  foretell  ftiture  events  by  the  singing,  chattering, 
flight,  and  feeding  of  birds,  or  by  other  signs  or  omens, 
derived  from  celestial  jdienomeiia,  appearances  of 
quadnipeds,  or  certain  accidents,  called  dir(S.  There 
was  a  college  or  community  of  augurs,  originally 
three  in  number,  and  afterward  nine,  four  patri- 
cians and  five  plebeians.  'J'hey  bore  a  staifor  wand, 
and  were  held  in  great  re^pecL  F.nnjc.    Ed.  Eacije. 

2.  One  who  pretends  lu  foretell  future  events  by 
omens. 

We  tU  know  that  augur  can  not  louk  at  augur  wllltout  lane^iiig. 
Buckmii'Sler. 

iVU'GUR,  V.  u    To  giican ;  to  conjecture  by  signs  or 

omens ;  to  prognosticate. 
jVU'GUR,  r.  t.    To  predict  or  foretell ;  as,  to  augur  ill 

success. 
i^U'GU-RAL,  a.  [I*,  aujpiralii.'l    Pertaining  to  augurs 

or  to  .itigury.    The  Romans  had  their  augural  litaff 

and  au'jurai  l>ooks. 
AU'dl'-RATE,  r.  i.    To  judge  by  augiir>' ;  to  predicL 
'    [f.iUle  H-tfrf.l  fVarburloTU 

AU-Gi;-H  A'TION,  n.    The  practice  of  augury,  or  the 
"  foretelbng  of  events  by  observing  the  actions  of  birds, 

or  certain  other  phenomena. 
^\J'<tVK-E\)y  pp.    Conjectured  by  omens  ;  prognosti- 
cated. 
AU'GflR-ER,  JU    An  nupir.    [JsTotlrgiiimate.]     Shak. 
iVU-GO'Rl-AI-.,  a.     Relating  to  augurs,  or  to  augury 

Brown. 
^U'GUR-IXG,  pp.  or  a.    Prognosticating;  prescient; 

as,  ausruring  hope.  S/uik. 

AU'OUR-IZE,  V.  U    To  augur.     [J^ut  in  use.'] 
i^U'GU-ROUy,«.  Predirting;  foretelling;  foreboding. 
AU'GU-RY,  n.     [U.  augurium.] 

1.  Tile  art  or  practice  (»f  foretelling  events  by  ob- 
serving the  actions  of  birds,  or  other  phenomena. 

2.  An  omen  ;  prediction;  prognostication.    Shik. 
>VU'OUK-SHIP,  ».    Tho  office,  or  period  of  office,  of 

an  augur.  Bacon. 

^fJ-GUM'I'',  a.  [T..  auvu<tuji.  The  first  syllable  of 
this  word  is  probably  from  the  root  of  augco^  or  of 
awr.] 

Grand;  magnificent;  majestic;  impressing  awe; 
inspiring  revi-rrnce  ;  as,  niii/'iKf  in  visage.    Dnjden. 

This  epithet,  as  a  lille  of  honor,  was  first  conferred 
by  the  Roman  seifate  upon  Octavius,  after  confirm- 
ing him  in  the  sovereign  [wwer. 
AU'GU.ST,  n.  The  eighth  month  of  the  year,  con- 
"  taining  thirty-one  days.  The  old  Rontan  name  was 
Sertdiji,  the  si^iJt  month  from  Manth,  the  month  in 
which  the  primitive  Uomans,  a^  well  as  Jews,  be- 


AUR 

gan  the  year.  The  name  was  changed  to  Augu^ 
in  himor  of  the  emiioror  Octavius  Augustus,  on  ac- 
count of  his  victories,  and  his  entering  on  his  first 
consulate  in  that  month.  Oebelin. 

AU-GUST'AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Augustus;  as,  Uie 
Awrastan  age. 

The  Augustan,  coiifrssion,  or  confession  of  Augs- 
burg, drawn  up  at  Aagu.-'fa  yindclicorum,  or  Augsburg, 
by  Luther  and  iMelanththon,  in  1530,  contains  the 
principles  of  the  Protestants,  and  their  reasons  for 
separating  from  the  Roman  Catholic  churcii.  Enctjc. 
The  AugtL^tan  Ituttory,  {historta  Ausjusta ;}  a  series 
of  Roman  historians,  who  wrote  the  lives  of  the 
Roman  emperors,  fmm  Adrian  to  Carinus  inclusive  ; 
a  period  of  11)7  years.  P.  Ctjc. 

The  Augustan  age  of  any  national  literature,  is  the 
supposed  period  of  if;  highest  state  of  purity  and  re- 
finement. So  tiie  reign  of  Louis  XIV.  has  been 
called  the  Augwitan  ai/e  of  French  literature,  and 
that  of  Uueen  Anne,  the  Augustan  age  of  English 
literature. 

AU-GUST-IX'I,A\S,  n.  ph  Those  divines,  who,  from 
St.  Augiistin,  maintain  that  gnice  is  cflectual  from 
its  nature,  ab.solutely  and  morally,  not  relatively  and 
gmdnally.  Encyc. 

^U-GIJST'IXS,  )  n.  pi.    An  order  of  monkb!,  so 

AU-Gt'ST-rX'I-ANS,  J  called  from  St.  Augusiin; 
pojiiilarly  called  Austin  friars.  They  originally  were 
hermits,  hut  were  congrwgated  into  one  btidy  by  Po|ie 
Alexander  IV.,  under  Lanfranc,  in  1256.  They 
clothe  in  black,  and  make  one  of  the  four  orders 
of  mendicants.  Encyc. 

AU  GUST'XESS,    n.      Dignity   of  mien j    grandeur; 

"  magnificence. 

AUK,  n.  [Pmv-incially  ait.  L.  aha.]  A  popular  name 
applied  to  difi"erent  species  of  aquatic  birds  of  the 
genus  Alca,  and  order  .\nsere3  ;  as,  the  great  auk  or 
northern  penguin,  the  little  auk  or  black  and  white 
diver,  the  Libnidor  ank  or  puffin,  &c 

AU-La'RI-AN,  n.  [h.  au/a,  a  liall.1  At  Oxford,  the 
ineniher  of  u  ball,  as  distinguished  from  a  collegian. 

Chalmers. 

AU-LET'ie,  (I.    [Gr.  (inXf/rfunf,  from  nu'Xos,  a  pipe.] 
Pertaining  to  piiws  or  to  a  pipe.     [Little  used.] 

AU'Lie,  a      [L.  aulicus,  from  aula,  a  hall,  court,  or 

"  palace  ;  Gr.  niA*?.] 

Pertaining  to  a  royal  court. 

The  Aulic  Council,  was  a  sTipremc  court  of  the 
furmer  G^rman  empire  ;  properly  the  supreme  court 
of  the  emperor,  as  the  Imi)(!rial  Chaml>er  was  that  of 
the  empire.  Its  otlicers  were  appointed  immediately 
by  the  emperor,  except  the  vice-chancellor,  wlio  was 
appointed  by  the  archbishop  t>f  Mentz.  It  was  com- 
posed of  a  president,  who  wjis  a  Roman  Caiholic,  a 
vice-chancellor,  and  eighteen  councilors  or  assessors, 
nine  of  whom  were  Roman  Catholics,  and  nine  Prot- 
estants ;  or,  according  to  the  statement  of  otliers,  only 
six  were  retpiired  to  bo  Protestants,  but  their  vote, 
when  unanimous,  was  nxkoncd  equal  to  that  of  all 
the  rest.  Its  decisions  were  without  appejil,  but  sub- 
ject to  the  ratificntitm  of  the  emperor.  It  always  fol- 
lowed the  emiwror's  court,  the  established  seat  of 
which  was  at  Vienn:u  It  ceased  at  the  deaih  of 
each  cmi»eror,and  was  renewed  by  his  successor.  It 
became  extinct  when  the  German  empire  was  dis- 
solved in  ItiQlt.  Encyc.     Jleiss.     P.  Cyc. 

The  term  aulie  council,  is  now  applied  to  a  council 
of  the  war  de[»artment  of  the  Austrian  empire,  and 
the  members  of  different  provincial  chanceries  of  Uiat 
empire,  are  called  aulie  councdors.  P.  Cyc. 

The  Aulic,  in  stmio  Europoan  universities,  is  an 
act  maintained  hy  a  young  divine,  on  being  atlniitted 
a  diM'tnr  of  divinity.  It  begins  by  an  harangue  of  the 
chani-.ellor  addressed  to  the  young  doctor,  after  which 
he  receives  the  cap  and  presides  at  the  AuUc  or  dis- 
putation. Encyc 

AU-iMAlL',  r,  (.    [Fuemail]    To  figure  or  variegate. 

"  [A'V/E  iisrrl.]  Spenser. 

AUM'HKY.     Pee  AMnny. 

AUME,  ft.    A  Dutch  measure  for  Rhenish  wine,  con- 

""  taining  40  English  gallons.  Encyc 

AUJVE,  (own,)  lu  [Fr.;  a  contraction  oTanltie  ;  L.  ulna-] 

A  French  clfitli  measure,  hut  of  different  lengths 

in  ditrerent  parts  of  the  country,"    At  Rouen,  it  is  an 

Kn;;lish   ell;   at   Calais,   1.52;   at   Lyons,    I.OiJl ;  at 

Paris,  0.U5.  Encyc. 

AUNT,  n.     [L.  amitn,  contraoted.     Qu.  Fr.  tantr.] 
The  sister  of  one's  father  or  mother;  correlative  to 
nephew  or  niece. 

AU'RA,  n.   [L.  from  Ileb.  IN"',  lar,  a  stream ;  Gr.  avpa. 

"  See  AiB.j 

Literally,  a  breeze,  or  gentle  current  of  nir;  but 
technically  used  to  denote  any  subtile,  invisible  fiiiid, 
suppositd  to  rtow  from  a  body  ;  an  effluvium,  emana- 
tion, or  exhalation,  as  the  aroma  of  (lowers,  tlie 
odor  of  the  blood,  a  supposed  fertilizing  emanation 
from  the  pollen  of  flowers,  Atc. 

Epileptic  aura,  {aura  epileptica:)  a  sensation  as  of  a 
current  of  air,  rising  from  some  part  to  the  head, 
preceding  an  attack  of  epilepsy. 

FJcctric  aura;  a  supposed  electric  fluid,  emannllng 
from  an  electrified  body,  and  forming  a  mass  sur- 
rounding it,  called  the  electric  atmosphrrc.     [See  At- 

UOSFHERG,   ELECTniC,] 


TO.XE,  BI;LL,  IGNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CI0US €  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  6H;  'f  11  ns  in  THiS. 

t5&" 


AUR 

4U'RATE,  n.    [Suppu^J  to  be  (turn  aurmm,  guld.] 

A  s*irl  of  pear. 

^U'RATE,  M.    [L.  tturum,  gold:  Fr.  ffr,-  from  the 

Ueb.  and  Clu  ^^N,  li^tu,  fire«  and  Uf  shiuo,  from  its 

colore  It.  or;  W.  uur;  Cum.  ^urf   Basque,  urreu; 

Arm.  SMT,  gold.] 

A  cofubmatiun  f>f  auric  acid  wiib  a  base ;  as,  aurata 

of  piiLl^h. 

4L''IxA-T£D,  a.     [L.  turatus.]      Resembling  gold; 
golden -colored  ;  gildi'd. 
"2.  Cuiubined  with  auric  acid. 

AU'RK-ATE,  a,    GolJtn  ;  gilJcd. 

^U-Rk'LI-A,  m.    [from  aiirHiH,  or  uiu',  gold,  tkata  Its 
otlur.    St'c  Cmrt«*lu.] 

In  futvmolt/ffy^  the  nymph,  clir^^^nlis,  or  pupa  of  an 
insoct;  a  term  uppli'>d  U)  iii-tccLt  in  ttmir  second  stige 
of  tntasformiitioit,  particwLuly  when  quiescent,  and 
inrliist-d  tu  a.  huj-du-^h  case,  retli-riinic  a  brilliant, 
Rt>id -n  c<4ur^  as  in  fttnie  of  the  Lepidi>t>t<*ra. 

4U-R£  U-AN,  a.    Like  or  pertaining  to  the  nurclta. 


or  auu  breeder 


^l-'-Rf:'!-!  A\,  «.    An  amateur  collector 

.ucularly  of  the  l^piduplcni. 
^  [L.  •iMrdM,  Cikld.] 

r  riy*  with  whir-ii  painters  sumwnd 


A 


1'  Ttaining  to  imld. 

.  »f  gold  and  •uy- 

~  III  the  greatest  propo'r- 

'  .1  ixyd. 

^1-  -  liHt.  from  ojcru,  the  ear.] 

i.   '  .:*.  ^.f  the  car  which 

is  proiii 

'2.  'i  '  .vo  mu!«culnr«ac!i, 

situaUu  ..L  :.-  „.,  i„  Lbe  ventncles  ;  so 

Cidk-d  ffLun  t.i  ..  I*  to  the  auricle  or  ei- 

leruul  ear  ui  i»ds.     Their  ttfstulc^  or 

coHiri'T'   ■'  ilje  diastole  of  the  ven- 

tricic--.  \   receive  the  bK<ud  from 

LUe  ¥<.:>  It  to  the  vuntric)e<i. 

Ettcite.     CJuuuhtrs. 
AU'RI-CL£I>,  tu     ilav:nz  npitendagest  like  ean*. 
XL'-RK"U-LA,  ■.    A  sfucirs  «il"  Prunula,  colled,  from 

the  shape  ol"  Ha  leave:?,  bfur^i  car, 
^L'-RIC'l'-LAR,  a.  [from  L.  aurw-iiia,  the  ear-] 

1.  Pcftaining  to  the  ear,  or  t't  the  seiue  of  hearing* 

2.  Secret ;  told  in  the  ear ;  as,  auricular  confit«riiun. 

3.  Rccu^ixed  by  the  ear ;  known  by  Uie  sense  of 
hearing;  as,  a«ricH/ar  evidunce. 

4.  Received  or  tniditiouol ;  known  by  report ;  as, 
auricular  traditions.  Bttam. 

5.  Pertaining  to  the  auricles  of  the  heart.  Cvc  Med, 
.iar  <rii,',:r  ffuikerj  ;  in  birds,  the  circle  of  Li^athtirs 

ir  opj^ning  of  the  ear. 
^(  ;  LV,  tuir.     In  a  secret  manner  j  by 

^^  '  Ci  ^  Voice  addressed  to  the  ear. 

^U-iUC'i;  ^^'^£t  <*•  In  boUxg^  bavtog  lobes  or  ap- 
pendages like  the  ear :  shaped  like  the  ear. 

An  umriaUaU  Imf  has  small  appended  leaves  or 
lobes  on  each  side  of  its  a:>tiole  or  bass, 
^t'-Rie'l^-LA-TED,  a.  Having  appeodacea,  tike  the 
ear  j  as,  the  aurtculated  eulturt^  so  called  because  it 
has  a  projectiuu  of  the  skin,  or  fleshy  crest,  extend- 
ing from  each  ear  along  tlic  side  of  the  neck. 

EJ,  Eiufc     Cuvier. 
^C-RIF'ER-OCS,  a.     [L,  aitr\fcr,  from  canun,  gold, 
and /rn>,  to  produce.1 

That  yields  or  produces  gold  ;  as,  aurifaviu  sands 
or  strtram:*.  7<ltfsuaa. 

^U'RI-FORM,  a.    [L.  auris,  the  ear,  nnd  forma,] 

Eu--:^hapt^:  having  tlie  fono  of  the  human  ear. 
^U-RI'GA,  lu    [L.,  ofaurtOf  orca.a  bead  stall,  a  bridle, 
and  rtg^Oy  to  govern  or  manage.] 

1.  LiUralitfy  tlie  director  of  a  car,  or  wagon.  In 
astrom»mfj  the  Wagoner,  a  constell  ition  in  the  north- 
ern hemisphere,  situated  between  Perseus  and  Gem- 
ini. 

2.  The  fourth  lobe  of  the  liver ;  al^o,  a  bandage 
for  the  sid*^  Qutac^ 

^U-RI-GA'TIOX,  n.  fL.  aitri^a.]  The  act  or  prac- 
tice of  drivins  horses  hamesaied  to  carriages. 

AU-RIG'UA-l'ilV,  a.  The  art  of  writing  with  gold 
instead  of  ink. 

tU-RI-PIG-MEN'TUM.    See  Oopimest. 
U-RI-SeALP'I-CM,  a.    [L.  o^ri^,  ear,  and  scalpo,  to 
scrapcj 

An  mstniment  to  clean  the  ears ;  used  also  in 
opi  nit  ions  of  surgerj'  on  the  ear. 
^U'RJST,  n,    [L.  auri<,  ,i\r.]    One  skilled  in  disorders 

of  the  ear,  or  who  professes  to  cure  them.         jisk, 
iyU'ROGHS,  B.     [G.  unnJLt,  the  urc-itr^  nrus  and  oi.] 
The  urus  or  bison  of  PoHnd  ;  conT^idered  by  some 
as  the  common  ox  in  a  wild  slate,  but  regardcrd  by 
Cuvier  as  a  distinct  species,    B^mes  nearly  ruialogous 
to  those  of  the  aurochs,  but  much  larg-T,  have  been 
found  fossil  in  the  northern  parts  of  both  continents. 
J^U'RI-TED,   a.      [I^   aurUujy   from   nurts,   the  ear.] 
Eared  ;  havinz  lob -s  or  appendages,  like  the  ear  :  a 
term  employed  b^rth  in  loo.'^ j-y  and  botjay. 
AU-RO'RA,    a.      [U    aurora:'   Sans,    arun  i    Ch,   and 
Heb.  jw  light,  and  17  to  raise.] 

1.  The  rUing  light  of  the  morning ;  the  dawn  of 
day,  or  mt>rniiig  twilight. 

2.  The  goddess  of  the  moniing,  or  twilight  deified  I 


AUS 

by  fancy.  The  poets  represcntt^d  licr  as  rising  out  of 
tho  ocean,  in  a  dtariol,  with  rosy  fingers  dropping 
gentle  dew. 

3.  A  species  of  crowfoot.  Johnson. 

jJurc'ra  btirea'luj  or  Lumen  horeale;  northern 
twdight ;  iKipiilarly  called  vorthvn.  lighis.  This 
species  of  light  usually  ap)>ears  in  streams,  ascend- 
ing toward  the  aienith  fmm  a  dusky  line  a  few  de- 
grees above  tlie  noriJtern  horizon.  J^omeliines  it 
assumes  a  wa\*y  apinuirance,  as  in  Auu-rica,  in 
March,  1782,  when  R  ovcr^pnnd  the  whole  hom- 
t-iphere.  Sometimes  it  npp-nrs  in  dcUiched  places; 
at  other  times,  it  almost  covers  the  hemispluTe.  As 
the  streams  or  light  have  a  trenmluus  motion,  they 
are  called,  in  the  Shetland  Isles,  mrrry  dancers. 
They  as^^ume  oil  sha]>es,  and  u  variety  of  colors,  fmm 
a  pale  red  or  yellow  to  a  d^'ep  red  or  WoimI  color  i  and 
in  the  northern  latitudes,  serve  to  illuiuiu.ite  the 
earth  and  cheer  the  gloom  of  long  winter  nights. 

Jiuro'ra  au^ra'lis;  a  corrcs|Ntud)ng  plieuonieuon 
in  the  stxithcrn  hemisphere  ^  the  streum.'i  of  light 
asccntling  in  tho  same  manner  from  near  tlie  south- 
ern horizon. 
AU-Ro'RAL,  a.  Belonging  to  the  aurora,  or  to  the 
ntunhern  lighu^  resembling  the  twilight.  JK.  Gnodrich. 
iVC'KL'>l,  *,     f L.    See  Airatk.]    Gold. 

Jtu'rum  fuTmiHangy  (fulniiiiaiing  gold,)  is  a  pre- 
cipitate, obtained  by  ammonia,  from  a  solution  of 
gold  in  nitro-muriatic  acid.  This  precipit^ae  is  of  n 
brown  yellow,  or  orange  color,  and  when  exposeil  to 
a  moderute  heat,  detonates  wiih  considerable  iittiKe. 
It  is  a  compound  of  auric  acid  and  the  oxyd  uf  am- 
mohiuiu. 

Au'rum  mosa'Uumj  or  mu.«i'viuii ;  a  sparkling  gold- 
colored  substance,  obtained  by  heating  a  mix- 
ture of  sulphur  and  o^tyd  of  tin  in  a  close  vessel. 
The  elements  of  the  oxyd  unite  witJi  separate  i>or- 
lions  of  Uic  sulphur,  f<.tnningsutphitruiisacid,  and  tho 
aurum  mu-frrum,  which  hist  is  a  deillo-sulphuret 
(deuto-sulphid)  of  tin.  It  is  used  as  a  piguienu 
,^US-CUL-Ta'TIUN,  b.  [L.,  from  antiq.  aa^e;  Gr. 
ovf,  ot'cif,  the  ear,  and  cuUujy  from  cu/u,  to  use  ur 
exercise.] 

1.  The  act  of  listening,  or  hearkening  to. 

3.  In  mrdtcine^  a  tnetitod  of  distinguishing  diseases, 
particularly  in  the  thomx,  by  observing  the  sounds 
in  tlie  part,  geuerally  by  means  of  a  tube  applied  to 
the  surface.  I^ieitnc^. 

ALTS-eUL'TA-TO-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  hearing  or 
li.stening. 

i\l"SPI-€ATE,  r.  U  [L.  auspicor.]  To  give  a  favor- 
able turn  to,  in  comiu<-ncing ;  a  sense  taken  from  the 
Roman  practice  i>f  taking  the  au-s/Jtcium,  or  inspec- 
tion of  birds,  before  they  undertook  any  important 
business.  Burke^n  krpuiuns. 

2.  To  foreshofr.  JJ.  Jotuon. 
AU'SPICE,      i  n.  pL     [L.  auspicium,  of  acig^  a  bird, 
^U'8PI-CES,  j      and  spccio^  to  inspect.] 

1.  The  omens  of  an  luidertnkiiig,  drawn  from 
birds  >  tjie  same  as  At'ousr,  which  see. 

2.  Protection ;  favor  ^tiown ;  patronage;  influ- 
ence. In  this  sense  the  word  is  generally  plural, 
au.-^iee.: 

AU-SPI"CIOUS,  j;aus-pi?h'us,)  a.  [See  Auspice.] 
Having  omens  of  success,  or  favorable  apptjunuices  ; 
OS,  an  au^tciitaji  beginning. 

2,  Pros[hTous;  fortunate;  applied' to  persoaji ;  as, 
au->piciuuB-  chief.  Drydcii. 

3.  Favorable  ;  kind  ;  propitious  ;  applied  to  persons 
or  things  ;  as,  an  auspicious  mistress.  Shak, 

^U-SPF'CIOUS-LV,  adc.  With  favorable  omens; 
'happily;  prosperously;  favorably;  propitiouslv- 

AU-SP1"CI0US-NESS,  M.  A  state  of  fair  promise; 
prv>sperily. 

AUS'TER,  n.     [L.]     Th'i  south  wind.  Pope. 

Ai;-ST£RE',o.  [(^  austrrus.]  Severe;  harsh-;  rigid  ; 
stem  ;  applied  to  persons ;  as,  an  austere  master ;  an 
austere  look. 

2.  Sour  with  astringency;  harsh;  rou^h  to  the 
taste  \_appUed  to  things  ;  as,  austere  fruit  or  wine. 

AU-STkRE'LY,  adv.    Severely  ;  rigidly  ;  harshly. 

XU-STkRE'\ESS,  n.    Severity  in  miuiners ;  harsh- 
ness ;  austerity. 
2.  Rouchnc-is  in  tx«te. 

i^U-STER'I-TV,  It.  [L.  attsteritas.]  Severity  of  man- 
ners or  life;  rigor;  strictness;  har?h  discipline.  It 
is  particularly  applied  to  the  mortifications  of  a  mo- 
nrL-tic  life,  which  are  called  austerities. 

AUri'TRAL,  a.  [L.  australisj  from  ajwtcr,  the  south 
wind,  or  south.] 

Southern  ;  lymg  or  being  in  the  south;  as,  austral 
land;  aujfra£  ocean. 

Austral  si ^its;  the  last  sis  signs  of  the  zodiac,  or 
those  south  of  the  equator.  £ncyc. 

AUS-TRAL-A'SIA,  n.  [austral  and  Asia.]  A  name 
given  to  the  countries  situated  to  the  south-east  of 
Asia,  comprehending  New  Holland,  I^gw  Guinea, 
New  Z<:aland,  &c,  I'inkcrton. 

AUS-TRAL-A'SIAXj  a.  Pertaining  to  Australasia; 
as,  A it.-tralas!an  regions. 

AUS-TRAI^A'SI.\N,  TU     A  native  of  Australasia. 

AUS-TRa'LI-A,  n.     A    name   given   by  some  recent 

"  geoaraphers  to  all  the  Oceanic  regions  between  Asia 
and  America,  and  more  especially  to  New  Holland, 


AUT 

which  is  also  called  Uic  continent  of  Australiay  or 
the  Austrid  continent* 

AUS-TRA'LI-A\,  a.  Pertaining  to  Australia,  or  to 
New  Holland.  The  natives  of  New  Holland,  from 
their  resemblance  to  the  African  negroes,  are  culled 
AuMrnlian  or  Austral  negnies. 

>VUS-TRa'LI-AN,  n.     A  native  of  Australia. 

^US'TKAL-TZE,  «.  i.  To  tend  toward  the  south  or 
south  pole,  OS  a  magiu't.  Brown. 

^US"I'Ri-AN)  a.  [from  Atistria.  This  word  is  formed 
with  the  Latin  termination  ia^  country,  from  (Ea- 
terrrich,  the  Gennau  name,  which  is  eastern  rick, 
eastern  kingdom,  so  called  in  reference  to  the  west- 
ern dominions  of  Chiirleniagne.l 

PurUtining  to  Austria  ;  proiKjrly,  a  district  of  Ger- 
many, situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Danube,  between 
Bavaria  and  Hungary  ;  oriyinally  a  niartiuisate,  then 
a  duchy,  and  finally  an  archduchy,  of  the  Geriimn 
empire.  The  term  was  afterward  applied  to  a  circle 
of  the  German  empire,  including  the  former;  and 
since  the  dissolution  of  the  German  empire,  (18(Xi,) 
it  Inis.  been  extended  to  an  empire,  including  exten- 
sive ti^rritories,  in  South-eastern  Germany  and  the 
adjoining  countries. 

AUS'TRI-A\,  n.    A  native  of  Austria. 

^US'TRI.NE,  0.     [L.  atu-<trinusj  from  aiutrr,  south.] 
Soutliem  ;  Rontlieilv.  Joknuotu 

AUS'TRO-E-GYP'TIA"X,n.  [L.  amlfrnnA  Kirnptian.] 

1.  n.  a\  southern  Egyptiau,  supposed  to  have  origi- 
nated t'nnn  Ethiopia. 

2.  a.  Relating  to  the  southern  Eg^'ptinns. 
AUS'TRO-MAN-CV,  h.  [from  au-^er,  the  south  wind, 

or,  among  the  poets,  wind  in  general,  imd  Gr.  fnn'Teia, 
diviiKitiim.] 

Soothsaying,  or  prediction  of  future  events,  from 
obsiTViiiiuns  of  the  winds.  Encijc. 

AU'TKIt  DIiOn\  (6'ivT  dTwA,)  [Law  Fr.]  Another's 
right. 

AU'  TKR-FOITS,  (6'ter  fwA  ;)  a  word  composed  of  the 
French  autre,  another,  and  foit'i,fui.-{,  time,  introduced 
into  law  langiiage,  under  the  Norman  princes  of  Eng- 
land. It  signifies,  at  another  lime,  ftirmerly  ;  sis,auter- 
fJits  acifiiit,  auter/uits  aitnint,  auterfoits  ccnvict.,  formerly 
acquitted,  attainted,  or  convicted,  which  being  spe- 
cially pleaded,  is  a  bar  to  a  second  prosecution  for 
the  same  offense.  BlacliJ<tune. 

Auterfoits  acquit,  [Law  Fr.]  The  plea  of  a  for- 
mer acquittal. 

Auterfoits  oUainL  [Law  Fr.]  Tlie  ploa  of  a  for- 
mer attainder. 

Autcrfoitu  convict  [Law  Fr.]  The  plea  of  a  for- 
mer conviction. 

AU'TER  y/I-:,  (6'ter  vee,)    [Law  Fr.]    Another's  life. 
Tenojit  pour  autcr  vies  one  who  holds  an  estate  by 
the  hlV'  of  another.  ''  BUickstone. 

i^U-THE.\'Tie,  )  a.     [Fr.  aiithentique;  It.  and  Sp. 

JYU-THE.N'Tie-AL,  )  autrnttco  ;  Low  L.  authenticus, 
from  the  Gr.  avOei/TiKiis,  from  avOivT/]s,  an  author 
or  maker ;  one  who  does  any  thing  by  his  own  rifiht ; 
also,  one  who  kills  himself.  The  first  8)llable  is 
from  itvT  •(,  which  is  probably  from  the  root  otauikor, 
auctor ;  and  the  sense  of  self-murderer  seems  to  in- 
dicate that  the  oth«;r  constituent  of  the  word  is  from 
^evo>,  C£(i"-i,  to  kill,  but  the  primary  sense  of  which 
is,  to  strike,  to  drive  or  thnist  with  the  hand,  &c. 
In  the  word  before  us,  the  sense  is  to  throw,  or  to 
set ;  hence  authentic  is  set,  fixed,  made  or  made  cer- 
tain by  the  autlior,  by  one's  own  self.] 

1.  Having  a  genuine  original  or  autliority,  in  oppo- 
sition to  that  which  is  false,  fictitious,  or  counterfeit ; 
being  wliat  it  purports  to  be  ;  genuine  ;  tnte ;  applied 
to  thintrs  ;  as,  an  authentic  pajK-r  or  register. 

2.  Of  approved  authority  ;  as,  an  autJimtic  writer. 

3.  In  laic,  vested  with  all  due  formalities,  and 
legally  attested. 

4.  in  music,  having  an  immediate  relation  to  the 
key-note  or  tonic  ;  in  distinction  from  71/affa/,  having 
a  corresponding  relation  to  the  fitlii  or  dominant,  in 
the  octave  below  the  key-note. 

Authentic  melodies;  those  which  have  their  princi- 

■    piU  notes  ht-tween   the  key-note  and  its  octave  ;  in 

distinction  from  plasral    melodies,  which  have  tht;ir 

principal  notes  in  the  octave  below  the  fifth  of  the 

key. 

Authentic  moods  or  tones  ;  in  the  ancient  church  music, 
the  four  moods,  introduced  by  St.  Ambrose,  in  which 
tlie  principal  notes  of  the  melodies  arc  confined  witliiu 
the  octave  nbuve  the  key-note;  in  distinction  fioin 
the  pia:ral  vuwds  or  tones,  introdu:ed  by  Gregory  the 
Great,  ni  vvliirh  the  principal  notes  of  the  melodies 
are  confined  witliin  the  octave  beiow  the  fifth  of  the 
key.  Ed,  Encyr.. 

Authenfie  or  perfect  radence  ;  the  chord  or  harmony 
of  the  dnminant,  followed  by  that  of  the  tonic,  or 
the  progression  of  the  dominant  to  ttie  tonic ;  in  dis- 
tinction from  the  pUiifoi  cadence,  the  chord  of  the 
fourth  or  suhilominanl,  followed  by  that  of  the  tonic, 
or  the  progression  of  the  subdominant  to  the  tonic. 

OU!ct'ti. 
AU-TIIEN''Tie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  an  authentic  man- 
"  ner  ;  with  the  requisite  or  genuine  authority. 

Brojpn. 
AU-THE\'TIC-AL-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  bjing 
authentic ;    genuineness ;    the  quality  of  b.'ing  of 


FATE,  FAR,  FALT^  W1L>T.— MkTE,  PREY.  — PIXE,  MARXNE,  BIRD NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 

fie    ~ 


AUT 

gi>od  authority  ;  authenticity,     I'Fhe  latter  itvrd  is 

eeHfraily  u^fii.]  Barruw. 

-THK.\'Tie-ATE,  V.  t, 

1.  To  render  authentic  ;  to  give  aulliority  to,  by 
the  proof,  atlestution,  or  fornialiiiea,  required  by  law, 
or  sutlicient  to  entitle  to  credit. 

The  king'  leTTcs  odI;  as  a.  notAiy  to  aut}\enticaU  Uie  choice  of 
Judg'v*.  Burke, 

2.  To  determine  as  genuine  ;  aa,  to  authenticate  a 
portrait.  JVttlpole. 

AU-THEN'Tie-A-TED,  pp.  Rendered  authentic; 
bavins  received  the  forms  which  prove  genuineness. 

AU-THK\'Tie-A-TlNG,  ppr.  Giving  authority  by 
the  necessary  signature,  seal,  attestation,  or  other 
fiM-ins. 

AU-THEN-TI€-A'TrON,  n.  The  act  of  authentica- 
lins ;  the  giving  of  authority  by  the  necessary  for- 
malities ;  contirmation. 

AU-TIIE.\-T1C'[-TY,  n, 

1.  The  quality  of  being  authentic;  of  established 
authority  for  truth  and  correctness. 

2.  Genuineness;  the  quality  of  being  of  genuine 
original.  [In  later  writers,  especially  those  on  the 
evidences  of  Christianity,  this  term  is  restricted  in 
its  use  to  the  first  of  the  above  meanings,  and  dis- 
tinguished from  genuineness.  "  It  may  be  of  use," 
saya  Bishop  Watson,  *'  to  state  the  difference  botween 
the  genuineness  and  the  aulhenticitij  of  a  book. 
A  genuine  book  is  that  which  was  written  by  the 
person  whose  name  it  bears.  An  authentic  book  is 
that  which  relates  matters  of  fact,  as  they  really 
happened."    jipologtf  for  tiu  Bih!e.] 

AU-THEN'TI€-XESS,  n,  Aulhenticity.  [Rarely 
ujed.] 

AU'THOR,  ».  [L,  auctor;  U.  ugkdar  ;  W.  ateilur  ; 
Ft.  auteur ;  Sp.  out  or ;  It.  autore.  1'he  I^ntin  word 
is  from  the  root  of  augeo^  to  increase,  or  cause  to 
enlarge.  The  primary  sense  is  one  who  brings  or 
causes  to  come  fortli.] 

1.  One  who  produces,  creates,  or  brings  into  being ; 
as,  God  is  the  author  of  the  universe. 

2.  The  beginner,,  foniitT,  or  first  mover  of  any 
thing  ;  hence,  the  efficient  cause  of  a  thing.  It  is 
appropriately  applied  to  one  who  composes  or  writes 
a  boTtk,  and  in  a  more  general  sense,  to  one  whose 
occupation  is  to  compose  and  write  hooks. 

AU'TilOR,  V.  t.    To  occasion  ;  to  elTecL     [Aut  usetL] 

AU'THOR-ESS,  n,     A  fi-male  author. 

AU-TIIO'RI-AL,  a.   Pertaining  to  an  author.  Ed.  Rev. 

AU'THOR-LESS,  a.     Without  an  author  or  auUiority. 

SU-THOR'I-TA-TIVE,  c 

1.  Having  due  authority.  Pearson, 

S.  Uaving  an  aix  of  authority  ;  positive  ;  ptTenip- 
tory.  Swift. 

AU-THOR'I-TA-Tm:-LY,  adv.  in  an  authoritative 
manner;  with  a  show  of  authority;  with  due  au- 
thority. 

AU-TIIOR'I-TA-TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  authoritative  ;  an  acting  by  authority  ;  author- 
iUttivu  appttarance. 

AU-THUK'I-TV,  n.     [L.  auctmitas.l 

1.  Legal  puwt^r,  or  a  right  to  command  or  to  act: 
as,  the  autlwri'ij  of  a  prince  over  cuhjfcts,  and  of 
parents  over  children.     Power  ;  rule  ;  sway. 

2.  The  iKJwer  dt-rived  from  opinion,  tL-.^iirct,  or 
esteem  ;  induenre  of  character  or  otlice  ;  cn.ilil ;  as, 
the  duMority  of  age  or  exiunple,  which  is  subrnitteti 
to  or  respected,  in  some  meiL-iure,  as  a  law^or  rule  of 
action.  That  which  is  claimed  in  Justjhcation  ur 
support  of  opinions  and  nn-asiirrs. 

3.  Testimony  ;  witness ;  or  the  person  who  testi- 
fies ;  aji,  the  Gospcds  or  the  evangelists  are  owtauthor^ 
itirs  for  the  miracles  of  Clihst. 

4.  Weight  of  testimony  ;  credibility  ;  as,  an  histo- 
rian of  no  aulharily. 

5.  Weight  of  character;  respectability;  dignity; 
BA,  a  magistrate  of  great  autJwrUy  in  the  city. 

6.  Warrant;  order;  perniiKsion. 

B^wbat  auAot%docaitb&aIh''«c  tltii>f!«f— MaiLxid.    AcUlx. 

7.  Precedents,  deciiiions  of  a  court,  (((Ticial  decla- 
rations, respectable  opini(ms  and  sayings,  al.-io  the 
iKKiks  that  contain  thnm,  are  calUsd  auth.'rUie.'*.  as 
they  Intluence  the  opinions  of  others  ;  and  in  lato, 
the  dccrsions  of  iHipreme  courts  have  a  binding  force 
upon  inferior  court><,  and  are  called  aatJumtifjr. 

8.  G'lVernment;  the  persons  or  the  body  exer- 
cising power  or  commanu  ;  as,  the  local  aatJun-itiea  of 
Uie  K'tates.  Mar.^fiaU. 

\n  Connrc.iicut^  the  justices  of  Uie  peace  arc  denom- 
inated the  eiril  niithnrity. 

AUTIIOR-I-ZA'TIO.N',  n.  Thft  art  of  giving  author- 
ity, or  l>'2n!  powi  r;  estuhlishinent  by  authority. 

^L'TIKUl  IZE,  V.  t.     [Vx.  uuiiiri^trr ;  S]).  aularizar.] 

1.  To  give  authority,  warrant,  or  legal  jHtwcr  to  ; 
to  give  a  right  to  act;  to  empower;  ait,  \o  authonie 
comniission'TS  to  s.'ttli*  the  bnundary  of  tlie  Htate. 

2.  To  Hnke  legal ;  as,  to  antJturiie  a  marriage. 

3.  To  establish  by  authority,  as  by  usage,  or  pub- 
lic opinion  ;  as,  iilioius  autkoriztd  by  usage, 

4.  To  give  authority,  credit,  or  reputation  to;  an, 
to  authorize  a  report,  or  opinr(»n. 

5.  To  ju<itify  ;  to  support  as  right;  as,  suppress  de- 
■ires  which  rf-ason  do«j8  not  authorize. 


AUT 

AU'TIIOK-tZ-A'D,  pp.  or  a  V\  amiiud  by  right  ; 
siippoited  (ir  t-slahlislipti  by  .mtliority  ;  (Jerivt'd  from 
leK'Al  or  proptT  luitliorily  ;  hsiviii!!  power  or  aiithoritv. 

AU'TllOK-IZ-LNG,  ijpr.  Giving'  authority,  or  legal 
'  power,  iTedil,  or  permission. 

AU''J'HOK-SllH',  ».  [iiullior  and  s/iip.]    The  quality  or 

"  state  of  bein^  an  aullior.  SluifUsbunj. 

AU-TO-Iil-O-GKAPll'ie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  con- 
taining: autobio(.Ta|ihv> 

AU-'J'U-UI-0-(iHAril'ie-AI,-LY,  adv.  In  the  way  or 
manner  of  autuhiojxraphy. 

AU-'I'O-Iil-OG'UA-PIIY,  11.    [Gr.  aurot,  and  Uogra- 


f"yi] 


le  biography  or  memoirs  of  one's  life  written  by 
one's  self.  IVaLik. 

AU-TOCH'THON,  n.      [Gr.    avToxO(ov{    avTos   and 

1,  Litcrallyj  one  who  rises  or  springs  from  the 
sami''  ground  or  from  the  soil  he  inhabits  ;  hence,  an 
aboriginal,  or  native.  This  title  was  assumed  by 
the  ancient  Greeks,  particularly  the  Athenians. 

0.  Tliat  which  is  original  to  a  particuhir  countrj', 
or  whirJi  had  Ihi-re  its  first  origin. 

AU-TOei!'TllO-NOUS   j  *     Indigenous. 
AU-TOe'RA-CY,  u.     [Gr.   aiiro?,   self,  and   ifparoj, 
power,  or  (roiirfw,  to  govern,  to  take  or  hohL] 

1.  Independent  or  absolute  power;  supreme,  un- 
contn-Ufd,  unlimited  authority  or  right  of  governing, 
in  a  single  person. 

Q.  Sole  riglit  of  self-government  in  a  State.  Barlote. 
AU'TO-eitAT,  i  n.     FGr.    avT-.Koarwp.]     An    ab- 

AL'^-TUG'UA-TOR,  i  solute  prince  or  sovereign  ;  a 
nih*r  or  nion;irch  who  holds  and  exercises  the  powers 
of  government  by  inherent  right,  not  subject  to  re- 
striction ;  a  title  assumed  by  tlie  emperors  of  Russia. 

Tooke. 

2.  A  pers*m  invested  with  absolute  independent 
powt-r,  by  which  he  is  rendered  uuaccounUible  for 
ills  actions. 

3.  This  title  was  conferred  by  the  Athenians  on 
their  gi'nt-nU.-*  and  embassadors  when  invested  with 
unlimited  piiwers.  Eiicyc. 

AU-TO-fKAT'lC,  I  a.     Pertaining  to  autocracy; 

AU-'J'O-CRAT'U.'-AT^,  j     absolute ;  holding  indei^end- 

ent  and  unliuiitcd  powers  of  guverniiu-'nt.        Eton. 
AIJ-TO-€KAT-()lt'ie  AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  an  autoc- 

rator  ;  supreme ;  absolute  ;  as,  aatocratorical  power, 

PcarsoTU 
AU-TOe'RA-TRIX,  n.     A  female  sovereign,  who  is 

independent  and  absolute ;  a  titlu  given  to  the  em- 

presst!s  of  Unssiiu  Tooke. 

AU'TO  DA  FE\  (au-to-di-fi',)     [Port. ;  Span,  auto  de 

fe,  act  (*f  faith.]  4 

1.  In  Uie  Roman  Catholic  ehnrch^  a  solemn  day  held 
by  the  Inquisition,  for  tJie  punishment  of  heretics, 
and  the  ah:^uIution  of  the  innocent  accused.    Encyc. 

2.  A  sentence  given  by  the  Inquisition,  and  read 
to  a  criminal,  or  heretic,  on  the  scafiold,  yitiX  before 
he  is  executed.  Sp.  Diet, 

3.  The  session  of  the  court  of  Inquisition. 
AU-TOG'E-NOUr*,  a.    [Gr.  -iutos  and  jci-j/aa..] 

(rcniiraiing  itself. 
AU'T*)-(;RAIMI,       J  n.     [Gr.  avro(,  self,  and  ypa^br]. 
AU 'niG'RA-PHY,  i      writing.] 

A  p-'fson's  own  hand-wriling;  an  original  man- 
uscript. 
Al^T(JG'«A-P^AL,  a.    Of  the  particular  band-writ- 
ing of  an  iiulividuaL 
AIJ-Tu-GKAPH'ie,        jo.    Pertaining  to  an   anlo- 
AC-Tt>-GUArU'ie-AL, )     grapli,  or  one's  own  hand- 
writing. 

3.  Prrtninfng  to  or  used  in  the  [H-ocess  of  auCog 
mpliy,  wliirh  see. 
AU -TOG'KA-PIIY,  n.     A  pnwess*  in   lithography  by 
"  which  a  writing  or  drawing  is  transferred  from  jiaper 

to  wtone.  Ure. 

^U'T(»-MATH,n.    [Gr.  (ivrof,and  /iOj-Oai/oj,  to  It-am.] 

One  who  i-*  self-taught.  i'oiing. 

AII-TO-MAT'ie,  (a.     lUlonging  to  an   nuU>ma- 

XU-TO-MAT'ie-AT.,  (      Urn;    li.iving  the   power  of 
*  moving  luelf ;  apidicd  to  niarhiutry.  StncarL 

a.  Niit  voluntJirj  ;  nut  dei«:nding  on  the  will ;  ap- 
plied to  animal  motions. 

The  term  automatic  is  now  applied  to  self-acting 
machinery,  or  sueh  as  has  within  itself  the  power  of 
regulating  entirely  Its  own  movements,  ulihuogli  the 
moving  force  is  derived  from  witliout;  and  to  what 
pertains  to  such  mucJiinery  ;  as,  automatic  operations 
or  improvements. 

JiiiumatirarLi;  such  economic  arts  or  manufartures 
ns  are  carried  on  by  self-acting  machinery.  Ure. 
ft[;-'i'(JM'A-TO\,  H.  [<:r.  <ivTn^,iT',(;  awrnj,  self, 
and  /4'i'.»,  nioveo^  mittus.  The  Greek  plural,  automala, 
is  sometimes  UKrtt ;  but  the  regular  English  plural, 
automatons.  Is  preferable.] 

A  self-moving  marhin<;,  or  one  which  has  its  mov- 
ing power  within  itself.  The  moving  power  is 
usually  a  spring  or  weight,  particularly  the  former. 
The  tt-rm  is  generally  applied  to  machines  construct- 
ed so  ng  to  imitate  Uie  form  and  niotions  of  men  or 
animals. 
^U-TO.M'A-TOUS,  a.  Having  in  itself  the  power  of 
motion.  Brown. 


AVA 

AU-TOM'OLI'J'E,  «.  [Gr.  nvr-yjoAof,  a  deserter  ;  so 
callvd  from  the  large  portion  of  oxyd  of  zinc  it  con- 
tains, though  it  h;is  no  resemblrince  to  an-ore.J 

A  mineral,  occurring  crystallized  in  small,  dark- 
grsen  octahedrons  ;  allied  to  spinel,  but  containing 
about  30  per  cent,  of  oxyd  of  zinc,  in  combination 
with  alumina  and  oxj'd  of  iron.  It  was  coiled 
OahniUj  from  Gahn,  its  discoverer. 
AU-TO-NO'MI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  nutonomv. 
AU-TON'O-IMOUS,  a.     [hfra.]     Independent  'in  goY- 

crnment ;  having  the  right  of  selt-ciivernnient. 
AU-TON^O-MY,  n.     [Gr."  uoros,  self,  and  ^o/.of,  law, 
rule.] 

The  power  or  right  of  self-government,  whether 
in  a  city  which  elects  its  own  magistrates  and  makes 
its  own  laws,  or  in  an  individual   who  lives  accord- 
ing to  his  own  will.     [Rarely  used.]   Encae.  Johnson. 
AU'TO-PIST-Y,  «.     [Gr.  avTus  and  irtaTis.] 

Internal  worthiness  of  belief;  the  quality  of  credi- 
bility existing  in  itself,  independent  uf  external  ctr- 
cum.-itanres. 
AU-TOPSie-AL.     See  Autoptical. 
ALJ'TOP-JSY,  n.     [Gr.  avruipia;  uuruf,  self,  and  oi/zif, 
sight.] 
Personal  observation  or  examination;  ocular  view. 

Ray. 
Cadavn-ic  autop:^y  ;  in  medicine,  dissection  of  a  dead 
body,  for  the  ptirpt>se  of  ascertaining  the  cause,  seatj 
or  nature  of  a  disease. 
AU-TOP''JTe-At.,  a.    Seen  witli  one'^  own  eyes. 

Johnson. 
AU-TOP'Tie-AI^LY,  adv.    By  means  of  ocular  view, 
or  one's  own  obser\'ation.  Browiu 

[.iut-op^tf  and  its  derivatives  are  rarely  used,  except 
by  medical  writers.] 
AU'TUMN,  (au'tum,)  n.      [L.  autumnus ;"  Etj-mon 
multuin  torquetnr."    jHnsicorth.] 

The  third  season  of  the  year,  or  the  season  between 
summer  and  winter.  Aslnmomically,  it  begms  at  the 
equinox,  when  the  sun  enters  Libra,  and  ends  at  the 
winter  soL-^tice ;  but  in  popular  language,  autumn 
comprises  September,  October,  and  November. 
Thp  goklcii  pomp  of  autumn.  Jrnng. 

AtJ-TUM'NAL,  a.  Relonglng  or  perulinr  to  autumn ; 
as,  an  autumnal  tint ;  |)roduccd  or  gathered  in  au- 
tunni ;  as,  autunnial  fruits  ,  flowering  in  autumn  ;  as, 
an  autinnniil  plant. 

Jiiititmnal  point;  the  point  of  the  equator  intersect- 
ed by  the  ecli|)tic,  as  the  sun  proceeds  soutliward  ; 
the  hrwt  point  of  Libra. 

jJutumnal  eijuitior ;  the  time  when  the  sun  crosses 
the  equator,  as  it  proct^eds  southward,  or  when  it 
pa^.scs  the  autumnal  pdlnt. 

Jiutamna}  si<rnii;  the  signs  Libra,  Scorpio,  and  Sa- 
gittarius, through  which  the  sun  passes  between  the 
autumnal  equinox  and  winter  solstice. 
AUX-ii'.'SlS,  iu     [(ir.  (ivff?(Ti?,  increase.] 

Literally,  an  increasing.     In  rhetimr.,  a  figure  by 
which  any  thing  is  magnified  too  much  ;  an  e.xoma- 
tion,  when,  for  amplification,  a  more  grave  and  mag- 
nificent word  is  put  for  the  pmpcr  word.        Encyc 
AirX-ET'ie,  a.     Amplifying  ;  increasing.        Hatch. 
AU^-IL'IAU,       \  a.  [ L.  auxUiarui.  from  auxiUum,  aid, 
AUX-IL'IA-RY.  j      aujUior,  to  aid.] 

Helping  ;  aiaing  ;  assisting ;  subsidiary  ;  conferring 
aid  or  support  by  joint  exertion,  infiucnce,or  use ;  as, 
auxiliary  troop:*. 

Aai-iliary  .tcale.t ;  in  music,  the  six  keys  or  scales, 
consisting  uf  any  key  major,  with  its  relative  minor, 
and  tlie  attendant  ke>-s  of  each.  Ed.  Eneye. 

j\UX-IL'IA-KlES,   (awg-ziPya-rez,)   n.  pi.      Foreign 

troops  in  the  .service  of  nations  at  war. 
AUX-IL'IA-RY,  (nwg-/,il'ya-re,)  n.     A  helper;  an  as- 
sistant ;  a  confederate  in  some  action,  enterprise,  or 
undertaking. 

2.  In  i^ratnmar,  a  verb  which  helps  to  ftirm  the 
modes  and  tenses  of  other  verbs  ;  called,  also,  an 
auxiliary  verb;  as,  have,  be,  may,  can,  (to,  yniut,  nh^Uly 
and  will,  in  English  ;  itre  and  aooir,  in  French  ;  av6re 
and  esgcre,  in  Italian;  p^fur  and  habcr^  in  Spanish.] 
A-VaIL',  v.  t.  [Vr.  valoir,  to  be  worth  ;  L.  valeoj  to 
be  stnmg  or  able,  to  profit,  to  he  of  ft)rce  or  authority  ; 
Sp.  rolir,  to  be  valuable,  to  avail  or  prevail,  to  be 
binding,  to  be  worth;  It.  valere,  to  be  worth,  to  be 

useful,  to  profit  or  avail;  Eng.  well;  Ar.   Vj  balta* 

The  primary  sense  is,  to  stretch  or  extend,  whence 
strength,  value.] 

1.  To  profit  one's  self;  to  turn  to  advantage  ;  fol- 
lowed by  the  pronouns  viyaelf,  tliyself,  himnclf,  hefsclf, 
itself,  ourselves,  yoursFlce.'i.  Vicinsclaes,  with  of  before 
the  thing  used;  as,  let  him  avaii  funtself  of  Im  li- 
cense. 

2.  To  assist  or  profit ;  to  aid  in  efl^'cting  a  design, 
or  bringing  it  to  a  successful  issue  ;  as,  what  will 
skill  avait  us  agiiinst  numbers?  Artifices  will  not 
avail  the  sinner  in  the  day  of  jtiAgtnent. 

A-VaIL',  v.  i.  To  be  of  use  or  advantage  ;  to  answer 
the  purpose  ;  as,  strength  without  judgment  will  rare 
ly  {intil.  Genemlly,  it  signifies  to  have  strength,  force, 
or  elhcacy  suiricient  to  accomplish  the  object ;  as,  the 
plea  in  bar  must  avail,  that  is,  be  sufficient  to  defeat 


TONE.  BJ/LL.  IIMTE AN'^GEtt,  VI"CIOUa— €  as  K ;  O  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  ns  SH;  TH  as  in  THia 

»7~ 


AVE 

the  suit ;  Ibis  scheme  wilt  noc  avail:  medicines  will 
nut  atail  to  chrcli  the  diaoase ;  suppositions^  without 
proitf,  wiy  nt»t  avail 

A-VAIl.',  ».    Pr.'  ■    toward  success  ;  ben- 

efit;  as,  labor,  V  Miy,  is  ol' litlte  orai/.   It 

seeing  u$uait>' u>  !<u':i  ufeilic-actoud  aid  or 

s1rrn:;th. 

A-VAU^A-BIL'I-TY, «.    Avaitableness. 

A-VAIL'A'BL£,  a.  Profitable  ;  odvnntageous  ;  having 
etficory  ;  as,  a  measure  is  more  or  less  mvailable* 

9.  Having  sufficient  power,  force,  or  efficacy,  fa€ 
tbe  oltject ;  valid  ;  as,  aa  mmiUbU  plea. 

Ijkw*  buoMa  UT  ■>ai/afc>  bf  cooaenL  Bwoktr, 

A-VAIL'A-BLE-.VESS,  n.  Fowtr  or  efficacy  in  pro- 
moting an  end  in  view. 

&  CXunpelent  power  ;  legal  force  ;  validity  ;  as,  the 
mi>aiimUeM€ss  of  a  Ulle. 

A-VAIL'A-BLY,  orfr.  PowerfuHy  ;  profitably;  advan- 
tageously ;  validly ;  etfiracioH«tIy. 

A-VAlL'l'\G,^r.'  Turning  Co  tH-ofit ;  using  to  advan- 
tajre  or  eflt-ct ;  assistin); ;  profiting. 

A-VAIL'MC.NT,  n.  Protit  i  efficacy  ;  nicceflsAil  issue. 
[LtttU  Mjtcd.] 

A-Vails',  n.  pi  Profit*  or  proceeds.  It  is  used,  in 
fitw  England,  fitt  the  proceedj  of  goodd  sold,  or  fur 
rents,  Is^ws,  or  profits 

AV- i-L  \"\CE^  *  i  **    tf^'»  *™"  ""''^'  ***  descend.] 
A  snow-iilip ;  a  masa  or  body  of  snow  or  ice  hiding 
down  a  mountain. 

Tbia  is  a  Krench  t.  r  '■.   applied  to  the 

mamrrs  nf  nnmr  nr  ir    ;  nn  tue  Alps,  but 

is  now  applied  tosim  i>  im  in  oilier  high 

nwNitttains.  It  is  alsoappii'-u  to  similar  falling  masses 
of  esjtli  or  rock  ;  and,  Jifnratirtlfy  to  any  sudden  or 
violent  act  or  impuUe  of  human  masises. 
A- VALE',  0.  L    [Ft.  avtUr^  to  let  down ;  memi,  down- 
wardj 

1.  To  lei  down ;  to  lower;  to  canae  to  descend;  as, 
to  ssiaU  a  aaiL  Ompct. 


S.  To  depRss ;  to  make  abject ;  as,  to  a»^  the  sov- 
cnignty.  ITsttSK. 

A- VALE',  •.  i.    [Ft.  moaler^  to  descend.] 

To  fall,  as  rain,  uf  the  tide  ;  to  dt)«cend ;  to  dis- 
mount. Chaiuer.     ^eiuer. 

A-VANT',  ■.  The  front  of  aa  army.  [J^'U  usmL]  [See 
Var.] 

Jl-rAJrr€Oa'RlERj  (a-\iing'koo'reer,)  ■.  [Fr. 
See  CouaiKs.]  A  penon  dispatched  before  anoth- 
er person  ^  company,  to  give  notice  of  his  or  their 
Bpftfoacb. 

A-VAXT'-GUARO,  a.  The  van  or  advanced  body  of 
an  army.    [See  V  axcuabo.] 

AV'A-RICE,  a.    [L.  acwaio,  from  arar««,  (nu  mms, 

to  CoVtU] 

An  inordinaia  desire  of  gaining  and  poieasing 
wealth  ;  covetouaneaa ;  p«ediae«  or  ^saiiafale  de- 
alre  of  gain.  SJtak, 


AV-A-RI"CIOU8,  m.    Oovecona ;  greedy  of  gain ;  im- 

moderaiplv  desirous  of  accumulating  property. 

AV-A-Rr'CIor:^LY,  atie,  Covetourfy ;  with  inordi- 
nate desire  of  eainine  wealth.  OvldsmitA. 

AV-A-RI"CIOL'S-.\Ef!.S,  n.  The  quality  of  being  av- 
aricious ;  insatiable  or  iu<»dinate  passion  for  properly. 

AV'A-ROUS,  a.    Covetous.     (AW  uedL]         Oover. 

A- VAST',  czdoM.  [iL  tcxiA,  enough  ;  literally,  it  snf- 
ficea,  fiom  AMUtre^  to  niffice ;  Pers.  &<u,  enou^  ;  Qu. 
D.  A«M<f  mjC,  Am*  ruC,  hold  fa^l.] 

In  ff^mm**  ^Mgmagr,  cease  ;  sti»p  :  stav. 

AV'-A-TAR',  or  A-VA'TAR,  «.  A  Hindoo  wcrd,  de- 
n>>ttns  the  descent  of  a  deity  in  a  visible  form  or  in- 
carnation. 

A-VAUNT',  ercZflm.     [^V.  Otant,  beponp.] 

begone ;  depart ;  a  word  of  contempt  or  abhor- 
rence, eqiii\'alent  to  the  phrase  *^  Get  thee  gone." 

A'VE,  ».    An  ave-mar^-. 

i'VE-MA'RY,  ».  [from  the  first  words  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  praver  to  the  Virgin  Mary :  L.  are.  Maria. 
haU,  .Mar>'.}' 

1.  A  form  of  devotion  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
church.  Their  chapl^ts  and  rosaries  are  divided  into 
a  certain  number  of  ave-mans  and  paternosters. 

2.  A  particular  time,  in  Roman  Catholic  countries, 
about  half  an  hour  aller  ^n$t-t,  and  also  at  early 
danTi,  when  the  belLs  ring,  and  the  peo|de  repeat  the 
ave-mary.  P.  Cye. 

AV-E-.\A'CEOUS,  a.  [L.  avntaceus^  from  orau,  oats ; 
Fr.  orouK.] 
Beloneing  to  or  partaking  of  the  nature  of  oats, 
AV'E-XA6E,  >i.    rFr.l    A  certain  quantity  of  oatd  paid 
a  landlord  in  lieu  of  rent  or  other  duty. 


by  a  tenant  to  a  1 


Encye. 


AV'E\-ER,  j  n.     [Norm.  Fr.]     In  En^li^h  feudal  law, 
AV'EN'-OR,  S      an  oflirer  of  the  king's  stables,  whose 

duty  was  to  provide  oata. 
A-VEXGE',  (a-venj',    v.  U     [Fr.  em^ er ,-  Pp.  rca^ar  ; 

Port,  vtn^ttr ;  L.  vindex.    In  Sax.  iciR/uin,  to  contend, 

to  gain,  to  win.] 
1,  To  take  satisfaction  for  an  injury-  by  punishing 


AVE 

the  injuring  party  :  to  vindicate  by  inflicting  pain  or 
evil  on  the  wrong-doer. 

Shall  not  God  arfngf  hii  own  rVel  ?  —  Luke  xviii. 
Ae*iig»  utc  of  my  uilvprwry.  —  ib.  vcr.  3, 

In  these  exaniplfs,  avrn^e  implleit  that  the  evil  in- 
flicted on  the  injuring  party  i^  a  eatiKfaction  ur  jus- 
tice done  to  the  injiirrd,  and  the  party  vindicated  is 
the  object  of  the  verb. 

2.  To  take  saiisi'iciion  for,  by  pain  or  punishment 
inflicted  on  the  injuring  party, 

III?  will  at*ngt  tltf  Uooil  of  hU  ^rraiita.  —  Deut.  xxxl. 

Here,  the  thing  for  which  satisfaction  is  taken  is 
the  oluect  <>f  the  verb. 

3.  lo  revenge.  To  ar*ii<r<' and  rcrrniff,  radically, 
nr-  ^.  .1...,.  ...,.11-*.  But  modern  usage  inclines  to  make 
;i  Miction  in   the  use  of  these  words,  re- 

'  to  the  taking  ofjust  punishment,  and 
r..  .,  :.;..,  iniliction  of  iiaiii  or  evil  maliciously,  in 
an  lilepti  manner. 

4.  To  punish  ;  as,  to  armg-e  a  crime.        Dryden. 
h.  In  the  jKLisirr  fiyrtu,i\\\9  verb  siffnifies  to  have 

or  receive  just  satisfaction,  by  the  punishment  of  tiie 
offender. 

Sb-iU  iiot  mj  loul  be  avtngtd  on  siich  «  Dotiun  u  thnf-^Jer.  t. 

A-VEXGE'AN'CE,  n.    PunishmenL    [JVW  used.    See 

VRSOKArtCE.] 

A-VEXC'JCD,  pp.  Satisfied  by  the  punishment  of  the 
ofl^*-nder  ;  vindicated  ;  puui^Ju-d. 

A-VENOE'MEXT,  n.  Veneeance  ;  punishment  5  the 
act  of  taking  satisfaction  fur  nn  injury  by  intlicting 
pain  or  evil  on  the  utfi^nder  ;  satisfaction  taken  ;  ra- 
ve njre. 

A-VK.\(!>'ER,  s.  One  who  avenges  or  vindicates;  a 
vindicator;  a  revenger. 

A-VEN*5'ER  ESS,  «.    \  f'mnle  avenger.      Spenser. 

A-VEXG'IXG,  ppr.  Executinp  vriiKcance  ;  taking  sat- 
isfaction for  an  injury  by  the  punishment  of  the  of- 
fender ;  vindicating. 

AV'EXS,  ».     The  herb  bf-nnct,  (Gntm  urhanitm.) 

AV'EXT-AILE,  s.  The  movable  pari  of  a  helmet  in 
fn>nt.  HalliwelL 

AV'EX-TT.XE,  a.  Pertainine  to  Mons  jlveHtiniLs,  one 
of  the  seven  bills  on  which  Rome  stooil.      BryanL 

A-VEN'Tl^RE,  ft.  [Fr.  aventare^  from  L.  vcnio,  to 
come.) 

A  mischince  causing  a  p(Tson*fl  death  without  fel- 
ony ;  as  by  drowning,  or  falling  from  a  house.  [See 
AoTESTrBE.]  Cowrl. 

A-VENT'i;-KlNE,  \n.     [Fr.   aventurmf.]     A  variety 

A-VAXT'Q-RIXE,  \  of^irauslucent  quartz,  spanglecl 
thmuchotii  with  scales  of  yellow  mica. 

AV'E-.\OE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  rcniV,  to  come  or  go;  L. 
reaio.l 

L  A  passage  ;  a  way  or  opening  for  entrance  into 
a  place  ;  any  opening  "or  jiassage  by  whicli  a  thing  is 
or  may  be  introduced. 

3.  An  alley  or  walk  in  a  park  or  garden,  planted 
aa  each  side  with  trees,  and  leadiii:;  to  a  house,  gate, 
wood,  &.C.,  and  genemlly  terminated  by  some  dis- 
tant objecL  The  trees  may  be  in  rows  on  the  sides, 
or,  according  to  the  more  inod<>rn  practice,  in  clumps 
at  aome  distance  from  cacti  other.  Encyc 

3.  A  wide  street,  as  in  Washin^on,  Columbia. 

A-VER',  F.  L  [Fr.  acerer ;  It.  awrrarr,  to  aver,  or 
verify  ;  Arm.  guirya,  from  the  roi>t  of  verus^  true  ; 
\t,  fruT  or  JSr;  \V.  eiein  Corn,  uir;  Ger.  loahr  i  D. 
VMtor.    See  Verift.J 

1.  To  aflirm  w;th  confidence  ;  to  declare  in  a  pos- 
itive or  perem(itory  manner,  as  in  confidence  of  as- 
serting the  truth.  Prior. 

2.  In  /ow,  to  offer  to  verify.     [See  Atebmetct.] 
AV'ER-AOE,  n.     [X'orm.  aver,  aoersy  cattle,  money, 

goods,  Sp.  armo,  from  aver  or  habrr^  Fr.  avoir,  to 
karr  or  possess,  tn  ancient  laic,  a  duty  or  service 
which  a  tenant  was  bound  to  render  to  his  lord,  by 
his  beasts  and  carriages  or  instruments  of  husbandry. 
Spelman.  Hut  arrra'Tium  signifies  also  the  loss  of 
g«»ods  in  transportation ;  Sp.  aceria,  damage  sus- 
tained by  goods  or  sliip.^  ;  Port,  avaria,  an  allowance 
out  of  rreiphl  to  the*  m.ister  of  a  ship,  for  damage  sus- 
tained ;  contribution  by  insurers,  to  make  gnod  a 
loss  ;  It.  avaria ;  Uan.  karcrte,  damage  of  a  ship  or 
waste  of  Ef»ods,  extraordinary  charges  during  a 
voyage.  If  araria  signifies  dainagi;,  and  is  from 
accr  or  hater,  Spanbh,  to  have,  the  sense  of  the  word 
is  probably  that  which  happens  or  falls,  a  misfortune, 
for  the  Verb  have  and  happm  are  radically  the  same 
word  ;  Spanish,  Kaber,  to  have,  and  to  happen  or  he- 
fall  ;  also,  fortune,  property.  'J'his  would  give  the 
sense  of  damace,  or  of  proportion,  lot,  shore,  that 
which  falls  to  each  of  a  number.  But  the  primary 
sense  is  not  verj'  obvious.] 

1.  In  commerce,  a  contribution  to  a  general  loss. 
When,  for  the  safety  of  a  ship  in  distress,  any  destnic- 
tion  of  property  is  incurred,  eitlier  by  cutting  away 
the  masU,  throwing  goods  overboard,  or  otlier  means, 
all  persons  who  have  goods  on  board,  or  property  in 
the  ship,  contribute  to  the  loss  according  to  their 
average,  that  is,  the  goods  of  each  on  board.  This 
principle,  intruduced  into  the  commerce  of.Europe 
from  the  RtKMlian  laws,  and  recognized  by  the  regu- 
lations of  Wisby,  is  now  an  established  rule  in  the 
maritime  laws  of  Europe;  for  it  is  most  reasonable 


AVE 

that,  when  one  man's  property  is  sacrificed  to  save  a 
ship,  all  iN.'rsoii4  whose  property  is  saved,  or  in  tike 
hazard,  should  bear  their  proportion  of  the  loss. 

Parli.     lieiiice-if.     Spelman, 

S.  From  the  practice  of  contributing  to  bear  losses 
in  proportion  to  each  man's  projwrty,  this  word  has 
obtained  the  present  popular  sense,  which  is,  that  of 
a  moan  proportion,  medial  sum  or  qunntilv,  made  out 
of  unequal  sums  or  quantities.  Thus,  il  A  loses  5 
dollar>!,  H  I),  and  C  16,  the  sum  is  30,  and  tlic  ov- 
enige  10. 

3.  A  small  duty,  payable,  by  tlie  shippers  of  goods, 
to  the  ma^iter  of  the  ship,  over  and  above  the  freight, 
for  his  care  of  the  goods.  Hence  the  expressioti  in 
bills  of  lading,  "paying  so  much  freight,  with  pri- 
mage nnd  average  accustomed."        CuweU     Kncye. 

*(.  In  /■."njr/u/io,  the  breaking  up  of  cornfields,  eddish, 
or  roughings.  Jlsh. 

5.  Jirerairrs,  in  the  English  corn  trade,  denotes 
the  average  amount  of  prices  of  the  several  kinds  of 
gniin  in  the  principal  corn  markets. 

Upon  or  on  an  avcraae,  is  taking  the  mean  of  un- 
equal numbers  or  quantities. 
AVER-ACE,  a.     Medial;  containing  a  mean  propor- 
tion.    Price.  Beddoes.  Kirman.   EUwards^s  West  Indies. 
AVER-AGE,  V.  t.     To  find  the  mean  of  unequal  sums 
or  quantities;   to   reduce   to   a  medium;   to  divide 
among  a  number,  according  to  a  given  proportion ; 
as,  to  average  a  loss. 
AVER-AGE,  V.  i.    To  form  a  mean  or  medial  sum  or 
quantity  ;  as,  the  losses  of  the  owners  will  acnage 
S5  dollars  each.  C/u  Obs.  z.  523,  xi.  302. 

These  tpan  aoeragt  ten  feet  in  length.  Belknap, 

AVER-AG-KD,  pp.  Reduced  or  formed  into  a  mean 
proportion,  or  into  shares  proportioned  to  each  man's 
property.  Jefferson. 

.\V'ER-A(5-rNG,  ppr.  Fonning  a  mean  proportion 
out  of  unefiuul  sums  or  quantities,  or  reducing  to  just 
shares  according  to  each  man's  projierty. 

A-VER'MEXT,  n.  [See  Avkr.J  Aliirnialion  ;  posi- 
tive assertion  ;  the  act  of  averring. 

2.  Verification  ;  establishmeift  by  evidence. 

Bacon. 

3.  In  pleatUng,  an  offer  of  either  party  to  justify  or 
prove  what  he  alleges.  In  any  stage  of  pleadings, 
when  either  party  advances  new  matter,  he  arfr*  it 
to  be  true,  by  using  this  form  of  words,  "  and  this  he 
is  ready  to  verify."    This  is  called  an  aeermenL 

Blackntone. 

A-VER'NAT,  n.     A  sort  of  grape.  Juhrisan. 

A-VER'NI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Avernus,  a  lake  of 
Campania,  in  Italy,  famous  for  its  poisonous  qualities, 
which  ancient  writers  represent  as  sii  malignaiil  as 
to  kill  fowls  flying  over.  Hence,  as  authors  I'll  us, 
its  namf\  a-jcf's,  without  birds.  }Or<riL  Mela.  Strabo. 

AVER  PEN-NY,  n.  Money  paid  toward  the  king's 
carriages  by  land,  instead  of  service  by  the  beasts  in 
kind  ;  or  money  paid  in  lieu  of  the  service  of 
average.  Burn.  .Spehnau. 

A-VER'R^H,  (a-verd',)  pp.  Affirmed;  laid  with  an 
avi-rni'-nt. 

A-VER'RWG,  pjtr.  Affirming;  declaring  praitively; 
ofliTinc  to  justify  or  verify. 

A-VER'KO-IST,  n.  One  of  a  sect  of  peripatetic  phi- 
losophers, who  appeared  in  Italy  before  the  restora- 
tion of  learning;  so  denominated  from  Averroes,  a 
celebrated  Arabian  author.  They  held  the  soul  to  be 
mortal,  though  they  pretended  to  submit  to  the 
Christian  theology.  Kiicyc. 

AV-ER-RUX'€aTE,  V.  t,  [L.  aveminco,  of  ad  and 
erunco,  from  runeo,  to  weed,  or  rake  away.] 

1.  To  root  up ;  to  scrape  or  tear  away  by  the  roots. 

iladibras. 

2.  To  pnine. 

AV-ER-RLX-eA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  tearing  up  or 
raking  away  the  roots. 

2.  The  act  of  pruning,  or  cutting  off  superfluous 
branches.  Ci/c. 

AV-ER-RUN-CX'TOR,  w.  In  arboricvlhtre,  nn  instru- 
ment for  pruning  trees,  consisting  of  two  blades  fixed 
on  the  end  of  a  rod;  so  constructed  as  to  operate  like 
a  pair  of  shears.  Brande. 

AV-ER-SA'TION,  n,     [L.  avfn-aor.     See  Avert.] 

A  turning  from  with  disgust  or  dislike ;  aviTsion  ; 
hatred  ;  disinclination.  South. 

It  is  nearly  superseded  by  AvERsioy. 

A-VERSE',  (avers',)  a.  [See  Atert.]  The  litend 
sense  of  this  word  is,  turned  from,  in  manifestation 
of  dislike.     Hence  the  real  sense  is, 

1.  Disliking;  unwilling;  having  a  repugnance  of 
mind. 

Avtrte  alike  to  flalier  or  ofl''?n(l.  Pop*. 

2.  Unfavorable;  indisposed;  malign. 

And  Palliu,  now  averse,  retiwed  her  aid.  Dryden. 

This  word  and  its  derivatives  ought  tol>e  followed 
bv  to,  and  never  by  from.  This  word  includes  the 
idea  of /r«m  ;  but  the  literal  meaninc  being  lost,  tlie 
affection  of  the  mind  signified  by  the  word,  is  ex- 
erted toicard  the  object  of  dislike,  and,  like  its  kindred 
terms,  haired,  dinUke,  contrary,  repusrnant,  &.C..,  should 
be  followed  by  to.  Indeed,  it  is  absurd  to  speak  of 
an   affecliou  of  the  mind  exerted  from   an    objecL 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — M£TE,  PREY.  — PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. — 


83 


AVO 

Averse,  expresses  a  leps  degree  of  opposition  in  the 
Diind  than  detesting  and  cUfkorring. 

Milton  twice  uses  arerae  in  its  literal  sense  of 
turned  avcai/,  witli/ro/n;  but  it  is  not  according  to  the 
English  idiom. 

3.  Turned  backward  ;  in  a  direction  contrary  to 
progression  ;  as,  tracks  aoerse.  Vryden. 

A-VERSE'LV,  (a-vers'ly,)  ado.  With  repugnance  ; 
unwillingly. 

3.  Backward  ;  behind  ;  as,  an  arm  stretched 
avfrseiy.  Davenant.     Browiu 

A-VERSE'NESS,  (a-vers'ness,)  n.  Opposition  of 
mind  ;  dislike  j  unwillingness  ;  backwardness. 

JferberL 
A-VER'SION',n.     [Fr.  aBcrsion,from  L.  averto.] 

1.  Opposition  or  repugnance  of  niitid  ;  dislike  ;  dis- 
inclination ;  reluctance;  hatred.  Usually  this  word 
expresses  moderate  hatred,  or  opposition  of  mind, 
not  amounting  lo  abhorrcKce  or  dcte^Uition.  It  ought 
generally  to  be  fullowed  by  to  before  the  object. 
[See  Atebsk.]    Sometimes  it  admits  of  ft/r. 

A  fr"!? holder  u  tin.il  wllb  an  avertton  to  sutijcctioii.     Additon. 

2.  Opposition  or  contrariety  of  nature :  applied  to 
inaRimate  subsianees, 

Magii'^sa,  notwilh«lan(!iii«  ihli  aoertian  U>  aoliitioo,  forms  &  kind 
of  poMe  wiUi  wau-r.  t\a.raoy,  TrattM. 

3.  The  cause  of  dislike. 

Pidn  lh«ir  aotraton,  plfnaitrc  their  denre.  Popt. 

A- VERT',  V.  U  [L.  averto,  a,  from,  and  verto,  to  turn, 
anciently  vorto ;  hence  rertexj  vurtcz ;  probably  al- 
lied to  I*  vario;  Eng.  tj«r;  Sp.  birar ;  Eth.  I  lAl 
bari     Class  Br.] 

1.  To  turn  from  ;  to  turn  off  or  away  j  as,  to  acert 
the  eyes  from  an  objecL  Shak. 

2.  To  keep  off,  divert,  or  prevent ;  as,  to  avert  an 
approaching  calamitj*.  Hooker. 

3.  To  cause  to  dislike.  Ilbokrr.  But  this  sense 
deems  to  be  improper,  except  when  heart,  or  some 
equivalent  word,  is  used  ;  as,  to  aijcrt  the  heart  or 
affections,  which  may  signify  to  alienate  the  affec- 
tions. Thomson, 

AVERT',  r.  L    To  turn  away.  ThoitMon. 

A-VEUT'ED,  pp.    Turned  from  or  away. 

A- VERT'ER,  «.    One  that  turns  away  or  averts ;  that 

whirh  turns  away  or  averts. 
A-VERT'IN'G,  ppr.    Turning  fromi  turning  away; 

preventing. 
i'VI-A-RY,  n.    [L.  avlarium,  from  avis,  a  bird.] 
A  bouse  or  inclusure  for  keeping  birds  confined. 

Wotlon, 
A-VIDT-OUS,  a.     [X^  acirfu.?.]    Eager  ;  greedy.  Bale. 
A-Vri)'l-OUS-LV,  ado.     [See   Atidity.]      Eagerly  ; 

with  greediness.  Bale. 

A-VI1)'I-TY,  ».     [L.   aviditaSf  from   avidus^  and  this 

from  COM,  to  desire,  to  have  appetite;  Heb.  and  Cli. 

niK  to  desire,  or  covet.] 

1.  tirtjediness ;  strong  appetite :  applied  to  the 
tenses. 

2.  Eagerness;  intenscness  of  desire:  applied  to 
the  mind, 

AV-I-G.^'TO,   in.      The   Persia   grati!»s[ma    [fjjunts 

AV-0-€a'D0,  I  Persra,  Mnn.l  or  alligator  pear,  a 
native  of  the  West  Indies.  The  tiee  has  a  straight 
stem,  long,  oval,  pointed  Iimves,  and  (lowers,  each 
withasix-clfflcorollifcrm  calyx,  produced  in  clu.--ter3, 
on  the  extremities  of  the  branches.  The  fruit,  when 
fully  ripe,  is  cnnj^idered  a  delicacy. 

A-VK;.N'0.V  KER-RV,  (a-veen'yong-,)n.  The  fruit  of 
the  Rhamnus  Infectnrius,  and  of  other  Kp<*cies  of  the 
same  genus  ;  so  called  from  the  city  of  Avignon,  in 
France.  The  berry  is  less  than  a  pea,  of  a  yellow- 
iflh-green  color,  and  bitUT,  a.stringent  taste  ;  used  by 
dvcri*  and  {lainters  for  coloring  yellowT'         Encf/c. 

A-VILE',  c.  (.    [Fr.aBilir.     See  Vilb.] 

'J'o  dejireciate.    [JVW  in  iwc]  B.  Janson. 

A-VTStE',  ( 71.     (Fr.  ocw.] 

AVI'HO,  (      Advice;  intelligence.     [Xnt  in  me.] 

A-VfsSR',  r.  i'.     To  con«id"r.    [,Yot  in  iwe.]     Upen^fcr. 

A-VISE'>IENT, «.  Advisement.  [See  Advick  and 
Advi*e.1 

AF^O-CaT,  fav'o-ca,)  n.  [Fr.]  An  advocate:  a 
term  applied  to  the  Jiigher  class  of  French  lawyers, 
corresp<itiding  to  the  English  counselor  at  law^  and 
lhi5  Scntrh  ojlcaatte- 

AV'OeXTE,  r.  u    [U  avoeo^  from  a  and  roco,  to  call. 
See  Voicp.  and  Vocal.] 
To  rail  off  or  away.     [Xot  u.ied.]  Barrow. 

AV-0-€A'TION,  n.     [See  Vocati<;«,  Voice,  Vocal.] 

1,  ThK  act  of  calling  anide,or  diverting  from  some 
em[doyment ;  as,  an  avocation  from  sin  ur  from  bu^i- 
nesa. 

2.  The  business  which  calls  aside.  The  word  is 
generally  used  for  the  smaller  affairs  of  life,  or  oeca- 
Kional  calls  which  summon  a  person  to  leave  his  or- 
dinary or  principal  business.  The  use  of  this  word 
for  voeation  is  very  improper. 

A-Vf^'CA-TlVE,  a.     Calling  off.     [Xot  lued.] 
A-VO'CA-TIVE,  n.      That  whicn  calls  aside;    do- 

hortation  ;  diisuasion.  Todd. 

AV'O-CET,  «.     Sec  Atoiet. 
A-VOID',  V.  u    [Fr,  vuider^  or  vider;  vuide,  or  Bute, 

void,  empty  i    £Uig.  wide,    void^  vridow ;    L.  vidua. 


AVO 

See  Void.     Ft  coincides  also  with  L.  wito,  evtto  ;  Fr. 
eviter.     See  Class  Bd.] 

1.  To  shun  ;  to  keep  at  a  distance  fi*om  ;  that  is, 
literally,  to  go  or  be  jcule  from ;  as,  to  avoid  Uie  com- 
pany of  gamesters. 

2.  To  endeavor  to  shun:  toshiAoff;  as,  to  avoid 
expense. 

3.  To  quit ;  to  evacuate  ;  to  shun  by  leaving ;  as, 
to  avoid  the  house.  Shak. 

4.  To  escape  ;  as,  to  avoid  a  blow. 

5.  To  emit  or  throw  out ;  as,  to  avoid  excretions. 
For  this,  VorD  is  now  generally  u.-'ed. 

6.  To  make  void  ;  to  annul  or  vacate. 

The  grant  can  nut  be  avoitUd  without  inJustJc<?  to  tJie  gmnl»^. 

7.  In  plcadtngy  to  set  up  some  new  matter  or  dis- 
tinction, which  dhall  nrmV/jthat  is,  defeat  or  evade  the 
allegation  of  the  other  party.  Thus,  in  a  replication, 
the  plaintiff  may  deny  the  defendant's  plea,  or  con- 
fess it,  and  avoidW  by  stating  new  matter.  Blackstoite. 

A-VOID',  V,  i.     To  retire  ;  to  withdraw. 

Darii)  anolixd  out  of  his  pR'aenc?.  —  1  S;un.  jtviii.     [Improper.] 

2.  To  become  void,  vacant,  or  empty,  as  a  benefice. 

Aiiliffe. 
A-VOID'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  avoided,  kft  at  a 
distance,  shunned,  or  escaped. 
2.  That  may  be  vacated  ;  liable  to  be  annulled. 
A-VOID'ANCE,  n.    The  act  of  avoiding  or  shunning. 

2.  The  act  of  becoming  vacant,  or  the  slate  of 
being  vacant.  It  is  appropriately  used  for  the  state 
of  a  benefice  becominu  void,  by  the  death,  depriva- 
tion, or  resignation  of  the  incilnibenL  CoweL 

3.  The  act  of  annulling. 

4.  The  course  by  which  any  tiling  is  carried  off. 

Bacon. 

A-VO!D'ED,  pp.  Shunned;  evaded;  made  void; 
ejected, 

A-VOID'ER,  n.    One  who  avoids,  shuns,  or  escapes. 
2.  The  person  who  carries  any  thing  away  ;   the 
vessel  in  which  things  are  carried  away.    Johnson. 

A-VOID'ING,  ppr.  Shunning;  escaping;  keeping  at 
a  distance;  ejecting;  evacuating;  making  void  or 
vacanL 

A-VOID'LESS,  a.  That  can  not  be  avoided  ;  inevita- 
ble. Drydeit, 

AV-OIR-DU-POIS',  fav-er-du-poiz' )  [Fr.  avoir  da 
poids,,  to  have  weight.     See  Pois.j 

A  weight,  of  which  a  pound  contains  16  ounces. 
Its  proportion  to  a  pound  troy  is  as  17  to  1-1.  This  is 
the  weight  for  the  liirger  and  coarser  commodities,  as 
hay,  iron,  cheese,  groceries,  ice.  Chambers. 

AV'O-LaTE,  tj.  i.  To  fly  away;  to  escai»e;  to  ex- 
hale. Boyle. 

AV-O-La'TION,  71.  [I,,  avch^  to  fly  aWay,  of  a  and 
volo.     See  Volatile.] 

The  act  of  flying  away  ;  flight ;  escape.  [Little 
used.'] 

AV'O-SET,         \  n.    The  popular  name  of  different 

AV-O-SET'TA,  (  species  of  aquatic  birds,  of  the 
genus  Recurvirostra,  arranged  by  Linnn-us  in  the 
order  Gralla-,  but  by  Pennant  and  Latham  among 
the  Palmipedes.  The  bill  of  these  binls  is  long,  slen- 
der, flexible,  and  bent  upward  toward  the  tip.  They 
have  very  long  legs,  and  pnhnated  feel,  which  last 
are  considered  as  adapted  for  wading  on  soil  mud, 
rather  than   fur  swimming. 

A-VOUCH',  V.  t,  [Norm.  p»arAer,  to  call,  to  vouch; 
1*.  voeo,  adcuco.     See  Voice.] 

1.  To  aflinu;  to  declare  or  assert  with  positive- 
nei49.  Hooker. 

2.  To  produce  or  call  in ;  to  affirm  in  favor  of, 
maintain,  or  support. 

Bucli  axitiquitica  could  bitve  been  anoiiditd  for  the  Iri«h. 

SjKnttr. 

3.  To  maintain,  vindicate,  or  justify.  Shak. 
A- VOUCH',  «.    Evidence ;    testimony  ;    declaration. 

[IJttle  usfd.]  Shak. 

A-VOUCH'A-BLE,  o.  That  may  be  avouched. 
ILittle  used.] 

A-VoLrClI'i;D,(a-voucht',)pp.  Affirmed  ;  maintained ; 
called  in  to  support 

A-VOircH'ER,  H.     One  who  avouches. 

A-VOUCH'lN0^p/7r.  Affirming;  calling  in  to  main- 
tain ;  vindiratnig. 

A-VOUCH'MENT,  n.  Declaration ;  tho  act  of 
avouching.  Shak. 

A-yOU-E',(A-v'6ii-Si'j)  n.  A  French  term,  originally 
denoting  n  protector  of  a  church  or  religious  coiiium- 
ntty,  corresponding  to  the  English  advowee;  at  pres- 
ent, applied  to  the  lower  class  of  French  lawyers, 
corresponding  to  the  English  attorney  at  lam. 

A-VOVV ',  V.  L  [Fr.  avuuer ;  Arm,  acoei ;  Norm. 
avower ;  L.  voveo.] 

1.  To  declare  openly,  with  a  view  to  justify, 
maintain,  or  defend  ;  or  simply  to  own,  acknowl- 
edge, or  confess  frankly  ;  as,  a  man  avowj  his  princi- 
ples or  his  rrimes. 

2.  In  iaio,  to  acknowledge  and  justify,  in  one's 
own  right,  as  when  tho  distrainiT  of  goods  defends 
in  an  action  of  replevin,  and  avotc.'i  the  taking  in  his 
own  right,  but  Insists  that  such  taking  was  legal. 

Blaekston  «. 
A-VOW',  n*    A  vow  or  determination.    [JVo(  used.] 


AWA 

A-VOW'A-Bi,E,  a.  That  may  be  avowed,  or  openly 
arknowleilged  with  confidence.  Donne. 

A-VOW AL,  n.  An  open  declaration  ;  fVank  acknowl- 
edgment. Hume. 

A-VOW'ANT,  n.  Ilie  defendant  in  replevin,  who 
arown  tho  distress  of  the  goods,  and  justifies  the 
taking.  CoweL 

A-VOW'£D,  (a-vowd')  pp.  Openly  declared ;  owned ; 
frankly  acknowledged. 

A-VOW'ED-LY,  adv.  In  an  open  manner;  with 
frank  acknowledgment. 

A-VOW-EE',  n.  Sometimes  used  for  advowre,  the  per- 
son who  has  a  right  to  present  to  a  benefice;  the 
patron.    [See  Advowson.]  CotpcI, 

A-VOW'ER,  n.    One  who  avows,  owns,  or  asserts. 

A-VOW'IXG,  ppr.  Openly  declaring;  frankly  ac- 
knowledging; justifying. 

A-VOW'RY,  n.  In  taw,  the  act  of  the  distrainer  of 
goods,  who,  in  an  action  of  replevin,  avows  and  jus- 
tifies the  taking  in  his  own  right.  Blackntoue. 

When  an  Jiclion  of  replevin  is  brought,  the  diflrain- 
er  eitlier  makes  avowry^  thai  is,  avoirs  Uiking  the 
distress  in  his  own  right,  or  the  right  of  his  wife, 
and  states  the  reason  of  it,  or  makes  co^iizance, 
that  is,  acknowledges  the  taking,  but  justihes  it  in 
another's  rii;ht,  as  his  bailitV  or  servant. 

A-VOW'TRV.     See  Advowtrt. 

.\-VOV'ER,  n.  [L.  atlvocatus ;  old  Fr.  advoes.]  A  name 
formerly  assumed  by  the  chief  magislrales  of  im- 
perial towns,  and  of  the  Swiss  cities.     [Di^-^tscd.] 

A-VULS'£D,  (a-vulst',)a.  [See  Atulsio.-*.!  Plucked 
or  pulled  off.  Slienstonr. 

A-VUL'SION,  71.  [L.  avuifio,  from  avrllo,  a  and  cello, 
to  pull,  coinciding  with  Hub.  and  Ar.  nSu  falaJt,  to 
separate  ;  Eng.  pull.] 

A  pulling  or  tearing  from  or  asunder;  a  rending 
or  forcible  separation. 

A-VVAIT',  V.  t.     [a  and  wait.    See  Wait.     Fr.  getter, 
to  watch  ;  guet^  a  wali;h ;  It.   guat^rc,  to   look   or 
watch.] 
Literally,  to  remain,  hold,  or  stay. 

1.  To  wait  for  ;  to  Itxik  for,  or  expect. 
Betwixt  tlif  rocky  pill;ir«  nabriel  Bat, 

Chief  of  Uie  ang'-Iic  quants,  aioaidiig  nig'hL  MVton. 

2.  To  be  in  store  for ;  to  attend  ;  to  be  ready  for  ; 
as,  a  glorious  reward  awaits  the  good. 

A-WAIT',  n.    Ambush ;  a  state  of  waiting  for. 

Spenser. 

A-WAIT'ING,  ppr.  Waiting  for;  looking  for;  ex- 
pecting ;  being  ready  or  in  store  for. 

A-WaKE',v.L  ;  pret.  Awoke,  Awaked  ;  pp.  Awaked. 
[Sax.  gcwtscan,  waciatiy  or  weccan ;  D.  wekken  ;    Ger. 

wecJcert ;  Sw.  vaclca ;  Dan.  vcekke.    The  L.  vigUo  seems 
to  be  formed  on  this  root.     See  Wake,] 

1.  To  rouse  from  sleep. 

I  go  that  I  may  aionke  him  out  ol  alcep.  — -  John  xl. 

2.  To  excite  from  a  state  resembling  sleep,  as  from 
death,  stupidity,  or  inaction  ;  to  put  into  action,  or 
new  life  ;  as,  to  awaiie  the  (lead ;  to  awakt  the  dor- 
mant faculties. 

A- WAKE',  r.  l  To  cease  to  sleep;  to  come  from  a 
state  of  natural  sleep. 

Jucub  ateaktd  out  of  ilo^p.  —  Gen.  xxviil. 

9.  To  bestir,  revive,  or  rouse  from  a  state  of  inac- 
tion ;  to  be  invigoratL-d  with  new  life  ;  as,  the  mind 
awaken  from  its  stupidity. 

Aaake,  0  swonl,  agiiinsC  my  ■hophcnl.  —  Zich.  xiU. 
3^  To  rouse  from  spiritual  sleep. 
Awakt,  thou  that  slocpoat,  and  ariao  tjom  the  dead,  and  Chriit 

■Itriil  gi»e  th«'e  ligliL  —  Eph.  t. 
Aieake  to  righteuuitficu.  —  1  Cur,  xv. 

4.  To  rise  from  the  dead.    Job  xiv. 

A-WAKE',  a.  Not  sleeping;  in  a  state  of  vigilance 
or  action. 

A-WaK'/.W,  (a-wa'kn,)  v.  t.  This  is  the  word  awake^ 
with  its  Saxon  infinitive.  It  is  transitive  or  intransi- 
tive, but  more  fn^quently  transitive,  as  awake  is 
more  frequently  intransitive.  Its  significations  are 
the  same  us  those  of  awake. 

A-\VAK'/:N-ii;D,  (a-wak'ud,)pp.  Boused  from  sleep, 
in  a  natural  nr  monil  sense. 

A-WAK'i;i\-£:R,  H.     He  or  that  which  awakens. 

A-VV'AK'/^.V-IJN'G,  ppr.  Rousing  from  sleep  ;  exciting; 
awaking. 

A-WaK'KN*-ING,  n.  A  revival  of  religion,  or  more 
general  aiti-niion  to  religion  than  usual. 

A-\VaK'KN-ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  awaken. 

A-WARD',  V.  t.  [Scot,  warde,  determination  ;  Norm. 
garda,  award,  judgment;  agardeti,  awarded.  See 
GtrARD  and  Regard.] 

To  adjudge;  to  give  by  sentence  or  judicial  deter- 
minariori ;  to  assign  by  sentence.  This  word  is  ap- 
propriately used  to  express  tJie  act  of  arbitrators  in 
pronouncing  iiptm  tho  rights  of  parties;  as,  the  ar- 
bitntors  awarded  damages  to  A,  B. 

A-WARI)',  V.  i.    To  judge;  to  determine  ;  to  make  an 

A-WAUD',  n.  [award. 

1.  A  judgment,  sentence,  or  final  decision  ;  as, 
the  award  of  Providence,  the  award  of  |K)sterity. 

2.  Moro  particularlijythti  decision  of  arbitrators  in  a 
case  submitted. 

3.  'i'he  paper  containing  the  decision  of  arbitrators. 


TONE,  BI;LL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — €  as  Kj  6  as  J;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SUj  TH  as  in  TIU8. 


15" 


^ 


AWK 

A-WAKU'KD,  pp.      AdjiidgeJ,  or  givi-n   by  judicial 

sen'u'nce,  ur  by  Uie  drcision  of  arbitntors. 
A-\VARD'ER,  Ji.     One  ihat  awartU}  or  assigns  by 

senVence  ur  judicial  determination ;  a  judge.  7%omtmi, 
A-WARD'ING,  jwr.    Adjudging;  assigning  by  judi- 

cial'Wiitcuc^;  detenuinin^. 
A-\VARE',  0.    [Sax.  fcwanoii,  to  take  care,  provide, 

avoid ;   to  preserre  or  defend ;  also,  covered,  pro- 

tecbi-d  :  rortoji,  to  beware  i  war,  aware.    See  Warx 

and  Wart.] 
Watchful  i  vigilant ;  fruorded  ;  but  more  stnclly.  In 

modem  usage,  apprised ;  expecting  an  event  from 

inforatation,  or    probability  ;   as,  the  general  was 

ttipare  of  the  enemy's  desi^s. 
A-WARN',  r.  L    To  warn ;  which  aee.         S^msar. 
A-^VXY',  oJr.    [Sax.  avef,  absent,  m  and  iMg,  wuy  ; 

also  o»w€g,  away,  and  awiguA,  to  avert.    See  Wat.] 
1.  Absent  i  at  a  distance  j  as,  the  master  U  a«My 

Jrom  home 

Bavs  tot  MMy,  far  1  cm  wouodnl.  —2  Chroo.  xxxr. 
SL  It  !■  mncli  used  tai  phrases  signifying  moving  or 

going  from  ;  aa,  go  «a«y,  send  «wa^,  run  ciMy,  &C. ; 

•II  atgnUyuig  deputtira,  or  seiMntxMi  to  a  dtstance. 

Soawttanes  wftbout  Um  verb ;  as,  wbttber  may  so 

ftst?  Shak, 

Van  Imtlt  wing^  ud  viD  a«ay.  WalUr. 

3.  As  an  exclamation,  it  is  a  command  or  invita- 
tion to  depcut  J  aicay,  Uiat  is,  be  gone,  or  let  us  go. 

4.  With  verbs,  it  ser^-es  to  modify  their  sense,  and 
form  peculiar  phrases  ;  as, 

Tb  throw  awaif ;  to  cast  firom,  to  give  up,  dissipate, 
or  foolishly  destr^. 

7%  tr^  owsy ;  to  lose  or  expend  in  trifles,  or  in 
idleness. 

7^  drhJt  mnsy,  te  tgusndar  avoy,  &e. ;  to  disdpate 
in  drinking  or  extravagance. 

7>  wmk*  mew  with.  Is  to  kill  or  destwy. 

5.  Awn  witk,  has  a  peculiar  signification  in  the 
phrase,  *M  can  not  may  teitM  it.**  Isa.  i.  The  sense 
b,  "  I  can  not  bear  or  endure  it." 

j^wam  with  one,  signifies,  take  bim  amy. 
A-WAy'WARD.sdr.    .\way.  Omter. 

^WE,  (aw,)  ru  [Dan.  aw,  fear,  awe,  chastisement,  dis- 
cipline ;  orff,  to  chastise  or  correct ;  Or.  aj  aoi,  to  be 
astonished.  Un.  Ir.  agk ;  Sax.  eft  or  0/«,  fear :  Goth, 
o^oit,  or  e^vx,  to  dread.  It  woald  appear  that  the 
primary  sense  of  the  Dan.  is  to  strike,  or  check.] 

1.  Fear  minted  with  admiration  or  reTerenoe  -, 
reveitintial  fear. 

Stud  in  aat  »aA  lia  noL— P*.  k. 

a.  Fear;  dread  inspired  by  wmathing  great,  cr 


^WE.  V.  L    To  strike  with  fear  and  wmmite ;  to  tat- 

f <<'>"'">  >'^-  r-nr,  terror,  or  lespeoCi  ns,  Ikis  m%}ealy 


A  <  Weary:  which  see.  SfeoA. 

A-\\  _..:--  r.:;,  (a-weth'er,)  adv.    [a  and  wMcAer.] 
On  the  weather-side,  or  toward  the  wind  ;  as,  helm 
aweatker!  opposed  to  alef,  .Vor.  DicL 

AWE^-eOM-HA^D'LNG,  a.    Striking  with  or  influ- 
"  encine  by  awe.  Oroy. 

AAV'/:[),  (awd,)  pp.    Struck  with  fear;  Influencea  by 
"  ft-ar  or  reverence. 
A-WEIGH'   fa-way',)  adv.     [a  and  ip#-i>».] 

Atrip.  The  anchor  is  attfigh  when  it  is  Just  drawn 
out  of  the  ground,  and  bangs  [K^rpendicular.    [See 
Atrip.] 
AWE-i^-SPIR'IXG,  a.    Impressing  with  awe. 

JBp.  Ifubart. 
AWE'-STRUCK,  a.  Impressed  or  struck  with  awe. 
AW'F^L,  a.     [awe  and  >Xi.]  [MUloru 

1.  That  strikes  with  awe  ;  that  fills  with  profound 
reverence  ;  as,  the  avfui  majesty  of  Jehovah. 

S.  That  fills  with  terror  and  dread ;  as,  the  ewfui 
approach  of  death. 
3.  Struck  with  awe ;  scrupulous. 

A  weak  ai^mfid  iCTricoce  far  anu^-jtir.  Was*. 

Shakspeare  uses  it  fcff  obedient,  or  under  due  awe 
of  authority'  or  dignity. 

Our  common  peojde  use  this  word  in  the  sense  of 
friEhtfiil,  uglv,  detestable. 
AW'Fi;L,-Et-£D,  C-Ide,)  a.    Having  eyes  that  excite 
'"  awe. 

AW'FS,X-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  fill  with  awe  ;  in 
"  a  reverential  manner. 
AW'FUL-NESS,  a. 

1.  The  quality  of  striking  w*ith  awe,  or  with  rev- 
erence ;  s^emnity  ;  as,  the  OKftdness  of  this  sacred 
place. 

2.  The  state  of  being  struck  with  awe. 

A  belp  u>  prajer,  pnduonc  in  la  iBrerence  u>d  au/ulneM9. 

Tajflor 

AAVHAPE?,  V.  u    [W.  neapiaw,  to  strike  smartly.] 

To  strike  ;  to  confound.     [  Obs.]  SpcTuer. 

[This  is  our  vulgar  tchop.} 
A-W  HILE',  adv.     [a  and  urAiif,  time,  or  interval.] 

A  space  of  time  ;  for  some  time ;  for  a  short  time. 
AWK,  a.     Odd  J  out  of  order.  VEstrangf. 

2.  Clumsy  in  performance,  or  manners  j  unhandy  ; 
not  dextrous.     [Ku/g-ar.l 
^WK'WARD,  a.     [awfc  and  icard.] 


AXl 

1.  Wauling  dexterity  in  the  use  of  the  h;»uN  or  of 
Instruments;  unready  j  not  dextrous  ;  bunizlmr;. 

Drydea. 

2.  Inelegant;  Unpolite ;  ungraceful  in  manners; 
clumsy.  Shak. 

3.  Unfavorable ;  untoward  ;  adverse  ;  unfortunate. 

Shak. 
jyWK'WARD-LY,  oilv.    Clumsily  ;  in  a  rude  or  bun- 

gline  manner  ;  inelegantly  ;  badly. 
^WK'W.\lU>-XEf*S,  n.    Clumsiness  ;  un  grace  fulness 
'  in  manners ;   want  of  dexterity  in  the  use  of  the 

hands  or  instruments  ;  un  suitableness.      Addition. 
jyWL,  n.    [Sax.  <r/,  an  aW,  and  an  eel ;  Ger.  nhle^  an 
awl,  and  aal,  an  eel ;  D.  els,  an  awl ;  aal^  an  eel ; 
Dan.  aalj  an  eel ;  Ir.  aily  a  eting  or  prickle.] 

An  iron  instrument  for  piercing  small  holes  in 
leather,  for  sewing  and   stitching  ;    used   by  fhoe- 
makers,  saddlers,  ii.c.    The  blade  is  either  straight, 
or  a  little  bent  and  Rattened. 
AW'LES3,  0.     [atpe  and  Uss.] 

1.  \Vanting  reverence  ;  void  of  respectful  fbar  ;  as, 
atclAss  insolence.  Drydetu 

2.  Wanting  the  power  of  causing  reverence;  not 
exciting  nwe  ;  as,  an  au>lesa  throne.  Sfiak, 

^WL'-SHAP-ED,  f-8hapt,l  o. 

1.  Having  the  snape  of  an  awl. 

2.  In  botany^  subulate:  slender,  and  tapering  to- 
ward ihe  extremity,  as  a  leaf. 

^WL'WORT,  M.     [air/  and  teorL     .See  Wobt.] 

The  popular  name  of  the  ^ubuloria  aquutica ;  so 
called  from  its  awl-shaped  leaves,  wliicli  grow  in 
clusters  round  the  rooL  It  is  a  native  of  Briuiin  and 
Ireland.  Kncyc. 

Aui?'  !  "•     f^*  *"^'  ^'  '^'"•^ 

A  Dutch  liquid  measure,  containing  eight  steckans, 
or  twenij  verges  or  verteels,  varying  in  diU'ereut 
cities  from  37  to  41  English  wine  gallons. 

ArbuOtiioU 

AWNi  ».     [Sw.  agn ;  Gr.  'a\vay  ax"'*?-] 

The  b^srd  of  com  or  gra^s  ;  a  slender,  sharp  pro- 
cess issuing  {rom  the  chafl*  or  glume  in  C4im  and 
grasses.  Martyn, 

^WN'£D,  (awnd,)  a.    In  botany^  furnished  with  an 

awn,  as  a  glume. 
iVWN'lXG,  a.     [Goth.  hvXyan^  to  cover.] 

I-  A  cover  of  canvas,  to  shelter  from  the  sun's 
rays ;  originally  employed  as  a  shelter  to  a  vessel's 
deck,  or  a  boat,  but  now  used  for  various  other  pur- 
poses; as  in  gardening,  for  protecting  plants,  and  in 
ciUeSjU  a  shade  around  buildings. 

2.  That  part  of  Uie  poop-deck  which  is  continued 
forward  beyond  the  bulk-head  of  the  cabin. 

I  Mar.  Diet. 

^WN'LESS,  a.    Without  awn  or  beard. 
AWN'Y,  a.    Having  awns  ;  full  of  beard. 
X-WOKE'.     The  nreL  of  Awake. 
A-WOltK',  adv,     [Sax.  gewtorcan^  to  work.] 

At  work  i  in,  or  into,  a  :>tale  of  labor  ur  action. 

Shak, 
A-WORK'INO,  adv.    At  work ;  in,  or  into,  a  state  of 

working  or  action.  Habberd^s  Taltu 

A-WRY',  a.  or  adv.  [Dan.  vride,  to  twist ;  vrieof  twist- 
ed ;  8w.  vrida ;  Sax.  wrUhan^  to  turitAc.) 

1.  Turned  or  twisted  toward  one  side ,  not  in  a 
straiglit  or  true  direction,  or  position ;  asquint ;  with 
oblique  vision;  as,  to  glance  a  look  aurry;  tlic  lady's 
cap  is  awnt. 

2.  In  a  jiguratitt  sensej  turned  aside  from  the  line 
of  truth,  or  right  reason ;  perverse  or  perversely. 

Sidney.    JUUton. 
AX,  n.     [improperly  written  Axe.]  [Sax.  tsz,  «ax,  tese  ; 
G.azti  Sw,  yzai  Daiu^xei  lj.asciai  Gi.a^ivrji  It. 


hatzi,  an  ax ;  or  Ar.  V^  Aazio, 


azza;  Eth.  (t\6P 

to  cut;  Ch.  and  Syr.  H:^^n  katzina,  an  ax.] 

An  instmment,  usually  of  iron,  for  hewing  timber 
and  chopping  wood.  It  con.sists  of  a  head  with  an 
arching  'jllge,  and  a  helve  or  handle.  The  ax  is  of 
two  kinds,  the  broad  ax  for  hewing,  and  th<>-  narrow 
ax  for  rough-hewing  and  Cutting.  The  hatchet  is  a 
small  ax.  to  be  used  with  one  hand. 

AX-A-Ya'CATL,  n.  A  Ily,  in  Mexico,  whose  eggs, 
deposited  on  rushes  and  flags,  in  large  quantities,  are 
sold  and  used  as  a  sort  of  caviare,  called  ahuauhtU. 
This  was  a  dish  among  the  Mexicans,  as  it  now  is 
among  the  Spaniards.  Clavigero. 

,\X'-FOR.M,  \  a.     In  botany,  having  a  re- 

AX'-SHAP-TH),  C-shapt,)  J  semblance  to  an  ax  or 
hatchet ;  dolabriform. 

AX'-flEAD,  n.  The  head  or  iron  of  an  ax.  2  Kings  vi. 

AX'-HELVE,  n.     The  handle  of  an  ai- 

AX'I-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  an  axis.  Prout, 

AX-IF'ER-OUS,  a.  A  term  applied  to  plants  which 
consist  exclusively  of  an  axis,  without  leaves  or  other 
appendages.  Brande. 

AX'I-FORM,  a.     [L.  axis  and  forma.] 

In  the  form  of  an  axis.  Encyc* 

AX^L,  in.     [L.  aiiUa  :  Ir.  asgal;  Fr.  atssetle;  D. 

AX-IL'LA,  )  Old,  the  armpit;  Ch.  and  Heb.  VxK  to 
separate  or  set  apart ;  whence  '*'?'*5K  armpits.] 

In  botany,  tlie  angle,  on  the  upper  side,  formed  by 


AXO 

ahninrh  with  the  Btem,  or  by  a  leaf,  or  its  petiole, 
with  the  stem  or  branch.  Milne.     Darwin. 

AX'ILE,  a.  Lying  in  the  axis  of  any  thing,  or  from 
the  base  to  the  opfwslte  end ;  as  an  embrj'o  which 
lies  in  the  axis  of  a  seed.  Brande. 

AX'IL-LAR,      (  a.    Pertaining  to  the  axilla  or  arm- 

AX'IL-LA-RY,  i      pit. 

2.  In  botany,  situated  in,  or  rising  fVom,  the  axilla  ; 
formed  by  a  branch  with  the  stem,  as  a  leaf,  or  by  a 
leaf,  or  its  petiole,  with  the  stem  or  branch,  as  a 

AX'IN-ITE,  n.     [Gr.  ajivi;,  an  ax.]  [rfower. 

A  mineral,  occurring  in  brilliant  glassy  crystals, 
with  thin  and  sharp  edges,  somewhat  resembling  an 
ax.  It  consists  chiefly  of  silica,  alumina,  linie,*nnd 
oxide  of  iron.  It  la  the  thumerstone  of  Kirwan,  and 
has  been  also  called  yanolite  and  violet  scharL   Dana. 

AX-IN'O-MAN-CY,  Tu  [Gr.  afiviy,  on  ox,  and  y.avrt.ia, 
divination.] 

Among  the  ancimL^y  a  species  of  divination,  by 
means  of  an  ax,  <ir  hatchet,  performed  by  laying  nn 
agate-stone  on  a  red-hot  hatchet,  or  by  fixing  a  liiitch- 
et  on  a  round  stake,  so  as  to  be  poised ;  then  ttie 
names  of  those  suspected  were  repeated,  and  lie  at 
whose  name  the  hatchet  moved,  was  pronounced 
gtlilty.  Encifc. 

AX'IOM,  n.  [Gr.  a^iuifta,  authority,  an  authoritative 
sentence,  or  Inat  which  is  assumed,  from  u^iof,  wor- 
thy, flf  loa),  to  think  worthy,  to  esteem,  to  demand  ; 
Eng,  to  ask  [to  ax ,]  that  which  is  asked,  sought,  or 
estt'emed.l 

1.  A  self-evident  truth,  or  a  proposition  whose 
truth  is  so  evident  at  first  sight,  tliat  no  process  of 
reasoning  or  demonstration  can  make  it  plainer ;  as, 
"  the  whole  is  greater  than  a  part."    Johnson.  Eneyc, 

2.  An  established  principle  in  some  art  or  science  ; 
a  principle  received  without  new  proof,         F.ttcyc. 

AX-I-O-MAT'ie,         )  a.  Pertaining  to  an  axiom  ;  hav- 

AX-K>-MAT'ie-AL,  (  ing  the  nature  of  self-evident 
truths  or  received  principles. 

Pref,  to  Bar.on^s  Aphorisms. 

AX-I,0-MAT'ie-AL-LY,  ado.     By  the  use  of  axioms. 

AX'I-0-PI9T-Y,  n.     fGr.  .i?i«f  and  iriarts,  faith.] 
The  quality  which  renders  a  thing  worthy  of  be- 
lief; worthiness  of  credit. 

AX'IS,  n,;  pL  Axes.  [L.  ;  Gr.  a^'ou;  Russ.  osi  Sax, 
iBz;  Fr.  axe,  or  autsica,  essicu}  G.  achsef  D.  as;  It. 
asse ;  Sp.  exe  ;  Port,  ezo,  eixo.'] 

1.  The  straight  line,  real  or  Imaginary,  passing 
through  a  body,  on  which  it  revolves,  or  may  re- 
volve. 

Aiis  of  the  earth;  the  imaginrtry  right  line  passing 
through  the  center  and  poles  of  the  earth,  on  which 
it  performs  its  diurnal  revolution  from  west  to  east. 

2.  In  geometry,  a  straight  line  in  a  plane  figure, 
about  which  it  revolves  to  produce  a  solid. 

3.  In  conic  sections,  a  riglit  line  dividing  the  section 
Into  two  equal  parts,  and  cutting  all  its  ordinatcs  at 
right  angles. 

4.  In  mechanics,  the  axis  of  a  balance,  is  that  line 
about  which  it  moves,  or  rather  turns. 

The  axis  of  oscillation,  is  a  right  line  parallel  to  the 
horizon,  passing  through  the  center,  about  which  a 
pendulum  vibrates. 

The  axis  in  peritrochio,  or  wheel  and  axle,  is  a  me- 
chanical jwwer,  consisting  of  a  wheel  concentric 
with  a  cylindrical  axis,  with  which  it  revolves  ; 
the  power  being  applied  to  the  circumference  of 
the  wheel,  and  the  weight  to  that  of  the  axis. 

5.  In  (^tics,  a  particular  ray  of  light  from  any  ob- 
ject, which  mils  perpendicularly  on  the  eye  j  called, 
also,  the  optic  or  visual  axis. 

6.  In  architecture,  the  spiral  axis,  is  the  axis  of  a 
twisted  column  drawn  spirally  in  order  to  trace  the 
circumvolutions  without. 

7.  In  botany,  the  central  part  or  column  of  a  plant, 
oround  which  the  other  parts  are  disposed,  corre- 
sponding to  the  vertebral  column  in  the  higher  orders 
of  animals  ;  divided  into  the  ascending  axis,  or  stem, 
and  the  descending  axis,  or  root,  which  are  united  by 
the  collet  or  neck.  The  term  is  also  applied,  in  a 
limited  sense,  to  the  central  column  in  some  modes 
of  indorescence,  as  in  the  aincnt,  and  the  spike  of 
grasses. 

8.  In  anatomy,  the  term  axis  is  applied  to  the  second 
vertebra  of  the  neck,  called  also  vertebra  dcntata  ; 
and  to  a  tooth-like  process,  (processus  dentatus,)  on 
its  upper  surface,  which  passes  upward  through  the 
central  foramen  of  the  first  vertebra  or  atlas,  thus 
serving  as  a  pivot  on  which  the  latter  turns,  whence 
the  term. 

The  axis  of  the  Ionic  capital.  Is  a  line  passing  per- 
pendicularly through  the  middle  of  the  eye  of  the 
volute. 

Th/i  axis  of  a  vessel,  is  an  imaginary  right  line  p:u58- 
ing  through  tlie  middle  of  it,  perpendicular  lo  its 
base,  and  equally  distant  from  its  sides. 

AX'l  f'  TRFE    i  "'     i^^^-  ^-"^  *"*^  ^^^     ^^^  Axis.] 
A  piece  of  timber  or  bar  of  iron,  fitted  for  insertion 

in  the  hobs  or  naves  of  wheels,  on  which  the  wheels 

turn. 
AX'O-LOTL,  n.    The  name  of  a  batrachian  reptile, 

of  the  genus  Gyrinus,  found  in  the  Lake  of  Mexico, 

and  other  lakes  in  the  Mexican   Cordilleras.     It  is 


FATE,  FXR,  F^LL,  WH^T.— METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BpQK.— 


~w~ 


about  8  or  9  inches  in  lenctli,  and  has  a  smooth  skin 
of  a  deep  brown  color,  thickly  mottled  with  black. 
It  has  permanent  gills  or  Uranchix,  formed  of  three 
long,  ramified  processes  on  eacli  side  of  the  neck, 
and  also  lungs ;  and  thus,  like  the  Proteus  and  Siren, 
is  one  of  the  true  amphibia.  p.  Cyc. 

AX-OT'O-MOUS,  0.  [Gr.  ufwi-,  axis,  and  TCfivu),  to 
cleave.] 

In  mineralogy^  having  a  cleavage  with  a  single  face, 
perpendicular  to  the  axis,  Shepard. 

AX'SToNE,  n.  A  light  green  or  greenish-gray  min- 
eral, remarkable  for  its  toughness  ;  a  variety  of  jade 
or  nephrite.  It  is  used  by  some  eavages,  particularly 
the  natives  of  the  South  St- a  Isles,  for  making  axes  or 
hatchets.  It  occurs  amorphous,  and  in  rolL-d  frag- 
ments. Dojia. 

AX'UN6E,  ■.     [L.  axunma.]     Hog*s  lard.  Ure. 

A  If,     iQi.'e,)adv.  [G  D.  Dan.  Sw.  ja,  (;»ron.  ya  ;)  Dan. 

J^y^i  S  fj^i  >'  Com.  ia :  Ar.  ya ;  Ft.  oui.  U  may  be  a 
contracted  word.] 

Yes ;  yea ;  a  word  expressing  assent,  or  an  affirma- 
tive answer  to  a  question.  It  is  used  also  to  enforce 
the  sense  of  what  is  asserted,  equivalent  to  even  5o, 
trait/,  certainly. 

[I'his  word  is  always  written  /,  in  the  old  editions 
of  Shakspeare.] 

AYE,  a/lv.  [Sax.  flfl,  a,  or  atea  ;  Gr.  an  ;  Amii.  ai,  con- 
tinually J  D.  ecuiCj  an  age ;  Goth,  aite^  an  age,  eterni- 
ty;  Ix.  avum,  which,  without  its  termination,  is  trr, 
itw,  a  contracted  word  ;  W.  hattg.  This  is  in  Sax. 
tce^  eternal ;  whence  ecnessCy  etwnity,  from  ecan,  to 
increase,  extend  ;  Eng.  to  eke.'] 
Always ;  ever ;  continually  j  for  an  indefinite  time  j 
Fur  aye;  forever,  [used  in  poetry. 

AY'GREExV,  n.     \aye,  ever,  and  frcen.] 
The  house-leek,  (sempervicuni  tectorum.) 

iYLE,  71,     In  law,  a  grandfather.     [See  Bbsatlb.] 
WVii  of  ayle;  a  writ  in  lieu  of^an  assize  of  mart 
d^ancesiory  when  the  ahatcment  happens  on  the  death 
of  the  demandant's  grmidfathcr  or  grandmother. 

Blackstone. 

AT  ME,  inteTJ.  Used,  in  several  instances,  by  Milton, 
inal^d  of  ah  me  I 

Aym»t  uDhaiipx.  Comut. 

A'Y-RY.    See  Aerie, 
AZ'A-ROLE,  n-     [Fr.  azerole.] 

The  Cratai^nis  aiarulus,  or  Neapttlitan  medlar ;  a 
fruil-bearing  sJirub,  allied  to  the  white  thorn. 

AZ'I-MUTH,  n.    [Ar.  tlX^JM  Mamatha^  to  move  or  go 
s  u  ^ 
toward  -J  "^jw  (L.  senuta^)  a  way  or  path  j  with  a 
prefix,] 


Bis  the  second  letter,  and  the  first  articulation,  or 
consonant,  in  the  English,  as  in  the  Hebrew, 
Greek,  Latin,  and  most  other  alphabets.  In  the 
Ethiopic,  it  is  the  ninth  letter,  and  its  mhapc  is  that 
of  a  hut.  Perhaps  from  this  or  other  like  figure,  it 
received  its  Hebrew  name,  beih,  a  house,  it  is  a 
mute  and  a  labial,  being  formed  hy  pressing  the 
whole  length  of  the  lips  together,  as  In  pronoun- 
cing eb.  It  is  less  perfectly  mute  than  p,  as  may  be 
perceived  by  pronouncing  the  syllables  o^and  ap.  It 
is  convertible,  Ist,  with  p,  as  in  the  Celtic  ben  or  pen. 
a  mountain  ;  in  the  English  beak  and  peak,  beck  ana 
peck;  3d,  with  c,  as  u,  the  German  ailber,  for  silver; 
and  in  Spanish,  b  and  v  are  otlen  used  indifTcrently  ; 
3d,  with  /,  as  in  English  bore^  and  Latin  foro  ; 
English  bear,  Latin  fero;  in  the  Celtic  bun,  bunadky 
bunaii,  eutck,  origin,  foundation  ;  English  found ; 
Latin  fundawientum  ;  with  the  Greek  •/>,  as  BUip^ 
for  ♦lAiJTJTos  ;  4th,  with  v  and  »  ;  as,  Irish  for, 
Latin  verus  ;  fear^  vir  ;  IrLsh  buiac,  the  toiek  of  a 
candle. 

The  Modem  Greek  B  is  always  pronounced  like 
the  Eni;1i'4h  V^ and  the  Russian  Hcorrespond^^  with  it. 

In  composition,  the  letter  11  is  changed  into  p  be- 
fore the  letter  p  ;  as  in  opprimo,  from  ob  and  premo ; 
opponoy  from  ob  and  pono;  into/,  before/,  as  in  ojfcro, 
from  ob  And  fero;  into  c  before  e,  as  in  oecido,  from 
ob  and  cado,  and  aeda. 

As  a  numeral,  B  was  used  by  the  Hebrews  and 
Greeks,  as  now  by  the  Arabians,  for  2 ;  by  tlie  Ro- 
mans for  300,  and  with  a  da.'jh  over  tt,  thus,  B,  for 
3000.  B  is  used  also  as  an  abbreviation  ;  thus  B.  A. 
stand  for  bachelor  of  artt ;  B.  L.  for  bachelor  of 
laies ;  B.  D.  for  bachelor  of  dimnity ;  B.  F.,  prefixed 
to  the  decrees  of  the  old  Romans,  for  bonum  fattum. 
in  music,  B  stands  for  the  tone  above  A  ;  B|;,  for 
B   flat,  or  the  semitone   major  above   A.     B.   also 


1.  In  astronomy,  ViT\  arch  of  the  horizon  intercepted 
between  the  meridian  of  the  place  and  the  aiimuUi 
or  vertical  circle  passing  through  the  center  of  any 
object. 

2.  MaffTietical  azimuth ;  an  arch  of  the  horizon,  in- 
tercepted between  the  azimuth  or  vertical  circle, 
passing  through  the  center  of  any  heavenly  body 
and  the  magnetic  meridian.  This  is  found  by  ob- 
serving the  object  witli  an  azimuth  compass. 

3.  Aiinmth  compass;  an  instrument  for  finding 
either  the  magnetic  azimuth  or  amplitude  of  a 
heavenly  object. 

4.  A'.imutJi  dial  ,*  a  dial  whose  stile  or  gnomon  is  at 
right  angles  to  the  plane  of  the  horizon. 

5.  JlziniuVis,  azimuth  circles,  or  vertical  circles,  are 
great  circles  of  tlie  sphere  intersecting  each  other  in 
the  zenith  and  nadir,  and  cutting  the  horizon  at  right 
angles.  On  charts,  these  azimuths  are  represented 
by  rhumbs,  and  on  the  globe,  by  the  quadrant  of 
altitude,  when  screwed  in  tlie  zenith. 

Kncyc.     Chambers.     Johnson.     Bailey. 

AZ'I-MUTH-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  azunuth. 

A-ZO'ie,  a.    [Gr,  a  priv.  and  <,ioii,  life.] 

Dt'ptitute  of  any  vestige  of  organic  life.        Dana. 

A-ZoTE',  n,  [Gr.  a  priv.  and  ^cjrjy  life,  or  c;wr(«of, 
vital.] 

In  cketnistry,  an  element,  existing,  when  uncom- 
bined,  in  the  state  of  a  gas  ;  called  azote,  from  its 
fatal  effects  upon  animal  life,  but  more  generally 
■nitrogetiy  from  its  forming  nitric  acid  by  combination 
with  oxygen.  It  exists,  together  with  oxygen,  in  at- 
mospheric air,  and  forms  about  ticventy-nine  parts  in 
a  hundred  of  it,  by  volume  Combined  with  hy- 
drogen, in  a  certain  proiKirtion,  it  forms  ammonia; 
and  it  enters  into  the  comi>osition  of  most  animal 
substances,  particularly  of  the  muscular  fiber. 

AZ'OTH,  n.  In  alchemy,  the  first  principle  or  mercury 
of  metals;  the  liquor  of  sublimated  quicksilver; 
brass ;  the  universal  remedy  of  Paracelsus. 

Coze.     Quincy. 

A-ZOT'IC,  o.  Pertaining  to  azote ;  formed  or  con- 
sisting of  azote;  as,  aiotie  gas. 

AZ'O-l'ITE,  71.  A  name  given  by  Thompson  to  a 
salt,  supposed  by  Davy  to  be  formed  by  the  combina- 
tion of  nitrous  oxyd  with  a  base,  and  called  by  him 
Tiitroric. 

AZ'O-TIZE,  V.  t.  To  impregnate  with  nitrogen  or 
azote. 

AZ'O-TIZ-ED,  pp.     Impregnated  with  azote. 

AZ'O-TIZ-ING, ypr.    Impregnating  with  azote. 

AZ'l^RE,  (azh'ur  or  a'zhur,)  a,  [Persic,  luzurd,  blue  ; 
Fr.  azur ;  Sp.  azid,  or  azur;  It.  aziurro  i  W.  asar, 
blue.     Hence  lazuli,  in  lapis  lazuli.] 

Of  a  sky-blue  J  resembling  the  clear  blue  color  of 
the  sky. 

AZ'URE,  (azh'ur  (»■  fi'zhur,)  R.    The  fine  blue  color 


B. 


stands  for  base,  and  B.  C,  for  basso  eonlinuOy  or 
thorough  base. 

BAA,  n.    The  cry  or  appropriate  bleating  of  sheep. 

BAA,  V.  i.     To  cry  or  bleat  as  sheep, 

Ba'AL,  n.     [Oriental,  "yya  lord.] 

An  idol  among  the  ancient  Chaldeans  and  Syrians, 
representing  the  sun.  The  word  signifies  also  lord, 
or  commander ;  and  the  character  of  the  idol  was 
varied  by  different  nations,  at  different  times.  Thus 
Baal  Berith  is  supposed  to  signify,  the  Lord  of  the 
Covenant ;  Baiil  Peor,  or  rather  Baal  Phegor,  the 
Lord  of  the  dead.  Ps.  cvi.  Baal  Zebub,  the  god  of 
flies,  &.C. 

BAB'ilLE,  ».  u     [D.  babbetea;  Fr.  babilleri  properly,  to 
throw  out.] 

1.  To  utter  words  imperfectly  or  indistinctly,  as 
children.  Prior. 

%  To  talk  idly  or  irrationally;  to  talk  thought- 
lessly. .^rbuUmot, 

3.  To  talk  much  ;  to  prate;  hence,  to  tell  secrets. 

Shak. 

4.  To  utter  sounds  frequently,  incessantly,  or 
indistinctly;  a-i,  a,  babbling  echo;  a,  babbling  stream. 

BAB'BLE,  V.  U     To  prate;  to  utter. 

BAB'BLE,  71.     Idle  talk  ;  sensciluss  prattle.         Shak. 

BAB'IJLE-MEN'T,  n.     Idle  talk  ;  senst^less  prate  ;  un- 

m^'aning  words.  MUton. 

BAB'BLER,  n.    An  idle  talker;  an  irrational  prattler; 

a  tellt-r  of  secrets. 
BAB'BLING,  ppr.  or  a.     Talking  idly  ;  telling  secrets. 

2.  Uttering  a  succession  of  murmuring  sounds  ; 
as,  a  babbling  stream. 

3.  In  hunting,  babbling  is  when  the  hounds  are 
too  busy  aftur  they  have  found  a  good  scent. 

BAB'BLLNG,  n.     Foolish  talk.     I  Tim.  vi. 
BABE,  R.     [Ger.    bube,  a   boy ;  Ir.    baban ;  D.    babyn ; 
Byr.  babia  ;  Phenician,  babion  ;  Ar.  babah,  a  babe,  an  : 


of  the  sky.  This  word  was  formerly  applied  to  tJie 
lapis  lazuli,  and  the  color  prepared  from  it.  But  it  ia 
now  applied  to  the  blue  extracted  from  cobalt,  though 
somewhat  a  different  color;  the  blue  of  the  lapis 
lazuli  is  called  ultramarine.  The  term  aiure  is  ap- 
plied also  to  the  blue  glass  made  of  the  oxyd  of 
cobalt  and  vitrifiable  substances,  when  reduced  to 
fine  powder.    When  in  masses,  it  is  called  smali. 

Encyc 

2.  The  sky,  or  azure  vault  of  heaven. 

3.  In  heraldry,  a  blue  color  in  coats  of  all  persons 
under  the  degree  of  baron.  Jones. 

The  term  azure,  in  heraldry,  denotes  a  blue  color 
generally,  not  only  in  the  arms  of  all  degrees  of  per- 
sons, but  in  those  of  states,  cities,  and  conununities. 
The  limitation  of  azure  to  the  arms  of  gentlemen,  of 
sapphire  to  those  of  noblemen,  and  of  Jupiter  to  those 
of  sovereign  princes,  or  tlie  mode  of  blazoning  by 
tinctures,  precious  stones,  and  planets,  in  those  ttiree 
degrees  respectively,  is  not  generally  admitted. 

Ed.  Kncyc 

AZ'URE,  (azh'ur  or  S'zhur,)  v.  U    To  color  blue, 

X'/.'\IKKD,  (a/.h'urd  or  a'zhurd,)  a.  Colored  azure  ; 
being  of  an_azure  color.  Sidney.     Shak. 

AZ'URE-SToNE,  n.  A  synonym  of  the  lapis  lazuli, 
and  also  of  the  lazulite. 

AZHTRE-TINT-ED,  a.    Having  a  tint  of  azure  color. 

AZ'IIR-ITE,  H.  A  synonym  of  the  lazulite,  and  also 
of  tlie  blue  malachite. 

AZ'URN,  a.     Of  a  blue  color.     [Little  used.] 

Milton. 

AZ'Y-GOS,  a.     [Gr.  a  priv.  and  (uj  or,  a  yoke.] 

In  anatomy,  a  term  applied  to  certain  parts  or  or- 
gans, which  have  no  fellow,  or  are  not  one  of  a  pair. 
These  parts  are  situated  in  or  near  the  mesial  plane 
of  the  body. 

Azygos  muscle;  a  muscle  extending  along  the  mid- 
dle of  the  soft  palate  and  uvula,  which  draws  the 
latter  organ  upward  and  forward. 

Azygos  process ;  a  spinous  process  in  the  middle  of 
the  anterior  and  inferior  surfaces  of  the  sphenoid 
bone,  uniting  with  the  vomer  and  the  nasal  plate  of 
the  ethmoid  bone. 

Azygos  rem,  (vena  azygos  {)  a  vein  which  com- 
mences, in  the  lumbar  region,  by  anastomosis  with 
the  inferior  vena  cava,  or  some  of  its  branches,  and, 
extending  upward  along  the  right  and  anterior  part 
of  the  spme,  terminates  in  the  superior  vena  cava, 
a  little  above  the  pericardium. 

AZ'YME,  Tt.  [Fr.]  [See  Aztmoos.]  Unleavened 
bread.     [JVw(  m  u.-{C.] 

AZ'Y-MrrE,  n,  [See  Aitmous.]  In  church  history, 
a  term  applied  to  Christians  who  administer  the 
Eucharist  with  unleavened  bread.  Encyc 

AZ'Y-MOUS,  a.     [Gr.  a  priv.  and  ^uyiij,  leaven.] 
Unleavened  ;  unfermentod  ;  as  sea-biscuit.  Ash. 


Infant    Ar.  /jM^Lf  hahos,  or  baboson,  tlie  young  of 

man  or  beast;  Syr.  bahosa,  a  little  child.  It  is  re- 
markable that  this  Syriac  and  Arabic  word  for  an 
infant,  is  retained  by  the  natives  of  America,  who 
call  an  infant  wa/»/)oo.f.  h.pupusya  word  of  endear- 
ment; piip^it  little  girl;  whence  pupillus,  pupillay 
pupiL    Ar.  bobohoUy  the  beginning  of  youtii;   Gr. 

0a0aiy  and  iraTrai  j  Ar.  Lj  w  baba,  to  say  haba,  that 

is,  father  ;  papa,  a  word  taken  from  the  first  attempts 
of  children  to  pronounce  the  name  of  a  parent.] 
An  infant  j  a  young  child  of  either  sex. 

BA'BEL,  71,   [lieb.]   Confusion  ;  disorder.   Beaumont. 

BAB'ER-Y,  Tt.  Finery  to  please  a  child  ;  any  trifling 
toy  for  children.  Sidney. 

BAli'ISH.fl.     Like  a  babe  ;  childish.  Aschaitu 

BAIt'ISII-LY,  tidv.     Childishly. 

BAn'ISH-NESS,  Tt.     Childishness, 

BAB-OON',  71.  [Fr.  babuuin,  so  called  from  its  resem- 
blance tn  a  babe.  This  name  seems  to  have  origina- 
ted in  the  Oriental  babion,  papio.    See  Babe.] 

A  name  common  to  several  of  the  larger  species 
of  monkeys,  belonging  to  the  genus  Simia,  in  the 
class  Maninuiiia,  and  order  primates,  according  to 
the  system  of  Linnreus ;  but  more  recently  consid- 
ered as  forming  a  distinct  genus  in  the  order  Uuad- 
rumana  and  family  Simix.  Baboons  baveehort  tails; 
a  long  face ;  a  broad  high  muzzle  ;  dog-like  tusks,  or 
canine  teeth  ;  and  naked  callosities  on  the  buttocks. 
They  are  found  only  on  the  eastern  continent  and 
adjacent  islands.  Encvc.     Ed.  Encyc 

BAB'LAH,  Tu  The  rind  or  shell  of  the  fruit  of  the 
Mimosa  cineraria,  it  contains  gallic  acid  and  tannin, 
and  has  been  used  in  dying  drab.  Ure, 


TONE.  BJ^LL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VfCIOUa  — €  as  K;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  8H ;  TH  as  in  THIS 

9r 


BAC 

BA'HV,  «.     l>ifce  a  young  child  j  {XTtaiuing  tu  an 

iufauu 
BA'BV,  n.     [See  Rarg.]     An  !nf;inl  or  young  child  of 

either  wc\  ;  a  biibo  ;  [M.vnJ  tHj'umtli<xr  lantf^aiifte,] 
9.  A  small  iniitge  in  tanu  uf  an  iiituut,  fur  girls  to 


piny  with  ;  n  dull. 
BA'HY,  r.  t. 


To  treat  like  a  voiinR  child.        Tovnp. 

BA'BV-II(X>I),  N.    The  stale" of  betna  a  baby.    -4*A. 

BA'UV-HolsE,  tu  A  place  for  childrtu's  doUa  and 
babie«.  Stctft 

BA'BV-ISU,  a.    Like  a  baby  ;  childish. 

BAB-Y-L^'Xl-AN,  >a.     Pertaining  to   Babylon,  lh« 

BAB-Y-LO'M:?H,  (  '  capital  of  the  ancient  kiniidoni 
of  BabiftoHitL,  or  to  the  kinjriloni.  The  city  stwid  on 
the  Uiver  Frat,  or  Euphrates,  and,  it  is  supposed,  on 
the  spot  where  the  tower  of  Biibel  was  founded. 

2.  Like  the  language  of  Babel ;  mixed  :  confused, 
BAB-Y-LO'NI-AN,  «.    An  inhabitant  of  "Babylonia. 

In  ancient  wnten,an  9sxnAofer,ma  the  Chaldoiuu 
wen*  remarkable  for  tbfl  rttidy  of  afllrolofy. 

BAB-Y-LO\'ie,        {«.    Pertaining  to  Babylon,  or 

BAB-Y-LO.N'IC-AL,  i      made  tlwie,    as,  Bmbffhme 

garments,  car|(et9,  or  hangings.  facye. 

S.  Tuniultuuua  i  disorderly.  Bsrri»gttm, 

BAB-Y-LO.N'l€»,  a.  K  ^l»  ^^^  of  «  fitarmenl  of 
the  history  of  tlw  world,  ending  9G7  years  before 
Christ,  composed  Iqr  Bcnimis,  a  ptieax  of  Babylon. 

fncyc 

BAB-T-ROUS'SA,  m.  In  toefo^,  the  Indian  hon.  a 
native  of  Celebes  and  ct  Buero,  but  not  found  on  the 
continent  of  Asia,  or  of  Africa.  This  quadruped  be- 
lunpi  to  (he  gi'nu!<  9nfs,  in  the  class  Mammalift,  and 
ordf  r  Bt<^tluz  of  Linnorus.  From  the  outside  of  the 
upper  jaw  qving  two  teeth  twelve  inches  long,  bend- 
ing like  hocns,  and  almost  touching  the  forehead. 
Along  the  back  are  some  weak  brisUes,  and  on  the 
rest  of  the  body  only  a  sort  of  wool.  These  animals 
live  in  herds,  ft'ed  on  herbage,  are  sometimes  lamt^, 
and  tht-ir  tlrsh  is  well  ta^Oed.  When  purtnied  hard, 
tbey  nti<h  into  the  sea.  swim  or  dive,  and  pass  from 
i»le  to  isle.  In  the  forest  they  rest  Uieir  heads  by 
booking  their  umter  tusks  on  a  bough.  £iicyc 

BA'BY-i?lIIP,  M.    The  state  or  condition  of  a  baby. 

BACL  I  "■    t^*  ****»  ^  ****^*''  °'  cistern.] 
1.  In  MvimtioR,  a  ferry-boat  or  praam. 
a.  In  krtmrng,  a  hwge.  Hat  tub,  or  vessel,  in  which 
wort  is  cooled  wfore  boiling  ;  hence  called  a  nxfier. 

3.  In  dLttiHeruty  a  vessel  into  which  the  liquor  to 
he  fermented  is  pumped  from  Uie  coota-.  In  order  to 
be  worked  with  the  yeast. 

BAC'CA,  a.  [L.]  In  bouunf,  a  berry;  a  frutl  which 
consists  of  a  pulpy  pericarp,  wtthout  valres^nclos. 
lag  aevenl  naked  seeds.  Mdm$, 

BA&CA-LAU'&fi-ATE,  n.  [The  first  part  of  this 
Word  to  fina  the  same  root  as  bacMkir;  or,  as  BaUey 
sapposes,  tnmt  fcsws,  berry ;  and  the  latter  pan  from 
IsMTM,  a  laurel,  ftom  the  practiAa  of  wearing  a  gar- 
land of  bay  benies.1 
The  decree  of  bachelor  of  art% 

BACCATE,  «.  In  Maay,  consisting  of  a  berry,  as  a 
fruit ;  becoming  succulent,  and  inclosing  the  seed, 
and  thus  resembling  a  berry,  as  tiie  calyx  or  recep- 
tacle, in  some  plants. 

BAC'CA-TED,  a.    [L.  bauatus^  garnished  with  pcaris, 
firom  frocco,  a  berr>-.] 
Set  or  adorned  with  pearls  ;  having  many  berries. 

BAeCHA-XAL,  i  n.  [from  Bacchua.  Gr.  Ha«xo5. 

BAr-CIIA-.NA'LI-AN,  \  the  deity  of  wine  and  rev- 
eling. Uu.  ^r.  baek^  drunk;  or  D.  ttak,  bowl;  L. 
poeuJum  i  Gyp.  bechari^  a  cup ;  or  from  raging,  rev- 
eling.] 

One  who  indnlc;e9  in  drunken  revels  ;  a  drunkard  ; 
one  who  is  noisy  and  riotous  when  inloxicatt^d. 

BACeHA-NAL,  )  a.     Reveling  in   imcmpenite 

BA€>CHA-\A'LI-.\.\,  \      drinking  ;  riotous  ;  noisy. 

BA€-CHA-Na'LI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  reveling  and 
drttnkenneaa. 


Em  toorts— fi—  iwuhrw  tea  k»  cfami^ 


Ctweper. 


BA€VCnA-N'A'LI-AN-LY,  adv.     In  the  manner  of 

bacrhanals. 
BAf-'CHA-NALS,      \n.   pi     Drunken    fearts;    the 
BACJ-eilA-NA'Ll-A,  (      revels  of  bacchanalians.     In 

ontifiiify,   fea.-i5   in   honor  of  Bacchus,  the   god    of 

wine.    The-*^  were  celebrated  in  spring  and  autumn, 

with  erames  and  shows.  Eneye. 

BA€  CHANT,    in.    A  mad  priest  or  priestess  of  flac- 
BAC't'HANTE,  t      chus. 
BACCHIC,  a.    Jovial;  drunken;  mad  with  intoxi- 

ratiun. 
2.  Relating  to  Bacchus,  the  god  of  wine ;  as,  a 

baechic  feast,  or  song ;  bauJue  mysteries. 

FabfT.     Encyc. 
BA€J-€HT'US,  «.     In  antient  poetry^  a  foot  composed 

of  a  short  syllable  and  two  long  ones ;  as  in  drarl. 

BACCHUS,  n.    The  god  of  wine,  and  son  of  Jupiter 
and  Semele,  daughter  of  Cadmus. 

BAC-CIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  6accy%r,  of  ftacea,  a  berry, 
and /(TO,  to  bear.] 

That  produces  Derries.  [Se**  Bacca.]  Baceifennu 
piaau^  in  some  of  the  earlier  systems  of  boLany,  in- 
cluded ult  such  ^ants  as  have  a  pulpy  fViiit,  whether 


BAC 

of  the  apple,  berry,  or  cherrj*  kind;  but  in  others, 
coiiiprelK-niird  such  pl.ints  only  as  bt*ar  the  pulpy 
pericarp,  cjilled  bacca,  vt  berry.  Milnr. 

BAC  ClV'O-KOCri,  a.  [L.  bacca^  berry,  and  varoy  to 
enL] 

luting  or  subsisting  on  berries ;  as,  baccivorous 
binis. 

BACU'E-LOR,  n.  [Fr.  bachdirr;  Sp.  backiUtr^  a  bach- 
elor of  arts  and  a  babbler ;  Purt.  bacbarel^  id.,  and 
(aestt*,  a  shout  or  twig  of  the  vine  ;  It.  baccdlicref  a 
faaclMlor  of  arts  ;  bccckio^  a  statT ;  baexArtta^  a  rod  ;  L. 
baaUuSt  a  stick,  that  is,  a  sJukH  ;  Fr.  bacheletU.  a 
damsel,  or  young  woman  ;  Scot.  fraicA,  a  chMd  ;  W. 
bacs^en^  a  bov,  a  child  :  bacgrmts^  a  young  girl ;  from 
bac,  small.  This  word  has  its  origin  in  the  name  of 
a  child,  or  young  person  of  eitlicr  sex,  whence  the 
sense  ik  babbling  in  the  ?p;mi«h.  Or  both  senses  ore 
rather  fhxn  shooting,  protruding.] 

1.  A  young  man  who  has  not  been  married. 

S.  A  man  of  any  age,  who  has  not  been  married ; 
often  with  the  word  old. 

3.  A  person  who  has  taken  the  first  degree  in  the 
liberal  arts  and  sciences,  at  a  college  ur  university. 
This  degree,  or  honor,  is  called  the  bactalaureate. 
This  title  is  given  also  to  such  as  take  the  first  de- 
gree in  divinity,  law,  or  physic,  in  certain  European 
universities^. 

4.  A  knight  of  the  lowest  order,  or,  more  correctly, 
a  young  knight,  styled  a  A-/tiiTA(  bachelor.  'I'he  Ger- 
mans anciently  constituted  their  young  men  knifjhts 
or  soldiers,  by  presenting  to  them  a  shield  and  a 
lance,  in  a  great  council.  This  ceremony  answered 
to  that  of  the  toga  ririlis  of  the  Romans.  In  the 
liver)'  companies  of  London,  thase  persons  not  yet 
admitted  to  the  livery  are  called  badulors. 

BACH'C-LOR-SHir,  n.  The  state  of  being  a  bach- 
elor. 

2.  The  state  of  one  who  has  taken  his  first  degree 
in  a  college  or  university. 

BACK.  n.  [Sax.  bac,  bac;  Dan.  bag;  ?w.  bak;  and 
Sw.  Wjfce,  Mb^a  hill,  a  clod  or  lump.  The  s^'use 
probably  is  a  ridgty  like  the  Ger.  rtrcAm,  D.  rug,  ap- 
plied to  the  shoulders,  or  to  the  back  of  a  bt  ast.] 

1.  The  upiHT  iKirt  of  an  animal,  ptirticularly  of  a 
quadruped,  whose  back  is  a  ridge.  In  human  beings, 
the  hinder  iKirt  of  Uie  body. 

a.  The  outward  or  convex  part  of  the  hand,  op- 
posed to  tlie  inner,  concave  part,  or  ikiIui. 

3.  As  the  back  of  a  man  m  the  part  on  the  side  op- 
posite to  the  face,  hence  the  part  opposed  to  the 
front ;  as,  the  bade  of  a  book,  and  of  a  chimney,  or 
tbe  badt  of  a  house. 

4.  TiiC  part  opposite  to  or  most  remote  from  that 
TPhich  fronts  the  speaker  or  actor,  or  the  part  out  of 
fi'uht ;  as,  the  badi  of  an  i.ile,  of  a  wixid,  of  a  village. 

5.  As  the  back  is  the  strongest  part  of  an  animal, 
ard  as  the  h^ick  is  behind  in  motion,  hence  the 
tliick  and  strong  part  of  a  cutting  tool ;  as,  the  badt 
of  a  knife,  or  of  a  saw. 

6.  The  place  bcliind  or  nearest  the  back ;  as,  on 
the  bad:  of  a  hill,  or  of  a  village. 

7.  The  outer  part  of  the  body,  or  the  whole  body  ; 
a  part  for  tlie  whole ;  as,  be  lias  not  clothes  to  his 
hadi. 

6.  To  turn  the  hack  on  one^  is  to  treat  with  contempt, 
to  forsake,  or  neglect  him.  South. 

9.  To  tara  the  back  to  one,  to  acknowledge  to  be 
superior. 

10.  To  tnm  the  back,  is  to  depart,  or  to  leave  the 
care  or  cognizance  of ;  to  remove  or  be  obscnL 

Danies. 

11.  Behind  the  back,  is  In  secret,  or  when  one  is 
absent 

12.  To  caH  bfh'ijid  the  back,  in  Kcripture,  is  to  forget 
and  forgive.  Is.  xxiviii.  17 ;  or  to  treat  with  con- 
UmpL    Ez.  xxiii.  35.    Neh.  ix.  2*3. 

13.  7\j  pUnc  the  frocfc,  is  to  oppress  and  persecute. 
Vs.  czzix. 

14.  To  bow  the  back,  is  to  submit  to  oppression. 
Rom.  xi.  10. 

BACK,  oWr.  To  the  place  from  which  one  came;  as, 
to  go  bade,  is  to  return. 

2.  In  a^gurasive  sense,  to  a  former  state,  condition, 
or  station ;  as,  he  can  not  go  back  from  his  engage- 
ments. 

3.  Behind;  not  advancing;  not  coming  or  bring- 
ing forward  ;  as,  to  keep  back  a  part  ;  to  keep  one's 
self  back. 

4.  Toward  times  or  things  past ;  as,  to  look  back 
on  former  ages. 

5.  Again  ;  in  return  ;  as,  to  give  back  tbe  money. 

6.  To  go  or  dime  back,  is  to  return,  either  to  a  for- 
mer place  or  state. 

7.  To  <ro  or  give  back,  is  to  retreat,  to  recede. 
BACK,  r.  I.    To  mount ;  to  get  upon  the  back  ;  some- 
times, perhaps,  to  place  upon  the  back ;  as,  to  back  a 
horse.  Shak. 

2.  To  support  ;  to  maintain  ;  to  second  or  strength- 
en by  aid  ;  as,  the  court  was  badied  by  the  House  of 
Commons.  Dryden, 

3.  To  put  backward  ;  to  cause  to  retreat  or  recede; 
a?,  to  back  oxen. 

4.  To  back  a  varrajU,  is  for  a  justice  of  the  peace, 
in  the  county  where  the  warrant  is  to  be  executed, 


BAC 

to  sign  or  indorse  a  warrant,  issued  in  another 
county,  to  apprehend  an  offender.  Blackstt/ne. 

ft.  In  senniiinsliip,  to  back  an  anchor,  is  to  lay  down 
a  small  anchor  abend  of  a  large  one,  the  cable  of  the 
small  one  being  fastened  to  tho  crown  of  the  large 
one,  to  prevent  its  coining  home. 

G.  To  back  astern,  in  rowing,  ia  to  mnnnge  the  oars 
in  a  direction  contrary  tu  the  usual  method,  so  as  to 
move  a  boat  stern  foremost. 

To  back  the  oars  ;  to  row  backward  with  the  oars. 

7.  To  back  the  sails,  is  to  arrange  them  so  an  to 
take  out  the  wind,  and  thus  to  cause  the  ship  to  move 
astern.  Mar.  Diet. 

8.  To  back  the  field,  in  horse-racing,  is  to  bet  agjiint-t 
a  iKirticular  horse  or  horses,  that  some  one  of  all  the 
otiier  horses  in  tlie  field  will  beat  them. 

Racing  Calendar. 

BACK,  V.  L  To  move  or  go  back  ;  as,  the  horse  re- 
ftises  to  back.  Encyc. 

BACK'BITE,  F.  (.  [back  and  bite.]  To  censure,  slan- 
der, reproach,  or  speak  evil  of  the  absent.    Prov.  xxv. 

BACK'BIT-KR,  n.  One  who  slanders,  calumniates, 
or  speaks  ill  of  the  absent. 

BACK'BIT-IXG,  n.  'Ilie  act  of  slandering  the  absent ; 
secret  calumny.    2  Cor.  xii. 

BACK'BIT-ING-LY,  adv.    With  secret  slander. 

Barret. 

BACK'BOARI),  n.  [back  and  board.]  A  board  placed 
across  the  after  part  of  a  boat  for  the  passengers  to 
lean  against, 

2.  A  board  attached  to  the  rim  of  a  watcr-whoel, 
to  prevent  the  water  from  running  off  the  tloats  or 
paddles,  into  the  interior  of  the  wheel.    J^ichvli-oji. 

BACK'noNE,  n.  [back  and  bone.]  The  bone  of  the 
back,  or  the  spine. 

BACK'BOX-ES,  »j.  pi.  The  boxes  on  the  top  of  the 
upper  case  used  fur  printers'  types,  usually  appropri- 
ated to  small  capitals. 

BACK'CAR-RY,  n.  A  ha\ing  on  the  back ;  a  term 
oflatr, 

BACK'OOOR,  n.  [back  ond  door.]  A  door  on  the  back 
part  of  a  building ;  a  private  passage ;  an  indirect 
way.  • 

BACK'ED,  (bakt,)  pp.  Mounted  ;  having  on  the 
back  ;  supported  by  aid  ;  seconded ;  moved  back- 
ward. 

BACK'-ED,  (bakt,)  a.  Having  n  back  ;  a  word  used  in 
composition  ;  as,  broad-backed,  hump-backed. 

BACK'ER,  n.  One  who  backs  or  supports  another 
in  a  cimtest. 

2.  In  architecture,  a.  small  slate  laid  on  the  back  of 
a  large  one  at  certain  points.  Brandc. 

BACK'FKIEND,  n,  [back  and  friaid.]  A  secret 
enemy.  Suulh. 

BACK-GAM'MON,  n.  [W.  bac,  small,  and  eammaun, 
conflict,  battle ;  camp,  a  game.] 

A  game  played  by  two  persons,  upon  a  table,  with 
box  and  dice.  The  table  is  in  two  parts,  on  which 
are  24  black  and  white  spaces,  called  points.  Each 
player  has  15  men  of  different  colors  for  the  purpose 
of  distinction.  Encyc. 

BACK'GROUND,  n.  [back  and  ground.]  Ground  in 
the  rear  or  behind,  aa  opposed  to  the  front. 

2.  A  place  of  obscurity,  or  shade  ;  a  situation  little 
seen,  or  noticed. 

BACK'HAND-ED,  a.  [back  and  hand.]  With  the 
hand  turned  backward  ;  as,  a  backhanded  blow. 

BACK'H  AND-ED,  adv.  With  the  hand  directed  back- 
ward ;  as.  to  strike  backhanded. 

BACK'HOUSE,n.  [back  and  Aotwc]  A  building  be- 
hind the  main  or  front  building  ;  a  necessary. 

BACK'ING,  ppr.  Mounting  ;  moving  back,  as  a 
hoi^e ;  seconding. 

BACK'ING,  n.  In  }iorsenum3hip,  the  operation  of  break- 
ing a  colt  for  the  saddle.  Oitbert. 

2.  In  book-binding,  the  preparing  of  the  back  of  a 
book  with  glue,  &,c.,  before  putting  on  the  cover. 

BACK'ING-UP,  n.  A  term  used  in  cricket  and  other 
games,  for  stopping  the  ball  and  driving  it  hack. 

B.-VCK'PaINT-ING,  n.  [back -awiX  paint.]  The  meth- 
od of  painting  niezzotinto  prints,  pasted  on  glass  of 
a  size  to  fit  the  print.  Encyc. 

BACK'PliSCE,  TU  [back  and  piece.]  The  piece  of  ar- 
mor which  covers  the  back. 

BACK'RE-TURN,  n.     Repeated  return.  Shak. 

BACK'-ROQM,  n.  [back  and  room.]  A  room  behind 
the  front"  room,  or  in  the  back  part  of  the  house. 

BACKS,  71.  ;»/.  Among  dealers  in  leather,  the  tliick- 
est  and  stoutest  hides,  used  for  sole  leather. 

Enrye. 

BACK'SET,  a.     [hack  and  set.]     Set  upon  in  the  rear. 

.Anderson. 

BACK'SET,  Ti.  A  check  to  the  progress  of  any  thing; 
a  relapse.     [Scottish.] 

BACK'SIDE,  n.  [back  and  Me.]  The  back  part  of 
any  thing;  the  part  betiind  that  which  is  presented 
to  the  face  of  a  spectator.     Ex.  iiL 

2.  The  hind  part  of  an  animal. 

3.  The  yard,  ground,  or  place  behind  a  house. 
BACK-SLIDE',  u.  i-     [back  and  sUde.]     I'o  fall  off;  to 

apostatize ;    to  turn   gradually   from   the   faith   and 
practice  of  Christianity.    Jer.  iii-     Hos.  iv. 
BACK-SLID'ER,  ti.     An  apostate  ;  one  who  falls  from 
the  faith  and  practice  of  religion.     Prov.  xiv. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRgY.  — PLVE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BQOK- — 


9ii 


BAG 


BAF 


2.  One  who  neglects  hu  vows  of  obudicnce  and 
fnll»  into  sin. 
BACK-SLiD'lXG,  n.      The  act  of  apostatizing  from 
faith  or  practice;  a  ftUling  insensibly  from  reliaion 
into  sin  or  Idoliilrj-.    Jer.  v.  6. 

S«  Jibv^yv^Jl?*'^'""'^^^'  "■    The  state  of  backsliding. 

BACK'slAFF,  «.    [back  and  rt<yf,  so  called  from  its 

beui"  used  with  the  observer's  back  toward  the 

EUll.J 

A  quadrant;  an  instrument  for  taking  the  sun's 
altitude  at  sea  ;  called  also,  from  its  inventor,  Davis's 
quadrant.  Encijc 

VACK'STilRS,  n.pt.    [baclc  and  sMrs,]    Stairs  in  the 


BAI 


back  part  of  a  house  ;  private  stairs ;  andjiiriiraueelv 
a  private  or  indirect  way. 

BACK'STXrs,  n.  pi.  [katk  and  .!to„.l  Long  ropes 
or  8t.ay3  eitending  from  the  t0|)-mast  heads  to  both 
sides  of  a  ship,  slanting  a  little  aft,  to  assist  the 
shrouds  in  supporting  the  mast,  when  strained  by  a 
Weight  of  sail,  and  prevent  it  from  giving  wav  and 
falling  overboard.  jt/ar.  Diet. 

B.'VCK'SToXE,  II.    The  heated  stone  on  which  oat- 

n  f?''i",'^  baked.  JVotIA  of  England. 

BAL  K'r5V\  OED,  n.  [bade  and  sicord.]  A  sword  with 
one  sharp  edge.  In  England,  a  stick  with  a  basket 
handle,  nsed  in  rustic  amusements.  ArbulhnaU 

BACK'VVARD,  a/lv.  [back  and  ward.  .See  VVakd.I 
With  the  back  in  advance  ;  as,  to  move  backiranl. 

2.  Toward  the  hack  ;  as,  to  throw  the  arms  back- 
ward; to  move  backward  and  forward. 

3.  On  the  back,  or  with  the  back  downward  :  as 
to  fall  backward. 

4.  Toward  p.ast  times  or  events ;  as,  to  look  back- 
iDard  on  the  history  of  man. 

5.  By  way  of  reflection  ;  reflciively.         Davirs. 

6.  From  a  better  to  a  worse  state ;  as,  public  aflairs 
go  backward. 

7.  In  time  past ;  as,  let  us  look  some  ages  backward. 

8.  Perversely ;  from  a  wrong  end. 

I  DCTerycl  saw  inan,  b-it  Bhe  would  spell  hiin  laelcieard.  Shak. 

9.  Toward  the  beginning ;  in  an  order  contrary  to 
the  natural  order ;  as,  to  read  backward. 

10.  In  a  scriptural  sense,  to  no  or  turn  backward,  is 
to  rebel,  apostatize,  or  relapse  into  sin  or  idolatry.  Is.  i. 

11.  Contrarily;  in  a  contrar)- manner.         Swif). 
To  be  driven  or  turned  backward,  is  to  be  defeated 

or  disappointed.    Ps.  xl. 

To  turn  judgment  backward,  is  to  pervert  justice 
and  laws.     Is.  li.i. 
BACK'WARD,  a.      Unwilling  ;  averse  ;  reluctant  ; 
hesitating. 

Tor  wi»er  Ijnite*  nn:  baciward  to  be  slnvet.  Pope, 

S.  Slow  ;  sluggish  ;  dilatory. 

The  miml  i<  tnckaard  to  undergo  the  fatigue  of  we!rfiin<r  -■verT 
•rguiMnu  °     if-MU, 

3.  Dull ;  not  quick  of  apprehension  ;  behind  in 
progress  ;  as,  a  backward  learner. 

4.  Late  ;  behind  in  time  ;  coming  after  something 
el.se,  or  after  the  usual  time ;  as,  backward  fruits  ;  the 
season  is  backward. 

BACK'WARD,  n.   The  things  or  state  behind  or  past. 

lu  th^  (lark  btukiKird  or  abysm  of  time.  Shot, 

[^fot  prtrprr,  nnr  in  use.] 
BACk'WARD-LY,  adv.     Unwillingly  ;  reluctantly  : 

aversely  ;  perversely. 
BACK'WARD-NR'iS;  ,.    Unwillingnesa ;  reluctance; 
dilatorinesB,  or  dullness  in  action. 

2.  A  state  of  being  behind  in  projress  ;  slowness  ; 
tanlmess  ;  as,  the  backwardness  of  the  soring. 
BACK'-WA'TER,  n.     Water   which  s.'t,  back  In  a 
stream,  owing  to   some    obstruction  bi'low.      Also 
water  thrown  trnck  by  the  turning  of  a  water-wheel ' 
BACK'UQODS'.MAN,  n.     In  the  Uniud  SlaUs,  an  iii- 
habitant  of  the  forest  in  the  new  settlements,  espe- 
cially on  the  western  frunlii;r. 
BACK  WiSRM,  n.     [»m*  and  mmn.] 

A  sm.all  worm,  in  a  thin  skin,  in  the  reins  of  a 
,1       JSee  FiLaMoens.]  Encijc 

BACK'-U  OU.VD,  (wound  or  -woond,)  e.  L  To  wound 

scrretlv  behind  (he  bark.  sh^ik. 

BA'eo.N',  (hi'kn,)  n.     [W.  baccnm  ,  Ir.  bogun.     in  old 
charters,  h„ca.    Cowel.     In  Ger.  b.jr.ke  is  a  wild  sow.] 
Ilog's  (lesh  (sometimes  that  of  the  Ix^ar,  &.c.)  saltl 
ed  or  pickled  and  dried,  usually  in  smoke. 

To  «ace  one'j  bacon,  is  to  preserve  one's  self  from 
harm. 
BA-€0'i\I-A.V,  a.    Pertaining  to  Lord  Bacon,  or  to 

his  system  of  philosophy. 
BAC'IjLE,  n.     [Fr.  bascule] 

In  fortilicatUm,  a  kind  of  portcullis  or  gate,  made 
like  a  pitfall,  with  a  counterpoise,  and  supnirted  by 
two  great  stakes.  Fni-«p 

BAeal-LrTE,  ,u     [Ubaeulus.]  ' 

A  name  rommun  to  a  genus  of  fossil  shells,  of  a 
straight  form,  a  little  conical,  in  their  C4.'llular  slruct- 
ure  resembling  the  ammonites.  Eil.  r.ncve. 

BAe-U-LOM'E-TRir,  n.     [L.  baculus,  a  st.-iir,  and  Gr. 
pcro'ii/,  measurcj 

The  act  of  measuring  distance  or  altitude  by  a  staff 
"'  "»"'''•  eaUey.     Johnson. 


BAD,  a.  [Pers.  4Xj  bad,  evil,  depraved ;  allied  per- 
haps to  At.  .iU  bada.  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Sam.  ISH 
abad,  to  perish  or  destroy.] 

1.  Ill ;  evil  ;  opposed  to  good;  a  word  of  general 
use,  denoting  physical  defects  and  nioril  faults,  in 
men  and  thmgs  ;  as,  a  ia<i  man,  a  bad  heart,  a  bad 
design,  bad  air,  bad  wati-r,  bod  books. 

2.  Vicious;  cornipt;  depraved,  in  a  moral  sense: 
as,  a  bad  life  ;  a  bad  action. 

3.  Unwholesome ;  as,  bud  provisions. 

4.  Unfortunate ;  unprosperous ;  as,  a  bad  st.ate  of 

5.  Unskillful ;  as,  a  bad  player.  [.affairs. 

6.  Small  ;  ptxir  ;  as,  a  bad  crop. 

7.  Inhrm  ;  as,  a  bad  state  of  health. 

8.  Feeble,  corrupt,  or  oppressive  ;  as,  a  bad  govern- 
ment. 

9.  Hurtful ;  pernicious ;  as,  fine  print  is  bad  for 
the  eyes. 

10.  Unfavomble  ;  as,  a  bad  season. 

11.  Poor;  sterile  ;  .as,  a  bad  soil. 

12.  Rough  or  muddy  ;  as,  a  bad  road. 
In  short,  bad  expresses  whatever  is  injurious,  hurt- 
ful, inconvenient,  unlawful,  or  immoral ;  whatever 
is  offensive,  painful,  or  unfavorable;  or  what  is  de- 
fective, 

BADE   (  e""*-^    1''"'  P^'  "="^«  of  Bid-     [See  Bid.] 
BADGE,  71.    [I  know  not  the  afSnities  of  this  word, 

not  having  found  it  in  any  other  language.   Probably 

it  belongs  to  Class  Bg.] 

1.  A  mark,  sign,  uiken,  or  thing,  by  which  a  per- 
son is  distinguished,  in  a  pimicular  place  or  employ- 
ment, and  designating  his  relation  to  a  person  or  to 
a  particular  occupatiiin  ;  as,  the  bad^'e  of  aulluirity. 

2.  The  mark  or  token  of  any  thing;  as,  the  badge 
of  bitterness.  Sliak. 

3.  An  ornament  on  ships,  near  the  stem,  decorated 
with  figures. 

BADGE,  II.  u    To  mark,  or  distinguish  with  a  badge. 

BADGr/LESS,  a.    Having  no  badge.  Bp.  IMI. 

BADG'ER,  n.  [Clu.  ba^lgr,  supra  ;  or  Sax.  by<Tan,  bijc- 
gan,  to  buy  ;  Norm,  bugge.] 

In  taw,  a  pt-rson  who''is  licensed  to  buy  corn  in  one 
place  and  sell  it  in  another,  witliout  incurring  the 
puialties  of  engrossing.  Cowel. 

B.\DG'ER,  n.  A  iilantigrade  quadruped  of  the  geiius 
Ursus,  (Linn.,)  now  riuiked  in  a  separate  genus, 
(  Taxus  or  Mcle<,)  of  a  clumsy  make,  with  short,  tliiek 
legs,  and  long  claws  on  the  f„re  feet.  It  inhabits  the 
north  of  Europe  and  Asia,  burrows,  is  indolent  and 
sleepy,  feeds  by  night  on  vegetables,  and  is  generally 
very  (Vit.  Its  skm  is  used  for  pistol  furniture;  its 
flesh  makes  good  bacon,  and  its  hair  is  used  for 
bnishes  to  soften  the  shades  in  painting.    Kncuc. 

The  American  badger  is  called  l\ia  ground  ho n  and 
is  sometimes  white.  Pennant. 

BADGER,  V.  I.  To  follow  up  or  pursue  with  great 
eagerness,  as  the  badger  is  hunted ;  to  pesl.r  or  wor- 

BADG'ER-LEG-Gi(:D,  (  legd,)  a.  Ilaving'legs  like  a 
badger.  Johnson  says,  having  legs  of  unequal  lonirth  ; 
hut,  qu.  short,  thick  legs.  j,7,<j4. 

BAD-I-A'GA,  n.     [Russ.  irn/yai'o.] 

A  small  sponge,  common  in  the  north  of  Eiiropi' 
the  powder  of  which  is  used  to  take  away  the  livid 
marks  of  bruises.  Enciic. 

This  is  properly  a  crjptogamtc  plant  of  the  order 
Alga!,  and  genus  Hadiaga,  though  considered  by  Lin- 

o  ;'?w','  '■"..'L''''^''^''^''  "f  '^l«'"l!ii'-  Breker. 

y.VZl:}^'^-' !  "•     ''"■  "'"•'  "f  "  '■""'  in  China,  which 

BAN  1)I-AN,  )  smells  like  anise  8i:eds;  used  by  the 
Chinese  and  Dutch  togiveUieirtea  an  arom.atic  taste. 

BAD-I-GG'ON,  n.  A  mixture  of  plaster  and  freestone 
ground  together  and  sifted,  used  by  statuaries  to  fill 
the  small  holes  and  repair  the  defects  of  the  stones 
of  which  tliev  make  their  statues  ;  also,  a  mixture  of 
saw-dust  and  glue,  used  by  joiners  to  fill  up  defects 
in  their  work.  Kneiic 

B.^D'lJfA  GE,  (bad'in-izh,)  n.  [Fr.]  Light  or  pl.iy- 
fill  discourse.  CktstrrfieUL 

BAD'I.Y,  adr.  [from  bad.]  In  a  bad  manner;  not 
well;  unskillfully  ;  grievously;  unfortunately  ;  im- 
[lerfeclly. 

BAI)'NF,SS,  n.  The  state  of  being  bad,  evil,  vicious, 
or  depraved  ;  want  of  good  qualities,  natural  or  mor- 
al ;  as,  the  badness  of  the  heart,  of  the  season,  of  the 
roads,  &c. 

BAF'FE-TA.S, )  n.    An   India  cotton  cloth  or  plain 

BAF'TAS,  (  muslin.  That  of  Surat  is  said  to 
he  the  best.  Eneije. 

BAF'FLE,  r.  (.  [Fr.  bcjler,  to  make  or  play  the  fiwi 
with  ;  Sp.  btfari  It.  beffarr,  id.  It  coincides  in  origin 
with  buffoon.  In  ."coltish,  Jcf,  baff,  signifies  to  strike] 
To  mock  or  elude  by  artifice ;  to  elude  by  shifts 
and  turns;  hence,  to  defeat,  or  confound  ;  as,  to  baf- 
Jle  the  designs  of  an  enemy. 


Paaliionable  foUjra  hajjlt  arptnvnt. 


TONE,  BULL,  IIN1TE.^AN"GER,  V1"CI0U8— e  as  K ;  G  a,  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  811 ;  Til  as 


[The  English  now  call  this  luggare.] 
BAG'GAGE,  71.     [Fr.  bagasse;  ll.  ba'gaxeia ;  Sp.  bam- 
10,  a  catamite  ;  Pers.  baga,  a  stnim[i*'t.] 

1.  A  low,  worthless  woman  ;  a  strumpet. 

2.  A  playful,  saucy  female.  Goldsmith. 
B.4G'GINO,  ppr.  Swelling  ;  becoming  protuberant. 
BAG'GIiNG,  7j.     The  cloth  or  materials  for  bags. 

Unit''d  Statci.     Edwards'i*  West  Indies. 
BAGN'IO,   (han'yo,)   it.     [IL  bagno ;  Sp.  baiio;  Port. 
banho  ;  Fr.  bain  ;  Ij.  balneum.] 

1.  A  hath  ;  a  house  for  bathing,  cupping,  sweating, 
and  otherwise  cleansing  the  body.  In  Turkey,  it  is 
the  name  of  prisons  wh-re  slaves  are  kept;  so  called 
from  the  balhs  which  they  contain.  £nc»c. 

2.  A  brothel. 
BAO'PIPE,  71.  [bag  and  pipe.]  A  musical  wind  in- 
strument, used  chiefly  in  Scotland  and  Ireland.  It 
consists  of  a  leathern  bag,  which  receives  the  air  by 
a  tube,  which  is  stopped  by  a  valve ;  and  pip.-3,  into 
which  the  air  is  pressed  by  the  performer.  The  bass- 
leiK^  is  ciillcil  the  drone,  and  the  tenor  or  treble  is 
c;iM.d  the  chanter.  The  pipes  have  eight  holes  like 
tliose  of  a  flute,  which  the  |ierformer  stops  and  opens 
at  pleasure.  There  arc  several  species  of  bagpipes 
as  the  soft  and  melodious  Irish  bagpipe,  with  two 
short  drones  and  a  long  one;  the  Highland  bagpijie, 
with  two  short  drones,  the  music  of  which  is  very 

■loud  ;  the  Scot's  Lowland  hagpijie,  which  is  played 
with  a  bellows,  and  is  also  a  loud  inslnimeut.  There 
is  also  a  small  pipe,  with  a  chanter  about  eight  inches 
in  length.  Knctje. 

In  seamanship,  to  bagpipe  the  miizen,  is  to  lay  it 
aback  by  bringing  the  sheet  to  the  mizzen  shrouds. 

Mar.  Diet 

BAG'PtP-ER,  71.    One  who  plays  on  a  bagpipe. 

BAfJ'KE.  n.  A  small  bearded  fish,  a  S[>eries  of  Siltirus, 
angitillilnnn,  of  a  silvery  hue,  without  scales,  and  de- 
licious food.  Diet,  of  J^at.  Hist. 

BAG'HKEF,  71.  [Jno- and  ree/.]  A  fourth  and  lower 
reef  used  in  the  British  navy.  Mar.  Diet 

BA-GUETTE',  (ba-get',)  71.  [Fr.  baguette,  from  bafue, 
a  ring;  U.beacht;  Sax.  ftrao-.l  ^ 

In  orehitecture,  a  little  round  molding,  loss  than  an 
astragal,  sometimes  carved  and  enriched. 

T.A  r.vnf   >         ...  -  .  Eneyc.    .Johnson. 

BA-IIXR',    71.     Weights  used  in  the  East  Indies.  Tho 

BAR  Rl.,  j  jfTMf  bahar,  for  weighing  p>?pper,  cloves, 
nutmegs,  &c.,  is  .■i34  lbs.  9  oz.  avoirdupois.  The  liuji 
b'jmr,  for  weigliing  quicksilver,  vennilion,  ivory, 
silk,  &.C.,  18  4.-!7  11.8.  9  oz.  avoirduiKiis.        Bneue. 

BAIG.NE,  r.  (.     [Fr.  J.ii^nrr.)  ' 

To  soak  or  drench,     [^ol  useiL]  rt.,-«- 


Carew. 


S^EISfS'  "•  ■•    "'"  Pi^ctice  deceit.  Barrow. 

BAH  'i  LL,  71.     A  defeat  by  artiflce,  shifts,  and  turns. 

S-yElE'''^''''  PI"-    Eluded  ;  defeated:  confounded. 

BAP'FLEB,  71,    One  that  baffles. 

BAF'FLI.N'G,  ppr.  or  a.  Eluding  by  shifts  and  turns, 
or  by  stratagem  ;  defeating  ;  confounding.  A  baf- 
^Hg  Wind,  among  seamen,  is  one  that  frequently  shifts 
from  one  [loint  to  another. 

BAF'FLING-LV,  adv.     In  a  baffling  manner. 

BAPTLLNG-NESS,  n.     Uualily  of  baffling. 

""?„?'"■  [''^"™-  'W>  3  h^B.  -t  cufler  ;  bagnes,  baggage. 
1  ins  word  seems  to  be  from  the  root  of  pack,  pouch, 
I  r.  poche,  or  of  the  same  family  ;  or  it  is  from  tlie 
sense  of  tying,  binding;  Sp.  baga,  a  rope  or  cord  for 
fastening  loadson  beasts  of  burden.  HelKe  bafmige; 
It.  bagaglia;  Sp.  bagage;  Port,  bagairem ;  Fr.  bV^a^e; 
Arm.  pacq,  :i  pack,  imd  bagaich.]  "  " 

1.  A  sack  ;  a  pouch,  usually  of  cloth  or  leather, 
used  to  hold,  preserve,  or  convey  corn  and  other 
commodities. 

2.  A  sack,  in  animal  bodies,  containing  some  fluid 
or  other  substance  ;  the  udder  of  a  female  beast. 

3.  Formerly,  a  sort  of  silken  purse  tied  to  the  hair. 

4.  In  commerce,  a  certain  quantity  of  a  commodity, 
such  as  it  IS  customaiy  to  carry  to  market  in  a  xak ; 
as,  a  bag  of  pepper  or  hops  ;  a  bag  of  corn. 

5.  Among  farneri,  a  i.io-  of  asafetida  and  savin  is 
tied  to  tile  bits  of  horses  to  restore  their  apjietites. 

u  *  /.  fx,  ■  Enciic. 

li.u,,  r.  (.   To  put  into  a  bag ;  as,  to  hag  game.    [Used 

chiefly  by  sportsmen.] 
2.  To  load  with  bags. 
BAG,  71.  i.  To  swell  like  a  full  b,ag,  as  sails  when  filled 

with  wind. 
BA-OASSE',  n.    The  sugar-cane,  when  crashed  and 

dry  ;  used  as  fuel.  {/„ 

B^n-.3-TELLE',  (bag-i-tel'  )   v.     [Pr. ;  Sp.  ia»-al<ii  ,• 

It.  bagatella;  Ann.  bagauh.] 

1.  A  trifle  ;  a  thing  of  no  imiiortance. 

2.  A  game  played  on  a  board  having,  at  the  end, 
nine  holes,  into  which  balls  are  to  be  struck,  with  a 
rod  held  in  the  hand  of  the  player. 

BAG'GAGE,    71.     [Ft.  bagage.     (in.  V.nz.  package  ;  n. 
pakkandje,  baggage,  that  which  is  packed.     See  Rao.] 

1.  The  tents,  clotliing,  utensils,  and  other  necess.a- 
nes  of  an  army. 

2.  The  clothing  and  other  conveniences  which  a 
traveler  carries  with  him  on  a  journey. 

Having  cLspatched  my  baggaga  by  water  to  Alulorf. 

Coxe,  Swiu, 


in  THIS. 


93 


BAI 

BAIK'AIrlTH,  R.    [fmm  BaiAoi,  a  lake  in  Nnrthern 

Asia.] 

A  greenish  vnriety  i»f  augite,  occiirring  in  pmuped 

or  nuliated  acicular  prisms.  Dttna. 

BAIL,  V.  L  [Fr.  anil  ^orm.  baUUrf  to  deliver,  to  k^aae  ; 

Ann.  kaJmilMati  Ar.  3^  baJuiU;  Eth.  O^^h  baU- 

oA,  to  deliver,  tVee,  liberate,  permit  to  go.] 

1.  To  set  free,  deliver,  or  librmte  from  nrrest  and 
imprisonment,  upon  security  given  that  the  person 
bailed  shall  appear  and  answer  in  court.  The  word 
is  applied  to  the  maeistnite  ur  the  surety.  The  magis- 
trate tkitlif  a  m:in,  when  he  libemles  him  fn>m  arrest 
or  imprisonment,  up»»n  bond  given  with  sureties. 
The  surety  bails  a  jhtsou,  when  he  procures  his 
release  from  arrest,  by  giving  bond  for  his  apiwar- 
ance.  BhicJi-'rUme. 

2.  To  deliver  gooiis  in  tnirt,  upon  a  cnnlrart,  ex- 
pressed or  im[^ic«I,  that  the  trust  shall  be  faithfully 
eiecuted  on  the  jvirt  of  the  bailee,  or  penwui  intrust- 
ed ;  as,  to  bail  cloth  to  a  tailor  to  be  made  into  a  gar- 
ment, or  to  bail  goods  to  a  carrier.  Blaekstone, 

3.  To  free  from  watt^r ;  as,  to  bnit  a  boat.  This 
word  is  im[>roperly  writitn  bale.  The  word  is  prob- 
ably the  same  as  LtU  in  law,  to  /«■<■,  or  Hbrrate^  and 
si|:nifie3  to  throw  out  water,  as  with  a  bucket  or 
shovel. 

BAIL,  «.  The  person  or  persons  who  pnx-ure  the  re- 
lease of  a  prisoner  fn>ra  custody,  by  becoming  sure- 
ty for  hu  appearance  in  court. 

Thr  bail  irnvt  br  reel,  wbaanti^l  Uiadsmnu  Biaekalorm. 

B.  ftiMi  B.  wrtv  bail  lo  Ute  uttm  in  %  cuit  &t  law.  iUnt. 

Bail  is  not  u^d  witli  a  plural  tennination. 
i  The  security  given  for  the  release  of  a  prisoner 
from  custody  i  as,  tlie  man  is  out  upon  bmL 

Eiervrive  bnl  eagbl  nat  to  be  ivquind.  BlAciflorw. 

Ban  is  commmm  or  spedaL  Common  bail  are  imagin- 
ary penwiu,  who  are  pledges  for  the  plainttlTs  prose- 
cution, as  John  Doe  and  Richard  Roe. 

Spf€ial  bcil  must  be  men  of  re^l  substance,  sutlicient 
to  [Kiy  their  bond  or  recngniznnce.  To  perfect  or  ju*- 
ttfy  bail^  is  to  prove  by  the  oath  of  the  person  that  he 
is  worth  tJie  sum  for  which  he  is  surety  beyond  his 
debtt.  To  admit  to  bail^  is  to  rcleaso  upon  security 
giv -n  by  bond-imen. 

3.  The  handle  of  a  kettle  or  similar  vessel.   Furby. 

4.  In  KjtWaiitf,  a  certain  limit  within  a  forest. 
BAIL'A-BLE,  M,    That   may  be  set   free  upi»n  bond 

with  sureties ;  that  may  be  admitted  to  bail  j  used  qT 
ptrMms. 

a.  That  admits  of  bail  j  as,  a  baiUOU  ot^naa, 

Btadutoma. 

BAIL'BONI),  n.  A  bond  or  obligation  given  by  a 
prisoner  and  his  surety,  to  insure  the  pri£ont;r's  ap- 
pearance in  court,  at  the  return  of  tlie  writ.  Also, 
special  bail  in  court  to  abide  the  Judpnent.  Bomvier. 

BAIL'£D,  pp.  Released  from  custody  on  bonds  fur 
appearance  in  court. 

3.  Delivered  in  trust,  to  be  carried  and  deposited, 
redelivered,  or  otherwise  accounted  for 
3.  Freed  from  water,  as  a  boaL 

BAIL-EC,  a.  The  pti^son  to  whom  goods  are  com- 
mitted in  trust,  and  who  hrts  a  temporarj*  possession 
and  a  qualified  property  in  them,  for  the  purposes  of 
the  trust.  Blaciattone. 

BAIL'ER,  I  H.    One  who  delivers  goods  to  anutJier  in 

BAIL'OR,  \      trust,  fur  some  particular  purpose. 

BAIL'iE,  II.  A  municipal  officer  in  Scotland,  corre- 
sponding to  an  ui'/tr/nan  in  England.  Brandt. 

BAIL'IFF,  n.  [Fr.  baiU,/;  Amu  bcUy;  Scot,  baillii 
it.  bailv^  a  maglslrale ;  balia^  power,  authority.  Ch. 
Ar,  lieb.  Syr.  Sp^  lord,  chief.  Class  El.  This  word, 
from  its  derivation,  would  more  properly  be  spelt 
with  but  one/.] 

In  MMgimui,  an  officer  appointed  by  the  sheriff. 
Bailiffs  are  either  special,  and  appointed,  for  their 
adroitne^,  to  arrest  persons  ;  or  bailiffs  of  hundreds, 
who  collect  fines,  summou  juries,  attend  Iht^  assizes, 
and  execute  writs  and  process.  The  sheriff  in  Eng- 
land is  the  king's  bailiff. 

There  are  also  baiUjfs  of  liberties,  appointed  by  the 
lords  in  their  respective  juri:;diction5,  to  execute 
process,  and  perforin  other  duties;  bniliffs  of  forests 
and  of  manors,  who  direct  the  husbandry,  collect 
rema,  &c. ;  and  Kater-baUiffs  in  each  port,  to  search 
vessrfs,  gather  toll  for  anchorage,  arrest  persons  for 
debt  on  the  water,  &c,  Blackstone.    Kneyc 

The  office  of  bailiff  formerly  was  iiigh  and  honor- 
able in  England,  and  officers  under  that  title  on  the 
Contint-nt  are  stiU  inveft-ted  with  important  functions. 

BAILIWICK,  a.  {baiUl,  an  officer,  (see  Bailiff,) 
and  Sax.  tctc] 

The  precincts  in  which  a  bailiff  has  jurisdiction  ; 
the  limits  of  a  bailiff's  authority  ;  as,  a  hundred,  a 
liberty,  a  forest,  over  which  a  bailiff  is  appointed. 
In  the  liberties  and  franchises  of  lords,  the  bailiff  has 
exclusive  jurisdiction.  Eneyc, 

BAIL'ME-XT,  n.  [from  baiL]  A  delivery  of  goods, 
in  trust,  upon  a  contract,  expressed  or  implied,  that 
the  inist  shall  be  faithfully  executed.      Blwrk^tone. 

BAIL'PIeCE,  n.     A  slip  of  parchment  m  paper  con- 


BAL 

taiiiing  a  recognizance  of  bait  above  or  bail  to  tJic  ac- 

tii'n.  Bladcitonc 

BAIN,  (banc.)  ".     [Fr.]     A  bath.     [Oft*.] 
BjiL\"-MA.-RlE\    (bang-niA-ree',)    ?l      [L.    balneim. 

Hiarto'.] 

In  cookery,  &  large  vessel  of  hot  water  in  which 

saucepans,  &c.,  are  placed  to  warm  food. 
BAI'R.AM  ;  the  name  of  two  Mohammedan  festivals, 

of  which  one  is  hold  at  the  close  of  Uie  fast  Raniezan, 

and  the  oilier  seventy  days  after.  P.  Cyc 

B.^IRN',  \  n.  [Sax.  beam  f  8col.  bairn  ^  probably,  Eng. 
BXR\,  \  ft.»rrt.]  A  child,  [liate  usrd  ia  EriirlL<h.] 
BAIT,  n.     [W.   abityd^   bwyd;   Arm.   buet;   Ir.   ubadh; 

Sw.  betfy  food  ;  beta,  to  feed  ;   Sax.  batan^  to  bait ; 

Buss,  pitayu  :  Dan.  bedr,  to  rest  for  refreshment.] 
1.  Any  subsUince  for  food,  pntper  to  be  used,  or 

actually  used,  to  catch  fish,  or  other  animals,  by 

alluring  them  to  swallow  a  hook,  or  to  be  caught  in 

enare^,  or  in  an  inclosure  or  net. 
•2.  A  portion  of  food  and  drink,  or  a  rcfVeshment 

taken  on  a  journey. 
3.  An  allurement ;  enticement ;  temptation. 
BAIT,  r.  t.    To  put  meat  on  a  hook  or  line,  or  in  an 

inclosure,  or  among  snares,  to  allure  fish,  fowls,  and 

otner  animals  into  human  ptnver. 
a.  To  give  a  (Kirtion  of  ftx)d  and  drink  to  a  beast 

upon  the  roJid  ;  as,  to  bait  horses.  Johntioiu 

BAIT,  p.  i.    To  take  a  portion  of  food  and  drink  for 

refreshment  on  a  Journey  ;  as,  we  stop(>ed  to  bnit 
BAIT,  r.  U     [Gotli.  beitaiu     In  Sax.  bate  is  contention. 

See  Make-bate.] 

1.  To  provoke  and  harass  by  dogs ;  to  harass  by 
the  help  of  others ;  as^  to  bait  a  bull  or  a  boar. 

2.  To  attack  with  violence;  to  harass  in  the  mnn- 
nf^r  of  small  animals.  Sh^ik. 

BAIT,  V.  i.     To  clap  tlie  wings  ;  to  flutter  as  if  to  fiy  ; 
or  to  hover  as  a  hawk,  when  she  stoops  to  her  prey. 
Bailrti.     ShaJc 
BAIT,  II.     While  Bnit,  a  small  fish  of  the  'riiames. 
BAIT'ED,  pp.    Furnished  with  bait ;  allured  ;  tempted. 

2.  Fed,  or  refreshed,  on  the  road. 

3.  Harassed  by  dogs  or  other  small  animals ; 
attacked. 

BAIT'ING,  ppr.  Furnishing  with  bait ;  tempting ;  al- 
luring. 

2.  Feeding  ;  refreshing  at  an  inn. 

3.  Harassing  with  dogs  ;  attacking. 
BAIT'LNG,  n.    The  act  of  baiting  ;  refreshment  at  an 

bin,  partitularU-  food  for  a  horse.  .^sh. 

2.  The  act  of  causing  dogs  to  attack  bulls,  bears,  &;c. 

BAIZB,  R.  [Per.  poroA,  the  nap  or  down  of  clolh  ;  Sp. 
battsattj  tlie  srime.] 

A  coarse  woiilen  stuff,  with  a  long  nap,  sometimes 
frized  on  one  side,  wiyiout  wale,  being  wove  with 
two  treadles,  like  flannel.  Chambers. 

BAKE,  r.  L  [Sax.  bacan ;  Sw.  baka ;  Dan.  bage ;  D. 
baktn ;  Got.  barkrn ;  Gipsy,  peksrum ;  Russ.  pcAu,  to 
bake  ;  ptkar^  a  baker ;  Per.  poehiaity  to  bake  or  cook.] 

1.  To  heat,  dry,  and  harden,  as  in  an  oven  or  fur- 
nace, or  under  coals  of  fire  ;  to  prejiare  for  food,  in  a 
close  place  he^ited  ;  as,  to  bake  bread. 

2.  To  dr>-  and  harden  by  heat,  either  in  an  oven, 
kiln,  or  furnace,  or  by  the  solar  rays  ;  as,  to  bake  bricks ; 
10  bake  the  ground. 

BAKE,  V.  i.    To  do  the  work  of  baking ;  as,  she  brews, 

washes,  and  bakes. 
2.  To  be  baked;  to  dry  and  harden  in  heat;  as, 

the  bread  bakes;  the  ground  bukcs  in  a  hot  sun. 
BAK'£D,  (bikt,)  pp.  or  a.    Dried   and  hardened  by 

heat ;  dressed  in  heat ;  as,  baked  meat. 
BaKE'HOUSE,  n.     [bake  and  liou^e.}    A  house  or 

building  for  baking. 
BAKE'.MkATS,  n,  pL    Meats  prejKired  for  food  in  an 

oven.    Gen.  xl. 
BAK'ES,pp.    The  same  as  Baked,  and  nearly  obsolete. 
BaK'ER,  w.    One  whose  occupation  is  to  bake  bread, 

biscuit,  Slc. 
2.  A  small  tin  oven  in  which  baking  is  performed. 
BAK'ER^FQQT,  71.    An  ill-shaped  or  distorted  foot. 

Taylor. 
BAK'ER-LEG-GED,  a.    Having  crooked  legs,  or  legs 

that  Itend  inward  at  the  knees. 
BAK'ER- V,  n.     The  trade  of  a  baker. 

2.  A  place  occupied  witii  the  business  of  baking 

bread,  &.c.  Smollett. 

BAK'LVG,  ppr.     Drying  and  hardening  in  heat ;  dress- 
ing or  cooking  in  a  close  place,  or  in  heat. 
BAK'ING,  M.     A  drj'ing  or  h;u-dening  by  heat. 

2.  The  quantity  baked   at  once ;  as,  a  baking  of 

bread. 
BAL'AN,  71.    A  fish  of  a  beautiful  yellow,  variegated 

with  orange,  a  s(»ecies  of  wrasse,  caught  on  the 

shores  of  England.  Diet.  ofJ^TaL  HisU 

BAL'ANCE,  71.    [Fr.  WaTice,'  Sp.  ftoi/iwza  ;  It.  biluncia; 

L.  bilanx,  bis.  twice,  and  iani,  a  dish,  the  double 

dish.] 

1.  A  pair  of  scales  for  weighing  commodities.  It 
consists  of  a  beam  or  lever  suspended  exactly  in  the 
middle,  with  a  scale  or  basin  hung  to  each  extremity, 
of  precisely  equal  weight.  The  Roman  balance,  our 
stt'elyard,  consists  of  a  lever  or  beam,  movable  on  a 
center,  and  suspended  near  one  of  its  extremities. 
Hence, 

2.  One  of  the  simple  powers  in, mechanics,  used 


BAL 

for  determining  the  equality  or  difference  of  weight 
in  heavy  bodies,  and  consequently  their  masses  or 
quantity  of  mutter.  F.ncyc. 

3.  Fiiriiratively,  an  impartial  state  of  the  mind,  in 
deliberating  ;  or  a  just  estimate  of  the  reasons  and 
arguments  on  both  sides  of  a  question,  which  gives 
to  each  its  due  weight,  or  force  and  im[)ortiinre. 

4.  As  balance  signifies  equal  weight,  or  equality,  it 
is  by  custom  used  fur  the  weight  or  sum  necc'isarif  to 
make  ttro  unequal  weights  or  sums  r^pmi ;  that  which 
is  necessary  to  bring  them  to  a  balance  or  equipoise. 
Hence,  in  accounts,  balance  is  the  difference  of  two 
sums;  as,  upon  an  adjustment  of  accounts,  a  balance 
was  found  against  A  m  favor  of  B.  Hence,  to  pay  a 
balance^  is  to  pay  the  difference  and  make  the  two 
acccunts  equal. 

5.  Balance  of  trade,  is  an  equal  exportation  of  do- 
mestic productions,  and  importation  of  foreign.  But, 
usually,  the  term  ia  applied  to  the  diffcrmce  between 
the  amount  or  value  of  the  commodities  exp<irted  and 
imported.  Hence  the  common  expression,  the  bal- 
ance of  trade  is  against  or  in  favor  of  a  country. 

6.  Equipoise,  or  an  equal  state  of  power  between 
nations  ;  ns,  the  balance  of  power. 

7.  Equipoise,  or  an  equal  state  of  the  passions. 

Tlie  balance  of  the  mind.  Pop: 

8.  That  which  renders  weight  or  authority  equal. 

The  odIj  balance  atteinptetj  a^aiiut  the  ancicut  kiugis,  ■wax   a 
body  of  iioblcts.  J.  Adarn^, 

9.  The  part  of  a  clock  or  watch  which  regulates 
tlie  beats. 

10.  In  astronximif,  a  sign  in  the  zodiac,  called,  in 
Latin,  Libra,  which  tlie  sun  enters  at  the  equinox  in 
September. 

The  hydrostatic  balance,  is  an  instrument  to  deter- 
mine the  specific  gravity  of  fluid  and  solid  bodies. 

The  assay  balance,\3  one  which  is  used  in  doci- 
mastic  operations,  to  determine  the  weight  of  minute 
bodies. 

Balance,  of  Tarsiojt.     See  Toasiorr  Balasce, 


JJt  is  an    error  to  use    balance  for  remainder ;   as, 
"  The  balaticc  of  the  evening  was  spent  in  study."] 
BAL'ANCE,  p.  f.    To  adjust  the  weights  in  the  scales 


of  a  balance  so  as  to  bring  them  to  an  equipoise. 
Hence, 

2.  To  weigh  reasons;  to  compare,  by  estimating 
the  relative  force,  impoitunce,  or  value  of  diflerent 
things  ;  as,  to  balance  good  and  evil. 

3.  To  regulate  different  powers,  so  as  to  keep  them 
in  a  state  of  just  proportion  ;  as,  to  balance  Europe,  or 
the  ptiwers  of  Europe. 

4.  To  counterpoise  ;  to  make  of  equal  weight  or 
force ;  to  make  eqiupollent ;  as,  one  species  of  at- 
traction balances  another. 


5.  To  settle  and  adjust,  as  an  account ;  to  find  the 
difference  of  two  accounts,  and  to  pay  the  balance, 
or  difference,  and  make  them  equjil. 

6.  In  seaman.ikip,  to  contract  a  sail,  by  rolling  up  a 
small  part  of  it  at  one  corner.  Mar.  Diet. 

BAL'ANCE,  V.  i.  To  have  on  each  side  equal  weight ; 
to  be  on  a  poise ;  to  preserve  the  equipoise  of  the 
body. 

2.  To  hesitate  ;  to  fluctuate  between  motives  which 
appear  of  equal  force,  as  a  brdance  playu  when  poised 
by  equal  weights. 

Between  riglit  and  wmn^,  never  balance  a  moment.       Anon. 

3.  In  dancing,  to  move  toward  a  person  opposite, 
and  then  back. 

BAL'ANC-ED,  (bal'anst,)  pp.  Charged  with  equal 
weights  ;  standing  on  an  equipoise  ;  regulated  so  as 
to  be  equal ;  settled ;  adjusted  ;  made  equal  in  weight 
or  amount. 

BAL'ANCE-FISH,  71.  The  zygirna,  or  hammer-fish, 
(Fr.  marteaa  ;)  a  fish  of  the  genus  Squalus,  or  shark 
kind.  It  ia  six  feet  long,  and  weighs  500  lbs.  It  has 
three  or  four  rows  of  broad,  pointed,  and  serrated 
teeth  ;  has  a  horrible  aspect,  and  is  very  voracious. 
It  is  peculiarly  distinguished  by  the  form  of  its  head, 
flattened  in  front,  and  projecting  laterdlly,  like  the 
head  of  a  hammer.  Encyc.     Cumcr. 

BAL'ANCE-KNIFE,n.  A  kindof  table  knife,  which, 
when  laid  on  the  table,  re^^ts  wholly  on  the  handle, 
witiiout  the  blade  touching  the  cloth ;  so  called 
because  the  weight  of  the  handle  counterbalances 
that  of  the  blade.  Enci/c.  Dom.  Ecun. 

BAL'Ax\CE-REEF,  n.  A  reef  band  that  crosses  a 
sail  diagonally,  used  to  contract  it  in  a  storm. 

Mar.  Diet. 

BAL'ANC-ER,  n.  The  person  who  weighs,  or  who 
uses  a  balance. 

2.  A  member  of  an  insect  useful  in  balancing  the 
body.  The  balancers  (haitrres,  Linn,)  are  two  very 
fine,  movable  threads,  terminated  by  a  kind  of  oval 
button,  placed  under  the  origin  of  the  wings,  in  the 
dipterous  or  two-winged  insects. 

3.  One  skilled  in  balancing,  or  preserving  the  equi- 
poise of  his  body. 

BAL'ANC-IXG,  ;);>r.  Charging  with  equal  weights; 
being  in  a  state  of  equipoise  ;  bringing  to  a  slate  of 
equality  ;    regulating   resijective   fuict^s   nr   sums  to 


FATE,  FAR,  FALI*,  WH^T.  — M£TE,  PRgY.  — PLVE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BQQK.— 


VM 


BAL 

tnake  them  eqtial ;  setilliit;;  udjusting;  paying  a 
difTerence  uf  accounts ;  bui^iutiiig  j  cuiitracting  a 
sail  by  ruUing  up  one  comer  uf  it. 

BAL'ANC-LVG,  n.     Equilibrium  ;  poise.       Spm.9er. 

BAL'A-XITE,  n.    A  fossil  shell  of  tha  genus  Uuianiis. 

A  variety  of  spmel  ruby,  of  a  pale  rose  red,  or  in- 
clining to  orange.    Its  crystals   are  usually  octahe- 
drons, composed  of  two  four-sided  pyraniid.s,  applied 
base  to  base.     [See  Spinel.]    CUm^daiul,     Ktrican. 
BA-LAUS'TINE,  tu     The  wifd  pomegranate-treo. 

Coxe, 
The  balaustines  of  the  shops  are  the  dried  flowers 
of  the  pomecranate.  Parr. 

BAL-BO'TIaTE,       in., 
BAL-BO'CI  Nate,  r*  "•    ^**  stammer. 
BAL'€0-NI-£D,  a,     Havinc  h:Uconie3. 
BAE'€0-Ny,   or   B.\L-€o'NY,  n.     [Fr.   bakon ;    It. 
halcoiie;  Sp.  balcon;  Port,  balcam  ;  probably  a  jutting, 

as  in  bulk  J  belly;  W.  bale.  In  Pcrs.  ^uIJoLj  balkar- 
nuA,  is  a  cancelated  window.] 

In  architecture,  a  phitform  or  projection  from  the 
external  wall  of  a  house,  or  other  building,  sup- 
ported by  columns,  pillars,  or  consoles,  and  encom- 
passed with  a  balustrade.  Balconies  are  common 
before  windows.  Encyc. 

BALD,  (bauld,)  a.  [Sp.  baJdlo,  untilled,  vacant,  unfur- 
nbihep ;  Port,  baldio,  open,  common ;  baldary  to 
frustrate.] 

1.  Destitute  of  hair,  especially  on  the  top  and 
back  of  the  bead. 

2.  Destitute  of  the  natural  covering ;  as,  a  bald 
oak. 

3.  Without  feathers  on  the  bead  j  as,  a  bald  vul- 
ture. 

4.  Destitute  of  trees  on  the  top  ;  as,  a  bald  moun- 
tain. 

5.  Unadorned  J  inelegant;  as,  &  bald  translation. 

I}njden. 

6.  Mean;  naked  ;  base  ;  without  dignity  or  value. 

ShaJc 

7.  In  popular  lanpiage,  open,  bold,  audacious. 

8.  Without  beard  or  awn  ;  as,  bald  wlicat. 
B^LD'A-€HLV,  n.     [It.  bal^lacchiao  ;  Sp.  baUiaqaino,  a 

rich  silk  or  canopy,  carried  over  the  host.  £>u 
CuHffc,  Lunier  deduces  it  from  the  name  of  a  city 
in  Babylunia.] 

In  architecture,  a  Structure  in  form  of  a  canopy, 
supported  by  columns,  and  often  used  as  a  covering 
to  insulated  uliars  ;  the  tenn  is  also  used  for  a  shell 
over  a  door.  Encyc.     Johnson. 

BALD'ER-UASH,  n.  [Qu.  Sp.  balda,  a  trifle,  or  baU 
dunar,  to  insult  with  abusive  language ;  \V.  baldtrri, 
to  prattle  ;  D.  bulderen.] 

Mean,  senseless  prate;  a  jargon  of  words  ;  ribald- 
ry ;  any  tiling  jumbled  together  without  judgm';nt. 

BALD'ER-D^Vtiil,  v.  U    To  mix  or  adulterate  liquors. 

Jokason, 

BALD'HEAD,  (bawld'hed,)  b.  A  man  bald  on  the 
head,    a  Kings  u.  ^. 

BALD'LV,  ado.  Nakedly  ;  meanly  ;  inelegantly ; 
openly. 

BALD'NESS,  n.  Want  of  hair  on  the  top  ami  hack 
of  the  head ;  loss  of  hair ;  meanness  or  inelegance 
of  writing;  want  of  ornament. 

BALD'PATE,  n.     A  pate  without  hair.  Shak. 

B^LD'PAT-ED,  a.    Destitute  of  hair ;  shorn  of  hair. 

Shak. 

BJVLD'RICK,  n.  [from  Sw.  bah,  Ir.  balta,  L.  baUeua^ 
a  belt,  and  rick^  rich.    See  these  words.] 

1.  A  girdle,  or  richly  ornamented  bctt ;  a  war 
girdle. 

A  rkdUnt  haidruk  o'er  hb  ■bmdden  tied.  Pop*. 

2.  The  zodiac.  Spermer. 
BALE,  R.     [Fr.  balU :  G^r.  balUn ;  D.  baaZ ;  It.  balla,  a 

bale;  Ch.  Ar.  Heb.  S^n  to  bind;  to  pledge;  and 
its  deriv!Uiv«,  in  Ar.  and  Elh.,  a  rojMj.] 

I.  A  bundle  or  package  of  goods  in  a  cloth  cover, 
and  corded  for  carriage  or  tmnsportation. 
a.  Formerly,  a  pair  of  dice. 
BALE,  c.  t.    To  make  up  in  a  bale. 
BALE,  n.     [Sax.  beal,  bealo.     Uu.  Hcb.  Ch.  Pyr.  and 
Ar.  S3M  to  grieve  or  mourn,  to  be  dwolrite,  or  San 
to  destroy.     In  Ir.  beata  is  to  die,  and  abatl,  death.] 
Misery  ;  calamity.     [Obt.] 
BAL-E-AR'IC,  a.     [from    Bairaris,  tho  denomination 
►    giv(;n  to  Majorca  and  Minorca.     Un.  from  tJr. /y.iAA'.j, 
to  throw,  because  the  inhabitants  wore  good  sling- 
ers.] 

Pertaining  to  the  ii^les  of  Majorca  and  Minorca,  in 
the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

fia/roric  cm/i^,  or  crowned  h'lon,  (j*r</'*a  pavonica, 
Linn. ;)  a  bftautiful  species  of  cranr,  a  native  of 
Africa.  Its  body  Ls  bluish  ;  its  head,  black  and 
hairy,  with  a  yellowish  crest.  EtL  Ehcj/c. 

BALE'-FTRE,  n.    A  signal  fire  ;  an  alarm  lire. 

SMfwrt  T-ifiol  1  on  thf  tilrcr  l]d« 

'i'liii  (loomj'  baJ^Jb-is  Uaxe  do  inore,  Scott. 

BALE^FIJL,  0.    [See  Bale.]    MlschleTous;  deatruc- 


BAL 

tivc ;  pernicious ;  culamituus ;  deadly ;  as,  balrful  en- 
emies ;   baleful  wi\r. 
a.  Sorrowful  ;  woeful  ;  sad.       Spenser.    Milton. 

BALE'FyL-LY,  ado.  Sorrowfully;  perniciously;  in 
a  calamitous  manner. 

BaLE'FJJL-NESS,  h.     Deslructivnness. 

BAL'ING,  n.  The  act  or  ojieration  of  making  up  in  a 
bale,  as  cotton,  Sec. 

BA-HS'TEtt,  n.  [L.  balistu,  from  Gr.  /?aXXf.>,  to 
throw.]     A  cross-bow.  BlounL 

BA-LIZE',  n.     [F.  bali^ei  Sp.  valiia,  a  beacon.] 
A  sea-mark  ;  a  polo  raised  on  a  bank. 

BALK,  (bank,)  n.  [Sax.  balcfW.  bale,  a  ridge  between 
i'urrows  ;  bale,  prominent,  swelling,  proud;  said  to 
be  from  bal,  a  prominence  ;  bala,  eruption  ;  balaUj  to 
shoot,  spring,  or  drive  out.] 

1.  A  ridge  of  Uind,  left  unplowed,  between  fur- 
rows, or  at  the  end  of  a  field. 

2.  A  great  beam,  or  rafter.     [Gr.  balken ;  D.  balk.] 

3.  Any  thing  left  untouched,  like  a  ridge  in  plow- 
ing. SpeiLser. 

4.  A  frustration  :  disappointment.  South. 
BALK,  ( bauk,)  v.  t.   To  disappoint ;  to  frustrate.  Locke. 

"  S.  lo  leave  untouched  ;  to  miss  ur  omit.    Drayton. 

3.  To  pile,  as  in  a  heap  or  ridge.  Sliak. 

4.  To  turn  aside  ;  to  talk  beside  one's  meaning. 
[  O*-*.]  Spenser. 

5.  To  plow,  leaving  balks. 

BALK'jED,  (baukt,)  pp.    Plowed  in  ridges  between 
furrows,  as  in  American  husbandry. 
2.  Frustrated  ;  dis:ippvMnted. 

BALK'EU,  n.  One  who  balks.  .  In  fishery,  balkers 
are  persons  who  stand  on  rocks  and  emmences  to 
espy  the  shoals  of  herring,  and  to  give  notice  to  the 
men  in  boats,  which  way  they  p;iss,  Encyc.    CowcL 

BALK'lNG,p»r.    Plowing  in  ridges;  frustrating. 

Bi'^LK'ING-LY,  adc.   In  a  manner  to  balk  or  frustrate. 

BALL,  Ti.  [G.  ball;  D.  bali  Sw.  ball;  Dan.  btdUrn ; 
kuss.  hat ;  Sp.  bala,  bula  ;  It.  piilJa  ;  L.  pila  ;  W.  pel, 
pcUen  ;  Arm.  bolal;  Fr.  balle,  boale.  A  ball  may  sig- 
nify a  mass  from  collecting,  or  it  may  be  that 
which  is  driven,  from  the  root  of  \j.peUo;  probably 
the  former.] 

1.  A  round  body;  a  spherical  substance,  whether 
natural  or  artificial  ;  or  a  body  nearly  round;  as, 
a  bali  for  play ;  a  ball  of  thread  ;  a  bali  of  snow. 

2.  A  bullet;  a  ball  of  iron  or  lead  for  cannon, 
muskets,  &c. 

3.  A  printer's  ball,  consisting  of  hair  or  wool, 
covered  with  leather  or  skin,  and  fastened  to  a  stock, 
called  a  ball-stock,  and  formerly  used  to  put  ink  on 
the  types  in  the  forms. 

4.  The  globe  or  earth,  from  its  figure. 

5.  A  globe  borne  as  ensign  of  authority ;  as,  to 
liold  the  ball  of  a  kingdom.  BacoTi, 

G.  Any  part  of  the  body  that  is  round  or  proiuber- 
ant ;  as,  the  eye  ball;  i\\^  ball  of  the  thumb  or  foot. 

7.  The  weiglit  at  the  bottom  of  a  pendulum. 

8.  Among  tiic  Cornish  miners  in  England,  a  tin 
mine. 

9.  A  well-known  and  familiar  game. 

10.  In  pyrotechnics,  a  composition  of  combustible 
ingredienU!,  which  berve  to  burn,  smoke,  or  give 
light. 

Ball-stock ;  among  printers,  a  stock,  somewlmt  hol- 
low at  one  end,  to  which  a  ball  of  skin,  siutled  with 
wool,  is  fastened,  and  which  serves  as  a  handle. 

Ball-vein  ;  among  miners,  a  sort  of  iron  ore,  found 
in  loose  massen,  of  acircular  form, containing  spark- 
ling particles.  Encyc 

Bait  and  socket;  nn  instrument  used  In  surveying 
and  astronomy,  m:ide  of  brass,  with  a  perpetual 
screw,  so  as  to  move  horizontally,  obliquely,  or  ver- 
tically. 

Pajf-ball :  in  botany,  a  n:mie  common  to  different 
sprrirs  of  funguses,  of  the  genus  Lycuperdon,(Linn.} 
Fire-biill;  a  nu'tror ;  a  luminous  globe  darting 
through  the  utmospliere  ;  also,  a  bag  of  canvas  filled 
with  gunpowder,  f^ulphiir,  pitch,  saltpeter,  &.c.,  to  be 
thrown  by  the  hand,  or  from  mortars,  to  eset  fire  to 
houses. 

BALL,  n.  [Fr.  bal ;  It.  ballo  ;  Pp.  batjle,  a  dance  ;  It, 
balUtre,  to  dunce,  to  shake;  Gr.  fJaK^io,  to  toss  or 
throw  ;  or  viiXX>->,  to  K-ap.] 

An  entertainment  4>f  dancing;  originally  and  pe- 
culiarly, at  the  invitation  and  expense  of  an  individ- 
ual j  but  the  Word  is  used  in  America  for  a  dance  at 
the  expense  of  the  attendants, 

Bi\LL,  ti.  t.  To  form,  iis  huow,  into  bulls,  as  on  horses' 
hoofs,  or  on  the  feet.     We  say  tiie  horse  balls. 

B^LL-CAR'TRIDGE,  n.  A  cartridge  containing  a 
ball. 

B^LL'€OCK,  n.  A  contrivance  which  allows  water 
io  enter  a  cist'Tu,  but  shuts  of  its.:If  by  means  of  a 
Hoatiiig  ball,  when  the  cistern  is  full. 

Encm.  Dom.  Econ. 

BAL'LAl),  n.    [It.  bnlhita,  a  ball,  a  dance,  a  ballad: 
Fr.  balludr.,n  song, and  haladin,  a  dancer.    See  Bali-J 
A  oong;  originally  a  solemn  song  of  praise;   but 
now  n  meaner  kind  of  |K)pular  song.  kVatts. 

BAL'LAl),  w.  i.    To  make  or  sing  tj.illads.         SJiak. 

BAL'LAD-KR,  ti.     A  writer  of  ballads.       Ooerbupy. 

BAL'LAD-MaK'ER,  n.  A  maker  or  composer  of  bal 
ludd.  Shak, 


BAL. 

BAL'LAD-M0N"GER,  a.  [Seo  Mo.-»o»:iuj  A  denier 
in  writing  ballads.  Shak, 

BAL'LAD-RY,  b.    The  subject  or  style  of  ballads. 

B.  Jon.von. 

BAL'LAD-SING'ER,  n.  One  whose  employment  is 
to  sing  ballads. 

BAL'LAD-STtLE,  n.  The  air  or  manner  of  a  bal- 
lad. 

BAL'LAD-TONE,  n.    The  tune  of  a  ballad. 

fVarton. 

BAL'LAD-WRIT'ER,  n.    A  composer  of  ballads. 

fVartun. 

BAL'LA-RAG,  v.  L  To  bully;  to  threaten.  [JV*o(  in 
u.?e.l  fVarton. 

BAL'LAST,  TI.  rSax.  bat,  a  boat,  with  last,  a  load  ;  D. 
Ger.  and  Dan.  last ;  W.  llwyth  (  Arm.  lastr,  a  load  ; 
bat-last,  boat-load,  corrupted  into  balUut;  Russ.  bal- 
last} Fr.  leM ;  Sp.  lastre;  Sax.  hl(£stan,  to  load  a  ship.] 

1.  Heavy  matter,  as  stone,  sand,  or  iron,  laid  in  the 
hold  of  a  ship  or  other  vessel,  to  sink  it  in  the  water 
to  such  a  depth,  as  to  enable  it  to  carry  sufiicieut  sail, 
without  overselting. 

Shingle  balUist,  is  ballast  of  coarse  gravel. 

Mar.  Diet, 

2.  Figuratively,  that  which  is  used  to  make  a  thing 
steady.  SwifL 

BAL'LAST,  V.  L  To  place  heavy  substances  in  the 
hold  t)f  a  ship  or  vessel,  to  keep  it  from  oversetting. 

2.  To  keep  any  thing  steady,  by  counterbalancing 
its  force.  Dryden. 

BAL'LAST-AGE,  ti.  A  toll  paid  for  the  privilege  of 
taking  up  ballast  in  a  ptirt  or  harbor.  Bouoier. 

BAL'LAST-ED,  pp.  P'urnished  with  ballast ;  kept 
steady  by  a  counterpoising  force. 

BAL'LAST-ING,  ppr.  Furnishing  with  ballast ;  keep- 
ing steady. 

BAL'LAST-ING,  n.  Ballast;  that  which  is  used  for 
ballast.  Shak. 

BAL'LA-TED,  a.    Sung  in  a  ballad.     [LitUe  used.) 

BAL-LA-TOON',  ti.  A  heavy  luggage  boat  employed 
on  the  rivers  about  the  Caspiim  Sea.  Encyc. 

BAL'LA-TRY,  n.     A  song;  a  jig.  Milton. 

BAL'LET,  n,  [Fr.  ballet;  It.  ballctto.  See  Ball,  a 
dance.] 

1.  A  kind  of  dance  accompanied  by  music,  in 
which  various  passions  and  emotions  are  represented 
by  the  movements  and  gestures  of  the  dancers. 

Encyc.  .Am. 

2.  A  kind  of  dramatic  poem,  representing  some 
fabulous  action  or  subject,  in  which  several  persons 
appear  and  recite  things,  under  the  name  of  some  de- 
ity or  personage.  Encyc, 

In  heraldry,  ballets,  or  balU,  a  bearing  in  coats  of 
arms,  denominated,  according  to  their  color,  bezants, 
plates,  hurts,  &.e.  Encyc 

BAL'LI-AGE,  or,  more  correctly,  BAIL' AGE,  w.  [Ir. 
baile,  a  town.] 

A  small  duty  paid  to  the  city  of  London  by  aliens, 
and  even  by  denizens,  for  certain  commodities  ex- 
ported by  them.  Encyc. 

B.\L-LIS'TA,  n.  [L.]  A  machine  or  engine  used  by 
the  ancients  in  war,  for  throwing  darts,  stones,  &c. 

BAI*-LIri'TI€,  a.  [L.  bailista,  an  engine  to  throw 
stones,  or  shoot  darts,  from  Gr.  /yaAAtj,  to  throw  or 
ehoot.] 

Pertaining  to  thn  bailista,  or  to  the  art  of  shooting 
darts,  &nd  other  missive  weapons,  by  means  of  an 
engine. 

BAL-Lls'Tie  PE\D'U-LUM,  ti.  An  instrtimont  for 
measuring  the  force  and  velocity  of  cannon  and 
musket  balls.  Brands, 

BAL-LIS'TlCS,  n.  The  science  or  art  of  throwing 
missive  weapons  by  the  use  of  an  engine.  The  bai- 
lista was  a  machine  resembling  a  cross-bow. 

Encyc.     Math.  Diet.     J3sh. 
The  term  ballistics  has  been  used  as  synonymous 
with  projectiles.  Barluw, 

BAL-LOON',  n.  [Fr.  ballon,  a  foot-bail ;  Sp.  balon;  It. 
palione;  W.  pcUtun,  from  ;/(■/,  a  ball.     See  Ball.] 

1.  In  general,  any  spherical  hollow  body. 

Encyc. 

2.  In  chemistry,  a  round  vessel  with  a  short  neck, 
to  receive  whatever  is  distilled  ;  a  gliiss  receiver  of  a 
spherical  form. 

3.  In  architecture,  a  ball  or  globe  on  the  top  of  a 
pillar. 

4.  In  fireiBorJcs.  a  ball  of  pasteboard,  or  kind  of 
bomb,  stufli-d  with  combustibles,  to  be  played  off", 
when  fired,  either  in  the  air,  or  on  water,  whicli, 
bursting  like  a  bomb,  exhibits  sparks  of  fire  like  stars. 

Johnson.     Encyc. 

5.  A  game  somewhat  resembling  tennis,  piaj^ed  in 
an  open  field,  with  a  large  ball  of  leatiier,  inflated 
with  air.  E»citc. 

6.  A  bag  or  hollow  vessel,  made  of  silk  or  other 
light  material,  and  filled  with  hydrogen  gas  or  healed 
air,  so  as  to  rise  and  float  in  the  atmosphere  ;  called, 
for  distinction,  an  air-bailoim. 

7.  In  Franee,  a  quantity  of  paper,  containing  34 
reams.     [See  Balk.] 

8.  In  France,  balloon,  ballon,  or  ballot,  a  quantity  of 
glass  plates;  of  white  glass,  26  bundles  uf  six  plates 
each ;  of  colored  glass,  12.\  bundles  of  three  pUitu« 
each.  Eneijc. 


TONE,  BULL,  IIMTE.  — AN"GEa,  VfCIOUS.— €  as  K ;  d  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  Tl!  as  in  THIS. 

_ 


BAL 


['IST,  ■ 


One  who  makea  or  ascends  in  a 


BAL-LOO.\'i  I  n.    A  «t:ite  bar^  ui'  Siam,  made  of  a 
BAL'LOKN,   i      single  pitce  of  timber,  wry  long,  and 

uanurd  witb  oars.  ICttcwc, 

BAL-hOOS'ir""  "         •  - 

balloon. 
BAl^LOON'RY,  b.    Tbe  wt  or  practice  of  ascen<ling 

Ib  a  balloon.  Quart.  Rec. 

BAL'LOT,  a.     [Fr.  MbUf  Sp.  »a{a<a,  a  litUe  bolL 

SeeBAU.1 
1.  A  ball  iittd  1b  voUng.    Ballots  are  of  ditferenl 

caian ;  those  at  one  color  five  an  affirmatjye  ;  Uiom 

of  anotlitf,  a  uegacire.    Tbey  are  pri%*auJy  put  into 

a  box  or  urn. 
a.  A  ticket  or  written  rote,  being  gtren  In  lieu  of 

a  ballot,  is  now  callt:d  by  tbe  same  name. 
3.  Tbe  act  ofroling  by  balls  or  tickets; 
BAL'LOT,  V.  u  To  vote  bv  ballot,  that  is,  by  potting 

tittle  balls  of  dUT^vnt  colors  into  a  boi,  the  grettar 

number  of  one  odor  or  the  other  delenmning  the  re- 

BOtt. 

S.  To  rote  by  written  papers  or  tickets. 
BAL-LOT-A'TION,  a.     A  voting  by  ballot.     [IJaU 

BAI^LOT-BOX,  a.    A  box  fur  receiving  ballots. 
BAL'LOT-ED,;)^    Voted  by  ballot. 
BAL'LO  IMNG,  ppr.    Voting  by  balloL 
BAL'LOT-ING,  n.    The  act  oT Toting  by  ballot. 
BS.LM,  (b4m,)  a.    [Fr;  teaau,  a  contiactioa  of  tetvam, 
which  aee.} 

L  Tbe  lap  or  Juice  of  trees  or  shrubs  remarkably 
odoriferoas  or  anmatic  JDnfrfca. 

S.  Any  fragrant  or  valuable  ointraenL  .       SkdJt, 
3.  Any  thing  which  heals,  or  which  soothes  or  mit- 
igates pain.  SkaL.     y<ma^. 

i.  In  A*<«ay,  the  name  of  sevfTa]  plants,  parucu- 
larly  of  the  genus  Helifi<a.  They  are  aromatic,  and 
used  as  eorrobofants. 

Bal«  V*  Oiimd ;  a  plant  of  the  genns  Amyris, 
(Linn.  0  the  tUlrnmadmifdrom  OSmdemM  of  Decandolle. 
Its  leavea  yi^,  when  braisod.  a  strong  aromatic 
scent:  and  from  this  plant  Is  obtained  the  Mm  of 
OStmi  of  the  shops  **  balsam  of  Mecca  or  of  Syria. 
This  has  a  yeflowisfa  or  greentfih  color,  a  warm,  bit- 
terish, aromatic  taste,  and  a  frn^^nt  smt-11.  Itisx-al- 
ned  as  an  odorifeioas  unguent  ntid  co^iU'-tic,  by  the 
Turks,  who  posaeea  the  eountr}-  of  its  gn.>wth,  and 
hence  it  is  adulterated  for  market.  £ii£iic. 

BALSl,  9.L     To  anoint  with  balm,  or  with  any  ilung 
medicinaL 
9.  To  soothe ;  to  mitirate  ;  to  assuage.         Skak, 
BALM'I-LY,  mdc.    In  a  lioliuy  manner.      OoUridge, 
BALMT,  a.      Uaving   the  qualttie*  of  balm ;    aro- 
matic. MtUam, 
3.  Producing  balm ;  as,  the  hdmt/  tree.        Pope. 
3.  Soothing  i  soft  i  mild  j  as,  Aaisqr  slumbers. 

Drydm, 
<  Fragrant  j  odoriferous  j  as,  halmj/  wlnj 


S.  Mitigating ;  easing :  assnaging ;  as,  hatrntf  breath. 

BAL^V&AL,  a.    [L.  haUemm.] 

Pertaininv  to  a  balh.  HawdL 

B.\L'N£-A-H V,  n.     f  L.  bcUearimm.  from  balutmm ;  Syr. 
Mac,  bath.] 
A  bothinz  room.  Brmon, 

BAL-XE  A'TIO.V,  «.    The  act  of  bathing.    Brown. 
B.^L'XE-.VTO-KY,  a.    Belonging  to  a  bath  or  stove. 

Joknavn. 
B.\L'0-TADE,  m.  In  the  mata^,  a  leap  c^  a  horse 
between  two  pillars,  or  upon  a  straight  line,  so  that 
when  hts  fore  feet  are  in  the  air,  he  shows  nutbing 
btit  the  shoes  of  bis  hind  f'^t,  without  yerking  out. 
In  a  capriole,  the  horse  yerks  out  his  hin'j  Ieg& 

EMcyc     Farrier's  DUL 
B,\I/SAM,  a.     [Gr.  ^aX<ra|i4>> ;  L.  htOMmMmJ] 

1.  An  oily,  aromatic,  resinous  substance,  flowing 
spontaneou^y  or  by  incision  from  certain  olants.    A 
great  variety  of  enbetances  pass  under  this  deoomina- 
tjtm.    But  in  modem  chemistry,  the  term  was  once 
confined  tosiich  vegetable  juices  as  are  liquid  or  Jtpun- 
taneously  become  concrete,  and  consist  of  a  resinous 
8»ib<iance,  combined  with  br^nKoic  acid,  or  capable  of 
aiTurHinie  it  by  decoction  or  sublLm:ttion.   Tbe  bal^sams 
are  either  liquid  or  solid  -y  of  the  former  are  tlie  balm 
of  Gilead  and  the  balsams  of  copaiva,  Peru,  and  Tola ; 
of  the  latter,  benzoin,  drain's  blood,  and  storax. 
Entye.    ^fieholsoH.     Ure. 
The  opinion  that  balsams  contain  or  necessarily 
fVtniisb  benzoic  acid,  is  not  now  generally  sustained. 
l*he  substances  known  as  bal:$ams  are  properly  com- 
pounds of  resin  and  essential  oil,  some  of  which, 
however,  famish  benzoic  acid  by  partial  decomposi- 
tion or  distillation. 
%  A  name  of  the  balsamine.  which  see. 
Balsam  apple:  an  annual  likdian  plant,  included 
onder  the  genus  Momordica. 
Balsam  of  Sulphur,  is  a  solution  of  sulphur  in  oil. 
Balsam  of  Tola.,  \s  the  produce  of  tbe  Afyrospermum 
Toluifenim,  or  Tolu  tree,  of  South  America.     It  is  of 
a  reddi^b-yellow  color,  transpan^nt,  thick,  and  tena- 
cious, but  growing  hard  and  brittle  by  age.     It  is  very 
fragrant,  and,  like  the  balsam  of  Peru,  is  a  stimulant, 
and  used  ad  a  pectoral.  Encyc     Linn. 

Balia,A  of  Pent ;  the  produce  of  a  tree  in  Peru, 


BAN 

(Myn>six'nnuiu  Peruifi-rum,)  possessing  strong  stimu- 
lant qiialtties. 

BA  L^A  M-A'TiON,  n.    The  act  of  rendering  balsamic. 

BALr-SA^riG,  la.     Having  the  quulities   of  bal- 

BAL-SA.M'ie-AL,  \  sam  j  slinuilatiug  ;  unctuous  ; 
sort;  mitigating;  mild,  JJrbuthjwt. 

BALr-SAM'ie,  H.  A  warm,  Rttmulating,  demulcent 
medicine,  of  a  smooth  and  oily  consistence.     Coie. 

BAL-SAMa€J-AULV,  atlc,     in  a  biUsamic  manner. 

BAL-SAM-IF'EK-OUS,  o.   Producing  balt^am.  Smith. 

BAL'SA-MT\E,  n.  The  common  name  of  the  Balsa- 
Biina  hortensis,  (frnpatims  btdsaMiHa,  Ijon.) 

BiVL'SAM-SWfiAT'ING,  o.     YicUiug  biUsam. 

Crashaie. 

BALT'ir,  a.  [from  »«/;«,  belt,  from  certain  straits  or 
channels,  surrounding  its  ules,  called   belts.     See 

BSLT.] 

The  sea  which  separates  Norway  and  Sweden 
frnm  JniUnd,  Holstein,  and  G<>rmany. 
BALT'lG,  o.    Port.iiniug  to  the  sea  of  that  name  ;  sit- 
uated on  the  litUtic  Sua. 

£Mh  DaUic  Hmte  to>)iti  tbe  rigfalMta  omim.  Barlota. 

BAL'US-TER,  ».  [IL  haiatiatro ;  B\k  balaustre;  Fr. 
balustre ;  from  L.  paltia ;  Eng.  pote,  pale.  This  is  cor- 
rupted into  Aannicter.] 

A  sm-ill  column  or  pilaster,  of  various  forms  and 
diniensionii,  often  adunied  with  moldings,  used  for 
balu  St  rules. 

BAL'CS-'I'Hll-ED,  a.     Having  bnlusters.       Soames. 

BAL'L'.S-TItADE,  lu  rSi»,  balaastrado;  It.  balaiutrata ; 
Fr.  balustrade  ;  from  buiastrr.} 

A  row  of  balu:jter3,  joined  by  a  rail,  serving  as  a 
fence  or  inclosum,  for  aluars,  balconies,  stnircast^, 
terraces,  tops  of  buildings,  Jcc.        Eneye.     Johnson. 

BAM,  or  B£AM,  as  an  initial  S}'llahld  in  names  of 
places,  signifies  KHMd ;  implying  that  Uie  place  took 
lis  name  Ihan  a  grove,  or  forest.  [Ger.  bautn^  a 
tree.] 

BAM-ROfV,  a.  A  plant  of  the  read  kind,  growing  in 
the  E:ist  Indies,  and  in  some  other  warm  climates, 
and  sometimes  attaining  to  the  hight  of  60,  feet; 
originally  placed  by  Linii<TUd  in  the  geijus  Arundo, 
but  afterward  ranked  by  him  in  a  distinct  genus, 
{Bambiua.')  From  the  main  n>ot,  which  is  long, 
thick,  and  jointed,  spring  several  round,  jointed 
Ftalks,  which,  ni  10  or  1'2  feet  from  lUe  ground,  send 
out  from  tlieir  joints  severd  statks,  which  are  united 
at  their  base.  'I'hesc  are  armed,  at  their  joints,  with 
one  or  two  shan>i  "gid  spines,  and  furnished  with  ob- 
long, oval  leaves,  eight  or  nine  inchr^  l"ng>  on  short 
footstalks.  The  tlowers  grow  in  lar«e  jianicU  s,  from 
the  joints  xif  the  stalk,  placed  three  m  a  parcel,  close 
to  their  receptaclea.  Old  sulks  grow  to  five  or  six 
inches  in  diameter,  and  are  so  hard  and  durable,  as 
to  be  used  for  buildiuff,  and  fur  all  wrts  of  furniture, 
for  water-papes,  and  for  poles  to 


The   smaJlia'   stalks   are 

flutes,  &C. 
BAM-BUO'ZLE,  r.  U 

play  low  tricks  upon. 
BAM-BOO'ZLER,  n, 

tricks. 


upport  palanquins. 
u^d    for  walking  t^ticks, 
Eiicyc. 
To  confound  ;  to  deceive  ;  to 
[A  low  word.]         ArbuthnoU 
A  cheat  j  one  who  plays  low 
Arbu-lknot. 

BAN,  M.  [Sax.  bannan,  abannan,  to  pritclaim ;  It. 
batutoj  a  proclamation  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  bantto  ;  Fr.  ban  ,* 
Arm.  ban  ,*  D.  and  Ger.  Aha,  bannr.n :  Sw.  banna,  to 
revile  ;  Dan.  band^  ban,  outlawry  ;  furhajidc^la  curse. 
Hence  banlA.  The  radical  sense  id  to  send,  tiiriist, 
KS  drive.     Class  iln,  No.  3.] 

1.  A  public  proclamation  or  edict ;  a  public  order 
or  notice,  mandatory  or  prohibitory. 

Inn  mart  particular  sense^ 

2.  In  the  plural^  the  word  bans  denotes  notice  of  a 
m.arriage  proposed,  or  of  a  matrimonial  contract,  pro- 
claimed in  a  church,  or  other  place  prescribed  by 
law,  that  any  person  may  object,  if  ho  knows  of  any 
kindred  between  tlie  parties,  of  any  precontract,  or 
other  just  cause  why  the  marriage  yliould  not  take 
place. 

3.  .\n  edict  of  interdiction  (jr  proscription.  Hence, 
in  the  firrmer  Orrman  empire^  to  put  a  prince  under 
the  ban  of  the  empire,  was  to  divest  him  of  his  dig- 
nities, and  to  interdict  all  intercourse  and  all  offices 
ftf  humanity  with  the  offender.  Sometimes  cities 
were  put  under  tbe  ban  of  the  empire,  that  is,  de- 
prived of  their  rights  and  privileges.  Eneye. 

4.  Interdiction  ;  prohibition.  MtUon. 

5.  Curse  j  excommunication  ;  anathema.    Raleigh. 

6.  A  pecuniary  mulct  or  penalty  laid  upon  a  de- 
linquent for  offending  again.sL  a  l>an. 

7.  A  mulct  p.aid  to  the  bishop  by  one  guilty  of  sac- 
rilege and  other  crimes. 

8.  In  imiitarti  affairs^  a  proclamation  by  beat  of 
drum,  or  sound  of  trumpet,  requiring  a  strict  olwer- 
vance  of  discipline,  either  for  declaring  a  new  otficer, 
or  for  punishing  an  offender. 

9.  In  commerce,  a  smooth,  fine  muslin,  imported 
from  the  Ea=t  Indies.  Encyc. 

BAN,  r.  L    To  curse ;  to  execrate.      Shak.    Knoiles. 
BA\,  r.  *.     To  curse.  Spen.tfr.' 

BA-XA'NA,  ru     A  species  of  the  genus  Musa,  (which 
al^o  inrlides  the  plantain,)  and  its  fruit.     It  ri.ies  15  I 
or  20  f.;et  high,  with  a  soft  stalk,  marked  with  dark 
purple  stripes  and  spots,  with  leaves  six  feet  long,  | 


BAN 

and  a  f(X>t  hnwid.  The  flmvers  grow  in  bunches, 
covered  with  a  *!hcath  of  a  fine  purple  color.  'I'he 
fruit  is  four  or  five  inches  long,  and  an  inch  or  more 
m  diameter  :  the  pulp  is  soft  and  of  a  luscious  taste. 
When  ripe,  it  is  eaten  raw,  or  fried  in  slices.  Ba- 
nanas grow  in  large  bunclies,  weighing  a  dozen 
pounds  or  more.  1'his  tree  is  the  native  of  tropical 
countries,  and  on  many  isles  constitutes  an  impor- 
tant article  of  food.  Encyc. 


BAN'CO,  n.     [Il.l     A  bench  ;  a  bank 
BAND,   n.     ryax.  banda ;  Sw.  ft 


,    .  ,  _  ...  hand;  Dan.   baand;  D. 

batidi    G.  bandy  binde;   Sp.  ba/tdUj  vcnda;   Port,  It, 

banda;    It.   banna;  Pers.   Jou   bajid;  Sans,  bande^ 

bunda;  Fr.  bande.     See  Bihd  and  Bend.] 

1.  A  fillet ;  a  cord  ;  a  tie  ;  a  chain  ;  any  narrow 
ligament  with  which  a  thing  is  bound,  tied,  or  fast- 
ened, or  by  which  a  number  of  things  are  confined 
together. 

2.  In  architecture,  any  flat,  low  member  or  molding, 
broad,  but  not  doep,  called  also  fascia,  face,  or  pUii3u 

John>!i>n.     Encyc. 

3.  FiiruTQtively,  any  chain  ;  any  means  of  restniint ; 
that  which  draws  or  confines.  Drtiden. 

4.  Means  of  union  or  connection  between  persons  j 
as,  Hymen^s  band.  Shak. 

6.  Any  thing  bound  round  or  encircling  another. 

Bacon. 

6.  Something  worn  about  the  neck ;  as,  the  bands 
of  clergj'inen.  .dddison. 

7.  A  company  of  soldiers;  the  body  of  men  united 
under  one  flag  or  ensign.  Also,  indefinitely,  a  troop, 
a  body  of  arm<?d  men.     2  Kings  vi. 

8.  A  company  of  jK^rsons  united  in  any  common 
design  ;  as,  a  band  or  brothers. 

9.  A  slip  of  canvas,  sewed  across  a  sail  to  strength- 
en it.  Mar.  Diet. 

The  band  of  pensioners,  in  England,  is  a  company 
of  120  gentlemen,  who  receive  a  yearly  allowance  of 
£100  St.  for  attending  tlie  king  on  solemn  occasions. 

Encyc. 
The  ba-nds  of  a  saddle  are  two  pieces  of  iron  nailed 
upon  the  bows,  to  hold  them  in  their  proper  situa^ 
ridU.  Johnson, 

BAND,  V.  L    To  bind  together  j  to  bind  over  with  a 
band.  Dryden. 

2.  To  unite  In  a  troop,  company,  or  confederacy. 

Mdton. 
BAND,  V.  i.     To  unite  ;  to  associate  ;  to  confederate 

fur  some  common  purpose.  Acts  xxiii. 
BAND'A(!;e,  n.  [Fr.1  A  fillet,  roller,  or  swath,  used 
in  dressing  and  binding  up  wounds,  restraining 
hemorrhages,  and  joining  fractured  and  dislocated 
bones.  Sometimes,  the  act  or  practice  of  applying 
bandages. 

2.  Something  resembling  a  bandage ;  that  which 

is  bound  over  anotJier.  jiddison. 

BAN-DAN'A,     >  71.     A  species  of  silk  or  cotton  hand- 

BA.\-DAN'NA,  \      kerchief,  having  a  uniformly  dyed 

ground,  usually  of  re<l  or  blue,  with  white  figures  of 

a  circular  or  lozenge  form,  made  by  discharging  the 

color.     The  term  is  also  applied  to  a  style  of  calico 

printing,  in  which  white  or  bright  sjwts  are  produced 

on  a  red  or  dark  ground,  by  discharging  the  color,  as 

in  bandanna  handkerchiefs.  Ure. 

BAND'BOX,  n.     A  slight  paper  box  for  bands,  caps, 

bonnets,  muffs,  or  other  light  articles.  Addison. 

BAND'ED,  pp.    Bound  with  a  band  ;  united  in  a  band. 
BAND'EIl,  71.     One  that  bands  or  associates  with 

others. 
BAND'I-CT),  (ban'did,)  pp.    Beat  or  tossed  to  and  fro  j 

agitated  ;  controvertt^d  without  ceremony. 
BAND'ING,  p/»r.    Binding  with  a  band  j  uniting  in  a 

band  or  company. 
BAN'DIT,  71,;   pi.   Baxdits    or  Banditti.      [It.  ban- 
ditOy   from  bamfirr,  to  proclaim,    to   banii^h    or   pro- 
scribe  by   prochmiation.     Bandiio   is  the   participle. 
Sp.  bandido.     See  Ban.] 

An  outlaw;  also,  in  a  general  sense,  a  robber;  a 
highwayman  ;  a  lawless  or  desperate  fellow. 
BAN'DLE,  n.    An  Irish  measure  of  two  feet  in  length. 

Badey. 
BAND'LET,       )  rr-      I.     J  f  ..    T 

BAND'E-LET,  i  ™-     t^f-  ^^rtdclettc] 

Any  little  band  or  flat  molding,  as  that  which 
crowns  the  Doric  architrave.  Encyc. 

BAN'DOG,  n.      A  large,  fierce  kind  of  dog,  usually 
kept  chained  ;  hence  the  name  band  dog  or  ban  dog. 
SinarL     Farm.  Encyc.     Shak.     Spenser. 
BAN-DO-LEER',   ti.     [Sp.    bamhlera ;    It.    baadoliera; 
Fr.  banilouliere  ;  band  and  D.  leer,  leather.] 

A  large  leathern  belt,  tlirown  over  the  right 
shoulder,  and  hanging  under  the  left  arm;  worn  by 
ancient  musketeers  for  sustaining  their  fire-arms. 
The  term  la  also  applied  to  small  leather  cases,  of 
which  ever>'  musketeer  wore  twelve,  suspended  by 
a  belt,  ^ud  containing  each  a  ch.irge  of  powder. 

Encyc 
B.\N'DON,  71.     Disposal ;  license     [JVo(  in  use.] 

Chaucer. 
BAN'DORE,  n.     rSp.  bandurria  ;  Gr.  rrnvSnoa.] 

A  musical  strmged  instrument,  like  a  lute.   Ennjc. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PKEV.— PINE.  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK. 


BAN 

BAND'ROL,       j  n.     [Fr.  hanun-olc  ;  U.  bandn-aola  ;  Sp. 
BAX'XER-6L,  \      baiulcrvia^i  j  literally,  a  lillli:  banner. 
Hee  Banner.] 

1.  A  little  tlag  or  streamer,  in  furm  of  a  guidon, 
used  to  be  hung  on  the  masts  of  vesstrls.        Kncyc. 

3.  The  little  fringed  silk  tlag  that  bang^  on  a 
trumpot.  Johnson. 

BAN'D'STEING,  n.    A  string   appendant  to  a  band. 

Taylor. 
BAN'D'Y,  n.     [Ft.  band/r,  to  bend  ;  L.  pando.] 

1.  A  club  bent  at  the  lower  part  fur  striking  a  bal! 
at  play. 

.    2.  Tt>e  play  with  such  a  club.  Toone. 

BAND'Y,  tj.  £.  To  beat  to  and  fro,  as  a  ball  in  play- 
ing at  baudy. 

2.  To  exchange;  to  give  and  receive  reciprocally  ; 
as,  to  bandy  looks.  Shak. 

3.  To  agitate  ;  to  loss  about,  as  from  man  to  man. 

Let  not  kaown  truth  be  handitd  ia  diipui&lion.  WtUta. 

BAND'V,  tJ.  i.  To  contend,  as  at  some  game,  in 
which  each  strives  to  drive  Uic  ball  his  own  w.iy. 

Skak. 

BAND'Y-ING,  ppr.  Beating  ;  im[H^lling  or  tossing 
from  one  to  another ;  agitating  in  controversy  witii- 
out  ceremony. 

BAND'Y-LEGJ  tu  [bandij  and  leg.  See  Bandt  and 
Beno.]  a  crooked  leg;  a  leg  bending  inward  or 
outward.  Eiicyc 

BAND'Y-LEG-GED,  a.     Having  crooked  legs. 

BANE,  n.  [Uu.  the  affinities.  In  ^>ai.  bana  is  a  mur- 
derer ;  in  Gr.  4>lvu}  is  to  kill ;  in  L.  vtnentum  is  jrai- 
son  ;  Fr.  venin  ;  Ami.  benym  or  vinym.] 

1.  Poison  of  a  deadly  quality  ;  hence,  any  fatal 
cause  of  mischief,  injury,  or  destruction  ;  as,  vice  is 
the  bane  of  s<Kit:ty. 

2.  A  disease  in  sheep,  more  commonly  termed  the 
rot.  Farm.  Kncyc. 

BA\E,  v.  t.    To  poison.  Sfiak. 

BANE'BER-RY,  n.    A  common  name  of  the    herb 

Cbristoptier  or   AcUea    £:<picata,   whose   berries  are 

fetid  and  dangerous 
BSNE'FJ^L,  a.     Poisonous;  pernicious;  destructive. 
BAN'E'FLL^LY,  fli/r.     Perniciously  ;  destructively. 
BA.\K'F[jL-NESd,   n.      Poisonousness  ;    destructive- 

ness. 
Ba.NE'WORT,  n.     [Sec  Wonx.]     A  plant,  cjilled  also 

deadly  ni-f/iLfhade.  Johnson. 

BANG,  r.  t     [Dan.  banke,  to  beat ;  G.  bdngdy  a  ciiib, 

and  the  clapp<;r  of  a  bell ;  D.  bengcl,  a  bell ;  Ir.  bea- 

TWini,  to  bi^at.  ] 

1.  I'u  bt^at,  as  with  a  club  or  cudgel ;  to  thump  ;  to 
CUdgeL     [^  low  leortl.] 

2.  To  beat  or  handle  roughly ;  to  treat  with  vio- 
lence. Shak. 

BANG.  n.     A  blow  with  a  club ;  a  heavy  blow.  SJuUu 

BANG'I.NG,  a.  Huge  ;  great ;  as  if  bratin^^  or  sur- 
passing in  size.  A  vulgar  word  ust>d  in  the  south  of 
England,  in  Scotland,  and  sometimes  in  .-Vmerica. 

Forby. 

BAN"GLE,  V.  u  To  waste  by  little  and  little  ;  to 
squander  carelessly.  Johnson. 

BAi\"OLE,  n.  An  omamoni  worn  upon  the  arms 
and  ankles  in  India  and  Africa.  Malcom. 

BAN'GUE, }  n.     The  leaf  of  a  sort  of  hemp  or  Canna- 

BANG,  t  bis,  growing  in  India  and  the  l^evant, 
and  used  as  a  narcotic. 

BA.V'IAN,  (ban'yan,)  n.  A  man's  undn-ss  or  morning 
gown,  as  worn  by  the  Banians  in  the  East  Indies. 

Johnsan. 

2.  A  peculiar  caste  or  clai*«i  among  the  Hindoos, 
wboM  profession  is  that  of  trade  and  merchandise. 

Iln-bcrt. 

3.  A  tree  In  India,  the  Banyan.  MUttm. 
Banian  day»,  in  iteamrn^ji  laiivaai^fy  are  days  in  a 

week  in  which  the  sailors  have  no  Hesh  meat  served 
out  to  them.  This  use  of  the  term  seems  to  be  bor- 
rowed from  the  Banians  in  Aii'm,  who,  believing  in  a 
metempKychoNis,  will  eat  no  Hesh,  nor  even  kill 
noxious  animals. 
BAN'Ifll,  r.  f.  [Fr.  ftannir,  bannunant;  whence  ban- 
nisjirment,  banishment;  Ann.  rmbannay  In  publiiih  ; 
fvrltanit  and  forbaniia^  In  banish  ;  It.  bnndire. ;  D.  ban~ 
nrn  ;  G.  terbunmn,  au^banneit.     S*^'"  Ban.] 

1.  To  cond'-inri  Ujcxilf,  or  compi-l  to  leave  one*» 
country,  by  authority  of  tin;  prince  or  goveninient; 
either  for  life  or  for  a  limited  time.  It  is  common 
for  Ru.tnians  to  be  bauuhrd  to  .'Liberia. 

2  To  drive  away ;  to  com|)el  to  depart  j  as,  to 
banixh  sorrow. 

*  3.  To  baniak  one*g  gflf^  \n  to  quit  one's  country 
voluntarily,  and  with  a  view  to  reside  abroad. 

BA.N'iaM-i-Jl),  (ban'iHhl,)  pp.  or  a.  Conii)elIed  to  leave 
one's  country  ;  driven  away. 

BA.N'IHM-ER,  71.  One  who  compels  another  to  quit 
hi«  cciunlrv. 

BA.N'IriH-I.NG,  ppr.  Compelling  to  quit  one's  coun- 
try ;  driving  away. 

BAN'IHM-ME.NT,  B.  The  act  of  a  prince  or  govern- 
ment, comiK-IIing  a  citizen  to  leave  his  countr>',  either 
fiiT  a  litdiied  time  or  forever,  as  for  Borne  crime. 

2.  A  vo|iintar>-  forsaking  of  one's  country  upon 
oalh,  called  abjuration.  [7'hit practice  has  noto  ceased 
1/1  Oreat  Britain,} 


BAN 

3.  The  state  of  being  banished  ;  exile. 

4.  The  act  of  driviii;:^  away  ot  dispt^Uing  ;  as,  the 
banl-thment  of  care  from  the  muul. 

BAX'Itf-TER,  n.     A  corruption  of  Baluster. 
BANK,  71,     ftfax.  banc;   D.  luid  G.  bank;  i^w.  banek  ; 
Dan.  banke ;   It.  banco ;  Sp.  and  Port,  banca^  banco ; 

Fr.  bane^  banque;  W.  banc;  Arm.  bancg;    Ar.  eJUj 

bank,  abench.  Bank  and  bench  are  radically  the  same 
word.  The  sense  is,  tliat  which  is  set,  laid,  or  ex- 
tended. Applied  to  a  mass  of  eiuth,  it  is  a  collec- 
tion, that  which  is  thrown  or  laid  together.] 

1.  A  mound,  pile,  or  ridge  of  earth,  niised  above 
tlie  surrouniling  plain,  either  as  a  defense  or  for 
other  purpases.    2  Sam.  xx.  15. 

2.  Any  steep  acclivity,  whetiier  rising  from  a  river, 
a  lake,  or  the  sea,  or  forming  the  side  of  a  ravine,  or 
the  steep  side  of  a  hillock  on  a  plain.  When  we 
speak  of  the  earth  in  general  adjoining  a  lake  or  the 
sea,  we  use  the  word  shore ;  biit  a  particular  steep 
acclivity  on  the  side  of  a  lake,  river,  or  the  sea,  is 
called  a  bank. 

3.  A  bench,  or  a  bench  of  rowers,  in  a  galley. 

Placed  on  theti  banJcM,  Ibe  luaty  Trujrtm  aw«ep.  WaUer. 

4.  By  anatofry^  a  collection  or  stock  of  money,  de- 
posited, by  a  number  of  persons,  for  a  particular  use  ; 
that  is,  an  aggregate  of  particulars,  or  a  fund  ;  as,  to 
establi>^h  a  bank,  that  is,  a  Joint  fund. 

5.  The  place  where  a  collection  of  money  is  de- 
posited ;  a  common  repository  of  the  money  of  indi- 
viduals or  of  companies ;  also,  a  house  used  for  a 
bank. 

fi.  A  company  of  persons  concerned  in  a  bank, 
whether  a  private  ass(fciation  or  an  incorporated 
company  ;  the  stockholders  of  a  bank,  or  their  rep- 
resentatives, the  directors,  acting  in  their  corporate 
capacity. 

7.  An  elevation,  or  rising  ground,  in  the  sea  ;  called 
also  fiatsy  shoalsy  shelves,  or  shallotos.  These  may 
rise  to  the  surface  of  the  water  or  near  to  it ;  but  the 
word  bank  signifies  also  elevated  ground  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  sea,  when  many  fathoms  below  thti  sur- 
face ;  as,  the  bank.-^  of  Newfoundland. 
BANK,  r.  (.  To  raise  a  luuund  or  dike  ;  to  hiclose, 
defend,  or  fortify  with  a  bank  ;  as,  tu  bank  a.  house. 

2.  To  pass  by  the  banks  of. 

As  I  hare  battked  Uieir  UHtoM.  Sltai. 

[•^ot  in  use.] 

3.  To  lay  up  or  deposit  money  in  a  bank.  [Little 
used.]  Johnson. 

BANK'^A-BLE,  a.  Receivable  at  a  bank,  as  bills;  or 
discountable,  as  notes. 

BANK'-HOQK,  n.  A  book  In  which  the  officers  of  a 
bank  enter  the  debt  and  credit  of  a  customer.  Bouvier. 

B.\NK'-HTLL,  n.  In  .^mfrir/i,  the  same  ns  Batch  note. 
In  F-nfflandy  a  note,  or  n  bill  nf  exchange  of  a  bank, 
payabit;  at  sonu-  future  sp-cificd  lime.  Such  bills  are 
negotiable,  but  form,  in  the  strict  sense  of  the  term, 
no  part  of  the  currency.  London.  Banker, 

BANK'-\OTE,  n.  A  promissory  note,  issued  by  a 
banking  company,  signed  by  the  presidimt  and 
count(!rsigned  by  the  cjishier,  payable  to  the  bearer 
in  gold  or  silver  at  the  bank,  on  demand.  Such 
bills,  in  England  and  America,  form  a  large  part 
of  the  currency. 

BANK'£D,  rbankt,)  pp.  Raised  In  a  ridge  or  mound  of 
earth  -,  inclosed  or  fortified  v^^ih  a  bank. 

BANK'ER,  ft.  One  who  keeps  a  bank  ;  one  who 
tratfics  in  money,  receives  and  remits  money,  ne- 
gitliates  bills  of  exchange,  &c. 

2.  A  ve«set  employed  in  the  codfishery  on  the 
banks  of  Newfoundliiiid.  Mar.  Diet. 

BANK'ING,  ppr.  Raising  a  mound  or  bnnk  ;  inclos- 
ing with  a  hank.  When  we  sprak  of  restraining 
water,  we  usually  call  \i  banking;  when  we  speak 
of  defending  the  land,  we  call  it  imba.tkin^,      Kricijc, 

BANK'ING,  n.  The  business  or  employment  of  a 
banker  ;  the  business  of  establishing  a  comnuui  fund 
for  lending  money,  disroiinling  not*'s,  issuing  bills, 
receiving  d»'p<)sils,  collecting  the  money  on  notes  de- 
positi-d,  negotiating  bills  of  exchange,  &c. 

BAXK'IXG,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  conducted  by,  a 
bank  ;  as,  ftanAin^r  operaiinns.  JPCulloch. 

BANK'RUPT,  71.  [Fr.  banqarroute  ;  Pi>.  bancarrota, 
bankruptcy,  bank,  and  Pp.  und  Port,  roto.  It.  rotlo, 
broken  ;  Enp.  rout,  defeat.  'I'liis  may  signify  bencK- 
brokcn,  or  Aanfe-broken  ,  most  probably  the  latter, 
reftirring  to  the  fund  or  stock.  The  la-st  syllable  is 
the  Liitin  rupttu,  contracted ;  Norm,  roujit,  rous, 
brokfii.] 

1.  In  English  law,  a  trader  who  secretes  himself, 
or  does  certain  other  arts  tending  to  defraud  his 
credilars.  Black.*tiine. 

2.  In  a  less  technical  sense,  a  trader  who  fails,  or 
becomes  unable  to  pay  his  just  debts  ;  an  insi>lvent 
trader.  In  strictness,  no  person  but  a  trader  can  be 
a  bankrupt.  Bankruptcy  is  applied  to  merchants  and 
traders  ;  insolcencyy  to  other  persons. 

This   distinction    is   not   preserved  in  the  United 
States,  all  insolvent  debtors   being  called  ftanfrrupf*. 
BANK'RUPT,  II.    Having  conmiitted  acts  of  bank- 
ruptcy ;  unable  to  pay  just  debts  ;  Insolvent. 


BAN 

BANK'RUPT,  r.  t.    To  break  one  in  trade;  to  make 

insolvent. 

BANK'RUPT  CY,  n.  The  state  of  being  a  bankrupt, 
or  insolvent ;  inability  to  pay  all  d>jbts. 

9.  The  act  of  becoming  a  bankrupt :  the  act  of 
rendering  one's  self  a  bankrupt,  as  by  absconding  or 
otiifrwise  ;  failure  in  trade. 

BANK'RUPT-EO,  pjt.     Rendered  insolvent. 

BANK'RUPT-ING,  pj»r.  Breaking  in  trade;  render- 
ing insolvent, 

BANK'RUPT  LAW,  n.  A  law  which,  upon  a  bank- 
rupt's surrendering  all  his  property  to  coioniissionera 
for  the  benefit  of  his  creditors,  discharges  him  from 
the  [Kiyment  of  his  debts,  and  all  liability  to  arrest  or 
suit  for  the  same,  and  secures  his  future  acquired 
property  from  a  liability  to  the  payment  of  his  past 
debts. 

BvVNK'RUPT  SYS'TEM,  n.  A  system  of  laws  and 
legal  proceedings  in  regard  to  bankrupts  and  their 
property. 

BANK'-STOCK,  n.  A  share  or  shares  in  the  capital 
BtiKk  of  a  hank. 

B.^M^'LTE-UK,  n.  [Fr.J  The  territory  without  the 
walls,  but  within  the  legal  limits,  of  a  town  or 
citv.  Brande. 

BAN'NER,  n.  [Fr,  banmere;  W.  baner;  It.  baudiera} 
Sp.  bandera;  G.  fakne  and  panier;  D.  xsaan  and  rfum- 
rfW;  from  G<ith. /iiHo,  cloth;  Sax. /«)«£;  L.  pannua; 
Ir.  frnin,  cloth.] 

1.  A  square  flag  ;  a  military  ensign  ;  the  principal 
standard  of  a  prince  or  stale.  Encyc. 

2.  A  streamer  borne  at  the  end  of  a  lance  or  else 
where.  Johnson. 

3.  In  botany,  the  upper  petal  of  a  papilionaceous 
corol.  Jltartyn. 

BAN'NER-£D,  a.  Furnished  with  or  bearing  banners. 

Milton. 

Shield  the  (trong  (bet,  sod  rake  the  banmrtd  ahore,      Barloa. 

BAN'NER-ET,  n,     [Fr.,  from  banner.] 

1.  A  knight  made  in  the  field.  On  the  day  of  bat- 
tle, the  candidates  presented  their  Ilags  to  the  king  or 
general,  who  cut  off  the  train  or  skirt,  and  made  it 
square.  They  were  then  called  kui^hts  of  the  square 
fiag.      Bannerets  formerly  constituted   an    ordtr  of 

knights  or  feudal  lords,  who  led  their  vassals  to 
battle  under  their  own  nags.  They  were  a  middle 
order  bi^twcen  barons  and  simple  knights.     Encijc 

2.  ForinrrUj,  a  high  odicer  in  some  of  the  Swiss 
cantons,  who  had  the  charge  of  the  banner. 

BAN'NER  OL.     See  Bandroi- 

nAN-Nl"TION,  7(.     The  act  of  expulsion.     [Obs.] 

BAN'NOCK,  n.     [Ir.  boinncog.]  [Jibp.  Laud. 

A  cake  made  of  <iat,  rye,  pease,  or  barley  meal, 
baked  on  an  iron  plate,  over  the  fire  ;  used  in  Scot- 
land, and  the  northern  counties  of  England.  Johnson. 

BAN'OY,  7*.  A  fiiiecies  of  hawk,  somj'wliat  larger  than 
the  English  sparrow-hawk  ;  the  back  and  wing^  yel- 
low, and  the  belly  white;  a  native  of  the  Philippine 
Isles.  Diet,  of  JsTut.  Ili.it. 

BAN'UUET,  (bank'wct,)  n.  [Fr.  banquet;  Arm.  ban- 
cqed  or  baneri;  It.  banche.iio,  a  little  seat,  a  feast ;  Sp. 
banqtieta,  a  stool  with  three  legs  ;  banqurte,  a  banquet. 
From  these  words,  it  would  appear  that  banquet  is  a 
siLtuig,  and  lience  a  fi^ast ;  and  not,  as  supj>osed, 

from  the  Oriental  p3l},  uJui    to  feed  or  bring  up 

delicately.] 
A  feast;  a  rich  entertainment,  literallpy  of  meat 

and  drink  ;  figuratively,  of  any  thing  delightful. 
BAN'UI.'ET,  V.  L    To  treat  with  a  feast,  or  rich  en- 
tertainment. Shak. 
BAN'UUET,  V.  i.    To  feast ;  to  regale  one's  self  with 

good  eating  and  drinking.  Shak. 

BAN'UUET-ED,  pp.     Feasted;  richly  entertained  at 

the  table, 
BAN'ULIET-ER,  n.      A  feaster;   one  who  lives  de- 

liciously. 
2.  One  who  makes  feasts  or  rich  entertainments. 
BAN'QUET-ING,  ppr.    Feasting;  entertaining  with 

rich  fare. 
2.  Partaking  of  rich  fare. 
BAN'QUET-lNG,  71.     A  feast ;  luxurious  living;  rich 

entertaininoiit.     1  Pi-t.  iv. 
BAN'UffET  IN(»-llOL'SE,  )  n.  A  house  where  ent(?r- 
BAN'tiUET-IKIUSE,  )       tainnienls  are   made. 

Cant.  xxiv.     Dan.  v. 
BAN'tiUET-ING-ROOM,   n.     A  saloon   or  spacious 

hull  for  public  entertainments.  Encyc. 

B.dJV-QUET7'E',  (ban-kef,)  n.     [Fr.] 

1.  In  fortification,  a  little  raised  way  or  foot-bank, 
running  along  the  inside  of  a  i)ara[>et,  on  which  mus- 
keteers stand  to  fire  U|>on  Wm  enc-my  in  the  moat  ur 
covered  way.  Encyc. 

2.  The  foot-way  of  a  bridge,  when  raised  above 
the  carriage-wav.  Otcilt. 

BAN'UIJET-TENT,  n.    A  tent  in  which  a  banquet  ia 

enjoyed. 
BAN.S,  H.  pi.    Bans  of  mafrinony.    [See  Ba.v,  No.  2.] 
BAN'SIIEE,  ' 


BEN'SHI, 


n.     An  Irish  fairy. 


Oialmcrs 


BAN'STICK-LE,  ti.     A  small  fish,  called,  also,  stickle- 
back ;  a  species  of  the  genua  Gasterosteus. 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  IH  as  In  THIS. 

13  "        tri' 


HAR 

BAN'TAM,  m.  A  very  smaU  variety  of  fowl,  with 
feathered  legs,  bitmghl,  probably,  from  llie  kingiloni 
of  Bantam. 

2.  A  kind  of  pointed  or  rarved  work  resembling 
that  of  Ja[ian,  oalv  more  gaudy. 
BAN'TER,  r.  L     [Gr.  i^vuf,  whence  <pcyaKts(^t  to 
mock,  or  deride.* 
To  play  upon  in  words  and  in  good  humor  ;  to  raJ- 


1t  ;  to  Joke  or  jest  with.    Baxter  hardly  amounts  to 

ridicule,  much  Urn  to  deriskm.    It  consists  in  beini 

nt  and  wftQr  with  the  Mtioiui  of  another,  and 


nMdg  a  huniOfftMis  laueh  at  his  expense,  often  attend- 
ed with  some  degree  of  sarcasm. 

BAX'TEK,  a.  A  joking  or  jesting ;  raillery  ;  wit  or 
tanmor;  pleasantry. 

BAX'TEU-iTD,  pp.'  Rallied  i  laughed  at  in  good  hu- 
mor. , 

BAiN'TER-ER,  a.  One  who  banters,  or  laughs  at  With 


TBR-lNO,  fpr.    Joking ;  Uaghing  at  with  good 


theBapiM.    AdBi 


BAN'TER-ING,  a.    The  act  of  bantering. 

BANT'LlNti,  n.     [G.  bmmkarL    Oo.] 
A  vtHing  child  ;  an  inAnt. 

BAN'VaN,  a.  The  Indian  fig,  (^nw/sdiM,)  a  tree 
whose  bitches,  bend  i  nc  to  the  grotind,  lake  root  and 
Ann  new  atocks,  till  ttuycover  aspaeeof  many  bun- 
drad  feel  te  circumTereiice.  BramU, 

BA'O-BAB,  a.  The  African  name  of  tlie  ^<ia/uoria 
4ifiUU,  the  lanesl  known  tree  in  the  world.  The 
trunk  Is  sommlmca  thirty  feet  in  diameter,  but  not 
more  than  seventy  feet  hi^  Brumd*. 

BAP'TWM,  a.  [Gr.  ffamamaj  ftom  jSoa-i-i^w,  ftwn 
^arrw,  to  baptize ;  Op,  hamtnart  It.  haUezsan  i  Port. 
tealjxar  or  ^plixer.  These  seem  to  be  fVom  the 
Greek,  by  eontracskm.  Bat  the  Aim.  Asdexa,  ki- 
rfsia,  may  be  from  teU,  had,  water.] 

1.  The  application  of  water  to  a  person,  as  a  sarra- 
meat  or  religioDS  ceremony,  hy  which  be  is  initiated 
into  the  riSble  church  of  Christ.  This  is  osoaUy 
perfnrined  by  SHinkliniE  or  ImmenioB. 
!L  The  smnrincs  of  Christ.  Matt.  xx.  9a,  93. 
X  So  much  of  ue  gospel  as  was  preached  by  John 
xViiL  Crudrm. 

^___    ,ts  the  name  given,  in  the  Epis- 

ehuich,  to^baptism  when  adminiictered  to  per- 
I,  in  respect  to  whom  it  is  doubtful  whether  they 
have  or  have  not  been  baptized  before  The  formula 
in  this  case  is,  **  If  thou  art  not  already  baptiied,  I 
baptise  thee."  &c  Uoolu 

BAP-TIS'ALU*,  a.  Pertaining  to  baptism ;  as,  a  *«p«i*- 
mal  vow. 

BAP'TIST,  s.  One  who  admini^ien  baptism.  This 
appellation  is  approfxiately  given  to  John,  the  fure- 
fuuuor  of  Christ. 

3.  As  a  contraction  of  JinahoffUA.  one  who  denies 
the  doctrine  of  infant  baptism,  ana  maintains  that 
boptiim  ou^l  to  be  adminisicred  only  to  adulu  or 
b^ievers  b>'  Iminefsing  the  iMdy  in  water. 

BAP'TIST-ER-V,  a.     [L.  fr^tutsrwa.] 

A  place  where  the  saciantent  of  baptism  is  admin- 
istered. Primitively,  baptisteries  were  in  buildings  sep- 
arate from  tjie  church  ;  but  in  the  sixtli  cenmr>-  they 
wfrt*  takf-n  into  the  church-porch,  and  aft£r\vard  in- 
ii  itsclC  Ejuyc 

v.  ia.    Pertaining  to  baptism. 

li  .  AL,  \  BramhaH. 

BAi  - 1 1:-  1  itL~AL-LY,  ode.    In  a  baptisticai  manner. 

BAP-TIZ'A-BLE,  o.    That  may  be  bapti7X-d- 

A*.  £.  Elders. 

BAP-TIZE',  r.  U  [See  Baptism.]  To  administer  the 
sacrament  of  baptism  to  ;  to  christen.  By  some  de- 
nominations of  Christians,  baptism  is  performed  by 
plonging  or  immersing  the  whole  body  in  water,  and 
this  is  done  to  none  but  adults.  More  f;cnerally,  the 
ceremony  is  p«fonned  by  sprinkling  water  on  the 
feee  of  a  person,  whether  an  inf:uit  or  an  adult,  and 
in  the  case  of  an  infant,  by  giving  him  a  name,  in 
the  name  of  the  Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Spirit,  which 
is  caPed  Chrutmn/. 

BAP-TIZ'£D,  ;ip.  or  a.  Oaring  received  bapti:>m ; 
christened. 

BAP-TTZ'ER,  a.  One  who  christens,  or  administers 
baptism. 

BAP-TTZ'DTG,  ppr.    Administering  baptism  to. 

BAR,  a.  [W.  bar;  IL  barrai  Fr.  barre;  Sp.  barra; 
Port.  id. ;  It,  borra,  Mbarra ;  Ann.  barren^  sparl;  Heb. 
rvii  ;  Ch.  may.  If  these  words  are  the  Eng.  6ar, 
the  sense  is,  a  shoot,  that  which  shoots,  passes,  or  is 
driven.] 

1.  A  piece  of  wood,  iron,  or  other  solid  matter, 
long  in  proportion  to  its  diameter,  used  fur  various 
jHirposes,  but  especially  for  a  hinderance  or  obstruc- 
tion ;  as,  the  bars  of  a  fenc«  or  gate ;  the  bar  of  a 
door  or  hatchway.    Numb.  iii.  36.    Ex.  xxvi.  26. 

2.  Any  obstacle  which  obstnicU,  hinders,  or  de- 
fends ;  an  obstruction  ;  a  fortification.    Amos  i. 

MiuC  I  new  ban  to  laj  own  )aj  axxle.  Drydtn. 

3.  The  shore  of  the  sea,  which  restrains  its  waters. 
Job  xxxviii. 

4.  The  railirg  that  encloses  the  place  which  coun- 
sel €>ccupy  in  ^urts  of  justice.  Hence  the  phrase  at 
tA<  fta»o/ tA<  ccurf,  signifies  in  open  court.    Hence, 


BAR 

nls<s  licensed  lawyers  are  railed  barriHera ;  iind 
hence  the  whole  body  of  lawyers  licensed  in  a 
court,  nre  customarily  called  the  bar.  A  trial  at 
bary  in  England,  is  a  trial  in  the  courts  of  West- 
minfiter,  opposed  to  a  trial  at  Nisi  Prius,  in  the 
circuit**. 

5.  Pij^urattpflyy  any  tribunal ;  as,  the  bar  of  imWic 
opinion.   Thus  Iho  final  trial  of  men  is  colled  tlio  bar 

of  GtKi. 

6.  The  inclosed  place  of  a  tavern,  Inn,  or  cofleo- 
house,  when,*  the  landlord  or  his  st-rvant  delivers  out 
liquors,  and  waits  upon  customers.  j1d<iison. 

7.  A  bank  of  sand,  gravel,  or  earth,  forming  a  shoal 
at  the  mouth  of  a  river  or  harbor,  obstructing  cntmuce, 
or  rendering  it  ditfirulL 

8.  A  n.x:k  in  the  sea,  according  to  Brown  ;  or  any 
thing  by  which  structure  is  held  logcllier,  according 
to  Johnson  ;  used  in  Jonah  ii. 

9.  Any  thing  laid  acrosii  another,  as  bars  in  herald- 
ry, stripes  in  color,  and  the  like. 

10.  In  tJie  menaffr^  the  hiiihest  part  of  the  place  in  a 
horse's  mouth  between  the  grinders  and  tusks,  so 
Uiat  the  p;irt  of  the  mouth  which  lies  under  and  at 
the  side  of  the  6«r*,  retains  the  name  of  the  ^nt. 
Eneyc  The  upper  [Mirt  of  the  gums,  between  the 
tusks  and  grinden<,  which  bears  no  teeth,  nud  to 
which  the  bit  is  applied.  Johnsvn. 

II.  Ban.  in  music^  are  lines  drawn  perpendicularly 
across  the  iiu*-a  of  the  st-iff,  indiuliiic  between  each 
two  a  certain  quantity  of  time,  or  number  of  beiiL-;. 

13:  In  /uto,  a  p«'remptnr>'  exception  ttiitririeiit  to 
destroy  tiic  plaiuiilf's  action.  It  is  divided  into  a 
bar  to  common  intendmen!,  and  bar  special  ;  bar 
temporary,  and  bar  pt'r}»etual.  liar  to  coniuiun  in- 
tL-ndmrni,  is  an  ordinary  or  general  bar,  which  dis- 
ables tht;  declaration  of  the  plaintitf.  A  special  bar, 
is  more  tliau  ordinar>-,  as  a  fine,  release,  or  justifica- 
tion. A  temporary  bar,  is  thai  which  is  gotnl  for  a 
time,  but  may  afteru-ard  cease.  A  pcrprtual  bar, 
overtlirows  the  action  of  the  pluintilf  forever. 

BlacUstone.     CoiceL 

IX  A  bar  of  cold  or  silver,  is  un  inc<>t,  lump,  or 
wedge,  from  the  mines,  run  in  a  mold,  and  un- 
wroughL  A  bar  of  iron,  is  a  Ion?  piece,  wrought  in 
the  forge  and  hammered  from  a  pic. 

II.  Amons  printrrSf  the  iron  with  a  wooden  han- 
dle, by  which  the  screw  of  the  pr^iss  is  turned. 

15.  In  tAf  ..^/pifaa  (parf*,  a  denomination  of  price  ; 
payment  formerly  being  made  to  liie  Africans  in  iron 
bant.  Juhnsoru 

BAR,  r.  (.  To  fasten  with  a  bar  ;  as,  to  bar  a  duor  or 
gate. 

2.  To  hinder ;  to  obstruct ;  to  prevent ;  as,  to  bar 
the  entrance  of  evil. 

3.  I'o  prevent;  to  exclude;  to  hinder;  to  make 
impracticable;  as,  the  distance  between  us  bars  our 
intercourse.  In  this  B<-nse,  the  phrase  is  often  varied, 
thus :  the  distance  bars  mc  from  his  aid,  or  bars  him 
from  my  aid. 

4.  To  prohibit;  to  restrain  or  exclude  by  express 
or  impli^  prohibition  ;  as,  the  statute  bars  my  right ; 
the  law  bars  the  use  of  {toisoneil  weapons. 

5.  To  obstruct,  prevent,  or  hinder  by  any  interven- 
ing obstacle :  as,  the  right  is  barretl  by  time  ;  a  re- 
latse  bars  the  plainiiiPs  recovery. 

G.  To  except ;  to  exclude  by  exception ;  as,  I  bar 
to-night.  Shak. 

7.  To  cross  with  stripes  of  a  different  color. 

8.  To  bar  a  vein,  in  farrifry^  is  an  openition  upon 
the  legs  of  a  horse,  or  other  parts,  to  slop  malignant 
humors.  This  is  done  by  opening  the  skin  above  a 
vein,  disenrjaging  it,  and  tymg  it  both  above  and  be- 
low, and  striking  between  the  two  licatures.  Johnson. 

9.  To  adorn  with  trappings ;  a  contraction  of  barb. 
[See  BabbJ  Drayton.     Haywood-. 

BARB,  n.  [L.  barba;  W.  barv  j  Corn,  bar  ;  Arm.  baro. 
This  is  beani,  with  a  difitrent  ending.  The  sense 
may  be,  thac  wliich  shoots  out.] 

1.  Bciud,  or  that  which  resembles  it,  or  grows  In 
the  place  of  it ;  as  the  barb  of  a  fish,  the  smaller 
claws  of  the  polypus,  &.C.  Johnson.     Coze. 

2.  Jlneiently,  armor  for  horses,  made  of  leather  set 
with  iron  spikes  ;  formerly,  barbe  or  barde.   Jtaijward. 

3.  A  common  name  of  the  Barhary  pigeon,  a  bird 
of  a  black  or  dun  color.  Diet.  ofJVat.  Hu-d. 

4.  A  horse  from  Barbary,  of  which  it  seems  to  be 
a  contraction. 

5.  'i'he  point?  that  stand  backward  in  an  anow. 
fish-hook,  or  other  instrument  for  piercing,  intended 
to  prevent  its  being  extracted. 

ti.  In  botanij,  a  straight  process  armed  with  teeth 
pointing  backward  like  the  sting  of  a  bee.  This  is 
one  sort  of  pubescence.  Martijn. 

An  appendage  of  the  fruit  of  some  plants,  forked  at 
the  apex,  with  both  diviatsns  of  the  fork  hooked. 

Lijulley. 
BARB,  r.  L    1.  To  shave ;  to  dress  the  beard,     f  0*^.1 

S/iak. 

2.  To  furnish  with  barbsj  as  an  arrow,  fish-hook, 
spear,  or  other  instrument. 

3.  To  put  armor  on  a  horse.  JlfHtotu 
BAR'BA-€AN,  n.     [Fr.  barbacane;  Sp.  barbacana;  It. 

barbaeane.     Uu.  a  projecting  work.] 

1.  A  fortification  or  outer  defease  to  a  city  or 


BAR 

castle,  consisting  of  an  elevation  uf  earth  about  three 
feet  high,  aloug  the  foot  of  the  rumparU 

Kncyc.     Johnson      Sp.  Diet. 
3.  A  fort  at  the  end  of  a  bridge,  or  at  the  outlet  of 
a  city,  having  a  double  wall  with  towers.      Kncyc, 

3.  An  opening  in  the  wall  of  a  fortress,  through 
which  guns  iiro  leveled  and  fired  u\nm  an  enemy. 
Johnson.     Ktteye. 
The  French  use  the  word  also  for  an  ai)erture  in  a 
wall,  to  let  in  or  drain  oil' water. 

BXR'BA-eAN-ACE,  ?i.  Money  paid  for  the  support 
ofn  barhacan.     [U&.*.]  Bouvier. 

BXR-HA'I)I-AN,  n.     An  inhabitant  of  Barbadoes. 

BXR-BX'DoES  CHEIt'RY.  «.  A  iree  trrowinp  in  the 
West  Indies,  a  species  of  .Shdpijihia,  fifteen  fe«;t  higb, 
and  producing  a  pleasant  tart  fruit.  .hhtuon. 

Bnrbadoes  legi  {Bucnemia.  (iood ;)  a  disease  of 
warm  climates,  eharacteri/,ea  by  great  enlargement 
and  deformity  of  the  leg,  with  tlie  skm  tliickened, 
livid,  and  nigose;  the  elephant  leg  of  the  Arabians, 
and  bv  some  considered  as  a  variety  of  elephantiasis. 

BXR-BA'DOES  TXR,  n.  A  mineral  fluid,  of  the  na- 
ture of  the  thicker  Hiiid  bitumens,  of  a  nauseous  bit- 
terish taste,  a  very  strong,  disagreeable  smell,  viscid, 
of  a  brown,  black,  or  reddish  color;  it  easily  melts, 
and  burns  with  inurli  smoke,  but  is  not  soluble  in 
ardent  spirits.  It  trickles  down  the  sides  of  moun- 
tains in  some  parts  of  America,  and  Hometimes  is 
found  on  the  surface  of  the  waters.  It  i»  recom- 
mended in  coughs  and  disorders  of  the  breast  and 
In  n  gs.  Encyc.    JVicholson, 

It  is  merely  a  variety  of  petroleum. 

IUR-Ba'RI-AN,  «.  [L.  barbarus;  Gr.  0ap3an'<q;  It. 
barbn^  or  beorb ;  Ruks.  vanmr :  Ch.  "1313.  See  Class 
Br,  Nos.  3  and  7.    The  sense  is,  foreign,  wild,  fierce.! 

1.  A  man  in  his  rudo,  savage  state  ;  an  uncivilized 
person.  Dinham. 

2.  A  cruel, savage,  brutal  man;  one  destitute  of 
pity  or  Ininianity.  Philips. 

3.  A  foreigner.  The  Greeks  and  Romans  drnoin- 
inated  most  foreign  nations  barbarians  i  and  many  of 
these  were  less  civili/.cd  than  themselves,  or  unac- 
quainted with  their  language,  laws,  and  manners. 
But  with  them  the  word  was  less  reproachful  than 
with  us. 

BXK-Ba'RI-AN,  a.    Belonging  to  savages  ;  rudo  ;  un- 
civilized. Pope. 
a.  Cruel ;  inhuman. 
BXR-BAR'ie,   a.     [L.   barbaricus.      See   BAnnABiAW. 
Tlie  Romans  applied  this  word  to  deslgniite  things 
foreign  ;    Barbaricum  awntJH,  gold  from  Asia,    Virg. 
vE?i.  2.  504  ;  Barbaricte  vest^Sy  embroidered  garments 
fri'm  foreign  nations.     English  writers  use  the  word 
in  a  like  sense.] 
Foreign  ;  imported  from  foreign  nations. 

JI/(/'^n.     Pcrpe-. 
BXR'BA-RI8M,  n.    [L.  barbarismvs.    See  BARtiARiAn.] 

1.  An  offense  against  purity  of  style  or  language  ; 
any  form  of  speech  contrary  to  the  pure  idioms  of  a 
particular  language.  Drydea. 

2.  Ignorance  of  arts  ;  want  of  learning. 

Sfuik,     Drifden. 

3.  Rudeness  of  manners  i  savagism  ;  incivility; 
ferociousness  ;  a  savage  state  of  society. 

Spenser.     Davies. 

4.  Brutality ;  cruelty ;  barbarity.  [In  this  sense 
little  usfdy  being  superseded  by  BAaDAll^»r.] 

BAR-BAR'I-TY,n.     [See  Bahbabian.] 

1.  The  manners  of  a  barbarian  ;  savagenesa ;  cru- 
elty ;  ferociousness;  inhumanity.  Clarendnn. 

2.  Barbarism  ;  impurity  of  speech.  Drydcn.     -Sifjift 
\  The  use  of  Vie  word  in  this  sense  is  now  superseded 

by  BiRRARISM.] 

BXR'BAR-IZE,  v.  t.    To  make  barbarous. 

lliilrous  changes  have  barbarized  France.  Burke. 

BXR'BAR-0U3,  a.  Uncivilized  ;  savage  ;  unlettered  ; 
imtutored  ;  ignorant ;  unaapiaintcd  with  arts ;  stran- 
ger to  civility  of  manners. 

TliQu  an  ii  Roman ;  bo  doI  barbarout.  Shak. 

2.  Cruel ;  ferocious ;  inhuman ;  as,  barbarous  usage. 
Clarendon. 
BAR'BAR-OtrS-LY,  ode.     In  the  manner  of  a  barba- 
rian ;  ignorantly  ;  without  knowledge  or  arts  ;  con- 
trary to  the  rules  of  speech.  Dnjden. 
2.  In  a  savage,  cruel,  ferttcioua,  or  inhuman  manner. 
BXR'B.\R-OUS-NESS,  n.    Rudeness  or  incivility  of 
manners.  Temple. 

2.  Impurity  of  language.  Brercwood. 

3.  Cruelty  ;  inliumanity  ;  barbarity.  Jlall. 
BXR'BA-RV,  n.  A  Barbary  horse;  a  barb.  Beaum. 
BXR'BAS-TEL,  n.     A  species  of  bat  with   liairy   or 

bearded  cheeks. 
RXR'BATE,      \a.      [U   barbatus^   from   barba.      See 
BAR'BA-TED,  j      Barb.] 

In  botany^  bearded  ;  also,  gaping  or  ringent.    Ba^r- 

hatiis  JLoSy  a  gaping  or  ringent  flower  ;  synonymous 

with  the  rin^en/ flowei  of  Linnajus,  and  the  labiaU 

and  personate  of  Tournefort.  Milne.     Lee. 

This  term  is  property  synonymous  with  the  laJ/iale 

fiowcr  of  Linnaius,  which  includes  the  ringent  and 

personate^  as  subdivisions. 
BXREE,  n.    Armor  of  leather  for  horses,  studded  with 

iron  pikes.  Bootk. 


FATE,  FAR,  FiVLL,  WH*T.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARlxVE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. — 


BAR 

In  the  mUitartjart,  to  firo  in  barbe^  is  to  fire  the  can- 
non over  the  pnrapet,  instead  of  firing  through  tlie 
embrasures.  Kncyc 

BARBE-FEATU'ERS,  lu  pi.    The  feathera  under  the 

beak  of  a  hawk.  Booth. 

BAR'B&-€uE,  71,  In  the  fVest  Indies,a  hog  roasted 
whole.  It  is,  with  u?,  used  for  an  ox,  or  perhaps 
any  large  animal,  dressed  in  like  manner.  Hence 
the  tcnn  has  been  extended  to  denote  a  large  social 
entertainment,  in  the  open  air.  at  which  animals  are 
roasted  whole,  and  other  provisions  of  all  kinds  are 
consumed. 
BAR'BE-eC'E,  V.  L  To  dress  and  roast  a  hog  whole, 
which  is  done  by  splitting  the  hog  to  the  back-bone, 
and  masting  it  on  a  gridiron;  to  roast  any  animal 
whole. 
BARB'/:!),  pp.  or  a.     [See  Barb.] 

1.  Furnished  with  armor  ;  as,  barbed  steeds.    Sfiak. 
S.  Bearded;   jagged   with   hooks    or  points;    as, 
barbed  arrows. 
3.  Shaved  or  trimmed  ;  having  the  beard  dressed. 

Encye. 
BARB'EL,  n.     Th.  barba ;  Fr.  barbeau ;  D.  barbeel.) 

1.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Cyprinus,  of  the  order  Ab- 
domin^les.  The  mouth  is*  toothless ;  the  gill  has 
three  rays;  the  body  is  smiioth  and  white.  This 
fish  is  about  three  feet  long,  and  weighs  18  pounds. 
It  is  a  very  coarse  fish,  living  in  deep,  still  rivers,  and 
rooting  like  swino  in  the  soil  banks.  Its  dorsal  fin 
is  armed  with  a  strong  ppine,  sharply  serrated,  and 
its  upper  jaw  is  furnished  with  four  barbels  or  beard- 
like  appendages,  whence  the  name.    Encyc.     Cuvier. 

2.  A  knot  of  superfluous  fiesh,  growing  in  the 
channels  of  a  horse's  mouth  ;  written  also  barbie,  or 
barb.  Encyc.     Fttrripr''s  DtcL 

3.  A  small  vermiform  process  appended  to  the 
mouth  of  certain  fishes,  and  subservient  to  the  sense 
of  touch.  Brandt. 

BARB'ER,  n.     [Pers.  barbr.     See  Babh.] 

One  whose  occupation  is  to  shave  men,  or  to  shave 
and  dress  hair.  Shuk. 

BARB'ER,  r.  (.    To  shave  and  dress  hair.  Shak, 

BAKB'ER-eHI-RUR'GEON,  n.  One  who  joins  the 
practice  of  surgery  with  that  of  a  barber ;  a  practice 
now  unusual.    A  low  practitioner  of  surgery. 

iVUcman, 

BARB'ER-ED,  pp.    Dressed  by  a  barber.  SAojfe. 

BARB'ER-EHS,  n.     A  female  barber.     [J^ot  used.] 

BARB'ER-^ION"GER,  n,  A  man  who  frequents  the 
barber's  shop,  or  prides  himself  in  being  dressed  by  a 
barb«T  ;  a  fop.  Shak. 

BAR'BER-RY,  n.  fL.  herbrris  ;  Ir.  barbrog ;  D.  btr- 
beri.t ;  Sp.  berbero.  In  Eth.  abarbar  is  the  nettle 
Urtica  major;  in  Amh.,  a  species  of  thistle.  Lud. 
Eth.  2.13;  Amh.  39.  It  is  probable,  therefore,  that 
tliis  plant  la  so  named  from  its  spines  or  barb.^.  The 
nams  oryacaiithtLSf  qIao  given  to  it,  indicates  a  like 
origin.] 

A  shrubby  plant  of  the  genus  Berbrris,  common  in 
hedges  ;  called  in  England,  pipperidge-busk.  The 
berries  are  used  in  housewifery,  and  have  been 
deemed  efficacious  in  fiuxes  and  fevers.  The  bark 
dyes  a  fine  yellow,  especially  the  bark  of  the  root. 
Miller.     Encyc, 

BAR'BET,  n.  A  name  given  by  some  French  writers 
to  a  peculiar  sjiecies  of  those  worms  which  feed  on 
the  pticeron  or  aphis.    [See  AphisJ  Encyc. 

9.  A  name  common  to  the  difilerent  species  of  a 
genus  of  birds,  (^Bucco,)  found  in  the  worm  clunatei 
of  both  continents. 
3.  A  dog,  so  called  from  his  long  hair. 

BAR'IIITLK,  It.     A  very  minute  bard  or  beard.  Booth, 

BAR'eA-UELLE,  n.  A  p<jpular  song  or  melody  sung 
by  Venetian  gondoliers. 

BARD,  n.  [V\'.  bardd,OT  ban;  Ir.  bard  i  Fr,  barde,& 
poet ;  Ir.  barda.^,  a  satire  or  lampoon ;  W.  bardhas, 
phdusophy  ;  bard^an,  a  song.] 

1.  A  poet  and  a  singer  amtmg  the  ancient  Celts  ; 
one  whrtw  occupation  was  to  comiwso  and  sing 
versos  In  honor  of  the  heroic  achievements  of  princes 
and  brave  men.  The  bards  used  an  instrument  uf 
mudc  like  a  lyre  or  guitar,  and  not  only  praised  ttie 
brave,  but  repr4iaclu;d  the  cowardly. 

Diod.  Sic.    Am.  Marcei,     Luean.    Festas. 

2.  In  modern  uj*age,  a  poeU  Popt.     Dryden. 
BARD,  n.    The  defensive  armor  of  a  horse.    [See 

Barfk.] 

BAR-UA.^ir,  n.  [Fr.  ba^dachr.]  A  bo;y  ki-pt  for  un- 
natural piirp4.»scs.     BardajihiiiiT  licrAiTS  in  Iludihnis. 

BARO'ED,  a.     In  firraJdry,  caparisoned.  Encyc. 

BAR'DES'A-NISTS,  n.  pi.  A  branch  of  the  Gnostics  of 
the sf;rond  centuryiful lowers  *)f  Bardesaneiujf  Edrssa 
in  Mesopotamia.  They  held  to  two  original  self-ex- 
istent beings,  one  good,  tho  other  evil ;  that  human 
Wrtils  had  no  material  bodies  before  the  fall;  that 
Christ  hiid  only  the  »;rablance  of  a  body,  and  did 
not  die  on  the  cross,  nor  rise  from  the  dead  ;  and 
that  redemption  consists  in  being  divested  ot  our 
Kntss,  material  bodies,  and  being  clothed  in  ethereal 
«■  Hpiritual  bodies.  Mosheim, 

BARD'IC,  a.    Pertaining  to  bards,  or  their  poetry. 

Owen, 

BARD'ISn,  a.  Pertaining  to  bards;  written  by  a 
bard. 


BAR 

BARD'ISM,  n.    The  science  of  bards;  tlie  learning 

and  maxims  of  bards.  Otoen, 

BARE,  a,  [Sax.  bar  or  barr;  Sw.  and  Dan.  bar;  G. 
bar.  This  word  is  from  opening,  separating,  strip- 
ping. In  Ch.  Syr.  and  Sam.  1H2  signifies  to  open, 
or  explain ;  Ar.  to  dig ;  also  *i*i3  is  to  separate,  to 
purify.    Ch.  Syr.  ii3  to  lay  waste  ;  Ar.  id.] 

1.  Naked  ;  without  covering  ;  as,  the  arm  is  bare  ; 
the  trees  are  bare. 

2.  With  the  head  uncovered,  from  respect. 

Clarendon, 

3.  Plain  ;  simple ;  unadorned ;  without  the  polish 
of  refined  manners.  Spenser. 

4.  Laid  open  to  view  ;  detected  ;  no  longer  con- 
cealed. JMilton. 

5.  Poor ;  destitute ;  indigent ;  empty  ;  unflirnished. 

Hooker.     Dryden, 

I  hxtc  nude  Esaa  bare. —Jcr.  xlix. 

6.  Mere;  alone;  unaccompanied.    Shak,    South, 

7.  Threadbare  ;  much  worn.  Slink, 

8.  Wanting  clothes;  or  ill  supplied  with  garments. 

Johnson, 
Under  bare  poles,  at  sea,  signifies  having  no  sail  set. 

Mar.  Diet. 
It  is  often  followed  by  of;  as,  the  country  is  bare 
of  money.  Locke, 

BARE,  r.  L     [Sax.  abarian.     See  Bare,  adj.] 

To  strip  off"  the  covering;  to  make  naked;  as,  to 
bare  the  breast.  Baani.     Pope. 

BARE ;  the  old  preterit  of  bear,  now  Bore. 
B.^RE'ROXE,  H.     [See  Bone.]     A  very  lean  person. 
BARE'B6N-£D,  a.     Lean,  so  that  the  bones  appear, 

or,  rather,  so  that  the  bones  show  their  forms.  SliaJc 
BAR'f.'D,  pp.     Made  bare  ;  made  naked. 
BARE'FAC-f:D,  (-nisle,)  a,     [See  Face.] 

1.  With  ihe  face  uncovered;  not  masked.  Shak. 

2.  Undisguised ;  unreserved  ;  without  conceal- 
ment ;  hence,  sliameloss  ;  impudent ;  audacious ;  as, 
a  barefaced  fiUsehood. 

BARE'FAC-A'IJ-LV,  adv.  Without  disguise  or  reserve  ; 
openly;  impudently. 

BARE'FAC-i'JD-NESS,  n.  Effrontery;  assurance;  au- 
daciousness. 

BARE'FOQT,  a.     [See  Foot.] 

With  the  feet  bare;  without  shoes  and  stockings. 
2  Sam.  XV.     Isaiah  xx. 

BARE'FQQT,  a,  or  adv.  With  the  feet  bare;  as,  to 
dance  barefoot, 

BARE'FOQT-ED,  c     Having  the  feet  bare. 

BARE'GNAWN,  a.      [See  Gmaw,]      Eaten  bare. 

Shak. 

BARE'HEAD-ED,  a.  [See  Head.]  Having  the  head 
uncovered,  either  from  respect  or  other  cause. 

Bacon.     Dryden. 

BARE'HEAD-ED-NESS,  n.  Stale  of  being  bare- 
headed. 

BARK'LEG-GED,  (I.    Having  the  legs  bare.    Burton. 

BARE'LY,  a.7p.  Nakedly;  [worly  ;  indigently;  with- 
out decoration;  merely;  only;  without  any  thing 
more  ;  as,  a  prince  barely  in  title.     Barrett.  Hooker. 

BARi:'\ECK-i':n,  (-nukt,)  a.  Having  the  neck  un- 
ctivered  ;   cxpcwed.  S/iak. 

BARE'NESS,  H.     Nakedness;  leanness;  poverty;  in- 
digence ;  defect  of  clothes,  or  the  usual  covering. 
Shak.     South. 

BARE'PICK -JED,  (-pikt,)  a.    Picked  to  the  bone. 

Shak. 

RARR'RIB-BiO},  (  ribd,)  a.     Lean.  Sliak, 

BAR'ET,  n.     A  cardinal's  cap. 

BAR'FJJL,  a.     Full  of  obstructions.  Shak. 

BAR'GAIN,  (b'ir'gin,)  n.  [Fr.  bariruigncr,  to  haggle,  to 
hem  and  haw  ;  Arm.  bar^ui^oar,  a  haggler  ;  It,  bar- 
gas^nare,  to  cavil,  contend,  bar<rain;  \v.  braighean, 
debate.  It  seems  to  accord  with  It.  briga^  Sp.  brega^ 
and  Fr.  frnwwf.] 

1.  An  agreisnent  between  parties  concerning  tho 
sale  of  property;  or  a  coniratt  by  which  one  party 
binds  himself  to  transfer  the  right  to  some  property 
for  a  consideration,  anil  the  other  party  binds  him- 
self to  receive  the  property  and  pay  the  consideration. 

2.  A  gainful  transaction;  as,  an  excellent  bar^^ain. 

Cowper. 

3.  Purchase,  or  the  thing  purchased.  Locke. 

4.  In  papular  laniruage.  final  event;  upshot;  aa, 
we  must  make  the  best  of  a  bad  bargain. 

To  sell  bargains,  is  a  vulgar  phrase. 

To  strike  a  bargain,  is  to  ratify  an  agrt^emenl, 
originally  by  strikiuif  or  shaking  hands.  The  I^atin 
frrire  fkdusy  way  rcprenent  a  like  ceremony,  Unless 
it  refers  to  the  practice  of  killing  a  victim,  at  the 
Bo|i;mn  ratification  of  oaths. 

Bargain  and  sale;  in  law,  a  species  of  conveyance, 
by  which  the  bargainer  contracts  to  convey  the  lands 
to  the  bargainee,  and  becomes  by  such  contract  a 
trustee  for  and  seized  to  tho  use  of  the  bargainee. 
The  statute  then  completes  the  purchase ;  that  is, 
the  bnrgjiin  vests  the  use,  and  the  statute  vests  the 
possession.  Blaekstone. 

BAR'GAIN,  ».  i.    To  make  a  contract  or  cimclusive 
agreement  for  tho  transfer  of  proiwrrty ;  often  with 
/(*r  before  the  thing  purchased  ;  as,  to  bargain  for  a 
house.     A  bargained  with  Rfor  his  fann. 
BAR'GAIN,  V.  t.     To  sell ;  ti>  transfer  for  a  cf>nsideni- 


BAR 

tion  ;  as,  A  bargained  away  his  farm :  a  popular  use 
of  the  word, 

BAR-GAIN-EE',  n.  The  party  in  a  contract  who  re- 
ceives or  agrees  to  receive  the  property  sold. 

Blackstone. 

BAR'GAIN-EB,  n.  The  party  in  a  contract  who  stip- 
ulates to  sell  and  convey  property  to  another. 

Blackstone. 

BARGE,  {h^x],)n,  fD.  bargie ;  It.  and  Sp.  iarca,-  Ir. 
bare.  Barge  J  and  hark  or  barque^  a  ship,  are  radically 
one  word.] 

1.  A  pleasure-boat ;  a  vessel  or  boat  of  state,  fur- 
nished with  elegant  apartments,  canopies,  and  cush- 
ions, equipped  with  a  band  of  rowers,  and  decorated 
with  flags  and  streamers,  used  by  oflicers  and  magis- 
trates. Encyc, 

2.  A  flat-bottomed  vessel  of  burden,  for  loading 
and  unloading  ships.  Mar.  Diet. 

BARGE'-BoARD,  n.  A  term  applied  to  inclined  pro- 
jceting  boards  placed  at  the  gabte  of  a  building,  and 
hiding  the  horizontal  timbers  of  the  roof.       Owilt. 

BXRGE'-COUP-LES,  (-kup'plz,)  n.  pi.  In  architecture, 
two.  beams  mortised  tho  one  into  the  other,  to 
strengthen  the  building.  Owilt. 

BARGE'-COURSE,  tu  In  bricklatjing,  a  part  of  the 
tiling  which  projects  beyond  the  princijwl  rafters,  in 
buildings  where  there  is  a  gable  or  kiikmhead. 

Encyc 

BARGE'MAN,  v.    The  man  who  manages  a  barge. 

BARGE'MAS'TER,  n.  The  proprietor  of  a  barge,  con- 
veying goods  for  hire.  BUtchstone. 

BXRG'ER,  n.    The  manager  of  a  barge, 

BA'Rl-A,  n.     Baryta,  whicii  see. 

BA-R[L'LA,  «.  [Sp.l  A  plant  cultivated  in  Spain 
for  its  ashes,  from  wnicli  tho  best  kind  of  carbonate 
of  soda  of  commerce  is  obtained.  The  plant  is  cut 
and  laid  in  heaps,  and  burnt,  the  salts  running  into 
a  hole  in  the  ground,  where  they  form  a  vitrified 
lump.  Encyc 

2.  The  alkali  procured  from  this  plant,  an  impure 
carbonate  of  soda,  used  in  making  glass  and  soap, 
and  in  bleaching  linen. 

BAR'-I-RON,  (-l-urn,)  n.  Iron  wrought  into  nnil- 
leable  bars. 

BAR'I-TONE.    See  BARrrowE. 

BA'RI-U.M,  n.  The  metallic  basis  of  baryta  or  baria, 
which  is  an  oxyd  of  barium,  Davy. 

Barium  is  susceptible  of  two  degrees  of  oxygena- 
tion :  the  first,  or  protoxyd  of  barium,  is  called  baryta. 


[Barvtum  is  the  legitimate  wprd.] 
RK,  71.     "■        ■     ■     -       -       ■      ^    . 


BARTC,  71.  [Dan.  bark;  Sw.  barck;  G.  borke;  probably 
from  stripping,  separating.] 

1.  The  exterior  covering  of  a  tree,  corresponding 
to  the  skin  of  an  animal.  This  is  composed  of  tiie 
cuticle  or  epidermis,  the  outer  bark,  or  cortex,  and 
the  inifer  bark,  or  liber.  Tlie  rough,  broken  matter 
on  bark  is,  by  the  common  people  of  New  England, 
called  ross, 
Q.  By  way  of  distinction,  Peruvian  bark. 
BARK,  V.  t.    To  peel ;  to  strip  ofl'bark.    Also,  to  cover 

or  inclose  with  bark. 
BARK,        )n.     [Ir.   bare;    Fr.   barque;   Russ.   barka; 
BARUUE,  i      It.  and  Sp.  barau] 

A  small  ship  ;  but  appropriately,  a  ship  which  car- 
ries three  masts  without  a  mizzcn  top-sail.  The 
English  mariners  in  the  coal  trade  a)iply  this  name 
to  a  broad-stemed  ship  witliout  a  figure-head. 

Encyc     Mar.  Diet. 
Watermarks,  in  Holland,  are  small  vessels  for  con- 
veying fresh  water  from  place  to  place,  the  Iiold  of 
which  is  filled  with  water.  Encyc 

BARK,  tJ.  i.     [Sax.  brorean,  bijrr^n,  to  bark.] 

1.  'I'o  make  the  noise  of  dogs  when  they  threaten 
or  pursue. 

2.  'i'o  clamor  at ;  to  pursue  with  unreasonable 
clamor  or  reproach.    It  is  followed  by  at. 

To  bark  at  «tecpiiig  rame.  Spenter. 

BARK'-BAR-M),  a.     Stripped  of  the  bark.    Mortimer. 

UXRK'-IIED,  n.  A  hollted  formed  beneath  of  tan- 
ner's bark.  Booth. 

BARK'-BOUND,  a.  Having  the  bark  too  firm  or 
clos<!,  as  with  trees.  This  disease  is  cured  by  slit- 
tine  the  !)ark.  Encyc. 

BAKK'/;i>,  (bilrkt,)  pp.  Stripped  of  the  bark  ;  peeled  ; 
also,  covered  with  bark. 

BARK'ER,  7).  One  who  barks  or  clamors  unreason- 
ably :  one  who  strips  trees  of  their  bark. 

BARJC^EK-V,  n.     A  tan-house.  Booth. 

BARK'-GALL-£D,  a.  Having  the  bark  galled,  as 
with  thorns.  This  defect  is  cured  by  binding  on 
clav.  Encyc, 

BARK'IXG,  ppr.  Stripping  off  bark  ;  covering  with 
bark;  making  the  noise  of  dogs  ;  clamoring. 

BARK'liNG-I-RONS,  «.  pi.  Instruments  used  in  lak-^ 
ins  olf  the  bark  of  trees. 

BARK'-PIT,  n.  A  pit  filled  with  bark  and  water,  in 
wliieh  hides  are  steeped  in  tanning.  Booth. 

BARK'-SToVE,  n.  A  glazed  stmcture  for  keeping 
tropical  plants,  having  a  bed  of  tannt-r's  bark,  or 
other  fermentable  matter,  wliicii  produces  a  inoiat 
heal.  Brandt 

BARK'Y,  o.    Consisting  of  bark  ;  containing  bark. 

Sh<tk 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AIt"GEIl,  VI"CIOUS.-— C  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z  j  CH  as  BH  ;  Til  as  la  THIS. 


BAR 

BXJt'LEY,  ».  [W.  >«r*j»f  Sax.  btrt.  Qn.  'L.far,  Or. 
BTppoi-,  Hcb.  ia  bar,  com.  In  Ihe  Saxon  Chronicle, 
An.  1121,  it  is  niilteii  b^trtie.  Owen  renders  it 
bread-corn,  from  tera.  brrad.] 

A  ipecies  of  valuabU  fn^in,  of  the  ccnns  Ilordettm, 
QAed  especially  fur  making  mklt,  front  which  arc  pre- 
pared liquors  of  exten-*ive  uac,  as  btrr,  air,  and  pcrter, 
I'ht'  kinds  of  bari''y  principaUy  cnltivnti'd  in  Eng- 
land are  the  common  I'pring  barley,  the  long-earcd 
barley,  the  winter  or  square  barley,  by  some  called 
btmr  or  big,  and  the  pprat  or  battltiloro  bariey.  Thia 
grain  u  used  in  medicine,  as  possessing  emollient, 
diluent,  and  expectorant  qualities. 

£iicyc.     JViUer.    ^rbutknot, 

BAR'LEV-BRAKE,  a.  A  rural  play  ;  a  trial  of  swift- 
nrsa.  Strfaey, 

BAR'LEY-BROTH.a.    A  Jow  word  for  strong  bwr. 

Skak. 

BX':  ■      :;>*,».    [See  Cob:?.]    A  grain  of  bar- 

I  '  irt  of  an  inch  in  lengUi ;  bt-nce  origi- 

"Ures  of  length.  Ja'Shsoh. 

BAK  [.f;\  -M'  nv,  K.  A  mow  of  barley,  or  the  place 
wli  ^rr  bnrl''v  ts  deposited.  Oau, 

BAU  I.EY-^i^T-AR,  (bAr'U-flhiig'ar,)  ».  PujaT  Killed 
till  it  w  brittle,  (formerly  with  a  dcco«"iion  of  barley,) 
an.l  ctndied  with  orange  or  lemon  p.'<'!.    McCullock. 

BX  R'  LEV-W A'TER, «.  A  decoction  of  barley,  which 
H  |£(Hited  sod  and  lubricating,  and  much  used  in 
medicine. 

F^meX  barifv,  and  ptart  barlrn,  are  used  for  making 
df>eocttoii3.  These  are  made  by  sepamting  tlie  grain 
from  its  bosk.  The  pead  barley  Is  reduced  to  the 
size  of  a  small  sbtA. 

BARM,  a.  [Sax.  btcrm.  Qn.  L.  frrmentnm,  from  fer- 
vto  ;  or  h«er-mkm^  beer  cream  ;  or  \V.  bmri,  to  boil.] 
Yeast;  the  scum  rising  upon  beer,  or  other  malt 
liquors,  when  fermenting,  and  used  ns  leaven  in 
bread  to  make  it  swell,  causing  it  to  be  soiler,  lighter, 
and  more  delicate.  It  may  be  used  in  liquum  to 
make  them  ferment  or  work.         Joknamu    £itcyc. 

BARM'Y,  a.    Containing  barm  or  yeasL 

Baen,    Skak. 

BARX,  B.  [Sax.  ^erfm,  from  ftrrr,  barley,  ami  «ra,  or 
«ni,  a  close  i»lac^,  or  repasitt)ri'.] 

A  coverea  building  for  securing  grain,  hay,  (lax, 
and  other  productions  of  the  earth.  In  tie  AVrcAem 
S&scsf  of  JSmeriea,  the  farmers  generally  use  bams 
abu  (br  stabling  their  horses  and  catUe ;  so  that, 
amoQg  them,  a  bam  is  both  a  com-hoose,  or  graogei 
and  a  stable. 

BAK.N'  r.  c    To  lay  up  in  a  bam.    [Gb$.\  SkaSu 

BAK'.\A-CLE,  n.  [Poet.  MnutM,  the  9olan  gnose; 
Fr.  barauelr^  or  bamaqur ;  L.  prma,  a  shell-fi-'h.] 

1.  A  sbt-U  which  is  often  found  on  tite  buttoms  of 
sbip^,  rocks,  and  timber,  below  Ihe  surface  of  the 
•ea;  the  />p«u  ojiof/nra  of  lanneus.  Thf  name  is 
also  uiplicd  to  other  species  of  the  same  genua.  Cyc. 
ft.  A  species  of  goose,  (^Amu  Umtajt*ij,)  found  in 
^he  northern  seas,tmt  vixtting  more  southern  climates 
io  winter  The  forehead  and  cheeks  arc  white,  but 
the  rest  of  tbe  head  and  the  nerk  are  black  ;  the  up- 
per part  of  the  body  is  gTayi:ih,  bamd  with  black 
and  white,and  the  belly  white.  Formerly,  a  strange 
notion  [veTailed,  that  these  birds  grv w  out  of  wi>nd, 
or  rather  oat  of  the  barnacles  attached  to  wood  in  the 
aea.    Hence  the  name.    It  is  wrjttt*n  also  Bi:e:cacle. 

Pennant, 
3.  In  tJk<  phtrol,  an  inptmment  consisting  of  two 
branches  joined  at  one  end  with  a  hinge,  to  put  upon 
a  hLtrse*s  nose,  to  confine  him,  for  shelving,  blet-ding, 
ordn?5«inp.  Kneyc 

BAR\-r>oOR,  a.    Tbe  door  of  a  ham.  Mdlon. 

BAR'O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  ^aooi^  weight,  and  Attf^j,  a 
stone.] 

Carbonate  of  banp-ta.  Its  color  is  U!niaIIy  a  light 
jrellowish-gray  ;  sometimes  whitish,  or  with  a  tinge 
of  green.  It  is  strongly  translucent.  It  usually  oc- 
cur»in  small  masses,  which  have  a  fibrous  stnirtiire; 
Bometime.s  in  distinct  cr>-stals.  This  mineral  is  called 
also  Wdkeriu,  from  Dr.  Withering,  the  discoverer. 
CUacfiaHd*    JCtncan. 

BA-ROM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  0jp9i,  weight,  and  litrpoy, 
measure.] 

An  instramcnt  for  measuring  the  weight  or  pres- 
sure of  the  atmosphere,  consi^ing  of  a  glass  tube, 
hermetically  sealed  at  one  end,  titled  with  quick- 
silver, well  defecated  and  freed  from  air,  and  in- 
vrrtt*d  in  a  basin  of  q'jick^ilvt-r.  A  column  of  quick- 
silver is  then  supported  in  the  tube,  of  equal  weipht 
with  the  incumbent  atmofsphere.  This  instrunitnt 
was  invented  by  Torricelli,  of  Florence,  in  IM3. 
lis  uses  are  to  indicate  changes  of  weather,  and  to 
determine  altitudes,  by  the  falling  and  rising  of  the 
mercurj'.  For  this  purpose,  the  tube  is  fixed  to  a 
gridualed  scale,  so  that  the  smallest  variation  in  the 
cnltimn  is  visible.  Eneye.     Johnson. 

BAR-0-MET'RI€^AL,  a.  Pertaining  orrtlating  to  the 
barometer ;  made  by  a  baHuneter  j  as,  baroaiftrieat 
experiments. 

BAR-O-AlET'Rie-AL-LY,  adv.  By  means  of  a  barom- 
eter. Pinkerton. 

BAR'O-METZ,  n.  The  Scjihian  Lamb;  a  singular 
vetretablr'pntduction,  consisting  of  the  prostra^?  hairj* 
stem  of  the  fern  Aspidiam  baromctz,  which,  from  its 


Bah 

shagi^-  nature  and  (xisiiion,  li;u  the  apiteAmnce  of  a 
crourtiing  animal.  Brande. 

BAR'ON,  H.  [Fr.  baron;  Sp.  baron  or  raruni  IL 
barvne  ;  S:ms.  barrru,  bharta,  a  husband.  This  word, 
in  the  middle  ages,  was  written  ftnr,  ftcr,  rar,  baro, 
paro,  viro,  Pirro,  riron.  It  is  the  rir  of  the  I^itins  ; 
Pax.  -xrr ;  Ir.  ,/fr,  fear :  W.  xrirr,  for  ^mw,  grvir.  See 
Spelman''s  Glossary^  and  Jlirt.  Paa.sa  tie  Bell.  Alex, 
43:  Hieke.i*s  &u.  Grammar,  113,  1 KJ.  The  Sax. 
lepT,  Im  rir,  is  doubtless  tbe  Shcniitic  "\aj  a  man,  so 
named  fntin  strenf:tl).] 

1.  In  Qreat  Britain,  a  title  or  degree  of  nobility  ;  a 
lord;  a  peer;  one  who  liolds  the  rank  of  nobility 
next  below  tliat  of  a  viscount,  and  above  that  of  a 
knight  or  banmet.  OriciuaIIy,the  bar\ins,  being  the 
feudatories  of  princes,  were  the  proprit-lors  of  land 
held  by  honorable  service.  Hence,  in  ancient  records, 
the  w«rU  bnniHs  com[>reheniU  all  the  nobility.  All 
such,  in  England,  had,  in  early  times,  a  ri^bt  to  sit 
in  [virliamenL.  As  a  baron  was  the  pn>prietor  of  a 
manor,  and  each  manor  hid  its  eourt-baron,  hence 
the  barons  claimed,  and  to  this  day  enjoy,  the  rifiht 
of  judjing  in  Ihe  last  resort;  a  right  pertaining  to 
iIiL-  house  of  lords,  or  peers,  as  the  n-presentatives  of 
the  ancient  barons,  landholders, inanur-holdprs 

Ancienily,  barona  were  greater,  or  such  as  held 
Ihf'ir  lands  of  tbe  king  in  capite;  or  lesser,  such  as 
held  their  lands  of  the  greater  barons  by  military 
serTi'ice  in  eapite. 

The  title  of  bartm  Is  no  longer  atlnched  to  the  pos- 
session of  a  niiiuor,  but  given  by  the  king's  Ic-tlers 
pntent,  or  writ  of  sumnmns  to  pnrllament;  that  is, 
tbe  dignity  is  personal,  not  territorial. 

The  radical  word  rir,  fir,  a  man,  is  Celtic,  as  well 
asTeutcuiic  ;  but  the  word  baron  was  not  known  in 
the  Briiisb  Isles  till  introduced  from  the  Continent 
under  the  \onnan  princes. 

Spelmaa.     Blockittone,     Enryr.     Cotcrl. 

2.  Baron  is  a  title  of  certJiin  officers  ;  as,  baron.i  of 
thf  eiehtqurr,  who  are  the  four  judges  who  try  cases 
bt-tween  the  king  and  his  subjects  relating  to  the 
n-venue.  Bartins  nfthe  Cinque  Ports  were,  before  the 
Rcfonn  Act,  m;;mbers  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
elected  by  the  seven  Cinque  Port**,  two  fur  each 
port.  These  ports  were  Oover,  t>audwich,  Rtmi- 
ney,  Hastings,  Uythe,  Winchebea,  and  Rye. 

.  Bladulone. 

3.  In  fme,  a  nusband  ;  as,  harem  and/cms,  husband 
and  wife. 

4.  In  cookery,  a  baron  of  beef  consists  of  two  sir- 
loins not  cut  asunder.  Smart. 

BAR'ON-ACR,  B.    The  whole  body  of  barons  or  pocrs. 
2.  The  dignity  of  a  biutm. 
"    3.  The  land  which  gives  title  to  a  baron.    Johnson. 

B.\R'0\-E-SS,  a.    A  baron's  wife  or  lady. 

BAR'ON-ET,  n.     [Fr.,  dimin.  of  baron.] 

A  dignity  or  degree  of  honor,  next  below  a  baron, 
and  nUwi-  a  knicht ;  having  precedency  of  all  knights 
except  those  of  the  garU'r,  and  being  the  only  knight- 
hood that  is  hi-reditar}*.  I'be  order  was  founded  by 
James  I.  in  Itill,  and  is  given  by  patent.    John^ioiu 

BAR'ON-ET-AGE,  n.  The  collective  body  of  baronets. 

BAR'ON-ET-CY,  n.     The  rank  or  title  of  a  bnroneL 

Parriana, 

BA-RO'XT-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  baron.        Kncye. 

BAR'0\-Y,  n.  The  lordship,  honor,  or  fee  of  a  baron, 
whether  spiritual  or  temponil.  This  lordship  is  held 
in  chief  of  the  king,  and  gives  title  to  the  possessor 
or  baron.  Jnhnstm.     Encye. 

2.  In  Ireland,  a  territorial  division,  corresponding 
nearly  to  the  English  hundred,  and  supposed  to  have 
been  originally  the  district  of  a  native  chief.  There 
are  252  in  all.  Brande. 

BAR'O-SeOPE,  a.  [Gr.  ;?a/3oj,  weight,  and  okjicoj, 
to  view.] 

.\n  instrument  to  show  the  weight  of  the  atmos- 
phere ;  supemo-Jed  by  the  barometer. 

BAR  O-SeoP'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  determined  by 
the  baro;*cope 

BAR-O-SEL'E-XTTE,  n.  [Gr.j3a.oos,  weight,  or  0apvs, 
hea%"j-,  and  selenite.] 
A  mineral ;  sulphate  of  baryta,  or  heavy-spar. 

Kirtenn.     Clenoelan/L 

BA-ROUCHE',  (ba-roosh',)  n.  A  four-wheel  carriage, 
with  a  f;illing  top,  with  srats  as  in  a  coach. 

BX  R'-POS'I'S,  ».  pL  Posts  gunk  in  the  ground  to 
r^'ceive  the  bars  of  a  past!age  into  a  field. 

BAR'RA,  71.  In  Porta^al  nnd  Spain,  &  long  measure 
for  cloths.  In  Valencia,  13  barras  make  12  7-8  yards 
English  ;  in  Castile,  7  are  equal  to  6  4-7  yards  ;  in  Ar- 
ragon,  3  make  2  4-7  yards.  Encye. 

BAn-RA-CA'DA,  n.  A  fish,  about  fifteen  inches  in 
Irnpth,  of  a  dusky  color  on  the  back,  and  a  white 
billv,  with  small  black  spots.       Diet,  of  J^at.  Hist. 

B.\R'RA-eAN,  n.  [It.  baracane;  Sp.  barranani  Fr. 
buuracan.] 

.\  thick,  strong  stuff,  something  like  camlet  j  used 
for  cloaks-  surtouts,  and  other  outer  garments. 

BAR'RACK,  n.     [t^p.  barraca;  Fr.  baraqiu.     It  seems 

to  Iii;  fifrmcid  like  Sax.  parrue,  a  park,  an  inclonure.] 

A  hut  or  house  for  soldiers,  especially  in  garrison. 

BAU'RACK-MAS'TER,  n.  The  officer  who  superin- 
tends the  barracks  of  soldiers.  SwifL 

BAR'RA  eOUX,  n.     In  Africa,  a  fort. 


BAR 

BAR-RA-eO'DA,  n.  A  sjtecies  of  fish,  of  Ihe  Pike 
kind,  found  in  the  seas  about  the  llahamas  and 
\Vesl  Indies,  of  ten  feet  In  Itmgth.  'J'ht;  color  is 
deep  brown,  and  the  fish  is  very  voracious.  The 
Hesh  is  disagreeable,  and  sometimi.-s  jKiisonous. 
Cate.'<bti.     Pennant. 

BAR'RAS,  n.  The  resin  which  exudes  from  wounds 
made  in  the  bark  of  fir-trees,  Brande. 

BAR'RA-TOR,  n,  [Old  Fr.  bar<tf,  strife,  deceit;  Cim- 
bric,  barattoH  ;  Ice.  and  Scandinavian,  baratta,  con- 
test ;  It.  baratta,  strife,  quarrel ;  baraitare,  to  barter, 
to  cheat ;  Hp.  barata,  fraud,  deceit ;  barafar,  to  barter, 
to  deceive.  The  radical  sense  is,  to  turn,  wind,  and 
twii^t,  whence  to  strive;  L.  verto;  Eng.  barter.  Hee 
Barter.] 

1.  One  who  frequently  excites  suits  at  law  ;  a  com- 
mon movur  and  maiiilainT  of  suiu  and  controver- 
sies ;  an  encourager  of  litigation.    Coke.  Blackntone. 

2.  The  master  of  a  ehij)  who  coumiits  any  fraud 
in  the  management  of  Ih"  ship,  or  in  relation  to  his 
duties  as  master,  by  which  the  owner  or  insurers  are 
injured. 

BAR'KA-TROTTS,  a.     Tainted  with  hnrralry. 

BAR'RA-TROUS-LY,  ode.    In  a  barratrous  manner. 

Kent. 

BAR'RA-TRY,  n.  The  practice  of  exciting  and  en- 
couraging lawsuits  and  quarrels.  Coke..  Blackstant. 

2.  In  commerce,,  any  species  of  cheating  or  fniud,  m 
ft  shi|>-niaster,  by  which  Ihe  owners  or  insurers  are 
injured  ;  as,  by  running  away  with  the  ship,  sinking 
or  deserting  her,  by  willful  deviation,  or  by  enibez- 
zlins  the  cargo.  Park. 

BXR'Ri;D,  (bird,)  pp.  Fastened  with  a  bar;  hin- 
dered ;  restrained  ;  excluded  j  forbidden  ;  striped  j 
clu'ckercd. 

BAR'REL,  w.  [W.,  Fr.  baril;  Sp.  barril;  lU  bards', 
Arm.  baraz.] 

1.  A  round  vessel  or  cask,  of  more  length  thau 
breadth,  and  bulging  in  the  middle,  made  of  staves 
and  heading,  and  bound  with  hoops. 

2.  Tlie  quantity  which  a  barrel  containg.  Of  wine 
measure,  the  English  barrel  contains  31^  gallons  ;  of 
beer  measure,  3t>  gallons  ;  of  ale,  32  gallons  ;  and  of 
beer-vinegar,  34  gallons. 

Of  irriirht,  a  barrel  oUEssex  butter  is  106  pounds; 
of  Suffolk  butter,  25G  ;  a  barrel  of  herrings  should 
contain  32  gallons  wine  measure,  and  hold  lOOU  hur- 
rinys  ;  a  barrel  of  salintm  should  contain  42  gallons  j 
a  barrel  of  soap  should  weigh  25G  [Munds. 

Johnson.     Encye. 

In  Amfwica,  the  contents  of  a  barrel  are  regulated 
by  statutes. 

In  Connecticut,  the  barrel  for  liquors  murt  contain 
314  gallons,  each  gallon  to  contain  231  cubic  inches. 
In  New  York,  a  barrel  of  flour  by  statute  must  con- 
tain either  I9t)  lbs.  or  228  lbs.  nett  weight.  The  bar- 
rel of  beef  and  pork,  in  New  York  and  Connecticut, 
is  200  lbs.  In  general,  the  contents  of  barrt  Is,'  as  de- 
fined by  statute,  in  this  country,  must  be  from  28  to 
31  gallons. 

3.  Any  thing  hollow  and  long;  as,  the  barrel  of  a 
gun  ;  a  tube. 

4.  A  cylinder;  as,  the  barrel  of  a  watch,  within 
which  the  spring  is  coiled,  and  round  which  is  wound 
the  chain. 

a.  Barrel  of  the  ear;  a  cavity  of  the  ear,  situ.ited 
within  the  membrane  of  the  tympanum,  by  which  it 
is  separated  from  the  external  passage,  or  meatus  ; 
more  usually  called  the  cavity  of  the  tympanum.  It 
is  four  or  live  lines  deep,  and  five  or  six  wide,  and 
includes  within  it  the  small  bones  of  the  ear. 

Encye.     Johnson, 

BAR'REL,  V.  t.  To  put  in  a  barrel  ;  to  pack  in  a  bar- 
rel with  salt  for  preservation  ;  as,  to  barrel  beef,  pork, 
or  fish. 

BAR'REL-BEL'LI-CD,  a,  [See  Belly.]  Having  a 
large  belly.  Dryden. 

BAR'REL-/:D,  pp.    Put  or  packed  in  a  barrel. 

2.  a.  In  ctm/fu^iifum,  havinga  barrel  (»r  tube;  as,  a 
double-frarre/eJ  gun. 

BAR'REL-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Putting  or  packing  in  a 
barrel. 

BAR'REN,  a.     [from  the  same  root  as  bare.] 

1.  Not  producing  youug  or  olfspring  :  applied  to  aj^- 
imaiji. 

2.  Not  producing  plants;  unfruitful;  sterile;  not 
fertile  ;  or  producing  little  ;  unproductive  :  applied  to 
the  earth. 

3.  Not  producing  the  usual  fruit :  applied  to 
trees,  &.C. 

4.  Not  copious  J  scanty  ;  as,  a  scheme  barren  of 
hints.  Swift. 

.5.  Not  containing  useful  or  entertaining  ideas;  as, 
a  barren  treatise. 

6.  Unmeaning  ;  uninvcntive  ;  dull  ;  as,  barren 
spectators.  *€hnk.     Johnson,     Q.U, 

7.  Unproductive  j  not  inventive  ;  as,  a  barren 
mind. 

Barren  flowers,  in  botany,  are  those  which,  in  mo- 
niccoiig  and  dia:cous  plants,  are  furnished  only  with 
stamens  ;  also,  those,  in  plants  generally,  in  which 
the  essential  parts  are  abortive. 
BAR'REN,  n.  In  the  states  west  of  the  Allegany,  a 
word  used  to  denote  a  tract  of  land,  rising  a  few  feet 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — MeTE,  PRgY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 
_  ____  - 


BAR 

ahnve  the  level  of  a.  plain,  ami  producing  trees  nnd 
gHLSs.  The  soil  of  tht^se  barrens  is  not  barren^  as  the 
name  inii>urLs,  tmt  oAen  very  fenile.  It  ia  usually 
alluvial,  to  a  il^>pth  sometimes  of  several  feet. 

i^tiPotery  Jount.  of  Science. 
9.  Any  unproductive  tract  oi^  land  j   aa,  the  pine 
harrens  of  South  Carolina.  Drayton. 

BAR'RL\-LV,  m/r.     Un fruitfully. 

BAR'REN-iNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  not  producing 
its  kind;  want  of  the  power  of  conception  ;  appli^ 
to  animals. 

2.  linfniitfulness;  sterility;  infertility.  The  qual- 
ity of  not  producing  at  all,  or  in  small  quantities ;  as, 
the  barrenness  of  soil. 

3.  Want  of  invention  ;  want  of  the  power  of  pro- 
ducinie;  iiny  thing  new  ;  applied  to  tiie  mind. 

4.  \Vant  of  matter  j  scantiness ;  as,  the  barremiess 
of  a  cause.  Hooker. 

5.  Dffecl  of  emotion,  sensibility,  or  fervency  ;  as, 
thfi  barrennets  of  devotion.  Taylor. 

BAR'RK\-SIMR'IT-ED,  a.     Of  a  poor  spirit.    Skak. 

BAR'KE.\-\VORT,  n.  [See  Wort.]  A  plant,  (£/»'- 
medium  aljnnam^)  till  recently  considered  the  only 
spfcies  of  its  genus  j  a  low,  herbaceous  plant,  with 
ft  creeping  root,  having  many  stalks,  each  of  which 
has  three  flowers.  Kncyc 

BXRR'FKU     See  Barful. 

B.\R-RI-€ADE',  n.  [Fr.  barricade;  It.  barricata;  from 
It.  barrare;  i?p.  barrear^  to  bar.] 

1.  .\  fortification,  made  in  na=te,  of  trees,  earth, 
pnli.-<ades,  wagons,  or  any  thing  that  will  obstruct  the 
progres-s  of  an  enemy,  or  serve  fur  defense  or  securi- 
ty af^nst  his  shot. 

3.  Any  bar  or  ob^-traction  ;  that  which  del'cnds. 

3.  In  narfd  architecture^  a  strong  W(wden  rail,  sujv- 
ported  by  stiinchions,  extending  across  the  fi>remost 
part  of  the  qiiarUTnieck,  in  ships  of  war,  and  filled 
with  rope,  mat-*,  pieces  of  old  cable,  and  full  ham- 
mocks, to  prevent  the  effect  of  small  shot  in  time  of 
action.  Enct/c^ 

BAR-R1-€ADE',  r.  u  To  stop  up  a  passage;  to  ob- 
stnict. 

2.  To  fortify  with  any  slight  work  that  prevents 
the  apprnach  of  an  enemy. 

BAR-RI-e.\'DO.    The  same  as  Barricade. 

BAR'Rl-ER,  tu  [Fr.bamere;  11.  barriera  ;  ^p.  barre- 
ra,  a  barrier :  S]*.  barrcart  to  bar  or  barricade.  See 
Bar.] 

i.  In  furtijication,  a  kind  of  fence  made  in  a  pas- 
sage or  retrenchment,  composed  of  great  slakes,  with 
transomf  or  overthwiM-t  rafters,  to  stop  a«  enemy. 

2.  A  wall  for  defens<\  [K/icwc. 

3.  A  fortress  or  fortified  town  on  the  frontier  of  a 
cmmtry.  Swifi. 

4.  Any  obstruction  ;  any  thing  which  confines,  or 
which  hinders  approach  or  attack  ;  as,  constitutional 
harrierft.  Uopkinson. 

5.  A  bar  to  mark  the  limits  of  a  place  ;  any  limit 
or  boundary  ;  a  line  of  se[iaration.  Pope. 

BAR'KIXfJ,  ppr.  Making  fast  with  a  bar;  obstruct- 
ing; excluding;  preventing;  prohibiting;  crossing 
with  stripes.  The  word  is  also  used  for  excepting ; 
aA, "  barring  accidents,  I  warrant  the  goods  to  w 
sound." 

BAR'RI.VO-OUT,  n.  The  act  of  closing  the  doors  of 
a  sch4M>l-room  against  a  schoolmaster;  a  boyish  mode 
of  rebi'llion  in  Kngli-ih  schtM>l9.  SienfU 

BAR'RIS-TER,  n.  [fn.m  bar.]  A  counselor  learned 
in  the  laws,  qualified  and  admitted  to  plead  at  the 
bar,  nnd  to  take  upon  him  the  defense  of  clients  ;  an- 
swering to  iUe  (uirocatt  ot  licentiate  of  otiicr  countries. 
Anciently,  bnrri^^ters  were  called,  in  England,  ap~ 
frenlicM  vf  the  late.  Outer  barriiders^  are  pleaders 
without  the  bar,  to  distingni^^h  them  from  inner  har- 
ruttent^  benchersy  or  reade^rs^  who  are  admitted  to  plead 
within  the  bar,  as  tiie  king's  counsel  sre. 

Johnson,     Rncyc 

BAR'RflVV,  n.     rSax.  bernoe;  W.  berrai  GcT.bahre; 

D.  berri ;  from  ine  root  of  bear,  Vt  carry.    See  Bear.] 

I.  A  light,  small  carrmgi-.  A  hand-barrow  is  a  frame 

covered  in  the  middle  with  boards,  and  borne  by  and 

between  tw{i  men. 

A  icherl-birrrtno  is  a  frame  with  a  box,  supported 
by  one  wheel,  and  rolled  by  a  Single  man. 

3.  A  wicker  case,  in  sail-works,  where  the  flalt  is 
put  to  drain.  Encyc. 

BAr'ROW,  n.  [Sax.  berga,  or  beorgh,  a  hog  ;  D.  barg, 
a  barrow  hog.] 

1.  In  F-n^landy  a  hog  ;  and,  according  to  Ash,  obsO' 
Irte.     Barrotfi-ip'rase  is  hog's  lard. 

2.  In  America,  a  male  hog  castrated  ;  a  word  in  com- 
mon use, 

BAR'ROW,  n.     [Sax.  ftwira,  or  beorewe,  a  grove.] 

In  the  names  of  places,  barrow  is  itscd  to  signify  a 
wood  or  grove. 

BAR'ROVV,  n.  [Sax.  beorg^  a  hill  or  hillock  ;  byrgen, 
ft  tomb  ;  G.  and  U.  brrgen^  to  conceal,  to  save.] 

A  hillock  or  mound  of  f-arth,  intended  as  a  repos- 
itory of  iho  dead.  Such  barrows  are  found  in  Eng- 
land, in  the  north  of  the  European  continent,  and  in 
America.  Thi-y  wmi'-tinn-s  wen;  fornif^d  of  stones. 
and,  in  Scf>tland  and  thf  north  of  England,  arecrilled 
cairns.  The  barrow  answers  to  the  tamutus  of  the 
Latins*     [See  Tomb.] 


BAS 

BARSE,  n.     [G.  bars  ;  D.  baars.] 

An  English  name  for  the  common  perch. 

Diet,  of  JVat.  in^L 

BAR'-SHOB,  n.  A  kind  of  horse-shoe,  designed  to 
protect  a  tender  frog  from  injury. 

BAR'-SIIOT,  n.  [See  Bar  and  Shoot.]  Double-head- 
ed shot,  consisting  of  a  bar,  with  a  half  ball  or  round 
head  at  each  end  ;  used  for  destroying  the  masts  and 
rigging  in  naval  combat.  Jilar.  DicL 

BAR'TER,  r.  i.  [Sp.  baratar ;  It  barattarCy  to  ex- 
change. The  primary  sense  is  probably  to  turn  or 
change,  and  this  gives  the  sense  of  deceiving,  barra- 
try, as  well  as  of  bartering.  L.  vario,  verio.  Class 
Br.J 

To  traffic  or  trade,  by  exchanging  one  commodity 
for  another,  in  distinction  from  a  sale  and  purchase, 
in  whicli  money  is  paid  for  the  commodities  trans- 
ferred. 

BAR'TER,  V.  t.  To  give  one  thine  for  another  in  com- 
merce. It  is  sometimes  followed  by  away;  as,  to  bar- 
ter airoy  goods  or  honor. 

BAR'TER,  n-  The  act  or  practice  of  trafficking  by  ex- 
change of  commodities  ;  sometimes,  perhaps,  the 
thing  uiven  in  exchange. 

BAR'TER-£D,  pp.    Given  in  exchange. 

BAR'TER-ER,  n.  One  who  trattica  by  exchange  of 
commodities. 

BAR'TER-I\G,  ppr.  Trafficking  or  trading  by  an  ex- 
change of  Commodities. 

BAR'TER-Y,  n-  Exchange  of  commodities  in  trade. 
[JVot  used.]  Camden. 

BAR-THOL^O-MEW-TTDE,  n.  Time  of  the  festival 
of  St.  Bartholomew,  August  24th.  Shak. 

BAR'TI-ZAN,  71.  A  small  overhanging  turret,  which 
projects  from  the  angles  of  towers,  or  from  the  para- 
pet and  other  parts  of  the  budding.         Ozf.  Oloss. 

BAK'TO.V,  n.     [Sax.  bere~ton,  barley-town.] 

The  demain  lands  of  a  manor;  the  manor  itself; 
and  sometimes  the  oiit-houses.     Johnson.     BlounU 

BAR'TUAM,  n.     [U.  pyreikram  i  Gr.  izi^p,  fire.] 

A  plant ;  [lellitory.  Bailey.    Jontwon, 

BAR'VV(^D,  n.  A  red  dye-wood,  from  Angola  and 
other  parts  of  Africa.  JlcCuUoch, 

BAR-Y-SJ'RO\'TIAN-XTE,  n,  [Gr.  i5j/.t;(,  heavy, 
and  5f  row  (tan.] 

A  mineral,  called,  also,  Stromnite,  from  Stromness, 
in  Orkney.  It  has  been  found  in  masses  of  a  gray- 
ish-white ailor  inU!rnally,  but  externally  of  a  yellow- 
ish-white. It  is  a  compound  of  carbonate  of  stron- 
tian  nnd  sulphate  of  barytiu 

Traill.     Cleaveland.     Phillips. 

BA-R?'TA,  n.     [Gr.  /?a/»iif,  heavy.] 

The  heaviest  of  the  earths,  the  specific  gravity  be- 
ing as  high  as  4.  It  is  an  oxyd,  the  basis  of  which 
is  a  metallic  substance  called  barytum.  It  is  general- 
ly fiiund  in  combmation  with  the  sulphuric  and  car- 
bonic acids,  forming  the  sulphate  and  carbonate  of 
baryta,  the  former  of  which  is  called  heavy-spar. 

Cleaveland.     Thomson. 

BA-R^'TkS,  n.     [Gr.  fianvrm,  weight] 

Sulphate  of  baryta,  generally  called  heavy-spar; 
which  see. 

BA-RYT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  boiyU;  fonned  of  ba- 
ryfi,  or  containing  it.  Kincan. 

BA-Ry'TO-CAU'CITE,  n.  {baryte  and  ealz.  See 
Calx.] 

A  comp)onnd  of  carbonate  of  lime  and  carbonate  of 
baryta,  of  a  dark  or  light  gray  color,  occurring  mass- 
ive or  crystallized. 

BAR'Y-TO.NEjd.  [Gr. /?.i.oi'?,  heavy,  and  rocif ,  lone.] 
Pertaining  to  or  noting  a  grave,  deep  sound,  or 
mah'  voice.  IVatker.  .  ArbuihnoL 

BAK'Y-TfJiNE,  s.  In  musie,  a  male  voice,  the  com- 
pii.ss  of  which  partakes  of  the  common  base  and  the 
tenor,  but  which  does  not  descend  so  low  as  the  one, 
nor  ri!4c  as  high  ns  the  other. 

2.  In  OrerJi  grammar, n  word  which  hxs  no  accent 
marked  on  the  last  syllable,  the  grave  accc^nt  being 
undiTstood. 

BA-RV'TUM,  n.  A  metal,  the  basis  of  barjta.  [See 
Barium.] 

BA'SAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  base  ;  constituting  the 
base.  •Snif. 

BASALT',  n»a-7.Mlt',)  n.  [Pliny  Informs  us  that  the 
Egyptians  found,  in  Ethinpin,  a  species  of  marble, 
called  basaJtes,  of  un  iron  color  and  hardness,  whence 
it  received  its  name.  JVaL  Hist.  lib.  ;j(>,  ca.  7.  But, 
according  to  Da  Costa,  tliat  stone  was  not  the  same 
which  now  bi'ars  the  name  of  basalt.  Hist,  of  Fos- 
sils, p.  'it)3.  If  named  from  its  color,  it  may  be  al- 
lied to  the  Fr.  basani,  tawny.  Lunier  refers  it  to  the 
Ethiopic  basal,  iron,  a  word  I  can  ntit  find.] 

A  rock,  considered  of  igneous  origin,  cimsisting  of 
nugite  and  feldspar,  with  grains  of  magnetic  or  titan- 
ic iron,  and  also  bottle-green  particles  i>f  olivine,  fre- 
quenily  disseminated.  It  is  usually  of  a  greenish- 
bl;u'k  color,  or  of  some  dull  brown  shade,  or  black. 
It  constitutes  immense  beds  in  some  regions,  ami  al- 
so occurs  iq  veins  or  dikes  cutting  through  other 
n)cks.  It  has  ofYen  a  prismatic  structure,  as  at  the 
Giant's  Causeway,  in  Ireland,  where  the  columns  are 
as  regular  as  if  the  work  of  art.  It  is  a  very  tough 
and  heavy  rock,  and  is  one  of  the  best  materials  for 
macadamizing  roads.  Dana. 


BAS 

BA-SALT'1€,   a.     Pertaining  to  basalt;  furmed  of  or 

containing  b;isalt 

BA-Sv>L'r'l-.FOR.\L,  a.  In  the  form  of  basalt ;  colum- 
nar. 

BA-S^LT'IXE,  n.  A  variety  of  common  hornblende, 
found  in  basalt  and  lavas.    The  term  is  not  now 

,     used.  Ktrwan.     Cleaveland. 

9.  A  column  of  basalt  Kintan. 

BAS'A-iMTE,  n.  [Gr.  0aaavQi^  the  trier.  Plin.  lib. 
36,  ca.  22,     See  Basalt.] 

Lydian  stone,  or  black  jasper  ;  a  variety  of  siliceous 
or  flinty  slate.  Its  color  is  a  grayish  or  bluish-black, 
often  interspersed  with  veins  of  quartz.  It  is  em- 
ployed to  test  the  purity  of  gold.  Cleaveland. 

BAS  BLEU,  (bil  blew,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  literary  lady;  a 
blue-stocking,  which  see. 

BASE,  a.  [Fr.  bos,  low  ;  W.  bos;  It  basso;  Sp,  haxo, 
low  ;  W.  hasH,  to  fall,  or  lower.    See  Abase.] 

1.  Low  in  place.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

2.  Mean ;  vile  ;  worthless  ;  that  is,  low  in  value  or 
estimation;  used  of  tilings. 

3.  Of  low  station  ;  of  mean  account ;  without  rank, 
dignity,  or  estimation  among  men  ;  used  of  persons. 

The  boat  sliftll  behave  proudly  a^nst  the  lionorable.  —  Is.  ui. 

4.  Of  mean  spirit;  disingenuous;  illiberal;  low; 
without  dignity  of  sentiment ;  as,  a  &eue  and  abject 
multitude. 

5.  Of  little  comparative  value  ;  applied  to  metalsj 
and  perhaps  to  all  metals,  except  gold  and  silver. 

6.  Deep ;  grave ;  applied  to  sounds  ;  as,  the  base 
sounds  of  a  viol.  Bacon. 

7.  Of  illegitimate  birth;  bom  out  of  wedl«:k. 

Shak, 

8.  Not  held  by  honorable  tenure.  A  base  estate  Is 
an  estate  held  by  services  not  honorable,  nor  in 
capiie,  or  by  villenage.  Such  a  tenure  is  called  base, 
or  low,  and  the  tenant,  a  base  tenant  So  writers 
on  the  laws  of  England  use  the  terms  a  bast  fee,  a 
base  court  Encyc. 

BASE,  n.  [Gr.  Qoti^  ;  L.  basis;  It  basa,  base;  Sp. 
basa;  Fr.  base;  that  which  is  set,  the  foundation  or 
bottom.] 

I.  The  bottom  of  any  thing,  considered  as  its  sup- 
port, or  the  part  of  a  thing  on  which  it  stands  or 
rests;  as,  the  base  of  a  column,  the  pcdfstal  of  a 
statue,  the  foundation  of  a  house,  &.c. 

•  In  architecture,  the  base  of  a  pillar,  properly,  is 
that  part  which  is  between  the  top  of  the  jwdestal 
and  the  bottom  of  the  shaft  ;  but  when  there  is  no 
pedestd,  it  is  the  part  between  the  bottom  of  the 
column  and  the  plinth.  Usually  it  consists  of  cer- 
tain spires  or  circles.    The  pedestal  also  has  its  base. 

Encyc. 

9.  In  fortifeation,  the  exterior  side  of  the  polygon, 
or  that  imaginary  line  which  is  drawn  from  the 
flanked  angle  of  a  bastion  to  the  angle  opposite  to  it 

3.  In  gunnery^  the  least  sort  of  ordnance,  the  di- 
ameter of  whose  bore  is  \\  inch.  Encyc. 

4.  The  part  of  any  ornament  which  hangs  down, 
as  housings.  Sidney. 

5.  The  broad  part  of  any  thing,  as  the  bottom  of  a 
cone. 

6.  In  old  authors,  stockings ;  armor  for  the  legs. 

Hudibras. 

7.  The  place  from  which  racers  or  tilters  start; 
the  bottom  of  the  field ;  the  career  or  starting-post 

Dryden. 

8.  The  lowest  or  gravest  part  in  music;  improperly 
written  boss. 

9.  A  ru!>tic  play,  called  also  bays  or  prison  bars. 

Shak. 

10.  In  wary  a  tract  of  countr>'  protected  by  fortifi- 
cations, from  which  the  operations  of  an  army 
procee{l. 

II.  In  geametry,  the  lowest  side  of  the  perimeter 
of  a  figure.  Any  side  of  a  triangle  may  be  called  JU 
base,  hut  this  term  most  properly  behuigs  to  the 
lowest  side,  or  that  which  is  parallel  to  the  horizon. 
'J'he  base  of  a  solid  figure  is  that  on  which  it  stands. 
The  base  nf  a  conic  section  is  a  right  line  in  the 
hyperbola  and  parabola,  arising  from  the  common 
intersection  of  the  secant  plane  and  the  base  of  the 
cone.  Encyc. 

1-2.  In  chemistry,  the  electro-positive  ingredient  of 
a  compound,  or  more  s(Mxiflcally  the  electro-positive 
ingredient  of  a  salt  Thus  any  alkaline  or  earthy 
substance,  combining  with  an  acid,  forms  a  com- 
pound or  salt,  of  which  it  is  the  base.  Such  salts 
are  called  salts  with  alkaline  or  earthy  bases. 

13.  Fundamental  base;  that  part  in  musical  har- 
mony wiiich  sustains  the  chord ;  in  the  natural 
position  of  the  chord,  the  lowest  part. 

14.  Thorough  base ;  continued  base,  {basso  continuo ;) 
the  fundamental  base  continued  through  a  musical 
comptwilion.  Also,  the  harmony  or  accompaniment 
of  a  continued  base,  marked  by  figures  on  the  base. 
The  term  is  also  used  like  countcrpointy  as  synony- 
mous with  the  science  of  harmony. 

15.  Counter  base,  is  a  second  or  double  base,  when 
there  are  several  in  the  same  concert.  Encyc. 

Ifi.  In  butaayy  the  base  of  the  fruit,  is  the  part  where 
it  is  uniu-d  with  the  peduncle  ;  the  base  of  a  leafy  is 
the  extremity  next  the  BU;m,  opposed  to  the  apez. 


TONE,  BiJI'I'^  UNITE.—AN"GER,  VI"CIOU3.  — C  as  K;>d  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  OH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

"Tol 


BAS 

USB,  B.  L  To  amban;  to  reduce  the  valtw  hy 
the  adiiuxture  of  meaner  metals,    [tittle  usetL] 

3.  To  found ;  to  lay  the  baM  or  foundation. 
To  ham  utd  bcSbi  ibe  eominoawMdUi  at  tauu        Cbttmbtad. 
BA8E'-BORN,  «.    [bast  and  bom.]    Born  out  of  wed- 
lock. Gay. 

2.  Bom  of  low  porenlafie. 

3.  Vile;  menn.  MiUim. 
BASE'-COURT,  n.     [Ft.  tew»«wr.    See  Court.1 

Til*?  hack  yard.  op|>osed  to  tbe  chief  court  in  rronl 
of  a  h.mse  ;  t(»e  mnn  yard.  .  SAak. 

r.    Reduced  m  value  ;  founded. 
vRT-EO,  a.     Vile  in  heart. 
:     —        :>s,  a.    Without  a  basoj  having  nofouoda- 
tK>a  ut  support. 

The  taMlw*  bbrie  or  R  «U«.  5Aat. 

TtK  fuM  how  poor  Owt  nrHto  oar  lawlM*  pridt  I   TmmhttU. 

BASE'LV,  arfn.    tn  a  base  maaner ;  meanly  ;  difhon- 

ofablv.  Dn/dfn, 

3.  Uleeltlmalelyi  in  bastardy.  KnoUts. 

BASB'ME.NT,  n.  In  arcAiUvterc,  tile  ground  floor, 
on  which  the  order  or  cotuuuu  which  decorate  the 
principal  story  are  ptoced.  Enofc 

3.  In  wta4tr%  mxkiUetmrt^  a  story  below  the  level  of 
the  nreet. 

B-XSF.'-.MIViyEn,  a.    Of  a  low  spirit  or  mind  ;  mean. 

BASB'~.\iTND'eD-LY,  adc.    With  a  base  mind. 

BAS£'.1LI.ND'E1>-AE^,  a.    Meanness  of  spiriU 

BASE'XESS,  K.    Meanness  ;  vUeaeas  ;  worthlessness. 

3.  Vileness  of  metal ;  the  quality  of  being  *A  little 
eompnratire  value.  Sub^ 

3.  Bastardy  ;  illegitimacy  of  birth.  $*sJu 

4.  Derpnetta  of  sound. 
BAS'E-N'ET,  a.     A  helmet. 
BASE'-S<M'i,-*;n,  «.     Vile  Jn  sooL 
BA5iE'-c?PIR'IT-ED.  a.  Low  in  courage; 

ardly. 
BASE'-STRIN'G,  m.     Tbe  string  of  aa  instninienl 

which  pmducea  the  lowest  note.  Sktk. 

BASE'-\'T'OL,  s,    [3*e  Viou]-   A  musical  stringed 

in^triuueni,  U!*ed  for  playing  the  base  or  gravest  part. 
BA::^H,  r.  i.      [Heb.  eri:i  ^mA,  to  be  cast  down,  or 

cunfminded.    Uu.  O.  verbaaitu^  to  confound.    See 

Aa&sH.] 
To  be  ashamed  \  to  be  confounded  wiili  shame. 
^  ^  Spenatr, 

BA-SH^W,  n.    [Ar.  XJsX^  baskai  Pen.  pasju  ;  8p. 

ten;  IL  ftama;  Turk,  batek^  tbe  bead.  Qu.  D. 
teas,  master^  and  the  te«*a«  of  tbe  .SIsmaiuu  and 
L^mftoktriis,  tn  th?  middle  n^<  This  word  is  often 
writirn  J  :  "  ^riphy.] 

I.  At  runs  ;  ap- 

propriat'  !  ,i  given  to 

viciT'v  -.::■■..  i  i.     -  ■  :  ■  -.  .mn  in  ecnfrals 

aiiii    •  .  -'  ::^   i;    !   1  •'  :i  :  :>    I'lirki^h  bashnws 

c~i:ir  .-.    u-.i  I,',:.--;.,    a.:.,  r,;.  .u  their  provinces. 
Hcnc^', 
^  A  proud,  tyrannical,  overbearing  man. 

B-\SH'F5;L,  a.     [See  Dash  and  Abash.] 

I.  Properijfj  having  a  downcast  look  ;  hence,  very 
modest. 
9.  Modest  to  excess ;  sheepish.  Shak, 

3.  Exciting  shame. 

BASH'F^L-LV,  adv.  Very  modestly ;  la  a  timorous 
manner. 

B.%SH'riJU-XESS,  n.     Eicewive  or  extreme   mod- 
esty j   a  quality  of  mind   often    visible  in  external 
appearanos^  as  in  blushing,  a  downcast  look,  con- 
fusion. Sec 
3.  Vicious  or  mstic  shame.  Sidney. 

BASH'LESS,  0.     Shameless  ;  unUushing.     Spmser, 

B.\S'HYLE,  «.     [See  Bastlb.] 

JftA'Sie,  a.  Relating  to  a  base ;  performing  the  office 
ot  a  bAse  in  a  salt. 

3.  Tbe  term  is  often  applied  to  a  <talt  in  which  the 
base  is  in  excesit,  or  con^stitules  a  large  proportion  of 
the  neutml  salt.  Kane, 

BA'SI-FI-EB,  a.  That  which  converts  into  a  salifiable 
base. 

BA'Sl-PT,  r.  t.    To  convert  into  a  salifiable  base. 

BA'SI-PV-[\G,  ppr.    Converting  into  a  salifiable  base. 

BAS-l-GYN'I-UM,ii.  [Gr-iiaatitind  yvin.]  The  pedi- 
cel on  which  the.  ovary  of  certain  flowers  is  situated. 

BAS'fL,  n.  Tbe  slope  or  angleof  a  tool  or  instrument, 
as  of  a  chisel  or  plane ;  usually  of  li  degrees,  but 
for  hard  wood,  18  degrees.  Enryc, 

BASHL,  e.  t.  To  grind  or  form  the  edge  of  a  ton)  ^  an 
angle.  .  Mozoiu 

BAS'IL,  n.    [Pr.  basilic  :  It.  ba-nlieo.] 

A  name  common  to  difiV-rent  species  of  plants^  of 
the  genus  Ocymum,  all  natives  of  warm  climates. 
Th-y  are  fratrrant  aromatic  plants,  and  one  species, 
the  sweet  basU,  ia  much  used  in  cookery,  especially 
in  France. 

BAS'lL,  B.    [Orient.  n3  to  strip.] 

The  skin  of  a  sheep  tanned  :  written  also  Basait. 

BAS'II^AR,       t  FT    ..     -7     ■      1.     1 

BAS'ILA-RY,  i    *"•     [^  f"^<iri^  ;  bnsiM.] 
Relating  to  the  base ;  situated  at  the  base. 


BAS 

This  trrm,  in  anatomy^  hns  been  applied  to  the 
snhi'niiid  bttne,  and  the  cuneiform  proress  vf  the  oc- 
cipital bone,  which  are  siluiiud  al  tiie  base  of  thu 
cranium,  and  to  an  artery  of  the  brain,  renting  on  tbe 
cuneiform  process  of  the  occipital  K>ne  ;  also,  to  the 
OS  sacrum,  situated  at  the  bast'  of  the  spine. 

BA-SIL'IAN  MONKS;  monks  of  the  order  of  St.  nasi!, 
who  ftmnded  the  order  in  Pnnlus.  The  order  still 
exists,  but  has  less  power  and  celeljrity  than  fnrmerly. 

Kiici/c 

BA-»IT7Te,       )  n.  [Gt.$atTtXiKnil^banlicaiGT.'0Aai- 

BA-SlL'ie-A,  j      Xf.f,  a  king.J 

jSmdentlp^  a  public  hall  or  court  of  Judicature, 
where  princes  and  niagistnites  sal  to  administer  jiis- 
lice.  It  was  a  large  hall,  with  aisles,  imrticos, 
tribunes,  and  tribunals.  The  bankers  also  liitd  a 
part  allotted  for  their  residence.  These  edifices,  at 
first,  were  the  palaces  of  princes,  afti-rward  courts 
of  justice,  and  finally  converted  inio  churches. 
Hence,  basUie  now  signifies  a  church,  chapel,  calhe- 
dnl,  or  royal  iialaco.  Encuc     Sp.  and  lu  Diet. 

BA-»IL'1C,       I  «.     [St-e  Basil.]    The  middle  vein  of 

BA-SIL'IG-A,  \     the  arm,  or  tne  interior  branch  of 
the  axillary  vein,  so  colled  by  way  of  eniinrnce. 
Kntvc     Q^aincy, 

nA-SIL'I€,         )  a.    In  the  manner  of*^ a  public  edi- 

BA-*IL'ie-AL,  \      fire  or  cathedral.  Fur^fjth. 

2.  Belongini!  to  the  middle  vein  of  the  arm. 

3.  N'otinc  a  [Ktrticutarnrit,  the  walnut,  Hasilica  nux. 
BA-«IL'l-eO\,  n.     [fir.  fiauXi^o<^  royal.] 

An  ointment,  lliis  name  is  pivun  to  several  com- 
positions in  ancient  medical  writers.  At  pr-senl  it 
is  confined  to  three  officinal  oinlni'-nts,  dtstinpuished 
as  black,  yellow,  and  green  basilicon.         Krtrtfc. 

BAS'l-LISIv,  H.  [Gr,  /S.ffiAcfTjfo?,-  L.  bnsHiscu^:  JYom 
/ya'-(A(i'j,  king ;  so  named  from  some  prominences 
on  the  head,  resembling:  a  crown.    j>/iti«*j(  D'^ct.] 

1.  A  fabulous  serpi-nt,  called  a  cock;ilricf ,  and  said 
to  be  produced  from  a  cock's  i-gg  briHulcd  by  a  ser- 
pent, llie  ancients  alleged  that  its  hissing  Tvnuld 
drive  away  alt  oth'-r  ^rrpents,  and  that  itrs  brenlh,  and 
even  Ita  look,  was  fatal.  Some  writers  supi^n^e  that 
a  real  serpent  exists  under  this  name.  The  name 
iMuiltsk  is  now  applied  to  the  species  of  a  genu?  of 
lizards,  (BasiUscus.) 

9.  In  military  a^airs^  a  large  piece  of  ordnance,  so 
called  from  its  siipposed  reseniblancf  to  the  serpent 
of  that  name,  vt  from  its  size.  This  cannon  carried 
an  iron  ball  of  2(io  pounds'  weight,  but  is  not  now 
used.  Modem  wTii*'rs  give  this  name  to  cannon  of  a 
amalirr  siw,  which  the  Dutch  inaku  15  feet  long,  and 
tliy  French  10,  carrj  mg  ii  AS  i«)und  ball.        Enajc 

BAS'IL-WEED,  «.  Wild  ba^iil  \  a  plant  of  the  genus 
Clinopodium.  Muhlenberg. 

BA'S/N,  (bi^sn,)  n.  [Fr.  ftav-yin,"  Ir.  bmsin;  Ann. 
tepm  ;  It.  tectJTo,  or  oacUe;  Port,  bacia.  If  the  last 
radical  is  primarily  a  palatal  letter,  this  is  the  German 
beekm ;  D.  btkkem.} 

\.  A  hollow  vessel  or  dii^h,  to  hold  water  for  wash- 
ing, and  fur  various  other  uses. 
9.  In  hydraulics,  any  reservoir  of  water. 

3.  Thai  which  resembles  a  basin  in  containing 
water,  as  a  pond,  a  dock  for  shii>s,  a  hollow  place  for 
liquids,  or  an  inclosed  part  of  water,  fonning  a  broad 
space  within  a  strait  or  narrow  entrance  ;  a  little  bay. 

4.  Among  flas^-erimitrs,  a  concave  piece  of  metal 
by  which  convex  glaajea  are  formed. 

5.  Among  kattfTtf^  a  large  t>hclt  or  case,  usually  of 
iron,plac4;d  over  a  furnace,  in  which  the  hat  is  mold- 
ed into  due  shape. 

6.  In  anatomy^  a  round  cavity  between  the  anterior 
ventricles  of  the  brain.  John.''on. 

7.  The  scale  of  a  balance,  when  hollow  and  mund. 

8.  In  Jetcish  antiquitirj,  the  laver  nf  the  talKrnacle. 

9.  In  physrie/jl  irfoirraphyy  a  circular  or  oval  valley, 
or  depression  of  the  surface,  the  lowest  part  of  which 
ia  generally  occupied  by  a  lake,  or  traversed  by  a 
river;  al:*o,  the  entire  tract  of  country  drained  by  a 
river,  or  to  a  sea  or  lake. 

10.  In  ffeolosry-i  an  isolated  or  circumscribed  forma- 
tion, particularly  where  the  strata  dip  inward,  on  all 
eidfs,  toward  the  center.  This  term  is  especially 
applied  to  the  coal  formations,  colled  coal-bojins  or 
coal-Jiilds. 

BS't=/.\-£;D,(ba'snd,)  pp.  Inclosed  in  a  basin.  Toimg. 
BA'S/N-SUaP'£D,  (-shipt^)  0.     Having  the  form  of 

a  basin. 
BA't^IS,  n.:  pL  Basbs.     [L.  and  Gr.  j  the  same  as 
Base,  which  see.] 

1.  The  foundation  of  any  thing  i  that  nn  which  a 
thing  stands  or  lies  ;  the  bottom  orVoot  of  thfi  thing 
itself,  or  that  on  which  it  rests.  See  a  full  explanation 
under  Base. 

9.  The  groundwork  or  first  principle ;  that  which 
supports. 
3.  Foundation ;  support. 


The  hani  of  putilic  cr~Jil  n  jood  Kuth. 
Tbe  bona  of  uD  exulkiic^  ia  truth. 


Ilamillon. 
Johnson. 


4.  Basis,  in  cherrdstry.     See  Base,  No.  12. 
BA'PIST,  n.     A  singer  of  base. 

BASK,  r.  i.     [The  origin  of  this  word  is  not  obvious. 
Q,u.  Ir.  bas^aim,  to  rest  or  repose.] 

To  lie  in  warmth  j  to  be  exposed  to  genial  heat ;  to 


BAS 

be  nt  ease  and  thriving  under  benign  influences  ;  as, 
to  ba.-tk  in  the  blaze  of  day  ;  to  6fi,sA  In  the  sunshine 
of  ri>yal  fivor.  The  word  includes  the  idea  of  some 
continuance  of  exposure. 

B\.*^K,  r.  t.  To  warm  by  continued  exposure  to  heat ; 
to  warm  with  genial  heat.  Drijden. 

BXSK'A"!),  (bi8kt)/ip.  Exposed  to  warmth,  or  genial 
heat. 

BAHK^KT,  n.  [W.  ha.^sed^  or  ha-tgawd:  Ir.  bascaid; 
probably  IVnin  weaving  or  texture  j  VV.  basg^  a  net- 
ting or  plaiting  of  splinters.! 

1.  A  domestic  vessel,  niaile  of  twigs,  rushes,  splin- 
ters, or  othr'r  flexible  things,  interwoven.  The  forms 
and  sizes  of  baskets  are  vury  various,  as  well  as  the 
uses  to  which  they  are  applied ;  as  corn-ha.skuta, 
cli>tlies-b:iskets,  fruit-baskets,  and  work-baskdts. 

2.  The  contents  of  a  basket;  as  much  as  a  basket 
will  contain  ;  as,  a  ba.-'kel  of  medlars  is  two  bushels. 
lUit,  in  general,  this  quantity  is  indefinite. 

In  military  iijjiiirsy  buskols  of  earth  sometimes  are 
u'^^'d  on  the  parapet  of  a  trench,  between  which  the 
Boldiers  lire.  'J'hey  serve  for  defense  again:^-t  small 
shot.  Encyc. 

BXSK'ET,  r.  t.    To  put  in  a  basket.  Cowper. 

BASK'ET-FISH,  n.  A  species  of  sea-star,  or  star-fish, 
of  the  genus  Asterias,  called  aNo  the  Magellanic  star- 
fish. It  has  five  rays  issuing  from  an  angular  body, 
and  dividing  into  innumerable  branches.  These, 
when  extended,  form  a  circle  of  three  feet  diameter. 
[See  A9TEBIA.1.J  Kncye. 

BXSK'ET-MILT,  fl.  [See  Hilt.]  The  hilt  of  a  sword 
with  a  covering  wrought  like  basket-w«rk,  to  protect 
the  hand.  Hudibras. 

BASK'ET-HILT'EDjO.    Having  a  hUt  of  basket-work. 

Warton. 

BXSK'ET-SALT,  n.  Salt  put  up  in  small  baskets, 
which  is  piirer,  whiter,  and  finer  than  common  brine 
salt.  Ena/e. 

BXSK'ET-VVOM'AN,  it.  A  woman  who  carries  a 
b:i-!k*^t  to  and  fmni  market. 

BASK'I.NG,  ppr.  Exposing  or  lying  exposed  to  the 
Ci)iitiutii(l  artion  of  heat  or  genial  wamith. 

BASK'I.NG-SMAKK,  n.  The  sun  fish  of  the  Irish  ;  a 
sihcies  of  Sipialus  or  shark,  (S'^ialis  maximus.)  This 
flsh  is  frotn  three  to  twelve  yards  in  length,  or  even 
longer.  'I'he  upper  jaw  is  much  longer  than  the 
lower  one  ;  the  tail  is  large,  and  the  uppi^r  part  much 
longer  than  the  lower;  the  skin  is  nmgh,  of  a  di;t^p 
leadi-n  color  on  the  back,  and  white  on  the  bt  ll\ . 
The  fish  weighs  more  than  a  thousand  pounds,  and 
alfords  a  great  quiintity  of  oil,  which  is  used  for 
lamps,  and  to  cure  bruises,  burns,  and  rheumatic 
compl:iints.  It  is  viviparous,  and  frequents  the 
northern  seas.     [See  Sq^ALUS.]      Prnnant.   Erin/c. 

BAH'tiUlSlI,  (hisk'ish)  a.  Pcilaining  to  the  people  or 
laiiL'iifige  of  Biscay.  Brown. 

BAS-1{E-LIF;F',  (bd-re-leeP,)  n.     See  Bass-Kelief. 

BASS,  H.  [Ba.^s  is  undoubtedly  a  comiption  of  G.  bars^ 
D.  baurs,  a  perch.     See  Barbe.     It  has  no  plural.] 

The  name  of  several  species  of  fish.  In  Enirland, 
this  name  is  given  to  a  species  of  perch,  called  by 
some  the  sea-tPo'f,  from  its  voracity,  and  resembling, 
in  a  degree,  the  trout  in  shape,  but  liaving  a  larger 
head.  It  weighs  about  fifteen  pounds.  In  theJVarlhr- 
erit  States  of  j9merir^,  this  name  is  given  to  a  striped 
fish  wirich  prows  to  the  weight  of  25  or  30  pounds, 
and  which  enters  the  rivers  ;  of  the  genus  L:ibrax. 

A  species  of  striped  fish,  of  a  darker  color,  with  a 
large  head,  is  called  sea-bass,  as  it  is  never  found  in 
fresh  water.  This  fish  grows  to  two  or  three  pounds' 
weight.  Both  species  are  well  tasted,  but  the  proper 
bass  is  a  very  white  and  delicious  food. 

Prince.    Belknap. 

BASS,  n.  The  American  name  of  the  linden,  lime, 
or  tiel-tree  ;  called  also  bass-^ovad.     [See  Bast.] 

2.  {pron.  >)Ss.)  A  hassock  or  thick  mat  on  which 
persons  kneel  at  church. 

BASS,  n.  In  music,  the  base;  the  deepest  or  gravest 
part  of  a  tune  ;  or  the  lowest  part  in  the  hanuony  of 
a  musical  comjwsition.  This  word  is  thus  written  in 
imitation  of  the  Italian  basso,  which  is  the  English 
ba.'ic,  low ;  yet  with  the  pronunciation  of  ba.se  and 
plural  bases ,-  a  gross  error,  that  ought  to  be  corrected  j 
as  the  word  used  in  pronunciation  is  ttie  English 
word  base. 

BXSS,  V.  t.    To  sound  in  a  deep  tone.  Shak. 

BASS-RE-LI  RF',  (bas-re-lef)  n.  [from  It.  basso,  low, 
and  rilevare,  to  raise  j  whence  rilievoy  raised  work. 
See  Lift  and  Relief.] 

Sculpture,  whose  figures  do  not  stand  out  far  from 
the  ground  or  plane  on  which  they  are  formed. 
When  figures  do  not  protuberate  so  as  to  exhibit  the 
entire  body,  they  are  said  to  be  done  in  relief;  and 
when  they  are  low,  flat,  or  little  raised  from  the 
plane,  the  work  is  said  to  be  in  low  relief,  (ba^so-re- 
lievo.)  When  the  figures  are  so  raised  as  to  be  strik- 
ingly prominent,  they  are  said  to  be  in  bold,  strong,  or 
high  relief,  (altcMrelievo.)     See  Relief.  £ncijc. 

BASS'-VT'OL,  n.     See  Base-Viol. 

BAS'SA.    See  Bawaw. 

BAS'SET,  n.     [Fr.  bassette.] 

A  game  at  cards,  reseninling  the  modern  faro,  snid 
to  have  been  invented  at  Venice,  by  a  nohle-naii, 
who  was  banished  for  the  invention.    The  game  be- 


FATE,  FAR,  P^tL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREY PINE,  MAKtNE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.— 

J— 


BAS 

ing  introduced  into  Franco  by  tlie  Venetian  enibns- 
.  sador  Justiuiani,  in  Iu74,  it  was  prohibited  by  Buvere 
edici-i.  Eneyc. 

BAS'.SET,  r.  u  [See  Basil.]  Among  coal-digffersj  to 
incline  upward.  Thus  a  vein  of  cu:i]  bassets^  wiien 
it  takes  a  direction  toward  Uic  surface  of  tlie  earth. 
This  is  called  cropping^  and  is  oppo:>ed  to  dipping. 

Kiieyc 

BAS'SET,  a.  Inclined  upward ;  as,  the  basset  edge  of 
Btrata, 

BAS'SET-HORN,  n.  A  musical  instrument  resem- 
bling a  clarionet,  but  of  much  greater  compass,  em- 
bracing nearly  four  octaves.  P.  Cyc 

BAS'SET-!NG,ppr.     Having  a  direction  upward. 

BAS'SET-ING,  n.  The  upward  direction  of  a  vein  in 
a  mine. 

BA:^t!ET'TO,  n.     A  tenor  or  small  base-viol. 

B.\S'S[\-ET,  «.  A  wicker  basket  with  a  covering  or 
hood  over  one  end,  in  which  young  children  are 
placed  as  in  a  cradle.  Encye.  Dom.  Ecoru 

BXSS'-MAT,  n.  Malting  made  of  the  inner  bark  of 
trees,  particularly  the  lime-tree. 

B.iS'SO-COJVCERT-JlJ^TE,  in  music,  is  the  base  of 
the  tiule  chorud,  or  that  which  plays  throughout  the 
whole  piece.  Bailey. 

BjIS' SO-COJ^-l'LV U-0 }  thorough  base,  which  see 
under  Base.  BaUey, 

BJiH'SO-RErUR'rO,     See  Bass-Reuep. 

BAS'SO-REr-PlE'J^O  is  the  ba^se  of  the  grand  chonis, 
which  playa  only  occasionally,  or  in  particuhir  parU. 

BaUeij. 

PAS' SO-Vt-0-LTJ^O  is  the  base  of  the  base-viol. 

U.\fi'?=<)CK,  n.    The  same  as  Bass,  a  mat.         [Bailey. 

B.\^-.S0ON'',  n.  [Fr.  basson;  It.  bassone^  from  basso, 
low.] 

A  musical  wind  instrument,  blown  with  a  reed, 
and  furnished  with  eleven  botes,  which  are  stopped, 
as  in  other  large  tlutes.  Its  comp:iss  compreh(.>nds 
throe  octa\'es.  lis  diameter  at  bottom  is  nine  inthua, 
and  for  convenience  of  carriage  it  is  dividird  into  two 
parts  \  whence  it  is  called  also  a  fasot.  It  serves  for 
the  base  in  a  concert  of  hautboys,  ifutes,  &,c. 

Johnson.     Ehcijc     Busby. 

B AS-SOON' 1ST,  n.    A  performer  on  the  bassoon. 

Busby, 

BAS'SO-RINE,  n.  A  constituent  part  of  a  spt-cies  of 
gum  from  Bassora,  as  also  of  gum  tragacanth,  and 
some  gum-resins.  Ure. 

BAST,  n.  [Uu.  U.  and  Dan.  bastj  bark,  or  from  twist- 
ing.] 

1.  The  inner  bark  of  the  lime-tree,  and  hence  mat- 
ting or  ct'rdage  made  of  tlie  bark  of  Uie  linden  or 
lime-tree. 

2.  A  thick  mat  or  hassock  for  persons  to  kneel  on 
Qt  church.     [See  Bass..]  j9sk. 

BAS'T.\RD,  n.  [Arm.  bastard:  \t  basdard;  Tx.bntard; 
I).  ba.<taard;  G.  bastart;  It.  and  Sp.  bastarUo,-  W.  bos- 
tart ;  basa,  to  fall,  Whence  base,  and  tori,  growth,  is- 
sue, a  sprout.] 

A  natural  cliitd ;  a  child  begotten  and  bom  out  of 
Wedlock  ;  an  illegitimate  or  spurious  child.  By  the 
civil  and  canon  laws,  a  bastard  becomes  a  legitimate 
child  by  the  intermarriage  of  the  parents  at  any  fu- 
ture time.  But  by  the  laws  of  this  countr}',  as  by 
those  of  Eng];iitil,  a  ciiild,  to  Iw  legitimate,  must  nl 
Icisl  be  bom  aAcr  the  lawful  marriage.  BUtJistone. 

Bastard  eigne,  or  bastard  elder,  in  law,  is  when  a 
man  han  a  bastard  son,  and  aUerward  marriuH  the 
mother,  and  has  a  legitimate  sun,  called  maltcr  puism, 
or  younger.  Blackstone. 

B.^S'TARD,  n.    A  kind  of  sweet  wine.    [AW  in  use.] 

Shak. 

B/\i5'T.\RD,  a.  Begotten  and  bom  out  of  lawful  mat- 
rimony ;  illi-gitimale. 

2.  Spurious;  not  g'-nuine;  false;  supposilitious ; 
adulterate.  In  tliis  senxe,  it  is  applied  to  things  which 
resemble  those  which  are  genuine,  but  are  rcatly  not 
genuine  J  a.»,  a  bastard  hope,  bastard  honors. 

Shak.     Tcviph. 

In  military  affairs,  ba-itard  is  applied  to  piiccs  of 
artillery  which  are  of  an  unusual  make  or  propor- 
tion, whether  longer  or  Khorter,  as  the  double  ciil- 
vprin  extraordinary,  half  or  quancr  culvcrin  extraor- 
dinary. Encyc. 

BasUrd  Jlover-fence ;  a  plant,  a  species  of  Adenan- 
tbera. 

Bastard  hemp ;  a  plant,  a  species  of  Datisca,  false 
heuip. 

Ba-Hard  rvckct  f  dyer's  weed,  or  wild  w^oad,  a  spe- 
cies of  Reseda. 

Bastard  star  of  Bethlehem ;  a  plant,  a  species  of 
Albuca. 

Bastard  scarlet ;  a  red  color  dyed  with  bale-madder. 
BAS'TAKD,  V.  L,    To  make  or  detenuine  to  be  a  bas- 
tard. Bacon* 
BA.S'TARn-H.M,  n.    The  state  of  a  bastard. 
BAi^'T.^RI)  I/K,  r.  L     To  make  or  prove  to  be  a  bas- 
tard ;  to  convict  of  being  a  bastard  ;  to  declare  le- 
gally, or  decide  a  penwn  to  be  illegitimate. 

The  Uw  it  m  buitiig-nl  m  not  to  battanlixt  the  ehil<l,  \f  bom, 
thfugli  ikX  U-^ttri),  In  liiwruJ  wsdlock.  BladabM*. 

3.  To  becrt  a  bastard.  SJuik, 
BAS'TARD-LV,  ado.    in  ttic  manner  of  a  bastard; 

spariou:4ly.  IJonue. 


HA'V 

BAS'TARDS,  n.  pL  An  appellation  given  to  a  faction 
or  troop  of  bandit^,  wlio  ravaged  Guicnne  in  France 
in  the  1-liii  century  ;  suppust-d  to  have  been  headed 
by  the  illegitimate  sons  of  noblemen,  who  were  ex- 
cluded from  the  rights  of  inheritance.         Mezcray, 

BAS'TARU-Y,  k.  A  stiile  of  being  a  bastard,  or  be- 
gotten and  horn  out  of  lawful  wedlock,  which  con- 
dition disables  the  person  from  inheriting  an  estate. 

Blackstitne, 

BAS'TARD-WI.\G;  in  ortiitholoffy,n  term  applied  to 
from  three  to  fiveqiiill-like  feathers,  placed  on  a  small 
joint,  rising  from  the  middle  part  of  the  wing,  and 
corresponding  to  the  thumb  in  some  mammalia. 

BAS-TARN'I€,  «.    Pertaining  to  the  Ba^4tarna;,  ancient 

inhabitants  of  the  Carpatliian  Mountains.    D'jJjiville. 

Btistarttic  Alps ;  the  Carpathian  Mountains,  between 

Pohmd,  Hungary,  and  Transylvania  ;  so  cidled  from 

the  ancient  inluibitants,  the  BastamiB.      D^AnvUle. 

BASTE,  r.  t,     [Arm.  baz  ;  Fr.  bUtaii,  for  boston;  Sp. 
boston  ;  It.  bastone,  a  stick  or  club.] 
1,  To  beat  with  a  slick. 

9.  To  drip  butler  or  fat  upon  meat,  as  it  turns  upon 
the  spit,  in  roasting ;  to  moisten  with  fat  or  other 
liquid.  Swifi, 

BASTE,  V.  t.     [Sp.  basteari  It.  imbastire,  to  baste  ;  It. 
basta,  a  long  stitch.] 
To  sew  with  long  stitches  ;  to  sew  slightly 

BAST' ED,  pp.  Beat  with  a  f^tick  ;  moistened  wiUi  fat 
or  oilier  matter  in  roiistingj  sewed  together  witli 
long  stitches,  or  slightly. 

BAS'TtLE,  (bas'teel,)  n.  [Fr.  from  b&tir^  bastir,  to 
build.] 

An  old  castle  in  Paris,  built  between  1369  and 
1383,  used  as  a  state  prison,  and  converted  to  the 
purpose  of  confining  men  fomjfe,  who  happened  to 
incur  the  resentment  or  jealousy  of  the  French  mon- 
archs.  It  was  demolished  by  the  enraged  populace 
in  1789, 

BAS-TI-NADE',  j  n-     [Fr.  bastonnade;  Sp.  hastonada; 

BAS-TI-NA'DO,  (  It.  bastonato,  from  bastone,  a  stick 
or  statf.     See  Baste.] 

A  sound  beating  with  a  stick  or  cudgel ;  the  blows 
given  with  a  slick  or  stalf.  This  name  is  given  to  a 
punishm'-nt  in  use  among  the  Turks,  of  beating  an 
oril-nder  on  the  soles  of  his  feel. 

BAS-Tf-NADE',  (c.   U     To    beat    with    a    stick    or 

BAS-TI-NA'DO,  j      cudgel. 

BAST'IXG,  jtpr.  Beating  with  a  slick;  moistening 
Willi  drip|>ing  ;  sewing  together  with  long  stitches. 

BAST'LN'G,  H.  A  beating  with  a  slick  ;  a  moistening 
witli  dripiiing;  a  sewing  together  sliglilly  with  long 
stitches. 

BAS'TION,  (has'chun,)  n.  [Fr,  and  Sp.  bastion;  It. 
ba-^tione :  probably  from  bastir,  b&lir,  to  build,  to  set 
or  found.] 

A  huge  mass  of  earth,  usually  faced  with  sods, 
sometimes  with  brick  or  stones,  standing  out  from  the 
angles  of  a  furlilird  work  to  prott;ct  the  wall ;  for- 
merly called  a  bnltrark.  Bastions  are  solid  or  hollow. 
A  ftat  bastion  is  nin^Ie  in  the  middle  of  the  curtain, 
when  it  is  too  long  to  be  defrndt?d  bythe  bastions  at 
its  t.'xlrt^mes,  A  cut  bastion  has  its  point  cut  off,  and 
instead  of  it^  a  reentering  angle,  or  an  anjjle  inward, 
with  two  p^unts outward.  \  composed  boi^lion  has  two 
sides  of  the  interior  jKilygon  uu.^qual,  which  makes 
the  g*'rges  unequal.  A  demibastion  is  composed  of 
one  face  only,  with  one  flank  and  a  demigorge.  A 
dovNe  bastion  is  one  raisi^'d  (m  the  plane  of  another. 

BAS'T(),  n.    The  ace  of  clubs  at  quadrille.        \^Encyc, 

BArTOON',  i  "•    t**!^    SeeBA.TE.] 

In  architrcture,  a  round  molding  in  the  base  of  a 
Column  ;  called  al.^o  a  tore,  [torus.]  Encyc. 

B.\S'VLR,  Ti.    [Gr.  ii.t^a  and  vXr,-] 

In  chemistry,  a  t^-rm  recently  employed  to  denote 
any  electropositive  ingredient  of  a  coniiHiund,  wheth- 
er elementary,  or,  if  annpound,  iH;rformiiig  the 
functions  of  an  eU-mi-nt.  The  term  radical  was  be- 
fore, and  is  still,  employed  to  denote  the  same  object. 
[See  Radical.)  Graharn. 

BAT,  Tu  [Sax.  bat;  Ir.  bat,  bata;  Russ,  bot;  allied  to 
beat.] 

1.  A  heavy  stick  or  club  ;  a  piece  of  wood  with 
one  end  thicker  or  broader  than  the  oUier,  used  in 
the  game  of  crickut. 

2.  Bat,  or  bate,  a  small  copper  coin  of  Germany, 
with  a  small  mixture  of  silver,  worth  four  crutzers. 
Also,  a  C4*in  of  Switzerland,  worth  five  Hvres.  Encye. 

3.  A  term  given  by  miners  to  shale  or  bituminous 
shaJe.  Kirioaiu 

4.  A  sheet  of  cotton  prepared  for  filling  quilts  or 
comforlablits. 

BAT,  r.  i.    To  manage  a  bat,  or  pl.ay  with  one.  Mason. 

BAT,  n.  [Rab.  and  Tal.  n'lH^,  Kma,  or  HKO.  Bux- 
torf.  I  bavu  not  found  this  word  in  any  European 
language,  exci-pt  in  English.] 

A  name  ctuumnn  to  a  mce  of  cheiroplerous  mam- 
malia, forming  Ihe  genus  Vespertilio,  of  the  order 
Primates,  in  Linntens's  system,  but  now  considered 
as  a  family,  in  the  order  Cheiroptera,  divided  into 
Bcvenil  distinct  g<'nera-  Th<;  fore  feet  have  the  toes 
connected  by  a  membrane,  expanded  into  a  kind  of 
wingi,  by  m«  ans  of  which  the  animals  tly.  The 
spocius  are  numerous.     Of  these  the  vampire  or 


JBAT 

Ternatc  bat  inhabits  Africa  and  the  Oriental  Isles. 
These  animals  lly  in  fl(x;ks  from  isle  to  isle,  obscur- 
ing the  air  by  their  numbers.  Their  wings,  when 
extended,  measure  five  or  six  feet.  They  live  on 
fruits,  but  are  said  sometimes  to  draw  blood  from 
persons  when  asleep.  The  bats  of  the  northern  lat- 
itudes are  small ;  they  are  viviparous,  and  suckle 
their  young.  1'heir  skin  resembles  that  of  a  mouse. 
They  enter  houses  in  pleasant  summer  evenings, 
feed  upon  mollis,  flies,  flesh,  and  oily  subst:jnces, 
and  are  tori>id  during  the  winter.  Encyc 

BAT'-FOVVL-ER,  n.  Oue  who  practices  or  is  pltased 
w  ilh  liat-fo w  ling.  Barrin  irton. 

BAT'-FOWL-ING,  n.    A  mode  of  catching  birds  at 
night,  by  Iiolding  a  toioli  or  other  light,  and  beating 
the  bush  or  jK-rch  where  they  n>ost.    The  birds,  fly- 
ing to  the  light,  are  caught  with  nets  or  otlierwise. 
CoiDcL    Encyc. 

BAT'-HAUNT-ED,  a.    Haunted  with  bats. 

fVordsworth. 

BATS'-MAN,  n.    In  crickit,  the  man  who  has  the  bat 

BAT'A-BLE,  o^  [See  Bate  and  Debate.]  Disputa- 
ble. The  land"  between  England  and  Scotland, 
which,  when  the  kingdoms  were  distinct,  was  a 
subject  of  contention,  was  called  batahle  ground. 

Cuwel.     Encye. 

BAT-ARD-EAV J  (bal-iird-fi',)  n.  [Fr.  baUre,  to  repel, 
and  fan,  water.]     A  cortor-dam.  Brande, 

BA-TA'TAS,  n.  A  sjwcies  of  tick  or  mite,  found  on 
the  potat<»es  of  Surinam.  Also,  a  name  of  the  sweet 
potato.  Encyc 

BA-Ta'VI-AN,  a.  [from  Batavi,  the  i)eopIe  who  inhab- 
ited the  isle.] 

Pertaining  to  the  isle  of  Betuwe  in  Holland,  be- 
tween the  Rhine  and  the  Waal.  But  more  gen- 
erally, the  word  denotes  what  appertains  to  Holland 
in  genenil. 

BA-TA' Vl-AN,  n.  A  native  of  Betuwe,  or  of  the  Low 
Connlries. 

BATCH,  n.     [D.  bakzel;  G.  gehdek;  from  bake] 

1.  The  quantity  of  bread  baked  at  one  time  j  a 
baking  of  bread. 

2.  Any  quantity  of  a  thing  made  at  once,  or  so 
nniled  as  to  have  like  quatiiies.  B.  Junson. 

BATE,  n.  fSax.  bate,  contention.  It  is  probably  from 
the  root  oi  beat.     See  Dkhate.] 

Strife;  contention;  relaineuin  make-bate. 
BATE,  V.  t.     [Fr.  battre,  to  beat,  to  batter;  but  perhaps 
from  abattre,  to  brat  down.     The  literal  sense  is,  to 
beat,  strike,  thrust ;  to  force  down.     See  Beat.] 

To  liirfsen  by  retrenching,  deducting,  or  reducing  ; 
as,  to  bate  the  wages  of  the  laborer  ;  to  bate  good 
ch«!er.  Locke.     I>rydciu 

[We  now  use  Arate.] 
BA'IT!,  V.  i.    To  grow  or  become  less  j  to  remit  or  re- 
trench a  part ;  with  qf. 


AUile  thy  apecd,  Kiid  1  will  bata  qf  mine. 


Dryden. 


Spenser  uses  bate  in  the  sense  of  sinking,  driving 
in,  [K-netrating ;  n  sense  regularly  deducible  from 
that  ufbctit,  to  thrust. 

y-'t  Uipp!  llii-  wpcl  BLiui  not,  but  Iiily  bate 

Uocp  in  iht"  fV-sh,  mhI  opiMuM  wklo  a  ml  flood  gate. 

BATE'-BREED-ING,  a.    Breeding  strife.    [JVvt  used.] 

Shak, 

BA-TEA  TT,  (hat-to',)  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  batiUum.] 

A  light  boat,  long  in  proportion  to  its  breadth,  and 
wider  in  the  middle  than  at  tt^e  ends. 

BATE'FUL,  «■  Cunlentious ;  given  to  strife;  excit- 
ing contention.  Sidney, 

BaTE'LESS  a.     Not  to  be  abated.  S/uik, 

UATE'MENT, n.    Abatement  j  deduction"^  diminution. 
[Hate,  with  its  derivatives,  is,  I  iH-lieve,  liitle  used, 
or  wholly"  obsolete,  in  the  United  States.] 

BAT'EN-ITES,   ^  «.  pi.    A  sect  of  apostates  from  Mo- 

BAT'EN-ISTS,    >     hammedism,  who  profi'ssed  the 

BA-Tic'NI-ANS,  7  abominable  practices  of  tho  Is- 
maelians  and  Kinnatiuns.  The  word  signifies  eso- 
teric, or  persons  of  inward  light.     [See  Assassins.] 

BAT'FJJL,  a.  [See  Batten.]  Rich,  fertile,  as  land. 
[JVi//  in  use.]  Mason. 

BA'J'll,  n.  [Sax.  ft<BfA,  hatha,  a  bath  ;  bafMan,  to  bathe  ; 
W.  ba<Ui,  or  baz ;  D.  G.  Hw.  Dan.  bat,  a  bath  ;  Ir.  bath, 
the  sea  ;  old  Phrygian,  bedu,  water  ;  Uu.  W.  bozt,  to 
immerse.] 

J.  A  place  for  bathing;  a  convenient  vat  or  recepta- 
cle of  water  for  persons  to  pliingcor  wash  their  bodies 
in.  Baths  arc  warm  or  iej)id,  hot  or  cold,  more  general- 
ly called  warm  and  cold.  They  are  also  natural  or  arti- 
Jicial.  Jfatural  baths  arf  those  which  consist  of  spring 
water,  either  hot  or  cold,  which  is  often  impregnated 
with  iron,  and  called  cA«/Mft/'(i<c,or  with  sulphur,  car- 
bonic acid,  and  other  mineral  substances.  Thrse 
waters  are  often  very  eflicacions  in  scorbutic,  bilious, 
dy>ipeptic,  and  other  complaints. 

2.  Immersion  in  a  bath  ;  as,  to  take  a  bath. 

3.  A  place  in  which  heat  is  applied  to  a  body  im- 
mersed in  some  substance.     Thus, 

A  dry  bath  is  made  of  hot  sand,  ashes,  salt,  or 
other  matter,  for  the  puriwae  of  apjilying  heat  to  a 
body  immersed  in  them. 

A  «fl/»wrbath  is  formed  by  filling  an  aparliiH-nt  %vUh 
hot  steam  or  vapor,  in  which  the  body  swv.ats  copi- 


TDNB,  BVL^IINITC  — AN''6£R,  Vr'OIOUS.-.e  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  0  as  Z;  CH  as  SH;  7^as  In  THIS. 


i03 


BAT 

ously,  US  in  Ru«!»tt ;  or  the  tenn  ia  ased  for  the  appU- 
caUoQ  of  hot  Anam  to  a  tUseaaed  part  uf  the  bt^dy. 
Encyc.     Tooke, 

A  wutalline  bath  Is  water  hnprrpnnted  with  iron  or 
other  metallic  substauce,  and  applied  to  a  diseased 
part.  Enctfc, 

In  duatutrfj  a  wH  bath  is  formed  by  hot  water,  in 
which  ia  placed  a  vessel  contiiiiiinf  the  niiitier  which 
requires  a  softer  beat  than  the  naked  firr.  When 
sand  is  used,  iosCead  of  water,  it  is  called  n  sa»d  bath. 

In  madiciMA,  the  aidiiMt  baXh  ia  ninde  by  wrapping 
tbe  part  affected  In  a  warm  skin  just  tokou  from  an 
animaL  Coxe. 

4.  A  house  for  bathing.  In  wme  Eastern  countries, 
balbs  are  ver>-  magniticent  cdifict-3. 

5.  A  Uebrt'w  measure  containing  the  tenth  of  a 
homer,  or  seven  nillons  and  four  mnts,  as  a  measure 
for  liquids ;  and  utm  pecks  and  three  guilts,  as  a  diy 
mt-asure.  CmiauL 

BATH'-fiRICK,  N.  A  preparetion  of  calcareous  eaitb 
in  the  form  of  a  brick,  used  for  cleaning  knives. 

BATII'-ROOM,  a.    An  apartment  for  baihinr.  Titoke, 

BJ^THy  (Order  t^tU^m.  A  high  order  uf  British  knight- 
hood, composed  of  three  cfauses,  viz.,  knights  grand 
cro«!>es,  knighiA  commanders,  and  knighLs  ruiupau- 
kw,  abbrevialed  thus,  G.  B.  C.,  K.  C.  U.,  K.  B. 

Bi(THE,  r.  t,  [Sax.  batMiOMt  to  wash.  Sec  Bath.  Qo. 
W.  Atfu,  to  immerse.] 

L  Td  wash  the  body,  or  some  part  of  it,  by  immer- 
aioiiyM  in  a  b^h  ;  it  ohen  difTtT?  from  ordinnr>'  wofih- 
Ing  m  a  longer  application  of  water  to  the  body  or 
to  a  particular  part,  us  for  the  purpose  of  cleansing  or 
stimulating  the  skin. 

9.  To  wash  or  moisten,  for  the  purpose  of 
mA  and  supple,  or  fi>r  cleansing,  as  a  wound. 

3.  To  miii^tcn  or  suffuse  with  a  liquid  ;  as,  to  hatlu 
in  tears  or  bltHxI. 

BATHE,  r.  t.  To  be  or  lie  in  a  bath  ;  to  be  in  water, 
or  in  other  liquid,  or  to  be  immersed  in  a  fluid,  na  in 
a  bath  i  as,  to  hatke  in  fiery  tluods.  Skak, 

BATHE,  a.  The  imnerakia  of  the  body  in  water ;  as, 
to  take  one's  usual  batks.  Ed.  Acr. 

BATH'£D,  Bf.  Washed  as  In  a  bath ;  moistened  with 
a  liquid  ;  oedewed. 

BATU'ER,  a.  One  who  bathes;  one  who  immefses 
himself  in  water,  or  who  api^les  a  liquid  to  bimself 
or  to  another.  T^mtt. 

BATH'ING,  fpr.  Washing  by  immersion,  or  by  ap- 
plying a  liquid  ;  moistening  ;  fumenting^ 

BATH'l.NG,  n.  Tbe  act  ot  bathing,  or  washing  tbe 
body  in  water.  Ma»om, 

BATil'LVG-TUB,  «.  A  TMsel  for  bathing,  usually 
made  either  of  wood  or  tan.  In  the  Ru>-al  L.ibraf^ 
at  Paris,  I  saw  a  bathing-tub  of  porphyry,  of  beauti- 
ful form  and  exquisUe  woitonansbip^ 

BAT'UORSE,  (bawOiorsc,)  a.  A  bone  allowed  a  bat- 
roan,  in  the  witiah  army,  for  conveying  tbe  utrnsils 
in  his  charge.  P.  Cyc 

BA'TIIOS,  a.  [6r.  0a9oi  ;  allied  to  Enf.  frsOMa,  and 
peHiftps  to  W.  fcoa,  to  immerse.  J 

A  ludicrous  dt^scent  from  the  elevated  to  tbe  mean, 
in  writing  or  speech.  ArbuthmoU 

BAT'LN'G,  ppr.  [from  hatcJl  Abating;  taking  away  ; 
deducting  j  excepting. 

CUIdim  baT«  tpw  idrai,  bn&ng  waam  £unt  klru  of  huorvY  utd 
Uioat.  L-adt*. 

BAT'IN-iar.    See  Batexitei. 

BAT'IST,  a.  A  fine  linen  cloth  made  in  Flanders 
and  Picardy,  cf  three  different  kinds  or  tliicknesses. 

£acyc 

BAT'LET,  a.  [from  hoL]  A  small  bat,  or  square 
piece  of  wood  with  a  handle,  for  beating  linen  when 
taken  out  Of  the  buck.  Jvkngon. 

B.^T'MAX,  a.  A  weight  used  in  Sm}Tna,  and  other 
places  in  the  Levant,  of  six  okes,  eacb  of  400  drams ; 
equal  to  16  lbs.  6  ox.  15  dr.  English. 

B^T'MAN,  (baw'nian)  a.  A  person  allowed  to  eacb 
company  cf  the  British  army,  on  foreign  sen'ice,  who 
bas  charge  of  the  cooking  utensils,  &^c.        P.  Cyc. 

BA-TOX',  (te^ong',)      \  n.     [Fr.  baton,  from   basUm. 

BAT-OOS',  (bat-toon^)  (  See  Basts.]  A  staff  or 
tnincbeon.    Hence, 

1.  A  marshal's  staff,  a  bodge  of  the  highest  milita- 
ry honor. 

S.  The  badge  or  truncheon  of  inferior  officers  ot 
justice ;  as,  tbe  Aoton  uf  a  constable. 

3.  In  anuie,  a  term  denoting  a  rest  of  ftmr  semi- 
brevesi.  Brande, 

4.  In  ktr^irfj  tbe  baton  is  used  to  denote  illegiti- 
mate desrenL 

BA.TRa'€HI-A,  n.    pL      [See   Batrachia;?.]      The 
name  of  an  order  of  reptiles,  with  a  naked  body,  and 
two  or  four  feet ;  including  fn^,  toads,  salamanders, 
and  the  Proteu.i  and  Siren. 
BA-TRa'€HI-A.\,  o.     [Gr.  /?<irpox*«,  a  froe-J 
Pertaining  to  animals  of  tbe  order  Batrachia. 

Barms. 

BA-TBA'CHI-AN,  a.    An  animal  gS  the  order  above- 
mentioned. 
BAT'RA-€HTTE,  n.     [Gr.  Qarpaxoiy  a  frog.] 

A  fossil  or  stone  in  color  resembling  a  frog.  Ask, 
B.\T'RA-eHOlD,  a.    [Gf.  /iorpax  s,  a  frog,  and  ci^aj, 
form.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  frog. 


UAT 

B.\T-RA-CH(>Pn'A-COt'S,  o..  [Gr.  ^arpaxoi^  fti>g, 
and  0.1  jui,  to  eat.] 

Keediny  on  fn>ss,  Qu.  Rev. 

BAT'R.\-eHoM-Y-OM'A-€HY,  n,     [Gr.  0ari>axos,  a 
froe,  fivst  a  iiioust',  and  ^  i\j),  a  baltie.] 
The  battle  between  tlie  frogs  and  mice,  in  Homer, 

B.^TS'.MAN,  H.    The  one  who  wields  the  liaL 

1IAT'T.\,  a.  An  allowance  made  to  niilitarj*  officers 
iuihe  service  of  the  East  India  Company,  in  addition 
to  their  pnv.  P.  Cyc. 

B.\T'TA-DLE,  a.  Capable  of  cultivation.  [J^ot  in 
a^c]^  Burton. 

BAT'TAIL-ANT,  a.  [See  Battlb.]  A  combatant 
[Mot  used.)  Shrlton, 

BAT'TAIL-OUS,  (L  [8e«  Battle.]  Warlike  ;  hav- 
ing the  fonn  or  appearance  of  an  army  arrayed  for 
battle;  marshaled,  as  for  an  attack.    Milton,  Fairfax. 

B.\'r-TAL'!A,  (bat-tale'ya.)  ii.  [Sp,  baUiiia;  It.  battas- 
lia.  baule.    See  Uattlc.J 

1.  Tbe  order  of  bnttle  ;  troops  arrayed  in  their 
proper  brigades,  n.'giment£,  battalions,  &c.,  a:i  for  ac- 
tion. 

a.  The  main  body  of  an  army  in  array,  distin- 
gui.'ihed  from  the  wings.  .MiTuton. 

BAT-TAL'ION,  «.     [Fr.  batnillon.    See  Rattle.] 

A  body  of  infantry,  consi^liiig  of  from  .VH)  to  800 
men  ;  so  called  from  being  originally  a  body  of  men 
arrayed  for  battle.  A  battullon  is  generally  a  body  of 
troops  next  below  a  regiment.  Sometimes  a  Imttal- 
iun  ccHnpoAes  a  regiment ;  more  generally  a  regiment 
consists  of  two  or  mure  battalions.  Johnson.  Kneyc, 
Bhak.«peart;  uses  the  word  for  an  arniv. 
BAT-TAL'10N-£D,  a.    Formed  into  battalions. 

^  Barlow. 

B.\T'TEL,  (bat'U,)  n7  [See  Battle.] 

In  /aw,  wager  of  battel,  a  s|>ecies  of  trial  for  the 
derision  of  causes  between  piirties.  This  sjR'cies  of 
trial  is  of  high  antiquity,  among  the  rude  tnililary 
people  of  Eun>pe.  It  was  introduced  into  England 
by  Wdliam  the  Nonnan  Conqueror,  and  u^ed  in  three 
cases  only  —  in  the  court  martial,  or  court  of  chivalry 
or  honor  ;  in  appeals  of  felony  ;  and  in  issues  Joined 
upon  a  WTit  of  right.  Tlie  contest  was  had  before 
tlie  judges,  on  a  piece  of  ground  inclosed,  and  the 
c<»mbatants  were  bound  to  fight  till  the  stars  ap- 
peared, unless  the  death  of  one  party  or  victory  soon- 
er decided  the  contest.    It  is  no  IdUger  in  use. 

Blaekstone, 
BAT'TEL,r.  i.  Togrowfat.  {J^otinnse.  See  Battk:*.] 

2.  To  stand  indebted,  on  the  college  books  at  Ox- 
ford, for  provision*!  and  drink  fn>m  the  buttery. 

3.  To  reside  nt  111-'  university  ;  to  keep  terms. 
BAT'T£1.,  M.    Provisions  taken  by  Oif..rd  students 

from  the  ba(ter>-,  and  n\^o  the  charges  thereon. 

BAT'TtX,*.  [SeeBATTEs.]  Fertile}  fruitful,  [JVot 
ujtM,  1  Hooker, 

BAT'TfX-ER,  I  a.    A  student  at  Oxford  who  stands 

B.\T'TLES,  \  indebted,  in  the  college  books,  for 
provisions  and  drink  at  the  buttery.     Hence, 

3,  One  who  keeps  terms,  or  resides  at  tbe  univer- 
sHy. 

BATTE-MENT,  n.  [Ft.]  A  beating;  striking;  im- 
pulse.    [JVot  in  vse.]  Daricin,  Zoiin. 

BAT'T£X,    (bal'ln,)  v.  L      [Russ.  botayu.     Qu.  Ar. 


•  «Xj  badojuL, to  be  fat;  or  '  4X3 /o/Woaa, to  fatten. 

See  Fat.] 

1.  To  fatten ;  to  make  fbt ;  to  make  plump  by  plen- 
teous feeding.  Milton. 

2.  To  fertilize  or  enrich  land.  PkiUps. 
BAT'T£.\,r.  L    To  grow  or  become  fat;  to  live  in 

luxur>',  or  to  grow  fat  in  ease  and  luxury.  I>rydcn. 

Tix  pnmperfd  iiionucb  IttUxmng  In  «kw.  Carlh. 

BAT'T£N,  n.    A  piece  of  board,  or  scantling,  of  a  few 

inches  in  breadth.  Encyc. 

BAT'TJEN,  r.  t     To  form  or  fasten  with  battens.     To 

batten,  down;  to  fasten  down  with   battens,  as  the 

hatches  of  a  ship  during  a  storm. 
BAT'TEN-ED,  pp.    Formed  with  battens. 

S.  Become  faU 
BAT'T£.\-I.\G,  n.    The  fixing  of  battens  to  walls  for 

nailing  up  laths. 
S.  The  battens  in  a  state  of  being  thus  fixed. 
BAT'TER,  r.  (.     [Fr.  battre;  Sp.  batir i  It.  batterer  L. 

batuo,  to  beat.     See  Beat.] 

1.  To  beat  with  successive  blows;  to  beat  with 
violence,  so  as  to  bruise,  shake,  or  demolish  ;  as,  to 
b<Mer  a  wall. 

2.  To  wear  or  impair  with  beating  or  by  use  ;  as, 
a  battered  pavement ;  a  battered  jade  ;  a  battered  beau. 

Dryden.     Pope. 

3.  To  attack  with  a  battering  ram. 

4.  To  attack  with  heavy  artilier>',  for  the  purpose 
of  miking  a  breach  in  a  wall  or  rampart. 

BAT'TER,  r.  i.  A  term  applied  to  a  wall  when  its 
surface  is  not  exactly  perpendicular,  but  gently  slopes 
from  a  person  standing  before  it.  When  it  slopes  to- 
ward him,  it  is  said  to  overhang.       OwilU    Mozon. 

BAT'TER,  n.  [from  beat  or  batter.]  A  mixture  of 
several  ingredients,  a:*  flour,  eggs,  salt,  &c.,  beaten 
together  with  some  liquor,  used  in  cooker>'.    King. 


BAT 

BAT'TER-ED,  pp.  Beaten;  bruised;  broken;  ira- 
piiired  \>\  beutiiig  or  wearing. 

BAT'TIMt  EK,  v.     One  who  batters  or  beats. 

BAT'TCR-ING,  ppr.  Beating  ;  dashing  against ;  bniis- 
iiic  or  dentclislijnfi  by  beating. 

BAT-TER-iNG-R.\M,  n.  In  aniiyi/jfy,  a  military  en- 
gine used  to  b4.'at  down  the  walls  of  besieged  places. 
It  was  a  large  beam,  with  a  head  of  iron  somewhat 
resembling  the  head  of  a  ram,  whence  its  name.  It 
was  sns|M'nded  by  ropes  in  the  middle  to  a  beam 
which  wiLs  supiHirted  by  pouts,  and  balanced  so  as 
to  swing  backward  and  forward,  and  was  impelled 
by  men  against  the  wall.  It  was  sometimes  mount- 
ed on  wheels. 

BAT'TER- Y,  n,  [Fr.  baiterie;  Sp.  bateria  ;  It.  haUcna. 
See  Be  kt.] 

1.  The  act  of  battering  or  boating. 
a.  The  instrument  of  battering. 

3.  In  the  militxjry  art,  a  parapet  thrown  up  to  cover 
the  gunners,  and  others  enipl*>yed  about  them,  from 
the  cnemy*s  shot,  with  the  guns  employed.  I  bus, 
to  erect  a  battery^  is  to  form  the  panipet  and  mount  the 
gunii.  I'he  term  is  applied,  also,  to  a  number  of  guns 
ranged  in  order  for  battering,  and  to  mortars  used  for 
u  like  purpose. 

Cro.<s  baittrie^^  are  two  batteries  which  play 
athwart  each  other,  forming  an  angle  upon  Uie  ob- 
ject battered. 

Battery  d^enflade,  is  one  which  scours  or  sweeps 
the  whole  line  or  length. 

Battery  en  eckarpe^  is  that  which  plays  obliquely. 

Battery  fie  rcvt-rsy  is  that  which  plays  upon  the  eh- 
emy*s  back. 

Camerade  battery^  is  when  several  gims  play  at  the 
same  tune  upon  one  place.  Kncijr. 

4.  In  law,  the  unlawful  beating  of  another.  The 
lenst  violence  or  the  touching  of  anotlier  in  aqger,  is 
a  battery.  B.ack.sti>ue. 

5.  In  tleetrical  apparatus  and  erperimentjs,  a  number 
of  coated  jars  placed  in  such  a  manner,  that  they 
may  be  charged  at  the  same  time,  and  discharged 
in  the  same  manner.  This  is  called  an  electrical 
battery. 

0.  Qalranic  batt/'nj ;  a  pile  or  series  of  plates  of  cop- 
per and  zinc,  or  of  any  substances  susceptible  of  gal- 
vanic action. 

BAT'TING,  M.    Tlie  management  of  a  bat  at  play. 

Mason. 

2.  Cotton  in  sheets,  prepared  for  quilts  or  bed- 
covers. 

BAT'TISH,  a.     [from  &a(,  an  animal.] 

Resembling  a  bat ;  as,  a  battish  huinnr.     Vernon. 

BAT'TLE,  n.  [Fr.  bataille  ;  VV.  batel,  a  drawing  uf  the 
bow,  a  battle ;  Sp.  batalla ;  It,  battagUa,  from  beatinv. 
See  Beat.  Owen  supiwses  the  vVel.--h  batrl  to  be 
from  (W,  light,  stretched,  coui|>act,  and  the  word  pri- 
marily- to  have  expressed  the  drawing  of  the  bow. 
This  Is  probably  an  error.  l"he  lirst  battles  of  men 
were  with  clubs,  or  some  weapons  used  in  brathiff, 
striking.  Hence  the  club  wf  Hercules.  And  although 
the  nurtlerns  use  different  weapons,  still  a  battle  is 
some  mode  of  boating  or  striking.] 

1.  A  fight,  or  encounter  between  enemies  oroppo»- 
ing  armies  ;  an  engagement.  It  is  usually  applied  to 
armies  or  large  bodies  of  men  ;  but,  in  popular  lan- 
guage, the  word  is  applied  to  an  encounter  between 
small  bodies,  between  individuals,  or  inferior  ani- 
mals. It  is  also  more  gent:rally  applied  to  the  en- 
counters of  land  forces  tiian  of  ships,  the  encounters 
of  the  latter  being  called  eniragemerds.  But  battle  is 
ajiplicable  to  any  combat  of  enemies. 

2.  A  body  of  forces,  or  division  of  an  army. 

Bacon, 

3.  The  main  body,  as  distinct  from  the  van  and 
rear.     [06.v.]  Hayward, 

To  gvce  battle^  is  to  attack  an  enemy ;  to  join  battle, 
is  properly  to  meet  the  attack  ;  but  perhaps  this  dis- 
tinction is  not  always  observed. 

A  pitched  battle,  is  one  in  which  the  armies  are  pre- 
viously drawn  up  in  form,  with  a  regular  disposition 
of  the  forces. 

A  drawn  battle^  is  one  in  which  neither  party  gains 
the  victory. 

To  turn  the  battle  to  the  gate,  is  to  fight  valiantly, 
and  drive  the  enemy,  who  hath  entered  the  city, 
back  to  the  gate.     Is.  xxviii. 

Baule  royal;  a  battle  with  fists  or  cudgels,  in 
which  more  than  two  are  engaged;  a  mt-K-e.  The 
term  is  also  applied  to  a  fight  of  game-corks,  in 
which  more  than  two  are  engaged.  Oruse, 

BAT'TLE,  V.  i.     [Fr.  bataiUer;  Sp.  batallar.] 

To  join  in  battle  ;  to  contend  in  fight ;  sometimes 

with  it ;  as,  to  battJe  it,  Addi.ion. 

BAT'TLE,  V.  U    To  cover  with  armed  force.    Fairfax. 

BAT'TLE-AR-RaV,  it.    [battle  and  array.]    Array  or 

order  of  battle  ;  the  disposition  of  forces  prep;uatory 

to  a  battle. 

BAT'TLE- AX,  71.    An  ax  anciently  used  as  a  weapon 

of  war.     It  has  been  used,  till  of  late  years,  by  the 

Highlanders  in  Scutland,  and  is  still  used  by  the  city 

guards  in  Edinburgh,  in  quelling  mobs,  &c.  Enctic 

BAT'TLI'^-UOOR,  (bat'tl-dore,)  n.     An  instruuurit  of 

play,  with  a  handle  and  a  flat  board  or  palm,  used  to 

strike  a  ball  or  shuttle-cock  ;  a  racket.  J^ccke. 


FiTE,  FAR,  FALC^  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRgV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.— 


BAW 


BAY 


2.  A  chUd'B  horn-book.     [JVnt  in  use  in  Vie  UnUed 
Slatfs,] 
BAT'TtE-lIENT,  n.     [This  is  said  to  have  been  bai- 
tUUncnl,  from  bastille,  a  fortiflcalion,  from  Fr.  bitir 
bajtir,  to  build.    Uu.]  * 

A  wall  rai.sed  on  a  building  with  openings  or  em- 
brisiires,  or  the  einbra^iure  itself.     Eneiic  Joknson. 
BAl-'TL&.MENT-ED,  a.     Having  batllenienl.s. 

BATTLING, ».    Conflict.  TTwT,'' 

BAT-TOL'O.ClST,   n.     [See  Battologv.]     One  thai 

repeats  the  same  thing  in  speaking  or  writing,    fiij- 

Ue  uaedA  WluUack 

BAT-TOL'CM5IZE,   c.  (.    To  repeat  needlessly  the 

same  thins.     [Litde  usci.']  Herhen 

B.\T-TOL'0-<5<',   n.     [Or.  ,;,rr„Xn,  ,a,  from /l^arrW, 

a  garrulous  person,  and   Ao^oj,  discourse.] 
A  neediess  repetition  of  words  in  speaking. 

BAT'TOX,  n.     [from  4a(.]     See  Batte.'..'  "'""^ 

B.\T'TO-R V,  n.   Among  t/ie  Uanse  Totims,  a  factory  or 
magazine  which  the  merchants  have  in  foreign  coun- 
tries. Eiutic 
BAT'TU-UTE,  r.  t.    To  interdict  commerce.    [J3 

letfrd  Hsed  bu  the  LeeanL  Companv-]  EUtn. 

BAT-TU-LJS'TIO.N'.  n.     A  prohibition  of  commerce. 
BAT'  1  L'E,  n.  [Fr.l  A  beating  up  for  game  .  the  game. 
BAT-TU'TA,   a.     [It.]     The  measuring  of  time   by 

beating. 
B.VT'TY,  a.    [from  i<K,  an  animal.] 

Belonging  to  a  bat.  '  Slujc. 

B.ITZ,  n.    A  small  copper  coin  with  a  miiture  of  sil- 
ver, current  in  some  parts  of  Germany  and  Switzer- 
land,  wortli  about  two  peuce  sterluig,  or  four  cents. 
BAU-BEE',  n.     [dn.  Vr.  ba.i-bUlmi.]  [Encne. 

In  ScaOand  and  Ute  north  o/  EnsUmd,  a  halfpenny. 
i»  tt-fni  T^  Johnson. 

BAL'BLE,  K.    A  trifling  piece  of  fincr>- ;  a  gewgaw; 
that  which  is  gay  and  showy  without  real  value. 
e,  [?S5*"""-^1 ,  Dryden. 

BALGL,  a.    .\  dnigget  manufactured  in  Burgundy, 
with  thread  spun  thick,  and  of  coarse  wool.    Eneuc. 
BAULK.    See  Balk. 

J!  !^X!^"°^' "■     Akindofcloakorsurtoilt.  Johnson. 
B.\V  \h,  n.    A  stick  like  those  bound  up  in  fagots  ;  a 
piece  of  waste  wood.  Johnson. 

Bacins;  in  war,  brush -fagots.  Encuc. 

BAVVBLE,  71.  [Fr.  babwle,  a  toy,  or  baby-lhm^  \  ac- 
cording to  Spelraan,  baabella  are  gems  or  jewels.] 

A  trirting  piece  of  flnery  ■,  a  gewgaw  ;  that  which 
te  piy  or  showy  without  real  value.  Uryden. 

For  foi'Vs-baieble,  see  Fool. 
BAWB'LLNG,  a.    Trifling ;  contemptible.    [06j.] 

BAW-eOCK,  n.     A  fine  fellow,     [au.  beaa-eock.]  ' 

_    _„_  Sha/i. 

BAWD,  n.  [I  know  not  the  origin  of  this  word  ;  but 
in  Fr.,  baudir  is  a  term  in  hunting,  signifying  to  ex- 
cite or  encourage  dogs  to  the  chase  ;  formed,  accord- 
ing to  Lunier,  from  the  Low  L.  baldire,  or  eibaUtre, 
to  enliven,  to  quicken  ;  which,  from  the  It.  boltlo, 
baUunza,  appt^ars  to  be  from  the  root  of  Eng.  bold, 
the  primary  sense  of  which  is,  to  project,  to  push  or 
rush  forward.  In  W.  pud  is  what  tend-s  to  allure. 
But  one  author  quotes  llesychius,  as  giving  Gr.  lin- 
ear, a  procurer  or  procures-s.] 

A  procurer  or  procuress.  A  p'frson  who  keeps  a 
house  of  prostitution,  and  conducts  criminal  inlriguen. 
r  U*ualti/  applied  to  femolet.] 

BAWD,  V,  i.    To  procure ;  to  provide  women  for  lewd 
purposes. 
2.  To  foul  or  dirty.     [Ji'ot  in  tue.]  Skeltcn. 

BAWD'-BOR.N,  a.     hescerided  from  a  bawd.   Shot. 

BAIVD'I  LY,  ode.     Obscenely  ;  lewdly. 

BAWD'I-NE.SS,  a.     Obscenity;  lewdness. 

BAWDRICK,  .1.  [See  BALDaieR.]  A  belt.  Chapman. 

BAWD'RY,  a.  [i?e«  Bawd.]  The  abominable  prac- 
tice of  procuring  women  for  the  gratitication  of  lust. 

2.  Obscenity  ;  lUthy,  uncha-ste  language. 

3,  Illicit  intercourse  ;  fornication.  Shak. 
BAWD'Y,  a.    Obscene;  filthy;  unchaste;  applied  In 

langittige^. 
BAWD'Y-HOUSE, 
titiition. 


BE 


BAW'REL,  n.    A  kind  of  ha\vk.  Todd 

BAW'SLN,  a.     A  badger.  B.  Jrn^^. 

"'V^'T*;'^'"^^'  "•  •"'"■'"'"■ng  '"  Baxter,  a  celebrated 
tnglish  divine;  as,  the  Daitrrian  scheme.    Encvc. 

■\; '  "-AV-  '"'  ""■  '^"i  "•  '"'"  >■  Sp.  bmjo  i  L.  b^ius. 
Class  Bd.] 

Red,  or  reddish,  inclining  to  a  chestnut  color ;  ap- 
plied to  the  color  of  horses.  The  shades  of  this  color 
are  called  light  bay,  dark  bay,  dappled  bay,  fihhd  bay, 
chestTiut  bay.  In  popular  language,  in  England,  all 
bay  horses  are  called  Jreim.  Johnson.     Encuc. 

BAY,  n.  [Fr.  bate:  Sp.  and  Port,  bahia  :  It.  4aia  ;  D. 
batti ,  contracted  from  the  root  of  Sax.  bii/re,  an  angle 
byqan,  D.  boo^ren,  to  bend,  whence  bow.f  ' 

1.  An  arm  of  the  sea,  e.xtending  into  the  land  not 
of  any  definite  form,  but  smaller  than  a  gulf  and 
larger  than  a  creek.  The  name,  however,  is  not  used 
with  much  precision,  and  is  often  applied  to  large 
tracts  of  water,  around  wliich  the  land  forms  a  curve 
as  Hudson's  Bay.  Nor  is  the  name  restricted  to  tracts 
of  water  ivitli  a  narrow  entrance,  but  used  for  any 
recess  or  inlet  between  capes  or  head  lands,  as  the 
Bay  of  Biscay. 

2.  A  pond-head,  or  a  pond  formed  by  a  dam  for  the 
purpose  of  driving  mill-wheels.  [/  bciieoe  not  used  in 
the  UnUed  States.] 

3.  In  o  barn,  a  place  between  the  floor  and  the  end 
of  the  building,  or  a  low  inclosed  place  for  depositing 

In  England,  says  Johnson,  if  a  barn  consists  of  a 
floor  and  two  heads, «  here  they  lay  corn,  thi'y  call  it 
a  barn  of  tioo  bays.  These  bavs  are  from  14  to  SO  feet 
long,  and  floors  from  10  to  l-j  feet  broad,  and  usually 
20  feet  long,  which  is  the  breadth  of  the  barn. 
.     ,       .  .    ,    ,  BitiUer's  Diet 

„     *•  Any  kind  of  opening  in  walls.  Chamber.':. 

BAY,  n,  [Ciu.  Gr.  0,uov,  a  branch  of  the  palm-tree. 
In  Sp.  baya  is  a  berry,  the  fruit  of  the  laurel.] 

1.  The  laurel-tree.    Hence, 

2.  Bans,  in  the  plural,  an  honorary  garland  or 
crown,  bestowed  as  a  prize  for  victory  or  cxcelhuice 
anciently  made  or  consisting  of  branches  of  the' 
laurel. 

The  palriot'i  boaon,  ana  the  pcM-t'*  bayt.  TrutlAul 


ring,  which  go  over  the  muzzle  of  the  piece,  so  that 
the  soldier  fires  with  his  bayonet  fixed.  Eneye. 

2.  In  machinery,  a  term  applied  to  pins  which  play 
in  and  out  of  boles  made  to  receive  them,  and  which 
thus  serve  to  engage  or  disengage  parts  of  the  ma- 

n-^hinery  .VichaUvn. 

BA  \  '0-^  El,  V.I.    To  stib  with  a  bayonet. 

n  A  c/rtT;'  f j;™'"*',"'  '''I'K'  ''5'  "'"  bayonet.        Burke. 

BA?'Oir,  (bj'oo,)  n.     [Fr.  bjyau,  a  gulf.] 

In  Louismua,  the  outlet  of  a  lake  ;  a  channel  for 
water.  Also,  an  outlet  from  the  Mississippi  in  the 
delta  of  that  river,  U)  the  Gulf  of  .Mexico.  The  term 
is  also  applied  to  other  lateral  outlets  from  the  river 
apparently  its  former  channel.  ' 

BAYSorBAYZE.     [See  Baize.] 

BA-ZXR'       (  "'- 

BA-ZAAR',  i  a.     [Pera.   ,1-Ll   hazar;  Russ.  Ja:ar,  n 
market.]  -'^  • 

I.  In  tteEa.<i,  an  exchange,  market-place,  or  place 
where  goods  are  exposed  to  sale.  Some  bazars  are 
open,  others  are  covered  with  lofly  ceilings  or  domes 

ZV'^^nP^^""  ''«'"•    '■''>''  '"'^'"  »■  1''""«  "ill  C0.U 
tain  J0,000  men. 


A  house  of  lewdness  and  pios- 

BA WL,  T.  L  [Sax.  bellan ;  Sw.  bala,  to  low  or  b<llow  ■ 
V\  .  baUax ;  G.  bdlrn,  to  bark  ;  D.  balderrn,  to  roar  ; 
I~  bala,  to  bleat;  Fr.  piaiUer,  to  bawl,  to  pule  i  lleb. 
73',  yabal,  the  blast  of  a  tniinpet ;  Pers.  bala,  a  cry 
or  clamor ;  and  Ar.  and  lleb.  Van,  ebal,  to  weep,  to 
wail.  These  all  coincide  in  elemenU  with  I*  pella, 
appello,  Eng.  petil,  and  the  primary  aense  U  the 
■umeJ 

I.  To  cry  out  with  a  loud,  fiill  sound  ;  to  hoot ;  to 
ay  with  vehemence,  as  in  calling,  or  in  pain  or  ex- 
ultation. 
9.  To  cry  loud,  as  a  child  from  pain  or  vexation. 

BA"  L,  r.  (.  To  proclaim  by  outcry,  as  a  common 
crier.  S„i« 

Bj\ VViy/:D,  (bawld,)  pp.    Proclaimed  by  outcrv. 

IIAWL'ER,  a.    One  who  bawls. 

BAWl.'ING,  ppr.    ('rying  aloud. 

Si  IJ^b''^'''  "■    ''''"'  '■"='  "'■"J'ing  with  a  loud  sound. 

t!AV\  .N,  a.     An  inrlosure  with  mud  or  stone  walls  for 

keeping  eattia;  a  fortiflcalion.  [AVi  u.ied.]  Spmtp: 


3.  In  seme  parts  of  the  United  States,  a  tract  of  land 
covered  with  bay-trees.  Draoton,  S.  Carolina. 

BA\,  n.  ■[Goth.  4ci</n.i,  to  expect;  It.  bada;  " tenere  a 
baila,"  to  keep  at  bay  ;  "  star  a  bada,"  to  stand  tri- 
fling ;  badare,  to  stand  trifling  ;  to  amuse  one's  self 
to  take  care,  to  watch,  to  covet ;  abbadare,  to  mind  ; 
Fr.  toiyer,  to  gape  or  stand  gaping.    Uu.  aboner.] 

A  state  of  expectation,  watching  or  looking  for; 
as,  <o  keep  a  man  <it  bay.  So  a  stag  ol  ban,  is  when 
he  turns  his  head  against  the  dogs.  Whence  abey- 
ance^ in  law,  or  a  .state  of  expectjiney. 

[Since  to  bay  means  to  bark  as  a  dog,  to  keep  at  bay 
may  refer  to  the  repeated  barking  or  baying  of  a  dog 
when  his  prey  ceases  to  fly,  and  faces  him  ;  as,  when 
a  stag  turns  upon  the  dogs,  he  keeps  them  at  ban,  or 
harking,  because  they  dare  not  close  in  and  attack 
him.  Hence  comes  the  meaning  of  the  phrase,  viz. 
"Toward  off  an  attack;  to  keep  an  eneiiiv'frnin 
closing  in.''  R.eh.Du:t.] 

BA^  ,  p.  L     [Fr.  aboyer;  It.  baiare,  to  bark] 

1.  To  bark,  .as  a  dog  at  his  game.  Spenser. 

2.  To  encompass,  or  inclose,  from  bay.  We  now 
use  embay.  Shak 

BA  Y,  r.  (.    To  bark  at ;  to  follow  with  barking.   SImli 

BA  y'bEB-RY,  n.  The  fruit  of  the  bay-tree  ',fl2^; 
nobdis.  This  name  is  applied,  in  some  jiarts  of  the 
United  States,  to  the  fruit  of  Jl/i,rica  ceri/era,  (wax 
myrtle,)  and  ofU^n  also  lo  the  plant  itself. 

BAY'BEH-RY-TAL'LOW,  n.  A  waxy  substance  ob- 
tained trora  the  bayberry,  or  wax-myrlle ;  called  also 
mtfrtte-ieaj, 

BAV'-RU.M,  n,  A  spirit  obtained  by  distilling  the 
leaves  of  the  bay-tree. 

BAY'-S.^LT  is  s.alt  which  crystallizes  or  receives  its 
consistence  from  the  h.:at  of^the  sun  or  action  of  the 
air.  It  forms  in  pits  or  basins,  and  from  this  circum- 
stance receives  its  denomination.  It  appears  first  in 
a  slight  incrustation  ujion  the  surface  of  the  water, 
which  may  be  sea  w.ater,  or  any  other  water  in  which 
salt  is  dissolved.  This  crust  thickens  and  hardens, 
till  the  crystallization  is  perfected,  which  lakes  place 
in  eight,  ten,  or  flfteen  days.       Eneye.     Clmnihrrs. 

BAY'-TREK,  a.     A  sptxies  of  laurel  ;  lanrits  nobdis. 

BAY'-WIN'DOW,  n.  A  window  jutting  out  from  the 
wall,  as  in  shojis. 

BAV'-YAR.\,  n.  A  denomination  sometimes  used 
promiscuously  with  woolen  yarn.  Chambers. 

BAY'ARD,  n.     [Say  and  an/,  kind.] 

1.  A  bay  horse.  PhUips. 

2.  An  unmannerly  beholder.  B.  Jonson. 
BAY'ARD-LY,  a.     Blind  ;  stupid.  Taylor 
BA  Y'KD,  a.     Having  bays,  as  a  building. 
BAY'O-NET,  n.     [Fr.  batanettei  Sp.  bavoneta ;  It.  bai- 

onetta  i  so  called,  it  is  said,  because  the'  first  bavonets 
were  made  at  Bayunne.  yiei/ra's  PirHuirucac  Diet.] 
I.  A  short,  pointed  instrument  of  iron,  or  broad 
dagger,  formerly  with  a  handle  fltti.d  to  the  bore  of  a 
gun,  where  it  was  inserted  for  us<;,  after  the  soldier 
had  fired ;  but  now  made  with  an  iron  handle  and 


e.?'J"  ^""f,  a  .spacious  hall,  or  suite  of'ro^ma. 
fitted  up  with  counters  or  stands  for  the  sale  of  goods. 

h'aJI'^^'  I  "•,  ^  '°"^'  <''"'-»P"n  cotton,  from  Jeraiia- 
UAi  A,     )      lem,  whence  it  is  called  Jerusalem  cotton. 

"^.^'^'^Fu^'i.C';]''"™''  "•  tL. ;  Gr.  /3^rXX,f.7lyr. 
Ch.  and  Hcb.  nSia.  Bochnrt  and  Parkhurst  trans- 
late it  psarf.  Gen.  ii.  But  it  is  doubtful  whether 
lUe  bdellium  of  the  Scripture  is  that  now  used,] 

A  gummy,  resinous  juice,  produced  by  a  tree  In 
the  bast  Indies,  of  which  we  have  no  satisfactory 
account.  It  is  brought  frran  the  East  Indies,  and 
Irom  Arabia,  in  pieces  of  ditrtrent  sizes  and  figures 
externally  of  a  dark  reddish-brown,  internally  clear 
and  not  unlike  to  glue.  To  the  taste  it  is  slightly 
bitterish  and  pungent;  its  odor  is  agreeable.  Iii  the 
mouth,  it  becomes  soft,  and  sticks  to  the  teeth  ;  on  a 
red-hot  iron,  it  readily  catches  flame,  and  burns  with 
a  crackling  noise.  It  is  used  as  a  perfume  and  a 
medicine,  being  a  weak  deobstruent.  Eneye 

The  Indian  bdellium  (the  kind  above  referred  lo) 
is  a  product  of  the  Commiphora  Madagascarensis  a 
nati.veof  the  East  Indies  and  Madagascar.  This  is 
the  bdellium  of  Scripture,  and  is  also  called  false 
myrrh.  The  African  bdellium  is  a  product  of  the 
llendelotia  Africana,  a  native  of  Senegal.  The  Sicil- 
ian  bdellium  is  obtained  from  the  Daneus  gnmmifer. 
BE,  t.  I.  substantive  verb i ppr.  Bimo  :  pp.BtKtf.    [Sax. 

o  -    J 
bean,  to  be.   G.  bin,  bist ;  D.  ben ;  Pers.    *  i  ».j  hodan, 

lobe.  San.  bha;  and  W.  bid,  byzu,  bi(di,im.  The 
sense  is,  to  stand,  remain,  or  be  fixed  ;  h.uice,  to  con- 
tinue. This  verb  is  defective,  and  its  defects  are 
supplied  by  verbs  from  other  roots,  am,  is,  mis,  leere 
which  have  no  radical  connection  wiiii  be.  The 
case  is  the  same  with  the  substantive  verb  in  moat 
languages.] 

1.  To  lie  fixed  ;  to  exist ;  to  have  a  real  state  or  ex- 
istence, for  a  longer  or  shorter  time. 

1[>*1  lliU  min.I  be  iti  yon,  whlcti  wjm  in  Climl  Jocus.  — Phil  if 
1  o  iw,  conlcnlj  liii  numraj  deMre.  jPope. 

2.  To  be  made  to  be  ;  to  become. 

And  tlipy  twain  gliall  be  one  fl..|»li.  —  M.UL  xix.    Jcr.  xxxii. 

3.  To  remain.    Let  the  garment  be  as  it  was  made. 

4.  To  be  present  in  a  place.  Where  loas  I  at  the 
lime  .•*    When  will  you  be  at  my  house.' 

5.  To  have  a  particular  manner  of  being  or  hap- 
pening; as.  How  is  this  afl"air  .'  Uowu>asHy  What 
were  the  circumstances  ,* 

This  verb  is  used  as  an  auxiliary  in  forming  the 
tenses  of  other  verbs,  and  particularly  in  giving  to 
them  the  passive  form  ;  as,  he  has  been  disturbed.  It 
forms,  with  the  infinitive,  a  particular  future  tense, 
which  often  expresses  duty,  necessity,  or  purpose  ;  as, 
government  is  to  be  supported  ;  we  are  to  pan  our  Just 
debts.  ■' 

Let  be,  is  to  omit,  or  leave  untouched ;  to  let  alone. 

Lei  be,  Biiid  he,  my  prey.  Dryden. 

BE,  a  prefix,  as  in  because,  before,  beset,  bedeck,  is  the 
same  word  as  6;/ ;  Sax.  4c,  4i> ;  Goth.  4i.  It  is  com- 
mon to  the  English,  Saxon,  Gothic,  German,  Dutch, 
Danish,  and  Swedish  languages.  It  occurs  probably 
in  the  Russian,  but  is  written  po,  as  it  is  in  possideo, 
and  a  few  other  words  in  the  Latin.  It  denotes  near- 
ness, closeness,  about,  on,  at,  from  somj  root  signi- 
fying to  pass,  or  to  press.     [.See  Bv.] 

That  tfiis  word  is  the  Sliemitic  3,  used  as  a  prefix 
Is  certain,  not  only  from  its  general  applications,  which 
may  be  seen  by  comparing  the  uses  of  the  word,  in 
the  Hebrew,  for  instance,  with  those  in  the  Saxon  ; 
but  from  its  use  in  particular  phrases,  particularly  in 
its  us,-  before  the  name  of  the  Supreme  Being',  in 
swearing.  Hence  we  find  that  3  is  not  from  nj  nor 
from  l^^3,  as  Parkhurst  supiiosos,  but  is  an  abbrevia- 
tion of  4i(r,  which  is  used  in  the  Saxon,  4i».peU,  a 
proverb,  a  4y-word  ;  bigstaudan,  to  stand  4i;.  ' 


TONE,  BKLL,  l^XITE— AN"OEtt.  VI"C10U8.-€  M  K ,  <3  as  J  ;  8  „  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  (W  In  THIS. 


14 


ll>§ 


BEA 

BEACH,  n.     [Uii.  Ru«i.  Mt,  sido.1 

Th«  nhore  of  the  sea,  or  of  a  lajce,  which  is  washed 
by  the  lide  and  wavei ;  the  stmnd.  It  may  be  some- 
times usted  for  the  abore  of  large  riven. 

B£AOH'£D,  rbeecbc,)  «.  Elzpoaed  to  the  warea; 
washed  by  the  tide  and  wavra ;  also,  driven  on  a 
bcarh  ;  tttranded  ;  as,  the  ship  is  beackrd, 

BgACirV,  ^.     Having  a  beach  or  beaches.       SJtak. 

BtLVeOX,  (be'kii,)»»-  fW.^Cfira,  a  beacon,  cone,  or 
turret,  from  pif,  a  poinL  See  Pikk.  Sax.  btaeaiy 
k»eaL,  a  signal ;  O.  froaJk,  baakrn ;  Gcr.  hake.^ 

1.  A  stpial  erected  on  an  eminence,  consisting  of 
a  pitch  barrel,  or  some  combustible  matter,  to  be  fired 
at  night,  or  to  cause  a  smoke  by  day,  to  notify  the 
approach  of  an  enemy. 

a.  A  Bigtial  erected  on  rocks  or  shools,  to  warn  of 
danger,  ilence  a  lighthouse  is  sometimes  called  a 
tiOMa.  In  [general,  a  itaam  may  be  any  li^lit  or 
mark  intendeil  for  direction  ana  s«^urity  against 
danger, 
a  FifurativdfjiiaX  whkh  girea  notice  of  danger. 

BeA 'CON,  r.  L  To  adbrd  Itgfat  as  a  beacon ;  to  light 
up.  CbmfML 

B£A'C  OX-AGE,  a.  Honey  paid  fortbe  maintenance 
of  a  beacon.  fneye.    Jljk. 

BkA'€0.\-£:D,  pp.  or  a.  lighted  hy  a  beacon ;  hav- 
ing a  beacon. 

B£AD,  n«  [Ger.  httiu.  a  bead ;  lupposed  (Vora  hetrn, 
kiMta^io  pny^  from  m  use  of  beads  in  Roman  Cath- 
olMwnrica ;  Sax.  (m^  a  praying.  In  Snani^h  and 
Portttcueae,  tlie  word  answering  to  enuu  is  used  for 

I.  A  little  perfMSled  ball,  to  be  strong  od  a  thread, 
■Bd  worn  about  the  neck,  for  omamenL  A  string 
of  beads  is  called  a  mtdtbet.  Beads  are  made  of 
gold,  pearl,  amber,  steel,  garnet,  coral,  diamond, 
crystsl,  pastes,  passes,  Ax.  The  Roman  Catholics 
use  strings  of  beads  in  rehearsing  their  prayers. 
-Hence  the  i^rase,  to  tell  beadt^  and  to  k  at  tmeV 
fcssiU,  is  to  be  at  prayer.  £ttcye.    JohAsen. 

9:  Any  small  globular  body ;  hence  the  glass 
gMmles,  osed  in  traffic  with  savages,  and  sold  in 
ilnngB,  are  called  Wsdt ;  also  a  bubble  on  spiriL 

X  A  small  piece  of  m^al  on  a  gun-barrel  to  take 
sighl  by. 

4.  In  aroUteeters,  a  roond  molding^  commonly 
mode  upon  the  edge  of  a  piece  of  stuff,  m  the  Corin- 
thian and  Komaa  oidera,  cut  or  carred  in  short  em- 
boRsments,  like  beads  in  necUaces.  Mmeye. 

JhdHuf  tf  tasdf ,  is  a  cbarffB  giwn  \tf  a  priest  to 
liii  parisniooecs,  to  repeat  certain  prayers  apon  their 
beau  Ibr  certain  objects.  JBsiZsy. 

BftAO'-SUK-eR,  a.  One  wbo  nakea  bewlib  In 
French,  p«ur««jtmr  is  one  wbo  makes,  striiin,  and 
selis  beads.  In  Paris  are  three  eonpanies  of  pMer- 
iKMtrien  ;  one  that  works  in  glass  or  ciystal ;  one, 
in  wood  aud  boraj  a  third,  in  amber,  coral,  fcc 

BEA*^'  PP-^'^^.  (X.  Spirit  Is  >«srfpre^f,  when,  after 
l-  1  crown  of  bubbles  wul  stand,  for 

?'  ',  on  the  surface,  manifesting  a  cer- 

t;t<i.  -...,,...    .  .'i'&lren^h.  Emeyc. 

BSAIV-KOLtj,  n  Anion;  Romm  QoMicM^  a  cata- 
logue of  per:4on3,  for  tht;  rp<t  of  whose  souls  they  are 
to  repeat  a  certain  number  of  prayers,  which  "they 
count  bv  tiieir  beads.  Rirwc 

BEAD'-'f  REE,  n.  Th**  Melia  azedarach,  a  native  of 
the  Ea«t  Indies,  growing  about  30  feet  high,  adorned 
with  large  pinnated  or  fringed  leaves,  and  clusters 
of  p-'BUipeialous  flowers.  Encyc. 

BE  Vli?'-M  \\-  n-     A  innn  employed  in  praying,  gen- 

Bk\  ng  woman;  a  woman 

BfiV'DLK,  «,  rSui.  c,Hdt:  ut  badfl ;  Fr.  hfdeau;  Sp. 
be»ieJ :  IL  biddh ;  Gcr.  WlttW,  prdeil ;  Sw.  bodelj  a 
beadle,  orlictor  ;  from  the  root  of  bid,  Sax.  btodoRj  to 
order  er  command.    See  Bio.] 

L  A  messenger  w  crier  of  a  court ;  a  servitor :  one 
wbo  cites  persons  to  appear  and  answer  ;  called  also 
an  appariuir  or  summ(»ner.  Encue. 

&  An  officer  in  a  university,  whose  chief  busmess 
is  to  walk  with  a  mace,  before  the  masters,  in  a  pub- 
lic procession;  or,  as  in  America,  before  the  pres- 
ident, trustees,  faculty,  and  students  of  a  college,  in 
a  procenion,  at  public  comniL-nccments.        Encyc. 

II.  A  pariih  odicer,  whose  busine&a  is  to  punish 
petty  ortenders.  John^on^ 

Bf,A'0LE-SH1P,  a.    The  office  of  a  beadle.     fVood. 

BSA'GLE,  ■.  [Fr.  bigU-,  so  named  from  littleness  ; 
W.  bacy  little ;  Ir.  ftff ;  IL  piccolo.  We  have  from 
the  same  root  froy,  ana  the  Danes  pige,  a  little  girl, 
and  probably  pug  is  the*  same  word.  Qm.  Gr.  iru/- 
p.it  iy  a  picray.] 

A  small  hound,  or  hunting  dog,  formerly  used  in 
bunting  hares.  They  are  now  supr^'rseded,  to  a 
great  extent,  by  harriers.  Beagles  are  of  different 
sorts;  as,  the  soutJinrn  braglfj  shoner  and  less,  but 
thicker  than  the  dt-ep- mouthed  hound  ;  the  fieet 
northern,  or  eat  beagle^  stnailc-r,  and  of  a  finer  shape 
than  the  southern.  From  these  species  united,  is 
bred  a  third,  still  preferable  ;  aud  a  smaller  sort  is 
little  larger  than  the  lap-dog.  Encyc 

BEAK,  «,     [D.  bek;  \\\  pig;  Ir.  prac ;  Arm.  bck;  ft. 


BKA 

beet  Pp.  pico ;  It.  beeco;  Pan.  pf>,  pik;  Pw.  pi^^^ 
pik;  Snx.piic;  Fr.  piqut ;  Ena.  peak,  pike,  Slc  The 
senttc  is,  a  shoot,  or  n  point,  from  thrusting ;  and  this 
Word  is  connected  witli  a  numerous  family.  See 
Class  Bg.l 

1.  The  Dill  or  nib  of  a  bird,  consisting  of  a  homy 
substance,  either  straight  or  curving,  and  ending  in 
a  point. 

2.  A  pointed  piece  of  wood,  fortified  with  brass, 
resembling  a  beak,  fHstened  to  the  end  of  anrienl 
galleys  ;  intended  to  pierce  tlie  vessels  of  an  enemy. 
In  mt»dern  shi[w,  tlie  beak-krad  is  a  name  given  to 
the  fore  part  of  a  ship,  whose  forecastle  is  square  or 
oblong  ;  a  circumstance  common  to  nil  ships  of  war, 
T'hich  have  two  or  more  tiers  of  guns.    Mar.  DicU 

iifok  or  beak-heady  that  part  of  a  ship,  before  the 
furecAstie,  which  is  fastened  to  the  stem,  and  sup- 
ported by  the  main  knee.  Enctfc. 

3.  In  /(xrru-ry,  a  little  shoe,  at  the  toe,  about  an 
inch  lone,  turned  up  and  fastened  in  u[Km  the  fore 
part  of  the  hoof.  Furrirr^s  Dirt. 

4.  Any  thing  ending  in  a  point,  like  a  beak.  This 
in  .Amenca  is  more  generally  pnmounced  peak. 

5.  In  Many,  a  process,  like  the  beak  of  a  bird, 
terminating  the  frtiit  in  certain  {dants,  as  in  the  Ge- 
ranium.    [L.  rostrum.'\ 

BkAK,  r.  t.  Among  cock-fighters,  to  take  hold  with 
the  beak.  Ash, 

BkAK'ED,  (beekt,)  a.    Having  a  beak;  ending  in  a 
point,  like  a  beak. 
2.  In  ^fsnv,  rostrate ;   furnished  with  a  process 

B£AK'ER,  n.    '[Ger.  becher.]  [like  a  beak. 

A  cup  or  riass.  Johnson. 

BEAK'I-RON,  (-I-um,)  n.  A  bickem ;  an  iron  tool, 
ending  in  a  pttint,  used  by  blacksmiths.  Jish. 

BeAL,  n.     (See  Boiu     W.  bal,  a  prtmiinence.] 

A  pimple  ;  a  whelk  ;  a  small  intlanmiatory  tumor; 
a  pustule.  Ji'hn.ion.     Ash, 

BEAL,  f.  u  To  gather  matter  ;  to  swell  and  come  to 
a  head,  as  a  pimple.  Johnson,     Ash. 

B£AM,  M.  [Goth,  bagma,  a  tree  ;  Sax.  beam  ;  G.  baum ; 
D.  from,  a  tree  ;  Dan.  bom,  a  bar  or  rati ;  Ir.  behiiy  a 
beam.  We  see  by  the  G«>thic,  that  the  word  be- 
longs to  Class  Bg.  It  properly  signifies  the  stock  or 
stem  of  a  tree  ;  that  is,  the  fixed,  firm  part.] 

1.  The  largest,  or  a  principal  piece  of  limber  in  a 
building,  that  lies  across  the  walU,  and  serves  to 
support  the  principal  rafters.  Encyc. 

2.  Any  large  piece  of  timber,  Ions  in  proportion  to 
Its  thickness,  and  squared  or  hewed  for  use. 

3.  The  part  of  n  balance,  from  the  ends  of  which 
the  scales  are  suspended  |  sometimes  used  for  the 
whole  appuratus  for  weiehing.  Encyc. 

4.  The  part  on  the  head  ofa  slag,  which  bear*  the 
antlers,  royals,  and  to[^»s. 

5.  The  pole  of  a  carriage,  which  run's  between  the 
borses.  '  Dnjden. 

6.  A  cylinder  of  wood,  making  part  of  a  loom,  on 
which  weavers  wind  the  warp  before  weaving ;  and 
this  name  is  given  also  to  the  cylinder  on  wliich  the 
cloth  is  rolled,  as  it  is  wove. 

7.  The  straight  part  or  shank  of  an  anchor. 

8.  Id  shipSy  a  great  main  cross  timber,  which  holds 
the  sidea  of  a  ship  from  falling  together.  The  beams 
support  the  decks  and  orlops.  The  main  beam  is 
next  the  mainmast.  Mar.  DicU 

9.  The  main  piece  of  a  plow,  In  which  the  plow- 
tails  are  fixed,  and  by  which  it  is  drawn. 

10.  Beam  coiujhus;  an  instrument  consisting  of  a 
square  wooden  or  brass  beam,  having  sliding  sockets, 
that  carry  steel  or  pencil  p<iints  ;  used  for  describing 
large  circles,  and  in  large  projections  for  drawing  the 
furniture  on  wall-dials,  Encyc.    Johnson, 

On  the  beam,  in  navigation,  signifies  any  distance 
from  the  ship,  on  a  line  with  the  beams,  or  at  right 
angles  with  the  keel.  Mar.  DicU 

Before  the  beam,  is  an  arch  of  the  horizon  between 
a  line  that  crosses  the  ship  at  rifiht  angles,  or  the 
line  of  the  beam,  and  that  point  of  the  compass  which 
she  steers,  .^Iar.  DicU 

Seam  ends.  A  Teasel  is  said  to  be  on  her  beam 
ends,  when  she  inclines  so  much  on  one  side  that 
her  beams  approach  a  verticil  position.   Mar.  DicU 

BEA.M'-BIRD,  B.  A  small  European  bird,  so  called 
because  it  often  builds  its  nest  on  the  projecting  end 
of  a  beam  or  rafter  in  a  building;  also  named  the 
spfjttfd  fly-catcher.  It  is  the  MiL'cicapa  grisola  of 
naturalists.  Ed.  Encyc.     P.  Cyc. 

BeAM-FEATH'ER,  (-feth'er,)  ru  One  of  the  long 
f.L-athers  in  thi;  wing  of  a  hawk.  Booth. 

BEAM'-FILL'ING,  n.  The  filling  in  of  mason  work 
between  beam^  or  joists. 

BEAM'-TREE,  n.    A  species  of  wild  service,  a  tree 
having  ver^-  lough  wood,  used  for  beams,  &c. 
The  CratiEgus  vVria,  Linn.  (Pyrua  Aria,  Decand.) 

BEAM,  n.  [Sax.  Aram,  a  ray  of  the  sun;  6ea?nian,  to 
shine  or  send  forth  beams;  ^am.  bakuuih,  splendor; 
Ir.  beim,  a  stroke,  and  solbhriniy  a  thunderbolt.] 

A  collection  of  rays  emitted  from  the  sun  or  other 
luminous  body. 

BEAM,  V.  u  To  send  forth  ;  to  emit;  followed  ordi- 
narily hy  forth:  as,  to  beam  forth  light. 

BEA  M,  r.  L    To  emit  rays  of  light,  or  beams ;  to  shine. 

lie  beamed,  Ihr  ilay  stir  of  the  riaiiig  ng^.  TrumbuU. 


BEA 

BfiAM'/'P,  a.  The  head  of  a  stag  is  said  to  be  hmmed 
when  it  has  all  its  antlers  put  forth.  Booth. 

BEAM'LNG,  ;»;*r.  or  d.    Emiliingrnys  of  light  or  beams. 

BEAM'ING,  n.  Radintiou ;  the  emission  or  darting 
of  light  in  rays,  " 

2.  The  Issuing  of  intellectual  light;  dawn;  pro- 
phetic intimation ;  first  indication. 

Such  WCK  the  beanunge  of  an  original  and  gifted  mind. 

T.  Daaet. 

BRAM'LESS,  a.    Emitting  no  rays  of  light. 
BEA.M'Y,  fl.    Emitting  rays  of  light ;  radiant ;  shining. 

2.  Kescmbling  a  beam  in  sizo  and  weight ;  massy. 

IJrydeju 

3.  Having  horns,  or  antlers.  Dryden. 
BEAN,  71.     [Sax.  bean;   Dan.  bUnne;  Sw.  bUna:  Gr. 

Trt-.n-oi' ;  D.  boon  ;  Ger.  bohne ;  Ch.  pCN  apun,  a  vetch, 
Q,u.  Arm.  favon;  Corn.  id. ;  W.faeu.J 

A  name  given  to  several  kinds  of  pulse,  or  legu- 
minous seeds,  and  the  plants  producing  them.  They 
belong  to  several  genera,  particularly  Vicia,  I*ha- 
seolus,  and  Doltchos.  'i'he  varieties  most  usually 
cultivated  are,  the  horse  bean,  the  mazagan,  the 
kidney  bean,  the  crariliiTry  bean,  the  lima  bean,  the 
frost  bean,  &c.  The  stalk  is  erect  or  climbing,  and 
thefniit  roundish,  oval,  or  flat, and  of  various  colors 
This  name  properly  belongs  to  the  Faba  vulgruis, 
(Vicia  Faba,  Linn.) 

Malacca-bean,  or  Anacardium;  the  fniit  of  a  tree 
(Scmicarpwi  Anacardium)  growing  in  MsUabar,  and 
other  parts  of  the  East  Indies.  This  fruit  is  of  p 
shining  black  color,  of  the  shai>e  of  a  heart  flsttti-ned, 
about  nn  inch  long,  tenninating  at  one  end  in  an 
obtuse  point,  and  at  the  other  adhering  to  a  wrinkled 
stalk.  It  contains,  within  two  shells,  a  kernel  of  a 
swoetisli  taste ;  and  betwixt  the  shells  is  loilged  a 
thick,  acrid  juice.  Enrye. 

BkAX'-CAPER,  n.  A  plant,  a  «npcie9  of  Zygophyl- 
lum,  a  native  of  warm  climates.  Encyr. 

BkAN'-COO,  n.  A  small  fishing  vessel  or  pilot  boat, 
used  in  the  rivers  of  Portugal.  It  is  sharp  forward, 
having  its  stem  bent  above  into  a  great  curve,  and 
plated  with  iron.  Encyc 

Bl-:A.\'-FEn,  a.     Fed  with  beans.  Shak. 

BEAN'-FLY,  n.  A  beautiful  fly,  of  a  pale  purple 
color,  found  on  bean  tlowers,  produced  from  a  maggot 
called  mitla.  Encyc. 

BkAN'-GOOSE,  n.  A  species  of  Anas,  {A.  segctum,)  a 
mignttory  bird,  which  arrives  in  England  in  autumn, 
and  retires  to  the  north  in  summer.  It  is  so  named 
from  the  likeness  of  the  nail  of  the  bill  to  a  horse-bean. 

Kncyc. 
Bean-tree  of  America ;  a  name  given  to  the  Erythrina 
CoraJlodendron. 

Kidney -bean-tree ;  a  name  given  to  certain  species 
of  the  genos  Glycine. 

Binding-bean'trce  i  a  name  given  to  a  species  of  the 
genus  Muuosa. 

Bean-trefoil ;  a  popular  name  of  the  Cytisus  Labur- 
num and  Anagjris  fcelida.  Fam.  uf  Plants. 

BEA.V-TRES-SEL,  n.     A  plant. 

BEAR,  (bare,)  r.  f . ;  pret.  Bobe  ;  pp.  BoBX,  Borne. 
[Sax.  bieran,  beran,  bcoran,  byran,  gebcrran,  gcbirran, 
gebyran,  abveran,  abrran,  to  bear,  cany,  bring,  sustain, 
produce,  bring  forth;  gcbyrian^  gehyrigan,  to  per- 
tain to,  to  belong  to,  to  happen,  to  become,  or  be 
suitable;  answering  to  the  Latin  fero,  purto,  parioy 
and  oporteo.  Hence,  probably,  Sax.  barn,  brarn^  a 
son,  coinciding  with  bom.  Goth,  bairan,  to  bear,  or 
carry;  gabairan,  to  bear;  G.  fiihren,  to  carry,  and 
gebdrtn,  to  bring  forth ;  D.  brurcn,  to  lift,  voeren,  to 
carry  or  bear;  baaren,  to  bring  forth;  Sw.  bdra,  to 
cany  ;  bdra  frtun,  to  bring  forth  ;  barn,  a  son  ;  Dan. 
btBre,  to  carry,  bear,  produce  ;  L.  fero,  pario,  porta ; 
Gr.  0£p'.i,  (pouiui ;  Sp.  and  Port,  parir,  to  bring  forth  ; 
portar,  to  carry  ;  It.  pnrtare,  to  carrj' ;  Ir.  braradh, 
beirim,to  bear  or  bring  forth,  to  tell  or  relate,  whence 
Fr.  parler ;  Rues,  bcj-u,  to  take,  to  carry  ;  San-*,  bharadi, 
to  bear.  This  verb  I  suppose  to  be  radically  the 
same  as  the  Shemitic  Ni3  to  produce  ;  L.  pario. 
The  primary  sense  is  to  throw  out,  to  bring  forth,  or 
in  general,  to  thrust  or  drive  along.  It  includes  the 
proper    significations,  both  of   L.  fero  and   pario; 

Shemitic  n-iD  farah,  and  O^^V ^fari.  Hence,  proba- 
bly, Gr.  /3aooi,  fiaovi,  and  a  great  family  of  words. 
See  Class  Br.  Nos.'l5,  22,  33,  35.] 

1.  To  support  ;  to  sustain  ;  as,  to  bear  a.  weight  or 
burden. 

2.  To  carry ;  to  convey ;  to  support  and  remove 
from  place  to  place;  as,  they  bear  him  upon  the 
shoulder;  the  eagle  bcareih  them  on  her  wings. 

J.-'aiah,     Deuteronomy. 

3.  To  wear ;  to  bear  as  a  mark  of  authority  or  dis- 
tinction, as,  to  bear  a  sword,  a  badge,  a  name  ;  to 
bear  arms  in  a  coat. 

4.  To  keep  afloat ;  as,  the  water  hears  a  ship. 

5.  To  suppctrt  or  sustain  without  sinking  or  yield- 
inji;  to  endure ;  as,  a  man  can  bear  severe  pain  or 
calamity;  or  to  sustain  with  proportionate  strength, 
and  without  injury  ;  as,  a  man  may  hear  fclrunger 
food  or  drink. 

6.  To  entertain  ;  to  cany  in  the  mind  ;  as,  to  bear 
a  great  love  for  a  friend  ;  to  hear  inveterate  hatred  to 
gaming. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.\T.  — METE,  PRgY PTXE.  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  EQQK.— 


BEA 

7.  To  suffer  j  to  nndergo  ;  as,  to  bear  punishment. 

8.  To  suffer  without  resentracnl,  or  inlerference  to 
prevent ;  to  have  patience ;  aa,  to  bear  neglect  or 
indignities. 

9.  To  admit  or  bo  capable  of;  that  is,  to  suffer  or 
sustain  without  violence,  injur>',  or  change  ;  as,  to 
give  words  the  most  favorable  interpretation  they 
will  bear. 

10.  To  bring  forth  or  produce,  as  the  fruit  of  plants, 
or  the  young  of  animals  ;  as,  to  bear  apples  j  to  boar 
children. 

11.  To  give  birth  to,  or  be  the  native  place  of. 

Here  dwelt  tlie  man  divine  whom  Sanu*  bore.  Dryden. 

19.  To  possess  and  use  as  power  ;  to  exercise ;  as, 

13.  To  gain  or  win.  [to  bear  sway. 

Some  thinlc  to  bear  U  by  speKUn^  a  great  won).  Bacon. 

[Xot  now  used*  The  phrase  now  used  is,  to  bear 
away.] 

14.  To  carry  on,  or  maintain  ;  to  bare  ;  as,  to  bear 
a  part  in  conversation. 

l.S.  To  show  or  exhibit ;  to  relate  :  as,  to  bfor  tes- 
timony or  witni?s3.  This  seems  to  imply  utterance, 
like  the  Latin /rro,  to  relate  or  utter. 

If).  To  sustain  the  effect,  or  be  answerable  for  ;  as, 
to  bear  the  blame. 

17.  To  sustain,  as  expense;  to  supply  the  means 
of  paying  ;  as,  to  bear  the  charges,  that  is,  to  pay  the 

15.  To  be  the  object  of.  [expenses. 
Let  cne  but  bear  jouf  lore,  and  I'U  bear  tout  carea.   [Unusual.} 

Stuti. 

19.  To  behave  ;  to  act  in  any  character;  as,  hath 
he  borne  himself  penitent?     [.Vol  \LauaL]  S.'utk. 

20.  To  remove,  or  to  endure  tJ^.e  effects  of;  and 
hence,  to  give  satisfaction  fwr. 

lie  tluil  bear  ittdt  iDujuiii*^.  —  U.  UU.    Ileb.  ix. 

To  b*ar  the  infirmUies  of  tke  tceakj  to  bear  one 
anoOter^g  burdens,  is  to  be  charitable  toward  their 
faults,  to  sympathize  with  them,  and  to  aid  Ihem  in 
distress.  Brotcn. 

To  bear  o_f,  is  to  restrain  ;  to  kepp  from  approach  ; 
and  in  si-aman^hip,  to  remove  to  a  distance  ;  to  keep 
rlt'-ar  from  rubbing  against  any  thing  ;  as,  to  bear  off 
a  blow  ;  to  bear  o/fa  boat ;  also,  to  carry  away ;  as,  lo 
bmr  off  ^UAfii  goods. 

Tu  bear  dnirn,  is  to  impel  or  urge  ;  to  overthrow  or 
cnish  by  force;  as,  to  bear  linwn  an  enemy. 

To  bear  down  vpon :  to  press ;  to  overtake ;  to  make 
aH  sail  to  conic  up  with. 

To  bear  hardy  is  to  press  or  urge. 

0«ar  (ioih  btar  me  hard.  Shak, 

To  bear  on^  is  to  press  against ;  also,  to  carry  for- 
ward, to  press,  incite,  or  animate. 

Confidence  hath  bomt  the«  on.  MUton. 

To  bear  throuvh^  is  to  conduct  or  manage  ;  as,  to 
bear  through  the  consubhip.  B.  Jonfon.  Also,  to 
maintain  or  support  to  the  end  ;  as,  religion  will  bear 
us  through  the  evils  of  life. 

To  bear  out,  is  to  maintain  and  support  to  the  end  ; 
to  defend  to  the  last. 

Cniiipanj  oalj  can  btar  a  man  out  In  an  ill  thinp.  South. 

To  bear  up ;  to  support ;  to  keep  from  falling. 

RrlipoiM  hope  btart  vp  ibe  mind  luuler  suffehnga.    AdAton. 

To  bear  up  ;  to  keep  afloaL 

To  bear  a  body.  A  color  is  said  to  benr  a  body  in 
painting,  when  it  is  capable  of  being  gnmnd  so  nne, 
and  mited  so  entirely  with  the  oil,  as  to  seem  only 
a  very  thick  oil  of  the/^me  color.  Johnson. 

To  bear  dale,  is  to  have  the  mark  of  time  when 
written  or  executed ;  as,  a  letter  or  bond  bears  date 
Jan.  6,  1811.  • 

To  bear  a  price,  's  t'l  hare  a  certain  price.  In  com- 
mon mercantile  Inn^iiage,  it  often  signifies  or  implies 
to  bear  a  good  or  his;h  price. 

To  bear  in  hand  i  to  amuse  with  false  prHensrs  ;  to 
deceive.  Bacon.     South.     Shal:. 

I  believe  this  phrase  is  obsolete,  or  never  used  in 
America. 

To  bear  a  hand,  in  seamanship,  is  to  make  hast<>,  be 
BEAR,  r.  i.    To  suffer,  as  with  pain.  [quick. 

But  niAn  ia  bum  to  bear.  Pope, 

This  is  unusual  in  prose ;  and  though  admissible,  is 
rendered  intransitive,  merely  by  the  omission  of  ^ain, 
or  othfrr  word  expressive  of  evil. 

S.  7'o  be  patient ;  to  endure. 

I  Cflo  nfit,  can  not  bear.  Dryten. 

This  also  seems  to  be  elliptical. 

3.  To  produce,  as  fruit ;  to  be  fruitful,  in  opposition 
to  barrenness. 

Ttats  a^  tn  bloMom,  and  the  t»Ttt  to  bear.  On/iUn. 

Wfte.  fruit  mast  be  understood. 

4.  To  press,  with  upon;  as,  to  bear  heavily  on 
one*s  spirits  ;  lo  bear  hard  u[x)n  an  antagonist. 

5.  To  take  effect ;  to  succeed  ;  as,  to  bring  matters 
to  hear.  Ouardian, 

6.  To  art  in  any  chfiracter. 

]nMrue<  me  bow  I  mar  bear  like  a  tme  Triar.     Wnueual.'] 

Shak. 

7.  To  be  situated  a-i  to  tlie  point  of  compass,  with 
respect  to  something  else  ;  at,  the  land  bort  £.  N.  £. 
from  the  ship. 


BEA 

8.  'J'o  reflate  or  refer  to,  with  on  or  upon ;  as,  liow 
does  this  bear  on  the  question? 

9.  To  have  weight  on  the  neck  by  the  yoke,  as 
oxen  attached  to  the  neap  of  a  cart. 

10.  To  convey  intelligence  ;  as,  the  letters  bore 
that  snccor  was  at  hand.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

11.  To  bear  awaij,  in  navigation,  is  to  change  the 
course  of  a  ship,  when  close  hauled,  or  sailing  with 
a  side  nnnd,  and  make  her  run  before  the  wind.  To 
bear  up,  is  used  in  a  like  sense,  from  the  act  of  bear- 
ing up  the  helm  to  the  windward.  Mar.  Diet. 

Hence,  perhaps,  in  otlier  cases,  the  expression  may 
be  Used  lo  denote  tending  or  moving  from. 

1-J.  To  be-ar  down,  is  to  drive  or  tend  to  ;  to  approach 
with  a  fair  wind  j  as,  tiie  ttcet  bore  down  upon  the 
enemy. 

13.  To  bear  in,  is  to  run  or  tend  toward  ;  as,  a  ship 
beam  (?i  with  the  land  ;  opposed  to  bear  offy  or  keep- 
ing at  a  greater  distance. 

14.  To  bear  up,  is  to  tend  or  move  toward ;  as,  to 
bear  up  to  one  another :  ala^o,  to  be  supported  ;  to  have 
fortitude ;  to  be  firm  ;  not  to  sink ;  as,  to  bear  up  un- 
der afflictions. 

I.i.  To  bear  itpon,  or  aa^ainst,  is  to  lean  upon  or 
against ;  to  act  on  as  weight  or  force,  in  any  direc- 
tion, as  a  column  upon  its  base,  or  the  sides  of  two 
inclining  objects  against  each  other. 

16.  To  bear  against ;  to  approach  for  attack  or  seiz- 
ure ;  as,  a  lion  bears  against  his  prey.  Ih-yden. 

17.  To  bear  upon  ;  to  act  upon  ;  as, the  artillery  bore 
upon  the  center  ;  or  to  be  pomted  or  situated  so  as  to 
affect ;  as,  to  bring  or  plant  guns  so  as  to  bear  upon  a 
fort  or  a  ship. 

18.  To  bear  vyith ;  to  endure  what  is  unpleasiug  ;  to 
be  indulgent ;  to  forbear  to  resent,  oppose,  or  puuish. 

Reiuon  would  1  attoulii  bear  wUh  jou.  —  Acia  XTfu. 
hhtdl  n»t  (.iod  lYcago  tiis  elect,  though  hi^  bear  loag  mlh  them  I 
—  Luke  Kvitt. 

nEAR'-eLOTlL         I  n.    A  cloth  in  which  a  new- 
BEAR'ING-eLOTn,  \     bom  child  is  covered  when 

carried  lo  church  to  bo  baptized.  Shak. 

BE.aK,  n.     [Sax.  bera;  G.    bar;  D.  beer;    Sw,  Dan. 

and  let.  biom;  Ir.  bear;  allied,  perhaps,  to  Jicrce,  L. 

ferus,  fera,  or  to  burbarus.] 

1.  A  wild  quadruped,  of  the  genus  Ursus.  The 
marks  of  the  genus  are,  six  fure  teeth  in  the  upper 
jaw,  alternately  hollow  on  the  inside  ;  and  six  in  the 
under  jaw,  the  two  latenil  ones  lobaled  ;  the  dog 
teeth  are  soliUiry  and  conical ;  the  eyes  have  a  nic- 
titating meinbr:ine,  and  the  nose  is  prominent.  The 
arrtos,  the  brown  or  black  bear  of  Europe,  has  his 
body  covenrd  with  long,  shaggy  hair.  Some  are 
found,  in  Tnrtary,  of  a  pure  white  color.  The  po- 
Iwr  or  white  bear,  has  a  long  head  and  nock  ;  short, 
round  ears  ;  the  hair  long,  soft,  and  white,  tinged  in 
some  purls  with  yellow.  He  grows  to  a  great  size, 
the  skins  of  some  being  13  feet  long.  This  bear  lives 
in  cold  climates  only,  and  frequently  swims  from  one 
isle  of  ice  to  another.  Kncyc. 

2.  The  name  of  two  constellations  in  the  nortliem 
hemisphere,  called  the  Oreatrr  and  Lesser  Bear.  In 
the  tail  of  Uie  Ix^sser  Bear  is  the  [wle-star. 

Bears  ami  Built ;  cant  lerm^  ajiplied  lo  persons  en- 
gaged in  the  gambling  transactions  of  the  .Stock  Ex- 
change. j1  bear,  is  one  who  cnnlraris  todelivi-r,  at  a 
specified /ufure  time,  stocks  which  he  does  not  own  ; 
a  buU,  is  one  who  contracts  to  take  them.  Hence,  in 
the  intervening  time,  it  is  the  interest  of  the  former 
to  depress  stiK-ks,  as  the  bear  pulls  down  with  his 
strong  |MiW(i,  and  of  the  latter  to  raise  stocks,  as  the 
hull  thrtiws  ui'tvard  with  his  horns.  The  stock  is, 
in  fact,  nevrr  d-rlivered,  and  was  never  meant  to  be. 
When  the  lime  for  deliver)'  arrives,  the  losing  party 
pays  the  difference  bt;twee'n  the  prir^  of  the  stock 
then  and  nt  the  time  when  the  contract  was  made. 

BEAR  or  liPMF,,  n.  A  kind  of  brirl-y,  cultivaU-d  in 
Scotland  and  th"  north  of  England  ;  called,  also,  big, 
and  by  somn  regarded  as  a  distinct  species,  (Jfordeum 
hfJOJttichim.) 

BEAR'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  be  borne  ;  tolerable. 

Ed.  Rev. 

BEAR'A-BLY,  adn.    In  a  bearable  manner. 

Westm.  Ret). 

BEAR'-BAIT-INO,  n.  The  sport  of  baiting  bears  with 
dogs.  Shak. 

BEAR'-BER'RY,  n.  A  medicinal  plant;  the  Aicto- 
slaphylits  nva-ursi,  {.^rbuitis  ura  ur.-ii,  Linn.) 

BEAR'-BT\I),  n.  A  species  of  Bindweed  or  Convol- 
vulus ;  a  popular  name,  common  to  the  genus  Ca- 
lystegia,  fa  subdivision  of  the  Linnman  genus  Con- 
volvulun,)  including  the  Convolvulus  scpium.  Sweet, 

BEAR'-FLV,  n.     An  insrct.  Bncon. 

BEAR'-GAR-D£\,  n.    A  place  where  bears  are  kept 
fur  diversion  or  fiphiing.     Hence, 
9.  A  rude,  turbulent  assembly. 

BEAR'-GAR  D£.\,  a.  Rude ;  turbulent ;  as,  brar-gar- 
drn  sport.  Toiul. 

BE^R'-MERD,  n.     A  man  that  tends  bears.      S/toA. 

REAR'-LTKt^a.     Restimbling  a  bear.  Shak. 

BEAR'iS'-liKEECH,  n.  Brank-ursine,  a  name  com- 
mon to  different  species  of  plants  oltfic  genus  Acan- 
thus. 

BEAR*9'~£AR,  n.  A  popular  name  of  the  Primula 
auricula. 


BEA 

BEAR'S'-KAR  SANT-CLE,  n.  A  species  of  Cortusa. 
BEAK'S'-FQOT,  n.  A  plant,  a  species  of  Hellebore. 
BEAR'S'-GReASE,  71.    The  fat  of  bears,  ejctensively 

used  to  promote  the  growth  of  hair. 
BEAR'-SKIN,  n.     The  skin  of  a  bear. 

2.  A  coarse,  shaggy  woolen  cloth  for  overcoats. 
BEAR'S'-WORT,  n.     A  plant,  Shak. 

BEAR'-WAUD,  r.    A  keeper  of  boars.  Shak. 

BEAR'-WHELP,  n.     The  whelp  of  a  bear.       Shak. 
BEARD,  (beerd,)  n.     [Sax.  beard;  D.  bnard;  G.  and 

Dan.  bari ;  L.  baroa;  Kuss.  boroda,  the  beard  and  the 

chin.] 

1.  The  hair  that  grows  on  the  chin,  lips,  and  adja- 
cent parts  of  the  face,  chiefly  of  male  adults;  hence 
a  mark  of  virility.  A  gray  beard,  long  beard,  and  rev- 
erend  beard,  are  terms  for  old  age. 

2.  Beard  is  sometimes  used  for  the  face:  and  to  do 
a  thing  to  a  man's  beard,  is  to  do  it  in  defiance,  or  to 
his  face.  Johnson. 

3.  The  awn  or  sharp  prickles  on  the  ears  of  corn. 
But  more  tL'chnically,  parallel  hairs,  or  a  tuft  of  stiff 
hairs  terminating  tho  leaves  of  plants.  By  some  au- 
thors, the  name  is  given  to  the  lower  lip  of  a  ringent 
corol.  Jilartijn. 

4.  A  barb  or  sharp  point  of  an  arrow,  or  other  in- 
strument, bent  backward  to  prevent  its  being  easily 
drawn  out. 

5.  'i'he  beard  or  chuck  of  a  horse,  is  that  part  which 
bears  the  curb  of  a  bridle,  underneath  the  lower  man- 
dible and  above  the  chin.        Farrier's  Diet.     Encuc. 

6.  The  rays  of  a  comet,  emitted  toward  that  part 
of  the  heaven  to  which  its  pr6per  motion  seems  to 
direct  it.  Encyc. 

7.  The  bysstui  of  a  pinna,  muscle,  or  other  similar 
shell-fish,  consisting  of  fine  threads  or  hairs,  by 
which  they  fasten  themselves  to  stones.         Cyr, 

The  term  is  also  applied  to  the  gills  or  reppiralory 
organs  of  the  oyster  and  other  bivalves.      Brande. 

8.  In  insects,  two  small,  oblong,  fleshy  bodies, 
placed  just  above  the  trunk,  as  in  gnats,  moths, 
and  butterflies.  Enojc. 

BeARD,  (beerd,)  r.    t    To  take  by  the  beard ;   to 
Beize.pluck,  or  pull  the  beard,  in  contempt  or  anger. 
2.  To  opiwse  to  the  face ;  to  sot  at  defiance. 

I  have  Jxv-ii  bcnrded  by  boy».  More. 

BeARD'ED,  (beerd'ed,)  a.  Having  a  beard,  as  a 
man.  In  botany,  having  parallel  hairs,  or  tufts  of 
hairs,  as  the  leaves  of  plants.  J\Iartijn. 

2.  Barbed  or  jagged,  as  an  arrow.  Drydcn. 

BEARD'ED,  (beerd'ed,)  jjp.  Taken  by  the  beard  i  op- 
posed to  the  face. 

BeARD'-GRXSS,  n.  A  name  common  to  different 
species  of  grass  of  the  genus  Andropogon, 

BEARD'ING,  (beerd'ing,)i)iw.  Taking  by  tlio  beard; 
oppo^inj;  to  the  face, 

BeARD'LESS,  (beerd'less,)  a.  Without  a  beard  ; 
young;  not  having  arrived  to  manhood.  In  botany, 
destitute  of  parallel  hairs,  or  tufts  pf  hairs.  Marti/n. 

BEAU  D'LESS-iN  ESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of' be- 
ing destitute  of  beard.  Laicrence,  LccL 

BEAR'ER,  n.  [See  Uear.]  In  a  general  sejue,  one 
who  bears,  sustains,  or  carries,     ilence, 

2.  One  who  carries  packages  or  letters ;  as,  a  bcar^ 
er  of  di^ipatches. 

3.  One  who  carries  the  body  to  the  grave,  at  a  fu- 
neral. 

4.  One  that  wears  any  thing,  as  a  badge  or  sword. 

5.  A  tree  or  plant  that  yields  its  fruit;  as,  a  good 
bearer. 

6.  In  architecture,  a  post  or  brick  wall  between  the 
ends  of  a  piece  of  timber,  lo  sup^Kirt  it.  In  general^ 
any  thing  tliat  supports  another  thing. 

7.  In  heraldry,  a  figure  in  an  achievement,  placed 
by  the  side  of  a  shield,  and  seeming  to  sup|X)rt  it; 
generally  the  figure  of  a  beast.  The  figure  of  a  hu- 
man creature,  for  a  like  purpose,  is  called  a  tenant. 

BEAR'ING,  p/>r,     Stipiwrting  ;  carrying;   producing. 
BEAR'IXG,   H.     The    manner  in   which    a    person 
frcar^  or  conducts  himself;  gesture;  mien;  behavior. 

I  know  liim  by  hla  bearing.  Shak, 

2.  The  situation  of  an  object,  with  respect  to  an- 
other object,  by  which  it  is  supposed  to  have  a  con- 
nection with  it  or  influence  uiKiU  il,4>rto  be  influ- 
enced by  it.     Hence,  relation. 

But  of  this  fnune,  \hv  bearinga  and  the  t\ca.  Pope. 

3.  In  architecture,  the  distance  or  length  which  the 
ends  of  a  piece  of  timber  rest  upon,  or  are  inserted 
into,  the  wall  that  supports  it.  Bearing  of  a  timber; 
the  spJice  between  the  two  fixed  extremes  of  a  piece 
of  timber,  or  between  one  extreme  and  a  supporter. 

Builder's  Diet. 

4.  In  navigation,  the  situation  of  a  distant  object, 
with  regard  to  a  ship's  [wsition,  as  on  the  bow,  on 
the  lee  quarter,  &c.  The  direction  or  point  of  the 
compass  in  which  an  object  is  seen.    Jtlar.  Diet. 

5.  In  heraUlnjj  bearings  are  the  coats  of  arms  or 
figures  of  armorifs,  by  which  the  nubility  and  gen- 
try are  distinguished- from  common  per-^ons.  E/tcye. 

BEAR'ISII,  a.     Partaking  of  the  qualities  of  a  bear; 

resembling  a  bear  in  temper  or  manners.      Harris. 
BEA  R\,  n.    [Sax.  bcarn  ;  Goth,  bam ;  from  bear ;  Goth. 

gabaurans,  born.] 

A  child.    In  Scotland,  hatm.  Shak. 


TCXE,  BULI.,  tINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K;  0  aa  J ;  S  aa  Z ;  CH  as  HH;  TH  oa  in  THIS. 

ToT 


Sea 

BfiAST,  (bcest,)  n.  [Ir.  *ia.*^  piasil;  Com.  bist  i  D. 
trest ;  L.  beMia ;  Fr.  ftefe,  from  Ap.v(c  ,•  Dan.  ftif,<(,  bcest ; 
W.  frirysf,  wildj  savage,  feitxrious.  See  Boisterocs.] 

1.  Any  ftmr-li*oted  Hnimal,  which  may  be  used  for 
labor,  food,  or  sport;  disiinpiishrd  from  birds,  in- 
sects, fishes,  and  man  ;  a^,  beagts  of  burden,  bnu^ts  of 
Ihe  chase,  br^^ts  of  the  forest.  It  is  usually  applied 
to  large  animals. 

ft.  Opposed  to  ifiAfi,  it  sipnifips  any  irrational  ani- 
mal ;  aa»  in  tlie  phrase  "  man  and  baLit.**    80,  wild 


3.  figmratireJffy  a  brutal  man  ;  a  por«on  mde,  coarse, 
fillhjr,  or  acting  in  a  manner  unworthy  of  a  raliomil 
creature.  Mkmaon. 

4.  A  gnme  at  cards.    Hence,  to  btmH.        EHtyc 
BftAPT'ISH,  a.     Like  a  beast ;  brutal. 
B£AST'-LIKE,  a.    Like  a  beast ;  bratal. 

BEAST'LT-XE.S3,  «.       [from     JftLrf/y.l      Brutality ; 

coarseness;   vulgarity;    tilthiness;  a  practice  con- 

tiarjr  to  the  rules  of  humanity. 
BftAST'LY,  a.    Like  a  beast  j  brutal ;  coarse  ;  filthy  j 

contrar}'  to  the  nature  and  dignity  of  man. 
2.  Having  the  form  and  naturr  of  a  beast.  Prior. 
BEAT,  (be^-t,)  r.  t.  pret.  Bkat  ;  pp.  Bk*t,  Beate;*.  [Sax. 

>*sfOT,  ftbtMmm,  to  beat,  mfrMira,  beaten  }  \V.  b*iu  ; 

Ft.  laOn,  or  teCrc  J  Bpk  tatr ;  Port.  *«<«• ;  It.  tett0r0 :  L. 


t;  Heb.  Ch.  Pyr.a2n,ftoAa(.  Perhaps,  Hindoo, 
jMta,  to  kill ;  Bunnan,  potaiy  id.  ;  as  we  sav,  to  smite 
and  to  slay.  Hence,  the  oirjMta.  man-killers,  in 
Herodotus.     Class  Bd,Nos.  SO,  23,  33.     See  Abate.] 

1.  To  strike  repeatedly  ;  to  lay  on  repeated  blows 
with  a  stick,  with  the'  band  or  tist,  or  with  any 
instrument,  and  for  any  cause,  just  or  unjust,  or  for 
punishment.    Luke  xii.    DeuU  xxv. 

2.  To  strike  an  instrument  of  music ;  to  play  on, 
as  a  drum.  Shak. 

3.  To  break,  bruise,  comminute,  or  pulverize  by 
beating  or  pounding,  as  pcpjier  or  spices,     Ex.  xxx. 

4.  To  extend  by  beating,  as  gold  or  other  malleable 
rabslancej  or  to  haninier  into  any  form;  to  forge. 
Ex.  xxxix. 

5.  To  strike  bushes ;  to  shake  by  beating,  or  to 
make  a  noise  to  rouse  game.  Prior, 

6.  To  thresh  ;  to  force  out  com  from  the  busk  by 
Uowa.  RutM, 

7.  To  br*ak,  mix,  or  agitate  by  beating  ;  as,  to  beat 
an  egg  with  any  other  thing.  Soyle. 

8.  To  das-h  or  strike,  as  water ;  to  strike  or  brush, 
as  wind.  .ViUon. 

9.  To  tread,  as  a  path.  Blatkmare. 

10.  To  overcomi;  in  a  bittle,  contest,  w  strife ;  to 
Tanqutsh  or  conquer;  as,  one  ttatj  another  at  play. 

I^nfaui  kol  Uie  OutbapniAiM  U  PM.  ArhuthnoL 

11.  To  hanuRt ;  to  exercise  severely  j  to  overlabor ; 
aa,  to  ^emt  the  braitis  abi>ut  loeic  /{akntUL 

TV  beta  ttmtn ;  to  break,  destroy,  throw  d^twn,  by 
beating  or  battering,  as  a  wall. 

Also,  to  press  down  or  lay  flat,  as  by  treading,  by 
a  current  of  water,  by  violent  wind,  &c.         Shak. 

Also,  to  lower  the  pric*  by  importunity  or  argument. 

Also,  to  depress  or  crush  ;  as,  io  btat  dtnen  opposition. 

Also,  to  sink  or  lessen  the  price  or  value. 

Vmxrj  beau  down  the  prio^  of  land.  Bacon. 

To  hetU  back  f  to  compel  to  retire  or  rettim. 

Tb  beat  into;  to  teach  or  instdl,  by  repetition  of  in- 
Ktniction. 

To  be^  up,*  to  attack  suddenly  ;  to  alarm  or  dis- 
turb ;  as,  to  heat  up  an  enemy's  quarters. 

TV  beat  tkt  leing  j  to  duttc-r ;  to  move  with  flutter- 
ing agitation. 

TV  beat  of;  to  repel  or  drive  back. 

7>  beat  the  koof;  to  walk  ;  to  go  on  foot. 

TV  htat  time ;  to  measure  or  regulate  time  in  music 
by  the  madoa  of  the  hand  or  f(>oL 

In  tk»  vtanavty  a  horse  beats  the  du.'it,  when  at  each 
motion  he  does  not  take  in  ground  enough  with  his 
fon^  legs  ;  and  at  curvets,  when  he  does  them  too 
precipitately,  or  too  low.  He  beats  upon  a  aalk^  when 
be  walks  too  short.  Encyc 

TV  ktatamt;  to  extend  by  HAmmcring.     In  popular 
ase,  to  he  beAt  aut^  is  to  be  extremely  fatigued  ;  to 
have  the  strength  exhausted  by  labor  or  exertion. 
Beat,  v.  L     To  move  wiih  puliation;  as,  the  pulse 
be>fff :  or  to  tlirob  ;  as,  the  heart  beats* 

2.  To  dash  with  force,  as  a  storm,  flood,  passion, 
&c, ;  as,  the  tempest  beats  against  the  house. 

3.  To  knock  at  a  door.    Judges  lii. 

4.  To  fluctuate  ;  to  be  in  agitation.  Shak, 
To  beat  about ;  to  trj-  to  find  ;  to  search  by  various 

me^ans  or  ways.  Addison, 

To  beat  upon  :  to  act  upon  with  violence,     Jtmah. 

Also,  to  speak  frequently ;  to  enforce  by  repetition. 

Hooker. 

To  beat  vp  for  soldiers,  is  to  go  about  to  enlist  men 
into  the  army. 

Jn  seamanship:,  to  beat,  is  to  make  progress  against 
the  direction  of  the  wind,  by  sailing  in  a  ziczag  line 
or  traverse,  Mir.  Diet, 


BEA 

With  hunters,  a  stag  beatv  vp  and  dowa,  when  he 
runs  tirst  one  way  and  then  another.  I'jicyr. 

BEAT,  n.  A  stroke  ;  a  striking  ;  a  blow,  whether 
with  the  hand  or  with  a  weapiin, 

2.  A  recurring  stroke  ;  a  pulsation  j  as,  the  beat  of 
the  pulse. 

3.  The  rise  or  fall  of  the  hand  or  foot,  in  regulating 
the  divisions  of  time  in  music. 

4.  A  transient  grace-note  in  music,  struck  imme- 
diately before  the  note  it  is  intended  to  ornament. 

Busby. 

5.  A  round  or  course,  which  is  frequently  gone 
over;  as,  a  watchman's  beat.     Hence, 

6.  A  place  of  habitual  or  frequLnt  resort. 

In  the  military  art,  the  beat  vf  drum^  is  a  succession 
of  strokes  varied,  in  diffident  ways,  for  particular 
purposes,  as  to  regulate  a  march,  to  call  soldiers 
to  their  arms  or  quarters,  to  direct  an  attack,  or 
retreat,  &c. 

The  beat  of  a  watch  or  clockj  is  the  stroke  made 
by  the  fangs  or  pallets  of  the  spmdlc  of  the  balance, 
or  of  the  pads  in  a  royal  pi'udulum.  Kncyc. 

BviAT,  )    pp.     Struck;   daslied   against;    pressed 

BitAT'£X,  \  or  laid  down;  hammered;  pounded; 
vanquished;  made  smooth  by  treading;  worn  by 
use  ;  trackt^d. 

BEAT'EU,  n.  One  who  bents,  or  strikes ;  one  whose 
occupation  is  to  hnmnicr  metals. 

a.  An  instrument  for  pounding,  or  comminuting 
substances. 

B£AT'Ell-UP,  n.  One  who  beats  for  game ;  a  .-^orts- 
fwrmV  term.  BuUer. 

BEATH,  r.  f.     To  bathe.     [.Vt-t  in  use."]         Sprnser. 

BE-A-TIF'1€,         i    a,     [L.  ft.-ariw,  blessed,  from  6fo, 

B&.\-TIF'rt'-.\L,  i  to  bless,  and  facio,  to  make. 
See  Beatipt,] 

That  has  the  power  to  bless  or  make  hnppy,  or  the 
power  to  complete  blissful  enjoyment;  used  only  of 
heavenly  fruition  alter  death ;  as,  beatific  vision. 

Milton. 

BE-A-TIF'IC-AL-LY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as  to 
complete  happiness. 

BE-AT-I-r[-e.\'TIO\,  n.  In  the  Roman  Catholic 
church,  an  act  of  the  pope  by  which  he  declares  a 
person  beatified  or  blessed  after  death.  This  is  the 
first  step  toward  canonization,  or  the  raising  of  one 
to  the  dignity  of  a  saint.  No  person  can  be  beatified 
till  50  years  after  his  death.  All  certificates  or  at- 
testations of  his  virtues  and  miracles  are  examined 
by  the  congregation  of  rites,  and  this  examination 
continues  often  for  years;  after  which  his  holiness 
decrees  the  beatitlc>ation,and  the  corpse  and  relics  of 
the  intended  s:iint  are  exposed  to  the  vt-neration  of 
all  s(v^  Christiana.  Encyc. 

BE-AT'I-F?,  r.  t    [L.  hratus,  happy,  from  beo,  to 


bless,  and  focio,  to  mako.l 
1.  To  make  happy ;  to  bl 
of  celestial  enjoyment. 


less  with  the  completion 


2.  In  the  Riiman  Catholic  cAurcA,  to  declare  by  a 
decree  or  public  act,  that  a  person  is  received  into 
heaven,  and  is  to  be  reverenced  as  blessed,  though 
not  rnnonized. 
BeAT'IXG,  ppr.  Laying  on  Wows;  striking;  dash- 
ing against ;  conquering;  jiounding;  sailing  against 
the  direction  of  Ihe  wind,  6cc. 
BEAT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  striking  or  giving  blows; 
punishment  or  chastisement  by  blows;  conquering; 
sailing  against  the  direction  of  the  wind. 

The  brating  of  flax  and  hemp  is  an  operation  which 
renders  them  more  soft  and  pliable.  For  this  purpose, 
they  are  made  into  rolls  and  laid  iu  a  trough,  where 
th?y  are  beat  till  no  roughness  or  hardness  can  be 
felt,  Encyc 

In  book-binding,  heating  is  performed  by  laying  the 
book  in  quires,  or  sheets  folded,  on  a  block,  and 
beating  it  with  a  heavy,  broad  faced  hammer.  On 
this  operation,  or  the  heavy  pressure  now  employed 
as  a  substitute,  the  elegance  of  tlie  binding  and  the 
easy  opening  of  the  book  much  depend.        Encyc. 

Beating  the  wind^  was  a  practice  in  the  ancient 
trial  by  combat.  If  one  of  the  combatants  did  not 
appear  on  the  field,  Ihe  other  was  to  beat  the  wind, 
by  making  flourishes  with  his  weapons ;  by  which 
he  was  entitled  to  the  advantages  of  a  conqueror. 

Beatings,  or  beats,  in  music,  the  regular  pulsative 
swellings  of  sound,  produced  in  an  organ  by  pipes  of 
the  same  key,  when  not  in  unison,  and  their  vil)ra- 
tions  not  simultaneous  or  coincident.  Btisby. 

This  phenomenon  occurs  in  stringed  as  well  as 
wind  instrument'^,  when  sounding  together,  nearly 
but  not  exactiv  in  perfect  tune.  P.  Cyc 

BE-AT'I-TUDE,  n.  [L.  beatitudoy  from  beatus,  beo. 
See  Beatift,] 

1.  Blessedness  ;  felicity  of  the  highest  kind  ;  con- 
summate bliss  ;  used  of  the  joys  of  heaven. 

2.  The  declaration  of  blessedness  made  by  our 
Savior  to  particular  virtues, 

BEAU,  (ho,)  n.;  pi.  Beaut,  (boze.)  [Fr.  ft ca«,  con- 
tracted from  beli  L.  bcUns  :  Sp.  and  It  beUo,  fine,  gay, 
handsome.] 

A  man  01  dress  ;  a  fine,  gay  man  ;  one  whose  great 
care  is  to  deck  his  person.  In  famUiar  language,  a, 
man  who  attends  a  lady. 

BF.^rj  UDE'JiL,  (bo-i-de'al,)  n,     [Fr.]     A  conception 


BEA 

or  image  of  cousummute  beauty,  formed  in  the  mind, 
free  from  all  the  deformities,  defects,  and  bbmiislies, 
which  nature  exhibits. 
BEAU'ISH,  (bo'ish,)«.  Like  a  beau;  foppish;  fine. 
BFJiU  MQKDE',  (bo-moud',)  n.  [Fr.  beaik,  fine,  and 
monde,  world.] 

The  fashionable  world }  people  of  fashion  and 
Cavelv.  Prior. 

BEAO'TE-OUS,  (bu'te-ous,)  a.  [See  Beauty,]  Very 
fair;  elegant  in  form;  pleasing  to  the  sight;  beauti- 
ful; very  hantlsome.  It  expresses  a  greater  degree 
of  beaulv  than  handsome,  and  is  chiefly  used  in  poetry. 
BEAC'TI^-OUS-LY,  (bu'te-ous-ly,)  adv.  In  a  beaute- 
ous manner  \  in  a  manner  pleasing  to  the  sight ;  beau- 
tifully. 
BEAP'TE-0U3  NESS,  (bu'te-ous-ness,)  n.    The  state 

or  quality  of  being  beauteous  ;  beauty, 
BEAC'Tl-P^-i;U,  (ba'ti-fide,)  pp.    Adorned ;  made 

beautiful, 
BEAC'TI-FI-ER.   (bu'ti-fl-er,)  n.    He  or  that  which 

makes  beauliful. 
BEAO'TI-FJJL,  (bQ'ti-ful,)  a,     [beauty  and  ftdl.] 

1.  Elegant  in  form;  fair ;  having  the  form  that 

pleases  the  eye.     It  expresses  more  than  handsome, 

A  beaiid/ul  woiiinn  U  one  of  the  most  nUrictife  ob]i.'c[a  in  nil  na- 

iiUf '■  worlit.  Afion. 

A  circle  i»  more  btnuti/iU  lht\n  a  9C]tmrc ;  a  Bqii:!^  h  morp  &«au. 

ti/ul  tlian  B  pjintllelogTuiii.  Lord  Kamca. 

9.  Having  the  qualities  which  constitute  beauty, 
orlhat  which  pleases  the  senses  other  than  the  sight} 
as,  a  liraiitifal  sound.  Encyc. 

BEAu'TI-FJJL-LY,  (bu'ti-fuMy,)  adv.    In  a  beautiful 
manner. 

BEAO'TI-FIJL-NESS,   (bu'ti-fu>ness,)   n.     Elegance 
of  form;  beauty  ;  the  qtmlity  of  being  beautiful. 

BEACi'Tl-F?,  (b'ii'ti-f^-,)  v.  t.     [beauty  and  L.  facto.] 
To  make  or  render  beautiful ;  to  adorn  ;  to  deck  ; 
to  grace  ;  to  add  beauty  to ;  to  embellish.  Hayward. 

BEAtJ'TI-F?,  fbu'ri-fy,)  v.i.     To  become  beautiful  j 
to  advance  in  neautv.  Md'tson. 

BEAC'TI-F^-ING,  (ba'ti-fy-iBg,)jjpr.  Adorning;  em- 
bellij'hing. 

BEAO'TI-LESS,  (bu'ti-less,)  a.    Destitute  of  beauty. 

Hamviond, 

BEAC'TY,  (bu'ty,)  n.    [Fr.  heauti,  from  beau.    See 
Beau.] 

1.  An  assemblage  of  graces,  or  an  assemblage  of 
properties  in  the  fonn  pf  the  person  or  any  other  ob- 
ject which  pleases  the  eye.  In  the  person,  due  \iTO-_ 
portion  or  symmetry  of  parts  constitutes  the  most  es- 
sential property  to  which  we  annex  the  term  beauty. 
In  the  face,  the  regularity  and  symmetry  of  the  fea- 
tures, the  Color  of  the  skin,  the  expression  of  the  eye, 
are  among  the  principal  properties  which  constitute 
beauty.  But  as  it  is  hardly  possible  to  define  all  the 
properties  which  constitute  beauty,  we  may  observe 
in  general,  that  beauty  consists  in  whatever  pleases 
the  eye  of  Ihe  beholder,  whether  in  the  human  body, 
in  a  tree,  in  a  landscape,  or  in  any  other  object 

Beauty  ia  intrinsic^  ami  perceived  by  the  eye  at  first 
view,  or  relative,  to  perceive  which,  the  aid  of  the 
understanding  and  reflection  is  requisite.  Thus  the 
beauty  of  a  machine  is  not  perceived  till  we  under- 
stand its  uses,  and  adaptation  to  its  purpose.  This 
is  called  the  beauty  of  utility.  By  an  easy  transition, 
the  word  beauty  is  used  to  express  what  is  pleasing 
to  the  other  senses,  or  to  the  understanding.  Thus 
we  say,  the  beauty  of  a  thought,  of  a  remark,  of 
sound,  &.C. 


So  beauty,  armed  with  TirtuR,  bowi  thp  soul 
WiUi  \  commnndlng,  but  a  iweet  control. 


Perdral. 


2.  A  particular  grace,  feature,  or  ornament ;  any 
particular  thii^  which  is  beautiful  and  pleasing;  as, 
the  beauties  (pf  nature. 

3.  A  particular  excellence^  or  a  part  which  sur- 
passes in  excellence  that  with  which  it  is  united  ; 
as,  the  beauties  of  an  author. 

4.  A  beautiful  person.  In  Scripture,  the  chief  dig- 
nity or  ornament    2  SJ\m.  i. 

5.  In  the  arts,  symmetry  of  parts  ;  harmony  ;  just- 
ness of  composition.  Encyc 

6.  Joy  and  gladness.  Is.  Ixi.  Order;  prosperity; 
peace;  holiness.     Ezek.  xvi. 

BEAC'TV,  (bu'ty,)  v.  U  To  adorn ;  to  beautify  or  em- 
bellish.    [Obs.]  Shak. 

BEAtJ'TY-PPOT,  (bu'ty-ppot,)  n.  A  patch  ;  a  foil ;  a 
spot  placed  on  the  face  to  heighten  beauty. 

BEAu'TY-WaN'ING,  a.     Declining  in  beauty.  Shak. 

BeA'VER,  (be'ver,)  n.  [Sax.  befor,  biofor ;  Fr.  biicref 
L.  jJfter,'  Ir.   beabluir;  Sw.  bafwer  j  Dun.   barccr ;  Ger. 

biber;  D.  bcver ;  Russ.  bohr;  Pers.  wAj  babir."} 

^.  An  amphibious  quadruped,  of  the  genus  Castor. 
It  has  short  ears,  a  blunt  nose,  small  fore  feet,  large 
hind  feet,  with  a  flat,  ovate  tail.  It  is  remarkable  for 
its  ingenuity  in  constructing  its  lodges  or  habitations, 
and  from  this  animal  is  obtained  the  castor  of  Ihe 
shops,  which  is  taken  from  cods  or  bags  in  the  groin. 
Its  fur,  which  is  mostly  of  a  chestnut-brown,  is  the 
material  of  the  best  hats. 

2.  The  fur  of  the  beaver,  or  a  hat  made  of  the  fur. 

3.  Partof  a  helmet  covering  the  face,  made  jointed, 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT MeTE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQpIC.— 

108 


BEC 

80  that  the  wearer  could  raise  it  to  drink  j  hence  its 
name,  frum  Old  Fr.  bcrer,  to  drink.  Booth. 

BeA'VER-£D,  tu    Covered  with  or  wearing  a  beaver. 
_  Pope. 

BkA'VER-TEEN,  Ji.     A  species  of  fustian  cloth. 

BE-BLEED',   c.  L     [be  and  bleed.]     To  make  bloody. 
[Ofts.j  Chaucer. 

BE-BLOOD'      )  V.  U    {be  and  blood.'\    To  make  bloody. 

BE-BLOCO'V,  !      [Okl  Shelivn. 

BE-BLOT',  r.  (.  [be  %nA  hloL]  To  blot ;  to  stain.  [Oft.f.] 

Chancer. 

BE-BLUB'BER-£D,  a.      [be  and   blubber.']      Foul   or 
swelled  with  weeping.  SlieUon. 

BE€-A-F1'€0,   n.     [It.  beeeafieo,  from  the  root  of  pica, 
peck,  beck,  and  Jico,  a  fig.     See  Beak.J 

A  fig-pecker ;  a  bird  like  a  nightingale,  which  feeds 
on  figs  and  grapes.  Johnsaiu     Prior.     Bailey. 

The  term  beecafico  is  applied  hy  the  Italians  to  dif- 
ferent ajjecies  of  small  birds  of  the  genus  Sylvia, 
when  in  a  condition  for  the  table.  P.  Cyc. 

BE-CALM',  (be-cim',)  v.  U    [he  and  calm.   See  Calm.] 

1.  To  still ;  to  make  quiet ;  to  appease ;  to  stop  or 
repress  motion  in  a  body  ;  used  of  the  elements  and 
of  the  passions;  as,  to  becalm  the  ocean,  or  the  mind. 
But  calm  is  gent-rally  used. 

2.  To  keep  from  motion  by  intercepting  the  current 
of  wind  ;  as,  binli  lands  becalm  a  ship. 

BE-eALM'£U,  (be-cimd',)   pp.  or  a.    Quieted;    ap- 
peased. 

2.  a.  Hindered  from  motion  or  progress  by  a  calm  j 
as,  a  ship  becalmed. 

BE  CXLM'IXG,  (be-c"dm'ing,)  ppr.    Appeasing;  keep- 
ing from  motion  or  progress. 

BE-CALM'ING,  (be-cilm'ing,)  n.     A  calm  at  sea. 

Herbert, 

BE-€.^ME'    pret  of  Become.    See  Become. 

BECAUSE',  (a  compound  word.)     [tiax.  be ;  Eng.  by 
and  cattle.    See  Bt  and  Cause.] 

By  cause,  or  by  the  cause ;  on  this  arrount ;  fur 
the  cause  which  is  explained  in  the  next  proposition  ; 
for  the  reason  next  explained.  Thus,  I  rind,  because 
I  wiis  afraid,  is  to  bo  thu!«  resolved  ;  f  tied,  by  Vte 
crtiwp,  for  the  eausfy  which  is  mentioned  in  the  next 
alTirmation,  \'\7..^  I  was  afraid.  Hence,  eau.'<e  being  a 
noun,  becau-ie  may  be  regularly  folluwed  by  o/. 

Thr  jpirit  ii  lif-,  beeau*t  ej  rijh(«niinc».  —  Rom.  »iii. 
Beca'i»e  Sif  theie  UiJii^  coirieth  llt«  wr.Uh  of  Oud   upon  the 
cbilkir>-n  of  diaotedJenw.  —  Kph.  v. 

BEe-eA-Bi;X"GA,  n,    [G.  bacK,  a  brook,  and  iun^a, 

a  basket  fur  catching  fi>*h.] 

Brooklime  speedwi  11  ;    Veronica  beccabunpa  ;    a 

European   plant,  common   in  diichea   and  shallow 

streams. 
BECH'A-MEL,  n.     A  kind  of  fine,  white  broth,  or 

Rauce,  thickened  with  cream.  Ciwley. 

BE-CHAN'CE',  r.  i.     [6e,  Ay,  and  cAanec]    To  betjill ; 

to  happen  to.  SAoA. 

BE-CIIARM',  r.  f.   [be  and  Oiarm.\  To  charm;  to  cap- 
tivate. BeauTiu  Sf  FL 
BE'CHie,  n.    [Gr.  i?r,x(*a,  from  3ni,  a  cough.] 

A  medicine  for  relieving  coughs,  synonymous  n'ith 

pecUn-at,  which  is  now  the  term  mostly  used. 

Qumey. 
BECK,  n.    A  gmall  brook.     Oray.    This  word,  Pax. 

becCf  Gcr.  bach^  D.  bedt,  Dan.  bxk^  Sw.    bxck^  Per. 


^vj  baJkh^  a  brook  or  rlvitlct,  la  found  In  the  Ir.  Ar. 

Ch.  P>T.  Sam.  rieb.  and  Eth.,  In  the  sen«  ofjtnwin^, 
as  tears,  weeping.  Gen.  xxxii.  22.  It  is  obsolcti;  in 
English,  but  is  found  in  the  name<t  of  towns  situated 
near  streams,  as  in  IValbeck;  but  is  more  frequent  in 
names  on  the  Continent,  as  in  Griesbach,  &c. 

BECK,  71.  [Sax.  beaen,  a  sign  ;  beacnian,  bycnian,  to 
beckon.  The  8w.  peka^  Dan.  pege,  signifies  to  point 
with  the  finEPr.l 

A  nod  of  the  head  ;  a  significant  nofl,  or  a  motion 
of  the  hand,  intended  to  be  understood  hy  some  per- 
son, especially  as  A  sign  of  command. 

BECK,  «.  t.  To  nod,  or  make  a  sign  with  the  head  or 
hand. 

BECK,  V.  £.  To  call  by  a  nod  ;  to  intimate  n  command 
to  ;  to  notify  by  a  motion  of  the  head  or  hand.  Hhak. 

BfiCK'£l),  (bikt,)  pp.  Called  or  notified  by  a  nod  or 
a  motion  of  thfr  hand. 

BECK'ET,  «.  A  thing  used  in  ships  to  confine  loose 
ropes,  tacktf's,  or  *par?<,  as  a  lurg.;  hook,  a  rope  with 
an  eye  at  one  end,  or  a  woodi'n  bracket.    Mar.  Dirt. 

BECK'I.N'G,  ppr.  Nodding  significantly ;  directing  by 
R  nod  or  motion  of  the  band. 

BECK'ON,  (bek'n,)  v.  i.  [See  Beck.]  To  make  a 
sign  to  another,  by  nodding,  winking,  or  a  motion 
of  the  hand  or  nngcr,  &.c.,  intended  as  a  hint  or  in- 
timation.    Art«  xix. 

BECK' ON,  (bek'n,)  v.  U  To  make  a  significant  sign 
to,  Dryden. 

BECK' ON,  M.    A  Blgn  made  without  fvords. 

Bidingbroke. 

BECK'ON-CT>,  pp.    Having  a  sign  made  to. 

BECK' ON-ING,  ppr.  Making  a  significant  sign  as  a 
bint, 

BE  ei-IP',  V.  L     [Sax.  beelyppm.] 

To  embrace.     [JVof  ?«  u-ie.]  Wlckliffe. 


BED 

BECLOUD',  V.  U  [See  Cloud.]  To  cloud  ;  to  ob- 
scure; to  dim.  Sidney. 

BF^CLOUD'El),  pp.    Clouded  ;  darkened. 

BE-CLOUD'INO,  ppr.  Overspreading  with  clouds  ; 
obscuring. 

BE-COME',(be-kum',)p.  i.;pret.  Became  \pp.  Become. 
[Sax.  bccuman,  to  fall  out  or  happen  ;  D.  bekoomen ; 
G.  bekommeriy  to  get  or  obtain ;  1? w.  bekomma  ;  Dan. 
bekommcy  to  obtain  ;  be  and  come.  The  Sax.  be  is  the 
Eng.  by.  These  significations  differ  from  the  sense 
in  English.  But  the  sense  is,  to  cmne  to,  to  arrive,  to 
reach,  to  fall  or  pass  to.  [.See  Come.]  Hence  the 
sense  of  suiting,  agreeing  with.  In  Sax.  cuman, 
Goth,  kwiman,  is  to  come ;  and  Sax.  ciDetnati  is  to 
please,  that  is,  to  suit  or  be  agreeable.] 

1.  To  pass  from  one  state  to  another  ;  to  enter  into 
some  stale  or  condition,  by  a  change  from  another 
state  or  condition,  or  by  assuming  or  receiving  new 
properties  or  qualities,  additional  matter,  or  a  new 
character  ;  as,  a  cion  become;^  a  tree. 

The  t>ord  God  br'>.-t(hed  into  his  nostrils  tlie  breath  of  tifc,  &nd 
*^     innn  btcame  a  licing  soul.  — <5cn.  U. 
To  [lie  Jews  I  bacame  as  .1  J<-w.  —  1  Cur.  Ik. 

2.  To  become  0/,  usually  with  u>hat  preceding;  to 
be  the  fate  of;  to  be  the  end  of;  to  be  the  tinal  or 
subsequent  conilition  ;  as,  what  will  become  of  our 
commerce  ?  ichat  will  become  ofws  ? 

In  the  present  tense,  it  applies  to  place  as  well  as 
condition.  What  has  become  of  my  friend .''  that  is, 
where  is  he;  as  well  as,  what  "is  his  condition; 
Where  is  he  become  1  used  by  ShaksiK-are  and  Spenser, 
is  obsol-'te  ;  but  this  is  tiie  sense  in  Saxon,  where 
has  he  fallen? 
BE-COME',  V.  t.  In  general,  to  suit  or  be  siiitable  ;  to 
becongnious;  to  befit ;  to  accord  with,  in  charactfT 
or  circumstances  ;  to  be  worthy  of,  decent,  or  proptr. 
It  is  used  in  tlie  same  sense  applied  to  persons  or 
tilings. 

If  I  btcom*  not  a  cart  oi  wnH  n»  nnoIhT  tnnn.  Shak. 

This  use  of  the  word,  however,  is  less  frequent,  the 
verb  usually  expressing  the  suitahlenoes  of  things  to 
persona  or  to  other  things;  as,  a  robe  becomes  a 
prince.  • 

It  beromea  me  so  to  spenk  of  «n  excllrnt  po^t.  Drylen. 

BE-€fiM'lN'G,  ppr.  or  a.,  but  used  rarely  or  never  ex- 
cept as  an  aujrrtive.  Fit;  suitable;  congnious ; 
proper ;  graceful ;  belonging  to  the  charactf.r,  or 
adapted  to  circumstances;  as,  he  speaks  with  be- 
coming tKddness  ;  n  dress  is  very  becoming. 

Some  writers  formerly  used  0/ after  this  word. 
Siicb  iliscounes  u  are  becoming  0/  ihrm.  Drydtrv. 

But  this  use  is  inelegant  or  improper. 
BE-COM'IXG,  a.     Ornament.     [Ohs.]  Shak. 

BE-€O.M'ING-LY,  adv.     After  a  becoming  or  proper 

manner. 
BE-€OM'ING-NESg,    n.      Fitness ;    congriiity  ;    pro- 
priety ;  decency  ;  gracefulness  arising  from  iitue.ss. 

OreiP. 
BE-CRTP'PLE,  t»,  U     [See  Cripple.]     To  make  lame  ; 

to  cripple.     [Ltttte  used.'] 
BE  CURL',  c.  L    To  curl.     [JVot  used.] 
BED,  11.     [Sax.  bed  ,■  D.  bed ;  <J.  belt  or  beet ;  Goth.  badi. 
The  sense  is  a  lay  or  spread,  frt<m  laying  or  setting.] 

1.  A  place  or  an  article  of  furniture  to  sleep  and 
take  rest  on  ;  in  modern  times,  and  among  civilized 
men,  a  sack  or  tick  filled  with  feath  rrs  or  wool  ;  but 
a  bed  may  be  made  of  stra^v  or  any  other  mati  rials. 
The  word  bed  includes  often  the  bedj*tead. 

2.  Lodging;  a  convenient  place  fur  sleep. 

3.  Marriage  ;  matrimonial  c<mncctiGn. 

Or-ori^,  tlw  eliiMl  son  iif  hi*  •'•coml  bed.  darenrfon. 

4.  A  plat  or  level  piece  of  ground  in  a  garden, 
usually  a  little  raised  abuve  the  adjoining  ground. 

Biicon. 

5.  The  channel  of  a  river,  orthat  part  in  whirh  the 
water  usually  (lows.  Milton. 

G.  Any  Imllow  place,  especially  in  the  arts  ;  a  hol- 
low place  in  which  any  thing  rests  ;  as,  the  bed  of  a 
moft-ir. 

7.  A  layer  ;  a  stratum  ;  an  extended  mass  of  any 
thing,  whether  upon  the  earth  or  within  it;  as,  a  bed 
of  !*utphur ;  a  bed  of  sand  or  clay. 

8,  Pain ;  torment.  Rev.  ii.  The  ^ve.  Is.  Ivii. 
The  lawful  tisi?  of  wedloek.    Heb.  xiii. 

The  bed  of  the  carriage  of  a  gun,  is  a  thick  plank 
which  lies  innler  the  piece,  being,  as  it  were,  tlic 
body  of  the  carriage. 

The  bed  of  a  mortar  is  a  solid  piece  of  oak,  hollow 
in  the  middle,  to  receive  the  breech  and  half  the 
trunnions. 

In  masonry,  bed  is  a  range  of  stones,  and  the  joint 
of  the  bed  is  the  mortar  between  the  two  stones 
placed  one  over  the  other.  Enajc. 

Bed  of  justice,  \n  France.  The  king  was  said  to 
hold  a  bed  of  jtuttice,  when,  going  in  person  ttt  a  re- 
frartory  parliament,  and,  seated  on  his  thnme,  (called 
W,  bed,)  he  caused  his  decrees  to  be  registered. 

Brande, 

To  make  a  bed,  is  to  put  it  in  order  after  it  has  been 
used. 

To  brinirto  bed,  to  deliver  of  a  child,  is  rarely  used. 
But  in  the  p-issive  form,  to  be  brought  to  bed,  that  is, 


BED 

to  be  delivered  of  a  child,  is  common.  It  is  often  fol- 
luwed by  of;  as,  to  be  brought  to  bed  o/a  son. 
To  put  to  bed.  in  midwifery,  is  to  deliver  of  a  child 
Dining  bed,  or  discubitory  bed  ;  among  the  ancients, 
a  bed  on  which  persons  lay  at  meals.  It  was  four 
or  five  feet  high,  and  would  hold  three  or  four  i)er- 
sons.  Three  of  these  beds  were  ranged  by  a  stpiare 
table,  one  side  of  the  table  being  left  open,  and  ac- 
cessible to  the  waiters.  Hence  the  I^aiin  name  for 
the  table  and  the  room,  tricUniam,  or  three  beds. 

Eneyc. 
F^om  bed  and  board.  In  law,  a  separation  of  »ian 
and  wifij,  without  dissolving  the  bands  of  matri- 
mony, is  called  a  separatiun  from  board  and  bed,  a 
mensa  et  toro.  In  this  case  the  wife  has  a  suitable 
maintenance  allotted  to  her  out  of  the  husband's 
estate,  calb^d  alimony.  BlacL\tone. 

BED    r.  L     To  place  in  a  bed.  Bacon. 

2.  To  go  to  bed  with.     [Umisval.]  Shak, 

3.  To  make  partaker  of  the  bed.  Bacon. 

4.  To  plant  and  inclose  or  cover ;  to  set  or  lay  and 
Inclose  ;  as,  to  be^I  the  roots  of  a  plant  in  soft  mold. 

5.  To  lay  in  any  hollow  place,  surrounded  or  in- 
closed ;  as,  to  bed  a  stone. 

6.  To  lay  in  a  place  of  rest  or  security,  covered, 
surrounded,  or  inclosed  ;  as,  a  fish  bedded  in  sand,  or 
under  a  bank. 

7.  To  lay  in  a  Rlrntum  ;  to  stratify  ;  to  lay  in  order, 
or  flat ;  as,  bedded  clay,  bedded  hairs.  Shak. 

BED,  V.  i.     To  cohabit ;  to  use  the  same  bed. 

If  h-*  be  RiKiTietl,  and  bed  wiili  his  wife.  Wiftman, 

BI^DAB'BLE,  v.  U  [be  and  dabble.}  To  wet;  to 
sprinkle. 

Beflnbh'.rd  with  the  dew.  Shak. 

BE-DAB'BLi::D,pp.    Wet;  sprinkled. 

BK-DAirBLLVG,  p/w.     Wetting;  sprinkling. 

BE-DAFF',  r.  £.    To  make  a  fool  of.     [jVot  in  use.] 

Cha  Hcer. 

BED'A-GAT,  n.  The  name  of  the  sacred  books  of  the 
Botidhists  in  llitrmah.  Malcom, 

BE-DAG'GLE,  r.  t.  [he  and  daggle.]  To  soil,  as 
clothes,  by  drawing  tne  enda  in  the  mud,  or  spatter- 
ing tlnin  with  dirty  water. 

BE-DAG'GL£D,  pp.  Soiled  by  reaching  the  luud  in 
walking:  bespattering. 

B&dAE',  v.  U  [be  and  dar*.]  To  dare;  to  defy. 
[J\rot  »i--rrf.]  Pecle. 

BE  DARK',  V.  U  [be  and  dark.]  To  darken.  [A*w( 
used,]  Qotccr. 

BE-DARK'/CN-^Tt,  pp.    Darkened  ;  obscured. 

BEDASH',  r.  L  [be  and  dash.]  To  wet  by  throwing 
water  nr  otlier  liquor  upoh  ;  to  bespatter  with  water 
or  mud. 

BE-DASn»KD,  (be-dasht',)  pp  Bespattered  with  water 
or  other  liquid. 

BE-DASH'I\G,  ppr.  Bespattering,  dashing  water 
upon,  or  other  liquid. 

BEDAUB',  r.  t.  [be  and  daub.]  To  daub  over:  to 
besmear  with  viscous,  slimy  matter;  to  soil  with 
any  thing  thick  and  dirty.  Shak. 

BI'-DAUB'KD,  pp.     Daubed  over;  besmeared. 

BK-DAril'lXG,  ]>pr.     Daubing  over;  besmearing. 

BE^DAZ'ZLE,  r.  (.  [be  and  dazzle.]  To  confound  the 
sight  by  too  strong  a  light ;  to  make  dim  by  lustier. 

Shak. 

BE*DAZ'7LKD,  pp.  Having  the  sight  confounded  by 
too  strdMg  a  light. 

BPM)A/'ZL[NG,  ppr.  Confounding  or  making  dim 
by  a  liKi  brilliant  luster. 

BK  DA'/'ZLL\G-LY,  adv.     So  as  to  bedazzle. 

IIED'-BUG,  71.  A  troublesome  insert  of  an  ofiVnnive 
smell,  {Cimcx  Icctulariiu,)  which  infests  the  crevices 
of  lictlstends,  &.C.       P.  Cue.     Partington.     Brande. 

Bl'.D'-CIIAIR,  iu  A  r.hair  Tor  the  sick,  with  a  movable 
back,  which  rises  or  falls,  to  sustain  tbeni  while  sit- 
ting up  in  bed. 

BED'-CMAM-HER,  n.  [ftrd  and  chamber.]  An  apart- 
ment, or  chamber  intended  or  appropriated  for  a  bed, 
or  for  sleep  and  ro|>ose. 

BED'-eLOTHES.  n.  pL  [bed  and  clothe^.]  Blankets,  or 
coverli'ts,  &c.,  fvr  beds.  Shale 

BED'DEI),  jrjt.  or  a.  Laid  in  a  bed  ;  inclosed  as  in  a 
bed  ;  slnilified. 

BED'DER,         (  n.  [from  bed.]  The  nether  stone  of  an 

BE-DKT'TER,  \      oil  mill.  Chalmers. 

BKD'DING,  ppr.    Laying  in  a  bed  ;  inclosing  as  in  a 

bed. 

BED'DING,  n.  A  bed  and  its  furniture  ;  a  bed  ;  the 
materials  of  a  bed,  whether  for  man  or  beast.  Spenser. 

BE-DEAD',  (be-ded',)  v.  t.     To  deaden.       Nallpeeli. 

BEDECK',  V.  t.  [be  and  deck.]  To  deck  ;  to  adorn  ;  to 
grace.  Shak. 

BEDECK'  KD,  (be-dekt'.)  pp.    Adorned  ;  ornamented. 

BE-DECK'ING, /(pr.     Adorning;  decking. 

BED'E-<;UAR,  (gir,)  n.  A  hairy  or  sjiongy  substance 
on  rose-bushes,  produced  by  the  puncture  of  certain 
insects,  and  once  supiK>sed  to  have  valuabli;  med- 
ical pr(i|>erties.  Booth. 

Br:DE'-HOUSE,  n.     [Sax.  head,  a  prayer,  and  house.] 
Fortuerly,  a  hospital  or  alms-house,  where  the  poor 
prayed  f(»r  their  founders  and  benefactors. 

BE'DATj,  (bG'dl,)  n.  An  oflicer  in  the  universities  of 
England ;  a  messenger  or  crier  ai  a  court ;  an  in- 


TOP^,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8 C  as  K  ;  0  as  J ;  S  a."!  Z ;  CH  as  SHj.TH  as  in  THIS. 


100 


BED 

tetk€  oAc«r  of  a  poriiUi.    [A  peculiar  orthography 

BC'0£L-R.Y,  m.    The  extent  of  a  beadle's  omcp. 

Blount. 

BE-OEVn^  (-drrn,)  r.  L  To  throw  into  uiier  dis- 
order and  confusion ;  as  if  bjr  the  agL>ncy  of  evil 
uptritH.  SowtA. 

BE^OEV'/I^jrD,  pp.  or  0.  Thrown  into  utter  disorder 
and  cunfUaioo.  T.  IrriHe. 

BB-DEWS  «.  L  [be  and  dne.]  To  moisu-n,  as  with 
4ew ;  to  Boteen  in  a  jcentle  manner  with  any  hquid ; 
m*.  ii-srs  Srdtnt  her  face.  Shak. 

BV  in'-<tude',)  pp.    Moistened,  aa  if  with 

<:  iiioi.'itt'nfu. 

BK  Thai  which  bedews.       Skewwtd, 

B&-UKU 'UNO,  ppr.  MoUening  gently,  as  with  dew  j 
wetting. 

BB-I)E\V'Y,  a.     Moist  with  d.»w.     [UttU  useA,^ 

BED'-FEL-LAVV,  a.  [bt4  and/aU**.]  One  who  lie« 
with  aiu>th«-r  in  the  same  bed.  Skak. 

BKl>'-ilA\G-ii\G?,  K.  pi.     Cintatiis.  Sk4Ju 

BS-OIGUT',  (be^Kn',)  «.  t,  [kt  and  rfi^J^]  Toadum  \ 
to  dreaa;  lo  set  off*  with  ornamenu    \^UttU  ntedj] 

Mom. 

BR-niOHT',        i  pp.    Adorned  ;  ■  set  off  with  orna- 
1     BE-niCHT'ED,  I     mentih 
r   BE  ItltiHT'l.NG,  ppr.    Adomine. 
1;  Blv-DIM',  r.  L    [freand  dim.]    To  malie  dim  j  to  ob- 
scure or  d.irken.  &da«y. 

BE-DI.M'MKD,  pp.  Made  dim;  obwiind. 

B&l}IM'MlNG,ppr.  Making  dim;  obacuringj  dark- 
ening. 

BE-Pl!<'MAT..  f*.  t.    To  make  dismal.  Stmdad. 

BE  '  '  '  ^  V-diR'in.)  r.  u  [6«  and  diieiu]  To 
V  k.     [A  lorn  irenL] 

Bl  '.pp.    Bedecked ;  adorned. 

BL  1-1^.  r..i-i.«G,ppr.    Adorning. 

BEb'LAM,  a.    rComipled  from  BrthUtemj  the  name 
of  a  rehgkNU  ooase  in  London,  aTtcrward  converted 
into  ft  lios]iilal  for  lunaUcs.} 
L  A  qud-lKKue  j  a  place  appropriated  for  lunatics. 

S.  A  iftiilmsn  ;  a  lunatic  ;  one  who  live*  in  Bfd- 
3.  Kgwr€tintUt  a  place  of  uproar.  [lam.    Shak. 

BED'LAn,  a.  Betonging  lo  a  mad-bouse ;  fit  fur  a 
mad-hoose.  .SAoJfc. 

BED'LAM-TTE,  a.  Ad  Inhabitant  of  a  mad-Ause;  a 
nin«ln)-in.  A  Jatuoiu 

BED'-MaK-ER,  a.  [»fitfaDd«aJfcer.]  One  whose  oc- 
cnpaliun  is  to  make  lieda,  as  in  a  college  or  univer- 
sity. Spfetator, 

BED'-MATE,  a.    [hed  and  «wf«.l   A  bed-fellow.  Skmk. 

B£D'-MOU>-n«G,  a.    [*W  and  wuUn^.] 

In  mrtkiuetmrt,  the  memlwra  of  a  cornice,  which 
are  piaced  below  the  coronet,  eoosisting  of  an  ogee, 
a  list,  a  large  boultinc,  and  another  list  under  the 
conmeL  Emetfc 

BE-DOTE',  V,  L  [be  and  date.]  To  make  to  dote^ 
[.We  m  usr.}  Ckaacer. 

BED'OU-IX,  (bed'oo-f«n,)  a.  The  name  of  those 
Arabs  who  live  in  tents,  and  are  scattered  over 
Arabia,  Eo'pi,  and  other  parts  of  Africa. 

BEiy-PCST;  H.  [bed  and  po«c]  The  post  of  a  bed- 
stead. 

BED'-PRE?S-ER,  m.  [M  and  pps».]  A  lazy  ft- !Iow  ; 
om,*  who  loves  his  bed.  Skttk. 

BED'-QUILT,  k.    a  quilted  spread  or  cover  for  a  bed. 

BE-DRAG'GLE,  r.  L  [be  and  dmgfte.l  To  soil,  as 
garments  which  are  suffered,  in  walkmg,  to  reach 
the  dirt ;  to  soil  by  drawing  along  on  mud.    S«tft 

BE-DR  AG'GL£D,  pp.  Soiled  by  reaching  the  dirt,  in 
walking. 

BE-DRAG'GLING,  ppr.  Soiling  by  drawing  along  in 
din  or  mud. 

BE-DREXCH',  r.  L  [be  and  rfi-oicA.]  To  drench  ;  to 
•uek ;  to  saturate  with  moisture:  applied  to  tkinga 
wkick  imbibt  moLttttre.  SAak, 

BE-DRENCH'£D,  (be-drencht',}  pp.  Drenched ; 
soaked. 

BE- DRENCH 'IXG,  ppr.    Soaking  ;  drenching. 

BEIVRID,  t  a.     [bed  and  Hde:  Sax.  bcdruta,] 

B^fyKlD-DESf  i  Confined  to  the  bed  by  age  or  in- 
firm it  v.  Skak. 

BEU'RfTE,  «.  [bed  and  riU.]  The  privilege  of  the 
marriage  bed. 

BEO'ROOM,  a.    [bed  nnd  room.]    A  room  or  apartment 
intended  or  ased  for  a  bed  ;  a  lodging-room. 
3.  Room  in  a  bed.     [.VoC  in  use.]  Shak. 

BE-DROP,  V.  L  [be  and  drop.]  To  sprinkle,  as  with 
dmpa.  Chaucer. 

BE-DROP'PED,  (be-dropt',)  pp.  Sprinkled,  as  with 
drops;  speckled;  variegated  with  spots. 

BED':?IDE,  It.     The  side  of  the  bed.  .Vlddlrton. 

BEp'STAFF,  n.  [*eJ  and  sViff.]  A  wooden  pin  an- 
ciently inserted  on  the  sides  of  bedsteads,  to  keep 
the  clothes  from  slipping  on  either  aide.      Johnson. 

BED'STEAD,  (bed'sted,)  n.  [bed  and  slead.]  A  frame 
for  supporting  a  bod. 

BED'STRAW,  n.  [bed  and  strait.]  Straw  laid  under 
a  bed  to  make  it  soft  ;  ai~o,  a  name  common  to  dif- 
ferent i*p^ir«  of  plants,  of  the  genus  Galium. 

BED'SWERV-ER,  n.  [bfd  and  *irerre.]  One  that 
swen-'es  from  his  bed  ;  that  i-*,  one  who  is  false  and 
unfaithful  to  the  marriage  vow.  Shak. 


BEE 

BED'TH'K,  ».  A  case  of  strong  lin<>n  or  cotton  cloth, 
used  for  inclosing  the  feathers  orothur  mnterlnls  of  a 
iM-d.  BootA. 

BEL)  TIME,  n.  [bed  and  time.]  The  time  to  go  to 
re^t  :  tht^  usual  Hour  of  fToing  to  hr.-d.  Shak. 

BEDUCK',  r.  f.  [be  and  dtiek.]  To  duck  ;  to  put  the 
head  under  water  ;  to  immerse.  Sprn.irr. 

BF^!)IIXG',  V.  t.    To  cover  with  dung.         Bp.  Hall. 

BI-MJUS T',  p.  u  [be  and  dust.]  To  sprinkle,  soil,  or 
cover  with  dune  Shmrood. 

BED'WARD,  Site,    [frad  and  ward.]    Toward  bed. 

Shtik. 

BE-DWARF',  r.  L  [be  and  dwarf.)  To  make  little  ; 
tn  stunt  or  hinder  growth.  DoitMr. 

BED'WOKK,  «.  [bed  and  work.]  Work  done  in  bed, 
without  toil  of  the  hands,  or  with  ease.  Shak. 

B£-U¥E',  V.  L    [be  and  dye.]    To  dye  ;  to  stain. 

Spenser. 

Br^D1?'£D,  (be-dlde' )  pp.    I>ved  ;  stained. 

BEE,  n.  rSai.  »«;  D.  b^e;  G.  biene ;  i^w.bij;  Dan. 
bie ;  Ir.  bfoek  ;  It.  pMcAia  ;  Sp.  aheja.     Class  Be.] 

I.  An  insect  of  llie  g'-nus  .Apis.  [See  Apis.]  The 
species  are  numerous,  of  which  the  honey-bee  is  the 
most  interesting  to  man.  It  has  been  cultivated  from 
the  earliest  periods,  for  its  wax  and  honey.  It  lives 
in  swarms,  or  societies,  of  from  10,000  to  50,000  iiidi- 
vidualei.  These  swarms  contain  thn-c  classes  of  bees  ; 
the  females  or  queen  bees,  of  which  there  is  only  one 
in  each  swarm,  the  malr^s  or  dron<'s,  and  the  neuters 
or  working  bees.  Of  the  former,  there  is  only  one  in 
each  hive  or  swarm,  whose  sole  office  is  to  proiia- 

Ste  the  species.  It  is  much  larger  than  the  otJur 
esb  The  drones  8er\'e  merely  for  impregnating  the 
queen jjifter  which  they  are  destroyed  by  the  neu- 
tcra.  These  last  are  the  laborers  of  the  hive.  They 
collect  the  honey,  form  the  cells,  and  feed  the  other 
bees  and  the  young.  Th^y  are  furnished  will)  a  pro- 
boscis, or  tongue,  by  which  they  cotlt-ct  the  honey 
ttom  flowers,  and  a  mouth,  by  which  they  swallow 
it,  and  then  convey  it  lo  the  hive  in  their  stomachs, 
where  they  disgorge  it  into  the  ct.')ls.  The  jH^llen  of 
flowers  setili-s  on  the  hairs  with  which  thtir  body  is 
covered,  whence  it  is  collected  into  pillets  by  n  brush 
on  their  second  pair  of  legw,  and  depijaited  in  a  hol- 
low in  the  third  pair.  It  is  called  bee-bread,  and  is 
the  food  of  the  larrm  or  young.  The  adult  bees  feed 
on  honey.  The  wax  was  supposed  to  be  formed 
from  pollfn  by  a  dieestive  proc*-«s,  but  it  in  now  as- 
certained that  it  is  formed  n-om  the  honey  by  a  simi- 
lar process.  The  females  and  neuters  have  a  barl>ed 
sting,  attached  to  a  hag  of  poisrm,  which  Hows  into 
the  wound  inflicted  by  the  sting.  When  a  hive  is 
overstocked,  a  new  cotunv  is  sent  out  under  the  di- 
rection of  a  queen  bee.  This  is  called  ^trarmin^. 
Cyc  Etl.  Encyc 
52.  In  .America,  joint,  voluntary,  and  gratuitous  aid 
afforded  by  neii^hbvtrs  to  their  minister,  or  to  any  per- 
son in  need.  Al^o,  an  asacmbly  of  ladies  to  ^w  for 
the  poor. 

BEE'-BREAD,  n.  [bee  and  bread.]  A  brown,  bitter 
substance,  the  ftnllen  of  flowers  collected  by  bees,  as 
f{KxI  for  llieir  young.     [See  Bee.] 

BEE'-£AT-ER,  a,  [A«  and  eat.]  A  bird  that  feeds 
on  bees.  A  name  common  to  the  diffrent  species  of 
birds  of  the  genus  Merops,  of  which  the  M.  Apiaster 
of  Europe  is  remarkable  fur  tlic  brilliancy  of  its  plu- 
mage. Kncye. 

BEE'-FLOW-ER,  n.  [bee  and  fiower.]  A  plant ;  a 
species  of  Ophrys  or  Twyblade,  wliose  flowers  rep- 
resent singtilar  figures  of  bees,  flies,  and  other  in- 
sects. Rneve. 

BEE'-GXR-D^X,  n.  [Am  and  garden.]  A  garden  or 
inclosure  to  set  bee-hives  in.  Johnson. 

BEE'-GLPE,  n.  [bee  and  flue.]  A  soft,  unctuous 
matter  with  which  bees  cement  the  combs  to  tlie 
hives,  and  close  up  the  cells  ;  called  also  propolis. 

Eitcye, 

BEE'-HIVE,  n.  [bee  and  Aire.]  A  case,  box,  or  other 
hollow  vessel,  which  serves  as  a  tiabitation  for  bees. 
Hives  are  made  of  various  materials,  as  of  boards, 
the  hollow  trunk  of  a  tree,  wiiiit-s  of  straw,  or  glass. 

BEE'-MAS-TER,  n,  [bee  and  masUr.]  One  wlio  keeps 
))«,■««.  Mortimer. 

BEE'-MOTII,  n.  A  moth  from  whose  eggs  are  pro- 
duced caterpillarii,  whirh  infest  bee-hives. 

BEECH,  n.  [Sax.  bece^  boa  D.  beuke,  or  hntkenhoom  : 
Ger.  buche^  or  bucKbaam;  Slav,  boku;  Russ.  buk;  Gr. 
d'l^ofi  Ju.fapis;  It.  fajTirio;  Sp.  katja  ;  Vori.  fuia- 
In  Saxon,  bee  and  boc  is  a  hook.  U  may  be  that 
beech  is  properly  the  name  of  bark,  and  this  being 
used,  by  our  rude  ancestors,  as  the  material  for  writ- 
ing, the  word  came  to  signify  a  book.] 

A  tree  arranged  by  Linnxiis  under  the  genus  Fa- 
g-us^  with  Hie  chestnut ;  but  the  latter  is  now  placed 
in  a  distinct  genus,  (Castanea.)  The  beech  grows  to 
a  large  size,  with  branches  forming  a  beautiful  head, 
with  thick  f  Jiage.  The  bark  is  smooth  and  of  a  sil- 
v<T>'  cast.  The  mast  or  nuts  are  the  food  of  swine, 
and  of  certain  wild  animals,  and  yield  a  good  oil  fur 
lamps.  When  eaten  by  man,  tiiey  are  said  to  occa- 
sion ciddiness  and  headach.  Enci/c 

BEECH'-COAL,  n.  [6«cA  and  coal.]  Charcoal  "from 
beech  wood. 

BEECU'£-V,  (beech'n,)  a.    Consisting  of  the  wood  or 


BEE 

bark  of  the  beech  ;  belonging  to  the  beech  ;  as,  a 
beechrn  vessel.  Dnjdrn, 

BEECir-MAST,  n.     The  fruit  or  nuts  of  the  beech. 

BEECir-NUT,  H.     The  nut  of  the  beech-tree. 

BEECII'-OIL,  n.  [beech  and  oil.]  Oil  expressed  fmm 
the  mast  or  nuts  of  the  beech-tree.  It  is  used  in  Pic- 
ardy,  and  in  other  parts  of  France,  instead  of  butter ; 
but  is  said  to  occasion  heaviness  and  pains  in  the 
Htoinarh.  Eneuc. 

BEECir-TREE,  n.     [beech  and  tree.]     The  beerh. 

BEEF,  n.  [Fr.  ba-u/y  an  ox  ;  Arm.  bevin  ;  It.  bue;  Sp. 
bueij  ;  Port,  botj :  W.  butf>;  Corn,  bi/uh,  an  ox  ;  Ir.  fto, 
a  cow,  pi.  bvaihk;  L.  bos^  bovis ;  Gr.  /iovq.] 

1.  An  animal  of  the  b(»vinG  genus,  whether  ox, 
bull,  or  cow  ;  but  used  of  those  which  are  full  gniwn 
or  nearly  so.  In  this,  which  is  the  original  sense, 
the  word  has  a  plural,  beeves. 

2.  The  flesh  of  an  ox,  bull,  or  cow,  or  of  bovine 
animals  generally,  when  killed.  In  popular  language, 
the  word  Is  often  applied  to  the  live  animal ;  as,  an 
ox  is  good  beef;  that  is,  well  fattened.  In  tiiis  sense, 
thf  word  has  no  plural. 

BEEF,  a.  Consisting  of  the  flesh  of  the  ox,  or  of  bo- 
vine animals  ;  as,  a  Ar^^-stenk.  Sw\ft 
BEEF'-eAT-ER,  n.  [hrrf  and  eat]  [Corrupted  in  its 
second  meaning,  from  buff'tier,  a  keeiier  of  the  burtVt 
or  sideboard,  bccausesoun'of  them  were  originally  ar- 
ranged at  flide-tabli^s,  at  solemn  festivals.  Eiic.  Jim.] 
1.  One  that  eats  beef. 

9.  A  ptipular  appellation  for  the  yeomen  of  the 
guard,  in  England. 

3.  The  IJuphnca  Africana,  an  African  bird  that 
feeds  on  the  larvae  which  nestle  under  tho  hides  of 
oxen. 

4.  In  popular  ttsf,  a  stout,  fleshy  man. 
BEEF'STEAK,  n.     [berf  ami  steak'.]     Aeteak  or  slice 

of  beef  broiled  or  for  broiling. 
BEEF'-WIT-TEU,  a.  [beef  and  itiU]      DtUI  In  intel- 

li'cts  ;  stupid  ;  heavy-headed.  Shak. 

BEELD,  n.     [Sax.  bchlijthin.  lo  cover.] 

Pn)tfCtion  ;  rrrfuge.  [OA.-*.]   A  shed  for  cattle.  Fnirfaz. 
BE-EL'ZE-BUB,   n.     A  prince  of  devils.     [The  word 

signifies  the  deity  of  flies.] 
BEE'MOL,  n.    Inmusic,  a  naif  note.  Bacon. 

BEE\,  [Sax.  beou.] 

ParL  perf.  of  Be  ;  pronounced  biru    In  old  authors, 

it  is  {Uso  the  present  tense  pUiral  of  De. 
BEEN,  n.     A  fretted  striiiKed  instrument  of  music  of 

the  guitar  kind,  having  nineteen    frets ;   used  in 

India.  -?s.  Re^tearchcs. 

BEER,  n,     [W.  Air;  Fr.  Aiere;  Arm.  Ayer,  Air,  Aw;  D. 

and  G.  bier  i  It.  Airra.] 

1.  A  fermented  liquor  made  from  any  farinaceous 
gntin ;  but  generally  from  barley,  which  is  first 
malted  and  ground,  and  its  fermr-ntable  substance 
then  extracted  by  hot  water.  This  extract  or  infu- 
sion is  evaptirated  by  boiling  in  caldrons,  and  hops 
or  some  other  plant  of  an  agreeable  bitterness  added. 
The  liquor  is  then  suffered  to  ferment  in  vats.  Beer 
is  of  difff-ront  degrees  of  strength,  and  is  denomi- 
nated smali  beer,  ale,  porter,  brown-stout,  &.C.,  accord- 
ing to  its  strength,  or  other  peculiar  qualities.  Encyc. 

2.  Beer  is  a  name  given  in  America  to  f;;rmcnting 
liquors  made  of  various  other  materials  ;  and  when 
a  decoction  of  the  roots  of  plants  forms  part  of  the 
composition,  it  is  called  simng-becr,  from  the  season 
in  which  it  is  made.    There  is  also  root-beer, 

BEER'-RAR-REL,  ti.     A  barrel  fur  holding  beer. 

BEER'-IIOUSE,  n.  A  liouse  where  malt  liquors  are 
sf)1d ;  an  ale-house. 

BEEST'I.VGS.     See  Biestings. 

BEES'-WAX,  n.  The  wax  collected  by  bees,  and  of 
which  their  cells  are  constructed. 

BEET,  n.  [D.  biet;  Ger.  becte;  It.  bietola;  W.  betysenj 
L.  beta ;  Ft  bette.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Beta.  The  species  cultivated 
in  gardens  are  the  cicla  and  vulgaris,  or  white  and 
red  beet.  There  are  many  varieties  ;  some  with 
lung  taper  roots,  and  others  with  flat  rotits,  like 
tunicps.  The  root  furnishes  a  large  po.-tion  of  sugar, 
which  is  manufactured  in  France  on  a  great  scale. 

Cyc. 

BEE'TLE,  w.  [Sax.  AW,  or  bytl,  a  mallet;  Arte/,  the 
insect,  beetle.] 

1.  A  heavy  mallet  or  wmjden  hammer,  used  to 
drive  wedges,  beat  pavements,  &,c.,  having  one,  two, 
or  three  handles  for  as  many  men  to  use  it ;  called 
also  a  stamper,  or  rammer. 

2.  In  zoology,  a  popular  name  common  to  the  dif- 
ferent species  of  insects,  of  the  genus  Scarabaens, 
Linn.  The  generic  characters  are,  clavated  an- 
tenux,  fissile  longitudinally,  legs  frequently  den- 
tated,  and  wings  which  have  hard  cases,  or  sheaths. 
Thf^y  are  of  different  sizes;  from  that  of  a  pin's  head 
to  lliat  of  a  man's  fist.  They  have  various  names, 
as  the  Maying,  or  door-bcctle,  cock-chaffer,  the 
tHJvble-dung,  the  elephant-brede,  &.C.  The  latter, 
found  in  South  Amr-rica,  is  the  largest  species,  being 
nenrly  four  inches  long.  Encyc. 

The  term  beetle  is  common,  in  popular  language,  to 
all  insects  with  hard  or  shelly  wing-cases,  as  the 
Coleoptentj  and  some  of  the  Orthoptera,  as  the  cock- 
roach.   It  IS  more  appropriate  to  the  Scambiei. 

Cyc     Partington, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE",  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


BEF 

BEETLE,  Ctwe'tl,)  r.  ?,  To  jut ;  to  be  prominent ;  to 
hang  or  extend  out ;  aa,  a  clilf  that  beetles  over  its 
base.  SfuJt. 

BEE'TLE-BROW,  n.  [beetle  and  broic.]  A  prominent 
brow.  S/uik. 

BEE'TLE-BROW-£U,  a.    Having  prominent  bivwa. 

BEE'TLE-HEAD,  n.  [beetle  and  head.]  A  stupid  fel- 
low. Scot, 

BEE'TLE-HEAD-ED,  (bS'tl-hpd-ed,)  a.  Having  a 
ht-ad  like  a  beetle  j  dull ;  stupid.  S/taJc. 

BEE'TLE-STOCK,  71.  [beetle  and  stock.]  The  handle 
oVa  beetle.  Spenser. 

BEE'TLING,  ppr.  or  a.  Jutting;  being  prominent j 
standing  out  from  the  main  body.  Thomsoii. 

BEET'-Ka  VE,       )  Tu    A  kind  of  beet,  used  for  salad. 

BEET'-RAD-ISU,  (  .^sh. 

BEEVES,  n.;pL  of  Beef.  Cattle;  quiidrtipeds  of  the 
bovine  genus,  called  in  England  black  catle. 

BE-FALL',i'.  t.  f  prei.  Befell  jjjart.  Befau-ex.  [Sax. 
b^iiilan^  of  be  and  fall.] 

To  happen  to  ;  to  occur  to ;  as,  let  me  know  the 
wcH^t  that  can  brfall  me.  It  usually  denotes  ill.  It 
is  generally  transitive  in  form,  but  there  seems  to  be 
an  ellipsis  of  to,  and  to  sometimes  follows  it. 

BE-FALL',  V.  i.    To  happen  ;  to  come  to  pass. 

I  hare  rercaJed  UiM  dtscorJ  which  be/eli,  MUlon. 

To  bffall  of,  is  not  leeitimate. 

BE-PALL'£.V,  (be-fawl'n,)  pp.     Fallen  on. 

BE-FALL'I\G,  tu    That  which  befalls;  an  event. 

BE-FALL'ING,  ppr.  Happening  to  j  occurring  to; 
coming  lo  pass. 

BE-FELL',;rt-rt.  of  Befall. 

BEFIT',  r.  L  [be  and  JiL]  To  suit ;  lo  be  suiuble  to ; 
to  become. 

That  name  best  b^^lta  the*'.  MUtott, 

BE-FIT'TING,ppr.  or  a.    Suitine;  becoming. 

BF^FLAT'TER,  v.  u     To  fl^itter. 

BE-FOAM',  V.  (.  [be  and  foam.]    To  cover  with  foam. 

[Uttlt  used.] 
BEFOGGED,  a.    Involved  in  a  fog.  Irving. 

BE-FOOL',  r.  u  [be  and  fooL]     To  fool ;  to  infatuate  ; 

to  delude  or  lead  into  error. 

Men  b^ool  tinanm^Wf*.  South, 

BE-FOOL'£D,  pp.     Fooled  ;  deceived  ;  led  into  error. 
BE-FOOL'ING,  ppr.     Fooling;  making  a  fool  of;  de- 
ceiving; infatuating. 
BE-FORE',  prrp.  [be  and  fore,  that  is,  bij,  fvrf-^  near 
the  fore   part.    c?ax.  before,  or    beforaa,  retained  by 
Chaucer  in  befom.] 

1.  In  front ;  on  the  side  with  the  face,  at  nny  dis- 
tance ;  used  of  persons.  Milton, 

2.  In  presence  of,  with  the  idea  of  power,  author- 
ity, respect, 

Abrih-im  bowpd  hefort  thr  prflpl?  of  the  Innd.  — O^n.  xxiil. 
Whcn:wiUul  ahjiil  1  come  bi/ore  thL'  LonI  ?  —  MiC^h  vl. 

3.  In  sight  of;  as,  before  the  face. 

4.  In  the  presence  of,  noting  cognizance  or  juris- 
diction. 

Both  patties  dialJ  come  hrfore  the  Judgr.  — Ex.  xxii. 

5.  In  the  power  of,  noting  the  right  or  ability  to 
ciiooae  at  poesets ;  frt-e  to  the  choice. 

The  worM  w«s  nil  htfart  ^irxR.  MUttm. 

My  land  b  before  Ux-e.  —  Gen.  xx. 

A.  In  front  of  any  object ;  as,  before  the  bouse,  be- 
fore the  fire. 

7.  Preceding  in  time, 

Btfbrt  I  «rxi  sITlkt^l,  1  wmt  utrmf .  —  Ps.  cxtz. 
B*/ort  Abrthun  was,  I  un.  —  John  vlii. 

Here  the  preposition  has  a  sentence  following  for 
an  object. 

6.  In  preference  Xo. 

And  ))e  tet  £phrsini  be/ore  JVIanuvh. — Qeo.  xlvQI. 
Pi/Trnj  is  deHTAbk-  before  tonwiita.  Tbytor. 

9.  Superior  ;  preceding  in  dignity. 

tie  (hat  conmh  after  me  i*  preferred  btfort  ine,  for  be  wis  btfor* 

ow. — John  i. 

10.  Prior  to;  having  prior  right;  |m!ceding  tn 
order  ;  as,  the  eldest  M>n  is  before  the  younger  in 
succession. 

IJ.  Previous  to  ;  in  previous  order;  in  order  to. 

Btfort  this  treatise  tan  become  of  u*o,  two  poinu  an  n^o-Maiy. 

[See  Xo.  7.] 

12.  Bffvre  the  wtnrf,  drnotes  in  the  direction  of 
the  wind  and  by  \is  impulse. 
BE-FORE',  ativ.     In  time  preceding. 

Too  trll  me  what  1  Ih»cw  before.  Dryd^n. 

1.  In  time  prccedinff,  to  the  present,  or  to  this 
time;  hitherto;  ns,  tumults  tlien  arose  which  brfore 
were  unknown. 

2.  Further  onward  in  place,  In  progress,  or  in  front. 

R.-:irhi[.^  iIjOIi  to  lhf«p  tiling*  which  are  6«/or«.  —  Phil.  ill. 

3.  In  front ;  on  the  fore  part. 

Th"  biul"  was  hffort  and  behind.  —  SChron.  xiii. 
In  some  of  the  examples  of  the  useof  Ar/w^,  which 
Johnu^m  places  under  the  adverb,  the  word  \*  a  prep- 
osition governing  a  Sf-ntenre;  ti»,^^  Brfore  the  hills 
appeared."  This  is  the  real  construction,  however 
overlooked  or  misunderstood. 


BEG 

BI^Ff>RK'C'rr-E[>,  o.    Cited  in  a  preceding  part. 
BE-FoRE'HANO,  m/f.  [bffure  and  hand.]     In  a  state 

of  anticipation  or  preoccupation;  often  followed  by 

with  i  as,  you  are  btforeJianJ  with  me. 

2.  Antecedently;  by  way  of  preparation  or  prelim- 
inary ;  aforetime.     .Matt,  xiii,     1  Tim.  v, 

3.  In  a  state  of  accumulation,  so  as  that  more  has 
been  received  than  expended.  A  man  is  beftn-eiiand. 
[la  this  use  it  is  more  properly  an  ojljrctive.] 

4.  At  first :  bt-fore  anv  tiling  is  done.    UEstrange. 
BE-F(!)UE'MEN-TIOX-£D,  a.     Mt-utioned  before. 
BE-FoKE'TlME,  adv.   [before  ixwd  time.]     Formerly; 

of  old  time.     1  Sam.  ix.    Josh.  ix.     [OAs.l 

BE-FOR'TUNE,  p.  (.  [be  and/urittH*.]  To  happen  to; 
to  betide.  Shak. 

BE-FOUL',  B.  (.    [Sax.  hrfylan ;  be  and  foul.] 
To  make  foul ;  to  soil. 

BE-FRIE\D',  (he-frend' )  v.  t.  [be  and  friend.]  To 
favor  ;  to  act  as  a  friend  to;  to  countenance,  aid,  or 
bcn.^fit.  ShaJc 

Blv-FRIE\D'ED,  pp.    Favored  ;  cotintenanced. 

BE-FRJEND'Ii\fi,  ppr.  Favoring;  assisting  as  a 
frii-nd  ;  sJiowing  kindness  to. 

BE-FKINGE',  (b^-frinj',)  0.  U  [be  and  fringe.]  To  fur- 
nish with  a  fringe  ;  to  adorn  as  with  fringe.   Falter, 

BE-FRING'/CD,  pp.     Adorned  as  with  a  fringe. 

BE-FLTR'RrD,  a.    Covered  with  fur. 

BEG, ;  Tt,     [The  Turks  write  this  Wbrd  begh,  or  ftei, 

B£V,  I       but  pninounce  it  bay.] 

In  the  Turkish  dominions^  a  governor  of  a  town  or 
country  ;  more  particularly,  the  lord  of  a  sangiac 
or  tiaimer.  Ever>'  province  is  divided  into  seven 
sangiacs  or  bannt^rs  each  of  which  qiutlilies  a  bey  ; 
and  these  are  commanded  by  the  governor  of  the 
province,  called  bcglrrbes,  or  lord  of  all  the  beys. 
Each  beg  has  the  conmiand  of  a  certain  numl>er  of 
spahis,  or  Iwrse,  denominated  timarioti. 

In  Tunis,  the  beg,  or  bey,  is  tlie  prince  or  king, 
answering  to  the  dry  of  Algiers. 

In  K<rypt,  the  beg.s  are  twelve  generals,  who  com- 
mand the  mihtia,  or  standing  forces  of  the  kingdom. 

Eneyr. 

BEG,  r.  f,  [Pn>bably  contracted  from  Sw.  ftf^drfl,  to 
ask,  desire,  crave;  Dan.  begitere;  Ger.  begeJiren; 
D.   begeeren,   which   is  a  compound  word  ;  be-  and 

f-ieren,  to    crave  ;    Sax.  grorHmn,  gyraan,  to   yearn, 
n  Italian,  picaro  is  a  beggar.] 
1.  To  n.sk   eariieKily  ;   to  beseech ;   to  entreat  or 
supplicate  with  humility.     It  implies  more  urgency 
tlian  ask  or  petitinti. 

Joaeph  btjfged  the  body  of  Jisiia.  —  Matt.  iTvii. 

9.  To  ask  or  supplicate  in  charity ;  as,  we  may 
yet  be  reduced  to  beg  our  bread. 

3.  To  t;ike  for  granted  ;  to  assume  without  proof; 
an,  to  brg  the  queatiim  in  debate. 
BEG,  V.  i.     To  ask  alms  or  charity  ;  to  practice  beg- 
ging; to  live  by  asking  alms. 

I  Clin  not  d)^ ;  Vj  beg  I  aiii  imhiuned.  —  Luke  xvl. 
BE-GET',  r.  L;  pret.  Begot,  Becat;  pp.  Begot,  Be- 
ooTTEX.     [Sax.   begetan^   of  be   and   getan,  to  get. 
See  Get.] 

1.  To  procreate,  as  a  father  or  sire ;  to  generate ; 
as,  to  beget  a  s<m. 

2.  To  produce,  as  nn  effect;  lo  cause  to  exist ;  to 
gent-rate  ;  as,  luxury  begett  vice. 

BE-GET'TER,  lu    One  who  begets  or  procreates;  a 

fat  In  T. 
BEG'GA-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  beeged.  ButJrr. 

BEG'GAR.n.     [See  Beo.]     One  that  lives  by  asking 

alius,  or  makes  it  his  busincssi  to  b-*g  for  charity. 

2.  One  who  supplicatr?*  with  humility  ;  a  |»eiition- 
er  ;  but  in  this  sense  rarely  used,  as  the  word  has 
become  a  term  (tf  contempt.  Johnson. 

3.  One  who  assumes  in  argument  what  he  does 
not  prove.  TUtotson. 

BEG'G.'VR,  V.  u     To  reduce  to  beggary ;  to  impov- 
erish. Shak. 
2.  To  deprive,  or  make  destitute  ;  to  exhaust ;  aa, 

lo  beg'/nr  deseriptiim. 

WVM'Vt.\H.h'M,pp.     Reduced  to  extreme  poverty. 

HEG'GAK-I\G,/)pr.  Reducing  to  indigence,  or  a  state 
of  beiigary. 

BEG'GAR-LI-NESS,  n.  The  slate  of  being  beggariy  ; 
meanness  ;  extreme  [wverty.  Barret, 

BEG'GAR-LV,  a.  Mean  ;  ptjor;  In  the  condition  of  a 
beggar ;  extremely  indigent ;  used  of  both  persons 
and  things.  Shak. 

BEG'GAR-LY,  a//p.    Meanly;  indigently;  despicably. 

Hooker. 

BE(;'GAR-MXrn,Ti.   a  maid  that  is  a  beggar.    ShaJc. 

BF:0'(;AR-MAN,  n.    a  man  that  is  a  beggar.    Shak, 

KEG'GAR-WO.M'AN,  «.     A  female  beggar.       Shah. 

HEG'GAR'S-I.ICE,  n.  The  name  (tf  an  obnoxious 
Weed,  {i-xhina.tprrntim  Virginicum,)  having  a  bu.'-like 
fruit  or  nut  with  hooked  prickles,  which  fasten  on 
thf>s*'  who  pass  by. 

BEG'GAR-V',7L  A  stale  of  extreme  indigence.  Sidney. 

IJEG'Gf;i),  pp.  Entniated  ;  siipplicattid ;  asked  in 
charity ;  assumed    without   proof. 

BEGGING,  p;^-.  Asking  alms;  supplicating;  assum- 
itie  without  pro4if. 

BEG'GIN(J,  n.  The  act  of  soliciting  alms  ;  the  prac- 
tice of  asking  alms  ;  as,  lie  lives  by  begging. 


BEG 

BE-GH.\RDS',  i  n.    A  German  word    denoting  one 

BE-GU.\RDS',  f  who  begs  with  impt»rtunity  ;  ap- 
plied formerly  to  some  of  the  Franciscans  and  other 
mendicant  orders  of  Rome.  The  term  was  also  ap- 
plied to  a  class  of  perstms  distinguished  for  llie  favor 
and  frequency  of  their  prayers.  Brande, 

BE-Gn.T',  a.    Gilded.  B.  Jonson. 

IJE-GIi\',u.  i. ;  pref.  BEGAtf  ;  pp.  Bbodiv.  [Sax.  ^j/iwaa, 
aginnan,  beginnan,  and  ongittnan,  to  begin,  ongin,  a 
beginning;  Goth,  duginnaa;  Sw.  bcgynna;  Dan. 
bcgynde;  D.  and  Gcr.  beginncti,  to  begin  ;  D.  and 
Ger.  beginn,  a  beginning,  origin;  W.  cycwuu,  to  be- 
gin, cy,  a  prefix, and  cwji^a  head.  The  radical  word 
IS  gin  or  gyn,  to  wiiich  are  prefixed  be,  on,  and  du, 
which  is  to.  This  appt*ara  to  be  the  root  of  tiie  Gr. 
yivonaij  yei-ifaoif  L.  generOy  gigno,  coinciding  with 

Syr.  ^^  k5n,  to  begin  lo  be ;  in  Aph.  lo  plant,  to 
confirm,  to  create ;  Eth.  (1(1)  I  kOn,  to  be,  to  bo- 
come,  or  be  made ;  Ar.  •  LT  kana,  lo  be,  or  become, 

to  make,  to  create,  to  generate  ;  Heb.  Ch.  and  Sam. 
pJ,  to  make  ready,  to  adapt,  prepare,  establish  j 
Sam.  to  create.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  throw, 
thrust,  stretch  for\vard  :  hence,  to  set,  or  to  produce, 
according  to  its  connection  or  application.] 

1.  To  have  an  original  or  first  existence;  to  take 
rise ;  to  Commence. 

Aa  he  spake  by  the  motitli  of  hla  holy  propheta,  which  Iiarc  bem 

since  Ilie  world  began.  —  I.iikc  i. 
JudgTii-nt  nitisi  begin  m  rl*"  hou*>  of  fiod.  —  1  Pet.  ir. 
Kroin  Nnnrod  firsi  (h^  «av:ig.^  nice  began.  Pope. 

And  ti^ara  began  to  How.  Dryden. 

2.  To  do  the  first  act ;  to  enter  upon  something 
new  ;  to  lake  tlie  first  step ;  as,  begin,  my  muse. 

Bepn  rrrry  day  tn  n-pent.  Th^^or. 

Wiii-n  1  begin,  1  will  aiau  make  an  end.  —  1  Sam.  iij. 

BE-GIN",  V.  t.  To  do  the  first  act  of  any  thing;  to 
enter  on  ;  to  commence. 


mptis  of  Stilyma,  begin  the  tnng. 


Pope. 


9.  To  trace  from  any  thing,  as  the  first  ground  ;  to 
lay  the  foundation. 

T.'ii  Rpo8tli»  begins  oiir  Vnowl'ilge  in  the  ereaturca,  which  lead* 
us  to  llie  knowlcd^!  of  God.  Locke. 

To  begin  with,  to  enter  upon  first ;  to  use  or  employ 
first;  as,  to  begin  with  the  Latin  grammar;  to  begin 
business  with  a  small  capital. 
BE-GIN'NER,  n.  The  person  who  begins;  he  that 
gives  an  original ;  the  agent  who  is  the  cause  \  an 
author. 

2.  One  who  first  enters  upon  any  art,  science,  or 
husin-^ss;  one  who  is  in  his  rudiments;  a  young 
practitioner  ;  often  implying  want  of  exiwrience. 

BE-GIX'NING,  p/>r.     First  entering  upon;  connnen- 

cing :  giving  rise,  or  original ;  taking  rise,  or  origin. 
BE-GIN'NING,  ri.    I'he  first  cause  ;  origin. 
I  am  the  heginnvtg  and  the  ending'.  —  Rer.  i. 

S.  That  which  is  first ;  the  first  stale;  commence- 
ment ;  entrance  into  being. 

lu  th'*  beginning,  God  cn-atcd  the  hMTcn   and  thfl  earth. — 
Gi^n.  i. 

3.  The  rudiments,  first  ground,  or  materials. 

Mij^ity  things  (rom  sm.'dl  beginntnga  gri'W.  Orytlen. 

BE-G[N'NI\G-LF«SS,  a.     Thai  hath  no  beginning. 

[.4  ba/l  jcord,  and  not  used.]  Barrmo. 

BE-<iIRD',  (begurd',)  v.  t. ;  prrt.  Beoirt,  Bcoirued; 
pp.  Beoirt.     [be  and  gird :  Sax.  brgyrdan.] 

1.  I'o  bind  with  a  band  or  girdle. 

2.  To  surround  ;  to  inclose  ;  to  encompass. 

Begird  the  Alini^htjr  throne.  Milton, 

3.  To  besiege.  Clarendim. 
To  begirt,  used  by  B.  Jonson,  ia  a  corrupt  orthog- 
raphy. 

BE-GTRD'ED,  I  pp.    Bound  with  a  girdle;  surrounded; 

BE-GTRT',        )        inclosed  ;  besieged. 

BE-GtRD'ING,;»pr.  Binding  with  a  girdle  ;  sunround- 
ine ;  besieging. 

BE(;'LER-BEG,  n.  [See  Beo.]  The  governor  of  it 
province  in  the  Turkish  em[nre,  next  in  dignity  to 
the  grand  vizier.  Each  has  three  ensigns  or  staffs, 
trinim''d  with  a  horse  tail,  to  distingiiif^h  him  from 
a  pashaw,  who  lias  two,  and  a  beg,  wlio  has  one. 
His  province  is  called  bei^lerbegUe.  Eneyc, 

BE-GLOOM',  V.  t.     To  make  gloomy  ;  to  darki'n. 

Badcock. 

BE-GNAW,  (be-naw',)  tj.  e.  [Sax.  begnagan  ;  be  and 
gnaw.] 

To  bite  or  gnaw ;  lo  eat  away ;  to  corrode  ;  to 
nibble.  Slutk. 

BE-GOD',  r.  (.    To  dcifv. 

BEGONE',  (bc-gawn',)  Go  awny;  depart.  These 
two  words  have  been  improperly  united.  Be.  re- 
tains the  sense  of  a  verb,  and  gone,  that  of  a  par- 
ticiple. 

BE-GflR'£D,  a.    [be  and  gore.]    Besmeared  with  gnrc. 

Sprvser. 

RE  r"OT'  1 

BE^OOT'T/'N  \  PP'Of  R«*»et.  Procreated  i  generated. 


TONE,  BJJIX,  UNITE.— AN"OER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  »  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


ni 


BEH 

BE-URA  VE',  V.  L    To  deposit  in  Uio  crave ;  to  bury. 

[JVUuamL] 
S.  To  ennmTe.     LVoC  tuad.]  Oowtr. 

BE-(;R^ASE',  0.  L    X&«  and  frcue.]    To  soil  or  daub 

Willi  rrease,  or  other  oily  matter. 
Bl^i^HrME',  c.  L     [»e  add  grimc.\    To  soil  witli  dirt 

d«ep  imimased,  ao    that  the   natuml  hue  cnn  not 

eaauy  be  recovered.  Skak. 

BE-GRlM'£D,pp.    Deeply  soiUd. 
BE-ORTM'ER,  a.    One  who  begrimes. 
BE-GRUDOE',  (be-prudj',)  c.  t.    [8t>e  Grudo*-]    To 

Itnidjf  :  to  enw  the  poss«>t::sion  of. 
BE-«Rl'l>0'*:D,Vp.     Havins  txciied  envy. 
BE-GRl'DO'ING,  ppr,     £n\'^ing  the  puaMsssion  of. 
BE-GIILE',  (be-gile',)  r.  u  \be  and  guiU,]  Todeludej 

to  deceive  \  to  impose  on  by  artifice  or  craft. 

The  aerpMit  ««r«ii«ii  ne.  Bad  I  dU  flftL  — Gmu  a. 

S.  To  elude  by  craft. 

WImb  ftimaj  omM  farMO*  ifae  tjiut^  mg*.  SKiik. 

3.  To  dude  any  thing  dingrreable  by  amusement, 
or  other  means :  to  pa«  pletsingly ;  to  amuse  ;  as, 
to  beguiU  the  tedioua  day  with  aloepL  Shatu 

B£-GU7L'£D,M.  Deluded;  imposed  on;  misled  by 
cp«ft  :  eluded  by  stiataxem  :  parsed  pleasingly. 

BE-Gl*TLE'MEXT,  n,    .Act  of  begufling  or  dt-ieiving. 

BE-Gl'IL'ER,  a.  lie  or  that  which  tK;guiles  or  de- 
cfivri*. 

BE-Gl'n/I\G,  pfr.  or  a.  Deluding;  deceiving  by 
cmfY  ;  eluding  by  artifice  ;  amusing. 

BE-GL'TL'I.\G-L\,  adv.     In  a  nintnic-r  to  dec<>>ive. 

BE-GUIL'TV,  p.  L  To  render  guilty.  [A  bmrharomt 
iterd,]  Sttmdmv^tu 

BE-OOlYE',  (bS-geen'O  il  One  of  an  order  of  females 
in  Planders,  who,  without  having  lalten  the  monastic 
TOW9,  are  united  for  the  purposes  of  devotion  and 
charity,  and  live  together  in  houses  called  heit-uinaa^rj. 
There  were  also  liiniilar  societies  of  moles  cilled 
hegMardf^  and  sometimes  btfuimt.    See  Beohabd. 

BP.'GUM,     J  B.    In  <A«  Eatt  IndissjU  priuceMi  or  lady 

BC'GA(7M,  {     of  high  rank.  Maleom, 

BB-GVS'.n,  of  Btnx  -r .     Commenced  :  originated. 

BB-UXLF^,  (be-bar,)  n.  [This  word  is  probably  a 
comipcioo.  If  composed  of  be  and  ka^f,  it  is  a  word 
of  Bioden  origin ;  but  I  take  it  to  be  the  ^x.  btktfe, 
profit,  need,  or  cooTenience ;  G.  bekuf;  D.  brherf^ 
im^oasai'MW,  baatneas;  *«40ee«,  behalf;  Sw.  hekJfi 
Oaa.*s4sr,  need,  necesaity,  sufficiency,  or  wliat  is 
required,  aascaoaiice,  or  support ;  fn>m  the  verb  b«~ 
hmv^  MM/ba,  *dUfM,  to  need.  The  speUing  U 
therefore  comipc  ;  it  should  be  kck^  or  Mo^.  Soe 
BxHoor.] 

1.  Favor  ;  advantage ;  eoovenienco  ;  profit ;  sup- 
port ;  defense  ;  vindication  ;  as,  the  advt*cate  pleads 
in  Malf  of  the  pri^iuner ;  the  patriot  auders  in  Mu^ 
of  his  country. 

9.  Part;  side;  luiCing  8ob>^tuli<m,  or  the  act  of 
taking  the  piut  of  another ;  as.  the  agent  appeared 
in  MU{/'of  his  constituents,  and  eutertsd  a  claim. 

B&il.\P  P£X,  e.  L  (*«  and  kofpau]    To  happen  to. 

B£'HA^'E^  r.  L  [G.  gtUhmi  Sax.  gtkaibam.  and  be- 
Aa**aii;  *«andAaK.J 

L  To  resuain  :  to  govern ;  to  subdue.  iTke  Saxon 
jsnss  4^*  lAe  wordL} 

Ue  did  MttW  fai*  anger  nv  Iwm  tpent.  Shak. 

This  aeBae  la  obsolete.  Tet  it  often  seems  to  be 
Implied  ;  for  to  hekavt  nu^t  telf,  is  really  to  govern 
ooe^  self;  to  have  in  command. 

3.  To  carry  ;  u>  conduct ;  used  with  the  reciprocal 
pronoun ;  as,  he  hehaceg  him^f  manfully.  But  the 
tendency  of  modern  usage  is  to  omit  the  pronoun  ; 
as,  he  bthere^  well. 

BE-IUV'E',  c.  i.  To  act;  to  conduct;  generally  ap- 
idied  to  manners,  or  to  conduct  in  any  particular 
business  ;  and  in  a  good  or  bad  sense.  He  bcJtaceg 
well  or  ill. 

BE-HAV'KD,  pp.    Conducted. 

BE-HA  V'lXG,  p;>r.     Carn  ing  ;  conducting. 

BE-!IaV'IOR,  (be-hiv'yur,)  n.  [See  Behate.]  Man- 
ner of  behavmg,  whether  good  or  bad  ;  conduct ; 
manners  :  carriage  of  one's  self,  nith  respect  to  pro- 
priety or  morals  ;  deportm>^nu  It  expresses  external 
appearance  or  action ;  sometimes  in  a  particular 
character ;  ronre  generally  in  the  common  duties  of 
life;  as,  our  future  destiny  depends  on  our  behavior 
in  this  life.  It  may  express  correct  or  good  manners, 
but  I  doubt  Whether  it  ever  expresses  the  idea  of 
elegance  of  manner^  without  another  word  to  qual- 
ify it. 

To  be  upon  one*s  behavior^  is  to  be  in  a  state  of  trial, 
In  which  something  important  depends  on  propriety 
of  ctmducL  The  modem  phrase  is,  to  ft'-,  or  tn  be  pu/, 
^fpan  *M*s  Mod  hdtaxtioT.  Judgt^  hold  their  omce 
during  gwM  bekavien  that  is,  during  the  integrity 
and  fidelity  of  their  official  conduct. 

BE-HEAD',  (be-hed',)  r.  (.  \be  and  head.}  To  cut  off 
the  head  ;  to  sever  the  head  from  the  bod>-,  with  a  cut- 
ting internment ;  appropriately  used  of  the  execution 
of  men  for  crimes. 


B£-HEAD'ED,  (be-hed'ed,)  «». 

cut  ofl: 


Having   the    head 


BE-HEAD'IXG,  C*»-*»«d'ing,)  ppr.    Severing  the  head 
from  the  body. 


liEIl 

BE-IIEAD'LNG,  (be-hcd'ing,)  n.  The  act  of  eeparat- 
iitg  the  ht  ad  txtuu  the  body  by  a  cutting  instrument ; 
decollation. 

BE-IIELO',  prrt.  and  pp.  of  Behold,  which  see. 

B£*HE-MOTH,  a.  tlleb.  mona,  plural  of  nana,  a 
bea.'it  or  brute  ;  from  an  Anihic  vrrb,  which  signifies, 
to  fhut,  to  lie  hid,  to  l>e  dumh.     lu  Kih.  dumb.] 

Authors  are  divided  in  opinion  as  to  the  uniinal  in- 
tended in  Scripture  by  this  name;  some  supposing 
It  to  be  an  ox,  otiiers,  an  elephant ;  and  Bochart 
labors  to  prove  it  the  hinpniMU'imii.^,  or  river  horse. 
It  seems  to  unite  some  or  the  peculiar  cliararteri sties 
of  all ;  and  hence  some  consider  it  as  a  kind  of  type 
or  representation  of  llie  largest  land  antmuls,  under 
the  general  name  of  behemoth,  which  is  a  pliinil,  de- 
noting, literally,  beasU.  KUto.  The  original  word 
in  Anibic  signifies  a  brute  or  be:ist  in  general,  es- 
pecially a  quadruped. 

Bk'IIEN,  in.    A  plant.    The  white  behen  is  a  species 

'**^^*      ,  \      ^^  C'ueubalus,  calUd  Swedish   Lychnis, 

BKK'EX,  >  or  gum  sepungar,  also  spntling  poppy  and 
bladder  tAmoxow  (^Cucub^us  behen,  Linn. ;  Sile'ne  in- 
/ofa,  Decanu.)  The  empaleinent  of  its  rtower  resem- 
bles network,  and  iu  leaves  have  somewhat  of  the 
fiavwofpeas.  Family  vf  PUnts,     Kneiic. 

'Vho  white  behen  at  the  shops  is  the  root  of  the 
OfHttfKrsa  BtkBMy  a  native  of  the  I^-vaiit ;  the  red 
behen  is  the  root  of  the  Statiee  Limanium^  or  sea 
lavender.  Parr. 

BE-HEST,*.    [b9  and  Sax.  Jh««#,  a  command;  Ger. 
jffAcbM,  command,  from  keissemj  to  coll,  tell,  or  com- 
mand.    See  Heat.J 
Command  ;  precept ;  mandate. 

BE-HIGHT',  (behne,)  c.  (.;  prtt.  B%Hor.  [Sax.  &*- 
hetan^  to  promise.] 

To  promise  ;  to  intrust ;  to  call  or  name  ;  to  com- 
mand ;  to  adjudge,  tb  address  ;  to  inform  ;  to  mean  ; 
to  reckon.  The  orthography  is  corrupt ;  it  should  be 
behite,     [Obs.]  Sprn^ier.     Chaucer. 

BE-HI-VU  ,  prep.  fSax.  behindan,  of  bf  and  hindan^  be- 
hind ;  Goth,  hinaar^  beyond,  behind ;  hindar-letihan^ 
to  pa.'Ut,  pnelerire  ;  Ger.  Ain/rr.] 

1.  At  the  back  of  another;  as,  to  ride  behind  a 
hor^man. 

2:  « >n  the  back-  part,  at  any  distance  j  in  the  rear ; 
as,  to  walk  behind  another. 

'X  Remaining ;  left  after  the  departure  of  another, 
whether  by  removing  to  a  distance,  or  by  death  ;  as, 
a  man  loaves  his  servant  behind  liim,  or  his  estate  at 
his  decease. 

4.  Left  at  a  distance,  in  progress  or  improvement ; 
as,  one  student  is  behind  another  in  mathematics. 
&.  Inferior  to  another  in  dignity  and  excellence. 

For  1  mnpm  I  wu  not  a  wlut  bghind  (iie  nrj  chicfeat  Apontlri. 

6.  On  the  side  opposite  the  front  or  nearest  part, 
or  oppiwite  to  that  which  fronts  a  person  ;  on  the 
othL-r  side  ;  as,  behind  a  bed  ;  behind  a  hill ;  behind  a 
liouse,  tree,  or  rock. 

Behind  the  back,  in  Scripture,  signifies,  out  of  no- 
tice or  regard;  overlooked;  disregarded. 

Thry  camt  ihy  laws  behind  tJiar  backt,  —  Neb.  zix.  U.  xxxtiH. 
BE-HIND',  adv.  [be  and  hind.]  Out  of  sight;  not 
produced  or  exhibited  to  view  ;  remaining ;  as,  we 
know  not  what  evidence  is  behind. 

3.  Backward;  on  the  back  part;  as,  to  look 
behind, 

3.  Past,  in  the  progress  of  lime. 

rorg»tibig  thorn  things  which  are  behind,  —  Phil.  iU. 

4.  Future,  or  remaining  to  be  endured. 


•     5.  Remaining  after  a  payment ;  unpaid;  as,  there 
is  a  large  sum  behind. 

C  Remaining  after  the  departure  of;  as,  he  de- 
parted and  Iffl  us  behind. 
BE-HIXD'HA.XD,  a.  {behind  and  hand.]  In  arrear  ; 
in  an  exhausted  state ;  in  a  stale  in  which  rent  or 
profit  ha^  been  anticipated,  and  expenditures  precede 
the  receipt  of  funds  to  supply  them.  In  popular  tut, 
a  state  of  poverty,  in  which  the  means  of  living  are 
not  adequate  to  the  end.  Also,  in  a  state  of  back- 
wardness, in  which  a  particular  business  has  been  de- 
layed beyond  Uie  proper  season  for  performing  it ;  as, 
he  is  behindhand  in  his  business. 

Behindhand  with,  is  behind  in  progress  ;  not  upon 
equal  terms  in  forwardness;  as,  to  be  behittdhaitd 
with  the  f;i-!hionable  world. 

This  word  is  really  an  adjective,  as  it  is  applied  to 
the  person  rather  than  to  the  verb ;  but  like  adrift., 
aloft,  ashamed,  and  several  other  words,  never  pre- 
cedes the  noun.  Shakspeare's  "  behindhand  slack- 
ness,'* therefore,  according  to  present  usage,  is  not 
a  legitimate  phrase. 
BE-iiriLD',  r.  U;preL  and  pp.  Beheld.  [Sax.  be- 
hetildan,  beheoUlan,  gehtaldan,  aehaldan,  from  healdan, 
to  hold.  The  sense  is,  to  hold,  to  hnve  in  sight,  from 
straining,  restraining.  In  Saxon,  the  verb  signifies 
not  only  to  look  or  see,  but  to  guard  ;  so  in  Latin, 
obierro,  from  serro,  to  keep.  This  explication  lends 
us  to  an  understanding  of  the  participle  beholden, 
which  retains  the  primitive  sense  of  the  verb,  bound. 


BEL 


obliged.  The  Germans  retain  the  original  sense  in 
behalten,  to  hold  or  keep  ;  as  the  Dutch  do  in  gehou- 
den,  lield,  bound  ;  and  the  Danes  in  b^htdde,  to  keep, 
retain  ;  behold,  a  retreat,  refuge,  reservation.  See 
Observe  and  Reuard.] 

L  To  fix  the  eyes  upon  ;  to  see  with  attention ;  to 
observe  with  care. 

Behold  thfi  U)unborOod,wbieh  tobeth  aw&jOte  iln  of  ibe  world. 
— John  1. 

S.  In  a  less  intensive  sense,  to  look  upon  ;  to  see. 

When  ho  beheld  the  •crpenl  of  brasa,  he  lived.  — Num.  xxl. 

BE-HOLD',  v.  i.  To  look  ;  to  direct  the  eyes  to  an  ob- 
ject. 

Aod  I  beheld,  anil  to,  In  the  midct  of  {he  lUrone,  t  loiob,  u  It 
hnij  beou  tlitlti.  —  Ilev,  v,  ■ 

a.  To  fix  the  attention  upon  an  object ;  to  attend ; 
to  direct  or  fix  the  mind. 

Behold,  I  ttftod  at  ihc  door  and  knock.  —  Rvt.  lii. 

This  word  is  much  used  in  this  manner,  for  excil- 
ing  attention  or  admiration.  It  is  in  the  uiipcrative 
mode,  expressing  command  or  exhortation,  ami  by 
no  mean.s  a  mere  exclamation. 
BE-HOLD'AW,  (^be-hOld'n,)  pp.  or  a.  [The  participje 
of  HcHoLo,  to  Keep,  guard,  or  bind.  See  Behold.] 
Obliged  ;  bound  in  gratitude  ;  indebted. 

Little  uc  wc  beholden  to  your  love.  Shai. 

BE-HOLD'ER,  n.     One  who  beholds ;  a  spectator ;  one 

who  liHiks  ujKUi  or  sees. 
BE-H6LD'I\G,;;;»r.    Fixing  the  eyes  upon;  looking 
on  ;  seeing. 

2.  Fixing  the  attention  ;  regarding  with  atten- 
tion. 

3.  n.     Obligation.     [JVo(  used.]  Carew. 

4.  Obliged.  [j3  mistaken  use  of  the  word  for  Be- 
holden.] Bacon  on  I^vr. 

BE-IIOLD'ING-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  obliged. 
[j9ti  error,  and  not  in  use.]  Donne.     Sidueif. 

BE-HON'EV,  (hun'y,)  v.  t.    To  sweeten  with  lioney. 

ShrriPuod. 

BE-HOOF',  n.  [Sax.  behofian,  to  want,  to  be  neces- 
sary, to  be  expedient ;  hence,  to  be  a  duty  ;  D.  behoe- 
ven,  to  need;  Ger.  behuf  behoof;  Dan.  bchifve,  to 
need,  to  lack  ;  behov,  need,  necessity,  surticiency, 
maintenance,  that  is,  things  needed  ;  Sw.  bdwf^ 
need  ;  bthUfva,  to  need.] 

1.  Rtuiically,  need,  necessity;  whence,  by  an  eaay 
analogy,  the  word  came  to  signify  that  which  sup- 
plies want.     Hence,  in  present  u^age, 

S2.  That  which  is  advantageous  ;"  advantage  ;  prof- 
it; benefit. 

No  mean  rxwmprnw  it  bnngt  lo  your  behoof.  AGlton. 

BE-HOOVA-BLE,  a.    Needful ;  profitable. 
BE-HOOVE',  (be-hoov',)  p.  t.     [Sax.  behofian,  to  want, 
to  be  necessary,  or  expedient.     Supra.] 

To  be  necessary  for ;  to  be  fit  for  ;  to  be  meet  for, 
with  respect  lo  necessity,  duty,  or  convenience. 
And  ihiu  it  behooved  Christ  to  sufTcr.  —  Luke  xxiv. 
It   may,  pfrrhap^,  be   used  intransitively  ;  as,  let 
him  behave  as  it  bcJiooveth;  but  X  believe  such  use  is 
rare. 
BE  HOOVE'FJJL,  (be-hoov'ful,)  o.     Needful;  useful; 

profitable  ;  advantageous. 
BE-HOOVE'FgL-LV,  (he-hoov'ftil-ly,)  adv.     Useful- 
ly ;  profitably.     [Obs.,  or  nearly  "so.\ 
BE-HOT',  pret.  of  Behight.     [Obs.] 
BE-HOVE'    and  its  derivatives.     See  Behoove. 
BE-HOVVL',  V.  L     [be  and  howl.]     To  howl  at.     [JVo( 

used.]  Sluik. 

Be'ING,  ppr.    [See  Be.]    Existing  in  a  certain  state. 

Man,  being  in  honor,  abideth  not.  —  Ps.  xlix. 

BE'ING,  n.  Existence ;  as,  God  is  the  author  of  our 
being. 

In  God  we  Hvt,  and  more,  and  hare  our  being.  —  Acts  zvli. 

2.  A  particular  state  or  condition.  [This  is  hardly 
a  different  sense.] 

3.  A  person  existing:  applied  to  Vie  human  race. 

4.  An  immaterial,  intelligent  existence,  or  spirit. 


SupeiW  beinge,  wh?n  of  laie  they  aiw 
'  ~iurtaj  nutn  nnlulJ  all  niitiuv'a  law. 


Pope. 


5.  An  animal ;  any  living  creature  ;  as,  animals  are 
such  beings  as  are  endowed  with  sensation  and  spon- 
taneous motion. 

BE  IT  SO.  A  phrase  of  anticipation  — suppose  it  to  be 
so ;  or  of  permission  —  let  it  be  so.  Shah. 

BE-JaDE',  v.  U     [be  and  jade.]     To  tire.     [J^ot  used.] 

Milton, 

BE-JaPE',  v.  u    To  laugh  at  j  to  deceive.    [Aw(  used.] 

Cliaucer. 

BE-JES'l^-IT,  p.  L     To  initiate  in  Jesuitism. 

Jiniton. 

BE-KISS',  tt.  t  [JeandJtiw.]  To  kiss  or  salute.  [JVol 
in  use.]  Johnson. 

BE-K\AVE',  V.  t.  [be  and  knave.]  To  call  knave. 
[J^-ot  tisfd.]  Pope. 

BE-K.N'OW,  r.  £.  [be  and  knowi.]  To  acknowUdge, 
[■J^ot  }ised,]  Chaucer. 

BE-LA'BOR,  V.  ^  [Perhaps  from  be  and  labor  ;  but  in 
Russ.  bulaca  is  a  club.]  To  ply  diligently,  to  beat 
soundly  ;  to  thump. 

Aj:ix  htlabore  there  a  harming  oi,  Ihyden, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH/IT MeTE,  PRgY  —PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK 


BEL 

BE-LACE',  r.  L     [be  and  lace.}     To  fasten,  as  with  a 

lace  or  cord. 
2.  To  heat ;  to  whip. 
BE-LAC'£D,  a.     Adorned  with  lace.  Beaum.  ^  Fletch, 
BE-LAM',  r.  L    To  beat  or  bang.  Todd. 

BEl.'A-MOLIR,  n.     [Fr.  bd-amourj] 

A  gallant ;  a  consort.     {J^ot  usedJ]  Spmser. 

BEL'A"-.MY,  n.     TFr.  bd-ami.] 

A  pood  friend ;  an  intimate.    [-Vat  uscdJ]     Spenser. 
BE-LaTE',  r.  t.    [bt  and  laU.\    To  retard  or  make  too 

late.     [J^ot  us€dS\ 
BE-LAT'ED,  pp.  and  a.    \be  and  laied.}    Benighted  ; 

abroad  late  at  night. 
2,  Too  late  for  the  hour  appointed  or  intended ; 

lator  than  the  proper  lime.  Burke. 

BE-LaT'ED-NESS,  b.     A  being  too  late.        Mdton. 
BE-LAVE',  p.  (.    [be  and  lave.]   To  wash.    rjv*<»t  lued.] 
BE-LAWGIVE,  v.  t     To  give  a  law  to.     [Barbarous^ 

and  not  used.]  Milton. 

BE-LAY',  r.  L     [This  word  ia  composed  of  6e  and  latj, 

to  lay  to,  lay  by,  or  close.     See  Beleaguer.] 

1.  To  block  up,  or  obstruct ;  as,  to  f'elaij  the  coast. 

Dryden,     Ouwer. 

2.  To  place  in  ambush.  Spenser. 

3.  To  adorn,  surround,  or  cover.  Spenser. 

4.  In  seamanship,  to  fasten,  or  make  fast,  by  wind- 
ing a  rope  round  a  cleat,  kevil,  or  belaying-pin.  It  is 
chieflv  applied  to  the  running  rigging.     Mar.  Diet, 

BE-LAY'i';D,;/p.     Obstructed  ;  ambushed  ;  made  fasu 
fiE-LAY'I.\G,ppr.     Blocking  up  ;  laying  an  ambush; 

makinc  fasL 
BE-LaY'Ii\G-PI.V,  n.     A  strong  pin  in  the  side  of  a 

vessel,  or  by  the  mast,  n>und  xvhich  ropes  are  wound, 

when  they  are  fastened  or  belayed. 
BEL(vH,  r.  u     [Sax.  beaUan,  to  belch,  that  is,  to  puah 

out,  to  swell  or  heave ;  belgan,  to  be  angr>-,  that  is. 

to  swell  with  passion  ;  Eng.  bulffe^  bUge^  balk  ,-  atliea 

to  W.  6oVe,  prominent.] 

1.  To  throw  or  eject  wind  from  the  stomach  with 
violence. 

2.  To  eject  violently  from  witliin  ;  as,  a  volcano 
heieheg  flames  and  lava  ;  to  belch  forth  curves. 

BELCH,  r.  i.    To  eject  wind  fri>m  the  stomach. 

9.  To  issue  out  with  eructation. 
BELCH,  a.     The  act  of  throwing  out  from  the  stom- 
ach, or  violently  from  within  ;  eructation. 

3.  A  cant  name  for  malt  lii|uor.  Dennis. 
BELCH'JS:D,  (belcht.)  pp.     Ejected  from  the  stomach 

or  from  a  hollow  place. 
BELCIi'ING,  P/M-.    Ejecting  from  the  stomach  or  any 

deep,  hollow  place. 
BELCM'ING,  n.     Eructation.  Barret. 

BEL'DA.M,  n.     [Fr.  6eZ/f,  fine,  handsome,  and  dame^ 

lady.     It  Beems  to  be  used  in  contempt,  or  as  a  cant 

term-1 

1.  An  old  woman.  Shak. 
Bpenser  seems  to  have  used  the  word  in  its  true 

•en^e  for  good  dame, 

2.  A  hne.  Dnjden.     Shak. 
BE-LeA'GUER,   (be-Iee'ger,)   v    t       rCer.   belagem, 

from  A#,  by,  near,  and  lagern,  to  lay  ;  D.  belegeren,  to 
hr:*iege,  to  convene ;  to  belay  ;  Hw.  beUegra,  to  be- 
•ieffe  ;  Dan.  beleire ;  Russ.  obUgayv.] 

To  bexieire :  to  block  up  ;  to  surround  with  an  ar- 
my, so  as  to  preclude  escape.  Drydea. 

BE  i-r:A'GLrER-*:D,fp.     Besieged. 

BE  Li~:A'(;CKR-ER,  n.    One  who  besieges.  Shfneood. 

BE  l.rA'GCKK-ING,;)pr.     Besieging;  blocking  up. 

BE  Lr:AVE',l!.  C  [be  and  leave.]  To  leave.  [J^Tot 
wed.]  May. 

BE-LEC'TUR  £0,  a.     Lectured. 

BE-LEE',  V.  L  [be  and  lee.]  To  place  on  the  lee,  or 
in  a  position  unfavorable  to  the  wind.  Shak. 

BE  LEM'.VITE,  n.  [Gr.  iii\i,ivoi-^  a  dart,  or  arrow, 
fritin  /i(>o(,  from  the  root  of  /?aAXf.>,  pello,  to  throw.] 
Arruw-head,  or  finger-stone  ;  vulgarly  called  thun- 
der-buUf  or  thunder-iUtne.  A  generic  name  for  the 
organic  remains  of  extinct  fossil  bodies,  having  a 
Btrnight,  tapering  shell.  They  belonged  to  animals 
of  thf  cla.H!*  Cephalopoda.  Dana. 

BE-l.EP'ER,  p.  U     To  infect  with  leprosy.     Beaumont. 

BF.L  US- PRlT' ,  {hci'dhpree' y)  n. :  pi.  Beaux  Espbits, 
(bo/.'ifs-pree'.)  A  wit ;  a  fine  genius. 

B£L'FRV,  n.     [Fr.  bejfroy  i  barb.  L.  belfredu.K] 

I.  Among  military  wril(-rs  of  the  middle  age,  a 
lower  erected  liy  beaiegers  to  overlook  the  place  be- 
sieged, in  which  sentinels  were  placed  to  watch  the 
avenues,  and  to  prevent  surprise  from  parties  of  the 
enemy,  or  to  give  notice  of  fires  by,  ringing  a  bell. 

Enr.yc. 

5.  That  part  of  a  steeple,  or  other  buildini;,  in 
which  a  h*;ll  is  hung,  and,  more  particularly,  the 
timber  work  which  sutitain^  it.  Kucye. 

BEL-GARD',  n.     [Fr.  bet  and  egard.'j 

A  soft  look  or  glance.     [Au(  iw«/.]  Spmser. 

BEL'Gl-AiV.  a,  [See  Belcic]  Belonging  to  Belgium 
or  the  Netnerlands. 

BEL'6l-AN,  n.  A  native  of  Belgium  or  the  Low 
Countries. 

BEL'Ol€,  «.  [L.  belgicvsy  from  Belga,  thn  inhabitants 
of  the  Netherlands  and  the  country  bordering  on  the 
Rhine,  from  that  river  to  the  Seine  and  the  ocean. 
The  name  may  have  been  given  to  them  from  their 
htUk  or  large  atature ;  W.  bate,  prominent,  proud. 


BEL 

Aom  baly  a  shooting  out ;  Hug.  bulge;  Russ.  velik, 
great.  See  Pomp,  Iviela,  lib.  3.  3,  and  3.  5;  Tac. 
Agric. ;  Joseph  de  Bell.  Jud.  2.  IG  ;  Herod,  lib.  6; 
Strubo,  lib.  4.  Owen  supposes  the  Welsh  name 
Belipad  to  have  been  given  them  from  their  burst- 
ing forth  and  ravaging  Britain  and  Ireland.  But  they 
had  the  name  on  tlie  continent  before  their  irruption 
into  Britain.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Bvlgat,  who,  in  Cesar's  time,  pos- 
sessed the  country  between  the  Rhine,  the  Seine, 
and  the  ocean.  They  were  of  Teutonic  origin,  and, 
anterior  to  Cesar's  invasion  of  Gaul  and  Britain,  col- 
onies of  them  had  established  themselves  in  the 
southern  part  of  Britain.  The  country  was  called 
Brigica,  from  its  inhabitants,  who  dwelt  in  the  dis- 
trict around  the  town  of  Belgium,  now  called  Beau- 
vais.     See  Cluv.  Germ.  Ant.  2.  2. 

Belgic  is   now  applied  to  the  JVetherlands,  called, 
also,  Flanders,  or  that  part  of  the  Low  Countries 
which  formerlv  belonged  to  the  house  of  Austria. 
BE'LI-AL,  n.     [Heb.  Sy^Sa.] 

As  a  ?ii/un,  unprofitableness  ;  wickedness.  Hence, 
tlic  name  of  an  evil  spirit.  Milton. 

As  an  adjective^  worthless  ;  wicked.  Sons  of  Belial; 
wicked  men.  Parkhurst. 

BE-LI'BEL,  V.  t.    [fte  and /(6c/.]    To  libel  or  traduce. 

FuUer. 
BE-LtE%   r.  £.     j^be  and  lie.     Sax.  beiecgan,  of  be  and 
teogan^  to  lie,  hg,  or  lyg,  a  lie  ;  D.  bdiegen  ;  G.  bdxt- 
gen^  to  belie.    See  Lie.] 

1.  To  give  the  lie  to ;  to  show  to  be  false  ;  to  charge 
with  falsehood  ;  as,  the  heart  bdies  the  tongue.  It  is 
rarely  used  of  declarations  ;  but  of  apj^arances  and 
facts  which  show  that  declarations,  or  certain  ap- 
pearances and  pretenses,  are  false  and  hypocritical. 
Hence, 

2.  To  counterfeit;  to  mimic;  to  feign  resem- 
blance. 

Wiih  duit,  with  howi'  hoob,  ihmt  bent  the  ground, 

Ami  inaitidl  Xmm,  btiie  Ihe  thuodcr't  louiid.  Dryden. 

3.  To  give  a  false  representation. 

Should  I  do  ao,  I  >hould  beti*  niy  thoughts.  ShaJt. 

4.  To  tell  lies  concerning  ;  to  calumniate  by  false 
report!. 

Thou  doil  belU  him,  Percy.  Shak. 

5.  To  fill  with  lies. 

Slimd<^T  doih  belie  nil  comcn  of  ihc  world.  Shai. 

BE-LI'ED,  pp.  Falsely  represented,  either  by  word  or 
obvious  evidence  and  indication  ;  counterfeited  ; 
mimicked. 

BE-LIEF',  II.  [Sax.  gdeaf,  leave,  license,  permission, 
Consent,  assent,  belief,  taith,  or  trust ;  gdcafan,  ge- 
lefan,  gdiefan,  gelyfan,  to  believe^  leofan^  to  leave 
and  to  live.  From  these  words,  it  appears  that  be- 
lief \»  from  the  nx\X  of  leave,  permission,  assent ;  Sax. 
leaf,  leave  and  belief;  L.  fides;  leofa,  permission,  li- 
cense ;  written,  also,  lif  and  lufa  ;  Ujfan,  to  permit  j 
D.  geloof,  G.  glaube,  belief,  credit,  faith  ;  gdvovcn, 
glauben,  to  believe  ;  Dan.  bdave,  to  promise ;  D.  oor- 
lof,  verlof,  leave,  permission  ;  G.  urlaub,  leave,  fur- 
lough. The  primary  sense  of  bdieve,  is  to  throw  or  put 
to,  or  to  assent  to  ;  to  leave  with  or  to  rest  on  ;  to  re- 
ly.    See  Leave  and  Live.] 

1.  A  p«-rsuasion  of  the  truth,  or  an  assent  of  mind 
to  the  truth  of  n  declaration,  pmposition,  or  alleged 
fact,  on  the  ground  of  evidence,  distinct  from  [terson- 
nl  knowledge;  as,  the  belief  o(  the  gtisjK;! ;  belief  of  a 
witness.  i*f/i//may  also  be  founded  on  internal  im- 
pressitms,  or  arguments  and  reasons  furnished  by  our 
own  minds  ;  as,  the  belief  of  our  senses;  a  train  of 
reasoning  mnv  result  in  beli^.  Beluf  is  opposed  to 
knowledge  and  seiriu:c. 

0.  In  thfolo^y,  faith,  or  a  firm  persuasion  of  the 
truths  of  religion. 

No  iwin  «o  i^Uln   [loj  belief  by  the  bar©  conUTuptnlion  of 
hffiviMi  and  curUi.  Hooker, 

3.  Religion  ;  the  body  of  tenets  held  by  the  pro- 
fessors of  the  faith. 

In  the  heiil  of  prra<-ciitivii,  to  which  ChrbUaa  btil^/*  wu  Biib}pcl 
upon  its  tint  pminiilg.ition.  Hooker, 

4.  In  some  cases,  the  word  is  used  for  persuasion 
or  opinion,  when  the  evidence  is  not  so  clear  as  to 
leave  no  doubt ;  but  the  shades  of  stren'.'th  in  opin- 
ion can  hardly  be  defined,  or  exemplined.  Hence 
the  use  of  qualifying  words;  ws,  a  Jirm,  full,  or 
strong  belief. 

5.  The  thing  believed  ;  the  object  of  belief. 
SupcrWitiuu*  prophcd«  are  Ov)  belief  of  fool*.  Bicon. 

6.  A  creed  ;  a  form  or  summary  of  articles  of  faith. 
In  this  Bcnsp,  we  generally  use  creed. 

BE-LIEV'A-BLE,  a.   That  may  be  believed  ;  credible. 

Skcntood. 

BE-LIEVE',  V.  t.  To  credit  upon  the  ntithority  or 
testimnny  of  another  ;  to  be  p<;rsuad<'d  of  the  truth  of 
Bometliinp  upon  the  declaration  of  another,  or  upon 
evidence  furnished  by  rc;isons,  nrgiimonts,  and  de- 
ductions of  the  mind,  or  by  other  circumstances  than 
personal  knowl.-dge.  When  we  believe  upon  the  au- 
tljority  of  another,  we  always  put  confidence  in  his 
veracity.  When  we  beliece  upon  the  authority  of 
rens<ming,  arguments,  or  a  concurrence  of  facts  and 
circumsUnces,  we  rest  our  conclusions  upon  their 


BEL 

strength  or  probability,  their  agreement  with  our  own 
experience,  &c. 
2.  To  expect  or  hope  with  confidence  ;  to  trust. 

I  had  raiiitfd,  unli-ss  I  hrtd  believed  lo  wee  Ihe  goodum  of  tbs 
Lonl  ill  tlie  tuiid  o(  the  living.  —  Pt.  xxvii. 

BE-LIeVE',  v.  t.  To  have  a  firm  persuasion  of  any 
thing.  In  some  cases,  to  have  a  fitfl  persuasion,  ap- 
proaching to  certainty  ;  in  others,  more  doubt  is  im- 
plied. It  is  often  followed  by  in  or  on,  es[)ecially  in 
the  Scriptures.  To  bdieve  in.  Is  to  hold  as  the  object 
of  faith.  "Ye  believe  in  God,  bdieve  also  in  me." 
John  xiv.  To  believe  on,  is  to  trust,  to  place  full  con- 
fidence in,  to  rest  upon  with  faith.  *'  To  them  gave 
he  power  to  become  the  sons  of  God,  even  to  them 
that  bdieve  on  his  name."  John  i.  Johnson.  But 
tliere  is  no  ground  for  much  distinction. 

In  theology,  to  believe  sometimes  expresses  a  mere 
assent  of  the  understanding  to  the  truths  of  tlie  kus- 
pel,  as  in  the  case  of  Simon.  Acts  viii.  iki  others, 
the  word  implies,  with  this  assent  of  the  mind,  a 
yieldingof  the  will  and  affections,  accompanied  with 
a  humble  reliance  on  Christ  for  salvation.  John  i. 
12.  iii.  15. 

In  popular  use  and  familiar  discourse,  to  bdieve  of- 
ten expresses  an  opinion  in  a  vague  manner,  without 
a  very  exact  estimate  of  evidence,  noting  a  mere  pre- 
ponderance of  opinion,  and  is  nearly  equivalent  to 
thijik  or  suppose. 

BE-L'SV'KD,  pp.     Credited  ;  assented  to,  as  true. 

BE-LI£V'ER,  n.  One  who  believes  ;  one  who  gives 
credit  to  other  evidence  than  that  of  personal  knowl- 
edge. 

2.  In  theology,  one  who  gives  credit  to  the  truth  of 
the  Scriptures,  as  a  revelation  from  God.  In  a  more 
restricted  sense,  a  professor  of  Christianity  ;  one  who 
receives  the  gospel,  as  unfolding  the  true  way  of  sal- 
vation, and  Christ  as  his  Savior. 

In  tJie  primitive  church,  those  who  had  been  in- 
structed in  the  truths  of  the  gospel  and  baptized, 
were  called  bdievers ;  in  distinction  from  the  cate- 
chumens, who  were  under  instruction,  as  pre|jarato- 
ry  to  baptism  and  admission  to  church  privileges. 

Rncyc 

BE-LIeV'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Giving  credit  to  testimony 
or  to_other  evidence  than  personal  knowledge. 

BE-LIeV'ING-LY,  adv.     In  a  believing  manner. 

BE-LIKE',  adv.  [be  and  like.]  Probably  ;  likely  ;  per- 
haps. But  perhaps  from  be  and  the  Dan  lykke,  luck. 
Bv  luck  or  chance. 

BE-LTKE'LY,  adv.     Probably,     [^r^>t  used.]        Hall 

BE-LIME',  V.  t.    To  besmear  with  lime.      Bp.  Hall. 

BE-LIT'TLE,  v.  (.  To  make  smaller;  to  lower  in 
character.     [Rare  in  America,  not  used  in  England.] 

Jefferstni. 

BE-LTVE',  ado.  [See  Live.]  Speedily  ;  quickly.  [06;*.] 

Spenser. 

BELL,  n.  [Sax.  bdl,  hella,  belle,  so  named  from  its 
sound  ;  Sax.  bellan,  to  bawl  or  bellow  ;  W.  ballatc  ;  G. 
bellen  ;  D.  id. ;  coinciding  with  iJaXXoj  and  pdto.  See 
Peal.] 

1.  A  vessel  or  hollow  body  used  for  making  sounds. 
Its  constituent  parts  are  a  barrel  or  hollow  body,  en- 
larged or  expanded  at  one  end,  an  ear  or  cannon  by 
which  it  is  hung  to  a  beam,  and  a  clapfH'r  on  the  in- 
side. It  is  formed  of  a  comjKtsition  of  metals.  BelLt 
are  of  high  antiquity.  The  blue  tunic  of  the  Jewish 
high  priest  was  adorned  with  golden  bells  ;  and  Uie 
kings  of  Persia  are  said  to  liave  the  hem  of  their  robe 
adorned  with  them  in  like  manner.  Among  the 
Greeks,  those  who  went  the  nightly  rounds  in 
camps  or  garrisons,  used  to  ring  a  bell,  at  each 
sentinel-box,  to  see  that  the  soldier  on  duty  was 
awake.  Bells  were  also  put  on  the  necks  of  crim- 
inals, to  warn  persons  to  move  out  of  the  way  of  so 
ill  an  omen  as  the  sight  of  a  criminal  or  his  execu- 
tioner; also,  (tn  the  necks  of  beasts  and  birdn,  and 
in  houses.  In  churches  and  other  public  buildin^H, 
beUs  are  now  used  to  notify  the  time  of  meeting  of 
anv  congregation  or  other  assembly.  Encyc. 

in  private  houses,  hells  are  used  to  call  servants, 
either  hung  and  moviid  by  a  wire,  or  as  hand-bcUs. 
Small  bells  are  also  used  in  electrical  experiment:). 

2.  A  hollow  body  of  metal,  perforated,  and  con- 
taining a  solid  ball,  to  give  sounds  when  shaken; 
used  on  animals,  as  on  horses  or  hawks. 

3.  Any  thing  in  ftirm  of  a  bell,  us  tlie  cup  or  calyx 
of  a  llovver. 

To  bear  the  bell,  is  to  be  the  first  or  lender,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  bell-wether  of  a  flock,  or  the  leading 
horse  of  a  team  or  drove,  that  wears  ftfit*  on  his  collar. 
To  shake  Oie  bells,  a  phrase  of  Shakspeare,  signifioa 
to  move,  give  notice,  or  alarm. 

To  cur.ie  by  bdl,  book,  and  candle,  was  to  read  the 
execration  in  English,  with  the  ringing  of  bL-lIs,  and 
candles  lighted,  to  inspire  the  greater  dread. 
BELL,  V,  K  To  bell  the  cut,  to  encounter  and  cripple 
one  of  a  greatly  superior  force.  The  phrase  is  de- 
rived from  the  fable  of  the  mice  resolving  to  put  a 
bell  on  the  cat,  to  guard  them  against  his  allack. 

.S,T  /f.  ScotU 
BELL,  r.  i.    To  grow  in  the  form  of  bells,  as  buds  or 

flowen*. 
BELL'-F.\SH-ION-/:D,a.    Having  the  form    fa  bell. 

Mortimer. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GEB.  Vr'CIOUS €  as  K :  6  as  J  :  S  as  Z  :  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  ai  in  THIS. 


15 


113 


BEL 

URLL'-FLOW-ER,  ■.  [beU  and  JUwer.l  A  name 
«-vuitnun  to  different  «peci«a  of  plania  of  tbe  genus 
Canit^tnitLi ;  su  naimnl  fmm  Ihe  shape  of  tbe  corol 
or  Ttowrr,  which  rrsvmbiM  a  bell. 

BELL -KOI.M)  KR,  «.  [bfU  and /oanrfm]  A  man 
wh-.^4t*  orciiiKaiori  b  to  found  or  cast  bfU<i, 

BELL'-POL'NI>'«R-Y,  >».  A  place  where  bells   are 

BELL'-n>l'NU'RY.      |      founded  or  casu 

BELL'-MAN,  ri.  [brli  :ind  man.]  A  man  who  rinps 
«  brll,  especially  to  give  notice  of  any  thing  in  the 
rtreets, 

BELL'-MET-j»L,  (-raetO,)  ii.  [bfil  and  ntrta/.]  A 
mixture  of  copper  and  tin,  in  tlie  prop«^rtion  of  from 
three  to  five  parts  of  copper  to  one  of  tin,  and  usu- 
ally a  Binall  portion  of  brass  or  rinc  j  used  fiw  mak- 
ing hflU.  Eneyc  Am. 

BELL'-PEP-PER,  a.  [Ml  and  ptpp^r^]  A  name  of 
a  >-p«^ies  of  Capsicum,  or  Guin^  pepper.  Tbii  is 
the  red  t>epper  of  the  gardeiks,  and  ombC  proper  for 
pieklmg.  ;E^i«|ic 

BELL'-PJJLL,  «.     A  bell-cortL 

BELL'-R(NG-BR,  n.  One  wboee  bnainen  is  to  ring 
a  church  or  other  belL 

BELL'-^HAP-£:D,  fbeirsbapt,)  «.  [Mr  and  Aaptd.] 
Having  the  funn  of  a  bell. 

In  frobuiy,  campanulaie ;  0welling  out,  without  a 
lube  at  the  baiie,  a«  a  munopetalous  eoroL  Marpfn. 

BELL'-WETH-ER,  a.  \Ml  and  r<4Ur.]  A  wether 
or  9heep  which  leads  the  flock,  with  a  bell  on  his 
neck. 

BELL'-WORT,  a.  A  name  common  to  different  cpo- 
cies  of  plants  of  the  genus  Cvularia.     MtJdenherg^ 

BEL-LA-DON'NA,  a.  A  plant,  the  Jttref  MUd»nna, 
Linn.,  or  deadly  nightshade.  Lte. 

BEL-La'TRIX,  a.  [I*]  A  rtiddy,  gtlttering  star  of 
the  second  magnitude,  in  the  left'  shoulder  of  Orion  ; 
flo  named  from  it^  imagined  influence  in  exciting  war. 

BELLE,  (bel,)  a.  [  FV.,  from  L.  bdltts,  It.  heUo,  Sp.  heUoy 
handsome,  tine,  whence  to  embtiliAh:  allied  perhaps 
to  Russ.  6iW,  white.] 

A  gay  young  lady.  In  povu/uraje,  a  lady  of  superior 
beauty  and  nmrh  admired. 

BELL'£:D,  (btld.)  a.     Hung  with  bells. 

BELLE.S-LET'TRES,  (bel-let'ier,)  a.  fL    [Fr.] 

Polite  titeratare ;  a  word  of  very  vacue  significa- 
tion. It  includes  poetry  and  oratory ;  but  authors 
are  not  agreed  to  miat  particular  branches  of  leam- 
hig  the  term  should  be  restricted.  Eneyc 

BELL'I-BO.NE,  a.    [Fr.  htOM  tt  bomme,) 

A  woman  excellmg  both  In  beauty  and  goodness. 
[JVW  in  uje.]  Spenser, 

BEL'LI-£3>,  (belaid,)  pp.  or  a.  In  composition, 
swelled  or  prominent,  like  the  betly. 

In  Moxjr,  ventritose ;  swelling  out  the  middle,  as 
a  monupetakNis  coroL  .Mvihrm. 

BEL-LIC'ER-ATE,  r.  t.    To  make  war.     Codumm, 

BEL-UG'ER-ENT,  a.  [h,  MHftr,  warlike  ;  Miiftn^ 
to  wage  war:  firom  fteflan,  war,  and  /er«,  to  wage ; 
fMUt.  jrmtst,  ^imCu,  wa^g.  6r.  iroAc^";,  war; 
W.  hd,  war,  tumult ;  Ma,  Co  war,  to  wrangle.] 

Waging  war;  carrying  on  war ;  as,  a  beUtfftrmt 
rmtion. 

BEL-LIG'ER-EXT,  a.  A  nation, power,  or  state,  car- 
rying on  war. 

BElr  Ll6'ER-OUS,  0.     The  same  as  Beu.igerb5t. 

BELL'ING,  a.  [Sax.  bellan,  to  bellow.]  The  noise 
cf  a  roe  in  rutting  time  :  a  kunisman^s  term.     Diet. 

3.  a.  Growing  or  forming  like  a  bell ;  growing  full 
and  ripe  ;  used  of  hops  ;  from  belt  Ask. 

BEL-LI  fwO-TEfifT,  a.  [L.  beUuMy  war,  and  pottns^ 
powerful,  beUqrotms.) 

Powerful  or  mighty  in  war.    {IJttle  used.}    Diet, 

BEL  LtaUE',  (bel-leek',)  a.  [Old  Fr.}  Warlike. 
[JVtff  tLsed,}  FeWtaau 

BEL'LI-TUlJE,  a.  [L.  beUHmdo.]  Beauty  of  person. 
rOicI  Coektnm. 

BELL'LESS,  a.    Having  no  bell.  ScotL 

BEL'LOX,  a.  A  disease,  attended  with  lan^or  and 
intolerable  griping  of  tbe  bowels,  common  m  ^aces 
where  lead  ore  ts  smelted.  Encyc 

A  name  given  to  tbe  lead  colic  in  Derbyshire. 

Qutncy. 

BEL.LO'NA.a.     [fVom  L.  Mlwa,  war.] 

The  goddeas  of  war.  AnL  MythoL 

BEL'LOW,  V.  i.  [Sax.  hvdgioM,  bylgtant  W.  ballaw : 
L.  balo ;  D.  hmlkt*  ;  Sw.  HfU ;  Sax.  freUon,  to  bawL 
See  Bawu] 

1.  To  make  a  hollow,  loud'  noise,  as  a  bull ;  to 
make  a  loud  outcry- j  to  roar.  In  eojUempt^  xxi  vo- 
ciferate or  clamor. 

2.  To  roar,  as  the  sea  in  a  tempest,  or  as  tbe  wind 
when  violent}  to  make  a  loud,  boUow,  continued 
sound.  DrydeiL 

BEL'L6W,  «.     A  loud  outcry  ;  roar. 
BEL'LOW-ER,  a.     One  who  bellows. 
BEL'L5W-i.\G,  ppr.  or  a.    Making  a  loud,  hoUow 

sound,  as  a  bull,  or  as  the  roaring  df  billows. 
BEL'LCW-IN'G,  n.    A  loud,  hollow  »>und  or  roar,like 

that  of  a  bulL  Herbrrt. 

BEL'LOWS,  n.  sing,  and  pL      [Sax.   bUig  or  byligy 

bellows  ;  and  bilig-^  byltr^  a  blown  bladder,  a  botUe  ; 

Goth,  balffs,  hylg,  bylga^  a  mail  or  budget ;  L.  bulga ; 

Ir.  buUg^  botff,  a  bellows  ;  Ger.  balg,  a  skin  ;  blasebaigj 

a  bellows,  that  is,  a  blow-^kin  j   D.  blaasbalg ;  Sw. 


BEL 

btUsbalg;  Dan.  bl^sebflg.  See  Blake.  The  word  is 
|n-operly  in  the  singular  niiinbe-r,  Goth,  batgx,  but  is 
ust?d  al^o  in  the  plural.  It  st^cnis  to  he  thettjimeword 
as  the  L./(i//Ly,  and  prohahly  from  shooting  out,  swell- 
ing, or  driving.     W.  6c/.l 

An  instrument,  utensil,  or  machine  for  blowing 
fire,  either  in  privatt*  dwrllings  or  in  forges,  furnaces, 
and  shops.  It  is  so  formed  as,  hy  tteiiii;  dilntt'd  and 
contracted,  to  inhale  air  by  an  oritfce  which  is  opened 
and  closed  with  a  valve,  and  to  propel  it  tlirough  a 
tube  upon  the  fire. 

BEL'l^WS-KlSH,  It.    The  tnimpet  fish,  about  four 
inches  long,  with  a  long  snout ;  whence  its  imine. 
DicL  ofJ^'aU  I  fiat, 

BEL'LU-IXE,  a.     [L.  belJuinuji,  from  frW/iui,  a  liea^L] 
Beastly  ;    pertaining  to  or  like  a  beast ;  brutal. 
[l*ttU  used.]  Attrrbury. 

BCL'LY,  n.  [Ir.  botg^  the  belly,  a  bag,  pouch,  budget, 
blister,  bellows ;  \V.  My,  the  belly,  whence  boliatn, 
to  beJly,  t(f  gorge ;  Ann.  boeieu.  bowels.  The  prima- 
ry sense  is  swelled,  or  a  swell.] 

1.  That  nut  of  the  human  body  which  extends 
anteriorly  from  the  brea.si  to  the  tlnghs,  and  also  tbe 
cavity  extending  from  the  diaphragm  to  the  pelvis, 
containing  tiie  bowels  ;  the  latter  is  railed  also  (he 
abdffmet,  or  lower  beliy,  to  distinguish  it  from  the 
head  and  breast,  which  are  sometimes  called  frf//uu, 
from  their  cavity.  i^uiney. 

3.  The  part  of  a  beast  corresponding  to  the  human 

3.  The  womb.     Jer.  i.  5.  [belly. 

4.  Tbe  receptacle  of  food  ;  that  which  requires 
food,  in  opposition  to  the  back. 

Wboae  god  k  tbclr  bfZ/y.  —  Phil.  SI. 

5.  The  part  of  nnv  thing  which  resembles  the 
human  belly  in  protuberance  or  cavity,  as  of  a  harp 
or  a  bottie. 

6.  Any  hollow  inclosed  piace  ;  as,  the  bcUy  of  bell, 
in  Jtmak. 

7.  tn  Ser^ture^  belly  Is  used  for  the  heart.  Prov. 
xviii.  8.  XX.  30.  John  vii.  38.  Carnal  lusts,  sensual 
pleasures.  Rom.  lvu  13.  Phil.  iii.  19.  The  whole 
man.    Til.  i.  12.  Browtu    Cruden. 

BEL'LY,  V.  U    To  fill ;  to  swell  out.  Shak. 

BEL'LY,  V.  i.  To  swell  and  become  protuberant,  like 
the  belly ;  as,  beUyxMg  goblets  ;  beUying  canvas. 

Dry  den.     Philips. 
%  To  strut.  Bailey. 

BEiyLY-ACHE,  a.     \beay  and  ache,]    Pain  in  tbe 

bowels;  the  colic    \f^iugar.] 
BEL'LY-a€HE  BUSlI  or  \VEED,  a. 

Jatropha. 

BEL'LY-BAND,  a.  A  band  that  encompasses  tbe 
belly  of  a  horse  and  fastens  the  saddle ;  a  girth. 

Shirttood. 
BEL'LY-BOUND,  a.    Diseased  in  the  belly,  so  as  to 

be  costive,  and  shrunk  in  the  betly.  ^knson. 

BEL'LY-CHEER,  n.    Good  cheer.    [JVot  used,] 

Chaucer. 
BEL'LY-FRET-TING,  n.    Tbe  chafing  of  a  horse's 
belly  with  a  fore  girt. 

2.  A  violent  pain  in  a  horse's  belly,  caused  by 
worms.  Diet. 

BEL'LY-FJJL,  n,  fbeUy  and  fiUL]  As  much  as  fills 
the  belly,  or  satisfies  the  appetite.  In  familiar  and 
ludicrous  language,  a  great  abundance ;  mure  than 
enough.     [yMlgar.]  Johnson. 

BEL'LV-GOD,  a.  [belly  and  god.]  A  glutton  ;  one 
who  makes  a  god  of  his  belly  ;  that  is,  whose  great 
business  or  pleasure  is  to  gratify  his  appetite. 

BEL'LY-ING, ppr.  or  a.  Enlarging  capacity;  swell- 
ing out,  like  the  belly. 

BEL'LY-PI\C1I-£D,  (-pmcht,)  a.  [See  PiifCH.] 
Starved  ;  pinched  witn  hunger  Skak. 

BEL  LY-ROLL,  n.  [See  Roll.]  A  roller  protuber- 
ant in  the  middle,  to  roll  land  between  ridges,  or  in 
hollows.  Mortimer. 

BEL'LY-SLAVE,  n.    A  slave  to  the  appetite. 

Homily. 

BEL'LY-TIM'BER,  m.  [See  Tmsra.]  Food ;  that 
which  supports  tbe  belly.    [Vidgar.]  •' 

Prior.    Hudibras. 

BEL'LY-WORM,  a.  [See  Worm.]  A  worm  that 
breeds  in  the  belly  or  stomach.  Johnson. 

BE-LOCK',  r.  t.     [Sax.  belucan,  from    loc,  a  lock, 
with  be.] 
To  lock,  or  fasten,  as  with  a  lock.  Shak, 

BEL'0-MAN-€Y,  n.  [Gr.  /^tAoj,  an  arrow,  and 
/iflcrciu,  divination.] 

A  kind  of  divination  practiced  by  the  ancient 
Scythians,  Babylonians,  and  other  nations,  and  by 
the  Arabians.  A  rjumber  of  arrows,  being  marked, 
were  put  into  a  Mig  or  quiver,  and  drawn  out  at 
ranjiom  ;  and  the  murks  or  words  on  the  arrow 
drawn,  detennined  what  was  to  happen.  See  Ezek. 
iii.  21,.  Encyc. 

BEL'O-NE,  71.     [Gr.  ffcXm-rjj  a  needle.] 

A  name  given  by  Cuvier  to  the  gar,  garfish,  or  sea- 
needle,  a  species  of  Esox.  It  grows  to  the  length  of 
two  or  three  feet,  with  long,  pointed  jaws,  the  edges 
of  which  are  armed  with  small  teeth. 

BE-LONG',  r.  L  [p.  belnn/en,  to  concern,  belong^ 
concern,  interest,  imptirtance,  of  be  and  lang ;  Ger. 
betangcn,  to  attain  to,  or  come  to  ;  aiiIangen,iQ  arrive, 


A  species  of 


BEL 

to  come  to,  to  concern,  to  touch  or  belong;  Dan. 
anlange^to  arrive  at,  to  belong.  In  Sax.  gelangian  is 
to  call  or  bring.  The  radical  sense  of  long  is  to 
extend  or  draw  out,  and  with  be  or  an,  it  signifies  to 
extend  to,  to  reach.] 

1.  To  be  the  proiH-rty  of;  as,  a  field  belongs  to 
Richard  IUh>  ;  Jamaica  belongs  to  Great  Britain. 

9.  To  be  the  concern  or  proper  business  of;  to  ap- 
pertain ;  as,  it  belongs  to  John  Doe  to  prove  his  title. 

3.  I'o  be  appendant  to. 

He  wrnt  into  a  Jnert  place  bttonging  to  Beths-iidn.  —  Luke  ix. 

4.  To  be  a  part  of,  or  connected  with,  though  de- 
tached in  place  ;  as,  a  beam  or  rafter  belongs  to  such 
a  frame,  or  to  such  a  place  in  tbe  building. 

5.  To  have  reLition  to. 

And  I>aTitl  kaiil,  To  whom  betongetl  thou  ?  —  1  Sain.  xzx. 

6.  To  be  the  quality  or  attribute  of. 

To  th?  LotU  our  God  belong  mcrciea  ami  rorgivenen.  — Diui.  ix. 

7.  To  be  suitable  for. 

Strong  nipiit  belongelh  to  them  of  full  age.  — Heb.  t. 

8.  To  relate  to,  or  be  referred  to. 

He  careth  for  tlmiga  thai  belong  to  the  Lord.  —  1  Cor.  tH. 

9.  To  have  a  legal  residence,  settlement,  or  inhab- 
itancy, whether  by  birth  or  operation  of  law,  so  as 
to  be  entitled  to  maintenance  by  the  parish  or  town. 

Bast-inli  also  are  K?ttli'd  In  Uic  parulio  to  wluch   (he  moOirn 

belong.  Bladcatone. 

Hence, 

10.  To  be  the  native  of;  to  have  original  residence. 

There  ii  no  oOicr  country  in  the  world  to  which  the  Glraiea  could 
belong.  Orelltnan,  Pr.f.  Vi. 

11.  In  common  languaqe^  to  have  a  settled  resi- 
dence; to  be  domiciliated. 

BE-LO\G'ING,  ppr.  Pertaining;  appertaining;  be- 
ing the  properly  of;  being  a  quality  of;  being  the 
concern  of;  being  api>cndani  to  ;  being  a  native  of, 
or  having  a  legal  or  permanent  st'itlement  in. 

BE-LOXG'liNG,  n.     A  quality.     [J^ot  in  use.]     Shak. 

BE-LOVE'   u.  f.     To  love.     [Ob^.]  Todd. 

BE-LOV'ED,  (be-luvd'  aa  a  participle^  be-luv'ed  as 
an  adjective^)  pp.  or  a.  [be  and  loved,  from  love. 
Belovr^  as  a  verb,  is  not  used.] 

Loved  ;  greatly  loved  ;  dear  to  the  heart.      Paul. 

UE-hGW ',  prep,  [be  and  low.]  Under  in  place;  be- 
neath; not  so  high  ;  as,  below  the  moon;  below  tbe 
knee. 

2.  Inferior  in  rank,  excellence,  or  dignity.  Felton. 

3.  Unworthy  of;  unbefitting.  Dryden. 
BE-LOW,  adv.     In  a  lower  place,  with  respect  to  any 

object ;  as,  the  heavens  above  and  the  earth  below. 

2.  On  tbe  earth,  as  opposed  to  tbe  heavens. 

The  fiirert  child  of  Jove  beloi*.  Prior. 

3.  In  hell,  or  the  regions  of  tbe  dead ;  as,  tbe 
realms  below.  Dryden. 

4.  In  a  court  of  inferior  jurisdiction  ;  as,  at  tlie 
trial  below.  Wheaton. 

BE-LOWT',  V.  U  [See  Lowt.]  To  treat  with  con- 
temptuous language.     [JV^t  in  use.]  Camden. 

BEL'SWAG-GER,  n.     A  lewd  man;  a  bully. 

Dryden. 

BELT,  n.  [Sax.  belt ;  Sw.  bdlt ;  Dan.  bffUe ;  h.  balteus  ; 
Uu.  Ir.  bait,  a  welt.     Class  Bl.] 

1.  A  girdle,  band,  or  circlet ;  as,  a  lady's  6e?(,  a 
sword  brltj  a  belt  of  trees. 

2.  A  term  applied  to  two  narrow  passages  or  straits 
in  the  Baltic.  The  Great  Belt  is  the  passage  between 
the  ble  of  Zealand  and  that  of  Funen,  at  the  en- 
trance ot  the  Baltic.  The  Les.<er  Belt  is  the  passage 
between  the  Isle  of  Funen  and  the  coast  of  Jutland. 

3.  A  bandage  or  band  used  by  surgeons  for  various 
purposes. 

4.  In  o.-ftronomi/,  certain  girdles  or  zones  which  sur- 
round the  planet  Jupiter  are  called  belts. 

5.  A  disease  among  sheep,  cured  hy  cutting  off  the 
tail,  laying  the  sore  bare,  then  casting  mold  on  it, 
and  applying  tar  and  goose-grease.  Encyc. 

BELT,  F.  u     To  encircle.  Warton. 

BEL'TANE,  (  n.     May  dav  and  its  attendant  ceremo- 

BEL'TIN,  \  niea,  among  the  Scottish  IlighUmd- 
erg  ;  as,  the  beltane  fire,  beltane  cake,  &c.     Brande. 

BELT'ED,  a.     Wearing  a  belt. 

BE-LCGA,  n.  [Ruaa,  bieluga,  signifying  white  fish.] 
A  fish  of  the  Ceticeous  order,  and  genus  Delphi- 
nus,  (D.  Leucas,)  from  12  to  18  feel  in  length.  The 
tail  is  divided  into  two  lobes,  lying  horizoniiilly,  and 
there  is  no  dorsal  fin.  In  swimming,  this  fish  bends 
its  tail  under  its  body,  like  a  lobster,  and  ihnists  it- 
self along  with  the  rapidity  of  an  arrow.  This  fi:»h 
is  found  in  the  arctic  seas  and  rivers,  and  in  caught 
for  its  oil  and  its  skin.  Pennant. 

This  is  properly  the  Sea  beluga,  (Russ.  bieluga 
vtoTskaia.)  The  term  bela<ra  is  properly  applied  by 
the  Russians  to  the  white  sturgeon,  {Acipfn-arr  huso,) 
which  furnishes  isinglass  and  caviar;  ciughi  partic- 
ularly in  the  Volga  and  other  rivers  of  the  Caspian. 

BEL'VE-DeRE',  (bel've-deer',)  71.  [It.]  In  Italian 
architecture,  a  pavilion  on  the  top  of  an  edifice  ;  an 
artificial  eminence  in  a  garden.  Encvc 

BEL'VI-DeRE,  n.     [L.  beUus,  fine,  and  video,  to  see.l 

A  plant,   the  Cheniipodium   scoparia,   or  annual 

mock  cypress.     It  is  of  a  beautiful  pyramidical  form. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHi^T METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BpQK.- 


BEN 


BEN 


BEN 


and  much  esteemed  in  China  as  a  salad,  and  for 
otlior  uses.  Encyc 

BEL^E'.    See  Belie. 

Ue'MA,  n.     [Or. /y.i^  1.] 

1.  A  chancel.     [JVo(  in  vse.]  Beaumont. 

2.  In  ancient  Oretce,  a  stage  or  kind  of  pulpit,  on 
which  speakere  stood  when  addressing  an  assembly. 

Mitford, 
BE-MAD',  r.  t    [be  and  mad.'\    To  make  mad.    [JVot 

inMse.l  ,    „  Sluik. 

BE-MAS"GLE,  r.  (.    \hc  and  mangle.^    To  mangle  ;  to 

tear  asunder.     {UtUe  nse<l.]  Beaumont. 

BE-MXSK',  V.  u     [be  and  mask.']    To  mask  ;  to  con- 
ceal. Skelton. 
BE-.M  JZE',  T.  I.    To  bewilder.    [See  Mazi.I     [LitOe 

u'.d.\  •  Cotcper. 

BE-METE',  r.  I.    [be  aiti  mete.}    To  measure.    [Mil 

in  Ufr.)  *  **^- 

BE-M  I.V'GLE,  r.  (.    [4e  and  min^/e.]    To  mmgle  ;  to 

mix.     [UuU  ustil.\ 

BE-.MIRE'.  r.  L    [be  and  mire]  To  drag  or  encumber 

in  the  mire  ;  to  soil  by  passing  through  mud  or  diny 

places.  ?""•'': 

BE-MIST',  o.  t.    [be  and  mist.\    To  cover  or  involve 

in  mist.     r.^ii(  uar,l.\  „    .  Fellan. 

BE-MOAN',  r.  (.  [be  and  monn.]  To  lament  ;  to  be- 
wail i  to  express  sorrow  for ;  as,  to  bemoan  the  loss 
of  a  son.  Jeremiah. 

BE-MO  V.V'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  lamented.    [AV( 

■l^rf.J  Skervood. 

BE-MOAN' ED,  pp.     Lamented  ;  bewailed. 
BE-.Mf)A.N'ER,  n.     Oni-  who  laments. 
BE-MOAN'l.\C,  pr"--     Lamenting  ;  bewailins. 
BE-MOCK',  r.  (.    [be  and  mock.]    To  treat  with  mock- 
ery.    [IJUle  u.'ul.[  S*"''- 
BE-M()CK',  p.  i.    "To  laiich  at. 

BE-.MOIL',  t>.  I.     [be  and  moU.     Fr.  mnuiller,  10  wet.] 
To  bedraggle  ;  to  belnire  ;  to  soil  or  encumber  with 
mire  and  dirt.    [-Vol  m  iisr.]  SAai- 

BE-.MOIST'£N,  c.  U     To  moisten  ;  to  wet. 
BE'MOL,  I!.      In  music,  B  flat,  a  semitone  below  B 

natural.  ,      *''"'"•,. 

BE-MO.S'STER,  r.  t.     [be  and  mamter.]     To  make 

monstrous.     [A"u(  in  ««.]  **«*• 

BE-.MOURN',  r.  t.    To  weep  or  mourn  over.     [lAtUe 

u^fil.]  1     ^ 

BE-MOS'ED,  (be-muzd',)  o.     [be  and  muse.]     Over- 
come with  musing  ;  dreaming.    [j»  trord  of  contempt.] 
Johnson.     Pope. 
BEN,  or  BEN'-NUT,  n.    A  purgative  fruit  or  nut,  the 
largest  of  which  resembles  a  filbert,  yielding  an  oil 
(called  oU  of  hen)  used  in  pharmacy.  Encyc. 

This  is  the  fruit  of  aspecies  of  -Moringa,  (,M.  pterygo- 
gperma,  Decand.) 
BENCH,  «.      [Ir.  Jiitse;   Corn,  beak!  Sal.  bene;  fr. 
banc.    See  Bank.]  , 

1.  A  long  seat,  usually  of  board  or  plank,  differing 
from  a  stool  in  its  greater  length. 

2.  The  seat  where  judges  sit  in  court  \  the  seat  or 
justice.     Hence, 

I  3.  The  persons  who  sit  as  judges  ;  the  court. 

Shak.     Dryden. 
4.  See  Berks.  ,  ,    , . 

Free  bench .  in  England,  the  estate  in  copyhold 
lands,  which  the  wife,  being  espoused  a  virgin,  has 
for  her  dower,  after  the  decease  of  her  husband. 
This  is  various  in  different  manors,  according  to  their 
respective  customs. 
BE.NCH,  r.  L  To  furnish  with  benches.  Dryden. 
2.  To  seat  on  a  bench.  Sh4ik. 

3   r.  i.  To  sit  on  a  seat  of  justice.  Shak. 

BENCir-WAR'RANT,  n.  A  process  issued  by  a 
court  against  a  person  guilty  of  some  contempt,  or 
indicted  for  some  crime.  Boiieii|r. 

BENCHER,  s.  In  England,  the  benchers  in  the  inns 
of  court  are  the  senior  members  of  the  society,  who 
have  the  government  of  It.  They  have  been  read- 
ers, and,  being  admitted  to  plead  within  the  liar,  are 
called  inner  barristere.  They  annually  elect  a  treaa- 
llf^f_  Encye.    Johnson. 

2.  The  alderman  of  a  corporation.  jlshmole. 

3.  A  Judge.  Shak. 

4.  In  old  xrilrrs,  an  idler,  one  who  frequenu  the 
benches  of  a  tavern. 

BEND,  ».  C;  pret.  Bended  or  Bent;  pp.  Bended  or 
Bent.  [Pax.  bendan,  to  bend  ;  Fr.  bander,  to  bend, 
bind,  or  tie;  Ger.  binden,  to  wind,  bind,  or  tie  ;  D- 


btnden,  the  same  ;  f^w.  banda,  to  bind  ;  Dan.  binde,  to 
bind  ;  I*,  panda,  pandare,  to  bend  iff ;  pando,  pandere, 
to  open  1  pnndux,  bcnl,  crooked  ;  It.  banda,  sidewise  ; 
btnda,  a  fillet  or  band  ,  bmdare,  to  crown  ;  Sp.  pan- 
dear,  to  bend  or  be  inclined,  to  bulge  out,  to  belly  ; 
pandn,  a  bulge  or  protuberance  ;  pando,  jutting  out. 
The  priinar>'  sense  is,  to  stretch  or  strain.  Bend  and 
btnd  are  radVallv  Ihi;  same  word.) 

1.  To  strain,  or  to  crook  by  straining;  as,  to  bend  a 

2.  To  crook  ;  to  make  crooked  ;  to  curve ;  to  In- 
flect ;  as,  to  bend  the  arm. 

3.  To  direct  to  a  certain  point;  as,  to  bend  our 
steps  or  course  to  a  particular  place.  ,  /    , 

4.  To  exert ;  to  apply  cl4Mely  ;  to  exercise  labori- 
ously i  to  intend  or  stretch  ;  as,  to  bond,  the  mind  to 
study. 


5.  To  prepare  or  put  in  order  for  use  ;  to  stretch  or 
strain. 

He  hath  beni  liia  l»w  and  mnd«  it  ready.  — P«.  ril. 

6.  To  incline  ;  to  be  determined ;  that  is,  to  stretch 
toward,  or  cause  to  tend  ;  as,  to  be  bent  on  mischief. 
It  expresses  disposition  or  purpose.  _ 

7.  To  subdue ;  to  cause  to  yield  ;  to  make  submis- 
sive ;  as,  to  bend  a  man  to  our  will. 

8.  In  seamanship,  to  fasten,  as  one  rope  to  another 
or  to  an  anchor ;  to  fasten,  as  a  sail  to  its  yard  or 
stay  ;  to  fasten,  as  a  cable  to  the  ring  of  an  anchor. 

'  Mar.  Diet. 

9.  To  bend  the  brow,  is  to  knit  the  brow ;  to  scowl ; 
to  frown.  ^  Camiten. 

BEND,  V.  i.    To  be  crooked  ;  to  crook,  or  be  curving. 

Sandys. 
a.  To  incline  ;  to  lean  or  turn  ;  as,  a  road  bends  to 

3.  To  jut  over  ;  as,  a  bending  cliff.  [the  west. 

4.  To  resolve  or  determine.    [Sec  Beht  on.] 

Dryden. 

5.  To  bow  or  be  submissive.    Is.  Ix. 
BEND,  n.    A  curve  ;  a  crook  ;  a  turn  in  a  road  or  riv- 
er;  flexure  ;  incurvation. 

2.  In  marine  language,  a  knot  by  which  one  part  ot 
a  rope  is  fastened  to  another  or  to  an  anchor.  [See 
To  Bend,  No.  8.]  .  j    .  ... 

3  Bends  of  a  ship  are  the  thickest  and  strongest 
planks  in  her  sides,  more  generally  called  wales. 
They  are  reckoned  from  the  water,  first,  second,  or 
third  bend.  They  have  the  beams,  knees,  and  foot 
hooks  bolted  to  them,  and  are  the  chief  strength  of 
the  ship's  sides.  Eneyc.    Mar.  Diet. 

4.  In  heraldry,  one  of  the  nine  honorable  ordina- 
ries, containing  a  third  part  of  the  field,  when 
charged,  and  a  fifth,  when  plain.  It  is  made  by  t>yo 
lines  drawn  across  from  tlie  dexter  chief  to  Ihe  sinis- 
ter base  point.  It  sometimes  is  indented,  ingrailed, 
j^P  Johnson.     Encyc. 

BEND,  n.     A  band.     [AT;!  in  imp.]  Spenser. 

BEND' ABLE,  a.    That  may  be  bent  or  incurvated. 

Sherwood. 
BENT)'ED,  I  pp.  or  o.     Strained  ;  Incurvated ;  made 
BENT         )     crooked  ;  inclined  ;  subdued. 
BEND'ER,  n.    The  pjrson  who  bends  or  makes  crook- 
ed ;  also,  an  instrument  for  bending  other  tilings. 
BEND'INtJ,  ppr.  or  a.     Incurvating  ;   forming  into  a 
curve  ;  stooping  ;  subduing  ;  turning,  as  a  road  or 
,   river;  inclining;  leaning;  applying  closely,  as  the 

mind ;  fastening.  .  .    ,.     .     ,..  v 

BE-VIVLET,  n.     In  heraldry,  a  little  bend  which  occu- 

pies  a  sixth  part  of  a  shield.  BaUey. 

BEND'-WITH,  n.     A  plant.     ^  ,,  ^.   ..    .   .  P'f-  , 
BEND'Y,  n.     In  heraldry,  the  field  divided  into  four, 
six,  or  more  parts,  diagonally,  and  varying  in  metal 
and  color.  ,        ^''U'-    ■^^''-  . 

BEN'E  n.  The  popular  name  of  the  Sesamum  ori- 
entale.  or  oil  plant;  called  in  the  West  Indies  Fan- 
irloe  Mease. 

BE-NPAP'£D,  fbe-neept',)  a.  [be  nni  neap.)  Among 
seamen,  a  ship  is  6fiif<ij.fii,  when  the  water  does  not 
flow  high  enough  to  float  her  from  a  dock  or  over  a 
bar.  ^''"J'- 

BE-NEATH',  prep.  [Sax.  beneath,  beneothan,  benythan  f 
of  be  and  neoUian,  below,  under.    See  Nether.] 

1.  Under  ;  lower  in  place,  with  something  directly 
over  or  on ;  as,  to  place  a  cushion  beneath  one  ;  often 
with  the  sense  o( pressure  or  oppression;  as,  to  sink 
beneath  a  burden,  in  a  literal  sense. 

2.  Under,  in  a  figurative  sense  ;  bearing  heavy  Im- 
positions, as  taxes,  or  oppressive  government. 

Our  country  iinka  beneath  the  yoke.  Sfiak. 

3.  Lower  in  rank,  dignity,  or  excellence  ;  as,  bnitcs 
arc  beneath  man  ;  man  is  beneath  angels  in  the  scale 
of  beings. 

4.  Unworthy  of;  nnbccoming ;  not  equal  to;  as, 
he  will  do  nothing  beneath  his  station  or  character. 

BF.-NPATir,  adv.  In  a  lower  place;  as,  the  earth 
from  beneath  will  be  barren.  Mortimer. 

8.  Below,  as  opposed  to  heaven,  or  to  any  superior 
region  ;  as,  in  heaven  above,  or  in  earth  beneath. 

BEN'E-DICK,  (  a.     [From   one   of  the   characters  m 

BEN'E-DICT,  Shakspiare's  play  of  "  Much  alio 
about  nothing."]     A  mtirried  man,  or  a  man  ncwiv 

BEN'E-DICT,  a.     [L.  benedictvs.]  ,  .        [mameil. 

Having  mild  and  salubrious  qualities.  [JVot  in 
tup  1  Bacon* 

BEN-E-DieT'I.NE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  order  or 
niniiks  of  St.  Benedict,  or  SI.  Benet. 

BEN-E-DIf'T'INE8,jt.  pi.  Anordcrof  monks  who  pro- 
fess to  follow  the  rules  of  St.  Benedict,  an  order  of 
great  celebrity.  They  wear  a  loose,  black  gown, 
wilh  large,  wide  sleeves,  and  a  cowl  on  the  head, 
ending  in  a  point.  In  Ihe  canon  law,  they  are  called 
black  friars.  ,  ,, 

BEN-E-DI€'TION,  n.  [L.  bcnedicito,  from  bene,  well, 
and  dictio,  speaking.     See  Boon  ami  DictionJ 

1.  The  act  of  blessing  ;  a  giving  praise  to  God,  or 
rendering  thanks  for  his  favors  ;  a  blessing  pro- 
nounced  ;  hence,  grace  before  and  aft<  r  meals. 

2.  Blessing,  prayer,  or  kind  wislics  uttered  in  favor 
of  any  person  or  thing  ;  a  solemn  or  affectionate  in- 
vocation of  hoppmesB ;  thanks  ;  expression  of  grati- 

1     tude.  


3.  The  advantage  conferred  by  blessing.    Bacon 

4.  The  form  of  instituting  an  abbot,  answering  to 
the  consecration  of  a  bishop.  JlijI'ffe. 

5.  The  external  ceremony  performed  by  a  priest  in 
the  office  of  matrimony,  is  called  Uie  nuptial  beiicdic- 
jj^  jEncyc 

6  In  Ihe  Roman  Catholic  church,  an  ecclesiastical 
ceremony  by  which  a  thing  is  rendered  sacred  or  ven- 
erable, ^r'^y"- 

BEN-E-DICT'IVE,  a.  Tending  to  bless  ;  giving  a 
blessing.  Qauden. 

BEN-E-F ACTION,  n.     [L.  benefado,  of  bene,  well, 
and  facio,  to  make  or  do?] 
1.  The  act  of  conferring  a  benefit.   More  generally, 
9.  A  benefit  conferred,  especially  a  cliantalile  do- 
nation. AUerbKry. 

BEN-E-FAC'TOR,  n.  He  who  confers  a  beiicht,  es- 
pecially one  who  makes  charitable  contributions  either 
for  public  institutions  or  foi  private  use. 

BEN-E-FACTEESS,  n.  A  female  who  confers  a  ben- 
efit. „      .       Delany. 

BEN'E-FICE,  n.  [L.  beneficiim;  Fr.  benifice.  See 
Benefaction.] 

1.  Literally,  a  benefit,  advantage,  or  kindness.  But, 
in  present  usage,  an  ecclesiastical  living  ;  a  church 
endowed  with  a  revenue,  for  the  maintenance  of  di- 
vine service,  or  the  revenue  itself.  All  church  pre- 
fermenU  are  called  benefices,  except  bishoprics,  which 
are  called  dignities.  But,  ordinarily,  the  term  dignity 
is  applied  to  bishoprics,  deaneries,  archdeaconries, 
and  prebendaries;  and  ben^ce  to  parsonages,  vicar 
ages,  and  donatives.  Encyc. 

2.  In  the  middle  ages,  benefice  was  used  for  a  fee, 
or  an  estate  in  lands,  granted  al  first  for  life  only, 
and  held  ez  mero  bcneficio  of  the  donor.  The  estate 
afterward,  becoming  hereditary,  took  the  appellation 
of /cud,  and  beni^ce  became  appropriated  to  church 
livings.  „.  ^    /^""y"- 

BEN'&FIC-BD,  (ben'e-flst,)  a.  Possessed  of  a  bene- 
fice or  church  preferment.  ■^V  -fi.  . 

BEN'E-FICE-LESS,  a.  Having  no  benefice.  [JVTui 
used.]  Sheldon. 

BE-NEF'I-CENCE,  n,  [L.  beneficenlia,  from  the  par- 
ticiple of  benrfacio.] 

The  practice  of  doing  good ;  active  goodness,  kind- 
ness, or  charity.  ^      .  ^      . 

BE-NEF'I-CENT,  a.  Doing  good  ;  performing  acts  of 
kindness  and  charity.  It  differs  from  benign  as  the 
act  from  the  disposition  ;  beneficence  being  benignity,  or 
kindness  exerted  In  action.  Johnson. 

BENEF'I-CENT-LY,  adv.     In  a  beneficent  manner. 

BEN-E-FI"CI.\L,  (ben-e-flsh'al,)  a.  Advantageous; 
conferring  benefits  ;  useful ;  profitable ;  helpful ;  con- 
tributing to  a  valuable  end  ;  followed  by  to ;  as,  in- 
dustry is  beneficial  to  the  body,  as  weU  as  to  the  prop- 

2.'  Receiving,  or  entitled  to  have  or  receive,  advan- 
tage, use,  or  benefit ;  as,  the  bcnijicial  owner  of  an 
estate.  Kent. 

BE.\-&FI"CIAL-LY,  otJc.    Advantageously;  profita- 
bly ;  helpfully.  .,    ,  .  ,.  k, 
BEN-E-FI"C1AL  NESS,  n.     Usefulness;  profitable- 
ness.                                                  ,       „    i-"^?'. 
BEN-E-FI"CIA-RY,  (hen-c-fish'a-ry,)  a.   [L.  ienrficia- 
riu.1.     See  Benefaction.] 

Holding  some  office  or  valuable  possession.  In  sub- 
ordination tu  another  ;  having  a  dependent  and  sec- 
ondary possession.  Bacon. 
BEN-E-F1"CIA-Ry,  (ben-e-fish'a-re,)  n.  One  who 
holds  a  benefice.  A  heneficlary  is  not  the  proprietor 
of  the  revenues  of  his  church  ;  but  he  has  the  ad- 
ministration of  them  without  being  accountable  to 
any  person.  The  word  was  used,  in  the  middle  ages, 
for  a  feudatory  or  vassal.  i;iii:|;i:. 

o  One  who  receives  any  thing  as  a  gin,  or  is  niain- 
tafned  by  charity.  ,    BUukstone. 

BEN-E-PI"C1EN-CY,  n.  Kindness  or  favor  bestowed. 

Brown. 
BFN-E-FI"CIENT,  d.     Doing  good.       .^dam  Smith. 
BEN'E-FIT  n.     [Primarily  from  L.  Spnc^ci""",  or  Scne- 
factum ;  but  perhaps  directly  from  the  Fr.  6.en/ait,  by 
corruption.]  ^  _  * 

1.  An  act  of  kindness ;  a  favor  conferred-. 


Blew  the  Lord,  O  my  soul,  and  forget  not  aU  hi«  beneJIU.— 
Pa.  ciii. 

2  Advantage;  profit;  a  word  of  extensive  use, 
and'  expressing  whatever  contributes  to  promote  pros- 
perity and  personal  happiness,  or  adds  value  to  prop- 
erty. 

Men  hare  no  right  to  what  i.  not  for  their  beneJU.  BorH. 

3  A  perlbrmancc  at  a  theater,  the  proceeds  of 
which  go  to  one  of  the  actors  as  part  of  his  recom- 
DPnse.  The  term  is  also  applied  to  a  public  perform- 
ance for  the  benefit  of  some  indigent,  deserving  per- 
son, or  of  some  public  iiistlttitlon  or  charily. 

4  In  too,  benefit  of  clergy.     [See  Clerot.] 
BEN'E-FIT,  t).  (-  To  do  good  lo  ;  to  advantage  ;  to  ad- 
vance In  health  or  prosperity  ;  applied  eilher  to  persons 
or  things;  as,  exercise  bairfits  heiUth  ;  trade  benrfiu  o 
n.itlon.  .  ,      ,„ 

BEN'E-FIT  v.u  To  gain  advantage;  to  make  im- 
provement; as,  he  has  benefited  by  good  advice;  that 
is,  he  has  been  benefited. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE— AN--OER,  VI"CI0U8— C  as  K ;  0  ..  J ;  8  »  Z  I  CH  M  BH ;  gH  .a  in  THIS. 


115 


BEN 

BEN'E-FIT-En,  pp.    Pntf  led  ;  havingFeceived  benefit. 
BEN' tFIT-ING,  ppr.    Doing  good  to ;  profiling ;  gain- 
ing advantage. 
BE-NCME',  r.  L    {Sax.  b»  and  mmuh.] 

1.  To  name.    [AVc  in  as*.] 

2.  To  prorau«  ;  to  give.     [Jfyt  m  umJ]     ^€mmt, 
BE-NEMP'NE,v  L  To  name.  [Abt  in  km.}  SsntMr. 
JTE'JV-*;  PLACI  ro,  riL]     In  music,  at  pleasure. 
BENE  PLAC'I-TI;RB,  n.  {UhrnepUteitmmy  *eii«,wen, 

and  plaeituviy  from  plket^.  to  please.] 
Will:  choice.     [A*u(  m  »«.]_  (HamvilU 

BB-NET',  r,u    [be  and  wet  ]    To  cstcli  in  a  net ;  to 

Insnare.     [AM  umL]  Stdk; 

BB-NBV'O-LENCE,  a.     [U  bauvoUntia,  of  »«»«,  well, 

and  Mfff,  to  will  or  wblu    See  Will.} 

1.  The  disposition  to  do  good  :  good  will ;  kind- 
ness ;  cbaricableaeas ;  the  lora  of  mankind,  accom- 
panied witb  a  desire  to  promoie  tbeir  bappint-ss. 

The  bfm€V*UneM  t€  C9od  is  on«  of  his  moral  attri- 
butes ;  Uuu  actribate  which  delig^ta  in  the  happtneos 
of  intettigent  beings.    **  God  la  love."     1  John  iv. 

2.  An  art  of  kindnesa  ;  good  done  ;  charity  given. 

3.  A  species  of  contribution  or  tax^  nominally  a  gra- 
tuity, but  illegally  exacted  by  arbitmy  kings  of  Eng- 
land. PfgftfffTtf 

B£-.\EV'0-LENT,  «.  [U  »«a«Mtaw.  oftow  and  m<o.} 
Having  a  disposition  to  do  good;  posaesatag  love 
to  mankind,  and  a  deaire  to  piomoce  their  pro^erity 
and  happiness ;  kind. 

BK-NSV'O-LENT-LV,  a<fe.  In  a  kind  manner ;  with 
nod  will. 

BE-NEV'O-LOUS,  o.    Kind  ;  ben^voIenL    [^U  umuL] 

BEN-GAL',  H.  That  portion  of  Hindostan  which  lies 
on  the  lower  part  of  the  River  Ganges. 

S.  A  thin  stuff,  made  of  silk  and  hair,  for  women*8 
apparel,  so  called  fraatSa^guL,      BaiUw.    -Mmsvm* 

BEN'GaL-LIGHT,  a.  A  species  of  fireworks  used 
as  sigriaJs,  by  night  or  otherwise,  producing  a  steady 
and  \\vid  blue-colored  flre. 

BEN'GAIx-^TKIPES,  a.  A  kind  of  cotton  cloth  wo- 
ven with  colored  stnpea,  Ur*. 

BEN-GAL-EE',  n.  The  language  or  dialect  spoken  in 
Bengal. 

BEN-GAUe*E',  a.  tfia/  and  pL  A  native  or  the  na- 
tives of  Ben^.  ^A.  Rf.i,  vii.  171. 

BE-XIGHT',  p.  1.  [ftrnnd  »!>*/.]  To  involve  in  dark- 
ness ;  to  shroud  witb  the  sludes  (knight. 

Tbe  clooali  heine^t  itK  ikj.  Omr^ 

S.  To  overtake  with  night  j  as,  a  benighted  trav- 
eler. 

3.  To  involve  in  monU  dnrkness,  or  ignorance;  to 
debar  from  intellectual  light  j  aa.  benighted  natitms, 
or  heathen. 

BE-MGlIT'EO,pp.  or  «.    Involved  in  darknen,  ph>*»- 

leal  or  nomi .  overtaken  by  Uie  night. 
BE-NION',  (be-nliie',)  a.   [L.  bmiffmu*.  from  the  same 

root  as  fruniu,  bene,  ancient  L.  benmSf  Eng.  bti-an.] 
L  Khid  ]  of  a  kin  J  dt^pu^iiion  ;  gracious;  favora- 

Ue. 

Onr  Cmt0r,  ttooDiPow  and  bttdgm.  iiBlam. 

S.  Generous ;  liberal ;  as,  a  kemign  benofoctor. 
2.  Favorable ;  having  a  salutary  influence  ;  as,  tbe 
Aot^  aspect  of  tlie  seaaona. 

Tfar  bnign  lifte  oT  imbliaa.  TTadUn^Km. 

4.  Wliolesome ;  not  pernicious  ;  as,  a  beni^  medi- 
cine. ArbuthHoL 

5.  Favorable ;  not  malignant ;  as,  a  benign  disease. 
BE-MG'\A\T,  a.     Kind  ;  gracious  ;  favorable. 
BE-MG'NI-TY.  ».    Goodness  of  dispoeition  or  heart ; 

kindness  of  nature;  graciousncss. 

2.  Actual  goodneas  ;  beneficence. 

3.  Salubrity ;  wholesome  quality ;  or  that  which 
tends  to  prumote  health.  H^eman.  " 

BE-Mr?\'LY,  (be-nlne'ly,)arfr.  Favorably;  kindly; 
pnicioustv. 

BEN'ISON,  a.     [  Fr.  ieatr,  to  bless;  *eat«aii/^bleaB- 
ing  ;  from  the  rviot  of  Aom,  Aemu,  h^on.    See  Booit.J 
Blessing;  benediction.    \M^mA$ wrtiyatfsrf.] 

John»an. 

BEN'JA-MINjM.  A  tree  arabnib,the  Laurus  Benzoin, 
(Linn.  Bmzoin  odrrifermm^  a  native  of  America, 
called  alw  tfieehnsh.  it  grows  to  the  height  of  10  or 
15  feet,  with  a  very  branchy  head. 

2.  A  gum  or  resin,  or  rather  a  balsam.  [See  Be:v- 
»oi?r.]  Entyc 

Bemjamin-tree :  the  Styrax  Benzoin.  Pereira. 

BEN'NET,  a.  The  herb  bennet,  or  common  avens ; 
the  Gi'utn  urbanum. 

BEN'NET-FISH,  »,  A  fish,  of  two  feet  in  length, 
caught  in  the  African  seas,  haWng  scales  of  a  deep 
ptirple,  streaked  with  eold.  Diet  ofJVat.  HisL 

BENT,  pp.  or  o.  from  Be:<d.  Incurvated  ;  inflected; 
inclined  ;  prone  to  or  having  a  fixed  propensity  ;  de- 
termined. 

Bent  en  j  having  a  fixed  inclination ;  resolved  orde- 
tfTTumed  on. 

BENT,  n.  The  stale  of  being  curving,  crooked,  or  in- 
clined from  a  straight  line  ;  flexure  ;  curvity. 

2.  Declivity  ;  as,  the  bcnl  of  a  hiU.     [Unusual.] 

Drydtn. 

3.  Inclination ;  diirposition  ;  a  leaning  or  bias  of 
mind  ;  propensity  ;  as,  the  bent  of  the  mind  or  will ; 
the  bent  of  a  people  toward  an  object.    This  may  be 


BER 

natural  or  artificial,  occasional  or  habitual,  with  in- 
definite degrees  of  ;?treiigth. 

4.  Flexion  ;  tendency  ;  particular  direction  ;  as,  the 
benU  and  turns  of  a  subject.  Locke. 

£.  Application  of  the  mind  ;  a  bending  of  the  mind 
in  study  or  investigation.  Locke. 

BE.\T.  I  n.     A  name  common    to  different 

BENT'-GRASS,  (  species  of  grass,  of  the  genus 
Agrostis  ;  a  witliercd  stalk  of  gras:*. 

HaUiveU,     Encye, 

BENT'ING-TIME,  n.  The  time  when  pigeons  feed 
on  bents,  before  peas  are  ripe.       Johnson.    Dryden. 

BE-NUAIB',  (-num,)  r.  l.  [Sax.  henimaHy  benyman,  pp. 
Amamca,  to  seize,  of  be  and  nhnan,  Sax.  and  Goth.,  to 
take  or  seise.  This  rotit  is  retained  in  withematn.  It 
is  to  be  obser\'ed  that  b  after  »n  in  numb,  thumb,  dumb, 
&.&.,  is  an  arbitrary'  addition  of  nioilfrn  writers.] 

1.  To  make  torpid  ;  to  deprive  of  sensation  ;  as,  a 
hand  or  ft.>t>t  benumbed  by  cold. 

2.  To  stupefy ;  to  render  inactive ;  as,  to  benumb 
the  senses.  Dryden. 

BE-NirMB'ED,  (be-numd'O  pp.  Rendered  torpid  ;  de- 
prived of  sensation  ;  sttipeoed. 

BE-NU.MH'ED-NESS,  n.  Destitution  of  feeling.  Smith. 

BE-NIT.MB'L\G,p^r.  Depriving  of  sensation  ;  stupe- 
fying. 

BE-NIJMB'MENT,  a.     Act  of  benumbing.        Kirhy. 

BEN'ZO-ATE,  n.  [^e  Be:«zoin.]  \  salt  formed  by 
the  union  of  the  benzoic  acid  with  any  salifiable 
base. 

BEN-ZO'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  benr.oin. 

Benzoic  and.  or  flowers  of  benzoin,  is  a  peculiar 
Vegetable  acid,  obtained  from  benzoin,  and  some 
other  balsams,  by  sublimation  or  decoction.  It  is  a 
fine,  light,  white  matter  in  small  needles;  its  taste 
pungent  and  bitterish,  and  its  odor  slightly  aromatic. 

T'hom^on. 

BEN-ZOIN',     I  n.    Gum  benjamin  ;  a  concrete  resin- 

BEN'J.\-MIN,  I  ous  juice  flowing  from  the  Styrax 
Benzoin,  a  tree  of  Sumatra,  &.c.  By  heat,  or  partial 
decomptwition,  it  yields  benzoic  arid.  It  flows  from 
incisions  made  in  the  stem  or  branches.  It  is  solid 
and  brittle,  sometimes  in  yellowish-white  tears  joined 
together  by  a  brown  substance,  and  sometimes  of  a 
uniform  brown  substance  like  resin.  It  has  little 
taste,  but  its  smell,  especially  when  ntbhed  or  heat- 
edt  is  extremely  fragrant  and  agreeable.  It  is  chiefly 
used  in  cosmetics  and  perfumes.    Eneyc.     Thomson, 

BEN'ZULE,  a.     [benzoin  and  vXn,  matter.] 

A  Compound  radical  or  basyle,  consisting  of  hy- 
drogen, carbon,  and  oxygen  ;  regarded  as  the  base  of 
benzoic  acid.  [This  word*has  t^en  variously  spelled 
Benzvte^enzoy^  Benzoyl,  BentoiL] 

BE-PAINT',  r.  l  [be  and  painL]  To  paint ;  to  cover 
with  paint.     [LittU  tised.]  Shak, 

BE-PALE',  e.  L  [be  nnd  pale.]  To  make  pale.  [JVot 
in  nee,]  Carew. 

BE-PINCH',  r.  L  [he  and  pindu]  To  mark  with 
pinches. 

BE-PINCH'ED,  \  pp.    Marked  with  pinches. 

BE-PINCHT'      I  Chapman. 

BE-PLAIT'ED,  a.     Plaited.  Mrs.  BuUer. 

BE-PO W'DER,  B.  (.  [be  and  powder.]  To  powder ;  to 
sprinkle  or  cover  with  powder. 

BE-PRAISE',  r.  (.  [be  and  praise.]  To  praise  greatly 
or  extravagantlv.  Goldsmith. 

BE-PUCK'ER-£i),  a.    Puckered. 

BE-PL'FF'f:D,  (be-puft',)  a.     Pufled. 

BE-PUR'PLE,  r.  L  [be  and  purple.]  To  tinge  or  dye 
with  a  purple  color. 

BE-UC'EATH',  V.  L  [Sax.  becvathan  ;  be  and  cwethan, 
to  say  ;  cwid,  a  saying,  opinion,  will,  testament ;  cy- 
tJhait,  to  testify  ;  Enc.  yuotA,] 

1.  To  give  or  leave  by  will ;  to  devise  some  species 
of  property  by  testament;  as,  to  bequeath  au  estate  or 
a  legacy.     Hence, 

2.  To  hand  down  to  posterity ;  as,  to  bequeath  a 
family  quarrel. 

BE-aUEA'f  H'£D,  pp.    Given  or  left  by  wilL 

BE-QUkATH'ER,  n.     One  who  bequeaths. 

BE-aU£ATiriNG,  ppr.  Giving  or  devising  by  testa- 
ment. 

BE-aUEATH'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  bequeathing;  a 
bequest. 

BE-aUEST',  n.     Something  left  by  will ;  a  legacy. 

BE-auOTE',  c.  t.     To  quote  with  great  frequency. 

BE-R^IN',  v.  t.    To  rain  upon.    [JVot  in  use.)  Chaucer. 

BE-RaTE',  v.  t.  [be  and  rate.]  To  chide  vehemently ; 
to  scold. 

BE-RAT'TLE,  r.  L  [be  and  ratde.]  To  fill  with  rat- 
tling sounds  or  noise.  Shak. 

BE-RaY',  r.  L     To  make  foul ;  to  soil.     [JVot  in  use,] 

Milton, 

BER'BE-RIN,  n.  A  yellow  bitter  substance,  obtained 
from  the  alcoholic  solution  of  the  extract  of  the  root 
of  the  barberry.  It  is  probably  an  alkaloid.  It  is 
called  bcrbertte  by  Thomson,  and  is  classed  by  him 
as  a  bitter  principle. 

BER'BER-RY,  71.     [L.  bn-beris.]     See  Babberrv. 

BeRE,  n.  [Sax.  frcr,  barley.]  The  name  of  a  spiecies 
of  barley,  in  Scotland.  Oray, 

BE-ReA VE',  v.  L  ;  preU  Bereaved,  Bereft  ;  pp.  Be 
REAVED,  Bereft.  [Sax.  bercajian^  of  be  and  reajian 
to  deprive.     See  Roe  and  Reap.] 


i-ITE,  %.    [from  Bergman,  the   mineralo- 


DER 

w  ■■  ■ 

1.  To  deprive  ;  to  strip  ;  to  make  destitute  ;  with 
qf  before  the  thing  taken  away. 

Mr  hare  y»  btrtaved  of  my  children.  —  Gen.  xIH. 

It  is  sometimes  used  without  of,  and  is  particularly 
applied  to  express  tlie  loss  of  friends  bj*  death, 
a.  To  take  away  from.  Shak. 

BE-REAV'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Deprived;  stripped  and  left 
destitute. 

BE-Re.WE'MENT.  n.  Deprivation,  particularly  by 
the  li>ss  of  a  friend  by  death. 

BE-ReAV'ER,  ti.  Me  who  bereaves,  or  deprives 
anotjier  of  something  valued. 

RE-ReAV'ING,  ppr.    Stripping  bare  ;  depriving. 

BE-REFT',  pj).  of  Bereave.  Deprived;  made  desti- 
tute. 

BER-EN-GA'RI-AN8,  n.pl  a  sect  which  followed  Ber- 
engarius,  arclideaofn  of  SL  Mary  at  Anjou,  who  denied 
the  rva\  presence  of  the  body  and  blood  of  Christ  in 
the  eucharist.  Eiicyc, 

BERG,  n,     [Sax.  beorff,  beorh,  a  hill,  a  caslle.] 

A  borough  ;  a  town  (hat  sends  burgesses  to  parlia- 
ment; a  castle.     [See  Buro.]     [Obs.j  Ash. 

BERG'A-MOT,  n.     [Fr.  bergatnole  i  Sp.  bergamvta.] 
1.  A  variety  of  pear. 

3.  A  species  of  citron  whose  fruit  has  a  fine  taste  and 
smell,  and  its  essential  oil  is  in  hi^h  esteem  as  a  per- 
fume. This  oil  is  extracted  from  the  yellow  rind  of 
the  fruiL  The  bcrgamot  is  the  Citrus  bermtnia^  a 
distinct  species,  with  a  pear-shaped  fruit,  from  the 
rind  of  which  is  obtained  the  oil  of  bergamot. 

3.  An  essence  or  perfume  from  the  citron  thus 
produced. 

4.  A  kind  of  snulf  perfumed  with  bergamot. 

5.  A  coars^ tapestry,  manufactured  with  flocks  of 
wool,  silk,  cotton,  hemp,  and  ox  or  goat's  hair,  said 
to  have  been  invented  at  Bergamo  in  Italy.  Encye. 

BERG'AN-DER,  n.  [berg,  a  clifl;  and  Dan.  and,  G. 
ente,  Sax.  enr.d,  a  duck.] 

A  burrow  duck  ;  a  duck  that  breeds  in  holes  under 
clifls.  Thomson. 

The  Anaa  tadoma,  sheldrake   or  burrow  duck  of 
England. 
BERG'E-RET,  n.     [Fr.  hergcr,  a  shepherd.]     A  song. 

[J^ttt  used.]  Chaucer. 

BERG'MAN-l 

gist'. 

A  variety  of  scapolite,  by  some  regarded  as  a  dis- 
tinct species,  of  a  grayish  color,  of  different  shades  ; 
found  in  Norway. 

BERG'MAS-TER,  n.  [Sax.  beorg,a  hill  or  castle,  and 
master.] 

The  bailiff  or  chief  officer  among  the  Derbyshire 
miners.-  Johnson. 

BERG'MOTE,  n.  [Sax.  beorg,  a  hill,  and  mote,  a 
meeting.] 

A  court  held  on  a  hill  in  Derbyshire,  in  England, 
for  deciding  controversies  between  the  miners. 

Blount,     Johnson, 

BE-RII?ME',  (rime,)  v.  U  [6cand  rhyme.]  To  men- 
tion in  rhyme  or  verse  ;  used  in  contempt.         Shak, 

BER'LIN,  n.  A  vehicle  of  the  chariot  kind,  supposed 
to  have  this  name  from  Berlin,  the  chief  city  of 
Prussia,  where  it  was  first  made,  or  from  the  Italian 
berlina,  a  sort  of  stage  or  pillory,  and  a  coach.  Encye 

BER'LIN-BLOE,  n.     Prussian  blue.  Ure. 

BER-LUe'CIO,  n.  A  small  bird,  somewhat  like  tbe 
yellow-hammer,  but  less  and  more  slender. 

Did.  of  Abt.  /r««. 

BERME,  n.  In  fortification^  a  space  of  ground  of 
three,  four,  or  five  feet  in  width,  left  between  the 
rampart  and  the  moat  or  foss,  designed  to  receive  the 
ruins  of  the  rampart,  and  prevent  the  earth  from  Ail- 
ing the  foss.  Sometimes  it  is  palisaded,  and  in  Hol- 
land it  is  generally  planted  with  quickset  hedge. 

Eneyc 
This  term  is  also  applied  to  canals.  Originally,  on 
the  bank  opposite  the  towing-path,  particularly  in 
deep  cuts,  a  level  space  was  left,  at  the  foot  of  the 
upper  slope  of  the  bank,  as  in  fortification,  and  for 
the  same  purpose  of  intercepting  the  earth  sliding 
down  the  bank;  called  a  bench  or  berme.  I'his  is 
now  omitted,  and  only  a  unifonn  slope  left  to  the 
water's  edge.  The  bank  opposite  the  towing-path 
is  still,  however,  called  the  berme,  or  berme-bank. 

BEH'NA  €LE.     See  Bar:<acle. 

BER'NARD-INE,  a.  Pertaining  to  St.  Bernard,  and 
the  monks  of  the  order. 

BER'NARD-INES,  ?».  pi.  An  order  of  monks,  founded 
by  Robert,  abbot  of  Moleme,  and  reformed  by  St.  Ber- 
nard. The  order  originated  about  the  beginning  of 
the  19th  century.  They  wear  a  white  robe,  with  a 
black  scapulary  ;  and  when  they  officiate,  they  are 
clothed  with  a  large  white  gown,  with  great  sleeves, 
and  a  hood  of  the  same  color.  Encye 

BE-ROB',  r.  (.     [be  and  rub.]     To  rob.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

BER'O-E,  n.  An  oceanic  animal  of  the  Medusa  fam- 
ily, h.iving  an  oval  or  globular  body,  of  a  transparent, 
gelatinous  consistence.  It  is  one  of  the  animals  that 
produces  the  phosphorescence  of  the  ocean. 

BER'RI-KD,  (ber'rid,)  a.     Furnished  with  berries. 

BER'RY,  n.  [Sax.  beria.  a  grape  or  cluster  of  grapes  ; 
berga,  a  grape  stone,  a  berry.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQpK. — 

116 


BES 

■ 

1.  A  succulent  or  pulpy  fruit,  containing  naked 
seeds.  Or»  in  more  technical  langtiftge,  a  succulent 
or  pulpy  pericarp,  or  Heed-vessel,  without  valves, 
containing  several  seeds',  which  are  naked,  that  is, 
which  have  no  covering  hut  the  pulp  and  rind.  It  is 
coniinoiily  round  or  oval.  But  in  )K>pular  language, 
berry  eviends  only  to  smaller  fruits,  as  strawberry, 
gooseht'rr)',  &c.,  conLitning  seeds  or  granules.     An 

«>  indehiscent,  pulpy  pericarp,  many-celled  and  many- 
seeded  ;  the  at^'lchmentof  the  seeds  lost  at  maturity, 
and  the  seeds  remaining  scattered  in  the  pulp. 

LindleTf. 

2.  A  mound.     TFor  Barrow.]  JV.  Browne. 
BER'RY,  r.  i.     To  Dear  or  produce  berries. 
BER'RY-BEaR-ING,  a.     Producing  berries. 

KER  RV-FORM-ivD,a.    Formed  like  a  berrj".  S-iulA. 

BERT,  «.  Sax.  beorht,  berht :  Eng.  bright.  'Tins  word 
enters  into  the  name  of  many  Saxon  princes  and  no- 
blemen i  as,  E<rbert,  Sijrbert.  The  Bertha  hi  the 
northern  nations  was  by  the  Greeks  called  Eudvxia^ 
an  equivalent  word.  Of  the  same  sort  were  Pha- 
dru-1,  Epiphanins,  Pfwtins,  JjimpridmSy  Fulgtutius^ 
IltasCrit,     [See  Bright.]  Camden, 

BERTH,  n,     [from  the  root  of  bfiarJ 

1.  A  station  in  which  a  ship  rines  at  anchor,  com- 
prehending the  space  in  which  she  ranges.  In  more 
familiar  usage,  the  word  signifies  any  situation  or 
place,  where  a  vessel  lies,  or  can  lie,  whether'at  an- 
chor or  at  a  wharf. 

3.  A  room  or  apartment  in  a  ship,  where  a  number 
of  officers  or  men  mess  and  reside. 

3.  The  box  or  place  for  sleeping  at  the  sides  of  a 
cabin ;  the  place  for  a  hammock,  or  a  repository  for 
chests,  Ace. 

4.  A  place  or  employment. 

Tif  brrth,  in  seamen's  language,  is  to  allot  to  each 

man  a  place  for  his  hammock. 
BER  THl-ER-TTE,  i».  A  dark  steel-gray  ore  of  anlimo- 

ny,  consLstinc  of  antimony,  iron, and  sulphury  named 

aft«'r  M.  Berthier. 
BER'TRAM,  n,     [L.  pyrethrum,  said  to   be  from  Gr. 

j7»o,  fire,  from  its  acrid  quality.] 
Bastard  pellitory,  a  plant. 
BER'YL,  II.     [L.  bervUiLs;   Gr.  fJnovXXoi  i    Ch.  Pvr. 

and  Eib.  a  gem,  ber\'l,  and  in   .S>t.  cr>'t«tal,  an(i  a 

prarl:  the  latter  word  being  a  different  orthography 

of  benji ;  probably  from  the  root  of  the  Fr.  brUlevy  to 

shine,  Eng.  briHiant,  Eth.  I  i*~iV  bareah^  to  shine.] 

A  mineral  of  great  hardness,  occurring  in  green  or 
bluish-green  six-sided  prisms.  It  is  identical  with 
tlie  emerald,  except  in  color;  the  latter  having  a 
purer  and  richer  green  color,  proceeding  from  a  trace 
of  oryd  of  chrome.  The  coloring  matter  of  the 
beryl  \»  oxyd  of  iron.  Prisms  of  the  ber>l  are  some- 
times found  nearly  two  feet  in  diameter,  as  at  Ac- 
wurih,  in  New  Hampshire.  The  beryl,  when  trans- 
parent, is  set  as  a  gem,  and  called  aqna^marine.  Dana. 

BER'VL-eRYS'TAL,  n.  This  term  is  not  now  used, 
except  in  speaking  of  the  ber>I. 

BEK'YL-U.N'E,  a.  Like  a  bco'I ;  of  a  Itglit  or  bluish 
green. 

BE-RYL'JjI-UM,  R.  The  same  as  Glucikum,  tvbich 
see. 

BE-SAIXT',  r.  J.  [6e  and  saini,]  To  make  a  saint. 
[Art»(  in  lue.] 

BE-t*AYLE',  «.  [Sona.ayle;  Fr. aY«K?, a  grandfather.] 
A  great-grandfather. 

If  the  abatement  happened  on  the  death  of  one's 
grandfather  or  graiiitnurther,  a  writ  of  ayle-  lieth  ;  if 
on  the  death  of  the  great- grandfather,  then  a  writ  of 
>eMy/«,  but  if  it  mounts  one  degrr^e  higher,  to  the 
Ircamrie,  or  grandfaihi  r's  grandfather,  &.c.,  the  writ 
to  cailtsd  a  writ  of  tonnage  or  de  consanguineo. 

Bladtgtone. 

BE-SeAT'TER,  r.  U  [he  and  acatttr.}  To  scatter 
over.     fATot  «.'*frf,]  Spenser. 

BE-S€ORN',  V.  t.  [be  and  ncorn.]  To  treat  with 
scnm  ;  Ui  mock  at.     {jXat  used.)  Chaucrr. 

BE  SCRATCH',  r.  ^  [be  and  scratch.']  To  scratch  ; 
to  tear  with  the  nails.     [Aot  in  useA  Chaucer. 

BE-SCRAVVL',  ».  £.  [bt  and  scrawl.}  To  scrawl ;  to 
scribbl'-'over.  Milton. 

BE-jSCREEN',  p.  (.  [bi  and  scrren.]  To  cover  with 
a  screen  ;  to  shelter ;  to  conceaL  Shak. 

BE-HiREK\'f:D,  pp.    Covered  ;  sheltered  ^concealed, 

BE-'^CKIH'BLE,  c.  u     To  scribble  over.         Milton. 

BfWiGI'M'BER,  p.  ^  [from  cumber.]  To  encumber. 
[^'otlfgiUmale,  nor  used.]  B.  Jonson. 

BE-SEE^r.  i.  [he^nAaee.]  To  look  ;  to  mind,  [mii 
tn  uiteA  .  Wiclif. 

BE-KEEV;H',  v.  L  ;  prrf.  and  pp.  Besought.  [Sax.  be 
and  sfcan,  to  seek,  inquire,  follow;  D.  venoeken; 
G.  ersttchen  ;  from  seek,  sfquor,  to  fullow,  with  fte,  hy, 
nenr,  about;  that  ix,  to  fullow  close,  to  press.  See 
ScER  and  Essay.    The  Saxon  has  gemeean.] 

To  entreat ;  to  supplicate ;  to  implore ;  to  ask  or 
pray  with  urgency;  followed  by  a  per.tonf  as,  "I 
Paul  be.'iercJi  ijou  hy  the  meekness  of  Christ.'*  2  Cor. 
X.  ;  or  by  a  thing ;  as,  I  hf~^per.h  your  patience. 

BK-HKECH'ER,  n.    One  who  beseeches. 

BK^SEECM'IXG,  m»r.     Entreating. 

BE-8EG<:iri\G-LY,  adr.     In  a  beseeching  manner. 

BE-SEEK',  V.  L    To  beseech.     [JW)(  used,]     Chaiucr. 


BES 

BE-SEEM',  t7.  U     [be  and  seem.]     To  become;  to  be 
fit  for,  or  worthy  nf;  to  be  decent  for. 

What  form  of  apeea  or  beturiur  h*»*et7tefh  us,  !n  our  pmy^n  to 
0'i<\  t  Hooker. 

BE-SEEM'ING,  ppr.  ^^o.    Becoming;  fit;  worliiy  of. 
BE-SEEM'I\«,  M.     Comeliness.  BarreU 

BE-SEEM'I\G-LY,  adv.     In  a  beseeming  manner. 
BE-SEEM'l\G-.\ESS,n.    duality  of  being  beseeming. 
BE-SEEM'LY,  a.     Becoming  ;  fit ;  suitable. 
BE-SEEN',  a.     Adapted;  adjusted.     [^J^ot  used.] 
BE-SET',  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Beset,     [Sax.  6wcr£an,  to 

place,  of  be  and  settan^  to  set ;  D.  JcicUew;  G.  beset- 

len.     See  Set.] 

1.  To  surround  ;  to  inclose  ;  to  hem  in  ;  to  besiege  ; 
as,  we  are  be~-tet  with  enemies;  a  city  is  beset  with 
troop*?.     Hence, 

9.  To  press  on  all  sides,  so  as  to  perplex  ;  to  entan- 
gle, so  as  to  render  esca^te  difiicult  or  impossible. 

A(i:im,  son-  betet,  Kplied.  Milton. 

3.  To  waylay.  •    Shak. 

4.  To  fall  upon.  Spenser. 
BE-SET'TING,  ppr     Surrounding;  besieging;  way- 
laying. 

BE^SET'TIXG,  a.     Habitually  attending,  or  pressing; 

as,  a  begetting  sin 
BE-SHINE'j  V.  L    To  shine  upon.     [JVot  iL->ed.] 
BE-SHRE\V  ',  tv't.     [be  and  ahrew.]     To  wish  a  curse 

to  ;  to  execrate,  Drydeiu 

2.  To  happ^h  ill  to.     [A'bt  in  use.]  Shak. 
BE-SHROUD'ED,  a.    Shrouded. 

BE-SHUT',  r.  (.    To  shut  up.    [JVot  used.]    Chaucer. 
BE-SIDE',  prep,     [be  and  side,  by  the  side.]     At  the 

side  of  a  person  or  thing ;  near ;  as,  sit  down  beside 

me,  or  beside  the  stream. 

5.  Over  and  above ;  distinct  from. 


3.  On  one  side  ;  out  of  tlie  regular  course  or  order ; 
not  according  to,  but  not  contrary. 

It  U  iMtid*  my  prrient  bunneaa  to  enlarge  upon  thia  BpK:nI;ition. 

Locke. 

4.  Out  of;  in  a  state  deviating  from  ;  as,  to  put  one 
beside  his  patience.     Hence, 

5.  With  the  reciprocal  pronoun,  beside  one's  self,  is 
out  of  the  wits  or  senses  ;  out  of  the  order  of  reason, 
or  of  rational  beings. 

Paul,  thou  art  betide  tliys'-ir.  —  Acts  xxrl. 

BE-SIDES',  prep.  Over  and  above ;  separate  or  dis- 
tinct from. 

And  thTc  wtia  a  knune  in  ib«  land,  beMee  the  first  lanune. — 
Geu.  xxvil. 

JVote.  This  word,  though  radically  the  same  as 
beside,  and  a  corruption  of  it,  ought  not  to  be  con- 
founded with  it;  for  it  is  never  used  in  the  senses 
explained  under  beside,  except  in  the  second. 
BE-STDE',  i  adv.  Moreover;  more  than  that;  over 
BE-SIDES',  t  and  above  ;  distinct  from  ;  not  included 
in  the  number,  or  in  what  has  been  mentioned. 

Beeidet,  you  know  not  what  is  ihr  fate  o(  tovtt  frieod. 

The  nirn  sakl  to  I-.01,  HaM  Oioti  here  any  betiddt  7  —  Gen.  lU. 

To  all  bende,  as  much  nn  empty  shade, 

An  [i^ugf  DC  li'fing',  oa  a  Cesnr  (lead>  Pope, 

These  sentences  may  he  considered  as  elliptical. 
BE-SIU'ER-Y,  n.    A  variety  of  pear.  Johnson. 

BE-Sl£OE',  ».  t.  [be  and  siege;  Fr.  siege,  and  assie- 
ger,  to  besiege.    See  Sieoe.I 

1.  To  lay  siege  to ;  to  beleaguer ;  to  beset  or  sur- 
round with  armed  forces,  for  the  purpose  of  compel- 
ling to  surrender,  either  by  famine  or  by  violent  at- 
taclis  ;  as,  to  besiege  a  castle  or  city. 

2.  To  beset ;  to  throng  round ;  as,  besieged  with 
cares, 

BE-SIEG'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Surrounded  or  beset  with  hos- 
tile troops. 

BE  .SIkGE'MENT,  7U  Act  of  besieging ;  state  of  be- 
ing bi'sieged. 

BE-SIkG'ER,  tu  One  who  lays  siege,  or  ia  employed 
in  a  siegi;. 

BE-SlF.O'L\G, ppr.  Laying  siege;  surrounding  with 
armed  forces. 

BEi-SIP,G'I,\G,  o.  Surrounding  in  a  hostile  manner; 
employed  in  a  siege  ;  as,  a  besieging  army. 

RE-SlKii'ING-LY,  adp.     In  a  besieging  manner. 

BE-SIT',  v.  L  [be  and  siL]  To  suit ;  to  become.  [JVot 
used,]  Spenser, 

BE-SLXVE',  v.  L  To  subjugate;  to  enslave.  [JVot 
used,]  Bp.  HaU. 

BE-.SLAV'RR,  b.  U    To  defile  with  slaver. 

BE-SLA  V'ER-/:D,  pp.     Defiled  with  slaver,    Ikber. 

BE-SLA  V'ER-ING  ppr.     Defiling  with  slaver, 

BE-SLIME',  r.  U  To  daub  with  slime  ;  to  soil.  [J^ot 
used.]  B.  Jonaon. 

BE^LOB'BER-IiVG,  ppr.     Beslubbering.      Eti.  Rev. 

BE-SLUB'BER,  v.  t.  [be  and  slubber,  slabber.]  To 
soil  or  smear  with  spittle,  or  any  thing  ninning  from 
the  mouth  or  ntme.     [yulgar.] 

BE-.SLU»'BER-ING,  ppr.     Smearing  with  spittle. 

BE-SMeAR',  r.  U  [he  and  smear.]  To  bedaub;  to 
overspread  with  any  viscous,  glutinous  matter,  or 
with  any  soft  substance  that  adheres.  Hence,  to 
foul ;  to  soil. 

BE~SM£AR'7^;D,  pp.  Ilednubed  ;  overspread  with  any 
thing  soil,  viscous,  or  adhesive  ;  soiled. 


BES 

BE-SMkAR'EK,  h.     One  Itiat  besmears. 

BE-S.MkAR'I.\G,  ppr.     Bedaf'.iing  ;  soiling. 

BE-iSMIRCH',  (-smurch,)  v.  t.  [be  and  £mirck,]  To 
soil  i  to  foul ;  to  discolor.     [LiUle  used.]  Shak. 

BE-SMOKE',  V,  u  [be  ar,d  smoke]  To  foul  with 
smoke  ;   to  harden  nr  dry  in  smoke.     ^Little  used.] 

BE-S.\10K'£D,  C-smfik;,)  pp.  Fo>.ied  or  soiled  with 
smoke  ;  dried  in  smoke. 

BE-SMUT',  v.  t,  [be  and  smuU]  To  blacken  with 
smut ;  to  foul  with  soot. 

BE-SMUT'TED,  pp.     Blackened  with  smut  or  soot. 

BE-SNOW,  ».  t,  [be  and  snow.  Sax.  besniwed,  par- 
ticiple.]   To  scatter  like  snow.    [Little  used.]    Oower. 

BE-SNOw'ED,  pp.  or  a.  [be  and  snow,]  Covered  or 
sprinkled  with  snow,  or  with  white  blossoms.     Han- 

BE-SiMJFF',  V.  L     To  befoul  with  snuff.  [bury. 

BE^NTJFF'£D,(-snuft,)  pp.    Foul  with  snuff.    Young. 

B^'SOM,  n.  [Sax.  besm,  a  brush  or  broom;  besTiiauy 
twigs.  .  Orosius,  2,  3.  Ger.  besen ;  D.  bezem ;  Arm, 
beto,  birch.  The  besom  was  a  little  bundle  of  twigs 
used  for  sweeping.] 

A  broom ;  a  brush  of  twigs  for  sweeping. 


BE'SOM,  V.  L    To  sweep,  as  with  a  besom. 

Rolb  bcick  all  Greew,  and  beeoms  wide  the  plain.         Bartow, 
BE'SOM-ER,  n.     One  who  uses  a  besom. 
BE-SORT',  V.  U    [be  and  sort,]     To  suit ;  to  fit ;  to  be- 
come. Shak. 
BE-SORT',  n.    Company  ;  attendance ;  train,    f  06*.] 

BE-SOT',  V.  L     [be  and  sot]     To  make  sottish  ;  to  in- 
fatuate ;  to  stupefy  ;  to  make  dull  or  senseless.  Milton. 
2.  To  make  to  dole.  Shak. 

BE-SOT'TED,  pp,  or  a.     Made  sottish  or  stupid. 
Besotted  on;  infatuated  with  foolish  affection. 

I}rydcn. 

BE-SOT'TED-LY,  adv.*  In  a  foolish  manner.    Milton, 

BE^SOT'TED-NESS,  ru  Stupidity  ;  arrant  folly  ;  in- 
fatuation. Milton. 

BE-SOT'TING,  ppr.  Infatuating;  making  sottish  or 
foolish. 

BE-SOT'TI\G-LY,  adv.    In  a  besotting  manner. 

BESOUGHT',  (be-saWl',)  pp.  of  Beskbch.  Entreated  j 
implored  ;  sought  by  entreaty. 

BE-SPAN"GLE,  v.  t.  [be  and  strangle,]  To  adorn 
with  spangles;  to  dot  or  sprinkle  with  something 
brilliant ;  as,  the  heavens  bespangled  with  stars. 

BE-SPAN"GL£D,  pp.  Adorned  with  spangles  or 
something  shining. 

BE-SPA\"GLING,  ppr.  Adorning  with  spangles  or 
glittering  objects. 

BE  SPAT^TER,  v.  U     [be  and   spatter,]     To  soil  by 
spattering;  to  sprinkle  with  water,  or  with  dirt  and 
water. 
2.  To  aflperse  with  oalumny  or  reproach.     Saiift, 

BE-SPAT'TER-2?D,  pp.  Spiittered  over;  soiled  with 
dirt  and  water;  aspersed  ;  calumniated. 

BE-SPAT'TER-ING,  ppr.  Spattering  with  water; 
soiling  with  dirt  and  water  ;  aspersing. 

BE-SPAWL',  r.  (.  [6c  and  spawL]  To  soil  or  make 
foul  with  spittle.  Milton. 

BE-SPiiAK',  V.  t.  i  prc^  Bespoke  ;  pp.  Bespoke,  Be- 
spoke?c.  [be  and  speak,]  To  speak  for  beforehand  ; 
to  order  or  engage  against  a  future  time  ;  as,  to  be- 
speak a  seat  in  a  public  coach. 

My  tady  b  beepoke,  Shak. 

2.  To  forebode ;  to  foretell. 

They  stoned  fean,  and  bespoke  dangers,  to  scare  the  allifs. 

3.  To  speak  to  ;  to  address.  This  sense  is  mostly 
poetical. 

He  thus  the  queen  bespoke.  Dryden. 

4.  To  betoken  ;  to  show  ;  to  indicate  by  external 
marks  or  appearances;  as,  bis  manners  bespeak  him 
a  gentleman. 

BE  SPP.AK'ER,  n.    One  who  bespeaks. 

BE-SPiSAK'ING,  ppr.  Speaking  for  or  ordering  be- 
forehand ;  foreboding  ;  addressing  ;  showing  ;  Indi- 
cating. 

BE-SPEAK'ING.n.  A  previous  speaking  or  discourse, 
by  way  of  apology,  or  to  engage  favor.         Dryden. 

BE-SPECK'LE,  (-spekl',)  v.  t.  [be  and  speckle.j  To 
mark  with  sj^ckles  or  sp<^)ts.  Milton, 

BE-SPICE',  V.  t.  [be  and  spice.]  To  season  with 
spices.  Shak, 

BE-SPIRT',    iv.t    To  spurt  mit,  or  over  ;  to  throw 

BE-SPURT',  J  out  in  a  stream  or  streams.  [JVot 
used.)  Milton. 

BE-SPIT',c.  t. ;  pret.  Bespit  ;  pp.  Bespit,  Besimtten. 
[be  and  spiL]    To  daub  or  soil  with  spittle.    Johnson. 

BE-SPOKE',  prff.  and  pp.  of  Bespeak. 

BE-SPOT',  r.  /.     [be  and  spot,]     To  mark  with  spots. 

BE-SPOT'TED,  pp.     Marked  with  spots.      [Mortimer. 

BE-SPf  )T'TL\G,  ppr.     Marking  with  spots. 

BESPREAD',  (be-spred',)  o.  (. ;  prpi.  and /t*.  Bespread. 
[be  and  ^reail,]  To  spread  over  ;  to  cover  over  ;  as, 
to  bespread  with  flowers. 

BE-SPREAD'LNG,  ppr.    Spreading  over. 

BE-SPRE.NT',  pp.    Sprinkled  over. 

BE-SPRINK'LE,  r.  U  [be  and  sprinkle.]  To  sprinkle 
over ;  to  scatter  over ;  as,  to  besprinkle  with  dust. 


TONE,  BULL.  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  j  S  as  Z  ;   CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIs. 


117 


BES 

BB^PRrNK'LKD,  pp.    Sprinkled  over. 

BB-8rRINK'LKR,  n.     One  thai  sprinkles  otot. 

BE-iJrKINK'LINO,ppr.     Sprmklinc  over. 

BE;-^rKI\K'LINGS,  11.^     Sprinkling. 

BE^^T,  a.  supfrt^irr,  [Sai.  *Mi,  rontracted  from 
M&rf ,  fmm  bftj  m«e,  ot  better ;  betre  is  also  used  ; 
bettm^  Co  amend,  or  restore,  correct,  heal ;  boUy  repa- 
ratiMi,  compearatioD ;  Eag.  booty  to  boot ;  Goth. 
botymMy  to  profit,  aid,  hsast ;  Eng.  bta ;  G.  bass,  good, 
»«sser,  better,  bejte^hfst;  D.  icter,  bttt:  Dan.  tevU; 
Sw.  Mtft.  This  word  has  no  connectioa  in  origin 
wUhgood.  See  Bettkiu] 
Literally,  moi^advnuced.  Hence, 
1.  MoBt  good  ;  having  gen)  qualities  in  the  highest 
degree ;  apidied  indirT^n-ntly  to  physical  or  moral 
subjects ;  as,  the  fr&vt  man ;  the  br^t  rond  ;  the  btst 
clout  j  the  beat  abilities;.  Thix,  like  hkmc,  and  oilier 
attributes,  hi  ohen  used  without  its  noun,  when  the 
noun  is  oorious  ;  s:^.  men  are  all  sinners  ;  the  b«H  of 
Iben  thtl  in  the  perfonnanre  of  duty. 

a.  Most  adranced ;  must  accurate ;  as,  the  frssC 
Bchntar. 

3l  Bfosi  oorreet,  or  caai|ilele ;  as,  the  beat  view  of  a 
landMnpe,  or  of  a  sobfect. 

4.  The  be^  ThH  phrase  Is  elliptical,  and  may  be 
varioosly  tnttrpretcd  ;  a»,  tlu;  utmost  power ;  the 
strongeHtenJeaviir  ^  the  iti(»t,  the  hieht-fit  pt-rfertion  ; 
as,  let  a  ntnn  do  his  br,j  ;  i.  e.  to  Uie  btat  of  bis  power. 

5.  ^  Ao(  •'  in  the  be»t  manner ;  in  the  uunost  de- 
nee  or  exU'ut  applicable  to  tDe  case  ^  as,  life  is  Mt 
ioM  very  fhcwt. 

To  oMtke  Vtf  bfjt  •/;  to  carry  to  its  greatest  perfec- 
tion ;  ti»  improve  to  the  utmost ;  as,  to  mmlu  Ou  bejt 
m/.\  mm  uf  uiMiieii'.  or  a  piece  of  land.  Also,  to  per- 
ni  '  -^ible  inciMivenit-nce  ;  as,  to  wiMk*  the 

b-  ■"■  (>r  a  bail  bareritn. 

/  .    '   -  tcav.     We  had  made  the  ievt  ttf  oitr 

iMy  u>  Uk  tity  ,  that  ti»,  tbe^most,  the  greatest  port 
of  the   dl-itanct\     [This  is   (A«  ^rvsMrf  Mmm,] 
BEf^,  w.  I'inicst ;  htt:liei4  endeavor ;  as,  to  do  one's 

bmL    See  No.  4,  aUive. 
BEST,  mdv*    In  the  higheM  degree ;  be>-ond  oil  other ; 
as,  to  love  one  best ;  to  like  this  beH ;  to  please  but, 

S.  To  the  iDosi  advantage ;  with  the  inuat  ease ; 
as,  which  inaCrament  can  you  httt  use? 

3.  With  most  profit  or  success  ■  as.  money  Is  beat 
onpliMred  in  manufacturer;  this  medicine  will  an- 
swer ita  in  the  preM-nt  ca^>. 

4.  Moat  intimately  or  particularly ;  most  correctly ; 
as,  what  is  ex|>rdifnt  is  btjft  known  to  himself. 

BBST-AR  RAN'G'£D,  a.  Arranged  In  the  best  man- 
ner. 

BE:^-CON-CERT'£D,  «.  Conceited  in  the  best 
manner. 

Bt>T-«OV'FRN-ED,«.  Gm-emed  in  the  best  manner. 

BE.*^'"  "-" '  \,  «.    Spoken  in  the  beat  manner. 

BC-  ::  £D,  a.     Having  the  most  kind  or 

m 

BE^  I  -  1  ikM.\  i-:D,  d.     Trained  in  the  best  mnnner. 

BEST-WKITa/TX,  o.     Written  in  the  best  manner. 
Sole,    The^e  and  similar  compounds  explain  them- 
selve*. 

BB-STAIX',r.  c  [frr  and  Jtarn.]  To  mark  with  stains  ; 
to  discolor,  either  the  whole  surface  of  a  thing,  or  in 
spotii.  Skak, 

BE-STEAD',  (be-sted'O  r.  t ;  frtt.  and  fp.  Bestbd. 
]bt  and  gtemdJ] 
1.  To  profit. 

Bow  ante  you  Umod.  MBikain. 

SL  To  accomMMdate. 

TlMr  iteU  pus  Ihzwigh  i^  AsH^  IsMirf.  —  h.  tO. 

That  is,  distreased  ;  perjdexed. 
3.  To  dinose.  Spfnsvr. 

EKSn'IAL,  (best'yal,)  a.  [from  beasL]  Beltmging  to 
a  heaM,  or  to  the  class  uf  Masts. 

^  Hating  the  qualities  of  a  beai^ ;  brutal ;  below 
the  dignity  of  reason  ot  humanity  ;  carnal ;  as,  a  he^ 
titti  appetite.  Skak, 

BES-TI  AL'I-TY,  a.     The  quality  of  beasts  ;  the  state 
or  manners  of  man  which  resemble  those  of  brutes, 
t?.  Unnatural  connection  with  a  beast. 
BESTIAL-IZE,  r.  L    To  make  like  a  beast. 
BE^'TI.AL-LY,  adv.     Brutally;   in   a  maimer  below 

human  itv. 
BE-«TICK',  r.  f. ,-  preL  and    pp.   Bestccb.      [be  and 
stitk.]     To  stick  over,  as  with  sharp  points  ;  to  mark, 
by  infixing  points  or  spots  here  and  there. 

Truth  sbMll  Rttn,  btttmek  with  tUmieram  daru.  Afillon. 

BE-STTE',  (bettor',)  v.  u  [b*  and  stir.]  To  put  into 
brisk  or  vigorous  action  ;  to  move  with  life  and  vig- 
or ;  usually  with  Uie  reciprocal  pronoun  ;  as,  rise  and 

bfstir  your<r/rej, 

BE-^TIR'RfD,  (be-sturd',)  ;»;».    Roused  into  vigorous 

action;  quickened  in  action. 
BE-SriR'RI.\G,  ppr.    Moving  briskly;  putting  into 

vigorous  action. 
BEST'XESS,  K.    The  state  of  being  best,    [JVot  used.] 

Morton. 
BE-STORM',  V.  u    [be  and  st4mn.]    To  storm  :  to  rage. 

[JVot  uMd.]  Young. 

BE-STOW,  r.  (.     [be  and  stcte,  a  place.    See  Stow. 

Literally,  to  set  or  place.] 


BET 

1.  To  give  ;  to  confer  ;  to  impart ;  with  the  sense 
of  gratuity,  and  followed  by  on  or  upon. 

CotuKnttP  TCMifwlrrs  U)  the  Uonl,  Uut  be  may  iMtow  on  you  r 

Uraom,  —  Kx.  xxxii. 
Thou^  I  Aulotf  kU  my  gootU  to  feed  Uie  poor.  —  1  Cor.  xiit.  3. 

This  word  sliould  never  be  Tollowed  by  to. 
53.  To  give  in  marriage ;  to  di(i)iose  of. 

I  ooukl  ham  hwtoiMrf  her  upon  a  fin«  s<»nt]muui.  nOer. 

3.  To  andy  ;  to  place  for  the  purpose  of  exertion, 
or  use  ;  as,  to  beatoic  our  whule  force  upon  an  object. 

4.  To  lay  out,  or  dispose  of;  to  give  in  payment 
for ;  as,  to  bestow  money  for  what  we  desire.  Deut. 
xiv.  911. 

5.  To  lay  up  m  store;  to  deposit  for  safe  keeping; 
to  stow  ;  to  place. 

I  hsTv  no  room  when  to  be«Iow  mv  fruits.  —  Luk«  xil. 

BE-STOW'AL,  M.    Act  of  bestow  ing  ;  disi»o«al. 
BE-STOW £1),  pp.      Given  Bmiuit«Misly  ;   conferred; 

laid  out ;  applied  ;  deposited  for  safe  keeping. 
BE-STO\V'ER,  n.    One  who  bestows  ;  a  giver  ;  a  dis- 

pocwr. 
BE-STOW'IVG,  ppr,    Conferrmg  gratuitously  ;  laying 

out ;  appl\  ine  :  depositing  tn  store. 
BE-ST6\V''MENT,  h.    The  act  o£  giving  gratuitously ; 

a  conferring  Perry. 

God  ttw  PiUhPT  hiul  ooraralUrd  Uw  hmomiwnt  o(  the  MrMingv 
purchiuM]  to  hk  Son,  Edwards  on  Rademp.  STi. 

If  w  coitfkter  thb  h*»towm*nt  of  gifta  in  thb  f'vw, 

Chaunety,  U.  Sal.  155. 

Whaterer  m«y  be  the  atem  counwl  of  h»  will  rwpt'Clin*  hii 
own  faMtotpaunI  of  wnig  gnoc      Smalley,  Serm.  p.  37. 

9.  That  which  ts  conferred,  or  given ;  donation. 

Tbcy  •Donnhrned  hU  huKl«  bf  Ihcir  \lbem\  hetlouyirui'nU  un  him 

•ml  hsSuiiily.  CAri^I   AAt;.  iii.  665. 

1\«  bca  and  muaiAcmt  bettotemtnt  of  tlio  Suvcreigii  JikI^*. 

[BettovHumt  ts  preferable  to  brstoieal^  on  account 
of  the  concurrence  of  the  two  vowels  in  btgtowat.] 

BE-i?TRAI)'I)l.E,F.i.    Tulwslride.    [See  Straddle.] 

BE-STRAUGHT'.  a.     Distracted  ;  mad.     [JVot  used.] 

Shak. 

BE-STREW,  r.  t, ;  pret.  Bestrewed  ;  pp.  Bestrewed, 
Bestrowi*.  [be  and  streie.]  To  scatter  over  ;  to  be- 
sprinkle ;  to  stn>w.  JHUtoiu 

BE  STREWED,  pp.  of  Bestrew. 

BE-STRTDE',  r.  t :  preL  Bkstrid  or  Bestrode;  pp. 
Bestrid,  Bestridde:*.     [fre  and  stride.^ 

I.  To  stride  over;  to  stanil  or  sit  with  any  thing 
between  the  legs,  or  with  the  leg!*  extended  across 
as,  to  bestride  the  world,  like  a  colossus ;  to  brstride 
abocse.  Shak. 

S.  To  step  over  ;  as,  tn  bestride  n  threshold.  S/uJc, 
Bestriding  sometimes  includes  riding  or  drfendingy 
as  John^wn '  remarks  ;  but  the  particular  purposes  of 
the  act,  winch  depend  tm  the  circumstances  of  the 
case,  can  hardly  be  rt>duced  to  definition. 

BE-STRID'I.\G,  ppr.  Extending  the  legs  over  any 
thing,  Ml  as  to  include  it  between  them. 

BE-STRflDE',  pret.  of  Bestride. 

BE-STRO\W,pp.  €>f  Bestrew.    Hprinklcd  over. 

BE-STUCK',  pp.  of  Bestick.  Pierced  in  \*arioU8 
places  with  sharp  points. 

BE-STUD',  r.  t.  {be  and  stud.]  To  set  with  studs  ; 
to  adorn  with  bosses  ;  as.  to  bestud  with  stars.  MUton. 

BE-STI'D'DED.  pp.     Adorned  with  studs. 

BE-STL*D'DI\G,  ppr.  Setting  with  studs;  adorning 
as  with  bosses. 

BE-S\VIKE',  (be-swik',)  r.  t     [Sax.  beswiean.] 

To  allure.     r.\*o(  usnl.]  Ootcer. 

BET,  n.  [Sax.  had,  a  pledge  ;  hadiaity  to  give  or  take 
a  pledge  ;  G.  tcette,  tcctten.] 

A  wager ;  that  which  is  laid,  staked,  or  pledged,  in 
a  contest,  to  be  won,  either  by  the  victorious  parly 
himself,  or  by  another  person,  in  consequence  of  his 
victory.  At  a  race,  a  man  lays  a  bet  on  his  own 
horse,  or  on  the  horse  of  another  man. 

BET,  c.  t.  To  lay  a  bet ;  to  lay  a  wager ;  to  stake  or 
pledge  something  upon  the  event  of  a  contest. 

BET,  the  old  participle  of  Re&t,  is  obsolete  or  vulgar. 

BE-TAKE',  r.  U;  pret  Betook  j  pp.  BETAKEif.  [be 
and  take.     Sax.  bet/Bcan.] 

1.  To  lake  to;  to  have  recourse  to ;  to  apply;  to 
resort;  with  the  reciprocal  pronoun  ;  as,  Ut  betake  our- 
selves to  arms,  or  to  action.  It  generally  implies  a 
motion  toward  an  object ;  as.  to  betake  ourselves  to  a 
shady  grove  ;  or  an  application  of  the  mind  or  facul- 
ties corresponding  with  Ktich  motion;  as,  to  betake 
ourselves  to  study  or  to  vice. 

2.  /"(M-mcr/i/,  to  take  or  seize.     fOfr.?.]       Spenser. 
BE-TAK'KN,  part,  of  Betake. 

BE-TAK'IXG,p;jr.  Having  recourse  to;  applying;  re- 
sorting. 

BE-TACGHT', pret  of  Betake.    [J^ot  used.]    Chaucer. 

BE-TEE.M',  v.  t.  [he  and  teem.]  To  bring  forth  ;  to 
produce  i  to  shed  ;  to  bestow.     [JVot  usedA     Spenser. 

Shak. 

Be'TEL,  (be'tl,)  n,  A  species  of  pepper,  the  leaves 
of  whicti  are  chewed,  with  the  areca  or  hetcl-ntit 
and  lime,  by  the  inhnhitants  of  the  East  Indies.  It  is 
a  creeping  or  climbing  plant,  ITke  the  ivy,  the  leaves 
somewhat  resembling  those  of  the  citron.  It  is 
planted  by  a  tree,  or  supported  by  props.  In  India, 
betel  is  taken  after  meals,  and  during  a  visit ;  it  is 
offered  to  friends  when  they  meet,  and   when  they 


BET 

separate  ;  in  short,  nothing  is  to  bs  done  without 
betel.  To  correct  the  billeruess  of  the  ItaveM,  n  little 
areca  is  wrapin-d  in  them  with  the  cAunam,  a  kind  of 
burnt  lime  made  of  shells  Khciic. 

Be'TEL-NUT,  n.  The  nut  of  the  areca  palm,  chewed 
in  the  East  with  betel  leaves  and  lime. 

BE-THINK',  V.  L  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Bethought,  [be  and 
think.] 

To  call  to  mind  ;  to  recall  or  bring  to  recollections- 
reflection,  or  consideration  ;  genenilly  followed  by  a 
reciprttcal  pronoun,  with  of  bcfoie  the  subject  of 
thought. 

1  h--\»e  bethought  my»<*lf  o/  another  fivult.  Shak. 

B&THINK',  V.  i.  To  have  in  recollection  ;  to  consid- 
er. Spenser. 

BETH'LE-HEM,  n.     [Heb.  the  house  qf  food  or  bread.] 

1.  \  town  or  village   in   Judea,  about  six  mites 

souih-t^ast  of  Jerusalem,  famous  for  its  being  the 

place  of  Christ's  nativity. 

S.  A  liospiinl  for  lunatics;  coniipted  into  Bedlam. 

BETH'LEM-ITE,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  Bethlehem  ;  a 
lunatic. 

S.  In  church  history,  the  Bethleinitcs  were  a  sort  of 
monks,  introduced  into  England  u\  the  year  1257, 
who  were  habited  like  the  Dominicans,  except  that 
they  wore  a  star  with  five  mys,  in  memory  of  the 
comet  or  star  which  appeared  over  Bethlehem  at  the 
nativity  of  our  Savior.  There  is  an  order  of  Bet h- 
leniites  also  in  Spanish  America.  Encyc. 

BE-THOUGHT',(be-thawt',)prrt.andm).  of  Bethink. 

BE-THRALL',  r.  U  [be  and  thrall.]  To  enslave  ;  to 
reduce  to  bondage  ;  to  bring  into  subjection.  [Liitle 
%L^ed.]  Shak. 

BE-THRALL'ED,  pp.     Enslaved. 

BE-'l'HUNlP',  r.  L  [bt  and  t/mwp.]  To  bent  soundly. 
[Latle  used.]  Shak. 

BE-TIDE',  V.  L  ;  pret.  Betid  or  Betided  ;  pp.  Betid. 
[be  and  tide.     Sax.  tidan,  to  happen.     See  Tide.] 

To  happen  ;  to  befall ;  to  come  to  ;  used  of  good  or 
eviL 

What  will  be&ie  the  frw  ?  Milton. 

BE-TIDE',  V.  i.    To  come  to  pass  ;  to  happen. 

What  IIPW8  viae  belidelh  here  i  Sffuik, 

Shakspenre  has  used  it  w  ith  of.  What  would  be~ 
tide  qf  thee?     But  this  is  unusual  or  improper. 

BE^TTMESB'   i  °^"*     f**  ^^^  '*""^'  ***^'  '^'  *'*  ^''*^  time.] 
1.  Seasonably;  in  good  season  or^ime;  before  it 
is  late. 


To  meanire  Hlb  leam  tlwu  be^mes. 


MDlon. 


2.  Soon  ;  in  a  short  time. 

He  tirea  betimet,  that  »pura  too  fut  &«tim««.  Skak. 

BE-TOK'£X,  (be-t5'kn)  v.  U    [be  and  token.    Sax.  be- 

1.  To  signify  by  some  visible  object ;  to  show  by 
signs. 

A  (li-wy  cloud,  nnd  in  thtr  cloud  (i  bow, 

Betokening  psace  from  GcmU  A/i,'(on. 

2.  To  foreshow  by  prt^ent  signs  ;  lo  indicite  srnntv 
thing  future  by  that  which  is  seen  or  known  ;  as,  a 
dark  cloud  oflen  betokens  a  storm.  Thom.'on. 

BE-TOK'£N-£D,  pp.  Foreshown  ;  previously  indica^ 
ted. 

BE-TOK'EN-ING,  ppr.    Indicating  by  previous  signs. 

BET'O-NY,  n.     [L.  ftctoniroj 

A  name  common  to  diflferent  species  of  plants,  of 
the  genua  Betonica,  (Linn.)  The  purple  or  wood 
belony  {B.  officinalis,  Linn.,)  a  native  of  Europe, 
grows  in  woods  and  shady  places,  and  ts  deemed 
useful  as  a  mild  corroborant  Encyc. 

BETOOK',  pret.  of  Betake. 

BE-T6^N',  a.     Torn  in  pieces. 

BE-TOSS',  V.  L  [be  and  toss.]  To  toss ;  to  agitate  ;  to 
disturb  ;  to  put  m  violent  motion.      Shak.     SkelUm. 

BE-TOSS'ED,  (be-tost',)  a.  Tossed  ;  violently  agitated. 

BE-TRAP',  V.  U  [from  trap.]  To  entrap;  to  in.inare. 
[JVof  use^L]  Occleve. 

BE-TRAY',  V.  t.  [Chaucer  wrote  betrass,  betraiss,  and 
the  Fr.  traitre  is  a  contraction  of  traistre;  Arm. 
trayfza,  to  betray  ;  Norm,  trahir,  to  draw  in,  to  be- 
tray ;  treitre,  a  traitor  ;  Fr.  trakir,  which  peems  to  be 
the'  L.  trahn.  From  trahir  is  fonned  trahhsant,  and 
trahison,  treason.  \f  traho  is  the  root,  the  sense  is,  to 
draw  aside,  to  withdraw,  or  lead  away  ;  which  would 
agree  with  the  D.  hcdriegen,  G.  beirieiren,  Sw.  bedra- 
ga,  Dan.  beilra^e,  to  deceive ;  and  treacherii,  Fr.  tri- 
eherie,  is  from  the  root  of  trick.  I  do  not  find  betro- 
gan  in  the  Saxon,  but  bcdrog  is  rendered  ffellit,  and 
this  is  from  dratran,  to  draw.  Betray,  then,  seems  to 
be  a  comfiound  of  be  and  drairan,  to  draw  ;  and  betrass 
supra,  may  be  from  a  different  root.  In  strictness,  to 
fail  in  duty  ;  to  be  guilty  of  breach  of  trust ;  to  vio- 
late the  confidence  refjosed.  Tlie  word  does  not  in 
itself  import  to  deliver  up  ;  but  by  usage,  either  with 
or  without  the  word  enemies,  it  signifies  to  deliver 
up,  in  breach  of  trust.] 

1.  To  deliver  into  the  hands  of  an  enemy  by 
treachery  or  fraud,  in  violation  of  trust ;  as,  an  offi- 
cer betrayed  the  city. 

Thp  Son  of  m.-ui  shall  be  betrayed  Into  the  hands  of  men.  —  M«tL 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT,  — METE.  PRfiY.— PINli:,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DSVE,  MOVE,  W'QLF,  BOOK.— 
_ 


BET 

2.  To  violate  by  frauds  or  unfaithAtlness ;  as,  to 
betray  a  trust. 

If  Uie  people  of  America  ever  betray  ih'^ir  inist,  tlieir  gMilt  will 
iijcrit  CTeu  ercaier  punUhmciit  ihaji  other  oatioiis  h.ive  suf- 
Itrcd,  and  tbe  imiigiiatioii  of  Uea^eii.  J,  Adama. 

3.  To  violate  confidence  by  disclosing  a  secret,  or 
that  which  was  intrusted  ;  to  expose,  followed  by  the 
person  or  the  thing ;  as,  my  friend  betrayed  me,  or 
betrayed  the  secret, 

4.  ^"o  disclose,  or  permit  to  appear,  what  is  intend- 
ed to  be  kept  secret,  or  what  prudence  would  con- 
ceal. 

Be  twifl  ta  hear,  but  c&utioui  of  join  ton^e,  lest  yen  betray 
your  ig'DoruKc.  Waiu. 

Hence, 

5.  To  mislead  or  expose  to  inconvenience  not  fore- 
seen ;  as,  great  confidence  betrays  a  man  into  errors. 

6.  To  show  ;  to  disclose  ;  to  indicate  what  is  not 
obvious  at  first  view,  or  would  otherwise  be  con- 
cealed. 

Nor,  aftf-r  len^i  of  yean,  a  stone  betray 

The  ph^e  wliere  once  the  very  niim  lay.  Ad/Uton, 

Thitf  river  betrayB  iu  ori^nal  in  iu  nanie.  Holvell. 

All  the  lumes  in  the  couutry  betrm/  great  nnliquiiy.  Bryant, 

7.  To  fail,  or  deceive. 

But  when  I  riae,  1  iball  find  my  Vgt  betraying  m^. 

Juhnson,  BoruelL 

BE-TRSY'AL,  (be-tri'al,)  «-    Betrayment. 

BE-TRAY'^D,  pp.  Delivered  up  in  breach  of  trust; 
violated  by  unfaithfulness;  exposed  by  breach  of  con- 
fidence; disclosed  contrary  to  expectation  or  inten- 
tion ;  made  known. 

UE-TRAV'ER,  n.     One  who  betrays  ;  a  traitor. 

BE-TRA  V'lN'G,  ppr.  Delivering  up  treacherously  ;  vi- 
olating confidence;  disclosing  contrary  to  intention  ; 
exposing. 

BE-TRAY'MENT,  *.  Act  of  betraying;  breach  of 
trust.  Udal. 

BE-TRIM',  r.  L  [be  and  trim.]  To  deck  ;  to  dress  ; 
to  adorn ;  to  grace ;  to  embellish  ;  to  beautify  ;  to 
decomte.  Shuk. 

BE  1  RIM'MED,  (be-trimd')  pp.    Adorned  ;  decorated. 

BE-TRIM'-MING,  ppr.  Decking;  adorning;  embel- 
Ii.«hmg. 

BE-TR(JTH',  r.  t.  [be  and  troth^  truth,  faith.  See 
Tritm  and  Troth.] 

1.  To  contract  to  anyone,  in  order  to  a  future  mar- 
riage ;  to  promise  or  pledge  one  to  be  the  future 
spouMe  of  auiUier ;  to  affiance ;  used  of  either  sex. 
"  The  fAthenctroths  his  daughter." 

9l  To  contract  with  one  for  a  future  spouse  ;  to  es- 
pouse •  as,  a  man  betroth.i  a  lady. 

3.  Co  nominate  to  a  bishopric,  in  order  to  conse- 
cration, •^fjl'ffe.  . 

BE-TROTH'ED,  (be-trolht')  pp.  or  a.  Contracted  for 
future  marriaee. 

BE-TR0'I'H'K\G,  ypr.  Contracting  to  any  one,  in  or- 
der to  a  future  nmrriage,  as  the  father  or  iruardian  ; 
contrnrting  with  one  for  a  future  wife,  as  the  intend- 
ed husband  ;  esjM-iusing. 

BE-TROTH'MENT,  n.  A  mutual  promise  or  contract 
between  two  pfirties,  for  a  future  marriage  between 
the  persons  betrothed;  espousals.  Encijc. 

BE-TRU8T',  P.  t  [be  and  tru-iU]  To  intrust ;  tocnm- 
mii  to  another  in  confidence  of  fidelity  ;  to  confide. 
Thl!«  is  les^  riM^d  than  intrust.  Hall. 

BEUTRIIST'ED,  pp.  Intnisted  ;  confided ;  committed 
In  tnirt, 

DE:-TRL'ST'IN'G,  Bpr.  Intrusting;  committing  in  tnist. 

BE-TRL'ST'MENT,n.  The  art  of  intnisting  ;  the  thing 
intrilrtt'-d.  Judge  Chipman. 

BET'iJO,  It.    The  smallest  Venetian  coin.      Mason. 

HET'TED,  pp.     Uiid  as  ii  wager. 

BET'TKR,  a. ;  eomp.  of  Bet.  [See  Best.]  fSax.  btt^ 
more,  Iw-ller ;  betrre,  betera^  better ;  8w.  batirt :  D. 
bcter;  G.  bfjisrr]  D.  baat^  profit;  baatm,  to  boot,  to 
avail ;  Kans.  bhadra,  good.  The  primary  sense  is 
more,  or  advanced  further  ;  and,  In  America,  this  ts 
a  comnifin  |N>p(ilar  nr^nification.  This  vessel  con- 
tain^ betfrr  than  half,  that  is,  more  than  half;  he 
walked  brttcr  than  a  mile,  that  is,  more  than  n  mile.] 

1.  Having  g(N>d  qualities  in  a  greater  degree  than 
anotlior  ;  applied  lit  pliysical,  acquired,  or  nionil  qual- 
ities ;  as,  a  betttrmni,  a  better  man,  a  better  physiciitn, 
a  better  house,  a  bettrr  air,  a  better  harvest. 

2.  More  advantageous. 

Were  It  not  b<uer  for  ua  to  return  to  Egypt  ?  —  £x.  xiv. 

3.  More  acceptable. 

Tu  obey  ts  beUtr  than  aacriAce.  —  I  Sam.  zt. 

4.  More  safe. 

ft  b  belter  to  triiat  In  the  fjonl  than  to  put  ooofidence  in  man.  ~ 

P>     CXTiU. 

5.  Improved  in  health  ;  less  affected  with  disease  ; 
as,  the  patient  is  better. 

C.  To  be  better  off:  to  be  in  a  better  condition.  Bei- 
ibrn^  Itytreia.  This  Is  a  very  common  phrase;  but 
ought  not  off  to  be  o/?     ft  is  not  elegant. 

7.  To  hare  the  better^  is  to  have  the  advantage  or 
superiority,  followed  by  o/ before  him  or  that  over 
wbh:h  the  advantage  h>  enjoyed  ;  as,  the  English  had 
the  better  of  the  Spaniards. 

B.  T»  get  or  gain  the  beUer,  is  to  obtain  the  advan- 


BEV 

tage,  superiority,  or  victory  ;  as,  to  get  the  better  tffan 
enemy. 
9.  For  the  better,  is  for  the  advantage  or  improvement. 
BET'TER,  adv.  In  a  more  excellent  manner;  with 
more  skill  and  wisdom,  virtue,  advantage,  or  suc- 
cess ;  as,  to  perform  work  better ;  to  plan  a  scheme 
better  ;  land  better  cultivated  ;  laws  better  executed  ; 
government  better  administered. 

2.  More  correctly,  or  fully ;  as,  to  understand  a 
subject  better  Uian  another. 

3.  With  superior  excellence ;  as,  to  write  or  speak 
better  than  another. 

4.  With  more  aflfection  ;  in  a  higher  degree ;  as,  to 
love  one  better  than  another. 

It  is  not  easy  to  specify  and  exemplify  the  various 
applications  oi  better.  In  general,  it  implies  what  is 
more  excellent,  advantageous,  useful,  or  virtuous, 
than  something  else. 
BET'TER,  c.  U  [Sax.  betnian,  bctrian.  See  Better.1 
1.  To  improve  ;  to  meliorate  ;  to  increase  the  good 
qualities  of;  as,  manure  betters  land  ;  discipline  may 
better  the  morals. 

5.  To  surpass  ;  to  exceed. 

The  works  of  n.iiure  do  nlwaya  aim  at  that  which  can  not  be 
betured.  Ilooker, 

Q.\x.  is  not  the  sense,' wiarf*  better! 
3.  To  advance  ;  to  support ;  to  give  advantage  to  ; 
as,  to  better  a  party  ;  to  belter  a  cause. 

BET'TER,  iu  A  sujterior;  one  who  has  a  claim  to 
precedence  on  account  of  his  rank,  age,  or  office  ; 
as,  give  place  to  your  betters.  It  is  generally  or  al- 
ways used  in  the  plural. 

BET'TER-JPD,  pp.  Improved  ;  meliorated  ;  made 
better. 

BET'TER-ING,  ppr.     Making  better  ;  improving. 

BET'TER-ING-HOUSE,n.  A  house  for  the  reforma- 
tion of  olfendTs. 

BET'TER-MEN'T,  «.  A  making  better;  improve- 
ment. Montague. 

Betterments^  in  /aw,  are  those  improvements  of  an 
estate  which  render  it  better  than  mere  repairs. 

Bonvier. 

BET'TER-NESS,  ji.    Supenority.  Tooke. 

BET'TING,  ppr.    Wagering;  laying  a  wager. 

BET'TING,  n.     The  laying  of  a  wager.       Shencood, 

BET'TOR,  n.  [from  bet]  One  who  bets  or  lays  a 
wager.  .Addison. 

BET'TY,  n.    [Supposed  to  be  a  cant  word  from  the 
name  of  a  maid  ;  but  qu.  is  it  not  from  the  riMJt  of  Acoi 
or  L.  p(to  T\ 
A  small  instrument  to  break  open  doors. 

Jirbuthnot. 

BE-TUM'BLCT),  o.  [he  and  tumble.]  Rolled  about ; 
tiiinliled  ;  disordered.  Shak. 

BE-TO'TOR-KD.fl.   Tutored  ;  instructed.  Coleridge. 

BE-TWEE\',  prep.  [Sax.  brticeonan.betvijnan  ;  of  be 
and  ttcairi,  two,  Sax.  tieeir,  twegen.  The  Saxons  used, 
in  the  same  'sense,  betuh^  and  betweoh^  betwo.  See 
TwAiw,  Twin.] 

1.  In  the  intennediate  space,  without  regard  to 
distince ;  as,  New  York  is  bctireen  Boston  and  Phila- 
delphia ;  the  Dflaware  River  runs  bcttocen  Pennsyl- 
vania and  New  Jersey. 

2.  Prom  one  to  another ;  passing  from  one  to 
anotJier,  noting  exchange  of  actions  or  intercourse; 
as,  things  go  well  brticcen  the  parties. 

3.  Belonging  to  two  or  more,  in  common,  or  part- 
nership ;  as,  two  friends  have  but  one  soul  between 
them  ;  twenty  proprietors  own  a  tmctof  land  bcticeen 
them.  We  observe  that  between  is  not  restricted 
to  two. 

i.  Having  mutual  relation  to  two  or  more  ;  aSjdis- 
citTda  exist  betieeen  tile  families. 

5.  Noting  difference  or  discrimination  of  one  from 
another;  as,  to  di*-tincni.sh  brtwren  right  and  wrong. 
BE-TWIXT',  prep.      [Sax.  brtioUt,   beticyit,   betweoXj 
betioeoh  ;  be  and  tioejr,  two.] 

1.  Between;  in  the  spare  that  separates  two  per- 
sons <ir  things  ;  as,  bctteiit  two  oaks. 

a.  Passing  between  ;  from  one  to  another,  noting 
intrrc4iiirse.     See  Between. 
BEVEL,  n.     [Fr.  iruvcau.     Q,u.  It.  bteca  livrlla.  oblique 
level.] 

1.  Among  masons,  carpenters,  joiners^  &c.,  an  in- 
stnimcnt,  or  kind  of  square,  one  leg  of  which  is  fre- 
quently crooked,  according  to  the  sweep  of  an  arch 
or  vault.  It  is  movable  on  a  point  or  center,  and  so 
may  he  set  to  an>  angle.  An  angle  that  is  not  a  right 
angle  Is  called  a  bevel  angle,  whether  oMuse  or  acute. 

Bailey.     Johrvion.     Enetjc 

2.  A  slant  or  inclination  of  a  surface  from  a  right 
line  ;  as,  the  proper  bccd  of  a  piece  of  timber. 

Encyc. 
BEVEL,  0.     Slant;  having  the  form  of  a  bevel. 
BEVEL,  c.  (.     To  cut  to  a  bevel  angle.  Mozon. 

BEVEL,  r.  i.     To  slant  or  incline  off  to  a  bevel  angle, 

or  from  a  direct  line. 
BEV'EL-/:i»,  pp.  or  a.     Formed  to  a  bevel  angle. 

In  minvraloey^  replaced  by  two  planes   inclining 

equally  upfni  the  adjacent  planes,  as  an  edge  ;  having 

its  edges  replaced  as  abcive,  as  a  cube  or  other  solid. 

BEVEf^GEAR,  n.     Wheel-work  whose   cogs  stand 

bcveiingf  or  at  an  oblique  angle  to  the  tUiall. 

JVichoUon. 


BEW 

BEVEL-iNG,  ppr.    Forming  to  a  bevel  angle. 
BEVELING,  a.     Slanting   toward   a  bevel  angle ; 

bending  from  a  right  line. 
BEVEL-ING,  n.    A  hewing  of  timber  with  a  proper 

and  regular  slant  toward  a  bevel  angle,  according  to 

a  mold  laid  on  one  side  of  its  .surface. 
9.  The  slant  or  bevel  of  timber.  Encyc. 

BEV'EI#-MENT,  n.     In  mineralogy,  the  replacement 

of  an  edge  by  two  similar  planes,  equally  inclined 

to  the  including  faces  or  adjacent  planes. 
Bfi'VER,  n.     [It.  bevere,  to  drink.] 

A  collation  or  small  repast  between  meals.     [JVirt 

vsedA  Mf^ison. 

Be'VER,  v.  i.    To  take  a  small  reppst  between  meals. 

Wallis. 
BEVER-AGE,  Tt.     [It.  berere,  or  bere,  to  drink  ;  Ae- 
veraggio,  drink  ;  Sp.  beJ^er^  from  L.  bibo  i  Fr.  buveur, 
a  tippler ;  burette,  a  tavern  ;  buvoUer^  to  sip,  to  tipple ; 
Arm.  beuvrauA,  beverage.] 

1.  Drink;  liquor  for  drinking.  It  is  generally  used 
of  a  pleasant  or  mixed  liquor.  Nectar  is  called  the 
beverage  of  the  pods. 

In  the  middle  ages,  beverage,  beveragium,  or 
biberagium,  was  money  for  drink  given  to  an  artificer 
or  other  person  over  and  above  his  hire  or  wages. 
The  practice  has  existed,  to  a  certain  extent,  in 
America,  within  my  memory,  and  1  know  not  but  it 
still  exists  in  some  parts  of  this  country.  A  person 
who  had  a  new  garment,  was  called  on  to  pay  bev- 
erage, that  is,  to  treat  with  liquor.     Hence, 

2.  A  treat  on  wearing  a  new  suit  of  clothes,  or  on 
receiving  a  suit  from  the  tailor ;  also,  a  treat  on  first 
coming  into  prison  ;  a  garnish. 

3.  In  England,  water-cider,  a  mixture  of  cider  and 
water,  made  by  putting  water  into  pomace  before  it 
is  pressed.  Mortimer.     Johnson. 

BEVILE,  TU  [See  Bevel.]  In  heraldry,  a  thing 
broken  or  opening  like  a  carpenter's  bevel. 

Encyc. 

BEVY,  n.  [I  know  not  the  origin  or  afliinities  of  this 
word.  The  etymologies  I  liave  seen  are  not  worth 
notice.] 

A  ffock  of  birds  ;  (sportsmen  now  confine  the  term 
to  quails.  Rich.  DicL  ;)  hence,  a  company  ;  an  as- 
sembly or  collection  of  i>erson3 ;  usually  applied  to 
females. 

BE-WaIL',  r.  (.  [be  and  trai/.]  To  bemoan;  to  la- 
ment ;  to  express  sorrow  for.  It  expresses  deep  sor- 
80W  ;  as,  to  bcioail  the  loss  of  a  child. 

The  inJc  pcniu-nt  heioaila  liia  ifigmiktide  to  God.  iinon. 

BE-WAIL',  tt.  i.     To  express  grief,  Shak. 

BE-WAIL'A-BLE,  a.     That  may  l>e  lamented. 

BEAVAIL'iCD,  pp.     Lamented  ;  bemoaned. 

BE-WA IL'ER,  71.     One  who  laments. 

BE-WAIL'ING,  ppr.  Lamenting;  bemoaning j  ex- 
pressing grief  for. 

BE-WA IL'ING,  M.     Lamentation.  Raleigh. 

BE-WAIL'ING-LY,  adv.     In  a  mournful  manner. 

BE-WAIL'MENT,  n.    The  act  of  bewailing. 

BE-WAKE',  V.  L  Ibe  and  wake.]  To  keep  awake. 
[Ab£  used.]  Oowrr. 

BE-WARE',  V.  i.  [Sax.  bcwerian,  brtrarian,  geicarian, 
to  guard,  defend,  restrain,  prohibit,  fiirtify,  he  cau- 
tious ;  S\jV.  bevara :  D.  bnpaaren ;  Ger.  geirakr,  be- 
trahren;  Dan.  bevare,  to  keep  guard,  preserve.  See 
Wabe,  Wary.] 

0  I.  Literally,  to  restrain  or  guard  one's  self  from. 
Hence,  to  regard  with  caution  ;  to  restrain  ime's  self 
from  any  thing  that  may  be  dangerons,  injurious,  or 
improper  ;  to  avuid,  to  take  care  ;  followed  by  o/ be- 
fore the  thing  that  is  to  be  avoided. 

Beware  of  all,  but  moSl  beware  q/  man.  Pope. 

Beware  of  f.iitr  propheia ;  beware  of  il»e  IwxTen  of  (he  Ph^»nii-«  j 
heyeare  of  tlu.-  cuuciaion.  Scripture, 

2.  To  have  a  special  regard  to. 

and  olyy 

[Tbis  is  unusual,  and  hardly  legitimate.] 
j'his  word,  though  lirre  admitted  as  a  verb,  from 
the  Saxon,  is  rarely  used  as  a  verb  in  fact ;  or  if  a 
verb,  is  now  never  usi;d  except  in  the  iinpcniiive 
mode.  It  is  a  comi«»nnd  of  be  and  the  Old  Eng. 
ware,  now  wary.  Be  wary  of  danger.  Hence,  it  can 
not  be  used  with  dtd^Uke  a  regular  verb,  nor  with  be, 
in  any  of  its  inflections,  —  he  is  bejearet  for  tJiis 
would  be  to  use  the  substantive  verb  twice  before 
ware  and  wary,  is  and  be.  Ben  Jonson,  however, 
has  used  the  word  in  the  third  person.  He  bewares 
to  act.  But  it  has  no  past  tense  or  participle,  and 
therefore,  if  admitted  as  a  verb,  it  is  defective,  and 
used  only  in  the  imperative  mode,  or  after  an 
auxiliary. 

BE-WEEP',  t?.  t.  [be  and  weep.]  To  weep  over;  to 
bedew  with  tears.     [Little  used.]  Shak, 

BE-WEEP',  V.  i.    I'o  make  lamentation.    [Little  used.] 

Shak. 

BE-WEPT',  pp.  Wept  over;  bedewed  with  tears, 
[Little  used.] 

BE-WET',  V.  L  [be  and  wrt.]  To  wet;  to  moisten. 
[J^ot  usedJ 

BE-WHORE',  (b6-h5r«',)  r.  t.    To  corrupt  with  regard 

to  chastity.  Bcaum.  and  Fletcher. 

2.  To  pronounce  a  whore.  Shak. 


TCNE,  BI;LL,  ITNITE.  — AN"GEU,  VI"CI0US.  — G  aa  K;  6  us  J  j  8  a«  Z  :  CH  as  SH:  TH  as  in  THIS. 


BEY 

B&-WIL'DE&,  V.  L  [Dnn.  fmyiU*^  vUd^  D.  ver- 
wiUerra  ;  U.  vmtildem  ;  fVom  viU.] 

Tu  lead  into  perplexity  or  conAinon ;  to  lose  in  path- 
lesB  places ;  to  confound  for  want  of  a  plain  road  ;  to 
penH«x  witb  maxes  \  or  in  gentrral^  to  pt-rplex. 

tAH  umI  htwiltttrti  lo  the  fhihloi  mxnh.  AdJuon. 

BE-WIL'DER-ED,  pp.  Lost  in  mazes;  perpk-ied 
with  di^orJiT,  confusion,  or  intricacy, 

BE-\VIL'DEK-£D-NESS,  n.  Slate  of  being  beivU- 
dered. 

BE-\VlL'D£R-tXG«  ppr.  or  a.  Losing  in  a  pathlea 
place  ;  perplexing  with  confusion  or  intricacy. 

BE-\V[L' DER-I\(i-LY,  ute.     So  as  to  bewilder. 

BE-\VILI>i:K-ME\T,  m.    Stale  of  being  bewHdwred. 

BE-VVK\'TEK,r.r.    To  make  like  winter.    [AWiwsrf.] 

Cowttjf. 

BE-WrrCII',  V.  L  [b*  and  wiuk.)  To  fascinate ;  to 
gain  an  ascendency  over  by  ctaanna  or  iucADlatJon ; 
an  operatioa  wbich  was  formerly  suppoacd  to  ii^ure 
the  person  bewitched,  eo  UhU  oe  kwt  his  flesh,  ot 
bebavMl  in  a  strange,  unaccountable  manner,  —  i^o- 
ranl  people  being  inclined  to  ascribe  to  eVil  spuits 
what  they  could  not  account  for. 

Look,  ham  I  mb  ktmitrhad;  beMd,  nhM  um 

b  Be  ft  Umed  Bpfiag  wUfciiid  i^  5A«k. 

ft.  To  Chun ;  to  fiueinata ;  lo  please  to  such  a  de- 
gree as  lo  take  away  the  ptwer  of  reaistance. 

Tte  cbuna  of  partry  our  Kxih  teWteH.  Dryiui. 

3.  To  deceive  and  mislead  by  juggling  tricks  txr 
hnpostnTe.    Acu  viiL  9. 
BE-WITCH'/H),  (be-wicht',)  pp.  Fascinated  ;  charmed. 
BS-W1TCU'£0-N£SS,  a.    State  of  being  bewitched. 

BE-WITCH'ER,  ■.    One  that  bewitches  or  fiucinates. 

BE-WITCH'ERY,  n.  Fx«cination ;  charm;  rcsisl- 
les?)  power  (tf  anv  tbine  that  pip.-ises.  Samtk. 

BE-WITCII  Fi;L*a.     AlliinnR;  fascinatinj;.   MOton, 

B&W[TCH'L\G,  ppr.     Fa^uiatinc  ;  cbamiing. 

BB-VVITCH'L\G,  a.  That  has  power  to  bewitch  or 
fascinate  ;  that  has  power  lo  control  by  the  arts  of 
pleasine. 

B&lVlTCH'ING~Lr,  adt.    In  a  fascinaUng  manner. 

BE-WITCHTNO-NESS.  a.      Quality  of  bt-wiiching. 

B£-\V1TCH'M£NT,  a.  Fascination  \  power  of  charm- 
ing. SAoJt 

BS'WITS,  n.  pL  Straps  of  leather  by  which  bells  are 
faj4ened  to  a  hawk's  legs.  AmuL 

B&WOX'DB^JED,  a.  [W  and  w»»d«rA  Amazed. 
pfbt  uMi.}  fkvfiu. 

fi£-WR.\P',  (be-rap',)  v.t.[Wand  vrap.]    To  wrap  up. 

BB-Vr^V,  (be-ra',}  r.  L  [Chaucer  baa  wrme,  «rcy«, 
wrqTt  (uid  in  the  infinitJre  Wrnca,  to  discover,  as  if 
from  Sax.  «ir«caa,  to  tell.  In  Sax.  awrton^  omwmm, 
■igniiy  to  xeToal,  as  if  the  negative  of  wigoM,  to 
cower.] 

To  disclose  perfidiously ',  to  betray ;  to  show  or 
Biake  visible:. 

Tb7  spMch  ftnfrayrtk  ihee.  —  M«U.  xxiS. 
TTTm  word  u  lUttWy  mm  fixated. 

BE-WRAV'£D,  (be-rade',)  pp.  Uisck^scd  }  indicated  } 
betrayed  ;  exposed  to  view. 

BE-WRAY'ER,  a.    A  divulfer  of  secrets ;  a  discoverer. 

BE-WRAY'ING,  ppr.  Discluding<f  making  known  or 
vu!ible. 

BE-\VRAY'I\G-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  bewray. 

BE-\VRaY'ME.\T,  «.     Act  of  bcwraving. 

BE-WRECK',  (be-reck',)  e.  L  [be  and  vreek.]  To 
niin  ;  to  destroy      [ATt'i  tued.] 

BFr  WROUGHT'",  (b»^wt',)  a.  [be  and  work.]  Worked. 
f^Vat  Kferf.]  B.  Janson, 

B£V,  (ba,)  n.  In  tA«  TurkiA  dcminions^  a  governor  of 
a  town  or  particular  district  of  country ;  aldo,  in  some 
places,  a  prince  ;  Ihe  same  as  Bed.  [See  Bcc]  Eton. 

BB-Y0\D',  prrp.  [Sax.  b'sreond,  btgtondan^  of  be  and 
gmndyfoxxA^  yonder.  This  is  the  participle  of  the 
verb  MX,  to  go,  to  pass.  It  coincides  with  the  D. 
gmmmSty  the  participle  of  the  present  tense  of  the 
same  verb,  raoii,  lo  go ;  Dan.  ganxmde.  Literally, 
tfa«i,  ft  stgntfies  to^oMia/,  or  bffOMi  t  or,  as  we  now 
•ay^jMff  bif^  gone  iy.] 

I.  On  the  further  side  of;  on  the  side  most  dis- 
tant, at  any  indefinite  distance  from  that  side ;  as, 
hetfoni  a  river,  or  the  sea  ;  either  a  mile  beyond^  or  a 
hundred  miles  beyimd  the  rivi-r. 
3.  Before ;  at  a  frface  not  yet  reached 

A  thing-  feyonrf  uk,  tma  before  our  Jeaih.  Popt. 

3.  Past;  out  of  reach  of;  further  than  any  given 
limit;  further  than  the  extt^nt  of  any  thing  el^  ;  as, 
betfoad  our  power ;  bnfond  comprehension  ;  beyond 
dispute  ;  beyond  of\T  care. 

4.  Above;  in  a  degree  exceeding  or  surpassing; 
proceeding  to  a  greater  degree,  as  in  dignity,  excel- 
ieace,  or  quality  of  any  kind ;  as,  one  man  is  great 
or  good  beyoad  another. 

To  go  beyond^  is  a  phrase  wbich  expresses  an  ex- 
cess in  some  action  or  scheme  ;  to  exceed  in  in- 
genuity, in  research,  or  in  any  thing  eUe:  hence,  in 
a  bad  sense,  to  deceive  or  circumvenL 

Let  M  mw  f  o  hgyor>d  umI  d^'inuul  tui  tnolber  u  anr  HMtter. 

SuPiutl. 


BIA 

BE-YOXD*,  adv.     At  a  distance  ;  yonder.      Spenser. 
BEZ'AX,  n.    A  cotton  doth  from  Bengal,  white  or 

striped.  Encyc. 

BEi-ZANT',    n.    A  gold  coin  of  Byzantium.      [See 

ByzAST.] 
In  bfraldry,a.  circle,  or:  so  called  from  the  gold 

coins  of  the  Greek  empire,  termed  bezants  or  byian- 

tineg.  Brande. 

BE-7-A?n''LER,  n.  [fmm  anf/n-.]    The  branch  of  a 

deer's  horn,  next  above  the  brow  antler.        Encyc 
BEZ'EL,   n.    [Qu.   Ch.   ST3,  beialy  limits,  conliues ; 

8w.  betiel^  a  rein  ;  betzia,  to  curbj 
The  upper  part  of  the  ctillet  ota  ring,  which  on- 

oompasscs  and  fastens  the  stone.  Bailey. 

o   ^  o  ^ 

Bfi'ZOAR,  a.    [Pers.  j^  \^  Li  badzakry  which  Castell 

interprets  "  ventus,  i.  e.  dissipator  veneni,  alexiphar- 
micum  omne,  quod  vencnum  pellit,  et  spirituum 

u  - 
&cullates  retinet,"  from    ^Lj   bad^  wind,  breath, 

o     .- 
spirit,  and    yj^  \   zoAr,  poison.      Others    make    it 

pazahar,  aeainst  poison,  an  antidote  for  poison. 
Otliers  derive  the  word  from  paseag^  or  pasaJir,  the 
name  of  the  pi>at  in  Persia.] 

1.  An  antidote  ;  a  general  name  for  certain  animal 
substances  sujipoeed  to  be  efficacious  in  preventing 
Uie  fatal  elfecLs  of  poison.  Ilezoar  is  a  calculous 
concretion  found  in  the  stomach  of  certain  ruminant 
annnalit,  comixtsed  of  concentric  coat:j  surrounding 
each  other,  with  a  liule  cavity  in  tlie  middle,  con- 
taining a  bit  uf  wood,  straw,  hair,  or  the  like  sub- 
stance. There  are  two  sorts  ;*  tlie  oriental,  from 
Pernia  and  the  East  Indies,  of  a  i^hining  dark  green 
or  ifclive  color,  with  a  .smonth  surface  ;  and  the  oeci- 
dentaty  from  the  S)Kinish  \Ve«t  Indies,  which  has  a 
roufih  surface,  is  Wsa  green,  niurh  heavier,  more 
brittle,  and  of  a  looser  texture.  I'he  oriental  is  gen- 
erally less  than  a  walnut;  the  occidental  is  larger, 
and  sometimes  as  large  as  a  goose  eeg-  Encyr. 

The  oriental  bezoars  are  many  of  them  of  a  resi- 
nous composition  and  combustible.  Thomson. 

2.  In  a  more  general  seHsty  any  substance  fi>rmed, 
stratum  upon  stratum,  in  the  stomach  or  intetttines 
of  animals.  Enctfc. 

This  name  is  also  given  to  the  biliary  calculi  of  cer- 
tain animals.  Cyc 

P)Mal  bciaar  Is  a  figured  stone,  formed,  like  the 
animal  bexoar,  with  several  ctmls  round  some  ex- 
traneous body,  which  serves  as  a  nucleus;  found 
chiefly  in  Sicily,  in  sand  and  clay  pits.  It  is  of  a 
purple  color,  ana  of  the  size  of  a  walnut.  It  seems 
to  be  of  the  nature  of  Armenian  bole,  and  is  called 
Sicilian  earth.  Encyc. 

Bezoar  mineral.  This  preparation  is  an  oxyd  of 
antimony,  produced  by  distilling  the  nitrous  acid 
aeveral  times  to  dryness  from  the  sublimated  muriate 
of  antimony.  J^iUkoUon. 

BEZ-O-AR'DIC,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  compounded  of 
bezoar. 

BEZ-0-AR'DI6,  n.  A  medicine  compounded  with 
bezoar.  Johnson. 

BEZ-O-AR'Tie-AL,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  an 
antidote.  Todd. 

BEZ'ZLE,  V.  t.  To  waste  tn  rioC  [JVbC  vsed.  See 
Embezzle.]  Milton. 

BHU-CHAMP'Ae,  n.  [Hindu,  Mu,  ground,  and 
diampacy  a  plant.] 

A  beautiful  plant  of  India,  known  in  Linnsus's 
system  under  the  name  of  Kiempferia  rotunda.  The 
blossoms  rise  from  the  ground  with  a  short  scape, 
and  scarce  live  a  whole  day.  Jis.  Res.  iii.  254. 

BI'A,  n.  In  eommtrce^  a  smalt  shell  called  a  eom-jr, 
much  used  in  the  East  Indies.  Encyc. 

BT-AN"GU-LaTE,       )         FT    ».•    ,    ■       ««j  I 

BT-AN"GU-La-T^D,  i  ^    t^  *f '  ^y"^*  *"**  angulus, 

BI-A.\"GU-L0US,      )      ana"g'e-J 

Having  two  angles  or  comers.     [Little  used.] 

BI-XRM'I-AN,  a.  Noting  a  race  of  Finns  in  Permia, 
in  the  north  uf  Europe,  on  the  Dwina.  and  about  the 
White  Sea  ;  written  al.-*o  Permian.  The  Biarmians, 
or  Permians,  are  said  to  be  the  most  wealthy  and 
powerful  of  the  FinnUh  tribes.  Tooke, 

Bl-AR-Tie'U-LATE,a.   [L.  fti*  and  flrl(<u/iw,a  joinLj 
Consisting  of  two  joints. 

BI'AS,  n.  [Arm.  bihays  or  vies;  Ft.  biaiSj  a  slope; 
biaiserj  to  use  shifts,  evasions,  or  tricks.] 

1.  A  weight  on  the  side  of  a  bowl  which  turns  it 
from  a  strainht  line. 

2.  A  leaning  of  the  mind;  inclination  ;  preposses- 
sion; propensity  toward  an  object,  not  leaving  the 
mind  indiiTcrent;  as,  education  gives  a  bias  to  the 
mind. 

3.  That  which  causes  the  mind  to  lean  or  incline 
from  a  state  of  indifference  to  a  particular  object  or 
course. 

.  This  word  is  familiarly  used  as  an  adverb,  for  out 
pf  a  straight  line,  slanting,  eros.^ncise ;  as,  to  cut  a 
piece  of  cloth  bias  :  the  king  falls  bias  of  nature.  Shak. 


BIB 

I'he  word  is  also  used  by  Shakspeare  as  an  adjective 

for  sloping. 

Blow  till  thy  Has  ch»elt 
Otihnvell  Uic  colic  ot  pul't  Aquilon. 

BI'AS,  V.  t.  To  incline  to  one  side  ;  lo  warp  ;  to  give 
a  particular  direction  to  the  mind;  to  prejudice;  to 
preiMtssess.    The  judgment  is  often  biased  by  interest. 

BT'A.S-DRAW-LNG,  n.    Partiality.    [J^vt  used.]     Shak. 

BI'AS-1;D,  bl'ast,)  pp.  or  a.  Inclined  from  a  right 
line  ;  warped  ;  prejudiced. 

BI'AS-ING,  ppr  Giving  a  bias,  particular  direction, 
or  propensity  ;  warping;  prejudicing. 

Bt'AS-NESS,  n.     Inclination  to  some  side. 

BI-AU-RIC'lJ-LA*rE,«.  [Awand  auricu/a,an  auricle.] 
In  anatomy,  a  term  applied  to  a  heart  with  two 
auricles,  as  in  tliu  mammalia,  and  in  birds  and 
reptiles. 

BT-AX'AL,  a.     Having  two  axes.      Sir  D.  Breioster. 

BIB,  n.  A  small  piece  of  linen  or  other  cloth  worn  by 
cliildren  over  the  breast. 

2.  A  fish  about  a  foot  in  Ienp;th,  the  back  of  a  light 
olive,  the  sides  yellow,  and  the  belly  white 

DicL  of  JWrf,  IlisL 

Bin,  r.  t.  [L.  bibo;  Sp.  beber;  It.  bevere;  Gipsy,  piA- 
va.to  drinK.] 

To  sip;  to  tipple;  to  drink  frequently  [Little 
used,]  Locke. 

BI-BA'CIOUS,  (ba'shus,)  a.     [L.  bibax.     See  Cib.] 
Addicted  to  drinking ;  dispt'>scd  to  imbibe. 

BI-BAC'I  TY,  II.  The  quality  of  drinking  mucfh. 
[JV*(it  vsed.] 

BIB'BER,  n.  A  tippler;  a  man  given  to  drinking; 
chietiv  used  in  composition  ;  as,  wine-bibber. 

BIB'BLE-BAB'BLE,  n.  Idle  talk  ;  prating  to  no  pur- 
pose.    [.^  low  word,  and  not  used.]  Shak. 

BIU'I-O,  n.  A  name  of  the  wine  fly,  a  small  insect 
found  in  empty  wine  casks.         Diet,  of  JVaL  IlisL 

BI'BLE,  n.     [Gr.  Qi(i\ti.v,  (iiQUi,  a  book.] 

The  Book,  by  way  of  eminence;  the  sacred  vol- 
ume, in  which  are  contained  the  revelations  of  God, 
the  principles  of  Christian  faith,  and  the  rules  of 
practice.  It  consists  of  two  parts,  called  the  Old 
and  New  Testaments. 

Tlie  Bibl*  ihould  be  Ibe  aUDclnrd  or  laiigna^  aa  well  tu  of  Cilth. 

Anon. 

BIB'T.ER,  n,     [See  Bib.]     A  tippler  ;  a  great  drinker. 

BI'BLE  SO-CfE-TY,  n.  A  society  for  the  distribu- 
tion of  the  Bible. 

BIB'LIC-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Bible,  or  to  the  sa- 
cred writings;  as,  Aifrlico/ criticism.       * 

BIB'Lie-AL-LY,  ado.     According  to  the  Bible. 

Bin'LI-CIST,  n.  One  skilled  in  the  knowledge  and 
interpretation  of  the  Bible. 

BIB-LI-OG'RA-PHER,  n.  [Gr.  /?i/3X'-5,  a  book,  and 
j/Kii^t.',  to  write.] 

One  who  composes  or  compiles  the  history  uf  books  ; 
one  skilled  in  literary  history  ;  a  transcriber. 

Bailey.     Johnson.     Ask. 

BIB-I.I-O-GRAPH'ie,  \  a.     Pertaining  to  the  his- 

BIB-LI-O-GRAPinC-AL,  j      tory  of  books.      KctL 

BIB-LI-OG'RA-PHV,  n.  A  history  or  description  of 
books  ;  an  account  of  books  and  njanuscripts,  with 
notices  of  the  different  editions,  the  times  when 
they  were  printed,  and  other  information  tending  to 
illustrate  the  history  of  literature.     Encyc.  Puikerton. 

BIB-M-OL'A-TRY,  n.     (Gr.  (h0\ioi,  and   Utocuu] 
Worship  nr  homage  paid  to  books.  Southcy. 

BIB'LI-O-LTTE,  h.  [Gr.  liiinuiv,  a  book,  and  Ai^.^j, 
a  stone  ;  called  also  Phytobiblia  and  Lithobiblia.] 

Bookstone  ;  a  species  of  schi<itous  stones,  mostly  cal- 
careous, which  present,  between  their  lamina;,  the  fig- 
ures of  leaves,  or  sometimes  simple  dendrites.  [Abt 
noic  iiseiL] 

BIB'LI-O-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr,  /?t/?Xos,  a  book,  and 
paiTita,  divination.] 

A  kind  of  divination,  performed  by  means  of  the 
Bible  ;  consisting  in  selecting  passages  of  Scripture 
at  hazard,  and  drawing  from  tliem  indications  con- 
cerning things  future.  Encyc.     Southcrj. 

BIB-LI-0-MA'NI-A,  n,  [Gr.  fliUXiov,  book,  and 
^avia,  madness.] 

Book-madness;  a  rage  for  possessing  rare  and 
curious  books. 

BIB-LI-0-Ma'NI-A€,  n.  One  who  has  a  rage  for 
books. 

BIB-LI-0-MA-NI'A€-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  passion 
fur  books.  Quart.  Rev. 

BIB-LI-O-PEG'ie,  a.  Relating  lo  the  binding  of 
books. 

BIB-LI-OP'0-LIST,  )n.     [Gr.    (iiP\tov,    book,   and 

BIB'LI-O-POLE,        (      TrwAtw,  to  sell.] 
A  btwkseller. 

BIB-LIO-TIlE'CAL,    a.     [L.   bibVwtheca,    a    library, 
(iiliX'xi,  and  thcca,  ^tjkt),  a  repositorj'.] 
Belonging  to  a  librar)'. 

BIB-LI-OTH'E-CA-RY,  n.     A  librarian.  11(01 

BIB'LI-O-THeKE,  n.     A  library.  Bale. 

BIB'LIST,  71.  [from  Bible.]  With  the  Roman  Cath- 
olics, one  who  makes  the  Scriptures  the  sole  rule  of 
faith.  Encyc 

9.  One  who  is  conversant  with  the  Bible.     Ash. 

BT-BRAC'TE-ATE,  o.     Doiiblv  bracteate.        Eaton. 

BIB'y-LOUS,  a.     [U  ftiAuZiw,  from  bibo,  to  drink.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — .METE,  PREY.— PIXE,  MABXNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. - 


190 


BID 

Spfing>' ;  th:u  has  the  quality  of  imbibing  fluids  or 
moisture.  7'fioriison. 

BI  CAL'CAR-ATE,  a.  [L.  bis  and  eatcar,  a  spur.] 
Armed  with  two  spurs,  as  the  limb  of  an  animal. 

Braitde, 

BI-CAP'SU-LAR,  a.  [L.  bit,  double,  and  cap.^ula^  a 
little  chest,  from  eapsa,  a  chest.     See  Capsular.] 

Jn  hutanij,  having  two  capsuk-s,  conlaininj:  seeds, 
to  each  flower  ;  as,  a  bicapsular  (vricarp.     Martyn. 

BI-t'AR'BO\-ATE,  n.  A  carbonate  containing  two 
equivalents  of  carbonic  acid  to  one  of  base ;  one  of 
the  supercarboniites. 

BIt'E,  I  n.     Among  painters^  a  pale  blue    color,    pre- 

BIHE, )  pared  from  the  native  blue  carbonate  of  cop- 
per, or  from  smalL  Oreen  bice  is  prepared  from  the 
blue,  by  adding  yellow  orpiment,  or  by  grinding  down 
the  preen  carbonate  of  copper.        Cooteij.     Brande. 

BT-CEPIi'A-LOUS,  a.  [L.  6w,and  Gr.iC£0aX/7,hcad.] 
Having  two  head^. 

BT-CIF'rr-Ar,,     \  a.     [L.  biceps,  of  bts.    twice,  and 

BI-CIP'IT-OL'S,  j     caput,  head.] 

Having  two  heads.  Applied  to  the  mnsclesi,  it  sig- 
nifies having  two  heads  or  origins ;  and  any  such 
muscle  is  denominated  biceps. 

BICK'ER,  r.  i.  [W.  bicra,  lo  fight,  to  bicker;  Scot. 
biekrr,  to  fight  by  throwing  stones,  to  move  quickly, 
ttt  skinnish  j  allied  perhaps  to  IL  picchiare,  to  beat ; 
picchiarsi,  to  fight ;  picchiere,  a  soldier  armed  with  a 
pike ;  piccltio,  a.  blow  or  stroke,  a  woodpecker;  6m- 
car^,  to  peck.  This  verb  is  from  the  root  of  beuk, 
prck,  pike,  and  primarily  signifies  to  beat,  to  strike,  to 
Ihrtist  at,  or  to  make  at  by  repeated  thrusts  or  blows.] 

1.  To  skirmish  ;  to  figlit  otf  and  on  ;  that  is,  to 
make  repealed  attacks.  [But  ia  this  sense,  I  believe, 
rarely  tued.] 

2.  To  quarrel  ;  to  contend  in  words ;  to  scold  ;  to 
contend  in  petulant  altercation.  [This  is  the  usual 
si^ification.] 

3.  To  move  quickly  ;  to  quiver ;  to  be  tremulous, 
like  flame  or  water;  as,  the  bickering  flame;  the 
biekerin^  stream.  Mtlton.     Thmnson, 

BICK'ER-ER,  n.  One  who  bickers,  or  engages  in  a 
prlty  quarrel. 

BICK'EK-IXG,  ppr.     Quarreling;   contending;  quiv- 

IIICK'KK-ING,  n.     Contention  ;  skirmish.  [ering. 

BICK  EK-.MEXT,  lu    Contentioa.    [.V»(  usrd.] 

Spenser. 

DICK'ERX,  n.  [Of  W.  pi>,  a  beak,  or  beak  and  iron.] 
An  iron  ending  in  a  beak  or  point. 

BT'COL'lAiiA'VE,  a.  [bis  and  collis^o,  to  bind  to- 
gi-thrr.]  In  ornithology,  having  the  anterior  toes 
conri^'cled  by  a  web. 

BI-COL'OR,  (-kul'lur,)  a.  [bis  and  color.]  Of  two 
colors. 

BI-eu\'JU-GATE,  a.  [L.6w,and  cottjtigo,  lo  unite.] 
Ill  pairs  ;  placed  side  by  side. 

BT'f  OR\  ) 

BT  rORV'OU*!   \  ***     ^'^^''^o  '^'**  horns.       Browne. 

BT  CRC'RAL,  a.     Having  two  legs. 
;   BT  CL'S'PID,  i  n.     [L.  bis  and  cu.'^is,  a  point.] 

BT  CUS'PID-ATE,  \      Having  two  jKHnls. 

BIO,  V.  L:  pret.  Bio  or  Bade  ;  yp.  Bid,Bidde:».  [fax. 
fri^n;  Ck>th.  bidtjan  :  Ut  a^tk,  rrMpien,  or  pray  :  8ax. 
beodan,  to  command  ;  bend,  one  wh'i  pcmuattes  or 
exhorts  ;  Sw.  bidia,  to  ask,  or  entreat ;  D.  bietUn,  to 
ofl'er,  or  bid;  gtbiedm,  to  command;  G.  bielen,  to 
offer ;  gebietp.n,  euthieten,  lo  command  ;  Dan.  btdf,  lo 
pray,  or  desire  ;  byde^  to  command,  to  bid,  to  nflV-r,  to 
invite  ;  L.  pcto,  lo  drive  at,  to  atLick,  to  a*ik,  Vj  de- 
sire, to  beseech,  anciently  bi-to ;  U.  irtpidh'tm,  lo  he- 
seecli ;  Sp.  and  Port,  pedir,  to  a.-'k  or  beg ;  Sans,  bitdi, 
padi,  peUr,  botu,  a   commander;    Ch.  O^c  to   piay 

or  beseech  ;  Eth.  i^T^vL/  fato,  or  fatho,  lo  dcwirc. 
The  primary  sense  is,  to  press  forward,  lo  drive,  lo 
urge  ;  hfUce  t>.  impetus.  Applied  to  th'-  voice,  it  do 
not<;9  utterance,  a  driving  of  sounds,  which  isapiilied 
to  aitking,  prayer,  and  command.    Class  Bd.] 

1.  To  a^k  ;  to  rtfquest  -  to  invite. 

Oo  J'.  Inio  iiv  hi^wny ■,  nnd  m  man]'  u  ye  stMll  Ibid,  bid  to  Ue 

This  sen^e  is  antiquated^  but  we  have  the  same 
word  from  the  Latin,  in  invite,  [in  and  bul.] 

3.  To  command  ;  to  order  or  direct. 

Aad  Peter  ftMWfTcd  him  *nt\  •>u>l,  \joti\j  if  It  be  U«u,  hid  mt 
corriR  lo  Uirc  on  Ibn  water.  —  M«U.  iiv. 

X  I'o  ofler }  to  propose ;  as,  lo  bui  a  |n-icc  at  an 
tuction. 

4.  To  proclaim :  to  make  known  by  a  public  voice. 
[Ohs.] 

Our  bwu  lhn£e  hid.  Shnk. 

5.  To  pronounce  or  declare  ;  as,  to  bid  a  welcome. 
r>.  To  denounce  or  threaten  ;  as,  lo  bid  defiance. 
7.  To  wish  or  pray. 

NrKhi'r  fctrf  lum  Got!  Bpr^il.     \A  mittake  for  good  tpteil.\  — 2 
John  10. 

Ta  bid  beads,  (9  to  pray  with  beads,  a.<i  the  Roman 
Callrolicfl  ;  tu  distinguish  each  bead  by  a  prayer. 

Johnson. 

Also,  lo  charge  parishioners  lo  say  a  number  of 
potemoRien.  Encye, 

To  bid  fair,  is  to  t^ien  or  oflbr  a  good  prospect ;  to 
appear  fair. 


BIG 


)  pp.    nf    Bid.      Invited ;    offered ;    com- 
manded. 


BID, 

BID'DEN,  . 

BID,  n.  An  offer  of  a  price :  a  word  much  used  at  auc- 
tions. 

BID'aLE,  n.  [bid  and  ale.]  In  England,  an  invita- 
tion of  friends  to  drink  ale  at  some  poor  man's  house, 
and  there  to  contribute  in  charity  ;  au  ancient  and 
still  a  local  custom.  Encyc. 

BID'DER,  ?i.    One  who  bids  or  offers  a  price. 

BUlderi  nX  llie  finction  of  popularity.  Burke. 

BID'DER- Y-WARE,  n.  A  kind  of  metallic  ware  made 
at  Uiddery  in  Hindostan,  composed  of  copper,  lead, 
tin,  and  spelter.  Rncyc.  Dom.  Kcotu 

Brn'DlNG,  pp^r.     Inviting;  offering;  commanding. 

BID'DING,  n.  Invitation;  command;  order;  a  proc- 
lamation or  notifying.  S/mli. 

BIDE,  V.  i.     [Sax.  bidun.     See  Abide.] 

1.  To  dwell ;  to  inhabit.  JlTUUm. 

2.  To  remain  ;  lo  continue  or  be  permanent  in  a 
place  or  slate.     [JVearly  antiqualrA.]  Shak. 

BIDE,  r.  t     To  endure  :  lo  suffer. 

2.  To  wait  for;  as,  I  bide  my  time.  Scottish.  [See 
Amide.]  Shak. 

BI-DEXT'AL,  a.     [L.  bidens,  of  bis,  twice,  and  dens,  a 

lo<ith.]     Having  two  teeth.  Sici/i. 

BI-DEVr'ATE,  a.     In  buta?iy,  two-toothed. 

In  zoology,  having  two  teetli,  or  two  tooth-like 
processes.  Brande. 

BIDET',  n.     [Ft.]     A  small  horse,  formerly  allowed 
to  each  troojK.T  or  dragoon  for  carrjing  his  baggage. 
B,  Jiiiisun.     Kncyc. 

2.  An  article  of  bedroom  furniture,  used  in  wash- 
ing the  body. 

BID'IN'G,  ppr.      Dwelling ;   continuing;    remaining. 

[See  Abidiko.] 
BiD'ING,  n.     Residence;  habitation.  Rowe. 

BI-E\'.NI-AL,  fl.    [L.  biennis,  oT  bis,  twice,  aud^innus, 

a  year.] 
I.  Continuing  for  two  years  ;  or  happening,  or  t;ik- 

ing  place,  once  in  two  years  ;  as,  a  biennial  eliction. 

3.  In  botany,  continuing  for  two  years,  and  then 
perishing,  as  plants  wht>se  root  and  leaves  are 
formed  the  first  year,  and  which  pnniuce  fruit  th5 
second.     Used  uL-io  as  a  noun.  Martijn. 

BI-KN'XI-AL-LY,  ade.  Once  in  two  years;  at  the 
nturn  of  two  years. 

BIP.R,  (beer,)  n.  [Sax.  bar;  D.  baur i  Ger.  bahre; 
l>an.  baare;  U.^er;  from  the  same  root  as  bear;  L. 
fvrrtrum,  (romfern.     See  Bkar.1 

A  carriage  or  frame  of  wood  for  conveying  dead 
human  bodies  to  the  grave. 

Bir:R'-B>VI'K,  (-hawk,)  n.  The  church  read  for 
burials.     [ JVot  as<-d  m  Jimerica.]  Homilies. 

BlKST'lNGS,  n.  pi.     [Sax.  byst,  or  bysting ;  D.biesti 
Ger.  biestmilch.] 
The  first  milk  given  by  a  cow  after  calving. 

B.  Jo/ison, 

BI  FA'CIAL,  (-fa'shal,)  a.  Having  the  opposite  sur- 
faces alike.  Dana. 

BI  F.^'Rl-OUS,  a.  [L.  btfarius;  bis  and  fcro,  or  Teu- 
tonic/wrari,  It)  go.] 

Twofold.  In  botany,  pointing  two  ways,  as  leaves 
that  grow  only  on  opimsitr  sides  of  a  branch.  Mariyn. 

BI-F.A'RI-OIIS-LY,  tulp.  In  a  bifarious  manner.  A 
stiin  or  branch  ia  b{foriuusly  hairy,  when  the  hairs 
bt-lwuen  any  two  joints  come  out  on  the  front  and 
back,  and  In  the  two  adjoining  internodes,  on  the 
right  and  h-fl  sidt^s.  Martyn. 

BIF'ER-UCS,  a,  [U  bifer,  biferus,  of  bis,  twice,  and 
fcro,  lo  bear.] 

Hearing  fruit  twice  a  year,  as  plants  do  in  warm 
climates.  Marty  n. 

BIF'FI.N,  n.  A  baked  apple  crushed  down  into  a  flat, 
rotmd  cake. 

BT'FID,  a.  [L.  b^dus.of  bL*,  twice,  and  Jindo,  fidi,  to 
pplit  rtr  cleave.     See  Divide  and  VVide.1 

In  botany,  two-tlt-fl ;  opening  with  a  cleft ;  divided 
by  a  linear  Kinus,  with  stniigltt  margin:^.      JTartyiu 

BI-FLf^'ROirs,  fl.     [L.  bis,  twice,  and^rf«.l 

Bt-aring  two  Ilowtrs.  JUartyn. 

BT'FOLD.  a.     [L.  bis,  twice,  and/)W.] 

Twor)ld  ;  double  ;  of  two  kinds,  degrees,  &e 

BT  FO'LI-A'I'E,  a.     In  butami,  having  two  leaves. 

BI'FO-RATE,  a.     [I.,  bis  and/;ro.j 

In  botany,  havitig  two  perforations,  as  the  anthers 
of  the  Rhududetidron.  Brande. 

BIF'O-RIX.  rt,  A  minute  oval  sac  found  In  the  in- 
t.-rictr  of  trie  grncn  pulpy  part  of  the  leaves  of  some 
plants  ;  so  called  ht-cause  they  discharge  tluir  con- 
tcnlH  hv  an  opening  at  each  extremity.        Brande. 

BT'FORSI,  a,  [L.  btformi-i,  of  bis;  twice,  tind  forma, 
form.] 

Having  two  forms,  bodies,  or  shapes.        Crozall. 

BT'FOR.M-frn,  ((,    Compounded  of  twofonns.  Johnson. 

HI  FORM'I-TS',  II.     A  double  form.  More 

BI  FRO.VT'r.D,  (-fnint'ed,)  a.     Having  two  fronts. 

BT-FrU'CVTi:,       /  a.     [L.  bifnrcas,  ut bis,  twice,  and 

BI-FURTA-TED   i     furca,  a  fork.] 

Forked  ;  divided  into  two  brunches.         Johnson. 

BT-PUR-CA'TION,  n.  A  forking,  or  division  into  two 
brmiches.  Brown. 

BT  FUR'COirs,  a.    Forked.  Coles. 

BIG,  a.     [In  W.  bah  is  a  load ;  beidaw,  to  load  or  lay 


BIG 

on;  beicinwif,  pregnant;  and  bog  is  a  swelling; 
buciaw,  to  bellow  ;  Dan.  bug,  the  belly.  These  words 
seem  to  be  allied  to  big,  but  I  have  not  found  this 
word  in  any  other  language.] 

1.  Bulky;  protuberant;  pregnant,  applied  to  females. 
Big,  in  the  sense  of  pregnant,  is  followed  by  icith ; 
as,  big  with  child.  Tlie  use  of  of,  big  of  child,  is  not 
good  English. 

2.  Great ;  large  ;  Jn  a  more  general  sense ;  applied 
to  anybody  or  objccL 

3.  Full ;  fraught,  and  about  to  have  vent,  or  be 
brought  forth. 

Tlie  iinport-inl  day,  Ug  with  llic  h.u-  of  Rome.  Addison. 

A.  Distended  ;  full,  as  with  grief  or  pasaion. 

Thy  h-Tart  is  bi^ ;  gn  tlwo  apim  and  wcr^p.  Shak. 

5.  Swelled  ;  tumid ;  inflated,  as  with  pride  ;  henco, 
hnughty  in  air  or  mien,  or  indicating  haughtiness; 
proud  ;  as,  big  looks;  big  words  ;  to  look  big. 
G.  Great  in  spirit ;  lofty  ;  bravo. 

liavt;  tioL  I  a  heart  as  big  a^  liiiiie  t  ShaJt. 

BIG,  ».     A  kind  of  barley.     [See  Bear.] 
UIG'A.M,  ?i.     A  bigamist.     [J^otused.]   Bp.  Peacock. 
BIG'A-MIST,  n.     [See  Bigamy.]     One  who  has  com- 
mitted bigamy,  or   bud  two  wives  or  husbands  at 
once. 
BIG'A-MY,  «-      [L.  bis,  twice,  and  Or.  yapcoi,  to 


marry,  yap'^,  marriage.    In  Ar. 


.  chamaa,  is  to 


collect ;  to  come  together;  to  agree,  or  be  In  accord  ; 
to  sleep  together  ;  to  bind.] 

The  crime  of  having  two  wives  or  husbands  at 
once.  Blnckstone. 

In  the  canon  law,  bigamy  was  the  marrying  of  a 
second  wife  after  the  death  of  the  first,  or  once  mar- 
rying a  widow.  This  disqualified  a  man  for  orders, 
and  holding  eccb^siastical  olfices.  Shakspeare  uses 
the  word  in  the  latter  sense  in  Rich.  III.  7.  Blackstone. 

BIG'-IIEI/LI-KD,  (-bel'lid,)  a.  Having  a  great  belly  ; 
advanced  in  pregnancy. 

BIG'-Br).\-i(:D,  a.     Having  large  bones.         Herbert. 

BIG'-CORN-/:!),  a.     Having  large  grains.      Dryden. 

BI-GE.M'IN-ATE,  a.  [L.  bis,  twice,  and  geminus, 
double.] 

In  botany,  a  term  used  of  a  decompound  leaf  hav- 
ing a  forked  petiole,  with  several  leaflets  at  the  end 
of  each  division.  Martyn. 

BIG'GLN,  n.     [Fr.  beguin  ;  Sp.  bcca,  a  tippet,  or  cap.] 

1.  A  child's  cap,  or  something  worn  about  the 
head. 

2.  A  building.     [Obs.]     [Sax.  byggan,  to  build.l 

Shak. 
BIGHT,  (lilte,)n.     [D.  bo<rt,  abend,  a  turning,  a  coil,  a 
bay;  Dan.  bugt,  a  bend,  a  bow,  a  bay.    It  is  the 
participle  of  booi^en,  buigen,  bugan,  to  bend;  W.  bac, 
bcru.    See  Bow.] 

1.  A  bend,  or  small  bay  between  two  points  of 
laud. 

2.  The  double  part  of  a  rope  when  folded,  in  dis- 
tinction from  the  cud  ;  that  is,  a  round,  bend,  or  coil 
any  where  except  at  the  ends.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  I'lie  inward  bent  of  a  horse's  chambrel,  and  the 
bent  of  the  fore  knees.  Bailci/. 

BT-GLAND'IT-LAK,fl.    Having  two  gland-i,  as  a  pl.'iut. 

BIG'LY,  adr.  [from  big.]^  In  a  tumid,  swclimg,  blus- 
tiTing  manntT;  haughtily. 

BIG'-N A.M-i>D,  a*     Having  a  great  and  famous  name. 

CrashaiP, 

BIG'XES.S,  71.  Bulk;  size;  largeness ;  dimensions. 
It  is  used  of  any  oliject,  animate  or  inanimate,  and 
with  or  wiihout  comparisim.  Thus  we  fpcnk  of  iho 
bignesn  of  a  tree,  of  a  rock,  of  a  house,  witliout  in- 
ptituling  n  comparison  with  other  objects  of  the  kind. 
Yet  ill  this  e!U*e  thi-re  is  always  some  reference  in 
t}ie  mind  lo  known  measure.  We  also  say,  one 
thing  is  as  big  as  another;  in  which  case  we  give 
the  idea  of  unknown  size  by  a  known  object.  Big 
and  bigncus  always  imply  e-rpansion,  ntore  or  less,  in 
breadtli,  and  are  thus  distinguished  from  tali  and 
fullness.  . 

BK^J'OT,  n.  [Fr.  bigot,  and  cagot,  a  bigot  or  hypocrite  ; 
Aim.  bii^'od.  In  Italian,  hacchctione  is  a  hy[iocrite. 
Ill  Spanish,  bigute.  is  a  whisker  ;  hombrc  de  bigoti;  a 
man  of  spirit ;  trner  bigotes,  to  he  firm  or  undaunted. 
If  the  Frcuch  caoot  is  connected  with  bigut,  the  first 
syllalrli!  in  both  Is  a  j)refix.  But  I  am  not  altle  to 
asceriain  ttie  real  origin  and  primary  sense  of  the 
word.  I'he  etymologies  I  have  seen  are  not  satis- 
factory.] 

1.  A  person  who  is  obstinately  and  unreasonably 
weddL'd  to  a  [larlicular  religious  creed,  opinion,  prac- 
tice, or  ritual.  The  word  is  sometimes  used  in  an 
enlarged  st'nse,  for  a  person  who  is  illiberally  at- 
tached to  any  opinion,  or  pj'stem  of  belief ;  as.aftiVw^ 
to  the  .Mohammedan  religion  ;  a  bigot  to  a  form  of 
govern  ment. 

2.  A  Venetian  liquid  measure  containing  the  fourtlf 
part  of  the  amphor,  or  half  the  boot.  Encye. 

BIG'OT,  i  a.     Obstinately  and  blindly  attached  to 

BIG'OT-ED,  )  some  creed,  opinion,  practice,  or  ritual ; 
unreasonably  devoted  to  a  system  or  parly,  and  illib- 
eral toward  the  opinions  of  others. 


TONE.  BIJU^  IJNITE.  — AN"GEE,  VI"CI0U8 — C  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  a  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  ia  THIS. 


16 


121 


BIL 

BICOT-EU-LY,  «rfr.  In  the  manner  of  a  bigirt  ;  ptr- 
tinnciously, 

BIG  UT-K\,  n.  Obstinate  or  blind  nltachmont  to  a 
particular  creod^  or  to  certain  ii-ncls  ;  iinretLr^nable 
r.:-:\\  ur  «  a::nth  tn  favor  of  a  party,  »ecl,  or  opinion  ; 
.  I'ldice, 

lice  or  tcnpt  of  a  bigol.  Pope. 

ni''  ..St!, a.    Having  a  p^impousfMiund.  tfatt. 

FiK;  .-•.VOtA.u.[fcijf  and*-irW*.  S^Swrix.]  SwcUi-d 
Ui  a  large  sixe  i  iiifgid  i  grually  swtllid ;  rondy  lo 
httr>L  Jldtlitoiu 

BH;'-ri>-DEH-f:i),  rt.  (tiV  nnd  u</./«-.]  Having  liirgo 
uHd  rs,  .If  add.  rs  swiII-hI  with  milk.  /'op*. 

BI  li?-DK(X!'r-RKT,  «.  [I..ftiniiind*wrfrojr*rrt.]  A 
cwii)KKind  of  \\vo  at»inis  ..(*  ludroRt-n.  aath*?  tlcctro- 
neentive  inpr.'tiit'ni,  with  one  ».f  s^unie  clbtT  sub- 
»tanc4?,  as  ilie  »•  l-i'ctnvjKMiitive  in(;redi<.-nt.  'I'Uis  Unn 
is  contrar\-  u*  m\f.     It  should  be  deutokfdrcgmni, 

SZ-^Of,  (b:--zlh«»',)  «,;  pt.  Hijoux,  (be-»hoo'.)  [Pr.] 
A  tr-nVH.  or  a  lillie  box  ;  a  jfwvl. 

pT  '^'     •  "'"     N—zho't'try,)  «.    The  niakinj^  or  deal- 
;  Jiw\-lr>  il*clf. 

IT  .u    [U  ^u,  twice,  and  jugum^  a  yoke. 

Hi  jv  '•■  ■    .  .  >     a  pair.] 

Having  two  poirv  at  leaflets ;  aaed  of  pinnated 
l«'a\"rs,  Martipt. 

BI-LA'BI- ATE,  «.    [L.  hh,  twice,  and  laWum,  a  lip.] 
Havin"  two  Itp.s,  ai  Ilic  dircrfi*  of  [lowers,    .V«ir(yii. 

BI-L.\MXULATE,  0.    [U  t«,  twice,  and  lamcto,  a 

pt.lU'.] 

Having  the  ftinn  of  a  flatted  sphere,  kmcltudinaUy 
bifid  ;  ii5<*d  of  the  stiiHiia  of  plants.  Martjfn. 

BU^'ANM>EK,  n.  [D.  bulanda-;  Fr.  MmrnJe,  M^»dr* ; 
Sp.  frt^jufra ;  from  be^  by,  and  faW ;  Gcr.  haiMOtUutd- 
«r.] 

A  small  merchant  veswl  with  two  m.i5t5  di-«tin- 
giiished  from  other  vessils  of  two  mn^iU  by  the  form 
of  tiie  iiiain^cait,  which  is  bent  to  the  whole  lenfith 
c^  a  yaril,  hanging  furc  and  aA,  and  inclined  to  tlie 
liorixon  in  an  ani'le  of  about  45  degrees ;  tiM  furcmust 
luwcr  corner,  cailt'd  the  to^JL  being MCtiied  to  a  ring- 
bolt in  the  deck,  and  tlie  aAermost,  or  fbeet,  to  the 
tatfereL  Few  vesdtJs  are  now  Hsgeo  la  IhU  manner. 
£wyc.  Mar.  Dtct. 
The  bilander  Is  a  kind  of  boy,  manageable  by  four 
or  five  men,  and. used  chiefly  in  tbe  cunal:^  of  the  Low 
Countries  J  so  calW  because  moving  cli»e  by  the 
laad.  Jvkiison. 

BI-LAT'ER-AI*,  s.    [L.  kia  and  tutus^  side.] 

Havini:  two  sides.  Dirt. 

BIL'llER-feY,  «.  ri  know  nyt  the  m-anlngof  &i7,  in 
tbi*  word.  The  Dutch  word  is  M«uiutr&c«,  blueberry  ; 
tbe  Gcr.  luidtlbttrt^  heath  berrj-.] 

Tbe  name  of  a  shntb  and  it^t  fruit;  a  Fperiefi  of 
Vacciniun*  or  whonleb.*rr)'.     The  name,  with  us,  is 
given  Ui  the  taller  shrub  and  iu  fruit,  which  id  of  a 
blufeib  color. 
BCL'BO,  a.     [fVom  Bllhoa^  in  Spain.] 

A  rapi'T  ;  a  swi.ird  ;  so  named,  it  is  said,  from  Bil- 
haa,  in  Spain,  where  Uie  best  are  made.  Jokttson. 
BIL'BOE*,  (birbu/x,)  n.  pL  On  lioanl  of  chips,  long 
bars  or  bolts  of  iron  wiUi  shackles  sliding  on  iheui, 
and  a  lock  at  the  end,  U3*'d  to  confine  llie  feet  cf  pris- 
oners or  i-ffenders.  Ilencethe  punishment  of  odlcnd- 
ers  in  tliis  manner  is  called  by  the  same  name. 

Mar.  Diet,     Knct/c 
BIL'BO~QUETj(bU'U>-kety)n.    [Fr.]    The  toy  called 

cvp  and  ball. 
BILD'tfTEIX,  «.    [Ger.  J^iW,  aU.ipe,  and  sUin,  stone.] 

[See  Ar.ALMATOLITE.] 

BTLE,  a.     [h.hdis;  Fr.  bJf.) 

A  yellow  liquor,  separated  from  the  blood  in  the 

liver,  collected  in  the  branches  of  tlit-  hepatic  duct, 

and  thence  discharged  by  the  commun  duct  into  Uie 

duodenum. 
BILE,  a.    An  inflamed  t!imor.    [See  Boil,  the  correct 

orthocmphy.] 
BILE'DL'CT,  a.    [6i/r,  and  L.  rfarfiw,  a  conduit.]    A 

ves:sel  or  canal  to  convey  bde  ;  a  tenu  applied  to  the 

hetKitic  duct  and  lis  brtnrhe^  Danrin. 

BILE'STo.VE,  a.  [A,/*-  and  stone.]  A  gall-stone,  or 
'  biliar}*  calculus,  w  liich  !»ee.  D^inrin. 

BILGE,  n.  [A  dliTcrcnt  ortliography  of  W^e,  and  belly^ 

a  pnrtuberance.] 

1.  The  protubcraitt  part  of  a  cask,  which  ia  usually 
in  tbe  middle. 

2.  The'breadth  of  a  chip's  bottom,  or  thai  part  of 
herfltior  which  approachc!*  to  an  horiztmtal  direction, 
on  which  she  would  rest,  if  aground.  Hence,  when 
this  part  of  a  ship  is  fractured,  she  is  said  to  be  bilertd. 

Encye,     Mar.  DtcL 
BILGE,  r.  i.      To  suffjr  a  fracture  in  the  bilge  ;  to 
spring  a  leak  by  a  fracture  in  the  bdge.    The  term  is 
used  also  when  a  ship  has  some  of  her  timbers  struck 
off  by  a  rock  or  an  anchor,  and  springs  a  leak. 

Eactjc,    Mar.  Diet 
BIL6'£D,  pp.  or  a.     Having  a  fracture  in  the  bilge. 
«    This  participle   is  oflen   used,  as  if  the  verb  were 
transitive  ;  and  perhaps  it  is  st»metimes  so  u-*ed. 
BILGE'-PL'.MP,  a.     A  pump  to  draw  the  bilge-waier 

from  a  ship. 

BILGE'-WA-TER,  a.  Water  which  enters  a  ship, 
and  lies  upon  her  bilge  or  bottom,  becoming,  ordina- 
rily, ver>'  offdnnve. 


BIL 

BIL'IA  KV,  n.  ffntni  L.  AiVw.l  Ff^rtnining  to  the  bile ; 
conveying  tlie  hilo  ;  as,  a  hiiiary  duet, 

Biitart)  calcuhis :  a  giiU-^tiMie,  or  a  concretion  formed 
in  the  gall-blattJer  or  Hi  duct. 
Biliary  dtui ;  the  heiwiic  duct,  which  see. 
BT-LIN  '*;rAL,  j  a.    Containing  two  languages,  as  a 
Bt  LIN"trjAK,  i        bihuffual  inscription.     OUiiJon. 
liI-Ll.\"'t:(H)L'S,  a.     [I^  W,  and  hn'.'iKi,  tongui*.] 

H.tvinjr  iw(»  tnn^nies,  or  sjHiikiii;!  two  l!in(:iia;.'esi. 
nilj'IOUS,  (bil'yu-*.)  a.  [L.  hiho.^us,  fn.ni  Ai7i.<,  the  bile.] 
Perttining  to  bilu  ;  consist. ii^  or  |KLrt:ikiug  uf  bile. 
BI-LIT'ER  AL,  a.     [ U.  bis,  twice,  nnd  liti^ra,  Utter.] 
Consi;jting  of  two  letters  ;  ns,  a  bilitrrnl  root  iu  lim- 
guage-.  Sir  fV.  Junrit. 

BILK,  r.  L  [Guth.  bilaikan,  to  mock  or  deride.  This 
Gothic  word  npik-ars  to  be  couipound,  bi  and  laikany 
to  Lap  or  exnii.] 

To  frusinUe  or  disappoint ;  to  deceive  or  defmtid, 
by  nun-fuKillment  of  engagement ;  as,  to  bilk  a  cred- 
itor- Drpde». 
BILK'Cn,  (bilkt,)  pp.  or  a.    Disappointed  j  deceived  ; 

defniud--d. 
BILK'IXG,  p/»r.     Frustrating;  drfVauding. 
BILL,  It.     [r^ax.  bUfy  a  beiik,  that  is,  a  shooL] 
1.  The  beak  of  a  fowl. 

^  An  iustrument,  made  in  the  form  of  a  crescent, 

and  fitted  with  a  handle.    When  shorU  it  is  called  a 

kand-hM:  when  long,  a  kedge-bdl       It   is  used  for 

pmning  tre«s,  &.c. 

BIL^,  a.    [Sax.  bU;  G.  heU^  an  ax  or  hotcbet ;  D.  hyl ; 

Dan.  iSti  W.  bvyeli;  Pers.  V^  W,  a  mattock,  or 

luck-ax,  and  a  shove!.]  ** 

A  pick-ax,  or  multock  ;  a  baltle-ax  ;  an  ax  or  hatch- 
et with  a  cn>nked  puint. 
BILL,  a.  [.Norm.  btlU,  a  label  or  note  ;  Fr.  bilH,  bil; 
Ann.  bilkrd;  Sp.  bd^eU;  IL  bifrtietto,  buUrtta,  boUrttino. 
The  primary  sense,  probably,  in  a  mil  or  folded  paper, 
Sp.  hiiUta,  a  bdUt,  a  tick.-t,  and  a  \K\iyr  of  tobacco,  co~ 
incidiug  witli  fro/a,  a  ball  j  or  it  is  from  cutting  ofi*, 
and  jiigniiies  a  piece.] 

1.  In  /air,  a  declaration  in  writing,  expressing  some 
wrong  the  complainant  has  sutfcred  from  tlie  defend- 
ant, or  a  IHull  committed  by  some  p<_'rson  against  a 
law.  It  contains  the  fact  ctiinplained  uf,  the  damage 
fiUfitained.  and  a  petition  or  process  a^.'ainst  the  de- 
fendant for  rodress.  It  is  usi-d  tmlli  in  civil  and  crim- 
inal cases. 

In  Salts  tav!^  every  siimmar)-  application  in  writing, 
bv  way  of  petition  to  tiiu  court  of  ses:»ion,  is  called  a 
biiL  Knajc. 

2.  In  late  and  in  rjrmmrreey  in  England,  an  obliga- 
tion or^curity  given  for  mont-y  under  the  hand,  and 
sometimes  the  seal,  of  the  debtor,  without  a  condi- 
tion or  forfeiture  for  non-payment.  In  the  latter  cir- 
cuiii^mce,  it  ditf'TS  from  a  bond.  In  the  Unitud 
Stileii,  this  sptxies  of  security  in  tiijually  called  a 
notfy  a  notf  of  handy  or  a  pmrnissfrry  nvU, 

3.  A  fjrm  or  dniH  of  a  law,  prcscnt*id  lo  a  legisla- 
ture, but  not  enacted.  In  »ome  cases,  statutes  are 
called  bdU;  but  usually  tliey  are  qualified  by  some 
description  ;  as,  a  bUl  of  attainder. 

4.  A  paper  written  or  printed,  and  posted  up  in 
some  public  place,  ndverti.-iiiig  ttie  pro|>o5ed  sale  of 
giMHls  ur  particular  things  ;  an  ailvertisenient  posted. 

5.  An  account  of  goods  sold  or  delivered,  services 
rendered,  or  work  done,  with  the  price  or  value  an- 
nexed to  each  article. 

6.  Any  written  paper,  containing  a  statt^ncnt  of 
particulars;  a.^,  a  bill  of  chari;es  or  expt-ndttures  ;  a 
physician'^  btU  of  prescriptions  ;  a  bill  of  fare  or  pro- 
visions, &c. 

7.  A  blU  of  rzehana-fy  is  an  ordr-r  dmwn  on  a  person 
in  a  distant  place,  reiiuesting  or  directinc  him  to  [my 
money  lo  some  piTson  asjaign-ci  by  the  drawer,  or  lo 
his  order,  in  consideration  of  the  same  sum  rereivetl 
by  the  drawer.  Bills  of  exchange  are  either /«rWj,rrt 
orin!a«rf;  /wwoti,  when  driiwn  by  a  person  in  one 
country  upon  one  re.'^iding  in  another;  inlaitd,  wlien 
both  the  drawer  and  drawee  ri-?ide  in  the  same  coun- 
tr>-.  The  p^-rsfiu  who  draws  the  bill,  is  called  the 
dravrr;  the  person  on  whom  the  request  or  deinnnd 
is  made,  is  called  the  drairee ;  and  the  person  to  whtim 
the  nioney  is  directed  to  be  (Ktid,  is  called  the  paiiz-e. 

8.  A  bill  Kif  entry,  is  a  written  account  of  yoods  en- 
tered at  the  custoiii-iiouse,  whether  imiurted  or  in- 
tended for  exportation. 

9.  ^  b.ll  of  ri^rht,  is  a  form  of  entry  at  the  custom- 
house, by  which  good-i,  res[K;ctiiig  whicli  the  import- 
er is  not  possessed  of  full  information,  may  be  pro- 
visionally landed  for  esauiinaiiun. 

10.  A  bill  of  latlimr,  is  a  written  account  of  gooris 
shipped  by  any  person  on  iKiard  of  a  vessel,  signed 
by  the  ma.«ler  of  tlia  vessel,  who  acknowledges  ilie 
rccL'ipi  of  the  gwids,  and  promises  to  deliver  them 
safe  at  the  place  dir-jctert,  dangers  of  the  sc;a  except- 
ed. It  is  urfual  for  the  master  to  sign  two,  three,  or 
four  copies  of  the  bill ;  one  of  which  he  keeps  in  pos- 
session, (me  is  kept  by  the  shipper,  and  one  is  sent  to 
tbe  con^i^nee  of  the  goods. 

1 1.  A  bill  vf  pcrccUy  is  an  account  given  by  the 
selk-r  to  the  buyer,  of  the  several  articles  pnrchxietk 
with  the  price  of  each. 


BIM 

1'3.  A  bill  iffsfjlr,  is  a  writinc  given  by  ihi?  x-IKr  f»f 
personal  pro(M'rty  to  tbe  purchaser,  answerin;;  to  a 
deed  of  real  estate.  In  England  it  must  be  a  st-aled 
paper;  in  the  United  States  it  may  be  without  seal. 

13.  Bill  (f  health ;  a  certificate  from  the  proper  au- 
thorities, as  to  the  elate  of  lie:dth  of  a  ship's  com- 
pany, at  the  time  of  her  leaving  port. 

1-i.  A  biU  uf  mortality,  is  an  account  of  the  number 
of  deallis  in  a  place,  in  a  given  lime.  In  these  bills, 
it  in  not  unusual  to  insert  registers  of  births  una 
chrisli'nings,  as  in  London. 

15.  Bank-biil.     t><!e  Bank. 

Ui.  Bill  qf  credit ;  a  bill  or  note  for  raising  money 
on  the  mere  credit  of  a  sljite. 

17.  A  bUl  of  rights,  is  a  summary  of  right:^  and  privi- 
leges claimed  by  a  pi'ople.  Such  was  the  decliration 
presented  by  the  lords  and  commons  of  KuL'Iand  to 
the  prince  and  ))rincess  of  Orange  in  HJSS.  In  Amer- 
ica, a  bill  or  declamtiou  of  rights  is  prefixed  lo  most 
of  the  constitutions  of  tlie  several  states, 

18.  A  bill  uf  divorce,  in  the  Jewish  law,  was  a  writ- 
ing given  by  the  husband  lo  the  wife,  by  which  tlie 
marriage  relation  was  dissolved. 

19.  See   IXDICTMKNT. 

BILL,  r.  1.  [from  fti7/,  a  beak.]  To  join  bills,  as  doves: 
lo  caress  in  foiiduess.  Drydi'tt. 

BILL,  V.  t.  [frnui  bill,  a  writing.]  To  advertise  by  a 
bill  ur  public  notice  ;  a  cant  word.  L'' Estrange. 

BILL'IJQQK,  n.  A  biwk  in  which  a  person  keeps  an 
account  of  his  notes,  bills,  bills  of  e.\change,  &:c., 
thus  showing  all  that  he  issues  and  receives,  iiouvier. 

BILL'ET,  n.     [dim.  of  biili  Fr.  bdlet;  It.  buUctia.\ 
A  small  paper  or  note  in  writing,  used  for  viuious 
purjKises  ;  sometimes  it  is  a  short  letter,  addressed  to 
some  |ter(<on  ;  sometimes  a  ticket,  directing  soldiers 
at  what  house  to  lodge. 

In  heraldry,  billet  is  a  bearing  in  the  form  of  n  long 
square.  Encyc 

BILL'ET,  n.     [Fr.  billot.]     A  small  stick  of  wood. 
In  architecture,  an   ornament   in   Norman   work, 
resembling  a  billet  of  wood. 

BILL'ET,  V.  t  [from  billet,  a  ticket.]  To  direct  a 
soldier,  by  a  ticket  or  n<»te,  where  to  lodge.  Hence, 
to  quarter,  or  place  in  lodgings,  as  soldiers  in  private 
houses. 

BIL'LKT'DOUX,  (bil'le-doo,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  love  note 
or  letter. 

HILL'KT-ING,  ppr.  Quartering,  as  soldiers  in  private 
houses. 

BlLL'IAItl),  (bit'yard,)  a.  Pertaining  lo  the  game  of 
billiards. 

BILL'IARDS,  rbil'yardz,)  n.  pi.  [Fr.  hillard,  a  mace 
or  billiard  table;  ll.  bigliardo  ;  Sp.  villur.  According 
to  the  aticieiU  orthograptiy,  Aa^T/urii,  this  word  is  com- 
poseii  of  ball  and  yard,  a  ball-stick.] 

A  game  played  on  a  rectangular  table,  covered  with 
a  green  cloth,  wiili  small  ivory  balls,  which  the  play- 
ers aim  lo  drive  into  hazard-nets  or  pockets  at  the 
sides  and  corners  of  the  tables,  by  ini(>elling  one  ball 
against  another,  with  niaces,  or  cues,  according  to 
certain  rules  of  the  game. 

BlLL'IXG,p;jr.  or  71.  Joiningof  bills ;   caressing.  Shak. 

BIE'LLNGS-GaTE,  n.    [from  a  market  of  this  name  in 
London,  celebrated  fur  fish  and  foul  language.] 
Foul  language  ;  ribaldry.  Pope. 

BILL'lUN,  (bil'yuu,)  n.  [bi^  and  million.]  A  million 
of  millions ;  as  many  millions  as  there  are  units  iu  a 
million. 

Among  tJie  French,  a  thousand  millions.  Brandt. 

BILL'-.MAN,  n.  One  who  uses  a  bill  or  hooked  ax  ; 
applied  particularly  to  soldiers. 

BIL' LOT,  n.     Gold  or  silver  iu  the  bar  or  mass. 

OUbert. 

BIL'LCW,  n.  [Dan.  bUlge  ;  Sw.  bUlja,  a  swell,  or  roll- 
ing swell,  allied  to  bilge.,  bulge.] 

A  gr<--at  wave  or  surge  of  the  sea,  occasioned  usu- 
ally by  violent  wind.  It  can  hardly  be  applied  to  the 
waves  of  a  river,  unless  in  poetry,  or  when  the  river 
is  verj'  largo. 

BlL'LoW,  r.-».  To  swell;  to  rise  and  roll  in  large 
waves  or  surges.  Prior. 

niL'LOW-BEAT-£N,  a.    Tossed  by  billows. 

lilL'LOW-A'D,  a.     Swelled,  like  a  billow. 

iilL'LOW-lNG,  p;>r.  Swelled  into  large  waves  or 
surges. 

BIL'LoVV-Y,  a,  Swelling,  or  swelled  into  large 
waves  ;  wavy  ;  full  of  billows  or  surges. 

BILL'-STICK-ER,  it.  One  who  posts  up  bills  in  pub- 
lic places. 

nVLOll-ED,     )  a.     [Iu  bis,  twice,  and  Gr.  h>/3oi.    See 

HI-LO'HATE,  i      LoiiE.] 

Divided  into  two  lobes ;  as,  a  bilobate  leaf.    Martyn. 

I>T-LO€'i;-LAK,  a.  [Lt.  buSy  twice,  and  luculas,  from 
locit.t,  a  pbtce.] 

Divided  into  two  cells,  or  containing  two  cells  in- 
ternally ;  as,  a  bili/cular  pericarp.  Martyn. 

BiL'VA,  n.  The  Hindoo  name  of  a  plant,  the  Crataiva 
Marmelos  of  Linnseus.  .^s.  Res.  iii.  25u. 

BX-MAe'U-LA'l'E,  a.     Having  two  spois. 

BI->IA'N.\,  II.  A  term  applied  by  Cuvier  to  the  highest 
order  of  Mammalia,  of  which  man  is  the  type  and 
Side  genus.  Brande. 

EI-MA'NOUS,  o.  [bis  and"  manus.]  Having  two 
hands.     Man  is  binuinoua.  Lawrence. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREV.  —  PIXE,  MAat-NE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  EQQK.- 
1^  ——— 


BIN 

BI-MAR'GIN  ATE,  a.     In  ettncholosy,  a  Urin  applied 
to  shfli-*  wh  ch  have  a  double  maryin  as  fjiras  tlic  tip. 
BI->!k'1>1-AL,  a.     [L.  bis,  twice,  and  meiUoL] 

In  maViemntics,  it'  two  mediiil  lines,  A  B  and  B  C, 
coinmeii.~nrable  only  in  power,  and  containing  a  ra- 
tional rectangle,  are  coniiHUindt-d,  tht!  whole  line 
A  C  w'itl  be  irrational,  and  is  called  a  first  bimcdial 
line.  Encyc 

Itl-ME.V'PAL,  a.     Occurring  once  in  two  niontlis. 
BTMLfyeU-LAR,  a.      [bis  and   mitscu/ur.]      Having 
two  attaching  muscles,  and  two  muscular  inipres- 
sinns,  as  a  bivalve  mollusk.  KiTbij. 

BIi\,  n.     [Sax.  binn^  or  b'inne.'\ 

A  wooden  box  or  chest,  used  as  a  repository  of  corn 
or  other  con iniodi ties. 
BIX;  the  oM  word  for  Be  and  Been. 
BI'NA-RV,  a.     fL.  Aifl«.»,  two  and  two.] 
Compounded  of  two. 

Binary  arithmetic,  the  invention  of  Lj'ibnitz,  is  that 
in  which  two  figures  only,  0  and  I,  are  used,  in  lieu 
of  ten  ;  the  cipht-r  muttiplyinf;  every  thing  by  2,  as 
in  common  arithmetic  by  10.  Thus,  I  is  one;  10  is 
two;  11  is  three;  lnOisfour;  lOlisfive;  110  is  six; 
lllissevt!n;  lOOOiseight;  1001  is  nine;  lOlOislen. 
It  is  said  this  species  of  arithmetic  has  been  used  by 
the  Chinese  for  4000  years,  being  left  in  enigma  by 
Fohi.  Kncyc. 

Binary  mrasure,  In  music,  is  that  used  in  common 
time,  in  which  the  time  of  riising,  in  beating,  is  etjuai 
to  the  time  of  falling.  Encyc 

Binary  number,  is  that  which  is  composed  of  two 
units.  Enci/c^ 

Binary  compound:  in  chemistry,  a  compound  oftwo 
elem*^nts,  or  of  an  ek-ment  and  a  coni[>ound  perform- 
ing the  function  of  an  elL'm<'nt,  or  of  two  compounds 
performing  the  function  of  elements. 

Binary  i<tar;  a  double  star,  whose  members  have  a 
revolution  round  their  couunon  center  of  gravitv. 
D.  OInUed, 
UT'NA-RY,  n.    The  constitution  of  two.      Fothcrby, 
BI'NaTE,  n.     [h.biaus.    SeeBiWABY.] 

Being  double  or  in  coupltrs;  growing  in  pairs.  A 
binate  leaf  has  a  simple  petiole,  connecting  two  leaf- 
lets on  the  top ;  a  p[)ecies  of  digitiite  leaf.  Martyn, 
BIND,  IT.  U;  preL  Buund;  pp.  Bound,  and  t>frat.  Buund- 
EN.  [Sax.  bindan,  ffebimian^  prct.  band,  butut,  or 
burtdra  :  Goth,  bindan,  srix)  imlan  ;  D.  bindcn,  vrrbindrn  ; 
Ger,  tlie  same ;  S\v.  bir  'a,  forbinda  ;  iJan.  binde,to 
bind,  and  bindy  a  band     tldo  baand,  u  baud;  Iliiidu, 

6«w2ifaj  Gypey^haniopen;  Purs.    *  .XXj  bandan^nnA 

'  4Xj«Xaj  bandidan^  to  bind;  the  former  signifies 

nl<o  to  apply,  to  bend  the  mind;  and 'the  latter  to 
iihut,  r\*mte,  make  fast.     Tht:  sense  is,  to  strnin.] 

I.  To  tie  together,  or  confine  with  a  cord,  or  any 
thing  that  is  flexible  ;  to  fasten  as  witli  a  band,  fillet, 
or  ligature. 

a.  To  gird,  inwrap,  or  involve;  to  confine  by  a 
wrapper,  cover,  or  bandage;  sometimes  with  upi  as, 
to  bind  up  a  wotmd. 

3.  To  confine  or  r^'strain,  as  with  a  chain,  fetters, 
or  cord  ;  as,  bind  him  band  and  fooL 

4.  To  restrain  in  any  manner. 

Hr  bincUlh  the  toQ>\»  Uoin  oi-ifiiymng.  •—  Job  xxTiU. 

5.  To  oblige  by  a  promise,  vow,  stipulation,  cove- 
nant, law,  duty,  or  any  other  moral  tic  ;  to  engage  ; 
as,  we  are  bmtiui  by  the  laws  of  kindness,  of  nature, 
of  a  state,  ice 

If  ft  ninn  •hKl)  flwmr  «i  oath  lo  Und  hii  •oul  with  ft  bond.  — 
Numb,  xxx, 

6.  To  confirm  or  ratify. 

Whntso<'Vf>T  thou  ihMl  bind  on  eftith,  abfill  be  ftoun<f  in  bcavfrn. 

7.  To  distress,  trouble,  or  confine,  by  infirmity. 

Whom  S>tUn  hiili  bountt  ib^tr  ti^hb^n  yrtkn.  —  Liiko  xiii. 

e.  To  constrain  by  a  powerfViI  infiuence  or  per- 
sua.<«ion. 

I  f^'  boufvl  in  Uk  Bjiirit  to  J-ruiilpm.  —  Act*  xx. 

9.  To  re-'irain  the  natural  discharges  of  the  hnw- 
rU  ;  to  make  coHttve  ;  as,  certain  kinds  of  ffjod  bind 
the  bofly  or  bowels. 

10.  To  fr.rm  a  border;  to  fasten  with  a  hand,  or 
any  thing  that  strengthens  the  edges ;  as,  to  btnd  a 
garm'-nl  or  carpet. 

II.  To  cover  with  leather  or  any  thing  firm;  to 
■ew  togijthtT  and  cover ;  as,  to  bind  a  book. 

15.  To  cover  or  secure  by  a  band  ;  as,  lo  bind  a 
whrfjl  with  tirp. 

13.  To  oldice  to  serve,  by  contmrt ;  mt,  to  bivd  an 
apprentice ;  often  with  out ;  as,  to  bind  out  a  servant. 

14.  To  mnke  hard  or  firm ;  as,  certain  substnnccs 
bind  the  earth 

Tlio  uses  of  this  word  are  too  various  and  numer- 
ous to  be  reduced  to  exact  definitions. 

7"fl  bind  to,  is  Ut  contract ;  as,  to  bind  onc'«  self  to 
a  wiffi. 

To  bind  oveTf  in  to  oUige  by  bond  to  appear  at  a 
foart.  , 


BIP 

BIXD,  e.  t.  To  contract  J  to  grow  hard  or  Btiff;  as, 
clay  binds  by  heat.  Mortimer. 

0.  To  grow  or  become  costive. 
3.  To  be  obligatory'. 
BIXD,  iu    A  sUilk  uf  Iiops,  so  called  from  its  winding 
round  a  p-ile  or  tree,  or  being  bound  to  it. 

2.  A  bmd  of  eci-i,  is  a  quantity  consisting  of  10 
strikes,  each  containing  25  eels,  or  250  in  the  whole. 

Kncyc. 

3.  Among  miners,  indurated  clay,  when  much 
mixed  with  ti»e  oxyd  of  iron.  Klnean. 

4.  In  miisic,  a  tiyature  or  tie  fur  the  purjiose  of 
grouping  notes  together.  Brande, 

BTND'ER,  n.     A  person  who  binds  ;  one  whose  occu- 
jKition  is  to  bind  books  ;  also,  one  wht)  binils  >hravt's. 
2.  Any  thing  that  binds,  as  a  fillet,  cord,  roju;,  or 
band. 

r.T\D'ER-Y,  n.     A  place  where  books  nrc  bound. 

BTNU'ING,  ppr.  Fastening  with  a  band  ;  confining  ; 
restraining  ;  covering  or  wrapping  ;  obliging  by  a 
promise  or  other  moral  tie  ;  making  costive  j  con- 
tnicting;  making  hard  or  stiff*. 

BIiVD'ING,  (I.  That  binds  ;  that  obliges ;  obligatory  ; 
as,  the  binding  force  of  a  moral  duty  or  of  a  cum- 
nriud. 

BIXD'IXG,  71.  Ths  act  of  fx^tenini;  with  n  band,  or 
obliging ;  a  bandage  ;  the  cover  ol  a  iMHik,  with  the 
sewing  and  accompanying  work  ;  any  thing  that 
binds  ;  something  that  secures  the  edge  of  clotli. 

2.  In  the  art  of  drfmse,  a  methi>d  of  securing  or 
crossing  the  adversary's  sword  with  a  pressure,  ac- 
companied with  a  sprinc  of  the  wrist.  Kticyc. 

Bindiiiir-joiiU,  in  architrcturr,  are  the  joists  of  a  floor 
into  whiih  the  trimmers  of  staircases,  or  well-htdes 
of  the  siair:^  and  chinmey-wavs,  are  framed.    Kncyc. 

BIXIVI\G-1<Y,  O'lc.    So  as  to  bind. 

BTXD'IXG-NES;:^,  n.     State  of  having  force  to  bind". 

BIXD'-VVEED,  n.  A  name  common  to  dilforent  sjje- 
cies  of  the  genus  Concotvulus ;  as  the  white,  the  blue, 
the  Hyrian  bind-weed,  &c.  The  black  Briony  or 
Tamus  is  called  black  bind-trrcdf  and  the  ^milax  is 
ralli-d  roujrh  bin*l-ire.ciU         Kncyc.     Funu  of  Plants. 

BI-XERV'ATE,  c     [L.  his  and  ncrva.] 

Supported  by  only  two  nerves,  as  the  wing  of  an 
insect.  Brande. 

BIXG,  «.  \nalumviork.t,ix  heap  of  alum  thrown  to- 
gether in  order  to  drain.  Kncyc. 

BIX'XA-CLE,  n.  [Formerly  btttnclf,  supposed  to  be  a 
corruption  of  Fr.  habitacle;  but  moro  probably,  &wii« 
d'atg-uilie,  ncedle-box.] 

A  wootli'n  case  or  box  in  which  the  compass  and 
lights  are  kept  on  hiHtrd  a  ship.  It  is  souKJlimes  di- 
vided into  three  iipartnieiit.<,  with  alidiuK  shutters; 
the  two  sides  C4>nlain  each  a  compass,  and  the  mid- 
dle division  a  lamp  or  candle. 

BIN'O-CLE,  n.    [L.binu.-i,  double,  and  oniluA,  an  eye] 
A  dioptric  telescope,  fitted  with  two  tubes  ji>iuitig, 
so  as  to  enable  a  person  to  view  an  object  with  bi.th 
eyes  at  «)ncc.  Jfarrit. 

BI-XOCU-LAR,  a.  [See  BrxocLB.]  Having  two 
eyes;  also,  having  two  a[)ertures  or  tubes,  so  juined 
that  one  may  usb  both  eyes  at  once  in  viewing  a  dis- 
tant objt^ct ;  as,  a  binocuiiir  tclescofx;.  Kncyc. 

BI-NO€'i;-LATE,  a.     [L.  bio  und  oculiio.] 
Having  two  eyes. 

BI-XO'MI-Ah,  a.     [L.  bit,  twice,  and  itomcn,  name.] 
In  algebra,  a  root  ctmaisting  of  two  members  ctm- 
nectcd  by  the  sign  plus  or  minus  ;  as,  a  -j-  6,  or  7  —  3. 

Kncyc 

BI-NOM'tN-OUS,  a.  [L.  ii>,  twice,  and  nomen,name..] 
Having  two  names.  John-ton. 

BI-NOT'O-NOUS,  a.  [bio  and  note.]  Consisting  of 
two  notes  ;  as,  a  binotonoiui  cry.  Mi/nta^rur. 

BT-XOX'YD,  H.  [L.  lii't,  t\vice,  and  orj/rf.]  In  chcm- 
i-'-fyy,  deiitoxyd,  which  see. 

BI-oO'EI^LATE,  (iil-os'cl-nte,)  «.  [L.  bio  and  ocel- 
lus, a  little  eye.]  In  enttimolo-ry,  applied  to  a  wing 
when  dotted  with  two  eye-like  sptpls. 

BI-OG'RA-rilER.  H.  [.See  BioonAPHv.]  One  who 
writes  an  account  tpr  history  of  the  life  and  actions 
of  a  particular  (Mirson  ;  a  writer  i>f  lives,  as  Plutarch. 

ni-O-GRAril'lC,  I  a.     IVrtaining  to  bittgraphv,  or 

BT-O-GRAPH'IC-AL,  i  the  liistury  uf  the  lifu  of  u 
pi-rxnn  ;  containini'  biography. 

BI-(M;RAJ'H'lC-AL-Ly,  iKitJ.  In  tho  manner  of  a 
biogrH[>hv. 

ni-OG'RA-PHy,  n.  [Gr.  /?iof,  life,  and  ypaipwj  to 
write] 

The  history  of  the  lifo  and  character  of  a  particu- 
lar persim. 

BI-OI/O-OY,  n.     TGr.  j3i',i  and  Aoj  "?.] 

The  science  or  life  ;  a  term  introdiiced  by  Trevi- 
raniiH  of  Bremen,  in  place  of  physiulogy.      I^mrence.. 

RT-f>-Tt'XA,  M.     [fnrni   Biot,  a   French   naturalist.] 

BrO-TINE,  i  A  varietj;  of  Anorthite,  (which  see,) 
found  among  ihe  volcanic  debris  of  Vesuvius. 

BIP'A-ROUrt,  a.  [L.  Ai>,  twice,  and  pario,  lo  bear.] 
Brine  forth  two  at  a  birth. 

BIPART'I  BLK,  (o.     [I«  frw,  twice,  and   partioy  to 

BIP'AR-TH.E,      (      divide.] 

That  may  he  divided  into  two  parts,        Martyn. 

ni-PAR'TIENT,  (pir'shent,)  a.  [l*.  ftw,  twice,  and 
partifi,  jtartiens,  lo  divide.] 

Dividing  into  two  parts.  Jish. 


Bill 

BIP'AR-TITE,  a.  [L.  its,  twice,  and  partitas,  divided.] 

1.  Having  two  corresptmdeut  parts,  as  a  legal  con- 
tract or  writing,  one  for  each  party. 

2.  In  biitauy,  divided  into  two  pjirts  to  the  base,  as 
a  leaf.  Martyn. 

BT-PAR-Tt"TlOX,  rt.     The  act  of  dividing  into  two 

parts,  or  uf  making  two  conespondent  parts.  Jobnson. 
BI-PEC'TIX-A'PE,  a.     [L.  bis  and  prcten,  a  comb.] 

In  botany,  having  two  margins  toothed  like  a  comb. 
BT'PEl),  n.     [Ti.  biprs,  of  bis,  twice,  and  pes,  pedis,  a. 

foot.]     An  animal  having  two  feet,  as  man. 
BIl"K-UAL,  a.     Having  two  feet,  or  the  length  ol  two 

feet. 
BI-PEL'TATE,  a,    [L.  bis  and  pcHa,  a  buckler.] 

Having  a  defense  like  a  double  shield. 
BT-PE.\'NATE,  a.     [L.  bis  and  penna.]     Having  two 

win^. 
BI-PET'AL-OCS,  a.     [L.  bh,  and  Gr.  vi^Tahjv.] 
In  botany,  having  two  dower  leaves  or  petals. 
BI-PIN'XATE,      )  ri     ,,■    ■       .      1 

Bi-pi.x'NA-TEn, ,  ^    t^-  '";"«"<^'i*-] 

In  botany,  having  pinnate    leaves   on   each    sidi.- 
of  the  common  petiule,  as  a  leaf  or  frond.  Martyn, 
BT-PIX-N.-VT'1-FII),  a.     [U  bis,  twice,  pinna^  a  wing, 
or  feather,  and  fnd*i,  to  divide.] 
In  botany,  doubly  pinnatifid. 
A  bipinnatifi'L  leaf,  is  a  pinnatifid  leaf  having  its 
aefrrnents  pinnatifid. 
BI-Po'LAR,  a.     Dtmblv  polar.  Coleridge. 

BI-PL'XeT'U-AL,  0.    'Having  two  points. 
BI-PO'PIL-LXTE,  a.     [L.  bis  and  pupUla,  a  pupil.] 
In  cntomo!o;fy,  having  an  eye-like  .«pot  on  the  wing, 
with  two  dots  or  pupils  within  it  of  a  different  color, 
as  in  some  hutt.Tllies. 
BI-UUAO'RATE,  n.     [L.  bii,  twice,   end  qnadratus, 
stjuartrii.] 

ImnaUiematics.ihe  fourth  power,  arising  from  tho 
multiplication  of  a   square   number  or  quantity   by 
itstlf.     'J'hus  4X4=  Hi,  which  is  the  square  of  4, 
and  IfiX  16  =  9oiJ,  the  biquadrate  of  that  number. 
BI-aLTAD-llAT'ie,  n.     The  same  as  Bichtadratb. 

•  Kncyc. 

BI-aUAD-RAT'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  biquadratic 
or  fourth  |)owcr. 

Biifiitulrutic  a/uation,  in  alffcbra,  is  an  equation  of 
the  fonith  degn-e,  or  one  in  which  the  unknown 
quantity  is  raised  to  the  fourth  power. 

Bii/uadraCc  paraholn,  in  ^eimetryy  is  a  curve  line  of 
the  third  order,  having  two  infinite  legs  tending  the 
aauio  way. 

Biquadratic  root  of  a  number,  is  the  square  rofrt  of 
the  t:quare  rfMd  of  ihat  number.     Thus  the  square" 
root  of  81  is  9,  and  the  square  root  of  9  is  3,  which 
.  is  tho  biquadratic  root  of  81.  Knevc. 

BI-aUIX'TILE,  n.     [L.  fti^,  twice,  and  quivtus,  finii.] 
An  aspi'ct  of  the   planets,  wlien  they  arc  distant 
from  each  other,  by  twice,  tjie  ffth  pail  of  a  great  cir- 
cle, that  is,  144  degrees,  or  twice  72  degrees. 
BT-Ra'DI-aTE,       (  a.     [L.  bL<,    twice,  and    radiatas, 
BI-RA'DI-A-TEI),  S      set    with    rays.]     Having    two 

ravs  ;  as,  a  birndiatc  tin.  Kncyc. 

BIIt'CH,  (burch,)  n.  [Sax.  hiree ;  D.  bcrken,  or  b'crko- 
boom  ;  G.  birkc  ;  Dan.  birk.] 

A  name  common  to  dinerent  species  of  trees,  of 
the  genus  Bi^tula;  as,  thewliite  or  common  birch, 
tlie  dwarf  birch,  the  Canada  birch,  of  which  thero 
are  sevend  varieties,  and  the  ctimmon  black  biirh. 
The  sm;ill'T  branches  of  the  common  Europran  liinh, 
(B.  alba,)  being  tough  and  slemler,  were  formerly 
much  used  tor  rods,  esi»eciatly  in  schools. 

Birch  of  Jamaica  ;  a  sirecics  of  the  Pistacia.  or  tur- 
pentinti-tree.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

BTItthl'f'V  (  *"'  ^''i*'^  **f  birch  ;  consisting  of  birch. 
BIK<'ir-WiXE,  Ji.    Wine  made  of  the  vernal  juice 

of  the  birch. 
BIRD,  (hitrd,)  n.    [Pax.  bird,  or  bridd,  a  chicken  ;  lYoin 

the  nM)t  of  brnr,  or  \V.  bridaw,  lo  break  furlli.] 

1.  Properly,  a  chicken;  the  young  of  fowls;  and 
hence  a  small  f  iwl. 

2.  In  modern  use,  any  fowl  or  flying  animal.  Tech- 
nically, any  indiviilual  belonging  to  a  class  of  warm- 
blfMided  vertebrate  animals,  {Aoes,)  characteriKed  by 
oviitarous  generati()n,  a  covering  of  feathers,  a  he,ak, 
the  piisierior  extremities  organi/.ed  as  feet,  and  tho 
anterior  extremities  as  wings,  generally  formtnl  for 
flight. 

It  is  remarkahV?  thnt  a  nation  should  lay  nsirlo  the 
use  of  the  pro[>;'r  generic  name  of  flying  animals, 
foirl,  Sax.  fagrl,  D.  ro-rrl,  the  flyer,  and  substitute 
the  name  of  the  young  of  those  animals,  as  tlw 
generic  term.  The  fact  is  precisely  what  it  would  N> 
to  m:ike  lamb  the  generic  name  of  sheep,  or  colt 
that  of  the  equine  g-'nus. 

BtR  D,  r.  I.     To  ratrh  birds.  Shak. 

BIRD-OF-PAR'A-DI.SE,  «.  A  name  common  to  a 
gemisof  bird-j  (/''iraf/t-vcfj)  founri  in  the  Oriental  Isles, 
and  in  XewCJninea, some  of  them  remarkably  beauti- 
ful. Tho  beak  is  covered  with  a  ImIi  or  collar  of 
downy  feathers  at  the  trn-'e,  and  the  f-athers  on  thn 
sides  are  very  long.  The  largest  spi-cies  i.-j  two  fet-t 
four  inches  in  length.  The  h.;ad  and  back  part  of  tho 
neck  of  this  species  are  lemon-colornil ;  the  neck  of 
the  brightest  emcmld   green,  soft   like  Vf  Ivcl ;  tho 


TONE,  BULL,  IIMTE.  —  A.N"'GER,  VI"CIOUS.  —  C  as  K;  0  us  J  ;  «  as  Z ;  Oil  u*  HII ;  TH  jw  m  THIS. 


l:.i3 


BIR 

braost  fo  Uack  ;  tlie  \v)ii>rs  of  a  rlicf<inut  culur.  1'l)e 
back  pMt  of  ibe  Ixtly  is  covered  \viliilunf!^Hirai):tit, 
nanow  feaiiien),  of  a  jkiIu  bnnvii  culur,  siiuiltir  lu 


Uie  pluinM  of  the  ostrich.  'I'liese  :irt*  s^trenil  wtifn 
Um  Dtrd  lli«s,  for  which  n-n!>uii  it  can  ktvp  vury 
long  on  the  wiii^.  Fmm  Ihc  niinp  pmcecil  two 
Kmc,  nirf  shiifls,  reathtred  al  the  extreniitiea,  Enr^c 

BIRU'-BOLT,  II.  [bird  nnd  Aott.]  An  arrow,  broad  at 
Ihf  end,  for  shotttinj;  birds.  SMak. 

BIRD'-GAGE,  n.  [btrd  and  ea^f.l  A  box  or  case 
with  wires,  small  sti.ks,  or  wicker,  forming  upon 
work,  fur  keeping  birds. 

BIRD'-CALL,  n.  [bint  and  calL]  A  little  stick,  cleft 
Hi  one  end,  in  which  is  imt  a  leaf  of  st>uie  plant 
fcr  iuiitatinjc  the  cry  of  birdi,  A  launl  leaf  connler- 
feits  Uie  voice  of  lapwings;  a  leek,  that  uf  ni^htin- 
Mnle^   &c  KnCtfCt 

BiRO'-CATTIIER.  n.  [h^rH  and  eatck.]  One  whu.4e 
,1  '     ■-  ;  a  fowler. 

Bl ;  and  e4tUk.]     The  art  uf 

I  .  I  iher  fw  f*HxI,  for  pK-a»- 

1  :  iK'.-iiiKi.oii,  when  jK-micious  to  the 

]■ 

Bi:.  ;;\',  H.    [hird  and  cMtrty.]     A  trrr,  a 

spLtiesui  I  iuttns,(P.  ptdus.)  Tbore are  other  s]»ircie^ 
caled  bf  Uie  same  name.    Exeffc    Fkm,  ^  PImIa. 
iTRD'SS.  ■.    A  bird-catcher. 


B 
BIR 


^^  "^  'V  (burd'Ide,) 
roes. 


duick-usbted  \  catch- 

Bl  I'R,  a.    One  wbo   takes  [Measure  In 

r 

keeps  for  sale  the  various  kinds  of 
\  ■  kept  in  cages. 

Ell..  .A..  .  .i.cE,  a.  [bvd  and  pie«u\  A  fowling- 
piece.  Skak, 

BIRD'-OKE,  a.    Resembling  a  bird. 

BIiU>'-LIME,n.  [&ir<fand/tm^.]  A  viscous  substance, 
uauafly  made  of  the  juice  of  huDy-bark,  extracted  by 
boihng,  mixed  with  a  third  part  of  nut  oil  or  thin 
grease,  used  to  catch  birds.  For  this  purpose^  tlie 
twigs  f.f  a  bush  are  smeared  over  with  this  viscid 
substance.  Bnt^ 

BIHJ)'-LIM-fD,  a.  Smeared  with  bird-Iime ;  spread 
to  insnare.  HtnttlL 

BIRiy-MAX,  B.  [*in(  and  maji.]  A  fowler  or  bird- 
catcher. 

BXAO'-t>R-GAN,  a.  A  small  barrel  organi  used  in 
t^chinj:  bird:*  to  sing. 

BIRD'-ri:i'4'ER,  a.  \hird  and  prfprrJ\  A  species  of 
Capsicum  or  Guinea  pepper ;  a  shrxibhy  plant,  bear- 
ing a  small,  oval  fruit,  more  biting  than  the  other 
g>trts.  E»cyu 

BIIIDS'-EYE,  B.  {hird  and  ryf.1  Seen  fnmi  above, 
Bd  if  by  a  flying  bird  \  embraced  at  a  glance  ;  hence, 
general :  not  minm".  nr  entering  into  detail.^ ;  an,  a 

Wrrf's-x:  BurUr. 

BIEDS'l".  '.]    The  popular  name 

of  a  geii    -  .'O  Pke'istirtt'jetir,  known 

in  bt<:iny  t'v  iik-  t-iii'  nr  tenn  jjdonis.  Therv  are 
several  species,  some  of  which  produce  b^'autiful 
flower?.  Eacyc 

BIRDS'EVE-MA'PLE,  a.  A  kind  of  maple  ha\ing 
epots  like  the  eye  of  a  bird,  u!ied  in  cabinet  work. 

BIRDS  FOQT,  n.  [hint  and /^f.]  A  plant,  the  Or- 
nithnpus,  whose  Itpimen  is  articulated,  cylindrical, 
and  bint  in  the  f.'rin  of  a  bow.  F.rtryc 

BIRI>SFO0T-TRe  FOIL,  n.  A  genus  of  p!ants,ihe 
Lotus,  o*f  several  species.  Eneyc 

BIRDS'-MOL'TH,  a.  In  arekUrclurf,  an  interior  an- 
^e  or  notch  cut  across  a  piece  of  timber,  for  its  re- 
ception on  the  edge  of  another,  as  that  on  a  railcr  to 
be  laid  on  a  plate. 

BIRDS'XEST,  a.  [bird  and  nest,]  The  nest  in  which 
a  bird  lays  egss  and  batches  her  young. 

2,  A  plant,  a  siiecics  of  Ophi^s  or  twy Wade  ;  also, 
a  species  of  Orchis,  Encpc 

3.  In  cookrry,  the  ne9t  of  a  small  swallow,  of  China 
and  the  neiehboring  countries,  delicately  tasted,  and 
mixed  with  ?oufH.  This  ne?t  is  found  in  the  rocks  ; 
it  is  of  a  hemispherical  figure,  of  the  size  of  a  g«:»s« 
egg,  and  ki  >iubst;ince  n;senibles  i:$inc1a.ss.  In  the 
Ea^,  tiiese  ne-4s  are  ei>teemed  a  great  luxury,  and 
seJl  at  a  verj"  high  price.  Enc^ 

BIROS'TJISES  and  BIRDS'TOXGUE  ;  names  of 
plants. 

BIRD'-\^^T-TED,  e.  Flighty ;  passing  rapidly  from 
one  subject  to  another ;  not  having  Ilie  faculty  of  at- 
tention. Bacmu 

BI'REME,  a.    [t*.  fttremif,  hia  and  rcmitf,  an  oar.] 
A  vessel  with  two  banks  or  tiers  of  oars.  Mitford. 

BIRG'A.N'-DER,  a.  The  name  of  a  wild  goose.  Uu. 
Ber<rander. 

BI-RHOM-BOID'AL,  a.  [ftisand  rh/ymbitid.']  Having 
a  s'lrface  composed  of  twelve  rhombic  faces,  which, 
being  Liken  six  and  («ix,  nnd  prolrtn^ied  in  idf^a  till 
they  intercept  each  other,  would  form  two  ditfen^nt 
rt  nmb*.  C!r4Xti^la  nd. 

WlK'ESjT.t.  [from  ftfrdk ;  Pax.  bhrt,  fci;rc,]  To  beat 
*ith  a  birch  or  rod.     [0*.?.J  CA.  tUliir.  Appt-al. 

Tf-RO?'TRATE,       )    a.     f  L.  H',  twice,  and  ro^fnim, 

BI-ROv-i'TRA-TED,  \       a  beak.] 

Having  a  double  beak,  or  [HtKensresembltDg  a  beak. 

Tly  oipBulr  ia  UlocuUr  ami  UnMtytUcdL  " 

BIRT,  (buirt,)  a.    A  fish,  called  also  terM. 


BIS 

BTRTM,  (buith,)  a.  [Sax.  ftyrrf.  heoHhi  D.gcbaartei 
Ger.  sfburt;  Ir.  AcirtAr,  frttni  Af<ar,'  {lerhaps  U.  partus ^ 
fnwil  ;KJrui.] 

1.  Tiie  act  of  coming  into  life,  or  of  lieing  born. 
Except  in  p(xrtry,  it  is  generally  applied  to  human 
beings;  ns,  the  birth  of  a  !«m. 

i  Lineage  j  extraction  ;  descent  j  as,  Grecian 
birth.  Denham. 

It  is  used  of  hijih  or  low  extraction  ;  but  is  urten 
used  by  way  of  distinction  for  a  descent  fnmi  nolde 
orlioiinniblep:ireiits  nnd  anrestors;  as,  ainiuiofWrtA. 

3.  The  condition  in  whicli  a  person  is  born. 

A  foe  by  6irli  to  Truy.  D'-yden. 

4.  That  which  is  bom;  that  which  is  produced, 
Wh^'tlier  animal  t>r  vegetable.        JUiitan,     JidiHson. 

5.  Til?  act  of  brinying  f.irth ;  as,  she  had  two 
children  at  a  birtK 

6.  In  d  thfoUtgical  sense,  rtgencration  is  called  the 
nrto  birCu 

7.  Origin ;  beginning ;  as,  the  birtk  of  an  empire. 
niRTH,  )  n.  A  station  in  whicJi  a  ship  rides.  IScc 
BERTH,  i        Berth.] 

BIRTH'DAV,  a.  [birtk  and  day.]  The  day  in  which 
any  p-rson  is  horn. 

3.  The  some  day  of  the  month,  in  which  a  person 
was  bom.  in  everj-  succeeding;  year  ;  orten  celebrated 
as  a  joyful  anniversary.  It  sometimes  has  the  form 
of  an  iiitribute  ;  as,  a  birth-day  ode. 

BTRTH'I)OM,s.  [birtAnnddoin,  See  Dom  and  Doom.] 
Privilege  of  birth.     [A«t  used.]  Shak. 

BIRTHING,  K.  Any  thing  added  to  raise  the  sides  of 
a  ship.  Ash.    BaHetf. 

BJRTH'LEr^S,  a.    Destitute  of  birth. 

BIRTH'MGHT,  (burUi'nUe,)  a.  [birth  and  «i>ft(.] 
Th.'  night  in  which  a  person  is  bom  ;  and  the  anni- 
ver^arv  nf  that  night  in  succeeding  years. 

BIRTH  PLACE,  n.  [birth  and  pltue.]  The  town, 
city,  or  co'intry,  wliere  a  person  is  bom;  more  gen- 
enUy,  the  pcuticutar  town,  city,  or  other  local 
di-itrirt. 

BIRTHRIGHT,  (burth'rite,)  a,  [birth  nnd  righL] 
An)  riiilit  or  privilege  to  which  a  person  is  entitled 
by  biitti,  such  ns  an  estate  descenditde  by  law  to  an 
heir,  or  civil  liberty  under  a  free  constitution. 

(^111,  for  a  nxirwl,  moM  liU  tArtKrighl,  —  Ilf^b.  xil. 

It  may  be  used   in  the  sense  of  primoginitiire,  or 

the  privilege  of  the  first  born,  but  is  applicable  tu  any 

right  which  results  from  descenL 
BIRTir-80.\G,  n.    A  Ming  sung  at  the  birth  of  a 

per*on. 
BIRTH'-PTRAN^GLED,  «.       [birth    and    strangle.] 

8tmncl'-d  or  suff  waled  m  being  born.  Shuk. 

BIRTH'WORT.    (burth'wurt,)    a.      [birth  and   wor(,] 

A  g;-nus  of  pinnts,  Aristolochia,  of  many  species. 

Eiiaje. 
HIS,  in  musicy  denotes  repetition  of  a  {lassage. 
BI'SA,   i   n.     A  coin  of  Pegti,  of  the  value  of  half  a 
UrZA,  (        ducat;  al«,  a  weight.  Encyc. 

BI.-^'CO-TIN,  n.     [Fr.]    A  confection,  made  of  riour, 

siiear,  marmalade,  and  ecgs. 
BIS'eCIT,  (bis'kit,)  n.     [Fr.,  compounded  of  L.  6w, 

twice,  and  cKil,  baked  ;  It.  bi^cotto ;  i*p.  bizcocbj*.] 

1.  A  kind  of  bread,  formed  into  cakes,  and  baked 
hard  for  seamen. 

2.  A  cake,  variously  made,  fur  the  use  of  private 
families.  The  name,  in  England,  is  given  to  a  com- 
position of  flour,  e;:p!,  and  sugar.  With  us  the 
nnm?  is  given  to  a  couipa-^ition  of  tlimr  and  butter, 
made  and  baked  in  private  families.  But  the  com- 
po^<ition3  under  this  denomination  nre  very  various. 

3.  Earthen  ware  or  porcelain  which  has  under- 
gone the  first  baking,  before  it  is  subjected  to  the 
process  of  glazing. 

4.  In  sculpture,  a  species  of  unglazed  porcelain, 
in  which  groups  and  figures  ore  formed  in  inininture. 

Brande. 

BI-SEGT',  c.  t.  [L.  bij,  twice,  and  seco^  sectum,  to  cut. 
See  S?ECTio;i.] 

To  cut  or  divide  into  two  parts.  In  geometry,  one 
line  biseets  another  when  it  crosses  it,  leaving  an 
equ.al  part  of  the  line  on  each  side  of  the  point  where 
it  is  crossed. 

BT-PECT'ED,  pp.     Divided  into  two  equal  parts. 

mi^EeT'lSG,  ppr.     Dividing  into  two  t^ual  parts. 

BI-r^EG'TION,  «.  The  act  of  cutting  into  two  equal 
parts  ;  the  division  of  any  line  or  quantity  into  two 
eii'ial  parLs. 

BI  SEG'.MEN'T,  n.  [bis  and  se-:pnenL]  One  uf  the 
pKirts  of  a  line,  divided  into  two  equal  parts. 

•RI-^K'llI-A'I'E,  0.     Existing  in  two  series. 

BI-SE'TOSE,  /         TT        .         1 

BI-Sg'TOL'S,  1  "•     i^  selosus.] 
Havine  two  bristles. 

BT-SEX'OUS,  a.     Consisting  of  both  sexes.     Brown. 

BI-SEX'U-AL,  a.  In  botany,  being  of  both  sexes,  as  a 
tlower containing  both  stamens  and  pistils  within  the 
same  envelop. 

BISH'OP,  n,  [L.  episeopiis;  Gr.  cirinKon'n^  of  or', 
over,  and  GK-i-og,  inspector,  or  visitor;  a-KOTrro},  to 
view  or  inspect;  whence,  CTriffKcrrn/i'd,  to  visit  or 
inspect ;  also,  fa-ic-jfon-ffij,  to  view.  This  Greek  and 
Latin  word  accompanied  the  introduction  of  Chris- 
tianity into  the  west  and  north  of  Europe,  and  has 


BIS 

been  corrupted  Into  Saxon  btscop^  biseeop,  Sw.  nnd 
Dan.  bitkop,  D.  bL^sc/iop,  Ger.  bischof.  it.  eMcyco,  Fr. 
ccfquc,  i^i).  obispoy  Port,  bispo,  VV.  tsgob^  and  Ir.  easgob. 

In  Ar.  and  Pers.  (.JiAam)  oskof.  This  title  the  Atlie- 
nians  gave  to  those  whom  they  sent  into  the  prov- 
inces subject  to  them,  to  inspect  the  state  of  aiiairs  ; 
and  the  Romans  gave  the  title  to  those  who  were 
imqiecturs  of  provisions.] 

1.  An  overseer ;  a  spiritual  superintendent,  ruler, 
or  director  ;  applied  to  Chrut, 

Ye  were  ai  sluvp  poing  aitmy,  bul  are  row  retuniod  to  the 
»tii*phcnl  atid  biahop  of  your  •oub.  —  1  Pti.  ii. 

%  In  the  primitive  church,  a  spiritual  overseer;  an 
elder  or  presbyter  ;  one  who  had  the  pastoral  care  of 
a  church. 

The  tame  pr-TW>iu  nn>  tu  tliia  chapter  CnlWl  wkli-ni  or  prcsSjytt-™, 
and  oV'tvrra  or  buhopt.  ScoU,  Com.  Act*  xx. 

TUJ  liir  trhiirchi-a  were  ri.ttltlpllfd,  Uic  bUhopt  and  ptrsI'Vtpra 
wciT  ihr  Mm*-.  lb.  Pliil.  i.  1.     1  Tiin.  lii.  I.    Til.  i.'7. 

Both  tiic  (ir'ck  (iiiil  IjDtiii  fitih<-n  ilo,  with  on**  coiis^rnt,  (i 


J  pp-»hyii'r«.  .-vnd  piv»l)ytiT»  biahopt, 
Aiiie  tving  liicn  cutiiinuii.    WhiAy. 


ill  niHMtolic  till)'-*,  the 

3.  In  the  Greek,  Latin,  and  some  Protestant 
churches,  a  pnlaJe,  or  jHTson  consecrated  for  the 
Rpiritual  government  and  direction  of  a  diocese.  In 
Orcat  Britain^  bishops  are  nominated  by  the  king, 
who,  u[Km  request  of  the  dean  and  chapter  for 
leave  to  elect  a  bishop,  sends  a  congi  d^elire,  or 
license  to  elect,  with  a  letter  missive,  nominating 
the  i>erson  whom  he  would  have  chosen.  The  elec- 
tion, by  the  chapter,  must  be  made  within  twelve 
days,  or  the  king  has  a  right  to  ap(>oint  whom  he 
pleases.  Bishups  are  consecrated  by  an  archbishop, 
with  two  assistant  bishops.  A  bishop  must  be  thirty 
years  of  age  ;  and  all  bishops,  except  the  bishop  of 
Mnn,  are  peers  of  the  realm.  Blackstone. 

By  the  cantms  of  the  Protestant  Episco[)at  church 
in  the  United  Suites,  no  diocese  or  stale  shall  pro- 
ceed to  the  election  nf  a  bishop,  unless  there  are  at 
least  six  officiating  presbyters  residing  therein,  who 
shiill  be  qualified,  according  to  the  canons,  to  vote 
for  a  bishop  ;  a  majority  of  whom,  at  least,  must  con- 
cur in  the  election.  But  the  conventions  of  two  or 
more  dioceses,  or  states,  having  together  nine  or 
more  such  presbyters,  may  join  in  the  election  of  a 
bishop.  A  convention  is  composed  of  the  clergy, 
and  a  lay  delegation,  consisting  of  one  or  more  mem- 
bers from  each  parish.  In  every  state,  the  bishop  is 
to  be  chosen  according  to  such  rules  as  the  conven- 
tion of  that  state  shall  ordain.  The  mode  of  election 
in  most  or  all  of  the  stales,  is  by  a  concurrent  vote  of 
the  clergy  and  laity,  in  convention,  each  body  voting 
sepamtely.  Before  a  bisjiop  can  be  consecrated,  he 
must  receive  a  testimonial  nf  ajiiirobalitm  from  the 
general  convention  of  the  church  ;  or,  if  that  is  not 
in  session,  from  a  majority  of  the  standing  committee 
in  the  several  dioceses.  The  mode  of  consecrating 
bishops  and  ordaining  priests  and  deacons,  dillers 
not  essentially  from  the  practice  in  England. 

Bi,'<hop  Brownell. 

BISH'OP,  n.  A  cant  word  for  a  mixture  of  wine, 
oranges,  and  sugar.  Swift. 

2.  A  part  of  a  lady's  dress. 

BISH'OP,  r.  u  To  confirm;  to  admit  solemnly  into 
the  church.  Johnson. 

9.  Among  horse-dealers ,  to  use  arts  to  make  an  old 
horsf-  hmk  like  a  young  one,  or  to  give  a  good  ap- 
pearance to  a  bad  horse.  Ash.    Encyc 

BISirop-POM,  Ti.    Jurisdiction  of  a  bishop. 

BIHH'OP-AI>,  (bish'opt,)  pp.     Confirmed. 

RISn'<)P-LVG,;»/;r.     Confirming. 

HISH'OP-LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a  bishop;  belonging 
to  a  bishop.  Faike. 

BISH'OP-LY,  ado.    In  the  manner  of  a  bishop. 

Ilooher. 

BISH'OP-Rie,  n.     [hishfrp  and  tic,  jurisdiction.] 

1.  A  diocese;  the  district  over  wliich  the  juris- 
diction of  a  bishop  extends.  In  England  are  twen- 
ty-four bishoprics,  besides  that  of  Sodur  and  .Man  ; 
in  Irefandy  eighteen. 

2.  The  charge  of  instructing  and  governing  in 
spiritual  concerns  ;  olfice.     Acts  i.  90. 

BIHH'OPrt-VVEED,  v.  [bishirp  and  w^rfJ  A  nnme 
common  to  difl"i;rent  spjcies  of  plants  of  the  genus 
Amiiii. 

BI.«irOPS-W0UT,  (-wurt,)  n.     A  plnnt. 

BISK,  n.  [Fr.  bi^qiw.]  Hoiip  or  broth,  made  by  boil- 
ins  si'vcnil  sorts  of  flesh  together.  Kin^. 

BI^K'ET,  n.  A  biscuiL  This  orthography  is  adopted 
by  ninny  rcspt^cL'tble  writers. 

BIS'.MIJTil,  71.  [Ii.  wistmiuth.]  A  metal  of  a  yellow- 
ish or  ri'ddish  white  color,  and  a  lamttlar  texture. 
It  is  somewhat  harder  than  lead,  and  sc^ircely,  if  at 
all,  malleable,  being  so  brittle  as  to  break  easily  un- 
der the  hanmier,  and  it  is  reducible  to  powdL-r.  Its 
internal  face  or  fracture  exhibits  lar;re  sliining  plat*'s, 
vari(«i>lv  disiMised.  It  melts  at  47()'  Fahr.,  and  may 
be  fused  in  the  flame  (»f  a  candle.  It  is  often  fmnid 
in  a  native  state,  crj'stallized  in  rhombs  or  octahe- 
drons, or  in  the  form  of  dendrites,  or  thin  laminre  »n- 
vesting  the  ores  of  otiier  metals,  particularly  cobalt 
JVicholson.     Encyc 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRgY.  — PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK. 


BIT 

BWMUTH-AL,  a.  Consisting  of  bismuth,  or  con- 
tainine  it.  *  Clcaocland. 

BiS'MCTH-ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  bismuth. 

BiS'ML'TH-INE,  n.  A  rare  niini-nil,  composed  of  bis- 
muth and  sulphur  ;  a  native  sulphuret  of  bismuth. 

BIS'MUTH-O  €HER,  j  n.    A  native  oxj'd  of  bismuth, 

BIS'MUTH-6'eHRE, )  sometimes  containing  a  small 
portion  of  carbonic  acid. 

Bl't^OX,  n.  [L.]  A  quadruped  of  the  bovine  gr-nus, 
usually  but  improperly  caltt'd  the  buffalo.  The  proper 
buiralo  is  a  distinct  species,  pceuliar  to  the  wanner 
climates  of  the  eastern  continent.  The  bison  is  a 
wild  animal,  with  short,  black,  rounded  horns,  with 
a  great  interval  between  their  bases.  On  the  shoul- 
ders is  a  large  hunch,  consisting  of  a  fleshy  sub- 
stance. The  head  and  hunch  are  covered  with  a 
lonp,  undulated  fleece,  of  a  nisi  color,  divided  into 
Itjcks.  In  winter,  the  wh'>le  body  is  covered  in  this 
manner;  but  in  summer,  the  hind  part  of  the  body 
is  naked  and  wrinkled.  The  tail  is  about  a  foot 
long,  naked,  except  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  end.  'I'he 
t>re  parts  of  the  b)>dy  are  ver>'  thick  and  strong  ;  the 
hind  parts  are  slendfr  and  weak.  These  animals  in- 
habit the  interior  parts  of  North  America,  and  some 
of  the  mountainous  parts  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

PennanL 
Pennant  nltf?ges  that  the  bison  of  America  is  the 
same  species  i»f  animal  as  the  bison  and  aurochs  of 
Europe,  the  bonas^as  of  Aristotle,  the  urus  of  fe-^ar, 
the  bftsferu-i  or  wild  ox  of  Slrabo,  the  biaon  of  Vliny, 
and  the  bLiton  of  Oppian. 

BIS-SEX'TILE,  n.  [L.  bi'seztiiis,  leap  year,  from  &m- 
gcitui,  (bis  and  srrtus,)  the  sizth  of  ihc  cjilends  of 
March,  or  twenty-fourth  day  of  Febniary,  which 
was  reckoned  twice  ever)'  fourth  year,  by  the  inter- 
calation of  a  day.    .SiiLfWorth.] 

Leap  year ;  every  fourth  year,  in  which  a  day  is 
added  to  the  month  of  February,  on  account  of  the 
excess  of  6  hours,  which  the  civil  year  contains, 
above  3fto  days.  This  excess  is  11  ntinutes  3  sec- 
onds too  much  ;  that  is,  it  exceeds  the  real  year,  or 
annual  revolution  of  the  earth.  Hence,  at  tlie  end 
of  every  century,  divisible  by  4,  U  is  necessary  to  re- 
tain the  bissextile  day,  and  to  suppress  it  at  the  end 
of  those  ccuturies  wliich  arc  not  divisible  by  4. 

Kncye. 

Br?-PEX'TrT.E,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  leap  year. 

BIH'HO.N,  a,     [Sax.  bisca.]     Blind,     [^ot  lued,]    Shak. 

Blri'TRE'  i  "•     t^""'  *^'''^  *"'''^'"  *'-"»  brown.] 

Among  paintiTs,  a  dark-brown  pigment  extracted 
t\mui  i!ie  soot  of  wood.  To  pre[iare  it,  soot  [that  of 
beach  is  rhe  best]  is  put  into  water,  in  the  proportion 
of  Iwo  pounds  to  a  gallon,  and  boih-d  half  an  hour; 
a(ter  standing  (o  settle,  and  while  hot,  the  clearer 
part  of  the  tluid  must  be  poured  off  from  tlie  sedi- 
nitmt,  and  evaporated  to  dr>'ness}  the  remainder  ia 
bister.  Enq/e, 

BT-S'ril"l^EED.  a.     Having  two  stipules. 

BIS'T*  Ht'l',  n.     [L.  bistorta,  bL^  and  (wrtiw,  twisted.] 
A  plant,  a  species  of  Polygonum  j  in  popular  lan- 
guage, called  Mttoke-weetL 

BIS'TOU-RY,  (bis'tu-o,)  n  [Fr. Aiatoitri,  «h)m  Putoia, 
a  city.] 

A  surgical  in^trumpnt  for  making  incisions.  Il  Is 
either  straight  and  fixifd  in  a  handle  like  a  knife,  or 
iln  blade  turns  like  a  lancet,  or  it  is  crooked,  with 
the  sharp  edge  on  the  in-'ide.  Enctjc. 

BT-.St;i/€'ATJ:,  a.     Twf>-furmwed. 

a.  In  loo/fl^y,  clovcn-fouted,  or  with  two  hoofed 
digits. 

BT  SL-l*'COC3,  a,  [L.  bisuleusj  of  his  and  m/ctt*,  a 
furrow.)    <'l(»ven-f<jirted,  as  swme  or  ox<n.  Brotrn. 

BI-SUL'Plli;-RKT,  n.     [t..  bini  and  W/.A«rf/.] 

In  ckemi^try,  a  sulphuret  with  two  atom.-*  of  sulphur, 
as  the  electro-negative  ingredient.  An  incorrect  term 
|i)r  deutti-iuiphurrU 

BIT,  n.  [Sax.  bUnl,  gehigte,  grhiFtrf^  a  bit;  birtan,  to 
bit  or  crirb.]  The  irtm  pr.rt  of  a  bridle  which  is  in- 
Bi-rtcd  in  the  mouth  of  a  horse,  and  i:s  appendages, 
to  which  the  reins  are  fastened,  it  includ.s  tiit!  bit 
mouth,  the  branrlics,  the  curb,  the  sevel  holes,  Ihu 
iranrhefil,  and  cn«s  chains.  Bits  are  of  various 
kind^,  OS  the  musrule,  snaflle,  or  watering  bit ;  the 
canon  mouth,  jointeil  in  the  middle;  the  canon  or 
fust  ntnuth,  all  of  a  piece,  kneed  in  th<;  rni'ldle ;  the 
Kcatch-motith  ;  the  masticador,  or  slavering  bit,  Acc. 
Johnnon.     Ktictje. 

BIT,  V.  U  To  put  a  bridle  upon  a  horse  ;  to  put  tlie  bit 
in  til'!  mouth. 

BIT,  prrt.  and  pp.  of  Bitb.  Seized  or  wound':d  by  the 
teeth. 

BI'I',  ».    [.Sax.  bita^  a  bite  or  mouthful ;  bitan,  to  bite  j 
D.  bit;  G.  bisa.}    A  small  piece  \  a  mouthful, or  mor- 
sel j  a  bite. 
•2.  A  small  piece  of  any  substance. 

3.  A  small  coin  of  Hit;  West  Indies,  ahalf  pistarccn, 
about  ten  cents,  or  five  pence  strrling. 

4.  A  small  instntment  for  boring. 

Thi«  word  is  used,  like  jvt  and  /MiY,  to  express  the 
smallest  degree  ;  a**,  he  is  not  a  bit,  wiser  or  betti?r. 
BITCH,  n,    ?Sax.  bicca^  bicce^  bier;  Dan.  bikke.     Uu, 
Ger.  betie  ;  Basque,  ;irt/;«a.     This  word  probably  sig- 
niAefl  a  female,  for  the  French  biche  is  a  hind.] 


BIT 

1.  The  female  of  the  canine  kind,  as  of  the  dog, 
wolf,  and  fox. 

2.  A  name  of  reproach  for  a  woman. 

Pope.     JirbuOinoU 
BITE,  V.  U  i  pret  Bit  ;  pp.  Bit,  Bitte:*.     [Sax.  bitan  i 
Sw.  bita  ;  Dan.  bide;  Ger.  beitscn,  to  bite.J 

1.  To  break  or  crush  with  the  teeth,  as  in  eating  ; 
to  pierce  with  the  teeth^as  a  serpent ;  to  seize  with 
the  teeth,  as  a  dog. 

2.  To  pinch  or  pain,  as  with  cold  ;  as,  a  biting 
north  wind  ;  the  frost  bite^. 

3.  To  reproach  with  sarcasm  ;  to  treat  with  sever- 
ity by  words  or  writing  ;  as,  one  iwet  praises,  another 
bitfs. 

4.  To  pierce,  cut,  or  Wound  ;  as,  a  biting  falchion. 

Shak. 

5.  To  make  to  smart ;  as,  acids  bite  the  mouth. 

6.  To  cheat;  to  trick. 

Tlie  rogu^  waa  6ir.  Pope, 

\.\'ot  ele^rant,  but  ctnntnnn.] 

7.  To  enter  the  ground  and  hold  fast,  as  the  bill 
and  palm  of  an  anchor.  Mar.  DlcL 

8.  To  injure  by  angry  contention. 

If  ve  (xU  ami  dt-votir  one  &iiot)»fr,  —  Gal.  t. 

To  bUf  the  thvmb  at  a  person,  was  formerly  a  mark 

of  cAitempl,  designed  to  provoke  a  quarrel ;  as,  in 

i^hakspeare,  '*  Do  you  bife  your  tJiumb  at  us :  " 

BITE,  n.     The  seizure  of  any  thing  by  the  teeth  of  an 

animal,  as  the  A;te  of  a  dog;  or  with  the  mouth,  as 

2.  The  wound  made  by  the  teeth.  [of  a  tish. 

3.  A  morsel  ;  as  much  as  is  taken  at  once  by  bit- 
ing ;  a  mouthful. 

4.  A  cheat ;  a  trick  ;  a  fraud.     [.5  low  tuordJ] 

5.  A  sharpT  ;  one  who  cheats. 

BtT'ER,  ju    One  who  bites  ;  that  which  bites  j  a  fish 
apt  to  take  bait. 
2.  One  who  cheats  or  defrauds. 
BI-TERN'.\TE,  a.     [L.  bia  and  Urmts^  three.] 

In  bi'tanjt,  doubly  ternate,  as  when  a  potiole  has 
three  ternate  leaflets.  Martyn. 

BIT'IXG,  n.     Act  of  biting. 

BIT'ING,  ppr.    Seizing,  wounding,  or  crushing  with 
the  teeth  ;  pinching,  paining,  causing  to  smart  with 
cold  ;  reproaching  with  severity,  or  treating  sarcasti- 
cally ;  cheating. 
BTT'IXn,  a.     Hharp  ;  severe  ;  sarcastic. 
BrT'IN(;-LY,  adv.    In  a  sarcastic  or  jeering  manner. 
BlT'liESrf,  «.    Not  having  a  bit  or  bridle.     Fanshaw. 
BIT'MOUTil,  71.     [bit  and  moutk.]     The  bit,  or  that 
part  of  a  bridle  which  is  put  in  a  norse's  moulli. 

Bailey.     Ash.     Kncyc 
BIT'TA-€LE,  n.  [Qu.  Fr.  boite  d^aiguiUc,  needle-box,] 
The  box  for  the  compass  on  board  a  ship.     [Soe 

BiNXACLE.] 

BIT'TED,  pp.  Having  the  bit  put  in  the  mouth. 
UIT'TKN,  (bit'tn,)  pp.  of  Bite.    Seized  or  wounded 

by  the  teeth  ;  cheated. 
Bit'TER,  o.    [Sax.  biter;  Sw.  D.  Ger.  and  Dan.  bitter^ 

from  bitr.] 

1.  Shru-p  or  biting  to  the  taste  ;  acrid  ;  like  worm- 
wood. 

2.  Sharp  ;  cniel ;  severe  ;  as,  bitter  enmity.  Heb.  i. 

3.  Sharp,  as  words  ;  reproachful  ;  sarcastic. 

4.  Sharp  to  the  feeling;  piercing;  jainful ;  that 
makes  to  smart  ;  as,  a  bitter  cold  day,  or  a  bitter  blast. 

5.  Painful  to  the  mind  ;  calamitous;  poignant;  as, 
fi.  Alllicted  ;  distressed.  [a  bitter  fate. 

Tlie  FftyptJAiti  iniulo  tlielr  lirn  bUt£r.  —  Ex.  L 

7.  Hurtful  i  very  Binful. 

K  b  Ri)  evil  ftiid  Uotr  fixing.  — J<^t.  B. 

8.  Mournftil ;  distressing ;  expressive  of  misery  ;  as, 
a  bittfr  complaint  or  lamentation.  Job  xxiii.  Jer. 
vi.  xxxi. 

BIT'TER,  iu  A  substance  that  Is  bitter.  [See  Bit- 
TEH^.1 

BIT'TER,  n.  [See  Birrs.]  In  marine  languagCy  a  turn 
of  the  cable  which  is  round  the  bitts. 

BiUer-end;  that  part  of  a  caMe  which  is  abal\  the 
bitts, and  therefore  within  board,  when  theshiprides 
at  anclmr.  Mar.  Diet. 

BIT'TER-GflUHD,  n-  \hittrr  and  gmird.]  A  plant,  a 
species  of  (_'ucumis,  called  Coloctfntkis,  Colocynthj  Oil- 
v</uirttada.  The  fruit  is  of  the  gourd  kind,  having  a 
shell  inclosing  a  bitter  jtulp,  which  is  a  very  drastic 
purgative.  It  is  brought  from  the  Levant,  and  is  tlie 
bitter  iipple  of  the  shojw.  Kncyc. 

BIT'TER  ISII,  a.  Somewhat  bitter;  bitter  in  a  mod- 
erate ilegree.  Qoldsmith. 

BIT'TEK-ISII-NESS,  n.  The  (luality  of  being  moder- 
ately bitter.  Encijc. 

BIT'TKR-LV,  adv.    With  a  bitter  taste. 

2.  In  a  severe  manner;  in  a  manner  expressing 
poignant  grief;  as,  to  weep  bitterly. 

3.  In  a  manner  sevtrrety  reproachful ;  sharjily  ;  se- 
verely ;  angrily  :  as,  to  censure  biUerly. 

BIT'TERN,  ».  [D.  btttoor;  Fr.  butm- ;  Corn.  klabittrrJ] 
A  fowl  of  tlie  Grallic  order,  the  ardea  siellaris, 
rl.inn.,)  a  native  of  Europe.  This  fowl  has  long 
legs  and  neck,  and  stalks  among  reeds  and  sedge, 
feeding  upon  nA\.  It  makes  a  singular  noise,  called 
by  Drjden  bumping^  and  by  Goldsmitli  booming. 

Encyc. 


BIV 

BIT'TERX,  71.  [from  bitter,]  In  salt  works,  the  brine 
remaining  after  the  salt  is  concreted.  This,  being 
hilled  otf,  and  the  t^alt  t.'ikeu  out  of  the  pan,  is  re- 
turned, and,  being  again  boiled,  yields  more  salL  It 
is  used  in  the  preparation  of  Epsom  salt,  or  the  sul- 
phate of  magnesia,  and  of  Glauber's  yalt,  or  the  sul- 
phate of  soda.  Johnson.     Evcyc. 

2.  A  very  bitter  compound  of  quassia,  cocculiis  in- 
dicus,  &c.,  used  by  fraudulent  brewers  in  adultera- 
ting beer.  Cooley. 

BIT'TER-NESa,  n-  [from  bitter.]  A  bitter  taste  ;  or 
rather  a  quality  in  things  which  excites  a  biting,  dis- 
agreeable sensation  in  the  tongue. 

2.  In  a  figurative,  sense,  extreme  enmity,  grudge, 
hnlred  ;  tir  rather  an  excessive  degree  or  imphicable- 
ness  of  passions  and  emotions;  as,  the  bitterncs^i  of 
anger.    Eph.  iv. 

3.  Sharpness;  severity  of  temper. 

4.  Keenness  of  reproach  ;  piquancy  ;  biting  sarcasm. 

5.  Keen  sorrow  ;  iiainful  affliction  ;  vexation  ;  deep 
distress  of  mind. 

Hiiuii;ih  wat  in  biUemett  of  soul.  —  1  Siun.  i.    Job  vil. 

In  the  gall  of  bitterness ;  in  a  state  of  extreme  im- 
piety or  enmity  to  God.     Acts  viii. 

Root  of  bitteme^.o;  a  dangerous  error,  or  schism, 
tending  to  draw  p''rsr)ns  to  afxjstjujy.     Heb.  xii. 

BIT'TERS,  n.pZ.  A  liquor  in  which  bitter  herbs  or  roots 
are  steeped;  generally  a  spirituous  liquor,  the  bitter 
cause  of  intemperance,  of  dwi^asc,  and  vf  premature 
death .' 

In  the  materia  mediea,  ihe  term  friWers  is  applied  to 
such  medicinal  substances  as  are  characterized  by 
their  bitterness.  Cullen* 

The  simple  bitters  are  properly  surh  as  exert  only  a 
tonic  power  on  the  digestive  org;in'». 

RIT'TER-SALT,  jt.  Epsom  salt ;  sulphate  of  magnesia. 

BlT'TER-Si'AR,  ti.  A  sparry  mineml,  resembling 
calcareous  spar,  but  consisting  of  carbonate  of  linio 
and  carbonate  of  magnesia.  It  is  the  crystallized  va- 
riety of  dolomite  or  luagnesian  limestfuie.  Ure. 

BIT'TER-SWEET,  n.  ~ [bit irr  and  .fweet.]  A  species 
of  Solanum,  a  slender,  climbing  plant,  whose  root, 
when  chewed,  produces  first  a  bitter,  then  a  sweet 
taste.  Encyc. 

BIT'TRR-VETCH,  n.  [bitter  and  mtrh.]  A  speciM 
of  Ervum,  or  lentil,  cultivated  for  fodder.      Encyc. 

2.  A  genus  of  itiants,  known  by  the  generic  name 
On>biis,  remarkable  for  their  iK-autiful  papilionaceous 
flowers.  The  tubercles  of  one  species  are  iu  great 
esteem  among  the  Highlanders  of  Scotland,  who 
chew  them,  when  drj-,  to  give  a  hotter  relish  to  their 
liquors. 

BIT'TKR-WORT,  v.  [bitternnd  iPorU]  The  plant 
called  gentian,  Gentiana,  Which  has  a  remarkably 
bitter  taste. 

BIT'TING  pjrr.     Putting  the  bits  in  the  mouth. 

BIT'TOUR  or  BIT'Tf^R,  ti.    The  bittern.     l>ryden. 

BITTS,  TI,  p(.     [from  the  same  root  as  bife.] 

A  frame  of  two  stnuig  pieces  of  timber  fixed  per- 
pendicularly in  the  fore  part  of  a  ship,  on  which  to 
fasten  the  cables.  There  are  also  top-sail  shcet-bitt-', 
panl-bitts,  cai-rick-bitt^,  &c.  Mar.  Diet. 

BITT,  r.  (.  To  put  round  the  bitts  ;  as,  to  bitt  the  ea- 
ble,m  order  to  fiisten  it  or  to  slacken  it  out  gradually, 
which  is  called  veering  away.  Mar.  Dirt. 

BI-TOME',  n.  Bitumen,  so  written  for  the  sake  of  the 
rhyme.  May. 

BI-TCM'KD,  a.    Smeared  with  bitumen.  Shnk. 

BI-TO'MEN,  n.     [L. ;  Fr.  bitume;  Sp.  bctun;   It.  6c- 

lume.] 

This  name  is  used  to  denote  various  inflammable 
substances,  of  a  strong  smell  and  of  different  consist- 
encies, which  are  found  in  the  earth.  There  are 
several  varieties,  most  of  which  evidently  pass  info 
each  other,  proceeding  from  naphtha,  the  most  fluid, 
to  petroleum,  a'viscid  fluid,  maltha,  more  or  less  co- 
hesive, elastic  bitumen  or  mineral  caoutchouc,  and 
asphallum,  which  is  sometimes  too  hard  to  be 
scratched  by  the  nail.  J^iehokmn.     Clrai^rlaml. 

BT-TO'.MI-NXTE,  v.  t.     To  impregnate  with  bitumen. 

BI-TC'Ml-iNA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Impregnated  with  bitu- 
nK-n. 

BI-TU-1\II-N[F'ER-0US,  a,  [bitimen  nnd/cro,  to  pro- 
duce.] 

Froduring  bitumen.  Kinrmn. 

BI-TIJ-MIN-I-Za'TIOi\,  n.    The  process  of  forming 

bitumen.  Mantrlf. 

BI-Tu'i\iIN-IZE,  V.  L    To  form  into  or  impngnate 

Willi  bitumen.  LiL  Mag. 

BI-TC'MIN-TZ-ING,  pjtr.     Forming  bitumen. 
BI-TO'Ml-NOUS,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  bitumen  ; 
compounded  with  bitumen;  containing  bitumen. 

Milton. 
BituTninmis  limestime  is  of  a  lamellar  structure,  sus 
ceptible  of  polish,  of  a  brown  or  black  color,  and, 
when  rubbed,  emitting  an  unpleasant  smell.  1'hat 
of  Dalmatia  is  so  charged  with  bitumen  that  it  may 
be  cut  like  soap.  Ure. 

Bitvminan-s  shale  ;  an  argillaceous  shnle  impregna- 
ted with  bitumen,  usually  accomimnying  coal. 

Bra'^de. 
BI'VALVE,  TI.    [L,  his,  twice,  and  valve,  1*.  cnlra.] 
A  molluscous  animal,  having  a  shelly  covcrmg, 


TONE,  BIJLL,  tJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CU  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


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cotwininp  of  two  jKUXs  or  viUves,  joined  tneclhrr  by 
Uictestic  lientm'nt  at  Uie  rardu  or  Iiiiicr,  iir  u  y-hvti 
consifltin'!  of  two  iiait.-t.wliicli  o)>en  :tii(l  ^^tiuu  Aliiu, 
a  pericarp  iu  whicli  the  seed-cosv  «ipriu  or  .'^plit-s  into 
two  |nns  or  valves.  F.Heyc.     Br»H>le. 

BI'VAI.VE,  \a.     Havinjt  two  shells  or  v;ilvoa 

BI-VAI.V'U-L.\R,  5     which  open  and  shut,  na  the 
BI-VALV'OUS,      >     oyster,  or  two  [Kirts  or  valv.-s 
which  open  at  maturity,  as  Lbe  sccd-vu»6.'ls  of  crrLiin 
p(nnt<«.  Martfiu 

BX-VAULT'ED,  a.    [L.  bis,  twice,  and  WMtt-J 

itnvine  two  Twilt5  or  arches.  Bmriom, 

BI-VEX'TRAL,  a.     [U  5«  and  venter^  belly.] 

Havinc  two  bellies ;  as,  a  hiv€»tral  inusclts.  £ai/ey. 
BXV'I-OL'S,  a.     [Ih  6JrtH5,-  hi*  and  rid,  wny.] 
liaviug  two  ways,  or  Icuding  two  ways. 


BIVOUAC,  (biv'wak,)  n.  [Fr.  This  word  is  prob- 
ably compoMd  of  b€  and  tne  Teutonic  root  oi  w^ikey 
foatek  i  Sax.  waciaa,  to  wake,  lo  wntch  \  L.  vi^ilo : 
0.  wwcAe,  a  mard  ;  ■eM&«a,  to  watch.] 

The  guanl  oc  watch  of  a  whtje  army,  as  in  casf »  of 
pmi  dnnser  of  surprise  or  attack ;  or  en  encnmp- 
nu-iil  without  tents  or  covi-ring. 

B/fOf-'.iC,  F.  I.  To  wntch  or  be  rai  fniard,  a«  a 
whole  army;  to  encamp  during  Uie  night  witiiotit 
tents  or  covering. 

[This  word  anglicized  would  be  boMtdL] 


BIX^VORT, 


A  jJanl. 


BIZ'AN-nNE.    8ee  IlriAjtTi:«E. 

BIZARRE-y  (bMlr',)  a.  [Fr.]  Odd;  fantastical; 
whiinnicjil;  rttntvaeanL 

BhAB,  e.  <.  [W.  lUnarUt  to  speak  ;  D.  Imbhay^  i>mttle  ; 
Ir.  eiitbmire^  a  babbler:  labkraimi.  to  speftk;  Chaucer, 
ia»»e^  blabber.] 

1.  To  utteror  tell  in  a  thoughtless  manner ;  to  pub- 
Its^t  secicts  or  trifles  without  diM^rciion.  It  implies, 
Hiy«  Johnson,  rather  thoiu;htl(naneas  than  treachery, 
but  may  be  used  in  either  sense-  Drmln, 

9.  To  tell  or  uner,  in  a  ^wd  gout.  Skmk. 

BLAB,  r.  L    To  tattle  ;  to  tell  t.-il(^  SUmJL 

BLAB,  n.  A  babbler;  a  telltale  ;  one  who  bctniys  se- 
crete, or  tells  things  which  un^ht  to  be  kept  secret. 

BLAB'BER,  n.     A  tatUer;  a  telltale. 

BLAB'Itl.NG,  ppr.  Telling  indiscreetly  what  ought 
to  be  concealed  ;  tattling. 

BLACK,  «.  [Sax.  Mac,  and  btac,  black,  pnle,  wan, 
livid  ;  fr/eoaa,  AUcca,  to  become  pale,  to  turn  white, 
lo  become  black,  to  blacken;  M«c,  ink ;  Sw.  blrk, 
pale,  wan.  livid  ;  Mscfc,  ink ;  Mela,  to  instJaie,  to  ex- 
poee  lo  lbe  aim,  or  to  bleach;  also  to  litihten,  to 
daab;  Ik  Hut.  pale;  WseUi,  to  bleach  ;  G.  blfUh^ 
pule,  wan,  bleak;  AMcAaa, to  bleach;  Dan. Uvic, ink  ; 
Mra^ ,  pale,  wan,  bleak,  aallow  ;  Wt^e,  to  bleach. 
U  ia  remarkable  that  Uaofc,  Mask,  and  Htmek^  are  oU 
radically  one  word.  The  primary*  sense  seems  to  be, 
liole,  wan,  or  sallow,  from  which  baa  proceeded  tlic 
prasent  variety  of  ngnifkaiion?.] 

1.  Of  the  color  of  ni^ht ;  destitute  of  light ;  dark. 
9.  Darkeocd  by  douili ;  05,  the  heavens  black  with 

clouds. 

3.  Sullen  ;  having  a  cloudy  look  or  connlenance. 

S\ak, 

4.  Atrociously  wicked  ;  horrible ;  aa,  a  hlatk  deed 
or  crime.  Drtfden. 

5.  Dismal;  mournful;  calamitous.  SSak. 
Black  and  blue;  the  dark  color  of  a  bruise  in  the 

fle5b,  which  is  accompanied  with  a  mixture  of  blue. 
BLACK,  a.    That  which  is  destitute  of  lieht  or  white- 
ness ;  the  darkest  color,  or  rather  a  destitution  of  all 
color ;  OS,  a  cloth  lus  a  good  blaeJc 

2.  A  negro ;  a  person  wbo!ie  skin  is  black. 

3.  A  black  dress,  or  mourning ;  as,  to  he  clothed 
in  black, 

BLACK,  r.  U    To  make  black  ;  to  blacken  ;  to  soil. 

Bovlr. 
BLACK'-ACT,  «.     [black  and  oeL]     The  Enslish  siat- 

utr  9  Geo.  I.,  which  makes  it  felony  to  apj>car  anned 

in  any  park  or  warren,  &r.,  or  to  hunt  or  steal  deer, 

h.c.f  with  the  face  blackrd  or  disguised.  BlacksUmi, 
BLACK'-ART,  «,    Conjuration. 
BLACK'A-MOOR,  a.    [bi*ck  and  moor.]    A  negro ;  a 

til:»rk  man. 
BLACK'BALL,  a.     {hlaek    and  balL]     A  composition 

of  tallow',  &c.  fur  blacking  shoes. 
3.  A  boll  of  black  cttlor,  used  as  a  negative  in 

voting, 
BLACK'BALL,  p.  t    To  reject  or  negative  in  choos- 

ins,  bv  piittiug  black  balls  into  a  bolloL-box. 
BLACK' BAR,  n.     [black  and  6or.]     A   plea  obligfng 

the  plainttlf  to  assign  the  place  of  trespa.ss.      Aeh. 
BLACK'BER-RY,    a.     [Sax.    blacbcruxn;    black    and 

frrrry.] 

The  berry  of  the  bramble ;  a  popular  name  applied 
to  ditferem  species  or  varieties  of  the  genus  RubiLx^ 
and  th*?ir  fniiu 

BLACK'BIKD,  n.  {black  and  bird.]  In  Enfftand,  a 
species  of  thrush,  the  Turdus  Merula,  a  singing-hird 
with  a  fine  note,  but  very  loud.  In  Amenai^  this 
name  is  given  to  different  bird?,  as  to  the  Gracula 
quiscula,  or  crow  blackbird,  and  to  the  Oriolus 
ph(pn:r^us,  or  red-winged  blackbird,  (Sturnua 
predatorius,  Wilson.) 

BLACK'BOARD,  a.    A  board  osed  in  schools,  fcc, 


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for  writing,  ilniwing  lines,  nud  various  other  pur- 
pos:'s  o^  in-<Tnirliiin. 

BLACK'-I'.QOK,  n.  [black  and  book.]  The  l)lark- 
iHKik  pf  tilt-  Ivxcheqri.  r  in  England,  is  a  bwik  said  to 
have  h.'en  c<im(H>sed  in  llT.'i,  by  Gcrvais  of  Tilbiirv. 
It  couuiius  a  de^cripttun  i)f  the  Court  of  ExcheqiuV, 
its  officers,  their  mnk:^  and  privilcpes,  wages,  \wt- 
qiiisit;-Sf  and  jurisdiction,  with  the  revenue^  of  the 
crown,  in  iiuuit-y,  grain,  .-Rid  catiJe.  F.neyc 

9.  Any  biKik  vvliieh  treau  of  necromancy.  F.Hcyr. 
X  A  b<xik  compiled  by  4»rdcr  of  thi'  visitors  of  mon- 
ast-rio,  uuder  Henry  Vlll.,  conuiiiing  a  dcfiihd 
account  of  the  enormities  practiced  in  rrltgitms 
houses,  to  bliickoi  them  and  to  hasten  their  dis.ttilu- 
tion..  K'iM'c. 

DI. A'K'-in;OW-f:n,  a.  [War*  and  brotn.]  Having 
'  ns  ;  gloomy  ;  dismal ;  tlireaU-ning  ;  as, 

C"*=U  Dnitlcn. 

in  I  ONy,a.   {black  nnA  bryony.]    A  plant, 

llu  'I'.iJiiu^  F.ncvc. 

DLACK'-CA.VK'ER,  «,  A  disease  in  turnips  "and 
otlier  criii»s,  priMlii«-d  by  u  sjK-cies  of  raterj)illrir. 

Farm.  F.ncvc. 

BLACK'CAP,  n.  [black  and  cap.]  A  bini,  Ilie'Mo- 
tacilla  airicapilla,  or  m.'tck-nigbtingiile ;  ^o  called 
from  its  black  crown.    It  is  common  in  Euro|>i). 

Eaotr.     Pennant. 
9.  In  cookery,  an  apple  roasted  till  black,  to  be 
served  up  in  a  dish  of  boiled  ciistjird.      .Va.^i>n. 

BLACK '-CAT-TLK,  n.  Ulack  and  ctittlr.]  Catlle  of 
the  bovine  genus,  as  biilM,  oxen,  and  cows,  whatever 
may  lie  ilicir  Cfdur.     [Kuclish.]  Johnson. 

BLACK-CHALK,  (-cfmvk,)  n.  A  mineral  of  a  blu- 
idh-l>lack  color,  of  a  slaty  texture,  and  soiling  the 
fingers  when  handled;  a  variety  of  argiliart-otis 
slate.  (Jre. 

BLACK'-COAT,  n,  A  common  and  fumiliar  name 
for  a  rlrg^  man,  as  red-coal  is  for  a  soldier. 

BLACK'CO'CK,  iu  [bl.ick  and  cock.]  A  fowl,  colled 
also  biack-grouse  and  black-game,  the  Tetrao  Itlrii  of 
Linnanis. 

BLACK'H.^y,  n.    A  day  of  gloom  and  disaster.    Sfiak. 

BLACK'-DEATH,  (blak'derh,)it.    The   black  plague 

BLACK'iJKOP,  m.  A  liquid  prejtaratiun  of  opium  in 
vin'-'g-ir. 

BLACK'-KA'GI.E,  n.  [black  nud  eajrle.]  In  Scotland. 
a  name  given  tu  the  Vole o  fulvus,  tiie  wiiite-tiulcd 
eagle  of  Edwnnls. 

BLACK'-E.\RTH,  (-erth,)  a.  Mold  ;  earth  of  a  dark 
color.  fVoodward. 

BLACK'KP,  (blaki.)  pp.     Made  black  ;  soiled. 

BLACK'AW,  (blak'kn,)D.t.  [Sa.x.  bUccaju  Sec  Black.] 
1.  To  make  black. 

Tlie  itDpoTtaiiou  of  dnra,  that  hu  bladunei  half  Am'-ricju 

Franklin. 

2.  To  make  dark  ;  to  darken  ;  to  cloud. 
X  To  soil. 

4.  To  sully  reputation  ;  to  make  infamous  j  as, 
vice  blackens  Ihc  diameter. 

BLACK'/i:\,  r,  i.    To  gn.w  black  or  dark. 

BLACK'/J.V-^D,  pp.     .Made  black. 

BLACK'z:\-ER,  n.     He  thnt  blackens. 

BLACK'f;.\-I.\G,  ppr.     .Making  black  ;  darkening. 

BLACK'ER   a.  eomp.     More  black. 

BLACK'EST,  a.  ^uperl     Most  black. 

BLACK'-E?-/:D,  a.     Having  black  eyes.        Dn/den. 

BLACK'-FAC-£D,  (-Oste,)  a.     Having  a  black  face. 

Shak. 

BLACK'FISH,   n.     [black  and  JUh.]     In    the  United 

Plates,  a  fish  caught  on  Itie  rocky  shores  of  New 

England  ;  the  Tauloe.  {iMbrus  amcrieanus.)  Ma.fs.  Rep. 

2.  A  small  kind  of  whale,  about  twenty  feet  long. 

BLACK'FLUX,  n.  .\  mixture  ctf  carbonate  of  potash 
and  charcoal,  obtained  by  deilagrating  tariar  with 
half  its  Wfight  of  niter.  Brande. 

BI*ACK'-FOR-EST,  n.  [Mack  and  forest.]  A  forest 
in  Germany,  in  Swabia  ;  a  part  of  the  ancient  Iler- 
cj'nian  fc>rest. 

BLACK'FRI-AR,  a.  Blaekjriars  Is  a  name  given  to 
the  Dominican  order,  caJled  also  Predicants  and 
Preaching  friars  ;  in  France,  Jacobins.    Eneyc. 

BLACK'GUARD,  n.  [said  to  be  of  black  and  ^ard; 
but  is  it  not  a  corruption  of  blacJcard,  black-kind  ?] 

One  who  uses  abusive,  scurrilous   language,  or 
treats  others  with  foul  abuse. 

BLACK'GUXRI),  v.  L  ,To  revile  in  scurrilous  lan- 
guage.    [Low.] 

BLACK'GUARD,  a.    Scurrilous;  abusive. 

BLACK'GUARD-iaM,  ti.  The  conduct  or  language 
of  a  blackguard. 

BLACK'-GUM,n,  An  American  tree,  of  the  genus 

AV.««i,  growing  south  of  Philadelphia.    The  wood  is 

■  soiitf,  and  not  apt  to  split,  and  hence  is  used  for  naves 

or  huhs,  and  in  shii>-builjing.  Gardner. 

BLACK'HEART-EI),  a.  Having  a  black  or  malig- 
nant heart. 

BLACK'IXG,  ppr.     Making  black. 

BLACK'ING,  n.  A  substance  used  for  blacking  shoes, 
variously  made ;  any  factitious  matter  for  making 
tliinss  black.  E-iciie.    Ask. 

BLACK'ISII,  a.  Somewhat  black;  moderately  black 
or  dark. 

BLACK'-JACK,  n.  .\  name  given  by  miners  to  blend, 
a  mineral  called  also  foist  galena.     It  is  an  ore  of 


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zinc,  in  combination  witii  iron   and  sulphur ;  sul- 
phurcl  of  zinc.  Jv'idioUon. 

a.  A  le;iU>em  cup  of  old  times. 

BLACK'-LEAH,  (Ud,)  w.  A  mineral  of  a  d:irk  steel- 
gniy  col.ir,  and  of  a  scaly  texture,  coniponed  of  car- 
Im.u,  witli  a  suiiill  portion  of  iron.  This  name,  black- 
Uady  is  improiM^r,  an  it  cuutiiins  no  lead.  It  is  called 
jdumba^ity  ana  graphite,  as  it  is  used  for  pfncils. 

BLACK'LEG,  ii.  A  term  apidied  lo  nolurioua  gam- 
birrs  and  rh'-als, 

BLACK'-LEGS,  n.  In  some  parts  of  England,  a  dis- 
ease among  calves  aiul  sheep.  It  is  a  sort  of  jelly 
which  settles  in  the  legs,  and  sometimes  in  tlio  neck. 

BLACK'-LET'TER,  n.  A  frm  applied  to  the  old 
English  or  modern  Gothic  letter,  iu  which  the  early 
English  manuseripts  were  written,  nud  the  lirsi  Eiig- 
lisli  books  wrre  i>riuted.  Bnuide. 

BLACK'-Li:'l"'rEIt,  a.     Written  or  printed  iu  black- 
letter  ;  as,  a  black-letter  manuscript  or  book, 
a.  Studoius  of  books  in  black-lelter. 

"  Ki-mMc  a  blnek-letter  m&ii  1 "  Boadett. 

BLACK'LY,  ailc.     Darkly;  atrociously. 

BLACK'-.MAlli,  n.     A  cerUiin  mtc  of  money,  com, 

cattli^,  or  other  thing,  aucii-ntly  imid,  in  the  north  of 

England,  to  certain  men,  who  were  allied  to  robbers, 

to  be  by  Ihcm  pmlected  from  pillage.    Cmeel.    Eneijc. 

9.  rilark-ri-nl,or  rents  paid  in  corn  or  flesh.  Encyc. 

BLACK'-.MON'DAV,  ».  Easter  M.iuday,  in  34  td. 
III.,  whirl)  was  misty, obscure,  and  so  cold  that  men 
died  on  linrse'vick.  St<twe. 

BLACK'-MoXKS,  n.  pi.  A  d;>noniination  given  to  the 
llenedictines.  Encyc 

BLACK'-MOUTH-£D,  a.  Using  foul  or  scurrilous 
langnape.  Kdlimrbcek. 

BL.'VCK'NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  black  ;  black 
color;  darkness;  ntrociuuKuess  or  enormity  in  wick- 
edness. 

BLACK'-PIG'MEXT,   ti.     A  very  fine,  light,  carbona- 
ceous snltstTirice,  or  lamp  black  ;  prepared  chiefly  for   | 
lite  manufacture  of  printers'  ink.    Uy  a  recent  process, 
it  is  obtain"d  liy  burning  common  coal-tar.        Vre. 

BLACK'-PU'D'HING,  n.  A  kind  of  food  made  of 
bliHid  and  gniin.  Johiuion. 

BLACK'-KOI),  n.  [hlnck  and  rod.]  In  En^rland,  the 
usher  Ik  lungmg  to  the  order  of  the  garter  ;  so  called 
from  tlie  black  rod  which  he  carries.  He  is  of  the 
king's  chuniber  and  usher  of  parliament.       CoweL 

lilack  ri'iP  irrains;  a  species  of  iron  stone  or  ore, 
found  in  the  mints  about  Dudley  in  Stafl'ord shire, 
England.  Encijc. 

BLACK'-S£A,  n.  [bl/ick  and  sea.]  The  EuxiueSea, 
on  the  eastern  border  of  Europe. 

BLACK'-SllEEP,  «.  [ItUick  and  sheep.]  In  Oriental 
history,  the  ensign  or  standard  of  a  race  of  Turkmans 
in  Anni-nin  and  Mesojjotamia.  Ennir,. 

BLACK'-HfL'VKR,  n.  A  minend,  called  also  BnWc 
silvtr  (»/T,  consisting  of  silver,  antimony,  and  sulphur. 

BLACK'yMITH,  n.  [black  and  smith.]  A  nm'rtU  who 
works  in  iron,  and  makes  iron  uten^iils  j  more  prrti>- 
erly,  an  iron-sinith. 

BLACK'-fc-iNAKE,  jt.  A  serpent  of  a  black  color; 
two  species  are  found  in  America.  They  are  of  the 
genus  Coluber,  which  is  not  poistmous. 

BLACK-STIIAKES,  in  a  ship,  are  n  range  of  planks 
iniinediattly  above  the  wales  in  a  ship's  side,  covered 
w  ilh  tar  and  lamp-black.  Encijc 

BI.ACK'STUAP,  IU  A  name  of  a  liquor  drank  by 
the  vulgar.  * 

BLACK'TAIL,  n.  [black  and  tail.]  A  fish,  a  kind 
of  perch,  called  also  a  ruff  or  pope.  Johnson. 

BLACK''J'nOKN,  n.  [black  and  thorn.]  A  sjH'cies 
of  Prunus,  called  slve.  It  grows  ten  or  twelve  f -et 
high,  very  branchy,  and  armed  with  sharp,  strong 
spines,  and  bearing  small,  round,  black  cherries.  Jt 
is  much  cultivated  for  hedges.  Encyc. 

BLACK'TIN,  n.  [blnrk  and  tin.]  Tin  ore,  whrn 
dressed,  stamped,  and  wa-sheil,  ready  for  melting. 
It  is  the  ore  comminuted  by  beating  into  a  Mark 
powder,  like  fine  sand.  Encyc. 

BLACK'-TKE.sS-/':i).(-trest,}a.  Having  Mark  trusses. 

BLACK'-VlS-AG-i;i>,  a.  Having  a  dark  visage  or 
app.varance.  Mar.'tun. 

BLACK'-VOM'IT,  n.  A  copious  von»iting  of  dark 
cfilorod  matter,  rosembliiig  codec  grounds  ;  or  tin- 
substance  so  dischargi-d  ;  one  of  the  most  fatal  at- 
tendants of  the  yellow  fever. 

BLACK'-WADl),  n.  [bUick  and  ma/ld.]  An  ore  of 
manganese,  fiiimd  in  Derbyshire,  England,  and  u^rd 
as  a  dr}'ing  ingredient  in  jKiints.  It  is  reniarkablt; 
for  taking  fire  when  mixed  with  linseed  oil  in  a  cer- 
tain proportion.  Enryr. 

BLACK'-VVAL'iVUT.  n,  A  well-known  ATULficnn 
tree,  {Juglans  ni^a,)  the  wofid  of  wliich  is  of  a  dark 
color,  forming  a  beautiful  material  for  cabinet  work. 

BL.VCK'-U'ASH,  n.  A  lotion  madt;  by  mingling  cali>- 
m'^1  and  lime-water. 

BLACK'WORK,  n.  [block  and  work.]  Iron  wrnuglit 
by  blacksmiths;  so  called  in  distinction  from  that 
wrought  by  whitesmiths.  Encijc. 

BLAD'-AP'PLE,  a.  In  Many,  the  Cactus,  or  a 'spe- 
cies of  it.  Earn,  of  Plants. 

BLAD'DER,  n.     [Sax.  hbrdr,  bUpdra,  bledd>a,  a  blad- 


FaTE,  FAEt,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREV  —PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.  — 


BLA 

dpr,  anil  hlnf,  ^  pulTof  \vin»1,  also  Ji  cot»lrt,  frtiit,  th^  i 
lininch  uf  a  tn^c  ;  W.  plfilrm,  a  blatldirr ;  Sw.  an*l 
D.in.  blad,  a  pige,  a  I'lif,  Kng.  a  U<ule ,-  D.  blad,  a 
ba^  pa«e,  sheet,  a  boarJ,  a  blad^,  a  plate. ,-  G.  6^af/,  a 
leaf;  blatter^  a  blister,  nliiih  is  our  bUuHer.  The 
Gvnnans  express  btaddfr  by  A/a^r,  D.  ft/on.f,  which  is 
our  Wa:p.  Hence  we  observe  that  the  sense  is  taken 
frum  sw^'Uinc,  exlendin?,  diluting,  bliiwjns;  Pax. 
blixtean,  to  blow  ;  W.  blvty  or  btwOi^  a  piilT  or  blast ; 
VC.ptcly  extension,  from  ^/^^Z,  breadth;  L.  latu-iJ] 

1.  A  bap  or  sac  in  animal-i,  wliirh  serves  ax  the 
r'Ct'itiacle  of  some  secreted  Iluid  ;  as,  tiie  urinary 
b'a  !dcr^  the  ^aU  Madder^  &c.  By  way  i>f  eminence, 
the  word,  in  roniinon  langntise,  denotes  tlie  urinary 
bidder,  either  witliin  llie  animal,  or  when  taken  out 
and  inflated  with  air.  Kucyc.    Johnsov. 

2.  Any  vesicle  or  blister,  especially  if  filled  wiUi 
air,  or  a  thin,  watery  liquor. 

X  In  botaayy  a  distended  membranaceous  pericarp. 

Jl/«rfyw. 
BLAD'DER-ED,  a.     Swell-d  like  a  bladder.     Z)r:jderu 

9.  Put  up  in  bladders  ;  a.-*,  bladdered  l;ird. 
BLAD'L)P:R-A\"0LING,  n.     Fi^^hine  by  means  of  a 

biitf-d  h(.M.k  ntiactied  to  an  infltited  bladder. 
BLAD'DKK-NUT,  n.     [bhuhlrr  aiid  mm/.]     A  genus  of 
phints,  with  the  generic  name  of  Stapnylea.     They 
have  three  capsules,  inflated  and  joined  by  a  longi- 
tudinal "utune,  Encyc 

2.  The  ^rican  htaddrr-nvt  is  the  Royena. 

3.  Tlie  laurel-Uaced  bladder-nut  is  a  species  of  Ilei, 
holm,  or  hnllv.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

BLAD'DEK-SiEN''\A,  or  bfntard-scnna ;  a    penus  of 

plants,  rall'*d  in  lii.t;iiiy  CohUja.        ^hi.  of  Plants, 
The  jointed'jjoiIJed  bUidder-seana  is  the  Coronilla. 
Fam.  of  Plants. 
Bl*AD'DEK-y,  a.    Resembling  a  bladder  ;  contuiniug 

bLidders.  ** 

BLADK,  R.     [?a.T.  bhp-i,  bl^d,  a  branch,  fruit,  herbs, 

goblet,  a  phial,  the  broad  part  or  blad'-  of  an  f*ar  ;  Or. 

Tr>arp{,  broad.    The  rtdical  sense  is  to  shoot,  extend, 

dilate.    Pee  Bi-adder-] 

1.  Properly,  th;  k-af,  rrfiitt  part  of  the  leaf,  (/i;^a,) 
of  gramineous  plants,  though  tlie  tenu  in  often  ap- 
plii;d  to  tlie  ppire. 

In  Vtls  sense  of  leaf,  the  term  ia  much  use^fy  in  the 
Southr-rn  SOit'S  iff  JW'rth  America^  for  the  leaves  of 
maizf  'r'lich  are  UAtd  an  fodder. 

2.  The  rutting  part  of  an  instrument,  as  the  blade 
of  a  knife,  or  sword,  so  named  from  its  length  or 
breadth.  I'suatty.  it  is  made  of  iron  or  steel,  but 
may  be  of  any  other  metal,  ra.-it  or  wrought  to  an 
edge  or  point.     Al^o,  the  broad  part  of  an  oar. 

3.  The  bUiJe  of  the  shouHer.,  sfwulder-blade,  or  blade- 
bune,  is  the  scapula,  or  scapular  bone.  It  is  the  broad 
upiR-r  bone  of  the  shoulder,  so  called  from  iu  resem- 
bl  LUce  to  a  blade  or  leaf. 

4.  A  brisk  man  ;  a  bold,  forward  man  ;  a  rake. 
BLADE,  r.  /.     To  furni:^h  with  a  blade. 
BLAUlVBr).\'E,  n.    The  scapula,  or  upper  bone  in 

ih,'  .-liuul<I<;r. 

m.AD'EDfPp.  Having  a  blade  or  blades.  It  maybe 
used  uf  blade  tn  the  sense  of  a  leaf,  a  spire,  or  the 
cutting  [Mft  of  an  instrumenL 

a.  In  mirtfraJoiry,  c«m|)o»(d  of  long  and  narrow 
plates  Ukr  the  blade  of  a  knife.  CUaceUuuL 

BLaDE'SMITII,  n.     A  sword  cutler. 

BLAD'INC;,  ppr.     Furniwhing  with  a  blade. 

BLaI.V,  n.     [Sax.  hlesene  ;  D.  bUvi.} 

A  pustula;  a  botch  ;  a  blister.  In/rtrri>rj/,a  bladder, 
growing  on  the  rfK>t  of  the  tongue,  against  the  wind- 
pipe, wbich  swells  so  as  to  stop  the  breath.  Enryc. 

BLXM'A-IJLE,  o.  [Pee  Blame.]  Faulty  j  culpable; 
rtrpreheiisible  ;  di^-tervnig  of  censure.  Drifden. 

BLAM'A-BI.E  XESS,  n.  Culpjibleneas  ;  fault;  the 
stale  of  being  worthy  of  censure,  Whitlock. 

BLAM'A-BLY,  ode.  Culpably  ;  in  a  manner  dcserv- 
inff  of  censure. 

BI'AME,  p.  L  [Fr.ftW/nfr,  for  hlnsmer:  It.  hiasmare^ia 
blame  ;  biasmo,  for  blasino^  blame.  The  fin'fks  have 
the  root  of  this  word  in  fiX'tu-prjtic'o,  to  bULtpheme^ 
and  it  seems  to  be  of  the  same  family  as  Fr.  bles^CTy 
to  injure,  tliat  is,  to  strike.  Kr^e  Bi.emi«h.  But  it 
is  not  clear  that  the  noun  ought  not  to  be  arranged 
before  the  vi:rb.] 

i.  To  censure;  to  express  disapprobation  of;  to 
find  fault  with ;  opposed  to  praise  or  cvmmrtui^  and 
applieabU  most  properly  to  persons,  but  applied  also  tu 

1  wiihatuixl  liiin,  bccaiiae  ha  wik  lo  be  blamed.  — fial.  B. 
I  mu"!  blame  your  comhirt  j  or  I  nuist  blame  you 
for  n«-ei>*ctinff  business,     l^gitinmtely,  it  can  not  bo 
follow.'d  by  of. 

3.  To  bring  reproach  upon  ;  to  blemish  ;  to  injure. 
[S*,t'  Blemish.] 

Hh-  hA<1  blftmed  hn  acAitr  Wood.     [06t-]  Spenter. 

BLA.ME,  n.  Censure  ;  reprehension  ;  Imputation  of  a 
fault;  dii«apprnbation  ;  an  exprcsi^ion  of  disapproba- 
tion for  souifihing  deemed  to  l»e  wrong. 

1^1  lit*  U!«»r  O*-  blatnt  foi^vr.  —Geo,  xl\k. 

5.  Fault;  crime;  sin;  that  which  i»  deserving  of 
censure  or  diwapprobation. 

TbBt  ve  (hcruld  be  hcdj  Mul  witlimil  blame  l-dure  him  In  lore.  — 
Eph.  I. 


BLA 

y.  Hurt ;  injury. 

Aud  g^Iancinjj  down  tiis  shield,  from  blamt  him  fiiirlj  M<?«L 

Speneer. 

The  sense  of  this  word,  as  used  by  Spenser,  proves 
that  it  is  a  derivative  from  the  root  i^tf  blemish. 

To  blame,  in  the  phrase.  He  is  to  blame,  signifies 
blamablcy  to  be  bliuncil.  This  is  a  pure  Saxon  phrase. 
A  like  use  of  to  is  seen  in  to-duy,  to-ni^H,  and  in 
together^  a  comjMJund. 

Blame  is  not  strictly  a  charge  or  accusation  of  a 
fault ;  but  it  implies  an  oi)inion  in  the  censurinjr  par- 
ty, that  the  person  censured  is  faulty.    Blame  is  tiie 
act  or  expre.ssirtu  of  disapprobation  for  what  is  sup- 
jiosed  to  be  wrong. 
BLA.M'i:D,  (bUiud,)p/j.     Censured  ;  disapproved. 
BLaME'FIJL,  a.     Faulty;  meriting  bhune  ;  reprehen- 
sible. 
BLaME'FIJL-LY,  adv.     In  a  blameful  manner. 
BLAME'FijL-NESS,  n.     State  of  being  blameful. 
BLaME'IjEiSS,  a.     Without  fault;    innocent;   guilt- 
less ;  not  meriting  censure. 

A  butiop  OiL'n  must  be  blnmeleti,  —  I  Tim.  IH. 
Sometimes  followed  by  of 

We  will  b?  blarrulesa  Of  llib  thine  oath.  —  Jcnh.  11. 

BLAME'LESS-LY,  adv.  Innocently;  without  fault 
or  crime.  Jlaminnnd. 

BLAME'LES3-NESS,  n.  Innocence  ;  a  state  of  being 
not  worthy  of  censure.  Haatmond, 

BLaM'EU,!!.  One  who  blames,  finds  fault,  or  censures. 

BLA.ME'WOR-THI-.NESS,  (-wur-lhe  nes,)  »i.  The 
quatitv  of  deserving  censure. 

BhAME'WOUTHV,  a.  [blame  and  worfAi;.]  De- 
serving blame ;  censurable;  culpable;  reprihensible. 

Martin. 

BLAM'IXG,  »7>r.    Censuring  ;  finding  fault. 

BL.\.\€'ARD,  n.     [Fr.  blane^  white,  and  atv/,  kind.] 
A  kind  of  lin"n  cloth  manufactured  in  Normandy, 
BO  called  because  the  thread  is  half  blanched  before 
it  is  wove.  Eneyc. 

BL.\XCH,».  ^  \Fx.  blanchir  i  It.  blanchire,\\\ti  I  su[>- 
pressed  as  in  blame;  Sp.  blaaqnear i  Port,  branquear, 
ichanaed  intor;  Eng.  blank.    Hee  Bleach.] 

1.  To  whiten  ;  to  take  out  the  color,  and  make 
white;  to  obliterate.  JOrydeiu 

2.  To  slur;  to  balk;  to  pass  over;  that  is,  to 
avoid;  to  make  empty.     [06.*.J  Bacon. 

3.  To  make  white  by  stripping  of  the  peel-,  as,  to 
blanch  almonds.  fVitemnn. 

4.  In  irardcninffy  lo  whiten  by  excludinc  the  light, 
as  the  stalks  or  leaves  of  plants,  by  earthing  them  up, 
or  tying  tJiem  tngeihcr.  Brande. 

BLANCH,  r.  i.    To  evade;  to  shift  ;  to  speak  softly. 

./uhnson. 
Rather,  to  fail  or  withhold  ;  to  be  reserved  ;  to  re- 
main bUttik,  or  empty. 

B"oks  will  sprmii  plain,  wh'Tti  coun»r\or»  blanck.  Bacon. 

BLANCH'A'n,  (blanrht,)  pp.     Whitened.  , 

BLXNCH'ER,  n.  One  who  whitens;  also,  one  who 
anneals  and  cleanses  money. 

BLANCH-IM'E-TER,  n.  [blanchj  and  Or.  pcTpov, 
measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  bleaching  power 
of  oxymuriate  [chlorid]  of  lime,  and  potash.     (7re. 

BLANCH'ING,  ppr.  or  i^    Whiti-ning;  making  white. 

BLANCH'ING,  ti.  The  act  uf  whitening.  In  coinairey 
the  oiK-nition  of  giving  brightness  to  pieces  of  silver, 
by  healing  them  on  a  peel,  and  afterward  boiling 
them  successively  in  two  pans  of  copiwr,  with  aipia 
fortis,  conmion  salt,  and  tartar  of  MonIp<'lier,  then 
draining  otf  the  water  in  a  sieve.  Sand  and  fresh 
water  are  then  thrown  over  them,  and,  when  dry, 
they  are  nibbed  with  a  tiiwel.  Fnajc. 

'i'he  Covering  of  iron  plates  with  a  thin  coat  of  tin 
is  also  calT'd  btancking.  Kncyc. 

In  'janlrniit^,  the  term  blanching  is  applied  to  the 
process  of  whitening  the  st:ilks  or  leaves  of  plants, 
by  eartiiing  them  up,  or  tying  them  together,  so  as  to 
exclude  the  light,  or  dimmish  its  intensity.  Brande. 
Blanch  femiyOT  blank  farm,  in  ancient  /iii/>,  a  white 
fann,  was  onu  where  the  rent  was  paid  in  silver,  not 
in  cattle.  Eacyc. 

Bluaeh-hohling  ;  In  law,  a  tenure  by  which  the  ten 
ant  is  Iwnind  to  [wiy  only  an  elusory  yearly  duty  to 
bis  superior,  as  an  acknowledgment  to  his  right. 

Encye. 

BLANCH'LVG-Ua'UOU,  (  lik'or,)  n.  The  solution 
of  chlorid  of  lime  for  bleaching;  called  by  workmen 
chrmic.  Porter. 

B/^JVC  MAJ^OFJ,     \  (blo.nionje',)  n.      [Fr.   white 

BLJIJ^C-M.^J^'aF.H,\      ftwd.] 

In  cuokrnjf  a  preparation  of  dissolved  isinglass, 
m  Ik,  sugar,  ciimamon,  &.C.,  boiled  into  a  thick  con- 
•i/ttrnr*.  Eticye. 

BLAND,  rt.  [L.  blandus;  Vr.  bland;  G.  Umle,  gelinde, 
mild,  soft;  i^w.  lijuira;  G.tiudr.m;  V.lindercTi;  Dan. 
lindre;  to  soften  or  mitigate;  Dan.  lind^  soft,  mild, 

gsntle  ;  L.  lenisf  Icntus;  At.   ,,-XS  lana,  to  be  mild, 

0oft,  gentle,  placid,  smooth, /mt«nC.    Sec  RELcrtT.] 

Mild;  soil;  gentle;  as,  bland  words;  bland  zeph- 
yrs. Milton.      Thum-wn. 


BLA 

III. AND  A'TIO.V.  V.     Gross  llatU^n'.     [.Vet  usrd.] 
BLAXD-IL'0-aUENCE,  n.    [L.  blandua,  mild,  aud 

laqiiiir,  to  s[)8ak.] 

Fair,  mild,  flattering  speech. 
BLAND'lrrH,  v.  t.     (L.  blaadior  :  IL  blandire:  Sp.  b!an- 
diar,  blajidir;  Old  Eng.  blandise.]  Chaucer. 

To  soften ;  to  caress ;  to  flatter  by  kind  words  or 
aflfi  ctioiiate  actions.  Milton. 

BLAND'ISH-ER,  h.    One  that  flatters  with  soft  words. 
BLAND'iSH-LNG,  ppr.     fc'ooUiing  or  flattering  with 

fair  words. 
BLAND'ISH-ING,  n.     Blandishment. 
BLAND'ISll-MENT,  n.    Soft  words ;  kind  speeches  ; 
caresses;  expression  of  kindness;  words  or  actions 
expr^^ssive  of  aficction  or  kindness,  and  tending  to 
win  the  heart.  Milton.     Drydcn. 

BLAND'N'^yS,  n.    State  of  being  bland.     Chalmers. 
BLANK,  a.     [Fr.  blanc;  It.  bianco;  Sp.  bianco;  D.  and 
Ger.  blank ;  Dan.  blank,  shining ;  Sw.  blatuk,  white, 
shining;  blankia,  to  shine      See  Bleach. 1 

1    Void;  empty;  consequently  while;  as,  a  blank 
paper. 
9.  White  or  pale ;  as,   he  blank  moon.       Milton. 
3.  Pale  from  fear  or  terror  ;  hence,  confused  ;  con- 
founded ;  dispirited ;  dejected. 


Adnm  —  lutonSshcd  stood,  and  blattk. 


MilUm. 


4.  Without  rhyme ;  as,  blank  verse,  verse  in  which 
rhyme  is  wantinif. 

5.  Pure  ;  entire  ;  complete.  Beddoes. 

6.  Nut  containing  balls  or  bullets;  as,  blank  car- 
tridses. 

This  word  is  applied  to  various  other  objects,  usu- 
ally in   tile  sensi-  of  destitution,  emptiness  ;   as,  a 
blank  line,  a  blank  space,  in  a  book,  &c. 
BLANK,  71.     Any  void  space  ;  a  void  space  on  paper, 
or  in  any  written  instrument. 

S.  A  lot  by  ivhich  nothing  is  gained ;  a  ticket  in  a 
lolter>'  which  draws  no  prize. 

3.  A  paper  unwritten ;  a  paper  witliout  marks  or 
characters. 

4.  A  pajKir  containing  the  substance  of  a  legal  in- 
strument, as  a  deeil,  release,  writ,  or  execution,  witli 
vacant  spaces  left  to  be  filled  with  nmnes,  AmW.,  de- 
scriptions, &.C. 

5.  The  ixiint  of  a  target  to  which  an  arrow  is  di- 
rected, marked  with  white  paper.    [Little  used.]   Hhak. 

6.  Aim;  shot     [Obg.]  hak. 

7.  Object  to  which  any  thing  is  directed.      Shak. 

8.  A  small  copper  coin  formerly  current  in  France, 
at  the  rate  of  5  deniers  Tournois.  Thi-re  were  also 
pieces  of  three  blanks,  and  of  six  ;  but  they  are  now 
become  moneys  of  account  Encye. 

9.  In  coinage,  a  plate  or  piece  of  gold  or  silver,  cut 
and  sha|)ed,  but  not  stamped.  Encyc. 

Blank-bar;  in  law,  a  common  bnr,or  a  plea  in  bar, 
which,  in  an  action  of  tresjtass,  is  put  in  lo  oblige 
the  plaintifl"  lo  assign  the  place  where  the  trespass 
was  committed.  Encyc. 

Point-blank  shoti  in  gunner>',  the  shot  of  a  gun 
leveled  luprizonTally.  'i'he  dii^tance  between  the 
piece  and  the  jxiint  where  the  shot  first  toucht-s  the 
ground  is  called  the  point-blank  range;  the  shot  pro- 
ceeding on  a  straight  line,  without  curving.  Encyc 

BLANK,  V.  t.     To  make  void  ;  to  annul.       Spenser. 
2.  To  deprive  of  color,  the  index  of  ht^alth  and 
spirits;  to  damp  the  spirits;  to  dispirit  or  confuse; 
as,  lo  blank  the  face  of  joy.  Shak.     I'illot-ton. 

BLANK-CAlf'J'RIDGE,  n.  A  cartridge  filled  with 
IMUvder,  but  having  no  ball.  Booth. 

BLANK'/:!),  (blankt,)  pp.     Confused  ;  dispirited. 

BLANK'ET,  n.  [Fr.  blanclu-l,  the  blanket  of  a  printing- 
press.] 

L  A  cover  for  a  bed,  made  of  coarse  wool  loosely 
woven,  and  used  for  securing  against  cold.  Blankets 
are  used  also  by  soldiers  and  seamen  for  covering. 

2.  A  kind  of  pear,  sometimes  written,  after  the 
French,  blanqtLct. 

3.  Among  printrrs,  woolen  clolh,  or  wliite  baize,  to 
lay  between  Ihe  tunpans.  Print.  Ouide. 

BLANK'ET,  b.  t.  'i'o  loss  in  a  blanket  by  way  of  pim- 
ishment ;  an  anrimt  custom.  The  emperor  Olho  used 
to  sally  forth  in  dark  nights,  and,  if  ho  found  a 
drunken  man,  he  administered  the  discipline  of  the 
blanket.  Encyc. 

2.  To  cover  with  a  blanket 

BLANK'ET-ING,  ppr.     Tossing  in  a  blanket 

BLANK'ET-ING,  n.    The  punishment  of  tossing  in  a 
a.  Cloth  for  blankets.  [blanket 

BLANK'LY,  ado.  In  a  blank  manner;  with  paleness 
or  confusion. 

BLANK'NESH,  n.     State  of  being  blank. 

BLANK'-VEKSP;,  n.  Any  verse  without  rhyme  ;  ap- 
plied particularly  to  the  heroic  verse  of  five  leet  with- 
out rhvnie. 

i(/^JV-Qf//i:7"/'/;',(blan-ket',)  n.  [Fr.]  In  eookrry, 
a  while  fricassee.  Coolmi. 

BLARE,  V.  i.  [Old  Belgic  blaren;  Teut.  hlarren';  U 
ploro,  to  cry  out,  to  bawt,  to  weep ;  Ir.  blor,  or  fflor,  a 
noise,  or  voice.  The  radical  sense  is  to  shoot  or  drivo 
forth,  or  to  spread.] 

1.  To  roar;  lo  bellow.     [Little  used.]       Johnson, 

2.  To  swt.'fil  or  melt  away,  as  a  cnmJle.      Bailey, 
This  is,  I  bi'lieve,  usually  called /arc. 


TONE.  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOU8.  — €  aa  K;  0  aa  i ;  ■  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


BLA 

BJLXKE,  n.    Roar;  noise.     [LittU  used.] 

And  tigh  ^v  tnttk'r  Uixrw.  fiorfow. 

9.  A  sraalt  copper  coin  oI'Bem,  nearly  of  Uie  same 
value  ns  the  biiU.  Khcuc, 

BLX  R'.NEY,  B,  Smooth,  deceitful  talk  ;  flatten-.  [/ruA,] 
BLAS-PHkME',  r.  t  [Gr.  iiXan^ntuu'.  The  first  syl- 
lable is  the  same  tun  in  b!ame^  Wa-w,  dt'notinc  injurj- ; 
probably,  Fr.  Wr^vfr,  to  hurt,  tliat  is,  tu  strike;  L. 
mdOf  bisus.  Ilenre  in  S^x  bla.>fruiable  is  blaiAoMe, 
The  last  teylluble  i;^  the  Gr.  ■:-ru-t,  to  ^|M-ak.] 

1.  To  !tpi-ak  of  liie  Supreme  Being  iu  terms  of  impl- 
oua  im-vi-n-nce;  to  revile  or  spc-ak  reprnach fully  of 
Cod,  or  the  Holy  Spirit.     I  Kings  xxt.     Jtark  iii 

2.  To  sptak  evil  of;  to  utter  abuiv  or  calumny 
a^nst ;  to  speak  reproachfully  of.  i*opc 

BLAS-PHeSIE'.  V.  i.    To  uUei  Uosphemy. 

Ut  Uni  riuOl  &«aip4<nc  »(MMt  the  IMjr  Sfini  •1»U  aot  Iw  ftw- 
fivm.  —  Msjii  iii. 

S.  To  arrogaie  tb«  prrrogativea  of  God. 

BLAS-PMP.M'ER,  n.  Une  who  blasphemes ;  one  who 
•ut-alui  of  God  to  impious  and  irreverent  terras. 

I  Tim.  L 

BLAS-PHf.M'IXG,  fpr.  Uttering  impious  or  reproach- 
ful wnrd^  concemmg  Go<l. 

BLA!!»'PHK-MOUS,  a.  Containing  blasphemy ;  calum- 
nious ;  impiously  imrVL-rcnt  or  reproachful  toward 
God.  S.dney. 

BLAS'PHE-MOrS-LY,  aitv.  Impiously;  with  impi- 
oti«  irfver-nre  to  God. 

BLAS  rilE-MY,  H.  An  indisnity  offered  to  God  by 
words  orwntinic;  reproacbful,  coniemfituous,  or  Ir- 
fBVertot  wonb  uClercd  impiously  acrainst  Jehovah. 

Bttafktimf  b  Ml  in)nrr  ti/f-T>rd  to  God,  U  ij^nyiit^  ihiU  whkb  h 
our  Mkl  tHonffai  j  to  Win,  or  ■iinTiiKWtf  la  turn  Uial  wWcfa 
h  oot  »gir^atm  to  Ui  oMn*.  timmood, 

Tn  the  middle  ages,  bhutphemy  was  used  to  denote 
simply  the  blaming  or  condemniniE  of  a  person  or 
thins.  Ainone  Ihe  Greeks,  to  bUiipkmm*  wan  to  u»e 
words  of  ill  umrQ,  which  they  were  carefbJ  to  avoid. 

9.  That  which  derogates  from  the  prerofatives  of 
God.  Mark  ti. 
BLAST,  a.  [Sax.  M«^>  a  pufT  of  wind,  a  blowing; 
Sw.Mojf ;  IXin.  hUjt ;  Ger.  bU^r»  :  D.  blaatcn  .-  Dan. 
Mms  ;  Sw.  AioM,  to  blow ;  whence  Ger.  bla^e^  D. 
MWoff,  Sw.  MsM.  a  bladder.  Hence  Gng.  blau.,  which 
is  primarily  a  hioteim^  or  ittreiliHg:  Icf-.  blvejt^  to  blow. 
Qu.  Pr.  A/cMT,  to  bum  np,  to  consume.  The  prima- 
ry sense  b  to  rush  or  drive  ;  hence  to  strike.] 

L  A  pisl  or  puff*  of  wind ;  or  a  sudden  gust  of 
wind. 

&  The  ioaiid  made  by  blowing  a  wind  instnimenL 

Skak. 

3.  Any  pemtcions  or  destructive  influence  upon 
animals  or  planu. 

4.  The  infection  of  any  thing  pestilential ;  a  blight 
on  plants. 

5.  A  sudden  compression  of  air,  attended  with  a 
■hock,  cansed  by  the  discharge  of  cannon. 

6.  A  Aatnlent  disease  in  sheep. 


7.  A  ft>rcible  stream  of  air  from  the  mouth,  from 
the  belkiws,  or  the  like. 

8.  A  violent  explosion  of  gunimwder,  in  splitting 
rocks,  and  the  exploi:ion  of  inflammable  air  in  a 
mine. 

9.  The  whole  blowinc  of  a  force  necessary  to  melt 
one  supply  of  ore  ;  a  common  use  of  llie  word  umung 
workmen  in  forces  in  America. 

BLAST,  c.  L  [Litenlly,  to  strike.]  To  make  to 
wither  by  some  pernicious  influence,  as  tix>  much 
beat  or  moisture,  or  other  dfstructive  cause  ;  or  to 
check  growth  and  prevent  from  coming  to  maturity 
and  producing  fniit ;  to  blight,  as  trees  or  plants. 

3.  To  afflxt  with  s-wie  sudden  violence,  pUgue, 
cabnnity,  or  drstmctive  influence,  which  de>troys  or 
causes  to  f^tl ;  as,  to  blast  pride  or  hopes.  The  fleu- 
latire  senses  of  this  verb  are  taken  from  the  blasting 
of  plants,  and  all  express  the  idea  of  checking 
nowtb.  preventing  maturity,  impairing,  injuring, 
destiuyiag,  or  disappointing  of  the  intended  elTcct ; 
as,  to  Moat  credit,  or  reputttion  ;  to  blast  designs. 

X  To  confound,  or  strike  with  force,  by  a  loud 
blast  or  din.  Shak, 

A.  To  split  rocks  by  an  exfdosion  of  gunpowder. 

Tl*-y  did  oot  map  u>  Viut  this  ore.    /V»ter'«  Kalm'a  TraoeU. 

BLAST'ED,  pp.  Affected  by  some  cause  that  checks 
growth,  injures,  impairs,  destroys,  or  renders  atku-- 
tive  :  split  by  an  explosion  of  gunpttwder. 

BLAST'ER,  B.     He  or  that  which  blasts  or  destroys, 

BLAST'-FL'R-XACE,  ».  A  furnace  for  smelting  ores, 
in  which  the  siipply  of  air  is  furnished  by  a  very 
powerful  bellows,  or  other  pneumatic  apparatus. 

Braadt. 

BL.1ST'ING,  ppr,  AflcclinK  by  a  blast;  preventing 
from  coming  to  maturity  ;  fhistraling ;  splitting  by  an 
explosion  of"  gunpowder. 

BLXST'ING,  n.    A  blast ;  destruction  by  a  pernicious 
cause. 
2.  The  act  of  splitting  by  an  explosion  of  gunpowder. 


BLE 

BLXST'.MENT,  «.  Ul:tst ;  sudden  stroke  of  some 
destructive  cause,  [tiuiwrseded  by  Blast  and  Blast- 
IXG.1  Shak, 

BLAS-TO-€.\R'rOU^,  a.  [Gr.  ^Aoffroj,  germ,  and 
«ti/>Ti<,  fruit.] 

In  botany^  germinating  inside  the  pcricani)  ^^  t'l^ 
manirnivp.  Brandt, 

BL.\ST'-I*irE,  »i.  A  pipe  in  a  locomotive  engine  to 
carr>'  the  wiKe  steam  up  the  cliiuiney  ;  also,  a  piiH! 
to  urge  the  fire  by  creating  a  slnmEtr  cumiit  of  air. 

BLvX'TANT.  a.  [See  Bleat.]  Bellowing  as  a  calf. 
[.V(»f  iLscki.]  £>rydciu 

BLATF:.  a.     Bashf\il.     [ScottUh.] 

BL.AT'TER,  r.  i.  [from  the  root  of  bleat.]  To  make 
a  «ens<'Iess  mdse. 

BL.\T'TER-ER,  a.  A  noisj-,  blustering  boaster.  [JVot 
M.1^,]^  Spender. 

BLAT'TERIXG,  ppr.    Blustering. 

BLAT'TER-IN'G,  h.     Senseless  blustering. 

BLAV,  M,     [See  BLKi.K.]     A  smalt  river  li^h,  the  bleak. 
J,  ^insirorlh.     Johnson. 

BLAZE,  n,  [Sw.  Wa.*a  ;  G.  bla.<rn  :  O.  blaaien  :  Dan. 
btAie^  to  blow,  and  blussf,  to  burn,  hlatfy  glisten  ; 
Eng.  to  blush :  Sax.  btaie^  a  lamp  or  torch  ;  Dan.  blus : 
Fr.  bUtser.  The  word  seems  primarily  to  express 
rushing  or  flowing,  or  violent  agitation,  and  ex- 
pansion.] 

1.  Flame;  the  stream  of  light  and  heat  from  any 
iKHly  when  burning,  proceeding  from  the  combustion 
of  inflammable  gas. 

a.  Publication  ;  wide  difl\»Hion  of  report.  In  this 
sense,  we  obser\'e  the  radical  sense  of  diUitation^  as 
Well  as  that  of  li>;hL 

3.  A  white  spot  on  the  forehead  or  face  of  a  horse, 
descending  nc:u-ly  to  the  nose. 

4.  .\  white  spot  made  on  trees  by  removing  the 
bark  with  a  hatchi-t. 

6.  Li^ht ;  e\p3nded  light ;  as,  the  htaxe  of  day. 
6.  Xolse;  agitation;  tumulL 
BLAZE,  c.  i.    To  flume  ;  as,  the  fire  Mn-.es, 

3.  To  send  forth  or  show  a  bright  and  expanded 
Ught. 

Tb«  Ibini  fiur  raom  now  blaxtd  upou  the  inaju.  Pope. 

X  To  be  conspicuous. 
BLAZE,  V.  L    To  make  public  far  and  wide. 

Tu  htaxe  thoae  rimnrs  which  the  good  would  )uil«.  Pope. 

2.  To  blazon.  [-Vlrf  iu*d.  See  Blaio-*.]  Peacham. 

3.  To  set  a  white  mark  on  a  tree,  by  paring  olf  a 
part  of  the  bark.  Chalma-.i. 

BLAZ'£D,  pp,  or  a.  Published  far  and  wide  ;  marked 
with  a  white  spt^it ;  as,  a  hlaxed  tree. 

BL.aZ'ER,  n.     One  who  publishes  and  spreads  report.-). 

BLAZ'ING,  ppr.  Flaming  ;  publishing  fur  and  wide  ; 
marking  with  a  «put. 

BLAZ'IMG,  a.  Emitting  flame  or  light ;  as,  a  blazing 
star.  ^ 

BLAZ'IXG-ST.XR,  b.  a  comet;  a  star  that  is  ac- 
mmpnnied  with  a  coma  or  train  of  light. 

BLA'ZO.V,  (bla'zn,)  r.  f.  [¥^t,  biasunHtr ;  It.  hlasonarf ; 
Sp.  bUtsoMor^  tu  blazon ;  blasotty  heraldry.  It  is  a  de- 
rivative of  blate.] 

1.  To  explain,  in  proper  terms,  the  figures  on 
ensigns  armorial.  Addison. 

2.  To  deck ;  to  embellish  ;  to  adorn. 

Six  b>A»iu  in  drrail  uTitl<.-a  bcHudcous  form.  Oarlh, 

3.  To  display  ;  to  set  to  show ;  to  celebrate  by 
words  or  writing.  Shak, 

4.  To  blaze  about ;  to  make  public  far  and  wide. 

5.  To  dirjplay  ;  to  exhibit  conspicuously. 

ThfMv  pnte  siu  blazoned  oa  tli'  unmciuiin^  brow.     TVwm&uU. 

BLA'ZOX,  n.  The  art  of  drawing,  describing,  or  ex- 
plaining coals  of  arms;  perhaps  a  coat  of  anris,  as 
us«^d  by  the  French.  Peacham. 

2.  Publication;  show;  celebration;  pompous  dis- 
play, either  by  word*  or  by  other  means. 

BLa'ZO.\'-/:D,  (bli'znd,)  pp.  Explained,  deciphered 
in  the  manner  of  heralds ;  published  abroad  ;  dis- 
played poinpiiusly. 

BL.a'ZO\-ER,  n.  One  thai  blazons;  a  herald;  an 
evil  s[Hyiker  or  propagator  of  scandal. 

BLA'ZO.N'-IXG,  ppr.  Explaining,  describing,  as  her- 
alds ;  showing ;  publishing ;  blazing  abroad  ;  dis- 
playing. 

BLA'Z0.\-RY,  n.  The  art  of  describing  or  explaining 
coats  of  arms  in  proper  terms. 

BLkA,  n.  The  part  of  a  tree  which  lies  immediately 
undtT  the  hark,     [fbeiirre  nottued.]  Ckambrrs. 

BLEA'BER-RY,  n.  A  British  plant  and  its  fniit,  a 
spt-ties  of  Vaccinium,  having  small  leaves  like  those 
of  box-wood,  and  little  purple  berries.     Parlinston. 

BLRACH,  p.  U  [Sax.  biecan;  D.  bleeken ;  G.  bleichciti 
Sw.bleka;  Dan.  fite^^c,  to  whiten  or  WracA;  D.btykcRy 
to  appear,  to  show  ;  Dan.  6/iA,  a  white  plate  of  iron, 
or  tin  plate ;  bleegy  pale,  wan,  Eng.  bleak ;  Sw.  blekj 

id. ;  bleka^  to  shine  ;  Ar.  lJiaj  balaka,  to  open  or  be 

opened,  to  shine ;  ^Oo  balaja^  id.    It  is  not  im- 
probable that  blank  and  blanch  are  the  same  word, 


BLE 

with  a  nasal  sound  casually  uttered  and  afterword 
written  before  tlie  linal  consunanuj 

To  whiten  ;  to  make  white  or  whiter,  by  removing 
the  original  color  ;  applied  to  viantf  thinif.i,  Init  partic- 
ularly  to  cloth  and  Oireail.  IJleacIiing  is  variously  per- 
formed, but  in  general  by  steeping  the  cloth  in  lye, 
or  a  solution  of  [>ot  or  ]>eurl  ashes,  and  then  exjHtsing 
it  to  the  soliir  rays. 

Bleuihing  is  now  generally  performed,  on  tin;  large 
scale,  by  means  of  clilurino  or  the  oxyniurialic  acid, 
which  has  the  property  of  whitening  vegetable  sub- 
stances.  Cyc. 

For  this  purpose,  a  solution  of  chlorid  of  lime  is 
generally  employed. 

BLft.ACII,  r.  L  To  grow  white  in  any  manner.   Shfik. 

BLkACH'£D,  (bleecht,)  pp.  or  a.  Whitened  ;  made 
white. 

BLkACU'ER,  n.  One  who  whitens,  or  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  whiten  cloth. 

BLkACH'ER-Y,  tu    A  place  for  bleaching  ;  as,  a  wax 

blenchfrii,  Titoke, 

BLkACH'-FIkLD,  ?i.    A  field  where  cloth  or  yarn  is 

bl.-arhfd. 

BLkACH'I.VG, ;)pr.  Whitening;  making  white;  be- 
coming white. 

BLfiACH'IN'G,  a.  The  act  or  art  of  whitening,  cs- 
[>eci:dly  cloth. 

BLkACII'ING-POW-DER,  ti.  a  powder  for  bleach- 
iiig,  consisluig  of  chlorid  of  lime. 

BLkAK,  a.  [Sax.  i/oc,  bltvk,  black  and  pale,  or  wan  ; 
nig-er,  paUidas,fnsciui.,  pulltis.  It  apjKjars  that  <irigi- 
nally  tiiis  word  did  not  denote  perfect  whiteness,  but 
a  wan  or  brown  color.  Tliis  is  from  the  same  root 
as  black  and  bUack,    See  Blkach.] 

1.  P:Uc.  [But  not  often  used  in  this  sense  in  A merica^ 
as  far  as  my  observations  extend,]  Oawer. 

2.  Open  ;  vacant ;  exposed  to  a  free  current  of  air ; 
as,  a  bleak  hill  or  shore.  This  is  the  true  sense  of  the 
word  ;  lience,  cold  and  cheerless.  A  bleak  wind  is 
not  so  named  merely  from  its  coldness,  but  from  its 
blowing,  without  interruption,  on  a  wide  w;tste  ;  at 
least  this  is  tlie  sense  in  Ami-rtc:u  So  in  Addison  : 
"  Ilcr  desolation  presents  us  with  nothing  hut  bleak 
and  barren  prospects." 

BLkAK,  n.    A  small  river  fish,  five  or  six  inches  long, 

so  named   from   its   whiteness.     It   belongs  to  the 

genus  l^yprinus,  and  is  called,  also,  by  contraction, 

bail.  Kncyc. 

BLKAK'LY,arf.     Coldly,    ^fay. 
ULkAK'XKSS,  n.    Openness  of  situation;  exposure 

to  the  wind;  hence  coldness.  Addison. 

BLeAK'Y,u.    Bleak  ;  open  ;  unsheltered  ;  cold  ;  chill. 

Dryden, 
BLkAR,  a.     [D.  blaar;  Dan.  blisre,  a  blister,  a  bladder 

or  bubble.] 
Sore  With  a  watery  rheum,  applied  only  to  the 

eyes.  UEstransre. 

BLk.^R,  r.  t.    To  make  sore  ;  to  affViCt  with  soreness 

of  eyes,  or  a  watery  humor ;  to  make  dim,  or  partially 

obscure  the  sight.  Rahiglu     Dryden. 

BLf.AR'^D,  pp.     Dimmed  bv  a  waterv  humor. 
BLEAR'ED-NESS,  n.    The 'state  of  being  bleared,  or 

diuuned  with  rheum.  Wiseman. 

BLkAR'IXG,  ppr.     Dimming  with  a  humor. 
BLk.\R'E?-ED,  ( Ide,)  a.     Having  sore  eyes  ;  having 

the  eyes  dim  with  rheum  ;  dim-iighted.        Butler. 
BLkAT,  v.  L     [Sax.  i/tfton  v    L.    blatfro  ;   D.    bUtcn ; 

Sw.  bladra^  pluddra ;   Dan.  pludrc.     It  coincides   in 

elements  with  L.  ^daado.] 
To  make  the  noise  of  a  sheep ;  to  cry  as  a  sheep. 
BLkAT,  ti.    The  cry  of  a  sheep. 
BLf.AT'ING,  ppT.  or  a.    Crying  as  a  sheep. 
BLf.AT'ING.  n.     The  cry  of  a  sheep. 
BLEB,  71.      [This  word  belongs  to  the  root  of  Waft, 

blabbe-r.] 
A  little  tumor,  vesicle,  or  blister. 

Arveiiic  abound*  witli  air  bUbi.  Kincan. 

BLEB'BY,  a.     Full  of  blebs.  Piullips. 

BLED,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Blked. 

BLEED,  V.  i. ;    preL  and  pp.  Bled.     [Sax.  blcdan  ;  D. 

bloeden ;  G.  bliUea ;  to  bleed ;  allied,  periiaps,  to  Gr. 

/iXvl^d}.] 

1.  To  lose  blood  ;  to  run  with  blood,  by  whatever 
means  ;  as,  the  arm  bleeds. 

2.  To  die  a  violent  death,  6t  by  slaughter. 

The  lamb  thy  riot  doom*  tg  bleed  lo-day.  Pope. 

3.  To  issue  forth,  or  drop  as  blood,  from  an  incis- 
ion ;  to  lose  sap,  gum,  or  juice  ;  as,  a  tree  or  a  vine 
bleeds* 

For  me  the  balm  sliall  bleed.  Pope. 

The  heart  bleeds,  is  a  phrase  used  to  denote  extreme 
pain  from  sympathy  or  pity. 

BLEED,  V.  U  To  let  blood;  to  take  blood  from  by 
opening  a  vein. 

BLEED'IXG,  ppr.  Losing  blood;  letting  blood;  los- 
ing sap  or  juice, 

BLEED'IXG,  n.  A  running  or  issuing  of  blood,  as 
from  the  nose  ;  a  hemorrhage  ;  the  operation  of  let- 
ting blood,  as  in  surgery ;  the  drawing  of  sap  from  a 

IIWa  I  "■  [«"■  """^  •■  °-  """'"•i  '""' "'  *"'""■ 

Bashful :  used  in  Scotland  and  the  northern  coun- 
ties of  Eugland.  Jukusotu 


t=7T^ 


TC-VE,  BtLL,  IJXITE.  — AN"GER,  VT'CIOUS.— C  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  ai  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 
__  _  . 


BLE 

BLEM'ISII,  r.  (.  [in  Fr.  blnair  is  to  grow  pnk-,  and 
blimt^  from  the  ancient  i^lesme,  ia  paie,  wan  ;  Arm. 
blem;  Norm,  blibsme,  blamed;  blemis/i,  and  blesmvs^ 
broken  ;  bUmishtnent,  blemis-tment^  infringement,  prej- 
udice ;  bltsme,  pale,  wan  ;  from  ble^.^er,  to  injure,  or 
Us  root,  from  which  was  formed  the  noun  blesme^ 
pale,  wan,  or  black  and  blue^  as  we  should  now  say  ; 
and  tlie  *  being  dropped,  Warner  and  blcmir  were 
formed.    See  Blame.] 

1.  To  mark  with  any  deformity  ;  to  injure  or  im- 
pair anything  which  is  well  formed,  or  excellent  j 
to  mar,  or  make  defective,  either  the  body  or  mind. 

Sidneu. 

2.  To  tomisli,  as  reputation  or  character;  lo'de- 
f^me.  Dryden, 

BLEM'ISH,  n.  Any  mark  of  deformity  ;  any  scar  or 
defect  that  diminishes  beauty,  or  renders  imperfect 
that  which  is  well  formed. 

a.  Reproach  ;  disgrace  ;  that  which  impairs  reputa- 
tion ;  taint ;  turpitude  ;  deformity.  Hooker. 

BLEM'ISH-£D,  (blt-m'isht,)  pp.  Injured  or  marred  by 
any  mark  of  deformity  ;  tarnished  ;  soiled. 

BLEM'I9H-ING,  p;w.  Marking  with  deformity;  tar- 
nishing. 

BLEM'ISH-LESS^a.     Without  blemish  ;  spotless. 

BLEM'ISH-MENT,  «.  Discrace.  [Uuleused.]  M(rrt(m. 

BLEXCH,  ».  i  [This  evidently  is  the  blanch,  of  Bacon, 
(sefrBL*KCH,)  and  perhaps  the  mtidern  jUnch,} 
To  shrink  ;  to  start  back  ;  to  give  way.         Shdk. 

BLENCH,  r.  U  To  hinder  or  obstnjct,  says  Johnson. 
But  tJie  etymology  explains  the  passape  lie  cites  in  a 
different  manner.  "  The  rebels  carried  great  trusses 
of  hay  before  them  to  blench  the  d»"f.-ndants'  fight." 
Caretr.  That  is,  to  render  the  combat  blank;  to  ren- 
der it  inefTectuat ;  to  break  the  force  of  the  attack  ; 
to  deaden  the  shot. 

BLENCH,  n,     A  start  or  shrinking  back.  Shak, 

BLENCH'£D,  (blencht,)  pp.  Rendered  inefTectual ; 
Ahrunk. 

BLE.VCH'ER,  Tu     Tliat  which  frustrates. 

BLENCH'-HOLD-ING,  n.  A  tenure  of  lands  upon 
the  payment  of  a  small  sum  in  silver,  blanch,  that  is, 
white  money 

BLENCHING,  ppr.     Shrinking.  BlacksU>ne^ 

BLENCH'ING,  n.     A  shrinking  back  ;  a  giving  way. 

BLEND,  V.  L  [Sax.  bUiulian,  to  blend  and  to  blind  , 
geblendan,  to  mix,  to  stain  or  dye  ;  blindan,  to  blind  ; 
D.  blinden;  Ger.  blenden,  to  blind  ;  Dan.  blande.  to 
blend  or  mix  ;  blinde,  to  blind.] 

L  To  mix  or  mingli'  together  ;  hence,  to  confound 
so  that  the  separate  things  mixed  can  not  be  distin- 
guished. 

9.  To  pollute  by  mixture  ;  to  epoU  or  comipt. 
[OM  Spenser. 

X  To  blind.    lObs.] 

BLEND,  9.  L    To  be  mixed  ;  to  be  united. 

There  M  a  lone  of  •olemo  and  lacred  fis-Iing  (hut  bitruU  with  our 
cooritfaiitj-.  Jroitig. 

BLENDE,  n.  [Ger.  blenden,  to  blind ;  blende,  a  blind  or 
screen.  ] 

An  ore  of  zinc,  called,  also,  mock  lead ^faJse  galena, 
and  black-jack.  lu  color  Is  mostly  yellow,  brown, 
and  black.  There  are  w-veral  variitiis,  but  in  gen- 
eral, this  ore  contains  more  than  half  its  weigiit  of 
zinc,  about  one  fourth  sulphur,  and  usually  a  small 
portion  of  iron.  In  chemical  languace,  it  i.s  a  sulphu- 
rtt  of  zinc.  Foureroy.     Clearetnud.      Thomson, 

BI^END'ED,  pp.     Mixed  -,  confounded  by  mixture. 

BLEND'ER,  n.     One  that  mingles  or  confounds. 

BLEND'LN'G,  ^r.  Mingling  togetlicr;  confounding 
.by  mixture. 

BL'END'OI;s,  o.     Pcnaining  to  blende 

BLKND'-\VA-TER,  ».  A  distemper  incident  to  cattle, 
called,  also,  more-hough.  Fnciic 

BLEN-NOR-Rlia:'A,  n,    [Gr.  [iUvva,  mucus,  and 

/>£■',  to  flow.] 

An  inordinate  discharge  or  secretion  of  mucus. 

BLE.V'NV,  «.     [Sax.  blinnan^  to  cease.]  [Brande. 

A  name  cominr>n  to  difli-rent  species  of  fishes,  usu- 
ally of  small  size,  of  thi;  genus  Blenniiis,  and  of  the 
order  Jnrulares,  (Linn.) 

BLENT,  the  obsolete  participle  of  Blkxd.      Spenser. 

BLES.s,  0.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Blessco  or  Blest.  [Sax. 
btf'Uian,  blctfian,  bleOiigan,  and  blrsaian  ;  whence, 
blrtiunff,  bledsunir^  a  blessing  or  benediction.  W. 
Udd,  a  gift,  a  fhvor,  a  blessing.] 

1.  To  pronounce  a  wish  of  happiness  to  one;  to 
express  a  wish  or  desire  of  happinea>s. 

And  Imac  tilled  Jiieob  an<l  bUutd  lum.  — Grn.  jcjctuI. 

2.  To  make  happy  ;  to  make  successful ;  to  prosper 
in  temporal  concerns ;  as,  we  are  blest  with  peace 
and  plenty. 

The  I^rd  ihy  God  shAlI  hieai  (hre  lo  »I1  thou  do«t  —  Deut.  xt. 

3.  To  make  happy  in  a  future  life. 

BlUMd  are  lit'!  ilrjui  who  ili«  In  Ov?  I^nl,  — Re*,  xir 

4.  To  set  apart  or  consecrate  to  holy  purposes;  to 
nake  and  pronounce  holy. 

And  0«1  hUfted  lii'-  •rr»-nih  <Ujr  and  mBcCfied  ft.  — O^n.  0. 

5.  To  consecrate  by  prayer;  to  invoke  a  blesiing 
upon. 


BLI 


BLI 


6.  To  praise  ;  to  glorify,  for  benefits  received. 

Bleaa  Uk-  L^nl,  0  my  soul,  ait.l  all  th.ii  i>  ftithin  me.  —Pa.  ciii. 

7.  To  praise  ;  to  magnify ;  to  extol,  fur  excellences. 
Ps.  civ.  , 

8.  To  esteem  or  account  happy ;  with  the  recipro- 
cal pronoun. 

Tlie  nations  shiil  hlcMa  ihcmseltxt  in  liim.  — Jcr.  iv. 

9.  To  pronounce  a  solemn,  prophetical  benediction 
upon.    Gen.  xxvii.     Deut.  xxxiii. 

10.  In  this  line  6f  Spenser,  it  may  signify  to  (Arow, 
for  tliia  is  nearly  tlie  primar>-  sense. 

His  spiirkliiig  blade  about  liis  head  he  blest. 
Johnson  supposes  the  word  to  signify  to  reave  or 
hrattdhh,  and  to  have  received  this  sense  from  the  old 
rite  of  blessing  a  lield,  by  directing  the  hands  to  all 
pjirts  of  it. 

Blc'is,  in  Spenser,  for  blisf,  may  be  so  written,  not 
for  rhyme  merely,  but  because  bless  and  blisH  are  from 
the  same  root. 
BLESS'/;D,   (blest,)  pp.     Made  happy  or  prosperous; 

extolled  ;  pronounced  hnppy. 
BLESS'ED,  a.     Happy  ;  prosperous  in  worldly  aflalnB ; 
enjoying  or  i>ertainint;  to  spiritual  happiness  and  the 
*"'""''  "*■  ^-"*  ■  enjoying  or  pertaining  to  heavenly  fe- 


Bometimes  implying  contempt  or  censure  ;  as,  a  blind 
corner.  /f,wkrr. 

4.  Dark;   obscure;    not    easy   to   be   found;   not 
easily  discernible  ;  (is,  a  blind  path. 

5.  Heedless;  inconsiderate;  undcliberating. 

This  plan  a  n^co  in  mended  neitlier  u>  blind  aiiprol/iiioti  nor  to 
bititd  nejiroLitioii.  FexUrutUt,  JtUf. 

6.  In  Scripture,  blind  implies  not  only  want  of  dia- 
cernmt;nt,  but  moral  depravity. 

BLIND,  r.  L     To  make  blind  ;  to  deprive  of  sight. 
2   To  darken  ;  to  obscure  to  the  eye. 


favor  of  God 

licitv. 
BLESS'ED  THIS'TLE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Cen- 

taurea,  simietimes  used  in  decoctions,  for  a  bitter. 
BLESS'EI)-LV,  mlr.   Happily  ;  in  a  fortunate  manner. 
BLESS'ED-NESS,   «.     Happiness;  (el  icily  ;  heavenly 

joys  ;  tlie  favor  of  God. 
„^_2^_^»"<^tity-  Shak. 

BLESS'EU,  n-    One  that  blesses  or  prospers ;  one  who 

bestows  a  blessing. 
BLESS'ING,  pj)r.     Making  happy  ;  wishing  happiness 

to  ;  pniisintror  exlollin;; ;  consecrating  by  prayer. 
BLESS'ING,   n.      Benediction  ;   a  wish  of  happiness 

pronounced  ;  a  prayer  imploring  happiness  upon  an- 
other. 

2.  A  solemn,  prophetic  benediction,  in  which  hap- 
piness is  desired,  invoked,  or  foretold. 

Tliia  is  tl«6.'ea«ift;f  when-wtth  Moaes- WM«d  the  children  of 
Uru'I.  —  DruL  xxxin. 

3.  Any  moans  of  happiness  ;  a  gift,  benefit,  or  ad- 
vantage ;  that  which  promotes  temporal  prtwperily 
and  welfare,  or  secures  immortal  feliciiv.  A  just 
and  pious  magistrate  is  a  public  blessing.  The  divine 
favor  is  the  greatest  blejigimr. 

4.  Among  tAe  Jeics,  a  present;  a  gift;  either  be- 
cause it  was  attended  with  kind  wishes  for  the  wel- 
fare of  the  giver,  or  because  it  was  the  means  of  in- 
creasing happiness. 

Taltp,  1  jiray  thee,  my  bleiiinff  that  ia  brought  to  thee.— Gen. 


And  Itvm  loo*  Ih*  fiw  lo«»*a  and  the  two  tithr*,  and  looWnr  u 
to  bnrra  b«  Uaated  them.  —  Lnke  ix. 


BLEST,  pp.  of  BLES9. 
BLEST,  a.     Made  happy. 

2.  Making  happy  ;  cheering. 

While  these  ble§t  suund)  my  rafiahwl  ear  aanll.        TVumfiuff. 

BLft'TON-ISM,  71.  The  faculty  of  perceiving  and  in- 
dicating subterraneous  springs  and  currents  by  sen- 
sation ;  so  called  from  one  Hletnn,  of  FranceJ  who 
tt^s  Htipposed  to  possess  this  faculty.  Enajc. 

BLk'TON-ISTj  n.  One  sup[Kised  to  possess  the  fac- 
ulty of  perceiving  subterraneous  springs  by  sensa- 
tion. Enqic. 

BLEW,  pret.  of  Blow.  ^ 

BLeVME,  71.  An  inflammation  in  the  foot  of  a  horse, 
between  the  sole  and  the  bone.  Farrier^s  Diet. 

BLIGHT,  (blue,)  n.     [Qu.  Sax.  bla^ctha,  scurf,  leprosy.] 
1.  A  disease  incident  to  plants,  affecting  them  va- 
riously.    Sometimes  the  whole  plant  perishes  ;  some- 
times only  the  leaves    and  blossoms,  which  will 
shrivel,  as  if  scorched. 
9.  Any  thing  nipping  or  blasting. 
In  .America,  I  have  oft.;n  heard  a  cutaneous  erup- 
tion on  the  human  skin  called  by  the  name  of  bligkLs. 
This  is  the  nettle  lichen  {lichen  urticosas,)  an  erup- 
tion of  very  minute   reddish    pimples,  appearing  in 
spots  or  more  genernlly  dilfused.  Oood. 

3.  A  name  given  to  certain  downy  spf^cies  of  the 
nnhi^,  or  plant  louse,  destructive  to  fruit-trees. 

BLIGHT,  r.  t.  To  aflV-ct  with  blight;  to  blast;  to 
prevent  growth  and  fertility  ;  to  fruxtrate. 

BLIGHT'EH,  pp.     Bliistcd  ;  frustrated. 

BLIGHT'INt;,  ppr.  or  a.    Blasting;  frustratina. 

HLIGHT'ING,  n.     Act  of  blighting. 

BLIGHT'LVG-LV,  adv.     By  blasting. 

BLIN,  V.  L     [Sax.  blinnan.] 

To  stop  or  cease.     [  Ob^.]  Spenjier. 

BLIND,  a.  [Sax.  blind;  O.  D.  Sw.  and  Dan.  Winrf; 
Sax.  blendan,  to  blend  and  to  blind.  This  is  (ho  same 
word  iw  blend,  and  was  so  written  by  Spenser.  See 
BLe:fD.     Obscurity  is  from  mixture.] 

1.  Dirrtitiito  of  the  sense  of  seeing,  either  by  nat- 
ural defect,  or  by  deprivation  ;  not  having  sight. 

2.  Not  having  the  fir.ully  of  discernment ;  desti- 
tute of  intellectual  light ;  unable  to  understand  or 
judge;  ignorant;  as,  authors  are  blind  to  their  own 
defects. 

Blind  should  be  foHowed  by  to ;  but  it  is  followed 
by  of  in  the  phrase  blind  of  an  eye. 

3.  Unseen;   out  of  public  view;    private;  dark; 


Such  diirktieu  blind*  Hie  sky.  Dryden. 

3.  To  darken  the  understanding ;  as,  to  blind  the 
mind. 

4.  To  darken  or  obscure  to  the  understanding. 

He  endeavored  lo  bliiul  and  confuund  tJ«r  ooutruvray. 

Siiilinef-eet. 

5.  To  eclidse.  Fletcher. 
BLIND  or  BLINDE.    Sec  Blende,  an  ore. 
BLIND,  n.    Something  to  hinder  the  sight. 

Civility  Msu  a  blind  over  iIi,;  duly.  VEelratige. 

2.  Something  to  mislead  the  eye  or  the  un  ierstand- 
ing  ;  as,  one  thing  serves  as  a  blind  for  anoihur, 

3.  A  screen;  a  cover;  as,  a  blind  for  a  window, 
or  for  a  h*^irse. 

BLIND'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Deprived  of  sight  ;  deprived  of 
intellectual  discernment ;  made  dark  or  oliscure. 

BLIND'FCLD,  a.  [blind  and  fold.]  Having  the  eyes 
covered  ;  having  the  mental  eye  darkened. 

BLTND'FOLD,  r.  u  To  cover  the  eyes;  to  hinder 
from  seeing. 

BLTND'FOLD-ED,  pp.  Having  the  eyes  covered: 
hindered  from  seeing. 

BLIND'EOLD-FNG,  ppr.  Covering  the  eyes  ;  hinder- 
ing from  seeing. 

BLIND'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Depriving  of  sight,  or  of  un- 
derstanding; obscuring. 

BLIND'LV,  adc.     Without  sight  or  understanding. 

2.  Without  discerning  the  reason;  inipHoitly; 
without  examination ;  as,  to  be  blindly  led  by 
another.  Ihyden. 

3.  Without  judgment  or  direction.  Dryden. 
BLIND'-MAN'S  BALL,  n.    A  species  of  Fungus,  Ly- 

coperdun.  or  pufl^bnll.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

BLIND'-MAN'S  BUFF,  n.  A  play  in  which  one  per- 
son Is  blindfolded,  and  hunts  out  the  rest  of  the 
company.  Johnson. 

BLIND'NESS,  v.     Want  of  bodily  sight ;  want  of  in- 
tellectual dii^cernment;  ignorance.  Lucke. 
BLI\D'-NET'TLE,ri.     A  plant, 
BLINDS,  n.  pi.    In  the  military  art,  a  defense  made  of 
osiers  or  branches  interwoven,  and  laid  across  two 
rows  of  stakes,  four  or  five  feet  asunder,  of  the 
height  of  a  man,  to  shelter  the  workmen,  and  pre- 
vent their  being  overlooked  by  the  eneniv.     Encvc 
BLIN D'-SER' PENT,  n.    A  reptile  of  the  Cafw-  of  Good 
Hope,  covered  with  black  scales,  but  spotted  with 
red,  white,  and  brown.                 Diet,  of  Aa(.  Hist. 
BLIND'-SIDE,  71.     [blind  and  side.]     The  side  which 
is  most  easily  assailed  ;  or  the  side  on  which  the 
party  Js  least  able  or  disposed  to  see  danger  ;  weak- 
ness -,  foible  ;  weak  part.  Swift 
BLIND'-VES'SEL,  n.    With  cAwnwtj,  a  vessel  with 

an  opening  on  one  side  onlv.  Juhnson. 

BLIXD'U'OR.M,  7(.  [blind  and  worm.]  A  small  ophid- 
ean  rejitile  or  serpent,  called  also  *Vuj  worm,  a  species 
of  Anguis,  about  eleven  inches  long,  covered  with 
scales,  witii  a  forked  tongue,  but  harmless. 

Dtct.  of  J\rat.  Hist 
BLINK,  V.  t  To  shut  out  of  sight ;  to  avoid,  or  pur- 
posely evade;  as,  to  blink  tlie  question  before  tlie 
house. 
BLINK,  V.  i.  [Sax.  blican,  to  shine,  to  twinkle; 
bliciend,  clothed  in  White;  ablican,  to  appear,  to 
whiten  ;  D.  blikkcn,  lo  glance,  to  twinkle,  and  blink- 
en,  to  shine,  to  glitter;  blijken,  to  appear  or  siiow  ; 
Sw.  blinker,  to  wink,  to  connive  >  bianka,  to  shine, 
lo  twinkle  ;  G.  bhcken,  to  look,  to  glance ;  blinkcn,  to 
glance,  to  shine,  to  twinkle,  to  wink;  Dan.  btinke, 
to  blink,  to  glance,  to  wink,  to  shine,  to  glitter  This 
contains  the  same  radical  letters  as  light] 

1.  To  wink  ;  to  twinkle  witii  the  eye. 

2.  To  see  obscurely.  •  Johnson. 
Is  it  not  to  see.  with  the  eyes  h:df  shnt,  or  with 

frequent  winking,  as  a  person  with  weak  eyes? 

One  eye  was  blinieing,  ami  one  Ir  j  was  Inilf?.  P<r^. 

BLINK,  n.    A  glimpse  or  glance.  ITaU. 

BLINK,  71.  Blink  of  ice,  is  the  dazzling  whiteness 
about  the  horizon,  occasioned  by  the  reflection  of 
light  from  fields  of  ice,  at  sea.  Jitar.  Diet. 

BLINK'ARD,  ti.  [bUnk  and  ard,  kind.]  A  person 
who  blinks  or  has  bad  eyes;  ihnt  which  twinkles, 
or  glances,  as  a  dim  star,  which  apiwara  and  disap- 
pear''- IliikfiPdl. 

nLlNK'ERS,  71.  pi.  Blinds  for  horses  ;  expatisjons  of 
the  bridle  to  prevent  a  horse  from  seeing  objects  at 
his  sides, 

BLINK'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Winking  ;  twinkling  ;  evading. 

BLISS,  71.     [Sax.  blisn,  joy,  al:icritv,  exultalion  ;  A.'ij- 
sian,  to  rejoice,  to  cxuli,  to  congratulate,  lo  applaud  ; 
also  blithsian,  to  rejoice.     See  Bless  and  JlLiiHr.] 
The   highest  degree  of  happiness;    blessedness; 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  O  m  J ;  «  aa  Z ;  CH  aa  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


17 


\mi 


BLO 

Mtcrty  :  used  of  felicity  in  general,  when  of  on  ex- 

alUnl  kind,  but  appropriately ,  of  heavrnly  joys. 

Hooker.     Pope. 
I1LI::^S'FI;T-,  a.    Full  of  joy  and*felieily  ;  happy  in  the 

hi»l)->t  ilcpn-e.  Spender. 

BLISS'FUI^LY,  aJr.    In  a  blissful  manner.  Shertcood. 
BLI^S  ri^Lr-Nl^SS,  n.     Exalted  happiness;   felicity; 

fullness  of  joy.  Banvte. 

BLISS' LKSS,  a.    Destitute  of  blis5.  Ilaiekins. 

BLtS'SOM.  r.  i.     [\V.  6/jw,  btysiaWy  to  crave,  thai  is, 

to  reach  forwvdr} 

To  be  lustAil ;  to  caterwaul.     [LUtlf  used  ] 
BLISS-PRO-DOC'ING,  a.     Producing  bliss. 
BLIS'TER,  H.    [G.  bUsty  and  bUttrr.    It  is  radically 

the  some  word  as  bladder^  in  a  did^erent  dialed.    See 

BuLODERf  Bl&st,  and  Bi..hZE.1 

1.  A  Uiin  bladder  on  the  »tin,  containing  watery 
matter  or  serum,  whether  occasiont-d  by  a  bum,  or 
other  injur>-,  or  by  a  vedicator>.  U  is  formed  by 
r&iainic  Il>e  cuticle. 

2.  Any  tumor  made  by  the  separation  of  the  film 
or  skin/as  on  plants  j  or  by  the  swelling  of  the  suh- 
flUnce  at  the  surftce,  as  on  steeL 

3L  A  Tcsinlory  ;  a  pfaoter  of  Spanish  fliea,  or  other 

matter,  applied  to  nme  a  vesicle. 
BLIS'TBR,  v.i.    To  riae  in  blisters.  Drydm. 

BLIS'TCR,  r.  f.    To  raise  a  blister,  by  any  hurt,  bum, 

or  riolent  action  upon  the  skin  ;  to  raise  a  blister  by 

a  medical  applkation,  or  vesicatory-. 
SL  To  rone  tumors  on  inm  bars  in  a  furnace,  in 

the  process  of  converting  iron  into  steel. 
BLIST'ER-FLY.  \  K.    The  Spanish  fly,  (Owi**- 

BUS'TER-BEE'TLE,  t      ru   vesUmUria ;)   used    in 

rai^jnc  blisters. 
BUS'TER-FLAS'TER,  M.    A  plaster  of  Spanish  flies, 

desired  to  raise  a  bli:^er. 
BL.1^'TER-£D,  p^     Having  blisters  or  tumors. 
BLIS'TER-ING,  pfr.    Raiaug  a  blister  j  applying  a 

blistering  plaster,  or  Tesicatonr. 
BLIS'TER-fTa.  Pull  of  blisten. 
BUTE.  m.    [L.  bUt»m  ;  Gr.  0XiTor.'\ 

I.  A  genus  of  plants,  called  Strawberry  SpimaeJL 

3.  A  species  of  Amaranth,  or  flower-gentle 

Pitm.  of  Ptants. 
BLT7IIE,  a.  fSax.  bliOu,  and  bleatJia^  btaitJUj  gay, 
JoyAiL  This  »  piobaUy  the  same  worn  as  bliss ,-  L. 
Utus;  Eng.  gUiC  See  Bum  and  Glad.  The  Ir. 
btk,  hapless,  aaems  to  be  the  original  word  nitb- 
out  the  prefix.] 
Gay ;  meny ;  Jo7oas ;  sprightly  ;  mirthfuL 

Far  IhM  Ur  Immit  tnop  ihofa  mwfat,  that  aretued 

Of  gnMtmm,  ao  Uiha,  «>  mootb,  m>  g^j.  ACOmi. 

BLrPHE'FCL,  a.     Gay  j  full  of  gayety. 

BLmiK'LV,  adv.    In  a  gay,  jo>fui  ftionner. 

BLn"!"^  vv-^-c  -.  Gayetyj  spri^tliness;  the  qnal- 
ii\  "le. 

Bl.r;  .    Gay ;  merry  ;  cbeeffhL     Pk3ip». 

BLn.  ....:;...  .\  ESS,  a.  The  quality  of  being  blttbe- 
somr>;  gayety. 

BL6AT.  F.  L  [This  word  may  be  allied  to  bladder, 
from  the  sense  of  inflating,  swelling ;  W.  blwtk^  a 
puff,  a  Mast ;  MycAdf ,  a  fat  paunch,  a  bloated  perwn.] 
L  To  swell  or  make  turgid,  as  witli  air ;  to  inltate  ; 
to  pafi'np;  hence,  to  nu^e  vain;  ftillowed  by  ujp, 
but  without  necessity.  To  bloat  up  with  praise  is 
less  elegant  than  to  Moat  with  praise.       Drydtn. 

S.  To  swell  or  make  turgid  with  water,  or  other 
means;  as,  a  bloats  limb.  In  medicine,  it  properly 
denotes  a  swelling  of  the  i:urfuce,  from  the  etfiision 
vC  serum  in  the  cellular  membrane  —  a  morbid  en- 
largement, often  accompanied  with  softness. 

BLOAT,  r.  u    To  grow  tureid  ;  to  dilate,    .^rbutknot, 

BLOAT,  a.    Swelled  ;  turpid,     [.\'ot  u.*«i.] 

BLOAT'ED,  pp.  Ota.  Swelled  ;  grown  turgid ;  inflated. 

BI^AT'En-Nt:>9,  n.  A  turgid  state:  dilatation 
fn>m   inrlnuon,  debility,  or  any  morbid  cause. 

BLOAT'ER.  R.    A  dricii  herring.    [See  Blotk.] 

BLOAT'l.N'G,  ppr.    Swelhne ;  Inflating. 

BLOAT'I.NG,  a.    A  state  of  being  swelled  or  bloated. 

BLOB'BER,  a.  [Ir.  plub,  or  pluibiH,  from  swelling, 
pushine  out,  as  in  bieb,  MuMer;  AV.  Utrb,  a  bulging 
ouL     Uu.  buib,  by  transposition.    See  BtrBSEB.] 

A  bubble ;  pronounced  by  the  common  people  in 
America,  btubber.  ^t  is  a  legitimate  word,  but  not 
elecanL  Corew, 

BLOB'BER-LIP,  a.     \blobber  and  Up."]    A  thick  lipt 

Drydtn. 

BLOB'BER-LrP-PflD,  (blob'ber-Iipt,)  a.  Having  thick 
lips.  VEstrangt. 

BLOCK,  «.  [D.  bUk;  Ger.  block;  Fr.  bloc;  W.  ploc^ 
from  Uoc,  a  mound  ;  ploriaxy  to  block,  to  plug ;  Russ. 
pUkJka^  a  block.  The  primarj*  sense  is,  set,  filed,  or 
a  mass.] 

1.  A  heav}'  piece  of  timber  or  wood,  usually  with 
one  plain  surface;  or  it  is  rectangular,  and  rather 
thick  than  long. 

2.  Any  mass  of  matter  with  an  extended  surface  ; 
as,  a  block  of  marbie,  a  piece  rough  from  the  quarry. 

3.  A  massy  brtdy,  solid  and  heavy  :  a  mass  of  wood, 
iron,  or  other  meul,  with  at  least  one  plain  surface, 
such  as  artificers  use. 

4.  A  continuous  row  of  buildings;  as,  a  block  of 
houfies. 


BLO 

5.  The  wood  on  which  criminals  are  beheaded. 

6.  .Any  obstruction,  ur  cause  of  obstruction  ;  a 
stop  ;  hinderance  ;  obstacle. 

7.  A  piillfv,  or  a  system  of  pulleys,  niotinted  in  its 
fi-nme  or  shell,  with  its  band  or  strap.  A  block  con- 
sists of  one  or  more  pnllt-ys  or  sheaves,  in  a  groove 
of  which  the  rope  runs,  fastened  in  a  shell  or  frame 
by  pins,  on  which  they  revolve ;  of  a  shell  or  frame 
inclosing  the  pulley  or  pulleys  ;  and  of  a  strap  or 
band,  consisting  of  a  ru{K',  encompassing  the  shell, 
and  attached  by  an  eye  of  rop6  or  a  hook  to  some 
object.  Ed.  Kacyc 

Blocks  for  standing  rigging,  called  dead-ryeii,  are 
shells,  without  sheavos  or  pulleys.  P.  Cyc. 

6.  A  blockhead  ;  a  stupid  ftUow. 

9t  Among  cuturs  in  tcood,  a  form  made  of  hard 
wood,  on  which  they  cut  figures  in  reli<;f  with 
knives,  chisels,  &.c.  Encyc 

10.  'rhe  wooden  mold  on  which  a  hat  is  formed. 

11.  fh  faieomrjff  the  perch  whereon  a  bird  of  prey 
is  kcpL  Encyc, 

BLOl'K,  r.  £.  [Ft.  bUHjuer ;  Port  and  Sp.  hloqucar ;  It. 
bloetart.] 

To  inclose  or  shut  up,  so  as  to  liinder  egress  or 
passage ;  to  stop  up ;  to  obstruct  by  placing  obstacles 
in  the  way ;  often  followed  by  up ;  as,  to  block  up  a 
town,  or  a  rood. 

BLOCK-.YDE',  n.  [L.  bloceato ;  Port,  btoqueadoy  blocked 
up;  Sp.  bloqueo  [Fr.  bloeus.] 

The  shutting  up  of  a  place,  formed  by  surrounding 
it  with  hostile  trQO|is  or  ships,  or  by  posting  them  at 
all  the  avenues,  to  prevent  esc^ipe,  and  hinder  sup- 
ptieii  of  provisions  and  ammunition  from  entering, 
with  a  view  to  compel  a  surrender,  by  hunger  and 
want,  without  regular  attacks. 

To  constitute  a  blockade,  the  investing  power  must 
be  able  to  apply  its  force  to  every  point  of  practicable 
access,  so  as  to  render  it  dangerous  to  attempt  to  enter ; 
and  there  is  no  blockade  of  that  port  where  us  force 
can  not  be  brought  |o  bear.      Keni\t  CommenUtries. 

BLOCK-ADE',  r.  (.  To  shut  up  a  town  or  fortress,  by 
posting  troops  at  all  the  avenues,  to  compel  the  gar- 
rison or  inhabitants  to  surrender  by  means  of  hun- 
ger and  want,  without  regular  attacks;  also,  to  sta- 
tion ships  of  war  to  obstruct  all  intercourse  with  a 
town  or  nation. 

BLOCK-AD'EDjpp.    Shut  up  or  inclosed  by  an  enemy. 

BLOCK-AD'IXG,  ppr.    Besieging  by  a  blockade. 

BLOCKHEAD,  h.  {hloek  and  head.]  A  stupid  fel- 
low ;  a  dnlt :  a  person  deficient  in  understanding. 

BLOCK'IIEAO-ED,  (-hedVd,)a,    Stupid:  dull.   Shak. 

BLOCK'HEAD-LY,  a.     Like  a  blockhead. 

BLOCK'-HoL't^E,  «.  {block  and  house.']  A  military 
edifice  or  fortress,  so  called  because  constructed 
chiefly  of  timber.  P.  Cyr. 

BLOCK'ISH,  a.  Stupid;  dull;  deficient  in  under- 
standing. Shak. 

BLOCK'ISH-LY,  adv.     In  a  stupid  manner.    Ilarmar. 

BLOCK'ISH-NESS,  n.     Stupidity  ;  dullness. 

BLOCK'LTKE  a.     Like  a  block  ;  stupid.     Hakncilt. 

BLOCK'-PKI.NT-ING,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  printing 
from  en^TTived  blocks  of  wood. 

BLOCK'-TIN,  7u  [block  and  tin.]  Tin,  os  it  comes 
in  blocks  from  the  foundry. 

BLOM'A-RY,  n.     [See  Bloom,  a  mass  of  iron.] 

The  first  forge  through  which  iron  passes  after  it 
is  melted  firorn  the  ore. 

BLOJ\rDE,n,  [Fr.j  A  person  of  very  fair  complex- 
ion, with  light  hair  and  light  blue  eyes. 

BLOND'-LaCE,  n.    Lace  made  of  silk. 

BLO.VK'ET,  a.     Gray.     [J^'ot  used.]  Spenser. 

BLOOD,  (blud,)  n.  [Sax.  blod;  S\v.  and  Dan.  blodi 
Ger.  bliU,  blood  ;  bliUen,  to  bleed ;  D.  bloed,  blood  ; 
bloedtn,  to  bleed  ;  allied,  perhaps,  to  Gr.  i^Ac^u.] 

1.  The  fluid  which  circuhues  through  the  arteries 
and  veins  of  the  human  bixly,  and  of  other  animals, 
which  is  essential  to  the  preservation  of  life.  This 
fluid  is  generally  red.  If  the  bluod  of  an  animal  is 
not  red,  such  animal  is  called  ezsansruious.  (bloodless,) 
or  white-blooded ;  the  blood  being  white,  cr  white 
tinged  with  blue. 

a.  Kindred ;  relation  by  natural  descent  from  a 
common  ancestor ;   consanguinity. 

Goil  haiii  rnnd«  ofani?  blood  all  nationa  of  the  e&nh.  —  Acta  x^Q, 
Hence    the  word    is   used  for  a  child;  a  family; 
a   kindred;    descent;   lineage;   progeny;    descend- 
ants, &c 

3.  Royal  lineage ;  blood  royal ;  as,  a  prince  of  the 
blood, 

4.  Honorable  birth ;  high  extraction  ;  as,  a  gentte- 

5.  Life.  [man  of  blood. 
Shall  1  not  require  his  biood  »t  joar  hands  f  —  2  Sam.  iv. 

6.  Slaughter;  murder,  or  bloodshedding. 

I  wilt  sT-'tiff*  the  Uood  of  Jesreel  upon  the  houM  of  Jehu.— 

Huaea  i. 
The  Voice  of  ihy  broth^r'a  blood  crieth  to  me  from  th^  giuund.  — 

Geo.  ir. 

7.  Guilt  and  punishment. 

TTour  biood  be  upon  your  own  heads.  —  Acts  xviU. 

8.  Fleshly  nature ;  the  carnal  part  of  man,  as  op- 
posed to  the  spiritual  nature,  or  divine  life. 

Who  wer^  bom.  nol  of  flf»h  and  blood,  nor  of  the  will  of  the 
fiesh,  am  of  the  will  of  nian,  but  of  God.  — John  J. 


BLO 

9.  Man,  or  human  wisdom,  or  reason. 

Flcah  and  blood  hath  not  reri^nlcd  it  to  thrv,  but  my  FathiY  wlio 
1b  ill  hc«»(.'ii.  —  M«ti.  xvi. 

10.  A  sacramental  symbol  of  the  blood  of  Christ. 

Tlua  b  my  bJood  of  the  New  Ti-atiuiieut,  which  Is  shed  for  Uio 
irniisaioii  uf  sins.  —  Matt.  xxvL 

11.  The  death  and  sutft-rings  of  Christ. 

Bvlnsr  now  liiaiifiM  by  hia  blood,  we  sliall  be  saved  from  wr&th 
through  (lim.—  Horn.  v.  9.     Kph.  i. 

IQ.  The  price  of  blood  ;  that  which  is  obtained  by 
shedding  bli>od,  oiid  seizing  goods. 

Woe  to  him  Unit  biiiMplh  a  town  with  blood.  —  Hab.  U.     AcU  i. 

13.  Temper  of  niind ;  state  of  the  passions ;  but, 
in  this  sense,  accompanied  with  cold  or  warm,  or 
other  qualifying  word.  Thus,  to  commit  an  act  in 
cold  blood,  is  to  do  it  deliberately,  and  without  sudden 
paf<»<ion.  IVann  blood  denotes  a  temper  intl;imed  or 
irritated  ;  to  tcann  or  keat  the  blood,  is  to  excite  the 
passions. 

14.  A  hot  spark  ;  a  man  of  fire  or  spirit ;  a  rake. 

15.  The  juice  of  any  thing,  especially  if  red  ;  as, 
"  the  blood  of  grapes."    Gen.  xlix. 

IVhole  blood.  In  lain,  a  kinsman  of  the  vskole  blood 
is  one  who  descends  from  the  same  couple  of  ances- 
tors ;  of  the  half  blood,  one  who  descends  from  either 
of  them  singly,  by  a  second  marriage.  Encyc. 

BLOOD,  V.  t.    To  let  bUwd  ;  to  bleed  hy  opening  a  vein. 
)L  To  stain  with  blood.  JJUdLfon.     Dryden. 

3.  To  enter ;  to  inure  to  blood,  as  a  hound.  Spenser. 

4.  To  heat  the  blood;  to  exasperate.     [Unusual.] 

Bacon, 

BLOOD'-BAP-TISM,  n.  In  tke  ancient  church,  a  tenn 
applied  to  the  martyrdom  of  those  who  had  nut  bt-en 
baptized.  They  were  considered  asbapti/.cd  in  blood, 
and  this  was  regarded  as  a  fVtIl  substitute  for  literal 
baptism.  Coleman. 

BLOOD'-BE-SPOT'TED.a.    Spotted  with  blood.  Skak. 

BLOrtU'-BOLT'ER->:D,a.  [blood  ami  bolu-r.'j  Sprin- 
kled with  bIi>od.      [J^ot  tLird.]  MacbrUl. 

BLOnD'-HROTII-EK,  w.     Brother  by  blood  or  birth. 

BLOODVCOL'OIt -/oU,  a.     Having  the  color  of  b;fK)d. 

BLOOD'-eO.X-SCM'ING,  a.    VVn^tiniillK!  bloud.    Sliuk. 

nL0OU'-DRE.\CH-£D,  (drencht,)  a.  Drenched  in 
blood. 

BLOOU'-DRUNK,  o.     Drunk  with  blood.        More. 

BLOOD'-DV-i':D,  (blud'dlde,)  a.     Dyed  with  blood. 

BLOOD'KD,  pp.  Bled  ;  stained  witli  bloitd  ;  inured  to 
blood. 

BLOOD'-FLOW-ER,  n.  [hUod  i\m\  fioioer.]  Iheman- 
thus,  a  genus  of  plants,  natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hopr.  Enctfc. 

BLOOD'-FROZ-EN,  a.      Having   the  blood  chilled. 

Spenser. 

BI^OD'-GUILT-Y,  Cblud'giI^y,)  a.  Guilty  of  mur- 
der. Fairfar. 

BLOOD'-GUILT-I-NESS,  n.  [blood  and  guiU.]  The 
guilt  or  crime  of  shedding  blood.     Ph.  li. 

BLOOD'-HORSE,  n.  A  horse  whose  bluod  or  lineage  is 
derived  from  the  purest  and  most  highly-prized 
origin  or  st()ck. 

BIx30D'-H0'r,  a.  [blood  and  hot.]  As  warm  as  blood 
in  its  natural  tempeniture. 

BLOOD'-IIOUND,  7L  [blood  and  hound.]  A  variety 
of  dog,  with  long,  snuKith,  and  pendulous  ears,  re- 
markablt;  fur  the  acutenei^i^  of  its  smell,  and  employed 
to  recover  game  which  has  escaped  wounded  from 
the  hunter,  by  tracing  the  lost  animal  by  the  blood  it 
had  spilt ;  wlience  the  name  of  the  dog.        Encuc. 

BLOOD'I-LY,  adv.  In  a  bloody  manner;  cruelly; 
with  a  disposition  to  shed  blood.  Shak. 

BLOOD'I-XE.SS,  n.  The  slate  of  being  bloody;  dis- 
position to  shed  blood. 

BL0OD'ING,;»/'r.  Letting  blood  ;  staining  with  blood  ; 
inuring  to  blo^id,  as  a  hound. 

BLOOD'LESS,  a.     Without  blood  ;  dead. 

2.  Without  shedding  of  blood  or  slaughter;  as,  a 
Wtiorf/c.--.?  vicl<try.  SJiak.      Waller. 

3.  Withon'  spirit  or  activity.  Shdi. 
BLOOD'LKSS-LY,  adv.     Without  bloodshed. 
BLOOD'LET,  v.  U     To  bleed ;   to  kt  blood. 

Jlrbxiihuot 

BLOOD'LET-TER,  n.  One  who  lets  blood,  as  in  dis- 
eases ;  a  phlebotomist.  Wiseman. 

BL0OlJ'LET-TING,n.  [blood  and  leL]  The  act  of 
letting  blood,  or  bleeding  hy  opening  a  vein. 

BL0()D'-5IXRK-£D,  (blud'mirkt,)  a.  Marked  with 
biood. 

BLOOD'PUD-DING,  n.  [blood  and  pudding.]  A  pud- 
ding made  \^■ith  blood  and  other  materials. 

BLOOD'-RED,  a.     Red  as  blood. 

BLOOD'ROOT,  n.  A  plant  so  named  from  the  color 
of  its  root ;  a  species  of  8anguin.iria,  (S.  carmdensis,) 
called  also  Puccoon,  Turmeric,  and  lied  rooL 

Bigelmt). 

BL0OD'-SHAK'£N,  a.     Having  the  blood  in  cumnio- 

lion.  Jon.^nn. 

BIjOOD'SHED,  n.     [blood  and  shed.]     The  shedding 

or  spilling  of  blood  ;   slaughter;  waste  of  life;  the 

crirne  of  shoddinc  blood.  Spenser. 

BLOOD'SHED-DER,  n.    One  who  sheds    blood;   a 

murderer. 
BL0OD'SHEDDING,7i.    The  shedding  of  blood  ;  th« 

crime  of  shedding  blood.  Homilies. 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WH^T.— METE,  FRgY.  — PINE,  M.\RINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK.- 


)30 


BLO 

BLOOD'SnOT,  a,  [blood  and  skooL]  ReJ  and  in- 
liamed  by  a  turgid  state  of  the  blood-vessels,  as  in 
diseases  of  the  eye.  Qarth. 

BLOOD'SNAKE,  n.  A  species  of  snake,  the  HEmor- 
rhus.  »^«A. 

BLOOD'-SPAV-IN,  n.  [blood  and  .iparin.]  A  dilata- 
tion of  the  vein  that  runs  alon^  the  inside  of  the  hock 
of  a  horse,  forming  a  sot^  swelling.  Encye. 

BLOOD'-SPILI^ING,  a.     Shedding  blood. 

BLOOD'-SPIT-TER,  n.     One  who  spits  blood. 

BL0OD'-STa[N-£D,  a.  Stained  with  blood;  also, 
gtiilty  (if  murder. 

BL00D'ST6NE,  n.  [blood  and  stone.]  A  green  si- 
licious  stone  sprinkled  with  red  jasper,  as  if  with 
blood  ;  hence  the  name. 

BLOOD'SL'CK-ER,  n.    [blood  and  suck.} 

1.  Any  animal  that  sucks  blood  ;  specifically  applied 

2.  A  cruel  man  ;  a  murderer.  [to  the  leech. 
BLOOD'SUCK-ING,  a.    That  sucks  or  draws  blood. 

Sliak. 

BLOOD'SWELL-SD,  a.     Swelled  with  blood. 

Bl^OD'THIRST-I-NESS,  n.  Thirst  for  shedding 
blood. 

BLOuiyTHIRST-y,  a.  [blood  and  tJursL]  Desirous 
to  ^hcd  blood  ;  murderous. 

BLOOD'VES-SEL,  n.  [blood  and  fms«/.]  Any  ves- 
sel in  which  blocKl  circulates  in  an  animal  body  ;  an 
arterv  or  a  vein. 

BLOOi)' WARM,  a.    Warm  as  blood ;  lukewarm. 

Addison, 

BLOOD'WTTE,  n.    [Uood  and  wite,  a  fine  or  penalty.] 
In   ancient  law^  a  fine  or  amercement,  paid  aa  a 
compi>sition  for  the  shedding  of  blood. 

BLOOD'WON,  a.     Won  by  shedding  blood.      Scott. 

BL0OD'\VOOD,n.  [blood  and  icooJ.]  Aname  given 
to  lojTwoo'd,  from  its  color. 

BLOOU'WORT,   (blud'wurt,)  h.    [blood    and  tcort] 
A  plant,  a  species  of  Rumex. 

BLOOD'-WOR-THV,  a.     Worthy  of  blood. 

BLOOD'y,  a.     Stained  with  blood. 

2.  (.'niel ;  murderous  ;  given  to  the  shedding  of 
blood  ;  or  having  a  cruet,  savage  dispositiOTt  j  applied 
to  animaLi. 

3.  Attended  with  bloodshed  ;  marked  by  cruelly  ; 
applifd  to  things ;  as,  a  bloody  battle. 

BLOOD'Y,  r.  L     To  stain  with  blood.         Overbury. 

BLOOli'V,  adp.  Verv  i  as,  bloody  sick,  bloody  drunk. 
f  This  is  very  vulgar.'] 

BL0OD'Y-Et-£D,  (blud'dy-ide,)  a.  Having  bloody 
or  cruel  eyes. 

BLOOO'Y-FAC-KD,  {bludMy-Hlste,)  a.  Having  a 
bl'KKly  faca^or  appearance.  Shafc. 

BLOOD'V-FLUX,  n.  [blood  and  fiux.]  The  dysen- 
tery, a  disease  in  which  the  discharges  from  the 
bowirls  have  a  mixture  of  blood.  Arbuthnot, 

BL0OD'Y-FLUX-£D,  (blud'dy-fluxt,)  a.  Afflicted 
with  the  bloody-flux. 

BLOOU'Y-HAXD,  n.  [blood  and  haml]  A  hand 
stained  with  the  blood  of  a  deer,  whicli,  in  the  old 
fiirest  laws  of  England,  was  sufficient  evidence  of  a 
man's  trespass  in  the  forest  ajrainst  venison.    Ash. 

BLOOD'Y-HUNT-IXG.o.    Hunting  for  blood.  Shak. 

III^OD'Y-ING,  ppr.    Staining  with  blood. 

BL0OD'Y-MIND'EIJ,c  [blood  and  mind.]  Having 
a  cniel,  ferocious  dii^iwsitioD ;  barbarous;  inclined 
to  fitted  blood.  Dryden. 

BLOOD'Y-RED,  a.     Having  the  color  of  blooil. 

BL0OD'Y-SCEP'TER-*:U,  a.  Having  a  scepter  oh- 
tained  by  bliMMl  or  slaughter.  Shak. 

BLOOIJ'Y-i^WEAT,  (blud'dy-swet,)  n.  [blood  and 
sweat.]  A  sweat,  nrcompanied  by  a  discharge  of 
blood  ;  also,  a  di.sea>ie,  calk-d  steealing  tiuknesg^  which 
formerly  prevailed  in  England  and  other  countries. 

BLOOM,  n.  [Goth,  bloma  ;  D.  bloem  ;  G.  blame ;  Sw. 
blornmr- :  Dan.  blomjiter ;  W.  bloderiy  blawd^  fi-om  the 
r<»ot  of  biota  :  Sax.  bloiDan.  contracted  from  blodan,  or 
blothan.  Blossom  Is  a  dialectical  form  of  the  word, 
from  the  same  root.     See  Blossom.] 

J.  A  blossom ;  the  flower  of  a  plant ;  an  expanded 
bud. 

WhS*"  ofyrnin^  tilooms  diiT<w  ihf'a  rw^la  »roiiml.  Papa. 

2.  The  oppninp  of  flowers  in  generrU  ;  flowers 
open,  or  in  a  otate  of  blossoming;  as,  the  trees  arc 
clothed  with  bloom. 

3.  The  state  of  youth,  resembling  that  of  blossoms  ; 
ft  stale  of  opening  miinhood,  life,  beauty,  and  vigor  ; 
a  state  of  health  and  growth,  promising  higher  per- 
fection ;  as,  the  bloom  of  youth. 

4.  The  blue  color  upon  plums  and  grapes  newly 
gathered.  Johnson. 

BLOO.VI,  V.  i.  To  produce  or  yield  blossoms;  to 
flower. 

2.  To  be  in  a  state  of  healthful,  growing  youth  and 
vigor  ;  to  show  the  beauty  of  youth  ;   as,  bloomintr 
BLOOM,  r.  C     To  put  forth  as  blossoms.  [graces. 

Chirititiie  aSectijn  btoomed  them.  Hooker. 

[J^ot  in  use.] 
BLOOM,  n.     [Sax.  bloma,  a  mass  or  lump  ;  W.  plwm  ; 
Arm.  plom,  ploiem,  or  bloum  ;  Fr.  plomb  ;  Sp.  plomo ; 
It.  piombo  !  I*,  plumbum,  lead,  prop'-rly  a  lump.] 

A   mxss  of  iron  thnt  has  piisscd  the  biomary^  or 
iinderetmn  the  first  hammering. 
BLOOM'AR-Y.    See  Blohart. 


BLO 

BLOOM'ING,  ppr.     Opening  in  blossoms;  flowering. 
2.  Thriving  in  health,  beauty,  and  vigor;  showing 
the  freshness  and  beauties  of  youth. 

His  blooming  lauivls  grac(.-d  Lh(!  mua-s'  scat.  Trwnbull. 

BLOOM'ING-LY,  ado.    In  a  blooming  manner. 

BLOOM'ING-NESS,  n.     State  of  being  blooming. 

BLOOM'Y,  o.  Full  of  bloom;  flower)-;  flourishing 
with  the  vigor  of  youth ;  as,  a  bloomy  spray  ;  bloomy 
beauties. 

BLoRE,  n.  [This  is  a  different  orthography  o/Blare, 
which  see.] 

The  act  of  blowing  ;  a  blast.     [JVot  used.] 

Chapmaiu 

BLOS'SOM,  n,  [Sax.  blosm,  blosma,  blostm,  blostma, 
and  blosan,  a  blossom  ;  blosmian,  bloslmian,  to  blos- 
som ;  D.  bloesstm,  a  blossom  ;  G.  blrithe,  a  blossom  ; 
allied  perhaps  to  G.  bloss,  Dan.  blot,  naked ;  G. 
bWssnt,  Dan.  blotte,  to  uncover  ;  W.  btoden^  a  flower, 
blodeuaw,  to  blossom,  from  hlawd,  meal,  bloom  ;  Gr. 
^Kaarriita,   a    bud,   probably   from  the   same  root; 

blaSf  to  germinate,  to  flourish,  to  put  forth 


Syr.^ 


leaves.] 

1.  The  flower  of  a  plant,  or  the  essential  organs  of 
reproduction  with  their  appendages.  The  term  has 
been  applied  by  some  botanists,  and  is  also  applied  in 
common  usage  to  the  corol ;  a  general  term,  more 
commonly  used  than  fioitrr  or  bloom,  when  we  have 
reference  to  the  fruit  which  is  to  succeed.  Thus 
we  use  fiowers,  when  we  speak  of  shrubs  cultivated 
for  ornament;  and  bloom,  m  a  more  general  sense, 
as  flowers  in  general,  or  in  reference  to  the  beauty 
of  flowers. 

2.  This  word  is  used  to  denote  the  color  of  a  horse, 
that  has  white  hairs  intermixed  with  sorrel  and  bay 
hairs  ■,  otherwise  D^ncA-ru/orf*/.  Encyc. 

BLOS'SOM,  r.  i.    To  put  forth  blossoms  or  flowers  ; 
to  bloom  ;  to  blow  ;  to  flower. 
2.  To  flourish  and  prosper. 

Thp  dfsert  shall  blossom  aa  iho  row.  — la.  xxxr. 

BLOS'SOM-£D,  (blos'8umd,)prf(.  of  Blossom. 

BLOS'SOM-ING,p;w.     Pulting  forth  flowers ;  blowing. 

BLOS'SOM-ING,   n.     The   blowing  or  flowering  of 

BLOS'SOM-Y,  fl.     Full  of  blossoms.  [plants. 

BLOT,  r.  (.  [Goth,  blauthjani  8w. ploUra;  Dan.  plet, 
a  spot,  stain,  blot ;  ptHle,  to  blot  or  stain  ;  L.  litara, 
(whence  lituro,  oblitero,)  without  the  prefix ;  and  D. 
kloilde?!,  with  a  different  one.] 

1.  To  spot  with  ink  ;  to  stain  or  bespatter  with 
Ink ;  as,  to  blot  a  paper, 

2.  To  obliterate  writing  or  letters  with  ink,  so  as 
to  render  the  charactrrs  invisible,  or  not  distin- 
guishable ;  generally  with  outj  as,  to  blot  out  a  word 
or  a  sentence. 

3.  To  efface:  to  erase;  to  cause  to  be  unseen  or 
forgotten  ;  to  destroy  ;  rh,  to  blot  out  a  crime,  or  the 
remembrance  of  any  thing. 

4.  To  stain  with  infamy  ;  to  tarnish ;  to  disgrace  ; 
to  disfigure. 

Blot  not  thy  innociMice  wllh  guUtlen  blood.  Itoum. 

5.  To  darken. 

He  ning  how  earth  blot*  th«  moon'i  gilded  wiuie.         Covley. 

6.  In  Scripture,  to  blot  one  out  of  the  book  of  life,  is 
to  reject  liim  from  the  number  of  those  who  are  to 
be  saved.  To  blot  out  a  name,  a  person,  or  a  nation,  is 
to  destroy  the  person  or  nation  ;  to  exterminate  or 
consume.  I'o  blot  out  sinsj  is  to  forgive  them.  Sins 
are  compared  to  debts,  which  are  recorded  in  God's 
book  of  remembrance,  and,  when  paid,  are  crossed 
or  canceled. 

BLOT,  n.  A  spot  or  stain  on  paper,  usually  applied  to 
ink. 

2.  An  obliteration  of  something  written  or  printed. 

l^ryden. 

3.  A  spot  in  reputation  ;  a  stain  ;  a  disgrace  ;  a  re- 
proach ;  a  blemish.  Shiilc. 

4.  Censure  ;  scorn  ;  reproach. 

He  0ml  rebnkrlh  Oic  wicki-i]  g*rtlf  th  a  Uot.  —  Pror.  Ix. 

5.  In  backffamjnon,  when  a  single  man  lies  open  to 
be  taken  up.  Johnson. 

BLOTCH,  n,    [Sax.  hlascthay  a  scab  or  leprous  aflec- 

tion.] 
A  pustule  upon  the  skin  ;  an  eruption,  usually  of  a 

large  kind. 
BLOTCH,  r.  (.     To  blacken.  Uarmar. 

BLOTE,  r.  f.     [The  ainnitics  of  this  word   are  not 

clearly  ascertamed.     In  Sax.  blotnn  is  to  sacrifice,  in 

Goth,  to  serve  or  worship;  in  Arm.  bloda  is  to  so(l.en  ; 

W.  plyx,  soft  ;  ^lyzaw,  to  soften  ;   Dan.  bliide,  Sw. 

btotn.,10  soften.] 

To  drv  and  smoke  :  as,  to  blotc  herrings. 
BLOT'Eli,  pp.     Smoked  and  dried. 
BLOT'TEO,  pp.    Stained;  spotted;  erased. 
BLOT'TER,  n.    In  countinir-houses,  a  waste  book. 
BLOT'TIXG,  ppr.     Spotting  with  ink;   obliterating; 

staining. 
BLOT'TING,  n.     The  making  of  blots ;  staining  or 

obliterating. 
BIX)T'TING-PA'PER,  n.    A  kind  of  paper  made  with- 
out liize,  serving  to  imbibe  wet  ink,  and  thus  prevent 

blou. 


BLO 

BLOT'TING-LY,  adv.     By  blotting. 

BLorsF,  )  (blowz,)   n.    A  light,  loose  garment  r& 

BLOWSE,  i      sembling  a  frock  coat. 

BLGW^,  n.  [This,  probably,  is  a  contracted  word,  and 
the  primary  sense  must  bo,  to  strike,  thrust,  push,  or 
throw,  that  is,  to  drive.  I  have  not  found  it  in  the 
cognate  dialects.  If  g  or  other  palatal  letter  is  lost, 
it  corresponds  in  elements  with  the  L.  plasa,  Gr. 
Tr>r/>rf,  h.  fiigo,  Eng.  fto;^.  But  bloiD,  a  stroke,  is 
written  like  the  verb  to  blow,  the  Latin  j?o,  and  blow, 
to  blossom.  The  letter  lost  is  probably  a  dental,  and 
the  original  was  blod,  or  A/o(A,  in  which  case  the 
word  has  the  elements  of  loud,  laudo,claudo,lad,&LC.] 

1.  The  act  of  striking;  more  generally,  the  stroke ; 
a  violent  application  of  the  hand,  fist,  or  an  instru- 
ment, to  an  object 

2.  The  fatal  stroke ;  a  stroke  that  kills ;  hence, 
death. 

3.  An  act  of  hostility ;  as,  the  nation  which  strikes 
the  first  bloir.  Hence,  to  come  to  bloios,  is  to  engage 
in  combat,  whether  by  individuals,  annies,  fleets,  or 
nations  ;  and  when  by  nations,  it  is  war. 

4.  A  sudden  calamity  ;  a  sudden  or  severe  evil.  In 
like  manner,  plaga,  in  Latin,  gives  rise  to  the  Eng. 
plague. 

5.  A  single  act ;  a  sudden  event ;  as,  to  gain  or  lose 
a  province  at  a  blow,  or  by  one  bloic.  At  a  stroke  is 
used  in  like  manner. 

6.  An  ovum  or  egg  deposited  by  a  fly  on  flesti  or 
other  substance,  called  a  fiy-bloie, 

BLOW,  r.  i. ,-  prrt.  Blew  ;  pp.  Blown.  [Sax.  bUtwen, 
bUnran,  to  blow  as  wind  ;  blowan,  to  blossom  or  blow, 
as  a  flower  ;  D.  bloei/en^  to  blossom  ;  G.  blciltcn,  to 
swell  or  inflate  ;  L.  ^o,  to  blow.  This  word,  proba- 
bly, is  from  the  same  root  as  bloom,  blosso7n,  bUnc,  a 
flower;  VV.  bloden.     See  Blossom.] 

1.  To  make  a  ctirrent  of  air  ;  to  mr  p,  as  air  ;  as, 
the  wind  biotas.  OUen  used  with  it ;  as,  it  blows  a 
gale. 

2.  To  pant ;  to  puff;  to  breathe  h'/i  or  quick. 

,   Here  ia  Mrs.  Pagff  at  ihe  door,  BWijatiiig  »  /  i  hloimng,    Shak. 

3.  To  breathe  ;  as,  to  blow  \\o\oj  li  cold. 

V  Estrange. 

4.  To  sound  with  being  blown  as  a  horn  or  trum- 
pet. Mdton. 

5.  To  flower  ;  to  blossom  ;  tc  bloom  ;  aa  plants. 

How  hloiBs  ilie  citroQ  groTo.  Milton. 

To  blow  over;  to  pass  away  A'ithout  effect ;  to  cease 
or  bo  dissipated  ;  as,  the  storm  or  the  clouds  are  blown 
over. 

To  blow  up;  to  rise  in  the  air;  also,  to  be  broken 
and  scattered  by  the  explosion  of  gunpowder. 
BLOW,  V.  L    To  throw  or  drive  a  current  of  air  upon  ; 
as,  to  blow  the  fire  ;  also,  to  fan. 

2.  To  drive  by  a  current  of  air;  to  impel;  as,  th« 
tempest  blew  the  ship  ashore. 

3.  To  breathe  upon,  fur  the  purpose  of  wanning ; 
as,  to  blow  the  fingers  in  a  cold  day.  Shak. 

4.  To  sound  a  wind  instrument ;  as,  t/oio  the  trum- 

5.  To  spread  by  report.  [pet. 

And  through  the  court  his  courtesy  waa  bloum,  Dryden. 

6.  To  deposit  eggs,  as  flies. 

7.  To  form  bubbles  by  blowing. 

8.  To  swell  and  infiate,  as  veal ;  a  practice  of 
butchers. 

9.  To  form  glass  into  a  particular  shape  by  the 
breath,  as  in  glass  manufactories. 

10.  To  melt  tin,  after  having  been  roasted  to  get 
rid  of  the  sulphur  and  arsenic.  Cijc. 

11.  To  put  out  of  breath ;  to  cause  to  blow  from 
fatigue  ;  as,  to  blow  a  horse.  Sir  fV.  ScotL 

To  blow  away ;  to  dissipate  ;  to  scatter  with  wind. 

To  blow  down;  to  prostrate  by  wind. 

To  blow  off;  to  shake  down  by  wind  ;  as,  to  blow 
off  fruit  from  trees  ;  to  drive  from  land  ;  as,  to  blow 
off  n  ship. 

To  blow  out ;  to  extinguish  by  a  current  of  air;  as 
a  candle. 

To  blow  up;  to  fill  with  air;  to  swell ;  as,  to  blow 
up  a  bladder  or  a  bubble. 

2.  To  inflate  ;  to  puff*  up;  as,  to  blow  vp  one  with 
flattery. 

3.  To  kindle  ;  as,  to  blow  up  a  contention. 

4.  To  burst,  to  raise  into  the  air,  or  to  scatter,  by 
the  explosion  of  gunpowder.  Figuratively,  to  scat- 
ter or  bring  to  naught  suddenly  ;  as,  to  blow  up  a 
scheme. 

To  blow  upon ;  to  make  stale  ;  as,  to  blow  upon  an 
author's  works.  Addison. 

BLOW,  n.  A  flower;  a  blossom.  Ilullhreirs  Diet. 
This  word  is  in  general  use  in  the  United  Siatni,  nnd 
legitimate.  In  the  Tatter,  it  is  used  for  blossoms  in 
general,  a;*  we  use  blowtJi. 

2.  Among  seamen,  a  gale  of  wind.  This  niso  is  a 
legitimate  word,  in  general  use  in  the  United  States. 

BLOW'BALI,,  71.  [*/»»  and  ball.]  The  downy  head 
of  the  datideliun,  formed  by  the  pappas,  after  the 
blossom  has  fallen.  B.  Jonson, 

BLOW'ER,  V.  One  who  blows ;  one  wlio  is  employed 
in  melting  tin. 

2.  A  plate  of  iron  or  tin  used  to  increase  the  cur- 
rent of  air  in  a  chimney. 

BLOW'-FLY,  n.  A  species  of  dipterous  Insect,  \^Musea 


TONE,  BI;LL,  TJNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — e  as  K;  G  aa  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS- 


BLU 


Linn  )  very  tmublfsome  in  snmmpr,  from 
ita  dop(k>iung  iio  eggs  on  flesh.  Partitii^ton, 

BLCW'ING,  pftr.  Making  a  current  of  uir;  breittliing 
quick  ;  s<witk<]inj  %  v  nd  in^^tnunent;  inflating  j  im- 
pellms  by  wia<l ;  inei    ng  tin. 

BLOWIMG,  a.  The  ra(<,ion  of  wind,  or  act  of  blow- 
ing. 

BLOWX,  pp.  Driven  b  wind  ;  fanned  ;  sounded  by 
blowing ;  spread  by  rt;,>ort ;  swelled  ^  inflated  ;  ex- 
pukded,  as  a  bloaMui  j  uul  of  breath ;  as,  tiw  hone 
was  ve^  mach  hUmu 

Btmwm  tqwn  ;  made  ''ommon  or  stale  ;  as,  a  passage 
in  an  auihor  not  yet  bioton  upoH.  jfdJisan. 

BLOW'-riPE,  ».  [htotc  and  pipe.]  An  inplrument  by 
wbich  a  blast  or  current  of  air  is  driven  throueh  the 
flame  of  a  lamp  or  candle,  and  that  flame  directed 
upon  a  mineral  substaiKe,  to  fuse  or  vitrify  it. 

Btow-fipe  ^Uu  artiM ;  a  conical  tube  of  brass,  glass, 
or  oUier  subslaace,  usually  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in 
diameter  at  one  encf,  and  capillar)',  or  nearly  so,  at  the 
otber,  wbera  U  b  bent  nearly  to  a  right  angle.  This 
Is  used  to  prapel  a  jet  of  air  from  the  lungs,  through 
tlie  flame  of  a  lamp  or  candle,  upon  the  substance  to 
befiued 

gtow^ys  V*  ^  wumtrmUptt ;  the  same  instrument, 
stUataninU} , aa  tbe  foregunCt  but  usually  fitted  with 
aa  ivory  «  aUrer  moutii^eca.  and  with  several 
Bovable  jets,  to  produce  flames  or  diflerent  sizes.  Its 
offiea  is  to  pmdaoe  bwCantly  a  Aimace  beat,  on  mi- 
B«to  ftagaenis  of  mineral  substances,  sujqiorted  on 
cliarooal,  by  iriatiiia  forceps,  &c. 

Ormpcumd  Uo»-pipe  uf  Dr.  Hare,  invented  in  1801  ; 
an  iurtrument  in  which  oxygt-n  and  hydrogen,  pro- 
pelled by  hydrostatic  or  uher  pre<a?:ure,  coming  from 
sepanUe  neenroirs,  in  the  proportions  requisite  to 
form  water,  are  made  to  unite  in  a  capillary  orifice, 
at  the  moment  when  they  are  kindled.  The  heat 
produced,  when  the  focus  is  formed  on  charcoal  or 
any  non-conducting  substance,  u  such  as  to  melt 
everything  hut  the  dtamood,to  bum  the  metals,  and 
to  dissipate  in  vapor,  ur  in  gaseous  forma,  most  known 
sttb^taiices. 

Tlie  blow-pipe  of  Nennnan,  Clarke,  &c.,  is  the 
com^ind  blow-pipe  of  Dr.  Hare,  with  some  unim- 
portant modilicatiuna.  SUUmoM* 

BLCU'-POIXT,  H.  [blow  and  point.}  A  kind  of  play 
among  children.  Jokiuen. 

BLOWSK,  It.  A  light,  loose  garment  resembling  a 
frock  colt. 

BLdWTlI,  n.  [It.  hUHuhUUM^  a  flower  or  blossom  i 
D.  bUff.cl ;  Ger.  N»<JU.] 

Bloom  or  bloesom,  or  that  which  is  expanded.  It 
signiflas  bloon  or  MfiMoma  in  general,  or  the  state  of 
bknaoming.  Thus  we  say,  trees  are  now  in  their 
Umra,  or  Ibey  have  a  ftiH  UmC*.  HitJt.  Diet 

BLOWZE,  nilowz,)  a.  [fhan  the  same  root  as  bUtk^ 
wnich  see.^ 

1.  A  ruddy,  fia-fiiced  woman.  BaU. 

2.  A  cap. 

BLOWZ'Y,  a.    Ruddy-fhced ;  tkt  and  ruddy ;  higb- 

eolored. 
BUUB,  r.  e.    ToswpII.     [^"01  in  use.]     [See  Bleb.] 
BLUB'BER,  M.     [i«ee  Blobbbs,  Blob,  and  Bleb.] 

1.  A  blubber,  or  bubble,  [jt  comMom,  vmlgar  wordj 
but  Us^timate.] 

S.  Tli»  fat  of  whales  and  other  large  sea  animals, 
of  which  in  made  tniJn-oiL  It  lies  immediately  un- 
der the  skin  and  over  the  muscular  flesh. 

3.  Sea  nettle,  or  sea  bluhht^r  ;  the  medusa.  Eneyt. 
BLITB'BER,  r.  1.    To  weep  in  such  a  manner  as  to 

swell  the  cheeks,  Joktuon. 

If  I  mi.^take  not,  this  word  carries  w^ith  it  the  Idea 
of  weepins,  so  as  lo  slavCT. 
BLUB' HER,  r.  L    To  swell  the  cheeks  or  disfigure  the 

face  wiih  weeping. 
BLUB'BER-/:D,  pp.  or  a.    Swelled  ;  big;  turgid  ;  as,  a 

MsMcrerf  Up. 
BLUB'BER-IXG,  ppr.    Weeping  so  aa  to  sweU  the 

cheeks. 
BLUD'GEO-V,  It.    [Goth,  bli/ggitax,  to  strike.] 

A  >hort  slick,  with  one  end  loaded  or  thicker  and 
heavier  than  the  other,  and  used  as  an  oflensive 
Weapon  by  low  persons, 
BLUE,  (blu,)  a.  [Sax.  Ueo,  Ueok,  bUote,  color;  D. 
bUamv) ;  Ger.  bUtu  f  Dan.  blaae ;  Sw.  (la,  blue  ;  Sw. 
Wy,  Dan.  fr/ye,  Ger.  bUiy  lead,  so  named  from  its 
color:  Slav.  p/ar»t ;  Fr.  blru:  Corn,  blou.] 

One  of  the  seven  colors,  into  wbich  the  rays  of 
light  divide  them.'^clves,  when  refracted  through  a 
glass  prism.  There  are  various  shades  of  blue,  as 
sky-blue  ia  autre,  Prussian  bluty  indigo  blite^  smalt 
blity  4lc.  Kirtean.     I^tcyc. 

Prussian  Mm,'  a  chemical  compound  of  iron  and 
cyanogen.  Ure. 

The  bUes^  (a  contracUon  for  blue  devils ,)  low  spirits ; 
melancholy. 

To  took  blue ;  to  be  confounded  or  terrified.   Orose, 
BLCC,  r.  L    To  make  blue  ;  to  dye  of  a  blue  color  j 

to  make  blue  by  heatine,  as  metajs,  &c. 
BLCB'-BIRD,  n.     [Mae  and  ftird]     A  small  bird,  very 
common  in  the  United  States  ;  the  Motacilla  sialis, 
Linn.,    {Sileia   sialis^   Wilson's    Omith.  ;  sialia    ffU~ 
stniit  Mbss.  Rep.)    The  upper  part  of  the  body  is 


BLU 

blue,  and  iho  throat  and  breast  of  a  dirty  red.    It 
makes  its  nest  in  the  hulc  cf  n  tree. 

BLCE'-BON  .NET,  n.  [blue  and  bonnet.]  A  plant,  a 
species  of  Ccniaurea.  Fatn.  0/  Plants. 

BLCE'-BQQK,  n.  A  book  containing  the  names  of  all 
the  persons  In  the  emphty  ment  of  the  IT.  S.  government. 

BLOE'-BOT'TLE,  n.     [blue  and  botilr.]     A  ptmit,  the 

Centaurea  Cyanus,  which  gn)ws  among  corn.    This 

and  the  former  plant  receive  their  names  from  their 

blue  bottle-shaped  flowers. 

2.  .\  fly  with  n  large  blue  belly.  Johnson. 

BL0E'HR|:AST,  (Mabrest.)  n.  A  small  species  of 
European  bird,  called  also  Blue-throated  viarbler^ 
(Si/lna  Sufciea^  Latham.) 

BLCE'-CAP,  n.  [blue  and  cap.]  A  fish  of  the  sal- 
mon kind,  with  blue  ^pots  on  itj>  head. 

Diet,  <ifJ^aU  Hist 
Q.  A  species  of  small  bird,  called  also  blue-titmouse ^ 
or  tomtit^  the  Parses  atmleus.  Partington. 

BLOE'-DEV'/LS,  n,  pt.  Lowness  of  spirits;  hypo- 
chondria.    [^Colloquial.]  Qrose. 

BLCE'-EV-EU,  (-We,)  a.    Having  blue  eyes.  Dryden. 

BLCE'-FISH,  n.     [blue  and.*t^A.] 

1.  A  fish,  a  si>ecies  of  Cor)'pn.Tna,  of  the  order  of 
Thoracics,  found  about  the  Bahamas,  and  on  the 
coast  of  Cuba.  Encye. 

2.  A  fish,  allied  to  the  mackerel,  common  on  the 
shores  of  New  England  ;  the  Temnodon  saltator. 

BLCE'-HAIR-£D,  a.    Having  hair  of  a  blue  color. 

Milton, 

BLCE'^OHN, a.  Amongminer^, fluorspar, a  mineral, 
found  in  the  mines  of  Derbyshire,  and  fabricated  into 
vases  and  other  ornamental  figures.  Encyc. 

BLCE'-LIGHT,  (lite,)  b.  A  composition,  burning 
with  a  blue  flame,  used  as  a  nigirt  signal  in  ships. 

BLCE'LY,  adp.    With  a  blue  color.  Swift, 

BLCE'NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  blue;  a  blue 
color.  Boyle. 

BLCE'-Pg'TER,  n.  In  lAe  British  nurine,  a  blue  flag 
with  a  white  square  in  the  center,  used  aa  a  signal  for 
sailing,  to  recall  boat^,  &c.  It  is  a  corruption  of 
Blue  Rrpeater.  one  of  the  British  signal  flags. 

BLOE'-STOCK'IXG,  n.  A  term  applied  to  lilerary 
ladies,  and  usually  with  the  imputation  of  pedantry. 
It  is  derived  from  the  name  given  to  certain  meetings 
held  by  ladies  in  the  days  of  Dr.  John-ion,  for  con- 
versation with  distinguished  liteniry  men.  One  of  the 
most  eminent  memlurs  Mas  a  .Mr.  .Stiilingfteet,  who 
always  wore  blue  stockings,  and  who  wa.-)  so  much 
distinguished  for  his  conversational  (wwers,  that  his 
absence  at  any  lime  was  felt  to  be  a  great  loss,  so 
that  the  remark  became  common,  **  We  can  do  noth- 
ing without  tJu  blue  stockings."  Hence  tliese  meet- 
ings were  sportively  called  blue  stocking  ctubsy&nd  the 
ladies  who  attended  them,  blue-stodiings, 

BosteelVs  Life  of  Johnson. 

BLCE'-THROAT,  n.  [blue  aud  throaL]  A  bird  with 
a  tawny  breast,  marked  with  a  sky-blue  crescent,  in- 
habiting the  northern  parts  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

BLCE'-VEI-V-£D,  (-vand',/  a.  Having  blue  veins  or 
streaks. '  Shak. 

BLCE  VIT'RI-OL,  n.    Sulphate  of  copper. 

BLCE'Y,  a.     Somewhat  blue. 

BLUFF,  a.  [Perhaps  allied  to  W.  Wic/,  Eng.  leapj  from 
shooting  forward.] 

Big;  surly;  blustering.  Dryden, 

BLUFF,  B.  A  high  bank,  almost  perpendicular,  pro- 
jecting into  Uie  sea  or  a  river ;  a  high  bank  pre- 
senting a  steep  fronL  Belknap.    Mar.  Diet. 

BLUFF^BOW-£nD,a.  [W«jf  and  ftow.]  Having  broad 
and  flat  bows.  Mar.  Diet. 

BLUFF'-HEAD-ED,  f-hed-ed,)  a.  [W«#  and  head.] 
Having  an  upright  stenu  Mar.  Diet. 

BLUFF'NESS,  n.  \  swelling  or  bloatedness ;  surli- 
ness. World. 

BLUFF'Y,  a.  Having  bluffs,  or  bold  projecting  points 
of  land. 

BLCISH,  a.    Blue  in  a  small  degree.  Pope, 

BLC'ISH-LY,  adc.     In  a  bluish  manner. 

BLC'ISH-N'ESS,  n,    A  small  degree  of  blue  color. 

Biiyle, 

BLUN'DER,  V.  i.  [This  word  seems  to  be  allied  to 
the  Or.  ^Xavnwy  to  err  ;  and  to  fiounder.  This  sense 
of  the  latter  is  to  move  with  sudden  jerks,  and  irreg- 
ular motions.  In  Dan.  blunder  is  to  wink,  twinkle, 
or  dissemble  ;  allied  to  Fr.  loiiu] 

1.  To  mistake  grossly ;  to  err  widely  or  stupidly. 

Johnsoiu 
5.  To  move  without  direction, or  steady  guidance; 
to  plunge  at  an  object ;  to  move,  speak,  or  write  with 
sudden   and  blind  precipitance  ;  as,  to  blunder  upon 
a  reason  ;  to  blunder  round  a  meaning.  Pope. 

3.  To  stumble,  as  a  horse  ;  a  common  use  of  the 
tDord. 

BLU.N'DER,  n.     A  mistake  through  precipitance,  or 

without  due  exercise  of  Judgment;  a  gross  mistake. 
BLU.N'DER-BUSS,  n.     [blander  and   D.  tits,  a  tube; 

Dan.  bdsse  ;  Sw.  bUssa^  a  gun.] 
1.  \  short  gun  or  fire-arm,  with  a  large  bore,  capable 

of  holding  a  number  of  balls,  and  intended  to  do 

eiecution  without  exact  aim. 
9.  A  stupid,  blundering  fellow.  HaViwell. 

BLUN'DER-CD,   pp.     Done   or   spoken  with    gross 

mistake. 


JJLU 

BLUX'DKR-ER,  n.  One  who  is  apt  to  blunder,  or  to 
make  gross  mistakes  ;  a  careless  [wrson. 

BLUN'DEK  HEAD,  (hed,)  n.  [blunder  and  head.]  A 
stupid  fellow  ;  one  who  blunders.  VEstrangt. 

BLUN'DElt-ING,  ppr,  or  a.  Moving  or  acting  with 
blind  precipitance ;  mistaking  gntssly  ;  stumbling. 

BLUN'DER-L\G-LY,  adv.    In  a  blundering  manner. 

Lewis. 

BLUNT,  a.     [from  the  root  of  Gr.  afipXwM^  to  dull.] 

1.  Having  a  thick  edge  or  point,  as  an  instrument ; 
dull ;  not  sharp. 

2.  Dull  in  understanding;  slow  of  discernment. 

Shak. 

3.  Abnipt  in  address  ;  plain  ;  unceremonious  ; 
wanting  the  forms  of  civility  ;  rough  in  manners  or 
&]>eech.  Bacon. 

4.  Hard  tQ  penetrate.     [Unusual.]  Pope. 
BLUNT,  V.  U     To  dull  the  edge  or  point,  by  making  it 

thicker. 

2.  To  repress  or  weaken  any  appetite,  desire,  or 
power  of  the  mind  ;  to  impair  the  force  of  any  pas- 
sion which  affects  the  mind,  or  of  any  evil  or  good 
which  affects  the  Iwidy  ;  as,  to  blunt  the  edge  of  love, 
of  pain,  or  of  suffering. 

Your  crcuelcH  cndcavon  will  be  pxcrted  to  blunt  the  iihiCT  of 
psin.  Dioight. 

BLUNT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Made  dullj  weakened;  im- 
paired ;  repressed. 

BLUNT'ING,  ppr.  Making  duU  ;  repressing  ;  Im- 
pairing. 

BLUNT'ING,  n.     Restraint.  Taylor. 

BLUNT'LY,  ado.  In  a  blunt  manner;  coarsely; 
plainly ;  ahniptly ;  without  delicacy,  or  the  usual 
forms  of  civility. 

BLUNT'NESS,  n.  Want  of  edge  or  point ;  dullness ; 
obtuseness  ;  want  of  sharpness. 

5.  Coarseness  of  address  ;  roughness  of  manners  ; 
rude  sincerity  or  plainness. 

BLUNT' WIT-TED,  a.    [blunt  and  wit.]    Dull ;  stupid. 

Sfiak. 
BLUR,  n«  [I  have  not  found  this  word  in  any  other 

language,  but  probably  it  is  allied  to  the  VV.  llur, 

black  and  blue,  livid.  L.  turidus.] 

A  dark  spot ;  a  stain  ;  a  blot,  whether  upon  paper 

or  other  substance,  or  upon  reputation,  Soutli. 

BLUR,  V.  t.    To  obscure  by  a  dark  spot,  or  by  any  foul 

matter,  without  quite  effacing. 
2.  To  sully ;  to  stain  ;  to  blemish ;  as,  to  blur  rcpu- 

t.ttion.  Butler. 

BLUH'RKD,  (blurd,)  pp.     Darkened  or  stained;  ob- 
scured. 
BLUR'RING,  ppr.    Darkening  or  staining;  spotting. 
BLURT,  V.  U     [Allied  probably  to  Jlirt,  to  throw.] 
To  throw  out,  or  throw  at  random,  hastily,  or 

unadvisedly ;    to  utter  suddenly  or  inadvertently ; 

commonly  with  out,  and  applied  to  words.     Young. 
BLURT'^JI),  7>p.    Thrown  out  hastily. 
BLURT'ING,  jrpr.     Throwing  out  or  uttered  hastily. 
BLUSH,  V.  X.     [l>.  hlooien  ;  Sw.  blyas,  to  blush  ;  Dan. 

btusse,  to  blaze  or  glisten  ;  blussel,  blushing;  D.  Wo*, 

a  blush  ;  Sw.  bloss;  Dun.  blus,  a  torch;  Dan.  blues 

ved,  to  blush  or  be  ashamed  ;  Ir.  loise,  loisi,  flame. 

It  implies  a  throwing  out,  or  spreading.    Fla^sh  may 

be  from  the  same  root.     See  Blaze.] 

1.  To  redden  in  the  cheeks  or  face  ;  to  be  suddenly 
suffused  with  a  red  color  in  the  cheeks  or  face,  from 
a  sense  of  guilt,  shame,  confusion,  modesty,  diffi- 
dence, or  surprise,  followed  by  at  or  /(W,  before  the 
cause  of  blushing  ;  as,  blush  at  your  vices  ;  blush  for 
your  degraded  country. 

lu  the  pp-'s'-nce  of  the  stiamfleM  and  utiblmlunff,  ihe  yoiin^  ol^ 
fcnii<-r  in  iishaiHcd  to  Uuih.  Bi*ckminaler. 

2.  To  bear  a  blooming  red  color,  or  any  soft,  bright 
color  ;  as,  the  blushing  rose. 

He  bear*  liia  blutking  hooora  thick  upon  him.  Shak. 

Shakspeare  has  used  this  word  in  a  transitive  sense, 
to  make  red,  and  it  may  be  allowable  in  poetry. 
BLUSH,  n,  A  red  colnr  suffusing  the  cheeks  only,  or 
the  face  generally,  and  excited  by  confusion,  which 
may  spring  from  shame,  guilt,  modesty,  diffidence, 
or  surprise. 

The  rosy  bluth  of  love.  TYumbuU. 

2.  A  red  or  reddish  color. 

3.  Sudden  appearance ;  a  glance ;  ft  sense  taken 
from  the  sudden  suffusion  of  the  face  in  blushing; 
as,  a  proposition  appears  absurd  at  first  blush.  Locke. 

BLUSH'ET,  7?.     A  young,  modest  girl.     [JVat  used.] 

BLUSII'FUL,  a.     Full  of  blushes.  Thomson. 

BLUSH'FJJL-LY,  ado.     In  a  blushful  manner. 

BLUSII'IN'G,  ppr.  or  a.  Reddening  in  the  cheeks  or 
face  ;  bearing  a  bright  color. 

BLUSH'ING,  n.  The  act  of  turning  red  ;  the  appear- 
ance of  color  on  the  cheeks. 

RLUSH'ING-LY,  adv.     In  a  blushing  manner. 

BLUSH'LESS,  a.  Unblushing;  past  blushing;  im- 
pudent. Marsion. 

BLUSH'Y,  a.  Like  a  blush;  having  the  color  of  a 
blush.  Ilarrey, 

BLUS'TER,  tJ.  i.     [Sax.  blastan,  to  blow.     Probably 

allied  to  ft/ate,  blast ;  Dan.  blusse,  to  blaze,  to  rage.] 

1.  To  be  loud,  noisy,  or  swaggering  ;  to  liully  ;  to 

puff;  to  swagger,  as  a  turbulent  or  boasting  person. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF.  BQQK.- 


BOA 

9.  To  roar,  and  be  luimiltuoiis,  as  wind  ;  to  be 
boist'Toiis  ;  to  be  windy  ;  to  hurry. 

BLUS'TER,  n.  Noise;  tumuli;  boasting;  hoirterous- 
ness ;  mrbtilL-nce  ;  roar  of  a  tempest ;  violent  wind  ; 
hurry  'f  any  irregular  noi^je  and  tumult  from  wind,  or 
from  vanity. 

BLUS'TER-ER,  n.  A  swap^rer ;  a  bully  ;  a  noisy, 
tumultuous  ft'llow,  who  makes  great  pretensions 
from  vanity, 

RLL"S'TER-IXG,  tl     Noisy  prrtension  ;  swaggering. 

BLL':?'TER-I.NG,  ppr.  Making  a  noise  ;  puffing  ; 
bc»astine. 

BLtJS  TER-IXG,  a.     Noisy;  tumultuous;  windy. 

RI^L'S'TER-ING-LY,  adv.     In  a  blustering  manner. 

BLUS'TROUS,  a.     Noisy;  tumultuous;  boastful. 

Utidibras. 

BO,  ezelam.  [W.  bit.]  A  word  of  terror ;  a  custom- 
ary sound  uttered  by  children  to  frighten  their  fclKtws. 

BO'A,  n.  A  genus  of  serpents,  of  the  class  Amphibia, 
the  characters  of  which  are,  that  the  belly  and  tail  are 
fumiifhed  with  scuta.  It  includes  the  hirgest  species 
of  serpent,  the  B.  constrictvr,  sometimes  30  or  40 
feet  long.  Cyc. 

Bo' A,  Ti.  A  fur  tippet,  large  and  round  ;  so  called 
fiorn  its  resemblance  to  the  bna  eonstT-ictor. 

BO'A  eON-STKier'OR,  n.  The  scientific  name  of  a 
large  and  powerful  serpent,  sometimiis  30  or  40  feet 
long,  found  in  the  tropical  p:trt3  of  America.  It  has 
a  regular  succession  of  spots,  nltemately  black  and 
yell-iw,  extending  the  wliule  length  of  the  back,  and 
derives  its  name  from  its  crushing  its  prey  to  death 
in  its  coils.  The  name  has  also  bsen  loosely  applied 
to  other  large  serpents  which  crush  their  prey,  par- 
ticularly of  the  genus  PijiAtm,  found  in  Asia  and 
Africa.  A  Cue.     Brande, 

BG  AN-ER'Gk?,  n.  pi  Pons  of  thunder;  an  appella- 
tion eiven  by  Jesus  Christ  to  his  two  disciples  James 
and  John. 

BOAR,  n.  [.Sax.  bar  ,■  Com.  ftora,  a  boar ;  D.  beer,  a 
bear  or  boar ;  Ger.  eber^  n  boar,  and  a  gimlet  or  auger ; 
also,  ebrrscAwrin,  boar-tiwiue.  Qu.  L.  aper  and  rer- 
res;  Sans,  raroAa.) 

The  male  of  swine  not  castrated. 

BOAR,  r.  i.  In  the  manege^  a  hor-'te  is  said  to  hoar^ 
when  he  shoots  out  his  nus,",  raising  it  as  high  as  his 
ears,  and  tosses  his  nose  in  the  wind.  Encijc 

BOARD,  H.  [Sax.  bord  and  brfd^  a  boards  or  table; 
Goth,  baurd;  Sw,  bord^  and  brdJe :  D.  boord,  a  boards 
a  hem,  border^  margin  ;  Ger.  bord^  a  board^  a  brim, 
bank,  border ;  and  frrrt,  a  boards  or  plank  ;  Dan.  ftorrf, 
a  buard^  a  table  ;  brttiH,  a  board,  or  plank  ;  and  bred, 
a  border }  W.  bwri,  a  bo:ird  or  table  ;  Ir.  bord,  a  table, 
a  border.  This  word  and  broad  seem  to  be  allied 
in  origin  ;  and  the  primary  sense  is  to  open  or  spread, 
whence  broad,  dilated.] 

1.  A  piece  of  timb.  r  sawed  thin,  and  of  consider- 
able length  and  breadth  compared  with  the  thick- 
ness, used  for  building  and  other  purposes. 

2.  A  table.  The  table  of  our  rude  ancestors  was 
a  piece  of  board,  [rerhaps  originally  laid  up<m  the 
knees.  "  Lauti  cibum  capiunt  -,  separata  singulis 
sedes,  el  sua  cuique  mensa."  The  Germans  wash 
before  they  eat,  and  each  has  a  separate  seat,  and 
bis  own  table.  Tacitas,  De  Mur.  Germ.  2:2. 

3.  Enlertiiriment  ;  fo<»d  ;  diet  ;  ay,  the  price  of 
hoard  is  two,  five,  or  seven  dollars  a  week. 

4.  A  table  at  which  a  council  or  court  is  held  ; 
hence  a  council,  convened  for  business,  or  any  au- 
thorized assembly  or  meeting  ;  as,aft(]ar(i  of  directors. 

5.  The  deck  of  a  ship;  the  interior  part  of  a  ship 
or  boat ;  used  in  the  phrase  on  board,  aboard.  In 
this  phrase,  however,  the  sense  is  primarily  the  side 
of  the  ship.     To  jra  aboard,  is  to  go  over  the  side. 

6.  The  side  of  a  ship.     [Fr,  bord\  Hp.  burda.\ 
Now  hoard  u>  board  ihc  riritl  tc-utU  row.  •      Lhydtn. 

To  fall  tycer  board;  that  is,  over  the  side. 

To  go  by  the  board,  is  f()r  ilic  mast  of  a  ship  to  be 
broken  off,  and  thrown  over  the  bord  or  side  ;  hence 
used  figuratively,  to  denote   a   complete   sweep  or 

Board  and  board  i  side  by  side.  [destruction. 

7.  The  line  over  which  a  ship  runs  between  tack 
and  tack.  To  make  a  good  board,  is  to  sail  in  a 
straight  line,  when  close  hauled.  To  wake  .^hort 
boards,  is  to  tack  frequently.  Jlfar,  DieL 

8.  A  table  for  artificers  to  sit  or  work  on. 

9.  A  tattle  or  frame  for  a  game  ;  ai,  a  cheats  board,  4tc. 

10.  A  bfxly  of  men  constituting  a  qiiurum  in  ses- 
sion; n  court  or  council;  g^s^aboard  of  trustees;  a 
board  of  oflicers, 

11.  The  boards,  or  cofteo'e  boards,  in  the  English 
nniversities,  are  the  otficial  list  of  the  members  of 
the  university. 

BOARD,  V.  t.  To  lay  or  spread  with  boards  ;  to  cover 
with  boards. 

2.  To  enter  a  ship  by  force  in  combat,  which  an- 
swers to  Htortning  a  city  or  fort  on  land. 

3.  To  attack  ;  to  make  the  first  attempt  upon  a 
man.     In  Spenser,  to  accost.     [Fr.  ohordrr.]     [Obg.] 

Baeon.     Skak, 

4.  To  place  at  board,  for  a  compensation,  as  a 
lodger. 

5.  To  furnish  with  food,  or  food  and  lodging,  fora 
comp«;nsation  ;  as,  a  man  boards  ten  students. 


BOA 

BOARD,  r.  I.     To  receive  ftwd  or  diet  as  a  lodger,  or 

without  lodgings,  f<ir  a  conipcn^iition  ;  as,  he  boards 

at  the  mod.  rate  price  of  two  dollnrs  a  week. 
BOARD' A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  boarded,  as  a  ship. 
BOARD'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Covered  with  boards  ;  entered 

by  anncd  men,  as  a  ship;  furnished  with  food  for  a 

compensation. 
BOARD'ER,  n.    One  who  has  f<K>d  or  diet  and  lodging 

in  another's  family  for  a  reward. 
9.  One  who  boards  a  ship  in  action ;  one  who  is 

selected  to  board  ships.  Mar.  Diet 

BOARD'ING,p;)r.     Covering  with  boards  ;  entering  a 

ship  by  force  ;   furnishing  or  receiving  board,  as  a 

lodger,  for  a  reward. 
BOARD'LN'G,  n.    The  act  of  entering  a  ship  by  force 

in  combat. 

2.  The  act  of  covering  with  boards,  and  also  the 

3.  The  same  as  Hoard  ;  food  ;  diet,  [covering  itself. 
BOARD'ING-SenOOL,  n.     A  school,  tlie  scholars  of 

which  board  with  the  tenrher. 
BOARD'-KCLE,  h.     A  fiijured   scale   for  finding  the 
number  of  square  feet  in  a  board  without  calculation. 

Italdiman. 
BOARD'-WA-GES,  n.  pK     Wages  allowed  to  servants 

to  keep  themselves  in  victuals,  Dryden. 

BOAR'ISH,  a.     [I'wm  boar.]     Swinish;  brutal;  cruel. 

Shak. 
BOAR'-SPeAR,  n.    A  spear  used  in  hunting  boars. 

apeJtser. 
BOAST,  V.  I.     [W.  bostiaw,  to  boast,  to  toss,  or  throw  ; 
G.  pauMten,  to  blow,  swell,  bounce ;  Sw.  piisa,  Dan. 
paste,  id. ;  Q,u.  Gr.  >u(Tauj,tointlate  ;  Russ.  khvastayu, 
to  boast ;  L.  fastus.} 

1.  To  brag,  or  vaunt  one*s  self;  to  make  an  osten- 
tatious display,  in  s|jeech,  of  one's  own  worth,  prop- 
erty, or  actions. 

Noi  of  works,  Ir«t  any  man  should  hoatt.  —  Eph.  ii.  9. 
9.  To  glory;   to  speak  with   laudable   pride  and 
ostentation  of  meritorious  persons  or  things. 

I  boatt  of  you  to  l-Vm  of  Muceiloni-i.  St.  Paul.  2  Cor,  ix. 
Usually,  it  is  followed  by  nf;  sometimes  by  in. 
3.  To  exalt  one's  self. 

WUh  jfoar  inoiilh  you  hsvc  boasted  njainrt  mv,  —  >l£ek.  inxv. 
BOAST,  p.  (.     To  display  in  ostentatious  language;  to 
speak  of  with  pride,  vanity,  or  exultation,  with  a 
view  to  self-commendation. 

L*«i  mrn  ihoultl  boatt  their  (pecioui  dccdi.  AtUton, 

2.  To  magnify  or  e,\alt. 

They  boatt  Ihciiuelvei  in  tbfl  multitude  of  their  riclies.  —  Pa. 

xliz. 

3.  To  exult  in  confident  expectation. 

Rjatl  not  tiiys^lf  of  tcvmorrow.  —  Pror.  xxvM. 

BOAST,  n.  Expression  of  ostentation,  pride,  or  van- 
ity;  a  vaunting. 

Thou  miikrtt  thy  boatt  of  the  law.  —  Roin.  U. 

9.  The  cau.«e  of  boasting;  occasion  of  pride,  van- 
ity, or  laudable  exultation. 

Tri.iJ  by  -pcvn  i*  tlm  boast  of  Ox  Brilj^  aatloo. 

BOAST'ER,  n.    One  who  boasts,  glories,  or  vaunts, 

a^tentntiously.  Bmjle. 

BOAST'FJJL,  a.    Given  to  boasting;  ostentatiti'us  of 

pr!rsonal  worth  or  actions.  Shak. 

BOAST'FUI^LV,  adv.     In  a  boastful  manner. 
B0AST'FJ;L-NE.SS,  n.     State  of  being  boastful. 
BOAST'ING,  ;>;»■.    Talking  ostentatiously;  glorying; 

vauntinic. 
BOAST'IXG,  n.      Ostentatious    display   of  personal 

worth  or  actions ;  a  glorying  or  vaunting. 

Wh^re  ia  boasting  th^ii  /  —  Rom.  ili. 

BOAST'ING-LY,  adv.  lu  an  ostentatious  manner; 
with  boasting. 

BOAST'lVEjfl.    Presumptuous.    [Unuttual.]  Shenttone. 

BOAST'LESS,  a.     Without  ostentation.      Thomson. 

BOA'i",  (bote,)  n.  [Sax.  bat;  Sw.  bat;  Dan.  baad;  W. 
bad :  Ir.  bad  ;  D.  boot ;  G.  hot,  a  boat ;  It.  flim.  baitdlo, 
a  little  boat,  whence  Fr.  bateau ;  Sp.  bote,  a  boat.] 

1.  A  small  open  vessel,  nr  water  craft,  usually 
moved  by  oars,  or  rowing.  The  forms,  dimensions, 
and  uses,  of  boats  are  very  various,  and  some  of 
them  carry  a  light  sail.  The  ditferent  kinds  of  boats 
have  different  names  ;  Jis,  long-boat,  tanch,  barge, 
pinnace,  joUy-boat,  cutter,  yaicl,  ferry-boat,  wherry, 
Moses-boat,  pant,  felucca,  jxshing-boat,  perague,  &c, 

2.  A  small  vessel  carrying  a  mast  and  sails  ;  but 
usually  described  by  another  word  ;  as,  a  packet-boat^ 
passage-boat,  advice-boat,  fee.  Johnson. 

BOAT,  V.  t.  To  transport  in  a  boat ;  as,  to  boat  goods 
across  a  lake.  Itrp.  on  Canals.     Ash. 

BOAT' A-BLE,  a.  Navigable  fur  boats,  or  small  river 
craft.  Ramsay. 

BOAT'ED,  pp.    Transported  in  a  boat. 

BOAT'-BILL,  n.  [boat  and  biU.]  The  name  of  a 
species  of  brrd,  the  Cancroma  coclilcaria,  a  native 
of  the  tropical  parts  of  South  America.  It  is  of  the 
Grallic  order,  with  a  bill  four  inches  Irtng,  not  unlike 
a  boat  with  the  kocl  up[iermowt,  or  like  the  bowls  of 
two  sptmns,  p!ac(;d  with  the  hollow  parts  towards 
each  other.  Enryc,     Partington. 

BOAT'-FLV,  }  71.     A  name  connuon  to  different 

BOAT'-KN-HECT,  \  sijccies  of  HtuniiiU^rous  insects, 
of  the  genus  Notonectn.  Encyc. 


BOD 

BOAT'-HOOK,  n.  [boat  and  hook.]  An  iron  hook 
with  a  [Miint  un  l!ie  back,  fixed  to  a  long  pule,  to 
pull  or  push  a  boat.  Mar.  Diet. 

BOAT'I\<;,  ppr.     Transporting  in  boats. 

BO.^T'liN'G,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  sailing  or  trans- 
porting in  boats. 

2.  Ill  Persia,  a  punishment  of  capital  offenders,  by 
laying  them  on  the  back  in  a  boat  wtiich  is  covered, 
where  they  perish.  Eneyc. 

BO-A'TION,n.  [h.boo.]  A  crying  out;  a  roar.  [JVot 
used.]  Derhtm. 

BOAT'M.\N,    I  n.  [boat  and  man.]     A  man  who  nian- 

BO.\TS'MAN,  \      ages  a  boat ;  a  rower  of  a  boat. 

Dryden.     Prior. 

BoAT'-ROPE,  n.  [boat  and  rope.]  A  rope  to  fastt:n  a 
boar,  usually  called  a  painter. 

BOAT'-SHAP-fJD,  (bOle'shapte,)  a.  Having  the 
sliape  of  a  boat ;  navicular  ;  cymbiform  ;  hollow  like 
a  boat ;  as  the  valve  of  some  pericarps.        Martyn^ 

BoAT'SWAIN,  (in  seameti's  language,  lio'sn,)  n.  [Sax. 
batswein,  Irom  bat,  boat,  and  sweui,  swain,  a  boy  or" 
servant.]  ., 

An  ofiicer  on  board  of  ships,  who  has  charge  of  the 
boats,  sails,  rigging,  colors,  anchors,  cables,  and  cord- 
age. His  onice  is  also  to  summon  the  crew  to 
their  duly,  to  relieve  the  watch,  assist  in  the  neces- 
sary business  of  the  ship,  seize  and  punish  offenders, 
&c.  He  has  a  mate  who  has  charge  of  the  long-boat, 
for  setting  forth  and  weighing  anchors,  warping, 
towing,  and  mooriijg.     Mar.  Diet.     Eacyc.     Johnson. 

BOB,  n.  A  shori,  jerking  action  ;  as,  a  bob  of  the 
head. 

9.  Any  little  round  thing,  that  plays  loosely  at  the 
end  of  a  siring,  cord,  or  movable  machine;  a  little 
ornament  or  pendant  that  h;uig8  so  as  to  play  loosely. . 

Dryden. 
Our  common  people  apply  the  word  to  a  knot  of 
worms,  on  a  string,  used  in  fishing  for  eels. 

3.  The  words  repeated  at  the  end  of  a  stanza. 

JW  B^trange^ 

4.  A  blow  ;  a  shake  or  jog  ;  a  jeer  or  flout. 

■JiinswortA.     Jlscham, 

5.  The  ball  of  a  short  pendulum.  Encyc. 

6.  A  mode  of  ringing.  Johnson. 

7.  A  bob-wig.  Shenstone. 
BOB,  r.  ^     To  move   in  a   short,  jerking  manner ; 

as,  to  bob  one's  head,  to  bob  a  courtesy, 

2.  To  beat ;  to  shake  or  jog.  Shak. 

3.  To  cheat ;  to  gain  by  fraud.  Shak. 

4.  To  mock  or  delude.  Ainswortk. 

5.  To  cut  short. 

BOB,  V.  i.  To  play  backward  and  forward  ;  to  play 
loosely  against  any  thing.  Dryden. 

2.  To  angle,  or  fish  for  eels,  or  to  catch  eelswith  a 
bob.  Encyc. 

BO-BANCE',  (bo-bans',)  n.    A  boasting.    [JVV  in  ilsc] 

Chaucer. 

BOB'BED,  pp.  Moved  short  and  quick  ;  beat  or 
shaken  ;  cheated  ;  gained  by  fraud  ;  deluded.  - 

BOB'BIN,  n.  [Fv.bobtne;  D.  babyn.]  A  small  pin  or 
cylindrical  piece  of  wood,  with  a  head,  on  which 
thread  is  wound  for  making  lace.  A  similar  instru- 
ment, bored  through  to  receive  an  iron  pivot,  and 
with  a  border  at  each  end,  is  used  in  spinning,  to 
wind  thread  or  silk  on  ;  a  spool. 
9.  Round  tape. 

BOB-BIN-ET',  n.  A  kind  of  lace  which  is  wrought 
by  machines,  and  not  by  hand.   Encyc  Doth.  Econ. 

BOB'BING,  ppr.  Playing  back  and  forth;  striking; 
cheating  ;  angling  for  eels. 

BOH'BIN-WORK,  n.  [bobbin  and  work.]  Work  woven 
with  bobbins.  Orcie. 

BOU'-CHER-RY,  n.  [bob  and  cherry.]  Among  chil- 
dren, a  play  in  which  a  cherry  is  hung  so  as  to  bob 
against  the  moutli,  and  be  caught  with  the  teeth. 

Johnson. 

BOB'O-LINK,  n.  The  popular  name  of  the  rice-bird 
or  reed-bird,  of  the  genus  Icterus. 

BOB'STAYS,  71.  p/.  [bob  nnd  stay.]  Ropes  to  confine  the 
bowsprit  of  a  ship  downward  to  tJie  stem.  Mar.  Dict^ 

BOB'TAIL,  n.  [bob  and  tail.]     A  short  tail,  or  a  tail 

cut  short,  Shak. 

2.  The  rabble;  used  in  contempt.  Bramston, 

BOB'TA£L,-£D,  o.    Having  tho  hair  or  tail  cut  short. 

L*  Estrange. 

B0B'-W7G,  )  n.  [bob  and  ^Big.]     A  short  wig. 

BOB'T.^II^WIG,    i  Spectator. 

BOCA-SINE,  n.  [Fr.]  A  sort  of  fine  linen  or  buck- 
ram. Johnson. 

BOCE,  n.    The  spams,  a  beautiful  fish.  -SsA. 

BOCK'E-LET,  i  n.    A  kind  of  long-winged  hawk. 

BOCK'E-RET,  (  Johnson, 

BOCK'ING,  71.  A  particular  sort  of  cloth,  like  baize 
or  dniggeL 

BOCK'hAND.     See  Bookland.  Encyc. 

BODE,  V.  t.  [Sax.  bodtan,  bodigan,  to  foretell,  to  utter 
or  announce  ;  bod,  an  order,  mandate,  or  edict ;  boda, 
a  messenger,  or  preacher ;  Sw.  bod,  a  message,  an 
embassy  ;  bebada,  to  tell  or  relate  ;  Sax.  grbodlon,  to 
offer  or  bid,  to  relate,  tell,  or  announce,  to  command, 
to  show,  to  promise.  Radically,  this  is  the  same 
word  as  Bid,  which  see.  The  radical  sense  is,  to 
utter,  to  drive  out  the  voice.] 
To  portend  ;  to  foreshow  ;  to  presage  ;  to  indicate 


TONE,  BULL.  UMTE.  — AN"CER,  VI"CIOUS._e  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  «  as  Z  j  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


BOD 

aomecbinK  Aiture  by  signs  ;  to  be  the  omen  of;  most 
geHtraUy  applied  to  tkii^s  i  as,  our  vicea  tfod*  evil  tu 
the  cuuutry. 
BODE,  V.  L    To  fbiwbow ;  to  prmge. 

nkfarfMWBlOTOU.  Drydtn, 

BODE,  K.     An  omen.  Chameer. 

3.  A  stop.    [See  Abidk.] 

BO'DED, ji^  or  c    Presaged;  omened. 

BADE'MEXT,  u.    An  omen  ;  poitent;  prognostic  ;  a 
fure>howing.     [0*5.1  SAak, 

BODGE,  r.  i.    [See  Bocout.]     To  boggle;  to  stop. 
[A'oi  used.]  «*«*• 

BOUC  E,  «.    A  botch.    [JVb(  used.]  WkiUack. 

BOD'ICE,  n.    Slays ;  a  waidtcoal,  quUlcd  with  whale- 
bone, worn  by  women.  JokMson, 

BOD'I-£D,  (bod'id,)  «.  [fVom  body.]    Having  a  body. 

BOD'I-LESS,  0.     [Sec   Boot.]     Having  no  body  Of 
mater»:vl  form  ;  iiicorp(.>reaL  Dmvits. 

BOD'M-I  .NE8S   ».     Corpiirrality.  Mi»skeu. 

BOD'M.Y,  a.     Ilnxing  or  r "."—  -  hr^dy  or  male- 

rial  f»*rin  ;  corpon^al ;  ns,  in*.  Stmt*. 

a.  Rtlating  or  pertaiuiiu  ,  in  distinction 
from  the  mind  ;  as,  bodU^  lU  ..\  .  - ,  -. y  pain.  Lackc. 

3.  Rral ;  actual :  as,  httdUy  art.  SJtak. 
BOD'I-LY,  ado.    Corporeally  ;  united  with  a  body  or 

matter. 

h  b  te  kmna  Baton,  i*  wUch  ibr  GwfiwtJ  dwBi  boUlm, 

a.  In  reepecl  t4»  the  entire  body  or  mass  ;  entirely  ; 

C4»nu4^toly  ;  as,  ti>  carry  away  bodily. 
BODING,  fl»r.  or  a.  [from  bade.]    Foreshowing;  pre- 

KijlinB 
BOO'IXG,  n.    An  omen.  Bp.  H'ard. 

BUD'KIN,  n.    [Ir.  bod^  a  limb,  that  l5,  a  point,  a  shoot, 

with  the  terminnliun  Jcut,  us^  as  a  diminutive  ;  Gr. 

fSa-roi,  a  ihtirn.] 

1.  An  msirumr-nt  of  steel,  bone,  ivory,  or  the  like, 
with  a  small  blade,  and  a  sharp  point,  for  making 
holes  by  piercing.  A  like  instrument  with  an  eye, 
fi»r  drawirig  thread,  tai»e,  i»r  ribbon  through  a  loop, 
i-c     An  insirnnunt  U>  dress  the  hair.        Jokjuon. 

2.  A  itaeaer.     r.V<»(  lit  use.]  Cbaucer.* 
BOD'LeI-A.N,  «.     Prtainine  to  ?ir  Thomas  Bodlty, 

who  fiMindi-d  a  cctebrats;d  librar}'  at  Oxford,  in  the 
li:Uh  century*. 
BOD'V,  m.    fSox.  bodig^  stature,  tnink,  qiine;  be^; 
tbat  whirh  is  set  or  fiXed.] 

J.  The  frame  of  an  animal ;  the  material  organized 
Milvtance  of  an  animal,  wlii-lher  living  or  dead. 

Br  noi  laaam  far  your  kodff.  MaOtum.    L»ka, 

The  main  central  part  oT  an  animal,  in  diatinc- 
tion  fn>m  the  bead  and  tsxtreroitiea. 

'4.  Mutter,  as  opposed  to  spirit.  Sa*ker. 

4.  A  persoo ;  a  bunian  being ;  aonefhnea  alone, 
rai>re  penerally  with  tome  or  m  .-  as,  uBmebodif ;  ^^bodf. 

5.  Reality,  as  oppoaed  to  repmentation. 

A  staaitow  of  thtD^  to  oonw,  luit  ihr  hoiy  la  of  Chrat.  —  Col.  B. 

6.  A  collective  mass ;  a  number  of  individuals  or 
particulars  united  ;  a^,  the  hk»dy  of  mankind.  Chris- 
tians united,  or  the  church,  is  called  the  bodif^  of 
which  each  Christian  is  a  member,  and  Chrisi  the 
head.     I  Ciir.  xiL  10,  -27. 

7.  The  main  army,  in  distinction  from  the  wings, 
van,  or  rear.  Also,  any  number  of  forces  under  one 
commander.  Clarendon. 

8.  \  corpomtion;  a  number  of  men,  united  by  a 
common  tie,  by  one  form  of  government,  or  by  occu- 
pation ;  as,  the  legislative  boda ;  the  bodi/  of  the 
clergy  ;  bodg  corporate  ;  fro</w  politic 

In  pk§itie$t  any  distinct  pjrtion  of  matter,  perceived 
Iqr  Uie  senses,  ur  any  kind  of  matter,  taken  gencr- 

In  groHuXrjh  a  solid  figure.  [ically. 

9l  The  main  part  ;  Uic  bulk  ;  as,  the  body  of  a  tree ; 
the  bodtf  of  a  ct^ch,  of  a  sliip,  &c. 

10.  Any  extended  solid  substance;  matter;  any 
anbetance  or  mass  distinct  from  others;  as,  a  metal- 
line bodm;  a  floating  body;  a  moving  bodyi  a  light 
b&dw :  a  heavy  body. 

11.  A  p«uidecl;  a  ^neral  collection;  a  code;  a 
system;  as,  a  body  of  laws  ;  a  body  of  divinity. 

1;^  ^renglb ;  as,  vfine  of  a  good  body. 

13.  Among  painters^  colors  htar  a  body,  when  they 
are  capable  of  betn^  ground  so  fine,  and  of  being 
mised  so  entirely  with  oil,  as  to  seem  only  a  very 
thick  oil  of  the  same  color.  Encye. 

14.  The  unrenewed  part  of  man,  or  sensual  af- 
fections. 

Bat  I  keep  under  1117  boify.  —  1  Cor.  ix. 

15.  The  extent ;  the  limits. 

CwBF  to  com?  h-w  on  vxh  a  dnjr,  tw*<Tr  fr^  aiH  Uwful  avm  — 
bom  the  body  of  your  cooat/.    F^trm  of  a  Yemr*  F>iida4. 

BOD^,  t).  (.    To  produce  In  some  form. 

InMsinaiimi  bodies  ibnh  ih?  fornts  of  Uiings.  Shak, 

BOD'Y-€L0THE»,  n.  pL  [body  and  OoUl]     Clothing 
or  covering  for  the  boilv,  as  fur  a  horse.      AdtUsan. 

BOD'Y-GUaRD,  lu     Thf  guard  that  protects  or  de- 
fends the  person  ;  the  life-guard.     Uence,  security. 

Porteus. 

BOD'Y-POL'I-Tie,  n.    The  collective  body  of  a  na- 
tion under  civil  government. 


BOI 

BOD'V-SNATCM-EK,  n.  One  who  secretly  disinters  1 
the  Uxiies  of  Ihe  dead  in  churchy  11  nts,  for  the  pur- 
poses of  dissection.  .\fiss  -Martincau. 

BOD'Y-SNA TCII-ING,  11.  The  act  of  robbing  of  the 
grave  fur  the  purposes  of  dissectiim.  Mi.-:s  Martincau. 

B(.>G,  n.  [Ir.  Ao^,  soft ;  boffacAy  a  marsh  ;  bogha^  a 
bow  ;  boffhditn,  to  bend  ;  Sax.  bugan ;  D.  boogeriy  to 
bend.  Soft  is  flexible,  yielding  to  pressure,  bending. 
See  Bow.J 

1.  A  quagmire  covered  with  grass  or  other  plants. 
It  is  defined  by  mar.<h  and  mprass^  but  differs  from  a 
marsh,  as  a  port  from  the  whole.  Wet  grounds  are 
either  bogs,  which  are  the  softest,  and  too  sot\  to  bear 
a  man  ;  marshfs  or  fens,  which  are  less  soft,  but  very 
wet ;  or  attampa,  which  are  sof^,  spongj-  ianii,  upon 
the  surface,  but  sustain  mau  and  besisl,  and  ore  olicn 
mowed. 

2.  A  little  elevated  siwt  or  clump  of  earth.  In 
marshes  and  swamps,  filled  with  nxits  and  grass. 

A  This  u  a  commtiM  usf  of  the  tcord  in  AVic  FMjsland.] 
G,  V.  C    To  whelm  or  plunge,  as  in  mud  and  mire. 

BOG'-BkAN,  n.  [fro^and  bean;  called  buck-hean.] 
Menyanthes,  a  i>lant,  the    marsh-trefoil,    which 
grows  in  moist  and  marshy  places,  having  beautiful 
flowers  and  iutennely  bitter  leaves.  booth. 

DOG'-BER-RV,  n.  [froff  and  brmj.]  A  species  of 
Oxycoccus,  a  name  of  tlie  cranberry  gri>wiiig  in  low 
land^  and  marshy  places.  Fum.  of  Plants. 

BOG'GLE,  v.  i.     [tlu.  \V.  ba^ly  a  terrifying.] 

I.  To  doubt ;  to  hesitate  ;  to  stop,  as  if  afraid  to 
proceed,  or  as  if  impeded  by  unforeseen  ditlicultics  ; 
to  play  fast  and  loose. 

We  bogfU  u  enrj  ununul  i^ipeaimnc«.  OraninUt. 

^  To  dissemble.  IIoiDtU. 

BOG'GLE,  T.  t.  To  embarrass  with  difficulties;  a 
popular  or  vulgar  ust  of  the  word  in  the  United^Statej. 

BOG'GLED,  pp.  Perplexed  and  impeded  by  sudden 
difficulties;  embarrassed. 

GOG'GLER,  n.     A  doubter  ;  a  timorous  man.    Shak. 

BOG'GLING,  ppr.  Skirting  or  stopping  at  difticuUiea  ; 
hesitating. 

BOG'GIJSH,  a.     Doubtful.     [.Yot  vsed.]  Taylor. 

BOG'G  V,  a.  [from  bog.]    Containing  bogs ;  full  of  bogs. 

BOG'-IIOCSE,  U'lbog  and  Aniuc]     A  bouse  of  office. 

KOG'-LAND,  d.  [bog  and  UuuL]  Laving  in  or  per- 
taining to  a  martfhy  country.  Dryden. 

BOG'GLE,  i  "*    tW.  bwg,  a  bugbear  or  goblin.] 
A  bugbear  ;  a  specter. 

BOG'-MOS.S,  w.  The  Spagnum,  a  genua  of  aquatic 
moss  plants. 

BOG'-oRE,  a.  An  ore  of  iron  found  in  boggy  or 
swampy  land ;  a  variety  of  brown  iron  ore,  or 
limonite. 

BOG'-RUSH,  a.  [bog  and  rttsJL]  A  rush  that  grows 
in  boe«,  the  Scikenus.  Pennant. 

BOG'-SPAV-IN,  n.  [bog  and  ^parta.]  In  A<w»m,  an 
encysted  tumor  on  the  inside  of  the  hough,  contain- 
ing a  gelatinous  matter.  Kneiic 

BOG'-TRO'I'-TER,  n.  [bog  and  trot]  One  who  lives 
in  a  boggy  country-.  Johnson. 

BOG'-WHORT,  «.  [froff  and  vhori.]  The  bilberry  or 
whnrileberr>'  growing  in  low  lands.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

BO-HSA',  n.     [Grosier  informs  us  that  this  is  named 
from  a  mountain  in  China,  called  F'ou-y  or  Foo-y. 
Vol.  i.  407.J 
A  sort  of  coarse  or  low-priced  tea  from  China ;  a 

BO'HUN   O'PA.S.    See  Upas.  [sort  of  black  tea. 

BOI'XR,     In.     In  the  Ras.tian  empire,  a  nobleman  ;  a 

BOY'AR,  \  lord;  a  person  of  quality;  a  soldier. 
This  word  answers  nearly  to  baron  in  Great  Britain, 
and  other  countries  in  the  west  of  Euro|)e. 

Toake.     Eton. 

BOI'A-RTN,  n.  In  Russia,  a  gentleman ;  a  person  of 
distinction  ;  the  master  of  a  family. 

Tooke.     Russ.  Diet. 

BOIL,  ».  i.  [Fr.  bouiair:  I^  buUio ;  It.  bullire. ;  Sp. 
buUir^  to  boil ;  L.  bulla,  a  bubble  ;  Russ.  bul,  the  noise 
of  boiling  water ;  It-  bolla,  a  bubble,  or  blister ;  Eth. 

<i-C\(\\  faleh,  Amh.  <^C\  fale,  to  boil ;  W.  baXaUy  to 
spring.     Ciu.  Sax.  loeallan,  to  well,  to  boil.] 

1.  To  swell,  heave,  or  be  agitated  by  the  action  of 
heat;  to  bubble;  to  rise  in  bubbles;  as,  the  water 
boils.  In  a  chemical  sense,  to  pxss  from  a  liquid  to 
an  afirifurm  state  or  vapor,  at  the  boiling  iwint. 

2.  To  be  agitated  by  any  other  cause  than  heat ; 
as,  the  boiling  waves  which  roll  and  foam. 

a  To  be  hot  or  fer\id  ;  to  swell  by  native  heat, 
vigor,  or  irritation  ;  as,  the  boiling  blood  of  youth  ;  his 
blood  boils  with  anger. 

4.  To  be  in  trailing  water  ;  to  sufTer  boiling  heat  in 
water  or  oth'-r  liquid,  for  cookery  or  other  purpose. 

5.  To  bubble ;  to  effervesce ;  as  a  mixture  of  an 
acid  and  a  carbonate. 

To  boil  aipay  :  to  evaporate  by  boiling. 

To  boil  over,  is  to  run  over  the  top  of  a  vessel,  as 
liquor  when  thrown  into  violent  agitation  by  heat  or 
other  cause  of  effervescence. 
BOLL,  V.  L  To  dress  or  cook  in  boiling  water;  to 
seethe  ;  to  extract  the  juice  or  quality  of  any  thing 
by  boiling.  ' 


BOL 

2.  To  prepare  for  some  use  in  boiling  liquor;  as, 
to  boU  silk,  thread,  or  cloth.  To  form  by  boiling  and 
evaporation.  This  word  is  applied  to  a  variety  of 
processes  for  different  purposes ;  as,  to  boil  salt  or 
sugar,  &c.  In  general,  boiling  is  a  violent  agitation, 
occasioned  by  heat ;  to  boil  a  liquor  is  to  subject  it  to 
heat  till  it  bubbles,  and  to  bull  any  solid  substance  ia 
to  subject  it  to  heat  in  a  boiling  liquid. 

BOIL,  n.  FD.  buil;  Ger.  beulc:  Dan.  byhle;  Sax.  bile; 
Arm.  buil,  a  blister  ;  Sw.  bula,  a  protuberance  ;  D. 
bol,  plump;  Ger.  bulle,  a  bud,  a  gem;  Ir.  buile,  rage, 
madness  ;  Pers.  pallo,  a  wart,  an  ulcer,  a  boil ;  W. 
bal.  a  prominence.] 

A  circumscribed  subcutaneous  inflammation,  char- 
ncterixed  by  a  pointed  pustular  tumor,  and  suppurate 
ing  with  a  centnil  core  ;  a  peninculus. 

BOlL'A-UY,  n.  The  water  which  arises  from  a  salt 
well,  belonging  to  one  who  has  no  right  in  the  soil. 

bimmi-r. 

BOIL'iCD,  pp.  or  a.  Dressed  or  cooked  by  boiling; 
subjected  to  the  action  of  boiling  liquor. 

BOIL'EK,  It.     A  person  who  boils. 

2.  A  vessel  in  which  any  thing  is  boiled.  A  large 
pan,  or  vessel  of  iron,  copper,  or  brass,  used  in  dis- 
tilleries, pot-ash  works,  and  the  like,  for  boiling  large 
quantifies  of  liquor  at  onre. 

BOIL'ER-V,  n.  A  place  for  boiling  salt,  and  the  ap 
paratus.  Johnson. 

BOIL'ING,  p7>r.  or  a.  Bubbling;  heaving  in  bubbles; 
being  agiL-ited  as  boiling  liquor ;  swelling  with  lieat, 
ardor,  or  p;uision  ;  dressing  or  preparing  for  some  pur- 
pose by  hot  water. 

Boilin''- point ;  the  temperature  at  which  a  fluid  is 
converted  into  vapor,  with  the  phenomena  of  (ebul- 
lition. This,  in  water,  is  212' ;  in  alcohol,  176" ;  in 
ether,  90^ ;  in  mercury,  60^.  Brande. 

BOIL'liNG,  H.  The  actor  state  of  bubbling;  agitation 
by  heat;  ebullition;  the  act  of  dressing  by  hot 
water;  the  act  of  preparing  by  hot  water,  or  of  evap- 
orating by  heat. 

BOIS'TER-OUa,  a.  [Dan.  pust,  a  puflf,  a  blast ;  pusU, 
and  Sw.  vusta,  to  blow  ;  I>.  byster ;  Dan.  bistrr,  fu- 
rious, niging ;  W.  bwysl,  wild,  savage,  whence  bea.it] 

1.  Loud;  roaring;  violent;  stormy;  as,  a  bois- 
ttrous  wind. 

2.  Turbulent ;  furious  ;  tumultuous ;  noisy  ;  as,  a 
boisterous  man. 

3.  Large  ;  unwieldy ;  huge ;  clumsily  violent ;  as, 
a  boistirotts  club.     [Ofts.]  Spenser. 

A.  Violent ;  as,  a  boisterous  heat.  Woodtnard. 

BOIS'TER-OUS-LY,  adv.  Violently ;  furiously  ;  with 
loud  noise  ;  tumultuously. 

BOIS'TER-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  boisterous  ;  turbulence  ;  disorder ;  tumultu- 
ousness. 

BO'LA-RY,  a.  [See  Bole.]  Pertaining  to  bole  or 
clay,  or  partaking  of  its  nature  and  qualities.   Brown. 

BOL'BI-TINE,  a.  An  epithet  given  to  one  of  the 
channels  of  the  Nile,  by  which  its  waters  are  dis- 
charged into  the  Mediterranean.  It  is  the  second 
from  West  to  East,  but  nearly  filled  with  saud. 

D''Aiimllp..     Encyc. 

BOLD,  a.  [Sax.  bald,  bcald  ;  D.  bout,  contracted  ;  It. 
baldo,  bold ;  baldania,  presumption  ;  imbahianzire,  to 
embolden.  The  sense  is,  open,  forward,  rushing 
forward.] 

1.  Darmg  ;  courageous  ;  brave  ;  intrepid  ;  fearless  ; 
applied  to  men  or  other  animaLs ;  as,  bold  as  a  lion. 

2.  Requiring  counige  in  the  execution  ;  executed 
with  spirit  or  boldness  ;  planned  with  courage  and 
spirit ;  as,  a  bold  enterprise. 

3.  Confident;  not  timorous. 

We  wcrr  bold  in  our  God  to  tpcnk  to  yoa.  —  1  TheM.  ii. 

4.  In  an  iU  sense,  rude,  forward,  impudent. 

5.  Licentious;  showing  great  liberty  of  fiction  or 
expression  ^  as,  the  figun^s  of  an  author  are  bald. 

6.  Standing  out  to  view ;  striking  to  the  eye  ;  as, 
bold  figures  in  painting,  sculpture,  and  architecture. 

7.  Steep;  abrupt;  prominent;  as,  a  bold  shore, 
which  enters  the  water  almost  perpendicularly,  so 
that  ships  can  approach  near  to  land  without  danger. 

Where  (he  bold  cape  its  waniitt^  forehead  rcsrs.        TVtimimU. 
To  make  bold ;  to  tike  freedoms ;  a  common,  bul 
not  a  correct  phrase.     To  be  buldy  is  better. 

BOLD,  V.  t.     To  make  daring.     [Aof  used.]         Hall. 

BOLD'^N,  t7.  L  To  make  bold  ;  to  give  confidence. 
This  is  nearly  disused,  being  superseded  by  Em- 
bolden. Ascham. 

BOLD'ER,  a.  eomp.     More  bold  or  daring. 

B6LD'EST,  a.  superl.     Most  bold  or  confident 

BoLD'-FaCE,  n.  [bold  ami  face.]  Impudence  ;  aauci- 
ness;  a  term  of  reprehension  and  reproach. 

L' Estrange. 

TiCthD'-F^C-ED,  (-faste,)  a.     Impudent.     BramhalL 

BoLD'LY,  ado.  In  a  ln'ld  manner;  courageously  ;  in- 
trepidly; without  timidity  or  fear;  with  confidence. 
Sometimes,  perhaps,  in  a  bad  sense,  for  impudently. 

BOLD'NESS,  71.  Coumge  ;  bravery  ;  intrepidity  ; 
spirit;  feariessncss.  I  can  not,  with  Johnson,  inter- 
pret this  word  by  fortitude  ar  jnagnanimity.  Boldness 
does  not,  1  think,  imply  the  firmness  of  mind  which 
constitutes  fortitude,  nor  the  elevation  and  generosity 
of  magnanimity. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MAR1N%  BIRD.  — N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.- 

n4  ""~ 


BOL 

9.  Prominence  ;  the  quality  of  exceeding  the  ordi- 
narj'niles  of  scrupulous  nicety  and  caution  ;  applied  , 
to  stulff  trprfsiion^  and  metaphors  in  lon^uas^e  f  and  to 
figures  ia  paintino'^  .<tculpturey  arid  architecture. 

3.  Freedom  from  timidity  ;  liberty. 

Gr*Jit  U  my  boldiiess  of  speech  toward  you. — 2  Cor.  Tii. 

4.  Confideuce  ;  confident  trust. 

Wq  bare  boidmas  Eiiid  access  with  confidcnoe.  —  Eph.  liL 

5.  Freedom  from  bashfulness  j  assurance  ;  con- 
fident mien.  Bacon. 

6.  Prominence  ;  steepness ;  as,  the  boldness  of  the 
shore. 

7.  Excess  of  freedom,  bordering  on  impudence. 

Hooker. 
BOLD'-BPIR'IT-ED,  a.    Having  bold  spirit  or  courage. 
BOLE,  n.     fSw.  bol:  Dan.  bal.] 

1.  The  body  or  stem  of  a  tree.  Thryden. 

2.  A  measure  of  com,  containing  sU  bushels. 

Murtimcr, 
BOLE,  n.  A  kind  of  fine  clay,  often  highly  colored  by 
iron.  Its  color  is  reddish  yellow  of  various  shades, 
oflen  with  a  tinge  of  brown,  sometimes  passing  to 
reddish,  yellowish,  or  blackish  brown,  flesh  red,  or 
yellowish  white.  It  is  opaque  or  a  littk*  translucid, 
especially  at  the  edges,  in  the  red  and  yellow  vari- 
eties. It  13  compact,  and  its  fracture  conchoid:il.  It 
is  brittle,  smooth,  a  little  unctuous,  and  receives  a 
pdi'^h  from  the  finger  nail.  It  adnt-res  tu  the  tongue, 
melts  by  degrees  in  the  mouth,  and  impresses  a  slight 
sense  of  astringency.  CtraretaiuL 

.Armenian  bole^  is  of  a  bright  red  color  with  a  tinge 
of  yellow,  h.irder  than  the  other  kinds,  and  of  a 
rough,  du^ty  surface. 

Bole  of  Blois.  is  yellow,  lighter  than  the  oilier  kinds, 
and  it  effervesces  with  acids. 

Bohemian  bole^  is  of  a  yellow  colcv,  witb  a  cast  of 
red,  and  of  a  flaky  texture. 

French  bole,  is  of  a  pale  red  color,  variegated  with 
specks  of  white  and  yellow. 

Ij^mnian  bole,  is  of  a  pale  red  color. 
SilrMan  bole,  is  of  a  pale  yellow  color.         Eneyc 
B0-Lf,'RO   h.     a  favorite  dance  in  e^pain. 
BO-LET'IC,  a.     Botetic  aeiil^\»  an  acid  discovered  by 
Braconniit   in   the  juice  of  the  Boletus  fomentarius, 
var.  ftseudo-i^niariuj. 
BO-Le'TUS,  n.     [h.]     A  genus  of  Mushrooms,  con- 
taining many  species. 
B6XIS,  It.    [L.,  from  Gr.  0aXtiy  a  dart;  ^aXXto,  to 
throw.] 

A  fire-ball  darting  through  the  air,  followed  by  a 
train  of  light  or  sp;irk>'. 
BOLL,  n.    I W.  bill,  a  seed-vessel ;  Sax.  bulla,  a  bowl.] 
The  pofl  or  capsule  of  n  plant,  as  of  flax  ;  a  peri- 
carp.    Bote,  a  measure  of  six  bushels,  is  sometimes 
written  in  this  manner. 
BOLL,  0.  i.    To  form  into  a  pericarp  or  seed-vessel. 
Tht  barlej'  »«  in  the  ear  anil  Qte  ftxi  wm  boflM.  —  Kx.  ui. 
Heb.hySiyGr.  arcpftart^iiv,  as  translated  by  the 
Seventy. 
BOL'LARI)  TIM'nER.*,  in  a  ship,  or  knight-heads, 
are  two  timbers,  rising  just  within  the  stem,  one  on 
each  side  of  the  bowsprit,  to  secure  it<>  end. 

Mar.  Dtct 

In  docks,  boUards  are  large  posts  set  in  the  ground 

on  each  sirie.  to  which  are  lashed  large  bhxrks,  through 

which  are  rervi-d  the  transporting  hawsers  for  dfick- 

ing  and  undurking  shii^.  Kncyc 

BOLL'INCa,  n.  pL     Pullard  trees,  whose  lops  and 

branches  are  cut  off*.  Bntf. 

BO-LOGN'A-PAL"3AGE,  (bo-15'na-,)  n.  A  large 
sausage  made  of  bacon,  vtal,  and  pork-suet,  chopped 
fine,  and  inclosed  in  a  skin. 
BO-LOGNM-AX  STOXE,  (bo-lS'ne-an  stone.)  n.  Ra- 
diat'^d  snlphat^*  of  bnr>tes,  found  in  nmndisn  masses, 
composed  of  radiating  fibres,  first  discovered  near  Bo- 
Ingna.  It  is  phosnhoresrent  when  calcined. 
BOL'tiTER,  n.    [Sax.  boUUr ;  Sw.  bolster ;  Ger.  pol- 

O 

aUri  Dan.  boUter^ipie,  a  feather  bed  ;  Pcrs.  iIXmJO 

baliAhL    In  Dutch,  bolster  is  a  hufik,  cod,  or  shell.] 
I.  A  long  pillow  or  cushion,  usfd  to  support  the 

head  of  p^Tsuns  lying  on  a  bed  ;  generally  laid  under 

the  pillowH. 
9.  A  pad,  or  quilt,  used  to  binder  pressure,  support 

any  part  of  the  btMiy,  or  make  a  bandage  sit  easy 

upfin  a  woundt^d  p:irt ;  a  compress. 

3.  In  saddlery,  a  part  of  a  saddle  raised  upon  the 
bows  or  hinder  part,  to  hold  the  rider's  thigh. 

Farrirr^s  DicL 

4.  In  ships,  a  cushion  or  bag,  filled  with  tarred 
canvas,  used  to  preserve  the  etays  from  being  worn 
or  rhah'd  by  the  masts.  Mar.  Diet. 

BOI/f^'IKK,  p.  t.    To  support  with  a  bolster,  pillow, or 
any  soft  pad  or  quilt. 
3.  To  support  i  to  hold  up ;  to  maintain.     South. 
BOL'HI'EU,  r.  i.    To  lie  together,  or  on  the  same  bol- 

iit^-r.  Shak. 

BOI/STF:R-f:D,  a.     Rwrlled  out;  supported. 
BOL'STKK-ER,  n.     A  supporter. 
BOL'H  lER-LNG,  a.     A  propping  up  or  supporting. 

Taylor. 


BOM 

BOLT,  n.  [Dan.  bolt ;  Russ.  Me  ;  D.  bout ;  G.  bolzen ; 
Sax.  botta,  calapulta,  that  which  is  driven,  from  the 
root  of  Gr.  //oXAoj,  L.  petlo.) 

1.  An  arrow;  a  dart ;  a  pointed  shaft.     Dryden. 
3.  A  strong  cylindrical  pin,  of  iron  or  other  metal, 

used  to  fasten  a  door  ;  a  plank,  a  chain,  ^c.  In 
ships,  bolts  are  used  in  the  sides  and  decks,  and 
have  diff*erent  names,  as  rag-bolts,  eye-bolts,  ring- 
bolls,  chain-bolts,  &c.  In  g-iinnenj,  there  are  prise- 
bolts,  transom-holts,  traverse-bolts,  and  hracket-boUs. 

3.  A  thunder-bolt ;  a  stream  of  lightning,  so  named 
from  its  darting  like  a  bolt. 

4.  The  quantity  of  twenty-eight  ells  of  canvas. 

Encyc. 
Bolt  upright;  as  erect  or  straight  up  as  an  arrow 
placed  on  its  head.  Orose. 

BOLT,  V.  £.  To  fasten  or  secure  with  a  bolt  or  iron 
pin,  whether  a  door,  a  plank,  felter3,-^)r  any  thing 
else. 

2.  To  fasten  ;  to  shackle  ;  to  restrain.  Shak. 

3.  To  blurt  out ;  to  utter  or  throw  out  precipitately. 

I  hale  wlwn  rice  can  bolt  her  ar^iimeuta.  Milton. 

In  this  sense  it  is  often  followed  by  out. 

4.  To  throw  precipitately ;  to  swallow  without 
chewing  ;  as,  to  bolt  food  down  one's  throat. 

BOLT,  r.L  [Russ.  boUoyu,  to  shake,  agitate,  babble; 
T».'onn.  baiter,  a  bolting  sieve.] 

1.  To  sift  or  separate  bran  from  fiour,  by  passing 
the  fine  part  of  meal  through  a  cloth. 

2.  Among  sportsmen,  to  start  or  dislodge,  used  of 
conies. 

3.  To  examine  by  sifting  ;  lo  open  or  separate  the 
parts  of  a  subject,  to  find  the  truth;  genenJly  fol- 
lowed by  out.  "  Time  and  nature  will  bolt  out  the 
truth  of  things."     [IneleganL]  L^Estrange, 

4.  To  purifv  ;  to  purge.     {UnusuoL]  Shak. 

5.  To  discuss  or  argue,  as  at  Gray's  Inn,  where 
case^  are  privately  discussed  by  students  and  bar- 
risters. Encyc. 

BOLT,  r.  i.  To  shoot  forth  suddenly;  to  spring  out 
with  sfteed  and  suddenness ;  to  start  forth  like  a  holt ; 
conmionly  followed  by  out ;  as,  to  bolt  out  of  the 
house,  or  out  of  a  den.  Dryden. 

BOLT'-AJJ-GER,  n.  [bolt  and  auger.'}  A  large  borer 
ust'd  in  sl)i|)-lMitlding.  .^sh, 

BOLT'-HOAT,  n.  [bolt  and  boat]  A  strong  boat  that 
will  endure  a  rough  sea,  jJtth. 

BOLT'El),  p;).  o>a.  Made  fast  with  a  bolt ;  shot  forth; 
sifted  :  examined. 

BOLT'ER,   n.     An   instrument   or  machine  for  sep- 
arating bran  from  Hour,  or  the  coarser  part  of  meal 
from  the  finer. 
2.  A  kind  of  net.  Johnson. 

BOLT'-HEAD,  (bed,)  n.  [bolt  and  head.]  A  long, 
straight- necked,  class  vessel  for  chemical  di.stillations, 
cnlled  also  a  matrass  or  receiver.  Johnson. 

nOLT'LN'G,  ppr.  Fastening  with  a  holt,  or  btUts ; 
hlurtinc  out;  sho<»titig  forth  suddenly;  seiKirating 
bran  from  fiour;  sifting;  examining;' discussing; 
dislodging. 

BOLT'LNG,  n.  The  act  of  fastening  witb  a  bolt  or 
bolts;  a  sifting;  discussion. 

B0LT'lN»>-eLOTH,  «.  [bolt  and  cloth.]  A  linen  or 
hair  cloth  of  which  bolters  are  made  for  sifting  meal. 

Encyc. 

BOLT'ING-HOUSE,  n.  [bolt  and  house.]  The  house 
or  place  where  meal  is  bolted.  Jdhnson. 

BriLT'LN'G-IILTTCII.n.     A  tub  for  bolted  fiour. 

BOLT'ING-MILL,  r.  [boU  and  mUL]  A  machine  or 
engine  for  sifting  meal.  Encyc 

BOLT  ING-TUB,  n.     A  tub  to  sift  meal  in. 

BOL'TON'-ITE,  ti.  A  granular  mineral  of  a  grayish 
or  yellowish  color,  found  in  Bolton,  .Massachusetts  ; 
chiefiy  composed  of  silica  and  magnesia. 

BOLT'-ROI'E,  B,  [bolt  and  rope.]  A  TO]te  to  which 
(he  edges  of  sails  are  sewed  to  strengthen  them. 
I'hat  |Mrt  of  it  on  the  perpendicular  side  is  culled  the 
le/ch^ope  :  that  at  the  bottom,  the  foot-rope  ;  that  at 
the  top,  the  hsad-rtrjte.  Mar.  DicL 

BOLT'.'^PRIT,  n.  [From  the  universal  popular  pro- 
nunciation of  this  word,  this  may  have  been  the 
original  w(jrd  :  but  I  doubt  it.]     See  Howspbit. 

BOLT  t'P-RIGHT',  a.  or  adv.     Perfectly  upright. 

BO'LUS,  n.     [L.  bolus;  Gr.  iioyXoi,  a  mass.]       [Oood. 

A  soft  mass  of  any  thing  medicinal  made  into  a 

large  pill,  to  be  swallowed  at  once.     It  may  be  of 

any  ingredients,  made  a  little  thicker  than   honey. 

Encyc. 

BOMB,  (bum,)  n.     [L.  bombus  ;  Gr.  pofi/Sof.] 

1.  A  great  noise.  Bacon. 

2.  A  large  shell  of  cast  iron,  round  and  hollow, 
with  a  vent  to  receive  a  fusee,  which  is  made  of 
wood,  and  filli^d  with  inllammable  matter.  This 
being  filled  with  gunjwwdcr,  and  the  fusee  driven 
inl<(  the  v>nt,  the  fusee  is  set  on  fire,  and  the  bomb 
is  thrown  from  a  mortar,  in  such  a  directiim  as  to 
fiill  into  a  fort,  city,  or  enemy's  camp,  when  it  bursts 
with  great  violence,  and  often  with  terrible  effect. 
The  inventor  of  bombs  is  not  known;  they  came 
into  common  use  about  the  year  lt>34.  Encyc. 

3.  1'he  stroke  upon  a  h<:ll. 

BOMB.f.  L  To  attack  with  bombs  J  to  bombard.  [JVet 
used.]  Prior. 


BON 

BOMB,  V.  i.     To  sound.  B.  Jonson. 

BOM'BARD,  (bum'bard,)  n.  [bomb  and  ard,  kind.  Fr. 
bombardci  iSp.  and  lU  bombarda.] 

I.  A  piece  of  short,  thick  ordnance,  with  a  large 
mouth,  fornifriy  used  ;  some  of  them  cartying  a  ball 
of  three  hundred  pounds'  weight.  It  is  callid,  also, 
basilisk,  and  by  the  Dutch  donderbuss,  thunder-gun. 
But  the  thing  and  the  name  are  no  longer  in  use. 

Encyc, 
9.  An  attack  with  bombs  ;  bombardment.    Barlow 
3.  A  barrel ;  a  drinking-vessel.     [Obs.]         ^sh. 

BOM-BARD',  (bum-bilrd',)  o.  £.  To  attack  with  bombs 
thrown  from  mortars. 

BOM-BXKD'ED,  pp.     Attacked  with  bombs. 

BOM-BARD-IEll',  n.  One  whose  business  is  to  attend 
the  loading  and  firing  of  mortars. 

BOM-BARD-lER'  BEE'TLE,  n.  A  kind  of  beetle, 
the  brachimis  crepitans,  which,  under  a  sense  of 
danger,  makes  a  discharge  like  that  of  a  popgun 
with  a  sort  of  smoke  ;  hence  the  name.  The  naiuf 
is  also  apjklied,  from  the  same  circumstance,  to  other 
species  of  th©  same  genus. 

BOM-BXRD'IXG,  ppr.  Attacking  with  shells  or 
bombs. 

BOM-BARD'MENT,  n.  An  attack  with  bombs;  the 
act  of  throwing  bombs  into  a  town,  fort,  or  ship. 

Addison. 

BOM-BAR'DO,  «.  A  musical  instrument  of  the  wind 
kind,  much  like  the  bassiwn,  and  used  as  a  base  to 
the  hautboy.  Eueyc 

BOM-BA-»L\'      \n.   [F^]  A  twilled  fabric,  of  which 

BOMBAZINE',  (  the  warp  is  silk,  and  the  weft 
worsted  ;  ordinarily  black.  Encyc, 

BOM'BA.ST,  (bum'biun,)  n.  Originally,  a  stuff  of  soft, 
loose  texture,  ust-d  to  swell  garments.  Hence,  high- 
sounding  words  ;  an  inflated  style;  fustian;  a  seri- 
ous attempt,  by  strained  description,  to  raise  a  low 
or  familiar  subject  above  its  rank,  which,  instead 
of  being  sublime,  never  fails  to  be  ridiculous. 

En  eye. 

BOM'BAST,  a.  High-sounding ;  inflated  ;  big  without 
meaning.  Swifi. 

BO.M-BAST'ie,  a.   Swelled  ;  high-sounding  ;  bombast 

SAajflesbunj. 

BOM'BAST-RY,  n.  Swelling  words  without  much 
meaning  ;  fustian.  Smifl. 

BOM'HaTE,  n.  A  salt  formed  by  the  combination  of 
bonil)ic  acid  with  a  base.  Lavoisier. 

BOM'UAX,  H.     The  rutrnn-tree.  Brande. 

BOM-BA-ZET',  n.    A  sort  of  thin  woolen  cloth. 

BOMB'-CIli:ST,  n.  [bomb  and  chest.]  A  chest  filled 
wiUi  bombs,  or  only  with  gun|>ovvder,  placed  under 
ground,  to  make  destruction  by  its  displusion 

BOM'Bie,  a.     [L.  bombye,  a  silk-worm.J 

Pertaining  to  the  silk-wonn  ;  as,  boinbic  acid. 

BOM'BlC  ACID,  71.  An  animal  acid  obtained  from 
silk  worms  and  raw  silk.  Its  existence  as  a  distinct 
acid  is  now  denied. 

[The  projxr  term  is  bombjfcic  acid.] 

BOM-BI-LA'TlO\,  n.     [L.  bombilo.] 

Sound;  report;  noise.     [LiUle  used.]  Brown. 

BOM'BTTE,  n.  A  bluisliblack  mineral  of  impalpable 
composition,  found  in  Bombay  ;  apparently  a  variety 
of  flinty  slate.  Skepard. 

BOMB'-KETCH,     in.     A  small  ship  or  vessel,  con- 

BOMB'-VES-f  EL,  \  strutted  for  throwing  bombs 
into  a  fortress  from  the  sea,  and  built  remarkably 
strong,  in  order  to  sustain  the  shttcks  produced  by 
the  discharge  of  the  mortars.  They  generally  are 
rigged  as  ketches.  Mar.  DicL 

BOMB'-PROOF,  (bum'.,)  a.  Secured  against  the  force 
of  bombs. 

BOMB'-.^MELL,   (bum'shell,)   n.     A  bomb,  or  hollow 

flobe  of  iron,  to  be  filled  with  powder,  and  thrown 
rom  a  mortar.  , 

BOM-BYC'I-NOUS,  a.  [L.  bon^ycinus,  from  bombyXy 
a  silk-worm.] 

1,  i^ilken  ;  made  of  silk. 

2.  Being  of  the  c*»lor  of  the  silk-worm ;  tmnspa- 
rent  with  a  yellow  tint.  Darwin. 

BOM'BYX,  n.     [h.]     The  silk-worm. 

BOi\,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  bonus.] 

GotMl ;  valid  as  security  for  something. 

BON,  (bong  )  n.     [Fr.  bun,  good.] 

A  good  saying  ;  a  jest ;  a  tale.  Spejuer. 

BO'JSTJi'Fl'DE,  [L.]  With  gi>od  faith  ;  without  fraud 
or  deception. 

BO-NAIR',  a.     [It.  honario,  from  L.  henus,] 
Complaisant ;  yielding.     [JV'uf  nscd.] 

BO*NA-PART'R-AN,  a.     Pertaining  to  Bonaparte. 

BO'NA  PART-ISM,  n.  The  policy  or  manners  of  Bo- 
napirte.  iMinartine. 

BO'NA-PART-IST,  n.  One  attached  to  the  policy  of 
Bi  m  apart  e. 

BO'JV.i  PKR-TTU'R^,    [L.]     Perisbab:e  goods. 

BO'JVA  R<yBJi,  n.    [It.,  a  fine  gown.]  [Boutner 

A  showy  wanton.  Shak. 

BO-NA'SIJS,  71.  [I*.]  A  species  of  Bos,  or  wild  ox, 
with  a  long  mane  ;  a  native  of  Asia  and  Africa.  It 
is  of  the  size  of  a  bull.  Encyc. 

BOJ^BOJy,  (bong'boiig,)  n.  [Ft.]  Sugar  confection- 
ery ;  a  sugar-plum. 

BOJV  CIIRET'IFZJV,  (bon-krcl'yen,)  a.  [Fr.,  good 
Christian.]    A  kind  of  pear. 


TOXE,  BULL,  IINITE.  — A.\"GER.  VI"CIOUa  — €  ss  K;  0  a*  J ;  B  as  Z:  CU  as  SH  j  TH  as  in  THIS. 


L 


BON 

BOND,  n.    rstax.  bond,    Bee  Batid  and  Bi:*d.] 

1.  Any  thing  Uiat  binds,  as  a  cord,  a  chain,  a  rope ; 
a  band. 
£.  Ligament ;  that  which  holds  things  together. 

3.  Union  i  connecboo ;  a  binding. 

hti  walls  be  w  caaMnieiMl  m  Io  amkr  a  good  iomd,    Afo^cim^r. 

4.  In  the  jtlmrolf  chains ;  imprisonment ;  raittivity. 

tie  baLh  doue  ooUiJh;  wonhy  ot  dt-^tb  or  of  bowU.  —  AcU. 

5.  Cause  of  union;  cement  which  unites  j  link  of 
coanection ;  as,  the  bonda  of  afi^ctton. 

Ch.irit]rb  tht  tonrforpcribcXiMM.— CoL^ 

6.  An  oUi^tion  imposing  a  ninrol  duty,  as  by  a 
Tow  or  promise,  by  law,  or  otlier  moans 

7.  In  laity  an  obtiirition  or  deed  by  which  a  person 
binds  himself,  hts  heint,  executtir^,  and  admini«tra- 
l»»rs,  to  pay  a  certain  sum  on  or  U-fore  a  future  day 
appLiintt'd.  This  is  a  .tinr''  toMd.  But  nsunlly  a  con- 
dition is  added,  that,  if  tli<>  obligor  Kliall  du  a  certain 
act,  or  pay  a  certain  sum  of  money,  on  or  bi-fore  a 
time  specified,  the  oblipttion  shall  be  void  ;  other- 
wise it  shall  reninin  in  Aill  force,  ^f  the  condition 
is  not  perfonn«d,  the  bond  bi^cumeit  forfeited,  and  the 
ol>lip)r  and  his  heirs  are  liable  tu  Uie  payment  of  the 

■    wh^e  sum.  BUtckstonA, 

8.  In  ercitfn-tsrr,  •  pegilMr  mode  of  disposing 
bricks  in  a  wall ;  as,  MitgtM  homd,  where  one  ciHir^ 
consists  of  bncks  whh  their  ends  toward  the  face 
of  the  wall,  called  JkMder*,  and  the  next  cour^  of 
brick*  with  tlieir  lengtli<i  parallel  to  the  fice  of  the 
wall,  colled  strtickers  ;  FUmiA  homd^  where  each 
courv  consists  of  headers  and  atrctcbers  aliemate- 
Ir.  Bramde. 

BOND,  c  [for  WmuL]  In  a  state  of  servitude  or  sla- 
very ;  cairtive. 

WWtlTT  w«be  J«ws«rO«ttaes;  vhMber  «c  be  ftwirf  «  fiw. — 
1  Cor.  xit. 

BOND,  V.  L  To  cive  bond  for,  as  for  duties  or  customs 
at  a  cnstoin-house  }  to  secure  payment  of,  by  giving 

KbODd. 

Oa  tMr  naUpwMut  mi  txprniallom,  dUad  dfWMHH  wvn 
amm,  b  «Wdi  do  mniilM  mm  nade  ttat  dw  carf»  aa» 
SacnlsTtoNdMardcteaODedgMih.     WartnDiardm. 

In  the  Umitfd  SiaUsy  it  Is  applied  to  the  goods  on 
which  the  customs  arise,  and  to  the  duties  secured 
by  bond. 
B0\D'AGE,  n.  Plavery  or  involnnlarj-  sen-itudp ; 
captivity  ;  imprisonment  j  restraint  of  a  person** 
liberty  by  compuhiion.  In  meuMt  En;^isk  taw,  vil- 
Icnage. 

ft.  OUigBtion  ;  tie  of  duty. 

&  BiuM  raolre  not  to  be  tamtffat  ondertfaeftoMlaftofobwTTlng 

3.  In  Striptmrt^  spiritual  sol^^tion  to  sin  and  cor- 
rupt posatfons,  or  to  the  yoke  of  the  ceremonial  law  ; 
servile  fear.     Heb.  iL    Gal.  iL     Rom.  vtii. 

BO\D'-€RED'IT-OR,  «.  A  creditor  who  is  secured 
by  a  bond.  Blackatane^ 

BOXDXD,  pp.  or  a.  Secured  by  bond,  as  duties 
Bmmdtd  gwtds,  are  tboee  for  the  duties  on  which, 
bonds  are  given  at  the  custom-hou^e. 

BOND'MAID,  B.  [bond  nnA  maid.]  A  female  slave,  or 
oni?  bound  to  service  without  wages,  iu  o{^>osition  to 
a  hired  ser\'anL 

BON'D'.MAN,  K.  [hftn/i  and  man.]  A  man  slave,  or  one 
bound  to  ser\*ice  witlioiit  wages.  In  oU  English  /aic, 
a  villain,  or  tenant  in  villeiuipe. 

BOXD'-?ERV-AXT,  ».  [bond  am\  i^nn  anL]  A  slave  ; 
one  who  is  subjected  to  the  authority  of  another,  or 
whose  person  and  libertv  are  restrained. 

BOND'-.*ERV-I{'E,  a.  [i<«u/ and  *errice.]  The  con- 
diiion  of  a  bond-servant ;  slaverj-. 

BOXD'-SLaVE,  II.  [^ntf  and  tiarc]  A  person  in  a 
Stat?  of  ^laver^' ;  one  whose  pereon  and  liberty  are 
subjected  to  the  authority  of  a  master. 

B0XDS'.MAX,  a.     [bond  and  man.]    A  slave.    [O&j.] 

Drrham. 
S.  A  surety ;  one  who  is  bound,  or  who  gives  secu- 
rity, for  another 

BOX*I)»'VVfSM-AN, )  n.     [frtmd  and  Kwwum.j     A  wom- 

B<^)XD'WOM-.\N,     i      an  slave,  B.  Jimson. 

BOX'DUt,',  a.  A  species  of  GuUandina,  or  nickar-tree, 
the  yellow  nickar,  a  climbtn;;  plant,  a  native  of  the 
West  Indies,  bearing  a  pod  containing  two  hard 
seeds  of  the  size  of  a  child's  marble.  Eatye, 

B6XE,  n,  [Sai.  ban ;  Sw.  ben  :  D.  bent,  bone  or  leg  ; 
Ger.  frn'fi,  a  leg ;  Dan.  been^  leg  or  bone.  The  sense 
probably  is,  that  which  is  set  or  fixed.] 

J.  A  firm,  hard  substance,  of  a  dull  white  color, 
composing  the  skeleton  or  firmer  part  of  the  body, 
in  the  higher  orders  of  animuls.  The  bones  of  an 
animal  support  all  the  scrifter  parts,  as  the  flesh  and 
vessels.  They  varj-  in  texture  in  diiTerent  bones,  and 
in  different  parts  of  the  same  bone.  The  long  bones 
are  compart  in  their  middle  portion,  with  a  central 
ca\nty  occupied  by  a  network  of  plates  and  fibers, 
and  cellular  or  spongy  at  the  extremities.  The  flat 
bone?  are  compact  externally,  and  c^-llular  internally. 
The  bones  in  a  fetus  are  s*iu  and  cartilacinous,  but 
they  gradually  harden  with  aee.  The  ends  of  the 
lone  bones  are  larger  than  the  middle  part,  which 
renders  tlie  articulations  more  firm,  and  in  the  fetus 
they  are  distinct  portions,  called  qtiphy^es.   Bones  are 


BON 

supplied  with  blood-vessels,  and  in  the  fetus,  or  in  a 
diseased  state,  are  ver>'  vasculitr.  They  are  also  fur- 
nished with  nerves  and  absorbents,  though  less  easi- 
ly detectrd  in  a  sound  3tatt\  They  are  covered  with 
athin,strons  membrane,  called  tbe;ieWuAtfum,  which, 
logetlu  r  with  the  bones,  has  very  little  sensiliility  in 
a  sound  state,  but  when  inflamed  is  cxlrumely  sensi- 
ble. Their  cells  and  cavities  are  occupied  by  a  fatty 
substance,  called  the  mnluUa  or  marroic.  They  con- 
sist of  earthy  m;itier  rather  more  than  half,  fatty  mut- 
ter one  tenth,  and  cartilage  about  one  third  of  the 
whidc.  The  earthy  matter  gives  them  their  solidity, 
and  consists  of  phosphate  of  lime,  with  n  sniiUI  por- 
tion of  carbonate  of  lime  and  phosphate  of  magnesia. 
Cue.  tVistar.  Thomson. 
3.  A  piece  of  bone,  with  fragments  of  meat  adher- 
ing to  iL 

'A  be  upon  the  bones^  is  to  attack.  [Little  used,  and 
vulsar.] 

TV  MM«  no  bones,  is  to  make  no  scruple  ;  a  meta- 
phor taken  from  a  dog  who  greedily  swallows  meat 
that  has  no  bones.  Johnson. 

Boners :  a  sort  of  bobbins,  made  of  bones  or  ivor>', 
for  weaving  lace  :  also,  dice.  Johnson. 

BCXE,  r.  u    To  take  out  bones  from  the  flesh,  ns  in 

Cooker>".  Johnson, 

2.  Ti>  put  whalebone  into  sla>*s.  jish. 

BOXE'-.\CE,  n.  [bone  and  ace,]  A  game  at  cards,  in 
which  he  who  has  the  highest  card  turned  up  to  him 
wins  the  bone,  that  is,  one  half  the  stake.      Kneye. 

BO.NE'-AeHE,(-ake,)  n.     Pain  In  the  hones.     Shak. 

BOXE'-ULACK,  rt.  The  black  carbonaceous  sub- 
stance into  which  bones  are  converted  by  calcina- 
tion, in  close  vessels  ;  called  also  animal  cJiareoaL  It 
is  used  as  a  decolorizing  materi;d  and  as  a  black  pig- 
ment. Ure. 

BOX'£D,  pp.    Deprived  of  bones,  as  in  cooker^-. 

BCX'fD,  o.  Having  btmes;  used  in  composition;  as, 
hi^h-boned,  strong-boned, 

BOXE'-Dl 'riT,  w.  Ground  or  pulverized  bones,  used 
as  a  pt'werftil  manure. 

BOWE'-EARTIl,  (-erth,)  n.  The  enrthv  residuum  af- 
ter tlie   calcination  of  bone,  consisting   chiefly  of 


phosphate  of  lime. 
BOXE^-l 


BOX'FIRE,  «,     [Fr.  fto»,  good,  and  fre.] 
dc  a^  an  expression  of  public 
ult.1t  ion 


A  fire  made  i 


LACE,  ».    [bone  and  lace.]    A  lace  made  of 

linen  thread,  so  cailled  because  woven  with  bobbins 
of  b«»ne.     [Ofts.] 

BONE'LES^,  a.  Without  bones ;  wanting  bones  ;  as, 
boneless  gums.  *  Shak. 

BOXE'-t^ET,  r,  L  \bone  and  set.]  To  set  a  dislocated 
bone  ;  to  unite  broken  bones.  fViseman. 

BC.VE'-SET,  n.  A  plant,  the  thoroughwort,  a  species 
of  eupatorium. 

BOXE'-SET-TER,  n.  [bone  and  set.]  One  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  set  and  restore  broken  and  dislocated 
bones. 

BOXE'-SET-TIXG,  n.  That  branch  of  surgery  which 
consists  in  replacing  broken  and  luxated  bones  j  the 
prarlice  of  setting  bones. 

BOXE'-^PAV-IX,  H.  [bone  and  spavm.]  A  bony  ex- 
crescence, or  hard  swt-lling,  on  the  inside  of  the  hock 
of  a  horse's  leg;  usually  cured  by  blistering  and  firing, 
or  caustic  blisters.  Encye. 

BO-XKT'TA,  n.     A  sea  fish.     Qxi.  Bonito.     Herbert. 

'"    ■  ■       'MA 

public  joy  and  ex- 


BOX'GUaCE,  n.     [Fr.  bonne  and  eraee.] 

A  covering  for  the  f(»rehead.  [JSTot  used.]  Beaum, 
Bo'XI-FORM,  a.    Of  a  good  shape. 
BO.\'I-Ft,  ».  t.    To  convert  into  good.     [JVo(  used.] 

CudKorth. 
B^X'IXG.  ppr.     Depriving  of  bones. 
BO-XTCXo,  n.     [Sp.]     A  fish  of  the  Tunny  kind, 
growing  to  the   length  of  three  feet,  found  on  the 
American  coOf^t  and  in  the  tropical  climntes.     It  baa 
a  grecnifh  back,  and  a  white,  silverj-  belly. 

HaickgwartA.     Pennant.     Diet,  of  J^at.  Hist, 
BOJ^MOT,  (bong'mo',)  n.     [Fr.  bon,  good,  and  TBot, 

a  word.]     A  jest ;  a  witty  repartee. 
fiO,\VV£  BOUCHE,  (bonboosh,)  n.     [Fr.]     A  deli- 
cious morsel  or  mouthful. 
BO.N'XET,  n.     [Fr.  bonnet;  Sp.  bonete ;   Ir.  bo'mead; 
Arm.  boned.] 

1.  A  covering  for  the  head,  in  common  use  before 
the  introduction  of  bats.  The  word,  as  now  used, 
signifies  a  cover  for  the  head,  worn  tn-  females,  close 
at  the  sides,  and  projecting  over  the  (ijrehead. 

2.  In  fortification,  a  small  work  with  two  faces, 
having  only  a  parapet,  with  two  rows  of  iwlisades 
about  10  or  1*2  feet  ditilant.  Generally,  it  is  raised 
above  the  salient  angle  of  the  counterscarp,  and  com- 
municates with  the  covered  way.  Enc.yc. 

Bonnet  d  pr-  tre,  or  priest's  bonnet,  is  an  outwork, 
having  at  the  head  three  salient  angles  and  two  in- 
ward. Joftnscm, 

3.  In  sea  lanrruag-e,  an  addition  to  a  sail,  or  an  ad- 
ditional part  laced \o  the  foot  of  a  sail,  in  small  ves- 
sels, and  in  moderate  winds.  Jfar.  DicL 

BOX'XET-ED,  a.     Wearing  a  bonnet. 
BOX'XET-PEP'PER,  tu     A  species  of  Capsicum,  or 

Guinea  pepper.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

BOX'XI-BEL,  n.     [Fr.  boltne  and  bdle.] 

A  handsome  girl.  Spenser. 


BOO 

BOX'XMJCSS,  H,     [bonny  and  lass.]     A  beautiful  girl. 

Spenser. 
BON'XI-LY,  of/o     [SeeBoMWT.]    Gayly  j  handsome- 
ly ;  plumply. 
BO.\'XI-XESS,  B.     Gayety;  handsomeness;  plump- 
ness.    [Little  vsed.\ 
BOX'XY,  a.     [Fr.  bon,  bcnne,  good;   L.  bonus.    See 
Boon.] 
1    Handsome ;  beautiful. 

Till  bonny  Siunii  sped  aerou  tixc  plain.  Gof/. 

S.  Gay ;  merry  ;  frolicsome  ;  cheerful ;  blithe. 

Blillia  and  bonny.  Shak. 

3.  In  familiar  language,  plump,  as  plump  and 
healthful  persons  ure  most  inclined  to  mirth 
[  This  word  is  much  used  in  Scotland.] 
BON'XY,  n.  Among  miners,  a  bed  of  ore,  differing 
from  a  sqiini  in  being  round,  whereas  a  squat  is  flat ; 
or  n  distinct  bed  of  ore,  that  communicates  with  no 
vein.  Bailey.     Encye, 

BON'NY-CLAB'EER,  n.      [Qm.  bonny,  or   Ir.  baine, 

milk,  and  clabber;  Ar.  uJ  ^^^  biestings;  G.labi  D. 
leb,  rennet.] 
A  word  used  in  Ireland  for  sour  buttermilk. 

Johnson. 
It  is  used,  in  America,  for  any  milk  that  is  tumedy 
or  become  thick  in  the  process  of  souring,  and  ap- 
plied only  to  that  p;irt  which  is  thick. 

BOX'TEN,  H.     A  narrow  woolen  stuff. 

fiOA''-'ro..V,(bong'tong',)  n.  [Fr.]  The  hight  of  the 
fa-;  h  ion. 

BO'J^UM  JlUO'JsrUM,  [L.]  A  kind  of  plum.  Johnson. 

BO'XUS,  «.  [L.]  A  premium  given  for  a  loan,  or  for 
a  charter  or  other  privilege  granted  to  a  company. 

2.  An  extra  dividend  to  the  sharehultiers  of  a  joint- 
stock  company,  out  of  accuinuhiled  profits.     Oilheri. 

BOJV-rl-FAJ^",  (bong-ve-ving',)  n.  [Fr.]  A  good 
fellow  ;  a  jovial  companion. 

BC'NY,  a.     [from  boiie.]    Consisting  of  bones  ;  full  of 
bones  ;  pertaining  to  bones. 
2.  Having  large  or  prominent  bones ;  stout ;  strong. 

BON'ZE,  (bon'zy,)  h.  A  Bmuihist  priest;  a  name  used 
in  China,  Tunkin,  and  the  neighboring  countries. 
In  China,  the  bonzes  are  tlie  priests  of  the  Fohists, 
or  sect  of  Folii.  They  are  distinguished  from  the 
laity  by  their  dress.  In  Ja[Km,  they  are  gentlemen 
of  finiily.  In  Tunkin,  every  pagoda  has  at  least  two 
bonxes  belonging  to  it,  and  some  have  thirty  or  forty. 
In  China,  the  number  of  bonzes  is  estimated  at  fifty 
thousand,  and  tliey  are  represented  as  idle,  dissolute 
men.  Encifc. 

BOO'BY,  Ti.  [Pp.  hobo,  a  dunce  or  idiot,  a  ruff  for  the 
neck,  a  buffoon,  the  bird  bobo.  Uu.  Ger.  bube,  a 
boy.] 

1.  A  dunce;  a  stupid  fellow;  a  lubber;  ene  void 
of  wisdom  or  intellect.  Pri(fr. 

2.  A  fowl,  allied  to  the  Pelican  genus,  the  Sula 
fusca,  of  a  brown  and  white  color,  much  varied  in 
diff.rrent  individuals.  This  fowl  is  found  among  the 
Bahama  Isles,  feeds  upon  fish,  and  lays  itn  eggs  on 
the  bare  rocks.  It  has  a  joint  in  the  upper  mandible, 
by  which  it  can  raise  it  without  opening  the  mouth. 

Eiictjc 
BOO'BY,  a.  Having  the  characteristics  of  a  booby, 
BOO'BY-HUT,  n.    A  kind  of  covered  sleigh,  so  called 

in  the  eastern  part  of  the  United  States. 
BOO'BY-HUTCH,  n.     A  clumsy,  ill-contrived,  cov- 
ered carriage  or  seat,  used  in  the  east  port  of  Eng- 
land. Forby. 
BOODH,  n.     In  Eastern  A^ia,  a  general  name  for  the 

divinity.  Mafcom. 

BOODH'ISM,  n.  A  system  of  religion  in  Eastern 
Asia,  embraced  by  more  than  one  third  of  the  human 
race.  It  teaches  that,  at  distant  intervals,  a  Boodh, 
or  deity,  appears,  to  restore  the  world  from  a  slate  of 
ignorance  and  decay,  and  then  sinks  into  a  state  of 
entire  non-existence,  or  rather,  perhaps,  of  bare  ex- 
istence without  attributes,  action,  or  consciousness. 
This  state,  called  J^trvana,  or  J^icbun,  is  regarded  as 
the  ultimate  supreme  good,  and  the  highur^t  reward 
of  virtue  among  mt-n.    Four  Boodhs  have  thus  ap- 

ficared  in  the  world,  and  passed  into  J^'irvana,  the 
ast  of -whom,  Gaudama,  became  incarnate  about 
500  years  before  Christ.  From  his  death,  in  ,543  B. 
C,  many  thousand  years  will  elapse  before  the  ap- 
pearance of  another ;  so  that  the  system,  in  the  mean 
lirne,  is  practically  one  of  pure  atheism.  The  objects 
of  worship,  until  another  Hoodh  appears,  are  the  rel- 
ics and  images  of  Gaudama.  E.  E.  Salisbury.  Malcom. 

BOODH'l.ST,  n.  One  who  maintiins  the  doctrines  of 
Boodh  ism. 

BOOK,  n.  [Pax.  bne,  a  book  and  the  beech-tree  ;  Goth. 
buka ;  Icelandic,  book  ;  I),  boek,  a  book,  and  the  mast 
of  beech  ;  beuke,  a  beech-lree ;  G.  buch,  a  book,  and 
buche,  a  beech  ;  Dan.  bog;  Sw.  bok;  Russ.  buk;  Gyp- 
sy, buchas.  Like  the  Latin  libcr^  book  signifies  pri- 
marily bark  and  beech,  the  tree  bemg  probably  named 
from  its  bark.] 

1.  A  general  name  of  every  literary-  composition 
which  is  printed  ;  but,  appropriately,  a  printed  com- 
position bound  ;  a  volume.  The  name  is  given  also 
to  any  number  of  written  sheets  when  bound  or 
sewed  together,  and  to  a  volume  of  blank  paper,  in- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  VVH,^T,  — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARXXE,  BIRD.  —  ^OTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  B<?gK.- 


136 


BOO 

tended  for  any  species  of  writing,  a^  for  memoran- 
dums, for  accounts,  or  receipts. 

2.  A  particular  part  of  a  lilerarj-  composition  ;  a 
division  of  a  subject  in  the  same  volume. 

3.  A  volume  or  collection  of  sheets  in  which  ac- 
counts are  kept  j  a  register  of  debts  and  crediti*,  re- 
ceipts and  expenditures,  &c. 

In  books ;  in  bind  remembrance  ;  in  favor. 

I  waj  io  much  in  hU  bookt,  that  at  bis  deceue  he  l<'fl  me  hit 

];unp.  Addison. 

Without  book ;  by  memorj- ;  without  reading  ;  with- 
out notes ;  as,  a  sermon  was  delivered  witlwut  book. 
This  phrase  i.s  used  also  in  the  sense  of  witkaut  aw- 
th(yrUy ;  as,  a  man  asserts  without  book. 

BOOK,  V.  L    To  enter,  write,  or  reeister  in  a  book. 

B<)OK'-A€-eoUNT',  w.  [book  and  account.]  An  ac- 
count or  registt-r  of  debt  or  cr^-dit  in  a  book. 

BQOK'Iil.VD-ER,  n.  [booh  and  bijid.]  One  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  bind  books. 

BOOK'BI.VD-EU-Y,  n.     A  place  for  binding  books. 

BOQK'BIXD-fNG,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  bindinfi 
books  ;  or  of  sewing  the  sheets,  and  covering  them 
with  leather  or  other  material. 

BpOK'eASE,  ».  A  case  with  shelves,  and,  common- 
iv,  doors,  for  holding  books. 

BQOK'-DEBT  (-det,)  n.  A  debt  for  goods  delivered, 
and  charged  by  the  seller  on  liis  book  of  accounts. 

BOOK'£D,  (bo^kt,)  pp.    Entered  in  a  b(K)k  ;  registered. 

B<X>K'FIJL,  fl.  [book  and  full.]  Full  of  notions 
pl'eaned  from  books ;  crowded  with  undigested  learn- 
mc  Pupe. 

BOQK'IN'G,  ppr.    Registering  in  a  book. 

B0QIC'ISH,  a.  Given  to  reading  ;  fond  of  study  ;  more 
acquainted  with  books  than  witli  men.  Shak. 

BOQK'ISFI-LY,  adv.  In  the  way  of  being  addicted  to 
Diwks  or  much  reading.  Thurlotc. 

BQpK'ISH-NESS,  n.  Addictedness  to  books;  fond- 
ness fur  study.  Whitlock. 

BOQK'-KEEP-ER,  n.  [book  and  keep.]  On«  who 
keeps  accounts,  or  the  accounts  of  another  ;  the  of- 
ficer who  has  the  charge  of  keeping  the  books  and 
accounts  in  a  public  olTice. 

BQOK'-KEEP-IXG,  n.  [AooA  and  kcrp.]  The  art  of 
recording  jnercanlile  transactions  in  a  regular  and 
systematic  manner;  the  art  of  keeping  accounts  in 
such  a  manner,  that  a  man  may  know  the  tnic  state 
of  his  business  and  property,  or  of  his  debts  and 
credits,  by  an  inspection  of  his  books.  The  books 
for  this  purpose  are,  1.  A  Waste  Book,  or  Blotter^  in 
which  are  registered  all  accounts  or  transactions  in 
the  order  in  which  they  lake  place  ;  2.  The  Journal, 
which  contains  the  accounts  transferred  from  the 
waste  book,  in  the  same  order,  but  expre?i8cd  in  a 
t'-rhnical  style;  3.  The  Ledger,  in  whicli  articles  of 
th  ■  same  kind  are  ct.llected  together,  from  the  jour- 
nal, and  arranged  under  proper  titles. 

In  addition  to  these,  several  others  are  used  ;  as, 
cash-book !  book  of  charges  of  mrrchautlise ;  book  of 
hotLnr-rrprnses  ;  invoice-book  ;  aale^-book  ;  bUl-book  ; 
receipt-book  ;  letter-book  ;  pocket-book  ;  the  use  of 
which  may  be  understood  from  the  names.    Enr-ar. 

BpOK'-K\0\VI^ED6E,  (nol'Iej,)  n.  Knowledge 
gained  by  reading  books. 

BOOK'LAND,  ^  n.     [6oo&  and    land,\     In    old  English 

BOi'.'K'LAXD,  i  lams,  charter  land,  held  by  deed 
under  certain  rent-i  and  free-services,  «iiich  differed 
nothing  from  free  socage  lands.  This  species  of  ten- 
ure hai  given  rise  to  the  modern  freeholds.  Blackstone. 

BOOK'-LEARN-ED,  a.  [book  and  le^rn.]  Versed  in 
bt'toks  ;  acquainted  with  nooks  and  literature  ;  a  term 
fiom"timed  implying  an  ignorance  of  men,  or  of  the 
rnmmon  concerns  of  life.  Drydrn. 

BOQK'-LEARX-IXG,  n.  Learning  acquired  by  read- 
ing ;  acquaintance  with  books  and  literature ;  some- 
tinc-s  implying  want  of  practical  knowledge.  Sidney. 

BQOK'LESS,  a.  [book  and  less.]  Without  books  ; 
nnl'-arned.  Shenstone. 

BOOK'-MAD-iVESS,  n,  A  rage  for  possessing  books  ; 
bibtiumania. 

nOC^K'-MAK-ER,  n.  One  who  writ^a  and  publisbca 
i><>c.k«. 

IIOOK'-MAK-IXG,  n.  The  practice  of  writing  and 
publishing  btioks. 

IIQOK'-M.VX,  »i.  [book  and  man.]  A  man  whose 
prof.'sflion  is  the  study  of  books.  Shak. 

POOK'-MATE,  n.     [book  and  mate.]     A  school-fellow. 

llOOK'MT\I)-En-XE.SS,  n.     Love  of  b<w)kR.        [Shak. 

BOO^'-ML'S-LIN,  n.  [Originally  buke  muslin.]  A 
mrticular  kind  of  musnn. 

BOOK'-OATH,  n.  The  oath  made  on  the  book,  or 
bible.  Shak. 

Bp9K'8ELL-ER,  n.  [book  and  sell]  One  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  sell  books, 

DOQK'.**ELL-ING,  n.  The  eoiployment  of  selling 
books. 

BppK'-STALL,n.  Astand  or  stall,  commonly  in  the 
op<rn  air,  ("or  retailing  books. 

BOOK'HTA.M),  n.  A  stand  or  frame  for  containing 
b«'t<»k>"  offered  fur  sale  in  the  street*!. 

BOOK'HTftXE,  n.     See  Bibholite. 

B^M/K'STf^RE,  n.  A  shop  where  books  are  kept  for 
■ah',  f  C/.  S. :]  called  in  England  a  bookseller^s  shop. 

BpQK'VVORM,  f-wnrm,)  n.  [book  and  leorm.]  A 
Womi  or  mite  ttiat  eats  holes  in  books. 


BOO 

2.  A  student  closely  attached  to  books,  or  addicted 

tn  study  ;  also,  a  reader  without  judgment.     Pope. 

BOO'LEY,  n.  In  Ireland,  one  who  has  no  settled 
habitation,  hut  wanders  from  place  to  place  witli  liis 
flocks  and  herds,  living  on  their  milk,  like  the 
Tartars.  Spenser. 

BOOM,  n.  [D.  boom,  a  tree,  a  pole,  a  beam,  a  bar,  a 
rafter;  Goth,  bapns ;  Ger.  baum;  Eng.  beam;  D. 
hoomen,  to  push  tlirward  witli  a  pole ;  Dan.  bom,  a 
rail  or  bar.] 

I.  A  long  pole  or  spar,  run  out  from  various  parts 
of  a  ship,  or  other  vessel,  for  the  purpose  of  extend- 
ing the  bottom  of  particular  sails;  as,  tlie  jib  boom, 
studding-sail  boom,  main  buom,  square-sail  boom,  &c. 

Mar.  Diet. 

3.  A  strong  iron  cliain  cable,  or  line  of  spars  bound 
together,  extended  across  a  river,  or  the  mouth  of  a 
harbor,  to  prevent  an  enemy's  ships  from  passing. 

3.  A  pole  set  up  as  a  mark  to  direct  seamen  how 
to  keep  the  channel  in  shallow  water. 

4.  A  hollow  roar,  as  of  waves. 

BOOM,  r.  t.  [Sax.  byma,  byme,  a  trumpet ;  hymian,  to 
blow  or  sound  a  trumpet ;  D.  bomme,  a  dnnn  ;  bom- 
men,  to  drum  ;  W.  binnp,  a  hollow  sound.  We  see 
the  senses  of  sounding,  uttering  the  voice,  swelling, 
and  rushing  forward,  are  connected.] 

1.  In  marine  language,  to  rush  with  violence,  as  a 
ship  under  a  press  of  sail. 

2.  To  swell ;  to  roll  and  roar,  as  waves. 

Tht  h(Ki«e  wa»»  booming  to  Uie  o«an  show.  HUlhouae. 

3.  To  cry  as  the  bittern.  Ooldsmith. 
The  Dutch  use  bom  for  the  sound  of  an  empty 

barrel ;  and  bommcn  is  to  drum. 

BOOM'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Rushing  with  violence  ;  roar- 
ing, like  waves. 

BOOM'E-RAXG,  n.  A  wooden  weapon  used  by  the 
natives  of  Australia.     [See  Ktlxe.} 

BOON,  n.  [I,,  bonus;  Fr.bon;  Sorrn.  boon;  It.  buono ; 
Sp.  bueno  ;  Port-  bom,  good.] 

1.  A  gift;  a  grant;  a  benefaction;  a  present;  a 
favor  gninted.  jSddismi. 

2.  [Dan.  biin,  Sw.  biin,  a  petition.]  A  prayer  or 
petition.  Jish. 

BOON,  a.     [Ft.  bon  ;  L.  bovus.] 

Gay  ;  merr>' ;  kind  ;  bountiful;  as,  a  boon  com- 
panion. Milton. 

BOUX,  n.  The  refuse  or  useless  vegetable  matter  from 
dressed  flax.  Library  of  Ent.  Knowledge. 

BO'OPS,  w.  A  genus  of  fishes,  of  the  order  j9cantliop- 
trrygii,  found  mostly  in  the  Mediterranean.     Brande. 

BOOR,  H.  [Sax.  ffebiir,a  countryman  or  farmer;  D. 
boer,  a  rustic  or  farmer ;  G.  baurr,  a  countryman  and 
a  builder,  from  baurn,  to  build,  to  cultivate;  Sax. 
byan,  or  bugian,  and  gebugian  ;  D.  bouwen,  ;  Dan. 
bygge :  fc5w.  byggia,  to  build.  Boirr  is  a  contracted 
word.] 

1.  A  countryman  ;  a  peasant ;  a  rustic  ;  a  plowman  ; 
a  clown  ;  hence,  one  who  is  rude  in  manners,  and 
illiterate.  Dryden. 

2.  A  name  given  to  the  Russian  peasants. 
BOOU'I^II,  1.    Clownish;  rustic;  awkward  in  man- 
ners; illiterate.  Shak. 

BOOR'ISII-LY,  adv.     In  a  clownish  manner. 
BO0K'ISH-NES,S,n.  Clownishnuss;  rusticity  ;  coarse- 
ness of  manners. 
BOOdE,  n.    [Sax.  bosig^  bosg;  Ueb.  and  Ch.  D^2N,  a 
— .5 
stall  or  crib ;  Ar.  i  ywol  abasa,  to  shut  up  or  im- 
prison.] 

A  situl  or  inclosiire  for  an  ox,  cow,  or  other  cattle. 
Miff  ujted,  or  local.] 

B007e'  ( (*'°*'^>5  "•  *•     [^^''  *"=')  ***  immerse.] 

To  (irink  hard  ;  to  guzzle.     [Fiilgar.]     Maunder. 

BOOS'KR,  n.     One  who  guzzles  liquor;  a  tippler. 

BOOST,  c.  (.  'J'o  lift  or  raise  by  pushing  ;  to  push  up. 
[Jl  common  vulgar  word  in  JVew  England.] 

BOO'SY,  (boo'zy,)  a.  A  little  intoxicated  ;  merry  with 
liquor,     [yulgar.]  Holloway. 

BOOT,  c.  L  [Sax.  bot,  bote,  reparation,  satisfaction,  a 
making  good,  amends  ;  Goth,  botyon,  to  profit  or 
help  ;  Sw.  bat,  a  fine  ;  I),  buete,  fine,  penalty,  repent- 
ance ;  bocten,  to  amend  or  repair ;  G.  bu.tse,  boot,  fine, 
penance  ;  bii.isen,  to  ann-nd  ;  Dan.  bUdde,  to  repair, 
or  requite ;  Wrfr,  to  expiate,  or  make  atonement ;  W. 
buz,  profit ;  buziuir,  to  priifit.  We  observe  this  word 
Is  from  the  root  ofbettir,  denoting  more,  or  advance; 
Eng.  but.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root  is  to  ad- 
vance, or  carry  forwanl.] 

1.  To  profit ;  to  advantage. 

It  ihall  not  boot  thum.  Hooker. 

But  more  generally  followed  by  it, —  whnt  booU  it? 
Indeed,  it  is  seldom  used,  except  in  the  latter  phrase. 

2.  'Vo  enrich  ;  to  benefit. 

1  will  tool  ihcc.     [(Jbt.]  S!utk. 

BOOT,  n.  Profit ;  gain  ;  advantige ;  tliat  which  is 
given  to  make  the  exchange  equal,  or  to  supply  the 
deficiency  of  value  in  one  of  the  things  exchanged. 

Shak. 
2.  To  boot;  In  addition  to;  over  and  above;  be- 
sides ;   a  compensation  for  the   difference  of  value 


BOR  1 

* 
between  things  bartered  ;  as,  I  will  give  my  house 
for  yours,  with  one  hundred  dollars  to  boot,     [Sax.  to 
bote.     The  phrase  is  pure  Saxon.] 
3.  Spoil;  plunder.     [See  Booty.]  Shak. 

BOOT,  n.  [Fr.  botte,  a  boot,  a  bunch  ;  Ir.  butais;  W. 
botasen,  betas ;  Sp.  bota,  a  boot,  a  butt,  or  cask,  a 
leather  bag  to  carry  liquors  ;  Port,  bota  ;  IL  botu^ 
boots,  a  cask.] 

1.  A  covering  for  the  leg,  made  of  leather,  and 
united  with  a  shoe.  This  garment  was  originally 
intended  for  horsemen,  but  is  now  generally  worn 
by  gentlemen  on  foot  The  different  sorts  are,  Jish- 
ijtg-bouts,  worn  in  water;  hunting -boots,  a  thinner 
kind,  for  sportsmen  ;  jack-boots,  a  strong  kind,  for 
horsemen  ;  and  half-boots. 

2.  A  kind  of  rack  for  the  leg,  fonnerly  used  to 
torture  criminals.  This  was  made  of  boards  bound 
fast  to  the  legs  by  cords  ;  or  a  boot  or  buskin,  made 
wet  and  drawn  liimn  the  legs,  and  then  dried  by  the 
fire,  so  as  to  contract  and  squeeze  the  legs.    Encyc. 

3.  A  box  covered  with  leather  in  the  fore  part  of 
a  coach.  Also,  an  apron  or  leathern  cover  for  a  gig 
or  chair,  to  defend  persons  from  rain  and  mud.  [7%is 
latter  application  is  local  and  improper-  ] 

4.  In  the  plural,  boots,  a  servant  at  hotels  who 
blacks  the  boots  ;   formerly  called  boot-catcher 

BOOT,  V.  U     To  put  on  boots. 

BOOT'-eATCII-ER,n.  [boot  and  catch.]  The  person 
at  an  inn  wha'<c  business  is  to  pull  off  boots  and 
clean  them.     [Obs.]  Swift. 

BOOT'-CRIMP,  n.  A  frame  or  last  used  by  boot- 
makers for  drawing  and  shaping  the  body  of  a  botit 

BOOT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Having  boots  on.  Dryden. 

BOOT-EE',  n.  A  word  sometimes  used  for  a  half  or 
short  boot. 

BO-0'T£S,  a.  A  northern  constellation,  consisting, 
according  to  Flamstced's  catalogue,  of  fifty-four 
stirs. 

BOOTH,  Ti.  [W.  bwth;  Ir.  boith  or  both;  G.  bade: 
Russ.  budka;  Ch.  no  bith,  a  house,  and  to  lodge  for 
a  night ;  also  in  the  Ar.  Sam.  Syr.  Eth.  and  Heb. 
betk,  a  house  or  booth,  a  nest  (or  birds.  Probjihly  the 
sense  is,  a  dwelling,  from  lodging,  abiding.] 

A  house  or  shed  built  'uf  boards,  houghs  of  trees, 
or  otiier  slight  materials,  for  a  temporary  residence, 
Bible.     Camilrn. 

BOOT'-IloSE,  71.  [boot  and  hose.]  Stocking-hose, or 
spattcrdaslifH,  in  lieu  of  hoots.  Shak. 

BOOT'-JA(>K,  n.     A  nuu;hine  fur  dniwing  off  boots. 

BOOT'LEG,M.  [boot  and  leg.]  Leather  cut  out  for 
the  leg  of  a  boot  Jish. 

BOOT'LESS,  fl.  j;from  boot.]  Unavailing;  unprofit- 
able ;  Useless  ;  without  advantage  or  success.  Shak. 

BOOT'LESS-LY,  ad.     Without  use  or  profit 

BOOT'LESS-XESS,  n.    Stale  of  being  unavailing. 

BOOT'TOP-PIXG,  n.  [bovt  unA  tirp.]  The  operation 
of  cleansing  a  ship's  bottom  near  the  surface  of  the 
water,  by  scraping  off  the  grass,  slime,  shells,  &.C., 
and  daubing  it  with  a  mixture  of  tallow,  sulphur, 
and  resin.  Mar.  Diet. 

BOOT'-TREE,  \  n.     An   instrument   to   stretch   and 

BOOT'-LXST,  (  widen  the  leg  of  a  boot,  consisting 
of  two  pieces,  shaped  like  a  leg,  between  which, 
when  put  into  the  boot,  a  wedge  is  driven.    Encyc. 

BOOT'Y,  n.  rsw.  byte;  Dan.  bytte;  D.  buU;G.  beute; 
It.  botttno :  Sp.  botin  ;  Fr.  butin ;  D.  buiten,  to  rove. 
See  BcT.l 

1.  SiKiil  taken  from  an  enemy  in  war;  plunder j 
pillage.  Milton. 

2.  That  which  is  seized  by  violence  and  robbery. 

Shak. 
To  play  booty,  is  to  play  dishonestly,  with  an  intent 
to  lose.  Johnson. 

BO-PEEP',  n,  [bo,  an  exclamation,  and  peep.]  The 
act  of  looking  out  or  from  behind  something  and 
drawing  back,  as  children  in  play,  for  the  purpose  of 
frightening  each  other.  Shak.     Dryden. 

BOR'A-BLE,  a,  [See  Bore.]  That  may  be  bored. 
[Little  used.] 

BO-RACH'IO,  n.  [It  boraecia,  a  leather  bottle  for 
wine  ;  Sp.  borracho,  drunk.] 

1.  A  bottle  or  cask.     [J^otused.]  Dryden. 

2.  A  drunkard.  Congrrve. 
BO-RAC'IC,  (bo-ras'ik,)/i.     [See  Borax.]     Pertaining 

to  or  produced  from  borax. 

£omc(c  rtrid,- a  compound  of  a  peculiar  element,  bo- 
ron, with  oxygen.  It  is  generally  obtained  from  bo- 
rax, by  ad<ling  sulphuric  acid.  It  is  also  found  na- 
tive, in  certain  mineral  springs  in  Italy. 

BO'RA-CITE,  n.  A  mineral  composed  of  boracic  acid 
and  magnesia;  a  native  borate  of  magnesia. 

BOR' AGE,  (bur'rage,)  n.  A  iJant  of  tlio  genus  Bo- 
ra go. 

BOR'A-MEZ.    See  Barometi. 

BO'RATE,  ti.  a  salt  formed  by  the  combination  of 
boracic  acid  with  a  base.  Fourcroy. 

BC'RAX,  n.     [Pers.  ^^j  ;  Ar.  t5jfcJ  borakon,  from 

O  »J  barakat  to  shine  j  Russ.  bura.] 

Biborate  of  soda  ;  a  salt  formed  by  a  combination 
of  boracid  acid  with  soda.    It  is  brought  from  th« 


TOXB,  BULL,  TINITB.— AN"GEa,  VI"CIOU8.  — €  as  K ;  0  as  J  :  S  as  Z  j  CH  as  8H;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


>5 


137 


BOR 

East  Indies,  where  it  Is  said  lo  be  found  at  the  bot- 
tom <ir  on  th«  inarein  of  certain  lakes,  particularly  in 
Thibeu  It  is  said  to  be  artificially  prepared  in  Per- 
ir  ,-,,.„..j  in  three  stales.  1.  Crude 
It  I,  fruni  Persia,  in  greenish 
r  in  opaque  preen  crystxils. 
ii  I'  'Mirer,  in  email  plaits 
'  tl,  and  of  a  dirty 
■  rat,  in  portions  of 
the  kind  Bcnerally 
II  docimastic  operft- 
rials.  H90f€r, 


-ind  lo  tbe  Don 


wbHe.    3.  I' 
tnuMpannt  ^..,  .- 
ommI.     It  is  ail  t  \ 
tioos,  and  useful  . 

BOR'BO-RVGM,    (I'  .     ;  . .      . 

nimblin::.]    A  ruiubluiif  uoim:  of  wind  in  tbe  boweU. 

BOKO' ACE,  «.    See  BoaDLA7»os.  [TWrf. 

BOKD'EL,         i  «.     [Fr.  bortUt,  a  brothel ;  D.^ordetl; 

BOR-UELXO,  t  Ger.  bonUU;  IL  bonUUo;  Sp.  htnieli 
Ann.  tvnUU  ,•  from  *<►«/,  a  house.  This  is  the  Eng. 
bivtAel.] 

A  brothel;  a  bawdy-house;  a  bouse  devoted  to 
prostitution.  B,  Jonstm. 

BORO'EL-LERj  a.  The  keeper  of  a  brotbeL  Ointer, 

BURD'ER,  n.  [Ft.  and  Ann.  h^rU;  Spi  6«mio;  PurL 
hvrtta;  IL  har^.     Bee  Boasik] 

The  outer  edge  of  any  thing;  the  extreme  pari  or 
nimHinding  line  ;  the  confine  or  exterior  limit  of  a 
ctMntr>-,  or  of  any  region  or  tract  of  land  ;  the  exte- 
rior pari  or  cilge  of  a  garment ;  the  rim  or  brim  of  a 
Trssel,  but  not  oHen  ap|ilied  to  vessels  ;  the  exterior 
port  or  a  garden,  and  tu-nce  a  bank  raised  at  the  side 
of  a  ganlen  for  the  cullivatiun  of  dowers,  and  a  row 
of  plants  i  In  short,  the  outer  part  or  edge  of  things 
too  numerous  to  be  s^iecitied. 

In  htfUmy^  the  timbiu  or  upper  spreading  port  of  a 
monopetalous  corul.  ^Vorfyn. 

BOKD'ER,  F.  L    To  confine  ;  to  touch  at  the  edge, 
side,  or  end  ;  lo  be  contiguous  or  adjacent ;  with  on 
or  npam  i  as,  Connecticut,  on  the  north,  borders  oh  or 
nfcm  MassactauaeUs. 
SL  To  approach  near  (o. 

WkwUeh  hmdmt  worn  pntutftaiem  ikmm»  to  b>  bimBdnl n 
feUf.  TUoGWM. 

BOKD'ER,  V.  t.  To  make  a  border ;  to  adoni  whh  a 
burder  of  ornaments ;  as,*  to  border  a  garment  or  a 
garden. 

2.  To  reach  to ;  to  touch  at  the  edge  or  end ;  to 
coDfine  upon  ;  to  be  conliguous  to. 

Sbete  *nd  RaAiiMLh  ho^iar  tbt  Piiniin  OnIC  Adcfft. 

3.  To  coiifine  nitliin  bonnda :  lo  limit.  TAM  usedA 

Skak. 

BORD'ER-£D,fp.  Adorned  or  furnished  with  a  bor- 
der. 

B(.)RD'EB-ER.  m.  One  who  dwells  on  a  border  or  at 
the  extreme  part  or  confines  of  a  country,  region,  or 
tnict  of  land  ;  one  who  dwells  near  to  a  place.  Bacon, 

BURD'ER-LN'G,  ppr.  or  a.  Lying  adjacent  to ;  forming 
a  border. 


B0RD-HALF'PEN-\Y,(b5nl-hap'pen  ny.)  a.  Money 
mid  for  seUing  up  boiras  or  a  stall  in  market.  Bum. 

BfiRIV-LA^D,  M.  fbord  and  Uud.  &ee  Bo^iu>.]  In 
old  UiOf  the  demain  land  which  a  lord  kept  in  his 


Iiand^  fur  the  maintenance  of  bis  bord,  board,  or  ta- 
ble. Speima*. 

BCRIV-LODE,  >  n.    [ftorrf  and  looi]    The  service  re- 

BCRD'-LOAD,  {  quired  of  a  tenant  to  carry  timber 
from  the  woods  to  the  lord's  house  ;  also,  the  quan- 
tity of  provision  paid  by  a  bord-man  for  bord-laud. 

BaUty, 

BORD'-MA.\,  a.  [bord  and  man,]  A  tenant  of  bord- 
land,  who  supplied  bis  lord  with  provisions.  Enryc 

BORD'-RaC-1?iG,  a.  An  incursion  upon  the  borders 
nf  a  country'.     [Odj.]  Spenser. 

BORD'-^ERV-ICE.  n.  [bord  and  serriee.]  The  ten- 
ure by  which  bord-Iand  was  held,  wluch  was  the 
pa>'ment  of  a  certain  quantity  of  provisions  to  the 
loitL  In  lieu  of  this,  the  tenant  now  paj-s  sixpence 
an  acre.  Kiuye,. 

BORiyiiRE,  n.  In  heraldry^  a  tract  or  compass  of 
nwtal,  color,  or  fur,  within  the  escutcheon  and 
around  iL  Bailey. 

BCRE,  D.  L  [Sax.  borian  t  Sw.  bora ;  D.  booren ;  Ger. 
bohren ;  Dan.  borerj  to  bore  ;  D.  boor :  Ger.  bohrrr ; 
Dan.  borrty  a  borer ;  i*  /<n-4),  and  per/oro,  to  bore,  to 
per/orate ;  Rubs.  bitrmOj  a  borer ;  Gr.  vcipto,  to  pierce 
or  transfix ;  also,  to  pus  over,  in  which  sense  it  co- 
incides with  firry.  The  Celtic  6er,  btar,  a  spit,  L. 
Mm,  from  thrusting  or  piercing,  coinciu^  in  elements 


with  this  rooL    Pezs.  S  wy  biraJt^  a  borer.] 

1.  To  perforate  or  penetrate  a  solid  body,  and  make 
a  round  hole,  by  turning  an  auger,  gimlet,  or  other 
in^trumenL  Hence,  to  make  hollow  ;  to  fwm  a 
round  hole ;  as,  to  bore  a  cannon. 

2.  To  eat  out  or  make  a  htJlow  by  gnawing  or  co^ 
roding,  as  a  worm. 

3.  To  penetrate  or  break  through  by  turning  or  la- 
bor ;  as,  to  bore  through  a  crowd.  Gay. 

4.  To  weary  by  tedious  iteration. 

BORE,  r.  i.  To  be  pierced  or  penetrated  by  an  instni- 
meiii  that  turns  ;  as,  this  timber  does  not  bore  well, 
or  '\A  hard  to  bore. 


BOR 

3.  To  pierce  or  enter  by  boring  \  as,  an  auger  bores 

3.  To  push  forward  toward  a  certain  poinL   [welt. 

Boring  to  th«  weu.  Urydtn, 

4.  With  korstmra^  a  horse  boresy  when  he  carries 
his  nose  to  tlie  ground.  DUt, 

5.  In  a  traHsUite  or  tntransitire  sinse,  to  penetrate 
the  earth  by  means  of  a  chisel  or  other  cutting  instru- 
ment, withdrawing  the  dust  and  fmgments,  at  inter- 
vals, by  means  of  a  scooping-iron  i>r  other  appmpri- 
alc  instrument,  fur  the  purpose  of  asrertaining  the 
presence  of  minerals,  as  veins  of  ore  or  beds  of  con), 
or  fur  obtaining  springs  of  water,  as  in  Artesian 
wells,  or  fountain:!  of  salt  water,  &.c. 

BORE,  n.  The  hole  made  by  boring.  Hence,  the  cav- 
ity or  hollow  of  a  gtin,  cannon,  pistol,  or  other  fire- 
arm -y  the  caliber,  wlielher  formed  by  boring  or  not. 

2.  Any  instrument  for  making  holes  by  boring  or 
turning,  as  an  auger,  gimlet,  or  wmible. 

3.  A  person  or  thing  Umt  wearies  by  iteration. 
BORE,  n.     A  tide  swelling  alHive  another  tide.    Burke. 

A  sudden  influx  of  the  tide  into  a  river  or  narrow 
strait,  conflicting  with  the  water  from  above,   Cyc 

BORE,  prrt,  of  Bear.     fSee  Bear  | 

BORE-COLE,  n,  A  variety  of  cabbage,  whose  leaves 
are  not  formed  into  a  compart  head,  but  are  loose, 
and  generally  curled  or  wrinkled      Fatn.  of  Plants. 

BO'RE-AL,  a.     [U  boreaiu,     See  Boreas.] 

Northern ;  pettaining  to  the  north  or  the  north 
wind.  Pope. 

BO'RE-AS,  n.  [L.  boreas :  Gr.  /iopeiiy  the  portli  wind  ; 
Russ.  burya,  a  storm  or  tempest ;  buran,  a  tempest 
with  snow.     The  Russ.  gives  the  radical  sense.] 
The  northern  wind  ;  a  cold,  northerly  wind.  Milton. 

UOK'KDf  (^bord,)  pp.  Perforated  by  an  auger  or  other 
turning  instrument;  made  hollow;  wearied  by  te- 
ditws  iteration. 

BO-REE',  n.  [Fr.]  A  certain  dnuce,  or  movement  in 
common  time,  or  four  crotchets  in  a  bur  ;  always  be- 
ginning in  tlie  last  quaver  ot  last  crotchet  of  the 
measure.  Busby. 

BOR'ER,  R.    One  who  bores ;  also,  an  instrument  to 
make  holes  with  by  turning. 
2.  Terebella,  the  piercer,  a  genus  of  sea  worms, 

BOR'ING,  n.  [tliat  pierce  wood. 

1.  The  act  of  boring ;  a  place  made  by  boring. 

2.  The  chips  made  by  perforating  a  body  arc  called 
borings. 

BOR'ING,  ppr.  Perforating  by  an  auger  or  other  turn- 
ing instrument ;  making  hollow;  wtiar>'ing  by  tedi- 
ous iteration. 

BORN,  (baurn,)  pp.  of  Bear.  Brought  forth,  as  an  an- 
imal. A  very  useful  distinction  is  observed  by  good 
authors,  who,  in  ttie  sense  of  produced  or  brought 
forth,  write  this  word  born  ;  but,  in  the  sense  of  car- 
ried, write  it  bome.  This  difference  of  orthography 
renders  obvious  the  difierence  of  pronunciation. 

1.  To  be  (cm,  is  to  be  produced  or  brought  into  life. 
"  Man  is  bom  to  trouble."  A  man  bom  a  prince  or  a 
beggu.  It  is  followed  by  of  before  the  mother  or 
ancestMB. 


Q.  To  be  Aom,  or  bom  again^  is  to  be  regenerated 

and  renewed  ;  to  receive  spiritual  life.    John  iii. 
BOR.N'E,  pp.  of  Bear.   Carried ;  conveyed  ;  supported  ; 

defrayed. 
BOR'N'ITE,  n.     The  tellurite  of  bismuth.         Dana. 
BO'RON,  «.  The  radical  or  elementary  base  of  boracic 

acid.  Parke. 

BOR'OUGH,   (bur'ro,)  n,     [Goth,  bairgs;  Sax.  bur^^ 

burhj  beerhy  beorgy  burig ;    Jr.  brog ;   Fr.   bourg ;  U. 

borgoi    Sp.  burgo ;   D.  burg  and  oerg{   Dan.  borg ; 

Arm.  bourg  ;   G.  burg  a&d  berg ;   Gr.  JTvpyas ;  Ar. 

^  yj  borackon  ;  Sans,  bura,  T])is  word,  in  Saxon,  is 

interpreted  a  bill,  heap,  mountain,  fortification,  cas- 
tle, tower,  cilf ,  house,  and  tomb.  Hence  Perga  in 
Pamphylia,  Bergen  in  Norway,  Bvrgoa  in  Spain,  and 
probably  Prague  in  Bohemia.  In  W.  fripr,  bwrc^  sig- 
nifies a  wall,  rampart,  or  work  for  defense,  and  bwr- 
dais  is  a  burgess.  But  the  original  sense  probably  is 
found  in  the  verb  Sax.  beorgan^  D.  and  G.  bergen, 
Russ.  beregUj  to  keep,  or  save,  that  is,  to  make  close 
or  secure.  Hence  it  coincides  with  park,  and  L.  par- 
eusy  saving.  (See  the  next  word.)  If  the  noun  is  the 
priraarj-  word,  denoting  hili,  this  is  from  throwing  to- 
gether, collecting  ;  a  seniie  allied  to  that  of  making 
fast  or  close.] 

OriginaUy,  a  fortified  city  or  town  ;  hence,  a  hill, 
for  hills  were  selected  for  places  of  defense.  But  in 
later  times,  the  term  city  was  substituted  to  denote  an 
episcopal  town,  in  which  was  the  see  of  a  bishop, 
and  that  of  borough  was  retained  for  the  rest,  .^t 
present,  the  name  is  given  appropriately  to  such  towns 
and  villages  as  send  reprcFcntutives  or  burgesses  to 
parliament.  Some  boroughs  are  incorporated,  others 
are  not.  Bladcstone.    Encyc 

In  Connecticut,  this  word,  borough^  js  used  for  a 
town,  or  a  part  of  a  town,  or  a  village,  incorporated 
with  certain  privileges,  distinct  from  those  of  other 
towns  and  of  cities. 


BOS 

In  Scotland^  a  borough  is  a  body  corporate,  connist- 
ing  of  the  inlmbltants  of  a  certain  district,  erected  by 
the  sovereign,  with  a  certain  jurisdiction.  Borouplis 
are  erected  to  be  held  uf  the  sovereign,  as  is  general- 
ly the  case  of  r()ynl  boroughs ;  or  of  the  8U[H-rior  of 
the  lands  iiicludeil,  as  in  the  case  of  boroughs  of  re- 
gality and  barony.  Royul  boroughs  are  gcuerally 
erected  for  the  advantage  of  trade.  Encyc. 

BOR'OUGH,  (bur'ro,)  n.  [Sax.  fearAof,  a  surety  ;  bor- 
gian,  to  borrow  ;  borg,  interest ;  borga,  a  debtor,  a 
(•ureiy  ;  ftoriricfJ,  a  promise  or  bond  for  appt-arance, 
a  pledge  ;  borg-ln-yce,  burg-break,  violation  of  pledge ; 
borgha7td,borhhandyii  surety  or  bail ;  beorgan,  lo  keep, 
guard,  or  preserve  ;  G.  and  D.  borgen,  to  borrow.  See 
the  preceding  word.] 

In  Saxon  times,  a  main  pledge,  or  association  of 
men,  who  were  sureties  or  free  pledges  to  the  king 
for  the  good  behavior  of  each  other,  and  if  any  o^ 
fense  was  committed  in  their  district,  thev  were 
bound  to  have  the  ofTender  forthcoming.  The  as- 
sociation of  ten  men  was  called  a  titJiing  or  decenna- 
ry; the  presiding  man  wa:i  culled  the  tithing-man  or 
head-boroush ;  or.  in  some  places,  bor^iholder,  bitroa^h^s 
elder.  This  society  was  called,  also,  friburg,  free- 
burg,  frank-pledge.  Ten  tittiings  formed  a  hundred^ 
consisting  of  lh.it  number  of  sureties,  and  this  de- 
nomination is  still  given  to  the  districts  comprehend- 
ed in  the  association.  The  term  seems  to  hiive  been 
used  both  for  the  society  and  for  each  surety.  The 
word  main,  hand,  which  is  attached  to  this  society, 
or  their  mutual  assurance,  indicates  that  the  agree- 
ment was  ratified  by  shaking  hands. 

Spetman.  Blackstone.  Cuwel. 
Some  writers  have  suggested  that  the  application 
of  this  word  to  towns  sprung  from  these  associutiuns, 
and  of  course  was  posterior  to  them  in  time.  [See 
Encyc,  art.  Borough,]  But  the  word  was  used  for 
a  town  or  castle  in  otlior  nations,  and  in  Asia,  doubt- 
less long  before  the  origin  of  the  frank-pledge. 

BOR'OUGH  EN"GUSH  ;  a  customary  descent  of  lands 
and  tenements  to  the  youngest  sun,  instead  uf  the 
eldest ;  or,  if  the  owner  leaves  no  son,  to  the  young- 
est brother.  Blackntone.     Cowel. 

BOR'OUGH  HEAD;  Uie  same  as  Head-Borough,  the 
chief  of  a  borough.  .^sh. 

BOR'OUGH  HOLD'ER,  n.  Ahead-borough;  a  bors- 
hulder.  j9j(A. 

BOR'OUGH-MAS-TER,  n.  The  mayor,  governor,  or 
bailiff  of  a  borough.  ^sh. 

BOR'OUGH-M0N"GER,  (bur'ro-mung'ger,)  n.  One 
who  buys  or  sells  the  [Mitronage  of  a  borouf-h.  Booth. 

BOR'REL,  a.     Rustic  ;  rude.  Spenser. 

BOR'ROW' ,  (bor'rS,)  v.  L  [Sax.  borgian,  to  borrow  ; 
D.  borgen,  to  borrow,  lend,  or  trust ;  Ger.  borgen,  the 
same;  Dan.  borge,  to  borrow;  borgen,  bail,  surety, 
pleflge,  warranter,  main-pernur;  Ayr^,  trust,  credit; 
Sw.  borgan,  a  giving  bail ;  burg,  a  fortress.  The  pri- 
marj'  sense  is,  lo  make  fast  or  secure.] 

1.  To  take  from  another  by  request  and  consent, 
with  a  view  to  use  the  thing  taken  fur  a  time,  and 
return  it,  or,  if  the  thing  taken  is  to  be  consumed  or 
transferred  in  the  use,  then  to  return  an  equivalent 
in  kind  ;  as,  to  borrow  a  book,  a  sum  of  money,  or  a 
loaf  of  bread.     It  is  opptwed  to  lend. 

2.  To  take  from  another,  for  one's  own  use ;  to 
copy  or  select  from  the  writings  of  another  author ; 
as,  lo  borrow  a  passage  from  a  printed  book  ;  to  bor- 
row  a  title. 

3.  To  take  or  adopt,  for  one's  own  use,  sentiments, 
principles,  doctrines,  and  the  like  ;  as,  to  burrow  in- 
struction. 

4.'  To  take  for  use  something  that  belongs  to  an- 
other; to  assume,  copy,  or  imitate  ;  as,  to  borrow  a 
shape  ;  to  borrow  the  manners  of  another,  or  his  style 
of  writing. 
BOR'ROW,  n,  A  borrowing ;  the  act  of  borrowing. 
ySTvt  used.] 


But  of  your  royal  pirteocc  I'll  ailvemure 
Tbc  borrow  of  u  we-k. 


Mot. 


BOR'ROW-£D,  pp.  Taken  by  consent  of  another,  to 
be  returned,  or  Its  equivalent  in  kind ;  copied ;  as- 
sumed. 

BOR'ROW-ER,  71.  One  who  borrows ;  opposed  lo 
lender,     [See  the  verb.] 

2.  One  who  takes  what  belongs  to  another  to  use 
as  one's  own. 

BOR'ROW-ING,  ppr.  Taking  by  consent,  to  use  and 
return,  or  to  return  its  equivalent;  taking  what  be- 
longs to  another,  to  use  as  one's  own  ;  copying ;  as- 
suming ;  imitating. 

BOR'ROW-INU,  n.  The  act  of  borrowing,  [See  the 
verb.] 

BORS'HOLD-ER,  n.  fA  contraction  of  t»Ar'«  ealdor, 
borough's  elder,  the  elder  or  chief  of  a  borough.] 

The  head  or  chief  of  a  tithing,  or  burg  oi  ten  men  ; 
the  head-borough.  Lambert.     Spelmaiu 

BO'RU-RET,  71.  A  combination  of  boron  with  a  sim- 
ple body. 

BOS,  n,  [L.l  In  zoology,  the  technical  name  of  a  ge- 
nus of  quadrupeds.  The  characters  are,  the  horns 
are  hollow  within,  and  turned  outward,  in  the  form  of 
crescents;  there  are  eight  fore  teeth  in  the  under 
jaw,  but  none  in  the  upper ;  there  are  no  dog  teeth. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT M£TE,  PRfiY.— PJNE,  MARXNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

— 


BOS 

It  includes  the  common  ox,  the  bison,  the  buffitio, 
and  other  species.  Encyc, 

BO'SA,  n.  An  intoxicating  drink,  used  by  the  Egyp- 
tians, obtained  from  the  meal  of  darnel  and  Iiemp- 
seed. 

BOSCAGE,  n.  fFr  boaeage^  now  boca^e^  a  prove  ;  It. 
bosca:  Dan.  busk;  Get  busdt^  a  wood,  or  properly  a 
Uiicket  or  underwood  ;  Eng.  bush.] 

1.  Wood  ;  underwood  ;  perhaps,  sometimes,  lands 
covered  with  underwood  ;  also,  a  thicket. 

2.  In  old  latps^  food  or  sustenance  for  cattle,  which 
is  yielded  by  bushes  and  trees.  CotccL 

3.  With  paiuerg, a  landiicape  representing  thickets 
of  wood.  EncyCt 

BOSH,  n.     Outline  ;  figure.  Chalmers. 

BOSH'BOK,  n.     A  kind  of  antelope  in  South  Africa. 

HO'^'QUET  \  "'    t'**  ^"^'^^^^i  ^  '"'^'^  wood,  from  bos- 
UUSK'ET       )      ^^'    ^^^  Boscage.] 

in  qardening^  a  grove ;  a  compartment  formed  by 

branches  of  trees,  regularly  or  irregularly  disposed, 

according  to  fancy.  Encyc 

BOSK'Y,  o.     [See  BoscAOB.J     Woody;  covered  with 

thickets.  Milton, 

BO'SO.M,  n.     [Sax.  6oj?m,  bosum  ;  D.  baeiem  ;  G.  busen. 

Qn.  Ch.  nca  or  Kf^a,  the  breast,  uber,  mamma.] 

1.  The  breast  of  a  human  being  and  the  parts  ad- 
jacent. 

2.  Tbe  fdds  or  covering  of  clothes  about  the 
breast. 

Ptit  thjr  hand  In  ihy  botom.  —  Ex.  ir, 

3.  Embrace,  as  with  the  arms ;  inclomire ;  com- 
pass ;  of^en  implying  friendship  or  affection  ;  as,  to 
live  in  the  bottom  of  a  church. 

4.  The  h-east,  as  inclosing  the  heart ;  or  the  inte- 
rior of  tile  irea^t,  considered  as  the  seat  of  the  pas- 
sions. 

Anp-r  r«'th  It  the  6iMom  of  fool*.  —  Ecclr*.  tu. 

Ttv-ir  auul  was  |«ituml  inio  their  raothcr'i  6o>ont.  —  Lua.  B. 

5.  The  breast,  or  its  interior,  considered  as  a  close 
place,  the  receptacle  of  secrets. 

U  I  currr*^  my  mntzifniont  u  Adam,  by  hiding  mj  iniquity 
In  my  6o«!ffi Job  xxxi. 

6.  Any  inclosed  place  ;  the  interior  ;  as,  the  bosom 
of  the  e»-th  or  of  the  deep. 

7.  Tbe  lendt-r  affections ;  kindness  j  favor ;  as,  the 
son  of  *  is  bosom ;  the  wife  of  thy  bosom, 

de  ahAjI  carry  the  l&mU  in  lii>  botom.  — laa.  xl. 

8.  -he  arms,  or  embrace  of  the  arms.     Ps.  cxxix. 

9.  Inclinnlicm  ;  dfsire.     [JSTot  med.]  Shak, 
Boaom^  in  composition,  implies  intimacj^,  affection, 

and  confidence  ;  an,  a  bosom-friend,  an  intimate  or 
confidential  friend  ;  bosom-lover^  bosom-interest,  bosom- 
secret,  Alc.  In  such  phrases,  bosom  may  he  considered 
AS  an  attribute  equivalent  to  intimute,  confidential, 
dear. 
BO'SOM,  ».  U  To  inclose  in  the  bosom  j  to  keep  with 
care. 

Doaom  up  my  counsel.  Shot. 

a.  To  conc4*al ;  to  hide  from  view. 

To  hapjiy  oHiTtau  botntned  tle«?p  in  *ine«.  Pop*. 

BO'SO-M-/:!),  pp.    Inclo«*ed  in  the  breast ;  concealed. 
B0'80M-I\fi,  ppr.    Putting  in  the  bosom. 

2.  Embracing,  as  a  fond  mother  her  child. 
BO'SON,  n,    A  boatswain;   [a  popular,  but  corrupt 

pronunciation.] 

Thp  mrrry  boton.  Dryden. 

BOS-P0'RI-AN\  a.  [from  Bosporu.o.']  Pertaining  to 
a  bosporus,  a  ctrait  or  narrow  sea  between  two  seas 
or  a  sea  and  a  lake. 

The  AUnt  (i>reed  iht  Boajtorian  kingi  to  pay  them  tribute,  uid 
extrrntl».i(etl  tb^  Tanriaiii.  Toolet. 

The  kings  of  the  Cimmerian  Bosporus  are  here  re- 
ferred 14:). 
BO.S'PO-RUS,  n.    [Gr.  /?or?,  an  ox,  and  jto/ioi,  a  pas- 
sage.] 

A  narrow  sea,  or  a  strait  between  two  seas,  or  be- 
tween a  sea  and  a  lake,  ko  called,  it  is  supposed,  as 
being  an  ox-paswage,  a  strait  over  which  an  ox  may 
swim.  So  our  nnrthern  ancestors  called  a  strait  a 
sound,  that  is,  a  swim.     'J'he  term  Bosptrrus  has  been 

Snrticiilarly  applied  in  the  strait  between  the  Sea  of 
larmora  and  the  Black  Sen,  called  the  Thracian 
Bosptrriui ;  and  to  the  strait  of  Caffa,  called  the  Cim- 
merian Bosporus,  which  connect*)  the  Palus  Mipotis, 
or  Sea  of  A/.of,  with  the  Euxine.  D'AnvUle. 

BOHf*,  n.  [Fr.  bnyse  i  Arm.  bo^i.  In  D.  6o«  is  a  bunch, 
a  bundle,  a  truHs,  a  tuA,  a  bush,  a  sheaf,  whence 
bo*rA,  G.  biLtrk,  a  bush  or  thickeU  In  W.  bSth  is  the 
brM«s  nf  a  buckler,  the  nave  of  a  wheel,  and  a  bottle, 
and  hence  W.  botAel,  a  rotundity,  a  bottle  or  any 
round  veK7*eI,  a  wheal  or  blister.  Aboss  is  a  protuber- 
nn«!,  either  from  shfxrting,  projecting,  or  from  col- 
lecting and  forming  a  ma-s.] 

1.  A  stud  or  knob;  a  pnrtuberant  ornament,  of 
itilver,  ivory,  or  other  material,  used  on  bridles,  tiar- 
IU9IS,  4Lt;. 

3.  A  protuberant  p.art ;  a  prominence ;  as,  the  boss 
of  a  buckler. 

3.  A  projecting  ornament  at  the  Intersections  of 
the  ribs  of  ceilings  and  in  other  situauons. 

Oif.  Ohs. 


BOX 

4.  A  water-conduit,  in  form  of  a  tun-bellied  figure.  | 
jish.     Bailey. 
BOSS,  n.     [D.  baas,  master.]    Among  mechanics,  the 
master-workman    or   superintendent.      [This   word 
originated  among  the  Dutch  settlers  of  New  York, 
but  is  now  used  extensively  in  the  other  States.] 
BOSS'AGE,  n.  [from  fros*;  Ft.  bossage.] 

1.  A  stone  m  a  building  which  has  a  projecture, 
and  is  laid  rough,  to  be  afterward  carved  into  mold- 
ings, capitals,  coats  of  arms,  &.c.  Encyc. 

9.  Rustic  work,  consisting  of  stones  which  ad- 
vance beyond  the  naked  or  level  of  the  building,  by 
reason  of  indentures  or  channels  left  in  the  joinings, 
chiefly  in  the  corners  of  edifices,  and  called  rustic 
quoins.  The  cavities  are  sometimes  round,  some- 
times beveled,  or  in  a  diamond  form,  sometimes  in- 
closed with  a  cavetto,  and  sometimes  with  a  listel. 

Encyc. 
BOSS'£D,  (bost,)  i>p.     Studded  ;   ornamented   with 

bosses.  Shak. 

BOSS'IVE,  a.     Crooked  ;  deformed.  Osborne. 

BOSS'Y,  a.  Containing  a  boss;  ornamented  with 
bosses. 

His  hpnd  rcdiiiiiiff  on  hi*  batt}/  shield.  Pops. 

BOS'TRY-eitlTE,  n.     [Gr.  /?orpv\os.] 

A  gem  in  the  form  of  a  lock  of  hair.  ,^sh. 

BOS'VKL,  n,    A  plant,  a  species  of  Crowfoot. 

Johnson. 
BOS'WELL-I«M,  n.    A  peculiarity  of  Boswell. 
BOT.    See  Bora. 

BO-TAN'ie,         i  a.     [See  Botant.]     Pertaining  to 
BO-TAN'I€^AL,  (      botany;  relatinglo  plants  in  gen- 
eral ;  also,  containing  plants  ;  as,  a  botanic  garden. 

Botanic  garden:  a  garden  devoted  to  the  culture  of 
plants,  collected  for  tlie  purpose  of  illustrating  the 
science  of  botany. 
BO-TAN 'IC-AL-LY,  adv.     According  to  the  system 

of  botany. 
BOT'AN-IST,  n.    One  skillt^d  in  botanv;  one  versed 

in  the  knowledge  of  plants  or  vegetables. 
BOT'A-NIZE,  r.  t.     To  seek  for  plants,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  botanical  investigation. 

He  could  not  obtain  perTniHU<jn  to  botanize  upon  Mount  SaUirr. 
NiebuAr,  Trant. 

BOT'A-NTZ-ING,  n.    The  seeking  of  plants  for  botan- 
ical purposes. 
BOT-A-NOL'O-GY,  n.     [Gr.  0oTavrj,  a  plant,  and 
\o)Oi,  discourse.] 
The  science  of  ootany.  Diet, 

BOT'A-NO-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  0oravi],  a  plant,  and 
Itai'Tcia,  divination.] 

An  ancient  species  of  divination  by  means  of 
plants,  especially  sage  and  fig-leaves.  Persons  wrote 
their  names  and  questions  on  leaves,  which  they  ex- 
posed to  the  wind,  and  as  many  of  the  letters  as 
remained  in  their  places  were  taken  up,  and,  being 
Joined  together,  contained  an  answer  to  the  question. 

Encyc. 

BOT'A-Pnr,  n.    [Gr.  ^oravn,  a  plant ;  Pers.  AJ' »j 

boiak^  a  shrub ;  probably  allied  to  hud,  to  shoot.] 

Botany  is  the  science  which  treats  of  the  structure 
of  planLs,  the  functions  of  their  parts,  their  places  of 
growth,  their  classificiilion,  and  the  terms  which  are 
employed  in  their  description  and  denomination. 

BO-TAR'GO,  fi.  [Sp.]  A  relishing  sort  of  food,  made 
of  the  roes  of  the  mullet,  nnich  used  on  the  coast  of 
the  Mediterranean  as  an  incentive  to  drink. 

Johnson.     Chambers, 

BOTCH,  V.  [It.  bona,  pron.  botia,  a  swelling,  or 
rather  peizo,  a  piece  ;  the  latter  is  the  Eng.  patcA.] 

1.  A  swelling  on  Uie  skin ;  a  large  ulcerous  af- 
fection. 

BotchtM  and  blulns  iniut  all  his  fl'^sb  imtx;u.  Miiton. 

2.  A  patch,  or  the  part  of  a  garment  patched  or 
mended  in  a  clumsy  manner ;  ill-finisjied  work  in 
mending. 

3.  That  which  resembles  a  botch ;  a  part  added 
clumsily  or  unsuitably. 

If  those  words  are  not  notorious  hotchea,  I  am  dccpircd. 

BOTCH,  r.(.  To  mend  or  patch  with  a  needle  or  awl, 
in  a  clumsy  manner,  as  a  garment ;  to  mend  or  re- 
pair awkwardly,  as  a  system  of  government. 

Hadibras. 

2.  To  put  together  unsuitably,  or  unskillfully  ;  to 
make  use  of  unsuitable  pieces. 

For  trenson  botched  in  rhyme  will  b^  tliy  banc.  Drydtn. 

3.  To  mark  with  botches. 

Younf  Hylu,  hotchtd  with  stJiini.  Oarlk. 

B0TCH'/:D,  (bolcht,)n;>.  Patched  clumsily;  mended 
unskillfully  ;  marked  with  bolchei^. 

BOTCII'ER,  n.  A  clumsy  workman  at  mending;  a 
mender  tpf  old  clothes,  whether  a  tailor  or  cobbler. 

BOTCIi'ERXY,  a.  Noting  awkwardness  of  perform- 
ance 

BO'I'CH'ER-Y,  n.  A  botching,  or  that  which  is  done 
by  botching. 

BOTCH'ING,  ppr.    Patching  or  mending  clum.iily. 


BOT 

BOTCH'Y,  a.     Marked  with  botches  ;  full  of  botches. 
BOTE,  n.     [The  old  orthography  of  boot,  but  retained 
in  law,  in  composition.    See  Boot.] 

1.  In  laic,  compensation;  amends;  satisfaction, 
as,  man-bute,  a  compensation  for  a  man  slain.  Also, 
payment  of  any  kind. 

2.  A  privilege  or  allowance  of  necessaries,  used  in 
composition  as  equivalent  to  the  French  estovers, 
supplies,  necessaries  ;  as,  hottse-bote,  a  sufficiency  of 
wood  to  repair  a  house,  or  for  fuel,  sometimes  called 
Jire-bote ;  so  ploto-bote,  cart-bote,  wood  for  making  or 
repairing  instruments  of  husbandry ;  hay-bvte  or 
hedge-bote,  wood  for  hedges  or  fences,  &.c.  These 
were  privileges  enjoyed  by  tenants  unaer  the  feudal 
system.  Blackstone. 

BOTE'LESS,  a.     In  vain.     [See  Bootless.] 

BOTH,   a.     [Sax.   butu,   butwu,  or  batwa,  (qu.  Goth. 

bayoths;)  Ir.   bcit;    Sw.  bada;  Dan.  baade;   D.   and 

Ger.  beide;   in  ancient  African,  n2  bet,  betk,  two, 

Buxt.  18G6.] 
Two,  considered  as  distinct  from  othprs  or  by 

themselves  ;   the   one   and   the  other ;   Fr.   tons  les 

deux ;  fun  et  I'auire ;  as,  here  are  two  books,  take 

ttiem  both. 
This  word  is  often  placed  before  the  nouns  with 

which  it  is  connected. 

He  understands  how  to  mana^  both  ptiblic  and  private  concerns. 
Guth.  Quintilian,  p.  4. 

It  is  often  used  as  a  substitute  for  nouns. 

And  Abraham  took  sli'^p  and  oxen,  and  gate  them  to  Abime- 
lecli ;  stnd  both  o(  tbem  m<ide  a  corenaiiL  —  Gen.  xxi. 

Both  often  represents  two  members  of  a  sentence. 

He  will  not  bear  tht  lott  of  his  rankf  tN^cnuse  be  can  lenr  ths 
loei  nf  hia  ettalt ;  but  he  will  bear  both,  because  h<-  is  pro 
piu-ed  lor  both.  Bolingbrolee  on  Exile. 

Both  often  pertains  to  adjectives  or  attributes,  and 
in  this  case  genemlly  precedes  them  in  construction  ; 
as,  he  endeavored  to  render  commerce  both  disadvan- 
tageous and  infamous.  Mickle''s  Lusiad, 

BOTU'ER,  V.  t.     To  tease  or  perplex.     [See  Pother.] 

BOTH'Nie,       (  a.     Pertaining  to  Bothnia,  a  territory 

BOTH'NI-AN,  (  on  the  Baltic,  and  likewise  to  a  gulf 
of  the  same  name,  on  the  same  sea,  which  is  so 
called  from  the  province,  which  it  penetrates.  Pink- 
erton  uses  Bothnic  as  a  noun  fur  the  gulf,  and  Barlow 
uses  Bothnian  in  the  same  manner. 

Pink.,  art.  Sweden.     Columb.  9,  5G4. 

BOTH-RO-DEN'DRON,  n.    [Gr.  flSiios  and  ^a'io^n'.] 
An  extinct  genus  of  Cvnijcrm,  found  in  coal  forma- 
tions. Humble. 

BO-TO'TOE,  n.  A  bird  of  the  parrot  kind,  of  a  fine 
blue  color,  found  in  the  Philippine  Isles. 

Diet,  of  JVat.  Hist. 

BOT'RY-OID,         \a    [Gr./?oTf>Ks,ii  bunch  of  grapes, 

BOT-RY-OID'AL,  i  and  n&os,  form;  Fr.  botte,  a 
bunch  or  bundle  ;  Arm.  bod,  bat,  a  grape.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  bunch  of  grapes  ;  like  a  clus- 
ter of  graptis,  as  a  mineral  presenting  an  aggregation 
of  small  globes.  Ktncan.     Phillips. 

BOT'RY-0-LrrE,  M.  [Gr. /Jorfjof,  supra,  and  \tQoi, 
a  stone.] 

A  variety  of  datholite,  occurring  in  botryoidal 
forms,  and  consisting  of  silica,  boracic  acid,  and 
lime,  with  a  larger  proportion  of  water  than  in  the 
more  common  varieties  of  datholite.  Dana. 

BOTS,  n.  (Generally  used  in  the  plural.)  [Fr.  bout, 
end,  as  in  their  first  stage  they  resemble  the  ends  of 
a  fine  thread.] 

A  sp<!cie8  of  small  worms,  found  in  the  intestines 
of  horses.  They  are  the  larves  of  a  sjiecies  of  (Es- 
Irus  or  gadHy,  which  deposits  its  eggs  on  the  tips  of 
the  hairs,  generally  of  the  fore  legs  and  mane,  whence 
they  are  taken  into  the  mouth  and  swallowed.  This 
word  is  hIso  applied  to  the  larves  of  other  species  of 
(Estrus,  found  under  the  hides  of  oxen,  in  the  nos- 
trils of  sheep,  &c.  Cyc. 

BOT'TLE,  n.  [Fr.  boiitcille;  Arm.  bovtailh;  Ir.  boid, 
bnideal ;  W.  both,  a  boss,  a  bottle,  the  nave  of  a 
wheel ;  tot,  a  round  body  ;  botas,  from  bot,  a  boot, 
a  buskin  ;  botitm,  a  button  ;  and  from  btth,  the  W. 
has  also  bothrll,  a  bottle,  a  round  vessel,  a  wheal  or 
blister  ;  Sp.  botella,  a  bottle,  and  botilla,  a  small  wine 
bag,  from  bota,  a  leather  bag  for  wine,  a  butt  or  cask, 
a  boot  {  It.  bottiglia,  a  bottle  ;  botte,  a  butt,  a  cask,  and 
boots  ;  Russ.  butilka,  a  bottle.  In  G.  beutel,  a  ba^,  a 
purse,  seems  to  be  the  Sp.  botilla.  In  Fr.  botte  is  a 
boot,  a  bunch,  or  bundle,  botte  defuin,  a  bottle  of  hay. 
It  would  seem  that  bottle  is  primarily  a  bag,  and  from 
the  sense  of  swelling,  bulging,  or  collecting  into  a 
bunch  ;  if  bo,  the  word  was  originally  applied  to  the 
bags  of  skins  used  as  bottles  in  Asia.  Yet  the  prima- 
ry sense  is  not  easily  ascertained.    The  Arabic  has 


^j  batta,  a  duck,  Sp.  pato,  and  "  urceus  coriaceua  In 

quo  liquidiora  ciicumfenmt  viatores."     CasL] 

1.  A  hollow  vessel  of  glass,  wood,  leather,  or  other 
malcrial,  with  a  narrow  mouth,  for  holding  and  car- 
rying liquors.  The  Oriental  nations  use  skins  or 
leather  lor  the  conveyanct;  of  liquors  ;  and  uf  this 
kind  arc  the  bottles  mentioned  in  Scripture:  **  Put 
new  wiue  into  new  bottles,"  In  Eiinipe  and  Amer- 
ica, glass  is  used  for  liquors  of  all  kinds  ;  and  farm- 


TCNE,  BJTLL,  IINITE.— AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS €  aa  K  j  0  a»  J ;  8  as  Z;  CH  as  SH  i  TH  a«  In  THIS. 


BOX 


en  use  siiiall  kegs  or  hollow  ve^^els  of  wood,  wlikih 
are  called  bottler.  The  small  kinds  of  ^lass  buttles 
are  called  rials  or  phiats, 

2.  The  contents  of  a  bottle ;  as  much  as  a  bottle 
contains  ;  but  from  the  size  of  bottles  used  for  wine, 
porter,  and  cider,  a  bottle  is  nearly  a  quart ;  as,  a  bot- 
tle of  wine  or  of  ptirter. 

3.  A  iviantity  of  hav  in  a  bundle  ;  a  bundle  of  hay. 
BOT'TLE,  r.  L    To  put  into  bottles ;  as,  to  botlte  wine 

or  portLT.    This  includes  the  slopping  of  the  bottles 

with  corks. 
BOTTLE-ALE,  n.     Bottled  ale.  Shak. 

BO T'TLF^CO.M  PAN'IOX,  )  «.  A  friend  or  com- 
BOT'TLt:-FRlEND,(-f>end,)  i  panion  in  drinking. 
BOT'TLf:D,  pp.  or  a.    I*ut  into  botaesj  inclosed  in 

bottles. 
2.  Harins  a  protuberant  belly.  Skax. 

BOT'TLE-FLo\V-ER,  n.     A  plant;  the  Centaurea 

c>iinus,  or  blue-bottte.  .f^uK.  ^  PLmt*^ 

BOT'TLE-GLXSS,  a.    A  coofsei  green  glaas,  used  In 

the  inanufhcture  of  bottles.  W* 

BOT' TLE-GflU'RD,  m.  The  conunon  goitrd,  (Zjigenor- 

rim  r«/*«rw.) 
BOT'TLE-NM-ED,  a.  Tiaving  a  nose  boltlo-ebaped. 
BOT'TLE-SCBEW.  (bot'tl-skiuO  *•  A  screw  to  draw 

corks  out  of  bottles. 
BOT'TLING,  ppr.    Putting  inltf  bottles. 
BOTTLLNG,  n.    The  act  of  ptittinK  into  bottles, 
BOT'TOM,  M.     [Sax.  botat ;  Sw.  bohen  ;  D.  bodsmj  G. 

boJen.     It  weins  to  be  allied  to  Gr.  c<aO  c,  and  to  the 

Russ.  patty  a  valley,  pctiai/Uj  to  fall.    The  sense  is 

from    throwing  down,  seitinc,  laying,  or  ht-ating 

down  :  a  dialect,  perhaps,  of  bttsis.    Class  Bd.] 
1.  The  lowest  part  of  any  thing ;  as,  the  hotiom  of 

a  well,  ^*at,  or  ship ;  the  bottom  of  a  hill. 
i  The  cruund  under  any  body  of  water ;  as,  the 

bottom  of  the  sea,  of  a  river,  or  lake. 
1  The  foundation  or  groundwork  of  any  thing, 

as  of  an  edifice,  or  of  any  system  or  moral  subject ; 

the  base,  or  that  which  supports  any  superstructure. 

4.  A  low  gnHind  ;  a  dale  j  a  vaBey  ;  apj>Ue4,  in  tJu 
Un'ard  Statej',  to  tkt  fiat  tamda  m4}oiiu3ig  ricrr»,  fl-c  It 
iff  JO  used  in  some  partu  of  En^laKd.  J^itford. 

5.  Tlie  deepest  part;  ihut  which  is  most  remote 
frocn  the  view  ;  as,  let  us  examine  this  subject  to  the 


6.  Bound ;  limit. 

Ttxn  b  w>  haoom  to  ibt  whapttMiaHMak  Shtk. 

7.  Tlie  utmost  extent  or  depth  of  carity,  or  of  in- 
tellect, whtthc-r  deep  or  sbtUIow. 

XAawxtht  teoom  of  JoAJw  Shallow.  Skak. 

8.  The  foundation,  considered  as  Ibe  cause,  spring, 
or  origiu  t  the  first  moving  cause  ;  as,  a  forei|^  prince 
b  at  UK  Mton  ijf  the  confi-denicy. 

9.  .\  ship  or  vessel.  Goods  imported  in  foreign 
bottoms  as\y  a  higher  duty  than  those  imported  in  our 
own.  Hence,  a  state  of  hazard,  chance,  or  risk  ; 
but  in  this  sense  it  is  used  chierty  or  stilely  in  the 
singular.  We  say,  venture  not  too  much  in  one  bot- 
tom :  that  is,  do  not  hazard  loo  much  at  a  single  risk. 

10.  A  ball  of  thread.  [W.  6(7f  imt,  a  button  ;  Com. 
id.     See  Bottle.] 

11.  TTu  bottom  qf  a  lane  or  alley,  is  the  lowest  end. 
This  {rfirase  sapposes  a  declivity  ;  but  it  is  often  used 
for  the  most  remote  port,  when  there  is  ver}'  little 
declivity. 

12.  rA^ftottowo/ftwrjOrotherliquor,  is  the  grounds 
or  dregs. 

13.  In  the  language  cf  joektyf^  stamina  ;  native 
strength ;   as,  a  horse  of  good  bottom. 

BOT'TOM,  r.  L  To  found  or  build  upon  ;  to  fix  upon 
as  a  support ;  followed  by  on ,-  as,  sound  reasoning 
is  bottomed  ok  just  premises. 

3.  To  furnish  with  a  seat  or  bottom  ;  as,  to  bottom 
a  chair. 

3.  To  wind  round  something,  as  in  making  a  ball 
of  thread.  Shak, 

BOT'TOM,  r.  i.  To  rest  upon,  as  its  ultimate  support. 

FiaA  oo  whal  bcnwUUoa  «  pzopORUon  boitamM.  Locke, 

BOTTOM-£D,  pp.  Furnished  with  a  bottom  ;  having 
abottom. 

This  word  is  often  used  in  ccmiposition  ;  as,  a  flat- 
bottomed  boat,  in  which  case  the  compound  becomes 
an  adjective. 

BOT'TOM-ING,  ppr.  Founding  j  building  upon ;  fur- 
nishing with  a  bottom. 

BOT'TOM-LA.VD,  n.     See  Bottom,  No.  4. 

BOT'TOM-LESS,  a.  Without  a  bottom ;  applied  to 
water,  caverns,  A^c,  it  signifies  Cithoraless,  whose 
bottom'can  not  be  found  by  sounding  ;  as,  a  bottomless 
abyss  or  ocean. 

BOT'TOM-RV,  7t.  [from  bottom.]  The  act  of  borrow- 
ing _money,  and  plfdging  the  keel  or  fioftom  of  the 
ship,  that  is,  the  ship  itself,  as  security  for  the  repay- 
ment of  the  money.  The  contract  of  bottomry  is  in 
the  nature  of  a  mortgage  ;  Ibe  owner  of  a  ship  bor- 
rowing money  to  enable  him  to  carry  on  a  voyage, 
and  pledging  the  ship  as  security  for  the  money.  If 
the  ship  is  lost,  the  lender  loses  the  money ;  but  if 
the  ship  arrives  safe,  he  is  to  receive  the  money  lent, 
with  the  interest  or  premium  stipulated,  although  it 
may  exceed  the  legal  rate  of  interest.    The  tackle  of 


BOU 

the  ship,  al.-*o,  is  answerable  for  the  debt,  as  well  as 
the  ptTson  of  the  borrower.  When  a  loan  is  made 
upon  the  goods  ship^R'd^  the  borrower  ia  said  to  take 
up  money  at  rcspumlenua,  as  he  is  bound  personally 
to  answer  the  contract.  BUickxtone^     Park. 

BOT'TON-V,  n.    [from  the  same  root  as  bud,  button.'] 
In  keraltlry,  a  cross  bottvny  terminates  at  each  end 
in  three  buds,  knots,  or  buttons,  resembling,  in  some 
measure,  the  three-loaved  grass.  Encyc. 

BOLT-CIIET',  n,     [Fr.]     A  .sort  of  pear. 

BOUD,  n,  .An  insect  that  breeds  in  uialtorother  grain  ; 
called,  also,  a  wreviL  Diet. 

BOITDOIR,  (btxid'wor,)  n.     [Fr,]    A  small,  private 
room  tor  curiosities,  4;c. 
a,  A  lady's  pri\-:ite  nnim. 

BOUGE,  (iKKij,)  r,  i.    [Fr.  bonsre,  a  lodge,  the  bilge  of 
a  cask  ;  from  the  root  of  bow,  which  see.J 
To  swell  o«iU     [LiUlc  used.] 

BOCGE,  n.     Provisions.     NVwt  in  u;^^.]  Jonson. 

BOUGH,  (bou,)  n.  [fiax.  boir,  boh,  or  fcofA,  the  shoul- 
der, a  branch,  an  urm,  the  body  of  a  tree,  a  stake,  a 
tail,  an  arch,  or  bow  ;  Sw.  bog;  Dan.  boo;  from  the 
same  n>ot  as  bote,  to  blend,  to  throw  ;  Sax.  bugan,'^ 

The  branch  of  a  tree ;  applied  to  a  branch  of  sue, 
not  to  a  small  shoot. 

BOUGHT,  (bawt,)  preu  and  pp.  of  But.    [See  Buv.] 

BOUGHT,  fbawt,)  n.    [D.  W(,  a  bend,  a  coil ;  from 
booffSH-,  to  bend.    See  Bight.] 
L  A  twist ;  a  link  ;  a  knot ;  a  flexure,  or  bend. 
JUiUoa.     Brown. 
2.  The  part  of  a  sling  that  contains  the  stone, 

BOUGHT'Y,  (baw'ty,)  a.     Bending.  Sherwood. 

BOU-GlE',  (boo-zhe'j)  n.  [Fr.,  a  wax  candle  ;  Sp. 
buffia.] 

In  surgery,  a  long,  slender  instnimenl,  that  is  in- 
troduced through  the  urethra  into  the  bladder,  to  re- 
move obstructions.  It  is  usually  made  of  slips  of 
waxed  linen,  coiled  into  a  cylindrical  or  slightly-con- 
ical form  by  rolling  them  on  any  hard,  amiioth  sur- 
face. It  is  also  made  of  catgut,  elastic  gum,  and 
metal ;  but  tliose  of  waxed  linen  are  generally  pre- 
ferred. Hooper.     Dorsey. 

BOCriL'LO.Y,  fbooryon,)  n,  [Fr.,  from  bouiUir,  to  boil. 
See  Boiu]     Broth  ;  soup. 

BOUK,  o.  u  To  nauseate  so  as  to  be  ready  to  vomit. 
[LocaL] 

BOU-LAN'GER-TTE,  n.    [from  M.  Boiilanger.] 
^    A  bluish  or  lead-gmy  ore  (a  sulphuret)  of  antimony 
and  lead.  Dajta. 

BCUL'DER.     See  BowLOEn. 

BOUL'DER-W^LL,  n.  [Rather  Bowlder- Walu  See 

BoWLOBft.] 

A  wall  built  of  round  flints  or  pebbles  laid  in  a 
strong  mortar,  used  where  the  sea  has  a  beach  cast 
up,  or  where  there  is  a  plenty  of  flints. 

Builder^s  Diet. 
BOU-LET',  n.    [from  the  root  of  ball,  or  bowl  i   Fr. 
boule.] 

In  the  manege,  n  horse  is  so  called  when  the  fetlock 
or  pastern  joint  bends  forward,  and  out  of  its  natural 
position.  Encyc. 

BOirLE-y.iRD,(boo'\e-ViT,)  n.  [Fr.]  OriginaUy,a 
bulwark  or  rampart  of  a  fortification  or  fortified  town. 
Now  applied  to  the  public  walks  or  streets  occupying 
the  site  of  demolished  fortifications. 


BflULT.     [An  incorrect  orthography.]     See  Bolt. 
BOUL'TIN,  n.      "  -.   .      ^      .    . 

tuberance.] 


[from  the  root  of  bolt ;  Sp.  bulto,  a  pro- 


In  architecture,  a  moldinE,  the  convexity  of  which 
is  just  one  fourth  of  a  circle,  being  a  member  just 
below  the  [dinth  in  the  Tuscan  and  Doric  capital. 

Encyc. 
BOUNCE,  r.  i.  [D.  bonzen,  to  bounce  ;  bans,  a  bounce  : 
allied  probably  to  bound ;  Arm.  boundi^za  ;  Fr.  bondir.] 

1.  To  leap  or  spring ;  to  fly  or  rush  out  suddenly. 

Out  bounced  Ure  maaiiff.  Stt^fL 

2.  To  spring  or  leap  against  any  thing,  so  as  to  re- 
bound ;  to  beat  or  thump  by  a  spring. 

A^'nit  his  bosom  bounced  hia  bcnring  heart.  Dryden. 

3.  To  beat  hard,  or  thump,  so  as  to  make  a  sudden 
noise. 

Another  bounced  iu  hard  n>  he  could  knock.  Su^fL 

4.  To  boast  or  bully  j  used  in  familiar  speech. 

Johnson. 

5.  To  be  bold  or  strong.  Shak. 
BOUNCE,  n.    A  heavy  blow,  thrust,  or  thump,  with 

a  large,  solid  body. 

The  bounce  buret  open  the  door.  Dryden. 

a  A  loud,  hea^T  sound,  as  by  an  explosion. 

Shale      Oaij, 

3.  A  boast ;  a  threat ;  in  low  language    Johnson, 

4.  A  hold  lie;  as,  that  was  a  bounce.    Qoldsmith. 

5.  A  fi^h  ;  a  species  of  dog-fish  or  shark.  Enajc, 
BOUN'CER,  n.    A  boaster  ;  a  bully  j  a  bold  lie  ;  in  fa- 
miliar language.  Juhnson. 

BOUN'CING,  ppr.  Leaping ;  bounding  with  violence, 
as  a  heavy  body;  springing  out;  thumping  with  a 
loud  noise  ;  boasting;  moving  with  force,  as  a  heavy, 
bounding  btxiy. 

BOUN'CING,  tt.  Stout;  strong;  large  and  heavy;  a 
mstoTnary  sense  in  the   United  States;  as,  a  bouncing 


BOU 

BOUN'CING-T-Y,  ado.    Boastingly. 

BOUND,  n.  [Norm,  bonn^,  bonne,  a  bound  ;  bond,  lim- 
ited ;  bundcii,  lituits  ;  from  hind,  bond,  that  which 
binds ;  or  from  Fr.  bondir,  to  spring,  and  denoting 
the  utmost  extent.] 

1.  A  limit ;  the  Ime  which  comprehends  the  whole 
of  any  given  object  or  space.  It  dilfers  from  bounda- 
ry.   See  the  latter. 

Bound  is  applied  to  kingdoms,  states,  cities,  towns, 
tracts  of  land,  and  to  territorial  jurisdiction. 

2.  A  limit  by  which  any  excursion  is  restrained  ; 
the  limit  of  indulgence  or  desire  j  as,  the  love  of 
money  knows  no  bounds, 

3.  A  leap  ;  a  spring ;  a  Jump ;  a  rebound.  [Fr. 
bondir,  to  spring.] 

4.  In  dancing,  a  spring  from  one  f(K>t  to  the  other. 
BOUND,  V.  t.  To  limit ;  to  terminate  ;  to  fix  the  fur- 
thest point  of  extension,  whether  of  natunil  or  moral 
objtcts,  as  of  land,  or  empire,  or  of  paBsion,  desire, 
indulgence.  Hence,  to  restrain  or  confine;  as,  to 
bound  our  wishes.     To  bound  in,  is  hardly  legitimate. 

2.  To  mention  the  boundaries  of  a  country  ;  as,  to 
bound  France. 

3.  To  make  to  bound.  Shak. 
BOUND,  r.  J.     [Fr.  bondir;  Arm.  boundi^za.) 

1.  To  leap  J  to  jump  ;  to  spring  ;  to  move  forward 
by  leaps. 

Bt-fore  hb  lonl  the  rendy  spaniel  bounds.  Pap*. 

2.  To  rebound ;  but  the  senate  is  the  same. 
BOUND,  preL  and  pp.  of  Bind.     As  a  participle,  made 

fast  by  a  band,  or  by  chains  or  fetters ;  obliged  by 
moral  ties  ;  confined  ;  restrained. 

2.  As  a  participle,  or  perhaps  more  properly  an  ad- 
jective, destined  ;  tending  ;  going,  or  intending  to  go, 
with  to  or  for ;  as,  a  ship  is  bound  to  Cadiz,  or  for 
Cadiz. 

The  application  of  this  word,  in  this  use,  is  taken 
from  the  orders  given  for  the  government  of  the  voy- 
age, implying  obligation,  or  from  tending,  stretching. 
So  destined  implies  being  bound. 

Bound  is  used  in  composition,  as  in  ice-bound,  wind- 
bouTul,  when  a  ship  is  confined  or  prevented  from 
sailing  by  ice  or  liy  contrary  winds. 

BOUND'A-RY,  n.     A  limit;  a  bound.  Johnson. 

This  word  is  thus  used  as  synonymous  with  bound. 
But  the  real  sense  is,  a  visible  mark  designating  a 
limit.  Bound  is  the  limit  itself,  or  furthest  point  of 
extension,  and  may  be  an  imaginary  line  ;  but  bound- 
ary is  the  thing  which  ascertains  tlie  limit ;  Urminus, 
not  finis.  Thus,  by  a  statute  of  Connecticut,  it  is 
enacted,  That  the  inhabitants  of  every  town  shall 
procure  its  boumts  to  be  set  out  by  such  marks  and 
boundaries  as  may  be  a  plain  direction  for  the  future  ; 
which  marks  and  boundaries  shall  be  a  great  heap  of 
stones  or  a  ditch  of  six  feet  long,  &c.  This  distinc- 
tion is  observed  also  in  the  statute  of  Massachusetts. 
But  the  two  words  are,  in  ordinary  use,  confounded. 

BOUND-BaIL'IFF,?*.  An  oflicer  appointed  by  a  sher- 
ifl'to  execute  process  ;  so  denominated  from  the  bond 
given  for  the  faithful  discharge  of  his  trust. 

Blackstone. 

BOUND'ED,  p;i.    Limited;  confined;  restrained. 

BOUNb'£N,  [from  bind.]  It  was  originally  a 
participle,  but  is  now  used  only  as  an  adjective  j 
as,  it  is  our  bounden  duty. 

BOlJ\D'ii;N-LY,  adv.    In  a  dutiful  manner. 

BOUND'ER,  n.    One  that  limits  ;  a  boundary. 

Herbert, 

BOUND'ING,  ppr.  Limiting;  confining;  restraining; 
leaping ;  springing  j  rebounding  ;  advancing  with 
leaps. 

BOUND'ING-SToNE,  (  n.    A  stone  to  play  with. 

BOUND'-SToNE,  Dryden. 

BOUND'LESS,  a.  Unlimited  ;  unconfined  ;  immeas- 
urable ;  illimitable  j  as,  boundless  space ;  boundless 
power. 

BOUND'  LESS-LY,  adv.    W^ithout  bound  or  limit. 

BOUND'LESS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  with- 
out limits.  Sifuth. 

BOUN'TE-OUS,  a.  [See  Bounty.]  Liberal  in  char- 
ity ;  disposed  to  give  freely  ;  generous  ;  munificent ; 
beneficent ;  free  in  bestowing  gilXs  ;  as,  bounteous 
nature.    It  is  used  chiefly  in  poetry  for  bountifuL 

Juhnson. 

BOUN'TE-OUS-LY,  adv.  Liberally  ;  generously  ; 
largely  ;   freely. 

BOUN'TE-OUS-NESS,  n.  Liberality  in  bestowing 
gifts  or  favors;  munificence;  kindness. 

BOUN'TI-FJJL,  a.  [bounty  and  fuU.]  Free  to  give  ; 
liberal  in  bestowing  gifts  and  favors;  munificent; 
generous. 

God,  the  boundfut  Aiilhor  of  our  being.  Lodce. 

It  is  followed  by  of  before  the  thing  given,  and  to 

before  the  person  receiving. 
BOUN'TI-FyL-LY,  adv.    Liberally;   largely;    in  a 

boimtiful  manner.  • 

BOUN'TI-FJJI^NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  being  Iroun- 

tifii! ;  liberality  in  the  bestowment  of  gifts  and  fa- 
BOUN'TI-HEDE,  (-bed,)  )  fvors. 

BOUN'TI-HEAD,  (-hed,)  \  n.    Goodness.    [06*-.] 
BOUN'Tl-nOQD,  ) 

BOUN'TY,  Ti.  [Fr.  Aoni^,  goodness,  excellence  favor; 

It.  bontd ;  L.  bonitas,  from  bonus,  good.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 
140  ~" 


BOV 

1.  Liberality  in  l>estowinp  gifts  and  favors;  gener- 
osity ;  munificence.  The  word  includes  the  gift  or 
favuc,  and  tiie  kindness  of  disposition  with  which  it 
is  bestowed  j  or  a  favor  bestowed  with  a  benevolent 
disposition.  This  distinguishes  it  from  a  mere  gift. 
It  13  also  observed  by  Johnson,  that  it  ditfers  from 
charily.,  as  a  preaent  from  an  a/nu,  in  not  being  be- 
stowed upon  persons  absolutely  necessitous.  This 
is  often  the  case  ;  but  bounty  includes  charity,  as  the 
genua  comprehends  the  species  ;  charity,  however, 
does  not  necessarily  include  bounty,  for  cfuirity,  or  an 
alms,  may  be  given  with  reluctance. 

The  word  may  be  used  also  for  a  free  gift ;  2  Cor. 
ix.  5  ;  or  a  disposition  to  give,  without  the  gilt ;  good- 
uess  in  general.  Spenser. 

2.  A  premium  offered  or  given  to  induce  men  to 
enlist  into  the  public  ser\ice ;  or  to  encourage  any 
branch  of  industry,  as  husbandry,  manufactures,  or 
commerce. 

Qu^en  Anne's  bounty  ;     a  provision  made  in  lier 
reign  for  augmenting  poor  clerical  livinga. 
BOU-dUET',  (boo-ka',)  tu    [Ft.,  a  plume,  a  nosegay; 
Ann.  koged:  IL  boscheUo.    See  Bush.] 

1.  A  nosegay  ;  a  bunch  of  flowers. 

2.  An  agreeable  aromatic  odor,  which  is  perceived 
on  drawing  the  cork  of  any  of  the  finer  wines. 

Kncyc.  of  Dom.  Kcon. 
BOURD,  (boord,)  n.     A  jest.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

BOURD'LR,  71,     A  jester.     [Oh.] 
B0UR'1>0\,  n.     A  pilgrim's  staff. 
BOURGEOIS',   (bur-jois',)   n.     [It  appears  to  be  a 
French  word,  but  1  know  not  the  reason  of  its  ap- 
plication to  types.] 

A  small  kind  of  printing  types,  in  size  iictween 
long  primer  and  brevier. 
BOLTRGECV,   (bur'jun,)   r.  t.     [Fr.  ftour^«m,  a  bud  ; 
Arm.  bourgeon,  a  button,  or  a  bud.] 

To  sprout ;  to  put  forth  buds ;  to  shoot  forth,  as  a 
bmnch.  OoUsmith, 

BOURN,  n.     [Fr.  borne,  a  limit ;  bornrr,  to  bound.     In 
the  sense  of  a  stream,  Sax.  burn;   Sw.  brunn;  D. 
bron;  G.  brunnen;  Dan.  brUnd,] 
L  A  bound  ;  a  limit. 


2.  A  brook  ;  a  torrent ;  a  rivnlet.  [/«  this  senne  ob- 
solete ;  but  rrtaineA  in  many  naine-n  of  towns,  sealed  on 
the  banks  of  streams.  In  Scotland,  it  is  stiU  used  in  the 
sense  of  a  brook,  but  they  tcrite  it  burn.] 

BOURN'LES.S  a,     AVithoul  limits. 

BOUR'.NONITE,  n.  An  ore,  consisting  of  lead,  anti- 
mony, copper,  and  sulphur;  occurring  in  steel-gray 
crystals,  often  aggregated  into  shapes  like  small  cog- 
wheels. Dana. 

BOURSE,  (hooTS,)  ju  [Fr.]  The  lYenchname  foran 
exchange. 

BOUSE,  I  (boo/.,)   V.  i,     [Ann.  beuzi,  to  overflow;  to 

BOOSE,  \  drown  ;  W.  bozi;  Old  D.  buysen.  In  Rus9. 
buza  is  a  drink  brewed  from  millet.     Tooke.] 

To  drink  freely;  to  tope;  to  guzzle.  [j9  vulgar 
word.]  Spenser. 

BOU-^TRO-PHE'DON,  r.  [Gr.  ^.i-f,  an  ox,  and 
S-pr'lii,),  to  turn.] 

This  word  is  uaod  lo  express  the  ancient  mode  of 
writing,  in  Greece,  in  alternate  lines,  one  from  right 
to  left,  and  the  next  from  left  to  right,  as  fields  are 
plowed. 

BOUS'Y,  (booz'y,)  a.  Drunken;  intoxicated.  [Kul- 
;parj  Dryden. 

BOUT,  n.    [Fr.  bout,  end,  or  It.  hotta,  a  stroke.] 

A  turn  ;  as  much  of  an  action  as  is  performed  at 
onA  lime;  a  single  part  of  an  action  carried  on  al 
successive  intfervala  ;  essay;  attempt. 

Sidney.     Dryden, 

BOUT,  JU  [It.  heuta,  or  bewta,  a  drinking,  frt»ni  bere, 
or  betere,  to  drink  ;  L.  bibo ;  Fr.  botre ;  Hp.  beber.] 

We  use  this  word  tautologicnily  in  the  phrase  a 
drinking-Aou/ ;  or  the  word  is  the  same  as  the  pre- 
ceding. 

BOtf-TADE',  (boo-iad',)    n.   [Fr.,  from    bouler;    Pp. 

botar;  IL  buttare,  to  thrust ;  Eng. ^rut ;  allied  to  bud.] 

Prop<'rlv,  a  (start ;  hence,  a  whim.    [JVot  Eni^lish.] 

BOU-TA.N'r'.    See  Arc  Bootaht.  [SififL 

BOUTK'~FF,U,   (bootTu,)  n.       [Fr.,    from    bouler.   to 
throw,  and  feu,  nre  ;  or,  arcordmg  to  Thomson,  from 
4rtu/c,  a  rnatrh.  Uu.  from  the  roolofEng.  AoieorWicr.J 
An  incendiary;  a  makebate.     [Au£  English.] 

Bacon. 

BOU'TI-SALE,  n,  [Q,u.  sale  of  booty,  or  from  boule,  a 
match.     Thomson.] 

A  cheap  sale ;  or,  according  to  others,  a  sale  by  a 
lighted  match,  durmg  the  burning  of  which  a  man 
may  bid.     [.Mot  used.]  Ilayward. 

BOUTS-R/yiES' ,  {boo-re-mai',)  n.  pi.  [Fr.]  Words 
tliat  rhyme  given  to  be  formed  into  verse.  SwarL 

Uu'VATE,  R.  [In  ^to  L.  butaia,  from  bo^,  biwis,  an 
ox.j 

An  ox-gate,  or  as  much  land  as  an  ox  can  plow  in 
a  year ;  Cow<.*l  sajs  '28  acres. 

B0'VeY-C(5AL,  n.  Brown  liiinitr;,  an  inflammable 
fossil,  rcsf^mbling,  in  many  of  its  propertit^s,  bitumin- 
ous wood  ;  found  at  Bovpy  Ilatfletd,  near  Exeter,  in 
England.    Its  structure  is  a  little  slaty  ;  its  cj;os8  frac- 


BOW 

tureeven  or  conchoidal,  with  a  resinous  luster,  some- 
what shining.  It  is  brittle,  burns  witit  a  weak  flame, 
and  exhales  an  odor  which  is  generally  disagreeable. 

BOV'ID,  a.     [L.  bos.]  [  CUaceland. 

Relating  to  that  tribe  of  ruminant  mammals,  of 
which  the  genus  Bos  is  the  t}pe.  It  comprehends 
the  genera  Catoblepas,  Ovibos,  and  Bos. 

Bo'V'i.VE,  a.  [Low  L.  bocinus,  from  bos,  bovis,  an  ox  ; 
W.  bUy  buiD,  ouf,  buvi^,  and  the  verb  bu^iaw,  to  bet- 
low.] 

Pertaining  to  oxen  and  cows,  or  the  quadrupeds  of 
the  genus  Bos. 

ThJJ  animal  u  thff  8trong«»t  and  fierce  of  Ihe  boxAne  P?n««. 

Darroiiy*  Trav. 
The  ox-born  soiils  mean  nothing  mor?  thnn  (he  ei?)it  living  souls 
u-ho  issued  from  Uieir  atlcfuhcul  moiher,  Uie  bonne  ao>. 

fUer. 

BOW,  r.  t.  [Sax.  bugan,  hygan  ,■  W.  bwan,  and  bacu, 
to  bend,  lo  grapplo ;  G,  biegen,  beti^m  i  D.  boogen, 
buigrn ;  Sw.  bUja  ;  Dan.  bdje,  to  bend.] 

1.  To  bend  ;  to  inflect ;  as,  to  bow  vmes. 

2.  To  bend  the  body  in  token  of  respect  or  civility ; 
as,  to  boie  the  head. 

3.  To  bend  or  incline  toward,  in  condescension. 

Bom  down  ihine  ear  lo  Ihe  poor.—  Ecclea. 

4.  To  depress  ;  to  crush  ;  to  subdue. 

Hia  heavy  hand  hslh  bowed  you  to  ihe  grave. 
He  bow»  ihe  nations  to  bis  will. 

BOW,  r.  t.  To  bend ;  to  curve ;  to  be  inflected  ;  to 
bend,  in  token  of  reverence,  respect,  or  civility;  of- 
ten with  da^pn. 

This  is  the  idol  to  which  the  world  boat. 

2.  To  stoop  ;  to  fall  upon  the  knees. 

TI»e  people  bowtd  upon  their  knees.  — JaAgot. 

3.  To  sink  under  pressure. 

Thcjr  stoop  ;  they  fcui*  down  together.  —  Isaiah. 

BOW,  n.  An  inclination  of  the  head,  or  a  bending  of 
the  body,  in  token  of  reverence,  respect,  civility,  or 
submission. 

Bore  of  a  ship,  is  the  rounding  part  of  her  side  for- 
ward, beginning  where  the  planks  arch  inward,  and 
terminating  where  they  close,  at  the  stem  or  prow. 
A  narrow  bow  is  called  a  lean  bow ;  a  broad  one,  a 
bold  or  bluff  bow. 

On  the  boie,  in  navigation,  is  an  arch  of  the  hori- 
zon, not  exceeding  45  degrees,  comprehended  l>e- 
tween  some  distant  object  ami  that  point  of  the 
compass  which  is  right  ahead.  JUar.  Diet. 

BOW,  n.  [See  Bow,  to  bend.l  An  instrument  of  war 
and  hunting,  made  of  wood,  or  other  elastic  matter, 
with  a  string  fastened  to  each  end.  The  bow,  being 
bent  by  drawing  the  string,  and  suddenly  returning 
to  its  natural  state  by  its  elastic  force,  throws  an  ar- 
row to  a  great  distance,  and  with  force  suflicient  to 
kill  an  animal.  It  is  of  two  kind^,  the  toug-boio,  and 
the  cros.s-bote,  arb;Uet,  or  arbalest.  The  use  of  the 
bow  is  called  archery. 

2.  Any  thing  bent,  or  in  fttrm  of  a  ctir^'e  ;  the  rain- 
bow ;  the  doubling  of  a  string  in  a  knot ;  the  [Kirt  of 
a  yoke  which  embraces  the  neck  ;  ic. 

3.  A  small  machine,  formed  with  a  stick  and  hair^, 
which,  being  drawn  over  the  strings  of  an  instrument 
of  music,  causes  it  to  sound. 

4.  A  beam  of  wood  or  brass,  with  three  long  screws 
that  direct  a  lathe  of  wood  or  steel  to  any  arch ;  used 
in  forming  draughts  of  ships,  and  projections  of  the 
sphere,  or  wht-rever  it  is  necessary  to  draw  large 
arches.  Harris. 

5.  An  instrument  for  taking  the  sun's  altitude  at 
styi,  consisting  of  a  largo  arch  of  90  degrees  grad- 
uated, a  shank  or  staff,  a  side-vane,  a  sight-Tanc,  and 
a  horizon-vane  ;  now  disused.  Encyc. 

6.  An  initlrument  in  use  among  smitlis  for  turning 
a  drill  ;  with  turners,  for  turning  wood  ;  with  hatters, 
fur  breaking  fur  and  wool. 

7.  Sotr.1  of  a  saddle,  are  the  two  pieces  of  wood 
laid  archwise  to  receive  the  upper  purl  of  a  horse's 
back,  to  give  the  saddle  its  ilue  form,  and  to  keep  it 
tight.  Farrier's  Diet. 

a.  In  architrcturr.jO.  circular  end  of  a  church,  apart- 
ment,  or  building.  Elmts. 

B6W'-BEAR-ER,  n.  [bow  ni\A  bear.]  An  under  of- 
ficer of  the  forest,  whitse  duty  is  to  inform  of  tres- 
rmsscs.  Coieel. 

BOVV'-BENT,  a.    [bote  anA  bent.]  Crooked.  MUtan. 

BOW'-CO.M'PAS-SF,S,  (bd'kum'pas-sez,)  n.  pi.  A  pair 
of  compasses,  with  a  Ikjw  or  arched  plate  of  metal 
riveted  to  mic  of  the  hg«,  upon  which  the  other  leg 
slides,  to  stJ^'Ady  tlie  motion. 

BOW'-DRILL,  n.  A  drill  worked  by  a  bow  and 
spring. 

BOW'-DVE,  n.  A  kind  of  scarlet  color,  superior  to 
madder,  hut  inferior  to  the  true  scarlet  grain  for  fix- 
edness and  duration  ;  first  used  at  Bow,  near  Lon- 
don. Enaje. 

BOW'-GRACE,  n.  In  sea  language,  a  frame  or  com- 
position of  junk,  laid  out  at  the  sides,  or  bows,  of 
shiiMi,  to  srcurt:  thimi  from  injury  by  ice.       Eneyc. 

BOVV'-HAM),  re.  [bow  and  hand.]  The  hand  that 
draws  a  how.  Spenser. 

BOW'IE-KNIFE,  (ba'e-nlfe,)  n.  A  long  knife,  or  dag- 
ger, used  by  hunters  and  others  in  the  Western  States. 


BOW 

ilOW'-LEG.  n.     A  crooked  leg.  Taylor. 

BOW'-LEG-GED,  (bo'legd,)  a.  [bow  and  leg.]  Hav- 
ing  crooked  legs.  Johnson. 

BOW'LESS,  o.     Destitute  of  a  bow. 

BOW'-.MAN,  «.  [bow  and  man.]  A  man  who  uses  a 
bow  ;  an  archer.     Jerem.  iv.  29. 

BOW'-MAX,  n.  The  man  who  rows  the  foremost  oar 
in  a  boat  Mar,  Diet 

BOW'-N'ET,  n.  [bow  and  net.]  An  engine  for  catch- 
ing lobsters  and  crawfish,  called  aUo  binD-tpkrel.  It 
is  made  of  two  round  wicker  baskets,  pointed  at  the 
end,  one  of  which  is  thrust  into  the  other,  and  at  the 
mouth  is  a  little  rim  bent  inward.  Eneyc. 

BOW'-PEN,  71.  A  metallic  ruling-pen,  having  the 
p;irt  which  holds  the  ink  bowed  out  toward  the 
middle.  _ 

BOW'- PIECE  n.  [hmc  and  piece.]  A  piece  of  ord- 
nance carried  at  the  bow  of  a  ship.  Encye. 

BOW'-SIIOT,  n.  [bow  and  shot.]  The  space  which 
an  arrow  may  pass  when  shot  from  a  bow.  Gen. 
xxi.  16.  Boyle, 

BOW'-WIN'DOW.    SeeBAT-Wiwoow. 

BOW'A-BLE,  a.  Of  a  flexible  disposition.  [J^ot  in 
itse.] 

BOW'£D,  (bowd,)  pp.    Bent;  crushed;  suhdued. 

B6W'KD,  pp.  or  a.     Bent ;  like  a  bow. 

BOWELS, n.  pi.  \G.bauch;  D.buik;  Sw.  buk  ;  Dan. 
bug ;  Fr.  boijau ;  Vv.  bog ;  a  swelling  ;  bogel,  the  na- 
vel.    Tlie  sense  is,  protuberance.] 

1.  The  intestines  of  an  animal ;  the  entrafls,  es- 
pecially of  man  ;  the  heart.    2  Cor.  vi.  12. 

2.  The  iiUerior  part  of  any  thing ;  as,  the  bowels  of 
the  earth. 

3.  The  seat  of  pity  or  kindness ;  hence,  tender- 
ness, compassion  ;  a  scriptural  sense. 

Bowel,  in  the  singular,  is  sopietiraca  used  for  gut, 

BOW'EL,  F.  *.  To  take  out  the  bowels  ;  to  eviscerate; 
to  penetrate  the  bowels.  jjinsworth.    Ash. 

BOW'EL-LESS,  a.     Without  tenderness  or  pity. 

BOWSER,  n.  [from  bow.]  An  anchor  carried  at  the 
bow  of  a  ship.  There  are  generally  two  bowers, 
called  first  and  second,  great  and  liltle,  or  best  ana 
small.  Encye. 

BOWER,  71.  [Sax.  6ur,  a  chamber  or  private  apart- 
ment, a  hut,  a  cottage  ;  W.  bwr,  an  inclosure.] 

1.  A  shelter  or  covered  place  in  a  garden,  made 
with  boughs  of  trees  bent  and  twined  together.  It 
differs  from  arbor  in  thai  it  may  be  round  or  square, 
whereas  an  arbor  is  long  and  arched.  Milton.  Encye. 

2.  A  bed-chamber ;  any  room  in  a  house  except 
the  hall.  Spenser.    Mason. 

3.  A  country-seat ;  a  cottage.  Shcnstone.  B.  Jonson. 

4.  A  shady  recess  ;  a  plantation  for  shade. 

fV.  Brown. 
BOWER,  V.  t    To  embower  ;  to  inclose.  Shak. 

BOWER,  V.  i.    To  lodge.  Speiisrr. 

BOWERS, }  7t.  pi.  [from  bow.]  Muscles  that  bend  the 
BOWUS,       i      joints.  Spenser.   Masua. 

BO  WER-V,  a.  Covering ;  shading,  as  a  bower  ;  also, 
containing  bowers.  Thomson. 

A  boxoery  maze  that  shtules  the  purple  streami.  Th-umbull. 

BOWESS,  )  TU    A  young  hawk,  when  it  begins  to  get 
BOWET,    J     out  of  the  nest ;  a  term  in  falconry. 

Encye.    Ash, 
BOWOE,  r.  i.    To  swell  out.     [See  Bouce.] 
BOWGE,  V,  t.    To  perforate  ;  as,  to  bowge  a  ship. 

Ainsworth, 
[f  do  not  Jtnd  this  word  in  any  other  author.] 
BOw'ING,  j»;>r.     Bending;  stooping;  making  a  bow. 
BOW'ING-LY,  adv.     In  a  bending  manner. 
BOWL,   n,     rSax.  bolla.     In  Latin,  vola  is  the  hollow 
of  the  hanef.] 

1.  A  concave  vessel  to  hold  liqtion?,  rather  wide 
than  deep,  and  thus  distinguished  from  a  cup,  which 
is  rather  deep  than  wide. 

2.  The  hollow  part  of  any  thing ;  as,  the  bowl  of  a 
spoon. 

3.  A  basin  ;  a  fountain.  Bacon. 
BOWL,  71.     [D.  bol  i  Fr.  boule;  Sp.  bola  ;  Arm.  boul,  a 

ball;  W.prl.] 

A  ball  of  wood  used  for  play  on  a  level  plat  of 
ground. 
BOWL,  r.  t.     To  plav  with  bowls,  or  at  bowling. 

2.  To  roll  the  ball  at  cricket. 

3.  To  move  rapidly,  smoothly,  and  like  a  ball ;  as, 
the  carriage  boxoled  along. 

BOWL,  ".  t.  To  roll,  as  a  bowl ;  also,  to  pelt  with  any 
thing  rolled.  Shak. 

To  bowl  ovt,  !n  cricket,  is  to  knock  down  one's 
wicket  by  bowling. 

BOWL'DER,  71.  [from  bowl.]  A  stone,  of  a  roundish 
fonn,  and  of  no  dett^rminate  size,  fttund  on  the  sea^ 
shore,  and  on  the  banks  or  in  the  channels  of  rivers, 
&.C.,  worn  smooth  or  rounded  by  the  action  of  water ; 
a  pebble.  Juhnson,     Encye. 

'I'he  term  bowlder  is  now  nsed  in  geology  for  round- 
ed masses  of  any  rock,  found  out  of  place,  and  ap- 
parently transported  from  their  original  bedjjy  water. 
Bowlders  of  granite,  often  of  great  size,  are  vt-ry 
common  on  the  surface  of  the  most  recent  forma- 
tions. 

BOWL'DER-STONE.    See  Bowldkb. 

BOWL'DER-WALL,  n,    A  wall  constructed  of  peb- 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


BOX 

bleii  or  lH>wlitets  of  Hint  or  other  silicious  stones, 
whicb  have  been  ruunded  by  the  action  of  water. 
BuUdcr's  Diet. 

B&WL'KR,  K.  One  who  plays  at  bowls,  or  who  rolls 
in  cricket. 

BOVVLINE,  «,  [Sp.  and  Port.  hohM;  Arm.  b<fuline^ 
^*  vuile  de  biaia  pour  recevoir  le  vent  de  cdt6,"  a 
•laating  sail  to  receive  a  side  wind,  Oregoirt ;  Pr. 
W«^ii«,  a  tack;  bouliner,  to  tnck,  to  turn  one  way 
and  the  other,  to  dodge  or  shi(\.  But  in  Danish  it  is 
bogUnty  the  line  of  the  bow  or  bend.] 

A  rope  fastened  near  the  middle  of  the  leech  or 
perpendicular  ed^  of  the  sgii.-ire  sails,  by  snbtirdinate 
parU,  caU»d  kriMts^  and  used  lo  keep  the  weather 
edge  oTtlfte  sail  tight  forward,  when  Uie  ship  t$  close- 
hauled.  -Vdr.  Diet. 

BawhMe-briUM  are  the  ropes  by  which  Uie  bowline 
Is  fastened  to  the  leech  of  tbe  sail.  Emei/c, 

BOWL'I.VG,  a.  The  act  of  roUmg  bowb,  or  Uie  ball 
at  crtcJset-  BHftom, 

BOWL'I.VG,  ppr.  Pliiying  at  bowls;  rullini;  the  ball 
nt  cricket ;  moving  sutooUily  and  nipidlv  alon;;. 

Bf^WL'ING-AL'LKV,  a.  In  Lke  UtUsd  ^oCm,  a  place 
for  (ilivin;;  at  bowls. 

BO\VL'i\U-tJREE.N,  a.  [*oW  and  green.]  A  level 
|Hece  of  ground  kept  smooth  for  bowline. 

9.  In  /vrdeaia^,  a  parterre  in  a  grove,  laid  with 
fine  liirff  with  compartments  of  divert  ti;;ures,  with 
dwarf  trees  and  other  decorations.  It  may  be  used 
for  buwlinjt;  but  the  French  and  Italians  have  such 
crrru:«  for  ornament.  Etcyc 

BO\V:5E,  D.  t.  Xo  Maaux*«  Unguazf,  to  pull  or  haul 
had;  as,  to  ^mocc  apvii  a  tack ;  to  botese  atoap,  to  pull 
all  together.  Enaic. 

B6M**SPRIT,  m.    [»ew  and  s^ ;  D.  boegspnet ;  Dan. 


hmgyridi  G.  hmg^rieL    See  SraiT.] 


boom  or  spar,  which  projects  over  the  stem 
ol  J  ship,  or  other  Teasel,  to  car^  uil  forward.  [T^tu 
is  prvMUg  tJU  true  »rtJfgr*fk§.]  Mar.  DicL 

BC^VSS'CLV,  0.  <.    To  drink  ;  to  drench.     [.VM  ustd.] 

Qfl.   ^KM. 

bOWSTKlXG,  a.  The  string  of  a  bow.  The  hmt- 
str.Hg  is  united  by  the  I'urks  in  strangling  oflendera  ; 
hence,  the  verb  to  how^tring  is  aometimes  UMd. 

BOW'STRING-ED,  a.    Funiished  with  bowstrings. 

BOW  VF.a,  a.    [from  bow^  a  comiptioa  of  W»er,  like 

An  archer ;  one  who  luet  a  bow ;  tmm  who  makes 
bows,    rr^ittle  MMd.)  Jektun, 

BOX,  a.  [Sax.  **z,  a  coder,  and  the  box-tree ;  L.  ha- 
Ms,  £2h>  tree,  and  ^irzi«,  a  ooz ;  Gr.  rpjis,  a  box,  and 
nl  •(,  the  tree ;  rvf ,  the  ftsi  j  Ir.  kugmy  kmkam ;  Sw. 
bwthirm  i  Ger.  twdbtaai ;  Dan.  kmxb^m^  the  boxHree ; 
Ger.  McAm,  a  box ;  IL  Wmv,  the  box-tree ;  AMwJe,  a 
box  ;  Sp.  Aex,  Che  tne ;  Foft.  *«x«,  tbe  tree  ;  kim,  a 


topple  ;  pers.  tf^Xj  ft«r«#,  buxns,  box-tree  ;  Ar.  the 

earn".   Rot    may  be  from  closeness,  applied  lo  the 
sbrub  the  list,  and  the  case.] 

1.  A  coffer  or  chest,  either  of  wood  or  meLil.  In 
general  the  word  boz  is  used  for  a  case  of  rough 
boards,  or  more  sliphlly  made  than  a  chest,  and 
u-i"H  f  T  the  conveyance  of  goods.  Bui  tlie  name 
Is  applied  lo  cases  of  any  size  and  of  any  materi- 
Mis  .  as,  a  wooden  ioz,  a  tin  iozj  an  iron  Aox,  a 
strong  froz. 

3.  The  quantity  that  a  box  contains ;  as,  a  box  of 
qnick>i|)ver ;  a  box  of  rinjr^.  In  Home  cases,  the  quan- 
tity called  a  frtfx  is  li  xed  by  custom  ;  in  tXhers,  it  is 
uncertain,  as  a  bcz  of  tea  or  sugar. 

3.  A  certain  seat  in  a  play-house,  or  in  any  public 
room. 

4.  The  ease  which  contains  the  mariner's  compass. 

5.  A  money -chest. 

6.  A  irtst  or  shnib,  the  Buxus  tempenrrfTuiy  used  for 
bordering  flower-beds.  Tbe  name  in  ^l^o  given  to 
oCber  qkecies  of  the  genus.  The  Jlfrican  box  is  the 
Uyrsine. 

7.  A  blow  on  the  head  with  the  hand,  or  on  the 
ear  w  ith  the  open  hand. 

8.  A  cylindrical,  hollow  irnn,  used  in  wheeN,  in 
wh'ch  the  axle-tree  nina.  Also,  a  hollow  tube  in  a 
pump,  closed  with  a  valve. 

BOX,  F.  k    To  fight  with  the  fist ;  to  combat  with  the 

hand  or  fist. 
BOX,  F.  L    To  inclose  in  a  box ;  also,  to  furnish  with 

boxes,  as  a  wheel  or  block. 

2.  To  strike  with  the  hand  or  fist,  especially  the 
car  or  side  of  the  head- 

3.  To  rehearse  the  several  points  of  the  compass 
tn  their  proper  order.  Eneyc 

4.  To  raaJte  a  bole  or  cut  in  a  tree  to  procure  the 
sap :  as,  to  box  a  nuii^e. 

5.  To  sail  round.     [Sp.  boiar.J 

To  bttz  9ffi  lo  di%-ide  off  into  tight  co-partments. 
BOX'-COAT,    a.     An  overcoat,  originally  worn  by 

coochmp-n. 
BOX'-DRaIX,  n.   An  under-ground  drain,  boxed  np  on 

the  -^ides  and  top,  and  covered  with  earth.      Brande. 
BOX-KL'DER,  n.  The  a^h-leaved  maple,  (jJcer  negmt^ 

de,  Linn. ;  JiTea-undium  accroidtSy  Mffinch,)  a  native  of 

North  America. 


BRA 

BOX'-LOB-BY,  a.  In  a  theater,  the  lobby  leading  to 
the  boxes. 

BOX'-THORN,  n.  [box  and  thorn.]  A  plant,  the  Ly- 
ciuni,  or  a  species  of  it.  Fam.  u/  Planta, 

BOX'-TREE,  «.  The  box,  (Sktm*  a<!m/irpy(>eiij*,  Linn.) 

BOX'W),  (boxl,)  p/*.  Inclosed  in  a  Iwx  ;  struck  on  the 
head  with  the  nst  or  hand  ;  furnished  with  a  box  or 
hollow  iron,  as  a  whtvl. 

BOX'£.\,  (box'n,)  a.  Made  of  box-wood  ;  resembling 
box.  Dritden.     Oaij. 

BOX'ER,  a.    One  who  fights  with  his  fisL 

BOX'IIAUL,  r.  t.  To  veer  a  ship  in  a  particular  man- 
ner, when  close-hauled,  round  on  to  the  other  tack. 

Chamber.'*. 

BOX'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Inclosing  in  a  box  ;  striking  with 
the  Ant ;  fumishine  with  a  box. 

BOX'IXG,  n.  Th?  act  of  figliiing  with  the  fist ;  a  com- 
bat with  the  fi.t. 

BOY,  m.  [Per.i.  bach^  a  boy  ;  \V.  bac^m,  from  Mf ,  lit- 
tle ;  Arm.  bttguel^  a  child  ;  bugate^  boyish  ;  Sw.  poike, 
a  young  boy  ;  Dan.  pog;  Ft.  pi;'?-.  (See  ItcAnLc  nnu 
Poo.)  S«y  is  a  contracted  word,  and  probably  tJio  L. 
pwer,  forpa^PT,  fur  we  see  by  purlin  that  r  is  not  rad- 
ical. So  the  Gr.  V'Us  probably  is  contracted,  fur  the 
derivative  %-erb,  TatCm,  furnis  nmfWy  natx^ni'  The 
radical  letters  probably  are  Bg  or  Pg.] 

A  male  child,  from  birth  to  the  age  of  puberty  ;  but 
in  general,  applied  to  males  under  ten  or  twelve  years 
of  age  ;  a  lad.  Sometimes  it  is  used  in  contempt  for 
a  young  man,  indicating  immaturity,  want  of  vigor 
or  Jadgment. 

BOY,  r.  L    To  treat  as  a  boy.  Johmon. 

Rather,  lo  act  ns  a  boy  ;  to  imitate  a  boy  in  action. 
The  passage  in  Shaks|>eare,  in  which  this  word  is 
found,  is  supposed  to  allude  to  the  practice  of  boys 
acting  women's  parts  on  the  stage. 

I  ■ball  Me  wcanc  mivra^ag  ClropnUs  6oy  my  prratnen. 

6^  A/ocon  «  Sap.  lo  Johnson. 

BOY'AR,  ft.    A  nobleman  of  Russia,  Transylvania, 

^k£.     [See  Boua.] 
BOyJiUy  (bo>'o,)  n. ;  pL  Botaux.     [Fr.  boyaUy  a  gut, 
and  a  branch  of  a  tree.] 

In  /ort\£eationy  a  duch  covered  with  a  parapet, 
serving  as  a  communication  between  two  trenches. 

Eneifc 
BOY'-BLIND,  a.  Blind  as  a  boy  ;  undisceming.  [Oba.\ 

Bfoum.  4'  FL 
BOY'ER,  m.    a  Flemish  sloop  with  a  castle  at  each 

end.  F.neye. 

BOY'IIQQD,  a.     [boy  and  hood.]     The  state  of  a  boy, 

or  of  immature  age..  Sv^ift. 

BOY'ISH,  a.    Belonging  to  a  boy;  childish:  tritling; 

resembling  a  boy  in  manners  or  opinions;  puerile. 

Skak. 
BOY'ISIl-LY,  ade.    Childishly  ;  in  a  trifling  manner. 

Sherwood. 
BOY'ISH-NESS,  n.   Childishness ;  tbe  manners  or  be- 

ha\ior  of  a  boy. 
BOYMSM,  B.    Childishness;  puerility.  Dryden. 

a.  The  state  of  a  boy.  Warton. 

BOY*S'-PL.lY,  n.    Childish  amusement;  any  thing 

trifling. 
BO-YC'\.\,   a.      A  large  serpent  of  America,  black 
and  slender,  having  an  intolerable  smell.     AIm,  a 
harmless  reptile.  Diet,  of  A*af.  /Fut. 

BP;  an  abbreviation  of  Bishop. 
BRA-BANT'I.\E,  a.  Pertiining  to  Brabant,  a  province 
of  the  Netherlands,  of  which  Brussels  is  the  capital. 
State  Paperg^  vol.  ii. 
BRAB'RLE,  a.     [D.  brabbelen,  to  stammer.] 

A  broil;  a  clamorous  contest;  a  wrangle.     [O&a.] 

BRAB'BLE,  v.  L  To  clamor ;  to  contest  noisily.  [  Obs.] 

Btaum.  S[  Fl. 

BR  AB'BLER,  n.  A  clamorous,  quarrelsome,  noisy  fel- 
low ;  a  wrangler.      [Obs.]  Shak. 

BRAB'BLI.VG,  ppr.     Clamoring;  wrangling.      [Obs.] 

BRAC'CaTE,  o.     f  L.  frmcca,  breeches.] 

In  omitMoUfgi/f  furnished  with  feathers  which  con- 
ceal the  feet. 

BRACE,  «.  [Fr,  bras;  Sp.  brazo ;  Port,  frmfo;  Arm. 
breach^  or  brek  ;  Ir.  6rac,  and  raigh  ;  W.  braie :  Corn, 
frrrct,  or  breh  ;  L.  braehium;  Gr.  tipa\Hiif^  the  arm. 
This  word  furnishes  a  clear  and  decisive  evidence  of 
the  change  of  a  palatal  tetter  into  a  sibilant.  The 
change  comes  through  the  Spanish  or  other  Celtic 
dialect,  brtich,  brazu^  the  Sp.  i  being  originally  a  pal- 
atal or  guttural ;  thence  to  the  Fr.  bras^  and  Eng. 
brace.  In  like  manner,  Durazzo  is  fonned  from  Dyr- 
rachium.  The  Greek  verbs  furnish  a  multitude  of 
similar  change;*.  This  word  fiiniishes  also  a  proof 
that  b  is  a  prefix  ;  for  in  Irish,  brae  is  written  also 
raigh.  The  sense  of  arm  is,  that  which  breaks  forth, 
a  slioot.  From  bras,  the  French  have  embrasser,  to 
embrace.,  and  in  Sp.  brazas  is  braces,  and  bracear  is  to 
brace,  and  to  swing  the  arms.  Brace,  in  naval  affairs, 
is  in  D.  bras  ;  Dan.  bras,  and  brase,  to  brace.  Q,u.  Is 
this  the  same  word  as  the  Fr.  bra-i,  an  arui.''] 

1.  In  architecture,  a  piece  of  timber  frainea  in  with 
bevel  joints,  to  keep  the  building  from  swerving  ei- 
ther way.  It  extends  like  an  arm  from  the  post  or 
main  timber. 

2.  That  which  holds  any  thing  tight ;  a  cincture  or 
bandage.    The  braces  of  a  dnmi  are  not  bands. 


BRA 

3.  A  pair;  a  couple;  as,  a  ftrflce  of  ducks.  It  is 
used  of  persons  only  in  contempt,  or  in  a  style  of 
drollery. 

4.  In  mu/ric,  a  line  or  bracket  placed  Tcrlicolly  at 
the  beginning  of  each  set  of  slaves  in  a  score,  serv- 
ing to  bind  thein  together.  Brande. 

5.  A  thick  strap,  which  supfwrts  a  carriage  on 
wheels. 

6.  A  crooked  line,  In  printing,  connecting  two  or 
more  words  or  lines ;  thus,  ^^^^'^  ( 

It  is  used  lo  connect  triplets  in  poetry. 

7.  In  mnrine  language,  n  rope  reeved  through  a 
block  at  the  end  of  a  yard,  to  square  or  traverse 
the  yard.  The  name  is  given  also  to  pieces  of  irtm 
which  are  used  as  supiwrls ;  such  as  the  poop  lan- 
terns, &c.  Mar.  Diet. 

8.  Brace,  or  brasse,  is  a  foreign  measure  an.swering 
to  our  fathom.     [Fr.  brasse,  fatlioin,] 

9.  Harness;  warlike  preparation  j  as  we  say,  gird- 
ed for  battle.  8/iak. 

10.  Tension  ;  tightness.  Holder, 

11.  Braf:e.s  i  pi.,  suspenders  ;  the  straps  that  sustain 
pantaloons,  &.c. 

12.  The  braces  of  a  drum,  are  the  cords  on  the  sides 
of  it,  for  tightening  the  heads  and  snares, 

13.  A  curved  instrument  of  iron  or  wood,  for  boring 
holes  and  driving  screws,  by  pressure  against  the 
breast.  J^Tieholnon. 

BRACE,  r.  ^  To  draw  tight ;  to  tighten  ;  to  bind  or 
tie  close  ;  to  make  tight  und  firm. 

2.  To  make  tense ;  to  strain  up ;  as,  to  brace  a 
drum. 

3.  To  furnish  with  braces  ;  as,  to  brace  a  building. 

4.  To  strengthen  ;  to  increas^e  tension  ,  as,  to  brace 
the  nerves. 

5.  In  marine  language,  to  bring  the  yards  to  either 
side. 

To  brace  about,  is  to  turn  the  yards  round  fur  tbe 
contrary  tack. 

To  brace  sharp,  is  to  cause  the  yards  to  have  the 
smallest  possible  angle  with  the  keel. 

To  brace  to,  is  to  check  or  ease  off  the  lee  braces, 
and  round  in  the  weather  ones,  to  assist  in  tacking. 

Mar.  DicL 
BR.XC'ED.  (brast,)  pp.  Furnished  with  braces  ;  drawn 

close  and  tight ;  made  tense. 
BRACELET,  n.     [Fr.  brasselet,  and  bracelet  (  It.  brae- 
dale,  braccialetto  :  Sp.  brazalete.     See  Brace.] 

1.  .\n  ornament  for  the  wrist,  worn  by  ladies.  This 
ornament  seems  anciently  to  have  been  woru  by  men 
as  well  as  women. 

2.  A  piece  of  defensive  armor  for  the  arm. 

Joknsoju 
BRA'CER,  n.    That  which  braces,  binds,  or  makes 
firm;  a  band  or  bandage  ;  also,  armor  for  the  arm. 

Chaucer. 
2.  A  medicine,  which  gives  tension  or  tone  lo  any 
part  of  the  body. 
BRACH,  n.     [Fr.  bratpu;  D.  braki  It.  bracco,  a  setting 
dog  ;  Sp.  braco,  pointing  or  setting,  as  a  pointer.] 
A  bitch  of  the  hound  kind.  S}uik. 

BRACH'I-AL,  a.  [L.  braehium,  from  the  Celtic  bredc^ 
brae,  the  arm.] 

Belonging  to  the  arm ;  as,  the  brachial  artery. 

Hooper, 
BRACH'I-ATE,  a.     [See  Brachial.]     In  ftotani/,  hav- 
ing branches  in  pairs,  decussated,  all  nearly  horizon- 
tal, and  each  pair  at  right  angles  with  the  nexU 

Marttjn. 
BRACH'I-O-POD,  n.  |  [Gr.    /3jmxtnv,    the    arm, 

BRA€H-LOP'0-DA,  n.pl.  ]      and  n-'.rl<i,  feet.] 

Terms  applied  to  a  class  or  order  of, molluscous  an- 
imals, characterized  by  two  fleshy  krms,  or  labial 
processes,  which  they  can  protrude  or  withdraw,  and 
which  serve  for  prehension. 
BRACH'MAN,  i  n.    One  of  the  sacerdotal  order 

BRAM'IN,  (biU'min,)  j  of  India,  The  frracAfflo/u  are 
a  branch  of  the  ancient  gj-mnosophists,  and  remarka- 
ble for  the  severity  of  their  lives  and  manners. 

Encye. 
BRACH-Y-CAT-A-LEC'Tie,  n.    [Gr.  0paxvi,  short, 
and  KHT-tXr)KTtK'>iy  deficient.] 

In  Oreek  and  Latin  prosody^  a  verse  wanting  two 
syllables  at  its  termination. 
BRACH-V-DI-AG'O-NAL,  n.     The  shortest  of  the  di- 
agonals in  a  rhombic  prism. 
BRA-CHYG'RA-PHER,  n.     [See  the  next  word.]    A 

writer  in  short  hand.  Oayton. 

BRA-CHYG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  0paxviy  short,  and 
ypapn,  a  writing.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  writing  in  short  hand  ;  ste- 
nography, -fi-  Jonson. 
BRA-€HYL'0-6Y,  n.    [Gr.  0paxvst  short,  and  Aoj  oj, 
expression.] 

In  rhetoric,  the  expressing  of  any  thing  in  tbe  most 
concise  manner.  ♦ 

BRA-CHYP'TER-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  /Spaxvs,  short,  and 
nrrpoi-y  wing.] 

In  ornithology i  a  term  denoting  that  the  wings, 
when  folded,  do  not  reach  to  the  base  of  the  tail. 

Brande. 
BRA-€IIYST'0-€HRONE,  n     [Gr.  0paxtcjos,  short- 
est, and  x/>oi/0(,  time,] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— .Mf:TE,  PEfiY.  — PI.NE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — .NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BOQK. - 

142 


BRA 

A  curve,  in  which  a  body,  desceticJing  by  Ihe  force 

uf  gravity,  moves  through  a  given  space  in  the  short- 
est lime. 
BRA€H'Y-T?P-OUS.  a.      [Gr.  ffpaxvs,  short,  and 

TuTus,  form.J 

In  minenJo^rti^  of  a  short  form.  Mohs. 

BRA€H-y-U'ROUS,  a,    [Gr.  0.ax^i,  short,  and  ovpa, 

tail.] 
j^hort-tailrd  :  a  term  applied  to  a  tribe  of  Crustacea, 

comprehending  the  c  -us.  P.  Ct/c. 

BRACING,  ppr.     Furnishing  with  braces;  making 

tiglit  or  Hrm. 
BK^CING,  n.      Act  of  bracing,  or   state  of  being 

bniced. 
BR.aC'IMG,  a.     Having  the  quality  of  giving  strength 

or  tone. 
BK  AC  K,  n.   [Gcr.  brueh ;  Dan.  bmk ;  Norm,  brek ;  from 

breaJi,  which  aee.] 

An  opt>arng  caused  by  the  parting  of  any  solid 

body  ;  a  breach  ;  a  broken  jKirt. 
BRA0K'/;\,  tu     Fern.     [See  Brake.] 
BKACK'ET,    n.     [Fr.  braquer,  to  bend.     Uu.  Oriental 

T^a,  Ar.  Ch.  Heb.  Syr.  Sam.  and  Eth.,  to  bend  the 

knee  ;  lience  it  signifies  the  knee.] 

1.  Among  workers  in  timber^  an  an;!:ulnr  wooden 
Ktay,  in  form  of  the  knee  bent,  to  supiwrt  sliclves, 
scaltolds,  and  the  like. 

2.  The  cheek  of  a  mortar  carriage,  made  of  strong 
ptank.  Eneyc. 

3.  In  printings  a  term  ajipUed  to  hooks  ;  tims,  [  ]. 
BRACK'ET,  V.  L    To  place  within  brackets. 
BUACK'Irill,  a.    [D.  braJi^  overflowed  ;  qu.  from  break, 

or  Gr.  ^or.\o},  to  water.     Perhaps  applied  to  land  on 
which  doIt  water  had  flowed.} 

Salt,  or  salt  in  a  moderate  degree:  it  is  applied  to 
any  water  partially  saturated  with  sniL        Hacon* 

BRACK'ISH-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  brackish  ; 
»a]tnes9  in  a  small  degree.  Cheyne. 

BRACK'Y,  a.     Brackish.     [JVot  usrd.] 

BRA€'TE-A, )  tu      [L.    Amswortta  writes  braetta,  or 

BRACT,  S      bratUa.] 

In  botany,  an  abnormally  developed  leafj  growing 
upon  the  peduncle  of  a  Mower.  It  diflerw  irom  other 
leaves  in  shajie  or  color,  and  is  generally  situated  on 
the  peduncle,  so  near  the  flower  as  easily  to  be  mis- 
taken for  a  perianth. 

BRAe'TE-ATE,  a.  [from  bractea.]  Furnished  with 
bracts.  Barton. 

BRACT'ED,  a.     Furnished  with  bracts.        Martyn. 

BRAG'TE-OLB,  n.     A  lilttf  bnict.  De  OnuJolle. 

BRAC'TE-O-LATE,  a.     Furnished  with  hncteoles. 

BR^VeT'LESS,  fl.     [n  buUitnj,  des^titute  of  bracts. 

BRAD,  in  Saxon,  is  broad,  and  occurs  in  names  ;  as,  in 
Bradford,  bromlford. 

BRAD,  n.  [.\rm.  broad,  a  point;  Ir.  brod,  or  braid; 
Dan.  braaa,  a  goad  or  sting  ;  Ch.  t£*^3,  barat,  a  dart, 
u  borer.] 

A  particular  kind  of  nait,  used  in  floors  and  other 
work,  where  it  is  deemed  proi>er  to  drive  nails  entire- 
ly into  '.he  wotjd.  For  this  punntse,  it  is  made  with- 
out a  broad  head  or  shoulder  over  the  shank. 

Jifoxon, 

BRAD'Y-PUS,  n.    The  nloth,  which  fee. 

BRAG,  V.  L  [\V.  brairinw,  to  swell,  to  shoot  up,  to 
bni(! .  brag,  a  sprouting,  malt ;  brag-u,  to  malt.  It 
comcidej  with  Dan.  bragrr,  to  crBcklo,  Gr.  linnxw, 
Eng.  to  brag,  and  many  other  words  signifying  tu 
break,  or  shoot  forth.     See  Brate.] 

To  boast;  to  display  one's  actions,  merits,  or  ad- 
vantages ostent:itiou.sty  ;  to  tell  btva-stfut  stories  ;  fol- 
lowed by  of;  as,  to  brag  of  a  good  horse,  or  of  a  feat. 
Htdnnf.  SJiak. 
To  brag  on,  is  vulgar  ;  indeed,  the  word  itself  is  be- 
come low,  and  is  not  to  be  used  in  elegant  composi- 
tion. 

BRAG,  R.  A  boast  or  boasting;  OBtentatious  verbal 
display  of  one^s  deeds,  or  advantages  ;  the  thing 
btxisted.  MilViH.     Bacttn. 

Spenser  has  nsed  this  word  as  an  adverb  for 
nroudly. 

BRAG,  It.    A  game  at  cards.  Che„-terjield. 

BR.\G-GA-D0'CIO,  (brag-ga-d6'sho,)  n.  A  puffing, 
boasting  fellow.  Dryden. 

BRAG'GARO-ISM,  «,     [Old  Fr.  braggardise.] 
Uoastfulness  ;  vain  ostentation.  . 

BRAG'GART,  n.  [frra^  and  art,  ar</,  kind.]  A  boast- 
er ;  a  vain  fellow.  Shak, 

BRAG'GART,  a.    BoastlVil ;  vainly  ofltcntatioiis. 

DonnB. 

TRAG'GER,  n.    One  who  brags  ;  a  boaster. 

HIIAG'GET,  n.     [W.  bragawd,     See  Bbao.] 

A  liquor  made  by  fermenting  the  wort  of  ale  and 
m  -id.  '  Owen. 

.      .  GING,  a.     Act  of  boasting. 

1  r  \  ;  i;i.\0,  ppr.     Boasting. 

liiiAO  GING-LY,  adv.     Boastingly. 
jl   llltAG'LE.S.S,  a.     Without  brugging  or  ostentation. 
f  Un  wiual.  ]  Hhiik. 

BltAli'LY,   adv.     Finely  ;  so  as  it  may  be  bragged  uf. 

iM'ot  iL^fd.]  Sptnarr. 

AH'MA,  ?t.  The  first  person  in  the  trinity  of  the 
Hindoos;  the  creator.  The  other  two  are  KwAiujo, 
the  preserver  or  redeemer,  and  Stea,  the  destroyer. 

Encyc.  Jim.. 


BRA 

BKAH-MAN'IC,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  brachmans. 
BRAII'MIN,  n.    A  priest  aiiioiig  Ihe  Hindoos. 
BRAID,  V.  U     [Sax.  bredan,  to  braid  ;  Old  £ng.  brede  ; 
Dan.  breide,  to  upbraid.] 

1.  To  weave  or  infold"  three  or  more  strands  to  form 
one. 

2  In  domestic  concerns,  to  mingle  by  rubbing  in 
some  fluid  or  soft  substance  j  as,  to  braid  starch. 

Eorby. 

3.  To  reproach.     [Obs.]     [See  Upbraid.] 

4.  To  break  ;  to  tear ;  to  start.     [  Obs.] 

BRaID,  n.  A  string,  cord,  or  other  texture,  formed  by 
weaving  together  dilTerent  strands. 

2.  A  start.  Sackville, 
BRaID,  a.     Decehful.  Shak. 

Chaucer  used  the  Saxon  word  brede,  to  deceive. 
This  is  the  figurative  sense  of  braid.     [Obs.] 
BRaID'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Woven  together;  commingled 

by  rubbing. 
BRaID'LNG,  ppr.    Weaving  or  interlacing;  commin- 

fflmg  by  rubbing. 
BRaIL,  '».    [Fr.  brayeTf  a  brailj  or  truss,  a  contracted 
word.] 
1.  A  piece  of  leather  to  bind  up  a  hawk's  wing. 

Bailey. 
9.  In  navigation,  brails  are  ropes  passing  through 
pulleys,  on  the  miz/.en-nia.'^t  and  yard,  and  fastened 
to  the  aftniost  leech  of  the  sail  in  diflerent  pliices,  to 
truss  it  up  close.  Also,  all  rojws  employed  to  haul 
up  the  bottoms,  lower  corncr!i,and  skirls  of  the  other 
great  sails,  for  the  more  ready  furling  of  them. 

Mar.  DicL 
BRAIL,  V.  L     To  brail  up,  is  to  haul  up  into  the  brails, 

or  to  truss  up  with  the  brails.  Mar.  Diet, 

BRAIX,  n-  [Sax.  bntgan,  bregen,  braa-m ;  D.  brain; 
Gr.  liiic}  fi'if  pro()erly,  the  fore  part  of  the  head,  or 
sinciput;  also,  the  brain.j 

1.  The  soft  mn!*s,  or  viscus,  inclosed  in  the  crani- 
um, or  skull,  forming  the  most  imix>rLint  and  most 
largely  develoi>ed  portion  of  the  nervous  system,  and 
the  seat  of  the  intellect  and  emotions.  It  consists  of 
two  larger  portions,  the  cerebrum  and  cerebellum,  and 
of  certain  smaller  parts,  situated  at  their  base.  From 
the  smaller  parts,  at  its  base,  proceed  the  spinal  mar- 
row, and  cerUiin  pairs  of  nerves,  jKirt  distributed,  as 
nerves  of  s|>ecial  sensation,  on  the  organs  of  sense, 
and  part,  as  nerves  of  common  sen«ition  and  motion, 
to  the  head  and  neck.  The  term  has,  also,  been  ap- 
plied to  the  cerebrum,  in  distinction  from  the  cerebel- 
lum, or  little  hniin. 

2.  The  understanding.  Hale. 

3.  The  affections ;  fancy  ;  imagination.  [Unu^niaL] 

Shak.     Sandys. 

BRAIN,  F.  (.    To  dash  out  the  brains  ;  to  kill  by  beat- 
ing out  the  brains.  Pope.     Dnjden. 
a.  To  conceive  ;  to  understand.    [JV'ot  used.]   Stiak. 

BRALN'-Fii'VER,  7».  An  old  term  for  an  inflamma- 
tion (if  the  brain. 

BRAIX'ISH,  a.  Hot-beaded;  furious;  as  L.  cerebro- 
.*HA.  Shak. 

BRAIN'I.RSS,  o.  Without  understanding;  silly; 
thouehllr'ss ;    witless.  Ticket.     Shak. 

BRAI.N'PAX,  n.  [brain  and  part.]  The  skull  which 
incloses  the  brain.  Dryden, 

BRAl.N'SICK,  a.  [brain  and  xiek.]  Disordered  in 
ttie  undersUinding ;  giddy:  thouglftlcss.      Kntdles. 

BRAI.N'HICK-LY,  adv.  Weakly  ;  with  a  disordered 
iinr|tT«landine.  Shak. 

BRAI.N'SH'K-NESfl,  n.  Disorder  of  the  understand- 
ing ;  triddiness;  Indiscretion. 

BRAIN'THROB,  n.     The  throbbing  of  the  brain. 

BRA^T,  n.     Among  jrweltrs,  n  rf»ui;h  diamond. 

BRAKE,  pp.  of  Hreak.     [Obs.]     [See  Break.] 

BRAKE,  n.  [W.  brwg;  Ir.  Jraoeh  ;  Port,  brejo ;  Sp. 
brezn ;  Dnn.  bregne  ;  G.  hrtche ;  L.  erica  ;  Gr.  ipiKU'*, 
eouKt-i,  to  break.  So  named,  protmbly,  from  its  rough- 
ness or  broken  appearance.] 

1.  A  name  given  todifflTent  species  of  fern,  of  the 
genus  Pteris,  particularly  to  ilie  female  fern,  (P. 
w/uilina  ;)  also  to  diHerenl  species  of  fern  of  otlier 
genera.  The  name  Is  also  used  collectively  in  the 
plural,  (^brakes.) 

2.  A  place  overgrown  with  brake.  Fncyc. 

3.  A  thicket;  a  place  overgrown  with  slinibs  and 
brambles.  Johnnon. 

4.  In  the.  UnitfA  States,  n  thicket  of  canes  ;  as,  a 
cane-brake;  but  I  believe  used  only  in  composition. 

KlicotL 
BRAKE,  n.   [See  Break.]    An  instrument  or  machine 
to  break  flax  or  hemp, 

2.  The  handle  or  lever  by  which  a  pump  is  worked  ; 
that  is,  brae,  brnchiutn,  an  arm. 

3.  A  baker's  kneading-trough. 

4.  A  sharp  bit,  or  snaifle, 

5.  A  machine  for  confining  refractory  horses  while 
the  smith  is  shoeing  them.  Johnson. 

t).  '/'bat  part  of  tlie  carriage  nf  a  movable  hatter^', 
or  engine,  which  enables  it  to  turn.  Fairfax, 

7.  A  large,  heavy  harrow  fur  breaking  clods  after 
ploughing  i  called  also  a  drag. 
BRAKE,  n.  An  instrument  attached  to  wheels,  par- 
ticulartv  to  the  wheels  of  carriages,  and  especially 
railroad  cars,  which,  by  pressing  on  the  wheeU,  re- 
tards or  stops  their  motion. 


BRA 

BRAKE'MAN,  n.  The  man  whose  business  Is  to 
manage  the  brake  on  railways. 

BRaK'Y,  a.  Full  of  brakes;  abounding  with  bram- 
bles or  shrubs  ;  rough  ;  thorny.  B.  Jontfon. 

BRAMM,     in.     [Broum,    Piromis.      Herodotus,    ftu. 

BRUM'A,     >     l,.prijnus  ;  Ir.  pribmh,  first,  chief ,  Goth. 

BRAH'MA,  )    frum,  origin,  beginning.] 

The  chief  deity  of  the  Indian  jiati<ms,  considered 
as  the  creator  of  all  things.  j9s.  Researches, 

BRAM'BLE,  n.  [Sax.  brembel,  brembr,  bremd,  a  bram- 
ble, rubus,  vepres  ;  D.  bruatn,  braambosch,  braanmtruik, 
bramble;  Ger.  brombeer,  blackberry  ;  broiitberrstaude, 
bramble.  This  plant,  probably,  is  named  from  its 
berry  or  its  prickles.     See  Broom.]  ' 

The  raspberry  bush  or  blackberry  bush  ;  a  name 
common  to  dilTerent  species  of  the  genus  Rubus,  in- 
cluding the  raspberry  and  blackberry.  1'bey  are 
armed  with  prickles ;  hence,  in  common  language, 
any  roiigli,  prickly  shrub. 

BRAAl'IlLE-UySH,  n.  [bramble  and  biish.]  The 
bramble,  or  a  collection  of  brambles  growing  together. 

.Ssk. 

BRAM'BLED,  (bram'bid,)  a.  Overgrown  with  bram- 
bles. 

BRAM'BLE-NET,  n.  [bramble  and  net.]  A  hnllier, 
or  a  net  to  catch  birds.  Encyc.     .Ash. 

BRAM'HLING,  >  n,      A  bird,  a  species  of  Fringilla, 

BRAM'BLE,       \      the  mountain  finch.  Encyc, 

BR  A.M'BLY,  adv.     Full  of  brambles. 

BRAH'JlIN,  i   "'     t^^^  Brachman.j 

A  priest  among  the  Hindoos  and  other  nations  of 
India.  There  are  several  orders  of  Bramius,  many 
of  whom  are  very  corrupt  in  their  morals;  others 
live  sequestered  from  the  world,  devoted  to  supersti- 
tion and  indolence.  They  are  the  only  persons  who 
understand  the  Sanscrit,  or  ancient  language  of  the 
country,  in  which  their  sacred  books  are  written ; 
and  to  them  are  European  nations  indebted  for  their 
knowledge  of  the  language.  They  worship  Braina, 
the  supposed  creator  of  the  world,  but  have  many 
subordinate  deities. 

BRAM-IN-EE^*i  "*    The  wife  of  a  Bramin. 

DRA-MIN'IC-AL,  c.  Pertaining  to  the  Bramins,  or 
their  doctrines  and  worship ;  as,  the  braminical  sys- 
tem. JSs,  Researches. 

BRAM'IN-ISM,  71.  The  religion,  or  syaiera  of  doc- 
trines, of  the  Bramins. 

BRAN,  n,  [W.  bran,  composed  of  b  and  rhan,  a  piece, 
from  rAa;iu,  to  rend  or  tear  ;  Arm.  Irenn  ;  Ir.  aiul  Fr. 
bran.  In  Italian,  brano  is  e  piece  or  bit.  Arm. 
rartna;  It.  r(i/iMfl?n,  to  tear.] 

'J'he  proper  coat  of  the  seed  of  wheat,  rj'e,  or  other 
farinaceous  grain,  sepaiated  from  ttie  flour  by  bolting. 

BRANCARD,  n.     [Fr.]     A  horse  litter.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

BRANCH,  n.  [Fr.  branche;  Arm.  brancq.  If  n  is  not 
radical,  this  word  coincides  with  W.  braic,  the  arm, 
a  shoot.    This  is  probably  the  fact.] 

1.  A  shoot  of  a  tree  or  other  plant;  a  limb;  a 
bough  shooting  from  the  stem,  or  from  another 
branch  or  hough.  Johnson  restricts  the  word  to  a 
shoot  from  a  main  bough ;  but  the  definition  is  ivor- 
ranted  neither  by  etymology  nor  usage. 

A  division  of  a  main  stem,  supporting  the  leaves 
and  fructification.  Mariyn. 

An  armofatree  sprouting  from  the  stem.    Encyc. 

2.  Any  arm  or  extended  part  shooting  or  extended 
from  the  main  body  of  a  thing  ;  as,  the  branch  of  a 
cniidlesttck  or  of  an  artery.  Hence,  from  similitude, 
a  smaller  stream  running  into  a  larger  one,  or  jiro- 
ceedhig  from  It.  Also,  the  shoot  of  a  stag's  horn  ; 
an  antler. 

3.  Any  member  or  part  of  a  body,  or  system  ;  a 
distinct  article  ;  a  section  or  subdivision  ;  as,  charity 
is  a  branch  of  Christian  duty. 

4.  Any  individual  of  a  family  descending  in  a 
collateral  line;  any  descendant  from  a  common 
parent  or  st(»ck. 

5.  Branches  of  a  bridle;  two  pieces  of  bent  iron, 
which  bjar  the  hit,  the  cross  chains,  and  Ihe  curb. 

fi.  In  architecturr,  ftrrincAea- of  e^iuM  are  the  arches 
of  Gothic  vaults,  traversing  from  one  angle  to  another 
diaconally,  and  forming  a  cross  between  the  other 
nrrhes,  which  make  tlie  sides  of  the  square,  of  which 
these  arches  are  diagonals.  Harris, 

7.  A  warrant  or  commission  given  to  a  pilot. 

Laios  of  Massachusettf, 

8.  A  chandelier.  .^sh. 
BRANCH,  V.  i.    yo  shoot  or  spread  in  branches;  to 

ramify  ;  as  a  plant,  or  as  horns. 

2.  To  divide  into  separate  parts  or  subdivisions, 
<is  a  mountain,  a  stream,  or  a  moral  subject;  to 
ramify. 

3.  To  speak  difi^usively;  b)  make  many  distinctions 
or  divisions  in  a  discourse. 

4.  To  have  horns  shouting  out.  Milton. 
BRANCH,  V,  t.    To  divide  as  into  branches;  to  make 

subordinate  divisions.  Bacon. 

2.  To  adorn  with  needle-work,  fepresenting 
branches,  flowers,  or  twies.  Spenser. 

BRANCH'£D,  (brUncht,)  pp.  Divided  or  spread  into 
branches;  separated  into  subordinate  parts;  adorned 
with  branches  ;  furnished  with  branches. 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITF*.  —  AN"OER,  VI"CI0U9 €  aa  K ;  0  as  J  j  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  7H  as  in  THIS. 

__ 


BRA 

BRANCH'KD-WORK.  (bninclii'wurk,)  w.  The  can'ed 

and  sculptured  leaves  and  branches  io  monuments 

and  frif/f^ 
BRANCH'ER,  n.    One  that  shoots  forth  branches. 
*2.  A  youn;;  huwk  when  it  begins  lo  leave  the  nest 

and  take  to  the  branches. 
BRA.NCU'EK-Y,  a.    The  ramidcations  of  the  Te«seU 

dispersed  through  the  pulpy  port  of  fruit. 

Knejfc.    Ji^ 
BEAXCH'I-iE,  a.  pi    [L.]    Gills;  a  term  applied  to 

the  organs  of  respiration  in  u-rtain  animals  which 

live  in  water,  as  fi«hes  and  cnistHci'o. 
BRXNOII  1-NE.SS,  H.    Ftilln.ssof  branches.  JvhMmm, 
BRa.\<'II  INt^,;)/ir.    :!:iKK>ung  iu  bnutcbes  j  dividing 

into  sevt-ntl  .>.iilk>r«iin:i[«.-  (i.*(it'<. 
BEANCH'LNC;,  a.    yuraished  with  branches;  abool- 

iniK  out  branches. 
BRAXeH'1-O  POD,*.  \      [Gr. /?/)«}^(a,  fiUs, 

BRA.\€H-1-0P'0-DA,  n.  fL  \  and    waef,    inia»i» 

fOOL] 

Tenns  denoting  an  order  of  cnutteea,  geDerally 
rery  small  or  minute  ;  so  named  (h»n  their  feci,  or 
loconociTa  extnaitin,  having  been  suppowd  to  per- 
form the  ftinctioa  of  cilU.  P.  Cijc 
BRAXCH-I-06^K«0U8,  a.  [Gr.  ffpa^^ta^  gilla, 
and  <rt^<«(,  a  covering.] 

Uavtng  gill<overs,  or  covered  gills,  as  a  hrwtdtiotiU' 
gmu  fish  \  covwinf  Ibe  giUs,  as  the  hr^MtkioaUg^us 
membrane ;  belanpng  to  the  gill-covers,  as  the  ArmA- 
imsUf^mu  raysL  The  krw/kekMUgi  are  an  order  of 
fish  m  the  Ltnnun  B>-steni,  the  rays  of  wbose  fins 
ate  buny,  but  wbose  giil-coven  are  destitute  of  bony 
lav^  £iuyc. 

BRANCni-REME,  a.     [Gr.  Qpayxta,  and  L.  reaiai.] 
An  animal  that  has  legs  terminating  in  a  bundle  of 
aetiform  branches,  connected  with  its  respiration. 

Kirbm, 
BRAXCH'-L£AF,  a.    A  leaf  growing  on  a  branch. 

JWsrtya. 
BRANCH'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  branches  or  sbooCs  ; 
without  any  ^-aluablc  product :  barren ;  naked. 

Skak. 
BRANCH' LET,  a.    A  little  branch;  a  twig;  the  sub- 
division of  a  branch.      Martin.    AsiaL  JUmmxIub. 
BIUNCH'-PE-DUN'CLE,  (dunk'l,)  a.    A  pAdunde 

springing  from  a  branch.  Martfn, 

BRANCH'-PI-LOT,  n.  A  pilot  who  has  a  branch  or 
public  commission. 

Ijxics  of  MoMoekuMtU  «ad  JWw  Yorlu 
BIU^'CH'Y.o.  Full  of  branches  i  having  wide-ftpread- 

hig  branches.  Pitpe. 

BRAND,  a.  [Sax.  frrva^.-  a  hnuidi  G.  hmmd;  Dan. 
krmnAe ;  Sw.  brtuul;  from  krttmmm,  ^rtMmem,  to  bum. 
See  Bua:!.] 

1,  A  burning  piece  of  wood ;  or  a  stick  or  piece  of 
Wood  partly  burnt,  whether  biiming  or  after  the  fire 
is  extincL 

2.  A  sword,  either  fVnm  brandishing,  (Fr.  (roiidir,) 
or  from  its  glittering  brightness}  n#v  »ew<«c«,  mm&ss 
IB  nortj'M.  Hfi/fjn 

X  A  thunder  bolL  OramviUe, 

4.  A  mark  made  by  burning  with  a  bol  iron,  as 
upon  a  criminal,  or  upwn  a  auk  ;  a  stigma  i  any  note 
of  infamy.  Baton,    Dryden. 

5.  A  disease  in  vegetables,  by  which  their  leaves 
and  lende  bark  are  partially  destroyed,  as  if  burnt ; 
called  also  htinL,  P.  Cye. 

BRAND,  t.  u  To  bum  or  impress  a  mark  with  a  hot 
iioa  ;  as,  to  hramd  a  criminal,  by  way  of  punishment ; 
or  to  trtmd  a  cask,  or  any  thing  else,  for  the  purpose 
of  fixing  a  mark  ujion  iu 

2.  To  fix  a  mark  or  character  of  infamy,  in  alio- 
aion  to  the  branding  of  criminal'?  ;  to  stiginatize  as 
infamous  i  as,  to  broad  a  vice  with  inlomy. 


BRAND'ED,  fp.  or  a.    Marked  with  a  boC  iron ;  stig- 
matized. 
BRAND'-GOOSE,  «.     A  species  of  wild  goose,  of  the 

genus  Anas,  u$iiallv  r^fd,  in  .\merica,  hrmU. 
BRAN'DI-£D,  (bran'djd,)  a.     Mingled  with  brandy; 

made  iitronger  by  Uie  addition  of  brandy. 
BSA.N'D'^I.VG,  ppr.    Impressing  a  mark  with   a  hot 

iron  \  Hxiuz  a  stigma  or  mark  of  reproach. 
BRAND'ING-I  RON,  (I-um,)  n.    An  iron  to  brand 
BRAN  D'-I-R  ON,  ('I-ura,)n.    A  branding-iron.   [with. 

2.  A  trivft  to  set  a  pot  on. 

BRAND'ISH,  r.  I.  [Fr.  bramdin  Port-  brandir;  gp. 
hlsMdir^  T  changed  into  /  •  It  brandire ;  probably 
allied  to  Fr.  branln-f  to  shake.] 

I.  To  move  or  wave,  as  a  weapon ;  to  raise  and 
move  in  various  directions  }  to  shake  or  flourish  ;  as, 
lo  bnaiduk  a  sword  or  a  cane-  It  often  indicates 
tireatemiug. 

3.  To  play  with  }  to  flourish ;  as,  to  brandish  s>i- 
k^ma.  Locke. 

BRAND'ISH.f:D,  (brand'isht,)^.    Raised  and  waved 

in  the  air  with  a  flourish. 
BRANDISH-ER,  n.     One  who  brandishes. 
BBAND'I.-?H-I\G,  ppr.    Raising  and  wa\ing  in  the 

air ;  flourishing, 
BRAND  LING,  ■»!.    A  kind  ol  worm.  fTalton. 

BRAN1)'-NE\V,  (-nu,)  a,     [See  Ba^ifo.]     Quite  new ; 

bright  as  a  brand  of  Are.  Taller. 

[This  word,  though  now  vulgar,  was  considered 


BRA 

bv  SiN'linan  as  peculiarly  elegant  and  appropriate. 
Hich.  Dift.] 

BRAN'DY,  n,  \X).  branden;  Ger.  brmnen^  to  distil; 
bmadetit  to  boil ;  brmiter,  a  distiller;  G,  bravntteein  i 
Fr.  brmmdevat,  brandy.     See  Burn.] 

An  ardent  spirit  distilled  from  wine.  Tliis  is  the 
appropriate  sense,  though  the  same  name  is  now 
given  to  spirit  distilled  from  oUirr  lifpiors,  and  in  the 
United  States  particularly  to  that  which  is  distilled 
fmrn  cider  and  (wachrs.  In  the  north  of  Eurv>|M>,  the 
term  is  also  applied  to  a  spirit  obtained  from  jrraiii. 

BRAN'DY-WINE,  n.     Hrandy.  tUsewaa. 

BRAN"GLB,  a.    [Kuss.  Aron,  war,  strife,  noise,  broil ; 

braitfu^lo  hinder,  to  scold  ;   L.freiideo.    (Iu.  rrranfrlr. 

Bra^gie^  in  Scottish,  signifies  to  shake,  or  tu  threaten  : 

Ft.  ArtMlar.] 

A  wrangle ;  a  aquabble ;  a  noisy  contest  or  dispute. 

SuiifL 
BRAX"GLE,  r.  x.    To  wrangle  j   to  dispute  conten- 

tiou»lv  ;  to  squabble.  SieiJU 

BRAN''GLE-MENT,  ti.     Wrangle  ;  brangle. 
BRAN"GLER,  a.     A  quarreUome  person. 
BRAN"GL1NG,  a.     A  quarrel.  Wkidock. 

BRANK,  n.      [So  named,  probably,  from   its  Joints, 

brfoks.     *' Gallie  quoqiic  suum  ptnus  farris  dcdere  ; 

quod  illic  br^nte  vocant,  npud  nos  sandulum,  nttidis- 

simi  p-oiii.'*     Plin.  18.  7.] 

1.  Buckwheat,  a  species  of  Polygonum ;  a  grain 
cultivated  mostly  for  beasts  and  poultry  ;  but  in  the 
United  States,  the  flour  is  umch  used  for  making 
breakfast  cakes. 

Si.  In  some  parts  of  England  and  Sci»ttand,  a  scold- 
iMf^ridUj  an  instrument  fur  correcting  scolding 
wuuu'H.  It  consists  of  a  head-piece,  which  inclones 
the  head  of  the  ofltnder.  and  of  a  sharp  Iron,  wliich 
enters  the  inuuUi  and  restrains  the  tuneiie. 

Piott.    Encyc 

BRANKaTR-SINE,  a.    [brcidi  and  ursiu>,  a  bear.  ] 

Baar*s-brttxh,  or  Acanthus,  a  genus  of  plants,  of 
several  species.  The  leaves  of  ihe  common  sort  are 
said  to  have  furnished  the  model  uf  the  Corinthian 
capital. 

BRAN'UN,  «.  A  species  of  fish  of  the  salmon  kind, 
in  some  places  caJled  the  jCn^ry,  from  five  or  six 
black  lines  or  marks  on  each  side  resembling  Angers. 
It  is  found  in  rapid  stroams.         Dicu  ofJVaL  Hut. 

BRAN'-NEW.     See  Brand-new. 

BRAN'NT,  a.  [from  bran.}  llaving  the  appearance 
of  bran  ;  consisting  of  bran.  Wiseman. 

BRA.N'SLE,  n.     A  brawl,  or  dance.     [Alpt  ustd,} 

Spenser. 

BRANT,  a.  [Uu.  brand,  burnt  or  brown.]  A  species 
of  wild  goose,  of  the  genus  Anas  j  called  also  brent 
and  bramd~f0ose,  which  see. 

BRANT,  a.    Steep.  Todd. 

BRANT'-FOX,  n.  A  kind  of  fox,  the  vutpes  alopcz, 
smaller  than  the  common  fox,  and  distinguished  by 
tlip  t>lackness  tif  ils^eeU  Booth. 

BRA'^EN,  (bra'zn,)  a.  Made  of  brass.  [See  Brasi 
and  Brazen.] 

BRASM,  o.    Hasty  in  temper;  im[H;tuous.        Orose, 

2.  Brittle.     [LocaL] 
BRA'S[£R,(bra'zhur,)n.    An  artificer  who  works  in 

braas.  Franklin. 

2.  A  pan  for  holding  coals.    [See  Brxsi.] 

BRASIL'.     SeeBnAZiu 

BilASS,  a.  [fyix.  bras;  W.  pris ;  Com.  krest;  Ir. 
pros.  In  Welsh,  prSs  signifies  brass,  and  what  is 
quick,  ready,  sharp,  smart,  also  haste,  fuel,  and 
prcsH,  lo  render  imminent,  to  hasten,  to  render 
prfsenL  The  latter  sense  indicates  tliat  it  is  from 
the  Latin.  But  I  see  no  connection  between  ttiese 
senses  snd  bruss.  This  word  may  be  named  from 
its  bright  color,  and  be  allied  to  Port,  braza,  Sp. 
brtLfosy  live  coals,  abrazar,  abrasar,  to  burn  or  in- 
flame ;  but  the  real  origin  and  primary  sense  are  not 
evident.] 

1.  An  alloy  of  copper  and  zinc,  of  a  yellow  color, 
usually  containing  about  one  third  of  its  weight  of 
rinc ;  but  the  proportions  are  variable.  TJie  best 
brass  is  made  by  cementation  of  calamine,  or  the 
oiyd  of  zinc  with  granulated  copper.        Thomson. 

2.  Impudence;  a  brazen  face. 
BRASS'-BAND,    »,    A  company  of  musicians  who 

perform  on  instruments  of  brass,  as  the  trumpet, 
bugle,  Scz. 

BRASS'-FOIL,  n.  Dutch  leaf,  or  Dutch  pold  ;  formed 
by  beating  out  plates  of  brass  to  preat  thinness. 

BRASS' AOE,  n.  A  sum  formerly  levied  to  defray  the 
expense  of  coinage.  Brande. 

BRASS'ART,  n.  In  plate  armor,  the  piece  which  pro- 
tected the  upper  part  of  the  arm,  frum  the  elbow  to 
the  shoulder.  Brande. 

BRASSE.'n.  The  pale,  spotted  perch,  with  two  long 
teeth  on  each  side  ;  the  Lucioperca.  .^sk. 

BRAS'SET,  n.     A  casque  or  head-piece  of  armor. 

BRA.S'SI-€A,  n.     [L.1     Cabbage.  Pope. 

BRASS'1-NESS,  n-  A  quality  of  brass;  the  appear- 
ance of  brass. 

BRASS'-PaV-£D,  a,     Uard  as  brass.  Spenser. 

BRASS-V1S'AG-£D,  a.     Impudent.  Chalmrrs. 

BRASS'Y,a.     Pertaining  to  brass  ;  partaking  of  brass; 
hard  as  brass  ;  having  the  color  of  brass. 
52.  Impudent ;  impudently  bold. 


BRA 

BR  AST,  a.     Burst.     [Act  iw  iwe.]  Spenser. 

BRAT,  n.     [G.  frrutl 

1.  A  chfld,  so  called  in  contcmpL 

2.  Oflspring ;  propeny. 

BRAUL,  n.  Indian  cloth  with  blue  and  white  stripes, 
called  tvrbant.  Encyc. 

BRA-VA'DU,  n.  [Sp.  firarata  -  Fr.  bravade.  See 
Brave.] 

A  boa.>«t  or  brag  ;  an  arrogant  menace,  intended  *xi 
intimidate. 

BRAVE,  a.  [Fr.  brave  i  Arm.  brao ;  Sp.  Port.  It. 
bravo ;  D.  braqf:  Sw.  brt^f;  Dim.  brav ;  Ger.  brav, 
whence  brnvirrn,  to  lo(>k  big,  to  bully  or  hector.  In 
Sp.  and  Port,  ftrufo  sinnilles  Karr,  valiant,  strenuous, 
bullying,  fierce,  wild,  savage,  rude,  unpolished,  ex- 
cellent, line  ;  bravear,  to  bully,  to  menace  in  an 
arrogant  manner  ;  ftraraisaswetlofthesea  ;  braveza, 
valor,  and  fury  of  the  elements,  'ihe  word  brave 
expresses  also  a  showy  dress  ;  Arm.  bragal,  to  be 
well  dressed,  line,  spruce,  of  which  brao  seeni;*  to  be 
a  contraction.  'Ihe  word  bears  the  sense  uf  open, 
bold,  expanding,  and  nishing,  vaunting.  It  is  doubt- 
less contracted,  and  probably  from  the  root  of  frrc^.] 

1.  Courageous  J  bold;  during;  intrepid;  fearless 
of  danger;  as,  a  brave  warrior.  It  usually  unites 
the  sense  of  courage  with  generosity  and  dignity  of 
mind,  qualities  often  united.  Bacon. 

The  bmve  man  will  no:  deliberately  do  an  iujury  \o  his  fellow* 
mill.  Anon, 

2.  Gallant ;  lofty ;  graceful ;  having  a  noble  mien. 

Shak. 

3.  Magnificent ;   grand ;   as,  a  brave  place. 

Dcnham. 

4.  Eicellent  ;  noble ;  dignified.  [But  in  vwdem 
usage^  it  has  nearly  lost  its  application  to  things.] 

5.  Gaudy  ;  showy  in  dress.  [Ar.  O  vJ  haraka,  to 
adorn.]     [  06s.]  Spenser. 

BRAVE,  n.  A  nector;  a  man  daring  beyond  dis- 
cretion or  decency. 

Hot  brxivti  like  thee  mtijr  fight.  Dryden. 

%  A  boast ;  a  challenge  ;  a  defiance.  Shak. 

3.  In  .America,  an  Indian  warrior  is  called  a  brave, 
a  term  first  applied  by  the  French. 
BRAVE,  V.  t.     To  defy;  to  challenge;  to  encounter 
with  courage  and  fortitude,  or  without  being  moved  ; 
to  set  at  defiance. 

The  Ills  of  |.)ve  I  cnn  bratie. 

I'bo  ruck  tliut  Ira  lie «  ihc  l^nipesl,  Drydsn, 

2.  To  carry  a  bojisting  appearance  of;  as,  to  bro-ve 
that  which  they  believe  not.  Bacon. 

BRAV'iCI),  pp.     Defied  ;  set  at  defiance;  met  without 

dismay,  or  being  moved. 
BRA  VE'LY,  im/«.    Courageously;  gallantly;  splendid- 
ly ;  in  a  brave  manner  ;  heroically. 
In  Spmsrr,  finely  ;  gaudily. 

2.  In  colloquial  usage,  in  good  health  ;  or  much  re- 
covered from  illness.  A''urfolk.     Suffolk. 

[In  this  sense  Uu  term  is  still  occasionally  used  in 
jfmerica.] 

BRAVER,  a.,-  com;*,  of  Brave. 

BRAV'ER-V,B.  Courage;  heroism;  undaunted  spirit ; 
intrepidity  ;  gallantry;  fearlessness  of  danger ;  often 
united   with   generosity  or  dignity   of  mind   which 
despises  meanness  and  cruelty,  and  disdains  to  take   I 
advantage  of  a  vanquished  enemy. 

The  duelbt,  in  proring  hii  bravery,  ihowa  UuU  be  thlnln  it  aus- 
pQCied.  Anon. 

S.  Splendor;  magnificence;  showy  appearance. 

The  bmvery  of  their  Unkliiij  onniin'.iiU.  —  Ii,  iii,        Sjienter, 

3.  Show  ;  ostentation  ;  fine  dress.  Bacon. 

4.  Bravado ;  boast.  Bacon      Sidney. 

5.  A  showy  person.  Spenser, 
[fn  the.  last  four  senses,  this  word  w  nearly  antiquated.] 

BRA V'EST,  a.  ,■  superl.  of  Bba ve. 

BRAVING,  ppr.     Setting  at  defiance  ;  challenging. 

BRA'VO,  n.  [It.  and  Sp.]  A  daring  villain  ;  a  bandit ; 
one  who  sets  law  at  defiance ;  an  assassin  or  mur- 
derer. Gov.  of  Vie  Tongue, 

BRA'VO.  intCTj.     Well  done. 

BRX-Vu'RA,  n.  [Sp.,  a  boasting.]  An  air  charac- 
terized by  minute  division-?,  giving  several  notes  lo  a 
syllable,  and  requiring  great  force  and  spirit  in  the 
performer.  P.  Cyc. 

BRAWL,  v.i.  [G.  briillcn;  D.  brullen;  Dan.  vraale 
and  br&lei  Sw.  rro/a,  to  roar  or  bellow  ;  Fr.  braillrr  ; 
Arm.  brailhat,  to  brawl  or  be  noisy;  L.  prtBlior;  W. 
broliaw,  to  boast,  to  brag ;  brawl,  a  shooting  out,  a 
boastJ 

1.  To  quarrel  noisily  and  indecently.  Watts. 

S.  To  speak  loud  and  indecently.  Shak. 

3.  To  roar  as  water ;  to  make  a  noise.  Shak. 

BRAWL,  ».  t.     To  drive  or  beat  away.  Shak. 

BRAWL,  n.     [Norm,  braul] 

i.  Noise;  quarrel;  scurrility;  uproar.      Hooker. 
Q.  Formerly,  a  kind  of  dance,  said  to  resenibh;  the 
mtJdern  cotillon.  .^hak.     B.  Jonson.     Gray. 

BRAWL'ER,  71.     A  noisy  fellow;  a  wrangler.  AijUffe. 

BRAVVL'ING,  n.     The  act  of  quarreling. 

BKAWL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Ciuarreliing;  quarrelsome. 

BRA\VL'ING-LV,  adv.     In  a  quarrelsome  manner. 


FATE,  FAR,  F.^LL,  WHAT.  — M£TE,  PRBV.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

144  '  ~"  ^ 


BRE 


BRAU^,  "'     l^-  ayruguu.^,  caro  aprugna.] 
1-  Tlie  flesh  of  a  l>i.ar,  or  llie  aniiiiul. 

2.  J'he  ieshy,  protuberant,  muscular  part  of  the 

3.  Bulk  ;  muscular  strength.  Drvden. 

4.  I  He  ami,  from  its  muscles  or  strength.    Skak. 
3.  The  Hesh  of  the  boar  or  of  swine,  collared  so  as 

nD".?JV.';^^''„'""  '°"'=''  "•'"■e  fat,  boiled  and  iiickled. 

p  V,vi,^,D- "^    Brawny  ;  strong.  Spcstr. 

Hn  vJJ.J, J-"'  »•    A  boar  killed  fur  the  table.    Kl„  „. 

UltAW  .VI-NESS,  „.    The  quality  of  being  bra«°ny  ■ 

strength  ;  hardmess.  Lockt 

BRAWN'Y,  a.  .Musculous  ;  fleshy  :  bulky  ;  havin» 
large,  strong  muscles;  strong.  Dnjdcn.  ° 

BKAl,  V.  I.  [Sax.  iracan;  f'r  hrnrr,  to  pound  or 
bruise;  hrawt,  to  roar,  or  bray  as  an  ass;  Arm 
brtgM,  to  roar;  Norm.  In-air,  to  crj- ;  to  iras ;  Gr. 
H,.a\i^i\\.  bnwaw,  to  break  in  pieces,  to  rub  or 
grind ;  Impart,  a  quern ;  Ir.  Wa,  a  haiidmiU.  See 
Urao  and  Brcae.] 

I.  To  pound,  beat,  or  grind  small :  as,  to  hrav  a 
fool  in  a  mortar.    Prov.  xwii. 
2-  r.  i.  To  irjike  a  harsh  sound,  as  of  an  ass. 
-    ™         .         ,       ^     ,  Dryden, 

J.  J  o  mak'  a  liarsh,  disagreeable,  grating  sound. 

noT-v  ffM     ,       ,.  Milton. 

iiKA  Y,  n.     n  t  harsh  sound  or  roar  of  an  ass ;  a  harsh 
grating  sou  i.  '  ' 

rJ^  *?'''■  ,'S  fround  i  a  declivity  or  slope  of  a  hilh 
r.«co«ish,  Wl  jr^^j-^^ 

UKAY,  n.    [\V.  frrp,  a  monnt  or  peak.] 

A  bai/k  or  mound  of  earth.     [Oisi]  JlerbrrU 

BRaV'EK,  n.     One  that  brays  like  an  aw.         Pope 

2.  An  instrument  to  temper  ink  in  printing-offices. 

nS  ,  i,;5?'  '^-  P""'"'!"?  Of  grinding  small ;  roaring. 
BKAY  'I.\G,  n.    1  he  noise  of  an  ass. 

a.  Roar;  noise;  clamor.  Smith. 

BRAVLE,  ».    See  Dbaiu 
Btt.»ZE,  r.  t.     [Fr.  iraser.] 

1.  To  soder'with  an  alloy  of  brass  and  zinc. 

^S.  To  harden  to  impudence;  to  harden" a^^ with 

BM'ziw,  (bri'zn,)  a.    Made  of  brass;  as,  J'lfl^en 
Uelmet.  Dridcn. 

z.  rertamuig  to  brass  ;  proceeding  from  brass  ;  as, 
a  brazen  dm.  Utt^ 

3.  Impudent ;  having  a  front  like  brass. 
Brazen  age,  or  age  of  brass  ;  in  mythology,  the  ace 

which  succeeded  the  sUva-  age,  when  men  had  de- 
generated from  primitive  purity. 

BrazendM,  among  miners,  is  the  standard  by  which 
r^n'w  l'  '""  8^"B<"'.'»"J  is  kept  ill  the  king's  hall. 

Brazen  »M ;  in  Jewish  antiquity,  a  huge  vessel  of 
brass,  cast  on  the  plain  of  Jordan,  and  placed  in  Sol- 
omon s  temple,  li  was  10  cubits  from  brim  to  brim, 
pinhiglit,  JO  in  circumference,  and  contained  3000 
baths.  It  was  designed  for  the  priesU  to  wash  them- 
«<lves  in,  before  they  performed  the  service  of  the 
temple.  r. 

BE.\'Z£.V,  (brS'zn,)  v.  i.    To  be  impudent ;  to'b'uMy. 

BR,VZEjr-BROW-£D,  ..  Being  of  .ham1rJ?s'*i".l,- 
nence.  n         ^ 

BBA'Z£.V-riCE,  n.     ^brazen   and  faee.]    MUuin,- 

n»  i?^K'"J'iV"'^'"/"?-"'''''''''^  '"'  '"■"'"ten-.    SkJ. 

^^*^^^^-f^^,f:''^t>,<ibn'zu-{i^lc,)a.  Impudent;  bold 

to  excess  ;  shameless.  Droie^ 

Zx'yfVriW^"-    ';  °  ''°''''  '""""''•"'  "<^" 
BRA'Z£\-NKH.S,  n.     App,nrance  like  brass.     In  Uils 

sense,  bra.^.nness  is  the  more  correct  word. 
™™''"P"''<'"'^*  •  '"■ess  of  assurance. 
BRA'ZIER.     See  Braihr. 

■iv  ;  V  H  '9°'J  ,  S'""'"*  flfe-  This  name  was 
given  to  the  wood  for  in  color;  and  it  is  said  that 
King  tmanuel,  of  Portugal,  gave  this  name  tu  the 
country  in  America»n  account  of  its  producing  this 
wood.  It  was  rir..t  named  Santa  Cruz,  by  its  dlscov- 
<Ter,  Pedro  Alv.ires  (.nbral.  Undley's  Mrratire  of  a 
Voyage  U,  Brazd.     Med.  Rep.  Ilex.  2,  vol.  3,  2110.) 

Brazil,  or  brazil-mod,  is  a  very  heavy  wo<id,  of  a 
red  color,  growing  in  Brazil  and  other  tropical  ioun- 
incs.  It  is  used  in  manufactures  for  dyeing  red  It 
IS  the  prwluce  of  the  Ca^alpinia  echinata 

BBAZ-I-I-ET'TO,  n.  A  kind  of  red  dyeing-wood,  in- 
ferior to  the  brazil-wood,  brought  from  Jamaica,  the 
produce  of  two  species  of  t lesalpinia,  (C.  bra^Uun^. 
and  C.  crista.)    See  Bkaiii^Wood.  Bancroft. 

BRA-ZIL'I  A.\,  {bra-zU'yan,)  a.  Pertaining  to  BrazU  • 
as,  Brazilian  strand.  '^  !)«,;„« 

"*«;^il"l'-""'"'''  "■    ■T'''  '""i"  ;  ""'  »"•  of  a  l^ge 

„S'^-,nAy'''"^'\S^""'  •  ""'  BrrtholletM  eceelsa.  ^ 

and  "■  ""  "''  """'"8  ^y  °"  ""oy  of  •>««» 

BBilACH,  B,    [Fr.  bruha  D.  breukt  Cer.  trmcht  8w. 

^'Y^J,^"-  '^"J"  ^P-  '""^  ''<"••  'n-'d^.  See  Bseae.I 
1.  The  act  of  breaking,  or  state  of  being  brokim  ;  a 
TOpJurc  ;  a  break  ;  a  gap  ;  the  siiace  between  the  seV- 
ml  iwrts  of  a  solid  biidy  parted  by  violence ;  as  a 
breacA  in  a  garment  or  in  a  wall.  ' 


BRE 


f,.rriii„      ,"'"'■'"""  of  a  law  ;  the  V itioil  or  non- 

n^lhllnu  nt  of  a  contract ;  the  non.[»-rformance  of  a 
mora  duty;  non-iierformancc  of  duly  being  a  breach 
ol  obligation  as  well  as  a  iHjsitive  transgression  or  vi 


BRE 


BaitiUbjn. 

3.  An  opening  in  a  coast.  [JVot  usual.-]     Sncnser. 

4.  .Separation  between  friends  by  means  of  enmity  ; 
difference  ;  quarrel.  Clarend„n. 
kin.i    JJ"     ""  '  '"J'"^  ■  '"'asion  ;  as,  a  breach  upon 
kingly  power.  Clarendoiu 

atnict^"'^'"'"""'"" '  '"^^  "^  '^  '"""^  ""^  "^  consequent 
7.  A  Violation  of  the  public  peace,  as  bv  a  riot  af- 

Iray,  or  any  tilliiull  which  is  contrarv  to  law  'and 

destructive  to  the  public  tranquillity,  is  tailed  a  breach 

Hf  the  peace. 
BREACH  v.t    To  make  a  breach  or  opening,  as  in 
Blip  u". '  Fri"  f""'"™,"""-  L'fe  of  WeUingUin. 

IiRl-,.\Cll'I(;L,  a.     Full  of  breaches. 

I  P'i  ™f''  "•  f*""^-  *'•'■'"'•■  G"-»r<.r,  ired."  D. 
brood:  bw.  briid:  Dan.  brUdi  Uu.  Gr.  (Y^L-oc,  any 
thing  esculent.  If  the  word  signifies  food  in  gjneral, 
or  that  which  IS  eaten,  iir..bal,ly  it  is  the  Heb.  and 
Ch.  niia,  from  n-iD,  barah,  to  eat  or  feed.  But 
in  German,  it  signifles  loaf  as  well  as  bread.  "Ze- 
hen  brot,"  ten  loaves.  It  may  therefore  signify, 
primarily,  a  lump  or  poition.] 

1.  A  mass  of  dough     ma.le  by  moistening  and 
kneading,  and  usually  f'ermenting,  the  flour  or  meal 

n   i?"  ?P«"='«*  of  grain,  and  baked  in  an  oven  or 

2.  Food  in  general.  [p^ 

In  lb»  nrrnt  or  ihy  hco  ri>,lt  ihou  M  bread.  — Gen.  nl 
G.«  u.  U,»  d»y  our  d.ul,  breeU.  L^;  Prriyer. 

3.  Support  of  life  in  general ;  malnteuance. 

It  Uie  n^ranl  of  »inue  braad  J  Pope. 

Bee-bread.    See  Bee. 

Skip-bread ;  bread  for  ships  ;  hard  biscuits. 
Ca.^3ada  bread.     See  Ca'ssada. 
BREAD,  r.  (.     [.Sax.  brrdan.     See  Broad.1 

To  spread.     [Xntiuied.}  i^,,, 

BUEAD'CHlP-PhR.  „.  [Lad  and  chip.]  OnTlbo 
chips  bread  ;  a  baker's  servant ;  an  under  butler. 

"  hf '^H°'-*'°!!''''  ".-.1 1'"'"'  »"'•  "^-^  Com  oft^ich 
bread  IS  made.  1  his,  in  most  countries,  is  wheat  or 
r>e  ;  but.  111  some  countries,  bread  is  made  of  other 

T,S'^T,\?ti^'  1'"'?'^  '"  ™""'  ''■>"■'  of  America. 

SSr^Alv^.M;.S';.'',V'*  "''  «•     ''*1'"''^  of  bread.      Roirers. 

^^^^/^^I-J^WIT-THKV:,  „.  [bread,  fruit,  and  tree.] 
1  he  Arlorarpus  incisa,  a  tree  which  grows  in  the 
isles  of  the  Pacilic  Ocean,  of  tile  size  of  an  nnnle- 
tree,  producing  a  fruit  of  a  round  or  oval  shape  and 
as  large  as  a  small  loaf  of  bread,  which  is  e.ntJn  as 

iiif^wv^K".',?-  ^^'''''O"'  bfiii  ;  destitute  ofS: 

BHt.Al)  -uoOiM,  n.  An  apartment  in  a  ship's  hold 
where  the  bread  is  kept.  ' 

BREAD'-STUFF,  u.  Bread  corn,  meal,  or  flour.  W. 
States.]  l- 

BItEADtll  fbredth  )  n.  [Sax.  brnd  and  bred.  See 
IloARo  and  Broad.J 

The  measure  or  extent  of  any  plain  surf  icn  ft-om 
side  to  side  ;  a  geometrical  dimension,  which,  multi- 
plied into  the  length,  coiistiliiles  a  surface  ;  as   the 
length  of  a  table  is  five  feet,  and  the  breadth  three 
.">  X  3=  15  feet,  the  whole  surface. 

nL'E^P'''"''-'^*"''  "•     "■■"""!-'  1"  hrendth.        Jlf„rf. 

BREAK,  r.  t ;  pret.  Broee,  [Hrake,  ohs. ,]  pp.  Bro.e 
or  Brorei..  (Sax.  bra-cnn,  breean,  to  bre.ik,  and  bra- 
can,  to  bray,  as  in  a  mortar  ;  Sw.  brdlia  ;  Dan.  brvkke ; 
U.  braaken,  breeken  ;  Ger.  breehen  ;  W.  brr.gu,  to  break  • 
W,  a  rent  or  rupture  ;  brei;,  a  breaking  out  ;  nfre^ 
kle:  Goth,  bnkan  :  Ir.  bracaim,  to  break,  to  harrow - 
Sp.  and  Port,  brecha,  a  breach  ;  I.,  frango,  freH,  n 
casual ;  Arm. /nVa ;  Vr.fracas;  lleli.  fli.  Nyr.  Sam 
and  Ar.  piB,  farak,  to  break,  to  fn>p,  or  deliver,  to 
scpBrate  ;  Or.  e^pacn,.,,  ,j,,ja,  p.,.  These  words  seem 
also  to  be  allied  to  lia  and  Ti».  If  the  first  conso- 
^Sl  It  °  P'^"!'  "'"'•''  ■'  Pfohable,  then  connected 
» ith  these  words  are  the  Gr.  j„,yv\ii^  and  tptot^.;  W 
^m/gav.  Arm.  ro^a,  rega,  U,  rend.  Wreck  is  pmba- 
bly  of  the  same  family.  'Ihc  primary  scnsi!  is  to 
strain,  stretch,  ror*  drive  ;  hence,  to  strain  and  burst 
r,'  ^"^^r  '  "houhf  be  noted  that  the  Greek  ^,n  ,,  in 
the  ^olic  dialect,  is /3o„i.,|.]  '   ' 

1.  To  part  or  divide  by  force  and  violence,  as  a 
•olid  substance  ;  to  rend  apart ;  as,  to  4rca*  a  band  : 
to  break  a  thread  or  a  cable. 

2.  To  burst  or  open  by  force. 
The  founlAina  of  die  earUi  wens  broke  op-n.  Burnet. 

3.  To  divide  by  piercing  or  penetrating  ;  to  burst 
forth  ;  OS,  the  light  breaks  through  the  clouds. 

An,         .     .         ,  Dryden, 

»v.ail    ""'"''^  breaches  or  gaps  by  battering,  as  in  a 

5.  To  destroy,  cnish,  weaken,  or  Impair,  as  'the 
h'""^  body  or  constitution.  J*ri(/on. 

8.  To  sink  ;  to  nppiill  or  subdue:  as,  to  break  the 
spirits  or  the  passions.  Phdips. 


^jO^E^_BVIX;_I^^  Vr-CIOUS.-e  a.  K,  O  as'jT^  Z;  CI  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


„/:.  ^"f  ''"'*''  •  '"  «''!>««"•;  to  di.ssipate  the  strength 
of  as  of  an  army.  Dry.le," 

a    ;,,°""'''''"^"o"raP-'"r.  as  the  faculties.     Sliak. 
hie     i"  J;"!'!!"  '  \"  'L"'"  •"  """"lielice ;  to  make  tracta- 
ble ;  as,  to  break  a  horse.  Addison 

10.  To  make  bankrupt.  ginM. 

ofncer.      '''"''"■'''  d'sui'ss,  or  cashier;  as,  to  *reai-  an 

„3  ^°  '^""^'''  '"  P""'  °'  divide,  as  the  skTn  ■  to 
open,  as  an  apostcme.  ' 

■  ^'-7°  ''"''"''  ""  a  contract  or  promise,  tither  bv 
orToi-fSirdl'm?;""'''  •"  ""=  '•'""''"^'  "'  '■^■-«'«' 

ohli■iH'°n"""',',"^^"''''''"?^  "^  "  '™''  or  any  moral 

nf  S.,  P'  '  ""^  ^7  *  P°""™  =""■  °'  i-y  »"  omission 
of  what  is  required.  j,,.  ,,„. 

15.  To  stop ;  to  interrupt ;  to  cause  to  cease  ;  as,  to 
breali  conversation  ;  to  4reat  sleep.  sAoi. 

lb.  To  ipterccpt ;  to  check  ;  to  lessen  the  force  of; 
as,  to  break  a  fall,  or  a  blow.  Bacon. 

frif„d^;jp!"'"''"' "°  P""  '  =^'  •"  »'""  ™"P">y  or 

as,1or°J'^'a™con7ectior  ■•'■>'""■"-  -""*'^>.- 
form  L"  T'T  'J*  """"'don  ;  to  reform,  or  cause  to  re- 
form  ,  as,  to  break  one  of  HI  habits  or  practices,  (h-cv,. 

new-To  .Tl"'  "'h?  '""T""  '  '">  VrovanviA  something 

new  i  to  make  a  hrst  liisclosure  of  opinions ;  as,  ti 

break  one's  iniud.  '  hL 

21.  To  frustrate ;  to  prevent.  " 

If  pkgiiei  or  earthquakes  break  nol  Heavcn'i  de.igo.      Pope. 

k  ^j  To  take  away  ;  as,  to  break  the  whole  staff  of 
bread.    Ps.  cv. 

oiuhe^whecf'^'' '  '°  ^^''^ '  '"  ""^^  •  "''  '°  *"■"■*  O"" 
To  break  the  hack  :  to  strain  or  dislocate  the  verte- 
bra; with  too  heavy  a  burden  ;  also,  to  disable  one's 
lortune.  Skak 

To  breai  bulk ;  to  begin  to  unload.        Mar.  Diet, 
lo  break  eorer ;  to  come  forth  from  a  lurking-place, 
as  game  when  hunted.  ' 

To  break  a  deer ;  to  cut  it  up  at  table.        John.'^on 
7o  break  fast ;  to  eat  the  first  meal  in  the  day,  but 
used  as  a  compound  word. 

To  break  ground ;  to  plow.  Carew 

To  break  groundi  to  dig;  to  open  trenches;  and 
tti:nce,Jiguratively,  to  commence  an  undertaking. 

To  break  the  heart!  to  nfllict  grievously;  to  cause 
great  sorrow  or  grief;  to  depress  with  sorrow  or  de- 
''T'.       ,      .  Dryden. 

To  break  a  jest;  to  utter  a  Jest  unexpected.  Jo/inson. 

To  break  the  neck ;  to  dislocate  the  joints  of  the 
""^1      ,     ,  Shak. 

Fa  break  off:  to  put  a  sudden  stop  to ;  to  interrupt : 
to  discontinue.  ^  ' 

Break  oj  thy  ifna  by  riglilcoijMcn,  — Dun.  ir. 

2.  'To  sever  ;  to  divide  ;  as,  to  break  off  a  twig. 
la  break  in:  to  train  or  accustom. 
To  break  sheer.   In  marine  language,  when  a  shin  at 

anchor  is  in  a  position  to  keep  char  of  the  anchor 
but  IS  forced  by  wind  or  current  out  of  that  |H*ition; 
sill- break,  her  slierr  Mar.  Diet.    ' 

To  brr.ik  up :  to  dissolve  or  put  an  end  to  ;  as,  to 
break  up  house-keeping. 

-•To  open,  or  lay  open  ;  as,  to  briak  up  a  bed  of 

3.  To  plow  ground  the  first  time,  or  after  lying 
long  uiiplowed.     [A  common  «.«  in  the  U.  States  ] 

4.  1  o  seiBirate  ,  as,  to  break  up  a  company. 

5.  I  o  disband  ;  as,  to  break  up  an  army. 
To  break  upon  tlie  uiheel:  to  stretch  and  break  the 

bones  by  torture  ii(K)n  the  wheel. 

To  break  mnd;  to  give  vent  to  wind  from  the  body 

backward.  -^ 

BREAK,  (brikc,)  u.  i.    To  part ;  to  separate  ;  to  divide 

m  two  ;  as,  the  ice  breal:s  ,  a  band  breaks. 

2.  To  burst ;  as,  a  storm  or  deluge  brcak.i.  Dryden 

J.  To  burst  by  dashing  against  something ;  as,  a 

wave  breaks  upon  a  rock.  Pope. 

4.  To  open,  as  a  tumor,  or  aposteine.       Tfarreu. 

5.  I'o  open,  as  the  morning ;  to  show  the  first  liiht  ■ 
•"dawn.  Mdi..,,n.   ' 

0.  To  burst  forth  ;  to  utier  or  exclaim.  Shak. 

7.  To  fail  in  trade  or  other  occupation  ;  to  become 
bankrupt.  j, 

8.  To  decline  in  health  and  strength  ;  to  be-in  to 
lose  the  natural  vigor.  SicifL 

9.  To  issue  out  with  vehemence.  Pme 

10.  To  make  way  with  violence  or  suddenness  'to 
rush  ;  often  with  a  panicle  ;  as,  to  break  in  lo  Jrco* 
i«  upon,  as  calamities  ;  to  break  over,  as  a  flood  •  lo 
break  out,  as   a   fire ;   to  break  forth,  as  light   or  a 

11.  lo  come  loan  explanation.  [sound. 

1  ttin  10  break  with  ihce  upon  wme  affain.  Ulialt. 

[I  believe  antiffualed.] 
la.  To  sufler  an  inlcmiptlon  of  friendship ;  to  fall  out. 

Be  not  «fnUd  to  4,  mi  win,  uai,„^  ^  Jaimm. 

*      1,1,  To  faint,  flag,  or  panL 

*''  nm,I^^P^  '"'  ""  """«■"«  """  "  '»'''  ""'o  "ir  JuJg- 
To  break  airay ;  to  disengage  itself  from ;  to  rush 


"15 


I4r> 


BRE 

Orom ;  also,  to  dtsst^lre  ilself  or  dissipate,  an  fo;;  or 

To  frredk  /vrOt ;  lo  ianie  out.  [cloiidt*. 

TV  frrvol;  from ;  to  disengage  from ;  to  depart  ab- 
rapUy,  or  with  vehemence.  Hoscxtmmon. 

TV  brstk  im ;  to  enter  by  force  j  to  enter  iinexptTt- 
edtv ;  to  intrude.  Jiddison, 

To  break  Imm  ;  to  get  ftee  by  force  ;  to  escape  trota 
confineoMnt  by  violeuce  j  to  shaXe  off  restmfnL 

Milton.     TV/ot-wn. 

To  hrtak  ^;  to  port ;  to  divide ;  also,  to  desist  sud- 
denly* Bmoa. 

n  hrtak  ^frcm;  to  part  from  wiUi  vlcdence. 

Skak. 

To  brtakont;  to  issue  forth ;  to  discorer  itself  by 
ks  efkcts  i  to  arise  or  spring  up ;  as,  s  fins  hrtaks  out ; 
s  tftdition  bneks  out ;  a  fever  trnaks  out, 

Dryden.    MUUnu 

9.  To  appear  In  eruptions,  as  pugtutea ;  to  have 
pastilles,  or  an  efflorescence  on  the  sktn  ;  as,  a  child 
Sreofeff  out.  Hence  we  have  Jreekte^  from  the  root  of 
br*€k ;  Welsh  frrrc. 

3.  To  throw  off  restraint,  and  become  dissolute. 

Drffden. 

To  irtti  Mp ;  to  dissolve  itself  and  separate ;  as,  a 
eompany  bnwu  up ;  a  nie<eting  brtaks  mp ;  a  fog  brrakM 
mp ;  hot  mote  generally  we  say,  fog,  mist,  or  clouds 
irtakmtBQfU 

T»  hrmut  wdk  i  to  part  in  enmity ;  to  cease  to  be 
fliieiuls ;  as,  to  break  mtk  a  friend  or  companion. 

Pope. 

This  Teili  carries  with  It  Hs  primitive  sense  of 
ttrmhuMf^.  ptaiimgy  teceringy  burstings  ofYcn  with  vio- 
lence, n'tth  the  consequential  senses  of  injurf,  ^*^ 
ajid  imjlrmitf, 
BRELIK,  ■.  A  state  of  being  open,  or  the  act  of  sepa- 
nting ;  an  opening  made  by  force  ;  an  open  place. 
It  is  the  same  wc^  as  frra/Jb,  differently  written  and 

2.  A  pause  ;  an  intemipiion.  [pronounced. 

3.  A  line  in  writmg  or  printing,  noting  a  Euspen- 
■ion  of  the  sense,  or  a  stop  in  the  sentence. 

4.  In  s  s&v,  the  brtmk  iff  tbt  dttk  is  the  part  where 
It  tenninmes,aad  the  daseent  on  to  the  nen  decic  be^ 


5.  Hie  first  a^warance  of  light  in  the  morning ; 

the  dawn ;  as,  the  ^resJk  of  day.    Ar.  O  yi  famkom, 
id.,  t!iat  is,>raL 

b.  In  orcAitMtMrs,  s  Fcce^^  or  projertinn  in  any  part, 
so  as  to  frrritfc  the  CUP'  '■    OtcUt, 

BREAK'A-HLE,  d.     i.  n. 

BBJuAK'AOE:,  fbrak'r.!.  ,   ii«>,  an  al- 

lowance fur  tiungs  broken,  in  tmn^puriation. 

BREAK'ER, «.  The  person  who  breaks  nay  thing;  m 
▼kjlator  or  traMgreasof  j  as,  a  br«ak*r  of  the  law. 

2.  A  Tock  which  breaks  the  waves ;  or  the  wave 
itself  which  breaks  apainM  a  rock,  a  eaud  bank,  or 
the  shore,  exhibiting  a  white  fiiain. 

Xar.  Diet.    Jokjutrtu 

3.  A  pier,  mouml,  c^ other  solid  matter,  placed  in 
a  liver,  to  break  the  dnating  ice,  and  prevent  it  from 
Im'unng  a  bridge  below  ;  called  also  ic*-breaker. 

•i  One  thai  breaks  up  groiiai 
5.  A  destroyer.    Afirah  n. 

BREAK'FAST,  (brek'fitst,)  ti.  [brtnk  and  fasL]  The 
first  meal  in  the  day ;  or  the  thing  eaten  at  the  first 
meal. 

BEEAKTAST.  (brekTa«t,)  r.  L  To  furnish  with  the 
first  meal  in  the  morninp. 

BREAK'FAST,  (brekYast,}  r.  £.  To  cat  the  first  meal 
in  the  da  v. 

BREAK'FAsT-IXG,  ppr.  Eating  or  taking  the  first 
meal  in  the  da>'. 

BREAK 'F.\ST-rN'G,  n,    A  party  at  brcakfait. 

Chest^eld, 

BREAK'IXG,  fbrak'tnp,)  ppr.  Farting  by  viohmce ; 
rcndinp  a<ainaer  ;  becnminp  bankrupt. 

BREAK'1\G-IX,  B.  The  act  of  subduing  and  train- 
ing to  labor. 

BREAK'MAX.     See  Bb&xemam. 

BREaK'XECK,  k.  [brfoJi  and  neck.]  A  fall  that 
breaks  the  neck  ;  a  steep  place  endangering  the 
neck.  Skak, 

BREAK'-PROM-ISE,  k.  [break  and  promise.]  One 
who  makes  a  practice  of  breaking  his  promise.  [.Vot 
MSfiL]  Shak. 

BREa(v'-VO\V,  M.  [break  and  rov.'l  One  who  ha- 
bitiiaJtv  breaks  his  vows.     [.\'ot  tueo.]  Shak. 

BREAK'WA-TER,  II.  [brfok  and  irater.]  The  hull 
of  an  old  ve^isel  sunk  at  the  entrance  of  a  harbor,  to 
break  or  diminish  the  force  of  the  waves,  to  f>ecure 
the  veifseU  in  harbor.  Jifar.  Diet. 

2.  A  small  buoy  fastened  lo  a  large  one,  when  the 
rope  of  the  latter  i»  not  long  enough  to  re.ich  the  sur- 
lace  of  the  water.  Mar.  DieU 

3.  Any  mole,  mound,  or  wall,  raised  in  a  river  or 
estuar>',  or  harbor,  to  break  the  force  of  the  waves, 
and  protect  shipping,  &c. 

BReAM.  n.  [Fr.  breau;  Cb.  TtOt'\ZH  abrtmahi  Sp- 
brema.] 

A  fish,  the  C^ninus  bramOf  an  inhabitant  of  lakes 

and  deep  water,  extremely  insipid,  and  little  valued. 

Eneyc     Walton,      I 


BRE 

BREAM,  p.  r.  In  rea  /dn^a^'f,  to  burn  utf  the  filth, 
such  a3  grass,  soa~weed,  ooze,  &,c,,  from  a  ship's  bot- 
tom. Mar.  Diet. 

BR  EAST,  (brest,)  n.  [Sax.  breoH ;  Sw.  hrUst :  D.  burst. 
iJie  breiLst,  a  lad,  a  notch ;  G.  ftntyf,  brtmst,  and 
br^sten^  to  hold  up  the  he:id,  to  look  big;  Dau.  briisty 
breast ;  also,  default,  dcfeol,  blemish  ;  alsti,  ^'^t 
breast,  pap ;  brt/ste  ffig-,  to  strut ;  brisU^  to  burst.  The 
sense  seems  lo  be,  a  protuberance.] 

1.  A  soft  pn»luberance  on  the  anterior  part  of  the 
thorax,  in  man  and  some  other  mammalia  ;  formed 
by  a  conKlomerate  gland,  for  the  secretion  of  milk, 
situated  belwt-en  the  integuments  and  the  muscles, 
and  called  the  tHamma. 

Hi*  brtatlM  arc  fuU  of  milk.  —Job  ixL  24. 

3.  The  fore  port  of  tlie  thorax,  or  the  fore  part  of 
the  human  body  between  the  neck  and  the  belly. 

3.  The  [Wirt  of  a  beast  which  answerw  to  tlie  breast 
in  man.    Tliiii,  in  quadrupeds,  is  between  the  fore 

ltp>!,  brluw  the  neck. 

4.  /■V'ura/irf/y,  the  Iienrt  ;  the  conscience  ;  the 
disposition  of  the  mind  ;  the  afibctions  ;  the  seat 
of  the  alferlions  and  passions.     CotcUy.     Dn/detu 

5.  Formerly,  the  power  of  singing.  Tusser. 
BRE.\ST,  (brest,)  ».  U    To  meet  in  front ;  to  oppose, 

breast  to  breast.  QoldsmitJi.     Dnjden. 

The  court  braa4tad  the  popuUr  curreni  bjr  ausUiuiDg^  the  do- 
uiumt.  If  In. 

BRE.\ST'-BA\I>,  n.  A  band  of  canvas,  or  a  rope, 
pif^sed  mund  tlie  body  of  a  man  who  lieave!)  the  teaa 
ut  soundine,  and  fastened  lo  the  rigging  to  prevent 
hi«  fallint!  into  the  sea.  Tottcn. 

BREAST'-UONE,  n.  [breast  and  bone.]  The  bone  of 
the  brea^  :  the  sternum.  Peacham. 

BREAST'-CASK-ET,  n.  [breast  and  casket.]  One  of 
the  larpest  and  longest  of  the  caskets  or  .strings  on 
the  middle  of  the  yard  of  a  ship.  Juhngon. 

[/  do  not  find  this  word  in  the  Marinrr^s  Dietionant.] 

BRE.\ST'-DEEP,  a.  Breast-high  ;  as  high  as  the 
breast. 

BREAST'ED,  (brest'ed,)  ir.  Having  a  broad  breast ; 
having  a  fine  voice.  Fiddrs, 

BREASTTAST,  n.  [breast  and  /irf.J  A  large  rope 
lo  confine  a  ship  sidewise  to  a  wtiarfor  key. 

Mar.  Diet 

BREAST'-HIGII,  a.  [breast  and  high.]  High  as  the 
breast.  Sidney. 

BKEAST'HQpKS,  n.  pi,  [breast  and  hook.]  Knees 
placed  across  the  stem  of  a  sliip  lo  strengthen  the 
fme  part  aod  unite  the  bows  on  each  side. 

Mar.  Diet, 

BREAST'ING,  ppr.  Meeting  with  the  breast ;  oppos- 
ing in  frunL 

Brrasting  up  a  hotkey  Is  rutting  the  face  of  it  on 
ons  side,  so  as  to  lay  bare  the  principaJ  upright  stems 
of  the  plants.  Hramle, 

BRE.\ST'KNOT,  (brest'not)  ju  [breast  and  knot.]  A 
knot  of  ribbons  worn  on  the  breast.  Addison. 

BREAS'i''FLN',  n.  A  pin  worn  for  a  fastening,  or  for 
(.maiiienl,  on  the  brea>t. 

BRE.VST'PLATE,  n.  [breast  and  plat:.]  Armor  for 
the  breast.  Cowley. 

9.  A  strap  that  runs  across  a  horse's  breast.  Jl^h. 
3.  In  Jewish  atttujuify^  a  part  of  liie  vestint,nt  of  the 
hish  priest,  consisting  of  a  folded  piece  of  the  rich 
embroidered  ftuif  of  which  tlie  ephod  was  made.  It 
was  set  with  twelve  precious  stones,  on  which  were 
encraved  the  names  of  the  twelve  tribes.      Knctic- 

BREA-ST'-FLOW,  n.  [breast  and  ploir.]  A  plow, 
driven  bv  the  breast,  used  to  cut  or  pare  turf. 

BREAHT'-R6PE.    See  Bbeast-Ba!*d.  [Juhnson. 

BREAST'-WHEEL,  n.  A  water-wheel,  on  which  the 
stream  of  water  strikes  neither  so  higli  as  in  the  over- 
shot wheel,  nor  so  low  as  in  the  under-shot,  but  at 
an  intermediate  point  between. 

BREAST'WORK,  (bresl'wurk,)  n.  In  fortification j 
a  work  thrown  up  for  defense  ;  a  parapet,  which  see. 

BREATH,  (breth,)  n.  [Sax.  brath^  odor,  scent,  breath ; 
G.  brodem,  steam,  vapor,  breath.] 

1.  The  air  inhaled  and  expelled  in  the  respiration 
of  animals. 

2.  Life. 

No  nun  tuu  man  contempt  Uian  I  of  brenA.  Drydtn. 

3.  The  state  or  power  of  breathing  freely  ;  opposed 
to  a  stale  of  exhaustion  from  violent  action  ;  as,  I 
am  out  of  breath  :  I  am  scarce  in  breath.  Shak. 

4.  Respite  ;  pause  ;  lime  to  breathe  j  as,  let  me  take 
breath  :  give  me  some  breath.  Shak. 

5.  Breeze ;  air  in  gentle  motion. 

Addison. 

6.  A  single  respiration  ;  as,  he  swears  at  every 
breath. 

7.  An  instant;  the  time  of  a  single  respiration  ;  a 
single  act. 

He  mul'-a  and  be  frowns  In  ft  brtoA,  Dryden. 

8.  A  word. 

A  breaOi  can  mi»irt  Ihem,  r«  a  breaVt  bai  made.       OoldttmOi. 

BRf.ATH'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  breathed. 
BRF.ATH'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  breathable. 
BReATIIE,   r.  i.    To  respire  j  to  inspire  and   expire 
air.     Hence,  to  live.  Pope.     Shak. 


BRE 

S.  To  take  breath  \  to  rest  from  action  j  as,  lei  them 
have  time  to  breathe. 
3.  To  pass,  as  air. 

To  wtioM  Toiil  month  ao  wholoaome  air  brtatb»i  in.        Shak. 

BREATHE,  V.  C  To  inhale,  as  air,  into  the  lungs,  and 
expel  it ;  as,  to  breathe  vital  air.  Drydeju 

a.  To  inject  by  breatliing  j  to  infuse  ;  followed  by 
into. 

And  the  Lord  Uod  breaOisd  into  hla  Dostrili  the  breath  of  lUc.  — 
tic  11.  ii. 

3.  To  expire ;  to  eject  by  breathing ;  followed  by 
oitt;  as,  to  breathe  out  threatenings  and  slaughter. 

4.  To  exercise ;  to  keep  in  breath.  [.^cts. 
The  gTcyhoumiB  an  utv.iHaM  brtathed  stags.  ShaJc. 

5.  To  inspire  or  blow  into ;  to  cause  to  sound  by 
breathing ;  as,  lo  breaOie  the  flute.  Prior. 

C.  To  exhale  ;  lo  emit,  as  breath  ;  as,  the  flowers 
breatju-  odors  or  pi-rfuine. 

7.  To  utter  softly  or  in  private ;  as,  to  breathe  a 
vo^v.  Shak. 

8.  To  give  air  or  vent  to ;  lo  open  ;  as,  to  breathe  a 
vein.     [W.  brathu,  to  pierce.]      Johnson,     Dryden, 

9.  To  express  ;  to  manifest. 

Othi^r  arlidps  breathe  the  same  severe  spbHt.  MUntr. 

BREATH' ED f  pp.     Inhaled  and  exhaled;  respired; 

uitered. 
BReATH'ER,  n.   One  that  breathes  or  lives  ;  one  that 

utters  ;  an  iiispirer ;  one  who  animates  or  infuses  by 

ini^piration. 
BREATH'FJJt,  (breth'ful,)  o.    Full  of  breath  ;  full  of 

odor.  Sjienser. 

BREATH'IXG,  ppr.     Respiring;  living;  nttering. 
3.  a.     Exhibiting  to  the  life  ;  as,  breathing  paint. 

Pope. 
BReATH'ING,  n.    Respiration;  the  act  of  inhaling 

and  exhaling  air. 

2.  Air  in  gentle  motion  ;  applied,  also,  figuratively, 
to  a  gentle  inliucnce  or  operation  ;  as,  the  breathings 
of  the  Spirit. 

3.  Aspiration  ;  secret  prayer.  Prior. 

4.  Rreathing-place  ;  venL  Dryden, 

5.  Accent :  aspiration  ;  as,  a  rough  breathing. 
BRkATH'ING-PLAUE,  n.     A  pause. 

2.  A  vent. 

BRkATH'I.NG-TIME,  n.     Pause;  relaxation.  /foO. 

BRKATH'LESS,  (breth'lesa,)  a.    Being  out  of  breath  j 
spent  with  labor  or  violent  action. 

2.  Dead  ;  a3,  a  ftrca/A/e.s-5  body.  Shak. 

BRE  ATH'LESt^  NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  exhaust- 
ed of  breath.  I/all. 

BRECCIA,  n.     [It.,  a  breach.] 

In  minrralofry^  an  apijrepate  composed  of  angular 
fragments  of  the  same  mineral,  or  of  diflerent  miner- 
als, united  by  a  cement,  and  presenting  a  variety  of 
colors.  Sometimes  a  few  of  the  fraginonts  are  a  lit- 
tle rounded.  The  varieties  are  the  silicious,  calcare- 
ous, and  trap  breccias.  Cleaveland. 

BRE€'C1A-TED,  a.  Consisting  of  angular  fragments 
cemented  together. 

BRED,  pp.  of  BREfeD.  Generated;  produced;  con- 
trived ;  educated. 

BRkOE,  Ji.     A  braid.     [J^ot  used.]  .Addison. 

BREECH,  n.  [See  Breach  and  Break.]  The  lower 
part  of  the  body  behind. 

2.  Breeches  ;  but  rarely  iised  in  the  singular.  Sliak. 

3.  The  hinder  part  of  any  thing.  Johnson. 

4.  The  Uirge,  thick  end  of  a  cannon  or  other  fire- 
nrm. 

BREECH,  r.  (.    To  put  into  breeches.  Johnson. 

2.  To  whip  on  the  breech.  Massinger. 

3.  To  fasten  wilh  breeching. 

BREECH'£:n,  (breecht,)  pp.  or  a.  Put  into  breeches  ; 
whipped  on  the  breech, 

BREECH'ES,  (brich'ez,)  n.  pi.  [Sax.  brtee^  breecoB;  D. 
brock;  Arm.  braga^  hrages ;  It.  brace^  brache^-ise,  or 
braghesse  ;  Port,  and  Sp.  bragas  ;  Fr.  braies  ;  Ir.  brog : 
Low  L.  braecte :  Dan.  6ro£',  oreechea,  and  brogct,  of 
various  colors,  mixed,  variegated  ;  W.  bry^an,  a  spot- 
ted covering,  Scotch  plaid  ;  brycj  variegated  with 
colors.  "Sarmalffi  totiim  braccati  corpus."  Mela,  2. 
1.  See  Plin.  3.  4.  Herod,  lib.  7.  Sirabo,  lib.  15.  Ovid. 
Trist.  5.  7.  Cluv,  Germ.  Ant.  1.  Id.  Pellouiier,  HisL 
Celt.  1.  30.  The  word  seems  lo  be  from  the  root  of 
break,  and  to  denote,  diverse  in  color,  variegated,  like 
freckled.     See  Freckle.] 

A  garment  w(tm  by  men,  covering  the  hips  and 
thighs.  It  is  now  a  close  garment;  but  the  word 
formerly  was  used  for  a  loose  garment,  now  called 
trowsers,  laxa  bracas.  Ovid. 

To  wear  tlie  breechesy  is,  in  the  wife,  to  usurp  ihe 
authority  of  the  husband.  Johnson. 

BREECH'ING,  ppr.  Fumislting  with  breeches,  or 
with  a  breech. 

2.  Whipping  the  breech  ;  and,  as  a  noun,  a  whip- 
ping. Marlnw. 

BREECH'ING,  (brich'ing,)  n.  That  part  of  a  harness 
which  comes  round  the  breech  of  a  horse. 

2.  In  gunnrry,  on  board  of  ship.'),  a  strong  rope 
fjistened  to  the  cascabel  or  pommelion  of  a  cannon 
by  a  thimble,  and  clinched  to  ring-bolts  in  the  ship's 
side,  to  prevent  it  from  recoiling  too  much  in  battle. 

Mar.  Diet. 


FATE,  FAB,  FALL,  WH^T.  — MfiTE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.  — 
_ 


BRE 

BREED,  r.  U  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Bred.  [Sax.  bredan^  br<B- 
dan^  to  warm,  to  dilate,  to  open,  to  spread  ;  D.  broe- 
deiiy  to  brood ;  Ger.  frrilten,  to  brood ;  Dan.  breJe^  to 
spread,  dilate,  unfold  ;  W.  bTted,  warm  j  bfydiatc,  to 
warm,  to  heat.    Class  Rd.    See  Broad.] 

1.  To  generate  ;  to  engender  ;  to  hatch  ;  to  produce 
the  young  of  any  species  of  animals.  I  think  it  is 
never  used  of  plants,  and  in  animals  is  usually  ap- 
plied to  the  mother  or  dam. 

2.  To  produce  within  or  upon  the  body;  as,  to 
bread  teeth ;  to  breed  worms. 

3.  To  cause  ;  to  occasion  ;  to  produce  j  to  originate. 

Int^mpennee  ami  lust  breed  infinuiUis.  l^loUon. 

Amliiuun  breed*  faciious.  Anon, 

4.  To  contrive ;  to  hatch  ;  to  produce  by  plotting. 

Had  he  a  hean  and  a  bnvfn  to  breed  it  in  ?  Shai. 

5.  To  give  birth  to  ;  to  be  the  native  place  of;  as, 
a  pond  ^eeds  fish  j  a  northern  countrj'  breeds  a  race 
of  stout  men. 

6.  To  educate  ;  to  instruct ;  to  form  by  education  ; 
often,  but  unnecessarily,  followed  by  up :  as,  to  breed 
a  son  to  an  occupation  ;  a  man  bred  at  a  university. 
To  breed  up,  is  vulgar. 

7.  To  bring  upf  to  nurse  and  foster;  to  take  care 
of  in  infancy,  and  through  the  age  of  youth  ;  to  pro- 
vide for,  train,  and  conduct;  to  instruct  the  mind 
and  form  the  manners  in  youth. 

To  bring  ihec  forth  with  pain,  with  care  to  breed.         Dryden. 
BREED,  r.  i.    To  produce  a  fetus  ;  to  bear  and  nour- 
ish, as  in  pregnancy  ;  as,  a  female  br^'eds  w  ith  pain. 

2.  To  be  formed  in  the  parent  or  dam  ;  to  1m?  gen- 
erated, or  to  grow,  ae  young  before  birth ;  as,  children 
or  young  breed  in  the  matrix. 

3.  To  have  birth  ;  to  be  produced  3  as,  fish  breed  in 
rivers. 

4.  To  be  increased  by  a  new  production. 

But  coiild  youth  laat,  atiJ  lore  itill  breed.  Ralegh. 

5.  To  raise  a  breed  ;  as,  to  choose  the  best  species 
of  swine  to  breed  from. 

To  breed  in  and  in  ;  to  breed  from  animals  of  the 
Kimc  stock  that  are  closely  related.     Fiirm,  Eneyc. 
BREED,  n.    A  race  or  progeny  from  the  s.-ime  parenL«i 
ar  stock. 

2.  A  cast ;  a  kind  ;  a  race  of  men  or  other  animals, 
which  have  an  alliance  by  nativity,  or  some  distinc- 
tive qualities  in  common  ;  as,  a  breed  of  men  in  a 
particular  country  ;  a  breed  of  horses  or  sheep.  .Ap- 
plied tn  merij  il  is  not  ele^anU     We  jise  race. 

3.  Progeny  ;  odfspring ;  applied  to  other  things  than 
animals.  Hhiik. 

4.  A  number  produced  at  once  ;  a  hatch ;  a  brood  ; 
but  for  this,  frroorf  is  generally  used.  Grew. 

BREED'-nATE,n.  One  that  breeds  or  originates  (piar- 
rrK     I.Vd*  IB  iwr.j  Shak. 

BREED'ER,  n.  The  female  that  breeds  or  produces, 
whether  human  or  other  animal. 

a.  The  person  who  educates  or  brings  up ;  tliat 
which  brings  up. 

It.iljr  and  Rome  ban  hem  tfae  beat  breeder*  ^  worthv  nwn. 

Aeduim. 

3.  That  which  produces. 

TitDK  ia  tfae  nuae  ami  breeder  of  all  pwd.  Shak. 

A.  One  who  raises  a  breed  ;  one  who  takes  care  to 
raise  a  particular  breed,  or  breeds,  as  of  horses  or 
cattle.  Temple. 

BREEO'IN'G,  ;r;rr.  or  a.     Bearing  and  nourishing,  as  a 

f[-tiis;  engendering;  producing;  educating. 
BREED'I.VG,  n.     The  act  of  generating  or  producing. 

2.  The  raisins  of  a  breed  or  breeds  ;  as,  the  farmer 
attends  to  the  breeding  of  sheep. 

3.  Nurture ;  education  ;  instruction  ;  formation  of 
manners. 

She  (ttd  her  breeding  al  my  Cuh^r'a  chargr.  Sfuik, 

A.  By  way  of  eminence,  Tn!<nneT9;  knowledge  of  cr- 
cmony  ;  d',pfjr1ment  or  h'haviorin  the  external  (itTirfis 
and  decorums  of  sorial  lif"*.  IlKnce,  ffnorf  brerdin'j  if) 
politeness,  or  Ihequaiilicalions  which  cnnstitiitn  gen- 
te*'!  depfirtment,  Eneyc. 

BREK/K,  \n.    [Sax.  ft  Wom,  from  its  sound  re- 

BREEZE'-FL?,  \     serobling  a  brce/*.] 

A  name  given  to  various  species  of  two-winged 
insecl-i,  of  the  family  Tabanida;,  noted  fur  bu7./.ing 
abfiut  animals  and  tormenting  them  by  sucking  their 
blood.  The  bot-Jii/  has  also  sometimes  been  called 
llie  brefie-fiy. 

The  name  breeze  is  also  given  to  different  aperies 
of  the  genus  fEslrus.  Ci/c.     Enct/e. 

BREEi^E,  n.  [ tt.  breiza,  a  cold,  windy  mist ;  Sp'.  bri- 
$a,  a  breeze  ;  Bw.  bruea,  to  be  fervid,  to  boil,  Ut  mur- 
mur; Dan.  bruse,  to  rush,  roar,  or  foam,  to  rise  tn 
waves;  bruuseity  the  rustling  of  the  wind,  a  hum- 
ming or  buz/ing,  fermentation.  In  French  sea  hin- 
giiage,  brine,  a  breeze  ;  Gr.  /^fi^w  and  ffii-iaa'-^^  to  boil ; 
Fr.  frr»i-«er,  10  brcw  ;  W.  brys,  hasty,  from  rAy.f,  a 
rustling.  These  words  seem  all  to  have  a  common 
root.    .See  Rush.] 

1.  A  light  wind  ;  a  gentle  gale. 

Prom  land  ■  penOft  brtere  aroae  al  nij^t,  Dryden, 

2.  A  shifting  wind,  that  blows  fmm  the  sea  or  from 
trie  land,  for  a  certain  time,  by  night  or  by  day.  Such 
breezes  are  common  in  the  tropical  regions,  and  in  a 


BRE 

good  degree  regular.  The  wind  from  the  sea  is  called 
a  sea  breeze,  and  that  from  the  land,  a  land  breeze.  In 
general,  the  sea  breeze  blows  in  the  daj-timt;,  and 
the  land  breeze  at  night.  'J'he  like  breezes  are  com- 
mon, in  the  summer  months,  in  the  temperate  lati- 
tudes. 
BREEZE,  V.  L  To  blow  gently;  a  word  common  among 
teamen. 


For  now  the  brealliinj  airs,  from  o«an  bom, 
Breeze  up  the  bmj,  and  lead  the  lively  mom. 


BarloiB. 


BREEZE'LESS,  a.    Motionless  ;  destitute  of  breezes. 

Shenstone. 

BREEZ'Y,  a.    Fanned  with  gentle  winds  or  breezes  ; 

as,  rtte  breezy  shore.  Pope. 

2.  Subject  to  frequent  breezes.  Gray. 

BRe'IION,  n.     In  /rwA,  a  judge.     In  ancient  times, 

tiie  general  laws  of  Ireland  were  called  Brehon  laws, 

unwritten,  like  the  common  law  of  England.   These 

laws  were  abolished  by  statute  of  Edward  HI. 

Encyc.  Blackstone. 
BReIS'LA-KITE,  n.  A  newly-discovered  Vesuvian 
mineral,  resembling  a  brownish  or  reddish-brown 
down,  which  lines  the  small  cavities  in  the  lava 
of  Scalla,  and  in  that  of  Olebano  ;  named  from 
Breislak,  a  celebrated  Italian  naturalist 

Journal  qf  Science. 
BRSME,  a.     [Sax.  bremman,  to  murmur,  to  fret ;  L. 
frento.] 

Crui  I ;  sliarp.     [.Vo*  used.]  Chaucer. 

BREN,  r.  (.     [Sax.  ftrcHnan,  to  bum.] 

To  burn.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

BRE.N'NAGE,  n.  [from  bran.]  In  the  middle  a ^e^,  a 
tribute  or  compa-sition  which  tenants  paid  to  their 
lord,  in  lieu  of  bran,  which  they  were  obliged  to  fur- 
nish for  his  hounds.  Encyc 

brant;  i  ■*•   t"^'  *^"' "  ^'"'•J 

Fteep  ;  high.     [  Obs.]  Ascham. 

BRENT,  n.     A  brant,  or  brand-goose  ;  a  fowl   with  a 

black  neck,  and  a  white  collar  or  line  round  it.   [pee 

Bh\«t.] 
2.  pp.  Burnt.     [See  Bre;».]     {Obs.]         Spenser. 
BRE-PHOT'RO-PUY,  n.    [Ur.  /Sfjiipoi,  an  infant,  and 

rpc'!*!.},  to  feed.] 
The  nurture  of  orphans. 
BREST,     i  (brest,)  m.     In  architeeture,  the  member  of 
BREAST,  i      a  column,  more  usually  called  twT-iw  or 

torr.     [See  ToRi-s.]  Enci/c. 

BRE.ST'-.SUM-iMEK,  n.    In  arehitretare,  a  piece  iii  the 

outward  part  of  a  wooden  building,  into  which  the 

girders  are  framofl.  This,  in  the  ground  (ioor,  is  called 

a  itilly  and  in  the  garret  floor,  a  be^m.  Encyc. 

BRET,  n,     A  local  name  of  the  lurhot,  called  also  burt 

or  brut. 
BRETTIIL,  a.     Brimful.     [Ob.t.]  Outucer. 

BHETH'UEN,  b,  ;  pi.  of  BnoTHER.     It  is  used  almost 

exclusively,  in  solemn  and  scriptural  language,  in 

the  place  of  brothers,     fl^ee  Brother.] 
BRET'TI-CE9,  n.  pi.    The  name  given  by  miners  to 

the  wo«>den  planks  uxed  in  supporting  the  roof  of 

coal  mines. 
BRKVE,  11.     [It  brere;  L.  brevis  i  Sp.  breve;  Fr.  href, 

short.     See  Brief.] 

1.  In  music,  H  note  or  character  of  time,  equivalent 
to  two  «emihre\*es  or  four  minimx.  When  dotted,  it 
Is  equal  to  three  semlhreves.     [A"o(  now  used.] 

2.  In  latD,  a  writ  directed  to  the  chancellor,  judges, 
sheriffs,  or  other  officers,  whereby  a  person  is  sunt- 
montd,  or  attached,  to  answer  in  the  king's  court. 

Encyc. 

This  word,  in  tliis  latter  sense,  is  more  generally 
writl»'n  brief. 

BRE^VET',  n.  [from  breve.]  In  Frmck  usage,  a  doc- 
ument without  seal,  (a  warrant,)  by  which  the  king 
grants  a  favor,  privilege,  title,  or  dignity.       Encjjc. 

2.  A  commission  to  an  officer,  which  entitles' him 
to  an  hniiorar>-  rank  in  the  army  above  his  actual 
rank  and  pay.  Thus  a  brevet  major  serves  as  a  cap- 
tain and  receives  pav  as  such.  Such  commissions 
were  given  to  the  officers  of  the  American  army  at 
the  close  of  the  revolutionary  war,  giving  llieni  a 
grade  of  rank  above  that  which  tliey  had  held  during 
service.  Eneyc.     MarshtUVs  Life  of  Wash. 

BRfe'VI-A-RY,  n.  [Fr.  brenialre;  L.  brcviarium,  from 
bretiis^  short.     See  Bbilf.] 

1.  An  abridgment ;  a  compend  ;  an  epitomr?. 

.Anliffr. 

2.  A  hook  containing  the  daily  service  of  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  church.  It  is  composed  of  matins, 
lauds,  first,  third,  sixth,  and  ninth  vesp^-rs,  and  the 
compline  or  post  comumnio.  The  Greeks,  also,  have 
a  hrrviartj,  Ertcvc. 

BRK'Vr-AT,     j  n.    [See  Bbete  and  Brief.]    A  short 
BRR'VI-ATE, )      compend  j  a  summary. 

Decay  of  Piety. 
BRR'VI-ATE,   V.  U     To  abridge.     [J^ot  used.]     [See 

Adhreviatk.J 
BRE'VI-A-Tl^RE,  n.     An  abbreviation.    [See  Brief.] 

Johnson. 
BRE-VTilR',  n.     [Fr.  breviatre  ;  so  called^  says  John- 
ion,  from   being  originally  Used  in  printing  a  bre- 
viary.] 
A  small  kind  of  printing  types,  in  size  between 


BRI 

bourgeois  and  minion.    It  is  mucli  used  In  printing 

marginal  notes. 

BRE-VIL'O-UUENCE,  n.  [L.  brevis  and  Uquor.]  A 
brief  and  pertinent  mode  of  speaking. 

BREV'I-PEO,  a.  [L.  brevis,  short,  and  pes^  foot]  Hav- 
ing short  legs,  as  certain  birds. 

BRE  V'l-PED,  n.    A  bird  having  short  legs. 

BREV-I-PEN'NATE,  a.  Having  short  wings.  A  term 
denoting  a  family  of  griUlatory  birds,  (Breuipenn^y 
Cuvier,)  having  short  wings,  including  the  ostrich. 

Brande. 

BREV'I-TY,  n,  [L.  brevitas^  from  brevisy  short  See 
Brief.] 

1.  Shortness,  applied  to  time ;  as,  the  brevity  of  hu- 
man life. 

2.  Shortness ;  conciseness ;  contraction  into  few 
words  ;  applied  to  discourses  or  writings.       Dryden. 

BREW,  V.  U  rSax.  briaan,  to  brew  ;  briw,  broth ;  D. 
brourcen,  to  urew,  to  contrive,  to  mix ;  G.  brauen. 
These  seem  to  be  contractions  of  the  Gothic;  Sw. 
bi-ig^ia ;  Dan.  brygge,  to  brew.  The  Russ.  has 
burtcha.  T\\G  Welsh  has  Jrirc,  a  boiling,  stir,  tu- 
mult, from  rhjec,  something  rough  ;  and  it  has  also 
berwi,  to  boil  or  bubble,  whence  frenociu,  to  brew, 
from  bar,  fiiry,  impulse.  Our  word  brew  seems  to  be 
directly  from  the  Saxon.  The  sense  is,  to  stir,  boil, 
or  agitate  with  violence.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  boil,  and  mix ;  hence  in 
Saxon,  as  a  noun,  it  signifies  broth  or  pottage ;  Old 
Eng.  brewis. 

2.  In  a  more  restricted  scnse^  to  make  beer,  ale,  or 
other  similar  liquor,  from  malt ;  or  to  prepiare  a  liquor 
from  malt  and  hops,  and,  in  private  families,  from 
other  materials,  by  steeping,  boiling,  and  fennenta- 

3.  To  mingle.  [tion. 


Brea  nw  a  pottle  of  mck. 


Shak. 


4.  To  contrive  ;  to  plot ;  as,  to  ftrcic  mischief. 

5.  To  put  in  a  state  of  preparation.    Qu. 
BREW,  p.  i.    To  be  in  a  stale  of  preparation ;  to  be 

mixing,  forming,  or  collecting ;  as,  a  storm  brews  in 
the  west  In  this  sense,  I  do  not  recollect  the  use  of 
the  verb  in  a  transitive  sense,  and  generally  the  pres- 
ent participle  only  is  used  ;  as,  a  stonn  is  brewing. 

2.  To  perform  the  business  of  brewing  or  making 
beer  ;  as,  she  can  brno,  wash,  and  bake. 

BREW,  n.     The  mixture  formed  by  brewing ;  that 
which  is  brewed.  Bacon. 

BREW'AGE,  V.    Malt  liquor;  drink  brewed.    Shale. 

BREW'i^D,  (brudc,)  pp.    Mixed,  steeped,  and  ferment- 
ed ;  made  by  brewing. 

BREW'Ji^R,  n.    One  whose  occupation  is  to  prepare 
malt  liquors  ;  one  who  brews. 

BREW'ER-Y,  71.    .\  brewhouse  ;  the  house  and  appa- 
ratus where  brewing  is  carried  on. 

BREWHOUSE,  ».     [breio  and  kouae.]    A  brewery  j 
a  house  approfiriated  to  brewing. 

BREWING,  ppr.     Pre[Hiring  malt  liquor. 

2.  In  a  state  of  mixing,  forming,  or  preparing  ;  as, 
a  storm  is  bremng.  Pope. 

3.  Contriving  ;  preparing;  as,  a  scheme  is  bremng. 
BREWING,  n.    The  actor  process  of  preparing  liquors 

from  malt  and  hops. 

2.  The  quantity  brewed  at  once.  Bacon. 

3.  Among  seamen,  a  collection  of  black  clouds  por- 
tending a  storm.  Jl/ar.  Diet. 

BREWIH,  n.     Broth;  pottage,     [0&S.1 

2.  A  piece  of  bread  soaked  in  boiling  fat  pottage, 

made  of  salted  meat.  Bailey.    Johnson. 

BRl-A'RE-AN,  a.     Hundred  handed  ;  from  Briareusy 

a  giant  with  a  liundred  hands.  ^  ^ 

BRIBE,  n.      [Ir.  breab.     In  Pers.  s  Lf  parah,  is  a 

bribe,  a  half,  piece,  bit,  segment,  a  morseL  Fr.ftWfte, 
a  piece  of  bread.] 

1.  A  price,  reward,  gift,  or  favor  bestowed  or  prom- 
ised with  a  view  to  pervert  the  judgment  or  corrupt 
the  conduct  <if  n  judge,  witness,  or  other  pers<m,  A 
bribe  Is  a  consideration  given  or  promised  to  a  per- 
son, to  induce  him  to  decide  a  cause,  give  testimony, 
or  perform  some'  act  contrary  to  what  he  knows  to  bo 
truth,  justice,  or  rectitude.  It  is  not  used  in  a  good 
sense  unless  m  familiar  language. 

2.  That  which  seduces. 

Not  the  brihee  of  (ordid  wcJlh  can  icdtice  to  leave  tlips(^  ever 
bltxiiiiing  iwccla.  Aketieiiit. 

BRIBE,  V.  t.  To  give  or  promise  a  reward  or  consid- 
eration, with  a  view  to  pervert  the  judgment  or  cor- 
rupt the  conduct  To  hire  for  bad  purposes  ;  to  pur- 
chase the  decision  of  a  judge,  the  testimony  of  a 
witness,  or  llie  piTformance  of  some  act  contrary  to 
known  truth,  justice,  or  rectitude. 
2.  To  gain  by  a  bribe. 

In  familiar  language,  it  is  sometimes  used  in  a  good 
sense  ;  as,  to  bribe  a  child  to  take  a  medicine.  Dry- 
den has  used  the  word  in  a  good  sense,  in  solemn 
language  ;  but  such  use  is  rare,  and  hardly  legitimate. 

BRinE'-DE-VOLiR'lNG,  a.    Greedy  of  bribes  or  pre*- 
ents  ;  as,  bribe-devouring  kings.  Mirford. 

BRTBE'-PAN'DER,  n.    (bribe  and  pander.]     One  who 
procures  bribes.  Burke. 

BRIBE'-WOR'THY,  0.    \bribe  and  tcwtAy.]    Worth 
bribing  to  obtain.  Jilasoiu 


TCNE,  B[;f.L,  IZNITE.  — AN'GEB,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z;  CH  as  8H;  Til  as  in  TIHS. 


)47 


BRl 

BRIBR'LESS,  «.  Ttul  con  Dot  be  bribed  i  ibat  is  not 
briU'd. 

BRIH'ER,  K.  One  who  bribes,  or  pays  for  cornipt 
praclice*.  South, 

JiRIB'ER-Y,  N,  The  act  or  pnu;t)c«  of  giving  or  taking 
rcwnnis  for  corrupt  practices ;  the  act  of  paying  or 
receiving  a  n-ward  for  a  false  juilcinont  or  tcsiiinony, 
or  for  the  pcrfunnauce  of  that  which  is  kitowu  to  be 
ilKiial  or mijiist.  It  is  applied  both  to  him  who  i;ive«, 
and  to  him  who  receives  the  compensation,  but  ap- 
nro|iriatcly  to  ihe  giver. 

BRICK,  n.  [FT.briqufyA  brick,  and  a  little  loaf ;  Ir. 
kriee-.  or  brike  ;  Arm.  hrigen  ;  siiptxised  to  be  a  con- 
traction of  U  imbrex,  a  gutlor-lilo,  from  imber^  a 
shower,  which  is  paibably  a  rom|>»w»'*»  of  which 
the  last  syllable  is  from  Gr.  .>jfvai,  whence  lu  im^ 
kriae^gi^  to  g-'t  dm»k.     r?ee  KimiKTT.J 

1.  A  mass  of  earth,  chiefly  clay,  first  motfEtened 
and  made  fine  by  grindm);  or  trending,  ibcn  formed 
into  a  long  square  in  a  niitld,  dried  and  baked  or 
bunit  in  n  kiln ;  uwd  in  buildmgs  and  walls. 

a.  A  loaf  shaped  like  a  brick. 
BRICK,  P.  I.    To  lay  or  pave-with  brick*.         SwifL 

2.  To  imitnleoreountejft.'it  a  brick  wall  on  phister, 
I'-  I  with  red  ochcr,and  making  the  joinu 
u  i.Hil,  lining  them  with  fine  planter. 

.  to  till  up  with  brick.  [Eneyc^ 

BRU  K  If  A  r,  n.    [bneknnd  froi-j    A  piece  or  fragnicut 

of  n  brick.  Bacon, 

BRICK'-BL'ILT,  (-bilt,)  tt.  Built  with  bricks  Dryden. 
BRICK-ei.AV,   a.     [hrUk  and  e/ay.]     Clay  used  or 

Biiii.nble  f>r  making  bricks.  Woodipord, 

BRICK'-DL'^T,  a.    {brick  and  liwt.]    Dust  of  pound- 
ed brick*.  Spt€tatar, 
BRICK'-EARTn,  (-eith,)  a.    Clay  or  earth  used  or 

nuTtnltle  for  bricks. 
BRICK'-KILN,  (kil,)  a.  A  kiln,  or  ftimace,  in  which 

bricks  are  baked  or  burnt,  or  a  pile  of  bricks,  laid 

K»o«o.  with  am  lies  underneath  to  recvive  tiie  wood  or 

furl  for  biiniini;  tli'>m. 
BRICK'-LaV  ER,  n,    {hriek  and  ^ay.]     One  whose 

ocrujKition  i.4  to  build  with  bricks  ;  a  ma^wn. 
BRICK'-.MXK-ER,  h.     [brick  and  makt.]     One  who 

makes  bricks,   or  wboae  occupation    is  to  make 

bricks. 
BRU'K'-Vor.-civc    w.    Brick  work  carried  ap  and 

[  !<:>r  framing.  Braitd*, 

Bi;  n.    In  arrJhit't/inf,  a  brick  arch 

■4>den  trimmer  in  front  of  a  fire- 

I  :  .tg.4ii)»t  accidenL't  by  fire.      Brandt, 

Bi:  ..  (-wurk,)  a.    The  laying  of  ^bricks, 

..;  .'flClCS. 

BRU'K'-\'AtlU,  a.    A  place  where  brtcks  are  made. 

BRICK'LE,  o.  [from  AreoJu]  BriUtc  easily  bmken. 
[J^'ot  ■jrfi/.l  Sprnter. 

BRICK' LE-.\E5^,  ■.    Brittleneas.    UTh  «m^] 

BRlCKnr ,  a.    FuU  of  bricks,  or  fcnned  of  bricluu 

SpenafT, 

BRID'.AL,  a.  [See  Bridk.]  Belonging  Co  a  bride,  or 
to  a  wedding ;  nuptial  j  connubial  j  as,  bridM  orna- 
ment*.  MiUon.    Pope. 

BRtD'AL,  m.    The  nuptial  festival.  Drydm, 

BRTD'.AL-TV,  a.  CeUbration  of  the  nuptial  feast. 
[JV^  used.]  Janson. 

BRIDE,  a.  [Sax.  br^ :  Sw.  bruA  :  D.  bruid  :  G.  braut ; 
DAn.  brud ;  Arm.  pr^ed^  pried:  \V.  pnVd-verch,  pri- 
ods.»-vercb,  a  bride  ;  Ir.  brideogi  W.  priodi  o  verch, 
to  be  morned  ;  Ar.  pridaaL,  to  marr>' ;  Corn,  hrnen^ 
prioty  a  bride ;  W.  priod-vab,  a  bride-niab,  bridegroom  ; 
Ann.  prOotidk,  wedlock.  It  seems,  by  the  Ctrltic  di- 
alects, that  bri-ie  is  prim.-irily  an  adjective  used  with 
the  name  of  maid  or  woman,  as  bride^rttom  is  the 
same  word  with  the  nam-^  of  a  man.  In  W.  jwiowrf, 
the  root  of  pritf^iajt,  flignliies  appropriate,  proper,  fit ; 
priodij  to  rendi-r  ap|>ropriai**,  to  espouse,  to  marry.] 

1.  A  woman  new  married.  Joluuon, 
But  the  name  is  applied  to  a  woman  at  the  marriage 

festival,  before  she  is  marriod,  as  well  as  after  the 
cervoxmy. 

2.  A  woman  e^potisf-d,  or  contracted  to  be  married. 
See  th^  case  of  Lewellyn,  prince  of  Wales,  Itcnry^g 
Ifut.  of  Britain ,  b.  iv.  c  h.  i.  sect.  2.  [  Tftw  is  the  true 
ort^iMol  sense  of  the  vord.] 

BRi;>£'-BED,  a.    {bride  and  bed,]    The  marriage  bed. 

Prior. 

BRTDE'-eJKE,  a.  [bride  and  caJt*.]  The  cake  w  hich 
IS  made  for  the  guests  at  a  wedding;  called,  in  the 
United  Si^es,  awrfrfia^^aJte. 

BRTDE'-CHAM-BER,  a.     The  nuptial  apartment. 

BRXDE'GROOM,  a.  [Originally  and  properiy  bride- 
Foom^  from  Sax.  brydguma;  Sw.  brud^umme;  D. 
braide^om :  Ger.  brdmtigam ;  Dan.  brud^om ;  a  com- 
pound of  bride  and  gmn,  guma^  a  m^n,  which,  by  our 
ancestors,  was  pronounced  ^oom.  This  w«jrd,  by  a 
mispronouncing  of  the  last  s>ilal>le,haii  been  cornipt- 
ed  into  brideffriwmy  which  signilies  a  bndt'a  hostler  i 
rrowm  being  a  Persian  word,  signifying  a  man  who 
has  the  care  of  horses.] 

A  man  newly  married  ;  or  a  man  about  to  he  mar- 
ried. The  passage  of  Shakspeare,  cited  by  Johnson, 
proves  that  the  last  definition  is  just. 

Ai  \n  thnar  duteet  aounds  in  famli  of  dnr, 
Tlwt  CHH-p  into  ibe  (lr»nnn^  britUfrocmft  ear. 
And  suQunon  turn  U  m&TTUg<e. 


BRl 

BRIOE'-MAII),  ».  [bnde  and  rnauL]  A  wumim  who 
attends  on  a  bride  at  her  wedding. 

BRi!JE'-MA.\,  b.  [ArM/eand  wan.]  A  man  who  at- 
tends upon  a  bridegroom  and  bride  at  their  marriage. 
I  have  gi-nerally  heard  these  words  pronounced  bride^a 
fmaa  and  bridr*g  maid. 

BRIDE'-STAKE,  a,  A  stake  or  post  set  in  the  ground 
to  dance  round.  if.  Juason. 

BRIU'ED,  a.     Made  a  bride. 

BRIDE'WELL,  II.  A  house  of  correction  for  the  ron- 
finement  of  disorderly  persons  ;  so  called  from  the 
palace  built  near  'St.  Briiie*s  or  Brid^eCs  teelt,  in  Lon- 
don, which  »  as  turned  into  a  workhouse.    Johnson. 

BRIDGE,  R,  [t^ax.  brie ^  brie ^^  AriiTi',  or  bryc,  brtfcg ; 
Dan.  broe  i  Sw.  bryggM,  bro;  D.  brngi  Gcr.  br^cke; 
Pni*.  bri^fff.] 

1.  Any  structure  of  wood,  stone,  brick,  or  iron, 
raised  over  a  river,  p>^nd,  or  lake,  for  the  passage  of 
men  aud  other  aiihnals.  Among  rude  nations,  bridges 
are  somrtinit^s  forinrd  of  otlK-r  materials  ;  and  some- 
times tiny  are  formid  of  btwits,  or  logs  of  wood  ly- 
ing on  thi'  watfr,  fastened  togelher.  covered  with 
planks,  and  called  fioating  bridge.s.  A  bridge  over  a 
marsh,  is  made  of  log<(,  or  other  materials,  laid  upon 
tlie  surface  of  the  earth. 

Pendent  or  Hang^insr  bridrres  are  not  supported  by 
po*ts,  but  by  the  peculiar  structure  of  the  frame,  rest- 
ing only  on  the  abutments. 

A  rfi-ow  bruii^e^  is  one  which  is  made  with  hinges, 
and  may  be  raised  or  opened.  Such  bridges  are  con- 
structed in  fortifications,  to  hinder  the  passage  of  a 
ditch  or  uioat ;  and  over  rivers,  that  the  passage  of 
vessels  may  not  be  iuternipted. 

A  jltfinif  bridge^  is  made  of  pontoons,  light  boats, 
hollow  tx^ms,  emi«y  casks,  or  the  like.  They  are 
made,  as  occasion  rtiiuirea,  lor  the  passage  of  armies. 
A  Jti/ing  bridjf,  is  also  constructed  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  move  from  one  sirte  of  a  river  to  the  oUier, 
bt-ing  niadL>  f.i^t  in  the  middle  of  the  river  by  a  cable 
and  an  anchor.  Encuc. 

'2.  The  up{HT,  bony  part  of  the  nose  is  called  the 

briil^r  nf  the  noxe, 

3.  The  part  of  a  stringed  instniment  of  music,  over 
which  the  strings  ore  stretched,  and  by  which  they 
are  raised. 

4.  In  gunnrnjy  the  two  pieces  of  limber  which  go 
between  the  two  transoms  of  a  gun-carriage.  Eneyc 

BRIDGE,  r.  r.    To  build  a  bridge  or  bridges  over ;  as, 

to  brill-re  a  river, 
a.  To  erect  bridges  on ;  to  make  a  possaf^  by  a 

bridge  or  bridges.  Milton. 

BRlDc^K'-IIEAl),  (h'-d,)  n.    A  fortification  covering 

the  extremity  uf  a  bridge  nearest  the  enemy.     [Fr. 

tite  Hu  ponU\  P.  Ci/e. 

BRIDG'lTD,  pp.    Covered  or  furnished  with  a  bridge. 
BRIDGE'I>E:>£^,  a.     Having  no  bridge. 
BRID^'lNG,p/rr.  Erecting  a  bridge  ;  building  abridge 

over. 
BRIDO'Y,  0.     Fun  of  bridges.     [J\rot  v.^ed.]   Sherwood. 
BRI'DLE,   n.     [Sax.  bridl,  or   bridel :  Ft.  bride;  Arm. 

brid ;  D    breittrl.  ti  bridle  j  Sp.  brida^  the  reins  of  a 

bridle ;  PwU  brida.] 

1.  The  instniment  with  which  a  horse  is  governed 
and  restrained  by  a  rider  ;  consisting  of  a  head-stall, 
a  bit,  and  reins,  with  other  appendages,  according  to 
its  particular  form  and  uses. 

2.  A  restraint ;  a  curb  ;  a  check.  fVattf. 

3.  A  short  piece  of  cable,  well  served,  attached  to 
a  swivel  on  a  chain,  laid  in  a  harbor,  anil  the  upper 
end  drawn  into  a  ship  aud  secured  to  the  bitts.  The 
use  is  to  enable  a  ship,  when  moored,  to  veer  with 
the  wind  and  tide.  Mar.  Diet, 

Botchne  bridle^^  are  short  legs  or  pieces  of  rope,  run- 
ning through  iron  thrinbles,  by  which  the  bowline  at- 
taches to  different  places  on  the  leech  or  edge  of  a 
large  sail.  Mar.  Diet. 

BRI'DLE,  17.  L  To  put  on  a  bridle ;  as,  to  bridle  a 
horse. 

2.  To  restrain,  guidp,  or  govern  ;  to  check,  curb. 
or  control  j  as,  to  bridle  Ilie  passions  ;  *'  to  bridle  a 
muse."  Pope. 

Brid!*  ths  excardona  o(  jrouth.  DieighU 

BRI'DLE,  c.  i,    To  hold  up  tlie  head,  and  draw  in  the 

chin. 
BRI'DLKD,  pp.     Having  a  bridle  on  ;  restrained. 
BRI'DI.E-MAND,   n.     [hruIJe  and  hand.]     The  hand 

which  holds  the  bridle  in  riding.  Sidney. 

BRi'DLE-\\'AV,Ti.  A  path  for  travelers  on  horseback. 

BanerofL 
BRT'DLER,   n.     One  that  bridles;  one  that  restrains 

and  govf-ms.  Milton, 

BRI'DLING,  ppr.    Putting  on  a  bridle  j  restraining; 

curbing. 
2.  Holding  up  the  head,  and  drawing  in  the  chin. 

The  bridJing  frown  of  wriukK-U  broi*'«.  'rrumbitU. 

BRID-OON',  n.  A  light  snaffle,  or  bit  of  a  bridle,  in 
addition  to  llie  principal  bit,  aud  liaving  a  distinct 
rein. 

BRI£F,  a.  [Fr.  bref;  It.  Sp.  and  Port,  breve ;  L.  brems^ 
whence  brevio,  to  shorten,  abbreviate.  Brecig^  in 
I^tin,  is  doubtless  contracted  from  the  Gr.  0fi'ixvs, 
whence  to  abridge.  The  Greek  word  coincides  in 
elements  with  break.] 


BRl 

Short ;  concise.  It  is  used  chiefly  of  languago, 
disc*)urse8,  writings,  and  time  ;  as,  a  briif  space,  a 
brief  review  of  a  book.  Sliaks[K»are  applies  it  to 
trarjt,  to  nature,  &lc.  A  little  brief  authority,  is  au- 
thority very-  limited. 
BRIkF,  n.  [In  this  sense  the  word  has  been  received 
into  most  of  the  languages  of  Euro)>e.] 

1.  An  epitome  ;  a  short  or  concise  writing.  This 
is  the  general  sense  of  the  word,  as  explained  by 
Zonaras  on  the  council  of  Carthage.  It  was  thus 
used  as  early  as  the  third  century  after  Christ. 

Spelman. 
In  modern  times,  an  apostolical  briif  is  a  letter 
which  the  pope  dispatches  to  a  prince  or  other  ma- 
gistrate, relating  to  public  afl'airs.  A  brief  is  distin- 
guished from  a  bull,  in  being  more  concise,  written 
on  [Miper,  scaled  with  red  wax,  and  impressed  with 
the  seal  of  the^sherman,  or  Peter,  in  a  boat.  A  bull 
ia  more  ample,  wrillen  on  parchment,  and  scaled 
with  lead  or  green  wax.  Kncyc. 

2.  In  latPy  an  ahridgment  of  a  client's  case,  made 
out  for  the  instrucliou  of  counsel  on  a  trial  at  law, 

Encyc.     Johnson, 
Also,  a  w^rit  summoning  a  man  to  answer  to  any 
notion  ;  or  any  precept  of  the  king  in  writing,  issuing 
from  any  court,  whereby  he  commands  a  thing  to 
be  done.  Cowd. 

In  Scots  /flw,  a  writ  issuing  from  the  chancery,  di- 
rected to  any  judge  ordinary,  commanding  and  au- 
thorizingthat  judge  to  call  a  jury  to  inquire  into  the 
case,  and  upon  their  verdict  to  pronounce  sentence. 

Encyc. 
n.  A  loiter  patent,  from  proper  authority,  author- 
ising a  collection  or  charitable  contribution  of  money 
in  churches,  for  any  public  or  private  purpose. 

Brande. 
A.  A  summation  or  brief  statement  in  writing.  Shak. 
In  music,  the  word,  if  I  mistake  not,  is  now  writ* 
ten  breve. 
BRlKF'LESS,  a.    Having  no  brief. 
BRIi:K'LY,  flrfe.    Concisely;  in  few  words.    Bacon. 
BRIkF'XESS,  n.    Shortness  ;  conciseness  in  discourse 

or  writing.  Camden. 

BRI'I'iR,  7t.  [Sax.  brtrr ;  Ir.  brtnr,  a  prickle;  Fr.  bm- 
yerr,  h<'aili ;  Ann.  brag.  'J'lu;  latter  shows  this  word 
to  be  from  the  root  of  rough.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  prickly  plant  or  shrub.  Is. 
V.  ().    Judges  viii.  7. 

9.  In  a  limited  sense,  the  BWeet-brier  and  the  wild- 
brier,  species  af  the  rose. 
BRT'ER-i-JD,  (brl'erd,)  a.    Set  with  briers, 
BRI'ER-Y,  a.    JTulI  of  briers  ;  rough;  thorny.  Johnson. 
BRI'ER-Y,  71.    A  place  where  briers  grow. 
BRIG,  the  termination  of  names,  signifies  a  bridge^  or, 

perhaps,  in  some  cases,  a  town,  or  bur^. 
BRIG,  n.    [from  briganttne.]    A  vessel  with  two  masts, 
square  ngged,  or  rigccd  nearly  like  a  ship's  main- 
inasl  and  forenuist.     The  term,  however,  is  various- 
ly applied  by  the  mariners  of  difi'erent  nations. 

Mar.  DicL 
BRIGADE',  71.      [Fr.  brigade;   It.  brigata;    Sp.  and 
S 
Port,  brigada;  perhajw  from  Ar.  ^.Juo  fariJcon,  ag- 

men,  turba  hominum  major  ;  that  is,  a  division,  from 

O  *j  faraka^  to  break.    This  word  comes  to  us  from 

the  south  of  Europe,  and  may  have  been  introduced 
into  Spain  by  the  Mtwrs.  if  this  conjecture  is  not 
well  founded,  I  know  not  the  origin  of  the  word. 
See  Cast.  Hept.  Col.  3084.] 

A  party  or  division  of  troops,  or  soldiers,  whether 
cavalry  or  infantry,  regular  or  militia,  commanded  by 
a  brigadier.  It  consists  of  an  indeterminate  number 
of  regiments,  squadrons,  or  battalions.  A  brigade  of 
horse  is  a  body  of  eight  or  ten  squadrons  ;  of  infan- 
try, four,  five,  or  six  battalions  or  regiments.  A 
brigade  of  artillery  consists  of  six  pieces,  with  usu- 
ally 140  men.  A  brigade  of  sappers  consists  of  only 
eight  men. 

BRI-GaDE',  r.  (.  To  form  into  a  brigade,  or  into 
brigndcs. 

BRM;AD'ED,  pp.     Formed  into  a  brigade. 

BKI-GAD'[.\Gj  pjrr.     Forming  into  a  brigade, 

BRI-GaDE'-Ma-JOR,  n.  [See  MAjon.]  An  officer 
appointed  by  xhi:  brigadier,  to  assist  him  in  the  man- 
agetn-i-nt  and  ordering  of  hip;  brigad?. 

BRIG-A-DIKR'  or  BR1G-A-DI£R'-GEX'ER-AL,  n. 
[Fr.,  from  brigade.] 

The  general  othcer  who  commands  a  brigade, 
whether  of  horse  or  foot,  and  in  rank  next  btilow  a 
major-general. 

BRIG'AND,  n,      [Fr.  brigand;    W.  brigant,  a  moun- 
taineer, a  plunderer,  from  VV.  brig,  a  top  or  sunimil,] 
A   robber;   a  freebooter;   a  lawless   fellow    who 
lives  by  plunder,  or  who  belongs  to  a  band  of  rob- 
bers. JVarburton. 

BRIG'AXD-A6E,  n.     Theft;  robbery;  plunder. 

ffarburton. 

BRIG'AN-DINE,  w.  [Qu.  the  origin  of  this  word.  In 
Pers.  jrraghe  is  a  helmet.] 


FATE,  FAR,  F.^LL,  WHAT.— MkTE,  PK5V.— ri\E,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  ROQK.  ■ 
146 


BRI 

Ancit-nily,  a  coal  of  mail.  The  name  has  ceased 
to  be  used,  with  the  disuse  of  the  thing.  U  con- 
si^U'd  of  thin.  Jointed  scales  of  plate,  pliant  and  e:ii^y 
to  the  body.  Encyc. 

BRIG'AN'-TINE,  II.  [Ft.  bri^antin;  Arm.  bri^antine; 
It.  brig-antino;  Pp.  berg^antin ;  Port.  ba,vaRtim ;  D. 
berkanttfii.  Qu.  from  iZ  aphractum,  Gr.  ii<j);>aKro^,  a 
vessel  without  a  deck,  uncovered.  It  is  usually  de- 
rived from  brigand.]     [See  Brio.] 

BRIG  Ul\  (brlte,)  a.  [Sax.  beorkt,  briht,  byrht^  or  Apj/A(, 
cle.'ir,  shining,  whence  beorhtnes,  brightness,  beorhtian^ 
Goth,  bairtiyan^  to  shine  or  be  clear,  or  to  manifest ; 
At.  Ch.  Ueb.  Syr.  and  Eth.  p->3,  to  shine,  or  more 

probably,  Eth.  I  I'^U  bareah^  to  shine,  as  the  Eth. 

participle  \  \*-tU\  berkt  or  berrht,  corresponds  ex- 
actly with  the  Saxon.  I  have  not  fmind  this  word 
in  any  other  Teutonic  or  Gothic  language,  and  the 
original  verb  is  lost  in  the  Saxon.  In  Saxon,  beorh- 
thieile  or  brikthwile  signifies  a  moment,  the  twinkling 
of  an  eve.  This  directs  us  to  the  primary  sense  of 
the  verb,  to  shine,  which  is,  to  shoc»t,  to  dart,  to 
glance.  That  this  is  the  primary  sense,  we  haA'e 
evidence  from  the  Sai.  bryhtm,  which  is  a  deriva- 
tive from  bryht,  and  which  signifit^s  a  mometit,.thaX 
is,  the  time  of  a  shoot,  or  darting,  like  glance.] 

1.  .^hining;  lucid;  luminous;  splendid;  as,  a 
brijrht  sun  or  star  ;   a  bright  ms-Hal. 

2.  Clear  ;  transparent ;   as  liquors.         iViomson. 

3.  Evident;  clear;  manifest  to  the  mind,  as  hght 
is  to  Ibe  eyes. 

The  evidence  of  thU  tnith  is  bright.  WaOs. 

4.  Resplendent  with  charms ;  as,  a  bright  beauty  ; 
the  brightest  fair.  Pope. 

5.  Illuminated  with  science ;  sparkling  with  wit ; 
as,  the  brightegt  of  men.  Popf. 

6.  Illustrious  ;  glorious ;  as,  the  brightest  period  of 
a  kingdom.  Cotton, 

7.  In  popular  language,  ingenious ;  possessing  an 
active  mind. 

8.  Trumising  good  or  success ;  as,  bright  prospects. 

9.  Sparkling;  animated;  a.-*,  frri^'Ai  eyes. 
BRIGHT' £N,(brli'n,)  v.  L    To  make  bright  or  bright- 
er ;  to  make  to  shine ;  to  increase  luster. 

3.  To  make  luminous  by  light  from  without,  or  by 
dispelling  gloom  ;  as,  to  brirrhten  sorrow  or  prospects. 

I  Philips. 
3.  To  cheer ;  to  make  gay  or  cheerful. 

Jay  trrigfiltnt  hi»  crr>L  Hiriiton. 

'  4.  To  make  illustrious,  or  more  distinguished  ;  as, 

to  brinfiten.  a  character.  Swift. 

5.  To  make  acute  or  witty.  Johnson. 

BRIGHT'fi.V,  (bril'n,)  r.  i.    To  grow  bright,  or  more 

bright ;  to  clear  up  ;  as,  the  sky  bri^rUeiis. 
2.  To  become  less  dark  or  ghwiny ;  as,  our  pros- 

prct«  bri-rUteit, 
BKIf;llT'£.\-/:D,  pp.     Made  bright  or  more  bright. 
nRTGHT'/TN-lNG,  ppr.     Making  bright  ur  brighter. 
I'.KKiHT'ER,  a.  eomp.     Mure  bright. 

;;ri;ilT'E.-<T,  a.  jnipn-L     -Mwt  bright. 
,:iJ(;MT'-Bi;UN-ING,  a.      Burning   with    a    bright 

flamf. 
BRTGnT'-EY-KD^-Ide,)a.   Having  bright  eyes.  Orajf. 
BRTOIIT'-HAIR  .CT),  a.     Having  bright  hair.  Milt4>n. 
BRIGHT'-HAR-\ESri-£D,    (bar'ncst,)   a.      Having 

glittering  armor*  JUiUan, 

BRlGHT'-nCA;n,  a.     Having  a  bright  color. 
BRIGHT'-SUI.\-1.\G,  a.    Shining  with  splendor. 

Sprnjurr. 
BRTGHT'LY,  (brne'ly,)arfr.    Splendidly;  with  luster, 
BRIGHT'N'ESS,  (brite'ness,)   n.     Splendor;    luster; 

glitter.  South, 

2.  .^cuteness,  applied  to  the  faculties;  sharpness 

nf  wit ;  as,  the  brightness  of  a  man's  parts.    Prior. 

iU-GOSE',  a.      [from  frri^e,]      Contentious.      [JVot 

n.ifd,]  Puller. 

iUilGuE,  (breeg,)  n.     [Fr.  briguf  ;  Sp.  brtga;  It.  bri- 

gay  strife,   disquiet ;    Ir.   bre^ighean,   to    debate,    to 

quarrel.] 

A  cabal;    intrigue j  faction;   contention.      \ Little 

used.\  Chaucer.     Chrstfrfield. 

BRIGuE,  (breeg,)  u.  L    To  canvass  ;  to  soiiciL    [Lit- 
tle usfd.\  Kurd. 
BUtGU'I.VG,  (brong'ing,);'pr.  Canvassing;  solicititig. 
BRILL,  n.     A  fish  iillied  to  the  turbiit,  (the  Plfuroncc- 

IM  rhomhus,)  mui.-h  esteemed  in  England  for  food. 
BR/L  L/i.'VT E,  (briMant'e,)     [It.]     In  miwic,  in  a 

gay  and  liv»*|y  manner.  Brauilc. 

BRILL'IAN-CY,  (bril'y!in-ey,)  b.     [See  Brilliant.] 

Hplendrir  ;  glitter  ;  great  brightness. 
BRILL'IANT,  C'Tiryant,)  a.     fPr.  hrillant,  sparkling, 

from  brillrr,  to  shine  or  sparkle ;  It.  brilUint^i^  spark- 

lirig;  brillo,  Joy,  gladness,  also  tipsy  ;  8p.  britlar,  to 

glitter;  Ari//'i//or,  brilliant ;  ftr*7/o,  splendor  ;  Ger.  and 

Dan.  briUe^  a  pair  of  spectacles ;  hence  Eng.  beryl 

and  p^arl.] 

1.  Sparkling  nilh  Ulster;  glittering;  as,  a  brilliant 
gem  ;  a  brUlumt  dres.^. 

2.  Hpiendid  ;  shining;  as,  a  ^tZ/iant  achievement. 
Wwhinrinn  yia  mon  •olirlioiia  ioa*i/i(t  (iIaI  mi»tAk>«,  (h.in  to 

pr'ri>rin  hriiiiant  tsplinu.  Amet. 

BRILI/IAXT,  a.    A  diamond  of  the  finest  cut,  formed 


^  BRI 

into  facets,  so  as  to  reflect  the  light,  by  which  it  is 
rendered  more  glittering.  It  has  a  face  or  flat  table 
at  the  middle  or  the  top,  and  is  thus  distinguished 
from  a  rose  diamond,  which  comes  off  to  a  point  or 
angle.  Hebert. 

Q.  In  the  manege,  a  brisk,  bigh-spirited  horse,  with 
a  stately  carriage.  Encyc. 

BRILL'IANT-LY,  fldD.     Splendidly.  Warton. 

BRILL'IANT-KESS,  n.    Brilliancy  ;  splendor ;  glitter. 

Jvinison. 

BRILLS,  Ti.     The  hair  on  tlie  eyelids  of  a  horse. 

BRIM,  n.  [Sax.  brymtn;  Sw.  brain:  Ihin.  briBmme; 
Sax.  ryjjian,  to  enlarge  ;  probably  the  extent  or  ex- 
treme.] 

1.  Tne  rim,  lip,  or  broad  border,  of  any  vessel  or 
other  thing  ;  as,  the  brim  of  a  hat,  or  of  a  vessel. 

2.  The  upper  edge  of  a  vessti,  whether  broad  or 
not ;  as,  the  briiit  of  a  cup  or  glass. 

3.  The  top  of  any  liquor;  tlie  edge,  or  that  next 
the  border  at  the  top. 

The  Wt  of  tlic  priesU  were  (lipped  iu  the  bnm  of  Uw  water.  — 
Josh.  iii. 

4.  The  edge  or  brink  of  a  fountain  ;  the  verge. 

Drayton. 

BRIM,  a.  [Sax.  bryjme.']  Public;  well  known  ;  cele- 
brated.    [A*w(  in  use."]  Warner. 

BRIM,  V.  t.    To  fill  to  the  brim,  upper  edge,  or  top. 

Milton. 

BRIM,  v.L    To  be  full  to  the  brim.  Philips. 

BRIM'FJJL,  a.  [brim  and/w//.]  Full  tothe  top;  com- 
pletely full ;  as,  a  glass  brin\ful  ,■  a  heart  brintful  of 
sorrow. 

BRI.M'FUL-r*rESS,  n.    Fullness  to  the  top.  [J\'ot  used.] 

Shak. 

BRIM 'LESS,  a.  Having  no  brim.  ^Jdison, 

BRIM'.MER,  n.     .\  bowl  full  to  the  top.  Dryden. 

BRIM'.MING,  a.  Full  to  the  top  or  brim;  as,  a  brim- 
viing  pail.  Dryden. 

BRI.vf'STOXE,  n.  [Sax.  bnjne,  combustion, and  xtonc, 
bum-stone,  or  burning -stone.  See  Brand  and  Uurn.1 
Sulphur  ;  a  h;ird,  brittle,  inihimmable  substance,  of 
a  lemon-yellow  color,  whiet>  Ii:is  no  smell,  unless 
heated,  and  which  becomes  lugatively  electric  by 
heat  and  friction.  It  is  found,  in  great  quantities, 
and  sometimes  pure,  in  the  neighborhood  of  volcanoes. 
It  is  an  ingredient  in  a  variety  of  minerals  and  ores. 
The  sulphur  of  commerce  is  pn»cured  from  its  natu- 
ral beds,  or  artificially  extracted  from  pyrites. 

Hooper,     A'ichohan. 

BRIM'STO\-Y,  a.  Full  of  brinistcme,  or  containing  it ; 
resrmhling  brimstone  ;  sulphurous. 

BRIND'ED,  a.     [It.  brinato,  spotted.] 

Marked  with  spots,  tabby  ;  having  dififerent  colors. 

Jlliltoii. 

BRI.V'DLE,  n.  [from  brind,  the  root  of  brimhd.]  The 
state  of  being  brinded  ;  sptittedness.       Richardson, 

BRI-N'DLKD.  a.  Spotted;  variegated  with  spots  of 
different  colors.  .Addison. 

BRINE,  n.  [Sax.  bryne,  brine,  and  a  burning,  from 
brennan,  to  burn.] 

1.  Water  saturated  or  strongly  impregnated  with 
salt,  like  the  wat<'r  of  the  ocean.  Artifieial  brine  is 
used  for  the  preservation  of  the  desh  of  animals,  fish, 
vegetables,  &c  » 

3.  The  ocean  or  sea.  Milton, 

3.  Tears,  so  called  from  their  saltncss.  Shak. 

Leach  brine  is  brine  which  drops  from  corned  suit  in 
drying,  which  is  preMtrved  to  be  boiled  again.  Uncye. 

BRI.NE,  V.  U  To  steep  in  brine,  as  corn,  to  prevent 
smut ;  al.-tu,  to  mix  salt  with  ;  as,  to  brmr  hay.  Kneyc 

BRI.NE'-PAN,  «.  [brine  and  pan.]  A  pit  of  salt  wa- 
ter, where,  by  the  action  of  the  sun,  salt  is  formed 
by  crystaUi/.ation. 

BRTNE'-PIT,  n.  [brine  am\  pit.]  A  salt  spring  or  well, 
from  which  waUr  is  taken  to  be  boiled  or  evaponited 
for  making  salt.  Encyc. 

BKINE'-SPKLNG,  n.  [brine  and  trpring.]  A  spring  of 
salt  water.  P.nrye. 

BRLNG,  V.  t.;  preL  and  pp.  Brought.  [Sax.  bringan; 
Sw.  bringa;  Dan.  bringei  I),  brengen ;  G.  brint^cn; 
Goth,  briggan.  We  sec  by  brought,  D.  bragt,  and  the 
Gothic  briggan^  that  n  is  not  radical.] 

1.  To  fetch  ;  to  hear,  convey,  or  lead  from  a  dis- 
tant to  n  nearer  place,  or  to  a  person  ;  as,  bring  me  a 
b(Ktk  from  the  slmlf ;  bring  me  a  mr»rsel  of  bread.  In 
this  senne,  it  Is  opimsed  to  carry  ;  and  it  is  applied  to 
Ihe  person  bearing  or  leading,  in  opposition  to  sending 
or  transmitting  by  another. 

2.  To  produce  ;  to  procure  as  a  cause  ;  to  draw  to. 

NolKiiig  ItringM  a  mnn  more  honor  ttiaii  to  bo  iiivuri.it)!/  JosC. 

3.  To  attract  or  draw  along. 

In  (ii»ullnlloii  Ibo  wuHt  hrliig*  orcr  wilh  il  aiiollifr  •«!«lnticc. 

4.  To  cause  to  come  ;  to  cause  to  proceed  from  a 
distint  place,  in  cimipany,  or  at  the  same  time  ;  as, 
to  bring  a  boat  over  a  river  ;  to  bring  a  horse  or  car- 
riage ;  to  bring  a  cargo  of  dr>'  goods. 

5.  To  cause  to  come  to  a  ixiint,  by  moral  influence  ; 
used  nfthe  mind,  and  implying  previous  remoteness, 
aversion,  alienation,  or  disagreement ;  as,  to  bring 
the  mind  to  assent  to  a  prop^>s>tion  ;  or  to  bring  n 
m.Tn  to  terms  by  persimsiim  or  argument.  In  this 
sense,  it  is  nearly  cipiivalenl  to  vrrsuatle,  /trevnil  upon, 
or  induce.     The  same  process  is  efll-cted  by  custom. 


BRI 

nnd  other  causes.  Habit  brings  us  to  relish  things 
at  first  disagreeable  ;  reflection  brings  a  man  to  his 
senses  ;  and  wlieiher  the  process  is  slow  or  rapid,  the 
sense  of  the  verb  is  the  same.  To  bring  to  the  mind 
any  thing  before  known  ami  forgotten,  is  to  recall; 
but  the  sense  of  bring  is  the  same. 

The  primary  sense  is  to  lead,  draw,  or  cause  to  come} 
the  sense  of  conveying  or  bearing  is  secondary. 

The  use  of  this  verb  is  so  extensive,  and  incorpo- 
rated into  so  many  peculiar  phrases,  that  it  is  not  easy 
to  reduce  its  ;ignifications  within  any  precise  limits. 
In  general,  the  verb  bring  implies  motion  from  a  place 
remote,  either  in  a  literal  or  figurative  sense.  It  is 
used  with  various  modifying  words. 

To  bring  buck,  is  to  recall,  implying  previous  depart- 
ure, either  in  a  literal  or  figurative  sense. 

To  bring  about ;  to  bring  to  psjss ;  to  efl!ect ;  to  ac- 
complish ;  to  bring  to  the  desired  issue. 

To  bring  forth,  is  to  produce,  as  young  or  fruit ; 
also,  to  bring  to  light;  that  is,  to  make  manifest,  to 
disclose. 

To  bring  forward ;  to  cause  to  advance  j  to  produce 
to  view. 

To  bring  in  ;  to  import ;  to  introduce  ;  to  bear  from 
a  remote  place  within  a  certain  precinct ;  to  place  iu 
a  p.irticular  eondition  ;  to  collect  things  dispersed  ;  to 
reduce  within  the  limits  of  law  nnd  government ;  to 
produce,  as  income,  rent,  or  revenue  j  to  induce  to 
join,  Slc. 

To  bring  off;  to  bear  or  convey  from  a  distant 
place  ;  as,  to  Inring  offtnen  from  an  isle  ;  also,  to  pro- 
cure to  be  acquitted  ;  to  clear  from  condemnation  ;  to 
cause  to  escajie. 

To  bring  on  ;  to  cause  to  l)egin  ;  as,  to  bring  on  an 
action.  Also,  to  originate  or  cause  to  exist ;  as,  to 
bring  on  a  disease.  Also,  to  bear  or  convey  from  a 
distance  ;  as,  to  bring  on  a  quantity  of  giwds.  Also, 
to  attend,  or  to  aid  in  advancing  ;  as,  to  bring  one  on 
his  way. 

To  bring  over :  to  bear  across  ;  as,  to  bring  over  dis- 
patches ;  to  bring  over  passengers  in  a  boat.  Also,  to 
convert  by  persuasion  or  other  means  ;  to  draw  to  a 
new  party  ;  to  cause  to  change  sides,  or  an  opinion. 

To  bring  niiti  to  expose;  to  detect;  to  bring  to 
light  from  concealment;  as,  to  bring  out  an  accom- 
plice or  his  rriines. 

To  bring  under ;  to  subdue  ;  to  repress ;  to  restrain  ; 
to  reduce  to  obedience;  also,  to  bring  bencatli  any 
thing. 

To  bring  vp  ;  to  nurse  ;  to  educate ;  to  instnict ;  to 
feed  nnd  clothe;  to  form  the  manners,  and  furnish 
the  mind  with  knowledge.  The  phrase  may  compre- 
hend all  these  i>articut:irs.  Also,  to  introduce  to  prac- 
tice ;  as,  to  bring  vp  a  fiishion  or  ceremony.  Also,  to 
cause  to  advance  near;  as,  to  bring  up  forces,  or  the 
body  of  reserve.  Also,  to  bear  or  convey  upward.  Jn 
navigation,  to  cast  anchoi*. 

To  bring  down:  to  cause  to  come  down.  Also,  to 
humble  or  abase  ;  as,  to  bring  dorm  high  Iixiks. 

To  bring  to ;  in  navigation,  to  check  the  course  of  a 
ship,  by  arranging  the  sails  in  such  a  nmnuer  that 
they  shall  counteract  each  other,  and  keep  her  nearly 
stationar>-.  She  is  then  said  to  lie  to.  The  phrase  is 
used  also  in  applying  a  rope  to  the  capstan. 

To  bring  by  the  lee  ;  to  incline  so  rapidly  to  leewnrd 
of  tlie  course,  when  a  ship  sails  large,  as  to  bring  the 
lee-side  suddenly  to  the  windward,  and,  by  laying 
the  sails  aback,  expose  her  to  the  danger  of  overset- 
ting. Jllar.  DicL 
BRING'ER,  n.    One  who  brings  or  conveys  to. 

Bringcr  in  :  the  person  who  introduces. 

Bringer  up :  an  instructor  ;  one  who  feeds,  clothes, 
and  educates  ;  also,  one  who  is  in  the  rear  of  an  army. 

jjMhatn. 
BRING'I\G,  ppr.     Bearing  to;  conveying;  persuad- 
ing ;  causing  to  come. 
BRING'!. \G-Ff>RTII,Ti.    Production.  Shak. 

BKIN'lSIl,  a.     [from  trine]     Like  brine  ;  salt;  some- 
what salt ;  saltish. 
BRIN'lSII-iNESS,  n.    Saltnoss ;  the  quality  of  being 

snltish. 
BRINK,  TI.     [Dan.  and  Sw.  brink:  \V.  bryncym   Ir. 
breoch,  bniach;  from  break.] 

The  edge,  margin,  or  border  of  a  steep  place,  as  of 
a  precipice,  or  the  bank  of  a  river. 
BRIN'Y,  a.     [from  brine.]     Pi-rtaining  to  brine,  or  to 
the  sea  ;  p;irlaking  of  the  nature  r)f  brine  ;  salt ;  as,  a 
briny  taste  ;  the  brhiy  fiot)d.  Dryden.     Additon. 

BRISK,  fl.  [This  word  may  be  of  the  same  family 
with  frifk  and  fresh,  which  see.  W.  brysg,  from 
bry.'i,  quick;  brysiaw,  to  ha!ri>ten,  coinciding  with 
press;    from  W.  rhys,  a  rushing.     See  Rush.] 

1.  Lively;  active;  nimble;  gay;  sprightly;  viva- 
cious; applied  to  animals',  as,  a  brisk  young  man;  a 
brisk  horse. 

2.  Full  of  spirit  or  life;  eflervescing,  as  liquors; 
as,  brisk  cider. 

3.  Lively  ;  burning  freely  ;  as,  a  brisk  fire. 
BRISK  or  BKISK  l/P,  v,  U    To  make  lively  ;  to  en- 
liven :  to  animate. 

BRISK  UP,  r.  i.     To  come  up  with  life  and  speed  ;  to 
"tako  an  erect  or  bold  attitude. 
BRlSK'irr,  n.     rUu.  Fr.  brechet.] 

The  breast  of  an  animal ;  or  that  part  ot  the  breast 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  In  THIS, 

'    -    ■  ■  

149 


BRO 

thnt  lies  tu'Xt  to  the  ribs  ;  the  fore  pnrt  of  the   neck 
of  a  boRie,  at  ttao  shouliler  down  to  the  furc  le^. 

Bailey. 

BRI?K'-Ii9QK-I\G,  a.     Having  a  lively  look. 

DRISK'LY,  «fo.  Aaiveiyi  vigorously;  wiili  life  and 
spirit.  Boyle.     Hay. 

BRISK'NES3,  lu     Liveliness  ;  vipor  in  action  :  quick- 
ness j  gayeiy  ;  vivacity;  effervescence  of  liquors. 
Soutk.     Orydeiu 

BRIS'TLE,  (brisi,)  m.  [Sax.  hriMl^  and  kyr^t:  Sw. 
hurst ;  D.  ixTrstel,  a  bristle,  a  bnish  ;  G.  bor^£,  bristle  ; 
b(rrsten^  lu  bristle  up ;  Dan.  bryjOe,  to  strut  The 
aenste  is,  a  tihoot.1 

1.  The  stiff,  ploaav  hair  of  swine,  especially  that 
^rowin^  on  the  hock,  used  for  making  brushes;  sim- 
ilar hair  on  oilier  animals. 

Q.  A  8pi>cies  of  pubescence  on  plants,  in  form  of  a 
stiff,  roundish  hair.  JUmrtyH. 

BRISS'TLE,  r.  L  To  erect  In  bristlee;  to  erect  in  de- 
fiance or  annrer,  like  a  swine  ;  as,  to  hrittit  the  crest. 

2.  To  fix  a  bristle  ;  as,  to  ^ruf/e4r  thread.  JokuMn. 
BRISTLE,  V.  i.    To  rise  or  stand  erect ;  as,  the  hair 

hristiss.  Oryden, 

S.  To  isiw  the  bead  and  strut,  as  in  anger  or  defi- 
ance i  u,  a  man  hrutU»  up  to  another.  In  this  wnse 
tbe  Word  is  common  in  the  United  States,  but  gen- 
erallv  pronottnced  hnutU. 

BRIS'I'L/TD,  (bri^'sld.)  ^p.  or  a.  Raised  in  bristles  ; 
furnished  with  bri-stles, 

BRIS'TLE-ARM-f:D,  a.    Armed  with  bristles.  ITir**. 

BRIS'TI.E-BEAR-I.\G,«.    Having  briaUes.   Kirhy, 

BRI8' TLE-LTKE,  a.    Stiff  as  a  bristle 

BRIS'TLtXSHAP-ED,  (hrisn-sh&pt,)  a.  [hrvd*  and 
sAd^.j  Of  the  thickneaa  and  l^gtli  of  a  bristle,  as 
a  leaf.  JVavtjnk 

BRIS'TLTXG,  (bristling,)  m-.    Rising  in  bristles. 

BRl^^'TLY,  (brisly,)  a.  Thick  set  with  bristles,  or 
with  huirs  like  bristlea;  rough.  AacMu 

BRl:^  TOI^FLOW-ER,  «.  A  species  of  Lvchnis, 
bachelor's  hunon,  or  calchfly.  Fam.  ^Ptmrnti. 

BRISTOL  STCNE,  in.  Rock  rrvstal.or  cr\stals 

BRIS-TOL-nr.\-.MOXD,  i  of  quartx,  f^inil  in  a  rock 
near  the  city  of  Hri-*it>tl,  in  Eti^jLuiJ,  and  frequently 
u^d  for  om.-imenial  purpo^.t. 

BRISTOl^WA-TER,  a.  The  water  of  a  warm 
spring  near  the  city  of  Bristol,  in  En^Lind. 

j^ih.     Ennic. 

BRIT,  a.  A  ftsb  of  the  herring  kind,  {elype^,)  from 
one  to  four  inches  long,  fauna,  nt  some  seasons,  in 
ininieuse  numbers  on  the  ea:>lcm  Ct>ast  of  New  Eng- 
land. .ViWL4.  RrporU 

BRI-TA\'N'I.\,  «.  A  metallic  compound  or  alloy, 
con:ii«tmg  chiefly  of  block-tin,  with  ^^me  antimony, 
and  a  small  proportion  uf  C4i{>per  and  bracts. 

Emeyc  Dem.  Eeam. 

BRI-T.\X'XI6,  a.  Pertaining  to  Britain  ;  or,  in  its 
present  uae,  to  Great  Britain.  It  is  aj^ied  almost 
exclusively  to  the  iiUe  of  the  king  ;  is.  His  Brilan- 
nk  Majesty.  Tbe  BritamMK  Catalogue,  {Caialo^ut 
BrtUmniciu^)  is  a  catalogae  of  the  stam,  prepared  by 
Flamsteed. 

BRTTE,     1 1.  £.    To  be  or  become  ova--ripe,  as  wheat, 

BRIGHT,  (     bariey,  or  bops.  Jaktumt. 

[J know  net  UtattMuvtrd  IB  lUtdiM  the  United  Sauts.] 

BRIT'ISH,  a.  Pertaining  to  Great  Britain  or  its  in- 
bahitantt.  It  in  sometimes  applied  to  the  language 
of  the  Wel^sh. 

BRIT'ISH-G  i:  Mi  a.  A  substance  of  a  brownish  color, 
and  very  soluble  in  cold  water,  formed  by  heating 
dr>-  stiirch  at  a  temperature  of  about  6(K>0  Fahr.  It 
corre^piinds,  in  its  projierties,  with  dextrine,  and  is 
used  in  solution,  as  a  sukiititute  for  gum,  in  stiffen- 
in;:  Eoods. 

BRIT'ON,  a.    A  native  of  Britain. 

BRIT'OX.a.     British.  Spensrr. 

BRIT'TLE,  a.  [Sax.  ftrtttea,  Max,  to  break  ;  Pw. 
hryta ;  Dan.  tryds,  id. ;  W.  hrai,  a  breaking ;  Sam. 

A*\S   ^rat;   Cb.    nnCi  Ar.  ^^y  Jia^Ui  Syr. 
Z- g^  frai:  Ileb.  I'^s  to  jwrt,  to  break.     See  Part.] 

Easily  broken,  or  easily  breaking  short,  without 
splintf-rs,  or  Kxuse  parts  rent  from  the  substance  ; 
fragile;  not  tougti  or  tenacious;  as,  briult  stone  or 
glass,  JlrbaVinnt. 

BRIT'TLE-LY,  orfc.    In  a  brittle  manner.  Sherwood. 

BRIT'TLE-.VE.'iS,  n.  Aptness  to  break;  fraeility; 
opposed  to  tfu^hnrsa  and  tenacity.  Boyle, 

BRIT^'s-KA,  (bris'ka,)  n.  A  long  carriage,  with  a 
calash  top,  and  so  constnicted  as  to  give  space 
for  reclining  at  night,  when  used  on  a  journey. 

BRIZE,  a.    The  gadfly.     [See  Breeze.] 

BROACH,  n.  [Fr.  broche^  a  spit,  faucet,  or  quill ;  VV. 
rroc,  a  thrust,  a  stab  ;  It.  brecco^  a  peg  ;  bro9ciare,  to 
prick  ;  sip.  Ar-ira,  a  drill,  a  tack.  It  denotes  a  shoot, 
a  sharp-pointt-d  thing.] 

1.  A  spit,  and,  in  some  parts  of  the  English  do- 
mmions,  an  awl,  and  a  l>odkin.  Rneyc 

2.  A  musical  instnimeni  played  by  turning  a  "han- 
'^*  Johnson. 

3.  A  clasp  or  small  utensil  to  ^ten  a  vest,  [See 
Brooch.] 

4.  A  start  of  the  head  of  a  young  stag.  Johnson. 


die. 


BRO  ^ 

.">.   A  CJindle  rod.  F.nc\ie.  J>om,  Eton. 

BROACH,  r.  U     [W.  prociaie,  to  thnifJt  ur  st;ib.] 

1.  I'o  spit ;  to  pierce  as  with  a  spit. 

Shak.     HnkncUL 

2.  To  tap;  to  pierce,  as  a  cask,  in  order  to  draw 
the  liquor  ;  hence,  to  let  out.  Hudibra-t. 

3.  To  open,  as  a  store.     [Unusual.]  Knollrs, 

4.  To  utter  ;  to  g've  out ;  tu  publish  first ;  to  make 
public  what  was  before  unknown;  as,  to  brttach  an 
opinion.  Sir{ft. 

To  broaek  to  ;  in  navigation,  to  incline  suddenly  to 
windward,  so  as  to  lay  the  sails  aback  and  expose 
the  vessel  to  the  dangtT  of  oversetting.  Mar.  Dirt 

BROACH'i:i>,  (brftthl,)  ;>;».  Spitted;  tapped  ;  opened  ; 
uttered  ;  first  published. 

BROACH  ER,  n.  A  spit;  one  who  broaches,  opens, 
or  utters  ;  a  first  publisher.     Dryrfrn.     VEstran<jf, 

BR0ACH'1\(^.  pyr.  Piercing  with  a  spit;  tapping; 
first  divulcing. 

BROAD,  (bmwd,)  a.  [Par.  brad;  Pw.  bred;  V.  breed; 
Ger.  brett ;  Dan.  brrfd,  brivad  ;  Arm.  brudi^  brxidein^  to 
publish.  This  word  and  spread  seem  to  be  fonned 
on  the  root  ^^"^,  or  mi,  to  open,  cxli-nd,  spread  ;  in 
Syti,  to  po  ;  L.  jrra^ior:  n  rout  nf  extensive  use.] 

1.  Wide  ;  extend:*d  in  breadth,  or  from  side  to  side, 
Ets  distinguished  from  /<m<f,  or  extended  from  end  to 
end.  It  is  oppt.)8ed  U*  namne  i  as,  a  brotid  street ;  a 
hroad  table.  Drydrn,      Teinplr, 

2.  Wide  ;  extensive  ;  vast ;  as,  tlie  broad  ex|Kinse 
of  ocean. 

3.  Large  ;  a?,  a  broad  mixture  of  falsehood.  Ztocke. 

4.  Open;  clear;  not  covered,  confined,  or  con- 
cealed ;  as,  in  broad  sunshine. 

&.  Gross ;  coar»e  ;  as,  broad  mirth  ;  broad  nonsense. 
Pope.     Drydrn. 

6.  Plain ;  tending  lo  obscenity ;  as,  a  bma'd  com- 
ment. Dryden. 

7.  Bold  ;  not  delicate ;  not  reserved ;  as,  ^rood 
words.  Skak, 

8.  Comprehensive. 

It  n»y  Ip  urg"!!  Umt  (ho  »anit  in  ttw  conaiiuitian  are  broad 

enoii^  u>  inciiuic  Uie  txtms,    D.  Dnggett,  Whtaion'g  Hrp. 
Broad  a.t  Umg  :  equal  upon  the  whole.  VRstrange. 
BROj^D'-.\X,  a.    [bnad  and  ax,]    Formerly,  a  military 

weapon.     In  mWrra  iwafv,an  ax  for  hewing  timl»er. 
BR0.\D'-BACK-KD,  (brawd'bakt,)    a.      [broad   and 

bark.}     Having  a  brood  back.  Barlow. 

BROAD'-BLOW.N,  a.  [broad  taid  blow.]    Full  blown. 

SJiak. 
RROAD'-BOT'TOM-rD,  a.     Having  n  wide  bottom. 
BROXn'-nKEAST-ED,  a.     Uivms  a  broad  lire:isi. 
BRO.\D'-niUM-M/J),  (brawd  brimd,)  a.     [broad  and 

brim.]     Hnving  a  bnwid  brim.  Bramston: 

BROAD'-CXST,  n.   [hroad  and  ca.'t.]    Arnonz  far mn-s^ 

a  casting  or  throwing  seed  from  the  hand  fur  disper- 
sion ill  s<)V\"ing. 
BROAD'-CXST,  adv.    By  scattering  or  throwing  at 

I'irge  from  the  hand  ;  as,  to  sow  broad-emst. 
BROAD'-€.\S T,  a.  Cast  or  dispersed  upuii  the  ground 

with  the  hand,  as  seed  in  sowing  \  opposed  to  plant- 
ing in  hilN  or  rows. 
BROAD'-CHEST-ED,  a.    Having  a  broad  chest  or 

thorn  t. 
BR  (>  AD 'CLOTH,  n.    A  species  of  woolen  cloth,  so 

cati''d  from  its  breadth. 
BROAD'-E?-ED,  (brHwd'rde,)a.  Ifaving  a  wideview 

or  sur\'ev  :  as,  brnad-eu^d  dav.  Shak. 

BKOAD'-FR0\T-ED,  "(hriw'd'fnint-ed,)   a.     Having 

a  broad  fmnl ;  apptial  to  cattle.  Chapman. 

BROAD-HEADED,  a.     Hnving  a  broad  head.    Scott. 
BROAD'-HOR.V-i:D,  a.     Having  wide-spread  horns. 

UttloeL 
BROAD'-LeAF-FD,  (brawd'leen,)fl.  [ftroa//  and  leaf.] 

Having  broad  li-aves.  Woodicard. 

BR0AD'-M0L'TH-£D,  a.    Having  a  wide  mouth. 

Irving. 
BROAD'-PrKCE,  n.     [broad  and  piece.]     A  piece  of 

gold  coin  brreider  than  a  guinea.  Encyc. 

BROXD'-SeAL,   n.     The  great  seal  of  England;  the 

public  seal   of  a  country  or  state.     As  a  verb,  not 

used. 
BROAD'-SnOUL-DER-KD,   a.     [broad  ^nd  shmdder.] 

Bro-'td  across  the  shoulders.  Spectator. 

BROAD'STDE,  a.     [broad  and  side.]     A  discharge  of 

all  the  guns  on  one  side  of  a  ship,  above  and  b4-low, 

at  the  same  time.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  The  side  of  a  ship,  above  the  water,  from  the 
bow  to  the  quarter.  J\lar.  DicL 

3.  In  printings  a  sheet  of  paper  containing  one 
lar^e  png-,  or  printed  on  one  side  only.  Johnson. 

BROAD'—^PREAD,  (-spred,)  a.     Wide-spread. 

BROAD'-PPREAD-ING,  a.    Spreading  widely.    Shak. 

BROAD'-SWORD,  n.  [broad  and  sword.]  A  sword 
with  a  broad  blade  and  a  cutting  edge.      Wiseman. 

BROAD'-T.^  II^ED,  a.     Having  a  broad  tail.    Sandys. 

BROAD'-\\^SE,  a3v.  [broad  and  wise.]  In  the  direc- 
tion" of  the  breadth.  Boylr.. 

BROAD'AN,  (brawd'n,)  e.  i.  To  grow  broad.  [Unu^ 
sua!.  1  Thomson. 

BROAD'EX,  V.  a.  To  make  broad ;  to  render  more 
broad  or  comprehensive. 

BROAD'ER,  (brawd'er,)  a.  eomp.     More  broad. 

BROAD'EST,  o.  superl.     Most  broad 

BROAO'ISH,  a.     Rather  broad.  Ritssell. 


BRO 

BROAD'LY,  (brawd'le,)  adr.     In  a  broad  manner. 

HROAD'NESS,  n.  Breudih  ;  extent  from  side  to  aide; 
cnarsciiess  ;  grossness  ;  fulsomeness.  Drydnt. 

BRO -CADE',  «.  [S^y.  brocado  ;  probably  from  broche^ 
the  instrument  used  in  embroidery  ;  so  Fr.  frrocAur*, 
a  pamphlet  or  stitclied  biMik.J 

i*ilk  stuff",  variegated  with  gold  and  silver,  or 
raised  and  enriched  with  flowers,  foliage,  and  oth- 
er orntunenta.  Eneyc     Span.  Diet. 

BR(-VeAD'ED,  a.  Woven  or  worked,  as  brocade,  with 
gold  and  ^lilver. 

0.  Dressed  in  brocade.  Johnson, 
BRO-CADE'-SHELL,  n.    The  trivial  name  of  Uie  Co- 
nns geoyraphicus.  Cyc. 

BRO'CAGE,  «.     [See  Broke,  Broker.! 

1.  The  premuim  or  commission  of  a  broker;  tbe 
gain  or  profit  derived  from  tnmsacting  business  for 
other  men,  as  brokers,  either  in  a  good  or  bad  sense. 

Spenser. 

2.  The  hire  given  for  any  unlawful  ofiice.     Bacon. 

3.  I'he  trade  of  a  broker  ;  a  dealing  in  old  things. 

4.  The  business  of  a  broker ;  the  tninsactions  of 
commercial  business,  as  buying  and  selling,  for  other 
men.     [See  Broke,  Broker.] 

5.  The  act  of  pimping.  /3sh. 
BRO'CA-TEL,           t          ra      I         s  j  i 
BRO-CA-TEL'LO,  i"-     [^p- brocateL] 

1.  A  calcareous  stone  or  marble,  composed  of  frag- 
ments of  four  colors,  white,  gray,  yellow,  and  red. 

Fourcroy.     j\richoUon. 

2.  A  kind  of  coarse  brocade,  used  chiefly  for  laiMJS- 
Xiy.     Newman  says  it  is  made  of  hemp  and  silk. 

Encyc.     J^etoman's  Span.  Diet. 
BROCeO-LIj  Tt.     [It.  broccolo,  sprouts  ;  Fr.  brocoli.] 
A  subvanety  of  the  cauliflower,  having  the  head 

generally  of  a  dark-green  or  ptirph'  color. 
BROeil'AN-TITE,  w.     [from  Brochant  de  Villiers.] 
A  basic  sulphate  of  copper,  occurring  in  emerald- 
green  crystals. 
BROCHE;  the  true,  but  not  the  common  orthography 

of  Broach. 
BRO(^K,  n.     [Sax.  broc  ;  Ir.  broc;  Corn.  id. ;  W.  broe, 

a  badger,  and  noise,  din,  tumult,  foam,  anger'f'frrMfi, 

to  chafe,  fume,  wax  fierce,  from  rAoc,  u  rough  sound ; 

rAtiffltn,  to  grunt.      Otten.] 

A  badger.     [See  Badoer.]     The  Russians  call  it 

barsuk.    In  Ir.  breeh  is  a  wolf,  a  wild  savage,  and  a 

badger. 
BROCK'ET,  n.     [See  Brock.1     A  red  deer  two  years 

old.     Bailey  writes  this  brack  or  brocket.   The  French 

write  it  brocard. 
BROD'E-KLN,  n.     [Ft.  brodequin.] 

A  buskin  or  half-boot.  Ecliard, 

BRO'GANS,  n.  pi.     Stout,  coarse  shoes;  the  same  as 

Brooue,  which  see. 
BROG'GLE,  r.  i.    To  fish  for  eels.     [^Tot  usfd.] 
BROGUE,  (brOg,)  n.     [Ir.  brog,  a  shoe,  a  house.] 

1.  A  sttmi,  coarse  shoe.  "  Clouted  brogues,"  in 
Shakspeare,  signify  shoes  whose  soles  are  studded 
with  nails,  or  clouts.  In  the  Highlands  of  Scut- 
land,  it  is  made  of  horse-hide  with  the  hair  on. 

2.  A  cant  woTd  for  a  corrupt  dialect  or  manner  of 
pronunciation.  Furquhar. 

3.  Brogues  is  used  by  Shenstone  for  breedies^  from 
the  Irish  brog. 

BROG(JE'-.M.^K-ER,  n.  A  maker  of  brogues.  Johnson. 
BROID,  ?'.  t.     To  braid.     [Obs.]     [See  Br*id.] 
BROID'ER,  V.  t.     [Fr.  broder  ,•  Sp.  and  Port,  ftorrfar,  to 
emlroiilrr ;  Ann.  brouda,  lo   prick;  D.    borduurcn,  to 
embroider;  W.  brodiaw,  to  make  compact,  to  darn, 
to   embroider  ;    bripyd,   a   broach,   an   embroidering 
frame.     Q,u.  Heb.  and  Ar.  113  brad,  spotted.] 
To  adorn  with  figures  of  needle-work. 

A  rob^,  a  brmdtred  coat,  and  a  giirilo.  ~  Exod. 
BROID'ER-ER,  n.     One  tliat  embroiders. 
BROID'ER-V,   7t.      Embroidery  ;  ornamental  needle- 
work  wrought  upon  cloth.    [See  Emsboioer.] 

Ticket. 
BROIL,  n.  [Fr.  hrouitlerie,  from  brouUler^  to  mix,  con- 
found, embroil  ;  it.  brogUa,  tumult ;  brogUare^  to  em- 
broil. From  this  verb  we  have  roil,  to  disturb,  as 
lees.  (See  Roil.)  The  primary  sense  is,  to  stir,  to 
agiutte.  It  may  be  allied  to  brawl,  and  the  French 
brulcr.] 

A  tumult ;  a  noisy  quarrel ;  contention ;  discord, 
either  between  individuaict  or  in  the  state. 

Shak.     OranvilU. 
BROIL,  V.  t.    [Q.U.  Fr.  bruler.    I  believe  tins  is  from 
brotttUer,  to  agitate.] 

To  agitate  with  heat ;  to  dress  or  cook  over  coals, 
before  the  fire ;  but  more  generally  upon  a  gridiron 
over  coals.  Dryden. 

BROIL,  o.  i.  To  be  subjected  to  the  action  of  heat, 
like  meat  over  the  fire  ;  to  be  greatly  ht:ated,  or  to 
sweat  with  heaL 

Where  have  you  been  hroiltng'i  Shak. 

BROIL'KD,  pp.  or  a.     Cooked  or  dressed  by  heat. 

BROIL'ER,  n.  One  that  excites  Jjruils  ;  tiiat  which 
dresses  by  broiling.  * 

BRorL'ING,p/jr.  or  a.  Cooking  over  coals  ;  sweating. 

BROKE,  r.  1,  [Sax,  bruean,  to  use,  employ,  enjoy  ;  to 
eat  or  chew  ;  to  bronk:  to  profit;  broce,  use;  /tcc, 
use,  gain  ;  brycr,  gain,  profit,  fruit,  fntctus ;  a  viula- 


FXTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  RLVRXNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  RQOi;. 

150 


tiun,  or  brcakinc;  t^w.  bruka;  G.  brauchfn  ;  Dan. 
brus^e  :  D.  ffebruikeitj  to  use  or  employ  ;  L.  J'rtutr^  for 
fnuoTj  whence  fructas^  fruit  i  Gr.  itfjaaiTiOt  ii^a^w, 
TTooj  iia.     See  Fbactice.] 

To  imnftact  business  for  another  in  trade  ;  to  act 
ns  ajtfnt  in  buj-ing  and  selling,  and  other  coinniercial 
business  ;  to  transact  business  by  an  agent. 

Bacon,     Sluik. 
\Thisvord  is  little  used,  at  least  in  America:   and 
F.naluik  tDriters  seem  t«  have  used  it  in  a  /i/ifl  sense.'\ 

BRoKK,  prrt,  and  pp.  of  Break. 

BRO'KEN,  (brok'n,)  pp.  or  a.  from  Break.  Parted  by 
violence;  rent  asunder  ;  intirin  ;  made  bankrupt. 

BRo'Ki:N-BACK-/i:D,  Ct>ro'kn  bakt,)  a.  A  brokni- 
iackai  shipj  is  one  which  is  so  weakened  in  her 
frame  as  to  droop  at  esich  end.  Mar.  Diet, 

BRo'K£\-BEL-LI-£D,  (bro'kn-bel-lid,)  a.  Having  a 
ruptured  bellv.  Sitmiv.f. 

BUo'KEN-HEXHT-ED,  a.  [hreak  ^nA  heart,]  Hav- 
ing the  spuits  depressed  or  crushed  by  gritf  or  de- 
spair. 

BRo'K/:N-LY,  adc.  tn  a  broken,  interrupted  man- 
ner ;  without  a  regular  series.  HakeiciU, 

BRo'K£\-MeAT,  71.  Meat  Uiat  has  been  cut  up ; 
I'msiments.  Sw\fL 

BRo'KEN-\ESS,  n.     A  state  of  being  broken;  une- 
ven ness. 
2.  Contrition  ;  as,  brokenne^s  of  heart. 

BRo'K£.V-WI\D,  n.  [breaJi  and  teiad.]  A  disease 
in  hofjies,  often  accompanied  witii  a  pretcmatural 
enlargement  of  the  lungs  and  heart,  which  disables 
th'Ui  from  bearing  fatigue.  Kncyc 

BRo'K£\-\VIND-Er>,  a.     Having  short  breath,  as  a 

BROKER,  n.     [from  brokr.]  [horse. 

1.  An  agent  or  negotiator,  who  is  employed  by 
mercliants  to  make  and  conclude  bargains  for  them, 
for  a  fee  or  rate  per  cent,,  or  who  transacts  other  busi- 
ness for  his  employers. 

Brokers  are  of  scvend  kinds. 

fl.)  ErcArtB^e-iroitrt-j',  who  make  and  conchide  bar- 
sums  for  others  in  matters  of  money  or  merchandise, 
iearn  the  rate  of  exchange,  and  notify  their  em- 
ployers. 

ra.)  Stock-brokers^  who  are  emiJoyeo  to  buy  and 
sen  shares  in  Uie  stocks,  whether  of  tlie  public 
funds,  of  banks,  or  of  other  corporation*. 

(3.)  Paien-brokers,  who  make  it  their  business  to 
lend  money  upon  ^untSy  that  is,  property  deposited 
in  pledge. 

(4.)  Iiuntratice-brokers^  whose  business  is  to  procure 
the  insurance  of  vessels  at  sea  or  bound  on  a  voyage. 

In  the  United  Statrs.  the  busiuess  of  a  stock-broker 
and  an  insurance-broker  is  ollen  or  generally  carried 
on  by  the  same  person, 

2.  One  who  deals  in  old  household  goods.  Johnson, 

3.  A  pimp  or  priK:urcr.  Shak.    Johnson, 
[In  the  tico  latter  aen-tes^  the  word^  I  believe^  is  never 

tLneti  m  Jimerica^  unless  in  cant  lanff^ua^e..] 
BRO'KER-AfiE,  n.    The  business  or  employm.-nl  of  a 

broker.  Burke, 

2.  Tlie  fee,  reward,  or  commission  given  or  charged 

for  tnuisacting  business  as  a  broker. 

Anderson^s  Comm. 
BRO'KER-LY,  a.     .Mean  ;  ser\ile  j-jnsun, 

BHO'KER-Y,  n.      The   business  of  a   broker.     [JV<rt 

«.v^(/.]  Hail. 

BRO'KlNG,  ppr.    Transacting  business  as  a  broker; 

practiced  by  brokers.  Shak. 

BRO'.M  AL,  n.   An  oily,  colorless  fluid,  obtained  by  the 

action  of  bromine  on  alcohol. 
BRO'-MATE,  n.    A  compound  of  bromic  acid  with  a 

haw. 
BRO.ME,  n.    A  term  used  by  the  French  chemists  for 

bromine.     [Pee  BRuHirfi:.] 
BROME'-GRASS,  n.     A  name  common  to  different 

species  of  grass,  of  the  genus  RrouMKi. 
BR6'MI6  AC'IO,  n.    An  acid  comiNiund  of  bromine 

and  oxygen. 
BRO'MII),  n.    A  compound  of  bromine  with  a  metal- 
lic or  combustible  base. 
BRO'.MINE,  n.     [Gr.  ii.'f.y,ioi,  fetid.] 

.An  elementary,  acidifying  and  basifying  siibstnnre, 

found  in  sea  water  and  marine  productions.    It  is  a 

deep-red  fluid,  whose  smell  is  very  offensive. 

np?»v?!i'F'*A'*i"-  P'*    The  subdivisioni  or  ramiflea- 
BROXeil'I        }     *'""■  "'"  ^^  irachea  in  the  lungs. 
BRONGH'I-AL,  a.     [Gr.  /laoyxoi^  the  windpipe.] 

Belonging  to  the  brnnchie,  or  ramifications  of  the 
windpipe  in  the  lungs. 

The  bronchial  arteries,  are  branches  from  the  supe- 
rior part  of  tjje  descenuing  aorta,  accompanying  the 
bronchia*,  or  branches  of  the  trache.!. 

Bronchial  glands  :  lymphatic  gl»nds,  situated  near 
the  root  of  tlie  lungs,  at  the  bifurcation  of  the  tra- 
chea, and  at  the  subdivinions  of  the  broncliiie. 

Bronchial  membranei  the  mucous  membtune  lining 
the  bronchia?. 

[The  term  bronchial  has  been  applied,  also,  to  the 
whole  extent  of  the  air-tube  of  animals,  including 
the  trachea  {bromehus)  and  its  ramihcatitin'^,  {bronchi. 
or  brontkia^  The  terms  bronchial  membrane  and 
bronehitij  have  also  been  used  coiixtensively.  Oood, 
P.  C^c] 


BltONf'irU;,  a.     '11k-  same  as  Itito.NeKiAL. 
BKO.N€Il-I'TIS,  /(,     .An  intlamination  of  any  part  of 

the  broncliialjiiembraue. 
BKONCH'O-CeLE,   h.     [Gr.  ^/yoj  xos,  the  windpipe, 
and  T/jA'/,  a  tumor.] 

An  enlarged  thyroid   gland ;  a  tumor  on  the  fore 
part  of  the  neck,  culled  goiter,  and  Derby.ihire  neck. 
Qttiney.     Coze. 
BRONCH-OPH'O-NY,  n.      [Gr.  $poyx',i  and  ^wyri, 
voice.J 

In  auseidtation^  the  sound  of  the  voice  audible  in 
the  bronchial  tubes  ;  occurring  only  in  certain  dis- 

BRON€H-OT'0-MY,  n.  [Gr.  /7poy.\os,  the  windpipe, 
and  r<i/jt7,  a  cutting.] 

An  incision  into  the  windpipe  or  larynx,  between 
the  rings  j  called,  also,  traclieotomy,  or  hu-yngotomy. 
Quinctf.     Coze. 
BRONCH'US,  Ti.     [L.;  Gr.  Ppoyxos-] 

The  trachea  or  windpijw. 
BROXn,  n.     A  sword.     [See  Bratvd.] 
BRON-TOL'O-GY,  n.      [Gr.  lisjufTn,  thunder,  and 
Ao/oc,  disctmrse.J 

A  discourse  or  dissertation  upon  thunder,  contain- 
ing an  explanation  of  its  causes  and  phenomena. 

Encyc. 
BROXZE.  (brSnze  or  bronze,)  n.     [Fr.  bronze- ;  Arm. 
bron^i;  It.  bronzo ;  Sp.   bronce.     In    Ital.  bronzino  is 
sunburnt.    It  may  take  its  name  from  its  color,  from 
6 urn,  broton,] 

1.  A  compound  of  coi>pcr  and  tin,  to  which  other 
metallic  subsUnces  arc  s<unetinies  added,  espt-cially 
zinc.  It  is  brittle,  hard,  and  sonorous,  niui  usi-d  for 
statuesj  bell.i,  and  cannon,  the  proportions  of  the 
respective  ingredients  being  varieit  to  suit  tlie  jiartic- 
Ular  purposes.  J^Tichohion.     Encyc 

3.  A  color  prepared  for  the  purpose  of  imitating 
bronze,  of  two  kinds,  the  yellow  and  the  red.  The 
yellow  is  niadi.'  of  fine  copper  dust ;  the  red,  of  co|>- 
pcr  dust  with  a  little  pulverized  red  orher.     Encyc. 

3.  Amons  antii/nariesy  a  term  applied  to  figures  of 
men  or  beasts,  urns,  or  other  pieces  of  sculpture, 
which  the  andwits  niade  of  bronze.  Encyc, 

4.  Any  sLitire  or  bust  cast  of  lyonze,  whetlier 
original  or  a  copy  of  an  antique.  Encyc 

5.  Among  meiialwts^  any  copper  medal.       Encyc 
BRONZE,  V.  u     To  imitate  bmn/.e,  by  means  of  cop- 

|>er  du5t  or  letif  fastened  on  tlio  outside,  as  gold  leaf 
IS  in  gilding.  Encye. 

2.  To  Itiirden,  or  make  like  brass.  Young, 

3.  To  make  of  the  color  of  brcpnze, 
BRO\Z'/;i),  (brOnzd  or  broiizd,)  pp.  or  o.     Made  to 

resembli,"  bronze;  Imtwued. 
BIIO.NZ'IN'G,  p/>r.     Imitating  bronze;  turning  to  the 

color  of  bnmze. 
BROMZ'IXG,  n.     The  act  or  art  of  imitating  bronze, 

by  means  of  copper  dust  or  leaf,  or  by  any  (tthcr 

mi'thod.  Encyc. 

BRo.NZ'ITE,  n.     [from   bronze.]     A  variety  of  liorn- 

bk-nde,  having  nearly  the  luster  of  bronze,  and  allied 

to  hyftersthene,  called  by   Haily,  diallai^e  metalloiiie. 

It  is  by  some  regarded  as  a  distinct  sptfcies, 
BH^0(;H,  (brochu,)  «.     [Slav.  ufrruicA,  a  ring,  a  circle, 

a  bracelet.] 

1.  An  ornamental  utensil  for  fastening  the  vest,  or 
the  bosom  of  a  shirt,  as  formerly  used  in  Anieric;i. 
It  is  usually  made  of  silver,  ol\en  round,  with  a 
tongue  crossing  its  diameter,  suinetimcs  with  two 
tongues.  It  formerly  Wiis  used  in  Engbind,  as  it  was 
in  America,  and  is  still  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland. 

2.  A  jewel,  [Encyc 
X  Willi  p*;iw(«-*,a  painting  all  of  one  color.  DtcL 

BRr>OCH,  V.  t.  To  adorn  or  furnish  with  brooches  or 
jewels.  Shak. 

BROOD,  V.  L  [Pax.  ftrorf,  a  brood  ;  and  frmrfan,  bredany 
to  dilate  or  extend,  U*  wnrni,  to  divulge,  to  spread  ; 
D.  broedaty  to  briHtd  ;  Ger.  frrtlten,  to  brootl  ;  bruty 
brood  ;  \V.  trwi(/,  warm ;  brydiaWy  to  warm.  The 
sense  is, to  iBamty  or  to  cooeryio  spread  orrr.] 

1.  To  sit  on  and  cover,  as  a  fowl  on  her  e^gs,  for 
the  purpose  of  warming  tlieiu  and  hatching  chickens, 
or  as  a  hen  over  hex  chickens,  to  warm  and  protect 
them. 

2.  To  sit  on  ;  to  spread  over,  as  with  wings ;  as, 
to  sit  brooding  over  the  vast  abyss.  Mdton. 

3.  To  remain  a  long  time  in  anxiety  or  solicitous 
thought ;  to  have  the  mind  uninterruptedly  dwell  a 
long  time  on  a  subject ;  as,  the  miser  broodjt  over  his 
gold.  Dryden. 

4.  To  mature  any  thing  with  care.  Bacon, 
BROOD,  r.  u     'J'o  sft  over,  cover,  and  cherish;  as,  a 

hen  broodn  her  chickens. 
2.  To  cheriwh. 

Vou'Il  brood  ymir  Knows  on  a  l!iron«.  Drydtn, 

BROOD,  n.  [Sax.  &rorf.]  OIT'pring;  progeny;  formerly 
w^fd  of  human  beings  in  elegant  works,  and  wo  have 
brother  from  this  word  ;  but  it  is  now  more  gener- 
ally-usi-d  in  contempt. 

2.  A  hatch  ;  the  young  birds  hatched  at  once ;  as, 
a  brood  of  chickens  or  of  ducks. 

3.  That  which  is  bred  j  Hpcclea  generated ;  that 
which  is  produced. 

Libyft*»  hrooda  ot  potson.  AAR^on. 


BRO 

4.  TJie  act  of  covering  the  eggs,  or  ofbrrKiding. 
[Unttsua!.]  SJiak. 

BROOD'ED,  pp.    Covered  with  the  wings  ;  cherished 

BROOD'ING,  ppr.  Silting  on  ;  covering  and  warm 
ing;  dwelling  on  with  anxiety. 

BROOD'-MARE,  n.     A  mare  kept  for  breeding. 

BROOD'Y,  a.  In  a  state  of  sitting  on  eggs  for  hatch 
ing;  inclined  losit     [Unusual.]  Ray. 

BRpQK,  n.  rSax.  brocy  or  brooc.  As  the  sense  is  a 
stream  or  flowing,  it  may  be  the  D.  hrocky  G.  bruchy 
a  marsh,  and  allied  to  Gr. /Jfjex^^i  or /^.oyw,  to  rain, 
to  pour,  to  flow,  Eolic  (ipfa^y  a  brook.  Near  the 
site  of  ancient  Troy  is  a  stream  called  Thymbrecy 
Thymbrias.] 

A  small  natural  stream  of  water,  or  a  current  flow- 
ing from  a  spring  or  fountain  less  than  a  river.  In 
some  parts  of  Amerira,  run  is  used  in  a  like  sense  ; 
but  rMrt  is  also  applied  to  larger  streiuns  than  brook. 

BROQK,  V.  t.  [Sax.  frriican,  to  use,  employ  or  perform, 
to'  eat  or  chew  ;  bra-can^  brecauy  to  break  ;  Gr.  (Jpvx<Of 
to  eat,  to  grind  the  teeJh.] 

Literallyy  to  chew  or  digest,  as  the  Fr.  digerir. 
Hence, 

To  bear ;  to  endure ;  to  support ;  as,  young  men 
cannot  brook  restraint.  Hooker.    Dryden. 

BROOK'LET,  n.     A  small  brook. 

BRQOK'-LI.ME,  n.  [brook  and  lime.]  A  plant,  the 
Veronica  Beccabunga,  with  blue  flowers  in  liMjse  lat- 
eral spikes  Encyc. 

BRQQK'-MIXT,  n.    The  water  mint. 

BRQQK'-WEEU,  n.  A  plant,  water  pimpernel,  the 
Sainolus.  Mahlcnbrj-s. 

BROOK'Y,  cu     Abounding  with  brooks.  Dyer. 

BltOOAI,  TI.  [Sax.  bram;  D.  brem,  braam;  It.  brum. 
This  is  the  simple  root  ot  bramble.] 

1.  A  plant,  the  S/*ar(t«7a  5cop«riit7n,  Linn. ;  (Cytitua 
seopariusy  l^amarck  ;)  the  common  broom  of  the  Eng- 
lisli  wastes.  Dyer^s  broom  or  dyer^s  weed,  so  called 
because  used  in  dyeing  yellow,  is  the  OenL-'ta  tinctoria, 

Spani,gh  broowy  is  a  species  of  Spartium ;  and 
Butcfier''s  ftroom,  is  the  Riiscus. 

2.  A  besom,  or  bnish  with  a  long  h.andle,  ft >r  sweep- 
ing floors;  so  called  from  being  originally  made  of 
the  broom  plant.  In  jSmertcay  brooms  are  made  of 
the  tops  of  broom-corn,  or  of  some  species  i.if  wood 
splintered,  chiefly  ash.  The  latter  ajx^cies  uf  broom 
is  furnished  by  the  natives  of  the  country.  The 
original  broom,  made  of  shrubs  or  twigs,  is  gtill  used 
in  stables. 

BROOM.    See  Bream. 

BROOM'-eORN,  n.  [broom  and  com.]  A  species  of 
Sorghum  or  Guinea-corn,  with  a  jointed  stem,  like  a 
reed,  or  the  stem  of  maize,  rising  to  the  bight  of 
cigtit  or  ten  feet,  bearing  a  head  of  which  brooms 
are  made.     It  is  the  Sorghum  saccharatujn. 

BUOOM'ING,  (a  ship.)    See  Bream. 

BROOM'LAND,  n.  [broom  and  land.]  Land  pro- 
during  broom.  Mortimer. 

BROO.M'HAPE,  it.  The  Orobanche,or  strangilo  weed, 
a  genus  of  British  epiphyte  perennial  plants. 

BIUiO.M'STAFF,  \  n.    [See  Staff  and  Stick.]     Tho 

BROOM'STICK,  \      staff"  or  handle  of  a  broom. 

Shak.     Swift. 

BROO.M'Y,  a.     Full  of  broom;  containing  broom. 

Mtirtim  er.     Swift. 

BRO'SEX,  a.     Burnt.     [JVutvsed.] 

BROTH,  (brauth,)  «.  ^Sax.  brotJi ;  It.  brodo;  It.  broth; 
S]i.brudio:  Ir.  ArmtAim,  to  boil.  Uu.  D.  frraa/it'n,  to 
ro;ist ;  W.  brothy  a  stirring  or  tumult.] 

1.  T.ifpior  in  which  flesh  is  boiled  and  macerated, 
usually  with  rice  and  herbs,  or  some  ingredient  to 
give  it  a  better  relish. 

2.  In  jJmrr/£a,  the  word  is  often  applied  to  filming 
water,  and  esjiecially  to  a  mixture  of  snow  and  water 
in  the  highways,  which  is  called  .tJi ore- broth. 

BROTH'EL,rt.     [Adialectical  orthography  of  Bordkl, 

which  see.] 

A  house  of  lewdness  ;  a  house  appropriated  to  the 

purposes  of  prostitution  ;  a  bawdy-house  ;  a  ntew. 
RRtlTH'EI^ER,  n.     One  that  frequents  brothels. 
BROTH'KL-IlOt'SE,  n.     A  brothel. 
BROTII'EL-UV,  ;(.     Lewdness;  obscenity. 

Jlall.     Jonson. 
BROTII'ER,  (brnth'er,)  n. ;  pi.  Brothers  or  Buethheiv. 

[Golh.    brvtliar  i    Sax.    brother  or   brether ;    Sw.  and 

Dan.  brodrr ;    D.  broedfr,  from    broedeiiy  to  broody  t4> 

breed;   G.    brmlrr ;    Sans,    bradn-  or  bkratre ;    Russ. 

brat  i    Dalmatian    broth  ;     L.   fratcr  ;    Gr.     ipparripy 
u -3 

(Pparoio;    Pers.   jilj.J   boradar;  Corn,   bredar}   It. 

brat/tair  ;  W.  brawd  ;  Sam,  abrat :  Fr.  frire,  from  L. 
fratcr:  fip.  frayley  a  friar;  It.  fnitelloy  brother,  and 
frate,  friar;  Arm.  brruir.  By  the  Dutch,  it  appears 
that  this  word  signifles  one  of  the  brood  or  breed. 
The  common  plural  is  brothers;  in  Uie  solemn  style, 
brethren  is  used.] 

1.  A  human  male  bom  of  the  same  father  and 
mother.  A  male  by  one  of  the  parents  only  is  called 
a  hidf-brothery  or  brot/ier  of  tlie  haifb^od. 

Blaekstove. 

3.  Any  one  closely  united;  an  associate;  as,  a 
band  of  brothers. 


TCNE,  BUU.,  unite.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — €  as  K ;  0  oa  J  j  »  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


BRO 


3.  One  ihni  rrscmblt^s  another  in  manners. 


In  Seripturt,  the  term  broVitr  is  npplied  to  a  kins- 
man by  bloud  mure  ffmote  than  a  sun  of  the  ^ame 
pan'nt--" ;  as  in  the  case  of  Abraham  unci  Lot,  Jacob 
and  Laban.  Persons  of  the  same  profession  call  each 
other  brtHJuTf  as  judgeti,  clergjnien,  prcifi-ssors  of  re- 
liG^ion,  members  of  societies  united  in  a  common 
cause,  monks,  and  the  like. 

Kintrs  pire  to  each  other  the  title  of  bntker. 

Clergymen  address  their  congregations  by  the  title 
of  bretkrfM.  In  a  more  jreneral  sense,  brotkrr  or 
frrctAroi  ia  used  for  man  in  geneml ;  all  men  being 
chHdreD  of  the  same  primitive  ancestors,  and  form- 
ing one  race  of  beings. 

Brvthrr-fffrman  u  a  brother  by  the  father's  and 
mother's  side,  in  contradistinction  to  a  uterine  brc^h- 
er,  or  bv  the  mother  onlv-  Eneyc 

BRoTH'fiR-HOQD.  it.  [hmtker  and  hood.]  The  slate 
ox  quality  of  Win-  a  br.»iher.  Lodu. 

2.  An  association  of  men  for  any  purpoM^ts  a  ao- 
cietjr  of  monks ;  a  (Vaternity.  Dtmts. 

9L  A  class  of  men  of  the  same  kind,  proftssloD,  or 
occnpntton.  Aidi$MU 

BROTII'EK-IX-LAW,  n.  The  brother  of  m  husband 
or  wife  ;  also,  a  sister's  husband. 

BROTHER-LESS,  fl.    Without  a  brother.         SJtsk, 

BROTH  EK-LTKE,  «.    Becoming  a  brother.      S.\ak. 

BROTH 'EK-LI-XESS,  «.    Suie  of  being  brotherly. 

BR0TH'ER-Ia5VE,  m.    Brotherly  affection.       SAo*. 

BROTH'ER-LY,  (bruth'er-le,)  a.  Pertaining  to  broth- 
ers \  such  as  is  naiiiral  fur  brothers  ;  becoming  broth- 
er) ;  kind  :  affectionate  ;  as.  brotAerlv  l»ve.  Baton. 

Sliaks[»eare  uses  this  woril  as  an  a<{verb.  "  I  speak 
but  ftr»tA«^p."    But  the  use  is  not  authorized. 

BROUGHT,  (br^t,)  jrryt.  and  pp.  of  Biu:<a.  [See 
Bai:<o.] 

BROW,  n.  [Sax.  (rvie,  hntit^:  D.  braauw;  G.  hraut : 
Russ.  brifc ;  It.  bra^  brat, ejebrow,  and  abkm,  the  eye- 
lid i  Sans.  frrHKMM,  bru;  Gr.  o>pc>)|  v^fibCf  Pers. 

Awi  ot  Awil  ^(fro  or  abn ;  and  the  last  s^'IIable  of 

L.  patpebra.    It  is  probably  contracted  (Vom  brg,  and 
signities  an  edge,  border,  or  pntjection.] 

1.  The  promint-nt  ridpre  over  the  eye,  forming  an 
arch  abi>ve  the  orbiL  The  skin  of  tins  arch  or  ridge 
is  moved  by  muscles,  which  contract  it  in  a  frown, 
and  elevate  it  in  joy  or  surprise.  Hence,  to  knit  Ote 
Iraie^ia  to  (Vown.  Kmevc 

9.  The  hair  thai  eorm  (be  brow,  forming  an  arch, 
called  the  eyftrow. 

3.  "Die  forehead.  Hence,  the  general  air  of  the 
eoantenaoca.  Skak.     Waller. 

4.  The  edfa  of  a  steep  [4ace,  as  the  brink  of  a 
riTcr  or  precipice ;  as,  the  hrvw  of  a  hill.       Beetm. 

5.  A  mnge  of  c<H?pice,  adjoining  to  the  hedge  of  a 
field.  MoMm. 

BROW,  V.  t.  To  bound ;  to  limit ;  to  form  the  edge  or 
border  oC  Milton. 

BROW'-ANT-LER,  n.  [hrrm  and  amtla-.]  The  first 
start  that  grow«  on  a  deer's  head.  Bailey. 

BROWBkAT,  r.  L  [brvw  and  broL^  To  depn-ss  or 
bear  down  with  haughty,  stem  looks,  or  with  arro- 
gant speech  and  dogmatic  assertions ;  or,  in  general, 
to  bear  down  bv  impudence. 

BBOW'BeAT-£\,  pp.     Overborne  bv  impudence. 

BR0\V'BeAT-1.\G,  ppr.  Overbearing  with  severe 
brows,  stern  looks,  or  positive  assertions. 

BROWBEATING,  n.  A  bearing  down  with  rtem 
looks,  supercilious  manners,  ot  confident  assertions. 

BROW'BOt'XD,  «.  [frnw  and  bouMd.\  Crowned  ; 
bavins  the  head  encircled  as  with  a  diadem.  Hfiak. 

BROW'in,  (browd,)  a.     Formed  into  a  border. 

BROW'LESS,  a.     Without  shame.  Adtivxtn. 

BROW'-POST,  a.  [brw  and  post.]  Among  buUders^ 
a  beam  that  goes  across  a  building.  £nrvc. 

BROW'SICK,  a.  [brme  and  sick.]  Dejected  ;  hang- 
ing the  head.     [A*0C  mMd.]  SuckUR^. 

BROWN,  a.  [Sax.  brun ;  D.  bmin ;  Ger.  braun ;  Dan. 
brum* ;  Fr.  hnat ;  Sp.  and  It.  bruno ;  from  the  verb 
to  bum.) 

Dusky  ;  of  a  dark  or  dusky  color,  inclining  to  red- 
ness ;  but  the  shades  are  various,  as  Spanish  broica, 
London  brown,  clove  broien,  lawny  brown.  Brown 
results  from  a  mixture  of  red,  black,  and  yellow. 

BROWN^.  t.    To  make  brown  or  dusky.       \_Kirwan. 
A  tmnUxag  tvUiebt  o'n  the  welkin  uwm, 
Aromu  Use  dim  *ut-l,  Bod  dirtcena  dt^p  ibr  ^roT'n.     Bartow. 

2.  To  give  a  bright  brown  color  to  articles  of  iron, 
as  gun-barrels,  by  forming  a  thin,  uniform  coat  of 
oxvd  on  their  surface.  6Vp, 

BROWN'-BILL,  n.  [bnwn  and  bUL]  A  weapon  for 
merly  used  by  the  English  fool  soldiers.  The  origin 
of  the  name  is  not  stated ;  but  from  it,  broten  mtutket 
ia  said  to  have  derived  its  appellation.         Johnson. 

BROWN'-eOAL,  m.     Wood  coal,  or  lignite.      [See 

LlCMITC] 

BROWN'IE,  71.  In  Scottish  superstitiont,  a  good-natured 
spirit,  who  was  supposed  often  to  perform  important 
services  around  the  house  by  night,  such  as  thrash 
ing,  churning,  &.c 


BRU 

BROWN'ING,  n.  The  act  or  oiw-nilton  of  giving  a 
brown  color  to  articles  of  iron,  as  gnn-tmrrols,  itc. 

BROW.\'lSiI,  a.  Somewhat  brown  j  inclined  to 
brown.  Kirwan. 

BKOW.N'ISM.ii.  The  doctrines  or  religious  creed  of 
tlie  Urownistfl,  who  maintain  that  any  body  of  |)r<>- 
fes.sing  Cliristians,  united  under  one  pastor,  or  com- 
nnining  together,  con^tiiute.4  a  churcli  independent 
of  any  other.  Eneyc. 

BROWN'li^T,  n.  A  follower  of  Robert  Brown,  a  pu- 
ritan, or  dissenter  from  the  Church  of  England,  who 
left  England  with  his  congregation,  and  Kt-itled  at 
Midtllibtirgh,  in  Zealand.  He  was  the  head  of  a 
partv  of  IiitU'pendenis  in  church  government.  Eneyc 

BROU'.X'NESS,  n.     A  brown  color.  Sidneif. 

BROW.V  -SP.\R,  a.  A  sjKirry  or  cr>"stallized  variety 
of  ditloniite,  of  a  reddish-brown  color,  from  the  pres- 
ence of  a  snuiil  portion  of  oxyd  of  iron  and  manga- 
nese. 

BROWN'-STOUT',  n.     A  superior  kind  of  porter. 

BROWK'-STL'D'Y,  n.  [hrotrn  and  study.]  GU>omy 
study  ;  dull  thoughtfulness  ;  meditation  directed  to 
no  certain  object.  A'urris. 

BROWN'-WORT,  m.  [brown  and  teorU]  A  plant ; 
Prunella. 

S.  A  species  of  Pcrophularia,  (the  S.  vernali^j  or 
yellow  figwoit,)  with  brown  stalks. 

F.neye,     Fam.  of  Plants. 

BROWN'Y, «.    Brown.    [AVttwrf,]  Shak. 

BROWSE,  r.  f.  [Or.  JiituyoKto^  to  eat  or  browse,  /9f*w7(f , 
food  ;  but  pnibably  these  words  may  be  from  ttprouts ; 
Arm.  frr(nt:,frroii«z,orfrroi»(,fiprouts,buds  ;  Fr.  frrout, 
broutrri  Arm.  bronsta^  or  brouza^  to  browse.  It  is 
allied  to  brush;  W.  ftney*,  luxuriant  growth  ;  rhvys, 
vigor,  luxuriance,  wantonness.] 

To  eat  the  ends  of  branches  of  trees  and  shrubs, 
or  the  young  shoots,  as  cattle,  or  deer.  Sprn^rr.  ShuJ:. 

BROWSE,  r.  i.  To  feed  on  the  lender  branches  or 
shoots  of  shrubs  and  trees,  as  cattle,  sheep,  and 
goats.  ArbuthnoU     Shak. 

BROWSE,  (brows,)  a.  The  lender  branches  or  twigs 
of  trees  and  shrubs,  fit  for  the  food  of  cattle  and 
other  animals.  ^ 

BROWSE'-WOpD,  n.  Shrubs  and  bushes  upon 
which  animals  browse. 

BROWS'IXG,  ppr.  Feeding  on  branches,  shrubs,  or 
shoots  of  trees. 

nRO'CI-N'.\,  /  n.     A  vegetable  alkaloid,  extracted  from 

BKO'CINE,  i  the  false  angusturn,  or  bark  of  the 
Strychnos  S'ux  Vomica.     It  is  now  called  romici'nc 

BRO'CITE,  R.  Native  hydmte  of  magnesia  ;  a  white, 
pearly  mineral,  having  a  thin,  foliated  structure,  like 
talc.  It  wofi  named  in  honor  of  A.  Bruce,  Et^q.  The 
name  brueite  has  also  been  given,  by  American  min- 
eraloci-is,  to  cMonthodite,  Dana. 

BRO'IN,  1.  A  familiar  name  given  to  a  bear,  from 
the  Fn-'nch  frnm,  brown.  Pojte^s  DuneUid. 

BRClSE,  (braze,)  v.  t.  [Sax.  frrwsan,  to  bruise;  Fr, 
brtsrr^  to  break  or  bruise;  frovmrry  to  braise i  Arm. 
krousia.] 

To  crush  by  beating  or  pounding  with  an  instru- 
ment not  edged  or  ixiinied.  Wln-ii  applied  to  living 
animal^  or  vegetables,  a  bniise  is  a  contusion,  or  in- 
jury of  a  part  without  solution  of  continuity,  as  by 
the  blow  of  a  blunt  ih:<tninient.  When  applied  to 
minerals  nud  similar  substances,  to  bruise  sigiiilies  to 
break  them,  and  often  to  reduce  them  to  a  coarse 
powder. 

BRCiSE,  n.  A  contusion;  a  hurt  upon  the  flesh  of 
animals,  upon  plants,  or  other  bodies,  with  a  blunt 
or  heavy  instrument. 

BROIS'KD,  pp.  or  a.  Crushed;  hurt  or  broken  by  a 
blunt  or  heavy  instrument. 

BROIS'ER,  n.  A  concave  tool  for  grinding  the  specula 
of  telescopes.  CkanU/ers. 

9.  In  vulvar  lan^a^e,  a  boxer. 

BRC'ISE'WORT,  (bruze'wurt,)  ti.  [bruise  and  wort.] 
A    plant ;  comfre>'.  Johnson. 

BRCIS'I.N'G,  ppr.  Crushing;  breaking  or  wounding 
by  a  blunt  or  heavy  instrument. 

BRCIS'ING,  ji.  In  popular  langtutgCy  a  beating  or 
boxing. 

BRCIT,  (brute  J  n.     [Fr]     Report ;  rumor;  fame. 

BRCIT,  r.  t.     To  report  ;  to  noise  abroad.      Ralegh. 

BliOIT'ED,  pp.     Reported. 

BRrlT'ING,  ppr.     Reporting. 

BRC'-MAL,  a.  [L.  hrama,  winter,  brumalis  ;  Span. 
bruma,  winter,  fog,  or  mist.j 

Belonging  to  the  winter.  Brown. 

BRCME,  n.     [Fr.  brume;  Sp.  bntma.     Sec  Brumal.] 
Mi:;!  ;  fog  ;  vapors.     [Little  vsed.]  Barloio. 

BRUN,  )  n.     A  river  or  stream.     [Burn  is  still  used  in 

BURN,  i      Scotland.]     [Obs.] 

BRU-NETTE',    n.      [Fr.,   from    brun,    brown.      See 
Bkow:t.] 
A  woman  with  a  brown  or  dark  complexion. 

BRUN'ION,  (brun'yun,)  n.     [Fr.  brugnon.] 

A  sort  of  fruit  between  a  plum  and  a  peach.^ 

TVertmz. 

BRtTNS'WICK-GREEN',  n.  A  compound  of  one  part 
chlorid  of  copper,  and  three  parts  oxyd  of  copper, 
the  latter  performing  the  function  of  an  acid  ;  a  ler- 
cuprate  of  chlorid  of  copper;  used  for  paper  hang- 
ings and  in  oil  painting. 


BRU j 

BRITNT,  n.  [Uan./»ri/n4p,and  brunst,  ardor,  nr'I»*n<'y, 
humiiig  heat.  It  is  the  Dutch  brandy  fire,  Ilanie,  ar- 
dor, from  the  common  root  of  ftam,  trrrmui,  brand. 
Tills  shows  the  ra<lical  sense  of  ftwrri.     See  Uuni*.] 

1.  The  heat,  or  utmost  violence,  of  an  onset ;  the 
strength  or  violence  of  any  contention  ;  as,  the  brant 
of  a  battle. 

3.  The  force  of  a  blow ;  violence ;  shock  of  any 
kind.  JIudibras. 

3.  A  sudden  effort.  Bp.  Hall. 

BRUSH,  n.  [Fr.  bro.-fse;  It.  brvsea;  Sp.  brusca,  bniza; 
probably  allied  to  browse,  W.  brtrys,  thick,  bnmclnug, 
from  rAiey.'*,  vigor,  luxuriance,  or  prys,  brushwood. 
A  brush  is,  primarily,  sprouts,  shoots.] 

1.  An  instrument  for  cleaning  any  thing  of  dust 
and  din  by  ligiit  rubbing,  as  floors,  furniture,  I»04its, 
&c.  Hnishes  originally  were  made  of  tihrubs  orHinall 
branches  of  trees  tied  together,  and  such  are  yet  used 
for  coarse  purposes.  But  the  materials  most  used  are 
bristles  set  in  wood.  Painters  use  a  small  brush  to 
lay  colors  on  their  large  pieces.  Silversmiths  use  a 
wire  bnish  for  scrubbing  silver,  copper,  or  brass,  in 
order  to  gilding;  and  there  is  a  m':thud  of  staining 
leather  by  rubbing  the  color  on  tlieskin  witli  a  brush. 

Kncyc. 

2.  Branches  of  trees  lopped  off;  brushwood;  a 
sense  common  in  the  United  ^itatrs, 

3.  I'he  small  trees  and  shrubs  of  a  wood  ;  or  a 
thicket  of  small  trees.  F.»cye, 

4.  A  skirmish;  a  slight  encounter;  al:^o,  aii  as- 
sault ;  a  shock,  or  rude  treatment,  from  collision  ;  as 
we  say  a  scouring,  a  rub. 

5.  In  r/cc(rici(y,  the  luminous  appearance  of  electric 
matter  issuing  in  diverging  rays  from  a  point,  Eucj/C, 

t).  A  bushy  tail ;  as,  the  brush  of  a  fox. 
BRUSH,  V.  t.    To  sweep  or  rub  with  a  brush  ;  as,  to 
briush  a  hat. 

2.  To  strike  as  with  a  brush;  to  strike  lightly,  by 
passing  over  the  surface,  without  injury  or  impres- 
sion ;  as,  to  brush  the  arm  in  passing;  to  bru.ik  the 
briny  flood.  Dnjdeit. 

3.*To  paint  with  a  bnish  ;  hence,  to  bru,-k  up,  is 
often  used  for  cleansing  in  general.  Pope. 

4.  With  (;/f,  to  remove  by  brushing;  a*,  to  brush 
off  dust.  Also,  to  carry  away  by  an  act  like  that  of 
brushing,  or  by  passing  over  lightly,  as  by  wind. 

Bentiey, 

5.  To  move,  as  a  brush  ;  to  pass  over  with  a  light 
contact.  Drijdtn. 

BRUSH,  V.  i.  To  move  nimbly  in  baste  ;  to  move  so 
lightly  as  scarcely  to  be  perceived  ;  as,  to  brush  by. 

Pri»r. 

9.  To  move  or  skim  over,  with  a  alight  contact,  or 
whhout  much  impression.  Dnjtleii. 

BRUSII'£D,  (brusht,)  pp.  Rubbed  with  a  brush ;  struck 
lightly. 

BRUSH'ER,  Ti.     One  who  brushes. 

BRUSH'ING,  ppr.  Sweeping  or  rubbing  with  a  brush  ; 
strikinf!  gently  ;  moving  nimbly  in  haiite;  skimming 
over  lighilv. 

BRUSH'ING,  n,    A  nibbing  or  sweeping. 

BKUSU'INU,  a.    Brisk  ;  light;  as,  a  brushing  gallop. 

F-ncifc. 

BRUSH'LIKE,  a.  [brush  and  like.]  Resembliiig  a 
brush.  Jliiiat.  Res. 

BRUSH'-WFIEELS,  n,  vj.  Wheels  which  move  each 
other  without  cogs.  The  rubbing  surfaces  are  often 
covered  with  rough  hairs,  sometimes  with  woolen 
cloth  or  buff  leather. 

BRUSII'WQQD,  II.  [brush  and  wood.]  Brush;  a 
thicket  or  coppice  of  small  trees  and  shrubs  ;  also, 
branches  of  trees  cut  off.  Dryden. 

BRUSH' Y,  a.  Resembling  a  brush;  rough;  shaggy; 
having  long  hair.  Boyle. 

BRUSK,  a.     [Ft.  brusque..] 
Rude;  rough.  Wotton. 

BRUS'SELS  SPROUTS,  n.  The  popular  name  of  a 
delicate  variety  of  cabbage.  They  consist  of  small 
green  heads,  each  a  cabbage  in  miniature,  of  about 
one  or  two  inches  in  diameter,  which  sprout  forth 
from  an  upright  stem  or  stfilk.      Encye.  Dom.  Econ. 

BRUf^'TLE,  (hnis'l,)  v.  i.  [Sax.  brastlian,  to  crackle; 
G.  braiiserii  Dan.  brusef  6w.  brusa;  from  the  root  of 
rustle.] 

To  crackle  ;  to  make  a  small,  crackling  noise  ;  to 
rustle,  as  a  silk  garment ;  to  vapor,  as  a  bully. 

BRUS'TLING, />//r.     Crackling;  rustling;  vaporing. 

BRUT,  V.  i.     [Fr.  brouter.] 

To  browse.     [JVot  i«  use.]  Evelyn. 

BRO'TAL,  a.  [See  Brute.]  Pertaining  to  a  brute ; 
as,  brutal  nature. 

2.  Savage;  cruel;  inhuman;  brtitish ;  unfeeling, 
like  a  brute ;  raercilesa ;  as,  brutal  courage  ;  brutal 
manners. 

BRU-TAL'I-TY,  ti.  Inhumanity  ;  savageness  ;  churl- 
ishness ;  insensibilitv  to  pity  or  shame.  Locke. 

BRO'TAL-IZE,  r.  (.  To  make  brutal,  churlish,  or  in- 
human. 


All  cniH  puniahmcnU  brulalUe  the  heart. 


z.  Swift. 


BRC'TAL-IZE,  r.  i.  To  become  brutal,  inhuman,  or 
coarse  and  beastly.  AddLon. 

BRO'TAL-LY,  adv.  Cruelly ;  inhumanly  ;  in  a  coarse, 
churlish,  or  brutal  manner.  ArbuthnoU 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — M£TE,  PREV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK. 


BUC 

BRCTK,  fl.  [Fr.  brut,  in>in  L.  briUn.",  ^-instU-ss,  irra- 
tional ;  It,  and  Sp.  bruto.  This  word  may  be  tlie  Ch. 
Kn^*i3  foreign,  Strang'^,  as  the  ancients  expressed 
wildnesa  and  sa^Tigeness  by  verbs  which  signify  lo 
depart  or  be  distant.] 

1.  Senseless  ;  uncunscioun  ;  as,  the  Irute  eartli. 

BentUy. 

2.  Irrational ;  ferine  ;  as,  a  hmtc  beast.         SoutJi, 

3.  Bestial ;  in  common  with  bcar^ts ;  as^  brute  vio- 
lence. Miiton, 

4.  Rough  ;  uncivilized  3  insensible  ;  as,  a  brute  phi- 
losopher. Pvim. 

BROTE.  H.  A  beast ;  any  animal  destitute  of  reason  ; 
and  or  course  the  word  comprebends  all  aniinal-4  ex- 
cept man,  but  is  applied  mostly  to  the  larger  boasts. 

2.  A  brutal  person  ;  a  savaga  in  lieart  ur  manners  ; 
a  low-bred,  unfeeling  man. 

BRPTE,  r.  L  for  Bruit,  to  rep(.rt.     [JSTul  used.] 
BRCTE'LY,  ode.    In  a  nide  manner.  Miltoiu 

BRCTE'NESS,  7u     Bmtalitv.     [Ot.-.]  Spenser. 

BRC'TI-FV,  r.  (.     To  make'  a  person  a  brute  :  to  make 

Sf-nseless,  stupid,  or  unfeeling.  Cungrne, 

BRC'TISH,  o.     Like  a  brute  or  beast ;  as,  a  brutish 

form.  Milton. 

Q.  Insensible  ;  stupid  ;  as,  brutUh  men.       Qrcui. 

3.  Unfeeling  ;  savage  ;  ferocious  ;  brutal. 

4.  Gross  ;  carnal ;  bestial.  SJta^.     South, 

5.  Ignorant;  uncivilized;  untaught.         Iluoker. 
BRC'TIsH-LY,  fidv.     In  the  manner  of  a  brute ;  gross- 
ly ;  irrationallv  ;  stupidly;  savagely.  Snuth. 

BRO'TISH-NE^S,  w.  Stupidity  ;  insensibility  ;  brutal- 
itv  ;  savagenes.'* ;  the  qualities  of  a  brute.      Spratt. 

BR6'TISMj  n.  Tlie  nature  or  characteristic  qualities 
or  actions  of  a  brute  j  extreme  stupidity,  or  be;istly 
viilcarity.  Dwinht, 

BRtTTUM  FUL'MEX,  [L.]  A  loud  but  harmless 
threatening. 

BR?'0-NIXE,  «.  An  alkaloid  obtained  from  the  root 
of  the  white  brrony,  (B.  albaJ)  It  is  a  yellowish- 
brown,  bitter  substance,  and  is  emetic  and  cathartic. 

BR?'0-NY,  n.     [L  bryonui;  Gr.  /Jocwt-ia.] 

A  name  commoa  to  the  ditferent  species  of  the  ge- 
nus Br>onia.  The  root  of  the  rough  or  white  bryony 
is  a  strong,  irritating  cathartic.  Encyc.     Coze. 

Black  I^ony,  is  the  popular  name  of  a  genus  of 
plants  called  Tamus.  Encyc. 

BUB,  n.    A  cant  word  for  strong  malt  liquor.   Prior. 

BUB,  V.  U    To  throw  out  ia  bubbles,     [A'i/(  used.] 

Sackville, 

BUB'BLE,  n.  [D.  bobbdi  Sw.  bablai  from  swelling, 
inflation.] 

1.  A  small  Wadder  or  vesicle  of  water  or  other  fluid 
inflated  with  air.  JW-wtyH. 

2.  Any  thing  that  want^  firmness  or  solidity;  a 
vain  project ;  th;it  which  is  more  specious  than  real. 
Hence,  a  false  show  ;  a  cheat  or  fraud. 

Bacon.     Dryden. 

3.  A  deliisive  scheme  of  sp?cul*ition  ;  an  empty 
project  to  niise  money  un  imaginar)-  grounds;  as,llic 
South  Sea  bubble.  SmjX. 

4.  A  periion  deceived  by  an  empty  project.  Prior. 
BUB'BLE,  V.  i.    To  rise  in  bubbles,  as  liquors  when 

boiline  or  agitated.  Sliak.     Vryden, 

3.  Tu  run  with  a  gurgling  noise  j  as,  a  bubbling 
stream.  Pope, 

BUB'BLE,  V.  t.    To  cheat ;  to  deceive,  or  Impose  on. 

Jld/JLioH. 

BUB'BLF.R,  n.    One  who  ch -.it?!.  Diebp. 

BUB'BLING,  ppr.  or  a.  Rising  in  bubUcs;  running 
with  a  gurgling  noise  i  cheating. 

BUB'BLY,  a.     Abounding  in  bubbles;  bubbling. 

BUB'BY,  n,    [from  the  same  root  as  bobble  and  buho.] 
A  woman's  breast.  ,1rlniihnui, 

BC'BO,  n.     [Gr,  :.hv,iuy,  L.  friifro,  a  swelling.] 

An  inflaiiimalion,  with  enlargement,  of  a  lymphat- 
ic glHiid,  particularly  in  the  groin  or  axilla. 

BU  UO.\'0-CP:Lli,  n.  [Gr.  /3j-/?cji,  the  groin,  and 
xq^n,  a  tumor.J 

Hernia  ingumalts,  or  inguinal  nipture;  a  tumor 
In  the  groin,  funned  by  a  pmlafKius  nf  the  intestines 
or  omentum,  or  both  ;  ibe  abdominal  ring,  or  op-ning 
for  the  passage  of  the  spermatic  chord  in  the  tendon 
of  the  external  oblique  muscle  of  the  nbiiom','n.  Kncijc 

BO'BU-KLE,  n.     A  red  pimple.     [A'ut  ujed.]     Sftak. 

BUC-eA-N'EER',  *  «.     (Fr.  boucaner^  to  broil  fish  or 

BU€-A-NIkR',  i  flesh,  to  hunt  oxen  for  their  skins.] 
I'rimarily,  a  buccaneer  is  said  to  be  tmv  who  dries 
and  smokes  ticsh  or  fish  after  the  manner  of  the  In- 
diana, 'I"he  name  was  first  given  to  the  French  set- 
tlers in  Ilayti  or  Hispanioln,  whoso  business  was  to 
liunt  wild  cattle  and  swim;.  It  was  afterward  ap- 
plied to  the  piratical  adventurers,  chiefly  English  and 
French,  who  combined  to  make  depredations  on  the 
Spaniards  in  America.  Encyc. 

BUe'eAL,  a.     [L.  bueca,  the  cheek  ;  W.  bocl 

Pertaining  to  the  cheek.  The  buccal  glands  are  the 
amalt  salivary  glands  situated  on  ttic  inside  of  the 
cheeks,  between  the  mucous  membrane  of  the  mouth 
and  the  mUacIf!*. 

BUe-C  BL-Ll'TION,  n.    [L.  buceeWtt  bncctOj  a  roouth- 
fuUl 
The  act  of  breaking  into  large  pioces. 

BU€'C!-NAL.  a.    Trumpet-*) ha ped. 

BUe-CI-NA'TOR,  n.     [L.  from  buccinum,  a  trumpet.] 


BUC 

A  muscle  of  the  check,  inwrted  into  the  angl-;  uf  the 
mouth ;  so  called  from  its  use  in  blowing  the 
trumpet. 

BU€'CI-NITE,  «.  Fossil  remains  or  petrifactions  of 
the  shells  called  Bucciuum,  Jamrson. 

BU-CENT'AUR,  a.  A  mythological  beast,  half  ox 
and  half  man.  Brande^ 

2.  The  stjite  barge  of  Venice. 

BU-CEPH'A-LUS,  n.     The  name  of  Alexander's  horse. 
2.  An  an'mal  of  the  gazelle  tribe,  of  the  size  of  a 
hind. 

Alexander's  hiu'se  was  called  Bacephalus  from  his 
large  hsad,  tfutij,  ox-head. 

Bu'CE-ROS,  n.  A  genus  of  birds,  inhabiting  the 
warmer  countries  of  Africa  and  A^ia.  'I'he  name 
hornbUl  is  common  to  the  dilF-'rent  species.  The 
Rhinoceros  hornbill,  or  homed  Indian  raven,  is 
common  in  the  Eiust  Indies. 

BUCH'OL-ZITE,  «.  A  fibrous  mineral  of  great  hard- 
ness, and  of  a  grayish  or  yellowish  color,  consisting 
chiefly  of  silex  and  alumina. 

BUCK,  n.     [G.  bauche,  beuche ;   Sp.  buira'In.] 

1.  Lye  in  which  cloth  is  soaked  in  the  opomtion 
of  bleaching;  the  liquor  in  which  clothes  are  washed. 
Encyc.     Johnson. 
S.  The  cloUi  or  clolJies  soaked  or  washed  in  Ive. 

Shak. 

BUCK,  V.  t.  [Ger.  beuclipri;  Dan.  byge;  Sw.  byka\ 
Arm.  bHgad :  Norm.  bucr.  This  verb  is  retained  in 
the  L.  imbuo,  for  imbuco^  or  imbugo,  to  steep,  tinge,  or 
imbue.] 

To  soak  or  steep  in  lye,  a  process  in  bleaching;  to 
wash  or  steep  in  lye  or  suds.  Enc-jc.     SAoA-. 

BUCK,  n.  [Sax.  buc,  bucta:  I>.  bok:  Ger.  and  Sw. 
boek  ;  Sp.  boquf;  VV.  Awf ;  It.  beeco.  This  Italian 
word  signifies  a  bill  or  beak,  the  mouth,  the  helm  of 
a  ship,  the  pipe  of  a  still,  and  a  buck.  VVe  see  it  is 
the  same  word  as  beak,  from  thrusting;  Dan.  buk, 
whence  bukkr^  to  ram  or  thrust  piles.  Ir.  buc  or  poc  i 
Corn,  byk  }  Fr.  bottc  ;  Arm.  frwucA  f  Kalmuc,  6«^,  a 

stag.    Q,u.  EtU.  I  In^M  bahaky  the  male  of  sheep  or 

goatsj 

1.  The  male  of  the  fallow  deer,  of  the  goat,  the 

sheep,  the  nibbit,  and  hare.     It  is  applied  only  to  the 

smaller  qiiadruped:^. 
a.  A  gay,  dashing  young  frdlow. 
BUCK,  r.  i.  To  copulate  as  bucks  and  does.  Mortimer. 
BUCK'-BASK-ET,  n.     [buck  and   ha.'^krt.]     A  biisket 

in  which  clothes  are  carried  to  the  wash.     Skak. 
BUCK'HKAi\,n.    This  is  properly  Boobcan,  which  see. 
BUCK'fJl),  (bukt,)  pp.     Soaked  in  lye.  Ash. 

BUCK'ET,  n.     [Sax.  bue;  Fr.  baqaet;  Ir.  buicead;  Sw. 

biic ;  Dan.  bak7\ 

1.  The  vessel  in  which  water  is  drawn  out  of  a 
well ;  it  is  nearly  in  the  ftjrra  of  a  [mil. 

2.  A  vessel  or  jkiII  used  at  am.  to  draw  water  up  at 
the  side  of  a  ship,  for  washing  the  decks,  &c. 

Mar.  DicU 

3.  A  vessel  made  of  leather,  nearly  in  the  form  of 
a  pail,  but  narrower  and  deeper,  usi'd  to  convey 
water  by  hand  for  extin^ii^hing  fires;  a  fire  bucket. 

4.  In  a  wfl^cr  ipAcW,  a  term  applied  to  cavities  on 
the  rim  of  tlie  wheel,  into  which  the  water  rushes, 
causing  the  wheel  to  revolve. 

BUCKETFUL,  n.     As  much  as  a  bucket  will  hold. 
BUCK'EVE,  n.     A  tree,  the  iE-^culus   flava,  {Pama 

Jlixra,  Decaiid.,)  indigenous  In  the  VVe^riern  States. 

lience,  the  name  given  to  an  inhabitant  of  <.>hio. 
BlTt.'K'lNG,  ppr.    Soaking  in  lye,  in  the  process  of 

bleaching;  washing. 
BUCK'I.N'G,  n.    The  act  or  process  of  soaking  cloth  in 

lye  for  bleaching  ;  also,  the  lye  or  liqtior ;  a  washing. 
Ennjc.     Adh. 
BUCKING-STOOL,  n.     A  washing-bluck. 
BUCK'ISII,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  buck,  or  gay  young 

fellow  ;  foppish.  Smart. 

BUCK'LE,  (huk'l,)  a.     [Fr.  bouetfj  a  buckle,  a  ring,  a 

kn<»ck»-r  ;    bouclcr,  to   curl,  to   nng,  to  buckle;    Ir. 

bucla;  Ann.  bouct.     In  ^\y.  bucle  is  hair  curled.     In 

VV.  ba^a,  ba^t'ilu,  and  bagla,  signify,  to  bend,  hook,  or 

grapple.     Sax.  bagnn,  to  buw.J 

1.  An  instrument  made  of  some  kind  of  metal,  for 
fastening  together  cert-iiii  parts  of  dress,  as  the  straps 
of  shoes,  knee-bands,  &c.,  or  other  stnips  and  banils, 
as  in  a  harness.  The  forms  are  various  ;  but  it  con- 
sists of  a  ring  or  rim  with  a  cha[>e  and  tongue. 

2.  A  curl,  or  a  state  of  bting  curled  or  crisped,  as 
hair.  Spectator. 

X  In  cooti  ofarms^a  buckle  is  a  token  of  the  surety, 
faith,  and  service,  ot  the  bearer.  Encyc. 

BUCK'LE,  r.  (.     To  fasten  with  a  buckle,  or  buckles. 

2.  To  prepare  for  action  ;  a  mctaiJlior,  taken  fr(»m 
buckling  on  armor.  Spenser. 

3.  To  join  in  battle.  Hayward. 

4.  To  confine  or  limit. 

'A  apon  kuelctei  in  bla  lum  of  n.gt.  Shak. 

BUCK'LE,  V.  i.  To  bend  ;  to  bow  ;  as,  to  buckle  un- 
der life.  SJuiJi. 

To  buckU  to  ;  lo  bend  lo  ;  lo  apply  with  vigor ;  to 
engage  with  zeal.  Locke. 

To  buckle  in ;  to  close  in  ;  lo  embrace  or  seize  the 
body,  as  In  a  scuffle  ;  a  popular  use  in  America. 


BUD 

To  buckle  with ,-  to  encounter  with  embrace ;  to  join 
in  close  combat.  Dryden. 

BUCK'L/-:l),  (buk'ld,)  ;»p.  Fastened  with  a  buckle. 
BUCK'LER,  n.  [ \V.  bioccled  ;  Fr.  bouclier ;  Ir.  buicleir.} 
A  kind  of  shield,  or  piece  of  defensive  armor, 
anciently  used  in  war.  It  was  composed  of  wood, 
or  wickers  woven  together,  covered  with  skin  or 
leather,  fortified  with  plates  of  brass  or  other  metal, 
and  worn  on  the  left  arm.  On  the  middle  was  an 
umbo,  boss,  or  prominence,  very  useful  in  causing 
stones  and  darts  to  glance  off".  The  buckl-^r  often 
was  four  feet  long,  and  covered  the  whole  body. 

Enci/c. 
BUCK'LER,  V.  t    To  shield  :  to  defend.    [JVot  u.-icd,] 

Sbnk.     ' 
BUCK'LER-HE.'VD-ED,  (-hed'ed,)  a.     Having  a  head 

like  a  buckler. 
BUCK'LER-TIIORX,  n.     Christ's  thorn.     Johnson. 
BUCK'LLNG,  n.     A  fastening  by  a  buckle. 
BUCK'LING,  ppr.     Fastening  with  a  buckle. 
BUCK'.MAST,  71.     [buck,  that  is,  AcccA,  and  mast.] 

The  mast  or  fVuit  of  the  beech-tree.        Johnson, 
BUCK.'RA.M,  71.      [Fr.   bougran;    It,   baeherame ;    tju. 
from  It.  biicare,  to  make  holes.] 

.\  coartie  linen  cloth,  siifll-ned  with  glue,  used  in 
garments  lo  keep  them  in  tiie  form  intended,  and  for 
wrappers  lo  cover  cloths  and  other  merchandise. 

Encyc. 
BUCK'RAM,o.     StitT;  precise.  Pulke, 

BUCK'RAMS,  rt.   The  same  as  wild  garlic.   Johnson. 
BUCKS'IK  lilN,  ti.     [buck  and  Aor/i.]     A  plant,  a  spe- 
cies of  plantain,  {Oyronopus  phtntago.) 

Ti»e  icarted  backshom,  is  a  species  of  Cochlearia,  or 
scur\'y  grass.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

BUCK'SKLV,  n.  The  skin  of  a  buck.  As  an  adj., 
made  of  leather  prepared  from  the  skin  of  a  buck. 

BUCK'STALL,  n.  [buck  and  stall.}  A  toil  or  net  to 
take  deer  Encyc. 

BUCK'THORN,  n.  [buck  and  thorn.]  The  p|opular 
name  of  a  genus  of  plants,  calleil  Rhamnus,  of  many 
species.  The  common  purging  buckthorn  grows  to 
the  hight  of  I'i  or  14  feel,  and  bears  a  black  berry, 
which,  when  green,  is  used  to  dye  yellow, and  wlien 
ripe,  green.  'i"he  bark  also  dyes  yellow.  Sea  Buck- 
thorn is  the  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  plants,  called 
Ilippopkac.  Encyc     Fam.  of  Plant:/. 

BUCK'WHeAT,  71.  [D.  boek-wcit;  Ger.  buchweitzen. 
Literally,  bceck-wkeat,  so  called  from  its  seed  re- 
sembling in  shaiwt  the  mast  of  the  beech.] 

A  plant,  a  species  of  Polygonum,  {P.  Fagnpyrum,) 
the  seed  of  which  is  used  as  a  grain;  called  also 
brank.  It  is  cultivated  as  food  fi)r  beasts,  and  the 
flour  is  mucli  used  in  America  for  breakfast  cakes. 

BU-COL'ie,  a,  [Gr.  0'tvKo\oi,  a  herdsman  ;  (i  >v<(u\- 
tK'ii,  pa.sioral ;  L.  buculus,  an  ox  ;  bucolietis,  per- 
taining to  cattle,  |)astoral ;  VV.  and  Corn.  bugaU  or 
bygdi  Ir.  baachail,  a  shepherd.     See  Bovine.] 

Pastoral ;  relating  to  country  aflUirs  and  to  a  shep- 
herd's life  and  occupation.  Johu^^on. 

BU-€OL^ie,  B.     A  pastoral  poem,  representing  rural 
aflTairs,  and  the  life,   manners,   and   occupjition   of 
Khcpbcrds  ;  as,  the  bucolics  of  Theocritus  and  Virgil. 
Dryden.     Encvc. 
2.  A  writer  of  pastorals.  H'urton. 

BUD,  n.  []).  bot ;  Fr.  bouton ;  It.  bottone,  a.  bud  or  but- 
ton; Ir.  ubaidhj  a  bud;  Sp.  boton  ;  Arm.  frouft'n,  lit- 
erally a  push  ;  Sp.  botar,  to  push  or  thrust,  to  vow  ; 
Gr.  <pvrov  i  ij>vus,to  plant  or  beget,  contracted  from 


0urw;  Ch.  033  ;  Ar. 


nabata  ;  allied  to  pout, 


Fr..botnler.    See  Class  Bd,  No.  34.] 

1.  A  gem;  the  shoot  of  a  plant ;  a  small  protubf^rance 
on  the  stem  or  branches  of  a  plant,  containing  the 
rudiments  of  future  leaves,  or  of  a  flower.  It  is 
called  by  botanists  a  hyhemacle,  or  winter  lodge,  ot 
receptacle  of  the  leaves  or  fltiwers  of  plants,  and  is 
an  epitome  of  a  flower,  or  of  a  shoot,  which  is  to  he 
unfolded  the  succeeding  summer,  it  is  covered  with 
scales,  wliich  are  inten'kd  to  defend  the  inclosed 
rudiments  from  cold  an<i  other  external  injuries. 

Buds  are  of  rfhree  kinds;  that  containing  the 
flower  ;  tliitt  containing  the  leaves  ;  and  that  con- 
taining both  flower  and  loaves.       Milne.    Mariyn. 

2.  An  unexpaniled  flower ;  as,  the  &«</ of  »  rose.- 
BUD,  V.  i.    To  put  forth  or  produce  huda  or  gems. 

Job  xtv.  9. 

2.  To  put  forth  shoots;  to  grow  as  a  bud  into  a 
flower  or  shoot.  Drydm. 

3.  To  be£;in  to  grow,  or  to  issue  from  a  slock  in  the 
manner  of  a  bud,  as  a  hiitn.  Dryden. 

4.  To  be  in  bloom,  or  growing  like  a  young  plant. 

S/iak. 
BUD,  V.  t.    To  inoculate  a  plant;  to  insert  the  bud  of 

a  plant  under  the  bark  of  another  tree,  for  the  iiur- 

pose  of  niJsing,  upon  any  stock,  a  species  of  fruit 

diff'.Tent  from  that  of  the  stock. 
BUD'DED,  pp.     Put  forth  in  buds;  inoculated. 
BCD'DHA.     See  Boodh. 
BCD'DIIISM,  n.    The  doctrines  of  the  Buddhists  in 

Asia.     [See  Boodh.] 
BUD'DINN;,  ppr.    Putting  forth  buds  ;  Inoculating. 


TCXE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOU8.  — €  aa  K ;  6  aa  J ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


2(1 


Tsr 


BUF 

BUl>'l»INi;,  tu  Th<-  pryc»-ss  <tt  inserting  a  btid  of  one 
Uve  uniliT  the  bark  of  aiiuilier,  for  propngution  ; 
CTiH'-d  also  iH4tcMlat40iL,  i*.  Ci/c 

BUU'UIXlS-NGSS,  R.    State  of  budding. 

BUnULGf  H.  In  mining,  a  large,  square  fVaine  of 
iHKird^,  us<.h1  in  witching  tin  ofo.       ^sh.     Kmcfe. 

BUD'DL£,  r.  t.    Among  miwrv,  to  wash  ore. 

Bailfy.    Jt^ 

BODE'-LTGHT,  n.  [from  Bude^  tlie  residence  i.f  the 
invuulor,  G.  Gumey.]  An  intense  white  lipht,  pri>- 
duceU  hy  burning  a  purified  coal-pns  In  a  compound 
Argnnd  liunj),  of  a  peculi;ir  construction.  Urf, 

BUDCB,  F.  t.    [Ft.  and  Nomi.  bowjrr,  to  stir  or  wa^.J 
To  move  off;  to  stir;  to  uag.     In   Anurira,  loo^  I 
-    I0  much  used  as  equivalent  lo  bad^e ;  but  Hie  use  of 
both  words  is  vulgar.  Shitk, 

BUIX^G,  n.    The  dressed  skin  or  fur  of  Iambi,  fiailtf. 

BUOOE,  a.     Bri^k  ;  jocund.  Btdlmf. 

■3.  Suriy  ;  slilT;  formal.     [0*;<.]  Juhttson. 

BUDOiE-BACH'E-LORS  ;  a  coraitany  of  men  clothed 
in  lune  sownii  lintd  with  lambed  fur,  who  accompany 
ilM  lord  mayor  of  Ijondon  at  ilia  inauc^iratioQ. 

BUDGE'-BAR-REL,  w.  A  small  barr-'I  with  only  one 
bead;  on  the  other  end  a  pie •-  ^  nailed, 

which  is  drawn  together  up«'  a  pursa. 

It  id  used  for  carrying  powdtT,  ^'^  moitar. 

BITDOE'XESS,  n.    Stenmesa:  severity.    [JVW  mmuL] 
BiJDO'£R,  H.  One  who  moves  or  stira ftom hteplaee. 

BUDi^'E-RO,  It.    A  large  Bengal  pleaaace-boat. 

BUIXi'ET,  M.  [Fr.  hougeUt}  Arm.  Umgtitm  i  Norm. 
^11^  ;  i^rfaaps  from  the  lool  of  ta^.] 

1.  A  bag ;  a  Uttla  sack,  with  tta  cimtenta.  Hanee, 
a  stock  or  store;  as,  a  kudget  of  inventions; 

SL  The  papers  respecting  the  finances  of  the  Brit- 
isli  nation.  This  word  fai  now  used,  in  a  similar 
•ease,  in  France. 

TV  open  tie  budfftt ;  to  lay  befora  «  logblatiTe  body 
the  financial  estimates  and  plans  vt  the  executive 
government.  Prict. 

BCDC'V.  a.    Consisting  of  (ur.    [JVM  ustd.] 
BUD'LET,  a  [from  AW.]    A  Utile  bod  a|tfi]iging  fhim 
a  parent  bud. 

We  ten  •  atarioa  I*  fflittBgiiai  mm  bad  trvm  mmUmt,  or  Urn 
purat  bod  bom  Ite  at^MOM  hm£mM  vtakte  ue  in  ott- 
ty^ruig.  Dmrwim. 

BUFF,  M.    [Contracted  from  bngUa,  or  hi^f-^km.} 

I.  Biiff^in  ;  a  snt  of  leather,  prepnred  Aom  the 
skin  oTtbe  buffalo,  dressed  with  oil,  like  cbamoU.  It 
is  ttsed  fur  making  bandoleers,  belts,  pouches,  gloves, 
and  other  articles.  Tba  skins  of  oxen,  elks,  ana 
ether  animals,  dressed  in  like  manner,  are  abo  called 
nuk.  xrKojFc. 

3.  A  miliury  coat,  mode  of  tmiT-ekin  or  similar 
leather  SJuk. 

3.  The  color  of  buff;  a  light  yellow, 

4.  A  yellow,  viscid  coat,  formed  on  the  surface  of 
bliKxI  itrawn  under  certain  circumsLuices. 

BUFf",  c.  t.     To  strike.     [See  BlfkktJ 
BUr''FA-LO,  lu     [lu  and  Sp.  b^faloi  Fr.  buffie;  I*  bib- 

A  species  of  the  bovine  genus,  the  Bos  bubalnSf 
ori^nally  from  India,  but  now  found  in  most  of  tlie 
wamter  countries  of  the  ea^^tern  continent.  It  is 
larger  ami  less  docile  than  iJie  common  ox,  and  is 
fond  of  marshy  places  and  rivers.  The  name  is  also 
uppltcd  to  wild  oxen  in  general,  and  pariicularly  to 
the  bison  of  North  AmeriuL    [See  Bisorf.] 

Cye.     Cttrier. 

BrF'FA-LO-ROBE,  n.  The  skin  of  the  bison  of 
North  America,  incorrectly  called  bu^-iloy  prepared 
with  xh.^  hair  on. 

BUFF'-€OAT,  n.  A  close,  military  bodice,  without 
sleeves,  made  of  bnfTalo-skin,  or  other  ela^ic  matcri- 
al-t.  Booth, 

BUF'FEL-DUCK,  k.  Buffel's  head  duck,  or  buirel- 
headed  duck,  (Anas  btieephala,  Linn.,)  a  bird  with  a 
short,  blue  t#ill,  and  a  head  whose  apparent  size  is 
greatly  increased  by  the  fullness  of  it^  feathers, 
foOnd,  in  winter,  in  the  rivers  oi^  Carolina. 

Catesby.     PennnnL 

BUFF'ER,  n.  A  cushion,  or  apparatus  with  strong 
«prines^  to  deaden  the  ftujf  or  concussitm  between  a 
mov'ns  body  and  one  on  which  it  strike^!,  as  at  the 
ends  of  a  railway  carriage ;  sometimes  called  bujing- 
apparcttis.  SmarL 

BUFFET,  «.     [Fr.  b^H  .-  It.  hufftUo;  Sp.  VnftU.] 

A  cupboard,  or  set  of  shelves  for  plate*,  glasw,  chi- 
na, and  other  like  furniture.  It  was  formerly,  and 
is  still  in  some  parta  of  the  country,  a  closet  or  apart- 
ment erected  on  one  side  of  a  ro-ini;  but  in  more 
fashionable  houses,  it  has  been  laid  aside,  and  a  side- 
board ^nibstituted,  which  is  now  considered  as  the 
ba^eL  But,  as  far  as  my  knowledge  extends,  the 
name  has  become,  in  a  great  measure,  obsolete,  ei- 
cejit  among  the  common  people,  by  whom  it  is  pro- 
nounced bofoL 

BUFF'ET,  n.  [It.  buffetto;  gp.  and  Port,  bufar,  to 
blow,  to  puff;  Norm,  ftujf?,  a  blow  ;  W.  pojiaie^  lo 
thump.     See  Burrooif  and  Puff.] 


BUG 

A  blow  wiUi  Uie  list ;  a  box  on  Ihu  ear  or  face  ;  a 
slap.  Milton. 

BUFF'ET,  r.  C    To  strike  with  the  hand  or  fist ;  to 
box ;  to  beat. 

Th-y^  apt  in  liU  fiue  nnd  lufettd  Mm.  —  MfttL  xxvi. 

S.  To  bent  in  contention  ;  to  contend  against ;  a^t, 
lo  huffft  the  billows.  Otieay. 

BUFF'ET,  p.  u    To  exercise  or  play  at  boxing.  MoA. 

BUFF'ET-ED,  pp.    Suuck  ;  beaten.    1  Cor.  iv.  U.    1 
P-'t.  i:.  GO. 

BUFF'ET-ER,  b.  Owe  who  bufft^s  ;  a  boxer.  Johnson. 

BUFF'ET-ING,  p}*r.  Striking  wiUi  the  hand  ;  boxing; 
cnntending  against. 

BUFF'ET-IXU,  n.    A  striking  with  the  hand. 

Q.  \  succession  of  blows  ;  contention  ;  attack  ;  op- 
position. 

He  »Tm«  lo  haT*  Wrn  \  plant  of  »low  growth,  bM  fontxH]  fir 
itiuMiun,  Mid  Aueu  to  cmiun  ihe  bu^elingt  uf  tlvs  nulnat 
Btonn.  (t'irt 

BUFF'IX,  M.    A  sort  nf  coarse  stufi*;  as,  buffin  gowns. 

BUTTLE,*.    [Fr.]    The  buffalo. 

BUFTLE,  r.  L     To  puzzle  ;  to  be  at  a  loss.      Sie^ 

This  is  probably  the  same  word  as  Baffi.s. 
BUFFLE-HEAD,  (hed,)  n.   [fti^  and  heud.]    One 

who  has  a  lar^e  head. 
BUF  FLE-HEADED,  (buffl-hcd-od,)  tu      Having  a 

lar^e  lie;ul,  like  a  buffalo ;  dull ;  stupid  ;  fooli.sh. 
BUF'FO,  N.  [It,]  The  comic  actor  in  an  opera. 
BUF-FOON',  «.     [Fr,  bouffua  ;  It.  buffo;  Sp.  ft«/on.  a 

buff.Hin,  comical  ;    lU   b.ffare  and   biiff.:rf,   to  "trifle, 

joke,  play  the  fiH>l ;  Sp.  b^ar,  to  mock  or  ridicule ; 

bufar,  to  blow,  or  puff  with  angi>r,  to  ^nort ;  Port.  id. 

These  verbs  indicate  the  origin  of  buffoonerj-.    The 

root  of  bttffi't,  ptiff,  signities  to  drive,  to  push,  to  strike. 

See  Pl'fk.] 

1.  A  man  who  makes  a  practice  of  amusing  otliers 
by  low  tricks,  niitic  gr-iturcs  and  pi»siurfs,  jokes  and 
other  vulgar  pit-asanlrieit.    A  droll ;  a  mimic. 

Johnson.    Uncyc 

2.  He  that  uses  indecent  raillery.  OartA, 
BUT-FOO.V,  r.  u    To  make  ridiculous.      OlajivdU. 
BUF-FOOX'ER-Y,  n.   Tin-  arts  and  pnictices  of  a  buf- 
foon ;  low  jests ;  ridiculous  pranks ;  vulgar  tricks  and 
postures.                                                             Jiikit-ion, 

Dr>'den  has  placed  the  accent  improperly  on  the 
fir«t  syllable. 
BUF-FOON 'I.\G,  a.    Buffooner}-. 

JOn/den.     OuUnW  Quint, 
BUF-FOON'ISH,  a.    Like  a  buffoon ;  consisting  in 

lowjens  or  gestures. 
BUF-FOON'ISM,  n.    The  practices  of  a  buffoon. 
BUF-FOON'-LIKE,  o.    Resembling  a  buff.K>n. 

Skervood. 
BUT-FOON'LY,  a.    Consisting  of  low,  vulgar  tricks. 

BUFTY,  a.    Resembling  the  buff  of  the  blood  in  color 
and  texture ;  as,  tJie  Imffrj  coat  of  liie  blood. 
il  Pertaining  to  buff  oti  the  bliXMl. 

BCFON-rPE,  It.     [L.  &«>,  a  toad.] 

Toad-stone,  considered  as  a  fosi^il  tooth  of  the  An- 
arrhiciia^  or  sea-wwlf,  formerly  much  esteemed  for  its 
imajrinary  virtues,  and  worn  in  ring.t.  It  w;is  named 
front  an  opinion  that  it  was  found  in  the  h>^ad  of  a 
toad.  Kiicyc, 

BUG,  n,     [Cln.  W.  bag,  by^nn^  small.] 

In  cotninoa  lantrtuiffe,  the  name  01  a  vnst  multitude 
of  insects,  whirl]  iufi^st  houses  and  plp,:it3.  In  100/- 
o-zy,  tliis  word  is  ap()lii.-d  to  the  insrcts  arranged  un- 
dftT  the  genu'?  Ciniex,  of  which  several  hundred  spe- 
cies are  d^'jjcribed.  Bu^s  bt;long  tt)  the  order  Hemii»- 
tera.  Th'^y  are  furnished  with  an  inrt-cted  rostrum 
or  beak,  and  with  aiit.MiuK  longer  th:in  the  tliomx, 
and  the  wings  are  folded  together  crosswise.  The 
back  is  fiat,  the  throat  margined,  and  the  feet  are 
formed  for  running.  Some  species  have  no  wings. 
The  house-bug,  or  bad-bug,  is  a  troublesome  and  dis- 
gusting in.*^ct.  Ehcijc.     Cyc. 

The  insects  of  the  genus  Cini'*x  ^Linn.)  now  form 
an  extensive  group,  divided  into  triors,  families,  and 
genera.  FA.  Eacyc. 

BUG,  I  n.     [W.  bteg,  a  hobgoblin  or  scarecrow  ; 

BUG'BE2R,  {      bugadu,  to  terrify  ;  Russ.  buka,  a  sprite 


or  goblin.    In  Pcrs. 


■  A, 


bauk^  is  fear.] 


A  frightful  object;  a  walking  ppecter;  anything 
imaginary  that  Js  considered  as  frightful. 

Locke.     Pope. 
BUG'BESR,  r.  u  To  alarm  or  frighten  with  idle  phan- 
toms. Archbp.  King. 
BUG'GER,  n.    [Fr.  bou^e;  Sp.  bajarron  ;  D.  boggereny 
verb.] 

One  guilty  of  the  crime  against  nature.  A  vile 
wretch  ;  a  term  of  reproach. 
BUG'GER- Y,  n.  The  unnatural  and  detestable  crime 
of  carnal  intercourse  of  man  or  woman  with  a  beast ; 
or  of  human  beings  unnaturally  with  each  other. 
Sodomy.  Kncyc. 

BUG'GUNESS,  n.     [from  buggy.]    The  state  of  being 

infected  with  bugs. 
BUG'GY,  a.    [from  bug.]    Abounding  with  bugs. 

Johnson. 


BUL 

BUG'GY,  n.     A  light  vehicle,  to  be  drawn  by  one 

horse. 
BO'GLE,  \n.    [W.  &ttlrflt^  a  shepherd.    (See 

BO'GLE-HORN,  t     Blculic.)   The  shepJierd's  horn, 

or  from  tlio  sjiuie  riKil  as  the  Fr.  bcughr^  to  bellow, 

from  its  sound.] 

1.  A  hunting  liorn.  Spejiser.    SAak. 

2.  A  military  instrument  of  music. 

BO'GLE,  «.  An  elimgated  glaps  bead,  of  various  col- 
or", tliough  more  comiiionly  bhicit.  McCuUoch,  Shak. 

BO'GLE,  n.     [L.  buirufa,  or  burrUlo.] 

A  name  common  to  different  opecieB  of  plants,  of 
the  genus  Ajuga,  natives  of  Euroiw.  Encyr.. 

BO'GLE,  j  ji.    Names  that   have  been  given, 

BO'GLE-VVEED,  \  in  America,  to  the  Lycopus  siu- 
u;itu.<t,  and  Lycopus  virgiiiicus,  valued  by  some  as 
remedies  for  hemo|)tysis,  or  npilting  of  blood. 

BO'GLE,  H.     [L.  baciiliust  an  oi.] 

A  sort  of  wild  ox.  Phillips. 

BO'GLOSP,  n.  [L.  bugUama ;  Gr.  /7ju;  Xwcra-.j,  of 
yS'ji'c,  an  ox,  and  >'Aa>FC'.i,  tongue.] 

'I'lie  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  plant%  called 
Anchu^it,  used  in  dyeing  and  c»»loring. 
'i'lie  small  wild  bugloss,  ts  iJie  Asperugo 
The  viprr^s  buglosn,  is  the  Echiuni. 

BUG'-WORT.n,    Aplant,theCimicifuga.  Muhlenberg. 

BOML,  (t)ule,)7).  A  name  given  toli[;htuud  coiupticaud 
figures  of  brass,  uuburnished  gold,  &c.,  set,  as  an 
ornament,  into  surfaces  of  ebony  or  other  dark  wiHid, 
or  of  tortoise-shell.         Braade.     Ency.  Dom.  Ecou. 

BOIiL'\VOUK,(bule'wurk,)«.  Work  in  which  wood 
is  inlaid  with  bii/d. 

BUIIR'S'JT)\E,(bur'stone,)n.  A  subspecies  of  silcxor 
quartz,  occurring  in  amorphous  masses,  compact,  like 
homstone,  but  coiiliiining  a  greater  or  less  number  of 
irregular  cavities.     It  is  used  for  mill-stones, 

Cleaveiand. 
This  word  is  often  written  Burrstone. 

BUILD,  ibWd,)  V.  t.  i  pret.  Built;  pp.  Built,  (bilt.) 
The  regular  prct.  and  pp.^  Buildeu,  is  somo- 
times  used.  [Sax.  byldan,  to  confirm  ;  byld,  btjlde.^ 
byldOy  constancy,  firnmess  ;  bilith,  a  nutdel,  an 
image ;  Sw.  bUda :  D.  afbcelden,  verbctldcn  ;  Ger. 
bildcHy  abbildni;  Dan.  bilde;  a/bilde,  to  ehaiM!,  form, 
design,  delineate,  represent,  counterfeit ;  Sw.  ana 
Ger.  bild  ;  D.  bceld,  image,  statue,  figure,  representa- 
tion. The  primary  sense  is  to  set,  fix,  or  make,  and 
the  orthography  bUd  Would  be  more  accordant  with 
the  derivation.] 

1.  To  frame,  constnict,  and  raise,  as  an  edifice  or 
fabric  of  almost  any  kind,  as  a  liouse,  barn,  shop, 
Bliip,  or  vessel,  a  wall,  or  other  structure  of  art ;  to 
unite  materials  into  a  regular  structure  for  use  or 
convenience. 

2.  To  raise  by  art ;  to  frame  or  shape  into  a  partic- 
ular form ;  as,  to  butld  up  a  head-dress  in  a  cone. 

Spectator. 

3.  To  raise  any  thing  on  a  support  or  foundation  ; 
OS,  to  build  our  hopes  on  air. 

4.  In  Scripture^  to  increase  and  strengthen  ;  to  ce- 
ment and  knit  together;  to  settle  or  establish,  and 
preserve.    JJcts  xx.  32.     Ep/t.  n.  ^.     1  Sain.  ii.  35. 

BUILD,  (bild,)  V.  i.  To  exercise  the  art  or  practice 
the  business  of  building. 

To  biald,  lo  plant,  wh-uever  you  intend.  Popt. 

2.  To  construct,  rest,  or  depend  on  as  a  founda- 
tion ;  as,  to  bnild  on  tiie  opinions  of  others.  .Addison, 
BUILDER,  (bild'er,)  n.  One  who  builds;  one  whose 
0(xupaii(jn  is  to  build;  an  architect,  a  shipwright,  a 
mason,  &.c. 

2.  A  creator. 

Whusff  builiier  fttid  mukpr  ia  Oofl.  — HeU  xi. 

BUILD'ING,  (bild'ing,)  ppr.  l-Vaming  and  erecting  ; 
resting  on. 

BUILU'LNG,  (bild'ing,)  n.  A  fabric  or  edifice  con- 
structed for  use  or  convenience,  as  a  house,  a  church, 
a  sliop,  &.C. 

BUIL'I*,  (bilt,)  ;jp.    Framed  and  raised  ;  constructed. 

BUILT,  (bilt,)  n.     Form;  sliai»e;  general  fiyrire  of  a 

structure  ;  as,  the  built  of  a  ship.  Dryden.  Mai:  Diet. 

2.  Species  of  building.  Temple. 

BUL,  n.    The  common  flounder.  Chambers. 

BULB,  n.  [Gr.  iioXliui  ;  L.  bulbus^  a  bulb  or  round 
root,  Fr.  bulbe;  It.  bulbo  ;  Sp.  buibo,  an  onion,  or 
bulbous  root ;  W.  bal,  bol,  protuberance.] 

A  scaly  body  formed  on  a  plant,  above  or  beneath 
the  surface  of  the  ground,  emitting  roots  from  its 
base,  and  prmlucing  a  stem  from  its  center.  It  is  al- 
wnys  formed  uf  imbricated  scales.  A  solid  bulb  has 
no  existence.  Lindley, 

BULB,  c.  i.  To  bulb  out,  is  to  project  or  be  protuberant. 
[Little  used.]  Evelyn. 

BULB-A'CEO  US,  o.    Bulbous.    [/  believey  not  used.] 

Johnson. 

BULB'£D,  (bulbd,)  a.    Round  headed. 

BULB-TF'ER-OUS,  a.  Producing  bulbs;  as,  bulbifer- 
01m  stems.  pMton. 

BULB'OUS,  fl.  Containing  bulbs  or  a  bulb;  growing 
from  bulbs;  round  or  roundish.       Martyn.     Milne.. 

2.  Containing  a  knob,  or  protuberant  part ;  swell- 
ing out ;  presenting  rounded  elevations.      Kirwan. 

BUL'BUL,  n.  The  nightingale  of  the  Persians,  rep- 
resented by  the  pot^ts  as  enamored  of  the  opening 


FATE,  FAR,  P^LL,  WII.\T MfiTE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE.  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


BUL 

rosebud,  and  perched  on  some  neighboring  stem,  as 
pourinc  nut  his  song  in  her  car.  Booth 

BtL'CIIIX,  n.    A  voung  male  calf.    Dekker.    Marslmu 

3UL6E,  n.  A  di^erenl  orthography  of  ItrLOE.  [W. 
frw/tf-jbiilk  ;  6a/c,  prominent  i  Sax.  6u?/wi«,  to  bellow, 
from  stcelUng  ou^-j 

The  bilge  or  protuberant  part  of  a  cask ;  protu- 
berance. 

6UL6E,  V.  u    To  swell  out ;  to  be  protuberant.  Moxon. 
2.  To  bilge,  as  a  ship.     [See  Bilge. J        Dryden, 

BULG'ING,  ppr.  or  fl.    Swelling  oiit;  bilging. 

2.  As  an  adj.^  protuberant. 

BC'LI-MY,     Jn.      [L.  bulimia;    Gr.  ffov^ifiia,   0ovy 
BU-LIM'I-A,  J     great,  and  >f^'>?,  hunger.] 

A  voracious  appetite  ;  a  disease  in  which  the  pa- 
tient has  a  perpetual  and  in^^atiable  appetite  for  food, 
and  oflen  faints,  if  not  indul^ied.  Encyc. 

BULK,  71.  [W.  biclg^  bulk  ;  balciaw,  to  swell,  to  be 
proud  ;  Ir.~  bale,  great,  strong ;  Ru^s.  bulkaiju,  to  tK>il, 
tu  bubble  ;  D.  bitlken,  to  low  or  bellow ;  Dan.  buik^  a 
bunch  on  the  back  ;  Sax.  bula-ian,  to  low.] 

1.  .Magnitude  of  matorial  substance ;  whole  dimen 
sions  :  size  of  a  thing ;  as,  an  ox  or  ship  of  great 
bulk. 

S.  The  gross  ;   the   majority ;    the   main   mass  or 
body  ;  as,  the  bulk  of  a  debt ;  the  buU;  of  a  nation. 
Sioiji.     jSddi.^on, 

3.  Main  fabric.  Shak. 

4.  TTie  wliole  content  of  a  ship'^  hold  for  the  stew- 
age  of  goods.  Encyc 

5.  A  part  of  a  building  jutting  otit.  Shak. 
To  break  bulk,  in  seamen'ti  language,  is  to  begin  to 

onload.  Jlfar.  Diet, 

In  bulk ;  in  a  mass,  or  solid  state ;  as,  pork  in  bulk, 
or  bulk  porky  i.  e.  pork  not  cut  up  or  prepared  for 
p.icking. 

Ladm  in  hiJk  :  having  the  cargo  Inose  in  the  hold, 
or  not  inclosL-d  in  boxes,  bales,  or  casks. 

A  ^ale  by  bulky  is  a  sale  of  goods  as  they  are,  with- 
out weight  or  measure.  Bouricr. 
BULK'-HEAD,  n.     [bulk  and  head.]     A  parUtion  in  a 
ship,  made  with  boards,  Jk.c.,  to  lurm  se[>Rrnte  apart- 
mcnU.                                             Eneifc.    JHar.  Diet. 
BULK'I-NESS,  n.    Greatness  in  bulk,  size,  or  stnture. 

Locke. 
BULK'Y,  a.    Large  ;  of  great  dimensions  ;  of  great 

size.  Dryden. 

B};lL,  n.     [G.  buUi  W.  bw!a:  Russ.  vol.     Uu.  from 

hw  aex,  or  from  bellowing;   Sw.  J67a ;   Dan.  bole.] 

1.  The  male  of  bovine  quadrupeds,  or  of  the  dif- 
ferent species  of  the  geutu  Bos,  of  which  coir  is  the 
female. 

2.  Inn  scriptural  seTiae,  an  enemy,  powerful,  fierce, 
and  violent. 

M  my  built  haT*  compnated  mT.  —  Pf . 

3.  Taurus,  one  of  the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac. 
B(JLL,  n.     [It.  bolla,  a  bubble,  a   blister,  a  seat,  or 

stamp,  the  pope's  bull;  Fr.  buUe:  I^.  bulla,  a  bons, 
and  an  ornament  worn  on  a  child's  neck.  This 
name  was  given  to  the  seal  which  was  appended  to 
the  edicts  and  briefs  of  the  pop'^,  and,  in  process  of 
time,  apF^ied  to  the  edict  itself.     Sprlman.] 

A  letter,  edict,  or  rescript  of  the  pope,  published  or 
transmitted  to  the  churches  over  which  he  is  h^-ad, 
containing  some  decree,  nrder,  or  decision.  It  is 
usrd  chiefly  in  matlern  of  justice  or  of  erace.  If  the 
former,  the  lead  or  seal  is  hung  bv  a  hempen  cord  ;  if 
the  latter,  by  a  silken  thread,  'fhe  lead  or  bull  it 
impressed  on  on*»  side  with  the  heads  of  St.  Peter 
and  St.  Paul,  on  the  other  with  liie  name  of  ttic  pope 
and  the  year  of  his  t»**nt'fi*'ato.  The  writing  is  in 
the  old  round  fiothic  letter  ;  and  the  instniment  has 
about  it  a  cross,  with  some  text  of  Scripture  or  reli- 
gious motto.  Lumcr.     Encyc, 

Thr  QvUlen  Bull,  so  called  from  its  golden  seal,  is 
an  edict  or  iniivrial  constitution,  made  by  the  em- 
peror Charles  IV.,  (K^i,)  containing  the  fundamen- 
tal law  of  the  T^erman  eriipin'. 

Leaden  bulii  were  sent  by  the  emperors  of  Cnn^tnn- 
tinople  to  {Nitriarchs  end  princes,  and  by  the  grandrca 
of  the  empire,  of  France,  Sicily,  &,c.,  and  by  patri- 
archs and  bishopH. 

fVaxen  bulU  were  in  frequent  u«»e  witli  the  Greek 
emperors,  who  thus  scaled  letters  to  their  relations. 

Kneyc. 
Bali*  and  bears:  a  cant  term  among  rtork-brokers 
for  buyers  and  sellers  of  stocks  on  speculation. 

B)JLL,  n.  A  blunder  or  contradiction  ;  more  exactly, 
an  apparent  congruily,  but  real  inctrngruity,  of  ideas, 
suddenly  discovered.  Jiea.  Sydney  Smith. 

B^LL  (a  prefix)  signifies  a  bull,  or  large,  or  having  a 
large  head. 

BI;LL'-HAIT-IXG,  n.  [bullnnil  bait.]  The  practice 
of  baiting  or  exciting  bulls  with  dogs.         JIdd'uon. 

BJJLL'-BEEP,  n.  [bull  and  bct^.]  The  flesh  of  a 
bull ;  coarse  beef.  Hhnk. 

Bi;LL'-BEG-«AR,  n.  [bull  and  beggar.]  Something 
terrible  or  frightful.  Ayliffe, 

Bi;LL'-e\LF,  (kif,)  n.  [bull  and  calf.]  A  male 
calf;  a  stupid  fellow.  Shak. 

BJJLL'-DOG,  n.  [bull  and  dog.]  A  variety  of  dog,  of 
a  particular  form,  and  of  remarkable  courage ;  so 
named,  probably,  from  being  employed  in  baiting 
bulls,  or  from  the  size  of  the  h«!ad. 


BUL 

BULL'-FAC-£I),  (-fdste,)  a.    Having  a  large  face. 

Dryden. 

ByLL'-Ffi.\ST,    See  Bcll-Fight. 

BJjLL'-FrGEIT,  n.  [bull  tiw^  Ji^rht.]  A  combat  with 
a  bull ;  an  amusement  among  tlie  Spaniards  and 
Portuguese.  A  horseman,  called  a  torreador  or  pica- 
dor, attacks  a  bull  in  a  circus  or  inclosed  arena,  in 
presence  of  multitudes  of  spectators,  irritating  him 
with  a  spear,  till  the  bull  rushes  ujwn  the  horse,  and 
perhaps  dismounts  the  rider.  After  the  bull  has 
been  tormented  a  long  time,  the  horseman  leaves 
him,  and  some  persons  on  foot  attack  him,  and 
plunge  darts  into  his  neck  ;  and,  at  a  siynal  given 
by  the  president,  the  barbarous  sjwrt  is  ended  by  the 
dagger  of  a  matador.  Encyc. 

BJTLL'-FLXCH,  n.  [bull  and^ncA.1  A  bird  allied  to 
the  grossbeak,  whose  breast,  cheeks,  and  throat,  are 
of  a  crimson  color  j  the  Loria  pyrrhula,  Linn.,  (Pitr- 
rhula  vulgaris;  Brisson,)  and  the  RubiciUa  of  the  older 
naturali-'ts. 

Bl;LL'-FL1?,  \  n.    The  gadfly,  a  stinging  insect  which 

BULL'-BEE,  i      torments  cattle.  Philips. 

BtJLL'-FROG,  71.  [bull  and  frog.\  The  Rana  ocel- 
lata,  a  large  species  of  frog,  fuund  m  North  America, 
of  a  dusky-brown  color,  mixed  with  a  yelluwish- 
grten,  and'  spotted  with  black.  These  frogs  live  in 
stagnant  water,  and  utter  a  loud,  croaking  sound, 
from  which  they  probably  received  their  name.  The 
bull-frog  of  New  England,  is  the  Rana  pipicns. 

Jitois.  Rep.     Lnislev. 

BJJLL'-HEAD,  v.    [bull  and  fiead.l    A  genus  of  fidhes, 
the   Cottus,   with   a  head    broader  tlian   tlie   body, 
whence  the  name.    The  Coitus  gobh,  or  river  buU- 
headj  of  England,  is  also  called  the  Miller^s  thumb. 
Encyc.     Cye. 

2.  A  stupid  fellow ;  a  lubber.  Johnsoiu 

3.  A  smal',  black  water-vermin.  Philips. 
BJJLL'S'-EVE,   n.     [bull  Timi  eye.]     Among  seamen,  n 

piece  of  wood,  in  tlie  form  of  a  ring,  answering  the 
purpose  of  a  thimble.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  Aldebaraii,  a  .*t^r  of  the  first  magnitude  in  the 
constellation  Taurus.  j?,vA, 

3.  Among  sfamen,  a  small,  obscure  cloud,  ruddy  in 
the  middle,  portending  a  great  storm.  Encyc. 

4.  In  architecture,  a  small,  circular  or  elliptical  open- 
ing or  window. 

BJJLL'S'-NCSE,  n.  In  architecture,  the  external  angle 
of  a  polygon,  or  of  two  lines  which  meet  at  an  ob- 
tu:^e  anc'le.  OwUt, 

BIJLL'-TROUT,  n,  [bull  and  trout.]  A  large  species 
of  trout,  (Salmo  trutla  :)  called,  aNo,:fa/myH-(row(,  and 
sea-trout,  thicker  than  the  common  sort,  which,  like 
the  salmon,  ascends  rivers  periodically  to  sjiawn.  Its 
back  has  a  bluish-green  gloss,  and  there  are  several 
black  spots  on  the  sides.     Cyc.     DicL  of  JVat.  Nisi. 

BULL'-WEED,  n.     Knapweed.  Johnson. 

BJJLL'-VVORT,  71.     Bisbopweed.  Johnson. 

BUL'LA,  n.  The  name  ot  a  genus  of  univalvular  tes- 
taceous MoUusca. 

2.  .\  bleb  i  a  vesicle,  or  an  elevation  of  the  cuticle 
containing  a  transparent  watery  fluid. 

BJ^LL'ACE,  n.  The  wild  plum,  a  species  of  Prunus, 
{p.  insititia :)  called,  aNo,  bulluce-plum^  and  huUaee- 
trce;  ft  native  of  England.     Fam,  of  Plants.  Eticije. 

2.  The  butlv-tree;  n  sjiccies  of  Chrysophyllum,  a 
native  of  tlie  \Vest  Indies.  Font,  of  Plants. 

B^LL-AN'Tie,  rt,  [from  bull.}  Designating  certain 
ornamental  capital  li-tters,  used  in  apostohc  bulls.  It 
is  U7*fd  aUo  as  a  noun.  Fry. 

BIJLL'A-RY,  n,     A  coljcrtion  of  papistical  bulls. 

BUL'LATE,  a.     [L.  ballatus.]  [Simth. 

Having  elevatittns  like  blisters.  In  botany,  a  bid- 
late  leaf,  is  one  the  membranous  part  of  which  rises 
between  the  veins  in  elevations  like  blisters, 

Martyn, 

ByL'LEN-N.^ILa,  n.  pi.  Nails  with  round  heads  and 
short  shanks,  turned  and  lackered.  Gujili. 

BJJLL'ET,  n.  [Fr.  bouUt,  dim.  of  boule,  a  ball.  See 
Ball.]* 

A  ball  of  iron  or  lead,  called  also  shot,  used  to  load 
piinH  for  killing  man  or  beast.  Halls  for  cannon  are 
made  of  iron  ;  musket  balls  are  made  of  luad. 

BI;LI/E-TIN,  n.  [Fr.  bulletin,  a  ballot,  a  packet,  a 
certificate  ;  Sp.  hnJetin,  a  ticket,  or  warrant ;  boleta,  a 
ticket,  a  billet;  Purt.  boleta i  IL  builf.tta,  buUetUrw  ; 
pro[>erly,  a  roll.] 

1.  A  rei»ort  of  a  state  of  facta,  issued  by  authority, 
as  of  military  opt^ratiuns,  or  of  the  health  of  some 
distingiiiuhed  iK-rsonag*;. 

2.  In  a  wider  sense,  any  public  notice  or  announce- 
ment, espi'ciallv  of  news  recently  received. 

Bi;LI/E-TIN-liOARI),   n.      A  board   on   which   an- 
nouncements of  news  are  put  up,  particularly  at 
newjj-roomH,  printing-oflic^s,  &c. 
nVU.'l-KD,  (bul'lid,)  pp.     Insulted. 
BJJLL'ION,  fb>ii'y"iiO  «•     [Fr.  billon,  base  coin.] 

Uncoinea  (p»ld  or  silver  m  the  mass.  The  precious 
metals  are  called  bullion,  when  smelted  and  not  per- 
fectly refined  ;  or,  when  refined,  but  in  bars,  ingots, 
or  in  any  form  uncoined,  as  in  plat*^.  Encyc. 

In  political  economy,  this  word  is  used  to  denote 
gold  and  silver,  botli  coined  and  uncoined.  P.  Cyc. 
BI^L'LI-RAG,  V.  U    To  insult  in  a  bullying  manner. 

Todd, 


BUN 

BULL'ISH,  a.    Partaking  of  the  nature  of  a  bull,  or 

blunder.  Mdtoiu 

BJJLL'IST,  n.     A  writer  of  Papal  bulls.        Hannar. 
BUL'LrrE,  n.    A  petrified  shell,  or  the  fossil  remains 

of  shells,  of  the  genus  Bulla.  Jameson. 

BUL-LI"TION,  (-lish'un,)  «.    [L.  bullio.    See  Boil.] 
The  act  or  state  of  boiling.    Superseded  by  Ebui^ 

LiTiopf.  Bacon. 

BSJLL'OCK,  ?i.     [Sax.  bulluca;  G.  buUochs.] 

An  ox,  or  castrated  bull.    In  America,  it  is  applied 

to  a  full-grown  ox. 
B|JLL'OCK\S-E?E,  (-!,)  n,    A  small,  tliick  glass  or 

skylight,  in  a  covering  or  roof. 
BIJLL'V,   ».     [Sw.  b'dla,  to  bellow;  buUer,  a  tumult; 

i)an.   buUen,  swelled,  pufled  up;  or,  more  directly, 

from  Pax.  bulgian,  to  bellow.] 

A  noisy,  blustering,  overbearing  fellow,  more  dis- 
tinguished for  insolence  and  empty  menaces  than  for 

courage,  and  disposed  to  provoke  quarrels.  Jiddison. 
BJJLL'Yj  V.  t.     To  insult  and  overbear  with  noise  and 

blustering  menaces.  King. 

BJJLL'Y,  V.  L    To  be  noisy  and  quarrelsome.  Jnhnson. 
BJJLL'Y-ING,  71.     Act  of  bullying,  or  state  of  being 

bullied. 
BIJLL'Y-ING,  ppr.     Insulting  with  threats. 
B^JL'RUSH,  n.    [bole,  or  boll,  and  rush.]    A  large  kind 

of  rush,  growing  in  wet  land  or  water,  and  without 

knots,  says  Johnson  ;  but  Dryden  calls  it  the  knotty 

bulnwh. 
The  name  bulrush  la  applied.  In  England,  to  the 

Scirpns  lacustris,  and  also  to  the  Typha  latifoUa,  and 

T.  angiistifolia,  {P.  Cyc. ;)  in  America,  to  the  Juncus 

effitsus. 
BULSE,  7?.    A  certain  quantity  of  diamonds.  Wraxalh 

[IndioA 
BUL'TEX,  n.    [See  Bolt.]    A  bolttr  or  bolting-cloth  ; 

also,  bran.     [J^vt  used.] 
BUL' W ARK,  71.     [Sw.  bolvdrck:  D.  hohcerk;  Gcr.  bolU 

iBcrk,-  Dan.  bolveerk;  from  D.  bol,  plump,  and  a  ball. 

Sw.  bula,  \V.  bal,  a  protuberance,  and   work;  a  pio- 

jecting  or  outwork.     Fr.  boulevard :  Sp.  and  Port,  ba- 

luartc :  It.  baluardo.] 

1.  In  fortijicatiim,  a  bastion,  or  a  rampart ;  a  motin  J 
of  earth  round  a  place,  capable  of  resisting  cannon- 
shot,  and  formed  witlt  bastions,  curtains,  ice.  Encyc. 

2.  A  fortitication  ;  also,  any  means  of  defense  ;  as, 
a  navy  is  the  hnlirark  of  a  nation. 

3.  'i"hat  which  secures  against  an  enemy  or  exter- 
nal annoyance;  a  screen  or  shelter;  means  of  pro- 
tection and  safety. 

Salvfttion  will  tiod  appoitX  for  walls  Knd  huliearkt.  —  Ii.  xxvl, 

BIJL'WARK,  V.  t  To  f(»rtify  with  a  rampart ;  to  se- 
cure by  a  fortification  ;  to  protect.    Adilison.  Barlow. 

BUM,  n.    The  buttocks ;  the  part  on  which  we  sit. 

Johnson. 

BU.M,  V.  I.    To  make  a  noise,  Mamton. 

BUM-BAIL'IFF,  n.     [A  corruption  of  bound-badtff.] 
In  England,  an  under-bailiff;  a  subordinate  civil 
officer,  appointed  to  serve  writs,  and  to  make  arrests 
and  executions,  and   bound  with  sureties  for  a  faith- 
ful discbarge  of  his  trust.     [A  vulgar  word.] 

BUM'BARD,  7(.    See  Bombard.  [Blackstone. 

BUM'BAST,  n.  [A  ditTerent  orthography  of  Bombast, 
which  see.] 

1.  A  cloih  made  by  sewing  one  stuflf  upon  another; 
patchwork.  Oreio. 

2.  Linen  stufled  with  cotton;  stufling;  wadding. 

&V.ZA-. 
BUM'BLE-BEE,  n.     [L.  bomMut,  a  buzzing.] 

A  large  bee,  sometimes  called  humble-bee ;  so  named 
from  its  sound. 
BUM'BOAT,  fi.    A  small  Boat  for  carrying  provisions 

to  a  ship  at  a  distance  from  shore.  Mar.  Diet. 

BUM'KLV,  71.  [See  Bumpkin.]  A  short  boom  project- 
ing from  each  bow  of  a  ship,  to  extend  the  clew  of  the 
fori^sail  to  windward. 

2,  A  small  out-rigger  over  the  stern  of  a  boat,  to 
Vxt.-nd  the  mizzen.  .Mar.  Diet. 

BUMP,  71.  [\V.  pipmp,  a  round  mass;  pwmpiaw,  to 
thump;  allied  to  L.  boinbus,  and  Eng.  pomp,  from 
swelling,  thrusting  out.l 

1.  A  swelling  or  protunerance.  Dryden. 

2.  A  thump  ;  a  hf  avy  blow. 

BUMP,  r.  i.     To  make  a  loud,  heavy,  or  hollow  noise, 

as  the  bittern.    It  is  also  written  boom,    [W.  bwmp.\ 

Dryden. 
BUMP,  r.  (.    To  strike,  ns  with  or  against  any  thing 

large  or  solid  ;  as,  to  bump  the  head  against  a  wall ; 

to  thump. 
BUMP'ER,  n.    A  cup  or  glass  filled  to  the  brim,  or  till 

the  liquor  runs  over.  I>ryden. 

2.  A  crowded  house  at  a  theater,  &c,,  in  honor  of 

some  favoriU;  performer, 
BU.MP'KIN,  71.     [hump,  large,  swelling,  and  kin,  Sak. 

cyn,  kind,  genus.] 
An  awkward,  heavy  rustic  ;  n  clown,  or  country 

lout.  Locke. 

BUMP'KIN-LY,a.  Clownish.  [JVotused.]  RUhardsoru 
BUN,  71.    A  kind  of  cake. 
BUNCH,  71.    [W.  pwngi  Dan.  bunke,  bynke,  a  heap,  or 

heaped  measure.] 

1.  A  protuberance  ;  a  hunch  ;  a  knob  or  lump ;  as, 

the  bunch  on  a  camel's  back.  Isaiah, 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8.— €  as  K ;  0  as  J  j  8  ns  Z ;  ClI  as  SH;  TU  as  in  THia. 


BUO 

2.  A  cluster  ;  a  numhor  of  llie  same  kind  growing 
tofit-ilter  ;  as,  a  buueJt  of  pmpcs.  Drydm. 

3.  A  luunber  of  things  tied  together;  as,  a  bunch 
of  keys  J  a  bunch  of  rods.  Locke, 

4.  A  collection  of  things;  a  knot;  as,  a  bunch  of 
liair  ;  a  bunch  of  trees.  Speiucr. 

BUNCH,  r.  i.    To  swell  out  in  a  protubemnrc  ;  to  be 

protuberant  or  round.  n'oodtcard. 

BUNCH,  r.  t.    To  form  or  tie  in  a  bunch  or  bunches. 
BUNCU'-BACK -ED,  (-bakt,)  a.      \buneh  and  6aa.] 

Having  a  bnnch  on  the  back  ;  crooked.  Shak, 

BUNCHM-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  bunchy,  or 

fprowing  in  bunches.  Johnson. 

BUNCH' Y,  a.    Growing  in  bunches;  like  a  bunch; 

having  tufts.  ^  ,  ^f^* 

BUN'DLE,  n.     [Sax.  byndel;  D.  ^ndd:  G.  ^il»rf,  b»n~ 

del :  &\v.  bindrl^  and  bunL    This  word  is  formed  tYom 

llie  root  of  bind^  bund,  bond.] 

1.  A  number  of  Uiinr^  put  together. 
9.  A  r\>ll;  any  thing  bound  or  riJled  into  a  conve- 
nient funn  for  conveyance  ;  a?,  a  bnndU  uf  lace  ;  a 

bundle  of  bav.  SpectatiT. 

BUN'DLE,  r.  f.    To  tie  or  bind  in  a  bundle  or  roll ; 

often  fuilowed  by  up ;  as,  to  b^x^e  up  clnthe^. 

Laekc     Swift. 
To  bumdie  qf;  to  send  a  person  off  in  a  hurn-,  or 

pet,  IMlotea^. 

BUNG,  m.  [Fr.  hondon  i  G  spund ;  D.  ^onds  i  VV.  btcngf 

a  bung-htde.l 
The  stopple  of  the  orifice  in  the  bilge  of  a  cask. 

.Vurtimer, 
BUNG,  V,  L    To  atop  the  orifice  in  the  bilge  of  &  cask 

with  a  bung  :  to  cloee  up. 
BUN'GA-LOW,  n.   In  Ben^aly  a  counlr>-  house  or  cot- 
tage, erected  by  European  j,  and  cunUructi^-d  of  wood, 

bamboo,  mats,  and  ihatcb.  .Malcvm. 

BUNG'-DRA\V-ER,  it.    A  wooden  malkt,  of  a  pt-cu- 

lior  fonn,  (or  takiu  Uw  bung  out  of  a  cask.  [IJhmL] 
BUNG/-HOLE,  n.    [^MUf  Mud  holr.]    The  hole  or  ori- 

fice  in  the  bilge  of  a  caafc.  SooteUmca  •bortcoea  into 

Brno. 
BUN"GLE,  (bong'gl,^  r.  L    To  perfonn  in  a  clumsy, 

awkward  manner ;  a«,  to  h*mgU  in  luaLiog  shoes. 

Thyden, 
BUN^'GLE,  r.  C  To  make  or  mend  clumsily ;  to  butch ; 

to  manage  awkwardly  ;  with  up.  DryJen, 

BUN"GLE,  R.    A  botch ;  inaccuracy ;  gross  blunder ; 

clumsy  performance.  Rajf. 

BU.\''G'LER,  s.    A  clurn^',  awkward  workman ;  erne 

who  performs  without  skill.  Pttukaau 

BUN"GL1NG,  ppr.    Performing  awkwardly. 
BUN"GLING,  a.  Clumsy  ;  awkwardly  done.  Prjrfm. 
BL*N"GLL\G-LY,  ado.    Cluuisily  ;  awkwardly. 

DentU^ 
BUNK,  a.  [Dan.  kpJie^  a  meal-tub ;  Sw.  i««f£t^wa«, 

a  milk-pan.] 
A  case  or  box  of  boards  for  a  bed ;  a  word  luad  m 

aamt*  marts  ^  J^meriuL 
BUNK'ER,  n.    A  large  bin  or  receptacle  fiW  vartoQs 

things,  as  coals,  &c. 
BUN,     >  m.     [Scot,  bun^  bunn  :  Ir.  bumMi  Gr.  3  ivpniy 
BUNX,  i      a  hill,  and  a  cake  oifrred  to  deities.    It  sig- 

nifies  a  mass  or  collecliun.] 
A  small  cake,  or  a  kind  of  sweet  bread.        Ony. 
BUN'ION,  (bun'yun,)  n.    .\n  excrescence  or  ball  ori 

the  Beat  toe  correspttnding  to  a  corn. 
BCX^  a.    The  middle  part,  cavity,  or  bcUv  of  a  s:ul. 

Mar.  Diet, 
BUNT,  r.  t.    To  swell  out ;  as,  the  sail  bnuu. 

52.  In  pvpmiar  Uutgunge^  to  push  with  tlie  Iiorns  ;  to 

butt.     [t»ee  Puis  T.J 
BUNT'ER,  n.    A  cant  word  ft-r  a  woman  wlio  picks 

up  rags  in  the  streets ;  lieoce,  a  low,  vulgar  woman. 

Jakason. 

BUNT'ING,  n.    A  name  common  to  diffircnl  species 

of  the  genus  Erabehra,  as  the  Enelisli  or  common 

btinting,  and  the  snow  bunting.     The  rice  bunting, 

or  bi^>olink,  is  a  species  of  Uterus. 
BUNT'ING,  j  H.     [*ier.  fran/,  D.  bont^  sUeakcd,  orBf 
BUNT'INE,  j      diiferent  colors.] 

A  thin,  woolen  stuff,  of  which  the  colors  or  fljigs 

and  signals  of  ships  are  maile.  Mar.  DirL 

BUNT'LINES,  n.  pL    Ropes  fastened  to  cringles  on  the 

bottoms  of  square  sails,  to  draw  tnem  up  to  their 

yards.  .Vor.  D'Ct. 

BUOV,  (bway,)  n.     [Fr.  froicef,  a  buoy  ;  D.  fti>ci,  a  buoy, 

a  lodge  or   hut,  a   fetter,  or   shackle,  a   handcuff; 

honjen^  to  fetter,  to  bna^ ;  Ger.  btni:  Dan.  609 :  Ru4S. 

frtty ,-  £p.  frojjtf,  a  buoy  ;  probably  from  the  toon  of  Sax. 

byniL,  to  dwell,  that  is,  to  set,  be  fixed,  or  stationary. 

Dan.  boe^b9endt,^ 

1.  A  float, 

2.  A  floating  mark  to  point  out  the  position  of  ob- 
jects beni-aih  the  water,  as  anchors,  shoals,  rocks, 
&,c.  Buoys  are  of  various  kinds  ;  as,  c  n-hm^vg,  in 
the  form  of  a  cone ;  nun-bnoys,  which  are  large  in  the 
middle,  and  tapering  nearly  to  a  point  at  each  end  ; 
cable-buoys,  empty  casks  employed  to  buoy  up  the  ca- 
ble in  rocky  anchorage. 

Life-buoy ;  a  buoy  fnif  nded  to  support  persons  who 
have  fallt-n  into  the  water,  until  a  boat  can  be  dis- 
patched to  savp  ihem. 

'I'a  strram  tht  buoy,  is  to  let  it  fall  by  the  ship's  side 
into  the  water,  before  letting  go  the  anchor.  Mar.  DitU 


BUR 

Bl^OY,  (bway,)  V.  t.  To  keep  alhwt  in  a  lluid  ;  to  bear 
up,  or  keep  from  sinking  in  a  fluid,  as  in  water  or 
uir  ;  with  if;>.  fVoodirard. 

2.  To  supiHirt  or  sustain  ;  to  keep  from  sinking  into 
ruin  or  dr5pi>ndency.  Kiit<r  Charles. 

3.  To  fix  buoys,  as  a  direction  to  mariners. 
BUOV,  V.  i.    To  float;  to  rise  by  sjiccific  lightnfps. 

Pope. 

BUOY'.\N-CY,  (bw«y'an-sy,)  n.  The  quality  of  float- 
ing on  the  surface  of  water,  or  in  the  atmosphere ; 
specific  liijlitncss. 

BUOY' A  NT,  fl.  FUwiting;  light;  that  will  not  sink; 
having  tJie  quality  of  ri:iing  or  floating  in  a  fluid. 

7'Atfjn.vftn. 
Q.  Bearing  up,  as  a  fluid  ;  sustaining  another  body. 
[UnusHal/\  Dryden. 

BUOY'ANT-LY,  adv.    In  a  buoyant  manner. 

Colerul^e, 

BUOY'Ep,  (bwijyd,)  pp.  Kept  afloat  on  water ;  sup- 
pi  Tted. 

BL'OV'ING,  ppr.    Keeping  athuit ;  sustaining. 

BrOY'-llOPE,  n.  [buoy  and  rope]  The  rope  which 
fallens  a  buov  to  an  ancluir. 

BU-PRES'TI-DANS,  «.  pK  A  tribe  of  coleopterous 
insects,  of  brilliunl  melnllic  colors.  Kirby. 

BUR,     \ 

BCUR,  >  [Sax.  bur,]  signifies  a  chamber  or  a  cottage. 

BOR,     ) 

BUR,  «.  [Sax.  JKrrr,  burd<x-k  ;  \V.  bar,  a  bushy  bend 
or  bunch;  Ir.  bvrr.  a  bunch  or  knob:  Fr.  bvurrce^ 
bush.] 

1.  Any  rough  or  prickly  envelope  of  the  seeds  of 
plants,  whetlier  a  p;;rsi)*ti'nt  calyx,  p-^ricarp,  or  proi»cr 
co:a,  as  of  the  chestnut  and  tturditck. 
3.  A  n>uchnns.-4  in  sounding  the  letter  r. 
3.  A  broad  ring  of  iron  beliind  the  place  for  the 
hand  on  a  spear  used  in  tilting.  F.ncyc. 

BUR'BOT,  a.  [from  L.  barbaius^  so  named  from  its 
Ikeard.] 

A  fisli  of  the  genus  Gadtm,  (O.  Lota^)  shaped  like 
an  t  el,  but  shorter  and  thicker,  with  a  flat  head,  and 
on  the  nose  it  has  two  small  txards,  and  another  on 
the  chin.  It  is  disgusting  in  appearance,  but  delicate 
food.     It  is  colled  also  eei-pout.  Kncyc 

BUR'DE-LA  IS,  «.     A  sort  of  grape.  Johnson, 

BUR'D£N,  (bur'dn.)  Written  also  BrnTHEN.  [Sax. 
bffrdfn^  bifrthra ;  Sw.  bUrda  :  Dan.  byrde  ;  G.  biirde  ;  Ir. 
hiart  or  beirtf  Gr.  t^afiTtm  Vr./ardeaa;  Arm. /ard; 

(K>m  bfor ;  L.  fmt  or  porta ;  Pers.     .^  yj  burdan^  to 
carry.    See  Rcam.]  ^  -^ 

1.  I'hat  which  ia  bonie  or  carried  ;  a  load.  Hence, 
a.  That  which  is  borne  with  labor  or  dilficulty  ; 

that  which  is  griovuus,  wearisome,  t>r  oppressive. 

Milton. 
a  A  birth.  S/iaJc 

A.  [Fr.  hourdun,  a  drone.]  The  verse  repeated  in  a 
sons,  or  the  r'^tiirn  of  the  theme  at  the  end  of  each 
Tente;  the  chonis;  so  callt-d  from  ilie  application  of 
this  woni  to  the  dn>ne  or  base,  and  the  pipe  or  string 
which  plays  it,  in  an  instrument.  A  chord  which  is 
to  be  divid''d,  to  fierfonn  tlie  intervals  of  music,  when 
open  and  iuulivid>'d,  is  also  called  the  burden.  Kncyc. 

5.  In  eo:ninon  laui^uttj^ey  titat  which  is  often  repeat- 
ed ;  a  subject  on  vvlitch  one  dwells. 

6.  A  fixed  quantity  of  certain  commodities;  as,  a 
burden  of  gad  steel,  I-.JO  |Ktimds. 

7.  The  contents  of  a  ship;  tlie  quantity  or  number 
of  Ions  a  vessel  will  carry  ;  as,  a  ship  of  a  hundred 
tuns  burdrn. 

8.  A  club.     r.>Vo(  in  use.]  Spenser. 
BUR'DfiN,  (bur^ln,)  v.  U     To  load  ;  to  lay  on  a  heavy 

loJid  ;  to  encumber  with  weight.     Hence, 

'2.  To  oppress  with  any  tiling  grievous  ;  as,  to  bur- 
den a  nation  with  taxes. 
3.  To  surcharge  ;  as,  to  burden  the  memory. 
BUR'nKN-/JD,  pp.  or  a.   Loaded  witJi  weight;  encum- 
bered ;  opitrerised. 
BrR'n/r\-ER,  n.    One  ^vho  loads  ;  an  oppressor. 
iiUR'D>JN-OUS,  a.    Grievous  ;  heavy  to  be  borne  ;  op- 
pressive. Sidney. 

2.  Cumb?rsome;  useless.  Milton. 
BVR']*F,S-i^C)SlE,  a.     Heavy  ;  grievous  to  be  borne  ; 

rausinK  uneasinesd  fir  fatigue  ;  oppressive.  Dnjdrn. 

BUR'DKN-PfiME-LV,  ndv.   In  a  burdensome  manner. 

BUR'D/:X-?OME-NES."^,  n.  The  quality  of  being  bur- 
densome ;  heaviness ;  oppressiveness, 

BUR'DOCK,  n.  [Aur  and  duck.]  The  popular  name 
of  a  genus  of  plants  called  Arctiunu  They  are  troub- 
lesome weeds. 

The  les-'ier  burdock  is  a  species  of  Xanthium. 

BC'REAU,  (bG'ro,)  «.  [Fr.  bureau,  an  ofiice,  a  table,  a 
court,  a  chest  of  drawers  ;  Sp.  bareo,  a  court  of  jus- 
tice ;  Arm.  hurell ;  Fr.  bure,  a  cloth.  'I'he  primary 
sense  is  a  cloth  covering  a  table,  like  exchequer.  Lu- 
nier.\ 

1.  Achestof  drawers,  for  keeping  papers  or  clothes. 

2.  A  department  for  tlie  transaction  of  business  by 
a  public  functionary.  f)n  the  continent  of  Europe,  the 
highest  departments,  in  most  countries,  have  the  name 
of  bureau:  as,  the  bureau  of  the  minister  of  foreign 
affairs.  In  England  and  America,  the  term  is  con- 
fined to  inferior  and  subordinate  departments. 


In  Spanish,  this  word  tiureo  is  n  court  of  justice 
for  the  trial  of  ptrstms  behmging  to  Uie  king's  house- 
hold. 

BU-REAU'CRA-CY,  (bu-rtS'km-se,)  n.  A  system  in 
which  the  business  of  govenmient  is  carried  on  in 
departments,  each  under  the  c<»ntrol  of  a  chief,  in 
coiitridistinction  from  a  system  in  which  the  oflicers 
of  government  have  a  co-ordinate  authorily.  [ii^fjif.] 

Brande. 

BU-RETTE',  n.  In  ehemistnr,  an  instrument,  invented 
by  Gay-Lussac,  for  the  purpose  of  dividing  a  fluid  into 
hundredths  or  thoiisandihn,  consisting  of  a  larger  grad- 
uated glass  tube,  and  a  smaller  pamllel  tube,  connect- 
ed with  the  former  at  the  base,  and  tecurved  at  the 
top.  p.  Cyc. 

BUUG,  Ti,  [This  Is  the  same  word  as  Bonouini,  the 
only  difltrence  being  in  the  pronunciation  of  the  final 
letter] 

A  borough  ;  originally,  a  fortified  town,  but  now  a 
city  or  town,  which  sends  ntembers  to  parliament, 
whether  incorptinited  or  not.     [See  Borouoh.] 

BURG'AOE,  u.  [from  bur^.]  In  tln^Ush  law,  tenure 
in  hurgugf,  or  burgage  tenure,  is  tenure  In  socage, 
npphed  to  cities  or  towns,  or  where  houses,  or  lands 
which  were  formerly  the  site  of  houses,  in  an  ancient 
borough,  are  held  of  some  lord  in  conimon  socage  by 
a  certain  established  rent ;  a  remnant  of  Saxon  Ul>- 
ertv.  Blackstone. 

BURG'A-MOT,  w.    A  variety  of  pear.    [Soe  Beroa- 

MOT.] 

y.  A  kinil  of  perfume,    [See  Heroamot.] 
BURG'A-NET,  >  n.     [Fr,  bourtpU^ote,  from  bur^,  in 
BURG't>-NET,  \      the  sense  of  cumring  or  guarding.] 
A  kind  of  helmet,  the  Spanish  murrion. 

Spenaer.     Shak. 
BUR-GKOTS',  n.     [Fr.  bovrgeoiSj  pronounced  boorih- 
war'j  from  bourgy  burg.] 
A  burgess 
BUR-GEOIS',(bur-jois',)  n.  A  species  of  type,  orprint- 
ing  letter,  sinaller  tlian  long  primer,  and  larger  than 
brevier.     [See  Boi'BaEois,] 
BUR'GKON,     See  Boubgeon. 
BUR'GESS,  Tt.     [Fr.  bourgeoisy  from  bourg,  burg.] 
1.  An  inhabitant  of  a  borough,  or  walled  town,  or 
one  who  pos-<esses  a  tenement  therein  ;  a  citizen  or 
freeman  of  a  borough,  Blackstone. 

S.  A  representative  of  a  borough  in  parliament, 
Blackstone, 

3.  A  rongistrate  of  certain  towns,  Kncyc. 

4.  Before  the  revolution,  the  representatives  in  the 
popular  branch  of  the  legislature  of  Virginia  were 
called  burgesses  :  as,  the  Ikiurc  iff  burgesses.  It  is  now 
cjilled  the  house  of  dclegalea. 

BUR'GESS-SlllP,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  a  bur- 
gess. South. 

BURG'GRAVE,  v.  [G.  bur^graf;  burg,  a  fortress  or 
fortified  town,  and  graf^  a  count.] 

A  title  in  Gerniany  ;  applied,  originally,  to  one  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  a  burg;  but  afterward 
it  became  hereditary,  with  a  domain  attached.  Some 
of  the  burggraves  were  immediate  members  of  the 
fi'nner  German  empire.     Ersch  and  Oruber^  Enryc. 

BURGH,  (burg,)  n.  A  different  orthography  of  U'ubq, 
KoRouoH,  v.'hich.see. 

BURGH'-IIoTE,  V.  [bunrh  and  bote.}  In  old  lawt,  a 
conlrihution  toward  the  building  or  repairing  of  cas- 
tles, or  walls,  for  the  defense  of  a  city  or  town. 

Enevc. 

BURGH'-BRf.CH,  r,  [burifk  and  break.]  A  fine  im- 
posed on  a  burgh,  fi»r  a  ureach  of  the  peace.  [English.] 

BURGH'ER,  H.  [from  burg.]  An  inhabitant  of  a 
burgh  or  borough,  who  enjoys  the  privileges  of  llie 
borough  of  which  he  is  a  freeman.  In  America,  it  is 
applied  to  iiny  native  citizen,  especially  in  the  state 
of  New  York. 

BURGH' ER-MAS'TER,n.     See  BcnGo-MAiTEn, 

BURGH'ER-SHIP,  n.  The  state  or  privilege  of  a 
burgher. 

BURGH'-MAS-TER.  «.  {bunrh  ^t\A  master.]  A  bnrgo- 
nia»fter  ;  also,  an  officer  in  the  tin  mines,  who  directs 
and  lays  out  the  meers  for  the  workmen,  callnd  also 
bailiff,  and  bnr-ma^tcr.  Encye. 

BURGH'MOTE,  n.  [hnrgh  and  mote,  meeting.]  The 
court  of  a  burgh  or  borough.  Encije. 

BUR(i'LAR,  n.  [burgh  or  bnrg,  a  house,  and  Arm. 
lacr,  a  thief;  whence  Fr,  Itirron.] 

One  guilty  of  nocturnal  house-breaking;  one  who 
breaks  and  enters  a  mansion  house,  with  intent  to 
commit  a  felony.  Coke. 

B'JU(;-LA'RI-AN,  n.     A  i>erson  guilty  of  burglarj'. 

BUKG-l,A'RI-OUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  burglary;  con- 
stituting the  crime  of  burglary. 

To  conie  down  a  chimney  ia  held  a  burglarious  entry. 

Ii!acksto7te. 

BURG-T^X'RI-OUS-LY,  adv.  With  an  intent  to  com- 
mit burglary  ;  in  the  manner  of  a  burglar. 

Blackstone. 

BURG'LA-RY,  n.  The  act  or  crime  of  nocturn.M 
house-breaking,  with  an  intent  to  commit  a  felony. 
To  constitute  this  crime,  the  act  must  be  committed 
in  the  night,  or  when  there  is  notdayliglit  enough 
to  discern  a  man's  face.  It  must  he  in  a  mansion 
house,  or  in  an  adjoining  building  which  i.t  a  part  or 
parcel  of  the  mansion.     There  must   be  an  actual 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHi^T.— METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE.  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 

-  —         .  -  _  ~  ^^ 


BUR 

breaking  and  an  entry ;  bul  nn  openinp  nijulu  by 
tin;  offender,  as  by  taking  out  a  pane  of  glass,  or 
lit^int;  a  window,  niii^ing  a  latc]i,  picking  a  Ktck, 
or  removing  any  fastening,  amounts  to  a  breaking; 
and  putting  in  of  the  hand,  after  sucli  breaking,  is 
an  ento'*  The  act  must  also  be  done  with  an  in- 
tent to  commit  felony.  BlaclisUmc. 

BURG'O-MAS-TER,  «.  {hur^  and  masUr.]  A  burgh- 
master  ;  a  magistrate,  or  one  employed  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  a  city.  The  burgomastrrs  are  the  chief 
magistrates  of  the  great  towns  in  Holland,  Flanders, 
and  Germany. 

9.  An  aquatic  bird,  the  glaucous  gull,  (Lants  glau- 
ei«,)  common  in  arctic  regions,  which  lays  its  eggs 
in  the  holes  of  rocks.  Ed.  F.iicyc. 

BUR'OOUT,  (bur'goo,)  jt.  A  kind  of  thick  gruel 
nsed  by  seamen. 

BUR'GRaVE,  n.  [burg  and  G.  grafy  D.  graaf,  a 
count.] 

In  some,  Europr^m  eountriesy  an  bereditar}'  gorcmor 
of  a  town  or  castle. 

[Propt-rtv  Bl'rggbate,  which  ser.] 

BITR'GU.\-DV,  n.  A  kind  of  wine,  so  called  from 
Bursundv  in  France.  Shfustime. 

BUR'GU\-DY  PITCH,  n.  Turpentine  from  which 
the  essential  oil  has  been  distilled  off,  with  the  addi- 
tion of  water.     It  is  used  fur  plasters. 

BURH  ia  the  same  as  hurg,  bnrgh,  with  the  aspirate. 
It  is  Saxon,  and  signilies  a  cit/,  a  castle,  a  house,  or 
tower.  Hence,  in  composition,  it  signifies  defense, 
protection  ;  as,  czccnAurA,  {quecn-burh,)  a  woman 
ready  to  assist ;  CuOiburhj  eminent  for  assistances. 
CViftson'jf  Camden. 

BUR'I-AL,  (ber'ri-al,)  n.  [See  Bi'rv.]  The  act  of 
burj'ing  a  deceased  person;  sepulture;  interment; 
the  art  of  depositing  a  dead  body  in  the  earth,  in  a 
tomb  or  vault,  or  in  the  water. 

9.  The  act  of  placing  any  thing  under  earth  or  wa- 
ter ;  as,  to  bury  seed  in  the  earth. 

BUR'I-AL-PLACE,  n,  A  place  appropriated  to  the 
burial  of  the  dead  ;  a  grave-yard. 

BUR'I  AL  SERVICE,  (ber'fe-a!,)  n.  The  9er%ice 
performed  at  the  interm'-nt  (if  the  dead. 

BUR'I-i?D,  (ber'rid,)pp.  or  a.  Deposited  in  the  earth, 
or  in  a  srave. 

BIJR'I-ER,  (ber'ri-er,)  n.  One  who  buries  a  deceased 
person.  ShaJi. 

BC'KIX,  n.     [Fr.  barin  ;  Port,  bm-il ;  It.  buUno.] 

A  eraver ;  an  instrument  for  enfrravin*.  Johnson. 

BURKE,  p.  £.  [trom  the  name  of  the  Irishman  who 
first  committed  the  crimOj  in  18*29.] 

To  murder  a  person  with  the  intention  of  selling 
the  bodv  for  dis'^ectinn. 

BL'RK'>;b.(burkt,);7;j.  Murdered,  as  above.  [Jtfbrffm.] 

BURK'I.VG,  ppr.     Murdering,  as  above. 

BURL,  V.  L  [See  BuBLT.]  To  dress  cloth  as  fullers 
do.  .Johnson. 

S.  To  pick  knots  and  loose  threads  off  from  cloth. 

A.th. 

BUR'LACE,  n.  [A  contraction  of  bitrddaia.'\  A  sort 
of  grape.  Johnson. 

BURL'ER,  n.     A  dresser  of  cloth. 

BlJR-LErfUUE',  C-lesk,)  a.  [Fr. ;  IL  hirhsco,  from 
burUirf!,  to  ridicule  ;  burlap  mocker)',  raillery  ;  Port, 
and  f?p.  burlar,  to  jewt  or  scoff;  burUitco^  a  wag,  a 
jester.  The  tenninntion  tsitte.  answers  lo  Eng.  wA.] 
Jocular;  tending  to  excite  laui;ht*;r  hy  ludicruiis 
images,  or  by  a  contrast  between  the  subject  and  the 
manner  of  treating  it,  as  when  a  trilling  subject  is 
treated  with  gravity. 

BUR-LESQUE',!!,  Ludicrous  rf-prpscntation  ;  a  con- 
trast hrrtween  the  subject  and  the  niauni-r  of  treating 
it,  which  tends  to  excite  Iaui;ht'^r  or  ridicul.^. 

9.  A  composition  in  which  a  trilling  wubjiMt  or  low 
incident  is  treated  with  great  gravity,  as  a  subject  of 
great  dignity  or  importance;  or  a  compos i Hon  in 
which  the  contrast  between  the  subject  and  the  man- 
ner of  considering  it  rt-nders  it  ludicrous  or  ridic- 
ulous ;  as  in  Virgil  Travestie,  the  Lutrin  of  It(Mli;au, 
ButJerN  fliidibras,  and  TrunibuU'fl  McFingal. 

BUR-LErfQl-'E',  V.  u  To  turn  into  ridicule;  or  l4> 
make  ludicrous  by  representation,  as  by  treating  a 
low  or  iritling  subject  with  ercat  gravitv. 

BUR-LESU'UER,  (bur-lesk'er,)  h.  Oiie  who  bur- 
lesques or  tunis  to  ridicule. 

BUR-LET'TA,n.     [Italian.   See  RuHLKsiit;!,  Buiu,t.] 
A  comic  opera ;  a  musical  farce. 

BUR'LI-NESS,  n.     [See  Buelt.]     Bulk  ;  bluster. 

Johnson. 

BIJR'LY,  a.  [The  sense  probably  Is  mreJU4.  Hence 
it  accords  with  Rubs.  ftuWyit,  to  be  noisy,  to  swell  as 
■otind.     Qil.  VV.  broliato.     See  BrHLEsqVE.] 

Great  in  size  ;  bulky  ;  tumid  ;  falsely  great ;  bois- 
terous. Drydtn.     Cojrley. 

This  word  is  obsolete, ornearly  so,  in  America  ;  but 
hurly-burly  is  common,  in  vulgar  use,  for  noise,  con- 
fusion, uproar. 

BURN,  (J.  f-  ,■  pret.  and  pp.  BuaxEo  or  Bi-bst.  [Sax. 
btman^  bigman,  or  fryrwan,  lo  bum  :  brtjne,  a  burning 
fire,  ardor;  Sw.  brinna.  brdnna  i  G.  brennen ;  I). 
branden  ;  Dm.  brtende,  from  brand;  L.  prujui,  and, 
perhaps,  farnujty  fornat.,  a  furnace.  The  [irimary 
sense  is,  to  rage,  to  act  with  violent  excitement.] 
1.  To  consume  with  fire;  lo  reduce  to  ashes  by 


BUR 

the  action  of  heat  or  fire  ;  freiiuontly  with  up ;  as,  to 
burn  up  wood. 

2.  To  expel  the  vohitile  parts  and  reduce  to  char- 
coid  by  fire  ;  as,  to  burn  wood  into  coal.  Hence,  in 
popular  language,  to  burn  a  kiln  of  wood,  is  to  char 
the  wood. 

3.  To  cleanse  of  soot  by  burning;  lo  inflame  j  as, 
to  burn  a  chimney  ;  an  extensive  u.^e  of  the  word. 

4.  To  harden  in  the  lire  ;  lo  bake  or  h;irdcn  by 
heal ;  as,  to  burn  bricks  or  a  brickkiln. 

5.  To  scorch  ;  to  affect  by  heat ;  as,  to  bum  the 
clothes  or  the  legs  by  the  fire  ;  to  burn  meat  or  bread 
in  cookerj". 

6.  To  injure  by  fire ;  to  affect  the  flesh  by  heat. 

7.  To  dry  up  or  dissipate  ;  with  up ;  as,  to  bum  up 
tares.  Dryden. 

8.  To  drj- excessively;  to  cause  to  wither  by  heat; 
as,  the  sun  bums  the  grass  or  plants. 

9.  To  heat  or  inflame;  to  alTect  with  excessive 
stimulus  ;  as,  ardent  spirits  burn  the  stomach. 

10.  To  heal  so  much  in  cookery,  as  to  give  the 
food  a  disagreeable  empyreumaiic  taste.  Hence  the 
phrase  burnt  to. 

11.  To  calcine  with  heat  or  fire  ;  to  expel  the  vola- 
tile mailer  from  substances,  so  that  they  are  easily 
pulverized  ;  as,  to  burn  oyster  shells,  or  limestone. 

J9.  To  affect  with  excess  of  heat ;  as,  the  fever 
bums  a  patient. 

13.  To  subject  to  the  action  of  fire  ;  to  heat  or  dry  ; 
as,  to  burn  colors.  Eiicyc. 

14.  In  surgery^  to  apply  an  actual  cautery ;  to  cau- 
terize. 

To  bum  up ;  lo  consume  entirely  by  fire. 
To  burn  out ;  to  burn  till  the  fuel  is  all  consumed. 
BURN,  r.  i.    To  be  on  fire  ;  to  dame  ;  as,  the  mount 
burned  with  fire.  Ezodua. 

2.  To  shine  ;  to  sparkle. 

0  prftice !  O  whewlorc  burn  your  err*  i  Hoiot. 

3.  To  be  inflamed  with  passion  or  desire ;  as,  to 
burn  with  anger  or  love.  Thomson* 

4.  To  act  with  destructive  violence,  as  fire. 

Shall  Uiy  wnih  bum  like  fire  f  —  Pi.  Ixxxii. 

5.  To  be  in  commotion  j  to  rage  with  destructive 
violence. 

Tfx?  groan  still  d'*p''M  nrni  tlir  comtiat  bumi.  Pope. 

6.  To  be  heated  ;  lobe  in  a  glow  ;  as,  the  face  burns. 

7.  To  be  alTecled  with  a  sensation  of  heat,  pain, 
or  acidity  ;  as,  the  heart  bums. 

8.  To  feel  excess  of  heat ;  as,  the  flesh  burns  by  a 
fire  ;  a  patient  bums  with  a  fever. 

To  bum  out;  to  burn  till  the  fuel  is  exhausted  and 

the  fire  ceases. 
BURN,  n.     A  small  stre.im  ;  a  brook.     [Scottish.] 
BURN,  n.     A  hurt  or  hijury  of  any  part  of  the  body, 

caused  by  the  aclion  of  fire. 
2.  The  operation  of  burning  or  baking,  as  in  brick- 

making  ;  as.  they  have  a  good  burn. 
BURN'A-BLE,  a.     That  maybe  burnt.     [Little  used.} 
BURN'ED,  )    pp.  or  a.    Con-'umcd  with  fire,  scorched 
BURNT,      S       ^'  'iried    with    fire   or   heat  ;    baked 

or  hardened  in  the  fire. 
BURN'EU,  n.    A  i>erson  who  burns  or  sets  fire  to  any 

thing 
2.  An  appendage  to  a  lamp  defdgned  to  promote 

comhusticui. 
BURN'ET,  n.      A  plant,  the  Poterium   Sanguisorba, 

common  or  garden  burnet.    The  Sanguisorba  oflici- 

inlis.  is  the  wild  burnet  or  great  burnet. 
BURN'E'I'-SAX'I-FRACjE,  n.      A  name  common  to 

diir-nTit  species  of  jilaut-*  of  the  gsiius  Pnnpim  Ua. 
BUR.N'IN'O,    ppr.      Consuming    with    fire ;   (laming ; 

scorching;  hardening  tiy  fire;  calcining;  charring; 

riginc  as  fire;   glowing. 
BUR.N'LNG,  n.     Combustion  ;    the   act  of   expelling 

volatile  matti-r  and  reducing  lo  iuhcs,  or  lo  a  calx  ;  a 

fire  ;  inflammation  ;  the  heat  or  raging  of  potision. 

In  furireryy  actual  cautery  ;  cauterization. 
BURN'ING,  a.     Powerful;  vehement;  as,  a  burning 

shame  ;  a  burning  sccnl.  SAak. 

2.  .Much  heiited  ;  very  hot;  scorching, 

Th*  burning  p\n\ia  of  Inilia.  S.  S.  Smith. 

BURN'ING-Or-ASS,  n.     [bum  and  gfass.]     A  convex 

gl!U«H,  which,  wbr-n  exposed  to  Ihe  dirTt  rays  of  the 

sun,  collects  ihem  into  a  small  s(»ace,  orjtoint,  called 

a  foeii.-',  pr<»ducing  nn   intense  heat.     The  name  is 

given  al.*o  to  a  concave  mirror  which  condenses  the 

sun's  rays.  Kncyc. 

BUKN'ING-MIR'ROR,  n,     A  sincle  concave  mirror; 

or  a  combination  of  plane  mirrors,  so  arranged  as 

to  combine  their  rays  in  one  focus. 
BURN'ING-THORN'Y-PLANT,    n.       A    species  of 

Euphorbia  or  spurge.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

BURN'ISH,   t>,    U       [Fr.    brunir;     D.    hruitueren ;    It, 

brunirf ;   Sp.   brunir.     This  word  undoubtedly  is  of 

secondary  formation,  from  the  color  of  flame.    See 

Bur?*.] 
I'o  polish  by  friction  ;  to  make  smooth,  bright,  and 

glosfiy  ;  as,  to  burnish  steel.  DryiUn. 

Bl.'R.N'ISH,  r.  i.    To  grow  bright  or  glossv.       Swift. 
BURN'ISH,  71.     Gloss;   brightness;   luster. 

Christ.  Ohserv. 
BURN'ISH-KD,(bum'iBhl,)pp.  Polished;  made  glossy. 


BUR 

BUR.V'ISil-ERjM.    The  person  who  polishes  or  makes 

glo;*sy. 

2.  An  instniment  used  in  polishing,  of  different 
kinds.  It  may  be  a  piece  of  round  polished  steel,  a 
dog's  or  woIt"'s  tooth,  a  piece  of  copiwr,  agate,  or  peb- 
ble, &c.  It  is  used  for  giving  a  gloss  or  smoothness 
to  metjils,  to  the  edges  of  books,  &.c. 

BURN'lSH-ING,p;?r.  Polishing  ;  makingsmootta  and 
glossy. 

BURN'OOSE, )  7U   [Sp.  albomoz ;  Port,  alhemoz  ;  Pcrs. 

BURN'OS,  ,  1  „ 

O'A^^  '  ®^''  ^^^»-*^  biruna.] 
An  upper  cloak  or  garment,  used  by  the  Arabs. 
PurkhuT-^. 

BURNT, pp.  or  o.  from  Burn.  Consumed;  scorched; 
heated  ;  subjected  to  the  action  of  fire. 

BURNT'-KAR,  Ti.  A  disease  in  grain,  by  which  the 
seed  is  rendered  abortive,  and  its  coat  covered  with 
a  black  iwwder ;  the  diarbon  (coal)  of  the  French,  and 
the  brand  of  the  Germans,  P.  Cvc. 

BURNT'-OF'FER-ING,  n.  [burnt  and  offer.]  Some- 
thing offered  and  burnt  on  an  altar,  as  an  atonement 
for  sin;  a  sacrifice  ;  called  also  bumt-sacrifice.  The 
olTeringa  of  the  Jews  were  a  clean  animal,  as  an  ox, 
a  c^ilf,  a  goat,  or  sheep ;  or  some  species  of  vegetable 
substance,  as  bread,  and  ears  of  wheat  or  barley. 

BURR,  n.     A  roughness  in  sounding  the  letter  r. 

2.  The  lobe  or  lap  of  the  ear.  Diet. 

3.  The  round  knob  of  a  horn  next  a  deer's  h'^ad. 

4.  The  sweetbread.  [£mcuc. 
BURR'-MILL'STONE.     See  Buhr-Stone. 
BURR'-PUMP.   \n.    A  pump,  having  a  staff  of  6,  7, 
BILGE'-PUMP,  \      or  8  feet  long,  with  a  b.-ir  of  wood 

to  which  the  leather  is  nailed,  which  serves  instead 
of  a  box.  This  staiT  is  worked  by  men  who  pull  it 
up  and  down,  with  a  rope  fastened  to  the  midille  of  it. 

Eneyc. 

BITRR'-STONE,  J  n,    A  silicious  or  quartz  rock,  con- 

BUHR'-STONE,  i  mining  many  irregular  cavities, 
aitd  used  for  mill-stones. 

BUR'RAS-PIPE,  n.  An  instrument  or  vessel  used  by 
Burge()ns  to  keep  corroding  powders  in.       Johnson. 

BUR'-REEl),7i.  A  plant,  the  SjKirganium.  MuJilenberg. 

BUR'REL,  Ti.  A  sort  of  pear,  called  also  the  red  but- 
ter pcary  from  its  smooth,  delicious,  soft  pulp. 

Philips. 

BUR'REL-FLY,  n.    The  ox-fly,  gad-bee,  or  breeze. 

Johnson. 

BUR'REL-SHOT,  n.  [Fr.  bourrcler^  to  torment,  and 
shot.] 

Small  shot,  nails,  stones,  pieces  of  old  iron.  Sec  , 
put  into  cases,  to  be  discharged  among  enemies. 

BUR'ROCK,  T?.  A  small  wier  or  dam  where  wheels 
are  laid  in  a  river,  for  catching  fish.  Philips. 

BUR'ROVV,  K.  A  dilferent  orthography  of  Buroh, 
BoBuucH,  which  see. 

BUR'ROW,  n,     [Sax.  byrgen^  a  septilcher,  frjrrton,  to 
bury,  or  beorgan,  to  keep.] 
*A  hollow  place  in  the  earth,  where  small  animals 
lodge,  and  sometimes  deivwit  their  provisions. 

BUR' ROW,  r.  I.  To  excavate  a  hole  in  the  earth  ;  to 
lodge  in  a  hole  excavated  in  the  earth,  as  conies  or 
rabbits.  In  a  more  general  *«i.«,  to  lodge  in  any  deep 
or  concealed  place.  The  word  seems  to  include  Iho 
idea  of  excavating  a  hole  for  a  lodge,  as  well  as 
lodging  in  it ;  but  the  verb  is  not  often  used  transi- 
tively ;  as,  to  burrow  the  earth. 

BUR'HfiVV-ING,  ;»/ir.     Lodging  In  a  burrow. 

BURS'AR,  n.  [See  Bub'se.]  A  trejisurer,  or  cash- 
keeper  ;  as,  the  bursarof^a  college,  or  of  a  monastery  ; 
a  f>urser. 

9.  A  student  to  whom  a  ytipend  is  paid  out  of  a 
burse  or  fund  appropriated  fur  ttiat  purpose,  as  the 
exhibitioners  sent  to  the  universitiua  in  Scotland,  by 
f.uh  preshytery.  Encyc.     Johnson. 

BURS'AU^-i'lHP,  n.    The  office  of  a  bursar.    Hale^. 

BURS' A-RV,  ».      The  treasury  of  a  college  or  mon- 
astery. 
2.  In  Scotland,  an  exhibition.  Encyc 

BURSCIfy  (bursh,)  n. ;  pi.  BttRscHEM.  [Ger]  A  youth  ; 
especially  a  student  in  a  German  university. 

BURSE,  (burs,)  n.  [Fr.  bourse,  a  purse,  the  vesicle  of 
the  gall,  the  tiull  or  skin  of  seeds,  an  exchange  ;  D. 
bcurs,  a  purse,  an  exchange,  scrotum  ;  Ger.  bUrse,  a 
purse,  an  exchange;  D.  bars.,  the  same;  It.  bcrsa; 
Sp.  and  PorL  bolsa,  a  purse  or  bag,  r  being  changed 
into  /.] 

1.  A  public  edifice  in  certain  cities,  for  the  meet- 
ing of  merchants  to  consult  on  matters  of  imde  and 
money,  and  to  negotiate  bills  of  Exchange.  This  is 
the  name  used  in  many  cities  in  Europe,  bul  in 
England  and  America,  such  building  is  called  an 
exchange. 

2.  In  France,  a  fund  or  foundation  for  the  main- 
tenance of  poor  scholars  in  their  studies.  In  the 
middle  ages,  it  signified  a  little  college,  or  a  halt  in  ti 
university.  EnnfC, 

BURST,  V.  i,  f  prrt.  and  pp.  Burst.  The  old  participle 
biirsten  is  nearly  obsolete.  [Sax.  byrston,  burstan; 
n.  barste7i ;  G.  berstm ;  Dan.  bristf ;  Hw.  brisfa,  to 
burst.  The  word  bristle  seem»  lo  belong  to  bursty 
denoting  a  shoot.] 

1.  To  fly  or  break  open  with  force,  or  with  sudden 


TONE,  BUhh,  UNITR  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8.— e  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  a  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


BUS 

violenre  ;  to  suffer  a  violent  (iisnipikm.  The  pecu- 
li;ir  forre  of  this  word  ia,  in  ex[trp:*sini;  a  sndiifn  nip- 
lure,  with  rioience,  or  rxpaHsiiiiit  or  botii.  Hfiice  it  is 
peiierally  used  to  sijinify  the  smldr-n  niptiire  of  a 
tJtini;  by  internal  fjrcv,  nmi  a,  lilwrnlion  t'nun  con- 
finement; ad,  tu  6urj>t  from  a  prison  ^  the  henrt  bursts 
with  critf.  MiiUnu 

2.  To  break  away ;  to  spring  from  ;  as,  to  burH 
fVom  the  amis.  Piipf- 

3.  To  come  or  fall  ti;jon  suddenly  or  with  vtt  Jence ; 
to  nish  upon  unexpectedly  ;  ns,  a  sound  bumta  upon 
our  ears. 

A.  To  issue  ?uddenlv,  or  to  rome  from  a  hidden  or 
retired  place  into  more  open  view  ;  as,  n  river  burets 
from  a  valli-v  ;  a  xprins  bnr>^-*  fr-nn  th  '  earth. 

5.  To  brt-ak  forth  into  action  suddenly;  ms,  lo 
bunt  into  lenr^. 

6.  To  break  or  rush  in  with  violence  ;  as,  to  bmrM 
into  a  house  or  a  morn. 

7.  To  oiK-n  siHintant-otit^Iy,  as  an  ahw^-ss. 

It  is  orten  foJk'Wcd  hy  an  intensive  i«rtielo ;  as, 
OMt,  ftrrthy  atPOtt,/n'm.  or  asuHtitr. 

BURST,  r.  t.  To  hreafc  or  rend  by  force  or  violence  ; 
to  open  suddenly  ;  us,  to  hitrst  a  chain  or  a  diMr ;  to 
iMrvi  a  cannon. 

BL'RJfT,  ».  A  suddrn  h^•aIlinI!  f 'rth  :  n  disruption; 
a  violent  rendinft ;  more  a/rprcpnaUlii,  a  suddrn  ex- 
plosion or  ^hcNttiiif  f<»rth  ;  a^,  a  burA  of  thunder;  a 
hmnt  of  applause  ;  a  bmrM  of  passion. 

3.  A  ni|>ture  or  hernia,  or  the  unnatural  protrusion 
of  the  contents  of  the  aUdomrn. 

FrRST.         t  pp,  or  a,    Aiilxted  with  a  rupture  or 

BURST'KN,  i     bertiia. 

RfTlST.  ;»■».    Opened  or  rent  asundfr  by  vitJenre. 

N-XEStf^  ».     The  rtate  of  bavin^a  nii>Iure; 
:.  II.     One  thai  bursts.  [the  hernia. 

N'J,  ppr.    Rendia;  or  parting  by  violence; 

BURST'-WORT,  n.  The  IL-mi*ria,  a  plant  said  to 
be  inod  a^nst  bemia  or  niptures. 

Bl'RT,  n.     A  flat  li'«h  of  theiurbot  kind.       JohnmiM, 

BrRTH'fiX.    SeeBraoa:*. 

Bl'R'TON,  II.  A  KOiall  tackle  formed  by  two  blocks 
or  pullc^,  used  to  see  np  or  lighten  the  t4>pnu«<t 
■faroads,  and  for  vmrioua  other  purposes  ;  c.illed  nlw 

tm»->«rtm».taeUfc  Mar.  DeU 

BUR'Y,  (ber'ryj  a.    This  word  is  a  different  urthng- 

lafhy  of  bmrf-,  hmrky  Wmijf*.     It  siiniifles  a   hiHitie, 

habiottion,  or  castle,  and  is  retained  in  many  names 

of  ptow,  as  In  y*rwa^ifry,  Danhmrf^  JStdarwtmMkmrf. 

The  word  is  itaed  by  Grew  for  kmmta, 
BUR'Y,  (ber'ty,)  t>.  t    [Pax.  hyiimm.  ^wfvii,  to  bury  ; 

^/«M,  a  Comb  or  »e^clwr;  alned  to  keargvi^  to 

•are.] 
1.  To  deposit  a  decea.«ed  peison  in  the  graTqj  to 

inter  a  corpse ;  Co  entomb. 
S.  To  cover  with  earth,  as  seed  »own. 
&  To  hide;  to  conceal;  to  oven^helm;  to  cover 

with  any  thing;  as,  to  kmrf  any  one  in  the  ruins 

of  a  city. 

4.  To  withdraw  or  conceal  in  retirement ;  as,  to 
*«ry  one*s  seif  jn  a  monarter)',  or  in  solitude. 

5.  To  commit  to  the  water:  to  deposit  in  the 
ocean  ;  as,  dead  bodit's  beri^d  in  thf  deep. 

&  To  place  one  thing  witliin  another 


Thjt 


e  K  biiTitd  in  ber. 


Sbak. 


7  To  forget  and  forgive ;  to  hide  in  oblivion  ;  lu, 
to  htiTf  an  injur>'. 

To  bury  tit  haUliet,  in  the  <:triking  metaphorical 
language  of  American  Indians,  is  to  lay  a^ide  the 
instruments  of  war,  fure>'t  injuries,  and  make  p'«re. 

BUR'Y-IXG,  (ber're-ing,)  ppr.  Interring;  hiding; 
covering  with  earth  :  overwii  Iming. 

BUR'Y-IXG,  (bf r're-inr,)  ■.  The  act  of  interring  the 
dead  ;  sepuUure.     Joh>t  xii.  7. 

BUR'Y-ING-GROr.ND,  *m.      A  emve-vard  :   a  place 

BCR'Y-1X(;-PLaCE,  i  appropriated  to  tlie  sepul- 
ture of  the  dead  ;  a  church-vard. 

BUmj,  M.  [D.  bosck  :  G.  bm^eh';  Dan.  buAk  ;  Sw.  buj^ke ; 
it.  Amcs  ;  8p.  bosque ;  Fort,  bosqmt ;  whence  Sp.  bosf- 
eagff  Ft,  boc^ige^  It.  bogeata,  a  grove  or  cluster  of 
trees,  Qu.  Gr.  fSooKu-^  L.  pasc9^  originally,  to  feed 
on  sprouts.] 

1.  A  shnib ;  particularly  a  shnib  with  branches 
rising  from  or  near  the  root ;  a  thick  shnib  ;  also,  a 
duster  of  shrubs.     With  hunters,  a  fox  tail. 

Spender.  H'ollrr.  Kncyc-  ^sh, 
%  A  thicket  or  place  aboundins  in  trees  or  bushes. 
fThis  w;is  the  original  sense  of  the  word,  as  in  the 
Dutch  bovh,  a  w*>d,  and  was  so  used  hy  Chaucer. 
In  this  8en:«e  it  is  exienpivelv  u-ted  in  the  British 
colonies,  e:*p^cially  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  where 
it  uiay  have  bf'cn  borrowed  from  the  Dutch.] 

3.  A  branch  of  a  tree  fixed  or  huni!  out  as  a  tavern 
sign.  Hence,  since  tlie  branch  has  been  discontin- 
ued, a  coronated  frame  of  wood,  hune  oiit  as  a  tav- 
ern sign,  is  so  called.  Hence  the  English  proverb, 
"  Good  wine  needs  no  bush."  Ertrye. 

[/  kjioiD  not  Ouit  £Aw  u  go  used  m  the  UnUM 
SaUfg.] 

4.  A  circle  of  metal  let  into  the  sheaves  of  such 
blocks  a.-*  have  iron  pins,  to  prevent  tlieir  wearing. 

JUar.  Diet. 


BUS 

The  word  is  applicable  lo  n  like  circle  in  other 
round  holi-s  as  to  the  kty-hule  of  a  watch,  the  vent 
of  a  mm,  &e. 

This  word  when  applied  to  Pheaves  is  called  friwA, 
but  when  applieil  to  the  circular  inm  of  a  rart  wheel 
is,  in  America,  called  a  bor,  Qu.  It.  bosso,  the  box- 
tree  ;  bfls^ilo,  a  litlle  box.     Johnson  writes  it  hu,theL 

B|,"SH,  r.  I.     To  ernw  thick  or  Im^hy.  .^fiUl>». 

B|.'t!H,  r.  (.  To  furni>-h  a  block  with  a  bu«h,or  to  line 
any  orifice  with  metal  to  prevent  wearing. 

BJjsil'EI.,  n.  [Fr.  hftit.irait ;  Arm.  bor.*rl ;  Norm,  bits- 
nfl :  pnihablv  fpun  baLiie^  ftyi(c,  a  box;  lu  bossolo^ 
that  IS,  n  little  box.] 

1.  A  drj-  measure,  containing  eight  gallons,  or  four 
pecks.  The  Winchester  bushel,  used  in  Rugland 
from  the  time  of  Henry  VII.  to  the  year  1 8 .?fi,  con- 
tains eight  irallohii  of  wheat  ;  each  gallon,  eight 
pounds  of  wheat,  troy  weight ;  the  [K>und,  twelve 
ounces  troy;  the  ounce,  twenty  steriings,  and  the 
sterling,  Ihirty-lwo  criins  of  wheat  gn)winir  in  the 
middle  of  the  ear.  The  contents  are  mSO.-l.*  solid 
Inches,  equivalent  to  1131  ounces  and  14  penny- 
weights trt)y.  In  IsOfi,  the  iin|)frTial  bushel  was  in- 
tnnluced  into  Knclanil,  contninlniT  2018. IW  cubic 
inches  ;  sti  that  33  of  the  old  or  Winchester  bushels 
are  vervnenrly  eipial  to  3*2  imperinl  bushels.  Brande. 

The  \VinchVster  bushel  is  used  still  in  thtt  United 
Stiles. 

Biuhet  signifit*s  both  the  qtiantity  or  capacity,  and 
the  ve9S4<l  which  will  cont;)in  llie  quantity.  Hut  a 
Teasel  of  this  kind  is  not  in  ut«.  The  half  bushel 
measure  Is  used. 

^  In  popuiar  tangusfft,  a  large  quantity,  indefi- 
nitely. Jo/in.iun. 

3.  The  circle  of  iron  in  the  nave  of  a  wheel ;  in 
America,  called  a  box,     [See  Rush.] 
BI'SH'KI^.At^R,  R.    A  duty  payable  on  commodities 

by  the  husheL     [A^ot  ugeil  m  the  United  Staler.] 
BI'.-^H'KT,  a.     A  woimI. 

Bi;Sirr-NE:'S,  a.    [from  bush,  bushy.]   The  quality  of 
being  bu<tiy,  thick,  or  intermixed,  like  the  branches 
of  a  liui^h. 
BJ^.SH*-MA\,  fl.     [D.  boftch-man^  hpitrhjfs-man,'\ 

A  wi^iilstnan  ;  a  name  which  th<5  Dutch  give  to 
a  tribe  of  wild  nnrl  ferocious  inhabitants  of  .\frica, 
ntmr  the  Ca[»e  of  Go<m1  IIo|ie. 
Bi;sirMF..\T.  n.     [fnuii  baskj]     A  tliicket ;  a  cluster 

I'f  !iu=hes.     rj\*'(  v^rtL]  Ralf-rh. 

Bj;SH'V,  fl.     [from  bu^h.]    Full  of  bmnches ;  thick 

and   spreading,  like  a  bush  ;  ad,  a  buJiy  beard   or 

brier.  Bacon. 

S.  Full  of  bushes;  overgrown  with  shrubs. 

Dryden. 
Bfii'I-ED,  Cbir.'7.id,)  pp,  of  Bujt. 
BUS'I-LESS,  (biz're-lejw,)  a.    [See  Bu»t.]    Without 

hu?in-ss  ;  at  leisure  ;  unemployed.  Shak. 

Bt'S'I-LY,(biz'ze-ly,)  adv.  With  con^tint  occupation  ; 
actively  ;  earnestly  ;  as,  to  be  busily  euipluyed. 

2.  With  an  air  of  hurrj-  or  importance  ;  with  too 
much  curiosity  ;  impctrtunately  ;  officiously,  rh-ifden, 

BUS'I-NKSS,  (hix'ness,)  n.  [See  Bust.]  Employ- 
ment; that  which  ftccupies  the  time,  attention,  and 
labor  of  men,  for  the  purpose  of  profit  or  improve- 
ment ;  a  vord  of  eztensive  use  and  indejinite  sign\fi- 
catinn.  Butnness  is  a  particular  occupation,  as  agri- 
culture, trade,  mechanic  art,  or  profession,  and  when 
used  of  a  particular  employineut,  the  word  aduiiisof 
the  plural  number,  businesses.  Business  is  also  any 
temporary  emph*ymenL 

a,  .Affairs:  concerns;  as, a  man  leaves  his &u«tiiAM 
in  an  unsettled  state. 

3.  The  subject  of  employment ;  that  which  en- 
gages the  care  and  attention. 

Yi  u  arc  w  m-icri  the  bimneta  of  our  iotili.  Dryden. 

4.  Serious  entpigement ;  important  occupation,  in 
distinction  from  trivial  affairs. 

a  of  life  to  serve  God,  and  obey  hii 

.*i.  Concern;  right  of  action  or  interposing;  a.s, 
what  business  has  a  man  wiih  thedisputes  of  others.' 

Is.  A  i»i>int ;  a  matter  of  question  ;  something  to  be 
examined  or  considered. 

Fituea  ti>  p)»*'rD  a  a  perplpxed  businett.  Bacon. 

7.  Something  to  be  done  ;  employment  of  imi>or- 
tance  to  one'n  intere-st,  optmsed  to  aiauscmatti  as, 
we  have  no  business  in  town. 

They  wrc  fir  fn>m  the  Zidoiiiani,  and  had  qo  bunntat  vnlh  any 
Of»r.  —  Ju'lg»?». 

8.  Duty,  or  employment  that  duty  enjoins.  A 
lawyer's  business  is  to  do  justice  lo  his  clients. 

J'o  do  the  business  for  a  man,  is  to  kill,  destroy,  or 
niin  him. 

BUS'I-NESS-LTKE,  a.    Being  in  the  true  manner  of 

BUSK,  7f.     [Fr,  busfpie.]  [business. 

A  piece  of  sTeel,  whalebone,  or  wood,  worn  by 
women  on  the  breast,  to  form  tlie  shape  ;  a  word  de- 
pendent on  fashion.  Donne. 

BUSK,  n.     A  bush.     [^Tat  ust4.'] 

BUSK,  V.  i.  To  be  active  or  busy.  This  is  probably 
the  Stixon  word  bys^tan,  to  busy,  or  the  Sp.  buscarf 
to  search.  Busk  is  still  usrd  in  America.  [See 
Bu»y.]     Fairfax   uses   it   in   the   sense   of  prepare. 


BUT 

tnin^itively,  "to  busk  them  to  battle."    In  the  Scot- 
tish diiileet,  it  signifies  to  dress  or  nttire. 

BUSK'^:i>,  (huskt,)  a.     Wearing  a  busk.  PoUok. 

BUSK'KT,  n.  A  sinall  bush,  or  a  compartment  of 
shnitw  in  a  garden.  Spenser. 

BUSK'IX,  n.  A  kind  of  half  boot,  or  high  shoe,  cov- 
ering the  fool  and  leg  U)  the  middle,  and  lied  under- 
neath the  knee,  worn  by  actors  in  tragedy  on  the 
singe.  The  buskins  of  the  ancients  had  very  thick 
soles,  lo  raise  the  actors  and  actresses  to  the  stature 
of  the  persons  they  represented.  Encye. 

2,  In  classic  authors,  the  word  is  used  for  tragedy. 

BUSK'IN-£D,  (busk'ind,)  a.    Dressed  in  buskins. 

M,Hi>n, 

BUgK'Y,  a.  Bushy  ;  wooded  ;  shaded  or  overgrown 
with  trees  or  shrubs;  generally  written  bosky.  [See 
Bush.]  Shak. 


BUSS,  n.  [Per.    •  *Xaa«*j  bosidan  ;  Ar. 


to  kiss;  L.  basio ;  Fr.  baiscr ;  Norm.  Acfcr;  Sp. 
brsar ;  l*ort.  beijar;  It.  baciare ;  D.  poezetif  to  kiss. 
The  verb  may  be  from  the  noun,  and  perhaps  from 
the  name  of  the  lip  ;  at  any  rate,  from  the  same 
radical!  sense, to pusii ;  Per.  p«i,  the  lip;  W.  and  Ir. 
bus,  tJio  lip  ;  D.  poes^  a  kiss,  a  puss,  a  fur  tippet,  a 
giri  ;  Sp,  beso,  a  kiss;  Port,  bei^o,  the  lip;  fteyo,  a 
kiss;  It.  bacio.  Tiiia  Word,  SO  venerable  for  its  an- 
tiquity and  gencrnl  use,  luis  fallf^n  into  disrepute.] 

1.  A  kiss  ;  a  .salute  with  the  lips. 

2.  [l^.buLt;  G.biise;  Russ. iitsa.]  A  small  vessel, 
from  dO  to  70  tuns  burdt:n,  carrying  two  masts,  and 
two  sheds,  or  cabina,  one  at  each  end  ;  used  in  the 
herring  fishery.  Encye.     Mar.  Diet. 

BUSS,  V.  t.     To  kiss  ;  to  salute  with  the  lips.     SJiak. 

BUST,  n.  [It.  and  Sp.  histo  ;  Fr.  buste;  L.  bustum,] 
1.  I u  sculpture,  the  fipure  of  u  person  in  relief,  allow- 
ing only  the  head,  slHUilders,  and  stomach;  ordina- 
rily placed  on  a  pedestal  or  console.  Iti  speaking  of 
ail  anti(|ue,  we  say  tiie  head  is  marl)te,  and  the  bust 
porpliyry,  or  bronze;  that  is,  the  shoulders  and 
stoni:uli. 

3.  The  chest  or  thorax ;  the  trunk  of  the  human 
bodv.  Encyc. 

BUST'ARD.  n.  [bus  and  tarda;  It.  otarda;  Ei. 
oulardi:     Ancient  Celtic,  tarda.     Plin.  10,  22.] 

The  Otis  tarda,  a  species  of  bird  of  the  Grallic 
order,  growing  to  the  weigiit  of  2j  or  27  iwunds, 
with  a  breadtli  of  wing  of  six  or  seven  feel.  It  in- 
habits En  gland,  and  the  tempurate  regions  of  Europe, 
and  of  iKirts  of  A-*ia  and  Africa,  feeding  on  green 
corn  and  other  vegehibltjs,  and  on  earth-worms.  It 
runs  fast  and  Uikes  fii^lit  with  difiicutty.  Encyc. 
BUS'TLE,  (bus'l,)  ».  L  [Tliis  word  may  be  allied  to 
busit,  or  to  L.  festino.] 

'to  stir  quick  ;  to  he  very  active  ;  to  be  very  quick 
in  motion,  utlun  ux  usually  with  the  sense  of  noise 
or  agiL'Ltiuu. 

And  leuve  the  worl<l  for  nic  to  bustlt  in.  Shak. 

BUS'TLE,  (bus'l,)  7(.  Hurry  ;  great  stir ;  rapid  motion 
with  noise  and  agitation;  tumult  from  stirring  or  agi- 
tation ;  combustion. 

All  would  hnve  tx?en  well  without  ibli  battle.  Spectator. 

BUS'TLER,  (biis'ler,)  n.     An  active,  stirring  person. 

BUS'TLING,  (bus'ling,)  pjrr.  or  a.  Stirring;  moving 
actively,  with  noise  or  agitation. 

BUST'O,  n.  A  bust ;  soiuetimes,  perhaps,  used  for  a 
statue  .^okmole. 

BUS'Y,  (biz'zy,)  a.  [Sax.  bysi,  bysijr;  whence  bysegf 
business,  by.-^-irian,  to  busy  ;  D.  hezig,  busy  ;  brz'i^en, 
to  busy,  to  use.  This  word  appears,  from  tiie  Dulch, 
to  bo  coiniKised  of  bn,  the  prefix,  and  li^,  the  root  of 
see,  contnictcd  in  inf.  to  zien,  but  retained  in  the 
pret.  zti::,  and  in  the  derivntives,  li^t,  sight,  lifrtbaar, 
visible.  We  find  bezi-rtiirrH  signifies  to  view.  If  this 
opinion  is  correct,  the  primary  sense  is  seeing,  or 
closely  insjK'tling.j 

1.  Em|iloyed  with  constant  attention  ;  engaged 
Bb<»it  something  that  renders  interruption  inconve- 
nient ;  as,  a  man  is  busy  in  posting  his  books. 

My  tnUlJT'M  is  biiey,  ami  can  not  come.  Shak. 

2.  Actively  employed  ;  occupied  without  cessation  ; 
constantly  in  motion  ;  a'*,  a  bitgy  bee.  Shak. 

3.  Active  in  liiai  which  does  nrji  concern  the  [ler- 
son  ;  meddling  with  (»r  prying  into  the  affairs  of  oth- 
ers ;  olficious  ;  imiwrtunate  :  hence,  troublesome  ; 
vexations.  H'nlh-r. 

A.  Much  occupied  with  employment ;  as,  a  busy 
day. 
BUS' V,  (biz'zy,)  v.  t    To  employ  with  constant  atten- 
tion ;  to  keep  engaged  ;  to  make  or  keep  busy  ;  as,  to 
busy  one's  self  with  books. 

To  te  biitied  with  g^'nui  and  sprcifa.  Lioek*. 

BUS'Y-HOD'Y,  (biz'7y-bod'y,)n-  [hiL^y  tinA  bod,J.^  A 
meddling  [lerson  ;  one  who  officiously  concerns  fiim- 
seif  with  the  affairs  of  others.  Tnylor. 

BUS'V-IXG,  (biz'zy-ing,)  ;!/«■.    Comstintlv  employing. 

BUS'Y-MI.N'D'ED,  a.     Having  an  active  mind. 

BUT,  part,  for  btUan.  [Sax.  bntau,  baton,  buta,  bute, 
without,  on  the  onlsiue,  abrond :  hence,  except,  or 
excepting,  besides  .  thut  is,  separated,  nut  included. 
The  verb  is  not  in  the  Saxon  ;  but  in  Dutch  we  have 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  W^H/iT,  — METE,  PRgY.  — PLNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  —  .NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. - 
158 


BUT 

the  Vfrb  m  its  primary-  srrisc,  huiu-n^  to  ntvf  fjr  wan- 
der, l(»  EufreL*lMK)ling;  6h'(,  Ixjoty  ;  buitcn^  out,  vvilli- 
out,  abnjuU,  besidea,  excf  pi ;  bailen  booni,  overboard ; 
buiten  (/f«r,  out  of  diwra  ;  btiiten  Aww,  an  nut-house  ; 
batun  mail,  an  {iut-in:in,  :i  stranger;  G.  ftr«(f,  b(>oty; 
Sw.  byte,  booty  ;  biiUi^Ut  exchange  ;  Dau.  bytte^  booty, 
a  parting,  division',  distribution  ;  byttej  to  part,  ilivrde, 
exclianee,  barter ;  Sp.  bolin ;  It.  botUuo ;  Fr.  bittiii, 
booty.  The  primary  sense  of  booty  is  to  rove  or  wan- 
der, to  part  or  separate  from  ;  applied  to  persons,  it  is 
towandtr;  applied  to  things,  it  may  inchide  strip- 
ping. Butf  then,  i«  a  contraction  of  buUiitf  and  pri- 
marily a  participle.] 

1.  Except ;  besides  ;  unless. 
Wbo  coil  it  be,  but  peijured  Ljegu  t  StmOi, 

That  is,  removed,  separated,  excci»ted.      Lycon   be- 
ing separated,  or  excepted,  wbo  can  it  be  } 
AnH,  bm  iiifirmil^, 

Which  waits  uoon  aroni  tiinM,  bath  ■untetltiiig  aciied 

His  wtslKti  liUliiy,  lie  h>ul  hlinarU 

The  luiuls  ttod  waiera  measureU.  S!"ik. 

That  is,  except,  unless,  separate  this  fact,  that  in- 
firmity had  seized  his  ability,  he  bad  n>ea»ured  the 
lands  and  waters. 

In  this  use,  A«l,  butan^  is  a  participle,  equivalent  to 
exeeptmgt  and  may  be  referred  to  the  person  speak- 
ing, or,  mt»re  naturally,  it  is  equivalent  to  execpttd, 
and  with  tlie  following  words,  or  clause,  forming  the 
ca^e  absolute. 

Who  can  it  be,  Lycor  bcinff  exwptrd  ? 

Aiui,  kit  nif  nutjle  Mr>or  a  Uue  i>l'  aiiiid,  It  were  etwugh  to  put 

him  to  ill  Utiiikinr.  Skak. 

It  QUI  not  be  but  Stttin  hath  Kitae  dir<-ctor,  of  infiiiiie  nuwrr,  (o 

gxade  ber  iu  ail  her  w»n.  Hooker. 

ThcK  m  no  qontion  bM  the  kin^  of  Spkiit  will  refunn  hum  of 

the  ftbuMi.  AiidiMon, 

It  b  not  InipoMifaje  but  1  nui7  altrr  the  complcxiou  of  ii<v  pl^v. 

Vry.itn 

In  the  last  three  examples,  that  is  omitted  after  buL 

It  ■  not  impooible  but  Utat  1  aiAj  alter  the  complvxiou  ol  n\j 
pl..y. 

In  these  and  all  similar  phrases,  but  denulea  separa- 
tion, exception. 

3.  Only  ;  as,  there  is  but  one  man  present. 

A  formUlAbte  man  but  to  h'l^  frienda.  Dryrfen. 

This  use  of  but  is  a  modem  innovation,  but  per- 
haps loo  finrJy  eslablishfd  to  be  c(»rrcctt;d.  In  all 
such  phrases,  a  negative,  nof,  niithinrr,  or  othiT  word, 
is  omitted.  He  is  not  a  ft>rtnidal)le  man,  bat  to  his 
enemies ;  that  is,  excirpt.  There  is  not  but  one  man 
present ;  that  is,  there  is  not  rzerpt  or  br^irles  one  pres- 
ent. So,  also,  "  Our  light  affliction  is  but  for  a  mo- 
ment." 2  Cor.  iv.  Our  aftliction  is  itflf,  exerjit  for  a 
moment. 

11  they  kill  ub,  we  ehMI  btU  d^.  —  9  King*  vil. 

The  common  people  in  America  retain  the  origin- 
al and  correct  phrase,  usually  employini?  a  ni'-rttive. 
They  do  not  say,  1  have  but  one.  On  the  other  hand, 
th'-y  say,  I  have  not  but  one  ;  that  is,  I  havir  not  ex- 
cept one  ;  exce|rt  one,  and  I  have  none.  This  word 
buty  for  butan^  is  not  a  conjunction,  nor  has  it  the 
least  affinity  to  that  part  of  speech. 
BT/ T,  eonj.  [Sax.  botf,  reparation,  sntisfartion,  com- 
penpntiun  ;  and  adverbially,  moreover,  further,  that 
is,  something  added  to  make  good,  to  supply  that 
which  is  wanted,  from  bctan^  to  make  betifr^  or 
more,  to  amend,  tliat  is,  to  advance^ ;  D.  bortei  Sw. 
bate;  Dan.  baadc:  W.  buz,  advantaf^^.  So,  in  Rer. 
aber,  but,  is  the  Eng.  prer.  In  some  of  these  lan- 
giiages,  it  denotes  a  fine  or  penance,  tJmt  which 
makes  satisfaction.  In  Danish,  profit  ;  bande^  to 
gain  or  profit  ;  W.  buiiaw  t  Goth,  botmn,  id.  ;  G. 
buMt,  biiMte*.  VVe  use  this  word  as  a  noun,  in  the 
phrase.  He  give^  a  guinea  to  boot,  that  is,  to  make 
grxtd,  to  satisfy,  or  by  way  of  addition;  and  as  a 
verb,  in  the  phrase.  What  boatji  it.'  what  gain  or 
pnifit  is  it?  It  is  radically  the  same  word  as  bet 
m  better:  and  the  radical  sense  is,  to  advance.) 

.More  ;  further  ;  noting  an  addition  to  supply  what 
is  wanting  to  elucidate  or  modify  the  sense  of  the 
preceding  part  of  a  sentence,  or  of  a  discourse,  or  to 
continue  the  discourse,  or  to  exhibit  a  contrast. 

Now  dhwlir  Iijth,  hupi",  charity,  tb'^e  Uiree  ;  but  the  greatest  of 
thCK  m  charity ,  —  I  Cor,  xiii. 

WIko  prid«T  coni'tli,  then  cumeth  abftiTM ;  but  with  lite  lowly  it 
wiadoiTi. .—  Pro*,  si. 

0«rr  waiiu  nre  nraiiv  und  pii'-tfoiw,  but  qaii*  of  unolVr  kind. 

The  huiB--  of  rc!irf9cijt,iii»r»  w^rc  well  «(fToe«l  ui  paMiiig  the 
bill ;  but  Che  S'-naUr  iliaw-iiMl. 

This  word  is,  in  fact,  a  noun,  equivab-nttn  addition 
or  supply  ;  but,  in  grammatical  cnnstniction,  no  in- 
conv»"nience  results  from  considering  It  lu  be  a  con- 
nective. 
BUT,  n.  [Fr.  bout,  end,  extremity,  and  but,  end,  aim, 
design  ;  Arm.  but  or  baut.  It  is  sometimes  written 
bvtt,  psp^riaily  when  applied  to  the  end  of  a  plank. 
It  coincides,  in  fk-n««;  and  elt-menli,  with  L.  peto,  Sp. 
botf,  a  ihniHt,  botar,  to  ciL«t,  It.  biitta,  bntio,  bottare, 
Fr.  bnttr,  bunder,  Eng.  pimt,  and  many  other  words. 

1.  All  end  ;  a  limit ;  a  bound.  It  Is  used  particu- 
larly for  the  lareer  end  of  a  thing,  as  of  a  piece  of 
timbvr,  or  of  a  fallen  tree  ;  that  which  grows  nearest 
the  earth.  It  is  not  nfl'-n  applied  to  the  bound  or  lim- 
it of  land  ;  yet  butted^  for  bounded,  is  often  used. 


HUT 

•2.  TIr;  •nd  "f  \\  pl.-inkj  in  a  t^liipV  side  or  lM.tlc.!n, 
which  unittri  witli  another  ;  generally  written  i^ui  r. 

3.  A  mark  or  object  of  ridicule. 

4.  'I'he  fiM)t  or  end  nf  a  play. 

BUT,  V.  i.  To  be  bounded  by  ;  to  lie  contiguous  to;  a 
word  ujtrd  in  .America.     [See  Ahut.] 

BL'T'-END,  H,  [but  !U\d  cad.]  The  largest  or  blunt 
end  of  a  thing ;  as,  tlie  butr^ml  of  a  musket,  or  of  a 
piece  of  timber.  This  word  is  tautological^  but  and 
end  signifying  the  same  thing;  unless  but  19  consid- 
ered  as  equivalent  to  swelling,  protuberant. 

BJJTCH'Eit,  n.  [Fr.  boudicr;  Arm.  boozer,  a  butcher; 
Fr.  boucherie. ;  It.  beccheridy  butchery,  shambles.  The 
primary  sense  probably  is  to  stick  or  stab,  as  the  Fr. 
boadirr  signifies  to  stop,  tliat  U,  to  set,  to  thrust.] 

1.  One  who  slauglitt-rs  animnls  fur  miukt-t ;  or  one 
whose  occupation  is  to  kill  animal?!  fur  the  table.  The 
word  may,  and  often  does,  include  tlic  person  who 
cuts  up  and  sells  meat. 

2.  One  who  kills  men,  or  commands  troops  to  kill 
them  ;  one  who  sheds,  or  causes  to  be  sht;d,  human 
blood  in  abundance  ;  applied  to  princes  and  conquerors 
who  delight  in  tcar^  or  are  remarkable  fur  destroying  hu- 
vian  life.  Locke. 

BJJTCH'ER,  I'.  (.  To  kill  or  slaughter  animals  for  food, 

or  for  market 
2.  To  murder;  but  emphatically  applied  to  murder 

committed  witli  unusual  cruelty,  or  circumstances  of 

uucoininon  barbarity. 
BUTCH'ER-BIRD,  jt.    The  shrike  ;  a  name  common 

to  dilferent  species  of  birds,  of  the  genus   Lanius. 

One  spt^cies  of  this  genus  is  called  king-bird^  from  its 

courage  in  attJicking  hawks  and  crows.         Kncyc, 
The  king-bird   is  now  arranged  under  the  genus 

Muscic^pa,  (M.  ti/rannus.)  Ed.  Encijc. 

BUTCU'ER-tl),  pp.  or  a.    Killed  ;  slaughtered. 
BtjTCH'ER-LXC    pftr.     Slaughtering. 
ByTCH'ER-LI-.NES^i,  n.     A  cruel,  savage,  butcherly 

mrinner.  Johnsfm. 

BJJTCH'ER-LV,    a.     [frtim  butcher.]     Cruel;  savage; 

murdenius  ;  griHsly  and  chiiusily  barbarous.    Shak, 
BJJTCH'EK'S-r.ROOM,  m.     A  plant,  the  Uuscus  acu- 

K-alU:-:,  called  al.^u  kif-e-hoUy.     It  is  used  by  butcliers 

for  brooni-f  to  sweep  their  blo<;ks.  Kacijc. 

ni;T('M'ER-RO\V,  «.     A  row  of  shambles.    JVkithck. 
BUTCU'EIl-Y,  n.    The  business  of  slaughtering  cattle 

for  the  tablj  or  for  markt^U  Pope. 

2.  .Murder,  especially  murder  committed  with  unu- 
sual barbarity  ;  great  slaughter.         Siiak.     Drydeiu 

3.  The  pl.ijct:  where  animals  arc  killed  for  market; 
a  shainbk'S,  or  slaughter-liouse  ;  also,  a  place  where 
b1<Kid  is  shed.  Sliak. 

BUT'LER,  n.  [Fr.  inuinWrr,  from  bonteille,  a  bottle, 
that  is,  the  bottler;  It.  buUUir,  u  butler,  from  huidtly 
biiide,  a  bottle.] 

A  servant  i*t  oflficer  in  the  houses  of  princes  and 
great  men,  whose  principal  basinet's  is  to  take  charge 
of  the  liquors,  plate,  &.c.  Fornii-rly,  an  olficer  in  tlie 
Court  of  France,  luing  the  same  as  the  grand  echan- 
son.  or  great  cup-bearer,  of  lat»;r  tintes.  Eitcyc 

BUT'LER-.-VGE,  /u  a  duty  of  two  shillings  on  every 
tun  of  wine  iiniK>rtcd  into  England  by  foreigners  or 
nit-rchant  strangers,  [t  was  a  comi>osition  I'lr  the 
privileges  yranf-d  In  tliein  by  King  John  and  Edward 
I.,  and  originally  rereivijj  by  the  crown;  but  it  has 
bf-en  granted  to  certain  ntibli-men.  It  was  called  Au(- 
Icraff;  because  originally  jKiid  to  the  king's  butler  for 
the  king.  BlackAtone.     Encyc. 

Bi:T'LK;l-SniP,  n.  The  office  of  a  butler.    Oc/lx1.21. 

BUT'ME.N'T,  n.  [Old  Fr.  uboutement^  from  bout,  but, 
end.] 

1.  A  buttress  of  an  arch  ;  the  supporter,  or  that 
part  wliich  joins  it  to  the  upriirht  pier.  Encyc. 

2.  The  mass  of  st<ine  or  solid  work  at  the  end  of  a 
bridge,  by  wliich  the  extreme  arches  are  sustained. 
The  mass  of  stone  at  the  end  of  a  timber  bridge, 
without  arches,  is  called  by  ilic  same  name,  it  is 
written  als4i  jViutmicnt. 

BUT'SIU  FT,  n.  [but  and  sht^ft.]  An  arrow  to  shoot 
at  butts  with.  B.  Jonnon. 

BUTT,  n.  [See  Bi't.]  IJtemlly,  end,  furthest  point. 
Ilence,  a  mark  to  be  shot  at ;  the  ptjint  where  a  mark 
is  set  or  fixed  to  be  shot  at.  Dryden. 

2.  The  point  to  which  a  purpose  or  effort  is  direct- 
ed. Shak. 

3.  The  object  of  aim ;  the  thing  against  which  an 
attack  is  directed.  Clarendon, 

Hence, 

4.  The  person  at  whom  riilicule,  jests,  or  contempt 
are  directed  ;  as,  the  butt  <if  ridicule.  SpectnUtr. 

5.  A  push  or  thPHt  given  by  the  head  of  an  ani- 
mal ;  as,  the  buU  of  a  ram.  Also,  a  thrust  in 
fencing. 

6.  A  cask  whose  contents  nre  I'3fi  gallons  of  wine, 
or  two  bogfiheads  ;  called  also  a  pipe.  A  btUt  of  beer 
is  lOS  gallons,  and  from  l.liK)  to  2-20()  weight  of  cur- 
rants is  a  buti.   [Sax.  butle  or  hytt;  Sp.  bota.]  Johnnon. 

7.  The  end  of  a  plank  in  a  ship's  side  or  bottom. 

Mar.  Diet. 

8.  A  particular  kind  o(  hinge  for  doors,  tc. 

9.  Butt.i  and  bounds.     See  lUrxTS 

10.  A  hutVa  ten^rih:  the  ordinary  distance  from  the 
place  of  shooting  to  the  butt,  or  mark  ;  as,  not  two 
pair  of  fruits'  length  from  the  town.  Rich.  DicL 


J5UT 

BUTT,  c.  i.  \\\\pKttaic,  tu  butt,  to  thriut;  It.  buUait; 
Sp.  botar  ;  Port,  bular,  to  thrust  or  IhniW  ;  Fr.  butte,& 
thrust ;  from  the  suioe  ri>ot,  probablyfas  but,  bouti  L. 
petv.] 

To  tlirust  the  head  forward  ;  to  strike  by  thrusting 
the  head  aguin^^t,  as  an  ox  or  a  ntni.   H'otton.  Dryden, 
BUT'TEU,  pp.     Struck  witli  the  head. 

3.  a.     Having  abuttals  ;  as,  tlte  land  is  butted  and 
bounded  as  follows. 
BUT'TER,  ».     [Sax.  baler,  butera;  D.  boter;  Ger.  but- 
ter i  D.  butyrumi  Gt.  iJovTVuiiv.] 

An  oily  substance  obtained  from  cream  or  milk  by 
churning.  AgitJition  separates  the  fat  or  oily  part  of 
milk  from  the  serous  and  curdy  part,  called  batter- 
milk. 

Butter ;  in  Vte  old  chemistry,  a  name  given  to  some  of 
the  chiorids,  fioin  their  soft,  butyraceous  consistence, 
when  recently  prep:ired  ;  as, 

Butter  if  antimony ;  now  called  the  sesquichlorid  of 
antimony,  and  obtained  by  distilling  a  mixture  of  cor- 
rosive sublimate  and  antimony. 

Batter  of  arsenic  ,*  the  sesquichlorid  of  arsenic,  ob- 
tained by  a  like  process. 

Butter  of  bismuth  ;  llie  chlorid  of  bismuth. 
Butter  of  tin  ;  sublimated  muriate  of  tin. 
Butter  of  zinc;  the  clllorid  of  zinc. 
Butter ;  in  veffeUible  eliemistry,  a  name  given  to  cer- 
tain concrete  fat  oils,  which  remain  solid,  or  of  a  but- 
yraceoufl  consiatence,  at  the  ordinary  temperature,  as 
those  of  the  cocoa-nut  and  the  cacao. 

Butter  of  ciuao :  an  oily,  concrete,  white  matter,  ob- 
tained from  the  cacao-nut,  by  bruismg  the  nut  and 
boiling  it  in  water,  or  by  heat  and  expression. 

JSi'i<zholjit>H,     Tlumison, 
BUT'TER,  r.  f.    To  smear  with  butter. 

2.  To  increase  the  stakes  at  every  throw  or  every 
game  ;  a  cant  term  amonsr  ^aine.-<ters.  Johnsoiu 

BUTTER-HUMP,  n.     The  bittern.  Johnson, 

BUi"TER-IJUKR,  m.  A  plant,a  si>ecies  of  Tussilago, 
or  colt's-ftKPt,  T.  Petasitis^)  growing  in  wet  land, 
with  very  large  leaves.  Earn,  of  Plants.  Encyc. 
BUT'TER-€(?P,  i  H.  A  name  given  to  a  species  of 
BUT'TER-€UPS,  (  Ranunculus  or  crow-foot,  witli 
bright  yellow  nowers ;  called  jilso  golden-cup  and 
king's-cup  ;  llie  cuckoo-budd  of  Shakspeare. 

Fnni.  qf  Plants.     Lee. 
BUT'TER-FLOVV-ER,  n.     A  yellow  Hower;  the  but- 
tercup. Oay. 
BUT'TER-FL?,  n.    [So  named  from  the  color  of  a 
yellow  species.     Sax.  buter-Jiege  or  buitcr-jleoge.     See 
Kv.] 

A  name  common  to  the  different  species  of  lepidop- 
terous  insects,  of  llie  genus  Papilio,  (Linn. ;)  projHjrly, 
in  the  third  and  last  stage  of  their  existence.  They 
liave  four  wings  imbricated  with  a  kind  of  downy 
scales  ;  the  touguti  is  convoluted  in  a  spinU  form  ;  and 
the  body  is  hairy.  The  siHJcics  are  numerous.  They 
are  now  considered  as  forming  a  group,  subdivided 
into  trilMJs,  families,  and  genera.  ButterHies  proceed 
from  the  chrysalides  of  caterpillars  ;  caterpillars  pro- 
ceed from  eggs  deftosited  by  butterdies;  tlicy  then 
change  into  chrysalides,  which  produce  buttertlios, 
which  again  deposit  their  eggs. 
BUT'TER-FLS'-SHELI.,  n.  The  popular  name  of  a 
genus  of  Testaceous  .Mollusca,  with  a  spiral  unilocu- 
lar sliell,  callt^d  Foluta,  Enrye. 
BUT'TER-IS,  n.     An  instrument  of  steel  set  in  wood, 

for  paring  the  hoof  of  a  horse.  Earrier^i  Diet. 

BUT'TEU-.Mll.K,  w.  TIip  milk  that  remains  after  the 
butter  is  separatt^i  from  it.  Johnstui  calls  this  wheyt 
but  wliey  is  the  thin  part  of  the  milk  after  the  curd 
or  cheese  is  seictrated.  Buttermilk,  in  Ajnerica,  is 
not  called  fchey. 
BUT'TER-NUT,  n.     [butter  and  nut.] 

1,  The  fruit  of  an  American  tree,  the  Juglans  cine- 
rea,  so  called  frtun  the  oil  it  contains.  The  tree 
bears  a  resemblance,  in  its  general  appeanmce,  to 
the  black  walnut,  oo  called.  It  is  sometimes  called 
oilnut  and  white  walnuL  'I'he  tree  is  called  also  but- 
ternut or  butternut-tree.  Dr.  M.  Cutler  calls  it  JugUuu 
caOuirtica.     It  is  the  Juglans  cinerca  of  otiiers. 

Belknap, 

2.  The  nut  of  the  Caryocar  nucifenim,  a  native  of 
South  Amr-rica,  called  also  the  Savuari,  (vulgarly 
Suwarrow)   nut. 

BUT'TEIl-FRIXT,  )  n.  A  piece  of  carved  wood,  used 

HUT'TER-STAMl',  (      to  mark  cakes  <.f  butler. 

BUT'TKK-TOf)'rU,H.  A  broad  fort;  tooth.  John.son. 

BUT'TKR-W'IFF,        )  n.    A  woman  who  sells  but- 

BUT'TKR-\VOM^\N,  \      ter.    Johnson. 

BUT''I'ER-\\'ORT,  V.  A  species  of  Pinguicula,  (/*. 
vulgaris,)  a  j)Ianl  growing  on  bctgs  or  soft  grounds. 
The  leaves  are  covered  with  soft,  p(;llucul  prickliis, 
wlik-h  secrete  a  glutinous  liquor;  and  milk,  which 
has  been  strained  through  it,  acquires,  in  a  iV.\y  or 
two,  consistency,  and  is  an  agreeable  food,  used  in 
the  north  of  Sweden.  Ennfc,  * 

BUT'TER-Y,  a.  [from  butter.]  Having  the  qualities 
or  apjicarance  of  butter.  Ilaraey. 

BUT''l  ER-Y,  Tt.  An  apartment  in  a  house  where  but- 
ter, milk,  provisions,  and  utensils  are  kept.  In  anrne 
colleges,  a  room  where  liquors,  fruit,  and  refrchhiuents 
are  kept  for  sale  to  the  students, 

BUT'TI.NG,  ppr.    Striking  with  the  head. 


TONE,  BULL,  tJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C10U3  —  €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SU ;  ^'H  as  in  THIS. 

=^^  ^.^  '  for 


BUY 

BLT'TOCK,  M.    The  ruiitp,  or  the  protuberant  part 
bvhmd. 
a.  Tbe  convexity  of  a  ship  behind, unilerthe  litern. 
Mar.  Diet, 
Bl'T'TON,  (biil'n,)  n.     [Fr.  boutoHy  a  button,  a  bud  j 
W.  buUuH,  (tr  tutttciH:  Cian.  buUum  :  lu  buUone ;  Sp. 
frvtAM,  a  button  or  bud  ;  fnun  the  root  of  bud^  that  is, 
a  pu^h  or  protuberance.    See  Butt.] 

1.  A  knubi  a  small  ball;  a  ailch,  used  to  fasten 
together  the  diflerent  parts  of  dress,  made  of  ntetal, 
eiiky  niuhair,  wood,  iiC. 

2.  Anv  knob  or  ball  fastened  to  another  body ;  a 
small  pmtuberant  bodv.  Bogie,    Popt. 

3.  A  bud  ;  a  gem  ot  a  planL  Skak. 

4.  The  button  of  the  rt-ins  of  a  bridle,  is  a  ring  of 
leatht^T,  with  the  nins  passed  tiirough,  which  runs 
alone  the  iLiifjth  of  the  reins,  Eneyc 

5.  A  tlat  piece  of  wikhI,  turning  on  a  nail  or  screw, 
to  faMen  diK>r^ 

6.  A  small,  round  mas^  of  metal,  found  at  the  bot- 
tom of  a  crucible,  in  cht^-mical  experiment:,  or  which 
fumams  on  the  cupt-1,  in  the  proces5  of  assaying. 

JV(Mt>/50N.     Brande. 

7.  The  sea-urrhin,  an  animal  which  has  prickles 
instead  of  feet.  Atnsiearth. 

BUT'TOX,  (but  n,)  r.  L    To  fasten  with  a  button  or 
buttons ;   to  inclose  or  make  secure  with  buttons ; 
often  followed  with  up  ;  as,  to  button  up  a  waistcoat. 
2.  To  dress  or  cloth'^     [JVot  used.] 

BUT'TON-Bi;^n,  n.  The  p..pu!ar  name  of  the  Ceph- 
alanthus  occidentalis. 

BUT''J'0\-£D,  pp.     Fastened  with  a  button. 

Bt'T'T0N-H6LE,  ».  The  hole  or  loop  in  which  a 
button  id  caught. 

BUT'TON-IN<;,  ppr.    Foslenmg  with  a  button. 

BUT'TOX-MAK-ER,  ».  One  whose  occupation  u  to 
make  buttons. 

BUT'TOX-STOXE,  n.  A  species  of  figured  stone,  or 
bard  flint,  resembling  a  button,  consisting  of  two 
bodies  which  appear  to  be  the  tilling  up  of  holes  in  a 
ghell.  A  species  has  been  f«.wnd  finely  striated,  like 
a  mohair  button.  I'his  name  is  given  also  to  a  ifpe- 
cies  of  slate  found  in  the  marquisate  of  Bareith. 

Enrvc 

BUT'TON'-TREE,  a.  The  Conocarpua,  a  g^uus  of 
plants,  natives  of  the  West  Indie&, 

FAm.tfPUmtM.     Emeye, 

BUT'TOX-WEED,  «.  The  popular  name  of  a  genus 
of  plants,  the  Spermacoce.  Fom.  of  Plants, 

BUT  r  OX- WOOD,  M.  The  Platanus  occidcnuUis, 
Western  plane-tree,  a  large  tree,  growing  in  Xorth 
America,  producing  rough  balls,  from  which  it  is 
named.  Tbe  wood  is  hard,  and  used  for  windlasses, 
wbeehLand  blocks.  Belknap.     jUmw. 

i  BITT'TRESS,  n.     [This  wotd  appears  to  be  comprised 
f^  bmt,  end,  and  triu.',  or  soom  wonlof  that  family.] 
1.  A  prop ;  a  wall  or  abutment,  built  archwise, 
serving  to  support  another  wall  on  the  outside,  when 
Tery  high,  or  luided  with  a  heavy  supen»tructiir& 

Kneye. 
*2.  .Anv  prop  or  support  SoutM. 

BUT'TRtSS,  r.  (.     To  support  bv  a  buUress ;  to  ptopt 

BL'T'TRE5S-i.T>,  (but'trest,)  pp.  or  o.  SuppMted  with 
a  buttress.  fVtird. 

BUTTS,  B.  p/.  [from  butu]  A  jrface  where  archers 
meet  to  shoot  at  a  mark.  Also,  short  pieces  of  land 
in  arable  ridges  and  furrows.  Emcvc 

Butts  and  bcunds  are  the  abuttals  and  boundaries 
of  land.  NoUmtay. 

BUT'WIXK,  n.     A  bird.  Johnson. 

BUT-Y-RA'CEOUS,  (  a.       [from     btttvrum,     butter.] 

BUT'Y-Ht)L*S,  \      Having  the  qualities  of  but- 

ter :  resembling  butter.     Encvc.     J^'icholson.     Flvyer. 

BU-TVR'I€,  a.  Butyric  aeid  is  an  acid  found  in  but- 
ter; an  oily,  limpid  fluid,  having  the  snu'll  of  nincid 
butter,  and  an  acrid  taste,  with  a  sweetish  after -ta&te, 
like  that  of  ettier. 

BO'TYR-IXE,  w.  A  peculiar  oily  matter,  existing  in 
butter,  associated  with  (4eine  and  stereine. 

BCX'E^OUS,  a.     Belonging  to  the  bos-tree. 

BL*X'(-NA,  j  n.     An  alkaloid  obtained  from  the  Btuus 

BUX'IXE,    1      semperTirens,  or  common  box, 

BUX'OM,  a.  [Sax.  bocjtim^  from  bog^  a  bow,  6u^an,to 
bend,  and  sv/n,  some.] 

1.  Obedient ;  obsequious,  ready  to  obey.    [Obs.] 

Mdton. 

2.  Gay;  lively;  brisk.  Mdton. 

3.  Wanton  ;  jollv.  '    Dryden. 
BUX'OM-LY,  flrfr.     Obediently.     \_Obs.\ 

2.  Wantonly  ;  amorously  Johnjttm. 

BUX'OM-XESS,  n.      Meekness;    obedience.      [Obs.] 

2.  Briskness  ;  amomusnt^s.  [Chaucrr. 

BUY,  (b?,)  p.  t. :  pret.  and  pp.  Boi'ght,  (bawL)  [Sax. 
bigan,  or  byegan^  ^'/o"  -'  Goth,  bugyan^  to  buy.] 

1.  To  acquire  the  property,  right,  or  title,  to  any 
thing,  by  paying  a  consideration  or  an  equivalent  in 
money.  It  difT^rs  from  iarto- only  in  this  —  that  In 
barter,  the  consideration  or  equivalent  is  some  spe- 
cies of  commodity  ;  in  purchase^  the  consideration  is 
money  paid  or  promised.  To  purchase  ;  to  acquire 
by  paying  a  price  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  seller ;  oi>- 
posed  to  seU. 

2.  To  procure  by  a  consideration  given,  or  by 
something  that  is  deemed  worth  the  thing  bought; 


BY 

to  procure  at  a  price  ;  ns,  to  buy  pleasure  with  praise ; 
to  buy  favor  with  flattery.  Denhatn. 

3.  To  bribe  ;  to  ctirrupt  or  pervert  the  judgment, 
by  iwiying  a  consideration. 

To  bug  off:  to  influence  to  compliance  ;  to  cause  to 
bend  or  yield  by  s<^nie  considrraiion ;  as,  to  fruy  ojf 
conscience  ;  to  dt-Uich  by  a  considenition  given  ;  as, 
to  bug  off  one  from  a  |iarty. 

To  bug  out ;  to  buy  off,  or  detach  from.        Shak. 

a.  'I'o  purchase  the  shore  or  shares  of  a  persim  in 
a  stock,  fund,  or  |>arinership,  by  which  the  seller  is 
sejianitt'd  from  the  comp;uiy,  and  the  purchaser 
takes  his  place  ;  as,  A  buys  out  B.  To  purchase 
stock  in  any  fund  or  partnership,  is  to  buy  in. 

To  bug  OH  credit^  is  to  purchase  a  thing,  on  a  prnm- 
iKe  in  fact  or  in  law,  u>  make  payment  at  a  future  day. 

7*1'  buy  the  rr/ivi-il,  is  to  give  money  for  the  right  of 
purchasing,  at  a  fixed  price,  at  a  future  Ihne. 

Tu  bug  the  small-poz^  in  South  ^Vales,  is  to  receive 
it  by  iiKKulation,  Ennjc. 

In  iiopular  language,  to  buy  is  to  pay  dear  for,  us  in 
Chaucer. 
BUY,  r.  i.    To  negotiate,  or  treat  about  a  purchase. 

I  will  hug  with  7UU  a.nd  ».-ll  wiib  yoa.  Stuik. 

BtTT'ER,  ».    One  who  buys  ;  a  purchaser.     WoUviu 
BUY'IXG,  (by'iiig,)  ;»y/r.     Purcha^iuig.  u  ^       ^ 

BUZZ,  e.  i.  [It.  fru::trar«,to  whisper;  Tcrs.  •  «X>*yJ 
bazidan^  to  blow,  as  wind.]  " 

1.  To  make  a  tow,  humming  sound,  as  bees;  to 
make  the  sound  of  i,  with  an  expimtioii  of  breath  be- 
tween the  tongue  and  the  roof  of  tlie  moutli  or  upjwr 
leelh. 

2.  To  whisper;  to  speak  with  a  low,  humming  voice  ; 
to  make  a  low,  humming  sound.    Shak.     Hagieard. 
BUZZ,  r.  t    To  whisper;  to  spread,  as  n-port,  by 

whispers,  or  to  spread  secretly.  Benticy. 

BUZZ,  n.     The  noise  of  bees;  also,  a  whisper. 

South.    Bacon. 
BUZZ'ARD,  n.    [D.  buuwrd;  G.  friusoar,  busshardf  It. 

u  -. 
boizapa  i  Ft.  buze,  busty  or  busard ;  Pers,  'Aj  ftaui,  a 
hawk.] 

1.  A  species  of  Falco,  or  hawk,  the  Falco  butfo; 
a  rapacious,  but  sluggish  bird  ;  the  breast  usually  of 
a  yellowish  white  ;  the  upper  parts  of  a  deep  brown. 
In  some  parts  of  America,  according  to  Pennant,  it 
is  called  the  greet  hcn-haickf  from  its  feeding  on 
poultrii'.  Pennant     Kncgc, 

The'  bird  rfem'd  to  by  Pennant  is  the  Falco brUeei- 
4eay  or  short-winged  buzzard.  Alofs.  Rep. 

2.  A  blockhead  ;  a  dunce.  Johnson, 
BITZZ'ARO,  a.  Senseless  ;  stupid.  Milton, 
BLZZ'ARU-ET,  n.     A  species  of  Falco,  or  hawk,  re- 

s/'inbling  the  buz/.ard  in  most  resiM;ct.s  ;  but  its  legs 
are,  in  pro(<onion,  rather  longer.  Pennant. 

BUZZ'EK,  n.  A  whisperer;  one  who  is  busy  in  tell- 
ing Lnles  secretly.  Shak. 

BUZZ'LNG,  ppr.  or  a.  Making  a  low,  humming  sound  ; 
whispertn;: ;  Uittling  in  secret. 

BUZ'ZIXG-LY,  adr.     With  a  low,  humming  sound. 

BV,  prep.  [.Sax.  be  or  bi^;  Goth,  bi ;  fiw.  and  Dan.  be  : 
D.by;  G.  bet;  all  contracted  from  &i^.  1'his  word, 
in  composition,  is  often  written  be,  as  in  because,  be- 
siege. In  Sw.  and  Dan.  it  is  used  only  in  composi- 
tion. The  Sw.  and  Dan.  paa^  and  Kuss.  po,  may  be 
from  a  different  root,  although  they  are  nearly  allied 
in  signification,  and  may  be  the  same  word  differ- 
ently wriiu-n.  Tills  preposition  occurs  as  a  prefix  in 
all  the  Shemitic  languages,  contracted,  indeed,  into  J3. 
(tjee  the  Intntduction.)  The  primary  sense  is^press- 
tngy  close,  ntar,  at ;  but  in  Goth,  and  Sax.  it  signi- 
fies, al.-»o,  about,  according  to,  on,  ■with,  against,  after, 
&.C.  In  some  of  these  senses,  it  coincides  with  the 
Russ.  po.  The  original  verb  to  which  this  word  be- 
lonifs,  most  probably  signifies  to  pas^,  to  go,  or  come, 
to  drive,  to  press.] 

1.  .Near;  clt>se ;  a.<!,  sit  by  me;  that  house  stands 
by  a  river.  .So  in  IL  presso..  from  L.  presfits ;  Fr.  pres, 
aupres.  Hence,  by  was  formerly  used  for  against ; 
as,  in  our  translation  of  the  Bible,  '*  though  I  know 
nothing  by  myself,  {oi6cf  ifiavTM  avi"u6a,)  1  Cor. 
iv.  4.  This  use  of  the  word  continued  down  to  the 
time  of  Baxter. 

2.  Near,  in  motion  ;  as,  to  move,  go,  or  pass,  by  a 
church.  Kut  it  seems  in  other  ptirases,  or  with  a 
verb  in  the  past  time,  to  signify  past,  gone  beyond  ; 
as,  the  prttcession  is  gone  by ;  the  hour  is  gone  by ; 
John  Went  by.  We  now  use  paat  as  an  equivalent 
word  ;  the  p'r«)cession  is  gone  past.  Gone  by,  is  in 
strictness  taiitolngy,  as  now  used  ;  but  I  apprehend 
by  signifies  primarily  near. 

3.  'Mirough,  or  with,  denoting  the  agent,  means, 
instniment,  or  cause  ;  as,  a  city  is  destroyed  by  fire  ; 
profit  is  made  by  commerce  ;  to  lake  by  force. 
This  use  answers  to  that  of  the  I-^tin  per,  through, 
denoting  a  passing,  acting,  agency,  or  instrumentality. 

4.  **T)ay  by  day  ;  "  "  year  by  year ;  "  "  article  by 
article."  In  these  phrases,  by  d^-notes  passing  from 
one  to  anoitier,  or  earh  pjiriicuUir  separat.-Iy  taken. 

5.  "5t/the  space  of  seven  years."  In  this  phrase, 
hu  denotes  through,  passing,  or  continuing,  during. 


BYR 

6.  "  By  lliis  time,  the  sun  hacl  risen."  The  word 
here  seems  to  denote  at,  present,  or  coine  to. 

7.  According  to;  as,  this  appears  by  his  own  ac- 
count ;  these  are  good  rules  to  live  by. 

8.  On  ;  as,  to  pass  by  land  or  water ;  great  battles 
by  sea  and  land.  In  the  latter  phrase,  at  or  on  might 
be  substituted  ftir  by. 

9.  It  is  placed  before  words  denoting  quantity, 
measure,  or  pro[»ortion  ;  as,  to  sell  by  the  ])ouii(I ;  to 
work  by  the  rod  or  perch ;  this  line  is  longer  by  a 
tenth. 

10.  It  is  used  to  represent  the  means  or  Instrument 
of  swearing,  or  afiinning;  as,  to  swear  by  heaven, 
or  by  enrlh  ;  to  athrm  6f/  all  that  is  sacred. 

11.  In  Hie  phrase,  "  lie  has  a  cask  of  wine  by  him,*' 
by  denotes  nearness  or  presence. 

12.  "  'i'o  sit  by  one's  self,"  is  to  sit  alone,  or  with- 
out company. 

13.  *'  i'o  be  present  by  attorney."  In  this  plirose, 
&;/ denotes  means  or  instrument ;  through  or  in  the 
presence  of  a  substitute. 

14.  In  the  phrase,  "north  by  west,"  the  sense 
seems  to  be,  north  pasnng  to  the  west,  inclining  or 
going  westward,  or  near  west. 

As  an  adverb,  by  denotes,  also,  nearness,  or  pres- 
ence;  as,  there  was  no  [terson  ti;  at  the  time.  But 
some  noun  is  underst<x>d.  Ho,  in  the  phrase  **to 
pass  or  gt)  fry,"  there  is  a  noun  understood. 

By  and  by,  is  a  phrase  denoting  nearness  in  timej 
in  a  short  lime  after;  presently  ;  soon. 

Wnifn  pcrseciilioii  urisflh,  bocuiuc  of  tliC  wonl,  hy  and  hy,  he  la 
oIVi'iitLeil.  —  MiiU.  xiii. 

By  the  by,  signifies,  as  we  proceed  or  pass,  [Fr.  en 
passant,]  noting  something  interposed  in  the  progress 
of  a  discourse  which  is  distinct  from  the  main  sub- 
ject. The  old  plirose,  "  on  the  ii/,"  on  the  passage, 
is  now  obsolete. 

To  Mand  by,  is  to  stand  near,  or  to  support. 
By,  in  luHaby,  and  in  the  nursery,  a  word  used  in 
lulling  infants  to  sleep,  is  evidently  allied  to  words 
found  in  many  languages,  signifying  to  rest,  or  be 
quiet,  or  to  appease  ;  that  is,  to  press,  to  slop,  as  the 
Gr.  r(iii(t>,  L.  paeo.  It  is  used  in  Russia,  as  with  us  — 
bayu  bat.  This,  probably,  is  the  same  word  as  the 
foregoing. 

By,  or  bye.,  in  by-law,  [Sax.  bilage,']  is  probably  the 
Sw.  by,  Dan.  bye,  a  village,  town,  borough,  or  city, 
from  tiw.byjrgia,  Dun.  htjgger,G.  baurn,  11.  buuiPfn,  lo 
build.  Sax.  fryan,  to  inhabit;  tliat  is,  a  town-luw,  a 
municipal  law 

in  the  common  phrase  good-by,  by  signifies  pass- 
>n^i  ^oing.  The  phrase  signifies,  a  good  going,  a 
prosperous  passage,  and  it  is  precisely  equivalent  to 
farewell,  [Sax.  faran,  to  go,  go  icell,]  may  you  have  a 
pood  going,  equivalent  to  good  speed  in  Ihe  phrase  "to 
bid  one  good  sjteed."  [Not  Oud  speed,  as  is  generally 
read  and  understood.] 

By  is  used  in  many  compound  words,  in  most  of 
which  we  observe  the  sense  of  nearness,  closeness, 
or  a  withdrawing  or  seclusion. 

B^^'ARD,  n.  A  piexe  of  leather  crossing  the  breast, 
used  by  the  men  who  drag  sledges  in  coal  mines. 

Brande. 

B^'-BL5W,  n.    A  side  or  incidental  blow. 

BY'-BUST-XESS,  (-biz'ness,)?!.  Business  aside  of  the 
common  mode. 

B5'-eOF'FEE-IIOUSE,  n.  A  coffee-house  in  an  ob- 
scure place.  Addiaon, 

BY'-tOX-CERN'MEXT,  n.  An  affair  distinct  from 
the  main  business.  l>ryden, 

BY'-eORN-ER,  n.    A  private  comer. 

BY-DE-PEXD'ENCE,  h.  An  appendage  ;  that  which 
dei»ends  on  something  else,  or  is  distinct  from  the 
main  dependence.  Shak. 

BY'-DE-SIGN',  (-de-sln'j)  n.  An  incidental  design  or 
purpose.  Hudibras. 

BY'-DRIXK-IXG,  n.    A  private  drinking. 

BY'-EXi),  n.  Private  end  ;  secret  purpose  or  advan- 
tage. L*  Estrange. 

BY'-GONE,  (-gawn,)  a.  Past;  pone  by.  LH  by-gones 
be  by-gones,  let  the  past  be  forgotten.     [ScoClish.] 

Orew. 

B?'-IX'TER-EST,n.  Self-interest;  private  ndv:.nlage. 

jiltcrburu. 

BV'-I-.aXE,  TU  A  private  lane,  or  one  out  of  the  usual 
roaYl. 

BT'-LAW,  n.  [Dan.  by,  a  town.]  A  town-law  ;  the 
law  of  a  citv,  town,  or  private  corporation.   Bacon. 

BV'-MAT-TER,  n.     Something  incidental.      Baet>n, 

BV'-Xa.ME,  n.    Nickname  ;  incidental  appellation. 

Caimlni. 

BT'-XAME,  v.  t.    To  give  a  nickname  to.     Camden. 

B  V-PAS'SAGE,  n.  A  passage  by  the  by  or  way  ;  or  a 
by-way. 

BY'-PAST,  a-  Past ;  gone  by.    [ScoU  dialect]     Chryve. 

BT'-PATH,  n.   A  private  path  ;  an  obscure  way.  SJuilc. 

BV-PL.aY,  n.  On  the  stage,  a  scene  which  is  carried 
on  aside,  and  commonly  in  dumb  show,  wliile  the 
main  action  proceeds,  with  a  view,  ordinafity,  to  en- 
hance the  sport- 

BV-PCR'POSE,  n.  An  indirect  or  concealed  purpose 
or  desicn. 

Bt'-RE-SPE€T',  n.     Private  end  or  view. 

Bacon.     Ph-yden. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— METE,  PRfiV. 


-PINE,  M/VRtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BQQK.- 


CAB 


CAB 


nT'-K(")An,  n.  A  private  or  obscure  road.  Sunrt. 
B?'-R<JOM,  n.  A  private  room  or  apartment.  SImk. 
Bt'-.'^I'EDCII,  71.    All  incidenlaJ  or  casual  speech,  not 

din ctlv  rilating  to  the  point.  Hooker. 

BV'-.-'PELL,  n.  [Sai.  birsprJL]  A  pro%vrb.  [Jvol  t««tj 
BS'ST  \ND-ER,  n.     [Sax.  higslandan,  to  sUind  by.] 
One  who  stands  near  ;  a  .siMctalor ;  one  wlio  haa 

no  concern  with  the  business  transactiuB.      Lockt. 
BY'-STRKET,  n.  A  separate,  private,  or  obscure  street. 
B?'-STRfiKE,  «.    An  incidental  or  sly  stroke. 
liV'-TrR-N-IN'G,  ".     An  obscure  toiid.  Siilncy. 

B?'-ViE\V    (-v4,)  n.    Private  view  ,   self  interested 

purpixse.  .  .f'^A'"?- 

ni'-\\'.M,K,  a.  A  secluded  or  private  wallt.  Dryden. 

nS'-VVii  Y,  n.     A  secluded,  private,  or  obscure  way. 
'  Jlddison. 

BT'-\VEST,  adr.     Westward  ;  to  the  west  of.  Dailies. 

B?'-\VIHE,  ».     A  secret  stroke  or  sarcasm.    JUihon. 

BT'-WORO  n.  [Sax.  ti,  or  big,  and  icord,  as  in  Uf- 
acul,  and  bigspdU  Either  a  passing  word,  or  a  town- 
saying.] 


A  common  saying ;  a  proverb  i  a  saying  that  has  a 
ceneral  currency.  *.f  "• 

BtE,  n.     [Sax.]     A  dwelling.  O''^""-. 

a.  In  piuy  or  fomt"  ;  a  station  or  place  of  au  indi- 
vidual player. 
BYRE,  n.     A  cow-house.     [Scottu/i.] 

Byl'lul' !"•    [«'•''--«• '""^1 

""l.  A  s'ilk  or  linen  hood.    [JVut  in  use.]      Ooieer. 
a  The  Uireads  or  fibers  liy  which  the  molluscous 
animals  of  the  genera  Pinna,  Bypomya,  Mytilus.and 
others,  attach  themselves  to  extraneous  bodies. 
BYS'SI.NE,  a.    Made  of  silk  ;  having  a  silky  or  flax- 
like appearance.  ^       ~  j   ,   a 
BYS'SO-LITE,  n.     [Gr.  Siwtik,  fine  flax,  and  Xi^Jot, 
stone  ;  so  called  from  its  resemblance  to  moss.] 

A  variety  of  amianthus  or  hornblende  asbestus,  oc- 
curring in  short,  silky  libera.  ,       ,•   „„    „. 
BVS'SUS,  It.,    [L.  byssm;  Gr.  (ivccoi,  fine  linen,  or 

°"l.°  Among  Uu  aaaents,  a  cloUl  of  exceedingly  Bnc 


CAB 

texture,  it  is  disputed  whether  of  cotton,  linen,  or 
silk. 

2.  A  tuft  or  thread  of  fibers  by  which  the  Mytiius, 
Pinna,  and  other  shells,  are  attached  to  contiguous 
bodies. 

3.  The  generic  name  of  a  genus  of  filamentous 
fungi.  McKsl  of  the  8|iecies,  arranged  under  tins  ^e- 
nus,  are  now  regarded  as  the  young  of  other  fungi. 

4.  The  asbesins,  composed  of  parallel  libers,  is  by 
some  called  by  this  name.  J^^ehol.'on. 

BYZ'ANT,  (  II.     [fniin  Byzaitiym.]     A  gold  com 

B  YZ'AN-TINE,  (  of  the  value  of  fifteen  pounds  ster- 
ling so  called  fVom  being  coined  at  Byzantium.  Also, 
a  pl.jce  of  gold,  of  theviiJue  of  fifteen  pounds,  oft..|red 
by  the  king  on  cerUiiu  festivals.  Camden.  Ash. 
BY  ZAN'Tl.NE,  (  a.  Pertaining  to  Bv/.antium,  an  an- 
BY-ZAN'TIAN,  (  cient  city  of  Thrace,  situated  on 
the  Bosphonis.  In  the  year  330,  Constantinc  the 
Great  took  iiuBsession  of  Byzantium,  enlarged  and 
ciiibellislicd  it,  and  changed  its  name  to  Conslanli- 
niiple,  irAitoiUe.    F.Mi/e. 


c. 


Cthe  third  letter  in  the  English  alphabet,  and  the 
,  second  articulation  or  consonant,  is  a  palatal, 
nearly  corresponding  in  sound  with  the  Greek  «, 
kappa,  and  with  tlie  Hebrew  3,  caph.  It  bears  a 
middle  place,  in  pronunciation,  between  the  aspitale 
n,  and  the  palatal  J.  It  is  a  Roman  character,  bor- 
rJwed  from  the  Gr.  .,  or  from  the  Oriental  =■  ""ich 
was  used  in  languages  written  from  right  to  lell,  ami 
when  inverted,  and  the  corners  rounded, becomes  (.. 
In  the  old  Etruscan,  it  was  written  O,  with  the  cor- 
ners rounded,  but  n<.t  inverted  ;  in  Arcadian,  C,  as 
now  written.  That  its  sound  in  Latin  w.ls  the  same, 
or  nearly  the  same,  as  that  of  kapiia,  may  be  known 
from  the  fact  that  the  Greeks,  while  the  Latin  was 
a  living  language,  wnite  kappa  for  the  Roman  t. 
Perhai»  the  same  character  nmy  be  the  basis  of  Uie 


Arabic  ^ 

As  an  abbreviature,  C.  stands  for  Coi«.<,  Coroja.', 
Cxsar,  condrmno,  tc,  and  OC.  for  eo^'Mas.  As  a 
numeral,  C.  stands  for  100 ;  CC.  for  i2llO  ;  tc. 

In  iRiJi-:,  C  after  the  clef  is  the  mark  of  common 
time,  in  which  each  measure  is  a  semibreve,  corre- 
sponding to  i-  C  is  also  the  name  of  a  note  in  the 
Kale  ;  the  key  note  major,  and  the  third  minor,  of 
the  natural  scale.  t-iieyc. 

In  English,  C  has  two  sounds,  or  rather  it  rejrre- 
«enU  two  very  dilTerent  articulations  ol  the  organs  ; 
one  close,  like  K,  which  occurs  before  a,  o,  and  u  , 
the  other  »  sibilant,  pr.'cisely  like  >,  which  occurs  be- 
fore «,  i,  and  J.  The  fonncr  is  distinguished  in  this 
vocabulary  by  C,  which  may  be  cidled  *<•.  In  Rusk., 
C  is  precisely  the  English  s,  as  it  wa»  in  the  old  Greek 
alphabcL  C  before  *  is  mute  ■,  as  in  brick,  nek. 
€\-J'nA,  n.  A  square  stone  in  the  temple  at  Mecca, 
regarded  with  adoration  by  Mohammedans,  as  pre- 
sented by  an  angel  Ui  Abraham.  The  entire  temple 
is  sometimes  called  by  this  name.  BnMle. 

CAB,  1.    A  covered  carriage  with  two  or  four  wheels, 

drawn  by  one  horse. 
CAB,  n.     [Ileb.  Ch.  3P  tab.]  „..,,„,. 

An  OnenuU  dry  measure,  being  the  sixth  part  of  a 
acah  or  satum,  and  the  eighteenth  of  an  ephah,  con- 
taining two  pints  and  five  sixths  English  and  Araer 
lean  com  measure.  . 

eA-B\L'  n.  [Fr.  eabair,  a  club,  society,  or  combina- 
tion ;  It.  cni<ia,  knowledge  of  secret  things  ;  Sp.  m- 
»<iii,  secret  science ;  coW,  perfect.  Just,  exact ;  Ileb. 
Sap  kabal,  to  take,  receive,  accept  ■,  Ch.  to  en-  out,  to 
bawl ;  also,  to  take  or  receive  ;  also,  to  be  dark  ;  to 
obscure  ;  Syr.  to  accuse,  oppose,  or  censure,  to  cava ; 
Fth  to  accept,  to  pour  out;  Sam.  to  accept,  and  to 
darken ;  Ar.  to  admit  or  acce|«,  as  agreeable ;  to 
come :  to  be  surety  ;  to  give  bad.  (^Kee  C  lass  Bl.) 
This  word  seems  to  include  the  signihcations  of  sev- 
eral biliterol  roots,  ttu.  W.  mfaei,  to  get  or  obtain j 
or  raaaela,  to  hol.l.  The  primary  sense  of  the  roj* 
seems  to  be,  to  catch  or  seize  by  rushing  on,  or,  in 
general,  to  press,  to  drive  ;  hence  the  sense  ol  collec- 
tion, conibin.ation,  and  accusation.] 

I  A  niuiiberof  persons  united  In  some  close  de- 
•im  •  usually  to  promote  their  private  views  in  church 
or  stite  by  intrigue.  A  junto.  It  is  sometimes  sy- 
Donvmons  with /ocfion,  but  a  rahal  usua  ly  consists 
of  fewer  men  than  a  party,  and  the  word  generally 
implies  clo«-  union  and  secret  intrigues.  Phis  iianie 
wa.  given  to  the  ministry  of  Charles  II.,  CliHord, 
Ashley,  Burkingh.am,  Arlington,  and  Lauderdale,  the 
Initials  of  wbo«!  names  compose  the  word. 

a.  Intrigue  ;  secret  ahiljccs  of  a  few  men  united  in 
a  cl,«e  design.  •"nr'^- 


CAB'A-LA,  n.  [See  the  preceding  word  It  is  from 
the  sense  of  reception.] 

Tradition,  or  a  mysterious  kind  of  science  among 
Jewish  rabbins,  pn-U-nrted  to  have  been  delivered  to 
the  ancient  Jews  by  revelation,  and  transmitted  by 
oral  tradition ;  si^n-'ng  for  the  interpretation  of  the 
hidden  sense  of  Seripttlre.  This  science  consists 
chieflv  in  understanding  the  cimibination  of  certain 
letters  words,  and  numbers,  wliicli  are  alleged  to  be 
Bigiiificant.  Every  letter,  word,  number,  and  accent 
of  the  law  is  supp<ised  to  contain  a  mysterj-,  anil  tne 
cabalisls  pretend  even  to  foretell  future  events  by  the 
study  of  this  science.  >;iic!(c.     Buck. 

€A-HAL'  e.  i.  To  unite  in  a  sm-ill  party  to  promote 
priv.ite  views  by  intrigue ;  to  intrigue ;  to  unite  in 
secret  artifices  to  ellect  some  design.  Dri/dm. 

€AB'\-LIS.M,  71,    The  secret  science  of  the  cabalists. 

€AB'A-L1ST,  71.  A  Jewish  doctor  who  professes  the 
study  of  the  cabala,  or  the  mysteries  of  Jewish  tra- 

CAB-A  Lli^T'te,        In.    Pertaining  to  the  cnhala,  or 
e.\B-.\.LIST'I€-AI.,  (     mysterious  science  of  Jewish 

traditions  ;  containing  an  occult  meaning. 
eAB-A-LIST'ie-AL-LY,  adv.     In  the  manner  of  the 

cabalists.  ,  ■"'■'■''"•<•   , 

CAll' A-LI7.E,  r.  i.    To  use  the  manner  or  language  ot 

the  cabalists.     [  A"il  tn««A  io»ci/.  ]       ...        .      , 
CA  BM.'LER,".  One  who  unites  with  others  in  close 

d<siciH  to  elR-ct  ail  object  bv  intrigue  ;  one  who  cabals. 
eAB'AL-Lt.NE,   a.     [L.   eabaiUnun,   from   eahallas,   a 

horse-  Riiss.  koliila,  kobiela,l<  mare:  Ir.  eapall;  Kr. 

elieral',   a   horse;   eaeale,   a   mare;    It.   camllc  I   Sp. 

"perl.iininB  to  n  horse ;  as,  eabaUine  aloes,  so  called 

from  its  biilig  given  to  horses  as  a  puree.       F.nr.ye. 

CA-BAL'LING,  jipr.     Uniting  in  a  cabal;  hitriguing 

in  a  small  jKirty.  ,    . ,      .        .  ■    i 

CAB'ARKT,  71.     [Fr. ;  allied,  probably,  to  M»i».J 

A  tavern  ;  a  house  where  litpiors  are  retailed. 

Bramhatl. 
eAB'BAOE,  n.  [It.  rairpueeio  ;  Com.  kamljh  .■  Ir. 
rrnbai^de,  sahai«U.  This  word  is  probably  Irom  the 
foot  of  eapal,  a  Jiead  ;  It.  eupaceio,  a  head  ;  8p.  c«- 
brza  J  Fr.  eaimhe,  a  head.  Hence  I),  kahuif-kool, 
ktad-eole,  or  hraded-eale.  In  Fr.  ehoux-eabun  \a  cab- 
ba«r-he„drd,  or  cabbaee-krad.     Pee  (^ap,  Cope.] 

i.  The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  plants,  called  in 
botanv  Brassica,  of  several  species,  some  of  which 
are  cultivated  for  foisl.  The  leaves  are  large  and 
fleshv,  the  polls  long  and  slender,  and  the  seeds 
globular.  The  kinds  most  cultivated  are  the  common 
cabbage,  called,  with  us,  the  dram-head,  the  Savoy, 
the  Inoctuli,  the  caahfiouier,  the  BUgar-loaf,  and  the 

'°'dZ'',  eabbagt  I  a  name  given  to  the  Thelygonum 
cyniK-rambe.  Fam.  of  I'lants. 

Sea-cabbarr:  the  8ea-beach  kale,  or  sca-colcwort, 
B  genus  of  plants,  called  Cra.7i/.e.  They  are  herba- 
ceous esculents,  with  perennial  riKits,  producing 
large  leaves,  like  those  of  cabbage,  spreading  on  the 

^'aCloth  purloined  by  ono  who  cuts  out  garmenu. 

Pemj. 
€AB'BAGE,  V.  L    To  form  a  head  in  growing  ;  as,  a 

plant  eabbagej.  _     ,  J"*«»»«- 

€AB'BACE,  r.  t.     [D.  kabarten,   to   steal;    kabas,  a 

hand  basket ;  Old  Fr.  eab<uwer.]  ,    ,  ,,.      n.,. 

To  purloin  or  embezzle,  as  pieces  of  cloth,  aller 

cutting  out  a  garment.  .     ^•^'■*"'^"°'v„ 

I  CAIl'llAO-Kn,  (kab'hajd,)  pp.    Purloined,  as  cloth  by 

him  who  cuts  out  a  garment. 
eAB'BAO-ING.p/ir.     Purloining,  »«  pieces  of  cloth.      | 


eAB'BACE-.N'F.T,  n.     A  small  net  to  boil  cabbage  in. 

Shetuitone. 
CAB'BAGF.-TREE,  n.  The  cabb.age-palin,  a  sjiecies 
of  Arera,  the  A.  oln-acea,  a  native  of  warm  climates. 
This  tree  grows,  with  a  straight  stem,  to  the  higlit 
of  170  or  2U0  f.-et.  Its  branches  grow  in  a  circular 
manner,  and  the  lowermost  ones  spread  horizontidly 
with  great  regularity.  The  fibers  of  the  leaves  are 
used  for  making  cordage  and  nets.  On  the  top 
grows  a  substance  called  cabbage,  lying  in  thin,  snow- 
while,  brittle  flakes,  in  taste  resembling  an  almond, 
but  sweeter.  This  is  boiled  and  eaten  with  Hesh, 
like  other  vegetables.  When  this  is  cut  out,  tho 
tree  is  destroyed.  Kacijc. 

eAB'B\C;E-W'0R.M,(-wurm,)7i.    An  insect.  Johnson. 
eAB'IA-l,  a.     An   animal   of  South  America  resem- 
bling a  hog.  living  on  the  margins  of  lakes  and  riv- 
ers, and  feeding  on  fish.    It  is  a  species  of  Cavy, 
culled,  also,  thick-nosed  tapir. 

Diet  ofJVal.  frwL  Ertcijc. 
The  cabiai  is  now  ranked  in  a  distinct  genus,  of 
which  it  is  the  only  species,  {Hydrockcrus  Capyliara.) 
CAB'IN,  It.  [Fr.  eobane,  a  cabin,  a  cottage  ;  eaban, 
a  cloak  ;  It.  copanna,  a  cottage ;  Sp.  and  Port,  cabana, 
a  hut  or  cottage ;  Ir.  caban  •■  W.  eaban,  from  cub,  a 
hut,  cot,  or  booth,  made  in  the  form  of  a  cone,  with 
rods  set  in  the  ground,  and  tied  at  the  top;  Gr. 
/cuirani,  from  «u!r>i,  a   stable   or  inclosed  place.] 

1.  A  small  room  ;  an  inclosed  place.        Spenser. 

2.  A  cottage  ;  a  hut  or  siuiUl  house.  Strifi. 

3.  A  lent ;  a  shed  ;  any  covered  place  for  a  tempo- 
rary residence.  Fairfax. 

i.  An  apartment  in  a  ship  for  oftirers  and  passen- 
gers. In  large  ships,  there  are  several  cabins,  the 
principal  of  which  is  occupied  by  the  commander. 
In  small  vessels,  there  is  one  cabin  in  the  stern  tor 
the  accommodation  of  the  officem  and  passengers. 
The  bed-places  in  ships  are  al.so  called  cabins. 

Encyc.  Mar.  DicL 
€AB'IN,  V.  i.  To  live  in  n  cabin  ;  to  lodge.  Skak. 
CAB'IN,  r.  f.     To  confine  In  a  cabin.  Shak. 

e.AB'LN-DOY,  a.     A   boy  whose   duty  is  to  wait  on 

the  ortirers  and  passengers  on  board  of  a  ship. 
€  \B'I.\-iCl>,  pp.  or  a.     Inclosed  in,  or  furnished  with, 

a  cabin.  Milton. 

CAB'IN  El",  11.     [Fr.  cabinet;  It.  galinclUi   Sp.  ga- 
bineu.    See<;ABiN.]  .....        , 

1    A  clo.set ;  a  small  room,  or  retired  apartment. 

Baean. 
2.  A  private  room,  in  which  consultations  are  held. 

Dryden. 

3  The  select  or  secret  council  of  a  prince  or  exec- 
utive government ;  so  called  from  the  apartment  in 
which  it  was  originally  held.  '^""•'f' 

4  A  piece  of  furniture,  consisting  of  a  chest  or 
box'  with  drawers  and  doors.     A  private  box.    Swift. 

5'  Any  close  place,  where  things  of  value  are  re- 
posited  for  safe  keeping.  rl°f°'' 
6.  A  hut  ;  a  cottage  ;  a  small  house.     [06.v.J 

'  Spenser. 

CAB'IN-F.T  V.  t.    To  inclose.    [UtUe  used.]    lloirel. 
CAB'IN-ET-COUN'CIL,   n.      A   council    held    with 
privacy  ;  the  confidential  council  of  a  prince  or  ei- 
icutive  magistrate.  Bacon. 

2.  The  members  of  a  privy  council ;  a  select  nnm- 
her  of  confidential  counselors.  Oay. 

CAB'IN  ET-ED,  pp.    Inclosed  in  a  private  apartment, 

or  in  a  cabinet. 
CAB'LN-ET-.MAK-ER,  71.    A  man  whose  occupation 
is  to  make  cabinets,  tables,  bureaus,  bedsteads,  and 
other  similar  furniture. 
CAB'IN-ING,  ;ipr.    Inclosing  in  a  cabin. 


TCNE.  BWLL.  CMTE-AN-'CEB.  Vl"CIOUS.-C  a.  K ;  6  ..  j^jjia^^mijs^H^^a^inTHia^ 


31 


161 


CAC 

CAB'IN-AIATE,  n.  One  who  occupies  the  sitme  cabin 
with  niiotlier.  Beaum, 

€AU-l-RE'AN,  n.  [See  the  words  below.]  One  of 
the  Cnbiri.  Faber, 

CA-BrR'I-.\N,  )a.     [Oriental  i3a,  to  be  strong  or 

€A-BIR'ie,        >     powerftil,  lo  be  pn^at;  wht-nc*  it 

€AH-I-RlT'ie,  7  nignilifs  man,  a  U>r<i,  and,  in  some 
laneunires,  a  pinnl.  It  is  common  to  all  the  She- 
witic  dialects.     Perhapa  I*,  rir,  with  a  prefix.] 

Perlaming  to  the  Cabi'ri,  reruiin  deities  pTcatly 
venerated  by  the  anciont  paeans  in  Greece  and 
Phenicia.  'J'he  accounts  of  tbese  deities  are  ron- 
tusvd  and  contradictory.  Some  authors  limit  tlieir 
number  to  four;  simie  to  three;  others  to  two; 
wUUeSjinchonialhon  makes  tliein  tohe  eieht.  They 
were  worshiped  with  particular  homvs  in  th«  Isle 
of  Samoihrace  ;  and  their  warship  and  mysteries  are 
ftaid  lo  have  been  introduced  into  Greece  by  the 
Pelas^anA.  They  were  s apposed  to  have  a  particti- 
lar  influence  over  the  sea  and  maritiiiie  a&ira. 

In  truth,  the  name,  which  signifies  rreof,  or  the 
mi^lUf  omMSj  aei:m»  to  have  been  applied  lo  the  sup- 
poaed  betaigs  Ibat  preitid>-d  over  tiie  niitre  striking 
operations  of  nature,     llt-rod.  iL  51.    Paus.  Ix.  35. 
Brya»L     Faber.    JUiaL  Researckts, 

eX'BVEy  (ka'bt,)  ■«.  [Spw  and  Fr.  c«Me ;  D.  Dan.  and 
G.  AaM .  Arm.  chtM :  Ir.  emkU  or/oMa ;  Ruaa.  kmkmtm, 
a  bond  ;  Ileb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Ar.  ?33,  a  chain ;  a*  a 
verb,  to  tie  or  bind  ;  or  Ssn,  to  tie  or  make  fast,  and 
a  rope.  If  the  first  letter  of  the  Oriental  word  a  a  pre- 
fix, this  roincidt>9  with  fta/c,  a  packace,  that  is,  a  tie.] 
A  large,  strong  rope  fx  chain,  used  to  retain  a  ves- 
sel at  anchor.  It  is  made  usually  of  hemp  or  irtm, 
but  may  be  made  of  other  materials.  Rupe  cables 
ore  of  ditfereni  sizes,  according  to  the  biilk  of  the 
vessel  for  wlijch  they  an*  intended,  from  three  to 
twi'uty  incJifS  in  circumference.  A  cable  is  com- 
pwed  of  three  strands,  each  strand  of  three  ropeis, 
and  each  n>pt>  of  throe  twistai  A  ship's  cable  Is  usn- 
ally  1:20  fathoms,  or  7S0  feet.  In  len^h.  Henco  the 
expression,  a  osU«*«  l^^giM, 

Sttmm  csMe,  is  a  hawser  or  rope,  SDraller  than  the 
bower  cables,  lo  moor  a  ship  in  a  place  sheltered 
from  wind  and  heavy  seas. 

7^  jwy  autj  or  (0  veer  raf  Us  eaU«,  Is  to  slacken  it, 
that  it  may  run  out  of  the  ship. 

n  MTMlAs  coMc,  is  to  bind  it  mund  with  ropes, 
canvas,  &c^  to  {ttevent  its  being  worn  or  gulled  in 
the  hawse. 

To  dip  tM»  coUe,  is  to  let  it  run  out  end  for  end. 

Mar.  DuL 
CatUs ;  In  arcAAsctare,  wreathed  circular  molding, 
resembling  a  rope. 

eA'BL^D,  u.    Fastened  with  a  cable. 

S.  Having  the  architeriunil  umanicnt  called  a  Mifc 

CAD'LET   a,     A  little  cable.  Mar.  Dtfi. 

Ca  HLE-Tl£R,  n.  The  place  where  the  cahl.^  are 
coil,  d  awav.  Mar.  Diet. 

CA-[:OCirn>,  >(ka-bo6ht',)a.  In  Aera/</ry,  having  the 

eA-BOSH'£D,  \  bead  cut  cUtse,  so  as  to  have  no 
neck  left.  Diet. 

CA-BOOSE'       )  a.     [0.  Jtaftitse,  a  little  room  or  but ; 

€AM-BOOSE',  \  Dan.  kabyse,  a  cook's  ro(jn  in  a 
ship.  Qu.  Ctu  P33,  to  hide  or  cover,  or  lieb.  Ch. 
|Br23,  a  kiln  or  furnace.  In  Dutch,  kombais  is  an 
oven,  furnace,  or  ctrnk's  room.] 

1.  The  cook-room  or  kitchen  of  a  ship.  In  smnllcr 
vessels,  it  id  an  Inclosed  fireplace,  iK'arih,  at  eutvv, 
for  couking,  on  the  main  deck,  la  a  ship  of  war, 
the  cook-rtwm  is  called  a  ^allfy.  Mar.  IXrJ. 

2.  A  box  tiiat  covers  the  chimney  in  a  ship. 

Kncvc 

€AB-RI-0-LET',  (kab-re-o-Ia',)  a.  [Fr.  eabrivUt^  ttum 
eubrioU^  a  gait-lc-ap  ;  L.  r'/jrra.] 

A  one-horse  chaise,  with  a  calash  top,  and  a  cov- 
ering for  tlte  legs  and  lap.  SmarL 

CAB'URSSy  a.  yL  Small  lines  made  of  5pun-y:im,to 
bind  cables,  s«-ize  Lickles,  and  the  like.  Eneijc 

CA-€a'0,  (ka-ka'o,)  m.  Ttie  chocolate-tree,  a  species 
of  Tbeobroma,  a  native  of  the  West  Indies.  This 
tree  grows  about  twenty  feet  high,  bearing  piwls 
which  are  oval  and  [winted.  The  nuts  or  seeds  are 
numerous,  and  lodged  in  a  while,  pithy  substance. 

Encyc. 

eACH'A-LOT,  a.  A  cetaceous  fish,  the  Physeter  or 
Rperuiaceti  whale.  The  principal  species  are,  the 
black-headed,  with  a  dorsal  fin,  and  the  round  head- 
ed, without  a  fin  on  the  back,  and  with  a  fistula  in 
the  snout.  From  this  whale  is  obtained  the  sperma- 
ceti. Encyc. 

^JipHE,  (kash,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  hole  in  the  ground  for 
hiding  and  preserving  provisions  which  it  is  incon- 
venient to  carry  ;  used  by  settlers  in  the  west. 

CVGHEC'Tie,         (  a.    [See  Cichext.]    llaving  an 

€.\-€HEt:'Tie-AL,  \  ill  habit  of  body  ;  of  a  de- 
ranged or  vitiated  slate  of  the  body,  without  fever. 

Cozf. 
2.  Pertaining  to,  or  partaking  of  the  nature  of,  a 
cachexv. 

€ACIIET,  {kasha',)  n.  [Fr.,  from  cacJur,  lo  conceal.] 
A  seal.    Lettrt  de  cacHt* ;  a  private  letter  of  state, 
for  the  imprisonment  of  some  one. 

€A-eHEX'V,  n.  [Or.  Ka\£^ia.  from  KaxoSj  ill,  and 
e^ti,  habit,  fiom  rx^i  ^o  have.] 


CAD 

A  vicious  state  of  the  powers  of  the  body ;  a  de- 
ranged state  of  Uie  conintilution,  without  fever  or 
iKTVous  diseai-e.  Kncye.     Coif. 

Proprrly^  any  chronic  morbid  ntfection  of  the  func- 
tions, de(H"ndcnt  on  the  great  sympathetic  nerve,  not 
inrliiditii:  fever  or  inflammation. 
€AeiI-I.N-.\A'TIO.\.  a.     [U  cflcAianofio.  ] 

Loud  hiuRhter.     [Utile  ii-*frf.] 
€ACli'0-LOXG,  (kash'o-Iong,)  ti.     [Said  lo  be  fVimi 
OacA,  the  name  of  a  river  in  Bucharia,  and  eholoriy  a 
Calmuc  word  for  /ttane.] 

An  oparjne  or  milk-white  chalcedony,  a  variety  of 
quartz.     It  often  envelope  common  chalcedony,  and 
Is  sometimes  asst»ciated  with  tlinl. 
C^-0/Qt'i:',  (ka-seek',)».    The  Mexican  word  from 

which  came  CASiqi-s,  which  see. 
e.\CK,  r.  i.     [L.  caeo.] 

To  ease  the  bodv  by  stool.  Pope. 

CACK'ER-EL,  r.     [8;iid  to  be  fmm  U  caqo.] 

A  fish  which  is  said  to  void  excrements  when  pur- 
sued. Others  say,  a  fish  which  eaten  produces  lax 
bowels.  Skinner.     Jahit^on. 

e.ACK'LE,  r.  t.    [D.  kaakdeny  to  chatter ;  Ger.  gackertiy 
to  cackle,  to  ^ggle  ;  D.  gtiggelen^  to  chatter;  £ug. 
go^le  and  giffgU;  Dan.  kagle.  to  cluck,  as  a  hen ; 
Bp.  oscerwr,  to  cackle  or  crow.] 
I.  To  make  a  particular  noise,  as  a  goose  or  a  ben. 

I>ryden,     Shak. 
Q.  To  laugh  with  a  broken  noise,  like  the  cackling 
of  a  goose  ;  to  gigff(Cj  which  is  a  word  from  the  same 
rooL  .^rbutJinvL 

3.  To  pnle ;  to  praule  ;  to  Littte  ;  to  talk  in  a  silly 
manner.  Johnson. 

€AC'K'LE,  n.    The  broken  noise  of  a  goose  or  hen. 

Ihyden. 
9.  Idle  talk  ;  siUv  prattle.  J,jhiisojt. 

€ArK'LER,  If.    A  timi  that  cackle?i. 

S.  A  telltale  ;  a  tattler.  Jnknj^n. 

CACK^LINU,  ppr.  or  a.    Making  the  notso  of  a  goose 

or  hen.  Jo/utjson. 

€At*K'LINt5,  n.    The  broken  noise  of  a  goose  or  hen. 

Rome  WX1  saved  by  the  cackling  of  a  goose. 
GAr-O-CHYM'ie,         ia.    [iriee  Cacochvmv.]     Hav- 
€A€%0-€IIVM'ie-AL,  i      ing  the  lluids  of  the  body 

vitiated,  evpt'cially  the  blood.  F.neye. 

eAe'0-€IIY.M-Y,  n.  [Gr.  K^iKvxvfiia,  of  eiiroi,  ill, and 
XT'^oc,  juice.] 

A  vitiated  state  of  tlie  humors  of  the  body,  espe- 
clallvof  the  blood. 
eAe-0-D£'MO.N,  K.     [Gr.  irax-ii^  evil,  and  ^oi/iwi',  a 
demon.] 

An  evil  spirit,  Shak. 

eA€J-0-E'THft»,  n.    [Gr.  Ka<toi)9cia ;  KOKoSt  vicious, 
and  n^hi,  manners.] 

I.  A  bad  custom  or  habit ;  a  bad  disposition. 
S,  In  medicine^  a  bad  quality  or  disposition   in  dis- 
ease :  an  incurable  ulrer.  Parr.     Coxe. 
CJlC-0-E'THf:S    SCRI'BE^T'DT,    [L.]      A  diseased 

propt'nsitv  for  writing. 
e.\-COG'R"A-PHY,  n.    ^Gr.  Kacoj  and  ypat^w.] 

Bad  spelling. 
€A-€OL'a6Y,  n,    [Gr.  «a<roy  and  Ao^oj.] 
Bad  speaking. 

CAe:8:p[IoN'lS^AL,  i  -  ^""^="6  harshly. 
eA-eoPH'O-NOUS,  o.     Harsh-sounding. 
eA-eOPH'O-NY,  n.     [«airof,  ill,  and  ipi^vT,^  voice.] 

1.  In  rhetoric^  an  unc^mth  or  disagreeable  sound  of 
words,  proceeding  from  the  meeting  of  harsh  letters 
or  syllables.  Encyc. 

2.  XnmciHcine,^  depraved  voice;  an  altered  state 
of  the  voice.  Coir.     Encyc 

X  In  musicj  a  combination  of  discordant  sounds. 
eA€'0-TEeH-NY,  n.     [Gr.  Jt.i*</$  and  rexyn-] 

A  corru[»t  art. 
eA-eOT'RO-PHY,  n.     [Gr.  rnicoj  and  Tpo}<prj.\ 

Bad  fiMid  or  bad  nutrition.  Core. 

GA-€(>X'E.\E,  n.  [Gr.  xait-g  and  fcfof.]  A  mineral 
oreurrinz  in  yellowish,  radiating  tut^,  and  consisting 
of  phosphoric  acid  with  alumina,  fluoric^acid,  and 
water. 
€A  eC'MIX-ATE,  r.  t.  To  make  sharp  or  pointed. 
€Ae'TUS,  H.  A  grnus  of  plants,  remarkable  fur  their 
large  and  beautiful  flowers,  and  the  grotesque  ehapes 
these  plants  often  assume.  Brande. 

GAD,  n.     A  boy  at  the  door  of  an  omnibus. 

2.  A  ninner  or  messenger;  sometimes  called  cadie. 
CA-DA'  yER,  n.     [L.]     A  corpse.  [ScoUisk. 

€A-DAV'ER-OUS,  a.      [L.  cadaver^  a  dead  carcass, 
from  cado,  to  fall.] 

1.  Having  the  appearance  or  color  of  a  dead  human 
body  ;  pais  ;  wan  ;  ghastly ;  as,  a  aulaverous  look. 

2.  Having  the  qualities  of  a  dead  bodv.  Arbuthnot. 
€.\-DAV'ER-OUS-LY,  adv.     In  a  cadaverous  form. 
€A-DAV'ER  OUS-XES.S,   n.     The   quality   of    being 
€AD'DIS,  n.     [Qu.  L.  cadus,  a  cask.]         [cadaverous. 

1.  A  kind  of  tape  or  ribbon.  Shak. 

9.  A  kind  of  worm  or  grub  found  in  a  case  of 
Btmw.  JohnsoTU 

The  caddis  worms  (caddice  worms,  or  ra.*c  irormj^) 
are  the  larves  of  neuropterous  insects,  of  the  genus 
Phr>'ganea,  which  live  inside  of  tubes,  constructed 
by  themselves,  of  different  extraneous  materials,  as 
grains  of  sand,  shells,  or  bits  of  wockI,  leaves,  &c. 


CAD 

They  inhabit  frenh  water,  streams,  or  ponds,  each 
carrving  about  its  ]»ortable  dwelling,  from  wliich  the 
luftd  and  fore  fort  protrude.  When  disturbed,  they 
withdraw  entirely  within  their  tubes. 

€AI>'l)d\V,  71.     A  chough;  a  jackdaw.  Ray. 

CAD'UY,  n.     A  sinaJI  box  for  keeping  tea. 

OADE,  a.    [Qu.  W.  eadtOy  to  keep  or  guard;  or  Ar. 

^13  kauda,  to  lead  or  govern,  to  be  led,  lo  be  sub- 
missive.] 

Tame  ;  brf  d  by  hand  ;  domesticated  ;  as,  a  cade  lamb. 

€ADE,  V.  L  To  bring  up  or  nourish  by  hand,  or  with 
tenderness  ;  to  tame. 

C^DE,  n.  [L.  eadus :  Gr.  wk^oj,  a  cask,  Jtn^.ov,  a  purse 
or  little  cask  ;  allied,  perhaps,  to  W.  cadw,  to  hold,  to 
keep.] 

A  barrel  or  cask.  A  eade  of  herrings  is  the  quan- 
tity of  five  hundred  ;  of  sprats,  a  thousand.  Encyc. 

€AI>E'-OIIj,  n.  In  the.  materia  med'ca,  an  oil  used  in 
Germany  and  France,  obtained  by  distillation  from 
the  wood  of  the  Janiycrus  ozycednis,  called  in  those 
ronnlrics  cada.  Enayc.    Ji'umann. 

eADE'-WOKM,  n.     The  same  as  Caddis. 

CA'DENCE     \n.     [Fr.  cadence^   Sp.  and  Port,  caden- 

eA'DEN-CY,  i  eia  ;  L.  cadnts,  from  cado,  to  full  ;  W. 
cttyzatD  i  Corn,  kodha;  Arm.  kurdka^ov  kue.ia;  Ir. 
eailatrif  eudaim;  It.  cadere;  Sp.  caer;  Port,  cahir  j  Fr. 
chfoir.] 

1.  A  fall ;  a  decline;  a  state  of  sinking.   JlfUton. 

2.  A  f:ill  of  the  voice  in  reading  or  sp^^aking,  as  at 
the  end  of  a  sentence  ;  also,  the  falling  of  tiie  voice 
in  the  general  modulation  of  tones  in  reciting.  In 
rending  or  s[H-aking,  a  certain  tone  is  taken,  which  is 
called  the  key,  or  ktnt-note,  on  which  most  of  the  words 
are  pronounctid,  and  tlie  fall  of  the  voice  below  this 
lone  is  called  cadence.  Encyc. 

The  ordinary  cadence  is  a  fall  of  the  last  syllable 
of  a  sentence  only. 

3.  The  general  tone  of  reading  verse.  "The  ca- 
dence  of  one  line  must  be  a  rule  to  that  of  the  next ; 
as  the  sound  of  the  former  must  slide  gently  into  that 
which  fellows."  Dryden. 

4.  Tone  ;  sound  ;  as,  hoarse  cadejtee.         Milton. 
.5.  In  music,  repose  ;  the  termination  of  a  harmoni- 

cal  phrase  on  a  repose  or  on  a  perfect  chord.  Encyc. 

Also,  the  maimer  of  closing  a  song;  embelli>'hment 
at  the  close.  Busby. 

6.  In  horsemanship,  an  equal  measure  or  proportion 
observed  by  a  horse  in  all  his  motions.  Encyc. 

7.  InA^aWry,the  distinction  of  families.  Chahiifrs. 
€A'DEXCE,  V.  L    To  regulate  by  musical  measure. 

Sinitk. 

€A'DENC-ED,  (ka'denst,)  pp.  or  a.  Having  a  partic- 
ular cadence  ;  as,  wvW-cadmccd  music.     Roiuiifcau. 

€A-nENE',  n.  A  species  of  inferior  cjirp'et  imported 
frum  the  Levant.  Encyc. 

eA'DENT,  a.     [L.  eadens.] 

FiUling  down  ;  sinking.  Johnsoji. 

GA-DEN'ZA,  n.  [It.  See  Cadence.]  The  fall  or 
modulation  of  the  voice  in  singing. 

GA-OET',  n.  [Fr.  c^idet;  It.  cadctto;  Sp.  cadeie.  In 
French,  properly,  the  second  son.  Oebclin.  But  in 
general,  the  younger  son  or  brother,  or  the  youngest.] 

1.  'i'he  younger  of  two  brothers ;  the  youngest  gun. 

Smart. 

2.  A  gentleman  who  carries  arms  in  a  regiment, 
as  a  private  man,  with  a  view  to  acquire  military 
skill,  and  obtain  a  commission.  His  service  is  vol- 
untary, but  he  receives  pay,  and  thus  is  distinguished 
from  a  volunteer.  Encyc, 

3.  A  young  man  in  a  military  scho(d. 
CA-DEW,  (ka-du',)  n.  Astrawworm.   [See  Caddis.] 

2.  An  Irisli  mantle. 
CADGE,  o.  (.    To  carry  a  burden.    [J^otintise.']    Ray. 
e.AUG'EIt,  n.    One  who  brings  butter,  eggs,  and  poul- 
try to  the  market  from  the  country  ;  a  liuckKter. 
[/  bdicve  not  used  in  the  United  States.]     [Johnson. 
S      ^ 
CA'DI,  (ka'de,)  n.     [Ar.  tXjljv  ftuw/on,    a    governor, 

from  iLi'  kauda^  to  lead,  rule,  or  govern  ;  Eng.  guide. 

Hence  alcaide..] 

In  the.  Turkish  dommions,  a  jiidge  in  civil  affairs  ; 
usually  the  Judge  of  a  town  or  village,  for  the  judge 
of  a  city  or  province  is  called  moula.  Encyc. 

CA-DII/LAG,  n.     A  sort  of  pear.  Johnson. 

CAD-Mk'AN,  I  a.     Relating    to  Cadmus,   a    reputed 
CAD'MI-AN,   \      prince  of  Thebes,  who   introduced 
into  Greece  the  sixteen  simple  letters  of  t}ic  alphabet 
—  ii,  /y,  y,  f>,  £,  1,  K,  A,  fi,  I*,  0,  ir,  p,  ff,  7,  *.     These 
are  called  Cadmean  letters.  Bryant. 

This  personage  may  be  a  fabulous  being,  or,  if  such 
a  person  ever  existed,  he  may  have  been  named  from 
his  knowledge  of  tetters ;  for  in  the  ancient  Persian, 
kadeem  signified  language:  Ir.  cuadham,  to  tell  or 
relate  ;  ccadach,  talkative  ;  ceadal,  a  story.  Or  lie  may 
have  been  named  from  his  eminence  or  antiquity, 
Dip  kndam,  to  precede;  Arabic,  to  excel;  whence 
the  sense  of  priority  and  antiquity  ;  or  his  name  may 
denote  a  man  from  the  East. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MkTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MAKXNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 

1*8 


CAI 


CAL 


CAL 


€AD'MI-A.  n.  An  oxyd  of  zinc  which  collects  on  the 
sides  of  furnaces  wht^re  zinc  is  sublimed,  ns  in  braws 
foundeiics.  This  substance  is  readily  voUilizcd  on 
charcoal,  by  the  oxy-hvdrogen  hlowpiiic.a.id  it  burns 
with  the  usual  biauti'ful  combustion  of  zinc.  Pul- 
verized, mixed  with  charcoal  powder,  wrapped  m 
sheet  copper,  and  heated  with  the  compound  blow- 
pipe, it  readily  forms  brass.  SiUman. 

CaJmia  fiis'ilU :  n  lenn  by  which  calamine,  or  the 
common  ore  of  zinc,  w  ^  formerly  known  ;  whence 
the  name  given  to  the  new  metal  cadmium,  first  dis- 
covered in  that  ore. 
e A  U'  M  r-U  M,  n.  A  metal  discoveied  by  Stromeyer,  m 
1817,  in  carbonate  of  zinc.  Its  color  is  n  fine  white, 
with  a  shade  of  bluish  gmv,  resembling  that  of  tin. 
Its  texture  is  compact,  its  fracnire  hackly,  and  it  is 
susceptible  of  polish.  It  is  ductile  and  malleable, 
and,  when  fined,  crystallizes  in  octahedrons.  It 
ni  'Its  below  a  red  heat,  and  suffi-n!  but  slight  change 
in  ^\j^  Ure.     Clcnvcland, 

e  \-DC'CE-AN,  a.  Belonginc  to  Mercury's  wand. 
eA-DO'CE-US,  n.  [U]  In  autiqmtn,  .Mercury's  rod  ; 
a  wand  entwisted  bv  two  serpents,  borne  by  .Mercu- 
ry as  an  ensign  of  qu.ality  and  otHce.  On  raediUs 
the  Caduceus  is  a  svmliol  of  good  conduct,  peace, 
and  prosperity.  The  rod  represents  power  ;  the  ser- 
pi-nu,  wisdom;  and  the  two  wings,  diligence  and 
activity.  ,  ^    .    /',','7''' 

e  \-DO'CI-TY,  «.    [L.  caduniii,  from  cadn,  to  (all.] 

Tendency  to  fall.     [LiUle  ujaL]  CiMterJield. 

CA-DCeOUS,  a.     [L.  supra]  .       ,       , 

Falling  off  quickly,  or  sixjn  after  development; 
as  the  envelopes  of  a  flower,  when  tlley  fall  off 
neariv  as  soon  as  Ihey  are  cxpandL-d. 
C.*!'CI'-A3,  n.  [I..]  A  wind  from  the  north-east 
land  in  Uatin,  according  to  Ainaworth,  from  the 
north-west.)  JUdton. 

CE'CU.M,  n.  [U]  In  aitatomv,  the  commencement 
of  the  large  intestine,  forming  a  ail-dtsar.,  or  closed 
tub",  before  the  insertion  of  the  small  intestine,  and 
having  near  its  closed  extremity  a  small  process  or 
appendage  called  the  vrnttiforn  appewlagt,  {appen- 
dicultt  nermi/i>r<nis.)  The  term  f«M  (plural)  is  aii- 
plied  to  small  lateral  appendages  of  the  intestinal 
canal,  similar  to  the  vermiform  appimdages,  as  in 
birds  and  fishes. 
C/n-S.?'RI-AN.     Pee  Cesahiah. 

C.-E  SC'R A  or  Cye-.«0'RA,  n.  [Fr.  cimtre  ;  It.  asura ; 
L.  ciJ!.?«r(i,  from  ctprfo,  c«y«fn,  to  cut  off.] 

A  pause  in  verse,  so  introduced  as  to  aid  the  re- 
cital, and  render  the  versification  more  melodious. 
It  divides  a  verse  or  line  into  equal  or  unequal  parts. 
Its   most    pleasing    effect   is  pr.iduced    when  it   is 
placed  at  the  eml  of  the  second  fool,  or  in  the  mid- 
dle, or  at  the  end  of  the  third  fiM.  ShtrUUn. 
C/E-SC  UAL,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  cfpsnm. 
(Mf-E.rkaffa,)  n.     (Fr.J     .\  coffee-house. 
eAF'E-NET,  «.     [Fr.  clTe.] 

In  Turkey,  a  hotel  or  house  of  rest  for  travelers. 
€  \F-FiS'ie,    a.     Caffric  aeitt ;  an  acid   obtained   fVom 
coffee,  in  the  form  of  a  white  powder,  »  hich,  when 
heated,  yields  the  peculiar  anunatic  odor  of  coffee. 
eAF-FE'IN,  n.     A  white,   bittir,  crystalllzable  sub- 
stance, obtained  from  toffee,  and  having  the  com- 
position of  an  alkaloid. 
CAF'FllE,  (  fer,)  n.     [Arabic  j    whence  Cajpmria,  in 
Afri-a.]     An  unbeliever;  a  name  given  to  a  people 
in  t<outh  Africa,  who  reject  the  MohainmedTin  faith. 
CAF'TA.N,  71.     [Persic]     A  Persian  or  Turkish  vest, 

or  garment.  JoAri».oi. 

CAG,  a.  [Fr.  aupir:  Dan.  tojr;  allied  probably  to 
cage,  that  which  holds  ;  Sax.  uczgian,  to  make  fasL 
Bee  kto.]  ,  ... 

A  small  cask,  or  barrel,  differing  from  the  barrel 
only  in  size,  and  containing  a  few  gallons,  but  not  of 
any  definite  capacity.     It  is  generally  written  Kio. 
€AtiB,  n.     [Fr.  cave;  D.  Jteuw,  and  kooi.     Hee  Cao.] 

1.  A  box  or  indosure,  made  of  boards,  or  with  lat- 
tice work  of  woo<l,  wicker,  or  wire,  for  confining 
birds  or  beasts.  Fta  the  confinement  of  the  more 
strung  and  ferocious  boasts,  a  cage  is  sometimes 
made  of  iron.  Encyc. 

2.  An  inclosum  made  with  palisades  for  confining 
wild  beasts.  Jnhiuon. 

3.  A  prison  for  petty  criminals.  Jnhnaim. 

4.  In  earjtenlri/y  an  outer  work  of  timber,  inclosing 
another  within  it ;  as,  the  cage  of  a  winiliuill,  or  of 
a  staircase.  Kncijr. 

CXOE,o.(.  To  confine  in  a  cage  ;  to  shut  up  or  confine. 

Cad'KD,  pp.     Confined  in  a  cage.  [Donnn. 

eAtS'l.NO,  ppr-     ('onflning  in  a  cage. 

CAU'.MAG,  n.  Tough,  old  geese  sent  to  market; 
toilgll,  dry  meat.  Smart. 

€j1-UIF.R',  (kaheer',)  n.  [Fr.]  Literally,  a  number 
of  sheets  of  paper  put  loosely  togeth.  r  ;  but  now  ap- 
plied to  the  successive  (mrtiona  of  a  work  when 
printed  in  parts  or  numbers. 

€A-IN''t-'ie,  a.  Caineic  acid;  an  acid  obtained  from 
the  bark  of  the  root  of  a  Brazilian  shnib,  the  caliiaca, 
a  s|iecies  of  Ihiococca.  It  is  now  called  the  cAuniec- 
eif.  aetd 

CA'IC,        In.    [Ft.cttiqiu.]    A  skiff  b-longing  to  a 

CA'JUIJE,  (      galley 
CaI'.MA.N.    geet'ATMAii 


CA  IRA,  (sJi-e-rl',)  a.  [Fr.  Literally,  it  (the  revo- 
lution) shall  t'o  »«.]  The  burden  of  a  famous  song 
during  the  French  revolution.  Brandt. 

€XIRN,  n.     [Gaelic  and  Welsh  cam,] 

A  heap  of  stones  ;  a  term  applied  to  heaps  of 
stones  of  a  rounded  or  conical  form,  erected  by  the 
early  iiilmbitants  of  the  British  Isles,  apparently  as 
sepulchral  moinuiients. 

eAlRN'GORM  STONE,  n.  A  yellow  or  brown  vari- 
ety of  rock-crystal,  or  crystallized  quartz,  found  in 
the  mountain 'of  Cairngorm,  in  Scotland.     Bramle.  _ 

eAlS'SON,  ».     [Fr.  from  coi«.«,  a  chest.    See  Case.] 

1.  .\  wooden  chest  into  which  several  bombs  are 

put,  and  sometimes  gunpowder,  to  be  laid  in  the  way 

of  an  enemy,  or  under  some  work  of  which  the 

enemy  intend  to  possess  themselves,  and  to  be  fired 


when  they  get  possession. 


£hci^c. 


2.  A  wooden"  frame,  or  chest,  used  in  Laying  the 
foundation  of  the  pier  of  a  bridge.  Eiuijc. 

3.  .^n  ammunition  chest,  or  wagon. 
€AT'TIFF,  n.     [Fr.   ckrtif;    It.   caaivo,  a   captive,   a 

slave,  a  rascal  ;  caUivarc,  Ui  master,  to  enslave.  This 
word  is  from  the  L.  coptiriut,  a  captive,  from  capio  or 
capic;  to  take.  The  sense  of  knaucry  is  frwn  the  nat- 
ural connection  between  the  degradation  of  a  slave 
and  vice.  This  word,  from  its  derivation,  should  be 
spelt  cnitif.l 

A  mean  villain  ;  a  despicable  knave  ;  it  implies  a 
mixture  of  wickedness  and  misery.  Jahii.ffin. 

CaI'TIFF,  a.     Belonging  to  a  caitiff;  base  ;  vile.^ 

CAJ'E-PUT,  n.     An  essentiiil  oil  from  the  East  Indies 

resembling   that  of  cardamoins,  obtained    from    the 

leaves  of  a  species  of  .Melaleuca,  (-W.  cajvputi.)  F.iic. 

This  word   is  now  written  caj«init,  (pronounced 

cayoopoot,)  from  its  Hindoo  name,  Katjaputi. 

CA-JOLE',  p.  U  [Fr.  eajoler,  cnj<dcr;  Arm.  cangroli. 
It  appears  by  the  derivatives  of  enjolrr,  that  the  last 
part  of  these  words  is  fnan  jali,  pretty.] 

To  flatter  ;  to  soothe ;  to  coax  ;  to  deceive  or  delude 
bv  flatter\ .  Uudilmis. 

e.V-JOl.'ER,  ».    Aflatten^r;  a  wheedler. 

CA-JOL'ER-V,  n.     Flattery  j  a  wheedling  to  delude. 

Btirkr. 

€A-Jf>L'I.\G,ppr.   FLittering  ;  whnedling  ;  deceiving. 

-        -  'U.    kack;   G.   kurhen;    Dan.    kagc ;    Sw. 


€AL'A.M-DOUR,  n.  A  species  of  ngallochum,  or  aloes- 
wood,  of  a  duskv  or  mottled  color,  of  a  light,  friable 
texture,  and  les's  fragrant  than  calambac  This 
wood  is  used  by  cabinet-makers  and  inliiyers.  Encyc. 
eAL-A-MlF'ER-OU3,  o.  [L.  calomiM  and /tro.]  A 
term  denoting  plants  having  a  long,  hollow,  knotted 
stem.  Chambers. 

€AL'A-M1NE,  n.  L.apis  calaminaris,  an  ore  of  zinc, 
consisting  of  oxyd  of  zinc  and  carbonic  acid,  (carbon- 
ate of  zinc.)  Its  color  is  white,  often  with  grayish, 
greenish,  or  brownish  shades.  It  occurs  usually  in 
spheroidal  or  suilactitic  concretions,  and  sometimes 
crystallized  in  acute  rhomboliedrous. 

Eleclrie  calamine  ;  an  ore  of  zinc,  (silicious  oxyd  of 
zinc  )  formerly  considered  avariety  of  the  preceding, 
consisting  of  silica  and  oxyd  of  zinc,  with  sevenU 
per  cent,  of  water.  It  crystallizes  in  prisms,  which 
become  electric  when  heated.  It  does  not,  like  cala- 
mine, dissolve  with  effervescence  in  nitric  acid. 
CAL'A  MINT,  n.  [L.  calaviintJui ;  Gr.  KaXapifUri ; 
piilfa,  meiitha,  nienta,  wint.] 

A  plant,  of  the  genus  Calamintha,  an  aromatic 
plant,  and  a  weak  corroborant.  Encyc. 

Water  calamint  is  a  species  of  Mentha,  or  mint. 
CAL-A-MIS'TRaTE,  ti.  t.      To   curl   or   frizzle  the 

hair.     [A"ul  u.scrf.]  Cotfrane. 

eAL-A-MIS-TRA'TION,  n.     The  act  of  curling  the 

hair.     [J^nt  used.] 
CAL'A-MITE,  n.     [L.  cotomiM,  a  reed.] 

A  variety  of  hornblende  allied  to  tremolite.  It 
occurs  in  iullKTfect  or  n>uli(led  prismatic  crystals,  of 
a  vitreous  luster,  iongitudinally  striated,  and  some- 
times resembling  a  reed,  whence  the  name. 
eA-L.\.M'I-TOUS,  a.  [Fr.  calamiittix.  See  Calamiit.] 
1.  Verj-  miserable  ;  involved  in  deep  distress  ;  oi>- 
pressed  with  infelicity  ;  wretched  from  misfortune  j 
applied  to  men.  Jahnsim.     Calamy. 

a.  Producing  distress  and  misery  ;  makingwretch- 
ed  ;  applied  iu  external  circumstances  ;  as,  a  calamitous 
event.  JUUlon. 

3.  Full  of  misery  ;  distressful ;  wretched  ;  applied 
to  statf.  or  cvnditiatL.  Saulh. 

CA-LA.M'1-TOUS-LY,  adv.    In  a   manner  to  bring 
great  distress. 


CAKE, 

fciAaj  Ch.  1)!3 1  Pcrs.  jTlSj  kaukai   Syr.  ^>al> 
kiika.    The  sense  seems  to  be,  a  mass,  or  lump.] 

1.  A  small  mass  of  dough  b:iked  ;  or  a  coin|K)sitlon 
of  flour,  butter,  sugar,  ir  otiier  ingredients,  baked  in 
a  small  mass.  The  name  is  applied  to  various  com- 
positions, baked  or  cn<iked  in  different  slia|ies. 

2.  Something  in  the  form  of  a  cake,  ratller  flat  than 
high,  Juit  roundish  ;  as,  a  cuke  on  a  tree. 

3.  .\  mass  of  matter  concreted  ;  as,  a  cal:e  of  ice. 

Dri/den, 

In  JVcic  England,  a  piece  of  floating  ice  iua  river 
or  lake. 

4.  .\  haril  swelling  on  the  flesh;  or  rather  a  con- 
cretion witlHuit  such  swelling. 

CAKK,  D.  U     'I'o  form  into  a  cake,  or  mass. 
CAKE,  B.  i.     'I'o  concrete, or  form  into  a  hard  mass,  as 
dough  in  an  oven,  or  as  flesh,  or  any  other  substance. 
°  Addlion. 

CAKK,  f.  i.    To  cackle.     {M'itt  useil.]  Bay. 

CAK'f;U,  (kakt,)  pp.     Formed  into  a  hard  mass. 
eAK'l.N(i,  pirr.     Forming  into  a  hard  mass. 
CAK'ING,  n.     The  art  of  furniing  into  concretions. 
CAL'A-BASIi,  n.     [Sp.  crti<iftuirt,  a  pumpkin,  a  gourd, 
a  calabiush  ;  Port,  ealabafa.     Un.  Gr.  «riXiro,  a  water- 
pot,  or  pitcher.] 

I.  A  Vessel  made  of  a  dried  gourd-shell,  or  of  the 
shell  of  a  caliibash-tree,  us.d  for  ronuiining  liquors, 
or  giKids,  as  pitch,  resin,  and  the  like.  Encyc. 

a.  A  popular  name  of  the  gounl  plant,  or  Cuciir- 
biia.  Earn,  of  Plants. 

eAL'A-IlA.Sll-TREE,  a.  A  tree  of  two  species, 
known  in  bxtany  by  the  generic  name  of  Crescen- 
lia.  The  Cujete  h.-is  narrow  leaves,  but  a  large, 
round,  or  oval  fniit.  The  Liitifolia  has  broad  leaves. 
The  shell  of  the  fruit  is  used  for  cups,  bowls,  dishes, 
and  other  utensils.  Encyc. 

CAL-A-IK XL-IE',  n.      A    corruption   of  the    Spanish 
word  calaboio,   prison.     Used  in  the  South-western 
StaU'S. 
CA-LaDE',  a.    Tho  slop.)   or  declivity  of  a  rising 

inniiege-groiind.  Encyc. 

eA-LA'ITi;,    II.     A   name    given   to    the  turqiiois, 

which  s.-e. 
eAL-,\-MANC'0,  ».     [Fr.  eallimanr/ne,  calmnnile;   D. 
kalmink :  G.  kaliuank ;  S|i.  calamaco.     Uu.  Sp.  iMca, 
a  BiioL]  ,       J  . 

A  woolen  stuff,  of  a  fluo  gloss,  and  checkered  in 
the  warp.  Encyc. 

eAL'A-MAR,       j  n.     (."p.  M'oinor.-Il.   calamam,    an 
eAL'.\-.MA-llV,  1      iiikhorn,  and  this  .animal.] 

An  animal  having  an  obhing  brsly,  and  U-n  hgs. 
On  the  Ik  lly  are  two  bl.idih'rs  containing  a  black 
fluid,  which  tho  animal  emits  when  pursued.  It  is 
called  also  »ro-s(cccc,  and  r.i(«e->A ,■  Uilipo  vulgaris, 
prekc.or  pen-llsh.  Sp.  Dirt.  Diet,  of  JiTai.  Hist. 
CAI.'A.M-IIAC,  n.  [Sp.  f,,iVamft»M.] 
Agnlloctiiilii,  which  see. 


eA-LA.M'i-TOUS-NESa,  n.     Deep  distress  ;    wretch- 
edness; misery  ;  the  quality  of  producing  misery. 


CA-LAM'I-TY,  n,     [L.   calamitas.     Ou. 


At.  *Jl£=3 


kalama,  to  wound  ;  Ileb.  Ch.  oSi,  kalam,  to  make 
ashamed.  Uniler  this  root  the  Syriac  has  calamity. 
The  sense  of  the  verb  is,  to  strike,  to  beat  down. 
But  the  origin  of  the  word  is  uncertain.] 

Any  great  misfortune  or  cause  of  misery  ;  goncr- 
nllv  applied  to  events  or  disasters  wliicli  produce  ex- 
tensive evils,  as  loss  of  crops,  earthquakes,  conflagra- 
tions, defeat  of  armies,  and  the  like.  But  ll  is 
applied  also  to  the  misfortunes  which  bring  great 
distress  upon  individuals. 


JiJdton. 


Prior. 

Burke. 
Stalk  or 


The  ilcUlicnuiom  of  coJomilj/  ore  rarely  wi»e. 

e.^L'A-MUS,  71.    [L.,  from  Gr.  naKapiii, 

stem,  B  reed,  stubble  ;  Eth.  and  Ar.  »Xj,  kalaman, 

calamus  tcriptorim,  a  xvriting  reed,  or  pen.  The 
verb  in  Araliic  signifies  to  cut  or  pare.  But  qu.,  lor 
it  would  seem  to  be  allied  to  cu(»iii.«.] 

1  TllB  generic  name  of  the  Indian  cane,  called 
also  Ralang.  It  is  without  branches,  has  a  crown  at 
the  toil,  and  is  beset  with  spines.  Encyc. 

2.  In  antiiiuity,  a  pipe  or  fistula,  a  wind  instniment, 
made  of  a  reed  or  oaten  sUllk.  Encyc. 

■J.  A  reed,  used  anciently  as  a  pen  to  write  on 
parchment  or  papyrus.  £7ie!;c. 

4  The  root  ol^  a  sort  of  reed,  or  swcet-scenU'd 
cane,  used  by  the  Jews  as  a  perfume.  It  U  a  knotty 
rcKit  reddish  without  and  white  within,  and  filled 
with  a  slHingy  substance.  It  has  an  aromatic  smell. 
Brojrn.  Calmet. 
.■)  The  sweet  flag,  called  by  Liiinasus  Acorus 
Calamus.  ^  ,       Encyc. 

eA-LAN'DO,  [It.  calure,  to  decrease,]  in  music, 
directs  to  a  diminution  of  time  and  sound,  till  the 
sound  is  nearly  lost  to  tho  ear. 
eA-LAN'DRA,  a.  A  s|>ccies  of  lark,  with  a  thick 
bill  the  upper  part  of  the  body  of  a  reddish  brown, 
sikittied  with  black,  with  a  body  thicker  than  the 
skvlark.  Pennant. 

C\-LA.\'DRR,  a.    Tho  French  name  of  a  species  of 
insect  of  the  beetle  kind,  verv  destmctivc  in  grana- 
ries ;  the  common  grain  weevil. 
€A-LAN"GAY,  71.     A  spixies  of  white  parrot.  Jl.ih. 
CA-LASII',   a.      [Fr.   calcche;   D.  /cotes;   Sp.-M/iwi!i 
Riiss.  kolio.^lia.'] 

1.  A  liglit  chariot  or  carriage  with  very  low  wheels, 
used  for  tikiiig  the  air  in  parks  and  gardens.  It  is 
open,  or  cov.red  with  uianlUts  of  cloth,  that  are  let 
down  at  pleasure.  .^'"."'f: 

2.  A  cover  for  tho  head  sometimes  used  by  ladies. 

3.  A  hood  or  top  of  »  carriago  which  can  be  tlirown 
back  at  pleasure. 


TONE,  BULU,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOU8 C  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  »  as  Z ;  CH  m  811;  TH  an  In  THIS. 


\m 


CAL 

eAI>'eA  DIS,  B.    Whiio  vilriol. 

CALe'AR,  ».  In  ffUtss  kkw/U,  a  kind  of  oven,  or  ro- 
verbt-miur)-  fumacti,  used  for  Ihe  calcinsUion  of  Jtand 
and  [Mtt:ui)t^nd  coDTtirting  lliem  into  frit,    t.ncyc 

€AL€'AR-ATE,  «.  [U  calcavy  a  spur,  caif,  llie  Ued  ; 
Jr.  calsy  a  sting  or  goad.] 

1.  Kumisticd  with  a  spur;  as,  a  ealearaU  eorol,  in 
larkspur.  Martf*. 

2.  In  shape,  resembling  a  cock's  spur;  as,  a  coW-att 
nectary. 

eAL-eA'RE-O-AR-GrULA'CEOnS,   a.      Consisting 

of  or  contninine  calcan'ou^  and  argillaccoua  earth. 
€AL-€S'KE-0-Bl-TC'MI\-0U9,o.   ConsisUng  of  or 

rontaininif  lime  and  bitumen.  i^fdL 

€AUeA'RB-0-SI-LI"C10t'.S  «.     ConsisUng  of  or 

C(.»ntainin[!  calcanjoiis  and  silictous  earth. 
eAI^€A'KE-0-s^UL'PUUR-OUS,  a.    [See  Calx  and 
Sl'i-rHUiu] 

n^vini!  lime  and  sulphur  in  combinattoQ,  or  par- 
taking? of  kHh.  ifineaa. 
CAUCA'RE^OIIS.  a.     f L.  ai/f«rm».    See  Call] 

Partaking!  of  the  nature  of  Ume ;  having  the  quali- 
ties of  lime  ;  coutaiaing  liroo  \  aa,  eakcrepms  earth  or 
slone,  EiUjfC    jfftrwaa. 

Cahmnotu  mrtk  s  a  term  forroeriy  ai^lied  to  lime. 
Oiicaram  tmar;  cryalalUxed  canKMUte  otUxoe, 
CAI^A'RE-OUS-N^S,  a.    Quality  of  being  caka- 

reoiia. 
CAUeA-VAL'LA,  «.    A  kind  of  aweet  wine  from 

Kortiieal.  JVoMm. 

CAI/CE-A  TED,  a.   [L.  r^etntitSy  from  eaicrM,  a  shoe.] 

Shud  :  fitted  with  (V  wenrinx  idmeft.        Juktitaiu 
CAL'CE  DO.N.ii,   rSeeCHALcLoojrr.]  With  jewelers, 
a  foul  vein,  like  cnalcedoiiv,  in  aume  preciuus  sluneia. 

Pertaining  to,  or  re»enibltnp  rhalcedony.    Aaryc 
CAL-C'EI)  0-\Y.   See  CHALcEDowr,  tile  more  correct 

orth«tffmphv. 
CAL-CIK'EIR^US,  a.    [of  co/x,  lime,  and  firo,  to 
produce.] 
C-oniaining  lime. 
€AL'CI-FOR.M,  a.    [of  coZx,  Iirae,and/ffnna,  form.] 

In  the  form  of  calx. 
CAL-CI-MO'-KITE,  a.     [of  caZz,  lime,  and  nuria,  salt 
wateT.] 

A  species  of  earthy  roinenl,  of  the  muriatic  genut, 
of  a  blue  or  olive  fn'^en  color,  of  the  consistence  of 
clay.  It  con«tst.s  of  calcareous  earth  and  magneeta 
tinged  with  iron.    The  term  is  now  obsolete, 

CAL-CTX'.A-BLE.  a.  [See  Calcithe.]  That  may  be 
calcined  ;  capable  of  being  reduced  to  a  friable  state 
bv  the  action  of  fire.  Enofc. 

CAL't'l-NATE,  r.  L  To  caleine.  (See  Cal«:ine.] 
CAL-CI-NA'TIO-N,  a.  [from  eafciiM.]  The  operation 
of  expellin*;  from  a  substance,  by  bMt,  »ome  volatile 
niaiter  n-itli  which  it  is  combined,  and  tli'j^  di-'«iii- 
te^rating  it  and  reducing  it  to  a  friahle  stale.  'I'hu;; 
carbitnate  of  limt?  is  reduced  to  lime  by  calcinaZum^  or 
lite  expulsion  of  carbonic  acid. 

9l  The  operation  of  reducing  a  metal  to  an  oxyd, 
(H*  metallic  calx.    This,  in  modem  chemistry,  is  called 

CAI^CI\'A-TO-RY,  a.     A  vessel  used  in  calcination. 
CAL-CTXE',  or  CAL'CI.NE,  r.  t     [Fr.  eaUinrr }   lu 

cuUinare ;  Sp.  cateinar;  from  ealr.     See  Calt.] 

1.  To  reduce   a  8nb:*tance   to  a   powder,  or  to  a 

^able  state,  by  the  action  of  beat ;  or  lo  expel  from 

a  substance  some  volatile  matter,  combined  with  it, 

as  the  carbonic  acid  fp^m  tiiiicstone. 
^  To  oxydize,  aj  a  metal ;  to  reduce  ton  metallic 

calx. 
3.  To  dissolve ;  to  destroy  the  principles  which 

unite.  Denkam, 

CAL-CINE',  or  CAI.'CINE,  r.  i.    To  be  converted 

into  a  powder  or  friable  »ub:«tance,  or  into  a  calx, 

by  the  action  of  heat.  J^emton, 

€AL-<.*T.\'>:D,  pp.     Reduced  to  a  friable  state  by  heaL 
CAUCIX'IXrt,  ppr.    Rendering  friable  by  heaL 
CAL'Cl-TRATE,  r.  t     [U  aiUitro.]     To  kick. 
€ALr-CI-TRA'TU>X,  a.     The  act  of  kicking.    Ross, 
€AL'Ci-U.M,  a.     [from  L.  co/j-,]     The  metallic  bai=is 

of  lime.  Dav«. 

€AI.e'-SIN-TER,  a.    Calcareous  sinter  j   stalactitic 

carbimate  of  lime. 
€AL€'-SPAR,  x».    Calcareotts  ^)ar,or  crystallized  car- 
bimate of  litne. 
CALC'-TUFF,  n.     Calraremis  tufa.     A  loose,  porous 

deposit  of  carbonate  of  lime,  from  waters  holding  it 

in  dilution. 
€AL'eU-LA-nLE,  a.     [See  CAi,cfi,ATa.]    Thai  may 

be  calculated,  or  ascertained  by  calculatmn. 
CALCC-LA-RY,  n.     [L.  caZot/iw,  a  pebble.] 

A  congeries  of  litile  5tony  knots  dir^persed  through 

the  parenchyma  of  the  p-^ar'and  other  fruits.  Eneyc. 
e.\L'eU-LA-Ry,  a.     Relating  to  tlie  disease  of  the 

stone  in  the  bladder.  I 

CAL'eU-LATE,  v.  L     [Fr.  calculer;  It.  ailcnlare;  Sp.  ! 

cidcidar;    L.  caUula;    from  calculus^  a  pebble  j   Ar.  , 
o  ^o^  I 


P>f-  /y^i^'i  Jfca'jtai,  glare!.] 


CAL 

1.  To  compute  ;  lo  reckon  ;  to  add,  subtract,  ntnl- 
tiply,  or  divide  any  sums,  for  the  puq)ose  of  finding 
tlie  amount,  ditrerence,  or  other  result.  Thus,  to 
eaicuUiU  the  expenses  of  erecting  a  house,  is  to  esti- 
mate and  add  together  the  severEd  sums  which  each 
part  of  the  materials  and  the  work  will  cost. 

2.  To  ascertain  by  the  use  of  tables  or  numbers ; 
as,  to  eaUulate  an  eclipse. 

3.  To  form  tables  upon  mathematical  principles, 
as  logaritlims,  ephemerides,  &;,c. 

4.  I'o  compute  the  situation  of  the  planets  at  a 
certain  time,  fur  astrological  pur[>oses ;  as,  to  raUu- 
late  the  birtA  of  a  person.  ShfJc. 

5.  To  adjust  bv  computation  ;  to  fit  or  prepare  by 
the  adapuuion  of  the  means  to  the  end  ;  as,  to  caicu- 
latt  a  system  of  laws  for  a  free  people. 

ReUffon  b  tntnhlad  Ibr  mir  tk-nrfll.  TtUottim. 

eAL'CU-l-ATE,  r.  i.  To  make  a  computation  ;  as. 
We  cjilfulute  better  for  ourselves  than  for  otliers. 

In  AVip  Englmtd^  this  word  is  often  ejiuivalent  to 
intend  or  purpose.,  Hint  is,  to  make  arrangements,  and 
form  a  plan  ;  as,  a  man  calculute-s  to  go  a  journey. 
Thi%  use  of  the  word  springs  from  the  practice  of 
eomptttiHg  or  esthnating  the  various  circumstances 
which  ccmcur  lo  influence  the  mind  in  forujing  its 
deUTuiinations,  but  it  is  not  sanctioned  by  English 
nsage^ 

CAL'CU-LA-TED,^.  Computed  j  reckoned  ;  suited; 
adapted  by  design. 

eAL'CU-LA-TlNG,  ppr.  Computing;  reckoning; 
adapting  by  desien  ;  adjusting. 

CAL-eLJ-LA'TlON,  a.  The  art,  practice,  or  manner, 
of  computing  by  numbers  ;  the  use  of  numbers,  by 
addition,  subtraction,  nnilliplication,  or  division,  for 
the  pnr|)ose  of  arriving  at  a  ct^rtam  result.  Thus 
compulations  in  astronomy  and  geometry,  for  making 
tables  of  nutnlKra,  are  CJiiled  calculations.       Ettctjc. 

2.  The  result  of  an  arithmetical  operation  ;  com- 
putation ;  reckoning.  Ilookrr. 

3.  Estiin.ate  formed  in  the  mind  by  comparing  the 
various  circumstances  and  facts  which  induence  its 
determination. 

eAL'€U-LA-TIVE,   a.      Pertaining    lo    calculation  ; 

tending  lo  cjtlculate.  Burke, 

e.VL'CU-LA-TOR,  n.    One  who  computes  or  reckons  ; 

one  who  estimates  or  considers  the  force  and  effect 

of  causes,  with  a  view  to  form  a  correct  estimate  of 

the  effects. 
eAL'eU-LA-TO-RY,  a.    Belonging  to  calculation. 

GAL'CULR,  a.     Reckoning;  computation.     [Obg.] 

€.-\L'eU-LI,  n.pl.  of  Calcl'li'9,  which  see. 

CAL'CU-LOL'S,  a.  [Supra.]  Stony  ;  gritty  ;  bard, 
like  stone  ;  as,  a  ealcuiotts  ctmcretion.  Broion. 

•2.  Affected  with  the  gravel  or  stone  ;  as,  a  eaicuUiui 
person.  Sharp. 

€.\L'€U'-LCSjii.  JL.  See  Calculate.]  Any  hard, 
solid  concretion,  Kirnied  in  any  part  of^the  body,  as 
the  stone  in  the  bladder  or  kidneys,  called  urinary 
aticuJus,  or  a  gall-stuiic,  called  biliary  calculus. 

2.  In  mathtmaticit^  the  term  rMlcutus  is  np[>lied  to 
various  branches  of  idgebraical  analysis.  Thus  the 
diffrrential  and  inUitral  ealeului  is  a  metliod  of  cidcu- 
lation  in  whicli  quantities  are  supposed  to  undergo 
certain  variations  of  value,  to  facilitate  investigations 
respecting  them.  The  integral  is  the  inverse  of  the 
difffTcntial  calculus.  The  object  of  the  latter  is  to 
deduce,  from  given  algebraic  expressions,  c<.Ttain 
other  expressions,  called  differentialu ;  that  of  the 
former  is,  from  given  expressions,  to  find  others,  of 
which  they  are  the  diffi^rt-nlials.  Tlie  expressions 
sought  in  the  lattercase  are  called  integralg,  the  terms 
iittegral  and  differcidud  being  correlalive.  The  ealcu- 
bts  of  variations  may  be  regarded  as  a  department 
of  the  differential  and  integral  calculus,  in  which 
the  investigati(tns  are  of  a  peculiarly  g';nera]  and 
recontlile  character.  ^.  D.  Stanley. 

CAL'ORON,  (kawl'dron,)  n.  fOld  Fr.  chauldron,  now 
chawirun;  Ilasque  gaUia,  to  neat;  iraidarea^  a  great 
kettle  ;  It.  caltUiiOy  or  ealdaro,  a  caldron  ;  caldo,  heat 
and  hot;  Sp.  ealda^  heat;  caldcary  to  heat,  to  weld 
iron;  caldera^  a  caldron;  Port,  caldeira^  a  caldron; 
L.  caldarittm,  id. ;  caida,  hot  water  ;  cali/liw,  hot,  from 
eaico,  to  be  hot.  This  is  from  the  root  of  Eng.  saUd.] 
A  large  kettle  or  boiler,  of  copper,  or  other  metal, 
furnished  with  a  movable  handle  or  bail,  with  which 
to  hang  it  on  a  chimney-hook.  Addition. 

CA-LBCHE',  (ka-lash'.)     Sec  Calash. 

CAL-E-DO'M  AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Caledonia,  an 
ancient  name  of  Scotland.  The  termination  w  sig- 
nifies a  country,  and  was  added  by  the  Romans, 
Caledon  signifies,  probably,  the  hill  or  town  of  the 
f3aW.*,  or  Oiela^  the  primitive  inhabitants. 

eAL-E-DO'XI-AN,  n.  A  native  of  Caledonia,  now 
Scotland. 

€AL'E-DO.\-ITE,  n.  A  mineral  of  a  green  color,  con- 
sisting of  the  sulphate  and  carbonate  of  lead,  and 
carlKinate  of  copper. 

€AL-E-FA'CIE.\T,  a.  [See  CALtrACTiofc,  Caleft.] 
Warming  ;  heating. 

CAL-Fx-FA'CIENT,  n.     That  which  warms  or  heats. 

CAL-E  FACTION,  n.  [L.  calrfactio,  from  calr/acio, 
lo  mnke  warm,    ^ce  Caleky.] 


CAL 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  warming  or  healing; 
the  production  of  heal  in  a  body  by  the  MCtioii  of  fire, 
or  by  Iti  coinmunicaliun  of  heat  from  other  bodies. 

Kncyc. 
5.  The  slate  of  being  heated.  Johnson. 

CAI^E-FAC'TIVE,     i  a.    [See  Calefaction.]    That 
€AL-E-FAC'TO-RY,  i     makes  wann  or  hot;  that 

communicates  heat. 
CAIj'E-FV,  u.  i.     [L.  cal^o,  to  become  warm  or  hot; 
from  foifoand^o  or  facio.] 

To  grow  hot  or  warm  ;  to  be  healed.         Drotcn. 
GAIj'E-FV,  r.  L     To  make  warm  or  hot.      Johnson, 
CJJL'hLM-BOaRO,  n.      [Fr.,  from  n   German  Coiini 
Kahlemlierg,  noted  for  his  blunders  in  the   French 
language.]     A  pun.  Brandt. 

CAL'EN-DAR,  n.  [L.  coZfRi/artum,  an  account-book. 
See  Calends.] 

1.  A  register  of  the  year,  in  which  Ihe  months, 
weeks,  and  days,  are  set  down  in  order,  with  the 
fejiriis  observed  by  Ihe  churrh,  &r. ;  an  almanac.  It 
was  so  named  from  the  Roman  Calrndie,  tiie  natne 
given  lo  the  first  day  of  the  month,  and  written,  in 
large  letters,  at  the  head  of  eacu  month.  [See 
Cale*(ds.]  F.nnjc. 

2.  An  orderly  table  or  enumeration  of  persons  or 
things.  Encyc, 

3.  In  congress,  a  list  of  bills  prepared  for  the  action 
of  that  bo<iy. 

4.  In  English  courts^  a  list  of  criminal  causes  which 
stand  for  Irial.  In  some  of  the  American  States,  the 
term  is  extended  to  embrace  civil  causes,  as  arranged 
for  trial. 

Calendar  month ;  a  solar  month,  as  it  stands  in 
almanacs, 

€AL'EN-I)AR,  c.  t.    To  enter  or  write  in  a  calendar. 

CAL'EN-DER,  d.  (.  [Fr.  calendrer ;  Sp.  calentar^  to 
heat,  to  urge,  or  press  forward  ;  from  caleoy  to  be 
hot.] 

To  press  between  rollers,  for  the  purpose  of  making 
suKHith,  glossy,  and  wavy  ;  as  woolen  and  silk  stull's 
and  linens. 

CAL'EN-DER,  tu  A  machine  or  hot  press,  used  in 
manufactories  lo  press  cloths,  for  the  purpose  of 
making  them  snu>oth,  even,  and  glossy,  laying  the 
nap,  watering  them,  and  giving  them  a  wavy  ap- 
pearance. It  consists  of  two  thick  rollers  or  cylin- 
ders, placed  between  boards  or  planks,  the  lower  one 
being  fixed,  the  upper  one  movable,  and  loaded  with 
a  great  weight.  Eneijc. 

€A1/EN-DER-£D,  pp.    Smoothed  bv  calendering. 

CAL'EN-DER-INO,  ppr.  Making  smooth  and  g*ussy, 
by  being  pressed  between  rollers. 

CAL'EN-DRER,  n.     The  person  who  calenders  cloth. 

CA-LEN'DRIC-AL,  a.    Pertaining  lo  a  calendar. 

CAL'ENDS,  n.pl.  [h.  calendar  from  calOj  Gr.  KoXcwy 
Eng.  to  call.     See  Call.] 

Amon^  the  Romans,  the  first  day  of  each  month. 
The  origm  of  this  name  is  differently  related.  Varro 
supposes  it  to  have  originated  in  the  practice  of  noti- 
fying the  time  of  the  new  moon,  by  a  priest,  who 
coiled  out  or  proclaimed  the  fact  to  the  people,  and 
the  number  of  the  calends,  or  the  day  of  the  nones. 
Others  allege  that,  the  people  being  convened,  the 
pontifex  proclaimed  the  several  feasts  or  holidays  in 
the  month  — a  custom  which  was  discontinued  in  the 
year  of  Rome  450,  when  the  fasti  or  calendar  was 
set  up  in  public  places,  lo  give  notice  of  the  festivals. 
Encyc,     Adam^s  Rom.  .^ntiq. 

CAL^EN-TTTRE,  n.  [Sp.  calentura,  heat,  a  fever  with 
irregular  pulse  ;  calentar,  to  heat;  from  L.  caleo,  lo 
be  hot.  Russ.  kalyu^  to  heat,  to  make  red  or  red  hot.] 
A  violent  fever,  attended  wilh  great  heat,  incident 
to  persons  in  hot  climates,  especially  natives  of  cooler 
climates.  It  is  attended  with  delirium,  and  one  of 
the  symptonLS  is,  that  the  person  aifecled  imagines 
the  sea  to  be  a  green  field,  and  sometimes,  attempt- 
ing to  walk  in  it,  is  lost.  Encyc.     Coze. 

CA-LES'CENCE,  n.     [L.  m/mco,] 
Growing  warmth;  growing  heat. 

CALF,  (kiiff,)  n.  •■  pL  Calves,  (krivz.)  [Sax.  eealf;  Sw. 
kalf;  Dan.  kalr :  D.  kalfi  and  the  verb  kaloen,  to 
calve,  to  vomit ;  G.  kaib  ;  kalbetu  The  primary  sense 
is  issue,  from  throwing  oiiL  Hence  the  W()rd  is  ap- 
plied to  the  protuberant  part  of  the  leg,  a  push,  a 
swell.] 

1.  The  young  of  the  cow,  or  of  the  bovine  genus 
of  fiundrnp«;ds. 

9.  In  e.ontfmpty  a  dolt ;  an  ignorant,  stupid  person  ; 
a  weak  or  cowardly  man.  Drayton. 

3.  The  thick,  flcfihy  part  of  the  leg  behind,  so 
called  from  its  protuberance.  tViseman. 

4.  The  calves  of  the  lips y  in  Hosea,  signify  the  pure 
offerings  of  prayer,  praise,  and  thanksgiving.  Brown. 

CXLF'-LTKE,  a.     Resembling  a  calf.  Shal:. 

€ALF'-SKIN,  n.  The  hide  or  skin  of  a  calf;  or 
leather  made  of  the  skin. 

IavIS;!"-    [Fr.andFp.  »M«.] 

1.  The  diameter  of  a  body;  as,  the  caliber  of  a 
column,  or  of  a  bullet.  Eneye, 

2.  The  bore  of  a  gun,  or  the  extent  of  its  bore. 

3.  Figuratively^  the  capacity  of  a  man's  mind. 

Burke. 
CaVber-eo-npasses,  eaJibcrs,  or  calipers  ;    a  sort  of 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII/iT.  — M£TE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NCTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQpK.- 
_ 


CAL 

compawea  made  with  arched  Ic-pa,  to  take  tiie  diam- 
eter of  round  bodifs,  as  masts,  shot,  &c  The  le^s 
move  on  an  arch  of  hrass,  on  which  are  marked  the 
inches  and  half  incht- s,  to  show  how  far  the  points 
of  the  com[ia5ses  ar<;  op<*ned  asunder.  Encyc. 

Caliber^ule;  gunner's  cnlji»ers,  an  instrument  in 
which  a  riiiht  line  is  so  divided,  as  that,  the  iirA  part 
bein;;  t-quaj  to  the  diameter  of  an  iron  or  leaden  ball 
of  one  pound  weight,  the  other  part-s  are  to  the  first 
as  the  diameters  of  balls  of  two,  three,  four,  fcc, 
pounds  are  to  the  diameter  of  a  ball  of  one  pourid. 
It  is  used  by  enuincers  to  determine,  from  a  ball's 
w-^ishl,  its  diameter  or  caliber,  and  vice  versa.  Encyc 

CAL'ICE,  H.  [L.  ralir  ;  Fr.  enlice;  t^ax.  fo/ic,  a  cup; 
Gr.  "(vAff.  It  is  usually  written  chaiiUy  but  on  ely- 
moIoe;ical  priiicipleii,  incorrectly.] 

A  cup  ;  appropriately,  n  communion-cup,  or  vessel 
iis»*(l  to  administer  the  wine  in  the  sacrament  of  the 
Lord's  8upper.  It  is  used  by  the  Roman  Catholics  in 
Ih**  mass. 

eAL'I-€0,  ».  [Said  to  be  from  OiUcui,  in  India.]  A 
kmd  of  cotton  cloth.  In  England,  white  or  unprint- 
ed  cotton  cloth  is  called  caJic.o.  In  the  United  States, 
ealtco  is  printed  cotton  cloth,  hiving  ditfrrent  colors. 
I  have  never  henrd  this  name  given  to  the  imprinted 
cloth.  Calico  was  originally  iin|>orted  from  India, 
but  is  now  manufactured  in  Europe  and  the  United 
States. 

CAl/I-eOPRINT'ER,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is 
to  print  calici»es. 

€AL'I-eO  PRIN'nXG,  n.  The  art  or  process  of 
prinlitig  or  impressing  figured  pattenis  on  calico. 

CAL'ID,  a.     [I>.  calitlttt,  from  caSfOy  to  be  hul.] 

Hoi;  burning;  ardent.  Johnson. 

€A-LID'1.TY,  n.     Heat.  BnnDn. 

eAL'l-DUG'l',  rt.  [L.  caiec,  to  be  hot,  ealor,  heat,  and 
dueo^  to  lead.] 

A  pipe  or  ranal  used  to  convey  heat  to  the  apart- 
ments of  a  bouse,  by  the  transmission  of  hot  air  or 
Mpam. 

€A'L!P,».  Written  also  Califh  and  KALir.  [fromAr. 

^_jlX^  khaJaftL,  to  succeed.  Hence  a  aUif  is  a  suc- 
ce<ss!nr,  a  title  given  to  the  successors  t)f  Mohammed.] 
A  fJiirces-sor  or  vicar;  a  representative  of  Moliam- 
rn-d,  heariue  the  same  relation  to  him  as  the  pope 
cliirn-*  to  hear  to  St.  Peter.  Among  the  Saracens, 
or  Mohanini -dan^,  a  calif  is  one  who  is  vested  with 
fuipreme  dignity  and  power  in  all  matters  relating  to 
religion  ami  civil  policy.  This  title  is  home  by  the 
i;rand  seignior  in  Turkey,  and  by  the  sophi  of  Persia. 

Enajc 

%xV'\pf^T^'r  I  "•  "^^^  ^^'^^  °'  dignity  of  a  calif ;  or 

K  \I 'IF  \TE      )      **'^  govcnimcut  of  a  calif.   Harris. 

CAL  I  GA'TION.  n.  [L.  caligatio^  dimness,  from  cal- 
igo^  to  be  dark.] 

Ilarkncss:  dimness;  cloudiness. 
In  mrilirM  auOutrn,  calizot'ton^nT calico,  \s  a  dimness 
of  siglit,  frirm  any  obstntction  to  the  passage  of  light 
U>  ihi;  rriina,  wJi'-ther  from  opacity  of  the  cornea,  or 
of  th«  crjstalline  uv  other  humors,  or  their  capsules, 
or  from  an  ulistnicled  pupil. 

€A-Mft'lN  OUS,  a.     Dim  ;  obfcure  ;  dark. 

eA-Llt"yi\-OrS-LY,  adv.     Obscurely. 

eA-LlCi'lN-OUS-NESS,  n.     Dimness  ;  obscuritv. 

€AL-l-<;RAPH're,  a.  [Infra.]  Pertaining  toeiegant 
penmanship.  Warion. 

€A-LI(;'RA-PHIST,  fi.     An  elegant  penman. 

CA-LItJ'RA-PHV,  %.  [Gr.  naX-i,  fair,  and  jpa^w,  to 
write;  '■aWtypaiH'*.'] 

Fair  or  elegant  writing,  or  penmanship.    Pridmuz. 

CA'LIN,  n.  A  compound  metal,  of  which  the  Chinese 
make  tea-rnnisiers  and  the  like.  The  ingredients 
seem  to  be  lead  and  tin.  Encyc. 

€AL'I-PASH,   \n.     That  part  of  a  turtle  which  be- 

€AL'I-PEE,  i  longs  to  the  uppi;r  shell  is  railed 
ealtpajky  and  that  part  which  belongs  to  the  lower 
shell,  citlip^.e.  Encyc.  of  Dom.  flcofi. 

eAL'I-PERS,  )    n.  p/.  Comiwsaes  with 

CAL'I-PER-rOM'PAS-PES,  i  curved  legs,  for 
measuring  the  ealiberf  or  diameter,  of  round  bod- 
ies. BravfJe. 

€AL-IS-THEN'IC,  a.    Pertaining  to  calisthenics. 

€AL-I3-THEN'ie.S,  n.  [Gr.  KaXoiy  beautiful,  and 
(;'/£.«(,  strength.] 

TTie  art,  science,  or  practice,  of  healthful  exercise 
of  the  body  and  limbs,  to  promote  strength  and  grace- 
ful movement 

CAI.'I-VJIR,  It.  [from  caliber.]  A  kind  of  hand-gtin, 
nuiflket,  or  arquehusc.  Shak. 

€A'LIX,  n.     [L.  eaiiz;  Gr.  TT'>(f.]     A  cup. 

It  is  sometimes  erroneously  used  for  Caltx,  which 
see. 

CALftUE,  i  "•  ••    [^'-  "^1'^'  ">  ""■""'•J 

To  copy  a  drawing,  by  rubbing  the  back  of  it 
with  red  or  black  chalk,  and  tli'-n  tmcing  the  lines 
through  on  paper,  &c.,  by  means  of  a  blunt  style  or 
needle. 

C^I'K,  (kank,)  p.  i.  [(iu.  the  connection  of  this  word 
with  the  Sp.  caiafetcar  ;  It.  calnfaUirc  ;  Port,  cala/rfar  i 
Arm.  ealeffti ;  Fr.  eal/etn-,  to  smear  with  cement  or 


CAL 


mortar  ;  Ar.  L..tX.»'  kalafa,  to  stop  the  seams  of  ships 
with  fine  moss,  &c.,  and  pay  them  over  with  pitch  ; 
Sam.  id.  It  may  be  corrupted  from  this  word  ;  if  n(<, 
it  may  be  from  the  Dan.  kalk^  calx,  lime,  or  mort:u  ; 
but  this  seems  not  probable.  The  Germans  and  Danes 
have  borrowed  tiic  Spanish  and  French  word  to  ex- 
press the  idea.  Skiuner  deduces  the  word  from  Fr. 
calaire,  tow.] 

1.  To  drive  oakum,  or  old  ropes  nntwisted,  into 
the  seams  of  a  ship,  or  other  vessel,  to  prevent  their 
leaking  or  admitting  water.  Af^er  the  seams  are 
filled,  iliey  are  covered  with  hot,  melted  pitch  or 
resin,  to  keep  the  oakum  from  rottitig. 

2.  In  some  parts  of  .America,  to  set  upon  a  horse  or 
ox  shoes  anned  with  sharp  points  of  iron,  to  prevent 
their  slipping  on  ice  ;  that  is,  to  stop  from  slipping. 

GALK,  (kauk,)  n.  In  J^ein  Knirland,  &  shari>-[K»inled 
piece  of  iron  on  a  shoe  for  a  horse  or  an  ox,  called  in 
Great  Britain  calkin  ;  used  to  prevent  the  animal  from 
slipping. 

Also,  an  instrument  with  sharp  points,  which  per- 
sons wciu  on  their  feet  to  prevent  slipping  on  the 
ice.     [U.  S.] 

eALK'ER,  (kauk'er,)  n.  A  man  who  calks;  some- 
times, perhaps,  a  calk  or  pointed  iron  on  a  horse-shoe. 

€ALK'£D,  (kaukd,)  pp.  Having  the  seams  stopped  ; 
furnished  with  shoes  with  iron  points. 

GALK'IN,  n.  A  calk,  or  sharp  point  in  a  horse's  shoe, 
to  prevent  slipping. 

GALK'IXG,  (kauk'ing,)  p/ir.  Stopping  the  seams  of 
a  ship:  putting  on  shoes  with  iron  points. 

CALK'IXG,  (calk'ing,)  n.  In  paintina,  the  covering 
of  the  Imck  side  of  a  design  with  black  lead,  or  red 
chalk,  and  tracing  lines  through  on  a  waxed  plate, 
or  wall,  or  other  matter,  by  parsing  lightly  over  each 
stroke  of  the  design  with  a  ptiint,  which  leaves  an 
impression  of  the  color  on  the  plate,  paper,  or  wall. 

Chamber.^. 

eALK'I\G-T-RON,  (kauk'ing-I-urn,)  i».  An  instru- 
ment like  a  chisel,  used  in  calking  ships. 

GALL,  r.  t,  [L.  calo  :  Gr.  *.iAtM  ,■  Sw.  kaUa;  Dan. 
kalde  ;  W.  gtdw,  to  call ;  D.  kallcHy  to  talk  ;  Ch.  vh^ 
in  Aph.  to  caW,  to  thunder ;  Heb.,  to  hold  or  restrain, 
which  is  the  Gr,  koiXdw,  \..caitla;  Syr.  Sam.  ami 
Eth.,  to  hoUl  or  restrain  ;  Ar.,  to  keep ;  Ij.  cclo.  The 
primary  sense  is  to  press,  drive,  or  strain.  We  find 
the  like  elements  and  Higntfication  in  Sax.  ^W^n,  or 
ff-ytlatt,  to  yell  ;  Dan.  ^^,  to  crow.  Class  Gl.  The 
W.  i^altB  is  connected  in  origin  with  ffaiiu,  to  be  able, 
to  have  power,  may,  can,  Eng.  couldy  the  root  of  gal- 
lant,, fc.  /Taiia.ty  &.C.] 

In  a  general  senate,  to  drive ;  to  strain  or  force  out 
sound.     Hence, 

1.  To  name  ;  to  denominate  or  give  a  name. 

And  0"'\  called  th?  U^lii  da.;,  nnif  the  darkncsi  he  called  night. 
—  Gen.  i. 

2.  To  convoke ,  to  sununon  ;  to  direct  or  order  to 

meet;  to  assemble  by  order  or  public  notice;  of^en 
with  together;  as,  the  king  called  his  council  to- 
grthtr;  the  president  called  together  the  con^jress. 

3.  To  request  to  meet  or  conic. 

Hi?  Mnl  lib  »rrv«nu  to  call  Uicm  Uiatt  wore  btiMea,  —  Matt.  xzil. 

4.  To  Invite. 

BrvAiiae  I  hire  caltrif,  nnil  ye  r^fiuwil.  —  Pror.  1. 

5.  To  invite  or  sinnmnn  to  come  or  lie  present;  to 
invite,  or  collect ;  as,  call  all  your  senses  to  you. 

6.  To  give  notice  to  come  by  authority  ;  to  com- 
mand to  come  ;  as,  call  a,  servant. 

7.  To  proclaim  ;  to  name,  or  publish  the  name. 

Nor  p.irwh  clrrk,  who  aiiU  thr  j»fllni  •o  cl<.-M.  Ooy. 

8.  To  appoint  or  designate,  as  for  an  office,  duty, 
or  eroploj  nient. 

Soe,  I  hnvp  caltett  by  num"  B^iaWI.  —  Ex.  xxxi. 
Pdul,  caiUd  to  he  an  iipoatle.  —  R  in.  i. 

9.  To  invite  ;  to  warn  ;  to  exh<»rt.    Is.  xxH.  13. 

Crvden, 

10.  To  invite  or  draw  into  union  with  Christ;  to 
bring  to  know,  tKilieve,  and  obey  the  go.spel.  Jiom, 
viii.  28. 

11.  To  own  and  acknowledge.     Ileb.  ii.  xi. 

12.  To  invoke  or  appeal  to, 

I  mil  God  for  a  wltnen.  —  2  Cor.  I. 

iX  To  e'stcem  or  account.  Fs.  Iviii.  5.  Matt.  iii.  15. 

To  call  down ;  to  invite,  or  to  bring  down. 

To  call  back  ;  to  revoke  or  retract ;  to  recall ;  to 
summon  or  bring  back. 

To  call  for ;  to  demand,  require,  or  claim;  as,  a 
crime  calht  for  punishment ;  or  to  cause  to  grow. 
Ezek.  xxxvi.  Also,  to  speak  for  ;  to  auk  ;  to  request ; 
as,  to  call  for  a  dinner. 

To  call  in  ;  to  collect ;  as.  to  call  in  di*bts  or  money  : 
or  to  draw  from  circulation  ;  as,  to  call  in  rlippea 
coin  ;  or  to  summon  together;  to  invite  to  come  to- 
gether ;  as,  to  call  in  neighbors  or  friends. 

To  call  forth  ;  to  bring  or  cummon  to  action  ;  as,  to 
call  forth  alt  the  faculties  of  the  mind. 

To  call  off:  Ut  summon  away  ;  to  divert ;  as,  to  call 
off  the  attention  ;  to  call  off  workmen  from  their  em- 
ployment. 


CAL 

To  call  up ;  to  bring  into  view  or  recollection  ;  as, 
to  call  up  the  image  of  a  deceased  friend;  also,  to 
bring  into  action,  or  discussion  j  as,  to  call  up  a  bill 
before  a  legislative  body. 

To  call  over ;  to  read  a  list,  name  by  name  ;  to  re- 
cite separate  particulars  in  order,  as  a  roll  of  names. 

To  adl  outj  to  summtm  to  fight ;  to  challenge  ;  al- 
so, to  summon  into  ser\'ice  ;  as,  to  call  out  tlie  militia. 

To  call  to  mind:  to  recollect ;  to  revive  in  memory. 
CALL,  V.  i.    To  utter  a  loud  sound,  or  to  addreijs  by 
name;  to  utter  the  name  ;  sometimes  with  to. 
The  angel  of  Ood  calttd  to  Haj^nr.  —  Gon.  xxi. 

3.  To  stop,  wUbout  intention  of  staving  ;  to  make 
a  short  stop  ;  as,  to  caU  at  the  inn.  I'his  use  John- 
sou  siipjKises  to  have  originated  in  the  custom  of  de- 
noting one's  presence  at  the  door  by  a  call.  It  is 
common,  in  this  phrase,  to  use  at;  as,  to  cull  at  the 
inn  ;  or  on  ;  as,  to  call  on  a  friend.  7'his  ap|>licatiun 
seems  to  be  equivalent  to  speakj  D.  kallcn.  Let  ua 
speak  at  this  place. 

To  call  on  ;  to  make  a  short  visit  to ;  also,  to  solicit 
payment,  or  make  a  demand  of  a  debt.  In  a  theo- 
logical seiufc,  to  pray  to,  or  worship  ;  as,  to  call  on  the 
name  of  the  Lord.     Oen.  iv.     To  repeat  solemnly. 

J>rydea. 

To  call  out :  to  utter  a  loud  voice  ,  to  bawl ;  a  pop- 
ular use  of  the  phrase. 
CALL,  n.    A  vocal  address,  of  summons  or  invitation  ; 
as,  he  will  not  come  at  a  call. 

3.  Demand  ;  requisition  ;  public  claim  ;  as,  listen 
to  the  rails  of  justice  or  humanity. 

X  Divine  vocation,  or  summons ;  as,  the  call  of 
Ahmham. 

4.  Invitation  ;  request  of  a  public  body  or  society  ; 
as,  a  clergyman  has  a  call  to  settle  in  the  ministry. 

5.  A  sunimtms  from  heaven  ;  impulse. 


6.  Authority  :  command.  Veitham. 

7.  A  short  visit ;  as,  to  make  a  call ;  to  give  one  a 
call:  that  is,  a  speaking  to  ;  D.  kallcru  To  give  one 
a  call,  is  to  stop  a  moment  and  speak  or  say  a  word  j 
or  to  have  a  short  conversation  with. 

8.  Vocation;  employment.  In  this  sense,  calling 
is  generally  nsed. 

9.  A  naming  ;  a  nomination.  Baron, 

10.  Among  hunters,  a  lesson  blown  on  the  horn,  to 
comfort  the  hounds,  Encyc. 

11.  Among  seamen,  a  whistle  or  pipe,  used  by  the 
boatswain  and  his  mate,  to  summon  the  sailors  to 
their  duly.  Encyc 

13.  The  Enclish  name  of  the  mineral  called  by  the 
Germans  tungslm  or  wolfram.  EHcye. 

13.  .\mong  fowterHf  a  noise  or  cry  in  imitation  of  a 
bird,  or  a  pipe  to  call  birds  by  imitating  their  voice. 

Encyc.     Bailey. 

14.  In  legislative  bodies^  the  call  of  the  house,  is  a 
calling  over  the  names  of  the  members,  to  dir^cover 
who  is  absent,  or  for  other  purpose  ;  a  calling  of 
names  with  a  view  to  obtain  answers  from  the  per- 
sons named. 

CALL'/-D,  (kauld,)  pp.  Invited  ;  summoned  ;  ad- 
dressed ;  named;  appointed;  invoked;  assembled 
by  order  ;  recited. 

CALL'ER,  B,    One  who  calls. 

cai^'lat'  I  "■   ^  ^^""»  °^  ^  '"^"''*-  ^•^'^^  "■'^''■1  ^'*** 

CAL' LET,' ».  i.    To  rail ;  to  scold.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

CAI/LID,  a.     Cunning. 

CAL-LID'I-TY,  n.     [L.  ealliditJLn.-] 
Skill;  discernment;  shrewdness. 

CAI^LIG'RA-PMY,  n.     [Gr.  KaK\iypa<t>ia.] 
Fair  or  elegant  penmanship. 

€ALL'L\G,  ppr.  Inviting;  summoning;  naming  ;  ad- 
dressing ;  invoking. 

CALL'ING,  n.  A  naming,  or  inviting;  a  reading  over 
or  reciting  in  order,  or  a  call  of  names  with  a  view 
to  obtain  an  answer^  as  in  legislative  bodies. 

2.  Vocatiim  ;  profession  ;  trade  ;  usual  occupation, 
or  employment.  Pope.     Sinift,     1  Cor.  vii.  tJO. 

3.  CliLss  o(  persons  engaged  in  any  profession  or 
empUty  m  1^  ii  I.  Hammoml. 

4.  Divine  summons,  vocation,  or  invitation. 

Givr  nil  diligence  to  maJic  your  calling  and  «l^■CUon  iiire.  —  2 
Pfl.  i. 

CAI*-LT'0-PE,  (kaMl'o-py,)  n.  In  pmfan  mytliolog^, 
the  muse  that   presides  over  eloquence  and  heroic 

€AL'LI-PERS«.     See  Caupers. 

CAL-LlS-THE\'ie3.     See  CALtsTHBirici. 

€AL-LOS'I-TV,  n.  [Fr.  callositi ;  h.  callositas.  See 
Callous.] 

Hardness  of  skin,  which  assumes  u  horny  consist- 
ence in  places  exposed  to  constant  pressure  ;  the 
hardness  of  the  cicatrix  of  ulcers.  Cote. 

CAL'LOLTS,  a.  [L.  callus,  hardness  ;  ealleo,  to  be  hard, 
to  know  or  be  skilled  ;  Kng.  could,  which  see.] 

1,  Hard  ;  hardened  ;  indurated  ;  as  an  ulcer,  or 
some  part  of  the  body.  fViseman. 

2.  Hardened  in  mind  ;  insensible  ;  unfeeling. 

Dryden, 
€.AI/IiOUS-LY,  ado.     In  a  banferied  or  unfeeling 


TONE,  BpLU  TINITE.  — AN"GER.  VI"CIOUS G  as  K;  Ol  aa  J  ;  8  as  Z :  CH  as  811;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


CAL 

CAL'LOUSLNESS,  n.      Hnrdnosa,  inilumtion,  applied 
to  tht  body ;  insensibility,  applied  to  Uie  mimi  or  heart, 
Chnpie,     BenOey. 
CAL'LOW,  a.     [Ir.  caJhk;  L.  cairiw,  bald  ;  G.  kahi  y  D. 

kaai;  Fr.  ckamt ;  Pers.  ^  kaX;  Russ.  goly  bald, 

naked :  gvi«fiA^  to  be  stripprd.] 

Destitute  of  fe&lbera  ;  naked ;  unfledged  ;  as  a 
Towng  bird.  MUu^n. 

CAL'LUS,  n,  [L.  Ma»w,  from  caU«,  to  be  hard  ;  Sans. 
ifco/td,  stune.] 

1.  Any  preternatural  hardness  in  the  body,  partic- 
ularly of  the  skin,  as  on  the  liands  or  fiet,  fmni  fric- 
tion or  pressure,  or  the  hardened  edges  of  a  wound 
or  ulcer. 

2.  The  new  (rrowth  of  rerwou?  matter  between  the 
extremities  of  fractured  bones,  serving  to  unite  them. 

CXI>M,  (fcam,)  a.  [FV.  ealme  ;  bji.  cahna  :  It.  eaima  i  0. 
kalm.  Uu-  Gr.  \<iAu;.>  ;  lu  calart,  to  deereaao  or 
abate  ;  Sp.  fo/ar,  to  sink.] 

1.  Still;  qultl;  being  at  rest,  as  the  air.  Hence, 
not  stormy  or  tempestuous;  os,  a  calm  day. 

2.  L'ntii'«turbed  ;  not  agitatfd  ;  as,  a  calm  sea. 

3.  Undisturbed  by  pas-inn  ;  not  agitalcd  on-xciied  ; 
quiet ;  tranquil,  a.s  ilie  mind,  temper,  or  attention. 

Calm,  «.  stillness;  tranMiiillity  :  quiet ;  freedom  from 
motion,  athiaiion,  or  di-^turbance  ;  applied  to  thf  de- 
ments^ or  to  the  mind  and  pa-ssiuns.  South. 

€XLM,P.L  To  still ;  to  quiet,  as  the  wind  or  elements  ; 
to  still,  appease,  allay,  or  pacify,  as  the  mmd  or  pas- 

rions.  Dr^en.     JtttfrSury. 

€.\LM'-BROW-ED,  a.  Wearinc  the  look  of  calmness. 
CALM'ER,  a.    The  person  or  thing  that  calms,  or  has 
the  pi>wer  to  still, and  make  quiet ;  tliat  which  atlays 
eXLM'ER,  rt.  comp.     More  calm.  [or  pacifius. 

€XLM'EST,  a.  smptri.     Most  calm. 
CALM'ING,  ppr.     SUIline;  appeasing. 
€At.M'LY,  adc.     In  a  quiet  manner ;  without  disturb- 
ance, agitation,  tumult,  or  violence ;  without  passion ; 
qaielJy. 
CALM'NESS,  ■.    auietness;  stiUnessj  tranquillity; 
apmUtd  to  (A*  rfiMimfi 

3.  QoietDeM;   nildneas;  unraflled  Male;  applied 
to  the  mimd^  po^swu,  or  temper. 
€ALM'V,  (klUn'e,)  a.    Calm  ;  quiet ;  peaceable. 

Spenser.     Cowley 
CA-LOG'RA-PHY,*,     [Gr.  caX-ij  and  yn>t'^r.] 
Elegant  penmanship.     [See  Caixigrafht.] 

Ed.  Rr9. 
€AL'0-MEL,ii.  [Qu.Gr.  ttaXos, fair,  and  iicAnf, black, 
or  jGthiops  mineraL] 

A  preparation  of  mercury,  much  used  in  medicine. 
It  is  the  dichlorid  sf  mercury,  or  a  compound  of  two 
equivalents  of  mercury  and  one  equivalent  of  chlo- 
rine. It  is  usually  fonned  by  rubbine  tDgeih>-r  mer- 
cury and  comtsive  sublimate,  in  certain  dctiuito  pro- 
portiitn?,  and  the^n  subliming. 
€A-LOK'ie,  n,     [L.  cah^r^  heat.] 

The  princifrie  or  matter  of  heat,  or  the  simpls  ele- 
ment of  heat.  Xcftfincr. 

Tbe  a^nt  to  which  the  phenomena  of  beat  and 
comhuation  are  ascribed.  Urt. 

Coioricespanti*  all  bojiea.  Heiwy. 

CA-LOR'ie.  ffl.    Pertaining  to  the  matter  of  heaL 

CA-LOE'l-FfiRE,  n.  [U  calory  heat,  and  /nro,  to 
bear.] 

An  apparatus  for  conveying  and  distributing  heat ; 
a  term  |»rticularly  applied  to  an  apparatus  for  heat- 
ing conservatories,  &,c,  by  means  oi  hoi  water  cir- 
culating in  tubes.  Ure. 

CAI^O-RIF'IC,  «.  That  has  the  quality  of  producing 
heat;  causing  heat;  heating. 

CaJorfic  raws:  the  invisible,  heating  rays  which 
emanate  fron.  the  sun,  and  from  burning  and  heated 
bodl;*s.  The  eater^  roy*  of  the  sun  and  other  lu- 
miniKis  bodies,  are  different  from  the  luminous  or 
eottfri^c  mv9j  and  possess  different  refrangibilities. 

€A-LOR-I-FI-eATION,  a.  *  Tbe  producUon  of  heat, 
e^^pec:a^v  animal  heat. 

CAL-O-Rl'M'E-TER,  a.  [L.  ealar^  heat,  and  Gr.  ptr- 
poK,  measure.] 

An  apparatus  for  measuring  relative  quantities  of 
beat,  or  the  specific  caloric  of  bodies  ;  or  an  in^tni- 
m-'ni  for  measurins  the  heat  given  out  by  a  body  in 
cooling,  from  the  quantity  of  ice  it  melts  ;  invented 
bv  I^voisier  and  Laplace. 

€A-LOR-I-M0'TOR,«.  [eaJorir,  and  L.  mofor,  mover.] 
A   galvanic   instrum-ent,   for  evoU'ing  caloric,  in 
which  the  calorific  iniluenre  or  effects  are  attend- 
ed by  scarcely  any  electrical,  but  great  magnetic 
power.  JIare. 

CA-LOTTE', )         ™.      ,_   , 

CA-LftTE',     i  "•     [^-  «»'»««•] 

1.  A  cap  or  coif,  of  hair,  satin,  or  other  stuff,  worn 
in  Roman  Catholic  countries,  as  an  ecclesiastical 
ornament. 

2.  la  arckitecttire,  a  round  cavity  or  depression,  in 
form  of  a  cup  or  cap,  lathed  and  plastered,  used  to 
diminish  the  elevation  of  a  chapel,  c;ibinet,  alcove, 
ScCy  which  would  otherwise  be  too  high  for  other 
pieces  of  tbe  apanment.  JLtrris.     Encyc. 

CAL'O-TYPE,  n.     [Gr.  (rnXti,  beautiful,  and  ruffoc, 


CAL 

type.]  A  name  given  by  Mr.  Fox  Talbot  to  his  in- 1 
vVnliun  for  in.iking  pictures  on  pa|K;r  ur  oilier  sub- ' 
sfcuicfs,  Iiy  the  agency  of  light.  Oilbcrt. 

eA'LOG'E!iri,  I  "•  i"^     ^^''  '"'^''  "^^  yepovrei.] 

Monks  of  the  Grerk  church  of  three  orders  ;  arch- 
ari^  or  novices;  ordinar>'  professed,  or  microchemi ; 
and  the  more  perfect,  called  me^alochnni.  They  are 
also  divid(>d  into  crHobites,  who  live  in  cloisters,  and 
p«'rform  all  the  services  of  the  choir ;  anchvrcu^  who 
live  in  sei>amie  cells,  at  a  distance  fmm  the  cloister, 
w*hich  tht'v  attend  on  Sundays  and  fast -days  ;  and 
reclusen^  who  shut  themselves  up  in  gmtlos  and  cav- 
erns, on  the  mountains,  and  live  on  alms  furnished 
to  them  by  the  monasteries.  F.nexic. 

CALP,  a.  A  variety  of  carbonate  of  lime,  of  a  bluish- 
black,  gray,  or  gniyish-hlue,  but  its  streak  is  w  hite  ; 
callfHl  also  artrillo-ffTrufrinous  {im^jit4>ne.  It  is  inter- 
mediate between  com|Kict  limestone  and  marl. 

Kirwan.     Cteateland.     Philips. 

CALQUE,  r.  U    See  Calk. 

CAL'TRi  ip,  n.  [Sax.  coltra-ppti,  a  ftpociea  of  thistle, 
rendered  by  Lye,  Rhamnus,  and  Carduus  slcllaius. 
The  French  has  ehaus^etrape.  The  Italian  ealcntrep- 
polo  is  from  c^xUare,  to  tread,  and  tribolOy  a  thistle ;  L. 
tribulus.) 

I.  A  kind  of  thistle,  the  Latin  Tribulus,  with  a 
rounilish,  prickly  p<'ricarp,  composed  of  five  united 
capsu|:-s,  each  of  which  is,  on  one  side,  gibbous,  of- 
ten armed  with  three  or  four  daggers ;  on  the  other 
side,  ansular,  converging  with  transverse  cells.  It 
grows  in  France,  Italy,  and  Spain,  among  corn,  and 
is  verj-  troublesome,  as  tiie  prickles  run  into  the  feel 
of  cattle.  Fitm.  of  Plants.     Miller. 

3.  In  military  affairs,  an  instninienl  with  four  iron 
points  disposed  in  a  triangular  form,  so  that,  three  of 
them  being  on  the  gnMind,  the  other  iKtinLs  upward. 
These  are  scattered  tui  the  ground,  where  an  enemy's 
cavalry  are  to  pass,  lo  impede  their  pnigress  by  en- 
danc«*ring  the  bors-'s'  fe.'t,       F.rtnjc.     Dr.  Jidilison. 

CA-LlTM'BA,  a.  [from  kaluutb,  its  native  name  in 
Mozambique.] 

A  plant,  the  Cocculiis  pnlmntus,  growing  in  Mo- 
Kambique.  Tiie  root  of  this  plant,  a  bitter  Ionic,  is 
much  us<mI  in  medicine. 

CAL'IJ-MET,  lu  Among  the  ahoritnnaJi  of  .^mrriea.,  a 
pi;>e,  used  for  smokinc  lobncco,  whose  bowl  is  usually 
of  soft  red  stone,  like  marble,  and  the  tube  a  lung 
reed,  ornamented  with  fe:ithirs.  The  calumet  is  used 
aa  a  s>-mbol  or  instniment  of  pe;ice  and  war.  To 
accept  tlM  calumet,  is  to  agree  lo  the  terms  of  peace, 
and  to  refuse  it,  is  Ui  reject  them.  The  calumet  vf 
peace  is  used  to  seal  or  ratify  contracts  and  alliances, 
to  reci^ve  strangers  kindly,  and  to  irnvcl  with  safety. 
The  calumet  of  war,  differently  made,  is  used  to  pro- 
claim war. 

CA-LUM'NI-ATE,  v.  U  [See  CALUMr^y.]  To  accuse 
or  charge  one  falsely  jmd  knowincly  with  some 
crime,  offense  or  something  disreputiible  ;  to  slander. 

CA-LUM'M-.^TE,  v.  u  To  charge  fal.s«;ly  and  know^ 
ingly  with  a  crime  or  offense  ;  to  propagate  evil  re- 
port? with  a  design  to  injure  the  reputation  of  another. 

CA-LUM'M-A-TED  ;»/*,  or  a.  Slandered  ;  falsely  and 
maliciously  accused  of  what  is  criminal,  immoral,  or 
dl=gTaceful. 

eA-LU.M'\I-A-TING,  ppr.     Slandering. 

CA-LUMs-M-A'TION,  n.  False  accusation  of  a  crime 
or  offense,  or  a  malicious  and  false  representation  of 
the  words  or  actions  of  another,  with  a  view  lo  in- 
jure his  good  name. 

CA-LUM'Nl-A-TOR,  n.  One  who  slanders  ;  one  who 
falsi!ly  and  knowingly  accuses  another  of  a  crime  or 
offense,  or  maliciously  propagates  false  accusations 
or  re  port «. 

€A-LuM'NI-A-TO-RY,  a.     Slanderous.      Movtoini' 

CA-LUM'XI-OUS,  a.  Slanderous;  bearing  or  imply- 
ing calumny;  injurious  to  Feputati<m. 

€A-LUM'M-OUS-LY,  arfr.     Slanderously. 

e.\-LUM'NI-OU3-NESS,  n.    Slanderousnesa. 

Bp.  Morton. 

CAL'UM-NT,  n.  [L.  calumnia;  Fr.  calomnie:  It.  ca- 
lumnia.  If  m  is  radical,  this  word  may  be  allied  to 
caUxmity,  \iol\\  from  the  sense  of  falling  upon,  rush- 
ing, or  throwing  on.  If  m  is  not  radical,  this  word 
may  he  the  Gothic  hoion,  to  calumniate,  Saxon  holan, 
to  rush  ujwn.  The  word  is  found  in  Ir.  truUimne. 
calumny,  guilimTti-rkim^  to  calumniate  or  reproach.] 
Slander ;  false  accusation  of  a  crime  or  offense, 
knowingly  or  maliciously  made  or  reported,  to  the 
injury  of  another ;  false  representation  of  facts  re- 
proachful to  another,  made  by  design,  and  with 
knowledge  of  its  falsehood ;  sometimes  followed 
by  on. 

Ncglf^ted  calumny  soon  pupirr*.  Murphy't  Thcitut. 

€AL'V.\-Ry,  n.  [L.  eolraria^  from  colra^  a  skull  or 
scalp;  Ir.  co/fr,  the  head;  Sp.  caloario,  calva;  lU 
calvo,] 

I.  A  place  of  skulls ;  particularly  the  place  where 
Christ  was  crucified  on  a  small  hill  ivesiof  Jrnisalem. 
In  Roman  Catholic  countries,  a  kind  of  chapel  raised 
on  a  hillock  near  a  city,  as  a  place  of  devotion,  in 
memorj-  of  tbe  place  where  our  Savior  suff?red. 
I  S.  In  heraldry,  a  cross  so  called,  8«t  upon  steps, 


CAL 

resembling   the    crosi   on  which   our  Savior  was 

crucified. 

y.  In  architecture,  a  chapel,  erected  by  Roman 
Catholics  tm  a  hill,  in  which  are  represented  the  inys- 
terit^s  of  Chrwt's  death.  Etmes. 

CALVE,  (kitv,)  r.  t.    [from  calf;  Sax.  caljian.] 

1.  To  bring  forth  young,  as  a  cow. 

%  In  a  metaphorical  sense,  and  sometimes  by  way  of 
reproach,  as  when  applied  to  the  human  race,  lo  bring 
forth  ;  to  produce. 

CALVES'-SNOUT,  n.  A  plant,  snapdragon.  An- 
tirrhinum. 

CALVER,  V.  L     To  cut  in  slices.     [J^ot  in  use.} 

B.  Jonxon. 

CALV'KR,  r.  i.  To  shrink  by  cutting,  and  not  fall  to 
pieces.     [A*»(  in  «.*c]  CotXon. 

CAL-VILI^E',  n,     [Fr.j     A  sort  of  apple. 

CAL'VIN-ISM,n.  'J"he  theological  tenets  or  doctrines 
of  ralviii,  who  wns  born  in  Picardy,  in  France,  and 
in  l.s:U)  chosen  professor  of  divinity',  and  minister  of 
a  church  in  Geneva.  The  dintinguishing  doctrines 
of  this  system  are,  original  sin,  pjirticular  election 
and  reprobation,  particular  redemption,  cflectual 
grace  in  regeneration,  or  a  change  of  heart  by  the 
spirit  of  God,  justification  by  free  grace,  perseverance 
of  the  saints,  and  the  Trinity. 

CAL'VIN-IST,  n.  A  follower  of  Calvin;  one  who 
cinhnicrs  the  theological  doctrines  of  Calvin. 

CAL-VIN-IST'ie,  \a.     Pertaining   to  Calvin,  or 

eAl^VIN-lST'lC-AL.  t     to  his  opinions  in  lheolog>'. 

CAL'VLV-TZE,  v.  U    To  convert  to  Cnlvinism. 

CALVISH,  a.  [from  calf.]  Like  a  calf.  [More  prop- 
erly, CALFI3H.J  Sheldon. 

CAL'Vl-TV,  Ti.     Baldness. 

CALX,  n,;  pi.  Calxes  or  Calces.  [L.  calx.;  Sax. 
cealc,  a  stone,  eaicubut,  and  chalk  ;  D.  kalk ;  G.  kalk  ; 
Sw.  kalck  ;  Dan.  kalk  ;  Fr.  cliatix.  Tho  same  word 
signifies  chalky  lime,  nmrtar,  and  the  heel,  and  from 
thai  isformeil  calculus,a  little  stone.  The  word  then 
signifies,  primarily,  a  lump,  or  clod,  or  hard  mass, 
and  is  allied  to  calhis.  if  c*//x  is  from  X"Xf(,  the 
usual  orthography  was  not  observed  by  the  Latins. 

See  ('ALfM'LATE.] 

Properly,  lime  or  ch;tlk  ;  hut  more  appropriatJ'lij, 
the  substance  of  a  metal  or  luineriil  which  remains 
atler  being  subjected  to  calcination  by  heat,  solution 
by  acids,  or  detoualion  by  niter,  and  wliicJi  is  or 
may  be  reduced  to  a  fine  powder.  Metallic  caJxes 
are  now  called  oxytls.  They  weigji  more  than  lite 
metal  from  which  they  are  produced,  being  combined 
with  oxygen.  Coze.     Encyc. 

Calx  t'ltUiva  ;  native  cidx,  a  kind  of  marly  earth,  of 
a  dead  whitish  color,  which,  in  water,  bubbles  or 
hisses,  and  without  burning  will  make  a  cement,  like 
lime  or  gypsum. 

CrtU  vica,  quick  lim*^,  is  lime  not  slaked.    Kvaje. 
CA-LYC'IN-AL,  )  a.    Pertaining  lo  a  calyx  ;  situated 
CAL'Y-CINE,       i      on  a  calyx.  Martyn. 

CAL'Y-CLE,  n.     [L.  ealycutus.    See  Calyx.] 

In  botany,  a  row  of  small  leaflets,  at  the  base  of 
the  calyx,  on  the  outwide.  The  calycle  of  the  seed  is 
the  outer  proper  covering  or  crown  of  tJie  seed  ad- 
hering lo  it,  to  facilitate  its  dispersion.        Martyn. 

2.  In  zoology,  a  term  applied  to  the  small  cu[>-like 
prominences,  containing  each  a  polyp-cell,  covering 
the  surface  of  many  corols. 

CA-LYC'U-LATE, )  a.     Having  a  calycle  at  the  base 
CAL'Y-CLED,         j     on  the  outside ;  used  of  the 

ealyjr. 
€A-LYP'TRA,  n      [Gr.  irnAiiirrfjo,  a  cover.] 

The  calyx  of  mosses,  according  to  Linnaeus  ;  but 
not  properly  a  calyx.  It  is  a  kind  of  veil,  or  cowl, 
which  covers  or  is  placed  over  the  top  of  the  anther, 
like  an  Extinguisher.  Martyn.    Milne- 

The  calyptra  of  mosses  is  an  appendage  of  the 
capsule.  It  at  first  closely  invests  the  capsule,  and 
its  summit  is  the  stigma.  As  the  cajisme  approaches 
maturity,  the  calirptra  is  detached  below,  and  ap- 
pended to  the  stigma  like  a  hood.  Cyc     Smith. 

The  cahjptra  of  mosses  is  thai  part  of  the  mem- 
branous covering,  inclosing  the  sporangium  or  theca, 
(capsule,)  which,  when  Ihe  membrane  bursts  around 
as  the  theca  approaches  maturity,  is  carried  up  and 
sustained  on  the  summit  of  the  latter.  Lindicy. 

Th;j  tJieca  was  considered  as  an  anther  by  Linnaius ; 
afterwards  as  a  capsule,  or  proper  seed-vessel,  snr- 
mounted  by  a  stigma-  It  is  now  regarded  as  a  sp<>- 
rrtn^mm,  or  vessel  inclosing  the  spores,  which  cor- 
respond to  the  seeds  in  the  higher  orders  of  plants. 
CA-LYP  TRIFORM,   a.     Having  the  form  of  a  ca- 

Ivptra. 
CX'LYX,  71. ,-;»;.  Calyxes.      [L.  eahjz;   Gr.  Ka\^'l,  a 
flower  not  opened,  a  husk  or  shell.     It  has  been  con- 
founded with  (fuAiJ,  calii,  a  cup.] 

1.  The  outer  covering  of  a  flower, being  the  ter- 
mination of  the  cortical  epidermis  or  outer  bark  of 
the  plant,  which,  in  most  plants,  incloses  and  sup- 
ports the  bottom  of  tho  corol.  In  Liniia;us's  system. 
It  comprehends  the  perianth,  the  involucrum,  the 
anient,  the  spath,  the  glume,  the  calyptra,  and  the 
volva,  Miine.     Martijn.     Encyc 

The  opinion  of  Linnmus  that  the  calyx  is  ihe  con- 
tinuation of  tho  epidermis  is  now  considered  erro- 
neous. Ed.  Encyc.     Smith. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WU^T.—  MeTE,  PRfiY.  — PIXE,  RLiRi.N'E,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.- 

166~  '  — 


CAM 

The  eulifz  is  the  most  e.Tlerior  iTiteeiiinent  of  a 
flower,  cuiisisling  of  si'vonil  veilicillate  leaves, 
{si'palst)  iiiiiu*(l  hy  their  margins  or  distinct,  usually 
of  ft  green  color,  and  of  a  less  delicate  texture  thau 
the  corol.  LintUey. 

The  cfl/i/r,  as  thus  defined,  corresponds  to  the 
pcriaatA  of  Liniireus. 

a.  A  mfnibrRnuns  sac,  inciosinc  each  papilla  of  the 
kidney,  opening  at  its  ai>ex  into  the  pelvis  of  the 
kidnev  :  called  also  infundtbulum. 

€Ab-Z^O.NS',  n.  pi.     [Sp.  calzones.] 

Drawers.     {J^ol  Engi'ufh,]  Herbert. 

CAM,  n.  A  projection  on  a  wheel,  which,  by  its  revo- 
lution, proihices  an  atlernatin?  niDtion  in  macliinerj-. 

€A-MA'IEr,  n.  A  painting;  in  which  thtre  is  only 
one  color,  and  where  the  liplits  and  shades  are  of 
gold  wrouirht  on  a  pold^n  or  azure  ground.  When 
the  ground  is  yellnw,  tiie  Frunehcall  Wcirage;  when 
gray,  ffritaillf.  This  work  is  chiefly  uned  to  repre- 
sent ba.^-so-relirv(}s.  These  pieces  answer  to  the 
fiofoxjjwfiaraj  or  monocJiromcuj  of  the  Greeks. 

Eneye. 

CAM'BER,  n.  [Fr.  eamhrer,  to  arch,  to  vault,  to  bend, 
from  L.  camera,  a  vault,  a  chamber.] 

Among  builders,  camber,  or  camber-beam,  is  a  piece 
of  timber  cut  arrhwi--se,  or  with  an  obtuse  angle  in 
the  middle,  used  in  plutfunns,  where  long  and  ftrong 
beams  are  required.  As  a  verb,  this  word  signifies 
to  bend,  but  I  know  not  that  it  is  used. 

\camberfd  derti,  is  one  which  i^  higher  in  the  mid- 
dle, or  arched,  but  drooping  or  dicliniiig  toward  the 
stem  and  stern  ;  also  when  it  is  irregular. 

€A>rBER-I\«,  ppr.  or  a.  Bending;  arched;  as,  a 
deck  lies  eatHhering. 

€AM'BI-AL,  a.    Betonging  to  exclianges  in  commerce. 

Park. 

€AM'BiaT,  n.  [It.  c«inAi*fa,  from  camAio,  exchange  ; 
Bp.  iiL] 

A  banker ;  one  who  deals  in  exchange,  or  is  skilled 
in  the  science.  ChrlsL  Obs. 

eAM'BlST-RY,n.  The  science  of  exchange,  weichts, 
meatures,  &c.  Park. 

CAM'BI-USi,  n.  In  botany^  a  vi^Jcid  secretion,  whicll, 
in  the  spring,  seinraies  the  alburnum  of  an  exoge- 
nou«  plant  from  the  liber,  or  iim^r  bark.      LindU^. 

€AM-B66K',  fl.     See  Gamboge. 

€AM-BOUSE',  It.  [U.  kot»bu\8.]  A  ship's  cook-room 
or  kitchen.     [See  Caroose.] 

€AM'BREL,  ti.  A  crooked  piece  of  wood,  or  iron,  to 
hang  meat  on.    [Sw  Gambbeu] 

€AM'BRIC,  n.  A  species  of  extremely  fine  white 
linen,  made  of  flax,  said  to  be  named  from  Cambray, 
in  Flanders,  where  it  was  first  manufactured.  Cam- 
bric is  aljio  made  of  cotton. 

€aME,  pret.  of  Come,  which  see. 

CAME,  n,  A  term  applied  to  slender  rods  of  cast 
lead,  of  which  glaziers  make  their  turned  lead  for 
receiving  the  glass  of  rasemeniH.       Ozcilt.     hlncir.. 

CAM'EL,  n.  [I^  camelus;  Gr.  «c.i^fT>oi ;  D.  and  Dan, 
kamul;  G.kanul;  Heb.  Byr.  and  Eth.  SaJ  gamai  }Ch. 

So- 
K^DJ ;  Ar.   V4,-w.    The  Arabic  verb,  to  which  this 

word  helonffs,  signifies  to  be  beautiful,  or  eleeant,  to 

fleaf*e,  or  to  behave  with  kindness  and  humanity, 
n  Sax.  gamele,  or  ganol,  is  a  camel,  and  ^n  old 
man;  gamotftai.  one  that  has  long  hair;  gamol- 
ferhth,  a  mail  of^  great  mind.  In  W.  the  word  ia 
camnutrc,  a  crooked  horse.] 

I.  A  large  qundrnprd  used  in  Asia  and  Africa  for 
carrj'ing  burdens,  and  for  riders.  As  a  genus,  the 
camel  belongs  to  the  onler  of  Pecora.  Tht^harac- 
teriiitics  are :  it  has  no  horns  ;  it  has  six  for^jeth  in 
the  under  jaw  ;  the  canine  t.*#Ih  are  wide  set,  three 
in  the  upper  and  two  in  the  lower  jaw ;  and  there  is 
a  fissure  in  the  upper  lip.  The  dromedary,  or  Ara- 
bian ramel,  has  one  bunch  on  the  back,  four  callous 
protuberances  on  the  fore  legM,  and  two  on  the  hind 
legs.  The  Ilacirian  camel  has  two  bunches  on  the 
hark.  The  llama  of  South  America  is  a  smaller 
animal,  with  a  smooth  back,  small  head,  fine  black 
eyt's.  and  very  long  neck.  The  pacos,  or  sheep,  of 
Chill,  has  no  bunch.  Camels  constitute  the  riches 
of  an  Arabian,  withr>ut  which  he  could  neither  sub- 
sist, carry  on  trade,  nor  tmvel  over  sandy  deserts. 
Their  milk  is  his  common  food.  By  the  camel's 
power  of  sustaining  ab-iiinence  from  drink  for  many 
dayx,  and  of  siib^^isting  on  a  frw  coarse  shnibs,  he  is 
peculiarly  fitted  for4he  pjircht^d  and  barren  lands  of 
Asia  and  Afrira. 

9.  In  Holland,  eamrl  (or  kfimtvl,  as  Coxe  writes 
H)  is  a  marhme  for  lifting  ships,  and  bearing  them 
over  the  PauipiM,  at  the  mouth  of  the  River  Y,  or 
OTT  other  bar*.  It  is  also  u»rd  in  other  places,  and 
particulariy  at  the  dork  in  Pet»;rshurg,  Ui  l>ear  vessels 
over  a  bar  to  Cnmstadt.  Coze.     Kneyc. 

€AM'EI*-BACK-£;D,  (-bakt,)  a.  Having  a  back  like 
a  camel ;  hunipharked.  Puller. 

CA-ME'I.E-ON  .MI.N'KRALj  B.  [See  Chameleow.I 
A  coniiK)und  foriu'-d  by  fusing  together  pure  potash 
and  hlurk  oxyd  of  manganese,  whose  solution  in 
wat«-r,  at  first  green,  passes  spontaneously  through 
the  whole  Rerieii  of  colored  rays  Ui  the  red ;  and  by 


CAM 

the  addition   of  potash,  it    returns    to  its  original 
green.  Ure. 

This  is  called  manaranate  or  manganesate  of  pot- 
ash; the  black  oxyd  o?  manganese  here  performing 
the  functions  of  an  acid, 

CA-MEL'O-PARD  or  €AM'EL-0-PARD,  n.  [cartte- 
las  and  pardalis.] 

The  giraffe,  a  species  constituting  the  genus  m- 
milttj>ardali.i.  Tliis  animal  has  two  straight  horns, 
without  branches,  six  inches  long,  covered  with  hair, 
truncated  at  the  cud,  and  tufted.  On  the  forehead 
is  a  tubercle,  two  inches  high,  resembling  another 
horn.  The  fore  legs  are  not  much  longer  than  the 
huid  ones,  but  the  shoulders  are  of  such  a  vast 
length,  as  to  render  the  fore  part  of  the  animal  much 
higher  than  the  hind  part.  The  head  is  like  that  of 
a  stag;  the  neck  ia  slender  and  elegant,  furnished 
with  a  slujrt  mane.  The  color  of  the  whole  animal 
is  a  dirty  white,  marked  with  large,  broad,  rusty 
spots.  'J'his  aiiimol  is  found  in  the  central  and  east- 
ern parts  of  Africa.     It  is  timid,  and  not  fleet. 

Eiicifc. 

CAM'E  O,  n.  [It.  cammeo.]  A  precious  stone  ca'n'cd 
in  relief;  opposed  to  an  intaglio,  which  is  cut  into  tfie 
stanr.  Originally  the  onyx,  and  afterward  the  agate, 
were  used  for  this  puriwse.  In  tl>e  true  cameo,  a  stone 
is  used  having  two  layers,  (and  sometimes  more,)  of 
dirten-nt  colors  ;  and  the  art  consists  in  so  cutting,  as 
to  appropriate  these  dijlerent  colors  to  different  parts, 
or  elevations  of  the  work.  Phells  are  also  used  for 
cheaiter  work  of  the  same  kind.  Elme^. 

€AiM'E-RA  Lu'CI-DA,  n.  An  optical  instrument, 
which,  by  nutans  of  a  style,  lenses,  &c.,  gives  the 
outlines  of  external  objects  on  paper,  or  canvas,  so 
that  an  artist  can  sketch  the  subject.  Elmes. 

CA.M'E-RA  OB-.^€0'RA,  or  dark  chamber;  in  optirs, 
an  apparatus  representing  an  artificial  eye,  in  which 
the  inuiges  of  external  objects,  received  through  a 
d[>ubie  convex  gla.-is,  are  exhibited  distinctly,  and  in 
tiieir  native  colors,  on  a  white  surface  placed  on  the 
focus  of  the  glass  within  a  darkened  chamber. 

CA.M'E-RADE,  ?t.  [L.  comcra,  a  chamlwr.]  One  who 
lodges  or  resides  in  the  same  a|)arlment ;  now  Com 
BADE,  which  see. 

e.-VM-E-RA-LIST'IC,*!.  [Infra.]  Pertaining  to  finance 
and  public  revenue. 

CAM-E-RA-LIKT'ieS,  iu    pi.     [G.  cameralist,  a  finan- 
cier.     In    Sp.     camtirii,-ta    is    a  minister    of    state 
camarilla,ii  small  room.    The  word  seems  to  be  from 
L.  camera,  a  chamber.] 

The  science  of  finance,  or  public  revenue,  compre- 
hending the  means  of  raising  and  disposing  of  it. 

O^r'tmke. 

CAM'ER-ATE.w.  (.     [I*,  eavtero,  from  camera^  a  cham 
her,  properly,  an  arched  roof.] 
To  vault  ;  to  ceil.     [Little  vsrd.] 

eAM'ER-S-TED,;;/*.  or  a.   [L.  camcrattui,  fritm  camera.] 

1.  Arched  J  vaulted. 

2.  n.  In  conchology,  a  term  applied  to  shells  which 
are  divided  by  transverse  partitions  into  a  series  of 
chambers,  traversed  by  a  siphon ;  called  also  cham- 
bered shells. 

CAM'ER-A-TING,  ppr.     Arching. 

CAM-ERA'TION,  n.    An  arching,  or  vaulting. 

CAM-E-RC'M-AN,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  follow- 
ers of  Richard  Cameron,  in  Hcotland,  who  refused  to 
accept  tlie  indulgence  gntnU'd  to  the  Presbyterian 
clergy  in  the  persecuting  times  of  Charles  II.,  lest,  by 
BO  doi?ig,  they  should  be  understood  to  recognize  his 
ecclesiastical  authority. 

CAM'IH,  n.  [It.  camUr.]     A  thin  dress.  [JVot  English.] 

CAM-IS-ADE',  n.  [Fr.  from  chemise^  a  shirt;  It.  ea- 
muia ;  Hp.  carnLiO,] 

An  attack  by  surprise,  at  night,  or  at  break  of  day, 
when  the  rnemy  is  supposed  to  be  in  bed.  This 
word  is  said  to  have  taken  its  rise  from  an  attack  of 
this  kiiul,  In  which  the  soldiers,  tin  a  badge  to  dis- 
tinguish each  other,  wore  a  shirt  over  their  arms. 

Encyc. 

€AM'IS-A-TED,  a.    Dressed  with  a  shirt  outward. 

Johnson. 

CAM'LET,  n.  [f rom  camel :  sometimes  WTitten  Came- 
LOT.J  A  stuff  originally  made  of  caMu:r8  hair.  It  is 
now  made,  sometimes  of  wool,  sometimes  of  silk, 
sometimes  of  hair,  esiKrially  that  of  goats,  with 
W(Hil  or  silk.  In  some,  the  warp  is  silk  and  wool 
twi.-ited  together,  and  the  woof  is  hair.  The  pure 
Oriental  camlet  is  made  solely  from  the  hair  of  a  sort 
of  goal,  about  Angora.  Can'ilets  are  now  made  in 
Europe,  Encye. 

CA.M'LKT-ED,  a.     Colored,  or  veined.  Herbert. 

CAM'MOCK,  «.  [Hax.  cammoc  or  enmmec]  A  plant, 
p*iiy  whin,  or  rest-harrow,  Ononis. 

CA-MOYS'  1  '^     t^r.  eamujn  W.  cam.  crooked.] 

Flat ;  depressed.  [Jlpplied  only  to  the  nose^  and  lit- 
tle used.] 

eA'MOU»-£D,  (ka'must,)  o.     Depressed  ;  crooked. 

B.  Jvnson. 

€A'MOUS-LY,  nrfr.     Awry.  Skelton. 

CAMP,  ji.  [Ij.  campuM;  Fr.  camp  and  chavip;  Ann. 
camp ;  It,  i^]*.  and  Port,  eampo ;  Kax.  camp.  The 
sense  is,  an  open,  level  field,  or  plain.  See  Cham- 
pion and  Game.] 


CAM 

1.  'J'he  gnjund  on  which  on  anny  pitch  their  tents, 
whether  for  a  night  or  a  longer  time. 

2.  'I'iie  order  or  arrangement  of  tents,  or  disposi- 
tion of  an  army,  for  rest ;  as,  to  pitch  a  camp. 

3.  An  army,  or  body  of  troops,  encamped  on  the 
same  field.  Hume. 

CVMP,  F.  t.  ore.  To  rest,  or  lodge,  as  an  army,  or  travel- 
ers in  a  wilderness  ;  to  pitch  a  camp ;  to  fix  tents. 

[See  Encamp.1 
CAmP-BED'S'1'^EAD,    (-bed'sted,)    n.     A    bedstead 

made  to  fold  up  within  a  narrow  space,  as  used  in 

war  ;  a  tressel  bedstead. 
€A.MP'-BOY,  n.    A  boy  thai  serves  in  a  camp. 

I>tcigkt* 
eAMP'-FIGHT,  71.     In  law  m-iters.  a  trial  by  duel,  or 

the  legal  combat  of  two  champions,  for  the  decision 

of  a  controversy.     [Camp  in  W.  is  a  game,  and  cam- 

piaw  is  to  contend.] 
CAMP'-STOOL,  n.     A  seat,  or  stool,  with  cross-legs 

to  fold  up. 
CAMP-VIN'E-GAU,  n.    A  mixture  of  vinegar  with 

Cayenne  pepper,  soy,  walnut-ketchup,   anchovies, 

and  garlic. 
CAM-PAG'NOL,  n.    A  species  of  rat  with  a  short  tail. 

Kirby. 
CAM-PAIGN',   (kam-punc')   n.     [Fr.   campagne ;    It. 

eampagna;  Pp.  compnna;  Port,  companha,  from  camp. 

1'his  should  be  written  campain,  as   Mitfurd  writes 

it,l 

1.  An  open  field ;  a  large,  open  plain  ;  an  extensive 
tract  of  ground  without  considerable  hills.  [See 
Champaion.] 

2.  The  time  th.-it  an  army  keeps  the  field,  either  in 
action,  marches,  or  in  camp,  without  entering  into 
winter  quarters.  A  campaign  is  usually  from  spring 
to  autumn,  or  winter  ;  but  in  some  instances,  armies 
make  a  winter  campaign. 

CAM-PAIGN',  V.  i.    To  serve  in  a  campaign. 

JHusgrave. 
€AM-PAIGN'ER,  n.    One  who  has  served  in  on  army 

several  campaigns  ;  an  old  soldier  ;  a  veteran. 
CAM-PA'NA,n.     [L.J     The  pasque-fiower. 
e.AM-PA'Nl-A,  71.     A  large  extent  of  open  country; 

applied  to  the  country  round  Rome,  &c. 


a.  A  ranipnigii.     [OAa%] 
jaM-PAN'I-FORM,     a.     [ 
fvmta,  form.] 


L.   cavipanaj    a   bell,    and 


In  hi'taiiii,  in  the  shape  of  a  bell ;  applied  to  Jlovers. 
CAM-PA-Si'L^f   n.     In  arc/iitecture^  a  cUtck  or   bell 

tower.  Elm's. 

CAM-PA-NOL'O-GY,  v.    [L.  eampana,  and  Gr.  Ao;  «$.] 
Art  of  ringing  bells  ;  prop<^rly,  a  treatise  on  the  art. 
CAM-PAN'lJ-LA, «.     [L.]     The  bell-flower. 
CAM-PAN't^-LATE,  a.     [L.  campanula,  a  little  bell.] 

In  botany,  in  the  form  of  a  bell ;  bell-shaped. 
CAM-PeACII'Y-WOQD;  [from  Campcachy,  in  Mex- 
ico.]    See  LoGwottu. 
CAM-PES'TRAL,      (  a.     [L.  eampestris^  from  campus^ 
CAM-PES'TRI-AN,  J     a  field.] 

Pertaining  to  an  open  field  ;  growing  in  a  field,  or 
open  ground.  Mortimer. 

CASI'PIlE.NE,  n.     [A  contraction  of  camphogen.] 

A  name  recently  proposed  for  purcui/  of  turpentine^ 
(commonly  called  lepirit  of  turpentine,)  and  lately 
much  used,  in  order  to  disguise  the  nature  and 
character  of  the  substance,  when  it  is  to  be  sold 
for  burning  in  lam|>s. 
CAiM'PHO-GE\,  TI.  [Gr.  Kapff^^pav,  or  KafKpovpaj 
camphor,  and  yiuvai-',  to  produce,  because,  by  com- 
bination w-ith  a  certain  definite  proi>ortioii  of  oxygen, 
camphogen  becomes  camphor.] 

A  hydrocarbon,  cmnp<>S4Ml  of  eight  equivalents  of 
hydrogen,  and  ten  of  carbon  ;  the  bas}le  of  cam- 
phor. 
CAM'PHOR,  n.    [Low  L.  cumpAora ;   Vr.eamphre;   It. 
canfora  ;    Sp.  alcanfar  ;  I'orL  canfura  ;  D.  and  G.  kam- 


5    J      - 


ili 


e({for,    kafvron,  from 


fer;    At.      j  >  ^  1- .T" ;<    C({Jor,    uujvron,    irum      jA 

hafara,  Heb.  Ch.  and  Syr.  ^fi3  ftn/flr,  to  drive  off, 
remove,  sepaniii^  wipe  away  ;  hence,  to  cleanse, 
to  make  atom'tiiuut.  It  seems  to  be  mimed  from  its 
purifying  efTeris,  or  from  exudation.  It  will  be 
seen  that  the  Inter  m  in  this  word  is  casual.] 

A  solid  concrete  substance,  from  the  Launis  Cam- 
phora,  Linn.,  or  Indian  laurel-tree,  a  lar^e  tree  grow- 
ing wild  in  Borneo,  Sumatra,  &.c.  It  is  a  whitish 
translucent  substance,  of  a  granular  or  foliated  frac- 
ture, and  somewhat  unctuous  to  the  feel.  It  has  a 
bitterish  aromatic  taste,  and  a  very  fragrant  smell, 
and  is  a  powerful  diaphoretic, 

Encyc.     Lumer.     Jlikin. 
Camphor  is  a  protoxyd  of  cauiphogen. 

CAM'PHuR,  r.  (.     To  impregnate  or  wash  with  cam- 
phor.    [iAttle  u.^ed,] 

CAxM-PHOR-A'CEOlTS,  o.  Of  the  nature  of  camphor; 
partaking  of  camphor.  Barton. 

CAM'PIIOR-ATK,  v.  u     To  impregnate  witn  cam- 
phor. 

CAM'PHOR-ATE,  iu    In  chemistry,  a  salt  formed  by 
the  combination  of  camphoric  acid  with  a  base. 

CAM'PHOR-ATE,  a.    Pertaining  to  camphor,  oi  im- 
pregnated with  it. 


TC.VE,  BULL,  tiNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  aa  K ;  0  as  J ;  BS  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  Til  as  in  THIS. 

"TeT 


CAN 

€AM'PIIOR-A-TED,  a,     Iinpregnaled  with  cnniphor. 

CAM-PHOR'ie,  a.  Pertj,)niiig  lo  camphor,  or  partak- 
ing of  its  qualities. 

Camphone  acid;  a  cnstalUzed  acid,  produced  by 
lonfE  digestion  or  repeated  distillation  of  camphor  with 
nitric  acid. 

€AM'PHOR-OIL,  ii.  A  frngrant,  limpid  oil»  obtained 
from  the  I>rp)baUnop3  anmuUieti ;  considered  as  cam- 
phor, not  vet  concri'le. 

€AM'PIIOli-TREK,  «.  The  tree  from  which  cam- 
phor is  obtained.  According  to  Miller,  Uiere  are  two 
sorts  of  trees  ihat  pri>diice  camphor;  one,  ■  native 
of  Borneo,  which  produces  the  best  kind  ;  the  other, 
a  native  of  Japan,  wliich  resembles  the  bay-lree, 
bearing  black  or  purple  berries.  But  Uie  tree  grows 
also  in  Sumatra.  The  »tera  i«  thick,  the  bark  of  a 
brownish  roK>r,  and  Che  nunidcation  strong,  close, 
and  extended.  The  wood  i«  sort,  easily  worked,  and 
useful  for  domestic  (Htrpoaes.  To  obtain  auii|rtior, 
Uie  tree  is  cut  down,  and  diridad  into  niecea,  and 
the  cauiphor  taken  out ;  it  being  found  in  amall, 
whitisli  flakes,  situated  perpendicularly,  in  irregular 
veins,  in  and  near  the  center  of  the  tree.  It  is  then 
i^iealedly  sMked  and  washed  in  soapy  water,  lo  sep- 
arata froin  it  all  extranaous  inalier.  It  u  then 
nannil  Uuough  three  aiAres  of  different  teiture,  to 
divide  it  into  three  eorta,  head,  belly,  and  foot  cam- 
phor. Cuipbor-oO  Is  caspbor,  before  the  operations 
cf  natara  have  reduced  ll  to  a  concrete  form  ;  and 
eoaoeie  f  iphftf  nay  be  reduced  to  oil  by  nitric 
■cM.  ^siML  Ru.  IT.  1. 

(^aiphor  forms,  with  nitric  acid,  a  liquid  com- 
poond,  (nitrate  of  camphor.)  OreAem. 

Camplwr  is  obtained  from  the  Ounptsijii  ^fictMarmm. 
(Laurus  Camphota,  Linn.0  *  aachre  of  China  and 
Japan,  and  from  the  DrfMrnrntf  sis  ■■fir  a,  a  native 
of  Borneo  and  Sumatra.  The  camphor  from  the  tat- 
ter is  harder,  more  brittle,  and  morv  bigtily  valued, 
particularly  in  the  Ea.-it. 

CAMPING,  fpr.     Encamping. 

CAMPING,  a.     A  playing  at  football.  BryosL 

CAMP'I-ON,  n.  A  plant  j  the  popular  name  of  the 
Lychnis. 

CAM'US,  fa.     [L.  fwiji.]      A    thin   drew.      [AVtt 

CAM'IS.    t      Emghak.'i  Spetuer. 

CAM'-WQQD,  a.  A  tropical  wood,  used  in  dyeing ; 
•aid  to  be  the  produce  a  the  B^kia  miiida^  a  native 
of  Sierra  Leone. 

CAN, a.  [D.ibea;  Sax.  eaaaa;  O.Aciuw;  Dan.  kmide  t 
Sw.  kmmmA;  Com.  kanMatk;  Sana.  hauUc;  probably 
from  holding,  containing  ;  W.  e«aa«  or^eaa,  to  con- 
tain, fca,  capacity,  a  mortise  ;  Eng.  /om,  in  carpon- 
tr}-.  Hence  \V.  atiu,  a  circle,  a  hoop,  a  fence  round 
a  yard,  a  hundred  ;  L.  etmtum :  Teut.  Aaiuf,  in  hun- 
dred.   See  Cbxt,  and  Hukdrbd,  and  Ca.i,  infni.] 

A  cop  or  veeeel  for  liquors,  m  modern  times  made 
of  metal ;  as,  a  con  of  ale. 

CAN,  a.  i.;  frit.  Col'u>,  which  is  from  another  rooL 
[See  CouLj>.]  [Coji  is  from  the  Sax.  cennatiy  to  know, 
to  bear,  or  produce ;  Guih.  kunmuK :  Sax.  ciiRNan,  to 
know,  to  be  able  ;  cunniojt.  to  trj-,  to  atu-ui|>t,  to 
prove;  cind^  eyn^  gia/nd^  kitia  \  l*.  gemtu  :  D.  ArMnnen, 
to  know,  to  umferstand,  to  hold,  to  contain,  to  be 
able,  like  the  Fr.  sacoir ;  D^n.  htnne,  {kan,  indie 
prea.  sing.,)  to  be  able  ;  kiendcy  to  know  ;  Sw.  kdnna, 
to  know  i  kunna,  to  be  able  ;  G.  AeRnen,  to  know  ; 
ft0aa«n,  to  be  able.  Hence  cKania/,  that  is,  know- 
ing, skillful,  experienced  ;  G.  kbaruHy  a  being  able, 
ability,  knowledge;  iuMti, public;  kuiute^  knowledge, 
Kctjuaintance,  The  Teutonic  and  Gothic  words  unite 
with  the  Greek  ^  ty^a'.3^  to  beget,  as  a  male,  and  to 
bear,  as  a  female,  which  is  connected  with  ^^icuftai, 
to  be  bom  or  produced.  Con,  cfaooji,  and  ^fftau, 
are  profaaUy  the  same  word ;  and  the  Sax.  ^uuum, 
in  the  compounds  mgintuuL,  herinnaKy  OKgiMJUMj  to 
begtM,  is  from  the  same  rooL  The  |ximar>-  sense  Is, 
to  strain,  to  stretch,  to  urge  or  thrxist  with  force, 
which  gives  the  sense  of  producing,  and  of  holding, 
containing,  which  is  the  primary  sense  of  knowitiff, 
comprehending  ;  and  straining  gives  the  sense  of 
power.    The  Sax.  caiuuaa,  to  try,  is  to  strain.    (See 

KxiT.)  Ar.  *  1^3  kauMo,  to  be,  the  tubstantive 
verb ;  also,  to  become,  to  be  made,  to  endure ;  also, 

lo  create,  lo  generate,  to  form ;      ,JL5  kaninay  lo 
w 

know ;  Heb.  and  Ch.  f^3,  to  fit  or  prepare,  to  form  or 
fashion  ;  whence  right,  fit ;  as  we  have  right ;  Sax. 
rehti  L.  recttuj  from  re/o,  to  rule,  that  is,  to  strain, 
stretch,  make  straight ;  Syr.      *^  i*in,  to  begin  lo  be, 

and  its  derivatives,  to  plant  or  establish,  to  create, 

to  be  prepared  ;  Eth.  (10)  i  Jhm,  lo  be,  to  become, 
to  be  made ;  Ch.  and  Sam  as  the  Hebrew.  See 
Class  Gn,  No.  29,  38,  and  58,  42,  45,  &c.  Can,  in 
English,  is  treated  as  an  auxiliary  verb,  the  sign  of 
tlie  infinitive  b<-ing  omitted,  as  in  the  phrases  /  can 
goj  instead  of  /  eon  to  go ;  thou  canst  go ;  he  un  go.] 
1.  To  be  able  ;  lo  have  sufficient  strength  or  phys- 


CAN 

iciU  i^HHver.  One  man  can  lift  a  weight  which  another 
can  not.  A  horse  can  run  a  certain  distance  in  a 
given  lime. 

a.  To  have  means  or  instruments,  which  supply 
power  or  abilit>'.  A  in;in  can  build  a  bouse,  or  fit  out 
a  ship,  if  he  has  tlie  requisite  property.  A  nation 
can  not  prosecute  a  war  without  money  or  credit.  I 
will  lend  you  a  thousand  dollars  if  I  can, 

3.  To  be  possible. 

Kicodrniui  kM,  How  cnn  thesf  thlngi  be  t  —  Jt^hn  iU. 

4.  To  have  adequate  nionil  jx)wer.  A  man  can 
indulge  in  pleasure,  or  he  can  retrain.  He  can  restniin 
his  appetites,  if  he  will. 

5.  To  have  just  or  legal  compietent  power,  that  ts, 
right ;  to  be  free  from  any  restruiiit  of  moral,  civil, 
or  political  obligation,  or  from  any  positive  prohibi- 
tion. We  can  use  a  highway  for  travel,  for  this  is 
permitted  by  law.  A  man  con  or  can  not  hold  an 
office.  The  Jews  could  not  eat  certain  kinds  of  ani- 
mals which  were  declared  to  be  unclean.  The  house 
of  commons,  in  England,  can  impeach,  but  the  house 
of  lords  only  can  irj-  imtRrachmeiiis.  lii  gencrul,  we 
can  do  whatever  neither  the  laws  of  God  nor  of  man 
forbid. 

Bow  tan  I  do  tbii  gnmt  wickTdnm  and  ain  apiiiut  GckI  I  —  Geo. 

xxxiz. 
I  can  nut  go  brjond  Ok  word  of  Uk  Lord  mj  God,  to  do  Icm  or 

more. — Ntim.  xxiL 

6.  To  have  natural  strength,  or  capacity ;  to  be 
miscepcible  of;  to  be  able  or  free  to  undergo  any 
change,  or  produce  any  effect,  by  the  laws  and  con- 
stitution of  nature,  or  by  divine  appitinlmeiit.  Silver 
CMM  be  melted,  but  can  not  be  changed  into  gtdd. 

Cam  the  nwh  grow  without  nan !  — Job  tIU. 
Om  the  Bg^ire*  brar  olitr-  berriraf  —  JsinM  ifi. 
Oui  bitfa  wve  him  f  —  Jttmca  u. 

7.  To  have  competent  strength,  ability,  fortitude, 
patience,  &r.,  in  a  passive  sense.  Me  can  not  bear 
reproof.     I  can  nut  endure  this  impertinence. 

This  n  a  bard  aaytiig ;  —  wImj  aut  Itt^r  U  ?  —  John  vi. 
6.  To  have  the  requisite  knowledge,  experience, 
or  skill.  Young  men  are  not  adiniiu-d  members  of 
college,  till  they  can  translate  Latin  and  Greek.  An 
astronomer  can  calculate  an  eclipse,  Uiough  he  can 
not  make  a  coaU 

9.  To  have  strength  of  inclination  or  motives  suf- 
ficient to  overcome  obstacles,  impediments,  incon- 
venience, or  other  objection. 

I  ha»r  marrird  a  wit>,  and  iht-refoie  I  cnn  not  come.  —  Lulcc  xi». 
1  con  not  ntt  and  ^v«  (bee  j    vet  brcauar  of  liia  iinportuiiitj,  be 
will  rise  aiid  give  him.  —  Luke  xi. 

10.  To  have  sufficient  capacity ;  as,  a  vessel  can 
not  hold  or  contain  the  whole  quantity. 

CAN,  r.  r.     To  know.     [JW;r  in  itse.]  Spenser. 

CA.N'-BUOY,  n.     In  seameuship,  a  buoy  in  form  of  a 

Cone,  made  large,  and  sometimes  painted,  as  a  mark 

to  designate  shoalii,  &c.  Mar.  DicL 

CAX'-HQQK,  H.     An  instrument  lo  sling  a  cask  by 

the  ends  uf  its  staves,  furmed  by  reeving  a  piece  of 

rope  through  two  fiat  ho<iks,  and  splicing  its  ends 

together.  Mar.  Diet, 

CA-NA'DI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  lo  Canada,  an  eilensive 

country  on  the  north  of  the  United  States. 
CA-NA'Dl-AN',  n.    An  inhabitant  or  native  of  Canada. 
CjJ-J^A/LLE' ,  n.     [L.  canity  a  dog;    Fr.   canaille;  Sp. 

canalla  ;  Port,  canaltia  ;  IL  canagUci.] 

The  lowest  class  of  people  ;  the  rabble  ;  the  vulgar. 
CAX'A-KIN,  n.     A  little  can  or  cup.  Shtik. 

e.-V-NAL',  n.     [L.  canaUs,  a  channel  or  kennel:  these 

being  the  same  word  dirt'erenily  written;  Fr.  canal ; 

Arm.  can,  or  caiwl ;  Sp.  and   Port,  canal;  IL  caualc. 

(See  Cane.)     It  denotes  a  passage,  from  shooting,  or 

p:issing.] 

1.  A  passage  for  water;  a  water-course  ;  properly, 
a  long  trench  or  excavation  in  the  earth,  for  conduct- 
ing water,  and  confining  it  to  narrow  limits  ;  but  the 
term  may  be  applied  to  other  water-courses.  It  is 
chiefly  applied  to  artificial  cuts  or  passages  for  water, 
used  for  transportation  ;  whereas  channel  is  applica- 
ble to  a  natural  water-course. 

The  aiTiai  from  litc  Hudtoa  W  Lak<;  Erie,  ia  one  of  Uie  Dolileat 
Works  of  art. 

9.  In  anatomy,  a  duct  or  passage  in  the  body  of  an 
animal,  through  which  any  of  the  juices  flow,  or 
other  substances  pass  ;  or,  more  generally,  any  cy- 
lindrical or  tubular  cavity  in  the  body,  whether  oc- 
cupied by  a  solid,  fluid,  or  aeriform  substance;  as, 
the  canal  of  the  spine,  the  semicircular  canals  of  the 
internal  ear,  the  alimentary  canal,  icu. 
3.  A  surgical  instrument ;  a  splint.  Coze. 

€A-NAL'-B6AT,  ?i.     A  boat  used  on  canals. 

€AN'ALr-eOAL,  n.     See  Cannel-Coal. 

CAX-A-LIC'-IT-LATE,       i  a.     [L.  canalUulatus,  from 

CAN-A-LIC'-U-LA-TED,  \      canalicultvi,  a  little  pipe, 
from  canalis,  canna,  a  pipe.] 

Channeled  ;  furrowed.  In  hotavy,  having  a  deep 
longitudinal  groove  above,  and  convex  undt-meath  ; 
applied  to  the  stem,  leaf,  or  petiole  of  plants.   Martyiu 

CA-NA'RY,  n.     Wine  made  in  the  Canary  Isles, 

2.  An  old  dance.  Shakspeare  has  used  the  word 
as  a  verb,  fur  to  dance,  in  a  kind  of  cant  phrase. 

CA-N'a'RY-BTRD,  n.    A  sinpinp-bird  from  the  Canary 
Isles,  a  species  of  FringiHa.     The  bill  is  conical  and 


CAN 

straight;  the  body  is  yellowish  while;  the  prime 
feathers  of  the  wings  and  tail  are  greenish.  These 
birds  are  now  bred  in  other  countries. 

€A-NA'RY-GKASS,  nt^A  plant,  the  Phalaria,  whose 
seeds  are  collected  for  canary-birds. 

CAX'CEL,  r.  £.  [Fr.  cancelier  ;  Port,  cancellar  ;  L.  can- 
ceilOf  to  deface,  properly,  lo  make  cross-bars  or  lat- 
tice-work ;  hence,  to  make  cross  lines  on  writing,  from 
cancelli,  cross-bars  or  luttice-work  ;  Gr.  ki>xA(£  ;  Syr. 
and  Ch.  Sp^p  kankel,  id.l 

1.  To  cross  the  lines  or  a  writing,  and  deface  them  ; 
to  blot  out  or  obliterate. 

S.  To  annul,  or  destroy  ;  as,  lo  cancel  an  obligation 
or  n  d*.l)t. 

3.  In  printintr^  to  suppress  and  reprint,  for  the  sake 
of  substituting  other  matter  ;  as,  to  cancel  a  )tage. 

CAN'CEL,  n.  In  printing,  the  suppression  and  rt^print- 
iuE  of  a  page  urmoreof  a  work  ;  the  part  thus  altered. 

CA.\'C'EL-I«ATE,  a.  Consisting  of  a  network  of  veins, 
without  intermediate  parenchyma,  as  the  leaves  of 
certain  plants. 

CAN'CEL-La-TED,  a.     [h.  cancellatus,  cancclh.] 

1.  Cross-burred  ;  marked  with  cross  lines.  Orcw. 

2.  Cellular,  as  the  porous  structure  of  bones. 

ManUll. 

CAN-CEL-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  defacing  by  cross 
lines  ;  a  canceling. 

€A\'CEL-£D,  pp.    Crossed  ;  obliterated  ;  annulled. 

€AN'CEL-ING,p/>r.  Crossing;  obliterating;  annull- 
ing. 

CAN'CER,  n.  [L.  cancer;  Sax.  cancre;  Fr.cn/icre;  D. 
kanker ;  8p.  cangrejo,  cancro  :  It.  canero,  canchero  ;  Gr. 
KO)\T],  This)  seems  to  be  the  same  word,  though  ap- 
plied to  the  sti/>tl  ;  KiipKivi^,  a  cancer,  is  a  dinL-reut 
word.  From  the  Greek,  the  Latins  have  concha, 
Eng.  couch.  But  n  is  not  radical ;  for  this  is  undoubt- 
edly the  VV.  cocos,  Eng.  cockle;  Fr.  coqtiille,  cm/ue.  It 
coccia.  These  words  are  probably  from  the  same  root 
as  tip.  cocar,  to  wrinkle,  twist,  or  make  wry  faces  j 
Ir.  cuachaim,  to  fold  ;  Eng.  cockle,  to  shrink  or  pucker  ; 
verbs  which  give  the  primary  sense.  It  is  to  be  noted 
that  cancer  and  canker  are  the  same  word  ;  canker  be- 
ing the  original  prontmciatiun.] 

1.  The  crab  or  crab-flsh  The  terra  cancer  was  ap- 
plied, as  a  generic  name,  by  Linmeus,  to  a  very  ex- 
tensive genus  of  animals,  marked  by  him  in  his  class 
Insecta,  order  Aptera,  corresponding  to  the  first  three 
orders  of  Cuvier's  class  Crusfvcea,  and  including  the 
crab,  lobster,  shrimp,  crayfish,  &.C.  The  term  is  now 
conlined  to  a  genus  of  Crustacea,  including  only  the 
common  European  crab  ai}d  a  few  allied  species. 

2.  In  astronomy,  one  of  the  twelve  signs  of  the  zo- 
diac, represented  by  the  form  of  a  crab,  and  Imiiting 
the  sun's  course  northward  in  summer;  hence,  the 
sign  of  the  summer  solstice. 

3.  In  medicine,  a  roundish,  hard,  unequal,  scirrhous 
tumor,  which  usually  ulcerates,  is  very  painful,  and 
geni^rally  fatiil.  In  the  most  limited  sense,  a  morbid 
afiectiou  of  the  mamma,  commencing  with  an  une- 
ven livid  induration,  marked  by  cancriform  dilated 
vessel^,  and  usually  terminating  in  a  malignant  pha- 
gedenic ulcer ;  the  carcinus  of  Good.  In  a  more  gen- 
eral sense,  any  local  afit.'ction  commencing  with  an 
induration,  and  terminating  in  a  phagedenic  ulcer,  or 
any  malignant  phagedenic  ulcer,  whether  commen- 
cing with  an  induration  or  not. 

€A\'CEK-ATE,  v.  i.  To  grow  into  a  cancer;  to  be- 
come cancerous.  L'Kstraage. 

CAN-CER-A'TION,  n.  A  growing  cancerous,  or  into 
a  cancer. 

eAX'CEll-OU3,  a.  Like  a  cancer;  having  the  quali- 
ties of  a  cancer.  fViseman. 

€AN'CElt-0(T&-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  cancer. 

CAX'C^l-OC.S-NESa,  n.     The  state  of  being  cancer- 

eAN'CKl-FORM,  a.     Cancerous.  [ous. 

2.  Having  the  form  of  a  cancer  or  crab. 

CAN'CRINE,  a*    Having  the  qualities  of  a  crab. 

CAN'CRITE,  n.  [from  cancer.]  A  fossil  or  petrified 
crab.  Fourcrttjf. 

€AN-DE-LA'BRUM,  n.     [I..] 

1.  A  tall  su[)[>ort  for  a  lamp. 

2.  A  candlestick  with  branches. 
CAN'DEN'J',  o.     [L  cantiensy  from  candeo,  to  be  white 

or  hot.     See  the  verb  to  Cant.] 

Very  hot ;  heated  lo  whiteness  ;  glowing  with  heat. 
OAN'DI-e.lNT,  a.     Growing  white.  Diet. 

CAN^DID,  a,     [L.  Candidas,  white,  from  candeo,  to  be 

white;  W.  canu,  to  bleach.    See  Cant.] 

1.  While.  Dryden. 
[But  in  tiiis  sense  rarely  ■ttsed.'\ 

2.  Fair;  open  ;  frank;  ingenuous;  free  from  undue 
bias  ;  disposed  to  think  an«  judge  according  to  tnith 
and  ju.slice,  or  without  jjartiality  or  prejudice ;  applied 
to  per.iims. 

3.  Fair;  just;  impartial ;  applied  to  things;  as,  a 
candid  view,  or  construction, 

CAN'DI-DATE,  n.  [L.  candidatua,  from  candidus, 
white  ;  those  who  sought  oftices  in  Rome  being 
obliged  to  wear  a  white  gown-] 

1.  One  who  seeks  or  aspires  to  some  office  or  priv- 
ilege, and  who  offers  himself  for  the  same  ;  usually 
followed  hy  for;  as,  a  candidate  for  the  olfice  of  sher- 
iff"; a  candidate  for  baptism  or  confirmation, 
a.  One  who  is  in  contemplation  for  an  olfice,  or  for 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  .MARLXE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 

168      '  ^— 


CAN 


CAN 


CAN 


preferment,  by  thasc  who  have  power  to  elect  or  ap- 
point, thougti  he  does  not  offer  himself. 

3.  One  %vho,  by  his  services  or  actions,  will  or  may 
justly  obuin  preferment  or  reward,  or  whose  conduct 
tends  to  secure  it ;  as,  a  candidate  for  pniise. 

4.  A  man  who  is  qualilied,  according  to  the  rules 
of  the  church,  to  preach  the  gospel,  and  take  the 
charge  of  a  parish  or  religious  society,  and  proposes 
to  settle  in  the  ministry.     [  Unitrd  Stiitr^.] 

5.  One  who  is  in  a  slate  of  trial  or  probation  for  a 
reward,  in  another  life  ;  as,  a  candidate  for  heaven  or 
for  eternity. 

eAN'DrO-LY,  adv.     Openly  ;   frankly  ;  without  trick 

or  disguise  ;  ingenuously. 
€AN'D1D-.\ESS,  n.    Openness  of  mind  ;  frankness; 

mirness ;  ingenuousness. 
e.*.V'DI-£D,  (kan'did,)  pp.  or  o.     [from  camly.]     Pre- 
•erved  with  sugar,  or  incrusted  with  it ;  covered  with 
crystals  of  sugar  or  ice,  or  with  matter  resembling 
them  ;  as,  candied  raisins, 
eAX'DI-FY,  p.  £.  or  i.    To  make  or  become  white,  or 

candid. 
e.*.\'DLE,  n.  [L.  Sp.  and  IL  eandrla  ;  Fr.  chandeBe: 
Sax.  caiideJ:  Pers.  kandil :  Arm.  caiital :  W.caimyU: 
It.  caiaaeal:  from  L.  eandeo^  to  shine,  to  be  white,  or 
ita  rooL  The  primary  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  shoot, 
to  throw,  to  rndial«.    See  Ci^<T  and  Chast.J 

1.  Along,  but  small,  cylindrical  body  of  tallow, 
wax,  or  spermaceti,  formed  on  a  wick  composed  of 
linen  or  cotton  threads,  twisted  loosely,  used  for  a 
portable  light  oWtunesIic  use. 
a.  A  light 

3.  A  light ;  a  luminary-,  fn  Scripture^  the  caadU  of 
rkt  Lord  is  the  divine  favor  and  blessing,  Joi  xxi\.  3 ; 
or  the  conscience  or  understanding.     Prop.  xx.  27. 

Ejceammunication  by  inch  uf  candle,  is  when  the  of- 
fender is  allowed  time  to  repent,  while  a  candle  burns, 
and  is  then  excommunicated. 

Sale  by  inch  of  candle,  is  an  auction  in  which  per- 
sons are  allowed  to  bid  only  till  a  small  piece  of  can- 
dle bums  out. 
Mejieaicii  candle ;  in  medicine,  a  bougie. 
JJiurA  candles,  are  ilsed  in  some  countries  :  they  are 
made  of  the  pith  of  certain  rushes,  peeled  except  on 
one  side^  and  dippe<l  in  grease.  Encnc 

CA.N'DLHi-BER-RY-TREE,  n.  The  Myrica  cerifera, 
or  wax-bearing  myrtle;  a  shnib  comniim  in  .\orth 
America,  from  the  berries  of  which  a  kind  of  wax  or 
oil  is  procured,  of  which  candles  are  m.ade.  The  oil 
is  obtained  by  boiling  the  berries  in  water  ;  tlie  oil, 
risinj;  to  the  surface,  is  skimmed  off,  and  when  cool 
Is  of  the  consistence  of  wax,  and  of  a  dull  greeii 
color.  In  popular  language,  this  is  called  bay-berrt 
tallom.  ' 

<:A.N'DI.K-B0MB,  (kan'dl  bum,)  n.  A  small  gtess 
bubble,  filled  with  water,  placed  in  tho  wick  of  a 


candle,  where  it  bursts  with  a  report. 
CAN'OLE-roAL.  See  Uaw.'.ei.-Coal. 
eAN'DLE-IlOLD'ER, 


[candle  and  hold.']  A  per- 
son that  holds  a  candle.  Hence,  one  that  remotely 
assists  another,  but  is  otherwise  not  of  imjiortancc. 

C.\X'DI,E-LIGriT,  (-me,)  n.    [candlr  and  lisht.]    The 
light  of  a  candle  ;  the  necessary  candles  for  use. 

€AN'DLE-MAS,  n.  [candle  and  mase,  Sai'^^a; 
eawIU-/eaM.] 

The  feast  of  the  church,  celebrated  on  the  second 
day  of  February,  in  honor  of  the  purification  of  the 
Virgin  Mary,  so  called  from  the  great  number  of 
lights  used  on  that  occasion.  This  feast  is  supposed 
to  have  originated  in  the  dcclaratii;n  of  .'^imecjn,  that 
our  Savior  was  "  to  be  a  light  to  lighten  the  Uentiles." 
On  this  day,  the  Roman  Catholics  consecrate  all  the 
candles  and  tap>-rs  which  are  to  be  u.sed  in  their 
churches  during  the  whole  year.  In  Rome,  the  pope 
perfonns  the  ceremf>ny  himself,  and  distributes  vvax 
candles  bithe  cardinals  and  others,  who  CJirry  them  in 
pmcemlon  through  the  great  h.ill  of  the  pope's  palace. 
The  ceremony  was  prcjliibjtid  in  England  by  an  or- 
der of  ciiuncil  in  1548.  But  Candlemas  is  one  of  the 
four  terms  for  paying  and  receiving  rents  and  inter- 
est ;  and  It  gives  name  to  a  law  term,  b<;ginning  Ian. 
15,  and  ending  Feb.  3.  fneoe 

CA.V'DLB-STICK,  a.  [candle  and  slick;  Sax.'cJuirf- 
ttieea.} 

An  instrument  or  utensil  to  hold  a  candle,  made  in 
different  forms  and  of  different  materials:  originally 
a  stick  or  piece  of  wood. 
eAV'ni,E-.STOFP,  n.    [eandU  and  .,luff.]    A  materia) 
of  which  candles  are  made,  as  tallow,  wax,  &.c. 

GA.V'DLE-VVAST'ER,  n.  [candle  and  vaiU.]^Ot,t 
who  wastes  or  consumes  candles  ;  a  hard  student,  or 
one  who  studies  by  candlelight ;  a  spendthrift. 

_  B.  Joruon.     Shak. 

eA.N'DLR-WICK,  a.    The  wick  for  candles. 

JAJ'JJI'BS-ENM.n.,/.  Scraps;  fragmenLs.  BcauTn. 

C.\.V  DOCK,  n.    A  pl.-uit  or  weed  that  grows  in  rivers, 

CA.V'DOR,  n,    rr,.  candor,  from  candro,  to  be  white.] 

Op'-nness  of  heart ;  iVankness  ;  ingenuousness  or 

mind  ;  a  disposition  to  treat  subjects  with  fairness  ; 

freedom  from  prejudice  or  disguise  ;  sincerity.    fVatu. 


€AX'DY,  r.  (.  [It.  candire,  to  candy,  to  preserve  ; 
candita,  candied  ;  Fr.  candir.  This  seems  not  to  be 
the  Latin  nmdio,  for  the  Italian  has  also  condire. 
Possibly  it  may  be  from  L.  candeo,  to  be  white.    But 

in  .\r.  ^XaJ  kand,  kandon,  is  the  saccharine  matter 
of  the  sugar-cane,  or  concrete  sugar,  and  it  is  the 
same  in  Persian  ;  Sans,  kliand.] 

1.  To  conserve  or  dress  with  sugar ;  to  boil  in  sugar. 

2.  To  form  into  congelations  or  crystals.       Skak. 

3.  ftgaratinely,  to  cover  or  iucrust  with  congela- 
tions, or  crj'stals  of  ice.  Dryden. 

eAN'DY,  r.  i.  To  form  into  cnstals,  or  become  con- 
gealed; to  take  on  the  form  of  candied  sugar. 

e.AN'DY,  n.     A  species  of  confectionery,  or  couiiKtund 
of  sugar  with  some  other  substance,  as  sugar  candy, 
molasses  candy,  &.C. 
a    In  Bamba),  a  weight  of  560  pounds. 

€A^'DY-ING,  ppr.    Conserving  with  sugar. 

€A\'DY-I.\G,  n.  The  act  of  preserving  simples  in 
substance,  by  boiling  them  in  sugar.  Eneiic. 

CAN'DY-TUPTS,  n.     A  plant,  the  Iberis. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 
2.  A  Cretan  flower.  Tate. 

€ANE,  n.  [L.  canna ;  Gr.  Kavva  ;  Fr.  canne  ;  W.  cavjn  ; 
Sp.  cana  ;  Port,  cana  or  canna  :  It.  canna  ;  Arm.  coiien  : 
Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  .\i.  njp.  In  the  Arabic,  a  word 
of  this  family  signifies  a  subterraneous  passage  for 
water,  or  canal.     It  probably  signifies  a  shoot.] 

1.  In  botany,  this  tcnn  is  applied  to  several  s|K'cies 
of  plants  belonging  to  diflerent  genera,  such  as 
Arundo,  Calamus,  Saccharum,  ice.  .^mong  these 
is  the  bamboo  of  the  East  Indies,  with  a  strong  stem, 
which  serves  for  pipes,  poles,  and  walking-sticks. 
The  sug.ir-cane,  a  native  of  .-Vsia,  Africa,  and  .\mer- 
ica,  furnishes  the  juice  from  which  are  made  sugar, 
molasses,  and  spirit    [See  Sua.\H-CiNi.l 

2.  .\  walking-stick. 

3.  A  lance  or  dart  made  of  cane.  Drydtn. 
•1.  A  long  measure,  in  several  countries  of  Europe : 

at  Naples,  the  length  is  7  feet  3J  inches ;  in  Tlioulouse, 

in  France,  5  feet  SJ  inches ;  in  Provence,  ic,  6  feet 

5J  inches. 
CAXEj  r.  t._  To  beat  with  a  cane  or  walking-stick. 
CANE  -BRAKE,  n.     [cane  and  brake.]     A  thicket  of 
„?"',??•„-  F.WnM. 

t^AAh -Hole,  n.     [c<ine  and  /ui/c]     ;\  hole  or  trench 

for  iilaiiting  the  cuttings  of  cane,  on  sugar  planla- 

''""*•  Kdwards's  H'.  Indies. 

CA.Nh  -MILL,  n.    A  mill  for  grinding  sugar-canes,  for 

the  manufacture  of  sugar. 

'*'"'"" [cans  and  frd^A.]    Refuse  of  canes, 

reserved  for  fuel  to  boil 
EdiDards'.i  tV.  Indies. 


CA.VE'-TRASH 

or  macerated  rinds Vf  cam 

the  cane-juice. 
GA-NE.S'CE.\T,  a.     [I.,  eaneseens. 
Growing  white  or  hoary. 

S)'«.^I^I;".';;^'I"-     [''•   '""i™'".  »   little   dog,  from 
CAN'I-CULE,    j      cania,  a  dog.] 

-A  star  in  the  constellation  of  Canis  Major,  called 
also  the  Dag.star,  or  Sirim ;  a  star  of  the  first  mag- 
nitude, and  the  largest  and  brightest  of  all  the  fixed 
stars.  From  the  rising  of  this  helineally,  or  at  iu 
emersion  from  the  sun's  rays,  the  ancients  reckoned 
their  dttff-tlaiis. 
eA-.\leT;-L.\R,  a.     (L.  canicularis.] 

Pertaining  to  the  dog-star. 
^^^'•^''■'^E'l  a.     [L.  caninu-s,  from  canis,  n  dog.] 

Pertaining  to  dogs  ;  having  the  properties  or  qual- 
ities ofa  dog  ;  as,  a  canine  appttile,  insatiable  hunger ; 
canine  madness,  or  hydrophobia. 

Canine treUi :  the  shar|>, luinted  Ueth, on  each  side, 
between  the  incisors  and  grinders;  so  named  from 
their  resemblance  to  a  dog's  teeth.  In  man  and 
most  of  the  mammalia,  there  are  two  of  them  in  each 
Jaw,  one  on  each  side  of  the  incisors. 

Canu  Major :  H|e  Greater  Dog ;  a  constellation  of 
the  soulhirii  hemisphere,  under  the  feet  of  Orion ; 
including  .Sirius  or  the  dog-star. 

CanisMinor:  the  Less<r  Dog  ;  a  constellation  of  the 

northern  liemisphcri;,  just  below  Gemini,  including 

J  K"> ',"!'  •''  """  "'"  "'"  ''"■*'  magnitude.  Brandt. 

t'Aw/i'^'*'''  "'    ^^  beating  with  a  stick  or  cane. 

t/AN  IS-TER,^n.    [L.  canislrum  ;  Gr.  Kainartii}t>,  Kavrjq. 

or  KUfOi  ;  Fi.  canaxtre  ;  Port.  cano,ttra  ;  Sp.  canasta.] 

Properly,  a  small  basket,  as  in  Dryden  ;  but  more 

C.A.N  K'EK,  n.     [U  cancer;  Sax.  canccre  or  eancrr  ;  D. 

kanker;  Fr.  chancre;  It.  canchrro.     This  is  the   Latin 

cancer,  with  tjie  Roman  pronunciation.    See  Cakcek.] 

J.  A  disease  incident  to  trees,  which  causes  tho 

bark  to  rot  and  fall. 

2.  A  popular  name  of  certain  small,  eroding  ulcers 
In  the  mouth,  particularly  of  children.  They  are 
generally  covered    with    a  whitish    slough.      [See 

Al-HlH.t.J  (^^f^ 

3.  A  virulent,  corroding  ulcer  ;  or  any  thing  that 
corrodes,  corrupts,  or  destroys. 

AlUrbury, 
-2TUii,  f 

4.  An  eating,  corroding,  virulent  humor 
sion. 

5.  A  kind  of  rose,  the  dog-rose.    Ptaeham. 


Sacrilcf-  miiy  pru*,^  nn  ruling  atnker. 
And  Uicir  wonf  will  e*l  u  doih  a  mriAer. . 


;   corro- 

Sh<tk. 
Slmk. 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE.-AN-GER.  VI"CI0U3.-€  a.  K ;  G  as  J ;  s  as  Z ;  CH  a.  SH ;  TH  lui  In  THW 


6.  In  farriery,  a  running  thnish  of  the  worst  kind  ; 
a  disease  in  horses'  feet,  discharging  a  fetid  matter 
from  the  cleft  in  llie  middle  of  the  frog.         Eaeyc. 
CAN'K'ER,  c.  t.     To  eat,  corrode,  corrupt,  consume,  in 
the  miuiner  that  a  canceraflicts  the  body,    llerbrru 

t.  A  Si-TJ'J"^'''-'-  °'  P""""^-  .Addison. 

t/.A.N  k  ER,  r.  1.  To  grow  corrupt ;  to  decay,  or  waste 
away  by  means  of  any  noxious  cause  ;  to  grow  rusty, 
or  to  be  oxydized,  as  a  metal.  Bacon. 

€ANK'ER-BIT,  a.  Bitten  with  a  cankered  or  enven- 
omed tooth.  Sfutk. 

CANK'ER-f;D,  pp.  or  a.  Eaten,  corroded,  orcornipted. 
a.  a.     Crabbed  ;  uncivil.  Spenser. 

CANK'ER-AD-LY,  adv.     Crossly  ;  adversely. 

CA.\K'ER-FL?,  n.     A  fly  that  preys  on  fruit 

€.\NK'EE-LIKK,  a.  Eating  or  corrupting  like  a 
canker. 

CANK'ER-OUS,  n.     Corroding  like  a  canker. 

e,\NK'ER-WORM,  ii.  A  worm  destructive  to  trees 
or  plants.  In  .;3nierica,  this  name  is  given  to  a  worm 
that,  in  some  years,  destroys  tho  leaves  and  fruit  of 
apple-trees.  This  animal  springs  from  an  egg  de- 
posited by  a  miller,  that  issues  from  the  ground. 

„  A  .Ti.fTst.  «>•  ^  ^''  Herrick. 

CANK'ER-Y,  a.     Rust)'. 

e.\N'N.\-BrNE,  a.  [L.  caanoiiniis,  from  catmahii, 
hemp.]  * 

Pertaining  to  hemp ;  hempen. 

SaS'/S.^J^^JS'^'''  \  "■    ^  '■'"»''  ™''''  of  »  black  color, 

eAN'DLL-COAL,  j  sufficienllv  hard  and  solid  to  be 
cut  and  polished.  It  burns  re;idily,  with  a  clear  yel- 
low name,  and  on  this  account  has  been  used  as  a 
substitute  for  candles.  It  is  sometimes  used  for  ink- 
holders  and  toys. 

CAN'.NE-aL'rx,  n.  White  cotton  cloth  from  the  East 
Indies,  suitable  for  the  Guinea  trade.  Encyc. 

eA.\'NI-B.\L,  n.  [This  word  is  probably  of  Indian 
origin.  Columbus,  in  his  narration  of  bis  discov- 
eries, mentions  certain  people  called  Canibal-s;  but 
in  the  isles,  he  remarks,  the  natives  lived  in  great 
fear  of  the  Caribals,  or  people  of  Cariba,  called,  in 
Hispaniola,  Carib.  Hence  it  seems  that  Canibals  and 
Curibce  are  the  same  word  differently  pronounced.] 

A  human  being  that  eats  human  flesh;  a  man- 
eater,  or  anthropophagite.  Bacon.     Benlley. 

CAN'.NI-BAL-ISiM,  n.    The  act  or  practice  of  eating 
human  flesh  by  mankind. 
2.  .Vlurderous  cruelty  ;  barbarity.  Burke. 

CAN'NI-BAI^LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  cannibal. 

CAN'NON,  n.  [Fr.  canon ;  Arm.  ca?(im  or  canot ;  D. 
kanon;  O;  kanonr ;  Sp.  canon;  Port.  ean*<im ;  It 
connone.  Probably  from  L.  camta,  a  tube.  See 
Case.] 

A  large  military  engine  for  throwing  baUs,  and 
other  instruments  of  death,  by  the  force  of  gun- 
powder. Guns  of  this  kind  are  made  of  iron  or 
brass,  and  of  different  sizes,  carrying  balls  from  three 
or  four  pounds  to  forty-eight  pounds'  weight.  In 
some  countries,  they  have  been  made  of  much 
larger  size.  The  smaller  guns  of  tliis  kind  are 
called  Jicld-pieces. 
CAN-NON-ADE',  n.  The  act  of  discharging  cannon 
and  throwing  balls,  for  the  purpase  of  destroying  an 
army,  or  battering  a  town,  ship,  or  fort.  Tho  term 
usually  implies  an  attack  of  some  continu.ance. 
CAN-NONA  HE',  v.  t.  To  attack  with  heavy  artillery  : 
to  throw  balls,  or  other  deadly  weapons,  as  chain- 
shot  or  langrago,  against  an  enemy's  army,  town, 
fortress,  or  ship;  to  batter  with  cannon  shot. 
CANNON-ADE',  v.  i.    To  discliarje  cannon  ;  to  play 

with  large  guns. 

CAN-NON-AU'ED,  pp.    Attacked  with  cannon  shot 

^'^'^tJSI^J!'^"'.'''^'"'  '''"■•    l':"";'-ing  with  cannon  shot 

e.AN'NON-BALL,  n.     A  ball,  usually  made  of  cast 

iron,  to  lie  thrown  from  cannon.     Cannon-bullet,  of 

the  like  signification,  is  not  now  used.    Cannon-balls 

were  originally  of  stone. 

eAN'NON-BONE,  n.     The  single  metacarpal  or  mela- 

tarsal  bone  of  the  horse.  Brande. 

eAN'NON-MET'.\L,  n.    A  variety  of  bronze  ;  or  an 
alloy  of  copper  and  tin,  in  the  projiottion  of  about 
9  to  1. 
CAN-NON-EP.R',  j  n.    A  maji  who  manages  cannon ; 
CANNON-KER',  1     an  engineer.  ' 

CAN'NO.N'-PROOF,  a.    I>roof  against  cannon-shot. 
CAN'NON-SHOT,  n.     A  ball  for  cannon;  also,  the 

range  or  distance  a  cannon  wifl  throw  a  ball. 
CAN'NOT,  [can  and  not]     These  words  are  usually 
united,  but  certainly  without  good  reason  :  caa^  and 
7jy(  are  never  united. 
CAN'.N'U-LAR,  o      [L.  canna,  a  tube.] 

Tubular  ;  having  the  form  of  a  tube,         Zneyc. 
^A^,',^,h  ("v  ,'''»""""» 1  wary;  skillftilj  (|cxt»us, 
CAN'NIE,  j      [ScoHis*.]  Burns 

CA-NOE',  (ka-noo',)  n.  [Fr.  canot ;  Rp.  canuo ;  It.  ca- 
noe, or  canon.  This  is  said  to  he  of  Indian  origin  :  as 
nil  the  Spanish  historians  of  America,  when  they 
first  mention  the  word,  give  an  explanation  of  it  i 
"Ilia  m  terrain  suis  lintribus,  quas  canoas  vocont, 
eduxerunt."     P.  Martyr.] 

1.  A  boat  used  by  nide  nations,  formed  of  the  body 
or  trunk  of  a  tree,  excavated,  by  culling  or  burning. 


93 


16» 


CAN 

into  a  suitable  shape.  Similar  boats  are  now  used, 
*by  civilized  men,  lor  fishiiie  and  other  purposes.  It 
18  imiM  llfd  by  n  paddle,  instead  of  an  oar. 
9.  A  boat  itiade  of  bark  or  skins,  U!*ed  by  savaifes. 
CAN'ON,  n.  [Sax.  canoa  ;  Fr.  Sp.  and  Port,  canon  ,■  lu 
eantme;  L.  can  on  :  Gr.  <><im<>v.  Dr.  Owen  deduces 
the  word  from  the  Heb.  nsp,  a  cane,  reed,  or  meas- 

nrinr-rod.  In  Eth.  i  11  itanan,  signifies  to  set,  to 
establish,  to  fonn  a  rule  ;  whence  canon,  a  rule.  But 
Ibis  %-erb  is  probably  fmm  the  noun.  The  word  is 
friHn  one  of  the  ror.ts  in  Class  Gn,  which  signities  to 
•cl,  or  to  strain.  1  he  Welsh  unites  it  with  the  root 
of  con,  L.  ec«o,  to  sin^,  W.  eaiton,  a  song,  a  rule,  a 
canon,  from  eanu,  to  sing,  L.  eauo.  The  sense  of  caii- 
on  is,  that  which  is  set  or  established.] 

1.  In  rcelf^iastical  iifhirs,  a  law,  or  rule  of  doctrine 
or  discipline,  en.irt.Hl  by  a  council  and  confirmed  by 
the  sovereign  ;  n  dcci>ii>n  of  uiaitere  in  religion,  or  a 
regulation  of  policy  or  di^xipUnc,  by  a  general  or  pro- 
vincial council. 

2.  A  law  or  rule  in  fteneril. 

3.  The  genuine  booksof  the  Holy  Scriptures, called 
the  Murtd  canoH,  or  general  rule  of  moral  and  relig- 
ious dutv,  given  by  laspinition. 

4.  A  dignitary  or  the  church  ;  a  person  who  po6- 
■esaes  a  prebend  or  revenue  allotted  for  the  perfonn- 
aoce  of  divine  eemce  in  a  cathedral  or  collegiate 
church. 

A  eani'mal  eamoity  is  one  attached  to  a  church,  mcoi^ 
doMbu,  as  a  priest  to  a  parish. 

DomtctUarif  eoxinu,  are  young  canons,  not  in  or- 
ders, haring  no  right  in  any  particular  chapters. 

Eiptrtative  aoMm ;  hairing  no  revenue  or  prebend, 
but  having  the  title  and  dignities  of  canons,  a  voice 
in  the  chapter,  and  a  place  in  the  choir,  till  a  prebend 
should  fall. 

Forrign  eaiums  :  ?iuch  as  did  noC  officiale  in  their 
canonries ;  opposed  to  wnuitfiMrry  or  rtfidaiXiffry  ca»- 
tms. 

Lmy,  Mw/ar,or  k^nmrmrj/  oaiMfu,-  laymen  admitted, 
out  of  honor  or  respect,  into  aonw  chapter  of  canons. 

lUfuIar eanmts ;  who  live  an  ascetic  life,  in  monas- 
teries or  in  community,  and  who,  to  the  practice  of 
their  rules,  have  added  the  profisnon  of  vows. 

Tvrtiarf  eanaikf:  who  have  only  the  third  part  of 
the  revenue  of  the  canonicate.  Emejfc 

5.  In  M«Baj(«ne3,abookcontainbigthenile0oftbe 
order. 

&  A  catalogue  of  saints  acknowledged  and  canon- 
ized in  the  B^nan  Catholic  church. 

7.  Onmi  •/  Uemmag;  the  eotire  office  of  the  nuua, 
but  particalarly  the  secret  words  cf  the  mass  from 
the  pfefkce  to  tlie  pater,  in  tlie  middle  of  which  the 
priest  consecrates  the  hosL  The  people  are  to  re- 
hearse this  part  of  the  service  on  their  knees,  and  in 
a  voice  lower  than  can  t»e  heard. 

RcmoM  Catholic  Chtrtk. 

8.  In  andetU  mmsUy  a  rule  or  method  for  determin- 
ing the  intervals  of  notes,  invented  by  Ptolemy. 

fiicyc. 

9.  In  madem  miutc,  a  kind  of  perpetual  fugue,  in 
which  the  different  parts,  beginning  one  after  anoth- 
er, repeat  incessantly  the  same  air.  Busby. 

10.  In  geometry  and  algebra,  a  general  rule  for  the 
sohiti«i «  cases  of  a  given  kind. 

11.  In  juhanBACf,  arule  for  compounding  medicines. 
19.  In  mtrgergj  an  instrument  used  in  sewing  up 

wounds. 

Can4m  taw,  is  a  collection  of  ecclesiastical  laws, 
serving  as  the  rule  of  church  government. 

€.VX'O.N-BIT,  n.  That  part  of  a  bit  let  into  a  horse's 
mouth. 

€A.\'0\-ESS,  n.  A  woman  who  enjoys  a  prebend, 
affixed,  by  the  foundation,  to  maids,  without  oblig- 
ing them  to  make  any  tows,  or  renounce  the 
worid.  Encye. 

Pertaining  to  a  canon  ;  according  to  the  canon  or 
rule. 

Cojumical  hooks^  or  canonical  Scriptures^  are  those 
books  of  the  Scriptures  which  are  admitted  by  the 
canons  of  the  church  to  be  of  divine  origin.  The 
Roman  Catholic  church  admits  the  Apocryphal 
books  to  be  canonical ;  the  Protestants  reject  thera. 

Caiumical  Aour*,  are  certain  staled  times  of  the  day, 
fixed  by  the  ecclesiastical  laws,  or  appropriated  to 
the  offices  of  prayer  and  devotion.  In  Qrrai  Brit- 
ain, these  hours  are  from  eight  o'clock  to  twelve  in 
the  fi^irenoon,  before  and  after  which  marriage  can 
not  be  legally  performed  in  the  church.  Eiicyc. 

Canonical  ubetlience,  is  submission  to  the  canons  of 
a  church,  especially  the  submission  of  the  inferior 
clCTgy  to  their  bishops,  and  of  other  religious  or- 
ders to  theu  superiors. 

CoMmical  punishments,  are  such  as  the  church 
may  inflict,  as  excommunication,  degradation,  pen- 
ance, &.C. 

Qtnonical  life,  is  the  method  or  rule  of  living  pre- 
scribed by  the  ancient  clerpy  who  lived  in  communi- 
ty, a  Course  of  living  prescribed  for  clerks,  less  rigid 
than  the  monastic,  ana  more  restrained  than  the  sec- 
ular 


CAN 

Canonical  sins,  in  the  ancient  cJIuttA,  were  those  for 
which  capit.-il  punishiuenl  was  intlictcd,  as  idolatry, 
murder,  nduUer>',  heresy,  &c. 

Ciinonicat  lettrrs,  anciently,  were  letters  which 
passed  between  the  orthodox  clergy,  as  testimoni- 
als of  their  faiih,  to  keep  up  the  catliolic  commun- 
ion, and  to  disiinguiiih  them  from  heretics. 

Canonical  epL^tlcs,  is  an  nppetlntion  given  to  those 
epistles  of  the  New  1'estament  which  are  called  gen- 
eral or  catholic.  F.nei/c, 

€.\-NON''IC-AL-LY,  ajv.  In  a  manner  agreeable  to 
the  canon. 

€A-NON'ie-.\L-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ca- 
nonical. 

€.A-NON'ie-AL9,  n.  pL  The  full  dress  of  the  clergy, 
worn  when  thev  officiate. 

€A-\0\'ie-ATfi,  a.     The  office  of  a  canon.  Eneyr. 

€.AN-UN-IC'I-TY,  It.  The  sUite  of  belonging  to' the 
canon,  or  genuine  boitks  of  t^cripiure. 

CA\'0\-IST,  a.  A  professor  of  canon  law  j  one 
skilled  in  the  study  and  practice  of  ecclesiastical 
law. 

€.\N-ON-IST'rC,  a.  Having  the  knowledge  of  a  can- 
onist. 

€AN-ON-I-ZA'TION,  h.  [See  Ca:«ot<izi:.]  The  act 
of  declaring  a  man  a  saint,  or  rather  the  act  of  rank- 
ing a  deceased  person  in  the  catalogue  of  saints 
called  a  eajwn.  This  act  is  preceded  by  beatification, 
and  by  an  examiniitiou  into  the  life  and  miracles  of 
the  person  ;  after  which  the  pope  decrees  the  canon- 
ization. Addison.  Encyc. 
a.  The  state  of  being  sainted. 

CAN'ON-IZt:,  r.  U  [frpm  canon.]  To  declare  a  man 
a  saint,  ana  rank  him  in  the  catalogue  called  a 
canon. 

€AN'ON-I7.,i:D,  pp     Declared  to  be  a  saint. 

€AN'0.\-r/.-L\G,  ppr.     Declaring  to  be  a  saint, 

€AN'ON-RV,     j  n.    An  ecclesiastical  benefice,  in  a 

€A.\'0\-9IIlP,  S  cttlhedral  or  collegiate  church, 
which  has  a  prebend  or  stated  allowance  out  of 
the  revenues  of  the  church  commonly  annexed  to 
it.  The  benefice  filled  by  a  canon.  A  prebend  may 
subsist  without  a  canonry  ;  but  a  canonicate  is  in- 
separable from  a  prebend.  Ajfliffe.    Enetic 

€AN'0-PI-£D,  (kan'o-pid,)  a.  [See  Casopt.I  Cov- 
ered with  a  canopy.  JuUton. 

€AN'0-PY,  B.  [Gr.  K'-yyujiriioi;  a  pavilion  or  net 
spread  over  a  bed  to  keep  off  gnats,  ttom  Kun-unp, 
a  gnat.] 

1.  A  covering  over  a  throne,  or  over  a  bed  ;  more 
generally,  a  covering  over  the  head.  So  the  sky  is 
called  a  coiwpy,  and  a  canopy  is  borne  over  the  head 
in  processions. 

2.  In  artkiteeiMre  and  sculpture,  a  magnificent  dec- 
oration, serving  to  cover  ana  crown  an  altar,  throne, 
tribunal,  pulpit,  chair,  or  the  like.  Encyc, 

CAN'O-PV,  r.  U    To  cover  with  a  canopy.     Dryden. 

€.\N''0-PY-I\G,ppr.     Covering  with  a  canopy. 

€A-N0'ROUS,   a.     [L.  canoriLs,  from  cano,  to  sing.] 
Musical ;  tunefnl.  Brown. 

€A-N0'ROUS-NESS,  n.     Musicalness. 

CANT,  T.  t.  [L.  canio,  to  sing;  ^».  cantor;  Port,  id., 
to  sing,  to  chant,  to  recite,  to  creak,  to  chirp,  to  whis- 
tle i  It.  cantare,  to  sing,  to  praise,  to  crow  ;  Fr.  chan- 
ter :  Arm.  cana ;  from  L.  eano,  to  sing.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  throw,  thrust,  or  drive,  as  in  can  ;  a  sense 
retained  in  the  phrase  to  cant  over  any  thing.  In 
sinking,  it  implies  a  modulation  or  inflection  of  voice. 
In  U'elsh,  can,  with  a  difierent  sound  of  the  vowel, 
signifies  a  sung,  and  white,  L.  cano,  canus,  and  caneo. 
These  are  from  the  same  root,  and  have  the  same  rad- 
ical sense,  to  throw  or  shoot,  as  rays  of  light,  to 
shine,  probably  applied  to  the  sun's  morning  rays. 
\V.  canu,  to  sing ;  Sanscrit,  gana ;  Persic,  kandam,] 

1.  In  popular  usage,  to  give  a  sudden  tlirust  or  im- 
pulse ;  as,  to  caiU  round  a  slick  of  timber,  to  cant 
fool-ball.  Forby's  East  Jlnglia, 

3.  To  incline  or  pitch  forward^^as  a  ca^ik,  to  make 
it  run  more  freely. 

3.  To  speak  with  a  whining  voice,  or  an  affected 
singing  tone. 

[In  tJiis  sense,  it  is  usually  intransitive.] 

4.  To  sell  by  auction,  or  to  bid  a  price  at  auction. 

Stciji. 

€APCT,  n.    A  thnist,  push,  or  other  impulse,  with  a 
sudden  jerk  ;  as,  to  give  a  ball  a  canU 
[TVtis  is  the  literal  sense.] 

2.  An  inclination  from  a  horizontal  line  ;  as,  to  be 
on  the  canL  Tctton. 

3.  A  wliining,  singing  manner  of  speech  ;  a  quaint, 
affected  mode  of  uttering  words,  either  in  conversa- 
tion or  preaching. 

4.  The  whining  speech  of  beggars,  as  in  asking 
alms  and  making  complaints  of  their  distresses. 

5  The  peculiar  words  and  phrases  of  professional 
men  ;  phrases  often  repeated,  or  not  well  authorized. 

6.  Any  barbarous  jargon  in  ?peecli. 

7.  U'liining  preiension  to  goodness.         Johnson. 

8.  Outcry  at  a  puhlic  sale  of  goods  ;  a  call  for  bid- 
ders at  an  auction.  SwifL 

This  use  of  the  word  is  precisely  equivalent  to 
aartitm,  audio,  a  hairking,  a  crying  out,  or,  in  the 
\'ulgar  dialect,  a  singing  out ;  but  1  believe  not  in  use 
in  the  L'nited  Slates. 


CAN 

€.\NT,  n.     [D.  kant,  a  corner.] 

An  external  angle  or  quoin  of  a  building,    Owilt. 
A  niche  ;  a  corner  or  retired  place.        B.  Jonson. 
Cant-timbers,  in  a  ship,  are  those  which  are  situ- 
ated at  the  two  ends.  Mar.  DicU 
C-^J^-TAB' I-LE,\\l.,]  in  mu^,  denotes  an  elegant, 

smoolli.  graceful  style. 
€A,\-TA'BR|.AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Cantabria,  on  the 

Bav  of  Biscay,  in  Spain. 

C.\N-T,\-BR10'1-AN,  n.    A  student  or  graduate  of  the 

university  of  Cambridge,  Eng. ;  often  abridged  into 

Cantab.  Smart. 

€AN'TA-LIV-ER,  >  n,     [cantle  and  eaves.    CXn.canterii 

€AN'TI-LEV-ER,  \     labrum,  the  lip  of  the  roller. 

Brande.] 

In  architecture,  a  piece  of  wood,  framed  into  the 
front  or  side  of  a  house,  to  suspend  the  moldings  and 
eaves  over  it.  Encyc. 

CAN'TA-LOUPE, )  n.      A    small,  round    variety    of 

€AN'TA-LEUP,  (  muskmelon,  of  a  very  delicate 
fiavor. 

€AN-TA'TA,  n.  [Italian,  from  cantare,  to  sing;  L 
canto.] 

A  poem  set  to  music  ;  a  composition  or  song,  in- 
termixed with  recitatives  and  airs,  chielly  inlcnded 
for  a  single  voice. 

€A\-TA'TION,  n.     A  singing.     [JVoi  used.] 

CA.\-TEEN',  n.     [It.  cantina.] 

A  tin  vessel  used  by  soldiers  for  carrying  liquor 
for  drink.  It  is  also  made  of  wood,  in  the  furm  of  a 
keg.  0         C/tambera: 

CVN'TLe'  i  "■     ^^^  ^'"^  ^°^^  ^^  *  saddle.    Booth, 

CANT'ER,  r.  i.  [Arm.  cantreal  or  cantren,  to  run,  to 
rove,  or  ramble,  from  tossing  or  leaping,  canting 
See  Cast.] 

To  move  as  a  horse  in  a  moderate  gallop,  raising 
the  two  fore  feet  nearly  at  the  same  time,  with  a  leap 
or  spring. 

€ANT'EU,  V.  t.     To  ride  upon  a  canter. 

€ANT'ER,n.    A  moderate  giiilop  ;  a  Canterbury  gallop, 
9.  One  who  cants  or  whines. 

€ANT'ER-BUR-Y,  (kanl'er-ber-ry,)  n.  A  receptacle 
for  music,  portfolios,  loose  papers.  See,  being  a  stand 
with  divisions.  Smart, 

CANT'ER-BUR-Y-BELL,  n.  A  species  of  Campan- 
ula,    [See  Bell-Flower.] 

€ANT'EK-BURY-GAL'LOP.  n.  moderate  gal- 

lop of  a  horse,  commonly  railed  a  ranter ;  said  to  be 
derived  from  the  pilgrims  riUtn;:  to  Canterbury  at  this 
pace. 

CANT'ER-BUR-Y-TALE,  n.  A  fabulous  story;  so 
called  from  tlie  tales  of  Chaucer. 

CANT'ER-£D,  pp.     Ridden  upon  a  canter. 

€A\T'ER-L\G,  ppr.  Moving  or  riding  with  a  mod- 
erate gallop. 

CAN-THAR'I-DkS.  n.  p?.  [from  cantAaris,  which  see.] 
SpanisJi  flics,  used  to  raise  a  blister. 

€AN-THAR'f-DIN,  ».  [Infra.]  That  peculiar  sub- 
stance, existing  in  the  Cantharis  vcsicatoria,  which 
causes  vesication,  Thinnson. 

€AN'TIIA-RIS,  71.     [Gr.  KavBnnt^.'] 

The  Spanish  fly  or  blister-beetle.  This  fly  is  nine 
or  ten  lines  in  length,  of  a  shining  yellow  green  or 
bronze  color,  mixed  with  azure,  and  has  a  nauseous 
smell.  It  feeds  upon  the  leaves  of  trees  and  shrubs, 
preferring  the  ash.  These  flies,  when  bruised,  are 
universally  used  as  a  vesicatory.  The  largest  come 
from  Italy,  but  the  best  from  Spain. 

€ANTH'US,  n.    [Gr.  KavQui  ;  D.  kant,  a  corner.] 

An  angle  of  the  eye  ;  a  cavity  at  each  extremity  of 
the  evfilds ;  the  greater  is  next  to  the  nose,  the  lesser 
towards"  the  temple.  Encyc. 

€AN'Tl-eLE,  n.  [Sp.  and  It.  cantico }  L.  canticum, 
from  canto.    See  Cant.] 

1,  A  song.  In  the  plural,  Casticleb,  the  Song  of 
Songs,  or  Song  of  Solomon,  one  of  the  books  of  the 
Old  Testament. 

2.  A  canto;  a  division  of  a  song.   [Obs.]    Spenser. 
€AN'TILE,  V.  t.    To  cut  to  pieces. 
€AN'TIL-LaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  cantUlo.     See  Caxt.1 

To  chant ;  to  recite  with  musical  tones.  M.  Stuart 
€A\-TIL-LA'TI0N,  n.    A  chanting  ;  recitation  with 

musical  modulations. 
€ANT'ING,  ppr.  or  tu    Throwing  with  a  sudden  Jerk 

or  impulse  ;  tossing. ' 

2.  Speaking  with  a  whine  or  song-like  tone. 

3.  n.  Ridiculous  pretense  of  goodness. 
€ANTa\G-LY,  adv.     With  a  cant. 
€ANT'ING-KESS,  n.    Unality  of  uttering  in  cant. 
€A\'TION,n.    A  song  or  verses.  [J^'ot  used.]  Sprnjirr. 
CAN'TLE,  n.     [Arm.  chantcll ;  Fr.  chantcau,  whence 

echantitlon :  Eng.  scantling.] 

A  fragment;  a  corner  or  edge  of  any  thing;  the 
hind  how  of  a  saddle.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

CAN'TLE,  V.  t.    To  cut  into  pieces ;  to  cut  out  a  piece. 

[Obs.]  Dryden. 

€.\NT'LET,  n.     A  piece  ;  a  little  corner  ;  a  fragment. 

Dryden. 

€A\'TO,n.    [It.  cawfo,  a  song ;  L.  cant^is.    SecCAr*T.] 

A  part  or  division  of  a  poem,  answering  to  what 

in  prose  is  called  a  book.     In  Italian,  canto  is  a  song, 

and  it  signifies  also  the  treble  part,  first  treble,  or 

highest  vocal  part,  or  the  leading  melody. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.AT.  — METE,  PRfiY.  —  Pt\E,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQ(?K.  — 
__  __  ,  ^ 


[L.  centum.] 


CAN 

CAX'TON,  M.  [tt.  eaatone,  o  comer-stone,  and  a  can- 
ton ;  t?p.  caiUo.i  ;  Port.  «ntf«,  a  corner  ;  Fr.  caiitoiij 
a  corner ;  a  part  of  a  country,  a  district ;  Arm.  can-_ 
ton ;  L).  kant ;  G.  kante ,  D.  kandt,  a  corner,  point, 
edge,  border.  TJie  Welsh  unites  canton  with  caw(, 
a  hundnid,  L.  emtum^  Sax.  Aitwrf,  for  canlrev  is  a  cir- 
cuit or  division  of  a  country,  from  cant,  a  hundred.] 

1.  A  small  portion  of  land,  or  division  of  territor)- ; 
originally,  a  portion  of  territory  on  a  border  j  also, 
the  iriliutiitants  of  a  canton. 

2.  A  small  portion  or  district  of  li-rrilory,  consti- 
tuting a  distinct  state  or  government,  aa  in  Swjtzer- 

3.  In  heraidry^  a  corner  of  the  shield.  .    [land. 

4.  A  distinct  part,  or  division  ;  as,  the  cantons  of  a 
painting  or  otht;r  representation.  Burnet. 

CAN'TOiN.  p.  (.     [Sp.  acautoitttr.] 

1.  To  divide  into  small  parts  or  districts,  as  terri- 
tory ;  to  divide  into  distinct  [K>nions.  Locke.  Addison. 

2.  To  allot  separate  quarters  to  ditierent  parts  or 
divisions  of  an  army  or  body  of  troop.s. 

CAN'TON-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  canton ;  divided 

into  cantons. 
€A.\'TON-i;D,  pp.     Divided  into  distinct  parts,  or 

quartTs  ;   lodged  in  distinct  quarters,  as  troops. 
CAN'TOX-ING,  ppr.     Dividing  into  distinct  districts; 

allotting  separate  quarters  to  each  regiment. 
€AN''TON-IZE,  r.  L    To  canton,  or  divide  into  small 

districts.  Dacies. 

€A.\'TO.N-MEXT,  iu    A  part  or  division  of  a  town 

or  village,  assig^d  to  a  particular  regiment  of  troops  ; 

separate  ouarten.  MarshalL 

€AN''TRAP,  n.    An  incantation  or  spell. 

2.  Mischief  artfully  perfonned.    [ScoUUhJ] 
CAN'Tlt£D, 
€AN'TRKF,  . 

A  hundred  villages,  aa  in  Wales.  Encyc 

GAN'VAS,   n.      [Fr.    caneeas,   canvas,    and   efmnvre, 

hemp  j  Arm.  canaeas;  Sp.  cunaiuaio  :  V orl.  canamo  ; 

It.  eanacaeetOy  canvas,  and  cauapa,  hemp  ;  D.  kanefas, 

canvas,  and  kennepj  hemp ;  G.  kaxe/a.-'s,  canvas,  and 

kanf,  hemp;  Dan.  canejaj;    L.  cannabis^  hemp;  Gr. 

KivfO^K  ;   Ir.  canbkasj  canvas,  and  canaib^   hemp; 

Russ.  kanqihas.     It  is  from  the  root  of  canna^  cane; 

perhaps  a  diminutive.] 

1.  A  coarse  cloth  made  of  hemp  or  flax,  used  for 
tents,  sails  of  ships,  painting,  and  other  purposes. 

2.  A  clear,  unbleached  cloth,  wove  regularly  in 
little  squares,  used  for  working  tapestry  with  the 
needle. 

3.  Among  the  French,  the  rough  draught  or  model 
on  which  an  air  or  piece  of  music  is  composed,  and 
given  to  a  poet  to  finish.  The  canvas  of  a  song  con 
tains  certain  notes  of  the  composer,  to  show  the  poet 
the  measure  of  the  verses  he  is  to  make. 

4.  Among  seamm,  cloth  in  sails,  or  sails  in  general ; 
ai,  to  .iprcad  as  much  canvas  as  the  ship  wilt  bear. 

CAN'VAi^eiJMB-ER,  (-kllm'er,)  n.  A  sailor  that 
goes  aloft  to  handle  sails.  Shak. 

e.AX'VAri-BACK,  n.  A  kind  of  duck,  the  jSnas  vol- 
Usneria,  highly  esteemed  for  the  delicacy  of  its  flesh, 
fc)und  in  the  rivers  of  the  Chesafwake  Bay,  and  de- 
riving il»  name  from  the  color  of  its  back.  Encyc,  Jim, 

eAN'v AS-S,  V.  t.  [Old  Fr.  ennnabas^er^  to  beat  about 
or  ahake,  to  examine.    Junius.     Slcinncr.] 

1.  To  dii^cnss  ;  literally,  to  beat  or  shake  out,  to 
open  by  beating  or  shaking,  like  the  L.  discuiio. 
This  is  the  common  use  of  the  word  ;  as,  to  ctinvass 
a  subject,  or  the  policy  of  a  measure. 

3.  To  examine  returns  of  votes  ;  to  search  or  scru- 
Untze  ;  as,  to  canra^^j  the  votes  for  senators. 

3.  I'o  go  through  in  the  way  of  solicitation  ;  as,  to 
eancojiit  a  district  for  vuttfs. 

€AN'VAS3,  r.  L  To  seek  or  go  about  to  solicit  votes 
or  interest ;  to  use  efforts  to  obtain  ;  to  make  interest 
io  favor  of;  followed  by  for;  as,  to  canvass  fur  an 
office,  or  preferment ;  to  canvasafor  a  friend. 

CAN'VASS,  n.  Examination ;  close  in'^pection  to 
know  the  st.ite  of;   as,  a  canvass  of  votes. 

2.  Discussion  ;  debate. 

3.  A  seeking,  solicUation,  or  eflort  to  obtain. 
€AN'VA8S-£D,  (kan'vast,)   pp.     Discussed  ;  exam- 
ined. 

€A.\'VASS-ER,  n.  One  who  solicits  votes,  or  goes 
about  to  make  interest.  Burke* 

2.  One  who  examines  the  returns  of  votes  for  a 
public  officer. 

€AN'VASS-IN'G,  ppr.  Discussing;  examining  ;  sift- 
ing .  seeking. 

eAN'VASa-ING,  n.  The  act  of  discussing,  examin- 
ing, or  making  interest. 

€A'\V,a.   [fromcanf.]  Consisting  of  cane,  or  abound- 
ing with  canes. 
2    .Made  of  canes  ;  an,  cany  wagons.  Milton. 

CJiJ^  Z.O'J^F.yn.  [It.,  a  song.  See  Cakt.]  A  song 
or  air  in  two  or  three  parts,  with  passages  of  fugue 
and  imitation  ;  or  a  p(»em  to  which  music  may  be 
com[K«ed  in  the  style  of  a  rnntata.  When  s<!t  to  a 
piece  of  instrumental  mu^ic,  it  signifies  much  the 
same  w,  cantata;  and  when  set  to  a  sonata,  it  sig- 
nift'^  allfgro,  or  a  brisk  movement.    Bailey.    Busby. 

€AN-ZO  \ET',  n.     [It.  ean-.anetta.] 

A  little  or  short  song,  in  one,  two,  or  three  parts. 
b  Mtinetimes  consisu  ot^  two  stnilns,  each  of  which 
\b  sung  twice.     Sometimes  it  is  a  species  of  jig 


CAP 

€AOL'T'CIIOL'e,  (koo'chook,!  n.  India  rubber,  an 
elastic  substance  produced  from  the  Hecea  Oaianen- 
sis,  and  various  other  plants.  It  is  ira[>ermeable  to 
water. 

CAOUT'CHOU-CINE,  (koo'choo-sin,)  n.  A  highly 
inflammable,  and  very  light,  volatile,  oily  liquid,  ob- 
tained by  distillation  from  caoutchouc.  Brande.  It 
is  called  caoutchiue  by  Graham. 

CAP,  n.  [Sax,  ctrppe,  a  cap,  and  a  cape,  a  cloak  ;  D. 
kap  ;  G.  Icappe  and  haube ;  Dan.  kappe,  a  robe  or  coat ; 
Sw.  Icappa,  id. ;  It.  cappa,  a  cap,  a  cloak;  W.  cap; 
Fr.  cfiapCy  ckapeau ;  Arm.  chap  or  cap.  The  sense  is 
probably  tliat  which  is  put  on.  Class  Gb,  No.  70 ; 
also  31,  3G.] 

1.  A  part  of  dress  made  to  cover  the  head. 

Q.  The  ensign  of  a  cardinalate.  Shak. 

3.  The  top,  or  the  uppermost ;  the  highest. 

Thou  art  the  cap  o.'  fix)l«.  Shak. 

4.  A  vessel  In  form  of  a  cap.  Wilkins. 

5.  An  act  of  respect  made  by  uncovering  the  head. 

L'Estraag-e% 
Cap  of  cannon  ;  a  piece  of  lead  laid  over  the  vent 
to  keep  the  priming  dry  ;  now  called  an  apron. 

Cap  of  maintenance ;  an  ornament  of  state,  carried 
before  the  kings  of  England  at  the  con-nation.  It  is 
also  carried  before  the  mayors  of  some  cities. 

In  ship-buitdiuif,  a  cap  id  a  thick,  strong  block  of 
wood,  used  to  confine  two  masts  togetiier,  when 
one  is  erected  at  the  head  of  another. 
GAP,  r.  t.  To  cover  the  top,  or  end  ;  to  spread  over  ; 
as,  a  bone  is  capped  at  tJie  joint  with  a  cartilaginous 
substance. 

The  cloud-capped  tow*r«.  ^lak. 

9.  To  deprive  of  the  cap,  or  take  off  a  cap. 
To  cap  verseg,  is  to  name  alternately  verses  begin- 
ning with  a  particular  letter;  to  name  in  opposition 
or  emulation  ;  to  name  alternately  in  contest. 

Johnson. 
CAP,  r.  i.    To  uncover  the  head  in  reverence  or  civil- 

itv.     [JVot  iwprf.J  Skak. 

eA-'PA-BlL'I-TY,  Tu  [See  Capable.]  The  quality 
of  being  capable;  caimcity  ;  capableness. 

Sfiak.     Lavoisier,  Trans. 
CA'PA-BLE,  o.     [Fr.  capable,  from  L.  eapiot  to  take. 
See  Class  Gb,  Nli.  68,  ti9,  75,  83.] 

1.  Able  to  hold  or  contain  ;  able  to  receive;  suf- 
ficiently capacious;  often  followed  by  of;  as,  the 
room  is  not  capable  o/recei^ig,  or  capable  (/  holding 
the  company. 

2.  Endued  with  power  competent  to  the  object ; 
aa,  a  man  is  capable  of  judging,  or  he  is  not  capable. 

3.  Possessing  mental  powers;  intelligent;  able  to 
understand,  or  receive  into  the  mind;  having  a  ca- 
pacious mind  ;  as,  a  capod^e  judge  ;  a  capable  instructor. 

4.  Susceptible  ;  as,  capable  of  pain  or  grief.     Prior. 

5.  Qualified  for ;  susceptible  of;  as,  a  thing  is  ca- 
pable of  long  duration  ;  or  it  is  capable  of  being  colored 
or  altered. 

6.  (Qualified  for,  in  a  moral  sense  ;  having  legal 
power  or  capacity  ;  as,  a  bastard  is  not  capable  of  in- 
heriting an  estate. 

7.  Hollow.     [JVo(  now  used.'\  Skalc. 
CA'PA-BLE^NESS,  n.     The  state  oT  quality  of  being 

capable;  capacity  ;  power  of  understanding;  knowl- 
edge. Killingbeck. 

CA-PAC'I-FT,  V.  U    To  qualify.     {Unwtual.] 

Barrow.     Qood. 

CA-PX'CIOUS,  (ka-pa'slma,)  a.  [L.  capai,  from  capio, 
to  Uike  or  hold.] 

1.  Wide  ;  large  ;  that  will  hold  much  ;  as,  a  capa- 
cious vessel. 

2.  Braid  ;  extensive  ;  as,  a  capaeiou.^  bay  or  harbor. 

3.  Extensive  ;  comprehensive  ;  able  to  take  a  wide 
view  ;  as,  a  capacious  mind. 

CA-PA'CIOUS-LY,  adv.    In  a  capacious  manner  or 

degree. 
GA-PA'CIOUS-NESS,  n.     Wideness ;  largeness;  as 

of  a  vesseL 

2.  Exlensiveness  ;  largeness;  as  of  a  bay. 

3,  Comprehensiveness ;  power  of  taking  a  wide 
survey  ;  appUeA  to  Vie  mind, 

CA-PAC'I-TATE,  v.  (.     fSee  Capacitt.]     To  make 

capable;  to  enable;  to  furnish  with  natural  power; 

OS,  to  capacitate  one  for  understanding  a  theorem. 
2.  To  endue  with  moral  qualifications  ;  to  qualify; 

to  furnish  witt)  legal  powers;  as,  to  capacitate  one 

for  an  office. 
CA-PAC'I-TA-TED,  pp.     Made  capable  ;  qualified. 
CA-PAC-I-TA'TION,  n.     The  act  of  making  capable. 
CA-PAC'I-TY,   a.     [h.  capacitas,  from   capax,   capio; 

Fr  eapaciti.] 

1.  Passive  pf)Wer;  the  power  of  containing,  or 
holding  ;  extent  of  room  or  space  ;  as,  the  capacity 
of  a  vessel,  or  a  cask. 

2.  The  extent  or  comprehensiveness  of  the  mind  ; 
the  power  of  receiving  idfris  or  knowledge  ;  as,  let 
instruction  be  adapted  to  the  capacities  of  youth. 

3.  Active  power  ;  ability ;  applied  to  men  or  things ; 
but  less  com7non  and  correct. 

ThoK 

4.  State ;  condition  ;  character ;  profession  ;  occu- 
pation.    A   man  may  act  in  the  capacity  of  a  me- 


CAP 

chanic,  of  a  friend,  of  an  attorney,  or  of  a  .'Statesman. 
He  may  have  a  natural!  or  a  politicnl  capacity. 

5.  Ability,  in  a  moral  or  legal  sense ;  qualificntion  ; 
legal  [tower  or  right ;  as,  a  man  or  a  corjKiration  may 
have  a  capacity  to  give  or  receive  and  hold  fslate. 

6.  In  geometry,  the  solid  contents  of  a  body. 
Capacity  for  heal ;  in  chemistTy,  that  property  of  a 

body  which  determines  the  quantity  of  heat  necessa- 
ry to  raise  its  temperature  a  given  number  of  degrees. 

€AP-A-PtE',  (kap-a-pee',)  [from  the  Fr.]  From  head 
to  fool ;  nil  over;  as,  armed  cap-d-pie. 

€A-PAK.'I-SON,  M,  [Sp.  caparaion  ;  Port,  caparazam, 
a  cover  put  over  the  saddle  of  a  horse,  a  cover  for  a 
coach  ;  rr.  caparaion.] 

A  cloth  or  covering  laid  over  the  saddle  or  furni- 
ture of  a  horse,  especially  a  sumpter  horse  or  horse 
of  slate.  JWdtoiu 

CA-PAR'I-SON,  V.  t  To  cover  with  a  cloth,  as  a 
horse.  Dryden. 

2.  7'o  dress  pompously  ;  to  adorn  with  rich  dress. 

Shak. 

CA-PAR'I-SON-ED,  pp.  Covered  with  a  cloth; 
dressed  pompously. 

CA-PAR'I-SON-ING,  ppr.     Dressing  pompously. 

CAP'-CASE,  n.     A  covered  cas^;.  Burton. 

CAPE,  71.  [Sp.  and  Port,  cabo;  It  capo;  Ft.  cap;  D. 
kaap  ;  Dan.  kap;  L.  caput;  Gr.  KiipnXn  ;  Sans,  cabala, 
head.  It  signifies  end,  furthest  point,  from  extend- 
ing, shooting.] 

1.  A  head-land  ;  properly,  the  head,  point,  or  ter- 
mination of  a  neck  of  land,  extt-nding  some  distance 
into  the  sea,  beyond  the  common  shore  ;  and  hence 
the  name  is  applied  to  the  neck  of  laud  itself,  indef- 
initely, as  in  Cape  Cod,  Cape  Ho-^n^  Cape  of  Qood 
Hope.  It  ditfcrs  from  a  promontory  in  this,  that  it 
may  be  high  or  low  land ;  but  a  promontory  is  a 
high,  hold  termination  of  a  neck  of  land. 

2.  The  part  of  a  garment  hanging  t'rom  the  neck 
behind  and  over  the  shoulder:^. 

The  word  cape,  used  as  a  prefix  in  compound 
words,  as,  Cupe-jasmtne,  Cape-gpurjte,  or  as  aji  ad- 
jective, as  Cape  wines,  denotes  particularly  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope. 

C\P'E-LAN,  ».  A  small  fish,  about  six  inches  in 
length,  shoals  of  which  appear  off  the  coasts  of 
Greenland,  Iceland,  and  Newfoundland.  They 
constitute  a  large  part  of  the  food  of  the  Grcenlaud- 
ers.  Pennant. 

CA-PEL'LA,  n.  A  bright  fixed  star  in  the  left  shoul- 
der of  the  constellation  Auriga.  Encyc. 

CAP'EL-LET,  Ti.  A  kind  of  swelling,  like  a  wen, 
growing  on  the  heel  of  the  hock  on  a  horse,  and  on 
the  point  of  the  elbow.  Encyc. 

CA'PER,  V.  i.  [Fr.  cabrer,  to  prance  ;  cabriole,  a  goat- 
leap,  a  cai>cr ;  It.  capriola,  a  wild  goat,  a  caper  in 
dancing;  Sp.  cabriola  ;  L.  caper,  a  goat.  But  prob- 
ably caper  is  from  the  root  of  capio,  which  signifies 
not  merely  to  seize,  but  to  shoot  or  reach  forward,  or 
to  leap  and  seize.  Hence  it  is  probable  that  this 
word  coincides  in  origin  with  Dan.  kippe,  to  leap, 
whence  Eng.  to  skip.'] 
To  leap  ;  to  skip  or  jump  ;  to  prance  ;  to  spring. 

Slmk. 

CA'PER,  n.  A  leap ;  a  skip  ;  a  spring  ;  aa,  in  dancing 
or  mirth,  or  in  the  frolic  of  a  goat  or  lamb. 

GA'PER,  «.  [Fr.  capre;  Arm.  capresen;  Sp.  and  Port. 
alcaparra ;  It,    capptro ;   L.    capjmris ;   D.   kapper ;  G. 


kaperi    Syr.  kapar ;  Ar. 


kabaroTU    The  Ar. 


verb  signifies  to  increase,] 

The  flower-bud  or  unexpondcd  flower  of  the  caper- 
bush,  (Ca]tparis  spinosa;)  much  used  for  pickling. 
The  buds  are  collected  before  the  flowers  expand, 
and  preserved  in  vinegrir.  The  bush  is  a  low  slinib, 
generally  growing  from  the  joints  of  old  walls,  from 
fissures  in  rocks,  and  amongst  rubbish,  in  the  south- 
ern pnrts  of  Europe.  Encyc. 

CA'PER-BJi-SH,     See  Caper. 

CA'PRR-eiJT-TING,  n.  A  leaping  or  dancing  in  a 
froticksome  manner.  Beanm.  and  Ft. 

GA'PER-ER,  n.  One  who  capers,  leaps,  and  skips 
alxnit,  or  dances, 

GA'PER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Leaping  ;  skipping. 

GA'PI-AS,  71.     [  L.  capio,  to  take.] 

In  law,  a  writ  of  two  aorta  ;  one  before  judgment, 
called  a  capias  ad  rejtpondcndum,  where  an  original 
la  issued,  to  take  the  defendant,  and  make  him 
answer  to  the  plaintiff:  the  other,  whinh  issues  after 
judgment,  is  of  divers  kinds  ;  as,  a  capias  ad  satl-ifa- 
ciendum,  or  writ  of  execution  ;  a  capias  pro  fine:  a 
capias  ut  lesratum  ;  a  capias  in  witJirmam.     Blackstone. 

CA-PIB'A-RA,  n.  An  animal  |>ariiiking  of  the  form 
of  a  hog  and  of  a  rabbit,  the  cabiai. 

GAP-IL-LA'CEOUS,  a.     [L.  capillaceus,  hair/.] 

Having  long  filaments;  resembling  a  hair.  [See 
Capillarv.] 

GAP-IL-I.AIKE',Ti.  [Fr.l  Orltjinally,  a  kind  of  sir 
up,  extracted  from  Maiden-hair.  Now,  any  simple 
sirup  flavored  with  orange-flower  water.     Brande. 

GA-PIL'LA-MRNT,  ti.  [L.  capillamcntum,  from  cap*T- 
las,  hair,  probably  a  little  shoot.] 

1.  In  botany,  a  filament ;  a  small,  fine  thread,  like 


TONE,  BULL,  tJNlTE AN"GER,  VfCIOUS.— C  as  K;  0  as  J;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


CAP 

a  bair,  that  prows  in  the  luitldle  of  it  flower,  with  a 
Ijlile  kni>b  at  the  lop  ;  a  chive. 

2.  One  of  the  fine  fibers  or  filaments  of  which  the' 
ni-n'fs  are  cumuuscd. 

€AP-IL-LAR'I-TV,  a.  Tlie  stale  or  condition  of  being 

capillnr)'. 
€AP'IL-LA-UY  or  CA-PIL'L.VRy,  a.    [L.  eapiUaris, 
fnun  capilluji,  hair.] 

I.  Reftt'inbiini!  a  hair ;  fine,  niiniito,  smnll  in  diam- 
eter, though  long  ;  a?,  a  cnpUlanf  tube  or  pipe  ;  a  ctip- 
illary  veWl  in  nnimnl  bodiis.'such  as  the  minute 
ramifications  of  th:"  blood-vessels,  .irhoAnot, 

a.  In  botany,  ctpillarti  plants  (Act-**  capUlares)  was 
a  t(»rm  applied  bv  -Morison,  Ray,  and  Boerhaave,  to 
a  cla53  of  plants  cunsistins  of  the  ferni*.  This  class 
corresponds  to  the  order  Filices,  in  ihe  Sexual  meth- 
od, which  bt?ar  their  flower  and  fruit  on  the  back  of 
Ibe  leaf  or  frund.  MUne, 

This  term  is  applied  also  to  leaves  which  are  Umger 
than  the  setaceous  or  bristle-shaped  leaf,  to  glands 
resembling  hairs,  (othe  filamenls,  Co  the  style,  and  to 
the  pappus  or  down  arlited  to  some  seeds.  Martfiu 

3,  Pertaining  to  cn|ullaT)-  tubeis,  or  to  the  capiDary 
veaiwls,  or  capillaries,  in  animals ;  as,  tm^Ximy  action. 

OapiOary  attraction  and  r^pulstsa;  temu  denoCin; 
the  cause  which  determines  the  WKCDt  or  descent  of 
a  fluid  in  a  c.iplllary  tube  above  or  below  the  level  of 
the  surrounding  fluid,  when  the  tube  is  dipped  in 
that  fluid.  P.  C)fc 

eAP'ILf LA-BY,  a.    A  fine  vessel  or  canaL 

The  empiOmiu  are  the  minute  veaaels  of  Ibe  san- 
gntBeotu  syflCem,  interpoaed  between  ibe  artertes  and 
veins. 
€AP-IL-LA'TIOX,a.  A  blood-veswl  like  a  hair.  f-VW 

in  lur.]  Bnnen. 

CA-PILIJ-FORM,  a.    [L.  capatrnj,  a  hair,  and  forwm, 
form.  J 
In  the  shape  or  Ibrm  of  a  batr,  or  of  bain.  Kirwmiu 
CAPITAL,  a.  [L.  atpiialis,  from  eapmty  the  head.  See 
CAra-j 

I.  tjUrmliw,  pertaining  to  the  head  ;  as,  a  empUal 
texiise,  io  MiUon,  a  brui^  on  the  head.    ITTum  mtt  u 

SL  Fi^mraiaMlf^MS  tJUiu^  is  tk*  higkut  pmri  0f  m 

■Ma,  chief;  priactpal ;  fintt  in  impoKance ;  as,  a  o^- 
iUl  city  or  town  ;  the  emfUal  articles  of  religion. 

3.  Punishable  by  loss  of  the  head  or  uf  life  ;  incur- 
ring the  forfeiture  of  life ;  punishable  with  death  ;  as, 
Croaeon  and  murder  are  atpital  ofl^nsea  or  crimes. 

4.  Tftking  away  life  ;  aa,  a  tmpital  pmushmcnt :  or 
aflecting  life  ;  as,  a  eapitst  triaL 

5.  Great,  Important,  though  perhaps  not  chief;  as, 
a  town  possesses  o^pital  advanlages  for  trade. 

6.  Lvge ;  of  great  size  ;  as,  etfital  letters,  which 
are  of  di^rent  fonn,  and  larger  than  common  letters. 

OwUml  tt*ck,  is  the  sum  of  money  or  stock  which  a 
ramaant,  banker,  or  manufocturer  emplc^  fai  his 
bttstneas ;  either  the  original  stock,  or  that  toock  aug- 
floented.  Also,  the  sum  of  money  or  stock  which 
each  partner  contributes  to  the  joint  fund  or  stock  of 
the  partnership  ;  also,  the  common  fund  (»■  stock  of 
the  e«Hnpany,  whether  incorporated  or  nou 

A  ei^«tai  cky  or  toum,  is  ttic  metropolis  or  chief  city 
of  an  entpire,  kingdom,  state,  or  province.  The  ap- 
plication of  the  eplthi  t  indicates  the  citj-  to  be  the 
largest,  or  to  be  the  seat  of  goveniment,  or  both.  In 
many  instances,  the  capital,  that  is,  the  largest  city, 
it  not  the  seat  of  government. 
€AP'I-TAL,  B.     [L.  eapitfUHim,] 

The  uppermost  part  of  a  column,  pillar,  or  pilaster, 
serving  as  the  head  or  crowning,  and  placed  imme- 
diately over  the  shaft,  and  under  the  entablature. 

Eacye. 
By  the  customary  omission  of  the  noun,  to  which 
the  adjective  capital  refers,  it  stands  for, 

1.  The  chief  city  or  town  in  a  kingdom  or  stale; 
a  metropolis. 
S.  A  large  letter  or  type,  in  printing. 
3.  A  stock  in  trade,  in  manufactiirea,  or  in  any 
business  requiring  the  expenditure  of  money  with  a 
view  to  profit. 
€AP'I-TAL-IST,  a.    A  man  w  ho  has  a  capital  or  stock 
in  trade,  usually  denoting  a  man  of  large  property, 
which  is  or  may  be  employed  in  business. 

BurkA.     StejAms. 
€AP'I-TAL-LY,  adv.    In  a  capital  or  eictllent  man- 
ner ;  nobly  ;  finely. 

it  In  a  way  involving  the  loss  of  life  ;  as,  to  pun- 
ish amitaUy. 
€AP'1-TAL-NESS,  a.  A  capital  offense.  [IMOenged.] 

Sherwood* 
e.\P'I-TATE,  a.     [h.  eapHatus,  from  cuput,  a  head.] 
In  botany,  grawmg  in  a  head,  applied  to  a  flower, 
or  stigma.  Martyn.     Ue, 

€AP-1-TA'TI0N,  n.      [L.  capitatio,  from   caput,   the 
head-l 

1.  Numeration  by  the  head ;  a  nnmbering  of  per- 
sons. BroicA. 

2.  A  tax,  or  imposition,  upon  each  head  or  person ; 
a  poll-tax.     Sometimus  written  canitation-taz.    Enevc 

CAP'I-TE,  n.     [I*  caput,  the  headTabl.] 

In  EngtUth  law,  a  tenant  in  eapiu,  or  in  chief,  is  one 
who  holds  lands  immediately  of  the  king,  caput^  the 


CAP 

head  or  lord  paramount  of  nil  lands  in  the  kingdom, 
by  knight's  service  or  by  soca^^e.     This   tenure  is 
called  (CM H re  in  cnpitf :  hut  it  wus  abolished  ill  Eng- 
land by  12  Charles  II.  34.  BLiekstone, 
CAP'I-TOL,  n.     [L.  capitol'tum^  from  caput,  the  head.] 

1.  The  temple  of  Jupiter,  in  Rome,  and  a  fort  or 
ca-'stle,  on  the  Mons  Capilolinus.  In  this  the  senate 
of  Rome  anciently  assembled  ;  and  on  the  same  place 
is  still  the  city  hall  or  town  house,  where  the  con- 
servators of  the  Romans  hold  their  meetings.  The 
same  name  was  given  to  the  principal  temples  of  the 
Romans  in  their  colonies.  Encyc. 

2.  The  edifice  occupied  by  the  congress  of  the 
United  States  in  their  deliberations.  In  some  states, 
the  state  house,  or  house  in  which  the  legislature 
holds  its  seMions ;  a  government  house. 

€AP-I-TO'  LI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  capitol  in  Rome. 

D'^nritif. 

€AP'I-TOL-TXE,tt.  Fertaintng  to  the  capitol  in  Rome. 
The  Capiioline  ffumts  were  annual  games  instituted 
by  Camillas  in  honor  of  Jupiter  Capiti4!Dus,  and  in 
commemoration  of  the  prestTvation  of  the  capitol 
from  the  Gauls,  and  other  games  instituted  by  Do- 
mitian,  and  celebrated  every  five  years.         Encyc 

€A-P1T'1J-I.AR,      i  m.  [L.  cd;)i(uiit«,  a  head  or  chap- 

€A-PIT'l}-L.\-RY,  i      ten] 

I.  An  act  passed  in  a  chapter,  eitJier  of  knights, 
canons,  or  religious. 

3.  The  body  of  laws  or  statutes  of  a  chapter,  or  of 
an  ecclesiastical  council.  I'his  name  is  also  given  to 
the  laws,  civil  and  ecclesiastical,  made  by  Charle- 
magne and  otlier  princes,  in  general  councils  and 
asRemblies  of  the  people.  Borne,  indeed,  have  al< 
leged  that  these  are  supplements  to  laws.  They  are 
so  called  because  they  are  divided  into  chapters  or 
sectiims.  Encyc. 

3   The  member  of  a  chapter. 

€v\-PIT'lC-I-.AR-LY,  ado.  In  the  form  of  an  ecclesias- 
tical cha[>ter.  SirlJ^. 

€.^-PIT'li-LA-RY,  a.  Relating  to  the  chapter  of  a  ca- 
thedral. IVartoiu. 

€A-PIT'II-LATE,  r.  t.     [from  capihJwm,  supra.] 

1.  To  draw  up  a  writmg  in  chapters,  heads,  or  ar- 
ticles. &hak. 

[But  this  sntse  is  not  usuaL^ 

2.  To  surrender,  as  an  army  or  garrison,  to  an  ene- 
my, by  treatv,  in  which  the  terms  of  surrender  are 
specified  and  agreed  to  by  the  parties.  The  term  is 
apjdicable  to  a  garrison,  or  to  the  inhabitants  of  a  be- 
sieged place,  or  to  an  n#iy  or  troops  in  any  situation 
in  which  they  are  subdued  or  compelled  to  submit  to 
a  victorious  enemy. 

€A-PIT-r-LS'TION,  a.  The  act  of  capitulating  or 
surrendering  to  an  enemy,  upon  stipulated  terms  or 
conditions. 

2.  The  treaty  or  instrument  containing  tlie  condi- 
Uons  of  surrender. 

3.  A  reducing  to  heads  ;  a  formal  agreemenL  [A*Dt 
much  used.] 

A.  In  Oerman  polity,  a  contract  made  by  the  empe- 
ror with  the  electors,  in  the  names  of  the  princes  and 
states  of  the  empire,  before  he  is  raised  to  the  impe- 
rial dignity. 
eA-PIT'U-LA-TQR,  n.    One  who  capitulates. 

Slitrwood. 

€AP'I-TULE,  n.  A  summary.  [J^ot  in  use.]   Wickliff. 

€A-PIT'U-LUM,M,   [L.]   in  ftoM/ij/,  a  species  or  mode 

of  inflorescence,  in  which  the  flowers  are  sessile,  on 

the  same  horizontal  plane  of  the  peduncle.    It  differs 

from  the  umbel  in  the  circumstance  that  the  flowers 

of  the  umbel  have  pedicels. 

eA-Pt'VI,(-pc've,)  n.     A  balsam  of  the  Spanish  West 

Indies.     f.See  CopaibaJ 
€AP'NO-MAN-CV,  n.     [Gr.  urcurioj,  smoke,  and  fiav- 
Tiia,  divination.] 
Divination  by  the  ascent  ot  motion  of  smoke. 

Spenser, 
€AP'\0-MOR,  71.     [Gr.  xairvoj,  smoke,  aud  /ioipu,  a 
part.] 

A  transparent,  colorless,  oil-like  fluid,  obtained 
from  the  smoke  of  organic  bodies. 
GA-POCII',  (ka-poolsh',)  n.     [Sp.  capuchoj  a  hood ;  Fr. 
capuce.] 

A  monk's  hood  ;  also,  the  hood  of  a  cloak. 
€A-POCH',  v.  t.    To  cover  with  a  hood  ;  and  hence, 
to  hoodwink  or  blind. 

Capovdlsd  jooT  mbttna  of  the  lynod, 

AniJ  uuppcd  ifarir  cuioo*  with  a  wbjr-nOL  UtidJbroM. 

This  is  the  sense  given  in  Pickering's  Aldine  edi- 
tion, and  is  much  more  probable  than  Johnson's  con- 
jeciure,  **  to  take  ofl^  the  hood." 

CA'POX,  n.  [Sp.  capon ;  Port,  capam  ;  It.  cappone  ;  Fr. 
ehapon;  L.  capo;  Ir.  caban;  D.  kapoen  ;  G.  knpaun; 
Arm.  cabon;  S\\.  and  Dan.  kapun;  Gr.  Ka:Tiot:  Q,u. 
the  root  of  Fr.  c^uper.] 

A  castrated  cock  ;  a  cock  chicken  gelded  as  soon 
a9  he  quits  his  dam^  or  as  soon  as  he  begins  to  crow, 
for  the  purpose  of  improving  his  flesh  for  the  tabls. 

€A'PO\,  r.  L     To  castrate,  as  a  cock.  Birch. 

eAP-0\-lERE',  n.  [Fr.  i>p.  caponera;  It.  capjumirra^ 
a  little  cut  or  trench,  and  it  seems  to  be  allied  to 
capon,  Sp.  caponar,  to  cut  or  curtail.] 

In  fortification,  a  covered  lodgment,  sunk  four  or 


CAP 

five  feet  into  the  ground,  cncom [Kissed  with  a  para- 
j»et,  about  two  feel  high,  serving  to  supjwrt  several 
planki*,  laden  with  earth.     It  is  large  enough  to  con- 

-  taui  15  or  2t)  soldiers,  and  is  placed  in  the  glacis,  at 
the  extremity  of  the  counterscarp,  and  in  dry  moats, 
with  embrasures  or  loop-holes,  through  which  the 
soldiers  may  fire.  Harris.     Encyc 

A  passage  from  one  part  of  a  work  to  another,  pro- 
tected on  each  side  by  a  wall  or  parapet,  and  some- 
limes  covered  overhead.  When  there  is  a  parapet 
on  one  side  only,  it  is  called  a  demi-caponiere. 

CA'PON-IZE,  r.  t.     To  castrate  a  fowl.  Barrivgton. 

CA-POT',  [Fr.,  probably  from  L.  capio^  to  seize.] 

A  winning  of  all  the  tricks  of  curds  at  the  game  of 
piquet.  Johnson.. 

€A-POT',  V.  L  To  win  all  the  tricks  of  cards  at 
pitpiet. 

€A-POTE',  «.  [Fr.]  A  long  cloak  for  females,  cov- 
ering from  head  to  feet. 

€AP'-PA-rER,  n.  A  coarse  paper,  so  called  from  be- 
ing used  to  make  caps  to  hold  commodities.  Boyle. 

CAP'PER,  n.  [from  cap.]  One  whose  business  is  to 
make  or  sell  caps. 

€AP'RATE,  n.  A  salt  formed  by  the  union  of  caprJc 
acid  with  a  base. 

€AP'RE-0-LATE,  a.  [L.  canreolus,  a  tendril,  prop- 
erly a  shoot,  from  the  root  of  capra,  a  goat.J 

In  botany,  having  tendrils,  or  filiform  spiral  clitsp- 
ers,  by  which  plants  fasten  themselves  to  other  bod- 
ies, as  in  vines,  peas,  &c.  Harris.    Jifartijn. 

€AP'RIC  ACID,  n.  An  acid  obtained  from  butler, 
which  crystallizes  in  needles  at  52°,  and  becomes  en- 
tirely liquid  at  64°.  It  has  tlie  peculiar  odor  of  the 
goot. 

€APRraCIO,  (ka-prCt'cho,)  [It.,  freak,  whim.]  A 
Io<tse,  irregular  kind  of  music.  ■■ 

€.S  PRTC-CI-0'SO,  (ka-pr5t-che-6'so,)  [It.]  A  term 
denniing  a  free,  fantastic  style  of  music. 

€A  PRICE',  (ka-precs',)  n.  [Fr.  caprice;  Sp.  and 
Port,  capricko ;  It.  capriccio,  a  shaking  in  fever, 
rigors;  also,  whim,  freak,  fancy.  I  siispirct  this 
word  to  be  formed,  with  a  prefix  ca,  on  the  root  of 
frtttk,  break  ;  denoting,  primarily,  a  sudden  bursting, 
breaking,  or  starting.  So  we  see,  in  Italian,  ma^Uoy 
and  camaglio,  a  viaU.  In  early  English  writers,  it  is 
written,  according  to  the,  Spanish,  capricko.  If 
fonned  from  the  root  of  cupio,  caper,  the  primary 
seuse  is  the  same.] 

A  sudden  start  of  the  mind  ;  a  stidden  change  of 
opinion  or  humor;  a  whim,  freak,  or  particular 
fancy. 

eA-PRtCH'IO,  Ti.     Freak;  fancy.     [Obs.]         ShaJu 

€A-PRr'CIOUS,  (ka-prish'us,)  a.  Freakish  ;  whim- 
sical;  apt  to  change  opinions  suddenly,  or  to  start 
from  one's  purpose  ;  unsteady  ;  changeable  i  fickle; 
fanciful  ;  subject  to  change,  or  irregularity  ;  as,  a 
man  of  a  capricious  temper. 

eA-PRI"C10US-LY,  odr.  In  a  capricious  manner; 
whimsically. 

eA-PKI"CIOaS-NESS,  fi.  The  quality  of  being  led 
by  caprice  ;  whiniaicalness  ;  unsteadiness  of  purpose 
or  opinion. 

2.  Unsteadiness  ;  Uableness  to  sudden  changes  ; 
as,  the  cttpricioiuness  o{  fortune.] 

CAP'RI-COR.V,  n.  [L.  eapricornus,  caper^  a  goat,  and 
comUy  a  horn.] 

One  of  the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac,  the  winter 
solstice  ;  represented  on  ancient  monuments  by  the 
figure  of  a  goat,  or  a  figure  having  the  fore  part  like 
a  goat,  and  the  hind  part  like  a  fish.  Encyc 

€AP'UID,  a.     [L.  capra,  a  goat.] 

Relating  to  that  tribe  of  ruminant  mammals,  of 
which  the  genus  Capra  is  the  type.  It  cunipre- 
heiids  the  gent^ra  AntHope,  Capra,  Ovis,  and  Damalis. 

€AP-RI-FI-eA'TION,  n.     [L.  caprifcatio.] 

The  supposed  impregnation  of  the  ovules  of  the 
fruit  of  the  fig  by  an  insect,  which  penetrates  it  and 
carries  in  the  pollen  adhering  to  his  body. 

This  is  a  process  for  acceleniting  the  ripening  of 
the  fig,  in  the  Levant,  by  suspending,  on  the  cultiva- 
ted fig,  branches  uf  the  wild  fig,  that  bring  with  them 
a  small  insect,  (a  species  of  Cy nips,  Linn.,)  which, 
by  puncturing  the  fniit  for  the  purjwse  of  laying 
its  eeps,  siuiply  hastens  ripening.  I'hts  effect  may 
be  als4i  produced  merely  by  puncturing  the  fniit  with 
a  needle  dipped  in  oil.  P.  Cye. 

€AP'RI-FCLE,  71.     [L.  caprifolium.] 

Honeysuckle  ;  woodbine.  Spenser. 

€AP'RI-FORM,  a.    [l^captT,ti  goat,  and /ffrnw,  form.] 
Having  the  fc4-m  of  a  goat.  Eclectic  Revieie. 

CA-PRIG'E-NOUS,  a.     Produced  bv  a  goat. 

CAP'RLVE,  n.  A  substance  found  in  butter,  which, 
with  Inityrin  and  caprone,  gives  it  its  [wculiar  agreea- 
ble taste  and  odor.  It  is  a  compi^und  of  capric  aeld 
and  glycera,  (glycerin,)  or  a  caprate  of  glycera. 

CAP'Rl-OLE,  n.  [Fr.,  now  cabrioU;  Sp.  and  Port. 
cahrivla  i  It,  capriola,  a  cupcr.] 

In  tJte  matiege.y  caprioles  are  leaps  thiit  a  horse 
makes  in  the  same  place  without  advancing,  in  such 
a  manner,  that  when  he  is  at  the  hight  of  the  leap, 
he  jerks  out  with  his  hind  legs,  even  and  near.  It 
difli'ers  from  the  croupade  in  this,  that,  in  a  croiipade, 
a  horse  dfK^s  not  show  his  shoes;  and  from  a  halo- 
tadn,  in  which  he  does  not  jerk  out     Farrier^t  Diet. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.^T.  —  MeTE,  PRgY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  liQ<:)K.^ 

172  " 


CAP 

€AP'RI-PED,  a.     [L.  eaper^  a  gjat,  and  pw,  foot.] 
Havinir  feet  like  llioae  of  a  poaL 

CAP  RO-ATE,  n.  A  salt  formed  by  the  union  of  ca[>- 
ruic  ncid  with  a  base. 

CAP-Rfi  le  ACID,  n.  An  acid  obtained  from  butter, 
in  the  fonn  of  an  oily,  limpid  fluid,  having  the  odor 
of  sweat,  and  a  nauseoua,  sweetish  taste. 

CAP'RON'E,  n.  A  substance  found  in  butter;  a 
compound  of  caproic  acid  and  glycera,  (glycerin,)  or  a 
cafifoate  of  glycera.     [See  Caphi:*e.] 

CAP'SHkAF,  n.  The  top  sheaf  of  a  stack  of  grain  \ 
the  crowner. 

€AP'PI-€UM,  Ji,     Guinea  pepper.  Chambers. 

€AP-SIZE',  r.  e.  To  upset,  or  overturn ;  a  seamau's 
phrase.  Mar.  Diet. 

eAP-STZ'ED,  (kap-slzd')  pp.    OverscU 

CAP  STZ'IXR,  ppr.     Overturning. 

eAP'-.SaUARES,  n.  pt.  Strong  plates  of  iron  which 
come  ovTr  the  trunnions  of  a  cannon,  and  keep  it  to 
il*  place. 

CAP'STAN,  n.  Sometimes  written  Capstehx.  [Fr, 
cahe.'itan ;  Sp.  aibe^rantf. :  Port,  cabrestantey  from 
eabrtsUt^  ?p.  cabestro,  a  halter ;  L.  eapistram ;  Sax. 
ctepster,  or  eafbestr^  a  halter.  The  Ppanish  has  also 
eahri/t,  an  axletrec,  and  cabrio,  a  rafter.  Capstan  is 
probably  from  L.  capie,  to  hold,  with  some  other 
word.] 

A  itroni!,  massy  column  of  timber,  formed  like  a 
truncated  con?,  and  having  its  upper  extremity 
(rierced  to  receive  bars,  or  levers,  for  winding  a  rope 
round  it,  to  raise  gr-^at  weights,  or  perform  other  ex- 
iraordinnn,'  work  that  requires  a  great  power.  Il 
may  be  let  down  ibrough  the  decks  of  a  ship,  and  so 
fixed  that  the  work  is  performed  by  a  horizontal 
motion.  Jtfar.  Did. 

eAP'SU-LA^RY  !"•    RoIIow,  like  a  chest. 

9.  Cap-fular  ligament,  is  that  which  surrounds  eve- 
ly  movable  articulation,  and  contains  the  synovia 
like  n  bajr.  Hooprr. 

€AP'SU-LATE,      )  a.     Inclosed  in  a  capsule ;  or  as  in 
CAP'SU  LA-TED,  \      a  chest,  or  box.  [BoUinv.] 

CAP'SULR,   in.     [L.  rapffula,  a  little  chest,  perhaps 
CAP'SU  LA,  i      from  eapio,  to  takt;.] 

1.  In  botany,  n  pericarp  which  is  *' one,  or  many- 
celled,  many-seeded,  superior,  dry,  dehiscent  by 
valves,  always  proceeding  from  a  compound  ovari- 
um." Limllrij. 

2.  A  small  saucer  made  of  clay,  for  roasting  sam- 
ples of  ores,  or  for  melting  them  ;  also,  a  small,  shal- 
low, eVHjwrating  dish. 

r.\P'TAI.\,  fkap'tin,)  ».  [Fr.  eapitainei  Sp.  capitan  i 
Port,  eapitam  II.  capitano;  from  \,.  caput,  \\\c  head. 
In  the  frudal  laws  of  Europe,  the  term  wa.5  applied 
to  tenants  in  fa/»it«,  \vho  were  bound  to  attend  their 
prince  in  hta  wars,  at  the  head  of  soldiers  ;  ami  from 
this  practice  the  name  had  its  origin,  or  from  their 
-  command.! 

1.  L'trriJly,n  head,  or  chief  otfirer;  apprnprtatrly, 
the  military  officer  who  commands  a  company, 
whether  of  infantry,  cavalry,  artillery,  or  matrosses. 

2.  The  commander  of  a  ship  of  war,  or  of  a  mer- 
chantman.    But  the  Latter  is  often  called  a  mn^er. 

3.  The  commander  of  a  mlTltary  band,  a  sense 
that  occunt  in  the  Scriptures ;  as,  a  cnpfain  of  fifty. 

4.  A  man  skilled  in  war,  or  military  affairs  j  as. 
Lord  Welhngton  is  a  great  captain. 

5.  A  chief  conmiander.  Shalt.  But  in  this  sense 
rarely  u^ed,  hut  in  composition. 

Captain- qenrral  is  the  r«m»iander-in-chief  of  an 
army,  or  of  the  militia.  The  governor  of  a  State  Is 
captain 'gmrrtd  of  the  militia.     [  United  States  1 

Captain-lieutenant  is  an  oflicer,  who,  with  the  rank 
of  a  cn[)iain,and  pay  of  lieutenant,  commands  a  com* 
pany,  or  troop.  Thus  the  colimel  (»f  a  regim>-nt  be- 
ing the  captain  of  the  fim  company,  that  company  Is 
commanded  by  a  eaptain-lieutrnaut. 

Captain  Bo-thaic,  or  Capudan  Bashaw^  In  Turkey,  Is 
the  hi^'h  admiral. 
OAP'TAIN,  fl.     Chief  ;  valiant.  Shnk. 

GAP'TAI.N-CY,  n.  The  rank,  post,  or  commission  of 
a  captain.  H^iixhinirt^n. 

2.  The  jurisdiction  of  a  capbiin,  or  commander, 
as  in  South  America. 
€AP'TAI.\-RY,  n.    The  power,  or  command,  over  a 

certiin  dictrirt ;  chieftainship.     Spenser.     Johnntm. 

eAP'TAINSHIP    n.    The  condition,  or  post,  of  a 

captain,  orchief  commander.  Shak. 

2.  The  rank,  quality,  or  post,  of  a  captain.  In 
lieu  of  thill,  Captai-^ct  is  now  used. 

3.  The  command  of  a  clan,  or  government  of  a 
certain  di«trirt.  Davits. 

4.  Skill  in  militar)'  affairs. 
CAP-T.A'TKiN,  n.     [U  capfatioy  from  capto,  to  ratrh.] 

'I'Jm-  act  or  prartire  of  catchmg  favor,  or  apT>l->use, 
by  flattery,  or  addreMS.  ^'"g"  Charles. 

GAP'TIO.N,  n.     [L.  captio,  from  enpio,  to  seize.] 

1.  In  laWy  a  certifirate,  stating  the  time  and  place 
of  cxectiiing  a  coinmi«sion  in  chancery,  or  of  taking 
a  deposition,  or  ortlie  finding  of  an  indictment,  and 
the  court  or  authority  before  which  such  act  was  per- 
formed, and  such  other  particulars  as  are  nerejtsary 
to  render  it  legal  and  valid.  A  caption  may  he  placed 
at  the  head  or  foot  of  a  certificate,  or  on  the  bark  of 


CAP 

an  indictment.     The  word  eaptiaa  signifies  a  taking^ 
but  it  includes  the  p-articulars  above  mentioned. 

9.  The  act  of  taking  or  arresting  a  person  by  judi- 
cial process.     [Litfle  used.] 

The  use  of  the  word  in  any  other  than  a  technical 
sense,  is  not  considered  to  be  well  authorized. 
€AP'TIOUS,  (kap'shus,)  a.     [L.  eaptiosus,  from  capto^ 
to  catch.] 

1  Disposed  to  find  fault,  or  raise  objections  ;  apt 
to  cavil,  as  in  popular  language,  il  is  said,  apt  to  catch 
at  i  as,  a  captious  man. 

2.  Fitted  to  catch,  or  insnare ;  insidious ;  as,  a 
captions  question.  .Ixieke. 

3.  Proceeding  from  a  caviling  disposition  j  as,  a 
caption."  objection,  or  criticism. 

CAP'TIOUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  captious  manner;  with 
an  inclination  or  intention  to  object,  or  censure. 

Locke. 

CAP'TIOUS-NESS,  n.  Disposition  to  find  fault ;  in- 
clination to  object ;  peevishness.  Locke. 

eAP'TI-VATE,  V.  L  [L.  captiro,  from  eaptiviis,  a 
prisoner,  from  capta,  to  take  ;  Fr.  captiver ;  Sp.  cauti- 
var  ;  Port,  cativar ;  IL  eattir'are.] 

1.  To  lake  prisoner  ;  to  seize  by  force  ;  as  an  en- 
emy in  war.     [Obs.]    Shak.     Locke.     B.  Trumhull. 

i  To  subdue;  to  bring  into  bondage.  ^Kir  CAaWm. 

3.  To  overpower  and  gain  with  excellence  or  beau- 
ty ;  to  charm;  to  engage  the  atTections;  to  bind  in 
love.  .Addison. 

4.  To  enslave  ;  with  to ;  as,  captivated  to  error. 

Ltycke. 
GAP'TI-VATE,  a.    Taken  prisoner.  Skak. 

eAP'TI-VS-TED,  pp.     Made  prisoner;  charmed. 
CAP'TI-Va-TIXG,  ppr.  or  a.     Taking  prisoner;  en- 
gaging the  affections. 

2.  a.     Having  power  to  engage  the  affections. 
CAP-TI-VA'TION,  n.     The  act  of  taking  a  prisoner; 

a  taking  one  captive. 
eAP'TlVE,   n.     [Fr.  captif;  Sp.  caiUivo;   II.  cattipo, 
whence    Eng.   caitiff;    L.   eaptivuSj   from   capto,   to 
seize.]  •  "^ 

1.  A  prisoner  taken  by  force  or  stratagem  In  war, 
by  an  enemy  ;  followed  by  to  {  as,  a  captive  to  the 
victor. 

2.  One  who  is  charmed  or  subdued  by  beauty  or 
excellence  ;  one  whose  affections  are  seized,  or  who 
is  held  by  strong  ties  of  love. 

3.  One  who  Is  insnared  by  love  or  flattery,  or  by 
wiles.    2  Tim.  ii.  26. 

4.  A  slave.  Anciently,  cnptives  were  enslaved  by 
their  conquerors.  But  in  modern  tim(!s,  they  are  not 
made  slaves  in  Christian  countries;  and  the  word 
amtive,  in  a  liteml  sense,  rarely  signifies  a  slave. 

GAP'TIVE,  a.     Made  prisoner  in  war;  kept  in  bond- 
age, or  confinement ;  as,  rupdpe  souls.         Dryden. 
2.   Holding  in  confmement ;  as,  captive  chains. 

€AP'TIVE,  r.  t.  To  take  pris<mer  ;  to  bring  into  sub- 
jeclion.      [Obs.]  Dryden.      Prior. 

€AP-TI\^'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  efl;»(ioi(c  ;  L.  eaptivitasj  from 
capto    tn  seize.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  a  prisoner,  or  of  being  in  the 
power  of  an  enemy  by  force  or  tho  fate  of  war. 

DrydetL 

2.  Subjection  to  love.  .  .Addison. 

3.  Subjection ;  a  sUite  of  being  under  contruL 

Bringing  iiiiu  captimty  eveiy  lliuiight  to  the  obcdieiice  of  Cliriat. 
2  Cor.  X. 

4.  Subjection;  servitude;  slavery. 

Btil  I  K^  nnoiliTT  Inw  in  my  nwrnl^Tf—Mn^ng  u»  \nto  aip- 
tivity  Co  Uie  law  of  sin.  ~~  Uum.  vii. 

To  lead  captivity  captive^  in  Scripture^  is  to  subdue 
those  who  have  held  others  in  slavery,  or  captivity. 

Pa.  Ixviii. 
CAP'TOR,  n.     ri*.  capio,  to  take.] 

Une  who  takes,  as  a  pris<tner  or  a  prize.     It  is  ap- 
propriately (tne  who  takes  a  prize  at  sea. 
€AP'TI^RE,  (kapt'yur,)   a.     [L.  eapfura  ;  Tr.  capture; 
from  L.  capio,  t4i  take.] 

1.  in  u  general  aenscy  the  act  of  taking  or  seizing  ; 
as,  the  capture  of  an  enemy,  of  n  ship,  or  of  booty, 
by  forc<*,  surprise,  or  stratagem. 

2.  The  thing  taken  ;  a  prize;  prey  taken  by  force, 
surprise,  or  stratagem. 

3.  Seizure ;  arrest ;  as,  the  capture  of  a  criminal  or 
debtor. 

€AP'Tl;RE,  V.  t.  To  take  or  seize  by  force,  surprise, 
or  stratagem,  as  an  enemy  or  his  prop-^rty  ;  to  take 
by  force  under  the  authority  of  a  commi-^sion  ;  as,  to 
capture  a  sliip, 

e A P'Tr «,/;;(),  (kapt'yurd,)/>7>.  oro.    Taken  as  a  prize. 

€AP'TtJR-I\fJ,  ppr.     Beizing  as  a  prize. 

C^-PUCCI'O,  (ka-puch'i-o,)  n.  [tl.]  A  capuchin  or 
h*»od. 

CA-Pj;CH'ED.  a.    Covered  with  a  hood.  [LittJe  used.] 

Brown. 

€AP-TJ-rntN',  (kap-yu-sheen',)  n.  [Fr.  capucine,  from 
capuce,  a  hood  or  cowl.] 

1.  A  garment  for  females,  consisting  of  a  cloak 
and  hrHH),  made  in  imttatiim  of  the  drvsn  of  capti- 
chin  monks.  Johnson. 

2.  A  pigeon  who*e  h^ad  is  covered  with  feathers. 
eAP-tJ-CH(.V',  n.  Oneof  the  monks  of  the  order  of  St. 

Francis,  who  cover  their  heads  with  a  capuce,  cap-  i 


CAR 

■uchon,  a  stutf-cap  or  cowl.  They  are  ciottied  In 
brown  or  gray,  go  barefooted,  and  never  shave  Iheir 
faces.  Eiieyc. 

CAP'U-CINE,  n.     A  species  of  monkey,  the  sagoo  or 
eAP'0-LL\,  n.     The  Mexican  cherry.  Uai, 

CA'PUT,  (ka'put,)  n.  [L.,the  head.]  In  Cambrulge, 
Eng.,  a  council  of  the  university,  oy  whicli  every 
grace  must  be  approved  before  it  can  be  submitted 
to  the  senate.  It  consists  of  the  rice-chancellor,  a 
doctor  of  each  of  the  faculties  of  divinity,  law,  and 
medicine,  and  two  masters  of  arts,  chosen  annually 
by  the  senate.  Camb.  Cal. 

CA'PUT  MOW  TU-UM,  [L.]  Dead  matter;  lees; 
worthless  remains. 

2.  In  chemistry,  the  residuum  of  distillation  or  sub- 
limation, after  the  volatile  matter  has  been  driven  ofl' 
by  heat.  .^ikin. 

Hence,  worthless  residuum.  Junias. 

CAR,  CAER,  CHAR,  in  names  of  places,  is  sometimes 

the  Celtic  Cacr,  a  town  or  city,  as  in  Caennarthen. 
GX  R,  n.  [  W.  car  ;  Ir.  carr,  carra,  or  cairt ;  Arm.  garr ; 
D.  and  G.  karre;  Sw.  kctrra;  Dan.  karr--;  Sp.  It.  and 
Port,  carrfl ;  L.  carrtis,  or  currus ;  Vr.  char,  wh'juce 
chariot ;  Sax.  croit,  a  Cart.  The  sense  is  probably  tak- 
en from  running  on  wheels.     See  Ccrbent.] 

1 .  A  small  vehicle  moved  on  wheels,  usually  drawn 
by  one  horse.  Johnson. 

2.  In  poetical  language,  any  vehicle  of  dignity  or 
splendor  J  a  chariot  of  war,  or  of  triumph. 

Mdtun.     Prior, 

3.  The  constellation  called  Cftarles's   ffam  or  the 
_  Bear.  Dry  den. 

4.  A  carriage  for  running  on  rails,  in  a  railroad. 

€\r'bTNE^'^'  I  "•  t^*"  "'■''^''**  '■  Sp-  <^rabina;  It.  id.] 
A  short  gun  or  fire-arm,  carr>-ing  a  ball  of  24  to  the 
pound,  borne  by  light  horsemen,  and  hanging  by  a 
belt  over  the  left  shoulder.     The  barrel  is  two  feet 
and  a  half  long,  and  sometimes  furrowed. 

CAR-A-BI-NEER',  n.  A  man  who  carries  a  carabine ; 
one  who  carries  a  longer  carabine  tiian  others,  which 
is  sometimes  used  on  foot.  Encyc. 

CAR' AG,  rt.  [Port,  carraca ;  Fr.  eara/pic  ;  Sp.  carraca ; 
allied  to  It.  carico,  a  burden,  cargo.] 

A  large  ship  of  burden  ;  a  Portuguese  Indiaman. 

GAR'A-CAL,  n.     [Turkish  kara,  black,  and  kal,  ear.] 
A  species  of  lynx,  {Fetis  caracal^  Linn. ;)  a  native 
of  Northern  Africa,  and  South-western  Asia.   Its  col- 
or is  a  uniform  reddish-brown;  its  ears  black  exter- 
nally, and  tipped  with  long,  black  hairs 

GAR'A-e<^LE,  71.  [Fr.  caracalr.,  a  wheeling  about ; 
Sp.  carticol,  a  small  cone,  a  winding  staircase,  a  snail ; 
It  caracollo,  a  wheeling.] 

1.  In  the  manege,  a  semi-round,  or  half  tuni,  which 
a  horseman  makes,  either  to  the  right  or  left.  In  the 
army,  the  cavalry  make  a  caracole  after  each  dis- 
charge, in  order  to  pass  to  the  rear  of  the  squadron. 

Encyc. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  staircase  in  a  helix  or  spiral 
form.  Encyc. 

GAR'A-Gf5LE,  v.  i.    To  move  in  a  caracole  ;  to  wlicel. 

GAR'.A-G^L-ING,  ppr.     Moving  in  a  caracole. 

CAR'A-COL-I,  C-kol-e,)  n.  A  mixture  of  gold,  silver, 
and  copi»cf,  of  which  are  made  rings,  pendants, 
and  other  toys  for  the  savages. 

G.\R'A-MEL,  n.  [Fr.]  Anhydrous  or  burnt  sugar ;  a 
black,  porous,  shining  substance,  obtained  by  heat- 
ing sugar  to  a  high  temperature.  It  is  soluble  in  wa- 
ter, which  it  colors  a  dark  brown,  and  is  u.sed  fAr 
coloring  spirits.  Sec.  It  gives,  when  heated,  a  pecu- 
liar odor,  called  the  odor  of  caramel. 

GAR'AT,  n.  [It  carato;  Fr.  carat ;  D.  karaat ;  G.  ka- 
rat; (Jr.  Kroari-n-,  a  little  horn,  a  pod,  and  thu  berry 
of  a  pod,  used  for  a  weight  of  lour  grains.     From  the 

Greeks  it  is  said  the  Arabians  borrowed  their  j^yJi 

ftaraf,  a  weight  used  in  .Mecca,  equal  to  the  twenty- 
fourth  of  a  denarius,  or  denier.  See  Castcll,  Col. 
3448,  and  Lndo{f,  IS19.] 

1.  The  weight  of  four  gmins,  used  by  goldsmiths 
and  jewelers  in  weighing  precious  stones  and  p.raris. 

Encijc. 

2.  The  weight  that  expresses  the  fineness  of  gold. 
The  wbr)le  niiuss  of  gold  is  divided  into  24  equal 
parts,  and  as  many  24th  parts  as  it  contains  of  pure 
gold,  il  is  called  gold  of  so  many  carats.  Thus  gold 
of  twenty-tWQ  parts  of  pure  metal,  is  gold  of  twenty- 
two  carets.  The  carat  in  Great  Britain  is  divided  in 
to  four  grains  ;  among  the  Germans,  into  twelve 
paru ;  and  among  the  French,  into  thirty-two. 

Flncyc. 

3.  The  value  of  any  thing.     [Obe.]      B.  Jinuun. 

CAR'A-VAN,  n.     [Ar.    •  \^j.3  hairaioan,  from  \j3 

karau,  to  stretch  niong,  to  follow,  to  proceed  from 
place  to  place.  Sp.  caraoana ;  Fr.  caravane.  Pera. 
as  Ar.] 

1.  A  company  of  tmvelers,  pilgrims,  or  merchants, 
marching  or  proceeding  in  a  body  over  the  deserts  of 
Arabia,  or  other  region  infested  with  robbers. 

2.  A  large,  close  carriage  on  springs,  for  conveying 
wild  beasts  when  carried  round  as  a  show. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  tJMTF,.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  ai  K ;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS, 


ira 


CAR 

€AR-A-VAN''SA-RY,  j  n.     A  place  appointed  for  re- 

€AR-A-VAN'SE-RA,  )  ceiving  and  loading  cara- 
vnns  ;  a  kind  of  inn,  wht-re  the  caravans  rest  at 
nicht,  being  a  large,  square  building,  with  a  spa- 
rious  cmirt  in  the  middle.  Knn/e. 

CAR'A-VEL,  ^  a.    [Sp.  caravelc ;  U.   caravello  ;Vi.  ca^ 

CAR'VEL,       i      ravriU.] 

1.  A  small  vessM^l  on  the  coast  of  France,  used  in 
Ihf  hprrinir  fishery.  These  vessels  are  usually  from 
35  to  30  tons'  burden. 

<2.  A  lisht,  round,  oldrasfaioncd  ship.      Johnson, 

€AR'A-\VAy,  «.  [Gr.  «j  >«,  jcin-*' ;  L.  carw*,  Mmm .■ 
Fr.  eami ;  Sp.  aic^^vea  or  oteftroAney* ;  D.  kenn* ;  At. 


^■x 


taratrtjra.] 

A  biennial  (Jant,  the  carum  eorxsi  of  Linnieus,  with 
a  taper  nwi  like  a  ^Kirsnep,  which,  wh-n  ynung,  i* 
i;ood  eating.  The  steeds  have  an  aromatic  smell  and 
a  warm,  pungoni  lane.  They  are  u«ed  in  confection- 
eiy,  and  al!«o  in  m:*dicine  as  a  carminative.  Enevc. 
"a  A  kind  of  applr.  JUason, 

eXR-BA-ZOT'ie  ACID,  «.  [«rr*<ni  and  aioU.\  A 
yellow,  bitter,  cr>-stalti7Jible  stibfstance,  obtained  by 
the  action  of  nitrir  acid  on  indigo  and  some  oCher 
azotized  or^nic  suh>taitre&  It  is  also  calkid  jitcrie 
a^irf,  and  the  bitter  principle  uf  Welter- 

CAR'BINE.     See  Carabi:(c 

€AR'BON",  a.  [L.  coHo,  a  coal ;  Sp.  Mrfrm;  IL  ear- 
bone  i  Fr.  ckarhom.  Uu.  Gr.  •  d^uci>,  to  dr)',  or  the  root 
of  ckar^  Russ.  ckaiyu^  to  bum.] 

An  elementary-,  combuistible  sub^ance,  existing 
pure  and  cr>-stnilizcd  in  the  diamond,  and  Bume- 
times  in  gmphrte,  and  forming  the  ttasia  of  animal 
and  vegetable  charciol,  and  of  coke.  By  means  of 
a  galvanic  apparatus,  it  ii  found  lo  be  capable  of  Ai- 
sion. 

eAR-BON-X'CGOCS,  o.  Pertnining  or  relating  Co,  or 
containing,  or  composed  of,  carbon  i  as,  carhonacton* 
matter. 

€AR'BO-NADE,  n.  [from  c«r*«,  supra.]  In  ftktt  y. 
flesb,  fowl,  or  the  like,  cut  acroaa,  seasoned,  ana 
broiM  on  coals.  Skak, 

eXR'BO  \ADK.  r.  L    To  cut  or  hack.  SUL 

€AR'R0  NAD  ED,  fp.     Cut  for  broiling  or  frying. 

eXR'BO  NAIX-ING,  rpr.  Cutting  for  broiling  or  (r>-ine. 

CXR'BON-ATG,  it.  In  cAanwCry,  a  salt  formed  by  the 
union  of  carbonic  acid  irtth  a  base ;  as,  the  carbonaU 
rf  lime,  earbif*ate  of  copper. 

eAR'BO.N-A'TED,  a.  Combined  with  carbonic  add. 
CarhautoM  waters  :  euch  mineral  watcra  as  are  Im- 
pregnate with  carbonic  acid. 
II  eAR-llON'ie  ACID,  a.  An  acid  composed  of  one 
equivalent  of  carbon,  and  two  rquivalt-nU  of  oxy- 
g.;n,  or  in  which  oxygen  combine:?!  in  the  greatest 
prr^iortion  with  carbon.  It  exists,  under  ordinary 
circumst.ances,  when  uncombined,  in  the  suite  of  a 
COS,  but  has  been  Itf^iiefied  by  very  powerful  pressure. 
It  was  formerly  called  fited  air,  aitrial  acid^  wttpkitie 
/Vv«,  and  crftaetoiLS  aady  or  acid  of  chalk.  It  is 
found,  in  )>ome  places,  in  a  state  of  gas  ;  it  exists  in 
the  airaosphere,  and  i^  disengaged  from  fermenting 
liquors,  and  from  decomposing  vegeiahle  and  animal 
BUDStances,  and  is  given  otf  in  rcspimtion.  It  is 
beavier  than  common  air,  and  subsides  into  low 
places,  vaults  and  wells. 

€AR-BON'IC  OX'YD,  n.  A  gaseous  compound  of 
one  equi^'alent  of  carbon,  and  one  equivalent  of 
oxygen.  It  is  fatal  to  animal  lif^,  extingiii.shes  com- 
bustion, and  bums  with  a  pnle  blue  tlame,  forming 
carbonic  acid.  It  apparently  possesses  comltiniug 
arid  prttpenies,  and  may  be  called  carbonoiu  acid. 

€AR-BOX-lF'ER-OUS,  o.  [cnrbo  and/ero,  to  bear.] 
Producing  or  containing  carbon  or  ci>al. 

Klncan^  Gtvt, 
This  term  is  properly  applied  to  strata  or  formations 
containing  coaL 

€AR-BO\-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  process  cf  car- 
bonizing. 

€AR'BO.N-IZE,  r.  L  To  convert  into  carbon  by  c^m- 
bu5tiun  or  the  action  of  (ire,  or  by  other  means,  as 
by  th*^  action  of  concentrated  acids  on  animal  and 
vegetable  subfttances. 

CAR  BON-TZ-£D,  pp.  Converted  into  carbon  or 
charcoal. 

CAR'BON-TZ-IXG,  ppr.     Converting  into  carboiu 

CAR'BON-O-HY'DROUS,  o.  [carbon,  and  Gr.  ioatp, 
water.]     Composed  of  carbon  and  hydrogen, 

CAR'BO-SCL'PHU-RET,  n.  A  term  formeriy  ap- 
plied to  the  compounds  formed  by  the  action  of  the 
disulphuret  of  carbon,  on  the  metallic  and  alkaline 
metallic  sulphurets. 

CAR  BOY,  B.  A  large,  globular  bottle  of  green  gla«w, 
inclosed  in  basket-work  for  protection  ;  used  es- 
pecially for  carr>-iD5  corrosive  liquors,  as  sulphuric 
acid,  i.c. 

CAR'BL'N-CLE,  (k4r'bunk-l,)  ■.  [L.  earbuMciduj,  a 
little  coal,  from  earbo.l 

I.  .\n  aRtkmz  ;  an  mflammatory  tumor,  or  painful 
gangrenous  boil  or  ulcer.  Coxe.     Haoper. 

a.  A  beautiful  gem,  of  a  deep  red  color,  with  a 
mixture  of  scarlet,  called  by  the  Greeks  anthrax ; 
found  in  the  East  Indies.     It  i:^  usually  fmmd  ptire,  ! 


CAR 

of  an  Angular  figure,  and  adhering  to  a  heavy, 
femigincus  stone,  of  the  emery  kind.  Its  usual  wixe 
is  nearly  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  two 
thirds  of  that  in  diameter.  When  held  up  to  tlie 
sun,  it  It^ses  its  deep  tinge,  and  becomes  exactly  uf 
the  color  of  a  burning  coal.  Eneyc 

The  mineral  here  described,  is  probably  the 
Oriental  ruliy,  or,  at  least,  some  cr>-stallized  variety 
of  corundum. 

The  carbuncle  of  the  ancients  is  suppo»)ed  to  have 
been  a  garnet.  Cleareland. 

3.  In  heraldry^  a  charge  or  bearing  conusling  of 
eight  r^ulii,  four  of  which  make  a  common  cross,  and 
the  other  ftmr,  a  saltier.  Eneye. 

eAR'BL'N-CLKD  (kitr' bunk-Id,)  a.  Set  with  car- 
buncles :  foutted. 

CAR-BU.\€'l>LAR,  a.  Belonging  to  a  carbuncle; 
resembling  n  carbuncle  ;  red;  inllamrd. 

CAR-BU.\e-U-LA'TIO.\,  n.     [L.  car bunculatw,  from 
csrbmmemic^  to  burn  to  a  coal,  to  blast,     f^ee  ('arhon.] 
The  blasting  of  the  young  buds  of  trees  or  plants, 
by  excessive  beat  or  cold.  Harris. 

€AR'BL/-RET,  ».  A  combination  of  carbon  with 
some  other  substance,  the  resulting  conipt^und  not 
being  an  acid  or  base.  More  exactly,  a  cum|KMind 
of  carbtm  with  a  basifiable  or  actdifiable  substance, 
in  which  the  carbon  is  tlie  electro-negative  ingre- 
dient. 

€AR'BU-RET-ED,  a.  Combined  with  carbon  in  the 
manner  of  a  carburet ;  as,  earburcud  hydrogen  gas. 

Carbtirtted  hvdroirrn  gas,  is  a  term  upplit-d  to  va- 
rious gaseous  compounds  of  carlMin,  {wrticularly  to 
two  definite  compounds,  the  prvtocarbtiret  of  kydro- 
geiL,  OT  hea\*y  carbureted  hydrogen,  coniiKtsed  of 
one  equivah'iit  each  of  carbon  and  hydrogen,  and 
the  bicarburrt  of  hydroffcn^  or  light  carlHireted  livdro- 
gen,  C4nn|H)«ed  of  one  equivalent  uf  carbon,  and  two 
equivalents  of  hydrogen. 

Carburetfd  isapplied  to  certain  gaseous  compounds. 
Thus  we  say,  earbureud  hydrogen.  Sitiimaiu 

CAR'CA-JOl'",  n.  The  glutton,  a  voracious,  carnivo- 
rous qtiadniped. 

€AR'CA-\ET,  ».     [Fr.  corean,  a  chain  i  It.  carcame.] 
A  chain  or  collar  of  Jewels,         Shak.     Hakewell. 

CAR'CASS,  a.  [Fr.  eareasse;  IL  atreame;  Norm. 
oarfctfstf,  a  mast,  and  a  carcass.  Q,u.  Gr.  K'to\na'^v.] 
I.  The  body  of  an  animal ;  usually,  the  body  when 
dead.  It  is  not  ajtplied  to  the  living  body,  of  the 
human  species,  except  in  low  or  ludicrous  language. 
S.  The  decaying  remains  of  a  bulky  thing,  as  of  a 
boat  or  ship. 

3.  Tbe  fhune  or  main  parts  of  a  thing,  unfinished 
or  without  ornament.  This  ^ems  to  be  the  primary 
sense  of  the  word.     [See  llie  next  word.]         Haie. 

CAB'C.ASS,  «.  [|t-cdrc<w.va,-  Sp.  corcoz  ;  Ft.  carcajse  i 
D.  karkas.] 

An  inm  cose  or  hollow  vessel,  about  the  size  of  a 
bomb,  of  an  oval  figure,  filled  witli  combustible  and 
other  substances,  as  meal-powder,  saltpj-ti^r,  sul- 
phur, broken  gloss,  turpentine,  Ate,  to  be  thrown 
from  a  mortar  into  a  town,  to  set  fire  to  buililimrs. 
It  has  two  or  three  apertures,  from  which  tlie  fire 
blazes,  and  the  light  sometimes  ser\'es  as  a  direction 
in  throwing  shells.  It  is  equipped  with  pistol-bar- 
rels, loaded  with  powder  to  the  muzzle,  which  e\- 
?lode  as  the  composition  bums  down  to  them, 
'his  instrument  is  probably  named  from  the  ribs  of 
iron  that  form  it,  which  resemble  the  ribs  of  a  Inituaii 
carciPS.  Eucyc,     Mar.  Diet. 

CAR'CEL  LAMP,  n.  A  lamp  of  French  iiivtuti.m, 
in  which  the  oil  is  raised  through  tubes  by  clock- 
work, so  as  continually  to  overdow  at  the  bottom  of 
the  burning  wick,  thus  producing  a  very  bt-autiful 
and  brilliant  light.  Encyc    Dum.  Econ. 

CXR'CEUAOEl,  H.     [L.  Mrcer.] 
Pristtn  fees,     [„Vwi  in  twe.] 

CARTER, «.     [L,]     A  starting-post. 

CAR  CER-AL,  a.    Belonging  to  a  prison. 

CAR-CI-XO'.M.A,  n.  [Gr.  <(ap«ii'w/iu,  from  KapKivow^ 
(f  jf-r«(vn5,  a  cancer.] 

A  cancer;  also,  a  turgescencs  of  the  veins  of  the 
eve.  Core-. 

CAR-CI-XO'.M  A-TOUS,  «.  Ca=c«jojs  j  like  a  cancer, 
or  tending  to  it. 

CARD,  n.  [Fr.  carU;  Sp.  Poit.  and  It.  carta,-  L. 
charta;  Gr.  \aorr;i;  D.  kaert;  G  karU;  Dan.  kort ; 
Ir.  cairt;  perhaps  from  baik,  L.  cortezy  It.  coirt  or 
eairt,  or  Ih«  saniL-  root.] 

1.  A  paper  or  pa.siebo:ird  cf  an  oblong  figure,  on 
which  are  painted  figures  or  points  ;  used  in  (ramts. 

2.  A  piece  of  pasielwtard  used  for  containing  a 
person's  name,  and  often  his  address,  or  an  invita- 
tion, or  business  advertisement. 

3.  A  note  published  by  some  one  in  the  papers, 
containing  a  brief  statement,  explanation,  request,  &.c. 

4.  The  paper  on  which  the  points  of  the  compass 
are  marked. 


Reaaofi  ihp  card,  btit  p.tsk4i  it  thfl  g-jJe. 


Pope. 


CARD,  V.  t.    To  play  ranch  at  cards  ;  to  gain.  Johnson. 

CARD,  ?i,  [D.  kaard;  G.  kardetscke :  Dan.  karde:  Sw. 
karda  ;  Fr.  carde;  Ann.  CTicardoner ;  Sp.  carda,  tea»;l, 
and  a  card  .  Port,  tarda,  a  card,  and  cardo,  a  thistle  ; 
L.  carduus ;  IL  caxdo^  a  thistle  and  a  card  ;  L.  caro. 


CAR 

to  card  ;  tr.  rrr,  a  comb.  Il  seems  that  tan!,  and  L. 
carduwi,  are  the  stime  word,  and  prubahlv  the  plant 
itmsel)  is  tbe  original  word,  or  both  are  f'rom  a  com- 
mon root.  The  French  carde  is  a  card  and  the 
stalks  of  the  artichoke.  Jirtichoke  is  so  written  for 
eardiehoke,'\ 

An  instrument  for  combing,  opening,  and  breaking 
wool  or  flax,  freeing  il  from  the  coarser  parts,  and 
from  extraneous  matter.  It  is  made  by  inserting 
bent  teeth  of  wire  in  a  thick  piece  of  leather,  and 
nailing  (his  to  a  piece  of  oblong  board,  to  which  a 
haiulle  is  attached. 

But  W(Kil  and  cotton  are  now  genemlly  carded  in 
mills  by  teeth  fixed  on  a  wheel  moved  by  water. 

CARD,  r.  (.  To  comb,  or  open  wool,  flax,  hemp,  &c., 
with  a  card,  for  the  purpose  of  cleansing  il  of  extra- 
neous mailer,  separating  the  coarser  parts,  and  mak- 
ing it  fine  and  soft  for  !*niiuiiiig. 

CARD'A-MTNE,  M.  [Gr.]  The  name  of  a  genus  of 
plants;  the  [Hipular  names  of  several  species  of 
which  are  lady's  smock,  cuckow  flower,  meadow 
cress.  &c. 

CARD'A-MOM,  n.     [Gr.  xa.iU,<uyi>QV.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Amomum,  and  its  seeds,  a 
native  of  India.  The  seeds  of  this  plant,  which 
grow  in  a  pod,  have  a  warm,  aromatic  flavor,  and 
are  used  in  medicine.  Encyc. 

CARD'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Combed;  opcmed  ;  cleansed 
with  cards. 

CARD'ER,  M.  One  who  cards  wool;  also,  one  who 
plavs  much  at  cards.  IVuaon. 

CXR'DI-AC,  jo.     [l^.  eardiacus  i    Gr.    ifaodiaMj, 

eAR-DI'A€^AL,  \      from  Knodia,  the  heart.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  heart. 

3.  Exciting  action  in  the  heart,  through  the  me- 
dium of  the  stomach  ;  having  the  quality  of  siimu* 
lating  action  in  the  system,  invigorating  the  spirits, 
and  giving  strength  aiid  cheerfulness.      Me-d.  Diet. 

The  cardiac  or\fice  of  the  stomach,  called  also 
cardia,  is  the  upper  or  left  orifice  ;  so  called  from  its 
vicinity  to  the  heart,  or  its  supposed  sympathy  with 
the  latter. 

CXR'DI-AC,  n.  A  medicine  which  excites  action  In 
the  stomach,  and  animates  the  spirits. 

eXR'DI-ACE,  7t.     A  precious  stone. 

eXK-DUAL'Gl-A,  ^n.     [L. ;  Gr.    Kao6ia^   the   heart, 

CXR'Dl-AL-GY,     i      and  «X>'>s,  pain. 

The  heartburn,  a  violent  sensation  of  heat  and 
acrimony  in  the  upper  or  left  orifice  of  the  stomach, 
seemingly  at  the  heart,  hut  rising  into  the  oesophagus. 
It  is  callt-d  also  the  cardiac  passion. 

CAB'DI-NAL,  a.  [L.  cardinaiijt, S3iid  to  be  from  cardoy 
a,  hinge.] 

Chief,  principal,^  preeminent,  or  fundamental ;  as, 
the  cardinal  virtues,  which  pagjins  supiwsed  to  be 
justice,  pnulcnce,  tem(K;rance,  and  fortitude. 

eXR'DI-NAL,  n.  An  ecclesiastical  prince  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  church,  w)io  has  a  voire  in  the  conclave  at 
the  election  of  a  pope,  who  is  taken  from  their  num- 
ber. The  cardinals  are  divided  into  iliree  classes  or 
orders,  containing  six  bishops,  fifty  priests,  and  four- 
teen deacons,  making  seventy.  These  constitute 
the  sacred  college,  and  compose  the  pc^ipe's  council. 
Originally  they  wefe  subordinate  in  rank  to  bishops  ; 
bui  they  have  now  the  precedence.  Tlie  dress  of  a 
carding  is  a  red  soutaine  or  cassock,  a  rocket,  a  short 
purple  mantle,  and  a  red  liat.         Encyc.     Spelman. 

2.  A  woman's  short  cloak. 

Cardinal  jiowtT ;  a  plant,  a  native  of  North  America, 
the  Lobelia  cardinaUs :  so  called  from  its  brilliant  red 
fio  A'ers, 

Cardinal  numbers,  are  the  numbers  one,  two,  tkree^ 
&.C.,  in  distinction  t^rom/r«e,  ^ccoti^,  (Airrf,&.c.,  which 
are  called  ordinal  numbers. 

Cardinal  points^  in  cosmoerapky,  are  the  fuur  in- 
tersections of  the  horizon  with  the  meridian,  and  the 
prime  vertical  circle,  or  north  and  south,  east  and 
west.  In  astrohgij,  the  cardinal  points  are  the  rising 
and  setting  of  the  sun,  the  Zenitii  and  Nadir. 

Cardinal  si^ns,  in  astronomy,  are  Aries,  Libra, 
Cancer,  and  Capricorn. 

Cardinal  virtues ;  prudence,  justice,  temperance, 
and  fortitude. 

Cardinal  winds,  are  those  which  blow  from  the 
cardinal  points, 
CAR'DI-NAL-ATE,   >  n.     The  office,  rank,  or  dignity 
CAR'DI-NAL-SHIP,  \      of  a  cardinal. 
CaR'DI-NAL-IZE,  r,  L     To  make  a  cardinal.     [Little 

used.  ]  Sh  eldon. 

CX  RDaXG,  rnf-     Combing,  as  flax,  wool,  &.c. 

2.  Playing  at  cards.     [Little  vsed.] 
CARD'ING,  n.    The  act  of  breaking  or  cleaning  with 

cards. 
CXRD'ING-MA-OlItNE',  n.  A  machine  for  comb- 
ing, breaking,  and  cleansing  wool  and  cotton.  It 
consists  uf  cylinders,  thick  set  with  teeth,  and  moved 
by  the  force  of  water,  steam,  &c. 
eXR'DI-OID,  n.  [Gr.  Kaniia,  heart,  and  £i^*«,  form  ] 
An  algebraic  curve,  so  called  from  its  resemblance 


to  a  heart. 
€XR-DI-OL'0-GY 

the  heart. 
ex  R-DI'TIS,  n.    Inflammation  of  the  fleshy  substance 

of  the  heart.  Dun^ltson. 


Chambers. 
The  science  which  treats  of 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MfiTE,  PRfiY.— PL\E,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.- 


CAR 

CARD'  MAK-ER,  n.  [card  and  maker.]     A  maker  of 

cards. 
€ARD'-MATCH,  n.  [card  and  tnatch.]     A  match  made 
by  dipping  pieces  of  cord  in  melted  sulphur. 

Addison, 
€AR-DOON',  n.     [Sp.  cardan  ,■  L.  cardaiL".] 

A  species  of  Cynara,  resembling  the  artirhohe,  but 
Iiirger.  Chambers. 

€.>i.RD'-TA-BLE,  n.  The  table  appropriated  to  the 
use  of  gamesters,  or  used  for  playing  cards  on. 

2.  A  table  one  of  whoee  leaves  folds  over  on  to 
the  other. 
€AR'DU-L"9   BEN-E-DICT'US,  n.    Th«  herb  blessed 
Uiistit. 

CAKE,  R.  [Sax.  car,  cara;  Goth.  Uar^  kara  ;  Ir.  car; 
L.  cara.  In  Welsh,  cur  is  care,  anxiety  ;  also,  a 
blow,  or  beating,  a  throb-,  ci(raie,\Q  beat,  strike,  or 
throb,  to  fight ;  CMTWW,  to  trouble,  vex,  pine,  or 
waste  away.  In  L.  euro  signifies  to  care,  and  to 
cure.  In  Sp.  curar  is  to  prescribe  medicine  ;  to  salt 
or  cure,  as  flesh  ;  to  season,  as  timber  ;  to  bleach,  as 
cloth  ;  intransitively,  to  recover  from  sickness  ;  and 
reciprocally,  to  lake  care  of  one's  self.  In  Italian, 
curare  is  to  cure,  attend,  protect,  defend,  and  to 
value  or  esteem.  In  French,  curer  is  to  cleanse ; 
'*  curer  les  dens,"  to  pick  tlie  teeth ;  cure  is  a  ben- 
efice. The  primary  sense  is,  to  strain,  or  slretrh,  as 
in  care,  atluntion  ;  and  curious  is  stretching  forward  ; 
but  the  sense  of  sep.ariting,  or  driving  off,  is  com- 
prehended, which  gives  the  French  sense,  and  the 
Sense  of  pniiii^  intt)  is  included  in  ctirious.  The 
sense  of  healmg  is  from  that  of  care,  ur  making 
sound  and  strong.  The  Welsh  sense  of  b.-ating  is 
from  driving,  thrusting,  coinciding  with  straining. 
8ee  Cars  and  Cl'be.] 

1.  Concern  ;  anxiety  ;  solicitude  ;  noting  some  de- 
gree of  pain  in  the  mind,  from  apprehension  of  evil. 

Tlii-5  iImJI  tai  btesii  by  weijhi  and  with  care.  —  Eiek.  ir. 

2.  Caution  ;  a  looking  to ;  regard  \  attention,  or 
heed,  with  a  view  to  safety  or  protection,  as  in  the 
phrase,  "  lake  care  of  yourself." 


3.  Charge  or  oversight,  implying  conojm  for 
safety  and  prosperity ;  as,  he  was  under  the  core  of 
a  physician. 

That  wliich  conwdi  upon  me  diiilj,  the  car*  of  rU  the  ehurehr*. 
— 2  Cor.  xi. 

4.  The  object  of  care,  or  watchftil  regard  and  at- 
tention ;  as,  "  Is  she  thy  caret  "  L>njdni. 

€ARC,  p.  i.  To  be  anxious  or  solicitous  ;  to  be  con- 
cerned about. 

Man^r,  carett  (hon  not  that  we  pexwh  ?  —  Mark  ir. 

5.  To  be  inclined  or  disposed  ;  to  have  regard  to  ; 
with/wr  before  a  noun,  and  to  before  a  verb.  "  Not 
carintr  tit  observe  the  wind."  "Great  masters  in 
paintmg  never  care  for  drawing  people  in  the  fash- 
ion." In  this  sense  the  word  implies  a  less  d^-gree 
of  concern.  The  different  degrees  of  anxiety  ex- 
pre.«scd  by  this  word  constitiUe  the  chief  differences 
in  ii<i  signification  or  applications. 

CaRE'-CRAZ-CD,  a.  [care  and  craze.]  Broken  or 
disordered  by  care  or  solicitude  ;  as,  a  car«-crated 
mnthcr.  Shak. 

CARE'-DE-FV'I.N'G,  a.     Bidding  defiance  to  cnre, 

Shenstone. 

CARE'-TON-CD,  a.    Tuned  by  care  :  mournful. 

Shak. 

€.^RE'-WOU\D-ED,  (-wounded  or  -woond^d,)  o. 
Wiiundcd  with  care.  Jilay. 

eA-REE.\',  r.  f.  [Ft.  enrener,  from  carene^  the  side 
and  kei'l  of  a  ship ;  L.  carina  ;  Sp.  careaar  i  Port. 
querenar;  It.  carcnarc] 

In  sea  I/in«-«a,'e,  to  heave  or  bring  a  ship  to  lie  on 
one'side,  fur  the  puriKise  uf  calking,  repairinK,  cleans- 
ing, or  (nying  over  with  pitch  the  olhL-r  side. 

Mar.  Did. 

GA-REEX',  V.  u  To  incline  to  one  side,  as  a  ship  un- 
der B  prcfw  of  sail.  Jilar.  Vict. 

€A-RKE\'A'D,  pp.     laid  on  one  side  ;  inclined. 

CA-REEN'I\G,  ppr.  Heaving  down  on  one  side; 
Inclining. 

CA-REEN'INGy  n.  The  act  of  heaving  down  on  one 
side,  or  inclining,  as  a  shfp. 

GA-REER',  n.  [Fr.  carriere  ;  Pp.  carrera  ,■  Port,  carrci- 
ra;  It.  carriera.  U  is  from  the  root  of  car,  and  L. 
eurro,  from  the  sense  of  running.] 

I.  A  course  ;  a  race,  or  running  ;  a  rapid  running  ; 
Kpeed  in  motion.  fVilkias,    Prior. 

t!.  General  course  of  action  or  movement ;  proced- 
ure ;  course  of  prtK-ceding. 

t.anunwr  anrt  procci!^  in  honor'i  lair  career.  Dryden. 

3.  The  ground  on  which  a  race  is  run.    Jvhnson. 
'\.  In  the  manetfc,  a  place  inclosed  with  a  barrier, 
in  which  they  run  the  ring.  Encyc, 

^.  In  faUonry,  a  flight  or  tour  of  the  hawk,  alrout 
131)  yards.  Encyc 

S^A-RECK',  B.  I.    To  move  or  run  rapidly. 

Wh<-n  •  ship  b  "Irclt'il  out  In  »!!  hT  canvai,  er^ry  nil  twellM, 
anil  carMrtng  ^j\j  ever  tlic  curling  wavM,  liow  Inty,  bow 
g*U»M  Ihe  app>--an  1  Iraing, 

t'A-REER'INO,  ppr.    Running  or  moving  with  speed. 


CAR 

CARET^^L,  a.  [See  Cake.]  Full  of  care  i  anxious ; 
solicitous. 

M&nlia,  thou  art  careful  and  trouUed  about  nuuiy  ttungi.  — 
Liikif  X. 

2.  Provident  ;  attentive  to  support  and  protect ; 
with  of  or  fur. 

Thou  luisi  been  txtre/ul  for  os  with  all  care.  — 2  Kinn  i». 
SVhat  could  a  cartful  laihcr  more  have  lione  ?  l}ryden. 

In  present  usage,  carrful  is  generally  followed  by 
of;  as,  carrful  of  health. 

3.  \VulcIiful;  cautious;  giving  good  heed  ;  as,  be 
careful  to  maintain  good  works  i  be  careful  of  your 
conversation. 

4.  Filling  with  care  or  solicitude ;  exposing  to  con- 
cern, anxiety,  or  trouble  ;  full  of  cares. 

RftiaL-d  to  a  eare/ul  bi^ht.  Shak. 

€ARE'FyLr-LY,  adv.  With  care,  anxiety,  or  solici- 
tude. 

Though  h"-  sought  it  carefully  with  l'*ara.  —  Hfb.  lil. 

2.  Ileedfully  ;  watchfully  j  attentively  ;  as,  con- 
sider these  precepts  carefully. 

If  llioD  carefully  hearken  to  the  L.ord.  —  DcuU  xt, 

3.  In  a  manner  that  shows  care. 

Envy,  hew  carefully  doo  it  look  I  Collier. 

4.  Providently  ;  cautioustv.  Johnson, 
€ARE'FJ^L-NES3,  n.    Anxiety  ;  solicitude. 

Drink  thy  waipr  with  trembling  and  with  carefulness.  —  Ezek. 
xil. 

2.  needfulness  ;  caution  ;  vigilance  in  guarding 
against  evil,  and  providing  for  safety, 

CARE'LEPS,  a,  [care  and  less.  Sax.  leas  ;  Goth.  laus. 
See  Loose.] 

1.  Having  no  care;  heedless;  negligent ;  unthink- 
ing ;  inattentive;  regardless;  unmindful;  followed 
by  of  or  about;  as,  a  careless  mother  ;  a  mother  care- 
less of  or  about  her  children,  is  an  unnatural  parent. 

9.  Free  from  care  or  anxiety  ;  whence  undisturbed  ; 
cheerful. 

Thin  wisely  cnreleae,  innocntly  g^y.  Pope. 

3.  Done  or  said  without  care  ;  unconsidered  ;  as,  a 
careless  throw  ;  a  carcltss  expression. 

4.  Not  regarding  with  care;  unmoved  by  ;  uncon- 
cerned for  ;  as,  careless  of  money  ;  careless  of  conse- 
quences. 

5.  Contrived  without  art.  Bp.  Taylor. 
CARE'LESS-LY,  adv.     In  a  careless  manner  or  way  ; 

negligently  ;  heedlessly  ;  inattentively  ;  without  care 
or  concern. 

CARE'LESS-NESS,  n.  Heedlessness;  inattention; 
nt^iiligencc  ;  manner  without  care. 

€AR'E\-TANE,  n.     [Fr.  qnarantaine^  forty.] 

A  papal  indulgence,  multiplying  tho  reinis«iion  of 
penance  by  forties.  Taylor. 

€A-RESS',  V.  L  [Vr.  eare^scr ;  Arm.  cAerifia,  to  ca- 
ress,  and  to  eheruth ;  W.  carcdigaw  ;  It.  careiza,  flat- 
tery, a  caressing ;  care-rgiare,  to  coax,  flatter,  esteem  ; 
8p.  airicia,  a  caresn  ;  acaririar^  to  caress,  cherish,  fon- 
dle ;  Piirt.  id.  It  may  he  fn.m  the  conmion  rwtt  of  L. 
cants,  Fr.  chrr,  cherir,  W.  car.  But  some  ditliculties 
attend  this  hypothesis.] 

To  treat  with  fondness,  affection,  or  kindness  ;  to 
fondle  ;  to  embrace  witli  tender  affection,  as  a  |»arent 
a  child.  South. 

CA-RE.SS',  n.  An  act  of  endearment ;  any  act  or  ex- 
pression (if  affection  ;  an  embracing  with  tend^^rness  ; 
as,  conjugal  caresses.  Mdion. 

CAKE.**.-;'/:!),  (ka-rest',)  pp.  Treated  or  embraced 
with  affTtinn. 

eA-KES.S'I.NG,  pjfT.  Treating  with  endearment  or 
nffcctinn. 

CA-KKSH'ING-IjY,  adv.     In  a  cart-ssing  manner. 

CA'RKT,  n.  [I,,  f arrt,  there  is  wanting,  from  careo, 
U\  want.]  In  writing,  this  mark,  a,  which  shows 
that  something,  omitted  in  the  line,  is  interlined 
above,  or  inserted  in  the  margin,  and  should  be  read 
in  Uiat  place. 

€AR'(;A-S0N.  n.     A  cargo,  which  see,  Hoicell. 

CAlt'GO,  n.  fW.  ear<r,  a  load,  cargu,  to  load,  from 
car,  a  Vehicle ;  Port,  carga ;  Sp.  carga,  a  loa(i,  hxxr- 
den,  charge:  t^p.  rarifo,  li  load  ;  cargazon,id.  cargar, 
to  load,  to  charge ;  It.  earico,  a  load,  or  charge  ;  cari- 
eare,  to  load,  to  char/re;  Fr.  ear  gabion,  a  cargo; 
ehargr,  ii  charge  or  load;  charger,  to  load,  burden, 
charge:  Amt.  carg.     fitio  Chabok.] 

TUn  lading  or  freight  of  a  ship;  the  goods,  mer- 
chandise, nr  whatever  is  conveyed  in  a  ship  or  other 
merchant  vessel.  Tho  lading  within  the  hnld  is 
railed  the  inboard  car^o,  in  distinction  from  horses, 
cuttle,  and  otli.er  things  carriei^m  deck.  The  per- 
son employed  by  a  merchant,  to  iintceed  with,  over- 
(we,  and  ilispuse  of  the  lading,  is  called  a  suprrairgo. 

CAR'<;0(JSK,  n.  A  ft)wl  bt;Uinging  to  tlie  genus 
Colyinhus,  called  the  crested  diver.  The  cheeks  and 
thrnat  are  surroundi.'d  with  a  long,  pendant  mff,  of  a 
bright  tawny  color,  edged  with  black.  The  breast 
and  belly  an!  of  a  silvery  white.  It  weighs  two 
pounds  and  a  half. 

CA'RI-A-TED.a.  Carious.  [JsTut  used.]  [See  Carioc«.] 

CAR'I-BOO,  n.     A  quadniprd  of  the  slag  kind. 

GAR'I-CA,  n.  A  genus  of  plants,  one  sjK^cies  of  which 
is  popularly  sailed  Papaw:  also  the  trivial  name  of 
the  species  of  Ficus,  which  produces  the  common  fig. 


CAR 

€AR'l-eA-Tl]RE,  n.  [It.  caricutura,  formed  from 
carica,  a  load,  caricare^  to  load.    See  Cahgo.] 

A  figure  or  description  in  which  beauties  are  con- 
cealed and  blemishes  exaggerated,  but  still  bearing 
a  resemblance  to  the  object.  Encyc 

€AR'I-eA-TURE,  7».  (.  To  make  or  draw  a  carica- 
ture ;  to  represent  as  more  ugly  than  the  life. 

LyttUton. 

€  AR'I-€A-TtiR-£D,  pp.  Made  ridiculous  by  grotesque 
resemblance. 

CARI-CA-Tl^R-ING,  ppr.  Making  ridiculous  by  gro- 
tesque resemblance. 

€AR'I-CA-T1^R-IST,  n.    One  who  caricatures  others 

CAR-I-COG'RA-PHY.n.  [L.carM, sedge,  and  j7j^»0w, 
to  describe.] 

A  description  of  the  plants  of  the  genus  Carex  or 
Sedge.  Dewey.     Journal  of  Science. 

€AR'I-€OriS,  a.     [L.  carica,  a  fig.j 

Resembling  a  fig;  an  epithet  given  to  tumors  that 
resenijde  a  fig,  such  as  occur  often  in  the  piles.  Encyc. 

eA'RI-F,S,  n.  [L.]  The  mortification  of  a  bone  ;  an 
ulcer  of  a  bone. 

eAR'Il^LON,fi.  [Fr.l  A  little  bell.  Also,  a  simple 
air  in  music,  adapted  to  the  performance  of  small 
bells  or  clocks.     [See  Carol.]  Busby. 

€AR'1-XATE,      I  a.      [L.   carinatus,   from    carina,  a 

CAR-I-XA'TED,  \      keel.] 

In  botajty,  shaped  like  the  keel  of  a  ship;  having 
a  longitudinal  prominency  on  the  back,  like  a  keel ; 
applied  to  a  calyx,  corol,  or  leaf.  Martyn. 

CA-RIN'THL\,  n.  A  name  given  to  such  massive 
varieties  of  hornblende  as  are  jet-black,  shining,  .and 
easily  cleavable.  Shepard. 

€AR'I-OLE,  n.     [Ft.]     A  small,  open  carriage. 

2.  A  covt;red  cart, 

3.  A  kind  of  calash. 

CA-RI-OS'I-TY,  ".  [See  Caries.]  Mortification  or 
ulceration  of  a  bone.  fViseman. 

CA'RI-OUS,  a.    JVIortified  ;  ulcerated  j  as  a  bone. 

fViseman. 

CARK,  n.  [W.  rare,  care,  restraint;  ear-ear,  a  prison, 
L.  career  i  Sax.  earx,  care  ;  cearctan,  to  cark,  to  creak, 
to  grumble.     The  primarj'  sense  is,  to  strain.] 

('are  ;  an.\iety  ;  concern  ;  solicitude  ;  distress. 
[Obs.]  Sidney. 

CARK,  V.  i.  To  be  careful,  anxious,  solicitous,  con- 
cerned.    [  Obs.]  Sidnry. 

CXRK'lNG,p;/r.ora.  Distressing;  perplexing;  giving 
anxiety.     [Obs.] 

CARL,n.  [Sax.carf,a  male,  whence  Carolus,  Charles. 
The  word  signifies  primarily,  strong,  robust ;  whence 
the  Englisii  carl-eat  and  cari-hcmp  f  house-carl,  a  do- 
mestic servant ;  Ger.  kerl,  a  fellow  ;  keri-haft,  mascu- 
line, stout.     See  Churl.] 

1.  A  rude,  rustic,  rough,  brutal  man.  [Obs.]  [See 
Churl.]  • 

2.  A  kind  of  hemp.  Tusser. 
ex  RL,  V.  I.    To  act  like  a  churl.    [A'ot  in  use.]  Burton, 

€\R'0  I  I\E   I  "■     ^  **'*ver  coin  in  Naples. 

CXR'LINE,    */         r„  }■  .  1 

f'XR'I  \\C        \  "'     ^        carlmgue,  or  escarlingue.] 

A  piece  of  timber  in  a  ship,  ranging  fore  and  aA, 
from  one  deck  beam  to  another,  directly  over  the 
keel,  serving  as  a  foundalioii  for  the  body  of  the 
ship.  On  these  rest  the  ledges  on  which  the  planks 
of  the  deck  are  made  fast.  Enoye.     Mar.  Diet. 

Carline  knees,  are  timbers  in  a  ship,  lying  across 
from  the  sides  to  the  hatchway,  and  serving  to  sus- 
tain the  deck.  Eticye. 
€AR'LLNE-THIS'TLE,(kAr'lin-this'sl,)  n.     The  pop. 
ular  nam*'  uf  some  species  of  plants. 

eXRL'li!l:NESS.i     SceC„„«.,.„. 

CAR'LOCK,  n.  A  sort  of  isinglass  from  Russia,  made 
of  the  sturgeon's  bladder,  and  used  in  clarifying 
wine.  Encyc. 

CAR'LOT,  iu  A  countrj-man.  [See  Carle.]  [J^'ot 
«.frd.]  Shak. 

CAR-LO-VIN'GI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Charlemagne ; 
as,  tht;  Carloiiingian  race  of  kings. 

CAR'MAN,  /(.  [car  and  man.]  A  man  whose  em- 
ployment is  to  drivi'  a  r.arl,  or  to  convey  goods  and 
other  tilings  in  a  cart. 

CAR'MElj-IN,     (  a.     Belonging  to  tho  order  of  Car- 

CA R'MKL-TTE,  i      indites.  mrver. 

CAR'MEL-ITE,  n.  A  monk  of  an  order  established 
on  Mount  Carmel,  in  Syria,  in  the  12th  century. 
The  Carmelites  have  four  tribes,  and  they  have  now 
thirty-eiglit  provinces,  besides  the  congrepiiion  in 
Mantua,  in  which  are  fif^y-foiir  monasteries,  under 
a  virar-geiieral.  and  the  congregations  of  barefooted 
Carmelites  in  Italy  and  Spain.  They  wear  a  scapu- 
lary,  or  smalt  woolen  habit,  of  a  brown  color,  thrown 
over  the  shoulders.  Encyc, 

2.  A  sort  of  pear. 

CAR-.MlN'A-TIVE.a,  Expelling  wind  from  the  body  ; 
warming;  antispasmodic. 

€AR-MIN'A-TIVE(  n.     f  L,  canncn,  a  charm,  because 
it  acts  suddenly,  as  u  cliann  is  supposed  to  do,  and 
because,  among  the  ancients,  its  opt^ration  was  ac- 
companied by  the  singing  of  a  slan/a.] 
A  medicine  which  tends  to  ex[iel  wmd,  or  to  roffl- 
I      edy  colic  and  flatulencies. 


TONE,  BULL,  TJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8.  — €  u  K  ;  0  afl  J ;  «  aa  Z :  CH  as  8H;  TH  as  tn  THIS. 


CAR 

CXR'MINE,  II,  [Fr.  carmin ;  Sp.  earmi» ;  Port,  car- 
mum  .*  It.  carmiHto  :  from  the  same  root  as  erintsoH ; 
Port,  eartitesim^  crimson  ;  :?p,  earmtsi^  crimson  nnd 
cochineal  puwder ;  IL  ekermui^  crimaoii,  and  dUrmM, 


CAR 


cochineal,  kermcA,   Ar. 


yj' 


jh'rmii,    kirmizonj    a 


berrj",  and  an  insect,  used  in  dyeinp.] 

A  powder  or  pipnientfOf  a  beaiiiilul  n'd  or  crimson 
color,  bordering  on  purple,  and  used  by  painters  in 
minialuri-,  though  mrely,  on  account  of  its  great 
price.  It  is  prepared  t^  dissolving  cochineal  in  an 
alkaline  lye,  and  precipitating  it  by  aluoi. 

This  is  properly  a  loke^  or  a  combin:uion  uf  the  ctA- 
orinjE  principle  of  cochineal  with  aluinine. 

S.  The  pure  coloring  matter  or  coloring  principle 
of  cochineal ;  precipitated,  by  spontaneous  erapors- 
tion,  from  the  alcoholic  tincture  of  cocbineal,  In  Uw) 
form  of  crystals  of  a  fine  red  color. 
CAR'NACC,  a.  [Fr.  camoft;  &p.  canue«ria, carnage, 
and  ahainbles ;  lu  tamagjpa^  fleah-oieat,  and  eor- 
■accia,  carrion  ;  Port,  atn^gtm^  from  L.  car*,  flesh.] 

1.  Liurmilif,  flesta,  or  beapa  of  fleab,  as  in  aham- 
blea. 

2.  Slaughter;  gnat  d««tractioii  of  men;  havoc; 
nta^sacre.  tfoyiparj. 

CXR'.NAL,  a.  [Fr.  ekmnul;  L.  ernitmU*,  from  cor*, 
fiesh.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  flesh ;  fleshly ;  sensual ;  »ppim4 
ta  gpiritumt ;  as,  ccma/  pleasure. 

3.  Being  in  the  natural  suite  ;  unregenerate. 

Tbt  mrmal  nind  ■■  CtunHjr  «^nM  God.  —  Rom.  viS. 

S.  Pertaining  to  the  ceremonial  law ;  as,  camol 
ordinances.    Heh.  ix.  10. 

4.  Lecherous  ;  lustAil ;  libidioous ;  giTen  to  sen- 
sual indulsenro.  Skat. 

Carrutl  kMi'tcled^ ;  semal  intercourse. 

€AR'.\AL-I*.M,  a.  The  indulgence  of  carnal  appe- 
tites. 

CAR'NAL-FST,  a.  One  given  to  the  indulgence  of 
sensual  appetites.  Burton. 

eXK'NAL-rTE,  n.    A  worldly-minded  man. 

Anderson, 

€AR-XAL'I-Tr,  a.  Fleshly  lust  or  desires,  or  the 
indnl^nce  of  those  lusts  ;  sensuality.  South. 

9.  Gn^ssness  of  mind  or  desirv ;  love  of  sensual 
plei»snre*.  TVIoImh, 

€XR'\AL-rZE,  r.  t  To  make  carnal ;  to  debase  to 
carnality.  Stott. 

€.\R'XAL-LY,  arfr.  In  a  carnal  manner;  according 
to  the  rtesh  ;  in  a  manner  tu  gratify  the  flcjih  or  sen- 
sual desire.     Lrr.  iviii.  20.     /itna-'viii.  (». 

€XR'\AI^iaMVED,  a.    Woridlv -minded.     Mffre, 

eAR'NAI^MIXD'EU-.NESS,  n.    Grossness  of  mind. 

Ellis. 

eAR-XA'TTOX,  a.  [Fr.  coraarioa,  the  naked  part  of  a 
picture,  flesh  color;  It.  ineamatiiut;  eumaifioHf,  com- 
plexion ;  Sp.  eanutza  ;  Port,  eonui:,  from  L.  coro, 
flesh.] 

1.  Flesh  color  ;  the  parts  of  a  picture  which  are 
naked,  or  uithottt  draper}*,  exhibiting  the  natural 
color  itf  the  flesh.  Encye. 

2.  The  pttpular  nnme  of  a  rpecies  of  the  genus  of 
plants  called  Dianlkusj  so  named  from  the  color  of 
the  flower. 

€AR-XA'TION-KD,  a.    Made  like  carnation  color. 
eAR-XEL'I.\X,  (kir-nel'yan,)  a.     [Fr.  eornaliKei  Sp. 
en-Ren  KO.] 

A  silicious  stone,  a  variety  of  chalcedony,  of  a  deep 
red,  flesh-red,  or  reddij-h-while  color.  It  is  toler^ly 
hard,  callable  of  a  good  polish,  and  used  for  seals. 
EMcye.  CUcKtland, 
CAR'N'EL-WORK,  (-ivurk,)  a.  In  akxp-htLUding,  the 
putting  tofr^ther  the  timbers,  boams,  and  planks,  as 
distinguish 'd  from  eiiach-ieork.  Encyc. 

€AR'N'E-OU-«,  a.     [L.  eanie«,  from  caro,  flesh-l 

Fle-<hy  ;  having  the  qualities  of  flesh.  Ray. 

CAR'XEV, «.  A  disease  of  horses,  in  which  the  mouth 

is  so  furred  that  they  can  not  eat.  Chambers. 

eAR-XI-FI-€A'TIOX,  a.    [Infra.]    A  turning  to  flesh. 

Chzmbers. 
€AR'Xr-FT,  r.  L     [from  L.  am,  eamh,  flesh.] 

To  form  flesh  ;  to  receive  fle^h  in  growth.  Hale. 
€AK'Nt-VAL,  a,     [L.  camiealf,  fareweU  to  meat.] 
A  festival  celebrated  with  merriment  and  revelry 
in  Roman  Catholic  countries,  during  the  week  before 
LenL 
CAR-XIV'O-RA,  a.  pi.    An  order  of  animals  which 

subsist  on  flesh,  as  the  hyenx  Curier. 

€AR-NIV-0-RAC'I-TY,  a,   [Infra.]  Greediness  of  ap- 
petite for  flesh.  Pope, 
€AR-NIV'0-R0U3,  a.     [L.  caro,  flesh,  and  vmv,  to 
eat.]                        »          L              »           >  . 

Eating  or  feeding  on  flesh;  an  epithet  applied  to 
animals  which  naturally  seek  flesh  for  food,  as  the 
lion,  tiger,  dog,  wolf,  ice 
CAR-XOS'I-TY,  R.   [Fr.  camosU^,  from  I.,  caro,  flesh.] 

A  little  fleshy  excrescence  in  the  urethra,  the  neck 
of  the  bladder,  &.C. 

CA^-XOSE',  i        f^'i^y-    [See  CAa.f  Eocs.] 


n.     [Sp.  algarrobai  It.  eamiba.'\ 

irob-iree,  Ceratonia  siliqua,  a  native  of  Spain, 


GAR'OB,  «. 
Thecarob-1 
Italy,  and  the  l^'vant.  It  is  an  evergreen,  growing 
in  hedges,  and  producing  long,  tiat,  brown-colored 
pods,  filled  with  a  mealy,  succulent  pulp,  of  a  sweet- 
ish taste.  In  times  of  scarcity,  these  |mk1s  are  eaten 
by  poor  people,  but  they  are  apt  to  cause  griping  and 
lax  bowels.  MtUer.     Encyc 

CA-KOCHE',  (kn-r&h'O  n.     [lu  carrozia.    See  Cab.] 

A  carriage  of  pleasure.  Burton. 

€A-ROCU'£U,  (ka-r6sht',)  &    Placed  in  a  caroche. 
Beaum.  and  Fl. 
€AR'OL,  n.     [It.  carola;  W.  eamwl ;   Arm.  coroU^  a 
dance  ;  W.  cor.  Corn,  karol,  a  choir.] 

A  song  uf  joy  nnd  exultation  ;  a  song  of  devotion ; 
or  a  song  in  general. 

Dryden.     Spenser.     Baton.    MUton, 
€AR'OI.,  r.  i.     [IL  earolare;  W.earoli;  Arm.  earoUi^ 
to  dance,  to  sing  love-songs.] 
To  sing  ;  to  warble  ;  to  sing  in  joy  or  festivity. 
Prior      Shak. 
€AR'OL,  p.  L    To  praise  or  celebrate  in  song. 

Milan. 
€AR-0-LI'NA,  a.     [from  Carolus,  Charles  II.]     The 
nameof  twoof  the  Atlantic  States  in  North  America, 
called  A'tn-fA  Carolina  and  South  Carolina. 
6.\R'0Lr-IXG,  tt.    A  song  of  praise  or  devotion. 

Spenser. 
€.\R-0-LIX'I-AX,  a.     Pertaining  to  Carolina. 
CAR-O-LIX'I-AX,  a.    A  native  or  inhabitant  of  Car- 
olina. 
CAR-O-LIT'ie,  a.    Decorated  with  branches. 
CAR'O-MEL,  H,    The  smelt  exlialed  by  burnt  sugar. 

iSoe  CaraheuI  Ure, 

-ROT'ID,  a.  [Gr.  vaiwTi^ii.]  The  carotid  arteries^ 
m  the  body,  are  two  arUTics,  the  right  and  left,  which 
convey  tiie  blood  from  the  aorta  to  the  head  and  brain. 
The  ancients  supposed  drowsiness  tu  be  seated  in 
these  arteries,  [Gr.  Kopo^.] 
€A-ROL'S'AL,  (ka-rouz'al,)  a.  [See  Cabouib.]  A 
feast  or  fe^iiival.  Johnson. 

But,  in  Jlmerita,  it  signifies  a  noisy  drinking  txnit, 
or  reveling. 
e.A-ROL'SE*.  (ka-roQi',)  r.  t.  [Fr.  earrouse,  hard  drink- 
ing.   I  know  not  the  real  origin  of  this  word.    In 


Pers. 


j}j= 


)  karoz,  signifies  hilarity,  singing,  dan- 


cing.  In  Ger.raiuMcn  signifies  to  rush,  to  fuddle.   In 
Ir.  cruosal  is  drunkenness,  from  eraos.  excess,  revel- 

To  drink  hard ;  to  guzzle.  In  the  United  States,  it 
signifies  alst>  to  be  noisy,  as  bacchanalians. 

CA-KorSE',  (ka-ro«z',)  n.  A  drinking  match  ;  a 
hearty  drink  or  full  draught  of  liquor  ;  a  noisy  drink- 
ing m:*trh. 

CA  KoUS'ER,  M.  A  drinker;  a  toper;  a  noisy  revel- 
er, or  bacchanalian. 

CA-ROI'S'ING,  ppr.     Drinking  hard  ;  reveling. 

eA-ROC»'I.N'G-LY,  ade.     In  a  camiising  manner. 

CARP,  r.  I.  [L.  earpo,  to  seize,  catch,  pick  ;  It.  carpire; 
Sp.  and  Port,  eurpir^  to  tear  or  scratch.  See  Carve.] 
Literally,  to  snap  or  catch  at,  or  to  pick.  Hence,  to 
censure,  cavil,  or  find  fault,  jmrticularly  without  rea- 
son, or  petulantly  ;  followed  by  oC 

No,  nut  a  tnoih  or  ruiil  Id  scnitch, 

Aud  al  xny  acUoiis  tarp  ai\>\  c^iicli.  Berhtrt. 

CARP,  n.  [Ft.  and  Port,  carpe;  Sp.  carpa  :  It.  carpio- 
ne  ;  Arm.  carpen  ;  Russ.  karp  ;  D.  karper  ;  G.  karpfen  ; 
Dan.  karpe  ;  Sw.  karp  ;  Low  L.  earpio^  from  earpoy  to 
seize  J 

A  fish,  a  species  of  Cyprinns,  an  excellent  fish  for 
ponds.  These  fishes  breed  rapidly,  grow  to  a  large 
size,  and  live  to  a  great  age.  Eneyc. 

CAR'PAL,  a.  [L.  carpus,  the  wrisL]  Pertaining  to 
the  carpus,  or  wrisL  Eneyc 

CAR-Fa'THI-AN,  o.  Pertaining  to  the  Carpates,  a 
range  of  mountains  between  Poland,  Hungary,  and 
Transylvania. 

CAR'PEL,  I  n.  In  botany,  a  small  seed-vessel  or 

CAR-PEL'LUM,  (  pericarp,  that  is,  one  of  a  group 
produced  bv  a  single  flower.  De  Cand. 

A  carpel  is  formed  by  a  folded  leaf,  the  upper  sur- 
face of  which  is  turned  inward,  the  lower  outward, 
and  the  margins  of  which  develop  cue  or  more  buds, 
which  are  the  ov-iles.  LinAley. 

'  The  latter  definition  is  founded  on  the  theory  of 
metamorphosis,  or  abnormal  development,  in  plants. 

€AR'PEI^LA-RY,  a.  Belonging  to  carpels,  or  con- 
tnining  them.  Lindtey. 

€AR'PEX-TER,  n.  TFr.  charpentier:  Sp.  carpinUro ; 
Port,  curpenteiro  ;  Tt.  carjientierr,  a  cartwright,  or 
Coach-maker;  L.  earpenlarius,  from  carpeiUum^^  char- 
iot.] 

An  artificer  who  works  in  timber;  a  framtT  and 
builder  of  houses  and  of  ships.  Those  who  build 
houses  are  called  house-earpeiiters ;  and  those  who 
build  ships  are  railed  ship-carpentrrs. 

In  Xew  England,  a  distinction  is  often  made  be- 
tween the  man  who  frames  and  the  man  whoexecutes 
the  interior  wood  work  of  a  house.  The  framer  is 
the  carpenter,  and  the  finisher  is  called  ^  joiner.  This 
distinction  i'^  noticed  by  Johnson,  and  seems  to  be  a 
genuine  English  distinction.  But,  in  some  olhsr  parts 


CAR 

of  .\inerica,  as  in  New  York,  the  term  carpenter  in- 
cludes both  the  fnuuer  and  the  joiner ;  and,  in  truth, 
both  branches  of  business  are  otU-n  piirforuied  by  the 
same  [M'rson.  The  word  is  never  applied,  as  in  tCuly 
and  f^pain,  to  a  coach-maker. 

€AR'PEN-TRY,  ».     The  art  of  cunlng,  framing,  and 
joining  timber,  in  the  construction  of  buildings ;  di- 
vided mlo  hotLve-earpentry  and  ship-carpctitry. 
2.  The  work  of  a  carpenter.  "    « 

CARP'EK,  n.     One  whti  cnrps  ;  a  caviler. 

CAR'PET,  Tt.     [I  know  n<>t  tiie  origin  of  this  word.] 

1.  A  covering  for  rtiKir«,  tables,  stairs,  &.c.  This 
covering  is  usually  made  of  wool,  wrought  with  a 
needle,  or  more  generally  in  a  loom,  but  is  sometimes 
made  of  other  materials.  The  manufacture  is  of  Asi- 
atic origin,  but  lias  been  introduced  into  many  parts 
of  Euroi>e,  and  into  the  United  Slates. 

2.  I*evel  ground  covered,  as  with  grass;  us,  agraswy 
carpet ;  a  carpet  of  green  grass.  Shak.     Hay. 

To  be  on  the  carpet,  is  to  be  under  consideration  ;  to 
be  the  subject  of  deliberation.  The  French  phrase, 
to  be  on  the  tapis,  is  used  in  the  tike  sense. 

Carpet  knifiht,  in  Shakspt^are,  is  a  knight  who  en- 
joys ease  and  security,  or  luxury,  and  has  not  known 
tlie  hardships  of  the  field. 

Carpet-monger  is  used  in  a  like  sense. 

CAR'PET,  r.  L  To  cover  with  a  carpet;  to  spread 
with  carpets.  Bacon.     Derham. 

CAR'PET-EU,  pp.  or  a.     Covered  with  a  carjjet. 

CAR'PET  ING,  n.  Cloth  for  carpets  ;  cirpets  in  gen- 
eral. 

CAR'PET-STRIP,  n.  The  piece  under  a  door  to  raise 
it  above  the  carpet. 

CAR'PET-WALK,  (-wawk,)  a.  A  walk  on  smooth 
turf.  Evelyn. 

CARF'ING,;)pr. era.  Caviling;  captious;  censorious. 

Watts. 

CARP'IXG,  n.    The  act  of  caviling ;  a  cavil ;  unrea- 
son aide  censure. 
€ARP'IXG-LY,  adv.  Captiously ;  in  a  carping  manner. 

Camden. 
CARP'-MkALS,  tu    a  kind  of  coarse  cloth,  made  in 

the  north  of  England.  Phillips. 

€AR'PO-LITE,Ti.  [Gr.«ap7r«c,  fruit,  and  Aiy.s,stone.] 
Petrified  fruits,  of  which  the  most  remarkable  are 
nuts  converted  into  silex. 
CAR-POL'O-GIST,  n.     [Gr.  KapiTOs,  fruit,  and  Ac>-(j, 
to  speak.  1 

One  wiio  describes  fruits. 
€AR-POL'O-0  Y,  n.    [Supra.]    A  description  of  fruits. 

Ci/c. 
More  strictly,  that  division  of  botany  which  relates 
to  the  structure  of  seeds  and  seed-vessels,  or  of  the 
fruit. 
CA  K'  PITS,  n.     [L.]     In  anatomy,  that  part  of  the  skel- 
ettui   forming  the  wrist,    consisting    of  eight  small 
bones,  arranced  in  two  rows. 
CAK'UA-VVaY,   Tt.     See  Caraway. 

Q,UAR'Ke'i    (  "•    ^"  nrrow  used  in  cross-bows. 
€AR'U1-A  BLE,   a.     That  may  be  carried.     [JVW  in 

iute.]  m  Sherwood. 

€AR'RIA6E,  (kar'rij,)  n.     [Fr.  charriage,  from  char- 

rier,   to    carry;     It,    carregg^io,  or    carriaggio.     See 

Cahht.] 

1.  The  act  of  carrj'ing,  bearing,  transporting,  or 
conveying;  as,  the  carriage  of  sounds.  Bacon. 

9.  The  act  of  taking  by  an  enemy  ;  conquest ;  ac- 
quisition.    [Obs.]  KiwUes. 

3.  TJmt  which  carries,  especially  on  wheels ;  a 
vehicle.  This  is  a  geijcrai  term  for  a  coach,  chariot, 
chaise,  gip,  sulky,  or  otlier  vehicle  on  wheels,  as  a 
canniin-carriafft  on  trucks,  a  block-carriage  for  mortars, 
and  a  truck-carriage.  Appropriately,  the  word  is  ap- 
plied to  a  coach  ;  and  carts  and  wagons  are  rarely, 
or  never,  called  carriages. 

4.  The  price,  or  expense,  of  carrj'ing. 

5.  That  which  is  carried;  burden;  as  baggage, 
vessels,  furniture,  &c. 

And  Daful   l^ft  hi*  mrria^e  m  the  h'inds  of  die  keeper  of  the 
carriage.  —  1  Sntii.  xvii.     [Little  uced,]  Spenser. 

6.  In  amoral  sense,  \he  manner  of  carrying  one's 
self;  behavior;  conduct;  deportment;  personal 
manners.  Bacon.     Dryden. 

7.  Measures;  practices;  management.         Shak. 
CAU'RIAfiE-HORSE,  a.     A  horse  kept  for  drawing 

*a  carriage.  Booth. 

CAR'RIAfiE-MAK'ER,  n.     One  whose  occupation  it 

is  to  make  carriages. 
CAR'RI-BOO.     SetT  Cariboo. 

CAR'RU;K-BE\D,  n.     A  particular  kind  of  knot. 
CAR'RICK-BITTS,  w.  pi.      In  a  ship,  the  bitts  which 

support  the  windlass.  Mar.  Diet. 

€AR'RI--fJD,  (kar'rid,)  pp.    Borne;  conveyed  ;  trans- 

p(»rted. 
€AR'RI-ER,   n,     [See   Carry,]      One  who    carries; 

that  which  carries,  or  conveys;  also,  a  messenger. 

2.  One  who  is  employed  to  carry  goods  for  oth- 
ers for  a  reward  ;  also,  one  whose  occupation  is  to 
carry  goods  for  others,  called  a  covimon  carrier;  a 
porter. 

€AR'RI-ER  PIO'EON,  n.  A  pigeon  that  conveys 
letters  from  place  to  place,  the  letters  being  lied  to 
the  neck. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T.— METE,  PR£Y.  — PIXE,  MARtXE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 

176  ' 


CAR 

€AR'ttI-0\,  B.  [It.  Carolina ;  Sp.  carrona ;  Fr.  eha- 
Tcgjui  Arm- f-rtrodn;  D.  jbiro»y>.] 

U  Thf  dead  and  pmrcfj  iiig  body  or  flesh  of  nni- 

mals ;  He-sh  so  coirupttd  as  to  be  unlit  fur  food.  Pope. 

2.  A  worthless  woman  ;  a  ttTia  of  rvproach.    S/uik, 

CAR'RI-O.N,  o.  Relating  to  deud  and  putrefying  car- 
casst"!?;  ffcding  uu  carrion  ;  as,  a  carrion-crow.  SAtii. 

CAR-RON*  aDE',  It.  [It  is  said  to  be  from  Carron^  in 
Scotlaiidpwht're  it  was  first  made,] 

A  shi)rt  piece  of  ordnance,  having  a  large  caliber, 
and  a  ctianiber  for  ttie  powder,  like  a  mortar.  This 
species  of  cannon  is  carried  on  the  iip[)er  works  of 
ships,  as  the  poop  and  forecastle,  and  is  very  useful 
in  close  engagements.  Mar.  Diet.     Eticyc. 

€AK-ROOX',  H.     In  London,  a  rent  received  for  the 

privilege  of  driving  a  cart.  jSsh. 

2.  A  species  of  cheny.  Tookc,  Rass. 

€AR'ROT,n.     [iLearufa;  Fr.  caroUe;  Low  L.  car ota.] 
An  esculent  root,  of  a  yellow  color,  of  the  genus 
Daucus,  cidtivati;d  fur  the  tjilde,  and  for  cattle. 

€.VR'KOT-Y,  a.  Like  a  carrot  in  color ;  an  epithet 
given  tt>  red  hair. 

€AK'RoWS,  n.  pi.  In  Ireland,  people  who  wander 
about  and  get  their  living  by  cards  and  dice  ;  stroll- 
ing iranieslers.  Spenser. 

€AR'RY,  ».  L  nv.  car'iaio,  from  car,  a  dray,  drag,  or 
wagon;  Fr.  charrier ;  Arm.  charrtat,  or  charrcein ; 
Sp.  aatrrear :  Dan.  kiore ;  Pw.  kiUra;  G.  karrcit. 
These  verbs  signify,  prhnarity,  to  carry  on  a  cart,  or 
car,  and  are  evidently  from  the  noun.  But  the 
English  Curry  coincides  aUn  with  the  Latin  gero, 
our  vulgar  kerry :  for  the  sen-^e  of  bchm-ior  can  hardly 

firoceed  from  the  moving  of  a  wheel  carriage,  nor 
ndeed  can  some  other  senses  of  this  word.  But  the 
primarj'  sense,  in  b<)th  cases,  is  to  move.} 

1.  To  bear,  ruovey,  or  tran.^port,  by  sustaining  and 
moving  the  thing  carried,  eitb-^r  by  bodily  strength, 
Ujirm  a  beast,  in  a  vehicle,  or  in  any  kind  of  water- 
craft.  In  general,  it  iuijdies  a  moving  from  the 
speaker  or  the  place,  present  or  near,  t4(  a  plac:'  more 
distant,  and  so  is  opposed  to  bring  and  fetch,  and  it 
U  often  followed  by  from,  airatj,  o£',  uuL 

1I«  ahaJI  carry  the  lambs  in  liit  t>usom. —  Is.  xl. 

When  Iw  tlieth,  he  *tuxl\  car-y  nuUiiii^  aw.ij',  —  P«.  x!lx. 

2.  To  convey  ;  as,  wmnd  is  carried  in  the  air. 

3.  I'o  effect ;  tu  accomplish  ;  to  prevail ;  to  ^in 
the  obj'.'Ct ;  as,  to  carry  a  point,  measure,  or  restdu- 
tion  ;  to  carry  a  prize  ;  sometimes  followed  by  iL 

_    Whoaft  wills  will  carry  il  over  Utf  rtM,  Lodce.    Burke. 

4.  To  bear  out ;  to  face  through. 

If  ■  a>MX  carries  U  off,  there  b  to  mucb  money  wartrH. 

L' Estrange. 

5.  To  urge,  Impel,  lead,  or  draw,  noting  moral 
impulse. 

Piiik-  or  pawion  wil]  carry  a.  man  to  ^r^at  Iro^Uis. 

Mi-H  iry  carrud  nwny  witli  uiLuriuajT  proapeeu Set  Eph.  iv, 

U.    lU-b.  xiii.  9.  — •  r     *— 

6.  To  bear ;  to  liave. 

In  •um"  vegrtAUri,  we 
miuiogy  lo  •i-nae. 

7.  7'u  bear  ;  to  show,  diHpiay,  or  eihibit  to  view. 

Tlv?  up"et  of  trrcTj  on?  fa  the  luaBj  corriM  ntufa£llon 

8.  To  imply,  or  import. 
To  quit  former  iciiru  carries  nn  impuoUon  of  ignomten. 

Locks. 

9.  Tu  contain,  or  comprise. 

Be  Ummi^  it  carried  m>tuttbing  of  u-^mcat  lo  It,  to  provr  ihM 
ducuine.  Watts. 

10.  To  extend,  or  continue  tn  time  ;  as,  to  Mrry  an 
hiiftorical  account  to  the  first  ages  of  the  world  ;  but 
usually  with  a  particle  j  as,  to  carry  up,  or  carry 
hack,  to  carry  forward, 

11.  To  extend  in  space;  as,  to  earr-y  a  line,  or  a 
htiiindnry  ;  or  in  a  mural  scusej  as,  to  carry  iueaa 
verj-  far. 

12.  To  support,  or  suittain 

Carry  comomili.-  on  iticlci,  Baron. 

13.  To  bear,  or  produce,  as  trees. 

Set  \hrm  a  reuonaUe  deplh,  and  Ujejr  wUI  cany  more  aboou 
upain  ihr  •iriti.  Baton, 

14.  To  manage,  or  transact,  usually  with  on ;  as, 
to  carry  on  business. 

15.  To  carry  one's  «{/*,'  to  behave,  conduct,  or 
demean. 

lie  carried  himself  Uwolcntlj,  Clarenaan. 

Sometim<rg  with  it;  as,  he  carried  it  high. 
IC  To  remove,  lead,  or  drive, 

AimI  be  carried  awaj  ■[)  hU  CMUi!.  — Gen.  xxxl. 

17.  To  removo  ;  to  cause  to  go. 

AikI  (h^  king'  of  AM^ria  tUiI  carry  awajr  Imei  to  Aiayrla,  — 8 

King*  xviii. 

18.  To  transport  ;  to  affect  with  extraordinary  hn- 
preratons  on  the  mind.     Rev.  xvii. 

19.  To  fetch  and  bring. 

Yonn^  wb^ll*  tram  *^w\f  to  carry.  Ascham. 

20.  To  transfer  i  as,  to  carry  an  account  to  the 
ledger 

Wax  wu  to  be  diverted  from  Gr««oe  by  being  carried  Into  Aala. 

Mi(/urd. 


•omelhinc  that  earries   a  kind  of 
JMe. 


Addison, 


CAR 

21.  In  military  affairs,  to  obtain  possession  of  by 
force  ;  as,  to  cnmj  the  untworks  of  a  place. 

To  carry  coais  ;  to  bear  injuries.  Mason. 

To  carry  caaJs  to  Jv'ijpcustie :  lo  take  things  to  a 
place  where  they  already  abound  ;  to  lose  one's  labor. 

To  carry  offi  to  remove  to  a  distance  j  also,  to 
kill ;  as,  to  be  carried  off  by  sickness. 

To  carry  on  ;  to  promote,  advance,  or  help  forward  ; 
to  continue;  as,  to  carry  on  a  design;  to  carry  uii  Uje 
administration  of  grace. 

2.  To  manage,  or  prosecute;  as,  to  carry  on  hus- 
band rj'. 

3.  To  prosecute,  continue,  or  pursue  ;  as,  to  carry 
on  trade,  or  war. 

4.  To  conduct  in  a  wild,  rude  manner;  as,  he 
carrifji  on  at  a  great  rate. 

To  carry  tJirouirh ;  to  support  to  the  end  ;  to  sus- 
tain, or  keep  froin  failing,  or  being  subdued. 

Grtdf  will  carry  a  iitnti  iJiraugk  nil  iliiGcutdei.         Hammond. 

To  cami  out ;  to  bear  from  within  ;  also,  to  sustain 
to  the  emf ;  to  continue  t4>  the  end. 

To    camt   away,   in    seamans/iip,  is    to    break  ;    to 
carry  sail  till  a  sjiar  breaks  ;  as,  to  carry  atcay  a  fore- 
topmast. 
CAK'RY,  r.  t.    To  run  on   nrtten  ground,  or  on  frost, 
which  sticks  to  the  feet,  as  a  hare.  Johnson. 

a.  'I'o  hear  the  h'-ad  in  a  particular  manner,  as 
a  horse.  When  a  horse, holds  his  head  hieh,  with 
an  arching  neck,  he  is  said  to  carry  irell.  When  he 
Kiwers  his  head  too  much,  he  is  said  to  carry  tow. 

3.  To  convey,  lo  propi:I ;  as,  a  gun  or  moriar  car- 
rifg  Well  ;  hut  Uiis  w  eUiptical. 
€AU'RY-AI-L,  n.     [Corrupted  from  car'wlr.]     A  light 
vehicle  Alt  one  horse,  having,  usually,  four  wheel:^, 
and  (lf*is:ned  to  carry  a  number  of  persons, 
eAK'RY-I\'c;,p;>r.  Bearing, conveying,  removing,  &c. 
GAR'RV'-I\(i,  n.     A   bearing,  conveying,  removing, 
tran«|Hirting. 

CarnjiH^r  trade;  the  trade  which  consists  in  the 
transpiirtiition  of  goo<ls  by  water  from  country  to 
country,  or  place  to  place. 

Wc  arc:  rivaU  wiih  litem  in  nari^tion  and  the  carrying  traile. 
f\iera,'ut,  Jay. 
Carrying  triml,  among  horsemen,  is  a    tossing  of 
the  nose  as  high  as  the  horde's  ears.  Kiicy'c, 

eAR'RY-TALE,  n.     A  Ude-liearer.     [Aof  usrd.] 
CXRSK,  n.    Low,  fertile  land,  adjacent  to  a  river. 

{Scottish.] 
eXRT,  n.     [W.  cart;  Sax.  cnst,  crat;  Ir.  cairt;  Russ. 
kariL     See  Car.] 

1.  A  carriage  with  two  wheels,  fitted  to  be  drawn 
by  one  horse,  or  by  a  yoke  of  oxen,  and  usfd  in  hus- 
bandry, or  ct^immercial  cities,  for  carrj'ing  heavy  com- 
modities. In  (ireat  Britain,  carfa  are  usually  drawn 
by  horses.  In  America,  h(*r.-ie-carts  are  used  mostly 
in  cities,  and  or-carts  in  the  country. 

2.  A  carriage  in  genenil.  Trmple.     Dryden. 
CART,  r.  (.    To  carry  or  convey  on  a  cart ;  as,  to  cart 

hay. 
2.  To  expose  in  a  cart,  by  way  of  punishment. 

€XRT'AOK,  «.  The  act  of  cu-rying  in  a  cart,  or  the 
price  paid  for  carting. 

eXR'TA-RKT,  n.    [Mexican.]     A  cot.         Strphms. 

eXRT'-IIi^TE,  n.  In  Kwrf/wA  taw,  wood  to  which  a 
tenant  is  entitled  for  making  and  re|iairing  carts  and 
other  instruments  of  htisliandrj*. 

€XRT'EI),  pp.     Borne  or  exjHised  in  a  cart. 

€XRT'-HOIlSE,  n.     A  horse  that  draws  a  cart. 

eXRT'IN'i;,  ppr.     Conveying  or  exposing  in  a  cart. 

exRT'IXO,  H.    The  act  <»f  carrying  in  a  curt. 

eXRT'-JADE,  n.  A  sorry  horse  ;  a  horse  tised  in 
dmwinir,  or  fit  only  for  the  cart.  Sidney. 

GART'-LOAD,  ti,  a  Kwd  borne  on  a  cart  ;  as  much 
an  is  usually  carried  at  once  on  a  cart,  or  as  is  suf- 
ficient to  lt»ad  it. 

€ART'-IU")I'E,  n.  A  rope  for  binding  hay  or  other  ar- 
ticles on  a  cart. 

eXRT'-RIIT,  n.  The  cut  or  track  of  a  cart-wheel. 
(See  RouTt.] 

€AIIT'-TIUE,  H.  The  tire,  or  iron  bands,  used  to  hind 
the  wheel -i  of  a  cart. 

eXRT'-WXY,  n.  A  way  that  is  or  may  be  passed 
with  carts,  or  other  wheel  carriages. 

eXRT'-WHEEL,  Ti.     The  wheel  of  a  cart. 

CXKT'-WIIII',  «.  A  large  whip  used  in  driving  ani- 
mals in  cart-*. 

exit'[''\VBK;ilT,  Tt.    An  artificer  who  makes  carts. 

CARTP^BLAJVCIIK',  (kart-blinsh',)  n.  [Fr.,  while 
paper.] 

A  blank  paper,  signed  at  the  bottom  with  a  person's 
name,  niid  stimetimes  sealed  with  his  seal,  given  Ut 
anoth'-r  person,  with  permission  to  superscribe  what 
conditions  he  pleases.  Ileuce,  unconditioned  terms; 
unlimited  power  to  decide.  Kncyc. 

exR-TKL'  or  CXll'TEL,  n.  [It.  earteUo ;  t'r.  Sp. 
and  Port,  cartel  i  from  I*,  chartuta.] 

1.  A  writing  or  agreement,  betwren  states  at  war, 
for  tlic  exchange  of  prisoners,  or  for  some  mutual  ad- 
vantage ;  also,  a  ves8(0  employed  to  convey  the  mes- 
senger on  this  occasion. 

2.  A  letter  of  defiance  or  challenge  ;  a  challenge  to 
single  combat.  This  sense  the  word  has  still  in 
France  and  Italy  ;  but  with  us  it  is  obsolete. 


CAR 

A  cartel,  or  eartel-ship,  is  a  ship  employed  in  tlip  ex- 
ch;inpe  of  prisoners,  or  in  carrying  iiropositions  to  an 
enemy. 

eXR'TEE,  V.  i.     To  defy.     [Obs.]  B.  Jonson, 

t'XRT'ER,  n.  Tiie  man  who  drives  a  cart,  or  whose 
()ccup;ilion  is  to  drive  a  cnx\., 

€XU-Tf:'SlAN,  (kar-te'zhan,)  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
philosoplier  Pes  Cartes,  or  to  his  philosophy,  which 
taught  the  doctrine  of  vortexes  round  the  sun  and 
planets, 

€AU-Tk'SIAN,  k.  One  who  adopts  the  philosophy  of 
I)es  Cartes. 

eXR-THA-GIN'I-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  ancient  Car- 
thage, a  celcbnited  city  on  the  northern  coast  of 
Africa,  about  twelve  miles  from  the  modern  Tunis. 
It  was  founded  by  the  Phenicians,  and  destroyed  by 
the  Romans. 

eXR-TIIA-GlN'I-AN,  TU  An  inhabitant  or  native  of 
Carthago. 

€XR'THA-MINE,  n.  A  red  coloring  matter,  obtained 
from  the  flowers  of  the  safilower,  {CartJiamus  tinctu- 
ru.t ;)  properly,  carihamic  acid. 

CAR'THA-MUS,  n.  The  generic  name  of  Bastard 
siitiron.  [Hee  Safflower.]  From  its  flower  is  ob- 
tained a  valuable  red  dye,  and  also  the  rouge  used  by 
ladies.  i/re. 

€AK-TUO'SIAN,  (kar-thii'zhan,)  n.  One  of  an  order 
of  monks,  so  called  from  Chartreuse,  the  place  of  their 
institution.  Tliey  are  remarkable  for  their  austerity. 
They  can  not  go  out  of  their  cells,  except  to  ctiurch, 
nor  RiK'ak  to  any  person  without  leave.  Kncyc. 

eXR-TllO'SIAN,"  a.  Pertainingto  tiie  order  of  monks 
above  named.  Chambcm. 

€X  K'TI-L.\CE,  w.  [L.  cartilajro  ;  Fr.  cartilage.  I  sus- 
pect this  and  the  English  grittle  to  be  the  same  word ; 
the  r  being  trans[)osed,  cdrtit  for  cratil.] 

Gristle;  a  smoitth,  solid,  elastic  substance,  sofler 
than  bone,  of  a  [)early  color  and  homogeneous  tex- 
ture, without  cells  or  cavities.  It  is  invested  with  a 
particular  membnme,  called  perichondrium,  which,  in 
tlie  articular  cartdage,  is  a  reflection  of  the  synovial 
membrane.  Cyc     fyiatar. 

eXR-TI-LAG'lN-OUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
a  cartilage  ;  gristly;  consisting  of  cartilage.     Ray. 

2.  In  !cktJiyology,cartilaginons  Jliheji art:  iliosr  whoso 
muscles  are  8Upi>orted  by  cartilages,  instead  of  bones, 
or  whose  skehaon  is  cartilaginous.  Many  of  Ihesu 
are  viviparous,  as  the  ray  and  shark,  whose  young 
are  excluded  from  an  egg  hatched  within  Iliem. 
Otliers  are  ovip:u-ous,  as  the  sturgeon.  Some  of  them 
have  -no  gill-covers,  but  breathe  through  apertures 
on  the  sides  of  tlie  neck  or  top  of  the  head  ;  others 
have  gill-covers,  but  destitute  of  bony  rays. 

Encijc.     Ed.  Kncyc. 

eXR-TOG'RA-PirKR,  n.     One  who  makes  charts. 

eXR-TOGRAPll'ie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  cartog- 
raphy. 

CAR-TO  GRAPiriC-AI^LY,  adi\     By  cartography. 

eAR-TOU'RA-PUY,  ji.  [Gr.  xupr/j;  L.  charta,  and 
Gr.  jfiQ'M.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  forming  charts  or  maps  of  a 
country. 

€XR-'I'OON',  n.  [It.  cartone,  pasteboard  ;  Sp.  and  Fr. 
carttin;  from  L.  charta,  pjiper.] 

In  paintinir,  a  design  drawn  on  strong  paper,  to 
Ikj  afterward  calked  tliriiugh,  and  transferri:d  on  the 
fresh  plasti-r  of  a  W'all,  to  be  painted  ia  fresco.  Also, 
a  design  colored  for  working  in  Mosaic,  tapestr>',&.c. 

Kncyc. 

€XR-T0UC1I',  (kar-tootch',)  n,  [Fr.  cartouche;  Sp. 
carturJio  i  Port,  cartiuo ;  It.  cartuccia,  a  cartridge,  a  bit 
of  paptir,  from  carta,  paper.] 

1.  A  case  of  wood,  about  three  inches  thick  at  the 
hottom,  girt  with  marlin,  holding  about  four  hundred 
musket  balls,  and  six  or  eight  iron  lulls  of  a  pouud 
height,  to  be  fired  out  of  a  howitz,  for  defending  a 
pass.  A  cartouch  is  sometimes  made  of  a  globular 
form,  and  filled  with  a  bait  of  a  pound  weight ;  and 
sometimes  for  guns,  being  of  a  ball  of  a  half  or  quar- 
ter of  a  pound  weight,  lied  in  the  form  of  a  bunch  of 
grajMis,  on  a  tompion  of  wood,  and  coated  over. 

Kncye. 

2.  A  portable  box  for  charges.  [See  Cabtkiixje- 
Box.] 

3.  A  ndl  or  scroll  on  the  cornice  of  a  column. 

Coles. 

4.  The  name  applied  by  Champidlion  i  '  Uie  ellip- 
tical ovals  on  ancient  Egyptian  iiionumeni  •,  and  m 
papyri,  containing  group^^  of  characters  ex.Tessing 
the  names  or  titles  of  khigs  or  Pharaolis. 

eAR'TRID(iE,  Ti.     [A  corruption  nf  cartouch.'\ 

A  case  of  pasteboard  or  |Kirchmi-nt,  holding  the 
charge  of  powder,  or  jMiwder  imd  ball,  for  a  cannou. 
mortar,  musket,  or  pistol.  The  cartridges  for  sma») 
arms,  prepared  for  battle,  contain  the  powder  and 
ball ;  those  for  cannon  and  mortars  are  made  of  paste- 
bory'l  '>'■  tin.  Cartridges,  w^ithout  balls,  are  called 
bUi»k  cartridges. 

eAR''I'RII>GE-BOX,  n.  A  case,  usunlly  of  wood, 
covered  with  leather,  with  cells  for  cartridges.  It  Is 
worn  upon  a  belt  thrown  over  the  left  shoulder,  and 
banes  a  little  btdow^bc  pocket-hole  on  the  right  side. 

CAR'TRIDOE-PA'PER,  n.  Thick,  stout  jiapt-r,  of 
which  cartridges  are  mode.  Sniartjt 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"ClOUS G  as  K;  0  as  J;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  Til  as  In  THIS. 


23 


177 


CAS 

eXR'TU-L.\-KY,  II.  [Ft.  eortiilaa^  (  Sp.  atrUlarioj 
from  carfrt,  paper.] 

A  regidi«-r-bo4>k.  or  rpcord    as  of  a  monastery. 
Blackstone  writes   it  cAartulmnf;  anU,  primarily,  it 
sicnilies  the  oificer  who  has  the  care  of  charters  and 
€AR'U-€A'i'E,  fi.     [L.  earuai.]    [other  public  paper*. 
As  much  land  as  one  team  can  plow  iu  the  year. 
Kng.  Lax.     KflMam. 
CAR'UN-eLE,  (kar^unk-l,)  n.     [u  caniHcuUt  frnm 
caro^  desh.') 

1.  A  small  fltshy  excrescence,  either  natural  or 
morbid.  C6'** 

S.  A  naked,  fleshv  exrrescence  on  the  head  of  cer- 
tain birds,  as  the  wattles  of  U»e  king  vuUure,  the 
turkev,  &c  , 

€A-RUX€'IJ-LAR,  a.    In  the  form  of  a  ranincle. 
€A-Rr.Ne'^^-LA  TEO,  a.      Ilanng  a  fleshy  excres- 
cence, or  soft,  fleshy  proWberance.  Sme^c 
CARVE,  V.  L    [Sax.  eemfutj  ttarfMi  V.  kmrmf  O. 

ker*€m;'DBn.kanf4;  Ucm?*.  See  Ax.  t^j^ekaroh^ 

and  C__jL^  tar«4/i»,  Heb.  (|in,  and  Ch.  3*>3.    Claw 

Rb,  So.  9fi,  27,  30,] 

1.  To  cut  into  unall  pieces  or  dices,  as  meat  at  ta- 
ble. 

2.  To  cut  wood,  ictone,  or  other  material,  tato  aome 
particular  form,  with  an  insinimeat,  usually  a  chisel ; 
to  engrave ;  to  cut  figures  or  itevkes  on  hard  mat»- 
lials. 

3.  To  make  or  shape  by  cutting ;  as,  to  tarve  an 
image. 

4.  To  appoition  ;  to  di!>tribute  ;  to  provide  at  pleas- 
ure ;  to  select  and  take,  as  to  one's  self,  or  b>  select 
and  gnre  to  another.  South. 

5.  To  cut :  to  hew.  SIsA. 
7%  csnv  Mit,  is  lo  cut  out,  or  to  lay  oat,  by  design ; 

to  plan. 

CARVE,  V.  C  To  cut  Dp  meat;  roOowed  sometimes 
t^  fir:  as,  to  emrvt  far  all  the  guersts. 

9:  To  exercise  the  trade  of  a  sculptor. 
.    3.  To  enerare  or  rut  (Sgurea. 

CARVE,  «.     A  carucate.     [AoC  «  «.«*-] 

CARV'KD.  (kinrd,)  ^  or  c  Cut  or  divided ;  en- 
graved  ;  formed  t^  carrtnf. 

CXR'VKL,  K.    Asmattresssl.    [SeeCASATau] 
fi.  The  Unka  mart&a,  w  ssft^ubber. 

CARVER,  ■.    One  who  cuts  meat  at  Ubie  ;  a  sculp- 
tor ;  ooe  who  appoctions  or  distributes  at  will,  or  one 
wbo  takes  or  gives  at  pleasure.         Dryiieit.    Shak. 
9.  A  large  table  knife  for  carving. 

CARVING,  ffr.  Cunine,  dividing,  as  meat ;  cutting 
In  stone,  wood,  or  metu  ;  apportioning  j  distributing. 

CARVING,  a.  The  act  of  cuuing,  as  meat ;  the  act 
or  art  of  cutting  figures  in  wood  or  stone  \  sculpture ; 
figures  carved. 

CAR'VI^T,  M.  Xnfalwwrj^  a  hawk  which  is  of  (Hoper 
a^  and  training  to  be  carried  on  the  hand.  [A  cor- 
ruption of  earry->E«t]  BovOl. 

CAR-Y-A'TE»,_      \   n.pL    In  tfrcAi/w^Kre,  figures  of 

€AR-Y-AT'I-DeS,  (  women  dressed  in  long  robes, 
after  the  Asiatic  manner,  nerving  to  support  entabla- 
tures. The  Athenians  had  been  long  at  war  with 
the  Car>*ans :  the  tatter  being  at  lengUi  vanquished, 
and  their  wives  led  captive,  the  Greeks,  to  perpetuate 
this  event,  erected  trophies,  in  which  figures  of 
women,  dressed  in  the  Can.  rviic  manner,  were  used 
to  support  entablatures!.  Oilier  female  Hgures  were 
afterward  used  in  the  same  manner,  bu^thej-  were 
call-d  by  the  same  name.  facye. 

They  were  called  Caryatid^g,  from  Carj-a,  a  city 
in  the  Peloponnesus,  which  sided  with  the  Per- 
sians, and  on  that  account  was  sacked  by  the  other 
Greeks,  its  males  butchered,  and  iu  females  reduced 
to  slavery.  Cyc 

CAR-Y-AT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Caryans  or  Caryat- 
ides. 

CAR-Y-0-PHYL-LA'CE0U9,  a.  A  term  denoting 
plants,  or  a  family  of  plants,  with  car>-ophylleou9 
flowers, 

CAR-Y-0-PHYL'LE-OUS,a.  [Gr.  caoDo^i'X>oi',  clove- 
gillyflower.] 

In  botant  a  term  applied  to  corols  having  five 
petals  wif'.  long  claws  and  expanded  limbs,  in  a 
tubular  cwyx,  as  in  the  pink  or  clove-gillyflower. 

C.\-RV-0:"S1S,  a.     [Gr.  x^pva,  a  walnut,  and  offT-u, 


to  see 


In  botany^  a  pericarp  which  is  one-celled,  one- 
seeoed,  superior,  indehiscent,  dry,  with  the  integu- 
nu-nu  of  the  seed  cohering  inVeparahly  with  the 
endtwarp,  so  that  the  two  are  undiidingui-shable;  in 
the  ovarium  state,  evincing  its  compound  nature  by 
two  or  more  stigmas,  but  nevertheless  unilocular, 
having  but  one  o^-ule,  as  the  seed  of  wheat,  barley, 
and  maize.  LimUett. 

CA-SARCA,  n.  A  fowl  of  the  genus  Anas,  called 
also  Ruddvgooae^  larger  than  a  milliard,  found  in 
Russia  and  Liberia.  Entyc, 

CAS'eA-BEL,  n.     [Port,  eascard;  Pp.  caseabel^  a  little 
bell,  a  button  or  knob  at  the  end  of  a  cannon.] 
The  knob  or  pommel  of  a  cannon  behind  the  breech. 
Mar.  Diet, 


CAS 

€AS-e.ADE',  n.  \Vr.easaulei  Sp. caseada;  It.  cascalaj 
from  eascarf,  to  fall.] 

A  waterfall ;  a  sleep  fall  or  flowing  of  water  over 
a  precipice,  in  a  river  or  natunil  stream  ;  or  an  ariiri- 
cial  fall  in  a  garden.  Tlie  word  is  applied  to  falls 
that  are  less  than  a  cataracL 

CAS  rAL'HO,  n,  [Port.]  In  Brazil,  a  dejHwit  of 
pebbles,  gravol,  and  ferruginous  sand,  in  which  the 
diamond  is  usually  fuund.   Port  l>icu     Cltavdand, 

CAS-t'A-RIL'LA,  u.  The  bark  of  a  tree  called  Croton 
EleuiAeriaj  a  powerful  tonic. 

CASE,  ».  [Fr.  caisse;  Sp.  and  Port,  cara,  a  box  or 
chest;  IL  cosm;  D.  ktu;  Dan.  kassf.  The  French 
csuM  is  the  Sp.  cata.  The  Spanish  aurta^  a  gasket, 
seems  to  be  a  derivative  of  cam,  and  if  co,  the  fact 
indicates  that  eaxa  is  fnun  an  Oriental  ri»ot,  signify- 
ing lo  Lie  or  bind,  and  that  the  word  originaljy  de- 
noted a  bag  made  of  skin,  like  a  Ixittle,  or  a  basket 
made  of  osiers  mterwoven,  Iik6^c,,^tu*    Qm.  Syr. 

|^r>  casiuij  to  bind  or  tie.] 

1.  Acovering,box,  or  sheath  ;  that  which  incloses 
or  contains ;  as,  a  eajte  fur  knives ;  a  case  for  books ; 
a  watch  rase ;  a  pillow  case. 

2.  A  receptacle  for  tyi)es  in  a  printingofiice. 

3.  The  outer  part  of  a  building.  .^ddiion. 
•4.  A  certain  quantity  ;  as,  a  case  of  crown  glass. 
5.  A  building  unfurnished.     [JVot  uaeiL] 

CASE,  r.  t.    To  cover  with  a  case  ;  to  surround  with 
any  material  that  shall  inclose  or  defend. 
9.  To  put  in  a  case  or  box. 

3.  To  strip  off  A  case,  covering,  or  the  skin.  [Un- 
msuaL]  Skak. 

CASE,  a.  [Fr.  cos:  IL  easo;  Sp.  and  Fort.  »uo  ,■  Ir. 
CO,* ;  L.  easus^  (nun  cado^  to  fiLll.] 

1.  Z.i(woHy,  that  which  falls,  cornea,  or  happens; 
an  evenL  Hence,  ttie  particular  state.  con4lilinn, 
or  circumstances  that  befidl  a  |H-rson,  or  iu  which  ite 
is  placed  ;  as,  make  the  ease  your  own  ;  this  is  the 
ease  with  my  friend  ;  lliis  is  his  present  case. 

2.  An  individual  occurrence  or  particular  instance 
of  disease  ;  as,  a  case  of  fever. 

3.  The  state  of  the  body,  with  respect  to  health  or 
disease  ;  as,  he  is  in  a  consumptive  case. 

To  he  in.  {rood  COM,  is  to  be  fat ;  and  this  phmse  Is 
sometimes  abridged,  to  be  in  »u« ;  npfrited  to  beasts, 
but  not  to  men,  except  in  a  sense  rather  hnlicrous. 

4.  A  question  ;  a  stale  of  facU  involving  a  <iue»- 
tion  for  discussion  or  decision  ;  as,  llie  lawyer  stated 
the  ease. 

5.  A  cause  or  suit  in  court ;  as,  the  case  was  tried 
at  the  last  tenn.  In  this  sense,  ease  is  nearly  synony- 
mous with  caiLse,  whose  primary  sense  is  nearly  the 
same. 

6.  In  jprvmniar,  the  inflection  of  nouns,  or  a  change 
of  tennination,  lo  express  a  dilference  of  rehiiion  in 
that  word  to  others,  or  to  tiie  thing  represented. 
The  variation  of  nouns  and  adjectives  is  c:Ll[ed  dt>- 
elension;  btrth  ease  and  declension  signifying /(iW»n^ 
or  If^ning  from  tl>e  first  sLile  of  the  word.  Thvis 
liber  is  a  book  ;  libri,  of  a  book  ;  libra,  to  a  book.  In 
other  words,  case  denotes  a  variation  in  the  termina- 
tion of  a  noun,  to  show  how  the  noun  acta  upon  the 
verb  with  which  it  is  connected,  or  is  acted  upon  by 
it,  or  by  an  agent.  The  cases,  except  the  nominative, 
are  called  oblique  cases. 

7.  A  box  in  which  merchandise  is  packed  for 
transportation. 

la  case,  is  a  phrase  denoting  condition  or  supposi- 
tion ;  literally,  in  the  event  or  contingency ;  if  it 
should  so  fall  out  or  happt>n. 

Pui  tJu  case ;  suppose  the  event,  or  a  certain  state 
of  things.  • 

.Action  on  the  ease,  in  taw,  is  an  action  in  which 
the  whole  cause  of  complaint  is  set  out  in  the  writ. 

Blackstone. 

CASE,  r.  t.     To  put  cases,  [^otinitse.]  VEstrange. 

t'SS'ED,  (kaste,)  ;ip.     Covered  with  a  case. 

€ASE'-HXRD-f:.N,  p.  L  To  harden  the  outer  pnrt  or 
superficies,  as  of  iron,  by  converting  it  into  steel, 
while  Ihe  interior  retama  the  toughness  of  malleable 
iron.  This  may  be  done  by  putting  the  iron  into  an 
iron  box,  with  a  cement  of  aniniiU  or  vegetable  char- 
coal, and  exposing  it,  for  some  hours,  to  a  red  heat. 

Encyr,. 

CaSE'-TIXRD-£:N-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Having  the  outside 
hardened. 

CaSE'-IURD-EN-ING,  ppr.  Hardening  the  outer 
part. 

C.^SE'-HXRD-£N-ING,  n.  The  act  or  process  of 
converting  the  surface  of  iron  into  steel. 

€A'SE-ie,  a.     [L.  easeus,  cJieese.] 
Denoting  the  acid  of  cheese. 

CA'SE-IN,  n.  The  curd  or  coagiila>)le  portion  of  milk. 
A  substance  identical  in  properties  and  compo.sition 
with  casein  is  found  in  certain  leguminous  plants,  and 
is  hence  called  vegetable  casein  or  lefriimin.   OraJiam. 

CA.SE'-KNIFE,  (-nife,)  n.  A  large  table  knife,  for- 
merly kept  in  a  case. 

CASE'-MAX,  n.  Among  printerit,  one  who  works  at 
the  case,  or  sets  tvpe  ;  a  compositor. 

CASE'MATEjTi.  JFT.casemate;  It.  casamatta  i  Sp.  and 
Port,  ca^amata ;  from  casa,  a  house.] 


CAS 

t.  In /orf(/Srafj(m,  a  vault  of  mason's  work  in  tho 
flank  of  a  ha.-^tion,  next  to  the  curtiiin,  souiewhat 
inclined  toward  the  capital  of  the  biislion,  serving  as 
a  battery  to  defend  the  face  of  the  ojiposite  bastion, 
and  the  moat  or  ditch.  Chambers. 

2.  A  well,  with  its  subterraneous  brancli;:s,  dug  in 
the  pas.sagc  of  tho  bastion,  till  tho  mhier  is  heard  al 
work,  and  air  given  to  the  mine.  Harris. 

CASE'MAT-EU,  a.     Furnished  with  a  cremate. 

Kirby. 
CASE'MENT,  n.     [It.  casamciito,  a  large  house.] 

1.  A  part  of  a  nu>vable  window,  soniciimes  within 
a  l.irg>>r,  made  lo  turn  and  o)>c'n  on  hinges.     Kaeyc. 

'2.  A  hnllow  molding,  usually  one  sixth  or  one 
fourth  of  a  circle.  F.ncyc. 

CASE'ME.X T-iJl),  a.     Ilavhig  casements. 
e.A'SE-OUS,  o.     [L.  cflvvcuji,  cheese.] 

Pertaining  lo  cheese  j  like  cheese;  having  the 
qtmlities  of  cheese. 

I'tie  casrmis  jtrineiple ;  casein. 
CA'SEK.N,  n.     [Fr.  caserne;  Sp.  caserna,  from  casa,  a 
shed  or  house.] 

A  lodging  for  soldiers  in  garrison  towns,  usually 
near  the  rampart ;  barracks. 
eASE'-i>llor,  }i.     Musket  balls,  stones,  old  iron,&c., 

put  in  cas(!s,  to  be  discharged  from  cannon. 
CA'SE-UM,  71.    The  basis  of  cheese  ;  the  purified  curd 

of  cheese  ;  casein. 
CASE'-WORAi,  (-wurm,)  71.    A  worm  that  makes  it- 
self a  case.     [8ee  Caddis.]  Juhnson. 
CVS  H,  71.     [  Fr.  caisse ;  Sp.  and  Port,  caxa,  a  chest,  box, 
cotler.     See  Care.] 

Money  ;  primarily,  ready  money,  money  in  chest 
or  on  hand,  in  bank  or  at  coinmund.  It  is  pniperly 
silver  and  gold  ;  but  since  the  institution  of  banks, 
it  denotes  also  bank  notes  equivalent  to  money. 

To  pail  in  cask,'\s  opjiosed  to  payment  in  goods, 
commodities,  or  labor,  as  in  barter. 
C.\SlI,r.  t.    To  turn  into  money,  or  to  exchange  for 
money  ;  as,  to  eiisk  ft  note  or  an  order. 

2.  "to  pay  money  for  ;  as,  the  clerks  of  a  bank  cash 
notes  when  presented.     [J^JcreaHtile  usage.] 

CASH,  V.  U     To  discard.    For  Cashier.     [JiJ'ot  used.] 

CASII'-A*;-COUNT',  71.  An  account  of  money  re- 
ceived, paid,  or  on  hand. 

CASH'-Bt^^K,  n.  A  book  in  which  is  kept  a  register 
or  account  of  money  received  or  paid. 

CASH'KD,  (kxsht,)  jfp.  Exchanged  fur  coin,  or  other 
money  equivalent. 

CASH'EVV",  71,  [A  corruption  of  jScajov,  the  French 
orthography  of  the  native  name.] 

A  tree  of  the  West  Indies,  Anacardium  occidentale, 
bearing  a  kidnesy-shaped  nut.  The  receptacle  is  as 
large  as  an  orange,  and  full  of  an  acid  juice,  which 
is  often  used  Ut  make  punch.  To  the  apex  of  this 
receptacle  grows  a  nut,  of  the  size  of  a  hare's  kid- 
ney, the  shell  of  which  Is  hard,  and  the  kernel, 
which  is  swe<*t,  is  covered  with  a  thin  film.  Encijr. 

CASH'EW-NUT,  71.  A  nut  at  one  extremity  of  the 
fruit  of  the  cashew-tree,  containing  a  black  liquor 
used  in  marking  linen,  &.c.  IlrberL 

CAS1I-II<:R',  (kash-eer',)  n.  [Fr.  caissirn  It.  ciLtsiere; 
Sp.  eaxero  ;  Port,  caxdro ;  from  caxa,  a  box,  whence 
ca^h.] 

One  who  has  charge  of  money  ;  a  cash-keeper. 
In  a  banking  in^tit.ulion,  the  cashier  is  the  ofiicer  who 
superintends  the  books,  i>aymenls,  and  receipts  of 
the  bank.  He  also  signs  or  countersigns  the  notes, 
and  superintends  all  the  transactions,  under  the  or- 
der of  ^lie  directors. 

CASII-IeR',  i).  t.  [Fr.  casser,  to  break  ;  It.  eassare,to 
annul,  blot  out,  erase.] 

1.  To  dismiss  from  an  office  or  place  of  trust,  by 
annulling  the  commission  ;  lo  break,  as  for  mal- 
condiict,  and  therefore  with  reproach  ;  as,  to  catdtier 
an  officer  of  the  army. 

2.  To  dismiss  or  discard  from  service  or  from 
society.  .Addison.     Dnjdcn.     Swijl. 

3.  To  reject ;  to  annul  or  vacate.    Jjocke.    SoutK. 
CASH-IeR'^^D,   (kash-eerd'j)    pp.      Dismissed  j    dia- 

cardedj   annulled. 

CASH-IeR'EU,  ti.  One  who  rejects,  discards,  or 
breaksj  as,  a  caskierer  of  monarchs.  Burke. 

€ASH-IF-R'ING,  ppr.     Discarding  ;    dismissing  fnim 

CASH'IXG,  ppr.     Exchanging  for  money.        [service. 

eASH'-KEEP-ER,Ji.  One  intrusted  with  the  keeping 
of  money. 

CASH'MeRE,  71.  A  rich  and  costly  kind  of  shawl ; 
so  called  from  the  country  where  first  made. 

CASH'OO,  71.    The  juice  or  gum  (»f  a  tree  in  the  East 

CAS'IXG,  pjir.     Covering  with  a  case.  [Indies. 

CaS'I.VG,  n.     The  act  or  operation    of  plasti,-ring   a 
house  with  mortar  on  the  outside,  and  striking  it, 
while  wet,  by  a  ruler,  with  the  corner  of  a  trowel, 
to  make  it  resemble  the  joints  of  freestone.    Encyc. 
2,  A  covering ;  a  case. 

C.9-SPJV0,  (ka-se'no,)  7t.  [It.]  A  term  applied,  on 
the  continent  of  Europe,  to  a  club-house,  or  building 
used  for  social  meetings,  having  rooms  for  public 
amusement,  reading-rooms,  &,c. 

CASK,  71.     [Sp.  and  Port,  casro.] 

A  close  vessel  for  containing  liquors,  formed  by 
staves,  headings,  and  hoops.  This  is  a  genend  term, 
comprehending  the  pipe,  hogshead,  bull,  barrel,  &.c 


FATE,  FAR,  Fi^LL,  WH/k.T.  — MgTE,  PRgY.  — PTXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. — 

1 76      '  : 


CAS 

eXSK'ET,  n.  ['lim,  of  cash:  See  Case.]  A  small 
chest  or  box,  for  jewels  or  other  sinull  unities. 

SluiJi. 
2.  In  seamen^s  lantrtage^  a  small  rope,  fastened  to 
groinets  or  little  rings  upon  the  yards,  used  to  fasten 
the  sail  to  the  yard  in  furling.  Encyc. 

This  is  usiitiDv  written  Cjasket. 
exSK'EJ,  r.  U     To  put  in  a  little  chevt,  Shak. 

€AS'P[-AN,  a.     [CaspuPy  a  word  applied  to  n  pass  in 
the  range  of  Mount  Taurus.     P!in.  5, 27.   D^^ncille.] 
An  epithet  given  to  a  largo  lake  between  Persia 
and  Astracan,  called  the  Caspian  Sm. 
CXSQUE,  >  ».     [Pp.  and  Port,  cfisco ;  Fr.  casque ;  Arm. 
GXSK,        J      etufjucttj  casqrd;  L.  ca.<.s-«.     See  Case.] 
A  hean-piece ;    a  helmet ;    a   piece    of  defensive 
armor,  to   cover  and  protect  the  head  ani}  neck  in 
battle. 
exsaUE'-SH.^P-£D,  (fe-isk'shSpt,)  a.    Shaped  like  a 

casque. 
GASS,  V.  U     [Fr.  caarr;  L.  qitassoj] 

To  q^a:^h  ;  to  defeat ;  to  annul.     [JW(  now  used-l 

eASS'A-D.\,  \  n.     A  species   of  the    genus   Janlplia, 

CASS'A-DO,  \  (Jalropha,  Linn.)  The  roots  of  ihe 
manihot,  or  bitli;r  cri^suda,  and  of  the  janipha.  are 
m  id.!  into  a  kind  of  bread,  which  serves  for  food  to 
the  natives  of  Africa  and  the  West  Indies,  and  they 
are  also  naPted  and  eaten  like  potatoes.  Ttiey  yifid, 
also,  a  ifreat  quantity  of  starch,  which  the  limzilians 
export  ill  small  lump^',  under  the  name  of  tai>ioca. 

€Ai^'SATE,  p.  U     [Fr.  ca*.*er.    See  Cashieb.] 

Tci  vacate,  annul,  or  make  void.     [  Obi.]       Raiu 

€A&^A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  annulhn;;.  In  Fntno'.y 
the  Court  of  CasseaioH  is  the  highest  court  of  appeal, 
having  power  to  break  {casser)  or  reverse  the  decis- 
ions of  the  courts  beiow.  Brands-. 

€A3'SA-VA,  71.  A  kind  of  starch  or  fecula,  obuiined 
from  the  root  of  the  Janipha  mtinUiot,    fSpe  Cassada.] 

eAS'.SB-PA-PER,  n.  Broken  paper;  the  two  outride 
quires  of  a  reiun. 

eAS'SI.\,(ka8h  j-a,)  n.  [Fr.eassei  lUcassia;  Gr.and 
L.  id.     Qu.  Hob.  mp. 

A  genus  of  plants,  of  many  species,  among  which 
is  the  senna. 

Cas.^a  is  alf*o  the  name  of  a  Fperies  of  I^aurus,  the 
bark  of  which  usually  passes  under  tht^  name  of  cin- 
namtm,  differing  from  real  cinnamon  chi^'Ily  in  the 
strength  of  its  qualities.  Prom  a  plant  of  this  kind 
was  extracted  an  aromatic  oil,  used  as  a  perfume  by 
the  Jews.     Kt.  XXX.     Pa.  xlv.  8.  Encyc. 

Cti.«.*ia  budi :  the  unexpaiided  flowers  of  a  species 
of  Cinnamomum,  {iMunis,  Linn.,)  brouclit  from  Ihe 
Ea.*rt  Indies.  They  are  of  a  dark-brown  color,  with 
nn  aromatic  taste,  like  that  of  ciim!im<in. 

€AS-SID'E-OUS,  a.     [L.  ciw.m,  a  helmet.] 

Ilehnet-shaped  ;  a  term  applied  to  an  irreinilar  enr- 
ol, having  the  upper  petal  dilated  into  a  bn»ad,  hel- 
met-shaped h'af,  as  in  aconitum. 

€A.S'S[-DO-NV,  n.     [Fr.  ca.-^sidoinr.] 

The  popular  name  of  a  species  of  Gnaphalium, 
cottonweed,  cudweed,  or  pddylocks;  aUo,  of  La- 
vandula stiiechas,  or  French  lavender. 

eAS'SI-MERK,  n-     fSp.  ca^imira.] 

A  thin,  twilled,  woob'n  cloth.  Encyc. 

CA8-SI-NET TE',  n,     A  cloth  made  of  a  cotton  warp, 
and  the  woof  of  very  fine  wool,  or  wool  and  silk. 
Encyc.  of  Dom.  Econ, 

€AP-TNO,  n.     A  game  at  cards.  Ck.dmcr.t. 

€AH'SI-0-BER.UV,  n.  The  popular  name  of  the  fruit 
of  the  genus  Cassine ;  also  of  the  fruit  of  Viburnum 
Ifpvicaturn. 

€AS-.«L(>-Pe'IA,  (-pe'ya)  n.  A  constellation  in  the 
northern  hemisphere,  situated  near  tn  Cephcus,  as 
the  fabulous  Cassiopeia  was  wife  to  Ccpheu:4,  king 
of  Klhinpia.  Encyc 

€AS  t^I-Tic'Rl-A,  n.     [L.  pa,f.*rtmm,  tin.] 

A  kind  of  crystals  which  appear  to  have  an  ad- 
mixture of  tin.    The  color  is  brown  or  whitish.  [Ob.i.] 

Encyc. 

€AS'SM;S  fpiirple  of,)  n.  [from  the  name  of  the  dis- 
covfrer,  M.  Cassius.]  A  neaiitiful  purple  color,  ob- 
tained from  the  chlorid  of  gold  by  means  of  tin; 
much  valued  for  the  beautiful  color  which  it  gives  to 
gla^N  or  enamel. 

eAy.SOCK,  n.     [.Sp.  ctuaea  ;  It.  ca^flcra  f  Fr.  ea.*aqHf..] 

1.  Formerly,  a  cloak  or  gown  worn  over  the  other 
garment*.  Sfui/:. 

2.  A  closfi  garment,  resembling  a  long  frock  coat, 
Worn  bv  clergymen  of  the  Roman  Catholic  and  Epis- 
copal churches,  under  the  stirplicc  or  gown.    Hovk. 

e.AS'SOCK-JCD,  (kas'sokd,)a.    Clothed  with  a  cassock. 
Thr  caaaocked  huniAmnn.  Coiirptr, 

€AR-HO.V-ADE',  n.  [Fr.]  Cask-^ugar ;  suear  not 
n^flncd.  Encyc. 

€AH'SO-WA-RY,  it.     [Pp.  cMuel.] 

A  large  bird  rif  the  genus  Casuaritis,  nearly  as 
large  aa  the  ostrich,  which  it  much  resembles  ;  but 
its  legs  are  thicker  and  stronger  in  proportion.  The 
wings  arc  so  small  as  not  to  app>-ar,  being  hid  under 
the  feathers.  The  head  is  armed  with  a  helmet  of 
homy  substance^  consisting  of  plates  one  over  anoth- 
er. It  runs  with  great  rapidity,  out'«tripping  the 
swiftest  rare*.     The  cassowary  is  found  only  in  the 


CAS 

south-easterff  parts  of  Asia,  and  nowhere  without 
the  tropics.  Encyc.     Partington. 

€AS-SU-MO'NAR,  n.  An  aromatic  root,  Zingiber 
Cassumunar. 

CAST,  I',  r.  ,■  preU  and  pp.  Cast.  [Dan.  kaste;  Sw. 
kiista,  Q,u.  Arm.  crtfi,  pp.  ca^zrt,  to  send,  to  throw. 
See  Class  Gs,  No.  I,  5i).  In  Dan.  et  blind  ka.-it,  is  a 
miessy  and  to  cast  is  the  radical  sense  of  guess.  In 
Norman,  pistes  signifies  cast  up,  and  this  seems  to  be 
the  participle  of  ^esir,  to  lie  down  ;  to  lie  down  may 
be  to  throw  one's  self  down.  This  verb  coincides, 
in  sense,  with  Ufe  W.  cothi,  to  throw  off.  See 
Castle.] 

1.  To  throw,  fling,  or  send  ;  that  is,  to  drive  from, 
by  force,  as  from  the  hand,  or  from  an  engine. 

Ha^ar  cast  the  chitil  under  k  aliriib. — Qeti.  xzi. 
Usu.ili  prepaird  ftllngs  iii  cast  sUincs.  — S  Cliron.  xxvi. 

2.  To  sow  ;  to  scatter  seed. 

If  n  m.iti  ihoiiUl  catl  seed  into  (he  ground.  — r  Mark  iv. 

3.  To  drive  or  impel  by  violence. 

A  mi^ty  vctt  wind  cast  the  locuaLB  into  Ihe  >ea.  —  Ex.  n. 

4.  To  shed  or  throw  off;  as,  trees  cost  their  fruit ; 
a  serpent  casts  his  skin. 

5.  To  throw  ur  let  fall ;  as,  to  cast  anchor.  Hence, 
to  cast  anchor,  is  to  moor,  as  a  ship,  the  effect  of  cast- 
in)!  the  anchor. 

tj.  To  throw,  as  dice  or  lots  ;  as,  to  cast  lots. 

7.  To  throw  on  the  ground,  as  in  wrestling.  So  a 
horse  is  casty  when  entangled  on  a  rope,  and  thrown 
down.  *  Shak. 

8. -To  throw  away,  as  worthless. 

Fib  cArciss  w.-u  ctisl  in  the  via.y.  —  1  Kings  xiil. 

9.  To  emit  or  throw  out. 

This  east*  &  iulphnreoai  Biiiell.  Woodward. 

10.  To  throw,  to  extend,  as  a  trench  or  rampart, 
including  the  sense  of  digging,  raising,  or  forming. 

Thy  enenilia  shull  oast  ii  trench  nboiit  thee.  —  Luke  xix. 

11.  To  ihnist ;  a**,  to  cast  into  prison. 

12.  To  put  or  set  in  a  particular  state. 

Both  chariot  uml  hone  air  cast  into  a  d^ad  sleep.  —  Pa.  Ixxvi. 

13.  To  condemn  ;  to  convict ;  as  a  criminal. 

Both  trie<l,  and  \iotb  were  cast,  Oryfen. 

14.  To  overcome  in  a  civil  suit,  or  in  any  contest 
of  strength  or  skill ;  as,  to  east  the  defendant  or  an 
antagonist. 

l.'j.  To  cashier  or  discard.  Shak. 

It).  To  lay  aside,  as  unlit  for  use  j  to  reject ;  as  a 
garment.  JiiMison. 

17.  To  make  to  preponderate  :  to  throw  into  one 
scale,  for  the  puriwse  of  giving  it  su|>t^rior  weight ; 
to  decide  by  a  vote  that  giVes  a  superiority  in  num- 
bers ;  as,  to  ea^a  the  balance  in  one's  favof ;  a  easting 
vote  or  voice.  • 

18.  To  throw  together  several  particulars,  to  find 
the  sum  ;  as,  to  cast  accounts.  Hence,  to  throw 
together  circumstances  and  facts,  to  fiiul  the  result; 
to  compute  ;  to  reckon  ;  to  calculate  ;  as,  to  cast  the 
event  of  war. 

To  cast  ant]  tee  bow  toajxy  things  there  are  whicli  a  man  enn  not 
do  biitwlf.  Bacon, 

19.  To  contrive ;  to  plan.  Temple, 

20.  To  judge,  or  to  consider,  in  order  to  judge. 

Milton. 

21.  To  fix  or  distribute  the  parts  of  a  play  among 
the  actors.  Ji'ddismu 

32.  To  throw,  as  the  sight ;  to  direct,  or  turn,  as 
the  eye  ;  to  glance  ;  as,  to  cast  a  look,  or  glance,  or 
the  eye. 

'£\,  Tit  found  ;  to  f<trm  into  a  particular  shape,  by 
pouring  liquid  metal  into  a  mold  ;  to  run  ;  as,  to  cast 
cannon. 

TItou  ahalt  out  four  ring*  of  gold  for  it.  —  V.x.  xxr. 

24.  FiguratiDcly^  to  shape  ;  to  form  by  a  model. 

tVafts. 

25.  To  communicate  ;  to  spread  over ;  as,  to  cast 
a  luster  upon  [loslerity  ;  to  cast  splendor  upon  actions, 
or  light  U|>on  a  subject. 

To  ca.^t  aside;  to  dismiss  or  reject  as  useless  or  in- 
convenient. 

To  cast  airay;  to  reject.  Lev,  xxvi.  /*.  v.  Hirm. 
x\.  Also,  to  throw  away  ;  to  lavish  or  waste  by  pro- 
fusion ;  to  turn  to  no  use  j  as,  to  east  away  life. 

Jiddiiua. 

Also,  to  wreck,  as  a  ship. 

To  cast  by;  to  n^ect ;  to  dismiss  or  discard  with 
neglect  or  liate,  or  as  useless. 

ShaJt,     Locke, 

To  east  down ;  to  throw  down  ;  to  deject  or  depress 
the  mind. 

Why  art  thou  east  doton,  0  mf  loul  t  —  Pa.  xlH. 

To  east  forih ;  to  throw  out,  or  reject,  as  from  an 
inclosed  place  \  to  emit,  or  send  abroad  ;  to  exhale. 

To  cjtst  off;  to  discard  or  reject ;  to  drive  away  ;  to 
put  off;  to  ptlt  away  ;  to  disburden.  Among  Aant*- 
mrn,  to  leave  behind,  as  dogs;  to  set  Kwse,  or  ffee. 
Among  seamen^  to  liMise,  or  untie. 

To  cast  oiu  ;  to  send  forth  ;  to  reject,  or  turn  out ; 
to  throw  out,  as  words  ;  to  speak  or  give  vent  to. 

To  ca.it  vp  ;  to  compute  ;  to  reckon  ;  to  calculate  ; 


CAS 

as,  to  cast  up  accounts,  or  the  cost.    Also,  to  eject 
to  vomit. 

To  cast  on  ;  to  refer  or  resign  to.  South. 

To  cast  oHc^s  self  on  ;  to  resign  or  yield  one's  self 
to  the  dis|»osal  of,  without  reserve. 

To  cast  young ;  to  miscarry ;  to  suffer  abortion. 
Oen.  XX  xi. 

To  cast  in  the  teeth ;  to  upbraid  ;  to  charge  ;  to  twit. 
So,  in  Danish,  "  io^f e  en  i  yurscn,"  to  cast  in  the 
nose. 

To  east  off  copy;  to  ascertain  how  many  printed 
pages  will  be  made  by  a  manuscript,  by  setting  up  a 
portion  for  trial.  Brande. 

€XST,  V,  L  To  throw  forward,  as  the  thoughts,  with 
a  view  to  some  determination  ;  or  to  turn  or  revolve 
in  the  mind ;  to  contrive ;  sometimes  followed  by 
about. 

I  cast  in  cirefnl  mind  to  v^V  her  out.  Spenser. 

To  cast  about  how  to  perionii  oi  oLiUin.         Bacon,    Benliey. 

2.  To  receive  form  or  shape. 

Metal  wilt  cast  and  mold.  Wood%oard, 

3.  To  warp  ;  to  twist  from  regular  shape. 

Stuff  ia  naxd  to  coct  or  warp,  wtv-'ii  U  alters  its  flatness  or  strai^^ 
DOSS.  Moxon. 

JiTote. —  Cast^  like  throto  and  10077,  hnpliea  a  wind- 
ing motion. 

4.  In  srarnert's  language,  to  fall  off,  or  incline,  so  as 
to  bring  the  side  of  a  ship  to  the  wind  ;  applied  jwr- 
ticularly  to  a  ship  riding  with  her  head  to  tlie  wind, 
wlieu  her  anchor  is  first  tottsened. 

€AST,  II,  The  act  of  casting  ;  a  throw  ;  the  thing 
thrown  ;  the  form  or  state  of  throwing  ;  kind  or 
manner  of  throwing. 

2.  The  distance  passed  by  a  thing  thrown  ;  or  the 
space  through  which  a  thing  thrown  nuiy  ortlinarily 
pass ;  as,  about  a  stone's  cast.    Luke  xxii. 

3.  A  stroke  ;  a  touch. 

This  wnj  a  cast  of  Wood's  pulities.  Swift. 

A.  Motion  or  turn  of  the  eye ;  direction,  look,  or 
jlance ;  a  squinting. 

They  let  you  ace  hy  one  east  of  the  eye.  Addison. 

5.  A  throw  of  dice  t  hence,  a  state  of  chance  or 
hazard. 

It  is  an  even  cast,  whether  the  armj  should  march  thia  way  or 
that  way.  South. 

Hence  the  phrase  the  Ittst  easty  is  used  to  denote 
that  all  is  ventured  on  one  throw,  or  one  effort. 

6.  Form ;  shape. 

An  heroic  poem  in  another  casL  Prior. 

7.  A  tinge  ;  a  slight  coloring,  or  slight  degree  of  a 
color ;  as,  a  cast  of  green.  Hence,  a  slight  alteration  in 
external  appearance,  or  deviation  from  natural  ap- 
pearance. 

The  native  hue  of  r'>solutioa 
Is  aicklli-d  o'er  with  the  pale  cast  of  thouphu  57ia4. 

8.  Manner ;  air ;  mien  ;  as,  a  peculiar  cast  of  coun- 
tenance. This  sense  implies  the  turn  or  manner  of 
throwing  ;  as,  the  neat  cast  of  verse.  Pope. 

9.  A  llight ;  a  number  of  hawks  let  go  at  once. 

Sidney. 

10.  An  impression  in  plaster;  a  small  statue  of 
bnmze,  plaster,  &.C.  Encyc. 

11.  Among /oMM'/rr.<,  a  tube  of  wax,  fitted  into  a 
mold,  to  give  shape  to  metal. 

10.  A  cjlindrical  piece  of  brass  or  copper,  slit  in 
two  lengthwise,  to  form  a  canal  or  conduit,  in  a 
mold,  fi»r  conveying  metal. 

13.  Among  plumbers^  a  little  brazen  funnel,  at  one 
end  of  a  mold,  for  casting  pipes  without  sodering,  by 
means  of  which  the  melted  metal  is  poured  into  the 
mold.  Eneyc. 

14.  Whatever  is  cast  in  a  mold. 

I,**.  An  unexpected  opportunity  or  advantage ;  as, 
she  had  sometimes  the  cast  of  a  cart,  i.  e.  ojiportu- 
nilv  of  riding.  Sir  It'alrer  Scott, 

iV,.  An  assignment  of  the  parts  of  a  play  to  the 
several  actors. 

17.  A  trick.  Martin, 

CAS-TA'Ll-AN,(i.  Pertaining  to  CajJtalia,  a  cool  spring 
on  Parnassus,  sacred  to  tlie  muses  ;  as,  Castniian 
fount.  .  Poetry. 

CAS'TA-NKT,  n.  [Pp.  castahrtOj  castatiurla;  Port,  cas- 
tnnketa;  Fr.  castagnettc;  It.  castaspictta.  This  word 
Seems  to  \Hi  from  castana^  a  chestnut,  so  named  from 
the  resemblance  to  two  chestnuts.] 

An  instrument  conijMtsed  of  small,  concave  shells 
of  ivory  or  hard  wood,  shaped  like  sjKions,  placed  to- 
gether, fastened  to  the  thumb,  and  beat  with  the 
middle  finger.  This  insirumttnt  is  used  by  the 
HtKiniards,  Moors,  and  Bohemians,  as  an  accompji- 
niment  to  their  dances,  sanibands,  and  guitars. 

Spun.  Dirt.     Encvc. 
exST'A-W^Y,  71.     [cast  and  away.']     That  which  is 
thrown  away.     A  person  abandoned   by  <!od,  as  un- 
worthy of  his  favor;  a  reprobatr.     1  Ot.  ix.  27. 
€XST'A-W.\V,  a.     Rejected;  useless;  of  no  val-ie. 

Ralvgh. 
€ASTE,  n.    [Port,  eastn^  race  or  lineage.] 

In  jrindostan,a.  name  given  first  by  the  Portngnese 
to  the  seveml  classes  into  which  society  is  divided, 
with  fixed  occupations,  which  liave  come  down  (Yom 


i 


TONE,  B^LL,  IJ.MTE.  — aN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS.— C  as  K  ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  aa  BH ;  TH  as  In  TIHS. 

_. 


CAS 

the  earliest  ages.  The  uriKinal  earfw,  caltpd  in  Sttn- 
8crit  rvirrtt.*,  or  e*t/*7M,  are  four,  vi/..,  tiif;  BmisiV*,  or 
Ma«d  order;  the  CVAx<-rrf,  or  suMifr^  atui  nilerii ; 
tb(5  Bic^f  Vuiasya,  or  htisbandnicn  and  mercliaiita ; 
and  the  Sooderg^  Sudmn^  or  laborers  and  iiit-chanics. 
Numerous  mixed  classes,  or  eoHes,  have  simiiig  iip 
in  ilie  pr«ipri'--i3  of  time.  Hence,  a  separate  and  (i\ed 
order  or  class  in  s»x:it'ty.  P.  Ci/e. 

€A3'TEL-LAN,  n.     [Sp.  easteUan  ;  Ft.  cJtateUiM.    See 

A  governor  or  constable  of  a  castle-  in  Pvlandy 
the  Dame  of  a  dignity  or  charpo  ;  a  kind  of  lieuten- 
ant of  a  province,  cominandins  part  of  a  palatinate 
uuder  a  p:iiatinc'.  The  cAistelians  arc  senators  of  the 
lower  class,  silting,  iu  the  dictit,  o«  low  seals  behind 
the  mlatiues.  Emcuc 

eAS'TEL-LA-XY,  «.  [See  Castle-]  The  lonlshiu 
belonging  to  a  castle  j  or  the  cxtc-nt  of  its  land  and 
juris4liaii>n.  Philips. 

eAS'TEI--LA-TED,  a.  Incliwcd  in  a  buildinSiOaa 
fountiiin  or  cisteni.  JokH.<oiu 

S.  Adorned  with  turrets  and  battlemenL^,  like  a 
cattle. 

CAS-TEL-LX'TION,  m.  The  act  of  fortifying  a  house, 
and  rr-nderini:  it  a  eastle. 

CA^T'EK,  K.  [from  out.]  Ono  who  throws  or  rastn, 
or  who  makes  cai^tings  in  mi-tal,  Slc,  ;  one  who  cum- 
pulea ;  a  calculator  j  oim  who  calculalea  fortunes. 

S.  A  small  phial  or  reasel  for  l^c  table  ^  as,  a  set 
of  easUra. 

3.  A  nnall  wheel  on  a  swivel,  on  which  furniture 
is  ML'C,  or  rulL-^,  on  tho  floor,  in  any  dirxction. 

4.  One  witii  makes  ca.-<tin;:t ;  a  founder.  [ora. 

5.  One  who  os^^iirus  the  |iarts  of  a  plav  to  the  acl- 
exST'ERS,  m.pL    A  fttaud  willt  bottle:)*  fur  oil,  vino- 

e.&Vl-GXTE,  V.  L    [U  tmtdft  &om  casta.*,  cbaste. 

Qu.  Eth.  iLUn  muU,  to  chasten,  correct,  chide. 
The  French  u»*e  ek/Ui*r^  from  autmSf  chai4e;  Ann. 
eoff'-.a     S;\.  snd  Port.  c*Mgmr;  lU  eutifurK]        « 

"'      '  tti  [Htnish  t»y  striped^  to  otfrect;  to 

cl  X  SftoiL 

C\>  '.  pp.    Punishf*d  ;  coirrcted. 

CA:S  1  i-i.i.v  1  i.\Gyppr.  Puuijihing  ;  correcting;  chas- 
tUinc  I 

e.AS-TI-GA'TIOX.  n.  Punishment ;  correciiuo  ;  pen- 
ance ;  discipline ;  emendation ;  restraint. 

Boyle,     Hate. 
3.  Among  tkr  RomMus^  a  miliL-try  ptiuishmeni  in- 
flicted on   offenders,  by    beating   with  a  wand  or 
switch.  Enegc 

€AST|.GS-TOR,  n.    One  who  correctJ. 

€.\S'TI-GA-TO-RY,  a.  Tending  to  correction ;  cor- 
rective: punitive.  BramhalL 

€\:*'Tl-GA-TO-RY,  n.  An  encin»  formerly  used  to 
punish  and  correct  arrant  M^olds,  called  al^i  a  ducMnff- 
atiof,  or  Irfbucket.  l}latk,-ftoae, 

€A6'T1LE-S6AP,  n.  A  kind  of  fine,  hard,  while,  or 
mottled  :K>aPf  made  with  olive  oil  and  MKla. 

€A:?-T[L'I  AX,  a.     Pertaining  to  Cx<ile,  in  Ppain. 

€AS-TIL'IA.V,  (kas  til'yan,)  n.  .An  inhabitant  or  na- 
tive of  Castile,  in  Spam. 

C.\PT'1XG,  ppr.  Throwing;  sendins;  computing; 
c;itciilating  ;  turning;  giving  a  preponderancy  ;  de- 
ciJm^;  running  or  throwing  into  a  iiiuld,  to  give 
9hapt' ;  ast^igning  parts  in  a  play.     [See  Cast.] 

exST'IXG,  K.     The  act  of  casting  or  tounding. 

2.  That  whtcli  is  cast  in  a  mold  ;  any  ver?srl 
formed  by  casting  melted  metal  into  a  mold,  or  in 
sand. 

3.  The  triking  of  casts  and  impressions  of  figures, 
ban.-i,  medaLs,  &.c 

4.  The  as.-<i^jng  of  parts  in  a  play. 
5^  Th^?  wnrping  of  a  board. 

'■'  .  'TKjt ;  the  proper  distribution  of  the 

f'  :-,  in  painting  and  sculpture. 

€X>  '  I  .  «.    A  net  which  is  ca<l  and  drawn, 

in  tii--!:iirti>in  imrn  a  net  that  is  set  and  lefL  JiTiiu. 
CAST' I  \G- VOTE,  (a.  The  %*ote  of  a  presiding  otfi- 
€.XST'L\G- VOICE,  i  cer,  in  an  assembly  or  coun- 
cil, which  decides  a  question,  when  the  votes  of  the 
aasembly  or  bouse  are  equally  divided  between  the 
affirmative  and  negative.    [Uniud  SUUts.]      Coze. 

B.  TrumbuU. 

€XST'-I'ROX,  (-I'nm,)  m.  Irwn  run  from  the  smelt- 
ing furnace,  into  pigs  or  ingots,  or  into  molds  for  va- 
rious utensils ;  a  compound  of  carbon  and  iron. 

CAS'TLE,  (kas'sl,)  n.  [Sax.  casUl ;  L.  casteUum,  from 
eiLitriim :  D.  kasbeel  t  Arm.  gasuU ;  Norm,  charul ; 
Fr.  chateau;  FwU  axsteOo ;  IL  id.;  \V.  rarf,  envelop- 
ment, from  cA*,  a  l>eing  separated  or  insulated,  ha- 
tred, envy,  a  castle;  coauH,  a  castle,  whence  ea.i- 
tefla,  to  surround  ;  easul,  a  cloak,  a  chasuble.  The 
Welsh  COS  cives  the  primary-  sense,  which  is  to  sep- 
arate, to  drive  off;  heno-,  to  defend.  It  is  probably 
from  this  root  the  Latins  had  ea.<a.  We  observe,  in 
the  Welsh,  e&s  signifies,  separated,  a  castle,  and 
hatred,  envy  ;  also,  hateful,  odious  ;  and  easTwiw,  a 
hater,  a  persecutor;  eomon,  lo  persecute,  to  chase. 
Hence  the  radical  sense  of  hatred  is  a  rfrrrwo-  of.] 


CAS 

1.  A  hotjse  firtified  for  defense  ogtiinM  an  enemy  ; 
a  furtr*-ss.  The  term  neeiUK  to  include  the  house  and 
the  walls  or  other  works  around  iu  In  utd  v>rtU'rs^ 
the  worit  i.s  used  fitr  a  town  or  viltuee  fortified. 

2.  The  house  or  mansion  of  a  noblenian  or  prince. 

3.  In  a  ship^  thrrt!  are  two  ixirts  called  by  this 
name  ;  the/urccasr/c,  a  short  deck  iu  the  fore  pJirl  of 
a  ship,  above  tlie  upper  deck  ;  and  the  /uitdctLttie^  at 
the  stem. 

CfKstU  in  tMe  air :  n  vi3ion:iry  project ;  a  scheme  tliat 
has  no  solid  fitundation. 

€A:*'TLE,  (kas'sl,)  r.  u  In  the  game  of  chess,  to 
cover  the  king  with  a  castle,  by  a  certain  move. 

F.neyc 

CAS'TLE-nUILD'ER,  (kas'el-bUd'er,)  n.  One  who 
fonn-s  visionary'  schemes. 

eAS'TL^:-HUILD'IXG,  a.  The  ad  of  building  cas- 
tles in  the  air. 

eAH'TLF^CROWX-ED,  a.    Crowned  with  a  castle. 

eAr*'TLf;i>,  (kas'sld,)  a.  l-^irnished  with  castles ;  as, 
a  castled  ekphant,  Drtiden. 

C.A^'Tl.tMiL'XllD,  ■.  A  f.ud;d  tenure,  orkniKJil 
seni'ice,  which  oblig(;d  the  tenant  to  perform  service 
within  the  realm,  without  liuiitution  uf  time. 

Lyttelton. 

e.VS'TLE-RY,  n.    Thu  government  of  a  castle. 

Blount. 

eAH'TLET,  n.     A  small  casUo  IMand. 

eA^J'TLE-WARD,  n.  An  imposition  laid  upon  .sub- 
jects dwtlliilg  within  a  certitin  distance  uf  a  ca.'itle, 
for  the  pfiriHMM)  uf  m^tintaining  watch  and  ward  in 
the  ca^tlo,  Kncijc 

ex  ST' LI  XO,  «.     An  abortion  or  abortive.      Brown. 

€AS'TOR,«.  [L.  C4LfUfr:  Fr.  Sp.  and  Port,  id.;  Gr. 
K.'.vrtJt,.    See  .\r.  Class  Gs,  No.  4*i] 

1.  A  beaver,  an  amphibious  q'.cidruped,  with  a 
flat,  ovate  t:iil,  shtirt  ears,  a  blunt  nose,  small  fore 
feel,  and  large  hind  feeL 

2.  [L.  castortmii.]  A  substance  of  a  strong,  jK-n- 
etmting  smell,  when  fn^li,  of  a  yellowish  or  light 
brown  color,  but  when  dried,  of  a  reddish  brown  ; 
obtained  from  two  s^xretory  sacs,  ono  in  eacli  groin 
of  the  beaver.  It  has  been  regarded  as  an  antisp:is- 
inodic 

X  In  astnmomif^  a  moiety  of  the  constellation 
Gemini,  called  also  Apollo. 

Castm-  and  PuUux ;  in  mrtcoroUn^j^  a  fierj-  meteor, 
whtcii,  at  sea,  appear  sometimes  adhering  to  a  piirt 
of  a  ship,  in  the  fonn  of  one,  two,  and  even  three  or 
four  bafl^.  When  one  is  seen  alone,  it  is  called 
IleUma,  which  portends  that  the  severest  part  of  the 
stonn  is  yet  to  come.  Two  appearing  at  once  are 
denominated  Castor  and  PoUux^  or  Tyndarida^  and 
portt-nd  a  ce?*iiion  of  the  stonn.  Chamber.^. 

€A8-rc^'RE-LrM,  n.  [L.]  CasUir  ;  the  peculiar  sub- 
stance found  in  two  mgutnal  sacs  of  the  be:iver. 

e.ASTO-RINE,  n.  An  anini'd  principle  discovered  in 
castor,  and  prejKired  by  boiling  castor  in  six  times  its 
weight  of  alcohol,  nnd  filtering  tlie  liquor.  From 
this  is  d'-|x>siU'd  th.^  ca.-*lorine.  Brande. 

e.\S'rOH-<:>IL,  n.  [a  corni[>tion  of  Castas  oil,  the 
^ant  producing  it  having  formerly  been  called  .^i^Hus 

COjUHS.] 

The  oil  of  the  Ricinus  cnmmunis,  or  Palma  ChriPti, 
a  plant  of  the  West  Indies,  which  grows  to  the 
hiL'ht  of  twenty  feel  in  one  season.  Tlie  oil  is 
obtained  frtun  the  nuts  or  seeds  by  expression  or 
decoction.  That  obtained  by  decoction  is  preferred, 
as  less  liable  to  become  rancid,  being  free  from  the 
mucilage  and  acrid  matU;r,  which  is  mixed  with  the 
oil  when  expressi^d.     It  is  a  mild  cathartic.  Eiicyc. 

^AS'TOR-Y,  n.     An  oil  drawn  from  castoreuui,  and 

"^  used  in  the  preparation  of  colors. 

eAi«-TUA-.ME-TA'TlON,  n.  [L.  casframrtflr,  to  en- 
camp, castra,  camp,  and  mctior^  to  measure  or 
survey.] 

The  art  or  act  of  encamping  ;  the  marking  or  lay- 
ing out  of  a  camp.  Marphifs  Tucitits. 

CAa'TRATE,  c.  (.    [L.  castroj  Fr.  dialrcr,  for  cluLHrer; 

Sp.  and   Port   castrar ;    It.   castrarc  ;    Ar.      ^^^ 

hhaViai;  Eth.      loU)   to  castrate;    Ch.  K»n,  to   cat 
out  or  o(f.     Class  Gs,  No.  41,  43.] 

1.  To  geld  ;  to  deprive  of  the  testicles;  to  emas- 
culate. 

2.  To  lake  away  or  retrench,  as  the  obaccne  parts 
of  a  writing. 

3.  To  Like  out  a  leaf  or  sheet  from  a  book,  and 
render  it  imperfect. 

€AS'TRA-TED,  ;j;j.  or  a.  Gelded;  emasculated;  pu- 
rified from  obscene  expressions. 

eAS  TRA-TIXG,  ppr.  Gelding  ;  taking  away  the  ob- 
scene parts  of  a  writing. 

e.AS-TRA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  gelding;  the  act  or 
practice  of  making  eunuchs  ;  the  act  of  taking  away 
the  obscene  p,irts  of  a  writing  ;  the  act  of  taking  out 
a  leaf  or  sheet  of  a  book,  in  hotany^  the  cutting  oiT 
of  the  anthers,  or  tops  of  the  stamens  of  flowers, 
before  the  ripennig  of  the  pollen. 

€AS-TRA'TO,  71,  [It  See  Castbate.]  A  male  per- 
son emasculated  for  the  purpose  of  improving  his 
voice  for  a  singer.  Stoift. 


CAT 

CA.S'TREL,  i  n,      A  kind  of  hawk,  resembling   the 

KES'TUEL,  }  lanner  in  shape  und  the  hubby  in 
size. 

eAj*-TREN'SIAN,  a.  [L.  caatrerusia^  from  eastray  a 
cautp.]     Belonging  to  a  camp. 

eAS'J''-8TEEL,  n.  Steel  that  huR  been  fused  in  a 
crucilile,  usually  without  uny  addition  uf  charcoal, 
and  then  casi  into  bars.  ^       Ure. 

e.\S'tI-AL,  {kazh'yu-id,)a.  [FT.easuel;  Sp.  nnd  Pt.rt. 
ca,fniil ;  It  ctiiaale  ;  from  L.  cojtui/j  a  Pall.  See  Cask 
and  AcctDBitT.] 

1.  Falhng  ;  h»pi>cning  or  coming  to  pass  without 
design  in  tho  {H-rsun  or  jRirsons  allV-cted,  and  without 
being  foreseen  or  expected  ;  accidental ;  fortuitous  : 
coming  by  chance ;  its,  the  parties  had  n  ca^fiud  ren- 
counter. 

a.  Occasiouid  ;  Ci>miug  at  certain  times,  without 
regularity,  in  di;>ttnctiun  from  stated  or  regular ;  as, 
ctL^naJ  expenses. 

3.  Taking  place,  or  beginning  to  exii^l,  without  an 
eflicient  intelligent  cause,  and  without  design. 

Atlir-isu  ttoMTi  tliuE  ihe  cxuieiicr  ol  llungi  b  casutU.    Dmght, 

€AS'IJ- A  L-LY,    ado.      Accidentally ;     fortuitously  ; 

without  design;  by  chance, 
€.\S'IJ-AL-XESS,  «.    Accidentalness ;  tlie  quality  of 

beinc  casual. 
CAS'lj-AL-TY,  n.    Accident;  that  which  comes  by 
chance  or  without  design,  or  without  being  foreseen  ; 
cuntinpency. 

9.  Any  injury  of  the  body  from  accident,  whether 
resultmg  in  d»*ath  or  not ;  and  by  a  metonymy,  death, 
or  other  misfortune,  occasioned  by  an  accident 

In  military  return.",  the  bead  of  casualties  embraces 

all  men  who  die,  desert,  or  are  dismissed.     CumpbcH. 

3.  In  Srot9  law,  an  emolument  due  from  a  vassal 

to  his  superior,  beynd  the  stated  yearly  duties,  upon 

certain  casual  events.  F.ncifc. 

eA8'U-lST,    (ka/.h'yu-ist,)   ji,      [It    Pp.    and    Port 

casjii-tta  ;  Fr.  ea-ftimte  ;  from  L.  ea.tiis ;  a  ca.;e.] 

One  who  studies  and  resolves  cases  of  conscience. 

Thff  Jmlpm-iu  nf  nity  eatuigt  or  Icanictl  divine  b  not  eitrticiein 
to  give  him  coiifidi-iice.  iS'ou(/(. 

€AS't^-LST,  ».  1.    To  play  the  part  of  a  casuist 

Milton. 

€AS-TJ-IST'ie,         I  a.      Relating  to   cases  of  con- 

CAS-lJ-LST'ie-AL,  j  science,  or  to  cases  of  doubtful 
prtppriety.  South. 

€AS'U.IST-RY,  (kazh'yu-ist-re,3  v.  The  science  or 
doririne  of  rases  of  cuimeience ;  tlie  science  of  re- 
solving cas<T»  of  doubtful  j)ropriety,  or  of  d«;terniining 
the  lawfulness  or  unlawfulness  of  what  a  man  may 
do  by  rules  and  nrineiples  drawn  from  the  Scriptures, 
from  the  laws  ol  society,  or  from  equity  and  natural 
reason.  Pope. 

CA'SUS  F(KT>' F.  RIS,  [L.]  The  case  stipulated  by 
treaty;  tliat  whicli  comes  within  the  terms  of  cotu- 
imct  [Law  of  J^ationttJ] 

CAT,  n.  [Ir.  cat;  Fr.  chat;  D.  kat;  Dan.  hat;  Sw. 
kiitti  G.  kalcr,  or  katie;  Tj.  catiis ;  Vulgar  Greek 
*rar(f,  or  }  •iroi  :  It.  ^ratto  ;  Port,  and  Sp.  ijato ;  Lap. 
id.;  Pol.  kot;  Ru.ss.  kott ;  Turki^^h  keti;  W.  cath; 
Corn,  katk ;  Arm.  gaz  or  kat  j  Bosque  catua.    In  Ar. 

ia3  kitta  or  kaUa,  is  a  male  rat     Class  Gd,  No.  5G.] 

1.  A  name  applied  to  certain  species  of  caniivorous 
quadrupeds,  of  the  genus  Felis.  The  domestic  cat 
needs  no  description.  It  is  a  deceitful  animal,  and 
when  enraged,  extremely  spiteful.  It  is  kept  in 
houses,  chiefly  for  the  pur[K)ae  of  catching  rals  and 
mice.  1'he  wild  cat  is  much  larger  than  the  do- 
mestic cat  It  is  a  strong,  f<;rucious  animal,  liviuf;  in 
the  forest,  and  very  di.structive  to  jMiultry  and  lambs. 

The  wild  cat  of  Europe  is  of  the  same  sp^icies  with 
the  domestic  cat ;  the  catamount  uf  North  America 
is  much  larger,  and  a  distinct  spircies.      Ed.  Encyc. 

2.  A  ship  formed  on  the  Norwegian  model,  having 
a  narrow  stern,  projecting  quarters,  and  a  dc-ep 
waist  It  is  strong  built,  from  four  to  six  hundred 
tuns  burden,  and  employed  in  the  coal  trade. 

3.  A  strong  tackle  or  combination  uf  pulleys,  to 
houk  and  draw  an  anchor  perpendicularly  up  to  t|^e 
cat-head  of  a  ship. 

4.  A  double  tripod,  having  six  feet 

Cat  of  nine  tatLi :  an  instnnnent  of  punishment,  con- 
sisting of  nine  pieces  of  line  or  cord  fastened  to  a 
piece  of  thick  n>pe,  and  having  three  knots  at  inter- 
vals, used  to  flog  offenders  on  board  of  shijw. 

Cat  inpaiu  The  proverbial  expression,  "  to  turn  a 
cat  in  a  pan,"  denotes  a  sudden  change  of  one's 
party  in  politics  or  religion,  for  the  sake  of  being  in 
the  ascendant ;  as  a  cut  always  comes  down  on  her 
legs,  however  turned  or  thrown.  Toone. 

CAT'-BIKn,  (-hurd,)  ju  An  American  bird,  whose 
cry  resembles  that  of  a  cat ;  the  Turdus  fdivox~. 

eAT'-BLOUK,  n.  A  two  or  three  fold  block  with  an 
iron  strop  and  large  hook,  used  to  draw  up  an  anchor 
to  the  cat-head.  Mar.  DicL 

€AT'S'-E?E,  V.  A  variety  of  quartz,  or  chalcedony, 
exhibiting  yellowish,  opalescent  reflections  from  with- 
in, especially  apparent  when  cut  with  a  convex  sur- 
face.    These    reflections,    which    resemble   much 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — .MkTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  B(?QK-- 


CAT 

those  observable  in  the  eye  of  a  cat,  have  given  name 
to  the  niiiierril.     It  is  used  as  a  j;ein. 
€AT'-E?-^'D,  (kat'ide,)  a.     Having  eyes  like  a  cat. 
CAT'-FALL,  n.     In  shipSy  a  rope  used  in  hoisting  the 

unchiT  iijj  to  the  cal-head. 
CAT'-Fisil,  n,     A  sjieciea  of  the  sgvalus,  or  shark. 
The  cat-ti->h  of  the  North  American  rivers  is  a  spe- 
cies of  cii/^a*,  or  bull-head, 
€AT'S'-FdQT,  n.     A   plant  of  the   genua   glcckoma^ 

ground  ivy,  or  gill. 
eAT'-HAKF-INiiS,  n.  -pL  Ropes  serving  to  brace  in 
the  shrouds  of  the  lower  masts  behind  their  respec- 
tive yards,  to  tighten  the  "shrouds,  nnd  give  more 
rotim  to  draw  in  the  yards,  when  the  ship  is  close- 
h-itiled.  Mar.  DicU 

CAT'-IIEAD,  n.     A  strong  beam  pmjccting  horizon- 
tally  over  a    ship's    bows,   carrying   (wo  or  three 
sheaves,  about  which  arope, called  \.\\a  cat-fall^  parses, 
and  coMirnunicates  with  the  cil-block.     Mur.  Diet, 
€AT'S'-HEAD,  (had,)  n.     A  kind  of  apple. 
CAT'-HOQK,  n.     A  strong   hook   fitted   to   the  cat- 

hl.Rk.  ■  Mar.  DicU 

f  \T'-LTKE,  a.     Resembling  a  cat. 
t'.vr'-.MI.XT,  H.     A   plant  of  the   genus  Nepcta,   so 

called  because  cats  eat  it. 
€AT»S'-PAVV,ii.  .Among  j(fawirn,aliL'hlair,  perceived, 
in  a  calm',  by  a  rippling  uf  the  snrtacc  of  the  water ; 
also,  a  particular  turn  in  the  bight  of  a  ropt^,  made  to 
hook  a  tackle  on.  Mar.  Did, 

'2.  A  dope;  the  instrument  which  another  uses  to 
accomplish  hi?*  designs.  [Derived  from  the  story  of 
the  monkey  who  used  the  paws  of  the  cat  to  draw 
the  roasting  chestnuts  out  of  the  fire.J 
€AT'-S.\LT ,  n.  A  sort  of  salt  beautifully  granulated, 
fiirmed'  out  of  the  bittern,  or  leach-brine,  used  for 
making  bard  soap.  Encyc. 

€AT'-^IL-VER,  n.  A  mineral ;  a  variety  of  mica. 
€.-\.T'-T.\IL,  n.  [eat  and  tail,]  The  (Mtpular  name  of 
a  tall  reed,  Tyjpha  lattfolia,  having  insignificant  llow- 
eni  in  a  long,  dense,  cylindrical  spike,  at  the  end  of 
the  stem.  Its  long,  flat  leaves  are  much  used  fur  the 
bottoms  of  chairs. 
2.  A  substance  growing  on  nut-trees,  pines,  Sec, 

Badeif, 
€AT-A-BAP'TIST,  n.     [Gr.  Kara  and  fia^tTiarm.] 

One  who  opposes  baptism.  Featley. 

€AT-A-€AU8'Tie,  a.     [Gr.  *ani*.n"Ti<;,  a  burning.] 
Caieait^tic  curo'w,  in  ^-eomr Inf,  are  that  species  of 
caustic  curves  which  are  formed  by  rcllection. 

Bailey.     Encyc 
€.\T-A-eHRK'S[S,  n.    [Gr.  KaraxnoTtSi  abuse,  from 
«iT'i,  against,  and  xotofiai,  to  use.] 

An  almse  of  a  trojje,  or  of  words  ;  a  figure  in  rhet- 
oric, wli.'ii  one  word  is  almsively  put  for  another,  ttr 
when  3  word  is  too  far  wrested  fr*'in  its  true  signifi- 
cation i  as,  a  voice  bcatUtfut  to  the  Mr. 

Smith.     Bailey.     Johnson. 
A  entnchrtsis  is  a  trope  %vhich  bctrrows  the  name  of 
one  thing  to  express  another,  or  a  har^h  trope  ;  as 
wb-n  .Miiton,  sp(^aking  of  Raphael's  descent  from 
livaven,    says,     he    '*  sails    between     worlds    and 
world*."     Here  tlie  novelty  of  the  word  sails  en- 
livens the  image.    8o  in  t^cripture  we  read  of  the 
"  Mttofl  of  the  grape."     Detit.  xxxW. 
C  \ T-A-CilKKS'Tie,         \a.      Relongina:  to  a  cala- 
CA T-A-CliKKS'TIO-AL,  i      chresia  ;      torced ;      far- 
fetched ;  wrested  from  its  natural  sense. 

John.fan.     Brawn. 
CAT-A-CURES'Tie-AI^LY,  adt.     In  a  forced  man- 
ner. Epelyn, 
*JA T'A-CLYaM,  II.    fGr.  <frtra«Aw£r/i';s,  a  deluge, from 
•fii-j^Aii^f.i,  to  inundate.) 

A   (bluffe,  or  overilowing  of  wntor:    particularly 

t't.   [) 1  ni  Noah's  days.     {LttUe  usaL]  HalL 

In  ^'/-/t/,  this  term  has  been  used  to  denote  vn- 
n.ii<  tinMxIatinns,  or  deluges,  rttip[Kwed  to  have  oc- 
curred at  diirereni  periods,  and  to  have  deposited 
duf  rent  formalinns  of  diluvian,  or  drill. 
CAT'A-CO.MHi  f  k5ine,)B.  [probably  from  Gr.  (tarn, 
and  K"ttii  ■(,  a  hollow,  or  recess.] 

A  cave,  grotto,  or  subu^mmeous  place  for  the  burial 
of  the  dead.  U  is  «:ud  1*1  have  been  originally  ap- 
plied to  the  chapel  of  f^U  Sebastian,  in  Rome,  wiiere, 
the  ancient  Roman  calendars  say,  the  b<Kiy  of  St. 
I*eter  was  deposited.  It  is  now  applied  to  a  vast 
number  of  subterraneous  sepulchers,  about  three 
nides  fn)m  Rome,  in  the  Appian  Way  ;  supposed  ti) 
be  the  cells  and  caves  in  which  the  primitive  Chris- 
tians conceab'd  themselves,  and  in  which  were  de- 
ptHitr^d  the  bodies  i)T  tlie  primitive  martyrs,  'i'hese 
are  visited  by  devout  people,  and  relics  are  taken 
from  thf-m,  baptized  by  the  pope,  and  disp<T«ed 
tliroueh  Roman  Catholic  countries.  Each  catacomb 
is  three  feet  hroiid,  and  eight  or  ten  high:  along  the 
fiide  walls  are  sepulchral  niches,  clo»ed  with  thick 
ti)'*s,  or  pieces  of  marble.  Catacombs  are  found 
aUo  at  Naples  and  in  other  places.  Knryr.. 

€AT-A-€OUS'TI€H,  n.     |Gr.  K>iTaKov,,>,  to  hear.] 
That  part  of  ac(»istics,  or  the  doctrine  of  sounds, 
which   treats  of  reflected  sounds.     But  the  distinc- 
tion is  deemed  of  tittle  use.  Encyc. 
CAT-A-r>l-Op'TK[C,         I  a.      [Gr.   Kara  and   M'>n- 
CAT-A-DI-OP'TRIC-AL,  \     rofiaty  to  see  through.] 
Reficcting  light. 


CAT 

CAT'A-DCPE,  n.'  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  xara  and  doun-iw,  to 
sound.] 

A  cataract,  or  waterfall.     [JSTot  in  use.]    Brctccr. 
€AT-A-FAL'€U,  n.     [It.,  a  scalfuld.]     A  temporary 
atnicture  of  cariM'nir)-,  decorated  with  paintings  and 
sculpture  representing  a  tomb,  or  cenotaph,  and  used 
in  funeral  sulenmities.  GicHt. 

e.\T-AG-.MAT'ie,  a.     [Gr.  KaTayjin,  a  fragment.] 
That  has  the  quality  of  consoliilating  broken  parts ; 
promoting  the  union  of  fractured  bones. 

fViscman,     Coze. 
€AT'A-GRAPir,7i.  [Gr.  k'it'i  and  ),oupw,  to  describe.] 
The  first  draught  of  a  picture;  also,  a  profile. 

Chambers. 
€AT-A-LKe'Tie,  a.     [Gr.  Kara  nnd  Ajryo-] 

In  prosody,  wanting  a  syllable  at  the  end,  or  ter- 
minating in  an  inipertect  fool ;  as,  a  catalccttc  verse. 
CAT-A-LEP'SIS,  (  n.      [Gr.     (caruArji^ij,   a    seizing, 
CAT'A-LEP-SV,   \      from    daruXa/j/iyuk'w,    to    take, 
seize,  or  invade.] 

A  sudden  suppression  of  motion  and  sensation, 
in  which  the  patient  is  speechless,  senseless,  and 
fixed  in  one  [wsiurCj  with  his  eyes  open,  without 
seeing  or  understandmg.  The  word  is  applied  aUo 
to  a  retention  of  the  breath,  or  of  the  humors,  and 
to  the  interception  of  the  blood  by  bandages. 

Eiiajc     Coze, 
CAT-.VLEP'Tie,  a.     Pertaining  to  catalep-^y. 
e.\T'A-LO-GIZE,   r.  u    To  insert  in    a   catalogue. 

[JVot  used.]  Coles. 

eAT'.\-LOt;UE,(kat'a-Iog,)  n.     FGr.  (rarttX^))'0$  ;  Kara 
and  Xny-oiy  according  to  wonls.] 

A  list,  or  enunieration  of  the  names  of  men,  or 
thmgs,  disposed  in  a  certain  order,  often  in  alphabet- 
ical order  ;  as,  a  eatalo^rue  of  the  students  of  a  col- 
lege, or  of  books,  or  of  tiie  stars. 

Cataloffttc  ritisoani,(rl-zon-i' :)  a  catalogue  of  books 
cbt-sseJ  according  to  their  subjects.  Brantle. 

CAT'A-LOGUE,  r.  t.  [As  above.]     To  make  a  list  of. 

Herbert, 
GA-TAL'PA,  n.     A  large  tr«e  of  the  banks  of  the 
Missis:<ippi,  which,  In  blossom,  has  a  beautiful  ap- 
pijarance.     It  is  the  Caialpa  cordtfolla. 
€A-TAL'y-SIS,  «,     [Gr.  naraXuffis.] 

1.  Dissolution.  Taylor. 

2  In  chemistry,  a  decomposition  and  new  combina- 
tion produced  among  the  proximate  and  elementary 
principkrs  of  one  or  more  comfwunds,  by  virtue  of 
the  mere  presence  of  a  substance  or  substances 
which  do  not  of  themselves  enter  into  combination, 
GAT-A-LYT'ie,  a.     Relating  to  catalysis. 

Catalytic  furce ;  that  modification  of  the  force  of 
chemical  affinity  which  determines  catalysis. 
CAT'A-MA-RAN',  ru  In  tiacal  languaffSy  a  kind  of 
raft,  used  for  fishing  and  landing  goods,  on  the 
Coromaiuiid  coi\st  of  India,  and  on  the  coast  of  IJra- 
7.\\.  The  term  was  also  applied  to  tlie  riat-bottomed 
boats  constructed  by  Bonaparte,  for  the  invasion  of 
England. 
eAT-A-Mi5'NI-A,ii.    [Infra.]    The  monthly  flowinga 

of  females. 
eAT-A-ME'NI-AL,  a.     [Gr.   Kara^lTiVlos ',    Kara   and 
fit)!-,  a  month.] 

Pertaining  to  the  catamenia,  or    menstrual  dis- 
charges. 
eAT'A-MTTE,  n.     [L.  catnmitua.] 

A  Ik>v  kejit  for  unnatural  purposes. 
GAT'A-.HOUNT,  n.    Cat  uf  the  mountain,  the  wild 

cat. 
€AT-AN-AD'RO-MOU.*^,  a.      [Gr.    it  ira,     ai-a.    nnd 
ift  M«(.]     In  ichthyoloiry.  passing  once  a  year  from 
salt  wat<T  into  fresh,  and  returning. 
€AT-AN'I)R<)-MOUH,    a.      In    ichthyvlo/ry,    moving 
once  a  vear  from  salt  water  into  fresh.       Knowlts. 

€.\T'A-I*A«M,  n.      [Gr.  KaTa-!tan,,a.\ 

A  dry  |»owder  for  sprinkling  the  nody.  Coze. 

GAT-A-PELT'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  catapult.    As 

a  »i<ii//i,  the  ratapulL 
€AT-A  PK T'AL-OUS,  a.     [Gr.  Kara  and  TreniXot/.] 
A  term  applied  to  [tetals  of  a  tlower  when  held  to- 
gether by  suimens,  which  grow  to  their  bases,  as  in 
the  mallow.  Brande. 

€AT-A-PHO.\'ieS,  n.    j'Gr.  Kara  and  ^wi-r?,  sound.] 
The   dtictrine   of  reflected    sounds,   a  branch   of 
acoustics.  Encyc. 

eAT'A-PIIRA€T,  n.     [h,  eaiaphracta  ;  Gr.  KaTa't>uaK- 
Tof,  from  «ann^/ju'io-'>,  to  artn  or  fortify.] 

1.  In  the.  ancient  military  art,  a  piece  of  heavy,  de- 
fensive armor,  formed  of^cloth  or  leather,  strength- 
ened with  scales  or  links,  used  to  defend  the  breast, 
or  whole  body,  or  even  llie  horse,  as  well  as  the 
rider.  Encyc. 

2.  A  horseman  in  complete  armor.  Mdtim, 
CAT'A-PHKA€T-KI),  a.     In  looCo^y,  covered  with  a 

hard,  callous  skin,  or  with  horny  or  b^my  plates  or 
scales,  clostdy  joined  together,  like  those  of  the  Kt>- 
maii  soldiers  called  e(^i^i/)Arac(i;  hence  the  term. 

GAT'A-PLASM,  n.  [Gr.  «.iraTA«(r;ia,  from  KaraTrXniT- 
atiiy  to  anoint,  or  to  spn^^ad,  as  a  plaster.] 

A  poultice  ;  a  soft  and  moist  substance  to  be  ap- 
plied to  some  part  of  the  btnly,  to  excite  or  repel 
heat,  or  to  relax  the  vkin,  &-c.  When  mustard  is  an 
ingredi'unt,  it  is  called  a  gin/ipism.  Encyc, 

CAT'A-PUCE,  n.     The  herb  spurge.     [Obs.]  Chaucer. 


,CAT 

eAT'A-PULT,  n.  [Gr.  KaTaitiXrm;  L.  cataputta ; 
Kara  and  ne^rrjy  a  target,  or  more  probably  from 
jra\X(j}  or  /^aXAo,  to  throw,  or  drive,  L.  pello.] 

A  niiliiary  engine  used  by  the  ancient  Greeks  and 
Romans  for  throwing  stones,  darts,  and  arrows,  ujion 
an  enemy.  Some  of  these  would  throw  a  stone  of  a 
hundred  iwunds  weight.  Mitford. 

CAT'A-RAGT,  n.  [L.  cataractaf  Gr.  (cornorocr'js, 
from  Kuru/juffPt.),  to  break,  or  fall  with  violence, 
from  ftafjcMy  if'tiuiy  to  strike,  or  dash.] 

1.  A  great  fall  of  water  over  a  precipice,  as  that 
of  Niagara,  of  the  Rhino.  Danube,  and  Nile.  It  is  a 
cascade  uptm  a  great  scale. 

The  trcincadoua  cataracts  of  America  Uiuudcring  la  lli"!?  auii- 

lUik-B.  Irving. 

9.  In  medicine  and  surt^ery,  an  opacity  of  the  crys- 
talline lens,  or  its  capsule  ;  a  disorder  in  the  eye,  Ijy 
wliich  the  pupil,  which  is  usually  black  and  Irans- 
pjirent,  becomes  opaqiie,  blue,  gray  brown,  &.c.,  by 
which  vision  is  impaired  or  destroyed.  Eneyc. 

€A'J'-A-RA€T'OUa,  a.     Partaking  of  the  nature  of  a 

cataract  in  the  eye. 
€A-TARRII',  (ka-tar',)   n.     [L.  eatarrhus ;  Gr.  xara- 
pjos,  from  KiiT<i"l>t(t}y  to  flow  down.] 

1.  A  defluxion,  or  increased  secretion  of  mucus 
from  the  .membranes  of  the  nose,  fauces,  and  bron- 
cliiie,  with  fever,  sneezing,  cough,  thirst,  lassitude, 
and  loss  of  appetite,  and  sometimes  an  entire  loss  of 
taste ;  called  also  a  cold,  coryza.  An  epidemic  ca- 
tarrh is  called  injlucma.         Hooper.     Coie.     Encyc. 

2.  In  popular  lamruasre,  a  chronic  alfection  of  the 
mucous  membr-'ine  «if  the  nostrils  and  fauces, 

€A-TXRRirAL,  (ka-fir'ral,)     j  a.     Pertaining  to  ca- 
eA-TAKRirOUS,  (ka-tar'rus,)  \      larrii,  produced  by 

it  or  attending  it ;  as,  a  catarrhal  fever. 
eA-T.\S'THl-RISM,  «.     [Gr.  KaTUffTeoiapo^y  from  Ka- 

ra£rr£(jitw,  to  distinguish    with   stars,  or  to  place 

amtmg  the  stars  ;  nara  nnd  aom",  a  star.] 
A  constellation,  or  a  placing  among  the  stars. 
CA-TAS'TRO-PllE,  n.     [Gr.  »cur(iir,oo</>r),  an  end  or 

overthrowing,  from  Aaruffr/Jt^w,  tosubvert  j«u7-u  and 

CTuCipO).] 

i.  The  change  or  revolution  which  produces  the 
final  event  of  a  dramatic  piece  ;  or  the  unfolding  and 
winding  up  of  the  plot,  clearing  up  difficulties,  and 
closing  the  play.  The  ancients  divided  a  play  into 
the  protasis,  epltasis,  catiistasis,  nnd  catastroplie ; 
the  introduction,  continuance,  bightening,  nnd  de- 
velopment or  conclusion.  Johnson.     Kncyc. 

2.  A  final  event  j  conclusion;  generally,  an  un- 
fortunate conclusion,  calamity,  or  disaster. 

3.  In  ffpolopjy  a  supposed  change  in  the  globe  from 
sudden  physical  violence,  causing  elevation  or  sub- 
sidence of  the  solid  parts,  or  a  cataclysm  of  the 
waters. 

€A-TAS'TRO-PFIIST,  n.  In  ffeohjry,  one  who  be- 
lieves in  cat-istrophes,  or  in  changes  in  the  globe, 
from  violent  physical  causes;  a  non-uniformist. 

CAT'CALL,  n.  (eat  and  call.]  A  squeaking  instru- 
ment, used  in  playhouses  to  condemn  plays. 

Johnson.     Pope. 

CATCH,  V.  t ;  pret.  and  pp.  Catciied  or  Caught.  [Sp. 
eogery  to  catch,  coinciding  in  elements  with  Gr. 
(cixcfo.  The  orthography  of  caught  determines  the 
radical  letters  t(t  be  I'g] 

1.  To  seize  or  lay  hold  on  with  the  hand  ;  carry- 
ing the  sense  of  pursuit,  thrusting  forward  the  hand, 
or  rushing  on. 

And  they  cun?  upnn  hhn  and  caught  hlin.  —  AcU  t1. 

2.  To  seize,  in  a  general  sense  ;  as,  to  ealch  a  ball ; 
to  catch  hold  of  a  bough. 

3.  To  seize,  as  in  a  snare  or  trap  ;  to  insnare  ;  to 

entangle. 

They  wnt  cert'xin  of  the    Phnri*™*!  nnd    of  Iho    itrnxliani,  to 
catch  him  iu  hU  wnnl«.  -~  M.irk  xii. 

4.  To  seize  in  pursuit ;  hence,  simply  to  overtake  j 
a  popular  use  of  the  word. 

He  ran,  but  coiihi  not  eatch  \\\t  companiou. 

5.  To  take  hold  ;  to  communicate  to. 

Tlie  fire  caught  the  iviljolning  building. 

6.  To  seize  the  afTectiops ;  to  engage  and  attach 
to  ;  as,  to  catch  tlic  fair.  DrytU-n. 

7.  To  take  or  receive  by  contagion  or  infection  ; 
as,  to  catch  the  measles  or  smalI-iH»x. 

8.  To  snatch  ;  to  take  suddenly  ;  as,  to  catch  a 
book  out  of  the  liand. 

9.  To  receive  something  passing. 

Thfi  dWfllinft  irxil*  no  nir)rD 
Caich  Ihfi  Boft  aim  .tnd  wnnloii  iit  Iho  iky.  Trumitun. 

To  catch  at ;  to  endeavor  to  seize  fluddcnly. 

To  catch  at  wW  opportiuiili''!!  of  ■iihvi.-ning  (he  Mat--.   A'l-Ii»on. 

To  cnt£h  up  ;  to  snatch  ;  to  take  up  suddenly. 
€ATCH,  V.  i.    To  communicate  ;  to  spread  by  infect- 
ing; as,  a  disease  will  catch  from  man  to  man. 

2.  I'o  seize  and  hold  ;  as,  a  hook  catches. 
GATCII,  n.    Seizure;  the  act  of  seizing. 

2.  Any  thing  that  seizes  or  takes  hold,  as  a  hook. 

3.  The  posture  of  seizing;  a  state  ol  prepnration 
to  catch,  or  of  watching  an  opportunity  to  seize  ;  as, 
to  lie  upon  the  catch,  .Addison. 

4.  A  sudden  advantage  taken.  Drydrn. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0U3.  — C  aa  K  j  6  as  J ;  9  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THl9. 


CAT 

5w  The  thing  caught,  considered  as  an  object  of 
oceire ;  profit  j  advantage. 

Htctar  wbtdl  have  a  ffn«t  nUcA,  S^iak, 

6.  A  snatch  ;  a  short  interval  of  action. 

It  hna  bna  vrtt  bjr  coleUf ,  X«c*«. 

7.  A  little  p(KtioQ. 

We  nuln  ft  emtek  of  a  prrttr  atorj.  OUinMh. 

8.  In  mM.«ic,  a  ftigiie  in  the  unison,  wherein,  to 
humor  some  conceit  in  the  words,  the  nieloily  is 
broken,  and  the  sense  is  intemipted  in  one  pftn,  and 
eaurht  and  supported  bv  anoUier,  or  n  ditlerent  sense 
Is  given  U)  tiie  words ;  or  a  pitMJc  r.>r  three  or  more 
voices,  one  of  which  leads  and  the  others  follow  in 
the  same  nol.s.  F.icifc.     Bn^hy. 

€ATOH  -UllAIiN',  «.  A  dilch  or  dniiu  on  Ihesidcof  a 
liill  to  catcA  the  surface  water.  Also,  a  ditch  on  the 
side  of  a  cnnal,  to  calch  th--  surplus  water, 

€ATCH'.A-Bl>E,  a.     That  m:iV  be  caught.     [Rare,) 

CATCHER,  n.  One  wMk  catches;  that  which 
catches,  or  in  which  anv  thins  i"  caufrfit. 

€ATCI!'FL?,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Lychnb } 
campion. 

eAlCU'l\G,ppr.  Seizing;  taking;  hold;  hisnaring ; 
entanelinx. 

GATCIt  IVG.  a.  ConjmuniratinCj  or  that  may  be 
>  I,  by  couta^ou  ;  iuKtctious;  as,  a  dis- 

C  '  \I)'OW,(-niod'do,)ii.  .A  meadow  which 

is  irn^LiUtl  by  water  froui  a  spring  or  rivulet  on  the 

di-tlinivof  a  hill. 
CATCH'iNG-BXR'GAr.V,  a.    A  bargain  made  with 

an  heir  expettaut  for  the  purchase  of  his  expyctancy, 

at  an  inndcquatc  price.  Bourier. 

€ATCirPEN-XY,  n.  [rarM  and  pmnf.'\     Something 

worthless,  particularly  a  book  or  piniphlrt,  adairi(>a 

lo  the  pofmlar  taste,  and  intended  to  gain  money  in 

m:irket. 
CATCH'POLL,   n.    [cjt^h    and    poO,  the    head.]      A 

baililT's  a^istant,  ^o  called  hy  way  of  rep^'n^h. 
CATCH'L'P,  t  n.  'A  liquor  i-xiractrd  from  musliftwims, 
€AT'.SUP,    J      tomatoes,  &,c.,  used  a*"  a  sauce. 
€ATCU'-WoRD,  «.    Among  adpr.«,  tlie  lart  word  of 

the  preceding  speaker,  wtiich  reminds  one  that  bo  is 

to  speak  next. 

9.  Among  priiUmr,  the  word  placed  at  tlie  bottom 
of  each  page,  under  the  last  linn,  which  is  to  bo  in- 
serted as  the  first  word  on  the  following  page. 

€ATE,  n.     See  ^'ate*. 

€AT-E-€HET'ir-AL,  a.     [?ee  Catkchisi:.]     Rilat- 

ing  to  oral  instniction^  and  particularly  in  the  fir^t 

principles  of  the  Christian  reliction. 
2.  Relating  to  or  conrfstins  in  asking  questions 

and  rectfiviog  answers,  according  to  the   ancient 

maaner  of  Ceuhing  pupils. 

aacfjri  hfafftoBBj  a  nttdu&al  rndbad  of  ugulng.  Additon. 

€  \T-E-eHET'ie-AL-LY,  mdv.  By  question,  and 
answer ;  in  the  way  of  oral  innniction. 

€AT'E-eHINE.    See  Catechiic  .\cid. 

€AT  E-€HI-»A'TIO.V,  a.    The  act  of  catechising. 

€AT'E^^HI*E,  r.  L  fGr.  KtrnxiZ't^  and  <c,tTn\ct^,  to 
sound,  to  utter  sound,  to  teach  by  the  voice;  fmm 
K  tr-j  and  nxe-o^  to  sound,  whenc«  edto.  Hence 
KtrrtX'jciSf  K-iTqxiciiQij  caliehUe^  eaUdusui^  instruc- 
tion.]' 

1.  To  instnict  by  asking  questions,  receiving  an- 
swers, and  offering  explanations  and  corrections. 

2.  To  question  ;  to  interrogate ;  to  eiamine  or  try 
by  questions,  and  somt-time-s  with  a  view  to  reproof, 
by  eliciting  answen  from  a  person,  which  condemn 
his  own  conduct. 

3.  j9pfTOfriatd^y  to  ask  questions  concerning  the 
doctrines  of  the  Christian  religion;  tu  interrogate 
pttpils  aad  give  instruction  in  the  principles  of  re- 
ligion. 

€AT'E-eHT»-KD,  (kat'&Jtlzd.)  pp.    In.<nicted. 

€AT'E-eHl3-ER,  «.  One  who  catechises;  one  who 
instructs  by  question  and  answer,  and  particularly 
in  the  rudiments  of  the  Christian  religion. 

6.\T'E-€HI3-[XG,  fpr.  Instructing  in  rudiments  or 
principles. 

€AT'E-CHiaM,  fkat'e-kizm,)  a.     [Gr-  JrarTtc^M"?] 
1.  A   form  of  instruction  by  means  of  questions 
and  answers,  particularly  in  the  principlus  of  re- 
ligion. 

a.  An  elementary  book  containing  a  summary  of 
principles  in  any  science  or  art,  but  appropriately  in 
religion,  reduced  to  the  form  of  quenions  and  an- 
swers, and  sometimes  with  notes,  explanations,  and 
references  to  authorities. 

€AT'E-eHIST,  It.    [Gr.  KamxtoTni.] 

One  who  instnicts  viva  co«,  or  dv  question  and 
answer ;  a  cat»-chiser ;  one  appointed  by  the  church 
to  instrtict  in  the  principles  of  relicion. 

€AT-E-eH[ST'ie,         i  a.    Periaming  to  a  calechist, 

€AT-E-€HIST'ie-AL,  \      or  catechism. 

€AT'E-eHU,  n.  A  dr>',  brown  asirincent  extract,  ob- 
tained by  decoction  and  evap-iration  from  the  Acacia 
Catechu,  in  India.  It  contains  a  targe  portion  of  tan- 
nin or  tannic  acid.  Thtmsotu     Urt. 

€AT-E-eHC'ie  ACan,  n.  An  acid  soluble  in  boil- 
ing water,  contained  in  that  portion  of  catechu  which 
is  insoluble  in  cold  water.     It  was  at  first  considered 


CAT 

a  base,  and  called  eiUeckin^.  It  forms  willi  alkalies 
a  black  solution,  called  Jitponie  arid,  and  with  alka- 
line carbonates,  u  red  sulution,  called  Rubrinic  acid, 

e.^T-ii-eilO'MEN,  ■.  [Or.  *<ir//vou;it»a,  places 
wht-re  hearers  stood  to  be  instructed,  or  buildings 
adjoining  a  church,  where  Che  caleciiist  taught  Uiu 
doctrini'.s  of  rolii^ion.] 

One  who  is  in  the  first  rudiments  of  Christianity  ; 
one  wIh)  is  receiving  instruction  and  preparing  liiiii- 
stlf  for  baptism.  TtK«o  were  anciently  the  children 
of  believing  parents,  or  pagans  not  fully  initiated  in 
the  principles  of  the  Christian  religion.  They  were 
admitted  to  Uiis  sute  by  the  imposition  of  Imiid.s, 
and  the  sign  of  the  cross.  Encuc. 

eAT-EeHU-ME.\'ie-AL,  a.  Belonging  to  cate- 
clmmens. 

e.\T-E-eHO'ME\-IST,  a.     A  catechumen. 

BjK  Morton. 

€AT-E-GOR-E-MAT'I€,  o.  In  /t»iw,  nppli.d  to  a 
word  which  is  capable  of  being  empluyrd  by  itself 
as  a  /cr/n,  or  predicate  of  a  pn>position.        Brandc. 

eAT-E-GUR'ie-.\L,  a.  [See  CiTtooRT.]  Pertain- 
ing to  a  categorj*. 

2.  Absolute;  i»ositive ;  express;  not  relative  or 
hypothetical ;  as,  a  cuUgorUal  pniposition,  s>  llogism, 
or  answer. 

eAT-E-GOR'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  AbsulutLly  ;  directly; 
expressly ;  positively  ;  ns,  to  alltnn  catei^orieiitlij. 

€AT'IJ-Gb-Ry,  a.  [Gr.  ifariijoftui,  from  warijoofw, 
to  accuse,  show,  dirmonsiraie  ;  icara  and  (ijojieo),  to 
speak  in  an  a.«st-m>)ly,  to  hnrtnzuc  or  denounce,  from 
uj'jfiay  a  furiitn, judicial  tribunal,  or  market.] 

In  lo^c,  a  series  or  order  of  all  the  predicates  or 
attributes  contained  under  a  genus.  The  8cho4il 
philttoHiphtTs  distributed  all  the  objects  of  our  thoughts 
and  ide^as  into  genera  or  classes.  Aristotle  made  ten 
categories,  viz.,  substance,  quantity,  quality,  relution, 
action,  passion,  time,  place,  situation,  and  habit. 

Encye. 

eAT-E-N.A'RI-AX,  )  o.  [I*  cairnariuA^  from  eatena^  a 

eAT'E-.\A-RY,        !     chain.] 

Rt^lalrng  to  a  chain  ;  like  a  chain.  The  eatenarv  or 
eatenariiiH  currf,  in  geometry,  is  formed  by  a  rope  or 
chain,  of  uni(«inn  density,  hanging  freely  lK>t\veen 
two  points  uf  susjiunsitin,  whether  the  points  are 
horiKt<ntal  or  not  Harris.    Kncye, 

CAT'EU.NATE,  P,  t.  [UetOena.  a  chain;  G.  kUU; 
Sans,  keua^  whence  JteUrau,  to  bind.] 

To  citain,  or  rather  to  connect  in  a  scries  of  links 
or  ties.  Dartoin. 

e.\T'E-X.^-TED,  pp.    Connected  as  links  in  a  chain. 

e.AT'E-.NA-TING,  ppr.  Connecting  aa  links  in  a 
chain. 

€AT-E-.\A'TION,  n.  Connection  of  links,  union  of 
parts,  as  in  a  chain  ;  regular  connection.     [See  Con- 

CATE?rATIO(T.] 

CA-TEN'ti-LATE,  o.  Consisting  of  little  links  or 
chains. 

In  nctural  hittmy^  presentine,  on  the  surface,  a  se- 
ries of  oblong  tubercles,  resembling  a  chain.  Braade. 

CA'TER,  F.  i.  [In  It  cattart  is  to  get;  arc^iare^io 
beg  or  borroxv.  In  Fr.  aehetfr  is  to  buy  ;  Norm,  acat, 
a  buyine-  The  Fr.  qu.€Ur^  for  quester^  to  beg,  seems 
to  be  a  dilTerent  word.    See  Catzhbr.] 

To  provide  food  ;  to  buy  or  procure  provisions  ;  fol- 
lowed by  for ;  as,  to  eattrfor  tlie  sparrow.       ShaJu 

Ca'TER,  n.  A  provider.  [See  Catkrez.]  Old  Eng. 
acAatar.  Chaucer, 

CA'TER,  B.  The  four  of  cards  or  dice  ;  so  written  for 
Fr.  qiiatrf, 

€A'TER-eOUS'/N,  (-kuz'n,)  a,  A  quatre-cousin,  a  re- 
mote relation.  Shak. 

[  Tke  term  is  commonhj  used  in  ridicule  qf  the  foUxj  of 
claiming  rrmote  conJtan^iniiy.] 

CA'TER-EK,   n.     [from  cater.     In    Chaucer,   achator, 
purchaser   or  caterer,  is  evidently  from  ocAefer,  to 
buy.] 
A  provider,  buyer,  or  purveyor  of  provisions. 

Chaucer^  CanU  Tales^  570.     South. 

€A'TER-ES3,  n.  A  woman  who  caters  ;  a  female  pro- 
vider of  food. 

€AT'ER-PIL-LAR,  n.  [The  etymology  of  this  word 
is  uncertain.  Tlie  last  conijwnent  part  of  the  word 
may  be  from  Ft.pUler^  to  pillage  or  peel,  or  from  L. 
piii(.«,  hair.] 

The  colored  and  often  hairy  lava  of  the  Icpidnpter- 
oits  insects.  Tliis  tenn  is  also  applied  to  the  larva; 
of  other  insects,  such  as  the  Tentfiredo,  or  saw-Ily, 
but  is  more  genenilly  confined  to  the  lepulttpter.t. 
Caterpillars  are  produced  immediately  from  the  egg  ; 
they  are  furnished  with  several  pairs  of  feet,  and 
have  the  shape  and  appearance  of  a  worm.  They 
contain  the  embrj'o  of  the  pi^rfect  insect,  inclosed 
within  a  muscular  envelope,  wliich  is  thrown  off 
when  the  insect  enters  the  nymph  or  chrysalis  state, 
in  which  it  remains  for  some  time  as  if  inanimate. 
It  then  throws  off  its  last  envelope,  and  emerges  a 
perfect  insect  Caterpillars  generally  feed  on  leaves 
or  succulent  vegetables,  and  are  sometimes  very  de- 
structive. Ed.  Eneyc     Kirby. 

CAT'ER-PIL-LAR-kAT'ER,  n.  A  worm  bred  in 
the  bodv  of  a  caterpillar,  which  eats  it.  Encyc. 

€AT'ER-WAUL,  v.  i.  [Probably  from  cat  and  wawl^ 
It.  euaiolar'e^  Eng.  wailT] 


CAT 

To  crj*  or  wawl,  as  cats  in  rutting  time  i  to  make 

a  harsh,  offensive  noise. 

e.Vl'ER-WAUI^KNG,  n.  The  cry  of  cats;  a  hursh, 
di.-iagri-eabie  noise  or  cry. 

€A'TKR-y,  ».  The  jilace  where  provisions  are  de- 
posited. 

CATES,  «.  pU     Delicious  food  or  viands  ;  dainties. 

C.AT'GUT,  n.  The  intestines  of  sheep  and  other  ani- 
mals dried  and  twisted,  used  for  strings  of  violins 
and  ottuT  instruments. 

2.  A  sort  of  linen  or  canvas,  with  wide  inler- 
sttce.'J. 

CATII'A-RINE-WHEEL,  n.  In  QotJiic  arckitccturf, 
an  ornamented  window,  or  compartment  of  a  win- 
dow, of  a  circular  form,  with  rosettes  or  radiating 
divisions  or  spokes.  GwUt. 

eATll'A-RIST,  n,    (Gr.  (cnOapoc,  pure.] 

One  who  pretends  to  more  purity  than  others  jhw- 

eA-THXR'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  Infra.]  Purgation;  alvine 
discharges ;  evacuation. 

CA-THXR'Tie,         /  a.     [Gr.  KaBapriKoi^   from   «a- 

CA-TllAR'Tie.AL,  \  Oaptwoi,  xaOaipui,  to  purge,  Ka- 
Oa-j-js,  clean,  »far(i  and  uipw,  to  remove.] 

Purging;  cleansing  the  bowels  ;  promoting  evacu- 
ations by  stool ;  purgative. 

CA-THAR'Tie,  n.  A  medicine  that  promotes  ahine 
di'^charges,  and  thus  cleanses  ilie  stomach  and  bow- 
els ;  a  purge  ;  a  purgative. 

€A-'J'HAR''I'IC-AL-LV,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a  ca- 
thartir. 

eA-THAR'TIC-AL-NESS,  n.  Tho  quality  of  pro- 
muting  discharges  from  the  bowels. 

CA-THAR'TI-NA,  >  n.    A  doubtful  alkaloid,  the   ac- 

CA-THXR'TL\E,  S  t'^e  purgative  principle  of  differ- 
ent s|x.'cies  of  CiiRsia,  popularly  known  as  Senna; 
more  reeenilv  called  Sennin. 

CATH'E-DRAorCA-THE'DRA,  a.  [Gr.]  A  chair; 
appropriately,  the  cliair  or  seat  of  a  person  in  au- 
thority, as  a  chief  or  lecturer. 

€A-THk'DRAL,  n,  [Lat  caUiedra;  Gr.  KaQtipa^  a 
chair  or  seat,  from  nara  and  hfipa^  a  seat] 

The  see  or  seat  of  a  bishop  ;  the  principal  church 
in  a  diocese. 

CA-THe'DHATj,  o.  Pertaining  to  the  church  which 
is  the  bishop's  seat,  or  head  church  of  a  diocese  ; 
containing  the  see  of  a  bishop;  as,  a  cathedral 
cliurch  ;  cathedral  service. 

2.  Resembling  the  aisles  of  a  cathedral ;  as,  cathe- 
dral walks.  Pope. 

eATU'E-DRA-TED,  a.  Relating  to  the  authority  of 
the  chair  or  office  of  a  teacher.  Whitlock. 

CATH'E  RINE-PEAR,  a.     A  sort  of  small  i>ear. 

€ATli'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  Ka')i.Tnp,  from  KaOiript,  to 
thrust  in  ;  Kura  and  hipi,  to  send.] 

In  surrrcry,  a  tubular  instrument,  usually  made  fjf 
silver,  to  be  introduced  into  the  bladder,  to<lraw  off 
the  urine,  when  the  natural  discharge  is  suppressed  ; 
also,  a  sound  to  search  for  the  stone,  or  a  bougie 
made  of  silver  or  elastic  gum.  Encyc     Core. 

eATfl'E-TUH,  n.     [Gr.  kuOcto^.     See  Catheter.] 
In  fTFArtncirij^  a  line  or  radius,  falling  p<;rpendicu- 
Inrly  on  another.    Thus,  the  catheti  of  a  right-angled 
triangle  are  the  two  sides  that  include  the  right  an- 
gle.    [Obs.]  Barlow. 

Cathctojt  of  inciflencfy  in  catoptrics,  is  a  right  line 
drawn  from  a  radiant  point,  perpendicular  to  the  re- 
flecting line,  or  the  plane  of  the  speculum,  or  mirror. 

Barlvw. 
Cathrtujs  of  rrjlectioiiy  or  of  the  eye ;  a  right  line  drawn 
from  the  eye,  or  from  any  point  of  the  reflected  ray, 
perix-'udicular  to  the  plane  of  reflection,  or  of  the 
speculum.  BaHvip. 

In  architecture,  a  cathetus  is  a  perpendicular  line, 
Bup|K)scd  to  pass  throutih  the  middle  of  a  cylindrical 
body.     Also,  the  center  of  the  Ionic  volute.  Encye. 

€.\TH'ODE  (kat'ode,)  n.  [Gr.  Kara,  downward,  and 
or^os,  way.]  In  elr.ciro-chemvftry,  the  way  by  which 
the  electric  current  leaves  substances  through  which 
it  passes,  or  the  surface  at  which  the  electric  current 
pjisses  out  of  the  electrolyte  ;  opposed  to  anode,  and 
equivalent   to  negative  pole. 

CAT'H5I..ES,  71.  In  ships,  two  small  holes  astern, 
above  the  gun-room  jxirts. 

CATH'O-LIC,  a.  [Gr.  KaOo\tKO^,  Kara  and  iXofc, 
from  fiXos,  the  wholly ;  L.  catholicua ;  Fr.  cathohque ; 
Sp.  catolico  ;  It.  cattvUco.] 

1.  Universal  or  general ;  as,  the  catholic  church. 
Originally  this  epithet  was  given  to  the  Chri.*<tian 
church  in  general,  but  is  now  claimed  by  the  Roman 
Catholic  church;  and  in  strictness  there  is  no  visible 
Catholic  church,  or  universal  Christian  communion. 
The  epithet  is  sometimes  set  in  opposition  to  heretic^ 
sectary,  or  schismatic, 

2.  Liberal ;  not  narrow-minded,  partial,  or  bigoted  ; 
as,  a  catholic  man. 

3.  Liberal ;  as,  catholic  principles. 

4.  Pertaininc  to  or  affecting  the  Roman  Catholics  ; 
as.  Catholic  emancipation. 

Catholic  epiMes;  the  epistles  of  the  apostles,  which 
are  addressed  to  all  the  faithful,  and  not  to  a  particu- 
lar church. 
€,ATH'0-Lie,  7U    An  adherent  of  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic church. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.\T  —  METE,  PREY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  M0\T:,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


182 


CAT 

CA-THOL'ie-AT.,  a.     Or-nen»l. 

eA-THOL'I-CI?M  or  CATH'-O-LI-CISM,  n.  Adher- 
ence to  the  Roiiiau  Cathulic  church. 

2.  Universality,  or  the  orthtxlux  I'aith  of  the  whole 
church.  Pcar^uii. 

3.  More  generally,  liberality  of  seiUinicnts. 

TK»  ii  (he  rvr.owiied  uaU  of  OaihoHcum.  £L  D.  Gri^n, 

€ATH-0-I.IC'I-TY,  n.  Tlie  sy^em  of  doctrine,  di-Jci- 
pline,  nnd  worship,  held  by  ihL-  Church  of  Home.  In 
this  sen^e,  the  wonl  is  used  cliJefly  by  Uomun  Cath- 
ohc  writers. 

2.  The  sy:^tem  of  doctrine,  discipline,  and  worship, 
htid  in  conunon  by  the  Latin  or  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  tlie  Oriental  or  Greek  Church,  and  a  part 
of  the  Church  of  England  —  or  the  system  held  by 
the  fathers  and  council:*  of  the  first  five  centuries. 
lu  this  sense,  the  word  is  used  by  suine  writers  of 
the  English  Church.  L.  Bacotu 

€A-Tll(>L'I-CrZE,  r.  i.  To  become  a  Uonian  Catho- 
lic.    [iMlIe  usriJ.] 

eATil'O-Lie-LV,  ado.  Generally;  in  a  catholic 
manner.  Sir  L.  Canj. 

CArU'O-LIC-NTISS,  n.    Universality.         BrcriHt. 

CA-THOL'IC-ON,  «.  [Gr.  KtiUo\tKov  lo/ia,  universal 
remedy.] 

A  remedy  for  all  diseoi^es  ;  a  universal  remedy  j  a 
remedy  supposed  to  be  ellicaciuus  in  purging  away 
all  humors  j  a  panacea ;  a  kind  of  soft  purg;iiive 
electuaiy',  so  called. 

€A-THoL'l€-OS,  Ji.  The  spiritual  head  of  the  Ar- 
menian Church,  who  ordains  bishops,  and  conse- 
crates the  sacred  oil  used  in  religious  ceremonies. 

€AT-ILI-NA'RI-AN,  o.  Resembling  Catiline,  the 
Roman. 

€A'r-l-LI-.\A'RI-AN,  n.  One  who  resembles  Cati- 
line. 

€AT'1-L.IX-I»M,  B.  The  practices  of  Catiline,  the 
Roman  conspirator ;  conspiracy. 

CAT'KIN,  «,  [from  cat  and  kiru]  In  botamj^  an 
ament,  a  species  of  inflorescence!,  consiiitinc  of  many 
scales  mn^U  along  a  stalk,  slendiir  us  a  thread, 
which  is  the  common  receptnct'r,  as  in  hnzt-l,  birch, 
oak,  willow,  poplar,  &c. ;  so  culled  from  its  resem- 
blance to  a  cat's  tail.  Martyn, 

CAT' LING,  Tk  A  dismembering  knife,  used  by  snr- 
getiiis.  Harris. 

2.  The  down  or  moss  growing  about  walnut-trees, 
resembling  the  hair  of  a  cat.  Harris. 

3.  CateuL     Uu.  SAdA. 
eAT'MLVT,  )  n,     A  plant  of  the  genus  Nepeta,  s<.»me- 
CAT'XIP,      \      what  resembling  mint.    Cats  are  fond 

of  it,  and  hence  the  name. 
eA-To'N*I-AN,  a.     Pertaining  to  or  resembling  Cato, 

the  Roman,  who  wa-o  remarkable  for  his  severity  of 

mannepi ;  prave  ;  severe;  inflexible. 
eAT-0-.\r.\E'-TAILS,  n.     A  whip  with  nine  lashes. 
€A-TOP'TER,      >  n.     [Gr.  varoirr/jo*-.        See  Catop- 
€A-TOP'TRON,  \      trics.] 

A  reflecting  optical  glass  or  instrument ;  a  mirror. 

r  Obs.\  I}icL 

€A-TOP'?S{e^AL,  i  «•     i^^  Catoptbic] 
Relating  to  catoptrics,  or  vision  by  reflection. 

€A-T0P'Tiae3,  n-  [Gr.  KuroTTfUtcoi,  from  Ktirov- 
Tooky  a  mirror,  from  icaru,  against,  and  uTrru/iai,  to 
see.] 

Tnat  part  of  optics  which  explains  the  properties 
of  reflected  li[;ht,  and  p:irticularly  that  which  is  re- 
fti'Cted  from  mirrors  or  polished  bodies.  Encyc. 

€A-TOP'TRO-MAN-Cy,  n.  [Gr.  KamnTooiA-ivTua  ; 
KaronTpot',  a  mirror,  and  ;j(i)'r£iii,  divination.] 

A  species  of  divination,  among  the  aneirnts,  which 
was  performed  by  Initing  d<»wn  a  mirror  into  water, 
for  a  sick  person  to  hntk  at  UU  face  in  it.  If  his  coun- 
tenance appeared  distorted  and  ghastly,  it  was  an  ill 
omen  ;  if  fretih  and  healthy,  it  was  favorable.  Encyc. 

€AT'-PTPE,  Tt.    See  Catcah- 

CAT'SUp,  n.     See  Catchup,  Kbtchup. 

€AT'TLE,  n.  sing,  or  pi  [Norm,  eatal,  ehastrl,  and 
cknttera^  goods,  commtnlitie^,  movables  ;  Ann.  rheinl^ 
beasts  ;  Port.  gado.  In  Syr.  and  Ch.  n^  and  n'J  sig- 
nify a  flrwk,  nerd,  iw^session,  goods.  But  Spelman 
alleges  that  the  vvurd  chattel  is  contracted  from  capita^ 
lia^  capiat,  fr<im  caput,  a  word  used  in  the  middle  ages 
for  all  good?),  movable  and  immovable,  answering 
nearly  to  the  nse  of  Gr.  K£<i)a\'ttiit>,  Acts  xxii.  28, 
ir )\X':v  Kfi>a\at'iVy  "  \viih  a  great  price  or  sum  I  ob- 
tained this  freedom."  Uu.  Hp.  caudal^  wealth,  prop- 
erty, capital  sum.  Cattle  mny  be  from  llie  root  of  It. 
eatiare^  to  get,  and  denote  possetssioni*.] 

I.  Ueasli  or  quadniix-ds  in  general,  serving  for  till- 
age or  othT  Inbor,  and  fur  ft»od  to  man.  In  its  pri- 
mary sen-te,  the  word  includes  camels,  horses,  a-sses, 
all  the  varieties  of  domesticated  homed  beasts  or  the 
bovine  genus,  sheep  of  all  kinds,  and  goats,  and  per- 
hap-i  swine.  In  this  general  sense  it  is  cun^ilantly 
used  In  the  Srriptureii.  i^ce  Job  i.  3.  Ifcnce,  it  would 
appear  that  the  word  properly  signifies  pussension^, 

f;oo(l*i ;  but  whether  from  a  word  originally  signify- 
ng  a  beat*t,  —  for  in  early  ages  beasts  constituted  the 
chief  part  of  a  man's  property, —  or  fnjm  a  root  signi- 
fying lo  grt  or  possess,  fit.   KTaofiai,  It.  caltare,  or 


CAU 

from  capitalia,  it  is  not  easy  to  determine.  This  word 
is  re.-tricled  to  domestic  beasts  ;  but,  in  Knclaiol,  it 
includes  luirses,  which  it  ordinarily  does  not  in  the 
United  States,  at  least  not  in  New  England. 

9.  In  t^ie  UniteA  States,  caitle,  in  ciinunon  nsatre, 
signifies  only  beasts  of  the  bovine  genus,  oxen,  bulls, 
cows  and  their  young.  In  the  laws  re.specting  do- 
mestic beast-s,  horses,  sheep,  Jisses,  nnili's  and  swine 
are  distinguished  from  cattle,  orneat  cattle.  Thus  the 
law  in  Connecticut,  retiuiring  "that  all  the  owners 
of  any  cattle,  sheep,  or  swine,  shall  earmark  or  brand 
all  their  caftle,  sheep,  and  swine,"  does  not  extend  to 
liorses.  Yet  it  is  probable  that  a  law,  giving  dam- 
ages for  a  trespass  committed  by  ca^(/p  breaking  into 
an  inclosure,  would  be  adjudged  to  include  liorses. 

In  Great  Britain,  beasts  are  distinguished  into  black 

cattle,  including  bulls,  oxen,  cows  and  their  young, 

and  small  cattle,  including  sheep  of  all  kinds  and 

goats. 

3.  In  rcpnmcA,  human  beings  are  callod  c<2M/«.  Shak. 

€AT'TLE-.SIIoW,  n.  An  exhibition  of  domestic  ani- 
mals for  prizes,  or  the  encouragement  of  agriculture. 

CAT'TV,  n.     A  Chinese  weight  of  \i  pounds. 

CAU-Ca'SIAN,     I  a.    Pertaining  lo  Mount  Caucasus, 

eXU-CA-SK'AN,  i    in  Asia.  ./?-.■.  Kcjea^rfte.s.  Pinkerton. 

eAl,''CUS,  n.  A  word  used  in  America  to  denote  a 
meeting  of  citizens  to  agree  upon  cundidatt^s  to  be 
proposed  for  electiim  to  oftices,  or  to  concert  nieasu 
ures  for  supporting  a  party.  The  origin  of  the  word 
is  not  ascertained. 

eAl^''l>AL,  a.     [L.  Cauda,  a  tail.] 

Pertaining  to  a  tail,  or  to  the  thread  which  termi- 
nates tlie  Sited  of  a  plant.  Botany. 

CAU'DA'lE,       )  r,  .  .   -n 

CAU'DA-TED,  \  '^     t^-  cauda,  a  tajl.] 

Having  a  tail;  having  a  long  termination  like  a 
tail.  Fairfax. 

CAIJ'DEX,  n. ;  pL  Caudexes.  [L.]  In  botany,  the 
(item  of  a  tree.  Linnajus  uses  the  word  for  the  stock 
which  proceeds  from  a  seed,  one  part  ascending,  and 
forming  the  body  above  ground  ;  the  other  descend- 
ing, and  putting  forth  roots.  Martyn.     Darwin, 

CAU'DLE,  «.  [Fr.  chaudeaa,  from  chnud,  warm  or 
hot,  by  contraction  from  L.  calidus  or  its  nxil ;  It. 
caUo.] 

A  kind  of  warm  drink  ;  a  mixture  of  wine  and 
other  ingredients  prepared  for  the  sick.     fViseman, 

CAU'DLE,  tj.  (.  To  make  or  prepare  caudle,  or  to  dress 
with  caudle.  Shak. 

€AUF,  «.     [Probably  from  the  root  of  cojfrr.] 

A  chest  with  holes  for  keeping  fish  alive  in  water. 

Jfsk. 

CAUGHT,  (kawt,)  prct.  and  pp.  of  Catch. 

CAUK.     See  Cawk. 

CAUL,  n.  TL.  caida,  a  fold,  from  the  root  of  AoU.  See 
Hold.]       ' 

1.  In  anatomy,  a  membrane  in  the  abdomen,  cover- 
ing the  greatest  part  of  the  lower  intestines,  called, 
from  its  stnicture,  reticulum,  a  net,  but  more  generally 
Vie  mncntum  :  also,  a  little  membnine  sometimes  en- 
compassing a  child  when  born  :  the  amnion.  Kneyc. 

2.  A  kind  of  ixt  in  which  females  inclose  their 
hair  ;  the  hinder  part  of  a  cap.  IJryden. 

3.  Any  kind  of  net,  Orew. 
CAU-LES'CE.\T,  a.     [L.  cautis,  a  stalk  ;  Gr.  wuiiAof. 

Sec  Cole.] 

In  botany,  having  an  herbaceous  stem,  which  bears 
both  leaves  and  fructificat)i>n. 
CAU-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  caulis,  a  stem,  and  fcro,  to 
bear.] 

In  oofany,  the  same  as  Caulescent. 
CAU'LLFLOW-ER,  n.     [It.  pavoljiore  ;  L.  cntdis  ;  W. 
CUM?/,  D.  kool,  and  ^i/'cr.] 

A  variety  of  Rras^ica  or  cabbage,  well  known  and 
much  esteemed. 
CAU'LI-FOIlM,a.  [L.  caiJu,a8tem,and/tfrnia,fonn.] 

Ilavins  the  form  of  a  caulis, 
CAU'LI.N'E,  (-lin,)  a.    [L.  eaulif,  a  stalk.] 

In  botany,  growing  unmediately  on  a  caulis. 
CAU'LIS,  n.     fGr.  Kav\o^.] 

An  herbaceous  stem,  bearing  both  leaves  and  fruc- 
CAULK.    See  Calk.  [tifitation. 

€A(f-MAT'lC,  a.     Of  the  nature  of  cauina,  which  is 

li  simple  phlogistic  fever. 
Cv\UP'0-NATE,  r.  i.     [L.  caHponor^ 

Tn  keep  a  victualing  house,     [Jvnt.  in  use.'] 
C.^UP'O-NiaE,  V.  t.    To  sell  wine  or  victuals.    [JVot 

in  tue.]  Warburtiin. 

eAU»'A-nLE,(i.   [See  Cause.]    That  may  be  caused, 

produced,  or  etfected.  Ash. 

CAUS'AL,  a.  [See  Cause.]  Relating  to  a  cause  or 
causes  ;  implymg  or  containing  a  cause  or  causes  ; 
expressing  a  cause. 

Cittu.-il  prupovitlona  nn  whftr«  two  propoaltioos  mn  Jiiln^d  hj 
cauaal  wonUt,  u  I/ioi  or  btca,v4t.  WaUM. 

CAUS'AL,  Tu  In  fframmar,  a  word  that  expresses  a 
cause,  or  introduces  the  reason.  Harris. 

CAUS-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  aecncy  of  a  cause  ;  the  ac- 
tion or  [K)Werof  a  cause,  in  producing  its  efft-ct. 

2.  In  phrenolofry,  the  faculty  of  tracing  eflecta  to 
their  rauses. 

e^US'AL-LY,  adv.  According  to  the  order  or  series 
of  causes.  Johnson.     Brovta. 


CAU 

CAUS'AIj-TY,  n.  Among  miners,  the  lit'liter,  earthy 
parts  of  <»re,  carried  otl'  by  washing.  Kncyc. 

CAUS-A'TION,  71.  The  act  of  causing  or  producing  ; 
I'iie  act  or  agency  by  which  an  elfect  is  produced. 

Brojcn, 

CAUS'A-TIVR,  a.  That  expresses  a  cause  or  reason  ; 
also,  that  efl'erls  as  a  cause.  Johnson. 

CAUS'A-Tl  VK-LY,  ado.     In  a  causative  manner. 

CAUS-A'TOR,  71.  One  who  causett  or  produces  an 
effect.  Brown. 

CAUSE,  (kauz,)  n.  [Fr.  caiue;  Sp.  Port,  and  It.  causa; 
ii.  causa,  from  the  Celtic  ;  Welsh  acaws,  cfl^ecting 
power,  allied  to  cais,  elTort,  ceLsimr^o  seek  or  go  af- 
ter, to  attempt ;  Arm.  cans  or  cos.  The  primary  sense 
is  Ui  urge,  press,  impel,  like  sequor,  whence  suit; 
hence,  to  accuse,  tv  attack  or  follow  with  a  charge, 
'i'lie  root  of  this  word  coincides  with  that  of  ciuith; 
cn-v(,&.c.,  which'express  a  driving.  A  cause  is  that 
which  moves,  excites,  or  impels,  to  action  or  eftect ; 
in /flw,  a  pressing  for  a  claim.  (See  CiuESTioN.)  Cause, 
sake,  and  thing,  have  the  like  radical  sense.] 

1.  A  suit  or  action  in  court;  any  legal  process 
which  a  party  institutes  to  obtain  his  demand,  or  by 
which  lie  seeks  his  right,  or  his  supposed  right.  This 
is  a  legal,  scriptnralj  and  popular  use  of  the  word, 
Coinciding  nearly  with  case,  from  cado,  and  action, 
from  ago,  to  urge  or  drive. 

The  caiite  of  Uith  partic-i  ali&ll  come  before  the  Judgpi.  — Ex. 

9.  That  which  produces  an  effect;  that  which  im- 
pels into  existence,  or  by  its  agency  or  operation 
jiroduces  what  did  not  before  exist ;  that  by  virtue  of 
which  any  thing  is  done  ;  that  from  which  any  thing 
proceeds,  and  without  which  it  would  not  exist. 

Cauae  is  k  siilttiunct;  cxenitig  its  povcr  iiito  act,  to  make  a  tiling 
b^i^n  lo  1)0.  Locke. 

3.  The  reason  or  motive  that  urges,  moves,  or  im- 
pels the  mind  to  act  or  decide. 

For  this  cnaae  have  I  r.iia^d  up  Pharaoh.  —  Kx.  fx. 
And  Davkl  Kiid,  U  ihere  not  &  cauM  ?  —  1  Siun,  xviL 

4.-Sake ;  account, 

I  did  ii  not  for  hia  cause  tliat  had  done  tlie  wrotig.  —  2  Cor.  vii. 

5.  That  which  a  party  or  nation  pursues  ;  or  rath- 
er pursuit,  prosecution  of  an  object.  We  say,  Bible 
societies  are  engaged  in  a  noble  caiwe.  [See  the  first 
definition.]  Hence  the  word  cause  is  used  to  denote 
that  which  a  person  or  thing  favors;  that  to  which 
the  efforts  of  an  intelligent  being  are  directed  ;  as, 
to  promote  religion  is  to  advance  the  caitse  of  God. 
So  we  say,  the  cause  of  trutli  or  of  justice.  In  all 
its  applications,  canse  retains  something  of  its  origi- 
nal meaning  —  struggle^  impelling  force,  contest, 
elfort  to  obtain  or  to  elltxt  someiliing. 

6.  Without  cause  ;  without  good  reason  ;  without  a 
reason  or  motive  to  justify  the  act. 

They  bu,te  me  vilhout  iiauge.  —  Pa.  xxxv.  biix, 
CAUSE,  V.  t.    To  produce  ;  to  bring  into  existence. 
Th*^y  cautett  gTcat  Joy  to  nil  die  hrediR'n.  —  Acts  xv, 

2.  To  effect  by  agency,  power,  or  influence. 

I  will  cauae  it  lo  rdn  on  lh<-  earth  furly  dJivs.  — ticn.  vii. 
1  will  cauf  him  tit  toll  liy  Ute  awunl.  —  2  Kings  x'a. 

CAUSE,  V.  i.    To  assign  insufiicient  cause.    [Obs.] 

Sprnser. 

€AV9'ED, pp.     Produced;  effected;  broucht  about. 

CAUSE'LESS,  (kauz'less,)  a.  Having  no  cause  or 
producing  agent.  Blackmore, 

2,  Wiih»)Ut  Just  ground,  reason,  or  motive;  as, 
catiseletfs  hatred  ;  causeless  rear. 

Fairfar.      Waller,     Pror.  xxvi. 

eAUSE'LES.S-LY,  (kauz'less-Iy,)  ado.  Without  canse 
or  reason.         .  Taylor. 

CAUSi'VLESS-NESS,  (kauz'lesa-ness,)  n.  The  state 
of  beitie  causeless.  Hammond. 

CAUS'EU,  71.  He  that  causes;  the  agent  by  which 
an  effect  is  produced.  Johnson.     Sidney. 

CAUSE'WaY,  J  n.      [Norm,  calsay ;   Fr.  cfiaasee,  for 

CAU'SEY,  )      chanlMc,  a  bank,  or   raised  way; 

Arm.  ehau^zer,  the  bank  or  mole  of  a  [K>nd.  Tlie 
Spanish  has  cahada,  a  causey,  or  way  paved  and 
raised  ;  Port,  cat^mia,  a  pavement,  and  stones  used 
in  paving.  Both  these  words  are  evidently  from  the 
same  root  as  Sp.  calia.t.  Port,  cal^ado,  Sp.  culzado, 
hos<;,  loose  breeches,  trowscrs,  shoes,  Vr.  chansse: 
and  the  French  word  is  evidently  the  same,  with  the 
loss  of  i.  The  sense  is  probably  taken  frotn  putting 
on,  covering.  Port,  cat^ar,  to  put  on  shoes  or  stock- 
ings, to  pave  ;  Sp.  caliar,  id. ;  L.  ealceo,  calecus.] 

A  way  raised  above  the  natural  level  of  the  ground, 
by  stones,  earth,  limber,  ftiscines,  &,c,  serving  as  a 
dry  passaf^e  over  wet  or  marshy  ground,  or  as  a  m<du 
to  confine  water  to  a  pond,  or  restrain  it  from  over- 
flow ing  lower  ground.  a5so,  a  road  laid  regularly 
with  st(tne3. 

CAUSE'Wa Y-/i;D,  )  a.     Having   a  causey,  or  raised 

e.\U'SEY-/^D,  S      "'=>y-  Jhnijfht. 

CAU-SIICIC-AL,  a.     [L.  cau^idicua,  causa  nnd  dtco.] 
Ptirtaining  to  an  advocate,  or  to  tlie  maiulenanco 
and  defense  of  suits. 

€AU$'l^ti,ppr.  Fioducing;  effecting;  bringinginto 
being. 


TONE,  BULTi,  TiNITE.  — AN"OEa,  VI"C10US €  aa  K ;  6  »■  J;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  ai  in  THIS. 


163 


CAU 

€AU8'TI€,  )  a.   [Or.  Trtprrricosjfroni  ^uiw,  vaotro), 

eXUSTie-AL,  I      U»  bum.] 

Burning;  corroding}  d«MrQ>'ing  the  texiure  of  an- 
lm:il  rtesb. 
2.  Far.  severe ;  as,  a  ean9tic  remnrk. 
Causttc  curve ;  in  geometry,  a  curve  to  which  the 
n>-s  orit^ht^  reflrcletl  or  n'frari*»ii  by  nnoiher  fur\-e, 
are  tnncfiu^.  This  curve  is  of  twu  kinds,  viz.,  the 
t^ttacansticy  formed  by  retlectiun,  and  Ibe  diaeaHstiCf 
furmetl  hv  refraction.  Oiriiu 

€AUtf'Tie,  n.  In  mnlirine,  any  substiinee  which,  ap- 
plied to  living  animaH,  acts  like  fire,  in  curroding 
the  pan  and  dissolving  its  te.\itin' :  an  escharottc 
lAoutr  eaustie:  a  preiwinilion  of  silver,  obtained  by 
scdulion  in  nitric  arid,  and  afterward  fused  fn  a 
crucible.     It  i«  a  nitrate  of  silver.  J^'cMoltotu 

e^t'S-TIC'I-TY,  B.  The  quality  of  actiuK  like  fire 
on  aninuU  matter,  or  the  qtinlity  of  combining  with 
the  principlM  of  organixed  substances,  and  destroy- 
ing their  wxtare.  I'his  quality  belongs  lu  concen- 
trated acids,  pure  alkalis,  and  some  metallic  salts. 
2.  Fi^.  severity,  cutting  remark. 
CACS'Tie-NESS,  a.    The  quality  of  being  caustic 

SeoU. 

C^WTEIa,  n.    [h.  cmtfete,  from  oovee,  to  take  can.] 

'  Cautktn.    [Xu  usad,]  Skak, 

€AL"T£L-OU3,  a.    [Fr.  onrtrfau,  firom  L.  eoiitela.] 

1.  Cautious;  wary,  providenL  H'oUoh. 

2.  Cunning:  treacherous    wily.  Speuj'er. 
CAUTEL-OUd-LY,  a^a.    Cunningly;  slily;  treach- 

cruusly.  fidcns. 

a.  Cautiously  ;  warily,  Broioa. 

€^L''TEI*-Ortfi-XESi>,  a.    Cautiousness. 

CArTER,  a.    A  searing  hot  iron.  MinOetu 

CAUTER-lSM,  a.    The  application  of  cautery. 

FarrctuL 

eAU-TER^I-ZA'TIOX,  a.  [See  CtPTtRitK-l  In 
iurgtrtf,  the  act  of  burning  ur  searinic  souie  morbid 
port,  by  the  applir.itton  ^  Are.  This  is  done  b^ 
burning  tow,  coltun,  inoxa,  Spanish  wax,  pyramidi- 
cal  pieces  of  linen,  Ace,  ur  man  generally  by  a  hot 
hxin.  AJnevc 

CAU'TER  rZE,  eu  t,  JFr.  t^terutr;  Sp.  siid  Port- 
eatiUrizar ;  lU  cttMienzzarf ;  tir.  cui-rir^ta^ui,  from 
vtiiTif-i,  a  burning  or  branding  iron,  frum  kuiu,  to 
bum.] 

To  burn  or  sear  with  Ore  or  a  hot  iron,  as  morbid 
fleiih. 

€AC'TER-IZ-in),  iip.  or  a.  Burnt  or  seared  with  a 
hiA  iron. 

CAC'TEH-rZ-IXG,  frpr.    Burninc,  xi  with  a  hot  iron. 

CAC'TER-IZ-ING,  a.  TIic  act  of  burning,  as  with  a 
hoc  iron. 

€AU'TER-Y,  a.    [Gr.  tavrtpto^i  L.  eauUriim.    See 

CArTKRIZt.] 

A  burning  or  searing,  as  of  morbid  flesh,  by  a  hot 
tn*n,  or  by  caustic  medicines  thai  bum,  corrode,  or 
destroy  any  solid  part  of  an  animal  body.  The 
bumine  by  a  hot  intn  is  called  actual  cautery;  Uiat 
by  caustic  medicines,  potmiial  cauter)'. 
€AIVTIO\,  R.  [L.  eaaXio;  ¥r,  eoaijoa;  Bp.  cancum ; 
Vrom  L.  carco,  to  take  care.  Bee  Class  Gb,  No.  3,  5d, 
53,  83.  The  sen^  of  mvm  is  probably  to  retire,  or 
to  stop,  check,  or  hold.] 

1.  Provident  care  ;  prudence  in  rccnrd  to  danger  ; 
wariness,  consisting  in  a  careful  atti-ntion  to  the 
pn^tabte  etfi'cts  of  a  meajsure,  and  a  judicious  course 
of  conduct  to  aroid  evils  and  the  arts  of  designing 
men. 

OtMfAifit  ii  ^  VTBOt  to  defeod  la  KpihMt  {raposkkui  and  the  aA- 
tadUof  c-viU 

2.  Security  for,  nearly  the  sense  of  the  French 
caaiiM,  baiL 

TtepuauBfaCwMMgtwUiB]BjcMjaaBdea(flB*itfra  tint  Oko 


X  Provision  or  security  against ;  measures  taken 
for  security ;  as,  the  rules  aud  caution*  of  govern- 
menL 

4.  Precept;  advice;  injunction;  warning;  exhor- 
tation, intended  as  security  or  guard  n^ain^i  evil. 

5.  Vml^arUf,  a  waniin?,  or  reason  fur  caution ;  as, 
the  manner  be  beat  bim  was  a  cavdion. 

CAU'TIOX,  c-  u  To  give  notice  of  danger  ;  to  warn  ; 
to  exhort  to  take  heed. 

Tou  cavAonad  lat  a^wHt  tb^ir  chantu.  Sia^/L 

€An'TION-A-RY,  a.  Containing  caution,  «  warn- 
ing to  avoid  danger ;  as,  eautioitary  advice. 

3.  Given  as  a  pledge  or  in  security  ;  as,  a  caution- 
am  town. 

e^OTlOS-EDj  pp.  Warned;  previously  admon- 
ished. 

€AU'TIO.V-ER,  n.  In  Scots  lav,  the  person  who  is 
bound  for  another  to  the  performance  of  an  obli- 
gation. 

€AU'TrON*-I\G,  ppr.  Warning;  giving  previous 
notice  of  danger. 

CAU'TIO.V-RY,  n.  In  Scots  lav,  the  act  of  giving 
security  fur  another,  or  the  obligation  by  which  one 
person  becomes  engaged  as  security  for  another,  that 
he  shall  pay  a  sum  of  money  or  perform  a  deed. 

JEnctfc 

CAU'TroiTS,  a.  Wary  ;  watchful ;  caroful  to  avoid 
evils  ;  attentive  to  examine  probable  effects  and  con- 


CAV 

sequences  of  measures,  with  a  view  to  avoid  danger 
or  nii-fiirtune  ;  iinulmi ;  rin-nui-jp-'ct. 

€AU'TIOL'>^-LY,  adt\  With  caution;  in  a  warj', 
Bcrupulous  mniiuer. 

eAU'TIOCS-NESl*,  n.  The  quality  of  being  cau- 
tious ;  watchfuliicsj; ;  provident  care  ;  c ircuinspec- 
tion  ;  pru.lciire  with  repard  to  dangt^r.        ji'Ui.-'un. 

C.W'AL-C^DE,  w.  [Ft.  cacaUa.ie ;  Hi*,  cabal ifada  ;  It. 
eavalciita.     See  Catalbt.] 

A  procession  of  persons  on  horseback ;  a  formal, 
pompous  march  of  horsemen  and  equipage,  by  way 
of  jnrade,  or  to  grace  a  triumph,  the  public  entry  of 
a  person  of  distinction,  &:c 

€AV-A-Lir:R',  n.     fFr.    See  Catalrv.}     A  horse- 
man, especially  an  armed  horseman  ;  a  IcnighL 
fi:  A  gay,  sprightly,  militar)'  man. 

3.  The  appellation  of  Uie  party  of  King  Charles  I. 

Sirift. 

4.  In  furtiJieatioH^  an  ele\'ation  of  earth,  situated 
ordinarily  in  the  gorge  of  a  bastion,  bordered  with  a 
parapet,  with  embrasures.  Enctjc. 

5.  In  tAc  mancire,  one  who  understands  horseiuun- 
ship;  one_ skilled  in  the  art  of  ridintr. 

CAV-A-LIER',  tb    Gay;  sprigluly  ;  warlike ;  brave; 
generous.     [0/w.] 
S.  Ilaught)' ;  disdainfhi. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  cavaliers,  or  party  of  Charles  I. 
€AV-A-LIeR'1SM,  n.    The  practice  or  principles  of 

cavalier«._  Scott. 

e.AV-A-LlER'LY,  adv.     Haughtily;  arropantly  ;  dis- 

dainfuIIV-_  fVarhurton. 

€.\V-A-UeR'\ESS,  a.  Haughtiness  i  a  disdainful 
manner. 

€AV'AL-RY,  n.  [Fr.  eavalerie,  from  rarntier,  a  horse- 
man, and  this  from  cAcr<i/,  a  horse,  whence  caralcmlc ; 
lu  cavaUoy  a  horse,  eavaliere^  pavaltiUa  ;  Sp.  eaballoy 
cahalleroy  cabatgada^  from  L.  cabaltus,  a  horse  ;  Ir. 
A^fofi  and  peoZf ,-  Russ.  fcofr^a.  a  maru ;  Gt,  KatitXXrjiy 
a  pnck-horsej 

A  bttdy  ot  military  trfwps  on  horses;  a  geneml 
term,  including  light-horse,  dragoons,  and  other 
bodies  of  men,  ser>'ing  on  horseback.  Eitetfc. 

ei'VATE,  r.  *.    fL.  caro,  to  make  hollow.] 

To  dig  out  and  make  hollow  ;  but  sujierseded  by 

ExCATATE. 

€A'Vi-TED,  pp.    Made  hollow. 

eAV-A-Tt'.VX,  (kav-a-te'nU,)  n.  [It.]  In  muxic,  a 
short  air,  without  a  return  or  second  part,  which  is 
sometimes  relieved  by  recitative.  Biuby. 

eA'VA-TIXG,  ppr.     Slaking  hollow. 

€.V-VA'Z10\,  (ka-va'thuti,)  n.  [L.  earo,  to  hollow.] 
In  arch itf dare,  the  u)idi-rtlicE!ing  ur  hollowing  of  the 
earth,  for  the  foundation  of  a  building,  or  for  cellar- 
age, allowed  to  be  ttie  sixth  part  of  the  hight  of  the 
building  Jokn^on.     Bailey. 

CAVE,  R.     [Ft.  cane;  L.  eacea;  Sp.  caeoa;  It.  cava; 

Arm.  cuff'j  or  cau  j  W.  ogoo ;  Hindoo,  gopa ;  Ar.  t^j\ji 

kauba,  to  dig  out  or  excavate,  or  C      sLs*  gaufa,  to  be 
hollow.     Class  Gb,  No.  8,  71.] 

A  hollow  place  in  the  earth  ;  a  subterraneous  cav- 
ern ;  a  den.  This  may  be  natural  or  artificial.  The 
primitive  inhabitants  of  the  earth,  in  many  countries, 
lived  in  caves ;  and  the  present  inhabitants  of  some 
parts  of  the  earth,  especially  in  the  high  northern 
latitudes,  occupy  caves,  particularly  in  winter. 

Lot  dwelt  ui  a  cave,  h?  and  hU  dnugliten.  — Gen,  xii. 

Cbow  were  also  used  for  the  burial  of  the  dead. 

Atnfaam  buiied  Sanh  in  the  oom  or  the  &clJ  or  MaclipcUb. — 
Geo.  xxi3. 

Bacon  applies  the  word  to  the  ear ;  "  the  cave  of  the 
C-ar  ; "  but  this  application  is  unusual. 

€XVE,  c.  (.     To  make  hollow.  Spertsn: 

CAVE,  r.  t.    To  dwell  in  a  cave.  Skak. 

To  cave  in  ;  to  fall  in  and  leave  a  hollow,  as  earth 
on  the  side  of  a  well  or  pit.  Wht-n,  in  digging  into 
the  earth,  the  side  is  excavated  by  a  falling  of  a  ipiaii- 
tity  of  earth,  it  is  said  to  cave  in.  Farbtj. 

C^'V'"E-A,  n.  [L.]  In  ancient  architecture^  a  term  applied 
to  the  dens  or  stables  for  wild  beas^ts,  under  the  seats 
and  around  the  arches  of  an  amphitheater.    Klmes. 

e.\'VE^AT,  n.  [L.  caveat,  let  him  beware,  from  ca- 
veo.] 

1.  In  law,  a  process  in  a  court,  especially  in  a  spir- 
itual court,  to  stop  proceedings,  as  to  stop  the  provinj; 
of  a  will ;  also,  to  prevent  the  institution  of  a  clerk 
to  a  benefice.  Black.ttune. 

In  America,  it  is  used  in  courts  of  common  law. 
Crunch's  Reports. 

2.  Intimation  of  caution ;  bint ;  warning  ;  admo- 
nition 

3.  In  the  patent  laws  of  the  United  States^.a.  descrip- 
tion of  some  invention,  designed  to  be  patented, 
lodged  in  the  office  before  the  patent  right  is  taken 
ouL  It  operati^s  as  a  bar  to  applications,  respecting 
the  same  invention,  from  any  other  quarter. 

CA'VE-AT,  V.  L    To  enter  a  caveat. 

Judge  Inne.'i,  Cranch's  Reports. 

€l'VK-AT  EMP'TOR.  Let  the  purchaser  beware; 
that  is,  let  him  examine  the  quality  of  wh.it  he  buys, 
since  the  risk  lies  with  him.  Boucier. 


CAV 

eA'VE-X-TIM?,  n.  In  fntcinv,  is  the  shifting  the 
sword  from  one  side  of  that  of  your  adversary  lu  tlie 
other.  Encyc 

CA'VE-A-TOR,  n.    One  who  enters  a  caveat. 

Judge  Innes,  CraitcJt's  Reports. 
CAVERN,  n,     [L.  cavema  :  Bp.  Port,  and  iL  id.  This 
Won!  serms  to  be  composed  of  cavtis,  and  the  Irax. 
am,  a  secret  place.     See  Tavern  and  Bar:».] 

A  d'^ep,  hollow  place  in  the  earth.    In  g<neral,  it 
diiTrs  from  cave  in  greater  depth,  and  in  being  ap- 
plitrd  most  usu;UIy  to  natural  hollows  or  chasms. 
Kiirih  with  lu  cauemt  d.irk  ami  devp.  WalU. 

CAV'EKX-EI),  a.    Full  of  caverns  or  deep  chasms; 

having  caverns. 

2.  Iiilialiitinfi  a  cavern.  Popr. 

CAVERN-UUS,  a.     [L.  cavernoj^vs.]     Hollow  ;  full  of 

caverns  ;  filled  with  small  cavities.  Wuodjrard. 

[Fabi-r    uses    cavcriud^    which    is    less    reguhirly 


formed.] 
M-VKlt.N'U-l 


CA-VKlt.N'U-LOUS,  a.  [L.  eavemula.1  Full  of  little 
cavities  ;  as,  caocrnulous  metal.  Black. 

€A-VET'T0,  «.  [from  It.  cavo.]  In  arckitecturr,  a 
hollowed  inoUling,  whose  profile  is  tiie  quadrant  of  a 
circle  ;  used  principally  in  cornices.  OwUl 

GAV'E-ZON,    i  n.     [Fr.  cave^on,  or  eaves.io7i:   It.  ca- 

CA V'Ed-SO.\,  \  vexzone,  a  muKzle  for  a  horse,  from 
cavare,  to  draw.] 

A  sort  of  nose-band,  of  iron,  leather,  or  wood, 
sometimes  flat,  and  sometimes  hollow  or  twisted, 
which  is  put  on  Uie  nose  of  a  horse  to  wring  it,  and 
thus  to  forward  the  suppling  and  breaking  of  liini. 
Fiirrier^s  Diet. 

CA-VtARE,  Cka-veer',)  )  n.     [Sp.   cabial;   It.   cavialf.; 

CAV'i-XR,  (kav'e-ar,  ,  „ 

Ar^Uxri  khahiar.     The 

Arabic  verb  yXii  khabara,  from  which  this  word  is 

foimed,  signifies  to  try,  to  strain,  or  press,  and  to 
season  with  faU  It  may  coincide  with  the  Gr.  7rci/oii<iJ, 
L.  ecfieriirr.] 

The  roes  of  certain  large  fish,  prepared  and  salted. 
The  beat  is  made  fmni  the  roes  of  the  sterlet,  stur- 
geon, sevruga,  and  beluga,  caught  in  the  lakes  or 
rivers  of  Russia.  The  roes  are  put  into  a  bag  with  a 
strong  brine,  and  pressed  by  wringing,  and  then  dried 
and  put  in  casks  or  into  cisterns,  perforated  ut  bottom, 
whore  they  are  pressed  by  heavy  weights.  The  poor- 
est stiTt  is  trodden  with  the  feel.  Tvokc. 

Caviare  was  c(msidered  as  a  delicacy,  by  some,  in 
Shakspearc's  time,  but  not  relished  by  most.  Hence 
Hamlet  says  of  a  certain  play,  *'  'Twas  caviare  to  the 
general,"  t  e.  to  the  common  people,  who  could  nut 
relish  or  understand  it. 

CAV'I-CORN,  71.  [L.  ciivus  and  comu.]  A  ruminant 
animal  having  tlie  horns  hollowed  like  a  slieath,  aud 
planted  on  a  bony  process  of  the  front,  as  the  ante- 
lope. 

GA V'lL,  V.  i.  [Sp.  cavilar ;  Port,  cnvillar ;  It.  cavUlare  ,* 
L.  cariUor;  D.  kibbclen  ;  Oriental  S^p  ;  Ch.  to  cry  out 
or  complain  ;  Syr.  to  accuse,  oppose,  censure.] 

1.  To  raise  captious  and  frivolous  objections;  to 
find  fault  without  good  reason  ;  followed  by  at. 

It  ii  better  to  reason  Uian  to  cavil.  Anon. 

9.  To  advance  futile  objections,  or  to  frame  soph- 
isms, for  the  sake  of  victory  in  an  argument. 
CAVIL,  tJ.  t.    To  receive  or  treat  with  objecUons. 

Wilt  thou  enjoj  ilie  good, 
Th''n  caoii  the  conditions  f  MlHon. 

'iXot  usual  1 
CAV'lL,  71.     FaWe  or  frivolous  objections  ;  also,  a  fal- 
lacious kind  of  reason,  bearing  some  resemblance  to 
truth,  advanced  for  the  sake  of  victorj'. 

Johnson.     Eneyr.. 
CAV'IL-ER,  n.    One  who  cavils  ;  one  who  is  apt  to 
raise  captious  objections ;  a  captious  disputant. 

A'ldison. 
CAV'IL-IXG,  ppr.  or  a.    Raising  frivolous  objections. 
CA  V'lI^-lNiJ,  n.     The  raising  of  frivolous  obJL-ctions. 
CAV'IL-ING-LY,  adv.     In  a  caviling  manner. 

SheriBOod. 
CAV-IL-LA'TION,  n.      [L.   eavillatio.]     The  act   or 
practice  of  caviling,  or  raising  frivolous  objections. 

Ifiiukcr. 
CAV'IL-OUS,  a.    Captious;  unfair  in  argument;  apt 

to  oliject  without  good  reason.  Ayliffi: 

CAV'IJj-OtJS-LY,  adv.     In  a  cavilous  manner;  cap- 
tiously. Milttiii. 
CAV'IL-OUS-NESS,  n.    Captiousness ;  disposition  ur 

aptitude  to  raise  frivolous  objections. 
e.W'IN,  n,     [Fr.,  from  L.  cavus,  hollow.] 

In  the  military  art,  a  hollow  way,  or  natural  hollow, 
adapti'd  to  cover  troops,  and  facilitate  their  approach 
to  a  place.  Johnson.     Bailey. 

CAV'l-TY,  71.  [L.  cavitas;  Fr.  cavit^  ;  from  L.  cavus, 
hollow.] 

A  hollow  place  ;  hollowness  ;  an  opening  ;  as,  the 
cavity  of  the  mouth  or  throat.    [This  is  a  word  of  very 
general  significatioH.] 
€AV'0-LL\-ITE,  tu    [from  Cavolini,  a  Neapolitan  nat- 
uralist.] 
A  variety  of  Nepheline,  which  see. 
Ca'VY,  71.     A  genus  of  quadrupeds,  embracing  the 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.^T.— METE,  PR£Y.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 
134  ~ 


CA-Z'TC, 
€A-Zia('E',  i 
ill  America. 
CEASE,  V. 


CEI 

CSuinea  pie,  hr-tding  a  miildlo  place  between  tlie  mti- 

rine  and  leporine  tribes.  Encyc. 

€A\V,  V.  i.     [Probably  from  tlie  sou  nil  j  Silx.  cfo,  a 

crow  or  a  jay.] 
To  cry  like  a  crow,  rook,  or  raven. 
TAWK,  j  JL    A  name  given  by  miners  to  an  opaque, 
eAUK,  \     massive,  oi  compact  variety  of  sulpliate  of 

bHr>'ta. 
CAVVK'Y,  a.    Pertaining  to  cawk  j  like  cawk. 

,  Wvodward. 

CAAV-TNG,  n.    TTie  crj-  of  the  crow,  rook,  or  raven. 
CAX'OU,  n.    [Sp.  eara,  caion,']    A  chest  of  ore^it  of  any 

meuil  that  has  been  burnt,  ground,  and  waslied,  and 

i*  readv  to  be  refined.  Ckalmerfi. 

€.^Y-EXi\E'  PEP  PER,  v.     A  verj-  pnngeot  pepper, 

the  produce  of  some  species  of  Caiwicum. 
€AY'MAX,  n.   An  animal  of  tlie  gL-nu3  Lacerta,  found 

in  the  West  Indies  ;  the  alligator. 

( (ka-zeek',)  n.     The  title  of  a  king  or 
chief,  among  several  tribes  of  Indians 

[Fr.  cesser;  Sp.  ecsar;  Port,  cessar;  It. 
cessare;  1*.  c&*.vo.] 

1.  To  slop  movine,  actinjr,  or  speaking;  to  lea\e 
off;  to  give  over;  followed  by  from  before  a  noun. 

It  U  ati  honor  for  a  man  to  ceaee  from  strife.  —  Prov .  xx . 

2.  To  fail  J  to  be  wanting. 

The  poor  ihall  never  aase  out  of  the  Uml.  —  D«'UT.  xv. 

3.  To  stop  ;  to  be  at  an  end  ;  as,  the  woudi  r 
ceases  !  the  stortD  iias  ceased. 

4.  To  be  forgotten. 

1  wcnild  moke  the  retDembnnee  of  them  to  etas«.  —  Dfuu  x  s  il. 

5.  To  abstain  ;  as,  ee^ise  fntm  ajigcr.     Ps.  xxxvii. 
T\>  cease  from  labor,  is  to  rest ;  to  cease  from  strift, 

is  to  be  quiet ;  but  in  such  phnutes  the  sense  of  caue 
i»  not  varied. 
C£ASE,  D.  L    To  put  a  stop  to ;  to  put  an  end  to. 

t'toMt  ihia  impknu  rafc.  AJUtam, 

[But  in  this  use  the  phrase  is  generalhj  elliptical.'] 
CfiA.'^E,  n.     Extinction.     [JVW  i«  i«^.]  Shak. 

C£AS'f;D,  (seest,)  pp.     Stopped  ;  ended. 
CeASE'LESS,  a.     Without  a  stop  or  pause  ;  ince*- 
sant ;  continual ;  without  intermission. 

All  these  wiih  ceaseltss  pniist:  his  wurks  tiehoiJ.  A/i/lon. 

S.  Endless ;  enduring  forever ;  an,  tlic  ceaseless  jo}'s 
of  heaven. 

CeASE'LESS-LY,  aJo.    Incessantly}  perpetually. 

Donae. 

CEAS'ING,  ppr.  Stopping;  ending;  desisting;  fail- 
ing- 

CEAS'IXG,  h.    Cessation  ;  stop  ;  intermission. 

CEe-CHI.N',  (che-keen',)  n.  A  coin  of  Italy  and  Bar- 
bar>'.     [.See  Zechis.] 

CE'CI-TV,  n.     [L.  cacitas^  from  c<Kits,  blind.] 

Blindness.  Broien, 

CE-CC'TIEX-CY,  n.    Tendency  to  blindness. 

Ce'UAR,  iu  [L.  cedrus ;  Er.  cedre;  Sp.  and  It.  eedro; 
from  Gr.  xcdpos ;  Syr.  JiJ^;  Heb.  mp  kadar^  to  be 
dark.] 

A  tree.  This  name  is  given  to  different  bjm-cjcs  of 
the  Juniper,  and  to  a  sjtecies  of  Pinus.  The  latter  jji 
that  which  is  mentioned  in  Fcriptnre.  It  is  an  ever- 
green, gri'Ws  tu  u  gTL-at  size,  and  ia  remarkable  for 
\Xi  duribility. 

CK'n,\R-f:l),  a.     Covrred  or  furnished  with  cedars. 

CK'DAR-LIKE,  a.     Resembling  a  cedar.  B. ./.'/!.«..«. 

Ck'DARxN,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  cedar  Mik»n. 

Cede,  r.  U  [Fr.  eeder;  Sp.  and  Port,  enter  :  It.  eeilrre  ; 
L.  cfdo;  VV.  gada,  gadiiw;  Eng.  lo  iptiL  (See  Quit 
and  CoNOE.)  This  coincides  also  with  the  Gr.  xa\W, 

1.  To  yield  ;  to  surrenJer  ;  to  give  up  ;  to  resign  ; 
M,  Itt  cede  a  fortress,  a  provinctr,  or  CiHiut^-,  l>y  trea- 
ty. This  word  is  appropriately  used  to  di:note  the 
relinquishment  of  a  conipiered  city,  fortress,  or  lerrt- 
lory,  to  the  former  sovereign  or  proprictitr. 

2.  To  relinquish  and  grant;  as,  to  cc</c  .ill  claiinii 
to  a  disputed  riglit  or  territory. 

Tb?  penplc  must  ctd£  to  Mv.  guvcrament  some  of  Ui^lr  pnttind 
nglit«.  Jay. 

CP.D'ED,  /ip.  or  (I.     Yielded  ;  surrendered  ;  given  up. 

CK-UIL'L.V,  n,  A  mark  us.;d  on  the  French  c,  [thus  f,] 
to  fhiiw  that  it  is  to  be  sounded  like  s. 

f'Kl>'I\G,  p}^.     Yielding  ;  giving  up. 

Ck'ORAt,  B.    A  species  of  citrun-tree.  Pailas.  Tooka. 

f 'f:'I)IiI\E,  (sC'drin,)  a.     Ilelunging  to  redar. 

Cr.'DKY,  a.     Having  iJie  color  or  properties  of  cedar. 

(^'KD'TLE,  n.     A  scroll ;  a  writing.  Cotgrave.. 

rKICr.^-OlJH,  a.     Fit  to  be  ft-lled.  Krelyiu 

C£iL,  r.  (.  rsp.  cif/o,  heaven,  a  roof  or  ceiling;  It. 
eielo ;  Fr.  del,  heaven,  a  canopy,  a  tester  ;  L.  eaiurn. 
Uu.  Gr.  HQiAoi.  This  word  indicates  iu  original  up- 
piicition  to  vaulted  buildings,  witlioul  divisions  Into 
Btorios  ;  such  as  many  of  the  public  edifices  in  Eu- 
rope, but  which  are  rarely  seen  in  America.] 

To  overlay  or  cover  the  inner  roof  of  abuildiDg; 
or  lo  cover  the  top  or  roof  of  a  room. 

Aod  the  gmucr  houae  h«  etiled  with  fir^tTne,  — 2  Chroti.  til. 

CClL'^D,  (seeld,)  pp.  or  a.  Ovcrliud  with  timber, 
or  with  plaiitertng.  « 


CEL 

CeIL'ING,  ppr.  Covering  the  top  of  a  rotun  or  build- 
inir. 

CiclL'IXG,   n.     The  upper  horizontal  or  curved  sur- 
face of  an  apartment,  opposite  the  door.     It  may  be 
of  boards,  or  of  lath  and  pl.iHteriug.     Hence  ccUin^ 
ia  usctl  for  the  upper  part  of  a  room. 
9.  In  ship-buitdiHir,  the  inside  jtlanks  of  a  ship. 

CeIL'ING-A'D,  a.     Furnished  with  a  ceiling. 

tVordsioprth. 

CEL'AN-DINE,  it.  [I>.  celnlonie:  It.  ctlidonia:  L.  chc- 
lidaitiai  Gr.  xtyu'-.-vn",  from  xiXtf'Mv,  a  swallow.] 

A  plant,  swallow-wort,  Imnu'd  or  prickly  poppy, 
growing  on  uld  walls,  among  rubbish,  and  in  waste 
places.  The  lesser  celandine  is  cjilh'd  pile^ourt,  a  3i>e- 
cies  of  RanuncJilus.  The  name  is  al.^o  given  to  the 
Hocconia,  a  plant  of  the  West  Indies,  called  the 
ffrciter  tree-celaiulijie.  The  tme  orthography  would 
be  Chelidine.  Coze.     Fam.  if  Plant*. 

CEL'A-TURE,  n.  [L.  calatara,  from  Cu^lo,  to  engrave 
or  emboss.] 

1.  The  act  or  art  of  engraving  or  embossing. 

2.  Th;»t  which  is  engraved.  Hakt'wUl. 
CEL'E-BRANT,  «.     One  who  performs  a  public  rt-tig- 

iuus  rite  ;  applied  particularly  to  the  othciating  priest 
in  the  Roman  Catliolic  cluirch. 
CEL'E-URATE,  i*.  ^  [Ir.  ceileMbradh  ;  Fr.  c^lebrer ; 
Sp.  and  Port,  celebrar;  It.  celeb  rare ;  L.  cdibro,  from 
eeleber,  famous.  The  Huss.  has  slatlyu.  Q,u.  the 
nxit  of  Gr.  icAtid).] 

1.  To  praise;  to  extol ;  to  commend  ;  to  give  praise 
to ;  lo  make  famous  ;  as,  tu  celebrate  the  name  of  the 
Most  High. 

Thi'  grave  c«iii)ot  celebrate  thw.  — 1«.  xxxviu. 

2.  To  disiingitish  by  solemn  ritea  ;  to  keep  holy. 

From  PTi-n  to  enu  8h;JI  ye  (r/efcnK*  joiir  S.4l>U»lh.  —  Lev.  xxiil. 

3.  To  honor  or  distinguish  by  ceremonies  and 
marks  of  joy  and  respect ;  as,  to  celebrate  the  birth- 
day of  Wa«iiingt<m  ;  to  celebrate  a  marriage. 

4.  To  mention  in  a  solemn  manner,  whether  of  joy 
or  sorrow.  Johnson. 

CEL'E-BRS-TED,  pp.     Praised  ;  extolled  ;  honored. 
2.    a.      Having    celebrity  ;    distinguished  ;    well- 
knnwn. 

CEL'E-BRA-TIXf!,  ppr.     Praising;  honoring. 

CEIj-E-BR.^'TION,  n.  Solemn  i)erfonnance ;  a  dis- 
tinguishing by  solemn  ril<-^s  ;  as,  the  celebration  of  a 
marriage,  or  of  a  n-ligioua  festival. 

2.  A  distinguishing  by  ceremonies,  or  by  marks  of 
joy  or  respect;  as,  the  celebration  of  a  birthday,  or 
other  anniversary. 

3.  Praise  ;  renown  ;  honor  ordii^tinction  bwstowed, 
whether  by  songs,  eulogies,  or  rites  and  ceremonies. 

Clarendon. 

CEL'E-BRa-TOR,  n      One  who  celebrates.      Boyle. 

CE-Le'BKI-OUS,  a.  Famous;  renowned.  [Little 
usetl.]  Orew. 

CE  Le^BRI-OUS-LY,  ade.  With  praise  or  renown. 
[Little  used.] 

CE-Le'BRI-OU8-NESS,  n.  Fame;  renown.  [LUUe 
use'l.] 

CE-LEB'RI-TY,  n.  [L.  celehrltas.]  Fame ;  renown  ; 
the  distinction  or  lutnor  publicly  bestowed  on  a  na- 
tion or  person,  on  character  or  exploits;  the  distinc- 
tion bestowed  on  whatever  is  great  or  remarkable, 
and  manifested  by  pniises  or  eulogies  ;  as,  the  cc/efr- 
rity  of  the  duke  uf  Wellington  ;  the  celebrity  of  Ho- 
mer, or  of  the  Iliad. 


2.  Public  and  splendid  transaction  ;  as,  the  celebri- 
ty of  a  miuriage.  In  this  sense,  as  used  by  Bacon, 
we  now  use  cvUhration. 

CEL'E  RI.     See  Celebt. 

CE-Le'RI-AC,  n.  A  variety  of  celery,  callud  also  the 
tHmip-rotitetl  celery.     [See  Cklcht.] 

CE-LER'I-TY,  n.  [l^.  celcrUns  ;  Ft.  celerity  :  &p.  cele- 
riila'l ;  It.  celeritd,  from  L.  cclrr,  swift  ;  Oriental  '?p, 
swift  light;  Gr.  xcAX'--.] 

1.  Rapidity  in  motion;  swiftness;  speed;  applied 
most  generally  to  bodies  moving  on  or  near  the  earth  ; 
as,  the  celerity  of  a  horse,  or  of  a  fowl.  We  speak 
of  the  velocity  of  sfiund  or  of  light,  or  of  a  planet  in 
its  orbit.  This  dirtlinctlon,  however,  is  not  general, 
nor  can  the  differtMit  us(;8  of  the  two  words  be  pre- 
cisely defined.  We  apply  cf/rn'ftf  rather  than  velocity 
to  thou'^ht ;  but  there  seems  to  be  no  reason,  except 
usage,  why  the  two  words  should  not  be  synon- 
ymous. 

2.  An  affection  of  motion  by  which  a  movable 
body  runs  through  a  given  si>ace  in  a  given  time. 

Kncyc. 
CEL'E  RY,   n.     [Fr.celeri;  D.aeldery;  G.selLcri;  Gr. 

A  plant,  a  species  of  Apium,  cultivated  for  the 
table. 
CE-LES'TIAI,,  (se-lest'yal,)  a.     [L.  eaXestU,  from  «e- 
lu.m,  ctttam,  heaven.] 

1.  Heavenly  ;  belonging  or  relating  to  heaven  ; 
dwelling  in  heaven  ;  as,  celestial  spirits  ;  celestial 
joys.  Hence  the  word  twtvcys  the  idea  of  superior 
excellence,  delight,  putKv,  &.c.  Drydcn* 

2.  Belonging  to  the  upper  regions,  or  visible  heav- 
en ;  as,  celestial  signs  ;  the  celestial  globe. 


CEL 

3.  Descending  from  heaven  ;  as,  a  suit  of  celestial 
armor.  Pope. 

CE-LES'TIAL,  n.     An  inhabitant  of  heaven.   Pope. 

CE-LES'T1.\L.-I7,E,  (se  lest'yal-ize,)  ».  u  To  make 
celestial. 

CE-LES'TIAL-TZ-ED,  pp.    Made  celestial.   Qu.  Rev. 

CE-LES'TIAL-LY,  ado  In  a  heavenly  or  transport- 
ing manner. 

CE-LES'TI-FI-ivD,  pp.    Made  heavenlike, 

CE-LES'TI-FV,  r.  (.  To  communicate  something  of 
a  hiavenlv  nature  to  any  thing.   [J^ot  used.'^    Brown. 

CK-LES"i'I-F?-L\U,  ppr.     Making  heavenlike. 

CEL'ES-TIN,     >  B,    In  mineralogy,  native  sulphate  of 

CEL'ES-TIXE,  ]  strontian,  a  mmeral  so  named  from 
its  occasional  aelicate  blue  color.  Ure. 

CEL'ES-TINS,  n.  pL  A  religitjus  order,founded  by  Cel- 
eptin  V.  in  the  13th  century.  They  have  ninety-six 
convents  in  italy,  and  twenty-one  in  France,  'i'hey 
rise  two  hours  after  midnight  to  say  matins.  They 
eat  no  flesh  except  when  sick,  and  fast  often.  Their 
habit  is  a  white  gown,  a  capuche,  and  a  black  scap- 
ularv.  Ejuyc 

Ce'I.(-AG,  a.  [L.  caliaeus;  Gr.  Koi\tatcos,  from  KntXta, 
the  belly.) 

Pertaiiung  to  the  lower  belly,  or  intestines. 

..irbuOinoL 

CE-LID'A-CY  or  CELT-BA-CY,  v.  [L.  ccelebs,  an 
unmarried  [Mirson  ;  ca/iAutu.?,  a  single  life.] 

An  unmarried  state  ;  a  single  life.  It  is  most  fre- 
quently, if  not  always,  applied  to  males,  or  to  a  vol- 
untary single  life. 

They  look  oti  celibtuy  as  on  Kccuned  slnlc.  Spectator, 

CEL'I-BATE,  n.  A  single  life  ;  celibacy  ;  chiefly  used 
when  sjwaking  of  the  single  life  of  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic clergy.  Encyc 

2.  A  person  who  is  unmarried.  Hieh.  Vict. 
CEL-II)-0G'R.\-PHY,  n.     A  description  of  apptirent 

spnts  on  the  disk  of  the  sun,  or  on  planets. 
CELL,  H.     [L.ceUa;  Ir.ecaU;  Sp.  ccWa  ;  Port,  and  It. 
cclla ;  D.  keLlcr^  a  cellar  ;  G,  keller ;  Sw.  keUare  ;  Dan. 
kcUcr  ;  VV.  cell.     It  Ikih  the  elements  of  the  L.  celo^ 
to  conceal,  and  of  the  English  hold.] 

1.  A  small  or  close  apartment,  as  in  a  prison,  or  a 
bath. 

9,  A  cottage ;  a  cave ;  a  small  or  mean  place  of 
residence.  Prior. 

3.  A  small  cavity  or  hollow  place,  variously  ap- 
plied ;  as,  tlie  cells  of  the  brain  ;  the  edU  of  a  honey- 
comb, &LC. 

4.  In  botany,  a  hollow  place  in  a  pericarp,  particu- 
larly in  a  capsule,  in  which  seeds  are  lodged.  Ac- 
cording to  the  number  of  these  cells,  pericarps  are 
called  unilocular^  bilocular,  tr'doealar,  &.c.     Martyn, 

5.  In  anatomy,  a  little  bag,  or  bladder,  containing 
fluid  or  other  matter  ;  as,  the  adipose  cdls,  containing 
fht.  Encyc 

6.  A  religious  house.  Chaucer. 

7.  In  ancient  architecture,  the  ccU,  or  cdla,  was  tho 
part  of  a  temiile  witiiin  the  walls. 

CEL'LAR,  M.     [Ij.  crllariuiii.     See  Cell.] 

A  room  un<rer  a  house  or  other  building,  used  as  a 

repository  of  liquors,  provisions,  and  other  stores  fur 

a  family. 
CEL'LAR-AGE,  n.    The  room  for  a  cellar  ;  a  cellar, 

or  cellars. 

2,  Charge  for  storage  in  a  cellar.  Smart. 
CEL-LA-RET',  v.    A  case  of  cabinet  work,  for  hold- 
ing bottles  of  liquors. 

CKL'LAR-IST,  j  n.    An  officer  in  a  monastery  \\4I 

CEL'LAR-ER,  (  has  the  care  of  the  cellar,  or  tho 
charge  of  procuring  and  keeping  the  provisions; 
also,  an  officer  in  chapters,  who  has  the  care  of  the 
temiHirals,  and  particularly  of  distributing  bread,  wine, 
and  money  to  canons,  on  account  of  llicir  attendance 
in  the  clioir.  Encye. 

CEL-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  eella,  and  fero,  to  bear.] 
Bearing  or  producing  cells.  Encyc, 

CEL'LU-LAR,  a.     fL.  ceUula,  a  little  cclL] 

Consisting  of  cells,  or  containing  cells.  Kirwan. 
The  cellular  membrane  or  tui.-iue,  in  animal  bodies,  is 
composed  of  an  infinite  number  of  minute  cells, 
communicating  with  eacJi  other.  It  invests  every 
fiber,  and  seems  to  be  the  medium  of  connection 
between  all  parts  of  the  body.  The  cells  8er\'e  as 
reservoirs  for  fat.  Encyc 

Cdlular  tissue;  in  plant.-i,  Mint  kind  of  elementary 
organic  matter  which  answers  to  the  flesh  in  animals. 
It  is  found  in  all  plants,  and  often,  as  in  mosses, 
constitutes  their  entire  substance.  P.  Cye. 

CEL'LU-LAR,  n.  A  [ilant  having  no  spiral  ves.sels, 
and  which  Is  ftowcrless.  Lindley. 

CEL'LU-LA-TEU,  a.     Formed  with  cells.  Caldmll. 

CEL'HJLE,  n.     A  small  cell. 

CEL-LU-Lir'ER-OUS,a.  [L.  celiala,  a  little  cell,  and 
fero,  to  bear.] 

Bearing  or  producing  little  cells. 

DicL  ofJVat.  Hist 

CKL'LIJ  LOSE,  a.    Containing  cells. 

CELS'I-TUDE,  n.     [L.  ceL-Uudo.] 

Hight;  elevation.  Chaucer 

CELT,  n.  One  of  the  primitive  inhabitants  of  tho 
south  of  Eiiropo.     [See  Celtic] 

CELT-I-BE'RI-AN,  a.    PerLiining  to  Celliberia  and 


TC\E,  BIJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vl"CI0U8 C  as  K ;  6  ud  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  aa  SH  ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


tM 


165 


CEN 


its  inbabitiuits,  the  Cellibcri,  or  Celts  uf  Uie  Ibcrus, 

a  rivur  in  SiMiin. 
CELT-I-Bfi'RI-AN,«.    An  inhnhiiant  of  Celtiberia. 
CELT'ie,  a.     [\\\  etit^  a  covcrl  or  shelter  ;  ccltioit, 

one  that  dwells  in  a  covtirt.  an  inhabitant  of  tlie 

forest,  a  Celt:  cciu^hi  conct^al,  L.  ecloi  Gr.  K*Arwi, 

CflL^j 

Pertaining  to  the  primitive  inhabitants  of  the 
south  and  west  <tf  Eiirope,  or  to  the  early  inhab- 
itants of  Italy,  Gaul,  ^(win,  and  Britain.  We  say, 
Ceiiic  nation^;  CfUie  customs;  Cdtie  urigia. 

CELT'lt;.  n.     The  languace  of  the  (.Vlts. 

CEL  r'i-CI*M,  n.  The  niannera  and  customs  of  tiw 
Cclta.  ITartwt. 

CELT'IS,  n.  The  nettle  trw,  a  gt-nns  of  several 
species;  among  which  are  the  AustniIi-s,or  Si>utheru, 
a  native  of  Africa  and  the  south  of  Kunij^e  ;  the 
Oriental,  growing  in  Annenia  and  Taurica  ;  and  the 
Western,  growing  in  Virginia.  Knc^c.     7'i>*>*f, 

CEM'E\T,«.  [L.c**«iM/mB;  Fr-ctw*/;  \Tm.eimant; 
Spk  cMN«»t«,  the  groundwork  of  a  building  ;  It. 
eiiMido,  an  essay  or  ex{>erinienL] 

L  Any  glutinous  or  other  substance  capable  of 
uniting  bodies  in  clow  cohf-xion,  as  mortar,  glue, 
solder,  *«,  In  frui/JiJi,'',  cemml  denote*  a  stn.tiiger 
kind  of  moitor  than  that  whidi  xs  ordinarily  u^^-d. 

S.  Bond  of  union  ;  thai  which  unites  finuly,  as 
penons  in  friendship,  or  men  in  society. 

3.  Powders  or  jiastes,  surrounding  bodied  in  pots 
and  cruribU-s,  for  chemical  {lurposes. 

This  word  is  |Houounced  u-ment'  by  Itrande  and 
Bmart. 
CE  ME.VT',  ».  (.     To   unite    by  the   application  of 
glutinous  substances,  by  monnr  which  hardens,  or 
other  matter  that  produces  Cidie^ion  of  bodies. 

'i.  To  unite  tiniily  or  clo«ely  :  a-H,  to  cemtni  all  parts 
of  the  communttv  \  to  temaU  friendship. 
CE-ME\T',  r.  i.    Vu  unite  or  becume  solid  \  to  unite 

and  cohere.  ^orp. 

CEM-EXT-ATION,  «.  The  act  of  cemenUng  j  the 
act  of  uniting  by  a  suitable  suhslance. 

a.  In  ekgmutrfh  a  process  which  consists  in  sur- 
rounding a  solid  Widy  with  the  powder  of  <4her  suh- 
atances,  and  heatiag  the  whole  to  redness.  Iron  is 
tbiu  converted  into  stocl,  glass  mto  porcelain,  &.c. 

CE-MENT'A-TO-RY,    «.     Cementing ;    having   the 

quality  of  uniting  linnly.  Encpe. 

CE-MES'T'EU,  pp.  or  a.     UniUMl  by  cement ;  changed 

bv  cem-'Ut ;  dnulv  united;  consolidated. 
CE^.MEXT'ER,  «.  *  The  ^xr^MU  or  thing  that  cements. 
CE-MENT'I.\G,    ppr.    or    a.       Uniting    by    cement; 

dnnging  by  means  of  a  cement ;  uniting  closely  ; 

con>ulidaiing. 
CEM-EX-Tr"riOUS,(9em-cn-lish'U3,)«.     Having  the 

quality  of  cementing.     ForsyOt.     Uniting  as  cement  j 

eoncttitiiiatitig  ;  tending  to  unite  or  consolidate. 
GEM  E-TER-Y,  h.     [L.  cttmeUriam;  Gr.  ^^tpomptoi't 

fmm  «r.Kfi.it.>,  to  sleep.] 

A  place  where  the  dead  bodies  of  human  beings 

are  buried.  AddUon. 

CE.N'.\-TO-RY,  a.     [L.  canaiorius^  from  coriiu,  supper, 

eirao,  to  sup.] 

Pertaining  or  relating  to  supper.  Brmen. 

CEX'0-BITE,n.    [GT.K><y>0iarfiit&  conmiunity, frtMn 

ffiiv-of,  common,  and  ^jn(,  life,  fitmo,  to  live.] 
One  of  a  religious  order,  who  live  in  a  convent,  or 
^k   community  ;    in   opposition   to  an   anchoret,   or 

hermit,  who  lives  in  solitude.  Kneyc. 

CEX-0-BIT'I€,         j  a.     Living  in  corarannity,  as 
CEN-O-BIT'IG-AL,  (      men  belonging  to  a  convent. 

C£'NO-BY,  a.  A  place  where  persons  live  in  com- 
munity. Buck. 

CEN'0-T.\PH,  (sen'o-taf,)  a.  [Gr.  Ket-yrJ^io*-,  from 
Kffot,  empty,  and  ra^o^^  a  tomb.] 

An  empty  tomb  erected  in  ht»nor  of  some  deceased 
person ;  a  monument  erected  to  one  who  is  buried 
elsewhere.  Johnson.    Encyc. 

CEXisE,  (sens,)  a.  [L.  census,  a  valuation,  a  register- 
ing, a  tax  ;  censMj  to  enroll,  to  tax.  Uu.  Ch.  c:p,  to 
impose  a  fine.] 

1.  A  public  rate  or  tax.  Bacon. 

2.  Condition  ;  rank.     [ObsJ]  B.  Joiu/on. 
CENSE,  r.  t.     [Ft.  member.     See  Ixcexse.] 

To  perfume  with  odurs  from  burning  substances. 

J^ryden. 
CEXS'ER,  «.     [Fr.  eneeiiMoir;   Sp.  inceitsano;   IL  w- 
ecHsierf.     See  Ixcesse.] 

A  vase  or  pan  in  which  incense  is  burned.    Among 

tAe  Jews,  a  kind  of  ch.itiiig-dish,  covered  by  a  dome, 

and  su.^pended  by  a  chain,  used  to  offer  perfumes  in 

sacrifices.  Encyc. 

CEXS'IXG,  ppr.     Perfuming  with  odtirs. 

CEX'SIOX,  (sen'shun,)  n.     [L.  ccn^o.    See  Cexse.] 

A  rate,  tax,  or  ass<ssmenL  J.  Hall. 

CEX'SOR,  n.     [L.  cfii,>or.     8ee  Cense.] 

1.  An  officer  in  ancient  Rome,  whose  business  was 
to  register  the  effects  of  the  citizens,  to  impose  taxes 
according  to  the  proi>erly  which  each  man  posses.sed, 
and  to  in^ipeci  the  manners  of  the  citizens,  with 
power  to  censure  vice  and  immorality  by  inflicting  a 
public  mark  of  ignominy  on  the  offender. 


CEN 

3.  One  who  is  empowered  to  examine  all  nianu- 
scripts  and  hooks,  lK>f«re  tliey  are  committed  to  the 
pn-ss,  and  to  sec  ttmt  U)ey  contain  nothing  heretical 
or  iliinioral.  Encyc. 

:i.  One  who  is  given  to  censure.  Drydai. 

CEX-SO'llI-AL,  \  a.     Uehmging  to  a  censor,  or  to  the 
CllX-f'O'Kl-AX,  i      corrcciitHi  of  public   morals  ;  as, 
ccn^oritil   p<^>wer. 
i  Ftill  of  censure.     [More  pnip«*rly  CESsonious.] 
CEX-SO'RI-t>US,   a.     Adilict'-d   to   censure  ;    apt  to 
hlim*  or  omdi'mn  ;  severu  in  making  remarks  on 
otli.r.^,  or  on  their  writings  or  manners ;  ol^n  im- 
pl>  ini^'  ill-nnture,  ilttberallty,  or  unctioritubleness  j  as, 

a  crH.foriotui  critic 

'2.  Implying  or  expressing  censure  ^  as,  censorioiLs 

re  mark  «. 
CKN-S0'RUOUS-I,Y,  aJp.     In  a  censmrious  manner. 
CEX-;?0'RI-OU3-.NESS,  n.     Uis[xtsition  to  blame  and 

condeiun  ;  the  habit  of  cenfunng  or  reiiroaching. 
9.  1'he  qtiidity  of  being  censurious,  [Taylor. 

CEN'.SOR-LIKE,  a.     Censorious. 
CKX'.'^i  Ht  Sllir,  «.     'i'he  ollice  or  dignity  of  a  censor; 

tli>-  iMiie  during  which  a  censor  liulds  tits  otiice. 
CEX'-SU-AI^,  (sett'i^hu-iil,)  o,     [L.  crtLtnulis.] 

R<-latiiig  to,  ur  cuniittuing  a  census;  liable  to  be 

rated.  H'hitakfr.     Encyc 

CEX'8t;R-A-BLK,  a.     [See   CsNii  he.]     Worthy   of 

ceuiiure  ;  Ltatiinble  ;  culpable  ;  reprehensible  ;  f^iulty  ; 

tf^j  a  c^ii-^'Hruhlf  p;Tiion,  or  cciuarabU  conduct. 
CEX'Sl;R-A-BLE-XESS,   h.      Blaumbleness ;    fitness 

to  be  censured.  HTutJuck. 

CEN-SI'R-A-BhV,nJp.    In  a  manner  wurtliv  of  bl.une. 
CEX'SURE,  (sen'shur,)  n.     [L.  cmsura  ;  Fr.  ccttsure  ; 

Sp.  Port,  ami  lU  censura  ,*  fn>m  L.  cc}isro^  cen^or.l 
1.  An  estimate  or  judgment  witliout  implying  dis- 

appntb  ition.     [  Ohs.'\  Bamci. 

-X.  The  act  ol'  bhuning  or  llndiug  fiiilt  and   citn- 

di  inning  as  wrong  ;  applicabk*  in  the  inoriU  conduct, 

or  to  i4»"  works  of  men.    \Vh  -n  applied  to  person-, 

it  is  nearly  equivalent  to  blame,  rcpriKtf,  repn-Ji-n- 

sion,  reprimand.    It  is  an  cxpretuiun  of  disappntba- 

tiun,  which  oflen  implies  repro^>f. 
3.  Judicial  s/ntence  ;  judgment  that  condemns.  An 

ecclesiastical  censure  is  n  tientence  of  condeuiiiation, 

or  penalty  inflicted  on  a  member  of  a  church  fur  mal- 

conduct,  by  which  he  is  deprived  uf  the  communion 

of   the  church,   or   prohibited   from    executing    the 

sacerdotal  office.  Encyc 

CEX'SURE,  (sen'shur,)  p.  C     [Fr.  censMrcr;  Sp.  ccji- 

furar.] 
To  find  fault  with  and  condemn  as  wrong ;  to 

blame;  to  express  disapprobation  of ;  as,  to  caigure 

a  man,  or  his  manners,  or  his  writings. 

We  Uufh  &t  Taoity  ofVner  than  we  centure  prid'* 

Burkmintter, 

3,  To  condemn  by  a  judicial  sentence,  as  in  eccle- 
siastical affairs. 

:t.  To  estimate.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

CEX'Sl'HE,  c.  i.    To  judge,     [JSTot  inu-te.] 
CEX'.SIJH-A'D,   (sen'shurd,)  pp.     Blamed;  reproved; 

cttndeiiiued. 
CEX'r^UR-IXG,  pjw.    Blaming;  finding  fault  with. 
CEX'SIJR-EXG,  rt.     A  blaming  ;  reproach. 
CEX'SUS,  n.     [L.  from  eenseo.     See  CtNiE.^ 

1.  In  ancirmt  Rome,  an  authentic  declaration  made 
before  the  censors,  by  the  citiz-ens,  of  their  names 
and  places  of  abode.  This  declaration  was  regis- 
tered, and  contained  an  enumeration  of  all  their 
lands  and  estjiiea,  their  quantity  and  quality,  with 
the  wives,  children,  domefi-tics,  tenants,  and  slaves, 
of  each  citizen.  Hence  the  word  signifies  this  enu- 
meration or  register,  a  man's  wliole  substance,  and 
the  tax  imposed  according  to  each  man's  property. 

2.  In  the  United  States  of  America^  an  enumeration 
of  the  inhabitants  of  all  the  States,  taken  by  order  of 
the  congresn,  to  furnish  the  rule  of  apjwrtioning  the 
rt-presentation  among  the  Slates,  and  the  number 
of  representatives  to  which  each  State  is  entitled  in 
the  congress;  also,  an  enumeration  of  the  inhab- 
it:ints  of  a  State,  taken  by  order  of  its  legislature. 

CENT,  n.  [Ft.  cent  i  Sp.  cicnfo;  Port,  ccn/o ;  lU  cento; 
from  L.  centum,  formed  on  the  Celtic,  W.  can!.  Arm. 
cant.  Corn.  tan:.  The  Welsh  cnnt  signifies  a  circle, 
ho-^p,  wheel,  or  rim,  a  wnttled  fence  round  a  yard  or 
curn-fliKir,  hence  a  complete  circle,  a  hundred.  It  is 
probable  that  the  Teutonic  and  Gothic  Au;ui,  in   hun- 


dretlj  is  the  same  word.     Ar.  tSX^  havdon^  a  hun- 

dr:;d,  and  the  same  root  gives  India^  Hindu.     See 
Hl'noreu.] 

1.  A  hundred.  In  commerce,  per  cmL  denotes  a 
certain  rate  by  the  hundred  ;  as  ten  per  cent,  is  ten  in 
th.e  hundred,  whether  profit  or  loss.  This  rate  is 
called  prrcentaffe. 

9.   hi    the  United  States  cf  America,  a  copper  coin 
who«e  value  is  the  hundredtli  part  of  a  dtdlar. 
CEXT'-A<*;E,  n.     Rate  by  the  cent  or  hundred. 
CEX'TAUR,  iu     [L.  Crtiiduru*;    Gr.  Ktfravpos.     Q.U. 
KUT'i.i,  to  spur,  and  r.iii/^oj,  a  bull.] 

1.  In  mtfiA^'/f'^v,  a  fabulous  being,  supposed  to  be 
half  man  and  half  horse.  It  has  been  suppiwed  that 
thi!i>  fancied  monster  originated  among  the  Lapittis, 


CEN 

a  tribe  in  Thessaly,  who  first  invented  the  art  of 
breaking  liorHos.    Hut  the  origin  of  Uie  fable  and  of 
the  naiui;  is  doubtful. 
ij.  .\  conHteilation  of  the  southern  hemisphere. 

Encyc 
CEX'TAUR  T/.R,  V.  i.    To  perform  the  acts  of,  or  to 
be  tike,  a  centaur ;  to  be  a  man,  and  act  like  a  brute. 

Young. 
CEX'TAUR-UKE,  a.    Having  the  appearanr^e  <if  a 

centaur.  Siiiney. 

CEX'TAU-RY,  n.    [L.  eentaureai  Gr.  Kcyraviu  .i.j 
The  popular  name  of  various  plania.    The  lesser 
centaury  is  a  s|M'ries  of  Erithra-a. 
CEX-TE-Xi'RI-AX',  w.      A  person  a  hundred  years 

old. 
CEN'TE-NA-RY,  n.     [L.  ceiUenariits,  from  centum^  a 
hundred.] 

The  number  of  a  hundred  ;    as,  a   centenary   of 
years. 
CEX'TK-NA-RY,  a.     Relating  to  a  liundred  ;  consist- 
ing of  a  hundred. 
CEN-TEN'NI-AL,  a.     [L.  centum,  a  hundred,  and  aa- 
nujr,  a  year.] 

1.  Consisting  of  a  hundred  years,  or  completing 
that  term.  Mason. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  hundred  years. 

;i.  HapiKMiing  ever>-  hundred  years. 
CEN'TER,  )  »,     [Gr.  kivtouv,  a  [Kiint,  gnad,  or  spur, 
CEX''TRK,  \     from  •^cvT'to,  to  prick;    h.  centrum;  Fr. 
centre;  Sp.  ceittro ;  Port,  and  It.  u/.j 

1.  A  point  equally  di»;lant  from  the  extremities  of 
a  line,  figure,  or  body  ;  the  middle  point  or  place  of 
any  thing. 

'i.  Th.!  middle  or  central  object.  In  an  artny,  the 
body  of  tnmps  occupying  the  place  in  the  line  be- 
tween the  wmgs.  In  a  fleet,  the  division  between 
tlie  van  and  rear  of  llie  line  of  battle,  and  between 
tlie  Weather  division  and  lee,  In  the  ordirof  sailing. 

3.  A  sinjile  body  or  house.  [Mar.  Diet, 
Th'-S'-  iviMiintii'ii*  colli'Cli-il  all  aulhont)'  into  one  center,  kin^, 

ni'U'k,  ^ii<l  (N-ufil<-.  J.  Adam». 

Cnitcr  uf  sraeityi  in  meehaniat,  the  point  about 
which  all  the  parts  of  a  body  exactly  balance  each 
other,  so  that  when  that  point  is  supported,  the 
whole  body  is  supported.  /?.  Olrnsted. 

Centfr  uf  motion  ;  the  point  which  remains  at  rest, 
whde  all  thu  other  p;irts  of  a  body  move  round  it. 

Barlow. 
CE.X'TER,  (  V.  t.    To  jilace  on  a  center;  to  fix  on  a 
CEX'TRE,  i      central  point.  JUiUon. 

2.  To  collect  to  a  point. 

Tliv  }oy«  arc  cenUrfd  nil  iit  ma  alone.  Prior, 

CEN'TRe'  i  "■  '*    ^"  ^^  collected  to  a  point. 

0«ir  hopTK  iiiii*t  center  oti  our»elvr«  tilone.  Dn/den. 

9.  To  he  collected  to  a  point ;  to  rest  on. 
:i.  Tu  be  iilaced  in  the  middle.  Milton. 

CKX'TEIUIUT,  /  a.      An    instrument  turning   on   a 
CEX'TltE-BIT,  (       center,  for  boring  circular  h(»!e8. 
CF^S'TFAi'Eli,  i  pp.     Collected  to  a  point  or  center; 
CEX'TRf:U,       (      fixed  on  a  centml  point. 
CEX'TKR-IXG,  i  ppr.     Placing  on  the  center ;  coUcct- 
CKX'TRING,      \      ing  to  a  puint. 
CEX''J'Ell-lXG,  n.      In    architecture,  the    temporary 
woodwork  or  framing  on  which  any  vaulted  work 
is  constructed.  thcitt. 

CEX-TES'I-AIAL,  a.     [L.  ccntesimus,  from  centum^  a 
hundred.] 

The  hundredth.  Aa  a  noun,  the  next  step  of  pro- 
gression alter  decimal  in  the  arithmetic  of  fnirtions. 

.lohnson. 
CEX-TES-[-MA'TION,  n.     fL.  eenteximus,  supra.] 
A  military  punishment  for  desertion,  mutiny,  or 
the  like,  where  one  person  in  a  hundred  is  selected 
for  execution.  Encyc 

CEX'TESM,  n.     Uu  centesimus.] 

Tlie  hundredth  part  of  an  integer  or  thing.     [J^ot 

v.ied.]  Bailey. 

CE\  Tr-ClP'IT-OUS,  a.     Having  a  hundred  heads. 

CEX-TiF'I-DOUS,  a.    Divided  into  a  hundred  parts. 

CEX-TI-FO'LI-OUS,  a.     [L.  centum,  a  hundred,  and 

folium,  a  leaf.] 

Having  a  hundred  leaves.  Bailev.     Johnson. 

CEN'TI-GRADE,  a.    [L.  centum,  a  hundred,  and  gra- 
da.i,  a  degree.] 

Consisting  of  a  hundred  degrees;  graduated  into  a 
hundred  divisions  or  equal  parts. 

Cetttiirrade  Uiermometer  ;  a  thermometer  having  the 
distance  between  the  freezing  and  boiling  points  of 
water  divided  into  100  degrees. 
CEJ^TI-ORAMME,  n.     [L.  cniiam  and  irrnm.'] 

In  French  measure,  the  hundredtli  part  of  a  gramme. 
[See  Gram  J 
CE\-TIL'I-TEU,  (  n.       [L.  centum,  and  Fr.  litre,  or 
CF^'TI-IJ-TRE,  \      litron.] 

The  hundredth  part  of  a  litre,  a  little  more  than 
6-10  of  a  cubic  inch. 
CEX-TII/0-QUY,  n.     [JL.  centum  and  loquor.] 

.K  hundred-fold  discourse.  Burton. 

CEJ^-TTMFJ,  (san-teem',)  re.      [Fr.]  The   hundredth 

part  of  a  franc. 
CEX-TIM'E-TER,  )  n.     [L.  ccnium,  a  hundred,  and 
CFJv'iTl-MQ-TRE,  \      Gr.  ^irftov,  measure.] 


F2TE,  F.'ta,  FALL.  WU^T.— MJBTi;,  PR^Y — PL\E.  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. — 


r-^ft 


CEN 

In  French  measure,  the  hundredth  part  of  a  meter, 
rattier  more  tiiaa  JS-IOJ  of  a.n  inch,  Eii{,'ii^Ii  muasure. 
ChrUfU  Obs.  I.  192. 

CEX-TI\'0-DY,  n.     Knotzrar'S.     fJVui  used.] 

CEN'Tl-PEO,  a.  [L.  ctntipcda. ;  ccitiw/n,  a  hundred, 
aiiJ  prs^  a  fMut.J 

A  gfnt-ral  term  applied  to  insects  having  a  great 
nuuibt:r  uf  feet.  Tli<-y  bL-lun^r  to  the  ordrr  AIjTiapo- 
da.  Among  tliuni  the  genus  Scolupendra  iricltides 
large,  venomous  species,  attaining,  nut  nnfretiu-jutly, 
in  tnipical  cliuiateis,  a  l-.-iiirtJi  uf  six  inches  or  iiicrc. 

CE.\'TI-P1:E,  for  Centiped,  is  not  used. 

CENT'XEIl,  It.     [L.  centum,  cfiitijiariiis.] 

In  mcttiUurzy  and  a-^^uyi'«i/,  a  dociniiwiic  hundred  ; 
a  weight  divisible  first  inio  a  hundred  partj,  and 
tlien  into  smaller  parts.  'I'lie  met^ilUirgists  use  a 
weiglit  dividi'd  into  a  hundred  equal  parts,  tach  one 
pound ;  the  wliob  ihey  call  a  ceiitnrr .-  tht*  pound  is 
divided  into  thirty-two  parti,  or  half  ouiici-s ;  the 
half  ounce  into  two  quarters  ;  aud  each  *•(  these  into 
two  dninia.  ilui  the  assayers  use  difFi-Tent  weifihts. 
With  them  a  ceiUiier  is  one  droiu,  to  which  the  otJier 
parts  are  pruuortioned.  Kncyc. 

CEX'TO,  tu     [L.  centi),  paiclu'd  tloth,  a  rl)ai».«ody.J 
A  composition  formed  by  viTses  or  passaj;  •«  from 
diflfi-rent  authors,  disponed  in  a  new  ordor.     Kaajc. 

CEN'TRAL,  o.     TL.  centraiui.] 

Rehiting  to  the  center;  placed  in  the  center  or 
middle  -J  containing  tiie  ceutur,  or  pertaining  to  the 
part8  near  the  center. 

Central  forces  ;  in  mechanicjy  the  two  antagonist 
forces,  {the  centripetal  and  centrifutra!,)  by  wliose 
united  action  bodies  are  caused  to  revolve  round  a 
contra!  point,  Jlcbu-t. 

CEN'TRE.    See  Center. 

CE.V-TKAL'I-TY,  «.     The  stale  of  being  central: 

CEX-TRAUI-Zi'TIOX,  n.     .-Vet  of  centralizing. 

CE.N'TRAl^IZE,  r.  (.  To  draw  to  a  central  point; 
to  brin::  to  a  center.  *  Ctilhoun. 

CE.V'TRAULV,  aJo.  With  regird  to  the  center;  in 
a  central  manner. 

CEX'TRie,  a.     Placed  in  the  centtr  or  middle. 

CEX'TRIt'-AL-LY,  adc.    In  a  central  p<>sition. 

CE\'TRie-AL  XESS,  n.    Situation  in  the  center. 

CE.V-TiUFTi-OAL,  a.  [L.  ceniraia  and  famo,  to 
flee.] 

1.  Tending  to  recede  from  the  ceniiT.  Th»»  eentrif- 
ujfol  furcr  of  a  body  is  that  force  by  which  all  bodie:^, 
movin;;  round  anoihcr  body  in  a  cur\*e,  lend  to  fly 
olf  from  the  a.tis  of  their  motion,  in  a  tangent,  to  the 
peripht;ry  of  the  curve.  Kncijc. 

2.  In  butanif,  expandini;  dtst  at  the  summit,  and 
later  :it  th'j  ba^'e,  a^  a  flower.  Limliry. 

CE.\-TRIP'E-TAL,a.  [L.  centrum  and  jieto,  to  move 
toward.] 

1.  Tending  toward  the  center.  Ceiitrijirtal  forcr^  in 
th;tt  force  which  draws  or  nnpelj  a  body  toward 
some  ptiinl  as  a  center;  as  in  ca.-*e  of  a  planet  ro- 
vutving  round  the  sun,  the  renter  of  the  5y.-*t.'m. 

•3.  In  botany,  expanding  lir.it  at  the  ba'le  of  (he  iu- 
florejfccnce,  and  later  at  the  summit,  lu  a  M.iwer. 

A'ote.  —  Tb  !  common  ncc'^niiiation  of  centr\fa>ral 
and  ecutripetal  \s  artificial  and  har-h.  The  arcenl 
on  the  first  and  third  syllahl^^,  lu  in  circampolar^ 
wouM  \\'-  natural  and  easy. 

CEN-TL'M'V'IR,  n. ;  ;i^  Cc-iTUM'viRi.  [L.  c«nCum,  a 
hundrt^il,  and  cir,  a  man.] 

A  name  given  to  certiin  judgr;*!  in  ancient  Rome, 
appointed  by  the  prelor,  to  d'-cide  common  causen 
among  the  people.  At  first,  three  were  taken  from 
each  of  the  thirty-five  tribcH,  malting  one  hundred 
and  five,  though,  for  the  ttaku  of  the  round  number, 
th?y  were  called  cftuumvin.  Th;i  nnmber  was  af^ 
lerward  increa.-'ed  to  one  hundrc'd  and  eighty,  with- 
out a  rhange  of  their  title.  S/niih*^  l>icl. 

CEN-TCM'VI-RAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  cenlnmvir. 

Ci:\-TUM'VI-RATE,  n.     The  ollice  of  a  centumvir. 

CEVIX'-PLE,  a.     [Ff.,from  L.  ceiitupUx,  ecittum,  and 
plicOf  to  f(dd.J 
A  hundred  fold. 

CEN'TO  PI.E,  D.  (.     To  multiiily  a  hundred  Add. 

CE\-TO'PLI-€ATE,    r.  L     [L.  crntum   and  plictUiUy 
fuld'-d  ;  Hp.  centuplirar,  tr>  mak<,-  a  hundred  fold.] 
To  make  a  hundred  fold. 

CE.N'-TC  PLI-€S-TED,  pp.     Made  a  htmdr-d  fold. 

CEN'-rO'PU-eA-TLVti,  ppr.  Making  a  hundred 
f.dd. 

CE.N-TO'RI  AL,  a.  rfrora  cenUry.]  Relating  to  a 
century,  or  a  hundred  years  ;  as,  a  centaritit  sc-rmon. 

Wh-:n  (hr  third  ctnturvil  JubtW  of  NVw  Kn^iniil  alvill  come, 
who  of  ua  wili  then  be  livinf  U)  p^ruci^te  Uir  irrirrnl  Joy  i 
J.   iVoodbrilgt. 

CEN'-TO'RI-ATE,  u.  (.  [L.  centurio,  to  divide  into 
hundreds,  or  companies.] 

To  divide  into  hundredsr.  JoAmtoti.     Bailry, 

CEX-TC'RI-A  TOR,  /  n.      [Fr.  centuriaieur,  from    L. 
CEX'TU-RIriT,  i      emturia,  a    century,   or    from 

cciU«ri0,  to  divide  into  hundred^.] 

An  historian  who  di.itinguixh'-H  time  intne'-nturjeti; 
as  in  the  Universal  Church  liistiiry  of  iMagd'-burg. 

Jiyl'ffi: 
CEN-TO'RI-ON,  »,    [L.  cmiurw,  from  ceatAm,  a  hun- 
dred. ] 


CER 

Among  the  Romans,  a  military*  oflicer  who  com- 

maudL'd  a  hundred  men,  a  century,  or  company  of 

infantry,  answering  to  the  captain  in  modern  armies. 

CEX'TU-RY,    fsent'yu-re,)    n.      [L.    centuiiu,    from 

centum,  a  hunared.]  • 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  hundred  ;  any  tiling  con- 
si.-iting  of  a  hundred  parts. 

2.  A  division  of  the  Roman  pixiple  for  the  purpose 
of  electing  magistrates,  and  enacting  laws,  the  peo- 
ple voting  by  centuries;  aUo,  a  company  consisting 
of  a  huiulrcd  men. 

;j.  A  period  of  a  hundred  years.  This  is  the  most 
common  signification  of  the  word;  and  as  we  begin 
our  modern  computation  of  time  from  the  incarna- 
tion of  Christ,  the  word  is  generally  applied  to  some 
term  of  a  hundred  yearti  subsequent  to  that  event ; 
as,  the  /rot  or  second  cntlury,  or  the  tenth  century.  If 
we  intend  to  ap;tly  the  word  to  a  different  era,  we 
use  an  explanatory  adjunct;  as,  the  third  century 
before  the  Christian  era,  or  after  ttic  reign  of  Cyrus. 
■1.  The  Centuries  o/.yfaa-debur:r ;  a  title  given  to  an 
ecclesiastical  liiHiory,  arranged  m  thirteen  centiutes, 
compik'd  by  a  gn^al  number  of  Protet^tants  at  JUd^- 
debiirff. 

CEOU  [Sa.T.,  a  ship,  L.  celor,  or  Eng.  keel.]  This 
word  \i>  somotim'^s  found  prefixed  to  names. 

CEPlI-AL-AL'Oie,  a.  [Infra.]    Relating <o  headache. 

CEI'U'AI^AL-GY,  B.    YCr.  «i0uA.<Xj(u,  x'^^p^^Xn^  th.e 
head,  and  ;(.\j'>s,  pain?] 
The  headache. 

CE>PHAL'ie,  a.  [Gr.  AC-lmXiKOi,  from  Kei^aXri,  the 
head.] 

Pert-lining  to  the  head;  as,  cephalic  medicines, 
remedii-s  for  disorders  in  the  head.  The  cephnltc 
vein,  which  runs  along  the  arm,  was  so  named  be- 
cause tha  ancients  used  to  open  it  for  disorders  of 
the  head.  Encyc. 

CE-PHAL'ie,  Ti.  A  medicine  for  headache,  or  other 
disorder  in  the  hi-ad. 

CEPH'AL-0-EX-TRAeT'OR,  n.  An  instniment  to 
extract  a  r;tus  by  clasping  the  head.  Casanuua. 

CEPII'AL-O  POD,  7(.  [Gr.  Kc^aXq,  head,  and  r.u5a, 
the  feet.] 

In  natural  AiX^w,  a  molluscous  animal  character- 
ized hv  a  distinct  head  surrounded  by  a  circle  of  long 
arms,  \)y  which  it  crawls  and  seizes  objects.  The 
sepia,  or  cuttle-fish,  is  one  of  these  animals.  The 
name  rcphnlo/wii  alludes  to  the  fact  that  llie  feet,  or 
arms,  are  arranged  about  ttie  head,  or  appear  to  pro- 
ce4'd  from  it.  Dana. 

CEPH-A-LO-POD'ie,       )  0.  Belonging  to  the  ceplial- 

CEPH-A-LOP'0-DOUS,  \      opods. 

CE-PlIfi'Uy,  n.  A  constellation  in  the  northern  hem- 
isphere. 

Cl-I'PHUS,  n.  A  water-fowl  of  the  duck  kind  ;  also,  a 
species  of  monkey,  the  Mona.      Diet,  of  JVnt.  litst, 

CE  RS'CEOU.S,  a.  [L,  cera,  wax.]  Wax-like ;  par- 
taking of  the  nature  of  wax. 

CER'A-SIX,  n.     \U  cerfums.] 

.\ny  gimmiy  substance  wnich  swells  in  cold  water, 
but  does  not  readily  dissolve  in  it.       Ure.     Dr.  John. 

CER'A-SITE,  n.     [L.  cerit-fum,  cherry.] 

A  m-trifaction  resembling  a  cherry.  Cyr. 

a.  The  native  muriate  of  lead.  Dana, 

CE-RAS'TeS,  n.     [Gr.  Ktnafrrn,  from  Kinn^,  a  horn.] 
In  zoolog-tj,  a  genus  of  poisonous  African  scrp^mts 
with  horns.  Branilc    % 

CE'RATE,  n.     [y.  erratum,  from  cera,  waxj 

A  thick  kind  of  ointment,  composed  of  wax  and 
oil,  with  olii''r  ingredients,  ai>plied  externally  in  va- 
rious disi-ast-s.  Cyc. 

Cf.'RA-TEI),  a.     [L.  wrofiM.] 
Cuv<ri;d  with  wax. 

CEIt'ATRIX,  n.  The  bitter  principle  of  Iceland 
moss. 

CER'iUi-RUS,  H,  [I*]  In  myt3iolo^i,s>  monster  in  the 
j^h  ipe  of  a  dog,  gtiarding  the  entrance  into  the  infer- 
nal rt;gions,  and  d  i.scribcd.  by  different  anri^nt  wri- 
ters, as  having  three,  filiyi  ^^^  oven  a  hundred 
heads. 

CRRE,  n.  The  naked  skin  that  covers  the  base  of  the 
bill  in  some  birds,  as  in  Ihoso  of  the  hawk  tribe. 

Encyc 

CERE,  r.  I,     [L.  eera,  wax.] 

To  wax,  or  cover  with  wax.  fViseman. 

CE'RE-AL,  a.  [from  Cf-re^.]  Pertaining  to  edible 
grain,  as  whi,'at,  rye,  &.c.  HambolitU 

CE-RE-A'I^I-.\,  ».  pi.  A  technical  term  for  the  edible 
praini*.  I'rout. 

CERE  ltEL'I>UM.  n.     [U  eerebcHam.] 

The  hinder  and  lower  part  of  the  brain,  or  the  lit- 
tle brain.  Coze* 


CER'trltRixE   i  ^'     t*^"*"'  '^'  '^<^'''"*'*'*"'t  ^^^  brain.] 

PertaininK  to  the  cerebrum,  or  brain. 
CER'I>BKUM,  n.     [I^]     Th-'  front  and  larger  part  of 

the  brain. 
CfiUE'CLOTII,  fi.     [L.  cera,  wax,  and  cloth.\ 

A  cloth  smf^ared  with  melted  wax,  or  with  some 
gummy  or  glutinous  matter.  Bacon, 

But  the  English  word  for  n  cloth  used  to  cover 
wounds  is  srnr  cloth  ;  H.tx.  nar  ctotk,  a  sore-cloth. 
CP.R'KD,  (sperd,)  pp.     t^pread  over  with  melted  wax. 
CeRE'.MBXT,  h.     [I.,  cera,  wax.] 


CER 

Cloths  dipped  in  melted  wax,  wirh  which  dead 
bodies  are  infolded,  when  embalmed.  Johnson. 

CERE  :\I0'X1-AL,  a.     [Hee  Ceremont.] 

1.  Relating  to  ceremony,  or  external  rite  ;  ritual ; 
according  to  the  forms  of  established  riles  ;  as,  cere- 
monial exactness.  It  is  particularly  applied  to  the 
forms  and  rites  of  the  Jewish  rt-tigion  ;  as,  the  cere- 
monial law,  or  worship,  as  distitiguished  from  the 
Ttwral  and  judicial  law. 

2.  Formal;  observant  of  old  forms;  exact;  precise 
in  manners.  Drijdetu 

In  tliis  latter  sense,  Cehemomoui  is  now  uxed. 

CER-E-MC>'X[-AL,  71.  Outward  form;  external  rite, 
or  established  forms,  or  rites,  including  all  the  forms 
prescribed  ;  a  sysiLui  of  rules  and  r;?remonies,  en- 
joined Iiy  law,  or  established  by  cu-torn,  whether  in 
religious  worship,  in  social  intercourse,  or  in  tbo 
courts  of  princes. 

2.  The  order  for  riles  and  forms  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  church,  or  the  book  containing  the  rules 
prescribed  to  be  observed  on  solemn  occasions. 

CER-E-MO'XI-AL-LY,  adv.  According  to  rites  and 
ceremonies  ;  as,  a  person  ceremonially  uncle:in  ;  an 
act  ccremo^iia'ly  unlawful.  Mdton. 

CER-E-M5'Nl-OUS,  a.     Consisting  of  outward  forma 
and  riles  ;  as,  llie  ecremonious  part  of  worship. 
In  this  Sense,  Ceremo:(i&l  is  now  used. 

2.  Full  of  ceremony,  or  solemn  forms.  Shak. 

3.  According  to  the  rules  and  forms  prescribed,  or 
customary  ;  civil ;  formally  respectful.  "  Ceremoui- 
ous  phrases."  .Addison. 

4.  Formal ;  according  to  the  rules  of  civility  ;  as, 
to  take  a  ceremonious  leave. 

5.  Formal ;  exact;  precise  ;  too  observant  of  forms. 
CER-E-^IO'Xl-OUri-LY,  tu/e.     In  a  cer^^monious  man- 
ner ;  formally  ;  with  due  forms. 

CER-E-M0'Xl-OU.S-NESy,  II.  The  use  of  customary 
forms;  the  practice  of  t<K)  much  ceremony;  great 
formalitv  in  manners. 

CER'E-MO-NY,  tu  [L.  Sp.  It.  Port,  ceremonial  Fr. 
ceremonie.] 

1.  Outward  rite;  external  form  in  religion. 

2.  ForTns  of  civility;  rules  establishea  by  custom 
for  regul.iting  social  intercourse. 

3.  (>utward  forms  of  stale  ;  the  forms  prescribed 
or  established  hy  order  or  custom,  serving  for  the 
pur[K).se  of  civility  or  magnificence,  as  in  levees  of 
princes,  the  reception  of  embassadors,  &c. 

Master  of  ceremonies  ;  an  otficer  who  superintends 
the  reception  of  embassadors.  A  person  who  regu- 
lates the  forms  to  be  observed  by  the  company,  or 
aiteudanis,  on  a  public  occasion. 
Cls'RE-O-LITIi,  Ti.  [L.  ccra,  wax,  and  Gr.  Xt^^js,  a 
stone.] 

A  substance  which  in  appearance  and  softness  re- 
sembles wax  ;  Bomelimes  confounded  with  steatite, 
Cyc.     C/eavclaud. 
Ck'UE-OUP,  n.     [fj.  cereus,  from  cera,  wax.]^ 

Waxen;  like  wax.  Oayton, 

Ce'RkS,  n.  [I..1  In  mj/t/iofo(Ty,  the  inventor  or  goddess 
of  corn,  or  rttner  the  name  of  corn  deified. 

2.  One  <if  the  asteroids  or  small  planets  revolving 
between  the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupil  t.     It  was  dis- 
covered by  M.  Ptazzi,  at  Palermo,  in  Hicily,  in  1801. 
Ce'RIX,  n.     [I.,  cera,  wa\.] 

1.  A  p-Tiiliir  siibr-tance  which  precipitates,  on 
evaporation,  from  alcohol,  which  has  been  digested 
on  grnt-d  cork.  Ure. 

2.  The  pnrt  of  common  wax  which  dissolves  in 
boiling  alcoihil.  Brande. 

n.  A  varieiv  of  tlie  mineral  All'mite. 

CE-KIXTII'I-AXS,n.;;^  A  set  of  heretics,  the  eariiest 
of  the  Gnostic  sects,  so  called  from  Ccrinthus,  one 
of  the  first  heresiarcns  in  the  church.  They  denied 
the  divinilj'  of  Chri.-t,  but  they  held  thnt,  in  his  haj)- 
tism,  a  c.lj.-.lial  virtue  de.scended  on  him  in  the  ferm 
of  a  dov,  by  means  of  which  he  was  consecrated 
hv  ih*.'  Ilftly  Spirit  and  made  Christ.  Kncyc, 

CK^RITE,  w.  [nee  Cerium.]  The  silicious  oxyd  of 
cerium,  a  raro  mineral,  of  a  pale  rose  red  color,  \vilh 
a  tinge  of  yellow.        Jfaihj.     Jameson.     Clratwland. 

Ce'RI  l.'.M,  w.  A  rn''tal  discovered  in  Pwed.'n,  in  the 
miiu^ral  cerile,  and  so  called  from  the  planet  Ceres. 
It  is  of  a  great  specific  gravity;  its  color  a  grayish 
white,  and  its  texture  lamellar.     Diet.  uf^Yat.  Hist* 

CER'XU-OIJS,  a.      [L.  ccrnaus.] 

In  bof'i-nif,  h.iving  the  lop  curved  doxvnward, 

CE-RO-GRAPirie-AL,  a.     Pertaining  lo  cerography. 

CE-ROG'RA-PHIHI'jM.  One  who  is  versed  in,orwho 
practices,  cerography. 

CE-ROG'R.\-PllY,  7t.  [L.  cera,  wax,  and  Gr.  ;  /la^o, 
to  write.] 

1.  A  writing  on  wax. 

2.  The  art  of  engraving  on  wax,  spread  on  a  sheet 
of  copper,  from  which  a  stereotype  plate  is  Uiken. 

S.  E.  Morse. 

CE-RO'MA,  n.  In  ancient  architecture,  that  part  of  Ihe 
ancient  baths  and  gjmnasia  in  which  bathers  and 
wrestlers  used  to  anoint  themselves  with  a  compo- 
sition of  oil  and  wax.  Elmex. 

CER'0-MAN-CY,  «.  Divination  by  dropping  melted 
wax  in  water. 

CE-ROOX',  ».  [from  the  Spanish.]  A  bale  or  pack- 
age made  of  skins. 


TONE,  BJ;LL,  liXITE.  — AiVGER,  VT'CIOUS.  — C  aJi  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  «  as  Z ;  ClI  as  8H  ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


187 


CER 

CE-RO-PL.\S'Tie,  n.  In  scufpturty  tlio  art  of  model- 
ing or  of  funuiiie  niwiLls  in  wax.  FJmes. 

CER'KI-AL,  a.    Fertaining  lo  Uie  Ccrri«,or  bitur  mik. 

Cfuiiuxr. 

CER'RIS,  m.    rU]    The  bitter  oak. 

CER'TAIN,  (ser^Un,)  a.  [Fr.  cfrtain;  Sp.  derto;  lu 
and  Port,  errtoi  from  L.certu3.] 

1.  Sure;  true;  uiulonhtcd  :  nnqueptjonnble  j  that 
can  not  be  denied  ;  existing  in  Tuct  and  truth. 

The  drrmm  is  crrtoin,  nod  tlx  inicqi^  lalion  ■or*.  —  IVn.  IL 

9.  AsTOTcd  in  mind  ;  having  no  doubu  j  ft.IU.wed 
by  tft  before  a  noun. 

Ilowtrrr,  1  with  Ih--*"  hiT*-  Hxn!  mr  l.-t. 

Certain  U*  vtt».trr^  lilf  dcuu  of  Ocalh, 

Coupon  «-itIi  ih-%  Ml.  ton. 

To  nMlte  ber  €«rt«n  <i/'  the  »1  t*»nL  OryUn. 

3.  Unfailing;  always  producing  the  inund^d  ef- 
fect ;  as,  we  mny  have  a  certain  reineily  for  a  disease. 

4.  Not  diMibtful  or  casual ;  rfiUly  existing. 

Vint**  tliai  iliircu  our  ws/i 
ThniMcfa  (wrtun  ^kogm  to  uaenuja  pmiw.  /)r]plra. 

&  Stated  ;  fixed;  detemUnate;  irgnlar. 

Ve  itmSl  ffOhet  a  etrmiM  n»  rnxj  da  jr.  —  llz.  xH. 

6.  Puticnlar. 

Tbrtt  (Kine  a  errtiia  po«r  wUow.  —  Mark  xil. 

In  fA«  plarsf  mnA^,  a  particular  part  or  num- 
ber; some  i  an  indetinite  part,  number,  or  quantity. 
"  llanani  came,  he  and  crrtain  men  of  Judah.'*  **  1 
moumed  crrtata  days,"    A>A.  i.  *2,  (>. 

In  the  latter  sense,  it  i?  U!*ed  as  a  noun  ;  as,  "  cer- 
tata  also  of  yoar  own  wcla  have  »aid.*'  Jtcts  xvii. 
CER'TAIN-LV,  mdn.  Without  doubt  or  question  ;  in 
truth  and  ftct. 

Otf-MM/y  Uib  VM  a  O^mam  tnui.— L^div  xxSI. 

2.  Without  failure. 

II?  ML*!,  I  w&]  eersdni^  retun  to  then.  — 0«a.  s«fi. 
CER'TAIN-XESS,  a.    Certainty,  which  see. 
r£R'TAlN-TV,  (aer'lin-te,)  a.    A  fixed  or  real  Mate  ; 
truth;  facL 

KwMr  fur  ft  etr^nn^,  tMt  tb*  I-nft]  your  OM  will  no  more  diin 


9.  FuH  assurance  of  mind  ;  exemption  f>om  doubt. 

CWMnar  b  Um  peiorftioo  of  ibe  >£ToctDrot  or  tUKt^rmcni  of 
oar  MBWi,  i^ocH. 

3.  Exemption  from  failure  ;  a-%  the  certoisfy  of  an 
event,  or  of  the  success  of  a  medicine. 

1^  etrtain^  of  fUBWuBnit  b  lb?  utirat  aeairity  ■f&bMt  ofnm. 

Amtn. 

A.  Recularity ;  settled  state. 
CER'T£*,  ode.    Certainly;  in  truth j  rerily.    [06#.] 

Ckttueer. 
CER-TIE'I-CATE,   a.      [Fr.   errtificaif    IL  eerUfic^to. 
Bee  CsaTiFT.J 

1.  In  a  gnerai  g^nsty  a  wriilen  testimoiTy  not 
sworn  lo;  a  derlaraiion  in  writine,  signed  by  the 
|Mjty,and  intended  to  verify  a  firL 

2.  in  a  mart  particular  «m.ff,  the  written  declara- 
tion, under  the  band  or  seal,  or  bftfh,  of  some  pub- 
lic officer,  lo  be  used  as  eWdence  in  a  court,  or  to 
substantiate  a  facL  A  certificate^  of  tliis  kind  may 
be  ct'nsid'.Ted  as  piven  under  the  oaih  of  othce. 

3.  TVioi  ftj  crrt^eaWj  is  whi-re  the  evidence  of  the 
person  certifying  is  the  only  proper  criterion  of  tlie 
point  in  dispute;  as,  when  the  i^tsiie  is  whether S 
person  was  absent  in  the  anny,  this  is  tried  by  Die 
certificate  of  the  marenchall  of  the  army,  in  writing 
ander  his  seal.  Blcckstone. 

CER-TIF'I-CaTE,  r.  U  or  i.  To  give  a  certiftcate  ; 
tolod^e  a  certificate  with  the  pn*per  officer,  for  the 
purpoete  of  being  eieio;ited  from  the  [tayment  of 
taxes  to  support  the  mini;jtr>',  in  a  piri^h  or  eccle- 
giastical  society.  AVte  Kn^Uuid. 

%  To  give  a  certificate  to,  acknowledging  one  to 
be  a  paiisbioner. 

Bat  aodt  aa-1i)ic«teri  pemt  can  gala  DO  vuinmnil. 

Biatkttane,  b.  1,  ch.  9. 

3.  To  verifV  bv  certificate. 

CER-TIF'I-€A"-TED,  pp.  Declared  ;  verified  by  a 
certificate. 

CER-TIF'ieA-TI.NG,  ppr.  Fumishingwith  a  certifi- 
cate ;  verifvinc  bv  a  certificate. 

CER-TI-FI-€A'TION,  a.     Ttie  act  of  certifvinc 

CER'TI-FI  £D,  pp.  or  a.  [See  Certift.]  Testified 
to  in  writinff  ;  a^isured  ;  made  certain  ;  informed. 

CER'TI-Fl-ER,  n.     One  who  certifies,  or  assures. 

CER'TI-FT,  V.  t  [Fr.  ceriifier;  gp.  eertijicar  ;  It,  eer- 
tifitmx;  I-diW  L.  certifico;  from  cerftu,  ceruitn,  and 
facia  J  to  make.] 

1.  To  testify  to  in  writing ;  to  make  a  declaration 
in  writing,  under  hand,  or  hand  and  seal,  to  make 
known  or  establish  a  facL 

Tb«  )^'*-s^  thiJi  etrti/g  that  apinioo  to  Ihe  dunccIloTi  and  upon 
inch  o-macate  tbe  dccne  b  maaiBy  feundrd. 

TV  juilsr  *tMll  cmrtfy  vnAa  fab  hand*  Ibat  th>?  br'-hold  came 
ctiiea/  io  •junUMu  Blaekvlone. 

2.  l*o  give  certain  information  t/t ;  applied  to  per- 
gmu. 

We  hare  «qI  and  rtrti^  the  }dng.  —  Etn.  W. 

3.  To  give  certain  information  of:  applied  to  tJungs. 

Thb  b  d^^ned  lo  fxr^fy  thoae  thing*  that  are  c«nfirn»»nl  of 
Gul't  faror.  Hammond, 


CES 

It  is  f-'lUiwed  by  o/^  after  ilic  iH'reon,  and  K-fore  the 
thing  t«'M  i  ns,  I  «T(i,lV.i  you  rf  Ihe  fart. 
CEU' n  F?-IN(;,  ppr.    Giving  a  wriltin  testimony, 
„or  certificate ;    giving  certain   notice  ^   making   cer- 

tainiy  known. 
C£H-i'IO-RA' RTj  a.     [Low  L.  eertiorw,  (Voin  ccrttiSy 
ccrtitfr.l 

A  writ  issuing  out  of  Chancerj-,  Kinp's  Hcnrh,  or 
other  superior  court,  lo  call  up  the  records  of  an  infe- 
rior court,  or  remove  a  cause  tliere  depending,  that 
it  may  be  tried  in  tiie  superior  court.  This  writ  is 
ohl.iined  up*in  complaint  of  a  party,  lliat  lie  has  not 
received  justice,  or  that  he  can  not  have  an  impartial 
tri:il  in  Ihe  inferier  court.  Eafite. 

CEU'Tl-TUDE,  M.  [Low  L.  certitudo,  (wm  ccrtiur, 
certain.} 

Ccrt:unty ;  assurance ;  freedom  from  doubt. 

/>rwf/c.t.    .^ 
CER'Ul.E,  a.     [U  earulrus.]     Dlue.  /.Vyer. 

CERrXE-A-V,    i    a.    [I^  c^ulcuj  ;   It.  and  Sp.  ce- 
CE-RC'LE-OUS,  i        rulco.] 

■      t*ky-roIored  ;   blue.  T/iPtnsvn. 

CER  r-LlF'I€,  a.     I'rodueinc  a  blue  or  sky-color. 
CER'IJ-LI.V,  ».     Indigt>  dissolved   in   sulphuric  acid, 

used  in  tlveing  Saxon  blue.  Btgdow. 

CE-RC'.MEN,  n.     [I-  r^ra,  wax.] 

The  wax  or  vcilow  mutter  secreted  by  the  ear. 
CE'RL'.*^E,  n.     iFr.  cernsei    L.  and   IL  cenissa;   Sp. 
crnL-iW.] 

Wliitc  lead  ;  a  carbonate  of  lead,  produced  by  ex- 
posing the  metal,  in  thin  phites,  to  the  vaiMir  of  vine- 
gar.   Lead  is  sometimes  found  native  in  the  form  of 
cenise. 
CE'RC^'-ED,(9^'rust,)  a.    Washed  with  a  preparation 

of  white  lead.  Braum.  and  Ff. 

CE!t'Vl-€.\L,  tt.  [L.  eerrii,  the  neck,  wlience  ccr- 
tfiM/i.f.] 

Belonging  to  the  neck  ;  as,  the  cervical  nerves ; 
ecrrieal  vessels.  Encyc, 

CER'VIXE.  a.  [L.  cmrinns ;  Sp.  crrrino  f  from  L. 
ermtSy  a  dt^er  ;  W.  amo ;  Com.  and  Arm.  kam ; 
Kauiichatka,  karo.] 

Pertaining  to  the  deer,  or  to  animals  of  the  genus 
Cer\-us. 
CE  SA'RE^.AN,  a.     The  Cesiarean  operation  is  the  tak- 
ing of  a  child  from  the  wuinb  by  cutting  ;  an  op«Ta- 
tion  which,  it  is  said,  gave  birth  to  Ciesur,  the  Roman 
entperor. 
CES-PI-TI"TIOr9,  (-tish'ns,)  a.     fL.  ce^es,  turf.l 
Pertaining  to  turf;  made  of  titrr.  Oough. 

CE.S'PI  T04»E,  a.    JL.  cejpes,  turf.J 

In  totamm.  growing  in  tufts. 
CES'Pl  TOOb,  o.    Pertaining  to  turf;  turfy 

or  tnriy  plant  haa  manf  ■lrm>  from  the  w*me  ivnt, 
fotuang  a  clow,  thick  corpri  ur  maUing.  AJartyn. 

CESS  (as  a  luwn,  a  rate  or  tax,  and  as  a  rn-fr,  to  rate  or 
lay  a  tax)  is  probably  a  comiptiuu  of  asse^.ty  or  from 
th"*  iiame  root.     It  is  not  used.  Spenser. 

CES.S  or  CESSB.     f»ut  of  all  ce^e  sans  eesse,  is  with- 
out stay ;  excessively.  S/iak. 
CESS,  r.  i.     [L.  ee^fsoj  to  cease.]     To  cease.     [Obs.] 

Spenser. 
9.  To  neglect  a  legal  duty.     [06*.]  CoiceL 

CES3'.4,.\T,  a.     Ceasing  ;   intermitting  action. 

Montague. 
CES-SA'TION,  n.     [L.  cessatio,  from  cf».<ro,  to  cease.] 

1.  A  ceasing ;  a  stop  ;  a  rest ;  the  act  of  discontin- 
uing motion  or  action  of  any  kind,  whether  tem- 
porary or  final. 

2.  A  ceasing  or  suspension  of  operation,  force,  or 
effect ;  as,  a  ce.iMUion  of  the  laws  of  nature. 

A  crjf.-iation  of  arms ;  an  armistice  or  truce,  agreed 
to  by  tlie  commanders  of  armies,  to  give  time  for  a 
capitulation,  or  for  other  purposes. 

CKS-SA'yJTy  n.  [L.  cesso^  to  cease;  cessavit,  he  hath 
ceased.] 

In  law,  a  writ  given  by  statute,  to  recover  lands, 
when  the  tenant  or  occupier  has  ceased  for  two  years 
to  perform  the  service  which  constitutes  the  condi- 
tion tif  his  tenure,  and  has  not  sutficient  poods  or 
chattels  to  be  distrained,  or  the  tenant  has  so  inclosed 
the  land  that  the  lord  cannot  come  upon  it  to  distrain. 

Black-stone. 

CES'PER,  n.  [See  Cess.]  A  cea-sinp;  a  neglect  to 
perform  services  or  payment  for  two  years.  [See 
Cessavit.]  Blackstonr. 

CES-.S1-BILM-TY,B.  [See  Cede  and  Cessiok.]  'Jhe 
act  of  giving  way  or  receding.    [Little  used,]    Dii^by. 

CEiS'SMILE,  a.  [See  Cede.]  Giving  way ;  yielding  ; 
easy  to  give  way.  -  Dii^bij. 

CES'SIO^i,  (sesh'un,)  n.  [L.  ccssio  ;  Fr.  cession ;  from 
L.  eedo,  cessum.     See  Cede.] 

1.  The  act  of  giving  way;  a  yielding  to  force  or 
impulse.  Bacon. 

2.  A  yielding,  or  surrender,  as  of  prop*trty  or 
rights,  to  another  person  ;  particularly,  a  surrender 
of  conquered  territory  to  its  former  proprietor  or 
sovereign,  by  treaty. 

3.  \n  the  civil  law^  a  voluntary  surrender  of  a  per- 
son's effects  to  his  creditors,  to  avoid  imprisonment. 

Kiieyc. 

4.  In  ecclesiastical  Livs,  the  leaving  of  a  benefice 
without  dii^pensation  or  being  otherwise  qualified. 


CHA 

When  an  ecclesiastical  person  is  created  a  bisho|>,  or 
wlien  the  pardon  of  a  parish  takes  another  benefice, 
without  dit'pensation,  tlie  ben(;fices  are  void  by  ces- 
sion, without  resignation.  Etinjc. 

CES'SlON-v\-RY,  a.  Having  surrendered  effbcts  ;  as, 
a  cessionani  banknipt.  Martin. 

CESS'IMEN'l',  ».    An  assessment  or  tax.    [JVot  used.] 

CES'SOK,  n.  [L.  cesso,  to  eeosf.]  In  lair,  he  that  neg- 
lects, for  two  years,  lo  p<Tform  the  service  by  wliich 
be  Ii'jMs  lands,  so  that  he  incurs  the  danger  of  the 
writ  of  cessavit.     [See  Cessavit.]  CowcL 

•J.  An  assessor,  or  taxer. 

CESS'-Pt^(Hi,  «.  A  cavity  sunk  in  the  earth,  to  re- 
ceive and  retain  ilie  sediment  of  water  conveyed  in 
dmuis. 

CKST   )i      [Infra.]     A  lady's  girdle.  Collins. 

CEST'US,  B.     [L.,  fnun  Gr.  KEtrTo^.] 

The  girdle  of  Vnius,  or  marriage  girdle,  among 
the  Gr-eks  and  llMmans. 

CE-»0'KA,  or  CE  SO'RA,  n.  [Fr.  ci'.^wrp  f  It.  cesura,- 
L.  castira,  from  c«rrio,  ctp.-nim,  to  cut  idf.] 

A  pause  in  ver^e,  so  introduced  as  to  aid  the  reci- 
tal, and  render  the  versifirjition  more  melodious.  It 
divtd  ■»  a  verse  or  I'nw  into  equal  or  unequal  parts. 
Its  iiuisl  pleasing  efiect  is  produced  when  it  is  placed 
at  the  end  of  the  second  foot,  or  in  the  middle,  or  at 
the  end  of  the  third  fuot.  Sheridan. 

CE-SP'RAL,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  cestira. 

CE-TA'CE-A,  Ti.  pi.  i  In   niitural  history,  terms  applied 

CE-TA'CEAX,  n.  (  to  the  order  of  Cetaceous  ani- 
mals ;  murine  mammalia.  [See  the  next  word.]  Bdl. 

CE  T.^'CnOLrs,  (se-ti'shus,)  a.  [L.  cctc;  Gr.  «7;r-5, 
a  whale.] 

Pertaining  lo  the  Crfarra;  belonging  to  the  whale 
Jiind.  The  ertaee-atis  fishes  include  the  genera  Mon- 
odon,  Bala-na,  Physeter,  and  Delpiiinus.  They  have 
no  gills,  but  an  aperture  on  the  top  of  the  head,  and 
a  fiat  or  horixonLal  tail.  They  are  prcdaceous  in 
Hieir  habits.  Enajc. 

CE'T.\TE,  M.    A  compound  of  cctic  acid,  with  a  base. 

Checreul. 

CET'TE-RACri,  ti.  A  trivial  name  of  a  species  of 
Asplenium,  or  spleenwort. 

Ck'TIC,  a.     [L.  eetus,  a  whale.] 

Pertaining  to  the  whale.  'ITie  cctic  acid  is  a  pecu- 
liar subsUince  obtained  from  the  spermaceti.     Urc. 

CE'TIN,  n.    [L.  cetiis,  a  whale.] 

A  name  given  to  pure  spennaccti  by  Chevreul. 

€ET-0-LOG'I€-AL,  a.  [from  cctohgy.]  Pertaining 
to  cetolopv. 

CE  Tf)L'(J^IST,  w.  One  who  is  versed  in  the  natu- 
ral h!sl<»ry  of  the  whale  and  its  kindred  animals. 

CE-TOL'0-CV,  ;u  [Gr.  xJjros,  a  whale,  and  Auyos, 
discourse.] 

The  doctrine  or  natural  history  of  cetaceous  ani- 
mals. Ed.  Eneyc. 

CE'TITS,  n.  fSnpra.]  In  astronomy,  Uie  Whale,  a 
large  constellation  of  tiie  southern  hemisphere. 

CEY'LAN-TTE,  n.  [from  Ceiflov.]  A  dinpy  blue, 
or  grayish  black,  variety  of  spinel.  It  is  also  called 
plevnaste.  Cye.     Ure. 

CHAB'A-SIE,       )n.      [Gr.   \a/?(iC(«5,  one    of  twenty 

CIIAB'A-SITE,  J  species  of  stones  mentioned  in  the 
poem  TTcpi  Ai0  .'i.^  ascribed  to  Orpheus,  'i'liis  term 
was  introduced  into  modern  mineralogy  by  Box 
d'Antic.     Sckabasit,  Werner.] 

A  mineral  classed  with  the  Zeolites,  orcnrring  in 
oblique,  glassy  crystals,  (rhombohedrons,)  havi^ig 
nearly  the  form  of  the  cube.  Other  cryf^tals  have 
the  f'trni  (>f  double,  six-sided  pyramids.  It  is  either 
colorless  or  tinged  with  red  or  a  shade  of  yellow. 
The  princii»al  constituents  are  silica,  alumina,  and 
lime,  with  "20  p<-r  cent,  of  water.  Gmelinite,  leoyne, 
acadiolite,  and  sedereritc,  are  considered  varieties  of 
this  mineral.  J>ana. 

CIIACE.     See  Chase. 

C?!A-CO0N',?i.  [i^p.  charana.]  A  dance  like  a  saraband. 

CHAD,  (shad,)  n.    A  kind  offish;  the  shad.   Carcie. 

CHaFE,  tJ.  (.  [Fr.  echauffer ;  Sp.  escalfar,  to  warm; 
Port,  escalfar,  to  [Hiach  or  boil  slightly ;  from  the  root 
of  L.  calco,  whence  calrjioy  calfacio.] 

1.  To  excite  heal  or  inflammation  by  friction;  as, 
to  chafe  the  skin  ;  also,  to  fret  and  wear  by  rubbing ; 
as,  to  chafe  a  cable. 

2.  To  excite  heat  in  the  mind  ;  to  excite  passion  ; 
to  inflame  ;  to  make  angr}' ;  to  cause  to  fret ;  to  pro- 
v<tke  or  incense.  2  Sam.  xvii.  8. 

3.  To  excite  violent  action  ;  to  cause  to  rage  ;  as, 
the  wind  chafes  the  ocean. 

4.  To  |»erfume  ;  rather,  to  stimulate,  or  agitate  ;  to 
excite  by  pungent  odors. 

Lili<^,  whoK  sent  chafed  ihp  air.  5ucitHn». 

CIIaFE,  v.i.  To  be  excited  or  heated;  to  rage;  to 
fret ;  to  be  in  violent  action.  Pope. 

2.  To  net  vi<»lenily  upon,  by  nibbing  ;  to  fret 
against,  as  waves  against  a  shore. 

The  ln.iiljl<-<i  Tiber  chajng  wiUi  hu  Bhorr*.  ShaJc. 

3.  To  be  fretted  and  worn  by  rubbing;  as,  a  cable 
CHaFE,  n.     Heal,  excited  by  friction.  [chafes. 

2.  Violent  agitation  of  the  mind  or  passions  ;  heat ; 
fret;  passion.  Camden. 

CHAF'KD,  (chaft,)  pp.  or  a.  Heated  or  fretted  by 
rubbing ;  worn  by  friction. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.— PTNE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQ^K. 


ClIA 

CHAF'ER,  71,     One  who  chnfys. 

CHAF'EK,  fl,     [Sax.  ctsxfor:  D.  kecer ;  G.  kUfcr.] 
An  insect,  a  si|)erie3  of  Scnmhjciis,  or  bj-*etle. 

CHAF'ER-Y,  n.  [from  cfiafc]  In  iron  works,  u 
forge  in  which  the  nu'tal  is  subjtxled  to  a  wtldlng 
heaL  JVicholson. 

CHAFE'-\VAX,n.  In  Kmrlmtd,  nn  officer  iK-lnnginR 
to  the  lord  chancellor,  who  fits  the  wax  for  the  scal- 
ini:  of  writs.  Harris. 

CIIAFFj  n.     [Sax.  cw/;  D.  kaf;  G.  kM 

1.  1  he  husk  or  dry  c^lyx  of  corn  ana  grnssrs.  In 
ernnmint  Inn^uatfr,  the  word  is  apjilied  t<>  tlie  husks 
when  seimnit(Ml  fnitn  the  rnrn  by  thritshing,  riddling, 
or  winnowing.  The  word  is  st.nvMinn-s  uwd,  ratln-r 
iinprw[ic'rly,  to  denote  stniw  cut  swM  for  the  fm^d  of 
callle.  .V./rfifn.     F.ncijc. 

9.  Refuse  ;  worthlt-ss  niritter ;  especially  that  which 
is  light,  and  apt  to  be  driv^-n  by  the  wind.  In  Scrip- 
tare,  false  dortrinea,  fniilles;*  dt;?ipns,  hypocrites,  and 
uneodly  men,  are  compared  to  chalT.  Ps.  i.  4.  Jer. 
xxiii.  -iS.     /v.  ixxiii.  II.     Mali.  iii.  12. 

CHAFr-eUT-TEll,  n.  A  machine  fur  ciiUing  up 
straw,  &.C.,  into  chaff. 

Cn  AFTER,  V.  i.  [Sax.  ceapian. ;  D.  ktwpen  ;  G.  k-tufen  ; 
Pw.  kapa :  Dan.  k^bcr^  to  bargain  or  buy.  It  seems 
to  be  radically  the  same  word  as  ch&tp^  clieap'rity  and 
chap  in  chapman,     See  Cheap.] 

To  treat  about  a  purchase  ;  to  bargain  ;  to  haggle ; 
to  negotiate^;  to  chop  and  change;  as,  to  cha_ff>r  for 
prefnnents.  Dryden. 

CHAF'FER,  r.  U    To  buy ;  to  exchange.       Spenser. 
[/«  thi.*  nmge  k  is  ob-folrtj'.] 

CHAF'FER,  n.     Merchandise.  [A'ot  in  use.}  Skeltcm. 

CIIAF'FER-ER,  n.  One  who  chaffers  ;  a  bargainer; 
n  buyer. 

CHAF'FER-I\G,  ppr.  or  a.     Bargaining;  buying. 

CIIAF'FER.V,  II.    A  Tessel  for  heating  water.  [Local.] 

CMAF'FER-V,  n.   Traffic  ;  buying  and  selling.  [06aJ 

Spenser. 

CHAF'Fl.VCH,  n.  [chaff  and  JSnrh.]  A  species  of 
birds  belonging  to  the  Frnigillidic  or  Finch  family, 
which  are  said  to  delight  in  chaff,  and  are  admired 
fur  their  song. 

cn.\FF'LF>lS   a.    Without  chaff.  Shak. 

CIIaFF'WEED,  n,  A  plant,  cudweed,  a  species  of 
Gn;iphahum  ;  but  this  name  is  given  also  to  the  Cen- 
tuncul;iB.  JiluMenherg. 

CIIXFF'Y,  a.  Like  chaff;  full  of  chaff ;  light;  as, 
eA/rffij  straws;  ehuffij  opmions.     Brown.    OlanvUle. 

CIl-iF'ING,  n,    SLite  of  being  rubl»ed  by  friction. 

CilJlF'IXG,  ppr.  Heating  or  fretting  by  friction  ;  vex- 
ing or  fretting  the  mind. 

CH.TF'I\G-Dtsn,  n.  [cknfe  and  dish.}  A  dish  or 
ves;>el  to  hold  coals  for  healing  any  thing  set  on  it; 
n  portable  grate  for  coals. 

CHAGRIN',  (f-ha-grin',)  n.  TFr.  This  word,  ap- 
plied to  a  particular  kind  of  skin  or  leather,  is  said 
lo  be  derived  from  a  'I'urkish  word,  a-ai'r/,  Fr.  croupe. 
The  .^kin  is  dressed  sit  as  to  present  on  its  surface  lit- 
tle eminences.  See  Shagreen.] 
Ill-humor;  vexation;  peevishness;  frelfulness. 

Pope. 

CHA-GRfN',  (sha-grin',)  1. 1     [Fr.  ehai^rintr.] 
To  excite  ill-humur  in  ;  to  vex  ;  to  mortify. 

CllAGRIX'>:i),p;».     Vexed  ;  fretted;  displeased. 

CHaI.\,  n.  [Fr.  chainty  for  chavsne;  Norm,  cudene,  and 
chryiif. ;  Arm.  chadcn^  aulenn,  or  jwirna  ;  Sp.  cadeaa  ; 
Fort,  cadea ,-  It.  aitena  :  L.  eulena  ;  1).  keUn ;  G.  kette  ,- 

S      ^ 
8w.  kUdia  ;  Dan.  kedc;  VV.  eaditem  Qu.  Ar.  si«^=-^ 

from  .V^^i  akada,  to  bind  or  make  fast.] 

1.  A  series  of  links  or  rings  connected,  or  fitted  in- 
to one  another,  usually  niaile  of  some  kind  of  metal ; 
u,  a  chain  of  gold,  or  of  iron  ;  but  the  word  is  not 
restricted  to  any  particular  kind  of  material.  It  is 
used  oftrn  for  an  orna.nent  about  the  person. 

2.  That  which  binds  ;  a  reid  chain  ;  that  which 
restrains,  C4)nfine-s,  or  fetters ;  a  b<md. 

»rla  thitl  Miinrd,  buC  dcUrernl  tbera  \nU> 
-2Pct  iL 

3.  Bondage ;  affliction.  * 

Ue  hath  nude  m^  dMiin  hairy.  —  Lahi.  IQ. 

4.  Bondage ;  slavery. 

hi  <U»j-otiim  ihf!  pfroplc  Blcrp  •mind);  In  their  cAoiiu,      Arru: 

&.  Ornament.    Prvv.  I.  9. 

6.  A  scries  of  things  link*'d  together;  a  series  <»f 
things  connected  or  followmg  in  succession;  as,  a 
ehttin  of  causes,  of  ideas,  or  events  ;  a  chain  of 
being. 

7.  A  range,  or  line  of  things  connected  ;  as,  a  chain 
of  mountains. 

8.  A  series  of  links,  forming  an  instrument  to 
measure  land. 

9.  A  string  of  twisted  wire,  or  soinr-thing  pimilar, 
to  hang  a  watch  on,  and  for  other  purposes. 

10.  In  France,  a  measure  of  wottd  for  fuel,  and  va- 
rious cotnmoditifs,  of  varicnis  length. 

11.  In  fhip-buHdinir,ehain.t arc, glnmc  Hnksor  plates 
of  iron,  bolted,  at  the  lower  end,  to  the  ship's  side. 


CIIA 

used  to  c<uitain  the  blocks  called  dead-eyes^  by  which 
the  shrouds  (if  the  mast  are  extended. 

12.  The  warp  in  weaving.  a.s  in  French. 

13.  Cliain,  in  surveying  land,  is  in  length  four  rods 
or  perches,  or  siity-six  fret.  It  consists  of  one  hun- 
dred links,  each  link  T-^^jj  inches. 

Chain-traks,  (of  a  f^hip.)     See  Cha.:*keu 
Ttfp-efutin  ;  on  board  a  ship,  a  chain  to  sling  the  sail- 
yards  in  time  of  battle,  to  prevent  their  falling,  when 
the  ropes  that  snpjtort  them  are  shot  .away.    Kncyc. 
CHAIN,  V.  t.  'i'o  fasten,  bind,  or  connect  with  a  chain  ; 
to  fasten  or  hind  with  any  thing  in  the  manner  of  a 
chain. 
9.  To  enslave  ;  to  keep  in  slavery. 

And  which  more  !■!'■«(  ?  who  chntrmd  hi»  cotiiitrj,  wiy, 

Or  he  whuw  virmc  Bigh<:il  to  tuse  a  Jay  i  Pope. 

3.  To  guard  with  a  chain,  as  a  harbor  or  passage. 

4.  'I'o  unite;  to  form  chain-work, 
CIIAIN'KD,  -pp.  or  n.     Made  fast  or  lionnd  by  a  chain ; 

connerlf'd  by  a  chain  ;  bound  ;  cn.-^laved. 

CHaIN'ING,  pjrr.  Ilinding,  fastening,  or  connecting 
with  a  chain  ;  binding,  or  attaching  to ;  enslaving. 

CHaIN'LESS,  a.     Having  no  chains. 

CHaIN'-PUMP,  n.  A  pump  consisting  cf  a  long 
chain,  equipped  with  a  sufficient  luimbcr  of  valves 
or  buckets,  moving  on  two  wheels,  one  above,  the 
other  below,  passing  downward  through  n  woc)den 
tube,  and  returning  thronth  another.  It  is  niana^'ed 
by  a  long  winch,  on  which  several  men  may  be  em- 
ployed at  once.  Encyc. 

CH.^IN'-SHOT,  It.  Two  balls,  or  half  balls,  connect- 
ed by  a  chain,  and  used  in  naval  battles  to  cut  down 
ma^ts,  or  cut  away  shrouds  and  rigging. 

CHaIN'-WORK,  m.  Work  consisting  of  threads, 
cords,  and  the  like,  linked  togt-lher  in  the  form  of 
a  Cham,  as  lineal  chaining  or  lanibour-work,  reticu- 
lation or  net-work,  &,c.  Ed.  Eneyc. 

CHaIR,  n.  [Fr.chaire,  a  pulpit,  contracted  from  Norm. 
cadiere,  as  chain  from  catena;  Arm.  eadarn,  or  cador; 
Ir.  caihaoir ;  L.  cathedra ;  Gr.  KiiOtifja,  connected  with 
KnOe^-  pat,  to  sit,  Kara  and  ii^njiaii  \V.  cadair,  a  seal 
or  sto<d.] 

1.  A  movable  seat ;  a  frame  with  a  bottom  made 
of  different  materials,  used  for  persons  to  sit  in  ; 
originally,  a  stool,  and  anciently,  a  kind  of  pulpit 
in  churches. 

9.  A  seat  of  justice,  or  of  authority ;  as,  a  chair  of 
state. 

3.  A  seat  for  a  professor,  or  his  office ;  as,  the  pro- 
fes8or*s  chair. 

4.  The  seat  for  a  speaker  or  presiding  officer  of  a 
public  council  or  assembly;  as,  the  speaker's  chair; 
and,  by  a  nu'tonyniy,  the  speaker  himself;  as,  to  ad- 
dress the  chair. 

5.  A  sfdan  ;  a  vehicle  on  poles  borne  by  men. 

6.  A  pulpit,  liamet, 

7.  A  two-wheeled  carriage,  drawn  by  one  horse ; 
a  pip- 

8.  Supreme  office  or  magistracy. 

When  Gon-mor  Shiite  came  to  the  chmr,  •eveml  of  the  old 
coimcUun  wi-rc  laid  aaiile.  Belknap. 

9.  The  iron  blocks  wliich  ^ipport  and  secure  the 
rails  in  a  railway. 

10.  Chair,  and  ekatr-day,  are  used  by  Shakspeare 
for  the  evening  of  life  ;  as,  '*  In  tliy  chair-dajjs  thus 
to  die  in  ruffian  battle."  Tuune. 

Should  tfring  thjr  fitthpr  to  hii  droo{snp  chair.  Shak. 

Ctirule  chair ;  an  ivory  seat,  placed  on  a  car,  used 
by  the  prime  magistmtes  of  Rome. 

CHAIR,  r.  L  To  carrj'  publicly  in  a  chair  In  triumph  ; 
applied  to  a  candidate  for  ollice  wlio  lias  gained  his 
el'Ttitiu.     [En^.] 

CHaIR'/'.'D,  pp.  or  a.    Carried  or  seated  on  a  chair. 

CHAIR'fNG,  ppr.  and  n.  Carrying  n  successful  can- 
didaif  in  a  chair,  in  token  of  triumph.     [Enff.] 

CHaIR'MAN,  n.  The  presiding  odicer  or  8[)eaker  of 
an  assembly,  association,  or  company  ;  particularly  of 
a  legislative  house  ;  also,  the  president  or  senior  mem- 
ber of  a  conimittre. 

2.  One  wh'we  business  is  to  carry  a  chair.  Dryden. 
CHAIR'MAN-SHIP,  n.    The  office  of  a  chairman  or 

presiding  officer  of  a  meeting.  Parriana. 

CHAISE,  (shize,)  n.  [Fr.  chaise^  a  seat  or  rhair.  Q.11. 
It.  ^c^:»irt-] 

A  two-wheebd  carriage  drawn  by  one  horse;  a 
gig.    It  is  open  or  covered. 

CHA-LA'ZA,  Ti.  [Gr.]  In  botany,  a  small,  brown 
spot  Upon  the  testa  of  a  seed,  formed  by  the  union 
of  certain  vessels  proceeding  from  the  hilum  ;  a  part 
of  a  (  eed,  sprincing  from  an  exiKinsion  of  tlie  raphe, 
where  it  communicates  with  the  base  of  the  nucleus, 

IJndlcy, 

CHAL-rE-nON'I€,  a.     Pertaining  to  chalcedony, 

CHAI^CED'O-NV,  or  eHAI/CE-I)0-NY,  n.  [from 
Chalcrdon,  a  town  in  Asia  Minor,  opposite  to  Byzan- 
tium. Pliny  Informs  us  that  Chalcedon  signifies 
the  town  of  blind  men.  The  last  syllable,  then,  is 
the  CeUic  dun,  English  town,  a  fact  that  tlie  histo- 
rian should  not  overlook.     Plin.  lib.  5,  32.] 

An  uucrystallized,  translucent  variety  of  quartz, 
having  a  whiti?!h  color,  and  a  luster  nearlv  like  wax. 
U  is  found  covering  the  sides  of  cavities  In  amygda- 


cha 

loid,  and  forniiiig  stalactites  in  these  cavities,  and  is 
a  deposit  from  inhlir:it«'d  silicittus  waters.  When 
chalcedony  of  dilfercnt  colors  is  arranged  in  stripes, 
it  constitutes  agate:  and  if  the  stripes  are  all  hori- 
zontal, it  is  onijr.  Chrynopra^e  is  ffeen  chalcedmiy  i 
camelian,  a  fle.fh-red,  and  sardy  a  grayish-red  va- 
riety. 

€HAL-CED'0-NYX,  n.  A  variety  of  agate,  in  which 
white  and  gray  layers  alternate.  Clcavdand. 

€HAI.'CITE,  n.     [Gr.  \a)^Koi,  brass.] 

Sulphate  of  iron,  of  a  red  color,  so  far  calcined  as 
to  have  lo.<t  a  coiii^idenible  part  of  its  acid.  Fourcroy, 

CHAL-eOG'RA-PlIER,    Mi.     [Infra.]      An  engraver 

€MAL-€OG'RA-PIlIST,  (      on  copper  and  brass. 

€HAL-eOG'RA-PHy,   n.      [Gr.   x^^f"?,   l^^ss,   and 
yp,vl>tii,  to  write.] 
The  act  or  art  of  engraving  on  copper  or  brass. 

CHAL-Da'IG,  tt.  Pertaining  to  Chaldea,  anci#nt!y  a 
country  on  the  Frat  or  Etiidirates,  in  Asia,  called,  in 
Scripture,  Shiiiar.  Of  this  Babylon  was  tlie  pruici- 
pal  city. 

eiIAb-DA'I€,  Ji,  The  language  or  dialect  of  the  Chal- 
deans, 

eilAL'DA-TSM,  n  An  idiom  or  peculiarity  in  the 
Chaldce^dialecL  ParkhnrsU 

€HAL-l)ic'AN,  71.     An  inhabitant  of  Chaldea. 

CHAL'PEE,  a.     Pertaining  to  Chaldea. 

CHAL'DEE,  «.  The  language  or  dialect  of  the  Chal- 
deans. 

CHAL'DRON,  ^  n.     [Fr.  chaudron  :   Sp,  calderon  ;   It. 

CHAL'DER,      >     caiderone,  a  kettle.    The  same  word 

ClIAU'DRON,  )  as  caldron.  ChalUcr  is  not  in  use  in 
the  United  Slates,] 

A  measure  of  coals  consisting  of  thirty-six  bushels,'* 
[Pronounced,  in  England,  chawl'dron  or  chd'dron.] 

CHAL'ICE,  n.     [Fr.  calice:   Sp.  ra/ixf    It.  calicc :  D. 
kelk;  G.kclch;  L.  calir ;  Gr.  *fi.Xi(.     It  should,  from 
its  etymology,  have  been  written  Calicb.] 
A  cup  or  bowl ;  usually,  a  communion-cup, 

ClIAL'IC-i-JD,  (chal'ist,)  a.  Having  a  cell  or  cup  ;  ap- 
plied by  ShakspL-are  to  a  flower;  but  I  believe  little 

CHALK,  (chawk,)  v.  [Sax.  eeala  D.  Dan.  and  G, 
kalk;  Hw.  kalcJa  W.  catc;  Corn,  kalch ;  Ir.  caifk;  1.. 
call ;  Fr.  thaiix.  The  Latin  caU  is  limestone,  chalk- 
stone,  ami  the  heel,  and  calco  is  to  kick  and  to  tread. 
In  Italian  cjha  is  a  crowd.  The  sense  then  is,  a 
mass  made  compact,  a  clod  or  lump.  If  the  Greek 
\aAif,  tlint,  gravel,  is  the  same  word,  the  Latm^  de- 
viated from  their  usual  practice  in  writing  calx,  for 
chalz.  These  words  are  probably  connected  in  origin 
with  eallux.] 

A  well-known  calcareous  earth,  of  an  opaque  white 
color,  soft,  and  admitting  no  polinh.  It  contains  a 
large  portion  of  carbonic  acid,  and  is  a  variety  of  car- 
bonate of  lime.  It  is  used  as  an  absorbent  and  anti- 
acid.  CleOceland.     JVichulson.     Kinoan.     Jiikin. 

Black  chalk  is  a  species  of  earth  used  by  painters 
for  drawing  on  blue  paper. 

Red  chalk  is  an  indurated  clayey  other  used  by 
painters  and  artificers. 

French  chalk  is  sieatiLc  or  soapstone,  a  soft  magne- 
sian  mineral. 
CHALK,  V.  L  To  rub  with  rhalk  ;  to  mark  with  chalk. 

2.  To  manure  with  chalk,  as  land. 

3.  From  the  use  of  chalk  in  marking  lines,  the 
phrase  to  chalk  out  is  used  to  signify,  to  lay  out, 
draw  out,  or  descrilie  ;  as,  to  chalk  out  a  plan  of  pro- 
ceeding. 

CHALK'-CUT-TER,  n.    A  man  that  digs  chalk. 

iVoodward. 

CHALK'KT),  (rbawkd,)  pp.     Marked  with  chalk.     " 

CHALK'I-.\ESS,(chawk'i-ness,)H.  The  state  of  being 

CHALK'ING,/;/»r.     Marking  with  chalk.  [chalky. 

CHALK'-PIT,  H.     A  pit  in  which  chalk  is  dug. 

Johnson. 

CHALK'-STONE,  n.  In  medicine,  a  concretion  in 
the  hands  and  feet  of  men  violently  affected  by  the 
gout,  once  snp[)osed  to  be  of  a  chalky  nature,  but 
composed  chiefly  of  uric  acid  in  combination  with 
soda.  Brande. 

2.  A  small  lump  of  chalk.  Isaiah. 

CIIALK'V,  (chawk'y,)  a.  Resembling  chalk;  as,  a 
chalky  taste. 

2.  White  with  chalk  ;  consisting  of  chalk ;  an, 
chaljyy  cliffs,  Howe. 

3.  Imprrgnated  with  chalk  ;  as,  chalky  water 
CIIAL'LENtSE,  n.      [Norm,  c^denirr.  an  accusation; 

chatnngp,  a  claim  ;  cJuiUcnffcr,  to  clauu  ;  from  the  root 
oi  call,  Gr.  luAff'),  KcX><t",  I*,  cah.     See  t^Ai.L.] 

Literally,  a  calling,  or  crying  out,  llie  primary'  sense 
of  many  words  expressing  a  demand  ;  as,  claim,  L. 
clamo.     Hence,  appropriately, 

1.  A  calling  upon  one  to  fight  in  single  combat :  an 
invitation  or  sumuions,  verbal  or  written,  to  decide  a 
controversy  by  a  duel.  Hence,  the  letter  containing 
the  sunmions  is  also  called  a  challenge. 

2.  An  invitation  to  a  ctmtest  of  any  kind  ;  as,  0 
challaiire  to  a  public  debate. 

3.  Tlie  act  of  a  sentry,  who  challenges  those  who 
appear  at  his  |mst, 

4.  A  claim  or  demand  made  of  a  right  or  supposed 
right. 

Th-rc  miwtV  no  chnll^ngt  t>{  «ii[VTinrily.  CoHm;  -' 


TONE,  niJLI.,  IJNITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUa-C  as  K ;  6  aa  J ;  8  aa  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


IHO 


CHA 

6.  Ani»n<:  Auntrr*,  the  opt'iiing  and  crying  of  lunriuls 
at  lirst  liuiliiii;  tlic  scRtit  of  Xhcxr  f;.tme.  K/tryr. 

tt.  In  iair,  »ii  c\ci'i>tioii  to  jiimrs ;  the  claiiu  uC  a 
port)-  iliai  certain  jurors  shall  nut  sit  in  trial  nytoix 
taint  or  Ills  t-auae  ;  tliat  is,  a  calliuc  tlR'in  vtV.  TUv 
riehi  of  challi  ngv  is  pivrn,  both  in  civil  and  criminal 
tri;iU,  for  certain  cansn^s  which  are  siipjK>si-d  U>  dis- 
quolifv  a  juror  to  be  an  im|>artial  jndpe.  Tiie  right 
(ri  cballcnge  extends  eilhtr  to  the  whiJt*  panol  or  ar- 
my, or  only  to  particnlar  jurors,  railed  a  cM4i!t^n^  to 
Mc  poUg.  A  principal  cAallfn:rf^  is  thai  which  tho  law 
allows  without  cause  aj^-ientMl.  A  cSaHcuire  t»  tkt 
fkror,  is  when  the  p;irt>  all-  fits  a  special  cau^w.  In 
rnmiinl  cases,  a  [>ri*.niir  iii.iy  chaMiigp  twenty  iu- 
rora  without  H^siciiing  a  cau*e.  This  is  calU-d  a 
pfrrmptory  ch^tlUnjr,  BUtdiStoue. 

7.  In  tl'fftioas,  an  excepsion  to  a  person  as  n^t  lo- 
(rally  qu;ilifi  d  to  vot-.     (  O'mUii  Stat'-s.) 

CHAL'l, t:\OR,  r.  t.     To  call,  invit-,  or  »;umnion  to 
answtr.  for  an  olTenw,  by  sinzk"  comb  it  or  dui'l. 

2.  To  call  to  a  contest  <if  any  kind  ;  as,  (  eJuUUmgt 
a  man  to  prove  w*hat  he  a*!»ert9^  implying  dt-tiance. 

3.  To  accuse  ;  lo  call  to  aii>wer.     ^,*-t(yrr.    Shak. 

4.  To  claim  a«  due  ;  to  demand  as  a  rtcht ;  ax^  the 
Supreme  Being cA^W^-nifj  t'urrovtrenc^  and  h)'nia;:e. 

5.  In  lav,  lo  call  orf  a  jiimr,  or  jumrs ;  or  to  de- 
mand xixiX  jtinm  aball  uut  «ii  in  trial  upuu  a  cau»r?, 
[Se«  the  num.] 

&  In  daetMw,  to  object  to  a  person  as  not  qualified 
lOTottt.     [OmiuH  SlaUs.] 

7.  To  call  tn  the  pi-rformanre  of  conditions. 
CHAL'LE.NOK-A-BLE,  a.     Thai  may  be  challenged  ; 

Ihnt  niav  be  called  to  an  account.  SaMcr. 

CHAh'UtS<i~EDy  pp.  or  a.  Called  to  combat  or  to 
contest;  claimed;  demanded  ad  due ;  called  from  a 
jun*. 
CHA'L'LEN6-ER,  n.  One  who  challenpes  ;  one  wlio 
invites  to  a  siniile  comlial ;  one  who  aUls  un  another 
bv  wav  of  defiance.  S.'u,k, 

'a  One  who  claims  superiority ;  one  who  claims 
any  thing  a^  his  right,  or  makea  pretentions  lo  iU 

Hookfr. 

3,  One  who  calls  a  juror,  or  a  jury,  from  the  trud 

of  his  cause. 
CHAL'l.ENG-IXG,p;n'.    Summonins  to  a  duel,  or  lo 

contest;   claiming  as  a  right;  defying;   cdling  olT 

fn>m  a  jurj'. 
CHAL'LIS,  (shal'ly,)  «.      An  elegant,  twilled,  fine 

woolen  fabric,  used  for  ladies*  dressea. 

Encwr-  tif  Dom.  Eeon. 
CHA-LVBE-AX,   o.  [Infra-]     Pertaining  to  steel  well 

leniEiered.  Mitun, 

eilA-LVB'E-ATE,  o.     [L.  ehalvi>s :  Gr.  yaXvi^j^  sled; 

Uu.  from  Ckalu^^  a  town  near  the  Euiine.] 

ImpregBAtea  with  |uuticles  of  iron;  as,  ikaii^hcaU 
'    wati-r*. 
eH.\-LYB'E-ATE,  n.    Any  water  or  other  liijuof  into 

which  iron  enters. 
Cn\M,  (kam,)  n.    The  sovereign  prince  of  Taitary. 

U-uoIlv  wriaen  Khan. 
C'U-yiDE',  (sha-mide',)  n.     [Ft.,  from  IL  ckiamaUi^ 

a  calling  ;  dUoncarc,  lo  call ;  L.  clama :  S\\  Uamada; 

Port,  ekamada^  from  dutmar^  to  call,     ^ee  ('lain. J 
In  tpor,  the  beat  of  a  dnim  or  sound  of  a  tnimpel, 

inviting  an  enemy  to  a  parley  ;  as  for  making  a  {irop- 

osition  for  a  truce,  or  for  a  capitulation.  Enctic. 

CH.A.M'BEIt,  n.     [Pr.  duimbrt;  Arm.  campr,  eatmbr :  It. 

eamrra ;  Port.  Sp.  eamara :  L.  camera ;  Gr.  xaitaooj  an 

archi-d  roof,  vault,  or  upper  paller>,  a  chamber;  D. 

ka:ner ;  G.  immmrr ;  Sw.  kammare ;  Dan.  kammer ;  Ch. 

^Sp  to  arch  ;  Eih.  •p^-'^L,  kamare,  an  arch  or  vault.] 
J.  An  api^m>-nt  in  an  upper  storj-,  or  in  a  story 

above  the  lower  tloor  of  a  dwelling-biHise, often  used 

as  a  lodginz-room. 

i  Any  retired  room  ;  any  private  apartment  which 

a  p^son  occupies;  as,  be  called  on  the  judge  at  his 


Jtwrph  minrd  inut  hk  rtainhir  aad  wrpL  —  Grn.  xluL 

3.  Any  retired  place. 

Hrx  bouae  u  ihr  wmj  to  hrll,  guJoff  dowB  to  the  chombert  of 
drmth.  — PruT.  ni. 

4.  A  hollow  or  cavity  ;  as,  the  cJtam&er  of  tlie  eye. 

Sharp. 

5.  A  plare  where  an  assembly  meets,  and  the  as- 
sembly itst-lf,  applied  particularly  to  legislative  and 
judicial  bodies  ;  as,  star  chamber:  imp^-rial  chamber; 
tkamher  of  accounts;  ecclesiastical  chamber;  privy 
ekamker;  ekamber  of  p^ers,  &:c. 

6.  In  waUbay  affitirsj  tlie  chamhrrof  a  mortar  is  that 
part  of  the  bore  where  the  pow*der  ties. 

7.  A  ptfi^dtr-ckamber,  or  homb-cMaabcr,  a  place  un- 
der ground  for  holding  powder  and  bomb^,  where 
they  may  be  safe,  and  secured  from  rain-^. 

8.  The  ckambfr  of  a  mine ;  a  place,  generally  of  a 
cubical  form,  where  the  powder  is  confined. 

9.  A  species  of  ordnance.     Qu.  Camden. 

10.  The  clouds.     Ps.  civ. 

11.  Certain  southern  consteUatious  which  are  bid 
from  us. 

Tbe  chumbersof  UkraouUi.  — Jobfx. 

CHAM'BER-^OUN'CIL,  n.  A  private  or  secret  coun- 
cil. Shak. 


CHA 

CH<SM'Bi:K-COrN'SEL,  ».  A  counselor  who  gives 
liis  opinion  in  a  private  np;trtnienl,  but  does  not  ad- 
vi>cate  causes  in  court. 

CHAM'BER  OF  COM'MERCE,  n.  A  boftrd  to  pro- 
tect III-.-  interests  of  commerce,  chosen  fVuni  uinung 
the  nuTrhiints  and  traders  of  a  city. 

CHAM'BER-WI.N'DOW,  n.    The  window  of  achan»- 

CIIAM'BEK,  V,  i.  To  reside  iu  or  occupy  as  a  cham- 
ber. 

S.  To  be  wanton  ;  to  indulge  in  lewd  or  immodest 
behavior.     Rom.  xiii. 

CII.XM'BER,  r.  (.    To  shut  up,  as  in  a  chamber.  Shak, 

Cn.^.M'lIER-/;D,  pp.  or  a.     t?hul  up,  as  m  a  ciinmber. 

Shak. 
5.  m.     In  r^NcAfi/oyy,  divid-d  intoconipartincnts  by 
walU  or  [Ktrtitioiis  ;  as,  a  ehambernl  tthetl.   Bnek'and. 

CH.^M'I>EH-EK,  H.  One  who  intrigues, or  imluli;es  in 
wantonness.  Shah. 

CHAM'BRK-FEL'LOW,  n.  One  who  Kteeps  rn  the 
:*:Hne  apirtntent.  SjiccJator. 

CIUM'IIKU-HANG'ING,  n.  Tapestry  or  hangings 
for  a  rhaniber. 

CHAMBER  INO,  n.  Wanton,  lewd,  immodest  beha- 
vior    Horn.  xiii. 

CH aM'BER  LAIN,(-Iin,) w.  [Fr. rhambeltan ;  Arm. cam- 
brrian  ;  Sp.  camarrm;  Port,  eamarriro  ;  It.  ea-iin-li-i^o  ; 
li.  katntriiH :^  ;  linn,  hi mmrr-hrrrc;   l^  camerarins.] 

1.  An  oflieer  charged  with  the  direction  and  man- 
agement of  the  private  apartments  of  a  monarch  or 
nol»Je.  He  was  originally  keejier  of  the  treasure 
chaiiilter  ;  and  hence,  in  some  municipal  corpom- 
lion>»,  the  term  denotes  trrtLfurer.  The  lord  cham- 
berlain of  Great  Britain  ia  the  sixth  otiicer  of  the 
crown.  To  him  belong  livery  and  hjdging  in  Uie 
king's  ctuirt ;  on  coronation  day,  he  briniis  to  the  king 
his  appnret,  his  sword,  scabbard, ^c.  He  dresses  and 
undn>f^4es  the  king  on  that  day,  and  waits  on  him  be- 
fore and  alter  dinner.  To  him  also  b'-lou5«  the  care 
of  providing  all  things  in  the  house  of  lords,  in  time 
of  itarlianient.  L'nd*T  him  are  the  gentleman  nslier 
of  the  black  ro<l,  and  other  officer*.  The  lord  clium- 
berlatn  of  the  household  has  the  oversight  of  all  of- 
fi<-ers  belongin;!:  to  the  king's  chanibc^rs,  except  the 
precinct  of  the  bed-chamber,  of  the  wardrobL*,  phy- 
tfiicians,  chaplains,  barbers,  Alc,  and  administers  the 
oath  to  all  tifticers  above  stairs. 

The  chamberlains  of  the  exchequer  of  London,  of 
Chester,  of  North  Wales,  &c.,  are  receivers  of 
rents  and  revenues.  F.ncyc.    Johnson. 

Si.  A  «er\'ant  who  has  the  cnre  of  the  chambers  in 
an  inn,  or  hi>lel. 

CIIAM'BEK-LAIX^IIIP,  n.    The  office  of  a  cham- 

CHaM'BER-LVE,  «.     Urine.  [berlain. 

CHaM'BER-.MAIO,  a.  A  woman  who  has  the  care 
of  chambers,  making  the  lied^,  and  cleaning  the 
rooms,  or  who  dresses  a  lady,  and  waits  upon  li>^'r  in 
her  apKirtnient. 

CHAM'BER-POT,  n.    A  vessel  used  in  bed-rooms. 

CHAMBER-PRACTICE,  «.  The  practice  of  coun- 
selors at  law,  who  give  tJicir  opinions  in  private,  but 
do  not  ap(K-ar  in  court. 

CHAM'UREL,  R.  The  joint  or  bending  of  the  upper 
part  of  a  horse's  hind  leg.  In  New  England,  pro- 
nounced gauibrcl,  which  see. 

€H.\-Mi:'LE  OX,  n.  [L.  chanuBleon  ;  Gr.  xa/iaiX^wi-.] 
An  animal  of  the  genua  Lacerta,  or  lizard,  with  a 
naked  body,  a  tail,  and  four  feet.  The  body  is  six 
or  seven  inches  long,  and  the  tail  five  inches  ;  with 
this  it  clings  to  the  branches  of  trees.  The  skin  is 
cold  to  the  touch,  and  contains  small  grains,  or  emi- 
nences, of  a  bluish-gray  color  in  the  shade,  but  in 
the  light  of  the  sun,  all  parts  of  the  body  become  of 
a  grayish-brown,  or  lawny  color.  It  has,  however, 
th'^  power  of  greatly  changing  its  color.  It  is  a  na- 
tive of  Africa  nndAsia.  Encijc. 

€HA-M£'LE-OX-IZE,  p.  t.  To  change  into  various 
colors.  Diet. 

CHAM'FER,  r.  L  [Corrupted  from  Fr.  ccAoncrcr,  to 
hoUow,  to  cut  sloping;  Arm.  chancra;  said  to  be 
from  cancer.'] 

1.  To  channel ;  to  cut  a  furrow,  as  in  a  column, 
or  to  cut  into  a  iiloping  fonn,  or  bevel. 

Johnson.     Bailey,     Encyc. 
9.  To  wrinkle.  Shak. 

CHAM'FER,     (  n.  A  small  gutter,  or  furrow,  cut  in 
CHAM'FRET,  i     wood,  or  other  hard  materia!. 

2.  A  filope,  or  bovel. 

CHAM'FEK-f;D,  pp.  or  a.     Cut  into  furrows,  or  cut 

sloping,  or  b^'veling. 
CHAM'FER-I.NG,  ppr.     Cutting  a  gutter  in  ;  cutting 

in  a  slope,  or  bevel. 
CHAM'ITE,  n.    Fossil  remains  of  the  Chama,  ashell. 
CHAM'LET.     Pee  Camlet. 
CHAM'OIS,  (shara'my  or  sha-rooi',)  n.     !Fr.,from  It. 

camoiza  «  Sp.  gamuzn,  from  ^amo,  a  buck.] 
An  animal  of  the  goat  kmd,  whose  skin  is  made 

into  soft  leather,  called  chamois,  or  chamois  leather. 
It  is  now  arranged  with  the  anU'lo|r"s.      Cunier. 
€HAM'0-MrLE,  ».    [Gr.  xajiut,  on  the  ground,  and 

p^Xov,  an  apple.] 

The  popular  name  of  the  Jinthemia  nobilis  ;  a  bitter 

plant,  much  used  in  medicine. 
CHAMP,  c.  U     [Fr.  champayer,  I  have  not  found.    Q,u. 


CHA 

Gr.  Karru),  for  m  is  often  casual  before  a  labial,  and 
in  Gr.  yatiijiai  is  the  jaws.] 

1.  '1\>  l)iie  with  repealed  action  of  the  teelli ;  us,  a 
horse  cltaiups  the  bit. 

■J.  To  bile  into  puiall  pieces ;  to  chew  ;  to  nuisticatc  ; 
to  devour.  Dryden. 

CHAMP.  V.  i.  To  chew  ;  to  perform  the  action  of 
biting  by  re|>eated  motion  of  tha  teeth  ;  as,  to  dtamp 
upon  the  bit.  Hooker. 

CHAM-PAG\E',  {sham-pane'O  n.  A  kind  of  brisk, 
sparklina  wine,  from  Champagne,  in  France, 

ClI.\M-PAIG.\',  n,  [from  catnp,  or  the  same  root.]  A 
flat,  open  country.  Bacon.     JSlUton. 

ClIAM-PAIGN',  (shani-paue',)  a.  Level,  open;  as 
a  chamimij^H  countrj'. 

CHAM-PaIN",  71.  In  hrraltlry,  champain,  or  point 
chaiupitiM,  is  a  mark  of  dishonor  in  the  coat  of  arms 
of  hiiu  who  has  killed  a  prisoner  of  war  after  lie  has 
askeil  for  tpuirler.  Encyc. 

CIMMP  i)h:  MARS,  (slj-.ing  do  milrz,)  [Fr. ;]  liUralhj, 
the  liehi  of  .Mars;  an  exifusive,  op'-n  space  in  Paris, 
used   for  militar>-  reviews  and  public  a&semblies. 

CHAMP' f;i),  pp.     Bitten;  rbewed. 

CHAMP'KK,  «.     One  tJial  champs,  or  bites. 

CIIAM'PF.R-TOR,  v.  [See  Champerty.]  In  law^ 
one  ^\"ho  U  guilty  of  champerty,  which  see. 

CH  AM  'PER-'I'V,  M.  [Fr.  champart,  ficld-renl ;  ekamp, 
L.  campus,  a  field,  and  part,  a  share,  or  partir,  to  tii- 
vide,  campuin  partirc,] 

A  p|wcie8  of  maintenancn,  being  a  bargain  with  a 
plaintilf,  or  defendant,  to  divide  tJie  land,  or  other 
niatt!!r  in  sriil,  between  Ihem,  if  they  prevail  ; 
whereupon  the  charnp^rior  is  to  carry  on  the  pari}  's 
suit  nl  his  own  expense.  The  purchase  of  a  suit,  or 
of  tlu;  right  of  suing.  BInckstoiic. 

CHAM-l'IGN'ON,  (sham-pin'yon,)7i.  [Fr.]  A  kind 
of  edibb:  mushroom. 

CHA.MP'LN'G,  ppr.     Biting  with  rep."ated  action. 

CHAM'PI-t).\,  ».  [Fr.  champion;  Arm.  cnmpyon  ;  Sp. 
earnpeon;  Vojt.  cam  pea  in,  or  campiam  ;  lU  campiaur  ; 
D.  kamprr,  or  kampvcgtrr ;  G.  kampfrr.  In  alt  the 
Teutonic  diahxts,  camp,  or  Aamyy,  signifies  a  combat, 
and  in  some  of  them,  a  canp;  S:x\\.  campa,i\  camp, 
and  a  eontbat ;  c^/n/^o,  a  soldier,  warrictr,  or  gladia- 
tor ;  W.  rjimp,  a  game,  a  feat ;  campiaw,  to  contend 
in  a  game.  Hi'-re  we  luive  the  origin  of  the  Latin 
campus.  It  was  originally  the  plain,  or  open  place 
appro|iriated  to  gantes,H[iorts,  and  athletic  exercises.} 

1.  A  man  who  undertakes  a  combat  in  the  place 
or  cause  ot"  another.  Baron. 

2.  A  man  wlio  fiyhts  in  his  own  cause  in  a  duel. 

3.  A  liero  ;  a  brave  warrior.  Hence,  one  who  is 
bold  in  ciuitest;  as,  a  champion  fur  tlie  truth. 

CHAM'PI-0\,  r.  (.     To  chullenge  to  a  conibaL    Shak, 

CHAM'PI  ON-f:n,  pp.     Challenged  to  combat. 

CHAM'Pl-ON-ESS,  m.     A  female  champion.    Fairfax. 

CIIAM'PLON-ING,  pjn-.     Challenging  to  combat. 

CHAM'PI-ON'-SHIP,  H.    State  of  being  a  champion. 

JV.  .^.  Heo. 

CHAM  P^L'LIO.\-IST,(sham-p6l'yun-ist,)  ii.  A  fol- 
lower of  Chamimlliun  the  younger,  in  respect  to 
Egy[rtian  hieroglyphics. 

CHANCE,  n,  [Fr.  chance;  Norm,  chtaunce ;  Arm. 
changz  ;  D.  kaits  ;  G.  schame.  This  seems  to  be  frntn 
tlie  participle  of  Ihe  French  verb  chfoir,  to  fall,  ."^p. 
caer,  from  the  I^.  cado,  or  directly  from  the  Latin 
cadens,  cadeiUia.] 

I.  An  event  that  hap[icns,  falls  out,  or  takes  place, 
without  being  contrived,  intended,  expected,  or  fore- 
seen ;  the  effect  of  an  unknown  cause,  or  the  unu- 
sual or  unexpected  vffi-ci  of  a  known  cause  ;  acci- 
dent;  casualty;  fortuitous  event;  as,  time  and 
cJtaitce  happen  to  all. 

By  charux  a  prim  cnnir  tlowii  that  Wiijr.  —  Luke  x. 

9.  Fortune;  what  fortune  may  bring;  as,  they 
must  take  their  ehunce. 

3.  An  event,  go<>d  or  evil ;  success  or  misfortune  ; 
luck.  Shak. 

4.  Possibility  of  an  occurrence  ;  opportunity. 

Your  Iniljiliip  may  hiivc  a  chnttce  to  eacape  Uus  a<Mr^u.    Svnjl. 
CHANCE,  V.  i.     To  happen  ;  to  fall  out;  to  come,  or 
arrive,  without  design  or  expectation. 

U  A  Ijirl'i  ii''it  chanre  to  b^  br5>re  Ihi-e.  —  Deut.  xju. 

Ah,  Citsca,  ri-il  UK  ttliid  liatli  clianced  to-day.  ,9!ink. 

CHANCE,  a.  Happening  by  chance  ;  casual ;  as,  a 
chance  comer. 

CHANCE'A-BLE,  a.     Accidental;  casual  ;  fortuitous. 

CHANCE'A-BLV,  aAo.     Casually  ;  by  chance. 

CHANCE'-eOM-ER,  (kum'tr,)  n.  One  who  comoa 
unexpectedly.  jSddison, 

CHANCED,  (chinst,)  pp.  of  Chance. 

CHANCE'FtJL,  a.     Hazardous.  Spcnjscr. 

CHANCING,  ppr.     Happening. 

CIIANCE'-MED'LEY,  n.  [chance  and  medley,  a  mix- 
ture :  buj  more  properly,  chaademeU,  Norm.  Fr.,  a  hot 
debate,  strife,  or  quarrel ;  chaud,  hot,  from  L.  calidiui, 
and  niclicr,  for  meslcr,  to  mix.] 

In  fflw),  the  killing  of  another  in  self-defens'^  upon 
a  sudden  and  unpremeditated  encounter.  The  term 
has  been  sometimes  applied  to  any  kind  of  homicide 
by  misadventure,  but,  in  strictness,  is  applicable  to 
such  killing  only  as  happens  in  defending  one's  self 
against  assault.         Blackstane.     P.  Cyc.     Bouvier. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRgY FIXE,  SIARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  B(X>K.— 

i5o 


CHA 


(HA 


CHAN'CEl-,  K.  t^f*  f**"*:^)  "^  ckant-enu;  L.  caufdli, 
l.ittiec!»,  or  cro3s  bars,  inclosing  the  pUcn  ;  Sp.  cancel^ 
caiiciUa,tl  wouden  screen, a  wicker  gate  ;  U.  caacclio, 
b.ilu5trjdes  i  Gr.  «i)«Ai5;  CU.  SpV  kaiikel,ol  kan- 
ka'd,  network  ;  Syr.  iii.    Si*  Casceu.] 

Thai  p in  of  a  church,  bctnoeu  llic  :iltar,  or  com- 
munion table,  and  the  balustrade,  or  railms,  tliat 
iiif.l.jsM  it,  or  tlint  p:irt\vllsr3  llie  altar  is  placed; 
lurm-rly  inclosed  with  iallices,  or  cross-bars,  iw  now 
with  rails.  Ettnic.    Juh:i3oit. 

c:!I.\.\'l-'Eb-LOR,  ».  {Tr.  chancrlinr i  Ann.  chanceUlier, 
or  r^ttccUer ;  :fp.  taniUtUr ;  PorU  clumctlUr ;  It.  can- 
crllin-e;  P.  kantrUer :  G.  kainlm  Sw.  caaUUr;  Dan. 
kantilcr  or  aintsUr  !  L.  ctmcrlim-itin,  a  acribe,  sixreta- 
rv,  notary,  i»r  chancellor  ;  from  caucilo,  to  niiike  lat- 
tice-work, to  fioicrf,  or  blot  out  by  cros.sinf  the  lines ; 
or  from  canctlU,  lattices,  because  llie  secretary  sat 
behind  lattices.] 

Ori^iiallif,  a  chief  notary  or  serine:,  under  th3  Ito- 
man  emperors;  but  in  FA:;l(Uid,  in  later  times,  an 
officer  invested  with  judiii;d  powers,  and  pattKU- 
larlvwith  the  .superiht-ndcnce  of  all  cUarters,  letters 
and  other  ollicial  writings  of  the  crown,  that  n-iimred 
to  be  solemnly  authenticated.  Hence  this  olflcer 
b.came  the  keeper  of  the  greal  seal.  From  th-  K'>- 
man  empire,  this  office  paused  to  the  church,  and 
hence  evejv  bishop  baa  bis  chancellor. 

nt  lord  4i'»  dM«cf]lor  ../  Qreal.  Bntaii,  or 
kupcr  0/  Ihr.  irrtU  tnJ,  is  the  highest  otHcer  of  the 
crown  He  is  a  pri»-v  counselor  by  his  office,  and 
prolocutor  of  the  house  of  lords  by  prescription.  To 
him  bel.ings  the  jpiKiintment  of  all  justices  of  Uie 
peace ;  he  is  keeper  of  the  kinj's  nmscience,  visitor 
of  all  hospitals  and  ctHleges  founded  by  the  kins, 
guardian  of  all  charitable  uses,  ami  jud^e  of  the  lush 
Court  of  Chancery.  .      .     .  .  ,      , 

ChanctUvr  nf  an  ecelryuisttcal  roart,  is  the  bishop  s 
lawyer,  virsed  in  the  civil  and  canon  law,  to  direct 
the  hKhop  in  causes  of  the  church,  civil  and  cnininal. 
CluactUor  of  a  caHuilral,  is  an  officer  who  hears 
lessons  and  lectures  in  the  church,  by  him.«elf  or  his 
vicar,  inspects  schools,  hears  cau.si»,  applies  the 
seal,  writes  and  dUpatches  letters  of  the  chapter, 
keeps  tlie  books,  &c, 

ChnnctUar  uf  V>c  etchrqnrr,  is  an  officer  who  pre- 
sides in  that  court,  and  lakes  care  of  tha  interest  of 
the  crown.  He  has  power,  with  the  lord  Ireasur^T, 
to  lease  the  ciuwn  lands,  and  with  others,  to  coni- 
poiinil  for  forfeitures  on  penal  statutes.  He  is  the 
highest  finance  minister  of  the  British  government. 

Ckunr'Uiir  of  a  tLr.ictrMl),  is  all  officer  who  seals 
the  diplomas,  or  letters  ol^  decree,  &,c.  The  chan- 
cellor of  Oxford  is  usually  one  of  the  prime  nobility, 
elected  bv  the  students  in  convociition  ;  and  be  holds 
the  office' for  life.  He  Is  the  chief  inagistrale  ill  the 
government  of  the  university.  The  chancellor  ol 
Cambridge  is  also  elected  from  nmon«  the  prime  no- 
hiliiv  ;  he  does  not  hold  his  ulflce  for  life,  but  may 
',      '     ■    '  r  very  three  years. 

r  of  the  oriitr  uf  lU  Oortcr,  and  other  niil- 
,  ,;  ,,,  !  r-  is  an  ollia-r  who  seals  the  commissions 
and  iiiaiida'tes  of  the  chapUT  and  assembly  of  the 
knights,  keeps  the  register  of  their  proceedings,  and 
delivers  their  acts  under  Uie  seal  of  their  order. 

JtihnJtffll.     F.tiryc. 
In  Frana,  a  secretary  is,  in  some  cases,  called  a 
ehanciUor.     In  tlu  UniUd  Slalrj,  a  chancellor  is  the 
judge  of  a  court  of  chancery  or  equity,  established 
by  st.atiite.  , . 

In  Scripture,  a  master  of  the  decrees,  or  president 
of  the  council.     Ezra  iv. 
Cll.<  VCKlrLOR-SIIIP,  n.    The  office  of  a  chancel- 
lor :  til  ■  time  durini!  which  one  is  chancellor. 
(■;!\Vt'i:  RY,n.     [Fr.  chanerl'erir  i  .\tm.  cartemrry  ; 
.!h,iaf  It.  iMiicfJIerta;  L.  eanceUaria.  from 
lUices,  or  from  the  judg  •,  who  presided  in 


•  ronrtj 
I.  In  (irt 


I.  In  (Ireat  Britain,  the  highest  court  of  justice, 
next  to  the  parliament,  consisting  of  two  distinct 
tribunals  ;  one  ordinary,  being  a  court  of  common 
law  •  the  other  erUaordinanj,  or  a  court  of  equity. 
The'ordinary  bgal  court  holds  pleas  of  reco^'iiizanres 
acknowledged  in  the  chancery,  writs  of  scire  facias 
for  repeal  of  letters  paUnt,  wriLs  of  partition,  and  all 
personal  actions  by  or  against  any  officer  of  the 
court,  liut  if  the  parties  come  to  issue  in  fact,  this 
court  can  n«  try  it  by  a  jury  i  but  the  record  niu«t  be 
d  'livered  to  the  King's  Rench.  From  thi.s  court  issue 
oil  original  writs  that  pass  under  the  gre,at  seal,  com- 
missions of  charitable  uses,  b,ankruptcy,  idiocy,  lu- 
nacy, tc.  -  r.     •- 

The  extraordinary  court,  or  Court  of  Equity,  prft- 

ceeds  upon  nil(«  of  eqiiKy  and  conscience,  moderates 

the  rig.ir  of  the  common  law,   and  gives  relief  in 

casr.s  where  there  is  no  remedy  in  the  common  law 

3.  In  the  Umtui  Stairs,  a  court  of  equity,      [courts. 

CMAN'CRR,  (shank'er.)  ».    [Fr.  cluinere ;  Ann.  ehantr. 
The  same  as  cancer,  canker!) 
A  venereal  ulcer. 

OlIAN'CROUS,  (shank'riis,)  a.  Ulcerous;  having 
the  qualities  of  a  cbanere. 

CHAN-DI'i^l.If.R',  ("han-de  leer',)  n.  [Fr.  id.i  Sp. 
candclere;  It.  ranttrliere;  Ann.  catititlnir,  or  eartttiUr i 
from  I.,  candtla,  a  eanilU,  from  caneo,  to  shine.] 


1.  .\  frame  with  branches  to  hold  a  number  of 
candles,  to  illuminate  a  public  or  large  room. 

2.  Ill  foriijicauon,  a  movable  parapet,  serving  to 
support  fascines  to  cover  pioneers. 

CHX.VD'LER,  B.    [Uu.  Fr.  cimnddier ;  or  rather  Teu- 
tonic Jiandler.     See  Corn-Chandler.] 

A  general  term  for  a  dealer,  the  particular  meaning 
being  determined   liy  a  prelix,  as,    IaWhW -chandler, 
f.W^y-chandler,  Sec, 
CIU.N'D'LEK-LY,  cJe.    Like  a  chandler.       Milton. 
CIl.\.\D'LEll-y,  B.      The  commodities   sold    by    a 

chandler. 
CH.!i.NDRy,  n.    The  place  where  candles  are  kept. 

B.  Jonson. 
CHAN"FltIN,  n.     The  fore  part  of  a  horse's  head. 
GH.'iNtJE,  r. t.     [Fr.  chancer;    It.  can<riare ;  Ann.  ccc- 
inch;  .Norm,  chainanl;  exchanging.     Uu.  Is  this  rad- 
ically- the  same  word  as  It.  cambio,  cambiare,  Sp.  id.  ?] 
l.'To  cause  to  turn  or  pass  from  one  state  to  an- 
other ;  to  alter,  or  make  ditfereut;   to  vary  in  exter- 
nal form,  or  in  essence ;    as,  to  change  the  color  or 
Bhap.i  of  a   thing;   to  change  the  countenance;    to 
change  Ihe  heart  or  life. 

a.  To  put  one  thing  in  the  place  of  another;  to 
shift  ;  as,  to  chtm^e  the  clothe.s. 

B.;  dfiin  iuid  changt  your  ffamicnlJ.  —  Gen.  IbxxT. 

3.  To  quit  one  thing  or  state  for  another  ;  followed 
by  for ;  as,  pi'rsons  educated  in  a  particular  religion 
do  not  readily  change  it  for  another. 

4.  To  give  and  take  reciprocally;  as,  will  you 
ehanu'e  conditions  leith  me  .' 

5.  To  barter ;  to  exchange  goods ;  as,  to  change  a 
coach  for  a  chftriot. 

C.  To  quit,  a;*  one  place  for  another  ;  as,  to  change 
lodgings. 

7.'  To  give  one  kind  of  money  for  another  ;  to  alter 
the  f..rm  or  kind  of  money,  by  receiving  the  value 
in  a  ditfereiit  kind  ;  as,  to  change  bank  notes /er  sUver ; 
or  to  give  pieces  of  a  larger  denomination  for  an 
equivalent  in  pieces  of  smaller  denomination  ;  as,  to 
clmnae  an  eagle  for  dollars,  or  a  sovereign  for  six- 
pences, or  to  change  a  dollar  into  c<:nts ;  or,  on  the 
other  hand,  to  chttnge  dollars  for  or  into  eagles,  giv- 
ing money  of  smalli^r  denomination  for  larger. 

S,  To  become  acid  or  tainted  ;  to  turn  from  a  nat- 
ural state  of  sweetness  and  purity  ;  as,  the  wine  is 
changcdi  thunder  and  lightning  are  said  to  change 
milk. 

To  change  a  htrrse,  or  to  change  hand,  is  to  turn  or 
bear  the  horse's  head  from  one  hand  to  the  other, 
from  the  left  to  tlle  right,  or  from  the  right  to  the 
lyf^^  Farrier's  Did. 

CllA.N'GE,  V.  i.  To  be  altered  ;  to  undergo  variation  ; 
as,  men  sometimes  change  for  the  better,  often  for 
the  worse. 

I  am  Jehovah;  I  change  not. —  Mul.  Iii. 
2.  To  pass  the  sun,  as  the  moon  in  its  orbit ;  as, 
the  iniMin  will  change  the  14th  of  this  month. 
CHA.VGE,  n.  Any  variation  or  alteration  in  form, 
state,  quality,  or  es-sence ;  or  a  piLssing  from  one 
state  or  form  to  another;  as,  a  change  of  ftounte- 
nana; ;  a  change  of  habits  or  principles. 

2.  A  succession  of  one  thing  in  the  place  of  an- 
other ;  vicissitude  ;  as,  a  change  of  seasons  ;  a  change 
of  objects  on  a  journey  ;  a  change  of  scenes. 

3.  A  revolution  ;  as,  a  change  of  goveniment 

4.  A  passing  by  the  sun,  and  the  beginning  of  a 
new  inonthlv  revolution  ;  as,  a  change  of  the  innon. 

5.  A  diffefent  state  by  removal  ;   liovelly  ;  variety. 
Our  fathi-n  dUI,  for  cAart^e,  to  Franc*  rr-pair.  Dryien. 

6.  Aluration  io  the  order  of  ringing  bells  ;  variety 
of  sounds. 

Four  bellB  ivimil  Iwenly-four  ehanget  in  ringing.  Holder. 

7.  That  which  makes  a  variety,  or  may  be  substi- 
tuted for  another. 

Thirty  change!  of  r.dment.  —]o(\git  li». 

8.  Small  coins  of  money,  which  may  be  given  for 
larger  pieces. 

9.  The  balance  of  money  p.aid  beyond  the  price  of 
goods  purchased  ;  as,  I  gave  tlie  clerk  a  bank  note 
for  his  cloth,  and  he  gave  me  the  change. 

10.  The  dissolution  of  the  body  ;  death. 

Alt  the  (Inyt  of  n,y  appuinled   lime  wilt  1  wuil,  till  inj  dmns* 
conn.  — J.'h  XIV. 

11.  Change,  fitr  rrchange  ;  n  pl.ace  where  merchants 
and  others "ineet  to  transact  business;  a  building  ap- 
propriated for  mercantile  transactions. 

li  In  arithmetic,  permutation  ;  variation  of  num- 
bers. Thirteen  numbers  admit  of  6,227,020,800 
changes,  or  dilTerent  positions. 

CIIA.\<5E-A-Blt,'I-TV,  a.  Changeablcncss,  uihich  ii 
generally  tued.  Fleming. 

CHANtSE'A-BLK,  o.  That  may  change;  subject  to 
alteration;  lirkle;  inconstant;  mutable;  variable; 
as,  a  person  of  a  changeable  mind. 

2.  Having  the  quality  of  siifFering  alteration  of 
external  appearance  ;  as,  citangcable  silk. 

ClUN(5E'A-ULE-NESg,   n.      The   quality   of   being 
changeable  ;    fickleness  ;   inconstancy  ;    instability  ; 
ninlability 
2.  Husceptibility  of  change,  or  alteration.   Hooker 

CHANGE' ABLY,  adr.     Inconstantly. 


CIHSIO'Bn.m'.  oro. 

verted  ;  shitted. 
CIU.NOF.'FWL,    a. 

mutable  ;   tickle ; 


CH.tXCr.'LESS,  a. 

tion. 
CH.\.\GE'LINO,  71- 


CllA      

Altered  ;  varied  ;  lurried  ;  con- 

FuU   of  change  ;    inconBtant  ; 
uncertain  j   subject  to  altemtion. 

Pope. 
Constant ;  not  admitting  alti-ra- 


[ckan^e  and  ling:  It  is  said  lhi<f 
word  originated  in  a  tiUperslilioviH  opinion  that  fairies 
steal  diildrcn,  and  ptii  others  that  are  ugly  and  stupid 
in  tJieir  placca.     Jv!inso7i.] 

1.  A  child  lea  or  Uiken  in  the  place  of  another. 

2.  An  idiot ;  a  fool.  Dryden.  Locke. 

3.  One  apt  to  change  ;  a  waverer.  Shak. 

4.  Any  thing  changed  and  put  in  the  place  of 
another.  ^'^*^' 

CHANCER,  n.  One  who  altera  the  form  of  any  thing. 

2.  One  that  is  employed  in  changing  and  di:)counl- 
inji  money  )  a  money-changer. 

3.  One  given  to  change. 
CHANO'IN'Ci,  ppr.  or  a.     Altering;  turnmg;  putting 

one  thing  for  another  ;   shifting. 
CHAXCj'ING,  n.    An  altecing.or  putting  one  thing  for 

another. 
CIIANO'IXG-PIkCE,  71,    A  term  of  contempt  for  one 

wiio  is  fickle  or  clnuigrable.  Skak. 

CHAN'XEL,  n.     [Ir.   cainncal;  Fr    canal;  L.  canalise 

Arm.   cfta,   or  canol.     It   is   a   different  spelling  of 

canal  A 

1.  In  a  general  sense^  a  passng-j ;  a  place  of  passing 
or  flowing  ;  particularly,  a  water-course. 

2.  The  place  where  a  river  flows,  including  tha 
wholi*  breadth  of  the  river.  But  irtore  appropriatebj^ 
the  deeper  part  or  hollow  in  which  the  principal 
current  flows. 

3.  The  deeper  part  of  a  strait,  bay,  or  harbor,  where 
the  principid  current  flows,  either  of  tide  or  fresh 
water,  or  which  is  the  most  convenient  for  the  track 
of  a  ship. 

4.  Tliat  through  which  anything  passes;  means 
of  passing,  conveying,  or  transmitting  ;  as,  the  news 
was  conveyed  to  us  by  dilforent  channeh. 

5.  A  gutter  or  furrow  in  a  column. 

G.  An  arm  of  the  sea;  a  strait,  or  narrow  sea,  be- 
tween two  continents,  or  between  a  contin 'ni  lud 
an  Isle;  as,  the  British  or  Irish  channel. 

7.  Channels  of  a  ship  ;  broad  pieces  of  plank  bolted 
edgewise  to  the  outside  of  a  vessel,  and  used  for 
spreading  the  lower  rigKing.  R.  II.  Dana,  Jr. 

CIIAX'NKL.,  V.  L  To  funn  a  channel ;  to  cut  chan- 
nels in  ;  to  groove  ;  as,  to  channel  a  held  or  a  euluinn. 
'       ^  tVuUon. 

CHAN'NEL-ED.jjp.  or  a.  Having  channels  grooved 
longitudinally. 

CHAX'NFX-IXG,  ppr.  CulliDg  channels;  grooving 
Iniigitudinally. 

ClIAN'SON,  (shan'son,)  n.     [Fr.]     A  song.      SAoA. 

CHANT,  0.  t.  [Fr.  c/iuntcr ;  L.  canto,  cantns ;  W. 
a^ana;  Arm.  cana,  cammn;  It.  cantarc ;  S[h  fuul 
I'ort.  caatar;  L.  eano.     See  Cant.] 

1.  'I"o  sing  ;  to  utter  with  a  melodious  voice  ;  that 
18,  to  eaiU  ortlirow  the  voice  in  modulations. 

Tlie  cheerful  \ntdt  ilo  diatU  iweet  music.  Spctuer. 

2.  To  celebrate  in  song  ;  as,  to  cJiant  the  praises  of 
Jehovah. 

3.  To  sing  after  the  manner  of  a  chant. 
CH.KNT,  V.  u    To  sing;  to  make  melody  with  the 

voice. 

Tlir^y  chant  to  (he  luLind  of  the  viol.  —  Amn  ri. 

2.  To  sing  after  the  manner  of  a  chant. 
CnXNT,»t.     t?ong;  melody. 

2.  A  peculiar  kind  trf"  sacred  music,  in  which  prose 
is  sung  with  less  variety  of  intonation  than  in  com- 
mon airs. 
CHA.NT'I'D,  pp.    Sung;  uttered  with  modulations  of 

voice  after  the  manner  of  a  chant. 
CHANT'ER,  7U    One  who  chants;  a  singer  or  song- 
ster. ^"P^- 

2.  The  chief  singer,  or  priest  of  the  chantry. 

Ore<forth 

3.  The  pipe  which  sounds  the  tenor  or  treble  in  a 
bagpipe.  , 

CHANT'I-CLEER,  n.    [ch^Int  and  clear,  Fr.  chiir.] 

A  cock,  so  called  from  the  clearness  or  loudness  of 
his  voice  in  crowing.  r>rydai. 

CHANT'ING,pBr.ora.  Singing;  utteringa melodious 
voice ;  repeating  words  with  a  singing  voice  after 
the  manner  of  a  chant. 

CHANT'ING,  71.  The  act  of  singing  or  uttering  after 
the  ni.inner  of  a  chant. 

CHANT'RESS,  n.     A  female  singer.  Mdton. 

CHXNT'RY,  n.     [Fr.  cliantrerie,  from  ekant] 

An  endowed  chapel  where  one  or  more  priests 
daily  sing  or  say  mass  for  the  souls  of  the  donors,  or 
such  as  they  appoint.  Coitrt. 

eH.\-OL'0-<5V,  n.    A  treatise  on  chaos,  or  chaotic 

CHA'OS,  (ki'os,)  n.  [U  chaos:  Gr.  x«"i-J  [matter. 
That  confusion,  or  confused  mass,  in  which  mat- 
ter is  supposed  to  have  existed,  before  it  was  sep- 
nmted  into  its  different  kinds,  and  reduced  to  order 
by  the  creating  power  of  God  :  "  Rudis  indigesia()ue 
rooles."  Ovid. 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vi"C10Ua  — Cas  K;  0  as  J  j  «  aa  Z;  CH  as  SH  .1  TH  as  in  THIS. 


101 


ClIA 

ii  Any  mixrJ  mass,  without  due  furm  or  order; 
OS,  B  ckaos  of  matertuls. 

3.  runi'tisiun  ;  disorder;  a  state  in  which  the  paru 
Are  uii(]i.'>tiiiguUhed.  Doiuu. 

€HAO'r'IC,  a.      Resembling  chaoa ;  confuted;  as, 
the  earth  woa  origmally  iii  a  ekaoUe  stiite 


CHAPorCH^P,v.t  [Ar. 


70^0,  to  cut  offor  out. 


^  ioci>trMe;(^L^iajiia,tospl)t,rend,tear,orcleave, 

to  cut    It  seems  to  be  allied  to  the  G.  and  D.  kcpprn, 
Dan.  A«^pcp,  Ft.ecuper:  but  these  acree  better  wiUi 


Ar. 


C^' 


»j.,f^  kabaa  or  kaynfit^  to  CuL 


Se«  Chof  and  Gafc] 
To  cleave,  ^'plit,  rrark,  or  open  longitudinnllv,  as 

the  surface  of  liie  earth,  or  the  skin  and  desh  uf  the 

band.     I>ry  wt^athcr  cXap^  tlie  caith  ;  cold  dr>-  winds 

cAnjt  the  hand^. 
CHAP  or  CHAP,  c.  u    To  cmck  ;  to  open  in  long  slits ; 

a^,  the  earth  eka^ ;  tlie  hands  ekam. 
CHAP  or  Ca^f,  N.      A  longitudinal  elett,  pip,  or 

chink,  as  in  Um  aurftce  oC  the  earth,  or  in  the  hands 

or  feel. 
CU.^P,  «.    [Sax.  caii/t,  a  beak,  or  chap;  pL  eeaJiM^ 

the  chaps,] 
The  appcr  and  lower  part  of  the  mouth :  the  jaw. 

It  is  ap;>hed  to  beasl^  and  vulgarly  to  men  ;  gener- 
ally in  the  plural,  the  ckapa  or  mouth. 
CnXr,  a.    A  man  or  a  b«>y  ;  a  yiMith.  It  19  used  also  in 

the  sense  of  a  buyer.    "  If  yo«i  want  to  s^ll,  here  is 

your  cAop."     In  this  sense  it  coincides  with  chapman. 

[See  CHSAr.l  SUtU. 

CHAP,  c.  i    [Sai.  oapimA 

To  cheap-n.     [.V««  usri.] 
CRJiP^R-R-iV.  n.  [Sp.,  from  ekcparra^  an  erergrecn 

oek.] 
A  thicket  of  low  evergreen  oaks.  JVfatwaii*^  Did. 
CHAP'-BOOK,  a.    [See  CHAmA.-f  and  Chbap.]    A 

small  U)ok,  c4irried  about  fur  sale  by  hawkers. 
CHAPE.  It.    [Fr.eAii|>e,the  tongue  c.f  a  bucklWj  a  cover, 

a  churchman's  cope,  the  head  of  an  alembic  ;  .\nn. 

chap  i  Sp.  rVp*)  *  thin  plate  of  metal  covering  same 

kind  of  work.     Qu.  cap.] 

1.  The  catch  of  any  thmir,  as  the  hook  of  a  scab- 
bard, or  the  catch  of  a  buckle,  by  which  it  is  held  to 

tbe  back  strap. 
3.  A  bnus  or  silver  tip,  or  caf>c ,  tb.it  strengthens 

the  end  of  a  scabtmrd.  Jakn^ton.    Pk  Uips, 

CHJSP'E^U,iatap'po,)n.;pL  Chapkaux,  (shap'pdKe.) 

[Fr.l     A  hat ;  In  kermldry,  a  rap  or  bonnet. 
CMjU^EAU  bras,  (iihap'po  htL,)  a.    A  railitar>-  hat 

Mrhtcb  can  be  flattened   and  put  under  the  arm, 

CJIAP'EL,  a.  [Fr.  ckapdlt:  U  eapefla;  Arm.  dutprl; 
Sp.  eapitUy  a  chap^H.  a  hood  or  cowl,  a  chapter  of 
collegians,  a  pnx>f-e;beet ;  Port.  taptUa ;  It.  eappfUA ; 
D.  kaprt:  fntni  the  same  n>ot  as  cap.  It  is  said  that 
the  kings  of  France,  in  war,  carried  S?L  .Martin*s  hat 
into  Ilitr  rield,  which  was  kL>|H  in  a  t^nt  as  a  prertotis 
relic,  whence  the  place  tnok  the  name  eapella,ii  little 
bat,  and  the  prieA  who  bad  the  custody  of  the  tent 
wa$  called  eaptUanuA,  now  duxplAim.  Hence  the 
word  cMapd  came  to  signify  a  private  oratory*. 
fDicye.    LmmitrA 

1.  A  hoase  for  public  worship,  erected  separate 
&om  a  cbnich  :  primarily,  a  private  oratory,  or  hotitse 
of  WMvhip  belonj:ine  to  a  private  p-r*ori.  In  Oreat 
Britain  there  are  several  sorts  of  chapcU ;  as, 
parvdOtU  chapels^  distinct  from  the  mothi-r  church  ; 
tiutptU  which  adjoin  to  and  are  a  pait  of  tJie 
cbnrrb  ;  such  were  formerly  built  by  honurahle  pt-r- 
•ons  for  bur>'ing-plac«9 ;  ehaptls  of  eAif,  additional 
chiirche*,  built  in  large  parishes,  for  the  ncc^mmo- 
daitnri  cf  the  inhabitants  ;  free  dutpel^^  which  wr^re 
foiiu^lcd  by  the  king  of  England;  chapds  in  the  uni- 
rn-.<t&>-<,  places  of  worship  belunisin^  to  particular 
collfses;  domfstie  ckap^h^  built  by  ni^lemcn  or  ptn- 
tlemen  for  the  use  of  their  families.  Kneyc. 

2.  In  EAftand,  a  place  of  worship  for  disscnt.T^. 

3.  A  printer's  work-house ;  said  to  be  so  citk-d 
because  printing  was  first  carried  on  in  a  cha|>el. 
Also,  an  aaaociation  of  workmen  in  a  printing-onice. 

BrattJe.     Bailey.     £«<■_!/<;. 
CHAP'EL,  r.  t    To  deposit  in  a  chapeL    BeatLin,  4*  Ft 
CHaPE'I.E-^S,  a.    Without  a  chape. 

CHAPXET,      (■•    ["•«W««tJ 

A  pair  of  atjrrup  leathers,  with  rtimips,  joined  at 
the  top  in  a  sort  of  leather  buckle,  by  which  they  are 
made  &iC  to  the  frame-work  of  the  saddle,  afltr  th<-y 
hive  been  adjusted  to  the  length  and  bearing  of  the 
rider.  Farrirr''s  D.cL 

CHAP'EL-ING,  n.  The  act  of  tumine  a  ship  round 
in  a  light  breere  of  wind,  when  close-hiuh-d,  so 
that  she  will  lie  the  same  wav  as  bc-fore.  Mar.  Diet, 

CH-WEL-LA-NY,  n.  A  place  founded  within  some 
church  and  dependent  thereon.  ^9tiliffr. 

CH.\P'EL-RY,  n.  The  bounds  or  Jurisdiction  of  a 
cbapeL 


CIIA 

CHAP'E-RON,  (shap'e-r?ii,)w.  [Fr.]  A  hixid  or  cap 
worn  by  the  kniglits  of  the  Gartt-r  in  their  habits.  It 
was  anciently  worn  by  men,  wnmon,  nobles,  and 
populace;  afterward  appropriated  to  ductors  and  li- 
centiates in  ci>1I.^ges.  1  hi'  name  tlien  i>assed  to  cer- 
tain devici-s  placed  on  the  furcht-ads  of  horses  which 
drew  the  hearse  in  pompou$i  funeralsi. 

2.  One  who  attends  a  lady  to  public  places  as  a 
piide  and  pmtertor.  Jokiison.     Enqtc. 

CHAP'E-UON.  (shap'e  n^n,)  r.  t  To  attend  a  lady  to 
public  placfs  09  a  guide  and  protector. 

CHAPE-RfiX'KD,  pp.  \Vait*;d  on  in  a  public  assem- 
bly by  a  friend  or  pnttector. 

CHAP-E-R0.\'I-N'G,  ppr.  Attending  on  a  female  In  a 
public  asst-niblv. 

CH.\P'-FALI.-A:X,  (chopTawIn,)  a,  [chap  and  full.] 
Having  the  lower  chap  di-pressed  ;  hence,  drjected  ; 
dispirited  ;  silenced.  B.  Juiu-mji. 

CHA1"I-TER,  a.  [Fr.  chnpitrait;  It.  eapitrtlo  ;  L,  ciip- 
itfUum^  from  caputy  a  head.  Tliis  is  a  diflereut  word 
for  Capitau] 

1.  I'bo  upper  part  or  capital  of  a  column  or  pillar. 
[Cbs.]     [See  Capital.] 

2.  That  which  is  dt-Iivered  by  the  moutli  of  the 
Justice  in  his  charge  to  the  inquest.  Enajc. 

CHAP'LAI.N,  (liu,)  H.  [Fr.  chtpflmn  ;  Sp.  capeUan  ;  It, 
eapfUnno  t  L.  capetlanus  ;  from  chaprl,'] 

1.  An  ecclesiastic  who  has  a  chajx*!,  or  who  per- 
forms seivice  in  a  cliapi'l.  The  king  of  (ireat  Britain 
has  forty-eight  chaplains,  who  attend,  four  each 
month,  to  pcrfarm  divine  «;rvicw  fur  the  n>yal  fam- 
ily. Princes  alsM,  and  (vrsons  of  quality,  have  chap- 
lains, who  officiate  in  their  chapels. 

2.  A  clers>*nKin  who  b  Kuigs  to  a  ship  of  war,  to  a 
regiment  of  land  forces*,  or  to  some  public  institution, 
for  perfiirming  divine  service. 

3.  A  cl'-r}0'man  who  is  retained  to  perform  divine 
■errice  in  a  family. 

OuijJains  of  thr  popr^  are  auditors  or  Judges  of 
eaiispfl  in  the  sacred  piilace.  Enttfc. 

CHAP'LAIN-CY,  a.    The  office  or  station  of  a  chap- 
lain. 
CHAP'LAIX-SHIP,  n.     The  office  or  business  of  a 
chaplain. 
2.  The  possession  or  n^venue  of  a  chaprl,  Jvhnjion. 
CHAP'LESH,  a.    Without  any  dcsh  about  the  month. 
CHAP'UET,  a.     [Vr.  eJutpeUt.]  [Bailty.     Skak. 

1.  .\  gaiiand  or  wreath  to  be  worn  on  the  bead  ; 
the  circle  of  a  crown, 

2.  A  string  of  beads  used  by  the  Roman  Catholics, 
bj*  which  the)'  count  tlie  number  of  tlieir  pravers. 
They  are  made  sometinu;s  of  coral,  of  wood,  ol*  dia- 
monds, 4tc.,  and  are  callt.d  paifrnonters.  The  inven- 
tion is  ascribed  to  Peter  the  Hermit,  who  pruhabty 
learnt  it  in  tlie  East,  as  the  Orientals  use  a  kind  of 
ch,aplet,  called  a  cAm'n,  rehearsing  one  of  the  perfec- 
tions of  God  on  each  link,  or  head.  The  Great  Mogul 
is  s.iid  to  have  eighteen  of  Uiese  chains,  all  precious 
stont-s.  I'he  Turks  also  use  a  kind  of  chaplct  in 
reciting  Uieir  praytrrs.  F.nnjc 

3.  In  architecturf,  a  little  molding,  carved  into 
round  be.ads,  pearls,  olives,  or  the  like. 

4.  In  htmiemanahip^  a  chapelet,  which  see. 

b.  A  tuft  of  feathers  on  a  peacock's  head.  Johnson. 
6.  A  small  chapel  or  shrine.  Hammond. 

CIIAP'M.VN,  n.  ,•  p/.  Chapmk!*.  [&Bi%.  etapman  ;  D. 
koi'pnan  ;  G.  katifinann:  I),  ki'dbmand.    See  Cheap.] 

1.  A  cheaiK-ner  ;  one  that  offers  aa  a  purchastrr. 

Tlifir  citapmen  they  belruy.  Diydtn. 

2.  A  seller ;  a  market-man.  Shak, 
CHAP'PED,  (chapt,)  pp.     Clefl ;  opened,  as  the  sur- 
face or  skin. 

CIIAP'PIXG,  ppr.    Cleavine,  as  the  surface  or  skin. 
CHAP'PV,  a.     Full  of  chaps  ;  rl.-ft. 
CHAPS,  n. ;./.    The  m<mth  or  jaws.     [See  Chap,] 
CHAPT.     Si-e  Chapped. 

CHAP'TER,  a.  [Fr.  chapitre;  I.,  capi/u/um,  a  head; 
It.  cttpitohi  :  Sp.  capitulo ;  from  L.  caput,  the  head.] 

1.  A  division  of  a  book  or  treatise  ;  as,  Genesis 
contains  fif^y  chaptTs.  lU  nee  the  phrase,  To  Uie  end 
oftkt  dutpter,  that  is,  throughout ;  to  tlie  end. 

JohTLfOn. 

2.  In  ftcUsiastical  polity  J  a  society  or  community  of 
clergjmen,  belonging  to  a  cathedral  or  collegiate 
church.  Ennjc. 

3.  \n  organized  bmncli  of  some  society  or  frater- 
nity, as  of  the  freemasons,  &.c. 

4.  A  place  where  delinquents  receive  discipline  and 
correction.  J^ylijff'e, 

0.  A  d'-cretal  epistle.  JiyUffe. 

CHAP'TER,  r.  /.    To  tax  ;  to  correct.  Vrudfit. 

CHAP'TER-HOUSE,  n.     A  house  where  a  chapter 

meet-i.  Bailey. 

CH.\P'TREL,  n.  [from  chaiJiUr.)  The  same  as  im- 
post. Jifoxon. 

CHAR,  n.    A  delicious  fish  inhabiting  deep  takes  in 
mi  untainous  regions,  and  prefi^rrod  to  the  salmtm. 
Encyc.  of  Dom.  Econ. 

CHAR,  a.  In  Enghind^  work  done  by  the  day  ;  a  sin- 
0e  job,  or  task.  In  J^no  En'/land,  it  is  pronounced 
chcrf.y  which  see.  I  know  not  the  origin  of  the 
word.  In  Sax.  ecrre^  cyrr^  signifies  a  time,  a  turn, 
occasion,  from  errran,  cyrran,  to  turn  or  return. 


CHA 

CH.^It,  r.  (.    To  prrfnrtn  a  business.  .!^Iiig. 

CHAR,  r.  i.  To  Work  at  others'  houses  by  tlie  day, 
without  being  a  hired  servant ;  to  do  small  jobs. 

Bailey.    .hikiiA.m. 

CHAR'-WOM-AN,  n.  A  woman  hired  for  odd  work, 
or  for  single  days.  Johnson, 

[*-har-man  and  Char-woman  are,  I  believe,  not  tistd 
in  Jim^rica.] 

CHAR,  V.  t.  [Russ.  jflryu  or  charyUj  to  roast  or  burn  ; 
at  fforyuy  to  bunt,  or  be  btirut ;  and  With  a  prefix, 
sfraroya  or  siroraiiu,  to  burn  ;  Fr.  charrie,  ashes,  (iu, 
Heb.  Ch.  Eih.  Snn.  Class  Gr,  No,  22,  23.  This 
seem"  tn  be  the  root  of  L,  earbo.     See  Chark,] 

1.  To  bum  or  reduce  to  coal  or  carbon  ;  to  reduce 
to  charcoal,  by  exptrlling  all  volatile  matter  from 
wood.  This  is  dune  by  burning  wood  slowly,  under 
a  covering  of  turf  and  earth. 

2,  To  expel  all  volatile  mailer  from  stone  or  earth 
by  heal.  ^ 

Ttie  Atuiic  or  cluiIi  cKetrrtd  froi))  ull  foreign  v'uulile  Ingrrili^tit). 

Krrtann. 

CHAR'ACT,  (  n.    [See  CuABACTaR.!    An  inscription. 
CIlARECr,  \       [>y(  i«  use,}  Skehon, 

CHAR'AC-TER,  «.  [L.  diaracter;  Fr.  caracUra  Sp. 
caractrr;  ft.  carattere;  Hr.  \iioiiktijPj  fVom  the  verb 
X't^uTfftj,  \iipurrto,  x<*/"^('''»  ***  scrape,  cut,  en- 
grave.] 

1.  A  niark  made  by  cutting  or  engraving,  as  on 
stone,  metal,  or  other  h:ird  nialeriid  ;  hence,  a  mark 
or  figuri!  made  with  a  pen  or  style,  on  pajjer,  oriilher 

•material  used  to  contain  writing;  a  hater  or  figure 
used  to  f.trm  wonls  and  communicate  ideas,  Char- 
arir-rs  are  tUenil,  As  the  letters  of  an  alphabet ;  nu- 
vterat,  us  the  arithmeiical  fissures;  embh.matirai  or 
symbulictit,  which  express  things  or  ideas  ;  ami  ahbre- 
riitiionn  ;  as,  C.  for  cciitiiniy  a  hundred  ;  lb.  for  libra,  a 
pound  ;  A.  I).,  Anno  Domini ;  5lc, 

2.  A  mark  or  figure  made  by  stamping  or  impR>9- 
sion,  as  on  coioit. 

3.  The  manner  of  writing  ;  the  peculiar  fonu  of 
letters  ust-d  l»y  a  particular  person. 

You  know  ilie  chamcUr  Co  bo  yotir  brother's.  Shak. 

4.  Thi^  peculiar  qualities  impressed,  by  nature  or 
habit,  on  a  iMirwn,  which  distinguish  him  from  oih- 
en* ;  lIieKe  constitute  rci/ rArtracfe?",  and  the  qualities 
which  he  is  supjMiscd  to  posses.-^  couistitute  his  esti- 
matcA  charactTTy  or  reputation.  Honce  we  say,  a 
cfiart.rf'-r  is  not  formed,  when  the  person  has  nut  ac- 
quipil  -trible  and  distinctive  qualities. 

o.  All  account,  d';Rcription,  or  representation  of 
any  thing,  exhibiting  its  qualities  and  the  circum- 
stances attending  it ;  as,  to  give  a  bad  cJiaracUr  to  a 
town,  or  to  a  road. 

G.  A  person  ;  as,  the  assembly  consisted  of  various 
characters,  eminent  cAarnc/yr*,  and  low  rharacttra ;  oil 
the  charaetcra  in  the  play  appetu-ed  to  advantage. 

Tlw  friiniWiip  of  dutiii^iiMirU  character*.  Botcot. 

7.  Ry  way  of  eminence,  distinguished  or  good 
qualities  ;  tliose  which  are  esteemed  and  respected  ; 
and  thoHe  which  are  ascribed  to  a  person  in  common 
esiiination.  We  inquire  wlit^her  a  ytranger  is  a  man 
of  chiiracte.r, 

8.  Adventitious  qualities  impressed  by  office  or  sta- 
ti<>n  ;  the  qualities  that,  in  public  estimation,  h^-long 
to  a  piTson  in  a  particular  suuion,  as  wlien  we  ask 
how  a  magistrate  or  commander  supports  his  cluzrac- 
Ur. 

9.  The  pt^culiar  qualities  or  properties  by  which 
one  thing  is  distinguif;hed  from  another,  as  animals, 
plants,  and  minerals. 

Tbt-s''  propTlJ^i  whtn  employed  for   the  purpoie  of  diacnipiinv 
tjng  timicmlit,  «je  cilled  charactert.  Cleavelanl. 

ID.    Distinctive    quality    of    any    kind    strongly 
marked,  particularly  energ>'  or  force  ;  as,  a  man   is 
said  to  have  no  character,  or  a  grtsal  deal  of  cfutractcr. 
CHAR'AC-TER,  r.  f.    To  engrave  ;  to  inscribe. 

Mdtun.     Shak. 
2.  To  describe  ;  to  distinguish  by  particular  marks 
or  traits.  Jififfurd. 

€HAR'AC-TER -ED,  pp.      Engraved;   inscribed;  dis- 
tinguished by  a  particular  character.  Mitforil. 
CHAR'Ae-TER-ISM,  Tt.    The  distinction  of  character. 

Bp.  HaU. 
2.   A  particular   aspect   or   configuration  of  the 
heavens,  Encyc. 

eHAR-A€-TER-IS'Tie,  )  0.     [Gr.  x(ip<iKrT,tnaTi- 

eilAR-AC-TER-lS'TIC-AL,  i     *«?,  from  x»P'^>'Tnp.] 
That  constitutes  the  character  ;  that  marks  the  pe- 
culiar distinctive  qualities  of  a  person  or  thing;  as, 
generosity  is  often  a  characttriatic  virtue  of  a  brave 
man. 

It  is  followed  by  ofi  as,  generosity  is  cHariteteristxe 
o/tnie  bravcrv. 
CHAR-AC-TEU-IS'Tie,  tu    That  which  constitutes 
a  characUT  ;  that  which  characterizes;  that  which 
distinguishes  a  person  or  thing  from  another. 

Invention  a  Ihe  characUrUtic  of  Homer.  Pope. 

2.  In  grammar,  the  principal  h-tter  of  a  word, 
which  is  preserved  in  most  of  its  tenses,  m  its  deriv- 
ativirs  and  compounds. 

The  characteristic  of  a  logarithm,  is  its  index  or  ex- 
ponent. 


L 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII.^T.— METE,  PUBV.  —  PI.VE,  MARIXE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK. 


ClIA 


CIIA 


cnA 


The  citanulrrijitic  triangle  of  a  carre,  in  gcoiuetO'* 
i^•  a  recliliitenr  right-aucK-d  triangle,  whose  hypi.t- 
enuse  makes  a  ii;iit  of  Uie  curve,  iiol  stiisibly  dif- 
fer. lit  from  a  riglit  line.  Encuc. 

eHAR-Ae-TER-lS'Tie-AL-LY,  aJo,  In  a  manner 
that  liistincuishes  cbitracicr. 

CnAK-Ae-fER-IS'TLC-AL-XESS,  h.  The  state  or 
qualities  of  being  chararierfetic. 

CMAR-AC-TEtt-I-ZA'TIO.N,  n.  Act  of  character- 
ii'.his. 

CnAR'AC-TER-I/.E,  r.  L     [Gr.  x<inaKTr,ui;i,y.] 

1.  To  give  a  character,  or  an  accotnit  of  the  pT- 
son.il  qn:iJiUes  of  a  man  j  to  describe  by  pi;culiar 
qimlities. 

•2.  To  distin^iish;  to  mark,  or  express  tlie  char- 
acter; to  exhibit  the  peculiar  qualitit^s  ofh  person 
or  tiling  ;  as,  humility  charactcrizts  the  true  Chris- 
tian ;  thu  hero  is  cluiracterized  by  bravery  and  mag- 
Qaoiniily. 

Tbe  tyrt^m  of  iwtlMlIon  hu  characurixed  the  enlire  Kheme  of 
divine  dlnp^nmtbn.  3'AoAy. 

3.  Tu  engrave  or  imprint     [Little  use/!.]       Hale. 

4.  To  mark  witli  a  peculiar  stamp  ur  figure. 

Eur»pe:kii,  Aauiie,  uui  Atncon  CkCs  are  all  tiuiraclt-rized. 

ArUuthnol. 

ei[AR'AC-TER-IZ-£D,     (kar'ak-ter-Izd,)    pp.       De- 
scribed or  flistineuished  by  peculiar  qualities. 
CIIAR'AC-TER  IZ-[\G,  ppr.     Describing  or   distln- 

cui^iint*  by  pf-<MiIiar  qualities. 
niAR'At- 4eR  LESS,  a.     Destitute  of  any  peculiar 

character.  S)iak. 

€IIAR'Ae-TER-r,  n.     Impreasion ;  mark;  distinc- 
tion.    \J^ot  iLsed.]  Shak. 
I^HA-RaDE',   (sha-rade',)   n.     [Said  to   be   from   the 
name  of  the  inventor.] 

A  composition,  in  wliirh  Tlie  subject  must  be  a 
word  of  two  or  in  ■  -,  tacli  fonning  a  dis- 

tinct worii  ;  and  n  are  to  be  cnnccaled 

in  an  entcmaticnl  ..  .    lirst  separatL-ly   and 

then  together.     Example  : 

Mf  Jtrft,  v)f:n  &  rrvnchiiinn  b  Wmlng  EnflUh,  •r^rvM  him 
to  nrmr  tiy.  My  tetond  i*  richtT  hxj  ut  aim.  ily  afiole 
is  tbe  (Wijtit  of  i!y  a^.     Oar-rick.  Eneye. 

CHXR'eOAL,  B.  [char  and  eoal.  See  Chak.]  Coal 
made  by  charriny;  wood  ;  llie  remains  of  wood  burnt 
undi_T  turf,  or  in  oili-r  circumstances  to  exchide  air, 
and  from  which  all  watery  and  other  volatile  matter 
has  bt-en  I'xpelled  by  heat.  It  makes  a  strong  heat, 
and  is  u-:e(!  in  furnaces,  forges,  private  familira,  &c. 
It  isbl  \rk,  brittle,  light,  and  inodorous,  and,  not  being 
d'.-coiH[n-;il(I(?  by  water  or  air,  will  endure  for  agea 
without  al'.cralion. 

CIIARD,  ,1.     [Fr.  chardc!  J.,  carduus.] 

The  |..avi;s  of  artichokes  tied  and  wrapped  all 
(ivi.r,  exctpt  tlic  ^1p,  in  straw,  during  autumn  and 
winter.  'J'his  makes  llu-m  grow  white  and  lose 
som-  of  their  bitti-rni'ss.  Chambers. 

Chiir'l<  ofbrrt,  nrr  plants  of  white  bcct  transplanted, 
prod  I  ■   ps,  which,  in  the  midst,  have  a 

iari:  ,  downy,  cotton-like  main  shoot, 

wlii'  ii  .  hard,  Mortimer. 

CI!.\Il'Fit(J.V,  ,u  A  defense  for  a  horse^s  head,  made 
of  plab'S  of  steiti  or  piec«;s  of  leather.  Brandr, 

CnXRtiK,  (charj,)  v.  U  [Fr.  charirer;  Arm.  carga; 
Sp.  carijar ;  It.  earicarf^  ut  earcure ;  Port,  carrr^ar. 
It  would  iM:em  from  the  Welsh,  that  this  word  is 
from  enr,  a  carl  or  other  vehicle,  and  that  the  noun 
ckar^  or  enr^o  was  first  funned,  and  therefore 
uught  in  nrrancemont  Uj  precede  the  verb.  If  tJie 
verb  was  first  ftirmed.  the  primary  wnse  would  br, 
to  load,  to  throw  or  put  on  or  in.  I  think  tbe  fact  to 
be  oth<  rwise.     S^e  Cabuo.] 

1.  'fo  ru»<h  on  ;  to  fall  on;  to  attark,  especially 
with  (JK'd  bayonett :  as,  an  army  cA*irj/-Mthe  i-nemy. 

2.  To  load,  as  a  nmskct  or  cannon  ;  to  thrust  in 
pf)wd-T,  f»r  powd'T  and  ball  or  shot. 

-     T    ■      ■  rtlen  ;  to  throw  on  or  impose  that 

i-',  to  charter,  the  stomach  with  in- 
to lav  on,  or  to  fill,  witliout  op- 
pr.  ^xiMi: .  as.  u,  rmirse  the  memory  with  rules  and 
precepts  ;  to  char'^r  the  mind  with  facts. 

4.  I'o  wi  or  lay  on  ;  t*)  impose,  as  a  tax  ;  as,  the 
land  is  thwrged  with  a  (juitrent;  a  rent  iK  charged  on 
tlie  land. 

5.  To  lay  on  or  impose,  as  a  task. 

The  ipi^pcl  diarg»A  ua  wUh  pifty  towuil  God.  TVIotton, 

6.  T<»  put  or  lay  on  :  as,  to  ehar^/t  a  building  with 
oniatn:-!!^^,  often  implying  superfluity. 

7.  To  lay  on,  as  a  duty  ;  followed  by  wiM. 

Tbe  cominaiidrT  barged  lh»?  officer  vilh  Ur  ezeculion  of  the 
pTrjj<-ei.  —  S<rc  tien.  xJ.  4. 

8.  To  Inlmst  to  ;  as,  an  officer  is  charged  wUh  dis- 
patches. 

9.  To  st?t  to,  as  a  debt ;  to  place  on  the  debit  sirle 
of  an  account;  as,  to  charge  a  man  with  the  price 
of  goods  Sold  to  him 

10.  To  tf)ad  or  lay  on,  in  words,  something  wrong, 
reproachful,  or  criminal;  to  impute  to^  as,  to  charge 
a  man  uiith  theft. 

1 1.  Tn  lay  on  in  words  ;  to  Impute  to ;  followed  by 
on  b*fi>re  the  person  ;  as,  to  charge  a  crime  on  the 
offi-nder ;  to  charge  evil  cunsequenccii  on  tlie  doc- 
trines of  the  Stoics. 


m.  To  censure  ;  to  accuse. 

Ill  all  thb  Job  Emnril  not,  nor  charged  God  fbolt^j.  —Job  1. 

13.  To  lay  on,  give,  or  communicate,  as  an  order, 
command,  or  earnest  request ;  to  enjoin  ;  to  exhort. 

Charge  tU'-m  iliit  nv  rich  in  tliii  worU,  thai  they  be  not  high- 
ntiniicd.  —  1  Tim.  vi. 

In  this  sense,  when  the  command  is  given  in  the 
name  of  G<^d,  or  with  au  oath,  the  phrase  amounts 
to  an  adjtiratiou. 

To  adjure;  to  bind  by  an  oath.     1  Savu  xiv.  28. 

14.  To  give  dircTtitms  to ;  to  instruct  autliorita- 
tively ;  as,  the  judge  ehanrrd  the  grand  jury  to  in- 
quire res|>ecting  breaches  of  the  peace. 

15    To  communirnte  elcctricaJ  matter  to,  as  to  a 

cooti'd  vial,  or  an  electrical  battery. 
CHARGE,  r.  L     To  make  an  onset.     Thus  Glanville 

says,  "  Like  your  heroes  of  antiquity,  he  cJmrircs  in 

iron  ;  "  and  we  s.ay,  to  charge  with  fixed  bayimets. 

But  in  this  application,  the  object  is  understotid  ;  to 

charge  the  enemy. 
CMXR6E,  n.     rPr.  charge;  Arm.  and  W.  carg;  Sp. 

cnrga,  cargo  ;Vori.  carga,  carrega;  H.  carieay  carco ; 

Eng.  cargo.] 

1.  That  which  is  laid  on  or  in  ;  in  a  general  aense^ 
any  load  or  burden.  It  is  the  same  word  radically 
as  cargo. 

2.  Tbe  quantity  of  powder,  or  of  powder  and  ball 
or  shot,  used,  or  proper  to  be  used,  in  loading  a  mus- 
ket, cannon,  or  other  like  instrument. 

3.  An  onset ;  a  rushing  on  an  enemy  ;  attack  ; 
especially  by  moving  troops  with  fixed  bayonets. 
Hut  it  is  used  for  an  onset  of  cavalry,  as  well  as  of 
infantry. 

4.  An  order,  mjunction,  mandate,  command. 

McwB|fn»t"  Jt>«hiiii  a  charge.  —  Num.  xxvii. 
The  ldH£  p«Ye  charge  conceminjf  ALajDui.  —2  Sam.  f  vili. 
Hence, 

5.  That  which  is  enjoined,  committed,  Intrusted, 
or  delivered  to  another,  implying  care,  custody, 
oversight,  or  duty  to  be  performed  by  the  pert^un  in- 
irui^ed. 

I  gn»"  Il^uiani  charge  orrr  Jt-ruaalrm.  —  Neh,  »ii. 

Hence  lli.^  word  includes  any  trust  or  commission  ; 
an  office,  duty,  employment.  It  is  followed  by  of  or 
over;  more  generally  by  of.     Hence, 

6.  The  pLTson  or  thing  committed  to  another's 
cust(»dy,  care,  or  management;  a  trust.  Thus  the 
people  of  a  parish  are  called  the  miiiiiiter'a  cJturge. 

The  •Ijirry  gTinnliaii  drove  hia  charga  away 

To  Boioe  frcih  ptuture.  Dryden. 

7.  Instructions  given  by  a  judge  to  a  jury,  by  a 
bishop  to  his  clergy,  or,  among  Presbyterians,  &c., 
by  a  member  of  an  ordaining  council  to  one  who  is 
set  as  pastor  over  a  congregation,  or  to  the  congrega- 
tion themselves.  The  word  may  be  used  as  synony- 
mous with  command,  direction^  exhortation,  or  injunc- 
tion,  but  always  implies  .solemnity. 

8.  Imputation  in  a  bad  sense  ;  accusation. 

Lay  not  tliLi  sin  to  th<;ir  charge.  —  AcU  tH. 

9.  That  which  constitutes  debt,  in  commercial 
transactions ;  an  entry  of  money,  or  the  price  of 
good>«,  on  the  debit  side  of  nn  account. 

10.  Cost ;  expense ;  as,  the  charges  of  the  war  are 
to  be  borne  by  the  nation. 

11.  Im(H>sition  on  land  or  estate;  rent,  tax,  or 
whatever  constitutes  a  burden  or  duty. 

V2.  In  military  affairs,  a  signal  to  attack  ;  as,  to 
sound  the  cJiarge. 

13.  The  posture  of  a  weapon  fitted  for  an  attack 
or  coinbaU 

Tb«ir  ann«d  •Iatcs  in  eharg*.  SUak. 

14.  Among /dm>r.T,  a  preparation  of  the  consists 
ence  of  a  thick  decjTCtion,  or  between  an  ointment 
and  a  pla.«tpr,  used  as  a  remedy  for  sprains  ami  in- 
flammations. 

l.S.  In  heraldry,  that  which  is  borne  upon  the 
color;  or  the  figures  represented  on  the  escutcheon, 
by  which  the  hearers  are  distinguished  from  one 
another. 

l(i.  In  elrctrieal  rinerimenti,  a  quantity  of  electrical 
fluid,  communicated  to  a  coated  jar,  vial,  or  pane  of 
glaits. 

17.  In  painting,  charge,  or  overcharge,  is  an  exagge- 
ration uf  character  in  Conn,  color,  or  expression. 

Klmrs. 

A  charge  of  Ira/l,  is  thirty-six  pigs,  each  containing 
six  stone,  wanting  two  poundt*. 
CHAH6E'A-ilI>E,  a.     TJiat  may  be  charged  ;  that  may 
be  sit,  laid,  imi)«>sed  ;  as,  a  duty  of  forty  per  cent. 
Is  charirrable  on  wine. 

3.  Subject  to  bii  charged  ;  as,  wine  is  chargeable 
with  a  duty  of  forty  per  cent, 

3.  Expensive  ;  costly  ;  as,  a  chargeable  family. 

4.  Laying  or  bringing  expense. 

BccniiK  we  would  not  be  chorgeabie  to  any  of  you,  —  I  Then.  li. 

5.  Imputable  ;  that  may  be  laid  or  attributed  a.s  a 
crime,  fault,  or  debt ;  as,  a  fault  chargeable  on  a  man. 

6.  Subject  to  be  charged  or  accused;  as,  a  man 
ehargraJtU  with  a  fault  or  neglect. 

CHARGE' A-BLE-NESS,  b.     Expenslvenesa  ;    cost; 
costlinosfl.  Boyle. 


CIIARGE'A-BLY,  ode.    Exi)ensively  J  at  great  cost. 

Ascham. 

CnXRG'ED,  pp.  Loaded  ;  burdened  ;  attacked  ;  laid 
on  ;  instructed  ;  imjiuicd  ;  accused  ;  placed  to  the 
debt ;  ordered  ;  commanded. 

ChAR'GE  D'MF-FAIRES',  (slr.lr'zhi  daf  f5ir',)  n. 
[Fr.]  A  person  intrusted  with  tbe  public  interest  in 
a  foreign  n.ation,  in  the  place  uf  an  embassador  or 
other  minister. 

CnARGi:'F[JL,  a.    Expenshre ;  costly.    [A^oi  u.'^cd.] 

Shak. 

CIIARGE'LESS,  o.  Not  expensive;  free  from  ex- 
pense. 

CHXRG'ER,  71.  In  Scots  law,  one  who  charges  anoth- 
er in  a  suit. 

2.  A  large  dish.    JVum.  vil. 

3.  A  horse  used  in  battle. 
CHARGR'-HOtrSE,  n.    A  scliool-house.   [06.-.-.]    SluiJc 
CHARG'ING,  ppr.     Loading;   attacking;  laying  on; 

inj-truciing ;  commanding;  accusing;  imputing. 

CIL\R'I-LY,  arfe.  [See  Cmauy.]  Carefully;  warily; 
fnigally.     [Little  lurd.]  Shah. 

CHaR'I-NESS,  n.  Caution;  care;  nicety;  scrupu- 
lousness.    [LUUc  m(«/.]  Shak. 

CIIaR'LVO,  for  Chqiumg,  doing  chores,  is  used  by 
Coleridge. 

CHAR'I-OT,  7t.  [Fr.  chariot,  from  char,  a  car,  which 
see  ;  Sp.  It.  carro ;  It.  carrcUa.] 

1.  A  half  coach  ;  a  carriage  with  four  wheels,  and 
one  seat  behind,  used  for  convenience  and  pleasure. 

9.  A  car  or  vehicle,  used  foriiierly  in  war,  drawn 
by  tivo  or  more  horses,  and  conveying  two  men 
each.  These  vehicles  were  sometimes  armed  with 
htioks  or  scythes. 

CHAR'I-OT,  V.  t.    To  convey  in  a  chariot.     Miltfrrf. 

CHAR'I-0'i"-ED,  pp.     Borne  in  a  chariot.       Cowpcr. 

CJI.VR-I-O'I'-EER',  Ti.  The  person  who  drives  or 
conducts  a  chariot.  It  is  used  in  speaking  of  mili- 
tary chariots,  and  tlio.se  in  tlie  ancient  games,  but 
not  of  modern  drivers,  .John.^im.    Addison. 

CHAR-I-OT-EER'ING,  ppr.    Driving  a  chariot. 

2.  a.     Using  a  chariot. 
CHAR'I-OT-MAN,    m.     The    driver    of    a   chariot. 

9  Chruti.  xviii. 

CHAR'I-OT-RaCE,  w.  a  race  with  chariots;  a  sport 
in  which  chariots  were  driven  in  contest  for  a  prize. 

Addison, 

CIIAR'I-TA-HLE,  a.  [Fr.  See  Chabitv.]  Benevo- 
lent and  kind  ;  as,  a  charitable  disposition. 

2.  Liberal  in  benefactions  to  the  poor,  and  in  re- 
lieving them  in  distress  ;  as,  a  charitable  man. 

3.  Pertaining  to  charity;  springing  from  charity, 
or  intended  for  charity  ;  benevolent ;  as,  a  chai-itable 
institution,  or  society  ;  a  charitable  punwse. 

4.  Formed  on  charitable  principles  ;  favorable ; 
dictated  by  kindness;  as,  a  charitable  constniction 
of  words  or  actions. 

CIIAH'I  TA-BLE-\ESS,  n.     The  disposition  to  be 
charitable,  or  the  exercise  of  charity. 
9.  Liberality  to  the  poor. 

CHAR'1-TA-BLY,  adu.  Kindly  ;  liberally  ;  benevo- 
lently  ;  with  a  dis]»f)3ition  to  helplhe  poor  ;  favorably, 

CHAR'I-TV,  n.  [Fr.  charitei  L.  charitas,  or  caritas ; 
W.  cariad  :  Sp.  cartdad ;  Port,  caridade:  It.  caritd, 
caritade.  Q,u.  Gr.  ;^a,oif.  The  Latin  carifa^  is  from 
cariLi,  dear,  costly,  whence  beloved ;  and  the  word 
was  sometimes  written  charit/is,  as  if  from  the  Gr. 
X(i,u((.  The  Latin  carus  would  seem  to  be  from  the 
verb  careo,  to  waul,  as  ilearness  arises  from  srarf  itv. 
Of  this  we  have  an  example  in  the  English  dmr, 
whence  dearth,  which  shows  the  primary  sense  of 
dear  to  be  scarce.  But  qu.  the  Oriental  '^p\  Class 
Gr,  .\o.  50.J 

I.  In  a  general  aense,  love,  benevolence,  good-will ; 
that  disposition  of  heart  which  inclines  nu-u  to  think 
favorably  of  their  fellow-men,  and  to  do  them  g(X)d. 
In  a  theological  sense,  it  includes  supreme  love  to 
God,  and  iniiversal  good-will  to  men,  1  Cor.  xiij. 
Cvl.  iii.     1  Tim.  i. 

2i  In  a  vtore  particular  sense,  love,  kindness,  affec- 
lion,  tenderness,  springing  fripin  natural  relations; 
as,  tJie  charities  of  father,  son,  and  brother.  Mdtou. 

3.  Ijilierality  to  the  poor,  consisting  in  a!m>f-piving 
or  benf-factions,  or  in  gratuitous  services  to  relieve 
them  ill  distress. 

4.  Alms  ;  whatever  is  bestowed  gratuitously  on 
the  jKxir  fur  their  relief. 

5.  Liberality  in  gifts  and  services  to  promote  pii!)- 
lic  objects  of  utility,  as  to  found  and  Hupi>t)rt  Bible 
societies,  missionary  societies,  and  others. 

6.  Candor;  liberality  in  juilging  of  men  and  their 
actions;  a  disposition  which  inclines  men  to  think 
and  judge  favorably,  and  to  put  the  best  conslniction 
on  words  and  actions  which  the  case  will  admit. 

Tlie  hi^hi^sl  excrciae  of  charUy  ii  cb&rity  towant  x\iv  tmch^iritv 
blc.  Buckmintter. 

7.  Any  act  of  kindness  or  benevolence ;  a?,  th^ 
charities  of  life, 

8.  A  charitable  institution.  D.  ffcbAt.rr. 
Sisters  of  charity,  in  the  Roman  CnthoUe  church,  are 

an  order  or  society  of  females  whose  office  is  to  at- 
tend the  sick. 
CIIAR'1-TY-SeHOOL  is  a  school  maintained  by  vol- 
untary contributions  for  educating  itoot  children. 


TONE,  BULL.  IGNITE,— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS C  as  K;  0  a»  J ;  S  M  Zi  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


CHA 


CHXRK,  r.  t.    [On.  eAor,  or  Ch.  l^n,  Ar.  Oj^*  **" 

mJta,  to  burn.] 

To  burn  to  a  coal ;  to  char.  [Abt  •w«i.J  [See 
Chvr.] 

CHAR-I-VA  RVy  Cslt^r-e-va-ree'O  n.  [Fr.]  A  mock 
Serf  nude  of  discordant  music,  keilles,  tin  norns,  &c., 
dtsigDid  to  iiniioy  and  iu^nll.  U  was  at  first  dinxl- 
ed  Hgaiust  ividowii  whu  married  a  second  tinu',  at  an 
ndvanct'd  agt* ;  Iml  is  ntuv  ejttendfd  to  other  occa- 
sUiMH  uf  mtctiirnid  aiinuyanct*  :\\\d  inrJulL. 

CHAUL'A-TAN,(!ih;irraUin,)n.  [Fr.,  frorn  It.  ciai- 
laUuoj  a  quack,  fmiu  eiarinre,  to  prnl^  ;  f'jx  eharla- 
(tiN,  from  cJiarlttTt  to  prate  i  Port.  ckarUr^  id. ;  L.  j^oi^ 
r«Ja,  ifarriff  ;  Uf.  j  iidnfj.] 

One  wht)  |»ratt;i>  much  ut  bis  own  Ctvor,and  makes 
unwarnuitablt  pirtensioud  to  skill ;  a  quack  ;  an  em- 
IHfic;  a  mountebank.  BroicH,     BitUm 

CnxUL-A-TA.N'ie^AL,  a.  Quackish  j  making  un- 
due juvtensinn'f  u>  sikill ;  ignorant.  Cotcley. 

CHXKL-A-TA.S'IC-AULY,  air.  .\fter  tlie  manner 
t>f  a  chnriatan. 

CU\Ul/A-TA.N-RV.  (dhUrl'a-lan-ry,)  n.  Undue  pre- 
tt-n-^ious  to  skill;  quackery;  wheedling ;  deception 
bv  fair  word-*.  JohnsoH. 

CIU  i:LK3»S-\VA  l.\,  n.  [CiutrUst  Celtic  kart^  a  man, 
ur  ruKiir.    ^e  \V*ai?i.] 

In  Astronompt  seven  stars,  more  commonly  called 
Uij  Dipi^er,  in  the  oon;5tellaiion  called  Ursa  Majtfr^  or 
the  Great  lUar.  Encjfc 

[Tbe  word  :!«eni--4  to  denote  the  rustless  u^aiiiy  or 
Wiii!itn,^««i  r:illt-d  froui  its  ^hape  ;  the  four  stars  cor- 
resptmdiiig  to  the  bi>dy,  and  the  other  three  to  tl)e 
tunsrue  or  neap —  KU.\ 

CHAK'hOCK,  M.  [Sax.  cerlice.  Leac^  in  Paxnn»  ia  a 
leek  i  but  the  snue  word  occurs  in  heudock^  and  it 
priikhblv  sl^nific-^  a  plaui  ox  rooL] 

The  Enj^UI)  name  of  the  Raphanus  Eaphantstruro, 
and  Sinapis  arveiisi^,  ver)'  poruicious  weeds  anii>ng 
Kmm.  One  kind  has  yellow  lowers;  another,  white. 
With  jointed  (HKld.  Lw,     Encyc 

CHAKM,  1.  iFr.  diarme;  Norm,  fomie,  or  t^anne; 
Arm.  dulm  :  L.  carmfit^  a  song,  a  verse,  an  t>utcr)',  a 
charm,  it  coincides  with  the  W.  g*irmy  an  outcry, 
fornudv,  to  shout,  Sax.  ctrM,  or  cjrrM,  outer)',  noit*e. 
See  ALAaM.] 

1.  Words,  characters,  or  other  things  imagint;d  to 
po8^.ss  some  ticcult  or  unintelligible  juwer  i  hence, 
a  Diafpc  |K»wer  or  sfK-ll,  by  which,  with  tlie  supposed 
a^isiance  of  the  devil,  witches  and  sttrcerers  have 
becrn  siippotsed  to  do  womlerful  things.  Spell  \  en- 
chaniment.     Hence, 

^  That  which  has  power  to  sut>due  opfio^ition, 
and  gain  tlte  atfer tions ;  that  which  ciin  plea^^e  trre- 
si.-<:tbly;  that  which  delights  and  attracts  the  heart; 
gL>ueraUy  in  Uie  plural. 

The  aorilcB  of  iiaMn  and  tfaB  dhOTDM  of  ut,  Addmm, 

Good  huiWMT  only  lAacfatH  cAorau  to  l«M.  Pojf. 

CHARM,  r.  L    To  subdue  or  control  by  iBCantation  of 

secret  induence. 

1  wilt  artid  serpent!  artMngjou^which  will  not  be 


Jer.  ' 

2.  To  subdue  by  secn^t  power,  especially  by  that 
which  pleases  and  delights  the  mind ;  to  allay  or  ap- 
pease. 

Music  the  fiercest  grief  can  duim.  Pope. 

3.  To  give  exquisite  pleasure  to  the  mind  or  senses ; 
to  delight ;  as,  we  were  dtaraud  with  the  conver- 
sation. 

The  aerwl  aongvier  dtarms  us  with  her  tndodious  wMica.  Anon. 

4.  To  fortify  with  cbarms  against  evil. 

I  bru-  a  etennerf  life,  wbkh  mu«i  pot  ytet>t.  Skak. 

l^''ot  in  use.] 

5.  To  make  powerful  by  charms.       j^  Johnson. 

6.  To  summon  by  incantation.      ShaJt.  Johnson. 

7.  To  temper  agreeably.  Spenner. 
CHARM,  r.  i.     To  iwuind  harmonicallv.  JUilton. 
CHAR'MA,  a,    A  fi^h  resembling  the'eea-wolf. 
CBARM'£D,   pp.  or   a.      Subdued    or  defended    by 

cbarms  ;  delighted  ;  enchanted. 
CHARM'ER,  n.     One  tlwt  charms,  or  hx-?  power  to 
charm  ;  one  that  uses,  or  has  the  power  of  enchant- 
ment.    DeuU  xWii.  11. 
2.  One  who  delights  and  attracts  the  affections. 
CHXRM'ER-ESS,  n.     An  enchantress.  Chaucer. 

CHXRM'FUL,  a.     Abounding  with  charms.    Cuicley. 
CHARM'ING,  ppr.     Using  charms  ;  enchanting. 
2.  a.  Pleasing  in  the  highest  degree;  delighting. 

Music  k  but  an  elegant  anJ  dtanaing  apexie^  of  docuiiun. 

,  E.  Porter. 

CHXRM'IXG-LY,  air.    DelightfuUy  ;  in  a  manner  to 
charm,  or  to  give  delight. 

She  smileii  Tery  charmingly.  Addison. 

CHARM'I.\G-NESS,  n.  The  power  to  please.  Johnson. 
CHARMLESS,  a.     Destitute  of  charms.  Steift. 

CHAR-XK'CO,  b,     A  sort  of  sweet  wine.  Shak. 

CHAR'.VEL,  0.     [Fr.  ekarnfl,  carnal,  fleshly:  charniery 

a  charuel-liouse,  a  larder  ;  Arm.  carucU  ;  Sp.  camrro  ; 

IL  earn-iio ;  L.  airnalis^  carnal,  from  caro^  flesh.] 
Containing  flesh  or  carcasses.  Milton, 


CIIA 

CIIXR'NEI'-HOUSE,  w.  .A  place  under  or  near  chtirch- 
es,  where  the  bones  of  the  dead  are  rcposited.  An- 
ciently, a  kind  of  |K>rtico  or  gallery,  in  or  near  a 
churihvard,  over  which  liio  bones  of  the  dead  were 
laid,  atier  the  flesh  was  atnsunied.  Eiicye. 

CHX'RO.V,  II.  [Or.]  In  my'JtoloiriJi  the  son  of  Er^.-bus 
and  Xox,  whnse  oflice  was  to  fi  rry  the  souls  of  the 
deceased  over  the  waters  of  Acheron  and  Styx,  for  a 
piece  of  money. 

CHXR'PIE,  (slOr'pe,)  a.  [Pr.]  Lint  for  drcs-sing  a 
wound. 

<M!XRR,  n.     A  fish,  a  species  of  Salmo.     [See  Chab.1 

CIIXR'RKD,  (chird.)  pp.  or  o.  [from  char.]  Reduced 
to  coal. 

Charrtd  wood ;  wood  whose  outer  surface  is  car- 
boniKeil. 

CliXR'RINO,  ppr.  Reducing  to  coal;  depriving  of 
volatile  ni.-iller. 

CHaR'RY,  a.  [See  Char.]  Pertaining  to  charcoal; 
like  charcoal,  ur  partaking  of  its  qujUities.  LnvoLsier. 

CHART,  n.  [L.  cAartd,  the  same  as  Card,  which  see.] 
An  hydrographical  or  marine  map;  a  draught  or 
projection  on  p;iperof  some  part  of  tlie  earth's  super- 
ficies, with  the  ciKists,  isles,  roclis,  banks,  channels, 
or  entrances  into  harbors,  rivers,  and  bays,  the  points 
of  comjwss,  soundings  or  depth  of  water,  &c.,  to  reg- 
ulate the  courses  of  ships  in  their  voyages.  The 
term  chart  is  applied  to  a  marine  map;  map  is  applied 
to  a  draught  of  some  pi^rtion  of  land. 

A  plane  chart,  is  a  representation  of  some  pjirt  of 
the  superficies  of  the  globe,  in  which  the  meriilians 
are  supposed  parallel  to  each  other,  the  {>anilK-ls  of 
latitude  at  equal  distances,  and  of  course  the  degrees 
of  latitude  and  longitude  itre  every  where  equal  to 
each  other. 

Mereaior*s  chart :  a  chart  constructed  on  the  prin- 
ciple of  .Mercator's  projection.     [See  Projection.] 

Globular  chart ;  a  chart  constructed  on  a  globular 
projection.     [See  Projection.] 

Selenograpkic  ehartSj  represent  the  spots  and  appear- 
ances of  the  moon. 

Topographic  eharisy  are  draughts  of  particular  places 
or  small  parts  of  the  earth.  Kacyc. 

CHXR-Ta'CEOUS,  (-shus,)  a.  Resembling  paper; 
quite  o|iaque,  like  most  leaves.  Lindley. 

CIIARTE,  (shirt,)  w.  The  constitution  or  fundanien- 
lal  law  of  the  French  monarchy,  as  established  on 
the  restoration  of  lA>uis  XVHI.,  in  1814.      Brandc. 

CHAR'TER,  a.  [Fr.  chartre,  from  L.  diarta.  See 
Card.] 

1.  .\  written  instrun»ent,  executed  with  usual  forms, 
given  as  evidence  of  a  grant,  cttntract,  or  whatever 
is  done  between  man  and  man.  In  its  more  usual 
sense,  it  is  the  instniment  of  a  grant  conferring  pow- 
ers, rights,  and  privileges,  eitlier  from  a  king,  or 
other  sovereign  power,  or  frttm  a  private  person  ;  as, 
a  charter  uf  ezemption,  that  no  person  shall  be  impan- 
neled  on  a  jury  ;  a  charter  of  pardon,  &c.  The  char- 
ters, under  which  most  of  the  colonies  in  America 
were  settled,  were  given  by  the  king  of  England,  and 
incorp<»raied  certain  persons,  with  powers  to  liold  the 
lands  granted,  to  establish  a  government,  and  make 
laws  for  their  own  regulation.  These  were  called 
charter  gove7^menL<!. 

9.  Any  instrument,  executed  with  form  and  so- 
lenmity,  bestowing  rights  or  privileges.  South. 

3.  Privilege  ;  Immunity  ;  exemption. 

My  inoilier, 
Who  baa  a  dtarter  to  extol  Iter  bibud, 
WlicQ  sbe  does  praise  me,  grieves  me.  Shak. 

CHAR'TER,  V.  U    To  establish  by  charter. 

Buchanan, 
9.  To  hire  or  let  a  ship  by  charter.   [See  Charter 
Pahtt.]^ 

CHaR'TER-LAXD,  n.  Land  held  by  charter,  or  in 
socage.  C»ke.. 

CHaR'TER-PXR'TY,  n.  [Fr.  ckarte^artie,  a  divided 
charter,  from  the  practice  of  cutting  the  instrument 
in  two,  and  giving  one  part  to  each  of  the  contract- 
ors.] 

In  commerce,  an  acreement  respecting  the  hire  of  a 
vessel,  and  the  freight  This  is  to  be  signed  by  the 
proprietor  or  master  of  the  sliip,  and  by  the  merchant 
who  hires  or  freights  it.  It  must  contain  the  name 
and  burden  of  the  vessel,  the  names  of  the  master 
and  freighter,  the  price  or  rate  of  the  freiglit,  the  time 
of  iuaditig  and  unloading,  and  other  stipulated  con- 
dition**.  Encyc. 

CHXR'TER-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Granted  by  charter  j  as, 
cliartrreft  rights  ;  chartered  power.  Z>.  Ramsay. 

2.  Invested  with  privileges  by  charter;  privileged. 

3.  Hired  or  let,  as  a  ship.  [Skak. 
CHXR'TER-LVG,  ppr.     Giving  a  charter;  establishing 

2.   Hiring  or  letting  by  charter.  [by  charter. 

CHXRT'IS.nL  71.  [from  chaHiT.]  In  England,  the 
principle  of  a  political  party  who  desire  universal 
suffrage,  the  vote  by  ballot,  annual  parliaments,  and 
other  radical  reforms,  as  set  forth  in  a  document 
called  the  people^s  charter.  P.  Cyr.. 

CHXRT'IST,  n.  One  infected  with  chartism,  or  radi- 
cal principles. 

CHXRT'LESS,  a.  Without  a  chart  ;  of  which  no  chart 
has  been  made;  not  delineated  on  paper;  as,  the 
chartle-iS  main.  Barlow. 


CHA 

C/un  rUKUSi:',  (sb>lr-troore',)  M.  [Fr.]  A  cele- 
brated monastery  of  Carthusians,  in  the  mountains 
of  Dauphiny,  in  France.  The  regulations  are  ex- 
ceedingly severe. 

CHXRT'U-LA-HY,  n.  [Ft.  chartulatre.  See  Cartu- 
laht.] 

An  nfticer  in  the  ancient  Latin  church,  who  had 
the  care  of  charters  and  other  papers  of  a  public  na- 
ture. Hlackstuiif  uses  this  word  for  a  record  or  regis- 
ter, as  of  a  inunxstery. 

CHAR'Y.  o.     [Sax.  ceariir.     See  Care.] 

(.-areful ;  wary  ;  frugal.  Shak. 

CH.^S'A  RLE,  a.  That  may  be  chased ;  fit  for  the 
cliase.  Oowrr. 

CHXSE,^\  L  [Fr.  chasser  ;  Ann,  chagzeal ;  Sp.  cazar ; 
Port,  ca^iir ;  It.  ciuciare^  The  elements  arc  Cg  or  Ck  ; 
and  the  change  of  a  palatal  to  a  sibilant  resembles 
that  in  brace,] 

1.  Litcnilhj,  to  drive,  urge,  press  forward  with  ve- 
hemence ;  henco,  to  pursue  for  tile  purpose  of  taking, 
as  game  ;  to  hunt. 

2.  To  pursue,  or  drive,  as  a  defeated  or  ilying  ene- 
my.    Len.  xxvi.  7.     DeuL  xx.xii.  30. 

3.  To  follow  or  pursue  as  an  object  of  desire ;  to 
pursue  for  tlie  purpose  of  taking  ;  as,  tu  chase  a  sliip. 

4.  To  drive  ;  to  pursue. 

Chaaed  by  thrlr  liroUif-r's  eii.lleaii  malice.  KnoHli. 

To  chase  awuyy  is  to  compel  to  depart ;  to  disjM^rse. 

7*0  chase  metals.     See  E.-vchase. 
CHASE,  n.     Vehement  pursuit;  a  running  or  dri^nng 
after,  as  game,  in  hunting;  a  flying  enemy,  iii  war; 
a  ship  at  sea,  &e.. 

9.  Pursuit  with  an  ardent  desire  to  obtain,  as  pleas- 
ure, profit,  fame,  &c. ;  earnest  seeking. 

3.  That  wliich  may  be  chased ;  that  which  is  usu- 
ally taken  by  the  chase;  as,  beasts  at dutse, 

A.  That  which  is  pursued  or  hunted  ;  as,  seek 
some  other  chwic.  So,  at  sea,  a  ship  chased  is  called 
the  chase. 

5.  In  law,  a  driving  of  cattle  to  or  from  a  place. 

6.  An  open  ground,  or  place  of  retreat  for  deer  and 
other  wild  beasts  ;  ditfi^ring  from  a  forest,  wliich  is 
not  private  property,  and  is  invested  with  privileges, 
and  from  a  park,  which  is  inclosed.  A  chase  is  pri- 
vate projx^rty,  and  well  stored  with  wild  beasts  or 
game. 

7.  [Fr.  ckasse;  Sp.  caxa;  It.  eassa.  See  Case  and 
Cash.]  An  iron  fnune  used  by  printers  to  confine 
types,  when  set  fn  columns  or  pages. 

8.  A  wide  groove. 

9.  Chase  of  a  ^in  ;  the  forward  part,  from  the  tnm- 
nions  to  the  swell  of  the  mouth.   Park's  Pautology. 

10.  A  term  in  the  game  of  tennis. 

Chase  truNs;  in  a  ship  of  war,  guns  used  in  dialing 
an  enemy,  or  in  defending  a  ship  when  chased.  These 
have  their  |Kirts  at  the  head  or  stern, 

CHAS'KD,  (chast,)  jip.  or  a.  Pursued;  sought  ar- 
dently ;  driven  ;  embt>ssed. 

CHXS'ER,  n.  One  who  chases  ;  a  pursuer  ;  a  driver  ; 
a  hunter. 

2.  A  term  applied  to  gunii  at  the  head  and  stem  of 
a  vessel,  for  firing  when  in  chase.  Brandt. 

3.  An  enchaser.     [See  Exchase,] 
CH.AS'I-BLE.     See  Chasuble. 

CHaS'ING,  ppr.  Pursuing;  driving;  hunting;  em- 
bossing on  metals 

CHXS'ING,  n.    The  act  or  art  of  embossing  on  metals. 

CHASM,  (kazm,)  n.  [Gr.  xstm''!  ^'  chasnia,  from  Gr. 
Xaio,  \aoKoi,  x**"'£^i  ^t)  open.] 

1.  A  ileft ;  a  fissure  ;  a  gap  ;  properly,  an  opening 
made  by  disrupture,  as  a  breach  in  the  earth  or  a  rock. 

2.  A  void  space  ;  a  vacuity. 

Belwi-i?n  ihe  two  proponliions,  Ibal  the  gof\»^\  k  Uth",  and  thai  it 
is  EUbc,  what  a  hiarl'ul  chasm  J  Tlie  imiicUled  reiucm  hov-i* 
over  it  in  dismfty,  Buckminiier. 

CHASM'ED,  (kazmd,)  c.     Having  gajB  or  a  chasm. 

CHASM'Y,  a.     Abounding  with  ciuisms. 

CHAS'SE-LAS,  n.     A  eort  of  graiie. 

CHAS'SEL'R,  (shas'saur,)  n.  [Fr.,  a  huntsman.]  In 
military  affairs^  one  of  a  body  of  cavalry,  light  and 
active,  trained  for  rapid  movements. 

CIIXS'I'E,  a.  [Fr. chaste;  Arm.  chast;  It.  Sp.  and  Port. 
casto :  from  L.  cxistus.  Sax.  cusc,  D,  knlisth,  G.  keii^ich, 
Sw.  kysk,  Russ.  chistei^  are  probably  from  the  same 
root.  Q-u.  Ir.  caidh.  I  suppose  the  primary  sense  to 
be,  separate,  from  the  Oriental  practice  of  sequester- 
ing females.  If  so,  castas  accords  with  the  root  of 
cattle,  W.cas;  and,  at  any  rate,  the  word  denotes 
purity,  a  sense  taken  from  separation.] 

1.  Pure  from  all  unlawful  commerce  of  sexes.  Ap- 
plied to  persons  before  marriai^e,  it  signifies  pure  fmrn 
all  sexual  commerce,  undefiled  ;  applied  to  mamcd 
persons,  true  to  the  marriage  bed. 

2.  Free  from  obscenity. 

WliUe  Ihey  l>cho!d  yciir  chaste  conversation.  —  I  Pet.  iJi. 

3.  In  laniruage,  pure;  genuine;  tincornipt;  free 
from  barbarous  words  and  phrases,  and  from  tiuainl, 
aff.'cteil,  extravagant  exfiressions. 

CilASTE'-E5-.£D,  (-Ide,)  a.     Having  modest  eyes. 

ColliiLH. 
CHXSTE'-TREE,  n.     The  Agmis  rastus,  or  Vitex  ;  a 
tree  that  grows  to  the  hight  of  eight  or  ten  feet,  prt>- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WU^T.— M£TE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

j7)4  \ 


CHA 


CHE 


CHE 


diicin^  spikes  of  flowers  at  the  end  of  even'  strong 
shtn.<t  III  aiituinn.  MiUer. 

CilASTE'LV,  ado.  Tn  a  chaste  miuiner;  without  itu- 
lawful  commerce  cf  sexes  ,  withtmt  obscenity  ;  pure- 
ly; withmit  barbjifisnw  or  untiutural  phnses. 

CUAS'Ti;.\,  (chds'ii,)  V.  t.  [Fr  cAAiicr,  for  chastier ; 
Arm.  castieti  :  Russ.  cM^chu.] 

I.  To  correct  by  punisJini.Mit ;  to  punish  ;  to  inflict 
pain  fur  the  purpose  of  reclaiming  an  ollendcr ;  as, 
to  chasten  a  Bon  with  a  rod. 


I  will  chasm  him  witti  tlie  rod  of  n 
2.  To  afflict  by  other  means. 


-  2  S;uTi.  rii. 


Ai  nuiiy  aa  I  lovr  1  r*biil<f  ami  rhnaten.  —  Rev.  iii. 
1  cheuUned  my  soiil  wiiJi  Luiiti^.  —  p^.  Ixix. 

3.  To  purify  from  errors  or  faults. 

CHAS'TK.N-JKD.  (chas'nd,)  pp.  or  a.  Corrected  ;  pun- 
ished ;  aSIictea  tor  correction  ,  purified  from  faults. 

CII-Ar^'T/rX-EK,  «.  One  who  punishes  for  the  pur]>ose 
of  corriTtion. 

CHA?TE'\ESS,  B.    Chaftity  ;  pnrity. 

CWXt^'T ES-lSiiy  ppr.  Correcting;  afflicting  for  cor- 
rection. 

CHAS'Ti^N-ING,  «.  Correction  ;  sutTering  inflicted 
for  the  purjwse  of  rechiiiniiig. 


CHAS-TIS'A-BLE,  a.     Deserving  of  chastisement. 

Sherteuod. 

CHAS-TTSE',  V.  U  TFr,  eh&tin-;  Arm.  c<wriio,  from 
chaste^  eastms.  The  Latin  aistigo,  Sp.  and  Port.  f*rfi- 
^ar,  ft,  go-iOffare,  are  formed  witli  a  different  termi- 
nation.    \Vf  have  ehasti.<e  from  the  Armoric  dialect.] 

1.  To  correct  by  punishing;  to  punish;  to  inflict 
pain  by  stripes,  or  in  other  manner,  for  the  piir|Mise 
of  punishing  an  offender  and  recalling  him  tu  his 
duly. 

I  will  choMjiae  jou  tcven  iimn  for  your  nu.  —  Lev,  xxvi. 

3.  To  reduce  to  order  or  obedience  ;  to  restruin  ;  to 
awe ;  to  repress. 

Th<*  fay,  vxial  trtiflr. 
By  decency  ehuoaetl.  Thornton. 

3.  To  correct ;  to  purify  by  expunging  faults  ;  as, 
to  rhojitiite  a  poem. 
CHAS-TIS'/:!),  (rhas-ti/.d',)  pp.    Punished  ;  corrected. 
CIIAS'T1«E-.ME\T,  (cinis'ti?, -ment,)  n.      [Fr.   cAAii- 
meM ;  Arm.  eiLitiz :  from  c/unrte.] 

Correction;  punishment;  pain  Inflicted  for  pun- 
ishment and  correction,  either  by  stripes  or  other- 
wise. 

KhrJI  I  ao  much  dwhonor  my  f\ir  Btir*. 

On  "ijunl  l>-nra  lo  jjiif-  him  Lktutitenienl  1  Sliak. 

1  havp  ijnmc  c/ia*ii*emenl ;  I  will  nut  oIltriKl  any  more.  —  Jub 

The  chaxtU&ment  of  our  peace,  in  Scripture,  was  the 

pain  which  Christ  8ufl*ered  to  purchase  our  jHJace  and 

reconciliation  to  God.    fa.  UiL 
CHA.S-TT8'KU,  b.     One  wfco  chastises  ;  a  punisher  ;  a 

corrector. 
CIIAS-'IIS'ING,  ppr*    Punishing  for  correction;  cor- 

rertine. 
CIlAS''l'r-TY,  B.     [h.  r-aMHiu  ;  Fr.  chasteU  ;  Sp.  easti- 

dad;  It.  castitd;  fn>m  L.  ca.tULt,  chiiste.] 

i.  Purity  of  llie  body  ;  freedom  from  all  unlawful 

conmterce  of  sexes.     Br/trre  wati'iajrc,  purity  fnnu  all 

commerce  of  sexes ;   a/Ur  marriage^  ndelily  to  the 

marriace  bi-d. 

2.  Freedom  from  obscenity,  an  In  language  or  con- 
versation. 

3.  Freedom  from  bad  mixtiut^ ;  purity  in  worda  and 
phrnsett. 

4.  Purity  ;  unadulterated  slate  ;  as,  the  ehwHiuj  of 

the  ErrM<pel.  Oibhnn. 

CHAS'IJ-BLR,  n.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  an 
outward  vestment  worn  by  the  priest  in  saying 
mass,  havine  a  larce  embroidered  or  gilt  cro«s  on 
the  back,  and  a  pillar  in  front,  designed  to  be  em- 
blematical of  Christ'g  Huflerinjin. 

CHAT,  p.  i.  [G.  Anxrn,  to  talk,  or  prattle  ;  Ir.  emdcuh, 
talkative  ;  c.raHae,  a  ttt'iry  or  narrative ;  Sp,  entorra,  a 
magpie  ;  eotarrrra,  n  hen-parrot,  a  talkative  woman  ; 
Gr.  cojT-iAAf.i,  to  prate;  U.  kortereH,  to  jabber,  and 

kvetfrren,  to  chatter:  kontrn,  id.] 

1.  To  talk  in  a  familiar  manner  ;  to  talk  without 
form  or  ceremony.  Mdtoiu     Ih-ydcn, 

9.  To  talk  idly  ;  to  prate.  Johnson. 

CHAT.w.  e.     To  talk  >f.     [J^ntinwe.]  Shak. 

CHAT,  n.  Free,  familiar  talk  ;  idle  talk  ;  prate. 
CHAT.  B.  A  twig,  or  little  Rtick.  [Sre  Chit.] 
CH.Vr-EAU',   Jshatto',)  v.     [Fr.,  a  castle.     Bee  Cai- 

ti,eJ     a  castle  ;  n  neat  in  the  countr>. 
CHAT'E-LET,  (shat'e-let.)  7..  A  little  castle.  Chambers. 
CHAT'Er_^LA-NY,  n.     [Fr.  ehatenrnic] 

The  lordship  or  Jurisdiction  of  a  castellan,  or  gov- 
ernor of  a  rastU(.     [See  CAiTELLA?rT.] 
CHA-TOY'ANT,  a.     [Fr.  duil,  cat,  and  ail,  eye.] 

Having  a  changeable,  undulating  luster,  or  color, 
like  that  of  a  cat's  eye  in  the  dark. 
ClIA-TOY'ANT,  n.  A  hard  stone,  a  little  tran •■parent. 
which,  being  cut  smrxith,  presents  un  \U  surftice  and 
in  the  interior  an  undulating  or  wavy  light.  It  i^  of 
a  yellowish-gray  color,  or  verging  to  an  olive-green. 
It  rarely  exceeds  the  size  of  a  filhrrt. 

Diet,  of  A^f,  ffuf. 


CHA-TOY'MENTj  n.  Changeable  colors,  or  chongea- 
bleness  of  color,  in  a  mineral ;  play  of  colors. 

Cleavi:iand. 

CHAT  PO-TA'ToES,  w.  pi.  Small  potatoes  fit  only  for 
pigs,  &.C.  Brandc 

CHAT'TAII,  n.     In  /«//<«,  an  umbrella. 

CHAT'TED,  pp.  Talked  familiarly,  or  on  light  sub- 
jects. 

CHAT'TfTL,  (chat'l,)  n.  [See  Cattle.]  rrimarihj, 
any  article  of  movable  goods.  In  modern  usagCy  the 
word  chattels  comprehends  all  goods,  movable  or  im- 
movable, except  such  as  have  the  nature  of  freehold. 
"  CbutteU  are  real  or  personal.  Chattels  reul,  are  such 
as  concern  or  savor  of  the  realty,  as  a  term  for  years 
of  land,  wardships  in  chivalry,  tlie  next  presentati4in 
to  a  church,  estates  by  statute  merchant,  elegit,  and 
the  like.  Chattels  personal^  are  things  movable,  as 
animals,  furniture  of  a  house,  jewels,  corn,  &c." 

Blacktitone. 

CHAT'TER,  v.  i.  [See  Chat.]  To  utter  sounds  rap- 
idly and  iudNtinctly,  as  a  niatrpie  or  a  monkey. 

2.  To  make  a  noise  by  collision  of  the  teeth.  We 
say,  the  teeth  chattery  when  one  is  chilly  and  shiver- 
ing. 

3.  To  talk  idly,  carelessly,  or  rapidly  ;  to  jabber. 
CHAT'TER,  n.  ii^ounds  like  those  of  a  pic  or  monkey; 

idle  talk. 

CHAT'TER-BOX,  n.    One  that  talks  incessantly. 

CUAT'TER-EU,  n.     A  prater ;  an  idle  talker. 

2.  A  name  given  to  some  species  of  dentirostral 
birds,  from  their  loud  and  monotonous  notes.  They 
feed  chit-fly  on  berries.  Swainst-iu 

CHAT'TER-I\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Uttering  rapid,  indistinct 
sounds,  as  birds;  Ulking  idly  j  moving  rapidly  and 
clashing,  as  the-  teeth. 

CHAT'TER-ING,  n.  Rapid,  inarticulate  sounds,  as 
of  birds;  idle  talk  ;  rapid  striking  of  the  teelli,  as  in 
chilliness. 

CHAT'TI.NG,  ppr.    Talking  familiarly. 

CHAT'TY,  fl.     Given  to  free  conversation  ;  talkative. 

CHAT'WOOD,  71.  Little  slicks;  fuel.  BaUey.  Jvhason. 

CHACF'FER,  n.     [Fr.  chaHjh-,  to  heat.] 

In  chemistry^  a  small  furnace,  a  cylindrical  box  of 
sheet  iron,  oj>en  at  the  top,  with  a  grate  near  the  bot- 
tom. Kufe. 

CHAU-MON-TELLE',  Ji.     [Fr.]     A  sort  of  pear. 

CHAHN',  «.     A  pap.     [J^uttn  me.]     [See  Yawn.] 

CH  ALJN,  0.  i.    To  open  :  tu  yawn.     [JVot  in  use] 

CHAUXT.     SeeCHA.-«T. 

CHAV'EN-DER, }         „:•',:  i 

CHEV'EN,  \  "•     t^*^-  '^^"f^*-] 

The  chub,  a  fish. 

CHAW,  V.  L  [Sax.  cancan  ,■  D.  kaauwen  ;  G.  kauen  ;  Fr. 
caa-Haim,  or  eognaitn  ;  Arm,  jaoga^  or  chugiicln ;  coin- 
ciding with  jawy  which  in  Arm.  is  jnved,  frarcd,  or 
chaffcU,  and  as  cheek  and  juw  are  olten  united,  this 
word  coincides  with  Sax.  ecoc,  ceoca.  It  is  most  cor- 
rectly written  and  pronounced  ekavs  y  but  chew  is 
deemed  most  elegant.] 

1.  To  grind  wi:h  the  teeth  ;  to  masticate,  as  food 
in  eating  ;  to  ruminate,  or  to  chew,  as  the  cud. 

2,  To  ruminate  in  thought ;  to  revolve  and  consid- 
er.    \Obs.} 

CHAW,  n.  [A  dTfTurent  Spelling  of  j<tu.  Sec  Chaw, 
supra.j 

1.  The  jaw.  Ezfk,  xxix.  4.  But,  in  modem  edi- 
tions* of  the  Bible,  it  is  printed  jate. 

2,  In  vulgar  languagty  a  cud  ;  as  much  as  is  put  in 
the  mouth  at  once. 

CHAW'DRON,  n.     Entrails.  Skak. 

CH.XW'KI),  (chaud,)  pp.    Chewed. 
CHAWING,  npr.     Chewing. 

CHXY'-ROOT,  n.  The  nn.t  of  the  Oldenlandia  um- 
iH-llala,  used  in  givinp  the  beautiful  red  to  the  ISIa- 
dras  cottons.  It  ts  also  called  ehaya-root  and  choy- 
mot 
CHkAP,  a.  [Sax.  eeap,  cattle,  business,  or  trade,  a 
price,  a  pledge  or  pawn,  a  selling  any  thing  that  may 
be  Imiight  or  sold  ;  crapiany  cyjmn,  to  buy,  to  sell,  to 
nec<>nate,  to  gain  ;  I>.  kaop,  a  bargain  or  purchase  ; 
"  te  ko(»p  zeltrn,"  to  set  to  sale  ;  "  gm-d  koop,"  cheap, 
good  piirchaMe  ;  konpcH,  to  buy ;  G.  kaufen  i  Dan.  Ai- 
Uber ;  Sw.  kafia ;  Russ.  kiipayu  ;  L.  eaupo  ;  Eng.  to 
cheapen,  to  ehaffrr,  chap-man,  ehop-heoky  to  chap  and 
change.  The  sense  is,  a  purchase,  and  gnod  cheap  is 
a  gtmd  purchase  or  bargain.  Hence,  probably,  omit- 
ting gtwd^  we  have  cheap,] 

1.  Bearing  a  hiw  price  in  market ;  tHat  may  be 
purchased  at  a  low  price  ;  that  is,  at  a  price  as  low 
or  lower  than  the  usual  price  of  the  article  or  com- 
modity, or  at  a  price  less  than  the  real  value.  'J'he 
sense  is  always  companitive  ;  for  a  price  deemed 
cheap  at  one  time  is  considered  dear  at  another. 

It  i»  It  priticipli;  which  th*"  prugn-M  of  politicul  •ci^nc-  hu  clearly 
nLttili«h"<l,  ft  pHncipli-  Uknl  liliulrHf-ft  ■(  oner  ih)?  wivlom  cl 
Uw  Cn-il'ir  jvnil  Oi'-  Ljtintlni-w  of  hiimnii  cupidity,  that  it  ia 
chen/itr  Ui  htra  U>c  \atttot  vl  frc«inen  tliUk  lo  compel  Oie  labor 
of  aliivi.  L.  Bacon. 

S.  Being  of  small  value  ;  common  ;  not  respected  ; 
as,  cheap  beauty. 

Mike  uuL  jfourarlf  cheap  In  (he  eyrt  of  the  world.  Anon. 

CHRAP,  ».  Bargain;  purchase;  as  in  the  phrases, 
good  chenpy  l>ettf'r  ehrAp ;  the  original  phrases  from 
which  w«  have  cheap.     [  ObH.] 


CHf:AF'£N,  (chGp'n,)t».  (.  [Sax.  ceapian.  SeeCHEAP, 
supra.] 

1.  To  attempt  to  buy;  to  ask  the  price  of  a  com- 
modity; to  chafltr. 

To  Bhoji*  in  crowds  iht  tUg^]cd  frmiiloi  fly, 

PnUjini  Id  dteapcn  gtmda,  iTui  itoiliiug  Uty.  Stoyt. 

9.  To  lessen  value.  I^ryden. 

CHEAP' SN-SD,  (chep'nd,)  pp.    Bargained  iirj  beat 

down  in  price. 
CHkAP'A'N-ER,  n.     One  who  cheapens  or  haituins. 
CHkAP'£.\-ING,  ppr.     Bargaining   fnr;   chalfeitng; 

hi^iting  down  the  price  of. 
CHkAP'ER,  a.  comp.     More  cheap  ,  less  expensive. 
CHk.-VP'EST,  a.  superl.     Most  che.ap  ;  least  costly. 
CHkAP'LY,  ado.     At  a  small  price  ;  at  a  low  rate. 
CHEAP'iVESS,  M,     Lowness  in  price,  considering  the 

usual  price,  or  real  value. 
CH£.\R.    See  Cheer.  ^  -  .- 

CHEAT,  r.  L  [Sax.  ceatt.  In  Ar.  c  Jv=i  khadaa,  sig- 
nifies to  deceive,  circumvept,  seduce ;  to  fail,  to  hide, 
to  disguise,  to  defraud;  nI  ^=^  kaida^  signifies  to 

deceive,  to  lay  snares ;  Eth.  li^il)  chiet  or  hict,  sig- 
nifies to  cheat,  to  deceive,  to  defraud.] 

1.  To  deceive  and  defraud  in  a  bargain ;  lo  de- 
ceive for  the  purpose  of  gain  in  selling.  Us  proper 
application  is  to  Commerce,  in*  which  a  person  uses 
some  arts,  or  misrepresentations,  or  witliliolds  some 
facts,  by  which  he  deceives  the  purchaser. 

2.  To  deceive  by  any  artifice,  trick,  or  device,  with 
a  view  to  gain  an  advantage  contrary  to  common 
honesty  ;  as,  to  cheat  a  person  at  cards. 

3.  To  impose  on  ;  to  trick.  It  is  followed  by  of  or 
out  of,  and  colloquially  by  into,  as  to  cheat  a  child  into 
a  belief  that  a  medicine  is  palatable. 

CHkAT,  w.  a  fraud  committed  by  deception  ;  a  trick ; 
inijKjsition ;  imposture. 

-  2.  A  person  who  cheats;  one  guilty  of  fraud  by 
deceitful  practices. 

CHeAT'A-BLE-NESS,  «.     Liability  to  be  cheated. 

Hatnmiiiid. 

CHEAT'-BREAD,  (-bred,)ji.  Fine  bread  purchased, 
or  not  made  in  the  family.     [LitUe  vjfed.] 

CHkAT'EO,  pp.     Defrauded  by  deception. 

CHkAT'ER,  n.  One  who  practices  a  fraud  in  com- 
merce. 

CIIf.AT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Defrauding  by  deception; 
imposing  on. 

CHf.AT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  defrauding  by  deceitful 
arts. 

CHkAT'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  cheating  manner, 

CHECK,  V.  t.  [Fr.  eehec,  pi.  echecs,  which  we  have 
changed  into  ihess;  Sp.  laqne,  a  move  at  ch<^ss ; 
xaque  de  mat^,  check-mate  ;  Port,  raaue,  a  check  ; 
xagoate,  a  rebuke.  Sp.  and  Port,  xaquwia,  a  halter; 
It.  scaccOy  the  squares  of  a  chess-board  ;  scncchiy 
chess-men  ;  scacco-inaUOy  check-mate  ;  scar  rale,  check- 
ered ;  IjOW  v..  scaccariumy  an  exche<)uer,  Fr.  echtquier; 
G.  sehacky  chess  ;  schachmatty  check-mate  ;  D.  schaaky 
chess ;  schaak^maly  check-mate ;  Dan.  shaky  chess, 
crooked,  curving  ;  skak-mat.,  chock-mate  ;  skakrer,  to 
barter,  chaffer,  chop  and  change  ;  Sw.  schaeJi,  chess  ; 
schach-maUy  check-mate  ;  Russ.  schach,  check,  chess  ; 
gchneh'Viat,  check-mate.  In  Spanish,  xaque,  zequCy  is 
an  old  man,  a  sluiik,  and  xacoy  a  jacket.     These  latter 

words  seem  to  be  the  A  r.  «.L^  ahaichy  or  *Lm  ; 

the  latter  ts  rendered  to  grow  old.  to  be  old,  to  blame 
or  rebuke,  under  which  we  find  shaUc,  the  former 
signififrs  to  use  diligence,  quasi  to  bend  to  or  apply  ; 
also,  to  abstain  or  turn  aside.    In  Arabic  we  find 

also  (^twU  fhakka,  to  doubt,  hesitate,  halt,  and  in 
Hebrt;w  the  same  word  ^3a'  signifies  to  still,  allay, 
sink,  stop  or  check,  loobstnirt  or  hedge  ;  ^^r  a  hedge. 
We  lmv(t,  in  these  words,  clear  evidence  of  the  man- 
ner in   which  several  modern  nations  express  the 

Sheniific  C^,  or  ifZ-] 

1.  To  stop;  to  restrain;  to  hinder  or  repress;  lo 
curb.  It  signifies  to  put  an  entire  slop  to  motion,  or 
to  restrain  its  violence,  and  cause  an  ubatument ;  to 
moderate. 

2.  To  rebuke  ;  to  chide  or  reprove.  Shak. 

3.  To  cmnpare  any  pajH-T  with  its  counterpart  oi 
with  a  cipluT,  with  a  view  to  ascertain  its  authen- 
ticity ;  to  comjmre  corresponding  papers;  to  control 
by  a  counter-register. 

4.  7'o  make  a  mark  against  names  in  going  over 
a  list. 

5.  In  .tfflmfln.vA/'/K  to  ease  off  a  little  of  a  rope,  which 
is  too  stifliy  extenued  ;  also,  to  stopper  the  cable. 

Jitar.  Diet. 
CHECK,  V.  i.    To  stop  ;  to  make  a  stop  ;  with  at. 

'Vhi:  mind  chtcka  at  any  »iffon»iB  iin<1otliiking.  LorVe. 


TONE,  BIJI.E,  UMH'K.  — AN"GER,  VI"ClOUS.— tJ  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  Cll  a«  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


195 


DrjfiUH, 


CHE 

9.  To  clash  or  interfere, 

I  lor?  (o  ck€ck  with  bow'^'M' 

3.  To  strike  with  rcprvssioti. 

[  These  appiications  are  not  fregnmL^ 
(HECK,  H.     A  stop;  hi»denince ;  rebuff;  smltlen  re- 
straint, or  continued  restraint ;  curb ;  control }  gov- 
ernment. 

a.  Thai  which  slops  or  restmins,  ns  reproof,  repri- 
ninnd,  rebuke,  sliftht  or  disgrust,  ft-ar,  apprehension, 
B  (icrsim  ;  any  stop  or  obstruction.  Cfarendvn. 

3.  A  mark  put  aKaiu.«t  names  in  going  owr  a  list. 

4.  A  tuken  given  to  railnukd  paf=*'nffere,  serving  to 
identity  Uiem  in  claiming  their  hijijnii:-,  Blc.  Also, 
in  tkeatrrs^  a  siniilnr  token,  to  idenlily  those  who  go 
out,  expecting  to  return. 

6.  In  faUonrv^  when  a  h.iwk  forsakes  her  proper 
game,  lo  follow  ro(>ks,  pies,  or  other  fowlB,  that 
ciraa  h«r  in  ber  flight.  Bailey.    Emci/c 

5.  *nH>  correspoiKlenl  cipher  of  a  iKink  nota;  a 
MMMipMHliBg  udeoture  ;  any  counter-register. 

JokiuMtn. 

7.  A  leriD  in  clwaa,  when  one  puny  obliges  the 
other  either  to  move  or  guard  his  king. 

8.  An  ordtr  for  money,  drawn  on  a  Kinker  or  on 
the  eu^ier  of  a  bank,  (nyabte  to  the  h<-nn-r. 

This  is  a  sense  derived  fn>m  that  in  definition  6. 

9.  la    popular    tise,    dudtcrtd   duth ;    ckeek    for 

Oksdk^or  tkuk  mtf.-  »  roll  or  book  containing  the 
namea  of  perauos  who  are  attendants,  and  in  the 
pay  of  a  king  at  great  persona^,  as  donMsCie.  aer- 
vaatSb  Bailfif     £nMa. 

Clrrk  iff  the  dudL,  la  the  British  king's  boosebuld, 
has  the  check  and  amtiol  of  Die  yeomen  of  the 
guard,  and  all  the  osbeie  belon^ng  to  the  n^al 
fkmilv,  the  care  of  the  watch,  &C.  Baiirjf.    £ac|pe. 

Cfsra  ^tU  €kadt  i  in  the  British  royal  dock-yards, 
is  an  officer  who  keeps  a  register  of  all  tbajpea  em- 
ployed on  board  bis  majesty's  abips  and  vesaria,  and 
of  nil  the  artiticeiv  in  the  eenrice  of  the  navy,  at  the 
port  whrre  he  is  settled. 
CHECK'-KOgK,  «.    A  book  containing  blank  checks 

upon  a  bank.  B^mvier, 

CMECK'£D,  >^.      Stopped:    restrained;    rrprttsaed  i 
CHECKT,      i     curbed  j  modeniud  ;  controlled  ;  rcp- 


CHECK'ER.  «.  L  [fiom  dheek,  or  perhafM  din-cily  from 
the  Pr.  etkifmuTt  a  chess-board.  .Woiii.  t.seh*qir^  or 
dwkerf^  exchequer.] 

1.  To  vaheirtte  with  rn«s  lines;  to  form  into 
little  squares,  tike  a  chcss-buord,  by  lines  or  stripes 
of  different  colors.    Hence, 

S^  To  divenUy ;  to  vari^ate  with  different  qual- 
ities, scenes,  or  events. 

Oar  afark  ait,  ■■  k  wwe,  dhMfttni  wkh  trudi  md  £ib*l>o>>d. 


CHECK'ESjS.    One  who  chocks  or  restrains;  are- 

buker. 
S.  A  chess-board. 
CHE('K'ER,  )  n.     Work  varied  ahemBtely  as 

CHECK'ER-WORK,  t      to   its    colors    or    materialai 

work  ci.nfiirting  of  cross  lines. 
CHECKER-ED,  pp.  or  a.     Diversified  ;  variegated. 
CHECK'ERS,  ».  pi.    Draughts ;  a  common  gome  on 

n  checkered  board. 
CHECK'IXG,  ppr.     Suipping;  curbing;  restraining; 

modemiing;  contmllins;  rebuking. 
CHEL'K'LESS,  o.    Tliat  can   not  be  checked  or  re- 

stnined. 
CUECK'MATE,  it,     [-ce   Check.    -Vott  is  from  the 

root  of  the  Sp.  and  Pot.  miUr^  U>  kill.     Ar.  Cli.  Syr. 

Hcb.  Eth.  Sam.  n>T3  mot*,  lo  die,  to  kill.1 

1.  The  movement  in  the  game  of  chess,  which 
stop^  all  furth'r  moving, and  ends  tlie  game. 

2.  Fi  tTuraticrltfy  defeat ;  overthrow.  SpenMr. 
CHECK'MATE,   p.  L    To   make   a   move   in    ches9, 

which  stops  all  further  moving,  and  ends  the  game. 
Hence   to  arrest  and  defeat.  SJidtan. 

CHECK'MaT-ED,  pp.     Siopjied  In  the  game  of  chess. 

CHECK'MAT-l.VG,  ppr.  Making  a  Ust  move  in 
chess. 

CHECKS,  n.  A  U-nn  applied  to  a  kind  of  checkered 
cloth,  Si9  ginghams,  plaid:;,  Slc. 

CHECK'Y,  ».  In  herttldry,  a  border  that  has  more 
than  two  rows  of  checkers,  or  when  the  bordure  or 
shteid  is  checkered,  l:ke  a  chess-buard.  Kneyc. 

CHEEK,  n.  [Sax.  ctae,  cfota  :  D.  "kaak  ;  this  is  proba- 
bly the  same  word  as  jaw,  Fr.  joii<,  .\rm.  savd^jaced^ 
connected  with  joaf a,  dtus^veiM,  lo  chaw,  or  chew, 
for  the  words  cAca,  dUeiL,  and  jae,  arc  confounded  ; 
the  same  word  which,  in  one  dialect,  signifies  the 
cbeek,  in  another  signifles  the  Jaw.  Qcna  in  Latin 
is  the  Englbb  cAm.] 

1.  Tbende  of  the  facebeluwtbe  eyes  on  each  side. 

2.  Among  mechanics,  cherJcs  are  ihiMe  pieces  of  a 
machine,  or  other  kind  of  workmanship,  which  form 
corresponding  sides,  or  which  are  double  and  alike  ; 
as,  the  cheeks  of  a  printing-press,  which  stand  per- 
pendicular and  supiK»rt  the  three  somniers,  the  head, 
shelves,  and  winter;  the  ekeeka  of  a  turner's  IiUhe  ; 
the  ehrfks  of  a  glazier*s  vise  ;  the  cheeks  of  a  mortar, 
and  of  a  gun-carriage ;  the  cheeks  of  a  mast,  which 
serve  to  sustain  the  trestle-trees,  &c. 


CHE 

Chrrk  bit  ji'tel ;  cltwpiiesji;  proximity.        Braum. 

CIIEl.K'-BilNE,  K.    The  Ixme  tf  the  cherk. 

CUEEK'iJU,  (checkl,)  a.     liruught  near  ilje  che«  k. 

CvUon. 

CIIEKK'-TOOTH,  It.    The  hinder  tooth  or  tusk.  Joel 

CHEEP,  r.  u    To  chirp,  as  a  small  bird.  [i.  6. 

CHEER,  r.  L  [Kr.  eh^re:  Arm.  cAer,  cheer,  entertain- 
ment ;  Ir.  gairim^  to  call,  shout,  extol,  rejoico  ;  tir. 
Xaipoiy  to  rej*»ice,  to  Imil  or  salute.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  call  out  or  f  hout,  as  in  joy  ;  a  stmse  re- 
tained in  jovial  compfmiey,  to  gice  cA^er;*,  and  among 
seamen,  to  SHlute  a  t^liip  by  cheers.  Orient.  N'>p 
kara.l 

1.  To  salute  with  shouts  of  joy,  or  rhf'ers,  or  with 
stamping  or  otiu'r  expres-Jions  of  applause. 

S.  To  dispi-1  gloom,  sorrow,  silence,  or  apathy  ;  to 
cause  to  rejoice  ;  Ut  ghidden  ;  to  make  chi^^rfiil ;  as, 
to  tAcrr  a  lonely  desert ;  the  ckeeriHg  rays  of  tho  sun  ; 
giKMl  news  cheers  the  ht;trt. 

3L  To  infuse  life,  spirit,  animation;  to  incite;  to 
cnriHirnge  ;  as,  to  tJkerr  the  hounds. 
CHEEK,  c.  L    To  grow  cheerful ;  to  l>ecome  gladsome 
M  joyous. 

Al  Mclit  of  llii-r  my  fflootny  toul  chwrt  up.  PhiUipt. 

Chtxr  Dp,  injr  liub. 

CHEER,  «.  A  shout  of  joy  ;  as,  they  gave  three  cheers. 
Al*o,  stamping,  or  other  expressions  at  applause. 

2.  .K  state  oi"  gindness  or  joy  ;  a  slate  of  animation 
above  gtiKini  and  dipresston  of  spirits,  but  below 
mirth,  gaytty,  and  jollity. 

Son,  be  of  pxKl  dtstr;  thy  A»  arc  fi)r;^vCTi  tlm.  —  MnJt,  ix. 
Tbcn  vnr  'Ur-y  hJI  o(  good  cftMr,  uiil  they  obo  loolt  aoiue  meat. 
—  AcU  xxtH. 

3.  Mirth  ;  gayptj- ;  jollity,  as  at  a  feaal. 

4.  Invitation  to  gayety.  Shak, 

5.  Entertainment;  Uiat  which  tnakea  cheerful; 
provisions  for  a  ftrast.  Shak. 

The  table  wm  ItMbled  with  ftwd  cheer.  frving. 

6.  Air  of  countenance,  noting  a  greater  or  less  de- 
^«e  of  cheerfulness. 

Ha  vonb  ifarit  diDodnc  dWr 
EDUxtrirood.  MVtPn. 

CHEER'ED,  pp.     Enlivened  ;  nnimaled  ;  made  glad. 
CHEER'ER,   n.     One  who  cheers ;  he  or  that  which 
gladdens. 

Thou  <A«cr«r  of  oar  Uajrs.  Wotton, 

Print  dtmrw,  fifhL  Thotiuun. 

CHEER'FyL,  a.  Lively;  animated  ;  having  good 
spiriu  ;  moderately  joyfuL  This  is  llie  most  usual 
signification  of  the  word,  expressing  a  degree  of  an- 
imation less  than  mirth  and  jollity. 

!2.  Full  of  life ;  gay  ;  animated  ;  niiriliful ;  music;- 
al ;  as,  the  eheerfui  birds. 

3.  Expressive  of  good  spirits  or  joy ;  lively ;  ani- 
mated. 

A  wterrj  hMit  ouheth  •  tMer/il  coimtinMOoe.  — Vrvr,  xr, 

CHEER'FJTL-LY,  adv.  In  a  checrftil  manner;  with 
alacrity  or  willmpness;  readily;  with  lile»  anima- 
tion, or  good  spirits. 

CHEER'FJJL-NESS,  n.     Life;  animation  ;  good  spir- 
its ;  a  state  of  moderate  joy  or  gayety  ;  alacrity. 
Hr  that  showcth  mercy,  with  cheer/ulnsti.  —  Rom.  xli. 

CHEER'I-LY,  ailv.     With  cheerfulness  ;  with  spirit. 

CHEER'I-NESS,  n.    Cheerfulness. 

CHEER'!\(i,  ppr.  or  a.  Giving  joy  or  gladness  ;  en- 
livening; encouraging;  animating. 

CHEER'I.XG-LY,  adv.     In  a  cheerful  manner. 

CHEER'lSH-NEStf,  tu  Sute  of  cheerfulness.  [JVot 
in  uif.]  J^rUton. 

CHEER'LESS,  a.  Without  joy,  gladness,  or  comfort  ; 
gliKtmy  ;  destitute  of  any  thing  to  enliven  or  animate 
the  spiriu.  Spenser. 

CHEEIt'LESS-NESS,  n.  SUte  of  being  destitute  of 
cheerfulness  or  comfort. 

CHEER'LY,  a.    Gay  ;  cheerful ;  not  gloomy. 

CHEER'LY,  adv.     Cheerfully;  heartily;  briskly. 

CHEER'UP,  iv.U    To  make  cheerful  j  to  enliven  ;  to 

CHIR'RUP.    i      chin>.     [Collo^ial.]         Dr.  Oieyne. 

CHEER'Y,  a.  Gay;  sprightly;  havmg  power  to  make 
gsy- 

Com^,  let  ui  bi^,  and  qiuff  a  cheery  bowl.  Gay. 

CHEESE,  »,  [Sax.  cese,  or  cyse;  Ir.  cow ;  W.  caws; 
Com.  kes ;  Arm.  cans ;  L.  easeus ,  ^p.  queso ;  Port. 
queljo ;  D.  kaas ;  G.  kdse ;  Basque,  ga^ma,  or  gazta. 
The  priniar>-  sense  is  to  curdle,  to  congeal,  fn>m  col- 
lecting, drawing,  or  driving;  W.  co-fiaw,  lo  curdle. 
Perhiips  it  is  allied  to  squeeze.'] 

1.  The  curd  of  milk,  coagulated  usually  by  rennet, 
separated  from  the  serum  or  whey,  and  pressed  in  a 
vat,  hoop,  or  mold. 

2.  A  mass  of  j>omace  or  ground  apples  placed  on  a 
press.  Kncvc  of  Dom.  Econ. 

CHEESE'-€AKE,  ti.  A  cake  made  of  soft  curds,  su- 
gar, and  butter.  Prior. 

CHEESE'-MO\"GER,  (-mung'ger,)  n.  One  who 
deals  in  or  sells  cheese.  B.  Jonson. 

CHEESE'-PaR-I^'G,  71.  The  rind  or  paring  of  cheese. 

Bcaum. 

CHEESE'-PRESS,  n.  A  press,  or  engine  for  pressing 
curd  in  the  making  of  cheese.  Qay. 

CHEESE'-REi\-iNEt,  n.  A  plant,  ladies*  bed-etraw, 
Galium  venim. 


CHE 

CHEF.*E'-VAT,  n.  The  vat  or  case  in  which  curds 
an^  coiilined  fur  presKJng.  Otattvillc. 

CHEES'V,  a.  Ilavitig  tho  nature,  qualities,  taste,  or 
furni  of  cheese. 

ClIF.F'iriFMV^RE,  (shcf-doov'r,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  mas- 
terpiece or  i>erfurmitnce  in  arts,  &c. 

CIIKG'KE,  J  r^        ..      .,  ,,  , 

CHEG'OE,  \  "•     t^P*  ^A'V"*'".  s'liiill.] 

A  tropical  insect,  that  enters  the  skin  of  tlie  fi-cl 
and  multiplies  incredibly,  causing  an  itching.  J-'ncyc. 
It  is  wrilti'U,  also,  chi^irrr,,  cJiigoe^  jiime^r. 

CMEI-KOP'TER,  71.  )  [Gr.  xttn,  the  hand,  and 

eiIET-KOP''I'ER-A,  7i.  pi  \      TiTCtrnv,  wing.] 

'I'erms  applied  to  animals  whost;  anterior  toes  are 
connected  by  a  nu'rnbrano,and  whose  feet  thus  serx'e 
fnr  wine-,  as  tlie  hat.  Lnvicr. 

CIIET-ROP'TEK-OUS,  a.  Belonging  to  the  ChLiroi>- 
tera. 

CHErRO-THE'RI-UM,  ti.  [Gr.  \ctp,  hand,  and  0^- 
fitofy  beast.]  An  animal  whose  footsit-ps  alone  have 
been  found  in  Germany.    It  is  somt/timcs  spelt  ckiro- 

thtrium. 

CIIEK-G'A.  n.     The  Chinese  porcelain  clay. 

eHEL'I-DOX,  71.  [Gr.]  A  brown  fiy  with  silvery 
wings. 

€HE-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [Gr.  x'/>1,  a  claw,  and  L./cro, 
to  bear.] 
Furnishr-d  with  claws,  as  an  animal. 

eilEL'l-FoKM,  a.     [L.  c/irla,  a  claw,  and  /,n-m.] 
Having  Iht;  fnrm  of  a  claw. 

CHE-LO'M-A.N,  n.    >  [Gr.  \£>w»'r?,  a  tortoise.]  Terms 

CHE-LCNl-A,  71.  pL  ]  applied  to  animals  of  the  tor- 
toise kind. 

CHE-LO'.NI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  designating  ani- 
mals of  the  tuiUiise  kind. 

CHS'LY,  (  ke'le.)  h.     [L.  chela;  Gr.  x^^fj  »  claw.] 
The  cluw  of  a  shell  fish.  Broinn. 

€HEM'ie-AL,  (kim'i-kal  or  kem'i-kal.)  [See  Chem- 
isTRr.]  Pertaining  to  chemistry ;  as,  a  chemictd  op- 
eration. 

2.  Resulting  from  the  operation  of  the  principles 
of  bodies  by  decomposition,  combination,  &.c. ;  as, 
chemical  changes. 

X  According  to  the  principles  of  chemistry ;  as,  a 
chemir.al  combination. 

eilEM'lC-AL-LY,  adv.  According  to  cliemical  prin- 
ciples ;  by  chemical  process  or  oi»cr<ition. 

CHE-MISE',   (shc-mez',)   n.     [Ft.  chemise  ;  It.  caimse, 

caiinis ;  Sp.  camisa ;  It,  cAimicia;  At.  /vfi^^T  kamit- 

ion ;  Ami),  id.] 

1.  A  shift,  or  under-garment,  worn  by  females, 

2.  A  wall  that  Hnes  the  face  of  any  work  of  earth. 
CHEAf/SF.rTE',  (shem-e-zet',)  n.    [Fr.J     An  under 

garment,  worn  over  the  chemise. 

CHE.M'IST,  (kim'ist  or  kem'ipt,)  ti.  A  person  versed 
in  chemistry  ;  a  professor  of  chemistry. 

€I1EM'1S-TRY,  jkim'is-try  or  kem'is-try,)  n.  [Fr. 
chimie ;  Sp.  chimia ;  It.  and  Port,  ehimicn.  I'he 
orthography  of  this  word,  from  its  derivation  and 
the  analogy  of   other    European  languages,  would 

properly  be  chimistry.     It   is  the  Arabic   La-^v.^^ 


kimiajihe  occult  art  or  science,  from      -t^""™"  kavtai, 

to  conceal.  "Thiswas  originally  the  art  or  science 
now  called  aUJicmy ;  the  art  of  converting  baser 
metals  itiln  gold,  i'he  order  nf  Dincletian,  din^cting 
search  t(»  be  made  for  books  treating  of  the  wtuider- 
ful  art  of  n)aking  gold  and  silver,  and  all  that  should 
be  found  to  be  committed  to  the  flames,  proves  the 
origin  of  this  art  to  be  as  remote  as  the  cliise  of  the 
liiird  century  ;  and  it  was  probably  somewhat  earlier. 
OibboTi,  ch.  13.  It  is  n<»l  improbable  that  this  art  was 
used  in  counterfeiting  coins.  Thecimimon  ortiiogra- 
phy  is  from  x^"')  ^'  '"^^^l  "■■  ^^^^*^  J  t''*^  '''**  orthography 
was  from  x^^t  *''«  same  word,  diflen-ntly  wrilli.n  ; 
both  having  no  foundation  but  a  randi>iu  guess.  If 
lexicographers  and  writers  had  been  contented  to 
lake  the  orthography  of  tiie  nations  ii'  the  sttuth  of 
Europe,  where  the  origin  of  tiie  word  was  doubtless 
understood,  and  tlirough  wlmm  the  word  was  intro- 
duced into  En^hind,  the  orthography  would  have 
been  seitli'd,  uniform,  and  corresponding  exactly 
with  the  pronunciation.] 

Chemistrij  is  a  science,  the  object  of  which  id  In 
discover  the  nature  and  properties  of  all  bodies  by 
analysis  and  synthesis.  Macf/uer. 

Chcmi*try  is  that  science  which  explains  the  inti- 
mate mutual  action  of  all  natural  bodies.  Fuurcmy. 

Analysis  or  decomjwsilion,  and  synthesis  orcomtu- 
nation,  are  the  two  methods  wliich  chemistry  uses  to 
accomplish  its  purposes.  Fourcroy.     Jlonpir. 

Chemistry  may  l>e  defined,  the  science  which  in- 
vestigates the  composition  of  material  substances, 
and  the  permanent  changes  of  constitution  which 
their  mutual  actions  produce.  Ure. 

Cheml-'try  may  be  defined,  that  science,  the  object 
of  whicli  is  lo  discover  and  explain  the  changes  of 


FATE,  FAR,  FALI>,  WH.\T.  — MeTE,  PRfiY.  — PTXE,  MARKNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  B(?(?K.— 


CHE 

coni|iositi»n  that  ucc^ir  among  the  integrant  and  con- 

sl.itu:;nt  parts  of  diirerenl  botlies.  Hennj. 

Ciu'inistry   is   the   scit-ncc    which    irt'ata  of  ihuse 

events   and    changes    in  nalurul    bodies   which  are 

not  aci'oinpanicd  by  sensible  motions.      Thomson. 
Chem'istrij  is  justly  considered  as  a  science,  but  the 

pmctical  optrratuins  may  be  denominated  an  art. 
Chemistry  relates  to  tiiose  operations  by  which  the 

intimate  nature  of  btidies  is  changed,  or  by  which 

they  acquire  new  propc-rtioa.  Dary. 

rilEUUE.     See  Check. 
('HEa'UER.     See  Checker. 
CHER'IFF,  n.    Written  also  Pheriff.     The  prince  of 

Mrrca  ;  a  liigh  priest  ani;>ng  the  .Mi'hnmmedans. 
CllEK'lSM,  r.  t,     [Kr.  cherir:  Arm.  cfirri^ia  :  from  Fr. 

eJtrr,  dear  ;  \V.  cir,  bounty  ;  cirtaw^  to  piiy,  to  cherish. 

See  CABrss.] 

1.  To  treat  with  tenderness  and  affection  ;  to  give 
wanutJi,  ease^  or  comfort  to. 

We  WT*  grnlle  anion^  yon,  even  n*  a  rmrsc  chetishelh  hur 

cliililrrn.  —  1  ThciHt.  ii. 
TLic  •iaiiisel  wa%  Cur,  aiid  ch»ruhed  tfar  kirif^.  —  1  Kings  i. 

2.  To  hold  as  dear ;  to  embrace  with  atTeciion  ;  to 
foster  and  encourage  ;  as,  to  chrrish  the  principles 
of  virtue  ;  to  cherish  religion  in  the  heart. 

3.  'I'o  treat  in  a  manner  to  enci'iiraae  growth,  by 
pnilection,  aid,  attendance,  or  supplying  nourish- 
ment; as,  to  cherish  tender  plants. 

4.  To  harbor  ;  to  indulge  and  encourage  in  the 
mind  ;   as,  lo  cherigh  ill-w  ill,  or  any  evil  passion. 

CHKR'ISH  /:D,  (cher'Uhl,)  r;».  or  a.  Treated  with 
tend'Tness;  warmed)  com  tort  ed  ;   fostered. 

CUER'ISII-ER,  n.  One  who  cherishes;  an  encour- 
ager;  a  supporter. 

CliER'lSH-iNG,  ppr.  Warming;  comfortingj  en- 
couraging; fostering;  treating  with  ntfuction. 

CIIP^ii'IS[|-IXG,  n.     Sup[K)rt;  encouraeemenL 

CHr:R  l?;iI-L\G-LV,  ado.  In  an  affectionate  or  cher- 
ishiim  manner. 

CHER'Isn-MEXT  B. Encouragement; comfort.  [Oft*-.] 

€lIER'Mi:».     See  Kermes. 

CHE-ROOT',  n,  A  kind  of  cigar.  The  genuine  cAe- 
root  is  from  Manilla,  in  the  Philippine  Islands,  and  is 
hiKldv  pri7.ed  for  ilie  delicacv  of  its  flavor. 

€HER-0-FUT'.\  .MOS,  n.  [Or.  \-u>o%y  a  hog,  and 
r«rf/i»K,  river.]  An  animal  of  the  order  of  i»chy- 
df-nnata,  allied  to  the  hog,  now  extinct. 

CHER'KY,  n.  [Fr.  cerise:  L.  ccrasus;  It.  ciriegia ; 
VvtU  eerfja ;  Sp.  cereta;  Ann.  gerKicn]  I),  kars^  or 
kritk ;  G.  kir^che ;  Sw.  kirsbar ;  Dan.  kirseb(gr :  so 
named,  it  is  said,  from  CfTtwiw,  a  city  in  Pontus, 
near  the  Euxine,  whence  the  tree  was  imported  in- 
to Italy.J 

The  miit  of  a  tree,  a  species  of  Pninus,  of  which 
there  «re  many  varieties,  as  the  red  or  garden  cherry, 
the  red-heart,  the  white-heart,  the  blark  cherry,  the 
black  heart,  and  several  others.  The  fniit  is  a  pulp 
inclosing  a  kernel.  It  is  related  that  this  fruit  was 
brought  from  Cerasus,  in  Pontus,  lo  Italy,  after  the 
def-at  (if  .MtUiridates  by  Lncullus,  A.  R.  08it,  and  in- 
troduced into  England  by  the  Romans,  about  130 
years  aftenvard,  A.  I).  b5, 

Bitrbadof 4  cherry  y  is  the  genus  Malptghia,  of  several 
specie*.  The  berries  are  red,  cherry -shaped,  acid, 
aud  eatable. 

Bird  cherry^  \s  a  species  of  Pninus,  Ihe  common 
laun-I,  or  lauro-ttrafug.  Lee. 

Also,  the  PrunMA  Patlu-i.  Eneyc. 

Cornelian  chrmi  is  the  frtiit  of  the  Comus,  cornel- 
tree,  or  dog-wood.  It  is  a  small,  acid,  cherry-like, 
eatable  berry, 

Du-arf  elifrry,  is  the  frwU  of  a  species  of  Loniccra, 
or  hnney-suckle. 

Hottentot  cherry,  is  the  fruit  of  a  species  of  Cassine. 
The  fruit  is  a  trisperinous  berry,  of  a  dark,  purple 
C4tlor. 

fViitfer  cherry^  is  a  name  of  the  fruit  of  the  Phy- 
salt'*,  a  genus  of  many  species.  It  is  a  b<-rr}'  of  the 
size  of  a  small  cherry,  inclosed  in  an  inflated,  blad- 
der-tike calyx.  This  name  is  also  given  to  a  species 
(tf  Solanum.  Fam.  of  Plantt. 

CIIER'RY,  a.  Like  a  red  cherry  in  C(rfor;  red,  niddy, 
hlimming  ;  as,  a  cherry  lip  ;  cherry  cheek*. 

fllEK'RY,  n.  A  cordial  composed  of  cherrj'  juice 
and  .-spirit,  sweetened  and  diluted.  The  wild  cherry 
m  most  generally  Ufted  for  this  purpose,  being  steeped 
for  «ome  days  in  spirit,  which  extmctn  Ihe  juice  of 
tJic  fruit  J  the  tincture  in  then  sweetened  and  diluted 
tn  the  taste.  This  cordial  is  moderately  bitter  and 
a-tringent.     It  is  somelimes  made  of  the  mazzard. 

ri!ER'RV-CHEEK-£D,  C-cheekt,)  a.  Having  ruddy 
cheeki^.  Coniereve. 

CMER'RY-Prr,  n.  A  child's  play,  inwhich  cherry- 
ftonefi  are  thrown  into  a  hole.  Shak. 

CIIER'RY-TREE,  n.  A  tree  whose  fruit  is  cherries, 
in  th';  more  appropriate  sense  of  the  word.  The 
name  is  mostly  given  to  the  common  cultivated  trees, 
and  to  that  which  prrxluces  the  black  wild  chcr* 
ry.  The  wood  of  the  latter  is  valued  for  cabinet 
w'.rk, 

eilER'HO  \P.SE,  n.  [Gr.  xcoaovrtToi  :  vcniroj,  land, 
or  uncultivated  land,  and  vr)<T"(,  an  isle.] 

A  peninsula  ;  a  tract  of  land  of  any  indefinite  ex- 


CHE 

tent,  which  is  nearly  surrounded  by  water,  but  united 
to  a  larger  tract  by  a  neck  of  land,  or  i-;thmus  :  as, 
the  Cimbrie  Chersonese,  or  Jutland  ;  the  Tauric  Chcr- 
sorte.ic.  or  Crimea. 

CHERT,  71.  In  mi/rera!o^j,  an  impure  variety  of 
quartz,  or  flint,  of  various  dull  shades  of  color.  It 
includes  pctro.-nlez  and  harnstone. 

CilERT'Y,  a.     Like  chert ;  containing  chert.  PcnnavL 

CIIER'UB,  n.;j>l.  Cherurs;  but  the  Hebrew  plural 
Cherubim  is  also  used.  [Heb.  3^"iD  kmtb.  In  Ch. 
and  Syr.  the  corresponding  verb  signifies  to  plow; 
and  the  word  is  said  to  signify,  properly,  any  image 
or  figure ;  if  so,  it  may  have  been  named  from  en- 
ffravimr.  Hut  this  is  uncertain,  and  Uie  learned  are 
not  agreed  on  the  signification.] 

A  figure  composed  of  various  creatures,  as  a  man, 
an  ox,  an  eagle,  or  a  lion.  The  first  mention  of 
cherubs  is  in  Oen.  iii.  94,  where  the  figure  is  not 
described  ;  but  their  office  was,  with  a  flaming  sword, 
to  keep  or  gimrd  the  way  of  the  tree  of  life.  The 
t%vo  cherubs  which  Mnsea  was  commanded  to  make 
at  the  ends  of  the  mercy-seat,  were  to  be  of  beaton 
work  of  gold  ;  and  tiieir  wings  were  to  extend  over 
the  mercy-scat,  their  faces  toward  each  other,  and 
between  them  was  the  residence  of  the  Deity.  Ez. 
.XXV.  The  cherubs,  in  Ezekiel's  vision,  had  each 
four  heads,  or  faces,  the  hands  of  a  man,  and  wings. 
The  four  faces  were,  the  face  of  a  bull,  that  of  a 
man,  that  of  a  lion,  and  that  of  an  eagle.  They  had 
the  likeness  of  a  man.  Eiek.  iv.  and  x.  In  2  -Sam. 
xxii.  11,  and  Psalm  xviii.  Jehovah  is  represented  as 
riding  on  a  cherub,  and  flying  on  the  wings  of  the 
wind.  In  the  celestial  hiemrchy,  cherubs  arc  repre- 
sented as  spirits  next  in  order  to  seraphs.  The  hiero- 
glyphical  and  emblematical  figures  embroidered  on 
the  vails  of  the  tabernacle,  are  called  cherubs  of  cu- 
rious or  skillful  work.  Ex.  xxvi. 
.\  beautiful  child  is  called  a  cJicrvh. 

CHER-C"B1€,  \  a.    Pertaining  to  cherubs  ;  angelic. 

CHER-C'Hie-AL,  \  Sheldon. 

CHER'U-IUM,  71.     The  Hebrew  plural  of  Cherub, 

CHER'U-RLV,  a.     Cherubic  ;  angelic.  Shak. 

CHER'U-BIN,  n.     A  cherub.  Dnjden. 

CHER'UP;  a  corruption  of  ch'-rji,  which  see. 

CHER'VIL,  n,  [Sax.  cerfille,  a  contraction  of  L.  chtp?^ 
ophytlum:  Gr.  xaipi'pvXXo^;  X"*,"^>  ***  rejoice,  and 
fpvWu',  leaf.] 

The  popular  name  of  a  plant,  of  the  genus  Cha;ro- 
phyllum. 

CHES'A-PRAK,  V.  A  bay  of  the  United  States, 
whose  entrance  la  bi'tween  Cajie  Charles  and  Cape 
Henry,  in  Virginia,  and  which  extends  northerly  into 
Marj'Iand  270  miles.  It  receives  the  waters  of  the 
Susquehannaii,  Potomac,  Rappahannoc,  York,  and 
James  Rivers. 

CHES'I-BLE.     See  Chasuble; 

CHES'LIP,  n.     A  small  vermin  that  lies  under  stones. 

CHESS,  71.     [Fr.  ecAecs.     See  Check.] 

An  ingenious  game  performed  by  two  parties  with 
different  pieces,  on  a  checkered  board,  that  is,  a  board 
divided  into  sixty-four  sqimres,  or  houses.  The  suc- 
cess of  the  game  depends  almost  entirely  on  skill. 
E.ach  gamester  has  eight  dignified  pieces,  called  a 
king,  a  queen,  two  bishojts,  two  knights,  and  two 
rooks,  or  castles  ;  also  eight  pawns.  The  pieces  of 
the  parties  are  of  different  colors.  Enryc. 

CHE.'*S,  71.  [I  do  not  find  this  word  in  any  English 
dictionary  ;  nor  do  I  know  its  origin  or  afltnities.  In 


Persian,  ijm^  khajt,  or  gas,  signifies  evil,  depraved, 

and  a  useless  weed.] 

In  JWtc  England,  the  Dromus  Secatinus,  a  grass 
which  grows  among  wheat,  and  is  supposed  to  be 
■  wheat  degenerated  or  changed,  as  it  abounds  most 
in  fields  where  the  wheat  is  winter-killed.  It  bears 
some  resemblance  to  oats.  This  fact  is  mentioned 
by  Pliny,  Nat.  Hist.  lib.  18,  ca.  17.  "  Primum  omni- 
um fnimenti  viiJum  avena  est ;  et  hordeum  in  eam 
depenerat."  This  change  of  wheat  and  barley  into 
oats  he  ascribes  to  a  moist  soil,  wet  weather, 
had  seed,  &c.  ^his  opinion  coincides  with  ob- 
servations in  America,  as  wheat  is  most  liable  to 
perish  in  moist  land,  and  often  in  such  jilaces,  almost 
all  the  wheat  is  killed,  and  instead  of  it  chess  often 
appears.  Hut  this  change  of  wheal  into  chess  is  now 
dented,  and  the  conunon  opinion  is  allirmcd,  by  the 
able.^i  hntani^ts,  to  be  erroneous. 

CHKSS'-AP  PLE,  71.     A  H|>ecies  of  wild  service. 

CHKSS'-ROARD,  n.  The  hoard  used  in  the  game  of 
chess,  and  from  the  squares  of  which  chejs  has  its 
name. 

CHRSS'-MAN,  71.     A  piece  used  in  the  game  of  chess. 

CHESS'-PLAY-ER,  n.  One  who  plays  chess;  one 
skilled  in  the  game  of  chess. 

CHESH'-TREE,  71.  In  xhipa^a.  piece  of  wood  bolted 
perpendicularly  on  the  side,  to  confine  the  clews  of 
the  main  sail. 

CHESH'OM,  M.     Mellow  earth.  Bacon. 

CHEST,  71.     [Sax.  e&ii  or  cyst;  L.  eista:  W.  cist;  Ir. 
cisde^  Gr.  K^nT^;  G.  ki^te ;  D.  kist;  Sw.  kista;  Dan. 
fcirtc.    See  CH«»TffOT.] 
1.  A  box  of  wood,  or  other  material,  in  which 


CUE 

cmtds  are  k^-pt  or  transported.    It  differs  from  a  trunt 
m  tiot  b!.'inL'  covered  with  skin  or  leather. 

9.  The  tnink  of  the  btwly  from  the  neck  tO'tho 
belly ;  the  thorax.  Hence,  broait-ehe.tted,  narrow- 
che.^ted  i  having  a  broad  or  narrow  chest. 

3.  In  commerce,  a  certain  quantity  ;  as,  a  chest  of 
sugar  ;  a  ehrst  of  indigo  ;  &,c. 

CheM  of  drawers,  is  a  case  of  movable  boxes 
call!;d  draieer.i. 

CHEST,  V.  L     To  reposit  in  a  chest ;  to  hoard. 

John.^tm. 

CIIKST'ED,  a.  Having  a  chest,  as  in  thick-cAc.^fcii.- 
narriiw-rAftsf.rrf. 

CHEST'-FOUND-ER  ING,  v.     A  disease  in  horses, 
like  the  pleurisy  or  j>eripneumony  in  the  human  body. 
Farrier^s  DicU 

CHEST'NUT,  (ches'nut,)  n.  [Sax.  cystel,  and  the 
tree  in  Sax.  is  eystbeam  or  eystenbeavii  L.  caManc^i, 
the  tree  and  the  nut;  Yx.  cliataignei  Aim.  gLttenen, 
or^geslenen:  W.castan;  Sp.  castana;  Poll.  ea^tanJta : 
It.  enstairna :  G.  kastanie ;  Sw.  Dan,  kastanie;  from 
Welsh  cast,  envelopuient,  the  root  of  castle,  from 
separating,  defi-nding  ;  so  named  from  ita  shell,  or 
cover.     It  is  often  written  Chesnut.] 

The  fruit,  seed,  or  nut  of  a  tree  belonging  to  the 
genus  Cjistanea.  (t  is  inclosed  in  a  prickly  pericarp, 
which  contains  two  or  more  seed-i. 

CHEST'NUT,  a.  Being  of  the  color  of  a  chestnut ;  of 
a  brown  colpr.     It  is,  pertiaps,  rarelv  used  as  a  noun. 

CHEST'NUT-TREE,  n.  Castanea  vesca ;  the  tree 
which  produces  the  chestnut.  This  tree  grows  tu  a 
great  size,  with  spreading  branches.  It  is  one  of 
the  most  valuable  timber-trees,  as  the  wood  is  very 
durable,  and  forms  in  America  the  principal  timber 
for  fencing.  The  timber  is  also  used  in  buildiug, 
and  for  vessels  of  various  kinds. 

Dwarf -eJtestnut,  or  chincapin,  is  another  species  of 
Casta  nea. 

Horse-chestnut  is  a  tree  of  the  genus  -^sculus. 
The  common  tree  of  this  sort  is  a  native  of  the  north 
of  Afiia,  and  admired  for  the  beauty  of  its  flowers. 
It  is  used  for  shade  and  ornament,  and  its  nuts  are 
esteemed  good  food  for  horses.  The  scarlet-flowering 
horse-chestnut  is  a  native  of  Carolina,  Brazil,  and 
the  East,  and  is  admired  for  its  beauty. 

The  Indian  Rose-chestnut,  of  the  genus  Mesun, 
t>ears  a  nut,  roundish,  pointed,  and  marked  with 
four  elevated  longitudinal  sutures. 

Eveyc.     Fanu  of  Plants. 

CHES'TON,  71.     A  species  of  plum.  Juhnsun, 

CIIk'TAH,  n.  -The  hunting  leopacd  of  India;  the 
Felis  jiibata. 

CHEV'A-CHIk,  (shev'a-sh6,)  n.  An  expedition  with 
cavalry.     [JVot  used.]  Chaucer. 

CIIEV-AL',  n.  [Fr.]  Literally,  ahorse  ;  and  hence,  in 
composition,  a  support  or  fmme.  I'hus  a  cheval- 
glass  is  a  targe  swinir-glass  mounted  on  a  frame,  &c. 

CHEV-AL'-DE-FIUSE',  generally  used  in  the  plural, 
Chevaux-de-Frisk,  (shev'o-de-free/..)  [Fr.  cheval, 
a  horse,  and  frisr.,  any  thing  curled,  rough,  en- 
tangled ;  the  horse  of  frise,  or  frizzled  horse. 
Hence  called  also  turnpike,  tourniquet.] 

1.  A  piece  of  timber  traversed  with  wooden  spikes, 
pointed  with  iron,  five  or  six  feet  hmg ;  used  lo  de- 
fend a  passage,  stop  a  breach,  or  make  a  retrench- 
ment to  stop  cavnlrv'. 

2.  A  kind  of  trimming. 

CHEV-A-LIeR',  rshev-a-leer',)  n.  [Fr.,from  cACTJo/,a 
horse  ;  Sp.  eabaliero.     See  Cavalrt.] 

1.  A  knight ;  a  gallant  young  man.  Shak. 

9.  In  heraldni,  a  horseman  armed  at  all  points. 
CHEV'EiV,  71.     [Fr.  cheve^-ne.]  [Encyc 

A  river  fish,  the  chub. 
CHEV'ER-IL,  7J.     [Fr.  c/tevreaa,  a  kid,  from  chevre,  a 
goat,  L.  caper,  W.  garar.  Arm.  gavricq,  gavr,\ 

Soft  leather  made  of  kid-skin  ;  hence,  a  yielding 
disposition  ;  yielding  or  pliable.  [Used  as  a  noun  or 
adjective,]  Shak^ 

CHEV'ER-IL-IZE,  r.  (.  To  make  as  pliable  as  kid- 
leather.  Montagu. 
CIIEV'I-SXNCE,  (shev'e-zUns,)  n.  [Fr.  rherir,  to 
come  to  the  end,  to  perform,  to  prevail,  from  chef. 
the  head,  litemlly  the  end.  Sec  Chief  and 
Achieve.] 

1.  Achievement;  deed;  performance;  enterprise 
accomplished.     [  Obs.]  Spenner. 

9.  In  lain,  a  makmg  of  contracts;  a  bargain. 
Stat.  13  Eliz.  7. 

3.  An  unlawful  agreement  or  contract.  21  Jam.  17. 

4.  An  agreement  or  composition,  as  an  end  or 
order  set  down  between  a  creditor  and  his  debtor. 

Ehcaic-. 
CHEVRON,  V.     [Fr.,  a  rafter  ;  W.  ceber;  Arm.  gehr.] 
1.  In  ArrflWri/,  an  honorable  ordinary,  re{>resenting 
two  rafters  of  a  house  meeting  at  the  top.     Bailey. 

9.  In  architectuTC,  an  ornament  in  the  form  of  zig- 
zag work  Oicill. 

3,  Tlie  distingui^!hing  marks  on  the  sleeves  of 
non-commissioned  officers'  coats,  Campbell. 

CHEV'KON-/:nj  (shev'rond,)  a.    Having  a  clievron, 

or  the  form  of  it,  B.  Jonson. 

CHEVRON-EL,  (shev'ron-cl,)  n.    A  small  chevron, 
CllEV-RO-TAIN',  n.     [from  Fr.  ehevre,  a.  goat.] 
The  smallest  of  the  antelope  kind. 


TONE,  BULL,  TJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CfOUS C  a«  K ;  0  m  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  aa  SH;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


CHI 

CHEW,  (chu,)  e.   t.     [Sax.  canmji,'   D.  kaauwem  G. 
kaum.     Set;  Ch*.w.] 

1.  To  bUe  ami  griiui  with  the  leeih  ;  to  innsiicntc, 
as  food,  to  prepant  it  for  deglutition  ami  dieestiou. 

S.  To  nuiiinale  in  Uie  thoughts  j  to  uieilitHte  ;  as, 
to  cAiw  revriige.  Shak, 

3.  To  chauip ;  to  bite,  hold  or  luU  iiboat  in  the 
moiitii ;  as,  to  ekmc  tobacco. 

4.  To  taste,  without  swallowing.  Skak. 
CHEW,  e.  t.    To  cluuap  upon  ;  to  ruminate. 

Old  politktuM  Otev  on  wittUnn  pML  Popt. 

CHEW,  n.    That  which  is  chowed ;    thnt  which    is 

held  in  the  mouth  at  once;  a  cud.     [rw/jror.] 
CHE\V'£D,  (cliade, >;»/'•    Ground  by  tiio  teeUi;  mas- 
ticated. 
CUfiW'ET,  (cbfl'et,)  n,     A  kind  of  pie,  made  of 

cbof^d  subatauc*^ 
CUEW'ING,  pfr.  or  «.    Grinding  with  the    teeth ; 

masticatiniE ;  niminatjnc  ;  meditating  i  champing. 
CHT'A,  «.     A  bvautiful  M.  riran  pi  inl. 
CHI'AN,*.    Pcrt-iinhic  i  -!■'  in  the  Le\Tint. 

Ouam  Mrtki  a  mr\\  < oniimct  kind  i>f 

earth,  from  Chios,  use  M  >--  an  a£trinf*<^nt, 

aaU  a  oosmelic;.  Elncyc 

Ckimm  birpMUwe,  or  Cfipms  titrpentine.  is  procured 
fiwD  Uw  Pikacia  Teivbinthiia.     It  is  ot  the  conabt 
ence  t^  honey,  clear,  and  ol"  a  vellowish  white. 
€HI-A'RO  OS-€0'RO.     Sec  CLAK£-u(i»crRE. 
eHI-At«'TO-UrrE,  «.   [Gr.  xi«<^ros,  decussauid.]    See 

Akdall'site. 
CHIH'HAI.,  «.     [Fr.  eiboulc] 

A  small  sort  of  onion.  BeatmonL 

CHI-CANE',  (she-kant^,)  n.     [Fr.  dtteoMe ;  Arm.  acmn 
or  cuvurei,     Qu.  Sax.  sttic^sc,  to  dco-ive.] 

I.  In  lawj  9hi{\;  turn  ;  tnck ;  cavil ;  an  abuse  of 
Judkiar)'  proceedings,  by  artitic4>.s,  unfiiir  |Hactices, 
or  idle  ot>j<-ctii>n3,  which  tt-nd  to  ix.Ti^lux  a  cause, 
puzzle  the  judge,  or  impose  on  a  party,  and  thus  to 
delay  or  pervert  justice. 

3.  In  </i5;>uir, sophistry  ;  dininctionsnnd  gublKties, 
that  tend  to  pt<ri^ex  the  qunition  and  ubscure  the 
truth.  Locke, 

3.  Anv  artifice  or  stratafem.  Prior, 

CHl-CA.NE',  r,  i.     (Fr.  ekjtMmtr,] 

To  ii!ie  «hti^,  cavils,  or  vtifioes.  Bmrte, 

CHI-CA.N'ER,  M.     [Fr.  cUmmmd-.] 

Ohti  who  u«e9  sbiAs,  turns,  eraekiiu,  or  undue  ur- 
tifices,  in  litigation  nr  disputes  ;  a  caviler ;  a  sophis- 
ter;  an  unfair  dtspiilant.  Lorke, 

CUI-eA\'EK-V,<sbe-kan'er-y,)  m.    [Fr.  ekuantrie.] 
8t>phi^try  ;   mean  or  unfair  artifices  to  perplex  a 
cause  and  obecure  the  truth. 
CUIC'CO-RV,  a.    The  Cichorium  Intybua ;  alaocalled 
jKccvry.    One  nectes  is  cultivated  m  En^aod  as  a 
mlad  ,  and  anoiW  speciea  is  used  in  Prance  lo  aduK 
teral"'  rotfee. 
CHICII'ES.  s.  fL    Dwarf  pea& 
CUICII'LLNG,  {  a.    A  TeCck  or  pea,  of  the 

CHICH'LING-VETCH,)     genus  Latbyrus.  used  in 
Germany  for  food,  bat  inferior  to  other  kinos. 

MiUer, 
CHICK,  eu  L    To  sprout,  as  seed  In  the  p'ound ;  to 

regetate.  Chalmers. 

CHICK,  )  N.     [Sax.  eesii ;  0.  kuiken ;  G.  ktidiiem ; 

CUICK'EN',  t      Qm.  Russ.  ehikaifmy  lo  peep.] 

1.  The  young  of  fowls,  porticiUarly  of  the  domestic 
ben,  or  gallinaceous  fowla. 
3.  A  person  of  tender  years. 
3.  A  word  of  tendemeea. 
CHICK-A-REE',  B.    The  .\merican  red  squirrel,  the 

Scinru.i  llud-tiuiius. 
CHICK'EN-HEART'ED,   a.      Timid;   fearful  j   cow- 
ard! v. 
CHICk'EX-POX,  a.  A  mild,  contagious,  eruptive  di»- 

efl^e,  ef^nerally  appearing  in  children. 
CHICK'LIXG,  a.     A  small  chick  or  chicken. 
CIIICK'-PeA,  «.     [L.  ricrr:  G.  kicker:  Sp.  chicharo.'] 
The  popular  name  of  a  species  of  the  genus  Ciccr; 
a  native  of  Spnin,  where  it  is  used   in  olios.    It  is 
small'-r  than  the  common  pea. 
CHICK'-WEED,  B.    The  popular  name  of  a  species 
of  Steltoria.     The  common  chick-weed,  with  while 
Moaaoois,  afiTord?  a  reniarkahle  instance  of  tlie  sleep 
of  ptanta  ;  for,  at  niirht,  the  leaves  approach  in  pairs, 
and  indose  the  tt;nder  nidmients  of  the  young  shoots. 
The  leaves  are  cocritng  and  nutritive,  and  are  deemed 
excellent  food  for  persons  of  a  consumptive  habit. 
They  are  deemed  useful  also  for  swelled  breasts. 

Eneyc     Wiseman. 
CHIDE,  r.  t,  i  jnret,  ChV>,  [Chodm  is  obs. ;]  part.  Chid, 
Criddett.     [Sax.  cidan,  lo  chide,  to  scold  ;  W.  cazi^ 
to  chide,  to  press,  to  straighten  ;  Ch.  Q:9p,  to  scold, 
to  brawl,  to  fight.     Q.u.  \\.  cad,  a  battle.] 

LiteraUif,  to  scold  :  to  clamor ,  lo  utter  noisy  words ; 
that  is,  to  drive.     Hence, 

1.  To  scold  at ;  to  reprove ;  to  utter  words  in  anger 
or  by  way  of  disapprobation  j  to  rebuke  j  as,  to  chuU 
one  for  his  faults. 

3.  To  blame ;  to  reproach  j  as,  to  ekirU  folly  or  neg- 
ligence. 

To  ehidt  from,  or  chide  away,  is  to  drive  away  by 
•rolding  or  reproof. 
CHIDE,  V.  i.     To  scold;  to  clamor ;  to  find  fault;  to 


,  clamors,  reproves,  or 


CHI 

contend  iu  words  of  anger ;  sometimes  fuUuwed  by 
•ritA. 

The  peo})lc  tiid  chidt  with  Moan.  —  Ex.  zvii. 

2.  To  quarrel.  Skak. 

3.  To  make  a  rough,  clam(»ou8,  roaring  noise  \  of, 
the  chiding  flotKl.  Skak. 

CHIDE,  n.     Klurmtir;  gentle  noise.  Thomgatu 

CHID'ER,  a.     One  who  chides,  cli 
rebukes. 

CHIU'ER-ESS,  n.    A  female  who  chides,    [JVot  used.] 

Chaucer, 

CHTO'ING, ppr.  Scolding;  clamoring;  rebuking;  mak- 
ing a  harsh  or  continued  nutse. 

CHID'ING,  a.  A  scolding  or  clamoring;  rebuke;  re- 
protif. 

CHTD'ING-LV,  adv.  In  a  scolding  or  reproving  man- 
ner. 

CHIkF,  c  [Fr.  c*c/,  the  head,  that  is,  the  top  or  high- 
est point  ;  .Norm,  chief:  Sp.  jefe;  Ir.  crapi  It.  capo. 
It  is  evidLUlly  from  the  same  niot  as  the  ll  caputy  Gr. 
irc<>'iAr),  and  Eng.  ai/ie,  but  through  tiiu  Celtic,  prob- 
ably frtrm  shootine,  exuimling.] 

1.  Highe-si  in  otlice  or  rank  ;  principal ;  as,  a  chief 
prii^st  i  Uie  chtrf  butler.      Gen.  xl.  9. 

Amonf  Utr  rf*ie/  ndcn,  nvui;  believeit  on  (litn.  —John  xii. 

2.  Princi[KU  or  most  eminent,  in  any  quality  or 
action  ;  most  distinguished  ;  having  mo:tt  induence  ; 
commanding  most  resi)ect ;  taking  the  lead  ;  most 
valuable  ;  most  imp4inant ;  a  word  of  extensive  use  ; 
a.",  a  c(iunlr>'  chief  in  arms;  agriculture  is  tlie  chief 
employment  of  men. 

Tbo  IuumI  of  the  )>rii)oea  uul  nilen  batli  boen  dd^  Id  UUt  tie*- 
put.  —  EvM  iz. 

3.  First  in  alTection  ;  most  dear  and  familiar. 

A  whlspprer  arpftntU-lh  thief  frirntls.  —  Prov.  xtJ. 

CHIEF,  n.  A  commander  ;  particularly  a  military 
commander  ;  the  i>erson  who  heads  an  army  ;  equiv- 
alent to  the  modern  terrns  commander  or  enteral-in- 
ekief,  captain-general,  or  generalv'simo.     1  Ck,  xi. 

2.  The  principal  pcpHm  of  a  tribe,  family,  or  con- 
gregation, Slc    Auf/i.  lit.    Jub  xxix.    Matt.  xx. 

3.  In  tkief;  in  English  law,  in  capite.  To  hold 
land  in  chi^,  is  to  huld  it  directly  from  the  king  by 
honorable  {lersonal  services.  BlacksionA, 

4.  In  heraldry,  the  up[H'r  part  of  the  escutcheon, 
divided  into  tlirre  points,  dexier,  mtdMe,  and  ginister. 

Brand*, 
In  chitf,  importa  something  borne  in  this  part. 

Kneyr. 

5.  In  Spenser,il  seems  to  signify  something  like 
achievement,  a  mark  of  distinction  ;  as,  chaplcts 
wrought  W*ilh  a  chirf.  Johnson. 

6.  This  word  is  often  used  in  the  singular  number 
to  express  a  plurality. 

I  look  the  du^  of  four  tribn,  wiM  men  and  knoim,  and  made 

them  heails  o«er  you.  —  Upuu  i.  IS, 
Thrar  vtn  th«^  dtief  of  the  offioen  thai  vera  orer  Solomoit'a 

work.  —  I  Kings  ix. 

In  these  phrases,  chief  m&y  have  been  primarily  an 
adjective  ;  that  is,  chief  men,  chief  persons. 

7.  The  princijKiI  part;  the  most  or  largest  part  of 
one  thing  or  of  many  ;  as,  the  chief  of  the  cfebt  re- 
mains unpaid. 

The  jteopln  took  of  (h*  qxiH,  aheep  and  ox«n,  the  cAi«/  of  the 
thiugiWbkhiiticiiiM  liave  U,'eii  uUerlj' il«lro_ved,  —  1  Sa.m.XY. 
He  amoie  the  chief  of  Uieir  atrcngth.  —  P».  Ixviii. 

CHIP.F,  adv.     Chiefly. 

CHIKF'AGE,  i  n.    A  tribute  by  the  head.    [OK] 

CH£V'AGE,   i  Ckambers. 

CHlKF'DOM,  n.     Sovereignty.  Spenser. 

CHIkF'ESS,  frheeres,)  n.     A  female  chief. 

CHIkF'-JUS'TICE,  n.  The  presiding  justice  ;  partic- 
ularly the  presiding  judge  in  the  courts  of  Common 
Pleas,  and  King's  Bench,  in  England,  and  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  Stales,  and  also  of  tlie 
Supreme  Court  in  some  of  the  States. 

CHIkF'-JUS'TICE-SHIF,  ft.  The  office  of  chief- 
justice.  Story. 

CHI  eF'LESS,  rt.    Without  a  chief  or  leader.  Pope. 

CHIeF'LY,  ado.     Principally;  eminently;  in  the  first 
place  ;  as,  it  ehicfiy  concerns  us  to  obey  the  divine 
precepts. 
2.  For  the  most  part. 

In  the  parts  of  the  kingdom  where  the  eatatea  of  tl»e  disarnteia 
diiejiy  lay.  Siffift. 

CHIeF'RIE,  (chef 're,)  n,  A  small  rent  paid  to  the 
lord  paramounL  Spenser's  Ireland. 

CHIeF'TAIX,  (-tin,)  n.  [from  chief ,  Nona,  ckevcnteins, 
formed  like  captain,  capitainc] 

A  captain,  leader,  or  commander;  a  chief;  the 
head  of  a  troop,  army,  or  clan.  It  ia  most  commonly 
used  in  the  latter  sense.  The  chiefuiinsof  the  High- 
land clan«,  in  Scotland,  were  the  principal  noblemen 
and  gentlemen.  Encyc. 

CHIkF'TAIX-CV,      ^71.     Headship;   captaincy;  the 

CHI£F'TAIN-SHIP,  \      government  over  a  clan. 

Johnson.     Smollett. 

CHIilVAXCE,  n,     [Norm,  chivisance.     See   Cheti- 

SAKCE.] 

An  unlawful  bargain ;  traffic  in  which  money  is 
extorted.     [Obs.]  Bacon. 


CHI 

CIIF?V%''!"**"    l^^-'^"*^-    See  Achieve.] 

To  come  lo  an  end  ;  to  issue  ;  to  succeed.     [0&5.] 
CIIIF'F0J\'IER',  (shif-fun-eer',)  iu      LUcrally,  a  re- 
ceptacle for  rags  t>r  shreds. 

2.  A  movable  and  ornamental  cupboard  or  recep- 
tiKle.  Smart, 

CHIF'FY,  n.    An  instant. 
CHIG'GEK, 


CIII'GO. 


See  Chsore. 


CHII/BLAIN,  n.   [chUl;  Sax.  eeh,  cold,  and  blatn.] 
A  blain  or  sore  produced  by  cold  ;  a  tumor  nlTecf- 
ing  the  hands  and  feet,  accompanied  with  inllnmuia- 
tion,  jmin,  and  sometimes  ulceration.  Kncyc. 

CHIL'ULAKN,  r.  (.     To  produce  chilblains. 

CHILI),  71.,-  pi.  Children.  [Sax.  eiVrf;  in  Dan.  ktdd 
is  progeny,  kulde  is  coldness,  and  kaler  is  In  blow 
strong.  Child  is  undoubtedly  issue,  that  which  is 
produced.] 

1.  A  son  or  a  daughter ;  a  male  or  female  descend- 
ant, in  the  first  degree  ;  the  immediate  proguny  of  pa- 
rents; applied  lo  the  human  race,  and  cliiefly  loa  \H:t- 
«on  when  young.  Thetenn  is  applied  to  infants  from 
their  birth  ;  but  Uie  time  when  they  cease  ordinarily 
lo  be  so  culled,  is  not  defined  by  custom.  In  strict- 
ness, a  child  is  Uie  shoot,  issue,  or  produce  of  llie 
parents,  and  a  person  of  any  age,  in  n.tipi-ct  to  the 

An  infant.  [parents,  is  a  child. 

Hnjar  cart  ih"*  child  umler  one  of  (he  ihnilw.  —  G''n.  xjd. 
It  signifies  also  a  person  of  more  advanced  years. 
Jpphthii'a  dnnjhtT  wna  hb  un|y  child.  — J^IOc^^a  xl. 
Th?  chUd  Bh.ill  t>-h,.»o  himwfl  pminlly.  —  U.  iii. 
A  cura.<  will  be  on  tliuae  wtw  coiTupi  ilie  niunils  of  their  chUdren, 

J.  Clarke. 

The  application  of  child  lo  a  female^  in  opposition 
to  a  male,  as  in  Skakifpearp,  is  not  legitmiaie. 

2.  One  weak  in  knowledge,  ex|M'rience,  judgment, 
or  attainments  ;  its,  he  is  a  mere  child. 

BehuM,  I  CM  not  np^ivk,  for  I  am  a  diild.  —  Jrr.  i. 

3.  One  you  n^  in  grace.     1  Jnhn  ii. 

One  who  is  huuibte  and  docile.    Mati,  xviii. 
One  who  is  unfixed  in  principles.     Kph.  iv. 

4.  One  who  is  born  again,  spiritually  renewed  and 
adopted  ;  as,  a  child  of  God. 

5.  One  who  is  the  product  of  another ;  or  whose 
principles  and  moral.s  are  the  product  of  another. 

Thou  child  of  the  devil.  —AcW  xiii. 

That  which  is  the  product  or  (fleet  of  something 
else. 

Thii  nolilo  paasioii,  child  of  iiit^^cy.  Shak, 

6.  In  tJu  plural,  the  descendants  of  a  man,  hpw> 
ever  remote  ;  as,  the  children  of  Israel ;  the  children 
of  Edom. 

7.  The  inhabitants  of  a  country ;  as,  the  cJiildren 
of  Seir.    2.  Chron.  xxv. 

To  be  tcith  child ;  to  be  pregnant.  Oen.xvu  II.  xix.SG. 

CHILD,  tj   i.     To  bring  children.  Shak. 

CHILD'-BEaR-ING,  ppr.  or  o.      [See   Bear.] 
Hearing  or  producing  children. 

CHTLD'-HEAIMNG,  n.  Theactof  producing  or  bring- 
ing forth  citildren  ;  parturition.       JUiUon.    Jlddi^oa. 

CHILD'IJED,?!.  [child  and  bed.]  The  state  of  a  wo- 
man bringing  fitrth  a  child  or  being  in  labor;  par- 
turition. 

CHILD'HIRTH,  (-burth,)  n.  [child  and  birth,]  The 
act  of  bringing  lorth  a  child  ;  travail ;  labor  ;  as,  the 
pains  of  chiidbirtk.  Taylor. 

CIIILDE,  n.  A  cognomen  formerly  prefi.Ted  to  his 
name  by  the  oldest  son,  until  he  succeeded  to  the 
titles  of  his  ancestors,  or  gained  new  honors  by  his 
own  prowess.  Booth. 

CHILD'ED,  a.     Furnished  with  a  child.     [JVot  used.] 

CHiLD'ER-MAS-DAY,  n.     [cliild,  ina>s,!Lnd  day.] 

An  anniversary  of  ihe  church  of  England,  held  on 
the  2Sth  of  December,  in  contmemoration  of  the 
children  of  Bethlehem  slain  by  Herod  ;  called  also 
Innocents'  Day.  Bailey,     Encyc 

CHILD'IIQOD,  71.     [Sax,  cildhad.     See  Hooo.J 

1.  The  state  of  a  child,  or  the  time  in  which  per- 
sons arc  children,  including  the  time  from  birth  to 
puberty.  But  in  a  more  restricted  sense,  the  state  or 
time  from  infancy  to  puberty.  Thus  we  say ,  infancy, 
childhood,  youth,  and  manhood. 

ChiUUiood  and  yonih  are  ranity.  —  Ecclca.  xi. 

2.  The  properties  of  a  child.  Dryden. 
CHILD'LXG,  ppr.      [The  verb  to  child  is  not  now 

used.] 
Bearing  children  ;  producing;  as,  cAittfin^  women. 
.^rbnthnoU 
CHILD'ISH,a.    Belongingtoachild  ;  trifling;  puerile. 

Whpn  I  becime  a  man,  1  put  away  childiah  thin^.  —  1  Cor.  xiii. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  child  ;  as,  childish  years  or  age  ; 
ehildifsh  sptirts. 

3.  Pertaining  to  children  ;  ignorant;  silly;  weak; 
as,  childish  fear. 

CHILD'ISH-LV,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a  child;  in 
a  trifling  wav  ;  in  a  weak  or  foelish  manner. 

CIIlLD'lSH-j\ESS,n.  Triflingness,  puerility,  the  state 
or  qualities  of  a  child,  in  reference  to  manners.  But 
in  reference  tq  the  mind,  simplicity,  hamilessness, 
weakness  of  intellect. 


F.\TE,  FAR,  FALL,  \VH/iT.— MeTE,  PRBV.  — FINE,  M.MILNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 

__  - 


rJj 


CHI 

Clfll.U'l.ESS,  a.     neslitiite  of  children  or  ofliiwing. 

1  Siin.  \\\  33.  ^ 

CHILDLESS-XESS,  n.  Stale  of  being  without  chil- 
dren. I'vcrcU. 

CIIILD'LTKE,  a.  ResemWing  a  chilli,  or  thiU  wiiRh 
beluni^s  to  cliildreii  ;  bectuntiif;  a  ciiibl  i  metk ;  sub- 
missivi'  ;  dutiful ;  as,  tlnltUtke  obedience. 

CMTLDLY,  a.     Like  n  cliild. 

CfltL'DUE.V,  n.  ;  pi.  of  Child. 

CHIL'I-AD,  (Icil'c-ad,)  «.  [Gr.  xi^<"«»  fr»^ni  xiXia^  a 
l)ious;ind.J 

1.  A  thounniid  ;  n  collection  or  sum,  containing  a 
thiiti^and  individuals  or  particulars.  Holder. 

2.  Tho  p-riod  of  a  thousand  vcars.  Kneyc 
€HIL'I-A-GON,    n.      [Gr.    xtXia,    a   thousand,  and 

^CLtftd,  a  corner.] 
j'^lane  figure  of  a  ttiousand  angles  and  sides. 

Barlow. 
eHIL-[-A-HE'DRON,  n.    [Gr.  xt\ta,  a  thousand,  and 
it-a,  a  base.] 

A  solid  fieure  of  a  thousand  equal  sides  or  faces. 
eillLa-XReil,  (kU'e-ark,)  a.    [Gr.  xiAiu,  a  thousand, 
and  •i^\oi,  a  chief.] 

The  military  commander  or  chief  of  a  thousand 
nun. 
eilIL'I-\IteU  Y,  iu    A  body  consisting  of  a  thousand 

men.  Mttfard. 

eaiL'I-ASM,  (kirp-azm.)  n.     [Gr.  xt\ia.] 

The  millennium,  or  thousand  yeard  n-ften  Satan  is 
to  bt*  b;.und.     Rei\  xx. 
eillL'I-AST,  n.     [Sapra.]     One  of  ths  sect  of  milbn- 

nariaii.4. 
Cim^l-FAe'TIVE.     Soe  Chtlipactitb. 
€HIL-I-OL'I-TKll.     See  KiLoLiTER. 
eHIL-l-OM'ETER.     See  Kilometer. 
CIIII.L,  n.    [Sax.  ce/«,  ryfc,  cyl,  cold  ;  cftan,  to  be  cold  ; 
D.  kil ;  allieii  to  Fr.  ^fief,  L.  sf^^  ^rJidus.    See  Cold, 
%vhich  appears  to  be  radically  the  same  word.     The 
word  cfte  in  Saxon  is  a  noun.] 

1.  A  shivering  with  cold  ;  rigors,  as  in  an  asjue  ;  the 
cold  fit  that  precedes  a  fever;  sensation  of  cold  in  an 
animal  body  ;  chilliness.     [See  Cold  and  IIeat.] 

2.  A  niodiinite  degree  of  cold  ;  chilliness  m  any 
body  ;  that  which  gives  the  9cnt!ation  of  cold. 

3.  Ftiruratircly,  a  cheek  to  feelings  of  joy;  as,  a 
chUt  came  over  the  a-ssembly. 

CHILL,  a.     Coot ;  miKlemtefy  cold  ;  tending  to  cause 
shivrrin^  ;  as,  the  chill  vapors  of  night. 
a.  Sttivering  with  cold. 

Mf  ehill  V'jint  rrr>ru>  wiUi  dnp:t)r.  JJoiM. 

3,  Cool ;  distant ;  formal ;  dull ;  not  warm,  animat- 
ed, or  aff^rtionate  ;  as,  a  chill  reception. 

4.  Depressed ;  dispirited  ;  dejected*,  discouraged. 
ClllI^L,  r.  L   To  taiiife  a  shivering  or  shrinking  of  the 

skin  ;  to  dieck  circuiatiun  or  motion  *,  as,  tu  cfiill  the 
bliK)d  or  the  veins.  The  force  of  this  word  lies  in 
exprt-ssiiig  the  shivering  and  shrinking  caused  by 
cold. 

•2.  To  make  cold,  or  cool ;  as,  the  evening  air  ehUU 
th>-  earth. 

:i.  To  blast  with  cold  ;  to  check  the  circulation  in 
plants,  and  stop  th<-ir  growth.  BlucJcmore, 

■L  Til  cheek  moliuu,  life,  or  action  ;  to  depress ;  to 
deject ;  tu  discourage ;  as,  to  chid  Uio  gnyety  of  the 
spiriU.  Rdiger.t. 

Cff  I!>L'f:D,  pp.    Made  cool ;  made  to  shiver ;  dejected. 

ClilL'LljH.   TheiHMl  of  the  Cayenne  or  Guinea  pepper. 

CiIILL'I-.N'E.SS,  n.     A  sensation  uf  shivering ;  rigors, 
i  A  moderate  degree  of  coldnt-ss  ;  as,  the  ehOU- 
ne-ii  of  the  air,  which  tends  to  caiist:  a  shivering. 

CIIILI/i\G,  p/^r.  or  a.     Cooling  :  causing  to  shiver. 

CHILL'l.VG-LV',  fuic.     In  a  chilling  manner. 

CMILL'NKSS,  n.     Cwlness  ;  coldness  ;  a  shivering. 

CHILL'V,  a.  Cool ;  modi-rately  cold,  such  aa  to  cuose 
shivt-rmg  ;  as,  a  chdltj  day,  night,  or  air. 

eillLOGKAM.     See  Kilouram. 

€HiL'0-Pt»D,  n.    [Gr.  \(t\-H,  a  lip,  and  irorf,  a  foot.] 
in  tiHf/o^,  an  aniitial  of  the  order  of  myriapiMls 
or  crn(ip<!(iii,  in  which  the  lower  lip  is  formed  by  a 
pair  of  fftft.  Braiulc. 

CllIL'TERN  HU.N'D'REDS,  n.  A  tract  in  Hucking- 
haiii-ihin:  and  Oxfordshire,  Eng.,  to  whicli  is  attached 
the  nominal  othce  of  steward,  under  the  crown.  As 
ni<;iiih'-r.'4  of  p:irliament  can  not  resign  their  seats, 
when  lliey  wish  to  go  out  they  accept  this  nominal 
utTice  or  stewardship,  and  thus  vacate  their  seats. 

Brandt. 

rilTMn,  n.    The  edge  of  a  cask,  &c.     [See  Chime.] 

CHIME,  ft.  [Chaucer,  ckimbci  D-^n,  kimer^  to  tinkle, 
to  tingle,  ti>  toll  a  bell  ;  L.  campana,  a  bell,  from  its 
•oiind,  whence  It.  tcampanare,  to  chinie.1 

I.  The  consonant  or  harmonic  sounds  of  several 
correspondent  instruments. 

Uiafruiu>!»ti  thtU  inaile  melodious  chimt.  Milton. 

52.  Correspondence  of  sound. 

Love  —  tuini)on{z<Kl  Ui^  chimt,  DryUn^ 

3,  The  musical  sounds  of  a  set  of  bells  struc  k  with 
hammers,  Shak. 

4,  Correspondence  of  propr»rlion  or  relation,  Orere. 

5.  A  kind  of  periodical  music,  or  tune  of  a  clock, 
produced  by  an  apparatus  annexed  to  it. 

6.  A  set  of  bells  which  chime  or  ring  in  harmony. 


cm 

CMT.ME,  r.  i.     To  sound  in  consononco  or  harmony  ; 
to  aecurd. 

To  m^e  Hic  roii^li  recital  nptly  chime.  Prior, 

S.  To  correspond  in  relation  or  proportion. 


3.  To  agree  ;  to  fall  in  with. 

IJi'  nftrn  ch'tiii.ed  in  with  the  (liscoiirao.  ArbuthnoU 

4.  To  agree  ;  tn  suit  with.  Luckc 

5.  To  jingle;  to  clatter.  Smith. 

The  §ely  tdnj^  may  wel  riiigfi  and  chimbe.  Chaucer. 

CUfMR,  V.  t.    To  move,  strike,  or  cause  to  sound  in 

harmony.  Dryden. 

2.  To  strike  or  cause  to  sound,  as  a  set  of  bells. 

CHIME,  »i.     [D.  kirn  ;  G.  kimme^  edge,  brim.] 

The  edge  or  brim  of  a  cask  or  tub,  formed  by  the 

CHIM'ER,  n.     One  who  chimes,    [ends  of  tlie  staves. 

CHI-.Me'RA,  n.  [L.  chimtBra;  Gr.  x^P'^^f"*  ^  %^'^^i  * 
monstrous  beast.] 

1.  In  fabuloiui  histonjy  a  monster  vomiting  flames, 
with  the  head  of  a  lion,  the  body  of  a  goat,  and  the 
tail  of  a  dnigon;  supposed  to  represent  a  volcanic 
mountain  in  Lycia,  whose  top  was  the  resort  of  lions, 
the  middle  that  of  goats,  and  the  foot  that  of  serpents. 
Hence, 

S2.  In  modpm  usage,  a  vain  or  idle  fancy  ;  a  creature 
of  the  imagination,  composed  of  contradictions  or 
absurdities,  that  can  have  no  existence  except  in 
thought.  Eitcyc. 

CHI-MkRE',  (ki-mGre',)  n.     [It.  ciafnare.] 

The  upi>er  robe  worn  by  a  bishop,  to  which  lawn 
sleeves  are  usually  attached.  Hook. 

€HI-MER'ie-AL,  a.  Merely  imaginary ;  fanciful ;  fan- 
tastic ;  wildly  or  vainly  conceived  ;  that  has,  or  can 
have,  no  existence  except  in  thougfiL 

eHI-MER'IC-AL-LV,  adv.  WUdly  ;  vainly ;  fanciful- 
ly ;  fanta-stically. 

ClilM'IN-AGE,  n.     [Fr.  ehemin;  Sp.  camino^  a  way.! 
In  /rtw,  a  toll  for  passage  through  a  forest.    Cowci. 

CIIIM'LVG,  ppr.  [from  chiim.]  Causing  to  chime; 
sounding  in  accordance. 

eniM'IS TRY.     See  Chemistst. 

CHIM'NEY,  n. ;  pi.  Chimneys.  [Ft.  chcminic;  Ann. 
ciininal,  or  cheminal;  G.  kainin;  Com.  chimbla ',  Ir. 
simileur;  Sp.  chimenea;  It.  cammino ;  L.  commits;  Ch. 


]^0p  J  Ar.  ,,*»*3  kaminon  ;  Gr.  Kaptvos ;  Uuss.  kamin. 

It  seems  originally  to  have  been  a  furnace,  a  stove,  or 
a  hearth-] 

1,  In  architecture,  a  body  of  brick  or  stone,  erected 
in  a  building,  containing  a  funnel  or  funnels,  to  con- 
vey smoke,  and  other  volatde  matter,  through  the 
roof,  fntm  the  hearth  or  fireplace,  where  fuel  is  burnt. 
This  body  of  materials  is  sometimes  called  a  slack  of 
cliimnri/.^,  especially  vvhen  it  contains  two  or  more 
funnels  or  passages. 

9.  A  fireplace  ;  the  lower  part  of  the  body  of  brick 
or  stone  which  confines  and  conveys  smoke, 
3.  A  tali  gla«s  to  surround  the  flame  of  a  lamp. 

CHIM'iNEY-HOARI),  n.     A  fire  board,  which  see. 

CHIM'NEV-COR'NER,  n.  The  corner  of  a  fireplace, 
or  the  space  between  the  fire  and  the  sides  of  the 
fireplace.  In  the  Northern  Stales  of  America,  fire- 
places were  formerly  made  six  ur  eight  feet  wide,  or 
even  more,  and  a  hum]  was  placed  by  the  side  of  the 
fire,  as  a  seat  for  children,  and  this  often  furnished  a 
comfortable  situation  for  idlers.  As  fuel  has  become 
scarce,  our  fireplaces  are  contract<'d,  till,  in  many  or 
most  of  our  dwellings,  we  have  no  chimney-corners. 
3.  In  a  mm-e  enlarged  aetme,  Uie  fireside,  or  a  place 
near  the  fire. 

CIIIM'NEY-HOOK,  n.  A  hook  for  holding  pots  and 
kettles  over  a  fire. 

CHIM'NEY-MON'KY,  (  mun'ny,)  n.  Hearth  money, 
a  duty  [»aid  fiir  each  chimney  in  a  house.     [AJm^.] 

CHIM'NEY-PIkCE,  n.  An  ornamental  piece  of  wood 
or  stone  set  round  a  fireplace. 

CHIM'NEY-POT,  n.  A  cylinder  of  earthen  ware, 
resembling  in  appearance  a  stone  {K>t,  placed  at  the 
top  of  chimneys  to  prevent  smoking. 

CHIM'.N'EV-SUEEP'ER,  n.  One  whom;  occupation 
is  to  sweep  and  wrape  ehinineys,  to  clean  them  of 
the  soot  that  adheres  to  tlieir  si(fes. 

CHIM-PAN"/EE,  71.  An  animal  of  the  ape  kind  ;  the 
African  orang-tjiitang.  DicX.  J^al.  Hint. 

It  is  now  considered  a  distinct  species.     Cuvier. 
u 

CHIN,  n.     [Sax.  einne;  Pera.     ' JL^^jaun;  D.kin;  G. 

kinn  ;  Dan.  kind,  the  cheek  ;  Sw,  kind ;  Ij.  geva ;  Gr. 

jfvi^i.     The  sense  is  prolKibly  an  edge  or  side,  and 

allied  to  chine.] 

The  lower  extremity  of  the  face,  below  the  mouth  ; 

the  ptiint  of  the  under  jaw. 
CHI'NA,  n.     A   sp^K^ies  of  earthen   ware,   made   in 

China,  and  so  called  from  the  country  ;  called,  also, 

China  ware,  and  porcelain.     [See  Porcelain.] 
CHI'NA-OR'ANGE,  n.    The  sweet   orange,  said  to 

have  been  originally  brought  from  China. 


cm 

CMI'jV  VR,n.     A  tree  of  India. 

CHI'.\A-ROOT,  fl.  The  root  of  a  Bpecios  of  Sniilax, 
brought  from  the  East  Indies,  of  a  pale  reddish 
color,  with  no  smell,  and  verv  little  taste. 

CHL\e'A-I'I.\,  ti.  The  dwarf  chestnut,  Ca-^itanea 
pumila,  a  tree  that  rises  eight  or  ten  feet,  with  a 
!)ranrhiu;:,  shruliby  stem,  producing  a  nut. 

CHINCH,  H.     rCiu.  It.  cimiee,  L.  cimer,  corrupted.] 
A  kind  of  bug  of  a  disgusting  smtdl,  which  does 
great  injury  to  wheat  and  other  grains, 

DicL  JVat.  nh^ 

CHIN-CHIL'LA,  ti.  A  small  animal  of  South  Amer- 
ica, producing  a  beautiful  fvtr  known  by  this  name. 

Brandc, 

CHIN'eOCGH,  (-kauf,)  n.  [H.  kind,  a  child,  and  kucJi, 
a  cough.] 

A  disease,  oflen  epidemic  among  children.  Itcon- 
tinu"s  for  some  weeks,  and  is  attended  with  violent 
IKiroxysms  of  coughing.  From  a  particular  noise 
made  in  cou;!hing,  it  is  also  called  Aoopin^-cough. 

CHINE,  n.  [Fr.  echine;  It.  schiena :  Attn,  chein.  It 
may  be  allied  to  chin.  Tn  German,  schiene  is  tlie 
shin,  also  a  clout,  a  spli  it ;  and  rad-schiene  is  the 
band  of  a  wheel;  Russ.  ^cAina.] 

1.  The  back-bone  or  spine  of  an  animal. 
S.  A  piece  of  the  back-bone  of  an  animal,  with 
the  adjoining  parts,  cut  for  cooking,  corresponding 
to  a  baron  of  beef  or  a  saddle  of  mutton, 

3.  The  chime  of  a  cask,  or  the  ridge  formed  by 
the  ends  of  the  slaves.  StnL  of  Penninjlvania. 

CHINE,  r.  L  To  cut  through  the  back-bone,  or  into 
chine-pieces. 

CHI.X'KU,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  back.  BeaunuandFL 

CHI-NkSE',  a.     Pertaining  to  China. 

CHI-NicSE',  «,  sing.  undpL  A  native  of  China;  also, 
the  language  of  Chin:u 

CHIN"GLE,  (shing'gl,)7t  Gnivel  free  from  dirt.  [See 
Shin  ole.]  Dunne. 

CHIN"GLY  ;  a  less  commim  sptdling  of  Shinglt. 

CHINK,  n.  [This  word  may  be  a  derivative  from  the 
Saxon  cinan,  or  ginian,  gconan,  to  gai)e,  to  yaion ;  Gr. 
^'iivw;  or  from  the  common  root  of  tiieae  words. 
Sax.  civa,  or  cinu,  a  fissure.] 

A  small  aperture  lengthwise;  a  clefl,  rent,  or  fis- 
sure, of  greater  length  than  breadth  ;  a  gap  or  crack ; 
as,  the  diinks  of  a  wall. 

CHINK,  V.  i.    To  crack  ;  to  open.  ^  Barret, 

CHINK,  V.  L    To  open  or  part  and  form  a  fissure. 

CHINK,  u.f.  [SeeJiNOLK.]  To  cause  to  sound,  by 
shaking  coins  or  small  pieces  of  metal,  or  by  bring- 
ing small,  sonorous  bodies  in  collision;  as,  to  cliink 
a  purse  of  money.  Pope. 

CHINK,  V.  i.  To  make  a  small,  sharp  sound,  as  by 
the  collision  of  little  pieces  of  money,  or  other  sono- 
rous bodies.  jJrbuthnot. 

CHINK'V,  a.  Full  of  chinks  or  fissures;  gaping; 
ofKMiing  in  narrow  clefts.  Dryde.iu 

CHIN'NA'I),  o.     Having  a  long  chin.  Keraey. 

CHIN'aUA-PIN.     See  Chincapin. 

CHINSE,  V.  t.  In  naval,  affairs^  to  tlirust  oakum  into 
the  Steams  or  chinks  of  a  ship  with  a  chisel  or  point 
of  a  knife,  as  n  tem]>orary  expedient  for  calking. 

Mar.  Dirt. 

CHINTZ,  n.  [D,  chJts :  G.  liti;  Sans,  chccti  Hindoo, 
cftemt;  Per.  ehim,  spotted,  stained.] 

Cotton  cloth,  print<;d  with  flowers  and  other  de- 
vices, in  a  number  <if  dilferent  colors. 

CHIOP-PINE',  (chop-peen',)  «.  [Sjj.  ehapin;  Port. 
chiipim.  It  is  said  to  be  of  Arabian  origin.  It  can 
n((t  be  the  L.  crrpit,  Gr.  (ci^qirii,  unless  a  letter  has 
b<:en  lost.] 

A  high  shoe,  furmerly  worn  by  ladies.  Shnk. 

CHIP,  CHEAP,  CHIP'PING,  in  the  names  of  places, 
imply  a  market ;  from  Sax.  ceapaa,  cijjjan,  to  buy  or 
sell.     [See  Cheap.] 

CHIP,  7».     [from  the  nwit  of  ehnp.     Fr.  cunpeau.'] 

1.  A  piece  of  wood  or  oilier  substance,  separated 
from  a  body  by  a  cutting  instrument,  jmrtlcularly  by 
an  ax.     It  is  used,  also,  for  a  piece  of  stone  separated 
by  a  chisel  or  other  instrument,  in  hewing. 
'2.  A  fragment  or  piece  broken  off;  a  small  piece. 

CHIP,  V.  t  To  cut  into  small  pieces,  or  chips  ;  to  di- 
minish by  cutting  away  a  little  at  a  time,  or  in  small 
pieces  ;  U)  hew,  Sliak. 

CHIP,  V.  I.     To  break  or  fly  off  in  small  pieces,  as  in 

CHIP'-AX,  TT.     An  ax  for  chipping.  [putters'  ware. 

CHIP'-HAT,  n.  A  hat  made  of  wood  split  into  thin 
filaments. 

CH1P'P£D,  (chipt,)pp.  Cut  in  chit>s,or  small  pieces  ; 
hewed. 

CHIP'PER,  r.  i.     To  chirp  or  chirrup.  Porby. 

In  JYfw  England,  this  wc»rd  i?  colloquially  ustiil  as 
an  adjective,  for  lirrly,  chrcrful,  t^/iotioe,  as  kipper  is 
used  III  the  Craven  dialect. 

CHI1"PI.\G,  ppr.    Cutting  off  in  smnll  pieces. 

CHlP'PINli,  H.  A  cliip  ;  a  piece  cut  olf  tir  separated 
by  a  cutting  or  engraving  instrument ;  a  fragment. 

S.  The  flying  or  hre.'iking  off  in  small  pieces  of  the 
edges  of  potter's  ware  and  porcelain,  Knci/c. 

€111  RA'tHlA,  n.     [See  below.]     GoiU  in  the  han<l. 

CHI  RAG'RIC-AL,  a.  [from  ehiragra,  Jiand-gout ; 
Gr.  x^'P)  tli^  hand,  and  ayfia,  seizure.] 

Having  the  gout  in  the  hand,  or  subject  to  that 
disi'ase.  Broton. 


TONE,  BUIX,  UNITE.  —  AN"OER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  ^  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THTa 


100 


CHI 

CHIRK,  (cliurk,)  a.  [Probably  allied  to  ehh-p ;  D. 
cirtkfa,  t>b«.  liu.  Sax.  cfardai,  to  creak.  Clmiioer 
uses  the  verb  lo  cMirk,  in  the  sense  of  ckirp^  or  chat- 
ter. The  word  is  fuunil  in  the  Kuss.  rAiria^u,  to 
chirpL    It  is  collo()iital  in  Ni-w  Kn^lnnd.] 

Lively  ;  cheerful ;  iu  good  spirits  i  iu  a  comfortable 
stale. 

CHIRK,  B.  t.    To  chirp.     [  Ohs.]  Chaucer. 

CHlRMf  V.  i.     [Sax.  qfrmau.] 

To  »\n^  as  a  bird.     [J^Tot  im  «*«.] 

CniI'RCM;R.U»H,  (kl'nvgr.if.)  n.  [Gr.  x"?,  the  hand, 
and  y.iiiifiui^  to  write] 

1.  ^flc««£/y,  a  writing,  which,  requirin^t  a  counter- 
part, wa^  vniEroi<^<ed  twice  on  the  saute  piece  of 
parchment,  with  a  space  between,  in  whwh  was 
written  the  word  ckuvgrapkumL,  timmgh  which  the 
parchment  waa  cut,  and  one  part  ciTen  to  e«ch  party. 
It  answered  lo  what  is  now  called  a  c*aitorpai<y. 

S.  A  line,  m  called  from  the  manner  of  engroaa- 
ing,  which  is  «tiU  retained  in  the  chiiDfrapber'a  office 
in  England.  faeyc 

eHI-KOG'KA-PH£E,H.  'deeCHiaooaaPH.]  He  that 
exereieea  or  ptofeaaea  ttk  ait  or  business  af  writing. 
In  EMgiand^  the  chifOfra,)her  of  finea  is  as  officer  in 
the  ccaninon  pleas,  who  en|joasc8  fines  acknowl- 
edged in  that  court,  and  debveis  the  indentures  to 
the  parties.  Emcye, 

CHTRO-GRAPH'ie,         )  a.     PerUining   lo  chirog- 

€HI-RO-GKAPH'ie-.VL,  \      raphy. 

CHIROG'KA-PHIST,  a.  One  who  tells  fortunes  by 
examining  Uie  band.     [AW  a  Ug-Uimate  toonL] 

Jirbuthnoi. 

€HT-ROG'RA-PHy,  a,  [See  Chieograi-m.]  The  art 
of  writine,  or  a  writing  with  one's  own  hand. 

€111  RO-LOG'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  chirolug>-. 

eHT-ROL'CMilriT,  h.  [Gr.  xtipy  Uie  hand,  and  Aoj  oj, 
discourse.] 

One  who  communicates  thoughts  by  signs  made 
with  the  hands  and  tinkers. 

CHI-BOL'O-tiY,  a.  fSee  CHiaoLoonr.]  The  art  or 
ptactioe  ot  communirating  tJioughfs  by  signs  made 
by  the  bands  and  tinkers  ;  a  substitute  ffir  language 
or  discourse,  much  usi-d  by  llie  deaf  and  dumb,  and 
far  others  wno  communicate  with  them.       BaJew. 

eHI'RO.MAN'-CER,  n.  [See  Chirohaicct.]  One 
who  attempts  to  foretell  luture  events,  or  tu  tell  the 
fortunes  an(U<iispusitions  of  persons,  by  inspecting 
the  hands.  Drtfdtm. 

ein'KO-MAN-CT,  M.  [Gr.  xtta^  the  hand,  and  /ia»- 
rcta^  divioation.f 

Divination  by  the  hand  ;  palmistry ;  the  art  or  prac- 
tice of  attempting  lo  foretell  event:!,  or  to  discover 
the  disposition  of  a  person,  by  inspecting  the  lines 
and  lineamt-iitji  of  his  hand.  Brtnen. 

eni'RO  MAX-IST,     ia.     One  who  foretells  future 

em'RO-MAN-TIST,  i  events  in  relation  lo  an  in- 
diWdiial,  by  inspecting  his  hands. 

€HI-RO-MAX'Tie,  tt.  Pertaimng  to  chiromancy,  or 
divimtion  by  the  hand. 

CTHroBMnlic  dtcepdon.  Ort!lmam. 

CHT-RO-XOM'ie,  0.  Relating  to  the  art  of  moving 
the  hands  in  oratory. 

€Hi-RON'0-MY,  a.  [Gr.  xuo,  the  bands,  an4  vo^oj, 
rule.] 

The  art  or  rule  of  moving  the  hands  in  oratory ; 
gesture. 

eBI'RO-PLAST,  a.  [Gr.  x«ip,  the  hand,  and  irXairffa), 
to  furm.] 

An  instrument  to  form  the  hand  for  playing  on  the 
piano-forte. 

€UI-ROPO-DIST,  a.     [Gr.  xf'«  "nd  row?.] 

UUraU^j  one  who  bandies  the  feet ;  a  surgeon  for 
the  feet ;  a  corn-cutter.  The  term  is  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  one  who  removes  excrescences  from  the 
hands. 

€HI-ROS'0-PHIST,  a.     A  fortune-teUer. 

CHIRP,  (churp,)  c.  i.     [Ger.  lirpen.] 

To  m:UEe  Uie  not^e  of  certain  smalt  birds,  or  of  cer- 
tain insects  ;  as,  a  ckirpiag  lark,  or  crickrU  Thomson. 

CHIRP,  r.  L    To  make  cheerful.  Pi/pe. 

CHIRP,  a.  A  particular  voice  of  certain  birds  or  in- 
sects. Spectator. 

CHI RP'ER,  a.    One  that  chirps,  or  is  cheerful. 

CHIRP'ING,  pfr.  Making  the  noise  of  certain  small 
birds. 

CHIRP'ING,  a.  The  noise  of  certain  small  birds  and 
insects. 

CHIRP'IXG-LY,  adv.    In  a  chirping  manner. 

CHIURK,   c.  i.     ISax.  ecoriaa.]     To  coo,  as  a  pigeon. 

CHiR  RL'P,  r.  u  Tocheerup;  to  quicken  or  animate 
bv  chirpine  :  as,  to  ckimtp  oiie*s  horse. 

€HI-RUR'GEO-N,^  [Gr.  >£:«»*•,. j-n,  one  who  oper- 
ates with  Che  hand,  vc(^,ibe  hand,  and  coyi^  work  j 
I*  ciururgu*  :  Fr.  ekirttrgieii ;  l*p.  cirajano  ;  Port,  svr- 
fiam^  or  etT-urgiam  :  IL  cJuntrgo  :  Arm.  surgpan,] 

A  surgeon  ;  one  whose  profession  is  tu  heal  dis- 
eases by  manual  operations,  instruments,  or  external 
applications.  [This  ili-sounding  wurd  is  obsolete, 
and  it  now  appears  in  the  furm  of  Surgeon,  which 
seeJ 

eHl-RUR'GE-RY,  a.     [Gr.  x«ipoup>ia.     Sec  Chirur- 

CKON  ] 

That  part  of  the  medical   art  which  consists  in 


CIIL 

healing  dineasi's  and  wounds  by  instniuients  and  cx- 
ti*rn;il  apphcatiuus  ;  now  wriltfu  l?itKUEHv. 
eill-UL'R'CK',  ia.     Pertaining  to  surger>-,  or  to 

CHrUL'll'Oie-AL,  \  the  art  of  healing  diseases  and 
wounds  by  nvmual  operations,  instruments,  ur  ex- 
ternal applications. 

3.  Having  qualities  useful  in  external  applications, 
for  healing  diseases  or  injuries. 
It  is  now  written  Surgical. 
CHIS'EL^  a.     [!>.  cLvaiu,  a  cliisri ;  cts-r/rr,  to  engrave  ; 
Arm.  guell;  Sp.  dacel }  lleb.  p^,  Ch.  DiJ  or  KIJ,  or  Ar. 


>^ 


cAacM,  to  cut,  hew,  or  carve.    Bee  Class  Gs.] 


An  instrument  of  iron  or  steel,  used  in  carpentrT.', 
joiner}',  cabinet  work,  masonry,  sculpture,  &,c.,  either 
fur  piiring,  hewing,  or  poncin«.  Ctiisels  are  of  dif- 
ferent sizes  and  shapes,  titled  fur  particular  uses, 

CHIS'EL,  r.  U  To  cut,  pare,  gouge,  or  engrave  with 
a  chisel. 

CUlS'Eh-FDf  pp.  or  a.  Cut  or  engrav^ed  with  a  chisel. 

CUIS'EL-lNG,;i|n-.    Cutting  with  a  chisel. 

CHIS'LEO,  a.  [Heb.  iS  C3,  from  Uie  Ar.^^^<=^  kasUa, 

to  be  torpid  or  cold.]  -  ' 

The  ninth  month  of  the  Jewish  year,  answering 
to  a  i»art  of  November  and  a  part  of  December,  in 
tlie  nu^lern  division  of  the  year. 
CHIT,  R.     [Sax.  citA,  a  shiK)t  or  twig,  from  thrusting 
out.] 

1.  A  shoot  or  Fprout ;  the  first  shooting  or  germina- 
tion of  a  seed  or  planL     Hence, 

"2.  A  child  or  iKibe,  in  familiar  language, 

3.  A  freckle  ;  that  is,  a  push. 
CHIT,  r.  i.    To  sprout ;  to  shotit,  as  a  seed  or  plant. 
CHIT'CHAT,  a.     [Sec  Chat,  Chattkr.] 

Prattle;  familiar  or  tritlinc  talk. 
CHIT'TER-LLNG,  a.    The  frill  to  Uie  brt^asl  of  a  shirt. 

Gascoigne. 
CHIT'TER-LI.VGS.  a.  pL    The  smaller  intestines  of 

swine,  4tc.,  fried  tor  ft.»od. 
CHIT'TV,  a.    Childish  ;  like  a  babe.  Johnson. 

2.  Full  of  chiLn  or  sprouts. 

CHIV'.\L,-RI€,  (shiv'ai-rili,)  a.  Partaking  of  the  char- 
acter of  chivalry'. 

CmVAUROCS,  (shiv'al-ms,)  «.  [See  Chivalry.] 
Pertauiing  to  chivalry  or  kuigbt-ermntry  ;  warlike  ; 
bold  ;  gallant.  Sprnser. 

CHIV'AL-ROCS-LY,  (shiv'alrus  If,)  adv.  In  a  chiv- 
alrous manner  ;  boldly  ;  gallantly.  Benjamin. 

CinV'.\L-RY,  (shiv'alo'O  «-  [fr-  chnralerie,  from 
chfvatier,  a  knidit  or  horseman,  from  eJieral,  a  horse ; 
Sp.  cabaUenai   It.  cavaUrria.     See  Cavalry.] 

1.  Knichihood  ;  a  miliur>-  ditjnity,  founded  on  the 
service  nf  s«.tldiers  on  horseback,  called  knights;  a 
service  furmerly  deemed  more  honorable  Uian  service 
in  infanlr)'.  Bacon. 

2.  The  qualifications  of  a  knight,  as  valor  and  dex- 
terity in  anus.  Shak. 

3.  The  system  of  knighthood  ;  the  privileges,  char- 
acteristics, or  manners  of  knights  j^  the  practice  of 
knight-errantry,  or  the  heroic  defense  of  life  and 
honor.  L>rydcn. 

4.  An  adventure  or  exploit,  as  of  a  knight.  Sidney. 

5.  The  body  or  order  of  knights.  Shak. 

6.  In  English  law,  a  tenure  of  hmds  by  knight's 
service  ;  that  is,  by  the  condition  of  performing  ser- 
vice on  horseback,  or  of  performing  some  nol>te  or 
military  service  to  his  lord.  7'his  was  general  or 
B[iecial ;  general,  when  the  limanl  held  per  servititim 
mUUarr,  without  epecilicatiitn  of  the  particular  ser- 
vice ;  special^  when  the  particular  service  was  desig- 
nated. ^Vhcn  the  tenant  held  only  of  the  king,  the 
tenure  was  regal;  when  he  held  of  a  common  per- 
son, it  was  called  common,  'i'liis  ser\'ice  was  also 
grand  sergeantry,  as  when  the  tenant  was  bound  to 
perform  service  to  the  king  in  his  own  person  ;  and 
petit  aergeantryy -when  he  was  bound  to  yield  to  the 
kirtg  annually  some  small  thing,  as  a  sword  or  dag- 
ger. Chivalr>'  that  might  be  held  of  a  common  per- 
son was  called  escuagCy  gcutagium,  or  shield  service. 

Bladi-Htone. 
Court  of  chtpolry  ;  a  court  formerly  held  before  the 
lord  high  constable  and  earl  marshal  of  England, 
having  cugnizance  of  contracts  and  other  matters  re- 
lating to  deeds  of  arms  and  war.  It  had  jurisdiction 
both  of  civil  and  criminal  causes,  but  no  ptfwer  to 
enforce  its  decisions  by  fine  or  imprisonment,  not 
being  a  court  of  record.     It  is  now  nearly  extinct. 

CHIVF:.     See  Cive.  [BlackMone. 

CHIVES,  n.  pi.  In  botany,  slender  threads  or  filaments 
in  the  blossoms  of  plants.     fSee  Stame:?.] 

CHLAM'V-PHORE,      i  n.    [iiT.  x^'iMi'i,  a  cloak,  and 

CHL.V-MYPH'O-RUS,  S       (^£.jw,  to  bear.] 

A  small  South  American  quadruped,  allied  to  the 
armadillo.  It  is  covered  with  a  shell  or  coat  of  mail, 
like  a  cloak.  Harlan. 

CHLA'MYS,  tu  [L.  and  Gr.]  A  tunic,  or  loose  coat, 
worn  by  tlie  ancients  over  the  vest  or  doublet.  Elmes. 

CH  LO-R.V-CE'Tie  ACID,  a.  An  acid  formed  by  the 
action  of  chlorine  on  acetic  acid.  Dana. 

CHLO'RAL,  n.     A  liquid  compound  of  chlorine,  car- 


CHO 

bon,  an<l  oxygen,  obtained   by  the  actiuu  of  chlurine 

iilMiii  aJcoIuil. 

CULO'RATE,  n.  [See  CHLoniwE.]  A  compound  of 
chloric  acid  with  a  salifiable  kise.  Ure. 

CIILO'RIC,  a.  Pertjiining  to  chlorine,  or  obtained 
from  it ;  as,  cA^i;ric  acid.  lire. 

Chloric  acid  is  that  acid  of  chlorine  and  oxygen 
•  wliirh  contains  tlio  greatest  proportion  of  the  oxygen. 

CIILC'RII),  a.  [See  Chlurjne.]  A  nun-acid  com- 
pound of  chlurine  with  another  element. 

CllLO-RID'IC,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  chlurid.  Ure. 

CHLO'RINE,  ^  n.      [Gr.  \Xw^of,    green  j    so  named 

CLO'RIN,        \      from  its  ctdor.j 

Chloric  gas  ;  a  new  name  given  to  what  has  been 
called  oxymuriatic  gas.  This  substance  has  hitherto 
resisted  all  eftbrts  to  decompose  it;  and,  as  it  is  not 
known  to  contain  oxygen,  and  is  apparently  a  simple 
substance,  it  has  been  dcnouiinated,  from  its\ol(jr, 
chlorine,  or  chloric  gas.  It  forms  about  sixty  per  cent, 
of  common  salt;  and  is  a  powerful  ugLnt  in  liloach- 
ing  and  disinfecting.  Davy. 

CIII.U-RrO-DLNE,  I  n.  A  compound  of  chlorine 

ClILO  KrOD'ie  ACID,  i      and  iodine. 

CHLO'KIS,  II.     [Gr.  xXopoi,  green.j 
The  ereeii  finch,  a  small  bird. 

CHLO'KITE,  71.     [Gr.  xXuiooi,  green.] 

A  soft,  olive-green  mineral,  consisting  of  minutft 
scales,  and  somewhat  sotijiy  to  the  touch.  It  Is  allied 
to  talc,  but  contains  alHo  silica,  magnesia,  and  alu- 
mina. jMiia. 

GHLo'ItrrE,  «.  A  salt  formed  of  chlorous  arid  and  a 
base.  Ure.     Kincait. 

eilLO-RIT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  containing  chlo- 
rite ;  as,  ctiluritic  sand.  Lycll. 

CHLO'RO-CXR-BON'ie,      Jo.  The  tenns  chluru-car- 

CHU>'R0-€AR'I10\-0US,  i  bonic  acid  and  chLro- 
carbunoiLf  acid  are  applied,  the  fonner  by  Thomson, 
and  the  latter  by  Ure,  to  a  compound  of  chlorine  and 
carl)onic  oxyd,  formed  by  exjKising  a  niixlure  of  the 
two  gases  to  the  direct  solar  rays.  It  was  discovered 
by  Dr.  J.  Davy,  and  called  by  him  pkosgenc-gas. 

CHLo'RO-CY-AN'ie,  a.  Composed  of  chlurine  and 
cyanogen. 

€H*L()-ROM'E-TEU,  n.     [Gr.  \\ciooi  and  pirpav.] 
An  instrument  for  testmg  the  decoloring  or  bleach- 
ing iwwers  of  clilurid  of  lime. 

CHLO-ROM'E-TRY,  n.  The  process  for  testing  the 
bleachmg[Hiwerof  any  combination  of  chlorine.   Ure. 

QIILU-RO'P.AL,  71.  [Green  opal.]  A  greenish,  earthy 
mineral,  consisting  of  silica  ana  oxyd  of  iron,  with 
IS  to  20  per  cent,  of  water.  Dana. 

CHLO'RO-PHANE,  a.  [Gr.  xAwiOfS,  green,  and  <^aiv(o, 
to  show.] 

A  variety  of  fluor  spar,  from  Siberia.  When  placed 
on  a  heated  iron,  it  gives  a  beautiful  emerald-green 
light,  Cleaveland.     Cyc. 

CHLO-RG-PHiE'ITE,  tu   [Gr.  x^t^P'^Sy  green,  and  0«i- 
oi,  blackish^] 
A  rare  mineral  found  in  small  nodules ;  it  consists 

frincipally  of  silica  and  iron,  with  a  little  alundna. 
t  has  been  supposed  to  be  decomposed  olivine. 

Cleaveland. 
CHLO'RO-PHYL,  n.    [Gr.  x^wpof,  green,  and  'pvXXuv, 
leaf] 

The  green  matter  of  the  leaves  of  vegetables. 

Pelletier. 
€HLO-R0'SIS,  n.    [Gr.  \Awpif,  green.] 

1.  The  green  sIcKness,  a  disease  of  females,  char- 
acterized by  a  pale  or  greenish  hue  of  the  skin,  weak- 
ness, palpitation,  dyB|)epBy,  Ace.  Cwrc. 

2.  A  disease  in  plants,  causing  them  to  turn  of  a 
pale  hue. 

€HLO-R0T'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  chlorosis;  as,  cA/o- 

rutic  affections.  Med.  Rep. 

9.  Affijcted  by  chlorosis  ;  as ,  chlorotic  nnn^.  litittie. 
CHLO'ROUS,  a.     Chlorous  acid  is  that  acid  of  chlorine 

and  oxygen  which  contains  the  smallest  proportion 

of  oxygen. 
CHLO  ROX-AL'ie,    a.     Chlorozalic  ether;   an  oxalic 

ethiT  containing  chlorine  instead  of  hydrogen. 

Chlorozalic  acid  was  formerly  used  for  chlomcetic 

acid.  Dana. 

€HLO'RU-RET,  n.  A  compound  of  chlorine  ;  a  name 
formerly  given  to  what  is  now  called  a  chlorid. 

CnOAK.     See  Choke. 

CHO'AN-ITE,  n.     A  zoophyte  of  the  chalk.     MnnteU. 

CUOCK,  V.  i.     ']'o  fill  up  a  cavity,  (to  choke  ;)  as,  "  the 
wood  work  exactly  chocked  into  the  joints."     Fuller. 
2.  To  encouiitt'r.     [See  Shock.] 

CHOCK,  n.     A  wedge,  or  something  to  confine  n  cask 
or  other  body,  by  chucking  into  the  space  around  it. 
[Hfnce    the   word    chock-full,   meaning  completely 
filled.     Todd.     So  chock  up  means  completely  up.] 
2.  An  encounter.     [See  Shock.] 

CIIOCO-LATE,  n.  [Fr.  chvcolat;  Sp.  and  Port,  cho- 
colate ;  It.  cioccolata,  from  cacao.] 

1.  A  paste  or  cake  composed  of  the  roasted  kernel 
of  the  cacao,  wiih  other  ingredients,  usually  a  little 
sugar,  cinnamon,  or  vanilla.  The  nut  is  first  ground 
fine,  mixed  with  the  ingredients,  and  put  in  a  mold. 

2.  The  liquor  made  by  dissolving  chocolate  iu  boil- 
ing water. 

CllOCO-LATE-IIOUSEjTU  A  house  where  company 
may  be  served  with  chocolate. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— M£TE,  PR^Y.  — PI.NE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BQOK. 


CHO 

CHO€'0-LATF--iNUT.    See  Cacao. 
L'HODE,  the  old  preterit  of  Chide,  which  see. 
CHOICE,   n.     [Fr.  choU  ;  Arm.  ckoas;  Sax.  cyst,  D. 
keu.1  i    See  Choose.] 

1.  The  act  of  choosing  ;  the  voluntary  act  of  se- 
lecting or  separating  from  two  or  mure  things  that 
which  is  preftrred  ;  or  the  determination  of  the 
mind  in  preferring  one  thing  to  another  ;  election. 

Yc  know  how  Ih-it  a  gwod  wliilp  i»eo  God  made  choice  nmong  lu, 
thiit  tti«  G«iiti]es  by  m^  mouui  should  hear  tlie  word  of  die 
go«peI,  «nd  beliere.  —  Acta  xt. 

2.  The  power  of  choosing ;  option. 
Whrre  Ihrre  it  force,  there  can  he  no  eftaicf. 

Of  iheae  aJl^niaijrcs  we  have  ouf  own  choice.  Anon, 

3.  Care  in  selecting;  judgment  or  skill  in  distin- 
guishing what  is  to  be  preferred,  and  in  giving  a 
preference. 


4.  The  thing  chosen  ;  that  which  is  approved  and 
selected  in  preference  to  others ;  selection. 

Sot  let  thy  conquests  only  be  h?r  dunce.  Prior. 

5.  The  best  part  of  any  thing ;  that  which  is  pref- 
erable, and  properly  the  object  of  choice. 

In  the  ckoica  of  our  »epulchera  bury  ihy  dead.  — Geo.  xxiH. 

6.  The  act  of  electing  to  office  by  vote  ;  election. 
To  -make  choice  of;  to  choose ;  to  select ;  to  separate 

and  take  in  preference. 
CUOICE,  a.     Worthy  of  being    preferred  ;    select ; 
precious ;  very  valuable. 

My  choicttf  houn  of  life  arc  lort.  Sw{/X, 

My  revenue  i«  briier  tJian  choice  silver.  -^  Pror.  tiIL 

2.  Holding  dear  ;  preserving  or  using  with  care,  as 
valuable  ;  frugal ;  as,  to  be  choice  of  time,  or  of  ad- 
vantages. 

3.  Selecting  with  care,  and  due  attention  to  prefer- 
ence ;  as,  to  be  choice  of  one's  company. 

CHOICE'-DRAVVN,  a.    Selected  with  [iarticular  care. 

Shak. 
CHOICE'LESS,  (choisless,)  a.     Not  having  the  (wwer 

of  choosing  ;  not  free.  Hammond. 

CHOICE'LY,  (chois'ly,)  adv.    With  care  in  choosing  ; 

with  nice  regard  to  preference  ;  with  exact  choice  ; 

as,  a  band  of  men  choicely  collected. 

2.  Valuably  ;  excellently  ;  preferably  ;  curiously. 

3.  With  great  care;  carefully  ;  as,  a  thing  choicely 
preserved. 

CHOICE'NESS,  (chois'ness,)  Tt.  Valuableness  ;  par- 
ticular value  or  worth  ;  aa,  the  choicenes.^  of  a  plant, 
or  of  wine. 

enOIR,  (quire,)  n.  {L.ehonu;  Gr. xopos;  Ft.chaur; 
Sp.  Port,  and  lU  eoroi  Sax.  dtori  D.  choor;  G.   chor; 

At.   ,L^3  kaurQj  to  go  round,  to  collect,  or  bind. 

See  Chobui.] 

1.  A  collection  of  singers,  especially  in  divine  »er- 
vice,  in  a  church. 

2.  Any  collection  of  singers. 

3.  That  part  of  a  church  appropriated  for  the  sing- 
ers. In  Congregational  and  some  other  churches, 
the  singers  are  placed  in  certain  seats  in  the  galleriex. 

4.  In  caihedrals,  nnd  eoUeiriale  churches  and  chap- 
«itf,  that  part  of  a  church  eastward  of  th-'  nave,  and 
separated  from  it,  usually,  by  a  screen  of  open  work. 
This,  in  parish  churches,  is  called  the  chancel. 

5.  In  nunnm/'.',  a  large  hall  adjoining  to  the  body 
of  the  church,  separated  by  a  grate,  whore  the  nuns 
King  the  office. 

CHOIR'-SER'VICE,  (qiiTre'-)  tu  The  service  of  sing- 
ing performed  by  the  choir.  ff'urlnn. 

CHOKE,  v.t.  [Sax.  aceoran.  In  Arm.  eoucj,  or  ifoucq^ 
.  is  the  neck,  with  which  choke  may  be  connected,  in 
the  sense  of  narrowne-ss,  or  compression,  'i'he  sense 
of  choke  is  to  stuff,  thrust  down,  or  stop  ;  or  tu  com- 
press, or  bind  tight.  (The  Sp.  ahi-rtir  is  the  Port. 
ttfoffar,  L.  suffoco.)  It  is  probably  allied  to  the  Sp. 
cegarjto  shut,  L.  cSctLs^  Eng.  try.  Sax.  e/pff.] 

1.  To  stop  the  passage  of  the  breath,  hy  hlling  the 
windpipe,  or  compressing  the  neck.  The  word  is 
used  to  express  a  temporarj-  or  partial  stoppage  ;  a.'*,  to 
choke  with  dirt  or  smoke  ;  or  an  entire  stoppjige  that 
causes  death  ;  to  suffocate  ;  to  strangle.    Jifark  v. 

3.  To  stop  by  filling  ;  to  obstruct ;  tu  block  up  ;  as, 
to  eJtoke  the  entrance  nf  a  harbor,  or  any  pn^snge. 

3.  To  binder  by  olistniction  or  inipedimeiits ;  to 
hinder  or  check  growth,  expansion,  or  progress;  as, 
to  choke  [dants  ;  to  chvke  the  spreading  of  the  fruit. 

Bacon. 
Tboma  choke  them.  —  MaU.  xiu.     LuVe  viil. 

4.  To  srootber,  or  8ufl1>cate,  as  fire.         Dryden. 

5.  To  sapprew,  or  stifle ;  as,  to  choke  ttic  strong 
conception.  S}ink. 

6.  To  offend  ;  to  cau^  to  take  an  exception  ;  as,  I 
was  choked  at  this  word.  SwifL 

We  observe  that  this  word  generally  implies  crowd- 
ing, stuffing,  or  covering.     A  charmel  is  choked  by 
stones  and  sand,  but  not  by  a  boom. 
CH6KE,  V.  i.  To  have  the  windpipe  stopped ;  as,  cat- 
tle are  apt  to  choke  when  eating  potatoes. 

2.  To  be  offended  ;  to  take  exceptions. 


Clio 

CHOKE,  n.  The  filamentous  or  capillary  p.art  of  the 
artichoke.  JohtL-ion, 

CHOKE'-CHER-RY,  n.  The  popular  name  of  a  spe- 
cies of  wild  cherrj',  remarkable  for  its  astringent 
qualities. 

CHOK'KD,  pj>.  or  a.  Suffocated;  strangled;  obstructed 
by  filling  ;  stifled  ;  suppressed  ;  smothered. 

CHOKE'-DAMP,  n.  Noxious  vapor  (carbonic  acid 
gas)  in  wells,  coal  mines,  and  otlier  pits. 

CHOKE'-FyLL,  n.  [dwke  and  full.}  Full  as  possi- 
ble ;  quite  full. 

CH6KE'-PEAR,  n.  A  kind  of  pear  that  has  a  rough, 
astringent  taste,  and  is  swallowed  with  difficulty,  or 
which  contracts  the  parts  of  the  mouth. 

2.  An  aspersion  or  sarcasm  by  which  a  person  is 
put  to  silence.     [j3  Imo  term.']  Clarissa. 

CHOK'ER,  n.  One  that  chokes  another;  one  that 
puts  another  to  silence  ;  that  which  can  not  be  an- 
swered. Johnson. 

CHoKE'WEED,  m.     A  plant  so  called. 

CHoK'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Suffocating;  strangling. 

CH5K'V,a.  That  tends  to  suffocate,  or  has  power  to 
suffiicate. 

CHOL'A-GOGUE,  (kol'a-gog,)  n.  [Gr.  xo^1^«J'*'f» 
from  \'*Af?,  bile.J 

A  medicine  that  has  the  specific  quality  of  evacu- 
ating the  bile. 

enOL'ER,  fkol'er,)  n.  [L.  cholera;  Gr.  X"><i:pa,  from 
XoA/j.  bile.] 

1.  The  bile.  By  the  superabundance  of  this  fluid, 
anger  was  formerly  supposed  to  be  produced  ;  or 
perhaps  the  opinion  was,  that  the  bile  caused  the  in- 
flamed appearance  of  the  face  in  luiger.     Hence, 

9.  Anger;  wrath;  irritation  of  ine  passions. 

CHOL'ER-A,  n.  A  sudden  evacuation  of  the  aliment- 
arj' canal,  both  upward  and  downward;  popularly 
c.Vlled  cholera  morbus. 

CHOL'ER-A  AS-PHYX'I-A,  n.  A  disease  differing 
from  ordinarj'  cholera  morbus  in  a  more  rapid  prog- 
ress, in  producirtg  more  violent  spasms,  in  asphyxy, 
or  cessation  of  pulse,  and  speedy  death.  It  is  called 
also  Aiiatic  cholera. 

CHOL'EIt-ie,  9.     Abounding  with  choler.    Dryden. 

2.  Easily  irritated  ;  irascible  ;  inclined  to  anger ; 
as,  a  choleric  man. 

'3.  Angr>';  indicating  anger;  excited  by  anger: 
as,  a  choleric  speech.  Rulegh. 

CHOL'ER-IC-NESS,  ti.  Irascibility  ;  anger;  peevish- 
ness. 

CHO-LES'TER-ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  cholesterine,  or 
obtained  from  it ;  as,  ckolesteric  acid.  Ure. 

€HO-LES'TER-I\E,  n.  [Gr.  X'i'Kn,  bile,  and  arcpcosj 
solid.] 

A  fatty  substance,  resembling  spermaceti,  found  in 
the  bite  and  biliary  concretions. 

CHO-Lt-AM'BIC,  TU  [L.  ckoUambi.]  A  verse  in  poe- 
tr>-  having  an  iambic  foot  in  the  fif^h  place,  and  a 
spondee  in  the  sixth  er  last.  Beittley. 

CII(')L'TRYy  n.  A  Hindoo  camvansera,  or  empty 
house,  for  the  use  of  travr^lers.  Malcom. 

CHOX'DRO-DTTE,  «.  A  light-yellow,  brittle  mineral, 
occurring  disseminated  through  primary  limestone, 
as  in  New  Jersey,  and  Orange  county,  New  York. 
Regular  crystal*  can  rart^Iy  be  distinguished.  It  is 
sometimes  "brownish,  reddish,  or  apple-green. 

Chondrodite  consists  of  silica,  fluorine,  and  mag- 
nesia. It  has  been  called  brucite  in  the  United 
States.  Dana. 

CHON-DROL'O-OY,  n.   [Gr.  xov^posy  a  cartilage,  and 

Au>'>5  ] 

The  history  of  cartilages. 
eHON-DROP-TE-RYO'I-AN,  n.      [Gr.  xoi>^pf>i   and 

nrCfiv.] 
A  term  applied  to  an  order  of  fishes,  characterized 

by  the  gristly  nature  of  the  spines  which  support  the 

fins.  Cavibr. 

CHOX-DROP-TE  RYG'I-AN,  a.     Gristly  finned. 
CHOOSE,  (chuze,)  v.  L;  pret.  Cuoaz  \  pp.   Chosem, 

Chosk.     [Sax.   ceosan ;    u.   kiezen:  G.   kiesen ;    Sw. 

ke»a:    Ice.  kioorn;   Pr.  choinir ;    Arm.  chuasa:    Pers. 

frhoiiditn.    The  Hebrew    has  IPrp  to   collect.     See 

Class  Gs,  No.  40,  70,  71.] 

1.  To  pick  out ;  to  sehct;  to  take  by  way  of  pref- 
erence from  two  or  more  thincs  otfered  ;  to  make 
choice  of;  as,  refuse  the  evil  and  choose  the  good. 

The  man  \iv!  Lonl  doDk  cKoott  »htill  be  holy.  — Num.  xvl. 

2.  To  take  in  preference. 

Lcl  ua  dioo«e  lo  tujiid^ment.  —  Job  xxxtT. 

3.*To  prefer  ;  to  choose  for  imitation  ;  to  follow. 

En»y  not  the  oppressor,  and  ckoote  none  of  hli  wayi.  —  Prov.  Ui, 

4.  To  elect  for  eternal  happiness ;  to  predestinate 
to  life. 

Many  *re  wll'-d,  btit  C-w  choten.  —  M«U.  xx. 

For  bis  clcci's  inki:,  whom  lie  hatli  cha»tn.  —  Mnrk  xi'iL 

5.  To  elect  or  designate  to  office  or  employment  by 
votes  or  suffrages.  In  the  Utiitnl  State^i,  the  people 
choose  representatives  by  votes,  usually  by  ballot. 

CHOOSE,  r.  I.     To  prefer  ;  as,  I  chuose  to  go. 

2.  To  have  the  power  of  choice.  The  phrase,  he 
can  not  choose  hut  stay,  denotes  that  he  has  not  tlie 
power  of  choice,  whethiT  to  stay  or  not. 

The  verb,  in  these  phrases,  is  really  transitive ; 


CHO 

the  following  verb  standing  as  the  object,  implead  of 

a  nuun. 
cnooS'ER,  n.      He  that  chooses;  he  thai  has  the 

power  or  right  of  choosing  ;  an  elector. 
CHOOS'ING,  ppr.    Selecting;  taking  in  preference; 

elect  iiig. 
CHOOS'I.XG,    n.     Choice;    election.     Chfosimt   riofM, 

in  music^  a  term  applie<l  to  two  or  more  n(»lt;s,  either 

of  which  may  be  taken  at  the  option  of  llie  performer. 
CHOOS'ING-LY,  adv.     By  choosing. 
CHOP,  V.   t.     [G.   and  D.   happen ;  Dan.  kapper ;  Gr. 

KoTTToj  i    Fr.   couper ;    Norm,  copper  or  couper;   Ar. 


e^ 


or  v_JIa£ 


kabacka  or  kayafa^  to   cut. 


Class  Gb,  No.  47,  51.] 

1.  To  cut  off  or  separate,  by  striking  with  a  sharp 
instrument,  either  by  a  single  bluw,  or  by  repeated 
blows ;  as,  to  chop  off  a  head  ;  to  elio-p  wood. 

2.  To  cut  into  small  pieces ;  to  mince  ;  as,  to  chop 
meat ;  to  cliop  straw. 

3.  To  grind  and  mince  with  the  teeth  ;  to  devour 
eagerly ;  with  up ;  as,  to  chop  up  an  entertainment. 

Dryden. 

4.  To  break  or  open  into  chinks  or  fissures  ;  to 
crack  ;  to  chap.     [See  Chap.] 

CHOP,  V.  i.  To  catch  or  attempt  to  seize  with  the 
mouth.     [J'J'ot  used.] 

To  chop  i*t)ie  shadow,  and  lose  the  siibstanco.    L^E.-^trange. 
2.  To  light  pr  fall  on  suddenly.  Jnhiison. 

If  tiiis  is  a  legitimate  sense,  it  indicates  tiiat  the 
primary  sense  is,  to  tlirow,  thrust,  or  strike.  It  is 
not  in  common  use. 

To  chop  in;  to  become  modish.     [JVot  used.j 

ti'  ilson. 
To  chop  out  ;  to  give  vent  to.    [JVot  used.]    Btnum. 
CHOP,  V.  t,     [Sax.  ceapian,  cypan^  to  buy  or  sell.     See 
Cheap.] 

1.  To  buy,  or  rather  to  barter,  truckj  exchanfre. 

2.  To  exchange  ;  to  put  one  thing  m  tlie  place  of 
another ;  as,  to  chop  and  change  our  friends. 

L^Hstranfff.  ^ 

3.  To  bandy  ;  to  altercate ;  to  return  one  word  or 
thing  for  another. 

Lot  not  the  couucil  chop  with  the  Jmlgi^-  B(u-on. 

CHOP,  V.  i.  To  turn,  vary,  change,  ot  shifl  suddenly  ; 
:»•*,   in   seamen's   phrase,  the   whid  cJtopSy  or  chops 

I  li    various  senses  of  this  verb  seem  to  center  in 
that  111  thrusting,  driving,  or  a  sudden  motion  or  ex- 
ertion of  force. 
CHOP,  n.     A  piece  chopped  off;  a  small  piece  of  meat ; 
as,  a  mutton  chop. 

2.  A  crack  or  cleft.  See  Chap,  which,  with  the 
broad  sound  of  a,  is  often  pronounced  chup. 

3.  The  chap;  the  jaw:  pi.  the  jaws  ;  the  moutii, 
the  sides  of  a  river's  mouth  or  channel.    [See  Chap.] 

4.  In  Ckina^  a  permit  or  stamp. 

CHOP,  n.  A  Chinese  word  signifying  quality  ;  as,  silk 
or  goods  of  the  first  chop, 

CHOP'-CHURCH,  71.  A  exchange  or  an  exchanger 
of  benefices. 

CHOP'-FALI.  EN,  (-fawl-n,)a.   Dejected;  dispirited. 

CHOP'-II'OUSE,  n.  A  house  where  provision  ready 
dressed  is  sold. 

CHOP'IN,  n,  [Fr,  ckophie.]  A  liquid  measure  in 
France,  containing  nearly  a  pint  Winchester  meas- 
ure.    In  ScotJa/tdy  a  quart' of  wine  measure. 

CH0P'P/:D,  (chopt,)  pp.  or  a.    Cut ;  minced. 

CHOP'PING,  ppr.  Cutting;  mincing;  buying;  bar- 
terinj;. 

CHOP'PING,  a.     Stont;  lusty;  plump.  Burke. 

CHOP'PING    71.     [Sp.  cliaprn.]     A  high-heeled  shoe, 
worn  by  ladies  in  Italy.     [See  Chiofpi.ne.] 
2.  A  cutting  ;  a  mincing  ,  from  chop. 

CHOP'PING-HLOCK,  n.  A  block  on  which  any  thing 
is  laid  lo  be  chopped. 

rilor'PING-KNirE,  n.     A  knife  for  mincing  meat. 

CIIOi"PY,  a.    Full  of  clefts  or  crocks. 

CHOPS.     See  Chop. 

CHOP'STICKS,  n.  pi.  Twosmall  sticks  of  wood,  ivoo', 
&.C.,  held  bv  the  Chinese  between  the  thumb  and 
fingers,  and  used  to  convey  fix>d  to  the  mouth. 

eilO-RAG'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  choragus;  as, 
ehoratric  monument.s. 

CHO-RA'GUS.  B-  [Gr.  x'^pnyoi^  x'^poc  and  aj  r.i.l 
In  Jithens^  a  term  applied  to  those  who  superintended 
a  musical  or  theatrical  entertainment,  and  provided 
a  chorus  nt  their  own  expense. 

CHO'RAL,  a.  [from  chorus.]  Belonging  to  or  compos- 
ing a  choir  or  concert  ;  as,  choral  symphonios. 

MiUon. 
2.  Singmg  in  a  choir;  as,  choral  seraphs. 

CHf)'RAL-LY,  adv.     In  the  manner  of  a  chorus, 

enORl),  (kord,)  n.  [L.  chorda;  Gr.  xan6ri,  an  intes- 
tine, of"  which  strings  w);re  made  When  it  signifit:a 
a  string  or  small  ropi*,  in  general,  it  is  written  cord. 
See  Cord.] 

1.  The  strine  of  a  musical  instrument.      Milton 

2.  In  mMyic,  the  combination  of  two  or  more  soui.ds 
uttered  nt  the  same  tinu^,  according  to  the  Inws  of 
harmony ;  as  a  third,  fift^i,  and  eighth,  which  ore 


TtNE,  BJJU^  IJNITE.  — AN"GEtt,  V1"CI0US.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z  j  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ar» 


20) 


CHO 

perfect  ekordSy  or  consooaaciea.     The  fourth  and 
sixth  are  imperfect  chonls. 

3.  In  ffvmftry^  a  right  line,  drawn,  or  supposed  to 
exif  nti,  fniin  one  end  of  an  arc  of  a  circle  t4)  the  oUier. 
Hence  the  churd  of  an  arc  is  a  right  liuc  joining  the 
esir.'iiuties  ufthot  arc.  Etio/e. 

eH()KI>,  r.  L     To  string.  Dryden, 

€HUKI>'BD,  pp.    Strung ;  nimished  with  strings. 

eHORD-EE',  «.  [See  Chord.]  In  medicine  and  *»ii^ 
geru,  a  painAiI  erection  of  the  penis,  under  which  It 
Is  coniiiderablv  curved. 

CHORD'ING,  ;>V-     Furnishing  with  strings 

CHORE,  «.  [Eng.  char,]  In  Jitnerica,  this  word  de- 
notes small  work  of  a  domestic  kmd,  as  distinguished 
from  the  principal  work  of  the  day.  It  is  generally 
us:-d  in  the  plural,  fJWrw,  which  includes  the  daily 
or  occasi«)naI  business  of  feeding  cattle  and  other 
anim:ils,  preparing  fuel,  sweeping  the  bouse,  clean- 
ine  tumiiiire,  &.c.     [3ee  CHAa.] 

eilOR-E-PtS'eO-PAL,  a.  [Gr.  x^poj,  place,  and  tnt- 
CM/r  -,-,  bishop] 

pertaining  to  the  power  of  a  miff^afan  or  local 
bishop  FdL 

eiiCR-E-PISTO-FUS,  n.   A  local  or  suflHgan  bishop. 

Hook. 

eHO-BEIJS,  \  a.     [Gr.  xopcto^.\    In  OMcient  poetry,  a 

CHO  REE',  t  foot  of  two  8>1lablea,  the  ftnt  long 
and  the  second  short ;  the  trochee. 

€HO'RI-AMB,        i  m,    [Gr.  \oott  '$,  a  trochee,  and 

€HORI-AM'BlJS.i      .a^;? if,  iambus.]   • 

In  amcUmt  poOrg^  a  foot  consisting  or  four  syllables, 
of  which  the  fint  and  last  are  long,  and  the  others 
short ;  that  is.  a  choreus  or  trochee  and  an  iambus 
unitt-d  ;  as,  iM&tltbu,  oMiirtas.  Enqfc 

CHO-RI-AM'BIC,  «.    A  churiarab. 

CHO-Rl-.AM'BIC,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  choriamb. 

CHO'RI-ON,  n.  [Gr.  xooiar  or  X"P*«^  i  the  latter 
setrms  to  be  allied  to  x<^^«>>t  to  hold,  or  contain.] 

(n  aaolMnr,  the  exterior  raembrane  which  Invests 
the  r-iiis  In  utero. 

enO'RIST,  «.     [Fr.  dumsU,]    A  alngtsr  in  a  choir. 

t'HOR'IST-ER,  R.  [from  ekorus^  choir?} 

1.  LiUralit/j  a  smger ;  one  of  a  choir;  a  singer  in 
a  concert.  Dryden, 

2.  One  who  leads  a  choir  in  church  music.  This 
is  the  sense  in  the  United  States, 

€HO-ROG'RA-PHER,  m.  [See  CHoaoGRArHT.]  A 
perstui  who  describes  a  particular  region  or  country  ; 
or  one  who  forms  a  map  or  maps  of  particular  rc~ 
gions  or  countries.  Kncye* 

CHO-RO-GRAPH'ie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  chorogra- 
phy  ;  descriptive  of  particular  regions  or  countries  \ 
laying  down  or  marking  the  bounds  of  particular 
copotries.  £iiryc. 

€H'J-RO-GRAPH'ie-AL-LY,  drfc.  In  a  chorograph- 
.cal  manner ;  in  a  manner  descriptive  of  particular 
rrgions. 

enOROG'RA  PHY,  n.  [Gr.  x'>>P9Si  *  pUce  or  region, 
and  >pa^u,  to  describe.] 

The  ait  or  practice  of  making  a  map  or  description 
of  a  particular  region,  cuuntry,  or  province ;  or  of 
marking  its  limits,  bounds,  or  position.  Choraffraphy 
differs  Irom  gfo^rapAy.  as  the  description  of  a  par- 
ticular country-  differs  from  that  of  the  whole  earth  ; 
and  from  topography,  as  the  description  of  a  country 
differs  from  that  of  a  town,  city,  or  district.  Encye. 

eUO'ROID,  «.  [Gr.  xooioi',  a  particular  membrane, 
and  ni-Ji,  likeness.] 

In  oMotomy,  a  terra  applied  to  several  parts  of  the 
body  that  resemble  the  chorion  ;  as  the  inner  mem- 
brane investing  the  brain,  or  the  pia  mater;  the 
second  coat  of  the  eye  |  Uie  fold  of  the  carotid  artery 
in  the  brain,  in  which  is  the  pineal  gland. 

Coze,     Encyc 

€HO'RUS,  n.  [L.  ehonu  {  Gr.  xooos  ;  Sax.  chor ;  Fr. 
ehamr ;  D.  ckoor  or  koor ;  Sp.  and  It.  coro  ;  Ir.  ctn-u  ; 
W.  cOr,  In  Welsh,  the  word  signifies  a  round  or 
circle,  a  choir.    If  the  primary  sense  is  a  circle,  or  a 

company,  the  word  may  be  referred  to  the  Ar.  Xj 

kttmm,  to  go  roand,  to  coUect,  to  bind ;    or  to 

taiTj,  to  return,  to  repeat  Clofis  Gr,  No.  32,  34.  If 
the  radical  sense  is  to  sing  or  shouf)  it  may  be  allied 
to  Gr.  \atyiD.     The  former  is  most  probable.] 

1.  A  number  of  singers ;  a  company  of  persons 
singing  in  concert ;  hence,  a  piece  performed  by  a 
whole  company  in  concert.   Dryden.  Pope,  ,^d-lison. 

2.  The  persons  who  are  supposed  to  behold  what 
passes  in  the  acts  of  a  tragedy,  and  sing  their  senti- 
ments between  the  acts.  SAak,    Johnson, 

3.  The  song  between  the  acts  of  a  tragedy. 

Johnson, 

4.  Verses  of  a  song  in  which  the  company  join  the 
singer ;  or  the  union  of  a  company  with  a  singer,  in 
repeating  certain  couplets  or  verses,  at  certain  peri- 
ods in  a  song.  Johnson.    Encyc 

5.  A  musical  composition  of  two  or  more  parts. 

6.  Among  the  Greeks,  a  chorus  consisted  of  a  num- 
ber of  singers  and  dancers. 


CUR 

CHOSEy  ^shose,)  ».  [Fr.  chose :  Sp.  coaa,  suit,  cause, 
thing  ;  It.  cosa  :  Port,  cousa  ;  L.  causa.  (See  CAt'sa.) 
The  primar)'  sense  is,  action,  tirging,  prosecution. 
Sec  Thiexo  and  Causs.] 

In  laie,  property  in  action  ;  a  right  to  possession  ; 
or  that  which  may  be  demanded  and  recuvt;red  by 
suit  or  action  at  law.  Tims  money  due  on  n  bund 
or  note  is  a  chose  ta  action ;  a  recompense  fur  damage 
done  is  a  chose  in  action  ;  the  former  proceeding  from 
an  ezpressy  the  latter  from  an  impiitd,  contract.  A 
contract  executed  is  a  chose  in  possession  ;  a  contract 
executory  conve^-s  only  a  chose  in  action.  A  chose 
locoL  is  annexed  to  a  place,  as  a  mill  or  the  like  ;  a 
ekoM  transitoryy  is  a  tiling  w  hich  is  movable. 

Blackstone,    Encyc. 
CHOSE, prrt.  and  pp.  of  Choose. 
CH0S'*.'\,  (chO'enJ  pp.     Selected  from  a  number; 
picked  out ;    taken  in  preference  ;  elected  ;  prudesti- 
nnted  ;  designaunl  to  office. 

2.  a.  Select;  distinguisbed  by  preference j  em- 
inenL 

Hu  cAamu  eapuuiu  k»  drown^  In  (he  wa.  —  Ex.  xv. 

Yf  tilt  *  cAoMTt  ^iieraiion,  k  royrO  priesthflud.  —  1  Pet.  U. 

CHOU'A.N'S,  (shoo'anz,)  a.  pi    Royalist  insurgents  on 

the  River  Loire,  during  the  French  revolutions.  They 

were  mostly  brigands.  Brande, 

CHOUGH,  (chuflQ  a,    [Fr.  choucas;  Ir.  cog  i  Sax.  uo 

or  ceofh.    This  word  may  be  the  same  as  jack,  in 

jackdaw.     It  appears  to  be  a  Cornish  word.] 

The  Cornish  chongh  is  a  bird  of  llie  genus  Corvus, 
neariy  of  Uie  size  of  the  crow,  and  mischievous,  like 
the  magpie.  It  is  black,  except  the  bill,  legs,  and 
feet,  which  are  red.  It  is  a  native  of  the  west  of 
England.  DicU  ofJVaL  Hist, 

Chongk  is  also  applied  to  the  jackdaw.  Cue 

CHOULE.    See  Jowl. 
CHOUL'TRY.     SeeCHOLTRT. 
CHOUSE,  r.  t.    [This  word  may  be  ftom  the  root  of 

ctftea  ;  Arm.  cou^ida,  or  concAeia  ;  Ar.  f  wL^  khau- 

M,  to  deceive  or  defraud  ;  Eth.  /T^nvy  chasawa,  to 
lie,  decei%-e,  or  cheat.] 

To  cheat,  trick,  delraud  ;  followed  by  t^f,  in  Hudi- 
braa  ;  but  in  America  by  out  of-  as,  to  ekoaae  one  ovl 
of  his  money.     [A  is  noio  vulg^ar.]     Drydea,     Stoijl. 

CHOUSE,  H.    One  who  is  easily  cheated ;  a  tool ;  a 
stmi^eion. 
Q.  A  trick  ;  »ham  ;  imposition.  Johnson, 

CHOUS'  ,  (choust,)  pp.  Cheated  j  defrauded  j  im- 
iiosed  on. 

CilOLJS'I\G,  ppr.     Cheating  ;  imposing  on. 

CHOWDER,  n.  In  JVrw  England,  a  dish  offish  boiled 
with  bisctiit,  salt  pork,  &c.  In  S[)anish,  cAi'de  is  a 
paste  made  of  milk,  eggs,  sugar,  and  Hour.  In  the  west 
of  England,  choiodrr-becr  is  a  liquor  made  by  boiling 
black  spnice  in  water  and  mixing  with  it  molasses. 

CHOWDER,  r.  L     To  make  a  chowder. 

CHOWTER,  r.  L  To  grumble  like  a  frog  or  a  fro- 
ward  child.  Phillips. 

eURE-MA-TIS'TI€3,  n.     [Gr.  xp'z/'a'-a,  wealth.] 
The  science  of  wealtii ;   a  branch    of  political 
economv. 

CHRES-fOM'A-THY,  n,     ["Gr.  xpTtoro^adcia.] 

A  book  introductory  to  the  learning  of  languages, 
containing  selected  passages,  with  notes,  explana- 
tions, Ate.     [^German.] 

CHRISM,  fknzm,)  n.  [Gr.  x/>'(r/xa,  from  xp'w,  to 
anoinL] 

Unguent  junction.  In  the  Aoman  Catholic  and  Greek 
eharches,  oil  consecrated  by  the  bishop,  and  used  in 
the  administration  of  baptism,  confirmation,  ordina- 
tion, and  extreme  unction.  It  is  prepared  on  Holy 
Thursday  with  much  ceremony,  and,  in  some  cases, 
mixed  with  balsam.  Encyc. 

CHRIS'MAL,  a.     Pertaining  to  chrism.  Brenint, 

CHRIS-MA'TION,  iu  The  act  of  applying  the  chrism, 
or  consecrated  oil ;  in  baptism,  by  the  priest ;  in  con- 
firmation, by  the  bishop.  In  ordination,  it  is  usually 
8t\ied  unction.  Encyc. 

CHRIS'MA-TO-RY,  n.  A  vessel  to  hold  the  oil  for 
chrism. 

CnRfS'OM,  n.  [See  Chrism.]  A  child  that  dies 
within  a  month  after  its  birth ;  so  called  from  the 
chrisom-clolh,  a  linen  cloth  anointed  with  holy  oil, 
which  was  formerly  laid  over  a  child's  face  when  it 
was  baptized.     Also,  the  cloth  itself.  Encyc. 

CHRIST,  ju  [Gr.  x-^'oruj,  anointed,  from  xju(o,  to 
anoinL] 

The  Axoittted;  an  appellation  given  to  the  Sa- 
vior of  the  world,  and  synonymous  with  the  Hebrew 
Mr.saiAH.  It  was  a  custom  of  antiquity  to  conse- 
crate persons  to  the  sacerdotal  and  regal  offices  by 
anointing  them  with  oil. 

eHRIST'-CROSS-ROW,  (kris'kros-ro')  n.  An  old 
term  for  the  alphabet,  probably  from  the  cross  usual- 
ly set  before  iL  fVhitlock. 

CHRIS'TjE.V,  (kris'n,)  v.  t.  [Sax,  cristnian  ;  D.  kers- 
tenen.     See  Christ.] 

1.  To  baptize,  or  rather  to  baptize  and  name  ;  to 
initiate  into  the  visible  church  of  Christ  by  the  appli- 
cation of  water ;  applied  to  persons.  And  a-i  a  name 
is  given  to  the  person  in  the  ceremony,  hence. 


CHR 

2.  To  name  ;  to  denominate  ;  applied  to  things. 

Burnet. 
CHRIS'TK.V-DOM,  (kris'n-dmn,)  n.  [Sax.  cristendom, 
cristen.  Christian,  and  dom,  power,  judgment,  rule, 
jurisdiction.    See  Christ.] 

1.  The  territories,  countries,  or  regions  inhabited 
by  OiristianSf  or  those  who  profess  to  believe  in  the 
Christian  religion  ;  particularly,  all  couutries  gov- 
erned by  Christian  sovereigns  and  institutions. 

2.  The  whole  bi>dy  of  Christians.  Hooker. 

3.  Christianity  ;  the  Christian  religion  ;  as,  while 
Christendom  prevailed.     [Unusual.]  Milner. 

CI1R1S'T>:N-£;1).  (kris'nd,)  pp.  Baptized  and  named  ; 
initiated  into  Christianity. 

€IlIUS'Ti!;iN-ING,  (kris'n-ing,)  ppr.  Baptizing  and 
naming. 

eilKIS'TKN-IXG,  n.  The  act  or  ceremony  of  bap- 
tiy.ing  and  naming  ;  initiation  uito  the  Christian  re- 
ligion. 

eimiS'TIAN,  (kri.st'yan,)  n.  [Gr.  xP't^riofof ;  L. 
chrL^tianus ;  Sax.  cristcn  ;  D.  kristen ;  Fr.  chritien  f  Sp. 
cristiano  ;   Arm.  cristenf  W.  cristian.     See  Chhiw.] 

1.  A  believer  in  the  religion  of  Christ. 

2.  A  professor  of  his  belief  in  the  religion  of  Christ. 

3.  A  real  disciple  of  Christ;  one  who  believes  in 
the  truth  of  the  Christian  religion,  and  studies  to  ful- 
low  the  example,  and  obey  the  precepts,  of  Christ ;  a 
believer  in  Christ  who  is  characterized  by  real  piety. 

4.  In  a  general  sense,  the  word  ChrLftians  includes 
all  who  are  born  in  a  Christian  country  or  of  Chris- 
tian parents. 

CHRIS'TIAN,  a.  [See  the  noun.]  Pertaining  to 
Christ,  taught  by  him,  or  received  from  him ;  as,  the 
ChrLitian  religion  ;  Christian  doctrines. 

3.  Professing  the  religion  of  Christ ;  as,  a  Christian 
friend. 

3.  Belonging  to  the  religion  of  Christ ;  relating  to 
Christ,  or  to  his  doctrines,  precepts,  and  example  ;  as. 
Christian  profession  and  practice.  .^ 

4.  Pertaining  to  the  church;  ecclesiastical;  as, 
courts  ChrLttian.  Blackstone. 

CHRIS'TIAN,  r.  (.     To  baptize.     [JVotuseiL]    Fatke, 
CHRIS'TIAN-ISM,  (krisl'yan-iziu,)  n.    [Gr.  xptffTta- 
vtofin^.     See  Christ.] 
I.  The  Christian  religion. 

H.  The  nations  professing  Christianity.    Johnson. 
eilRIS'TIA.N-ITE,  n.      See  Awokthite,  with  which 

it  is  identical. 
eilRlS-TIA.N'I-TY,  (krisl-yan'e-te,)  h.     [See  Chris- 
tian, from  Chrut.] 

The  religion  of  Christians  ;  or  the  system  of  doc- 
trines and  precepts  taught  by  Christ,  and  recorded  by 
the  evangelists  and  apostles. 

Wliilsi  poliiiclnni  are  (liapDling^  about  monarchi'^a,  niiit'Jcnvcioa, 
arnl  n-j)i.blica,  ChrUlianUy  la  alike  applicable,  uwliil,  ;iiiii 
(rinndly  lo  them  all.  PaUy. 

eHRIS-TIAN-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  process  of 
converting  to  Christianity. 

CHRIS'TIAN-IZE,  t>.  L  To  make  Christian  ;  to  con- 
vert to  Christianity  ;  as,  to  Christianize  pagans. 

eHRlS'TIAN-IZ-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Converted  to  Chris- 
tianity. 

CHRIS'TIAN-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Converting  to  Christian- 
ity ,  evangelizing. 

CHRIS'TIAN-LIIiE,  a.     Becoming  a  Christian.  Shak, 

eilRIS'TIAN-LY,  ada.  In  a  Christian  manner  ;  in  a 
manner  becoming  the  principles  of  the  Christian  re- 
ligion, or  the  profession  of  that  religion. 

eilRIS'^TIAN-NAME,  v.  The  name  given  in  bap- 
tism, as  distinct  frum  the  gcntilitious  or  surname. 

€HRIS-TIAN-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  A  description  of 
Ciiristian  nations.     [JV*o£  itsed.]  Pagitt. 

CIIRIS-TICQ-LIST,  n.  [Chrustas  axkA  eolo,  lo  culti- 
vate.]^ A  worshiper  of  Christ. 

eilRIST'LESS,  a.    Having  no  interest  in  Christ. 

Ch,  Sped. 

CHRIST'MAS,  rkris'mas,)  a,  [Christ  and  inass,  Sax. 
TnoKsOj  a  holy  day  or  feast ;  D.  kersmis.] 

1.  The  festival  of  the  Christian  church,  observed 
annually  on  the  25th  day  of  December,  in  memory  of 
the  birth  of  Christ,  and  celebrated  by  a  particular 
church  service.    Tiie  festival  includes  twelve  days. 
Q.  Christmas-day. 

CHRIST'MAS-BOX,  n.  A  box  in  which  little  presents 
are  deposited  at  Christmas  ;  the  presents  made. 

CHRIST'MAS-DAY,  n.  The  25tb  day  of  December, 
when  Christmas  is  celebrated. 

CHRtST'MAS-FLOW-ER,  n.     Hellebore. 

CHItlST'MAS-ROSE,  n,  A  plant  of  the  genus  Hc!- 
leborus,  producing  beautiful  white  flowers  about 
Christmas, 

CIIKIS-TOL'O-CV,  n.     [Gr.  XP'^rof  and  Xoyj^  ] 
A  discourse  or  treatise  concerning  Christ. 

CHRIST'S'-THGRN,  n.  The  Rhamnus  paliurus,  a 
deciduous  shrub,  a  native  of  Palestine  and  the 
south  of  Europe.  It  has  two  thorns  at  each  joint, 
and  IS  supposed  to  have  been  the  sort  of  which  the 
crown  of  thorns  for  our  Savior  was  made.     Encyc. 

eilRO-AS'TAXES,  n.     [Gr.  xft"a,  color.] 

In  natural  history,  a  genus  of  pelluciu  gems,  com- 
prehending all  those  of  variable  colors,  as  viewed  in 
different  lights.     [JVot  technical.]  Encyc. 

CHRO'MATE,  n,  [See  CHROMf:.]  A  salt  or  com- 
pound formed  by  the  chromic  acid  with  a  base. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRgV.  — PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BpOK.- 
20«  - 


CHR 

€HRO-MAT'IC,  o,  [Gr.  xooifxnTiKOi,  from  tf'"'/"'* 
color,  from  \<twj(Li,  to  color.  Xooa,  \om^i<j,  seem  to 
be  a  iIialc-ciical'*rtho^aphy  ofiihe  same  word.] 

1.  Rflaiiiig  Ui  color.        '  Dryden, 

2.  Noting  a  particular  species  of  music,  whicli  pro- 
ceeds by  several  semitones  in  succession. 

Basbv. 
CHRO-MAT'I€,  n.     [Supra.]     A  kind  of  music  that 
proceeds  by  several  consecutive  semitones,  or  scnii- 
tonic  intervals  ;  or  it  denotes  accidental  semitones. 

Rousseau. 
€nRO-MAT're-.\L-LV,    adv.       In    the     cliroinatic 
planner. 

CTRO-MAT'ieS,  n.  The  science  of  colon? :  that  part 
of  optics  which  treats  of  the  properties  of  the  colors 
ofliE;htand  of  natural  bodies.  Encyc. 

€HRO-MA-TOG'RA-PHY,  n.     [Gr.  xj^w^a,  color,  and 
J  /mil';,  description.] 
A  treatise  on  colors. 

eSRO'Mi'-UM.i"-    [Gr.w-.a,  color.] 

A  metal  consisting  of  a  porous  mass  of  apgluti- 
nuted  grains,  very  hard,  brittle,  and  of  a  grayisli- 
white  color.  Its  texture  is  radiated.  In  its  highest 
degree  of  oxydation,  it  passes  into  the  stats  of  an 
acid,  of  a  ruby-red  color.  It  takes  its  name  from  the 
various  and  beautiful  colors  which  its  oxyd  and  acid 
communicate  to  siibsl-inces  into  whose  composition 
tliey  entiT.  Chrome  is  employed  to  give  a  fine  deep 
green  to  the  enamel  of  porcelain,  to  glass,  ice. 

The  oxyd  of  chrome  is  of  a  bright  grass  green  or 
pale  yellow  color.  Ctmtdand. 

CHRO  Mie,  11.  Pertaining  to  chrome,  or  obtained 
from  it ;  as,  chromic  acid. 

Chromic  yellow :  the  artificial  chromate  of  lead,  a 
beautiful  pigment. 

€HROV'ie,  fa.     [Fr.  ehronique;  It.  Sp.  cronieoj 

eHRO\'ie-.\L,  i      Gr.  xpiiviKOi^  from  xfioi"*S*  Hme^ 

duration.    See  Ar.  /,j.3  Parana.    Class  Rn,  No.  15.] 

Continuing  a  long  time,  as  a  disease.  A  chronic 
disease  is  one  which  is  inveterate  or  of  long  contin- 
uance, iu  distinction  from  an  acute  disease,  which 
speedily  terminates. 
€HRO.\'l-CLE,  n.  rSee  Chro?iic.]  An  historical 
reglstJ*r  or  account  of  facts  or  events  disposed  in  the 
order  of  lime.  It  is  nearly  synonymous  with  annals. 
In  gf^neral,  this  species  of  writing  is  more  strictly 
confined  to  chronological  order,  and  is  leas  diffuse 
titan  the  form  of  writing  called  history. 

a.  In  a  nujre  tr^.neral  sertse^  a  history.  Drydeiu 

3.  That  which  contains  history. 

Europp  —  her  Tcry  mint  tell  the  hJiiory  of  times  foae  by,  and 
every  iikoldcrit)^  ■Wnc  is  a  ehronicU.  trnng. 

4.  ChronirlMy  pt.  j  two  canonical  boolES  of  the 
Old  TestaniL-nt. 

€HRO.N'I-€LE,  r.  (.  To  record  in  history  or  chron- 
icle ;  to  record  ;  to  register.  Spensn:     Skak. 

€HRON'l-€L£D,  pp.    Recorded  ;  registered. 

€HRON'I-€LER,  n.  A  writer  of  a  chronicle;  a  re- 
corder of  events  in  the  order  of  time;  an  historian. 

CHRON'I  CI-I.N'G,  ;;pr.     Recording. 

eilRON'IQIJF.,  (kron'ik.)  n.      A  chronicle.     .Addison. 

eilRO.V'O-GRAM,    >  n.     [Gr.  X'*''V''i^  i'\me,an6  ypofi- 

eHRON'0-GRAPII,i  ^a,  a  letter  or  writing,  from 
^O'<0w,  to  write.] 

'  An  inscription  in  which  a  certain  date  or  epoch  is 

expressed  by  niiineral  letters  ;  as  in  the  mollo  of  a 

medal  struck  by  GusLivus  Adnlphus  in  lti32. 

ChrlstVs  DVX;  ergo  IrlVMphVs. 

CHRO.V-O-GRAM-MAT'IC,  to.     B»longing  (o  a 

€IIRON'-0-GR.\.M-MAT'I€-AL,  (       chronogram,    or 

.  containing  one. 

CHRON-O-GRAM'MA-TISTjU.  A  writer  of  chron- 
ograms. 

€HRO-.SOG'RA  PHER,  m  [Gr.  xP^vofy  time,  and 
ypaii'it,  to  describe.] 

One  who  writes  concerning  time  or  the  events  of 
lime  ;  a  chroni>toger.  Tooke. 

€IIR0-NOG'RA-PHY,  n.  The  description  of  time 
pnxt.    [LitxU  tM«^] 

CMRO-NOL'O-GER,   \  n,      [See    CHRoifOLoor.]      A 

€IIR0-N0L'0-<5IST,  \  person  who  attempts  to  dis- 
cover the  tnie  dales  of  past  events  and  transactions, 
and  to  arrange  them  under  their  proper  years,  or 
divisions  of  u'me,  in  the  order  in  which  they  hap- 
pened. 

2.  One  who  studies  chronology,  or  is  versed  in  the 
scii;nce, 

CHR0-N0-L06'IC,         /  a.    Relating  to  chronology  ; 

CHRO-N'O-LOO'IC-AL,  j  containing  an  account  of 
events  in  the  order  of  time  \  according  to  the  order 
of  time. 

eilRtvNO  IX^G'ie-AI^LV,  (utv.  In  a  chronological 
manner  ;  in  a  manner  according  with  the  order  of 
time,  the  series  of  events,  or  rules  of  chronology. 

CHRO-NOiyOGY,  n.  [Gx.  xo'>vo>«)yta ;  XP^'^fj 
lime,  and  ><')•{,  discourse  or  doctrine.] 

The  science  of  time  ;  the  method  of  measuring  or 
comjrtiting  lime  by  regul;ir  divis^ions  or  periods,  ac- 
cording to  Ihe  revolutions  of  the  sun  or  moon  ;  of 
ase«rtaming  the  true  periods  or  years  when  past 


ciiu 

events  or  transactions  took  place,   and   arranging 
them  in  their  proper  order  according  to  their  dales. 

If  history  wiitioiit  e^rotiology  is  dark  aud  ounfuaed,  chronology 
wiihout  hi>lor>'  >*  dr;  aiul  Li&ij<id.  A.  HoUntt, 

€HRO-NOM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  xpovos^  time,  and  tttrgov, 
measure.] 

Any  instrument  that  measures  time,  or  that  divides 
time  into  equal  portions,  or  that  is  used  for  that  pur- 
pose, as  a  clock,  watcli,  or  dial ;  particularly^  an  in- 
strument that  measures  time  with  great  exactness. 
Chrunoseope  is  now  rarely  used. 

To  rate  a  chronometer,  is  to  ascertain  the  exact  rate 
of  its  gain  or  loss  as  compared  with  tnie  time,  for  the 
sake  of  making  the  proper  allowance  in  computa- 
tions dependent  thereon.  Oemt. 

CHRO-NO-MET'Rie,  }  a.     Pertaining  to  a  chro- 

CHRO-NO-MET'Rie-AL,  i  nometer;  measured  by 
a  chronometer.  Parriana. 

€HRO-NOM'E-TRY,  n.  The  art  of  measuring  time  ; 
Uie  measuring  of  time  by  periods  or  divisions. 

Crichton, 

€HRVS'A-Lin,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  chrysalis.  Good, 

CHRYS'A-LID,  n.     See  Chrysalis. 

€IIRYS'A-LIS,  (kris'a-lis,)  n.;  pi.  Chrt-sal'i-des. 
[L.  chrysalis^  Gr.  xovaaXXis,  a  grub,  from  its  golden 
color,  xpi'Tof,  gold.] 

The  particular  form  which  butterflies,  moths,  and 
some  other  insects  assume,  before  they  arrive  at 
their  \vinged  or  perfect  state.  It  is  called  also  ourc/ia, 
from  aurumy  gold.  In  this  fonn,  the  animal  is  gen- 
erally in  a  state  of  rest  or  insensibility,  without  tak- 
ing nourishment.  The  external  covering  is  usually 
smooth  and  glossy  ;  sometimes  hairy.  The  name  is 
taken  from  the  yellow  color  of  certain  species  j  but 
thev  are  of  diilerent  colors,  as  green,  black,  &.c. 

€HRVS'0-BER-YL,  n.  [Gr.x,M;aws,  gold,  and/StjpvX- 
Xtof,  beryl.] 

A  yellowish-green  gem,  next  to  sapphire  in  hard- 
ness, consistii^  of  alumina  and  the  earth  glucina. 
On  account  of  a  peculiar  opalescence  presented  by 
the  crystals,  the  mineral  has  been  called  cymophanc, 
from  xvfiii,  ware,  and  ^adT.i,  to  appear.  .Alexandrite 
is  the  name  of  an  emerald  variety  from  the  Ural 
Mountains.  Dana. 

CIIRYS'O-eilLORE,  n.  [Gr.  xflvaosy  gold,  and  xAtt>- 
pot,  green.] 

A  species  of  mole  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  the 
fur  of  which  retlecta  most  brilliant  metallic  hues  of 
green  and  gold. 

€HRYS'O-e0I^LA,  n.  [Gr.  xpvtokoXUo,  glue  of 
gold,  xpV(T(Js  and  KuXXa.]  A  name  given  by  the 
Greeks  to  borax,  and  also  to  the  green  or  blue  car- 
bonate of  copper.  Cleaveland. 

€HRYS-OG'RA-PHY,  n.     [Gr.  xp^aoc,  gold,  and  ypa- 
0JJ,  description.] 
A  writing  in  letters  of  gold. 

€IIRY8'0-LITE,  tu  [Gr.  x/juffof,  gold,  and  XiOos, 
stone.] 

A  mineral,  called  by  Ilaiiy  and  Rrogniart,  peridote, 
and  by  Jameson,  prismatic  chrysolite.  Its  prevailing 
color  is  some  shade  of  green.  It  is  harder  than 
glass,  but  less  hard  than  quartz  ;  oflen  transparent, 
sometimes  only  tmnslucent.  It  occurs  sometimes 
in  crystals,  sometimes  in  small  amorphous  masses  or 
grains,  ana  sometimes  in  rolled  pieces.  Olivine  is  a 
variety  of  this  species,  of  a  boltle-green  color ;  it  is 
disseminated  frequently  through  basalt.     Cleaveland, 

CHRYS  OL'O  GY,  n.     [Gr,  xovaoky  gold,  and  Ao)0(.] 
That  branch  of  political  economy  which  relates  to 
the  production  of  wealth. 

€IIRY3'0  PRASE,  n.  [Gr.  xfivvonpaaos i  XP'*"*?* 
gold,  and  TpaToc,  a  leek.] 

A  mineral,  a  variety  of  quartz.  Its  color  is  com- 
monly apple  green,  and  often  extremely  beautiful. 
It  is  translucent,  or  sometimes  semi-transparent ;  its 
frariure  even  and  dull,  sometimes  a  little  splintery, 
sometimes  smooth  and  slightly  concboidal ;  its  hard- 
ness little  inferior  to  that  of  11ml.  Cleaveland, 
CHUB,  n.  ['I'his  word  s.-ems  U)  signify  thick  head, 
or  a  mass  or  lump.  In  Pers.  chub  or  ckob  is  a  club. 
Pee  Class  Gb,  Nos.  1  and  2.] 

A  river  fish,  called  also  Cmcteh,  of  the  genua  Cy- 
priinis.  The  body  is  ohlung,  nearly  round  j  the  head 
and  back  green  ;  tiie  sides  silvery,  and  the  belly 
while.  It  frequents  deep  holes  in  rivers  shaded  by 
trees  -,  but  in  warm  weather  floats  aear  the  surface, 
nnd  fiirnishes  sport  for  anglers. 

short  and  thick. 


ClIuiVBY^*  j  fl.    Like  a  chub;  short 
CHUB'nED-NEP.S,  n.     The  state  of  being  chubby. 
CHUB'FAC-£D,  (-fasle,)  a.     Having  a  plump,  round 

fiiCft.  Adiiiaon. 

CHUCK,  V.  i.    To  make  the  noise  of  a  hen  or  partridge, 

when  she  calls  her  chickens. 
CHUCK,  V.  L     To  call,  as  a  hen  her  chickens. 
CHUCK,  V.  i.    To  jeer  ;  to  laugh.     [See  Chuckle.] 
CHUCK,  w.t-     [Fr.  choquer;   Russ.  cAoAayu,  to  strike 

gently  i  port,  and  Sp.  choear.) 

1.  To  strike  or  give  a  gentle  blow  ;  as,  to  chuck  one 
under  the  chin. 

2.  To  throw,  with  quick  motion,  a  short  distance ; 
t*>  pitch,     [yulirar.] 

CHUCK,  n.    The  voice  or  call  of  a  hen. 


CHU 

2.  A  sudden,  small  noise. 

3.  A  word  of  endearment,  corrupted  fVom  ehick^ 

4.  A  slight  blow  under  the  chin.  [chicken. 
CHUCK'-FXR-THING,  n.    A  play  in  whichafartliing 

is  pitched  into  a  hole. 

CIIUCK'-HOLE,  n.    A  steep  hole  in  a  wagon  nil. 

[LocaU] 

CIIUCK'LE,  (chuk'kl,)  v.  U     [from  chuck.]    To  call, 
as  a  hen  her  chickens. 
2.  To  fondle ;  to  cocker.     [Q.U.  W.  cocru.     See 

CHUCK'LE,  n.  A  short,  suppressed  laugh.  [Cocker. 

CIIUCK'LE,  V.  i.  [Ch.  Iin  chuck  or  huk,  to  laugh. 
See  Class  Gk,  No.  18,  and  Giggle.] 

To  laugh  in  a  suppressed  or  broken  manner  j  to 
feel  inward  triumph  or  exultation. 

CHUCK'LKD,  pp.    Fondled  ;  called,  as  by  a  hen. 

CHUCK'LE-HEAD,  (chuk'1-hed,)  n.  A  person  with 
a  large  head  j  a  dunce.  Knowles.  Bailey  says,  a  rat- 
tling, noisy,  empty  fellow.    [Vulgar.] 

CHUCK'LE-HEAD-ED,  a.    Large  or  thick  headed. 

Smart, 

CHUCK'LING,  ppr.    Fondling ;  calling,  as  a  hen. 

CHUCK'LING,  n.  Suppressed  laughter;  inward  tri- 
umph or  exultation. 

CHUD.  V.  U    To  champ;  to  bile.     [Oft*.]    Stafford. 

CHO'KT,  71.     Forced  meat.  Bacon. 

CHUFF,  n.    [Perbaps  VV.  cyf^  a  stock  or  stem  ;  cyfiawy 
to  become  torpid.] 
A  clown  ;  a  coarse,  heavy,  dull,  or  surly  fellow. 

CHUFF'I-LY,  adv.     In  a  rough,  surly  manner  ;  clown- 

CHUFF'I-NESS,  n.     Suriiness.  [ishly. 

CHUFF'Y,  a.  Originally,  fat  or  swelled  out,  especially 
in  the  checks*,  as,  a  chujfy  lad.  Rich.  Diet.  Hence, 
2.  Figuratively,  surly  ;  angrj*  ;  stomachful.  In 
JVew  England,  this  word  expresses  thai  displeasure 
which  causes  a  swelling  or  surly  look  and  gninibling, 
rather  than  heat  and  violent  expressions  of  auger. 
[U.^cd  in  Sussex  and  Kent,  Eng.] 

CFlUK,  Ti.  A  word  used  in  calling  swine.  It  is  the 
original  name  of  that  animal,  wliich  our  ancestors 
brought  with  them  from  Persia,  where  it  is  still  in 
use.  Pers.  chuk,  Zend,  ckuk,  a  hog  ;  Sans,  sugnra. 
Our  ancestors,  while  in  England,  adopted  the  Welsh 
hwc,  hog  ;  but  chuck  is  retained  (n  cur  jKipular  name 
of  icoodchuek,  that  is,  wood  hog.  This  is  a  remarka- 
ble proof  of  the  original  sealof  iheTeutcuiic  nations. 
I  have  taken  diuk  from  Adehing.  The  French  co- 
chon  may  he  the  same  word. 

CHUM,  7i.  [Arm.  ckornm,  or  ckommein,  or  kam,  to 
dwelt,  stay,  or  lodge;  Fr.  chQmer,  to  rest,  Q,u.  Sax. 
ham,  home.] 

A  chainber-fcllow  ;  one  who  lodges  or  resides  in 
the  same  room  ;  a  word  used  in  colleges. 

CHUM,  V.  i.  [from  the  noun.]  To  occupy  a  chamber 
with  another.     [Used  in  .American  colleges.] 

CHUMP,  n.  A  short,  thick,  heavy  piece  of  wood,  less 
than  a  block.  Johnson. 

CHUNK,  K.  A  short,  thick  piece  of  wood,  metal,  ic. 
[Local  in  iCM^/awd,  colloquial  in  .America.] 

CHU-NAM',71.  The  name  in  India  for /tmc;  and  hence, 
stucco,  &.C.  Malcom. 

CHURCH,  Tt.  [Sax.  circe,  eirc,  or  cyric;  Scots,  kirk, 
which  retains  the  Saxon  pronunciation ;  D.  kcrk  ,■ 
G.kirche;  Sw,  kyrckia;  Dan.  A;ir/c« ;  Gr.  KvptaKOv,  a 
temple  of  God,  from  Mipia-.ttj,  j»ertaining  to  a  lord, 
or  to  our  Lord  Jesus  Clirist,  from  «ii/)ins,  a  lord, 
Russ.  tierkor.] 

1.  A  house  consecrated  to  the  worship  of  God, 
among  Christians  ;  the  Lord's  house.  This  seems  to 
be  the  original  meaning  of  the  word.  The  Greek 
£«icX/(ffiu,  from  fKK-'Xiio,  to  call  out  or  call  together, 
denotes  an  assembly  or  collection.  But  xvpiaKOi, 
KvpuiKov,  are  from  Kvpm^,  lord,  a  term  applied  by 
the  early  Christians  to  Jesus  Christ ;  and  the  house 
in  which  they  worshiped  was  named  from  that  title. 
So  KvpiuKti  signifies  church  goods,  bona  ecclcsiastica  ; 
Kvptiticr,,  BC.  i}iiip't,  the  Lord's  day,  dies  domintca. 

2.  The  collective  body  of  Christians,  or  of  those 
who  profess  to  believe  in  Christ,  and  acknowledge 
him  to  be  the  Savior  of  mankind.  In  this  sense,  the 
cimrch  is  sometimes  called  tlie  catholic  or  universal 
church.  Johnson.     Kncyc, 

3.  The  collective  body  of  saints  in  heaven  and  on 
earth,  called  the  invisible  church. 

4.  A  particular  number  of  Christians,  united  un- 
der one  form  of  ecclesiastical  government,  in  one 
creed,  and  using  the  s^me  ritual  and  ceremonies  ; 
as,  the  English  church;  the  Gallican  church;  the 
Presbyterian  churdt ;  the  Roman  Catholic  church  ; 
the  Greek  diurch. 

Jj.  The  followers  of  Christ  in  a  particular  city  or 
province;  as,  the  church  of  Ephesus,  or  of  Aiitioch. 

6.  The  disciples  of  Christ  assembled  for  worship 
in  a  particular  place,  as  in  a  private  house.  Col.  iv. 
[See  No.  9.] 

7.  The  worshipers  of  Jehovah,  or  the  true  God, 
before  the  advent  of  Christ ;  as,  the  Jewish  church. 

8.  The  body  of  clergy,  or  ecclesiastics,  in  distinc- 
tion from  the  laity,    llence,  ecclesiastical  authority 

9.  An  assembly  of  sacred  nilcrs  convened  in 
Christ's  name  to  execute  his  laws.  Crudcn.  Brou^n. 

10.  The  collective  body  of  Christians,  who  have 
made  a  public  profession  of  the  Christian  religion,  | 
and  who  are  united  under  the  same  pastor;  in  dis-    ' 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE.  — AN"GEE,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  aa  3H;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


CHU 

linclton  from  those  who  twlong  to  the  same  p:msh,  or 
ecctesmstical  society,  but  huve  iniide  no  profession  of 
thrir  fiiiih. 

CHL'RL'II,  r.  t.  To  perform  with  nny  one  the  omce 
of  rfHiming  thanks  to  the  church,  after  any  signal 
dtitivenuice,  as  from  the  dangrrs  uf  childbirth. 

Joknsom, 

CHL'RCH'-ALE,  n.  A  wnke  orfeast  commenioratory 
of  the  dedication  of  the  church.  Johnson. 

ClirRCH'-AT-TIKE\  II.  The  habit  in  which  men 
oflirinte  In  divine  service.  Hooker. 

Cni'RCM'-AU-THOU'I  TY,  n.  Ecclesiastical  pow- 
er; spiritual  juri!»diction.  jittrrbuiy. 

CHrRCH'-nENCII,  n.    The  seat  In  the  porch  of  a 

CHI'RCII'-BU-RI-AU  (bcr-rj'-al,)  n.  Bunal  accord- 
in"  to  the  rites  of  ilie  church,  .^ifliffK 

CHURCIl'-DI.^'CM-PUNE,  ".  Discipline  of  the 
church,  intended  lo  correct  the  oOeosea  of  its 
ni'Mnbers. 

CHIRCM'OOM,  «.  The  government  or  autnonty  of 
rlie  church. 

CHrRt'M'-FOCND'ER,  n.  lie  thai  builds  or  endows 
n  rtiurch.  Hooker. 

C1K'RL'1I'-G6-ER,  n.  One  who  usually  g(jea  to 
chtin'h. 

rHlRCM'-G^INR,  fl.    Usually  attending  church. 

CIirRCir-IIIS'TO-RV,  «.  HiiAory  of  the  Christian 
cliurrh ;  rfclesiasiical  hiittory. 

CIirRCiriNG,  «.  The  act  of  oOerlng  tbanks  in 
church  lifter  childbirth. 

CIIURCU'-UA-\D,  M.    L.ind  belonging  to  a  church. 

Teloertmiu 

CnrRCK'-LTKP.,  a.    Becoming  the  church. 

CnrRCIl'-UV'lNG,  ii-  a  benedce  in  on  established 
church. 

CHL'RCH'MAX,  n.  An  ecclnnastic  or  c!crc3rinan ; 
one  who  ministers  in  sacred  thin?^ 

i  An  Episco|>.ilir*n,  as  di>tinEuish«d  ftom  aPres- 
bvterian  or  Congreffationalirt,  i-C 

CHVRCII'MAN-^MIP,  m.  Suie  of  being  a  church- 
man, or  of  belonging  to  the  established  church, 

tU.  Ret. 

CIU'RCU'-MEM'BER,  N.  A  member  in  communion 
w^iih  n  rhiirrli :  a  profisswor  of  relisi<tfi* 

CIlUKCir-MEMUER-SHIP,  n.  t>uae  of  being  a 
church  meuiber. 

CIinRClI'-MC'Sie,  n.  The  service  of  singing  or 
cJi-iiuJiU  in  'A  rJi'iroh. 

rhurch  service. 

C!'  IK  XT,   It.     Benefice   or  ad- 

Ci!  ■      '  church.  Sovtk, 

C!i  '    rsiiardiimoflhe 

( ,  [lari^h.    Church- 

war.l'  1!^  are  rippirtnted  l»y  tlie  miinstcr,  or  elecled  by 
the  parishioners,  to  superintend  tlie  church,  its  prop- 
erty and  concerns,  and  the  behavior  of  tlie  parish- 
ioners. For  thew  and  many  other  purposes,  they 
p<»5t*ess  corporate  powers.  Johnson.     Eneye. 

CHUKCH'-WAY,  ft.  The  way, street,  or  nxid,  thai 
leads  to  the  church. 

CHURCH'-WORK,  n.    Work  carried  on  slowly. 

Chalmers. 

CHURCH'- YARD,  n,  Tlie  grmind  adjoining  lo  a 
church,  Ln  which  the  dead  are  buried ;  a  cemetery. 

jttbiuojt. 

CHURL,  n.  [Sax.  eeorl :  D.  kttrrtt;  G.  krrl;  Dan. 
kari  It  signifies,  primnrity,  a  man  or  rather  a  mole, 
for  it  was  applied  to  cllier  animals,  as  a  rarf-cat,  a 
male  cat ;  and  males  are  named  from  their  strenjrlh, 
or  the  sex  ira^^ies  it ;  hence,  cflrl-Acm;tdenoti'd  strong 
hemp.  JIusearlay  a  hottse-carl^  or  i»ervnnt ;  buscarla^ 
a  gkip*S'CarL  See  Spelman.  Uence  the  name  Charles^ 
Oarolus.] 

1.  A  rode,  surly,  ill-bred  man.  Sidney. 

2.  A  mslic;  a  countrj'man,  or  laborer.    DrytUn. 

3.  A  milter;  a  nii^ar^.     h.  xxxil. 
CHURL'ISII,    a.      Rude  ;   surly  ;   austere  ;    sullen  ; 

rough  in  temper;  unfeeline;  uncivil. 

2.  Selfish  ;  narrow-minded  ;  avaricious,     Kin^. 

3.  [Of  things.]      Unpliant  ;    unyielding  ;    cross- 
grained  ;  harsli ;  unmanageable  j  as,  cktLrlmh  metal. 

Bacon. 
A.  Hard  ;  firm ;  as,  a  ehvrtisk  knot.  Slutk. 

5.  Ob^Unate  :  as,  a  ekurlisk  war.  Baton. 

CIirRL'ISn-LY,  adv.    Rudely  ;  roughly;  in  a  churl- 
ish manner. 
CHL*RL'ISII-NESS,    «.      Rudeness   of  manners    or 
temper :  but  generally  the  word  refers  to  the  lerfiper 
or  disposition  of  mind;  snllenness  ;  austerity;  indis- 
position to  kindness  or  courtesy. 
CHURL'Y,  a.     Rude;  boistennis. 
CHURME, /m.     fSax.  evrm.  clamor;   cvrman.  to  cry 
CHIRM,       i      out;  W.  Jiirm.] 

Noise  ;  clamor,  or  confused  noise.     {Obs.']    Bacon. 
CHURN,  n.     [Sax.  ci>m,  cyriu,  or  cerene,  a  chum,  cer- 
nan,  to  chum  ;   D.  kam,  karnm ;  Dan.  kiemej  kienter. 
Qu.  S.tx.  q/rran,  to  turn.] 

A  vessel  in  which  cream  or  milk  is  agitated,  for 
sep-'trating  the  oily  parts  from  the  caseous  and  serous 
parts,  to  make  butter. 
CHURN,  «.  t.    To  stir  or  agitate  cream  for  making 
butter. 


CIC 

2.  To  shake  or  apitite  with  violence  or  continued 
motion,  as  in  the  otH-mtion  uf  making  butter. 
CHURN'ED,  pp.     Agitated  ;  made  into  butter. 
CHL'RN'ING,  ppr.    Agitating  lo  make  butter;  shak- 
ing ;  stirring. 
CHL'RN'lNGjn.    Theoi»emtion  of  making  butter  from 
cream  by  airiUilion  ;  a  shaking  or  stirring. 

2.  As  much  butter  as  is  made  at  one  operation. 
CHUR.N'-STAFF,  »-    The  staff  or  instrument  used 

in  churning. 
CHURR'-WORM,  n.    [Sax.  eijrrany  to  turn,  and  tporm.] 
An  insect  that  turns  about  nimbly,  called,  also,  a 
fan-crickrt.  Johnson,    Bailey, 

CH08E.     See  Choose. 

CHO'STTE,  n.    A  decomposed  variety  of  chrysolite. 

Urt. 
CnOTE,  Cshaie.)  n.     [Fr.]     A  fall. 
CHV-AZ'ie,  a.    [from  the  initials  of  corfron,  hydrogen, 
and  auiteS] 

A  term  applied  to  the  compounds  of  hydrocyanic 
arid. 
CHT-h.X'CEOU9,  o.     [See  Chtle.]     Belonging   to 

chvle  ;  consisting  of  chyle. 
CUVLE,  (kile,)  n.     [<;r.  xi-Xoc,  juice,  humnr.] 

In  antmai  bodies,  a  white  or  milky  fluid,  prepared 
from  the  chyme.     It  is  absor1>ed  by  the  lacteal  ves- 
sels, by  which   it  is  conveyed   into  the  circulation, 
a5simil;Ued  into  btooil,  and  converted  into  nutriment. 
fjietie,     Q^uiney.     Coze. 
CHYT^I-FAC'TIOX,  n.     {ch,,le  and  L./flcto.] 

The  act  or  process  by  which  chyle  is  formed  from 
fond  in  animal  lK»dies.  Arbuthnot, 

CHYL-I-FACTIVE,  a.     Forming  or  changing  into 

chvle  ;  having  the  jwwer  lo  make  chyle. 
CHtf-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  ekylus  and/ero.] 

Tninsmitting  chyle.  Cheyne, 

eilV-KO-PO-ET'ie,  o.  [Gr-  xvXoi,  chyle,  and  iroitw, 
to  make.] 

Chylifaciive ;  having  the  power  to  change  into 
chvle  ;  making  chyle.  Arbttthnot. 

CHyL'OUS,  o.    [from  cSyle."]    Constfeting  of  chyle,  or 

partaking  of  iL  JirbutJtnoL 

€H?ME,  (kime,)  it.    [Gr.  xt-yoj,  juice.] 

That  particular  nuxlification  which  food  assumes 
after  it  has  undergone  the  actiim  of  the  stomach.  Cyc 
Am<mg  tA£  oUer  auViors,  juice  ;  chyle,  or  the  finest 
part  of  the  chyle  contained  in  tite  larteals  and  tho- 
racic duct ;  any  humor  incrassated  by  concoction, 
whether  fit  or  unfit  fur  prese^^ing  and  nourishing 
the  biMly.  Enryc.     Coze.     Baiiry. 

CHYM'ie.  CHYM'IST,  CHYM'I'S-TRY.    See  Chem- 
ical- Chemist,  Chkmistbt. 
eilYAI-I-FieA'TION,  n.    The  process  of  becoming 

or  of  forming  chvme. 
CMY.M'I-FT  £D,  pp.     Formed  into  chyme.        Oood. 
CHYM'I-F?,  V.  L    To  fonn  into  chvme. 
€H?M'OU8,  a.     Pertaining  to  chvme. 
CI-BA'RI-OUS,  a.     [L.  cibarius,  from  ciAkj,  food.] 

Pertaining  to  fooQ  ;  useful  forf<KHi ;  edible.  Johnson. 
CIB'OL,  n.     [Ft.  ciboule;  L.  cepttUu] 

A  sort  of  small  onion. 
CI-BO'RI-UM,  n.     [L.]     In  arekUecture,  nn  insulated 
building,  composed   of  an    arched  vault    on    four 
columns.  S 

2.  The  coffer  or  case  containing  the  host  in  Uoman 
Catholic  ceremonies. 

3.  The  tomb  of  a  martyr,  when  sculptured  and 
used  as  an  altar. 

4.  Any  insulated  tabernacle. 

5.  A  large  drinking  cup. 

6.  The  Egj'ptian  bean. 

CI-€A'DA,  n.  [I^  See  Cigar,]  A  term  applied  to  a 
group  of  insects  of  many  species,  living  on  trees  and 
shrubs,  and  celebrated  for  tlielr  powers  of  song,  or 
shrill  chirp,  embracing  the  tree-hoppers,  frog  hopper, 
&.C.     In  America,  they  are  generally  called  lucuntJ. 

CI€'A-TRie-LE,  (sik'a-trik-l,)  n,  [L.  cicatncula,  from 
cicatrix.] 

The  germinating  or  fetal  point  in  the  embryo  of  a 
peed  or  the  yelk  of  an  egg  ;  as,  ganninating  cicatricU. 

Barton. 

CIC'A-TRT-SIVE,  a.  Tending  to  promote  tlie  forma- 
tion of  a  cicatrix. 

cle^  \-TRlCE,  i  "•     [^  dcatriz ;  Fr.  cicatrice.] 

A  scar  ;  a  litile  seam  or  elevation  of  flesh  remain- 
ing after  a  wound  or  ulcer  is  healed.  Enofc. 

CI€'A-TRT  Z AXT,  ».  [from  cicntrize.]  A  medirine 
or  application  that  promotes  the  formation  of  a.  cica- 
trix, such  as  Armenian  bole,  powder  of  tutiy,  &c. 
It  is  called,  also,  an  cscharoticj  epuliitic,  incariiatite, 
a<r^tutinant,  &.C.  Encyc. 

CIC-A-TRI-ZA'TION,  n.  The  process  of  healing  or 
forming  a  cicatrix  ;  or  the  state  of  being  healed, 
cicatrized,  or  skinned  over. 

CIC'A-TRIZE,  r.  t.  To  heal  or  induce  the  formation 
of  a  cicatrix,  in  wounded  or  ulceraled  flesh  ;  or  lo 


apply  medicines  for  that  pur|»ose. 
CrC'A-TRIZE,  r.  i.    To  heal  or  be  healed ;  lo  skin 

over;  as,  wounded  flesh  cicatrizes. 
Cie'.A-TRlZ-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Healed,  as  wounded  flesh  ; 

having  a  cicatrix  formed. 
CIC'A-TRIZ-ING,   ppr.     Healing  ;    skinning  over  ; 

forming  a  cicatrix. 


CIM 

CIO'E-LY,  n.     A  plant,  a  simries  of  Chwroiihyllnm. 
The  sweet  cicely  of  Europt?  is  Myrrlii;*  odoriia  ;  the 
sweet  cicely  of  Ne^  England  is  Qiniorrhiza  longis- 
tylis. 
C/C-K-flO'A'K,  (chS-cherJ'ne  «rsis-e-r5'ne,)n.    L'^'^'" 
Cicero.]     A  guide  ;  one  who  shows  strangers  the  cu- 
riosities of  a  place.  JitldlaorL 
CIC-E-RO'Nl-AN,  a.     [from   Cicero,  the  Roman  ora- 
tor.]    Resembling  Cicero,  either  in  style  or  action ; 
in  style,  diffuse  and  flowing;  in  manner,  vehement. 
ClC-E-KO'NI-A\-lSM,  n.     Imitation  or  resemblance 

of  the  style  or  action  of  Cicero. 
CICII-O  R'a'CEOUS,  a.     [from  L.  cicJiorium,  succory, 
or  wihl  endive.]  * 

flavins  the  qualities  of  succory.  Flovrr. 

CI-CIS'BE-ISM,»i.    The  state  or  conduct  of  a  cicisbeo. 
CIC'IS-BE'O,    (che-chis-bd'o  or  se-sis'be-o,)  n.     [U.l 
A  daneler  about  females;   the  professed  gallant  of 
a  married  woman.  SmnUett. 

CIC'tl-RATE,  r.  U     [L.  cicur,  tame  ;  cicuro,  to  tame.] 
To  tame  ;  to  reclaim  from  wildness.     [Little  vjird.] 
CIC-U-RA' TION,  n.    The  act  of  taming  wild  animals. 

[Littie  used.] 
Cf-CO'TA,  «.     [Ij.  eicuta  ;  W.  eeffid  :  Fr.  et^e ;  Arm. 
chas-ud.    The  VVeish  is  fn>m  ctv,  a  chokinc] 

The  Cow-bane,  a  genus  of  plant*)  containing  three 
species,  one  European  and  two  American.  'J'he 
European  sjiecies  is  called,  popularly,  wtUcr-hrrnhck. 
The  name  eicuta  is  sometimes  applied  to  Conium 
maculatum,  or  oflicinal  hemlock.  It  was  likewise 
one  of  the  ancient  names  of  a  poison,  now  unknown, 
which  was  used  in  the  execution  of  criminals. 
CID,  n.     [Ar.  srid,  lord.]    The  name  of  an  epic  poem 

of  the  Spaniards.  Brande. 

CI'DER,  n.  [Fr.  eidre  or  ndre;  It.  sidro ;  Sp.  sidra; 
Arm.  ci-itr;  Port,  cidra,  a  citron,  and  cider.  This 
can  not  be  the  Gr.  aixfpu,  unless  the  radical  tetter  has 
been  changed.] 

The  juice  oi  apples  expressed,  a  liquor  used  for 
drink.  The  word  was  formerly  used  to  signify  the 
juice  of  other  fruits,  and  other  kinds  of  strong  liquor; 
but  it  Is  now  appropriated  to  the  juice  of  apples,  be- 
fore and  after  fermentation. 
CT'DER-I.'^'r,  n.     A  maker  of  cider.  Mortimer. 

CI'DER  KIN,  7U  The  liquor  made  of  the  gross  matter 
of  apples,  after  the  cider  is  pressed  out,  and  a  qtian- 
tity  of  boiled  water  is  added;  the  whole  steeping 
forty-tMght  hours.  Plidlipa. 

[The   two   last   words,  I  believe,    are  little   iLsed  in 
Atnrriea,] 
Ct  DE-yAJ>rr',  (se  de-v^ng',)    [Fr.]    Formerly  ;  used 
to  designate  men  who  have  been  in  oflice  and  retired. 
CIBR'^E,  n.     [Fr.     Qn.  L.  cera.} 

A  wax  candle  used  in  religious  rites. 
CI-GXR',  w.  [Sp.  eiyoTTO,  a  small  roll  of  tobacco  for 
smoking.  In  Sp.  eiffarra  is  the  h.  cicada,  the  balm- 
cricket,  or  locust,  Port,  cifrarra ;  and  in  Sp.  civarron 
is  a  large  spt^cies  of  that  animal,  and  a  large  roll  of 
tobacco.] 

A  small  roll  of  tobacco,  so  formed  as  to  be  tubular, 
used  for  smoking.     Cigars  are  of  Spanish  origin. 
CII/ER-Y,  71.    The  drapery  or  foliage  carved  on  the 

heads  of  cohmins.  Owili. 

CIL'I-A,  71.  pi.  [I,.]     The  eyelids. 

2.  In  botany,  long  hairs  upon  the  margin  of  a  vege- 
table body.  Brandt. 

3.  In  io«?oi?T/,  very  minute  filaments,  which  project 
from  animal  membranes,  and  are  endowed  with  the 
power  of  vibratory  motion. 

CIL'IA-RY,  a.  [L.  cilia,  the  eyelashes,  or  edge  of 
the  eyelid.] 

Belonging  lo  the  eyelids ;  pertaining  to  the  alia  in 
animals  or  vegetables.  Ray. 

flTTATF         i 

ril  'i'a-Tf'd    \  °*     [^^^^  ^"  ciZmw,  as  above.] 

In  botany,  fumtslicd  or  surrounded  with  parallel 
filaments,  or  bristles  resembling  the  hairs  of  the  eye- 
lids ;  as,  a  ciliated  leaf,  &c.  Encyc.     JUartyn. 

CI-LI"CI0US,  (se-lish'us,)  a.    [from  L.  cUium,  whence  J 
eilidum,  hair  cloth  ]  ^ 

Made  or  consisting  of  hair  Brovm. 

CIL'I-O-GRaDE,  n.     [L.  cilium  and  irradior.] 

An  animal  that  swims  by  means  of  cilia.  The 
word  may  be  used  adjectiveiy. 

Ci'MA.     See  Ctma. 

CIM'BAL,  n.     [It.  dambeUa.]     A  kind  of  cake. 

CI-MXR'    See  Chimebe  and  Simar. 

CIM'BRie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  (^imbri,  the  Inhab- 
itants of  the  modern  Jutland,  in  Denmark,  which 
was  ancMenlly  called  the  Cimbric  Chersonrse.  Hence 
the  modern  names,  Cymru,  Wales,  Cambria  ;  C^ro, 
a  Welshman  ;  Cirmreiir,  Welsh,  or  the  Welsh  lan- 
guage ;  names  indicating  the  Welsh  lo  be  a  colony 
of  the  Cirabri,  or  from  the  same  slock. 

CIMMIRie,  n.     The  language  of  the  Cimbri. 

CI-Mi2'LI-XRCH,  n.  [Gr.  KztpnXioi,  precious  furni- 
ture, and  ",o\of,  a  chief.] 

A  superintendent  or  keeper  of  valuable  things  t)e- 
longing  to  a  church. 

CIM'E-TER,  n.  [Fr.  cimiterre }  Sp.  and  Port  eimitarra  ; 
lU  ncimitarra.] 

A  short  sword,  with  a  convex  edge  or  recnrvaled 
point,  used  by  the  Persians  and  Turks.  fT^"s  word 
IS  variously  written  ;  but  it  is  a  word  of  for  ^n  ori- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRgY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.— 


804 


CIN 

gin,  and  it  is  not  material  which  orthog^phy  is  used, 
prov  <I  (i  it  id  uiiif  aiii.l 

CT'MISS,  «.     [L.  etmex.]     The  bed-bug. 

CIM-.MF:'III-A.\,  a.  Pertaining  to  Ciinmerium^  a  town 
at  IhB  mouth  of  the  Pahis  Mseutis.  'J*he  ancients  pre- 
tended thai  this  country  was  involved  in  darkness  ; 
wh**nce  the  phrase  Cimmerian  darkness,  to  denote  a 
deep  or  continual  obscurity.  'J'he  country  is  now 
caHi;d   Crimea,  or  Krisii'Tartary. 

CIM'O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  KiyioXui  :  h.  cimoUa,  so  called  by 
Ptiny  ;  said  to  be  from  Citaolas,  an  isle  in  the  Cretan 
Sea,  now  Argentiera.] 

A  species  of  clay  used  by  the  ancients  as  a  remedy 
for  er>*sipelas  and  other  intlanimnlions.  It  is  white, 
of  a  loa*e,  soft  texture,  nmlders  into  a  fine  powdt-r, 
and  effervesces  with  acids.  It  Is  useful  in  taking 
spots  from  cloth.  Another  species,  of  a  purple  col- 
or, is  the  steatite  or  suap-rock.  From  another  spe- 
cies, found  in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  tobacco-pipes  are 
made.  Pliny,  lib.  35,  17.     Encyc. 

CIXeHO'XA,  n,     [So  named  from  the  Countess  del 

CiMcA(/H.j 

The  Peruvian  bark  tree,  quinquina,  of  which  there 

are  nnmenm.i  species. 

CI\-eil5'NI-NA,  1  n.     An  alkaloid  obtained  from  the 

CIN'CHO-NI.NE,  >      bark  of  several  species  of  Cin- 

CI\-GlIo'XI-A,     7     ch(ina,and  one  of  tlie  medicinal 

active  principles  of  this  bark. 
CINGT'i'RE,  (sinkl'yur,)  n.    [L.  cinetura,  from  cingo^ 
to  surround,  to  gird  ;  It.  cintura  ;  Ft.  ceinturr.] 

I.  A  belt,  a  girdle,  or  something  worn  round  the 
body.  Pope. 

3.  That  which  encompasses  or  incli>se3.    Bacon. 
3.  In  architrctitre,  a  ring  or  list  at  the  top  and  bot- 
tom of  a  column,  separating  the  shaft,  at  one  end, 
frori  the  batse ;  at  the  ottier,  from  the  capitil.     It  is 
supposed  to  lie  in  imitation  of  the  girths  or  ferrules 
anciently  used  to  strengthen  columns.      Chambers. 
CI.\eTM^'R-£D,  a.     Having  a  cincture  or  girdle. 
CIN'DER,  n.     Chiefly  used  in  thep/..  Cinders.      [Fr. 
cendre ;  It.  erncre  ;  Sp.  cfniza  ;  L.  cini.i,  ashes.     In  VV. 
siiulu)  Is  the  cinilers  or  scoria  of  a  forge  ;  Sax.  sindcr^ 
the  scoria  uf  metals ;  D.  xindel ;  Sw.  simtcr.    Qm.  Gr. 
«'»'£(,  Kovia,  dust,  ashes.] 

1.  Small  coals,  or  partides  of  fire  mixed  with  ash- 
es :  embers. 

('P^ii  "  (Ae  usunl  aen-ne  of  the  word  in  .^mericji.'] 
a.  Small  particles  of  matter,  remaining  after  com- 
bustion, in  which  fire  is  extinct ;  as,  the  cinders  of  a 
forge. 

(/  believe  this  word  is  never  used  as  synonymous  vith 
leu.] 
CI.V'DER-WEXCH,    )  n.     A  woman  whose  business 
CIN'DER-WO.M'AX,  \      is  to  rake  into  heaps  of  ashes 

for  cuidt/rs.     [JVvt  known  in  .^nierica.]  Johnson. 

CI.N*'DElt.-Y,  a.    Resembling  cinders,  or  composed  of 

llif-m. 
CIN-tFA€'TION,  n.     Reduction  to  ashes. 
CIXE  Ra'CEOUS,  (  a.     [L.  cinereus,  from  einUi,  ash- 
CI.N  r.  RE-OUS,        i      ea.] 

Like  ashes  ;  taaring  the  color  of  the  ashes  of  wood. 
CI\"E  RA-KY,  a.     Pertaining  to  .i«hes.  [Martyn. 

CI^*-I■^RA'TIO\,  n.     ffrorn  L.  nnit,  ashes.] 

The  reducing  of  any  thing  to  ashes  by  rombiistion. 
CI.\'-E-RI"'I'lOUS,  a.  [I«  cinrricius,  from  cinis,  aslies,] 
Having  the  color  or  consistence  of  ashes.     Cheme, 
CIN-EH'U-LE.NT,  a.     Full  of  ashes. 
CI.\"GA-L.F:.SE,  n.     A  native  of  Ceylon. 

a.  Pertaining  to  Ceylon. 
CI.V'GLE,  H.     [Ir.  eeangal;  L.  etn^itm,  (Vora  ango^ 
to  gird. J 
A  girth ;  bul  the  word  is  little  used.    [See  Sur- 

CINliLE.] 

CIN'.NABAR,  B.     [Gr.  Ktwa^api ;  L.  oHnabaris;  Vex- 

sian  .Iaa5  bandar.] 

Ri'il  sulphurct  of  mercur)-  or  quicksilver.  It  occurs 
native,  in  brilliant  red  crystals,  and  also  in  amorph- 
ous m.X4ses  uf  different  shades  of  red  and  brown. 
it  is  very  heavy,  and  gives  out  fumes  of  quicksilver 
when  heated.  In  the  atts,  it  in  railed  vermition,  and 
is  us»'d  as  a  paint,  Th<5  eom(»nund  made  artificially, 
by  a  union  of  mercur)'  with  sulphur,  is  the  vermilion 
of  commerce. 

flrpntic  cinnabar,  is  tn  impure  cinnabar  of  a  liver- 
brown  color,  and  sub-metallic  luster.  Dana. 

CI.N'iN'A-Il AR-I.N'E,  a.  Pertaining  to  cinnaltar;  con- 
sisting of  cinnabar,  or  containing  it ;  as,  cinnabarine 
sand.  Joum.  of  Science. 

CI\'NA-MON,  n.  [Gr.  Kiuytn'>i\  ttr  kiv.  a/j'-'fiou  ;  h. 
ciunaindHHum.  (lu.  It.  cannrUa;  Sp.  eancla;  D.  ka- 
Hff^t:   Fr.  cannrlU.      M   is  the   Hrb.   pOSp.] 

The  bark  of  two  sp«'cies  of  Lauriis.  The  tnie  cin- 
namon is  the  inner  bark  of  the  Launis  Cinnamomum, 
a  native  of  Ceylon.  The  base  cinnamon  is  from  the 
I^unis  C'nssia.  I'he  tnie  cinnamon  is  a  most  gmtrful 
aromatic,  of  a  fragrant  smell,  moderately  pungent 
taxtc,  accjtufKinied  with  some  degree  of  sweetness 
and  8'rtringency.  It  Is  one  of  the  best  cordial,  car- 
minsOve,  and  restorative  spices.  The  essential  oil 
!•  of  great  price.  F.neyc.     Hooper. 

Cwutnum-iDoter  I>  made  hy  distilling  the  bark,  first 


CIR 

infused  in  barley-water,  in  spirit  of  wine,  brandy,  or 
white  wine. 

Clove^innamon  is  the  bark  of  a  tree  growing  in 
Bra/.il,  which  is  often  substituted  for  real  cloves. 

IVkite-cinnanion,  or  Cuiu-lla  alba,  is  the  bark  of  a 
tree  growing  in  the  West  Indies,  of  a  sharp,  biting 
taste,  like  pt'pper. 

CIN'NA-MO\-SToNE,  n.  A  rare  mineral,  from  Cey- 
lon, of  a  hyacinth-red  color,  yellowish-brown,  or 
honey-yellow  ;  sometimes  used  in  jewelry.  It  was 
called  bv  Haiiy  Kssonite,  Cleaveland, 

CI.VaUE,"  (sink,)  n.  [Fr.,  five.]  A  five ;  a  word  used 
in  games. 

CL\aUE'-FOIL,  n.  [Fr.  cinque,  five,  and  J«fci«e,  a 
leaf,  L.  fiUunu] 

A  creeping  plant,  often  cdl\cii  five-finger ed  grass ; 
a  si>ecies  of  Poteiitilla. 

2.  In  Gothic  architecture,  an  ornamental  foliation, 
having  five  points  or  cusps,  used  in  windows,  pan- 
els, ate. 

CINUUE'-PACE,  n.    [Fr.  cinque,  five,  and  pas,  pace.] 
A  kind  of  grave  dance.  Sltak. 

CINaUE'-PORTS,  n.  pi.  [Fr.  ciwjue,  five,  and  poris.^ 
Five  havens  on  the  eastern  shore  of  England,  to- 
ward France,  viz.,  Hastings,  Romney,  Hythe,  Dover, 
and  Sandwich.  To  these  ptirts  Winchelsea  and  Rye 
have  been  added.  These  were  anciently  deemed  of 
so  much  importance,  in  the  defense  of  the  kingdom 
against  an  invasion  from  France,  that  they  nxeived 
royal  grants  of  particular  privileges,  on  condition  of 
providing  a  certain  number  of  ships,  in  war,  at  their 
own  expense.  Over  these  is  appointed  a  warden, 
and  each  had,  befvire  the  Ref\irni  Act,  a  right  to  send 
two  members  to  parliament,  called  barons  of  the  cinque 
porta.  Cotcel.     BUwJistone,     Encyc* 

CINdUE'-^SPOT-TED,  a.     Having  five  spots.  Shak. 

CIX'TER,  n.  [Fr.]  In  architecture,  tUe  timber  fram- 
ing erected  in  apertures  between  piers  to  support 
voussoirs,  or  materials  of  an  arch  when  in  building, 
till  they  are  keyed.  EJmes. 

CI'ON,  M.  [Fr.  cion  or  scion.  Different  modes  of  spell- 
ing the  same  word  are  very  inconvenient ;  and  what- 
ever may  have  been  the  original  orthography  of  this 
word,  cion,  the  must  bimple,  is  welt  established,  and 
is  here  adopted.] 

A  young  shmit,  twig,  or  sprout  of  a  tree,  or  plant, 
or  rather  the  cutting  of  a  twig,  intended  for  ingraft- 
ing on  another  stock  ;  also,  the  shoot  or  slip  inserted 
in  a  slock  for  propagation. 

CITHER,  n.  [Fr.  ehlffre;  Arm.  chtjfr  or  eiifn  It.  cifera 
or  cifra ;  Sp.  and  Port,  cifra ;  D.  cyffcr ;  G.  ziffcr ;  Dan. 

C'ffer;  Sw.  liffra;   Russ.  tsiphir;   Ar.  jJLa^  siforon, 
empty,  and  a  cipher.] 

1.  In  arithmetic,  an  Arabian  or  Oriental  character, 
(of  this  form,  0,)  which,  standing  by  itself,  expresses 
nothing,  but  increases  or  diminishes  the  value  of 
other  figures,  according  to  its  [xisition.  In  whole 
numbers,  when  placed  at  the  right  hand  of  a  fig- 
ure, it  increases  its  value  tenfold  ;  but  in  decimal 
fractions,  placed  at  the  left  hand  of  a  figure,  it  di- 
minishes the  value  of  thalUguro  tenfold. 

2.  A  character  in  general.  Ralegh. 

3.  An  iutt'rtexture  of  letters,  as  the  initials  of  a 
name.cngnived  on  a  seal,  box,  plate,  coach,  or  tomb  ; 
a  device  ;  an  enigmatical  character.  Anciently,  mer- 
chants and  tradesmen,  not  being  iK»nnilted  to  bear 
family  arms,  )>ore,  in  lieu  uf  them,  their  ciphers,  or 
initials  of  their  names,  artfully  interwoven  al>out  a 
crtws.  Encye. 

4.  A  secret  or  disguised  manner  of  writing;  certain 
characters  arbitrarily  invented  and  agreed  on  by  two 
or  ni.»re  persons,  to'  stand  for  letters  or  words,  and 
understood  only  by  the  persons  who  invent  or  agree 
to  use  tlirm.  I'hts  is  a  mode  of  communicating  in- 
formation by  lettf-rs,  in  time  of  war,  with  a  view  to 
conceal  facts  frtjm  an  enemy,  in  case  the  letters 
should  be  intercepted.  This  art  has  given  rise  to 
another  art,  that  of  tleeiphcring ;  and  hence  cipher  is 
used  for  a  key  to  uiinivel  the  characters.  To  have, 
or  to  Irarn  a  cipher,  is  to  be  able  to  interpret  IL 

CITHER,  r.  i.     In  popular  language,  to  use  figures,  or 

to  practice  arithmetic. 
CITHER,  r.  L    To  write  in  occult  characters, 

Hayitard. 
9.  To  designate  ;  to  charactcrlKC.  Shak. 

CITIIER-IXG,  ppr.   Using  figures,  or  practicing  arith- 
2.  Writing  ill  occult  chanicters.  [metic. 

CITHER  ING,  n.    The  act  or  art  of  compiitmg  by 

nunibcrs, 
CITHER-KEY,  Csi'fcr-kE,)  n.    A  key  for  deciphering 

writings. 
CIP'O-M.V,  n.     [Clu.  It.  eipoUa,  an  onion,  apollina, 
a  shalot.] 

A  green  marble,  from  Rome,  containing  while 
zones.  It  conststs  chiefly  of  carbonate  of  lime, 
with  quartz,  shistus,  and  a  small  portion  of  iron. 

J\richolson. 
CIPTUS,  n.     [L.]     A  small  pillar  or  column,  usually 
having  an  inscription,  used  by  the  anciimls  for  vari- 
ous purposes,  often  as  a  funeral  monument. 
CTR€.    SceCiRcua. 


CIR 

CIR'CXRj  7u  A  name,  in  India,  for  Jwfn'c/ or  prov- 
ince. Itenncll. 

CIR-€AS'SJAN,  a.     Pertaining  to  Circassia  in  Asia. 
2.  A  term  applied  to  a  kind  of  woolen  cloth. 

CIR-Ce'AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Circe,  the  fabled  daugh- 
ter of  Sol  and  Perseis,  who  was  supposed  to  possess 
great  knowledge  of  magic  and  venomous  herbs,  by 
which  she  was  able  to  charm  and  fascinate,  and  then 
change  into  swine.  Bryant. 

CtR-CEN'SlAN,  a.  [L.  eircences,  games  of  the  circus.] 
Pertaining  to  the  Circus,  in  Rome,  where  were 
practiced  games  of  various  kinds,  as  running,  wrest- 
ling, combats,  &;c.  The  Circen.sian  games  accom- 
panied most  of  the  feasts  of  the  Romans  ;  but  the 
grand  games  were  held  five  days,  j^ommencing  on 
the  15th  of  September.  Lempricre.     Encijc. 

CIR'CI-i\AL,      ia.     [L.  circin»w,  a  c<impass  j  cirdno, 

CIR'CI-NATE,  \      to  go  round.     See  Circce.] 

Rolled  in  spirally  downward,  thelip  occupying  the 
center ;  a  term  in  foliation  or  leafing,  as  in  ferns. 

Martyn. 

CIR'CI-XaTE,  c.  t,     [L.  circino,  to  go  round,] 
To  make  a  circle  ;  to  compass. 

CIR-Cl-NA'TION,  n.  An  orbicular  motion.  [JVof 
used,]  Bailey. 

CIR'CLE,  (sur'kl,)  n.  [Fr.  cercle;  It.  circolo  :  L.  cir- 
eulus,  from  circus  ;  Gr.  K(pKOi  ;  Sp.  ccrco ;  It.  cerchio  ; 
from  the  Celtic,  W.  cyrcj  from  cwr,  a  circle,  t^imit; 

Ar.  jl  >---<  karoy  to  go  round.    Class  Gr,  No.  33, 34,] 

1.  Jn^geometry,  a  plane  figure,  comprehended  by  a 
single  curve  line,  ciUled  its  drcuntferrnce,  every  jiart 
of  which  is  equally  distant  from  a  [xdnt  called  the 
center.  Of  course  all  lines  drawn  from  the  center  to 
the  circumference,  or  periphery,  are  equal  to  each 
other. 

2.  In  popular  use,  the  line  that  comprehends  the 
figure,  the  plane  or  surface  comprehended,  and  the 
whole  liody  or  solid  matter  of  a  nmnd  substance,  are 
denominated  a  circle ;  a  ring ;  an  orb  ;  the  earth. 

He  that  vitteth  on  the  circle  of  ttie  eonh.  —  Is.  xl. 

3.  Compass  ;  circuit;  as,  the  eircU  of  the  forest. 

Shak. 

4.  An  assembly  surrounding  the  principal  person. 
Hence,  any  comi>any,  or  assembly  ;  as,  a  circle  of 
friends,  or  of  beauties.  Hence  the  word  came  to 
signify  indefinitely  a  number  of  persons  of  a  (mrtic- 
ular  character,  whether  associated  or  not ;  as,  a  po- 
litical circle;  the  circle  of  one's  acipiaiulance  ;  hav- 
ing, however,  reference  to  a  primary  association. 

5.  A  scries  ending  where  it  begins,  and  perpetually 
repeated  ;  a  going  round. 


Thiu  in  a  circlt  ntiis  tlie  pctunnt's  pnin. 


Dryiler 


6.  Circumlocution  ;  indirect  form  of  words. 

Fletcher. 

7.  In  logic,  an  inconclusive  form  ef  argument, 
when  the  same  terms  are  proved  in  arbcm  by  the 
same  terms,  and  the  parts  of  the  syllogism  alternately 
by  each  other,  directly  and  indirectly  ;  or  when  the 
foregoing  proposition  is  proved  by  the  following,  and 
the  following  is  inferred  from  the  foregoing  ;  as, 
*'  that  heavy  bodies  descend  by  gravity,  and  that 
gravity  is  a  quality  by  which  a  heavy  b(Mly  de; 
scends,"  Encye.     OlanviUe.      IVfttts. 

8.  Circles  (\f  the  sphere,  are  either  great  circle.^,  which 
divide  the  s|>here  into  equal  parts,  as  the  equator, 
iLC,  or  small  circles,  which  divide  it  into  unequal 
parts,  as  the  polar  circles. 

9.  Circles  of  nltitnde,  or  almuranttrs,  are  circles  par- 
allel Urthe  lu>ri/.on,  having  their  common  pole  in  the 
zenith,  and  diminishing  as  they  approach  the  zenith. 

10.  Circles  of  latitude.  In  astronomy,  are  great  circles 
perjMjndicular  to  the  plane  of  the  ecliptic,  passing 
through  its  poles  and  through  every  star  and  planet. 

11.  Circles  of  longitude,  m  astronomy,  are  lesser  cir- 
cles parallel  to  the  eclijitic,  diminisljing  as  they  re 
cede  from  it. 

12.  Circle  of  perpetual  apparition,  at  any  given 
place,  is  the  boiiniiary  of  tlial  space  around  the  ele- 
vatiid  pole,  within  which  the  stars  never  set.  Its 
distance  from  the  pole  is  equal  to  the  latitude  of  the 
place.  D.  Oltnsted. 

13.  Circle  of  perpetual  occidtatian ,  at  any  given 
place,  is  the  boundary  of  that  space  around  the  de- 
pressed pole,  within  which  the  stars  never  rise. 

D   Olmsted. 

M.  Diurnal  circles,  are  immovable  circles  supposed 
to  be  described  by  the  several  stars  and  other  jioints 
in  the  heavens,  m  their  diurnal  rotation  round  the 
earth,  or  rather  in  the  lotation  of  the  earth  round  its 
axis. 

15.  Horary  circles,  in  dialing,  arc  the  lines  which 
show  the  hours  (m  dials. 

Id.  Circles  of  the  empire;  the  provinces  or  princi- 
palities of  the  former  German  empire,  which  had  a 
right  to  be  present  at  the  diets.  Maximilian  I.  divi- 
ded the  empire  into  six  circles  at  first,  and  aflr'rwarda 
into  ten  ;  Austria,  Burgundy,  Lower  Rhine,  Bavaria, 
Upper  Saxony,  Franconia,  Swabia,  Up[)er  Rhine, 
Westphalia,  and  Ix>wer  Saxony, 

17.  Dniidie.al   circles.   In    British    topography,    are 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0U3 €  as  K ;  0  as  J  j  «  as  Z ;  CTI  as  fill ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


305 


CIR 

Certain  nncieiu  inchisuroa  fomit-d  by  rutle  stones  cir- 
cularly nrniigcil ;  as  Stoiu'lungo,  neur  Salisbury. 

Encjfc. 
CIR'CIiE,  (sur'kl,)  p.  t    To  move  round;  to  revolve 
round. 

And  o(Vr  pUiicta  etrcls  othnr  WM.  Popt. 

3.  To  encircle ;  to  encompaas ;  to  surround ;  to 
Inclose.  Prior.     Pope, 

3.  TV  circle  in;  to  confine  ;  to  keep  together. 

Digby. 
CTR'CLE,  c.  i.    To  move  circularly  ;  zs^  the  bowl  ur- 
eter ;  llie  circling  years. 
CXK'€hF.Vi,pp.  Siinoitndt'd;  encompassed;  inclosed. 
ClR'CLfrn,  a.     Having  die  form  of  a  circle  j  roui.d  ; 

A^y  itie  mounts  circlrti  orb.  ShaJL 

C1R'€LER,  K.    A  mean  poet,  or  eaxMlar  poeu 

CTR'ei.ET,  «.    A  little  circle  ;  a  circle  ;  an  orb  Pop*, 
CIR'CLI.VG,  ppr.oT  a.    Encompassing  ;  going  round  ; 

iitcr>:*ing J  rn  lire  ehriing  year* ;  the  cirding  conup}'. 
(:iR'etM.'RLB,    (xnr'ko-?:Ie,)    «,     [Gr.  Kiftooi,   and 

K«rA-..]     A  viirix  or  dilatation  of  the  spermatic  vein  j 

n  variocele  ;  hernia  varicosa.     [See  Ci«socelc.J 
CIR'€C'n\  Csur'ktt.)  lu     [Ft.  eircmit;  U  eircuitms,'  of 

area,  eircHm,  and  A),  to  go.] 

1.  I'tie  act  of  moving  or  pairing  round ;  as,  the 

periodical  circuit  uf  the  earth  round  the  fun,  or  of 

the  moon  round  the  earth.  H^atts. 

3,  The  space  inclust  J  in  a  circle,  or  within  certain 

limits.  Miltan. 

3.  Any  space  or  extent  measured  by  tmveltng 
round.  Addison, 

4.  That  which  encircles  ;  a  ring  ;  a  dindem.    SA*ut. 

fi.  In  Ei^tmHy  the  journey  of  judges  thmiigh  sev- 
eral counties  ur  boroughs,  for  the  purpose  of  holding 
courts.  In  du  United  Staif~i,tUii  journey  of  judges 
thnmgh  certain  ststas  or  counties  for  the  same  {lur- 
poae. 

6.  The  counties  or  states  tn  tvhich  the  same  Jiid^ 
or  judges  hold  courts  and  administer  justice.  It  is 
common  to  designate  a  certain  number  of  ccxinties 
to  form  a  circuK,  and  to  assign  one  or  mure  judge:*  to 
each  circuit.  The  courts  io  the  circuiUi  are  called 
circuit  courts.  In  the  government  of  the  United 
States,  a  certain  number  of  stales  form  a  circuit. 

7.  A  long  deductiim  of  reanKm.  Danns, 
6.  In  U»,  a  longer  coiir^  of  proceedinga  than  H 

necessary  to  recover  the  thing  sued  fur. 

CvtctL     Emcmc    JoJtMSon, 
Bailey  gives  this  as  the  definition  of  Ciecuitt. 
CTR'eiTIT,  r.  i.    To  move  in  a  circle ;  to  go  round. 

PhtUpt. 
CTR'eiTIT,  V.  L  To  move  or  go  round.  H'arUm. 
CIR-eriT-EER',  ».  One  that  traveb  a  cirouiL  Pope 
CIR-CL*-l"TIO.\,  (sur-ku-iah'un,)  m.  [U  circuttio.] 
The  act  of  going  round  i  compass }  circumlocu- 
tion. lUuU  utmL]  Heokm', 
CIKCCa-TOUS,  a.    Going  rwind  In  a  circuit;  noC 

direct  \  as,  a  daxmimu  rtMu!  or  course. 
CIR-CP'I-TOUS-LY,  odr.    In  a  circuit. 
CtR-COU-TY,  a.    A  going  round ;  a  course  not  di- 
rect. Mak. 
tlRCU-LAR,  a.     [L.  dreularis.    See  Circlb.] 

1.  In  the  form  of  a  circle  ;  round  ;  circumscribed 
bv  a  circle  :  as,  the  sun  appe-art  to  be  ctrcalar. 

2.  Successive  in  wder ;  always  returning. 

Roscommon, 
X  Vulgar  j  mean  ;  circuniforaneous ;  a^,  a  circular 

^orL  Drnniji, 

A.  Ending  in  itself;  used  of  a  paralogism,  wltere 

the  second  proposition  at  once  proves  the  first,  and  is 

^oved  by  iL  Johnson,     Baker. 

b-  Addressed  to  a  circle,  or  to  a  ntmiber  of  persons 

having  a  comnmn  interest ;  as,  a  urcmlar  letter. 

6.  CircM/ar /ous,  are  straight  hoes  pertaming  to  the 
cir^e,  as  sines,  tangents,  secants,  &.c. 

7.  Circmiar  wuaher*^  are  those  whose  powers  ter- 
minate in  the  same  digits  as  the  roots  themselves; 
as  5  and  6,  %vhose  squares  are  25  and  36. 

Btuley.     Barlow, 

5.  Ciremlar  soi/iNv-,  b  the  method  of  sailing  by  the 
arch  cf  a  great  circle.  Encyc. 

CIR'CL'-LAR,  R.     A  circular  letter,  or  paper. 
CIR-CL'-LAR'I-TY,  «.    The  state  of  being  circular. 
CIR'CL"-LAR-LV,  civ.     In  a  circular  manner  ;  in  the 


form  of  a  circle  ;  in  the  form  of  going  and  reluming, 

;iR'ei;-i  — ?_         .     . 

circulo.'\ 


CIR'eU-LATE,  (sur'ku-late,)  p.  i. 


ngan 
[Fr. 


circular;  L. 


1.  To  move  in  a  circle  ;  to  move  or  pass  round  ;  to 
move  round  and  return  to  the  same  point;  as,  the 
bliXid  circulates  in  the  body. 

2.  To  pass  from  place  to  place,  from  person  to  per- 
son, or  from  hand  to  band  ;  to  be  dilTused  ;  as,  mon- 
ey tireulaus  in  the  country  ;  a  story  circulates  in 
town. 

3.  To  move  round  ;  to  run ;  to  flow  in  veins  or 
channels,  or  in  an  inclosed  place  ;  as,  the  sap  of 
plants  cavulates  ;  water  circulates  in  the  earth,  or  air 
m  a  city  or  house. 

CIR'CU-LaTE,  r.  L  Ttt  cause  to  pass  from  place  to 
place,  or  from  person  to  person;  to  put  about;  to 
f  pread  ;  as,  to  circulate  a  report ;  to  circulate  bills  of 
credlL 

CIR'CU-La-TED,  pp.    Caused  to  pass  round. 


CIR 

CIR'eU-LA-TINO,    ppr.   or  a.       Moving  or  passing 

n»ind  i  iKissing  mun  one  to  anuiher. 
ClR'eU-LA-TINU  UEC'I  MAI.,   n.     In  arithmt-tUy  a 

term  applied  to  decimals  in  which  two  or  more  figures 

are  con--<tantly  repealed  in  the  same  order.   Braiide. 
CIR'CU-LA-TIN'G  M£'DI-UM,  n.    The  currency  or 

monev  of  n  rountr>'. 
CIR-€U-L.VTiON,  n.     The  act  of  moving  round,  or 

in  a  circle,  or  in  a  course  which  brings,  or  tends  to 

bring,  the  moving  body  to  the  point  where  its  nu>tion 

began ;  as,  the  circulation  of  the  blood  in  tlie  body. 
S.  A  seiles  in  nliich  the  same  order  is  preserved, 

and  things  return  to  the  sntne  state. 
3.|rheact  of  going  and  returning;  or  of  passing 

fh)mplac«  to  place,  or  from  peri>un  to  person ;  as, 

tlie  circHltttion  of  money. 

4.  Currency ;  circulating  coin,  or  notes,  or  bills, 
current  for  coin. 

5.  In  cAemiitry^  circulation  !s  an  operation  by 
which  the  same  vai>or,  raisttd  by  fire,  fulls  back  to  be 
returned  and  distilled  several  times. 

CIR-CU-LA-TORI-OUS,  a.  Traveling  in  a  circuit, 
or  from  house  to  house.     [Little  used-l         Barrow. 

CIR't:U-LA-TO-RV,  a.     Circular;   as,  a  circulatory 
2.  Circulating.  [letter. 

CIR'CC-LA-TO-RY,  a.  A  chemical  vessel,  in  which 
that  which  rises  from  the  vessel  on  the  fire  is  col- 
lected and  cooled  in  another  fixed  upon  it,  and  fulls 
down  again.  JufuL-ion. 

CIR-eirM-Ati'l-T.^TE,  r.  t    To  agitate  on  all  sides. 

CIR-GU.M-AM'BI-EN-CY,  n,  [L.  circum,  around, and 
atnlfiuyto  go  about.    See  Ambient.] 

The  act  of  surrounding  or  encompassing.     Brown. 

CIRCCM-A.M'III-ENT,  a.  Surrounding  ;  encompass- 
ing ;  inclosing  ur  being  on  all  sides  ;  used  piirticu- 
larly  of  the  air  about  the  earth. 

CIR-CUM-AM'BU-LATE,  v.  i.     [L.  circumambulot  to 
walk  round  ;  cireum  and  tuabuU/.] 
To  walk  round  about. 

CIR-CUM-AM-UU-LA'TiON,  h.  The  act  of  walking 
round. 

CIR-€UM-CELL'IOV,  ».  [L.  ctmon,  about,  and 
cdla^  a  cell,  or  cellar.     Hence,  a  vagrant.1 

In  dbtrdk  kistary^ont  of  a  si^t  of  illiterate  peasants 
that  ttdberod  to  the  Douatists  in  the  fourth  century. 

Mitner. 

CIR'CUM-CTSE,  V.  L  [L.  circumctdoj  circunt,  aruuiid, 
and  eidoy  to  cut;  Fr.  cireaneire;  Sp.  circoncitiar;  lU 
dretmcidert.] 

1.  To  cut  off  the  prepuce  or  foreskin  of  males  ;  a 
ceremony  or  rite  in  the  Jewish  and  Mohammedan 
religions.  The  word  is  applied  also  to  a  practice 
anitmg  some  nations  of  pcrlbnning  the  like  opera- 
tion upon  females. 

2.  I'u  put  off  the  sins  of  the  flesh ;  to  become 
spiritual  or  holy.     Col.  ii.  11. 

CIK'CL'M-CrS-/:D,  sur'kuni-slzd,)  pp.  or  a.  Having 
the  prepuce  cut  off;  spiritually  purified. 

C1R'CU.M-CIS-ER,  n.  One  who  performs  circumcis- 
ion. MUlon. 

CIR'CUM-CIS-ING,  ppr.  Cutting  off  the  prepuce ; 
purifying  spiritually. 

ClR-eUM-ClS'ION,  (snr-kum-sizh'un,)  tl  The  act 
of  cutting  off  the  prepuce  or  foreskin. 

2.  Rejection  of  the  sjus  of  the  flesh;  spiritual 
purification,  and  acceptance  of  the  Christian  faith. 

3.  The  Jews,  as  distinguished  from  Gentiles. 

Col.  iv.  11. 
CIR-€UM-€L0'SION,  a.    The   act  of  inclosing  on 

CIR-eUM-CLTR-SA'TION,  n.     [L.  cireum,  about,  and 
curso,  to  nin.] 
The  act  of  running  about.     [JV"y(  used.]  Barrow. 
CIR-CLTM-DCer',    V.    t.      [L.    circumduco  ;     cireum, 
round,  and  duco,  to  lead.] 

To  contravene ;  to  nullify ;  a  term   of  civil  law. 

[Little  used,\  J^yliffe. 

Clk-eUM-DLfe'TION,  n.    A  leading  about.    [Little 

iwed.]  Ifoo):er. 

2.  An  annulling;  cancellation.     [Little  u^ed.] 

Ayl(ff'e. 
CIR'CUM-FER,  r.  (.     [L.  circumfero.^ 

To  bear  or  carry  round.     [J^'ot  in  use.]       Bacon. 
CIR-eL'.M'FER-E\CE,  n.  [L.  circumferentia^  from  cir- 
eum, round,  and  /«tu,  to  carr).] 

1.  The  hne  that  goes  round  or  encompasses  a  fig- 
ure ;  a  peri[iher}' ;  applied  particularly  to  the  line  that 
goes  round  a  circle,  sphere,  or  other  figure  approach- 
mg  these  in  I'orni.  JtfiUon. 

2.  The  space  included  in  a  circle.  Jifdton,    Dryden. 

3.  All  orb  ;  a  circle  ;  any  thing  circular  or  orbic- 
ular; as  in  Milion,  speaking  of  a  sliicld. 

The  hMttd  eireun\ftrenc« 
Ilun^  on  hia  Khouldcn  JiKc  the  iiioou. 

CTR-CUM'FER-ENCE,  v.  u  To  include  in  a  circular 
space.      [J^ot  %tsed.]  Brown. 

CIR-CUM-FE  REN'TIAL,  (I.  Pertaining  to  the  cir- 
cumference. Parkhurst, 

CIR-eUM  FE  REN'TOR,  n.  An  instnimcnt  used  by 
surveyors  for  taking  angles.  It  consists  of  a  brass 
index,  and  circle,  all  of  a  piece,  and  carries  a  mag- 
netic needle  suspended  above  the  center  of  the  cir- 
cle.   The  circle  is  graduated  into  3G0  degrees.    Only 


CIR 

a  rough  approximation  to  the  truth  is  obtained  hy  this 

iustrtinifiil.  Braiide. 

CIK'CUM-FLEeT,  v.U    To  place  the  circumflex  on  a 

word . 
Cnt'CUM-FLECT-ED,  pp.    Having  the  circumflex. 
CIR'CUM-FLECT-ING,  ppr.     riacing  the  circumflex 

on  a  Word. 
CIR'CUM-FLEX,  n.     [L.  circurr^rxiu;  drcum,  round, 

and  Jlfctv,  to  bend.] 

1.  A  wave  of  the  voice  embracing  both  a  rise  and 
fall  on  tlie  same  syllable.  Walker. 

2.  A  character,  or  accent,  denoting  a  rise  and  fall 
of  the  voice  on  the  same  long  syllable,  marked  in 
Greek  thus  (",)  and  in  Latin  thus  (".) 

CIR'CU.M-Fl.EX,  v.t.  To  mark  or  pronounce  with 
the  accent  called  a  circumflex.  fValkrr, 

CIR-eUM'FLU-E.N'CE,  ii.  [L.  cireumfiuens  ;  cireum^ 
round,  and  fiuo,  to  How.] 

A  flowing  round  on  all  sides;  an  inclosure  of 
waters. 

CIR-CUM'FLU-ENT,  a.  Flowing  round;  surround- 
ing as  a  fluid  ;  as,  circumjlaciit  waves.  Pope, 

CIR-CUM'FLU-OUS,  o.     [L.   circuwfiuus.    See  Cia- 

CUMFLUENCC.] 

Flowing  round  ;  cncomiKissingas  a  fluid  ;  circum- 
fluent. Mdlun.     Pope. 
CIK-CLIM-FO-RX'NE-AN,     )  a.     [L.  circumforuneufi 
ClR-CUM-FO-RA'iNE-OUS,  i      circuw,   around,    and 
/oris,  a  door,  or  abroad.] 

Going  about ;  walking  or  wandering  from  house  to 
house  ;  as,  a  circumjpranevus  fiddler  or  i)iiM'r  ;  circuittr- 
furaneuus  wits.  Adduon,  Sped.  47. 

CircujiiforaneoiLs  musicians,  male  and  female,  are 
daily  seen  at  the  doors  of  hotels  in  Fratice  ;  and 
sontetiuies  they  enter  the  room  where  a  company 
is  dining,  and  entertain  them  with  music,  exi>ecting 
a  fratM:  or  a  lew  sous  as  a  reward.  VV. 

CIR-€CM-FC'$E',  /).  (.  [L.  circainfasas ^  cireum,  and 
fundo^  fusus,  to  pour.] 

1.  To  pOur  round  ;  to  spread  round,  as  a  fluid. 

Biuon. 

2.  To  spread  round  ;  to  surround.  Jftltun. 
CIR-eU.M-FO'SILE,  a.     [h.  cireum,  anii  fasUis,  that 

may  be  melted.] 

'I'hat  may  be  {mured  or  spread  round  ;  as,  circumr- 
fasile  gold.  Pope, 

CIU-CUM-FO'SION,  n.    [See  Cihcumfuse.] 

The  act  of  pouring  or  spreading  round  ;  the  state 
of  being  |>oured  round.  Johnson, 

CIR-eU.M-<5ES-TA'TiON,  n.  [L.  cireum  and  ges- 
tatio.] 

A  carrying  about.  Taylor. 

ClR-eUM'GY-RATE,  \  v.  t.     [L.  cireum  and  g^ynw.a 

CIR  eUM-OYRE',         i      turning  round.] 

'i'o  roll  or  turn  round.     [Little  tuied.]  Ray. 

CIR-eUM-GV-RA'TIO\,  n.  The  act  of  turning,  roU- 
ing,  or  wliirliug  round  ;  the  turning  of  a  limb  in  its 
socket.  Quincy.      Chryne. 

CIRCCM-r'TION,  (sur-kum-ish'un,)  n.  A  going 
round. 

CIR  eU-M-JA'CEiVT,  a.  [L.  circumjacens ;  cireum 
and  jacco,  to  lie.] 

Lying  round  ;  bordering  on  every  side.  Johnson. 

CIR-eUM-LI-GA'TION,  n.  [L.  circumliffo,  to  bind 
round  ;  dream  and  ligo,  to  bind.] 

The  act  of  binding  round;  the  bond  with  which 
anv  thing  is  encompassed.  Johnson, 

CIR-'eUM-LO-CO'TION,  n.  [L.  circumloeutio  ;  cireum 
and  tocittio,  a  speaking,  luquor,  to  speak. ^ 

A  circuit  or  compass  of  words  ;  a  penjihrase;  the 
use  of  a  number  of  words  to  express  an  idea,  when 
a  suitable  term  is  not  at  hand,  or  when  a  s]>uakcr 
chooses  to  avoid  the  use  of  a  single  term,  either  from 
delicacy  or  respect,  or  with  a  view  to  soften  the  force 
of  a  direct  expression,  or  for  other  reason. 

CIR-CUM-LOe'tl-'J'O-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  circum- 
loculion  ;  consisting  or  contained  in  a  compass  of 
words  ;  periphrastic.  Shciuione. 

CIR-€UM-MOR'£D,  a.     [L.    cireum  and    viurus,  a 
wall.] 
Walled  round ;  encompassed  with  a  wall.   Shak. 

CIR-eUM-XAV'I-GA-BLE,  a.  [See  Circum.navi- 
OATE.J     That  may  be  sailed  round.  Ray. 

CXR-CUM-NAVI-GATE,  v.  t.  [L.  circuvinamgo ; 
cireum.  and  navigo,  to  sail,  from  navis,  a  ship.] 

To  sail  round  ;  to  pa.ss  round  by  water  ;  as,  to  cir- 
cuimtavigate  the  globe. 

CIR-CaM-NAV'I-GA-TED,  pp.     Sailed  round. 

CIR-CUM-NAV'I-GA-TING,  ppr.     SaUing  round. 

CIR-CL'M-NAV-I-GA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  sading 
round.  Arbuthnol, 

CIR-CUM-NAV'I-Ga-TOR,  n.     One  who  sails  round. 

CIR-CUM-PLieA'TION,  7U  [L.  circumplico;  cireum 
and  pfico,  to  fold.] 

A  folding,  windfing,  or  wrapping  round  ;  or  a  state 
of  being  iriwrapped.     [Little  u^erf.]  Bailey. 

CIR-eUM-Po'LAR,  a.  [L.  circntiiy  and  Eng.  polar.] 
About  the  pole;  an  apiKillalion  given  to  stars 
which  are  so  near  the  north  pole  as  to  revolve  round 
it  without  setting.  The  number  of  these  depends  on 
the  latitude  of  the  spectator.  We  apply  it  to  the 
north  polar  region  and  stars,  but  the  word  is  appli- 
cable to  eitlier  pole. 

Cia-eUM-P0-Sl"TION,  n.     [L.  cireum  and  positio.] 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PRfiV.— PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK.- 

206  '• 


CIR 

The  act  of  placing  in  a  circle,  or  the  state  of  be- 
ing so  placed.  Eveli^. 
CIR-€UM-Ra'SION,  (-ra'zhun,)  n.     [L.  drcumrasio  ; 
cireum  and  rado,  to  shave.J 

The  act  of  shaving  orpiu"itig  round.     [Little  vsed.] 
CIR-eUM-Ro'TA-RY,  a.    burning,  rolling,  or  whirl- 
ing round.  Shenstone. 
CIR  eUM-RO-TA'TION,  n.     [U  cireum  and  roUtio, 
rotation,  from  rotOj  to  turn  round.] 

Tlie  act  of  rolling  or  revolving  round,  as  a  wheel ; 
circumvolution;  the  state  of  being  whirled  round. 

ClR-€UM-SCrS'SILE,  (-sis'sil,)  a.  [L.  eircumseindo^ 
to  ciit  round.] 

This  epithet  describes  a  mode  of  dehiscence  in  bot- 
any, occurring  by  a  transverse,  circular  separation  of 
the  sides  of  the  ovarv. 

CIR-€L'.M-SeRlB'A-lt'LE,  a.  Capable  of  being  cir- 
cumscribed. 

CIR-€UM-S€RIBE',  r.  ^      [L.  circumscribo ;    cireum 
and  scribo,  to  draw.] 
Literally,  to  draw  a  line  round.    Hence, 

1.  To  inclose  witliin  a  certain  limit  j  to  limit, 
bound,  confine. 

You  are  Bbo»e 
The  litU*?  foTins  which  dreunucnbt  your  «x.  Soiilhtm, 

2.  To  write  round.     [Little  used,] 
CIR-€UM-.seRIB'£D,  jm.  or  o.    Drawn  round,  as  a 

line;  limited;  cnnfined. 

Fn  geometry,  this  word  is  applied  to  a  figure  which 
is  drawn  round  anottier  figure,  so  that  oil  its  sides  or 
planes  touch  the  inscribed  figure.  Eneyc. 

CIR-CU.M-SCRTB'I.N'G,  jrpr.  Drawing  a  line  round; 
inclosing  J  limiting;  confining. 

CIR-CCM-S€RIP'TI-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  circum- 
scrilied  or  liuiiled  bv  bounds. 

ClR-CUM-tfeRIP'TlOX,  n.  The  line  thai  Timita  ; 
limitation  ;  bound  ;  confinement.  Shak. 

S.  The  termination  or  limits  of  a  body  ;  the  ex- 
terior line  which  determines  the  form  or  magnitude 
of  a  body.  Ray- 

3.  A  circular  inscription.  Ashmole. 
CIR-eU.Vf-S€RIP'TIVE,   fl.      Defining    the    external 

form ;  marking    or   inclosing    the    limits   or   super- 
ficies of  a  body.  Grew, 

CIR-€UM-SeRIP'TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  linuled  man- 
ner. Montairu, 

CIR'CUM-SPECT,  a.  [L.  circumspectus  $  cireum  and 
aptcio,  to  look.] 

Literatiy,  looking  on  all  sides;  looking  round. 
Hence, 

Cautious;  pnidert ;  watchful  on  all  sides;  ex- 
amining carefully  all  the  circumstances  that  may 
atfect  a  detennmation,  or  a  mejL<ure  to  be  adopted. 

CIR-CUM-SPEC'TION,  n.     [L.  cireumspectio,] 

Caution  ;  attention  to  all  the  factfi  and  circum- 
stances of  a  case,  and  to  the  natural  or  probable 
ccmsequences  of  a  measure,  with  a  view  to  a  c<jr- 
rect  course  of  conduct,  or  to  avoid  danger. 

CIR-eUM-SPEeT'IVE^o.  Looking  round  everyway; 
cautious ;  careful  of  consequences  ;  watchful  of 
danger.  Pope. 

CtR-CUM-aPE€T'IVE-LY,  adv.  Cautiously  ;  vigi- 
lantly ;  heedfully.;  with  watchfulness  to  guard 
ngnintit  dangr^r. 

CtR'eiJM-SPE€T-LY,arfp.  Cautiously;  with  watch- 
fulness every  way;  with  attention  to  guard  against 
8uriiri>»e  or  danger.  Ray. 

CtR'CUM-SPECT-NESS,  11.  Caution;  circumspec- 
tion ;  vigilance  in  guarding  against  evil  from  every 
quarter.  Wuttvn. 

CIR'eUM-STANCE,  n.     [L.    eircum-'tfintia,  from   cir- 
eamsians,  standing  about ;  circam  and  ato,  to  stand.] 
LttrrtUltf,    that    which    stands    around    or   near. 
Hen  re, 

1.  tk>mething  attending,  appendant,  or  relative  tu 
a  fact,  or  case;  a  particular  thing,  which,  though 
not  esaerftial  to  an  ncttoii,  in  some  way  aflecLs  it ;  the 
same  to  a  moral  action  as  accident  to  a  natural  suh- 
rtanre ;  a.s,  the  eireu7n.*tanee^  of  time,  place,  and 
persons,  are  to  be  cmisidered. 

3.  One  of  the  adjuncts  of  a  fact,  which  make  it 
more  or  less  criminal,  or  make  an  accusation  more 
or  less  probable  ;  accident;  something  adventitious; 
inridt-nt ;  event.  Johnson. 

3.  Circumstanceif ;  in  the  plural,  condition,  in  re- 
gard to  worldly  estate ;  state  of  property  ;  as,  a  man 
in  low  eireamjtaneejt,  or  in  easy  circumstAtnces. 

CTR'CUM-HTAXCE,  v.  t.  To  place  relatively,  or  in  a 
particular  fittiatlnn.  Dunne. 

CIR'eU.M-.STAN-C/:D,  (Bur'kum-stansrt,)  pp.  or  a. 
P1:tced  in  a  particular  manner,  witli  regard  to  attend- 
ing farts  or  mcidenis  ;  as,  cireumstaneed  as  wc  were, 
Wi.>  rould  not  escajie. 

CIR'ei;M-**TAJ<T,  o.    Surrounding.    [LiOle  uaed^or 

nut  at  all  ] 
CIR  eUM-riTAN'TIAL,  a.     Attending  ;    relating  to, 
but  not  oirnential. 

2.  Consisting  in  or  pertaining  to  circumstances,  or 
to  particular  incidents. 

Tw   usimI  cluricvr  of  humnn   tmimonj  ia  tubatantial   Inith 
\utArt  drcuauUtttial  tmiitty.  Pain/. 

.1.  Inrid«>ntal;  casual.  Donne. 

1.  Abounding  with  circumstances,  or  exhibiting 


CIR 

all   the   circumstanc^^s ;   minute:   particular;   as,  a 
circumstantial  account  or  recital. 

5.  In  iaw,  circum^itantial  evidence  is  that  which  is 
obtained  from  circumstances,  which  necessarily  or 
usually  attend  facts  of  a  particular  nature,  from 
which  arises  presumption.  Blackstvne. 

C1R-€UM-STAN'T1AL,  n.  Circumstaittiuis,  in  the 
pluntl,  are  things  incident  to  the  main  subject,  but 
of  less  importance  ;  op[>osed  to  esseutiaU  ;  as,  the 
circum-itantials  of  religion.  Jiddison. 

CIR-€UM-1^TAN-TIAL'I-TY,  n.  The  appendage  of 
circumstances ;  the  slate  of  any  thing  as  modified  by 
circumstances.  Jolu^on. 

2.    Particularity    in     exhibiting     circumsWiices  ; 
minuteness  ;  as,  the  circu.mstantiality  of   a  story  or 
description. 
CIR-eUM-STAN'TIAL-LY,  adv.      According  to  cir- 
cumstances i   not  essentially  ;   accidentally. 

Olanville. 

2.  Minutely;  exactly;  in  every  circumstance  or 
particular.  Broome. 

CIR-eiJM-STAN'TIATE,r.  (.  To  place  in  particular 
circumstinces ;  to  invest  with  particular  accidents 
or  adjtmcts.  Bramhall. 

2.  To  place  In  a  particular  condition  with  regard 
to  power  or  wealth.  Swift. 

r7'Aw  word  is  little  nsrd.] 
CIR-eUiM-TER-RA'NE-OUri,   a.     [L.   circam,  about, 
and  terra,  earth.] 

Around  the  earth.  HahpceU. 

CIR-CUM-UN'DU-LaTE,  r.  U  [L.  cireum  and  un- 
dulattts.] 

To  tlow  round,  as  waves, 
CIR-eUM-VAL'LATE,  v.  U      To    surround   with    a 

[Little  used.]  [rani[)art. 

CIR-€UM-VAL-LX'TION,  n,     [L.  eircumvalloj  to  wall 

round  ;  cireum  and  vallo,  to  fortify  with  a  rampart.] 

1.  In  tJit  art  of  tear,  a  surrounding  with  a  wall  or 
rampart;  also,  a  wall,  rampart,  or  parapet  with  a 
trench,  sunounding  the  camp  of  a  besieging  army, 
to  prevent  desertion,  and  guard  the  army  against 
any  attempt  of  an  enemy  to  relieve  the  place  be- 
sieged. Encyc. 

^  The  rampart  or  fortification  surrounding  a  be- 
sieged place. 

jVoie.  —  This  word,  from  the  Latin  r*i//u,  or  vallum, 
vallus,  denotes  properly  the  tcall  or  rampart  thrown 
up;  hut  as  the  rampart  is  formed  by  entrenching, 
and  the  trench  mak.    a  part  of  the  fortification,  the 


word  is  applied  to  both,     ft^w  Eng.  Wall.] 

nR-euM-VEC'"'""*'        "    -' " 

carry.] 


CIR-€UM-VEe'TION,  n.      [L.  drcum  and   rcAo,  to 


A  carrying  about.     [JVotused.} 
CIR-GUM-VENT',  tj,  t,    [L.  ctrcumvenio  ;  cireum  and 
renio,  to  come.] 
LiteralUjy  to  come  round  ;  hence. 
To  gain  advantage  over  another,  or  to  accomplish 
a  purpose  by  arts,  stratagem,  or   deception  ;  to   de- 
ceive ;  to  prevail  over  another  by  wiles  or  fraud  ;  to 
delude  ;  l<»  impose  on.  Milton,     Dryden. 

CIR-eUM-VE\ T'ED,  pp.     Deceived  by  craft  or  strat- 
agem; deluded. 
CIR-eLJ.M-VE.\T'IXC!,p/»r.     Deceiving  ;  imposingon. 
ClR-eUM-VEX'TION,  n.     The  act  of  prevailing  over 
another  hy  arts,  address,  or  fraud;  dect-ption  ;  fraud; 
impostttre  ;  delusion.  South. 

2.  Prevention  ;  preoccupation.     [Obs.]         S/iaA-. 
CIR-€UM-VE.\T'IVE,   a.      Deceiving    by   artifices; 

deluding. 
CIR-CUM-VEST'   r.  t     [L.  cireumvestio ;  cireum  and 
vestio,  to  clothe.] 

To  cover  round,  as  with  a  garment.  WoUon. 

CIR-€UM-VO  LA'TION,  tu     [L.  eircumvola  ;    cireum 
and  volOf  to  fly.] 
The  act  of  tlvmg  round.     [Little  iised.] 
CIR-eUM-VO-L0'TlO\,  n.    The  act  of  rolling  round  : 
the   Ht;ite   of   being   rolled  ;    also,   the    thing   rolled 
round  anotluT.  Jirbuthiuit.     Wilkins. 

2.  In  arekitecture,  a  turn  in  the  spiral  line  of  the 
Ionic  capital.  Oioilt. 

ClR-eilM-VOLVE',  (sur-kum-volv',)  v.  t.     [L.  circitm- 
volfo  i  cireum  and  volvo^  to  roll.] 

I'o  roll  round  ;  to  cause  to  revolve  ;  to  put  into 
a  circular  motion.  Olanville, 

CIR-CU.M-VOLVE',  c.  i.     To  ro".  round  ;  to  revolve. 
CIR-eU.M-VOLV'£D,  ;>;).    Rolled  round;    moved  in 

a  circular  manner. 
CTR-CU.M-VOLV'IXG,p/Tr.   Rollinground  ;  revolving. 
CIR'GCS,    n. ;  pi.    Circuski.     [L.  cireus ;  Fr.  cirque  i 
It.    circo  i   Sp.    eirco  ;    Or.    «i,oxoj-  ;    whence    circle. 
Which  see.] 

1.  In  antiquity,  a  long,  oval  edifice,  used  for  the 
exhibition  or  games  and  ahowa  to  the  people.  The 
Roman  circus  was  encompassed  witli  porticos,  and 
furnished  with  rows  of  seals,  rising  one  above  another, 
for  the  accommodation  of  spectators.  The  Circus 
Maximus  was  nearly  a  mile  in  circumference. 

.Adam.     Enr.ye. 

2.  The  open  area,  or  space  inclosed,  in  which  were 
exhibited  games  and  shows,  as  wrestling,  fighting 
with  swords,  stuffs,  or  pikes,  rtmning  or  racing,  dan- 
cing, quoits,  &c. 

3.  In  modem  times,  a  circular  tnclosure  for  the  ex- 
hibition of  feats  of  horsemanship. 


CIT 

CIRL,  TU    An  Italian  bird  about  the  size  of  a  sparrow. 

Diet,  of  J^aU  Uist. 
CIR'RHO-POD,  n.     See  Cibbiped. 
CIR-RIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  cirrus,  a  tendril,  and  fero, 
to  bear.] 

Producing  tendrils  or  claspers,  as  a  plant. 
CIR-RIO'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  cirnut  and  gero.] 

Having  curled  locks  of  hair. 
CIR'RI-PED,  n.     [L.  cirrus,  a  lock  of  hair,  and  pes,  a 
foot.] 

A  general  term,  applied  to  animals  of  the  barnacle 
kind.  The  feet  are  long  and  slender,  and  curve  to- 
gether into  a  kind  of  curl.  They  are  inclosed  in  a 
more  or  less  conical  cell,  having  some  resemblance 
to  those  of  certain  niollusca;  yet  Uiey  belong  pro|)crly 
to  the  class  Crustacea.  Dana. 

CIR'RO-eO'MC-LUS,  w.     [L.  drrus  and  cumulus.'] 
In  THCfrm-o^ojq^,  a  cloud  which  is  composed  of  the 
cumulus  broken  up  into  small  masses,  presenting  a 
tleecy  apjiearance,  as  in  a  mackerel-back  sky. 

D.  Olmsted. 
CIR'RO-STRA'TUS,  n.     [L.  cirrus  and  atratu*'.] 

In  mete4)rolorry,  a  cloud  naving  the  characters  of  the 
stratus  in  its  main  body,  but  of  the  cirrus  on  its  mar* 
gin.  D.  Olmsted. 

CIR'ROUS,  a.    [L.  cirrus,  a  curt.] 

In  botaiiy,  terminating  in  a  curl,  or  tendril ;  as,  a 
cirroiis  leaf.  Martijn, 

CIR'RUS,  n.     [L.,  a  lock  or  curl.]     In  meteorology,  a 
name  given  to  one  of  the  four  fundamental  clouds, 
from  its  fibrous  appearance,  resembling  carded  wool. 
D.  Olmsted. 
2.  A  fossil  turbinated  shell  of  the  chalk.  Mantell. 
CIR'SO-CeLE,  n.     [Gr.  Kipoog,  a  dilated  vein,  and 
K'lXVi  a,  tumor.] 

A  varix,  or  dilatation  of  the  spermatic  vein  ;  hernia 
varica-*a.  Qaijicy,     Coxe. 

CIS-ALP'INE,  a,  [L.  ds,  on  this  side,  and  MpeSfAips, 
whence  aipitiusy  alpine.] 

On  this  sidtf  of  the  Alps,  with  regard  to  Rome; 
that  is,  on  the  south  of  tlie  Alps  ;  op[)osed  to  transal- 
pine 
ClS-AT-LAN'Tie,  a.  Being  on  this  side  of  the  At- 
lantic Ocean.  Story. 
CIS'P.\  DANE,  a.  [L.  da,  on  this  side,  and  Padus, 
the  River  Po,  whence  Padanus.] 

On  this  side  of  tlie  Po,  with  regard  to  Rome  ;  that 
is,  on  the  south  side.  Stephens. 

CIS'SOID,  n.     [Gr.  KintTOij  ivy,  and  £i(^ti$,  form.] 

In  geometry,  a  curve  ot  the  second  order,  invented 
by  Uiocles.  Bailey,    Encyc 

CIST,  71.     [Gr.  KifTTTi,  a  chest.] 

In  architecture  and  sculpture,  a  chest  or  basket; 
usually  applied  to  the  baskets  employed  in  pnwressiona 
connected  with  the  Eleusiniau  mysteries,  [^ee  also 
CvsT.]  Brande. 

CIST'ED,  a.     Inclosed  in  a  cyst.     [See  Cysted.] 
CIS-TER'CIAN,  n.     [Custeauz,  in  France.] 

A  monk,  a  reformed  Benedictine. 
CIS'TKRiN',  ;i.    [L.  cisierna;  cista,  and  Sax.  a:m,  place, 
repositorj'.] 

1.  An  artificial  reservoir  or  receptacle  for  holding 
water,  beer,  or  other  liquids,  us  in  domestic  uses,  dis- 
tilleries, and  breweries. 

2.  A  natural  rcser\'oir ;  a  hollow  place  containing 
water,  as  a  fountain  or  lake. 

CIST'ie,  o.    See  Cystic. 
CIST'US,  n.     [Gr.  Ktoro^.] 

The  n»ck-rose,a  genus  of  plants,  of  many  species, 
most  of  them  natives  of  the  southern  jNirts  of  Europe. 
Some  of  them  arc  beautiful  evergreen,  flowering 
shrubs,  and  ornamental  in  gardens.  Encyc. 

CIT,  71.  [Contracted  from  ciliten.]  A  citizen,  in  a  loto 
sense;  an  inhabitant  of  a  city  ;  a  pert  townsman  ;  a 
pragmatical  trader.  Pope. 

Cri''A-DEL,  n.  [Fr.  citadelle;  iL  dttadella;  Sp.  ciuda^ 
dela  ;  from  the  li.  citta,  city.] 

A  fortress  or  castle,  in  or  near  a  city.  Intended  for 
its  defense  ;  a  place  of  arms.  Juhnson.     Encije. 

CI'TAL,  7».  [from  cite.]  Reproof;  impeachment. 
[Little  used,]  Shak. 

2.  Sumuious ;   citation;   quotation.     [Little  used.] 

Johnson. 
CT-TA'TION,  n.     [L.  dtatio,  from  eito,  to  cite,  which 
see.] 

1.  A  summons  ;  an  official  call  or  notice,  given  to 
a  person  to  appear  in  a  court  and  answer  to  a  de- 
mand ;  a  call  or  notice  to  appear,  in  various  other 
cases,  and  the  paper  containing  such  notice  or  call. 

2.  Quotation;  the  act  of  citing  a  pa^tsage  from  a 
book,  or  from  another  person,  in  his  own  words; 
also,  the  passage  or  words  quoted. 

Watts.     AUerbury. 

3.  Enumeration  ;  mention.  Harvey. 
CT'TA-TO-RY,  a.     Citing;  calling;  having  the  power 

or  form  of  citation  ;  as,  letters  dtalory,  AyiiJJ'e, 

CITE,  v.U  [L.  eito,  to  call;  Fr.  citer;  It.  eiUirc ;  Sp 
and  Port,  dtar;  Goth,  hailan  ;  Sax.  hatan,  or  haian,  to 
call,  order,  command  ;  G.  heisscn,  whence  Eng.  be- 
hest; D.  heetcn;  Sw.  heta;  lh\M.  hedcr.  The  same 
Word  in  Dutch  and  Danish  sigtiities  to  lirat.  The 
sense,  then,  is  to  rouse,  push,  drive,  stimulate.  6e« 
Excite,  Ikcite.] 
1.  To  call  upon  officially  orauthoritatively  ;  to  sum- 


TONE,  BJJLL,  tINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— <5  as  K;  O  as  J ;  •  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


CIT 

mott :  to  (tivB  legal  or  official  notice,  as  to  a  defund- 
anl  to  apjiear  in  court,  to  answer  or  defend. 

MiUan. 
a.  To  enjoin ;  to  direct  j  to  summon  ;  to  order  or 
urge.  Prior. 

3.  To  quot^  ;  to  name  or  repeat,  as  a  pa&'^ix'  or  the 
words  of  nnitther,  eitber  from  a  book  or  from  verbal 
cotnnitiuiciuion  ;  a-«>,  to  ctfc  a  passage  from  Scripture, 
or  to  cUe  tbe  very  words  a  man  utters. 

Bacon.    I>rydeiu 

4.  To  call  «  name,  in  support,  proof,  or  conflrma- 
tion  :  as,  to  eiu  an  autbority  to  prove  a  point  in  law. 

VTT'EDy  pp.     Quoted  ;  aunwiMmed. 
CIT'ER,  n.     One  wbo  riles  or  summons  into  court. 
3,  One  wbo  quutes  a  pjis^age  or  ibe  word^  of  an- 

olhpr. 
ClT'ESiS,  a.   [See  CiT.]   A  city  woman.  [Lita«mMd.] 
CITH-A-BIS'TI€,  a.     (U  eUkant,  a  harp  or  lyre.] 

Pertaining  to  or  adaptrd  to  ihebai:;t.or  appropria- 

trK)  to  tJie  arcumpanmient  uf  tb<:-  b»rp.    Mus.  DUl 
CITH'ERN,  n.     [L.  nlAura :  IVcitar^i  Sp.eitant;  D. 

cftrr :  Gr.  ^t^rtf-a.] 
A  stringed  musical  instrument,  among  tSe  ^ncienis^ 

the  precis  fumi  of  n  liicb  is  ni>t  kiiuwn,  but  it  bore 

suaiti  resemblance  to  the  modem  guitar,  ibe  name  of 

wbirh  ii  evidently  from  tliis  ancient  word. 
Ciri  CI»M,  a.     [from  ciL]     Tlie  manners  of  a  cit  or 

ciii/en.  B.  y«»tfOK. 

CIT  l-f:0,  (sit'id,)  a.     Belonging  to  a  city.  Dra^ftau. 
CIT'|4:;RADE.  a.  Relating  to  a  tribe  of  spiders  whose 

lec<  are  u^iually  lit  only  fur  running. 
CrriXG,  ppr.     Uuotiug  ;  sumnitining. 
CIT'I-7,/:N,   (sit'e-zn,)  «.     [Fr.  eitp^*;  ludUadino; 

t^|).  ciutiiidano  ;  Tiirt.  ctdadam  i  from  lU  eiUa,  Sp.  dm- 

liady  n  city.    See  L'itt.] 

1.  Tlie  n.itive  of  a  city,  or  an  inhabitant  who  enjoys 

tbe  frecitoiii  and  privileges  of  the  city  in  which  he  re- 

std«s ;  tl)e  fremiau  uf  a  city,  as  dLstinguished  from  a 

foreigner,  or  oti';  not  entitled  to  its  francliisea. 

3.  A  towmunan ;  a  man  of  tiude  j  not  a  gentle- 
man. Skak. 

'X  An  inhabitant}  a  dweller  in  any  city,  town,  or 
place.  bnfdetu 

4.  In  a  general  grmtf^K  native  or  permanent  resi- 
dent in  a  city  or  counir>- ;  as,  the  eitnexj  of  London 
or  Pbiladrlpliia;  the  citiirnjof  Uie  L'uited  States. 

5.  In  (**■  Vuited  Statr.<^  a  pers*»n,  naiivtror  natural- 
ized, wbo  has  llie  privjlt-ge  of  excrrising  the  elective 
francbbte,  or  the  (lualilicattons  which  enable  him  to 
▼oce  for  rulers,  and  to  pureliase  and  bold  real  estate. 

If  UiP  oitfznw  oT  (he  (JniWd  StUn  ilMMtU  naU  be  (m  uk)  tmppx, 
tbe  bull  will  be  etuiielf  Uwir  own.  Waahutgtim. 

CIT'I-Z/TV,  a.     Raving  the  qualities  of  a  citizen. 
CIT'I-ZK.N'-ESS,  «.     A  female  citizen.  [Rarr,]    BonlX. 
CIT'I-2/:.N-8HIP,  M.    Tlie  state  of  being  vested  with 

the  richts  and  privileges  of  a  citizen.     Bp,  Home, 
CIT'I  Zf:.N-Sf>L'DIER,  («it'o-an-<rtl'jer,)  h.  One  who 

is  both  a  soldier  and  a  citizen,  as  our  militia,  or  tbe 

Fi«nch  national  guard. 
CIT'RATE,  B.    [L.  dbntLSy  a  cttrm,  or  leraon.] 

In  ckenuMbnfy  a  salt  formed  by  a  union  of  the  citric 

acid,  or  acid  tk  lemons,  with  a  base. 

The  roiOD  fielifa  atroM  of  Umr.  Ur*. 

CIT'REN'E,  a.  A  cr>-5talline  compotind  of  hydrogen 
and  carbon,  obtained  from  the  essential  oil  of  lemcms. 

CIT'RIC,  a.  Belun^ng  to  lemons  or  limes  j  as,  eitm 
acid. 

CIT'Rie  ACID,  n.  An  acid  obtained  from  the  juice 
of  lemons.    It  is  found  almoin  some  other  substances. 

CIT'RIL,  a.    A  beautiful  song-bird  of  Italy. 

Diet,  of  J^aL  Hist. 

CIT-RI-N*.^'TIOX,  a.  [See  CiraiSE.]  The  turning 
to  a  yellow-green  color.  , 

CIT'RI.N'E,  (-rin,)  u.     [L.  dirimu.] 

Like  a  citron  or  leraon  ;  of  a  lemon  color ;  jrdlow, 
or  greenish  yellow. 

CIT'RI  XE,  a.     [  L.  ettnnus.'\ 

A  yellow,  pellucid  variety  of  quartz.  Daxa. 

CIT'ROX,  a.     [ Fr.  citron  ;  L.  direum,  or  cjlntm,] 
Tbe  fniit  of  the  citron-tree,  resembling  a  lemon. 

CIT'ROX-TREE,  n.  The  tree  which  produces  the  cit- 
ron, of  the  genus  Citrus.  It  has  an  upright,  smooth 
•ten,  with  a  bmnchy  head,  rising  from  live  to  fifteen 
feet,  adorned  with  l.irge,  oval,  spear-shaped  leaves. 
To  the  same  genus  belong  the  lemon-tree,  orange- 
tree,  &;c  Eneyc 

Crr'ROX-W,\-TER,  a.  A  liquor  distilled  with  the 
rind  of  citroB^  Pope. 

CIT'RUL,  n.  The  pompicn  or  pumpkin,  so  named 
from  its  yellow  color.     [/  beiievt  net  used.] 

CIT'TERX.    See  Cithers. 

C  IT' Y,  «.  [Fr.  eiti ;  It.  eitta,  cittade^  or  cittate ;  Sp.  ci'a- 
dad;  Port,  ddatle ;  from  the  Latin  civitas.) 

1.  In  a  general  gensCj  a  large  town  :  a  large  number 
of  bouses  and  inhabitants,  established  in  one  place. 

2.  In  a  mert  affrtmriaU  sour,  a  ciirporate  town  ;  a 
town  OT  collective  body  of  inhabitants,  incorporated 
and  governed  by  particular  officers,  as  a  mayor  and 
aldermen.  This  is  the  sense  of  the  word  in  tbe 
United  States.  In  Great  Britain,  a  borough  town 
corporate,  which  is  or  has  been  the  seat  of  a  bishop, 
w  tbe  capital  of  his  see,  is  called  a  dty. 

3.  Tbe  collective  body  of  citizens,  or  the  inbab- 


CIV 

itants  of  a  city  ;  as,  when  we  say,  the  city  voted  to 

establish  a  market,  and  the  city  rept^aled  tlie  vole. 
CIT'V,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  city  j  as,  city  wivna  ;  a  city 

feast ;  citv  niann:.*r!S.  SftaJi. 

Crr'V-COi.  KT.  «.      The  municipal  court  of  a  city, 

consisting  of  the  mavor  or  recorder  and  aldermen. 
CiVE«,  M.     [Fr.  eire;  L.  eepa.]  [U.  State^i. 

A  species  of  leek,  of  the  genus  Allium,  growing 

in  tuA^ 

o  ^^ 

CIVET,  B.    [Fr.  eipctu;  It.  libeUo;  Ten.  ^Lj  m- 

bc^;  the  sweet  scent  of  any  beant ;  Ar.  ^Lij  lobba- 

S  ^  ^ 
ion^  cream,  luid  civet;  S^Ltj   lifra^on,   a  civet 

cat.  The  Arabic  verb  signilits  to  make  butter,  and 
\\\\n  substance  may  be  named  from  '\\s  rt^seuiblance 
to  iL] 

A  substance,  of  the  consistence  of  butter  or  honey, 
taken  fttim  a  bag  under  the  tiiit  uf  the  civet  caL  It 
is  of  a  clear,  yellowish  or  hrownish  color;  of  a 
strong  smell,  and  offensive  when  undiluted,  but 
agreeable  when  a  small  portion  is  mixed  with  an- 
other substance.     It  is  used  aa  a  perfume.      Knew. 

CIVET  CAT,  a.  The  animal  that  pmduces  civet,  a 
species  of  V'iverra.  This  animal  bears  a  resemblance 
to  a  polecat,  or  to  a  fox  ;  it  is  of  a  cinereous  color, 
tinged  with  yellow,  marked  with  dusky  fijHtts  dis- 
pitsed  in  rows.  It  inhabits  India,  Guinea,  Etliiopia, 
nntt  Madagascar.  Knaje. 

CIVIC,  a.     [L.  cirietts,  from  cirw,  a  citizen.] 

Liierallti,  pertaining  to  a  city  ur  citizen ;  relating 
to  civil  atfairs  or  honors.  Pope. 

The  civic  crown,  in  Roman  affairs,  was  a  crown 
or  garhind  of  oak  leaves  and  ncorus,  bestuwed  on  a 
soldier  who  had  saved  tbe  life  of  a  citizen  in  battle. 

CIVIL,  tt.  [L.  cirilLf,  from  ciri*^  a  cili?x'n  ;  Fr.  civU  ; 
It.  cictU ;  Sp.  ciriJ,  Qu.  the  Welsh  cum,  to  shut,  in- 
close, fence,  hedge ;  for  the  rude  inhabitants  of  an- 
tiquity fortified  their  towns  with  hedges,  stakes,  or 
IKiIisndes.] 

1.  Relating  to  tbe  community,  or  to  the  policy  and 
government  of  the  citizens  and  subjects  of  a  state  ; 
as  in  the  phrases,  eiril  rights,  civil  gfivemment,  civU 
privileges,  cttfil  war,  cieil  justice.  It  is  op|KiSf^d  to 
criming;  as,  a  cirtV  suit,  a  suit  between  citizens 
alone;  whereas  a  criminal  process  is  between  tlie 
Mtate  and  a  citizen.  It  is  distmguisbed  from  ecclesi- 
astical, which  respects  the  church  ;  and  from  military, 
which  respects  iJie  army  and  navy. 

2.  Relating  lo  any  man  as  a  member  of  a  commu- 
nity ;  as,  drd  power,  eiril  rights,  the  power  or  rights 
which  a  man  enjoys  as  a  citizen. 

3.  Reduced  to  order,  rule,  and  government ;  under 
a  regular  administration  ;  ini|dying  some  refinement 
of  manners ;  not  savage  or  wild  ;  as,  dvil  life,  dcil 
society. 

4.  Civilized  ;  courteous ;  complaisant ;  gentle  and 
obliging  ;  well-bred  ;  .alTable  ;  kind  ;  having  the  man- 
ners of  a  city,  as  opposed  to  llie  rough,  rude,  coarse 
manners  of  a  savage  or  clown. 

Wb'TV  eiril  speech  and  sod  )>«nuBUOD  hung.  Prior, 

5.  Grave  ;  sober ;  not  gay  or  showy. 

Till  tivii-auiu^  oiDm  appear.  MUtan, 

6.  Complaisant ;  polite  ;  a  popular  colloquial  use  of 
tA«  word. 

7.  Civil  death,  in  law,  is  that  which  cuts  off  a  man 
from  civU  society,  or  its  rights  and  benefits,  as  ban- 
ishment, outlawry,  excommmiication,  entering  into  a 
monasterv-,  &c.,  as  distinguished  from  natural  death. 

8.  Civil  law  ;  in  a  g-eneral  sense,  the  law  of  a  state, 
city,  or  country  ;  but  in  an  approjtriate  sensCy  the 
Roman  law  ;  the  municipal  law  of  the  Roman  em- 
pire, c<imprised  in  the  Institutes,  Code,  and  Digest  of 
Justinian  and  the  Xovel  Constitutions.   Blarkstone. 

9.  Cirii  list ;  in  England,  formerly,  a  list  of  the  en- 
tire expenses  of  the  cicil  government ;  hence,  the  of- 
ficers of  civil  government,  who  are  paid  from  the 
public  treasury  ;  also,  the  revenue  appropriated  to 
support  the  civil  government.  By  a  hile  law,  the 
civil  list  now  embraces  only  the  expenditures  of  the 
reigning  monarch's  household.     Brandc.     Blackstone. 

Tbe  ttnny  of  James  II.  waji  paid  onl  of  his  cii'U  iisl.    Iie.miiton. 

10.  Cic'd  state :  the  wliolc  body  of  the  laity  or  citi- 
zens, not  included  under  the  nulitar>',  maritime,  and 
ecclesiasticiU  slates. 

U.  CivU  war;  a  war  between  the  people  of  the 
Ame  slate  or  city  ;  opposed  to  foreign  war. 

12.  CivU  year;  the  legal  year,  or  annual  account 
of  time  which  a  government  app<jints  to  be  used  in 
its  own  dominions,  as  distinguished  from  the  natural 
year,  which  is  measured  by  the  revolution  of  the 
heavenly  bodies.  Bailey.     Ennjc. 

13.  Cicil  architecture:  the  architecture  which  is 
employed  in  coiistnicting  buildings  fur  tlie  purposes 
of  civil  life,  in  distinction  from  military  and  naval 
architecture,  as  private  houses,  palaces,  churches',  &c, 

14.  This  term  is  often  employed  in  contrast  with 
military ;  as,  a  dvil  hospital ;  the  dvil  service,  &c. 


CLA 

CIVIL  E\-0I-NEER',  a.  One  employed  in  civil  en- 
gineering. 

CIVIL  EN-OI-NEER'ING,  n.  The  science  or  art  of 
constructing  canals,  niilntads,  docks,  and  other  pub- 
lic improvements,  as  ilistiiiguished  from  mdttary  engi- 
neering, which  is  confined  to  war. 

CI-VlL'lAX,  (se-vil'yan,)  w.  [from  rinV.]  One  who 
is  skilled  in  the  Roman  law  ;  a  professor  or  doctor 
of  civil  law.  Encyc. 

2.  In  a  more  extended  sense,  one  who  is  versed  in 
law  and  government. 

3.  A  student  of  llie  civil  law  at  the  university. 

Oraoes, 

4.  One  whose  pursuits  are  those  of  civil  l^fe,  not 
militarj"  or  clericaJ. 

CIVIL-IST,  H.     A  civilian.     [JVot  in  use.'] 
CI-V'ILT-TV,  n.      [ L.  ciuififa^,  fVom  cinTw,  civil ;    It, 
cirilita;  Hp.  civilidad.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  civilized  ;  refinement  of  man- 
ners ;  applial  to  tiations,  a.<;  distinguished  from  the 
rudeness  of  barbarous  nations. 

Spenser.     Davies.     Denham. 
[This  sense  is  obsolescent  ur  obsolete.] 

2.  Good  breeding  ;  politeness  ;  complaisance  ;  cour- 
tesy ;  decorum  of  l>ebavior  in  the  treatment  of  titb- 
ers,  accompanied  with  kind  ofiices,  and  attention  to 
their  wants  and  desires.  Civility  respects  manners 
or  external  degiortment,  and,  in  the  plural,  civilities 
denote  acts  of  politeness. 

Clarendon.     South.     Dryden. 

CIV-IL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  [See  Civilize.1  The  act  of 
civilizing,  or  the  state  of  being  civilized  ;  the  state  of 
being  refined  in  manners  from  the  grossness  of  sav- 
age life,  and  improved  in  arts  and  learning. 

2.  Tlie  act  of  rendering  a  criminal  process  civil. 
[J^ot  u.-*e.d.] 

CI  VIL-IZE,  V.  t.  [It.  ctfi7tiiare;  Fr.  civiliseri  Sp.  and 
Port,  civilizar  ;  from  ciri/.] 

To  reclaim  from  a  savage  state  ;  to  introduce  civil- 
ity of  manners  among  a  people,  and  instruct  them  in 
tbe  arts  of  regular  life.      Locke.     Waller.     Denham. 

CIVIL-IZ-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Reclaimed  from  savage  life 
and  manners ;  instructed  in  arts,  learning,  and  civil 
manners. 

Such  wJe  of  cotMcience  wid  du^  in  op^n  mnritet  It  not  reconcila- 
ble with  the  preaenl  aUUe  of  dmUxed  society.     J.  Quincy. 

CIVIL-IZ-ER,  n.     One  who  civilizes;   he  that  re- 
claims others  from  a  wild  and  savage  life,  and  teach- 
es them  the  rules  and  customs  of  civility. 
2.  That  which  reclaims  from  savngeness. 

CIVIL-IZ-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Reclaiming  from  savage 
life  ;  instructing  in  arts  and  civility  of  manners. 

CIVII^LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  relating  to  govern- 
ment, or  to  the  rights  or  character  of  a  member  of 
the  community.  Huoker. 

2.  In  a  manner  relating  lo  private  rights  ;  opposed 
to  criminally ;  as,  a  prctcess  civilly  commenced  for  the 
private  satisfaction  of  a  party  injured.  Ayltffe. 

3.  X^ut  naturally,  but  in  law  ;  as^  a  man  dDilly 
dead. 

•      4.  Politely  ;  complaisantly ;  gently  ;  with  due  de- 
corum i  courteously  ;  as,  we  were  civillij  Ueated. 
Dryden,     Prior. 

5.  Without  gaudy  colors  or  finer}' ;  as,  chambers 
furnished  dvUly.     [Obs.]  Bacon. 

CIV'ISM,  n.     [L.  ciri.-.-,  a  citizen.] 

State  of  citizenship  ;  patriotism. 
CIZ'AR,  V.  U     To  clip  with  scissors,     UVot  in  use,nor 

correct.]  Beaum  and  Fl. 

CTZE,  for  Size,  is  not  in  use. 

eLAB'BER,  (71.  Milk  turned,  become  thick 

IIOX'XY-CLAB'BER,  ]      or  inspissated.     [G.  lab,  D. 

Irb,  rennet.]  « 

CLACK,  p.  i.     [Fr.  elaqurr,  to  flap  or  snap;  cliquet.ti 

mill-clapper  ;  cliyuctrr.  to  clack  ;    W.  clcca,  clegyr  ;  Ir. 

elaffaim  ;  IJ.  klakkcn  ;  Sax.  cloccan,  to  cluck  ;  I^  glodo. 

Probably  from  the  root  of  tbe  LaU  loquur,  dr.  Ajxcj, 

Xijt^-o).    See  Cluck,  and  Class  Lg,  Xo.  27.]  ^ 

1.  To  make  a  sudden,  sharp  nuis:;,  as  by  striking 
or  cracking  ;  to  clink  ;  to  click, 

2.  To  utter  words  rapidly  and  continually,  or  with 
sharp,  abrupt  sounds  ;  to  let  the  tongue  run. 

CLACK,  71.  [VV.  clecy  a  sharp  noise,  a  crack,  tale- 
bearing ;  cleca,  elecian,  clcgyr,  to  clack,  to  crack,  to 
tattle.     Seethe  verb.] 

1.  A  sharp,  abrupt  sound,  continually  repeated, 
such  as  is  made  by  striking  an  object,  or  by  bursting 
or  cracking ;  continual  talk:  as,  we  do  not  wish  to 
liear  his  clack;  a  coninion  expression.  Hence  tlie 
word  is  used  for  the  tongue,  the  instrument  of  clack- 
ing. Butler.     Prior. 

2.  The  instrument  that  strikes  the  liopper  of  a 
grist  mill,  to  move  or  shake  it,  for  discharging  the 
corn.  And,  according  to  Johnson,  a  bell  tliat  rings 
when  more  com  is  required  to  be  put  in. 

To  clack  wool,  is  to  cut  off  the  sheep's  mark,  which 

makes  it  weigh  less,  and  yield  less  duty.     [JVu(  used^ 

I  believe,  in  .America.] 
CLACK'ER,  n.    One  tJiat  clacks  ;  that  which  clacks. 
CLACK'IXG,  ppr.   or    a.     Making    a    sharp,    abrupt 

sound,  continually   repeated ;   tjUking    continually ; 

tattling  ;  rattling  with  the  tongue. 
CLACK'IXG,  71.    A  prating. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH,\T METE,  PRfiV.  — PIXE,  MARtXE,  BTRD — XOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


ao8 


CLA 

€l>ADy  pp.  [?ee  Clothe.]  Clothed;  invested^  cov- 
ered as  with  a  gajment. 

Ji'rijboTiiii  had  clad  tiinueif  with  a  new  purmctil.  —  1  Kings  xi. 
Tbe  fielJa  an  dad  in  cheerful  green. 

For  yc/aJ,  see  Yclad. 
CLSI.M,  V.  t     [L.  claiao,  to  cr>'  out,  to  call  upon  :  It. 
c/aiimre,  or  e/ttamare  ;  Port,  clamar ;  Sp.Uamar;  Sax. 
hlemman;  Sw.  gLunma  ;  Ir,  g^Iatnaim.] 

1.  To  call  for  ;  to  ask  or  seek  to  obtain,  by  virtue 
of  authority,  right,  or  supposed  right ;  to  challenge  as 
a  right ;  to  demand  as  due  ;  a^,  to  claim  a  debt  j  to 
claim  obedience  or  respect. 

2.  To  assert  or  maintain  as  a  riglit ;  as,  he  daims 
to  be  tlie  bfst  poet  of  the  age. 

3.  To  have  a  right  or  title  to  ;  as,  the  heir  claims 
the  ei^tate  by  descent ;  he  claiiaa  a  promise. 

4.  To  proclaim.     [06o-.J  Spenser. 

5.  To  call,  or  name.     [Oft^.l 

€LAIM,  n.  A  demand  of  a  right  or  supposed  rifiht ;  a 
calling  on  another  for  something  due  or  supposerl  to 
be  due;  as,  a  claim  of  wages  for  st-rvices.  A  claim 
implies  a  right,  4r  supiH>sed  rielil,  in  the  claimant  to 
something  which  is  in  another's  possets^ion  or  power. 
A  claim  may  be  made  in  words,  l)y  suit,  nrid  by  other 
means.  The  word  is  usually  preceded  by  inakt  or 
Id})  ;  to  make  claim  ;  to  lnii  claim. 

2.  A  right  to  claim  or  demand  ;  a  title  to  any  debt, 
privilege,  or  other  thing  in  posst^ssion  of  another ; 
as,  a  prince  has  a  eJaim  tu  the  thronu. 

Ijainrr'*  dal/rtt  \o  the  fiist  mik  antoiig  epic  i<ocUhaTe  ntivly 
been  Uia[)(i[e<i.  ^Ttcin. 

3.  The  tiling  chimed  or  demanded. 

4.  A  loird  rail.  Spenxsr. 

jThis  orii^ittal  aeB.««  vf  Oie  word  ts  now  ok^olrte.] 

€La1M'A-BLK,  a.    That  may  be  demanded  as  due. 

€L.\IM'A.N  T,  n.     A  p*'rson  wiio  claims  ;  ono  who  de- 
mands any  thing  as  his  right. 
2.  A  person  who  has  a  riglil  to  claim  or  dvmand. 

€14XIM' £D,  pp.  Demanded  as  due;  challenged  as  a 
right :  aiiserted  ;  maintained. 

€LAIMKR,  n.  A  clatm:mt ;  one  who  demands  aa 
due. 

€L.^IM'r.\fl,  ppr.  Demanding  as  due;  chalhnsing 
a<  a  right;  asserting;  maint:iijiing ;  having  a  richt 

CLAtM'I.LlS:::,  <i.     Having  no  claim.  [to  demand. 

CLAIR'-OB-riCORK'.     See  Clare-Obscure. 

ei.AllUVOV'AXCE,  n.  [Fr.]  Literallti,  clear-sight- 
edness i  a  power  attributed  to  jR-rsuns  iii  a  mesm-ric 
state,  of  di»c*3rning  objects  which  are  not  present  to 
the  wMises. 

€LAlIt-VUV'AiVT,  a.  Discerning  objects  which  are 
not  present  to  the  senses. 

CLAM,  n.  [See  the  verb.]  The  popular  name  of 
ct^ruin  bivalvular  shell-fish,  of  many  species,  and 
much  valued  for  food. 

€LAM'-8IIELL,  n.     The  shell  of  a  clam. 

CLAM,  r.  C  [Sal.  clamian^  to  ghie ;  D.  klam^  clam- 
my; /yj/i,  glue;  G.  A:/<iin/n,  close,  clammy;  klemmcn, 
to  pinch;  Dan.  klammer,  to  cling;  klemmer,  to 
squeeze,  or  pinch  ;  Urn,  glue  ;  limrr^  to  glue  ;  limag- 
tiff,  clammy.  Uu.  W  clymu^  to  bind  or  tie  a  knot. 
See  Lime,  and  Class  Lm,  No.  1,  5,  9,  13.] 
To  clog  with  glutinous  or  viscotis  matter. 

CLAM,  r.  i.     To  be  moist.     [Little  itwA]        Drttden. 
CLA^l,v.  i.     In  bell  ringing,  to  unite  sounds  in  the 

pt-al.     [F.ng.]  Smart. 

CLA'ALVNT,  a.    [See  Claim.]    Crjing  i  bpsr^ching. 

Tkomsotu 
CLAM'DER,  V.   i.      [from  elimb^  or  D.  klampen^  to 
grapple.] 
To  climb  with  difncnlty,  or  with  hands  and  feet. 

.^lidiion. 
CLAM'HER-IXG,  ppr.  Climbing  with  effort  and  labor. 
CLAM'Ml-NESS,  B.    [S<eCLA*iMv.]    The  state  of  be- 
ing viscous  ;  viscosity;  stickine**;  tenacity  of  a  soft 
substance.  Moron. 

CLAM'MY.  fl.  [Pee  Clam.]  Thick  ;  viscous;  adhe- 
sive; Aiih  and  sticky;  glutinous;  tenacious;  as, 
bodien  clammy  and  cleaving.  Bacon. 

C-Jil  •w»^i,  in  clammy  'Iroj*,  hi«  Iimh«  oVrspr^ad.       Dryien. 

CLAM'OR,  ».  [L.  clamor;  Fr.  ctameur;  Ir.  glam; 
Sat.  A/'»».     See  Claim.] 

1.  .\  great  outcry  ;  noise  ;  exclamation  ;  vocifer- 
ation, made  by  a  bind  htiman  Vfnce  continued  or 
rcp^;ated,  or  by  a  multitude  of  voices.  It  often  e.x- 
pn-s-fes  complaint  and  urgi-nt  demand.   Shak.     Prior. 

2.  Figuraticely^  loud  and  continued  noise,  aa  of  a 
river  or  other  Inanimate  things.  .Addison. 

CLAM'OR,  V.  U    To  stun  with  noise.  Bacon. 

To  clamor  belUy  is  to  multiply  the  strokes. 

WarburUm, 
CLAM'OR,  r.  i.     To  ultpr  loud  sounds  or  outcries  ;  to 
talk  lojd  ;  to  utter  loud  voices  r^ptratedly  ;  to  vocif 
ernte,  as  an    individual ;  to  uttrr  loud  voices,  as  a 
multitude  ;  to  complain  ;  to  make   importunate  de- 
mands. Shak.     Bacon. 
ThoK  wh0  meat  U>ikU7  elomor  lur  llli^rtj  do  out  muit  Vtbrniiy 
gnnX  it.  Anon. 

*'  Clamor  yotir  Umgnes,"  tn  Fhakspeare,  if  intend- 
ed to  mean,  "  stop  from  noise,"  is  not  English. 
Perhaps  tbe  word  was  dam  up*  ^°  ^^8  "'  ^^Pi  <"' 
used  lor  it. 


CLA 

CLAM'OR-ER,  n.     One  who  clamors.      Che.'iterjUl'l 

CLAM'OR  ING,  ppr.  Uttering  and  repeating  loud 
words;  making  a  great  and  continued  noise;  par- 
ticularly in  complaint  or  iiu;)ortunate  deniand.'^. 

CLAM'OU-OUS,  a.  Speaking  and  repeating  loud 
words  ;  noisy  ;  vociferous  ;  loud  ;  turbulent. 

Hooker.     Pope.     Swift. 

CLAM'OR-OTIS-LY,  ado.     With  loud  noise  or  words. 

€LA.M'OR-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  loud  or  noi:*y. 

CLAMP,  V.  ru.  klnmp:  G.  klammcr^  klemmcn ',  Dan. 
klamp  ;  W.  cf»^mu,  to  tie.J 

1.  In  fCrtWd^,  something  that  fju^tms  or  binds  ;  a 
piece  of  timber  or  of  iron,  u^ed  to  fasten  work  to- 
gether;  or  a  particular  manner  of  uniting  work  by 
letting  boards  into  each  oilier. 

2.  An  in.-^truinent  with  a  screw  at  one  end,  used 
by  joiners  to  hold  pieces  of  wiwd  togetln^r. 

'A.  In  ship-buildm/r^  a  thick  plank  on  the  inner  part  of 
a  ship's  side,  used  to  sustain  the  ends  of  tbe  b?anis. 

4.  A  smooth,  crooked  plate  of  iron,  fureU>cked  on 
the  trunnions  of  a  cannon  to  keep  it  fasf  to  the  car- 
riage. Clainjw  are  also  used  to  sirenglhcn  masts, 
nnh  to  fasten  the  maf^ts  and  bowspritj  of  small  ves- 
sels and  of  boats.  Jilar.  Diet. 

5.  A  large  mass  or  pile  of  bricks  laid  up  fi»r  burn- 
ing, in  which  the  end  of  one  brick  is  laid  over 
another,  and  a  space  is  lt;ft  between  the  bricks  for 
the  fire  to  ascend.  Kneyc. 

Clitmp-irons ;  inma  used   at  the  ends  of  tires  to 

keep  the  fuel  from  falling.  BuUcij. 

Clamp-uailn;   nails  used  to    fasten   on  clamps    in 

ships. 
CLAMI',  r.  t     To  fasten  with  clamps. 

2.  In  joinery,  to  (it  a  pitxe  of  lioard  with  the  grain, 

to  the  end  of  another  piece  of  board  across  the  grain  ; 

as,  to  claj'ip  a  table  to  prevent  its  warping.    Jluron. 
eLAMP'/:D,   (klampt,)  pp.     United   or  strengthened 

with  a  rlam[). 
CLA.MP'ING,  ppr.     Fasteningor  strengthening  with  a 

clamp. 
CLAN,  n.     [fr.  claim,  or  Wflwrf,  children,  posterity;  a 

tribe,  breed,  generation,  family.     Erse,  elan  or  klaaru 

Perhaps  G.  klein,  small.] 

1.  A  race  ;  a  family  ;  a  tribe.     Milton.     Dryden. 
Hence, 

2.  In  Scotland,  a  tribe  or  collection  of  families 
united  under  a  chieftain,  ustially  hi'aring  the  same 
surname,  and  supposed  to  be  descendt^d  from  a  com- 
mon ancestor. 

3.  In  contempt,  a  sect,  society,  or  body  of  persona 
closely  united  by  some  common  interest  or  pursuit. 

JWttV. —  In  Russ.  kolieno  signifies  a  knee,  and  a 
family,  race,  or  tribe;  Irish  glan,  the  knee,  and  a 

€LAN'CU-LAR,  a.     [L.  clancularia,'^.]        fgeturation^ 
Clandestine  ;  secret ;   private  ;   concealed.     [^LiU^ 
used.  ] 

CLAN'^eU-LAR-LY,  ado.  Privately ;  secretly.  {Lit- 
tle used,'\ 

€LAN-DES'TI\E,  (-tin,)  a.     [L.  clanAe.^tinu.'^.] 

Sccrt^t ;  private;  hidden;  withdrawn  from  public 
view.  It  oflen  bears  an  ill  sense,  aa  implying  cratt 
or  decejrtion,  or  evil  design. 

eLA\-DES'TLNE-LY,  ado.  Secretly  j  privately  ;  in 
secret. 

CLA N-DES'TI NEWNESS, 7U  Secrecy  ;  a  stale  of  con- 
cealment. 

eLAN-DE.S-TIN'I-TY,  n.     Privacy  or  secrecy. 

CLANG,  V.  U  or  i,  [L.  elango,  to  M>und  ;  G.  lilang ;  D. 
Uank  ;  Sw.  klang  ;  Dan.  klang  t  Gr.  >i\a}  >  o),  K^a^«}, 
jtAq}  (o),  rKSa}ny.  It  appears  from  the  Greek,  that  h 
is  not  radical,  and  that  this  word  belongs  to  C1;lss 
Lg,  coinciding  with  clink,  clank,  and  probably  with 
dark.] 

To  make  a  sharp,  shrill  sound,  as  by  striking  me- 
tallic subfitances  ;  or  to  strike  wiDi  u  sharp  sound. 

Tiic-y  clanged  their  •o>mil)ii;  &nni.  Prior, 

CLANG,  n.    [L.  dangor;  O.  klang;  D.  klanic.    See  the 

verb.] 
A  sharp,  tthrill  sound,  made  by  striking  together 

metallic  substancfs,  or  sonorous  bodies  ;  as,  the  dung 

of  arms;  or  any  like  sound  ;  as,  the  c/«n!»' of  trmnpi'is. 

This   word    imiities   a  degree   of  harshnesa   in   the 

sound,  or  more  harshness  tlian  clink.  Milton. 

eLAN"Gf)R,  (klang'gor,)  n.      [L.]     A  sharp,  shrill, 

harsh   sound.     [See  ('lano.]  Dryden. 

€LAN"GOR-OUS,  a.    Sharp  or  harsh  in  sound. 

Spectator. 
CLAN"GOUS,  fklang'gns,)  a.      Making  a  clang,  or 

a  shrill  or  harKh  sound.  Broicn. 

CLANK,  n.     [See   Clamo.]     The   loud,   shrill,  sharp 

sound  made  by  a  collision  of  metallic  or  other  so. 

noroua  bodies.  Spectator. 

CLANK,  r.  (.  or  i.    To  make  a  sharp,  shrill  sound  :  to 

strike  with  a  sharp  sound  ;  as,  the  prisoners  clank 

their  chains. 
CLAN'NI8II,a.     Closely  united,  like  aclan  ;  disposed 

to  adhere  closely,  as  the  members  of  a  clan. 
CLAN'NISII-LY,  adv.     In  a  claunish  manner. 
CLAN'NISII-NE.Si*,  n.    Close  adherence  or  disposition 

to  unite,  as  a  clan. 
CLAN'SIIIP,  n.     A  state  of  union,  ai  in  a  family  or 

clan  ;  an  association  under  a  chieftain.  Encyc. 


CLA 

CLAP,r.  i.  ,■  pre^and  pp.  CLAPcBDor  Clapt.  \B.klap- 
pen,  kloppen  :  Dan.  klapper ;  Sw.  klappa:  O.  klappen 
or  klaffcn;  Russ.  kleplyu.  The  Dutch  and  German 
words  signify  to  dap  or  strike,  and  to  talk,  clatter, 
prate.  Sax.  cleifpian  or  clypian,  to  call,  to  speak, 
whence yc/cpw/,  [obs. ;]  \V.clepian,lo  clack,  to  babble, 
from  Ucp,  a  lapping,  llepiaw,  to  lap,  to  lick.  The 
sense  is  to  send,  drive,  or  strike,  L.  alapa,  a  slop.] 

1.  To  strike  with  a  quick  motion,  so  as  to  make 
a  noise  by  tlie  collision  ;  to  strike  with  sontrthing 
broad,  or  having  a  flat  surface  ;  as,  to  clap  the  hands ; 
to  clap  tlie  wings.  Locke.     Dryden. 

9.  To  thrust;  to  drive  together  ;  to  shut  hastdy  ; 
followed  by  to  /  as,  to  dap  to  the  door  or  gate. 

Lucke.     Shak. 

3.  To  thrust  or  drive  together  ;  to  put  one  thing  to 
another  by  a  hasty  or  suddun  motion  ;  followed  by  tc, 
on,  or  in ;  as,  to  dap  the  hand  to  the  mouth  ;  to  Jap 
spurs  to  a  horse  ;  to  dap  on  a  saddle. 

jyatts.     Addison.     Dryden. 

4.  To  thrust ;  to  put,  place,  or  send  ;  followed  by 
in,  into,  under,  over,  &i.c.  ;    as,  to  dap  one  under  the 
hatches ;   to  dap  one  into  Bedlam  ;  to  dap  a  board    I 
over  a  pit.  Shak.     Spectator. 

5.  To  applaud  ;  to  manifest  approbation  or  praise 
by  striking  the  hands  together;  as,  to  dap  a  pi'r- 
fonnance  on  the  stage. 

ti.  To  infect  with  venereal  poison.  Tfiseman. 

To  dap  up ;  to  make  or  complete  hastily  ;  as,  to  dap 
up  a  peace.  Shak.     HowcL 

2.  To  imprison  hastily,  or  with  little  delay. 

Sandys. 
CLAP,  V,  i.    To  move  or  drive  together  suddenly  with 
noise. 

The  doo™  around  me  clapU  Dryden. 

2.  To  enter  on  with  alacrity  and  briskness  ;  to 
drive  or  thrust  on  ;  as  we  say  to  reaiwrs  or  mowers, 
dap  in,  or  cltip  to  :  that  is,  enter  on  the  work,  begin 
without  delay,  begin  briskly. 

3.  To  strike  the  hands  together  in  applause. 

Bid  thoin  clap.  Sttak. 

CLAP,  71.  A  driving  together;  a  thrust  and  collision 
of  bodies  with  noise,  usually  bodies  with  broad  sur- 
faces. 

Give  tlie  door  a.etop.  Swift, 

2.  A  sudden  act  or  motion  ;  a  thrust. 

P:t,v  all  df^liu  at  Diie  clap.  Suift, 

3.  A  burst  of  sound ;  a  sudden  explosion  ;  as,  a 
dap  of  thunder. 

4.  An  ac  t  of  applause  ;  a  striking  of  hands  to  ex- 
prt:ss  appruhalion.  Addiion. 

5.  A  venereal  infection.     [Fr.  dapoir ;  D.  klapoor.] 

Pope. 

6.  \Vith  falconers  J  the  nether  part  of  the  beak  of  a 
hawk.  Bailey. 

CLAP'ROARD,  (klab'bord,)?!.  A  thin,  narrow  board, 
for  covering  houses.     [U.  States.] 

The  word  is  also  used  aa  a  verb  for  to  cover  with 
clapboards. 

In  England,  according  to  Railey,  a  clapboard  is 
what, .in  Ami-rica,  is  called  a  stave  for  casks. 

CLAP'-DISH,  71.     A  wooden  bowl  or  dish. 

CLAP'-DOC-TOR,  n.  One  who  is  skilled  in  healing 
the  cla]),  or  venereal  disease.  Tatlcr. 

€LAP'-.\F.T,  n.  A  net  for  taking  larks,  united  with 
a  Utoking-gla.ss.  Bailey.     Encvc 

CLAP'PKl),  (klapt,)  pp.  Thnist  or  put  on  or  together  ; 
applauded  by  striking  the  hands  together ;  infected 
with  the  venert^nl  disease. 

CLAP'PER,  n.  A  person  who  claps,  or  applauds  by 
clapping. 

2.  That  which  strikes,  as  the  tongue  of  a  bell,  or 
the  piece  of  wood  that  strikes  a  mill-hopper. 
X  A  burrow  or  inclosure.     [0&;*.] 

CLAPTER  CLAW,  v.  t.     [cirtp  and  c/aic.]      To  fight 
and  scratrh.     hmart.     Hence, 
2.  'i'o  scold  ;  to  abuse  with  tlie  tongue  ;   to  revile. 
Shak.     JIudihras. 

CLAP'PING,  ppr.  Driving  or  putting  on,  in,  over,  or 
under,  by  a  sudden  motion  ;  striking  the  hands  to- 
gether. 

CLAP'PING,  71.  The  art  of  striking  the  hands  to- 
gclher,  onhnarily  by  way  of  applause. 

CLAP'-TRAP,  71.  A  trap  for  clapping  in  theaters. 
Hence,  a  trick  or  device  to  gain  applause. 

CLARK,  n.     A  nun  of  the  ordi;r  of  Si.  Clare, 

Chalmers. 

GLAR'EN-CEOX,    >  (klar^en-shu,)  tl     In  Great  Brit- 

CLAR'EN-(nKOX,  i  ai/t,  the  second  king  at  arms, 
so  called  from  iht;  duke  of  Clarene.e,  and  apjxiinted 
by  Edward  IV.  His  otfice  is  to  marsiial  and  dispose 
the  funerals  of  nil  baronets,  knights,  anrl  esquired,  on 
tfic  south  of  the  River  Trent,  Bailey.     Encvc 

CLARE'-On-SeORE',  n.  [L.  dams,  clear,  and  oUcn- 
ra-n,  obscure.] 

liight  and  shade  in  painting;  or  the  particular  dis- 
tribution of  the  lights  and  shades  of  a  piece,  with  r  ■- 
npt'.cl  tr)  the  ease  of  the  eye  and  the  eflect  of  the 
wholK  piece  ;  also,  a  design  of  two  colors.     Encyc. 

CLAR'ET,  7t.  [Fr.  dairet,  from  clair,  clear;  IL  da- 
retti).] 

A  species  of  French  wine,  of  a  clear,  pale  red 
color.  Thomson. 


TONE,  BgLL,  TJNITE.  — AN"GEIl,  VI"CI0U8.  — C  aa  K  ;  6  aa  J ;  B  as  Z ;  CII  aa  SH ;  TU  aa  in  THIS. 


CLA 

€LAR'I-€nORD,  n.    [L.  clorw,  clear,  and  ekor^  a 
Btring.    See  Chord.] 

A  mustcul  in-^niinent,  In  form  of  a  spinet,  now 
out  of  uw  ;  r.illfd,  nl9o,  manicfuTtL 
€LAR-I-FI-eA'TIO\,  M.  [See  Clarift.]  The  act 
of  clearing;  particiiJarly  the  clearing  or  fining  of 
lit;uiii  sutvitanct:^  fmra  all  feculent  mutter  by  chem- 
ic:J  means.  Haeon. 

€LAR'IFr  £D,  (klar'e-fide,)pp'0"*a.   Purified;  made 

clear  or  fine  ;  defecnteil. 
€LARI-FI-ER,  n.     That  which  ctarifiea  or  piiri  fit's  ; 
as,  whites  of  eggs,  bluotl,  and  isinglass,  are  clarifiers 
of  liquon,  EdwardM, 

a.  A  Tessel  in  which  litpior  i«  clarifit^d. 

/fiirjrtnjt'.t  Med.  R*poM. 
€I*AR'I-FT,  r.t.      [Ft.  rtarifier;  It.  duarijiai.rt;  from 
1*.  elarus,  clear,  and/dfw,  to  make.] 

J.  To  make  clear  ;  to  purify  from  feculent  mailer ; 
to  di-fcoite;  to  fine;  apptud  porficuMr/y  la  liquors i 
as,  to  clarify  wine  or  simp. 

^  To  make  clear  ;  to  bri<thten  or  illuminate  ;  ap- 
ftied  to  tXf  uiind  or  rvojim.     [/tdrrfy  itacd!,]        SaulX. 
CLARM-FV,  r.  L     To  clear  up ;   to  grow  clear  or 
bright. 

etarytt*,  In  JfaoMmnf  with  uiothcr. 


2.  To  pow  or  become  cipar  or  fin« ;  to  become 
pure,  as  limu-r*.     Cider  clurifiejf  bv  fermentation. 

€LAR  l-F?-l.\G,  pyr.  or  a.  Making  clear,  pure,  or 
bright ;  defecating  ;  growing  clear.        ,  • 

€LAR*l-OV,  n,  [Ft.  dairoH;  Sp.  darin;  It.  ehiaritta; 
Port,  darim ;  from  L.  dams^  clear,  fnjm  its  shrill 
sound.] 

A  kind  of  trumpet,  wltose  tube  is  narrower  and  its 
tone  more  acute  and  t^hrill  than  that  of  the  conmioa 
trumpet.  F.nevc 

€LAR-l-0-XET',  j  n.     [Fr.  eUtrinrttf.'\  A  wind  in'sini- 

eLAR'I-NET,  i  nient  of  music,  witli  n  mouth 
p.'Uiakiiig  of  a  trumpet  form,  and  played  on  by  means 
of  holes  and  kej-s. 

€LA  RIS'O-XOrs,  a.    JL.  dar»i*and  wmu.] 
Having  a  clear  sound. 

eLAR'l-TL'DK,  a.  Clearness;  splendor.  [UtOe 
used,]  Bnatm.  and  FU 

€LARa-TY,  a.     [Tr.dartif   L.  daritasy  from  c/anw. 
dear.] 
Clearness  ;  brightness  ;  splendor.    [LitiU  tuoL] 
Baton.    Bnmm, 

€IA  RT,  r.  L    To  daub,  smear,  or  spread.       Or^se. 

CLART'V,  «.    Wet ;  »lipper>-.  Orose. 

€LAR'V,  p.  i.  To  make  a  loud  or  sbriU  noise.  [.Vot 
*-•'«/.]  OoUiMf, 

eLA'RY,  «.  [A  formptifm  of  Sdarea.]  A  plant  of 
the  et-nuis  Salvia,  or  sugc  ;  Salvia  Schirea. 

€LA'RY-WA-TER,  n.  A  comp-wiiion  of  brandy, 
sugar,  clar>- flowers,  and  cmnanion,  with  a  little  am- 
berp^  dissolved  in  iL  It  is  a  cardiac,  and  helps  di- 
gestion. Eiu-vc, 

CLASH,  v,i.  [D.  IdeLfTMi  G.  kUtsdun^  ktiUeJu» ;  Don. 
kloLfker.} 

1.  To  strike  ag;iiust ;  to  dnve  against  with  force. 
.yitte,  —  The  Sense  of  this  word  is  simply  to  strike 

against  or  meet  with  f>>rce  ;  but  when  two  soundmg 
bodies  strike  together,  the  effvct  is  a  sound.  Hence 
the  word  of\^n  implies,  to  strike  with  a  nol'^e ;  as, 
daslui»S^  arms.  Z>en)uim. 

2.  To  meet  in  opposition  ;  to  be  contrary ;  to  act 
in  a  contrary  direction  ;  to  interfere,  as  opposing 
persons,  minds,  views,  interests,  &.c.  ;  as,  the  opin- 
Kins  (jf  men  dask;  dashing  interests.     SoutJL  Bacon. 

ImfepnKlcnt  JanvlJaioof  ^eould  am  £ul  to  dafh. 

Dmght'M  The<il. 

CLASH,  V.  L  To  Strike  one  thing  against  another, 
with  MHind.  Dryden, 

CLASH,  n.  A  meeting  of  bodies  with  violence  ;  a 
•triking  toffether  with  noise  ;  collision,  or  noisy  collis- 
ion of  bodies  ;  as,  the  datth  of  anns.   Pope.  Denham. 

3.  Opposition :  contradiction ;  as  between  differ- 
ing or  contending  interests,  views,  purjxjses,  Sec. 

AtlerbiLrif.     Drnkain. 
CL.\SH'I\C;,  ppr.    Striking  agnin:<t  with  noise;  meet- 
ing in  opposition:  opposing;  interlering. 
CLASH'LNG,  m.    Interfering;  opposite;    as,   dashing 

interests. 
CLASH'ING,  n.       A  striking  against;   collision  of 

bodies ;  oppoeition.  JltnceL 

CLASH'ING-LY,  adv.     With  clashing. 
€L.\SP.  n.     nucUuha:  dapsf,  Chaucer.] 

1.  A  bo«>K  for  fastening  ;  a  catch  ;  a  small  book  to 
hold  tofctber  the  covers  of  a  book,  or  the  difilrent 
parts  oCn  garment,  of  a  belt,  &.c.  .Addison. 

S.  A  close  Mobrace  ;  a  throwing  of  the  arms  around. 

Shak. 
CLASP,  V.  L    To  shut  or  fasten  together  with  a  rlxsp. 

Pirpe. 

3.  To  catch  and  hold  by  twining  ;  to  surround  and 
j       cling  to  ;  as,  the  clasping  ivy.  Milton. 

3.  To  inclose  and  hold  in  tbe  band ;  or  simply  to 
inclose  or  encompass  with  tbe  fingers.  Baom. 

A.  To  embrace  closely ;  to  throw  tbe  arms  round  ; 
to  catch  with  the  anns.  Mdtan.     Dryden. 

5.  To  inclose  and  press. 
CLASP' £D,   (klispt,)  pp.      Fastened   with   a  clasp; 
shut ;  embraced  ;  inclosed  ;  encompassed  ;  caught. 


CLA 

CLXSP'ER,  «,  He  or  tliat  which  clasps  ;  usually  the 
tendril  of  a  vine  or  other  plant,  which  twines  round 
snnicihing  for  support. 

ei.ASr'ER-EU,  a.     Furnished  with  tendrils. 

Cl.XSP'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Twining  round  ;  catching  and 
hi>ldin<:;  embracing;  inclosing;  shutting  or  fasten- 
ing wiUi  a  clasp. 

a.  In  botany,  surrounding  the  stem  at  the  base,  as 
a  Ifaf.  Mnrtyn. 

CLXSP'-KNIFE,  C-nlfe,)  a.  A  knife  which  folds  into 
the  handle.  Johnson. 

GLASS,  H.  [L.  dassisy  a  class,  a  fleet,  a  trotip,  that  is, 
a  ctilleclion  ;  It.  dns.te ;  Fr.  dasse  ;  Sp.  da^se ,-  Arm. 
c/df  r,  and  .<Wrt;  I  ,■  Dan.  ktas^e,  a  class,  and  kUxse,  a 
cluster,  a  bunch.  This  seems  to  bo  a  branch  of  the 
root  of  L.  daudoy  dausas.] 

\.  An  ofdcr  w  rank  of  persona  ;  a  number  of  per- 
Siins  in  society,  supjiosed  to  liave  some  reitemblance. 
or  equality,  in  rank,  education,  property,  liUenb*,  and 
the  like;  as  in  the  phrase,  all  dassM  of  men  in  so- 
ciety. 

Tbe  ivadm  of  pocUy  tnn^  b^  dwtln^iuhed  iulo  ihrty  cUutta, 
Kceordiitg  to  Ibcir  capacity  ol  Judging.  Urydan. 

9.  A  number  of  students  in  a  college  or  school,  of 
the  same  standing,  or  pursuing  the  same  studies.  In 
colleges,  the  students  entering  or  becoming  members 
the  same  year,  and  pursuing  the  same  studies.  In 
academies  and  5cho4>ls,  the  pupils  who  learn  the 
same  lesson,  and  recite  together.  In  some  cases, 
students  of  ditferent  standings,  pursuing  ilie  same 
studies  and  reciting  together,  or  attending  the  saiue 
professor,  or  the  same  course  of  lectures. 

3.  Scientific  division  or  arrangement;  a  set  of 
beings  or  things  having  something  in  common,  or 
ranged  under  a  common  denomination.  Hence,  in 
toology,  animals  are  divided  into  classes,  as  cjuad- 
nipeds,  birds,  fi.^hes,  ice.  So,  in  botany^  plants  are 
arranged  in  classes.  Classes  are  natural  or  art{/icial ; 
natunU,  when  founded  on  natural  relations  or  rtMsem- 
blanres  ;  artificial,  when  formed  arbitrarily,  for  want 
of  a  complete  knowledge  of  natural  relations.  Mariyn. 

CLASS,  r.  t  To  arrange  in  a  class  or  classes,  to  ar- 
range in  sets,  or  ranks,  according  to  some  method 
founded  on  natural  distinctions  ;  to  place  together, 
or  in  one  division,  men  or  things  which  have,  or  are 
supposed  to  have,  something  in  coumion. 

3,  To  place  in  ranks  or  divisions  students  ttiat  are 
pursuing  tbe  same  studies ;  to  form  into  a  class  or 
classes. 

€LASS'£D,  (kl&st,)  pp.  Arranged  in  a  class  or  In 
sets. 

CLAS'SIC,  jo.      [L.  dassintsi   Fr.  dassiqur;   It. 

€LAS'SlO.\L,  (  dassico:  Sp.  da^ico  ;  from  L.  dassUiy 
the  first  order  of  Ritman  citizens,] 

^  I.  Relating  tn  ancient  Greek  and  Roman  authors 
of  the  first  rank  or  estimation,  which,  in  modern 
times,  have  been,  and  still  are,  studied  as  the  best 
models  of  fine  writing.  Thus  Aristotle,  Plato,  De- 
mosthenes, Thucydides,  &.c.,  among  the  Greeks,  and 
Cicero,  Virgil,  L.iv>',  Sallust,  Cesar,  and  Tacitus, 
among  the  Latins,  are  da.ssical  authors.     Hence, 

2.  Pertaining  to  writers  of  tlie  first  rank  among 
the  moderns;  being  of  the  first  order;  constituting 
the  best  model  or  authority  as  an  author ;  as,  Ad- 
dison and  Johnson  are  English  dassical  writers. 
Hence,  dassical  denotes  pure,  chaste,  correct,  re- 
fined i  as,  a  dassical  taste ;  a  dassical  style. 

At  Urrrfiool,  RcMCoe  b  lilce  Pompej'a  column  al  Alezftn(]ri&, 
Igwchng  iioae  in  clattic  dignity.  Iraing. 

3.  Pertaining  to  a  class  or  Classis. 
CLAS'Sie,  n.    An  author  of  the  first  rank  ;  a  writer 

whose  style  is  pure,  correct,  and  refined  ;  primarily, 
a  Greek  or  Roman  autlior  of  this  character;  but  the 
word  is  applied  to  writers  of  a  like  character  in  any 
nation.  Pope. 

2.  A  book  written  by  an  author  of  the  first  class. 
CLAS'SIC-AL-LY,  adv.     In  tlie  manner  of  classes; 
according  to  a  regular  order  of  classes  or  sets. 

It  »t>ulJ  be  impoaable  lo  bear  all  it*  •f-'cific  deuUi  b  the 
nieutory,  if  ibtj  were  nut  ciatticalty  arnm^Hl. 

Kerr't  Latoitier. 

2.  Tn  a  cla^ical  manner;  according  to  the  manner 
of  classical  authors. 

€LAS-SI€-AL'I-TY,   i  n.    The  quality  of  being  cla»- 

CLAS'Sie  ALNESS,  \      sical. 

CLAS-SIF'ie,  a.  Constituting  a  class  or  classes  ; 
noting  classification,  or  the  order  of  distribution  into 
seta.  Med.  Repos.  Jin..  2. 

€LAS-SI-FI-€a'TION, n.  [See  CLAssjFy.l  The  act 
of  forming  into  a  class  or  classes ;  distribution  into 
sets,  sorts,  or  ranks.  EnfieWa  Ph'd.     Encyc. 

CLAS'SI-FI-CA-TO-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  classffica- 
tion  ;  that  admits  of  classification.       jSm.  Eclectic. 

CLAS'SI-FT-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Arranged  in  classes ; 
formed  into  a  chiss  or  classes. 

€LAS'SI-FY,  V.  t.  [L.  dassis,  a  class,  and  facio,  to 
make  ;  a  word  of  modern  coinage.] 

To  raiike  'a.  class  or  classes  ;  to  distribute  into 
classes ;  to  arrange  in  sets  according  to  some  com- 
mon properties  or  characters. 

Th?  <!is<-aac«  and  CMuallict  are  not  •ci^ntific.iIlT  elaatijled. 
Tooke,  AuM.  Emp.  I.  531.  Sre  alao  Aibin't  'Letlert,  106. 
Blnck'i  CkxiJOMlry,  L  3t5.  Waitht  iu.  44.  SUtoart,  El. 
PhU.  i.  1ST. 


i'TION,  a,    A  halting  or  limping.    [Lit- 


CLA 

CIjAS'SI-FY-ING,  ppr.    Forming  a,  class  or  classes; 

arranging  iu  sorts  or  ranks. 
CL.KSS'ING,  ppr.     Arranging  in  a  class  or  classes. 
CLAS'SIS,  71.     Class;  ortfer  ;  sort.  Clarendon. 

2.  A  judicatory  in  the  Reformed  Dutch  and  French 
churches,  corresponding  to  xt.  prrsbytery. 

3.  A  convention  or  assembly.  Miltxm, 
eL.'VT'TER,  r.  i.   .  f  D.  klatrrrn,  kUtteren  ;  W.  clewtiaio  ; 

Sax.  diituinge,  a  cluttering.  Uu.  Fr.  eclaterj  h.  latro, 
to  bark  ;  Sux.  klyd,  loud.  It  seems  to  be  a  diminu- 
tive.] 

1.  To  make  niiiliufi  sounds  ;  to  make  repeated 
sharp  sounds,  us  by  striking  sonorous  boditts  ;  a-i,  to 
datter  on  a  shield.  Dryden. 

2.  To  utter  continual  or  repeated  sharp  sounds,  or 
raiiliug  sounds,  by  being  struck  together;  as,  datUr- 
ing  arms, 

3.  To  talk  fust  and  idly  ;  to  run  on  ;  to  rattle  with 
the  tongue.  Spenser. 

CL.\T'TKR,  V.  u    To  strike  and  make  a  rattling  noise. 

Voik  clMUr  aiill  yoitr  hrasea  luM^e.  Su}\/1. 

2.  To  dispute,  jar,  or  clamor.    [Ji  low  word.] 

Martin. 
CLAT'TER,  n.     A  rapid  succession  of  abrupt,  sharp 

sounds,  made  by  the  collision  of  metallic  or  other 

sonorous  iKidies  ;  mttting  sounds.  Swift, 

2.  Tumultuous  and  confused  noise;  a  repetition 

of  abrupt,  sharp  sounds.  Sicijl.     Sfiak. 

CLAT'TER-ER,  n.     One  who  clatters  ;  a  babbler. 
CLAT'TER-LNG,  ppr.  or  a.    Making  or  uttering  sharp, 

abrupt  sounds,  as  by  a  collision  of  sonorous  bodies; 

talking  fast    with  noise;  rattling. 
eLAT'TER-ING,  n.    A  rattling  noise, 
CLAT'TER-I.\G-LY,  adv.     With  clattering. 
CLAU'DE.NT,    a.      [L.    daudens ;    daudti,   to  shut.] 

shutting;  C(.u)fniing;  drawing  together;  us,  a  dan- 
dent  niUHcle.     [Little  u.-icd.] 
eL.MJ'DI-eANT,rt.    Halting;  limping.     [Litdeused.] 
CLAU'DI-C.^TE,  r.  i.     [L.  daudico,   to  limp,   from 

ciaadtts,  lame.]     To  halt  or  limp.     [Little  used,  or  not 

at  all.] 
CLAU-DI-eA'' 

lie  used.] 
CLAUSE,  n.     [Fr.  clause  ;  L.  daiwura,  from  dauda,  to 

shut;  Gr.   ^cAttai,   KXetoT'ti ;    W.  claws;   Eng.  dose; 

Sax.  hlidan,  to  cover ;  hlid.  a  cover,  a  lid.  whicfi  see. 

Class  Ld,  No.  1,  8,  9.] 
lAterullij,  a  close,  or  inclosnre.    Hiuice,  that  which 

is  included,  or  contained,  within  certain  limits. 

1.  In  language,  or  grammar:,  a  member  of  a  period 
or  sentence  ;  a  subdivision  of  a  sentence,  in  which 
the  words  are  inseparably  connected  with  each  other 
in  sense,  and  can  not,  with  propriety,  be  separated  by 
a  point ;  as,  "  There  is  reason  to  think  that  he  after- 
ward rose  to  favor,  and  obtained  several  honors, 
civil  and  military."  In  this  eentence  are  two 
clauses. 

2.  An  article  in  a  contract  or  other  writing;  a  dis- 
tinct part  of  a  contract,  will,  agreement,  charter, 
commission,  or  other  writing  ;  a  distinct  stipulation, 
condition,  proviso,  grant,  covonant,  &c.  South, 

CLAUS'THAL-ITE,   n.     Native  seleniuret  of  lead, 

having  a  lead-gray  color.  Dana. 

CLAUS'TRAL,  a,    [L.  daitstrum,  an  inclosure,  from 
claudo.     See  Clause.] 

Relating  to  a  cloister,  or  religious  house ;  as,  a 
dau^tral  prior.  JiyUffe. 

CLAU'SU-LAR,  a.    Consisting  of  or  having  clauses. 

Smart. 
€LAUS'T:JRE,  (klaw'z.hur,)  n.    [See  Clause.]    The 
act  of  shutting  up  or  confining;  confinement.    [Lit- 
tle used.]  Qediles. 
2.  In  anatomy^  an  imperforated  canal. 

Coxe.     Qifiney. 
GLA'VATE       } 
CI  A'VA  Tp'n    I  *^     [L.  c/aro;  Eng.aciiti;  W.c/w7»a.] 

1.  Club-shaped  ;  having  the  form  of  a  club  ;  grow- 
ing gradually  thicker  toward  the  top,  as  certain  parts 
of  a  planL  .Martyn. 

2.  Set  with  knobs.  Woodward. 
CLAVE,  T>rc(.  of  Cleate. 
CLAV'EL-LA-TED,  a.     An  epithet  applied  to  potash 

and  pearlash,  (davellati  cineres,)  from  the  billets  of 
wood  with  which  they  were  burnt.     SmarL     Coze. 

CLA'VI-A-RY,  n.     [L.   davLi^  a  key;  Gr.  ^Acij,  con- 
tracted from  KXtiSod) ;  L.  claudo.] 

In  tnusic,  an  index  of  keys,  or  a  scale  of  lines  and 
s[i»ces.  Encyc,  art.  Clef. 

CLAV'I-CnORD,  n.     [L.  davis,  a  key,  and  chorda,  a 
Btriiip.] 

A  musical  instrument  of  an  oblong  figiire,  of  the 
nature  of  a  spinet.  Tlie  strings  are  niullied  with 
small  bits  of  fine  woolen  cloth,  to  soften  the  soimds ; 
usrd  in  nunneries.     [See  Clahichobd.]  Encyc. 

CLAV'I-GLE, -Tu     [L.  davicida,  a  tendril,  that  is,  a 
little  key  or  fastener,  from  davis,  a  key  or  lock.] 

The  collar  bone.  There  are  two  clavicles,  or  chan- 
nel bones,  joined  at  one  end  to  the  scapula  or  shoul- 
der bone,  and  at  the  other  to  tbe  sternum  or  breast 
bone.  QuiHct/. 

CLAV'I-CORN,  n.    The  name  of  a  family  of  insects. 

CLA'Vl-ER,  «.     [L.  davis,  a  key.]     In  muMc,  an  as- 
semblage of  all  the  keys  of  an  organ  or  piano-forte. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— M£TE,  PR^Y.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


CLE 

representing  all   the  sounds  used  in  meludy  and 

hamionv. 
CLA-Vie'lJ-LAR,  a.     Pertaining  to  tbe  collar  bone  or 

clavicle. 
€LAV'1-6ER,  B.     [L.  claois^  a   key,  and  gcro,  to 

carT>-.] 

One  who  keeps  the  keys  of  any  place. 

Ck.  Rrlitr.  ^ppraK 
€LAW,  n.    [Pax.  date ;  G.  klaiie ;  D.  ki^muio ;  Dan. 

kliiv:  &\v.  bl,./,  or  klo.] 

1.  The  sJiarp,  hooked  nail,  of  a  beast,  bird,  or  ullier 
animal. 

Eftry  l»"Mt  that  p*irt«h  the  hoof,  and  cleavftli  th'-  cleft  Into  two 

elnvt,  and  cliTweUi  Uip  cml,  ye  sh^Ol  ''«i,  —  Dcuu  xiv. 
Bla  Oiiils  WIT*;  gi^WQ  like  lAnit'  clau4. —  Dnii.  it, 

9.  The  whole  foot  of  an  animal  armed  with 
bonked  nail?. 

3.  The  hand,  in  contempt. 
CLAAV,  r.  t.     [SajK.  clawcn.]     To  pull,  tear,  or  srraicli 
with  the  nails.  Shuk.     South. 

2.  To  scratch  or  tear  in  general ;  to  tickle. 

Shak.     Uudibras. 

3.  To  flatter.     [Ob.*.]  S/utk. 
To  daw  off  01  away ;  to  scold  or  rail  at   L^E-irtmnirf, 
3.  In  seamanship^  to  turn  to  windward   and  beat, 

to  prevent  falling  on  a  lee  shore.     Hence, 
3.  In  rulfrar  lan^uaj^ty  to  gel  offer  escape. 
€LA\V'BACK,  n.  [claw  and  buck.]     One  who  flatters  ; 

a  sycophant ;  a  wheedlcr.  JeweL 

€LAVV'£D,  (klaft  d,)  pp.    Scratched,  pulled,  or  turn 

witli  claws. 

2.  a.  Furnished  with  claws.  Orero. 

CLAWING,  ppr.    Pulling,  tearing,  or  iscratchiug  with 

claws  or  nails. 
eLAVV'IN'G  OFF,  n.     The  act  of  beating  or  working 
^>it  from  a  lee  shore,  or  from  another  vessil. 

Totten. 
€L.^W'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  claws. 

Jtiiirn.  of  Sdenee, 
€LAY,  H.     [Pax.  dag:  G.  klei;  D.Udi  W.cUi;  Dan. 
ikitf-^',  riscous,  sticky.] 

1.  The  name  of  cert-iin  substances  which  are  mix- 
tures of  silt'x  and  nlttmine,  sometimes  with  lime, 
matmesia,  alkali,  .ind  metallic  oxyds.  A  species  of 
earths  which  are  firmly  colicnut,  weighty,  compact, 
and  hard  when  dry,  but  stiff,  viscid,  and  ductile 
when  moist,  and  snmoth  to  the  touch;  not  readily 
diffii:*il>le  in  water,  and  whi-n  mixed,  not  readily 
subsiding  in  iL  They  contnicl  by  heat.  Clays  ab- 
sorb water  greedily,  and  become  soft,  but  are  so 
t4.-n:u'ious  as  to  be  molded  into  any  shai^  ;  and  hence 
thf>'  ar.;  the  materials  of  bricks  and  various  vessels, 
dtitnestic  and  chemical.  Encyc     Cleardund. 

2.  In  poetry  and  in  Scripture,  earth  in  gcneml. 

Dojtne, 
I  alao  un  formal  out  of  Uie  datf.  — Job  xxxiii. 

3.  In  Scripture,  dav  is  used  to  express  frailty, 
liableness  to  decay  and  destruction. 

Thr»  iliiit  ihvcll  in  hoosr*  of  cfc^.  —  Job  ir. 
€1-aV,  r.  I.    To  cover  or  manure  with  clay.  Mortinur. 

2.  To  purify  and  whiten  with  clav,  as  sugar. 

Kdioards.  W.  Ind. 
€I.AY-BR,AIN'ED,  fl.    Stupid.  Sh^xk. 

eL.W-Hril.T,  (kl«'hill,)  a.     IJuilt  with  clay. 
€LAV'-COLD,  a.    Cold  as  clay  or  earth  ;  lift'lesfl. 

Roifif^ 
CLA  V'KD,  pp.  at  a.    Covered  or  manured  with  clay. 

3.  Purified  and  wiiiten-jd  with  clay  ;  as,  daycd 
cuRnr.  Fdmards. 

€La  YF,?,  n.  pL     [Fr.  daif,  a  hurdle  ;  VV.  diryti.] 

In/ttrtifiatlimt,  wallh'S  or  hurdl  's  made  witii  stakes 

inlerwuveu  with  osiers,  to  cover  lodgments. 

Chambers. 
GLAY'KY,  a.    Consisting  of  clay  ;  abounding  with 

clay  }  partaking  of  clay  ;  like  clay. 
eLAY'-<;u»JUND,  71.    Ground  consisting  oT  clay,  or 

aboiinding  with  it. 
CLAY'LSG,  ppr.    Covering  or  manuring  with  clay. 

2.  Purifying  with  clay. 
CLAY'Irill,  a.      Partaking  of  the  nature  of  clay,   or 

containing  particles  of  it. 
CLAV'-LAN'D,  j  n.      Land    consisting   of    clay,   or 
CLAV'—^OIL     I      abounding  with  it. 
CLA  Y'-31ARL,  n.    A  whitish,  smooth,  chalky  rla5-. 

Mi/rtiriier. 
CLAY'MORK,  n.      A  large  sword,  used   formerly  by 

the  Scotti:<h  Highlanders. 
CLAY'-I'lT,  n.     A  pit  where  clay  is  dug.     fViipdward. 
iJLA  Y'-SLaTE,  n.     In  mi«<T(iAt^'j/,argillaceous  sciiisi; 

argillite. 
€l.AY'-HTOi\E,  ji.    A  mineral,  the  thmuitnn  of  W'-r- 

ner,   and   indurated  day  of  Kirwnn.      It   rest-mtilcs 

coni|KU!t  limestone  or  calcareous  marl.     Its  texture  is 

p.>rou«4,  compart,  or  slaty.     Its  color  is  gray,   oltm 

tinged  with  yullnw  or  blue  ;  also  ittsw  or  pale  red,  or 

brownish  re^l,  and  sometimes  greenish.  Clfandaud. 
CLKA.V,  a.     [.Sax.  dtne  ;   W.  glan  or  gtain;  Ir.  glan; 

Arm.  iflftn.     The  primary  sense  seems  to  be,  to  open 

or  to  remove,  to  3ep;irate.l 

In  a  geaeral  jf^njie,  free  from  extraneous  matter,  or 

whatever  is  injurious  or  olfiuisive  :  hence  its  signifl- 

cation  depends  on  the  nature  and  qualities  ot*  the 

•ubstancfis  to  wbich  it  is  applied. 


CLE 

1.  Free  from  dirt,  or  other  foul  matter ;  as,  dean 
water  ;  a  dean  cup  ;  a  dean  floor. 

3.  Free  from  weeds  or  stones ;  as,  dean  land  ;  a 
dean  garden  o»»  field. 

3.  Free  from  knots  or  brandies ;  as,  dean  timber. 
In  America,  dear  is  geneniUy  used. 

4.  Free  from  moral  impurity;  innocent. 

Who  c\n   briiij  a  clean  ihing  out  of  an  uucleau? — Job  xi». 
Acta  xviii. 

5.  Free  from  ceremonial  defilement  Lev.  x. 
JVam.  xix. 

6.  Free  from  guilt ;  sanctified  ;  holy.  John  xiii. 
Ps.  li. 

7.  That  might  ba  eaten  by  the  Hebrews.  Oen. 
vii.  viii. 

8.  That  miglit  be  used.    Luke  xi. 

9.  Free  from  a  foul  disease;  cured  of  leprosy.  2 
King's  V.     MatL  viii. 

10.  Dextrous;  adroit;  not  bungling;  free  from 
awkwardness ;  as,  a  dean  fi-at ;  a  deati  boxer. 

11.  Free  from  infecliou  ;  as,  a  dean  ship.  A  dean 
bill  of  health  is  a  certificate  that  a  ship  is  cZcan,  or 
fn-e  from  infection. 

CLk.AN,  adv.  (iuite  ;  perfectly ;  wholly;  entirely; 
fully  ;  indicating;  separation  or  complete  removal  of 
ever>'  part  "Tlie  p^-ople  pjissed  dfanovtit  Jordan." 
,7ask.  iii.  *'  Is  his  mercy  deun  gone  forever  ?  "  Ps. 
Ixxvii.  This  use  of  dean  is  not  now  elegant,  and  not 
used  except  in  vulgar  language. 

2.  Without  miscarriage  ;  deitrously. 

Pope  «une  off  clean  with  Homer.  Henley. 

CLEAN,  V.  t  [Sax.  cZtnun;  W.  glanau.  See  the 
adjective.] 

To  remove  all  foreign  matter  from ;  to  separate 
from  any  thing  whatever  is  extraneous  to  it,  or  what- 
ever is  foul,  noxious,  or  ofllnsivo,  as  dirt  or  filth 
from  the  hands,  body,  or  clothes  ;  foul  matter  from  a 
vessel ;  weeds,  shrubs,  and  stones  fr«>m  a  meadow  ;  to 
purify.  Thus  a  house  is  cleaned  by  sweeping  and 
washing  ;  a  field  is  cfraned  by  plowing  and  hoeing. 

CLEA.\'/:i),  pp.     Freed  from  tilth  or  dirt. 

CLkAN'ER,  n.     A  person  or  tiling  that  cleans 

CLkA\'-HA\D  ED.  a.     Having  clean  hands. 

ChK.AN'-HF.ART-ED,  o.    Havinu  a  pm-e  heart. 

Cl.cAN'ING,  ppr.     Freeing  from  filth. 

CLi~:A\'I.NG,  n.     The  act  of  making  clean. 

2.  The  n(li.rbirth  of  cows,  ewes,  &c.      Gardiner. 

CLEAN'LI-.NESS  (klen'li-ness,)  n.  [from  flranly.] 
Freedom  from  dirt,  filUi,  or  any  foul,  extraneous 
matter.  Addl^oiu 

2.  XeatJu.'ss  of  person  or  dress  ;  purity.        Swift. 

CLEAX'LY,  (klen'Iy,)  a.  [from  dean.]  Free  from 
dirt,  filih,  or  any  foul  matter  ;  neat ;  carefully  avoid- 
ing filth.  Dryden.     Jiddison. 

2.  Pure  ;  free  from  mixture ;  innocent ;  as,  deagUy 
joys.  OlantuUe. 

3.  Cleansing ;  making  clean  ;  as,  cUanly  powder. 

Prior. 

4.  Nice  ;  artful ;  dextrous  ;  adroit ;  as,  a  deanly 
play;  a,  deaidy  evasion,     [Ob.t.] 

Snertaer.     V  Etdrantre., 
CI.EAN'LYj   (klen'Iy,)   ado.      In    a    clean    manner; 

neatly;  without  filth.  Shak, 

CLkAN'NESS,  n.  Freedom  from  dirt,  filth,  and  for- 
eign matti^r ;  neatness. 

2.  Freedom  from  infection  or  a  foul  disease. 

3.  Exactness;  purity;  justness;  correctness;  uatd 
tff  language  or  style;  as,  deaaness  of  expression. 
[Obs.]  Dryden. 

4.  Purity ;  innocence. 

In  Scripture,  cleanness  of  hands  denotes  innocence. 

Clranness    of    teeth    denotes    want    of    provisions, 

,^'nos  iv.  6. 
CLEAXS'A-BLE,    (klenz'a-bl,)   a.      That     may    be 

cleansed.  Sherinuod, 

CLEANSE,  (klenz,)  o.  t    [Sax.  dterman,  from  cZtrne, 

clean.] 

1.  To  purify ;  to  make  clean;  to  remove  filth,  or 
foul  niatttT  of  any  kind,  or  by  any  pnwess  whatever, 
as  by  washing,  rubbing,  scouring,  scraping,  purging, 
ventilation,  ice. ;  as,  to  dean.ie  the  hands  or  face  ;  to 
eltan/ie  a  gannent;  to  cleanse  the  bowels  ;  to  dcaiue  a 
ship;  to  deansr  an  inffcled  house. 

2.  To  free  from  a  foul  or  infectious  disease;  to 
Ileal.     Ler.  xiv.  4,  8.     ,Mitrk  i.  42. 

3.  To  free  from  cen^tnonial  pollution,  and  conse- 
crate to  a  holy  use.    A*urn.  viti.  15.     £zrA:.  xliii.  20. 

4.  To  purify  from  guilt     I  ./nAn  i.  7. 

.5.  To  n^movtt ;  as,  to  dcumr  a  crime.        Dryden. 
CLEAN3'>;i),   (kicnzd,)  pp.      Purified  ;  made  cletm  ; 

purg'^d  ;    healt;d. 
CLEANS'KR,    (klen/.'er,)    n.      He    or    that    which 

cleanses;  in  mc/ZiciHc.  a  detergent  Jirbuthnot. 

CLEANS'ING,  (klenx'iiig,)  ppr.     Purifying;  making 

clean  ;piirginK  ;   removing  foul  or  noxious   matter 

from  i  freeing  from  guilt. 
CLEANS'IN'G,   (klen/.'ing,)  a.      Adapted   to  cleanse 

and  purifv. 
CLEANS'ING,  (klen^'inp,)  w.     The  act  of  purifying 

or_  purging.    Murk  i,  44.     Lukti  v.  H. 
CLkAX'-TIM'HEU -AD,  a.    Well-proportioned.     [A-^£ 

in_  uMe.]  Shak. 

CLkAR,  a.     [W.  efflffr,  clear,  bright,  from  llaer,  a  re-  , 


CLE 

flux,  llaerv^  to  ebb,  to  clear,  or  W.  eglur,  clear,  from 
llur^  extended,  [like  floor;]  Ir.  gleair,  tear,  leir^  and 
glor;  Arm.  aclrar ;  L.  dams;  Fr.  dair ;  Sp.  and 
Port.  Clara;  It.  ekiaro;  D.  klaar;  G.  klar;  Sw.  and 
Dan.  klar.     See  (ilaku  and  Glorv.] 

1.  Open  ;  free  from  obstruction  ;  as,  a  dear  plat  of 
ground  ;  the  way  is  dear. 

2.  Free  from  clouds,  or  fog  ;  serene ;  as,  a  clear 
day. 

3.  Free  from  foreign  matter;  nnmixed  ;  pure;  as, 
clear  water  ;  dear  sand  ;  cle^ir  air  ;  drar  glass. 

4.  Free  from  any  thing  that  creaus  douiit  or  un- 
certainty ;  apparent  ;  evident  ;  maniiVst  ;  not  ob- 
scure; con:^picuou8 ;  that  is,  u[Mrn  to  the  mind;  as, 
the  reason  is  clear. 

5.  Unclouded  ;  luminous ;  not  obscured  ;  as,  a 
dear  sun  ;  a  clear  shining  after  a  rain.    2  Sam.  xxiii. 

i).  Unobstnicted  ;  unobscured  ;  a.-*,  a  dear  view. 

7.  Perspicacious ;  sharp  ;  as,  a  dear  sight 

8.  Not  clouded  with  care,  or  niffled  by  passion; 
cheerful ;  serene  ;  as,  a  elear  aspect  Milton. 

0.  Evident ;  undeniable  ;  indisputable ;  as,  the 
victory  was  dear.  Miliinu 

10.  Q,uick  to  understand  ;  prompt ;  acute. 

MothT  of  sci'-'noc,  now  I  feel  Ihy  power 

Wiibiii  ine  clear.  Milton. 

1 1.  Free  from  guilt  or  blame ;  innocent ;  unspotted  ; 
irreproachable.     2  Cor.  vii. 

In  action  f^iithfut,  anil  in  honor  clear.  Pope. 

12.  Free  from  bias;  unprepossessed;  not  preoc- 
cupied ;   impartial ;  as,  a  dear  judgment    Sidney. 

13.  Free  from  debt  or  obligation  ;  not  liable  to 
prosecution ;  as,  to  be  clear  of  debt  or  responsibility. 

Gay. 

14.  Free  from  deductions  or  charges ;  as,  dear 
gain  or  profit.  Locke, 

15.  Not  entangled;  unembarrassed;  free;  as,  the 
cable  is  dear.  A  ship  is  c/tijr,  when  she  is  so  remote 
from  shore  or  other  object,  as  to  be  out  of  danger  of 
striking,  or  to  have  sea  room  aulficient. 

Ifj.  Open  ;  distinct ;  not  jarring,  or  harsh  ;  as,  a  dear 
sound;  a  cZcar  voice. 

17.  Liberated  ;  freed  ;  acquitted  of  charges  ;  as,  a 
man  has  been  tried,  and  got  de.or. 

18.  Free  from  spots  or  any  thing  that  disfigures ; 
as,  a  dear  skin. 

Cltrar  is  followed  by ^om  or  by  of. 

Thou  BJi'vU  be  ^ear  from  this  my  oath,  — Gen.  xxiv. 

Th<;  air  is  clear  o/ damp  exh^atiuus.  Temple. 

€Li5AR,fl(/n.     Plainly;  not  obscurely  ;  manifestly. 
2.  Clean  ;    quite  ;    entirely  ;    wholly  ;    indicating 
entire  separation;  as,  to   cut    a  piece    dear  off;  to 
go  dear  away ;    but   in  this  sense  its  use  is  not 
elegant 

CleMr,  or  in  the  dear,  among  joiners  and  carj>aitrrs, 
Is  applit'd  to  the  net  distance  between  two  bodies, 
where  no  other  intervenes,  or  between  their  nearest 
surfaces  ;  e.  g.,  to  the  sp;ice  wilhiu  walls,  or  length 
and  breadth  dear  or  exclusive  of  tlie  thickness  of  the 

CLr:AR,«.  t  To  make  clear;  to  fine  ;  to  renjove  any 
thing  foreign  ;  to  separate  from  any  foul  mailer  ;  to 
purify  ;  to  clarify  ;  as,  to  clear  liquors. 

2.  To  free  from  obstructions ;  as,  to  dear  the  road. 

3.  To  fnse  from  any  thing  ni>xious  or  injurious  ;  us, 
to  dear  the  ocean  of  pirates ;  to  tlear  the  land  of 
enemies. 

4.  To  remove  any  encumbrance,  or  embarniss- 
ment ;  often  followed  by  off  or  away  ;  as,  to  dear  off 
debts:  to  ciror  airuy  rubbish. 

5.  To  free  ;  to  liberate,  or  disengage;  toexonerate; 
as,  to  dear  a  man  from  ucbt,  obligation,  or  duty. 

G.  I'o  cleanse ;  us,  to  dear  the  hands  from  filth  ; 
to  dear  the  bowels. 

7.  To  remove  any  thing  that  obscures,  as  clouds  or 
fog  ;  to  make  bright ;  as,  to  dear  the  sky  ;  sonu'times 
followed  by  up.  Dryden.     Mdioiu 

8.  To  free  from  obscurity,  perplexity,  or  ambiguity  ; 
as,  to  clear  a  question  or  theory  i  to  dear  up  a  case  or 
point  Prior, 

9.  To  purge  from  the  imputation  of  guilt;  to  jus- 
tify or  vindicate. 

Ilnw  ■hall  we  clear  awTt^Un}  —  Gen.  xKt. 

Tbit  will  by  no  iik-him  cUa>r  Uic  ffiiilly.  —  Ex.  xsxir. 

10.  In  a  legal  sense,  to  acquit  on  trial,  by  verdict  j 
as,  the  prisoner  has  been  tried  and  dearetU 

11.  To  make  gain  or  profit,  beyond  all  expenses 
and  charires ;  a»,  to  dear  ten  per  cent,  by  a  sale  of 
goods,  or  by  a  voyage. 

12.  'i'o  remove  wood  from  land  ;  to  cut  down 
trees,  remove  or  burn  them,  and  prejuire  land  for 
tillage  or  pasture  ;  as,  to  dear  land  for  wheat 

13.  To  leap  over  or  pass  by  without  touching,  or 
failure  ;  as,  to  c/rar  a  hiulge  or  ditch.  IV.  Scott. 

To  clear  a  ship  at  tJie  eustmn-hotute,  is  to  exhibit  the 
documents  retpiircd  by  law,  give  bonds,  or  i»rrform 
other  acts  requi-iitc,  and  procure  a  permission  to  sail, 
and  such  jkiik-ts  as  the  law  rtH^uirt^s. 

To  clfMT  the  land.  In  scamen*s  language,  is  to  gain 
such  a  distaucf  from  shore,  as  to  have  open  sea  room, 
and  he  out  of  danger  from  the  land. 

'I'o  dear  the  hold,  is  to  empty  or  unload  a  ship. 

To  dear  a  ship  for  adion,  or  to  dear  fur  action,  is  to 


I     -- 


TONE,  BJ/LL,  IINITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOOS.  — C  a«  K;  0  as  J;  «  as  Z;  CH  as  SHj  TU  an  in  THIS. 

—————  27  r 


CLE 

remove  all  en  c  11  in  brine  ea  from  the  decks,  and  pre- 
pare for  an  en^-igt'iuoiiL 
€L£AR,  r.  u  To  become  free  from  clouds  or  fog;  to 
become  fair  ;  ofleo  followed  by  up,  p^,  or  aieay  ;  as, 
Ibe  !itk>-  dearj ;  the  woatlicr  clears  up ,-  it  clears  aicay ; 
it  clears  nfj. 

2.  To  be  disenitaged  from  encumbmnces,  distress, 
*  or  eulanglf  menls  ;  to  become  free  or  disengaged. 

Us  tlau  d*ara  at  onee  will  tvUjve.  Akom. 

€LeAR'AOE,  n.  The  removiug  of  any  thing.  [Lit- 
tle  UAttJ,] 

CLfiAR'AXCE,  H.  A  ccrtificnte  llml  a  ship  or  vessel 
has  bevu  cUartd  at  the  custom- house  ;  peruusstou  to 
sail. 

€LftAR'ED»  pp.  or  a.  rorified  ;  f>red  fmm  foreign 
matter,  or  fn>m  encurabrnnce  ;  miule  mniiif'^sl ;  made 
luminous;  clt^an^d;  liberated;  acquiUod;  diaca- 
gafrd. 

ei>£AK'GR,  a.  That  which  clears,  purifies,  or  en- 
lichiens  ;  that  which  bnjrhtens.  jSddi^H. 

€LEAR'I\G,  ppr.  Purifying;;  rerao\-iDg  foul  matter, 
encumbrances,  or  obstniriions :  making  evid^'nt,  or 
luminous;  clettnsiiis;  tibtmiing;  di^iiiET'ieiii!! ;  ac- 
quitting; making  gain  beyond  all  c^K^t^  and  cliarsc^. 

CLftAR'liiG,  m.  A  defence  ;  justilication  ;  viudica- 
tna.    3  CSPT.  vii. 

9.  A  ptaca  or  tract  of  Und  cleared  of  wood  for 
caUiviUioo  ;  c  e^mmon  use  o/tAe  WirrJ  in  J3:iterica. 

3.  The  Kt  of  making  cK-ar. 
CLEAR'ING-HOrSE,  n.     A  |»lace  in  Umdon,  where 

bankers  meet  daily,  to  exchange  dratts  and  settle 
bahincefi.  JTCmJUdL 

CLfiAS'LT,  «4r.  Plainly  ;  evidjnlly  ;  fully  ;  as,  the 
ftet  is  c/AtWy  pruv«>d.  , 

SL  Without  obstruction  ;  luniinoudy  ;  as,  to  obUto 


3.  With  dear  discernment;   as,    to   understand 
eUartv. 
A.  U'tthoiit  entnnplement  or  eonftision.      Baeon. 

5.  Plamly ;  honestly  ;  candidly. 

t>p^  eltartif  ftnJ  iiii[wniUl7  vlih  younptvn.  IVtaUon. 

6.  Without  reserve,  evasion,  or  stibterf^ige.    Davits. 
€L£AR'XESS,  ■.    Freedom  from  fiml  or  extraooous 

matter ;  purity  ;  as,  the  cUariuss  of  wuter,  or  other 
liquor. 

S.  Freedom  from  (d»stniction  or  encumbrance ;  as, 
the  cUamesa  of  the  jpoun  J. 

3.  Freedom  from  u>^  or  clutidii  -,  openness ;  as,  the 
dmnvest  of  the  akr.  It  gen'^rallyexpresMeai  leas  than 
krifttMas  or  MpUmdar.     Er.  x  x  i  v. 

4.  DisCinctnesa  ;  pprsptrulty  ;  lumtDOQsness ;  as, 
the  ctosriuatf  of  reo-soa,  &f  views,  uf  ailments,  of 
eiplaoatioiu. 

&  Plainneaa,  or  plain  dealing ;  siocerfty  ;  htmesty ; 

farrn"-"*  ■  ^^n.l..r,  Baeom* 

■  11  imputation  of  111.  SSak. 

~  :    <m  5p«itd,  or    any   thing  that  dis- 

flg'i:      ,    -  -     .     ;'fanifc.*jf  of  the  sk)n. 
€LeAK  -:?KC-INCi,  a.  Uaving  a  clear  sight  or  under- 

•condtng. 
€LEAR'-^HIX'ING,  «.     [clear  and  skinr.]     Shining 

with  brightnt'?»,  or  unobstnicted  spU-ndor.       Skak. 
€L£AR'-SIGliT'ED,  a.     [clear  and  Wi^A/,]      Seeing 

with  clearness  ;  having  actiteness  of  sight ;  discern- 
ing ;  persptcaoious  ;  a^,  cUarsighud  reason  ;  a  cUar- 

jiVAtnf  jndee. 
ei.£AR'-6lGIIT'ED-XKS3,   n.     Acute  discemment- 

Bp.  BarUnc, 
€LEAR'-STXRCH,   r.   (.      [ci:ar    and   starch.]      To 

etifleo  with  starch,  and  then  clear  by  clapping  with 

the  hands  ;  as,  to  clear-starch  m'J:ilia. 
€LEAR'-c?TARCH-£D,(-sUrcht,)p;).  or*.    Stiffened 

with  starch,  and  then  cleared  hy  clai>ping. 
€LeAR'-STARCH'ER,  n.     One  who  clear-stnrrhes. 
€LKAR'-STARCiri\G,p.r»r.    Stiifening  with  sLirch, 

and  then  clearing  by  cinppin:;  in  the  h:inj'«. 

2.  M.  The  act  of  siitT-iiin?  with  starch,  and  then 
clearing  by  clappins  in  iho  hands. 

CLEAR'-STO-RY,  n.  In  Qothlc  architectitrc^:iT\  upper 
story,  or  row  of  wind^iwa  in  a  church,  tower,  or 
other  erection,  rising  dear  above  Uie  adjoining  parts 
of  the  building.  Olofs.  o/jirch, 

CLEAR'-ToN-in),  a.    Hnving  a  cl?ar  sound. 

€LeAT,  a.  [tiu.  the  root  of  L.  eluudc,  Gr.  xXtiOp'tv, 
the  fartener.] 

1.  A  narrow  strip  of  wood  nailed  on  in  joinery. 

3.  A  term  applied  to  small  wooden  prujcctiond  in 
tackle,  to  fasten  ropes  bv. 

€LEAV'A-BLE,  m.     That  may  cleave  or  he  divided. 
€LEA V'AGE,  n.    The  act  of  rleanng  or  splitting. 

2.  In  Ruiera/«<rv,  the  capability  observed  in  cr}-8laW 
to  undergo  mechanical  division  in  certain  fixed 
directions.  Dana. 

CLEAVE,  F.  i.  ;pr€t  Clatb  or  Cleaved.  [.Sax.  deofan, 
eliofian^  to  split  and  to  adhere;  elifian,  to  a^lb'TC  ; 
D.  klttten  ;  G.  kleben  or  klaben  :  Dan.  klrbrr^  kleher  : 
Sw.  liiMa ;  Russ.  Upnu.  The  old  preterit,  davcy  is 
obsolescent.] 

1.  To  stick  ;  to  adhere ;  to  hold  tOb 

>!▼  bonn  dvCM  to  my  sldn.  —  Ps.  eu. 

l>rt  my  totirue  ctasM  lo  ihe  rwrf  of  ibt  month. -^Ps.  exxxtii. 

CtaMC  u  tlux  which  ■  good.  —  llom.  xii. 

2.  To  unite  apUy  ;  lo  fit ;  lo  sit  well  on.       Shah. 


CLE 

3.  To  unite  or  be  united  closely  in  interest  or  affec- 
tion i  to  adhere  with  strong  attachment. 

A  iimi)  >biv][  I'-AT^  txtliT  ui(t  motbor,  and  cJfOM  tu  hU  wUe.  — 

tk-n.  ii.     Mutt.  xix. 
CitoM  \o  JvhoithjxratQnA.^-JaA.  xxUt. 

d-EAV'E,  V.  L; pret.  Clkft  ;  pp.  Clsft  or  Cleateo. 
The  old  prtH.(  ct  cc,  is  obsolete  ;  dace  is  ubsoK-scent. 
'i'he  old  partiei|ile^  dooen,  is  obsolescent,  or  ratlit-r 
used  as  an  ndjertive.  [Sax.  deqfian^  or  f/<^a?i ;  D. 
UiHtcen ;  O.  klicbcn;  Sw,  kli(ftm;  Dan.  klUter:  tinnn. 
topatfu;  Gr.  X'irw.  This  woni  seems  to  be  connected 
Willi  the  I.,  tiber,  free,  and  bark,  book,  UberOjlo  free, 
Fr.  iirrer,  whence  liilipcr.] 

1.  To  jKirt  or  divide  by  force  ;  to  fplit  or  rive  ;  to 
oprn  or  sever  the  cohering  iiarts  of  alHMly,by  cutting, 
or  by  thir  aptUieatum  of  I'urce  ;  as,  to  cUavc  wood  j  to 
cUacs  a  rock ;  to  dtiave  tho  llood.     Ps,  Ixxiv. 

Milton.     Drifilen. 
S.  To  part  or  open  naturally. 

Evrr  boat  liuX  cUavtth  ibo  deft  into  two  dnwa.  —  OeuL  xir. 
GLE.WE,  »,  i.    To  part ;  to  op<'n  ;  lo  crack  ;  lo  sep- 
arate, OS  parts  of  cohering  bodies;  as,  llie  ground 
draces  by  froi^t. 

I'he  Motiitt  of  Olires  shAll  c'com  in  Um  mkUt  Uiercof.  —  Zcch. 

XIT. 

GI.RA  V'KD,  pp.    Fplit ;  rived  ;  divided. 

GLEAVE'LA-ND-ITE,  n.  ffn»m  Professor  Cleaveland.) 
A  minenil,  generally  of  a  white  or  grayish-white 
color,  sometimes  blue,  or  bluibli,  or  reddish  ;  called 
also  silicioits  feUipar^  or  albite.  PkiUips. 

CLEAVER,  n.  One  who  cleaves;  that  which 
cleaves;  a  butcher's  instniment  for  cutting  nnimal 
bodies  inio  joints  or  pieces.  jirbu/hnoU 

CI'EAV'IN'G,  ppr.  Sticking;  adhering;  uniting  to. 
AI«o,  itplitting  ;  dividing;  riving. 

GI.E.W'IN'G,  B.  The  forcible  separation  of  a  Iwdy 
into  pnrts,  p:uticularly  of  wood  in  the  direction  of 
its  fiber?. 

CLECHE,  a.  In  lertiWrtf,  a  kind  of  cross,  charged 
will)  another  cross  of  tlie  same  figure,  but  of  tlie 
roltir  of  the  field.  Enctic. 

CLEDOE,  n.  Among  tniners^  the  upper  stratum  of 
fuIliT'M  earth. 

GLEDG'Y,  a.  An  epithet  applied  to  stubborn,  tena- 
ciiriKi  soils,  or  those  mixed  with  clay.        HolUrmav. 

GLEF,  n.  [Fr.  drf:  L.  c/*xri.«,  a  key,  the  fastiner.J 
A  charartiT  in  mu--«ic  iilaced  at  ihe  beginning  of  a 
rtaff,  to  determine  the  degree  of  elevation  occupied 
by  that  staff  in  the  general  chiviary  or  system,  and  to 
pidnt  out  the  names  of  all  Uie  notes  which  it  con- 
L*iin4  in  the  line  i>f  thnt  clef.  Rtiusseaa. 

CLEFT,  pp.  ortf.  from  Clkave.  Divided ;  split ;  parted 
a'vunder.  Milton. 

CLEFT,  n.  A  space  or  opening  made  by  splitting  ;  a 
crack ;  4  creiice  ;  oa,  the  deft  of  a  rock.     Is.  ii.  'Jl. 

Addison. 
3.  A  disease  in  horses ;  a  crack  on  the  bought  of 
th«  pastern.  Fat^ier'^s  Diet. 

3.  \  piece  made  hy  splitting  ;  as,  a  deft  of  wood. 
[This  Word  is  sometimes  written  Clikt.J 

GLEFT'-FlpQT-ED,  a.     Having  a  cloven  f<K>t. 

GLEFT'-GRA  KT,  B.  (.  [cU\ft  and  ^rrafu]  To  ingraft 
bv  cleaving  the  stock  and  inserting  a  cion.  Mortimer. 

GL*EFT'-GRAFT-L\G,  n.  .\  mode  of  gnirting,  in 
which  the  cion  is  inserted  in  a  clcfl  made  in  ttie 
st»>ck.  Brande. 

GLEG,  ».    The  horsefly  ;  Dan.  kUg. 

CLEM,  V.  U     [G.  klemmen.) 

Xo  starve.     [JV*«i  in  ttse.]  Jonson. 

GLE.M'A-TIS,  a.  The  virgin*s  bower,  a  climbing 
plant :  so  called  from  its  clemata,  or  tendrils. 

GLEM'EX-CY,  n,  [L.  dnnenlia^  from  cUmcTts,  mild, 
smooth  ;  whence  Fr.  dcmnicf;  It.  dcmcnza^  Sp.  de~ 
weHcia;  W.  Uiin,  smooth  ;  Het>.  Qn*?  to  be  soft,  mild, 
gentle.] 

1.  Mildness  ;  softness  ;  as,  the  demency  of  the  air. 

Drijden. 

2.  Mildness  of  temper  ;  gentleness  or  lenity  of  dis- 
position ;  disposition  to  treat  with  favor  and  kindness. 

)  jir.iv  tivx   thai  ihou   wouUlcat  hear  ui  of  thy  eieinency  a  few 
vrordA.  —  Act*  xxiv. 

3.  Mercy  ;di8poaition  to  treat  with  lenity,  to  fnreive, 
or  to  spare,  as  offenders;  tenderness  in  p'lnishing  ; 
opposed  to  severity,  harshness,  or  rigor.     Addison. 

A.  Sof\ne!»s  in  resptrct  to  the  elements  ;  as,  the 
rlemency  of  the  season.  Drydcn. 

ei-EM'E.\T,  a.  Mild  in  temper  and  disposition  ; 
gf-ntle  ;  lenient ;  merciful ;  kind;  tender;  eonijKis- 
siunate. 
GLE.M'E.VT-IXE,  a.  Pertaining  to  St.  Clement,  or  to 
his  compilations  ;  or  to  the  constitutions  of  Clement 
the  Fif^.h. 
GLEM'E.NT-LY,    ode.      With   mildness    of  tr-mper; 

mercifnitv.  7'aijhr. 

CLENCH.'  SeeCLi!icH. 

GLF.PE,  p.  (.  or  i.  [Sax.  drpan^  deopany  chjpan^  to  cry 
out;  W.  c/epjaw,  to  clack.J 

To  ciill,  or  name.     [  Obs.]  Shak. 

For  yclrpfd,  see  YcLEhEo. 
CLEP-SA.M'.MI-A,  Tu     [Gr.  AAcnroi,  to  hide,  to  steal, 
and  apfi'?,  sand.] 

An  in5triiment  for  measuring  time  by  sand,  like 
an  hour-glass.  Brown. 


CLE 

€IXP'SY-DR  A,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  K-XciPuSpa  ;  ^Atn-rw, 
to  steal,  to  hide,  and  ni^ -/a,  water.] 

1.  A  timepiece  used  hy  the  Greeks  and   Romans, 
which  nif-asured  time  by  Ihe  discharge  of  a  certain 
f]unntity  of  water.    Also,  a  fountain  in  Greece. 
•3.  A  chfmiral  vessel. 

CLERE'-STO-RY.    Sec  CLEAB-STOnr. 

CLKK'GI-CAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  clergy.  [JW( 
«.■.'•(/,■]_    [?ee  Clerical.]  Milton. 

GLICI!'G% ,  H.  [Ft.  derjji;  Noniu  derkua^  clereiy 
e*.Tgy,  or  clerks,  and  clerjriet  literature  ;  Arm.  dorr, 
the  plural  o(  donreai,  a  clerk  ;  Corn,  cloireir;  Ir.  cleirj 
clergy,  and  cleirrioch,  a  clerk  or  clergyman ;  L. 
clcrus,  dericusy  which  would  setnf  to  be  from  the 
Gr.  KSnoi'ij  lot  or  p<irtion,  inheritance,  estate,  and 
the  body  of^those  who  perform  sacred  dutit-n  ;  whence 
A-A^/irtfu,  lo  chuose  by  lot,  to  make  a  ckrk,  derieum 
fact'rc.  Iti  1  Pticr  V.  3,  the  word  in  the  pitirul  seems 
to  siiinify  tin;  chiireh  or  body  of  b'lievers  ;  it  is  ren- 
dered God's  luTitage.  In  \V.  der  signifies  teachers 
iir  learned  n»en  of  liie  drnidical  order;  clerig,  belong- 
in:;  to  the  r/rr,  clcricnl  It.  Sp.  dcro,  from  the  Latin. 
Tile  apjilication  of  tills  word  lo  ministMrs  or  eccle- 
siastical teachers  seems  to  have  orieiiiated  in  their 
ptwsessions,  or  sepanite  ullotments  of  hmd  ;  or  from 
the  Old  'JVi^tamrnt  di  nominution  of  tlie  priests,  for 
the  tribe  of  Levi  is  there  called  the  lot,  heritage,  or 
InlMTilance  of  the  Lord.] 

1.  The  body  of  ni.-ii  s,t  apart,  and  consecrated,  by 
due  ordination,  to  the  service  of  God,  in  the  Chris- 
tiiin  church  ;  the  body  of  ecclesiastics,  in  distinction 
from  the  laiiy.  In  Kii[;l!ind  Ihe  term  is  conlincd  to 
ministers  of  the  established  chtirch.    Hooker.     Kucyc, 

2.  The  privilege  or  bL-nefii  of  clergy. 

If  cofiTictcd  of  a  cl<Tj:yitlilc  tflotiv,  he  is  crUUtiI  f^i>iilly  to  hb 
clergy  nft-r  m  Ixforo  cuiivic[k>ii.  DiackMlone. 

Ben^t  of  clergy;  in  English  lam,  originally,  the 
exeniplitm  of  the  persons  of  clergymen  from  criminal 
process  before  a  secular  judge  ;  a  privilege  which 
was  extended  to  nil  who  could  read,  such  persona 
lieitig,  in  tlie  eye  of  tlie  law,  derici,  or  clerks.  But 
iliis  privilege  has  been  abridgi-d  and  modified  by 
various  statutes.  See  Ulacksione,  b.  4,  ch.  28.  lu 
the  ITnited  States,  no  bi'nefit  of  clergy  exists. 

CLEK'OY-A-BLE,  a.  Euiitkd  to  or  admitting  the 
btncljl  of  clergy  ;  as,  a  clergyable  felony.     Blackstone. 

CLEK  GV-.MA>\,  n.  A  man  in  holy  orders;  a  man 
regularly  authorized  to  preacli  the  gospel,  and  ad- 
minister its  ordinances,  according  lo  the  forms  and 
riihs  of  any  particular  denomination  of  Christians. 
In  En;zlaiid',  none  but  ministers  of  the  Established 
CImrch  bi^ar  tlie  name  of  dergijinen. 

CLEK'IC,  w.    A  clerk  or  clcrgjiiian.  Horsley. 

CLEinC-AL,  a.      [L.  dericiui i    Gr.   K)<nptiitJi.      See 
CLERfiv  and  Clebk.] 
■    Relating  or  pertaining  to  the  clergy. 

GLER'I-SY,  n.  The  hlenili,  or  well-educated. 

CLEKK,  n.  [Sax.  cleric,  dcrc,  dcre  i  L.  dericusj  Gr. 
*Ar)oi«HS.    See  Clergy.] 

1.  A  clerg>'man,  or  ecclesiastic  ;  a  man  in  holy 
ord'Ts.  Clerk  is  still,  in  England,  the  legal  appt-Ha- 
tion  of  a  clergjrnan.  Aylijfe. 

S.  A  man  that  can  read. 

Every  one  tlwl  could  reaJ  —  bring  accounted  ft  cter!:. 

B'ackttoru. 

3.  A  man  of  letters  ;  a  scholar.       Sidney.     South. 

I'he  foregoing  sigiiitittations  are  found  in  the  Eng- 
lish liiws,  and  histories  of  the  church  ;  as,  in  the  rude 
ages  of  the  church,  learning  was  chiedy  confined  to 
the  clergy.     In  modern  usage, 

4.  A  writer ;  one  who  is  employed  in  the  use  of 
the  pen,  in  an  ollice,  public  or  private,  for  keeping 
rec<»rds  and  accounts  ;  as,  the  clerk  of  a  court.  In 
some  cases,  derk  is  synonymous  with  secretary;  but 
not  always.  A  clerk  is  always  an  oHicer  sulHirdinate 
to  a  higher  officer,  bo:ird,  corporation,  dr  person  ; 
whereas,  a  secreLary  may  be  either  a  subordiuate 
officer,  or  the  head  of  an  office  or  department. 

5.  An  assistant  in  a  shop  or  store,  who  sells  goods, 
keeps  accounts,  fcc, 

6.  A  layman  who  is  the  reader  of  responses  in 
church  service.  Johnson. 

GLERK'-ALE,  «.   [dcrk  and  ale.]     In  England,   the 

ft^iisl  of  the  [larissh  clerk.  Warton. 

CLERK'LESS,  a.     Ignonint ;  unlearned.    Waterkousc 
CLEIIK'LIKK,  a.     Like  a  clerk  ;  learned.         Shak. 
CLERK'LY,  a.    Scholar-like.  Cranmrr. 

CLERK'LY,  adv.     In  a  K-arncd  manner.    Gasroitrne. 
CLERK'SIIIP,  n.     A  state  of  being  in  holy  orders. 

BlacL-'tone, 

2.  Scholarship.  Johnson. 

3.  The  office  or  business  of  a  clerk  or  writer. 

Swift. 
CLEU'O-MAX-CY,  n.     [Gr.  /fA/joof,  lot,  and  pavrcta, 

divination^] 

A  diviii'tlion  by  throwing  dice  or  tittle  bones,  and 

ohs'-rving  the  points  or  marks  turned  up.       Bailey. 
CLER'-Sl  O-RY.     See  Clear-vStort, 
CLf.VE,  \   in   the  composition    of   names,  denote    a 
CLIK,       >     'place  situated  on  or  near  a  cMft',  (m  the 
GLTVE,  )      side  of  a  hill,  rock,  or  precipice  ;   as, 

Cleacdand,  Clifton. 
GLEV'ER,  o.     [I  know  not  the  radical  letters  of  this 

word.     If  the  elements  are  db,  or  lb,  tile  aflinitics 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PRBV.  — PWE,  MARINE,  BtRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.- 
2T2  ~  ' 


CLI 

may  be  Russ.  lotkie,  convenient,  (isxtrous,  ulocka^ 
deAlerity,  craft,  loi'ltfu^  to  lake  or  sci/.e.  as  if  allied 
to  Gothic  Ivfa,  Ir.  lamb,  \V.  IJaw,  tiie  hand.  In  Ir. 
lub  is  a  thong  or  loop,  n  plait  or  fuUl,  and  craft,  cun- 
ning ;  lubachf  sty,  crafty ;  lubanij  to  bund.     In  Eth. 


mtr 


_  /aftinpi,  signifies  iniienioTis,  ready,  skillful,  and 
the  verb,  to  understand,  or  be  skillful.  If  v,  in  rXi-vcr^ 
is  from  g,  as  in  many  other  words,  the  affinities  may 
be  Sax.  gleaw,  fcnowinp,  skillful,  iiidustrious,  wise, 
which  is  the  G.  klun,  D.  idoekj  Dan.  klog^  Sw.  kluk. 
Let  Uie  reader  judge.] 

1.  Dextrous;  adroit  in  u»ine  tools  or  other  means 
of  accomplishing  an  end  with  address  and  skill ;  as, 
a  clecer  artisan,  or  clecer  chambf^rniaid. 

2.  Expert;  ingenious,  handling  all  subjects,  requir- 
ing intelligence  and  ability,  with  skill,  dexterity, 
and  success  ;  as,  a  ctecer  reviewer,  a  clever  dfbatiT. 

It  does  not,  however,  di-Mu.te  the  highest  order  of 
talent,  much  less  creative  genius. 

3.  Executed  or  performed  with  adroitness  and 
dexterity  ;  as,  a  clever  review,  a  clever  sitct-ch,  or 
clecer  device  or  trick.  J/MO^otu 

4.  In  J^'eiD  England^  good -nnlu red,  posst?ssing  an 
agreeable  mind  or  disposition.  In  Grrnt  Britain, 
this  word  is  applied  to  the  body  or  the  hitt-llect,  in 
respect  to  adroitness  of  action  ;  in  j^merica,  it  is  a|>- 
plicd  chieHy  to  the  temper  or  dispositiiiii.  In  Orent 
Britain,  a  clecer  man  is  a  dextnins  man,  one  who 
performs  an  act  with  skill  or  address.  In  A>u? 
England,  acleper  man  is  a  man  ofa  pleasing, obliging 
disp«>sition,  and  amiable  manners,  but  often  iuipty- 
inga  moderate  sliare  of  talents.  Fitness,  suitable- 
n  -ss,  gives  Itoih  senses  analogically  ;  the  former* 
nppliKd  to  the  boily  or  intellect  ;■  tlie  latter,  lo  the  dis- 
position, or  its  tpialities. 

In   some   of  the  United  State-.*,  this  word  is  applied, 
as  in  England,  to  the  intellect,  denoting  ingLtiious, 
knowing,  discerning. 
eLEVER-LYjOiiio.    Fitly;  dextrously;  handsomely. 

Butlvr, 
€L.EV'ER-XESS,  n.    Dexterity;  adroitness-,  skill. 

JuhiL^on. 
3.  Mildness  or  agreeahleness  of  disposition  :  oblig- 
inL'ness;  goodnature.  JVew  EiigUud. 

All  irtn  bent  to  the  form  of  an  ox-bow,  with  tlie 
two  t:nils  perforated  to  receive  a  pin,  u.'^ed  on  the 
end  of  a  cart-neap,  to  hold  the  cJiain  of  thi;  f  irward 
iiori^e  or  oxen ;  or  a  draft  iron  on  a  plow.  [Loail  in 
Efiifland.]  J^cie  Enffland. 

€LE\V,  (kill,)  n.  [Sax.  cleotp,  eliice:  D.  ktuwen  :  O. 
klobfn;  Ij.  globus.  The  word  signlHes  a  ball  or  a 
lump.  In  Welsh,  clob  is  a  knob  or  hoss  ;  clmfm  is  a 
cl;^b  or  knob  ;  cUip  js  a  lump;  all  from  roots  in  W ; 
llob,  a  lump,  a  lubber.] 

1.  A  ball  of  tliread.  Sjtsnser. 

3.  The  thread  Umt  forms  a  ball ;  the  thread  that  is 
used  to  guide  a  person  in  a  labyrinth.  Hence,  any 
thing  thai  guides  or  directs  one  in  an  intricate  case. 

tFattjf. 
3.  Th"  lower  corner  of  a  square-sail,  and  the  aft- 
niost  rurner  of  a  stay-sail.  Mar.  DicL 

CLEW,  (klu,)  r.  r.    in  *«iman.*Aip,  to  tniss  up  to  the 
yard,   by   means   of  clew-gnmels  or   clew-lmes,   in 
'2.  To  dirert.  [order  to  furling. 

CLllW'ED,  (klide.)  pp.    Trussed  up,  as  sails. 
€i.EVV'-GXR'NETrf,  n.  pi.     In  marine  laniniage,  a  sort 
of  tackle,  or  rope  and  pulley,  fa»tr-u<Ml  to  the  clews  of 
the  main  and  foresails,  to  truss  them  up  to  the  yard. 
CLEWING,  (klii'ing,)  vpr.     Trussing  up. 
CLEW-LINES,  n,pL    These  are  the  sjime  tackle,  and 
Used  for  the  like  pur|H(:ie,  as  clew-garnets,  but  are 
applied  to  the  smaller  square-sails,  as  the  lt>p-sail, 
top-g^lant  and  sprit-siiils.  Mar,  Diet. 

CLICK,  r.  (.  [D.  klikkrn  ;  Ft.  eli^/ueter,  to  crack;  eli- 
tfiteij  a  mill-clapper,  tiee  Clack,  to  the  ro«»l  of  which 
this  word  belongs.] 

/.iterallij,  to  strike.     Hence, 

I'o  make  a  small,  shirp  noise,  or  rather  a  sucres- 
Bion  of  small,  sharp  soundi^,  as  by  a  gentle  strilctng. 

Tl»e  •olsmn  dKUh-waich  eliekfd.  Ony, 

CLICK,  n.  In  aeamm^s  lanffruitre,  a  pall,  or  small 
piece  of  iron,  falling  into  a  notched  or  raiihet  wheel, 
atiiiched  to  the  winches  in  cutters,  &lc.  Mar.  Diit. 

CLICK,  n.     A  small,  sharp  sound. 
•2.  The  latch  of  a  door.     [Local.'] 

CLICK'ER,  n.  '1  he  servant  of  a  salesman,  who  stands 
at  lite  dour  to  invite  customers.  {A  loio  word,  and 
not  UAfd  in  the  United  Slatf-.t.] 

CLICK'ET,  n.  The  knocker  of  a  door.  [J^ot  used  in 
tfui  United  States.] 

CLICK'ING,;;pr.  or  a.     Making  small,  sharp  noises. 

CLICK'ING,  ».     A  small,  sharp  noise. 

CLIENT,*.     [Ft.  client;  lUclientr;  Sp.  trf. ;  L.  r/i«M.l 
1.  Among  the  Romans,- a  cili/^n  \vh<i  put  himself 
undt-r  the  protection  of  a  man  of  distinction  and  in- 
fluence, who,  in  respect  to  that  r:-lition,  was  called 
bis  pairtm.    Hence,  in  modern  xnm^e, 

iJ.  One  who  applies  to  a  lawyer  or  counselor  for 
Mvice  and  direction  in  a  qiiestifm  of  law,  or  rom- 
mtU  his  cause  to  his  management  In  prosrciiting  a 


CLI 

claim,  or  defending  against  a  suit,  in  a  court  of  jus- 
tice. Bacon.     TayUrr. 
3.  A  dependent.  B.  Jonson. 

CI.t-ENT'AL,  a.     Dependent.     [Umi^nuil.]      Burke. 

CLI'KNT-ED,  a.     Suppli.id  with  clients.  Otretr. 

CLI-EN-TkLE',  n.  The  condition  orofficeof  a  client. 
[Obs.]  Bp.  HalL 

CLT'ENT-SnrP,  n.  The  condition  ofa  client ;  a  state 
of  being  under  the  protection  ofa  patron.  [Clientele 
is  not  used.]  thnjden. 

CLIFF,  n.  f  .-^ax.  c/i/,  eUjf,  or  cleof:  D.  Wi/,  or  klip  ;  G. 
and  Dan.  klippe ;  Sw.  klippu  ;  W.  dip  ;  L.  clivus ; 
probably  from  cleaving.  Sax.  cH^fian,  elrojiaH.] 

1.  A  steep  hank  ;  as,  the  cliffs  of  Dover.  So,  in 
Saxon,  the  cliffs  of  the  Red  Sea,  Orosius.  supposed 
by  Alfred. 

2.  A  high  and  steep  rock  ;  any  prrcipice. 

This  word  has  been  sometimes  written  Clift,  and, 
if  from   clearing,  ren<hng,  coincides   with   clrft   in 

CLIFF,  (in  nmsic.)    See  Clef.  [origin. 

CLIFF'y,rt.    Havingclifls;  broken;  craggv.  Harmar. 

CLIFT'ED,  a.     Broken.  Congreee. 

CLI-MAC'TER,  w.  [Gr.  KXhiuKTrip,  the  step  of  a  lad- 
der, from  KXifial,  a  ladder  or  scale  ;  L.  climacter.'] 

1.  A  critical  year'in  human  life ;  but  climacteric  is 
more  geneniily  used. 

2.  A  certain  space  of  time.    [JVw(  «,?(!(/.]    Brown. 
CLI-MAC'TEIMC,  \a.      [Gr.  KX.finKrnaiKO'i ;   L. 
CLI-MAC-TER'IC-AL,  i      elimuctericus,  froin  climaz, 

a  ladder.     See  Climax.] 

Uteralty,  noting  a  scaJe,  progression,  or  gradation  ; 
appro/triately,  denoting  a  critical  period  of  human  life, 
or  a  certain  number  of  years,  at  the  end  of  which  a 
great  change  is  supposed  to  take  place  in  the  human 
constitution.    [See  the  noun.] 

CIJ-MAC'TER-ie,  71.  A  critical  period  in  human 
life,  or  a  period  in  which  some  great  change  is  sup- 
posed to  lake  place  in  the  human  constitution.  The 
critical  periods  are  supposed,  by  some  persons,  to  be 
the  years  produced  by  multiplying  7  into  the  odd 
numbers,  3,  3,  7,  and  9  ;  lo  which  others  add  the 
81sl  year.  The  (>3d  year  is  called  the  grand  climacteric 
It  h;is  been  supiKwe'd  that  these  pt-ricds  are  attended 
with  some  remarkable  change  in  respect  to  health, 
life,  or  ftirtrine.  Bruwn.     Dri/iten.     Pope. 

CLl-MA-TARClI'ICja.  [Gr  aA</^  i,climate,and  a/^xij 
diitninion.] 

I'n^iding  over  climates.  Pans.  Trans.,  J^ote, 

CI.T'MATB,7i,  [Cr.  K>>tpa  ;  whence  L.  climai  It.  and 
t^pan.  cliinai  Fr.  climaL  Uu.  from  Gr.  hXtviOyto  lean 
or  incline,  or  the  root  of  climax.] 

1.  In  geography,  a  part  of  the  surface  of  the  earth 
bounded  by  two  circles  parallel  to  the  equator,  and 
of  such  a  breadth  that  the  longest  day  in  the  parallel 
neare.^t  the  |h)le  is  half  an  hour  longer  than  that  near- 
est the  equator.  The  beginning  of  a  climate  is  a 
pantltel  circle^  in  which  the  longest  day  is  half  an 
hour  shorter  than  that  at  the  end.  The  climates 
be-gin  at  the  equator,  wlk;re  the  day  is  twelve  hours 
long;  and,  at  the  end  of  the  first  climate,  the  longest 
day  is  twelve  and  a  half  hours  long;  and  this  in- 
crease of  half  an  hour  cimstitutes  a  climate,  to  the 
polar  circles ;  frtmi  which  climates  are  measured  by 
the  increase  of  a  month.  Johnson.    Enctjc, 

2.  The  condition  ofa  place  in  relation  to  the  various 
phenomena  of  the  atmosphere,  as  tcm[>erature,  mois- 
ture, &.C.  'i'hus  wu  say,  a  warm  or  cold  climate;  a 
moist  or  dry  dimatt ;  a  favorable  climate ;  a  genial 
climate, 

CLT'MATE,  V,  L    To  dwell ;  to  reside  in  a  particfilar 

region.  Shak.     liitt  of  SU  Domingo. 

[Little  mtrd,  and  hardly  legitimate.] 
CLI-MAT'IC,  t  a.     IVrtaintng  to  a  climate  or  cli- 

CLI-MAT'IC-AL,  \      mates;  limited  by  a  climate. 
CLI  MA-TIC'I-TV,  n.    The  property  of  cliniatizing. 
CLI'MA-TIZE,   e.  f.    To  accustom  to  a  new  climate, 

as  a  plant. 
CLI'MA-TTZK,  r.  i.   To  become  accustomed  to  a  new 

climate  ;  a",  iilantii  will  climatize  in  foreign  countries. 
CLI'MA-TTZ-/JD,  pp.  Accustomed  lo  a  new  climate. 
CLl-MA-TOL'O-GV,  n.     [Gr.  «X£,<a  and  A'.j  os.] 

The  science  of  climates  ;  or  an  investigation  of  the 

causes  on  which  tlie  climate  of  a  place  depends. 

Brands. 
CLT'MA-Ti:RE,n.  A  climate.  [Little  used.]  S/iak. 
CLI'MAX,   n.      [Gr.   k.V'/j-i^,   a  scale   or   ladder;   L. 

climac,  iiorhapH  from  the  rnot  of  the  W.  llama,  to 

step,  stride,  leap,  tlam,  a  step,  stride,  leap.     Ir.  lei- 

mim,  leim,  or  from  the  r(«'t  of  rlimb.] 

1.  Gradation  ;  ascent ;  a  figure  of  rhetoric,  in 
which  a  sfmtence  rises,  as  il  were,  step  by  fltcp ;  or 
in  which  the  expression  which  ends  one  member  of 
tlie  period  begins  the  second,  and  so  on,  tdl  the  pe- 
riod is  fini-ihed ;  as  in  the  following:  "VVhen  we 
have  practiced  good  actions  a  while,  they  become 
eany ;  and,  when  tliey  are  easy,  we  begin  to  lake 
pleasure  in  them  ;  and,  when  they  please  us,  we  do 
Ihcm  frequently:  and,  by  frequency  of  acts,  they 
grow  into  a  haljit."  TilloUton. 

2.  A  sentence,  or  series  of  sentences,  fn  which  the 
Biiccessive  members  o'  wniences  rise  in  force,  im- 
portance, or  digirity,  to  the  close  of  the  sentence  or 
series.  Dnjden. 

CLtMB,  (kllme,)  v.  {.;  pret.  and  pp,  Climred,   or 


CLI 

Clomb,  but  the  latter  is  not  elegant.  [Sax.  clivian 
or  cHmban  ;  D.  klimmen  ;  G.  id.  The  Corresponding 
word  in  Dan.  is  klyvrr;  Sw.  klifwa.] 

1.  To  creep  up  by  liltle  and  little,  or  step  by  step  ; 
to  mount  or  ascend,  by  moans  of  the  hands  and  feet ; 
lo  rise  on  any  fixed  oliject,  by  seizing  it  with  the 
hands  and  lifting  the  body,  and  by  thrusting  with 
the  feet ;  as,  to  climb  a  tree  or  a  precipice. 

And  ho  TAii  bcrun:  nii>I  climbed  up  into  a  lycamore-tr^e,  —  Luke 

2.  To  mount  or  ascend  with  labor  and  difficulty, 

ShaJi. 

3.  To  rise  or  ascend  with  a  .slow  motion. 

BI;ick  v.ipora  climb  alufl.  Drydtn. 

A.  To  mount  or  ascend  by  means  of  tendrils  or  ad- 
hesive fibers  ;  applied  to  plants, 
CLIMB,  (klim,)  v.  L     To  ascend   by  means  of  the 
hands  and  feet,  implying  labor,  ditnculty,  and  slow 
progniss  ;  as,  to  climb  a  wall  or  a  steep  mountain. 

Prior, 

2.  To  mount  or  ascend,  with  labor  or  a  slow  mo- 
lion  ;  as,  to  climb  the  ascents  of  fame.  Prior. 

3.  To  mount  or  ascend  by  means  of  tendrils  or  ad- 
hesive fibers  ;  applied  to  plants. 

CLIMli'.VBLE,  (kllm'a-bl,)  a.    That  may  be  climbed. 

Shencood. 
CIJMB'En,  (kllnid,)  pp.     Ascended   by  the  use   of 

the  hands  and  feel,  or  by  tendrils;  ascended  with 

labor. 
CLIMlt'ER,   (kllm'er,)  7t.     One  who  climbs,  mounts, 

or  rises,  by  the  hands  and  feel ;  one  who  rises  by  la 

bor  or  eflTorl. 

2.  A  plant  that  creeps  and  rises  on  some  support. 

Mortimer, 

3.  One  of  an  order  of  birds  that  climb,  as  the  wood- 
pecker.  They  ha\e  two  toes  before  and  two  behind. 

CLtMlCEU,  V,  L     [from  climb,  or  a  different  orthogra- 
phy of  clamber.] 
To  tliinb  ;  to  mount  with  efliirt.  [JVotnsed.]  Tusser. 
CTJMB'LNG,  ppr.  or  a.    Ascending  hy  the  use  of  the 
hands  and  fuel,  or  by  tendrils  ;  ascending  with  diffi- 
culty. 
CLI.MH'ING,  fklim'ing,)  n.     The  act  of  ascending. 
CLI.ME,  w.     [irom  climate,  or  directly  from  Gr.  and  L. 
clima.] 

A  climate  ;  a  tract  or  region  of  the  earth  ;  a  poeti- 
cal word,  but  sometimes  used  in  prose,    [See  Climate.] 
Whatever  cUitu  the  buh'i  bright  cin;lc  wamia.  MiLlan, 

CLINCH,  V,  t,  [D.  kliuken,  to  clink  or  rivel;  hlink,  a 
latch,  a  rivet;  Dan.  A/infrc,  a  latch;  Sw.  klinkai  Fr. 
clenche;  allied  to  cling,  link,  \V.  elided,  a  latch.] 

1.  To  gripe  with  the  hand  ;  to  make  fast  liy  bend- 
ing over,  folding,  or  embracing  closely.  Thus,  to 
eliiieh  a  nail,  is  to  bend  the  point  and  drive  it  clovely. 
To  clinch  the  hand  or  fiyt,  is  to  contract  the  fingers 
closely  into  the  palm  of  the  hand.  To  clinch  an  in- 
strument, is  to  close  the  fingers  and  thumb  round  it, 
and  hold  U  fast. 

3.  To  fix  or  fiLslen  ;  to  make  firm  ;  as,  to  clinch  an 
argument. 
CLINCH,  R.    A  word  used  in  a  double  meaning;  a 
pun;  an  ambiguity;  a  duplicity  of  meaning,  with 
identity  of  expression.  Johnson. 

Here  one  poor  won!  «  hiintlrei!  elineke*  mnlcfs.  Pope. 

2.  A  witty,  ingenious  reply.  Bailey. 

3.  In  seaittrn^i  language,  tlie  part  of  a  cable  w  hich 
is  fastened  to  the  ring  of  an  anchor ;  a  kind  of  knot 
and  sci/.iiigs,  used  to  fasten  a  cable  to  the  ring  of  an 
anchor,  and  the  breeching  of  a  gun  lo  the  ring-bolls 
in  a  ship's  siile.  Mar.  Did, 

CLINCir/:;i),  (kliucht,);v    Made  fast  by  doubling  or 

emhracing  closely. 
CLINCII'ER,  n.    That  which  clinches;  a  cramp  or 

piece  of  iron  bent  down  to  fasten  any  thing.   Pope. 

2.  One  who  makes  a  fsmarl  reply.  Badcy. 

3.  Fi'rurativeln,  (hat  which  makes  fast. 
CLINt'll~KR-HriLT,  (  /  ,  :„  v  |  a.     Made  of  clinchcr- 
CLINK'KR-HI.'ll/r,     \  i-"'"'-'  I      work. 
CLINCH'UK-U'OKK,  (-wurk,)  n.  In  ship-building,tUe 

disposition  of  Ihe  planks  in  the  side  ofa  boat  or  ves- 
sel, when  the  lower  edge  of  every  plank  overlays  the 
next  below  it,  like  slates  on  the  roof  of  a  house. 

Mar.  Diet 
CLINCH'ING,  ppr.     Making  fast  by  doubling  over  or 

endimcing  closely  ;  griping  with  the  fist. 
CLING,  V.  i  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Clumo.     [Sax.  cUn^an,  to 
adhere  and  to  wither  ;  Dan.  klynger,  lo  grow  in  clus- 
ters ;  khjnge,  a  heap  or  cluster.    Sec  the  transitive 
verb  below. J 

1.  To  adhere  closely;  to  stick  to;  to  hold  fast 
uptm,  especially  by  winding  round  or  embracing; 
as,  the  tendril  of  a  vine  clings  lo  its  supjtort. 

Two  Ixilx-^  of  love  close  clinging  lo  her  waisi,  Popa. 

3.  To  adhere  closely  ;  to  stick  to,  as  a  viscoiis  sub- 
SLince.  fViseman. 

3.  To  adhere  closely  and  firmly,  in  interest  or  af 
fection  ;  as,  men  of  a  |»arty  cling  to  tlieir  leader. 
CLING,  V,  U    To  dry  up,  or  wither. 

Till  tiuiiiiif  ding  i]ire.  ^udt. 

In  Saxon,  dmgan  is  rendered  lo  fade  or  wither, 
marccseo,  as  well  as  In  cling.     In  this  sense  is  used 


TONE,  BrLL,  l^NITa— AN"GER,  VI"C10US €  aa  K;  d^f  J;  B  a«  Z;  CH  as  8H  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


213 


CLI 

fordinffim,  jt^  fttrduKgnu    The  mdirnl  ften^te,  then, 
appears  to  b«,  to  contract  or  draw  tofrcther;  and  tiry- 
iue,  witheriiifft  is  exBresaed  by  shrinking. 
[7**^  Utttrr  use  of  tkr  word  is  ob.-<otcU,] 

ChlSii'l^Ct,  ppr.  Adhering dosi-ly  j  sticking  to;  wind- 
ins  round  and  holding  to. 

CLING'STOXE,  n.  [elm/r  and  stone.'l  A  rariely  of 
p^ach,  whose  pulp  aaherea  closely  to  the  stone. 

eU.N'G'Y,  a.     Apt  to  cling  ;  adhesivi-. 

€L1N"IC,         )a.    [Gr.  «Aivi*.'v,  from  kXi^t?,  a  bed. 

€LI.\'lt^AL,  i  from  kXik',  to  niline,  St-e  Lka.n.I 
In  a  ^enerid  ttHstj  pcrtainini!  to  ii  bod.  A  dinical 
lecture  w  a  discourse  delivtrud  at  the  I*.  «isid«'  nf  the 
aick,  or  froin  notes  taken  at  ihe  bedside,  by  a  phy- 
sician, with  a  view  tu  prariical  instniclion  in  the 
healing  art.  CtiitiaU  medicine  is  the  i»acticc  of  med- 
icine on  patients  in  bv*d,  or  in  hi>.spiuUs.  A  tUnu-al 
convQTt  M  a  convert  on  his  deiith-bed.  Anriently, 
persons  receiving  bapti&m  on  their  deaUi-beds  wire 
called  elitUcM.  C»tt,     Rncfc     Tttiflor. 

CLIN'IC,  It.     One  confined  to  the  bed  by  sirkne^. 

CLIN't(^-AI*-I>V,  Wp.  In  a  clinical  umincrj  by  the 
bedside. 

CLINK,  aw  t  {Sw.  kimf;  Dan.  JUiavcr,  tdinker:  D. 
Idkukok;  G.  kltmgmu  This  aeenia  to  be  a  dialrrtical 
otthographjr  of  cZaa^,  efoaJk,  L.  danffo :  and,  if  ■  is 
not  radical,  they  coincide  with  clacly  eluJcy  with  tlie 
radical  aenae,  to  strike.] 

To  ring  or  jin^ ;  to  utter  or  make  a  small,  sharp 
aound,  or  a  Mocession  of  such  aotinds  u  by  i«triking 
amaU  p***ff>*^  or  other  sonorous  bodies  together. 

/Vier.     Gay. 

CLINK,  «.  A  sharp  aound,  made  by  the  collision  of 
mall  sonorous  bodies,  c^prnser,  according  tu  John- 
son, uses  the  word  for  a  knocker. 

CLINK'ER,  a.    Vitreous  matter  which  collects  in  Air- 
naces  where  atone  coal  is  used. 
3.  A  very  bard  kind  of  brick. 

€?LTNK'ING,  pfr.  Making  a  small,  sharp  aound,  or 
flucceaaion  or  aounda. 

CLINK'STCXE,  a.  [diMk  and  sdms,  Inm  lu  aono- 
rousness.    See  Photcoutk.] 

A  mineral  which  has  a  slaty  structure,  and  to  |^n- 
erally  divisible  inio  tabular  masses,  uaually  thick, 
sometimes  thin  like  lh<>^  of  annUile.  The  cmxs 
fracture  is  commonly  !^i>lintery.  Its  colors  are  dark 
pcenish-gray,  yellowish,  bluish,  or  ash-gray ;  and  it 
IS  usually  translucent  at  tbs  edgw,SDOietiinea opaque. 
It  occurs  in  extensive  masses,  often  coopoemmI  of  co- 
lumnar or  tabular  distinct  concretions,  more  or  leas 
ngnlar.  It  Is  uaually  found  among  secondary  rocks ; 
sometimes  resting  on  basalt,  and  covered  t^  green- 
stone. ClftntUnd. 

CLI-NOM'E-TER.m.  [Gr.  kXicw,  to  lean,  and  ^tr^oy^ 
mt-asure,] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  dip  of  mineral 
siratL  Urt, 

CLIN  OMET'Rie-AL,  a.  Performed  by  a  clinom- 
eter. 

eUXOTJANT,  (klink'ant,)  n.  [Fr.]  Tinsel ;  false 
glitter. 

CU.VU'UA.VT,  (klink'ant,) a.  [Fr.]  Glittering ;  dressed 
in  tinsel  finery.    [AW  Engtuk.^  Shak. 

€LI''0,  a.  [Gr.  cXfibk]  In  Mytaoto^,  the  muse  who 
presided  over  history. 

CLIP,  V.  L  [Sax.  tlifpajk;  Dan.  kUpprrz  Sw.  klippa. 
The  sense  seems  to  be,  to  strike,  to  cut  off  by  a  sud- 
de-n  stroke.  The  Danii<h  word  sipiifies  not  only  to 
cut  off  with  scissors,  but  to  wink  or  twinkle  with  the 
eyes.  In  our  popular  dialect,  a  dip  isabloworstrokt- ; 
as,  to  hit  one  a  clip.  Cut  is  used  in  a  like  sense.  The 
radical  sen^^,  then,  is,  to  strike  or  drive  with  a  sud- 
den effort,  thrust,  or  spring.] 

1.  To  cut  off  with  shears  or  scissors :  to  separate 
by  a  sudden  stroke  ;  especially,  to  cut  off  the  ends  or 
sid'^  of  a  thing,  to  make  it  t^liorter  or  narrower,  in 
di:<tinrtiun  from  5havins  and  paring,  which  are  per- 
formed by  rubbing  the  instrument  close  to  the  tiling 
•haved  i  as,  to  cl^  the  bairj  to  dip  wings. 

But  lure  iudtt^iftd  faiiwtoft,  and  cut  btni  tbort.       Dtyien, 

2.  To  diminish  coin  by  parine  the  edse.      Lorke. 

3.  To  curtail ;  to  cut  short ;  as,  to  dip  the  king's 
Englii^h.  j9ft>iLfon. 

4.  To  confine ;  to  hug  j  to  embrace.     [IMtU  used.] 

Shak, 
To  dip  t«,  is  a  vulgar  phrase,  in  A^nr  EiigUtneL,  for 
to  nin  with  speed,  and  w.a8  so  used  in  falconry.     So 
cut  is  used  -,  cut  OIL,  run  fast.    This  seems  to  be  the 
meaning  of  Dfyden :  — 

Some  bkon  Moopa  ■!  wh«  brr  e^v  dnMinw^ 
And,  vkh  her  eaf-nma  (br  q^ntrj  ivuat\ 
fluminta  Ots  U  wck,  uul  ebpa  U  Aawn  the  wind. 

This  sense  would  e^m  to  he  allied  to  that  of  trap. 
CLIP,  II.  A  blow  or  !?troke  with  tJie  hand  j  as,  he  hit 
him  a  dip.     r_Vfw  EarlaatL] 

3.  An  embrace  ;  that  is,  a  throwing  the  arms 
round.  Sidiuy. 

3.  A  sheep-shearing. 

4.  The  product  of  sheep-*hearing;  as,  there  will  be 
a  large  dip  this  year.  Fi/rby.  This  is  retained  in 
New  (England. 

€LIP'P£D,  I  pp.  or  o.    Cut  off;  cut  short;  curtailed; 
CLIPT,         )      diminished  by  paring. 


CLO 

CLIP'PER,  n.  One  who  clips;  especially  one  who 
cuts  olF  tlie  edge's  of  coin.  .^ddisoiu 

2.  A  vessel  built  fur  fa^t  sailing. 
€L1P'PI.NG,  pfir.     Cutting   off  or    shorteninp    with 

shears  or  scissors;  diminisliing  coin  by  paring  off 

the  eiljiea ;  curtailing. 
CLIP'PIXi!,  n.    The  act  of  cutting  off,  curtailing, or 

diminiNhing. 
i  Tlint  which  is  clipped  off;  a  piece  sepaniled  by 

clipping.  Ludit:. 

CZ./Qi/*;(kleek,)«,    [Fr.]     A  narrow  circle  of  per- 

s*»ns  ;  a  party  ;  ti^ed  commonly  in  a  bad  sense, 
CLIVERS,  a.     A  plant,  ihe  Galium  aparine  ;  called 

also  fro<n>t-gTas3,  or  kairiff.    It  has  a  stjuare,  rou^h, 

jointed   stem  ;    Ihe  joints   hair>'  at   the   base,  witli 

eliiht  ur  len  narrow  leavt^  at  each  joint.       Khcijc 
CI.IV"I-TY,  II.    Inclination  ;  ascent  or  de^^cent. 
CLfiAK,  (  H.     [Sa.x.  Luh;  D.  lakeiL     In  Chaucer,  lake 
CLOKE,  y     is  cloth.] 

1.  A  loose  outer  garment  worn  over  other  clothes, 

both  by  men  and  women. 
'2.  A  cover;  that  which  conceals;  a  dbguise  or 

pr:-t<?\t ;  an  eicuse  ;  a  fair  pretense. 
CI-^AK,  I  r.  L    To  cover  with  a  cloak. 
CLOKK,  {      Q.    'J'o  hide  ;  to  ctmceol;  to  use  a  false 

covering.  Spensrr. 

CLOAK'-BAG,  a.    A  bag  tn  %vhlch  a  cloak  or  other 

clittlies  are  carried  ;  a  ptiTtiiianteuu. 
CLOAK'KD,  (kloki,)   pp.     Covered    with   a   cloak; 

coiictnlrd  under  an  extornal  covering. 
GLOAK'KI>-LV,  adv.     In  a  concealed  manner. 
CLOAK'ING,   ppr.     Covering  wilJi   a  cloak;  hiding 

under  an  external  covering;. 
CLO'CHARD,  n.    [from  c/«cA,  Fr.  dochc] 

A  belfry.     [J^ot  used.]  Wcrver. 

CLOCK,  n.     [Sax.  du»}ra,  diie^ffa ;  D.  klok ;  G.  khdce  ; 

Ihin.  ktokk$ ;  Sw.  klonka;  Fr.  doc-he:  Arm.  c^>cA,  or 

deck  ;  Ir.  do^;  W.  dGc  ;  properly,  a  bell,  and  named 

from  its  sound,  from  striking.     It  coincides  in  origin 

with  dadc  and  duck,  L.  glucioy  Ch.  >hi.    Class  Lg, 

No.  27.    See  Cli'ck.J 

1.  A  machine  consisting  of  wheels  moved  by 
weights,  so  constructed,  that  by  a  uniform  vibration 
of  a  pendulum,  it  measures  time,  and  its  divisions, 
hours,  minutes,  and  seconds,  with  great  exactness. 
It  indicates  the  hour  by  the  stroke  of  a  small  Imm- 
mer  on  a  bell. 

The  phrases,  what  e^dock  is  it!  it  U  nine  oUlodi^ 
seem  to  be  contracted  from  vkat  qf  Lba  dt^  1  it  is 
nuM  of  tk*  dodu 

3.  A  figure  or  figured  work  in  the  ankle  or  side  of 
a  stocking.  Swift, 

CLOCK,  r.t.    To  call.    [Sec  CtrcK.] 

CLOCK'-MAK-ER,  a.  An  artificer  whose  occupation 
is  to  make  clocks. 

CLOCK'-SET-TER,  a.  One  who  regulates  Uie  clock. 
f-\'ul  usfd.]  Skalc. 

CLOCK'-U'ORK,  n.  The  machinery  and  movements 
of  a  clock  ;  or  tJial  part  of  the  movement  which 
strikes  the  hours  on  a  bell,  in  distinction  from  that 
pint  which  measures  and  exhibits  the  time  on  the 
face  or  di:d-plate,  which  is  called  watck-work.    Kncyc. 

2.  Well-adjusted  work,  with  regular  movement. 
CLOD,  n.     [D.  kluiu  a  clod;   G.  klots  ;   Dan.  klods ; 

Sw.  kUn^  a  log,  stock,  or  stump ;  Dan.  klode ;  D.  kloot. 
a  ball ;  G.  loth,  a  ball ;  D.  U/od,  lead,  a  bull ;  Sw.  ann 
Dan.  lod,  id. ;  VV.  duder,  a  heap.  Clod  and  dot  seem 
to  be  radically  one  word,  signifying  a  ni'iss  or  lump, 
from  collecting  or  brin^int*  together,  or  from  condens- 
ing, setting,  fixing.  In  Sax.  dud,  a  rock  or  hill,  may 
be  from  the  same  root.  See  Chiss  Ld,  No.  8,  9,  10, 
16,  26,  3.%  3R,  40.     Ciu.  Gr.  kXujOm,  to  form  a  ball.  \ 

1.  A  luird  lump  of  earth  of  any  kind  ;  a  mass  of 
earth  cohering.  Bacon.     Drydeii. 

2.  A  lump  or  mass  of  metal.     iLitUeused.]  MiUon. 

3.  Turf;  the  eround.  SwifU 
A.  That  which  is  earthy,  base,  and  vile,  as  the 

body  of  man  compared  to  his  soul.   Milton.   BitrncU 

5.  A  dull,  gross,  stupid  fellow  ;  a  dolt.     Dryden. 

6.  Any  thing  concreted.  Carew> 
CLOD,  B.  u    To  culled  into  concretions,  or  a  thick 

mass;  to  coagulate  ;  as,  dodded,  gore.  JUiUon. 

[Sec  Clot,  which  is  more  generally  used.] 

CLOD.  r.  L    To  pelt  with  clods. 

CLOD'DY,  o.     Consisting  of  clods ;  abounding  with 
clods. 
9.  Earthy  :  mean  ;  gross.  Shak. 

CLOD'HOP-PER,  n.     A  clown  ;  a  dolt. 

CLODTaTE,  iu  A  stupid  fellow;  a  dolt;  a  thick- 
skull. 

eLOD'P;'lT-ED,  a.    Stupid  ;  dull ;  doltish.  JirhuthnoL 

CLOD'POLL,  a.  A  stupid  fellow;  a  dolt;  a  l»lock- 
head.  Skak. 

CLOG,  tj.  U  [W.  de<T,  a  lump;  c/mo-,  a  swelling, 
roundness;  dog,  a  large  stone;  Hoc,  a  n)oinul,  a 
dam  i  Uoir^  an  augment ;  //o^'-i,  to  make  coiniact,  to 
hire,  L.  loco:  Ir.  loc,  a  stop;  locaim,  to  hinder. 
These  coincide  with  Enp.  lodt,  in  primary  sense,  or 
may  be  from  the  same  root.  But  dog,  thouph  of  the 
same  family,  seems  not  to  be  directly  derived  from 
either  of  these  words.] 

1.  To  load  or  fill  with  something  that  retards  or 
hinders  motion  ;  as,  to  clog  the  channel  of  a  river; 
to  dog  a  passage. 


CLO 

2.  To  put  on  any  thing  that  encumbers,  with  a 
view  to  hinder  or  restrain  leaping;  to  shackle;  as, 
to  dot  a  beast. 

3.  To  load  with  any  thing  that  encumbers ;  to 
burden;  to  embarrass;  as,  to  dog  commerce  with 
imiHisitions  or  restrictions.  Jiddison. 

4.  To  obstruct  natural  motion,  or  render  it  difii- 
culi ;  to  hinder  ;  to  impede. 

CLOG,  V.  L  To  cualt^sce  ;  to  unite  and  adhere  in  a 
clusttir  or  mass. 

Alov«  It  aoinotiinfa  xt'iUi  k  bnxim,  that  the  wed*  dox  not  to 

g>  ih^r.  Boelyn. 

2.  To  form  an  accretion  ;  to  be  loaded  or  encum- 
bered with  extraneous  mutter. 

The  l^cth  or  Oie  «.nw  will  begin  to  clog.  Shirp. 

CLOG,  n.  Any  thing  put  upon  an  animal  to  hinder 
motion,  or  leaping,  as  a  piece  of  wood  fastened  to 
his  leg. 

2.  An  encumbrance ;  that  which  hinders  motion, 
or  renders  it  ditficult ;  lunderance  ;  im|iediincht. 

SlAVcrr  is  ih*  pirat*^  clog  to  rprciilation.  Siei/l. 

3.  [Uu.  Fr.  daque;  ^{t.  and  Port,  gahcka;  Ann. 
galoig.]  A  term  applied  to  overshoes  with  thick 
soles  of  leather  or  wood  for  wci  weather, 

4.  A  wooden  shoe.     [Provincial  in  England.] 
CLOG'GKD,   (klogd,)    pp.   or  a.      Wearing    a  clog; 

shackled  ;  obstructed  ;  loaded  With  encuiiihnmco. 

CLOG'GI-NEPS,  n.    The  state  of  being  clogced. 

CLOG'GING,  ppr.  Putting  on  a  clog;  loading  with 
encumbrance;  obstructing;  impeding. 

CLOG'GV,  a.     That   clogs,   or  has  power  to  clog; 

►    thick  ;  gross. 

CLOItf'TER,  n,  [Fr.  clottre. ;  Rax.  c/ait-Tfr,  or  chmter; 
Arm.  damtr,  or  cloestr;  Sp.  dn astro ;  It.  dniistro,  or 
diiostro  }  I),  khostrr;  G.  klatder ;  Dan.  and  ^w.  klu.t- 
trr;  \V.  daws,  chcys;  Ir.  daJth.ttur ;  L.  daustrum, 
frcun  daujnijt,  pp.  of  daudo.     See  Eiig.  Close.] 

1.  Literally.,  a  close  ;  a  close  or  inclos«;d  place.  A 
monastery  or  nunnery;  a  house  inhabited  by  m(mkH 
or  nuns. 

3.  In  architeelurej  an  arcade  or  colonnade  around 
an  oiM'H  court. 

.1.  In  a  more  limitrd  sens-e,  the  principal  part  of  a 
reffular  monastery,  consisting  of  a  square,  erected 
between  Ihe  church,  the  chapter-house,  and  the 
refectory,  and  over  which  is  the  dormitory.  Tlie 
prop<?r  nse  of  the  cloister  is  for  the  monks  to  meet  in 
fur  conversation.  The  cloister  is  square,  and  has  its 
name  from  being  inclosed  on  its  four  sides  with 
buildings.  Hence,  in  architectare,  a  building  is  said 
to  be  in  the  form  of  a  cloister,  when  there  are  birild- 
iugs  on  each  of  the  four  sides  of  the  court.  Knrijc. 
CLOIS'TER,  p.  U  To  confine  in  a  cloister  or  monas- 
tery. 

2.  To  shut  up;  to  confine  closely  within  walls; 
to  immure  ;  to  shut  up  in  retirement  from  the  world. 

CLOIS'TER-AL,  a.  Conlimd  to  a  cloister;  retired 
from  the  world  ;  recluse.  Sometimes  shortened  into 
Cloistral.  IVaJton. 

CLOIS'TER-KD,  pp.  Shut  Up  in  a  cloister;  inhabit- 
ing a  monastery. 

2.  fl.     Solitary;  retired  from  the  world.         Shak. 

3.  Built  around,  as  a  court  ;  inclosed.        JVottmu 
CLOIS'TER-ER,  n.     One  belonging  to  a  cloister. 
CLOIS'TER-LNG,  ppr.     t-'hntling  up  in  a  monasterj- ; 

confining;  secluding  from  tlie  world. 

CLCHS'TRE^iS,  71.  A  nun  ;  a  woman  who  has  vowed 
relicious  retirement.     \_Littie  used.]  Shall. 

eL6KE,  ?i.     See  Cloak. 

CLOK  K'-BAG,  n.    See  CLOAK-BAa. 

CLOMB,  prcL  of  Climr. 

CLONG,  (lid  part,  of  Clihr. 

CLON'ie,  a.      [Gr.   aAocos,  a    shaking   or  irregular 
mot  ion.  J 
Shaking;  convulsive;  irregular;  as,  e/tmte  sparm. 

Coze. 
Clonic  Fpasm,  is  that  in  which  the  muscles  or  mus- 
cular fibers  contnict  and  relax  alternately,  in  quirk 
succession,  producing  the  appearance  nf  aRitiiti<)n,  as 
in  epilepsy  ;  used  in  contradistinction  to  tontc spasm. 

GLOOM,  o.  U     [Sax.  dtwan  ] 

To  close  with  glutinous  matter.  [Local.]  Mortimer. 

CLOSE,  (kldze,)  v.t.  [Ft.dos;  Arm.  verb  do.<a,  or 
closcin;  part,  dosef. ;  from  the  L.  participle  dansas^of 
daudo,  to  shut;  Fr.  ehrrej  It.  ekiuiiere;  chiuso:  D. 
kluis,  an  inclosure,  Tlie  D.  sluiten,  G.  sdiUesacn, 
schlo-sg,  Dan.  .dutter,  Sw.  sluta,  are  from  the  same 
ro<jt,  with  a  prefix.  Gr.  kXcim,  for  jrAtifWo),  whence 
(rAtif,  a  key,  cUwis,  that  which  shuts  or  fastens  ;  W. 
daws,  dtffys,  a  close,  a  cloister ;  Sax.  hltd,  a  lid,  the 
shutter  ;  hlidan,  to  cover  ;  Ir.  cleithim,  cludaim.  See 
Class  Ld,  No.  1,8,9,  lO.J 

1.  To  shut ;  to  make  fast  by  pressing  together,  or 
by  stopping  an  open  place,  so  as  to  intercept  a  pas- 
sage, in  almost  any  mannc-r  ;  as,  to  dose  the  eyes  ,  to 
dose  a  gate,  door,  or  window.  In  these  and  other 
coses,  dA}siuff  is  performed  by  bringing  an  object  be- 
fore Ihe  opening-  To  dose  a  book,  is  to  bring  the 
parts  together. 

The  I-ord  hath  closed  yoitr  cy^t.  —  It.  xiix. 
He  doaed  (he  book.  —  Luke  iv. 

2.  To  end;  to  finish;  to  conclude;  to  complete; 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  \VIL\T.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK.. 
214  -  ~ 


CLO 

to  bring  to  a  period ;  as,  to  close  a  bargain,  or  con- 
tract. 

One  friig^  tuppT  4i'i  our  MmlW  dose,  Dryden. 

3.  To  unite,  as  the  parts  of  a  broach  or  fracture  ; 
to  make  whole  ;  to  consolidate  -j  often  followed  by  up. 

The  Lioni  tooted  up  the  flesh  iiwtrail  ilicreof.  —  Gcii.  \u 

4.  To  cover ;  lo  inclose ;  to  encompaf<3 ;  to  over- 
whelm. 

The  depltiB  closed  me  ro'iml  about.  —  Junah  ii. 

5.  To  inclose;  lo  confine.     [See  Inclose.] 

6.  To  nmve  or  bring  tojrt'ther;  to  unite  separate 
Ntdies  or  [larls  ;  as,  to  close  the  ranks  of  »n  army. 

GLOSE,  r.  I.  To  unite  ;  lo  coalesce  ;  to  come  together, 
as  tht!  part^  of  a  wound  or  fracture,  or  parts  separa- 
ted ;  often  followed  by  on  or  upoa. 

The  fat  clote-i  upon  thf  Stiile.  —  Jinl^i  Ui. 
Tlw  earth  c/o»e^  upon  ihtm.  —  Num.  xv'i, 

2.  To  end  ;  to  terminate,  or  come  to  a  periiMl ;  as, 
the  debate  closed  at  six  o'cbx-k. 

To  clv^e  na  or  upon  ;  lo  come  to  a  mutual  agreement ; 
to  agree  on  or  join  in. 

Fr&iire  nnd  IIollAnd  might  dote  upon  tome  meastiiog  to  our 
dbmlranUgv.  "JTemple. 

To  close  teith ;  to  accede  to  ;  lo  consent  or  acree  lo ; 
as,  lo  dnge  with  the  terms  prop<»scd.  When  followed 
by  the  person  with  whom  an  aprectnent  is  made,  to 
make  an  agreement  with  ;  to  unite  with  j  as,  to  dose 
vUJt  an  enemy. 

Hr  inok  ill*"  liiof  whTi  Richnnl  vf.\»  'Ippaapd, 

Aud  tugh  ami  Invr  with  hngrpy  ijarry  doted.      Dryden. 

In  this  aen^e,  to  close  in  xitJi  is  les-i  ele^iit. 
To  elosr.  witA  i      I  to  iinito ;  to  join  closely  ;  lo  (Trap- 
TV*  close  in  icith ;  \      pie,  Oj*  p- r*«ms  in  a  contest ; 
applied  to  wresibTs,  when  they  come  to  clone  em- 
brace for  scuflline. 
t^LOSE,  B.     An  inrlosed  place  ;  any  place  surrounded 
by  a  fence  or  other  body  whirh  drf.iijs  or  confines 
it,  particularly  a  small  field,  or  portion  of  land. 

2.  Conclusion;  terminaticui ;  tinal  end;  as,  the 
cUiite  of  life  ;  tlie  dose  of  day  or  nisbt. 

3.  A  temporary  fiuishinu;  a  pause;  rest;  cessa- 
tion ;  inlermisvion. 

At  ttfTj  dote  iSe  tni«V,  ih'  atKndinj  thrpng 
Rcpluni,  aiitl  tMP>  the  Uml'itn  of  Ute  •»ng.  Dryden. 

4.  The  manner  of  shutting. 

Tite  iloore  of  plaiik  were  ;  their  cloee  ezquialtc.  Outpman, 

5.  A  grapple  in  wrestling.  Bacon. 
CLOSE,  a.    Shut  fast ;  tight ;  made  fast,  so  a^  to  have 

no  opening ;  as,  a  dose  IxtX  ;  a  close  vizard. 

2.  Having  parts  firmly  united;  comi>act ;  dense; 
applied  to  solid  substances  of  any  kind  ;  as,  the  c/o»e 
teiture  of  wood  or  metal. 

\i.  Having  parts  firmly  adhering;  viscous;  tena- 
cious ;  as  oil,  or  glue.  IFilkins. 

4.  Confined  ;  stagnant;  fvithout  ventilation  or  mo- 
tion ;  as,  dose  air. 

5.  Confined ;  retired. 

WMle  Dand  UrjA  hiiiucir  cJo#«. —  1  Chron.  xiL 

6.  Hid  ;  private ;  secret ;  as,  to  keep  a  purpose  dose. 
A*um.  V.     Luke  it. 

7.  Confined  within  narrow  limits ;  narrow;  as,  a 
d0»e  alley. 

8.  Near  ;  within  a  small  distance ;  as,  a  dose  fight 
or  action. 

9.  Jfiined  ;  in  contact,  or  nearly  so  ;  crowded  ;  as, 
to  sit  do»e, 

in.  Ctmipressed,  as  thoughts  or  words  ;  bence, 
brief ;  concise ;  oppOMcd  to  loose  or  diffuse. 

Whf-f   thp  oHsrItttil  it  doee,  imj  vereion   can  reach   It  tn  Uie 
mme  eompu*.  Dtyden. 

U.  Very  near,  in  place  or  time  ;  adjoining,  or  near- 
ly BO. 

I  wcw  hifn  eont*  efo»9  lo  th«  ram.  —  I>»n.  *lii. 

Thpy  Btitecl  clow  by  Cn-ir.  —  Aci»  itvii. 

SoOH  Uire  nikfonuiie  blluwt  close  Url^iid.  Pope. 

12.  Having  the  quality  of  keeping  secrets,  ihonghtt, 
or  d«rjtipns;  cautious;  as,  a  dose  minister.  Hence, 
In  frientl^hip,  trusty  ;  cxnfidential.  Skak. 

13.  Having  an  appearance  of  concealment ;  imply- 
ing art,  cnifl,  or  wariness ;  as,  a  dose  aspect.  Shak. 

14.  intent;  fixed;  att4:ntive ;  pressing  upon  the 
object ;  as,  to  give  dose  attention. 

Kerp  jour  mhhl  or  thoughta  cloee  to   t>>e  biuUicM  at  iiikjea. 

Lock*. 

15.  Fttll  to  the  point ;  home  ;  pressing  ;  as,  a  dose 
argument ;  bring  the  argument  doae  to  the  question. 

DrydcH. 

16.  Pressing;  earnest ;  warm  ;  as,  a  dose  debate. 

17.  Confined  ;  secluded  from  comnmnication  ;  as, 
a  dose  prisoner. 

18.  Covetous  ;  penurious  ;  not  lilieml ;  as,  a  dose 
man. 

1ft.  Applied  to  the  weather  or  air,  c//>»c,  in  poptilar 
langnaice,  denot/>s  warm  and  damp,  cloudy  or  foggy, 
or  warm  and  relaxing,  ocrasionini;  a  sense  of  lassi- 
tude and  depression.  Terhaps,  originally,  confined 
air. 

20.  Ptrirtly  adhering  to  the  original ;  as,  a  elose 
translation. 

21.  In  heraldry^  drawn  in  a  coat  of  arms  with  the 
wings  clfise,  anil  in  a  standing  posture.         Bailey. 


CLO 

Close  nrrntm :  an  election  in  which  the  votes  for 
the  dilferent  randid.tles  are  nearly  etpial. 

Close  ruf/* :  an  eK-clion  in  which  the  number  of 
votes  fordiflerent  p<Tsonsor  dilTereiit  sides  of  a  ques- 
tion is  nearly  equal. 
€LASE,  ado.      Closely;    nearly;   densely;   secretly; 
pressingly. 

B^hiixl  her  lU-.ith 
Clore  rollowctl  pnce  lor  pnce,  Milton. 

€L^PE'-BAND-EI>,  a.  Being  in  close  order;  closely 
tiniled.  Milton. 

€LoSE'-B.XIl-Il£D,  a.  Made  close  by  bars;  firmly 
closed. 

€L0SE'-BOD-I-KD,  (-bod-Id,)  a.  Fitting  the  body  ex- 
artlv  ;  setting  close,  as  a  garment.  ^yiiffe. 

€LoSE-eOM-.M0\'ION,  n.  The  pmrtice,  in  some 
sects,  of  admitting  none  even  to  occasianjil  commun- 
ion at  the  Lord's  supper,  except  those  who  embrace 
the  distinctive  peculiarities  of  the  sect. 

CUise  Communion  ;  with  Baptbts,  cotnmunton  in  the 
Txtrd's  supper  with  tln-ir  own  sect  onlv. 

eLCt^E'-eO.M-PACT'ED,  a.  Being  in  compact  order; 
com  [Kic  t.  Addison. 

eLOSE'-eOR-PO-RA'TION,  n.  A  body  or  corpora- 
tion which  fills  its  own  vacancies,  and  is  not  open- to 
the  public. 

CLOSE'-COUCH-ED,  (-koucht,)  a.    auite  concealed. 

Mdlon. 

€LoSE'-eUR'TAI\-ED,  a.  Inclosed  or  surrounded 
with  curtains.  Miltoit. 

€LoSK'-FIST-ED,  a.  Covetous;  niggardly.  Berkelnj. 

eLdSE'-HA\D-Er>,  a.     Covetous;  penurious.  JIale. 

€LoSE'-HA\D'E[>-NESS,n.  Covetousness.  flohjtUnj. 

eLoSE'-HAUL-£l),  a.  In  seamanshipy  having  the 
tacks  or  lower  comers  of  the  sails  drawn  close  to 
the  side  In  windward,  and  the  sheets  hauled  close 
aft,  in  sailing  near  the  wind,  L  e.,  near  that  [Hiint 
from  which  the  wind  blows.  Knctjc. 

CLOSK'-PENT,  n.     Shut  close.  Dryden. 

CI-oSE'-UU.\R'TER»,  71.  pi  Strong  barriers  of  wood 
used  in  a  ship  for  defense  when  the  ship  is  boarded. 
Hence,  to  come  to  close  quarters^  is  to  come  into  direct 
contact  with  an  enemy.  Mar.  Diet, 

CI.O.SE'-.SHt'T,  a.    Shut  closely. 

CLoSK'-MTOOL,  n.  A  chamber  utensil  for  the  con- 
vtMiience  of  the  sick  and  infirm. 

€Lo5E'-T0\GU-A'D,  (tungd,)  a.  Keeping  silence  ; 
cautious  in  speaking.  ShtJt. 

CLoS'KH,  pp.  or  a.  Shut;  made  fast;  ended;  con- 
cluded. 

GL6SE'LY,  a/h.  In  a  close,  compact  manner  ;  with 
the  (Kirts  united,  or  pressed  together,  so  as  to  leave 
no  vertt ;  as,  a  crucible  doaely  luted. 

2.  Nearly  ;  with  little  space  intervening  ;  applied  to 
space  or  time  t  as,  to  follow  closely  at  one's  heels  ;  one 
event  follows  closely  upon  another. 

3.  Intently  ;  attentively  j  witti  the  mind  or  thoughts 
fixed;  with  near  inspection;  as,  to  look  or  attend 
dosdy. 

4.  Secretly;  slily.     [AIjI  much  used.]  Carew. 

5.  With  near  atlection,  attachment, or  interest;  in- 
timately ;  as,  men  dosdy  connected  in  friendship ; 
nations  dosdy  allied  by  treaty. 

6.  Strictly  ;  within  close  limits ;  without  commu- 
nication abroad  ;  as,  a  prisoner  dosdy  confined. 

7.  With  strict  atlherenco  to  tlia  original ;  as,  to 
tianrilale  closely. 

eLCeE'NES8,  ft.  The  state  of  being  shut,  pressed  to- 
gether, or  united.  Hence,  according  to  the  nature  of 
the  thing  to  which  the  word  is  applied, 

2.  Compitctness  ;  solidity  ;  as,  the  closeness  of  text- 
ure in  w(K)d  or  fiwsils.  Bacon. 

3.  Narrowness  ;  simitness,  as  of  a  place. 

4.  Tightness,  in  building,  or  in  apartments;  firm- 
ness of  texture,  in  cloth,  &.c. 

5.  Waul  of  ventilation  ;  applied  to  a  close  room,  or 
to  the  air  ronfiiied  in  it.  Satijl, 

6.  Confinement  or  retirement  of  a  person  ;  recluse- 
ness  ;  solitude.  Shak. 

7.  Reserve  in  intercourse  ;  secrecy  ;  privacy  ;  cau- 
tion. Bacon. 

6.  Covetousness  ;  penuriousness.  Addison, 

Q.  Connection;  near  union;  intimacy,  whether  of 
friendship  or  of  interest ;  as,  the  doscness  of  friend- 
ship, or  of  alliance. 

10.  Pressure ;  urgency ;  variously  applied  ;  as,  the 
doaenesa  of  an  argument,  or  of  debate ;  the  closeness 
of  a  question  or  inipiiry. 

1 1.  Adherence  tu  an  original ;  as,  the  closeness  of  a 
V|jsi).n.  t'*^*'*'^' 

CLoS'ER,  n.  A  finisher;  one  that  concludes  or  fin- 
2.  A  piece  of  brick  used  to  close  a  course  of  brick- 
GLOS'flK,  a.  f  comp.  «if  Close.  More  close.  [work. 
CLo.S'EST,  a,;  suprrl.  of  Close.  Most  close. 
CLOS'ET,  TU  A  small  room  or  apnrtuicnt  for  retire- 
ment ;  any  room  for  privacy. 

Wlwn  thou  pmjnt,  enter  hilo  thy  cloeirt.  —  Matt.  »i. 

2.  4in  apartment  for  curiosities  or  valuable  things. 

Dn/den. 

3.  A  small,  close  apartment,  or  recess,  in  tiie  side 
of  a  room,  for  re[x>siting  utensils  and  furniture. 

GLOS'ET,  c.  U    To  shut  up  in  a  closet ;  to  conceal ;  to 
lake  intoa  private aprtrtinent  forcousultation.    Syfi/L 
GLOS'E'l'-ED,  pp.    Shut  up  in  a  closet ;  concealed. 


CLO 

CLOS'ET-IXt;,  j>^.  Shutting  up  in  a  private  room; 
conrcaliue. 

t'LOS'ET-HLV,  (kloz'et-sin.)  n.  Sin  committed  in 
privacy.  Bp.  UaU. 

CLOSIl,  n.  A  disease  in  the  feet  of  cattle,  calb'd  also 
the  founder.  Bailry. 

CL^^S'ING,  ppr.  Shutting  ;  coalescing  ;  agreeing  ;  end- 
ing. 

CLoS'IXG,  a.  That  ends  or  concludes;  as,  a  closing 
word  or  letter. 

CliOSS'IiXG,  n.     End;  period;  conclusion. 

CLOSi'UUE,  (klo'zhur,)  n.  The  act  of  shutting;  a 
closing.  Boyle. 

2.  That  which  closes,  or  shuts  ;  thai  by  which  sep- 
arate parts  are  fastened  or  made  to  adhere.      Pope. 

3.  Inclosure;  that  which  confines.  Shak. 

4.  Conclusion.  Shak. 
CLOT,  rt.     [See  Clod.]     A  concretion,  particularly  of 

soft  or  lluid  matter,  which  concretes  into  a  mass  or 
lump  ;  a^,  a  dot  of  blood.  Clod  and  dot  appear  to  be 
radically  the  same  word  ;  but  we  usually  apply  eJod 
to  a  hard  mass  of  earth,  and  dot  to  a  mass  of  softer 
substances,  or  fluids  concerted. 

CLOT,  V.  i.  To  concrete  ;  to  coagulate,  as  soft  or  fluid 
matter,  into  a  thick,  inspissated  mass  ;  as,  milk  or 
blood  clots. 

2.  To  form  into  clots  or  clods ;  to  adhere  ;  as,  dot- 
ted glebe.  Philips. 

CLOT'-BTRD,  n.    The  common  CEnanlhe  or  English 

CLOT'-BUR,  «.     [G.  klr.ttf.]     Burdock.  [ortolan. 

CLOTH,  (kloth  or  klawth,)  n,  [Sa\.  dath;  D.  klecd, 
cloth,  and  klcednn,  to  clothe;  G.  hleid^  kldden ;  Sw. 
kidde,  klada;  Dan.  kla:de^  kUrder.  The  plural  is  regu- 
lar. Cloths  ;  but  when  it  signifies  g:irments,  it  is  writ- 
ten Clothch.] 

L  A  nianulactiire  or  stuff  of  wool  or  hair,  or  of 
cotton,  riax,  hemp,  or  other  vegetable  filaments, 
formi-d  by  weaving  or  intertexture  of  threads,  and 
used  ftir  garments  or  other  covering,  and  ft»r  various 
other  purjwses ;  as,  woolen  doVi^  linen  doVi,  cotton 
cloih^  hair  cUtth. 

But  cloth  is  oHeu  used  for  a  fabric  of  wool.  In  con- 
tradistinction to  that  made  of  other  material. 

2.  The  covering  of  a  table ;  usually  called  a  table- 
doth.  Pope. 

3.  The  canvas  on  which  pictures  are  drawn.  [Mut 
used.]  Di-yden. 

4.  A  texttire  or  covering  put  to  a  particular  use ;  as, 
a  cloth  of  state.  Haytoard, 

5.  Dress;  raiment.     [See  Clothes.] 

I'll  ike'er  dutruat  my  Uol  fur  cloA  aiit]  tircitd.  Qiutrlaa. 

6.  The  covering  of  a  bed.     [-Vuf  u^ed.}       Prior. 

7.  The  doth,  is  familiarly  used  for  the  clerical  profes- 
Bion  or  clergy  ;  so  we  say,  a  person  of  your  doth.  Smaj^. 

CLo'i'lIE,  V.  t. ;  preL  and  pp.  Clothed  or  Ulad.  [dee 
Cloth.] 

1.  To  put  on  gannt-nts  ;  to  invest  the  body  with 
raiment;  to  cover  with  dress,  for  concealing  naked- 
ness and  defending  the  body  from  cold  or  injuries. 

Th?  I-oni  God  milk-  cosu  uf  skin  nnil  clothed  them.  —  Gon.  iU. 

2.  To  cover  with  something  ornamental. 

Embroidercil  purple  clotliee  the  (jolileri  beda.  Pope. 

But  dotlte,  without  the  aid  of  other  words,  seldom 
signifies  to  adorn.  In  this  example  from  Pope,  it  sig- 
nifies merely  to'cover. 

3.  To  furnish  with  raiment ;  to  provide  with  clothes  ; 
as,  a  master  is  to  feed  ami  dothe  bis  apprentice. 

4.  To  put  on ;  to  invi>t ;  to  cover,  as  with  a  gar- 
ment ;  as,  to  doLie  thoughts  with  words. 

I  will  dothe  Iht  prifsta  wiih  Kdvaiion.  —  P».  cxxt!!. 
I)riiw5iiicss  hUjII  c/w/Ae  ii  iiiiiii  witli  r.iK*.  — Piov.  xxiii. 
Ijet  tlieiu  tjc  clothed  witli  slmMie.  —Ph.  xxxv, 

5.  To  invest ;  to  surround  ;  to  encompass. 

The  I.on1  w  dolhed  with  mn)"«ty.  —  P».  xcKi. 
Thoii  art  dotlied  wiih  honor  ivnd  ma}e«ty.  — Pa.  dr. 

6.  To  invest ;  to  give  to  by  commission ;  ns,  to 
clothe  with  i»ower  or  nuthority. 

7.  To  cover  or  spread  over ;  as,  the  earth  is  clothed 
CLOTHE,  V.  i.    To  wear  clothes.  [with  verdure. 

C«re  no  more  to  chlhe  tiiid  ent.  Shai, 

CLOTH'i^D,  pp.    Covered  with  garments  ;  dressed  ; 

invf^ted  ;  furnished  with  clothing. 
ei.OTUKS,  ^kimhz  or  kloze,)  n. ;  pi.  of  Cloth.   Cover- 
ing fur  the  human  body  ;  dress;  vestments  ;  vesture  ; 

a   general  term  for  whatever  covering  is  worn,   or 

mi^e  to  be  worn,  for  decency  or  comfort. 

ir  i  mny  tuudi  but  liU  dotltei  I  ■ball  be  )vbcile.  -'  Mark  v. 

Q.  Thi'  covering  of  a  bed  ;  bed-clothes.        Prior. 

CLGTHES'-BASK-ET,  7i.    A  large  basket  for  holding 

or  carrying  clothes. 
CLOTIlES'-RKCSIl,  n.     A  brush  for  removing  dust, 

&,c.,  from  cinlhs.  Booth. 

eL5THE.H5'-LINK,  n.    A  line  on  which  clothes  are 

hung  out  to  dry. 
CLOTIl'l  Ell,  (kliiih'yer,)  n.    In  English  authors,  a  man 

who  makes  cloths ;  a  maker  of  cloth.  JohtLion. 

[fn  tliis  sense,  t  brlieve,  it  is  nut  used  in  Vie  United 

States;  certainly  not  in  JVno  Enirland.} 
2.  In  America^  a  man  wbuwe  occupation  is  to  full 

and  dress  cloth. 
ei-5TH'ING,  p^.  ora.    Covering  with  or  putting  on 


TONE,  BULL,  tINlTE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOU8 €  as  K ;  d  as  J;  ■  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


CLO 

vestDienis  of  any  kitiJ  ;  providing  with  garments  } 
inveMing ;  ctwcring. 
CLOTH'ING,  n.  Ganndnts  in  general ;  clothes  ;  tlress ; 
raiment  ^  covering. 

Ab  Sat  me  —  mjr  tioJUng  wu  mckcloth.  —  Pb.  xxxv. 

2.  The  ait  or  practice  of  making  cloth.   [  UttusuaL] 

Tbff  king  look  mwimirw  to  Instruct  Ibc  n-fujec*  from  Fljuidt-ra 
iu  ihe  art  of  ei>»hing.  Hat/. 

€LOTII'-?Hi%AR-EIt,  ».     One  who  shear*  cloUi,  and 

fret-s  il  from  su(>erfluou3  nap, 
CLOTH'  -WORKER,  (-wurit-,)  n,    A  maker  of  clolh. 

SaM. 
€LOT'P0LL,  n.    A  ihickskull  j  a  blockhead.    [See 

CLODrOLL.] 

€LOT'TED,  pp,  or  a.    Concreted  into  a  mass  ;  inspw- 

sated  ;  adhering  in  a  lump. 

Clotted  eraim. ;  cream  obtained  by  warming  new 

mUk. 
€LO'i"'TER,  V.  L    [from  dot.]    To  concrete  or  gather 

into  lumps.  th-iftUn, 

€LOT'TL\G»  Fpr.    Concreting ;  inspissating ;  forming 

into  cKrta. 
€LOT'TV,  a.   [from  c/<ji.]   Full  of  clots,  or  snjall,  hard 

masiites  ;  full  of  coneretiuna,  or  clod:*. 
€1.0L'D,  n.     ri  have  nut  found  this  word  in  any  other 

language.    The  sense  U  ubvtotis — a  colleetiun.     Its 

elements  are  those  of  clod ^  and  I.at.  tUiudo.] 

1.  A  coilfClion  of  visible  vapor,  ur  watery  particles, 
Bttspended  in  the  atuuk^phtTe,  at  siiuie  altitude.  A 
like  cuUectioa  of  vapors  near  the  earth  is  usually  called 
fog,  Locke. 

I  do  tM  m7  bow  to  Ute  doud.  —  On.  Ix. 
Bfbolti  a  wbhc  domL  —  Rev.  xiv. 

The  clouds  are  distributed  into  four  fundamental 
classes,  depending  on  their  prevailing  forms,  viz., 
eumuliu^  stratus^  cirrus,  and  nirnfiu-s  :  and  three  subi^r- 
dinate  varieties,  composed  of  mixtures  of  the  others, 
^nz.,  eirr^-eumttluSf  ctmy^tratusy  and  cHiauU>-striUits. 
[See  these  words.]  D.  OUnsted. 

2.  A  coUtclion  of  smoke,  or  a  dense  collection  of 
dust,  rising  or  flouting  in  the  air ;  as,  a  eUiud  of  dust. 

A  doud  ol'  iiicfuar.  —  Vjek.  viiJ. 

3.  The  dark  or  varied  colors,  in  veins  or  spirts,  on 
stones  or  otht-r  boilies,  are  called  clouds, 

-4.  A  great  multitude ;  a  vast  colleclion ;  as,  a  cloufd 
of  witnesses. 

Eeciar  v«  are  rncQn)[Maed  with  »  gn»t  ft  thmd  of  vtOHMB*.  — 

5.  Fiffuntireh/.  a  state  of  obacarity,  darkness,  or 
danger  ;  as,  amidst  the  doud*  of  war  ;  a  chud  hung 
over  bis  character;  there  was  a  deud  thruwn  over 
their  prospects. 
€LOUO,  r.  L  To  orcrspread  with  a  cloud  or  clwids  ; 
as,  the  sky  is  daudai ;  duudt  intercept  the  rays  of  the 
son.    Heflce, 

9:  To  obscure ;  to  darken ;  u,  to  doud  the  day,  or 
tratii,  or  reason. 

3.  To  darken  in  veins  or  spots  ;  to  variegate  with 
colors  ;  as,  domd^  marble. 

4.  To  make  of  a  gloomy  aspect ;  to  give  the  appear- 
ance of  sullenness. 

What  n^ca  furv  cloudM  hb  KomlViI  brow.  Pope.    ^ 

5.  To  sully  ;  to  Uirnish.  Shak, 
CLOUD,  r.  L    To  grow  cloudy  ;   to  become  obscure 

with  clouds;  sometimes  followed  by  ocer;  as,  the 

skv  clouds  over. 
€LOUD'-AS-CEXD'ING,  a.  Ascending  to  the  clouds. 

Sandm. 
€LOUD'-BER-RT,  n.    A  plant,  called  also  knot-l>'emj ; 

Rubus  ch:im!Eniuru*. 
CLOUD'-BORX,  a.     Bom  of  a  cloud.  Dryden. 

CLOUD'-CAPT,  a,     [daud  and   cap.]     Capped  with 

clouds  ;  touching  the  clouds  ;  lofty. 

The  lioyd-capl  Uwcts.  ShaJc. 

CLOUD'^OM-PEL'LER,  n.  He  that  coUects  clouds ; 
Jove. 

CLOUiy-eOM-PEL'LIXG,  a.  Collecting  clouds  j  or 
driving  clouds  ;  as,  cloud-compdline  Jove. 

IViiUer.     Drtiden. 

€LOUD'-€0V'ER-£D,  (-kuv'erd,)  a.  Enveloped  with 
clouds.  Young. 

CLOUD'-DIS-PEL'LIXG,  a.  Having  power  to  dis- 
perse clouds.  Dryden. 

€LOUD'-E-eUPS'£D,  (-e-klipst',)  a.  Eclipsed  by  a 
cloud.  ShaJu 

CLOfD'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Overcast;  overspread  with 
clouds;  obscured;  diirkened ;  rend^-red  gloomy  or 
sullen  ;  varit-gated  with  colored  spots  or  veins. 

€LOL*D'-FE.\C-£D,  (feust,)  a.    Fenced  with  clouds. 

CLOt'D'-GTRT,  (gurt.)  o.     Girt  with  clouds. 

eLOLTD'I-LY,  ode.  [from  cloudy.]  With  clouds; 
darkly ;  ob*iCUrelv.  Dryden. 

CLOUD'I-NESS,  it.  The  state  of  being  overcast  with 
clouds ;  as,  the  doudiiuss  of  the  atmosphere. 

Harvey. 
9.  Obscurity  ;  gloom  ;  want  of  brightness. 

3.  Darknt-ss  of  appearance ;  variegation  of  colors 
in  a  fossil  or  other  body. 

4.  Appearance  of  gloom  or  sullenness ;  as,  cloudi- 
ness of  aspect. 

CLOUD'ISG,  ppr.  or  a.    Oven-preading  with  clouds; 


CLO 

oba^uring;  giving  an  appe:irance  of  gloom  or  sulk' n- 

ness  ;  v:iriHi;;itiu::  with  colors. 
CLOUU'-KIr'S.lNG,  a.     Touching  the  clouds.    Skal: 
CLOUU'LKSS,  (1.     Being  without  a  cl^jud  ;   uncloud- 
ed ;  clear  ;  bricht ;  luminous;  as,  cloudless  skias. 
eLOlTl)'LESS-LV,  atir.     AVithout  clouds. 
€LOUl)'-PlRRC-ING,  a.    Peuetrating  or  rising  above 

the  clouds.  PhiUjis. 

€L0UD'-TOPT,  a.    Having  the  top  covered  with  a 

cloud.  Gray. 

€LOUD'-T0UCn-ING,  (tuch-ing,)  a.    Touching  the 

clouds.  Sundys. 

€LOUU'-\VRAPT,  (-rapt,)  a.    Involved  in  clouds. 

Bvtrriitf^. 
CLOUD'V,  a.     Overcast  with  clouds  ;  obscured  witli 

clouds ;   as,  a  dvudy  day ;   a  doudy  sky ;   a  cloudy 

night. 

2.  Consisting  of  a  cloud  or  clouds;  as,  a  doudy 
pillar.     Ex.  xxxiii.  9. 

3.  Obscure  ;  dark  ;  not  easily  understood  ;  as, 
cloudy  luid  confused  notions.  t^fatd. 

4.  Having  the  appearance  of  gloom  ;  indicating 
gloom,  anxiety,  sullenness,  or  ill-nature;  not  oi>en 
or  cheerful;  as,  rifw^j/  looks.  Speusrr.     ShaJc. 

5.  Indicating  gloom  or  sullenness  ;  ns,  riouf/i/ wmth. 

6.  Markrd  with  veins  or  s|»ot3  of  dark  or  various 
hues,  as  marble. 

7.  Not  bright ;  as,  n  cloudy  diamond.  Boyle. 
€I-OUGH,  ( kluf,)  «.    [Sax.  ctougk,  a  cleft] 

A  clert  in  a  hill. 

CLOUGH,  (klof,)  «.  In  commerce^  an  allowance  of 
two  poundt4  in  every  hundred  weight,  alter  tare  and 
tret  have  btien  deducteil,  for  the  turn  iif  the  scale,  that 
the  commodity  may  hold  out  in  rtitailing  ;  often  writ- 
ten Cloff.     It  is  little  used. 

CLOUT,  n.  [Sax.  dut^  a  p.ntch,  a  plaster,  a  plate,  a 
scam  or  joint;  Sw.  klut;  \V.  dirt,  a  patch,  a  clout; 
cbrtiaw,  to  patch  ;  Sax.  ffeduted,  sewed  together, 
clouted,  patched  ;  ge^ceod  mid  gedudedum  scon^  shod 
with  clouted  shoes.  This  undoubtedly  signilies 
patched  shoes,  for  dut,  in  .Saxon,  does  not  signify  a 
nail.  The  word  c/uiit,  a  nail,  may  be  from  the 
French  clou,  doutrr,  from  L.  clavus,  from  the  root  of 
L.  daudo^  duda.  Whether  doutcd  brogues,  in  Shak- 
epi':ire,  signify  patched  shoes  or  shoes  studded  with 
nails,  let  the  critic  determine.  Such  shoes  are  com- 
mon in  England,  and  were  formerly  worn  in  Ameri- 
ca. The  prinwrj-  sense  is,  to  thrust  or  put  on  ;  hence 
the  sen»e  of  blote.] 

1.  A  patch ;  a  piece  of  cloth  or  leather,  &.c,,  to 
close  a  breach. 

2.  A  piece  of  cloth  for  mean  purposes,      Spmser. 

3.  A  piece  of  white  doth,  for  archers  to  shooi  at. 
[A'ot  now  Ufed.]  Shak. 

4.  An  iron  plate  on  an  axle-tree,  to  keep  it  from 

5.  [Fr.  douj  douter.]     A  small  nail.  [wearing. 

6.  In  riti^ar/anfiia^«,  a  blow  with  tliehand.  [JVeu 
EngUnd.]  Chahners. 

CLOUT,  t).  L  To  patch  ;  to  mend  by  sewine  on  a 
piece  or  patch  ;  as,  doiited  sfiooa,  in  Milton.  This  is 
the  sense  as  understood  by  Johnson.  Mason  under- 
Btinds  the  word  clouted  to  signify  nailed,  studded 
with  small  nails,  from  the  French  douter^  and  the 
following  words  in  Shakspeare,  "  wJiose  rudeness 
answered  my  steps  too  loud,"  give  some  counte- 
nance to  Mason's  interpretation.  In  this  case,  the 
verb  clout  must  signify,  to  nail,  or  fasten  with  na^s  ; 
to'stud. 
a.  To  cover  with  a  piece  of  cloth.  Spenser. 

3.  To  join  clumsily  ;  as,  ciouteti  sentences. 

Ascham. 

4.  To  cover  or  arm  with  an  iron  plate.  ■ 

5.  To  strike  ;  to  give  a  bl()W.  Beaum. 
CLOUT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Patched;   mended  clumsily; 

covered  with  a  clout. 

Clouted  cream,  in  Qay^  is  evidently  used  for  dotted 
cream,  i.  e.,  cream  obtained  by  warming  new  milk, 

Brij7ide. 

CLOUT'ER-LY, a.     Clumsy;  awkward.    Mortimer. 

CLOUT'IXG,  ppr.     Patching  ;   covering  with  a  clout. 

CLo'V.\TE,  a.  In  condwlogy,  an  epithet  applied  to  a 
shell  which  is  thicker  toward  the  top  and  elongated 
toward  the  base.  Gilbert. 

CL6V'E,  prcU  of  Cleave.     [06,e.]  Spenser. 

CLOVE,  n.     [p.hloof.     See  Cleavk.] 

A  cltft  ;  a  fia*ure  ;  a  gap  ;  a  ravine.  This  word, 
thoush  properly  an  appellative,  is  not  often  used  as 
such  iu  English  ;  but  it  is  appropriated  to  particular 
places,  that  are  real  clefts,  or  which  appear  as  such  ; 
as,  the  CloKeof  Kaaterskill,  in  the  State  of  New  V«rlt) 
and  the  Stony  Clove.  It  is  properly  a  Dutch  word. 
Journ.  of  Science. 

CLOVE,  n.  [Sax.  dufe ;  Fr.  dou :  Sp.  davo  ,•  Port,  era- 
vo ;  from  L.  daruj^  a  nail ;  s*)  called  from  its  resem- 
blance to  a  naiL  So  in  D.  kruidnagel,  herb-nail  or 
spice-nail.] 

1.  A  verj'  pungent  aromatic  spice,  the  unexpandcd 
flower-hud  of  the  clove-tree,  Caryophyllus,  ^native 
of  the  Molucca  Isltjs.  The  tree  grows  to  the  size  of 
the  laurel,  and  its  bark  resembles  that  of  the  olive, 
No  verdure  is  seen  undt-r  it.  At  the  extremities  of 
its  brandies  are  produced  vast  numbers  of  flower- 
buds,  which  are  at  tirst  white,  then  green,  and  at 
last  red  and  hard.     These  are  called  cloves.     Encyc. 


CLU 

2.  [from  dravf.]  The  parts  into  which  garlic  sep- 
nraTe-i,  when  the  outer  skin  is  removed.  Tate. 

3.  A  certain  wei>;ht ;  seven  iwunds  of  wool ;  eialit 
pounds  of  cheese  or  butter.     [J^ut  used  in  AiiiericaTl 

CLOVE-GIL'LY-FLUW-ER,  n.  A  species  of  Dian- 
thus,  bearing  a  beautiful  flower,  cultivated  in  gar- 
dens ;  called,  also,  carnation  pink. 

JVofe.  —  Some  writers  sup|K>se  that  gilly-flmrer  should 
be  written  ./H/(/-/(»wfT.  But  qu.,  is  it  not  a  corruption 
of  the  French  girojle,  dou  de  girojle^  cloves  ;  girojlee, 
a  gilly-rtower  ;  girojlier,  a  stocK-gilly-flower ;  L.  eary- 
ophyUus,  Chaucer  wrote  cloue  gilofre.  Cant.  Tales, 
Kt.iiO-J.  The  lUjIians  write  j^arofano,  probably  for 
garifiilo  t  Arm.  gcnvjles^  gemificit.  Johnson  supposes 
the  plant  so  called  from  the  smell  of  the  flower  re- 
sembling that  of  cloves  ;  but  it  is  probably  from  its 
shape,  ilie  nail-flower,  as  in  Dutch.     [See  Clove.] 

CLO'VAN,  (klo'vn,)  pp.  or  a.  ,  [from  cleave.]  Di- 
vided J  parted. 

CLo'V*;N-FQOT-ED,  j  a.      Having  the  foot  or  hoof 

CLO'VAW-HOOK-i^D,  i  divided  into  two  parts,  as 
the  ox  ;  bisiibous. 

CLOVE'-PINK,  M.  The  clove  gilly-flower  or  carna- 
tion piuk. 

CLO'VKU,  I  Ti.        [Sax.   chzfer-wyrt^    clover- 

CLO'VER-GRXSS,  J  wort:  G.  ktee  i  D.  Water; 
Dan.  klever  or  klcc.  Tlie  Saxon  word  is  rendered 
also  marigold  and  violrL  The  Dutch  word  signifies 
a  cltib.  The  name,  then,  signifies  club-grass,  dub- 
wort,  L.  Clara,  from  its  flower.  Dan.  klebbcr,  to 
deace,  to  cling.] 

A  genus  of  plantR,  called  Trifolium,  trefoil,  or 
three-leafed,  Fr.  lrcf.e.  The  species  are  numerous. 
The  reti  clover  is  generally  cultivated  for  fodder  and 
for  enriching  land.  The  while  clover  is  also  excel- 
lent food  for  cattle,  either  green  or  dry,  and  from  its 
flowers  the  bee  collects  no  ^mall  portion  of  its  stores 
of  honey. 

To  lice  in  dorer,  is  to  live  luxuriously,  or  in  abun- 
dance ;  a  phrase  borrowed  from  the  luxuriant  growth 
of  clover,  and  the  feeding  of  cattle  in  clover. 

CLO'VEIt-£D,  a.     Covered  with  clover.      Tktmson. 

eLO\VN,  n.     [L.  colonus,  a  husbandman.] 

1.  A  countryman  ;  a  rustic  ;  hence, 

9.  One  who  has  the  manners  of  a  rustic  ;  a  cluirl ; 
a  man  of  coarse  manners ;  an  ill-bred  man. 

Sidney.     Dryden.     Swift. 
3.  The  fool  or  buflbon  in  a  play,  circus,  &c. 
CLO^VN' AGE,  n.     The  manners  of  a  clown.     {J<'ot  in 

use.]  B.  Jonson, 

€LOWN'ER-Y,   n.       Ill-breeding  ;    mstic   behavior  ; 

rudeness  of  manners.     '^Little  used.]     VEstrunge. 

CLO  WN'ISH,  a.    Pertainuig  to  or  resembling  clowns  ; 

co'hsisting  of  rustics  ;  as,  a  downish  neighborhood. 

Dryden, 

2.  Coarse  ;  hard ;  rugged  ;  rough  ;  as,  doicnisk 
hands.  Spenser. 

3.  Of  rough  manners  ;  ill-bred  ;  as,  a  clownish  fellow. 

4.  Clumsy  ;  awkward  ;  as,  a  clownish  gait.     Prior. 
CLOWN'ISH-LY,  adv.     In  the  manner  of  clowns; 

coarsely  ;  rudelv. 

CLOWN'ISH-NESS,  71.  The  manners  of  a  clown  ; 
rusticity ;  coarseness  or  rudeness  of  behavior ;  in- 
civility ;  awkwardness.  Dryden.    Locke. 

CLOY,  «.  (.  [from  Fr.  clouer,  or  the  root  of  the  word, 
tlie  L.  cludo,  claudo ;  coinciding  in  elements  with 
glut.] 

1.  Strictly,  to  fill ;  as,  to  cloy  a  harbor  by  sinking 
ships  ;  to  cloy  one's  couch  with  tears.      Rich.  Diet, 

Hence, 

2.  To  glut,  to  satisfy,  as  the  appetite ;  to  satiate. 
And  as  the  appetite,  when  satisfied,  rejects  addition- 
al food,  hence,  to  fill  to  loathing,  to  surfeit. 

Who  call  cloy  the  hungry  ed^e  ot'appuiiie 

By  tfcire  iiuajjiiwlJun  ol  a  feasi  ?  Sfiak. 

3.  To  spike  up  a  gun ;  to  drive  a  spike  into  the 
vent.  Bailey.     Johnson. 

4.  In  farriery,  to  ptick  a  horse  in  shoeing.    Aah. 
[In  tJie  two  latter  senses,  I  believe  Uie  word  is  little 

vsed,  and  not  at  alt,  in  America,] 

CLOY'J'i;D,  (kloyd,)  pp.  Filled  ;  glutted  ;  filled  to  sa- 
tiety and  loathing;  spiked  ;  pricked  in  shoeing. 

CLOY'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Filling  ;  filling  to  satiety  or 
disgust. 

CLOY'LESS    a.    That  can  not  cloy,  or  fill  to  satiety. 

CLOY'MENT,  n.  Surfeit;  repletion  beyond  the  de- 
mands of  appetite.     [Little  used.]  S/uik. 

CLUB,  n.  [W.  dopa,  diDpa,  coinciding  with  dap,  a 
lump,  and  club,  clobyn;  G.  klSpfd;  D.  klaver ;  Sw. 
klubbai  Dan.  klabbe ;  L.  clava.  The  sense  is  probably 
a  knob  or  lump,  W.  llicb.  Hob,  whence  lubber.  It  is 
evidently  connected  with  deace,  to  stick  or  cling, 
Dan.  klcbber.] 

1.  Properly,  a  stick  or  piece  of  wood,  with  one  end 
thicker  and  heavier  than  the  oiher,  and  no  larger 
than  can  be  wielded  with  the  hand. 

2.  The  name  of  one  of  the  suits  of  cards ;  so  named 
from  its  figure. 

3.  An  association  of  persons  who  meet  under  cer- 
tain .self-imposed  regulations,  for  the  promotion  of 
some  common  object,  as  literature,  science,  hilarity, 
politics,  &c. 

4.  An  association  for  the  support  of  a  club-house, 
which  see. 


FSTE,  FXR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — MeTB,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD,  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK. — 
"        216  "  ~~~  ~ 


CLU 

5.  The  dividend  of  expense  at  a  club  or  snnie  meet- 
ing ;  as,  to  paj'  one*s  club.  Iladibras. 

Club  of  Hercules.  The  story  of  Hercules  with  hia 
dub  originated  in  the  use  of  ciubs^  as  weaiwna  of  war 
and  other  acliievements,  among  rude  nations,  before 
the  invention  of  other  instruments  and  the  use  of 
iron.  Hence  striking^  beating,  was  the  first  mode  of 
killing;  and  hence  smite  and  slay,  properly  signifying 
to  «rrifce,  came  to  signify  to  kill.  HfTciiles  was  the 
leader  of  a  savage  band,  who  wioldcd  the  heaviest 
club  ;  and  hence  the  club  was  the  origin  of  the  scep- 
ter, which  is  in  the  shape  of  a  chib,  coinciding  with 
Latin  scipio.  Any  bold  warrior  at  the  head  of  a  pred- 
ator>'  baud  was  a  Hercules. 
GLUB,  p.  i.     [VV.  clttpiaw,  to  form  into  a  himp.] 

1.  To  join,  as  a  number  of  individuals,  to  the  same 
end  ;  to  contribute  separate  powers  to  one  end,  pur- 
pose, or  efiTect. 

Till  ffro»?r  lUorTM,  tumbling  in  th"  strwim 

Of  nocjr,  Ruiilly  coei,  and  ciubUd  into  a.  dream.        Ihyden. 

2.  To  pay  an  equal  proportion  of  a  common  reck- 
oning or  charge. 

€LUB,  V.  t.  To  nnite  for  the  accomplishment  of  a 
common  end  ;  as,  to  club  exertions. 

2,  To  raise  by  a  proportional  assessment ;  as,  to 
dab  the  ex[»ense. 

3,  In  common  parlance,  to  raise  or  turn  uppermost 
the  breech  or  club  of  a  musket ;  as,  the  soldiers  clabbad 
their  muskets. 

€LUB'B£D,  (klnbd.)  pp.  Collected  into  a  sum  and 
averaaed,  as  different  expenses. 

2.  Unitml  tu  one  end  or  effect. 

3.  Shaped  like  a  ciub.    ^.-ti'ii.  Rfsearcheji,  v.  913. 

4.  Having  the  breech  turned  upward,  as  a  musket. 

5.  Heavy,  like  a  club.  Chaurer. 
€LUB'BEK,   (  n.  One  who  belongs  to  a  party,  cluh,  ct 
CLUB'BIST,  (      a.--aociation.  Burke. 
eUTB'BING,    ppr.    Joining  in  a  club;  uniting  to  a 

common  end. 

€LUB'-FrST,  n.     A  large,  heavy  fist. 

€LUB'-FrST-ED,  a.     Having  alarge  fist.      HowelL 

eLUB'-frX>OT,  R.     A  short,  deformed  foot. 

eLllB'-FOOT-ED,  a.     Having  short  or  crwked  feet. 

eLL  B'-HEAD-EI),  a.    Hnving  a  thick  head.  Derkam. 

CLUB'-HOU."^E,  Ji.  An  esublishment  for  furnishing 
nieaN,  and  a  place  of  rendezvous,  to  a  select  number 
of  individuals,  called  loosely  a  dub,  to  whirh  addi- 
tions can  be  made  only  by  ballot.  Each  inenib*.'r  pays 
an  annual  tax  for  the  support  of  the  house,  and  re- 
ceives bis  meald  and  other  refreshments  at  tlieir  ac- 
tual cost.  Chainbers^s  Mag. 

6LUB'-Lj\VV,  n.  Ooveniment  by  rlubs,  or  violence  ; 
the  use  of  arms,  or  force,  in  place  of  law  ;  anarchy. 

Addison. 

CLUB'-MAX,  n.    One  who  carries  a  club. 

eLUB'-MOSS,  n.  A  kind  of  moss,  Lycopadium  dava- 
tam,  whf>se  minute  seedd  are  burnt  in  theaters  to  im- 
itate lightning.  Braiule. 

CLUB'-ROOAI,  n.  The  apartment  in  which  a  club 
meets.  jJdtlison. 

€LUB'-RUSH,  n,    A  genus  of  plants,  the  Scirpus. 

Muhlenberg. 

€LtJB'-SH.AP-KD,  (-shapt,)  a.  Shai)ed  like  a  club  ; 
growhlg  thicker  toward  the  lop  ;  clavated.  Martyn. 

CLUCK,  p.  L  [Sax.  doccan  ;  Dan.  klukkrr  ;  Sw.  'klya- 
ka ;  G.  gludcm  ;  D.  klokken  ;  W,  d»trian,cLtdan  ;  Arm. 
Uocbat;  L.  glocio;  It.  ckiocdare;  Sp.  docar,  doquear ; 
Cli.  jS:.  Clans  Lg,  No.  27.  (See  Clach  ami  Clock.) 
The  Gr.  «Ab>^u  seems  to  be  the  same  word,  as  it 
giTe<i  K^M-i^toi;  the  guttural  p.as^ing  into  i^,  as  in 
many  Greek  verbs  ;  and  hence  Fr.  glvtuscr.  See 
Brace.] 

To  make  the  noise,  or  utter  the  voice,  of  the  do- 
me^itic  hen,  whfn  sitting  on  eggs  for  hatching,  and 
when  conducting  her  chickens.  This  voice,  with 
Uie  change  of  the  vowel,  is  precisely  our  word  dadt 
and  riori,  and  is  probably  an  onomaiupy.  [See  Clack 
and  Clock. J 

€L1TCK,  r.  L     To  call  chickens  by  a  particular  sound. 

€LUCK'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.     Uttering  the  voice  of  a  hen ; 

I     calling  chickt-ns. 

€LUCK'L\G,  n.  The  noise  of  a  hen  when  she  calls 
hf-r  chickens. 

€LCE.     See  Cliw. 

€L(JMP,  n.  [G.  klamp;  D.  kl<rmp  i  Sw.  klimp ;  Dan. 
klamp,A  lump;  W.  clamp.  It  is /um;»  with  a  prefix. 
It  coincides  with  plump,  and  L.  plutnbum,  It^ad  ;  as 
the  D.  load,  G.  loth,  l)an.  lod,  Eng.  lead,  coincide 
with  clod.  It  signifies  a  mass  or  collection.  If  m 
is  the  final  radical,  see  Class  Lm,  No.  1,  4,  5,  9.  L. 
glem»A.'\ 

1.  A  thick,  short  piece  of  wood,  or  other  solid  sub- 
stance ;  a  shapeteds  mass.  Hence  dumper,  a  clot  or 
clod. 

2.  A  cluster  of  trees  or  shniljs ;  formerly  written 
pLCMP.  In  sonic  parts  of  England,  it  is  un  adjective 
signifying  laty,  unhandy.  Bailry. 

3.  The  compres-ied  clay  of  coal  strata.     '  Brande. 
€LUMP'ER,  c.  (.     To  form  into  clumps  or  masses. 
CLUMPS,  n.    [from  dump.^  _/l  stupid  fellow  ;  a  num- 
skull.    [Fulifar.]  Badey. 

CLUM'SI-LY,  adv.  [from  dumsy.}  In  a  clumsy  man- 
ner; awkwardly;  in  an  unhandy  manner;  without 
readiness,  dexterity,  or  grace. 


CLY 

€LUM'SI-NES3,  n.  The  quality  of  being  short  and 
thick,  and  moving  heavily  ;  awkwardness  ;  unhand- 
iness ;  ungainliness  j  want  of  readiness,  nimblenesis, 
or  dexterity.  Collier. 

GLUM'SY,  a.  [from  clump,  lump."]  Properly,  short  and 
tliick,  like  a  dump  or  lump.     Hence, 

2.  Moving  heavily,  slowly,  or  awkwardly  ;  as, 
clumsy  fingers. 

3.  Awkward  ;  ungainly  ;  unhandy  ;  artless ;  witl)- 
oul  readiness,  dexterity,  or  grace ;  as,  a  dwnsy  man  ; 
a  dum.iy  fellow. 

4.  Ill-made  ;  badly  constructed  ;  as,  a  clumsy  gar- 
ment ;  duinsy  vci^c. 

CLUMCH,  n.  Amonj^  miners^  indurated  clay,  found 
in  coal-pits  next  to  the  coal.  Ktnoatu    Bailey. 

CLUNG,  prcL  and  pp.  of  Cli  no,  which  see. 

CLUNG,  V.  i.     To  shrink.     [JV«(  used.]     Sec  Cuno. 

CLu'NI-AG,  «.  One  of  a  reformed  order  of  Benedic- 
tine monks,  so  called  from  C/uhi,  in  Burgundy. 

CLUS'TER,  n.  [Sax.  duster.  It  setins  to  be  from  the 
root  of  dose,  L.  elaa.s-iL^,  claustrum,  dauda,  a  collect- 
ing or  crowding  together;  Sw.  idasa,  a  cluster  cf 
grapes  ;  Dan.  kUi.^c.  The  latter,  in  orthography,  co- 
incide nearly  with  c/a.**-.  In  Welsh,  clwa  is  compact, 
neat  ;  clysa,  to  make  compact  ;  dioys  is  a  close.] 

1.  A  bunch ;  a  number  of  things  of  the  same  Kind 
growing  or  joined  together;  a  knot;  as,  a  c/u^icr  of 
raisins. 

2.  A  number  of  individuals  or  tilings  collected  or 
gathered  into  a  close  body  ;  as,  a  cluster  of  bees  ;  a 
cluster  of  pt-ople.  Milton*     Dryden. 

3.  A  number  of  things  situated  near  each  otlier; 
as,  a  dn-tter  of  governments  in  Italv.      J.  j9dams. 

CLUS'TER,  r.  i.  To  prow  in  clusters  ;  to  gatherer 
unite  in  a  bunch,  or  bunches  ;  aa,  c/iu'£crin^  grapes. 

Miltim. 
2.  To  collrct  into  masses ;  as,  the  men  cluster  to- 
gether ;  the  du-^tering  snow.  Tiioimon. 

CLUS'TER,  V.  L  To  collect  into  a  bunch  or  close 
body. 

CLUS'TER-ED,  pp  or  o.  Collected  into  a  cluster,  or 
crowd  ;  cn)wded. 

CLUS'TER-GRAPE,  n.    A  small,  black  grape. 

Mortimer. 

CLUS'TER-I.\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Growing  in  a  cluster,  or 
in  bunches ;  uniting  in  a  bunch,  or  in  a  flock,  crowd, 
or  close  body. 

CLUS'TER-ISG-LY,  adv.    In  clusters. 

CLUS'TER-Y,  a.     Growing  in  clusters.        Johnson. 
9.   Full  of  clusters.  Bailey. 

CLUTCH,  V.  t.  [This  seems  to  be  from  the  root  of 
Sax.  Usccan,  to  seize,  whence  geliBccan,  id.  If  not, 
I  know  nut  Its  origin.  It  may  he  allied  to  lock  and 
lat£h.'] 

1.  To  double  in  the  fingers  and  pinch  or  compress 
them  together;  to  clinch.  [If  n  is  nut  radical  in 
clinch,  this  may  be  from  the  same  root.] 

2.  To  seize,  clasp,  or  gripe  with  the  hand  ;  as,  to 
dutch  a  dagger  ;  to  dutch  prey.  Shale.     HerherL 

3.  To  sei:i:e  or  grasp ;  as,  to  clutch  the  globe  at  a 
grasp.  Collier. 

CLUTCH,  n.     A  griping  or  pinching  with  tlie  fingers; 

seiz.ure ;  gnisp. 
2.  A  projecting  tooth,  or  other  piece  of  machinery, 

for  connecting  shafts  with  each  other,  or  with  wheels, 

so  as  to  he  disengaged  at  pleasure.  IIcbcrL 

CLUTCH'Kt),  (klucht,)  pp.     Seized  ;  grasi)ed. 
GLWTCH'ES,  71.  pi.  The  paws  or  tah>ns  of  a  rapaci^s 

animal,  as  of  a  cat  or  dog. 
2.  The  hands,  in  the  sense  of  rapacity  or  cruelty, 

or  of  ixtwer.  Iladibras.     StilUhgJlect 

CLUTCH'ING,  ppr.     Seizing  with  the  hand. 
CLUT'TER,  Ti.     [VV.  cluder,  a  heap  or  pile,  from  du- 

daw,  to  bear,  to  bring  together,  to  heap.    It  has  the 

elements  of  L.  claudo.'\ 

1.  A  confused  assemblage  ;  as,  a  clutter  of  words. 

lie  K.iw  wh-it  a  clulttr  tliere  waj  wiUi  bii^  pu(«i  p^inx,  nnd  ipiu. 
L'Htirange. 

2.  Noiae  j  bustle.  [This  sense  seems  allied  to 
clatter,  but  It  is  not  the  sense  of  the  word  in  New 
England.] 

CLUT'TER,  r.  (.  To  crowd  togetjier  in  disorder  ;  to 
fill  with  things  in  confusion;  as, \a  clutter  a  room  ; 
to  clutter  the  house. 

CLUT'TER,  V.  i.  To  make  a  bustle,  or  fill  with  con- 
fusion. 

The  English  lexicographers  explain  this  word  by 
noise  ami  bustle,  but  probably  by  mistake. 

eLUT'TER-£D,  p/i.  Encumbered  with  things  in  dis- 
order. 

CLUT'TER-ING,  ppr.     Encumbering  with  things  in 

CLYP'E-ATE,  a.     {\a.  dypeus,  a  shield.]      [confusion. 
Shaped  like  a  Roman  buckler. 

CLYS'Mie,  a.     [Gr.  KXvapa.] 
Washing;  cleansing. 

CLYS'TER,  n.  [Gr.  KAi)orrio,from  jf>o(w,  to  wash  or 
cleanse  ;  L.  dy.iter :  D.  kiistcer;  G.  klystier ;  Fr.  dis- 
tere ;  Dan.  kluteer.] 

An  injection  ;  a  liqind  substance  injected  into  the 
lower  intestines,  fur  the  purpose  nf  promoting  atvine 
discharges,  relieving  from  coativeness,  and  cleansing 
tlie  bowels.  Sometimes  it  is  administered  to  nourish 
and  support  patients  who  can  not  swallow  aliment. 

€LYS'TER-rZE,  v.  L    To  apply  a  clyster. 


COA 

CLYS''J'Elt-riI'E,  ?i.  A  tube  or  pipe  used  for  mjec- 
tions. 

€I<YS'TER  V^^SE,  ado.     In  the  manner  of  a  clyster. 

CO  ;  a  prefix,  signifying  with,  in  conjunction.  [See 
Co^.l 

€0-A-C'ERV'ATE,  v.  L  [L.  eoacervo ;  con  and  acervOf 
to  heap  up  ;  acervus^  a  heap.] 

I'o  heap  up  ;  to  pile.     [Little  used.] 

CO-A-CERV'ATE,  a.     [L.  coaeervatus.] 

Heap<'d  ;  raised  into  a  pile  ;  collected  into  a  crowd  ; 
accumulated.     [Little  used/l  Bacon. 

eO-AC-ER-VA'TION,  n.  Tlie  act  of  heaping,  or  state 
of  being  heftped  together.     \Little  usetL]       Bar.&n. 

CCACII,  n.  [Pr.  cache;  Arm.  coich;  IL  coccAio,  a  coach 
or  coach-box;  Sp.  cache,  a  coach  and  a  coasting- 
barge  ;  Port,  coche ;  D.  koets,  a  coach  and  a  couch  ;  G. 
kutiche.  This  word  seems  to  be  radically  a  couch  or 
bed,  (Ft.  coucfie,  coucher,)  a  Covered  bed,  on  wheels, 
for  conveying  the  infirm.] 

A  close  vehicle  for  commodious  traveling,  borne  on 
four  wheels,  and  drawn  by  horses  or  other  animals. 
It  dilfjrs  from  a  chariot,  in  having  seats  in  front  as 
well  as  behind.  It  is  a  carriage  of  state,  or  for  pleas- 
tire,  or  for  traveling. 

Hackney-coach ;  a  coach  kept  for  hire.  In  some 
cities,  they  arc  licensed  by  authority,  and  numbered, 
and  tlie  rates  of  fare  fixeti  by  law. 

Mail-coach;  a  coach  that  carries  the  public  mails. 
Stagecoach ;    a  coach  that  regularly  conveys  pas- 
sengers from  town  to  town.     [See  Stage. J 

CoAtJlI,  )  n.     An  apartment  in  a  large  ship  of  war, 

COUCH,  i  near  the  stern,  tlie  roof  of  which  is  formed 
by  the  i)oop.  Mar.  Diet. 

CoACH,  V.  L     To  carry  in  a  coach.  Pope. 

COACH-BOX,  n.  The  seat  on  which  the  driver  of  a 
coaeh  sits.  ■Arbuthnot. 

COACH'FtJL,  n.     As  many  in  a  coach  as  it  will  hold. 

CoAClI'-HIRE,  n.  Money  paid  for  the  use  of  a  hired 
coach.  Dryden. 

COACH'-HORSE,  n.  A  horse  used  in  drawing 
coaches. 

CoACH'-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  to  shelter  a  coach 
from  the  weather.  SwifL 

CoACH'-MAK-ER,  n.  A  man  whose  occuptition  is  to 
make  coaches.  SwifL 

COACH'MAN,  Ti.    The  person  who  drives  a  coach. 

Prior. 

eOACII'.MAN-SHIP,  n.    Skill  in  driving  coaches. 

Jcnyns. 

CO-ACT',  r.  U     To  act  together.     [JVot  used.]    Shak. 

CO-ACT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Forced  ;  compelled.  [JVut 
used.]  B.  Jonson. 

eO-AC'TION,  TU  [L.  coactio,  coactus,  cogo;  eoa  and 
ago,  to  drive.] 

Force;  compulsion,  either  in  restraining  or  impel- 
ling. South. 

CO-ACT'IVR,  a.     Forcing;  compulsory;  having  the 

power  to  imjK:!  or  restrain.  Ralegh. 

2.  Acting  in  concurrence.  Sfuik. 

eO-AGT'lVE-LYj  ado.     In  a  compulsory  manner. 

CO-AD'JU-MENT,  n.     Mutual  assistance. 

eO-AD'JU-T.\NT,  a.     [L.  con  and  atljutnns,  helping.] 
Helping;  mutiiall)  assisting  or  o|)erating.    Philips. 

CO-AD-JO'TOR,  ft.    [L.  can  and  adjutar,  a  helper  ;  ad- 

*juto,  to  hilp.] 

1.  One  who  aids  another ;  an  assistant;  a  fellow- 
helper  ;  an  associate  in  operation. 

2.  In  the  canon  law,  one  who  is  empowered  or  ap- 
pointed to  perform  tin?  duties  of  another.     Johnson. 

3.  In  tlie  Roman  Cathvlic  church,  the  assistant  of  a 
bisho[i  or  other  prelate.  Brg.nde. 

eO-AD-JC'TOR-SHIP,  n.    State  of  a  coadjutor  ;  joint 

assistance.  Pope. 

CO  Al)-JP''i'RIX,  w.     A  female  assistant.      Smollett. 
eO-AU-JO'VAN-CY,  n.     [L.  am  and  adjuvaas ;  fuiju- 
vo,  to  assist.] 

Joint  help;  assistance;  concurrent  aid;  co-opera- 
tion.    [Little  useA.'l  Brown. 
GO-AD-JP'VANT,  n.     In  medicine,  an  ingredient  in 
a  prL'srrijrtinn  designed  to  aid  some  other  ingredient. 
GO-AD'U-.\ATE,  a.      [L.  coadanatus ;    con,  ad,  and 
unitio,  from  mmil«.] 

In  botany,  coadunate  leaves  are  several,  united  nt 
the  base.  The  word  is  used  also  to  denote  one  of 
Uie  natural  orders  of  plants  in  Linmeus's  system. 

Mariyn. 
eO-AD-II-NI"TIOiV,  (-nish'un,)  n.     fUcon,  orf,  and 
MflK-i,  one.] 

'i'he  unum  of  different  substances  in  one  mass. 
[Little,  used.]  Hale. 

eO-AD-VEN'rUR-ER,  n.    A  fellow-adventurer. 

livcdl. 
eO-AP-FOR'EST,  v.L     To  convert  ground  .ito  a 

forest.  Howi  U. 

CO-A'GENT,  n.     An  assistant  or  associate  In  an  ai*.. 

Beaum. 
CO-AG-MENT',  r.  L      [L.  coatrmento,  to  join  or  ce- 
ment ;  con  and  agmen,  a  compact  body,  from  ago,  to 
drive.] 
To  congregate  or  heap  together.     [JVo(  usted.] 

Olanvillc. 
eO-AG-MENT-A'TION,  Tt.    Collection  into  a  mass  or 
united  body  ;  union  ;  conjunction.    [Liule  used.] 

B.  Jonson. 


TONE,  BULL,  tiNITE.  -  AN"GER,  VI"C10U8.  — C  as  Kj  C  u  J;  B  as  Z;  CH  as  SU ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


38 


"5ir 


COA 

€0-AG-5IENT'En,  a.  ConKr»<gaU'd  ;  heaped  togelhcr ; 

united  in  one  mas^     [LUiU.  iLietL]  GItinciUe. 

€0-AG-UI*.\-BIL'l-TY,  ».   The  capacity  of  being  co- 

a|:ulated.  I're. 

eO-AG'U-LA-BLE,  a.    [See  Coaoclatk.]    Thai  may 

be  concreted  i  capable  of  congealing  or  changing  froin 

a  liquid  to  an  inspiwated  stala  j  ad,  caaguUtfte  lymph. 

CO-\G'Xl-hASTf  n.  That  which  produces  coagnla- 
lion,  Fors^ 

eO-AG'lJ-LATE,  cL  [L.  coa^ulo;  Fr.  antg»ltri  lU 
eoajfuiare ;  Sp,  cottgular.  Usually  con^^idered  as  from 
cofOy  ctfN  andofo*  B'**  pnibably  the  hisi  component 
part  of  the  wora  is  the  W.  et^la»,  to  curdle,  the  root 
of  gtiid  nnd  iMKgtaL] 

To  concrete  ;  to  curdle ;  to  confical ;  to  change 
froui  a  lliiid  into  a  fixed  substance,  or  solid  nuLSs  -  as, 
to  cuatrulau  h\ooA  ;  rennet  caag^ulatts  milk.  This 
wor  1  \s  genej^Iy  applied  to  the  change  of  fluids  into 
sutetances  like  curd  vir  butter,  of  a  moderate  con- 
ai^ence,  but  not  hard  or  impenetrable. 

B*con,    JtrbuiknoL 

€X>-AG'13-LXTB  V.  i.  To  curdle  or  congeal ;  to  turn 
from  a  fluid  into  a  consisteut  stale,  or  fiJed  sub- 
stance :  to  thicken.  Bacon,     Boyle. 

€0-AG'U-LA-TEh,  p;».  or  a.     Concreted  ;  curdk-d. 

eO-AU'C-LA  TIN'G,  ppr.     Curdline  ;  concealing. 

eO-Ai;-l;-LA'T10X,  a.  The  act  or  chan;^ing  from  a 
fluid  to  a  fi^ed  state  ;  concretion  :  the  su-ite  of  being 
cuafulaled  ;  Uw  body  formed  by  coagulating. 

ArbtOktutL 

(X>'AG'U-LA-TIVE,  a.  That  has  the  power  to  cause 
ccmcrrtion.  Botfle. 

eO-Ad^-LA-TOR,  a.  That  which  caiwca  coagula- 
tion. jfrftittAitot. 

eO-AG'l^-LUM,  n.  A  coa^it:ited  ml9s  ;  as  card,  a 
clot  of  blood,  separated  by  cold,  acid,  &e. 

Eneife.     Coze. 

CO-AI'TI,  a.    A  ^MMries  of  monkey  in  South  America. 

CCAK.    See  Cokk. 

eO.AI^a.  [Sax.  «1  or  wfl ;  G.kakUt  Ti.hKl;  Dan. 
kml;  Svr.kU;  It.  ruat;  Com.  kotan;  Rusa.  tigul.  Qa. 
Heb.  Snx  It  is  from  the  scn»e  of  glowing,  raging, 
for  in  Dan.  ktder  signifies  to  blow  !<trune.] 

1.  A  piec*"  of  wood,  or  other  cmnbu^^tiblo  subi^tance, 
ignited,  burning,  or  chaired.  Wlicn  burning  or  ig- 
nited, it  is  called  «  Utn  cm/,  or  burning  ewa/,  or  cool 
^fju^  VVben  the  fire  is  extinct,  it  is  callod  cAareoat. 
^  In  tAe  Itutt/uMffe  cf  ekemutty  any  9ub.«tance  con- 
taining oil,  which  has  bei'n  exiio^iied  to  a  tire  in  a 
close  vessel,  so  tliat  it^  VnlatiK*  niatter  is  ex|ielled, 
and  it  con  sustain  a  red  heat  witlioul  further  decom- 
position. Kncyc 

3.  In  MtMra/«^,  a  solid,  opnquo,  indamnialile  Kiib- 
ctance,  found  in  Uie  earth,  ami,  by  way  of  diiitinc- 
tion,  called  ftisU  coaL  It  is  divid'-d  by  recent  niin- 
eialogists  into  three  species,  anthracite  or  glance 
cool,  black  or  bituminous  coal,  and  brown  coal  or 
lignite  ;  under  which  are  incJuiled  many  varieties, 
such  as  canucl  coal,  Hovey  coal,  jet,  Slc. 

€CAL,  D.  U     To  burn  to  co^  or  cburcoal ;  to  char. 

Carta.  Bacon. 
3.  To  mark  or  delineate  with  charc(.»al.  ,01''*'''^^. 
[.ds  a  rcrft,  this  itord  i*  little  ujtd,'\  • 

COAX.'-BASK-ET,  n.  A  large  basket  for  canr>ing  or 
measuring  charcoal. 

COAL'-BLACK,  a.     Black  as  a  coal ;  very  black. 

JJrijden. 

€5AL'-BOX,  a.   A  box  to  carrj-  coil  to  the  fire.  Swift 

COAL '-FISH,  R.  A  siK'cies  of  Gaclus  or  cod,  named 
from  the  color  of  its  back.  It  gruwa  tu  the  length 
oCatwo  feet,  or  two  and  a  half,  and  weighs  about 
thirty  pounds.  7*hi8  fish  is  found  in  great  numbers 
about  the  Orkneys,  and  the  norilu-m  parts  of  Brit- 
ain. DifJ.  of  .VtU.  Ihst. 

€oAL'-CXRT,  a.  A  cart  cnijilayed  in  conveying  coal. 

CO-\L'-EY-£rD,  a.     Ila\'iM2  eveS  as  Itlack  as  a  coal. 

eOAL'-FlELD,  n.  A  field  for  co:d  ;  a  bed  of  fossil 
coal. 

€OAL'-FTRE.  n.     A  fire  of  which  coal  is  the  fuel. 

€0AL'-FORM-A'TIO.\,  ».  In  s''ol<>sy,  the  formation 
or  group_of  Pirata  in  which  coal  is  fuund. 

eOAL'-HEAV'ER,  M.  One  who  is  employed  in  car- 
r^'iiig   Coal,  and   eA'p-Yiallv    in    discharging   it   from 

€6AL'-IIOD,  «.     A  k'til?  for  co:il.  [coal  sliips. 

€OAL'-HOl':?E,  n.    A  house  or  ^hed  for  keeping  coal. 

€OAL'-MEAS-L'RE,  (kolt-'mezh-ur,)  n.  The  meas- 
ure used  in  ascertainmg  ihe  qtianrtly  of  coal. 

eOAL'-MEAS-URES.  (  mi*/.h'iirz,J  n.  pL  Strata  of 
coal  with  the  attenJaiit  rock^ 

€OAL'-Mk'TER,  n.    One  appointed  to  measure  coals. 

Smart. 

€6AL'-.MIXE,  m.  A  mine  or  pit  containing  mineral 
cool. 

eOAL'-ifTX'ER,  ».    One  who  works  in  a  coal-mine. 

CoAL'-MOUSE,  n.  A  small  species  of  titmouse,  with 
a  bl:uk  head.  • 

CoAL'-OF-FICE,  n.     An  office  of  a  coal-dealer. 

GoAL'-FIT,  n.  A  pit  where  coal  is  dug.  In  Amer- 
ica, a  place  where  charcoal  is  made. 

eaAL'-SCUT-TLE,  a.    A  vessel  for  carrying  coal. 

CoAL'-SillP,  n.  A  ship  employed  in  transporting 
coal. 

€5AL'-ST0NE,  B.     A  kind  of  cannel  coal. 


COA 

COAL'-^VOUK,  (-wnrk,)  n.  A  C(»alery  ;  a  place  where 
ctuil  ii^  duij,  including  the  niacliiiKr>'  for  raising  tlie 
coal. 

Gf^AL'-YARD,  n.  An  inclosure  for  the  deposit  of  coal. 

GOAI/EU-Y,  R.  A  conl-mine,  coal-pit,  or  place  where 
coaU  are  dug,  with  the  engines  and  machincTy  used 
in  discharging  the  water  and  raising  the  coal.  Bncyc. 

CO-A  LESCE',  (ko-a-lcss',)  r.  i.  [L.  coalesco^  from 
coalfo ;  con  and  ale.<co,  from  aleo^  or  cleo,  lo  grow.] 

1.  To  grow  together  ;  to  unite,  as  sep'.inite  btwlies, 
or  separate  parts,  into  one  bixly,  as  separate  iMUies  in 
an  inf:mt,  or  the  fingers  or  toes.  Encyc. 

3.  To  unite  and  adhere  in  one  body  or  musk,  liy 
spontaneous  approximation  or  attraction  ;  as,  vapors 
eioJf j««.  A  'rwtuti. 

3.  To  unite  in  si^iety,  in  a  more  gcnenU  sense. 

The  Jew*  wn  mcapuhle  of  coaJtseing  wilh  olliT  Tiatktim. 

VampbtU,  Prciim.  OUatrt. 

CO-A-LES'CE.\CE,  n.  The  act  of  growing  together ; 
Uie  act  of  uniting  b^  natural  athnity  or  attractiun ; 
tlie  state  of  being  united  ;  union  ;  concretion. 

CO-A-LES'CING,  ppr.  Growing  or  coming  together  ; 
uniting  in  a  Uxly  or  ut:iss  ;  uniting  and  adhering 
together. 

€0-.\.LES'CEXT,  a.    Growing  together ;  united. 

GOAL'IER,     i     «^„^,...„. 

GOAL'LIER,  !     See  CoLLiKa. 

GO'A-LITE, ».  L    To  unite  or  coalesce.    [A'ot  in  use.] 

BoUnerbrvke.. 

GO-A-LI"TI0N,  a.  Union  in  a  body  or  mass ;  a  com- 
ing together,  as  of  separate  bodies  or  prirts,  and  their 
union  in  one  body  or  mass;  as,  a  coalition  of  atoms 
or  particles.  Bentlfif. 

2.  Unitm  of  individual  [KTSons,  parties,  or  states. 
eO-A-Lr'TIO.\-IST,  i  n.     One  who  joins  or  promotes 
€0-A-U"TIO\-Elt,   i      a  co;ilition. 
GO-AL-L?',  n.     A  joint  ally ;  as,  the   subject  of  a 

co-altv.  KenL 

COAL'V,  a.  Like  coal ;  containing  coal  j  of  the  na- 
ture of  coal.  JStiUon. 

eO.\M'I.\'GS,  n.  pi.  In  shio$y  the  raised  borders  or 
edges  of  the  hatches,  made  to  prevent  water  from 
running  into  the  lower  apartments  from  the  deck. 

Mar.  DicU 

€0-A\-iVEX',  r.  t.     To  annex  with  something  else. 

eO-AP-PRE-HEXn',r.(,  To  apprehend  with  another. 
[Little  tute4.]  Broum. 

€O-AP-TA'TI0X,  n.     [L.  con  and  aptt>,  to  fit.] 

The  adaptation  or  adjustment  of  ports  to  each 
other.  Boyle. 

€0-\K€T'ATE  i  ^'  *•    ["•  '^*"'c'Ot  con  and  arcto.] 

1.  To  press  together;  to  crowd;  to  straiten;  to 
confine  closely.  Bacon. 

a.  To  restrain  ;  to  confine.  Ayliffe. 

GO-ARCT'ATE,  a.     Pressed  togctlicr.  Humble. 

GO-XRt-TA'TlO.V,  n.  Confinement;  restraint  to  a 
uamtw  space.  Bacon. 

2.  Pressure  ;  contraction.  Rau. 

3.  Re^^tramt  of  libt-rty.  BramhalL 
GOAKSE,  a.     [This  word  mny  be  allied  to  ffro.i.t,  and 

Uie  Latin  crc-isu.^ ;  for  similar  transjKisitions  of  letters 
are  not  uncommon.] 

1.  Thick;  large  or  gross  in  bulk;  comparatively 
of  large  diameter ;  as,  coarse  thread  or  yarn  ;  coarse 
hair ;  coarse  sand.  This  seems  to  be  the  primary 
iftnse  of  the  word  ;  opposed  to  fine  or  slender. 
Hence, 

2.  Thick  ;  rough  -,  or  made  of  coarse  thread  or 
yam  ;  as,  coarse  cloth. 

3.  Not  refined  ;  not  separated  from  grosser  parti- 
cldS  or  impurities  ;  as,  coarse  metal ;  coarse  glass. 

Shak. 

4.  Rude  ;   rough  ;   unrefined ;   uncivil ;  as,  coarse 

5.  Gross;  not  delicate.  [manners. 

Th?  coaraer  tie  of  humiiti  law.  Tliomson. 


G.  Rude;  rough;  unpolished;  inelegant;  applied 
to  lanffita^c  Drydea. 

7.  \ot  nicely  expert ;  not  accomplished  by  art  or 
education  ;  as,  a  coarse  practitioner.         Arbathnot. 

8.  Mean  ;  not  nice  ;  not  refined  or  elegant ;  as,  a 
coarse  perfume  ;  a  coarse  diet. 

(^AR.SE'LY,  adv.  Roughly;  without  fineness  or  re- 
finement; rudely;  inelegantly;  uncivilly;  meanly; 
without  art  or  polish.  Brown.     Dnjden. 

GOARSE'XESS,  n.  Largeness  of  size  ;  thickness  ; 
as,  the  coarseness  of  thread. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  made  of  coarse  thread  or 
yarn ;  whence  thickness  and  roughness ;  as,  the 
coarseness  of  cloth. 

3.  Unrefined  state  ;  the  state  of  being  mixed  with 
gross  particles  or  impurities  ;  as,  the  coarseness  of 
glass.  Bacon. 

4.  Roughness;  gross  n  ess ;  rudeness;  applied  to 
manners;  as,  the  coarsene.'is  of  a  clown.  Qarth. 

5.  Crossness;  want  of  rcfinemi;nt  or  delicacy; 
want  of  polish ;  as,  the  codrseness  of  expression  or 
of  language.  •VEstrange. 

H.  .Meanness ;  want  of  art  in  preparation  ;  want 
of  nicety  ;  as,  the  coarseness  of  food  or  of  raiment. 
GSARS'ER,  a.f  eomp.  of  Coarse. 
GOAIWE.^T,  a.;  superl.  of  Coarse. 
eO-AS-SESS'OR, «.     [See  Assess.]     A  joint  assessor. 


COA 

GO-AS-HOME',  V.  L  [con  and  assume.]  To  assume 
Bonifiliing  witii  another.  Walsall. 

GOAST,  n.  [L.  costa^  a  rib,  side,  or  coast;  W.  c^xi; 
Fr.  cute,  (dd  Fr.  costc ;  It.  costa. ;  Up.  co^ia ;  Port.  id. ; 
D.  kusti  G.  k'tste.  Hence,  to  accost.  See  Claris  Gs, 
No.  18,  i'i,  67.  The  word  properly  signifies  a  side, 
liuiil,  border,  the  exterior  p|Jirt,  from  eztciition.] 

1.  The  exterior  line,  limit,  or  border,  of  a  country, 
ns  iiw  Scripture  :  "From  the  river  to  the  utiermost 
sea  shall  your  coast  be."  Dfut,  x'l.  *'And  ships 
shiill  Come  from  the  coast  of  Clilitim."  J^am.  xxiv. 
Hence  the  word  may  signify  ilia  whole  country 
within  certain  limits.    Ex.  x.  4. 

2.  The  edge  or  margin  of  the  land  next  to  tlie  sea  ; 
the  sea-shore.  'J'his  is  the  more  common  applicntiun 
of  the  word  ;  and  it  seems  to  be  used  for  sea-coast, 
thi'  bordiT  of  the  sea.  Hence  it  is  never  used  for 
tlie  bunk  of  a  river. 

3.  A  side;  applied  to  objrcts  rndejinittly,  by  Bacon 
and  J\rrirlon.  [  This  is  a  correct  use  of  the  word,  but 
nous  ob.iul(te.] 

4.  The  country  near  tho  sea-*liore ;  as,  populous 
towns  along  the  coa-^L 

The  coast  is  clear,  is  a  proverbial  phrase,  signifying, 
the  danger  is  over;  tlie  enemies  have  marched  uif, 
or  h'ft  llie  coiLst.  Drydcn. 

G6Ari'r,  u.  i.  To  sail  near  a  coast;  to  sail  by  or  near 
the  stiore,  or  in  sight  of  land. 

Ttie  uiid<-itu  coeisted  only  itt  ih'~ir  n.ivi^tion.  Arb^lhnoL 

2.  To  sail  from  port  to  port  in  the  same  country. 

GOAST,  V.  t.     'i'o  sail  by  or  near  to;  as,  to  coast  the 
AuKTican  shore. 
2.  To  draw  near  ;  to  nppnMch  ;  to  follow.     [OA.v.] 

Spenser. 

GOAST'-ROCK,  n,     A  rock  on  a  coast.       C*deritlge. 

GOAST'-SKU'l-.MENT,  n.  Sediment  lodged  on  a 
coiist.  Phillips. 

G6AS T'F.D,  pp.     Saileil  by. 

GOAST'ER,  Ti.  One  who  sails  near  the  shore.  Drytlen. 
2.  A  vessel  that  is  employed  in  sailing  along  a 
coastj  or  is  licensed  to  navigate  or  trade  from  pt»rt  to 
port  m  the  same  country.  In  the  United  Siait^s, 
ccHisting  vesstds  of  twenty  Inns  burden  and  upward 
must  be  enrolled  at  tlie  ctK-.loni -house. 

GOAST'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Sailing  along  or  near  a 
coast, 

GOAST'ING,  n.  The  act  of  sailing  along  or  near  a 
shore. 

2.  Tho  sport  of  sliding  down  a  hill-side,  upon 
sleds  or  sledges,  in  winter.  [Used  in  tlie  East<'rn 
Stales,  and  also  in  New  Brunswick,  where  this  appli- 
cation of  the  word  may  imssibly  haveorigiufitedaniuug 
the  Acadians,  from  c^tf,  old  Fr.  co^if.ahiH-siile. — £J.] 

GOAST'INO-PI'LOT,  iu  A  pilot  wlio  conducts  ves- 
sels along  a  coast. 

GOAST'lAti-TRADK,  n.  The  trade  which  is  carried 
on  I>etween  the  diir<;rent  ptirta  of  the  same  country, 
or  under  ttie  same  jurisdiction,  as  distinguished  from 
fiireign  trade. 

COAST'ING-VES'SEL,  n.  A  vessel  employed  iji 
coasting;  a  coaster. 

G0.'\ST'VV'ISE,  adv.     By  way  of  or  along  the  coast. 

COAT,  n.  [Fr.  cotte;  It.  cottai  It.  cuta;  Corn,  kuta ; 
Pol.  kittz.  It  may  be  from  the  root  of  the  Russ. 
kutaya,  to  cover,  and  be  allied  to  kut.  The  primary 
sense  may  be,  t^jit  wiiich  is  spread  over  or  put  on. 
But  such  Words  are  sometimes  from  verbs  which  sig- 
nify to  strip,  or  to  rept;l.  Tlie  Gr.  KsvO-.y  has  the 
like  elements,  but  the  sense  seems  to  be,  to  with- 
draw. I  question  whether  coat  has  any  connection 
with  the  Shemitic  ina,  Gr.  xirwi-,  a  tunic.  This 
word  in  Ch.  Syr.  and  Ar.  signifies  Hax.] 

1.  An  upiier  garment,  of  whatever  material  it  may 
be  made.  I'lie  word  is,  in  modern  times,  genenilly 
applied  to  the  garment  worn  by  men  next  over  the 
vest. 

Gmi  midc  coaU  offtkin  ami  cloih'-il  th'?m.  —  G'n.  iii. 
Jiicoh  tiuuk-  J(ML-|th  A  coat  ui  inMiiy  colurs.  —  G^'ii.  xxzvii, 
ill.-  atiAll  put  ou  tho  huly  ItiiPii  coat.  —  L«c"vil.  xvi. 
Goluilh  wns  armed  willi  a  coal  of  mail. —  I  Sam.  xvil. 

2.  A  petticoat ;  a  garment  worn  by  infants  or  young 
children.  Locke. 

3.  The  habit  or  vesture  of  an  order  of  men,  indi- 
cating the  order  or  office. 

Men  of  Ilia  coal  should  be  miiidiiig  their  praycn.  S.ei/t. 

So  \^e  say,  **  men  of  his  clotfi." 

4.  External  covering,  as  the  fur  or  hair  of  a  be.aKt, 
the  skin  of  serpents,  the  wool  of  sheep,  &.c.     Mdton. 

5.  A  tunic  of  the  eye ;  a  membrane  that  serves  as 
a  cover  ;  a  tegument.  Derhaia. 

ti.  The  division  or  layer  of  a  bulbous  root ;  as,  the 
coats  of  an  onion. 

7.  A  cover;  a  layer  nf  any  substance  covering 
another ;  as,  a  coat  of  tar,  pitch,  or  varnish ;  a  coal 
of  canvas  round  u  mast ;  a  coat  of  tin-foil. 

8.  That  on  which  ensigns  armorial  are  portrayed, 
usually  called  a  coat  cf  arms.  Anciently,  knights 
wore  a  habit  over  their  arms,  reaching  as  low  as  the 
navel,  open  at  the  sidea,  wilh  short  sleeves,  on  which 
were  the  armories  oflhe  knights,  embroidered  in 
gold  and  silver,  and  enameled*  with  beaten  tin  of 
various  colors.  'I'his  habit  was  diversified  wilh 
bands  and  fillets  of  several  colors,  placed  alternately, 
and  called  deoices,  as  being  divided  and  c<»niposed  of 


FATE,  FAR,  FALI>,  WHAT.— M£TE,  PRgY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BpgK.- 


COB 

several  pieces  sewej  together.    The  representation 
of  these  is  still  called  a  cuat  of  arms. 

9.  A  coat  vjhnail,  is  a  piece  of  armor,  in  form  of  a 
shirt,  consi^iug  uf  a  network  of  iron  ringu. 

10.  A  card  ;  a  coai-ftird,  is  ouu  on  which  a  king, 
queen,  or  knave,  is  painted. 

€OA'i',  p.  (.  To  cover  or  spread  over  with  a  layer  of 
any  sub,^lance  3  as,  to  coat  a  retort ;  to  coat  a  ceiling ; 
to  coat  a  vial. 

'2.  To  cover  with  cloth  or  canvas ;  as,  to  coat  a 
mast,  or  a  pump. 

€dA'r'-AR-MOR,  n.  A  coat  of  arms  j  armorial  en- 
sijins.  Blaclutone.     Sftcnjitone. 

Co  AT'-GX  RD,  B.  A  card  bearing  a  coated  figure,  viz., 
the  king,  queen,  or  knave  j  nuw  corrupted  intt)  Court- 
card.  Smart, 

CAAT-EE',  n.     A  coat  with  short  flaps. 

COAT'ED,  pp.  Covered  with  a  coat ;  loricated  ;  cov- 
ered or  overspread  with  any  tiling  tiiat  defends  j 
cl'ithed  with  a  membrane. 

'2.  a.  Having  concentric  coats  or  layers,  as  a  bul- 
Itons  root,  Marti/n. 

eo-A'TI,  n.  An  animal  of  South  America,  resembling 
the  mccoon,  but  with  a  hinger  body  and  neck, 
shorter  fur,  and  sm;Uler  eyes  ;  the  Vioerra  nasua  of 
Linnxus. 

€oAT'lN(i,;»pr.  Covering  with  a  coat;  ovenpread- 
ins. 

COATTNG,  n.  A  covering,  or  the  act  of  covering  ; 
loric-ition";  any  substance  spread  over  for  cover  or 
defence  ;  as,  the  coating  of  a  retort  or  of  a  vial. 

2.  Cloth  for  coatK  ;  as,  merchants  advertise  an  as- 
sortment of  coatings. 

e6AX,  r.  L  [VV.  cocru^  to-fondle,  to  cocker  ;  eocyr^  a 
coaxing,  indulgence ;  Sp.  cocar^  to  make  wry  faces, 
to  coax.] 

To  wheedle;  to  flatter;  to  soothe,  appease,  or  per- 
suade by  flattery  and  fundling  ;  to  lead  on  by  kind 
treatment ;  to  bring  about  by  miinagement.  [j9  col- 
l-tfuiat  woriL]  L' KHranire. 

CoAX'i;!),  (k6xt,)pp.     Soothed  or  persuaded  by  flat- 
Co  AX'EU,  n.    A  whtedler;  a  flatterer.  [tery. 

CAAX'I.\G,p/»r.     Wheedling;  flatlenng. 

CoAX'I.NG,  n.  The  act  of  wheedling  or  leading  on 
by  kind  treatment;  managing. 

€r)AX'I.\G-LY,  U//F,     By  coaxing. 

COR,  n.  [  VV.  cob  or  cop,  a  top  or  tuA,  a  thump  ;  Gr. 
Kvfffi:  O.  Jtrtp/,  the  head;  V.kup;  l:^:\x.  cop.] 

1.  The  top  or  head  j  a  covetous  wretch  ;  a  foreign 
cuin.  iiadey. 

[In  thf.ie  senses,  not  user/  in  America.] 

2.  In  America,  the  rrcepiacle  of  tlie  maize,  or  Amer- 
ican com  ;  a  shotit  in  form  of  a  pin  or  spike,  on 
which  grows  tlic  corn  in  rows.  This  rccepUtcle, 
with  the  com,  is  called  the  ear. 

3.  A  ftca-fowl,  the  sea-cub.  [It.  gabb'taao^  a  cob, 
sea-mew,  or  gull.] 

4.  A  ball  or  [x-llei  for  feeding  fowls.  Bailaj. 
t.   In  some  pjirl-sof  Eucliiud,  a  spicier.     Old  Dutch 

kop^  or  koppp^  a  spider,  rt^taincd  in  koppeypin^  .fpinne- 
kop,  a  spider. 

H.  A  close-built,  frtrons,  hardy  kind  of  ptmy. 
7.  Clay  mixed  with  «truw  ;  as,  in  cob-voalli,  which 
are  uwd  in  coUMtruciing  cott:igea  in  some  parts  of 
England. 
H,  A  large  cobble  stonn.  Rirh.  Diet. 

COB,  p.  f.  Ainone  ntuloTA  and  talilifru^  to  punish  by 
striking  the  hrcech  with  n  flat  pitcuof  woiid,  or  with 
n  board.  Mar,  Diet, 

C^'IIALT,  n.  [Vi.eebalt.  This  is  said  tu  Imi  the  G. 
kobufd^  a  goblin,  the  drnion  of  the  mine^  ;  so  callL'd 
by  miners,  because  cobalt  was  trotihlcsomc  to  miners, 
and  at  fir:*t  its  vnJur  was  not  known.] 

A  m<;tal  of  a  reddifh-gray  or  gmyish-vvhile  color, 
vt-ry  brittle, of  a  fltie,  cliMe  gniin,com|>acI,  but  easily 
reducible  to  powdrr.  It  cryytalti7.cH  in  bundles  of 
needles,  arranged  one  over  another.  It  is  never 
found  in  a  pun*  state  ;  b"it  usually  as  an  oxyd,  or 
combined  with  arsi-nic  or  iL-!  acid,  with  sulphur,  iron, 
&.C,  \Xa  ores  are  aminu'd  und<T  the  following  cjh:- 
cies,  viz.,  arsenir^il  cobJilt,  of  a  whiU:  color,  pa-sNinc  to 
iteel  gnty  ;  It.^  texture  is  granular,  and  wtx-n  h.^at>-d. 
It  exhales  the  odor  of  garlic  ;  gray  cobalt,  a  com- 
potind^uf  cobalt,  antenic,  iron,  and  sulphur,  of  a 
while  color,  with  a  tinge  of  ptil  ;  its  structure  is 
foliated,  and  its  crysi:i|<4  have  n  ciihe  for  their  [irim- 
itivp  form  ;  sulphtirtt  of  cobalt,  compart  and  Ina^Mivo 
in  its  ftnirture  ;  oxyd  of  cobidt,  brown,  or  brown- 
ish-black, generally  friable  and  earthy  ;  sulph.ate  aud 
ar>*eniate  of  cobalt,  both  of  a  r<'d  or  p<-ach  bl^sH4)m 
color,  the  fornuT  soluble  in  watt;r.  Th^^  impun"  oxyd 
of  cobalt  is  called  znfftn  but  when  fitted  with  three 
parU  of  silicious  sand  and  an  alkaliin;  fl:ix,  it  is 
c«invcrtnl  into  a  blue  gla^s,  r-all 'd  smtOt  'i'he  great 
U';e  of  cobalt  is  to  givi;  a  p  rmari'iil  blue  color  to 
plas«  and  enamels  np')n  nutah,  porcelain,  and 
earllK'n  wares.  Fourcroy.  hUictjc.  Vlrunrtaml. 
Cobalt-bloom  ;  acicular  arsmialc  of  cobalt. 
Cubalt-crujit ;  earthy  arseniat*;  of  cobalt. 

CO-B/>LT'IC,  a.  r*rtainiug  to  c(»balt,  or  consisting 
of  it;  resi!Mibling  cobalt,  or  containing  it. 

€0  n.jLT-I\E,  B.  A  cr)-stallized  ntineriil,  of  a  silver 
or  yellowish  color,  composed  chiefly  of  the  arsenialo 
and  RUlplmret  of  cobalt.  Dana, 


coc 

COB'BING,  TU    A  beating  on  the  breech  with  a  flat 

piece  of  wood. 
eOB'BLE,  M.     A  small  fieh  lu.at.     W.  Scott.  [Scottish.] 
COB'BLE,  i    n.     LKiig,   topple.    This   seems 

eOB'BLE-SToXE,  (  to  be  of  Welsh  origin,  W. 
cub,  a  mass,  a  cube,  or  cob,  cirp,  head,  top.] 

A  rtmndish  stone;  a  iM:bble ;  supposed  to  be  a 
fragment,  rounded  by  the  attrition  of  water.  We 
give  this  name  to  stones  of  various  sizes,  from  that 
of  a  hen's  egg  or  smaller,  to  that  of  large  paving 
stones.  The.se  stones  are  called  by  the  English 
copple-stonesj  and  bowlder-gtoiies,  or  bowlders.  The 
hiltrr  name  is  amitiig  us  known  only  in  books. 

COB'BLE,  V.  U  [In  Persic,  ^L>y$=3  kobal^  is  a  shoe- 
maker.] 

1.  To  make  or  mend  coarsely,  as  shoes  ;  to  botch. 

Sftak. 

2.  To  make  or  do  clumsily  or  unhandily;  as,  to 
cobble  rhymes.  J>rydeit, 

eOB'BLER,  n.     A  mender  of  shoes.  .Sddisoru 

2.  A  clumsy  workman.  Shak. 

3.  A  mean  person.  Drydcn. 
eOB'BLES,  (kob'biz,)  n.  pi.     Lumps  of  coal  from  the 

size  of  an  egg  to  that  of  a  foot-ball.  Brande. 

eOO'BLING,  ppr.     Mending  coarsely. 
COB'BY,  a.     Stout  ;  brisk.     [J^ot  in  use."]      Chaucer. 
COB'CAL,  n.     A  sandal  worn  by  ladies  m  the  East. 
eOB'COALS    or    COB'BLES,   tu   yL      Large    round 

eO-BEL-LIG'ER-ENT,a.  [See  Belligkrei^t.]  Car- 
r>ing  on  war  in  conjunction  with  another  power; 
ordinarily,  in  accordance  with  some  previous  ar- 
rangement or  stipulation. 

CO-BEULIG'ER-ENT,  n.  A  nation  or  state  that  car- 
ries on  war  in  cuimection  with  another. 

eOB'I-KO.\,  (kob'i-urn,)  n,  [See  Cob.]  An  andiron 
with  a  knob  at  the  top.  Baeoiu 

CO-BISH'OP,  n.     A  joint  or  coadjutant  bishop. 

COB'LE,  Ti.     [Sax.  euoplc]  [jiyliffK 

A  boat  used  in  the  herring  fishery. 

eOB'LOAF,  n.  [Sax.  ci'p  and  loaf.]  A  loaf  that  is 
irregular,  uneven,  or  crusty  ;  applied  also  to  personal 
appearance.  GdbcrL 

COB'NUT,  71.  A  boy's  play,  or  a  hazel-nut  so  called, 
used  in  play  ;  the  conquering  nut.       Ash.     Barret. 

CO  BOOSE',  n.     See  Caboose. 

COB'S'I'oNE,  TU     See  Cohble. 

CtJli'SWAN,  n.  [ct.6,  head,  and  swan.]  The  head  or 
leadim;  swan.  B.  Juiisoju 

C01V-\VALL,it.  A  wall  made  of  unburnt  clay,  mixed 
with  straw.  Brande. 

Ct)B'WEB,  R.  [cob  or  kt^fpe,  a  spider;  D.  spinnekop; 
Sax.  atter-coppa^  poison  spider.  In  Ch.  ^JiJ,  is  a 
spider's  web.] 

1.  The  line,  thread,  or  filament  which  a  spider 
spins  from  its  abdomen  ;  the  network  spread  by  a 
spidt^r  to  catch  iLs  prey.     Hence, 

2.  Any  snare,  implying  insidiousness  and  weak- 
ness. JtihuHon. 

In  this  sense,  it  is  used  adjectively,  or  in  composi- 
tion, for  thin,  flimsy  ;   as,  a  cobweb  law. 

Drydrn.     Steif>, 
Or  slender,  feeble  ;  ns,  the  cobweb  thread  of  life.< 
Buckminster. 
eOB'WEB-Bi^D,  (kob'ivebd,)  a.     In  6oia»i/,  covered 
with  a  thick  interwoven  pubescence.  Murtytu 

2.  (Covered  with  cobwebs. 
eOB'WEB-V,  a.    Covered  with  cobwebs.      Hooker, 
Cr>'CA,  n.     A   highly   stimulating   narcotic,  the  drit-d 
leaf  of  the  Krythrorylva  eocay  a  plant  found  wild  in 
Peru.  P.  Cyc. 

COCaGXE',  (kok-ttne',)  n.  An  imaginary  country  of 
idleness,  luxury,  and  delight.  Hcttce  applied  to 
Liindun  and  its  suburbs.  Smart. 

COX'A-LON,  n,     A  large  coctfon,  of  a  weak  texture. 

Encyc. 
eoC-CIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  coccus  and  fero^  to  bear  ; 
Gr.  KOKK'i,n   berry,  grain,  or   seed,  or  u  red  berry 
used  in  dyeing  ;  VV.  cGc,  red. 

Bearing  or  producing  berries  ;  as,  cocciferous  trees 
or  plant-'.  Qwiiicr/. 

COCO-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  »o«Jcof,  a  berry,  and  KiOo^,  a 
stijin'.] 

A  variety  of  aupito  or  pyroxene  ;  tailed  by  Haiiy, 
gTiinuiifnrm  pyrojrne.  Its  cobir  is  usually  some 
shade  of  green.  It  is  composted  of  granular,  (listinct 
concretions,  easily  separable,  wune  of  which  present 
ih«;  Dpfiearance  of  crystals  whose  angles  and  edges 
have   bi-en   obliterated. 

Charelmtd.     Diet.  ofJVaL  Hist. 
COC'CC-LCS  IN'DI-C(JS,  n.    [L.]    The  fruit  of  the 
Anaminn  jMiniculata,  n  narcotic,  eintrtic,  and  eathar* 
tie,  onrn  added  in  small  (pianlity  to  malt  liquors. 
COCCYX,  H.     [Gr.  *.««,(.] 

In  anaiumy,  a  soinll  b:mc  at  the  lower  extremity  of 
the  OS  sriniun. 
C'>cn'I-.\P.AL,  n.  [i4p.  eoehinilia,  a  wood-louse,  and 
an  insert  used  In  dyeing;  It.  eocciniiflia ;  Fr.  corJie- 
utlle  ;  from  the  Gr.  xuKK'-i,  as  the  cocjiineal  was  fur- 
merly  supposed  to  lie  the  grain  or  seed  of  a  plant, 
and  this  word  was  formerly  defined  to  b(t  ttie  grain 
of  thi;  Ilrz  gland^cra,  8ce  Gregoir^s  Jirmoric  />ic- 
tionary.] 


coc 

An  insect,  the  Coccus  cacti,  a  native  of  the  warmer 
climates  of  America,  particularly  of  Oaxaca,  in 
Mexico.  It  is  found  on  several  species  of  c«ffiw,iiar- 
ticularly  on  that  called  JVopal  or  indumftg-tret.  The 
female,  which  alone  is  valued  for  its  color,  is  ill- 
shaped,  tardy,  and  stupid  ;  the  male  is  small,  slender, 
and  active.  It  is  of  the  size  of  a  tick.  At  a  suitable 
time,  these  insects  are  gathered  and  put  in  a  pot, 
where  they  are  confined  for  some  time,  and  then 
killed  by  the  application  c»f  heat.  These  insects, 
thus  killed,  form  a  mass  or  drug,  which  is  the  proper 
ctJcAjHCo/ of  the  shops.  It  is  used  in  giving  red  colors, 
especially  crimson  and  scarlet,  and  for  making  car- 
mine. It  has  been  used  in  medicine,  as  a  cardiac, 
sudorific,  alexipliarmic,  and  fi.'brifuge  ;  but  is  now 
used  only  to  give  a  color  to  tinctures,  &,c.  Knnir. 
COCH-LJ'l-AR'i-FOUM,   a.     Having  the   form   of  a 

snail-shell,  or  of  the  ear.  Dana. 

COCII'LE-A-RV,  1  a.  [L,  eochlea-,ti  screw,  the  shell 
COeil'LE-ATE,  >  ol  a  snail ;  Gr.  KcxX<>i,  from 
eOCM'LE-A-TED,  >     kuxA^',  to  turn  or  twist.] 

Havhig  the  form  of  a  screw  ;  twisted  like  a  snail- 
shell  ;  spiral;  turbinated;  aft,a  cochlratepoiX.Jilartyn. 
COCH'LITE,  n.     [Gr.  KO\Xiai,  a  snail.] 

A  fossil  hhcit,  having  a  mouth  like  that  of  a  snail. 

Jtloriti. 
COCK,  n.    [Sax.  coc  ;  Fr.  coq  ;  Arm.  gnrq  ;  Sans,  kiika ; 
Slav,  kokosck.     The  sense  is,  that  which  shoots  out 
or  up;  It.  cocca,  the  tip  of  a  spindle,  the  top  or  crown  ; 
L.  earumen.] 

1.  The  male  of  birds,  particularly  of  gallinaceous 
or  domestic  fowls,  which,  having  no  appropriate  or 
distinctive  name,  are  called  dunghill  fowls,  or  barn- 
door fowls. 

2.  A  weather-cock  ;  a  vane  in  shape  of  a  cock. 
[It  is  usually  called  a  weather-cock.]  [Sfiak. 

3.  Aspout;  an  instrument  todraw  out  ordisciiarge 
liquor  from  a  cask,  vat,  or  pipe  ;  so  named  fi^om  its 
projection. 

4.  The  projecting  corner  of  a  hat.  Addison. 

5.  A  small  conical  pile  of  hay,  so  shaped  for  shed- 
ding rain,  called  in  England  a  cop.  When  hay  is 
dry,  and  rolled  together  for  carting,  the  lieaps  are  not 
generally  called  eodis,  at  least  not  in  New  England. 
A  large  conical  jiile  is  called  a  stncJc. 

6.  The  style  or  gnomon  of  a  dial.  Chambers. 

7.  The  needle  of  a  balance.       Bailey.    Johnson. 

8.  The  piece  which  covers  the  balance  in  a  clock 
or  watch.  Bailey. 

9.  The  notch  of  an  arrow.     [It.  eoeca.]  Johnson. 

10.  The  part  of  a  musket  or  other  fire-arm,  to 
which  a  flint  is  attached,  and  which,  being  impelled 
by  a  spring,  strikes  Tire  and  opens  the  pan  at  the 
same  time. 

11.  A  small  boat.  [W.  ciec,  Ir.  coca,  D.  and  Dan. 
kaoff.  It.  cocca.]  It  is  now  called  a  cock-boat^  which 
is  tautology,  as  cock  \l?t'\(  is  a  boat. 

IxJ.  A  leader  ;  a  chief  man. 


Sir  Andrew  is  Uie  cot*  orihc  clMb. 


Additon. 


13.  Cock-crowing;  the  time  when  cocks  crow  in 
the  morning.  Skak. 

Cock-a-hoop^  or  cock-on-thc-hnop  ;  a  phrase  denoting 
trium[ih ;  triumphant;  exultnig.  [(lu.  Fr.  coq  a 
kuppe.     Bailey,]  Camden.     Shak.     Hudihras. 

■Cock  and  a  bull ;  a  phrase  applied  to  tedious,  trifling 
stories. 
COCK,  c.  L    To  set  erect ;  to  turn  up ;  as,  to  eork  the 
nose  or  ears.  Addison. 

a.  To  set  the  brim  of  a  hat  so  as  to  make  sharp 
corners  or  points ;  or  to  set  up  with  an  air  of  perl- 
ness.  Prior. 

3.  To  make  up  hay  in  small  conical  piles. 

4.  To  set  or  draw  back  the  cock  of  a  gun,  in  order 
to  fire.  Dryden. 

COCK,  r.  i.     To  hold  up  the  head;  lo  strut ;  to  kmk 
big,  pert,  or  mriiacing.  Drydcn,    Addison. 

2.  To  train  or  use  fighting  cocks.    [Utttn  used.] 

3.  To  cockiT.     [.Vu(  ill  use,]  [B.  Jonson. 
COCK-ADE',  n.       [Fr.    cocarde;    Sp.    cocarda}    Port, 

cacar^  or  cocarda.] 

A  ribbon  or  knot  of  riltlmn,  or  something  similar, 
worn  on  the  hat,  usually  by  officers  of  the  army  and 
navy,  sometimt^s  by  others.  It  most  usually  desig- 
nates itie  military  character  j  sometimes  political 
parties. 
eo<.'K-AD'ED,  a.     Wearing  a  cockade.  Young. 

COCK'AL,  H.    A  game  called  huckle-bone.       Kinder, 
COCK-A-TOO',  a.     A  bird  of  the  parrot  kind. 

HcrheH. 
COCK'A-TRICE,  n.     [Fr.  cocatrix,  from  eve.    Junius 
mentions  tiie  word  as  in  I),  kockctra.i.     The  Irish  call 
it  rio-rh-nathair^  the    king-serpent,  answering  lo  bas- 
ilL-^k.] 

A  serpent  imagined  to  proceed  from  a  cock's  egg. 
Bacon.     Taylor,     Js.  xl.  8  ;  lix.  .'». 
GOCK'-BILL.     In  .icamen^s  language,  the  anchor  is  a 
ci'ck-bill^  when  it  is  suspended  pcrpendiculilrly  from 
the  cat-head,  ready  to  be  let  go  in  a  moment. 

Mar.  Diet. 
eOCK'-BOAT,  n.    A  small  boat.    [See  Cock,  \o.  II.] 
eoCK'-BilAIN-CD,  a.    Giddy  ;  rash.  Milton. 

eoCK'-BUOTIl,  n.    Broth  made  by  boiling  a  rock. 

Hartley. 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  iuKjOiuJj«MZiCHMSH;THMin  THIS. 


coc 

'  MA V'KR,  m.    The  May-bug,  or  dorr-beetto,  a 

L        ..    ^  .;o\V,  H.     A  cock-crowing.  Csltridgt, 

COCK'-t'KOW-ING,  «.    The  time  at  which    cocks 

crow  ;  enrly  morning.     .Vorjl:  xiii. 
€tH'K'£D,  (koki,)  pp.  or  a.    Turned  up  and  fomiuiff 
a  point,  as  Lh«  brim  of  a  hat. 
a.  Mnde  inlo  a  cock,  as  n.iy. 
3.  Having  the  cuck  drartn  back,  as  a  giin. 
eOCK'ER,  r.t     [yWcocru.    Sec  Coai.I 

Tu  fundle  ;  to  indulge  \  to  treat  with  tendcrnriis ; 
to  iKuniter.  i^Mjie.     SttlfL 

COCk'ER,  n.    One  who  follows  cock-fighting. 

JaKntan. 
"?.  A  sort  of  apatterdash.  Bp.  HaiL 

\  EL.  m.     A  young  cock.  Dryden, 

:  ING,  H.     Imiulgence.  MiUon* 

.a.     Brisk  ;  pert.  SktrwoiL 

fi )«.  K  i;  r,  tu  [Qu.  Fr.  eacMA,  Ann.  wc*r.>t,  a  •ciI.] 
A  ft-al  of  the  custom-house ;  a  royal  seal ,  rather, 
a  scrtJI  of  pafrtimcnl,  sealed  and  delivered,  by  tlie 
officers  of  the  custttm-house,  to  merchants,  a^  a  war- 
rant Uiat  tbvir  niercjiandise  is  entered.  The  office  of 
ouirv.  SpdMOJt.     CoieeL     £icwc 

eOCK'ET-BRE.\D,  a.    The    finest   sort   of  wheat 

bn'-ad.     Qii.  stamped  brMd. 
COCK'-EVE,  (  I,)  a.  A  sqaintlng  eye.   [AVi/.  ffantjA 

rOCK'-FTGRT,  >  a.    A  match  or  omtest  of  uame 

eoCK'-FlUHT-ING,  j  cocks  ;  a  barbarous  si«*rt  of 
the  ancients  and  modenis,  in  which  anrks  are  st-t  to 
6ght  with  each  other,  till  one  or  the  otiier  i?  con- 
qnercd.  BarKn.     Addison. 

COCK'-HE\I>~EU),  (hed-ed,)  a.  Having  a  head  like 
that  of  the  cock. 

eOCK'-HORSE,  a.  On  horseback ;  triumphant^ 
exulting.  l^rwr. 

COCK'ING,  ppr.  or  o.  Turning  op,  as  the  brim  of  a 
bat,  &c,     [See  Cock,  the  verb.] 

eOCK'ING,  n.     Cock-fighting.  Bmum.  and  Ft. 

eOCK'LB,  (kokn,)iu  [Sax.  cMcii,  CMaf,  or  aocUi  Ir. 
M^/;  9p.  and  Port,  jt'tfa;  Fr.  evqueHe^i.] 

A  pl&nt  or  weed  that  grows  among  com,  the  com- 
Toac.  a  9pecies  of  Agrostemma.  It  is  al^o  api>Iied  to 
the  Lolium  or  dameL 

COCK'LE,  ■.  [Pr.  c^m,  eo^nOU;  L.  eocJdfa;  ^V. 
»cftj,  pi.;  Gr.  c»xX»{,  «>xX(.i?,  from  «tf\X  ■•,  to 
turn  or  roll.  Probably,  by  giving  the  x  *  na.<al 
aoand,  Gr.  «<>)  xit  1^  eoncka,  are  frnm  the  same  mot, 
whence  xot\t-A(«i',  L.  coHckyUmmt  It.  anuki-rlia. 
Sec  CoscH.] 

1.  A  small  testaceous  shell ;  or  nuh^r  a  eonus  t.f 
shells,  the  Cardium.  The  general  cham-ierisiics 
are :  shells  nearly  rfiuilaieral  and  equivalvular ; 
hinge  wuh  two  rmall  teeth,  one  on  each  side  nesir 
the  beak,  and  two  larger  reuKAe  latrrat  teeth,  one  on 
each  side  ;  prominent  nbd  running  fntm  the  hinge  to 
the  edge  of  the  valvr.  Cttvirr.    Litm^vs. 

S.  A  mineral  ;  a  name  given  by  the  Corni'th  nuners 
to  Airt^  or  scJtorL  A'icMson. 

1  A  young  cock.     [Obs.]    [See  CocarREi-] 

SpeH^tT. 
COCK'LE,  r.  i.  or  L     To  contract  into  wrinkles,  to 

shrink,  (nicker,  or  wrinkle,  as  cloth.  Bailrg. 

GOCK'L£D,  fp.     Contracted  into  folds  or  u-rinkKs; 

2.  Having  shells.  '  [winding. 
eOCK'LER,  a.    One  that  takes  and  sells  cockles. 

eOCK'LE-STAIES,  «.  pL    Winding  or  fpiral  stairs. 
Chambers. 

€X)CK'-LOFT.  n,  [See  Cock.]  The  top  loft;  the 
upper  room  in  a  house  or  other  building;  a  lumber 
riiom.  Drfdm.     Sxt/t. 

eOCK'-.MAS-TER,  a.    One  who  breeds  game  cocks. 

€OCK'-MATCH,  m.    A  match  of  cocks  ;  a  cockfight. 

j9.idisoiu 
eOCK'NBY,  a.    [.Most  pmhably  frt-m  Ij.  coquina   a 

kitchen,  or  co^ixo^.io  cook;  Fr.  co^in,  idle;    Fr. 

c^cAgwe^  It.  cmccagna^  an  imaginary  country  of  idle- 

neas  and  luxur>-.    In  some  ancient  poetry,  the  word 

seems  to  signify  a  cook. 

**  Aad  ff\  I  MT,  \yf  >nr  wkA,  I  hs*«  no  >ilt  bncon, 

Ne  BO  taktrmf,  try  (^tn«e,  txAo^pin  to  nolGe." 
**  At  dm  temm  wm  ihrj  ■Prr«d  ia  rUi  snmj, 
Evrr7  h*%  msA  fire  had  s  eoirn^." 
Bee  note  on  Chaucer's  Canterbury  Talcs,  line  4306. 
KdJnb'irgh,  1782.     Hence,  a  citizen  who  leads  an 
idle  life,  or  never  leaves  the  city.] 

1.  A  native  of  Londv^n,  oy  way  of  contempL 

WaUs.     Shak. 

2.  An  eflcminate,  ignorant,  despicable  citizen. 

Shak. 
eOCK'XEY-ISM,  a.    The  condition,  qualities,  man- 
ners, or  dialect  of  a  cockney. 
eOCK'XEV-LIKE,  a.    Resembling  the  manners  of  a 

cockney.  Burton. 

€OCK'-PAD-DLE,  n.    The  Imnp^fi^ih  or  sea-owl. 

Eitcyc, 

COCKTIT,  n.  A  pit  or  area,  wheie  the  game  cocks 
fight.  Shak. 

2.  The  privy  u>uncil  room  at  Westminster  has 
this  name,  because  built  on  the  cockpit  of  Whitehall 
palace.  BraiuU. 


COD 

3.  In  ships  of  war^  a  room  or  apartment,  in  which 
the  wouniled  men  are  ilrensed  ;  situated  near  llie 
afU-r  hatchway,  under  the  lower  C'ln-deck.  The 
for^-Mckpil  is  a  place  leading  to  the  magazine  passage 
and  the  store-room  of  the  boatswain,  gunner,  and 
car|>etiter.  Mar.  Diet. 

eOCK'ROACH,  n.  The  p»»pulir  name  of  a  genus  of 
insects,  the  Itlutta,  i-f  severul  s[R'cies.  They  have 
four  seniicnisiaceoiis  wings,  and  r-jseinble  the  lieeile  ; 
tjie  h,-nd  is  intlccted  toward  the  breast;  the  feelers 
are  liardllke  bri^^tles  ;  the  el>tm  and  wings  are  plain, 
ant)  resemble  parchment.  These  aniruuls  are  very 
troublesome,  as  Ihey  enter  chests  uf  clothes,  meal- 
tubs,  pantries,  and  infest  beds.  They  avuid  the 
liabt,  and  luive  a  very  unsavory  amL-H.  Enctic. 

COCKS'€6MB,  n.     The  caruncle  or  amib  of  a  cwk. 

2.  A  plant.  This  name  is  given  to  the  Ctlosia 
cri.«tata,  the  Petlicularis  or  lousewori,  an(l  the  Rhi- 
nanlhus  or  yellow  rattle.        f^m.  of  Plants.    Lee. 

3.  A  fop,  i»r  vain,  silly  fellow.     [Si'e  Cotcimn.] 
eOCKS'HEAD,  (bed,)  a,     A  jilaut,  the  Hedysanim 

or  sainfoin.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

eOCK'SHUT,  n.    The  close  of  the  day,  when  fowls 

go  to  rtH>=t.  Shak. 

eOCK'SPL'R,  n.      Virginia  hawthorn,  a  species  of 

medlar.  Miliar. 

eOCK'SCRE,  (shQre,)  a.    Confidently    certain,     [jf 

low  word.]  Pope. 

The  term  is  metaphorically  derived  from  the  ciK-k 

of  a  firelock,  as   being   much   more  certain    to  fire 

than  the  match  of  the  old  matchlock.  Ilolloway. 
eOCK'SWAIN,  B.    [Contracted  into  Coxe.v.J     [r5ee 

An  omcer  on  board  of  a  ship,  who  has  the  care  of 
the  btiat  and  the  boat*s  crew.  Mar.  Diet. 

COCK'- WEED,  n.  A  plaut,  called  also  dittander  and 
pefi^-nvort.  Jahn^ion. 

CO'CoA,  (ka'ko,)  n.    A  name  given  to  a  simple  prep- 

aniti<in  of  the  ground  kernels  of  the  cacao  or  chocolate^ 

tr*e,  considered  more  healthy  than  chiKolate.  Loudotu 

[The  proper  word  would  be  Cacao,  the  name  of  the 

plant. 1 

CO'COA,  (kO'ko,)  a.  [Sp.  eoco;  Port,  ewro,  the  nut, 
and  eoqtiriro^  the  tree  ;  It.  cocxo  ;  Fr.  coco.'] 

A  in-e  beUmging  to  the  genus  Cocos,  of  the  order 
of  Palms;  and  the  fruit  or  nut  of  the  tree.  'I'his 
tree  grows  in  the  wann  climates  of  Iwilh  the  Indies. 
It  rises  to  the  hight  of  GO  feet,  and  the  stem  is  like 
an  ap(>theGiry*s  i>estle,  of  equal  thickness  at  the  ends, 
but  stunewhat  smaller  in  the  middle.  The  bark  is 
»m<H4h,  of  a  pale  brown  color,  and  the  tree  often 
leans  to  one  side.  The  leavi?8  or  bmnches  are  14  or 
15  fwt  long,  alKtutiS  in  number,  winged,  of  a  yellow 
Color,  stnight  and  tapering.  The  nuts  hang  in  clus- 
ters of  a  dozen  each,  on  the  top  of  the  tree.  The 
husk  of  this  nut  consists  of  strong,  tough,  stringy 
fllaiiienlfl,  resembling  ciiarse  oakum,  'lijis  covers  a 
hard  shell,  wliicb  contains  a  white  kernel,  that  is 
wholesome  food,  and  a  liquor,  which  is  a  cooling 
b*'venige.  Encyc. 

€6C0A-\UT,  n.    The  ntit  or  fruit  of  the  cocoa-tree. 

CO  CUOX',  n.     [Yr.  cocom.] 

An  oblong  ball  or  case  in  which  the  silkworm  in- 
volves itself,  formed  by  threads  which  compose  silk. 
This  term  is  also  applied  to  the  euvelupc  of  other 
larvs. 

eO-eOON'ER-Yy  a.  A  building  or  apartment  for  silk- 
worms, when  feeding  and  forming  cocoons. 

eOC'TILE,  a.     [L.  coct'dis^  from  coquoy  to  cook.] 
Made  by  baking  or  exposing  to  heat,  as  a  brick. 

COC'TION,  n.     [L.  coctiOf  from  coquo,  to  cook.] 

The  act  of  boiling  or  exposing   to  heat  in  liquor. 
In  medicine^  that  alteration  in  the  crude  matter  of  a 
disease,  which  fits  it  for  a  discharge  ;  digestion. 

Cozt.     Kncyc. 

eOD.  )  a,     A  species  of  fi-»h,  of  the  genus  Gadus, 

COD'FISH,  \  inliabiting  nortiiern  seas,  but  particu- 
larly the  banks  of  Newfoundland,  and  the  shores 
of  New  England.  It  Is  much  used  for  food.  [See 
Haddock.] 

€OD,  n.  [Sax.  codd;  W.  cod,  ewd;  G.  hode.  Probably, 
in  a  different  dialect,  Fr.  co!i.->e,  or  ecttsuc.^ 

1.  Any  husk,  envelope,  or  case,  containing  the 
seeds  of  a  plant ;  a  pod.  Mortimer. 

S.  A  bag ;  the  scrotum. 
3.  A  pdlow.     [J^ot  in  tisc] 

€0'D,\,  tt.  [It.]  In  miLtiCj  the  close  of  a  coiniwisition, 
or  an  additional  close. 

eOD'DED,  a.     Inclosed  in  a  cjkI.  Mortimer. 

COD'DER,  n.     A  gatherer  of  cods  or  peas.   Johnson. 

COD'DY,  a.     Husky.  S'terwood. 

CODE,  TU  [L.  codez,  or  cordex;  Fr.  code;  It.  codiee; 
t?p.  codigo.  The  Latin  word  signifies  the  stem  of  a 
tree,  and  a  hoard,  or  number  of  boards  united,  on 
which  accounts  w  ;re  kept.  So  the  Greeks  used 
(TX£(i/)j  a  board,  for  a  like  purpose,  from  (TX'i'^j  '"  cut 
or  split ;  whence  L.  schMa,  a  sheet.] 

1.  A  collection  of  the  laws  and  constitutions  of  the 
Roman  emperors,  made  by  order  of  Justinian,  con- 
taining twelve  books.  The  name  is  also  given  to 
other  collections  of  Roman  laws ;  as,  the  Theodosian 
coiU.     Hence,  in  general, 

2.  Any  orderly  collection  or  digest  of  laws. 

Pope.     Blackjitone. 


COE 

€0-l>K'I.NA,j 

CO-Dk'IA,      >  a.    [Gr.  fruffctd,  a  poppy-head.] 

C0-I)i5'rxk,    ) 

An  alkaloid,  obtained  fVom  opium,  and  one  of  its 

medicinal  active  principles. 
CO' DEX.  n.    [I,.]     A  manuscriirt  ;  a  book  ;  a  code. 
et>l>'(iljK,  n.     [Sp.  rojf/T,  to  catch.    Chatmfir/t.     Hence 

he  defines  the  word  nyjuwer.     Hut  the  primary  sense 

is  by  no  means  uhvious.    I  take  it  to  be  a  corruption 

of  eottager.  Norm,  cotier.] 

A  rustic  ;  a  clown  ;  a  misertv  man. 
COD'I-CrL,  n.     [L.  eodicUlits,  dim.  of  codez.] 

A  writing  bv  way  of  supplement  to  a  will. 
eOD-I-t.'IL'LA-RV.  a.     Of  the  nature  of  a  codicil. 
eO-DI-FI  €A'T10N,Ti.    The  act  or  process  of  reducing 

laws  to  a  code  or  system. 
Cfi'lH-FI  Kl),  pp.    Reduced  to  a  code. 
Cr>'r)I-FI  ER,  (    «.    One  who  forms  or  reduces  to  a 
cri'PIHT  I       code. 

Ct^'UI-FY,   P.   e.      [code  and   faeio.]     To  reduce  to  a 

rode  or  digest,  as  laws. 
CO'I>I-FY-L\G,  pi'r.     Forming  into  a  code. 
CO-DIL'LA,  n.     The  coarsest  part  of  hemp  which  is 

sorted  out  by  itself.    The  term  is  also  applied  to  the 

coarsest  itart  of  flax.  M^CuUock. 

eO-l)ILLE',  (ko-dil',)  n.     [Fr.  codiUe;  Sp.  coJiUo,  the 

knee,  a  joint ;  codo^  the  elbow,  that  is,  a  turn  or  a 

fastening.] 

A  term  nt  ombre,  when  the  game  ia  won.     Pope. 
COD'LE,     i  V.  L     To  parboil,  or  soften  by  the  heat  of 
COD' DUE,  \       water. 

eOU'I-E,  V.  t.    To  make  iniirh  of.     [JVoI  in  use..] 
COD'LINti,  i  n.     All  a|iple  codled  ;  or  one  suitable  for 
COD'LIN,     \      codling,  or  used  for  that  purpose. 
GOD'LING,  n.     A  yoiliig  cod.  [Bacon.     Mortimer. 

eO-EF'Fl-CA-CY,  71.     [con  and  efficacy^  L.  efficio.] 
Joint  efficacy  ;  the  power  of  two  or  more  things 

acting  together  to  produce  an  effect.  Brown. 

eO-EF-Fl"CiE\-CV,  n.   [eon  and  efficiency ;  L.  efficio.] 
Co-operation  ;  joint  power  of  two  or  more  things 

or  causes  acting  to  the  same  end.  OlanvHlc 

eO-EF-Fl"CIENT,  (fish'ent,)  a.   [con  and  L.  rfficien^.] 

Co-oiR'raiing  ;  acting  in  union  to  the  same  end. 
eO-EF-FI"CIE.\T,  n.    That  which  unites  in  action 

with  something  else  tofiniduce  the  same  effect 

2.  In  algebra,  a  n«mb>*r  or  known  quantity  put  be- 
fore letters,  or  quantities,  known  or  unknown,  and 
into  which  it  is  stipjMised  to  he  multiplied  ;  as,  in 
3  z  and  a  x,3  and  a  are  the  coefficients  of  z. 

3.  In  Jliiiion-ji,  the  covff}cir.nt  uf  any  generating  term 
is  tlie  quantity  which  arises  from  the  division  of  that 
term  by  the  generated  quantity.    Chambers.   Bailey. 

CO-EF-FI"ClENT-LY,  ado.     liy  co-oi>eration. 
eO-ELD'ER,  H.     An  elder  of  the  same  rank.  Trapp. 
eO-E-LEC'TION,  V.    Joint  election. 
Cffi'LI-AC,  (  o.    [Gr.  «o(Ai't/fos,from  xoiXta^  the  belly  ; 
Ce'LI-AC,   \      allied  p»Thaps  to  «->(Aoj,  hollow.] 
Pertaining  to  the  belly,  or  to  the  intestinal  canal. 
Cirliac  artery^  is  the  artery  which  issues  fr'.nn  the 
aorta  just  below  the  diaphragm.  Kncyc. 

Ca-linc  pas-^ion  i  the  lientery,  a  flux  or  diarrh*;a  of 
undigested  food.  Coze. 

CaUiac  vein ;  a  vein  of  the  intestinum  rectum. 

Coze. 
CO-EMP'TION,  n.      [L.   cocmptio  ;    con  and   emoy  to 
buy.] 

The  act  of  purchasing  the  whole  quantity  of  any 
commodity.  Bacon. 

eO-EN-JOY',  V.  t.     To  enjoy  together.  IIowcU. 

eO-E\-JOY'/:D,  pp.     Enjoyed  together. 
eO-E\-JOY'ING, />pr.     Enjoying  together. 
CO-K'(iUAL,  a.     [h.  con  and  rr/iiatU^  equal  J 

Equal  with  another  person  or  thing  ;  of^the  same 
rank,  dignity,  or  [lOwer.  Shak. 

eO-K'Q.UAL,  n.    One  who  is  equal  to  anf»ther. 
eo  E-aU^L'1-TY,  n.    'I'he  state  of  bf^Liig  equal  with 

another;  equality  in  rank,  dignity,  or  [jower. 
€0-i-:'UUAE-LY,'a(/r.     Willi  joint  equality. 
CO-ERCE',  (ko-ers',)  v.  L     [L.  coerceo  ;  eon  and  arc«o, 
to  drive  Or  press.] 

1.  To  restrain  b}'  force  ;  to  keep  from  acting  or 
transgressing,  particularly  by  moral  force,  as  by  law 
or  authority  ;  to  r».^pre'»s,  Aybjfe. 

^  To  compel ;  to  constrain. 

Tli<*>e  ciiiiA^  —  rocrced  by  ihoK  wtiich  preceded,  und  coerang 
tho«s  wiiich  lullowod.  Dutighl,  Ttteol. 

COERCED,  (ko-erst',)  pp.      Restrained    by  force  j 
compelled. 

CO-ERC'ini^E,  a.    That  may  or  ought  to  be  restrained 
or  compelled. 

eO-ERC'I-BLE-NESS,  ju     The  state  of  being  coerci- 
ble. 

CO-ERC'ING,  (ko-ers'ing,)  pyjT-.  Restraining  by  force  ; 
constraining. 

CO-ER'CION,  n.      Restraint^   check,   particulariy   by 
law  or  auiliority  ;  compulsion;  force.  South. 

COERCIVE,  a.    Tliat   lias   power  to  restrain,   par- 
ticularly by  moral  force,  as  of  law  or  authority. 

Hooker.     Drydcn. 

2.  Compulsory  ;  constraining  ;  forcmg. 
CO-EUC  IVE  LV,  adv.     Hy  constraint. 

Cf>-ES  SEN'TIAL.  a.      [con   and   essential^   from   L. 
ts-HCHtiaiis.     See  Essej^ci:.] 


KATE,  FAR.  F^l-L,  WH^T METE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  RIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF    BOOK. 

_--  I. 


COF 

Partaking  of  the  same  e^ence. 

We   hlcm  And  magni^   that  coetaeiuifU  Spirit,  etcrn^UIy  pro- 
o^i^iig  from  uic  Filher  and  Son.  Hooker. 

€0-EjI-SEN-TLVL'I-TY,  «.  Participation  of  the  same 
essence.  Johnson, 

eO-Et*-SEi\'TIAL-LY,  ado.    In  a  coesscntial  manner. 

eU-ES-TAJJ'LlSH-AJEiNT,  n.    Joint  establishment. 
Bp.  of  l^ndaff. 

eO-ES-TATE',  n.  An  esUte  or  stale  of  equal  rank, 
or  estate  in  alliance. 

CO-E-TA'\E-OUri,  a.  [L.  coatanms;  con  and  atasy 
age.     CoETASjEAN  is  rarely  used.] 

Of  the  same  age  with  another  ;  beginning  to  exist 
at  Uie  same  lime  ;  with  to.  *'  Every  taiilt  has  penal 
effc-cts  coftaReoas  to  the  act."  But  wiVi  may  be  prt-f- 
erable  to  to.  This  word  is  sometimes  used  as  synun- 
yaious  with  cotemporary  ;  but  cuetaneotu  seems  prop- 
erly to  denote  cotemporary  in  origin,  raUu-r  than  c&- 
temp>.>rary  in  existence  at  any  other  period.  It  may, 
however,  be  used  in  both  senses. 

€0-E-Ta'\E-OL;S-EV,  adv.  Of  or  from  the  same  age 
or  beginning.  Uicight. 

€0-E-TERN'AL,  a.     [L.  con  and  aternus.] 

Equ;dlv  eternal  wiili  another.  JHllton, 

eO-E-TEtt\'AI^LY,  ado.     With  equal  eternity. 

Hooker. 

eO-E-TERN'I-TY,  n.  Existence  from  eternity  equal 
with  another  eternal  being ;  equal  eternity. 

Hammond. 

eO-£'VAL,  a.     [h.  coijeviLs  ;  con  and  <fFum,  age. J 

Of  the  same  age  ;  beginning  to  exist  at  the  same 
lime  ;  uf  equal  age  ;  usually  and  properly  followed  by 
with.  Hale.     Pope.     Beiitleij. 

eO-E' VAL,  ju  One  of  the  same  age  ;  one  who  begins 
to  exist  at  the  same  lime.  It  is  not  properly  used  as 
synonymous  with  cotemporary. 

eO-E'V'iUJS,  a.    The  same  asjCJoETAc,  but  not  used. 

€0-EX-K€'|i-TOR,  n.    A  joint  executor.        [South, 

€0-EX-Ee'U-TK.lX,  n.     A  joint  executrix. 

CO-EX  IST',  r.  i.     [L.  con  and  tjisto.     See  Exist.] 
Tq,  exist  at  the  same  time  with  another  j  followed 
by  teUft.  Hale.     Locke. 

€0-EX-Ii5T'E\CE,  n.  Existence  at  the  same  time 
with  anotlwr ;  followed  regularly  by  wuA.      Locke, 

eO-EX-IST'E\T,  a.  Existing  at  tho  same  time  with 
another. 

eO-EX-Ci^T'I.VG,  ppr.  or  a.  Existing  at  the  same 
time  with  auother  j  regularly  followed  by  with. 

iMcJce.     Beiitleij. 

eO-EX-TE.ND',  V.  i.    [L.  con  and  exiendo.    See  Ex- 

TE.ID.j 

To  extend  through  the  same  epace  or  duration  with 
another;  to  extend  equally;  as,  one  line  coeztenUs 
with  another;  or,  iH-rhaps,  in  a  transitive  sense,  to 
eoexiend  a  line  with  another. 

€0-EX-TE\n'ED,  p;>.  Being  equally  extended.  GrrtP. 

CO-EX-TEXU'IXU,  ppr.  Extending  through  tlie  same 
space  or  duration  with  another. 

eO-EX-TE.\'H10.\,  n.  The  act  of  extending  eqUKlly, 
or  the  »t.nte  of  ln:ing  (.■qiially  txt«;iidtMi.  Hale. 

€0-EX-TE.\'SIVE,  a.  Equally  extenHive  ;  having 
equal  extent. 

€0-EX  rE.\'S[VE-LY,  atlv.    Of  etpial  extent. 

eO-EX-TEN'HIVE-.N'ESS,  n.  Equal  extension  or  ex- 
tent. 

eOF'KEE,  u.  f  Fr.  cafe  i  It.  cnffe  ;  Sp.  e^fi  ;  Port.  id.  i 
G.  kuffte;  I),  koffy;  Ar.  cahwik,  or  cahiffA,  which  tlie 
Turks  pronouncf  cahorh.  This  plrint  is  said  lo  be  a 
native  of  Ethiopia.] 

i.  The  berry  of  a  tree  belonging  to  the  genua  Cof- 
fea,  growing  in  Arabia,  Persiii,  and  in  other  warm 
climates  of  Asia  and  Ainerica.  It  wdl  grow  to  the 
biBht  of  16  or  18  feel,  htit  it-n  growth  is  generally 
stirit.d  lo  5  feet,  fur  the  ronvojiience  of  gathering 
ilie  fniiu  The  stem  is  upright,  and  covered  with  a 
light-brown  bark  ;  the  branches  are  horizontal  and 
*  op{K>»ite,  crossing  each  other  at  every  joint,  and  form- 
ing a  sort  of  pyramid.  The  flowers  grow  in  clusters 
at  the  root  of  the  leaves,  and  close  to  the  branches ; 
they  are  of  a  pure  wh.te,  and  of  an  agreeable  odor. 
The  fruit,  which  is  a  berry,  grows  tii  clusters,  along 
the  branches,  under  the  axils  of  the  le.avu*.  t'.tiajc 

2-  .\  drink  made  from  the  berry  of  llie  co»fet>trec, 
by  dfcoction.  'I'he  berry  is  first  rotb-'ted,  and  then 
ground  in  a  mill,  and  boiled.  The  use  of  it  is  s;iid 
to  have  been  inlrodurcd  into  France  by 'J'hevennt, 
Uie  travtfler,  and  into  England,  in  U>^2,  by  a  Greek 
servant  railed  Pasipia.  'I'he  best  colfee  is  said  to  be 
the  Mocha  coff.'e,  from  Arabia  Felix.  The  cottee  of 
Java,  Bourbon,  and  the  West  Indies,  consUtutes  an 
important  article  of  commerce. 

eoK'KEE-€UP,  n.  A  cup  from  which  coffee  is  drank. 

COF'FEE-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  of  cnlertainmeni, 
wherfi  guestH  are  supplied  with  cntfee  and  other  re- 
Ircsluuents,  and  where  men  meet  for  conversation. 
Prior.  Sid  iff, 
2.  A  house  of  ent»-rtainm'*nt  for  boarders  or  lodg- 
cis;  a  hotel ;  an  inn,  whi<h,  in  some  cities,  is  al^o 
an  exchange,  where  merchants  meet  to  tranj^acl 
business. 

€OF'FEE-MAX,  n.    One  who  keeps  a  coflTee-house. 

.AddUott. 

eOF'FEE-MILL,  n.    A  small  mill  for  grinding  coflee. 


COG 

eoF'FEE-P*)T,  M.  A  covered  pot  in  which  coffee  is 
boiled,  or  in  which  it  is  brought  ujion  tlie  table  for 
drinking. 

eOF'FER,  n.  [Fr.  co_ffre ;  Arm.  coiifr,  coffr;  Ir.  cofra ; 
Sp.  cqfre;  Port,  id.;  D.  and  G.  koffer:  Dan.  koffert; 
Sw.  id.i  W.  co/awr,  from  cofy  a  hollow  inink.  The 
same  French  word,  coj^'re,  signifies  a  a»J?'cr,  and  the 

a 
trunk  of  the  body,  and  a  coffin.   In  Ar.  vaX?  kajirony 

is  a  chest  or  basket.    The  primary  sense  is  probably 
a  holder,  or  a  hollow  jtlace.] 

1.  A  chest  or  trunk  ;  and,  as  a  chest  is  customarily 
used  for  keeping  money,  hence, 

2.  A  chest  of  money  ;  a  treasure.  Bacon. 

3.  In  arcJiUecture.  a  sunken  panel  in  the  ceiling  of 
a  vault  or  dome,  or  in  the  under  side  of  a  Corinthian 
or  Composite  cornice,  ordinarily  decorated  with  a 
rose,  a  pomegranate,  or  other  ciuiehiuent.      OicUt, 

4.  In  fortiJicaUonsy  a  holluw  lodgment  across  a  dry 
moat,  from  6  to  7  feet  deep,  and  from  16  to  IS  broad  ; 
the  upper  part  made  of  pieces  of  timber,  raised  2 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  moat;  which  little  eleva- 
tion has  hurdles  laden  with  earth  for  its  covering, 
and  serves  aa  a  [Kirapel  witJi  embntsures.  It  is  raised 
by  the  besieged  to  repulse  besiegers,  when  they  en- 
deavor to  pass  the  ditch.  Chambers,     Kncyc 

COF'FKR,  V,  U     To  reposit  or  lay  up  in  a  colfer. 

Bacon. 

€OF'FER-l)AM,  n.  A  curb  or  close  box  of  timber, 
made  water-tight,  and  fixed  iii  the  bottom  of  rivers, 
or  other  water,  as  a  barrier  to  exclude  the  water  dur- 
ing the  progress  of  some  work  ;  used  in  hiying  the 
foundation  of  piers  and  abutments  in  deep  water. 

eOF'FEll-/;U,  pp.    Laid  up  in  a  colfer. 

COF'FEK-ER,  n.  The  cofferer  of  the  king's  house- 
hold, in  Great  Britain  ;  a  princip;U  ollicer  ot  the  court, 
next  under  the  controller.  lie  was  also  a  whitc-sUiff 
olticer,  and  a  member  of  the  privy-council.  He  had 
ihe  sfHciat  cliarge  and  oversight  of  the  other  officers 
of  the  household.  This  olfice  is  now  suppressed,  and 
the  business  \a  transacted  by  the  lord  steward  and 
paymaster  of  the  household.  Cowel.     Kncyc. 

Ct^F'FER-I\G,  ppr.    DeiKjsiting  in  a  coffer. 

COF'FIN,  n.  [Fr.  cofre.  See  Coffer.  In  French, 
cojin  is  a  candle-basket;  Gr.  KUifuvoi  ;  Norm.  Fr.  co- 
fiiy  a  basket;  Sp.  oifin;  radically  the  same  word  as 
coffer.] 

1.  The  chest  or  box  in  which  a  dead  human  body 
is  buried,  or  deposited  in  a  vault. 

2.  A  mold  of  paste  for  a  pie.  Johnson. 

3.  A  pa[»er  case,  in  the  form  of  a  cone,  used  by 
grocers.  Johnson. 

4.  In  farritry,  the  hollow  part  of  a  horse's  hoof; 
or  the  whole  hoof  above  the  coronet,  including  the 
coffin  bone,  which  is  a  small  s|M}ngy  bone  in  the 
midst  of  the  hoof,  and  possessing  the  whole  form  of 
the  hoof.  Bailey.     Farrier^s  Diet, 

d.  In  printing,  a  wooden  frame  inclosing  the  stone 

on  which  the  lorm  is  inqntscd. 
COF'FIN,  o.  L    To  put  in  or  inclose  in  a  cofiin. 

Sfiak.     Donne. 
eOF'FIX-A;D,  pp.    Inclosed  in  a  coffin. 
€0F'F1\-LESS,  a.     Having  no  coffin.  mUon. 

€OF'FL\-MAK-ER,  n.     One  who  makes,  or  whose 

office  is  to  make,  coffins.  Tatler. 

CO-FOUNH'ER,  n.     A  joint  founder.  n'cever. 

COG,  r.  t.    [  W.  coeg-iaWy  to  moke  void,  to  deceive,  from 

eoegy  em[Hy,  vain.] 

1.  To  rtatier  ;  to  wheedle  ;  to  seduce  or  draw  from, 
by  adulation  or  artifice.    . 

I'll  cog  ihcir  benru  frarti  ihrm.  Shak. 

2.  To  obtrude  or  thrust  In,  by  fidsehood  or  decep- 
tion ;  as,  to  cog  in  a  word  to  serve  a  purjwse. 

atillin^eet,     7'illotKon.     Dennis. 
To  cog  a  die  ;  to  secure  it  ho  as  to  direct  its  fall ;  to 
falsify  ;  to  cheat  in  playing  dice.      DryiUtu     Svo^fU 
COG,  t.  i.    To  deceive  ;  l«  cheat ;  to  lie.   Tasser.  Shak. 

2.  To  wheedle. 
COG,  H.     [W.  cocogy  cogs  of  a  wheel ;  Sw.  kugge.    ftu. 
Sp.  cogcr,  to  catch,  or  Welsh  cocjc,  a  mass  or  lump, 
cogi  a  ina.Hs,  a  short  piece  of  wood.] 

I'he  tooth  of  a  wheel,  hy  which  it  is  connected  in 
motion  with  another  wheel  or  body. 
2.  A  trick  or  deception.     [Ob.t.] 
COG,  c.  £.     To  fix  a  cog;  to  furnish  with  cogs. 
COG,  i  n.     A  boat ;  a  fisliing-btKit.     It  is  probably 

CU(;'GLE,  t      the  W.  ewr.y  Ir.  rwca.     [See  Cock.] 
Co'GEN-Ci,  «.     [1*.  cogeiLSf  from  cogo;  con  and  ago, 
to  drive.] 

Force;  strength;  power  of  comtwlling  j   literalhu 
urgency,  or  driving.     It  is  used  chiefly  of  moral  sub- 
jects, and  in  rebiti4)n  lo  force  or  pressure  (ui  the  mind  ; 
as,  the  ra^ciicy  of  motives  or  arguiiients.         lA)cke, 
CO-GK'NI-AE,  for  Co.ioekial.   [JVb£  used.\    Warton. 
CO'GENT,  a.     [See  CaoE.'<eY.] 

1.  Forcible,  in  a  physical  aense ;  as,  the  eogrnt  force 
of  nature.  Prior. 

2.  Urgent ;  pressing  on  Ihe  mind  ;  forcible  ;  pow- 
erful i,  not  easily  resisted  ;  af,  a  cogr.tit  reason  or  ar- 
guni'-nt. 

Tlie    hamiMhy    of    Ihc    in 


COG 

€5'GENT-LY,  adr.    With  urgent  force;  with  power- 
ful impulse;  forcibly.  Locke. 

COG'G/CD,  (kogd.)  pp.    Flattered  ;  deceived  ;  cheated  ; 
thruKt  in  deceitfully  ;  falsified  ;  furnished  with  cogs. 

COtJ'GER,  n.     A  flatterer,  or  deceiver 

eOG'GER-Y,  n.     Trick;  falsehood.  fVatson. 

COG'GING,  p}tr.     Wheedling;   deceiving;  cheating ; 
inserting  deceitfully  ;  fixing  cogs. 

COG'GING,  w.     Cheat;  deception;  fallacy.   Beaam. 

eOG'GLE-STOXE,  n.     A  small  pebble. 

eoG'l-TA-BLE,  0.     [See  Cogitate.]     That  may  be 
tliouphton  ;  that  may  be  meditated  on.      John-fon, 

COG'I-TATE,  V.  i.     \lj.cogHo.     Varro  says  from  coaro^ 
quasi  coagittiy  to  agitate  in  the  mind.     But  the  Gothic 
hugyan,  and  Sax.  hotrian,  signify  to  think.] 
I'o  tfaink  ;  to  meditate.     [Lithe  used.] 

eOG-I-TA'TIO\,  n.     The  act  of  Uiinking;  Uiougbt; 
meditation  ;  contemplation. 

Huoker.     Bentiey.     MUton. 
2.  Thought  directed  to  an  object ;  purpose.   Bacon, 

€OG'I-TA-TI  VE,  a.     Tliinking ;  having  the  power  of 
thinking,  or  meditating  ;  as,  a  cogitative  substance. 

Bentlcy. 
2.  Given  to  thought,  or  contemplation.      fVotOm. 

COG'XATE,  a,     [E,  cognatas:  con  and  nascor,  to  be 

1.  Allied  by  blood  ;  kindred  by  birth.  [l)vni.] 

2.  Kelated  in  origin ;  proceeding  from  the  same 
stock  ;  of  the  same  family;  as,  a  cognate  dialect. 

3.  Allied  in  the  manner  of  formation  or  utterance  ; 
littered  by  the  same  organs ;  as,  a  cognate  letter  or 
sound. 

eOG'NATE,   n.      In    Scots   law,  any    male    relation 

through  the  muther.  Kncyc. 

eOG'NATE-NESS,  n,     SUite  of  being  cognate. 

Coleridge. 
eOG-NA'TlON,  TL     [L.  eognatio.     See  Coonate.J 

1.  In  eA«  ci»i/ ^U7fi,  kindred  or  natural  relation  be- 
tween males  and  fefflates,  both  descended  from  the 
same  father  ;  as,  agnation  is  the  relation  b<jtween 
males  only  desceiideil  from  the  same  stock.  Kncyc, 

2.  Kindred ;  relation  by  descent  from  the  same 
original. 


3.  Relation;  participation  of  the  same  nature. 

Brown, 
CoGN'TAC,  J  (kon'yak,)  n.    The  best  kind  of  brandy, 
eOG'XAC,   i      so    named   from   a  town  in   France. 
Smart  prefers  the  spelling  cogniac. 

cor    \I-«rK'*  I         ^*"^  COOMZOB,   CoaNIZEI. 

€0G-NI"T10iN,  (-nish'un,)  n.  [L.  cognitioi  cognos- 
co,  cognitus,  con  and  nosco,  to  know.] 

Knowledge  or  certain  knowledge,  as  from  personal 
view  or  exiK-rience.  Shak.     Brown. 

COG'NI-TIVE,  a.  Knowing,  or  apprehending  by  Uie 
understanding  ;  as,  cognitive  power      [Little  u^ed.] 

South, 

€OG'NI-ZA-BLE,  (kog'ne-za-bl  or  kon'e-za-bl,)  o. 
[Fr.  connoisaable,  from  connoitre,  to  know  ;  IL  cog- 
yioscere;  Sp.  conocer,  conocibU  ;  Port,  eonheccr ;  from 
L.  cognosco,  COM  and  ni?ico,  lo  know  personally;  Gr. 
j-iftoiT<fco,  id.] 

I.  That  falls,  or  may  fhll,  under  judicial  notice; 
that  may  be  heard,  tried,  and  determined  ;  as,  a 
cause  or  action  is  cognizable  before  the  Circuit  Court. 


Th<w:  wron^  ak  cognizabie  by  the  rcdettastioiil  courts. 

Blackttone. 

9.  That  falls,  or  may  fall,  under  notice  or  observa- 
tion ;  that  may  be  known,  perceived,  or  apprehended. 


COG'NI-ZA-BLY,  adv.     In  a  cognizable  manner. 

WoT^ieorth. 
€OG'NI-ZAXCE,(kog'ne-zans  or  kon'e-zans,)  v.   [Fr 

connoissance ;  It.    cognoscenia;    Sp.   conocenciai  rort. 

conhecenca.] 

1.  Judicial  notice  or  knowledge ;  the  hearing,  try 
Ing,  and  determining  of  a  cause  or  action  in  a  court. 

The  Court  of  King's  Bench  Utki»  cognizance  of  civil  luifl  criminal 
CAuwa,  Black  tlont, 

111  the  Uiiili.>d  Suii>i,  the  Dialricl  Couria  have  cognizanct  of 
tnaritimr'  catiaca. 

2.  Jurisdiction,  or  right  to  try  and  determine 
causes. 

The  Court  of  Klng'i  Bench  ha>  orifriiit^l  Jimwliciion  an'l  cofnl- 
zarice  of  uJt  tLCliuiU  of  Ircapuas  K  el  arvu*.       Blackatoite. 

3.  In  latPy  an  acknowledgment  or  confession  ;  as 
In  fines,  the  acknowledgment  of  the  cognizor  or  de- 
forciant, that  the  right  to  the  land  in  question  is  in 
the  plaintiff  or  cognizee,  by  gift  or  otherwise;  in 
replevin,  the  acknowledgment  of  the  di'fcndiini,  that 
he  took  the  g(«i(is,  but  alleging  that  he  did  it  legally 
as  the  bailifi"  of  another  person,  who  had  a  right  »o 
distrain.  Black:*tune. 

4.  A  badge  worn  by  a  retainer  or  dependent,  to 
indicate  the  [lerson  or  party  lo  which  he  belonged. 

.S.  Knowledge  or  notice  ;  perception  ,  observation  ; 
as,  the  ro'Tftizauce  of  the  sonsCH. 

ii.   Knowledge  by  recollection.  Spenser. 

COG'NI  ZAN'T,  (kug'ne-zanl  ffT  kon-'e-zant,)  a.  Hav- 
ing knowledge  of. 


TONE,  BPI.L,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS.  — G  as  K ;  6  as  J  j  »  as  Z ;  CH  m  SH ;  TH  as  in  TUia 


[-TV,  M.     The  quality  of  being 


con 

€OG'M-7.AN"r,  (kog'ne-sant  vr  kon'ezani,)  a.  Uav- 
ini:  kmmirtliie  nf. 

eoG-.M-ZKK',  (kop-ne-aiw'  orkon-e-zee',)  ji.  Iniatr, 
one  to  whom  a  fint;  is  aiknowli'ilced,  or  the  plaintilf 
in  an  nction  Tor  the  R»sunince  of  luml  by  fine, 

€OG-NI-Z0R',  fkofr-ne-Kor',  «r  kon-e-xor',)  «.  One 
who  acknuwieages  the  ri^bt  of  the  plaintiff  or  cog- 
nhct^e,  in  a  fine  ;  otlierwise  called  the  dffemdAml  or 
ie/vrriamt,  BUekstomt. 

€OG-N0'MEX,  «.  [!>.]  A  jramame.  The  last  of 
the  Uiree  naineJ)  ainmis  the  Ronums.  It  describt'd 
the  house  or  fsniily  of  a  jjerson  ;  as  the  nomen  did  the 
^N^.-  while  the  pntnotneA  was  the  name  of  the  in- 
dividual. BrMde. 

eOG-NoM'IX-AL,  c  [U  MfKMMii,  ft  surname  j  eon 
and  Ntrmcii,  name.] 

1,  Pertainine  to  a  surname, 

2.  Having  the  <^nie  name.    [Little  usedJ]  Brwwn. 
€OG-XOM-I.\-A'TU>\,  m,     [L.  cojpwwea.] 

A  «umauie  :  the  name  of  a  family;  a  name  given 
from  any  accident  or  quality ;  as,  Alexander  the 
OtmC  Br^vnt. 

eOG^NOS'CE.SCE.  n.    [See  Coo:«iTioir.] 

Knowledge  ;  the  act  or  Mate  of  knowing.    [LittU 

COO^'OS-CEJrTK,  a. ;  fL  Cogsoicixti.  [IL]  A 
connoisseur.    [LiuU  m»ed.\ 

eOG-XOS-CI-BlL'I  — 
rognnsctble, 

€OG-NOS'Cl-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  known.  [Liule 
usfd.]  Hale. 

€OG-XOS'CI-TIVE,  «.  Having  the  power  of  know- 
ing. Cudvorlk. 

COG-KOfytT^  «.  [L.,  he  acknowledges.1  In  iow, 
a  tena  used  when  the  defendant  acknowledges  the 
Juatice  of  llw  plaintiff^s  claim,  or  a  part  of  it,  and 
BudTen  Judgraeut  to  be  entered  against  bira. 

Biack^a^e. 

eO-GUARIVI-AX,  w.     A  joint  guardian.  KenU 

COGUE,  B.    A  small  wooden  vessel ;  a  dram.    [Loc^\ 

eOG'-WIIEKL,  a.     A  wbeil  with  cop"  or  teeth. 

eOHAB'lT,  p.  L     fL.  con  and  habOo^  to  dwelt] 

1.  To  dwell  with  ;  to  inhabit  or  reside  in  company, 
or  in  the  ttame  place  or  country.         Stiles.    SuutA. 

2.  To  dwell  uc  live  liigether  aa  htisband  and  wife ; 
usually  or  oflt-n  ap[4ied  to  persan.s  n.>t  leg^dlv  married. 

CO-HAB  IT-AXT,  ■.  One  who  d*vell*  with  anoIlKr, 
or  in  the  ^aiiic  (dare.  Dtea^  of  Fitt^. 

eo-HABIT-A'TIOX.a.  The  act  or  state  of  dwelling 
tug«tlier  or  in  the  same  place  with  anoilier. 

StileSj  illtiL  SeniL. 
9.  The  stite  of  living  together  as  man  and  wife, 
with;>ut  btMUK  legally  married.  Baeom. 

eO-IlAH'IT-I.NG,  ppr.  or  a.  Dwelling  toccttacr,  or 
the  nt't  of  doing  su. 

€0  HCIR',  (ko-air",)  a.  [L.  esimrtt;  cm  and  Ures, 
an  ketr.    See  Ilaia.] 

A  joint  heir;  one  who  succeeds  to  a  share  of  an 
inheritance,  whidi  is  to  be  divided  amtrng  two  or 
more. 

eO-IIfilR'ESS,  (ko-iir'esa,)  n.  A  female  who  in- 
herits a  share  of  an  estate,  which  is  to  be  divided 
among  two  or  more  heirs  or  beires:^s ;  a  joint 
heiress. 

eO-HER'ALD,  M.    A  joint  herald. 

€0-HERE',  r.  L  [I*  cofuxreo;  con  and  *<w«o,  to  stick 
or  cleave  together.] 

1.  To  stick  together;  to  cleave;  to  be  united;  to 
bold  fast,  as  parts  of  the  same  mnsa,  or  as  two  sub- 
stances that  attract  each  (dher.  Thus  particles  of 
clay  eokere;  polished  stirfacejs  of  bodies  cohere. 

2.  To  be  well  c«»nnccled  \  to  folKtw  rtgularly  in 
the  natural  order;  to  be  suited  in  connection  ;  as  the 
parts  of  a  discourse,  or  as  ar^iments  in  a  ft^tn  of 
reasoning. 

3.  To  suit ;  to  be  filU'd  ;  to  agree.  Shak, 
€0-IIP,R'EXCE.   I  a.     A  sticking,  cleaving,  or  haiig- 
€0-HeR'EX-CY,  \      ing  tr.gether  ;  union  of  parts  uf 

the  same  body,  or  a  clwiving  together  of  two  bodies, 
by  means  of  attraction  ;  applied  to  all  sub.-ttaitee:^,  solid 
mrJUid.  Locke.     Bentley. 

2.  Coanectitm  ;  suitable  connection  or  dependence, 
proceeding  firom  the  natural  relation  of  parts  or 
things  to  each  other,  as  in  the  parts  of  a  di:<course, 
at  of  any  system  ;  con=lstencv.  Jfovkrr.  Lrtcke. 
CJO-llF.il'EyT,  fl.  Sticking  Uigether;  cleaving;  as 
the  parts  of  bodies,  solid  or  fluid.  ^rbuthaoU 

2.  Connected  ;  united,  by  some  relation  in  form  or 
order  ;  followed  by  to,  but  rattier  by  with,       Locke., 

3.  Suitable  or  suited  ;  regularly  adapted.      Shak. 

4.  Consistent ;  having  a  due  agreement  of  parts  ; 
as,  a  coherent  discourse.  Or  ob^cr^ing  due  agree- 
meru  ;  as,  a  eokereni  thinker  or  reasoner. 

€0-HER'EXT-Ly,fl*/r.  Ina  coliereni  manner;  with 
due  connection  or  agreement  of  part*. 

CO-HE-Sl-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  tendt-ncy  which  one 
part  of  matter  evinces  to  unite  with  another  jiart  of 
matter,  so  as  to  form,  out  of  ditfcrmt  bodies,  one 
common  mass.    It  is  opposed  to  dicisibUity.    Good. 

eO-llF:'SI-BLE,  a.     Capable  of  cohesion. 

€0-HK'SK>X.  (hS'zhun.)  n.  [Ir.  coesione;  from  L. 
£ok<esi,  pret.  of  cohareo,] 

I.  The  act  of  sticking  together  ;  the  state  of  beins 


eOIF'Fi;RE,  a.    [Fr.J     A  hea. 
eoifJXE,  for  Coin.     [See  Coir< 


COI 

united  by  natural  attraetion,  as  the  con^^tituent  |>ar- 
licles  of  homogeneous  Uklies  which  unite  in  a  luasit, 
bv  «  naturil  tendency  ;  one  of  Uie  diirfn-nt  spircica 
of  attraction.  JSTcwU'n.     .^rbulknut. 

2.  Connection  ;  dejtendence ;  os,  the  cohe.-iwn  of 
ld'*as.     But  in  this  sense,  see  Coherence.     Lucke 

eO-llK'SlVE,  o.  That  Ims  the  |H)wer  uf  sticking  or 
colierini! ;  tending  to  unite  in  a  mass,  and  to  resii^t 
separation.  J^ichoUotu 

€0-ilP:'SIVE.LY,  adv.    With  cohesion. 

eO-Hfi'SIVE-XESS,  R,  The  quality  of  being  cohe- 
sive ;  the  quality  of  adhering  together ;  as  particles 
of  nuttier. 

eO-IUB'IT,  P.  U     [L.  eohibro.'l     To  restrain. 

eO-HIH'rr-ED,  pp.     Restrained. 

eO-IIUriT-IXG,  ppr.     Restraining. 

€0-l!I-BI"TIOX,  n.    J;L,  u>hihitio.]    Hinderancd  ;  re- 

eO'HO-BATE,  c.  U     [Port,  cohoror.}  ["^''^'ut- 

Among  eaWy  chnnists,  to  repeal  the  distillatiun  of 

the  same  liquor,  or  that  from  the  same  body,  pouring 

the  li<|Uor  back  upon  tlie  matter  remaining  in  the 

vessel.  BitiUn.     Eneyc 

€tt'!iO-BA-TED,;jp.     Repeatedly  distille.l. 

eO'IIO-BA-TIXG,  ppr.     Distilling  n  p.-atidly. 

€0-H0-BA'Tl0X,  n.     [S|k  cokobaewn.} 

The  oixralion  of  repeatedly  distilling  the  same 
liquor,  or  that  from  the  same  substance.     Encye. 

eO-H0E9',  I  a.     A  fall  of  water,  or  falls;  a  word  of 

eO-MOZE',  i      Indian  origin  in  America- 

eO'HORT,  n.  [L.  cofwrsi  Fr.  cohortc;  It.  coorte;  Sp. 
cohorte ;  Port,  irf.] 

1.  Among  Vie  Romans^  a  body  of  about  five  or  six 
hundred  men ;  each  cohort  consisted  of  tliree  mani- 
ples, and  each  maniple  of  two  centuries;  and  ten 
cohorts  constituted  a  legion.  .^dam^  Rom.  AnL 

2.  In  poetrtf^  a  band  or  body  of  warriors.   Milton. 
eO-HORT-A'TlO.V.n.    Exhortation;  encouragement. 

[Aul  Krffrf.]    •  DicU 

eOIF,  n.  [Ft.  eoi^ffi ;  Arm.  eoeff;  It.  cajffa,  a  cap  ;  Sp. 
aifin,  a  net  of  silk  or  thread  worn  on  the  head  ;  Fort. 
Ctfi/it,  a  caul.] 

A  kind  of  caul,  or  cap,  worn  on  the  he-ad  by  ser- 
geant*) at  law  and  others.  Its  chief  use  was  to  cover 
the  clerical  tonsure.  Encyc 

€OIF,  r.  L    To  Cover  or  dress  with  a  coif. 

eOIPKDj^(koift,)iu    Wearing  a  coif. 

ad-dress.         Jiddison. 
s,  a  corner.]        Shak. 

eoiGXE,  Iv.i.  To  live  by  extortion.  [An  frith  word.] 

COIX'Y,    \  BrygketU 

€OIL,  P.  t,  [Ft.  eueillir :  perhniis  Gr.  ciXcu,  or  wAiw. 
Set-  the  nH*l3  Shi  and  SnfJ,  Class  Gl,  No.  5,  48.1 

To  (rnthtr,  as  a  line  or  cord,  into  a  circular  form  ; 
to  wind  into  a  ring,  as  a  serpent,  or  a  rope. 

COIL,  a.     A  ro(»e  gathered  into  a  ring  ;  on  shipboard, 
a  single  turn  or  winding  is  called  a/oJte,  and  a  range 
of  fakes  is  called  a  tier. 
2.  A  noise,  tumult,  bustle,  confusion. 

Bailcij.    JohnsoTU 

COIL'KD,  pp.  or  a.  Gathered  into  a  circular  form,  as 
a  rope,  or  a  serpent. 

COIL'I.NG,  ppr.  Gathering  or  winding  into  a  ring  or 
circle. 

eOlX,  n.  [Pr.  coin,  a  comer,  a  wedge  ;  Arm.  eoi^n ; 
Sp.  cjiquituL,  a  C4iruer,  and  curia,  a  wedge  ;  Port, 
fu'/ta:  \j.ettneusi  Gr.  ytiyvta;  Ir.  cuinne ;  W.  gain^j 
or  cyn,  a  wedge.  'J'lie  pronunciation  of  this  word, 
by  otir  common  people,  is  quine^  or  quoin,  when  ap- 
plied to  a  Wedging  ^tone,  in  masonry.  See  the  next 
word.] 

1.  A  comer  or  extenial  angle;  a  jutting  point,  as 
of  a  wall.  Sfuili, 

RiLttic  coins  s  stones  jutting  from  a  wall,  for  new 
buildings  to  be  joined  ti>.  Bailey. 

2.  A  wedge  for  raising  or  lowering  a  piece  of  ord- 
nance. Baiiey. 

'S,  A  wedge  or  piece  of  wood  to  lay  between  casks 

on  shipboard.  Bailey. 

COI.V,   a.      [:?p.   cunai   Port.   ckbAo,  a  die  to   stamp 

money  ;  Sp.  acuharj  to  coin  or  impress  money,  to 

n*t;dge ;   Port,  cnnhar;   It.  conto,  a  die;  comarCy  to 

coin  ;  Fr.  coin;  Ar.  /.l3  kamta,  to  hammer,  forge, 

or  stamp.  Tlie  sense  is,  to  strike,  beat,  or  drive, 
coinciding  with  the  French  coii^ner,  or  eogner. 
Hence  we  see  that  ci^i,  wiiether  it  siguifi<-s  a  cor- 
ner, a  wedze,  or  a  die,  is  from  the  same  root,  from 
lhru.-;ting,  drivin;;.] 

PrimnrUyt  the  die  employed  for  stimping  money. 
Hence, 

1.  Money  stami>ed  ;  a  piece  of  metal,  as  gold,  sil- 
ver, copper,  or  oilii-r  riietal,  converted  into  money, 
by  impres.sing.  on  it  marks,  figures,  or  characters. 
To  jnahe  gtjod  money,  these  impressions  must  be 
niade  unili;r  the  authority  of  government.  That 
which  is  sLimped  without  aulJiority  is  called /o/fc  or 
counterfeit  coin.  Formerly,  all  coin  was  made  by 
hanun^ring;  but  it  is  now  impressed  by  a  machine, 
or  mill. 

Current  eoin\,  is  com  legally  sLimped,  and  circula- 
ting in  trade. 

Jincirnt  cuins^  are  chiefly  those  of  the  Jews,  Greeks, 


COK 

and  Romans,  which  are  kept  in  cabinets  as  curios- 
ities. 

2.  !a  architecture,  a  kind  of  die  cut  diagonally, 
aflcr  the  manner  of  a  llii;lit  of  a  staircase,  serving 
at  bottom  to  support  columns  in  a  level,  and  ul  top 
to  correct  tilt'  inclination  of  an  entalilature  support- 
ing a  vault.  Eneyc 

3.  That  which  serves  for  payment. 

Th,^  Kim  of  prM'.-nt  advtxiiUi{v  to  Acab  UiU  bliKxl  b  rfpnUl  in  « 
nubler  coin.  Hammotui, 

GOIX,  r.  L  To  stamp  a  metal,  and  convert  it  into 
numey';  to  mint. 

2.  To  make  or  fabricate  for  general  use ;  as,  to 
coin  words.  Shak. 

3.  To  make  ;  to  forge  ;  to  fabricate  ;  in  an  ill  sense  ; 
ns,  to  coin  a  lie  :  to  coin  a  l^ible.     Hndibras.     Vryden. 

COIX'AGE,  n.  The  act,  art,  or  practice,  of  stamping 
metallic  money.  Arbutknot, 

2.  Coin  ;  money  coined  ;  stamped  and  legitimated 
metal  for  a  circulating  medium. 

3.  Coins  of  a  particular  stamp;  as,  the  coinage  of 
George  III. 

4.  The  charges  or  expense  of  coining  money.  * 

5.  A  making  ;  new  production  ;  formation  ;  as, 
the  coinage  of  words. 

6.  Inventitm  ;  forgery  ;  fabrication. 

This  U  Uie  rrry  emnage  of  your  brain.  Sihai. 

€0-IN-CIDE',  V.  i.  [h.  eon  and  incido,  to  fall  on  ;  in 
and  cadoy  to  fall.  See  Cadekce,  Case.  Low  L. 
coincido  ;  Sp.  coincidir  ;  Fr.  eoincider.] 

1.  To  fall  or  to  meet  in  the  same  point,  as  two 
lines  or  bodies  ;  followed  by  with. 

U  Ih-?  equator  aivl  ihe  etlipVc  li:iJ  coincided,  It  would  hare  n*n- 

2.  To  concur ;  to  be  consistent  with  ;  to  agree ;  as, 
the  judges  did  not  coincide  in  opinion. 

The  T\i\fn  of  rig'ht  JuU^niiMit  &itil   of  gowi   ratiocination  oftni 
ewntitU  with  eadi  uiiior.  WaU*. 

€0-IN'CI-DEXCE,  n.  The  falling  or  meeting  of  two 
or  more  lines,  surfaces,  or  bodies,  in  the  same  point. 

Bentley. 
9.  Concurrence;  consistency;  agreement;  as,  the 
eoinridence  of  two  or  more  opinions;   coincidence  of 
evidences.  •  Hale. 

3.  A  meeting  of  events  in  time;  concurrence;  a 
happening  at  the  same  time  ;  as,  cuuictf/cuce  of  events. 

€0-LVCI-DENT,  a.  Falling  on  the  same  point  ; 
meeting,  as  lines,  surfaces,  or  bodies  ;  followed  by 
Vftth,  J^mcton. 

2.  Concurrent ;  consistent ;  agreeable  to ;  followed 
by  tciVi. 

Chriitianilj'   teachca   nolhiiiff   but  what   la  perfrclly   etAnddent 
vnlh  the  ruling  priiiciji^i  of  a  virluoua  niaa.         Soulh. 

eO-IN'CI-DEXT-LY,  ado.    With  coincidence. 
eO-IX-CID'ER,  n.    Ho  or  tliat  which  coincides  or 

concurs. 
eO-IX-CID'IXG,  p;>r.  or  o.    Meeting  in  the  sameiwint ; 

agreeing  ;  concurring. 
eO-hX-DieA'TION,  n.     [L.  con  and  indication  from 

indico,  to  show.] 
In  mcdtciney  a  sign  or  symptom,  which,  with  other 

signs,  as^iists  to  show  the  nature  of  the  disease,  and 

the  proper  remedy  ;  a  concurrent  sign  or  symptom. 
eOlX'^D,  pp.  or  a.    Struck  or  stamped,  as  money; 

made  ;  invented;  forged. 
eOlX'ER,  n.    One  who  stamps  coin;  a  minter;  a, 

maker  of  money.  Addison, 

2.  A  counterleiter  of  the  legal  coin  }  a  maker  of 
base  money. 

3.  An  inventor  or  maker,  as  of  words.    Camden, 
eO-IN-HAB'IT-AXT,    n.      One    who    dwells    with 

another,  or  with  others. 

eO-IX-HER'IT-ANCE,  n.    Joint  inheritance. 

€0-IX-IlER'IT-OR,  n,     A  joint  heir ;  a  coheir. 

eOIN'IXG,  ppr.  Stamping  money;  making;  invent- 
ing; forging;  fabrit^ating. 

COIN'ING,  n.  The  a«,  art,  or  practice,  of  making 
stamped  metallic  money. 

€0-IX'aUI-NATE,  c.  U     [L.  coinquino.] 
To  pollute.     [JW  usedJ\ 

€0-lX-aUl.NA'T!0N,  n.     Defilement.     {Xot  used.) 

eO-IN-STAX-TA'NE-OUS,  a.  Instantaneous  at  the 
same  moment. 

€0IR,  «.  A  material  for  cordage,  consisting  of  Iho 
fibers  of  the  cocoa-nut;  also,  the  cordage  made  of 
this  material.  P.  Cyc. 

eOIS'TRIL,  n.  [Said  to  be  from  kestrel,  a  degenerate 
hawk.] 

1.  A  coward  ;  a  runaway.  Shak.    Johnson. 

2.  A  young  lad.  Bailey. 
eOlT,  n.    A  quoit,  which  see. 

eOIT'IXG.    See  Quoit. 

eO-I"TIOX,  (ko-ish'un,)  n,  [L.  eoitio,  from  coeoy  to 
come  together;  con  and  eo,  to  go.] 

A  coming  together ;  chielly  the  venereal  inter- 
course of  the  sexes  ;  copulation.  Grew. 

eO-JOlX',  B.  L     [h.  conjaniTo.     See  Conjoin.] 

To  join  with  another  m  the  same  office.  [Little 
«sed.]  Shak. 

eO-JCROR,  n.  One  who  swears  to  another's  credi- 
bility, n'otton, 

€CKE,  n.     Fossil  coal  charred,  or  deprived  of  its  bilu- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PREY.  — PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE.  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

___  - 


COL 

men,  sulphur,  or  otiier  extraneous  or  volatile  matter 
by  fire,  aud  liius  prcp;ired  for  exciting  intense  heat. 
Eiicyc.     Cleageland. 

COKE,  V.  L    To  convert  into  coke. 

€OL'AN-DER,  (kul'len-der,)  n.  [U  coIo,  to  strain  ; 
Ft.  eouler^  to  flow,  to  trickle  down  j  cotdantj  (lowing; 
couloiry  a  colander.] 

A  vessel  with  a  bottom  perforated  with  little  holes 
for  straining  liquors.  In  America^  this  name  is 
given,  I  believe,  exclusively  to  a  vesst;!  of  tin,  or 
other  metal.  In  Orcat  Brttain^  the  name  is  given  to 
Vessels,  like  sieves,  made  with  hair,  osiers,  or  t\vigs. 
^ay.     Ray.     DryUcii. 

eO-LA'RKS,  71.     The  genuine  wine  of  Portugal. 

€0-LA'TIOA,  n.  The  act  of  straining,  or  purifying 
liquor,  by  passing  it  through  a  perforated  vessel. 
[LitUe  luetiA 

eOL'A-TURE,  71.  The  act  of  straining  i  the  matter 
strained.     [LitUe  used.] 

eOL'BER-TlNE,  n.     A  kind  of  lace  worn  bv  women. 

johruoH. 

eOL'eill-CIXE,  n.  A  vegetable  alkaloid  obtained 
from  Cotchicum  Autumnale. 

€OL'€III-eii'M,».  The  meadow  saflTron  of  English 
writers,  a  term  applied  to  a  genus  of  bulbous-rooted 
plants  fuund  in  many  p.'irts  of  Europe.  From  the 
bulbs  of  the  Culchicum  Autumiuile,  a  medicine  is 
prepared,  which  is  used  as  a  remedy  for  the  gout 
and  rheumatism.  Partington.     Loudvii. 

€OL'eO-TII.\R,  n.  The  brown  red  oxyd  of  iron 
which  remams  after  the  distillation  of  the  acid  from 
sulphate  of  iron  ;  us^rl  f.tr  polishing  ghiss  and  otiier 
substances.  It  is  culled  by  artists  crocwi,  or  crocus 
mortis.  Hitcyc      Ure, 

The  sulphate  of  iron  is  called  colcotJuir  or  cJialcite, 
when  the  calcination  has  been  carried  so  far  as  to 
drive  offa  considerable  part  of  the  acid.    Fou-rcruy. 
[See  Chaucite.I 

eOLD,  a.  [Sax.  eatdi  G.  kitlt;  D.  koud^  contracted; 
Gotli.  colds;  Basque,  gtdda :  Sw.  kail;  Dan.  hold; 
and  the  noun  kiilde,  Tlie  latter  seems  to  be  con- 
nected with  kulj  a  coal,  and  kaler^  to  blow  strong. 
But  the  connection  rajiy  be  casnal.  In  Swedish, 
kyla  signifies  to  cool,  and  to  burn  ;  thus  conncctiii;; 
cuo/,  cold,  with  the  L.  c«/f»,  to  be  hot.  Both  cold 
and  heat  may  be  from  rushing,  raging,  and  this  word 
may  be  from  the  same  root  as  frale.  If  not,  cuul 
wtHild  seem  to  be  allied  to  I^  ^elo.] 

1.  Not  \varm  or  hiit ;  gdid  ;  frigid  ;  a  relative  term. 
A  subsLince  is  cold  to  the  touch  when  it  is  less  warm 
than  the  body,  and  when,  in  contact,  the  heat  of  the 
biMjy  pas^s  from  the  body  to  the  substance  ;  as,  coUl 
air  ;  a  culd  stone  ;  cold  water.  It  denotes  8  greater 
degree  of  the  quality  than  conl.     [See  the  noun.] 

&  Having  the  sensation  of  cold  ;  chill ;  sliivering, 
or  inclined  to  shiver  ;  as,  I  am  cold, 

3.  Having  cold  t|unlities  ;  as,  a  cold  plant.     Bacon. 
A.  Frigid;  wanting  passion,  zeal,  or  unlor ;  indif- 
ferent ;   unconcerned ;    not  animated,  or  easily  ex- 
cited into  actirju  ;  as,  a  cvld  spectator ;  a  cold  Citris- 
tian  ;  a  cold  lover,  or  friend  ;  a  culd  temper. 

Hooker.    Jiildidon. 

Tlioii  «r.  n-^ithCT  eoH  nnr  hot.  —  Rer.  Ui. 

5.  Not  moving;  unaffecting;  not  animated;  not 
able  to  excite  feeling  ;  spiritless  ;  as,  a  coUl  discourse  ; 
a  Cold  jf'^t.  .^dilison. 

6.  Reserved  ;  coy ;  not  affectionate,  cordial,  or 
friendly  ;  indicating  inditVerence  ;  as,  a  add  look  ;  a 
cold  return  of  civilities  ;  a  cold  reception.    CUtrendan. 

7.  -Not  healt^d  by  sensual  desire.  Shak. 

8.  Not  hasty;  not  violent  Johnson. 

9.  Not  Hrfecting  the  scent  strongly.  Shak. 

10.  Nut  having  (he  scmt  strongly  alfected.  Shak. 
€OIiI),    B.     [Sax.  fc/f,  eyl,  eyle;  U.  koelu^  koude ;  G. 

kcUte.     See  Cool.] 

li  The  «ens;iiion  produced  in  animal  bodies  by  the 

^  escape  of  h.'-'at,  and  the  consequent  cunlraciion  of 
the  fine  vessels.  Also,  the  cause  of  that  sensation. 
Heat  expands  the  vessels,  and  cold  contracts  them; 
and  the  transition  from  an  expanded  to  a  contracted 
Btiite  is  accompanied  with  a  sensation  to  which,  as 
Well  as  to  the  cause  of  it,  we  give  the  denoii^nati'in 
of  culd.  Hence  cold  is  a  privation  of  heat,  or  the 
cause  of  it.  Kacyc.     Bacon. 

9.  A  shivering  ;  the  effect  of  the  contraction  of 
the  tine  vessels  of  the  body  ;  chilliness,  or  chillmrss. 

jyryden. 
3.  A  disease ;   indispoaition  occasioned  by  cold  ; 
ralarrh. 

€0I.I»-Hl,0OD'En,  f-blud'ed,)  a.    Having  cold  blood. 
9.  Wilhnut  sensibility,  or  feeling  ;  hard  hearted. 

COr.O'ER.  a.  comp.     More  cold. 

COI-D'EST,  a.  vupfW.     Most  cold. 

€oLr)'-FI\CH,  n.  A  spocies  of  Motarilla,  a  bird 
frequenting  the  west  of  England,  with  the  head  and 
bark  of  a  brownish  gray,  the  b(;lly  whitp,  and  the 
quill  f-ather-*  and  tail  blark.         Diet  ofJVat.  JliM. 

€o!.I)'-HEA  UT'EX),  a.  Wanting  passion  or  fccliijg  ; 
indifferent. 

€OU>'-HEART'ED-LY,  adv.    In  a  cold-hearted  man- 

COLD'-HEART'ED-NESa,  n.  Want  of  feeling  or 
Mnsibility. 


COL 

eOLD'-SHOUl^'DER.  To  give  the  cold  shoulder  to 
any  one,  is  to  treat  him  witli  cool  neglect 

eOLD'lSH,  a.     Somewhat  culd. 

eOLD'LY,  ado.  In  a  cold  manner  ;  without  warmth  ; 
without  concern ;  witliout  ardor  or  animation ; 
without  apparent  passiuu,  emotion,  or  feeling;  with 
JndiiTerence  or  uegUgenee  ;  as,  to  answer  one  coldly ; 
a  proposition  is  coldly  received. 

GoLD'XESS,  M.  Want  of  heat ;  as,  the  cold.tfjis  of 
water  or  air.  When  the  heat  or  temperature  of  any 
substance  is  less  th.au  that  of  the  aniuial  body  ex- 
posi*d  lo  it,  that  state  or  temperature  is  called  culdite.-i.i. 
a.  Unconcern;  indifference;  a  frigid  state  of  teni- 
pei  ;  want  of  ardor,  zeal,  emotion,  uuimation,  or 
spirit;  negligence;  as,  to  receive  an  answer  with 
coldnam  :  to  listen  with  coldness. 

3.  Want  of  apparent  affection,  or  kindnesa  ;  as,  to 
receive  a  friend  with  coldne.i.i. 

4.  Coyness;  reserve;  indifference;  as,  to  receive 
addresses  with  ^oldnesti. 

5.  Want  of  sensual  desire  ;  frigidity;  chastity. 
CoLD'-SllOKT,  a.     Brittle  when  cold,  as  a  nutal. 
COLE,  n.     f.Sax.  caul^  aiwl,  or  caicel;   L.  caulLi ;  Gr. 

«.<vX-f,-  D.  kout:  G.  kohl  i  Sw.  kal:  Dan.  k*ial;  \V. 
cawl ;  It.  colis,  eoili.i< ;  It.  car.olo  ;  Sp.  col  i  Port.  couDCf 
Arm.  caulin,  colen  ;  Ft.  chou.] 

The  general  name  of  all  sorts  of  cabbage  or  Bras- 
sica  ;  but  we  generally  use  it  in  its  compounds,  cole- 
worty  canliJiotDcr,  fit.c. 

COLE'-.MOLTSE,  H.    See  Coal-Mouse. 

eO-LE-OP'TEU-AL,  a.     Coleopterous. 

€0-LE-OP'TER-AN,  lu    i  [Gr.  Ki>.\£oi,  a  sheath,  and 

€0-Li:-<)P'TER-A,  lupl.  \      irrfoif,  a  wing.J 

A  term  applied  to  an  order  of  insects,  havmg  crus- 
taceous  elytra  or  shells,  which  shut  and  form  a  lon- 
gitudinal suture  along  the  back,  covering  the  wings 
which  lie  beneath,  as  the  beetle. 

eO-LE-OP'TER  OUS,  a.  Having  wings  covered  with 
a  case  or  sheath ;  belonging  to  the  Coleoptera. 

eOLE'-PERCH,  Tu  A  smaU  fish,  less  than  the  com- 
mon [K'rch.  Diet,  of  J^aL  Hl<L 

Col-.E'-SEED,   n.     The  seed  of  the  navew,  Napus 

sativa,  or  long-rooted,  narrow-leafed  rupa;  reckoned 

a  species  of  Bnussica  or  cabbage.  Encyc 

9.  Cabbage  seed.  Mortimer. 

eOLE'-WORT,  n.  {colt  and  icort,  Sax.  iryrt,  an  herb.] 
A  particular  species  of  cole,  Brassica,  or  cabbage. 

COL'ET,     I  rt.     A  corruption  of  Acolttk,  an  inferiot 

C(-)I.'LEr,  i      church  servant,  which  see.        Hook. 

C(->I/IC,  n.  [L.  colicus ;  Gr.  xoiAifcof,  fVoin  koiX"*',  the 
colon.] 

In  general^  a  severe  pain  in  the  bowels,  of  which 
there  are  several  varieties  ;  as,  bilious  colic,  liysteric 
colic,  nervous  colic,  and  many  others. 

Coze.     Quincy. 

eOL'ie'lL  i*^    Affecting  the  bowels.         MUlon. 

eoi/ICK-v",  a.    Pertaining  to  colic. 

eOL'I.V,  rt.     A  bird   of  the  partridge  kind,  found  in 

America  and  the  West  Indies,  called  also  a  quail. 
eOUI-SE'UM,  n.     [It.  e.olueo.]     The  amphitheater  of 

Vespasian  a>  Rome,  the  largest  in  the  world  ;  also 

written  Colo9si:uh. 
COLL,  o.  C.  To  embrace.   [AVC  in  usa.]    [See  Collar.] 

Spenger. 
€OL-LAB'0-RA-TOR,   n.      [Fr.   collahomteur.]      An 

asitociaie   in  labor,  csjfCciaUy  literary  or  scientific. 

r  Recent.]  Sdliman. 

eoi^LAPSE',  n.     A  falling  together,  as  of  the  sides 

of  a  hollow  vessel. 
2,  An  extreme  depression  of  the  boilily  energies. 
COL-LAPSE',  (kol-Iaps',)  r.  i.     [L.  coUabor,  coUapsus  ; 

con  and  labor,  to  slide  or  fall.] 

To  fall  l(»gether,  as  the  two  sides  of  a  vessel ;  to 

clfise  by  falling  together  ;  as,  the  fine  canals  or  ves- 

nels  of  the  body  colUipse  in  old  age.  Arbuthnot, 

C0I,-LAPS'/;D,  (kol-la|>st',)  pp.  or  a.    Fallen  together  ; 

eOL-LAP'srON,  C-shun;)  n.  A  state  of  falling  togeth- 
er ;    a  !Htate  of  vessels  closed. 

eOL'LAR,  B.  [U  collare;  Fr.  collier,  collet;  Arm. 
colyer  i  It.  collare;  Sp.  collar;  from  L.  eollum,  the 
neck.] 

L  Something  round  the  neck,  as  a  ring  of  metal 
or  a  chain.  The  knights  of  several  orders  wear  a 
chain  of  gold,  rnameled,  and  sometimes  set  with 
ciphers  or  other  devices,  to  which  the  badge  of  the 
order  is  appended.  Ktunjc. 

2.  The  part  of  a  garment  which  surrounds  the 
neck.    Job  xxx.  18. 

3.  A  part  of  a  harness  for  the  neck  of  a  horse  or 
other  beast,  used  in  dmught. 

4.  Among  ncamen,  the  upiK'r  part  of  a  stay  ;  iilso,  a 
rope  in  form  of  a  wreath,  to  which  a  stay  is  cimfined. 

5.  In  areJiitecturCf  an  horizontal  piece  of  timber  con- 
necting and  bracing  twc)  opposite  raAcrs.  Brande. 
Also,  a  ring,  cincture,  or  astragal.  OvoUt. 

To  slip  the  collar,  is  to  flfccape  or  get  free ;  to  dis- 
entangle one's  self  from  oiflkulty,  labor,  or  engage- 
ment. Johnson, 

A  collar  of  brawn.  Is  the  quantity  bound  up  in  one 
parcel.     [JVuE  u-ted  in  America.]  Johnson. 

eOL'LAR,  V.  ^     To  seize  by  the  collar. 

3.  To  put  B  collar  on. 


COL 

To  collar  beef^  or  Other  meat,  is  to  roll  it  up  and 
bind  it  close  with  a  string.     yEnglisk.] 

eOL'LAR-AGE,  n.  A  tax  or  fine  laid  for  the  collars 
of  witie-drawing  horses.     \Kag,]     Bailey.     Encyc. 

GOL'L.VR-BkAM,  n.  In  architecture,  an  horizontal 
piece  of  timber  connecting  and  bracing  two  opposite 
rafters  ;  ako  called  collar.  Owilt. 

eOL'LAR-BONE,  n.     The  clavicle. 

€OL'LAR-DaV,  n.  A  day  on  which  knights  appear 
at  Court  iji  their  collars.  Smart. 

eOL'LAR-i^;0,  pp.    Seized  by  the  collar. 
S.  Having  a  collar  on  tlie  neck. 

COL-LaT'A-ULE,  a.     Capable  of  being  collated. 

COL-LATE',  V.  t.     [h.  collatum,  coUatus ;  con  and  la- 
tum^ latus  ;  considered  to  be  the  supine  and  participle 
offcro,  confcro,  but  a  word  of  distinct  (trigin.] 
Literally,  to  bring  or  lay  together.     Hence, 

1.  To  lay  together  and  coiTiparc,  by  examining  the 
points  in  which  two  or  mure  things  of  a  similar  kind 
agree  or  disagree  ;  applied  particularly  to  vianiLseript^i 
and  books  i  as,  to  collate  copies  of  the  Hebrew  Scrip- 
tures. 

2.  To  confer  or  bestow  a  benefice  on  a  clergj-man, 
by  a  bishoji  who  has  it  in  his  own  gift  or  patronage  ; 
or,  more  strictly,  to  present  and  institute  a  clergy- 
man in  a  bLnefice,  when  ihe  same  person  is  both  the 
ordinary  and  the  patron  ;  followed  by  to. 


3.  To  bestow  or  confer.  Taylor. 

4.  To  gather  and  place  in  order,  as  the  sheets  of  a 
book,  for  binding. 

COL-L.^TE',  V.  i.     To  place  in  a  benefice,  as  by  a 

bishop. 

U  tlic  bishop  n'^g'K-cIs  to  collau  within  lix  mouUia,  the  right  to 
do  it  Uetulvt*  UI)  Uie  archU4hop.  Eiuyc. 

eOL-LAT'ED, ;)/).  Laid  together  and  compared;  ex- 
amined by  comi)aring  ;  presented  and  instituted,  as  a 
clergyman  to  a  benefice. 

COL-LAT'ER-AL,  a.  [L.  coUatcralis ;  con  and  laieror- 
lisy  from  latus,  a  side.] 

1.  Being  by  the  side,  side  by  side,  on  the  side,  or 
side  to  side. 

In  )iii  bright  radiance  nnd  coUnleral  light 
Mii«i  I  be  oamfoneA,  not  tii  his  aphere.  Shak. 

Collateral  pressure,  is  pressure  on  the  side.  So  we 
say,  cuUateriil  circumstances ;  circumstancea  which  ac- 
company a  princiiKil  event. 

2.  In  genealogy,  descending  from  the  same  stock 
or  ancestor,  but  not  one  from  the  other;  as  distin- 
guished from  lincuL  Lineal  descendants  proceed  one 
from  another  in  a  direct  line  ;  collateral  rehiikms  spring 
from  a  common  ancestor,  but  from  different  bninches 
of  that  common  stirps  or  stock.  Thus  the  children 
of  brothers  are  collateral  relations,  having  different 
fathers,  but  a  common  grandfather.        Blackstone. 

3.  Collateral  security,  is  security  for  the  performance 
of  covenants,  or  the  payment  of  money,  besides  the 
principal  security. 

4.  Running  parallel.  Johnson, 

5.  Dilfitsed  on  either  side  ;  springing  fVom  relations  ; 
as,  collateral  love.  Milton. 

6.  Not  direct,  or  immediate 

ir  by  ilin-ct  or  cotlaUml  nniiil.  Sluik, 

7.  Concurrent;  aw,  Ci*Wa((frfli  strength.  Atterbu-ry. 
COL-L.^T'ER-AL,  n.     A  collateral  relation  or  kins- 
man. 

eOI^LAT'ER-AL-LY,  adv.  Side  by  side;  or  by  the 
side. 

2.  Indirectly.  Dryden. 

3.  In  collateral  relation  ;  not  in  a  direct  line  ;  not 
linonlly. 

COULAT'ER-.^L-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  col- 
I  atonal. 

COL-LAT'ING,  ppr.  Comparing;  presenting  and  in- 
stituting. 

COIv-La'TION,  n.  The  act  of  bringing  or  laying  to- 
gether, and  comparing;  a  tomparison  of  one  copy  or 
thing  of  a  like  kind  with  another.  Pope. 

2.  The  act  of  conferring  or  bestowing ;  a  gift.  Ray. 

3.  In  the  canon  law,  the  presentation  of  a  clercy- 
mnn  to  a  benefice  by  a  bishop,  who  has  it  in  his  own 
gift  or  patronage.  Collation  includes  both  presenta- 
ti(m  and  iustitution.  When  the  patron  of  a  cliurch 
is  not  a  bi5h<ip,  lie  presents  his  clerk  for  admissiun, 
and  the  bisimp  in-nitutes  him  ;  but  if  a  bishop  is  Ihe 
patron,  his  presentation  and  institution  are  one  act, 
and  are  called  collation.  Blackmtone. 

4.  In  common  law,  the  presentation  of  a  copy  to  its 
original,  and  a  comparison  made  by  examination,  to 
ascertain  its  confnrmity  ;  also,  the  reiK)rt  of  the  act 
made  by  the  proper  otiicers.  Encyc. 

5.  In  ^ott  law,  the  right  which  nn  heir  has  of 
throwing  the  whole  heritable  and  movable  estates  of 
the  deceased  into'one  mass,  and  sharing  it  equally 
with  otliers  who  are  of  the  same  degree  of  kindred. 

G.  A  repast  between  full  meais  ;  as,  a  cold  collation. 
Collation  of  seals,  lienotes  one  seal  set  on  the  same 
label,  on  the  reverse  of  another.  Knctfc. 

eOL-LA-Tr'TIOUS,  (  tish'us,)  a.      Done  by  the  dis- 
tribution of  money. 
COL-LA'TIVE,  a.     Advowsons  are  prescntative,  rol- 
lative,  or  donative.    An  advowson  collative  is  where 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITS.  — AN"G£R,  Vr'CIOUS e  w  K;  d  is  J  j  fl  oa  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


COL 

ihe  bUhop  and  patron  an  ««  and  the  same  pcr^mn  ; 
in  which  case  tte  buh^  can  not  present  to  him^lf, 
but  he  doe»,  by  one  act  of  collation  or  confurring  the 
benefice,  Uie  whole  that  is  done,  in  comniun  caaes, 
bv  both  pmentation  and  institution.       Bladutone. 

eolr-LA'TOR,  m.  One  who  collates  or  coin|mres  man- 
uscripts or  copies  of  books.  Addison. 

*X.  One  who  collatea  to  a  benefice,  aa  when  th^  or- 
dinarv  and  patrun  aiv  the  same  person.         Jtjfti^ 

COL-LAl'D',  tr.  U     [U  eaUcudo.'] 

ToVinile  in  pratsine-     [Litde  used.]  HoveU. 

eOL'LEAGCE,  (kol  leeg,)  m.  [L.  eoUsftt  :  Fr.  cot- 
Uj^ue;  IL  colU^a;  8p.  wUga;  X.  co»  and  l*go^  to 
choose,  or  lego^  to  send,  os  U^^^  to  bind.  This  word 
is  differently  accented  by  dilTerent  speakers  and  lexi- 
cographers.   1  huve  followed  the  latest  authoritiea.] 

A  partner  or  assix-iate  in  the  same  c^ce,  employ- 
Bleat,  or  commi^oUi  civil  ur  ecclesta^eai. 

Miitatu     8tBift. 
It  ia  oarer  lued  of  partners  in  trade  or  maauAc- 
tures. 

€OL-LeAGUE',  (kol-leeg*,)  e.  L  or  u  To  unite  with 
in  ihiL-  (tame  otficew 

COL-LfwAiit'KD,  (kpt-leegd',)pp.  United  as  an  a^ 
suciiitc:  in  the  lUime  oAce. 

eOLXF.AGL'E-SIilP,  n.  Partnership  in  office.  MUtan. 

€X>L-I.F.€T',  r.£.  [L.  e^AUga^  coittrtmm ;  mm  and  fc/o, 
to  gather  ;  Gr  Xtfttt,] 

1.  To  gather,  as  eepuate  persoas  or  things,  into 
one  body  or  place  ;  to  aseemble  or  Iving  together ;  a«, 
to  e9lUct  men  into  an  army ;  to  etIUtt  ideas  j  to  9oUcct 
particulars  into  one  sum. 

SL  To  gain  by  obst^rvation  or  inforrantion  ;  as,  fVoro 
■II  that  can  be  cetUttedy  the  public  peace  will  not  soon 
be  interTU[Aed. 

3.  To  gather  from  premiMe ;  to  Infer  as  a  eonse- 
quence. 

Which  eMueqoencf,  I  conon<re,  k  «tt7  iH  cotUtlfd-        Lodk*. 

A.  To  gather  money  or  revenue  from  debtors ;  to 
demand  and  receive  ;  as,  to  eMect  taxes }  to  coiUet 
the  rui4oms  ;  to  collect  accounts  or  debts. 

5.  To  gather,  as  crops  ;  to  Kap,  mow,  or  pick,  and 
secure  in  proper  repostlories  ;  as,  to  colUct  bay,  com, 
<H^  fruits. 

&  To  draw  together;  to  bring  Into  united  action  ; 
as,  to  cMUet  all  the  strength,  or  all  the  powers  of  the 
7.  To.«btain  from  contribution.  [^mind. 

7V  eolUet  om^a  seff,  is  to  recover  from  snrpn^;,  or 
a  disconcerted  Kate  ;  to  gain  command  over  the 
thoughts,  when  dispersed  ;  over  the  p:iii-<ions,  when 
tumultuous :  or  the  mmd,  wh!.>n  dismayed. 

Skak,    MilUm. 
€OL-'LE€rr',  e.  i.    To  run  together  ;  to  nrcumulnle  ; 
as,  pus  eaiiecu  in  an  abiicesa ;  sand  or  auow  eolUcts 
in  banks. 
COL'LEGT,  «.     A  short,  comprehensive  prayer;  a 
prayer  adapted  to  a  pnrticukir  d»y  or  occosiun,  and 
read  together  with  oUier  parts  of  the  church  ser\'ice. 
Brande.     TatfUrr. 
S.  A  collertina  or  gatherini;  of  muney.  [  Little  used.] 
€01.-LE€>-Ta'.\E-A,  «.  pL    [L.,  things  coUecled.]    In 
Uxtrmturej  a  term  applied  tu  a  selection  of  passages 
from  varifMis  authors,  usually  made  fur  the  purpose 
of  instniction.  Brande. 

--COL-LEC-TA'XE-OUS,  a.     [L.  eaOsetaneus.] 
Gathered  ;  collected- 
€OLr-LEeT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Gathered  ;  assembled  j  con- 
gregated ;  drawn  together. 

S.  «■  Reeorered  from  surprise  ot  dismay  ;  not  dis- 
concerted ;  cool ;  firm;   prepared. 
eOL-LECT'ED-LY,  adr.     In  one  view;  together;  in 

one  bodv  ;  in  a  coot,  prepared  state  of  mind. 
€OL-LEeT'ED-\KS.S,  n.      A  collected  state  of  the 

mind  ;  recovery  from  surprise. 
eOL-LEera-BLE,  o.    That  may  be  collected  or  gath- 
ered ;  that  may  be  inferred. 

2.  That  may  be  gathered  or  rerovered  ;  as,  the 
debts  or  taxes  are  or  are  not  eoUefitble. 

€OL-LG€n^[NG,  ppr.  or  a.  Gathering ;  drawing  to- 
fMher;  a.«sembUng. 

eOL-LEC'TIOX,  K.  The  act  of  gathering  or  assem- 
bling. 

9:  The  body  formed  by  gathering  ;  an  assemblage, 
or  assembly  ;  a  crowd  ;  as,  a  collection  of  men. 

3.  A  oontribatian  j  a  sura  collected  for  a  charitable 
parpoae. 

N««  eonoRotox'  Uw  coOse&on  for  the  Mints.  —  1  Cor.  xri. 

^  A  gathering,  as  of  matter  in  an  abscess. 

5.  The  act  of  deducing  consequences  ;  reasoning ; 
Inference.     [LiUlt  used.]  Jokitson.     Hooker. 

&  A  corollary  ;  a  consectary  ;  a  deduction  from 
premises ;  consequence.  Johnson.     Hooker. 

7.  A  Iwok  compiled  from  other  books,  by  the  put- 
ting together  of  parts  ;  a  compilation  ;  as*  a  collection 
of  essays  or  sermuns. 
C0L-LEe-TI"T10US,  (-tish'us,)  a.    Gathered  up. 
eOL-LEGT'IVE,  o.     [L.  attUctieusi  Fr.  colUct^f;  It. 
ooUettico.] 

1.  Formed  by  gatliering ;  gathered  into  a  mass, 
sum,  or  body  ;  c^mgre gated,  or  agsregated.     Sviji. 

2.  Deducing  consequences  ;  reasoning ;  inferring. 

Broien. 

3.  In  gnaaottr^  expressing  a  number  or  multitude 


COL 

united  ;  as,  ncoUeetire  noun  or  name,  whicli,  though 
in  the  singular  numt>er  itself,  denotes  more  than  one  ; 
as,  ft'm/»'i»w,  armtj,  troopy  asst^hly. 
€OL-LECr'lV'E-LY,  adr.     In  a  mass,  or  body;  in  a 
collected  state  ;  tu  thf  aggregate  ;  unitedly  ;  in  a  state 
of  combination  ;  ils,  the  citizens  of  a  state  collectively 
considered. 
€OL-LE€T'I  VE-NESS,  a.    A  state  of  union  ;  mass. 
€OI.-LEeT'OK,a.  One  who  collects  or  gathers  things 
which  are  .scattered  or  separate. 

9.  A  compiler  ;  one  who  gathers  and  puts  together 
parts  of  books,  or  scattered  pieces,  in  one  book 

Addison. 
3.  In  frotony,  one  who    gathers  plants,  without 
studying  botany  as  a  science.  Encyc. 

Also,  a  term  applied  to  the  dense  hairs  covering 
the  styles  of  some  plants.  Brande, 

A,  An  officer  apfK>iiited  and  commissioned  to  col- 
lect and  receive  customs,  duties,  taxes,  or  toll. 

l^mple. 
5.  A  bachelor  of  arts  in  Oxford,  who  is  ap|)ointed 
to  superintend  some  scholastic  proceedings  in  Lent. 

Todd. 
eOL-LEer'OR-SniP,  >  n.     The  office  of  a  collector 
eOL-LECT'OR-ATE,  (      of  customs  or  taxes. 

2.  The  juruulictiuu  of  a  collector.  jSstat.  Ruearekes. 
eOI^LEG'.\-T.VRV,  n.     [U  con  and  Ufo,  to  send.] 
In  the  eivd  /dw,  a  person  who  has  a  legacy  left  to 
him,  in  comnu^n  with  one  or  more  other  person.^. 

Chambers.     Johnsotu- 
COL'LCGE,  n.  [L.  collegium  ;  con  and  Ugo^  to  gather.] 
In  its  primary  sense^  a  Collection  or   a^Membly. 
Hence, 

1.  In  a  general  smsey  n  collection,  assemblage,  or 
society  of  men,  invested  with  certain  powers  and 
rights,  perfitrining  certain  duticji,  or  engaged  in  some 
common  employment  or  pursuit. 

2.  In  u  partirular  sensCy  an  aafsembly  for  a  political 
or  ecclesiastical  pur{M>i<e  ;  as,  the  college  of  electors, 
or  their  deputies  at  the  diet  in  Rittishon.  So,  al.-to, 
Uic  college  of  princes,  or  their  deputies  ;  the  college 
of  cities,  or  deputie-n  of  the  iiniterial  cities  ;  the  col- 
lege iif  cardinals,  or  sacred  college.  In  Rassioy  the 
denominatitm  college  is  given  tu  councils  of  state, 
courts,  or  aiisemlilies  of  men  intnisted  with  the  ad- 
nitnisitation  of  the  govenniient,  and  colled  imperial 
collrges.  Of  Uie-ae,  some  are  supreme,  and  others 
subordinate;    a^t,  t)ie    supreme  imperial  college;    the 

•  college  of  foreign  affairs  ;  the  college  of  war ;  Uie  ad- 
miralty college;  the  cu//*^e  of  justice;  tlie  college  of 
commerce  ;  Uie  medical  college. 

fTm.  Tooke,  ii.  ai5,  a'ifi. 
In  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  ofAmrricay  a 
society  of  physicians  is  flailed  a  college.  So,  also, 
there  are  colleges  of  surgi^ns;  and  in  Britain,  a  col- 
lege of  phUusophy,  a  college  of  heralds,  a  college  of 
Justice,  &.C.  Colleges  of  these  kinds  are  u-sually  in- 
corporated or  established  by  Uie  supreme  power  of 
Uie  sute. 

3.  .\a  establishment  or  edifice  appropriated  to 
the  use  of  students  who  are  acquiring  the  languages 
and  sciences. 

4.  The  society  of  personal  engaged  in  the  pursuits 
of  literature,  including  the  officers  and  students. 
Societies  of  this  kind  are  incorporated  and  endowed 
with  revenues. 

5.  In  foreign  universitiest  a  public  lecture. 

6.  A  collection  or  community ;  as,  a  college  of 
bees.     lUHusuaL]  Dryden. 

eOL'LEGE-LIKE,  a.  Regulated  after  the  manner  of 
a  college. 

COL-LiC'Gl-AL,  a.  Relating  to  a  college  ;  belonging 
to  a  college  ;  having  the  prn(>erties  of  a  college. 

eOL-LE'6t-AX,  H.  A  nienibcr  of  a  college,  particu- 
larly of  a  literar}'  institution  so  called;  an  inhab- 
itant of  a  college.  Johnson. 

€OL-Lk'GI-ATE,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  college  ;  as,  col- 
legiate studies. 

2.  Containing  a  college  ;  in.Qtttuted  after  tlie  man- 
ner of  a  college  ;  as,  a  collegiate  society,     Johnson. 

3.  A  collegiate  church  is  one  that  has  no  bishop's 
see,  but  has  the  anciuint  retinue  of  a  bishop,  canona, 
and  prebends.  Of  these,  some  are  of  royal,  others 
of  ecclesiastical  foundation  ;  and  each  i.s  regulated, 
in  matters  of  divine  service,  as  a  cathedral.  Some 
of  these  were  anciently  abbeys  which  have  been 
secularized.  F.neyc. 

eOL-LE'Gl-ATE,  TU    The  member  of  a  colbge. 

Burton. 
eOL'LET,  n.    [Fr.  collet,  a  collar,  or  neck,  from  L. 
coUxtm.] 

1.  Among  jewc/i^r:?,  the  horizontal  face  Tr  plane  at 
the  bottom  of  brilliants ;  or  the  part  of  a  ring  in 
which  the  stone  is  set.  Rncyc.    Johnson. 

2.  In  gtass-maJcing,  that  part  of  glass  vessels  which 
sticks  to  the  iron  instrument  used  in  taking  the  sub- 
stance from  the  raelting-pot.  Encyc. 

3.  Anciently,  a  hand  or  c<jllar. 

4.  A  term  used  by  turners.  Johnson, 

5.  In  botany^  the  neck  or  part  of  a  plant  from 
which  spring  the  ascending  and  descending  axes. 

Lindtey. 
€OL-LET'ie,  a.    Having  the   property    of   gluing; 
agglutinant.  Encyc. 


COL 

eOULKT'lC,  n,     [Gr.  KoX\nriKUi.] 

An  agglutinant.  Eneyc. 

COb-LTDE',  V.  i.    [L.  coUido  ;  eon  and  lado,  to  strike'.] 

To  strike  or  dash  agtiinst  each  other.         BroTcn. 
G0b-LTD'1\G,  ppr.    Striking  or  dashing  against. 
eOLL'IKR,   (kol'yer.)  h.    [from  cvaL]     A  digger  of 
coal  ;  one  who  works  in  a  coal  mine.  Johnson. 

S.  A  coal  merchant,  or  dealer  in  coal.        Baron. 
3.  A  coasting  vessel  employed  in  the  coal  trade,  or 
in  tran!<iH>rting  coal  from  the  ports  where  it  is  re- 
ceived from  the  mines,  to  the  ports  where  it  is  pur- 
chased fur  consumption. 
eOLL'IER  Y.  (kol'yor-y.)  n.     The  place  where  coal 
is  dug.    [See  Coalkry.J 
2.  The  coal  trade,     (iu. 
€0L'Ll-FLOVV-ER.     See  CiULi flower. 
eOL'H-GATE,   «.   t.     [L.   adligo;   con  and   ligOy  to 
hind. J     To  tie  or  bind  together. 

The  piKiM  or  iaiiii;liiu  arc  coUigated  ia  row«.  NUh.  Diet. 

€OL'LI-GA-TED,  pp.    Tied  or  bound  together. 

eOL'Li-<;A-TL\G,  ppr.     Binding  together. 

eOL-LI-GA'TIO.\,  n.     A  binding  t<igother.    Brown. 

eOL-I.l-.MA'TIO.\,  tt.  [L.  collimo;  con  and  litnes,  & 
limit.  Ainf*worth  suggests  that  it  may  be  an  error, 
and  that  colUneo,  con  and  linea,  is  the  real  reading; 
but  collimo  is  in  (»erfect  analogy  with  other  words  of 
like  signification.  To  aim  is  to  direct  to  the  limit  or 
end.] 

1.  The  act  of  aiming  at  a  mark ;  aim  ;  the  act  of 
leveling,  or  of  directing  the  sight  to  a  fixed  object. 

AsiaL  Re.-iearck. 

2.  In  a  telescope^  the  line  of  coUimation,  is  the  line  of 
sight,  or  a  straight  line  passing  through  the  center  of 
the  objert-cl'f^y.  ^ 

eOL-Ll MA'TOR,  n.    An  Instrument  for  ascertaining 

the  horis'.ontal  point. 
C0L-L!N-E-A'T10N,n.     ['L.  colUneo ;  can  and  linea, 

a  line.] 
The  act  of  aiming,  or  directing  in  a  line  to  a  fixed 

object.  Johnson. 

COL'LING,  n.     [L.  coUani,  the  neck.]     An  embrace; 

dalliance.     [Aut  used.]  Chaucer. 

eOL-LIN"GU.\l.,  (-ling'gwal,)  a.  Having  or  peruin- 

ing  to  the  same  language. 
eOL-LIU'UA-BLK,   (ko!  lik'wa-bl,)  a.     [See  Colli- 

quATE.]     That  may   he  liquefied,  or  melted;  liable 

to  melt,  grow  soft,  or  hecouie  fluid. 
COL-LIU'UA-MENT,  n.     The  suhst-ance  formed  by 

meJttnK;  that  which  is  melted.      Bailey.     Johnson. 

2.  Technically,  the  fetal  part  of  an  egg;  the 
transparent  fluid  in  an  egg,  containing  the  first  nidi- 
liienlM  of  the  chick.  Coxe.     Encyc. 

3.  The  first  rudimenti  of  an  embryo  in  generation. 

Coxe. 

eOL'LT-QUANT,  o.  That  has  the  power  of  dissolv- 
ing or  melting. 

eOL'LI-QUATE,  r.  i,  [h.  coUiqueo;  con  and  liqtieo, 
to  melt.     See  Liquio.]" 

To  melt;  to  dissolve;  to  change  from  solid  to 
fluid  ;  to  become  liquid.  Brown. 

eOL'LI-aUATE,  r.  (.     To  melt  or  dissolve. 

eOL'Ll-UUA-TED,  pp.  Melted  ;  dissolved  ;  turned 
from  a  solid  to  a  fluid  substance.    Boyle.     Harvey. 

eOL'LiaUA-TLN'G,  ppr.     Melting;  dissolving. 

eOL-LI-aUA'TION,  «.    The  act  of  melting. 

Boyle. 
2.  A  dissolving,  flowing,  or  wasting;  applied  to 
the  blood,  when  it  does  not  readily  coagulate,  and  to 
the  solid  parts,  when  they  waste  away  by  excessive 
secretion,  occasioning  fluxes  and  profuse  clammy 
sweats.  Coze.     Encyc.     Q^uincy. 

COL  Lia'UA-TIVE,  (kol-lik'wa-tiv,)  a.  Melting; 
dissolving  ;  applied  to  excessive  evacuations,  which 
melt  down,  as  it  were,  the  strength  and  substance  of 
the  body. 

eOL-LIU-UE-FAC'TlON,  (kol-lik-we-fak'shun,)  n. 
[L.  colli'juefacio.] 

A  melting  together;  the  reduction  of  different 
bodies  into  one  mass,  liv  fusion.  Bacon. 

eOL-LI"SIO.V,  (kol-iizli'un,)  n.  [U  collision  from 
coUido,  collisi ;  con  and  l^do,  to  strike  or  hurt.] 

1.  The  act  of  striking  together;  a  striking  together 
of  t#o  hard  bodies.  MiUon. 

2.  The  state  of  being  struck  together;  a  clash- 
ing.    Hence, 

3.  Figuratimhf,  a  state  of  opposition ;  interfe- 
rence ;  as,  a  collision  of  interests,  or  of  parties. 

4.  A  running  against  each  other,  as  ships  at  sea. 

Marshal  on  Insurance.     IValsh. 

€OL-L[T'I-GA\T,  n.  One  who  litigates  or  wrangles 
with  anotlier. 

COL'LO  €ATE,  v.  t  [L.  eoUoco  ;  con  and  loco^  to  set 
or  place.]     To  set  or  place  ;  to  set ;  to  station. 

eOL'LO-€ATE,  a.     Set ;  placed.  Bacon. 

eOL'LO-CA-TED,  pp.     Placed. 

€OL-LO-eA-TIi\G,  ppr.     Setting;  placing. 

eOL-LO-CA'TION,  n.     [L.  coUocatio.] 

I.  A  setting ;  tlie  act  of  placing ;  disposition  in 
place. 

9.  The  state  of  being  placed,  or  placed  with  some- 
thing else.  Bacon. 

eOI^LG-CO'TION,  n.  [L.  eolloeutio;  eon  and  loca- 
tio,  from  loquor,  to  speak.] 


FJTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRgY.— PT.\E,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BQOK. 


COL 

A  speaking  or  conversing  togellier  ;  conference; 
mutual  discourse.  Badey.     Juknson. 

eOL-LOeC'TOR,  n.  One  of  the  speakers  in  a  dia- 
logue, 

eOL-LCGUE',  r.  (.    To  wheedle.     [JVot  in  use.] 

COL'LOP,  K.    A  small  slice  of  meal  ^  a  piece  ot  flesh. 

J>niden. 
S.  In  burlesque,  a  child.  SAak. 

3.  In  Job  XV.  97,  it  seems  to  have  the  sense  of  a 
thick  piece  or  fleshy  lump.  "  He  maketh  collops  of 
fat  un  his  flanks."  This  is  the  sense  of  tlic  word  in 
New  England. 

eOL-Lo'aUI-AL,  a.  [See  Colloquy.!  Pertaining 
to  Common  conversation,  or  to  mutual  discourse  ;  as, 
eoUotfiual  language  ;  a  colloquial  phrase. 

€OL-L0'aUI-AL,-I«M,  n.  A  colloquial  fonn  of  ex- 
pression. 

€OL-Lo'Q.lTI-AL-LY,  ado.    By  mutual  conversation. 

€OLXO-aUIST,  B.    A  speaker  in  a  dialogiie. 

Jilulone, 

COL'LO-QUY,  n*  [L.  eoUoquium;  con  and  loquor^  to 
speak.] 

Conversation;  mutual  discourse  of  two  or  more  ; 
conference ;  dialogue.  Mdton,     Taylor. 

eOL'LoVV,    See  Collv. 

eOL-LU€'TAN-CY,  tu  [L.  colluctor;  con  and  /uetor, 
to  stniggle.] 

A  struggling  to  resist;  a  striving  against;  resist- 
ance ;  oppcjsiiion  of  nature. 

eOL-LLTC-TA'TIOX,  tu  A  struggling  to  resist ;  con- 
test ;  resistance  ;  opposition  ;  contrariety.   Woodward. 

COL-LCDE',  D.  I.  [h.  coUudoi  con  and  ludoy  to  play, 
to  banter,  to  mock.] 

To  play  into  the  hand  of  each  other;  to  conspire 
in  a  fraud  ^  to  act  in  concert.  Johnson. 

€OL-L0D'ER,  n.     One  who  conspires  in  a  fraud. 

eOLr-LCD'ING,  ppr.     Conspiring  with  another  in  a 

eOU-LOD'ING,  n.     A  trick  ;  collusion.  [fraud. 

eOL-LC'«ION,  (-zhun,)  n.  [L.  colltuio.  See  Col- 
lude.] 

1.  In  laiB,  a  deceitful  agreement  or  compact  be- 
tween two  or  more  persons,  for  the  one  party  to  bring 
an  action  against  the  otiier,  for  some  evil  purpose,  as 
to  defraud  a  third  person  of  his  right.  Cowel. 

A  secret  understanding  between  two  parties,  who 
plead  or  proceed  fraudulently  against  each  other,  to 
the  prejudice  of  a  third  person.  Encyc. 

2.  In  general,  a  secret  agreement  and  co-operation 
for  a  fraudulent  purpose. 

€OL-LC'SIVE,  a.    Fraudulently  concerted  between 

two  or  more  ;  as,  a  collusive  agreement. 
€OL-L0'SIVE-LY,   adv.      By    collusion;    by    secret 

agreement  to  defraud. 
eoL-LO'SIVE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  col- 
lusive. 
COL-LO'SO-RY,  a.    Carrying  on  a  fraud  by  a  secret 

concert ;  containing  collusion. 
eOL-LO'VI-ES,  n.    [L.J      Filth  ;  a  sink;  a  mixed 

mass  of  refuse  matter. 
COL'LY,      i  n.     [Supposed  to  be  from  cnal.] 
GOL'LOW, )      The   black   grime   or  soot  of  coal   or 

burnt  woo(L  Woodward.     Burton, 

eOL'LY,  r.  (.    To  make  foul ;  to  grime  with  the  smut 

of  coal.  Skak, 

eOL'LY-RITE,  n.     [Gr.  KoWvmov.  infra.] 

A  variety  of  clay,  of  a  white  color,  with  shades  of 
gray,  red,  or  yellow.  Cleavrland. 

€OL-LYR'I-UM,  n.  [L. ;  Gr.  KoWvnuw.  Uu.  from 
KoXvM,  to  check,  and  ^:o(,  defluxion.] 

A  lotion  Intended  to  prevent  excessive  discharges, 
now  applied  only  to  eye-waters.  Brandt, 

eOL'MAR,  n.     [Fr.]     A  sort  of  pear. 
eOL'O  CYNTH,  n.     [Gr.  K-.A'>«u.'fc'<j.] 

The  coloquintlda,  or  bitter  apple  of  the  shops,  a 
«kind  of  cucumber,  from  Aleppo  aud  frtim  Crete.     It 
conLiins  a  bitter  pulp,  which  is  a  drastic  purge.  Encyc. 
eOL-O-CYNTH'lN,  n.     The  supiHjsed  active  medici- 
nal principle  of  the  coloeynth.  P.  Cyc 
eO-LOGNE'-EARTH,  (ko-ICne'erth,)  b.     A  kind  of 
light   bastard   ocher,  of  a  deep  bruwn  color,  not  a 
pure   native  fossil,  but   containing   more   vegetable 
than  mineral  matter;  suppos«d  to  be  t!ie  remains  of 
wiK>d  lung  buried  in  rlie  earth.  JIUL 
It  is  an  earthy  variety  of  lignite  or  bnmn  coal. 
Clear  (land, 
eO-L0G.\E'-VVA-TER,  (ko-Ione'wii-ter,)  n.    A  liquor 
composed  of  spirits  of  wine,  oil  of  lavender,  oil  of 
rosemary,  essence  of  lemon,  and  oil  of  cinnamon. 
eOL'O-Lrl'E,  It.     [Gr.  nwAui',  the  colon,  and  AtW^s, 
stone.] 

A  name  given  to  the  fossil  intestines  of  f)r<hns. 
€0'LON,   n,     [Gr.   «f.'Aor,  the   colon,  a  member  or 
limb.] 

1.  in  anatomy^  the  largest  of  the  intestines,  or 
rather  the  largest  division  of  the  intestinal  canal ; 
beginning  at  the  rxcum,  and  ascending  by  the  right 
kidney,  it  passes  under  the  hollow  part  of  the  liver, 
and  the  bottom  of  the  stomach,  to  the  spUrcn  ;  tht-nce 
descending  by  the  led  kidney,  it  pa-tucs,  in  the  ftirm 
of  an  S,  tu  the  upper  [>art  of  the  os  sacrum,  where, 
from  it«  straight  coume,  the  canal  takes  the  name  of 
rtctunu  Encyc.     Qnmey. 

3.  In  ^?ramnuir,apointorcharacter formed  thus  [:], 
used  to  mark  a  pause  greater  than  tliat  of  a  »emi- 


COL 

colon,  but  less  than  that  of  a  period  ;  or  rather.  It  is 
used  when  tiic  sense  of  the  division  of  a  period  is 
complete,  so  as  to  admit  a  full  [»oint ;  but  someiliing 
is  added  by  way  of  illustration,  or  the  description  is 
continued  by  an  additional  remark,  without  a  neces- 
sary dependence  on  the  foregoing  members  of  the 
sentence.     Thus, 

A  brute  atriTea  at  fi  poml  of  perfection  he  can  never  p:ws :  In  a 
tew  y.-ira  he   hu  all  the  euilowmcnu   he  ia  capuLle  of. 
Speet.  No.  iii. 
The  colon  is  often  used  before  an  address,  quota- 
tion, or  example.    *'  Mr.  Grey  was  followed  by  Mr. 
Erskine,  who  spoke  thus  :  '  I  rise  to  second  the  mo- 
tion of  my  honorable  friend.* "     But  the  propriety  of 
this  depends  on  the  pause,  and  this  depends  on  the 
form  of  introducing  the   quotation  ;  for  after   say, 
said^  or  a  like  word,  the  colon  is  not  used,  and  seems 
to  be  improper.     Thus,  in  our  version  of  the  Scrip- 
tures, such  members  are  almost  Invariably  followed 
by  a  comma:  "But  Jesus  said  to  them, 'Ye  know 
not  what  ye  ask.*  " 

The  use  of  the  colon  is  not  uniform  ;  nor  is  it 
easily  defined  and  reduced  to  niles.  Indeed,  the  use 
of  it  might  be  dispensed  with  without  much  incon- 
venience. 

€OL'0-NEL,  (kur'nel,)  n.  [Fr.  colonel :  It.  colonncllo  ; 
Arm.  coronal ;  Sp.  coronet ;  Port,  coronel  ,■  from  It. 
colonna,  Fr.  co/onnc,  a  column,  It.  colonncllo^  the  col- 
umn of  a  book.] 

The  chief  commander  of  a  regiment  of  troops, 
whether  infantry  or  cavalry.  He  ranks  next  below 
a  brigadier-gener.il.  In  Eii;:land,  colonel-litutenani  is 
the  commander  of  a  rccirn,  nt  of  guards,  of  which 
the  king,  prince,  or  other  pcTson  of  eminence,  is 
colonel.  Lieutenant-colonel  is  the  second  olficer  in  a 
regiment,  aud  commands  it  in  the  absence  of  the 
colonel. 

€OL'0-NEL-CY,  (kur'nel-cv,)         )  n.      The    office, 

eOL'O-NEL-SHIP,  ^kur'nei-ship,)  i  rank,  or  com- 
mission of  a  colone/l.  Sw(ft.      Washington. 

eO-L0'\I-.A.L.,  a.  [See  Colokv.]  Pertaining  to  a 
colony ;  as,  colonial  government ;  colonial  rights. 
[C01.0SICAL  is  not  in  use.] 

COL'O-NIST,  B.  [See  CoLo:fv.l  An  inhabitant  of  a 
colony.         Black-stone,     Mnrskall^  Life  of  Washington. 

eOL-0-.\I-ZA'TlOi\,  n.  The  act  of  colonizing,  or 
slate  of  being  coluiiized. 

Coloniiation  society  ;  a  society  in  the  United  States 
dcsigm^d  to  aid  free  blacks  in  emigrating  to  Africa. 

eOIj-O-Nl-ZA'TION-IST,  n.  A  friend  to  coloniza- 
tion, particularly  to  the  colonization  of  Africa  by 
emigrants  from  the  colored  population  of  the  Uni- 
ted Stales. 

eOL'O-NIZE,  V.  t.  [See  Colont.]  To  plant  or  estab- 
lish a  colony  in  ;  to  plant  or  st-itle  a  number  of  the 
subjects  of  a  kingdom  or  state  in  a  remote  country 
fur  the  purpose  of  cultivation,  commerce,  or  defense, 
and  for  permanent  residence.  Bacon, 

The  Grvela  colonized  Ihe  »oiilh  of  Ilnly  And  of  Trance. 

2.  To  migrate  and  settle  in,  as  inhabitants. 

Enjiwb  Puriuii*  colonized  N-w  England. 

eOL'O-MZE,  r.  i.    To  n,*muve  and  settle  in  a  distant 

country  ;  as,  to  colonize-  in  India.  Buchanan. 

eOL'0-i\iZ-*:D,pp.    Settled  or  planted  with  a  colony. 
eOL'O-XIZ-ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Planting  with  a  colony. 
eOL'O-NIZ-IN'G,  n.     The  act  of  eslablis^hing  a  colony. 

Thii  rt-'tp  fKiper  hm  Iveri  ailojiteil  .a*  ihe  btt»i»  of  alt  h-^  Inter 
colonizing:  Tooke,  i.  6^^. 

€OL-0\-NADE',  n.  [It.  eohnnnta^  from  cotonna,  a 
column;  i^p.  coliintUa ;  i'r.  colonnade.     See  Column.] 

1.  In  architecture,  a  series  or  range  of  ctilumns, 
placed  at  regular  intervals.    Bmldt^r^s  Diet,    j^ddison. 

2.  Any  stories  or  range  of  rolumns.  When  dis- 
posed in  a  circle,  or  when  surrounding  a  building 
of  any  shape,  they  are  called  a  peristyle;  when  the 
rows  of  columns  are  double  or  more,  they  form 
a  polyKtyle.  Pope. 

COL'O-NY,  n.  [Ij.  eolania^  from  rolo,  to  cultivate.] 
I.  A  company  or  body  of  people  transplanted  from 
their  mother  coimtry  l^i  a  remote  province  or  coun- 
try, to  cultivate  and  inhabit  it,  and  remaining  subject 
to  tlie  jurisdiction  of  the  parent  state  ;  as,  the^ritish 
ct»lonies  \\\  America,  or  the  Indies ;  the  Spanish  colo- 
nies in  South  America.  -  When  such  settlements, 
in  later  limes,  cease  to  be  subject  to  the  parent  state, 
they  are  no  longer  denominated  colonics. 

Til'?  fiol  r-tiK-m  of  Ni-w  Kiiylnnil  wer^  ihe  bftl  of  Rngli«hTn«n, 
w.  Ii-ei]iicifil,  (Ir-voiit  cTin*(iJiii«,  anil  I'uiotii  lovm  of  lib- 
erty.    Th-rc  was  nr.ver  a  colony  fomieil  of  better  nmleriab. 

AmtB. 

9.  The  country  plantf'd  or  colonized  ;  a  plantation  ; 
aluo,  the  body  of  inhabitants  in  a  territory  colonized, 
including  the  descendants  of  the  firr't  planters.  The 
people,  though  born  in  the  territory,  retain  the  name 
of  colonittsy  till  they  cease  to  be  subjects  of  the  pa- 
rent state. 

3.  A  collection  of  animals ;  as,  colonies  of  shell- 
fish. Encyc 

eOL'O-PIIA-NY.    See  Colofhost. 

COL'O-PHON,  71.  An  inscripti<m  on  the  last  page  of 
a  book,  before  title-|Kiges  were  used,  containing  the 
place  or  year,  or  both,  of  its  publication,  the  print- 
er's name,  &.c.    The  word  is  derived  from  a  Greek 


COL 

pruverb  respecting  the  people  of  Colophon,  in  Ionia, 
that  they  always  came  hindermost. 

Brandt.      Warton. 
€OL'0-PHON-ITE,  n.     [Supra,  from  the  city,  or  its 
resin  color.] 

A  variety  of  garnet,  of  a  resinous  fracture,  and  a 
reddish  yellow  or  brown  color,  occurring  in  small, 
ainorphuus,  granular  masses.  Diet.  JVUt.  HisL 

€OL'0-PHO-NY,  iu  Black  rosin  ;  \he  dark-colored 
resiu  obtained  by  the  distillation  of  turpentine. 

Brande. 
It  is  so  named  from  Colophon,  iu  Ionia,  whence 
the  best  was  formeriy  brought.  The  spelling  Colo- 
PHANT,  given  by  Ure,  8«ems,  therefore,  to  bo  erro- 
neous. 
€OL-0-aUINT'I-DA,n.  [Gr.  Ko\oKVvOii ;  L.  coloeyn- 
this.] 

The  colocynth,  or  bitter  apple,  the  fruit  of  a  plant 
of  the  genus  <;ucumis,  a  native  of  Syria  and  of 
Crete.  It  is  of  the  size  of  a  small  orange,  containing 
a  pulp  which  is  violently  purgative,  but  sometimes 
useful  as  a  medicine.  Chambers. 

COL'OR,  (kul'lur,)  n.  [L.  color;  It.  colore i  Sp.  Port. 
color;  Fr.  coii/^ur.] 

1.  In  physics,  a  property  inherent  in  light,  which, 
by  a  difference  in  the  rays  and  the  laws  of  refraction, 
or  some  other  cause,  gives  to  bodies  particular  ap- 
pearances to  the  eye.  The  principal  colors  are  red, 
orange,  yellow,  green,  blue,  indigo,  and  violet. 
White  is  not  proj)erly  a  color ;  as  a  white  body  re- 
flects the  rays  of  light  without  sepaniting  them. 
Black  bodies,  on  the  contran,',  absorb  all  the  rays,  or 
nearly  all,  and  therefore  bUick  is  no  distinct  color. 
But  in  common  discourse,  tchite  and  black  are  de- 
nominated colors  ;  and  all  tiie  culurs  admit  of  many 
shades  of  ditferenct'. 

2.  Ap(R'arance  of  a  body  to  the  eye,  or  a  quality 
of  sensation,  caused  by  the  rays  of  light ;  hue ;  dye  ; 
as  the  color  of  gold,  or  of  indigo. 

3.  A  red  color  ;  tlie  freshness  or  appearance  of 
blood  in  the  face. 

My  cheeki  no  longer  diil  ilieir  color  boaaL  Dryden. 

4.  Appearance  to  the  mind;  as,  prejudice  puts  a 

false  color  upon  objects. 

5.  Superficial  cover  ;  jKilliation  ;  that  which  serves 
to  give  an  appearance  of  right ;  as,  their  sin  admit- 
ted no  color  or  excuse.  King  Charles. 

6.  External  appearance ;  false  show ;  pretense ; 
guise. 

Under  the  color  of  commending  hitn, 

1  h«vc  O.CC.M  wy  own  hve  to  prefer.  -SAo^. 

[See  ,^cts  xxvii.  30.] 

7.  Kind  ;  species  ;  character  ;  complexion. 

Bovt  and  women  are,  for  ihc  inoel   part,  cattle  of  Ihts  color. 
'  Shak. 

8.  That  which  is  used  for  coloring;  paint;  as  red 
lead,  ocher,  orpiment,  cinnabar,  or  vermilion,  &.c. 

9.  Colors^  with  a  plural  termination,  in  the  mUi- 
tary  art^  a  flag,  ensign,  or  standard,  borne  in  an  army 
or  fleet.     [See  Flag.] 

10.  Inlaw,  color, \\i  pleading,  is  when  the  defendant, 
in  assize  or  trespiiss,  gives  to  the  plaintiff  a  color  or 
appearance  of  title,  by  stating  his  title  specially ; 
thus  removing  the  cause  from  the  jury  to  the  court. 

Blackslone. 
Water  colors,  are  such  as  are  used  in  painting  with- 
out being  mixed  h  ith  oil,  Encyc. 
eOL'UR,  (kul'lur,)  r.  u  To  change  or  alter  the  exter- 
nal apiM,*amnce  of  a  body  or  substance  ;  to  dye  ;  to 
tinge;  to  paint;  to  stain;  as,  to  color  cloth.  Gen- 
erally, to  color  is  to  change  from  white  to  some  other 
color. 

2.  To  give  a  s[)ecious  appearance ;  to  set  in  a  fair 
tight ;  to  palliate  ;  to  excuse. 

He   cfjlort  ihe  lalaclioiKl  of  jGneax  by  an  exprea*  command  of 
Jiipiur  to  fontakc  Ihe  qucvu.  Dryilen. 

3.  To  make  plausible  ;  to  exaggerate  in  representa- 
tion. Addison. 

To  color  a  strangcr^s  goods,  is  when  a  freeman  al- 
lows a  foreigner  to  enter  goods  at  the  custom-house 
in  his  name,  U)  avoid  the  alien's  duty. 

eOL'OR,  r.  I.  To  turn  red  ;  to  have  color  come  into 
the  cheeks  from  embarrassment,  anger,  &.c. 

eOL'OR-A-BLE,  a.  Designed  to  cover  or  conceal  ; 
specious;  plausible;  giving  an  appearance  of  right 
or  jUHtice  ;  JIM,  a  colorable  pretense  ;  a  colorable  ex- 
cuse. Spenser.     liooker, 

eOL'OR-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Spcciousnesa  ;  plausible- 
nesfl. 

eOL'OR-A-BLY,  a^/c.  S[x;ciousIy  ;  plausibly;  with  a 
fair  external  appearance.  Bacon, 

eOI-.'OR-ATE,  a.  [I-.  coloratus,  from  coloro, to  color.] 
Colored  ;  dyed,  or  tinged  with  some  culur.    [Lit- 

tic  us-rrf.]  Rill- 

COI-t-Oll-X'TION,  (kul-lur-i'shun,)B,    [L.  eoloroA 
The  art  or  practice  of  coloring,  or  the  state  of  be- 
ing colori-d.  Bacon. 
€0L'OR-A  7'IJRE,  n.     In  music,  all  manner  of  varia- 
tions, trills,  &c,  intended  to  make  a  song  agreeable. 

Kiieye. 
eOL'OR-£D,  (kul'Iurd,)  vp.  or  o.     Having  the  exter- 
nal appearance  cbangea  j  dyed ;  tinged  ;  painted  or 
stained. 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE. -^AN"GER,  VI"C10US.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  »  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  M  in  THIS. 


20 


225 


COL 

3.  Stnkkod ;  striped  ;  having  a  diversity  of  hues. 
3.  Having  a  specious  appearance.  [Bacan. 

Oalmnd  pwpU;   black  people,  Africans  or   their 
descendnnts,  mixed  or  unmixed. 
€»U-OR-IK'IC,  (kiil'Jur-,)  a.     [color^  and  L.  /ado,] 
Thai  has  the  quality  of  tinging  ;  able  to  give  color 
or  lint  to  nUier  bodies.  Klnpnit. 

CQVOVL-UiQ,  ppr.  or  a.     Dyeing;  staining;  tinging. 
3.  Giving  r  <kir  external  appearance  ;  palliating  ; 
excusing. 
eOL'OR-ING,  It.    The  act  or  art  of  giving  a  color  ; 
Uie  state  of  being  colored  ;  color. 

S.  A  specious  appearance ;  fair  artificial  represen- 
tation ;  as,  the  story  has  a  eoltrimg  of  truth. 

3.  Among  paauer*.  the  manner  of  applving  colors, 
or  the  mixture  of  light  and  shade  formed  by  tlie  va- 
rious colors  employed. 
€OL'OR-IST,  H.  [Supra.]    One  who  esA(a*j  a  pciinter 
who  excels  in  giving  the  proper  colors  to  his  designs. 

DrydoL 
COL'OR'LEd^!,  a.    [Supra.]    Destitute  of  color;  not 
distinguished  by  any  hue ;  transparent ;  as,  e»torU*s 
water,  glass,  or  gas.  JV^ioton. 

eO-LOS'SAL.      [a.    [See  Colos>its.1    like  a  colos- 
eOL-03^£'AN,  I     SOS ;  very  large  ;  nuge ;  gigantic 
eOL-Oa«e'UM,  a.    The  name  gt\*en  to  the  largest 
aii^iliicbeater  in  the  world,  that  of  Vespasian ;  also 
written  Cousium. 
€0-L03'SLTS,  H.    [L.  and  Gr.l    A  statue  of  a  gican- 
lic  size.    The  most  remarkalue  colossus  of  antiquity 
was  one  at  Rhodes,  a  statue  of  ApoUo,  so  high  that 
tt  is  said  ships  might  sail  between  its  legs. 
GO-LOS'SUS-WISJ::,  ttdr.    In  the  manner  of  a  co- 

kwsus.  Skak, 

eOLT0RT-AtiE,n.  The  system  of  dlslribuUng  tracts, 

&c,  bv  Colporteurs. 
€0L'P6RT-ECR,  }  a.    [Fr.  ea<per<s«r,  a  carrier  oa  bis 
€OLP0RT-ER,     \     neck.] 

LiUrall^,  a  peddler ;  but  in  rtentt  usa^e,  one  who 
travels   fur   the  sate  and  distribution  of  retigious 
tracts  and   books. 
€OL'ST.\FF,ii.    A  staff  for  canjing  burdens  by  two 

persons  on  their  shoulders.    [LocaL] 
COLT,  a.     [Sax.  eolL] 

1.  The  young  of  the  equine  genus  of  animals,  or 
hfwse  kind.  In  America,  colt  is  equally  applied  to 
the  male  or  fmnale,  and  this  Is  unqiiesUonably  cor- 
recL  The  male  is  called  a  koTse<cU,  and  the  female 
is  called  a  /My. 

3.  A  young,  foolish  fellow ;  a  person  without  expe- 
rience or  stabilitv.  ShaL 

CCLT,  r.  t.  To  frisk,  riot,  or  frolic,  tike  a  colt ;  to  be 
licentious.     iXu  mMd.]  Speiutr, 

CCiWV  r.  t.    To  befooL    [JVU  «««^]  SktJu 

C6LT^S'-FQ0T,  m.  The  popular  name  of  TmslhigD 
Farfara^  a  plant  whose  leaves  were  once  much  em- 
ployed in  medicine.  Tlie  name  is  also  given  to  a 
sneci(.-5  of  Cacniia.  Fam,  of  Plants. 

eOLT*S'-TOOTH,  a.  An  imperfect  or  superfluous 
tooth  in  young  horses.  Muuon. 

2.  A  love  of  youthfUl  pleasure.    [LittU  mud.] 

WrnnH,  l^onlSaiyta: 

Tour  cDaVloatt  ■  dm  yel  cmC  SKaI. 

eOLT'ER,  a.  [U  eulter,  a  colter  or  knife ;  that  is, 
the  aOifr :  Pr.  eoutrt ;  IL  eoUro ;  W.  e^Uawr ;  D. 
kauter  ;  G.  kalUr,] 

The  few  iron  of  a  plow,  with  a  sharp  edge,  that 
cuts  the  earth  or  sod. 

G^LT'ISH,  «.    lake  a  colt ;  wanton  ;  frisky  ;  gay. 

eoLU-BER,  a.  [L..  a  serpent  or  adder.]  [Ckatuer. 
In  loolo^,  a  genus  of  serpents.  Linneus  placed 
under  this  genus  all  ^^rpents,  whether  venomous  or 
out,  wbuse  ^ales  beneath  the  tiil  are  arranged  in 
painj ;  but  Cuvier  and  latiT  antbors  restrict  it  to 
th*t«  havine  transverse  plntes  on  the  belly,  the 
plates  under  the  tail  forming  a  double  row,  a  Dai- 
tened  head,  with  nine  larger  plates,  teeth  almost 
equal,  and  no  poison  fan^.  P.  C^c 

fOL'r-BRT.N'E,  fl      [I^  caluhrUns.] 

Relating  to  the  coluber,  or  to  serpents ;  cunning  ; 
Cfaftv.     [little  uscdJ]  JoAitdwn. 

eOL't'-M-BA-RY,  ■,     [U  w/amAariKBi,  from  cvlumba, 
a   pigeon ;   W.  cdemen ;    Ir.   eolin  or  colim :    Ann. 
eoulm ;   Rnss.  goimh,  a  pigeon  or  dove.     In  Russ. 
goluba  signifies,  of  a  sky-blue  azure.J 
A  dove-cot ;  a  pigeon-house. 

€0-LLfM'BATE,  n.  A  salt  or  compound  of  columbic 
acid  with  a  base. 

€0-LUM'BI-AN,  a.  Peruining  to  the  United  States, 
ur  to  America,  diiicovered  by  Columbus. 

CO-Lr>rBI6,  a.  Pertaining  to  columbium ;  as,  co- 
lumbic  acid. 

eOL-l'M-BIF'ER-OL'S,  a.  Producing  or  containing 
columbium.  Pkittips. 

€OL'UM-BT.VE,  a.  Like,  or  pertaining  to,  a  pigeon 
or  dove  ;  of  a  dove  color,  or  like  the  neck  of  a  dove. 

eOL'CM-BIXE,  B.     [L.  eolumbina.] 

1.  The  popular  name  of  Aquilegia,  a    genus  of 
plants  of    several    species.     The  Thalictrum,   or 
Bieadow-rue,  is  also  called  feathered  eolmmhine. 
Sl  The  heroine  in  pantomime  entertainments. 

Fenning. 
7*fae  name  of  the  mistress  of  Hariequin  in  our 
pantomimes.  Todd's  Johnson. 


COM 

[Colombina  is,  In  Italian,  a  diminutive  term  of  en- 
denrmeni,  "pretty  little  dove,"  (Plaut.  ("as.  1,  50, 
•'  Meus  pullus  piisser,  mea  coluinbn,  ml  lepua  ;  '' 
Asin.  3,:t,  103,  "  Dicigitur  mennaticulaui.coluuiliam, 
vt:l  ratellum,  llinindiiieni,  inoiu-dulain,  itasDrrciilum, 
putillum  ;  ")  and  it  denotes,  in  old  Italian  comedy,  the 
nHtiip  of  a  maid-«en*anl,  who  is  a  perfect  coquette,  in 
which  respect  the  character  familiar  to  our  ICnglish 
stage  varies  fr^im  the  prototype.  —  E.  H.  B.] 

CO-LUM'BITE,  n.    The  ore  of  columbium. 

eO-LUM'BMJM,  n.     [from  Columbia^  America.] 

A  metal  tirsi  discovered  in  nn  ore  or  oxyd,  found 
in  Connecticut,  at  New  London,  near  the  house  of 
Govenior  Wintiirop,  and  by  him  transmitted  to  Sir 
Hans  Sloane,  by  whom  it  was  deposited  in  the  Brit- 
ish Mui^um.  The  same  metal  was  afterward  dis- 
covered in  Sweden,  and  called  tanUdum^  and  its  ore 
tAnUditf.  CUaveland. 

eO-LUM'BO.    See  Calumba. 

eOL-l^-MEL'LA,  n.  In  frotmijf,  the  central  column  in 
a  capsule,  taking  its  rise  fruni  the  receptacle,  and 
having  the  seeds  fixed  to  it  all  round.  MaHyn. 

The  axis  of  the  fruit.  LinMey. 

SLi  In  amehology,  the  upright  pillar  in  the  center  of 
most  of  the  univalve  shells.  Humble. 

eOL'UBCN,  rkol'lura,)  n.  [h.  coltmna,  columen;  W. 
colse,  a  stalk  or  stem,  a  prop  ;  coUrvyn^  a  column  ;  Ir. 
epl&k,  a  stalk,  a  column  ;  Ann.  coulouenn :  Fr.  colonne ; 
It.  eclonna  ;  Sp.  eolumna :  Port,  columna,  or  coluna. 
This  word  is  from  the  Celtic,  signifying  the  stem  of  a 
tree,  such  stems  being  the  first  columns  used.  The 
primary  sense  is  a  shoot,  or  that  which  is  set.] 

L  In  arehilecture^  a  long,  round  body  of  wood  or 
stone,  used  to  support  or  adorn  a  building,  composed 
of  a  base,  a  shaft,  and  a  capital.  I'lie  shaft  tapers 
firom  the  base,  in  imitation  of  tJie  stem  of  a  tree. 
There  are  five  kinds  or  orders  of  columns.  1.  The 
TmseoMj  rude,  simple,  and  masrty  ;  the  higlit  of  which 
is  fourteen  semi-diameters  or  modules,  and  the  dimi- 
nution at  the  top  from  one  sixth  to  one  eighth  of  the 
inferior  dhuneter.  2.  The  Dt>ri£^  which  is  next  in 
strength  to  the  Tuscan,  has  a  robust,  masculine  ns- 
pect;  its  hight  is  sixteen  modules.  3.  Thts  lunie  is 
more  slender  than  the  Tuscan  and  Doric  ;  its  hight  is 
eighteen  modules.  4.  The  Corinthian  is  more  deli- 
cate in  its  form  and  proportions,  and  enriched  with 
ornaments;  its  hight 'should  be  twenty  modules. 
S.  The  CompotUe  is  a  species  uf  the  Oorintlitan,  and 
of  the  same  highL  Kncvc 

In  strictness,  the  shaft  of  a  column  consists  of  one 
entire  piece;  but  it  is  often  com|>oscd  of  different 
pieces,  so  united  as  to  have  the  appearance  of  one 
entire  piece.  It  difiers,  m  this  respect,  frnm  a  pillar. 
which  primarily  signifies  a  pile^  composed  of  small 
niecik  But  the  two  things  are  unfortunately  con- 
founded ;  and  a  column,  consisting  of  a  single  piece 
of  timber.  Is  called  a  pUlar,  or  pile. 

2.  An  ert'ct  or  elevated  structure,  resembling  a  col- 
umn in  architecture;  as,  the  astronomical  column  at 
Paris,  a  kind  of  hollow  tower,  with  a  spiral  ascent  to 
the  top;  gnomonie  column,  a  cylinder  on  which  the 
hour  c^the  day  is  indicated  by  the  shadow  of  a  style  ; 
military  eoUtmitj  among  the  Romans ;  triumphal  coU 
HSM,  &c 

3.  Any  body  pressing  perpendicularly  on  its  base, 
and  of  the  same  diameter  as  its  base  ;  as,  a  column  of 
water,  air,  or  mercur\'. 

4.  In  the  military  art,  a  large  body  of  troops  drawn 
up  in  deep  files,  with  a  narrow  front ;  as,  a  solid  col- 
umn. So,  also,  numbers  of  ships  in  a  fleet  following 
each  other  in  order. 

5.  Among  printers^  a  division  of  a  page  ;  a  perpen- 
dicular set  of  lines  seinrated  from  another  set  by  a 
line  or  blank  space.  In  manuscript  books  and  pa- 
pers, any  separate  perpendicular  line  or  row  of  words 
or  figures.  A  page  may  contain  two  or  more  columns ; 
and,  in  arithmetic,  many  columns  of  figures  may  be 
added. 

C.  In  botany  ^Xhe  aggregate  stamen  of  a  plant  when 
the  filaments  are  united  into  a  tube  around  the  styles, 
as  in  tlie  Malvaceous  plants,  which  have  been  called 
Colammferay  i.  e.,  column- bearers.  The  united  sta- 
mens and  styles  of  the  plants  of  which  the  genus 
Ordus  is  the  type,  is  called  a  column. 

€0-LUM'NAR,  a.  Formed  in  columns;  having  the 
form  of  columns  ;  like  the  shaft  of  a  column ;  as,  co- 
lumnar spar. 

COL'U.M.N-£D,  fkorurad,)  a.    Having  columns. 

ec»-LCRE',  n.  [Gr.  Kohtvn'-q  ;  «yAo<:,  mutilated,  and 
oiipn,  a  tail ;  so  named  because  a  part  is  always  be- 
neath the  horizon.] 

In  ojitronomy  and  ^eo^aphy^  the  colures  are  two 
great  circles,  supposed  to  intersect  each  other  at  right 
angles,  in  tiie  poles  of  the  world,  one  of  them  pass- 
ing through  the  solstitial  and  the  other  through  the 
equinoctial  points  of  the  ecliptic,  viz.,  Cancer  and 
Capricorn,  Aries  and  Libra,  dividing  the  ecliptic  into 
four  equal  parts.  The  points  where  these  lines  in- 
tersect the  ecliptic  are  called  cardinal  points.    BarUnc. 

eOL'ZA,  n.  A  variety  of  cabbage  whose  seeds  afiTord 
an  oil  used  in  lamps.  Vre. 

COM,  in  composition,  as  a  prefix,  Ir.  comh,  or  cotmA,  W. 
cym  or  cyv,  L.  com  or  cum^  denotes  withj  to,  or  against. 

€6'MA,  n.    [Gr.  *fj;ia,  lethargy.] 


COM 

Irf-thargy  ;   dozing:   a  preternatural  propensity  to 
sleep  ;  a  kind  of  ntujKir  of  diseased  [ktsuiis.   Coze. 
eO'M.\,  n.    [U,  from  Gr.  KOfin,  a  head  oriiair.] 

1.  In  botany,  a  species  of  bract,  terminating  the 
stem  of  a  plant,  in  a  tuft  or  bush  ;  as  in  Crown-im- 
perial. MartUH. 

2.  In  astronomy,  the  envelope  of  a  comet ;  a  dense 
nebulous  covering,  which  surrounds  the  nucleviSy  oi 
body  of  a  comet. 

eO'MART,  a.  [con  and  moH.']  A  treaty;  article; 
acreemenL     [Obs.]  Skak. 

COM  ATE,  a.  [L.  comatiw,  from  coma ;  \x.fiamk,ciabh.] 
Hairy ;  encom|>as9cd  with  a  coma,  or  bushy  apjiear 
nnce,  like  hair.  Shak. 

Cc^'MATE,  n.  [co  and  mate.l  A  fellow-male  or  com- 
panion. Shak. 

eO'MA-TOSE,  ja.    [See  Coma.]    Preternaturally  dia- 

eO'.MA-TOUS,  I  posed  to  sleep;  drowsy;  dozing, 
without  natuml  sleep  ;  lethargic.  Coze.     Grew. 

COMB,  (k6me,)  n.  [Sax.]  A  valley  between  hills  or 
mountains.     \Locm.\  Brown. 

COMB,  (kSme,)  n.  [Sax.  eamb,  a  comb;  cemban,  to 
comb;  G.  kamm;  D.  kami  Sw.  kamtm  Dan.  Aam,  a 
comb  ;  Ir.  ciomaim,  to  comb  or  card.  Qu.  L.  como,  to 
dress,  trim,  or  comb,  which  seems  to  be  allied  to  the 
Gr.  KOfi\p>i.  But  Uie  noun  may  be  the  radical  word 
in  our  language,  and  from  scratching,  scraping ;  Eth. 

It      U  ffamea,  to  shave  or  scrape.] 

1.  An  instrument,  with  teeth,  furseparating,cbianR- 
ing,  and  adjusting  hair,  wool,  or  flax.  Also,  an  in- 
strument of  h-rn  or  shell,  fur  keeping  the  hair  in  its 
place  when  dressed. 

2.  The  crest,  caruncle,  or  red,  fleshy  tuft,  growing 
on  a  cock's  head  ;  so  called  from  its  indentures,  wJiich 
resemble  the  teeth  of  a  comb. 

3.  The  substance  in  which  bees  lodge  their  honey, 
in  small,  hexagonal  cells. 

4.  A  ary  measure  of  four  bushels ;  properly  Coohb. 


[J\'ot  used  in  tlie  United  States.'\ 
DOMB, 


COMB,  ».  t.     To  separate,  disentangle,  cleanse,  and 

adjust,  with  a  comb  ;  us,  to  comb  hair  ;  or  to  separate, 

cleanse,  and  lay  smooth  and  straight ;   as,  to  comb 

wool. 
COMB,  V.  L     li\  the  language  of  seamen,  to  roll  over,  as 

the  top  of  a  wave  ;  or  to  break  with  a  white  foam. 

[Uu.  Sp.  combar,  to  bend,  or  from  the  English  comb.] 
CoMB'-HIRD,  (kome'burd,)  n.     A  gallinaceous- fowl 

of  Africa,  of  the  size  of  a  turkey-cock. 
COMU'-IIRUSH,  n.     A  brush  to  clean  combs. 
COMB'-MAK-ER,   n.      One  whose   occupation   is   to 

make  combs. 
COMB'-MAK-ING,  n.    The  art  or  business  of  making 

combs. 
COM'BAT,  V.  i.     [Fr.  combattrc,  com  and  battre,  to  beat 

with  or  against;    It.  combtUtere;  Sp.  combatir;  Port. 

combaltr  :  Arm.  combadti  or  combatein.     See  Beat.] 

1.  To  fight  i  to  struggle  or  contend  with  an  op- 
posing force. 

Par-Jon  me  ;  I  wUI  not  combal  in  my  shlrL  Shak, 

This  word  is  particularly  used  to  denote  private 
contest,  or  the  fighting  of  two  persons  in  a  duel ;  but 
it  is  used  in  a  general  sense  for  the  contention  of 
bodies  of  men,  nations,  armies,  or  any  species  of  an< 
imals. 

Afler  th?  rail  of  the  republic,  the  Romans  comhaUd  only  for  the 
cbaic«  of  mfutif  n.  Oibbon, 

2.  To  act  in  opposition.  Jtftlton. 
It  is  followed  by  with  before  the  person,  and  for 

before  the  thing  sought ;  as,  A  combats  icith  B  for  his 
right. 

COM'BAT,  r.  (.  To  fight  with ;  to  oppose  by  force; 
as,  to  combat  an  antagonist. 

2.  To  contend  against ;  to  oppose;  to  resist;  as,  to 
combat  arguments  or  opinions. 

COM'BAT,  n.  A  fighting  ;  a  stniggling  to  resist,  over- 
throw, or  conquer;  contest  by  force;  engagement; 
battle  ;  as,  the  combat  of  armies. 

2.  A  duel ;  a  fighting  between  two  men  ;  formerly, 
a  formal  trial  of  a  doubtful  cause,  or  decision  of  a 
controversy  between  two  persons  by  swords  or  batons. 

CO.M-BAT'A-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  disputed  or  op- 
posed. 
CO.M'BAT-ANTjO.  Contending;  disposed  to  contend. 

B.  Jonson. 
CO.M'BAT-ANT,  ti.    A  person  who  combats  ;  any  per- 
son who  fights  with  another,  or  in  an  armyj  or  fleet. 
S.  A  duelist ;  one  who  fights  or  contends  in  battle, 
for  the  decision  of  a  private  quarrel  or  difierence ;  a 
champion. 

3.  A  person  who  contends  with  another  in  argu- 
ment or  controversy. 

COM'BAT-ED,pp.     Opposed;  resisted.  Locke. 

COM'BAT-ER,  n.    One  who  fighu  or  contends. 

Shenoood. 

COM'BAT-ING,  ppr.  Striving  to  resist ;  fighting ;  op- 
posing by  force  or  by  argument. 

COM-BAT'IVE,  a.     Disposed  to  combat. 

COM-BAT'IVE-NESS,  n.  Amon^  p/^renologists,  an 
organ  which  predisposes  a  person  to  fight ;  disposition 
to  contend. 

COMB'ED,  (k5md,)  pp.  or  a.  Separated,  cleaned,  or 
dressed  with  a  comh. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T.  — .METE,  PREY.  — FIXE,  MARLVE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK  ■ 
_ 


COM 

€oMB'EU,  (kom'er,)  n.  One  who  combs  ;  one  whose 
ocnipaiion  ts  lo  comb  wtwl,  fcc. 

COM'BKR,  (kum'ber,)  n.     Encumbrance.    [J^"otvsed.] 

€OM'BER,  H.  A  long,  slender  fish,  with  a  red  back, 
found  in  Cornwall,  England. 

eOM-BIN'A-BLE,  a.     Capable  of  combining. 

Clieaterjield. 

eOM-Br?iI'A-BX*E-NE3S,  n.  Plate  of  being  combin- 
able. 

eOM'BI-NATE,  a.  [See  Combine.]  Espoused  ;  be- 
trothed.    [JVot  usfd,]  Shak. 

eOM-BI-NX'TION,  ».  [Fr.  eombinaisan.  See  CoM- 
BiNcl  In  general,  close  union  or  connection. 
Hence, 

1.  Intimate  union,  or  association  of  two  or  more 
persons  or  things,  by  set  purpose  or  agreement,  for 
e(r--^cting  some  object,  by  joint  operation;  in  a  orood 
sensf,  when  the  object  is  laudable  ;  in  an  ill  sense, 
when  it  is  illegal  or  iniqiiitouf).  When  the  word 
stands  by  itself,  it  is  commonly  taken  in  a  bad 
sense  ;  as,  combinations  have  been  formed  among  the 
people.  It  is  sometimes  equivalent  to  league,  or  to 
con.tpiracij.  We  say,  a  eomhinaiiun  of  men  to  over- 
throw government,  or  a  combination  to  resist  op- 
pression. 

3.  An  assemblage  ;  union  of  particulars  ;  as,  a 
combination  of  circumstances. 

3.  Commixture  ;  union  of  bodies  or  qualities  in  a 
mass  or  compound  ;  as,  to  make  new  compoun'ds  by 
new  eombinations,  Boyle. 

4.  Chemical  union  ;  union  byatfinitv- 

Mix  Jry  add  of  t.irMr  vnth  dry  cartxmate  orpotatfa  ;  no  combi- 
nation will  ?ruu4,  till  WAier  m  added.  Henry, 

5.  In  maVttmatics^  the  term  rt*mt/'.naUons  denotes 
the  different  collections  that  may  be  formed  out  of  a 
given  number  of  things,  taken  a'certain  number  at  a 
time,  without  regard  to  th*-  order  in  which  they  are 
arranged;  and  are  thus  distinguished  from  pCT-mufa- 
tiouA^  or  changes,  which  have  reference  to  the  order 
in  which  the  several  quantities  may  be  arranged. 

Barlow. 

6.  Comhinalion  room  :  in  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge, Eng.,  a  room  into  which  the  fellows  withdraw 
after  dinner,  for  wint- ,  dessert,  and  conversation. 

eO>!-Bl\E',  r-  t.  [Ft.  combiner;  fL  combinare ;  Sp. 
combinar :  from  the  Low  Latin  combino,  of  com  &nA 
binas.two  ami  two,  or  double.] 

L  I'o  unite  or  join  two  or  more  things  ;  to  link 
closely  together. 

Fri>;ii<tstiip  combinea  the  hemsla  of  men.  Anon. 

2.  To  agree  ;  to  accord  ;  to  settle  by  compact. 
[^ot  usual]  Shak, 

3.  To  join  words  or  ideas  together ;  opposed  to 
anahfi  e.  Joh  nson. 

4.  To  cause  to  unite  ;  to  bring  into  union  or  con- 
federacy. 

The  »iol»neem  of  reroliitlonary  France  corji^ntd  the  power*  of 
K'lrupe  in  oppoaitiuii. 

eOM-BTNE',  r.  i.  To  unite,  agree,  or  coalesce;  as, 
honor  and  policy  combine  to  justify  the  measure. 

3.  To  unite  in  friendship  or  design ;  to  league  to- 
gether. 

You  with  jour  het  combine.  Dryden, 

3.  To  unite  by  affinity,  or  natural  attraction. 

Two   autwrniica  which  will    not  cot.  bine    of  th«m>^lre»,  maj 
be  ni-tde  to  CQjnbine  bj  the  interyention  of  i  third. 

4.  To  confederate ;  to  unite  as  nations  ;  as,  the 
powers  of  Europi;  combined  against  France. 

COMlBIN'ED,  (kom-blnd')  pp.  or  a.  United  close- 
ly ;  associated  -,  leagued  ;  confederated  ;  chemically 
united. 

€OM-BI\'ER,  n.     Fie  or  that  which  combines. 

C^MB'ING,  (kdm'ing,)  ppr.  Separating  and  adjusting 
hair,  wo4il,  tec.  by  menn^  of  a  comb. 

eOMB'IXG,  n.     Borrowfd  hair  combed  over  a  bald 


€0 


part  of  the  head,     [/^cal.]  Bp.  Taylor. 

OM-BI\'I\G,  pnr.  or  a.     Uniting  closely  ;  joining  in 
purpose;  confederating;  uniting  by  chemical  affinity. 

CoMB'LESS,  a.  Without  a  comb  or  crest;  as,  a 
cowblf-'*s  cock.  Shak. 

eO.M-BUST',  a.     [L.  combtutus,  eomburo.] 

Wh:-n  a  planet  Is  in  conjunction  with  the  sun,  or 
apparently  very  near  it,  it  is  said  lo  be  combust,  or 
in  combustion  ;  an  old  mathematical  term  now  dis- 
used. 

eOM-BUST'LBLE,  a.  TFr.  eombusUble;  Sp.  id. ;  from 
L.  eomburo,  com^buj^tum.] 

That  will  take  fire  and  bum  ;  capable  of  catching 
fire ;  thu«,  wood  and  coal  are  combustible  bodies. 

eOM-BUST'I-BLE,  n.  A  substance  that  will  take 
fire  and  burn  ;  a  body  which,  in  its  rapid  union  with 
others,  disengages  heal  and  light.  Ure. 

€OM-BUST'I-l!LE-NESS,  \  n.    The  quality  of  taking 

€OM-BUST-l-BIL'l-TV,  \  fire  and  burning;;  the 
quality  of  a  substance  which  admits  the  action  of 
fire  upon  it;  capacity  of  being  burnt.         Lavoiirier. 

3.  The  quality  of  throwing  out  heat  and  light,  in 
the  rapid  combination  of  its  substance  with  another 
bod  v.  Ure. 

€OM-BtJS'TIOx\,  (kom-bust'yun,)  Tu  [Low  L.  com- 
biutio.     .See  Comrust.] 

1.  The  operation  of  fire  on  inflammable  substances  ; 


COM 

or,  according  to  modern  chemistry,  the  union  of  an 
inflammable  substance  with  oxygen,  attended  with 
light,  and  in  most  instances  with  he,at.  In  the  com- 
bustion of  a  substance,  heat  or  caloric  is  disengaged, 
and  oxygen  is  absorbed.  Lavovfier. 

This  theory  of  Lavoisier  being  found  somewhat 
defective,  the  following  definition  is  given.  Com- 
bustion is  the  disengagemenlof  heat  and  light  which 
accompanies  chemical  combination.  Ure. 

Combutlion  can  not  iy  rcgiinleil  rs  dependent  on  any  peculiar 

piiiicipte   or  form  of  iitalter,   but  niUBt  be  considered  aA  *. 

^iieral  result  of  intense  chemictl  sction.  Brandt. 

2.  In  popular  language,  a  burning  ;  the  process  or 
action  of  fire  in  consuming  a  body,  attended  with 
heat,  or  heat  and  fiaine  ;  as,  the  combustion  of  wood 
or  coal. 

3.  Confiagmtion  ;  a  great  fire.  Hence,  from  the 
violent  agitation  of  fire  or  flame, 

4.  Tumult  ;  violent  agitation  with  hurry  and 
noise  ;    confusion  ;    uproar. 

Hooker.     MiiUm.     Dryden. 
eOM-BURTTVE,  a.     Disposed  to  take  fire. 
COME,  (kum,)  r.  i. ;  prc(.  Came;  part.  Come.     [Sax. 

cuman,  or   cioiman ;  Goih.   cusiman,    preL    cioom  ;    D. 

koomen,  pret.  kwam  i  G.  kommen ;  Sw.  komma  ,-  Dan. 

kommtr^   to  come.     Q,u.   W.  cam,  Ir.   ceim,  a  step. 

And  qu.  the  Ar.  ^\ji  kaumai  Heb.  Ch.  Dip  to  rise, 

or  stand  erect ;  to  set  or  establish  ;  to  subsist,  con- 
sist, remain  ;  to  rectify,  or  set  in  order  ;  and  in 
Arabic,  to  be  thick,  stiff,  or  congealed.  The  senses 
of  the  words  appear  to  be  very  different ;  but  we  use 
come  in  the  sense  of  rising  or  springing,  applied  to 
corn  ;  the  corn  comes  or  comes  up,  G.  kei/nen.  So  the 
butter  comes,  when  it  separates  from  the  whey  and 
becomes  thick  or  stiff.  And  is  not  our  common  use 
of  come,  when  we  invite  another  to  begin  some  act, 
or  to  move,  equivalent  to  rise,  being  originally 
directed  to  persons  sitting  or  reclining,  in  the  Ori- 
ental manner.'  Coming  implies  moving,  driving, 
shooting  along,  and  so  we  use  set}  we  say,  to  set 
forward ;  the  tide  sets  northerly.] 

1.  To  move  toward  ;  lo  advance  nearer,  in  any 
manner,  and  from  any  distance.  We  say,  the  men 
come  this  way,  whether  riding  or  on  foot;  the  wind 
comes  from  the  west ;  the  ship  comes  with  a  fine 
breeze  ;  light  come*  from  the  sun.  It  is  applicable, 
perhaps,  to  every  thing  susceptible  of  motion,  and  is 
opposed  to  go. 

2.  To  draw  nigh ;  to  approach ;  to  arrive ;  to  be 
present ;  as,  the  time  has  come. 

Come  thou  and  all  thj  house  Into  the  art.  — Gen.  ril. 
All  my  lime  will  I  wait,  till  my  change  com*.  —Job  idr, 
Vihen  shall  I  coJn«  and  appear  before  God  ?— Ps.  xlii. 
Then  shall  the  end  come.  —  Mut.  icxiv. 
Thy  kingdom  comx ;  'iiy  will  be  done.  —  Matt.  vi. 

3.  To  advance  and  arrive  at  some  state  or  condi- 
tion ;  as,  the  ships  came  to  action  ;  the  players  came 
to  blows  ;  is  it  com^  to  this  ? 

Ilif  soni  come  to  honor,  and  h"  knoweih  It  not.  — Job  sir. 

I  wonder  how  he  came  to  know  what  had  been 
done  ;  how  did  he  come  by  his  knowledge  ?  the  heir 
comes  into  possession  of  his  estate  ;  the  man  will 
come,  in  time,  to  abhor  the  vices  of  his  youth ;  or 
he  will  come  to  be  poor  and  despicable,  or  to  pov- 
erty. 

In  these  and  similar  phrases,  we  observe  the  pro- 
cess or  advance  is  applied  to  tlie  body  or  to  the  mind, 
indiflV-rently  ;  and  to  persons  or  eventi. 

4.  To  happen  or  fall  out ;  as,  how  cnmcs  that.?  let 
come  what  will.  Hence,  when  followed  by  an  ob- 
ject or  person,  with  to  or  on,  to  befall ;  to  light  on. 

After  all  that  has  come  on  US  for  our  evil  deeds.  —  Eb%  Ix. 
All  things  com*  alike  to  all.  —  Eecl«s.  U. 

5.  To  advance  or  move  Into  view  ;  to  appear;  m, 
blood  or  color  conies  and  goes  in  the  face. 

Spenser.     Shak. 

6.  To  sprout,  as  ptanti  ;  to  spring.  The  com 
comes  or  cfwieA  up.  "In  the  coming  or  sprouting  of 
malt,  as  it  must  not  come  too  little,  so  it  must  not 
come  loo  much."  Mnrtimcr.  So  Bacon  uses  the 
word  ;  and  this  use  of  it  coincides  nearly  with  the 
sense  of  Dtp,  qiiom,  2  Kinsrs  x'w.  2G,  and  in  the  same 
chapter  inserted  in  Isaiah  xxxvii.  27.  It  is  the  G. 
keimen.  Icelandic  keima,  to  bud  or  germinate. 

7.  To  become. 

So  eamt  I  a  » idnw,  ^ak. 

8.  To  appear  or  be  formed,  as  butter ;  to  advance 
or  change  from  cream  to  butter;  a  common  use  of 
the  word  ;  as,  the  butter  come*.  Hudibras. 

9.  Come,  in  the  imperative,  is  used  to  excite  atten- 
tion, or  to  invite  to  motion  or  Joint  action;  come,  let 
us  go. 

This  is  th"  bfir ;  come,  let  ua  kill  him.  —  M*tf .  ixi. 

When  repeated,  it  sometimes  expresses  haste  ; 
eoTn«,  COVU-,  Sometimes  it  expresses  or  introduces 
rebuke. 

As  the  sense  of  come,  is  to  move,  In  almoat  any 
manner,  in  its  various  applications,  that  sense  is 
modified  indeflnitelv  by  other  words  used  in  con- 
nection with  it.     Thus,  with  words  expressing  ap- 


COM 

proacfi,  it  denotes  advancing  nearer;  with  words  ex- 
pressing departure,  a^Jrom,  of.  out  of,  &.c.,  it  denotes 
motion  from,  &c. 

To  come  about ;  to  happen  ,  to  fall  out ;  lo  come  to 
pass;  to  arrive.  How  did  these  things  come  about 7 
So  the  French  venir  d  bout,  to  come  to  the  end,  that 
is,  to  arrive. 

7'o  come  about ;  to  turn  ;  to  change  ;  to  come  round. 
The  wind  will  come  about  from  west  lo  east.  The 
Bliip  comes  abouL  It  is  applied  to  a  change  of  senti- 
ments. 

On  better  lhou«rhts,  and  mv  ur»ed  rcasoTis, 

They  arc  come  about,  and  won  to  the  true  side.       B.  Jonton. 

To  come  again  ;  to  return.     Ocn.  xxviii.     Lcp.  xiv. 

7'o  come  after;  to  follow.  J\Iatt.  xvi.  Also,  to  Come 
to  obtain  ;  as,  to  come  after  a  book. 

To  come  at;  lo  reach;  to  arrive  within  reach  of; 
to  gain  ;  to  come  so  near  as  lo  be  able  to  tike  or  pos- 
sess. We  prize  those  ni()st  who  are  hardest  to  come 
eU.     To  come  at  a  true  knowledge  of  ourselves. 

Also,  to  come  toward,  as  in  iiilacking.       [Addison. 

To  come  aioay  ;  to  depart  from  ;  to  leave ;  to  issue 

To  come  back  ;  to  return.  [from. 

7*0  come  by  ;  to  pass  near ;  a  jiopular  phrase.  Also, 
to  obtain,  gain,  acquire  ;  that  is,  lo  come  near  atj  or 
close. 

Examine  how  you  came  6y  all  your  state.  Drydtn. 

This  is  not  an  irregular  or  improper  use  of  this 
word.  It  ia  precisely  equivalent  to  possess,  to  sit  by. 
[See  Possess.]  Ho  in  Ger.  bekommen,  D.  bekoomen,  to 
get  or  obtain  ;  the  by  or  be  prefixed. 

To  come  down ;  to  descend. 

The  Iiord  wiit  come  doton  on  Mount  Sinai.  —  Ex.  xix. 

Also,  to  be  humbled  or  abased. 

Your  princi  pa  lilies  shall  come  doion.  — •  Jer.  xitl. 
Comt  doioH  from  thy  glory.  —  Jer.  xlviii. 

To  come  for ;  to  come  to  get  or  obtain ;  to  come 
aAer. 

To  come  forth  ;  to  issue  or  proceed  from.  Gen.  xv 
Is.  xi.     Micah  V. 

Also,  to  depart  from  ;  to  leave.    Mtrk  ix. 

Also,  to  come  abroad.     Jer.  iv. 

7*0  come  from;  to  depart  from  ;  to  leave.  In  popu- 
lar language,  this  phrase  is  equivalent  to,  where  is 
his  native  place,  or  former  place  of  residence  ;  where 
did  this  man,  this  animal,  or  this  plant,  originate. 

To  come  home ;  that  is,  to  come  to  home,  or  the  house ; 
to  arrive  at  the  dwelling.  Hence,  to  come  close ;  to 
press  closely  ;  to  touch  the  feeluigs,  interest,  or  rea- 
son.    [See  Home.] 

T'o  come  in ;  lo  enter,  as  into  an  inclosure. 

Alsb,  to  comply  ;  to  yield  ;  as,  come  in  and  submit. 

Also,  to  arrive  at  a  port,  or  place  of  rendezvous  ; 
as,  the  fleet  has  come  in. 

Also,  to  become  fashionable ;  to  be  brought  into 
use. 

8illcen  garments  did  not  cotjie  In  till  lats.  Arbulhnol. 

Also,  to  enter  as  an  Ingredient  or  part  of  a  compo- 
sition. 

A  nice  sense  of  propri«tj  cottms  in  to  highlea  the  character. 

Also,  to  grow  and  produce ;  to  come  to  maturity 
and  yield.  If  the  corn  comes  in  well,  we  shall  have 
a  supply  without  importation.    Crops  come  in  light. 

Also,  to  lie  carnally  with.     Qen.  xxxviii. 

To  come  in  for;  lo  arrive  in  time  lo  lake  a  share. 
Johnson  says  this  phrase  is  taken  from  hunting, 
where  the  slow  dogs  take  nothing.  Q.n.  But  the 
sense  in  which  we  now  use  tlie  phrase  has  no  refer- 
ence to  time  or  slow  movement.  It  is,  to  unite  with 
others  in  taking  a  part. 

The  rfsl  came  in  far  subsidioi.  Sioi/t. 

To  come  into ;  lo  join  with ;  to  bring  help. 

Also,  and  more  generally,  to  agree  to ;  to  cotnply 
Willi ;  lo  unite  with  others  in  adopting ;  as,  to  come 
into  a  measure  or  scheme.  , 

7^0  come  near ;  lo  approach  in  place.  Hence,  meta- 
phoHccUly,  to  approach  in  quality  ;  lo  arrive  at  nearly 
the  same  degree  in  a  quality,  or  accomplishment ;  to 
resemble.  Temple. 

7'o  come  nigh,  is  popularly  used  in  like  senses. 

To  come  no  near,  in  seamajtshg>,  is  an  order  to  the 
helmsman  not  to  steer  so  close  lo  the  wind. 

To  come  of;  to  issue  from ;  to  proceed  from,  as  a 
descendant. 

Of  Priain'i  royal  race  my  mother  came.  Dryden. 

Also,  lo  proceed  from,  as  an  effect  from  a  cause. 

This  com«s  of  )udginj  by  tlie  eye.  L'Eetrange. 

Whence  come  wars?  Come  they  not  of  your  lasts?  —  James  iv. 

To  come  off;  to  depart  from  ;  to  move  from  on. 
Also,  to  depart  or  deviate  from  a  line  or  point ;  to 
become  wider;  to  dilate.  Bacon. 

Also,  to  escape  ;  to  get  free. 
If  they  C077W  lyT  wfei  ca"  their dellverauce  a  miracle.  Additon, 

Hence,  to  end  ;  lo  arrive  at  the  final  Issue;  as,  to 
come  off  with  honor  or  disgrace. 

To  come  off  from  ;  to  leave  ;  to  quit.  Felton. 

To  come  off,  is  also  used  for  take  place ;  as,  the  meet* 
ing  came  off  at  such  a  time. 

To  come  on  ;  to  advance  ;  to  proceed  ;  as,  come  on, 
brave  boys ;  night  is  coming  on.  So  we  say,  the  young 


TONE,  BULL.  IINITE.  — AN"GEtt,  VI"CIOUa— €  MK;Oa*J;»aaZ;CH«i  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


8S7 


COM 


man  c«m«»  on  well  in  bis  studies  ;  aud  the  phrase  of- 
ten denoles  a  pruspemus  advance^  successful  im- 
provement. So  we  say  of  plants,  they  ctrme  on  well, 
they  (frow  or  thrive ;  that  is,  ihey  proceed. 

Alao,  to  fall  on  ;  to  happen  to. 

Lest  ihu  mmt  on  jrou  which  ■  spoken  of  Id  lh«  propheb. — 
Acts  xoL 

Also,  to  invade  ;  to  rush  on. 

To  e4tmt!  oter ;  to  pass  above  or  across,  or  from  <hi« 
tide  to  another.  In  dutiUation,to  rise  and  paas  over, 
as  vapor. 

AI.«o,  to  pass  from  one  par^,  side,  or  army,  to  an- 
other ;  to  change  sides. 

To  come  out ;  to  depart  or  proceed  from. 

TltP]r*l»U<vni«aut  v»b  gnat  subMuioe.— Gen.  xr. 

Also, to  bec(Hne  public;  to  escape  tnm  conceal- 
ment or  privacy ;  to  be  discovered  ;  as,  the  truth  is 
umeout  at  last. 

Aim,  Co  be  published,  as  a  book.  The  work  comes 
Ml  in  quailow 

Also,  to  end  or  come  to  an  issue ;  as,  how  will  this 
affair  e«me  omtf  be  has  come  out  well  nt  last. 

Also,  to  appear  after  being  clouded,  aud  to  shine  ; 
as,  the  sun  wu  eome  mL 

71»  CMH  Md  ^;  Xo  isSDe  forth,  as  from  confinement, 
ora  ckwe  place  ;  in  proceed  or  depart  frotii. 

Also,  to  iasue  from,  as  descendants. 

Kio^  shkll  coM«  omt  qf  Cv*.  —  Gqd.  xvS. 

TV  anu  out  wUM ;  to  give  publicity  to ;  to  disclose. 
7b  come  sJUrt ;  to  fail ;  not  to  accomplish.    [BoyU. 

AnhKV«iJnneduidcain«sA0nof  thegtoiyof  God.  —  Rofo.  In. 

TV  comu  to :  to  consent  or  yield.  SmtfL 

Also,  to  amount  to  ;  as,  the  taxes  came  to  a  large 

Also,  to  recover,  as  from  a  sivoon.  [sum. 

TV  eeoM  togtther ;  to  meet  or  assemble. 

To  CMW  to  Mss  ;  In  be  ;  to  hapften  ;  to  fall  out ;  to 
be  efibcted.  The  phrase  is  much  used  in  tlie  com- 
mon-version of  the  Scriptures,  but  is  seldom  found 
in  modeni  English  writings. 

TV  oMte  up :  to  ascend  ;  to  rise. 

Atoo,  (o  spring ;  to  shoot  or  rise  above  the  earth,  as 
a  plant  Baeen. 

Also,  to  come  into  use,  as  a  fashion. 

TV  eome  up  tkt  capsttm^  in  ttamttnAipj  is  to  turn  it 
the  contrary  way,  so  as  to  slacken  the  rope  about  it. 

TV  eomo  up  tJu  taddefaU,  is  to  slacken  it  gently. 

TV  eome  up  to ;  to  approach  near. 

Also,  to  amount  ta 

Also,  to  advance  to  ;  to  rise  tOw 

TV  emu  up  kUM  ;  to  overtake,  In  following  or  pitr- 
niiu 

TV  emte  vpoii .-  to  fkll  on  ;  to  attack  or  invade. 

TV  etfSM :  m  futurity  -,  to  happen  hereafter.  In  times 
to  eoaia.    Success  is  3ret  t»  e*uu. 

Tike  ^kmmbryma  to  eomo.  Lock*. 

Come  is  an  inlniuitive  verb,  but  the  participle  cjme 
is  much  used  with  the  substantive  verb,  in  the  pa»- 
tfve  form.  "The  end  of  all  flesh  is  come."  lam 
come,  thou  art  come,  he  h  come,  we  are  come,  &c. 
Thi  use  of  the  substantive  verb,  for  Aarp,  is  perhaps 
too  well  establiabed  to  be  rejected  ;  but  hace  or  /Cos 
should  be  used  in  such  phrases.  In  the  phrase,  ^'  come 
Friday,  come  Candlemas,"  there  is  an  ellipsis  of  cer- 
tain words  ;  as,  vhen  Friday  shall  come. 

Comr,  come,  the  repKition  of  come,  expresses  baste, 
or  exhortation  to  hasten.    Sometimes  it  introduces  a 
threat. 
€OME,  (kum,)  n.     A  sprouL  [A"of  used.]    Mortimer. 
eOME'-OFF,  n.    Means  of  escape  j  evasion  ;  excuse. 

Wc  do  not  t.-xi»  ihii  ecmt-off.  OrtUman,  172. 

€0-ME'DI-A\,  Tu  [Sec  Combdt.]  An  actor  or  play- 
er in  comedy  ;  or  a  player  in  general,  male  or  female. 

Camden. 
S.  A  writer  of  comedy.  Peaeham. 

COM'E-DY,  n.  [L..  comadia:  Gr.  «'.t;jfj^(a.  Q,u.  from 
K'-'fify  a  village,  and  u^i^^rj,  a  song,  or  rather  •ui6<i>^  to 
sing,  and  denoting  that  the  comedian  was  a  strolling 
singer  ;  or  whether  the  first  sjilable  is  from  Ki.tfift^,  a 
merry  feast,  wh'.-nce  comic^  eomical,  the  latter  indicat- 
ing that  the  comedian  was  characterized  by  butfoon- 
ery.  The  latter  coincides  in  elements  with  the  Eng- 
Uah  earn*.} 

A  dramatic  competition,  intended  to  represent  the 
lighter  passions  and  actions  of  mankind,  which  are 
to  be  imitated  in  lansuage,  dress,  and  manner,  by 
actors  on  a  stage,  for  the  amusement  of  spectators. 
The  termination  of  the  intrigue  is  happy,  and  the 
desism  is  amusement 

COME'LI-LY,  (kum'le-ly,)  ade.  In  a  suitable  nr  de- 
cent manner.     [Liale  used.]  Sheneood, 

eOME'U-XESS,  (kum'le-ness,)  n.  [See  Comely.] 
That  which  is  becoming,  fit,  or  suitable,  in  form  or 
manner.  Comeliness  of  person  implies  symmi'tr^'  or 
due  proportion  of  parts ;  camelinesg  of  manner  implies 
decj-tnim  and  propriety.  '*  It  signifies  something  less 
forcible  than  be<iaty,  less  elegant  than  grace,  and  less 
light  than  prettiness."  Johnson. 

A  cau'lfw  comtlinfn  with  comelj  cmt.  Sidna/ 

H?  hath  no  form  nor  eomg'^ntn,  —  Is,  Bfi,  2. 

€OME'LY,  (kum'ly,)  a.  [from  eome.  The  sense  of 
suitableness  is  often  from  mt«ting,  cuming  together, 


COM 

whence  adjusting,  putting  in  order.  So,  in  Latin, 
conveniensf  from  coHCcnio.] 

1.  Pmperly,  becoming  j  suitable;  whence,  hand- 
some ;  graceful.  .Apptioil  to  person  or  form,  it  denotes 
8ynmiclr>-,  ur  due  proportion  j  but  it  expresses  less 
than  beau^ut  or  eUgatU. 

1  hJiTT  teen  a  ton  of  Je««e  —  a  mnety  person.  —  1  Sam.  xvi. 

I  will  DOl  conceal  hit  comoly  proponioii.  —  Job  xli. 

3,  Decent ;  suitable ;  proper ;  becoming  j  suited  to 
time,  place,  circumstances,  or  persons. 

Pniisp  ia  rtm»«/y  (or  the  upr'jfKl.  —  Ps.  xxxiii. 

Ii  l(  conuJy  ihrtt  n  wom:u)  pmy  to  (Jod  uiicomrJ  f  —  1  Cor.  xi. 

0,  whMt  a  worid  is  this,  when  what  is  coiMly 

Knvenonis  biui  that  bean  it  I  Shak. 

€OME'LY,  (kum'ly,)  adt>.    Handsomely  j  gracefully. 

.Aschmii. 

COM'ER,  It.  One  that  comes;  one  who  approaches  ; 
one  who  has  arrived,  and  is  present. 

eOM-ES-S.^'TION,  n.     [L.  eomessaiio.] 

Feasting  or  reveling.  IJaU. 

eO-.MES'TI-BLE,  a.     [Fr.]     Eatable.     [JVb(  used.] 

tVottcn. 

COM'ET,  n.  \\u  cometa;  Gr,  KOfitjTijs;  from  K-oitrj, 
coma,  hair  ;  a  nair>*  star.] 

A  term  applied  to  those  members  of  the  solar  sys- 
tem which  consist  either  wholly  or  in  part  of  nebu- 
lous matter.  They  usually  move  in  very  eccentric 
orbits,  having  the  sun  in  the  focus,  approaching  very 
near  to  the  sun  in  their  perihelion,  and  receding  to  a 
very  great  distance  from  it  at  their  aphelion.  A 
comet,  when  perfectly  formed,  consists  of  three 
parts,  the  nucleus,  the  envelope,  or  coma,  and  the 
tail ;  but  one  or  more  of  tliese  parts  is  frequently 
wanting.  D.  Olmsted. 

eOM'ET,  It.     A  game  at  cards.  SoutJteme. 

€OM-ET-A'RI-UM,  n.  An  astronomical  instrument. 
intended  to  represent  the  revolution  of  a  comet  rouna 
the  sun.  Encyc 

€OM'ET-.\-RY,  fl.    Pertaining  to  a  comet.    Cheyne. 

€0  MET'ie,  a.     Relating  to  a  comet 

eO.M'ET-LrKE.  a.    Resembling  a  comet         Shak. 

eOM-ET-OG'RA-PIIY,  n.    [comet,  and  Gr.  ^pa^ut,  to 
describe.] 
A  description  or  treatise  of  comets. 

eOM'FIT,  )n.      [D.   konfyH    G.   an\fect;    Dan. 

eO.M'FIT-t;RE,  i  coiifect;  Fr.  cor\Jit,  conjure;  It 
cojtfrtto,  confettura,  or  cottfezionei  Sp.  eonjiu  ;  Port. 
co^feito  i  from  the  L.  confectura,  eoiifcctus,  cojijicio, 
con  and /dcio,  to  make.] 

A  drj*  sweetmeat;  any  kind  of  fruit  or  root  pre- 
served with  sugar  and  dried.  Johnson. 

eOM'FIT,  (kum'fit,)  p.  t    To  preserve  dry  with  sugar. 

Cowley. 

eOM'FIT-M.^K-ER,  n.  One  who  makes  or  prepares 
comfits. 

C;0.M'FORT,  (kumTurl,)  1. 1  [Low  L.  conforto  ;  Fr. 
confoTier ;  Arm.  c6nfurti:,  or  eo^forta;  It.  conforiare; 
Bp.  and  Port,  eon/ortar ;  Ir.  eomh-fhurtach^  comfort, 
and  furtachd^  id. ;  furtaighim.  to  relieve  or  help  :  from 
the  L.  eon  and  fortls,  strong.] 

1.  To  strengthen;  to  invigorate;  to  cheer  or  en- 
liven. 

Ijfhi  fxcelleth  in  cor^foriing  the  tpirita  of  mea.  Bacon. 

Comfort  yc  your  hearu.  — Ueii.  Kviii, 

2.  To  Strengthen  the  mind  when  depressed  or  en- 
feebled ;  to  console  :  to  givii  new  vigor  to  the  spirits  ; 
to  cheer,  or  relieve  from  depression  or  trouble. 

Hm  fneitds  came  to  nuiuiii  with  him  and  to  eom/ort  talm.  — 
Job  ii. 

3.  In  Imc,  to  relieve,  ai^sist,  or  encourage,  as  the 
accesi5<jn'  to  a  crime  after  the  fact  Blackstone. 

eOM'FORT,  n.  Relief  from  pain  ;  ease  ;  rest,  or 
moderate  pleasure  after  pain,  cold,  or  distress,  or 
uneasiness  of  body.  The  word  signifies,  properly, 
new  strength,  or  animation  ;  and  relief  from  pain  is 
often  the  elfect  of  strength.  In  a  popular  sense,  the 
word  signifies,  rather  negatively,  the  absence  of  pain, 
and  tlie  consequent  quiet,  than  positive  animation. 

2.  Relief  from  distress  of  mind  ;  the  ease  and 
quiet  which  is  experienced  when  pain,  trouble,  agi- 
tation, or  affliction,  ceases.  It  implies,  also,  some 
degree  of  positive  animation  of  the  spirits,  or  some 
pleasurable  sen.sat)on3  derived  from  hope,  and  agree- 
able prospects  j  consolation. 

tet  me  alooe,  thai  1  may  inkf  eom/ort  a  little.  — Job  x. 
DaugliWr,  be  of  good  comfort ;  thy  fiiith  hath  rnade  ihcc  whole, 
—  Ma.it.  ix. 

3.  Support  J  consolation  under  calamity,  distress, 
or  danger. 

Let  tliy  rafrcifu!  kindaeu  fce  for  my  com/oi:t.  —  Pb.  ciix. 

4.  That  which  gives  strength  or  support  in  distress, 
difficulty,  danger,  or  infirmity  ;  as,  pious  children 
are  tiie  comfort  of  their  aged  parents. 

5.  In  laip,  support  J  assistance;  countenance;  en- 
couragement ;  as,  an  accessory  affords  aid  or  com- 
fort to  a  felon. 

6.  That  which  gives  security  from  want,  and  fur- 
ni.'^hes  moderate  enjoyment ;  as,  the  comforts  of  life. 

eOM'FORT-A-IlLE,  a.  Being  in  a  state  of  ease,  or 
moderate  enjoyment ;  as  a  person  after  sickness  or 
pain.  This  is  the  most  common  use  of  the  word  in  the 
United  States, 


COM 

2.  Admitting  comfort ;  that  nmy  affurd  comfort 
Who   f!in   i5ronii»e  tiim   a  comforlnble    K\^^■^nu\ai    b-  Ibrr  hti 

ilnraJful  Juvl^e  ?  South. 

3.  Giving  comfort  ;  affording  consolation  ;  as,  be 
comfortable,  to  my  mother.     [Ofts,]  SAoA:. 

The  word  of  my  lord  tlie  king  shnll  nuw   be  comfortable. — 3 
Sam.  xi*. 

4.  Placing  above  want,  and  affording  moderate 
enjoyment ;  as,  a  comfortable  provision  for  life. 

eOM'FORT-A  HLE,  n.  A  warm  coveriot  for  a  bed, 
containing  down  or  cotton  quilted  in.      [.Ainnica.\ 

€0>1'FORT-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  enjoying 
comfort. 

eOM'FORT-A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  give  com- 
fort or  consolation. 

Speak  ye  comfortably  to  Jeruifilpm.  —  Is.  xl. 

2.  With  comfort  or  chcerfuhiess  ;  without  despair. 

Hope  oot>\fortaUy  and  cheerfully  for  Ood'«  perliinnancc, 

HnmmoTtd, 

eOM'FORT-ED,  pp.  Strengthened  ;  consoled  ;  en- 
couraged. 

€OM'FORT-ER,  n.  One  who  administers  comfort  or 
consolation;  one  wlio  strengthens  and  sup[K>rts  tlie 
mind  in  distress  or  danger. 

I  looked  for  comfortgra,  but  found  none.  — Pi.  Ixix. 
Mifc'nible  eomfortera  are  ye  all.  — Job  xvi. 

2.  The  title  of  the  Holy  spirit,  whose  office  it  ii 
to  comfort  aud  support  the  Christian. 

Bui  the  Comforter,  the  Holy  Sjiiril,  wliom  th"  Pnther  wilt  Mad 
in  my  name  —  he  will  leach  voii  all  ihin^.  —  John  xiv. 

3.  A  knit  woolen  tippet,  long  and  narrow. 
€OM'FORT-FIJL,  a.     Full  of  comfort. 
€0.M'FORT-LNG,  ppr.  or  a.    Giving  strength  or  spir- 
its ;  giving  ease ;  cheering;  encouraging;  consoling. 

€0M'FORT-LESS,a.  Without  comfort ;  withoutany 
thing  to  alleviate  misfortune  or  distre.ss. 

I  will  not  leave  you  comfortleit.  —  J-thn  xir, 

eOM'FORT-LESS-LY,  adv.  In  a  comfortless  manner 

eOM'FORT-LESS-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  comfort- 
less. 

€0M'FORT-RESS,  n.     A  female  that  affords  ctmifort. 

eO.M'FREY,  )  (kum'fry,)  n.     [Qu.  L.  conjirmo,  equiv- 

eOM'FRY,     j      alent  to  c«7Wo/i(/o.] 

The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  plants,  the  Sym- 
phvtum. 

€6M'ie,  a.    [L.  comicus;  Gr.  *fii;inroc.    See  Comedt.] 

1.  Relating  to  comedy,  as  distinct  from  tragedy. 

2.  Raiding  mirth;  fitied  to  excite  merriment  Shak. 
COM'IC-AL,  a.     Relating  to  comedy  ;  comic.     Gay. 

2.  Exciting  mirth  ;   diverting  ;   sportive  ;   droll. 

jiddijfon. 
We  say  a  buffoon  is  a  comical  fellow,  or  his  story 
or  his  maimers  are  comical. 
COM'IC-AL-LY,  aric.     In  a  manner  befitting  comedy. 
2.   In  a  comical  manner  ;  in  a  manner  to  raise 
mirth. 
€OM'ie-AL-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  comical ; 

the  power  or  quality  of  raising  mirth.  Johtuon. 

CO.M'ING,  ppr.  [See  Come.]  Drawing  nearer  or  nigh, 
approaching;  moving  toward  ;  advancing. 

2.  a.     Future  ;  yet  to  come  ;  as,  in  coming  ages. 

3.  Forward  ;  ready  to  come. 

How  comijtg  to  the  poet  every  mute.  Popt, 

{The  latter  sense  is  now  unusual.] 
'Ii\"G,  n.     The  act  of  coming;  approach. 
2.  The  state  of  being  come  ;  arrival. 

The  liOrd  hath  bleued  Ihee  since  my  coming.  .—  Gen.  xxx. 

eOM'ING-IN,  n.    Entrance. 

1  know  ihy  ^in^-out  and  thy  coming-m.  — 2  Kings  xix. 

2.  Beginning ;  commencement ;  as,  the  coming-in 
of  the  year.    2  Kings  xiii. 

3.  Income  ;  revenue.     [J^ot  now  used.^         Shak. 

4.  Compliance  ;  submission.     [JVot  in  i«c.] 

Jilass-inger. 

CO-MI"  TI-A,  (ko-mish'e-a,)  n.  pi  [L.]  In  ancient 
Rome,  a  term  applied  to  the  assemblies  of  the 
people,  for  electing  officers  and  passing  laws. 

CO-.MI"TIAL,  (ko-mish'al,)  a.  [ii.  comitia,  an  assem- 
bly of  the  Romans  ;  probably  fonued  from  cwn  and 
eo,  Ir.  coimh,  W.  cym,  or  ajv.] 

1.  Relating  to  the  comitia  or  populai  assemblies  of 
the  Romans,  for  electing  oflicers  and  passing  laws. 

Midtiletoit.. 

2.  Relating  to  an  order  of  Presbyterian  assemblies. 

Bp.  Bancroft. 
COM'I-TY,  n.     [L.  comitas,  from  comesj  mild,  affable  j 
Ir.  caomh.] 

Mildness  and  simvity  of  manners  ;  courtesy  of  in- 
tercfmrse  between  individuals  or  communities  ;  civil- 
ity ;  good-breeding.  -Well-bred  people  are  character- 
ized by  comity  of  manners. 
COM'MA,  n.  [Gr.  KofAfta,  a  segment,  from  lorr'-',  to 
cut  off.] 

1.  In  itriting  and  printing,  this  point  [,]  denoting 
the  shortest  pause  in  reading,  and  separating  a  sen- 
tence into  divisions  or  members,  according  to  the 
construction.  Thus,  "  There  is  not  a  just  man  up«m 
earth,  that  doeth  good,  and  sinneth  not"  "  Virtue, 
wit,  knowledge,  are  excellent  accomplishments.*' 
"  Live  soberly,  righteously,  and  piously,  in  the  pres- 
ent world." 

2.  In  mimc,n  name  applied  to  tlie  interval  between 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PL\E,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  B(?OK. 


«fiS 


COM 

tbe  major  and  the  minor  lone  ;  also  applied  to  some 
otUt-r  small  mtervals.  Ed.  Encyc. 

a  Distinction.  JlddUon. 

€OM-MXND',  p.  L  [It.  comandare;  Sp.  eomandar,  man- 
dar ;  Arm.  eoumandi :  Fr.  commander ;  con,  or  com, 
and  L.  mando,  to  command,  to  commit  to ;  Basque 
manatu  ;  literally,  to  send  to,  to  send  forth,  from  the 
same  rout  as  commend^  demand^  and  Li.  moneo.  See 
Class  Mn.] 

1.  To  bid  ;  to  order  ;  to  direct ;  to  charge  ;  imply- 
ing authority,  and  power  to  control,  and  to  require 
obedience. 

We  will  ucrifiee  to   the  Vtotx^    mi  ■in\,  as  he  thftll  commatui 

u*.  —  Ex.  »iii. 
I  know   (hai  tie   [Abraham     <rx   ajmmand    his    children   und 

hta  hoiiwhold  rIIit  him,  ukl  Lne»    will  Ktvp  ibc  way  of  ihe 

LonJ.  —  Gen.  xviii. 

2.  To  govern,  lead,  or  direct  ,  u  mivt-  ax  to  exer- 
cise supreme  authority  over,  as,  lA>nl  Wellington 
commanded  an  army  in  Spain  ,  he  '.ommandeti  the 
army  at  the  battle  of  Waterloo. 

3.  To  have  in  power;  to  be  able  to  f^fHrns^  p*.wer 
or  authority  over^  as,  a  military  post  ^w/iwwn(/>  liie 
durrounding  cnuntry  ;  a  fort  commatids  the  .larhor 

4.  To  overlook,  or  have  in  tlie  power  of  'he  -vc 
witliout  obstruction. 


5.  To  direct ;  to  send. 

Tto"  L<»nl  »hx]!  command  the  Mnnn^  on  thM.  —  Deut.  xxviil. 
The  Lord  will  cotnatand  hia  luring  kmiiit«M.  —  P«.  xHi. 

6.  To  have  or  to  exercise  a  controlling  influence 
over ;  a«,  a  good  magistrate  eommatuLs  the  respect  and 
affections  of  the  people. 

eOM-MAND',  r.  i.  To  have  or  to  exercise  supreme 
authority;  to  possess  the  chief  power ;  to  govern; 
aa,  the  general  commands  with  oigtiity  and  human- 
ity.    What  general  commands  in  Canada  ? 

eo.M-M.i^ND',  n.  The  right  or  power  of  goveniing  with 
chief  or  exclusive  authority  ;  ituprenie  power;  con- 
trol ;  as,  an  officer  has  a  brigade  under  his  command  ; 
he  takes  command  of  the  army  in  France  ;  an  appro- 
priatf  military  term. 

2.  The  power  of  controlling;  governing  influence  ; 
sway. 

Hp  auinned  tin  aieolute  command  om  hiM  rnulen.    Dry<Un. 

3.  Cogent  or  absolute  authority. 

Cummand  and  force   m&y  ofttfQ  create,  but  can   nerer  cure,  an 
Rvenioii.  Lock*. 

4.  The  act  of  commanding  ;  the  mandate  uttered  ; 
orilcr  given. 

The  captain  ^vea  command.  Dryden. 

5.  The  pi>werof  overlooking,  or  survejring,  with- 
out obstruction. 

TIk  •I'^py  ■tnnd 
Which  overlooks  thf  TiUe  with  wiilr  commanrf.  Dryden. 

6.  The  'v»w»*r  of  governing  or  controlling  hy  force, 
or  of  d< .  iiz  and  protecting  ;  as,  the  fortress  has 
complete  coiuntaitd  of  the  port. 

7.  I'hat  wliicta  is  commanded  ;  control ;  a.i,  a  body 
of  tnK)pH  under  command.  Mar.ifuiIL 

8.  Order;  request;  message:  any  communication 
desin-d,  or  sent;  a  eompUmentary  luie. 

9.  A  body  of  troops,  or  any  naval  or  military  force, 
under  the  command  of  a  iKirticular  officer. 

eOM-.M;WL)'A  HLE,  a.     That  may  lie  commanded. 

eOM-.MAN-DANT',  ».  [Fr.]  A  commander;  a  ctun- 
manding  officer  of  a  place  or  of  a  body  of  forces. 

SmoUett, 

€OM-MAND'A-T0-RY,  o.  Having  the  force  of  a  com- 
mand. 

eOM-MAND'ED,  pp  Ordered;  directed;  goremcd  ; 
umtrolled. 

eOM-MXNI>'ER,  n.  A  chief;  one  who  has  supreme 
authority  ;  a  leader  ;  the  chief  officer  of  an  army,  or 
of  any  division  of  it.  The  term  may  also  be  applied 
lo  the  admiral  of  a  fleet,  or  of  a  squadron,  or  tit  any 
supreme  officer ;  as,  the  commander  of  the  land  or  of 
tJie  naval  forr^  ;  the  commander  of  a  ship. 

2.  In  £A«  nary,  an  officer  wlio  ranks  above  a  lieu- 
tenant and  below  a  captain. 

3.  One  on  whom  wa.-*  bestowed  a  cnmmandry. 

4.  A  heavy  beetle  or  wooden  mallet,  used  in  pav- 
ing. &r, 

[rhi-i  gives  as  the  primary  sense  of  L.  mandoy  to 
send,  to  drive.] 

5.  An  inxlfument  of  surgery.  Wiseman. 
eo,\1-.MA\irKf(-V,  /       rpr  .„«™«„j«;.  1 
eOM-MA.NIVRY,       !"•  [^^■'^"^""^"^^ic.] 

Among  several  ordrrs  of  kniirtu.'*,  n  district  under 
the  control  of  a  member  of  the  order,  who  received 
Ihe  income  of  the  estates  btlonging  to  the  knights 
within  that  district,  and  expended  part  for  hia  own 
use,  and  arrounteil  for  the  rest.  Brandts 

There  are  strict  and  regular  rommandrifs,  obtained 
by  merit,  or  in  order ;  and  others  are  of  grace  and 
favor,  bestowed  by  the  grand  master.  There  are  al- 
so atmtnandries  for  the  religious,  in  the  orders  of  St, 
Bernard  nnd  St.  Anthony.  Encyc. 

€OM-,\IA\n'I.\G,  ppr.  or  «.  Ridding;  ordering;  di- 
recting with  authority  ;  governing;  bearing  rule;  ex- 
ercising supreme  authority  ;  having  in  power;  over- 
looking without  obstruction. 


COM 

9.  0.  CoiiiP'lling  by  influence,  authority,  or  dig- 
nity ;  as,  a  man  of  commanding  manners  ;  a  command- 
iTur  elo(ilience. 

eOM-MAND'ING-LV,  adv.  In  a  commanding  man- 
ner. 

€OM-MAND'MENT,  n.  A  command  ;  a  mandate; 
an  order  or  injunction  given  by  authority;  charge; 
precept. 

Why  do  ye  IniisfTPS*  Ihe  eommanifrntnt  of  Ood  ?  —  Matt.  xv. 
'J'his  is  tlip  fim  and  great  commandmsnl.  —  Matt.  xxii. 
A  iivw  commarubnerU  1  girc  to  you,  that  ye  lore  one  another. 
—  John  xiii. 

2.  By  way  of  eminence,  a  precept  of  the  decalogue, 
or  moral  law,  written  on  table:*  of  stone,  at  Mount 
Sinai ;  one  of  the  ten  commandments.     Ez.  xxxiv. 

3.  Authoritv  ;  coercive  pttwer.  Shak. 
eO.M-.M.\.\D'RESS,  n,    A  woman  invested  with  su- 
preme authority.                                                Hooker. 

€OM'MAItK,  n.     [Fr.  comarqtie  ;  Sp.  eomarea,] 

The  frontier  of  a  country.  Shdton. 

COM-MA-Tfi'ItT-AL,  a.  [con  and  material,]  Consist- 
ing of  the  same  matter  with  anoihi^r  tiling.  Bacon. 

€OM-MA-TE-Rl-AL'I-TV,  n.  Purticipation  of  the 
same  UKitter.  Johnson. 

t'f  'M  .M.A'I'TC,  a.  Having  short  clauses  or  sentences  ; 
orief;  concise. 

eO.M'M.V-TISM,  n.  [from  comma.]  Briefness;  con- 
ciseness in  writing.  Bp.  Horsley. 

eO.M-MEAS'UR-A-BLE,  a.  [Pee  Measi^re.]  Hav- 
ing a  common  measure.  But  Comme.nsurable  is 
generally  used. 

COM.ME  //- K^f/r,  (kom-il-fo,)  [Fr.]  As  it  should  be. 

eOM-MEM'O-RA-BLE,  a.  Memorable  ;  wprthy  to  be 
reniL'Tiibcred,  or  noticed  with  htmor.     [See  Mcmura- 

BLE.J 

€OM-SlEM'0-RATE,  u.  U  [L.  coinmamrro;  con  and 
viemortty  to  mention.     See  Memory.] 

To  call  to  remembrance  by  a  solemn  act ;  to  cele- 
brate with  honor  and  solemnity  ;  to  honor,  as  a  per- 
son or  event,  by  some  act  uf  respect  or  affection, 
intended  to  preserve  the  renienibmnce  of  that  per- 
son or  event ;  as,  the  Lord's  supper  is  designed  to 
commemorate  the  sufferings  and  dying  love  of  our 
Savior. 

eOM-MEM'O-RA-TED,  pp.  Called  to  remembrance 
by  some  art  of  sul  -mnity. 

eoM-MEM'O-RA-TIXG,  ppr.  Celebrating  with  hon- 
or by  some  s*ilemn  act. 

eO.M-ME.M-O-RA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  calling  to  re- 
nienihrance  by  some  solemnity  ;  the  act  of  honoring 
the  memory  of  some  person  or  event  by  solemn  cel- 
ebration. The  feast  of  shells  at  Plymouth,  in  Massa- 
chusetts, is  an  annual  commemoration  of  the  first 
lauding  of  our  ancestors  in  1620. 

Commemoration  day,  at  the  university  of  Oxford, 
Eng.,  is  an  annual  solemnity  in  honor  of  the  benefac- 
tors of  the  university,  when  orations  are  delivered, 
and  prize  compositions  are  read  in  the  theater.  It 
is  the  great  day  of  festivity  for  the  year.        Huher. 

€O.M-MKM'0-RA-TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  preserve  the 
renienihrance  of  something.  -^ttrrbury. 

COM-MKM'O  RA-TO-RY,  a.  Serving  to  preserve  the 
memory  t>f. 

COM-MENCE',  (kom  mens',)  v.  i.  [Fr.  commencer; 
Port,  come^ar :  Sp^comffjcwr ;  It.  cominciare;  Arm. 
couman^u     Perhaps  e^tm  and.initto.J 

1.  To  begin  ;  to  take  rise  or  origin  ;  to  have  first 
existence  ;  as,  a  state  of  glory  to  commence  after  this 
life  ;  this  empire  commenced  at  a  late  jieriod. 

2.  'J'o  begin  to  be,  as  in  a  change  of  character. 


lyt  not  le.-trninp,  too,  comnuruv  ita  fue.  Popt. 

3.  To  take  a  degree,  or  the  first  degree,  In  a  uni- 
versity or  college^  Bailey, 

eOM-MEXCE',  c.  (.  To  begin;  toenterupon;  toper- 
form  the  first  act ;  as,  to  commence  ofierations. 

2.  To  begin;  lo  originate;  to  bring;  as,  to  com- 
mence a  suit,  action,  or  process  in  law. 

€OM-.ME.NC'/[:U,  (kom-menst',)  pp.  Begun;  origi- 
nated. 

COM-.MENCE'MENT,  fkom-mens'ment,)  w.  Begin- 
ning i  rise  ;  origin ;  first  extst(;nce ;  as,  the  com 
mencemntt  of  New  Style,  in  \15c2  ;  the  commencement 
of  hostilities  in  1775. 

2.  The  time  when  students  in  colleges  eom-nunee 
barhelnrs  ;  a  day  in  which  degrees  are  publicly  con 
ferred  in  the  English  and  American  universities. 

ef)M-MK.\CING,  ppr.  or  a.  iteginning  ;  entering  on  ; 
originating. 

COM-MENn',».  t.  [Jj.  coTpmemlo  ;  con  and  mnndo:  It. 
commendare  ;  Port,  encommenilar ;  Fr.  recommander ; 
Sp.  ctnnaniinr,  to  commaiul,  nnd  formerly  to  commend. 
This  is  the  same  word  as  command,  differently  ap- 
plied. The  primary  sense  is,  to  send  to  or  throw  ; 
henc*!,  to  charge,  bid,  desire,  or  entreat.] 

1.  T<i  represent  as  worthy  of  notice,  regard,  or 
kindness  ;  to  speak  in  favor  of;  to  recommend. 

I  comwMnd  to  yuu  Pli«he,  our  aiatf r.  —  Rom.  xvi. 

3.  To  commit ;  to  intrust  or  give  in  charge. 

Patltrf,  into  thy  hnnda  I  commend  my  •pirit.  —  I.iik'  xxiii. 

3.  To  praise  ;  to  mention  with  approbation. 

Ttie  nriri&t  comtrientttfl  S.inii  hrftirr  Plmraoh. 

Thp  i-onl  eommtruitd  \hr  unjunt  ttrwiinl.  BilU 


COM 

4.  To  make  accej)tabie  or  more  accepUiblc. 

But  meal  wmmendeih  ua  not  lo  Uml.  ~  1  Cor.  viii- 

5.  To  produce  or  present  to  favorable  notice. 

The  chorui  bad  an  occojion  of  eommsnding  their  voicea  to  tlie 
Iting.  Dryden. 

6.  To  send  or  bear  to. 

These  ilrnw  tho  charigt  which  Latinua  •rn<l8, 

And  tt>e  rich  prcaent  to  the  princp  commei\dt,  Dryden. 

COM-MEND',  n,    Coraniendation.    [J^ot  used.]    Shak. 
€OM-MENU'A-BLE,  a.     [Fr.  recammaudable ;  It.  com- 

viendaifr.       Formerly   accented    improperly   on   the 

first  syllable.] 

That  may  be  commended  or  praised  ;  worthy  of 

approbation  or  praise  ;  laudable. 

Onkr  and  decent  ccif  rnoiiiet  in  the  church  arc  eovtnten'iab'e. 

Bacon, 


n.     State  of  being  com- 
Laudably ;   in  a  praise- 


€OM-MEND'A-BLE-NESS, 

mendable. 

COM-MEND'A-BLY,   adv. 
worthy  manner. 

€OM-M'END'AM,n.  [L.]  In  ecclesiasticallair,  in  Eng- 
land,  a  benefice  or  living  commended,  by  the  king  or 
head  of  the  church,  to  the  care  of  a  clergyman,  to  hold 

.  till  a  proper  pastor  is  provided.  This  may  be  tempo- 
rary or  perpetual.  Blackstone. 

The  trust  or  administration  of  the  revenues  of  a 
benefice  given  to  a  layman,  to  hold  as  a  deposit  fur 
six  months,  in  order  to  repairs,  &c.,  or  to  an  ecclesi- 
astic, to  perform  the  pastoral  duties,  till  the  benefice 
is  provided  with  a  regular  incumbenL  Encyc 

€OM-ME\D'A-TA-RY,   n.     [Fr.   commendataire i    It. 
commendatario,  commendatoreT] 
One  who  h^rtds  a  living  in  commcndam. 

€OM-MEND-A'TION,  n,     [L.  commendatio.] 

1.  The  oct  of  commending  ;  praise;  favorable  rep- 
resentation in  words  ;  declaration  of  esteem. 


Need  we,  as  Kme  others,  letters  of  commendation  7  ■ 
xxxi. 


-2  Cor. 


2.  Ground  of  esteem,  approbation,  or  praise;  that 
which  presents  a  person  or  thing  to  anottier  in  a  fa- 
vorable light,  and  renders  worthy  of  regard  or  accept- 
ance. 

Good-nalura  U  lbs  most  g«dUk«  commendadon  of  a  man. 

Dryden. 

3.  Service  ;  respects  ;  message  of  love.        Shak. 

J^ote. — In  imitation  of  the  French,  we  are  accus- 
tomed to  use  recommendation,  &.C.,  for  commendation. 
But,  in  most  instances,  it  is  better  to  use  the  word 
without  the  prefix  tc.  A  letter  of  commendation,  is 
the  preferable  phrase. 

eOM-MENU'A-TOR,  n.  One  who  holds  a  benefice 
in  conunendam.  Chalmers. 

€0M-MEND'A-TO-RY,  a.  Which  serves  to  com- 
mend; presenting  to  favorable  notice  or  reception; 
containing  praise  ;  as,  a  commendatory  letter. 

Bacon.     Pope. 
2.  Holding  a  benefice  in  commcndam  ;  as,  a  com- 
mendatory bishop. 

eOM-MEND'A-TO-RY,  n.  A  commendation  ;  eulogy. 

South. 

COM-MEND'ED,  pp.  Praised  ;  represented  favorably; 
c<>Miniiiti'd  in  charge. 

e<.>M-Mr<M)'ICR,  n.     One  who  commends  or  praises. 

€OM-MENI)'ING,  ppr.  Praising  ;  repre.senting  favor- 
ably ;  committing  or  delivering  in  charge. 

€OM-MK.\S'AL,  M.     [L.  con  and  mcnsa,  table.]       ' 
One  Ihat  eats  at  the  same  table.     [Ofr^-.]     Chaucer 

€OM-MEN-SAL'l-TY,  n.  [Sp.  rommeajra/io;  lu  com- 
vwnjuttlisi  con  and  meiisa,  a  table.] 

Fellowship  at  table  ;  the  act  or  practice  of  eating 
at  the  same  table.     [Little  vjted.]     Brown,     GilUcs. 

eOM-MEN-SU-RA-BlL'I-TY,     )  n.  [Fr.  commensura- 

eOM-MEN'SU-RA-BLE-NESS,  S      bH^td.] 

The  capacity  of  being  compared  with  another  in 
measure,  or  of  being  measured  by  another,  or  of 
having  a  c<uiinion  measure.  Brown.     JIale. 

eOM-MEN'SU  R.A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.from  con  and  L.  me«- 
sura.^  measure.     See  Meaiure.] 

That  have  a  common  measure  ;  that  may  be  meas- 
ured by  Ihe  same  number  or  quantity.  Thus  a  yard 
and  a  ftKit  are  commensurable,  as  both  may  be  meas- 
ured by  inches.  Commensurable  numbers  are  those 
which  may  be  measured  or  divided  by  another  num- 
ber without  a  remain<fer,  as  12  and  18,  which  may 
be  nieasun.'d  by  6  and  3. 

Commensurable  sarih,  are  those  which,  being  re- 
duced to  their  least  terms,  become  true  figurative 
quantities  of  their  kind,  and  are  therefore  as  a  ra- 
tional ituantity  to  a  rational  one.  Barlow. 

eOM-MEN'SU-RA-BLY,  adv.  In  a  commensurable 
manner. 

eOM-MEN'SU-RATE,  a.  [It.  eonmen.mrare  :  Sp.  con- 
mensurar,  whence  conmensurativo :  ton  and  L.  menjiu- 
ra,  measure.] 

1.  Having  a  common  measure. 

2.  Eipml ;  proportional ;  having  equal  measure  or 
extent ;  as,  we  find  nothing  in  this  life  commensurate 
to  our  desires. 

COM  MEN'SU-RATE,  r.  t    To  reduce  lo  a  oommon 

measure. 
€OM-MEN'SU-RA-TED,  pp.    Reduced  to  a  common 

measure. 


TOXE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GEn,  VI"CIOU9.  — €  as  K ;  d  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  na  in  THIS. 


COM 

€OM-.ME.\'SU-RATE-LY,  ndv.  With  the  capacity 
of  measuring  or  tn-ing  measured  by  some  other 
thiiif!.  Holder. 

2.  With  equal  measure  or  extent. 
€OM-ME\'SU-RATE-NESS,   n.      Uaality  of  being 

coming  ti^n  nil**.  Foster, 

€OM-MEX'SU-RA-TI\G,  pjrr.     Reducing  lo  a  com- 
mon m-^astire. 
eOM-MEN-^U-RATION,  n.     Proportion,  or  propor- 
tion in  measure  ^  a  state  of  bmring  a  common  measure. 

All  filtWM  liM  in  a  p^-iricular  commnsmraiiant  or  P^^^P^^"^ 

eOM'MEXT,  r.  i.  [L.  eommtnUr,  to  cast  in  Uie  mind, 
to  think,  to  devise,  to  compose  j  ftom  mm  and  mems^ 
mind,  or  the  same  root  IL  eomtmtv^  t  Ft.  MMMMttr  ,- 
Sp.  eomttUari  Port,  comataitar.    Sec  Mi:*d.] 

L.  To  write  notes  on  the  works  of  ou  author,  with 
a  view  to  illustrate  his  menniug,  or  to  explain  par- 
ticuLir  pasesage^ ;  to  expLiin  ;  lo  expound ;  lo  anno- 
tate ;  fullon'fd  by  on.  We  say»  to  oommtut  «n  an  au- 
thor, or  0M  his  writinn.  Drydam.    Popt. 

•2.  To  make  remarksi,  obaerratkms.  or  criticMms, 
either  on  a  book,  or  wriUns,  or  on  aclkma,  events,  or 
opinions.  Skak, 

eOM'MENT,  r.  t.    To  explain.  riUUr. 

a.  To  feign  ;  to  di-vi*r.     [Oft#.1  ^ttnttr,    • 

eOM'ME.VT.  II.  A  note,  intended  to  nhistnte  a  writ- 
ing, or  a  diificnlt  passage  in  an  author  ;  annotatioa  ; 
expilan;ition  :  cxpoEsition  ;  as,  the  camMunts  of  Scott  on 
the  Scnptufea. 

S.  That  whicli  explains  or  OlustralM ;  as,  a  man's 
conduct  is  tbe  be«l  e^mmtmt  on  his  declanttons.  Pov- 
erty and  disgnce  are  renr  significant  c^wuiumU  on 
lewdnesn,  gambUngi  and  giarij»tfa>n. 

a  Renaik;  oBaemdon. 

la  mA  m  ^mt  m  thU,  k  k  not  mMt 

Thu  every  oitt  atamm  akaald  beat  fca  commmmt.         SSmkm 

eOM'MENT-A-SY,  a.    A  conunenl ;  expntiition  ;  ex- 
plaaatkfta ;  Olustration  of  dlAcult  and  obscure  pas- 
sages in  an  author. 
S.  A  book  of  comments  or  annotations. 

3.  An  historical  nanative  ;  a  memoir  of  paiticalar 
transactions  ;  as,  the  &»smC«na#  of  Cesar. 

€OM'ME\T-A-RV,  e.  I.    To  wriU  notes  upon.    [Lit- 

tit  used  1 
eOM'MC.V-TATE,  r.  C  To  make  commenu ;  to  write 

notP?«  up«^n.  PwTK,  ^  Lk. 

eOM'MENT-A-TOR.  n.    One  who  comments;   one 

who  writes  annoCalMMu;  an  exposilor  ;  an  annotalor. 

[The  accent  on  the  first  syllable  and  that  on  the  third 

are  nearty  rquatj 
€OM-MENT-A'TOR-SHIP,  a.    The  office  of  a  com- 
mentator. 
€OM'ME\T-ER,  n.    One  that  write*  comments ;  an 
3.  On'>  who  makes  remarks.  [annotator. 

€OM'.ME.\l-l.\G,  jtpr.    Making  notes  or  comments 

on  soiii'-ihine  paid  or  written. 
€O.M-.M E.\-TI"TlOUi?, (kom-men-tish'us,) a.  [L. «w»- 

Invt-nl-:-*!  ,  feigned  ;  imaginary.  OlanvUle. 

COM'MCRCE,  a.  [Fr.  cMfmmeret ;  L.  eommertium  ;  eon 
and  M0-c*r,  to  buy  ;  merz^  mereo.  See  Class  Mr,  No. 
3.  It.  cvaiMercw ;  SJx  amertia :  Port,  ctnmmtreio.  For- 
meriy  accented  on  the  second  syllable.] 

1.  In  a  generol  smttf^  an  intt-rchau^e  or  mutual 
change  of  goods,  ware*,  pn»<liictioiiH.  or  prf>i»frty  of 
any  kind,  between  nation:*  or  individual<i,  eitlie'r  by 
barter,  or  by  ptirch.ise  and  sale  ;  trade  ;  traffic.  Com- 
merce is  fttrti-rn  or  inland.  Furet^n  eommn-ce  is  the 
trade  whkh  one  nation  carries  on  with  another ;  m- 
Umd  eamimtrety  or  inland  tradr,  is  ttit-  trade  in  the  ex- 
diangeaf  commodtiit^  betwtrt-n  citrz^-ns  of  the  same 
nation  or  stale.     JicUre  commrrct.     Set*  .^ctite. 

2.  Interctiurse  bt-tween  individuals  ;  interchange 
of  worit,  biisin^'^^,  civilnies,  or  amusements  ;  muttuU 
dealings  in  common  life. 

3.  Familiar  intercourw  t»eiween  the  sexca. 

4.  Interchange  \  reciprocal  communications  ;  as, 
there  is  a  vast  c^mmeru  of  ideaa.  D   IVebster. 

eOM-MKRCE',  r.  L    To  traffic  ;  lo  carry  on  trade. 
a.  To  bold  intercourae  with.  [RaUigk. 

AnJ  hMtaoMuwretef  whta  theakin.  MUtMt, 

€OM-MER'CIAL,  (kom-mer'shal,)  a.  Pertaining  lo 
comnterre  or  trade  j  a5,  cammaxuU  conceni^j  j  caiitmer- 
cUl  relationa. 

9.  Carryine  on  commerce ;  as,  a  commfrcial  nation. 

3.  Proceeding  from  trade ;  aJ,  commerciai  benefits 


or  profits. 
)M->1E 


eOM-MER'CIAL-LY,  adv.    In  a  commercial  view. 

Burke, 
€OM-MER'CI\G,  ppr.    Holding  intercourse  with  ;  as, 

and  i'Xik<  r^fmrnerciMtr  with  the  skies.  MilUm. 

eOM'MgRE,  (mire,)  a.     [Fr.  mere.] 

A  Common  mother. 
eOM-MET'ie  fl.    Giving  a  gloss  or  beauty. 
€0.M'MI-GRATE,  r.  i.     [L.  ctfunai^ro ;  con.  and  migro^ 

to  migrate.] 
To  migrate  together  ;  to  move  in  a  body  from  one 

conntry  or  place  to  another,  for  permanent  residence. 

[LKOit  used,] 
€OM-MI-GRa'TION,  «,    The  moving  of  a  body  of 

peo|[de  from  one  countri.-  or  place  to  another,  with  a 

view  lo  permanent  residence.  fVoodwanL 


COM 

eOM-MI-.\A'TION,  n.  [L.  eomminaiioi  con  and  mi- 
Rutio,  a  tlireateulng,  from  minor^  to  threaten.  See 
Mk:«ace.] 

1.  A  threat  or  threatening  ;  a  denunciation  of  pun- 
ishment or  vengeance. 

i  The  recital  of  God's  threatenings  on  stated  days  ; 
an  office  in  the  Liturgy  of  Uie  Church  of  England, 
appointed  to  be  read  on  Ash  Wednesday,  or  un  the 
first  day  of  Lent.  Encye. 

€OM-MIN'.\-TO-Ry,  a.  Threatening;  denouncing 
punishment.  B.  Junson. 

€OM-MIN"GLE,  (ming'gl,)  r.  (.     [f*n  and  miiij^U.] 
To  mix  together  ;  to  mincle  in  one  mass,  or  inti- 
mately ;  u>  blend.     [See  MiNc.LK.]  S/iak. 

€OM-MIN"GLE,  r.  i.  To  mix  or  unite  together,  as 
dirrert>nt  substances.  Bacon. 

€OM-MIN"GL/:D,k».    Mingled  together. 

€O.M-MIN"GLING,  ppr.    Mingling  together. 

€OM-MI.\'V-ATE,  V.  U    To  grind     {Kot  used.]    [See 

COMMrwi'TE.] 

eOM-MIX'U-I-BLE,  a.     Reducible  to  powder.  Brown, 

€OM'MI-NCTE,  v.  u    [L  commiauo;  con  and  nttnao, 

to  le«*eu,  from  the  root  of  minor ;  Ir.  mwa,  mm,  fine, 

small,  tender  ;  W.  mtdny  man ;  Ar.  .  _«  manna,  to  di- 
minish.   Class  Mn,  No.  5.] 

To  make  rmall  or  line  ;  to  reduce  lo  minute  porii- 
cl6s,orto  a  fine  powder,  by  breaking,  pounding,  rasp- 
ing, or  grinding  ;  to  pulverize  ;  to  triturate  ;  .to  levi- 
gate. It  is  chiefly  or  wholly  applied  to  substances 
not  liquid.  Bacon. 

eOM'Ml-.NC-TED,  pjr.  or  a.  Reduced  to  fine  particles ; 
pulverized  ;  trilumted. 

eOM'MI-XC-TING.  ppr.  Reducing  to  fine  particles; 
pulverizine;  levigating. 

€OM-MI  XO'TION,  n.    The  act  of  reducing  to  a  fine 
powder  or  to  small  particles ;  pulverization. 
3.  .Attenuation  ;  as,  coMmiauXura  of  spirits.  Bacon. 

eOM-MlS'ER-A-BLE,  a.  [See  CoMMiscaATE.]  De- 
serving of  commiseration  or  pity  ;  pitiable  ;  that  may 
excite  sympathy  or  sorrow. 

Thu  commUrrobU  penon,  Edward.  Bacon, 

[UttU  usfd.] 
€C).M-MIS'ER-ATE,  r.  t.      [L.  eommiseror;    eon  and 
■twerfw,  to  pity.     See  Miserable.] 

1.  To  pity  ;  to  compassionate  ;  lo  feel  sorrow,  pain, 
or  regret,  for  another  in  distress  -,  applied  to  persons. 

Wc  •boiiKl  eotnmwenu*  thoM  who  ^Toan  benesih  itie  weigltl 
of  «fp,  ilime*»e,  OT  want.  DtnJtam. 

2.  To  regret ;  to  pity  ;  to  be  aorry  for  ;  as,  to  cotr- 
miseraie  our  mutual  ignorance.  Locke. 

eOM-MlS'ER-A-TEn,  pp.     Pitied. 

eOM-MlS'ER-A-TL\G,  ppr.  Pitying;  compassionat- 
ing ;  ffcline  sorrow  for. 

e0.^1-MI«-ER-A'TI0\,  n.  Pity  ;  compassion  ;  a  sym- 
pathetic sulfering  of  pain  or  sorrow  fur  the  wants,  af- 
flictions, or  di:<tresses  of  another. 

I    CMn    not    rhink   U  Ibeae    poor  deliwled  crralum  but    with 
eomimttratiot 
€OM-MIS'ER-A-TIVE-LV,  adv.     Fn>m  compassion. 
€()M-MIS'ER-A-TOR,  a.     One  who  pities.     Brown. 
eOM-MlS-^A'RI-AL,  a,    [See  Commissary.]    Pertain- 
ing to  a  commissar}-. 

Smollett  uses  Commusorial;  but  Uiis  is  not  regu- 
lar nor  authorized. 
eOM-.MIS-riA'RI-AT,  n.     [Sp.  comisariato.     See  Com- 


SSARY.l 

The  office 


The  office  or  emploj-ment  of  a  commissary  ;  or  the 
whole  body  of  officers  in  the  commissary's  depart- 
ment. Tvoke,  Ritsg.  i.  575. 
€OM'MIS-SA-RY,  n.  fFr.  commissaire :  lu  and  Port. 
eommitsario ;  Sp.  comtsario ;  I^ow  L.  commis^iariHs ; 
from  commissiu,  eommitio  ;  con  and  m'Ulo^  to  send.] 

1.  In  a  ^renerai  sense^  a  commissioner ;  one  lo  whom 
is  committed  some  charge,  duly,  or  office,  by  a  su[ie- 
rior  prm't-r  ;  one  who  is  sent  or  delegated  lo  execute 
some  office  or  duty,  in  the  place,  or  as  the  represent- 
ative, (if  his  superior. 

2.  In  eeclesia-'tical  ^aw,  an  officer  of  the  bishop,  who 
exercises  spiritual  jurisdiction  in  places  of  the  dio- 
cese so  far  distant  from  the  episcopal  see,  that  the 
chanctillor  can  not  call  the  people  to  the  bishop's 
principal  consistory  court,  without  putting  them  to 
inconvenience.  Ayliffe.     Encye. 

3.  In  a  military  sense,  an  officer  who  has  the  charge 
of  funii^hing  provisions,  clothing,  &c.,  for  an  army. 
Commissaries  are  distingui.-!hed  by  different  names, 
according  to  their  duties  ;  as,  eommissartjseneral,  who 
is  at  the  head  of  the  department  of  supplies,  and  has 
under  him  deputy  commissaries  and  wauirt*  commissa- 
ries ;  the  latter  lo  issue  or  distribute  the  supplies, 

4.  An  officer  who  musters  the  army,  receives  and 
inspects  tlie  muster-rolls,  and  keeps  an  account  of 
the  strength  of  the  army.  He  Is  called  the  commis- 
sary-general of  musters.  The  commissary  of  horses 
has  the  inspection  of  the  artillery  horses;  and  the 
eommisf:ary  of  stores  has  charge  of  all  the  stores  of 
the  artillery.  Encye. 

€OM'.MlS-SA-RY-GEN'ER-AL,  n.  The  head  of  the 
commissarv  department. 

€OM'AUS-SA-RY-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  commis- 
sary. JiyUffe. 


•  COM 

eOM-MIS'SIO\,(-mish'un,)  n.  [Ft.  commission  ;  It 
conmiuione ;  Sp,  comtsiom  L.  cinttmissio^  Witli  a  differ- 
ent applir,ation,  from  committo ;  con  and  miUo,  to 
send.] 

1.  The  act  of  committing,  doing,  performing,  or 
perpetrating  ;  as,  the  commission  of  a  crime. 

2.  The  act  of  committing  or  sending  to ;  the  act  of 
intrusting,  us  a  charge  or  duty. 

3.  A  writing  from  proper  authority,  given  to  a  per- 
son as  his  warrant  for  exercising  certain  powers,  or 
the  performance  of  any  duly,  whether  civil,  ecclesi- 
ai=iiciil,  or  military.     Hence, 

4.  The  tiling  committed,  or  power  and  authority 
given. 

5.  By  a  tiietomjmy,  a  number  of  persons  joined  in 
an  office  or  trust. 

(j.  In  commerce,  the  state  of  acting  under  authority 
in  the  purchase  and  sale  of  goodts  for  another.  I'o 
trade  or  do  business  on  eommissiim,  is  to  buy  or  sell 
for  another  by  his  uulliority.     Hence, 

7.  The  allowance  made  to  a  factor  or  commission 
merchant  for  transacling  business,  which  is  n  certain 
rate  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  the  goods  bought  orsold. 

6.  To  put  a  skip  into  rommittsion.  Is  to  send  it  forth 
on  public  ser^'ice  after  it  has  been  laid  tip. 

9.  To  put  the  great  seat  into  commission,  is  to  place 
it  in  the  hands  of  commissioners  during  the  period 
that  intervenes  between  the  going  out  of  one  lord 
kec[H*r  and  the  accesjiion  of  another. 

Commission  of  bankruptcy,  is  a  commission  issuing 
from  the  chancellor  in  Great  Britain,  and  in  other 
countries  from  some  proper  authority,  appointing 
and  empowering  certain  persona  to  examine  into 
the  facts  relative  to  an  alleged  bankruptcy,  and  In 
secure  the  bankrupt's  lauds  and  eff'octs  for  the 
creditors. 

Commission  of  lunacy,  is  a  commission  issuing  from 
the  Court  of  Chancery,  to  authorize  an  inquiry 
whether  a  person  is  a  lunatic  or  not. 

Commission  ojfficer^  in  the  army  or  rtarv,  is  an  officer 
who  has  a  commission,  in  distinction  from  subaltern 
officen*. 
€OM-MIS'SIO\,  (kom-mish'un,)  v.  t.  To  give  a 
comniiKsion  lo  ;  to  empower  or  authorize  by  com- 
mission. The  president  and  senate  apj»)ini,  but  the 
president  commissions.  United  S/jites. 

3.  To  send  with  a  uiundate  or  authority. 

A  cliwu-n  hinrt 
He  fim  eommifiont  to  tltr  Lmiiiin  land.  Drydtn. 

3.  To  authorize  or  empower. 

JV7;ff.  —  CoMMi9sioNAT£,  in  a  like  sense,  has  been 
wsi'A,  but  rarL'lv. 

eOM-MlS'HION'-.\L,       \   a.     Appointed   by  warrant. 

eOM-.MI.'^'SION-A-Ry,  i        [Litde  used.] 

COM MI.S'.^ION-KD,  pp.  or  a.  Furnished  with  a 
coimnission  ;  emiMiwcred  ;  authorized. 

€OM-MIS'SION-ER,  n.  A  jwrson  who  has  a  com- 
mission or  warrant  from  proper  authority,  to  perform 
some  office,  or  execute  some  business,  lux  the  person 
or  Kov<-rnment  wlilch  employs  him,  and  gives  him 
authority  ,  as,  comminsiouers  for  settling  the  bounds 
of  a  stale,  or  for  adjusting  claims. 

C0.M-MIS'S10\-I.\G,  ;*;«■.  Giving  a  commission  lo ; 
furnishing  with  a  warrant ;  empowering  by  letters 
patent  or  other  writing,  authorizing. 

eOM-MIS'SION-.MEK'CHANT,  n,  A  merchant  who 
transacts  business  as  the  agent  of  other  men,  in 
buying  and  selling,  and  receives  a  rate  per  cent,  as 
his  commission,  or  reward. 

G0.M'M1S-S1|KE,  /(.  [L.  cummissuraj  from  committo. 
commissus :  lil<;rally,a  sending  or  thrusting  logellier.J 

1.  A  joint,  seam,  or  closure  ;  the  place  where  two 
bodies,  or  [>arts  of  a  boily,  meet  and  unite  ;  an  Inter- 
stice or  clef\  between  particles  or  parts,  as  belween 
plates  or  lainellie. 

2.  In  architecture,  the  joint  between  two  stones, 
or  application  of  the  surface  of  one  to  that  of  another. 

3.  In  anatomy,  a  sultu*e  of  the  cmnium  or  skull ; 
articulation  ;  llie  comers  of  the  lips.  Also,  certain 
parts  in  the  ventricles  of  the  brain,  unitingtht.  two 
liemlj'pheres.  Coie. 

COM-MIT',  I'.  (.  [L.  committo,  to  send  to,  or  ihnist 
together;  eon  and  mitto,  to  send  ;  Fr.  mettre,  to  put, 
set,  or  lay ;  commettre,  to  commit ;  It.  meitere,  eom- 
mettere ;  Sp.  met^r,  cotnetcr ;  Port,  meter,  cojntter.] 

Literally,  to  send  to  or  upon  ;  lo  throw,  put,  or  lay 
upon.     Hence, 

1.  To  give  in  trust ;  to  put  into  the  hands  or  power 
of  another ;  to  intrust ;  with  to. 

Cammil  (hy  wny  to  liie  Lonl.  —  Ps.  xxxvii. 

The  thinga  ihou  h^iat  heard  of  me,  commit  to  foithfiil  men. — 
2  TJiN.  ii. 

9.  To  put  into  any  place  for  preservation  ;  to  de- 
posit ;  as,  to  commit  a  passage  in  a  book  to  memory  ; 
to  commit  the  body  to  the  grave. 

3.  To  put  or  send  to,  for  confinement ;  as,  to  rtwn- 
mt(  an  offender  to*  prisrm.  Hence,  for  the  sake  of 
brevity,  commit  is  ij^d  for  imprison.  The  sheriff"  has 
committed  the  offender. 


4.  To  do ;  to  effect  or  perpetrate  ;  as,  lo  commit 
murder,  treason,  felony,  or  trespass. 

Thou  th&U  not  commit  wdultery.  —  Ex.  xt. 


Fate,  far,  fall,  what.— mete,  prey.  — pine,  MAJtlNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  EQQK.— 
230  ~      ~~  ' 


COM 


COM 


5.  To  'oin  or  put  together,  for  a  contest  j  to  matcb  ; 
followed  by  teitJi ;  a  Laiinism.  • 

How  di>-a  Philopolia  eommil  (he  opponent  ullh  ihc  responilfnt. 
[UttU  UMiL]  Mart. 

ti.  To  place  in  a  state  of  hostility  or  inconRniity. 
"  ConijniUirt^  short  and  long  words."  But  this  seems 
to  be  the  same  signification  as  the  foregoing. 

7.  To  expose  or  endanger  by  a  prdhninary  step  or 
decisiun  whicli  can  not  be  recalled  ;  as,  to  commit 
the  peace  of  a  country  by  espousing  the  cause  of  a 
belligerent. 

You  might  harp  wilialied  i*very  duty  uf  jiolilical  frienilship  with- 
out commUdns  ilie  honor  uf  your  iovereign.         Juniut. 

8.  To  engage  ;  to  pledge  j  or  to  pledge  by  implica- 
tion. 

The  grnen\  adiirew^d  leil«r«  to  Gpn.  Gnte«  and  to  Gen. 
m.tit),  e.-iuiinnin^  ihem  KOTiinit  »ny  ludilcii  sM^iit  to  ilie 
pTop<^«al,  which  might  poMil.ly  be  conkidered  us  coinniitling 
the  laLlh  of  the  Uaiied  Suues.  Maralioll. 

And  with  the  reciprocal  pronoun,  to  commit  one^s 
selfy  is  to  do  some  act,  or  make  some  declaration, 
which  may  bind  the  person  in  honor,  go<»d  faith,  or 
consistency,  to  pursue  a  certain  course  of  conduct,  or 
to  adhere  to  the  tenure  of  that  d  claration. 

9.  To  refer  or  intrust  to  a  committee,  or  si-lect 
number  of  persons,  for  their  consideration  and  rrjMirt ; 
c  tfrm  of  le^i-ttatioH  ;  a.-!,  the  petition  or  the  bill  is 
committed.  Is  it  the  pleasure  of  the  huuse  to  commit 
the  bill  ? 

10.  To  commit  fuHu,  is  to  commit  to  prison  for  trial, 
hi  distinction  frum  a  teniporary  commttriunt  while 
under  examination.  Bnuvier. 

eOM-MIT'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  committing ;  a 
sending  to  prison  ;  a  putting  into  prison  ;  imprison- 
ment. It  is  equivalent  to  .WHrfjHjf  or  puttitiif  in  s'lm- 
ply  ;  as,  a  commitment  to  the  Tower,  or  to  N'ewgate  ; 
or,  for  the  sake  of  brevity,  omitiine  the  name  of  the 
place,  it  U  equivalent  to  putting  into  pri/on ;  as,  the 
offt_*nder  is  secured  by  commitmeuL 

2.  An  order  for  contining  in  prison.  But  more 
generally  we  use  mittimus. 

3.  The  act  of  referring  or  Intrusting  to  a  committee 
for  consideration  ;  a  term  m  le^lation  ;  as,  the  c'om- 
mitmejU  of  a  petition  or  a  bill  to  a  select  number  of 
persons  for  consideration  and  report. 

4.  The  act  of  delivering  in  charge,  or  intrusting. 

5.  A  doing,  or  perpetration,  as  of  sin  or  a  crime  ; 
commission.  Clarendon. 

6.  The  act  of  pledging  or  engaging  ;  or  the  act  of 
exposing  or  endangering.  [See  the  verh,  NiiS.  7 
and  8  1  HamiltAJti. 

eOM-.MIT'TAL,  n.     A  pledge,  actual  or  implit-d. 

eO.M-MIT'TEU,  vP'  Delivered  in  trust  ;  given  in 
charge  ;  deposited  ;  imprisoned  ;  done  ;  perpetrated  ; 
engaged  ;   exposed  ;   referred  to  a  comenittee. 

Fidly  committed;  committed  to  prison  fur  trial. 
[See  Commit.' 

€OM-.MIT'TElJ,  n.  One  or  more  persons  elected  or 
apiKtinted,  to  whom  any  matter  or  husiness  is  referred, 
either  by  a  legislative  body  or  either  branch  of  it,  or 
by  a  court,  or  by  any  corporation,  or  by  any  society, 
or  collective  body  of  men  acting  together.  In  legis- 
lative bodws,  a  house  or  branch  of  that  body  may 
resolve  or  lonn  iuelf  into  a  committee,  called  a  com- 
mittee of  the  tehole  kou^e^  when  the  speaker  leaves 
the  chair,  and  one  of  the  members  acts  a^  chairman. 
Standing  committers  are  such  as  continue  during  the 
existence  of  the  legislature,  and  to  these  are  com- 
mitted all  matters  that  fall  within  the  purposes  of 
their  appointment ;  as,  the  committee  of  elections,  or 
o{  prinleges,  &,c.  Special  committees  are  appointetl  to 
consider  and  report  on  jKirticular  suhjccls. 

eOMMIT'TEE^HIP,  ».  The  office  and  profit  of 
committees.  Milto, 

eOM-MIT'TER,  n.  One  who  commits;  one  who 
does  or  perpetrates.  Sonth. 

€OM-MIT'Tl-nLE,  a.  That  may  be  committed. 
[Little  «.««/.]  Brown. 

eoM-MlT'TfS'G,  jtpr.  Gi\ing  in  trust;  depositing; 
imprisoning;  perpetrating  ;  engaging  ;  referring  to  a 
committee ;  exposing. 

€X).M-MIX',  V.  t.  {\j.  c-ommisceo^  commizttLs  ;  con  and 
mtMeo,  to  mix.     [See  Mix.] 

To  mix  or  mingle  ;  to  blend  ;  to  mix,  as  different 
■ubHttnces.  Bacon,    J^'nrUm. 

€OM-MlX',  V.  i.     To  mix  ;  to  mingle.  HhaU. 

€OM-MIX'£D,  (kom-mixt',)  pp.    Mixed  ;  blended. 

€OM  MIX'ING,  Mr.     Mixing;  blending. 

eOM-MIX'TION,  (kom-mix'chun,)  n.  MUture^  a 
blending  of  different  ingredients  in  one  mass  or 
compound.  Brown. 

CoHMixiott  is  used  by  Shakspeare,  but  is  hardly 
legitimate. 

€OM-MIXT'URE,  (kom-mixfyur,)  n.  The  act  of 
mixing  ;  the  slate  of  being  mingled*,  the  blending  of 
Ingredients  in  one  mass  or  compound.  Bacon. 

2.  The  hixss  formed  by  mingling  different  tilings  ; 
composition ;  compound.     Bacon.     Shnk.     Wutton. 

3.  In  Scats  law,  a  method  of  acquiring  properly,  by 
blending  different  substances  belonging  to  different 
proprietors.  Encye. 

e6.M-M0DE',  n.  [Fr.,  from  h.  commodtu,  conveni- 
ent ;  con,  or  a»n,  and  modus,  manner.    See  Mode.] 


1.  A  kind  of  head-dre.s8  fonuerly  worn  by  ladies, 

Mdison. 

2.  A  chest  of  drawers  often  with  shelves  added, 
and  other  conveniences 

€OM-M6  DI-OUS,  a.  [Fr.  commodt;  jLcomodoi  Sp. 
id. ;  L.  commodua,     See  Mode.] 

Convenient;  suitable;  fit;  proper;  adapted  to  its 
use  or  purpose,  or  to  wants  and  necessities  ;  as,  a 
commouiou-D  house  or  room. 

The  liuvtu  waa  not  commodioui  to  winter  in.  —  AcU  xxrW.  13. 

It  is  followed  by  for  before  a  noun  ;  as,  a  place 
commodious  for  a  camp. 

€OM-.M5'DI-OUS-LY,  adv.  Conveniently  ;  in  a  com- 
mtidious  manner;  suitably;  in  a  manner  to  uflord 
ease,  or  to  prevent  uneasiness  ;  as,  a  house  ccnnwodi- 
otuly  situated  ;  we  may  pass  life  commodiously  with- 
out the  restraints  of  ceremony. 

€OM-M6'DI-OUa-NESS,  n.  Convenience;  fitness; 
suitaldeness  ft>r  its  purpose  ;  as,  the  commo<Ho>isHess 
of  a  JK'Use  or  an  apartment ;  the  commodiousness  of  a 
situation  for  trade. 

eOM-MOD'I-TY,  H.  ['L.  commoditas  :  It.  coinoditd  :  Fr. 
commodite  ;  Sp.  comudidud  :  Port,  commodidade.  See 
Commode.] 

1.  Pnmarihjy  convenience  ;  profit  ;  advantage  ; 
interest.  "  >Ien  seek  their  own  commodity."  In 
this  sense  it  was  used  by  Hooker,  Sidney,  itc. ;  but 
this  is  nearly  or  wholly  obstdele. 

2.  That  which  affordsease,  convenience,  or  advan- 
tage ;  any  thing  that  is  useOil,  but  particularly  in 
commerce,  including  every  thing  movable  that  is 
bought  and  sold,  goods,  wares,  nu-rchandise,  produce 
of  land  and  manufactures.  Unless,  perhaps,  ani- 
mals may  be  excepted,  the  wonL  includes  all  the 
movables  which  are  objects  of  commerce. 

Commotli&et  are  n.orab\n,  rAlu.ible  bj  monej,  the  common 
n..Miire.  Locke. 

The  |irinci|>n1  uv  or  tnone;  is  To  tsre  the  commtilalion  of  mora 
bulky  commoditit».  ArbulhnoU 

Staple  commodities,  are  those  which  are  the  produce 
or  manufacture  of  a  countr>*,and  constitute  the  prin- 
cipal articles  of  exportation.  Thus  flour  is  the  staple 
commodity  of  \ew  York  and  Pennsylvania  ;  flour 
and  tobacco,  of  Marjiand  and  Virginia;  cotton  and 
rice,  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia;  cotton,  and 
sugar,  of  Louisiana. 
eo.M'MO-Df^RE,  w.  [This  word  is  probably  a  corrup- 
tion of  the  Italian  ctt mandator e ,  a  commander;  or 
the  Spanish  comendaitar,  a  superior  of  a  monasterj', 
or  a  kniglit  who  holds  a  comniandry.] 

1.  The  oliicer  who  commands  a  squadron  or  de- 
tachment of  ships,  destined  on  a  particular  enter- 
pri.se.  In  the  British  marine,  a.  naval  officer  having 
the  teiuptirary  rank  of  rear-admiral.  Brande. 

2.  A  title  given  by  courtesy  to  the  senior  captain, 
when  two  or  more  ships  of  war  are  cruising  in  com- 
pany.  TuUen. 

3.' The  convoy  or  leading  ship  in  a  fleet  of  mer- 
chantmen, which  carries  a  light  in  her  top  to  conduct 
the  other  ships. 

eOM-MOD-Ij-LA'TION,  n.     [L.  con  and  modulatio.] 
.Measure  ;  agreement.     [Little  used.]       HaktwUl. 

eOM'MOIUXE,  (muln,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  monk  of  the 
same  convent.    Y-V«t  in  ust."]  Sdden. 

€OM'MO.N',  It.  [ifc  communis;  Fr.  commitn ;  Arm. 
coumun  ;  It,  comune  ;  Sp.  conmn  :  Port,  commum ;  Goth. 
gamaitis ;  Sax.  ffemien  ;  G.  gemein  ;  D.  ^emeen ;  Sw. 
gemtn  ;  Dan.  ffcmern  ;  Ir.  rnmann  ;  Goth,  gamana,  a  fel- 
low, fellowship.  This  word  may  be  composed  of  cum 
and  man,  men,  the  plunil  men  I)eing  equivalent  to 
people  and  rulgiu*.  'J"he  last  syllable  is  clearly  from 
thf*  rtK'l  of  many,  which  seems  to  behmg  to  the  root 
of  man,  and  mean  is  of  the  same  family.  Hence  we 
Bee  the  connection  between  common  and  mean,  as 
vvliiar,  from  vulgus,  Eng.  folks  A 

1.  Belonging  etpially  to  more  tlian  one,  or  to  many 
indefinitely  ;  as,  life  and  sense  are  common  to  man 
and  bciLst ;  the  common  privileges  of  citizens ;  the 
common  wants  of  men. 

2.  Belonging  to  the  public;  having  no  separate 
owner,     'i'lie  right  to  a  highway  is  common. 

3.  General ;  serving  for  the  use  of  all ;  as,  tlie 
common  prayer. 

4.  Universal ;  belonging  to  all ;  afj,  the  earth  is 
said  to  be  the  common  motlier  of  mankind. 

5.  Public;  general  ;  frequent;  as,  common  report. 

6.  Usual  ;  ordinary  ;  as,  the  common  operations  of 
nature;  the  common  forms  of  conveyance ;  the  com- 
mon rules  of  civility. 

7.  Of  no  rank  or  superior  excellence;  ordinary. 
.Applied  to  men,  it  signifies,  not  noble^  not  distin- 
guished by  noble  descent,  or  not  distinguished  by 
office,  character,  or  talents  ;  as,  a  common  man  ;  a 
common  soldier.  .Applied  to  things,  it  signifies,  not 
distinguished  by  excellence  or  superiority ;  as,  a 
common  essay  ;  a  common  exertion.  It,  however,  is 
not  generally  equivalent  to  mean,  which  expresses 
Bomething  lower  in  rank  or  estimation. 

8.  Prostitute  ;  lewd  ;  as,  a  common  woman. 

9.  In  grammar,  such  verbs  as  signify  both  action 
and  passion  are  called  common ;  as,  aspernor,  I 
despise  or  am  despised  ;  also,  such  nouns  as  arc  both 
masculine  and  feminine  ;  as,  parens. 


COM 

10.  A  common  bud,  in  botany,  is  one  that  contains 
both  leaves  and  flowers  ;  a  common  peduncle,  one 
that  bears  seveml  flowers  ,  a  common  perianth,  one 
that  incloses  several  distinct  fnictifi cations  ;  a  ctnn- 
moH  receptacle,  one  that  connects  several  distinct 
fructificatitms,  Murtyn 

Common  div'iser,  or  measure,  in  mathematica;  is  a 
number  or  quantity  that  divides  two  or  more  num- 
bers or  quantities  without  a  remainder. 

Common  law;  ill  Great  Britain  and  the  United 
States,  the  unwritten  law,  the  law  that  receives  its 
binding  force  from  immemorial  usage  and  universal 
reception,  in  distinction  from  the  written  or  sUitute 
law.  That  body  of  rules,  principles,  and  customs, 
which  liave  been  received  from  our  ancestors,  and 
by  which  courts  have  been  governed  in  their  judi- 
cial decisions.  The  evidence  of  this  law  is  to  hs 
fount!  in  the  reports  of  those  decisions,  and  the 
records  of  the  courts.  Some  of  these  rules  may 
have  orij^inated  in  edicts  or  statutes  which  are  now 
lost,  or  in  the  terms  and  conditions  of  particular 
grants  or  charters  ;  but  it  is  most  probable  tlial  many 
of  them  originated  in  judicial  decisions  founded  on 
natural  justice  and  equity,  or  on  loc;iI  customs. 

Coonaon  pleas:  in  Greut  Britain,  one  of  the  king*s 
courts,  now  held  in  Wrstininsier  Hall.  It  consists 
of  a  chief  justice  and  three  other  justices,  and  has 
cognizance  of  all  civil  causes,  real,  persmial,  or 
mixed,  as  well  by  original  writ  as  by  removal  from 
the  inferior  courts.  A  writ  of  error,  in  the  nature  of 
an  appeal,  lies  from  this  court  to  the  Court  of  King^s 
Bench.  Blackstone. 

In  Home  cf  tJie  jJmerican  States,  n  court  of  common 
pleas  is  an  inferior  court,  whose  jurisdiction  is  lim- 
ited to  a  cflunty,  and  it  is  sometimes  called  a  county 
court.  This  court  is  variously  constituted  in  differ- 
ent States^  and  its  powers  are  defined  by  statutes.  It 
has  jurisdiction  of  civil  causes,  and  of  minor  of- 
fenses ;  but  its  final  jurisdiction  is  very  limited  ;  all 
causes  of  magnitude  being  removable  to  a  higher 
court  by  appeal,  or  by  writ  of  error. 

Coinmon  prayer;  the  liturjjy  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land, w  hich  all  the  clergy  of  the  church  are  enjoined 
to  use,  under  a  penally.  Encyc. 

Common  recovery :  a  legal  process  for  barring  en- 
tails, remainders,  &.c.     [^See  Recovert.] 

Co7ninon  time ;  in  mw-vir,  the  name  given  to  those 
varieties  of  lime,  in  which  the  measure  consists  of 
two  or  of  four  equal  portions.  Ediv.  Encye. 

In  common  ;  etiiially  with  another,  or  wilh  others  ; 
to  be  equally  used  or  participated  by  two  or  more  ; 
as,  tenants  in  common ;  to  provide  for  children  in 
common ;  to  assign  lands  to  two  persons  in  common, 
or  to  twenty  in  co/nmon;  we  enjoy  the  bounties  of 
Providence  m  common, 
eOM'MON,  n.  A  tract  of  ground,  the  use  of  which 
is  not  appropriated  to  an  individual,  but  belongs  to 
the  public,  or  to  a  number.  'I'hus  we  apply  the 
worti  to  an  open  ground  or  space  in  a  highway,  re- 
served for  public  use. 

2.  In  Imc,  an  open  ground,  or  that  soil  the  use  of 
which  belongs  equally  to  the  intiabitauts  of  a  town 
or  of  a  lordship,  or  to  a  certain  number  <tf  proprie- 
tors ;  or  the  profit  which  a  man  uh^v  in  the  land  of 
another  ;  or  a  rightwhich  a  person  has  tp  pasture  his 
cattle  on  land  of  another,  or  to  dig  turf,  or  catch  fish, 
or  cut  wood,  or  the  like  ;  called  common  of  pasture, 
of  turbary,  of  piscary,  and  of  estovers. 

Common,  or  right  of  common,  is  appendant,  appurto- 
nant,  because  of  vicinage,  or  in  gross. 

Common  appendant,  is  a  right  belonging  to  the  own- 
ers or  occupiers  of  arable  land  to  put  commonable 
beasts  upon  the  lord's  waste,  and  upon  the  lands  of 
other  persons  withhi  the  same  manor.  This  is  a 
matter  of  most  universal  right. 

Common  appurtenant,  may  be  annexed  to  lands  in 
other  lordships,  or  extend  to  other  beasts,  besides 
those  which  are  generally  commonable  ;  this  is  not  of 
common  right,  Imt  can  be  claimed  only  by  immemo- 
rial usage  and  prescription. 

Common  because  of  vicinage,  or  neigliborhood,  is 
where  the  inhabitanU  of  two  townships,  lying  con- 
tiguous to  each  other,  have  usually  intercommoned 
with  one  another,  the  beasts  of  llie  one  straying  into 
the  other's  fields  ;  this  is  a  permissive  right. 

Common  in  gross,  or  at  large,  is  annexed  to  a  man's 
person,  being  granted  to  him  and  his  heirs  by  deed  ; 
or  it  may  be  claimed  by  prescriptive  right,  as  by  a 
parson  of  a  church  or  other  corjKiration  sole. 

Blackstone. 
eOM'MON,  V.  i.     To  have  a  joint  right  with  others  in 
common  ground.  Johnson. 

2.  To  board  together ;  to  eat  at  a  table  in  common. 

Encyr^ 
eOM'MON,  adv.    Commonly.  Shak. 

€0M'.MON-eARRI  ER,  n.  One  who  undertakes, 
for  hire,  to  transport  goods  from  one  place  to  another. 
Kiicli  a  carrier  is  liable  for  alt  losses  and  injuries  to 
the  poods,  except  those  which  have  happened  in  con- 
sequence of  the  act  of  God,  or  of  the  enemies  of  the 
country,  or  of  the  owner  of  the  property  himself. 

Boucirr. 
€OM'MON-€OUN'CIL,  n.    The  council  of  a  city  ..r 
corporate  town,  empowered  to  make  by-laws  for  the 


TCNE,  BULL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI'TIOUS  —  €  aa  K;  0  aa  J;  i  as  Z;  CH  as  SHi  TH  as  m  THia 

~  231 


COM 

fovernment  of  the  citizens.  Tbe  common-council 
of  London  cunsi^t^  of  two  houses  ;  the  upper  house^ 
composed  of  the  turJ  mayor  and  alJt-nnen  ;  and  the 
lower  bouse,  of  the  rouimon-cotincil-m^Mt,  elected  by 
Ihr  sereral  wards.  In  most  of  the  Ami-ricnn  cities, 
tbe  majror,  aldermen,  and  common -council-men  con- 
■titiite  one  body,  called  a  Court  of  Owwoa-Cfunoii. 

[The  common-councils  sonu'linies  consist  of  two 
bouses,  chambers,  or  courts,  (ns  at  Norwich,)  and 
sometimes  form  only  one.  Tbe  city  of  London  w 
divided  into  twenty  four  wardj* ;  the  supreme  magia- 
tnte  of  each  ward  h;w  th*'  titb  of  alUcnrtan ,  the 
twenty-four  aldermen,  with  the  loni  mayor,  form  the 
Oomrt  tf  Aldermem  each  ward  anniuilly  chiMJsea  a 
certain  number  of  tbe  inhabitants,  who  are  sworn  lo 
ftftdst  the  aldermen  with  their  ad\ice  in  all  public 
mflalm,  and  they  form  tbe  Court  tff  Common- CatituiL 

COM'MON-COrN'CrL-MAX,  «.  A  member  of  a 
common-council. 

eOM'MON-eRI'ER,  a.  A  crier  wboBc  occupallun  is 
to  si\'e  notice  of  lu^  tbincs. 

eOM'MON'-HALL,  ■.  A  hall  or  bouse  In  which  citi- 
itenn  m-f't  fur  busint-*^ 

€OM'MO\-LA\V.    See  Liw  and  Cosmo;*. 

fOM'MO.N-C^WYER.  a.  One  vereed  in  common- 
law.  "  Spelman. 

COM'MOX-LQQK'ING,  «.  Having  a  common  ap- 
pearance. 

€O.M'MO.N-PLeA»,  a.^/.  A  court  for  trial  of  civil 
causfs.     fi^fe  Climmotc.] 

eOM'MON-^ENSE,  a.  Sound  practical  judgment; 
the  tnstantau^'ous  decision  of  unper^'erted  reaiwn. 

€OM'MON-A-BLE,  a.    Ueld  in  common.        Bmom. 
9.  Thai  may  fte  postured  on  common  land. 

CbwMiwAlt  br«au  ara  ritbtr  beuti  of  the  plov,  or  aucli  m 
waa>in  Uie  gTouotl-  BUtkttof»a. 

€OM'MON-A6E,  a.  Tbe  right  of  pasturing  on  a  com- 
mon*, the  joint  right  of  using  any  thing  in  common 
with  others.  Mtnson. 

eOM'MOX-AL-TV,  a.  The  rommoo people.  In  Or«at 
A-itaiK,  all  classes  and  conditjooa  of  people  who  are 
below  the  rank  of  notulity. 

Th*  aewMMAy,  Un  ibe  MUitr,  ue  dlvfcfed  Into  arT«-ra] 

In  Ok$  Utdud  StMUSt  eommon^tf  has  no  very  defi- 
nite signification.  It  is,  however,  oscd  to  denote 
duU  part  of  the  pe<^e  who  live  by  ubor,  and  are  not 
liberally  educated,  nor  elevated  by  office  or  profes- 
siooal  pursuits 

ft.  Tbe  bulk  of  mankind.  Hooker. 

€011'.M0.\'ER,  a.  Oneof  the  lower  mnk,  or  cfmunoo 

people  \  one  under  Ibe  degree  of  nobUity.  JtdHson. 

ft.  A  member  of  the  bouse  of  commons.       Swifi. 

3.  One  who  has  ajiunt  right  in  common  ground. 


4.  A  stndenc  of  tbe  second  rank  in  the  University 
of  Oxford,  Eng.,  (conevpoading  to  a  pettsioner  at 
Cambridge,)  wbo  is  not  dependent  on  the  foundation 
for  support,  but  pays  for  hts  board  or  commons^  to- 
gether with  all  other  chaises,  Hahrr. 

5l  a  prostitute.  SJuUu 

6.  A  p:iTtaker.  FuUrr. 

eOM-MOM"TION,  (nUh'un,)  b.    [L.  commonitU. 
Bee  MojiiTiorf.] 

Advice  ;  warning ;  instruction.     [IMtie  uatdJ] 
COM-MOX'I-TIVE,  a.    Warning  ;  monitor)-.     [Xi«/e 


a«ed.l 

[MOX'I-' 


COM-MOX'I-TO-RY,  a.  Calling  to  mind  ;  giving  ad- 
monition. For. 

OOM'.MOX-LY,  odr.  Usually  ;  generally  ;  ordinarily  ; 
flvqiiently  :  fiv  the  most  part ;  as,  conflnned  habits 
com '    -  ■■• -le  through  life. 

C!OM  .  a.     Frequent  occurrence ;  a  state 

of  :  ;i  or  usual. 

*X  i^iT>.u   p^'iicipatioa  by  two  or  more.      [Utile 

©OM'.MOX-PLACE,  a.     Common,  trite,  not  new  or 
,     extraordinary. 

>  COM'MOX-PLACE,  a.    A  memorandum  ;  a  common 
topic. 
€0 M ' MO N -PLACE,  r.  U     To  enter  in  a  common- 
place-book, or  to  reduce  to  general  heads.     Fclton. 
COM'MOX-PLACE'-BQOK,  n.      A  book    in  which 

things  to  be  remembered  are  recorded. 
€OM'MOX-^LAC-£D,  (-plist,)  a.    Entered  in  a  com- 

monptace-book. 
eOM'MONS,  ■.  pL    The  common  people,  who  inherit 
or  possess  no  honors  or  titles ;  the  vulgar. 

Chaucer.  Shak.  Dryden, 
ft.  In  Emfl&iul,  the  lower  bouse  of  partiament.  con- 
sisting of  tbe  representatives  of  cities,  boroughs,  and 
coantiea^  chosen  b^  men  possessed  of  the  property  or 
qualifications  reqarred  bv  law.  This  body  is  called 
lAe  koiut  <tf  anmmons.  The  house  of  repret>entatives, 
in  North  Carolina,  bears  the  same  name. 

3.  OmsB^n  gromnda ;  land  possessed  or  used  by  two 
or  more  persons  in  common.    [See  Commo:*.] 

4.  Food  provided  at  a  common  table,  as  in  colleeea, 
where  many  persons  eat  at  the  same  table,  or  in  the 
same  hall. 

Tbcfr  tammont,  chou^  bat  co&ne,  were  ttothing  meant. 

Drydtn. 


COM 

Doctors  Commons^  in  London ;  a  college  founded  by 
Dr.  Harvey,  for  the  professors  of  thr  civil  law,  where 
the  civilians  rifmmoa  together.  The  house  vva>t  con- 
sumed in  the  great  fire  in  If^C,  but  rebuilt  in  1G72. 
To  this  coUme  belong  thirlv-four  proctors.  £«cye. 
COM'MOX-TY,  «.  In  ScoU  /oir,  Imid  btlonging  to 
two  or  nmre  common  proprietors  ;  or  a  heath  or  muir, 
of  which  there  has  been  a  promiscuous  pos^tession 
by  pastiiraire.  Ennjc. 

COM-.MO.N-VVf.AL',  )    a.  [See    Weal    and 

€t>M'MOX-\VEALTH',    \        Wealth.] 

1.  An  established  fonn  of  government,  or  civil 
polity  ;  or,  more  genemlly,  a  state  ;  a  body  politic, 
consisting  of  a  certain  portion  of  men,  united,  by  com- 
pact or  tacit  agreement,  under  one  form  of  govern- 
ment and  s)-8ieni  of  laws.  This  term  is  applied  to 
the  government  of  Great  Britain,  which  is  of  a  mixed 
character,  and  lo  other  governments,  which  are  con- 
sidered tkA  Iree  or  popular,  but  rarely,  or  improperly, 
to  an  absolute  government.  A  commonwealth  is 
projierly  a  free  state  ;  a  popular  or  representative  gov- 
ernnii-itt ;  a  republic  ;  a^,  the  commonieetilth  of  Mas- 
sachusetts. The  word  signifies,  strictly,  the  eommon 
good  or  happinf,t.t ;  and  hence,  the  form  of  govern- 
ment supposed  best  to  St'cure  the  public  good. 

-1.  The  whole  body  of  people  in  a  statu  ;  the  pub- 
lic Shtk. 

3.  The  tcaitory  of  a  stale  ;  as,  all  the  land  within 
the  limits  of  the  commoniceaUk.  JltL<iachu,irtU!. 

A.  'I'he  CoiRmottWfidth !  in  Ensllth  h'utoru,  the  form 
of  goveniment  establi-^hed  on  the  di-atli  of  Charles  I., 
and  which  existed  under  Oliver  Cromwell  and  his 
son. 
eOM-MOX-WEALTirS'MAX,  n.     One  who  favored 
the  English  cummonwcalth.    [Sue  Commokwealth, 
No.  4.V 
CO.M'MO-UAXCE,    \n.      [L.   eomworajw,  commorori 
eOM'.MO-RA.N-CY,  \      com  and  moror,  to  slay  or  de- 
lay.] 

A  dwelling  or  ordinary  residence  in  a  place ;  abode ; 
habitation. 

CbauMrsM|r  cmmIM  b  ntMllT  \ylug  there.        Bladtatom. 

€OM'MO-RAXT,  a.     Dwelling;  ordinarily  residing ; 
inhabiting. 

All  fre/-ti'>l  !m  within  th^  pivcinri  —  nnil  lUl  peraona  eonmorant 
tb  r-ln — arr  oUiire.I  lo  «iifii<l  llic  court  l««t.      BUick4l*m€. 
€OM-M0'RI-ENn\  «.    [l^  commorUng.] 

Dyinc  nt  the  same  Itme.  Buck, 

COM'.MdTH  ER,  a.    A  godmother.    [XiUls  tueJ.] 
eOM-.MO'TION,  a.     [h.  eommotiOt  cmuwosof  con  and 
wioceo.     Si'K  .MoVB.] 

1.  Agitation  ;  as,  tbe  cvrnTnotion  of  the  sea. 
3.  Tumuli  of  people  ;  disturbance  ;  disorder,  which 
nuy  amount,  at  times,  to  sedition  or  Insurrection  \ 
as,  the  commuiiotu  of  a  stale. 


3.  Agitation  ;  perturbation  ;  disorder  of  mind  ; 
heat ;  excitement. 

II«  ctiiiM  tioi  d'-tMle  without  commotion,  Cturendon. 

eOM-MO'TIOX-ER,  n  One  who  excites  commotion. 
[Lialf  usted.'\  Bacon. 

COM-MOVE',  ».  U     [L.  commoveo.     See  Mote.] 

To  put  in  motion  ;  to  disturb  ;  to  agitate  ;  to  unset- 
tle ;  a  portic  word.  Tkoinaon. 

€OM-MOV'/:r),  pp.     Moved  ;  agitated. 

COM-.MOV'IXG,  ppr.     Agitating. 

eOM-.MC\'.VL,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  commune. 

COM-MCXE',  c.  i.  [Fr.  commanier;  W.  cymunaw ; 
Arm.  comtaunya.  The  VVelrfh  word  is,  by  Owen,  con- 
sidt^red  as  a  cumpouud  of  cy,  a  prefix  equivalent  to 
CO  and  ctrn  in  Latin,  and  ymuni  {rrn  noting  identity, 
and  unate^  to  unite.  If  the  word  is  formed  from  ey 
or  cum  and  tina.*,  it  is  radically  different  from  com- 
mon. But  the  Latin  communUo  accords  with  this 
Word,  and  with  common.'\ 

1.  To  converse  ;  to  talk  together  familiarly  ;  to  im- 
part sentiments  mutually,  in  prix'ate  or  familiar  dis- 
course ;  followed  by  with  l>efure  the  person. 

Aotl  U»cre  will  I  meet  bi»(J  commune  with,  tiiee,  —  Ex.  xxr. 

2.  To  have  intercourse  in  contemplation  or  medi- 
tation. 

Commune  writh  your  own  hcAri  on  j-our  bfl'l.  — P»,  i». 

3.  To  partake  of  the  sacrament  or  Lord's  supper ; 
to  receive  the  communion  ;  a  common  use  a/ the  word 
in  America^  as  it  is  in  the  fVflsh. 

CO.WMUJ\r£,  n.  A  small  territorial  district  in  France, 
one  of  the  subordinate  divisions  of  the  country  in- 
troduced in  the  late  revolution.  In  the  country^  a 
commune  sometimes  embraci-s  a  number  of  villages, 
while  some  large  cities  are  divided  into  a  number 
of  communes. 

COJ^M  V.VI-BUS  AJ^'J\''IS;  one  year  with  another  ; 
on  an  average. 

COM-MO^J^I-BUS  LO'ClSi  one  place  with  another; 
on  a  medium. 

€OM-MU-\r-€A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [See  Commdmcate.] 
The  qualit>'  of  being  communicable  j  capability  oi 
b^-ine  imparted   from  one  lo  another.        Johnson. 

eOM-.MO'NI-CA-BLE,  a.     [Fr.]     That  maybe  com- 


COM 

municntcd  j  cafwble  of  being  imparted  from  one  to 

another;  as,  knuwlt:dge  i^ communicable  by  words. 

I.1UII  blisa,  tu  tli>'c  110  inure  comtnunieaitU.  Milton, 

Ei'Tnal  life  ia  cva.munictibiM  tu  all.  ho<tktr. 

3.  That  may  be  recounted.  MUton. 

3.  Comnmnicative  ;  ready  to  impart.    [J^ft  u^ed.] 
B.  Jonson, 
COM-MCXr-CA-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being 

communicable. 
€O.\l-M0'NI-eA-nLY,  ado.    Wilh  communication. 
eOM-M0'XI-€AXT,  71.     One  who  communes  al  the 
Lord's  table  ;  one  who  is  entitled  to  partiike  of  the 
sacrament,  at  the  celcbmlion  of  the  Lord's  supper. 
Hooker.     Attcrbury. 
€OM-MC'NI-€ATE,  v.  t.     [L.  emnmunico:  frotn  ctmi- 
fMMMi.s-,  common  i    \X.  comumcare  i    Sp.  cuwurwcur  ,•    Fr. 
communiquer.\ 

1.  To  impart;  to  give  to  another,  as  a  partaker; 
to  Confer  for  joint  possession  ;  lo  bestow,  a-s  llial 
which  the  receiver  is  to  hold,  retain,  use,  or  enjoy  ; 
with  to. 

Whtre  Gort  !•  worililpeil,  there  he  commutticatea  )iU  l)li>»{nf[» 
«n<l  holy  (nflu<*iic>'i.  Taylor, 

\je\  him  thut  ia  (Riiglu  in  the  word  tommunicaU  to  tum  that 
tcachcih  in  nil  gootl  ttiingi.  — Qui.  vi. 

2.  To  impart  reciprocally,  or  mutually;  to  have  or 
enjoy  a  share  of;  fullowetl  by  with. 

Common    benefili  t,n  to   be  communicaiitd  wilh  all,  bnl   p<«u- 

li-ir  b^nffiia  mth  choice.  Bacon. 

But  Dioiiieile  ileuirea  tnv  (jDiiipany, 
Anil  SLill  communiealeM  liia  praise  ioith  mo.  Dryitn. 

3.  To  impart,  as  knowledge ;  to  reveal ;  to  give, 
as  infonnation,  eitluT  by  words,  signs,  or  signals  , 
as,  lo  communicate  intelligence,  news,  opinions,  or 
facts. 

Firrmerrhjy  this  verb  had  with  before  the  person  re- 
ceiving ;  a.'i,  "  lie  communicated  those  thotiglits  only 
with  the  Lord  Digby."  Clarendon.  But  now  it  bus 
to  onlv. 

4.  'i''o  deliver  ;  as,  to  commMnicaU  a  message  ;-~to 
give  ;  as,  to  communicate  motion. 

eoM-MO'M-CATE,  P.  L  To  partake  of  the  I^ord** 
supper.  Taylor. 

•   Instead  of  this,  in  America,  at  least  in  Acu?  Eng- 
landy  commune  is  generally  or  always  used. 

2.  To  have  a  conmiunicalion  or  passage  from  one 
to  another  ;  to  have  the  means  of  passing  from  one 
to  another;  as,  two  hou»es  communicate  with  each 
other  ;  a  fortress  communicates  witli  the  country  ;  the 
canals  of  the  body  communicate  with  each  othi^r. 

Arbuthnot. 

3.  To  have  intercourse  ;  applied  to  persons. 

4.  To  have,  enjoy,  or  suffer,  reciprocally  ;  to  have 
a  share  with  another. 

Ye  hnre  done  well  thkl  ye  did  eommunicata  with  my  affliction. 
—  Phil.  i». 

eOM-MO'NieJ^-TED,    pp.     Imparted  from  one   to 

another  ;  bestowed  ;  delivered. 
€OM-MC'NI-eA-TlNG,  ;jpr.      Imparting;    giving  or 

bestowing;  delivering 

2.  Partaking  of  the  sacrament  of  the  Lord's  supper. 

3.  leading  or  conducting  from  place  to  place,  as  a 
passage  ;  connected  by  a  passage  or  channel ;  as,  iwo 
lakes  communiciting  with  each  other. 

4.  Having  intercourse  by  words,  letters,  or  mes- 
sages;  corresponding. 

COM-MU-NI-CA'TION,  v.  The  act  of  imparting, 
conferring,  or  delivering,  from  one  to  another;  as, 
the  communication  of  knowledge,  opinions,  or  facts. 

2.  Intercourse  by  words,  letters,  or  messages;  in- 
terchange of  thoughts  or  opinions,  by  conference  or 
other  means. 

AbiiT  h.iil  communication  with  the  oMeri  of  !«rnel,  sartnp, 
Yf  solicit  lur  Daviil  in  timet  p.ot  to  l>e  king  Ovlt  Vuu. — 
S  Sunt.  iii. 

Ijf.i  your  communication  be,  yea,  ypa  ;  nay,  nay.  —  Mall.  ▼, 

In  1  Cor.  XV.  33,  "  Evil  communications  corrupt 
g(Kid  manners,"  the  word  may  i^ignify  conversation, 
ctiltoquial  discourses,  or  customary  association  and 
familiarity. 

3.  Intercourse :  interchange  of  knowledge  ;  cor- 
respondence ;  good  understanding  between  men. 

S'-cft»  may  be  c^irriril  ao  fir  aa  to  aiop  (lie  eovimunication 
necca»ary  amonff  all  who  have  llit;  niamiereintiiit  of  utiiirx. 

Su>i/t 

4.  Connecting  passage  ;  means  of  passing  from 
place  to  place  ;  as  a  strait  or  channel  between  seas 
or  lakes,  a  road  between  cities  or  countries,  a  gallery 
between  apartments  in  a  house,  an  avenue  btttween 
streets,  &.c.  Keep  open  a  communication  with  the 
besieged  place. 

5.  That  which  is  communicated  or  imparted.  The 
bouse  received  a  communicaXion  from  tJie  governor 
respecting  the  hospital. 

6.  In  rhetoric,  a  trope,  by  which  a  speaker  or 
writer  takes  hvs  hearer  or  reader  as  a  partner  in  his 
sentiments,  and  says  ire,  instead  of  /or  you.  Beattie. 

€OM-MC'NLeA-TIVE,a.  Inclined  lo  communicate; 
ready  to  impart  to  others.  In  the  sense  of  liberaJ.  of 
benefits^  though  legitimate,  it  is  little  used. 

2.  Disposed  to  impart  or  disclose,  as  knowledge, 
opinions,  or  facts  ;  free  to  communicate  ;  not  reserved. 

We  iinTe  p»itl  for  o'lr  want  of  pnnLtcncc,  and  determine  for  the 
(•it\3Tc  to  be  Ifta  commumtxtUat.  SuiJ^. 


FiTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PBgY.  — PINE,  MAEYNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQpK.- 


ZM 


COM 

€OM-.MCt'\I-€A-TIVE-NESti,  ju  The  quality  of  be- 
ing communicative  ;  readiness  to  impart  to  otli<Ts  ; 
frutfdom  from  reserve.  J^arrU. 

€oM-MC'NI-€A-TOB,,  n.    One  who  communicates. 

Dwighi. 

€OM-MC'M-€A-TO-RY,  a.    Imparting  knowledge. 

Barrow. 

€OM-MCX'I\G,  ppr.  Conversing  familiarly  j  having 
familiar  intercourse. 

€O.M-MCN'ING,it.  Familiar  converse  ;  private  inter- 
course. E.  T.  Fitch. 

€O.M-.M0\'ION,  (kom-mun'yunO  lu  [L.  communio; 
Fr.  communion;  It.  comunioiie;  Sp.  coamnivn;  Port. 
commuHlMm.     See  Cohmox.] 

1.  Fellowship  ;  intercourse  between  two  persons 
or  more;  interchange  of  transactions  or  offices;  a 
slate  of  giving  and  receiving  ;  agreement ;  concord. 

We  htf  naturally  Eft)  to  seek  communion  nnd  rellowship  wilh 

otlvra.  Hooktr. 

Whai  communion  hatli  li^hl  with  di\rhrii*»B?— 2  Cor.  vi. 
Tlw  communion  of  ibe  Hoi;  Spirit  be  with   you  all.  — 2  Cor. 

xiii. 

2.  Mutual  intercourse  or  union  in  rfligious  wor- 
ship, or  in  doctrine  and  discipline.  The  Protestant 
churches  have  no  eoutmunum  %vith  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic church. 

3.  '1  he  body  of  Christians  who  have  one  common 
faith  and  discipline.  I'he  three  grand  commanions 
into  which  the  Christian  church  is  divide-d,  are  those 
of  the  Greek,  the  Roman  Catholic,  and  the  Protestant 
churches. 

4.  I'he  act  of  communicating  the  sacrament  of  the 
eucharist ;  the  celebration  of  the  Lord's  supjier  ;  the 
participation  of  the  blessed  sacramenL  'J'he  fourth 
council  of  Lateran  decrees  that  every  believer  shall 
receive  the  eoittmunion  at  least  at  liaater.         F.ucuc 

5.  Union  of  professing  Chh-stians  in  a  particular 
church  ;  as,  members  in  full  commuHion. 

Communion~sercice^  in  the  liturgy  of  the  Episcopal 
church,  is  the  office  for  the  administration  of  tlte 
holy  sacrament. 
€UM-A10.\'ION-1ST,».  One  of  the  same  communion. 

CO.M'ML'-XISM,  n.     [Fr.  commatte,  common.] 

Coumiunity  of  property  among  all  the  citizens  of  a 
state  ;  a  state  of  things  in  which  there  are  no  indi- 
vidual or  separate  rights  in  property  ;  a  new  French 
Word,  nearly  synonymous  with  agrarianism^  socuiUam, 
and  rOiUralLfm. 

eO-M'-MU-XIST,  n.  An  advocate  for  a  community  of 
property  among  citizens.  Some  persons  of  this  s«-ct 
contend  also  for  a  community  of  females,  or  a  pro- 
miscuous intercourse  of  the  sexes. 

€O.M-MC'NI-TY,  n.  [L.  cammuniun;  It.  comuni^ ; 
&p   comuHtdad  :  Ft.  eommunaute.     Sec  Common.] 

1.  /Voper'if,  common  possession  or  enjoyment;  as, 
a  eommHnity  of  goods. 

It  is  a  coofirniKtioa  ofibe  ori^tial  emnmunil^  of  .til  thln^i. 

2.  A  society  of  people  having  common  rights  and 
privileges,  or  common  interests,  civil,  political,  or 
ecclesiastical ;  or  living  under  the  same  laws  and 
regulations  ;  as,  a  community  of  monks. 

X  Society  at  large  ;  a  commonwealth  or  state  ;  a 
body  politic  ;  the  public,  or  people  in  general. 

[(n  this  sense,  the  term  should  not  be  used  abso- 
lutely^ tike  the  word  society  i  as,  the  interests  of  com- 
munity require  this  ^  but,  Uie  interests  of  tht  commu- 
nity, tec] 
4.  Commonness;  frequency.     [06*.]  Shak. 

€O.M-M0  TA-BiL'I-TY,  n.  [See  Commi-te.]  The 
quality  of  tn^ng  capable  of  being  exchanged  or  put, 
one  in  the  place  of  the  other. 

€OM-MC'TA-BLE,  a.  [I^  eommutabilis.  See  Com- 
mute.] That  may  be  exchanged,  or  mutually 
changed  ;  that  may  be  given  for  another.  In  phi- 
lohfyf  that  may  pass  from  one  into  another  ;  as,  the 
tetter  h  is  commutabU  with  v  i  or,  in  Celtic,  b  and  niA 
arc  eiimmutabU. 

eOM-MU-TA'TION,  n.  [U  commuliUic,  See  Com- 
mute J 

1.  Change ;  altcraUon ;  a  passing  from  one  state  to 
another.  South. 

2.  Exchange  ;  the  act  of  giving  one  thing  for  an- 
other ;  barter. 


3.  In  laitf,  the  change  of  a  penalty  or  punishment 
from  a  greater  to  a  less ;  as  banishment  instead  of 
death. 

Siilla  are  aI1uwkM«  in  IV  iplriiuBl  courti  for  monry  arrecl  to 
Im!  givrn  a*  x  eommucaaon  for  penance.  BiadctU>n4. 

€OM-M0'TA-TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  commutatif;  U.  commit- 
tatipo.     See  Commute.] 

Relative  to  exchange  ;  interchangeable  ;  mutually 
pas<«ing  from  one  to  another;  as,  cornmufd/irtc justice, 
justice  which  is  mutually  done  and  received,  between 
men  in  society. 

Tu  culti'if  an  baUtuil  T^g*Tii  i->  afmrnulalivf  Justice.    Burka, 

€OM-M0'TA-TIVE-LV,  adv  B>  way  of  reciprocaj 
exrhanee.  Browtu 

€OM-M0TE',  V.  U  [h.commuto;  con  and  muto,  to 
change.     See  Mt'TisLs  and  Mutation.] 


COM 

I.  To  exclianjie  ;  to  put  one  thins  in  the  place  of 
another;  to  give  or  receive  one  thing  for  another; 
as,  to  commute  our  labors  ;  to  commute  pain  for  pleas- 
ure. 

2.  In  AiWJ,  to  exchange  one  penalty  or  punishment 
for  anoilii'r  of  less  severity  ;  as,  to  commute  death  for 
trmispo  nation. 

eOM-MO'1'K',  V.  i.  To  ntonc  ;  to  compensnte  ;  to 
stand  in  the  place  of;  as,  one  puiiulty  commutes  fur 
another. 

€OM-M0T'En,  pp.     Exchanged. 

COM  MCT'IXG,  ppr.     Exchanging. 

eOM-MC'TU-AL,  a.  [con  and  mutual.]  Mutual;  re- 
ciprocal; used  in  poetry. 

Thftre,  Willi  commutuni  «*I,  w^  both  h4  I  «iiove 

111  acu  of  iloar  benevoleticc  ami  love.  Pope. 

€0'5IoSE,  a.     [L.  comosus,  hairy.] 

In  botany,  ending  in  a  tutl  or  kind  of  briHh. 

Bramle. 
COM-PAOT',  a.       [L.  compaclu.^,  compingo ;   con  and 
pan-To,  pactufy  to  thrust,  drive,  fix,  make  fast  or  close  ; 
antiq.  pugo^  paco  ;  Gr.  -r:ri)  M'm.     See  Pack.] 
Literallij,  driven,  thrust,  or  pressed  together.  Ilence, 

1.  Closely  and  tirnily  united,  as  the  particles  of 
solid  bodies  ;  firm  ;  close  ;  sulid  ;  dense.  Stone,  iron, 
and  woiid  are  compact  bodies.  A  citmpnct  leaf,  in  bot- 
anvy  is  one  having  the  pulp  of  a  close,  firm  texture. 

2.  ComfKising ;  consisting. 

A  wjii.l»rin»  (in*, 
Compnrt  of  unctuous  v'a|)or.  Milton. 

This  sense  vs  not  common.  [See  the  verb.]  Com- 
pact seems  to  he  used  for  compacted.  So  in  the  fol- 
lowing example. 

3.  Joined  ;  held  together.     [Little  used.] 

A  pipe  of  itvon  iwhIb,  eompaci  with  wax  Io^Hilt.    Peacham. 

4.  Brief;  ck»se ;  pithy;  not  dil^use;  not  verbose; 
as,  a  compact  discourse, 

eOM'PACT,  n,     [L.  compactum.] 

An  agreement;  a  contract  between  parties;  a 
Word  that  may  be  applied,  in  a  general  sense,  to  any 
covenant  or  contract  between  individuals;  but  it  is 
more  generally  applft^d  to  agreements  between  na- 
tions and  states,  as  treaties  and  confederacies.  So 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States  is  a  political 
contract  between  the  States  ;  a  national  compact.  Or 
the  word  is  applied  to  the  agreement  of  the  individu- 
als of  a  comnninity. 

The   Inw  of  n^iiuiia  depctidi   on   mutuul  compact*,    treaties, 

IraCiiei,  &c.  Biackitone. 

In  the  l)'*^iiiiiii^s  of  spr^pch  there  was  an   lni}4icti  compact, 

Ibuntlt'il  on  common  consent.  South. 

€O.M-P.A€T',  r.  t.  To  thrust,  drive,  or  press  closely 
togetiier ;  to  join  firmly;  to  consolidate;  to  make 
close  ;  as  the  parts  which  compose  a  body. 

Now  the  bright  sun  tomptietM  th-  precious  stone.    B'.ackmore. 
This  verb  i.s  not  nmch  used.     The  'participle   is 
more  fretjuent ;  as,  tJie  earth's  compacted  sphere. 

Ro^CArmmon, 
The  solids  are  more  strict  aixl  compacted,  ArbutknoU 

2.  To  unite  or  connect  firmly,  as  in  a  system. 

The  wliotc  bo'ly  filly  Joined  tof<:lher  anJ  compacted.  — Epii.  vr, 

3.  To  league  with. 

Thon  pernicious  woman, 
CompncX  with  ber  that's  jfunc.  Shak. 

4.  To  compose  or  make  out  of. 

If  hf",  compact  of  Jars,  grow  musical.  Shak. 

In  the  two  last  examples,  compact  is  used  for  com- 
pacted. 

COM-PACT'ED.pp.  oro.  Pressed  close  ;  firmly  united 
or  conni'cted. 

COM-PACT'ED-I.Y,  adv.    In  a  compact  manner. 

eOM-PACT'EI)  XESS,  n.  A  stale  of  being  compiict ; 
firmness  ;  clusqikcss  of  purts  ;  density,  whence  results 
h  ard  ness.  Digby. 

eo.\I-P.\CT'ER,  n.     One  who  makes  a  compact. 

€O.M-PACT'l-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  joined. 

eOM-P.\GT'I.NG,  ppr.  Uniting  closely  ;  consolidating. 

COM  PAC'TIO.N,  n.  The  act  of  making  compact ;  or 
the  state  of  being  compact.  Bacon. 

eOM-P.-VCT'LY,  adv.  Closely;  densely;  with  close 
union  of  parts. 

eOM-PACT'iN'ESS, ».  Firmness ;  close  union  of  parts ; 
density,  Boyle. 

eOM-PACT'lTRR,  „.  Close  union  or  connection  of 
parts;  structure  well  connected  ;  manner  of  joining. 

^tenser. 

COM  PA'GkS,  n.  [l^,]  A  system  of  structure  of  many 
partH  united.  Ran- 

€0.M-PAG-IN-A'TI0\,  n.  [L.  compago.  See  Com- 
pact.] 

Union  of  parts  ;  structure  ;  connection  ;  context- 
ure.    [Little  used.]  Brown. 

€OM'PA-NA-BLE,  a.    Companionable.     [  Oft^.] 

€OM'PA-NA-BLE-NESS,  n.      Sociableness.      [Obs.] 

Sidney. 

€OM-PAN'I-A-BLE,  a.     Social.     [Obs.]  Baron. 

€O.M-PAN'I-A-BLE-NES8,  n.    Sociableness.     [Obs.] 

Bp.  Hall. 

€C>M'r\-'NJ-ED,pp.    Associated  with;  attended. 

€O.M-PAN'iON,  (kom-pan'yun,)  n.     [Fr.  compagnon; 


COM 

Arm.   compai^nun;     It.   campagno;    Sp.   companero; 
Purt.  companhciro  ;  Ir.  compaaach.     See  CoMrs.nr.] 

1.  One  who  keeps  company  with  another;  one 
with  whom  a  person  frequently  associates  and  con- 
verses. "  It  differs  from  friend^**  says  Johnson,  "  as 
ac-quuintanec  from  confidence.''^  The  word  does  not 
necessarily  imply  friendship  ;  but  a  cc/mpaiiion  is 
ofYen  or  generally  a  friend. 

A  cotitpanior.  of  fools  shall  be  destroyed.  .—  Pruv.  xiii. 

2.  One  who  accompanies  another  ;  as  two  persons 
meeting  casually  and  traveling  together  arc  called 
companions.      So  soldiers  are   called   companions  in 

3.  A  partner  ;  an  associate.  [arms. 

Epsphnxlitus,  my  brother,  and  companion  in  tabor,  and  fellcw- 
soldier.- Pl.il.  ii.  '^ 

A.  A  fellow  ;  a  mate.  Shak. 

5.  A  term  sometimes  applied  to  a  knight ;  in  distinc- 
tion from  the  knights  commanders  of  tlie  same  order. 

6.  A  sort  of  wooden  porch,  placed  over  the  en- 
trance or  staircase  of  the  cabin,  in  merchant  ships. 
Hence  the  cabin  stairs  are  called  the  companion- way , 
and  the  ladder  by  which  officers  ascend  to  and  de- 
scend from  the  quarter  deck  is  called  the  companion 
ladder.  Mar.  DicL 

COM-P.-WION^A-BLE,  a.  Fit  for  good  fellowship; 
qualified  to  be  agreeable  in  company ;  sociable ; 
agreeable  as  a  com|>anion.  Clarendoiu 

€OM-PAN'IOX-A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  companionable 
manner. 

COM-PAN'ION-LESS,  a.     Having  no  companion. 

€OM-PAN'I0N-SHIP,  n.    Fellowship;  association. 

Sliak. 
2.  Company  ;  train.  Shak. 

CO.M'PA-NY,  (kuin'pa-ne,)  n.  [It.  compagnia;  Sp. 
compania  ;  Port,  eompanhia  ;  Fr.  compagnie  ;  not  from 
cum  and  panui,  breati,  a  mess  or  number  of  men  eat- 
ing ttigelher,  as  is  commonly  supposed  ;  but  from 
cum  and  pannus,  cloth,  Teutonic /dAnc  or  vaan,  a  flag. 
The  wttrd  denotes  a  band  or  number  of  men  under 
one  fiag  or  standard.  What  tfecides  this  question  is, 
the  Spanish  mode  of  writing  the  word  with  n  tild6, 
titled  K,  cam;jania,  for  this  is  the  manner  of  writing 
pano^  cloth;  whereas  panis,  bread,  is  written  pan. 
I'he  orthography  of  the  word  in  the  other  languages 
is  confirmatory  of  this  opinion.] 

J.  In  milttnry  affairs,  the  soldiers  united  under  the 
command  of  a  captain  ;  a  subdivision  of  a  regiment, 
consisting  usually  of  a  number  from  sixty  to  one  hun- 
dred men.     But  the  number  is  indefinite. 

2.  Any  assemblage  of  persons  ;  a  collection  .'!"  men, 
or  other  animals,  in  a  very  indefinite  sense,  it  may 
be  applied  to  a  small  number,  or  any  multitude  what- 
ever ;  as  in  Scripture  we  read  of  a  company  of  priests, 
a  company  of  prophets,  and  an  inmmierable  company 
of  angels  ;  also,  a  company  of  horses. 

3.  An  assemblage  of  persons  for  entertainment  or 
festivity  ;  a  i»arty  collected  by  invitation  or  other- 
wise. 

4.  Persons  that  associate  with  others  for  conversa- 
tion or  pleasure  ;  society;  as,  let  your  children  keep 
good  company. 

5.  The  slate  of  being  a  companion  ;  the  act  of  ac- 
companying; fellowship;  society;  as,  we  cannot 
enjoy  the  company  of  licentious  men. 

I  will  keep  thoe  company.  Dryden. 

G.  A  number  of  persons  united  for  the  same  pur- 
pose, or  in  a  joint  concern;  as,  a  company  of  mer- 
chants or  mechanics  ;  a  company  of  players.  The 
word  is  ajtplicable  to  private  partnerships  or  to  incor- 
porated bodies  of  men.  Hence  it  may  signify  a  firm, 
liouse,  or  partnership ;  or  a  corporation  ;  as,  the  East 
India  Company,  a  banking  or  insurance  company. 

7.  I'lie  crew  of  a  ship,  including  the  officers  ;  also, 
a  fleet. 

To  bear  company;  to  accompany  ;  to  attend  ;  to  go 
with  ;  denoting  a  temporary  association. 

His  fallhlul  dog  ilwll  bear  him  company.  Pope. 

To  keep  company  ;  to  accompany  ;  to  attend  ;  also, 
to  aisoriate  with  frequently  or  habitually  ;  hence,  to 
freipient  public  houses.  Prov.  xxix. 
eO.M'PA-NV,  c.  L  To  accompany;  to  attend;  to  go 
with  ;  to  tx!  companion  to.  [But  Accomfant  is  gen- 
erally used.] 
eOM'PA-W,  r.  I.  To  associate  with;  to  frequent 
the  company  of. 

I  wroi^  you  not  to  company  with  fornlcftton.  —  I  Cor.  v. 

2.  To  be  a  gay  companion.     [Oft*.]  Spenser. 

3.  Tt»  have  conmierce  with  the  other  sex. 

Bp.  Hall. 
€OM'PA-NY-ING,  ppr.     Associating  with  j  accom|ja- 

nying ;  attending. 
€0.\l'PA-RA-BIjE,fl.    [h.  eomparabilis.  See  Compare.] 
'i'hitl  may  be  compared  ;   worthy  of  comparison  ; 
being  of  equal  regard ;    that  may   be   estinuited  as 
eqiuil. 

Tliere  Is  no  blessing  of  lifR  eomparalU  w  tho  enjotmcni  of  r 

discreet  and  »imiuiii  friend.  Addiwan. 

I'he  prrcicus  sons  of  Zion,  comparabU  to  fine  gold,  — L^m.  iv. 

€O.M'PA-RA-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  degree  wor- 
thy to  be  compared,  or  of  equal  regard.         H'otton. 

eOM'PA-RATES,  n.  pi.  In  logic^  the  two  things  com- 
pared to  one  another. 


TCNE,  BJ;LL,  T^NITE.  — AN"GEa,  VI"CIOUS €  as  K :  0  as  J  :  S  as  Z :  CU  as  SH  :  TH  as  in  THIS. 


30 


"231?" 


COM 


€0M-PA-RATION,  n,  ProTision ;  a  making  pro- 
vision. 

eOM-PAR'A-TlVE,  d.  [U.  eompanUtvuj ;  lu  com- 
forctiro,-  Ft.  eomparatif.    See  Oompabb.] 

1.  Ediiinated  by  comparuon ;  nut  positive  or  nb- 
dulute.  The  conipanxtic€  weiRlit  of  a  boily  is  tli;it 
which  is  estimaicd  bv  comtwirinij  it  with  the  weight 
©'"another  bodv.  A  body  may  bi*  called  heavy,  when 
cuiu|iared  with  a  featht-r,  which  would  be  cMed 
light,  when  compared  with  iron.  So  of  eomparmtiCt 
goml  UT  evil. 

a.  Having  tlie  pow^r  of  comparing  diirrent  things ; 
a»,  a  eompanUice  furuUy.     Uii.  Olancille. 

3.  In(/raf»nmr.expressJDgmor«orle«a.  Thecm- 
pamtiv€  degree  of  an  *ljective  eiprewe*  a  greater 
or  less  degree  of  a  qiianttiy,  *r  qualitjfi  than  the 
pcMitire;  as,  brujittfr,  or  wore  briffht ;  tmaUer ; 
JiHer  •  Hromper;  water. 

€t>m,paraHvt  aiuttamif ;  that  branch  of  anatomy 
which  treats  of  the  anatomy  of  man  and  of  other 
animals  in  one  connected  view,  in  order  to  compart 
tbem,  and  arrive  at  general  conclusions.     Ai.  Aw. 

COM-P.\R'A-TIVK.  a.  One  who  is  equal,  or  pre- 
tends to  be  an  equal.     [JV'of  noi^  Msed.}  Shali. 

COM-PAR'A-TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  state  of  eompa- 
ri9>.>ii ;  by  comiiarii^n  ;  accordmg  to  estimate  made 
by  Compari^n  ;  not  po>itiYeIy,  absolutely,  or  in  it- 
self. A  thi:ij:  is  c'tmyiard.'iiy/y  heavy,  when  it  Is 
compared  with  something  less  heavy.  Paper  iseom- 
partttiMif  light  or  heavy ;  fij;/*/,  when  compared 
.  vuh  Uatl  .•  and  Aoiry,  when  coropar-cd  with  air. 

Hnir  few,  cMtfrnrmlive-'v.  »•   tbc  instauces  of  a  vise 
•  ..iilic^ioa  of  time  ami  taleotsl  Amtm. 

COM-  P  A R bl*.  V.  t.  { h.  r^nparo,  to  prepare,  to  provide 
or  procure,  to  maIceeqnal.tocotnpare ;  iron  andjMro, 
topi-«pare;  It.  jxi rare,  lo drew,  trim,  a  lorn  ;  also,  to 
jwrry  ,■  Sp.  jximr,  to  prepare,  to  halt,  to  stop,  to  pre- 
vent, to  detain,  to  stake  at  canls;  Port,  parar,  to 
stop  or  cease  to  go  forward;  to  meet  orconiincupon; 
to  touch  or  be  bounded ;  to  tend ;  to  dnve  at 
some  end;  to  aim  at;  to  como  to;  to  hinder;  to 
parry,  or  wu-d  off ;  to  turn  or  change  in  Inclination 
or  morals;  to  lay  or  itake,  as  a  wager ;  Sp.  parada, 
a  halt,  stop,  pau»e ;  a  fold  for  cattle ;  a  relay  of 
horses  or  mutes;  a  dam  or  bank  ;  a  bet.  stake,  or 
wager;apara<ic,  or  plac«  of  exercise  forti'oops;  Port. 
ieLf  Arm.parnt  M'  jwiroJi.  to  prepare.  Thlsseems 
to  be  the  K*a^'V,  of  the  Sbemitic  lamniages.  The 
primary  sense  is,  to  thn»w,  drive,  or  strike  ;  hence, 
to  drive  or  force  off.  to  separate,  to  pare  .•  hence,  to 
trim,  or  dree,  which  may  be  from  teparallng,  as  in 
the  Krowh  parrr  des  cui  m,  to  drees  or  curry  leather ; 
or  from  wrtMf?  of.  as  we  express  the  idea,  that  is,  by 
enlargement,  or  display  ;  or  from  setting  in  order,  as 
we  say.  to  fix.  Tlie  sense  of  rom/jaiYiff  allied  to  the 
Portuguese  application  of  the  word,  to  coma  to,  to 
meet ;  and  the  L-  par,  equal,  belongs  to  the  same 
rvN't,  and  seems  b>  be  included  in  eomparo.  One  of 
the  principHl  significations  i?,  to  i-top;  that  Is,  to  set ; 
to  tix.  in  fencm^,  it  is  to  intc-rcept  by  thrurting  the 
weapon  aside.  In  gamine,  it  is  to  lay  or  throw 
down.  All  the  senses  unite  In  that  of  extending, 
ll)ru''tin£,  or  driving.    W.  par,  that  is,  contiguous, 

•prtpartdnesjtj  a  pa»r,  a  fellow,  Eng.  p^*T,  L.  par.  The 
laitc-r  word  seems  to  signify,  extended,  or  reaching 
to,  and  to  be  closely  allied  to  the  Purtuguese  sense 
of  contiguity.] 

1.  To  set  or  bring  things  together  in  fact  or  In  con- 
templation, and  to  examine  the  relations  they  bear 
to  each  other,  with  a  view  to  ascertain  their  at;ree- 
ment  or  disagreemeai ;  as,  to  compare  two  pieces  of 
doth,  two  tables,  or  coin? ;  to  compare  reasons  and 
arguments  ;  to  compart  pL^a«ure  with.  pain. 

In  comparing  movable,  tilings,  it  is  customary  to 
brine  them  together,  f  »r  examination.  In  comparing 
thinirs  jniin-n-able  or  r-^raoi*',  and  abstract  ideas,  we 
bring  Wu-oi  together  in  thd  mmd,  as  far  as  we  are 
able,  and  consider  them  in  connectiim.  Comparison 
thefefnre  is  really  col!ation,  os  it  includes  iL 

3.  To  liken;  to  represent  as  similar,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  illustration. 

S«:»n  rowpttrrf  tb?  p'ej'e  Id  tin  sea,  aod  oralon  and  cown- 
»-i:or«  to  ite  vH»Ja ;  far  titat  iha  mm  would  to  calm  and 
qiuet,  iT  ite  vimla  diJ  b«  traotfe  k.  Baton. 

In  this  sense  compare  is  followed  by  to. 

3.  To  examine  the  relations  of  things  to  each 
other,  with  a  view  lo  discover  their  relative  propor- 
tions, quantities,  or  qualities  ;  as,  to  compare  two 
kingdom!^,  or  two  niuunlains,  teith  each  otiierj  to 
CMi;Nir«  the  number  ten  milh  fifteen;  to  compare  ice 
wUA  crj-stal ;  to  compare  a  clown  leith  a  dancing- 
master  or  a  dandy. 

In  this  sense  compare  is  followed  by  leitk. 

4-  in  grammar^  to  form  an  adjective  in  the  de- 
grees of  comparison ;  as,  blaclask,  blaek,  btaeker, 
hlaekest. 

5.  To  get;  to  procure;  to  obtain;  as  in  Latin. 
rO*y.]_  Spenser. 

eO.M-PARE',  V.  i.  To  hold  comparison ;  to  be  tike  or 
equal. 

2.  To  vie.     [Oh».]  Spenser. 
COMPARE',  a.    The  state  of  being  compared  ;  com 


COM 

parative  estimate;  comparison  ;  pooxibility  uf  enter- 
ing into  comparison,  or  being  considered  ns  equal. 

»mall  rall'-T* 
Wiui  iMir  talTihipa. 

9   Simile  ;  similitude  ;  illustration  by  comiNirison. 

[TkL"  noun  is  in  mjs,  but  eaa  not  be  consitiered  as 

eU^ant.] 
eoM-PAR'KD,  pp.     Pet  together  and  exaniin.;d  with 

resperi  to  likeness  or  uiilikiucris,  aiirceniL-nt  or  dis- 

agreem- III ;  likened  ;  represented  as  similar. 
CO.Sl-PAU'ER,  H.     One  who  compares  or  makes  a 

comfKirison. 
CU.M-PaK'ING,  ppr.      Examining   the   relations   of 

things  In  each  other  -,  likenine. 
€OM-P.\K'lNi*,  n.     Act  of  coiiiparing.  Barter. 

eOM-PAR'l-SON,    R.       [It.    compamiioru ;    Sp.    eo«- 

paracioH  ;     Fr.  €omparai.ioH  ;    Port,  ci^mparu^am ,'    L. 

comparatio.     See  CoHrAHC.] 

1.  The  act  uf  c<im|iaring ;  tlie  act  of  con.-«idcriiig 
tlie  reLitiun  between  jtersons  or  tliinizs,  with  a  view 
U»  disc*)ver  their  agreement  or  resemblance,  or  tlieir 
disagreement  or  diilercnce. 

Wt  l^.ini  lo  htrm  a  com«t  eatitnate  of  men  and  thctr  ncTluiii 
by  a/fnpariton.  Atutn, 

2.  The  state  of  being  compared. 

If  «-p  'i^ily  ratlmaie  wh.ti  we  cill  yooj  and  eril,  we  ahall  fml 
it  li.a  ritiKh  >u  comyisrwo.i.  Lockt. 

3.  Comparative  estimate ;  proportion. 

Who  ia  h(l  among  Jom  Eliat  anw  thia  houu  in  lU  firat  g]ory  1 
Aiiit  how  dit  yoo  *^9  il  now?  Ii  il  noi  in  your  cya  in 
eompari»on  ei  ii  aa  noihini;  ?  — Maj.  U. 

4.  In  grammar,  the  f;tfmation  of  an  adjective  in  its 
several  degrees  of  signiftcaiitm  ;  as,  strong.,  strontrrr^ 
strongest  i  greetUs/i^  green,  greater,  ereenr-si  ;  glorious., 
more  fflorioHS^  most  glorious.  In  ^ngli^h,  there  are 
strictly  four  degrees  i^  comparison 

5.  A  simile;  similitude,  or  illustration  by  si- 
militude. 

WbeKonto ah^ll  we  liken  Um  kln^loin  of  GoM  Or  wUli  what 
comjjrUnn  tiiall  we  compare  itf-^-Mark  it. 

6.  In  rketorie,  a  figure  by  which  two  things  are 
considered  willi  regard  to  property  or  quality,  which 
is  common  lo  them  both  ;  as,  a  hero  is  like  a  lion 
in  courage.  Here  courage  is  common  to  hero  and  lion, 
and  constitutes  the  point  of  resemblance.      Encyc. 

The  ili»iJncti.«i  triwetrn  timi'itud*  nml  comparison  U,  ih-d 
l\w  fanner  hoa  tr\rrmar  \o  ihe  fuo/ily ;  lli«  iaiter,  to  ihe 
q^tanlitf.  Compmrison  w  beiweeti  more  oikI  ja««  ;  timili' 
tuti£  i*  Iviwrrti  MOtfd  arid  bnd.  U^uiniLal  —  hung  like  a 
i-iiipr»i  oil  ihe  <t<!«livtti-*  of  ihp  Alp«  —  !•  a  likfne«i  by 
mmiiitwie.  The  iulillniity  of  the  Kripfiiml  proph*-!*  ex- 
ccf^b  tliut  of  Uomer,  aa  much  as  iliunder  ia  loutier  thiui  a 
wttiaj;>sr  —  ia  a  Ukeoeaa  bjr  compariMon. 

J.  Q.  Adama,  lect.  tz. 

But  comparison  has  reference  to  quality  as  well 
as  qunniitv. 

eOM-PAR'l*',  r.  U  [Fr.  compart>r;  It.  compart  ire ;  Sp. 
compartir^  cv«,  or  com,  and  partir ;  L.  pariio,  to  divide. 
See  Part.1 

To  divide  ;  to  mark  out  a  plan  or  design  into  its 
several  (iart:>  or  subdivisions.  H'vtton. 

eOM-PART'HD,  pp.  Divid'd  into  parts  or  apartments. 

eOM-PART'lXG,  ppr.  Dividing  or  disposing  into 
part^ii. 

eOM-PXR-Tr'TION,  n.  The  act  of  dividing  into 
parts.  In  architecture,  the  division  or  disiKisition 
uf  the  whole  groundplol  of  an  edifice  into  ibi  va- 
rious apartments.  Encyc. 

2.  Division;  part  divided;  a  separate  part;  as, 
am^ihilheaters  needed  no  compartitions.       fVottoiu 

€OM-PART'ME\T,n.  [Fr.  compartimeut ;  II.  compar- 
timestto.] 

1.  A  division  or  separate  part  of  a  general  design, 
as  of  a  picture,  or  of  a  eroundplot.    Pope.  Peacham. 

9.  A  design  componed  of  several  different  figures, 
dis^posed  with  symmetry,  for  nmffthent ;  a's,  a  com- 
partment of  tiles  or  bricks,  duly  iirranged,  of  various 
colors,  and  varnished,  to  deconite  a  building.  In  gar- 
dening, compartments  are  assemblages  of  buds,  plots, 
borders,  walks,  &,c.  In  heraldry,  a  compartment  is 
called  al^^o  a  partition.  Encyc. 

COM  PXRT'.NER,  n.     A  sharer.  Pearson. 

eOM'PASt?,  (krim'pas.)  n.  [Fr.  compos;  i^p.compa^; 
II.  compasso  ;  Port,  eompasso  :  con,  or  com,  and  Fr.  pas, 
Sp.  pa.-'o,  It.  passo,  a  pace  or  step,  L.  passus,  which  co- 
incide5  with  the  pjirticiple  of  pando,  to  open  or  stretch. 
(See  Pace  and  Pass.)  A  compass  ia  a  stepping  lo^elh- 
er.  So  in  Spanish  and  Portuguese,  it  signifies  a  beat- 
ing of  time  in  music] 

1.  Stretch;  reach;  extent;  the  limit  or  boundary 
of  a  space,  and  tlie  space  included  ;  applied  to  time, 
space,  sound,  &.C  Our  knowledge  lies  within  a  very 
narrow  compass.  The  universe  extends  beyond  the 
compass  of  our  thoughts.  So  we  say,  the  compass  of 
a  year,  the  compass  of  an  empire,  the  compass  of  rea- 
son, the  compass  of  the  voic-e. 

And  id  th^it  compatt  al!  the  world  conlji!i]a.  Drydtn, 

S.  A  passing  round  ;  a  circular  course ;  a  circuit 

Time  U  com-  round; 
j^nd  wh^re  I  di>l  begin,  there  thall  I  end  : 
M>  lil«  hna  nut  its  corapoaa.  Shak. 

Ttiejr  fncKr-d  a  eompati  of  aeven  dajra*  joumej'.  — 2  Kiiiga  iii 
2  Sflm.  V.     Acu  xxTJii. 


COM 

3.  Moderate  bounds  ;  limits  of  truUi ;  nuMleratioD  , 
due  limits. 


Thi^  licnse  is  the  same  as  tlie  first,  and  the  peculiar 
force  of  the  phrawe  lies  in  the  word  within. 

4.  The  exlint  or  limit  of  the  voice,  or  of  sound. 
[See  No.  I.] 

5.  .\n  instrument,  often  called  the  mariner*s  com- 
pa.is,  used  for  directinsr  or  ascertaining  the  course  of 
ships  ui  sea.  It  consists  of  a  circular  box,  conialniitK 
a  |>aper  card  nmrked  with  the  thirty -two  points  of  di- 
rt^rtion,  and  fixed  on  a  majsiietic  needle,  that  always 
point--*  to  the  north,  tli»  vari:iiion  excejaed.  The  nee- 
dle, with  the  card  attathcd  to  it,  turns  on  a  pin  in  the 
center  of  the  box.  The  box  is  covered  with  gl.is^,  to 
pr>-vent  Uie  motion  of  the  card  from  being  disturbed 
by  the  wind,  and  is  so  aunpended  as  to  remain  al- 
ways in  an  horizontal  position,  notwithstiiiuling  the 
motion  of  the  ^hip.  Encyc. 

i>.  An  instrument  used  in  surveying  land,  con- 
structed, in  the  main,  like  the  mariiitf'H  conipasd : 
but  with  this  difference,  that  the  needle  is  not  tilted 
into  the  c:ird,  moving  witii  it,  but  plays  ak»iie ;  the 
card  b<^'ing  drawn  on  the  bottom  of  tlie  box,  and  a 
circle  divided  iiito  3o0  degrees  on  the  liiiili.  1'liis  tii- 
tftruiuciit  is  u.scd  in  surveying  land,  and  in  directing 
travelers  in  a  desert  or  forest,  niincrs,  Jfcc.  Encyc. 
€OM'PASS,  (kum'pas,)  v.  l  Liicralitj,  to  measure  with 
a  compas.s.     Hence, 

1.  I'o  Htrctch  round  ;  to  extend  so  as  to  embrace 
ttie  Vt'hole  :  hence,  to  inclose,  encirrle,  gras|>,  or 
suiKe ;  as,  to  compass  with  ihe  arms. 

a.  To  smround  ;  to  environ ;  to  inclose  on  idl 
sides  ;    sometimes    followed    by    around,    rounds    or 

Now,  all  ihc  blcaaiiigi 
Of  a  gtad  Tnlhfr  eompatt  [n'^e  aiouU  ShaJc. 

Wit!i  favor  wl'[  (h.-u  compata  hltn  as  wilh  a  ihlelil.  —  Fa.  v. 
The  willuwi  of  Hid  ljro»k  cotapaaa  bim  abonU  — Joii  xl. 

'.i.  To  go  or  walk  round. 

Vi;  •hnll    rnmpn.ta   thf   cify  —  and    the    •eTrnll)   day   ye    alutll 

r-ompaaa  ■.ii'-.  ci'.v  s-rv-n  Urii''«.  —  Josh,  vl. 
For  ye  compoaa  Ma  and  land.  —  M:UL  xxiii. 

4.  I'o  besiege:  to  beleaguer;  to  block  up. 

This  is  nol  u  different  sense,  but  a  particular  appli- 
cation 

Thfne  enemiei  shatl  ra«t  a  trr^nch  about  thee,  and  co">paaa 
tiiee  round,  and  keep  thee  hi  on  every  aide.  —  Luke  xEx. 

5.  To  obtain;  to  attain  to;  to  procure;  to  bring 
williin  one's  power ;  to  accomplish. 

If  I  cnii  check  my  prrinc  lovi-,  I  will  ,■ 

If  Dot,  to  compdga  Ult  Pll  use  my  slitll.  Shak. 

How  can  yon  lii'i'V  to  compaaa  your  d^iignif      Denham. 

6.  To  purpose  ;  to  intend  ;  to  imagine  ;  to  plot ;  to 
contrive  ;  as  we  say,  to  go  about  to  perform,  bat  in 
mind  only  ;  as,  to  compass  the  death  of  the  king. 

QimpaaAng  ami  imagining  the  dcaih  of  (he  king  an"  (ynnny- 
inoiia  icrnii  ;  compata  aignifying  the  purpose  nr  (le»igii  of 
the  mind  or  will,  and  nol,  aa  in  bummun  sp<-ech,  the 
carrying  aiich  deiign  to  citi-ct.  Biackalonx, 

eOM'PASS-IJOX,  (kum'pas-)  m.  A  box  for  a  compass. 

eOM'PASS-NEK'DLE, /(.  The  ne^^dle  of  the  compass. 

eOM'PASS-SAVV,  n.  A  saw  that  cuU  in  a  circular 
manner. 

COM'PAt'S-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  compassed. 

Burhe. 

eOM'PASS-ED,  (kum'past,)  pp.  Embraced  ;  surround- 
ed ;  inclosed  ;  obtained  ;   imagined. 

eOM'P.'VSS-ESjTi.p/.  [Ot  iv  pairof  compasses,  so  named 
from  its  legs  ;  but  pair  is  superflunus  or  improper,  and 
the  singular  number,  co/w;ia.*,<,  is  the  preferable  name.] 
An  instrument  for  describing  circles,  measuring 
figures,  tc,  consisting  of  two  ptiinted  legs  or 
branches,  made  of  iron,  steel,  or  bniss,  joined  at 
the  lop  by  a  rivet,  on  which  they  move.  There 
are  also  com[>asses  of  three  legs,  or  triangular  com- 
pa.sses,  cylindrical  and  spherical  compiases,  wilh 
four  branches,  and  various  other  kinds.      Encyc. 

eOM'PASS-I\G,  ppr.  Embracing;  going  round  ;  in- 
clo»-:ing  ;  obtaining;  accomplisliing  j  imagining  ;  in- 
tending. 

2.  In  ship-bttilding,  incurvatcd  ;  arched.  Jifar.  Diet. 
eOM-PAS'SJON,  (kom-pash'un,)  n.     [It.  compassione; 

Sp.  ctimpa.-ni>n ;  Fr.  compussiun ;  Low  L.  cvinpassio, 
eompatiur :  con  and  paitor,  passus,  to  suffijr.  bee  Pa- 
tie  sce.] 

A  suffering  with  another;  painful  sympathy:  a 
sen^^ation  of  sorrow  excited  by  the  distress  or  misfor- 
tunes of  anoUier  ;  pity;  commiseration.  Compassion 
is  a  mixed  passion,  compounded  of  love  and  sorrow  ; 
al  least  some  portion  of  love  generally  aiiends  the 
pain  or  regret,  or  is  excited  by  it.  Extreme*  di.^tress 
of  an  enemy  even  changes  enmity  inio  al  Ica^t  tem- 
porary affection. 

Ur,   being   full   of  eompaaaion,   forgavu   their   Iniquity.  —  Pa. 

Ixxviii. 
Hii  fittier  h.-ir]  cowipa»rior\,  and  ran,  and  fell  on  hla  neck,  and 

ki=B.;d  biiT,.  — Luke  xv. 

€OM-PAS'SIO.\,  V.  L     To  pilv.     [Abi  used.]     Shak. 

€OM-P,\S'SION-A-BLE,  a.  Deserving  of  pity.  [Lil- 
tle  u.'ted.]  Barrow. 

€OM-P.\S'SI0N-ATE,  a.  Having  a  temper  or  dispo- 
sition to  pity;  inclined  to  show   mercy;  merciful; 


FSTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT MfiTE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARKNE,  B|Ra  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  V^QLF,  BQQK.- 

234  "     ■  ■  ■    '      ^ 


COM 

having  a  heart  that  is  lendrr,  ami  easily  moved  by 
the  distresseei,  suircriiigs,  wants,  and  inrtrmiiies  of 
others. 

I'bere    ucver  wai  a  h"i\rt    truly  gmat  nnd  grucrous,  that  wa> 
not  aho  tender  aiit)  ciMnpiunonaU.  Sautii. 

eO^I-PAS'SIOX-ATE,  F.  (.  To  pity  ;  to  commiaenite ; 
to  have  compassion  for. 

CampnatioTiaUt  my  p.tiiis,  and  pities  m«.  Additon. 

€OM-P.\?"SiOX-A-TED,  pp.     Pitied. 
COM-PAS'SIO-N'-ATK-LY,  adv.     With   compassion; 

mercifully.  Clarendon. 

eOM  PAS'i?ION'-ATE-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  be- 
ing coMi[)ai<:sionate. 
eOM-PAt'SIOX-A-TIXG,  ppr.    Having  pity  on  j  com- 

misenainc. 
COM'PASS-LE.^3,  a.     Having  no  compass.  Kmrwles. 
eOM-PA-TER.\'I-TV,  «.     [con  and  paUmUy.^     The 
relation  of  a  gudfather  to  the  person  for  whom  he  an- 
swers. Davies. 
€OM-PAT-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.    [See  Compatible.]     Con- 
sistency ;  the  quality  or  power  of  coexisting  with 
somi^thing  else;  suitableness;  as,  a  compatibility  of 
tempers. 
€OM-PAT'(-BLE,  a.     [Ft.  compatiblei  Sp.  uL;  Port. 
eoiiipattcet ;  from  the  L.  competo,  to  sue  or  seek  for  the 
same  thing,  to  agree  ;  coa  and  pcto,  to  seek.l 

Con-sistent ;  thai  may  exist  with  ;  suiEuble  ;  not 
incongruous;  agreeable;  followed  by  tritA;  some- 
times by  to,  but  less  properly. 

Tbe  poeu  hnve  Joiued  quAliue>  which  hj  oaliire  are  tha  motl 

compalibtt.  Broome. 

The  o\Jtc-r  of  a  legislator  and  of  a  Judge  are  deemed  not  com- 

patiAu. 
To   pardon    odenden  is  not  always  compatU».'a   uil^    public 
laleiy. 

€OM-PAT'I-BLE-NESS»  n.      Consistency  ;    fitness  ; 

agreement;   the  same  aa  Coupatibiliiv,  which  is 

grnfrillv  used. 
eO.M-PAT'I-BLV,  arfp.  Fitly  ;  suitably  ;  consistently. 
€OM  Pa'TIENT,  (silent.)  tt.     [L.  ct»nand  patior.] 
S'lltlVrinc  togctht-r       [Little  used.]  Buck. 

€OM-PA'TKI-OTorCOM-PAT'R[-OT,   n.     [It.  wm- 

patriotia  :  Sp.  compatriota  ;  con,  or  eom,  and  patriot.] 
One  of  the  same  country,  and  huviiig  like  iiit<;rests 

and  feeling*?.  Burke. 

COM  PA'TRI-OT  or  COM-FAT'RI-pT,   a.      Of  the 

f>ame  coimtrj-.  Jike^tsiiie. 

eOM-PA'TRI-OT-ISM  or  €0.M-PAT'Rl-OT-ISM,  n. 

Fellow-  patriotism. 
COM-PKEIt',*n,     [L.    mnipar;    con  and   par,  cqunl. 

See  Peer.] 
An  equal ;  a  companion  ;  an  associate  ;  a  mate. 

P/iUips. 
€OM-PEER',  t!.  L    To  equal ;  to  match  ;  to  be  equal 

with.  SJuik. 

COMPEER',  V.  i,     [L.  amtparec.] 

To  appear.     [06*.] 
COM-PKL',  V.  t*     [L.    eompeUo,   compeltere  ;    can   and 

prllo,  til  4rive  ;    Sp.   compeler  ;  Port,  compellir.    See 

Pkal  and  Api-eal.J* 

1.  To  drive  or  urge  with  force,  or  irresistibly  ;  to 
contitniin  ;  to  oblige ;  to  necessitate,  I'lthcr  by  phya- 
icnl  or  moral  force  ;  aH,  circumHtanc^^s  compel  us  to 
practice  economy. 

ThoK  shalt  not  comptl  him  lo  wttrt  aa  a  bund  serf  ant.  —  Ijorit. 

axv. 
Ami  il>cy  compel  one  Simon  to  bear  hi*  crrna.  —  Maik  X*. 
Go  out  inio    tW    hiL,'lii*HVs  nnd    hrd;pR,   and  compel  thrm  to 

come  in,  that  my  h<»we  iniij  be  filled. —  Liikr-  xir. 

2.  To  force  ;  to  take  by  force  or  vinlrnce  ;  to 
seize. 

The  •ubj'^u'  pri~f 
Cotriei  (hmnirh  coni(nl««inn«,  wlicit  cotapel  from  cnch 
A  sisUi  pan  of  hta  subiianoe.  Shak. 

[This  sense  it  harsh,  and  not  very  common.] 

Johuaatu 

3.  To  drh'e  together  ;  to  gather  ;  to  unite  tn  a 
crowd  or  com]«iny.     A  Latinism  ;  cvmpeU/re  ffregem. 

In  onf^  troop  comp#t>i,  Uryd4n, 

4.  To  »ei7.e  ;  lo  overpower  ;  to  hold. 

And  rn*j  sleep  ihtif  wcarjr  liinU  tompeUtd.  DryUn. 

[Unu.'ntal.] 

K  To  call  forth  ;  L.  eomprllerf.     [Obs.]     Speruer. 
eo:.I  PEh'LA-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  driven,  forced, 

nr  constrained. 
COM  PEL'hA-IlLV,  adv.     By  compulsinn. 
eOM-PEh-LA'TIO\,    w.       [L.    eontpeUiUio  ;    eomprUo, 
eumpeUare^  the  same  word  !is  the  preceding,  applied 
to  the  voice  ;  to  send  or  drive  out  the  voice.] 

A  cercmonioua  appellation  ;  the  word  of  salutation. 
The  etmpeUaUon  of  ih*  ktngn  o(  France  la  by  *ir«.  Tiinple. 

€OM-PEL'LA-TO-nY,  a.    Compulsive. 

CO.M'PEI/L/JD,  pp.     Forced  ;  conf>trained  ;  obliged. 

€O.M-PEL'LER,  n.     One  who  compels  or  coniitrains. 

COM-PEf/LING,  ppr.    Driving  by  force;  constrain- 
ing ;  obliging. 

Cf»M'PEN!),  i  ri  ^r       1 

€OM-PK\D'I-UM,  i    *•     lI-  comptTultum.] 

In  literature^  an  abridgment  ;  a  Rummary  ;  an 
ppitome  ;  a  bnef  compilation  or  composition,  con- 
taining the  principal  licads,  or  general  principles,  of 
a  larger  work  or  system. 


COM 

eOM-PEXD-I-A'RI-OUS,  fl.  Short?  contracted.    [Lit- 

ilc  lu^'f'/A- 

eOM-PE.\D'l-ATE,  t\  (.  To  sum  or  collect  together. 
[Ji'ot  u.-td.] 

eoM-PEND^-OUS,  a.  Short;  siimmarj- ;  abridged  ; 
comprehensive  ;  containing  the  substance  or  general 
principles  of  a  subject  or  work  in  a  narrow  compass  ; 
as,  a  covipendioits  system  of  chemistry  ;  a  compendi- 
ous grammar. 

2.  Short;  direct;  near;  not  circuitous;  as,  a  c(»m- 
pendiouA  way  to  acquire  science. 

eOM-PEND'I-OUS-LY,odD.  In  a  short  or  brief  man- 
ner ;  summarily  ;  in  brief;  in  epitome. 


COM-PEND'I-OUS-NESS,   n.     Shortness;    brevity; 

comprehtnsion  in  a  narrow  compass.  Beatln/. 

COM-PENS'A-IJLE,  a,      [See   Compensate.]      That 

mav  bf  compensated.     [Little  useiW] 
eOM-PE.\'SA TE  or  CO.M'PEX-SATE,  p.  t.     [L.  com- 

penso  ;  con  and  penso,  to  prize  or  vslue,  from  pernio, 

to  weigh,  to  value.    See  Pendent.] 

1.  To  give  equal  value  to ;  to  recompense  ;  to  give 
an  equivalent  for  services,  or  an  amount  lost  or  be- 
stowed ;  to  return  nr  bestow  thai  which  makes  good 
a  loss,  or  is  estimated  a  suificient  renmneration  ;  as, 
to  competuiate  a  laborer  for  his  work,  or  a  merchant 
for  hi*!  kwses. 

2.  To  be  equival.nt  in  value  or  effect  to  ;  to  coun- 
terbalance ;  to  make  amends  for. 

The  length  of  UiC  night  and  Ihc  dews  do  compentate  the  heat 
of  the  di>y.  Bacon. 

The  pleasures  of  sin  never  eowptntalt  the  sinner  fi^r  tite  mis- 
eries lie  sufl^-rs,  even  in  this  life.  Arwn. 

€OM-PE.\'SATE  or  COM'PEN-SATE,  v.  I  To 
make  amends  ;  to  supply  an  equivalent ;  followed 
by  for;  as,  nothing  can  cowpcnsate  for  the  loss  of 
reputation. 

This  word  is  gmerally  accented  on  the  second  syl- 
lable, most  unfortunately,  as  any  eiu  will  determine 
by  ihe  feeblcnes.-*  of  the  last  syllables  in  the  parti- 
ciples coiiipsii'. sated,  compen' sating. 

E.icli  seeming  want  compensaUd  of  course.  Pope.  * 

With  the  primar>'  accent  on  the  lirst  sylhible,  and 

the  sr-condary  accmit  on  the  third,  this  defect,  and 

the  ditliculiy  of  uttering  distinctly  the  last  syllables, 

are  remedied. 

eOM-PE.N'SA-TED  or  COM'PE\-SA-TED,  pp.  Rec- 
ompensed ;  supplied  with  an  equivalent  in  uuiouut  or 
etfect ;  rewarded. 

eOM-PEi\'SA-TI\r.  or  COM'PEN-SA-TIXG,  ppr. 
Giving  an  equivalent ;  recompensing  ;  remunerating  ; 
making  good  a  deticiencv. 

eoM-PEN-SA'TlO.V,  n.  That  which  Is  given  or  re- 
ceived as  an  equivalent  for  services,  debt,  want,  loss, 
or  suffering;  amends;  renmneration  ;   recompense. 

All  othei  debts  mar  comprntatioit  find.  Dryden. 

'J'he  pleasuf*^  of  fite  are  nu  comp^ntadon  br  llie  loss  ul  divtn« 
Ikiur  and  prott-biiun. 

2.  That   which   supplies  the   place  of  something 

elite,  or  makes  good  a  deficiency.  Palcy. 

X  In  /dir,  a  set-olf ;  the  payment  of  debt   by  a 

credit  of  etpial  amount. 
eo.M-PEN'SA-TIVE,  a.     Making  amcnd.s    or    ctmi- 

pensatiun. 
€O.M-PE.N'SA-TO-RY,a.    Serving  for  compensation  ; 

mitking  an)end8. 
CO.\I-PK.\SE',  (kom-pens',)  v.  t.     To   recompense: 

fiiund  in  Bacon,  but  not  now  in  use.  [delay. 

COM-PE^KEiN'OI-iNATE,  r.  i,    [h.  compertmdino.]   To 
COM-PkTE'j  p.  (.     [l-t.  competo  ;  con  and  peto.] 

1.  l'osi;ek,or  strive  for  the  same  thing  as  another  ; 
lo  carry  on  compt^tition  or  rivalry. 

Our  manufdcturcra  eomptu  with  tho  Engiiah  In  maJiins  cation 
cloUia. 

2.  To  striv?  or  claim  to  bo  equal. 

The  tnget  of  antiquity  will  not  dan  to  eompeU  with  (he  In- 
■pircd  auth  .rs.  Miln*r, 

COM'PE-TENCE.    \    Ti.     [L,  competes,  compeU>,  to  be 
eO.M'PE-TE.N-CV  ,  (        meet  or  fit ;  con   and  peto,  to 

seek  ;  properly,  to  press,  urge,  or  come  to.] 

Primarily,    tiiness  ;    siiitablencsd ;    convenience. 

Hence, 

1.  Sufficiency;  such  a  quantity  as  is  sufficient; 
property  or  means  <if  subsistence  sufficient  to  fur- 
nish the  n'-ci'ssaries  and  conveniences  of  life,  with- 
out superfluity. 

Rr:iscin's  wbole  ploasurc,  nil  the  Joys  of  sense, 

Lie  in  three  words.— hfrallh,  pp»ce,  and  competence.    Pope. 

2.  Sufficiency,  applied  to  other  things  than  prop- 
erty ;  but  thin  application  ia  lfs.e  common, 

3.  Legal  capacity  orqiialificatinns  ;  fitness;  as,  the 
competence  of  a  witness,  which  consists  in  his  having 
the  qualifications  required  by  law,  as  age,  suundness 
of  mind,  impartiality,  &c. 

4.  Right  or  authority  ;  legal  power  or  capacity  to 
take  cognizance  of  a  cause  ;  as,  the  competence  of  a 
judge  nr  court  to  examine  and  decide.  Kent. 

5.  Fitness  ;  adequacy  ;  suitableness  ;  legal  suffi- 
cienry  ;  n«,  the  competency  of  evidence,  SewaU. 

COM'PE-TENT,  a.  Suitable  ;  fit ;  convenient ;  hence, 
sufficient,  that  is,  fit  for  the  purpose  ;  adequate  ;  fol- 


COM 

lowed  by  to  :  as,  competent  supplies  of  food  and  cloth' 
ing;  a  coiitpetcut  force  ;  an  army  competent  to  the 
preservation  of  the  kingdom  or  state ;  a  competent 
knowledge  of  the  world.  'J'his  word  usually  implies 
a  moderate  supply,  a  suiiicienry  witln>ut  supt^rtluity. 

2.  Ciualified  ;  fit ;  having  legal  capacity  or  (lower ; 
as,  a  competent  judge  or  cotirt ;  a  competent  witness. 
In  a  judge  or  court,  it  implies  right  or  authority  to 
hear  and  determine  ;  in  a  witness,  it  implies  a  legal 
right  or  capacity  to  testify. 

3.  Incident;  belonging;  having  adequate  power 
or  right. 

That  is  th"  pTiTi|.;ye  of  the  infinite  Author  of  things,  who  norer 
sluitibers  nor  aleeps,  but  is  not  compettnl  to  nnv  finite 
Uing-.  Lorke. 

It  is  not  competent  to  the  defendant  lo  allege  frjud  in  lite 
plain  rill; 

€OM'PE-TE\T-LY,  adv.  Sufficiently  ;  adequately  ; 
suitably  ;  reasonably  ;  as,  the  fact  has  been  compc- 
tenth/  proved  ;  a    church    is    competently  endowed. 

€OM-PET'I-ULE,    a.     [Ay£    noio    v^ed.]      See  Com-^ 

PATIBLE.  ^ 

COM-PkTTNG,  ppr.     Striving  in  rivalri'. 
COM-PE-TI"TION,  (kom-pe-tish'un,)   n.      [Low   L. 
cmnpetitio.l     See  Compete  and  Competence. 

1.  The  act  of  seeking,  or  endeavoring  to  gain, 
what  another  is  endeavoring  to  gain  at  the  same 
time;  rivalry;  mutual  strife  for  the  same  olyect; 
also,  strife  for  suiieriority  ;  us,  the  competition  of  two 
cantlidates  for  an  office,  or  of  two  poets  for  superior 
reputation. 

2.  A  state  of  rivalsfaip ;  a  state  of  having  equal 
claims. 

A  portniit,  with  which  one  of  Tiiian'a  could  not  come  In 
comptdtion.  Dryden. 

3.  Double  claim ;  claim  of  more  than  one  to  the 
same  thing;  formeriy  with  to,  now  with  /or. 

Comjtetition  lo  llie  crown  there  ia  none,  norc;irt  be.     Bacon. 
There  is  no  com/>ettliun  but  for  the  second  pUce.       DryUn. 

eOM-PET'l^'OR,  n.  One  who  seeks  and  endeiivors 
to  obtain  what  another  seeks ;  or  one  who  claims 
what  another  claims ;  a  {ivul. 

Tliey  enn  not  brook  compelilon  lo  love.  Shak. 

2.  An  npjMinent.  Shak. 

eOM-PET'I-TO-RY,  a.    Rivaling  ;  acting  in  compe- 
tition. Dangers  qf  the  Countnj. 
€OM-PET'I-TRESS,  \          k  .       y  . . 
CO.M-PET'I-TUIX      \             female  competitor. 
eO.M-Pl-LA'TIO\'  n,     [See  Compile.] 

1.  A  cyileciiun  of  certain  parts  of  a  book  or  books 
intj  a  separate  book  or  painplilet. 

2.  A  cullecti<m  or  assemblage  of  other  aubstances  j 
or  the  act  of  collecting  and  forming  an  aggregate. 

fVoodirard. 

eOM-PI-L.^'TOR,  Ti.  A  collector.  [JW  u-fft/.]  Chaucer. 

COM-PTLE',  V.  t.  \h.  cumpilo,  io  pilfer  or  plunder; 
can  and  pilo,  to  pillage,  to  pec/,  and  to  drive  close; 
compilatio.a  pillaging;  It.  compilare ;  Fr.  (0mpilcr ; 
Sp.  and  Port,  compiiar.  Tho  L.  pih  is  Ihe  English 
to  peel,  to  sirij) ;  but  pilo,  to  make  thick,  or  drive  to- 
gether, is  the' Or.  nt\.(,),  lan;is  cogo,  co;irclo,  consti- 
po.  Compile  is  probably  from  peeling,  picking  out, 
selecting,  and  putting  together.] 

\.  To  c^)lle(t  parts  or  passages  of  books  or  writings 
into  a  book  or  pamphlet ;  to  select  and  put  together 
ports  of  un  author,  or  to  collect  parts  of  different  au- 
thors i  or  to  collect  and  arrange  separate  papers,  laws, 
or  customs,  in  u  book,  code,  or  system. 

2.  To  write  ;  to  compose. 

In  poetry,  Ihey  eotnjAla  the  prataci  of  virtuous  men  ond  bc- 
lions.  Teinp!e. 

3.  To  contain  ;  to  comprise.  [J^Tot  used.]  Spentn: 

4.  To  make  up  ;  to  compose.   [JVot  useJ.]     H/iuk. 

5.  To  put  together;  to  build.  [JVwt  n^ied.]   Spenser. 
COM-PIL' /■;!), /•/».    Collected  from  authors;  selected 

and  put  together. 

COM-PILE'MKNT,  n.  The  act  of  piling  together  or 
heaping;  coacervalion.     [Little  iised.]     Wooditard. 

C'OM-PIL'ER,  H.  A  collector  of  parts  of  autliors,  or  of 
sepanite  papers  or  accounts  ;  one  who  furni.s  a  book 
or  composition  from  various  authors  m  separate  pa- 
pers. Bacon.     Swift. 

eOM-PTL'ING,  ppr.  Collecting  and  arranging  parts 
of  books,  or  separate  papers,  in  a  6ody  or  compo- 
sition. 

COM-PLA'CENCE,    >  tu      [L.  complacens,   complaccoi 

eoM-PLA'CEN-CY,  i  con  and  jflacea,  to  please  ;  Fr. 
complairt,  complaisant ;  It.  compiacere,  compiaccnlc  ; 
Sp.  complacer.] 

1.  PleasTire  ;  satisfaction  ;  gralificatltm.  It  is  more 
than  approbation,  and  loss  than  dtligfit  or  jay. 

Others  procliiiin  the  itifiririitifs  of  a  fffnt  man  with  sitisrtciion 
and  cwnplaceney,  if  iliey  discover  none  of  the  lilot  in 
thenisclvcu.  A'ldieon. 

2.  The  cause  of  pleasure  or  joy.  Jfiltini. 

3.  Complaisance;  civility;  softness  of  manners  ; 
defmrtment  und  address  that  afford  pleasure. 

Complae^ttc^j,  And  trinh.  and  maidy  sw<^inr>si, 
Owf.-lt  ever  un  his  tuiiffue,  und  smooth  his  ihuujthts. 

Addison, 
In    the    latter    sense,    CoMri,At9ANeE,    from    tlie 
French,  is  now  used.     [See  Comi'laisance.) 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  —  AN"GER,  Vi"CIOtJe.  — €  as  K  ;  0  aa  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH :  TH  as  in  THIS. 


COM 


COM 


COM 


eOM-PLA'CEINT,  «.    Civil ;  complusauu 

Thcj  look  up  wtUi  K  ton  ofeomptactnt  awe  to  kinp. 

Bur**. 

€X)M-PLA-CEN'TIAL,  m.  Marked  by  fomplnnnce ; 
acfommodnlinc.  C*.  Relig.  JlppftU, 

€OM  PL A-CKN'TIAL-LY.fldp.  In  a  complacential  or 
acc(.^tiim(id:iting  manner. 

COM  PLA'CENT-LY,  ode.  Softly  j  in  a  comp!ac«nl 
manner. 

€OM-PLAlN',  c.  L  [FV.  torn ftsimirt ;  eon,  or  «wi»  and 
flaimir^  fUu^  to  lament,  to  bewail ;  Sp.  TpUmir  ,-  It. 
eowimAiri^€r€^  OK  compioMgrrc ;  ftwm  the  I*,  ptamf^j  to 
Strike,  to  lamenL  If  n  is  not  mdical,  the  unginal 
word  wna  pfoj^o,  colnrJding  with  pia^^  Gr.  nXt,)  rf 
But  this  is  doiibtAil.  The  phmnry  sense  is  to  drive, 
whenre  to  strike  and  to  Inment,  that  is,  to  strike  the 
bands  or  Imasis,  as  in  exirviue  grief»ar  to  drive  forth 
tbe  vi>i<re,  as  in  apprlto.] 

1.  To  utter  expr»swiona  of  frief ;  to  lament. 

I  vil)  tomtp^im  in  the  bittcnf^  of  taj  ■ntril.  —  Job  »ii. 

'  '      *  KN<I  mf  «prtl  «M  emwiMlinnl.  •  Pi.  IxsvU. 


S.  To  utter  exprsMlona  of  censure  or  resentment  j 
to  mannur ;  to  ond  fault. 

And  wbra  the  people  wplMiwi<  k  dlipltMed  Um  Laid.  — 

Num.  zi. 

X  To  itfter  exprenloai  of  anenstawes  or  pata.    He 

»  fytoJMj  of  a  beadncbe. 
4^  To  ctaarfB  i  to  aociiM  or  an  oOense }  to  present 


rsfliaiofthifst.    He  < 
^  TDctawfai  toaocm 
aa  aceosatioa  afwut  a  peraoa  to  a  proper  officer. 


Ttta  Terti  ts  repilarly  followed  by  </,  before  the 
cause  of  fiief  or  censure  ;  as  to  cma^luim  </  thirst,  </ 
ifDocance,  »/  vice,  «/  an  offender. 

$.  To  represent  injuries,  portkiiUrly  In  a  writ  of 
audita  qtierela. 
€OM-PLAI\',  p.  L    To  lament ;  to  bewaiL 

They  niglit  the  frtmuMe  inwanUj  cesylriw.       Oaa.  Oo.  War. 

This  OM  of  cwnplsBi  is  WMommon,  nnd  banlly  le- 
rtrtiTv><*,    Tbe  phrase  is  pn^ierly  elliptical. 
eOM-PLA[N'A-BL£,  «.    Tbal  may  be  complained  of. 

f  AWc  ia  usf.)  '  FtUkamu 

€OM-PLlIX'ANT,  a.     [Fr.  campUifmant.] 

1.  A  proMcutor ;  one  who  prosecutes  by  complaint, 
or  commences  a  U^  fwocess  afainst  aa  offender  for 
tbe  recovery  of  a  nght  or  penalty. 

U*  iImII  ImMi  «ne  moMtr  to  ihr  oer  of  Um  town,  t.:d  the  oibrr 
Hkiuj  t«  tbe  nm  vi  tbm  eaimpimtm^ta. 

S.  Tbe  pinfntifr  in  a  writ  of  audita  qi)en>la.    Ihid. 
GOM-Pt<AlN'li:R,ii.    One  whocompl.nin3,or  expresses 
grief;  one  who  laiaeiitj  \  one  whu  finds  fault  \  a  mur- 
Borer. 

Theae  ere  mortmirm,  nmjlvkmmr^f  walUuf  •Aer  ihHr  •«■ 
lutte.— Ju-le  K. 

€OM-Pl.;tIN'F(;U«-    FuIlofompIahiL    [vVoJ  msA"] 
COM-R^\iN'lNO,  ypr.  or  n.      Kxprrssinp  grief,  sor- 
row, or  censure  ;  nnding  fault  \  murmuring  -■,  lauient- 
ine  .  ncrusine  of  an  otT-nse. 
COM-PLaI\'ING,  a.    Tbe  expression  of  regret,  sor- 
row, or  injury. 
€OM-PL.\I.\r',  n.     [Fr.  cam^inUi  IL  tompianto^ 
I.  Expression  of  KTief,  re^et,  pain,  censure,  or  re- 
sentment i  lamentation  :  murmuring  ;  a  finding  fiiult. 
E*e«  iB-dej  m  vetj  eompdaJMf  ^>iurr.  — h*j  sxii>. 
1  oMMina  io  ttv  oeMp'aou,  ami  n«kc  k  H'-isr.  —  Ps.  |t. 

ytn  J«WB  btM  awny  «i»tl  gneroue  am*p:ninu  »piui«t  Patil 

Acu  ZXT. 
I  And  no  ckkv*  of  eeiptafwL  Booktr. 

9.  Tlie  cause  or  subject  of  complaint,  or  munnur- 
ing. 

Tbi  porertj  of  the  drrrj  t«()i  bera  ibe  coeipfaifft  of  ell  vho 
wmh  wen  to  ihr  cburclt.  Smi/L 

3.  The  cause  of  compUint,  or  of  pain  and  uneasi- 

Ein  the  body ;  a  malady  ;  a  disrase  ;  usually  &[>- 
lodisardas  not  violent;  as,  a  eompLiimt  in  the 
Isorkeasl. 

4.  AccQsatkM) :  a  charf  aeain?!  an  offender,  made 
by  a  private  person  or  informer  to  a  justice  of  the 
peace,  or  other  proper  officer,  allt^^ni;  thai  the  of- 
fender bas  violated  the  law,  and  claiming  the  pen- 
alty due  to  the  prosecutor.  It  differs  from  an  infor- 
MstMB,  which  is  the  prosecution  of  an  otTeuder  by 
tbe  attorney  or  solicitor-general ;  and  from  a  presmt- 
mau  and  indictmtta,  which  are  tbe  accusation  of  a 
grand  jury. 

5.  Representation  of  injuries,  in  a  f^fn^nd  aetut  ; 
and  apprvpriaUtif,  in  a  writ  of  audita  querela. 

€OM'PLAI-8.VNCE,  (kom'pla-zans,)  n.  [Fr.  eomplai- 
««jiee,  from  comvtaisant,  the  participle  of  compUire ; 
anty  or  coin,  ana  ptatrtj  to  pL-ase,  whence  pluisanty 
pleasing,  ptaUir^  pleasure,  h,  placeo,  plaeert^  the  in- 
finitive changt^  into  ptatre  :  IL  compiaeenza,  from 
compiacfrf,  piac^e  ;  Sp.  eurnplaeencia,  complacer.  'i'his 
is  the  same  word  as  eomplacatcf  :  the  latter  we  have 
from  the  I^tin  orthocraphy.  This  word  aflbrds  an 
example  of  a  ch;ins^  of  a  polntal  letter,  in  the  Latin, 
into  a  sibilant,  in  Fn-nch  ;  c  into  .«.] 

1,  A  pleasing  dt^portment ;  courtesy ;  that  manner 
of  address  and  behavior,  in  soria!  iniercnurse,  which 
gives  pleasure  ;civdily  ;oblig!n£ronde^ension  ;  kind 
and  afifable  reception  and  treatment  of  guc!fts  ;  exte- 


rior acts  of  civility ;  as,  the  gentleman  received  ua 
with  co'upiaijtance. 

a.  Ciindtrscension ;  obliging  compliance  with  the 
wishes  or  humors  of  others. 

Ill  mmpJaitana  poor  Ciiptd  ineometl.  Prior. 

3.  Desire  of  pleasing;  disposition  to  oblige;  the 
primeipU  iur  Ifae  act. 

Tour  coMotelesMcr  will  not  pennk  your  guiMM  to  bn  Ineoin. 
«»•'*'"-  Anon. 

eOM'PI.AI-SAXT,(kom'pla-Kint,)ffl.  Pleasing  in  man- 
ners ;  courteous  ;  obliging  ;  desirous  lu  please  ;  as,  n 
eomptni<ant  gentleman. 

2.  Civil ;  courteous  ;  polite  ;  as,  complaisant  deport- 
ment or  trt-atinenl. 

00>I'PLA1-SANT-L.Y,  (kom'pla  zant  ly,)  adv.  In  a 
plf'a)«ing  manner;  with  civility;  with  an  obliaiug, 
atTablf  address  or  deportmenL  Pupr. 

eo.M'PLAISA.VT-NESS,  n.  Civility;  complaisance. 
f/Mtle  luied.] 

eOM'PLA-NATE,  a.    Flat  or  laminate  ;  having  thin 

plal''^. 
COM'PLA-\ATE,  ir.  U     [L.  e,*mplano;  con  and  pla~ 
eO>!-PLA\E',         I       nuSy   plain,      tjee   Plane    and 

Puis.] 
To  make  level ;  to  reduce  to  an  even  surface. 

Derham. 
€0M'PLA-X;K-TED,  \  pp.     Planed  to  an  even   sur- 
eOM-PLAX'ELL  i      face. 

eOM'Pl-A-NA-TING,  {  ppr.    Reducing  to  a  level  sur- 
€O.M-PLAN'I.NG,         j      face, 
€X>M'PLE-.MEXT,  n.    [U  complfmentum^  fnwn  compleo^ 

to  till ;  eon  and  pUo^  to  till.     Literally,  a  filling.] 

1.  Fullness ;  completion  ;  whence,  perfection. 
Ttwy,  ei  tbey  f?M'H.  ha.l  (heir  fill. 

To    *  full  campirmant  uf  ntl  ihetr  ill.  ttuh.  Thlta, 

2.  Full  qnantity  or  number  ;  tbe  quantity  or  num- 
ber limitt'd  ;  as,  a  company  has  its  campUment  of  men  ; 
a  ship  has  its  compttmrnt  of  stores. 

3.  ThiU  which  is  added,  not  as  necessary,  but  as 
ornamental  ;  something  adventitious  to  the  main 
thing;  ceremony.     [See  Com ru me:* t.] 

Gemiehed  and  ik^cked  ia  modest  compltment.  Skak, 

4.  In  trigonomettify  the  complement  of  an  are  or  oit- 
gie^  is  the  difference  beiween^he  arc  or  angle  and 
ninety  degrees.  Thus,  if  the  arc  taken  is  thirty  de- 
grees, its  comjrferaent  is  sixty.  Day. 

5.  In  fteemitryy  the  complements  of  a  paralhlojrram 
are  the  two  spaces  which,  with  the  pa  rnl  It- log  rams 
ab«iut  tbe  diagonal,  make  up  or  'CQmpleu  the  whole 
parallelogram.  Brandt. 

6.  In  ajOroHiOmy,  complrment  is  used  to  denote  the 
distance  t^  a  star  from  the  zenitti.  BarUtw. 

7.  Aritkmitieal  complement  of  a  numhrr^  is  the  dif- 
ference between  the_  number  and  10,  H)0,  1000,  Slc. 
Its  principal  use  is  Tn  working  proportions  by  loga- 
rithms. Day. 

8.  In  forfifie/ttion,  the  ctrmplfmenl  of  the  eurtaiuy  is 
that  pan  in  the  interior  side  which  makes  the  denii- 
eorge. 

eOM-PL&ME.VT'AL,  a.  FUling;  supplying  a  de- 
ficiency; completing. 

eOM-PLE-MENT'A-RY,  n.  One  skilled  in  compli- 
ments. _  [.VVt  IK  use.]  B.  Jonsort. 

GOM-PLKTE',  a.  [L.  compUttLfy  from  compleo ;  con 
and  ple4>y  inusit.,  to  fill ;  It.  eompiere.  The  Greek  has 
irA  (ui,to  approach,  to  fill,  cuutracled  from  irtXaio,  the 
primary  sense  of  which  is,  to  thrust  or  drive  ;  and  if 
the  Latin  pleo  is  from  the  Greek,  which  is  probable, 
then  the  original  orthography  was  peleo,  eompeleo:  in 
which  case  TAdOjt,  tteAiiui,  pi«>,  is  the  same  word  as 
the  English//^.  The  Greek  ttW/Ow  is  said  to  be  a  de- 
rivative.    Literally,  filled ;  full.] 

1.  Having  no  deficiency  ;  perfect. 

And  jf  are  compUu  in  bira  w1k>  tethe  bead  of  all  prinelpalil; 
■ml  pawvi.  —Col.  li. 

2.  Finished  ;  ended  ;  concluded  ;  as,  the  edifice  is 
complete. 

Tlii»  couree  of  r;inltjr  almott  compleu.  Prior. 

In  strict  propriety,  this  word  admits  of  no  compar- 
ison ;  for  that  which  is  complete,  can  not  be  more  or 
less  so.  But  as  the  word,  like  many  others,  is  used 
with  some  ind<finiteness  of  signification,  it  is  cus- 
tomar}'  to  qualify  it  with  more,  most,  less,  and  least. 
More  complete^  most  complete^  less  completCy  are  common 
expressions. 

3.  In  botany,  a  complete  fluwcr  is  one  furnished  with 
a  calyx  and  corolla.  l-'aiUant. 

Or  hnvin?  all  the  parts  of  a  flower.  Jlartun. 

€OM-PLkTE',  r.  (.  To  finish  ;  to  end  ;  to  perfect ; 
as,  to  complete  a  bridge  or  an  edifice ;  to  complete  an 
edticatiun. 

2.  To  fill ;  to  accomplish  ;  as,  to  complete  hopes  or 
desirf'--*. 

3.  To  fulfill ;  to  accomplish ;  to  perform;  as,  the 
proplifTv  of  r>ani!/l  is  comptetetL 

eOM-PLit T'KD,  pp.  Finished  ;  ended  ;  perfected  ;  ful- 
filled ;  accomplished. 

eOM  PLETE'LY,  ado      Fully  ;  pertectly  ;  entirely. 

Swift, 

eOM-PLETE'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  compU-ting  ;  a 
finishing.  Dnjdm. 


eOM-PLETE'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  complete ; 
|>erfection.  Watts. 

€OM-PLET'ING,;)pr.  Finishing;  perfecting;  accom- 
plishing. 

eOM-PLfi'TION,  R.    Fulfillment ;  accomplishment. 

Tlit-re  wni  a  futl,  enlirc    hBrmooy  nnd    conePnt    in    lite    divine 
jirvdiciioni,  rea-irin;  their  tomplttion  in  Chnat.    SquiH. 

2.  Act  of  completing  ;  state  of  being  complete  ;  ul- 
mti»l  extent ;  pt^rfect  state  ;  as,  the  gentleman  went 
to  the  university  fur  the  completion  of  his  education 
or  studies. 

eOM-PLE'TIVE,  a.  Filling;  making  complete. 

Harris. 

€OM-PLi5'TO-Ry,  a.     Fulfilling;  accomplishing. 

Barrow. 

€OM  PLk'TO-RY,  jt.  The  evening  service  ;  the  com- 
plin of  the  Roman  Catholic  church.  Hanptrr. 

CUM'I'LEX,  \   ar    [L.   complrnu, 

eo.\I.p|,EX'£D,  (kom-plekst',)  ]  complex,  emhni- 
cing,  fruui  eompleetor,  to  embrace;  coJi  and  plvrto,  to 
weave,  or  twist;  Gr.  jrAc«ci»;  L.  plieot  VV.  plytfu: 
Arm.  plena;  Fr.  pUer;  It.  piegart;  Sp.  plegar;  D. 
plvoijrn,  to  fold,  bt'nd,  or  double.] 

1.  Coini>osed  of  two  or  more  parts  or  things  ;  com- 
(XMlte  ;  not  simple ;  including  two  or  mure  particu- 
lani  connected  ;  as,  a  complex  being  ;  a  compUz  idea  ; 
a  complex  term. 

Ideas  mitde  up  nT  t^ventl  simple  onei,  I  citU  compUx  ;  ■«eh  h* 
Iwaut;,  Kr->titii>ie,  a  rnnu,  the  univcrae.  I^ofkt, 

3,  Involved;  ditficult;  as,  a  com;>^x  subject. 
eOM'PLEX,  n.     Assemblage;   collection  j  complica- 
tion.    [LUtle  used.] 

Thi«  p^rahle  of  ih«  wadding  lupper  comprthen.l*  in  ii  Ihe 
.  who  Iff  eotnpltx  a(  all  the  bleuing*  and  pri*ile^''i  of  (he 
goupcl.  South. 

eOM-PLEX'ED-NESS,  n.  Complication;  involution 
of  parts  in  one  integral ;  compound  state  ;  as,  the 
camplerednesa  of  moral  ideas.  l.ocke. 

eOM-PLEX'IO.N,  (kom-plex'yun.)  n.  A  complex 
stale  ;  condition  ;  as,  to  this  complexion  we  must 
come  at  last.     [Little  used.]  Shak. 

ii.  The  color  of  the  skin,  particularly  of  the  face  ;   \ 
the  color  of  the  external  parts  of  a  body  or  thing ;  us, 
a  fair  complexion  j  a  dark  complexion;  the  complexion  of 
the  sky. 

3.  'I'he  temperament,  habitude,  or  natural  disposi- 
tion of  the  body  ;  the  peculiar  cast  of  the  constitu- 
tion, which  gives  it  a  particular  physical  character  ; 
a  medical  term,  but  used  to  denote  character  or  descrip- 
tion ;  as,  men  of  this  or  that  complexion, 

'Til  ill,  thourti  dilffr^nC  your  complexiona  are  j 

The  family  of  heaven  for  invn  •hoiilJ  war.  Dryden. 

€OM-PLEX'ION-AL,  a.  Depending  on  or  pertaining 
to  complexion  ;  as,  complexional  efflorescences  ;  com- 
ple.rional  prejudices.  Brown.     Fiddes, 

€OM-PLEX'ION-AL-LY,  adn.     By  complexion. 

Brown. 

eOM-PLEX'IOX-A-Ry,a.  Pertaining  to  the  complex- 
ion, or  to  the  care  of  it.  Taylor. 

eOM-PLEX'IOX-ED,  (kom-plei'yund,)  a.  Having  a 
certain  temperament  or  state.  Addison. 

€O.M-PLEX'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  complex  ; 
complexness.  Burke. 

eO.M'PLEX-LY,  adv.  In  a  complex  manner;  not  sim- 
ply. 

eO.Vt'PLEX-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  complex  or 
involved.  SmitK, 

eOM-PLE.\'l|RE,  n.  The  involution  or  complication 
of  one  thing  with  others. 

eOM-PLT'.\-BLE,  a.  [See  Complt.]  That  can  bend 
or  yield.  Milton. 

eOM-PLI'ANCE,  n,  [See  Comply.]  The  act  of  com- 
plying; a  yielding,  as  to  a  request,  wish,  desire,  de- 
mand, or  proposal ;  concession  ;  submission. 

L.PI  tlip  Itin^  mRPl  eomplianct  in  your  looki, 

A  frrr  and  reaily  yidding  to  hi*  wiihea.  Rove. 

Q,  A  disposition  to  yield  to  others. 


3.  Obedience ;  followed  by  with ;  as,  compliance  with 
a  command  or  precept. 

4.  Performance ;  execution  ;  as,  a  compliance  with 
the  conditions  of  a  contract 

eOM-PLI'ANT,  a.     Yielding  ;  bending  ;  as,  the  eom^ 

pliant   boughs.      [See   Pliant,   which    is   generally 

used.]  Milton. 

3.  Yielding  to  request  or  desire  ;  civil;  obliging. 

€OM-PM'ANT-LY,  adv.     In  a  yielding  manner. 

€OM'PLl-tJA-CY,  n.     A  state  of  being  complex  ()r  in- 
tricate. Mitford. 

eOM'PM-eATE,  r.  t     [h.  compUco;  con  and  plicoy  to 
fold,  weave,  or  knit,     see  Complex.] 

\.  Literally,  to  interweave  ;  to  fold  and  twist  to- 
gether.  Hence,  to  make  complex  ;  to  involve  ;  to  en- 
lanule  ;  to  unite  or  connect  mutually  or  intimately, 
as  different  things  or  parts  ;  followed  by'wiM. 

Our  oliVn* 

mun. 
So  we  say,  a  complicated  disease ;  a  complicated  affair. 

Commoiirm    in   Ihe    parti    m^jr    complictU    and    dUpose   tlicra 
arter  the  manni^r  roqiiiiite  (o  make  thcnii  tlick.         BoytB. 

2.  To  make  intricate. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH*T.— MeTE,  PRgY.  — HNE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BQQK.- 

236' 


C031 

COM'PLI-CATE,  a.  Complex;  composed  of  two  or 
more  parts  united. 

Thotigh  ihe  p&rticiilAr  actions  of  wi\r  are  compUattt  in  f/<«,  yn 
Ukv  are  y^p.irmte  ft:id  ilitiiiici  lit  nghl,  Bncon. 

2.  in  botany,  folded  together,  as  the  vulvps  of  the 

f:ttime  or  chaff"  in  some  pTunses.  J^Iartyn. 

€O.M'PLr-eA-TED,;»p.ora.    Interwoven  ;  entiinRled;' 

involved;  intricate;  composed  uf  two  or  mure  tliiiiga 

(T  parts  united. 
€0-M'PLI  CATE-LY,  ado.     In  a  complex  manner. 
COM  PLI-€ATE-NKSS^  n.     The  state  of  being  com 

phcated  ;  involution  ;  intricacy  ;  perplexity.    Hale. 
eO.M'PLI-eA-TKNG,  ppr.     Interweaving  ;  infolding  ; 

uniting. 
eOM-PLI-€A'TI0N,  n.     The  act  of  interweaving,  or 

involving  two  or  more  things  or  parts  ;  the  state  of 

being  interwoven,  involved,  or  intimately  blended. 

Tlw  noiioin  of  a  coiiftii^l    hiiowleit^e   «re  alwayi   full  of  per- 
fikxity  anil  complications.  Hl^ihrw. 

2.  The  integral,  consisting  of  many  things  involved 
or  inti-rwoven,  or  mutually  united. 

By  xltniliiii;  a  compliaiiion  of  ideaa,  the  mintt  [(  bewililTcd, 

Want. 
eOM'PLI-CA-TIVE,  a.      Tending  or  adapted  to  in- 
volve. 
COM'PLICE,  (plis,)  ".     [It.  complice :  Fr.  Port,  and 
Sp.  id.  ;  L.  compficOf  eomphcitamy  ciniipUce^.     See  Com- 
ri-icATE  and  CoMrLci.J 

One  who  is  united  with  another  in  the  commis- 
sion of  a  crinte,  or  in  an  ill  design  ;  an  associate  or 
confederate  in  some  unlawful  act  or  design  ;  an 
tuxomplice.  The  latter  is  now  used.  [See  Accom- 
FLicE.]  Shak.     Clarendon. 

€O.M-PLIC'I-TY,  (plia'e-te,)  i».     [Fr   compUciU.] 

The  state  or  condition  of  being  a  complice  or  ac- 
complice. [/Mtle  u-ted.] 
CO.M-PLI'£D,  pret.  of  CoMPLT, 

COM-PLI'ER,  n.  One  who  complies,  yields,  or  obeys; 
a  pen*4m  of  ready  compliance  ;  a  man  of  an  easy, 
yielding  temper.  Swift. 

eOM'I'Ll-MK.N'T,  tt.  [Fr.  id.;  It.  complimento  ;  Sp. 
eHmpUmienio^  completion,  perfection,  Compliment  ; 
Port,  comprimentu,  length,  rulfilliiu-nt  ;  compliment, 
obliging  words,  from  the  verb  rw/n;/ri>,  to  fulfill,  to 
perfitnn  ;  Sp.  cumplir  ;  It.  compicre  ;  L.  evmpleo.  See 
Complete.] 

1.  An  expression  of  civility,  respect,  or  regard  ;  as, 
to.!i:-ii'l  or  make  one's  cmtplimeats  to  an  absent 
fKend.     In  thin  application,  the  plural  is  always  used. 

H«  otMcrvcil  f'-w  complim^ntM  in  matter  vf  amia.  Sidney, 

2,  A  present  or  favor  bestowed.  My  friend  made 
me  a  eompliment  of  Homer's  Iliad. 

€X)M'PLI-MENT,  r.  u  To  praise;  to  flatter  by  ex- 
pressions of  appntbatitm,  esteem,  or  respect. 

MrniAfchs  ■ 

Sheiil'l  compliment  th^ir  fo^,  aiiil  (hiin  their  frienil*.    Prior. 
RHr  eomplimeult  M-^oelau*  »pry  hw(l*uiiicly.  P"pe, 

2.  To  congratulate ;  as,  to  complinURt  a  prince  on 
the  birth  of  a  ?(m. 

3.  To  bestow  a  present ;  to  manifest  kindness  or 
regard  for,  by  a  present  or  ()ther  favor ;  as,  he  com- 
phmriited  us  with  tickets  for  the  exhibiiiim. 

€(»M'PLI-MEXT,  V.  i.  To  nass  compliments  ;  to  use 
ceremony,  ur  ceremonious  language. 

I  niake  the  inl-rlucuion,  upon  ucc-iaiun,  ofnjMmtnt  with  each 
oiber.  Boj/U. 

eOM-PLI-MENT'AL,  a.  Expressive  of  civility  or 
respect;  implying  compliments. 

LAUf  .ncT'  f'o^  rtcli  iikI  alHiiid.int  in  compHmenial   nhrnari, 
aixl  auch  froOi,  Wotton. 

eOM-PLI-MEXT'AI^LY,  adv.  In  the  nature  of  a 
Cfimpliment;  by  way  of  civility  or  ceremony. 

Broomti. 
COM  PLI-MENT'A-RY,  a.     Expressing  civility,  rtt- 

gard,  or  praise. 
eOMPM-.\IK\T-ED,pp.     Praised. 
eOM'PLI-MEXT-ER,  n.     One  who  compliments  ;  one 

given  to  compliments  ;  a  flatten-r.  Johnson. 

€OM'PM-ME\T.|.NG,  f;w-.     Praif?ing,  bestowing  on 

as  a  pn-si-nt. 
€O.M'PM\E,  j  «.     [Vr.complu;  It.  ampina ;  from   L. 
CO.M'PLI.V,     \      eojnpteo,  eomplmrh,  computus.] 

The  last  diviHi<)n  of  the  Roman  Caihiflic  breviary  ; 
the  la-Ht  prayer  at  night,  to  be  rcrilrd  nftt-r  sunset ;  so 
called  because;  it  closes  the  8er\'ice  nf  the  day. 

Johnjioit.     Kiietjc.      Taylor. 
COM'PLISfl,  for  Accomplish,  is  not  now  used. 

Spriuer. 
COM'PLOT,  B.     [French,  of  «m,or  r<»n«,  and  ;i/o(.]     A 
plotting  together  ;  a  joint  plot ;  a  plot ;  a  confederacy 
in  some  evil  design  ;  a  conspiracy. 

I  know  tttrit  comptot  ii  to  hrtve  my  life.  Shak. 

COM  PLOT',  r.  U  To  plot  together  ;  to  conspire  ;  to 
form  a  picrt ;  to  join  In  a  secret  design,  generally 
criminal. 

W«   (lull    th/'m    eomp!otling   lo^i-lher,  and  contHvin|r   a    new 
■ceitr  uf  mivrira  lo  Ilie  Tru)aiia,  '  Pope. 

€OM-PI/)T'MENT,  a.  A  plotting  together;  con- 
spiracy. Kinff. 

eOM-PLOT'TED,  pp.     Plotted  together  :  contrived. 

€OM-PI>OT'TER,  «.  One  Joined  in  a  plot  ;  a  c^n- 
ipirator.  Dryden. 


COM 

eOM-PLOT'TI.VG,  ppr.  Ploninp  together;  conspir- 
ing ;  contriving  nn  evil  design  or  crime. 

eOM-PLOT'TLXG-LV,  adv.     Ily  complotting. 

COM-PLU-TE.X'SIA.N,  a.  The  Comp1%Uen:<ian  copy  of 
the  Bible  is  that  of  Compluium  or  Alcala  de  Henarcs, 
first  published  in  1575,  by  Cardinal  Ximenes,  in 
Spain. 

COM-PLY',  V.  i. ;  preU  Complied.  [The  Italian  com- 
piacere,  lo  humor,  to  comply,  is  the  L:itin  complaceo^ 
Fr.  complaire.  The  Sp.  cumplir  is  from  compleo^  for  it 
is  rendered  to  discharge  one's  duty,  to  provide  or 
sypply,  to  reach  one's  liirthday,  to  fulfill  one's  prom- 
ise, to  be  fit  or  convenient,  to  suffice.  The  Portu- 
guese changes  I  into  r,-  eomprir^to  fulfill,  to  perform  ; 
hence,  compnmcnto^  a  eomplemnitj  and  a  compliment. 
Comply  seems  to  be  from  the  Sjwinish  eumpUr^  or 
L.  complro ;  formed,  like  supply^  from  siipplro  ;  yet  in 
some  of  its  uses,  the  sense  is  dt-ducible  from  the 
root  of  Lat.  plico.  (See  Apply  and  Ply.)  It  is  fol- 
lowed by  toitA.] 

1.  To  comply  loith ;  to  fulfill ;  to  perfect  or  carry 
into  effect ;  to  com|tlete  ;  to  perform  or  execute  ;  as, 
lo  comply  with  a  promise,  with  an  award,  with  a 
command,  with  an  order.  So  to  comply  teith  one's 
e.\i>ectatiou9  or  wishes,  is  to  fulfill  them,  or  coniptete 
them. 

2.  To  yield  to  ;  to  be  obsequious  ;  to  accord  ;  to 
suit;  followed  by  vith;  as,  to  comply  with  a  man's 
humor. 

The  truth  of  thinga  will  not  comply  with  our  coiiceiti. 

"naofon. 

COM-PLV'ING  WITH,  ppr.  Fulfilling  ;  performing  ; 
yieldinc  lo- 

COM-PONE',  V.  U  To  compose;  to  settle.  [Obs.] 
[See  Compose.] 

eOM-P6\E',     i  In  heraldry.^  a  bordure,  or  compone,  is 

€OM-P0N'£D,  \  that  formed  or  composed  of  a  row 
of  angular  parts  or  checkers  of  two  colors. 

COM-PO'.NE.NT  or  COM'PO-XENT,  a.  [L.  compo- 
nensy  compono  ;  con  and  pono^  to  place.] 

Literally^  setting  or  placing  titgether  ;  hence,  com- 
posing ;  constituting  ;  forming  a  compound  ;  as,  the 
component  parts  of  a  plant  or  fossil  substance  ;  the 
eompimrnt  parts  of  a  society. 

€OM-P0'\ENT  or  COM'PO-NENT,  n.  A  constitu- 
ent part.  Digby. 

CO.M-P0RT',r.  i.  [It  eomportare;  Fr.  comporter;  Sp. 
and  Port,  comportur  ;  con  and  L.  portOj  to  bear.  (See 
Bear.)     It  is  followed  by  leith.] 

To  comport  with  :  literally ^  to  bear  to  or  with  ;  to 
carry  together.  Hence,  to  agree  with  ;  to  suit ;  to 
accord  ;  as,  to  consider  how  far  our  charity  may 
camport  with  our  prudence.  His  behavior  does  not 
comport  irith  his  station. 

COMPORT',  V.  L  With  Uie  reciprocal  pronoun,  to 
behave ;  to  conduct. 

It  it  ciiriniii  10  ohm^rrt  how  Lord  Somen  —  comported  Mmeel/ 
on  Ihiit  occaaiuu.  Burke. 

[Little  used.] 

2.  To  bear;  to  endure;  as  in  French,  Spanish, 
and  luilian.     [JVot  u^ed.]  DanieL 

eOM'PORT,  ?i.  Behavior;  conduct;  manner  of 
acting. 

I  knew  them  well,  and  marked  their  ruJ«  comport.    Dryden. 

This  word  is  rarely  or  never  used,  but  may  be  nd- 
miMihle   in  poetry.     We  now  use  deportment.     The 
accent,  sinc(>  Oryden's  time,  has  been  transferred  to 
the  first  svlliible. 
€OM-P0RT'A-BLE,  a.    Suitable  ;  consistent. 

We  eaat  the  rulei  of  Ihia  art  Itito  lome  comportal^t  meihori. 

WoUon. 

€OM-P0RT'ANCE,  n.   Behavior;  deportment.  [Obs.] 

Spenjser. 
eOM-PORT-A'TION,  a.    An  assemblage.    [.Xotused.] 


Up.  Richardson. 
lied. 


eOM-PftRT'ED,pp.     Behaved;  siiilei 

COM-PORT'INfi,  ,,pr.     Behaving;  syiting. 

COM-PORT'MENT,  n.  Behavior  ;  demeanor  ;  man- 
mr  of  acting.     [J^ot  now  wed.]        Hale.    Addixon. 

CO.yfPOS  MkMtIS.     [L.  con  andpo.*,  from  the  root 
of  poifsum,,  poti.i.] 
Possessed  of  mind  ;  in  a  sound  state  of  mind. 

GOM-POSE',  r.  (.  [Fr.  composer ;  Arm.  compost ;  from 
the  prtrticiple  of  the  L.  compono,  composites  i  eon  and 
ponn,  posifitSy  to  set,  put,  or  lay  ;  Fr.  poser,  and  in  a 
different  dialect;  Eng.  to  put  i  Sp.  componcr ;  It. 
eomporre.] 

Lilerallii,  to  place  or  set  together.     Hence, 

1.  To  form  a  compound,  or  one  entire  body  or 
thing,  by  uniting  two  or  more  things,  parts,  or  indi- 
vidtial^;  as,  to  emnpose  an  army  of  raw  soldiers; 
the  pjirliament  of  ilreat  Britain  is  composed  of  two 
houses,  lords  and  commons ;  the  senate  of  the 
United  States  is  composed  of  two  Henators  from  each 
Slate. 

Zeal  ought  lo  he  compoeed  nf  the  hljthe«l  ilegreei  ef  .<l|  plont 
aR'  ciioiii.  Spratt, 

2.  To  invent  and  put  together  words  and  sen- 
tences ;  lo  make,  as  a  discourse  or  writing  ;  to  write, 
as  nn  author  ;  as,  to  compose  a  sermon,  or  a  biK>k. 

3.  To  constitute,  or  form,  as  parts  of  a  whole;  as,  | 


COM 

letters   compose    syllables,   syllables  compose  Words, 
words  compose  sentences.  ,^ 

A  few  uneful  thioM,  c«nfounclwi  with   many  trirte«,   fill  their 
roeiuoriea,  mnii  compote  their  Intelleaual  poweuiuna. 

H'atte. 

4.  To  calm  ;  to  quiet ;  to  appease  ;  to  tranquillize ; 
that  is,  to  set  or  lay  ;  as,  to  compose  passions,  fears, 
disorders,  or  whatever  is  agitated  or  excited. 

5.  To  si4tle  ;  to  adjust ;  as,  to  compose  differences. 

6.  To  place  in  proper  form,  or  in  a  quiet  state. 

Ill  a  pcac'lul  grave  my  corpae  compote,  Drydtn. 

7.  To  settle  into  a  quiet  slate. 

The  sea  compoeee  ilacif  to  a  level  iiir^iee.  It  requirea  fihonl 
tttu  duya  to  compote  it  aAer  a  gult,  W. 

8.  To  dispose ;  to  put  In  a  proper  state  for  any 
purpose.     [Obs.] 

Tiwt  army  seemed  well  compoted  to  obtain  that  by  their  aworda 
which  ihey  could  not  by  ili'^ir  pen.  Clarendon, 

9.  In  printing,  lo  set  types  or  characters  in  a  epm- 
posing  stick,  from  a  copy,  arranging  the  letters  in  the 
proper  order. 

10.  In  music,  to  form  a  tune  or  piece  of  music  with 
notes  arranging  them  on  the  staff  in  such  a  manner, 
as,  when  sung,  to  produce  harmony. 

COM-P0S'£D,  pp.  Set  together,  or  in  due  order; 
formed  ;  constituted  ;  calmed  ;  quieted  ;  settled ; 
adjusted. 

2.  a.  Calm  ;  sedate  ;  quiet ;  tranquil ;  free  (Vom 
agitation. 

The  MMhlunii  there  in  aober  tritimnh  ant, 

Compoted  hU  jiosture,  and  Itis  lo«b  aedate.  Pope, 

€OM-PoS'ED-LY,  adv.    Calmly  ;  seriously  ;  sedately. 

The  nun  very  compoatdly  iinawered,  I  am  ho.     C7arendon. 

COM-POS^ED-NKSS,  n,  A  stale  of  being  composed  ; 
calmness  ;  sedateness  ;  tranquillity.  fVUkinn, 

COM-PoS'ER,  n.  One  who  composes;  one  who 
writes  an  original  work  ;  as  distinguished  from  a 
compiler;  an  author;  also  one  who  forms  tunes, 
whether  he  adapts  them  to  particular  words  or  not. 

2.  One  who  quiets  or  calms  ;  one  who  adjusts  a 
difference. 

€OM-Po»'lNG,ppr.ora.  Placing  together  ;  forming  ; 
coiistiliiting  ;  writing  an  original  work  ;  quieting; 
seltliiig  ;  adjusting;  setting  tyiies. 

eOM-Pf^S'INO-STICK,  7t.  Among  prittters,  an  in- 
strumenl  in  winch  lypes  are  set  from  the  cases,  ad- 
justed to  tlie  length  of  the  lines. 

eOM-POS'ITE,  c  Made  up  pf  parts  ;  as,  a  composite 
language.  Coleridge. 

9.  In  architfclarey  the  composite  order  is  the  last  of 
the  five  orders  of  columns;  so  called  because  its 
capital  is  composed  of  the  Ionic  order  grafted  upon 
the  Corinthian.  It  is  of  the  same  proportion  as  the 
Corinthian,  and  retains  the  same  general  character, 
with  the  exception  of  the  capital,  in  which  the  Ionic 
volutes  and  echinus  are  introduced,  and  the  Corin- 
thian cau/icofi  (or  smaller  branches)  and  scrolls  are 
left  out.  It  is  culled  also  the  Roman  or  the  Italic 
order.  Glass,  of  Archif^ 

Composite  number;  one  which  can  be  measured 
exactly  by  a  number  e:kceeding  unity,  as  6  by  2  or  3  ; 
so  that  4  is  liie  lowest  composite  number.        Kucye. 

eOM-PO-SI"TION,  Ti.  In  a  general  sense,  the  art  of 
composing,  or  that  which  is  composed  ;  the  act  of 
forming  a  whole  or  inlcgml,  by  placing  together  and 
uniting  different  thiif^s,  parts,  or  ingredients  :  or  the 
whole  body,  mass,  or  coirii>ound,  thus  formed.  'J'hus 
we  speak  nt  the  composition  of  medicines,  by  mixing 
divers  ingredients,  and  call  the  whole  mixture  a 
composition.  A  composition  of  sand  and  ^ly  is  used 
for  luting  chemical  vessels. 

Vut  pillari  of  atone,  caied  over  with  a  eompoeition  thM  looba 

like  mrtrhle.  Additon. 

Ilent  and   vivitcity,   ia   ngf,  b  an  excellent    eompotinon   for 

husineaa.  Bacon, 

2.  In  litcratMre,  the  net  of  inventing  or  combining 
ideas,  clothing  them  with  words,  arranging  them  in 
order,  and,  in  general,  commiiting  them  lo  paper,  or 
otherwise  writing  them.     Hence, 

3.' A  written  or  printed  work;  a  writing,  pam- 
phlet, or  book.  Jiddison. 

4.  In  m\isic,  the  act  or  art  of  forming  tunes  ;  or  a 
tune,  song,  anthem,  air,  or  other  musical  piece. 

5.  'J'he  state  of  l)eing  placed  together ;  union ; 
conjunction ;  combination. 

Coniemplile  Ihing'a  flrai  in  their  aimple  naturea,  and  then  view 
th**'"  in  compoeiiion.  Walit. 

f).  In  the  fine  Art*,  that  combination  of  the  several 
parts,  in  which  each  is  presented  in  its  due  propor- 
tion. 

By  com;m*i(ion  Is  meant  the  ilialrilmtion  and  orderly  pbeing  of 
tilings,  boiti  in  ^ciiertl  and  particular.  Dryden, 

7.  Adjustment;  orderly  disposition.  Ben  Jonson 
spt-aks  of  the  composition  of  gesture,  look,  pronunci- 
atiim,  and  motion,  in  a  preacher. 

6.  hlutual  agreement  to  terms  or  conditions  for  the 
setllenieiit  of  a  diflerence  or  controversy. 

Thua  we  nre  ayrecd; 
I  cruve  our  tompoiition  mny  te  written.  Shak. 

9.  Mutual  agreement  ftir  the  discharge  of  a  debt, 
on  terms  or  by  means  different  from  those  required 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOU8.  — C  as  K ;  C  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  8U ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


2:17 


COM 

by  Ihe  originnl  coiitnirt,  or  by  \:iw,  as  by  the  pny- 
ni'.-nt  of  -d  dittVrt'iit  sum,  or  by  ntiikitip  other  com- 
petisiitiun.  Hence,  tin:  amn  so  p:ii<i, or  cuiapcnsaliun 
given,  in  lieu  uf  that  stipulated  ox  requireJ. 


A  bankrupt  Is  cleared  by  a  commi--sion  of  bank- 
niptcy,  or  bv  eompositioH  with  his  crctlitdra. . 

lO-'Consistenfv  ;  roncTOilv.  [/.ittU  usaL]  S.\ak. 

U.  The  act  of  uniiins  simple  ideas  in  a  complex 
idea  or  conception  ;  opjywrd  to  ttHolHuia,      J^ncUm. 

1-2.  The  joining  of  two  words  in  a  compound,  as 
in  bitifk-casr;  or  the  act  nf  formini;  a  w..rd  wiUi  a 
prefix  €tr  affix,  which  vari-s  its  si^ttication  .  a*,  re- 
lMr»,  fn«m  turn  ;  prccvfCfrt,  fruui  co:utrl ;  cnuU^Sy  I'roiu 
emd. 

13.  The  s>-nthetica!  method  of  reanoning;  syn- 
Ihf-i^ :  :\  tiniti.Hl  (.[' r«':(<.>iim-  In>in  known  or  admit- 
t:  ■  'Mlilll",  [KtstulateB, 
(,r  n:iU'il.  :ind  fnini 
I];  ,  .  .  f  iln-  tliiiii;  to  be 
pruveU  i  or  ibc  j,cl  ■  :  -  of 
KDOwledse^  and  con.  so 
that  the  understondiL.  :i>nv 
tnitb  tbroocfa  its  durL-ruiil  >tagcs  uf  ;^adaliuii.  'J'ht« 
method  of  reasoniniE  b  opposod  to  «a«/ynt,  or  resolm- 
CwM.  It  begins  with  first  principles,  and,  by  a 
train  of  reasofiing  (Vom  thcnn,  dtxiuces  Ihe  [HnapoAi-' 
tions  or  truths  sought.  CVrnpojoficrn,  or  fj^mdusis^  pro- 
ceeds by  collecting  or  combining  i  ana/iwu,  or  rsM/it- 
Cim,  br  aeparatuig  or  ttnfoldiag.      Harrit.    Emeite, 

14.  Id  frimUMft  ^^  ^cl  of  aeOing  t>-pe«  or  charac- 
len  in  the  eom^ptiMg-ttidt,  to  form  lines,  and  of  ar- 
ranging tbe  linei  m  a  galley,  to  make  a  column  or 
page,  and  from  this  to  nuUce  a  fomu 

15.  Id  ekemtstrff  the  combimilion  of  different  sub- 
ataneea,  en*  subsuuices  of  different  natures,  by  affin- 
i^  ;  from  wluch  results  a  compound  substance,  dif- 
fsrbig  In  properties  from  eitti-r  of  thr  component 
paitA.  Thus  leater  is  a  e^mpcMtmn  of  hydrogen  and 
oxygen,  which  are  inviaiUe  gaaett. 

1&  CMR^MiCwaqf/vrcM,  in  awcAmiM'^,  is  the  finding 

of  a  single  forc«  which  sliall  be  equal  to  two  or  more 

firen  forces  when  acting  in  given  directions  UAtrt, 

17.  OaptnCwa  of    ^raptfrtwa.   In   maiMtmttie*^   is 

w?—     *"  '■  •■-  pn^Ktiuoals,  the  sum  of  the  ftr*  and 

srcoiifl  as  the  sum  of  tlie  third  and 

r  1 1  rtli.  Barlow. 

eu.*.  . '  '^  .  .  .  \  13,    0.     Compoondod  }    having    Uie 

power  oi'  compounding  or  composing. 
CMJM-POS'I-TOR,*.     Inpna/^/-,  one  who  seU  tipes, 
and  make«  up  the  pages  and  f^irms. 
*Z  One  w  lio  s<Hs  in  urder. 
€OM-l'* >S-St>^S'OR,  w.    A  joint  pomemor. 
€OM  POS':ai-BL£,  a.    Icom  and  f*s*ibie,]    ConslsCenL 

[AW  msed.]  CkitlmjFWorOt. 

CO.H'POST,  *R.     [It.    e/nmposta :   L.  eoaipo^aum^   from 
cvtftyMiio.    See  CoMross.} 

In  a»rictdtttrr^  a  mixture  or  romposition  of  \Mrioii8 
maniirmE!  t«ub?:tances  lor  fi-rtilizmi:  land.  Compo<:t 
may  be  made  by  almost  evt-r}'  animal  and  vegetable 
mbstance  in  nature,  with  lime  or  other  earthy 
matter. 

2.  A  mixture  or  composition  for  plastering  houses, 
nsuallv  called  eompo,  StaarL 

€OM  Po^T,  r.  L     To  manure  with  compost.  Adroit, 
€0M-P0ST'1;RE,  a.    iSoil ;  manure.     [.Vu(  used,] 

Siak, 
eOM-P6sTRE,  rkom-po'zhur,)  a.     [Sec  Composk.] 
1.  The  act  ot  coiuposiug,  i*r  that  which  is  com- 
posed ;  a  composition ;  as,  a  form  of  prayer  of  pub- 
lic eemp^tmrei  a  hasty  eowip»sitre. 

Ill  ibe  coMppaMTM  wf  nco,  Rtnemti^r  joa  are  a  man.     Wittla. 
In  this  use ,this  word  haAgiv<-n  way  to  Composition. 

3.  Composition;  combination  j  arrangemeni;  or- 
der.    [LiaU  lucd.] 

Pnm  Um  TariauB  atmaotttrtM  of  thete  cArpaacle«.  harp^n  all 
tile  Taiicu^  of  bMiwa  fcnanl  tnit  of  ihrm.       Wouamtrd. 

3.  Tbe  form,  adjustment,  or  dt5po3ition  of  tne  va- 
rious parts. 

b  oMvosw*  ofbta  fcw, 

Uved  a  bir  Iwl  loanl,*  gmw.  Crtmtiatp. 

Tbe  outward  ibmi  and  eompDmrt  of  lb«  body.  Ditppa. 

4.  Frame  ;  make  ;  temperament. 

Hia  tomipo*urt  tnuu  be  rarv  inftenl, 

Wboin  xhcM  thinga  caimul  Mrmialt.  Shak. 

5.  A  settled  state  of  the  mind  ;  sedateness  ;  calm- 
ness ;  tranquillity. 

When  ihe  pawia—  am  «l«at,  the  miDd  eojoya  ila  most  prrC-ct 

compMun.  Watta. 

[This  u  the  most  eemmim  use  of  this  word."] 

6.  Agreement ;  settlement  of  differences  ;  compo- 
sition.    \^UttU  usciL\ 

The  tt-aij  m  Cxbhd^  gare  ibe  l^ireat  bopra  of  a  I^IPP'  *""'** 
ptuvrt.  King  CiiarU: 

€OM-PO-TA'TIOX,  a.      [L.  ampotatio;  con  and  po- 
tatiOy  from  potjt^  to  drink,  j 
The  ad  of  drinking  or  tippling  together. 

Brown.     PhUtpg. 


COM 

€0M'PO-TA-TOK,  «.    One  who  drinks  with  another. 

Viipe. 
eOM-POl'.\D',  V.  L     [T»  compono:  can  and  pwdc,  to 
set  ur  put ;  Sit.  eomponer  ;  It.  coinporre,  for  contponrre  ; 
Port,  ettmpor.] 

I,  To  mix  or  unite  two  or  more  ingredients  in  one 
mass  or  body  j  as,  to  compouHd  drugs. 

Wlmrvf-r  compoundfth  aiijr  like  it,  shall  be  cut  off  IVoin  hit 
j.-dpl"-.  —  Kx.  xx%. 

S.  To  unite  or  combine. 

>V«  h»tv  Uir  power  of  afi^rinj  and  compot 
all  live  v.in:-iiM  of  pjctuie. 

3.  To  com|M)se  ;  to  constitute.     [.Vb*  v.sed,]     Shall. 

4.  In  t^minmar,  tii  unite  two  or  more  words  j  to 
fonn  one  word  t>f  two  or  more. 

5.  To  settle  amicably  ;  to  adjust  by  aijrerment ;  ns 
a  difTerence  or  contrttvorsy.  Bacon,     Skak. 

\Jn  tAis  sfHM  Kt  now  use  CoMrosK.l 

b.  To  pay  by  agreement  ;  to  discimrcc,  rt^  a  debt, 
by  (laying  a  p:irt,  or  givini;  an  cqiiiviileut  (litlercnt 
fn>ui  that  stipulated  or  reijuircd  i  as,  to  compound 
debts.  Oafi. 

Kut  we  now  nse,  more  generally,  to  compound  wUh. 
[See  the  verb  intransitive.] 

To  ecm  pound /deny  y  is  for  a  person  robbed  to  take 
the  Igoods  again,  of  other  com[>ensation.  upon  nn 
ai^eement  not  to  prosecute  tlie  thief  or  robber.  Tliis 
onense  ii*,  by  the  laws  of  En^zlaiiil,  punisliahle  by 
fine  and  imprisonment.  liUirkstnne. 

GO.M-POLT.ND',  V.  L  To  apree  upon  concession  ;  to 
ctune  to  term:!  of  agreement,  by  abating  something 
of  the  first  demand  ;  followed  by  for  before  the  thing 
accepted  or  remitted. 

Tbejr  were  glad  to  canpauj^d  for  his  bare  commit  nfiit  (o  the 
Tower.  Oartttdon, 

S.  To  bargain  in  the  lump  j  to  ag^ ;  followed  by 
vUh, 

Compoumi  wiA  Ihia  CjIIov  by  the  jrar.  Shak. 

3.  To  come  to  terms,  by  granting  something  on 
each  side  ;  to  agree. 

Contwall  oompouni»d  lo  ftimlah  l«n  oxeo  lor  thirty  potimH. 

Cart's, 

Pankfirlaua  and  Ms  admirera  hn*eciMn;Kiurut^  witli  Un- Gaien* 
lata.  Mid  ttrwgbl  iuw  pracu*!  •  mised  um  ol  cuamictl  ined- 
iduea.  *  7\mplt. 

4.  To  settle  with  a  creditor  by  ajrreement,  and 
discharge  a  debt  by  paying  a  part  u(  \iA  amount ;  or 
to  uiiike  an  n:;reement  to  pay  a  debt  by  means  or  in 
a  iiiaiiiier  diriVy.'nl  from  that  stipulated  or  required 
by  la^v.  A  bankrupt  may  compound  with  his  creditors 
for  ten  shillings  on  the  pound,  or  fifty  cents  on  the 
dollar.  A  man  may  compound  with  a  parson  to  [yiy  a 
sum  of  money  tn  lieu  of  tithes.  [See  CoMrosuioK, 
No.  9.] 

To  compound  with  a  felon^  Is  to  lake  the  goods 
stolen,  or  other  amends,  uiton  an  agreement  not  to 

Srosecnte  him.  Blackitone. 

M'POU\D,  a.  Composed  of  two  or  more  ingre- 
dients 

Ormpound  aubataiieea  are  made  up  of  two  or  more  airnple 
ftutkUnces.  Watu. 

2.  In  grammary  composed  of  two  or  more  words. 
Ink-ntond,  writing-desk^  carelessness^  are  compound 
words. 

3.  In  botany^  a  compound  jlower  i^  a  species  of  as;- 
gregale  flower,  containing  several  florets,  inclosed 
in  a  commtm  perianth,  on  a  common  receptjicle, 
with  the  anthers  connected  in  a  cylinder,  as  in  the 
sunflower  and  dandelion.  Martyn.     Harris. 

A  compound  stem^  is  one  tliat  divides  into  brunches. 

A  compound  Itaf^  connects  several  leaflets  in  one 
p^icde,  c^ed  a  common  petiole. 

A  compound  raceme,  is  composed  of  several  raco- 
mules  or  small  racemes. 

A  compound  spike^  is  composed  of  several  spicules 
or  spikeleL*!. 

A  compound  corymb^  is  formed  of  several  small 
corymbs. 

A  compound' umbel y  is  one  which  has  all  its  niys  or 
peduncles  bearing  umbetlules,  or  small  umbels,  at 
the  top. 

A  compound  fructification,  consists  of  several  con- 
fluent rtortti' :  opposed  to  simple. 

4.  Compound  interest,  is  interest  upon  interest ; 
when  tbe  interest  of  a  sum  is  added  to  the  principal, 
and  then  bears  interest ;  or  when  the  interest  of  a 
sum  is  put  upon  interest. 

5.  Compound  motion,  is  that  which  is  effected  by 
two  or  more  conspiring  powers,  acting  in  diflerent 
but  not  in  opposite  directions.  Barlow. 

6.  Compound  or  Composite,  number,  is  that  which 
may  be  divided  by  some  other  number  greater  than 
unitv,  without  a  nMuainder  j  as  18,  wliich  may  be 
divided  by  3,  6  and  9. 

7.  Compound  ratio,  is  that  which  the  product  of  the 
antecedents  of  two  or  more  ratios  h;L«  to  the  product 
of  tlieir  consequents.  'J'hus  6  to  73  is  in  a  ratio  com- 
pounded of  2  to  6,  and  of  3  to  19.  Dny. 

8.  Compound  quantity ;  in  algebra,  a  quantity  com- 
posed of  two  or  more  simple  quantities  or  terms,  con- 
nected by  the  sif^u  -f~  (P'"**)  or  —  (minus.)  Thus 
a-\-b  —  c,  and  bb  —  b,  are  compound  quantities.  Daij. 

9.  Compound  larceny,  is  that  which  is  accompanied 


COM 

with  the  aggravation   of  taking   goods   from   one's 
Iiouse  or  piisoii.  Black.stene. 

10.  Compound  time;  in  music,  a  tenn  applied  to 
those  varieties  of  lime  in  which  each  measure  is 
divided  into  six  equal  parts.  T.  Iln-ttings. 

^COM'POUXD,  B.  A  mass  or  body  formed  by  the 
union  or  mixture  of  two  or  more  ingredients  or  dif- 
ferent substances ;  the  result  of  composition.  Mor- 
tar is  a  compound  of  lime,  sand,  and  water. 

Man  ii  a  cum}>ound  of  flush  and  spirit.  Souih. 

2.  In  the  FMxt  Indies,  n  yard  round  a  building  ^  a 
corruption  of  tbe  Portuguese  word  campania. 

COMl*UUM)'.\-m.E,  a.  Capable  of  being  com- 
pniindfd.  Shertcood. 

€<)M-POUND'En,  pp.  Made  up  t>f  diflerent  mate- 
rinls ;  mixed  ;  formed  !>y  union  of  two  or  more  sub- 
stances. 

eOM-Pi^)UND'KR,  n.  One  who  compounds  or  mixes 
diflerent  thins^. 

2.  One  who  attempts  to  bring  parties  to  terms  of 
Bgreenii-nt.     [Little  used.]  Strift, 

3.  One  who  conifwunds  with  a  debtor  or  felon. 

4.  One  at  a  university  who  pays  extraordinrtry 
fees,  according  to  his  means,  for  the  degree  he  is  to 
take.  SmarU 

€OM-POUNt>'ING,  ppr.  Uniting  difltyent  substances 
in  one  body  or  mass  ;  forming  a  mixed  body  ;  agree- 
ing by  concession,  or  abatement  of  demands  ;  dis- 
charging a  debt  by  agreement  to  pay  less  than  tlie 
original  sum,  or  in  a  dilFerent  manner. 

eOM-PRK-CA'TIOX,  n.     fL.  con  ami  precatio.] 
A  pniving  together.     [Little  used.] 

€OM-PRK-lit:Nl)',  r.  L  [L.  comprehendo ;  con  and 
prehendo,  to  seize  or  grasp  ;  It.  comprenderc  jrrentlere ; 
Sp.  and  I'ort.  comprehmder,  prender ;  Fr.  comprendre, 
prendre.  This  word  is  a  compound  of  the  Latin  con 
and  //rj-,  and  the  Saxon  hendan  or  henian,  to  take  or 
6ei/.e  ;  ge-hentan,  id.  Hence  forehend,  in  Spenser.] 
Literally,  to  take  In  ;  to  take  with,  or  trgether. 
1.  To  contain;  to  include  ;  to  comprise. 

The  pmpirr  of  Great  Britain  comprehendt  En^Und,  Scotland, 
anil  Ireland,  with  lheirdpp<.-iidencies. 

a  To  imply  ;  to  contain  or  include  by  implication 
or  construction. 

if  there  be  any  other  eommnndment,  it  fs  briefly  comprehended 
\n  tliis  snyiiiff,  Thou  alialt  lore  W\y  oeiglibor  us  ih^atlt.— 
Kotii.  xiii. 

3.  To  understand ;  to  conceive ;  that  is,  to  take, 
hold,  or  contain  in  the  mind  ;  to  possess  or  to  have 
ill  idea ;  according  to  the  popular  phrase,  "  1  take 
your  meaning." 

God  ilo''th  freal  Uiings,  which  we   can  not  comprehend.  —  Job 

xxxvii. 
It  is  Dut  alwnvs  aafe   to  di«beIi*'V«  a  propoaiLloii  or  slalement, 

becAiisp  we  iJu  noL  comprtkend  it. 

€OM-PRE-IIEND'ED,py.  Contained  ;  included  ;  im- 
plied ;  understood.* 

€OM-PRK-IIE\D'ING,  pTW.  Including;  comprising; 
und'Tsianding  ;  implying. 

eOM-PRE-llE.\'SI-ULE,  a.     [L.  comprebensibUis.] 

1.  'I"lmt  may  be  comprehended  or  included  ;  pos- 
sible to  be  comprised. 

2.  CaiHible  of  being  understood  ;  intelligible;  con- 
c*'ivahlf.'  bv  the  mind. 

eOM  PRE-IIEN'SI-BLE-NESS,  n.  Capability  of  be- 
inc  understootl.  More. 

€OM-PltE-HE\'SI-BLY,  adv.  With  great  extent  of 
embrace,  or  comprehension  ;  with  large  extent  of 
signification ;  in  a  manner  to  comprehend  a  large 
circuit. 

The  words  wiadom  and  ri^hteousn^aa  are  commonly  used  mj 
comprghenfioely,  so  as  to  signtfy  all  leli^jon  und  virtue. 
T^olton. 
This   word   is    rarely   used.      [See    CoMPREHErr- 

SIVELV.l 

eOM-PRE-HEN'SIGN,  n.     [L.  eomprekensio.] 

The  act  or  quality  of  comprehending  or  contain- 
ing; a  comprising. 

In  ilie  Old  Ti-stainciil  there  ts  a  close  comprehension  of  the 
Neu ;  in  the  Neio,  nn  open  dUco^ery  of  the  Old.  Hooker. 

2.  An  including  or  containing  within  a  narrow 
compass  ;  a  summary  ;  an  epitome  or  compend. 

This  wise  and  reli^ons  aphorism,  in  the  tPXt,  is  the  stim  and 
coniprehtjition  of  all  iJie  ingredients  ofbunuin  hippiness. 

Rogerg. 

3.  Capacity  of  the  mind  to  understand  ;  power  of 
the  understanding  to  receive  and  contain  ideas  ;  ca- 
pacity of  knowing;  as,  the  nature  of  spirit  is  not 
within  our  comprehension, 

4.  In  rhetoric,  a  trope  or  figure,  hy  which  the  name 
of  a  whole  is  put  for  a  part,  or  that  of  a  part  for  a 
wliole,  or  a  definite  number  fur  an  indefinite. 

Hamris. 

eOM-PRE-HEN'StVE,  a.  Havinglhe  quality  of  com- 
prising much,  or  including  a  great  extent ;  extensive  ; 
as,  a  com/rrehensive  charity ;  a  comprehenaive  view. 
It  seems  sometimes  to  convey  the  sense  of  compre- 
hending much  in  a  small  compass. 

2.  Having  the  power  to  comprehend  or  tmderstand 
manv  lliinffs  at  once  ;  Ti^.di  comprehensive  \h;'aA,  Pope. 

COM  PRE  nE.X'SIVE-LY,  aih.  In  a  comprehensive 
manu'T;  with  great  extent  of  embrace 

eOM-PRE-HE.\'»IVE-XESS,  n.    The  quality  of  be- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRfiY.— PINE,  MARtN'E,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK. - 


23S 


COM 


COM 


ins  comprehensive,  or  of  inrliidiiig  mucti  estenl ;  as, 
the  comprrhcnsiveness  of  a  view. 

a.  Tlie  quaJily  of  including  raucli  in  a  few  words, 
or  uarrnw  compass. 

Coinpir"   itw   tn-BUt/  and   eomprthentiveneta   of  t^^m]*  on 
.i.ciin(  coi.n.  aiWoon. 

eOM-PHI2-HE.\'SOR,  n.      One    wlio    has    oWnined 

knowleitse.     [J^<it  hi  u.^•f.]  '^'^''■ 

eOM-PHi:.-*-BY-TE'RI-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Pres- 

byt---rian  form  of  ecclesiastical  ministmlion.    MtUon. 
€0"M-PKESr;',  f.   t.      [L..  comprtusti.^,   compTuno ;    con 
and  pmno,  pres^us,  to  press.     "■"*  "'■" * 


aim  prnnv,  prT:-^^,  •u  ,....™.  But  the  vcrli  premo  and 
participle  pressu.1  may  be  from  dilTerent  ro<Jts.  Fr. 
prtsier  ,  D.  pressen  ;  Sp.  apretar,  and  prcnsar.  See 
PaKJf.) 

1.  To  press  together  by  external  force;  to  force, 
urge,  or  drive,  into  a  narrower  compass  ;  to  crowd  j 
as,  to  compress  air. 

The  wight   of  a  thniiMnil   stmoirhcn?*  will  eomjrreii  water 
Iw'lie  aiiit  a  half  fwrr  cent.  Perklm. 

2.  To  embrace  carnally. 

3.  To  crowd  j   to  bring 
space. 

Even'*  "f  ei^nmn^a  —  compreiged   with'n   Ihe  """P?'*  of  a 


Pope. 
thin   narmw  limits  or 


eO.M-PUO-MIS-tiO'ltl-.\L,  a.     llelating  to  a  cnmpro- 

mi.se.  C/ialmers. 

e0.vi'l"RO-.MlT,  t>.  I.  [Fr.  cmnpromrttre :  lu  compro- 
niettiri^t  Hp.  eompro.-aeier ;  L.  cotnpromitto;  corn  and 
vromilfi},  to  promise.] 

1.  'i'o  pledge  or  engage,  by  some  act  or  declaration, 
which  may  not  be  a  .lirect  promise,  but  whicli  ren- 
ders necessary  some  future  act.     Hence, 

a.  To  put  to  ha/.nrd,  liy  some  previous  act  or 
mcasuri!,  which  cannot  be  recalled  ;  as,'lo  compramil 
the  honor  or  llie  safety  of  a  nation. 

eo.M'PltO-MlT-EU,  pp.  Pledged  by  some  previous 
act  or  declaration. 

eO.M'PllO-.MlT-lNG,  ppr.  Pledging;  Ciposing  to 
hazard.  ,  ,  .     .  , , 

eOM-PKO- VI.\'CI.\L,  (-shal,)  n.     [mn  and  provMCud.} 
One  belonging  to  the  same  province  or  archiepts- 
copal  jurisdiction.  AtjUJfi:, 

eO.MPT,  (kount,)  >u     [Fr.  compu,  from  compuu,.] 
Account ;  computation.     [  Obs.]  Shak. 

eOMPT,  c.  (.     To  compute.     [Oio-.J     [See  Coust.J 

eO.MPT,  n.     I'L.comptus.]    Neat;  spruce.    (.VulaaeA] 

eOMP'J'1-BLK,  (kount'e-bl,)  a.  Accountable;  sub- 
ject; submissive      \_Ob.t.\  Shak. 


€0M'PRES9,  «.  In  snr^trv,  a  bolster  of  .soft  linen 
cloth,  with  several  folds,  used  by  surgeons  to  Cuvc' 
a  plaster  or  dressing,  to  keep  it  in  its  place,  and  de- 
feml  the  jiart  from  Ilie  external  air.  E.ictic. 

C0.\1-PRESS'/;D,  (kom  prest',)  pp.  or  o.  Pressed  or 
squeeled  together ;  forced  into  a  narrow  or  narrower 
cumpa-ss;  embraced  carnally. 

■i.  In  Jolanj,  flatted  ;  having  the  two  opposite  sides 
plane  or  llat ;  as,  a  compresseil  stem.  .Varttin. 

etJM-PRE.SS-I-BIL'I-TV,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
cofopressible ;  the  quality  of  being  capable  of  com- 
pression into  a  smaller  simre  or  conipa.is  ;  as,  the 
eompressibilUy  of  elastic  fluids,  or  of  any  soft  sub- 
stance. ..       .'       ,        J 

eO.M-PRE3S'I-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  forced  or 
tliiven  into  a  narrower  coniji-iss ;  as,  elastic  fluitls 
ate   crmprtssiiUi   water  is  coMpressiblt  in   a  small 

eO.M-PRE.«.S'I-nLE-N'ESS,  n.     Compressibility  ;  the 

qilalilv  of  bring  compressible. 
COM  PilKSS'ING,  WO-.     Pressing  together. 
eO.M-PRE.S'S10N,   (kom-preslrun,)   «.      The  act  Sf 
compressing,  or  of  pressing  into  a  narrower  coinp.ass  ; 
the  act  of  forcing  the  parts  of  a  body  into  closer 
union    or  density,  by  the  applic.ition  of  force. 
9.  The  state  of  behig  compressed. 
eoM-PKE.SSI  VE,  o.    Having  power  to  compress. 

Smith. 
eOM-PRESS'I^RE,  n.    The  act  or  force  of  one  body 

pressing  against  another ;  pressure.  BayU. 

eu.M'PKlEST,  n.     A  fellow  priest.     [.Yotinvr.] 

,  Miltfin. 

eOM-PRI.NT',  e.  i.  [SeePBiiT.]  To  print  together. 
It  is  taken,  in  lax,  for  the  deceitful  printing  of 
another's  copy  or  book,  to  the  pr.Judice  of  the  pro- 
prietor. [LiUU  mat.]  PhUip.: 
eo.>I'PRI.vr,«.  The  surrcpititious  printing  of  a  work 
b.-longing  to  another  ;  a  work  thus  printed.  Smart 
eOMPllIS'AL,  n.    The  act  of  comprising  or  coriipre- 

heiidlng.  Barruw. 

eOM-PRISSE',  n.  (.  [Fr.  compri',  participle  of  com- 
prendrt ;  I<.  eomprehendo.     See  tjoMfHEHEND.] 

To  comprehend  ;  to  contain  ;  to  include ;  as,  the 
substance  of  a  diacouree  may  be  comprised  in  a  few 
words. 
eOM-PRIS'BD, y?.    Comprehended;  contained. 
euM-PRIS'l.VG,  m>r.    Containing;  including;  com- 
prehending. 
eo.M'PROBATE,  T.  i.    To  agree  in  approving;  to 

concur  in  testimony.  £/i/ot, 

COM-PRO-BA'TION,  n.  [L.  comprobatio,  eoiaprobo ; 
eon  and  probo,  to  prove.] 

Proof ;  joint  attestation.     [LMe  used.]      Brown. 

GO.M'FRO-.MISE,   n.      [L.   eomifromU.ium,   from  eom- 

protnitu,  to  give  bond  to  stand  to  an  award  ;  cun  and 

prrtiait/.i,  t«>  promise  ;  l\.  comprumiaso ;  t'r.eomproiau  i 

Sn.  compromise.     See  Phomui.] 

1.  .\  mutual  promise  or  contract  of  two  parties  in 
controversy,  to  refer  their  diflercnces  to  the  decision 
of  arbitrators. 

2.  An  amicable  agreement  between  parties  in  con- 
troversy, to  settle  their  diflerenccs  by  mutual  con- 
cessions. 

3.  .Mutual  agreement ;  adjustment.  Judge  Chipman. 
[This  is  its  Hjtual  st^ificaften.] 

COM'PRO-.MISE,  c.  I.  To  adjust  and  settls  a  difler- 
ence  by  mutual  agreement,  with  concessions  of 
claims  by  the  parties  ;    to  comjiound. 

a.  To  agree  ;  to  accord.  S\ak. 

3.  To  commit ;  to  put  to  hazard  ;  to  pledge  by 
■ome  act  or  declaration.  .Smarf. 

[In   Out  tense,  set  CoHraouiT,  icAicA   t»  gencraUji 

€OM'Pr6.MI»-£D,  (kom'pro-mizd,)  pp.    Settled  by 

agreement,  with  mutual  concessions. 
eoM'PROMIS  ER,  n.     One  who  compromises. 
COM'PRO  MIS-l.NO,  ppr.     Adjusting  by  agreement. 


See  Control,  the  true 


eO.MPT'EV,  nJe.    Neatly.     [JVot  in «.«.]     Sherwood. 
eo.MFI''NE.-iS,  lu    Neatness.    UVol  m  use.]   Slurwood. 
eO.MP"rO.\-ITE,  n.    .\  mineral  from  Vesuvius,  iden- 
tical with  Tliomsonite,  which  see. 
eo.MP-TROLL',  (kon-trcl'.)      ' 

spellinL'. 
eOM-PIIL'S.\-TIVE,     j  a.     [L.  compn/»u.<,  from  coni- 
CO.M-PI'L'SA-TO-UV,  j      piUo  ;    Low   L.    compulso. 

Comptlliiig  ;  forcing  ;  constraining  ;  operating  by 
force.  .      S/wt. 

eoMPUL'S.\-TIVE-LY,  adv.    By  constraint  or  com- 
pulsion 


C6.M-PL'I.'S10.V,n.    [Low  L.  com/iuWo.  See  Compel.] 
1.  The  act  of  driving  or  urging  by  force,  physical 
or  moral;  force  applied  ;  constraint  of  the  will;  tlie 
application  of  a  force  that  is  irresistible. 

II  f'...t,oin  Wert  at  I'lcnty  a«  biJCltlJerne*,  t  would  give  no  man 
a  rcu  'II  on  .Mmpulntin.  S\ak. 

A  uinn  is  .-xciiicti  for  acta  ilone  through  unavoidable  turce  and 
eompiiition.  li.cu:k,lo<t. 

a  The  state    pf  being  compelled    or  urged    by 

violence.  . 

CO.M-Pl'L'SIVE,  o.  Having  power  to  compel ;  driv- 
ing ;  forcing  ;  constraining  ,  applying  force  ;  as,  uni- 
formity of  opinions  cannot  be  eliectyd  by  compulswe 
measures. 

€OM-PUL'SIVE-LY,  adv.    By  compulsion  ;  by  force. 

€(3.M-PCL'HIVE-.N'ESS,  n.     Force;  compulsion. 

eo.M-PL'L'SO-RI-LV,  adv.  In  a  compulsory  manner  ; 
by  force  or  constraint. 

eO.M-PL'L'SO-RV,  a.  Having  the  power  or  quality  of 
compelling;  applying  force;  driving  by  violence; 
constraining. 

III  Ih"  correction  of  vleiooa  proiwn»iliCB,  it  muj  be  ncceaaary  to 
tc»ori  lo  compulto^  meaaurea. 

eOM-PUN€'TION, ».  [L.  compunetio,  eompungoi  eon 
and  panjro,  to  prick  or  sting ;  It.  cont/>unii<».'w:,  eom- 
pui^'nrre,  or  compunijare ;  Sp.  cvmpuncion  i  Fr.  componc- 
tioji.     See  PiiNOENCT.] 

1.  A  iiricking  ;  stimulation  ;  irritation  ;  seldom  used 
in  a  hicrul  sense.  Brown. 

■2.  .V  pricking  of  heart ;  poignant  grief  or  remorse 
proceeding  from  a  consciousness  of  guilt ;  the  pain 
of  sorrow  or  regret  for  having  olfended  God,  and  in- 
curred his  wrath  ;  the  sting  of  conscience  proceeding 
from  a  conviction  of  having  violated  a  mond  duty. 

Uc  acliiiowieil^l  hia  diiloyalty  lo  the  liing,  wllh^exprr.tioni 
o(  great  com^Mnrtion, 

€O.M-Pi;.\e'TION-LE3S, 

tion.  „  .  ,  . 

€OM-rUNC'TI0US,   (kom-punk'shus,)   a.     Pncking 
the  conscience  ;  giving  pain  lor  offenses  committed. 
Istil  iiQ  compunctiout  vUiiing*  of  iinlur* 

Slinlcp  my  f'li  [iiirpotc.  STiak. 

eOM-PUNC'TIVE,  a.    Causing  remorse.     Johnson. 

eo.M-PO'I'IL,  71.    A  fullow-|iiipil.    [LUde  iwetl.] 

fVuitan. 

eOM  PUR-r,A'TIOX,  n.  [L.  eompur^o  ;  eon  and  pur- 
ffo,  to  piiritV.]  . 

In  Uti/y,  the  net  or  practice  of  Jnstifyinc:  a  man  by 
the  oath  of  itihi^rs,  who  swear  to  Iheir  bclit'f  of  Jiirf 
vrmcity  ;  wager  of  law,  in  which  a  man,  who  has 
given  eecuniy  to  make  hi;*  law,  brings  into  court 
eleven  of  hia  neiglibotii,  nnd  having  mada  oath  him- 
self that  lie  does  not  owe  the  plaintiff,  the  eleven 
ni-ichhurs,  called  evmpur^mUir't,  nvow  on  their  oaths 
that  they  believe  in  their  conseicnctis  he  has  affirmed 
the  truth.       '  mackstonc. 

€OM  PUR-Ga'TOU,  n.  One  who  bears  testimony  or 
swears  to  the  veracity  or  innocence  (»f  another.  [See 

CoMPt-ROATIOr^.l 

COM  POT'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Comfute.]  Capable  of 
being  computed,  numbered,  or  reckoned.         J/ale. 

eOM-PUTA'TfON,  n.  [L.  eoi/i/iHMt'o,  from  eomputo. 
Sec  Compute.] 

1.  Tho  act  of  computing,  numberinir,  reckonmg,or 
estimatnig;  the  process  by  which  different  sums  or 
particulars  are  numbered,  estimated,  or  comimred, 
wiih  a  view  to  ascertain  the  amount,  aggregate,  or  I 


Oartitdot 

Not  feeling  compunc- 


CON 

uthvif  result  depending  on  such  sums  or  particulars. 
We  find  by  compulation  the  quantity  of  provisions 
necessary  to  eupptirt  an  army  for  a  year,  and  the 
amount  of  money  to  pay  them;  making  the  ration 
and  pay  of  each  man  the  basis  of  the  cojiiputatioji. 
By  computations  of  t^me  or  years,  we  ascertain  the 
dates  of  events. 

2.  'I'he  sum,  quantity,  or  amount  ascertained  by 
computing  or  reckoning 

We  pa»«  for  women  of  fifty  :  mB.nj  additional  yean  nro  thrown 
lino  femilo  §ompulaaon»  ot  ihi»  nature.  Additon. 

3.  Calculation. 

eO-M-POTK',  V.  t.  [L.  eomputOt  ctm  and  puto^  to  lop  or 
prune  ;  to  think,  count,  reckon  ;  to  cast  up.  The 
sense  is  probably  to  cast  or  throw  togetlier.] 

1.  To  number;  to  count;  to  reckon;  lo  cast  to- 
gether several  sum.s  or  p:u-ticular8,  to  ascertain  the 
amount,  aggregate,  or  other  result.  Compute  the  quan- 
tity of  water  tliat  will  fill  a  vessel  of  certain  dimen- 
sions, or  that  will  cover  the  surface  of  the  earth.  Com- 
pute the  expenses  of  a  campaign.  CoinpuU  time  by 
weeks  or  days. 

2.  To  ca--;!  or  estimate  in  the  mind  ;  to  estimate  the 
amount  by  known  or  supposed  data. 

3.  To  calculate. 

eOM-POTE',  n.     Computation.     [J^ot  used.]  Brovm. 

eOM-PCT'ED,  pp.  Counted;  numbered;  reckoned; 
estimated. 

€OM-P0T'ER,  7U  One  who  computes  ;  a  reckoner ;  a 
calculator.  Sw^. 

€OM-P0  T'lNG,  ppr.  Counting  j  numhermg ;  reckon- 
ing; estimating. 

€OM'PU-TIt5T,  n.     A  computer.     fVoUon,    JL  More, 

eOM'R.VDE,  H.  [Fr.  camuradei  lU  cainerata;  Sp.cama- 
rada ;  Port,  camarada ;  from  cantara,  camerUj  a  ciidiii- 
bcr.] 

Literally y  one  who  lodges  in  the  same  room.  Hence, 
iH  a  more' general  sense,  a  fellow,  a  male,  or  compan- 
ion ;  an  associate  in  occupation. 

eOM'RADE-SIIIP,  n.    Slate  of  being  comrades. 

eOM'ROGUE,  n.    A  feUow-rogue.     [*Vot  in  «je.] 

Ji.  Jonson, 

eOX,  {with  or  against.]  A  Latin  insepanible  preposi- 
tion or  prefix  to  other  words.  Ainsworili  remarks 
that  eon.  ami  ctim  have  the  same  signification,  but  that 
cam  is  used  separately,  and  con  in  composition.  Con 
and  cum  may  be  radically  distinct  words.  The  Irish 
fomA,  or  coimhy  is  equivalent  lo  the  Latin  con  ;  and 
tho  VVelaih  cym,  convertible  into  cj/r,  appears  to  be  the 
same  word,  denoting,  says  Owen,  a  mutual  act,  qual- 
ity, or  effect  It  is  precisely  equivalent  to  the  Latin 
com,  in  comparoy  compono;  and  the  Latin  com,  in  com- 
position, may  be  the  Celtic  comh  or  cijm.  But,  gener- 
ally, it  seems  to  be  con,  clianged  into  com.  Ainsworth 
deduces  cum  from  the  Greek  aw  ;  for  originally  it  wai 
written  ryn.     But  this  is  probably  a  mistake. 

Con  coincides,  in  radical  letters  and  in  significa- 
tion, with  the  Teutonic  «-aiji,  ^en,  j^ean,  igcn^  ig^en^ 
in  the  English  again,  again.-it ;  Sax.  gean,  ongean : 
Sw.  igcn :  Dan.  igien.  Whatever  may  be  iU  origin 
or  affinities,  the  primary  sense  of  the  word  is  prob.i- 
bly  from  some  root  that  signifies  to  vicet  or  oppose^  or 
turn  and  meet ;  to  approach  to,  or  to  be  with.  This 
id  the  radical  sense  of  most  prepositions  of  the  like 
import.  [SeeltieEngUshWiTH,AaAin.]  Soinlrish, 
coinnfy  a  uncling  ;  os  coinne,  opposite. 

G'H,  in  compounds,  is  changed  into  I  before  /,  as  in 
eolUgOy  to  ciilUct,  and  into  m  before  a  labial,  as  in 
compare,  to  comi»are.  Before  a  vowel  or  A,  the  n  is 
dropp>;d  ;  as  in  coalesco,  to  coalesce.^  to  eo-opcraie  ;  co~ 
kibro,  lo  restrain.  It  denotes  union,  as  m  eonjoin; 
or  opposition,  as  in  eonJUct,  conUnd.    Ou.  W.  gan, 

eON,  [abbreviated  from  Latin  contra,  against]  In  the 
phrase  pro  and  con,  for  and  against,  con  denotes  the 
negative  side  of  a  question.  As  a  noun,  a  person  who 
is  In  the  negative  ;  as,  the  pros  and  cons. 

CON  V.  t.  [Sax.  centum,  coitnan,  cunnan,  to  know,  to 
be  able,  to  be  skillful  or  wise  ;  and  cennan,  to  bear  or 
bring  liirth,  Gr.  ycvt^no}}  and  eumiian,  to  try.  to  nt- 
tempt,  to  prove,  Ueonor;  whence  cunning,  skillful, 
experienced,  or  skill,  experience  ;  the  latter  word, 
euBBWrt,  coincides  in  sense  with  Sax;  anginnan,  on- 
irinnan,  to  begin,  to  try,  to  attempt,  L.  cower.  D.kcn- 
nen,  lo  know,  understand,  or  be  acquainted;  kunnen, 
to  be  able,  M«,  to  know  or  understand,  to  hold  or  con- 
tain ;  the  luHt  signification  coinciding  with  the  \\ . 
iranu,  lo  contain.  G.  kennen,  to  know  ;  and  konncn, 
to  b."  able.  Dan.  kan,  lo  be  able,  pret.  kunde,  whence 
kund.iLab,  knowledge,  skill,  experience.  Sw.  kaiina, 
to  know;  kuna,  to  be  able,  to  be  skilled,  to  know. 
The  primary  sense  is,  to  strain  or  stretch,  which  gives 
the  sense  of  strength,  power,  as  in  can,  and  of  hotrl- 
ing  containing, comprehending;  a3,coMtam, from  con- 
tinro.  Unco,  Gr.  Tiir'.o,  L.  lendo.  And  this  significa- 
tion connects  these  words  with  gin.  In  its  compounds, 
begin.  Sax.  btginnan,  anginnan,  &c.,  to  strain,  to  lr>', 
to  slreich  forward  and  make  «n  effort ;  also  with  the 
Gr  }  tvvaiji,  L.  gignor,  to  beget,  or  to  bring  forth.  See 
Class  Gn,  No.  *i9,  3ti,  40,  A'i,  43,  58.  In  the  sense  of 
know,  con  signifies  to  hold  or  to  reach.] 
1.  To  know.    [Obs.] 

Of  mii«i,  lloliWiiol,  I  eonit*  no  tklll.  Span»er. 


TONE,  BULL,  TJNITE.  — AN"OEB,  VI"CIOU3.  — €  aa  K  j  0  o«  J ;  g  >»  Z ;  OH^  8H ;  til  m  in  THIS. 


CON 

"  I  shall  not  mmiw  Answer.*'    I  shall  not  know  or 
be  able  to  uuwer.  Ckauctr, 

2.  To  make  ooe*B  self  master  nf ;  to  flx  in  the  mind, 
or  commit  to  memory )  as,  to  csn  a  lesson. 

Miltmt     HoUUr. 
T»  com  tMankt;  lobe  pleased  or  obliged^ or  to  thank. 
[Ofc*.]  CAtfHffr.     Skak. 

C&V  J-JtO'RR^  riUl     With  love  or  pleasure. 
eO-.NA'TU:?,  n.     [L.]     Effurt;  aitrtiifrt.  Pain/, 

2.  The  tendency  of  a  body  lowurd  any  point,  or  to 
mir«ue  its  course  to  the  same  line  of  direction.  PaUif. 
eON-eAM'ER-ATE,  r.  (.     [L.  e^neamtro^  to  arch  ;  can 
and  camera^  an  arch,  arched  roof,  or  cMambtr.'^ 

Tu  arch  orer ;  to  vault ;  to  lay  a  concave  over ;  as, 
a  cancamfraleti  bone.  Ortth 

€0.\-€AM'ER-A-TED,  pp.    Arched  over. 
-€ON€AM-ER-A'TIO.\,  s.    An  arching;  nn  nrch  or 

vniilt :  an  arched  chamber.  Otamvitle. 

€ON-eAT'E-NATE,  r.  f.  [IL  cMwoteiurre,  to  link  to- 
getber ;  eemeatemaU ;  Low  L.  t*mtMttm«tuM ;  cam  and 
tatemMf  a  chain  ;  Sp.  csncaitaMr,  and  cncadour,  fhun 
ssilriM,  Ft.  os^mu*,  a  diain.] 

To  link  locpther;  to  unite  In  a  successive  series  or 
clmin.  aa  thtnss  depending  on  each  other.    Harris. 
eO.X-CAT  E-\X-T£D,  pp.    Linked  together;  united 

in  a  series. 
€OS€\T'B-SX-TrSGy  pyr.    Linking  together  in  a 

series. 

€0.\-€AT-E^N.\'TION.  n.    A  series  of  links  united  ; 

a  successive  series  or  order  of  thin^  connected  or 

depr-ndine  on  each  other ;  as,  a  concMmctiun  of  cauaesL 

eO.\-eAU«E'    n.    Joint  cause.    tJVot  used.}  FMurbw. 

€0.\"  eA-VA'TlO.V,  a.    [9ee  Cokcate.]    The  act  if 

making  concave. 
eOX'CAV'E,  a.     [L.  conetvus;  eon  and  corits,  hollow. 
8eeC*«s.j 

1.  HuU.iw,  and  arched  or  rounded,  as  the  inner 
surface  of  a  qibencal  body ;  opposed  to  Mweet ;  as,  a 


&  HoUow,  In  <  gtmrnral  ssnss;  as,  the  csneaM  shores 

of  the  Tiber.  SUk. 

3,  lnfr<rfiisi«,ae«<Mar«leaf  bone  whose  edge  stands 

above  ih^  di^k.  .VorCym. 

€X>N'CA  VE,  a.     A  hollow  ;  an  arch,  or  vault ;  as,  the 

ethereal  mmmm. 
eOX'CAVE,  p.  L    To  make  hollow.  Srword. 

€X>\'€aV-*D,  pp.     Mad.'  hiOlow. 
eO.N'CAVE-VKSS,  a.     IlollnwneMi. 
eOX'e.W-lNG   ppr.     Making  hollow. 
eON-eAV'I-TV,  a.     [IL  eamcavitd:  Fr.  wMomUf  8p. 

csJKsmdsd.] 

Hottowness;    Ibe    internal  surface  of  a    hollow 

spherical  body,  or  a  body  uf  other  figure-,  or  the 

sfMce  within  such  body.  WUtou. 

€ON-€a'VO-€O.N'€AVE,  o.    Concave  or  hollow  on 

both  iturfaces. 
eoX-CA'VO-eoX'VEX,  a.    Concave  on  one  side, 

and  convex  un  the  other.     [See  Contbx.} 
eON-CA'VOU:^^^    ^l^  coaunu.]     Concave,  which 

€X>N-eA'VOlTS-LY,  adv.  With  holIownrM^  ^  in  a 
manner  to  discover  tiie  internal  surface  of  a  hollow 
sphere. 

CON-C£AL',F.  L  [Low  L.  £tf ncWd .  eon  and  cc70, lo  with 
bold  from  sight ;  ^x.  hetaa^  ha-JanyffektBiam^  /reAeloHt  to 
heal  and  to  conceal ;  G.  A«Mea,  to  conceal,  and  Asi/oi,  to 
heal;  D.  Af;/eN,  to  heal  and  to  conceal ;  Dan.  A«/ar,  to 
conceal;  W.  cf/a,  to  hide  ;  Fr.  ceirr;  It.  ceiare;  Sp. 
e4Uler,  to  keep  silence,  to  dissemble,  to  abate,  to 
gn>w  calm  ;  Port,  ealar,  to  conceal  or  keep  close,  to 
pull  or  let  down  ;  **cala  a  boca,**  hold  your  peace  ; 
al:K>  intransitive,  to  be  still  or  quiet,  to  ktvp  silence  ; 
coinciding  in  oricin  with  lehoU^  alt,  ^'y,  hold^  &c 
The  primar>'  ^en-^e  is  to  strain,  hold,  stop,  restrain, 
make  fast  or  strong,  all  from  the  same  root  as  the 

Sbemitic  So,  nSs,  ^k^»,  '(\6u\  kalem,  Gr.  cuXvu. 

Class  d.  No.  32,  36.] 

1.  To  keep  close  or  secret ;  to  fcwbear  to  disclose ; 
to  withhold  from  utterance  or  declaration ;  as,  to 
nannaf  one's  thoughts  or  i^inions. 


lb 


ibe  vords  df  ibe  Holy  One.—  Job  tI. 


2.  To  hide ;  to  withdraw  from  observation  ;  to 
cover  or  keep  from  sight;  &s^  a.  party  of  men  eon- 
emiad  themselves  behind  a  wall }  a  mask  eoneeaU 
the  fine. 

WbM  profit  ii  ll  if  «r«  sUr  our  brotlKr  and  ametat  his  blond  t 
Geo.  zxXTii. 

eOX-CE.\L'A-BLE,  o.  That  may  be  concealed,  hid, 
or  kept  close.  Brown. 

COX-CeAL'ED,  (kon-*eeld',)  pp.  or  o.  Kept  close 
or  secret ;  hid  ;  withdrawn  from  sight ;  covered. 

€X)X-CF:AL'ED-Ly,  adv.     So  as  not  to  be  detected. 

€0.\-CkAL'ED-.NES.S,  a.  A  state  of  being  concealed. 

€O.X-Ce\L'ER,  n.  One  who  conceals  ;  as,  the  wm- 
eeatfr  of  a  crime.  Clarendon. 

€OX-CeAL'IXG,  ppr.  Keeping  close  or  secret;  for- 
bearing to  disclose  ;  hiding  ;  coverine. 

€OX-CeAL'I.\C,  n.  A  hiding  i  a  withholding  from 
dii^losure. 

eOX-CKAL'.MEXT,  n.    Forbearance  of  disclosure  j  a 


CON 

keeping  clode  or  secret ;  as,  the  concealment  of  opin- 
ions or  passions. 

2.  Tiie  act  of  hiding,  covering,  or  withdrawing 
from  sight ;  as,  the  evnefalmrnt  of  the  f:ice  Hy  a  mask, 
or  of  the  person  I»y  any  cover  or  shelter. 

3.  The  state  of  being  hid  or  concealed ;  privacy  ; 
as,  a  project  formed  in  concealment. 

4.  The  place  of  hiding;  a  secret  place;  retreat 
from  observation  ;  cover  from  sighL 

Tlu*  cipfi  tiT« 
Ofl>n  it!  kind  concgaiment  ftj  ■!  few, 
Tltrir  food  tu  tii«;^s,  *ml  iu  iiiosa  Ih'-ir  nMU.         Thornton. 

€ON-C£DE^  V.  L  [L.  eoneedf ;  eon  and  ctdo^  to  yield, 
give  way,  depart,  desist ;  IL  concerfers,  e^Ure ;  8p. 
ctfacarfer,  cadcr;  Fr.  eoneedrr,  ctder;  Ir.  ctadaighkm; 
W.  fadoel,  and  fadaw,  to  quit  or  leave,  to  permit. 
The  preterit  cem  indicaU-s  that  this  word  m:iy  be 
from  a  root  in  Class  Gs,  t?ee  th.-tt  Class,  No.  tV7. 
Samaritan.     See  also    Class  Gd,  and    Ckdb    an<i 

COMCB.] 

1.  To  yield  ;  to  admit  as  true,  just,  or  proper;  to 
grunt ;  to  let  pass  undisputed  ;  as,  the  advocate  cna- 
cede^  the  point  in  question  ;  this  must  nut  l»e  conceded 
without  limitation.  Boyle. 

3.  To  allow  ;  tu  admit  to  be  true. 

We  canetdt  xhM  their  eitizrn*  were  lho«e  who  li»«d  iiiidrr 
diilrnriil  riTiita.  Dtirkt. 

€0\-CkD'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Yielded  ;  admitted  ;  grant- 
ed »  as,  a  question,  proposition,  fact,  or  stat«^-inc-nt,  is 
CMceded, 

€ON-C£D'IXG,  ppr.    Yielding;  admitting;  granting. 

eOX-<'ElT',  (kon-see*',)  n.  [IL  eonecttu  :  Sp.  coneep-* 
to ;  Port,  concetto  :  L.  conceptus^  from  concipio,  to  con- 
eeire :  c>'R  and  eapio,  tu  take  or  seize.] 

1.  Conception;  that  which  is  conceived,  imagined, 
or  farmed  in  the  mind  ;  idea;  thought ;  ini:ige. 

In  Unjihing  tlicrr  prer  pi^c^dnh  »  eotttvH  of  *ouirwh'it  rlificu- 
ious,  and  therrluM  it  la  pruprt  lo  man.  Bacon. 

•  2.  Understanding;  poweror  faculty  of  conceiving  ; 
apprehension  ;  v,  a  man  of  quick  conceU.  [JVeor/y 
antiqMated.'l 

Uuw  oAfn  did  her  rjrea  njr  to  me  th«l  (hry  loved  I  yvi  t,  not 
lowkiitg  lur  lucb  «  nuucr,  b«d  uol  my  conceit  op^n  lo  un- 
drnund  Uiein.  Sidnty. 

3.  Opinion  ;  notion  ;  fancy  ;  imagination  ;  l^n- 
ta«tic  notion  ;  as,  a  strange  or  odd  conceit. 

8c«M  ibou  a  RHui  wtoe  In  lili  own  conctit  ?  there  la  mnro  hope 
of  ■  feol  lb«a  of  htm.  —  I'ror.  xxvi. 

4.  Pleasant  fancy  ;  gayety  of  imagination. 

I  (re&Jc  took   him  in  the  hevl  is  go 
t-'Etirange. 

5.  Affected  or  unnatural  conception. 

Some  to  con^tit  itlmie  tb-'ir  worka  onno'^.  Po}>t. 

6.  Favorable  or  self-flattering  opinion ;  a  lu^y  or 
vain  conception  of  one^s  own  person  or  accomplish- 
ments. 

Bjr  a  lit'l»  >tud7  and  a  prfat  toncxU  uf  himself,  he  haa  loit  hia 
reli^iijii.  Btnllty. 

Out  of  conceit  with  ;  not  having  a  favorable  opinion 
of;  no  longer  pleased  with  ;  as,  a  man  is  out  of  con- 
ceit with  his  dress.  Hence,  lo  put  one  out  of  conceit 
with,  is  to  make  him  indifferent  to  a  thing,  or  in  a 
degree  displeased  with  it.  TUlotson.     SioifL 

eOX-CElT',  tj.  e.  To  conceive ;  to  imagine ;  to 
think  ;  to  fancy. 

The  itronff,  by  eonixi&ng  themaelvea  we&k,  ue  Uiep-by  ren- 
dere'l  inactive.  South, 

eON-CRIT'ED,  pp.     Conceived  ;  imagined  ;  fancied. 

2.  part.  a.  Endowed  with  fancy  or  imagination. 
[Obs.]  KhoUcs. 

3.  a.  Entertaining  a  flattering  opinion  of  one's 
self;  having  a  vain  or  too  high  conception  of  one's 
own  person  or  accomplishments  ;  vain. 

If  jou  think  Ric  too  conctitedt 

Or  10  fWMioa  cjiiickijr  hraied.  Sai/l. 

Followed  by  of  before  the  object  of  conceit. 

Ttte  A'hrniana  were  eonieiud  of  [br-ir  own  wit,  acknce,  and 
po  1  itr  new,  Benlley. 

€OX-CEIT'ED-LY,  adr.  In  a  conceited  manner; 
fancifully  ;  whimsically. 

CoiurHtediy  ilreu  her.  Donne. 

€OX-CeIT'ED-XESS,  «.  The  state  of  being  con- 
ceited ;  conceit ;  vanity ;  an  overweening  fimdness 
of  one's  own  person  or  endowments.  Collier. 

COX-CkIT'LESS,  a.  Of  dull  conception;  stupid; 
dull  of  apprehension.     [M/t  in  use.]  Skak. 

€OX-CeIV'A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  coaccvable  ^  It.  concrpi- 
bde  ;  i^\i.  conceptible.     See  Conceive.] 

1.  That  may  be  imagined  or  thought ;  capable  of 
being  fmmed  in  tlie  mind  by  the  fancy  or  imagina- 
tion. 

If  it  were  poaailite  to  contHre  na  invention,  wh'rn-bj'  nny  con- 
aioabU  wcif^M  niay  be  moved  by  any  conceioabtt  power. 

2.  That  may  be  understood  or  believed. 

ilia  not  conceii-ahle  that  it  ihoiild  be  the  very  perton,  whoae 
ahnpe  and  vi>ic<  ii  aaaumed.  Aturbury. 

€OX-CeIV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
conceivable. 

€0.\-CeIV'A-BLY,  ode.  In  a  conceivable  or  intelli- 
gible manner. 


On   the  WIT  lo  Hie    cibU:!,  ■ 
off  vitli  a  coneml. 


CON 

COX-CP.IVE',  (kon-seeve' )  r.  U  [Fr.  coneeroir  ;  IL 
coHcepire ;  Sp.  coiicebir  {  PorL  conceher  i  L.  concipio  ; 
eon  and  capio^  to  take.l 

1.  To  receive  into  the  womb,  and  breed  ;  to  begin 
tlie  formation  of  the  embrjo  or  fetus  of  an  animal. 

Then  ah:!!!  ali«  be  free  and  eoncti94  aeed.  —  Num.  v.  Heb.  X\. 
Eliubctli  hiitli  conceived  n  auii  in  Iter  ol<i  afe.  —  Luke  i. 
In  aiti  >lid  my  mother  conceive  me.  —  Pa.  11. 

S.  To  form  in  the  mind  ;  to  imagine  ;  to  devise. 

thi'y  conctioe  mi»clii''f  and  brin^  forth  vatiily.  — Job  xv, 
N<^bu<:liiidiK'ic^r  haili  conccipccf  a  purpuae  aguiiiil  you.  —  Jer. 

xlix. 

3.  To  fonn  an  idea  in  the  mind  ;  to  understand  ; 
to  comprehend  ;  as,  we  cannot  conceive  the  manner 
in  whirh  spirit  opt'mtes  uiKtn  matter. 

4.  To  tlinik  ;  to  be  uf  opinion  ;  to  have  an  idea; 
to  imagine. 

You  c.tii  h.inlly  couceiee  thin  miin  to  have   been  bred  In  the 
a.>in-  <;limjtr.  Sm/1. 

eON-OKlVE',  P.  i.  To  have  a  fetus  formed  in  the 
womb  ;  to  breed  ;  to  become  pregnant. 

Tlioii  ahull  conceive  nnil  bear  a  aon.  —  Judge*  jtiii. 

3.  To  think  ;  to  have  a  conception  or  idea. 

ConceiM  of  lliiiiea  clforly  and  dbtincily  in  ilieir  own  n>t|iir''a. 

Wau,. 
The  (frifved  comrooni 
Hardly  concetoc  of  me.  iSAoir. 

3.  To  understand  ;  to  comprehend  ;  to  have  a  com- 
plrte  idea  of;  as,  1  can  not  conceive  by  what  means 
this  event  has  been  produced. 

CO.N-CkI V/;i>,  (kun-seevd',)  pp.  Formed  in  the 
wunib ;  framed  in  the  mind;  devised;  imagined; 
undt-rsiucKl. 

COX-C'f;IV'ER,  n.  One  that  cfmceives ;  one  that 
comprehends. 

COX-Cf:IV'IXG,  ppr.  Forming  a  fetus  in  the  womb  ; 
framing  in  the  mind;  imagining;  devising;  think- 
ing, rniuprchcnding. 

eOX-CKl  V'lXG,  71.     Apprehension;  conception. 

Shah. 

€0\  CEL'E-BRATE,  v.  t  To  celebrate  together, 
•f  ATi/K  u.vf(/.l  Sherwood. 

€OX-CE.\T%  B.  [L.  coneentusy  from  coudnoy  to  sing 
in  accordance  ;  con  and  cano^  to  sing.l 

1.  Concert  of  voices ;  concord  or  sounds ;  har- 
mony ;  as,  a  concent  uf  notes.  Bacim. 

2.  Cunsisti-ncy  ;  accordance ;  as,   in  concent  to  a 
•  man's  own  principles.  Atterhury. 

CO.N'-CEXT'El),  part.  a.     Made  to  accord.     Spenser. 

COX-CEX'TER,  j  u.   i.      [Fr.    concentrer ;    It.    concen- 

€OX-CE.\'TUE,  i      trare;    Sp.  and  Port,    concentrar; 

Con  and   L.   centrum,  a  center;    Gr.  KEirpui',  a  goad, 

a  sharp  point,  a   cattcr;  xevTCbi,  to  prick  or  goad. 

'J'he  primary  sens*  is  a  point.] 

'i'o  come  to  a  ptiini,  or  to  meet  in  a  common  cen- 
ter ;  used  of  converging  lines,  or  other  things  that 
meet  in  a  point. 

All   thf-ae  are  liiie  ao  many  linea  drawn   from  aevernl  objeCla, 
that  in  loine  way  fcUic  to  him,  and  concenUr  in  bira. 

Halt, 
COX-CEX'TER, )  V.  t.     To  draw  or  direct  to  a  com- 
eoX-CEX''I'RE,  \      mon  center;  to  bring  to  a  point, 
as  two  or  more  lines  or  other  things. 

Tlic  hnvin^  a  part  I<'aa  to  anjm.ite,  will  aerve  to  concenter  the 
apirili,  and  make  iliera  more  active  in  the  reat. 

Decay  uf  Piety. 

CON-CEX'TER-£D,  i  pp.     Brought  to  a  common  cen- 

COXCEX'TREI),      J      ter;  united  in  a  point. 

COX-CEX'TER-IXG,  >ppr.      Tending  to   a   common 

COX-CEN'TRIXG,      ]      center  ;  bringing  to  a  center. 

eoX-CE.VT'FlIL,  a.     Harmonious.  Fotherby. 

COX-CEX'TRaTE,  r.  L  [See  Coscemter-]  To 
bring  to  a  cirmmon  center,  or  to  a  closer  union  ;  to 
cause  to  approach  nearer  to  a  point,  or  center;  to 
bring  nearer  to  encli  other  ;  as,  to  concmtrate  par- 
ticles of  salt  by  evaporating  the  water  that  holds 
them  in  solution  ;  to  concentrate  the  troops  in  an 
army  ;  to  concentrate  rays  of  light  into  a  focus. 
2.  To  increase  the  specific  gravity  of  a  body. 
jsTote.  —  'i  he  verb  concnUrate  is  sometimes  accented 
on  the  first  syllable.  The  reason  is,  with  the  pri- 
mary acctrnt  on  the  first  sellable,  and  a  secondary 
accent  on  the  third,  the  pronunciation  of  the  par- 
ticiples, concentrating,  conceatrated,  is  much  facil- 
itated. 

eON-CEX'TRA-TED,;)p.  or  a.  Brought  to  a  point  or 
center  ;  broiitiht  to  a  closer  union  ;  reduced  to  a  nar- 
row compass  :  collected  into  a  closer  body. 

eOX  CEN'TRA-TIXG,  ppr.  Bringing  to  a  point  or 
to  closer  union  ;  collecting  into  a  closer  body,  or 
narrow  compass. 

eoX-CEX-TRA'TION,  n  The  act  of  concentrating; 
the  act  of  bringing  neare  together;  collection  into 
a  central  point ;  compression  into  a  narrow  space  ; 
the  state  of  being  brought  to  a  point. 

2.  In  chemistry,  the  volatilization  of  part  of  a 
liquid,  in  order  to  increase  the  strength  of  the  re- 
mainder. 

eOX-CE.VTRA-TIVE-XESS,  n.  Among  phrenolo- 
gists, the  power  or  faculty  of  concentrating  the  in- 
ti'llectual  force. 

€OX-CEX'TR!C,  fl.  [It.  eoncejUrico  ;  Fr.  eoncentrique  ; 
L.  concentric  us  i  con  and  cmCrum,  center.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— MeTE,  PRfiY PIXE,  MARTTNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.- 

240  ' 


CON 

Having  a  common  center  ;  as,  the  eoncetUric  coats 
of  an  onion  ;  the  concentric  orbit^  of  the  planets. 

eON-CE.N'TRie-AL-LY,  ado.  In  a  concentric  man- 
ner. 

€ON-CEX-TniC'I-TY,  n.    State  of  being  concentric. 

€ON-CE.NT'y-AL,  a  [from  concent.]  Harmonious  j 
accordantj  Jl'arton. 

€ON'-CEP'TA-€LE,  7?.  [L.  eonceptaculum ;  from  con- 
cipio.     See  Conceive.] 

1-  That  in  n-bicb  any  thing  is  contained  ;  a  vessel  j 
a  receivKr,  or  receptacle.  XVoodward. 

2.  In  botanij^  a  follicle;  a  pericarp  of  one  valve, 
opening  longitudinalty  on  one  side  and  having  the 
seeds  loose  in  it.  The  term  has  also  been  applied  to 
the  cases  containing  the  reproductive  organs  of  such 
plants  as  ferns.  .Martun. 

€ON-CEP'TI-BLE,  n.  [See  Co:»cErv\BLE.]  That 
may  be  conceived  ;  conceivable ;  intelligible.     \J\''ot 

*  used.}  Hale, 

eON-CEP'TIOX,  71.  [L.  eoHceptio,  from  concipio. 
(See  ConcEiTK.)  It.  eoncezione;  Sp.  concepcion i  Ft. 
conception,] 

1.  The  act  of  conceiving;  the  first  formation  of  the 
embr>-o  or  fetus  of  an  animal. 

I  will  prrmtly  malOytj  xhy  aomw  and  Ihy  eoncep&oru  — 
Gen.  ili. 

2.  The  state  of  being  conceived. 

Joy  bad  the  like  eonerptian  in  our  eyet.  Shak. 

3.  In  pneumaJtolo^^  apprehension  of  any  thing  by 
the  mind  ;  the  act  of  conceiving  in  the  mind  ;  that 
mental  act,  or  combinalioji  of  acts,  by  which  an  idea 
or  notion  is  formed  of  an  absent  object  of  perception, 
or  of  a  sensation  fonnerly  felt.  When  we  see  an 
object  with  our  eyes  open,  we  have  a  perception  of 
it ;  when  the  same  object  is  presented  to  the  mind 
with  the  eyes  shut,  in  idea  only,  or  in  memory,  we 
have  a  cotufption  of  it.       Kamts.     Stevsart.     Eneyc. 

4.  Conception  may  be  sometimes  used  for  the 
power  of  conceiving  ideas,  as  when  we  say,  a  thing 
is  not  within  our  conception.  Some  writers  have  de- 
lined  conception  as  a  distinct  faculty  of  the  mind  j 
but  it  is  considered  by  others  as  memory,  and  per- 
haps with  propriety. 

5.  Purpose  conceived  ;  conception  with  reference 
to  the  performance  of  an  act ;  as,  note  his  dangerous 
conception  in  this  point.  Shak. 

6.  View  or  opinion  ;  apprehension  ;  knowledge. 

Ani\  flJ  it  t»f«»t«  concyiml  vihat  renion  were, 

AnJ  Uiat  conctption  ihoulil  (listiiictl>  kliow.  Dat^tt. 

7.  Conceit;  affected  sentiment  or  thou;:ht.  \^Rare.] 

lie  !■  UM  full  ofcofUCTJlionf,  poinUufcpigruT),  &nd  wittlciami. 

DryUn. 

€ON-CEP'TIOUS,  (kon-sep'shus,)  a.  A\il  to  con- 
ceive ;  fruitful ;  pregnant.     [Awt  now  used.]    Shak. 

€ON-CEP'TIVE,  a.  Capable  of  conceivinE.  [LUtle 
used.  1 

eON-CEP'TU-AL-IST,  n.     One  who  m:».'  -  .. 

conceptions  are  the  only  universals  in  philoawijuy  ;  a 
nominalist.  J.  Murdoch. 

CO\-CER\',  r.  (.  [Fr.  eoncemer:  It.  concemere  ;  Sp. 
coHcernir;  to  concern,  to  regard,  to  belong  to;  Low 
Latin  coneemo ;  con  and  cemo,  to  separate,  sift,  di- 
vide ;  to  see.  If  this  is  the  true  origin,  as  1  suppose, 
the  primary  sense  is,  to  reach  or  extend  to,  or  to  look 
to,  as  we  use  regard.  ] 

1.  To  relate  or  belong  to. 

X*ietch<n{  the  kinplom  of  GoA  and  IMChlnf  thoM  thlnp 
wbiefi  eoTtcern  ihe  LurU  Jnua  Christ.  —  Acu  sxviii. 

2.  To  relate  or  belong  to,  in  an  emphntical  man- 
ner;  to  affect  the  interest  of;  to  be  of  imiwrtance  to. 

Our  wan  with  Prance  hare  afTccttd  >■•  in  our  moit  imder 
tntemtl,  ami  eonctm^  ua  more  than  those  with  luijr 
oth«r  nation.  Addison. 

It  mttch  concema  its  to  Kcure  tfae  favor  and  pr>:eciion  or 
God.  Anon. 

3.  To  interest  or  affect  the  passions ;  to  take  an 
Interest  in  ;  to  engage  by  feeling  or  srnliment ;  as,  a 
good  prince  coneems  himself  in  the  happiness  of  his 
subjects;  a  kind  parent  concerns  himself  in  tbe  vir- 
tuous education  of  his  children. 

Thej  ihirik  ib^tna^I'^t  oiil  of  the  rench  of  ProTiJene^,  and  no 
longec  <tjncerfi»d  to  •olicil  hia  fiivor.  Hogeri, 

4.  To  disturb ;  to  make  uneasy ;  as,  to  be  much 
concerned  for  the  safety  of  a  friend.  Derham, 

5.  To  intermeddle;  as,  we  need  not  concern  our- 
selves with  tbe  affairs  of  our  neighbors. 

€ON-CER.\',  n.  That  which  relates  or  belongs  to 
one  ;  business  ;  affair  ;  a  very  generrxl  terra,  express- 
ing whatever  occupies  the  time  and  attention,  or 
affects  the  interests  uf  a  person. 

Intermeddle  not  in  the  private  concerns  of  a  fam- 
ily. Religion  is  the  main  concern  of  a  rational  being. 
We  have  no  concern  in  the  private  quarrels  of  our 
neighbors.  The  industrious  and  prudent  occupy 
their  time  with  their  own  concerns, 

%  Interest ;    importance ;    moment ;    that    which 
affects  the  welfare  or  happiness  ;  as,  to  live  In  peace, 
is  a  matter  of  no  small  eoneern  to  a  nation. 
Mjaterio'ii  tecreu  of  a  hirli  earu^trn, 
Aitd  w)gh>7  truthi,  •olKfconvincing  vane, 
Cxplaiae<t  by  uaafieei«d  eioquence.  Koieommon. 

3.  Affection  ;  regard  ;  careful  regard  ;  solicitude  ; 


CON 

anxiety  ;  as,  why  all  this  concern  fdr  the  poor  things 
of  tliis  life  ? 

0  Marcia,  let  me  hope  thy  kind  nmcvma 

Ami  ffcnile  wlih't  follow  nie  to  haitle.  Addlfon, 

An  impenitent  ir.un  feels  no  coftctm  for  bit  soul.  Anon. 

4.  Persons  connected  in  business,  or  their  affairs 
in  general ;  as,  a  debt  due  to  the  whole  concern;  a 
loss  affecting  the  whole  concern.  Mercantile  Usa^e. 
€ON-CERiV'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Interested  ;  engaged  ;  hav- 
ing a  connection  with  that  which  may  affect  the 
interest,  welfare,  or  happiness  ;  as,  all  men  are  con- 
cerned in  the  propagation  of  truth  ;  we  are  concerned 
in  tlie  virtTious  education  of  our  children. 

2.  Interested  in  business  ;  having  connection  in 
business  ;  as,  A  is  concerned  with  B  in  the  East 
India  trade.  Of  an  advocate  or  counselor  we  say, 
he  is  C4fncerned  in  the  cause  of  A  against  B. 

3.  Regarding  with  "care;  solicitous;  an.xious;  as, 
we  are  conrerned  for  the  fiiTe  of  our  fleet. 

€0\-CERN'EI)-LY,  adr.     With  affection  or  interest. 
eON-CERN'ING,ppr.    Pertaining  to;  regarding;  hav- 
ing relation  to. 

The  lx)rd  hnth  ipokrn  pood  roncerning  tirael.  — Num.  x. 

1  have  accoj,ned  thee  eiTncerning  lhi»  Hung.  —  Gen.  aii. 

This  word  has  been  considered  as  a  prejKisttion, 
but  most  improperly  ;  concerning,  when  so  called,  re- 
fers to  a  verb,  sentence,  or  proposition  ;  as,  in  the  lirst 
example,  the  word  applies  to  the  preceding  affirma- 
tion. The  Lord  hath  spoken  good,  whicli  speaking 
good  is  eonceminiT  Israel.  Concerninff^  in  this  case, 
refers  to  the  fir«t  clause  of  the  sentence. 
eON-CERN'MENT,  n.  The  thing  in  xvhich  one  is 
concerned  or  interested ;  concern  ;  affair  ;  business  ; 
interest. 

To  mix  wiih  tby  eoncernrntnta  I  deaiat.  Milion, 

Propoaiiiont  wlikh  extend  only  lo  the  pn-seiil  lif^,  am  small, 
tompiinrd  *  iih  dioae  lh*l  hiivu  inlltience  uj-on  our  r»»^rlast- 
\i\z  conctrnrntnU.  "W'altt, 

The  great  conctmnuTtt  of  men  Is  with  men.  Locke. 

9.  A  particular  bearing  upon  the  interest  or  hap- 
piness of  one ;  importance;  moment. 

Experimental  truths  are  matters  of  great  eonctrnmtnl  to 
mankind.  Boyle. 

3.  Concern  ;  interposition  ;  meddling  ;  as,  llie 
father  bad  no  concernment  in  the  marriage  of  his 
daughter.     In  this  sense,  we  generally  use  concern. 

4.  Emtitioii  of  mind  ;  solicitude;  as,  their  ambition 
is  manifest  in  their  concernment.  In  this  sense,  con- 
cern is  generally  used. 

CON-CERT',  r.  f.  [It.  coticertare,  to  contrive;  Sp. 
concertar,  to  agree,  to  adjust,  to  covenant ;  Port,  id,  ; 
Fr.  eoncerter ;  from  L.  concerU.*,  to  strive  together; 
con  and  cerloy  to  strive.  The  primary-  sense  is,  lo  set 
or  act  togt^ther.] 

To  contrive  and  settle  by  mtitual  communication 
of  opinions  or  propositions  ;  to  settle  or  adjust,  as  a 
plan  or  system  to  be  pursued,  by  cunferenre  or  agree- 
■•»  of  two  or  more  parties  ;   as,  to  concert  meas- 
to  concert  a  plan  of  operations. 
JERT,  n.     Agreement  of  two  or  more  in  a  de- 
sign or  plan  ;  union  formed  by  mutual  communica- 
tion of  opinions  and  views  ;  accordance  in  a  scheme  ; 
harmony  ;  as,  the  allies  were  frusttrated  for  want  of 
concert  in  their  operations  ;  the  emperor  and  the  i>opc 
acted  in  concert. 

2.  A  number  or  company  of  musicians,  playing 
or  singing  the  same  piece  uf  music  at  the  same 
time  ;  or  the  music  of  a  company  of  players  or  sing- 
ers, or  of  both  united. 

3.  A  singing  in  company. 

4.  Accordance;  harmony. 
CON'OERT-PITCII,  n.     In  mit^tc,  the  pitrh  or  degree 

of  elevation  generally  adopted  for  a  given  note,  and 
bv  which  the  other  notes  are  governed.         P.  Cue 

€ON-CERT-A'TION,  n.  Strife  ;  contention.  [Littie 
iL*ed.] 

CON-CERT'A-TIVE,  a.    Contentious;  quarrelsome. 

eON-CERT'EIJ,  pp.  or  a.  Mutually  contrived  or 
planned. 

CON-CERT'ING,;>pr.    Contriving  together. 

CON-CERT'O,  n.  [It.]  A  piece  of  music  composed 
for  a  particular  instrument,  which  bears  the  greatest 
part  in  it,  or  in  which  llie  performance  is  partly 
alone,  and  partly  accompanied  by  other  parts. 

BraTide. 

eON-CES'SION,  (kon-sefih'un,)  ti.  [L.  conce^aioy  from 
concedo.     See  Concede.] 

1.  The  act  of  granting  or  yielding  ;  usually  imply- 
ing a  demand,  claim,  or  request,  from  the  party  to 
whom  it  is  made,  and  thus  distingui^^hed  from  giv- 
ing, which  is  voluntary  or  spontaneous. 

The  concttrion  of  th-^a*  cluutcrt  waa  in  a  i;arlijm''nlary  way. 

Halt. 

2.  The  thing  yielded  ;  as,  in  the  treaty  of  peace, 
each  power  made  large  concessions. 

3.  In  rhttoriCy  or  debau,  the  yielding,  granting,  or 
allowing,  to  the  opposite  party,  some  point  or  fact 
that  may  bear  dispute,  with  a  view  to  obtain  some- 
thing wtiich  can  not  be  denied,  or  to  show  that,  even 
admitting  the  point  conceded,  the  cause  is  not  with 
the  adverse  party,  but  can  be  maintained  by  the  ad- 
vocate on  other  grounds. 

4.  Acknowledgment  by  way  of  apology ;  confes- 
sion of  a  fault. 


CON 

eON-CES'SION-A-RY,  a.  Yielding  by  indulgence  or 
alloxvance. 

€0\-CES'SION-lST,  ti.  One  who  is  in  favor  of  mak- 
ing concessions. 

€ON-CES'SIVE,  a.  Implying  concession;  as,  a  con- 
cessive conjunction.  Lowlh, 

€ON-CES'SIVE-LY,  adv.  By  way  of  concession  or 
yielding;  by  way  of  admitting  what  may  be  dis- 
putable. Brown, 

€ON-CES'SO-RY,  a.    Conceding  ;  yielding. 

€ON.CEr'TO,n.  [It.  See  Conceit.]  Affected  wit; 
conceiL     [A'ot  English^  nor  in  use.]  Shen^tone, 

eOXCH,  (konk,)n.     [L.cojicha;  GT.Koy\ri;  It.conca; 
Sp.  concha;  Fr.  conque;  probably  W.  cocos^  cockles, 
and  perhaps  allied  to  cofujw,  to  frown,  to  knit  the 
brows,  that  is,  to  wrinkle.    S«e  Cakcer.] 
A  marine  shell. 

Adds  orient  pearls,  wliicU  from  the  eoncht  he  drew. 

Dryden. 

CONCH'I-FER,  (konk'e-fer,)  ti.  [L.  concha,  a  shell, 
and/ero,  to  bear.] 

An  animal  that  produces  or  is  covered  with  a  shell, 
as  the  tortoise ;  applied  particularly  to  bivalve  mol- 
lusks.  Cuvier.     Kirby. 

roXCH-IF'ER-OUS,  a.     Producing  or  having  shells. 

CONCH'ITE,  (konkate,)  n.  A  fossil  or  petrified  conch 
or  sh.-ll.  J^'aU  Hist. 

eOXCH'OID,  (konk'oid,)  n.  [conchy  supra,  and-Gr 
tt(^«f,  form.] 

The  name  of  a  curve,  given  to  it  by  its  inventor, 
Nicoinedes. 

eOXCH-OID'AL,  a.  In  mineralogy^  having  curved 
elevations  or  depressions,  in  form  like  the  valve  of  a 
bivalve  shell ;  applied  only  to  a  surface  produced  by 
fracture  ;  the  fracture,  when  of  the  kind  d«?scribed, 
is  said  to  be  conchuidtil.  '    Dana. 

€0\eiI-0-LOG'ie  AL,a.  [See  CoscHoi,oo\-.]  Per- 
taining to  concliolopy. 

eo.\€ll-OL'O0lST,  n.  One  versed  In  the  natural 
history  of  shells  ;  one  who  studies  tlie  nature,  prop- 
ertit^s,'  and  habits,  of  shells  and  their  included 
animal!^. 

CONCH-OL'O-G  Y,  Ti.  [Gr.  ko)  xt,,  a  shell,  and  Aoj  os, 
discourse.] 

The  doctrine  or  science  uf  sliells  and  the  animals 
that  inhabit  them. 

€ONCH-OM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  Koyx^i  »  shell,  and 
fiiTfiivi,  to  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  shells.  Barnes. 

eONCH-VL-l-A'CEOUS,  (-shus,)  a.  [from  conch.] 
Pertaining  to  shells  ;  resembling  a  shell ;  as,  concAyf- 
iaceous  impressions.  Kirusan. 

€Oi\CH-YL-I-OL'0-GlST,  )  [from   L.    conchylium,    a 

eoXCH-YL-I-O^'O-OV.  !  shell-fish.]  See  Cone h- 
oLOGisT  and  tA>NcHoLoor. 

€UN€H-YL-I-OM'E-TRY,  n.   [L.  conchylium,  and  Gr. 

plTO'tl'.] 

The  art  or  science  of  measuring  shells  or  their 
curves. 

eONCH-YL'I-OUS,  a.  Of  the  nature  or  species  of 
shells. 

€ON'CIA-TOR,  TI.  In  glass-vorks^  the  person  who 
weighs  and  proportions  the  salt  on  ashes  and  sand, 
and  who  works  and  tem|>ers  them.  Enajc. 

COJ^-ClERdE',  fkon-sarj',)«.  [Fr.]  A  keeiRir,  ah 
of  a  prison,  a  palace,  &c. 

eON-CIL'LA-ULE,  M.     [L.  eoncUiabulum.] 

A  small  u.-4Kenibly.     [JS/'ot  in  tise.]  Bacon. 

eON-CIL'I-.Mt,  a.     [from  L.  concilium,  a  council.] 
IVriaininp  or  relating  to  a  council.     [Little  used.] 

eON-ClL'I-A*rE,  (kon-sil'e-ute,)  v.  t.  [L.  concilio,  to 
draw  or  bring  together,  to  unite  ;  a  compound  of  con 
and  catoydr.  k'iXlo),  to  call ;  Ch.  "^S^N  in  Aph.,  from 
^Sj,  nSj,  or  nSa,  to  hold  or  keen,  to  trust,  to  finish, 
to  call,  to  thunder ;  W.  galw.  1  lie  primary  sense  of 
the  root  is,  to  strain,  stretch,  drive,  or  draw.  Calling 
is  a  straining  or  driving  of  voice.  See  Class  Gl,  Xo. 
3-3,  36,  4e.  41)  i  and  sec  Council.] 

1.  To  lead  or  draw  to,  by  moral  influence  or 
power;  to  win,  gain,  or  engage,  as  the  affections, 
favor,  or  good-will ;  as,  politenes.-*  and  hospitality 
conciliate  alfi'Ction. 

U.  To  reconcile,  or  bring  to  a  state  of  friendship, 
ns  pf;rsons  at  variance.  We  say,  an  attempt  has 
been  made  to  conciliate  the  contending  parties 

eON-CIL'I-A-TED,  pp.  Won  ;  gained  ;  engaged  bv 
moral  influence,  as  by  favor  or  affection  ;  reconciled. 

CON-CIL'I-A-Ti;SG,  ppr.  Winning;  engaging;  rec- 
onciling. 

H.  a.  Winning  ;  having  the  quality  of  gaining 
favor :  as,  a  conciliating  address. 

eON-ClL-I-A'TIO\,  71.  The  act  of  winning  or  gain- 
ing, as  esf;em,  favor,  or  affection  ;  reccmciliation. 

eON-ClL'1-A-TOft,  B.  One  who  conciliates  or  recon- 
cileu. 

€Oi\-CIl/I--<-TO-RY,  a.  Tending  to  conciliate  or 
reconcile;  tending  to  make  peace  bciwecn  personi 
at  variance ;  pacific  ;  as,  the  general  made  concdia.- 
t^ry  propositions  to  the  insurgents;  the  legislature 
(idtipted  conciliatory  measures. 

GON-CIN'NI-TY,  n.  [L.  concinnitas,  from  cnncinnus. 
fit,  concinno,  to  fit  or  prepart^ ;  either  from  con  anti 
cdtio,  to  sound  in  accord,  or  the  last  conoiituent  of 
the  word  may  be  the  lleb.  and  Ch.  |0,  to  fit  or  adapt.] 


TONE,  BI;LL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US C  aj  K  ;  6  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  aa  SH ;  TH  a»  In  THIS. 


31 


241 


CON 

1.  Fitnew<;  suitableness;  neatness.    [Uttle  used.] 

2.  A  jinirlinK  of  words.  TVnpAitt. 
eON-ClVNOL'S,  a.      [U   eoncatnus.      Bee'Coycty- 

MFT.] 

Kit ;  suitable ;  ngreeable  ;  becoming  ;  pleamnt ;  an, 
•  coKciAiuriu  inlenrut  iu  music  ->  a  comcimunu  sv-stem. 

Eneye. 
CavC/O  JfD  CLS'RUM,  (kon'ahe-o.)  [L.]    A  aer- 

nion  1(1  Uif  L-ltTgy. 
evi.\'Cia-NA-TOR,  n,    [Infra.]    A  preacher.     [.VW 

•n  msf.] 
CO.N'CIO-N'A-TO  RY,  «.      fL.    wmcwnatorou,    ftom 
Ctiitfiif,  an  asdemhly.] 

Pertojiiing  to  preaching  or  discouraes  to  public 
&-*setnblie!}.  fioteeL 

€0\-Cr:?E',  «.  [L.  Mneisus,cut  off,  brief,  frt^m  con- 
cido ;  wn  and  eado,  to  cut  See  Class  Gd,  No.  2,  4, 
8,  49,  sa] 

Brit'f;  tibort,  applied  to  language  or  style;  con- 
taining few  words;  comprehensive;  coinprr bonding 
much  in  (evr  words,  or  the  principal  ntaUfrn  only  ; 
as,  in  GenMii  we  bave  a  tmtati  accuuiit  oi  the 
cmidoo. 

Where  tlie  Kuiboc  la  IM  Lrte€ ukI  comuc,  mmplitr  a  tail-. 

Waiu. 

CO.V  cr?r'I.V,  ads.    Briefly;  in  few  words;   com- 

!  ■ 
C^  '^^,  a.    Brevity  in  speaking    or  wri- 

[  'imrM  should  not  be  studied  at  tlie  ex- 

pii-r  i'(  p.-rspicuUy. 
€6N-CI3'I0\,  (kon-sizh'uo,)  n.    TLow  L.  comcuw, 

Irom  eomcisum,  concido^  to  cul  off;  IL  concidone.^ 
UttmUff,  a  cutting  off.     Hence, 
In  Srwptiire,  the  Jews,  or  ttiuse  who  adhered  to 

circumcision,  which,  after  our  Saviiv's  death,  was 

no  longer  a  seal  of  ilie  covenant,  but  a  men  cutting 

ortbeflenh. 

Dl«M»rf  Jog*;  bevaKoTthe  cOMcinim.  —  PhU.  UL 
eON-CI-TATION,  a.     [L.  emuitjUu.  from  eoudto,  (o 
stir  or  disturb  ;  evn  ana  ciftf,  (o  stir.J 
The  act  of  stirring  up,  exciting,  or  putting  in  roo- 
CONCri'E',  r.  L    [L.  c^ndto,]  [tion. 

To  e»cilc.     [AW  is  m*«,] 
CON-CIT'ED,  yp.    Excited. 
COX-CTT'I.NO,  mr.     Exciting. 
eoS-ClT'lZES,  n.     A  fellow-citizen. 
eON-C^A-MA'TtON,  a.     [L.  camcLtMotia,  from    c^w 
cbino  ;  earn  and  cJsmw,  to  cry  nut.     See  Ci.aim.1 
An  outcry  or  stiuut  at  many  Cogeiber.  DitL 

CON'CLAVE,  a.  [L>  coacfavc,  an  Inner  nxKU ;  e«n 
and  c/oru,  a  key,  or  from  the  same  root,  to  make 
fart.] 

1.  A  private  apartment,  particularly  the  room  in 
which  the  cardinals  of  the  Roman  Catholic  church 
meet  in  privacy,  for  the  election  of  a  pupe.  It  con- 
sists of  a  range  of  small  rdU,  or  apannienLfl,  stand- 
ing in  a  line  along  tbe  galleries  and  hall  of  the  Vati- 
can. Rtt^ye. 

9.  The  assembly  or  meeting  of  the  cardinals,  shut 
op  for  the  election  of  a  pope.  fnryc 

3.  A  private  meeting  ;  a  close  as^mbly.    Oarth. 
€OX'eLA-VlSr,  a.    Au  attendant  whom  a  cardinal 
b  allowed  to  take  with  him  into  the  conclave  for  ttie 
choice  of  a  pope.  Ehc^c  Am. 

COX-GLCDE',  e.  L  [L.  eoneludo;  can  and  eiaudoy  or 
dmdoy  to  shut;  Gr.  iiXti^Jti>,  or  (rAfw,  contracted; 
It,  umduudrrt  ;  Sp.  coiuJuir  ;  Port.  id.  ;  ft.  conclurt. 
The  sense  is,  to  stop,  malte  fast,  shut,  or  rather  to 
thrust  together.  Hence,  in  Latin,  claudo  signifies  to 
bait  or  limp,  that  is,  to  slop,  as  well  as  to  shuL    See 

LlD.l_ 

1.  To  shut 

The  rtTj  penon  of  ChHM — wma  onl;,  toachtng  boUll;  vub- 
MADOc,  concfitdW  in  Uu  (rave.  Hookm:, 

{Tlus  MM  of  Vt*  w^rd  is  mMcommem.'] 
S.  To  include ;  to  comprehend. 

PorOod  (Mth  mmdmdad  iheA  all  in  iinbriiaf.  —  Rom.  zL 
Tte  Scripture  liBtfa  eomtlttdrd  all  unrter  tin.  —  Gal.  iB. 

The  meaning  (rf  tbe  word  in  tbe  latter  passage  may 
be,  to  declare  irrerocaUyf  or  to  doom. 

3.  To  enllect  by  reasoning  ;  to  infer,  as  from  {H-em- 
isea ;  to  dose  an  argument  by  inferring. 

Tbeivfera  we  eomttttdt.  Urn  a  man  i>  j  unified  b;  &ith  wiiboot 
(be  tleevta  of  tbe  Uw.  —  Bam.  itL 

4.  To  decide  ;  to  determine ;  to  make  a  final  judg- 
ment or  detennination. 

Aa  loochin'  the  Gentiln  vho  beliere,  we  h-ive  written  and 
eot^uaed  thxt   ittey  obaerre  uo  much  Uiiiig.  —  Rum.  xL 

5.  To  end  ;  to  finish. 

I  will  condMtfa  ihia  put  whh  tbe  speech  of  a  connw^lor  of 
Kaie.  Bacon. 

6.  To  stop  or  restrain,  or,  as  in  law,  to  estop  from 
Autber  argument  or  proceedings;  to  oblige  or  bind, 
as  hy  authority,  or  by  one's  own  argument  or  con- 
cession ;  generally  in  the  passive ;  as,  the  defendant 
ii  concluded  by  his  own  (rfea. 

If  tbrr  will  apfeaJ  to  revelaiioo  br  their  creatioo,  tbcy  must  be 
tometadtd  by  it.  Hoie. 

I  do  not  GoiuUei  Lbe  dtcinon  of  that  motion,  apon  tSdaviu,  to 
amotinl  Co  a  rta  JutAcata,  wtttch  ou^bt  to  conclude  tbe 
present  iiiqairj.  Ktnl. 


CON 

CON-€Lt?DE',  I*.  C  To  infer,  as  a  consequence;  to 
determine. 

Tlie  worM  wUl  cuit^iwU  I  haJ  a  gullly  conacJi-nce. 

ArbuVinot. 

But  this  verb  is  really  transitive.  The  world  will 
conclude  t^l  I  had  a  ^ilti/  conscience  —  that  id  here 
the  object,  referrmg  to  the  stibsequent  clause  of  the 
seRtenre.     [See  verb  transitive,  No.  3.] 

a.  To  setUe  opinion  ;  to  form  a  final  judgmcnL 

Can  weooNdii^  u|Xmi  liUbKr'*  liiatafaJIt;;,  aa  our  ^ulh^^  hai 
■loM  f  AtUr6*iTy, 

3.  To  end. 

A  train  pflW, 
Th.it,  made  in  lutt,  conclude  in  pcrJuri>-«.  Dryltn. 

The  old  form  of  expression,  to  conclude  of,  is  no 
longt^r  in  uw, 

€O.N-€LCU'ED,  pp.  Shut;  ended  ;  finished;  deter- 
mined ;  infrrred  ;  comprehended  ;  stopped,  or  bound. 

G0.\-€LOI)'E\-CY,  n.  Inference  ;  logical  deduction 
frtrtu  premises.  HaU, 

€0.\  GLOO'EXT,  a.    Bringing  to  a  close  ;  decisive. 

Bacon, 

eON-€L0D'ER,  a.    One  who  concludes.     Muuntaffu. 

eON-eLOU'ING,  ppr.  Shutting;  ending;  determin- 
ing; inferring;  comprehending. 

Q.  a,  Fin:U  ;  ending ;  closing  ;  as,  the  concluding 
pcnlence  of  an  essay. 

COX-eLrD'I.\G-LV,  ik/p.  Conclusively;  with  in- 
controvertible evidence.     [Little  uned.]  Diifby. 

eO.N-€L0'tfI-BLE,  a.  'J'hal  may  be  conrltided  or  in- 
ferred i  determinable.     \IMU  u.-ted.]        Hammond. 

eON-€LC'alON,  Ckon-klu'zhun,)  b.     [L.  conchisw.] 
I.  End  ;  close  ;  the  last  p:ut ;  ati,  the  conclusion  of 
an  address. 

0.  The  close  of  an  argument,  debate,  or  reasoning ; 
inference  that  ends  the  dincuttsion  \  final  result. 

L«ei  ua  hrar  the  conelifion  of  ihe  wboI#  mutter ;  Pear  God, 
aad  keep  Ilia  coiniuandmcDU ;  for  thta  ia  the  wbole  dnt^  of 
man.  — eoclea.  xiL 

3.  Determination ;  final  decision  ;  as,  after  long 
debate,  tbe  house  of  commons  came  to  this  conclusion, 

4.  C(>ns4-qiience ;  inference ;  Uial  which  is  col- 
lected or  drawn  fVom  premist^s  ;  itarticularly  deduc- 
tion from  proposition.i,  facts,  experience,  or  n-asoning. 

5.  The  event  of  experiments  ;  experiment. 

We  jpraeiloe  a!l  coneluMont  of  grafting  ami  InocuUiing.     [UU 

6.  Confinement  of  Uie  thoughts ;  silence.  [JSTol 
uttdJ]  Shak. 

eO.V-CLO'SIOV-AL,  «.    Concluding.     [Aof  nsed.] 
eON-CEO'SIVE,  a.     [It.  eondtiAvo.]  [Hooper. 

1.  Final ;  decisive ;  as,  a  conclusive  answer  to  a 
propiwition. 

2.  Decisive ;  giving  a  final  determination ;  pre- 
cluding a  further  act. 

Tl»e  agreriog  »oy»  of  both  booiea  were  Dot.  bjr  any  law  or 
n-aaoti,  nrncJiMiMLo  my  judgnwoL  Atfi^  Charlt: 

3.  Decisive  ;  concluding  the  question  ;  putting  an 
end  to  debate  ;  as,  a  conclusive  arguiaenL 

4.  Regularly  consequential. 

Mf-o.  n»t  Iniowing  the  Ime  formi  of  •yllogianu,  ean  not  know 
wlieibcr  Ibej  are  made  iu  ri^t  aitd  con<;/u«iM  nitxlot 
an.|figiifra.  Locke. 

CON-€LC'SIVE-LY,  adv.  Decisively;  with  final 
determination;  as,  tbe  point  of  law  is  conclusively 
settled. 

eON-CLO'SIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
conclusive,  or  decisive;  the  power  of  determining 
the  opinion,  or  of  settling  a  question  ;  as,  the  ciuicU- 
siveness  of  evidence,  ur  of  an  argument.  Jiale. 

eON-€L0'SO-RV,  IU     Conclusive. 

eON-eO-AG^U-L,ATE,  v.t.  [con  and  coagulate.)  To 
curdle  or  congeal  one  thing  with  another.      Boyle. 

eON-eO-A*;'C-LA-TED,  pp.     Curdled;  concreted. 

eOS-€0-AG>\J-LX-Tl\G,  ppr.   Concreting;  curdling. 

eON-eO-AG-U-LA'TlOX,  B.     A  coagulating  together, 
a.4  different    substances,   or  bodies,   in    one    maiis. 
Crystallization  of  ditferent  salts  in  the  same  men- 
struum. Coxe. 
r  Tkis  word  is  little  used.'] 

CON-GOGT',  V.  L  [L.  concoquo,  concoctum  ;  con  and 
cotjuo.  to  cook.     See  Coos.] 

1.  To  digest  by  the  stomach,  so  as  to  turn  food  to 
chyle  or  outrimeuL 

The  Tiial  ftinciioni  are  pf-rformed  by  genera]  aud  comiat.t  bwi ; 
the  food  is  conoocted.  Ch^nt. 

2.  To  purify  or  sublime  ;  to  refine  by  separating 
tbe  gross  or  extraneous  matter  ;  as,  concocted  venom. 

'Dtovtson. 

3.  To  ripen-    [Obs.] 

Fruila  atid  gxaini  are  h.^l^a  jear  in  concoc&ng.        Bacon, 

4.  Figuratively,  to  form  and  prepare  in  the  mind  ; 
as,  to  concoct  a  scheme. 

eON-GOGT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Digested  ;  purified  ;  ripened. 
€0\-€OGT't^R,  7L     A  persrtn  who  concocts. 
CO.\-Gf>eT'I.\G,  ppr.  Digesting  ;  purifying  ;  ripening. 
eON-GOG'TIO.\,  n,     [L.  eonc4)ctio.] 

1.  Digestion  or  solution  in  the  stomach  ;  the  pro- 
cess by  which  food  is  turned  into  chyle,  or  otherwise 
prepared  to  nourish  tiie  body;  the  chan^je  which 
food  undergoes  in  the  stomach.  Coze.     Encyc. 

2.  Maturation  ;  the  process  by  which  morbid  mat- 


CON 

ter  is  separated  from  the  blood  or  humors,  or  otlicr- 

w  ise  changed  and  prepared  to  be  thrown  off.      Coxe. 
3.  A  ripening  ;  the  acceleration  of  any  thing  U>- 

ward  perferlion.  Johnson. 

GON-GOGT'IVE,  a.    Digesting  ;  having  the  power  of 

digesting  or  ripening,  Milton. 

GON'GOL-OR,  f-kul-lur,)  a.    Of  one  color.    [M>t  in 

use.]  Brown. 

CON-COM'I-TANCE,    in.     [L.  wn  and  comitor,   to 
€0.\-eO.M'I-TAN-CV,  \     accompany,  from  comes,  a 

companion.     See  Count.] 
A  being  together,  or  in  connection  with  another 

thing. 

Till!  aeconJar;  ivctiun  ■uhfialeth  not  alone,  but  in  eoticomiutttcy 
Willi  the  odier.  Brouin. 

GON-GOM'I-TANT,  a.  Accompanying;  conjoined 
with ;  concuncnt ;  attending. 

It  h*a  j)lfla»pd  our  wis*!  Crenlor  to  annex  to  aeveral  ol)J«tB   a 
coneumilant  plcoaure.  Locke. 

CON-CO.M'I-TANT,  n.  A  companion ;  a  person  or 
thing  that  accompanies  another,  or  is  collaterally  con- 
nected.    It  is  seldom  ai^lied  to  persons 

The  other  eoncomilant  ol  Ingratitude  la  hard-heartedn»a. 

SouOi. 
R'-proncU  it  a  conco/nilant  to  greatnesa.  Addison. 

eON-GOM'I-TANT-LiT,  adv.  In  company  with  oth- 
ers. Pearsojt. 

CON-COM'I-TJtTE,  r.  t  To  accompany  or  attend; 
to  be  Collaterally  connected.     [JVut  useiL]    Harcey. 

eON'GORD,  n.  [Fr.  eoncorde;  L.  concordia,  from  eon- 
cars,  of  con  and  cor,  cordis,  the  heart.  See  AceoBD,] 
1.  Agreement  between  persona ;  union  in  opinions, 
sentiments,  views,  or  interests;  peace;  harmony. 

What  coTiTOrd  hath  Chrlat  wilh  Belial  f— 2  Cor.  vl. 

Q.  Agreement  between  things ;  suitableness;  har- 
mony. 

If,  naliire'a  concord  lirok*", 
Among  the  contlcllHtiuiia,  war  were  spruog.  AKlton, 

3.  In  music,  consent  of  sounds ;  harmony  ;  the  re- 
lation between  two  or  more  pounds  which  are  agree- 
able to  the  ear.     [See  Chord.] 

Th";  man  that  hnlh  not  music  in  himaelf, 

Nor  ti  not  movpd  wiilt  concord  of  iweet  sounds, 

Is  (t  for  treasons.  Shai. 

4.  A  compact ;  an  agreement  by  stipulation  ;  treaty. 

Davics. 

5.  In  ?/i?c,  an  agreement  between  the  parties  in  a 
fine,  made  by  leave  of  the  court.  This  is  an  ac- 
knowledgment from  the  deforciants  that  the  land  in 
question  is  the  right  of  the  complainant. 

Blackstonc. 

6.  In  grammar,  agreement  of  words  in  construc- 
tion, as  adjectives  with  nouns  in  gender,  number, 
and  case,  or  verbs  with  nouns  or  pronouns  in  num- 
ber and  person.  Or  concord  may  signify  the  system 
of  rules  for  construction  callitd  syutar.. 

Fitrm  of  concord,  in  ecclesiastical  history,  is  a  hook 
among  the  Lutherans  containing  a  system  of  doc- 
trines to  be  sub;*cril)ed  as  a  condition  of  communion, 
composed  at  Torgau  in  1.576.  Enevc. 

CON-GORD'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  accord  ;  agreeing; 
harmonious. 

eO\-GORD'A-BLY,  adr.     With  agreement.  Rogers. 

GON-GORD'ANCE,  n.  [Yr.  cuncfrrdance :  IL  toncor- 
danza:  h.  concordans,  from  concordo,  to  agroc.  See 
Concord.] 

1.  Agreement.  In  this  sense  Accordance  is  gener 

2.  In  grammar,  omcord.     [J^ot  used,]     [ally  used. 

3.  A  dictionary  or  index  in  which  all  the  principal 
words  used  in  the  St:riplures  are  arranged  alphabet- 
ically, and  tlie  book,  chapter,  and  verse,  in  ivhich 
each  word  occurs,  are  noted  ;  designed  to  assist  an 
inquirer  in  finding  any  passage  of  Scripture,  by 
means  uf  any  leading  word  in  a  verse  which  he  can 
recollect. 

eON-GORD'AN-CY,  n.     Agreement-        Mauntagu. 

GON-GORD'ANT,  a.  Agreeing;  agreeable;  corre- 
spondent; hannnnious.  Brown. 

GON-GORD'ANT,  n.     That  which  ia  accordant. 

Mountagu* 

GON-GORD'ANT-LY,  adv.    In  conjunction. 

GON-GORD'AT,  n.  An  agreement  made  by  a  tempo- 
ral sovereign  with  the  pojie  relative  to  ecclesiastical 
matters. 

^  In  the.  canon  /aw,  a  compart,  covenant,  or  agree- 
ment concerning  some  beneficiary  matter  ;  as.  a  res- 
ignation, piirmutatiun,  promotion,  and  the  like. 

GON-eORO'lST,  B.    The  compiler  of  a  concordance. 
Ch.  Observer,  March,  18Ii. 

GON-GOR'PO  Rate,  r.  U  [L.  concorporo,  of  con  and 
corpus,  a  bodyj 

To  unite  different  things  in  one  mass  or  body  ;  to 
incorporate.     [Little  used.)  Tai/lor. 

GON-GOR'PO-IlATE,  v.  i.  To  unite  in  one  nifiss  or 
bodv.  Clcavcland. 

GOX-€OR'PO-R5-TED,  pp.  United  in  amassor  hodv. 

CON-GOR'rO-RA-Th\G,  j^r.  Uniting  in  a  masa  or 
bodv. 

G0\"G0R  PO-RA'TION,  n.  Union  of  things  in  one 
mass  or  bfjdy. 

GON'GOURSE,  n.  [Fr.  coneours;  Sp.  coneurso;  It. 
concorso;  Ji.  concursus,  from  concurro,  to  run  togeth- 
er ;  con  and  curro,  to  run.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — M£TE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK-- 

243  ' 


cox 


CON 


1.  A  moving,  flowiiiff,  or  ninnini?  lomether ;  con- 
fluence; as,  a  furttiitoud  eoncaartie  of  atoms;  a  eon- 
course  of  iiu'n. 

2.  A  uicetins  ;  an  assembly  of  men  ;  an  assemblage 
of  things  ;  a  foUecticn  formed  by  a  vuluntary  or  spufi- 
taneous  moving  and  meetins  in  one  place.   Jicts  xix. 

3.  The  place  or  p*"int  of  meeting,  or  a  meeting ;  tlie 
point  of  junction  of  two  bodies. 

Tli«  drop  will  bciu  lo   mo»e  toward  the  concourse  of  the 

[Tkijf  apptication  is  unKSuaL] 
eON-€  RE-aTE  ,  0.  L      [coa  and  create  ;  It  concreare,] 
To  create  with,  or  at  the  same  lime. 

Dr.  Taylor  iti8ts!»  ihai  it  n  inconsisiem  with   the  nature  of 
virtue  ttiai  ii  ihoulU  be  c^ncrtuied  with  uny  p«Taon. 

Edaard;  Orig.  Sin. 

eON-CRE-AT'EO,  pp.  or  a.  Created  at  the  same 
time,  or  In  union  with. 

€0.\-eREl>'lT,  c.  t.  To  intrust.  [JVot  used.]     Barroto. 

eON  CRE-Ma'TIO.V,  «.  [L.  cottcreiaoj  to  burn  to- 
getlier ;  eon  and  crcmo,  to  burn.] 

Tlje  act  of  burning  ditTerent  things  together.  [Ld- 
tie  used.] 

€ON'eRE-ME\T,  v.  fLow  L.  concremrntnmj  from 
eoHcresco,  to  grow  together.     See  Coschkte.] 

A  gri'wing  together;  the  collection  or  mass  formed 
bv  cmicreti.tn,  or  natural  union.  ffale. 

€OX-eUE.S'CENCE,  n.  [L.  concrescentta,  concresco. 
See  Concrete.] 

Growth  or  increase  ;  the  act  of  growing  or  increas- 
ing by  spontaneous  union,  or  the  coalescence  of  sep- 
arate particles.  Ralegh. 

€0.\  €RE:>'CI-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  concreting  ;  that 
may  congeal  or  be  changed  from  a  liquid  lo  a  solid 
state. 

Ttiey  forTTie.l  a  jj^mime,  fixed,  concreldbU  oil.       FoUreroy. 

€0\'€ReTE,  rf.  [L.  coneretus,  from  eoncrescOy  to  grow 
together ;  eon  and  eresco,  to  grow.     See  Gaow.j 

1.  Ltterally,  utiilp^i  in  growth.  Elence.  formed  by 
coalitirm  of  separate  particles  in  one  body  ;  consist- 
ent in  a  mass  ;  united  in  a  solid  form. 

The  firil  concrete  state  or  coii«»teiit  tiirf.ice  of  the  chnu. 

Burnet. 

2.  In  to^U-.,  eiisting  in  a  subject ;  not  abstract ;  as, 
the  white  tinow.  Here  whiteness  is  considered  as  ex- 
isting in  the  snow,  and  not  as  a  separate  thing. 

Concrete  wrina,  while  they  exprcM  the  qoi.Iily,<io  alfo  expre*a, 
or  imply,  wf  reler  to  a  subject  to  whicli  ifaey  bt\ong. 

3.  A  concrete  number  expresses  or  denotes  a  partic- 
ular subject;  as,  lliree  men;  but  when  we  use  a 
number  without  reference  to  a  particular  subject;  as 
tJwee  or  jire,  we  use  the  term  in  the  abstract. 

Barlow.     Bailey. 

4.  In  pbonol/>a-it^  a.  cvncrete  sound,  or  mnvcment  of 
the  voice;  is  one  which  slides  continuously  up  or 
down,  aa  distinguished  fmm  a  discrete  movement, 
in  which  the  voice  leaps  at  once  from  one  line  of 
pitch  to  another.  Riush. 

CO.N'eRKTE,  n.  A  compound;  a  mass  formed  by 
concretion,  spontaneous  union,  or  coalescence  of 
separate  i>articles  of  matter  in  one  body. 

CM  i*  •  purou*  concrtlt.  BenlUi/. 

2.  In  philosophy,  a  mass  or  compound  body,  made 
up  of  different  ingredients  ;  a  mixed  body  or  mass. 

S<i«p  t*  ^  facuiiooa  cnncrelt.  Encyc. 

3.  In  logicy  a  concrete  term  ;  a  term  that  includes 
both  tlie  quality  and  the  subject  in  which  it  exists; 
as,  ni^um,  a  black  thing.  AinaicoTth, 

4.  In  architrctart^  a  mass  of  Stone  chlppings,  peb- 
bles, &C.,  cemented  by  mortar,  laid  at  the  founda- 
litin  of  walU  in  spcjngy  soils.  Brande. 

GON-CRkTE',  r.  i.  To  unite  or  coalesce,  as  separate 
particles,  into  a  mass  or  8(did  bi>dy.  chiefly  by  8[K>n- 
taneius  cohesion,  or  other  natural  process  ;  as,  saline 
p:irticles  concrete  into  crystals  ;  blood  concreies  in  a 
bowl.  Ap))lled  to  gome  sub^itiinces,  it  is  equivalent 
to  induratt ;  as,  metallic  nmlter  concretes  into  a  hard 
body.  Applied  to  other  substances,  it  is  equivalent 
to  eon^ea/,  thicken^  ingpijsate^  eoa'/ulate^  as  in  the  con- 
crelion  of  blood.      Jirbulhnot.      Woodward.     J^icton, 

COX-CRkTE",  b.  (.  To  form  a  mass  by  tlie  cohesion 
or  coalescence  of  separate  panicles.  Hale. 

eON-€RKT'El>,  p/>. or  tt.  LJniied  intoa  solid  mass; 
ctmgealed,  inspissated,  clotted. 

€0\  CRkTE'LY,  ad».  In  a  concrete  manner;  in  a 
manner  to  include  the  subject  with  the  predicate  ; 
not  abstractly.  JiTorris. 

€')N-eRKTE'NE3?,  n.  A  state  of  being  concrete; 
co.ii:i]lrtiion. 

eON-CKKT'lNG,  ppr.  Coalescing  or  congealing  in  a 
inas!<i ;  becoming  thick  ;  making  guild. 

CON-CRK'TION,  (koii-kre'shiin,)  «.  The  act  of  con- 
creting; the  process  by  which  soft  or  fluid  Inxlies 
become  thick,  consistent,  solid,  or  hard  ;  the  act  of 
growin;;  togelhor,  or  of  uniting,  by  other  natural  pro- 
cess, the  small  p;irti('tes  of  matter  into  a  mass. 

2.  'J'he  mass  or  s-ilid  matter  f>)rmed  by  prowingto- 
gether,  by  congelation,  condensation,  coagulation,  or 
induration  ;  a  clui ;  a  lump  ;  a  solid  suh>itance  formed 
In  the  Mifl  parts  ttr  in  the  cavities  of  animal  bodies. 

eO\-CRF:'TIO-N-AL,  a.     PorUiniug  to  concretioiu 


eON-€Ri^.'TlON-A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  lo  or  made  up 
of  concretions  ;  producing  concretions.        Hitchcock. 

eON-€RF.'TIVE,  fl.  Causing  to  concrete;  having 
piwor  to  produce  concretion  ;  tending  to  form  a 
solid   mass  from  separate  particles;    as,  conerctive 


juices. 
€0.\  CRK'TURE, 

[.Vot  it.srd.] 
30N-€RE\V', 


Broufn. 
A  mass  formed  by  concretion. 

€0N-€RE\V',  (kru',)  v.  i.  To  grow  together.  [JVot 
used,]  Spenser. 

eo.V-CRIM-TX-A'TION,  n.     A  joint  accusation. 

CON-eC'BIN-AGE,  n.  [Fr.  See  Coxcupine.]  The 
act  or  practice  of  cohabiting,  as  man  and  woman,  in 
sexual  commerce,  without  the  authority  of  law  or  a 
legal  marriage.  In  a  more  general  sense,  this  word 
is  used  to  express  any  crimiiial  or  pMhibited  sexual 
commerce,  including  adultery,  incest,  and  forni- 
cation. 

In  some  countries,  concubinage  is  marriage  of  an 
inferior  kind,  or  performed  with  less  solemnity  than 
a-  true  or  formal  marriage ;  or  marriage  with  a 
woman  of  inferior  condition,  to  whom  the  husband 
does  not  convey  his  rank  or  quality.  This  is  said  to 
be  still  in  use  in  Gennany.  Encyc. 

In  ffltf",  concubinage  is  used  as  an  exception  against 
her  that  sueth  fur  dower  ;  in  which  it  is  alleged  that 
she  was  not  lawfully  married  to  the  man  in  whose 
lands  she  seeks  to  be  endowed,  but  that  she  was  his 
concubine.  Onocl. 

eo.\-€C'HIV-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  concubinage. 

eON-eO'BlN-A-RY,  Ti.  One  who  indulges  in  concu- 
binage. 

eON-GOBIX-A-RY,  a.     Relating  to  concubinage. 

eo\-€C'B[N-ATE,  n.  Whoredom;  lewdness.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Taylor. 

eOX-eU'BTiNE,  (konk'yu-btne,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  con- 
a^inay  fn>m  cvncumboy  to  lie  together;  cvii  and  cum- 
bo,  or  eubo,  to  lie  down.] 

1.  A  woman  who  ctdiabils  with  a  man  without 
the  authority  of  a  legal  marri.^ge  ;  a  woman  kopt  for 
iewd  puriHises ;  a  kept  mistress. 

Bacon.     Sbab.     Drifden. 

2.  A  wife  of  inferior  condition  ;  a  lawful  wile,  but 
not  united  to  the  man  by  the  usual  ceremonies,  and 
of  inferior  condition.  Such  were  Hagar  and  Kelu- 
rah,  the  concubines  of  Abraham  ;  and  such  concu- 
bines were  allowed  by  the  Roman  laws. 

Encyc.     Cnulen. 
CON-CUL'CaTE,  v.  t.     [U  concitlco.]     To  troad  on  ; 

to  trample  under  UioU  Jiduuntaga. 

CON-eULCA-TEn,  pp.  Trampled  on. 
CON-eiJL'CA-TING,  ppr.  Treading  on. 
eON-eUL-CA'TlON,   n.     A  trampling  under  foot. 

[JVoi  much  used,] 
eON-eC'PIS-CE\CE,  ti.  ri-.  concupisccut-a,  from  con- 

cupisco,  to  covet  or  lust  alter  ;<:un  and  cupio,to  desire 

or  covet.] 

Lust;    unlawful    or    irregular    desire   of   sexual 

pleasure.     In  a  more  ircnfral  sense,  \1\g  coveting  of 

carnal  things,  or  an  irregular  appetite  for  woridly 

good;  inclination  for  unlawful  enjoyments. 

We  know  even  aecret  conmpUemrt  lo  be  ittt.  Hooker. 

6ip,  lakm;  occnaion  bv  the  conimnDUineni,  wroujflit  in  nie  all 
mntiner  of  concupUcenee. — Rom.  »ii. 
eON-CCTIS-CENT,  a.     Desirous  of  unlawful  pleas- 
ure ;  libidinous.  Shak. 
CON  €U  PIS-CE.VTIAL,    a.      Relating    to    concu- 
piscence. 
eoN-CC'PIS  CI-BLE.  a.    Exciting  or  impelling  to  the 
enjoyment  of«arnai  pleasure;  inclining  to  the  at- 
tainment of  pleasure  or  good  ;  as,  concupiscible  appe- 
tite.                                                                        SoutJi. 
eOX-GUR',  r.  I.     [L.  eoncurro,  to  run  together;  eon 
and   curro,   to   run;    It.   concurrere  i    Sp.  concuTrir; 
PorL  concorrir  ;  Fr.  cuncourir.] 

1.  To  meet  in  the  same  |M>int ;  to  agree. 

Xt^nMiii  mil]  acute  concur,  Vtmptt. 

2.  To  agree;  to  join  or  unite,  na  in  one  action  or 
opiniim  ;  to  meet,  mind  with  mind  ;  as,  the  two 
houses  of  parti;tmcnt  dmcar  in  the  measure. 

It  has  uj-th  before  the  person  with  whom  one 
agrees  ;  as,  Mr.  Burke  concurred  loUh  Lord  Chatham 
in  «ipinion. 

it  ban  to  before  the  effect. 

Kxiiciur*  111  roAii  nmCur  lo  (fneml  ine.  Pope, 

3.  Ti>  unite  or  be  conjoined,  with  the  consequen- 
tial spii.-fp  of  aiding,  or  contributing  power  or  in- 
fluence to  a  Common  object ;  as,  various  causes  may 
conrur  in  Hie  changes  uf  temperature. 

ef>N  ClJlt'UK-Nf'E,  n.  Ameeiingor  ctuning  together; 
union  ;  conjunction. 

We  hare  no  other  meaaure  hut  of  our  »wn  idea»,  vilh  the 
coHfuntnca  vf  oiher  prubable  reatona,  tn  persuaJe  us. 

Z.ocAe. 

2.  A  mooting  of  minds;  agreement  in  opinion; 
union  in  design  ;  implying  joint  ai)probalion. 

Ttirq'iiii  ihe  Pruuil  wna  expelleJ  br  tiie  universal  concurrence 
of  iiiiLle»  nil  1  peiip.f.  Siri/l. 

3.  A  meeting  or  conjunction,  whether  casual  or 
intended  ;  combinaliun  of  agents,  circumstances,  or 
events. 

Stnirrh  wiiti  ih^M  grvat  eoncurrtnett  of  thfit^.    Crashme. 


CON 

4.  Agreement;  consent;  approbation.    See  No.  3. 

5.  Agreement  or  consent,  implying  joint  aid  ot 

contribution  of  ptnverttr  inlluence. 

From  these  autitime  images  we  collect  the  ^reatneM  ol  the 
work,  and  the  tiecebsiiy  of  tlie  divine  eoncurreficc  (o  it. 
Ruffer: 

6.  A  meeting,  asof  claims,  or  power  ;  joint  rights, 
implying  equality  in  diilerent  persons  or  bodies  ;  as, 
a  concurrence  of  jurisdiction  in  two  ditferent  courts, 

€ON-CUR'REN-CY,  n.    The  same  as  Concl'kkenck.  f 
eON-€UR'RE\T,  a.     Meeting  ;  uniting  ;  accompany- 
ing; acting  in  conjunction  ;  agreeing  in  the  same 
act;  contributing  to  the  same  event  or  effect  op- 
erating with. 

1  Join  witli  tliese  lawa  ihe  personal  presence  of  the  king's  1011, 
as  a  concurrent  cause  of  ihis  rvformntion.  Vaviet. 

All  cumbuied. 
Your  beauty,  and  my  impoience  ot  mind. 
And  hie  concurrent  flame,  that  blew  icy  fire.  Dryden. 

2.  Conjoined  ;  associate  ;  concomitant. 

There  is  no  .lifferen<;e  l>eiween  the  ronrMrrenf  echo  and  tlie  ite. 
rent,  but  the  quickness  or  ilowiiesft  of  the  reiurti.    Bacon 

3.  Joint  and  equal ;  existing  together  and  operat- 
ing on  the  same  objects.  The  courts  of  the  United 
States,  and  those  of  the  States,  have,  in  some  cases, 
concnrrrnt  jurisdiction. 

COX-CURRENT,  n.  That  which  concurs  ;  Joint  or 
contributorj-  cause. 

To  all  BlTaira  of  iniportnnce  there  are  three  wrennry  conrur- 
ren(«~ltitie,  indnatry,  and  fRCtilite*.       Hecay  of  Pi»iy. 

COX-CUR'RENT-LY,  adv.  With  concurrence  ;  unit- 
edly. 

€ON-€UR'UIXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Meeting  in  the  same 
point;  agreeing;  running  or  acting  together;  unit- 
ing in  action  ;  contributing  to  tJie  same  event  ur 
effect ;  consenting.  • 

A  concurring  figure,  in  geometry^  is  one  which, 
being  laid  on  another,  exactly  meets  every  part  of  it, 
or  one  which  corres|Knids  with  it  in  all  its  parts. 

COX-CUS-SA'TIOX,  II.  [See  Concussion.]  A  vio- 
lent shock  or  agitation. 

eoX-CUS^SKI),  (kon-kust',)  n.     Shaken. 

CON-€'US'SION,  (kon-kusli'un,)  n.  [U  eoncussio, 
from  eoncutio,  to  shake,  from  cau  and  qnctio,  ytiassu, 
to  shake  or  shatter.  From  Ihe  sense  of  discutio  ami 
pcrcutio,  we  tnay  infer  that  the  primar>'  sense  is  to 
beat,  to  strike,  or  to  beat  in  pieces,  lo  bruise,  to  heat 
di!wn,  Fr.  cesser,  Eng.  to  qudsh^  L.  ardo,  euiio.  See 
Class  Gd,  Xo.  38,  40,  7fi,  and  Class  Gs,  Xo.  17. 

1.  Tlie  act  of  shaking,  particularly  and  properly 
by  the  stroke  or  impulse  of  another  body. 

It  iibetieveil  that  ffreat  ringiiifuf  bells,  inpopulont  ciiies,  hatb 
di8ii|iiiie>i  pektiknt  air,  which  may  be  fiuui  the  conctifxion 
of  the  nir.  Baton. 

2.  The  state  of  being  shaken  ;  a  shock  ;  as,  the 
concussion  of  the  brain  by  a  stroke.  It  is  used  also 
for  sliaking  or  agitation  in  general;  as,  the  euncns- 
sivn  of  the  earth.  ti'oodicnrd. 

CON-CUS'SIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  or  tptaliiy  of 
shaking.  Johnxon. 

CONl),  V.  t.  [Fr.  eo7tdmr(.]  In  seamen^s  hnguage,  to 
conduct  a  ship;  to  direct  the  man  nt  the  helm  how 
to  steer.  Bailry.     Encyc. 

COX-DEMX',  (kon-dem',)  v.  t,  [L.  nmdcmno  ;  con 
and  damno,  to  condemn,  to  disapprove,  to  doom,  to 
devote  ;  It.  eondannare,  dannare. ;  I'ort.  condcnan  Sp. 
ift. ;  Fr.  condavmar  ;  Arm.  condauni ;  D.  doemcn,  ver- 
doemen  ;  G.  verdammen  ;  Sw.  doma,  fvrd'Oma  ;  Dan, 
diimmer,ford'6mmer  i  Sax.  deman,  fordemaji,  lo  deem, 
to  (/oiirn,  to  judge,  to  condemn.     Bee  Damn,  Dekm, 

D<»OM.l 

1.  To  pronounce  to  be  utterly  wrong ;  to  utter  a 
sentence  of  disapprobation  against;  U>  censure;  to 
blame.  But  the  word  often  expresses  more  than 
ceiLture  or  blame,  and  seems  to  include  the  idea  of 
utter  rejection  ;  as,  to  condemn  heretical  opinions  ;  to 
condemn  one's  conduct. 

We  condemn  mjstakea  with  Mperily.  where  we  paw  over  aini 
with  ^lUlcneM.  Bueicmmiter. 

2.  To  determine  or  judge  to  be  wrong,  or  guilty ; 
to  disallow  ;  lo  disapprove. 

Beloved,  if  nur  hfnrt  condemn  u»  nut,  we  have  cunfideiice  to- 
ward (iixl.-  1  Juhn  iii. 

3.  To  witness  against;  to  show  or  prove  lo  be 
wrong,  or  guilty,  by  acontrarj-  practice. 

The  nii'n  nf  Nitievch  dliall  rise  in  Uiil(;menl  With  thia  genera- 
tion. And  shall  condemn  it.— >falt.  xii. 

4.  To  pronounce  to  be  guilty  ;  to  sentence  to  pun- 
ishment;  to  utter  sentence  against  judicially;  to 
doom;  opposed  to  acquit  or  absotnei  with  to  before 
the  penalty. 

The  Bt<n  of  man  shall  be  betrayed  unto  tlie  chi«r  prieal^  tiul 
unto  the  acnbes,  aud  they  shall  coudcmn  him  to  death.— 
Mall.  XX. 

He  that  bclievcth  on  him  Is  not  condemned. — John  iti. 

5.  To  doom  or  sentence  to  pay  a  fine  ;  to  fine. 

And  ilie  kinjj  of  Egrypl — cnndemmd  the  land  m  a  hundred  taU 
eiila  of  aiiver.— 2  Cliroii.  zxxvi. 

6.  To  judge  or  pmnoiHice  to  be  unfit  for  us«, 
or  service ;  as,  the  ship  was  condemned  as  not  sea* 
worthy. 

7.  To  judge  or  proiuHince  to  bo  forfeited  j  as,  tho 
I      ship  and  her  cargo  were  condemned. 


TONE,  Bk'LL,  UNITE.  — AX"GEa,  VI"UIOUS.  — C  a«K;6aaJ;aasZ;0na8  SIX;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


*ii;< 


CON 

eON-DEM'XA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  condemned ; 
bUm.ible  ;  rul[>able.  Brown. 

€0\-DEM-NJ'TIO.\,  ■.  [L.  cvndemHotio.]  The  act 
of  condemning  ;  the  judtctal  act  of  dedaring  one 
guilty,  and  dooming  him  to  punishment, 

Foi  ihc  Judfneot  wm  b^  one  to  eondsmnation.  —  Roin.  v. 

SL  Tba  tuts  of  being  condemned. 

Dwl  thoa  not  ftmr  God,  iwinf  thou  art  ia  'he  BMne  CTwrfwww- 

3.  The  canse  or  reason  of  a  sentence  of  condem- 
nation.   JoJin  iii. 

€X)N-DEM'\A-TO-RY,a.  Condemning;  bearing  con- 
demnation or  censure  ;  as,  a  coademHatory  sentence 
or  decree. 

COSDEMS'ED,  Cls'^n-**^'"'*'^  PP-  o*"  *  Censured  ; 
pronounced  to  be  wronp,  gfuiliy,  worthies*,  or  for- 
fi'iifi)  ;  adjudged  or  sentenced  to  piiiiidhiiit-nt. 

CO.N-DEM'XER,  n.     One  who  condemns  or  censures, 

CO.vnKM'NI.NGj^pr.Wfl.  C«-n?«rinc;  disaHowinc; 
pmni'uncine  to  be  wronj,  guilty,  worthies:},  or  for- 
feitfd  ;  seriiencinr  to  punithmc nL 

eON-DKNS'A-BLE,  a,  [8ee  Cor^oE^sr.]  Capable 
of  being  condensed ;  that  may  br  compressed  into  a 
■mailer  compaaa^  and  into  a  more  close,  compact 
Mate ;  aa,  vuor  is  amUmuaih, 

CON-DENS' .\TE,  tr.  t.  [See  Co:fDE^9i.]  To  con- 
deofle ;  to  compreaa  Into  a  citieer  form  ;  to  cause  to 
take  a  more  compact  state  ;  to  make  mitre  den«e. 

CON-DENS'iTe,  r.  i.  To  become  more  dense,  close, 
or  hard. 

eON  DENS' ATE,  a.  MatedaBw;  condenMsd;  made 
more  close  or  compact.  Peaekam. 

€ON-liENS'A-T£U,  yp.  Condensed  ;  made  more 
compact 

€0\-DE.\S'A-TING,  ppr.  Making  more  clow  or 
coaapwrt. 

CON-DBN-5ATION,  n.    [L.  eamUmMtm.    See  Cov- 

DK!(SK.] 

Tbe  act  of  making  more  dense  or  compact ;  or  the 
net  of  causing  the  parts  that  compose  a  body  to  ap- 
proach or  unite  more  cktaely,  either  by  mechanical 
praMure  or  by  a  natural  fvocess  ;  the  stale  of  being 
condensed.  Dew  and  clouds  are  suppoeed  to  be 
fonned  by  the  csndta ailisw  of  \-apor.  It  m  oppoaed  to 
rff-'''-"'-'"  ■"•'i  rrpoMMtnu  Conden"'*-—  *•  -"-Htca- 
t  :>re».>*ible  matter  :  an  :i-yi- 

t  I'TPased  hnrdiie*-*,?.  _lit. 

€u.\  ......     V  riVE,  a.     HiiviDgaiK..!...  ..J  i^„J^ucy 

to  cinidi?iisc 

€O.N-l)ENSE',  (Iton-dens',)  r.  I.  [L.  amiauo  ;  can 
and  ifeva,  to  make  thick  or  close;  IL  eemdemmrt; 
Bpu  and  Port,  etrndensar:  Fr.  een^iwer.  See  Dknse.] 
1.  To  make  more  chiae,  thick,  or  campacC  ;  to  cause 
the  panicles  of  a  body  to  appnmch,  or  to  unite  more 
dowly,  e^m*  by  their  own  attiacticm  or  affinity,  or 
by  mechanical  force.  Thus  vapor  is  said  lo  be  ar%- 
imstd  into  water  by  the  application  of  cold  ;  and  air 
is  cMtdeiued  in  a  tube  by  pressure.  Hence  the  word 
ia  aometimes  equivalent  to  eamprejts. 

^  To  make  thick  ;  to  inspissate  ;  applied  to  scfly 
tamprtaihU  substanets. 

3.  To  compress  into  a  smaller  compass,  or  into  a 
dpee  body  ;  to  crowd  ;  applied  to  sfparaU  individuals. 
Thus  we  say,  to  nandense  ideas  into  a  smaller  com- 
pass. Dryden. 

eON-DENSE',  r.  £.  To  become  close  or  more  com- 
pact, as  the  particles  of  a  body  ;  to  approach  or  unite 
more  closely  ;  to  grow  thick. 


Vapor*  romiriu*  aitd  ooaXnat  into  ■rmII  parecU, 


^tMon. 


CONDENSE',  a.  Close  in  texture  or  compOTition  ; 
comfiact  i  firm;  den^  :  condensated.  [^ee  DE:taE, 
which  is  generally  used.]  AIHl>h. 

CONDENSED,  (kondenst',)  n.  or  a.    Made  dense, 
or  more  r!'><e  in  parts;  made  or  become  compact; 
I       <-■  '      to  a  narrower  compass. 

I  C<  >  :.  n.    A  pneumatic  engine  or  springe, 

i:,  r  uLherelastic  fluids  may  be  compressed. 

it  r»nsi*ii5  oi  a  cylinder,  in  which  is  a  movable  piston 
to  force  the  air  into  a  receiver,  and  a  valve  to  prevent 
tbe  air  fnan  escaping.  Enc^c, 

2.  A  vessel,  or  part  of  machinery,  in  which  aqueous 
or  spirituous  ^'ap'^irsare  reduced  toatiqriid  form.  This 
may  be  done  either  by  injecting  a  quantity  uf  culd 
wat^r  into  the  condenser,  as  in  that  of  a  steam-en- 
pine,  or  by  immt-rsing  the  condenser  in  another  vessel, 
thr^>ui;h  which  ct.ld  water  coniinunlly  flows.  Hebcri. 

CO.N-DENS'iNG,  ppr.  or  <u  Making  more  close  or 
comjKicL 

€O.N-DE.\S'I-TV,  ju  The  etate  of  bein?  condensed  ; 
dem^eness  i  density.     [  The  latter  are  generally  used.] 

eOND'ER,  M.     [Tt.  amduire  i  h.  conduro.     SeeCoND.1 

1.  A  person  who  stands  upon  a  cliff,  or  elevated 
part  of  the  sea-coast,  in  the  time  of  the  herring  fi>h- 
co',to  point  out  to  tbe  fishermen,  by  signs,  the  course 
of  the  shoals  of  fish.  CuieeJ, 

2.  One  who  gives  directions  to  a  helmsman  liow 
to  steer  tile  ship.  Eacyc. 

CON-DE-SCENCE',  n.    Descent  from  stiperinrity. 
eON-DE-SCEND',  r.  i-     [It.  ctmdtsceadert ;  Sp.  conde- 

aunder  i  Fr.  condeteejuirt ;  eon  and  L.  ductudo.    See 

Dmck.-vd.] 


CON 

1.  To  descend  from  the  privibges  of  superior  rank 
or  dignity,  to  do  some  act  to  an  inferior,  which 
strict  jujitice  or  the  unlimury  rules  of  civilitv  do  not 
n-quire.  Hence,  to  siibmii  or  yield,  as  to  rin  "inferinr, 
implying  an  occasiunal  relinquishment  of  distinction. 

Miii.l  nut  hi^h  Utinjfi,  lul  eund4tcend  u>  men  of  low  eiUte. — 
Kutn.  iiu 

9.  To  recede  from  one's  rights  in  negotiation,  or 
common  intercourse,  to  do  some  act,  which  strict 
Justice  does  not  require. 

Spain's  tnlfhiv  momrch, 
In  grxeloati  clemency,  dun  comd44nnd, 
On  Uii«a  coiKliiiwdt,  to  U-ci>in«  your  fricnJ.  Drydtn. 

3.  To  stoop  or  descend ;  lo  yield  ;  to  submit ;  im- 
plying a  relinquishment  of  raiik,  or  disnily  of  char- 
acter, and  sometimes  a  sinking  into  debasement. 

Can  thry  ihink  m*  »a  brokrn,  to  drU-u^d, 

Wish  torpor*)  •-rvii.nlir,  ih«t  my  mind  cicr 

Wiit  condc«c»»(f  to  tiicli  ttl«urvl  co.nmniiiU  f  AlUton. 

CON-D&,SCE.\D'ENCE,  n.  A  voluntar}'  yielding  or 
submission  to  an  inferior. 

You  will  ohafrve  [ui  the  Tnrk.J  nn  in»nltmg  condttcendtnca, 
which  l^«r*iiJi»  Utrir  coiilciiipt  ui  yuu.  Kl-jn. 

eON-DE-8CEND'ING,  ppr.  Descending  from  rank 
or  distinction  in  the  intercourse  of  life  j  receding 
from  rights  or  claims;  yielding. 

2.  a.     Yielding  to  inferiors  ;  courteous  ;  obliging. 
eON-DESC'E\D'ING-LY,  ot/c.     By  way  of  yielding 

to  inferiors  ;  with  voluntary  submission;  by  way  of 
kind  concession  ;  ctmrteously.  JStterburri. 

eON-DE^SCEX'SION,  «.  Voluntary  descent  from 
rank,  dignity,  or  just  claims  ;  relinquishment  of  strict 
right  ;  submission  to  inferiors  in  granting  refiursu  or 
performing  acts  which  strict  Justice  does  not  require. 
Hence,  courtesy. 

It  fiffbkk  pride  and  commamlB  btimiliijr,  modrilj,  nnd  condt- 
Mnuiofi  Id  otl>«ra.  TMloUon. 

RaptiB*!,  AfDidat  hta  ten<lrrn«M,  >bowi  sttch  a  dig-nity  and  eon^ 
ducntmam  in  alt  hjj  beliavivr,  at  are  suiuUc  u>  a  ttipirrior 
mturr.  Addi»on. 

CON-DE-SCEN'SrVE,  a.    Condescending  ;  courteous. 

Barroic. 
CON-DE-SCENT',  m.     Condescension.     f.Vot  used.] 

Bp.  Halt 
eON-DIGN',  (kon-dtne',)  o.    {L.  etrndiptus ;  con  and 
dipnuA^  worthy.     See  Dioxirr.] 

1.  Deserved  ;  merited  ;  suitable  ;  applied  usually  to 
fiuniskmenti  as,  the  malefactor  has  suffered  eottdign 
punishment. 

2.  Worthy  ;  merited  ;  as,  condi^  praise. 

[/a  tMe  taOtr  sense j  Meldem  used.]      [Spenser.     Shak. 

eON-DIG'NI-TY,  a.  Merit ;  desert,  in  sc/ioul  dictn- 
i/y,  the  merit  of  human  actions,  which  claims  re- 
ward on  ihe  score  of  justice.  MUner. 

CON  DIGN'LY,(kon.dIne'ly,)fldp.  Accordingto merit. 

CON-DIGN'.NESS,  (kon-dlne'neas,)  n.  Agreeablencss 
In  deserts  ;  (suitableness. 

CON'DI-MENT,  a.  [L.  coa^nteMtum,  from  condio^  to 
aeason,  pickle,  or  preserve.] 

Seasoning  ;  sauce  ;  that  which  is  used  to  give  relish 
to  meat  or  other  food,  and  to  gratify  the  taste. 

Ai  for  railiah  nnd  the  Itk«,  Ibey  are  Tor  eondimfnU,  und  not  for 
noiihvhmenL  Bncon. 

CON-DIS-CI'PLE,  n.     [L.  eondi^cipulas  ,■  eon  and  di»- 

cipuluM.     See  Disciple.] 
A  school -fellow  ;  a  learner  in  tbe  same  school,  or 

under  the  same  instnictor. 
CON-DTTE',  v.L     [L.  condio^  cvjidiium.'] 

To  prepare  and  preserve  with  su^r,  salt,  spicei",  or 

the  like  ;  to  pickle  ;  as,  to  eondite  pears,  plums,  quinces, 

mushrooms,  &c.     {Little  iwfrf.]  Ortw.     Tayiirr. 

CO.N-DITE'MEXT,  n.     A  composition   of  conserves, 

powders,  and  spices,  in  the  form  of  an  electuary. 

[LiUlr  used.]  Bailey. 

eoS-DlT'lSG^ppr.  Preserving.    [Little  used.]   Orew. 
CON-DI"TION,  (kon-dtsli'un,)  «.     [L.  conditio,  fnun 

amdo^  to  build  or  make  ;  lo  ordain  ;  properly,  to  set 

or  fix,  or  to  set  together,  or  in  order ;  con  and  do,  to 

give  ;  properly^  to  send.] 

1.  State;  a  particular  mode  of  being;  ajipUed  to 
external  eireunutance.*,  to  the  body,  to  tite  mind,  and  to 
things.  We  speak  of  a  good  condition,  or  a  bad  con- 
dition, in  reference  to  wealth  and  poverty  ;  in  refer- 
ence to  health  and  sickne.<«s  ;  in  reference  to  a  cheer- 
ful or  depreifsed  disposition  of  mind  ;  and  with 
reference  to  a  sound  or  broken,  perishing  state  of 
things.  The  word  signifies  a  setting  or  fixing,  and 
has  a  very  general  and  indefinite  application,  coin- 
ciding nearly  with  state.,  from  sto,  to  stand,  and  de- 
notes that  particular  fruin'-,  form,  mode,  or  disposi- 
tion, in  which  a  thing  Lxisis,  at  any  given  time.  A 
man  is  in  a  good  condition,  when  he  is  thriving.  A 
nation  with  an  exhausted  treasur>',  and  burdened 
with  taxes,  is  not  in  a  condition  to  make  war.  A 
poor  man  is  in  a  humble  condition.  Religion  affords 
consitlation  to  man  in  every  condition  of  life.  Ex- 
bortatious  should  be  adapted  to  the  condition  of  the 
mind. 

CoTviilion,  rirrnmitnn''^,  !•  i\ni  ihr-  lliing; 

BliM  i*  Uic  sjiNO  ill  iiibjfct  gr  in  ltii>e.  Pvpe. 

2.  duality;  property;  attribute. 

U  UKttttd  to  »■  a  comiition  and  prcpfrty  of  di«in«  pow^r*  and 
brin^i  to  be  hidden  and  unseen  tu  oUierv.  Bacon. 


CON 


3.  State  of  the  mind  ;  temper ;  temperament ;  com- 
plexion.    [See  No.  1.]  Shiik. 

4.  Moral  quality  ;  virtue  or  vice.     Raleigh.     South. 
[T/iM^  srn.tcs,  however^  fall  tcit/itn  the  first  drjiniliou.] 

5.  Rank,  that  is,  state  with  respect  to  tlie  orders  or 
grades  of  society,  or  to  property ;  as,  persons  of  the 
best  C(Ouiitiott.  Clarendon. 

6.  Terms  of  a  contract  or  covenant;  stipulation  ; 
that  is,  that  which  is  set,  fixed,  established,  or  pro- 
posed.    What  are  the  conditions  of  the  treaty  ? 

Mahp  otir  condiliant  wilh  yon  cnplivc  king.  Drydtn. 

He  aeii'lrih  and  dcftiretb  conditiont  af  pc.ica.  —  Luk«  xiv, 

7.  A  clause  in  a  bond,  or  other  contract,  containing 
terms  or  a  stipulation  that  it  is  to  be  performed,  and, 
in  case  of  failure,  the  penally  of  the  bond  is  to  be  in- 
curred. 

8.  Terms  given  or  provided,  as  the  ground  of  some- 
thing else ;  that  which  is  established,  or  to  be  done, 
or  to  happen,  as  requisite  to  another  art ;  as,  I  will 
pay  a  sum  of  money  on  condition  you  will  engage  to 
refund  it. 

9.  That  which  must  exist,  as  the  ground  or  neces- 
sary adjunct  of  something  else. 

C0N-DI"T10N,  (kon-dish'un,)  v.  i.    To  make  terms  ; 

to  stipulate  ;  as,  it  is  one  thing  to  condition  fur  a  good 

office,  and  another  to  execute  iU 
CO\-DI"TION,  V  L     To  contract ;  to  stipulate. 

h  w*i  coniUtiontd  belwwn    SnUim    and    Tit»n,  that    Snturn 
■liuiild  )  ui  lo  dealt)  oil  till  male  cliildren.  Ralegh. 

CON-DI"TION-AL,  a.  Containing  or  depending  on  a 
condition  or  conditions  ;  made  with  limitatiouH  ;  not 
absolute  ;  made  or  granted  on  certain  terms.  A  con- 
ditional promise  is  one  which  is  to  be  perftinned  when 
something  else  stipulated  is  done  or  has  taken  place. 
A  conditional  Cfe,  in  law,  is  one  which  is  granted  upon 
condition  that,  if  the  donee  siiall  die  without  such  par- 
ticular heirs  as  are  specified,  the  estate  shall  revert  to 
the  donor.  Hence  it  is  a  fee  restrained  to  particular 
heirs,  to  the  exclusion  of  others. 

3.  In  ^ammar  and  logic,  expressing  a  condition  or 
supjMisition  ;  as,  a  conditional  word,  mode,  or  tense  ; 
a  ritndifiiinal  syllogism. 

eON-ni"T10\-AL,  n.     A  limitation.  Baam. 

CO\-DI"TlUN-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
conditional,  or  limited  ;  limitation  by  certain  term-*. 

CON-DI'TION-AL-LY,  ode.  With  certain  limita- 
tions ;  on  particular  terms  or  stipulations ;  not  abso- 
lutely or  positively. 

Wc  aee   UrfTc  firrfrrmfnU  t^ndffred  lo  hira,  but  eondilionally, 
upon  Ilia  Uuin^  wicked  otlioca.  H'outh. 

CON-DI"TION-A-RY,  (dish'un-,)  a.      Conditional ; 

stipulated.     [JVot  aseti.]  J^orri,: 

CON-D["TI0N-ATE,  a.    Conditional ;  established  on 

certain  terms.     [jsTot  used.]  Hammond. 

CON-Dl"TION-ATE,  r.  (.     To  qualify;   to  regulate 

rJV*(*t  in  «.•(«.]  *  Brown. 

CON-DI"TlON-i!:D,  (kon-dish'und,)  pp.    Stipulated; 

containing  terms  to  be  performed. 
2.  a.     Having  a  certain   state  or  qualities.    This 

word  is  usually  preceded  by  some  qiialifying  term  ; 

as,  good-conditioned,  ill-conrJtiioned,  b&st- conditioned. 
CON-Dl"TION-IiNG,  ppr.  Making  terms  or  conditions 

in  stipulations. 
C0N-DI"T10N-LY,   ado.     On   certain   terms.      [JV«( 

w.f»/.]  Sidney. 

eON'in-TO-RY,  n.      [L.  eonditorium,  from  coudo.  to 

hide.] 

A  repository  for  holding  things. 
eON-I)rt'LA-TO-RY,  a.     Expressing  condolence. 
CON-DOLE',  tJ.  1.     [L.  coitdolco ;  con,  willi,  and  doleo, 

to  ache,  or  lo  grieve.] 

To  feel  pain,  or  to  grieve,  at  the  distress  or  misfor- 
tunes of  another. 

Your  Trl^ndt   would   have  catiac  lo  rejoice,  r<»lher  than  condole 
wiiii  you. 

It  is  followed  by  with  before  the  person  for  whom 
we  feel  grief. 
CON-DOLE',  t).  (.    To  lament  or  bewail  with  another, 
or  on  account  of  another's  misfortune.     [Unusual.] 

Why  atmiild  mir  pj'-t  petition  liii  for  her  tnf-  cielivery,  und  af- 
Ifffward  condole  her  miuvirrktge.*  Dryden.     Milton. 

eON-DOLE'MENT,  n.  Grief;  pain  of  mind  at  an- 
other's loss  or  misfortune;  sorrow;  mourning.  Shak, 

CON-DO'LENCE,  n.  Pain  of  mind,  or  grief  excittd 
bv  the  distress  or  misfortune  of  another.    Jirbuthnot, 

eON-nOL'ER,  n.     One  who  condoles. 

CON-DOL'I.N'C;.  ppr.     Grieving  at  another\<5  distress. 

CON-DOL'iNG,  n.  Expression  of  grief  for  another's 
loss. 

CON'DO-MA,  n.    An  animal  of  the  goat  kind,  as  large 

as  a  stag,  and  of  a  gray  color.       Diet.  ofJ\'at.  Hist. 

It  is  a  s'pecies  of  anteloi>e,  the  Ji.  strepsiceros. 

CON-DO-NA'TION,  n.     [L.  condono.] 
The  act  of  pardoning.     [Little  used.] 

CON'DOK,  n.  A  large  bird, of  the  genus  Vultur,  found 
in  the  must  elevated  parts  of  the  Andes,  in  South 
America.  It  flies  liigher  than  any  other  bird.  The 
reports  of  its  size  have  been  much  exaggerated. 

X>ana. 

CON-DCCE',  V.  i.  [L.  eonduco ;  eon  and  ducoy  to  lead  ; 
Sp.  condttcir ;  It.  eondurre.] 


FATE,  FAR,  PALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  MARINE.  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.- 


CON 

To  lead  or  tend  ;  to  contribute  ;  followed  by  to. 


Tbej    mjy   conduct    to  furvher  di» 
tlieurjr  ot  ItgttU 


eric*  for  conipl'"t  nj  the 

PitlCUilt. 


To  conduce  to,  includes  the  sense  of  aidins,  tending 
to  produce,  or  furnishing  the  menns  ;  hence  it  is 
sometimes  equivalent  to  promote,  advance,  or  further. 
Virtue  conduces  to  the  welfare  of  sctciety.  Rfl!0on 
coftdaces  to  temporal  happiness.  Temperance  coiuiaces 
to  health  and  long  life. 

In  tile  transitive  sense,  to  conduct,  it  is  not  author- 
ized. 
€O.\-D0CE'ME\T,  n,     A  leading  or  tending  to  ;  ten- 
dency. Gregory. 
€ON-D0'CENT,  a.    Tending  or  contributing  to.  Lau-d. 
€OX-DC'CI-BLE,  o.     [L.  conducibUis.] 

Leading  or  tending  to;  having  the  power  of  con- 
ducing ;  having  a  tendency  to  promote  or  forward. 
Our  Savior  huth  enjoined  iii  h  Kuormble  Krvic«  ;  nil  hi«  lawa 
are  in  themarUet  condudbU  \o  Lhc  leuiporitl  itiCffr«Hi  of  [hrm 
tJtiitl  ubfterre  ihem.  B€nilty. 

[Tliis  tcord  is  less  used  than  Co:*ducite.] 
€O.V-DC'CI-BLE-iNESS,  n.     The  quality  of  leading  or 

contributing  to  any  end.  More. 

CO.\-[>C'CI-BLY,  adv.     Tn  a  manner  to  promote. 
€0\-DC'CIXG,  ppr.     Tending  or  contributing. 
CO\-D0'CIV'E,  a.    Thai  may  conduce  or  contribute  ; 

having  a  tendency  to  promote. 

Aa  action,  howr^r«r  conducive  lo  (he  gooti  of  ourcouniry,  will 
be  reprtM-ikteii  as  pnrjudicial  to  il.  Adduon. 

€ON-DC'CIVE-N'ESS,  n.  The  quality  of  conducing 
or  tending  to  promote.  Bmile. 

€0\'DL'eT,  H.  (Sp.  conductai  It.  condotta:  Fr.  con- 
duite;  from  the  L.  condactas,  but  with  a  different 
sense,  from   eonduco,   to  lead  ;   con  and  duco.    See 

DCKG.] 

1.  LtteraUvy  the  act  of  leading ;  guidance }  com- 
mand.    So  U'aller  has  used  it. 

Coitduct  of  KMiiica  i«  a  prinw'd  art. 

2.  The  act  of  convoying  or  guarding;  guidance,  or 
bringing  along  under  protection.  Shak. 

3.  Guard  (in  the  way ;  convoy  ;  escort.         Shak. 
r7'Af^*  senses  are  now  \Lini.t\uil,thourrh  not  improper.] 

4.  In  a  general  sense,  personal  beh;ivior ;  ctHirse  of 
Bction^ ;  deportment  j  applicable  equally  to  a  good  or 
bad  course  tif  actions  ;  as,  laudable  conduct ;  detestable 
conduct.  The  word  seems  originally  to  have  been 
followed  with  life,  actions,  affairs,  or  other  term  ;  as, 
the  cojtdact  nf  life ;  the  conduct  of  actions ;  that  is,  the 
leading  along  of  life  or  actions. 

Yonn;  iven,  in  (he  conduct  ami  maaagt  of  actioriM,  embrace 

niure  rhin  lli-T  cnu  tiukl.  Bacon, 

What  in  (h«  conditct  o/our  life  appewra.  Drxjdan. 

But,  by  custom,  conduct  alone  is  now  used  to  ex- 
press the  idea  of  behavior,  or  course  of  life  and  man- 
ners. 

5.  Exact  behavior  ;  regular  life.  [Unusital.]    Swift. 

6.  Management;  mode  of  carrying  on. 

Chriitianit;  haa  tiumaiiued  the  conduct  of  war.  Pa!ey. 

7.  The  title  of  two  clereymen  appointed  to  read 
prayers  at  Eton  Collegt;,  in  England.  Masi>n. 

€0.\-r)treT',  p.  t  [Sp.  eonditcir;  Port,  conduzir,  to 
conduct,  and  to  conduce  ;  Fr.  conduire  ;  iL  condurre : 
L.  eonduca.  But  the  English  verb  is  from  the  noun 
conduct,  or  the  Latin  participle.] 

1.  To  lead;  to  bring  along  j  to  guide;  to  accom- 
pany and  show  the  way. 

And  SwUh  came  (o  Gilsal,  to  mnduei  the  kinr  over  Jordait.  — 
2  Sam.  air. 

a.  To  lead;  to  director  point  out  the  way;  as, 
the  precepts  of  Christ  will  tonduct  u.s  to  happiness. 

3.  To  Icadi  to  usher  in  j  to  introduce  ;  lo  attend 
in  civility. 

Pnjf,  tecrire  (hem  doM^,  and  coruluct  ihcm 

Into  our  preaence.  £7uit. 

4.  To  give  a  direction  to ;  to  manage  ;  applied  to 
things;  as,  the  farmer  conducts  hiu  affairs  with  pru- 
dence. 

5.  To  lead,  as  a  commander ;  to  direct ;  to  govern  ; 
to  command  ;  as,  to  conduct  an  army  or  a  diviaiun  of 
troopfl. 

6.  With  the  reciprocal  pronoun,  to  conduct  one^s 
self,  is  to  behave.  Hence,  by  a  citKtoinar>-  omititfion 
of  the  pronoun,  to  conduct,  in  an  intrauifttive  scn^, 
is  to  behave;  lo  direct  personal  actions.  [See  the 
noiinJ 

7.  To  etcort ;  to  accompany  and  protect  on  the 
way. 

€0N  DUeT'EO,  pp.  Led  ;  guided  ;  directed  ;  intro- 
duced: conimaiided  ;  manag^'d. 

eO.N-DUCT-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  rapability  of  being  con- 
ducted ;  as,  the  conductibility  of  the  electric  tluid. 

eO.V-DUeT'I.VO,  ppr.  or  a.  Leading;  escorting; 
introducing;  commanding;  behaving;  managing. 

€0.\-DUe'TIO.\,  n.  The  act  of  training  up.  [A«t  in 
use-.]  B.  Jnnson. 

2.  Transmission  through  or  by  means  of  a  con- 
ductor. Henrfa  Qkem. 

€ON-I»UC-TI"TIOUS,  (  tinh'us,)  a.  [L.  conduaiiius, 
from  e^mduco,  lo  hire.] 

Ulr»'d  ;  employed  for  wages.  •^yliffc. 

€O.N-DtJCT'IVE,  a.    Direclmg ;  leading ;  managing. 


CON 

€ON-DUeT'OR,  n.  A  leader;  a  guide;  one  who 
goes  before  or  accompanies,  and  sliows  the  way. 

2.  A  chief;  a  commander;  one  who  leads  an  army 
or  a  people. 

3.  A  director  ;  a  manager  :  a  superintendent ;  aa, 
the  conductor  of  a  railroad  train. 

4.  In  sur<rmj,  an  instniment  which  serves  to  di- 
rect the  knife  in  cutting  for  the  stone,  and  in  laying 
up  sinus^eH  and  fi^itulaa  ;  alsio,  a  machine  to  secure  a 
fractured  limb.  Coie.     Encvc- 

5.  In  physics,  a  substance  which  forms  a  metiium 
for  the  transmission  of  ?ome  other  substance  or  fluid, 
particularly  of  heat  or  electricity.     Hence, 

6.  A  metallic  rod  erected  by  buildings  or  in  ships, 
to  conduct  ti<:litning  to  the  earth  or  water,  and  pro- 
tect the  building  from  its  eflVcts. 

eON'-DL'eT'O-RY,  a.  Having  the  property  of  con- 
ducting. 

eON-DUCT'RESS,  n.  A  female  who  leads  or  di- 
reels  ;  a  directress. 

€0\'DUIT,  (kon'dit,)  n.  [Fr.  conduit,  the  participle 
of  conduire,  L.  cundua-re,  to  conduct  j  Sp.  conducto  ,■ 
It.  condotto  i  Port,  cnudurta.] 

1.  In  ancient  archUecture,  a  narrow  passage,  usually 
under  ground,  for  the  purpose  of  secret  communica- 
tion between  apartiiienls.  Brande. 

2.  A  canal  or  pipe  for  the  conveyance  of  water  ; 
an  aqueduct.  Conduits  are  made  of  lead,  8tone, 
cast  iron,  wood,  itc,  above  or  below  the  surface  of 
the  earth. 

3.  A  vessel  that  conveys  tho  blood  or  other  fluid. 

The  cotuIuHt  of  111/  Uo'dl.  ShaJc. 

4.  A  conductor. 


5.  A  pipe  or  cock  for  drawing  off  liquor.     Skak. 

6.  Any  channel  that  conveys  water  or  fluids:  a 
sink,  sewer,  or  drain. 

€ON-D0'PLI-€ATE,  a.  [L.  eondupUmtus,  from  con- 
duplico,  to  double  or  fold;  eon  and  dupltco.  See 
Double.] 

Doubled  or  folded  over  or  together,  as  the  leaves  of 
a  bud.  Martyn. 

€ON-D0'PLl-€ATE.r.  (.  To  double;  to  fold  togotlier. 

eON-DCPLl-CA-TED,  a.     Doubled  ;  folded  together. 

eON-DU-PLI-CA'TION,  n.     [L.  conduplicaiio.] 

A  doubling  ;  a  duplicate.  Johnson. 

eON'DVLE,  (kon'dil,)  ».  [L.  condulus;  Gr.  '^ov^vX->s.] 
A  protuberance  on  the   end  of  a  bone  ;  a  knot,  or 
joint ;  a  knuckle.  Core, 

CO.\'DYL-OID,  a.  [Gr.  Kov^.v\',g  and  et'^oi,  form.] 
The  condyloid  process  is  the  posterior  protuber- 
ance at  the  extremities  of  the  under  jaw  ;  an  oblong 
rounded  bead,  \vhich  is  received  into  the  fossa  of 
the  temporal  boni;,  ror(ning  a  movable  articulation. 
The  anterior  is  called  the  coronoid  process.    Encyc, 

eON'DYL-UID,  n.  The  a|»ophysis  of  a  bone;  the 
prnjecting  coft  end,  or  process  of  a  bone.  Coze. 

eoX'DYL  OPE,       \  n.     [Gr.   tor^uAuf,  a  joint,  and 

€O\-DYL'O-P0D,  \      iTO'>i,  foot.] 

A  gem-ral  term  applied  by  Cuvier  lo  insects,  Crus- 
tacea, and  spiders,  in  allusion  to  tho  fact  that  they  are 
articulated  animals  with  jointed  feet.  Dana. 

CONE,  n,  [Fr.  cone  ;  It.  and  Sp.  cono  ;  from  h.eonu3  ; 
Gr.  Kov  -If ,-  W.  COR,  that  which  shoots  to  a  point, 
from  extending  ;  W.  connyn,  a  tail ;  conyn,  a  Htalk  ; 
cono,  a  spruce  fellow.  It  colncideji  in  radical  sense 
wiih  the  rof)t  of  can  and  begin.] 

1.  A  solid  body  or  figure  having  a  circle  for  its 
base,  and  its  top  terminated  in  a  point  or  vertex,  like 
a  sugar  loaf. 

2.  In  botjiny,  the  conical  fruit  of  several  evergreen 
trees,  as  of  the  pine,  fir,  cedar,  and  cypress.  It  is 
composed  of  woody  scales,  usually  opening,  and  has 
a  seed  at  the  ba«(;  of  each  scale.  Martyn. 

A  cone  of  rays,  in  opd'r.*,  includes  all  the  rays  of 
light  which  proceed  from  a  radiant  point  and  fall 
uiK)n  a  given  surface,  as  of  a  glass.  Barlow.  Brande. 
A  right  cone,  h  when  its*  axis  is  perpendicular  to 
the  plane  of  its  base,  and  its  sides  equal.  It  is  formed 
by  ilie  revolution  of  a  right-angled  plane  triangle 
ab4iut  one  <'f  it■^  nid^*-'.  Brandr. 

An  oblige  or  scalene  cone,  is  when  its  axis  is   in- 
clined to  ihe  plane  of  its  base,  and  its  sides  unequal. 
€0-.MVlNK.     K.-eCo-*n:^A.  [Baileu.     Brande. 

GO'NE-PATE,  I  H.      The  Mexican  popular'nnmeofan 
CO'NE  P  \T[j,  (      animal  of  the  weasel  kind  in  Amer- 
ica, resembling  the  polecat  in  form  and  si/.e,  and  in  its 
fetid  stench.  It  i"*  the  Mephitis  Americana,  commonly 
called  skunk  in  New  England. 
Cf)NE'-e*IIAP-A-0,  (-shairt,)  a.    Having  the  form  of  a 
eO'NEY.    See  Coxt.  [cone. 

€ON-FAB'TJ-LATE,B.i.     [L.  confabulor  ;  conandfab- 
ulor,  lo  tell.    See  Kari.e.] 
To  talk  familiarly  together  ;  to  chat ;  to  prattle. 
ir  butU  eon/ohitUut  or  no.    {LUtls  u»ttl.\  Cowptr. 

CON-FAB-tJ-LA'TION,  n.     [L.  eonfabuUitio.] 

Familiar  talk  ;  easy,  unrestrained,  unceremonious 

c<»nver^ation.     Familiarly  abridged  into  cor^oi.  [JVol 

an  elegant  woni,  and  little,  used.] 
eON-FABafl.A-TO-RY,  a.     belonging  to  familiar 

talk.     [/Mtle  used.] 


CON 

eoN-FA-.MII/IAR,  (-fa-mU'yar,)  a.  Very  familiar. 
[JVot  in  usf.) 

€0.\  FAR-RE  A'TION,  Ti.  [L.  confarreatio  ;  eon  and 
farreo,  to  join  in  marriage  with  a  cak»,  from  far 
corn  or  meal.] 

The  solemnization  of  marriage  among  the  Romans, 
by  a  ceremony  in  ivhicli  the  bridegroom  and  bride 
tasted  a  cake  made  of  flour,  with  salt  and  water, 
called /ar  or  pants  far  re  us,  in  presence  of  the  high 
priest  and  at  least  ten  witnesses.      JJyliffe.    jidam. 

CON-FAT'EU,  a.     Fated  together.     [.Vot  in  use] 

€ON-FECr',  V.  L  To  make  sweetmeats.  [See  Com- 
fit.] 

eON'FEGT,  n.     [h.  r.onfcctus,  conjicio.     See  Comfit.] 
Something  prepared  with  sugar  or  honey,  as  fruit, 
herbs,  roots,  and  the  like  ;  a  sweetmeat.    ' Harvey . 

CON-FECT'ED,  pp.     Made  into  sweetmeats. 

€0N-FE€T'1NG,  ppr.     Making  into  sweet(neats. 

CON-FEC'TION,  n.  [L.  coufcctio,  from  c«*ykw  ;  eon 
and  facio^  to  make.] 

1.  Any  thing  prepared  with  sugar,  as  fruit:  a 
Bweetineat  ;  something  preserved.  Bacoiu    Kitcyc. 

2.  A  composition  or  mixture.  Bacon. 

3.  A  soft  electuary,  Knc^c. 
€ON-FEC'TION-ER,   n.     One   whose   occupaliou  is 

to  make,  or  to  sell,  sweetmeats,  &.c. 

Boyle,     Shak. 
[Confectionery  in  this  sense  is  obsolete.] 
CON-FEC'TION-ER-Y,  «.     A  place  for  sweetmeats  ; 

a  place  where  sweetmeats  and  similar  things  are 

made  or  sold. 
2.  Sweetmeats  in  general ;  things  prepared  or  sold 

by  a  confectioner. 
€ON-FEC'TOR,  n.    [L.]     An  officer  in  the  Roman 

games,  whose  business  was  to  kill  any  beast  that 

was  dangerous.  Milner. 

eON-FEC TO-UY,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  art  of  making 

sweetmeats.  Be^aum. 

eON-FED'ER-A-CY,  «.     [Low  L.  confaderatio;    cm 

and  fffderatioj  from  fadtis,  a  league.    Sec  Federal 

and  Wed.] 

1.  A  league  or  covenant ;  a  contract  between  two 
or  more  persons,  bodies  of  men  or  states,  combined 
in  support  of  each  oUier,  in  some  act  or  enterprise  ; 
mutual  engagement  ;  federal  compacL 

Tlic  rricniUhips  of  the  wjrtil  .ire  oft 

Confe-ltracitM  in  vice.  A'hliton. 

A  cun/edaroi'y  ol'  princca  to  checJt  inn  <vatioD.  Anon. 

2.  The  |H:rsons,  states,  or  nations  united  by  a 
league. 

Virffil  ha»  a  whole  cnnfeJtrary  ti.^\vn»\  him.  Dryrimn. 

3.  In  law,  a  combination  of  two  or  more  persons  to 
commit  an  unlawftiJ  act.  Encyc. 

eON-FED'ER-ATE,  a.     [Low  L.  coi^ftrderatus.] 

United  in  a  league  ;  allied  by  treaty  ;  engaged  in 
a  confederacy. 

Thrte  wen-  eon/erteratt  wifh  Abram.  — Gei».  xW. 
SyuA  is  confedtrnlt  with  Kphraiiii.  —  It.  vil. 

eON-FED'ER-ATE,  n.  One  who  is  united  with  oth 
trs  in  a  league  ;  a  person  or  nation  engaged  in  a  cim- 
federacy  ;  an  ally.  Shak.     Dryden, 

€ON-FED'ER-ATE,  v.  i.  [Fr.  eonfederrr ;  Low  L. 
confadero.  Bui  the  English  verb  seemsto  be  directly 
from  the  adjective,  supra.] 

To  unite  in  a  league  ;  to  join  in  a  mutual  contract 
or  covenant;  as,  the  colonies  of  America  confeder- 
ated in  1776  ;  several  states  of  Europe  have  some- 
times confederated  for  mtitual  safety. 

Bjr  wnnii  men  come  to  know  ono  another*!  miuda;  hy  iheae 
the/  ofinuit  and  cot\Je<ltraU.  i^outh. 

€ON-FED'EU-ATE,  r.  U  To  unite  in  a  league;  to 
ally. 

Wilh  ihi'ie  (lie  Pierciea  thein  conft'ttrate.  Danisl. 

CON-FED'ER-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.     United  in  a  league. 
CON  FEt)'ER-A-TFNG,  ppr.     Uniting  in  a  league. 
t;0.\-FEI>-ER-A'TION,n.     [Fr.  confederation;  It.  con- 
fedt-raiionc  :  IjOW  l«.  conftrderntio  ;  con  and  fitderatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  confed'-rating;  a  l':ague  ;  a  compact 
for  nmtual  support ;  alliuiic<^',  jKirticularly  of  princes, 
nations,  or  stales. 

The  ihrr-e  prince*  filter  into  n  •irici  league  ami  coti/tdern&nn. 

itacon. 

2.  The  United  States  of  America  are  sometimes 
called  tlie  confeAleration. 

eON-FER',  r.  (.  [Fr.  conferm  It.  eonfcrire;  Sp.  eon- 
ferir ;  L.  conffro  ;  eon  and  fero,  lo  bear,  to  bring  forth, 
to  show,  to  declare.    See  Beak.] 

To  discourse  ;  to  converse  ;  to  consult  together ; 
Implying  conversation  on  some  serious  or  important 
subject,  in  distinction  from  mere  talk,  or  light,  famil- 
iar conversation  ;  followed  by  »ritA, 

>l.i'>i>i>h  cof/errtd  mlh  Jonb  >n<l  Ablaihur.  —  I  Kltigi  I. 
t\:t\.ii%  con/tr rtd  ifith  the  cuun«il.  —  Acta  sxr. 

€ON-FER',  r.  t.    To  give  or  bestow  ;  followed  by  on. 

Cor>nntion  con/er*  on  IhP  kinij  no  rojiil  authoritx.        S'outh, 

This  word  is  particularly  used  to  express  the  print 
of  favors,  bencnt.s,  and  privileges,  lo  be  enjoyed,  ttr 
rights  which  are  to  be  pt^rmauent ;  as,  to  ronfrr  on 
one  the  privileges  of  a  citizen  ;  to  confer  a  title  or  an 
honor. 


TONE,  BULL,  TZNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— C  u  K ;  0  as  J ;  «  as  Z  ;  CH  aa  8H ;  Til  m  in  THIS. 


CON 

9.  To  compare ;  to  examine  by  comparison  ;  lUer- 
«Uy,  to  bring  together.     [See  CoMrARE.] 

If  ve  eo^/Vr  ibe»f  obaemtjooa  wiih  Mben  of  tlie  like  nRture. 

[Tlku  joue^  dinigk  gtnuint^  is  mme  obsolrtt.] 

3.  To  contnbute  ;  to  conduce  to ;  that  is,  to  bring 
ta  The  closeness  of  parts  confers  much  to  the 
Btrensth  of  Iht*  union  ;  or,  intransttiveiy,  confers  to 
the  sireninh  of  the  union.     [Ohs.]  OlancitU. 

CON'FEKE.NL'E,  n.     [Fr.  conf.reuee ;  Pp.  eof^fer^nda ; 
It.  conferenia.     See  Co:«rBii.] 

1.  The  act  of  conversing  on  a  »'*rious  subject ;  a 
discoufiiinc  between  two  or  more,  for  the  purpose 
of  insiniction,  consultation,  or  delib'-raiion  ;  formal 
disciHinte  ;  oral  di<*cu3sion  ;  as,  tho  mintf>ters  had  a 
ttmftrwmce  at  Ratisfoon. 

Tm  th^.r  who  M«a>e«l  to  ^«  toiiK  ■  tiM,  w  ausftrtnc*  ftdUed 
ooihln;  to  me.  —  G«l.  iL 

3.  A  meeting  for  constiltation,  discussion,  or  in- 
Kniction. 

3.  Comparison ;  examination  of  tilings  by  com- 
porisoo. 

Tto  natml  cMifbrvMet  oTobwrvaUoiM.    The  ctt^iT*it€*  tX  d}S- 
fcnnt  paijw  of  Suture.  Buoktr, 


iTlit  MMM  it,  /  Mie««,  mmB  obsolete.} 
,  Ji  noeUac  of  the  two  bmiiche!*  of  a  Iv-'gislnture, 
br  their  eoauatttee,  to  a^JuM  diiferencea  respecting 

&.  A  scaled  meeting  of  preachers  in  the  Wesle>'aa 

Methodist  church,  for  transacting  business. 

eON'-FEH'RED,  p^.    Given;  imparted;  bestowed. 

€ON-FER'RER,  k.  One  who  confers;  one  who  con- 
verses ;  ouc!  who  bestows. 

eO.N  FER'RINXi,  ppr.    Conversing  toeetln'r  ;  bestow- 

eON-FER  RING,  n.     The  act  of  bestowing.  [ing. 

3.  Co  I II  [nn  son  :  eiamination. 

eOX-FER  RC  MLNA-TED,  a.    Sikl.red  together. 

Ilooka: 

€ON  FER'VA,  a.  .*p/.Co?cPKKTJK.  [L.]  iD^ttowy.the 
name  of  an  extensive  sr-cii4»n  of  tae  jtltf^,  consisting 
of  simple,  tubular,  jnintt;J  waler-weeda.      P.  Cifc 

eON-FES:*',  r.  L  [Fr.  e^nfusn-;  IL  eonffosaret  Sp. 
tmmftaar :  Pivrt.  confessor  :  frt>m  I*.  conJiUor,  att^ftssum  ; 
eon  and /a/f<>r.  to  own  or  acknowledge  ;  Ir,  faoMtM.] 
1.  To  own,  ockuitwledgf,  or  avow,  aa  a  crime,  a 
fault,  a  charge,  a  debt,  or  something  th^t  is  against 
oae*s  interest  or  reputation ;  as,  I  eonfrss  the  arcu- 
ment  against  me  is  good,  and  not  easily  refuted ;  let 
tu  frankly  coi^ftss  our  sins. 

UwtuB  fcniu  vkk  baoiMi  critf  eenf—a.  Prior. 

"  Cot{fem  tkm  fteely  of  tby  sins,"  u»^d  by  Shak- 
Bpeara,  b  not  legitimate,  unloaa  in  the  sense  of 
Soman  Catholics.  i 

ii.  In  (Ac  RomaM  CatMolic  ekurck^  to  acknowledge 
sins  and  faults  to  a  priest :  to  disclose  the  state  of  the 
conscience  to  a  priest,  in  private,  wtih  a  vi^-w  to  ab- 
solution ;  sometimes  with  the  reciprocal  pronoun. 


3.  To  own,  avow,  or  acknowledge ;  publicly  to 
declare  a  belief  in  and  adherence  to. 

Wboevrr  Bfaall  eon/Ml  me  behn  toen.  —  MfttL  x. 

4.  To  own  and  acknowledge,  as  true  disciples, 
friends,  or  children. 

Bim  will  I  Qottjttt  t^ft>re  mj   ri»lh*r  who  i«  tn   beaven. — 

Malt.  X. 

5.  To  own  ;  to  acknowledge  ;  to  declare  to  be  true, 
or  to  admit  or  assent  to  in  words  ;  opposed  to  deny. 

IV-n  ■  ill  1  confttM  to  thee  thai  tby  own   rigbt  luuid  ud  ure 

U<M.  — Ja6sl. 
Tb-ae  —  eon/ttred  that  thR^  wen  atrang«n  and  pi]jrrims  on  Ute 

e^.r.h  —  Krf).  xi. 

6.  To  show  by  the  effl-ct ;  to  prove ;  to  attest. 
Tall,  thriving  Int*  eonftstd  (be  frvUiiil  mold.  Popt. 

7.  To  hear  or  receive  the  confession  of  another ; 
as,  the  priest  eortfexfrd  the  nuns. 

€0>-FE:?S',  r.  i.  To  uiake  confession;  to  disclose 
fanlu,  or  the  state  of  the  cunscience ;  as,  this  man 
went  to  the  priest  to  eo^fr^s. 

eON-FESS'AXT,  a.    One  who  confesses  to  a  priest. 

Bacirn. 

eON-FESS'A-RY,  a.  One  who  makes  a  confession. 
[JAil  u.*rd.]  HalL 

eON-FE.'*S'£D,  (kon-f:?st',)  pp.  or  a.  Owned  ;  ac~ 
knowL-dged  .  declared  to  be  Itue  ;  admitted  in  words ; 
avowM  ;  admilt'^d  Ui  disclii*e  to  a  pricsL 

€0\-FES.^'Er>-LV,  aWr.  liy  ci»nffssion  or  acknowl- 
edgment :  avowedly  ;  undeniably.  Demosthenes 
was  fon/Xiserf/jf  the  preatesi  orator  in  Grei*ce. 

2.  With  avowed  ptirp-'se ;  as,  his  object  was  con- 
ffif^lM  to  secure  to  himself  a  benefice. 

€OX-FfisS'I\G,  ppr.  Owning;  avowing;  declaring 
to  be  true  or  real ;  granting  or  admitting  by  assent ; 
receiving  diwltwure  of  sins,  or  the  state  of  the  con- 
science of  another. 

eoXFES'SrON,  (honfrsh'un,)  a.  The  acknowl- 
edgment of  a  crime,  fnult,  or  something  to  one's 
disadvantage  ;  open  declaration  of  guilt,  failure, 
debt,  accusation,  &.c. 

With  the  month  con/ettion  u  ma>1ir  to  tnlnition.  —  Ront.  X. 


CON 

3.  Avowal;  the  act  of  acknowledging  ;  profession. 


3.  The  art  of  disclosing  sins  or  faults  to  a  priest ; 
the  disburdening  of  the  conscience  privately  to  a 
confessor  ;  sointtimes  called  aurtctUur  confrssion, 

4.  CunfK*sian,  or  confrssion  of  faith  i  a  formulary  rn 
whieh  the  articles  of  faith  are  comprised  ;  a  cret-d  to 
be  assented  to  or  signed,  as  a  pretiminai^'  to  admis- 
sion into  a  church. 

ft.  The  acknowledgment  of  a  debt,  by  a  debtor, 

before  a  justice  of  the  peace,  ic,  on  which  judgment 

is  entered  and  etoeulion  issued. 
CON-FES'SIO.\-AL,  «.     The  seat  where  a  priest  or 

conft'fisor  sits   to   hear  confessions  ;    a  coiifeasion- 
eoX-FKS'^ION-A-RY,  a.    [Sp.  confesionario.}  [chair. 

A  confession-chair,  as  afcwve. 
€ON-FES'SIO.\-A-RY,  a.      Pertaining    to    auricular 

confe-islon. 
€0\  FES'SION-IST,)!.    One  wbo  makes  a  profession 

of  faitll.  JShiunta^u. 

eON-FESS'OR,  «.     [Pr.  confesseur;  Pp.  cow/<-.«.r,] 

1.  One  who  confesses;  one  who  acknowledges 
his  sins. 

2.  One  who  makes  a  profession  of  his  faith  in  the 
Christian  religion.  The  term  was  particularly  t^\>- 
plied,  in  the  early  church,  to  one  who  confessed  the 
doctrine  of  Christ  before  persecuting  tnagistnites,  and 
firmly  endured  p*intshment  for  defending  the  faith. 
If  »uch  a  one  died  under  his  torments,  he  was  called 
a  imortifr.  Hoitk.  The  term  was  used,  also,  for  such 
Christians  as  lived  a  good  life,  and  died  with  ttie 
reputation  nf  sanctity.  Kncyc^ 

3.  A  priest  of  the  Roman  Catholic  chnrch,  who 
hears  the  confessions  of  others,  and  has  power  to 
grant  thetn  absolution. 

COX-FErfT',  pp.  or  a.  [For  ConrESiEo.}  Owned; 
open  :  aeknowlod'ii-d  ;  apparent;  not  disputed. 

eON-FE-ST'LV,  oJc.  (^For  Confbssedlt.J  Avowed- 
ly :  indts)iiitably.     [I^ttU  tuftl.] 

eON'Fl-DA.NT,  a.  «.   (    One  intrusted  with  secrets ; 

€OX'FI-l>AN'TE,  n./.  i  n  confidential  or  bosom 
friend.  [This  wonl  has  been  spelt  eunjident  by  Mit- 
ftinJ,  Coxe,  and  others,  and  this  spelling  would  be 
preferable,  as  more  conformed  to  the  derivation  of 
the  Wonl. J 

eo\-FIO£',  F.  L  [L.  eaitJuUf ;  con  and  fdo^  to  tnist ; 
II  eoi^/idore ;  9p.  Port,  confiar  j  Fr.  confier ;  Arm. 
Jlnmo.     Hee  Faith.] 

To  trust;  to  rely  on,  with  a  persuasion  of  faith- 
fulness or  veracity  in  the  person  trusted,  or  of  the 
reality  of  a  fact ;  to  give  credit  to  ;  to  believe  in, 
with  aasurmnce ;  followed  by  in.  The  prince  confiilrs 
M  his  ministers  ;  the  minister  confident  in  the  strength 
nod  reeonrcesof  the  naticm  ;  we  confide  in  the  veraci- 
ty of  the  sacred  historians ;  we  confide  in  the  truth 
of  a  r*'p«irt. 

eO\-FIDE',r.  (,  To  intrust;  to  commit  to  the  charge 
of,  with  a  belief  in  the  fidelity  of  the  person  intrust- 
ed ;  to  deliver  into  pttssession  of  another,  with  assur- 
ance of  safe  keeping,  or  go«jd  management ;  followed 
by  to.  We  eonjide  a  secret  to  a  friend ;  the  common 
interests  of  the  United  States  are  confided  to  the 
congress ;  the  jvince  conjidis  a  negotiation  to  his 
envoy. 

Tb^y  would  tnfc*  th"  property  oiil  of  the  hanJt  ofthos*  io  whom 
ii  woa  confidtd  by  the  charter.  Hopkinton. 

Conjcn-'M  trtay,  umlrr  Ihc  co»sti(utian,  cotijide  lo  the  Circuit 
Court  Jariaiiicuuu  of  all  olIoiiMa  against  the  tJiiiiMl  Slua's, 
Judge  Story. 

eON-FTD'ED,  pp.  Intrusted  ;  committed  to  the  care 
of,  for  preservation,  or  for  performance  or  ejiercise. 

eON'FMlENCE,  n.  [L.  confide ntia  :  It.  confidenia; 
Sp,  confiania;  Fr.  coafianct^  confidence  See  Con- 
fide.] 

1.  A  tnisting  or  reliance  ;  an  assurance  of  mind  or 
firm  belief  in  the  integrity,  stability,  or  veracity,  of 
another,  or  in  the  truth  and  reality  of  a  fact.  Mu- 
tual confidence  is  the  basis  of  social  happiness.  I  place 
confidence  in  a  statement,  or  in  an  official  report. 

It  ia  beitrr  to  tra*!  in  tbc  Lord,  than  to  put  cot^fidtnc*  in  num. 

—  Pa.  esTiii. 
I   reV'iee   that  I   liave   confiitntt   tn   you   in   all   thiitga. — 3 

Cor.  vii. 

2.  Trust ;  reliance  ;  applied  to  one^s  mm  abilities  or 
fortune  i  belief  in  one's  own  comjietency. 

Hia  tirr,*^  Iwl.k*  milier  piMipcroin  ih-n  calni,  had  miaed  hit 
cutijidtnce  Tiy  ■ucc'ia.  Baton. 

3.  That  in  which  trust  is  placed ;  ground  of  trust; 
he  or  that  which  supports. 

Isnii-l  wi»  a»ha!ii^l  t>f  B-lh-el  tb'ir  eonfidtnte.  — Jf  r.  zlviiL 
Jehu»ah  ihall  be  tUy  cotifiUna.  —  Prov.  iii. 

4.  Safety,  or  assurance  of  safety ;  security. 

They  *hill  b-iild  bo'i5'"i  and  plivnt  vinryarda  ;  yea,  they  ■hall 
dwell  witit  eot'fidence.  —  Evk.  xxviii. 

5.  Boldness  ;  courage. 

Preachinr    U»e    Hngdom  of  God    with    ali    confidence.  —  Act* 

xxviii. 

6.  Excessive  boldness  ;  assurance,  proceeding  from 
vanity  or  a  fulse  opinion  of  one's  own  abilities  or  ex- 
cellencies. 

Tbdr  confidgne*  ariaeth  from  too  much  credit  gifea  lo  ihf  ir  own 

« lu.  /looker. 


CON 

eO\'FI-DENT,  a.  Having  full  belief;  trusting  ;  rely- 
ing ;  fully  assured ;  as,  the  troops  rush  on,  cui\fidc>U 
of  success. 

1  am  coii/tlsnl  thai  much  m.-iy  b«  dona  toward  the  liQpro?(!meiit 
of  pluUifophy.  Boy'id. 

3.  Posttlvti ;  dogmatical ;  as,  a  confident  talker. 

3.  Trui^ting  ;  witliout  suimicion. 

FEonif,  Ih*  a>  limt  and  ^tcioiia  unlo  me, 

A*  I  itm  cunfidenl  aail  kind  tu  thee.  Shak. 

4.  Bold  to  a  vice  ;  having  an  excess  of  assurance. 

The  fin>l  r..-vth  and  1*  ron>/«nl.  —  Prov.  xi*. 

eOX'FI-DENT,  n.  One  intnisled  with  secrete ;  a  con- 
fidential or  bosom  friend.     Dryden.    Coze.    Mitford. 

[Tfiit  word  has  been  nsualhj  written  Confidant. 
There ffular  En g{ish ortho^aphy  would  be  Cokfident, 
asffiven  bi/  Corr  and  Jllitford.] 

eoX-FI-DH.N'TIAL,  a.  Enjoying  the  confidence  of 
another ;  trusty  ;  that  may  be  safely  trusted ;  as,  a 
confidential  friend. 

2.  That  is  to  be  treated  or  kept  in  confidence ;  pri- 
vate ;  B-s,  a  confidential  matter. 

3.  Atliiiitted  to  special  confidence. 
eON-FI-DE\'TIAL-LY,  adv.    In  confidence;  in  re- 
liance or  socrecv. 

eON'FI-UENT-KV,  mle.  With  firm  tnist ;  with  strong 
assurance  ;  without  doubt  or  wavering  of  opinion  ; 
positively;  as,  to  believe  confidently;  lo  assert  confi- 
deutlu. 

€ON'FI-DENT-NESS,  n.  Confidence  ;  the  quality  or 
state  of  having  fidl  reliance. 

eOX-FII)'ER,  «.  One  who  confides-  one  who  inlnists 
to  ani'thcr. 

GON-FID'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Trusting;  reposing  confi- 
dence. 

eON-FIG'lJ-RXTE,  v.  I    [L.  cof\fiffuro.     See  Confio- 

URE.] 

To  show  like  the  aspects  of  the  planets  toward 
each  other.  Jordan. 

eON-FIG-U-RA'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  eonfi^uro.) 
I.  External  f  rni,  figure,  shape;  the  figure  which 
bounds  a  body,  and  gives  it  its  external  appearance, 
constituting  one  of  the  principal  difierences  between 
bodies.  JCncyc. 

3    Relative  position  or  aspect  of  the  planets  ;  or 
the  face  of  the  homscope,  according  to  the  relative 
positions  of  the  planets  at  any  time.  Bailey.  Johnson. 
3.  Resemblance  of  one  figure  lo  another. 

SaUey.     Jones. 

COX-FIG'URE,  r.  U  [L.  coj\figuro;  eon  and  figuroy  lo 
form  ;  fifrvra^  figure.] 

To  form ;  lo  dispose  in  a  certain  form,  figure,  or 
shape.  Beutley. 

eON-FIG'IIR-£D,  (kon-fig'yurd,)  pp.  To  dispose  in  a 
certain  form. 

eON-FIG'l|R-ING,ppr.    Forming  to  a  figure. 

eO.N'-FIN'A-BLE,  a.  Tliat  may  be  confined  or  lim- 
ited. Bp.  nail. 

eON'FIXE,  n,  [L.  confinis^  at  the  end  or  btirder,  ad- 
joining; confinium^  a  limit;  con  and  jfnu,  end,  bor- 
der, limit;  It.  confine^  coi\fino ;  Sp.  confin;  Fr.  and 
Port,  confins.     See  Fine.] 

Border  ;edge  ;  exterior  part  ;  the  part  of  any  territory 
which  is  at  or  near  the  end  or  extremity.  It  is  used 
generally  in  the  plural,  and  applied  chiefly  to  conn- 
tries,  territory,  cities,  rivers,  &c.  We  say,  the  con- 
fine,i  of  France,  or  of  Scotland  ;  atiA,  fi^urativehj,  the 
confines  of  light,  of  death,  or  the  grave ;  but  never 
the  confines  of  a  book,  table,  or  small  piece  of  land. 

CON'FIXE,  a.  Bordering  on  ;  lying  on  the  bordr-r ; 
adjacent ;  having  a  common  boundary.      Johnson. 

CON'FINE,  r.  t.  [Fr.  confiner;  Sp.  confinari  It.  confi- 
Tuarf.] 

To  border  on ;  to  touch  the  limit;  lobe  adjacent 
or  contiguous,  as  one  territory,  kingdom,  or  state,  to 
another;  usually  followed  by  on;  sometimes  by  ir.ik. 
England  ronfines  on  Scotland.  Connecticut  confines 
on  Massachusetts,  New  York,  Rhode  Island,  and  the 
Sound. 

€ON-FI\E',  V.  U  [Sp  confinari  Fr.  confiner.  See 
supraj 

1.  To  bound  or  limit:  to  restrain  within  limits; 
hence,  to  imprison  ;  to  shut  up  ;  to  restrain  from  es- 
cape by  force  or  insurmountable  obstacles,  in  a  gen- 
eral sense;  as,  to  confine  horses  or  cattle  lo  an  inclo- 
sure  ;  to  confine  water  in  a  pond,  to  dam  ;  to  confine  a 
garrison  in  a  town  ;  to  coi^e  a  criminal  in  prison. 

2.  To  immure  ;  to  keep  close,  by  a  voluntarj'  act ; 
to  be  much  at  home,  or  in  retirement ;  as,  a  man  con- 
fines himself  to  hia  studies,  or  to  his  house. 

3.  To  limit  or  restrain  voluntarily,  in  some  act  or 
practice  ;  as,  a  man  may  confine  himself  to  the  use  of 
animal  food. 

4.  To  tie  or  bind;  to  make  fast  or  close  ;  as,  to 
confine  air  in  a  bladder,  or  corn  in  a  bag  or  sack. 

5.  To  restrain  by  a  moral  force  ;  as,  to  confine  men 
by  laws.  The  constitution  of  the  United  Slates  eow'- 
fines  the  States  to  the  exercise  of  powers  of  a  local 
nature. 

CON-FLX'JCD,  pp.  or  a.    Restrained  within  limits  ;  im- 

priBr)ned  ;  limited  ;  secluded  ;  close. 
€0.\'FTXE-LESS,  a.     Boundless  ;  unlimited  ;  without 

end.  Hhak. 

€ON-FIXE'MENT,  n.    Restraint  within  limits;  im- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — FIXE,  MARIIXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 
34^  — —  — 


CON 


CON 


CON 


Brisonm.-nl ;  any  restraint  of  liberty  by  force  orotlipr 
obstacle,  or  necessity  ;  as,  the  covjmemeM  of  a  debtor 
or  criminal  to  a  prison,  or  of  troops  to  a  besieged 
town.  .     .  ..  -  . 

9.  Voluntary  restraint ;  aecliislon ;  as,  the  cottjmt- 
ment  of  a  man'to  his  house,  or  to  his  studies. 

3.  Voluntary  restrairtV  in  action  or  practice ;  as, 
eonjinrmejil  to  a  particular  diet.  ^ 

4.  Restraint  from  going  abroad  by  aickness,  partic- 
ulnrlv  by  chililbirtll.  _,    . 

€O.N-f'IN'ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  limits  or  restrains. 

eONFI.N-ER,  n.     .\  borderer ;  one  who  lives  on  con- 
fines, or  near  the  border  of  a  country.  ^'^- . 

2.  He  or  that  which  is  nearthe  limit;  a  near  neigh- 
bor; he  or  that  which  is  adjacent  or  contiguous  ;  as, 
cov/iricrs  in  art ;  coiijinm  between  plants  and  ani- 
mals, as  ovslers.  Wntton.     Bacm. 

eO.N-FIN'l.N'G,  ppr.     Restraining  ;  limiting ;  uuprison- 
inc. 

eON'-FIN'I-TY,  71.    [L.  cOTi/tnifas.]    Contiguity  ;  near- 
n.-sis  ;  neiahborliood.  Diet. 

eOS-MRM',  (kon-furm',)  v.t.    [L-coufirmoi  am  ana 
ftVme,  to  make  tirin.     See  Firm.] 

I  To  make  linn,  or  more  firm  ;  to  add  strength 
to  ;  to  strengthen  ;  as,  health  is  confiriiud  by  exer- 


cise. 


2.  To  fii  more  Bmily  ;  to  settle  or  establish. 

Mil*  111  ih.?  (liicipip*.  —  Acu 
ij  to  mine  h«it«. 


lHaccabefi. 


CbnSrmir'g  Oi^ 

1  coitirm  ih^e  ii 

3.  To  ra:ike  firm  or  certain  ;  to  give  new  assurance 
of  tnlth  or  certainty  ;  to  put  past  doubt. 

Tbe  IcliBwiiT  of  ChrMl  wa»  conjirmed  in  you 1  Cor.  L 

4.  To  fix  ;  io  radicate  ;  as,  the  patient  has  a  eon- 

S'to  sirensthen  ;  to  ratify  ;  as,  to  confirm  an  agree- 
m.nt,  prouiie.!,  covenant,  or  title. 

(i.  To  make  monj  firm  ;  to  strengthen  ;  as,  to  cm- 
firm  an  opinion,  a  purpose,  or  resolution. 

7  Toadmit  to  the  full  privileges  of  a  Christian,  by 
the  imp..silion  of  a  bishop's  hands.  Johnson. 

8.  In  1A«  rocernment  of  Uie  United  States,  to  estab- 
lish, assent  to,  or  ratify  ;  as,  the  senate  confirms  or 
reji'cts  the  appointments  proposed  to  them  by  tue 
president  of  the  United  Swtes. 
eoN-FlRM'.VBLE,  (kon-furin'a-bl,)  a.  That  may  be 
confirmed,  established,  or  ratified  ;  capable  of  being 
made  more  certain.  _       ^      Brotcn. 

eO.\-FIRM-A'TIO.\,  n.  The  act  of  confirming  or  es- 
t^blUbing  ;  a  fixing,  settling,  establishing,  or  making 
more  cert-iin  or  firm  ;  establishment. 

la  Ihe  dofeii"  »"■!  mrJSrmation  of  llie  Joipel,  ye  ure  «ll  patl»k- 
enof  my  g'««.-Pl"l-  ■• 

2.  The  act  of  ratifying ;  as,  the  confirmation  of  a 
promise,  covenant,  or  stipulation. 

3.  The  act  of  giving  new  strength ;  as,  the  conr 
firmation  of  health.  , 

4.  The  act  of  giving  new  evidence ;  as,  lue  coii- 
frmatinn  of  opinion  or  report.  ...  „ 

5  That  which  confirms:  that  which  gives  new 
stre'nEth  or  assurance;  additional  evidence;  proof; 
convincing  testimony  ;  a.s,  this  fact  or  this  argument 
is  a  confirmation  of  what  was  before  alleged. 

6  In /«»,  an  assurance  of  title,  by  the  conveyance 
of  an  esute  or  right  in  rsat,  from  one  man  lu  anoth- 
er by  which  a  voidable  estate  is  made  sure  or  una- 
vo'idable  or  a  particular  estate  is  increased,  or  a  pos- 
session made  perfect.  Btetrt.,.j. 

7.  In  cAuriJi  afairs,  the  act  of  ratifying  the  elec- 
tion of  an  archbishop  or  bishop,  by  the  king,  or  by 
persons  of  his  appointment.  Bjac^jfcrae. 

8.  The  act  or  ceremony  of  laying  on  of  hands,  in 
the  admission  of  baptizeS  persons  to  the  eiijoynient 
of  Christian  privil«ge.«.  The  person  to  be  confirmed 
brings  his  godfather  and  godmother,  and  takes  upi.n 
him.«lf  the  baptismal  vows.  This  is  practiced  in 
the  Greek,  Roman,  and  Episcopal  churches. 

Hammond.     Eneyc. 
eON-IIRM'A-TIVE,    (k)n-furm'a-tiv,)   a.      Having 

the  power  of  confirming  ;  tending  to  establish. 
€ON-FIRM'A-TlVE-LY,  adv.    In  a  manlier  tending 

to  confirm.  ..  ,  ,  .  .  _ 

€ON'-FtRM-A'TOR,  n.    He  or  that  which  confirms. 
eo.NFIRM'A-TO-RY,   (kon  funn'a-to-ry,)  a.     That 

serves  to  confirm  ;  giving  additional  strenclh,  force, 

or  stability,  or  additional  assurance  or  evidence. 
2.  Pertaining  to  the  rite  of  confirmation. 
eO.V-FIRM'tU,  (kon  furmd',)  pp.  or  a.    Made  more 

firm  ;  strengthened  ;  established.        ,   ,       , 

2  Admitted  to  the  full  privileges  of  the  church. 
€ON-FIRM'ED-NES8,(kon-fumi'ed-nes«,)i>.    A  fixed 

stale.  .  ... 

eO.V-FlRM-EE',  n.    One  to  whom  any  thing  is  con- 

eO.N-FIRM'ER,  (kon-furm'er,)  ".  He  or  that  which 
confirms,  establishes,  or  ratifies ;  one  that  produces 
new  evidence  ;  an  attej»ter.  Sfutk. 

eO.N-FIR.M'I.NG,  (konfurm'ing,)  ppr.  .Making  firm 
or  more  firm;  strengthening;  ratifying;  giving  addi- 
tional evidence  or  proof ;  establishing ;  administering 
the  rite  of  confirm  ition.  ...         , 

eO.N-FTRM'I.NO-LY,  (kim  fiirm'lng-ly,)  adv.  In  a 
manner  to  strengthen  or  make  firm.     B.  Jonson. 


eON-FIfeA-BLE,  o.    [See  CosusciTE.]     That  may 

be  confiscated  ;  liable  to  forfeiture.  Browne. 

€ON-FlJi'C.\TE  or  CO^'FIS-CaTE,  r.  (.  [L.  con- 
fiseo!  con  and  fiscus,  a  basket,  hamper,  or  bag; 
hence,  revenue,  or  the  emperor's  treasure ;  It.  coi^- 
care:  Fr.  eoffisqucr;  Sp.  confisrar.] 

To  adjudge  to  be  forfeited  to  the  public  treasury, 
as  the  giHids  or  estate  of  a  traitor  or  other  criminal, 
by  way  of  penalty  ;  or  to  condemn  private  forfeited 
property  to  public  use. 

The  enml'?  of  the  rebcli  w.is  sek^d  iind  confitcated.       Anon. 

eO.V-FIS'CATE  or  €ON'FIS-€ATE,    o.     Forfeited 

and  adjudged  to  the  public  trea.sury,  as  the  goods  of 

a  criminal.  __ 

eON-FIS'CA-TED    or  eONTIS-CSTEn,  rp.  or  a. 

Adjudged  to  the  public  treasury,  as  forfeited  goods 

or  estate.  .  , 

eO.\-FIS'€X  TLVG  or  eON'FIS-€S-TlNG,  ppr.    Ad- 

judging  to  the  public  use. 
e'JN'-FIS-e.i'T10-\,  n.    The  act  of  condemning  as 
forfeited,  and  adjudging  to  the  public  treasury,  as 
the  goods  of  a  criminal  who  has  committed  a  public 
offense.     Kira  vii.  26. 
eON'FIS-CA-TOR,  71.    One  who  confiscates.     Burke. 
eON-FIS'eA-TO-RV,  a.    Consigning  to  forfeiture. 

Burke. 
eON'FIT,  71.     A  sweetmeat.     [See  Cohfect.] 
€ON'FI-TEXT,  7).    [h.confitms.    See  Confess.]    One 
who  confu-s^-s  his  sins  and  faults.    [J^ot  mttck  used.] 
€0.\'FIT-liRE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  confire,  confit ;  L.  cob- 
fectura,  conficio  ;  con  and  facio.     This  word  is  cor- 
rupted into  Comfit,  which  is  now  used.] 

A  sweetmeat ;  confection  ;  comfit.  Bacon. 

CON'-FIX',  V.  U     [L.  coiySffo,  coiiyiniia  (  can  anifiga,  to 
fix,  to  thrust  to  or  on.     toee  Fix.] 
To  fix  down  ;  to  fasten,  SImk. 

€0.\-FIX'£l),  (-fixt,)  pp.     Fixed  down  or  to;   fast- 
ened. 
€ON-FlX'ING,  ppr.     Fixing  to  or  on  ;  fastening. 
eo.V-Fl.X'IjRE,  71.     The  act  of  fastening.    Moantagu. 
CON-FLa'GRANT,  a.     [l^  conjlagrans,  confiagro  l  con 
andjti^o,  to  burn.    See  Flaubast.] 

Burning  together  in  a  common  tlanie.        MilUm. 
€ON-FLA-GRa'TION,7i.     [L.  con^iu^atii!.     See  Fla- 
grant.] 

1.  A  great  fire,  or  the  burning  of  any  great  mass 
of  combustibles,  as  a  house,  but  more  especially  a 
city  or  forest.  Bentley. 

2.  The  burning  of  the  world  at  the  consuiniiialion 
of  things,  when  "  the  elcmenU  shall  melt  with  fer- 
vent heat  " 

eO.N'-FLA'GRATIVE,  a.     Causing  conflagration. 
€0.\-FLA'T10N,  71.      [L.  conflatia,  from   confio  ;   con 

and ^o,  to  blow.    See  Blow.] 

A  blowing  together,  as  of  many  instruments  in  a 

concert,  or  of  many  fires  in  melting  metals.  StnarU 
eoN-PLEX'liRE.  n.     A  bending.     [JVi.I  ujcrf.] 
eO.N'FLICT,  It.  JL.  confiictus,  from  confiigo  ,•  co7»  and 

fiigo,  to  strike,  Eng.  to  flog,  to  lie*  j  Sp.  conflicto ;  It. 

eonftitto ,'  Fr.  confiiL] 

1.  A  striking  or  uashing  against  each  other,  as  of 
two  moving  bodies  in  opiwsition  ;  violent  collision 
of  substances ;  as,  a  conflict  of  elements  or  waves ; 
a  conflict  of  particles  in  ebullition. 

2.  A  fighting;  combat,  bj*  between  men,  and  ap- 
plicable to  individuals  or  to  armies  j  as,  the  conflict 
was  long  and  desperate. 

3.  Contention  ;  strife  ;  contest. 
In  our  iMt  conflict,  four  of  hia  live  win  went  hallinff  off.   Shai, 

4.  A  struggling  with  diflicultics ;  a  striving  to  op- 
pose or  overcome  ;  as,  the  good  man  has  a  perpetyal 
confliet  with  his  evil  propensities. 

h.  A  struggling  of  the  mind  ;  distress }  anxiety. 
Cai.  ii. 

6.  The  last  struggle  of  life  ;  agony ;  aa,  the  confiiu 
with  death.  Thomson. 

7.  Opposing  operations ;  countervailing  action  ; 
collision  ;  opposition. 

In  exrrcwiiif  the  ri^til  of  fmemon,  tin?  msti  of  ivli^i'in  rxpert- 
enc-  •  uo  cori/licl  between  lii*  itoty  auJ  hia  niclimition. 

J.  Apiiteton. 

CONFLICT',  r.  i.  To  strike  or  dash  against;  to 
meet  and  opiiose,  as  bodies  driven  by  violence ;  as, 
conflicting  waves  or  elements. 

2.  To  drive  or  strike  ngaiiist,  as  contending  men 
Of  armies;  to  fight;  lo  contend  with  violence;  as, 
conflicting  armies 

3.  To  strive  or  struggle  to  resist  and  overcome ;  as, 
men  conflicting  with  difilcillties. 

4.  To  be  in  op[iosition,  or  contradictory. 
Tlic  Uwi  of  the  Unitj^d  SlAtce  iind  of  the  iniliriilo^.l  Blsli-*  may, 

in  aornr  &iae«,  c«n/ic(  with  euch  otlwr.        WliiUion' I  Rep. 

eON-FLlCT'I.N'G,  ppr.     Striking  or  dashing  tigether ; 
fighting  ;  contending  ;  struggling  to  resist  anil  over- 
come. 
2.  o.  Being  in  opposition  ;  contrary  ;  contradictory. 

In  the  abacoe«  of  all  ctmfiieling  evl,lciiee.  &lory, 

CO.V-FI.ICT'IVE,  a.    Tending  lo  conflict 
CO.N'FMJENCE,  n.      [L.  ronfluenlia,   from   confluo ! 
con  and  jluA,  to  flow.     See  Flow.] 

1.  A  flowing  together;  the  meeting  or  junction  of 
two  or  more  streams  of  water,  or  other  fluid  ;  also 


the  place  of  meeting  ;  as,  the  eonflurnce  of  lIieTigna 
and  Euphrates,  or  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi. 

2.  'The  running  together  of  people  ;  the  act  of 
meeting  and  crowding  in  a  place  ;  a  crowd  ;  a  ton- 
course  ;  the  tatter  icord  is  more  generally  used. 

Temple.     Shah. 

3.  A  collection  ;  meeting  ;  assemblage.      Boyle. 
eON'FI.U-ENT,  o.     [h.  confluens.]     Flowing  togeth- 
er ;   meeting  ill   their  course,  as  two  streams  ;   as, 
confluent  streams.  Blackmore. 

2.  In  meiliciU  science,  running  together,  and  spread- 
ing over  a  large  surface  of  the  body  ;  as,  the  ciiiifiueiit 
small-pox.  F.ticyr. 

3.  In  botany,  united  at  the  base  ;  growing  in  tults  ; 
as,  confluent  leaves  ;  running  into  each  other  ;  as, 
cen/iiieiil  lobes.  Martijn. 

€0.\'FLU.\,  71.  [Low  L.  confluxia,  from  ciMiJtuo. 
See  Confluence.] 

1.  A  flowing  together;  a  meeting  of  two  or  more 
currents  of  a  fluid.  Shak. 

2.  A  collection  ;  a  crowd ;  a  multitude  collected  ; 
as,  a  general  conflux  of  people.  Clarendon. 

eoN-FLUX-1-BlL'I-TY,  71.  The  tendency  of  fluids 
to  run  together.     [Little  used.]  Boyle. 

€Oi\-FOR.\l',  a.  [L.  conformist  eon  unAfiyrma,  form.] 
Made  to  resemble  ;  assuming  the  siuiie  fonn  ;  like ; 
reseiiibling.     [LiZtle  used.]  Bacon. 

CON-FORM',  1>.  (.  [L.  conformo  f  con  and  formo,  to 
form,  or  shape,  {torn  forma,  form.] 

1.  To  make  like  in  external  appearance ;  to  re- 
duce to  a  like  shape,  or  form,  with  something  else  ; 
with  u> ;  as.  to  conform  anv  tiling  to  a  model. 

2.  More  generally,  to  reduce  to  a  likeness  or  cor- 
respondence in  manueiB,  opinions,  or  moral  qual- 
ities. 

For  wltom   lie  (IM  fbt^know,  lie  alto  diii    pre.l-.ttinale  lo  be 

conformed  to  the  image  of  hia  Son.  —  llotn.  "iii. 
Be  not  cunfortned  to  this  world.  —  Horn.  aii. 

3.  To  make  agreeable  to ;  to  sqtuuu  with  a  rule  or 
directory. 

Demand  of  Uiem  why  Ihey   con/oTTTl   not   Uiemaelrea  to   Iho 
Older  of  the  chureb.  Uooktr. 

CONFORM',  V.  i.  To  comply  with  or  yield  to ;  to 
live  or  act  according  to ;  as,  to  conform  to  the  fashion 
or  to  custom. 

2.  To  comply  with  ;  to  obey  ;  an,  lo  conform  to  the 
laws  of  the  state. 

CO.N-FOB.M'A-BLE,  a.  Correspondent ;  having  the 
same  or  similar  external  form  or  shajie ;  like  ;  re- 
sembling ;  as,  an  edifice  conformable  to  a  model  or 
draft.  .    . 

2.  Having  the  same  or  similar  manners,  opinions, 
or  moral  qualities. 

The  fi"ntil.ia  were  nol  mixde  conformoUt  to  the  Jewa,  in  that 
wiiich  waa  to  eeaie  at  tile  conniig  of  Chriat.         Hooker. 

3.  Agreeable  ;  suitable  ;  consistent ;  as.  Nature  is 
co7i/urm<!l.'e  to  herself.  JWiofM. 

4.  Compliant ;  ready  to  follow  directions  ;  submis- 
sive ;  obseipiious  ;  peaceable  ;  disposed  to  obey. 

I  haveheen  toyoti  a  true  and  hnnibio  wife. 

At  all  llnic  to  youc  will  con/orin«W«.  Sfutk. 

5.  In  ireology,  when  the  planes  of  one  set  of  strata 
are  generally  parallel  to  those  of  another  set  lying  in 
contact,  they  are  said  to  bo  conformable.  LijCll. 

It  is  generally  followed  by  tii,  but  good  writers 
have  used  with.  In  its  etymological  sense,  l.t/il  nmi; 
be  conformed,  capable  of  being  conformed,  it  seems  not 
to  be  used. 
eON-FORM'A-m.Y,  rnlo.  With  or  in  confonnity  ; 
suitably  ;  agreeably  ;  as,  let  us  settle  in  our  own 
minds  what        '       "  '       '  """ 


rnli-s  to  pursue,  and  act  cimfvrmafdy. 
et)N-FORM-A'Tlo.\,  71.  The  manner  in  which  a 
body  is  formed  ;  the  particular  texture  or  striicture  of 
a  btidy,  or  disiKisition  of  llio  parts  which  compose  it ; 
form-  structure;  often  with  relation  to  soiile  other 
body,  and  with  adaptation  to  some  purpose  or  eflV-ct 
Light  of  difl".  rent  colors  is  reflected  from  bodies,  ac- 
cording to  their  diirfient  conformation.  Varieties  of 
sound  depend  on  the  conformation  of  the  organs. 

a.  The  at  t  of  conforming  ;  the  act  of  producing 
Buitabbness  or  conformity  ;  with  fo  ;  as,  the  conform- 
ation of  our  hearts  and  lives  to  the  duties  of  true 
religion  .     ,  ,_   W""-'- 

3"  In  mrdiral  scirner,  the  particular  make  or  con- 
struction of  the  body  peculiar  to  an  individual ;  as,  a 
good  or  bad  conformation.  Kneijc. 

eON-FORM'i-T),  pp.    Made  to  resemble;  reduced  to 

a  liki  ness  of;  made  ngrceahlc  to;  suited. 
CfJ.N'-FOIlM'ER,  n.    One   who   conforms  ;  ono  who 

coiiiiilirs  with  established  forms  or  doctrines. 
eON-FORM'lN0,j>pr.     Reducing  to  a  likeness;  adapt- 
ing; roniplviliB  with. 
CO.N-FORM'lS'l',  71.    One  who  conforms  or  complies  ; 
apnrimruilAy,  one  who  complies  with  the  worship  of 
the  Church  of  Eiiglanil,  or  of  the  established  church, 
as  distiiiuTii^hed  from  a  dissenter  or  non-conformut. 
e<iN-Fl)R.M'l-TY,  71.    Likeness  ;  correspondence  with 
a  model  in  form  tir  manner ;  resemblance  ;  agreement ; 
congrility  with  someMiing  else ;  followed  by  to  or  icifA. 
A  slii|i  i^  con«triirled  in  conformity  to  a  model,  or  in 
conformity  with  a  model.    True  happiness  consists  in 
conformity  of  life  lothe  divine  law. 


TO.NE,  BULL,  IJNITE.— AN"OER,  VI"CI0U9 €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  I  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


947 


CON 


&  OHUislencjr ;  ac^w")^"^ 

Muir  UmUbm*  pfwrc  the  au^armitf  of  the  e«M7  wiA  th«  no- 
tlona  oT  Hippocntr*.  Ai-AmiAnoC. 

,3.  In  cAmI*^,  currespondence  in  manners   and 
principles ;  conipliance  wiUi  established  customs. 

I.irv  not  ui  foi^onnity  mtk  ihe  world.  ^tton. 

eON-FOR-TA'TION,  it    [See  Comfort.]      The  act 
of  comfuftinE  or  (ivins  strength.     {-Xot  utedJ] 

Bdctm, 
eON-rOUND',  «.  U    [Ft.  con/bii(ir^ ;  U  eonfimdm ;  cm 
and/viuJA,  to  pour  out ;  lu  «r»(/bi»rf<Tf .-  Sp.  and  Port. 
e*s/««i/ir.     lAtrralh,  to  pour  or  throw  together.] 

1.  To  mingle  and  blend  diflc-rcni  things,  so  that 

tlwir  forms  or  natures  can  m>t  be  distinifuished ;  to 

mix  in  a  mass  or  crowd,  so  that  Individuals  can  not 

&  To  thftiw  into  disorder.  [be  distinguished. 

Lei  OS  fa  down,  ut%i  then  eoty^Mtd  tbdr  lin^i*^.  —  dr n.  xl. 

3.  To  mix  or  blf>nd,  so  as  to  oecasioo  a  mistake  of 
one  thing  for  another;  as,  men  may  tmi^fimmd  Idoaa 
with  wurd:i. 

A  t^l  body  Md  ft  ««tilsf  Ifwr,  brcwige  ihry  »fK«  hi  101117 
*i^s,  sn  ««rt  w  k>  wV"""**-  Boyl*. 

^  To  perplex ;  to  dislnrik  ibe  appfebeDston  bv  in- 
diattaetaeaa  of  Ideas  or  words.  BIttD  may  tamfewU 
each  other  by  anintelHgiWe  terms  or  wrong  apiaica- 
tioM  of  wtrds. 

&,  To  abash ;  to  throw  the  mind  into  disorder ;  to 
caat  down  ;  to  make  ashamed. 

Bi  tboo  (w\^w«*da<  ftod  br«r  \hj  ahanw.  —  Eliek.  xvL 
~      '  '    t  ili0  Jowa  ftl  Oamftacu*.  —  Acta  ix. 


8.  To  perplex  with  terror ;  to  terrify  ;  to  dismay  \ 
to  astooiw ;  to  throw  into  coostematioM  ;  to  rtnpefy 
with  amaxement. 

Bo  cpahe  lb*  Son  of  Ood ;  ftm)  Skbiii  otood 


r  lofttber,  ftiKl  wen  «w^/toMi»J«rf.  - 
;  to  orerthrow. 


Aciatl. 


TheaoUihMfe 

7.  Tb  destroy 

80  de^p  ft  oftBee  10  cs^/bMid  iIm  ffsn 

or  manUad  in  on*  n<ot.  MUbn. 

CON-FOUNIVGD,  m.    Mixed  or  blended  in  disorder. 

perplexed ;  abashed  ;  dismayed ;  put  to  shame  and 

silence ;  astonished, 
fi.  a,    Ver}-  great  ^   enormous ;   as,  a  t^omndti 

tory.     \rMlsrarA 
eON-FOUND'Eii-LY,  arfo.     Enormously;    greallv 

sharoefutly ;  ai*,  he  wax  c9^fNaiiU4l§  avariciuus.    [A 

eON-FOUXD'ED-XESa,  n.  The  state  of  being  con- 
founded. MdUm. 

€ON-POCM)'ER,  a.  One  who  confoonds  ;  one  who 
disturbs  the  mind,  (lerpleies,  refutes;,  frustrates,  and 
puts  to  Bhamt-  or  siUnce  ;  one  who  terrifies. 

€ON-FOUXD'IXG,  ppr.  Mixing  and  blending;  put- 
ting Into  disorder  i  perplexing;  di:>turbing  the  mind  ; 
abashingi  and  putting  to  sliame  and  nilence  ;  as- 
toatahing. 

€ON-FRA-TER'XI-TY,  it.  [It.  amfrattrnita  ;  Fr.  eon- 
frmtvmU  ;  e«n  and  U  fratenutas,  fraternity,  frvtm 
Jratar,  brother.] 

A  brotherhood ;  a  society  or  body  of  men  united 
ftir  some  porpoee  or  in  some  profession  ;  as,  the  con- 
frmtermit^  of  Jesuits. 

eOX-FRI-€X'TION,  n.      [It.   wni/maiiowr,  friction  ; 
L.  ecnfrieo  i  con  and^ruro,  to  nib.     See  Fbictio:*.] 
A  rubbing  against ;  friction.  Baton, 

€OX-FRlER,  B.     [Ft.  canfrert.'] 

One  of  the  same  religious  order.  Wetrer. 

eOX-FRO.NT',  (kon-frunl',)  r.  t,  \\X.  eonfrontare  ; 
Sp.  and  Port,  confrontar  ;  Fr.  amfronUr  ;  con  and 
^Nt,  the  forehead,  or  front,  I,,  frous.] 

1,  To  stand  face  to  face  in  fuil  view ;  to  face ;  to 
stand  in  front. 

Hff  ipokf,  nod  tb«n  comfromu  the  IwlL  Drydcm. 

S.  To  Stand  in  direct  opposition  ;  to  oppose. 

Tbemt  ftad   vnt  cliarclMft  did  tuth  eanfrmU  the  Jewt  and 
coacvrwtak  Umn.  Hooker. 

3.  To  set  face  to  (aee ;  to  tning  into  the  presence 
of;  as  an  accused  person  and  a  witness,  in  court, 
for  examination  and  discoverj-  of  the  truth;  fol- 
lowed by  with. 

Thr  wiuM^M  sn   eot^fromti  wtHk  the  acow^d,  th<>  aecuaed 
milk  ooe  ftttother,  or  the  wiukcsaea  wtiA  oii<_-  anoilrr. 

4.  To  set  together  for  comparison  ;  to  compare  one 
thing  with  another. 

Wbeo  1  atm/rmt  %  mwUI   wtlli  ft  renr,  I  only  ahow  too  the 
a&me  dsaifn  executed  bj  iliSVreut  haD'la.  Additon. 

eOX-FROX-TA'TION,  a.  The  act  cf  bringing  two 
persons  into  the  presence  of  each  other  for  examina- 
tion nnd  dt<:cnvery  of  tnith. 

CON-FRONT' ED,  pp.  Set  face  to  face,  or  in  opposi- 
tion ;  broti£hl  into  the  presence  of. 

€0N  FRONTING,  fpr.  Setting  or  standing  face  to 
face,  or  in  opposition,  or  in  presence  of. 

€OX  FRONT'MENT,  a.     Comparison.  0/«y. 

eON-FCSC,  SI.     Mixed  ;  confounded.  Barret. 

eOX-FCSE',  »,  (.  [U  eoitfwisus  ;  Fr.  coTifns  ;  from  L. 
canfundo.     See  CowroufCD.] 

1.  To  mix  or  blend  things,  so  that  they  can  not  be 
distinguished. 

Slurintn^  •ouD'la  ftod  votcf^  all  cxm/ustd.  Hiilon. 

UttTj  b«n)»  of  th«  WAirior  ia  with  con/tued  ooiae.  —  la.  ix. 


CON 

2.  To  disorder,  as,  a  sudden  alarm  confused  the 
troops  ;  a  careless  book  keeper  has  coi^uscti  the  ac- 
counts. 

3.  To  per^dex ;  to  render  indistinct ;  as,  the  clamor 
csi0MS((  his  ideas. 

4.  To  tJirow  the  mind  into  disorder ;  to  cast  down 
or  abash;  to  cau»e  to  blush;  to  agitate  by  surprise 
or  shame;  to  di^oncert.  A  sarcastic  remark  con- 
JkMd  the  gentleman,  and  ho  could  not  proceed  in 
bis  argument. 

COfsfitatd  sad  mdlj  ah*  ai  length  (cplled.  Pope. 

eOi\-F08'£D,  (kon-fazd',)  pp.  or  a.  Mixed  ;  blended  ; 
so  that  the  tilings  or  persons  mixed  can  not  be  dis- 
tinguished. 

Sonw  cried  one  ihiiif,  and  wme  fttiother;  foi  the  aaeembly  wiu 
confuted.  —  Acu  xix. 

9.  Perplexed  by  disorder,  or  want  of  system  ;  as,  a 
te^ft*4  account. 

3.  Aba-shed  ;  put  to  the  blush  or  to  shame ;  agitated  ; 
disconcerted. 

€OX-F0S'EU-LY,  orfr.  In  a  mixed  mass  ;  without 
order  or  Sfparation  ;  indistinctly  ;  not  clearly  ;  tu- 
multuously  ;  with  agitation  of  mind  ;  witliout  regu- 
larity or  system. 

€OX-FCS'ED-.NEe*9j  a.  A  state  of  being  conflisedj 
want  \>(  order,  distinction,  or  clearness. 

The  eaiiae  of  ttic  con/uMtdn»»t  of  our  iiulioita  U  want  of  ntten- 
lintt.  Norrit. 

eOX-FCSE'LY,  ad.    Ohscnrely.  Barret 

€0X-FCS'ING,  ppr.     Mixing;  confounding. 
eO.\-F0'8luN,  ».     In  a  genrral  j»e*wii,  a  mixture  of 
sevenil  things  promiscuously  :    hence,  disorder;  ir- 
regularity ;  as,  the  frnfu^iem  of  tongues  at  Babel. 

2.  Tumult ;  want  of  order  in  society. 
Ttte  wbttle  ciiy  wsa  fiMrd  with  con/ution.  —  Acu  xlx. 
God  ia  out  the  auUtur  of  cuf\/'u«ion,  —  1  Cor.  xiv. 

3.  A  blendine  or  confounding;  indistinct  combi- 
nation ;  opptised  to  diatinHnsM  or  pn-tpieuiiy  ;  as,  a 
eonfuMon  of  ideas. 

4.  Abashment ;  shame. 

O  l*onl,  Vi  me  ne»er  be  pm  to  eon^tdon Pa.  Ixxl. 

We  lie  in  ^laine,  ftud  ouf  eoV^cion  eorerrth  ua.  —  Jer.  Kl. 

5.  .Vstonlshment ;  agitation  ;  perturbation ;  distrac- 
tion of  mind. 

ConfvMwn  dwelt  in  everr  ftce.  Sptctaior. 

6.  Orerthrow ;  defeat ;  ruin. 

Thd  maken  oT  klota  ahtll  ;o  to  cot\f*iMion  togtHhe r.—  Ii.  xlr. 

7.  A  stiatneful  blending  of  natures ;  a  shocking 
crime.     L^rit.  xviii.  523 ;  xx.  \% 

€0X-F01''A-BLE,  a.  [See  Confute.]  That  may  be 
confuted,  disproved,  or  overthrown  ;  that  may  be 
shown  U>  be  false,  defective,  or  invalid  ;  as,  an 
argunient  or  a  course  of  reasoning  is  confutable. 

€OX-F0'TAXT,  n.  One  wiio  confutes  or  undertakes 
to  confute.  Milton, 

€ON-FU-TA'TI0X,  a.  The  act  of  confuting,  disprov- 
ing, or  proving  to  be  false  or  invahd  ;  refutation  ; 
overthrow,  as  of  arguments,  opinions,  reasonuig, 
theory,  or  error. 

eON-FC'TA-TlVE,  a.  Adapted  or  designed  to  con- 
fute. Rich.  Diet. 

eOX-FCTE',  V.  t  [L.  eonfuto;  con  and  ant./uto;  Sp. 
confuSar  :  It.  ctmfutare.     Class  Bd.] 

1.  To  disprove ;  to  prove  to  be  false,  defective,  or 
invalid ;  to  overthrow  ;  aa,  to  confute  arguments,  rea- 
soning, theor}',  error. 

'2.  To  prove  to  be  wrong ;  to  convict  of  error,  by 
argument  or  proof;  as,  to  confute  an  advocate  at  the 
bar  ;  to  confute  a  writer. 

€ON-FC T'ED,  pp.  Disproved  ;  proved  to  be  false, 
defective,  or  unsound  ;  overthrown  by  argument, 
fact,  or  proof. 

eON-FOTE'MEXT,  n.  Confutation  ;  disproof.  MUtoiu 

€ON-FCT'ER,  n.     One  who  disproves  or  confutes. 

€OX-FCT'ING,  pjn-.  Disproving  ;  proving  to  be  false 
defective,  or  invalid;  overthrowing  by  argument  or 
proof. 

€ON'Ce,  (kon'jee.)  n.  [Fr.  congi,  lea\*e,  permission, 
discharge,  contracted  from  conged;  vcih^congedier^  to 
dismiss  ;  It.  congedo,  leave,  permission  ;  congnUtre^  to 
give  leave  ;  Arm.  congea.  The  verb  is  a  compound 
of  con  and  ged;  W.  gadaw,  to  quit,  to  leave,  to  per- 
mit ;  gad,  leave.  Oadaio  is  the  Celtic  form  of  the  L. 
cedo.     Conged  is  tlierefore  concedu.] 

1.  Leave;  farewell;  parting  ceremony.  Spenser. 
a.  The  act  of  respect  performed  at  the  parting  of 
friends.      Hence,  the  customary  act  of  civility,  on 
other  occasions;  a  bow  or  a  courtesy. 

The  capUuii  niluiei  you  wilh  conge  profound.  Swift. 

eON'GE,  V.  I,  To  take  leave  with  the  customary  ci- 
vilities ;  U>  bow  or  courtesy. 

The  preterit,  Co:»GEED,  is  tolerable  in  English  ;  but 
CosGEi-^o  will  not  he  admitted,  and  ConuEEtRo  is 
an  anomalv. 

COA"* O*.' />'i^t/RE',  (Iton'zha-da-Ieer',)  [Fr.]  In«- 
eUsiastical  affairs,  the  king's  license  or  permission  to 
a  dean  and  chapter  to  choose  a  bishop  ;  or  to  an  ab 
bey  or  prior)'  of  his  own  foundation  to  choose  their 
abbot  or  prior.  The  king  of  Great  Britain,  as  sove- 
reign patron,  had  formerly  the  appointment  of  all  ec- 
clesiastical dignities  ;  investing  by  crosier  and  ring, 


CON 

and  after^vnrd  by  letters  patent.  But  now  the  king, 
on  demand,  sends  his  conge  it' clire  to  Uie  dean  and 
chapter,  with  a  letter  missive,  containing  the  name 
of  the  |>erson  ht;  would  have  ttiein  elect,  and  if  thty 
deliiy  the  election  twelve  days,  the  noininution  de- 
volves on  the  king,  who  may  appoint  by  letters  pa- 
tent. Rnttfc.  CtJicel.  Btackntove. 
COX'Clfi,  n.  In  arch iucture,  n  molding  in  form  of  a 
quarter  round,  or  a  caveito,  which  serves  to  se|«imle 
two  members  from  one  another ;  such  as  thai  which 
joins  the  shad  of  the  column  to  the  cincture,  culled 
also  apopkyge.  Also,  a  ring  or  ferrule,  formerly  used 
on  the  extremities  of  columns  to  keep  them  from 
splitting;  afterward  ijuitated  in  stone-work.  Encyc. 
€0X-6eAL',  (kon-jeel',)  v.  t.  [I.,  congeto  ;  con  and 
^«/o,  to  freeze;  Fr.  eougeler;  It.  congdare;  Sp.  con- 
ffclar;  Arm.  caledi.  This  may  be  connected  with  the 
W.  ceuUfc,  to  curdle  or  coagulate,  from  caul,  a  caIPs 
maw  ;  also,  rennet,  curd,  and  chyle.  The  L.  geto 
has  the  elements  of  coo/,  hut  it  may  be  a  dilTerent 
wordj 

1.  To  change  from  a  fluid  to  a  solid  state,  aa  by 
cold,  or  a  lass  of  heat,  as  water  in  freezing,  liquid 
metal  or  wax  in  cooling,  hlot>d  in  Blagnating  or  cool- 
ing, ice. ;  to  harden  into  ice,  or  into  a  substance  uf 
less  solidity.  Cold  congeals  water  into  ice,  or  va|Kir 
into  hoar-frost  or  snow,  and  blood  into  a  solid  iir^a, 
or  clot. 

3.  To  hind  or  fix  with  cold.    Applied  to  the  circu- 
lating blood,  it  does  not  signify  absolutely  lo  IianJcn, 
but  to  cause  a  sensation  uf  culd,  a  sliivc-ring,  or  a  re- 
ceding of  the  blood  from  the  extremities;  as,  tlie 
frightful  scene  congealed  his  blood. 
€ON-GeAL',  v.  i.     To  grow  hard,  stiff,  or  thick,  from 
loss  of  heat ;  to  pass  from  a  lluid  to  a  solid  state  ;  to 
concrete  into  a  stilid   mass.     Melted  lead  congt^i 
water  congeals  ;  blood  congeals. 
CON  0F:AL'A-IILK,  a.    That  may  be  congealed  ;  ca- 
pable of  being  cunverted  from  a  tluid  to  a  solid  state. 
€ON  6f:AL'i:D,  pp.  or  a.     Converted  into  ice,  or  a 
solid    mass,  by  the  loss  of  heat,  or  other   process ; 
concreted. 
€0N-6f.AL'EI)-XESS,  n.     State  of  being  congealed. 
€OX-GKAL'INfi,  ppr.     Changing  from  a  hquid  to  a 

solid  state ;  concreting 
€ON-0eAL'MKNT,  h.     a   chrt  or  concretion  ;  that 
which  is  formed  by  u<mgelation.     Also,  congelation. 
€OX-6E-LX'TION,  n.     [L.  congelatio.] 

The  process  of  passing,  or  the  act  of  converting, 
from  a  tluid  to  a  solid  stute,  by  the  abstraction  of 
heat ;  or  the  state  of  being  congejiled  ;  concretion. 
It  differs  fmm  crystallization  in  this:  in  congclnliAiti, 
tiie  whole  substance  of  a  tluid  may  become  solid  ;  in 
crystalliiatioH,  when  a  suit  is  formed,  a  portion  of 
liquid  is  left.  But  the  congelation  of  water  is  a 
real  crvstalli/.ntion.  Knryc. 

€0X-GEM-i-\A'T10N,  n.     Act  of  doubling.     [Ob.^.] 
€ON'Gli-NEll,  a.     [L.  congener;  con  and  gcner,  kind, 
race.] 
A  tiling  of  the  same  genus,  kind,  or  nature. 


m  a  congener. 

CON'GE-NER,  ; 

eON-GEN'ER-OUS,  j 

cause ;  as,  congenero\ 


Of  the  same  genus,  kind,  or 
nature  ;    allied   in   origin   or 
bodies ;  congenerous  diseases. 
Brown.     Jirbuthnot, 
eON-GEX'ER-A-CV,  n.     Similarity  of  origin. 
eON-GE-NER'I€,  a.    Being  of  the  same  kind  or  na- 
ture. 
eON-GEN'ER-OUS-XESS,  n.      The  quality  of  being 
from  the  same  original,  or  of  belonging  to  the  same 
kind.  Diet. 

€ON-Ge'XI-AL,  a.     [L.  con  and  genus,  whence  geni- 
alis,  genial.     See  Generate.] 

1.  Partaking  of  the  same  genus,  kind,  or  nature  ; 
kindred  ;  cognate  ;  as,  congenial  souls. 

2.  Belongmg  to  the  nature;  natural;  agreeable  to 
the  nature  ;  usually  followed  by  to ;  as,  this  severity 
is  not  congenial  to  him. 

3.  Natural ;  agreeable  to  the  nature ;  adapted  ;  as, 
a  soil  congenial  to  a  plant. 

eON-GE  Nl-AL'I-TY,    j  ?».   Participation  of  the  same 
CON-Ge'NI-AL-X'ESS,  j      genus,  nature,  or  original ; 

cognation;  natural  affinity  ;  suitableness.     H'otton. 
CON-Ge'NI-AL-IZE,  0.  U    To  make  congenial. 
eON-GEN'ITE,      i  a.     [Ij.  congenitus;  con  and  geni^ 
€0N-GEN'I-TAL,  i      tua,  born,  from  gigna,  to  beget, 

gignor,  to  be  bom.] 

Of  the  same  birth;  born  with  another,  connate; 

begotten  together. 

Many  cotithiaiana,  of  moral  xQil  intellectual  trulha,  leetn  to  be 

congenite  wilh  iia.  Ha^t. 

Native  or  eongetiitai  raneliea  of  aiiimaU.  Lawrenc*. 

€0N"GER,  \  (kongVir,)  n.     [L.  conger^  or  con- 

eON"GER-EEl.,  \      grusi  Gr.  Koyyo'jSy  or  yoyyoog ; 
It.  irongro;  Fr.  eongre.] 

The  sea-eel ;  a  large  species  of  eel,  of  the  genus 
Anguilla,  sometimes  growing  to  the  length  of  ten 
feet,  and  weighing  a  hundred  pounds.  In  Cornwall. 
En^and,  it  is  an  article  of  commerce,  being  shipped 
to  Spain  and  Portugal.  ^-  Cyr. 

eON-GE'RI-E»,  n.  [L.,  from  congero,  to  bring  togeth- 
er, to  amass  ;  con  and  gero,  to  bear.] 


FATE,  FXP^  FALL,  WHAT.— METE.  PREV— FIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  B(?OK.. 


24-i 


CON 

A  collection  of  scTeral  particles  or  bodies  in  une 
mass  or  acgregiUe.  Boyle, 

CON-OEST',   v.  U     [L.  congero,  congestum;  con  and 
g€ro^  to  bear.] 
To  collect  or  gather  iuto  a  mass  or  aggregate. 

RaUgh, 

eON^EST'I-BLE,  a.  Tbat  may  be  collected  into  a 
mass. 

€0N-GES'TI0N,  (kon-jest'yun,)  n.     [L.  comrcstia.'] 
An  unnalUHil  acciunul:Uiun  of  blood  in  any  part  of 
the  b.Miv,  or  any  subordinate  system  of  parts.    Tully. 

€0.\-OEST'IVE,  a.  Indicating  or  attended  by  an 
accumulation  of  blood  in  some  part  of  the  body. 

CON'<^l-A-RY,  n,  [L.  congUirium,  from  congiuSj  a 
measure ;  Fr.  coniriaire.] 

Prapt-rly^  a  present  made,  by  the  Roman  empcroni, 
to  the  people  ;  originally,  in  com  or  wine  measured 
out  tu  them  in  a  congius^  a  vessel  holding  a  gallon  or 
rather  more.  In  present  usage,  a  gift  or  donative  rep- 
resented on  a  medal.  Enajc.    Aiidison, 

CON-GLA'CI.\']'E,  V.  i.  [L.  conglacio ;  con  and  glacio^ 
to  freeze  ;  glaeies^  ice.] 

To  turn  to  ice ;  to  freeze.  Brown. 

€0.\-GLA-CI-A'TION,  h.  The  act  of  changing  into 
ice,  or  the  state  of  being  converted  to  ice  ;  a  freez- 
ing ;  congelation.  Brown. 

€0.\.GL5'iBATE,  a.  [L.  amglobatiu,  from  congtobo; 
con  and  globo,  tu  collect,  or  to  make  round  ;  globus,  a 
ball.    See  Gloss.} 

Formed  or  gathered  into  a  ball.  A  conglobate  gland 
is  a  single  or  lymphatic  gland,  a  small,  smooth  bi>dy, 
covered  in  a  fine  skin,  admitting  only  an  artery  and 
a  lymphatic  vessel  to  pass  in,  and  a  vein  and  a  lym- 
phatic vessel  to  pass  out.  Parr.     Coze, 

eOX-GLO'BATE,  v.  U  To  collect  or  form  into  a  ball, 
or  hard,  round  substance.  Orevj. 

€OJf-GLO'BA-TED,  pp.  Collected  or  fonned  into  a 
liall. 

€ON-GL6'BATE-LY,  adv.  In  a  round  or  roundish 
form. 

€ON-GLO-BA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  forming  into  a 
ball ;  a  round  body. 

CON-GLOBE',  V.   t,      [L.  eonglobo;   con.  and   globo, 
from  globus,  a  round  body.] 
To  gather  iuto  a  ball ;  to  collect  into  a  round  mass. 

ArUtoJU 

€O\-GL0BE',  V.  u  To  eoUect,  unite,  or  coalesce  in 
a  round  mass.  MiUon. 

eON-GLCB'KD,  pp.    Collected  into  a  ball. 

eO\'-GL6B'I.\G,  ppr.  'Gathering  into  a  round  mass 
ur  ball. 

eON^SLOB'l^.LATE,  v.  i.  To  gather  into  a  little 
round  mass,  or  globule.  Johason. 

€ON-GLOM'ER-ATE,  a.  [L.  eonglomero ;  con  and 
glomerOy  to  wind  into  a  ball,  from  glamuSyO,  hall,  a 
clew.     See  Glomerate."] 

1.  Gathered  into  a  ball  or  round  body.  Acontrlom- 
erittc  gland  is  composed  of  many  smalbT  glautU, 
whose  excretory  ducts  unite  in  a  eonnuon  one,  as 
the  liver,  kiitneys,  pancreas^  parotids,  d-c.  Each  lit- 
tle grandulated  portion  furnishes  a  small  tube,  which 
unites  with  otlicr  similar  ducts,  to  form  the  common 
excretory  duct  of  the  gland.  Coze.     Encye. 

3.  In   botantf,    eonglum^raie   flowers     grow    on    a 

branching  peduncle  or  footstalk,  on   short  pedicles, 

ciosi'ly  compacted  together  without  order  ;  op|[K>se(l 

to  diffujied.  Martyrt. 

3.  Conglumf rale  rocks.    See  Puddino-Stome. 

€ON-GLOM'EH-ATE,  v.  L  To  grUher  into  a  ball  or 
round  body  ;  tn  collect  into  a  round  mass.      Ornr. 

€ON  GLOM'EK-ATE,  n.  In  g'ologij,  a  sort  of  pud- 
ding-stone, or  rock,  composed  of  t>el>ble8  cemented 
together  by  another  miii'T:il  substance,  either  calca- 
reous, silicious,  or  nrgill:u'.euus.  Bramie, 

€ON-GLOM'ER-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Gathered  into  a 

bill  or  Dund  maos, 
€0.\-GLOM'EK-A-TING,  ppr.     Collecting  into  a  ball. 

CON-GLOM-ER-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  gath.  ring 
into  a  ball  ;  the  state  of  being  thus  collected  ;  cullco- 
tion  :  a'"ciunul;itiim. 

€ON'-GL0'Tl  \A.\T,  0.  [See  CowOLUTirfiTE.]  Glu- 
ing ;  uniting;  iM-aling.  Bacon, 

eON  GLC'Tl-NAN'T,  n,  A  medicine  that  hcalti 
wounds. 

eO.V-GLO'TI-NATE,  v.  U  [L.  eonglulino-,  con  and 
glutino,  from  irluten,  glue.    See  Glue.] 

1.  To  glue  togi^ther  \  to  unite  by  some  glutinous  or 
lenacirms  substance. 

2.  To  heal  j  to  unite  the  separated  parts  of  a 
wound  bv  a  tenacious  substance. 

CON-GLO'TI-XATE,  r.  i.  To  coalesce;  to  unite  by 
the  int<^Tvention  of  a  callus.  .JohnHon, 

€O\-GL0'ri-\A  TED,  r-V-  or  a.  Glued  together; 
united  by  a  ti-nacious  substance. 

eo\-GLO'TI-.\A-TLVG,  ppr.  Gluijlg  together  ;  uni 
ting  or  ctosin;;  by  a  tenacious  substance. 

eo\^I.0-Ti-\A'nON,  Ti.  The  art  of  gluing  to- 
gether; a  Joining  by  means  of  some  tenacious  sub- 
stance ;  a  healing  by  uniting  the  parts  of  a  wound  ; 
union.  JirbutknoL 

€()N'-GLC'TI-NA-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  of 
uniting  Uv  glue  or  othrr  substance  of  like  nature. 

€ON-<;LO'1T-\A-TOR,  n.  That  which  has  the  power 
of  uniting  wounds.  IVoodicard. 


CON 


eON"GO,  (kong'go,)  n.    A  species  of  I 
€ON-GRAT'li-LANT,  a.    Rejoicing  ii 


black  tea. 
tjoicing  in  participation. 
Jililton. 

eON-GRAT'TJ-LATE,  (kon-grat'yu-late,)  r.  U  [h. 
congratttlori  eon  and  gratulor,  from  grataSf  grateful, 
pleasing.     See  Grace.] 

To  profess  one's  nluasure  or  joy  to  another  on  ac- 
count of  an  event  deemed  happy  or  fortunate,  as  on 
the  birth  of  a  child,  success  in  an  enterprise,  victor}', 
escape  from  danger,  &c ;  to  wish  joy  to  another. 
We  congratulate  the  nation  on  the  restoration  of 
peace. 

Formerly  this  verb  was  followed  by  to.  "  ITie 
subjects  of  England  may  congratulate  fe;  themselves." 
Ih-ijden.  But  this  use  of  to  is  entirely  obsolete.  The 
use  of  iritA  after  this  verb,  "  I  congratulate  toith  my 
country',"  isj  perhaps,  less  objectionable.  Iiut  is  rarely 
used,  i'he  intransitive  sense  of  the  verb  may  there- 
fore be  considered  as  antiiiuated,  and  no  longer  legit- 
imate. 

eON-GRAT'lJ-LA-TEn,  pp.  Complimented  with  ex- 
pressions of  joy  at  a  happy  event. 

eOX-GRAT'lJ-LA-TING,  ppr.  Professing  one's  joy 
or  satisfaction  on  account  of  some  happy  event, 
prosperity,  or  success. 

€ON-GRAT-U-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  professing 
one's  joy  or  good  wishes  at  the  success  or  happiness 
of  another,  or  on  account  of  an  event  deemed  for- 
tunate to  both  parties  or  to  the  community, 

€OX-GRAT'U-LA-TOR,  n.  One  who  offers  congrat- 
ulation. Milton. 

eON-GRAT'U-L  V-TO-UY,  a.  Expressing  jov  fur  the 
good  fortune  of  anoih-.tr,  or  for  an  event  fortunate 
for  biith  parties,  or  for  the  community, 

€OX-GREK',  p.  i.    To  agree.     [J^ot  in  use.]      Shak. 

COX-GREET',  V.  L  To  salute  mutually.  [JVb(  tn 
use.]  Sliak. 

eON''GRFr<3ATE,  (kong'gre-gate,)  v.  t  [L.  congrego  ; 
con  and  grex,  a  herd,  \V.  gre.     See  Gregarious.] 

To  collect  sepjirate  persons  or  things  into  an  as- 
semblage; to  assemble;  to  bring  into  one  place,  or 
into  a  crowd  or  united  b4>dy  ;  as,  to  congregate  men 
or  animals  ;  to  congregate  waters  or  sands. 

Hooker.    MUton.     Shak. 

C0N"GRE-GATE,  r.  i.  To  come  together;  to  as- 
semble ;  to  meet. 

Equiila  with  equaia  often  eongregaU.  Denham. 

eON"GRE-GATE,  a.      Collected;    compact;    close. 

[Utrtt:  u.-Tfl.]  Bacon. 

COX"GRlVGA-TED,  pp   or  a.    Collected;  assembled 

in  one  place. 
eoX"GRE  GATING,  ppr.    Collecting;  assembling; 

c<)mins  together. 
eoX"GKE-GA'TION,  (kong-gre-ga'shun,)  ru  The  act 

of  brinjiing  toj^ethur,  or  assembliup. 

2.  A  collection  or  assemblage  ttf  separate  things; 
as,  a  rortgregatiiin  of  va|X)rH.  Shah. 

3.  More  generallu,  an  assemldy  of  persons;  and 
appropriatdij,'  an  assembly  of  persons  met  -Lji^lie 
worship  of  God,  and  for  religious  instruction. 

Ilijoker. 

4.  An  assembly  of  nilers.    ^im,  xxxv. 

5.  An  assembly  of  ecclesiastics  or  cardinals  a]!- 
pointed  by  tho  [h>ik!  ;  as,  the  congregation  of  the 
holy  olhre,  &c.  Also,  a  company  or  aticicty  forming 
a  subdivision  of  a  monastic  order.  Encyc. 

fi.  At  Offord  and  Cambritlge,  the  assembly  of  mas- 
ters and  (lortors  for  tninsactuig  the  ordinary  business 
of  conferring  decrees,  Bramie. 

COX"(;RE-Ga'TION-AL,  o.  Pertaining  to  a  congr& 
gat  ion. 

2.  Belonging  to  the  system  of  Congregationalism  ; 
appropriately  used  of  such  Christians  as  maintain 
that  each  congregation  is  indep'-mdent  of  others,  and 
has  the  right  to  cluKise  its  own  pastor  and  govern 
itself;  as,  a  Congregational  church  or  mode  of  wor- 
ship. J.  Murdoch. 

€0X"GRE-GA'TI0\-AL-ISM,  n.  That  system  of 
church  government  which  virsts  all  ecclesiastical 
power  in  the  asseinblud  brotherhood  of  each  local 
church,  ai  an  independent  body.  J.  Murdoch. 

eOX"GltE-<;A'TION  AI^IST,  n.  One  who  belongs 
to  a  Congregational  church  or  society ;  one  who 
holds  to  the  independence  of  each  congregation  or 
church  of  Christians,  and  the  right  of  the  ass(;m- 
bh-d  brethren  to  elect  their  pastor,  and  to  determine 
all  eccli'-instical  matters.  J.  Murdoch. 

eOX"GRE.-*S,  (kong'gress,)  n.  [\i.  eon<rrra.^s,  from 
f^jn^Tf^/iur,  to  come  together  ;  cvn  and  gr<u/ior,  to  so 
or  step  ;  gradus,  a  step.     See  Gkaul  and  I)ki;iies.] 

1.  A  meeting  of  iridivt<luals  ;  an  assiMubly  of  en- 
voys, comruissioni-rs,  deputies,  &c. ;  particularly,  a 
meeting  of  the  represeuLitivrs  of  snVenil  courts,  to 
concert  meaMures  for  their  common  good,  or  to  adjust 
their  mutual  concerns.  Europe. 

2.  The  a*iembly  of  delegates  of  the  several  Brit- 
ish colonies  in  America,  which  united  to  resist  the 
claims  of  (;reat  Britain  in  1771,  and  which,  in  177li, 
declared  the  colonies  independent. 

3.  The  assembly  of  the  delegates  of  the  several 
United  Stales,  after  the  declanition  of  independence, 
and  until  the  adoption  of  the  present  constitution, 
and  the  organizatum  of  the  government  in    1769. 


CON 

During  these  periods,  the  congress  consisted  of  one 
house  only. 

4.  The  assemltly  of  senators  and  representatives 
of  the  United  States  of  America,  according  to  tlie 
present  constitution,  or  i»ulitical  compact,  by  which 
they  are  united  in  a  federal  republic  ;  the  legislature 
of  the  United  States  consisting  of  two  houses,  a 
senate  and  a  house  of  representatives.  Members  of 
tjie  s(*nate  are  elected  for  six  years,  but  the  mem- 
bere  of  the  house  of  representatives  are  chosen  for 
two  years  only.  Hence,  the  united  body  of  senators 
and  representatives  for  the  two  years,  during  which 
the  representatives  hold  their  seats,  is  called  one  con- 
gress. Thus  we  say  the  first  or  second  session  of 
tho  sixteenth  congress. 

5.  A  meeting  of  two  or  more  persona  in  a  contest ; 
an  encounter  ;  a  conflict.  Dryden. 

6.  The  meeting  of  the  sexes  in  sexual  commerce. 
€OX-GRE.S'srOX,  71.     A  company.     [JSTot  inuse.} 
€OX-GRES'SlON-AL,    (kon-gresh'un-al,)    a.       Per- 
taining to  a  congress,  or  tu  the  congress  of  the  United 
States ;  as,  congressional  debates. 

The  congreteional  iustitutioa  of  Ampliictyoiis  In  Greeo*. 

Barlow. 

eON-GRES'SIVE,  a.    Meeting,  as  the  sexes.    Brown. 
2.  Encountering. 

eON'GREVE  ROCK'ET,  n.  A  very  des^uctive  en- 
gine of  war,  invented  by  Sir  William  Congreve.  It 
is  filled  with  highly  inllammable  materials,  and  im- 
pelled forward,  like  the  common  sky-rocket,  with  a 
continual  acceleration.  Brande. 

eON-GRuE',  V.  i.     To  agree.     [JS'ot  used.]         Shak. 

e(>X"GRU-ENCE,  )  ?t,  [L.  congruentia,  from  congruOy 

CON-GRC'EN-CY,  \      to  agree,  or  suit.] 

Suitableness  of  one  thing  to  another ;  agreement ; 
consistency.  More. 

eON"GRU-ENT,  a.  Suitable;  agreeing;  correspond- 
ent. Davics. 

€OX-GR0'I-TY,  n.  Suitableness  ;  the  relation  of 
agreement  between  things. 

There  IB  no  congruity  lytw<^n  n  mpan  «iib]cet  antl  a  lofty  atylc : 
buL  an  obvious  congruUy  Lx;tweeu  lut  elcvalud  bLluou  aui] 
digniiied  d<<purtnit;nt, 

2.  Fitness ;  pertinence, 

A  whole  ieiitcuce  niay  foil  of  it*  congruity  hy  wanliiig  a  pnrticlc. 

Sulney, 

3.  Reason;  consistency;  propriety.  Hooker. 

4.  In  scAoal  divinity,  the  good  actions  which  are 
supposed  to  render  it  meet  and  equitable  that  God 
should  confer  grace  on  those  who  perform  them. 
The  merit  of  contrruity  is  a  sort  of  im|>erfect  qualifi- 
cation for  the  gift  and  reception  of  God*s  grace. 

Milner. 

5.  In  geomrtnj,  figures  or  lines,  which,  when  laid 
over  one  another,  exactly  coincide,  are  in  covgruihj. 

€0.\"GRU-OUS,  a.     [L.  congraus.]  [Johu^on. 

1.  Acc-ordant;  suitable;  consistent;  agreeable  to. 
Light,  airy  music,  and  a  solemn  or  m<niriiful  occa- 
sion, are  not  congruous.  Obedience  to  G<jd  is  congru- 
ous to  the  light  of  reason.  Locke. 

2.  Rational ;  fit. 

U  !■  nut  congTMoa*  that  God  shoul.]  bR  alwnya  trightpning;  nt^n 
into  ail  iicknowlcilgnii'nl  at  ihe  trulh.  AUarbury. 

eON"GRU-OUS-LY,  orft'.      Suitably;    pertinently; 

agreeably  ;  consistently,  Boyle. 

CON'IC  \I    (  °~  f-^'  conicus;  Gr.  KdivtKo^.  See  Cone.] 

1.  Having  the  form  of  a  cone  ;  round  and  decreas- 
ing to  a  point ;  as,  a  conic  figure  ;  a  conical  vessel. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  cone  ;  as,  canic  sections. 

Conic  section  ;  a  curve  line  formed  by  the  intersec- 
tion of  a  cone  and  plane.  The  conic  sections  are 
tlie  jwinibola,  hyperbola,  and  ellipse.  Bailey. 

GOX'ie-AL-LY,  adv.     In  the  form  of  a  cone.     Boyle. 

COX'ie-AL-NESS,  ji.  The  slata  or  quality  of  bt;mg 
conical. 

eoX'ieS,  n.  That  part  of  geometry  which  treats  of 
the  cone  and  the  curves  which  arise  from  its  sec- 
ti(uis.  Johnson. 

e6'M-FER,  n.     [L.]     A  plant  bearing  cones. 

C0-J^IFElt-j9,  [L.,  infra.]  n.  pi.  An  order  of  plants, 
which,  like  the  fir  and  pine,  bear  cones  or  tops  in 
which  the  seeds  are  contained.  Lyrll. 

eO-XIF'Ell-OUS,  a.  [h.  conifcTj  con\ferua ;  from 
conus  and  fera,  to  bear.] 

Bearing  cones  ;  producing  hard,  dry,  scaly  seed- 
vessels,  of  a  conical  figure,  as  the  pine,  fir,  cypress, 
and  bei'ch.  Martyn.     Encyc. 

CO'XI-FORM,  a.  [cone  and  form.]  In  form  of  a 
cone  ;  conical  ;  as,  a  conij'orn^  mountain  of  Potosi, 

eO-XI-ROS'TERS,  It.  pU  [L.  conus,  a  cone^  and  ras- 
trum,  a  beak.]  A  tribe  of  msossorial  birds,  nicluding 
those  which  have  a  strong  bill  of  a  conical  ftirm,  as 
the  crows  and  finches,  Brande. 

eo-Nl'L-NA-     In.    [Gr.  «,..«,»v.] 

An  alkaloid  obtained  from  Coni- 
um  maculatum,the  modem  othcinal 
hemlock,  and  ita  active  medicinal 
principle. 

eO-NI-ROS/TRAL,  a.    Having  a  thick,  conical  beak, 

as  crows  and  finches.  Swainson. 

GO-XIS'TRA,  n.    [Gr.]    The  pit  of  a  theater. 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE.  — AN^GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — 15  as  K  j  0  aa  J  j  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TI!  as  in  THia 


32 


2i0 


CON 

A  varieiy  of  magn(*sian  canmnate  of  lime,  occur- 
ring massive  or  in  iitaiactites.  U  contains  tbree  parts 
of  carbouala  of  magnesia  to  one  of  carbonate  of 
lime.  Dana. 

eOXJECT'  c.  t.  To  llirow  together,  or  to  throw. 
l^ot  uMd,]  MoMMUru, 

eONJECT',  p.  u    To  gUPss.     [^rot  kwA]         Skak. 

eON-JECT'OR,  A.  'L.  conjicio,  to  cast  together;  cm 
and  jaeio^  to  throw.] 

One  who  gueoes  or  conjectures.  [See  Co^cjbc- 
ttweJ  Swift. 

€ON-JEeT'lT-RA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  guessed  or 
conjectured. 

€ON'JEeT'tJ-RAL,  a.  Depending  on  conjecture; 
done  or  said  by  gues:^  ;  as,  a  eorf)fctunil  opinion. 

eO.V-JE€T'ir-RALr-LY,  ttUe.  Without  proof  or  evi- 
dence: by  conjecture  j  by  guess;  as,  this  opinion 
was  pren  eomjeetmraii^. 

€X)IWE€rr'qR£,  (kon-jekl'yurO  m,  [L.  cemjeetura ; 
Fr.  emiymtmrt ;  iL  camftUmra^  or  eongkietttra ;  Sp. 
emgttmrm  ;  Poit.  cotgttttu^  or  eoHJeitura.    S«e  Coif- 

JBCTOa.] 

1.  LUirMfy  a  cascing  or  throwing  together  of  pos- 
■iUe  or  probable  ennu ;  or  a  casting  of  the  nitiid  to 
aoiaelhinR  fUlure,  or  aoaiethliic  past  but  unknuwn  ; 
a  gaeas  ^nned  on  a  suppoaed  possibility  or  (>n>ba- 
bility  of  a  fact,  or  on  slight  evidence  ;  pre|K)nder- 
ance  of  opinion  witbuiU  pruitf ;  tiurmiiie.  We  8{M!ak 
of  future  or  unknown  things  by  amjeeturej  and  of 
probable  or  unfounded  ecMJtxtiiTes. 
a.  Idea  ;  notion.  SkaJt. 

eON^EGT'CRE,  (kon-jekt'yur,)  v.  L  To  guess;  to 
judg^  by  gues9,  or  by  the  probability  or  the  pofsfbil- 
ity  of  a  fact,  or  by  ver>-  slieht  evidence  ;  to  fonu  an 
opinion  at  randuin.  What  will  be  Itie  issue  of  a 
war,  we  may  c*jjijfefurt^  but  can  not  know.  He  coit- 
jeetmreti  that  some  luisfurtune  hod  happened. 
eO.N-JEt'T'LK  /:D,  pp.  Guessed  ;  surmised, 
eO\JECT'UK-EU,  R.  Onewho  gnessea;  a  goa— ar; 
one  who  forms  or  uuers  an  opmion  without  proof. 


eON-JE(rr'UR-ING,  «»r.    Guesaing;  aamWng. 
eON^OB'BLE,  0.  L    To  aeCtle;  toconcart.  [Vmlgar.] 
eOX^OLN^  V.  c    [Fr.  tmtgaiMdrti  IL  emigmgman,  or 
tmmgvutgert ;  L.  etmpaifm  i  can  and  juMga^  to  join. 
See  Joi:«.] 

].  To  jMn  together,  without  any  thing  intermedi- 
ate ;  to  unite  two  or  more  persons  or  things  in  close 
eonnectioo  ;  a*,  to  caaJMa  frieiHU  ;  to  csji/om  man 
and  woman  in  marriage.  Dr^dm.    Skak. 

Q.  To  associate  or  connecL 

Lrt  tluu  whkli  he  kmnm  omxi  be  Mariy  nrnfobttd  vHh  vlat  be 

€ON-JOIX',  V.  t.    To  unite ;  to  Join  ;  to  league.  Skak, 

COX-JOIN'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Joined  to  or  with  ;  united  j 
associated. 

eON-JOIN'ING,  ppr.  Joining  together;  uniting; 
connecting. 

eONJOLNT',  tt.    Unilid  ;  connected  ;  associated. 
Cmtjoint  liegrtta :  in  musu,  two  notes  which  follow 
each  other  immediately  in  the  order  of  the  scale  ;  as 
nl  and  re.  JbAs-ion. 

Comjoimt  trtriukards ;  two  leiracbords  or  f<mrths, 
where  the  same  note  is  the  highest  of  one  and  the 
lowest  of  the  other.  Encyc 

€ON-JOINT'LY,  oi/r.  Jointly;  unitedly;  in  union; 
together.  Dryden. 

€O.N-JOiXT'XESS,it.  State  of  being  joined  oruiiiied. 

CON'JU-GAL,  a,  [L.  emtjugatis,  from  atvjug'mm, 
marriage  ;  e»»jitgOj  to  yoke  or  couple  ;  cux  and  ju^o, 
id.    See  Joi:t  and  Yoke.] 

1.  Belonsing  to  marriage;  matrimonial;  connu- 
bial ;  as,  conjucrul  relation  ;  ecnjugal  \.\k». 

2:  Suitable  to  the  married  sL-ite  ;  becoming  a  hus- 
band in  riTlstion  to  his  consort,  or  a  consort  in  tela- 
lifm  to  her  husband  ;  as,  conjugal  affection. 

©ON'JU-GAL-LY,  orfc.     Matrimonially;  connubially. 

CO\'JL'-GATE,  r.  £.  [L.  conjmgOy  conjugatus.  to 
couple  ;  co<t  and  ja^a,  to  yuke,  to  maxry.  See  Join 
and  YoKB.J 

1.  To  jom  ;  to  unite  in  marringe.    [AVt  nav  itsedJ] 

WoUon. 
%  In  grmmmary  to  distribute  the  parts  or  intlec- 
Utms  of  a  verb  into  the  several  voices,  modes, 
tenses,  numbers,  and  persons,  so  as  to  show  tiieir 
connections,  di:^tinctiuiis,  and  modes  of  ftirmation. 
LderaUy^  to  connect  all  the  inflections  of  a  verb,  ac- 
cording to  their  derivation,  or  all  the  variations  of 
one  verb.  In  English^  as  tlie  verb  undergot-s  few 
Variations,  cimjugation  consi>^ts  chiefly  in  combining 
the  words  which  unitedly  furm  the  several  tenses  in 
the  several  perstms. 

CON'JU-GATE,  A.  A  word  agreeing  in  derivation 
with  another  word,  and  therefore  generally  resem- 
bling it  in  signification. 

We  hart   leivrord,  in    It^Sc,  ihai  conjugaUa  BJt  •nmrtim-t  ui 
OAiue  onij,  mini  mA  n  deed.  UramiiaH. 

COX'JU-GATE,   a.    In  botany,  a  conjugate  leaf  is  a 

pinnate  leaf  which  has  only  one  pair  of  leaflets  ;  a 

eoHJugate  raceme  has  two  racemes  only,  united  by  a 

common  peduncle.  Martyn. 

CanjugaU  diariMer  ;  in  gemnrtry^  a  diameter  paral- 


CON 

kl  to  a  tangent  at  the  vertex  of  the  primitive  diame- 
ter. ./J.  D.  Stanley. 
eoN'JU-GA-TED,  pp.     Passed   through   its   vurious 

fonni,  as  a  verb. 
€ON'JU-G.4-TlNG,  ppr.    Passing  through  its  modes 

of  form:ition. 
eON-JU-GA' HON,  n.     [L.  conjugatio.] 

1.  A  couple  or  pair;  as,  a  cottju^ation  of  nerves. 
[Little  used,]  Brown. 

S.  The  act  of  uniting  or  compiting  ;  union ;  as- 
aamblage.  Benttry.     Tai/lvr. 

3.  In  grammar^  the  distribution  uf  the  several  in- 
flect)o:is  or  variations  of  a  verb,  in  their  different 
voices,  monies,  tenijes,  numbers,  and  persons  ;  a  con- 
nected scheme  of  ntl  the  derivative  furms  of  a  verb. 
GON-JU\eT',  a.  [L.  coajuncttu,  from  eonjungo.  See 
Co:<joi!f.] 
Coiyoined:  united;  concurrent.  Shak, 

eONJlfxe'TION,  «.     [h.  conjnnetio.    See  CoNJoirt.] 

1.  UniiMi ;  couuectiun  ;  association  by  treaty  or 
otherwise.  Bacon.     South. 

a.  In  astronomy,  the  meeting  of  two  or  more  stars 
or  planets  in  the  suuie  degree  of  the  zodiac  ;  as,  tlte 
eonjuHctioA  of  the  moon  with  tlte  sun,  or  of  Jupiter 
and  Saturn. 

Heavenly  bodies  are  said  to  be  in  eonjanction  when 
they  are  seen  in  the  sunie  jKirt  of  the  heavens,  or 
have  the  same  longitude.  The  inferior  conjunction 
of  a  planet  is  its  [hxsitiun  when  in  conjunction  on  ttie 
fiame  aide  of  the  sun  witli  the  earth  ;  the  superior 
conjunction  is  iLs  position  when  on  the  side  of  the 
Bun  moat  distant  from  the  earth.  D.  Olmsted. 

3.  In  grammary  a  connective  or  conneu'ting  word  ; 
an  indeclinable  word  which  serves  to  unite  sen- 
tences or  the  clauses  of  a  sentence  and  words,  join- 
ing two  or  more  simple  sentences  into  une  compound 
one,  and  continuing  it  at  the  pleasure  of  the  writer 
or  speaker.  This  book  cost  one  dollar  and  ten  cents. 
Virtue  and  vice  are  not  compatible. 

God  OKllml  tbe  Ufht  day,  and  tbe  dutnea  be  called  nij^t.  — 

Tbt  bopa  of  Um  flffaMsua  AaU  be  gladoe«,  iol  tbe  expocuUou 
of  Ifae  wicked  aball  peiWi.  — •  Prov.  x. 

4.  The  copulation  of  the  sexes.         Smitk'g  Tour, 
eONJUXe'TIVE,  a.    Closely  united.  Skak. 

2.  Uniting;  serving  to  unite. 

3.  In  fTamnuir,  the  conjwutive  mode  is  that  which 
follows  a  conjunction,  or  expresses  some  condition 
or  contingency.  It  is  more  generally  called  sub- 
junclive. 

€O.N-JUX€'TIVE-LY,«lp.    In  conjunction  or  union; 

together.  ^roioa. 

€OXJL'XC'TIVE-NES3,  n.    The  quality  of  conjoin 

ing  or  uniting. 
eOX-JV'XeT'LY,  ado.    In  union  ;  jointly;  together. 
eOX-JU-NGT'l^RE,    (kon-junkt'yur,)    n.      [Fr    cojt- 

jvnctnre.     See  Coxjoin.] 

I.  .\  joining;    a  combination    or   union,    as    of 

causes,  events,  or  circumstances  ;  as,   an  unhappy 

comunctnre  of  affairs. 
a  An  occasion  ;  a  critical  time,  proceeding  from  a 

union   of   circumstances;    as,  at    that    eoniuncture, 

peace  was  very  desirable.    Jukctukk  is  usea  inalike 

sense. 

3.  Union  ;  connection  ;  mode  of  union ;  as,  the 
conjuncture.^  of  letters  in  words.  Holder. 

4.  Connection  ;  union  ;  consistency. 

]  wTij  willing  to  grnnt  to  Pr»b)tery  what  with  reason  it  can  pre- 
tend to,  in  a  cor^'unciurt  with  K^uacopac^.   King  CharUM. 

eON-JU-RATION,  (kun-ju-ra'snun,)  n,  [See  Co:«- 
-JURK.]  The  act  of  using  certain  words  or  cere- 
monies to  obtain  the  aid  of  a  superior  being  ;  the  act 
of  summoning  in  a  sacred  name  ;  the  practice  of  arts 
to  expel  evil  spirits,  allay  storms,  or  perform  super- 
natunil  or  extraordinary  acts. 

COX-JO  RE',  r.  L  [  L.  conjaro,  to  swear  together,  to 
conspire;  con  and  juro,  to  swear;  It.  congiarare; 
Sp.  conjuror;  Fr.  conjurer.^ 

1.  To  call  on  or  summon  by  a  sacred  name,  or  in 
a  solemn  manner;  to  implore  with  solemnity.  It 
seema  originally  to  have  signified,  to  bind  by  an  oath. 

I  conjure  yoii !  let  him  know, 
WhaieVr  wa«  «li>ue  a^^ust  him,  Caw  did  it.         Addison, 

2.  To  bind  two  or  more  by  an  oath  ;  to  unite  in  a 
common  design.  Hence,  intransitively,  to  conspire. 
[^'ot  tiSMot.]  Jtltlton. 

€OX'JURE,  (kun'jur,)  r.  t.  To  affect,  in  some  man- 
ner, by  magic  arts,  as  by  invoking  the  Supreme 
Being,  or  by  the  use  of  certain  words,  characters,  or 
ceremonies,  to  engage  Bupernatural  intluence  ;  as,  to 
conjure  up  evil  spirits,  or  to  conjure  down  a  teni{>est ; 
to  atnjure  the  stars. 

JVote,  —  It  is  not  easy  to  define  this^^'ord,  nor  any 
word  of  like  import ;  as  the  practices  of  conjurers 
are  little  known,  or  various  and  indefinite.  The 
use  of  this  word  indicates  that  an  oath  or  solemn  in- 
vocation originally  formed  a  part  of  the  ceremonies. 

2.  To  conjure  up;  to  raise  up  or  bring  into  exist- 
ence without  reason,  or  by  unnatural  means;  as,  to 
eonjitrt  up  a  phantom,  to  conjure  up  a  story. 

COX'JURE,  (kun'jur,)  p.  i.  To  practice  the  art?  of  a 
conjurer  ;  to  use  arts  to  engage  the  aid  of  spiriu  in 
performing  some  extraordinary  act.  Shak, 


CON 

2.  In  a  tuh^ar  sense,  to  behave  very  strangely;  to 
act  like  a  witch  ;  to  play  tricks. 

eoX-JOR'/ai,  pp.    Bound  by  an  oath. 

euN-JORE'MLXT,  n.  Serious  injunction;  solemn 
demand.  Mdion. 

€ON'JU-RER,  (kun'jur-er,)  n.  One  who  practices 
conjuration";  one  who  pretends  to  the  secret  art  of 
performing  tilings  supernatural  or  exlniordinaTy,  by 
the  aid  of  superior  powers  ;  an  impostor  who  pre- 
tends, by  unknown  means,  to  discover  stolen  goods, 
&c.  Hence,  irtmically,  a  man  of  shrewd  conjecture  ; 
a  man  of  sa;,'acity.  Jiddison.     Prior. 

eoX-JCK'lXG,  ppr.    Enjoining  or  imploring  solemnly. 

€ON-NAS'CENCE,  n.  [L.  con  and  nascor,  to  be 
born.] 

1.  The  common  birth  of  two  or  more  at  the  same 
time;  prtMluction  of  two  or  more  togeiher. 

2.  A  being  born  or  pruduct-d  with  another.  Brcnen. 

3.  The  act  of  growing  together,  or  at  the  same 
time.  IViscman. 

eOX'XSTE,  a.    [L.  con  and  natus,  born,  from  nascor,] 

1.  Born  witli  anotlier;  being  of  the  same  birth  ;  as, 
connate,  notions.  South. 

2.  In  botany,  united  in  origin  ;  growing  from  one 
base,  or  united  at  their  bases  ;  united  into  one  body  ; 
as,  connate  leaves  or  anthers.  Marlijn. 

eOX-XA'TIOX,  n.     Connection  by  birth  ;    natural 

union. 
eOX-NAT'^-RAL,  a.  [con  and  natural.] 

1.  Connected  by  nature;  united  in  nature;  born 

with  anotlier. 


Thenar  airiM:tiuiia  are  connatural  to  u 
iticy. 

2.  Participating  of  the  same  nature. 

Anil  mix  with  our  contiaturai  diwt. 


.'Ealrange. 


€ON-NAT-U-RAL'I-TY,  n.  Participation  of  the 
same  nature  ;  natural  union.  Johnson.     Hale. 

eON-NAT'U-RAL-IZE,  r.  L     To  connect  by  nature. 

€ON-NAT'lJ-RAL-rZ-KD,;7p.     Connected  hy  nature. 

€ON-NAT'll-RAL-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Connecting  by  na- 
ture. 

€ON-NAT'IJ-RAL-LY,  adv.  By  the  act  of  nature ; 
originally.  Hale. 

€ON-XAT'lT-RAL-NESS,  n.  Particii.ation  of  the 
sf»me  nature  ;  natural  union.      Johnson.     Pearson. 

CON-NECT',  V,  L  [L.  conneeto  ;  eon  and  nectof  It. 
amnettcre.     See  Class  Ng,  No.  32,  38,  40,  41.] 

1.  To  knit  or  link  together ;  to  tie  or  fasten  to- 
gether, as  by  something  intfervening,  or  by  weaving, 
winding,  or  twining.    Hence, 

2.  To  join  or  unite;  to  conjoin,  in  almost  any 
manner,  either  by  junction,  by  any  intervening 
means,  or  by  order  and  relation.  We  connect  letters 
and  words  in  a  sentence  ;  we  connect  ideas  in  the 
mind  ;  we  connect  arguments  in  a  discourse.  The 
Strait  of  Gibraltar  connects  the  Mediterranean  with 
the  Atlantic.  A  treaty  connect;?  two  nations  The 
interests  of  agriculture  are  connected  with  those  of 
commerce.  Families  are  connected  by  marriage  or 
by  friendship. 

COX-XECT',  V.  I.  To  join,  unite,  or  cohere  ;  to  have 
a  close  relation  ;  as,  this  line  of  stage-cuaches  connects 
with  anotlier  ;  this  argument  connects  with  another. 

Burke. 

€OX-XECT'KD,  pp.    or  a.  Linked  together ;  united. 

eON-NECT'ED-LY,  adv.  By  connection  ;  in  a  con- 
nected maimer. 

GOX-.\ECT'IXG,ppr.    or  a.  Uniting;  conjoining. 

COX^-XEC'TIOX,  n.  [L.  eonnexio ;  It.  connessione. 
See  Connect.] 

1.  The  act  of  joining,  or  stale  of  being  joined ;  a 
sLite  of  being  knit  or  fastened  together :  union  by 
junction,  by  an  intervening  substance  or  medium, 
by  dependence  or  relation,  or  by  order  in  a  series ;  a 
word  of  very  general  import.  There  ta  a  conncctitm  of 
links  in  a  chain;  a  connection  between  all  parts  of 
tiie  human  body  ;  a  connection  between  virtue  and 
happiness,  and  between  this  life  and  tlie  future;  a 
connection  between  parent  and  child,  nia^'ter  and 
servant,  husband  and  wife;  between  motives  and 
actions,  and  between  actions  and  their  consequences. 
In  short,  the  word  is  applicable  to  almost  every  thing 
that  has  a  dependence  on  or  relation  to  another 
thing. 

2.  A  relation  by  blood  or  marriage. 

3.  A  religious  sect,  or  united  body  ;  as,  the  Meth- 
odist connection. 

€ON-NECT'IVE,  a.    Having  the  power  of  connecting. 

eOX-NECT'IVE,  7i.  In  giajnmaj;A  word  that  con- 
nects other  words  and  sentences;  a  conjunction. 
Harris  uses  the  word  for  conjunctions  and  proposi- 
tions, Hermes. 

€ON-XEeT'IVE-LY,  adv.  Tn  union  or  conjunction  ; 
jointlv.  •  SieifL 

€0X-X"EX',  v.  t.     [h.  connexum.] 

To  link  together  ;  to  join.     [A'tJi  in  use.]       Hall. 

eON-NEX'ION,  n.  Connection.  [But  for  the  sake 
of  regular  analog}',  I  have  inserted  Cowsection, 
as  the  derivative  of  the  English  conned,  and  would 
discard  Connexion.] 

COX-NEX'IVE,  a.  Connective;  having  the  power 
to  connect;  uniting;  conjunctive;  as,  conn(^zirp  par- 
ticles.    [Little  used.]  fVatta. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^VLL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PRgY.  — PLVE,  MAKtNE,  B1RD._N0TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


fi'^U 


CON 

eON-N'TV'AXCE,  n.     [See  Cowxive.]     Properly,  the 
act  uf  winking,    \iex\ce,  figuratively,  voluntary  blind- 
ness  to  an   act ;  intt-ntioniil   forbearance  to  see  a 
fault  or  other  act,  generally  implying  consent  to  it. 
Every  viO'  int-Tpr-u  a  egmtinince  to  be  approbadoa.  South. 

fON-N'TVE',  V.  i.  [L.  coniiireo,  eonnivi  or  connixi; 
coti  and  the  root  of  nicto,  to  wink.     Class  Ng.l 

1.  To  wink  ;  to  close  and  open  the  eyulias  rajv 
idly.  Spectator. 

2.  In  a  fi^trative  sense,  to  close  the  eyes  upon  a 
fault  or  other  act ;  to  pretend  igiuinmce  or  blindness ; 
to  forbear  to  see;  to  overlotik  a  fault  or  other  act, 
and  suffer  it  to  pass  unnoticed^  unceiisured,  or  un- 
punished ;  as,  the  father  conntre^  at  the  vices  of 
his  son. 

€OX-\IV'EN-CY,  Ji,    Connivance;  which  see. 

£iicon. 
eON-NTV'ENT,  a.     Shutting  the  eyes  j  forbearing  to 
see.  .Milton. 

%  In  anatomy,  the  conn'wenl  valves  are  those  wrin- 
kles, cellules,  and  vascules,  which  are  found  on  the 
inside  of  the  intestines.  Encyc. 

3.  In  botany,  closely  united  ;  converging  topcilier. 
CON-.\T  V'ER,  ".     One  who  connives.  [Katon. 
COS'SIV'lSii,  ppr.     Closing  the  eyes  against  faults  ; 

pariuitting  faults  to  pass  uncensured. 

eoN-NOIri-SECll',  C*^on-nis-sur'  or  knn-nis-saur',)  n. 
[Fr.,  from  the  verb  connottre,  from  L.  cojnuaco^  to 
know.] 

A  person  well  versed  in  any  subject ;  a  skillful  or 
knowing  person  }  a  critical  judge  or  master  of  any 
art,  particularly  of  pamting  and  sculpture. 

eON-NOlS-CsEuK'tiUlP,  n.  The  skill  of  a  connois- 
seur. 

€ON'XO-TATE,  v,  U    {con  and  nott,  L.  nolo,  notatu.<'.'\ 
To  de.signale  with  something  else  ;  to  imply.    {Lit- 
tle usedA  Hammond. 

eON'NO-TA-TED,  pp.    Desitrnated. 

eON'NO-TA-TING,  ppr.     Designating. 

eON-NO-TA'TlO.V,  n.  The  act  of  making  known  or 
designating  with  something  ;  implication  of  some- 
thing bt'side  itself;  inference.  [Liaieused.']    Halt. 

€0.\"-.N0  TE',  r.  t.  [L.  con  and  notai  nuto,  to  mark. 
See  Note.] 

To  make  known  together ;  to  imply  ;  to  denote  or 
desi;.'nale;  to  include.     {Little  used.'\  South. 

eOX-NoT'EI),  pp.     Denoted. 

€OX-N0'BI-AI*,  a.  fL.  eonnabuUts,  from  connubium  i 
eon  and  nubu,  to  marry.] 

Pertaining  to  marriage  ;  nuptial;  belonging  to  the 
state  of  husband  and  wife;  as,  connubial  riles;  coti- 
nubial  love. 

eON-NU-.MER-A'TIO.V,  n.    A  reckoning  logelhRr. 

Ponton. 

€OX'\(J-3AN'CE,  B.  [Fr.  eonnoisMnee,  from  cunnoUre, 
to  know,  L.  coffitosco.] 

Knowledge.     [See  Coo?iiza!«ce.] 

CON'XU-S.VXT,  a.     Knowing;  informed;  apprised. 

A  neiiiral  ritvl,  brmkinj^  ■  LIuclciUc,  b  ILiUe  ta  cvnfiRcntioii,  If 
connutant  of  tlte  UuckaUe.  Broiont. 

€0\-NLf-fOR'.     See  Coonhor. 
eON-NU-TRC'TlUUi;:,  a.     Nourishing  together. 
eON^NY,  a.     [\V.  cono.]     Brave ;  line.     [Ucal.] 

Orone. 
CC'NOID,  n.  [Gr.  Kt^vott^m  i  «b>f  oc*  a  cone,  and  ciiji^ 
fonn.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  f»olid  formed  by  the  revohition  of 
a  conic  section  about  its  axis.  If  the  conic  sectitm  is 
a  parabola,  tiit:  resulting  solid  is  a  paruholic  cnnoid, 
or  pamboloid  ;  if  an  hyjK*rbola,  the  solid  is  an  hyper- 
bolic cunoid,  or  hyperboloid  ;  if  an  ellipie,  an  ellip- 
tic coiinid,  a  spheroid,  or  an  ellipsoid.  Edin.  Encyc. 

2.  In  anatifmyy  a  gland  in  the  third  ventricle  of  the 
brain.  rpsi;mbling  a  cone  or  piae-apple,and  called  the 
pineal  c^land.  Encye. 

€0-NOli>'AL,  o.     Nearly  but  not  exactly  conical. 

/jindley. 

CO-.VOID'ie,  ia.    Pertaining  to  a  conoid;  tuving 

€0-.\OID'ie-AL,  i      the  form  of  a  conoid. 

eO-NO.M-I-NEE',  Tu  One  nominated  in  conjunction 
with  another  ;  a  joint  nominee.  Ktrby. 

eON-taiJAD'RATE,  V.  (.    To  bring  into  a  square. 

€0.\-ClUAS'SATE,  n.  £.     [L.  conqaasso.] 

To  Hhiike.     [Little  usedT]  Harvey. 

eON-UUAS'SA-'l'ED,  pp.    Shaken. 

€0\-aiJAS'SA-TING,  ppr.     Shaking. 

€O.N'CII;eR,  (konk'er.jr.f.  [Fr.conyHertr,  from  the  L. 
eowjttiro  t  con  and  qtuero,  to  seek,  to  obtain,  to  con- 
quer ;  Ann.  cottqeuri.  As  qiuEro  is  written,  it  belongs 
Ui  Class  tir,  and  its  preterit  to  Class  Gi.      See  Ar. 

\yS   karau  or  quarauj  and  Heh.  Ch.  *^pn  to  seek. 

Claas  Gr,  No.  51,  55.J 

1.  To  subdue  ;  to  reduce,  by  physical  furce,  til!  re- 
vlfltance  is  no  longer  made  ;  to  ovprrome  ;  to  van- 
qnL'^h.  Alexander  conquered  Asia.  The  Romans  con- 
qnrred  Carthage. 

2.  To  gam  by  force  ;  to  win  ;  to  take  possession  by 
violent  means  ;  to  gain  dominion  or  sovereignty  over, 
as  thf.  subduing  of  the  power  of  an  enmiy  generally 
Implies  possession  of  the  person  or  thing  subdued  by 


CON 

the  conqueror.  Thus,  a  king  or  an  army  conquers  a 
country,  or  a  city,  which  is  afterward  rej*tored. 

3.  To  subdue  ojiposition  or  resistance  of  the  will 
by  moral  force ;  to  overcome  by  argument,  persua- 
sion, or  other  influence. 

Anns  eonquert  hut  to  »are, 

Anil  rcivcnis  but  to  bless.  Smith. 

He  wi-nt  forth  conquering  nnil  to  cowpser.  — Rc».  ri. 

4.  To  overcome,  as  ditficulties;  to  surmount,  as 
obstacles  ;  to  subdue  whatever  opposes  ;  as,  to  con- 
quer the  passions ;  to  coni/ucr  reluctance. 

5.  To  gain  or  obtain  by  effort ;  as,  to  conquer  free- 
dom ;  to  conquer  |>eace ;  a  Krench  application  of  the 
Word. 

eON'UUER,  (konk'cr,)  v.  u  To  overcome;  to  gain 
tlie  victory. 

Tlie  cliampioiis  re«oi»«l  lo  conquer  or  to  die.  Waller. 

€ON'QUEU-A-BI.E,  a.  That  may  be  conquered, 
overcome,  or  subdued.  St'uth. 

€ON"aUEK-A-HLE-NESS,  n,  A  sUite  thai  admits  of 
being  conquen-d. 

eON'tlUER-EU,  (konk'erd,)  pp.  or  a.  Overcome; 
subdued  ;  vanquished  ;  gained  ;  won. 

eON'CiUER-E.SS,  n.  A  female  who  conquers;  a  vic- 
torious fir-male.  FairfiLx. 

CO\'UUER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Overcoming  ;  subduing ; 
vanquishing;  obtaining. 

CO.N'aUEtt-I.NG-LV,  (konk'er-)  ailc   By  conquering. 

eO\'aUEll-0K,  (konk'er-ur,)  n.  One  who  conquers  ; 
one  who  gain^*  a  victory;  one  who  subdues  and 
brings  into  subjection  or  possession,  by  force  or  by 
influence.  The  man  who  defeats  his  antagonist  in 
cornhiit  Is  a  conqueror,  as  is  the  general  or  admiral 
who  defeats  his  enemy. 

CO.N'UUEST,  (konk'west,)  n.  [Fr.  eonquHe:  It.  con- 
quista  ;  Sp.  id. ;  L.  cotiqitisitus,  qms-Httui,  qwestus,  from 
quaro,  to  seek.  The  h.  quasivij  qatesitas,  coincides  in 

elemenls  with  the  VV.  ccisiaw,  Eth.  /UJUJ  Class 
Gs,  No.  35.  The  primary  sense  is  to  seek,  to  press  or 
drive  toward.] 

I.  Thi!  act  of  conquering;  the  act  of  overcoming  or 
vanquishing  opi>osition  by  force,  physical  or  moral. 
jjpplirjl  to  prrxoiu,  territory,  and  the  tike,  it  usually  im- 
plies or  includes  a  taking  possession  of;  as,  the  con- 
que.it  o(  Caniuiix  by  the  British  troops.  So  we  speak 
of  the  conquest  of  the  he.irt,  the  passions,  or  the  will. 

%  Victory ;  success  in  arms ;  the  overcoming  of 
opposition. 

hi  joys  otconqiiett  he  nmgivt  hi*  lirextli.  Addiron. 

3.  That  which  is  conquered  ;  possession  gained  by 
force,  physical  or  moral ;  as,  Jamaica  was  a  valuable 
comiuesl  for  England. 

4.  In  a  feudal  sense,  ncqilest ;  accpiisition  ;  the  ac- 
quiring of  property  by  other^neans  tlian  by  inherit- 
ance, or  the  acquisition  of  proiH.Tty  by  a  number  in 
conununity,  or  by  one  fur  all  the  others. 

Blaefcsto  ne.     En  eye. 

5.  In  the  law  of  nations,  the  acquisition  of  sove- 
reignly by  fnrce  of  arms. 

Th»  ri'ht  o(  confuett '»  dorivnl  from  the  lawi  of  war.    Encye, 

6.  The  act  of  gaining  or  regaining  by  effort ;  as,  the 
conquest  of  liberty  or  (wace  ;  a  Errnch  phrase. 

eO.N-SAN-GUIN'E-OLTS,  a,    [L.  eon.mitnuineus,  infra.] 
Of  the  same  blood ;   related  by  birth ;   descended 
from  the  same  parent  or  ancestor.  Shak. 

eO.N-SA.N  GIJIN'I-TY,  n.  [I*  eonsan^uinitas ;  con 
and  .lanffuii,  bl<NMl.] 

The  relation  of  persons  by  blood  ;  the  relation  or 
connection  of  jtersons  descended  from  the  same  stock 
or  Common  ancestor,  in  distinction  from  atlinity  or 
relation  by  marriage.    It  is  lineal  or  collateral. 

Jitack.itone. 

eON  SXR-CIN-XTION,  %.  The  act  of  patching  to- 
gether. 

eON'SCIENCE,  (kon'shens,)  ti,  [Fr.frora  L.  eonsei- 
entia,  from  conscio,  to  know,  to  be  privy  to ;  con  and 
seiii,  to  know  ;  It.  conscienza,  or  coscienza;  S]i.  cojici- 
encifu] 

1.  Internal  or  self-knowledge,  or  judgment  of  right 
and  wrong  ;  or  the  faculty,  power,  or  principle  witii- 
in  us,  which  decides  on  the  lawfulness  or  unlawful- 
ness of  our  own  actions  and  affections,  and  instantly 
approves  or  condemns  them. 

Conscience  is  called,  by  some  writers,  the  moral 
sense,  and  considered  as  an  original  faculty  of  our 
nature.  Others  question  the  propriety  of  considering 
conscience  as  a  distinct  faculty  or  principle.  They 
consider  it  rathrr  as  the  general  principle  of  moral 
approbation  or  disapjirobation,  applied  to  one's  own 
couiluct  and  affi^ttiouH  ;  alleging  that  our  notions  of 
right  and  wrong  are  not  to  be  deduced  from  a  single 
principle  or  faculty,  but  from  various  jKiwers  of  tlie 
understanding  and  will. 

Encyc     JIutcheson.     Reid.     Edin.  Encyc 

Being  cotifitirti  by  ilvlr  twn  ronecience,  thry  went  mil  one  by 

our.  — Jolin  viii. 
The  eonecUnce  manitrau  il»i-lf  In  tfw  ierlin(f  of  oMigntion   we 

expehcuce,  wbicb  nrooedes,  sttencla,  uiil  follows  our  nciioiis. 

E.  r.  puch. 

Conscience  te  Ant  occupji'd  in  Mcrtniiiin^  oiU'  duty,  bt-fore  we 
pnx'.-ed  to  wUou ;  then  lu  j<i<J)png  of  our  actions  wlvn 
p»:rfwrined.  /.  A/.  Maaun. 


COi\ 

2.  The  estimate  or  determination  of  conscience ; 

justice ;  honesty. 

What  you  require  can  not,  in  contcienct,  be  defcTTed,    MUlon, 

3.  Real  sentiment ;  private  thougtils  ;  tnith  ;  as,  do 
you  in  conscience  believe  the  story? 

4.  Consciousness ;  knowledge  of  our  own  actions 
or  thoughts. 

The  iwe^tost  conli^l  we  reoeire,  at  la*t, 

Is  coittdence  of  our  Tinuous  actions  past,  Denham. 

[This  primary  sense  of  the  icord  is  nearly,  perhaps 
woolly,  obsolete.] 

5.  Knowledge  of  the  actions  of  others. 

B.  Jon.wn. 

6.  In  ludicrous  language,  reason  or  reasonableness. 

Uair-a-(lo»'n  foob  are,  iu  all  contdence,  ax  many  as  you  sbould 
rwj'iiro.  SwyfU 

To  make  eonsdeneey  or  a  matter  of  conscience.  Is  to 
act  according  to  the  dictates  of  conscience,  or  lu  scru- 
ple to  act  conlrar>-  lo  its  dictates.  Locke. 

Court  of  conscience :  in  En^^land,  a  court  estai)lishcd 
for  the  recovery  of  small  debts,  in  London  and  other 
tradine  cities  and  districts.  Blackstone. 

eON'SCIENCE-LESS,  a.     Having  no  conscience. 

Hooker, 

eON'SCIENCE-PROOF,  a.  Proof  against  the  com- 
punctions of  conscience. 

eON'SCIEXCE-SMIT'T£X,  a.  SmiUtn  by  con- 
science; stung  with  remorse.  AlUn. 

eON'SCIENC-£D,  (kon'shensht,)  a.  Having  con- 
science. South. 

eOX'SCIENT,  a.     Conscious.     [J^'ot  iwed.}    Bacon, 

€ON-SCI-EN'TlOlIS,  (kon-she-en'shus,)  a.  Influ- 
enced by  conscience  ;  governed  by  a  strict  regard  to 
the  dictates  of  conscience,  or  by  the  known  or  sup- 
posed rules  of  right  and  wrong ;  as,  a  conscienttous 
judge. 

2.  Regulated  by  conscience  ;  according  to  the  dic- 
tates of  conscience  ;  as,  a  conscientious  probity. 

L'E:^tranTe. 

€ON-SCI-EX'TIOUS-LY,  adv.  According  to  the  di- 
rection of  conscience ;  witli  a  strict  regard  to  right 
and  wrong.     A  man  mnv  err  eonseieHtiou.<ly. 

eON-SCl-EN'TlOUS-NESS,  n.  A  scrupulous  regard 
to  the  decisions  of  conscience  ;  a  sense  of  justice, 
and  strict  conformity  lo  its  dictates.  Locke. 

All  his  conduct  •i*rmcd  marked  with  an  exact  aud  tinvaryiug 
carucietitioatittti. 

J.  L.  Kingtley,  Eulogy  on  Pro/.  Fishitr. 

eON'PCION-.A-BLE,  o.  According  to  conscience  ;  rear 
sonable ;  just. 

Let  my  debtors  hafc  conidonabU  •utisfaciion.  Wotton. 

eON'SClON-A  BI.E-NES3,  n.  fieasonableness  ;  equi- 
ty. DicL 

eoX'SCIOX-A-BLY,  ado.  In  a  manner  agreeable  to 
conscience  ;  reasonably  ;  justly.  Taylor. 

eOX'SCIOUS,  (kon'shus,)  a.     [L.  ennscius.] 

1.  Possessing  the  faculty  or  p<jwer  ot*^  knowing 
one's  own  thoughts  or  menial  ojKjrations.  Thus, 
man  is  a  conscious  being. 

2.  Knowing  from  memory,  or  without  extraneous 
information  ;  as,  I  am  nut  conscious  of  the  fact 

TliP  diimir'l  then  to  Tancrcd  smt, 

Who,  atntfioue  ofxiv-  occtsiuii,  (eared  the  evont.        Drydtn. 

3.  Knowing  by  consciousness,  or  internal  percep- 
tion or  p(;rsujision  ;  as,  I  am  not  conscious  of  having 
given  any  offense.  Sometimes  followed  by  to ;  as,  I 
am  not  aniscious  to  myself. 

JEn'ina  only,  eonecioue  lo  the  si^, 

Presjgvd  Uie  cvt;nt.  Dryden. 

So  we  say,  conscious  of  innocence,  or  of  ignorancei 
or  of  a  crime. 
eON'SClOUS-LY,  adv.     With  knowledge   of  one»s 
own  mental  operations  or  actions. 

If  Uw^se  p^rc-plions,  with  ihrir  rjinsciftiisiipffl,  always  remained 
bi  the  mind,  ihn  same  Uiinkiu^  thing  would  be  always  con- 
Mciotitly  prra-nt.  Locke, 

eON'SCIOUS-NE.SS,   n.     The  knowledge  of  sensa- 
tions and   mental  operations,  or  of  what  passes  in 
one's  own  mind  ;  the  act  of  the  mind  which  makes 
known  an  internal  object,      Locke     Reid.    Encye. 
Conadoittnett  of  our  s.nsalions,   and  cofucioiiineas    of   our 

existence,  s^m  to  be  simiiltHneous.  Eflin.  Encyc. 

Contdoutneie  must  be  an  esMential  stuibute  of  spirit.     Waus. 

2.  Internal  sense  or  knowledge  of  guilt  or  inno- 
cence. A  man  may  betray  his  consciousness  of  guilt 
by  his  countenance. 

3.  Certain  knowledge  from  observation  or  experi- 
ence. Oibbtm. 

eO.N'SCRIPT,  a.  [L.  eonseriptus,  from  eoTiscribo^  to 
enroll ;  con  and  scnbo,  to  write.] 

Written  ;  enrolled  ;  as,  conscript  fathers,  the  sena- 
tors of  Rome,  so  called  because  their  names  were 
written  in  the  register  of  the  senate. 

eoX'SCRIPT,  n.  One  taken  by  hit  from  the  conscrip- 
tion list,  and  romp'-lled  to  ser\*e  as  a  soldier  or  sailor. 
[jf  vrord  u.ted  in  France.] 

eON-SCRlP'TION,  n.     \l..  conscriptw.l 

1.  An  enrolling  or  registering. 

2.  A  compulsitry  enrollment  of  individuals  of  a 
certain  age,  held  liable  to  be  drafted  for  milittiry  or 
naval  service ;  a  system  which  existed  among  the 


TONE,  BULL,  tJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  8H ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 
_  251 


CON 

Roman$i,  and  was  (ir4  )um>tluced  iuto  Fntiirt>  :\i  tbe 
tiiun  of  Ihe  rvviilution.  BranJe. 

CON'SIVti'KATK,  r.  t.     [1,,  trtn-tfcro  ;  ce*  and  sacro^  to 
Cv'!  I.     See  Saobkh.] 

sacred,  by  ct-rtain  cer- 
t!  .:l'  to  sacred  uses ;  to  set 

tuMii,  ut-uiLui.1-,  ur  ut><>ir,iM  liic  scrvice  Olid  wonliip 
of  Uod ;  BS,  to  cmwconote  a  cburch. 

1>iDa  ilnlt  CDfifaonUfl  Amma  and  hia  Mtw.  —  E*od.  siU. 

AU  tbe  u)*er,  itn.l  F(»t>l,  »iul  Trwr>U  of  bram  <u>d  inMi,  ate  cofi- 
Movtirf  v>  iht?  LMia.  —  Joab.  «i. 

3.  To  canimize ;  to  exalt  to  the  rank  of  a  aaint ;  to 
enroll  among  the  gods,  as  a  Roman  empercr. 

3.  To  8«c  apart  and  Uess  the  cic uicnu  in  tbe  rucha- 
ri5t. 

4.  To  render  TeneraMe ;  to  make  respected  ;  as, 
niL-^  itr  pniiriples  emueermltd  by  time. 

COX'.SR-€RA TE,  a.    Sacred ;  conaecrated  ;  devoted ; 
dedicated. 


Tbf/  aert 


btbrf 


lU  m0m  tdimm  mmd.wmUss  ht  pttnf.] 

-TED,  pp.  or  «.    Hade  aocnsd  by  rere- 


eOX'SB^RA-TED, 
Riuaiea  or  aoleaui  rit«a ;  acpotntod  Aom  a  oomnmn  to 
a  stcred  use ;  devoted  or  dedknted  to  tbe  service  and 
wonhjp  of  Ood  ;  made  reoeiablo. 

CON'SE-eUA-TED-NESS,  a.  8tate»or  being  conse- 
cnied. 

eON'SK  CRA  TING,  ppr.  or  «.  Makinp  sacred  ;  ap- 
pnt'.mattQe  to  a  -<acred  uso  ;  di.*d:caline  to  tbe  aervice 
oTG.I  .  .1  v.rini;  ri'ndmnR  vi*nerat)le. 

COS  ;  i.*S,  m.    Tbe  act  of  cervinony  of  sep- 

ar  .  >niinoD  to  a  sacred  use,  or  uf  dcvo- 

t<iij  I'.ing  a  person  or  tbing  to  the  service 

and  Worship  oi  God^  by  certain  rites  or  sttlcinnities. 
OMUQcration  does  not  make  a  perMm  or  tiling  really 
kotM  but  declares  it  to  be  aaard,  that  is,  devtrfiil  to 
Gud,  or  to  divine  service  ;  aa,  tbe  emutcnUtan  ofihe 
priests  among  tbe  Urau-litcs  ^  tlie  cvmseermHon  of  ilie 
verneU  used  in  the  temple  j  the  coiuecralion  of  a 
bishop. 

fi.  Canonization  j  tbe  act  of  pnblidy  enmlling  or 
numbering  among  the  acknowledged  saints  or  gixls ; 
the  cerrraony  of  tbe  apoiheo^  of  an  em^vmr.  UaU, 
3.  The  benediction  of  the  elements  in  tbe  eucha- 
rist ;  thrnrt  of  9ietting  apart  and  bleaaiug  tbe  cKincntd 
in*' --n.  Emcpc 

€X'.N  R,  n.     One  who  conaecralea  ;  one 

n  I  ■  riic9  by  which  a  permn  or  ihin^ 

i8u...i    i  •■. '<  Uicated  to  «acred  purpuseo.  .Jffirkanr. 

eO.N'SE-CttA '1 0-RY,  a.     Making  sacred. 

€0N-8Ee-ri'.\E-0US, a.    Ft>UowiBgof*eotir8c 

OMert. 
eON'?Ee-TA-RV,  a.    [h.  ctfiwMtanw,  frrnn  etnutcctor, 
i^  (Utow  ;  eom  and  Mctor,  MfiMr.    See  Ssca.] 

Fullowing  ;  cunaeqoeal  j  cooaequential  i  dcducible. 

Brvten. 
eON'SEe-TA-RV,  a.     That  which  foll^-ws ;  conse- 
quence ;  deduction  from  premises  j  corUlary. 

€ON-SE-€t>'TI0.V.  «.  [L.  ct*n->Mitio,  from  aautmor, 
to  fuUoW  ;  eon  and  sequor^  to  fullow.     See  Sckk.] 

1.  A  following  or  scqu^i  ;  train  of  consc<iu»iices 
&Dm  premises ;  series  of  deductions.  Hale. 

2.  Succession  ;  series  of  tilings  that  follow  each 
other ;  as,  a  cartsecxtion  of  colors.  ^aeton, 

€K)X-iSEe'l^-TIVE,  tt.  [IL  coMsecuUco;  Fr.  eoHsccudf. 
SeeCoxsccrnos.] 

1.  Following  in  atmin  ;  succeeding  one  another  in 

a  regular  ord'-r ;  successive;  nnintfmipted  in  course 

or  succ^-ssion  ;  as,  fifty  eonjtfcutice  yearsn,    j9rbathnot. 

9.  Fotlotving;  consequential;  sttccet^ing  :  a.^,  the 

actions  of  men  antifcutive  t'j  volition.  Ifcke, 

3.  CutsecuUre  chords^  in  atiubr,  imply  a  sttrcossion 
or  repetition  of  the  same  cons<tnance  in  similar  mo- 
tion.    £i»cwc, 

€ON-SE€'T^-TrVE-LT,  adv.  Dy  way  of  conat-qu'ence 
or  succession,  in  opposition  to  aatecetUmly  or  casiuUiy. 

Vict. 

€ON'-SEe'tI-TIVE-XES8,  a.  Stats  of  being  conscc- 
Ktive. 

eO\-SE-VE?'CEN'CE,    )  n.     [L.  eanseiteseo,  to  grow 

eON-SF^X  E.S'CE.\-CY,  (      old.] 

A  ffrowins  old  ;  decay  from  age;  as,  the  unntrnes- 
cmee  of  llie  world.  Ray, 

€OX-t?E.\'riIOX,  H,     rU  amseiuio.    See  Consent.] 
Agr»-em<'*it ;  accwa.     [Little  uAed.'\  BentUy. 

GON-SENT'  M.  [L.  eaH.*rR.nt3  ;  It.  eonsenso ;  Fr.  con- 
^emXcmeiU :  Sp.  eonaentimiento ;  from  L.  eonserttio,  to  be 
of  one  mind,  to  agree ;  eon  and  sentio^  to  think,  feel, 
or  perceive ;  Sp.  consentirf  PorL  Fr.  id. ;  It.  coHsentire. 
See  Pk-ise  and  Assett.] 

I.  ACTit'm*nt  of  the  mind  to  what  is  proposed  or 
slated  by  another  ;  accOTd  ;  hence,  a  yielding  of  the 
mind  or  will  Ui  that  which  is  propi>sed  ;  as,  a  {larent 
gives  h!-«  corLtnt  to  tbe  raarrinee  of  his  daugUtcr. 

We  prnerally  use  this  word  in  cases  where  power, 
rights,  and  flaims.  are  concerned.  We  give  cviuent, 
wlifu  \vt-  yi<ld  that  which  we  have  a  right  to  with- 
hold ;  but  wu  do  not  give  eansent  to  a  mere  opinion 
or  ab*U:ir"t  pr^ip-'siiinn.  In  this  case,  we  sive  our  as- 
»eiU.  I!ut  dc*'-/*/  i'*  also  U5fii  in  conceding  what  we 
may  withhold.    We  give  our  assent  to  the  marriage 


CON 

of  a  d.iiightrr.  Consetjuently,  assent  has  a  more  ex- 
ten.«ivi'  »4)phcation  than  eannenL  But  the  distinction 
is  not  always  observed.  OnuctU  often  mnounts  to 
pervussioH, 

Defraud  Tc  not  one  ADOifaer,  exenn  with  tomstnt  for  a  time.— 
1  Cor.  vK. 

Si.  Accord  of  minds;  agreement;  unity  of  opinion. 

Ail  with  one  coruent  Ir^n  to  make  cxctiae.  —  Luko  x\r. 
Tin,'  c«iiiiiMtijr  uf  jirii-su  'iiiurvItT  hj  coKMrU.  —  Uu«.  tI. 

3.  Agreement;  coherence;  correspondence  in 
parts,  qualities,  or  operation. 

fitich  is  U*f  wort.I*i  jfT^at  hnrmonv,  thst  Bprin^* 

From  utkion,  onlrr,  full  rorwcnl  <^f  Aiitga,  Pope, 

4.  In  tir  a^iimal  eroni<my.  an  agri-emenl,  or  sympa- 
thy, by  which  one  aireciJcl  luirt  of  the  t>ystem  atlicts 
Born<-  distant  part.  This  cnnsfHt  is  snpixwed  to  exist 
in,  c»r  be  pnidnced  bv>  tbe  nerves,  and  tbenlVictiuna 
to  be  cmnmiinicatMil  from  one  part  to  anollier  by 
niean^  of  Uicir  niniirlcarKms  and  distrihuiiuns  ihrough 
the  body.  Thus  the  stone  in  tlie  hladdiT,  by  velli- 
catini*  the  fib*  rs,  will  produce  sijasnis  anil  colic  in 
Uie  btiwels  ;  a  ^liami-fUl  thing  seen  iir  heard  will  pro- 
duce blubbing  in  tlie  diet  k a.  Quincy.     Encyc. 

But  niiiuy  facts   indicate  that  other  causes  than 
nervous  coninmnication  produce  sympathy, 
CON-I^E^lT',  V.  i.     [L.  eoasmtio.     See  tlie  noun.] 

1.  LitrrtUliiy  to  think  with  another.  Hence,  to 
agree  or  accord.  More  generally,  to  agree  in  mind 
and  will;  lo  yield  to  wliat  one  has  the  power,  the 
right,  ur  the  di^{>ositioM  to  witbbold^  or  refui^e  to 
grant. 

ir  Hiin^n  ««iop  ihrr,  coiuent  ihou  not.  —  Prov.  L 
Ari<l  S4itl  W4»  (OrM«ntinf  bi  Si-phni'a  dciih.  —  AcU  riH, 
Oitiy  Ici  Ui  torutot  lu  Lk-ii),  lutil  liti.7  wiU  dw«ll  wiUi  lu. — 
Geo.  xxxiv, 

a.  To  agree, 

Wtvn  ibou  MwcH  m  Uiir*f,  thou  eon»«nted$t  with  hiin.  —  P*.  I. 
3.  ToaasouU 

I  anumt  ID  Uw  hv,  that  Hb  good.  —  Rom.  rtt.     1  Tim.  vt 

eo\-SEN-TA-i\K'l-TY,  a.    Mutual  agreement 
eON-;^E.\-TA'.\E-OUS,  a.      [L.  coiuenloaea*.      See 

COTISSIT.I 

Agreeable ;  accordant ;  cunsistent  with  ;  suitable. 

TV  prMtloP  of  v'vnve  h  not  cotuerUanetnu  u>  tbe  unr^tirwcd 
l»**it-  Anon. 

eO\SE.\-TA'NE-OUS-LY,  adt.     Agrt;eably  j    con- 

9isi»-nily  ;  stiitahlv. 
eON-SEX-TA'NE-6US-\ESS,  a.      Agreement;   ac- 

cordaiire  ;  consistency.  DicL 

eOX-.'^EXT'ER^  B.    One  who  consents. 
COX-SEX 'TIE.NT,  (koD-sen'sbent,)  a.  [L.  consentiens, 

COJtsr»fio.] 
.\grei;iiig  in  mind ;  accordant  in  opinion. 

The  Atnbwrtqr  doe  lo  itae  nMWtrUicHf  )uJi|[inent  of  Ihr  church. 

Pear  ton, 

eOX'SE-QIJEXCE,  N.     [I>.  COTMeyacnfta,  from  eonse- 
qaor;  evn  and  sequor^  to  follow.     See  8e£K.] 

L  That  which  follows  from  any  act,  cause,  princi- 
ple, or  inTtes  of  actions,  llfucc,  an  event  or  effect 
produc4*d  by  some  preceding  act  or  cause 

6hun  the  biurr  aom*ejumtce ;  for  know. 
Tbe  d.\jr  thou  ntcst  iherroi;  thou  shftlt  tUe.  MVlon. 

The  rofiMTUcnco  of  h>t^riiix:raiiee  w  d'mgnct,  poT«rtj',  diacasp, 
niid  prriiknlure  death. 

2.  In  lo^if,  a  proposition  collected  from  the  agree- 
ment of  other  previous  propositions  ;  the  conclusion 
which  results  from  reason  or  argument ;  inference ; 
deduction. 

Krerjr  mtk^iiKl   bring  ]a  nccountnble   to   hia   MakT ;   man  u  a 
ntti'Minl  I'-ing;  thr^  ajnsequenct   theu  musL  be,  that  iiuui  is 

MCoUIlUl'l'^  Ui  hia  Mnk'T. 

Fnia  ihi»  tntiti  of  arguiTiciit,  the  Ofntequenet  b  obvioaa. 

3.  Connection  of  cause  and  effect ;  consecution. 

]  f.-lt 

ThtU  T  mim  aft/r  Ihee,  with  tfab  my  aoa ; 

Slid)  tuiU  cunteijuence  unitos  u>  three.  MUton. 

4.  Influence;  tendency,  as  to  effects.  The  sense 
of  o/rusequeHce,  in  this  use,  is  modified  by  the  words 
connected  with  it;  a*i,  "it  is  of  little  consequence,^' 
that  is,  of  little  importance,  small  effL-cts  will  fnltow  ; 
**  it  isof  «o  consrquencey"  of  no  moment,  no  effect  of 
importance  will  foilow ;  "  it  is  of  gre/it  eonscqaeiice,'' 
of  great  importance,  great  effects  will  follow. 

5.  ImjMrtance;  extent^ive  influence;  distinction; 
as,  a  man  of  great  consequence  in  society. 

In  consequence ;  by  means  of ;  as  the  effect  of. 
eOX'SE-QUE.N'T,  a,     [L.  consrqueiis.] 

1.  FoUowmg  as  the  natural  effect ;  with  to  or  otu 

Tbe  n£rhi  wu  eonaeqtunt  to,  and  built  on,  &a  act  perf-cdj  per- 

■oraL  Locke. 

HiB  poTerty  wu  ocwMpMnf  on  bis  vieca. 

2.  Following  by  necessary  inference  or  rational 
deduction  ;  as,  a  proposition  consequent  to  other  prop- 
ositions. 

eOX'SE-UUEXT,  ju    Effect ;  that  which  follows  a 
cause. 

Thoy  vfxn   ill  gtyrcroed,  wliich   b  always  a  eojite^uent  of  ill- 
fKiymrnl.  Daoiet. 

2.  Tiiat  which  follows  from  propositions  by  rational 
dedurtitm  ;  that  which  is  deduced  from  reasoning  or 
arcumentation  ;  a  conclriifion  or  inference. 
€OX-SE-aUEX'TlAL,  a.     Following  as  the  effect; 


CON 

produced  by  the  connection  of  effects  with  causes; 
as,  a  consti/uential  evil. 

2.  Having  tbe  consequence  justly  connected  with 
the  premises ;  conclusive. 

Th^ac  arguments  are  highly  come/uential  and  cnucludcDt  lo  my 
|>uri»u.  Hai^. 

3.  Important. 

4.  Assuming  the  .lir  of  a  person  of  consequence  ; 
pompous  ;  uppticfl  to  per.ipns. 

€ON  .'^EUUE\'TIAL-LY,adu.  With  just  deduction 
of  consequences  ;  with  right  connection  of  ide.ia. 

2.  By  consequence ;  not  immediately  ;  eventuftlly 

South. 

3.  In  a  regular  series ;  in  the  order  of  cause  and 
effect.  JItMiiOR. 

4.  With  assumed  importance  ;  with  conceit. 

CttinpbelL 

€ON-SE-aUEX'TIAL-NES8,  n.  Kegular  consecu- 
tion in  difjc^urse.  DicL 

€OX'SE-UUE\T-LY,nWr.  By  consequence;  by  ne- 
cessary connection  of  effects  witli  their  causes  ;  in 
consequence  of  something. 

€0\'yi-l-aUEXT-XES.S,  n.  Regular  connection  of 
propcx-iitions  AtUowIng  each  other  ;  consecntiun  of 
discourse.     [lAttie  u-scrf.]  Digby. 

eON-SEK'TION,  n.    ^L.  conscro,  eonscHum.] 

Junction;  adaptation.  Younff. 

€ON-t^ERV'A-BLE,  o,  [See  Conserve.]  That  may 
be  kejrt  or  preserved  from  decay  or  injury. 

eON-SERV'AN-CY,  n.      [h.   eonscrvans.     See  Co.-?- 

SERVE.] 

A  court  of  conservancy  is  held  by  the  hml  mayor 
of  London,  fur  tbe  preservation  of  the  fislicry  on  the 
Thiinies.  Johnson. 

€OX-HERV'ANT,  a.  Preserving;  having  the  power 
or  quality  of  preserving  from  decay  or  destruction. 

€ON-SER-VA'TION,  n,     [L.  M/werrofio.     See  Con- 

8EBVE.] 

The  act  of  prc.ser\'in|r,  guarding,  or  protectine ; 
pn-scrvation  from  loss,  decay,  injury,  or  violation  ; 
the  keeping  of  a  thing  in  a  safe  or  entire  ytiite  ;  n-t, 
the  ci*7i,vtrna/ion  of  bodies  from  perishing;  the  coiiser- 
ration  of  tbe  peace  of  society  ;  tbe  cuimervation  of 
privileges. 

€OX-SEKV'A-TISM,  n.  The  desire  and  effort  of 
preserving  what  is  established. 

€OX-SERV'A-TlVE,  a.  Preservative  ;  having  power 
to  preserve  in  a  safe  or  entire  state,  or  from  loss, 
waste,  or  injury.  Peacham. 

eOXSERV'A-TIVE,  n.  One  who  aims  to  preserve 
from  ruin,  innovation,  injur>',  or  radical  change  ; 
one  who  wishes  to  maintain  an  institution,  or  form 
of  govrrninentj  in  ila  present  state.     [Mudern  u.-ia<'p.'\ 

€OX-SER-VA'TOR,  n.  A  preserver;  one  who  pre- 
serves from  injury  or  violation,  jjjipropnutcltj.  an 
officer  wIjo  has  the  charge  of  preserving  the  public 
peace,  as  judges  and  sberiffit ;  also,  an  otbcer  who 
has  the  charge  of  preserving  the  rights  and  privileges 
of  a  city,  corporation,  or  community,  as  in  Roman 
Catholic  tmiversities.  It  ii^  a  word  of  extensive  ap- 
plicatii)n. 

2.  In  Conneetiait,3.  per^fon  appointed  tosuperlntnnd 
idiots,  lunatics,  &,c.,  manage  their  property,  and  pre- 
serve it  from  waste. 

eON-SERV'A-TO-RY,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  pre- 
serving from  loss,  decay,  or  injury. 

€OX-SERV'A-TO-RV,  n.  A  place  for  preserving  any 
thing  in  a  ?tate  desired,  as  fmm  loss,  decay,  waste, 
or  injury.  Thu.«,  a  fish-pond  for  keeping  fish,  a 
grnnnry  f()r  corn,  an  ice-house  for  ice  and  other 
ihinc-s,  a  receptacle  for  water,  &.c.,  are  called  con- 
gervatoriej!, 

2.  A  greenhouse  for  exotics,  often  attached  to  a 
dwelling-house  as  an  ornament.  In  large  f(jn.*/*rrfl- 
torics,  properly  so  ciilled,  the  plants  are  reared  on 
the  free  soil,  and  not  in  pots.  Brande. 

3.  A  society  for  promoting,  or  for  preserving,  music 
in  good  taste. 

eoX-SERVE',  (kon-serv',)  v.  t.  [L.  eonservo  ;  eon 
and  servo,  to  hold,  keep,  or  guard  ;  Fr.  conservcr;  It. 
ennservare ;  Sp.  eonservur.  See  Class  Sr,  No.  34,  38, 
39,  40.  45,  and  Class  Dr,  No.  32.] 

To  keep  in  a  safe  or  sound  state  ;  to  save  ;  to  pre- 
serve from  loss,  decay,  waste,  or  injury  ;  to  def<*nd 
from  violation  ;  as,  to  eon.servr.  bodies  from  perishing  ; 
to  conserve  the  peace  of  society ;  to  con.tcrve  fruits, 
roots,  and  herbs,  with  sugar,  &,c. 

€0N'1?ERVE,  7t.  A  sweetmeat  made  of  fresh  fruits, 
&c.,  beat  into  one  uniform  nmas,  with  fine  sugar,  and 
without  boiling.  Encyc.  of  Dom.  Ficon. 

2.  In  pA-rwi«cy,  a  similar  prejiaration,  designed  it* 
preserve  the  flowers,  herbs,  roots,  or  fruits  of  sim- 
ples, as  nearly  as  [>ossilile,  in  their  natuml  fresh 
Elate.  Fresh  vegetables  and  sugar  of  the  consistence 
of  honey.  Encyc.     Coze. 

3.  A  conservatory.     \_J<rot  usiud.'l  Evelyn. 
€ON-SERV'£D,  pp.     Preserved  in  a  safe  and  sound 

state  ;  guarded  ;  kept ;  maintained  ;  protected  ;   pre- 
pared with  sugar. 
eOX-SERV'ER,   n.     One  who  conserves;   one  who 
keeps  from  loss  or  injury  ;  one  who  lays  up  fur  pres- 
ervation ;  a  prHjifirer  of  conserves.  Ilaiiward,   Temple. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— M£TE,  rR£Y.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 

2^  ~ 


CON 


CON 


eOS^KRV ISG,  ppr.  Keeping  in  safety  ;  defending  j 
maintriinini; .  prtparing  with  sugar. 

€ON-vSES'SlOX,  w.     [U  coiigessia.      See  Sebsiok.J 
A  sining  together.     [Little  usaL"] 

€ON-SEr^'SOR,  n.  One  that  sits  with  others.  [LiOU 
u.-taL] 

CO.\-STD'ER,  r.  L  [L.  eonsitlero,  to  consider,  to  view 
attentively,  from  eoHsidu  or  considea^  to  sit  by  ;  con 
and  sedeo^  to  siL  (See  Sit.)  The  literal  sense  is,  to 
sit  by  or  do:^e,  or  to  set  the  mind  or  (/ic  eye  Ia)  ;  hence, 
to  view  or  examine  with  attention.] 

1.  To  tix  the  mind  on,  with  a  view  to  a  careful  ex- 
amination ;  to  think  on  with  care;  to  ponder;  to 
study  ;  to  meditate  on. 

Kaow,  ihertjfi-r?,   ihi«  day,  and  coruidtr   it  ia   UiJ   heurl, — 

U>'iit.  iv. 
ItjtMi  Ihmi  ronjri'fcre^  my  sprranl  Job  f  —  Job  t. 
ConthUr  liw  lili-:s  t>t  the  fitkl  how  tlicy  grow.  —Mutt.  vi. 

2.  To  view  attentively  ;  to  observe  and  examine. 

Th*?  priesi  shall  eonader  the  leprwy.  —  Lct.  xiii. 

3.  To  attend  to ;  to  relieve. 

BlrssmJ  is  lie  that  considerelh  the  poor.  —  Ps.  xU- 

4.  To  have  regard  to  ;  to  re?pect. 

I*t  lis   coTtairtttr  oiw  another     to  pwrokc  to  Iotc   Hid  to  good 
works.  —  Heb.  x. 

5.  To  tike  into  view  in  examination,  or  into  ac- 
count in  estimates  ;  as,  in  adjii;4iing  accounts,  ser- 
vices, lime,  and  expi-nse,  ought  to  be  considered. 

6.  In  the  imperative,  ccrwiticr  is  equivalent  to,  think 
with  care,  attend,  examine  the  subject  with  a  view 
to  truth  or  the  consequences  of  a  measure.  So  we 
use  set,  ohserre,  think,  attend, 

7.  To  requite  ;  tn  reward  ;  particularly  for  gratui- 
tous services. 

€ON-SID'ER,  r.  i.  To  think  seriously,  maturely,  or 
carefully  ;  to  rcflecL 

Notw   mnndereih  in  hb  h^Ait,  neiihrr  U  there  kiiowledga   or 

und-Titini ling.  —  '■.  xl'"- 
Id  thn  (t»y  of  adrerehy  connder.  —  Zce.\"».  vil. 

2.  To  deliberate ;  to  turn  in  the  mind,  as  in  the 
case  erf"  a  single  person  ;  to  deliberate  or  conxutt,  as 
numbers;  sometimes  followed  by  qf;  as,  I  will  coa- 
tider  your  case,  or  of  your  case. 

The   iiposlW  Rntl   plden  come    together  lo    miwder  of  Ihii 
m»l»-r.  —  Act*  XV. 

3.  To  doubt ;  to  hesitate.  Drydcn, 
€ON-SID'ER-A-BLE.a.  [Fr.andSp.    SceCusaiDER-J 

That  may  be  consinered  ;  that  is  to  be  observed,  re- 
marked, or  attended  to. 

It  ia  considerable,  that  wm^  nms  have  ha.1  InacriptionB  on  thfm, 

expre«inj  that  Uic  lamps  were  burning.  »rUktn: 

[  TTUs  priTTUiry  use  of  the  word  is  obsolescent^  or  very 
rarelt/  use<i.]  ^        -  . 

2.  Worthy  of  consideration  ;  worthy  of  regard  or 
attention. 

Eiemity  is  inftnlt^-Iy  the  moti.  cofttiderable  duration.     T^toUort. 

As  that  which  is  worthy  of  regard  is  in  some 
measure  impfirtant,  hence, 

3.  Rospt'Ctablc  ;  deserving  of  notice  ;  of  some  dis- 
tinction ;  applied  to  persons. 

Men  €orttHera6le  bi  all  worthy  profc«oni,  enOnwit  In  many 
w.y«o"'»^-  SpraU 

4.  Important;  vahiable  ;  or  moderately  large,  ac- 
cordins  to  the  stibject.  Con-^-idrrnbtc  aid  was  ex- 
pected from  the  allies.  A  man  has  a  Musidrrable 
estate  in  Norfolk.  A  eonMderable  sum  of  money  was 
Cf.llected.  Fortnerly  it  wa."*  sometimes  fallowed  by  to. 
He  thought  his  aid  m»jnderabte  to  him. 

€ON-PID'ER-A-BLE  NESS,  n.  Soma  degree  of  im- 
portance, m^mtnt,  or  dignity;  a  degree  of  value  or 
importance  that  deserves  notice. 

Tbe  conMid€raiiltne$t  o(  ihtn^  i«  to  te  r«ijnialed  by  Ihrir  larful- 
a'^t,  or  by  Uif-ir  fffrcu  on  society. 
€ON-8ID'ER-A-BLY,  ode.     In  a  degree  deserving  no- 
lice  ;  in  a  degree  not  trifling  or  unimporlanL 

Ami  Eumpi'  slill  coneiderably  gruni, 

BoUi  by  Uif  ir  g<XKl  examples  and  Iheir  pains.      Roeeommon. 

eON-SID'EK-ANCE,  n.  Consideration;  reflection; 
•ober  ihoughL     \Xot  ustd.\    [See  Cossidebatiok,] 

iikak. 
€ON-SID'ER-ATE,  a.     [L.  eonsiderattu.     See  Cow- 

tIDElP.1  _ 

I.  Given  to  consideration  or  to  sober  refleclion  ; 
thoughtful ;  hence,  serious  ;  circumspect ;  careful ; 
discreet ;  pnident ;  not  hasty  or  rash  ;  not  negligent. 

£neM  is  p»tifHt,  CQnsideraU,  luid  caniful  of  his  people.    DryUn. 

9.  Having  resiwct  to  ;  regardful  ;  as,  considerate  of 
prui^e.     \  Little  ii^/nd.] 

X   .VIortcrale  ;  not  rigorous.  Juhn>ton. 

eON-HID'EK-ATE-LV,  a//o.    With  ddibenition  ;  with 

due  considi^rati(Mi  ;  calmly  ;  prud*-nlly.  Bacon. 

eON-J^ID'ER-ATE-NESS,  n.     Prudence;  calm  del ib- 

e  rat  ion 
eON-Sll>-ER-A'TrON,  n.     [U  consideration    SeeCotc- 

•IDBR.] 

1.  The  ucl  of  considering  ;  mental  view  ;  regard  ; 
notice  ;  as,  let  us  tiike  into  eimsidcration  the  conse- 
quences of  a  hasty  deci^'ion. 

2.  Mature  thought ;  serious  delibernlioD. 

Let  M  ililtih  with  eonsideration,  Sidtty. 


3.  Contemplation ;  meditation. 

Tho  Ic/r  vou  b'ar  to  Mopsa  halh  brought  you  to  the  eonsuUra- 
Hon  of  Ik*  virtues.  Sidney. 

4.  Some  degree  of  importance  ;  claim  to  notice,  or 

regard  ;  a  moderate  degree  of  respectability. 

Luciin  is  an  author  of  connleration  among  the  Latin  nw-ts. 

Adiliaon. 

;  motive  of  action  ;  in- 


5.  That  which  is  considered 
fluence  ;  ground  of  conduct. 

He  was  obliffcd,  antecedent  to  aU  other  contideraSoiu,  to  search 
ail  asyhim.  Dryden. 

6.  Reason  ;  that  which  induces  to  a  determina- 
tion ;  a.«,  he  was  moved  by  the  cvnsidcratiAJus  set  be- 
fore him. 

7.  In  law,  tlie  reason  which  moves  a  contracting 
party  to  enter  into  an  agreement ;  the  material  cause 
of  a  contract ;  the  price  or  motive  of  a  stipulation. 
In  all  contracts,  each  party  gives  something  in  ex- 
change for  what  he  receives. 

A  contract  is  an  agreement,  upon  sufficient  consid- 
eration. This  contiiideration  is  erpre^is  or  implied  ;  cx- 
nrf.v.f,  when  the  thing  to  be  given  or  done  is  speci- 
fied ;  implied,  when  no  specific  coiie=ideration  is  agreed 
upon,  but  justice  requires  it  and  the  law  implies  it; 
a"*,  when  a  man  labors  for  another,  without  stipu- 
latiTiff  for  wages,  the  law  infers  that  he  shall  receive 
a  retisonable  eon.iidcration.  A  good  consideration  is 
that  of  blood,  or  natural  love ;  a  valuable  consideration 
is  such  as  monev,  marriage,  &c.  Hence,  a  considera- 
tion is  an  equiv"al«ut  or  recomjwnse;  that  which  is 
g-ipen  as  of  equal  estimated  value  with  that  which  is 
receivcii. 
€OX-SID'ER-A-TIVE,  a.    Taking  into  consideration. 

[Littlr  iisrd.] 

eON-SID'EH -/H),  pp.  Thought  of  with  care;  pon- 
dered ;  viewed  attentively  ;  diliberated  on  ;  exam- 
ined. 

eON-SID'ER-ER,  n.  A  thinker;  one  who  considers  : 
a  man  of  reflection.     JConsidebatob  i$  not  in  use.] 

€ON'-t?in'ER-I.\G,  ppr.  Fixing  the  mind  on  ;  medi- 
tating on  ;  pondering  ;  viewing  with  care  and  atten- 
tion ;  deliberating  on. 

JV(;(e.  —  We  have  a  peculiar  use  of  this  word, 
which  may  be  a  corruption  for  considered,  or  which 
may  be  a  deviation  from  analogy  by  an  insensible 
chiinge  in  the  structure  of  the  phrase.  "  It  is  not  pos- 
sible for  ns  to  act  otherwise,  ciTTtstrfcrmjj- the  weakness 
of  our  nature."  As  a  participle,  this  word  must  here 
refer  to  us,  or  the  sentence  can  not  be  resolved  by  any 
rule  of  fcigliah  syntax.  It  would  be  correct  lo  say, 
«  II  is  not  possible  fur  ns  to  act  otherwise,  the  weak- 
ness of  our  nature  being  considered;  "  or,  "  We,  con- 
sitlerinfT  the  weakness  of  our  nature,  can  not  act  oth- 
erwise." But  the  latter  phrase  is  better  grammar 
than  it  is  sense.  We  u.se  other  participles  in  like 
manner ;  as,  '^.^llotein^  for  tare,  the  weight  could  not 
be  more  than  a  hundred  pounds."  These  and  simi 
hir  phrases  are  anomalous.  Hut  considering  is  no 
mote  A  kind  of  conjHnctiony  in  such  a  phrase,  than  it 
is  a   nmin. 

eON-SID'ER-ING,  n.  The  act  of  deliberating,  or 
carefully  attending  lo ;  hesitation;  as,  many  mazed 
considerings.  Shak. 

€ON-J«II)'ER-ING-LY,  ado.  With  consideration  or 
delihenition.  Whole  Duty  of  Man. 

CONSIGN',  (kon-winc',)  p.  L  [L.  consi^io, lo  seal  or 
sign  ;  con  nnd  siffno,Ui  seal  orptamp;  aig-Hum,  a  sign, 
seal,  or  mark  ;  It.  consegnare,  to  dept»sit,  deliver,  con- 
sign !  'fip.  const 9-nar;  Y'r.  eonsig^ier.  (See  Sign.)  The 
sense  is,  to  set  to,  to  thrust,  or  send.] 

1.  To  give,  send,  or  set  over ;  lo  transfer  or  deliver 
Into  the  [Hwsession  of  nnolhtr,  or  into  a  dirterenl 
stale,  with  the  sense  of  fixedness  in  thai  stale,  or 
permanence  of  possession  j  as,  at  death  the  body  ia 
conjfiiptetl  to  the  grav«. 

At  ihe  d!\r  wf  p-nerd  account,  good  men  are  to  be  coruigittd 
oi>er  to  haoihct  sUte.  AUerbun/. 

a.  To  deliver  or  transfer,  aa  a  charge  or  trust ;  to 
commit ;  as,  lo  consign  a  youlh  lo  the  care  of  a  pre- 
ceirtor  ;  to  eonsiitn  goodi  lo  a  factor. 

3.  To  set  over  or  commit,  fi>r  permanent  preserva- 
tion ;  as,  lo  eonsi^  a.  hisUiry  to  writing.    jSdditon. 

4.  To  appropriate.  Dryden. 
€0N-SI(;N',  (ktui-slne',)  v.  i.    To  submit  to  the  same 

terms  with  another  ;  also,  to  sign  ;  to  agree  or  con- 
sent.    [Obt.]  Shak. 
eON  eiG-NA''riON,  It.     The  act  of  consigning ;  the 
art  of  drhvering  or  committing  to  another  person, 
place,  or  Rtale. 


CON 

suniis,  delivers,  or  ci.muiiu  goods  or  other  things  in 
trusl  to  nnothi'r  fur  sale,  or  8U|K'rintendencc. 
€ON-SIONI-FI-eA'T10N,  n.     [See  SioniFV.l    Joint 

sicnlficalion.  "?'Vf' 

eON-SlG-Nll"I-eA-TIVE,  a.  [Sec  Siokift.)  Hav- 
ing a  like  signiOcation,  or  jointly  sii-nificntive. 

VaUuiicey^  Oram,  07. 
eON-SIGN'ING,  (kon-sIne'-,)n>r.  DcliverinR  to  anoth- 
er in  trust;  sending  or  committing,  as  a  possession 

or  charjre.  

eON-SICN'MENT,  (kon-sine'-,)  ?i.  The  act  of  eon- 
signing  ;  consignation  ;  the  act  of  sending  or  coni- 
mittiiig,  as  a  cliarge  for  safe  keeping  or  management  i 
the  act  of  depositing  witli,  as  goods  for  sale. 

a.  The  thing  consigned  \  the  goods  sent  or  deliv- 
ered to  a  factor  for  sale  ;  as,  A  received  a  large  con- 
gitramrnt  of  good.'  from  B. 
3.  The  writing  bv  which  any  thing  is  consigned. 
eON-SI.M'I-LAR,  ol    Having  common  resemblance. 

[Little  u.wrf.l  ,,.  , 

€ON-S[-MIL'l-TUDE,7i.    Resemblance.    [hMle uned.] 
eO.\-.SI.S'r',  «.  i.     [L.  cunnisto  !  con  and  *m(o,  to  stand  j 
Sp.  consislir  i  If.  comi^tere  i  Fr.  consistrr.] 

1.  To  stand  together ;  to  be  in  a  It-xed  or  perma- 
nent state,  as  a  body  composed  of  parts  in  union  or 
connection.  Hence,  to  be  ;  lo  exist ;  to  subsist ;  to 
be  supported  and  maintained. 

He  was  bofore    all  tiling*,   and  by  him  all   Ihloga  conswi. — 


anfisrutdon  to  et«mid  rtiln. 
TVtjtor. 


Dra{>air  U  a  o-ruln 

[rjtUe  lucd.]     [Sec  Coksiommekt.] 

eON'SIO'NA  TIJRE,  B.  Full  signature ;  joint  sign- 
ing or  stamping. 

eO.N-SIO.V'A'l),  (kon  Bind',)  pp.  Delivered;  com- 
mittiMl  for  keeping  or  management  ;  deposited  in 
trust. 

eoN-SI<!N-KE',(kiin-so-nec')it.  The  person  to  whom 
gootls  or  other  things  are  dtdivered  in  trust,  for  sale 
or  stiperintendenr-e  ;  a  facttir. 

eON-S^IO.N'ER,  (kon-sTn'er,)     j  n.     The  person  who 

eON-SIGN-OR',  (kon-»c-uor',)  j     consigns  ;  one  who 


9.  To  stand  or  bo ;  to  lie  ;  to  be  contained  ;  fol- 
lowed by  ill  ;  as,  the  beauty  of  epistolary  writing 
consvtts  in  ease  and  freedom. 

3.  To  be  composed ;  followed  by  <!/■,•  as,  a  land- 
scape should  consist  i./a  variety  of  scenery. 

To  consijit  together ;  to  coeiist ;  to  have  being  con- 
currently. 

NoeesailY  aud  election  can  not  conntl  togather  In  tbe  i.Mrie  act. 

Bramhali. 

To  amsist  with ;  to  agree ;  to  be  in  accordance  with ; 
to  be  compatible. 

Health  cotuitu  with  temperance  alone.  Pop«. 

€ON-SIST'ENCE,  |  n.    A  standing  together;  a  be- 
eON-SIST'EN-CY,  i       ing  fixed  in  union,  ns  the  paru 
of  a  body  ;  that  state  of  a  body,  in  which  its  com- 
ponent parts  remain  hxed. 

The   conriauncu    of   hodiia   b  (liven;    dcnae,    tare,    tangible, 
pnciiimucitl,  Tolntile,  &c.  Baean. 

2.  A  degree  of  density  or  spissitude,but  indefinite. 


3.  Substance  ;  make  ;  flrraness.of  constitution  ;  as, 
friendship  of  a  lasting  consuMnci/ i  resolutions  of  du- 
rable consijitence.  South.     Hammond. 

4.  A  standing  together,  as  the  parts  of  a  system, 
or  of  conduct,  &c.  ;  agreement  or  harmony  of  «ll 
parts  of  a  complex  thing  among  themselves,  or  of  the 
same  thing  with  itself  at  dill'crent  times  ;  congruity  ; 
uniformity  ;  as,  the  consijilcney  of  laws,  regulations, 
or  judicial  decisions  ;  coTunstrncy  of  opinions ;  coa- 
sistf-ncy  of  behavior  or  of  character. 

Tbeie  la  barmony  and  con»u(ency  in  oil  God't  worVa. 

J.  Lathrop. 

5.  A  Standing ;  a  state  of  rest,  in  which  things 
capable  of  growth  or  dcsrcase  remain  for  a  time  at 
a  stand.  Chambers. 

eON-SlST'ENT,  a,     [L.  eonsistens.     See  CorrsisT.] 

1.  Fixed  ;  firm  ;  not  fluid  ;  as,  the  eonsisteiit  parts 
of  a  botly,  di.-*tinguished  from  the  fluid.        llarrey. 

2,  SUinding  together  or  in  agreement ;  compatible  ; 
congruous;  uniform;  not  contradictory  or  opposed  ; 
a-s  two  opinions  or  schemes  are  consistent :  let  a  man 
be'con.n.vMnt  tcilA  himself;  the  law  is  cansisteia  Kith 
justice  and  policy. 

So  two  coruUUnt  motiona  act  the  aotlL  Popa. 

€ON-SIST'ENT-LY,  adn.    In  a  consistent  manner  ; 

in  agreement ;  agreeably  ;  as,  to  command  confidence 

a  man  must  act  consistently. 
eON-SI.S-TO'RI-AL,  j  a.    [See  Consistoht.]      Per- 
eON-SlST'0-RY,       !      taming  or  relating  to  a  con- 

sistory,  or  ecclesiastical  court  of  an  archbishop  or 

buihop.  .tyliff'- 

Every  archbiahop  and  biahop  of  a  dioeeae  hath  a  conaialory  court. 

eON-SIS-T5'R[-AN,  a.    Relating  to  an  order  of  Tres- 
byterian  assemblies.  Bp.  Bancroft. 

€0N-SlST'O-RY,  n.    [L.  emmstorium,  from  consislo. 
See  Consist.] 

Primarily,  a  place  of  meeting  ;  a  council-house,  or 
place  of  justice.     Hence,  ,.      .      .      u 

1.  In  tlie  English  church,  a  place  of  Justice  m  the 
spiritual  court,  or  the  court  itself;  the  court  of  every 
diocesan  bishop,  held  in  their  cathedral  churches, 
for  the  trial  of  ecclesiastical  causes  arising  within  the 
diocese.  The  bishop's  chancclloi  or  his  commissary 
is  the  judge.  Blarlutone. 

2.  In  the  Rinnan  Ouholic  church,  an  assembly  of 
prelates  ;  the  college  of  cardinals  at  lUime. 

PioB  woa  thni  bearing  oanaca  in  oonaialory.  iJneon. 

3.  A  solemn  assembly  or  council.  ArUt^jt,  Pope. 
-l.  A  plare  of  residi;nce.  [JVof  nsrd.]  SJiak. 
5.  In  some  churches,  as  the  Dutch,  a  consistory  is 


TONE,  OgLI,,  IJNITE.  — AN"OER,  VI"CI0U8.  — C  asKjOanJiSasZiCHas  6H ;  TH  a«  in  THI9. 


CON 


Ihe  lowest  tribunal,  coirespondinc  to  a  cMurcA 

and   in  other<t  ra  conip^tseil  of  luiiitst^nj  and  elders, 

correspondine  to  a  prp:«by!er>'. 
eON-SO'CIATE,  m.     [L.  a>nsoci4Uus.     See  Ihe  next 

wonl.] 
An  associate ;  a  partner  or  conft'derate ;  an  nccom- 

ptice.  Hajfward, 

CO\--«0'CIATE,  p.  e.     [L.  ronsodatu0t  (Vom  emwecM  ; 

ten  and  sociOf  to  unite  ;  sociiUy  a  companion.     See 

1.  To  anite  ;  to  join  ;  to  araoclate.  Wottan, 
3.  To  cement  or  bold  in  close  union.        BmnuL 

3  To  unite  in  an  aMrmbly  or  convention,  u  pas- 
ton  and  messengers,  or  delegates  of  churdies. 

Saybrook  Ptmtfinm. 
€OX-S0'CIATE,  r.  i.    To  unite  ;  to  coalesce. 

Aest/ry. 

2.  To  unite,  or  meet  in  a  body  ;  to  form  a  consocl- 
ai  ion  of  pastors  and  messengers.    Sofhrook  Platform. 

€0\-sr>CI.\  TED,  fp.  or  s.    Associated  in  a  body. 

€O.N-Srt'l'IA-TFN0,  fp-.    Uniting  in  a  body. 

eON-SO-Ci-ATION,  (kon-ao4b»-i'staun,)  n,  Inti- 
mate  Dni<m  of  penons  ;  fellowship  ;  alliance  ;  com- 
puionsfaip ;  union  of  (bings.  [  Tks  word  is  less  used 
(Wa  Association.]  H'otton, 

%,  An  assembly  of  the  pastors  and  drletnites  of  tbe 
Cooi^gattunal  churches  williin  a  certain  ditttiict, 
fbrmmg  a  court  of  appeal  frum  tbe  decisiuns  of  the 
churclies.  TVmAmJT*  ITutvry  of  ConmetticiU. 

eON-SO-CI-A'TION-AL,  s.  Pertaining  to  a  consoci- 
ation. TnmbulL 

€OX-JJ0L'A-BLE,  o.  [See  Console.]  That  admits 
comfort ;  callable  of  receiiinp  cmsolalion. 

CON'SOLATJi,  B.  L     To  comfort.     [04*.]      [See 

C0N-«0-LX'TI0N,«.  [L. fswsslnfis.  SeeConsoLK.] 
1.  Ciunfort  ;  alleviation  of  misery,  or  digress  of 
mind  ;  refreshment  of  mind  or  spirits  ;  a  conipnra- 
tire  degree  (Vf  happiness  in  distress  or  misfortune, 
springing  from  any  rtrrumstonce  that  abates  the 
evil,  or  supports  and  strcngtJieiu  tbe  mind,  as  hope, 
joy,  courage,  and  tiie  like.        / 

VrUi  nvnnl  BQiMftfsfiw  RComwand.  MVtm. 

W«  Inn  prvmt  }0r  Md  tanw^mn  ■  tlif  k>f^  —  PUk^M.  T. 

9.  That  which  comforts  or  refttwhes  the  mirits ; 

the  cause  of  comfort ;  as,  tbe  etmmlnfim  at  Israel. 

Lukt  it. 
€ON"SO-LA-TOR,  a.    One  who  comftirts. 
€ON-i^OI/A-TO-Rr,  «.     [L.  amsolmtmiu.] 

Tending  In  eive  comfurt  ;  refreshing  to  tbe  mind  ; 

a«!aia!!iniE  fricf.  Hoitril. 

€0.\-SOL'.\-TO-RY,  a.     A  ^)cech  or  writing  oon- 

lainine  topics  of  cttmfurt.  M'dUm, 

€ON4;6LE',  r.  t     [L.  kommUt  ;  It.  conMlarr ,-  So.  cffn- 
•  mtari  Ft.  csju«I«r.    Tbe  primary  sense  is  either  to 

•ct  or  allay,  to  give  rest  or  quiet,  Ar.  ^Lw#  tola,  Heb. 
nhv  ;  or  ibe  sense  is  to  Btren|:then,  in  which  case  it 
coincides  wiib  the  roM  of  tolU.  The  latter  is  most 
probable.] 

To  comfort  :  to  chi?crlhe  mind  in  difttress  or  de- 
piesston  ;  to  alleviate  prief,  and  give  rcfrt^shment  to 
tbe  mind  or  spirits ;  to  give  contcntmcnl  ur  moderate 
happiness,  by  relieving  from  di-tn-ss.  The  promises 
of  the  pospel  may  welt  console  the  Chri^ian  in  all 
the  afilictions  of  life  ;  it  is  a  const^ing  redoction  that 
the  evils  of  life  are  temporary. 

I  un  moch  cam»oltd  bj  the  wfcciinw  thai  Uk  Rltfion  of  Chrut 
1ms  t»^n  »ttacked  m  nin  I17  ftU  Ifae  viu  xnd  phtkiwplmm, 
uid  iu  trinaipli  hu  heca  Mifkie.  P.  Htnnf. 

eON'S<^LE,  v.  [Ft.]  In  mrdiiUetMr^^  m  bracket,  or 
sboulder-pi«rce  ;  ur  an  ornament  cut  uptm  the  key  of 
an  arch,  which  Ilas  a  prujecture,  and,  on  orrasion, 
snres  to  support  little  cornices,  figures,  busts,  and 
rases.  Encyc 

eOX-SCL'JED,  jip.    Comfcwted  ;  cheered. 

eO\-^0L'ER,  n.    One  that  gives  comfort. 

eOX-SOL'I-DAXT,  a.  [See  Co;«9olidate.1  Having 
the  qunliiv  of  uniting  wounds,  or  funning  new  flesh. 

€OX-SOL'i-DA.Vr,  n.  A  medicine  that  heals  or 
nnites  the  pirts  of  wounded  flesh.  Cotm. 

eOX-£!OL,'I-DATE,  v.  L  [IL  eausolidare:  Fr.  eon*oli~ 
ier:  Sp.  cansalidari  eon  and  L.  soltdtLS^  solid.  See 
Solid.] 

1.  To  make  solid  ;  to  unite  or  press  together  loose 
or  separate  parts,  and  fonn  a  cumpaci  mass  j  to 
harden  or  make  dense  and  firm. 

Up  fixjcd  sod  tamaoMalmi  tbe  earth  tbrm  Ihe  watm.  Burnet. 

3.  To  unite  tbe  parts  of  a  broken  bone,  or  the  lips 
of  a  wound,  by  means  of  applications.  Encye. 

3.  In  a  store  gaural  sertse,  to  unite  various  partic- 
ulars int<i  one  mass  or  body ;  as,  to  coiusoluiaU  the 
forces  of  an  army  ;  to  consolidate  vaiious  fund?. 
Hence,  in  parliamentary  usage,  to  consolidate  two 
bills  is  to  unite  them  into  one.  In  law^  to  consolidate 
benefices  is  to  combine  them  into  one. 
€ON-SOL'I-DATE,  c.  i.  To  grow  firm  and  hard  ;  to 
unito  and  become  solid ;  as,  moist  clay  consolidates 
by  drying. 

la  bnta  u>d  «ken  at  tbe  head,  dryneM  maketh  Ifaetn  idor  «pC 

Baeon. 


CON 

€ON-SOL'l-DATE,  a.    Formed  into  a  solid  mass. 

Elyot. 

€ON-SOL'I-DA-TED,pp.  ora.  Made  solid,  hard,  or 
compact ;  united. 

€OX-.<OL'I-DA-TING,  ppr.    Making  solid  ;  uniting. 

eON-^OL-I-DA'TIO\,  »,  The  act  of  making,  or  pro- 
cess of  becominc,  solid  ;  the  act  of  funning  into  a 
firm,  compact  mass,  btwly,  or  system. 

S.  The  uniting  of  several  particulars  into  one  body  ; 
as,  a  consolidation  of  the  Ainds.     Hence, 

3.  The  annexing  of  one  bill  to  anutJier  in  parlia- 
ment or  legislation. 

4.  The  combining  of  two  benefices  In  one.    CowrL 

5.  The  uniting  of  broken  bones  or  wounded  flesh. 
€ON-SOL'I-nA-TIVE,  o.      Tending  to  consolidate  ; 

beat  tug. 

eON-SOL'ING, p;»r.     Comforting;  alleviating  grief. 

CON'-^OL'ING,  a.  Adapted  to  console  or  comfort ;  as, 
amsolinf  news. 

CON'SOLS,  n.pl.  In  England^  three  per  cent,  annui- 
ties, granted  at  difiTorent  times,  and  at  last  consoli- 
dated into  one  Ptock  or  fund.  They  constitute  near- 
ly lialf  the  public  debt,  and  hence  their  rise  or  fall  is 
taken  us  an  index  of  the  state  of  ii>t(>cks.      Brandt. 

€OX'SO-N'ANCE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  consonantia^  con- 
sonanSf  from  eonsono,  to  sound  together ;  con  and  sono^ 
to  sound.     See  Sound  and  Tost.] 

I.  Accord  or  agreement  of  sounds.  In  music,  con- 
sonanee  is  an  accord  of  sounds,  simultaneously  prt^v 
tluced,  which  creates  an  agreeable  sensation  in  the 
ear  as  the  third,  fifth,  and  eiglith.  It  defies,  also, 
tbe  according  intervals.  When  the  intervatof  a  con- 
sonance is  iiivariahle,  it  is  called  perfeet;  but  when 
it  may  be  either  majt>r  or  minor,  it  is  termed  imperfect. 

Busby. 
3.  Agreement ;   accord  ;   congniity  ;   consistency  ; 
agrrcnbleness  ;   suitableness  ;   as,  the  consonance  of 
opiniitiis  among  judges  j  the  consonancs  of  a  ritual 
to  tite  Scriptures. 

eoN'SO-N^XT,  a.  Agre^g  ;  according;  congru- 
ous;  conawent ;  followed^nerally  by  to;  sometimes 
by  m'cA;  as,  tbis  rate  is  consonant  to  Scripture  and 
reason. 

9.  In  music,  composed  of  consonances;  as,  conso- 
nant intervali«if 

€Oi\'SU-NANT,  m.  A  letter,  or  element  of  speech, 
having  either  no  vocality,  nsp  and  the  other  muu;s, 
or  only  an  imperfect  viMralily,  as  i,  J,  &c.  For  this 
reason,  c^msonants  are  ordinarily  sounded  only  in 
connection  with  a  vowel,  nnd  hence  the  nume.  Tho 
consonants  are  belter  aillcd  articulationsfgafi  they  are 
tbe  names  given  to  the  sevenil  closing.^  or  junctions 
of  the  organs  of  speech,  which  precede  and  follow 
the  openings  of  the  organs  with  which  the  vowirls 
are  uttered.  These  closings  are  pcrferx,  and  wholly 
intercept  the  voice,  as  in  tlic  syllables  eA-,  eo,  ct,  or 
imprrfect,  and  admitting  some  t:lighl  sound,  as  in 
ma,  em.  Hence,  some  articulations  are  called  mutesj 
and  others  semi-covrris.  The  consonants  begin  or 
end  s)-llubles,  and  their  use  is  to  determine  the  ninn- 
ner  of  beginning  or  ending  the  vocal  sounds.  These 
closings  or  configurations  of  the  organs,  being  vari- 
ous, serve  to  divei^ify  the  syllables,  as  in  uttering  ba^ 
da,  pa,  or  oA,  ad,  ap  ;  and,  although  b  and  p  nviy  ha 
considered  as  reprosenting  no  sounds  at  all,  yet  they 
so  niodifv  the  utterance  of  ab,  ay,  or  ba,  pa,  that  the 
slight  difference  between  these  articulations  may  be 

Eerceived  as  far  as  the  human  voice  can  be  distinctly 
eard. 
€ON'SO-NAA'T-LY,  adv.     Consistently;    in   agree- 
ment. 
€ON'SO-NANT-XESS,  n.      Agreeablcness ;    consist- 
ency. 
€ON'SO-XOU3,  a.     [L.  consonus.J 

Agreeing  in  sounu  ;  syniphonious. 
eON-i^O  PI-ATE,  r.  L     To  lull  asleep.     [^"01  used.] 
€0\-SO-PI-A'TI0N,  n.    A  luUing  asleep.    [JVb(  used.] 
CON'SO-PITE,  r.  U     [L.  cotisopio.] 

To  compose  ;  to  lull  to  sleep.     [JVo£  used.] 
€OX'SO-PITE,  a.    Calm;  composed.     [JVotused.] 

More. 
€ON'SORT,  n.     [L.  consors;  con  and  sors,  sort,  state, 
kind.] 

1.  A  companion  ;  a  partner;  an  intimate  associate  ; 
particularly,  a  partner  of  the  bed  ;  a  wife  or  husband. 

He  Bin»!e  clwee  lo  li»e,  and  ihunnwl  to  ued, 

Well  ^eoA-fl  U>  want  a  contort  of  hit  bed.  Dryden. 

2.  An  assembly  or  association  of  persons,  convened 
for  consultation.  Spenser. 

3.  Union ;  conjunction  ;  concurrence.  Ailerbary. 

4.  A  number  of  instruments  played  together  ;  a 
symphony  ;  a  concert.  In  this  sense  concert  is  now 
used. 

5.  In  navigaiiany  any  vessel  keeping  company  with 
another. 

^uecn  c(msort;  the  wife  of  a  king,  as  distinguished 
from  a  queen  reptant,  who  rules  alone,  and  a  muen 
doiras^rr,  the  widow  of  a  king. 
eOX-SORT',  T.  i.     To  associate  ;  to  unite  In  company  ; 
to  keep  company  ;  fuUowed  by  viith. 

Which  of  the  Grecian  chiefs  contoTU  \oiih  lliee  i        Dryden. 

€ON-SORT',  ».  t.    To  join  ;  to  marry. 

■Wiih  hia  coTuorUd  Efe.  Milton. 


CON 

Q.  To  unite  in  company. 

He  brgiii*  to  coruorl  himacir  with  men.  Lotk: 

3.  To  accompany.     {Kvt  itsed.]  Shak. 

eON-SOUT'A-HLE,  a.     Suitable.  Wotton. 

CDN-SOKT'ED, ///).     United  in  marriage.       Milton. 

COX-SOIvT'ING,  ppr.  Uniting  in  company  with  ;  as- 
sociating. 

€ON-S0K'TION  n.    Fellowship.    [J^ot  used.]  Brown. 

eoX'SOllT-SHIP,  «.     Fellowship;  partnership. 

eON'SOUND,  n.  The  name  of  several  species  of 
plants. 

eON-SI'EC'TA-nLE,  a.     Easy  lo  be  seen. 

C0i\-SPKC'T10N,  n.     A  b.'hulding.     [A;.«  used.] 

eo.\-.SPl-:e-TO'I-TY,  n.     Sight ;  view.     [JVvt  used.] 

€ON-yPI-:it'SION,  n.     A  sprinkling.     [J^utused.] 

eOiN-SPieO'I-TV,  TU  Couspicuousness;  brightness. 
[Lttlle  used.]  Shak. 

eOiN-SPIClI-OUS,  a.  [h.  conspicuvs,  from  conspicio, 
to  look  or  see  ;  con  and  specio,  to  see.    See  Species.] 

1.  Open  to  the  view  ;  obvious  to  the  eye  ;  easy  to 
be  seen ;  manifest ;  as,  to  stand  In  a  conspicuous 
place. 

Or  cum?  I  lesi  conajncwan.  MUton, 

2.  Obvious  to  the  mental  eye;  clearly  or  extensive- 
ly known,  perceived,  or  understood.  Hence,  emi- 
nent ;  famous ;  distinguished  ;  as,  a  man  of  conspic- 
uous talents :  a  lady  of  conspicuous  virtues. 

eON-SPie'U-OUS-LY,  arff.  In  a  conspicuous  man- 
ner ;  obviously  ;  in  a  manner  to  be  clearly  seen  ;  em- 
inently ;  remarfcablv. 

eON-SPie'U-OUS-NESS,  n.  Openness  or  exposure 
to  the  view  ;  a  state  of  being  visible  at  a  distance; 
as,  the  cotuipicuousness  of  a  tower. 

2.  Eminence;  fame;  celebrity:  renown;  a  state 
of  being  extensively  known  and  distinguished  ;  as, 
the  con.'^ieuousness  of  an  author. 

€ON-SPIR'A-CY,  M.  [L.  conspiratio,  from  conspiro. 
See  Conspire.] 

1.  A  combination  of  men  for  an  evil  purpose  ;  an 
agrecntent,  between  two  or  more  persons,  to  commit 
some  crime  in  concert;  particularly,  a  combination 
to  commit  treason,  or  excite  sedition  or  insurrection, 
against  the  government  of  a  slate  ;  a  plot ;  as,  a  con- 
spiracy against  the  life  of  a  king  ;  a  conspiracy  against 
the  government. 

Mure  Ih.ia  forty  had  mnde  this  corxtpiracy,  —  Acu  xxili. 

2.  In  law,  an  agreeinent  between  two  or  more  per- 
sons, falsely  and  maliciously  to  indict,  or  procure  to 
be  indicted,  an  innocent  person  of  felony. 

Blaclistone, 

3.  A  concurrence ;  a  general  tendency  of  two  or 
more  causes  to  one  event.  Sidney, 

€ON-SPIU'ANT,  a.     [L.  conspirans.\ 

Conspiring;  plotting;  engaging  in  a  plot  to  com- 
mit a  crime.  Shak. 

eoN-SPI-RA'TION,  n.  Conspiracy;  agreement  or 
concurrence  of  things  to  one  end. 

eoN-SPIR'A-TOK,  n.  One  who  conspires;  one  who 
engages  in  a  plot  to  commit  a  crime,  particularly 
treason. 

2.  In  law,  one  who  agrees  with  another  falsely  and 
maliciously  lo  indict  an  innocent  person  of  felony. 
By  the  British  statute,  a  conspirator  is  defined  to  be 
one  who  bhids  himself  by  oath,  covenant,  or  other 
alliance,  to  assist  another  falsely  and  maliciously  to 
indict  a  person,  or  falsely  to  maintain  pleas.  Eneyc. 

COi\-BPIK.E',  V.  i.  [L.  coTtspiro,  to  plot ;  con  and  5p^ 
TO,  to  breathe.  But  tbe  primary  sense  is,  to  throw,  lo 
wind  ;  hence  spira,  a  fold,  circle,  wreath,  or  band  ; 
and  Ihe  sense  of  the  verb  is,  to  breathe  together,  or, 
more  probably,  to  wind  or  band  together.] 

1.  'I'o  agree,  by  oath,  covenant,  or  otherwise,  to 
commit  a  crime  ;  to  plot ;  to  hatch  treason. 

The  8-rvants  of  AmrtiDn  conwpirtd  a^^irut  him,  and  slew  tbe 

king  ill  his  own  house.  —2  Kings  xx'u 
TV-y  contpirtd  ag^iiisi  J<jspph  lo  slay  hiin.  — Geo.  sxxviL 

2.  In  laiB,  to  agree  falsely  and  maliciously  to  indict 
an  innocent  person  of  felony. 

3.  To  agree  ;  to  concur  to  one  end  ;  as,  all  things 
conspire  to  make  us  prosperous. 

Th-?  pr-M,  the  pulpii,  and  the  stage, 
Contpire  lo  c«iiiure  ant!  expose  our  Rge.  Rotcommon. 

eON-SPTR'ER,  n.  One  who  conspires  or  plots  j  a  con- 
spirator. Shak. 

eOX-SPIR'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Agreeing  to  commit  a 
crime;  plotting;  uniting  or  concurring  to  one  end. 
2.  In  mrrjianics,  conspiring  forces  are  fttrces  acting 
obliquely  to  each  other,  but  which  may  be  severally 
resolved  into  two  parts,  one  of  which,  in  each  case, 
acts  in  the  same  direction  wilh  the  other  ;  co-operat- 


mg  powrrs. 


D.  Olmsted. 


€ON-Si'IR'ING-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  coikspir- 

ary  ;  bv  conspiracy.  Milton. 

€0.\-SPiS-SA'TION,  n.     [L.  conspissatus.] 

'i'he  act  of  making  thick  or  viscous  ;  thickness. 

More. 
CO.X-SPlTR-CA'TION,  n.  [L.  conspurco;  con  and  spur- 
CO,  to  defile.] 

The  act  of  defiling;  defilement;  pollution.     [JVut 
in  u-vr.J  Bp.  Iluil. 

eON'STA-BLE,  (kun'sta-bl,)  n.   [9\i.  condestnblc ;  Port. 
id.'.  It.  conestattile  ;  Fr.  connclable;  Sp.  conde.  It  conte. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRfiV- —  PI-^■E»  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. - 


2:a 


CON 


CON 


a  count,  and  L.  stabulunij  a  stable  ;  L.  comes  staJtalij  i 
count  of  the  sijiblc] 

1.  A  high  officer  in  tlie  monarchical  establishments 
of  the  middle  ages.  Brande. 

The  turd  high  constable  if  Englund  was  the  seventh 
officer  of  the  crown.  lie  liad  the  care  of  the  common 
peace,  in  deeds  of  arms  and  matters  of  war,  being  a 
judg:e  of  the  court  of  chividr\-,now  called  the  court  of 
honor.  To  this  officer,  and  to  the  earl  marshal,  be- 
longed the  coRnixaiice  of  ccintract;*,  deeds  of  arms 
without  the  n-aini,  and  cuiiibais  and  blazonry  within 
the  realm.  The  pnwur  of  this  officer  w:ls  so  great, 
and  so  improperly  used,  that  it  wan  abridged  by  the 
13th  Richard  I!.,  and  was  afterward  f.trffited  in  the 
person  of  Edward  StalTord,  duke  of  Uuckingham,  in 
1531.  It  has  never  bt't,ii  granted  to  any  person  since 
thai  time,  except  pm  hoc  oice^  or  on  a  particular  occa- 
sion. Encyc. 

9.  An  officer  of  the  peace.  In  England,  there  are 
high  constables,  petty  c^n^;tables,  and  constables  of 
London.  The  high  constables  are  chosen  at  the  court 
leela  of  the  franchise  «.r  hundred  over  which  they 
preside,  or,  in  default  of  that,  by  the  justices  of  the 
quarter  sessions,  and  are  removable  by  the  same  au- 
thority that  appoints  them.  'J'he  pjtty  ctmstables  are 
chosen  by  the  jury  of  the  court  leet,  or,  if  no  court  is 
held,  they  are  appointed  by  two  justices  of  llie  peace. 
In  London,  a  constable  is  nominated  in  each  precinct 
by  the  inhabitants,  and  confirmed  at  the  court  of 
wardmote.  The  duty  of  constables  la  to  keep  the 
peace  ;  and  for  this  purpoije  they  are  invested  with 
the  power  of  arresting  and  imprisoning,  and  of  break- 
ing open  houses. 

In  the  UniUil  States^  constables  are  town  or  city 
officers  of  the  peace,  with  powers  similar  to  those 
possessed  by  the  constables  in  Great  Britain.  They 
are  invested  also  with  powers  to  execute  civil  as  well 
as  criminal  process,  and  to  levy  executions.  In  JWw 
En  aland,  they  are  elected  by  the  inhabitants  of  towns 
in  fegul  meeting. 

Til  overran  the  constable  ;  to  sp;.^nd  more  than  a  man 
is  worth  or  can  pay  ;  a  vulgar  phrase. 

eON'STA-BLER-Y,  (kun'sta-bler-y.)  n.  The  body  or 
jurisdiction  of  consUibles. 

eON'STA-BLE-ir^HIP,  n.     The  office  of  a  constable. 

€ON'.STA-BLE-\VICK,  n.  The  district  to  which  a 
constable's  power  is  limited.  Ilaie. 

€ON-STAB'U-LA-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  constables; 
consisting  of  constables. 

CON'STAN-CY,  n.  [L.  eoitstantia,  from  eonato:  eon 
and  stOi  to  stand.] 

1.  Fixedness;  a  standing  firm;  hence,  applied  to 
God  or  his  works,  immutability  ;  unalterable  contin- 
uance ;  a  permanent  state.  Hooker. 

2.  Fixedness  or  finnness  of  mind  ;  persevering  res- 
olution ;  steady,  unshaken  determination  ;  particu- 
larly applicable  to  finnness  of  mind  under  sufferings, 
to  steadiness  in  attacJiments,  and  to  prrsevcrance  in 
enterprise.  Lasting  affection;  stability  in  love  or 
friendship. 

3.  CertJiinty;  veracity;  realltj*.     Siiak.  Johnson. 
eOX'STANT,  a.     [L.  constan.'i.] 

1.  Fixed  ;  firm  ;  opposed  to  Jliud. 

To  (urn  two  fliiil  Ikjiian  niu>  a  eonalanl  bodjr.  Boyle, 

[In  thit  sense  not  usrd.] 

2.  Fixed  ;  not  varied ;  unchanged ;  permanent  j  im- 
mutable. 

Th-  wotIU  *•  ft  •«»  of  ehan*^,  and  to  bo 

COruiatU,  In  nUurr,  were  incointancy.  CowUy, 

3.  Fixed  nr  firm  in  mind,  purpose,  affection,  or 
principle  ;  unshaken  j  unmoved  ;  as,  a  constant  friend 
or  lover. 

4.  Certain;  Rtendy  ;  firmly  adhernnt;  with  to;  as, 
H  man  conjttaiU  to  his  purpose  or  to  his  duties. 

€t)N'STANT,  n.  In  phtjsicjt,  that  which  remainn  un- 
changed or  invariable.  Thus  a  quantity,  force,  law, 
Sec,  when  it  continues  unchanged,  is  called  a  ton- 
.sUttit.  P.  Cye. 

€O.\-8TAX-TI-N0-P0L'LTAX,  a.  Relating  to  t'on- 
stantinoplej^the  metroixjlis  of  the  empire  of  Turkey. 

Cf>.\'.^TANT-LY,  Of/.  Finnly;  steadily;  invariably; 
continually  ;  perseveringiy. 

Kliolx  contlanUy  nUinii^  that  It  wnj  ft^n  ao.  —  AeU  tK. 
TItnK  Uiiiigs  I  will  ttiMl  lhi>a  aflirm  conttantly,  —  Til.  lii. 

CON'STAT,  II.  [L.,  it  appears.]  In  England,  a  cer- 
tificate given  by  the  clerk  of  the  pipe  and  auditors  of 
the  exchequer  to  a  person  who  intend<i  to  picail  or 
m<'Ve  fora  discharge  of  any  thing  in  that  cimrt.  The 
cfT'ct  of  it  is  to  nhtiw  what  appears  upon  the  record 
respecting  the  matter  in  question. 

5.  An  exemplification  under  the  great  seal  of  the 
enrollment  of  any  letters  patent.  Encyc. 

€ON'«TE!^LATE,  r.  u  [Low  I*.  consUUattta ;  eon 
and  gtelloy  to  shine  ;  stetla,  a  star.] 

To  join  luster;  to  shine  with  united  radiance  or 
one  general  light.     [LiUle  used.] 

T\w  ifv^r.tl  thin":!  which  engage  our  aS'i^Uciiu  thin-;  fnrth  kdcI 
oftuuilatt  lu  iioA.  BoyU, 

eOX'STEL-LATE,  v.  U  To  unite  several  shining 
bodies  in  one  splendor      [Little  used.]  Brown. 

CON'STEL-LA-TED,  yp.  or  a.  United  in  one  splen- 
dor. Brown, 


2.  Starry ;  set  or  adorned  with  st:ira  or  ctin*>tclla-  ; 
tions.  J'  Barlow. 

eON-STEL-LX'TION,  n.  A  cluster,  asspinhlage,  or 
group,  of  fixed  stars  ;  a  numb«.'r  uf  stars  which  appear 
as  if  tiittiated  near  each  other  in  the  heavens,  and 
are  considered  as  furuiinga  particular  division.  The 
constellations  are  reiluced  mostly  to  the  figures  of 
certain  animals  or  oUier  known  things,  as  the  bear, 
the  bull,  the  ram,  the  balance,  &c. 

Kur  ilic  BUira  or  hcaruii,  and  tlie  cotttUllationt  tiir^Tvuf,  nli'.iU  not 

give  Uuir  lighu  —  !■-  xiii. 
2.  An  assemblage  of  splendors  or  excellences. 
€Oi\-STER-N.A'TlON,  n,     [L.  comtcrnaliv,  from  con- 
stf^mo ;  con  and  sterno.,  to  throw  or  strike  down.] 

Astonishment ;  amazement  or  horror  that  confounds 
the  faculties,  and  incapacitates  a  person  for  consulta- 
tion and  execution ;  excessive  terror,  wonder,  or  sur- 
prise. South. 
€ON'STI-PATE,  V.  t.  [L.  constipo ;  con  and  .stipo,  to 
crowd,  or  cram,  Eng.  to  stuff,  to  stop.  See  Stufk  and 
Stoi".] 

1.  To  crowd  or  cram  into  a  narrow  compass ;  to 
thicken  or  condense.  Bacon. 

2.  To  stop,  by  filling  a  p^assage,  and  preventing 
motion  ;  as,  to  constipate  capillary  vess<-ls. 

.^rbuVinot. 

3.  To  fill  or  crowd  the  intestinal  canal,  and  make 
costive.  Browiu 

eON'STI-PA-TED,  pp.     Made  costive. 

eON'STI-PA-TING,  ^pr.     Making  costive. 

€ON-Sn-PA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  crowding  any 
thing  into  a  less  compass  ;  a  pressing  together ;  con- 
dt^nsntion  ;  as,  a  close  c</(W^(;»a/mn  of  particles.  Bentley. 
2.  More  gener/iUtj,  a  crowding  or  filling  to  hard- 
ness the  intestinal  canal,  from  defective  excretion  ; 
costiveness  ;  obstipation.  Enajc.    Coze. 

COX  STIT'IJ-EN-CY,  n.  The  act  of  constituting,  or, 
more  frequentlj',  the  body  of  constituents.  [Modem 
u-snife.] 

eON-STIT'lJ-EXT,  o.  [L.  constitiienji,  constituo  ;  con 
and  stattio,  to  set.     See  Statue,  Statute.] 

Setting ;  constituting ;  applied  to  parts  of  a  thing 
tJuit  are  essential  to  iL     Hence, 

1.  Necessary  or  essential;  elemental;  forming, 
com[>osing,  or  making,  as  an  essential  part;  as,  oxy- 
gen and  hydrogen  are  the  eonstiUieni  parts  of  water. 

Botlr.  ■oul,  and  rejuoii,  nit:  Lite  ihrw  eonttifusnt  parti  vfo.  mim. 

Dryden. 

2.  Having  the  power  of  constituting  or  appointing. 
A  qui^iion  of  righlariici  bttwoen  the  con»lUuenl  and  n-pr-'n-nl- 

Rtive  Uxly.  Juniut. 

€ON-STIT'lI-ENT,  n.     He  or  that  which  sets,  fixes, 

or  furms ;  he  or  that  which  constitutee  or  comitoses. 

Their  Um  composure  ui'l  origination  requiK'a  n  higher  and  no* 
bli-r  conadtufM  than  chance.  Halt, 

Q.  That  which  constitutes  or  composes,  as  a  part, 
or  an  essential  part. 


3.  A  term  applied  to  those  who  appoint  or  elect 
some  one  aa  their  re  prose  nUitive  to  an  office  or  em- 
ployment. Burke. 
€ON'STI-T0TE,  r.  U  [U  constituo  i  con  and  staiuo, 
to  s<;t.  (See  Statue,  Statute.)  It.  constituire;  8p. 
constituir;  Fr.  conjttituer,] 

1.  To  set ;  to  fix  ;  to  enact ;  to  establish. 

Wp  muBi  obey  Inwt  niryviint^  nm)  coTUtiUiUd  bj  lawOil  niithor- 
ity,  not  a^iiinitt  llic  law  o(  God.  lUijtor. 

2.  To  form  or  compose ;  to  give  fonnal  existence 
to  ;  to  make  a  thing  what  it  is.  Perspicuity  ecnsti- 
tutfs  tlie  prime  excellence  of  style. 


3.  To  appomt,  depute,  or  elect,  to  an  office  or  em 
ploytnent ;  to  make  and  empower.  A  sheritf  is  con- 
stUatrd  a  conservator  of  the  peace  ;  A  has  constituted 
B  his  attorney  or  agent. 

eON'STI-TOTE,  n.     An  established  law.     [Obs.] 

€ON'STI-T0-TED,pp.  ora.  Set;  fixed-  established; 
made  ;  elected;  appointed. 

eON'STI-TO-TED  AU-THOR'l  TIES,  n.  pi  The 
niagistmte'?  or  ir<»vernors  of  a  people,  //.  JMore. 

eO.N^STI-TO-TER,  n.  One  wlio  constitutes  or  ap- 
points. 

CON'STI-TO-TING,  ppr.  Setting  ;  establishing  ;  com- 
posing:; elerting  ;  apjH>inting. 

eoiV'STI-TO'TKJ.N,  n.  'J'he  act  of  constituting, 
ennctinc,  establishine,  or  apiwiinting. 

2.  The  stale  of  Inking ;  that  form  of  l>eing,  or  pe- 
culiar structure  and  connection  of  part.s,  which 
makes  or  character iww  a  syittem  or  botly.  Hence, 
the  particular  frame  or  temperament  (»f  the  htiman 
body  is  called  its  constitution.  VVc  speak  of  a  robust 
or  fef:ble  constitution;  a  fold,  phlegmalic,  sanguine, 
or  irritable  constitution.  We  speak  of  the  constitution 
of  the  air,  or  other  substance  ;  the  eonstituiioa  of  the 
solar  system  ;  the  constitution  of  things. 

3.  The  frame  or  temper  of  minil,  ufiijctiona,  or 
passions. 

4.  The  established  furm  of  government  in  a  stdte. 
kingdom,  or  c<iuntry  ;  a  system  of  fundamental 
rule;i,  principles,  and  ordinances,  for  the  government 


CON      • 

of  a  state  or  natitin.  In  free  states,  the  constitution 
is  paramount  to  the  statutes  or  laws  enacted  by  the 
legislature,  limiting  and  controlling  its  power;  and 
in  the  United  States,  the  legislature  is  created,  and 
its  powers  designated,  by  the  constitution. 

5.  A  particular  law,  ordinance,  or  regulation,  made 
by  the  authority  of  any  superior,  civil  or  ecclesiasti- 
cal ;  Hs,  the  constitutions  of  the  churches ;  the  novel 
covstttutions  of  Justinian  and  his  successors. 

(i.  A  system  of  fundamental  principles  for  the  gov- 
ernment of  nitional  and  social  beings. 


eON-STI-TO'TION-AL,  a.  Bred  or  inherent  in  the 
con.'Hitution,  or  in  the  natural  frame  of  body  or 
mind  ;  as,  a  coHstitutiunal  infirmity ;  constitutional 
ardur  or  dullness. 

2.  Consit.tent  witli  the  constitution  ;  authorized  by 
the  constitution  or  fundamental  rules  of  a  govern- 
ment ;  legal. 

An  «c[  of  MiigTS'M  prohil'iiitip  thcjniportatlon  of  alavcs  into  the 
Uiufd  ^iiiU's  id  cotisUlauojmJ . 

3.  Relating  to  the  lOJistiMition  ;  as,  a  constitutional 
doubt.  Foley. 

€ON'-STLTC'TION-AJ^T?T,  n.  An  adherent  to  the 
coDstituiion  of  government. 

2.  An  innovator  of  the  old  constitution,  or  a 
framer  or  friend  of  the  new  constitution,  in  Fnmce. 

Burke. 
eON-STI-Tfi-TION-AI/I-TY,  w.     The  state  of  being 
constitutional ;   the  slate  of   being  inherent   in  the 
natural  frame ;  as,  the  cunstitutionality  of  disease. 
Coze.     Med.  Rrpository. 
2.  The  state  of  being  consistt:nt  with  the  constitu- 
tion or  frame  of  government,  or  of  being  authorized 
by  its  provisions. 

The  Jiidj'-B  of  the  Snpwmr  Court  of  th--  Unitwl  Sui^i  have  lh« 
power  of  (I'-tenniniug  the  muftUvUonalihf  of  laws. 

eOX-STI-TO'TION-AL-LY,  adv.  In  consistency 
with  the  constitution   or  frame  of  government. 

€ON-STI-T0'TION-A-RY,  a.    Constitutional.  [Bad.] 

€ON-ST1-TO'TION-1ST,  n.  One  who  adheres  to  the 
constitution  of  the  country.  BoUn^tn-okr. 

€ON'STI-T0-TIVE,  a.  That  constitutes^  forms,  or 
composes ;  elemental ;  essential. 

The  cofistituCtPC  parta  of  n  ichismalie  being  th*  Mt^cm  of  him- 
»']f  itiid  contempt  oT  otiicn.  Vectu/  of  P'ttty. 

2.  Having  power  to  enact,  establish,  or   cnsate  ; 

instituting. 
€0.\'STI-TO-TrVE-LY,  ado.    In  a  constitutive  man 

ner. 
eON-STRAI\',  V.  U     [Fr.  contraindre  ;  It.  constrttrnere, 

OT  costriu^ere  ;  S^.  eonstronir  ;  Pvrl.  con strinifir ;  from 

L.   coiwlringo ;   con  and  stringo,  to  strain,  to  hind 

See  Straik.] 

In  a  general  sense,  to  strain  ;  to  press  ;  to  urge  ;  to 

drive  ;    to  exert   force,  pbysieal  or  momi,  either  in 

urging  to  action  or  in  restraining  it.     Hence, 

1.  To  compel  or  force  ;  to  urge  with  irrewistilde 
power,  or  with  a  power  sufficient  to  produce  the 
effect. 

Thf  ipirit  tt-ithin  m*  conftrainttk  nx.  — Job  xxxli. 
I  was  contboiTitH  to  nppral  lo  Of«ar.  —Acta  xxviH. 
For  tin:  luve  of  t^ttriai  con*traitietk  ua.  —  2  Uur.  «. 

2.  To  confine  by  force  ;  to  restrain  from  escape  or 
action  ;  to  repress. 

My  sire  in  cnvca  conaUraina  the  winds.  Diylen, 

3.  To  hold  by  force  ;  to  press ;  to  confine 

How  (hf-  tiriiit  itaya  the  slender  wtdal  «tm»train  I  Gay. 

4.  To  coastringe  ;  to  bind. 

Whon  winter  fruau  conalrain  the  field  with  sold.         Dryltn. 

5.  To  tie  fast ;  to  bind  ;  to  chain  ;  to  confine. 

Ilo  binds  in  chains 
Thfi  drowty  proph'-t,  and  his  liuiU  conatrainM.  Dryd»n 

G.  To  necessitate. 
Did  fate  or  wo  the  adulterous  act  mtutrain?  Pope. 

7.  To  fiirce ;  to  ravish.     [JVot  used.]  Shak. 

8.  To  produce  in  opposition  to  nature ;  as,  a  con- 
strained voice  ;  constrained  notes.  ff'aller. 

eO\-STKAL\'A-BLE,  a.  That  maybe  constrained, 
forced,  or  repressed  ;  liable  to  constraint,  or  to  re- 
Flralnt.  Honker. 

eON-STRAIN'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Urged  irresistibly  or 
powerf'illy  ;  coinpelled  ;  furctid  ;  restrained;  con- 
fined ;  boiind  ;  imprisoned  ;  necessitated. 

eON-STRAI\'ED-LY,  o/iu.  By  constraint;  by  cpm- 
puts'iim.  Hooker. 

eoN-STRAIX'ER,  n.     One  who  constrains. 

e(.)\-STRAl.\'IXO,  ppr.  or  a.  Urging  with  irresisti- 
ble or  powerful  fonx  ;  compelling  ;  forcing  ;  repress- 
ing ;  confining  ;  holding  by  force;  pressing;  binding. 

CONSTRAINT',  n,     [Fr.  contrainte.] 

Irresistible  force,  or  its  eff(xt ;  any  force  or  power, 
physical  or  monil,  which  compt^ls  to  act  or  to  forbear 
action,  or  which  urges  so  strongly  as  to  produce  its 
effect  upon  the  body  or  mind  ;  compulsion  ,  restraint ; 
confinemenL 

Not  hy  conttraint,  but  by  my  choice,  I  came.  DryiUn. 

Feed  ihi-  flock  of  Gwt,  tddug  the  oiemight  ihereof,  not  bj  co«s- 
ttraint,  but  willingly.—  1  Pet.  v. 


TONE,  BULL,  T^NITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS  —  €  as  Kj  G  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  m  SIIj  TH  u  in  THIS. 


CON 


€ON-STRAlNT'iVE, 


Having  powte  to  compel. 
Cartw. 

[Ij.  eotutriiiffo,  censtrkUuM.    Bee 


€ON-STRI€T',  r.  U 
Co:««TiiAtn.} 

To  draw  togelhei ;  to  bind;  to  cramp;  to  draw 
Into  a  narrow  cumpasa  ;  hence,  to  contract  or  cause 
to  shrink.  jirbtUAnoU 

eON-tfTR!eT'ED,  pp.    Drawn  together ;  bound  j  con- 
tracted. 
eON^TRI€T'ING,ppr.    Drawing  together;  binding  i 

coiitnictiug. 
eo.N-iSTRlt'TION',  iL    A  drawing  togolher  or  con- 
traction, bv  nuans  oi*  some  inherent  power,  or  by 
spatfrn,  as  Jistinguisht'd  from  camprttthm,  or  the  pres- 
sure itf  extraneous  bitdics ;  aa,  the  constrietmn  of  a 
mu9clo  or  fiber.    It  may,  perhaps,  be  soinetimea  used 
as  synonvmoiis  with  tomprfs-iiam. 
eoX-i»TKi€T'OR,  «.    That  which  draws  together  or 
.  contracld.    In  cMtonty,  a  muscle  which  draws  to- 
'  g>;tber  or  closea  an  onnca  of  the  body  ;  aa,  the  eom- 
struiar  Uburrum^  a  muscle  of  the  lips.  Kneyc 

9.  A  term  apfklied  *to  large  serpents  which  crush 
tbeir  prey  in  their  foldi,  as  the  Boa  Cff^Hruiory  k,c* 

Brands. 
eON-^TRIXGE',  (kon-slrinj',)  r.  t    [L.  coMstritigo, 
See  Ck'W«T«Ai:«.] 

To  draw  together ;  to  strain  into  a  rwirrow  com- 
PBss ;  to  contract ;  to  force  to  contract  itselC 

OMagBquoCT  cMMrwifff,  hudmlke  fins,  ud  co^|^l»Jtbe 

€ON-STRtN'6'EDjjip.    Contracted ;  drawn  tocetber. 

€ON-STRlN6  EXT,  a.  Uaving  the  quality  of  con- 
tractiti!!,  bindius,  or  compressing.    Bacon.    Thomson. 

eoSSTlilSO'lSG,  fpr.  Drawing  or  compressing 
into  a  ^riialler  compass  :  contracting ;  binding. 

€OX-.STRL*eT',  v.L  [L.  eonstruo,  con^nuUm',  eon 
and  rfmtf,  to  lay,  dii«pD«e,  or  set  in  order ;  Pp.  co%- 
ttruir:  Fr.  eoiuCnure;  lU  t^     See  Stbcctlbe.J 

1.  To  put  together  the  parts  of  a  thing  in  their 
proper  place  and  order ;  to  build ;  to  form  ;  as,  to 
eoiutrtut  an  edifice 

S.  To  devise  and  compose  ;  as,  to  constmet  a  new 
system ;  or  aimi^v  to  frame  or  form  ;  as,  to  canstruet 
a  telescope.  The  word  may  hiclude  the  Invention, 
with  the  formation,  or  not,  at  the  pleasure  of  the 
writer.  A  man  cmuCtmCs  a  ship  according  to  a 
model ;  or  a  grammar  by  a  new  urangemeot  of  prin-. 
ciplcs ;  or  a  planetarium  cf  a  new  form. 
Z*  To  iot^iiccc  or  understand.  [See  Coic«tbce.} 
4.  TV  coHstmct  aa  equation,  in  gtimeiri/,  u  to  form  a 
geometrical  figure  c^vrespooding  to  the  equation. 

SUtdoff, 

eOS-STRUGT'ED,  pp.  Bufll ;  formed ;  ccwpoaed  $ 
compiled. 

eOX-STRUCT'ER,  «.  One  who  conatructt  or  frames. 

€OX-STRl*t'TIM;,  ppr.     Buildinz;   framing;  com- 

eOX-STRUe'TlUX,  «.     [I*  anutnctia.]         Tpiising. 

1.  The  act  of  building,  or  of  dcvLsing  and  Conning ; 
fahric'.iiiun. 

2.  The  furra  of  building;  the  manner  of  putting 
together  tlte  parts  of  a  builatng,  n  machine,  or  a  f>y»- 
tern ;  sttructure  ;  coofomiatinn.  The  sailing  of  a  ship 
and  its  capacity  depend  cbieHy  on  its  Ci/ruitraciian, 

3.  In  grammar^  synux,  or  the  arrangement  and  con- 
nection of  wordsin  asentence,  according  tu  established 
nsasea,or  the  practice  of  good  wriu  rs  and  speakers. 

4.  Sense;  meaning;  interpret;Uion  ,  exiilanniioii ; 
or  the  manner  of  undersLinding  the  arrangement  of 
words,  or  of  underslandmg  fact".  Let  us  find  the 
true  canstruetion ;  or  lei  us  give  the  author's  wtirrta  a 
sound,  rational,  consistent  conftrnction.  What  con- 
struction can  be  put  upon  this  alTair,  at  upon  the  con- 
duct of  a  man  ? 

&.  The  manner  of  describing  a  figure  or  problem 
in  geoatetrr.  Johnson. 

The  drawing  of  such  lines,  such  fi^itre,  &c.,  as  are 
pie^^ously  necessary  for  oiakine  any  deuionslraiion 
appear  mure  plain  and  undeniable.  Encye. 

6.  The  eonstructum  of  an  e^uation^  in  geometry,  is 
the  drawing  of  such  lines  and  fieures  as  are  neces- 
sary fir  the  solution  of  a  prubieni  or  ibe  demonstra- 
tinn  of  a  Iheorem.  StanU^.     Johnson. 

eOX-STRL'C'TIOX-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  consiruc- 
.tkm  i  deduced  from  construction  or  interpretation. 
[UhushoL)  fi'ateHand. 

€OX-8TRUC'TIOX-rST,  n.  One  who  construes  a 
writing  or  public  instrument. 

€OX-STRi;eT'lVE,  a.  By  construction:  created  or 
deduced  by  coiwtniction ,  or  mode  of  interpretation  ; 
not  directly  expressed,  but  inferred  -,  as,  evnstruetice 
treason.  BUutstone. 

StipuUtiiMM,  expmaed  or  Imp&Hl,  (ucnul  or  cotutritaiM.^ 

eON-STRUeraVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  constnictive  man- 
ner ;  by  way  of  construction  or  interpretation ;  by 
fair  inference.  Channcey.     United  States. 

A  ur%nnl  mmt  ^n  aotist  at  a  tlodndr,  ettbrr  aaiuOlj  bj  & 
funnal  infomwUMi,  or  oMutru^tiwtly  by  ootice  to  bk  eovnu- 
Tnrni.  junL 

€OX-STRUeTaVE-XE.«9,  n.  Among  pkretuAcgists, 
the  faculty  which  leadd  to  the  formation  of  parts 
into  a  whole.  Combe, 

€0.\  STRUCT'LTIE,  (kon-strukt'yur,)  n.  An  edifice  ; 


CON 

pile  ;  fiibric.   [For  this,  Structurb  is  more  generally 
used-l  Bltickmore. 

eOX"t*TRCE,  r.  t  [I.,  cotulrup.  See  Construct.] 
1.  To  arrange  words  in  tlieir  nattinil  order  ;  to  re- 
duce frvim  a  iran--^)x>sed  l«i  a  natural  onler^  so  as  to 
discover  ibe  i»ense  uf  a  sentence  ;  hence,  to  interpret, 
and,  when  applied  to  a  foreign  language,  tti  translate  ; 
to  render  into  English  ;  as,  to  cotuitruc  Gruek,  Liitin, 
or  French. 

■a.  To  interpret ;  to  explain  ;  to  show  or  to  under- 
stand the  meaning. 

Iprty  thnt  1  snny  ntX  \x  ta  iimlrntooi)  or  exiMMtnt»d.  Hooktr, 
TCim  we  we  put  tu  conttrv*  -uid  LMrnpbnai.-  uur  "wn  wurxU. 

eOX'8TB0-ED.  fp.    Arranged  in  natural  order;  in- 
terpreted ;  unJerstood  ;  transluted. 
€OX'STRlT-lXi;,  ppr.     Arranging  in  natural  order; 

iountlin<; 
€0X' 


xnoun>lin<:;  inierprotinp  ;  translating. 
X'riTU-FR ATE,  r.  (.     [I- cvnst*ntro  { 
To  violate  ;  to  debauch  ;  to  defile. 


cvnMuitro  i  eon  and  vtitpro. 
[to  ravish.] 
€CX'STtJ-l*RA-TEn,;ip.     IKrhanched. 
eoX'.sTU -PKA-TIXG,  jtpr.     Viulating. 
€OX-STU-l*RA'TIO.\,  n.    The  act  of  ravishing  ;  vi- 
olation :  defilemenL  Bp.  HaU. 
eOX-SUo-SIST', ».  i.    To  subsist  together     [See  tf  ub- 

BIST.l 

eON-f<Un-STAX'TIAL,  (-stan'shal,)  a.  [U  consufr- 
stantialLs ;  con  and  substantia.    See  Substance.] 

1.  Having  the  same  substance  or  essence  ;  cocs- 
sential. 

The  orthoiiox  bellere  the  Son  to  bo  eonMuh*lan6al  with  the  Tr- 
U«r.  Eticyc, 

2.  Of  the  same  kind  or  nature. 

I(  oMitiiiu^lh  ti  )'u<lv  conaub*Uu%tiai  wiUi  oun.  Hookar. 

€OX-SUB-STAX'flAUIST,  n.  One  who  believes 
in  consubsiantintion.  Barrow. 

€OX-SUB-STAXTI-AL'I-TY,  (-stan-she-al'e-ty,)  n. 
The  existence  of  Aiore  llian  one  in  the  same  sub- 
stance ;  IIS,  the  coeterniiy  and  coiisubstaiUinlitij  of  the 
Son  witli  the  Father.  llaminond. 

t*.  rarticipatiim  of  the  same  nature.  Johnson. 

€OX-SUB-t^TAX'TlATE,  r.  (.    [L.  con  and  subsUxntia^ 
suhsLince.] 
To  unite  in  one  common  substance  or  nature. 

Johnson. 

eON-SUB-STAN'TIATE,  r.  i  To  profess  consub- 
stantiation.  Dryden. 

eoX-SUB-STAX'TIA-TED,  pp.  United  in  a  common 
substance. 

CO.\-SL*H-STAX'TrA-TIXG,ppr.  Uniting  in  a  com- 
mon substance. 

€O.V£i(;it-STAX-TI-A'TIOX,  (-sho-a'shun,)  n.  The 
union  of  the  btnly  of  our  blessed  Savior  with  the  sac- 
raniental  elements.  The  Lutherans  maintain  tliat. 
after  consecration  of  the  elements,  the  bocly  and 
blood  of  Christ  are  substantially  present  with  the 
substance  of  the  bread  and  wine  ;  which  is  called 
evn-'mbstGntiation^  or  impanation.  Encye. 

€OX'SUK-T01»E,  n.     CusUim  ;  usage.  ScotL 

eON-SUE  TO'I>IX-.\L,  u.     Custoinar>'. 

CON'SUL,  n.     [L.  consul^  from  consulo,  to  consulL] 

1.  The  chief  magistrate  of  the  ancient  Ronuui  re- 
public, invested  with  rt^gal  authority  for  one  year. 
There  were  two  consuls  annually  chosen  in  the  Cam- 
pus .Martins.  In  the  first  agea  of  Rome,  they  were 
elected  from  patrician  families  or  noblemen  ;  but,  in 
the  year  of  Rome  388,  the  people  obtained  the  privi- 
lege of  electing  one  of  the  consuls  from  their  own 
body,  and  sometimes  both  were  plebeians.     Encye. 

2.  A  chief  maj^istrate,  among  the  French,  during 
their  revolution,  in  imiUition  of  the  Romans.  Brands. 

3.  A  p*TStm  commissioned  by  a  king  or  state  to  re- 
side in  a  foreign  country  as  an  agent  or  representa- 
tive, to  protect  the  risrbts,  commerce,  merchants,  and 
seamen,  of  the  state,  and  to  aid  the  government  in  any 
commercial  transactions  with  such  foreign  country. 

4.  An  advif^er.     [Ay(  leeU  aiiihoriiedA  Bacon. 
eON'SUL-A6E,  71.   A  duty  laid  by  the  British  Levant 

company  on  imports  and  exports  for  the  support  of 

the  companv*s  aiTairs.  Eton. 

COX'SL'L-Aft,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  consul ;  as,  consular 

ptiwfr  ;  consular  dignity,  or  privileges. 
€OX'SL'L-ATE,  n-     [L.  consiUatus.]     The  ofllce  of  a 

con^^ul.  jiddison. 

[  This  is  applicable  to  modem  consuls,  as  weU  as  to 

the  Roman.] 

2.  The  jurisdiction  or  extent  of  a  consul's  authority. 

3.  The  residence  of  a  consul.  l/CenU 
eON'SUL  OE\'ER-AL,  ii.     A  consul,  in  the  commer- 
cial ^frt-iY,  apiK»inted  for  several  places  or  over  several 
consuls.                                                          Encye.  Jim. 

€OX'SUL-SMIP,  71.  The  office  of  a  consul ;  or  the 
term  of  his  otfice  ;  applicable,  only  to  Roman  consuls. 

COX-SULT',  c.  i.  [L.  consulto,  from  consulo,  to  con- 
sult, to  ask  counsel.     The  last  syllable  may  be  from 

the  Ar.  ^Lm*  saaJUi,  Heb.  Ch.  Sam,  Eth.  Vnw,  to  ask.] 
1.  To  seek  the  opinion  or  advice  of  another,  by  a 
statement  of  facts  and  suitable  inquiries,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  directing  one's  own  judgment ;  followed  by 
viih. 

Rrhoboam  eonaulltd  with  the  old  m«o.  —  1  Kin^  xil. 

David  consuiud  wUh  the  capiaiiu  of  thousands.  —  1  Chron.  xiii. 


CON 

2,  1\>  take  counsel  together  ;  to  seek  opinions  and 
advice  by  mutual  statements,  inquiries,  and  reason- 
ings ;  to  deliberate  in  common. 

Tlic  chirl  fiTV-sUcDfwu/ttd  thai  tln-y  iiiigiit  put  Lataru*  to  death. 
Juhii  xii. 

3.  To  consider  with  deliberation.    Luke  xlv. 
CONSULT',  V.  L     To  ask   advice  of;   to  seek  the 

opinion  of  ancrther,  as  a  guide  to  one's  own  judg- 
ment ;  as,  to  coiLsuU  a  friend  or  parent. 

"2.  To  Seek  for  inforniutioti,  or  facts,  in  sometbing; 
as  by  examining  luH»ks  or  papers.  Thus,  1  cunAulted 
several  authors  on  thu  subject ;  I  consulud  tlie  olficiai 
documents. 

3.  To  regard ;  to  have  reference  or  respect  to,  in 
judging  or  acting;  to  decide  or  to  act  in  favor  of. 
We  are  to  consult  the  necessities,  rather  tiian  the 
pleasures,  of  life.  We  are  to  con.'tult  public  as  well 
as  private  interest.  He  consulted  his  own  safety  in 
fligtit. 

l->e  fiuicj  70U  conauil,  consult  your  pune.  Franklin. 

4.  To  plan,  devise,  or  contrive. 
Thou  hiut  coruuliBd  •home  to  Uiy  houK,  by  cutting  off  nuoy 

people.  —  Il&b.  n. 
[7%w  ftense  is  unusual,  ami  not  to  be  counCenayteed.] 
eOX-SULT',  n.    'i'he  art  of  consulting  ;  the  effect  of 
consultation  ;  determination  ;  a  council,  or  deliber- 
ating assembly.  Drydcn.     Bacon. 

This  word  is,  I  believe,  entirely  obsolete,  except  in 
poetry.  It  would  be  naturally  accented  on  the  first 
syllable,  but  the  [xfets  accent  the  last. 
€ON-SULT-A'TI0X,  n.  The  act  of  consulting;  do- 
liberation  of  two  or  mure  persons,  with  n  view  to 
Eonie  decision. 

The  chii'r  iirieau  helJ  a  coruujiaiion  with  the  elden  ami  icribea. 
—  Murk  xv, 

2.  A  meeting  of  .persons  to  consult  together;  a 

'  council  for  deliberation,  as  of  legal  counsel  retained  in 
a  cause,  or  of  physicians  in  a  dangerous  disease. 

Wisetnan. 
Writ  of  consultation  ;  in  lauj,  a  writ  awarded  by  a 
superior  court,  to  return  a  cause  which  bad  been  re- 
moved by  prohibition  from  tlie  court  Christian  to  its 
original  jurisdiction;  so  called,  because  tlie  judges, 
on  consultation,  find  ttie  prohibition  ill  founded. 

Blackstune. 

eON-SULT'A-TIVE,  o.  Having  the  privilege  of 
consulting.  Bram/iall. 

€OX-SULT'ED,  pp.  Asked  ;  inquired  of,  for  opinion 
or  advice  ;  regarded. 

eOX-SULT'ER,  71.  One  who  consults,  or  asks  coun- 
sel or  information  ;  as,  a  eonsuUer  with  familiar 
spirits.     Deut.  xviii, 

COX-SULT'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Asking  advice  ;  seeking 
information  ;  deliberating  and  inquiring  mutually ; 
regarding. 

eOX-SCM'A-BLE,  a.  [See  CoxauME.]  That  may 
be  consumed ;  possible  to  be  destroyed,  dissipaU-tl, 
wasted,  or  spent;  as,  lujbestos  is  nui  consumable  by 
fire.  .  tVilkins. 

The  iitiportatiuii  aotl  exportfili 

eOX-SCME',  V.  U  ru.  eonsumo;  con  and  sumo,  tt> 
tJike.  So,  in  English,  we  say,  it  takes  up  time, 
that  is,  it  consumes  time.  Sp.  consumiri  It.  consu- 
mare;  Ft.  consumer.     Class  Sm.] 

1.  To  destroy,  by  separating  the  parts  of  a  thing, 
by  d(^coju;)osition,  as  by  fire,  or  by  eating,  devour- 
ing, and  annihilating  the  form  of  a  subtiUtnce,  Fire 
consumes  wood,  coal,  stubble  ;  animals  consume  fiesh 
and  vegetables. 

2.  To  destroy  by  dissipating  or  by  use  ;  to  expend ; 
to  waste  ;  to  squander  ;  as,  to  consume  an  estate. 

Ye  aslt,  a>id  rc-eiriT':  not,  Ii«ru**  ye  Atk  amiss,  thai  yc  may  eon- 
$unu  it  upon  your  Iujux.  —  Juinca  iv. 

3.  To  Spend  ;  to  cause  to  pass  away,  as  lime  j  as, 
to  consume  the  day  in  idleness. 

ThPir  da^s  did  he  comunie  in  raniiy.  —  P».  lxx»iii. 

4.  To  cause  to  disappear  ;  to  waste  slowly. 
My  &;sh  \t  conMumed  o.^mhj .  —  Job  xx xviii. 

5.  To  destroy ;  to  bring  to  utter  ruin  ;  to  exter- 
minate. 

ihem.  —  Ex.  xxzij. 


Let  r 


alone  —  that  I  may  contur. 

To  waate  away  slowly ;  to  be 


€ON-S0ME',  V. 
exhausted. 

Their  Be«h  — their  eyea—llieir  tongue  Bhall  tontums  away. — 

Z-'ch.  xiT. 
The  wicked  ahall  periBh  — they  •h:dl  contuvu.—  ^*.  xxxvil. 

€ON-S0M'£D,  ^p.    Wasted;  burnt  up;   destroyed; 

dissiiKiled  ;  squandered  ;  ex|>ended. 
eOX-SCM'ER,    71.     One    who    consumes,    spends, 

wastes,  or  destroys;  that  which  consumes. 
eOX-SO.M'ING,  p/Jr,    Burning;  wasting;  destroying; 
expending;  eating;  devouring. 
2.  a.    That  destroys. 

The  Lord  thy  God  i<  a  conaummg  fire.  —  Dcui.  Ir. 
€ON-SUM'MATE  or  €OX'SUM-.MATE,   c.   (.      [L. 
consummo,  consummatus  ;  con  and  summo^  from  sum- 
ma,  sum  ;  Fr.  consummcr;  Sp.  consumar.     See  Sum.] 
To  end  ;  to  finish   by  completing  what  was  in- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.-PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.- NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK^ 


256 


CON 


CON 


eon  and 


tended  ;  to  perfect ;  to  bring  or  carry  to  llitf  utmost 
point  or  degree.  * 

He  had  s  mind  lo  eonaummalt  Ihe  happineM  of  the  day.  Toiler, 

€ON-SUM'MATE,  a.  Complete  ;  perfect ;  carried  to 
the  utmost  extent  or  degree  \  as,  consummate  great- 
ness or  fi'licity.  „ 

eON-SUM'MA-TED  or  €0\'SUM-MA-TED,  pp. 
Completed  :  perfected  ;  ended. 

CON-SUM'AiATE-LY,  a<ic.    Completely  ;  perfectly. 

WarUn. 

CON-SUM'MA-TL\G  or  CON'SUM-MA-TING,  ppr. 
Completing;  accomplishing;  perfecting. 

€ON-JfLJM-MA'TION,  n.     [L.  conAu.mmatw.'] 

1.  Completion  ;  end  ;  perfection  of  a  work,  pro- 
cess, or  sclieme,  Addison, 

2.  The  end  or  completion  of  the  present  system  of 
things ;  the  end  at  the  world.  Hooker. 

3.  Death  ;  the  end  of  life.  Shak. 
Consummation    of  marriage  f    the    most    intimate 

union  of  Uie  sexes,  which  completes  the  connubial 
rel:«ion. 
eON-SUMP'TIOX,  K.    [V,  eovsumptio.  SeeCoNsuME.J 

1.  The  act  of  consuming ;  waste  ;  destruction  by 
burning,  eating,  devouring,  scattering,  dissipation, 
slow  decay,  or  by  passing  away,  as  time;  as,  the 
eonsumpUon  of  fuel,  of  food,  of  commodities  or 
estate,  of  time,  &c. 

2.  The  state  of  being  wasted  or  dimmished. 

EiTiA  soil  VMu»hn  haTe  not  •offered  any  eoiuidenib!''  diminution 
or  conMumpSXon.  WoodMnL 

3.  In  medicine.,  a  wasting  of  flesh  ;  a  gradual  decay 
or  diminution  of  the  body  ;  a  vord  of  ezUn.tive  signt- 
jtcatian.  But  parttcularltf,  the  disease  called  phthisis 
pu^mMnalis.^  pulmonic  consumption,  a  disease  seated 
in  the  lungs,  attended  with  a  hectic  fever,  cough,  tc. 

€Oi\-SL'MP'TlVE,  a,  Destructive;  wasting;  ex- 
hausting; having  the  quality  of  consuming,  or  dis- 
sipating ;  as,  a  long,  connumptirt  war.         Add'uon. 

a.  AtTecled  with  a  consumption  or  pulmonic  dis- 
ease ;  as,  eon.tumptire  limgs  ;  or  inclin**d  ti»  a  con- 
flumt^ion;  tending  to  the  phthisis  pulmonalis  ;  ap- 
plied Ut  the  incipiritt  staU  of  the  diseoMC^  or  to  a  eonstdu- 
tion  prtdifposed  to  it. 

eON-SUMP'TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  way  tending  to 
consumption.  BfMoes. 

CO.\-.SUMP'TIVE-NES9,  n.  A  state  of  being  con- 
sumptive, or  a  tendency  to  a  consumption, 

eON-TAB'U-LATE,   r.   U      [L.   eonUibulo 
toJnda.'l 
To  tlQor  with  boards.  Oayton. 

€0N'-TAB'T;-LA-TED.  pp.    Floored  with  boards. 

€ON-TAB'U-LA-T[.N'G,  ppr.     Flooring  with  board«. 

eON-TAB-U-LA'TlON,  tu  The  act  of  laying  with 
bonrd)4,  or  of  tiixiring. 

eON'TACT^n.  [L.  co«farfiM,from  con/rn^'o,  to  touch  ; 
eon  and  t/m^o,  to  touch,  originally  logo;  Or.  Otytit. 
See  Touch.  T 

A  touching;  toutih  ;  close  union  or  juncture  of 
bodies.  Twobodies  com*?  in  contact  when  they  meet 
without  any  sensible  intervining  space;  the  parts 
that  ti>uch  are  called  the  points  of  contact, 

eON-T  ACTION,  w.    The  act  of  touching.    Brown. 

eON-TA'GION,  (-ta'jun.)  n.  [\^  conlagia,  from  the 
roi*  of  coi^ngo^  tango,  primanly,  tago^  to  touch.] 

1.  /JteraUif,  a  touch  or  touching.  Hence,  the 
communicaiV.n  of  a  disease  by  contact,  or  the  mat- 
ter communicated.  More  gtneraUy.  that  subtile  mat- 
ter which  pr<H:eed»  fn»m  a  diseased  person  or  body, 
and  communicates  Oie  diseaw  to  another  jwrson,  an 
in  caseB  of  umalUpox,  njeaales,  &c.,  diseases  which 
are  C(.mmunirat.'d  without  contact.  This  contagion 
proceed!*  from  the  breath  of  the  diseased,  from  the 
per:!i  pi  ration  or  other  excretions. 

2.  That  which  communicates  evil  from  one  to 
another  ;  infection  ;  that  which  propagates  mischief; 
as,  the  emitagion  of  vice  or  of  evil  examples.  Mdton, 

3.  Pestilence ;  a  pestilential  disease ;  venomous 
exhalations.  ..     ,  ,  .  ^  **^. 

eONTA'GlO.N-KD,  (koo-ta'jand,)  a.  Affected  by 
contagion.   .  ....  ,     ., 

eON-TA'GION-IST,  n.  One  who  believes  In  the 
configious  character  of  certain  diseases,  as  the 
phffiie,  6lc. 

eON-TA'GIOUS,  a.  Containing  or  generntmg  conU- 
gion  ;  catching  ;  that  may  be  communicated  by  con- 
tact, or  by  a  subtile  excreted  matter ;  as,  a  tantagious 
disea«e. 

S.  Poisonous;  pestilential;  containing  contagion; 
as,  contagious  air  ;  contagious  clothing. 

3.  Containing  mischief  that  may  be  propagated; 
as,  contagious  example. 

4.  That  may  be  communicated  from  one  lo  anoth- 
er, or  may  excite  lilie  affections  in  others. 

Hia  r*nm»  Trui\tr^  tii«c*>tJr»gi!  more  coniagioua.         Wtrt. 

eON-TA'OIOl'S-LY,  adv.     By  contagion. 
eO\-TA'0[OUS-NES3,  n.    The  quality  of  being  con- 

tftgirmv. 
CONTAIN',  17.  t.    [L.  eontineo :  eon  and  tcnro,  to  hold  ; 
It.  toatenere  :  Ft.  eantenir ;  Sp,  eontencr.     See  Teskt, 
Teki-be.] 

1.  To  bold,  as  a  vessel ;  as,  the  vessel  eontams  a 
Ion.     Hence,  to    have  capacity;   to  be  able  to 
lold  ;  applied  to  an  tmptij  vesseL 


2.  To  comprehend ;  to  hold  within  specified  limits. 

Behold,  the  heaven  and  ttte  heaTen  of  heatena  cannot  coiUain 
Uwe.  —1  Kings  tiu. 

3.  To  comprehend  ;  to  comprtse.  The  history  of 
lj\'y  contains  a  hundred  and  forty  books, 

4.  To  hold  within  limits  prescribed ;  to  restrain  ; 
to  withhold  from  trespass  or  disorder. 

The  king's  peraon  containa  the  unruly  people  from  eril  occaaion*. 

[Oba.]  Spenser. 

Pear  not,  my  lord  ;   we  can  contain  ourselves.  Shak. 

5.  To  include.  This  article  is  not  contained  in  the 
account.  Tliis  number  does  not  contain  the  article 
specified. 

6.  To  inclose  ;  as,  this  cover  or  envelop  contains 
a  letter. 

€ON-TaIN',  r.  i.     To  live  in  continence  or  chastity. 
Jirbuthnot  and  Pope.     \  Cur.  vii. 

eON-TAIN'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  contained  or 
cnniprisi'd.  Boyle. 

eON-TAIN'i=J),  vp.  Held  ;  comprehended  ;  com- 
prised ;  incliide(l;  inclosed. 

eON-TAIN'ER,  n.     That  which  contains. 

eON-TAIN'ING,  p;'r.  Holding;  having  capacity  to 
hold  ;  comprehending  ;  comprising;  including;  in 
closing. 

eON-TAMT-NATE,  c.  f.  [L.  contamino  f  can  and  ant. 
tamino,  Qu.  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  NDO  to  defile.  Class 
Dm,  No.  19.] 

To  corrupt  the  purity  or  excellence  of;  to  pol- 
lute ;  as,  tocff«(tf7nirt«/r  the  blood.  It  is  employed, 
usually,  in  a  figumtive  sense ;  to  sully  ;  to  tarnish  ; 
to  taint.  Lewdness  contaminales  character ;  coward- 
ice contaminates  honor. 

BhaJl  we  now 
OinlaiMiMU  our  fing<?ri  with  b««c  bnlics  ?  Shak. 

eON-TAM'I-NATE,  a.     Polluted  ;  defiled  ;  corrupt. 

CON-TA.M'I-NA-TED,  pp.  Polluted  ;  defiled  ;  tar- 
nished. . 

CON-TA  M'l-NA-TING,  jipr.  or  a.  Polluting ;  defiling ; 
tarnishing. 

eON-TAM-I-NA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  polluting;  pol- 
lutiim  ;  defilement  ;  taint. 

eON-TAM'INA-TIVE,  a.     Adapted  to  contaminate. 

eoN'TECK,   n.      Quarrel;    conUnlion.      {J^ot  Eng- 
lish,'] Spenser. 
N-T 


eON-TEC'TlON,  n.     [L.  contego.] 

A  covering.     [Aot  used.]  Sir  T.  Browne. 

eON-TEM'ER-A-TED,  a.     Violated  ;  polluted. 
€ON-TEMN',(-tem,)«.  e.  [\^. contcmno  ;  contindumno^ 

Ji-  -. 
to  despise  ;  IL  tonUmjiere;  Ar.    ■  .    dhaama^  to  drive 


galh 
bold 


away,  to  despise.    Class  Dm,  No.  1,4.] 

1.  i'o  despise  ;  to  consider  and  treat  as  mean  and 
despicable ;  to  scorn. 

In  who«e  cyci  a  rile  pcrwin  U  coni<mn«f. —  P>.  x». 

3.  To  slight ;  lo  neglect  as  unworthy  of  regard  ;  to 
reject  with  disdain. 

Wherefof  do  ttw  wicked  canlemn  God  f  —  Pi.  x. 
They  fonWmn  Uic  couhkI  of  ihi  Mo«t  High.  —  Pi.  cvU. 

€ON-TEM'NKD,  (kon-temd',)  pp.  Despised  j  scorned  ; 
slighted  ;  neglected,  or  rejected  with  disdain. 

eON-TEM'NER,  n.  One  who  contemns  ;  a  despiser  ; 
A  Bcorncr. 

eON-TEM'NING,  ppr.  Despising;  slighting  as  vile 
or  despicable  ;  neglecting  or  rejecting,  as  unworthy 
of  regard. 

COX  TEM'PER,  r.  U  [Low  L.  cantrmpero;  eon  and 
tempero,  to  mix  or  temjwr.    See  TeMPEn.] 

To  moderate  ;  to  reduce  to  a  lower  degree  by  mix- 
ture with  opposite  or  different  qualities  ;  to  temper. 

Th*!  Iravi  qiinlUy  and  conletnper  tU"  hi-al.  Rfiy. 

€ON-TEM'PER-A-MENT,  n.  Moderated  or  qualified 
degree  ;  a  degree  of  any  quality  reduced  to  that  of 
another  ;  temp'rumtut.  Derham. 

€ON-TEM'PEK-ATE,  r.  t  [See  Coxtemper.]  To 
temper;  to  reduce  the  quality  of,  by  mixing  sorae- 
tliing  opposite  or  different;  to  mtwlerate. 

Brown-.     IVl.ieman. 
eON-TEM-PER-A'TION,  n.     The  act  of  reducing  a 
quality  by  admixture  of  the  contrary  ;  the  act  of  mod- 
erating or  tem[H!ring.  Brown. 

2-  Temperament;  proportionate  mixture;  a>»,  the 
eonUmperament  of  humors  in  different  bodies.  Hale, 

[Inst.'ad  of  these  words,  Temper  and  Tempera- 
ment are  now  generally  used.] 
CON-TEM'PER-A-TURK,  71.     Like  temperature  or 

temperament. 
eON-TEM'PLATE  or  CON'TEM-PLATE,  r.  U    [L. 
contemplor.     If  m  is  radical,  see  Class  Dm,  No.  3, 
4,  350 

1.  To  view  or  consider  with  continued  attention  ; 
to  study  ;  to  meditate  on.  This  word  expresses  the 
attention  of  the  mind,  but  sometimes  in  ctmnectinn 
with  that  of  the  eyes  ;  as.  to  coRtcmplate  the  heavens. 
More  generilly.lheactof  the  mind  only  is  intend.^d  ; 
as,  to  contrmpUte  the  wonders  of  redemption  ;  tt)  con- 
template the  state  of  the  nation  and  its  future  pros- 
pects. 

Teach  me  to  wnlemptaU  thy  friee.         Mra.  Dtutny. 


CON 

,    ,   . t_ 

2.  Tjo  consider  or  have  m  view,  in  reference  to  a 
future  act  or  event ;  to  intend. 

A  decree  of   the  nationHl  iWwniUy   of  France,  June  26,  1792, 

coniemplaUa  aiupply  from  the  United  Siatcaot  four  iniliioin 

of  hvres. 
There  p*inti.in  ionrie   particutara  to  complete  the  hiformallon  rorv 

t^mplaled  by  ihoae  reaoluiiona,  Hanullon'e  Report. 

If  a  in-alv  cuni^uns  any  itipulutioni  which  eouiemjtlnle  a  »l:\iif  of 

future  war.  Kent't  Commen^arita. 

€ON-TEM'PLATB  or  CON'TEM-PLATE,  r.  i.  To 
think  studiously  ;  to  study  ;  to  muse  ;  to  meditate  ; 
as,  he  delights  to  coiUemplate  on  the  works  of  crea- 
tion. 

€ON-TEM'PLA-TED  or  CON'TEM-PLA-TED,  pp. 
or  a.  Considered  with  attention ;  meditated  on  ; 
intended. 

€ON-TEM'PLA-TINGorCON'TEM-PLA-TIXG,ppr. 
Considering  with  continued  attention  ;  meditating 
on  ;  musing. 

€ON-TEM-PLA'TION,  n.     [L.  coi'temphtin.] 

1.  The  act  of  the  mind  in  consid'-riug  with  att-n- 
tion  :  meditation  ;  study  ;  continued  aUeniuji  tif  the 
mind  to  a  particular  subject. 

ConUmplation  is  keeping   the  kiea,  brought  hilo  tlif  mini,  smtw 
liiiie  nctudJly  in  view.  Locke. 

2.  Holy  meditation  ;  attention  to  sacred  thhips ;  a 
particular  application  of  the  furegoing  defiiiHiou. 

To  have  in  contemplation  ;  to  intend  or  purpose,  or 
to  have  under  consideration. 

€0\-TEM'PLA-T1ST,  n.     One  who  contemplates. 

€ON-TEM'PLA-TIVE,  a,  Givifn  to  rimiein|>l;ui<m,  or 
continued  application  of  the  mind  to  a  subject  -,  stu- 
dious ;  thoughtful ;  as,  a  contemplative  philosopher  or 
mind. 

2.  Employed  in  studv  ;  as,  a  cnntemptattre  life. 

3.  Having  the  appearance  of  study,  or  a  studious 
habit  ;  as,  a  contemphtice  look.  Dmluim. 

4.  Having  the  power  of  thought  or  meditation  ;  as, 
the  coHtrmplatire  faculty  of  man.  R'"'- 

eON-TEM'PLA-TIVE-LV,  rtrfr.  With  contemplalinn  ; 
attentively  ;  tlioughtfiilly  ;  with  deep  altititiun. 

eON'TEM-PLA-TOR,  ».  One  who  conleriipliitea  ;  one 
employed  in  study  or  meditation  ;  an  in(piirer  after 
knowledge.  Ralegh.     Bruim. 

eON-TEM-PO  RA'NE-OI'S,  a.  [See  Cotempobabv.J 
Living  or  being  at  the  same  time. 

CON  TEM-PO-RA'NE-OUS-LY,  adv.  At  the  Fame 
time  with  some  other  event. 

CON-TEM-PO-RA'NE-OUS-NES?,  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  coiitein|ioraneous.  Gtiddun. 

eON-TEM'PO-RA-RI-NESS,  n.  E,xistencentthe  same 
time.  Hoieell. 

CON-TEM'PO-R.\-RY,  a.  [It.  Sp.  contnnporaiiro  ,■  Fr. 
conte.mporain  ;  L.  contemporalis ;  eon  and  intipnraliSy 
temporariusy  from  tempus,  time.  For  the  sake  of  ea- 
sier pronunciation,  and  a  more  agreeable  sound,  this 
word  is  often  changed  to  Cotemporabv  ;  and  this  is 
the  preferable  word.] 

Coetaneoiis;  living  at  the  same  time,  applird  to 
persons:  being  or  existing  at  the  same  tixm-,  applied 
to  things  ;  as,  rontemporanj  kinss  ;  contemporary  events. 
[See  CoT'  MPOBARv,  the  preftnible  word.] 

eON-TEM'PO-RA-RY,  n.  One  who  lives  at  the  same 
time  with  another ;  as,  Socniles  and  Plato  were  cot*- 
trmporaries. 

CONTEM'PO-RIZE,  r.  t.  To  mnhe  ctmtemporary ; 
lo  plnre  in  the  same  age  or  lime.     [  Ob.w]      Brown. 

eON-TEM'PO-RTZ-£D,  pp.     "' ^ '" 

or  agi'. 

€ON-TEMTO-RIZ-ING,  ppr. 
time.  _ 

eON-TEMPT',  (kon-temt'j)  ti.  [L.  cnntanptus.  See 
Contemn.] 

1.  The  act  of  doFipising;  the  art  of  viewing  or  con- 
sidering and  treating  as  mean,  vila,  and  worthless; 
disdain  ;  hatred  of  what  is  mean  or  deemed  vile. 
This  word  is  one  of  the  strongest  exprensions  of  a 
mean  opinion  which  the  language  affords. 

Not!iiu»  a-ivi  I>ouffinuj,  can   be  great,  the  contempt  "f  which  ia 
Kr^:ll.  A'tdi^n. 

a.  The  state  of  being  despised  ;  whence,  in  a  scrip- 
tural sense,  shame,  disgrace. 

Borne  ihali  awak*  to  everJoaiinj  contempL  —  D.m.  xW. 

3.  In  /aw,  disobedience  of  the  rules  and  order*  of  a 

court,  whirh  in  a  piinishiible  offense. 
eON-TICMPT'MlLE,  a.    [L.  contnnptibihs,] 

1  Worthy  of  contempt ;  that  deserves  s«'orn  or  dis- 
dain ;  despic.Uile ;  mean;  vile.  Intemperance  is  a 
contemptible  vice.  No  plant  or  animal  is  so  contempt- 
ible m  not  to  exhibit  evidence  of  the  wonderful 
ptjwer  and  wisdiim  of  the  Creator.  The  pride  that 
leads  to  dueling  is  a  contrmptibleiassion. 

2,  Apt  to  despise  ;  contemptudUs.    [JVot  legUimatc.] 


Placed  in  the  same  lime 
Flaring  in  the  same 


Shuk 

CON-TEMPT'I-RLE-NES-S  t.     The  stnto  of   bo  ng 
contemptible,  or  of  being  despised;  despicablenesn  ; 
inennness  ;   vileness. 
CON-TEMPT'l-ULY,  adv.     In  a  cttjitemptiWe  man- 

n-T  :  nieiinly  ;  in  n  manner  deserving  of  contempt, 
eON-'i'EMPT'l'-OUS,  a.     Manifesting  or  e\:|)res<ing 
contempt  or  rlisdain  ;  scornful ;  as,  conlrmpluous  lan- 
guage or  manner;  a  contemptuous  opinicii.     Jipplifd 
to  nu-iiy  npt  to  tlespine  ;  haughty 
tion  proud,  severe,  contemptuous. 


;  insolent ; 


a  na- 

Miltoii. 


TONE,  BULL.  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-€  as  K;  0  as  J  j  g  as  Z  ;  CH  as  8H ;  TH  as  in  THI9. 


33 


ar»7 


CON 

eOX-TEMPT'lI-OUS-LY.  adv.  In  a  contempcuoiu 
DiAonftr  ;  with  scorn  or  duMlain  ;  deapitefully. 

The    «pMi)M   and    nxat   ^nlnetu  ChrvUaiu  were  poor,   and 
tjMtod  wmmmfbrnMaty.  Tbylor. 

©ON-TEMPT'y-OU8-NESS    n.    Disposition  to  con 
tempt ;  net  of  contempt ;   insolence  ;  scornfulneBS ; 
baueliliiiess. 
eOX-TEMy,  P.  £.      ri*  eonUndo:   con  and  temdo^  to 
stretch,  from  CfliM,  Gr.  rciiat.    SeeTK!«D,  Tekkt.] 

1.  To  strive,  or  to  strive  against  j  to  etniggle  in  op- 
position. 

DkOTM  oot  ite  MoaUlM>  Bor  ceiunwf  vHk  ttaeio  io  ImUlr.— 

DvulK. 
S.  To  strive ;  to  uaa  eanust  efibrU  to  obtain,  or  to 
d^bnd  and  pcMcrre. 

nmmtmt  far  wluu  rou  atdy  eu  tmow.  Dryitn. 

Te  dwuU  oubmUt  cMlmrf  Jir  tht  fUdi  «CMi  aiMfwi  to  tte 
sum.  — Juttea. 

3.  To  dispute  earnestly ;  to  itriTe  ia  dttbat«. 

TVr  ibu  WTK  of  Uw  ctiouncWM  caMMriirf  wlh  Mm.  — Adi 
xi.    Jobix. 

4.  To  reprove  abarply ;  to  cbfde ;  to  strive  to  con- 
vince and  nclaim. 

ThBB  mammdtA  I  with  the  rukn.  —  N«h.  xSi.  * 
&  To  etrtva  in  opposition ;  to  punish. 

Tbe  Lord  God  csAsd  to  coRMirf  t7  Jbv.  — AmosTB. 

^  To  quarrel;  to  dispute  fiercely;  to  wraof^ 
The  parties  tmnUmd  ahomt  trifles. 

To  ana£md/or;  10  strive  to  obtain  ;  as,  two  compet- 
itors contend  far  the  prixe. 
€OX-TE.ND',  p.  L    To  dispute  ;  to  contest. 

Vrteo  CAnfaafe  iImII  corntad  Uie  worid  with  Rome.   i>rydm. 

This  tnuuitive  use  of  eomtend  is  not  strictly  legiti- 
mate. The  phrase  is  eUi|<lcal,/tfr  being  understood 
afler  ofntend:  but  it  Is  admissible  in  poetry. 

CON-TEND'ED,  pp.  Urged  in  argument  or  debate  ; 
disputed ;  contested, 

eON-TEXD'£.\T,  n.    An  antagonist  or  oppoeer. 

eON-TEXIVER,  H.  One  who  contends ;  a  corabatr 
RDt ;  a  champion.  Locke,     WatU, 

eO.N-TEND'ING,  ppr.  Striving;  smiggling  to  op- 
pose ;  debating  ;  ur^ng  in  argument ;  quarreling. 

5.  a.  Cliuhing;  opposing;  rival;  as,  conttm^ng 
claims  or  interests. 

eON  TEN'E-AIBNT,  a.  [con  and  Kaesieiri.]  Land 
or  freehold  contiguous  to  a  tenemenL 

BUuJutmtt,    AbrsbiMce. 
€0\-TE.\T',  a.     [L.  eontemtMs,  from  watiassr,  to  be 
held  ,  cia  and  teneo^  to  bold.] 

LucniUi/t  held,  contained  witliln  limits;  hence, 
quiet ,  not  disturbed  ;  liaving  a  wind  at  peace  ;  easy  ; 
satisfied,  so  as  nut  to  rc|iine,  ol^ieci,  or  oppoae. 

CgmmM  with  acfrnee  in  rhr  nU  of  peace.  Pop*. 

UaTiu^  Scjoi  uui   fmimcirt,   )«  oi  be   tfaemrbh  cvotnL  —  1 

Tun.  ri. 

eON-TENT',  it.  t  To  satisfy  the  mind ;  to  make 
quiet,  90  as  to  stop  complaint  or  opposition  ;  to  ap- 
pease ;  to  make  easy  io  any  siloalion ;  used  ciii^y 
wuJi  the  redproeal  yronoun. 

Do  not  eoMlnrf  ywnriTw  with  dtmean  and  confuied  Uky,  wbnv 
dourr  ue  to  liF  ottolned.  Wattt. 


S.  To  please  or  gratify. 

t  (loth  aioeh 

him  so  iacU 

CON-TENT',  «.  Rest  or  quietness  of  the  mind  in  the 
present  condition  ;  RUisfaction  which  holds  tlie  mind 
m  peace,  resimining  complaint,  opposition,  or  further 
desire,  and  o(\en  implying  a  moderate  degree  of  hap- 
pinesa. 

•A  vIm  w(riif  Us  erra  mml  wtennd, 
^  wsnt  OK  A«kes,  nor  bf  wodlh  alluRd.  SmiA, 

S.  AcqtuMOence ;   satisftrttan  without  examina- 


The  wrte  b  «erllmt ; 
The  wtMr  ihey  bonUv  talK  upon  eoaUnt. 


Pope. 


3.  Tile  power  of  containing  ;  capacity  ;   extent 
within  limits  ;  as,  a  ship  of  great  conienL      Bacon. 

[  iiut  in  this  $nue  the  ptnral  is  gmerally  used,] 

4.  The  term  used  in  the  hoii!«  of  lords,  in  Eng- 
land, to  expn*ss  an  assent  to  a  bill  or  motion. 

C0N-TENT-A'T10N,iu  Content ;  saliifaclion.  [Obs.] 

ArtnilknoU 

CON-TENT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Satisfied  ;  quiet ;  easy  in 
mind  ;  not  complaining,  opposing,  or  demanding 
mar*.  The  good  man  is  conUnied  with  his  Int.  It  is 
ou*  duty  to  be  eonUnUd  with  tjie  dispensations  of 
P  ovidence. 

€'  N-TENT'ED-LY,  adr.  In  a  contented  manner ; 
qnietly  ;  withtnit  concern. 

t'ON-TENT'ED-XES.S,  n.  State  of  resting  m  mind  ; 
quiet;  satisfaction  of  mind  with  any  condition  or 
evenu  yToZbrn. 

eON-TENT'FlJL,  a.  Full  of  contentment.  [J^ot 
•werfj  Barron. 

€ON-TE\'TI0\,  n.     [L.  conun^.    See  Coxtewd.] 
L  Strife ;  struggle  ;  a  violent  effort  to  obtain  some- 


CON 

tiling,  or  to  resist  a  person,  claim,  or  injury ;  con- 
test ;  quarrel. 

Muldtutlr*  lost  their  liVM  Id  a  lumult  raited  by  omtenxion  t.moag 
Utp  putimts  of  the  KTrnJ  Cdlon.  Adam. 

2.  Strife  in  words  or  debate ;  quarrel ;  angry  con- 
test ;  controversy. 

AtoU  foofi*h  quMtloiu.  and  ^nt^lozin,  and  oonttntiona,  and 

Mrivinfi  about  tlie  Inw.  —  Til.  fh. 
A  fcel^  Ufa  eolcT  into  conttntioR. —  Prov.  xvui. 

3.  Strifb  or  endeavor  to  excel ;  emulation.    SAoA. 

4.  Eagerness  ;  zeal ;  ardor ;  vehemence  of  en- 
deavor.    {Obs.} 

Thlt  b  «o  end  worthjr  of  oar  uuuost  coiUention  to  obtain. 

Rogtrt. 

eON-TENTIOUS,  (kon-ten'shus,)  a,  [Fr.  «ml*»- 
tieiLt ;  IL  coiOeniioso.'] 

1.  Apt  to  contend  ;  given  to  angry  debate  ;  quar- 
relsome ;  perverse. 

A  coQtlnual  dropniiic  in  a  rainy  day  and  a  tonttnious  woman 
are  aliln*.  — Proi.  xxvQ. 

5.  Relating  to  contention  in  law  ;  relating  to  liti- 
gation ;  having  power  to  decide  causes  between  con- 
tending parties ;  as,  a  court  of  eomtentious  jurisdic- 
tion. Blackstonc 

3.  Exciting  or  adapted  to  prD%*okc  contention  or 
disputes  ;  a<t,  a  conUntious  subject.  Mdncr. 

CON.TEX'TIOUS-LY,  adr.  In  a  contentious  man- 
ner ;  qiiarrelsomelv  ;  perversely.  Brown, 

€0N-TEN'T10US-.\ESS,  «.  X  disposition  to  con- 
tend; proneuess  to  contest;  perverseness  j  quarrel- 
someness. Bendey, 

eO.N'TENT'LESS,  a.  Discontented  ;  dissatisfied  ;  un- 
easy. Shak. 

€ON-TE\T'LV,  ado.     In  a  contented  way.     [Obs.] 

€ON-TE\T'MENT,  n.     [Fr.  conUntemcnt.\ 

I.  Content  \  a  resting  or  satisfaction  of  mind  with- 
out disquiet ;  acquiescence. 

CDMiranwiS,  without  elteruat  honor,  t>  hundlily.  Qma. 

GoilUnna,  with  contxntat^nlt  i>  grvat  puio.  —  1  Tim.  ri. 

S.  Gratification. 


€ON'TENT3  or  CON-TENTS',  n.  ph  That  which  is 
contained  ;  ttie  thing  or  things  held,  included,  or 
comprehended  within  a  limit  or  line ;  as,  the  contents 
of  a  cask  or  bale  ;  of  a  room  or  a  ship ;  the  contents  of 
a  book  or  writing. 

S.  In  geometry^  the  quantity  of  matter  or  space  in- 
cluded in  certain  lines,  Bartcw. 
3.  Heads  of  what  a  book  contains  ;  an  index. 
€ON-TERM'IN-A-BLE,  «.     [U  con  and  terminus.] 

Capable  of  the  tuame  bounds.  }Vonon, 

eON-TER.M'IN-ATE,  a.    Having  the  same  bounds. 

B.  Jonson. 
eON-TERM'IN-OUS,  >  a,      [h.  eonierminiu,  con  and 
eON-TERM'IN-AL,     (      terntinusy  a  border.] 

Bordering  upon  ;  touching  at  the  boundary  ;  con- 
tiguous ;  as,  a  people  contenninoiu  to  the  Roman  ter- 
ritory. 
eON-tER-RA'NE-AN,     )  a.     [L.   eonterraneus;    con 
eON-TER-RA'NEi-OtrS,  \      and  terra,  countr>'.J 

Being  of  the  same  countrj*.     [J\''ot  used,]       Diet. 
CON-TES-SE-RA'TION,  n.     Assembly  ;  collection. 
euN-TEST',  V.  L     [Ft.  amiester,  to  dispute.    The  Sp. 
and  Port,  conte^tar,  and  L.  contfstor,  have  a  different 
sense,  being  «iuivalent  to  the  Eng.  attenL  See  Test.] 

1.  To  dispute ;  to  strive  earnestly  to  hold  or  main- 
tain ;  to  struggle  to  defend.  The  troops  coni^ted 
everj'  inch  of  ground. 

a.  To  dispute  ;  to  argue  in  opposition  to;  to  con- 
trovert \  to  litigate  ;  tu  oppose  ;  to  call  in  question ; 
as,  tlie  advocate  contested  every  point. 

Nooe  have  conutled  tlie  proponiuD  of  tiieae  aacicnt  pieces. 

Dryden. 

€ON-TEST',  V.  I  To  strive ;  to  contend  j  followed  by 
with. 

The  difBcuhy  oT  aa  argument  add*  (o  the  pleaaiire  of  conUitirtg 
wiA  it,  when  there  are  hope^  of  victory.  Bumtt. 

2.  To  vie;  to  emulate. 

or  man,  who  d.irn  in  pomp  teilh  Jove  contetL  Pope. 

eON'TEST,  71.  Strife  ;  struggle  for  victory,  superior- 
ity, or  in  defense  ;  struggle  in  arms.  All  Europe  en- 
gaged in  the  contest  against  France.  The  coiuest  was 
furious. 

2.  Dispute  ;  debate  ;  violent  controversy ;  strife  in 
argument. 

Leave  all  notay  conteatt,  ail  linmodeat  r.lamon,  aod  brawling  lan- 
guage. Walts. 

€ON-TEST'A-BLE,  a.  .  That  may  bP  disputed  or  de- 
bated ;  disputable  \  controvertible. 

eON-TEST'A-BLE-NEBS,  n.  Possibility  of  being 
contested. 

eON-TEST-A'TION,  n.  Tlj^act  of  contesting;  strife; 
dispute. 

A^er  yean  spent  in  doiaestie  eonlertotiorw,  the  (bund  meant  to 
wiUKliav.  ClairKndoii. 

2.  Testimony  ;  proof  by  witnesses,  Barrow, 

€ON-TEST'ED,  pp.oia.     Disputed. 
eON-TEST'ING,  ppr.     Disputing. 
eON-TEST'ING,  n.     The  act  of  contending.  Baxt^. 
eON-TEST'ING-LY,  adv.     In  a  contending  manner. 


CON 

eON-TEST'LESS,  a.     Not  to  be  disputed.  HUL 

eON-TEX',  V.  t.    To  weave  together.     [Au£  used.] 

Boyie. 

eON'TEXT,  n.  [L.  conteztas,  fVom  contexo;  con  and 
teifl,  to  weave.] 

The  general  series  or  composition  of  a  disrjjurae ; 
more  particularly,  the  parts  of  a  discourse  which  pre- 
cede tir  follow  the  sentence  quoted  ;  the  pafwagcs  of 
Scripture  which  are  near  the  text,  either  before  it  or 
allcr  it.  The  sense  of  a  pitssage  of  Scripture  is  olU:n 
illustrnled  by  the  contezt,. 

CON-TEXT',  a.  Knit  or  woven  togfiiherj  close  ;  finn. 

Drrhanu 

€ON-TEXT'  V.  t.    To  knit  together.     [JVot  used.) 

€ON-TEXT'lJ-RAL,  o.  Pertaining  to  contexture,  or 
to  the  human  frame.  Smilh. 

€ON  TEXT'lIRE,  (kon-text'yur,)  «.  The  interweav- 
ing sevenil  parts  into  one  body  ;  the  disposition  and 
union  of  the  constituent  pitrts  of  a  thing,  with  re- 
spect to  each  other;  composition  of  parts  ;  constitu- 
tion ;  as,  a  sill;  of  aduiintble  co7UeJtare. 

ilo  «»■  nut  of  any  dcUcate  conUxtura ;  hia  liniba  ralbor  atnnly 
than  daiiiiy.  H'oUon. 

€ON-TEXT't;R-ED,  a    Woven  ;  formed  into  texture. 
€ON-TlG-NA'TION,  n.      [L.    contigiiatio ;    con  and 
tignum,  a  beam.] 

1.  A  frame  of  beams  ;  a  story.  TVotton. 

2.  The  act  of  framing  together,  or  uniting  beams 
in  a  fabric.  Burke. 

CON  TI-GOT-TY,  n.  [See  CoifTiouous.]  Actual 
contiict  of  bmties  ;  a  touching.  Hale. 

eON-TIG'lJ-OUH,  a.  [L.  contiguus  ;  con  and  tango^ 
taffo,  to  touch.] 

Touchnig;  meeting  or  joining  at  the  surface  or 
border  ;  as,  two  contigHous  bodies  or  countries. 

The  liuuw*  in  ancient  Rome  were  noi  cofidguout  Eneye. 

This  word  is    sometimes  used  in   a  wider  sense, 

though  not  with  strict  propriety,  for  ailjaceiit,  or  near, 

without  being  absolutely  in  contact. 

Usually  followed  by  to.    Bacon  uses  with,  but  he 

has  not  been  followed. 
CON-TIG'U-OUS-I.Y,  cu/r.    In  a  manner  to  touch  j 

without  intervening  space.  Dryden, 

eON-TIG'U-OUS-NESS,n.    A  state  of  contact ;  close 

union  of  surfaces  or  borders. 
eON'TI-NENCE,   )  b.     [L.  continentia^  from  contineo, 
eON'TI-NEN-CY,i      to  hold,  or  withhold;  con  and 

teneo,  to  hold.     See  Tenet.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  the  restraint  whicli  a  person 
imposes  uptm  his  desires  and  passions ;  self~com- 
niand. 

2.  Jippropriately,  the  restraint  of  the  passion  for 
sexual  enjoyment ;  resistance  of  concupiscence ; 
forbearance  of  lewd  pleasures:  hence,  chastity. 
But  the  term  is  usually  applied  to  males,  as  chastity 
is  to  females.  Scipio  the  younger  exhibited  the  no- 
blest example  of  continence  recorded  in  pagan  his- 
tory ;  an  example  surpassed  only  by  that  of  Joseph 
in  sacred  history. 

3.  Forbearance  of  lawful  pleasure. 

Conlont  wilhnut  lawful  venery,  u  conUntnce  ;  without  unlawful, 
ii  clia«tiiy.  Grew. 

A.  Moderation  in  the  indulgence  of  sexual  enjoy- 
ment. 

ChaciUy  b  either  aUtinencff  or  continence ;  nb«tinencc  b  that  of 
▼irgiiii  or  widowi ;  con/in«nre,  that  of  married  penona. 

Thy/or. 

5.  Continuity ;  uninterrupted  course.  [A*o(  now 
used.]  Ayliffe. 

CON'TI-NENT,  o.     [L.  continens.] 

1.  Refraining  from  unlawful  sexual  commerce,  or 
moderate    in    the   indulgence   of   lawful    ple;L<ure  j 

2.  Restmined  ;  moderate  -  temperate.  [chaste. 

Have  a  continent  forbearance.  Shak. 

3.  Opposing;  restraining.  Sfta/c 

4.  Continuous;  connecU-d  ;  not  intemipted  ;  as,  a 
continent  fwtiT.  More  generally  we  now  say  a  con- 
tinued fever 

The  nonb.«nst  part  of  Awa,  if  not  continent  with  America. 

Brere\oood, 

eON'TI-NENT,  n.  In  ^eo^rraphy,  a  great  extent  of 
land,  not  disjoined  or  inlernipted  by  a  sea;  a  con- 
nected tract  of  land  of  great  extent ;  as,  the  eastern 
and  western  continent.  It  differs  from  an  isie  only 
in  extent.  New  Holland  may  be  denotninated  a 
continent.  Britnin  is  ciUlcd  a  continent,  as  opposed 
to  the  Isle  of  Anglesey. 

Ilennj,  Jlist,  Brit.  I,  34. 
In  Spenser,  crmtinerit  is  used  for  ground  in  general. 
2.  That  which  contains  any  thing.     [.Vet  used.] 
eON-TI-NENT'AI.,  a.     Pertaining  or    relating  to  a 
continent ;  as,  the  continental  powers  of  Europe.     In 
.America,  pertaining  to  the  United  States ;  as,  conti- 
nental  money,  in  distinction  from  what  pertains  to 
the  separate  States  ;  a  icord  much  used  during  the  rev- 
olaiion. 
€ON'TI-NENT-LY,  adv.     In  a  continent  manner; 

chastely  ;  moderately  ;  temperately. 
CON-TliVfiF/,  r.  i.     To  touch  ;  to  iiappen.     [  Obs.] 
€ON-TIN'GENCE,    i  n,     [L.  contin^ens;  contineo,  to 
eON-TIN'GEN  CY,  i      fatl  or  happen  to;   con   and 
tango,  to  touch.     See  Touch.] 


FATE,  FAR,'FALL,  WIIAT.— MfiTE,  PRfiY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK, — 


CON 

1.  The  quality  of  being  contingent  or  casual;  a 
happening  ;  or  the  possibility  of  coming  to  pfuts. 

We  »TO  not  to  UiilJ  ceriAiii  ruje*  oo  the  coruingtnci/  of  humnn 
kOioiiB.  Soutii. 

2.  Casualty  ;  accident;  furtuitous  event.  The 
8ucce?is  of  the  attempt  will  dH|K-nd  on  eonttngeneies. 
[See  Acciuc?(T  and  CasCALXV.j 

eO.V-TLN'GENT,  II.  Fulling  or  coming  by  chance, 
that  in,  without  design  or  expectation  on  our  part ; 
accidental ;  casual.  On  our  part,  we  sp^^nk  of 
chance  or  eoritiageneies  ;  but  with  an  infinite  being, 
nothing  can  be  eontinstnt. 

^  In  ^tr^  depending  on  an  uncertainty ;  as,  a  etm~ 
tingmtt  reniaindtr.  Blackstone. 

COX-TLN'OENT,  »t.  A  fortuitous  event  ;  that  which 
comes  without  our  design,  foresight,  or  expectation. 

a.  Thru  which  falls  to  one  in  a  division  or  appor- 
tionment  among  a  number  ;  a  quota ;  a  suitable 
share  ;  pro|H>rtion.  Gacli  prince  furnishes  his  coiir 
tiniffnt  of  men,  money,  and  munitions, 

eON-TIN'GCNT-LY,  adv.  Accidentally ;  without 
design  or  fiire-^iglit.  , 

eON  ri\'<5E\T-.\ESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  con- 
tingent ;  fortuiU>usness. 

eON-TI.\'l^-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  continued. 

Je_ffrr6on. 

eON-TTN'U-.\L,  a,  [Ft.  conUnuel;  L.  coatiuuas. 
See  CortTisuE.] 

1.  Proceeding  without  interruption  or  cessation ; 
unceasing;  not  interuiitting ;  used  in  reference  to 
time. 

Be  Out  hKtli  a.  Taerrv  heul  hath  a  cotuhuial  feajt.  —  Pror.  xr. 

I  have   gnmi   bMVUwn   uul    omtiAwai   aovrow   of  bcaxt.  ^ 

Rom.  tx.  « 

2.  Very  frequent ;  often  repeated  ;  as,  the  charita- 
ble man  has  continual  applications  fur  alms. 

3.  CfnUiiual  fecer,  or  contiuued  fever  :  a  fever  that 
abates,  but  never  entirely  intermits,  till  it  comes  to  a 
crisis  ;  thus  distinguished  from  remitting  and  inter- 
mitting fever. 

4.  Cotuinual  dam :  in  law^  a  claim  that  is  made 
frooi  time  to  time,  within  every  year  or  day,  to  land 
or  other  estate,  the  possession  of  which  can  not  be 
obtained  without  hazard.  CoyoeU, 

5.  Perpetual. 

CoRtmual  proportiimals ;  quantities  in  continued 
proportion.     [See  Cohti:«ued.]  Brande. 

eON-TIN'U-j\I^LV,  adv.  Without  pause  or  cessa- 
tion ;  unceasingly  ;  as,  the  ocean  is  continually  roll- 
ing its  waves  on  the  shore. 

2.  Ver>-  often  ;  in  repeated  succession  ;  fVom  time 
to  time. 

Thou  abiOt  eat  bread  at  mj  (able  continwilly.*-2  Sam.  Ix. 

€ON-TI\'U-AL-\ESS,  ti.    Permanence.        Hales. 

€0>'-TlN'Lf-A.VCE,  n.  [SeeCowTiNUE.]  A  holding 
OR  or  remaining  in  a  particular  state,  or  in  a  course 
or  series.  Applied  tu  time,  duration  ;  a  statt?  of  last- 
ing ;  as,  tlie  continua.tix  of  rain  or  fair  weather  for 
a  day  or  a  week.  Sensual  pleasure  is  of  short  eon- 
tinmaTue. 

S.  PerseYerance ;  as,  no  excuse  will  justify  a  con- 
tinuance in  sin. 

Bjr  pauenl  eondnuana  In  w«ll  doiof .  ^  Ron.  Q. 

3.  Abode ;  residence ;  as,  during  our  conttnuoHce 
in  Paris. 

4.  Succession  uninterrupted  ;  continuation  ;  a  pro- 
longing of  existence  y  as,  the  brute  regards  the  con- 
tiuuoHce  of  his  species.  .Addison, 

5.  Progression  of  time. 

la  thj  book  all  my  memli^n  wn  wntlfio,  which  In  C9filinuaiu» 
were  r^iiuneti.  —  Ps.  cxxiiK. 

6.  In  /«»,  the  deferring  of  a  suit,  or  the  giving  of 
a  day  for  the  parties  to  a  suit  to  appear.  Alter  issue 
or  demurrer  joined,  as  well  as  in  some  of  the  previ- 
ous stages  of  profeedinp,  a  day  is  continuallif  given, 
and  entered  upon  record,  for  the  parties  to  appear  on 
from  time  to  time.  The  giving  of  tlm  day  i»  called 
a  continuance,  Bladutone, 

7.  !n  the  Unittd  Statejt,  the  deferring  of  a  trial  or 
suit  from  one  stated  term  of  the  c<»urt  to  another. 

b.  ('ontinuity  ;  resistance  to  a  separation  of  parts  ; 
a  holding  tngelher.     [■^^ot  used.)  Bacon, 

€0.\-TIXMT.aTE,  tj.  L    To  join  closely  together. 
CON-TI.\'(2-ATE,  a,     [U  eontinnatu.t.]  [Potter. 

1.  Immediately  united;  holding  togrther.  [LiaU 
UMd,]  Hooker. 

2.  Uninterrupted ;  unbroken.    [tiuU  uted.'] 

Peacham. 
tloN-TiN'TT-A-TED,  pp.     Closelv  joined. 
eON-TT-NMI-ATE-LY,  adv.     With  continuity;  with- 
out intemiption.     [Liitle  uncfi.]  fVilkins. 
CON-TIN'U-A-TIN'G,  ppr.     Closely  uniting. 
eON-TIN-Q-A'TION,  n.     [L.  conUnuntio.) 

1,  Extension  of  existence  in  a  scries  or  line  ;  suc- 
cession uninterrupted. 

TVa^  thinp  mtnt  be  worin  ot  Prorklenw,  ft>r  the  oontinuntion 


2.  Extension  or  carT>  Ing  on  to  a  ftirther  point ;  as, 
the  continuation  of  a  story. 

3.  Extension  in  spare  ;  production:  a  carrying  on 
in  lengUi ;  as,  the  emtinualion  of  a  line  in  survey- 
ing. 


CON 

eON-TIN'l2-A-TIV'E,  n.  An  expression  noting  per- 
manence or  duration. 

To  these  may  be  mlilud  continnativtt ;  a>,  Rnme  remntiiB  to  thi> 
diiy ;  which  iiicUnlcs  ut  leasL  two  propoaiiiuiis,  viz.,  Rimie 
was,  aiiil  Rome  is.  Waitt. 

2.  In  jnTamwiOT",  a  word  that  continues.      Harris. 
€ON~TlN'U-A-TOR,  n.     One  who  continues  or  keeps 

up  a  series  or  succession. 
€ON-TIi\'UE,  (kon-tin'yu,)  v.  i.     [Fr.  eontinuer;  L. 
continuoi  con  and  feneo,  to  hold;  IL  continuMrei  Sp. 
continxiar.     See  Tenet.] 

1.  To  remain  in  a  state  or  place ;  to  abide  for  any 
time  indefinitely. 

The  multitude  con&nut  with  me  dow  three  days,  and  hare  noth- 
ing to  eat.  — Malt.  xv. 

S.  To  last ;  to  be  durable ;  to  endure ;  to  be  per- 
manent. 

Thj  kin^om  shall  not  eonBnu^.  —  1  Sam.  xUi. 

3.  To  persevere  ;  to  be  steadfast  or  constant  in  any 
course. 

If  ye  eontinxte  in  mj  word,  then  are  ye  my  disciples  indeed.  — 
John  Yiij. 

€ON-TIN'UE,  V.  U  To  protract ;  not  to  cease  from  or 
to  terminate. 

0,  con&nite  thy  loring-kindnesi  to  them  that  Imow  tliee.  —  Ps, 

xxxvi. 

2.  To  extend  from  one  thing  to  another;  to  pro- 
duce or  dmw  out  in  len^rth.  Coiitinue  the  line  from 
A  to  B  ;  let  the  line  be  catttinued  to  the  boundary. 

3.  To  persevere  in  ;  not  to  cease  to  do  or  use ;  as, 
to  continue  the  same  diet. 

4.  To  hold  to  or  unite.     [JiTot  used,] 

TJie  navel  ron&'nu<«  tlie  infant  to  Its  mother.  Brottn. 

eON-TIN'lI£D,  f  kon-tin'yu de,)  pp.  or  o.  Drawn  out ; 
protracted  ;  proauced  ;  extended  in  length ;  extended 
without  interruption. 

2.  a.  Extended  in  time  wilbont  intermission  ;  pro- 
ceeding without  cessation  ;  uninterrupted  ;  unceas- 
ing ;  as,  a  continued  fever,  which  abates,  but  never 
entirely  intermits ;  a  continued  base  is  performed 
through  the  whole  piece. 

Continued  proportion^  in  aritJimetic  and  alfffhra^  is  a 
proportion  composed  of  two  or  more  equal  ratios,  in 
which  the  consequent  of  each  preceding  ratio  is  the 
same  with  the  antecedent  of  tlie  following  one  ;  as, 
4 :  8  :  8  :  16  : :  16  :  3S2.  Day. 

CON-TIN'U-ED-LY,  adv.  Without  interruption  ; 
without  ceasing.  J^orris. 

€ON-TIN'lI-ER,  n.  One  who  continues;  one  that 
has  the  power  of  perseverance.  Shak. 

eON-TIN'lT-ING,  ppr.  Remaining  fixed  or  perma- 
nent;  abiding;  lasting;  enduring;  persevering;  pro- 
tracting :  producing  in  length. 

3.  a.  Permanent. 

Here  we  hare  no  con&ntdng  city.  —  Heb.  xiil. 
eON-TI-NO'I-TY,  n.     [L.  continuitas.] 

1.  Connection  uninterrupted  ;  cohesion  ;  close 
union  of  parts ;  unbroken  texture.  Philosophers 
talk  of  the  solution  of  continuity. 

3.  Law  of  continuity  i  in  physicsyih^  principle  that 
nothing  passes  from  one  state  to  another,  witliout 
passing  through  all  the  intermediate  states.    Brande. 

€0N-TIN'U-O.    [It.]     In  mtme,  continued. 

eO.V-TIN'U-OUS,  a.     [U  continuus.] 

Joined  without  intervening  space;  ks^  continuous 
depth.  Thomiton. 

€ON-ThV'tJ-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  continuation  without 
intemiption. 

COJ^-TOR-J^r-A'Tty  n.     fit.  eontomo,  eontomat^.'l 

In  numismatics^  a  species  nf  medals  or  medallions 

of  bronze,  having  a  curved  furrow,  {eontorno^)  on 

each  side,  and  supfiosed  to  have  been  struck  in  the 

days  of  Constantino  and  his  successors.    £ncyc.  ^m. 

CON-TORT*,  V.  t,     [U.  contorqucoj  contortus ;  con  and 
toroufOy  tortus.] 
To  twist  together  ;  to  writhe. 

eON-TORT'EO,  p^.  or  a.  Twisted  over  each  other 
in  oblique  diri'ctions.  A  contorted  corol,  in  botany^ 
has  the  edge  of  one  petal  lying  over  the  next,  in  an 
oblique  direction.  Martyn. 

eON-'l'OR'TION,  n.     [Fr.  eontorsion;  h.  coTitortio.] 

1.  A  twisting;  a  writhing;  a  wresting;  a  twist; 
wry  motion  ;  as,  the  contortion  of  the  muscles  of  the 
face.  Swift, 

2.  In  medicine,  a  twisting  or  wresting  of  a  limb  or 
member  of  the  body  out  of  its  natural  situation ;  the 
iliac  passion  ;  partial  dislocation  ;  distorted  spine  ; 
contracted  neck.  F.ncyc.     Coze. 

eON-TOUR',  (kon-toor',)  n.  [Fr.  contour;  It.  con- 
tomo  t  Sp.  id. ;  con  and  laar^  tomo,  a  turn.] 

The  outlinqj  the  line  that  bounds,  defines,  or  ter- 
minates, a  figure.  Kncyc.    JohrLsan. 

€O.N-TOUR'N1-A-TED,  a.  Having  edges  appearing 
a?)  if  turned  in  a  lathe.  Encyc. 

COJV'TRJl  i  a  Latin  preposition,  signifying  asainst^ 
in  oppo«ifurn,  entering  into  the  composition  of  some 
English  words. 

It  appears  to  be  a  compound  of  con  and  tra^  like 
hUra  :  tra  for  W.  tras.     Fr.  contre. 

€ON'TRA-BANl),  a.  [It.  cnntrabbanflo,  contrary  to 
proclamation,  pruhibited ;  Sp.  contrabando}  Fr.  con- 
trtbande.    See  Ban.] 


CON 

Prohibited.  Contraband  goods  are  such  as  are 
prohibited  to  be  imp(»rted  or  exported,  either  by  the 
laws  of  a  p.-iriiciilar  kinydfim  or  state,  or  by  the  law 
of  nations,  or  by  special  treaties.  In  time  of  war, 
arms  and  munitions  of  war  are  not  permitted  by  one 
belligerent  ttrbe  tmns^Kirted  to  the  other,  but  are  httid 
to  be  contraband,  and  liable  to  capture  and  condcm- 
naiion. 

eON'TRA-BAND,  n.    Prohibition  of  trading  in  goods 
contrary  to  the  laws  of  a  state  or  of  nations. 
2.  Illegal  traflic. 

€ON'TRA-BA\D-IST,  n.     One  who  traffics  illegally. 

COJSr-TIM-BAS'SO.  [It.]  The  largest  kind  of  bass- 
viol,  usually  called  the  double  bass.  Brande. 

COJ^TRA  BO'^OS  MO'R£S.  [L.]  Against  good 
morals. 

CON-TRACT',  r.  t,  [L.  contraho,  contractum ,-  con  and 
troAo,  to  draw  ;  It.  eoutrarre;  Sp.  contraerf  Port,  con- 
trahir  ;  Fr.  contracter.     See  Da.*,w.] 

1.  To  draw  together  or  nearer ;  to  draw  into  a  less 
compass,  either  in  length  or  breadth  ;  to  shorten  ;  to 
abridge  ;  to  narrow  ;  to  lessen  ;  as,  to  contract  an  In- 
closure  ;  to  contract  the  faculiiss  ;  to  contract  the  pe- 
riod of  life  ;  to  contract  the  sphere  of  action. 

2.  To  draw  the  parts  together  ;  to  wrinkle  ;  as,  to 
contract  the  brow. 

3.  To  betrotli ;  to  affiance.  A  contracted  his  daugh- 
ter to  B  ;  the  lady  was  contracted  to  a  nmn  of  merit. 

4.  To  draw  to;  to  bring  on;  to  incur;  to  gain. 
We  contract  vicious  habits  by  indulgence  ;  we  con- 
tract debt  by  extravagance. 

5.  To  shorten  by  omission  of  a  letter  or  sjllable  ; 
as,  to  e^nlraet  a  word. 

6.  To  epitomize ;  to  abridge ;  as,  to  contract  an 
essay. 

CON-TRACT'  t?.  L  To  shrink  ;  to  become  shorter  or 
narrower.  Many  bodies  contract  by  the  application 
of  cold ;  a  hempen  cord  contracts  by  moisture. 

2.  To  bargain  ;  to  make  a  mutual  agreement,  as 
between  two  or  more  persons.  We  have  contracted 
for  a  load  of  flour  ;  or  we  have  contracted  with  a 
farmer /or  a  quantity  of  provistoits. 

COX-TRACT',  [for  Contracted,]   pp.     Affianced  j 

betfiitliL-d.  S/ia/c. 

CON'TRACT,  TI.  An  agreement  or  covenant  between 
two  or  more  persons,  in  which  each  party  binds  him- 
self to  do  or  forbear  some  act,  and  each  acquires  a 
right  to  what  the  other  promises  ;  a  mutual  proinit^e, 
upon  lawful  consideration  or  cause,  which  hinds  the 
parties  to  a  performance  ;  a  bargain  ;  a  compact. 
Contracts  are  executory  or  executed. 

Sup.  Court,  CrancWs  Rep. 
S.  The  act  by  which  a  man  and  woman  are  be- 
trothed, each  to  the  other.  Sliak. 

3.  The  writing  which  contains  the  agreement  of 
parties  with  the  terms  and  conditions,  and  which 
serves  as  a  proof  of  the  obligation. 

CON-TRACT'EI),  pp.  Drawn  together,  or  into  a 
shorter  or  narrower  compass  ;  shrunk  ;  betrothed  ; 
incurred ;  bargained. 

2.  a.  Drawn  togf'ther ;  narrow;  mean;  selfish; 
as,  a  man  of  a  contracted  soul  or  mind. 

Contracted  vein,  or  vena  contracta ;  a  term  denoting 

the  diminution  which  takes  place  in  the  diameter 

of  a  stream  of  water  issuing  from  a  vessel,  at  a  short 

distance  from  the  discharging  aperture.         Hebert. 

CON-TRACT'ED-LY,  ado.    In  a  contracted  manner. 

£p.  JVewton. 
CON-TRACT'ED-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  con- 
tracted. 
2.  Narrowness;  meanness;  excessive  selfishness. 
CON-TRACT-I-BIL'I-TY,   n.      Possibility   of    being 
contracted  ;  quality  of  suffering  contraction  ;  as,  the 
contractibility  and  dilatabilily  of  air.  Arbutfinvt. 

CON-TRACT'I-BLE,  a.     Capable  of  contraction. 

Small  aii^blitdtlcr*  dilitablc  and  contmc^lt.  Arbulhnot. 

CON-TRACT'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  sufl'cr- 
tng  contraction  ;  contractibility.  DicL 

CON-TRACT'ILE,  a.  Tending  to  contract;  having 
the  power  of  shortening  or  of  drawing  into  smaller 
dimensions  ;  as,  the  contractile  force  of  certain  elastic 
bodies,  Darwin. 

eON-TRACT-IL'I-TY,  n.  The  inherent  quality  or 
force  by  which  liodies  shrink  or  contract.     Bcddoea. 

CON-TRACT'ING,  ppr.  Shortening  or  narrowing; 
drawing  together  ;  Icsitening  dimensions  ;  shrinking; 
making  a  bargain  ;  Iwtrothing. 

2.  a.  Making  or  having  made  a  contract  or  treaty ; 
stipulating  :  ns,  the  contracting  parties  to  a  league. 

CON-TRACTION,  n.     [L,  contractio.] 

1.  The  oct  of  drawing  together,  or  shrinking ;  the 
act  of  sliortening,  narrowing,  or  iesseniny,  extent  or 
dimensions,  by  causing  the  parts  of  a  body  to  ai>- 
proacl)  nearer  to  each  other ;  the  state  of  being  con- 
tracted. 

Oil  of  vitriol  will  throw  the  stomxch  Into  involuntary  «nfmc- 

Hont.  ArbuOitiot. 

The  contraction  of  the  heart  is  called  systnliT. 
SoiitC  tiiiii^A  in^luu  n  confrocliori  of  tli':  ii'^rvcs.  Bacon. 

2.  The  act  of  shortening,  abridging,  or  reducing 
within  a  narrower  compass  by  any  means.  A  poem 
may  be  improved  by  omissions  or  contractions. 

3.  In  grammar^  the  shortening  of  a  word,  by  the 


TONE,  BJJLL,  TJNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  u  K;  d  as  J;  •  a«  Z;  OH  as  SH ;  Til  aa  in  THIS. 


CON 

oniasJon  of  a  lt*tter  or  syllnble  ;  as  cauU  for  can  not ; 
kmrtt  for  hurifted  or  bnrsten ;  Sw.  aiid  Dan.  ord^  a 
word. 

4.  Acontmct;  marriage  contract.    [JiTot  vsed.] 

5.  Abbrevinliott.  fSAflK. 
eON  TRACT'OR,  n.     One  who  contracts  ;  one  of  the 

parties  to  a  bargain  ;  one  who  covenants  to  ilo  any 
thing  for  another.  Taylor. 

9.  One  who  contracts  or  covenants  with  a  govern- 
ment to  furnish  provisions  or  other  stipphes,  or  to 
perfiirm  any  work  or  service  for  the  public,  at  a  cer- 
tain price  or  rate. 
eOXTRA-DANCE,  n.  [Ft.  eontrfidaitse  ;  It  eontrad- 
darna :  Sp.  contraiianza,] 

A  dance  Ln  which  the  partners  are  arranged  in 
opposition,  or  in  oi)i>osite  lines. 

[The  word  is  now  more  generally  spelt  and  pro- 
nounced Coc«fTBT-DA:<cE,  though  in  oi^iosition  to  the 
meaning  and  derivation.] 
€ON  TRA-DICrr',  V.  I.    [U  witfraiiM  ;  cantn  and 
itiM,  to  apeak.] 

1.  To  oppose  by  wvifdi ;  to  vmeatt  the  contrary  to 
what  has  been  asserted,  or  to  deny  what  has  been 
affirmed. 

It  ta  not  kwfnl  t*  endrmdkt  •  potol  qf  tamory  known  to  all  tbe 
world.  />r)jd#«. 

Tbeiews—apoka  mJbM  tbam  tUaf*  whicliwrn-  spokeo  bj 
pAol,  contnidkmv  <uh1  bUcplienuDf.  —  AOs  i^. 

3.  To  oppose  ;  to  be  directly  contrary  to 

No  tniUi  cui  liwiMnfii-r  umUmt  truth.  BooUr. 

€0\-TRA-D!€T'ED,  pp.  Opposed  in  words ;  opposed  j 

denied. 
€0.\-TRA  DtGT'ER,  n.    One  who  contradicts  or  de- 
nies ;  an  opposer.  Stci/t 
€0.\-TRA-ni€rr'ING,  ppr.    Affirming  the  contrary  to 

what  has  been  asserted  ;  denying ;  opposing. 
€OX-TRA-Die''riON%  n.     [L.  eontradietio.] 

1.  An  assertion  of  the  contrary  to  what  has  been 
saitl  or  affirmed  ;  di-nial ;  contrary'  declaration. 

a.  Of^Msition,  whether  by  words,  reproaches,  or 
■ttempls  to  defeaL 

Coanler  him  ihiU  eadond  Nch  eonlrKSdioii  of  riooen  tLgahut 
hfanaeif.  — U«b.  xd. 

3.  Direct  opposition  or  repugnancy  ;  inconsistency 
with  itself;  incongmity  or  contrariety  of  things, 
words,  thoughts,  or  propositions.  These  theorems 
invt4ve  a  caiUradiction. 

If  we  p^ioeitv  tnuhf  w«  tfaevebj  peioeiTc  wbalerer  '»  him  to 
emttnkHetiom  lo  iL.  Grew. 

CON-TRA-Die'TlON-AL, «.    Inoonaialent.    [JVoc  ta 

UMu]  Mikou, 

€OX-TRA-Die'TIOt'S,  (-dik'ahus,)  «.    Filled  with 

contradictions  ;  inconsistenU  CttUier. 

3.  Inclined  tocootredict;  disposed  to  deny  or  caviL 

3.  Opposite :  inconsistent. 

€0\-TRA-Die'TIOL*S-NESS,    n.       Inconsistency  j 

conirarieiy  to  itselC  JVorris. 

2.  Ui^piwition  to  contradict  or  cavil. 
€ON-TRA-niCT'IVE,  a.     Containing  contradiction. 
eON-TRA-DlCT'IVE-LY,  adv.     Bv  contradiction. 
€0\-TRA-DI€rr'0-Rl-LY,  adv.     In   a  contradictory 

manner ;  in  a  manner  inconsistent  with  itself,  or 
opposite  to  others.  Bnmm. 

€ON-TRA-DItT'0-Rl-XESS,  n.  Direct  opposition; 
rontrririeiv  in  asKertion  or  effect.  Baxter. 

€0X-TRA-"D1€T'0-RY,  a.  Affirming  the  contrary  ; 
implying  a  denial  of  what  has  been  asserted  j  as, 
mitradtaory  assertions. 

S.  Inconsistent ;  opposite ;  contrary  ;  as,  ambradic- 
fary  schemes. 

eON'-TRA-DieT'O-RY,  tu  A  proposition  which  de- 
nies or  oppikses  another  in  all  its  terms  ;  contrariety ; 
inconsistency. 

It  ia  common  with  pHnor*  to  will  cmttra^ctoriet.  Bacon. 

€X)N-TRA-DI3-TIXeT',  a.  Distinguished  by  opposite 
qualities.  Smith. 

€OX-TRA-DIS-TINe'TrON,  «.     {a>ntra  and  distinc- 
tion.) 
Distinction  by  opposite  qualities. 

W«  wpemk  of  aaa  of  iofimutjr,  in  controd&ftiRctKm  to  thtne  of 

South. 


eON-TRA-DIS-TINCT'IVE,  a.     Distingtiishinj  by 

oppo^itei  Harris. 

eOX-TRA-DIS-TIN"GUISH,  (-ting'guish,)  r.  L  [con^ 
tm  and  distinguiak.} 

To  distinguish  not  merely  hy  difTerential,  but  by 
opposite  quiUitiea. 

Theae  uc  oar  complez  ideas  of  soul  and  body,  as  et>nlra4i*tu^ 
fidUhed.  Locke. 

eON-TRA-DIS-TIN"GUISH-f:D,  (ting'gwisht,)  pp. 
Distinguished  bv  opposites, 

€ON  TRA-DIS-1'I\"GUISH-ING,  ppr.  Distinguish- 
ins  bv  opposites. 

€OX-TRA-Fl5'Si:RE,  (-fish'yur,)  n.  [contra  and  ^- 
surt.]  In  sKraery^  a  fissure  or  fracture  in  the  cra- 
nium, on  the  side  opposite  to  that  which  received  the 
blow,  or  at  some  distance  from  it.        Cozt.     Encye. 

€0\-TRA-IN'DI-€A\T,  B.  A  symptom  that  forbids 
to  treat  a  disorder  in  the  usual  way.  Burke, 

€ON-TRA-I.\'DI-t"ATE,  r.  t  [eantra  and  indicaU.] 
In  medicine,  to  indicate  some  method  of  cure,  con- 
trary to  that  which  the  general  tenor  of  the  disease 


CON 

requires;  or  to  forbid  that  to  be  done  which  the  main 
scope  of  the  mnhtdv  points  out.       Harvey.     Enr^e. 

€ON-TRA-IN'UI-eX-TEI),  pp.  Indicating  a  meUiod 
contrary  lo  the  usual  one 

€0N-TR"A-IN'DI-€A-TING,  ppr.  Indicating  a  con- 
trary- method  of  cure. 

€0\-TRA-IN-DI-€i'TION,  n.  An  indication,  from 
some  peculiar  symptom  or  fact,  that  forbids  the 
method  of  cure  which  the  main  symptoms  or  nature 
of  th««  disease  requires,  .^rbuthnot. 

€ON"-TRAK'TO,  «.  TlL]  In  music,  the  part  imme- 
diately below  the  trehle,  called  also  the  counter  tenor. 

Brandt, 

€ON'TRA-MURE,  a.    An  oat  wall.    [See  Counteb- 

MCBK.] 

eON-TR  A-NAT'lI-ttAL,  a.  Opposite  to  nature.  [Lit- 
tl«  used.]  Bp.  RiLgt. 

€ON-TRA-NI'TEN-CY,  n.     [L.  corUra  and  nitor,  to 
strive,] 
Reaction  ;  n^sistance  to  force. 

€ON-TRA-l'6sE',  V.  t.    To  set  in  opposition. 

€ON-TRA-PO-Sl"TION,  (-zish'un,)  n.     [contra  and 

SositioH.]    A  placing  over  against  ;  opposite  position. 
N-TRA-PL'NT'AL,  a.    Pertaining  lo  counterpoint. 
€ON-TRA-PUNT'IST,  n.     One  skUled  in  counter- 
point. Mason. 
€ON-TRA-REG-tI-LAR'I-TY,  n.    [cinUra  and  regu- 
iarity.) 

Contrariety  to  rule,  or  to  regularity.  Morris. 

€ON-TRA'RI-ANT,  o,  JFr.,  from  contrarierj  to  con- 
tradict, or  run  counter.] 

Contradictory  ;  opposite  ;  inconsistent.  [Little 
MjredJ  Jiyliffe. 

€ON'TRA-RIES,  (kon'tra-riz,)  n.  pi  [See  Co:»- 
TBABT.]  In  loiric,  proptisitious  which  destroy  each 
other,  out  of  which  the  falsehood  of  one  does  not 
establish  the  truth  of  the  other. 

If  two  univenals  differ  in^qnalitjr,  th«y  aro  mnXrariet ;  aa,  tvery 
vin»  it  •  ITM  ;  no  mm  ia  a  tree,  Thrae  can  oev«r  be  buili 
true  togMber;  but  tbcy  may  be  both  f.dse.  Waitt. 

€ON-TRA-RI'E-TY,  n.    [L.  contrametas.    See  Coif- 

TBABT.] 

1.  Opposition  in  fact,  essence,  quality,  or  princi- 
ple ;  repugnance.  The  expedition  failed  by  means 
of  a  contrariety  of  winds.  There  is  a  contrariety  in 
the  nature  of  virtue  and  vice  ;  of  love  and  hatred  ; 
of  tnilh  and  falsehood.  Among  men  of  the  same 
profession,  we  tind  a  contrariety  of  opinions. 

2.  Inconsistency ;  quality  or  position  destructive 
of  its  opposito. 

How  can  these  cotttrtirwius  B.fi«e  7  SkaJc. 

€ON'TRA-RI-LY,  ado.  In  an  opposite  manner;  in 
opposition  ;  on  the  other  side  ;  in  opposite  ways, 

CON'TRA-RI-NESS,  n.     Contrariety  ;  opposition. 

DicL 

€ON-TRA'RI-OUS,  a.  Contnuy  j  opposite  ;  repug- 
nant. Milton. 

eON-TRA'RI-OUS-LY,  «fo.    Contrarily  ;  oppositely. 

Shak. 

eON'TRA-RI-WTSE,  adv.  [contrary  and  tcise,  man- 
ner. 1  On  the  contrary  ;  oppositely  ;  on  the  other 
hana. 

Not  pradcring  eril  for  eTil,  nor  raiOln^  for  raiUng  ;  but  controri- 
vMf ,  bicssinr.  —  1  Pel.  iii. 

€ON'TRA-RY,  n.  [L.  contrarius,  from  contra,  against ; 
Fr.  contraire  ;  Sp.  and  It.  contrario.] 

1.  Opposite ;  adverse  ;  moving  against,  or  in  an 
opposite  direction  ;  as,  contrary  winds. 

2.  Opposite  ;  contradictory  ;  not  merely  different, 
but  inconsistent  or  repugnanL 

The  flrah  lust^ih  against  the  arnnt,  and  tha  apirit  agsiinst  the 
flesh ;   a4ul  tbe«e  are  conlrary,   the  oae   lo  the   other.  — 

This  adjective,  in  many  phrases,  is  to  be  treated 
grammatically  as  an  adverb,  or  as  an  adjective  re- 
ferring to  a  sentence  or  affirmation  ;  as,  this  hap- 
pened contrary  to  my  expectations.  The  word  here 
really  belongs  to  the  affirmation  or  fact  declared  — 
this  happened';  for  contrary  does  not,  like  an  adverb, 
express  the  manner  of  happening,  but  that  the  fact 
itself  was  contrary  to  my  expectation.  .According, 
agreeable,  pursuant,  antecedent,  prior,  anterior,  &.C., 
are  often  used  in  the  like  manner. 
€ON'TRA-RY,  n.  A  thing  that  is  contrary  or  of  op- 
posite qualities. 


No  contrarieM  hold  more  antipathy 
Than  I  and  such  a  kimve. 


Shak. 


2.  A  proposition  contrary  to  another,  or  a  fact  con- 
trary to  what  is  alleged  ;  as,  this  is  stated  to  be  a  fact, 
but'l  will  endeavor  to  show  the  contrary. 

On  tftc  contrary;  in  opposition  ;  on  the  other  side. 

Swifl, 
To  the  contrary  ;  to  an  opposite  purpose  or  fact ;  as, 
he  said  it  was  just,  but  I  told  him  to  the  contrary. 
They  did  it,  not  for  want  of  inalniciioD  lo  tiie  conlrnry. 

SmUngflset. 
€OX'TRA-RY,  v.  U     [Fr.  contrarier.] 

To  contradict  or  oppose.    [OJs.] 
€ON'TRA-RY-MIND'ED,  a.    Of  a  different  mind  or 

opinion.  HaU. 

€OX-TRAST',  V.  t.     [Fr.  contrastcr.  Norm,  id.,  t»  con- 
trast ;  It.  contrastare,  Sp,  and  Port,  contrastar,  to  re- 


CON 

sist,  withstand,  strive,  debate,  quarrel.   The. primary 
sense  is,  to  set  against,  or  lo  strain,  to  strive.] 

1.  To  set  in  opposition  diffi>rent  things  or  quali- 
ties, to  show  the  'superior  excellence  of  one  to  ad- 
vantage. 

To  ro7itraat  the  goodruae  of  God  with  our  rebellion,  will  tend 
10  iiiuke  \i»  liiuiible  and  Ihunkrii). 

Clnrk,  Serm.,  July  4,  1814. 

9.  In  painting  and  sculpture,  to  place  figures  in 
such  opposition  or  dissimilitude,  that  the  one  shall 
give  greater  visibility  and  effect  to  the  other. 

The  figureB  of  ihc  groups  imist  contraet  ctich  other.    Dryd^n, 

€ON-TRXST',  V.  t.  To  stand  in  contrast  or  opposi- 
tion  to. 

The  loiiils  which  divide  the  sandstone  contract  firn-Iv  v^ith  (he 
divisional  planes  which  scpnrale  tlie  bosiilt  into  pillars. 

Lyell. 

€ON'TRXST,  n.  Opposition  of  things  or  qualities; 
or  the  placing  of  opposite  things  in  view,  to  exhibit 
the  superior  excellence  of  one  to  more  advantage. 
What  a  contrast  between  modesty  and  impudence,  or 
between  a  well-bred  man  and  a  clown  ! 

9.  In  pornfin^  and  «;it/;jeyre,  opposition  or  dissimil- 
itude of  figures,  &c.,  by  which  one  contrihiitea  to 
the  visibility  or  effect  of  the  other.  Jokiuioiu 

Contra.'it,  in  this  sense,  is  applicable  to  things  of  a 
similar  kind.  We  never  speak  of  a  contrast  between 
a  man  and  a  mountain,  or  between  a  dog  and  a  tree ; 
but  we  observe  the  contrast  between  an  oak  and  a 
shrub,  and  between  a  palace  and  a  cottage, 

€ON-TRXST'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Set  in  opposition  ;  exam- 
ined in  opjwsition. 

€0N-TRAST'1NG,  ppr.  Placing  in  opposition,  with  a 
vimv  to  discover  the  difference  of  figures  or  other 
things,  anil  exhibit  the  advantage  or  excellence  of 
one  beyond  that  of  the  other. 

CON'TRA-TEN'OR,  n.  In  music,  a  middle  part  be- 
tween the  tenor  and  treble  ;  contralto;  coutiter. 

eON'TRATE-WHEEL,  n.  A  wheel,  the  teeth  of 
which  lie  contrary  to  those  of  the  other  wheels  ;  i.  e., 
parallel  to  the  axis  ;  used  chiefly  for  clock-work. 

€ON-TRA-VAL-LA'TION,  n.  [L,  contra  and  roKo, 
to  fortify  ;  Fr.  contrevalUition.] 

In  fortification,  a  trench  guarded  with  a  parapet, 
fonned  by  tlie  besiegers  between  their  camp  and  the 
place  besieged,  to  secure  themselves  and  check  Siol- 
lies  of  the  garrison.  Brande. 

€ON-TRA-Ve\E',  d.  U  [L.  contravenio;  contra  and 
venio,  to  come.] 

Literally,  to  come  against ;  lo  meet.  Hence,  to  op- 
pose, but  used  in  a  figurative  or  moral  sense  ;  to  op- 
pose in  principle  or  effect ;  to  contradict ;  to  obstruct 
m  operation  >to  defeat ;  as,  a  law  may  contravene  the 
provisions  of  the  constitution. 

CON-TRA-VkN'ED,  pp.    Opposed  ;  obstructed. 

eONTRA-VEN'Ett,  n.    One  who  opposes. 

€0N-TRA-VeN'ING,  ppr.  Opposing  in  principle  or 
effect. 

eON-TRA-VEN'TION,  n.  Opposition  ;  obstruction  ; 
a  defeating  of  the  operation  or  effect;  as,  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  allies  were  in  direct  contravention  of 
the  treaty. 

CON-TRA-VER'SION,  n.     [L.  contra  and  versio,  a 
turning.] 
A  turning  to  the  opposite  side  ;  antistrophe. 

Conjrreve. 

€ON-TRA-YER'VA,  ?i,  [Sip.  contrayerba  ;  Port,  con- 
traherta  ;  contra  and  yerba,  herca,  an  herb,  L.  kerba  ; 
a  counter  kerb,  an  antidote  for  poison,  or,  in  general, 
an  antidote.] 

The  popular  name  of  various  plants,  as  of  some 
species  of  Dorstenia,  Passiftora,  ice. 

€0N-TRE€-Ta'TI0N,  n.     [L.  contrectatio,  tracto.] 
A  touching  or  handling.  FerraiuL 

COJ^-TRE-TEMPS',  (kon-tr-ling',)  n.  [Fr.l  An  un- 
expected accident,  which  thrown  every  thing  into 
confusion. 

€0.\-TRIB'U-TA-BLE,  a.     That  can  be  contributed. 

eON-TRIB'l|-TA-RY,  a.  [See  Coi^tributk  ]  Pav- 
ing tribute  to  the  same  sovereign ;  contributing  aid 
to  the  same  chief  or  principal. 

It  was  situated  on  the  Ganges,  at  the  place  where  this  river  r^ 
ceived  a  conlributary  stream.  D'Anvitle,  An.  Geog. 

€0N-TRIB'UTE,  v.  t.  [L.  contribuo;  cot  and  tribuo, 
to  grant,  assign,  or  impart;  It.  contribuire :  Sp.  con- 
tribuir  ;  Fr.  contribuer.     See  Tbibe,  Tbibute.] 

1.  To  give  or  grant  in  common  with  others  ;  to  give 
to  a  common  stock  or  for  a  common  purpose  ;  to  [jay 
a  share.  It  is  the  duty  of  Christians  to  contribute  a 
portion  of  their  substance  for  the  propagation  of  the 
gospel. 


2.  To  impart  a  portion  or  share  to  a  common  pur- 
pose ;  as,  let  each  man  contT^bute  his  influence  to  cor- 
rect public  morals. 
eON-TKIB^lJTE,  V.  u  To  give  a  part ;  to  lend  a  por- 
tion of  power,  aid,  or  influence  ;  to  liave  a  share  in 
any  act  or  effect. 

There  is  not  a  single  beauty  in  the  piece,  to  which  the  invention 
musl  not  conlribuU.  Pope, 

eON-TRIB'U-TED,  pp.  Given  or  advanced  to  a  com- 
mon fund,  stock,  or  purpose  ;  paid  as  a  share. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PL\E,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


CON 

€ON-TJtlB'U-TI.\G,  ppr.  Giving  in  common  with 
otlHT'*  to  some  stt>ck  or  purpose ;  imparting  a  share. 

eON-TRI-BO'TfON,  n.  The  act  of  giving  to  a  com- 
mon stock,  or  in  common  with  others  ;  the  act  of 
lending  a  jwrtion  of  power  or  intlut'iice  to  a  common 
purpitse ;  the  payment  of  each  m:in's  share  of  some 
common  expense. 

2.  That  which  is  given  to  a  common  stock  or  pur- 
posCf  either  by  an  individual  or  by  many.  We  speak 
of  the  coHtribution  of  one  person,  or  the  contribution 
of  i  society.  Contributions  are  invuliintary^  as  taxes 
and  imposts  ;  or  volunlarvi,  as  for  some  tindertakinc- 

3.  In  a  military  sen-ae^  impositions  paid  by  a  frontier 
country,  to  secure  themselves  frnm  being  plundered 
by  the  enemy's  armyj  or  impositions  u(>on  a  country 
in  the  power  of  an  enemy,  which  are  levied  under 
various  pretenses,  and  for  various  purposes,  usually 
for  the  tiuppurt  of  the  armv. 

€ON-TRIB'U-TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  contribute  ;  con- 
tributing ;  having  the  power  or  quality  of  giving  a 
portion  of  aid  or  influence ;  lending  aid  to  promote, 
iJi  concurrence  with  others. 

This  mrriuure  ia  contributiot  to  the  aame  entt.  Taylor. 

€ON-TRIB'^-TOR,  n.  One  who  contrihnles ;  one 
who  gives  or  pays  money  to  a  commun  stock  or  fund  ; 
one  who  gives  aid  to  a  common  purpose,  In  conjunc- 
tion with  others. 

eON-TRIB'U-TO-RY,   a.     Contributing  to  the  same 
stork  or  purpose  ;  promoting  the  same  end  ;  bringing  I 
assistance  to  some  Joint  de!>ign,  or  increase  to  some 
common  stock. 

eON-TRIS'TATE,  v.  U     VL.  coniristo.] 

To  make  sorrowful,     f  A"o(  used.]  Bacon. 

€0\-TRIS-Ta'TION,  71.  The  act  of  making  sad. 
[JVbt  itc^"?.]  Bacon. 

eON'TRITfi,  o.  [L.  eontritus,  from  eontfro,  to  break 
or  bruise  ;  eon  and  t£rOf  to  bruise,  rub,  or  wear.  See 
Trite.] 

Liter aU]i,womt  or  bmised.  Hence,  broken-hearted 
for  sin ;  de<:ply  aflected  with  grief  and  sorrow  for 
having  offended  Godj  bumble;  penitent;  as,  a  con- 
trite sinner. 

A  broken  aiid  &  anttriU  heart,  O  God,  thou  wilt  oot  iletpbe.  — 
P«.  li. 

€ON'TRITE-LY,  adv.  In  a  contrite  manner;  with 
penitence.  [for  sin. 

€O.V'TRITE-NESS,  n.    Peep  sorrow  and   penitence 
€0N-TRI"T10N,  (trish'un,)  n.    [L.  eutttritio.] 

1.  The  act  of  grinding  or  rubbing  to  powder. 

J^ToPtan. 

2.  Penitence  ;  deep  sorrow  for  sin  ;  grief  of  heart 
for  having  done  wrong,  especially  towards  an  infi- 
nitely holy  and  benevolent  God.  T\ie  word  is  usu- 
ally understood  to  mean  genuine  penitence,  accom- 
panied with  a  deep  sense  of  ingratitude  in  the  sin- 
ner, and  sincere  resolution  to  live  in  obedience  to  the 
divine  law. 

Fruit«  of  more  pHiiing  anvor,  from  Uiy  loed 

Suwii  with  eontrition  ia  his  hcut.  Miilon. 

Imperfect  repentance  ia  by  some  divines  called  at- 
trition. 
€0\-TRTV'A-BLE,  «.     [See  Cottrntrx.]     That  may 
be  contrived  ;  capable  of  being  planned,  invented,  or 
devised. 

Prrpntiol  modofl  nay  ■e«n  rwily  a>ntrivah!e.  WiUdns. 

€ON-TRI VANCE,  n.  [Sec  Contrive.]  The  act  of 
inventing,  devising,  or  planning. 

TVre  b  no  work  impowibk  lo  ilii-»e  contriv<iru:eM,      Wilkint, 
2.  The  thing  invented  or  planned  i  a  schem«  ;  plan  ; 
disposition  of  parts  or  causes  by  design. 


3.  Artifice  ;  ;rfot ;  scheme  ;  as,  he  has  managed  his 
eontriranee  well. 
eON-TRIVE',  r.  U     [Fr.  eontroucer  j  eon  and  troaoer, 
to  find  ;  IL  eontrortxre.] 

1.  To  invent ;  to  devise  :  to  pUn. 

Our  pr>l  hu  always  aonv  bnudful  ddipi,  which  he  Ant  MtAl>- 
tuhi'-a,  awl  Uyn  contrive*  iba  muna  which  wQI  nniiindty 
condua  him  to  hia  end,  Drydtn, 

2.  To  wear  out ;  as,  three  ages  such  as  mortal 
men  contrive.     Spensir.     [Oft.«.] 

[This  must  be  from  th»i  L.  contrro,  enntrivi^  and  if 
the  Fr.  controuvrr,  and  ftalian  controvare,  are  the 
same  word  diffr«'nlly  applied,  the  primnry  sense  is, 
to  invent  by  nibbing,  thai  is,  by  ruminating;  or  to 
strike  out,  as  in  forge.  But  tlie  word  is  probably 
from  trouBfr^  to  findj 

CONTRIVE',  r.  I.  To  form  or  design ;  to  plan ;  to 
schnmc  ;  as,  how  shall  we  contrice  to  hide  our 
sham**  ? 

[  TftLi  verb  it  reaUrj  transitive,  but  followed  by  a  verb, 
in  tkf  plac.f  of  an  object  or  fuimf.J 

CON'-TKIV'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Invented;  planned;  de- 
vited. 

CON  TRTVE'ME.VT,  n.    Contrivance;  invention. 

CONTRIVER,  «.  An  inventor;  one  who  plans  or 
devise!* :  a  schemer.  Swift.     Shak 

CONTRIVING,  OTM-.    Planning;  formmg  In  design. 

CON-TRoL',  B.  [Fr.  controller  a  counU^r  n-glster  ; 
centre  and  rMe,  a  roH,  list,  or  catalogue  ;  Arm.  coun- 
ter rifU.] 


CON 

1.  Primariltf^  a  book,  register,  or  account,  kept  to 
correct  or  check  another  accoimt  or  register  ;  a  coun- 
ter register.  Hence,  chuck;  reslniint ;  as,  to  speak 
or  to  act  without  control.  The  wind  raged  without 
control.  Our  passions  should  be  under  the  control  of 
reason. 

2.  Power  ;  authority  :  covomment  ;  command. 
Children  should  be  under  the  co/ifro/ of  their  (Kirenls. 
The  events  of  life  are  not  always  under  our  control. 

3.  He  or  that  which  restrains.  Burke. 
CON-TROL',  r.  t     To  keep  under  check  by  a  counter 

recister  or  double  account.    The  proper  officer  co«- 
trois  the  accounts  of  the  treasury. 
9.  To  check  ;  to  restrain  ;  to  govern. 

1  f-fl  my  Tirlue  atnigglii'g  in  my  soul ; 

Bui  stronger  ikibuliii  liuea  iit  povrur  cuittnU.  Drt/dtn. 

3.  To  overpower;  to  subject  to  authority;  to 
counteract  ;  to  have  under  commaiul.  The  course 
of  events  can  not  be  eontroUed  by  human  wisdom  or 
power. 

4.  To  direct  or  govern  in  opposition  ;  to  have  supe- 
rior force,  or  authority  over. 

A  reciul  can  not  control  the  pl.iiii  words  in  the  jfrantir.g  part  of 
a  iWiI.  Johnson's  IteporU. 

CON-TROL'LA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  controlled, 
cJiecked,  or  restraintid  ;  8ubji;ct  to  command. 

Puasion  is  t)i«f  •Initiki 
iaUe  l)y  itM^oii. 

eOX-TR0L'L£D,    fkon-trold',)    pp.      Cheeked  ;    re- 
strained ;  Eovenied. 
CON-TRoI/LER,  m.     [Norm,  eoutUrc-rouler.] 

1.  One  who  controls  or  restrains;  one  that  has  the 
power  or  auliiorily  to  gttvern  or  control. 

Thp  grem  Controller  of  o<ir  faw 
Deigtied  to  be  niAit,  ami  lived  in  luw  flatote.  Dr^ien. 

2.  An  officer  appointed  to  keep  a  counter  register 
of  acconnis,  or  to  oversee,  contrctl,  or  vrrify  the  ac- 
counts of  other  officers  ;  as,  in  Great  Britain,  the 
controller  of  the  hanaper,  of  the  household,  of  the 
pipe,  and  of  the  (K'Hs.  In  the  United  States,  the 
duty  of  the  c(j«/rHWfr(»f  the  treasury  is  to  superintend 
the  adjustment  and  preservation  of  the  public  ac- 
counts :  to  examine  all  accounts  st^ttled  by  the  audi- 
tor, and  certify  to  the  register  the  balances  due  there- 
on ;  to  countersign  all  warrant"*  dniwn  by  the 
secrKary  of  the  treasury  which  shall  be  warranted 
hy  law  ;  to  report  to  the  secretary  the  official  forms 
of  all  papers  to  be  issued  in  the  dilfcrent  offices  for 
collecting  the  public  revenue,  and  the  manner  and 
form  of  ket'ping  and  stating  the  accounts  of  the 
persons  employed   in  them,  &.c. 

sua.  of  Ihe  United  States. 

CON-TRf>L'LER-v''MIP,  n.     The  office  of  a  controller. 

eON-TK0L,'LIN<;,  ;ifr.  or  o.     Checking;   governing. 

eON-TROL'.MENT,  n.  The  power  or  act  of  con- 
trolling ;  the  state  of  being  restrained  ;  control ; 
restraint. 

2:  Opjiosition  ;  resistance  ;  counteraction  ;  refu- 
tation. 

For  this  word,  Cowtrol  is  now  generally  used. 

eON-TRO-VER'SA-RY.a.    Disputatious.    Bp.HaU. 

eON'TRO-VEKSE,  n.  and  tj.  Controversy,  and  to 
dispute.     [06*.] 

CON'TRO-VER.n'-ER,  (  n.    A  disputant    [Oft*.] 

€ON'TRO-VER8-OK,  \  Mountag-u, 

CON  TRO-VER'SIAL,  (-shal,)  a.     [See  Controvert, 

C0T<TR0VER9Y.1 

Relating  to  (fisputes  ;  as,  a  eontrovrrsial  discourse. 

eON-'IRO-VER'SI  AL-IHT,  n.     One  who  carries  on  a 

controversy;  a  disputant     [The  proper  word  isCorc- 

TROTEHriBT,  Wllicll  Sec] 

eON-TRO-VER'SIAL-LY,   adv.     In   a  controversial 

mannt-r. 
eON-TRO-VER'SION,  n.     Act  of  controverting. 
eON'TRO-VER-SY,  n.     [L,  eontrovergia.    See   Con- 

THOTBRT.] 

1.  Dispute  ;  debate  ;  agitation  of  contrary  opin- 
ions. A  dispute  is  Commonly  oral,  and  a  ca7ifropfr*y 
la  writing.  Johnson.  Dispute  is  irfXen  or  generally 
a  debate  of  shiirt  duration,  a  temporary  debate  ;  a 
contrormnf  is  oflt*n  oral,  anti  sometimes  continued  in 
books  or  in  law  for  months  or  years. 

Thia  Irft  no  ftxtrti  fur  con(rvwr>y  atiutit  thn  title.  LoAt. 

Wilhout   corUroMray,  XPKot.  ia   the    myaU^ry   ot  pxlUiMM.  —  1 
Tim.  lii. 

2.  A  suit  in  law  ;  a  case  in  which  opptwin^  par- 
ties contend  for  their  respective  claims  before  a 
tribunal. 

And   bv  \.\f\t  woTti  ahnll  ctf.ry  conlrovarty  and  every  atroke  be 
triml.  —  Dviii,  xxi. 

3.  Dispute  ;  oi^>ositiun  carried  on. 

The  ImtA  hitlh  n  controt^rttj  with  the  iialiuiis.  —  Jct.  xxr. 

4.  Opposition  ;  resistance. 

And  alrtiiniing  H  [th:  tflrn:til|  with  lurwi*  of  cuntnwcr«y.  StuiJt. 
eON'TKO-VERT,  P.  t.  [L.  eontrovcrto,  controversor  ; 
contra  and  verto^  verso^  to  turn.  Literally,  to  turn 
against.] 

To  dispute;  to  oppose  by  reasoning;  to  contend 
agnmst  in  words  or  writings  ;  to  di;ny  and  attempt  to 
disprove  or  confute  ;  to  iigifUe  contrary  opinions  ; 
as,  to  controcrrt  opinions  or  principles  ;  to  controvert 
the  iuslnesB  of  a  conclusion. 


CON 

CON'TRO-VERT-ED,  pp.  or  a.     Disputed  :   opposed 

in  dfbate. 
eON'TUO-VERT-ER,  n.    One   who  controverts  ;  a 

controvf  rsin!  writer.  B.  Jmuion. 

€ON-'l'RO-VERT'I-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  disputed  ; 

disputable  ;  not  too  evident  to  exclude  diffijrence  of 

opinion  ;  as,  this  is  a  controvertible  point  of  law. 
CON-TRO-VERT'I-BLY,  adv.     In  a  controvertible 

manner 
CON'TRO-VERT-ING,;)pr.     Disputing;  denyingand 

attempting  to  refute. 
CON'TRO-VERT-IST,  n.     One  who  controverts  ;  a 

disputant ;  a  man  versed  or  engaged  in  controversy 

or  disputation. 

How  unfriendly  is  ihfi  apiril  of  die  ctm&-owr£i*(  to  th^  <1iBc<*n»- 
meni  of  the  critic  !  Campl^ll. 

CON-TO'BER-NAL,  a.     [L.  contubemalis^  from  contu- 

bernium  :  con  and  t.ubcma.] 

Pertaining  to  fellowship  in  a  mess  or  lodging  ;  de- 
notiiii;  a  species  of  concubinage. 

CON-TU-MA'CIOUS,  (kon-tu  ma'shus,)  a.  [L.  am- 
tumor,  from  con  and  tumeo,  to  swell.] 

1.  Literally^  swelling  against ;  haughty.  Hence, 
obstinate;  jKrverse  ;  stubborn;  inflexible;  unyield- 
ing ;  disobedient  ;  as,  a  contumacious  child. 

%  In  law,  willfully  disobedient  to  the  orders  of  a 
court.  Blackitone. 

CON-TU-MA'CIOUS-LY,  adv.  Obstinately  ;  stub- 
bornly ;  perversely  ;  in  disobedience  of  orders. 

CON-TU-MA'CIOIJS-NES.S,  ?(.  Obstinacy;  perverse- 
ness  ;  stubbornness  ;  contumacy. 

CON'TU-MA-CY,  m.     [L.  contumacia.] 

1.  Stubbornness;  unyielding  obstinacy;  inflexi- 
bility. Milton. 

2.  In  /aw,  a  willful  contempt  and  disobedience  to 
any  lawful  summons  or  order  of  cotirt  ;  a  refusal 
to  appear  in  court  when  legally  summoned,  or  disi>- 
bedieiice  to  its  rules  and  ortlers.  JiyUffr. 

CON-TU-ME'LI-OUS,    a.      [L.    ctmtujndiosus.      See 

COSTUMKLY.] 

1.  Haughtily  reproachful  ;  contemptuous  ;  inso- 
lent ;  rude  and  sarciustic ;  as,  contiimeliotLi  language. 

SiPift, 

2.  Haughty  and  ctmteinptuous  ;  disposed  to  utter 
re[)roach,  or  to  insult ;  insolent ;  proudly  rude  ;  as,  a 
contumelious  person.  Shtik. 

3.  Reproachful;  shameful;  ignofninious. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

eON-TU-MK'LI-OUS-LY  adv.  In  a  cimtumilious 
manner  ;  With  pride  and  ctuitempt ;  reproachfully  ; 
rudely  ;  insolently. 

CON-TU-Mk'LI-OUS-NESS,  n.  I»iiroach  ;  rudeness ; 
contempt. 

CON'TU-ME-LY,  n.  [L.  contumelia,  from  eontumeo; 
eon  and  tunieo,  to  swefl.] 

Rudeness  or  reproach  compounded  of  haughtiness 
and  conttrmpt  ;  contemptuousness  ;  insolence ;  con- 
temptuous language. 

The  opprcsaor'a  wruny,  Ihfl  pruml  man's  contumely.      Shak, 

CON-TUND',  r.  t.     [L.  contiindo.] 

To  beat ;  to  bruise  by  beating.     [Little  used.] 

CON-TOSE',  p.  t.     [L.  contusus,  contundv.] 

To  beat ;  to  bruise  ;  to  injure  the  flesh  or  substance 
of  a  living  being  or  other  thing  without  breaking  the 
sktn  or  substance,  sometimes  with  a  breach  of  the 
skin  or  substance.  Bacon. 

€ON-TCS'f:i),  ftp.  or  a.     Bniised. 

CON-TCS'ING,  ppr.     Bruising. 

CON-TO'SIUN,  (kon-tii'/.hun,)  n.  [L.  contiutio,  from 
eontundo  ;  con  and  tunda,  to  beat ;  San.  tad.] 

1.  The  art  of  beating  and  bruising,  or  the  state  of 
being  bruised. 

2.  "The  act  of  reducing  to  powder  or  fine  particles 
by  beating.  Bacon. 

3.  In  jd/rfrm/ia  bniise ;  a  hurt  or  injury  to  the 
flesh  or  some  part  of  the  body  by  a  blunt  instrument, 
or  by  a  fall,  ijroducing  no  breach  or  apparent  wt»und. 

CO-NLIN'DRuM,  n.  A  sort  of  riddle  in  which  siime 
odd  resemhl.mre  is  proposed  for  discovery  binween 
things  quite  unlike  ;  a  quibble  ;  a  low  jest    SmarU- 

CON'r-SA-IU.E,  a.     Liable  to  be  tried  or  judged. 

CON't^-SANCE,  n.     [Fr.  r.nnnoissancc.] 

Cognizance  ;    knowledge  ;  notice.     [See    Cownu- 

9ANCB.] 

eON'n-SANT,  a.    Knowing;  having  notice  of. 

eON-tf-SOR'.     See  Cocmzoh. 

eON-VA-LESCE',  Ckon-va-lnss',)c.i.    To  grow  better 

after  sicknitss  ;  to  recover  health. 
CON-VA-LES'c:HNCE,   in.     [V..  concahsco,Xo  prow 
CON-VA-LES'CKN-CY,  \      stronger  ;  con  and  valcaco^ 

to  get  strength,  i-alco,  to  he  strong,  Eiig.  wdl.    See 

Well  ami  Avail.] 
Renewal  of  health  ;   the  insensible  recovery  of 

health   and   strength   after  disease  ;  the  state   of  a 

body  renewing  its  vigor  after  sickness  or  weakness. 
eON-VA-LES'CENT,    a.     Recovering    health    and 

strength  after  sickness  or  debility. 
eoN'.VA-LES'CING,  jmr.     Recovering  health. 
CONVECTION,  rt.    [L.  eonvectio,  from  convck«t  to 

convey.] 
A  carrying ;  the  act  of  carrying  or  conveying ;  as, 

the  convection  of  heat.  ProuL 


TONE,  ngLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GKR,  VI"CIOU8.  — C  as  K ;  d  as  J  ;  »  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


S61 


CON 

eO\-V£X'A-BLE,  a.    [See  ConrENK.]    That  may 
be  convened  or  assemble^d.      Pcmo^igt^  May^  IS09. 

2.  CunsislenU     [OA*.]  Spenser. 
€ON-VeXE',  c.  i,    [U  ctmmtw;  «*»  and  Pfnw,  to 

coroej 

t.  Tucometoflecberj  to  meet;  Coonite;  osthings. 
[VhusuoL'] 

Tte  njra  of  lifte  MtiTCTs«  aod  conanw  !■  tfaa  •re*.   /foMoA. 

a.  To  come  togeltier  ;  to  meet  In  the  same  i^aoe ; 
lo  aasemble  ;  as  persons.  Parliament  will  watvjie  in 
NovembtT.  The  two  houses  of  the  legislature  evtt- 
vmmt  at  twelve  o'clock  The  citizens  amcened  in 
the  stale  house. 
CO.V-VeNE\  r.  t  To  raaae  to  aseemble  ;  lo  call  to- 
gether ;  to  convoke,  llie  president  has  power  to 
MKcea£  the  Ctmjjreas  on  special  occaaiona. 

3.  To  summon  judicially  to  meet  or  appear 

Bt  the  pHtMl  outon  ttv,  cicrka  can  be  t9mwtm§d  00I7  befcn  mn 

€ON-VR;V'KD,  pp.    Assembled  ;  convoked. 
€ON-V£\'EIl,  a.    One  «'ho  conrenea  or  meets  with 
others.    [  O^*.] 
a.  One  who  calls  an  assembly  tocether.    Hence, 
3.  The  cliairman  of  an  orfartixed  body,  as  a  com- 
nitit-"-   "  t,  iM"  h,*  proTince  to  evsveiK  or  call  them 
to;:.  ^.J 

€0\  \  (a.    [1«.  cMCBMiiaUsa,  from  evn- 

co.\-\ ^  ^  V,  i    TMio.] 

LiUrmiiy^  a  cufumj;  together ;  a  meeting.     Hence, 
1.  Fitneas  ;   suit^^eness  ;    propriety  ;    adaptation 
,  < -one  thing  to  another,  or  to  circumstances.  Hookrr. 
%  CommOdiiHtsnes* ;   ease  ;    freedom  from  diffi- 
culty* 

Evv(7  mui  nnat  wit  aoawtbinf  for  Ibe  tonvemen<t  of  hk  life. 


In  ihh  mnhol. 


Cahtmy. 


Thfp-  (•  anat 

3.  That  whkh  gives  ease  ;  accommodation  ;  that 
which  ix  Kuited  to  wnnts  or  necessity.  A  pair  of 
spectacles  is  a  grt*al  c^ntremiates  In  (rfd  age. 

4.  Filn-jM  of  time  or  place.  Shak. 
eON-VEN'IEXT,  a.    Fit ;  suitable ;  proper  :  adapted 

to  use  or  to  wants  j  conunodious }  followed  by  fa  or 
ftr  ;  Usually  by  fur. 

Son*  mtm  an  bmiiUuIt  ceaMafaMi  I*  nTtlfnUr  aaUoM. 

Pnd  IBB  wtti  fcodconanrintf^nB.  — IStFV.  xxx. 
€ON-Ve.V'IE.\T-LY.  mdv.      Filly;     suitably;    whh 
adaptation  tu  the  end  or  effect.    Thai  house  is  not 
conreitiemtitf  fiituated  fur  a  tradesman. 

2.  Comtnodiou^ly ;  with  ease;  without  trouble  or 
diffiitilty.  He  unnotci>Hcn(i>>ifJy  accept  the  invlLition. 

€OX-Ve.S"'IXG,  ;ijr.    Coming  bother ;  calling  lo- 
B  ther. 

eON-V&X'l.VG,  a.     The  act  of  coming  togetber ; 
cnnvnlion. 

eOX'VHENT,  a.     [L.  cvaenbu,  from  coareav,  to  as- 
semble ;  Fr.  etrxvenL] 

1.  An  assembly  of  persons  devoted  to  religion  ;  a 
body  of  monks  or  nuns. 

3.  A  bouse  for  persons  devoted  to  rdigion ;  an 
ahb?y  ;  a  monasterr  ;  a  nunnery. 

•  €X)N-VEXT',  V.  L     [I*  coMcenfK^,  amrenio.] 

To  call  before  a  judge  or  judicature.  Shak. 

€OX-VE.VT',  c.  i.    To  meet;  to  concur.     [.Vwi  used,] 

Beaum, 
eON-VEXT'I-€LE,   «.      [U   awrraticiJajR,   dim.   of 
atmvemUu.] 

1.  An  as-aemWy  or  meeting;  usually  applied  to  a 
meeting  of  di^^enter^  from  the  e!<tabli.shed  church, 
fjr  religious  worship.  In  this  sense  it  is  used  by 
English  writers  and  in  English  statutes.  Hence,  an 
assembly,  in  contempt.  Attfrbury. 

In  the  Utited  StsU.i,  this  word  has  no  appropriate 
application,  and  is  little  used,  or  not  at  all. 

2.  A  secret  assembly  or  cabal ;  a  meeting  for  plots. 

Shak. 
eON-VEXT'I-€LE,  r.  i.    To  belong  lo  a  conventicle. 

South. 
€0\-VE\T'I-eLER,  a.    One  who  suppcms  or  fre- 
quent-! cnnvenlides.  Dn/den. 
eO-V-VEXTIO.V,  lu     [L.  conreati4>.     See  Costewk.] 
I.  The  act  of  coming  together  ;  a  meeting  of  sev- 
eral persons  or  individuals.  BoyU, 
%  Union  ;  coalition. 

3.  An  assembly.  In  this  sense,  the  word  includes 
any  formal  meeting  or  collection  of  men  for  civil  or 
ecclesiastical  purposes  ;  particularly  an  assembly  of 
dcL'Cites  or  repreientaiives  for  consultation  on  im- 
portant concerns,  civil,  pcdittcal,  or  ecclesia'^ticnl. 

In  QrttU  Britain,  convention  is  the  name  given  to  an 
extramlinary  assembly  of  the  estates  of  the  realm, 
held  without  the  king*s  writ ;  as  the  assemtdy  which 
restored  Charles  II.  to  the  throne,  and  that  vvliich 
declared  the  throne  to  be  abdicated  by  James  II. 

In  Vie  United  StaUs^  IhU  name  is  givt-n  to  the  as- 
sembly of  representatives  which  fwrms  a  constitution 
of  governmf  ni,  or  political  association  ;  as,  the  con~ 
venUon  which  formed  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States  in  1787. 

4.  An  agreement  or  contract  between  two  parties, 
as  between  the  commanders  of  two  armies ;  an 
agreement  previous  to,  or  in  the  place  of,  a  definitive 
treatv. 


CON 

eOX-VEN'TION-AL,  a.     [Fr.  concentionneL] 

1.  Stipulated  ;  formed  by  agreement. 

Ccmaimriunat  wennuv  r^rrrwl  liy  irniirci  on  (frajiu,  made  out 
of  iN"  crown  ot  bni^liu  KTvice.  Halt. 

9.  Arising  out  of  custom  or  tacit  agreement ;  as,  a 
eonvemtiomal  use  of  language. 

eOiN-VEN'TION-ALr-iSM,  n.  That  which  is  received 
or  esiahlished  by  convtrnlion  or  ngreemenL 

€ON-VEN  riO\-AL'I-TY,  n.  A  conventional  mode 
of  living  and  acting. 

eON-VEN'TlON-AL-LY,  ad.  In  a  conventional 
manner  ;  by  tacit  agreement. 

eON-VE.\'TU>.\-A-RY',  a.  Acting  under  contract; 
settled  by  stipulation ;  conventional ;  as,  eonrcNtion- 
«ry  tenants.  Careio. 

€ON-VEN'TIOX-ER,ii.  pne  who  belongs  to  a  con- 
vention. 

€O.V-VEX'TIOX-IST,  n.    One  who  makesa  contract. 

€OX-VEXT'lj-AL,  a.     [Fr.  conventueL]         [Sterne. 
Belonging  to  a  convent ;  monastic  ;  as,  eonoentual 
priOTs. 

€OX-VEXT'lT-AL,  n.  One  that  lives  in  a  convent ; 
a  monk  or  nun.  .diidiaan^ 

€OX-VER0E',  (kon-verj',)r.  i.  [Low  L.  eonvtrgo  i 
con  and  rergo,  to  incline.    See  Verge.] 

To  tend  to  one  point ;  to  incline  and  approach 
nearer  together,  as  two  lines  which  continually  h[>- 
proach  each  other ;  opposed  to  dherg-e.  Lines  which 
converge  in  one  direction  diverge  in  the  other. 

The  mounuins  conutrga  tnio  »  A\g\c  nige.  J^fferaon, 

eOX-V^ERft'EXCE,  >  a.    The  quality  of  converging ; 
eOX-VERO'EX-CY,  \      tendency  to  one  point, 

Ort'eory- 
€0X-VER6'EXT,  a.     Tending  to   one    point;  np- 
pnmching  each  other,  as  they  proceed  or  arc  e.\tend- 

€0N-VER6'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Tending  to  one  point ; 
amiroaclimg  each  other,  as  lines  extended. 

ComvtrgMg  nufs;  in  tmtiat,  those  rays  of  light, 
which,  proceeding  from  diflerent  points  of  an  object, 
tend  toward  a  single  point.  At  this  point  they  cross, 
and  become  diverging  rays.  Encije. 

Converging  series^  in  mathematics^  is  that  in  which 
the  magnitude  of  the  several  terms  gradually  di- 
minishes. Barlow. 

eON-VERS'A-BLE,  a.  [It.  conversabile  ;  Fr.  concer- 
tahU.    See  CoitTsasE.] 

Qualified  for  conversation,  or  rather  disposed  to 
converse ;  ready  or  inclined  to  mutual  communica- 
tion of  thoughts  ;  sociable ;  free  in  discourse. 

Jiddison, 

€0.\-VERS'.\-BLE-.\ESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
free  in  conversation  ;  disposition  or  readiness  to  con- 
verse ;  sociability. 

eOX-VERS'A-BLY,  ado.    In  a  conversable  manner. 

COX'VEKS.VXCE,   I   n.      Disfxisition   to  associate; 

€OX'VER-SAX-CY,  \       habit  of  familiarity. 

eoX'VER-SAXT.  a.  [IL  coHver^aiUe.  See  Cow- 
terse.] 

L  Keeping  company  ;  having  frequent  or  custom- 
ary intercourse ;  intimately  associating ;  familiar  by 
feUowship  (x  cohabitation  ;  acquainted. 

But  ih'  im^n  wre  rrry  goo-t  tn  ua  —  k>  long  m  we  wew flontr. 

aard  fith  Uviii.  —  I  Sim.  xxt. 
Nrrcr  10  bK  infr^tcl  wilh  dtrlight, 
Nor  coni>ermuU  ailh  euMe  aiKrulIencM.  SfiaM. 

2.  Acquainted  by  familiar  use  or  study.  We  cor- 
rect our  style,  and  improve  our  taste,  by  being  con- 
versant with  the  best  classical  writers. 

In  the  foregoing  applicatiims,  this  word  is  most 
generally  f.illnwed  by  jntA,  according  to  present 
usage.  In  was  formerly  used ;  and  both  in  and 
amon^  may  be  used. 

3.  Concerning ;  having  concern  or  relation  to  ; 
having  for  its  object ;   fullowed  by  abovt. 


Education  b  convertant  about  children. 


Wotton. 


eOX'VER-S.\XT-LY,  adv.  In  a  conversant  or  famil- 
iar manner. 

eOX-VER-SA'TIOX,  n.  General  course  of  manners ; 
behavior  ;  deportment ;  especially  as  it  respects  mor- 
als. 

Let  jrour  converta&m  be  u  b»'«)mrth  the  fo«pel.  —  Phil.  L 
Be  ye  iioly  La  ail  iimniicr  o(  conoeraaxUm.  —  1  Pel.  i. 

[In  this  sense  nearly  obsoUt^.] 

2.  .\  keeping  company  ;  familiar  intercourse  ;  inti- 
mate fellowship  or  association  ;  commerce  in  social 
life.  Knowledge  of  men  and  manners  is  best  ac- 
quired by  conversatio7i  with  the  best  company. 

3.  Intimate  and  familiar  acquaintance;  as,  a  con- 
rersation  with  books  or  other  objects. 

4.  Familiar  discourse  ;  general  intercourse  of  sen- 
timents ;  ctiat ;  unrestrained  talk,  opposed  to  a  for- 
mal conference. 

WTwl  1  meuiioncil  in  conoersiUion  wm  nol  a  new  thought. 

[This  is  nofc  the  most  general  use  of  the  leord.] 
eOX-VER-SA'TIOX-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  conversa- 
tion ;  done  in  mutual  discourse  or  talk. 
€0X-VER-SA'TIOX-AL-IST,  n.    One  who  excels  in 

conversation. 
eOX-VER-SA'TI0N-£D,  a.       Acquainted   with    the 
manner  of  acting  in  life.     [JVot  tisai,]  Beaum.  and  Fl. 


CON 

€ON-VERS'A-TIVE,  a.  Relating  to  an  intercourse 
with  men  ;  opposed  lo  contemplative.  * 

She  ctioae  tu  endue  lum  with  atnotrtativa  quolUlet  of  youth. 

Wotton. 

COJ^  VKR-SAZ.I-0'J^K,  (kon'ver-s4t-7,e-6'na,)«.  [IL] 
A  meeting  for  conversation,  [Uirticularly  on  literary 
subjects.  Oray. 

€0N- VERSE',  p.  i.  [L.  conversor  ;  con  and  versttr,  to 
be  turned  ;  \'t.  eonverser  ;  ft.  conversare  ;  Sp.  eonver- 
sar.  LUeraUyy  tu  be  turned  to  or  with  ;  to  be  turned 
about.] 

1.  1  o  keep  company  ;  to  associate ;  to  cohabit ;  to 
hold  intercourse  and  be  intimately  acquainted  ;  ful- 
lowed by  with 

- — —  for  him  who  Inn^Iy  \uf^ 
To  Mek  the  dUiaiu  IuILb,  luid  there  coiiDtrta 
M'ilh  iiuiure.  TTiomaon. 

3.  To  have  sexual  commerce,  Ouardiaru 

3.  To  tallc  familiarly  ;  to  have  free  interrourse  in 
mutual  communication  of  thoughts  and  opinions  ;  to 
convey  thoughts  reciprtKally  ;  followed  by  with  be- 
fore the  person  addresiied,  and  on  before  the  subject. 
Converse  as  friend  with  friend.  We  have  often  eon- 
versed  toilh  each  other  on  the  merit  of  Milton's 
poetry. 

['I  /lis  is  now  the  most  genrral  usf-  ^f  the  word.] 
CON'VERSE,  n.     Conversation  ;  familiar  discourse  or 
talk  ;  free  interchange  of  thoughts  or  opinions. 


Pormed  by  thy  cont»rt«  happily  to  et"fr 
From  grare  to  guy,  from  lively  to  Mvere. 


Pop*. 


3.  Acquaintance  by  frequent  or  customary  inter- 
course ;  ct)habitatinn  ;  familiarity.  In  this  sense,  the 
word  may  include  discotirse,  or  not ;  as,  to  huld  con- 
verse wilh  persons  of  diffi-rent  sects  ;  or  to  hold  con- 
verse with  terrestrial  things. 

3.  In  lofrie,  the  eonrerse  of  a  propositiim  is  that 
which  arises  from  interchanging  the  terms ;  i.  e., 
putting  the  predicate  fur  the  subject,  and  the  subject 
for  the  predicate.  It  should  not  (as  is  often  done)  be 
confounded  wilh  the  contran^  or  opposite  of  a  propo- 
sition, which  is  formed  by  introducing  the  negative 
not  or  no. 

4.  In  mathematics^  an  inverted  proposition ;  thus, 
after  drawing  a  eonchision.  from  soiiietliitic  jfu/tpavet/, 
we  invert  the  ordf^r,  making  the  conclusion  the  sup- 
poriitiou  or  premises,  and  draw  from  it  what  was 
first  ^^upiKwed.  Thus,  if  two  sides  of  a  triangle  are 
equal,  thf^ngles  opposite  the  sides  are  e<|ual  ;  and  the 
eonnersr  is  true,  i.  e.,  if  these  angles  are  equal,  the 
two  sides  are  equal.  Barlow.     Brande. 

rON'VERSE-LY,  adv.    With  change  of  order ;  in  a 

contrary  order ;  reciprocally.  Johnson. 

COS  VEK'SIOX,  M.     [L.  conversio.     See  Convert.] 

1.  In  a  ffnierrd  sensr^  a  turning  or  change  from  one 
state  to  another;  will)  regard  to  substances,  trans- 
mutation ;  as,  a  cottversion  of  water  into  ice,  or  of 
food  into  chyle  or  blood. 

2.  In  miliUry  itffairs^  a  change  of  front,  as  when  a 
body  of  troops  is  attacked  in  the  flank,  and  they 
change  their  position  to  face  the  enemy. 

3.  In  a  thcoh/irical  or  moral  seyise,  a  change  of  heart, 
or  dispositions,  in  wliich  the  enmity  of  the  heart  to 
God  and  his  law,  and  the  obstinacy  of  the  will,  are 
subdued,  and  are  succeeded  by  supreme  love  to  God 
and  his  moral  government,  and  a  reformation  of  life. 

4.  Cliange  from  one  side  or  parly  to  another. 

Th:il  converaion  will  be  siupected  Ihat  apparently  concum  with 
iiiteresi.  Jofitiaon, 

5.  A  change  from  one  religion  to  another  j  as,  the 
converAon  of  the  Gentiles,     .^ets  XV. 

C.  The  act  of  appropriating  to  private  use  ;  as,  in 
trover  and  conversion. 

Conversion  of  equations  ;  in  algebra ^  the  reduction  of 
equations  by  multiplication,  or  the  manner  of  alter- 
ing an  equation,  when,  the  quantity  sought,  or  any 
member  of  it,  is  a  fraction  ;  the  reducing  of  a  frac- 
tional equation  into  an  integral  one. 

Kncyc     Bailey.     Johnson. 

Conversion  of  proportion,  in  mathematics,  is  when  of 
four  proportionals  it  is  inferred  that  the  first  is  to  its 
excess  above  the  second  as  the  third  to  its  excess 
above  the  fourili.  Barlow. 

Conversion  of  propositions,  in  logic,  is  a  changing  of 
the  subject  into  the  place  of  the  predicate,  and  still 
retaining  the  quality  of  the  proposition.  Bailey. 

COX-VERS'IVE,  a.     Sociable  ;  conversable. 
COX-VERT',  V.  t.      [U  conrerto;   con  and  verto,  to 
turn;  coinciding  in  elements  and  signification  with 
barter,  and  probably  from  the  root  of  Fdru,  vario,  veer, 
Sp.  birar,  Port,  virar,  to  turn.     Class  Br.J 

1.  To  change  or  turn  into  another  siib.«itance  or 
form  ;  as,  to  convert  gases  into  water,  or  water  into  ice. 

2.  To  change  from  one  state  to  another ;  as,  to 
convert  a  barren  waste  into  a  fruitful  field  ;  to  convert 
a  wilderness  into  a  garden  ;  to  convert  rude  savages 
into  civilized  men. 

3.  To  change  or  turn  from  one  religion  to  another, 
or  from  one  party  or  sect  to  another  ;  a?,  to  convert 
pagans  to  Christianity  ;  to  convert  royalists  into  re- 
publicans. 

4.  To  turn  from  a  bad  life  to  a  good  one  ;  to  change 
the  heart  and  moral  character,  from  enmity  to  God 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PR£Y.— PIXE,  MARXXE,  BIRD X6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 

2^  [^ 


CON 

and  from  vicious  bubiLs,  lu  love  of  God  and  to  a  boty 
life. 

Rr-p  ,  an.I  be  converted^  Ih^X  your  kiu  maybe 

'.111  lii. 
il'^  ^ltlRe^  ^m  the  error  of  bia  way,  aluill  nre 

,    .  ui.  — JajiKSV. 

5.  To  turn  toward  a  point. 

Cry»tAl  will  e^IiTy  iiiio  e!«tridiy,  and  convert  the   needle  trebly 
plact-d.     [C'tiutuoi.]  Broten. 

6.  To  turn  from  one  use  or  destination  to  another ; 
aa,  to  concert  liberty  into  an  engine  of  oppresssion. 

7.  To  appropriate  or  apply  to  one's  own  use,  or  to 
personal  benelit ;  as,  to  concert  [mblic  property  to  our 
own  use. 

8.  To  cbnnge  one  proposition  into  another,  so  that 
what  was  the  subject  of  the  first  becomes  the  predi- 
cate of  the  second  ;  ns,  all  sin  is  a  transgression  of 
the  law  ;  but  every  transgression  of  tlie  taw  is  sin. 

Hale. 

9.  To  turn  into  another  language.        B.  Jvnson. 
€ON-VERT',  ».  i.    To  turn  or  be  changed  ;  to  under- 
go a  ctiange. 

Th'-  '.ore  of  wicked  frieada  eonveru  to  fear ; 

Til  a  fd%ir,  loluie.  Shak. 

eON'VKRT,  n.  A  person  who  is  a)nverled  from  one 
opinion  or  practire  to  another  ;  a,  person  who  re- 
nounces one  creed,  religious  system,  or  |»arty,  and 
erabnices  aiu»Iht/r  ;  applied  particularly  to  those  who 
c)tange  their  religious  opinions,  but  applicable  to  po- 
litical or  philtisophical  sects. 

2.  Inm  more  strict  sensCy  one  who  is  turned  from 
sin  to  holiness. 

Zion  ihiil  be  T«dectned  with  Jud^metit,  and  her  conoerU  wiOt 
h^iii'ouaiinB.  —  la.  i. 

3.  In  m/m/irferwa,  a  lay  friar  or  brother,  admitted  to 
the  sf  rvic*  of  the  hotise^  without  orders,  and  not  al- 
lowpfl  to  sing  in  the  choir.  Eneyc 

CONVERT' ED,  pp.  or  a.  Turned  or  changed  from 
one  substance  or  state  to  another ;  turned  from  one 
religion  or  sect  to  another  ;  changed  from  a  stnie  of 
sin  to  a  state  of  holiness ;  applied  to  a  particular 
ut>e  ;  appropriated. 

€ON-VEKT'ER,  n.  One  who  converts;  one  who 
makes  converts. 

€0.\-VERr  r-BIL'I-TY,  b.     [from  cffnveriibUA 

I  The  capability  of  being  converted  or  changed 
from  one  substance,  form,  or  state,  to  another  \  as, 
the  eoHvertibiiity  of  land  into  money.  Burke. 

2.  The  tpiality  of  being  changeable  from  one  let- 
ter to  another  ;  as,  the  eoHpertibilUij  of  m  with  6,  or  of 
d  into  t  -^s.  Rt:searche^. 

€ON'-VERT'I-BLE,  a,     [Fr.,  from  conrertir.] 

1.  That  may  be  changed  ;  susceptible  of  change  ; 
transinutable  ;  transformable. 

Minprala  are  fwl  conatrlHile  Into  another  apeclcs,  thoti^  of  the 
ainie  genua.  Harney, 

2.  So  much  alike  that  one  may  be  used  for  anoUier. 
Usury  and  interest  are  not  now  coacertibU  terms, 
tliough  fonnerly  they  were. 

3.  That  may  be  changed,  as  one  letter  foj  another ; 
as,  6,  p.  and  /  are  fonvertibU  letters. 

eO.N'-VERT'I-BLK^NESS,  n.     Convertibility. 

eOX-VEKT'I-MLV,  ode.  Reciprocally  \  with  inter- 
change of  lenna.  South. 

CON-VERT'ING,  ppr.    Turning;  changing. 

eON-VERT'lNG,  a.  Adapted  to  convert  i  that  con- 
verts Irom  a  state  of  nature  to  a  slate  of  grace. 

eON'VERT-rrE,  «.     a  convert.     [wVot  in  use.'\ 

eO\'VEX,a.     {L.  contei.us  ;  XUconresso.] 

Rising  or  swelling  on  the  exterior  surface  into  a 
spherical  or  round  form;  gibbous  j  opposed  to  eon- 
eavey  which  expresses  a  round  form  of  the  interior 
surface  ;  as,  a  convex  mirror  or  lens, 

CON' VEX,  n-    A  convex  body  i  as,  beaven*8  convex, 

Tiekd. 

eON'VEX-ED,  (kon'vext.l  a.  Made  convex  ;  protu- 
berant in  a  spherical  frrm.  Brown. 

eo\-VEX'ED-LV,  (m/(t.     In  a  convex  form.   Brown. 

€ON-VEX'I-TV,  n.     [L.  eonttczUn.1.] 

The  exterior  surface  of  a  convex  body  ;  a  gibbous 
or  globular  form  ;  roundness.        JWir^oa.    Bentley. 

CON'VE.X-LV,  ado.  In  a  convex  form;  as,  a  body 
eanreibi  ronicil. 

€0\'VEX-NESS,  n.    Convexity  ;  which  see 

eON-VEX'O-eON'CSVE,  a.  Convex  on  one  side 
and  concave  on  the  other  -,  having  the  hollow  on  the 
inside  corresponding  to  the  convex  surface. 

eON-VEX'fJ-CON'VEX,  a.     Convex  on  both  sides. 

CON-VEV',  (kon  vi',)  o.  L  [L.  convtho  ;  con  and  ve- 
hoj  to  carry,  .'^ax.  wtegan^  iDegan,  Eng.  to  weigh.  See 
WiioH  and  Wat.] 

1.  To  carry,  bear,  or  transport,  either  by  land  or 
water,  or  in  air ;  as,  to  eonmj  a  letter  or  a  package  ; 
to  eoHOfif  good?  from  England  to  France. 

2.  To  pass,  or  cause  to  pxss ;  to  transmit  j  as,  tu 
eonpcw  a  right  or  an  estate  from  father  to  son. 

3.  To  transfer  ;  to  pxss  a  tiilr  to  any  Uiing  from 
one  person  to  another,  as  by  dt'cd,  a^isignment,  or 
otherwise  ;  as,  to  connty  lands  by  bargain  and  sale. 

^  To  caimc  to  pass  ;  to  transmit ;  to  carry,  by 
any  medium  j  as,  air  conveys  sound  ;  words  convey 
tdeaa. 


CON 

5.  To  manage  with  privacy.     [A''ot  lused.] 
I  will  coHivjf  lt>e  biuiiifw  hm  I  s)iall  fiiHi  roeaiia.  Shak. 

6.  To  impart ;  to  communicate. 

CON-VgY',  (kon-va',)  v.  i.     To  play  the  thief.     Shak. 

eON-VfiVA-BLE,  (kon-va'a-bl,)  a.  That  may  be 
conveyed  or  tmnsferred.  Burke  on  the  Sublime, 

CON-VfiVANCE,  (kt.n-va'ans,)  n.  The  act  of  con- 
veying ;  the  act  of  bearing,  carrj'ing,  or  transport- 
ing, by  land  or  water,  or  tlirough  any  medium. 

2.  The  act  of  tran.sinitting,  or  transferring,  as  ti- 
tles, estates,  or  claims,  from  one  person  to  another  ; 
transmission  ;  transferrcnce  ;  assignment 

3.  The  instniment  or  means  of  passing  a  thing 
from  place  to  place,  or  person  to  person  ;  as,  a  ve- 
hicle is  a  conr-eyance  for  persons  or  goods;  a  canal  or 
aqueduct  is  a  conveyance  fur  water ;  a  deed  is  a  con- 
veyance of  land. 

4.  Kenioval ;  the  act  of  removing  or  carrying. 

Shak. 

5.  Management :  artifice  ;  secret  practices.  [/n 
this  sen.1t,  vbsulrte.]  Spenser. 

€ON-V£Y'AN-CER,  (kon-va'an-ser,)  n.  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  draw  conveyances  of  property,  deeds, 
&^c. 

CON  VBY'AN-CING,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  draw- 
ing deeds,  teases,  or  other  writings  for  transferring 
the  titli!  to  property  from  one  person  to  another. 

CON-V'BY'£D,  (kou-vide',)  pp.  Carried;  transmit- 
ted i  transferred. 

eON-VBV'ER,   (kon-va'er,)   n.    One   who  conveys; 
he  or  thai  which  conveys,  carries,  transports,  trans- 
mits, ortninsfers  from  one  person  or  place  to  another. 
2.  A  jut'gler.  Shak. 

CON-V'EV'INO,  (kon-vi'ing,)  ppr.  Carrjing;  trans- 
porting ;  trausfi'rriug. 

eON-VI-CIN'l-TY,  tt.    Neighborhood  ;  vicinity. 

fVariam. 

eON-VICT',  V.  t.  [L.  eonvmco,  convictum;  con  and 
rineo,  to  vanquish  or  subdue  ;  Sp.  contencer  ;  It.  eon- 
vincrre;  Fr.  ctntvainere.  (See  Convince.)  The  verb 
viaeo  is  allied  to  vineio,  to  bind,  the  primary  sense  of 
which  is,  to  strain,  force,  make  fast ;  hence,  to  sub- 
due ;  and  as  n  appears  to  be  casual,  the  root  is  Vg  or 
Vc] 

1.  To  determine  the  truth  of  a  charge  against  one  ; 
to  prove  or  find  guilty  of  a  crime  charged  ;  to  deter- 
mine or  decide  to  be  guilty,  as  by  the  verdict  of  a 
jiir>',  by  confession,  or  other  leg:U  decision.  Tbe 
jir-y  convicted  the  prisoner  of  felony. 

2.  To  convince  of  sin ;  to  prove  or  determine  to  be 
guilty,  as  by  the  conscience. 

Thry  wlio  hmnl  it,  liriiiff  eonoicled  by  thelrownconwlence,  went 
out  one  by  uiic.  —  Julin  viii. 

3.  To  confute  ;  to  prove  or  show  to  be  false.  [  06*.] 

Brown. 

4.  To  show  by  proof  or  evidence  j  as,  to  coarict  a 
person  of  ern>r.  Hooker. 

CON-VICT',  pp.  for  Cor*TrcTED.  Proved  or  found 
guiltv.  Shak. 

CON'VICT,  n.  A  person  proved  or  found  guilty  of  a 
crime  alleged  against  httii,  either  by  the  verdict  of  a 
jury  or  othtT  legal  decision. 

eON-VICT'EU,  pp.  or  a.  Proved  or  detennined  to  be 
guilty,  either  by  verdict  of  a  jury  or  by  the  decision 
of  conscience. 

eON-VICT'lNG,  ppr.  or  a.    Proving  or  finding  guiltv. 

CON-VIC'TION,  )i.  The  act  of  proving,  findmg,  or 
determining  to  be  gtiilty  of  an  offense  charged  against 
a  perstm  before  a  legal  tribunal ;  as  by  confession,  by 
the  verdict  of  a  jury,  or  by  ilie  sentence  of  other  tri- 
bunal, as  in  the  summary  convictions  before  commis- 
sioners of  the  revenue. 

2.  The  net  of  convincing,  or  compelling  one  to  ad- 
mit the  truth  of  a  chiuge  ;  the  act  of  convincing  of 
sin  or  sinfulness  ;  the  state  of  being  convinced  or 
convicted  by  conscience  ;  the  state  of  being  sensible 
of  guilt ;  as,  the  conviction.^  of  a  sinner  may  be  tem- 
porary, or  lasting  aud  etiicactous.  By  conviction^  a 
sinner  is  brought  to  rei»entance.  Men  often  sin 
againi<t  tlic  conviction  of  their  own  consciences. 

3.  The  act  uf  convincing  of  error;  confutation; 
the  act  of  compelling  one  to  acknowledge  his  error, 
or  t!ie  truth  of  what  is  alleged  ;  as,  the  conviction  of 
a  heretic  may  induce  him  to  abandon  his  errors, 

4.  Strong  belief  on  the  ground  of  satisfactory  evi- 
dence, without  any  implication  of  previous  error ;  as, 
a  r^r/irfclion  that  tliere  is  nothing  hononible  which  is 
not  accoinpitniud  with  innr)cence.  Steele. 

CON-Vie  1"1  VE,  a.      Having  the  power  to  convince 

or  convict. 
CON-VICT'IVE-IjY,  adv.    In  a  convincing  manner. 

Mure. 
CON-VIGT'IVE-NEflS,  n.     Power  of  convicting. 
GON-VINCE',  (kon-vins',)  r.  t.    [l^  convinco;  con  and 
vincoy  to  vanquish  ;  Sp.  convencer;  It.  convincere  i  Fr. 
eonpaincrr.] 

I.  To  persuade  or  satisfy  the  mind  by  evidence  ; 
to  subline  the  opposition  of  the  mind  to  tnitli,  or  to 
what  is  alleged,  and  compel  it  to  yield  its  assent ;  as, 
to  convince  a  man  uf  hiji  errors  ;  or  to  convince  him  of 
the  truth. 

For  he  mi(;hili/  convinrrf  tlm  Jtrwt,  sliowlng  by  the  Scriptiim 
thai  J'-aiu  w*M  th>:  Chriat.  —  Acta  xvtu. 


CON 

2.  To  convict  ;  to  pr(»ve  guilty;  to  constrain  one 
to  admit  or  acknowledge  himself  to  be  guilty. 

1/  ye  have  respect  to  pcnuiis,  ye  comniit  «iii,  and  are  oonvtnetd 

o(  \hy]  ihi-  law  aj  [niiiKgrt-Mura.  — Jiiiiit^  ii. 
'To  eoneiiu^e  n.i\  itut  are  uii^Mlly  tunoug  them  of  all  tbeir  ungod- 
ly deeds.  —  Jude  X». 

3.  To  convince  ;  to  prove.     [Ofis.]  Shak. 

4.  To  overpower ;  to  surmount ;  to  vanquish, 
r  06s.]  Shak. 

eON-VIN'CED,  (kon-vinst',)  pp.  or  a.  Persuaded  in 
mind  ;  satisfied  with  evidence  ;  convicted. 

CON-VINCE'MENT,  (kon-vins'ment,)  n.  Convic- 
tion.    [Little  itacd.] 

eON-VIN'CER,  7t,  He  or  that  which  convinces  ;  that 
which  makes  manifest.  J\Iore. 

€ON-VIN'CI-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  conviction. 

2.  Capable  of  being  disproved  or  refuted.  [Little 
used.]  Brown. 

CON-VIN'CING,  ppr.  Persuading  the  mind  by  evi- 
dence ;  convicting. 

2.  a.  Persuading  the  mind  by  evidence  ;  capable  of 
subduing  the  opiHisition  of  the  mind  anil  compelling 
its  assent  We  have  eonvincinfr  proof  of  the  truili  of 
the  Scriptures,  and  of  God's  moral  government  of  tbe 
world 

CON-VlN'CINGrLY,  adv.  In  a  convincing  manner; 
in  a  manner  to  leave  no  room  to  doubt,  or  to  compel 
assent.  *       Clarendon. 

eON-VIN'CING-NESS,  n.    The  power  of  convincing. 

eON-VI"TIOUS,  (kou-vish'us,)  a.     [L.  convUior.] 
Reproachful.    [  Obs.]  a 

eON-VIVE',  v.U  To  entertain;  to  reast.  [JVotin 
use.']  *  Shak. 

CON-VlV'I-AL,  a,  [L.  convivalisy  from  conviva,  a 
guest,  or  convivoy  to  live  or  eat  and  drink  together  ; 
tttti  and  Fi'eo,  to  live.     See  Victuals.] 

Relating  to  a  feast  or  entertainment;  festal;  so- 
cial ,  jovial ;  as,  n  convivial  meeting.  Dcnham. 

CON-VIV-I-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  good  humor  or  niulh 
indulged  at  an  entertainment. 

5.  A  convivial  spirit  or  disposition. 
eON'VO-CATE,   v.t.     [L.  concocoy  to  convoke;  con 

and  cocoy  to  call.     See  Voice.] 

To  convoke ;  to  call  or  summon  to  meet;  to  as- 
semble by  summoiis.     [See  Convoke.] 
eON-VO-CA'TlON,  w,     [L.  convocatio.] 

I.  'i'he  act  of  calling  or  assembling  Dy  summons, 

S.  An  assembly. 

In  i!»e  firat  diiy  there  alial]  be  a  holy  convocation.  —  Ex,  xii. 

3.  In  Uie  Church  uf  England^  an  assembly  of  the 
clergy,  by  their  representatives,  to  consult  on  ecclesi- 
astical affairs.  It  is  sununoned  to  meet  at  the  same 
time  witli  parliamr*iit ;  but,  for  m(»re  than  a  century 
past,  it  has  been  prorogued  imiuediatcly  upon  its  as- 
Beinbling.  Edin,.  Encije.     Brande. 

4.  In  the  University  of  Oxford,  an  academical  as- 
sembly, in  which  the  busines»- of  the  univertiity  is 
transacted.  Braiuie, 

CON-VOKE',  0.  U  [E.  convoco  i  Fr.  convoquer.  See 
Voice.] 

To  call  together ;  to  summon  to  meet;  to  assem- 
ble by  summons.  It  is  tiio  prerogative  of  the  presi- 
dent of  the  United  Stnl^-s  to  convoke  the  senate. 

CON-VOK'ED,  pp.  Summoned  or  assembled  by 
order. 

eON-VOK'ING,  ppr.  Summoning  to  convene  ;  as- 
sembling. 

eON'VO-LUTE,      I   a.     Rolled  together,  or  one  part 

eON'VO-LU-TEI),  t  un  anothr?r  ;  as,  tho  sides  or 
margins  of  nascent  leaves  in  plants,  or  as  the  petals 
and  stigmas  in  Crocus.  Martyn.    Lee. 

eON-VO-LO'TlON,  n.     [L.  conrolutio.] 

1.  The  act  of  rolling  or  winding  together,  or  one 
thing  oil  an<ttlier  ;  the  stiite  of  being  rolled  together. 

2.  A  winding  or  twisting  ;  a  winding  miiUun  ;  as, 
the  convolution  of  certain  vines  ;  the  convolution  of  an 
eddy.  T/wmson. 

eoN-VOI.VE',  tJ.  f.     [h.cmvuloo;  con  and  volvo,  to 
roll.     See  VVal.lo'^.] 
To  roll  or  wind  together ;  to  roll  one  part  on  another. 

CON-VOEV'KD,  pp.     Rolled  together. 

CON-VOLV'ING,  ppr.     Rolling  or  winding  together. 

€ON-VOLV'l!-E(JS,  71.     [U,  from  convolco.] 

Bindweed,'  a  genus  of  plants  of  many  species. 

CON-VOY',  V.  t,  [Fr.  convoyer;  It.  conviare  ;  Sp.  eon- 
voyar;  Port,  eomboyar  i  con  and  roic,  via.,  way,  or  the 
same  root ;  or  more  directly  from  llie  root  of  L.  ecAo, 
to  carry  ;  Sax.  wtegan,  ice^tin,  to  bear  or  carry,  to 
bring  along.] 

To  accompany  on  the  way  for  protection,  either  by 
sea  or  land  ;  as,  ships  uf  war  convoyed  the  Jamaica 
fleet ;  the  troops  convoyed  the  baggage  wagons. 

When  persons  are  tu  be  protected,  the  word  escort 
Is  used. 

CON'VOY,  n.  A  protecting  force  accompanying  ships 
or  proiMTty  on  tln-ir  way  from  place  to  place,  either 
by  sea  or  land.  By  sea,  a  ship  or  ships  of  war  which 
accompany  merchantmen  for  protection  from  an  en- 
emy. By  land,  any  body  of  triH>ps  which  accom- 
pany provisions,  ammunition,  or  other  property,  for 
protection. 

2.-3'he  ship  or  fleet  ctindiicted  and  protected  ; 
that  wiiich  is  conducted  by  a  piotecting  force  ;  tliat 


TCNE,  BULL,  IINITE.  — A.N"GER,  VF'CIOUS €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  «  as  Z;  ClI  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


coo 

whteb  b  convoyed.    The  word  sometimes  includes 

boUi  tho  protecUng  and  protected  fleets.    JtdMinlty 

JiMMtt.    Jtaderavm.    Burchttt,    FMcyc    State  Papers. 

4  The  act  <rf  attendinr  for  defense.       MiUun, 

4.  Cuiivcvance.     [Oft*. J  Skak. 

€ON-VOV'£0,  (kon-voydO  pp.    Attended  on  a  pa»- 

sacB  by  a  pnitecting  force. 
COiN- VOY'iNG,  fpr.     Attefidlng  on  a  voynfe  or  poa- 
■age,  for    defense  from    enemies  ;   atiending    and 


coo 


COP 


tiiarding. 
DON-Vi;Li«E';r.f, 


[L.  canrello^  ofnrtdsum,  MHviiZnu; 
MR  and  vtUoy  to  pull  or  pluck.] 

I.  To  draw  or  contract,  as  the  muscular  parts  of 
an  animal  txKly  ;  to  afiect  by  irregular  spasou  j  aa, 
the  whole  fmine  may  be  amvmJtfd  by  agony. 

3.  To  shake ;  lo  affect  by  violent,'  Irregular  actkuu 

CkmvMWnf  hnvcn  ami  miHl  TUbwmow. 

€ON-VULS'£D,    (kon^vubt'O    rp,      Contraded    by 

spasms ;  shaken  vic^ntly. 
€0\-Vt_'L:^'I\G,  ppr.    ^JTecting  by  apsMnodic  coo 

tractions  ;  .shnking  with  violence. 
eON-VL'L'SlOX,  a.     [U  ManOMo.] 

1.  A  prctarBalural,  violent,  and  involuntary  con- 

cnctkn  of  Ibe  miucular  parts  of  an  animal  body, 

S.  An^  violent  and    irrc^ilar    motion  ;    tumult  j 

commoUon  1  as,  pollUcal  conruUioiu. 
CXJN-VITl/aieN-A-RY,  a.    Pertaining  lo  convulsion. 
eON-VUL'SIVC,  «.    That  produce*  convulsion  \  as, 

cMwiUtffMrage;  conrulfirtsomytf,  Dnfdmi.    Prior, 
St  Attended  wiihconvulsion  or  spasms;  aSyCffarii^ 

MM  moti(As  i  coHcittsiv4  strife.  Dn/dem,    HaU. 

CX)N-VUL'S1VE:-LY,  adv.    With  violent  shaking  or 

afitation. 
C&:Vi   or  eOX'Y,   a.      [D.   kon^n  ;    G.  kaniu  ;  Sw. 

ikaatR ;  Dan.  kantAe ;  Ft.  eonin^  or  eonil ;  U  eunicutus : 

IL  e^nigUo  ;  Sp.  cmujo  ;  Ir.  cuinim  ;  \V.  ciominff.     The 

primary  aense  is,  a  snoot,  or  a  shooting  aking.  j 
A  rabbit ;  a  quadruped  of  the  genus  Lepus,  which 

has  a  short  tail  and  naked  ears.     In  a  wild  stale  the 

fur  is  brown,  but  the  color  of  the  domestic  rabbit  is 

various. 
eO'XY-BLTR-ROW,  (kS'ne-  or  kun'ne-,)  a.    A  place 

where  rabbits  burrow  in  tiie  earth. 
eO'NY-€ATOH,  <k6'ne-  or  kun'ne-,)  r.  i.    [any  and 

eauk.]    In  tke  Mat  ^  thieves^  to  cheat }  to  bite ;  to 

tiick.  Sk4tk. 

eO'N Y-€ATCH-ER,  a.    A  thief;  a  cheat :  a  sharper. 

ed'NT-eATCH-[NG,  a.    Banter.     [O^.]        Skak, 
CXK),  B.  1.    [Probably  from  the  sound.} 

To  cry,  or  naaJEe  a  low  sound,  as  paeons  or  doves. 

€00'£D,  (kood,)  preL  of  Coo. 

tXXyiNG,  ppr,  (w  c     Uttering  a  low  sound,  as  a  dove. 
€00'ING,  a.    Invitation,  as  tlie  note  of  the  dove. 
'"  "^iC,  a.  L     r^ax.  weeocMUn  ;  Sw.  kota;  Dan.  koger: 
Hsftraf  G.  kotken;   IL  emmcrrti    £p.  e«eer,  and 
OMtaar ,-  Port.  couaAar ;  L.  coquoA 

1.  To  pi«pare,a8  victuals  for  the  ublo,  by  boiling, 
roasting,  baking,  broiling,  Jtc    To  dress,  as  meat  or 
vegeUbles.  for  eating. 
S.  To  prepare  for  any  purpose.  ShtUu 

31  To  throw.     {06s.  or  U^eaL]  Orooe, 

eOOK,  c  i.    To  make  the  ncuse  of  the  cuckoo. 
eOQK,  a.     [Sax.  coc :  D.  kok  ;  D.  JlcoeA  ,■  S  w.  koek ;  Dan. 
hok  t  iL  emoeo ;  Ir.  coca  t  L.  tufqutu.] 

One  whose  occupation  is  to  prepare  vic^iala  for 

the  table;  a  man  or  woman  who  dresses  meat. or 

veiretahles  fur  eating. 

€pOK'£D,  (kwkt.)  pp.  or  a.    Prepared  for  the  table. 

€9QK'ER-Y,  n.    The  art  or  the  practice  of  dressing 

and  preparing  victuals  for  the  table. 
€^OK'ING,  ppr. Ota.    Preparing  victuals  for  the  table. 
COO^'-MaIU,*.     [cMi  and  sMii<.]    A  female  servant 

or  maid  who  dresses  provisions. 
e(X>K'-ROOM,  a.    [cook  and  rsosi.}   A  room  for  cook- 
ery ;   a  kitchen.      On  bocrd  qf  shipsy  a  galley  or 
ci  bouse, 
eOOK'Y,  a.     [D.  faiot,  kotkje,  a  j^e.] 

A  small  cake,  moderately  sweet 
COOL,  a.     [Sax.  cW;  H.kotli  G.hUU:  &w.kaa;  Dan. 
kmid,  cold  ;  kSSUrj  lo  cool ;  kmide,  chilliness ;  kutery  to 
Uowstroog.] 

1.  Modentely  cold ;  being  of  a  temperature  be- 
tween hot  and  cold  ;  as,  ewU  air ;  cooi  water. 

9.  Not  ardent  or  zealous ;  not  angry  :  not  fond ; 
BoC  excued  by  passion  of  any  kind  ;  indifferent ;  as, 
a  tool  friend  ;  a  cool  tamper  ;  a  cool  lover. 

3.  Not  ha.«ty  ;  deliberate  ;  as,  a  co(U  purpose ;  a  a>ol 
falsehood  or  deception.     Hence, 

4.  Impudent  in  a  very  hieli  degree,  as,  when  speak- 
ing of  some  trick,  pretension,  tc,  we  say,  "  That  is 

i  No<  retainine  heat ;  light ;  as,  a  cool  dress. 

COOL,  n,     A  moderate  state  of  cold;  moderate  tem- 

p:;raUire  of  the  air  between  hot  and  cold  ;  as,  tlie 

coal  of  the  day  ;  the  cooi  of  the  morning  or  evening. 

COOL,  p.  L     [Sai.  eoUan^  acolian  ;  D.  koeien ;  G.  kiik- 

Ua;  Dan.  kiSler.] 

1.  To  allay  heat ;  to  make  cool  or  cold  ;  to  reduce 
the  temperature  of  a  substance  ;  as,  ice  eooU  water. 

Send  LuuiH,  ihat  Ik  xrar  dip  ih-  lip  of  hk  finjrer  to  i»»ter,  and 
eool  my  lotig-ue.  —  Luke  xri. 


e^K 


a.  To  moderate  excitement  of  temper;  to  allay, 
as  passion  of  any  kind  ;  to  calm,  as  anger;  to  abate, 
as  love  ;  to  moilerato,  as  desire,  zeal,  or  ardor;  to 
render  inditferenU 

€OOL,  F.  (.  To  become  less  hot ;  to  lose  heat.  Let 
lea  or  coffee  cool  to  Uie  temperulure  of  the  blood  be- 
fore it  be  drank. 

S.  To  lose  tiia  heat  of  excitement  or  passion ;  to 
become  less  ardent,  angrj-,  zealous,  or  affectionate  ; 
to  become  more  moderate.  Speak  not  in  a  passion  : 
flrst  let  your  temper  ossL 

eOOL'-eUP,  a.    A  beverage  that  is  cocaing. 

eoOL'JED,  pp.    Made  less  hot,  or  less  ardunt. 

€OOL'ER,  n.  That  which  cools  ;  any  substance 
which  abates  heat  or  excitement ;  as,  acids  are 
eooUn  to  the  body. 

a.  A  vessel  in  which  liquora  or  oUiers  things  are 
cooled. 

€0Oiy-HE.AJ>-ED,  (hed-ed,)  a.  Having  a  temper  not 
easily  excited  ;  f>ee  from  passion.  Burke, 

COOl,'ING,^pr.  Abating  heat  orexcitement;  making 
or  becoming  cool. 

€OOL'L\G,  a.  Adapted  to  cool  and  refresh ;  as,  a 
eoolin^  drmk. 

eoOL'lSH,  a.     Somewhat  cool.  Ooldsmith. 

eoOL'LY,  adr.     Without  heat  or  sharp  cold. 

i^  In  a  cool  or  indifferent  manner;  not  cordially; 
without  passion  or  ardor.  He  was  cooUy  received  at 
court. 

3.  Without  haste  ;  calmly  ;  deliberately.  The 
design  was  fomitd  cooUy,  and  executed  with  firmness. 

COOL'NESS,  «.  A  moderate  degree  of  cold  ;  h  tem- 
perature between  cold  and  heal ;  as,  the  coolness 
of  the  summer's  evening. 

2.  A  moderate  degree,  or  a  want  of  pai^sion  ;  want 
of  ardor,  or  zeal;  indifference;  want  of  affection  ; 
as,  they  parU>d  with  eoohie^s. 

€OOL-TA.\K'ARn,  R.  An  old  English  beverage  of 
various  competition,  but  usually  of  ale  with  a  little 
wine,  or  wine  and  waler,  with  an  addition  of  lemon 
juice,  spices,  and  burrage,  or  otlier  savory  herbs. 

Eneyc.  Dom.  Econ. 

CJOOL'Y,  a.     An  East  Indian  porter  or  carrier. 

€OOM,  n.     [Pr.  eambouis :  Sw.  tint,  sooL] 

Soot  that  gathers  over  an  oven's  mouth  ;  also,  the 
matter  that  works  out  of  the  naves  or  boxes  of  car- 
riage wheels.  In  Scotland^  ihe  useless  dust  which 
falls  from  coals. 

eOOMB,  (k*»oni,)  )  n.     [Qn.  L.  cumulus,   or  Gr.  kvu- 

€OMB,  (kimj        j      ^uV] 

A  dr)-  measure  of  four  bushels,  or  half  a  quarter. 

€OOP,  a,  [D.  Jkin>,  a  tub  ,  kutper,  a  cooper ;  G.  kufr  ; 
Fr.  euoe:  L.  mpo,  fVom  beruling,  boUowness,  or  con- 
taining, holdmg.  Qu.  Gr.  Kvfiog.  The  Latin  cupa 
seeni:i  to  be  huth  coop  and  cup.    See  Cup.] 

1.  A  btJX  of  tKiurds,  grated  or  barred  on  one  side, 
fur  keeping  fowls  in  confinement.  It  is  usually  ap- 
plied to  long  boxes  for  keeping  poultry  for  fattening 
or  conveyance  on  board  of  ships,  as  ca^e  is  us«d  for 
a  small  box  lo  keep  aineinp-birds  in  houses.  I  do  not 
know  Uial  it  is  ever  used  in  America  for  a  pen  to  con- 
fine other  animals. 

2.  A  p?n  i  an  inclosed  place  for  small  animals. 

Johnson, 

3.  .\  barrel  or  cask  for  the  preservation  of  liquors. 

JuhnsoH. 

4.  A  tumbrel,  or  close  cart.  F.ncyc.  Jamie^um^s  DicL 
[The  three  last  senses  not  .^meruan.l 

eOOP,  c.  u  To  put  in  a  coop;  to  confine  in  a  coop. 
Hence,  to  shut  up  or  confine  in  a  narrow  compass; 
usually  fullowt'd  by  up  ;  to  coop  up;  sometimes  by  ia. 

Ttw  TroJHiu  cooped  mUtin  their  wall*.  Dryden. 

Tivy  are  eoopedin  cXote  hj  the  law»  of  tlie  Miinu^.      Locke. 

COOV'KDy  (koopt,)  pp.  Shut  up  in  a  coop  ;  confined 
to  narrow  limits. 

GOO-PEE',  Tu-    A  motion  in  dancing. 

eppP'ER,  n,     [from  coop  ;  D.  kuiper  ;  G.  h'/er.] 

One  whose  occupation  is  to  make  barrels,  hogs- 
heads, bulls,  tub^,  and  casks  of  various  kinds. 

€QQP'ER,  r.  L  To  do  the  work  of  a  cooper;  to  mend 
or  put  in  order,  as  a  cooper  does  casks. 

€<?QP'E'^-'^*5E,  n.    The  price  paid  for  cooper's  work. 

2.  A  place  where  cooper's  work  is  done.  Jameson. 

3.  The  work  or  business  of  a  cooper.  Perry. 
CO-OP'ER-aTE,  v.  i.    [L.  con  and  opero^  to  work  ;  Fr. 

CQoperer  ;  IL  coopcrare  ;  Sp,  cooperar,] 

1.  To  act  or  operate  jointly  with  another  or  others, 
to  the  same  end  ;  lo  work  or  labor  with  mutual  efforts 
to  promote  the  same  object.  It  has  with  before  the 
ag;ent,  and  to  before  the  end.  Russia  co-operated  with 
Great  Britain,  Austria,  and  Prussia,  to  reduce  the 
power  of  Bonaparte. 

2.  To  act  together ;  to  concur  in  producing  the 
same  effecL  Natural  and  moral  events  co-opcr*Ue  in 
illustrating  the  wisdom  of  the  Creator. 

eO-OP'ER-A-TlNG,  ppr.  Acting  or  operating  to- 
gether. 

eO-OP-ER  A'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  working  or  oper- 
ating together  to  one  end  ;  joint  operation  ;  concur- 
rent effort  or  labor ;  as,  the  co-operation  of  the  com- 
bined powers  ;  the  co-operation  of  the  understanding 
and  the  wilL 

eO-OP'ER-A-TlVE,  a.  Operating  joinUy  to  the  same 
end. 


CO-OP' ER-A-TOR,  n.  One  who  endeavors  jointly 
with  others  to  promote  the  same  end. 

€p9P'ER-Ii\G,;7;?/-.  Making  casks,  ur  putting  them  in 
order. 

€Q9P'ER-ING,  w.    The  occupation  of  a  cooper. 

CO-OP'TATE,  V.  t.     [L.  coopto.] 

To  choose,  or  choose  witli  another.     [JVot  used.] 

eO-OP-TA'TlON,  n.     Adoption  ;  as*iuniption.  HowelL 

€O-0R'lU-NANCE,  n.    Joint  ordinance^ 

CO-OR'Dl-NATE,  a,  [L.  con  and  ordinatas^  from  or~ 
diHtf,  to  regulate.     See  Order.] 

Being  of  equal  order,  or  of  the  same  rank  or  de- 
gree ;  not  subordinate  ;  as,  two  courts  of  co-ordinate 
jurisdiction. 

eO-OR'DlNATE-LY,  adv.  In  the  same  order  or 
rank  ;  in  equ:il  degree  ;  without  subordination. 

€0-OR'D1-\ATE-NESS,  n.  'J'he  state  of  being  co- 
ordinate ;  equalitv  of  rank  and  authority. 

CO-OR-DI-NA'T16N,  n.  Tho  state  of  holding  equal 
rank,  or  of  standing  in  the  same  relation  lo  some- 
thing higher  or  lower. 

Iq  the  high  court  of  parliikment  thrre  b  a  rare  m-ordina&on  of 
power-  liotetU. 

€00T,  71.  [D.  koel ;  W.  ctctiar,  from  cwta.  short,  bob- 
tailed.] 

A  water  fowl  of  the  genus  Fuiiea,  frequenting  lakes 
and  other  still  waters.  The  common  coot  has  a  bald 
forehead,  a  black  body,  and  lobated  toes,  and  is 
about  filieen  inches  in  length.  It  malces  its  nest 
among  rushes,  with  gross  and  reeds,  floating  on  the 
water. 

eop,  n.  [Sax.  cop,  or  copp  ,-  W.  cop^  cob  ,-*D.  kop ;  G. 
kopf;  Fr.coupeau;  Gr.  Kv/ir/.'^ 

1.  The  head  or  top  of  a  lliing,  as  in  coft-castle,  for 
co;M:astle,  a  castle  on  a  hill ;  a  tuft  on'  the  head  of 
birds.  This  word  is  lilile  used  inAmerica,  unless  cwfr, 
the  spike  of  maize,  may  be  the  same  word.    Chaucer. 

2.  The  conical  ball  of  thread  formed  on  the  spin- 
dle of  a  wheel  or  spinning  frame. 

eO-PAI'BA,  in.     [Sp.  and  Port.  1     Balsam  of  copaiba, 

€0-PAl'VA,  J  or  capivi,  is  a  liquid,  resinous  juice, 
flowing  from  incisions  made  in  the  stem  of  a  tree 
called  Cirpa{fera  ojidnalhf,  growing  in  Spanish  Amer- 
ica, in  ihe  province  of  Antioquia.  This  juice  is  clear, 
trdns|>arent,  of  a  whitish  or  [jiUe-yellowish  coK"-,  an 
agreeable  smell,  and  a  bitterish,  pungent  taste,  .^t  is 
of  the  consistence  of  oil,  or  u  little  thicker.  As  a 
medicine,  it  is  corroborating  and  detergent.  Encyc. 

CO'PAL,  «.  [Mexican  copaUi,  a  generic  name  of  res- 
ins,     Claciffcro.] 

The  concrete  juice  of  a  tree  growing  in  South 
America  and  the  East  Indies,  hard,  shining,  transpa- 
rent, citnm-colored,  and  inudoroiis.  It  is  nut  strictly 
a  gum,  nora  resin,  as  it  has  not  the  solubility  in  water 
common  to  gums,  nor  that  in  spirit  of  wine  common 
to  resins.  In  these  respects  it  rather  resembles  am- 
ber. It  may  he  dissolved  by  dig-'jstion  in  linseed  oil, 
with  a  heat  little  less  than  sutficient  to  boil  or  de- 
compose the  oil.  This  solution,  diluted  with  spirit  of 
turpentine,  forms  a  beautiful  transparent  varnish. 
Enctjc.     J^ichoUon, 

€0-PAK'CE-NA-RV,  n.  [co,  or  con,  and  Norm,  parco- 
nitr,  parteiicry.     See  CopAacErtKR.] 

Partnership  in  inheritance;  joint  heirship;  Joint 
right  of  succession  or  joint  succession  to  an  estate  of 
inheritance. 

€0-PAR'CE-NER,  n.  [con  and  parcener,  from  part, 
Ft.  parti,  L.  pars,  or  the  verb  partir,  to  divide.] 

A  coheir ;  one  who  has  an  eqiiaf  portion  of  the  in- 
heritance of  his  or  iier  ancestor  witli  others. 

All  Uie  coparctnert  together  make  Un  oiie  heir,  uul   hnre  but 

one  CttUitc  among  ihein.  Blacktton*. 

Coparcetiera  lake  by  dc«cciit ;  joint-lenatiU,  by  purcli  i*-. 

Blade  atont, 

eO-PAR'CE-NY,  tt.   An  equal  share  of  an  inheritance. 

€0-PART'MENT,  n.  The  same  as  Compartment. 
[JVof  in  use.]  fVarton.    <■ 

eO-PART'NER,  n.  [con  and  paHner.  See  Copar- 
cener.] 

1.  One  who  has  a  share  in  a  common  stock  for 
transacting  business,  or  who  is  jointly  concerned 
with  one  or  more  persons,  in  carrying  on  trade  or 
other  business  ;  a  partner;  an  associate,  particularly 
in  trade  or  manufactures. 

2.  A  sharer  ;  a  partaker;  as,  copartners  of  our  loss. 

Milton, 

CO-PXRT'XER-SHFP,  n.     Joint  concern  in  business; 
a  state  of  having  a  joint  share  in  a  common  Kti>ck,  or 
a  joint  interest  and  concern  in  business,  particularly 
in  trade  and  manufactures. 
2.  The  persons  who  have  a  joint  concern. 

eO-PART'NER-V,  n.  The  state  of  being  copartners 
in  any  undertaking  ;  not  confined,  like  copartnership, 
to  trade  or  business.  Kin  a-. 

eO'PA-TAIN.  n.  [See  Cop.]  High-raised ;  pointed. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

€0-Pa'TRI-OT  or  €O-PAT'RI-0T,  n.  A  joint  pa- 
triot. Q.  Morris. 

CO-PAY'VA.     See  Copaiba. 

COPE,  n.     [W.  c6b  ;  Sax,  atppe ;  D.  kap ;  Dan.  kappe, 
kaabe  ;  Sw.  kappa  or  kapa ;  Fr.  chape,  whence  chapcau, 
a  hat ;  Sp.  capa  ;  It.  eappa  ',  Pott   capo."] 
1.  A  cover  for  the  head. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — MfiTE,  PRgY.— PLVE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  .MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


26i 


COP 

2.  A  sacerdotal  cloak  worn  m  sacred  ministrations. 
An  omameiil  worn  by  chanters  and  subcbajiters 
when  they  officiate  in  solemnity.  It  reaches  from 
tlie  shoulilem  to  tiie  feet. 

3.  Any  thing  spread  or  extended  over  the  head  ; 
the  arch  or  concave  of  the  sky  i  the  roof  or  covering 
of  a  house  ;  the  arch  over  a  door,  &.c. 

"  4.  An  ancient  tribute  due  to  the  king  or  lord  of  the 
soil,  out  of  tiie  lead  mines  in  some  parts  of  Dt  rby- 
shire.  Encyc. 

€OPE,  V.  L    To  cover  as  with  a  cope.  Addi^otu 

2.  To  pare  the  beak  or  talous  of  a  hawk.  Badny. 

3.  To  embrace.     [Obs.]  Shak. 
€OPE,  r.    i.     [Dun.  kicy  contention  ;  iire*,  to  strive  j 

kappes,  to  strive,  to  equal,  to  envy  ;  Sw.  A*/,  strife ; 
kifioa,  to  contend  or  quarrel  j  kdppai,  to  strive  j  to  em- 

f-  — 
ulat« ;  Ar.  I  «  ^—i  kafaa^  to  turn  back,  to  drive  away, 

to  thrust,  to  oppose,  to  equal ;  (^vJL^3  kafaiy  to  be 

sufficient,  to  be  equal,  to  be  like,  to  be  a  substitute. 
Class  «b,  No.  53,  55.] 

1.  To  strive  or  contend  on  equal  terms,  or  with 
eqtial  strength ;  to  equal  in  combat  j  to  mutch  ;  to  op- 
pose with  success. 

Tlwtr  reneraJ*  have  not  boeo   able  to  cop*  with  \hc  troopt  ot 

TH\  tiuthei  Tame,  no  power  could  cope  with  tiie  pope. 

He  vsa  too  open  and  direci  m  hi*  conduct,  ami  poMi^Med  too  ttt. 
tie  laui.tg^UKut,  lo  Cojm  with  ao  Cuol  aiid  aluUl'ul  bji  adve^ 
K>ry.  Hlrt. 

2.  To  contend  ;  to  strive  or  struggle  ;  to  combat. 

HiMt  coped  irith  tioct ;   din  was  thr  din  of  wu-.  PkUxpt, 

3.  To  encounter  \  to  interchange  kindness  or  sen- 
timents. Shak. 

4-  To  make  return  ;  to  reward.    [Oft^.l        Slutk. 
5.  To  exchange  or  barter.     \jXot  in  iw«.J    Bailey, 
eO'PECK.     See  Kopbck. 
€6P'/;T>,  (kopt,)  pp.  or  a.    Covered  with  a  cope. 
e'GPE'MAN,  n.     A  chapman.     [J^Totu^aL]         Stuik. 
€0-PER'\l-CA.\,    o.      Pertaining  to    Coi>ernicu3,  a 

Prussian  by  birth,  who  taught  the  world  the  solar 

sjstr-in  now  received,  called  the  Copernicaa  syt^tem. 
e5PKrf'.M.*TE,  n.     [cupe  and  raatc]     A  companion  or 

fri.-nd.     [Qbs.]  iJabburd. 

COPE'.'^ToNE,  ft      Head  or  lop  stone. 
eO-PFIO'SI.S,  71.     [Gt.]     Deafness. 
€OP'I-CD,  (kop'id,)  pp.      [See  Copy.J    Tjikcn  off; 

written  or  transcribed  from  au  original  or  form  ;  imi- 

tuf'd. 
G(.>P'I-ER,    i  n.    One  who  copies  ;  one  who  writes  or 
COP'Y-IST, )      transcribes  from  an  original  or  form  ; 

a  transcriber  ;  an  imitator ;  also,  a  plagiar}-. 

Addison,     Urydeti. 
COP'IXG,  ppr.    Striving;  contending. 
COP'IXr.,  «.    [See  CoFE,  «.]    The  top  or  cover  of  a 

wall,  usually  made  sloping  to  carry  on  the  water.     1 

Kings   vii.  9.     A    eopinf  oorr,  is  a   projecting  work 

bt-veling  on  its  under  side. 
COPIOUS,  a.     [Ft.  copieuz;  It.  caoioso :  Sp.  w/. ;  L. 

copto^tUf  from  co/nu,  abundance,  Ir.  euib.    (iu.  Ch. 

22i  to  collect,  gather,  arcumulate;  Ar.  Lx^  j<^K, 
id.    Class  Gb,  No.  2,  5,  ^] 

1.  Abundant;  plentiful;  in  great  quantities ;  ftiU  ; 
ample  ;  furnishing  full  supplies. 

The  tender  henrt  i>  p«»c«, 
And  kindlx  pmin  iu  eojjiou*  tnuurc*  lurth 
In  ruiuiu  cotiTene,  T'Aonwcii. 

2.  Furnishing  abundant  matter:  not  barren ; 
rich  in  sup]>lies.  The  redemption  of  man  ia  a  copi- 
aiu  subject  of  contemplation. 

JJiil,  Son  of  (iod,  Skvkit  of  men  I  th^  oanM 

Bluut  Im  Uk  eopiout  luatter  of  mjr  Ktug.  MUton. 

€0'PI-OUS-LV,  adv.     Abundantly)   plentifully  j   in 
large  quantities. 
^  Largely  ;  fully  ;  amply ;  diflfVisely. 

Tbe  r^malua  of  antiqiuty  have  been  eoploiuly  described  hf  u«*. 
elm.  Adduon. 

eO'PI-OUS-NESS,    n.     Abundance;   plenty  j    great 

quantity ;  fUll  supply. 
2.  DiffVisiveness  of  style  or  manner  of  treating  a 

subject  ;  as,  the  enpiousnejtg  of  Homer.  Drydcn. 

COP'l.ST,  n,     A  copier;  an  iU-formtd  word. 
COP'LAND,  n,    A  piece  of  ground  terminating  in  a 

cop  (»r  arute  angle.     [JVot  tued  in  .^/nerica.]       Diet. 
€0-PLANT',  V.  i.     To  plant  together      [Au(  m  u^e.l 

Cf>-P0R'TIO,N,  n.  Equal  share.  [JVot  used.]  Spenser. 
C'iP'Pf.'I),  >  a.  [See  Cop.l  Kiting  to  a  point,  or 
COP'PLKD,  (     bead. 

Capped  like  a  ■uga^lc^af.  Wiieman. 

eOP'PEU    SeeCcPBi- 

€OP'PER,  n.  [D.  koper  ;  G.  kup/er ;  Rw.  kopparf  Ir. 
copan  Com.  cober  i  L.  cuprum  i  Fr.  cuicre;  Sp. 
eubrf. :  Purt.  id. :  Arm.  eumr,  eoevre  ;  supposed  to  be 
K>  called  from  Cyprug^  an  i"le  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean.   This  opinion  ia  probable,  as  the  Greeks  called 


COP 

it  X"^*''S  Kvnpiofj  Cyprian  brass,  brass   of  Cyprus.  | 
In  this  case,  copper  was  originally  an  adjeclive.l  j 

A  meul  of  a  pule  red  color,  tinged  with  yellow. 
Next  to  gold,  silver,  and  platinum,  it  is  the  most 
ductile  and  malleable  of  the  metals,  and  it  is  more 
elastic  than  any  m^tal  except  steel,  and  the  most 
sonorous  of  all  tiie  metals.  It  is  found  native  in 
laminiB  or  fibers,  in  a  gang  almost  always  quartzous ; 
it  is  also  found  crystallized,  and  in  grains  or  super- 
ficial laininx  on  stones  or  iron.  It  is  not  altered  by 
water,  but  is  tarnished  by  exposure  to  the  air,  and  is 
at  last  covered  willi  a  green  carbonated  oiyd.  Coi>- 
per  in  sheets  in  much  u^ied  for  covering  the  bottoms 
of  ships,  for  boilers,  and  other  utensils ;  mixed  with 
tin  and  zinc,  it  is  used  in  enamel-painting,  dyeing, 
&.C. ;  mixed  with  tin,  it  forms  bel  1- metal ;  with  a 
smaller  proportion,  bronze  ;  and  with  zinc,  it  forms 
brass,  pincJibeck,  4tc.  When  taken  into  the  body,  it 
operates  as  a  violent  emetic,  and  all  its  preparations 
are  violent  poisons.        Fourcroy,     Encyc     Hooper. 

COP'PER,  a.     Consisting  of  copper.  Clcaceland. 

COP' PER,  «.    A  vessel  made  of  copper,  particularly  a 
large  boiler. 
2.  Formerly,  a  small  copper  coin. 

My  friends  filled  my  pocket  with  copper*.  Franklin. 

eOP'PER,  r.  L  To  cover  or  sheathe  with  sheets  of 
copper  ;  as,  to  ct*pper  a  ship. 

€OP'PER-AS,  n,  [Fr.  eouperose  ;  X>.  kapcrrood,  that 
is,  red  copper,  and  koperroest  is  copper  rust,  verdigris  ; 
Ann.  couperosa,  or  couperos.] 

Sulphate  of  iron,  or  green  vitriol  ;  a  salt  of  a  pecu- 
liar astringent  taste,  and  of  various  colors,  green, 
gray,  yellowish,  or  whitish,  but  more  usually  green. 
It  is  much  used  in  dyeing  black  and  in  making  ink, 
and  in  medicine,  as  a  tonic.  The  copperas  of  com- 
merce is  usually  made  by  the  deconi(>osilion  of  iron 
pyrites.  The  term  coppera.t  was  formerly  synony- 
mous with  vdrivly  and  included  the  green,  blue,  and 
white  vitriols,  or  the  sulphates  of  iron,  cupper,  and 
zinc.  Cleaveland.     Fourcroy. 

COP'PER-BEL'LY,  n.  An  American  serpent,  the 
Coluber  enilJiroffa.itrr. 

COP'PER-BOT-TO.VI-£D,  o.  Having  a  bottom 
sheatlied  with  copper. 

€OP  PER-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Covered  with  sheets  of  cop- 
[K'r  ;  shealhed. 

eOP'PKK-FAST -EN-ED,  (fis'snd,)  o.  Fastened 
with  copper  bolts. 

eoP'PEK-HEAD,  (hed,)  n.  [from  its  color.]  A 
poisonous  American  serpent,  the  Trigonocepludus 
contortrU  :  the  Boa  contortrix  of  IJnniDus. 

eOP'PER-ISlI,  a.  Containing  copper;  like  copper,  or 
(wrtaking  of  it. 

C(»P'PER-NoSR,  Tt.     A  red  nose.  Shak. 

COP'PER-PLaTEj  n.  A  plate  of  polished  copper  on 
which  coucjive  lines  are  engraved  or  corroded,  ac- 
cording to  some  delineated  figure  or  ilesign.  This 
plate,  when  charged  with  any  colored  tluid,  imparts 
an  impression  of  the  figure  or  design  to  paper  or 
parchment.  £,ncyc. 

2.  A  print  or  impression  on  paper,  &c.,  from  a  cop- 
p«*rplati:. 

eoP'I'ER-SMITH,  M.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
uianufacture  copper  utensils. 

eOP'PER-WORK,  (wiirk,)  n.  A  place  where  copper 
it  wrought  or  manufactured.  fVuodward. 

€OP'PER-VV0RM,  (wurm,)  n.  A  little  worm  in 
ships ;  a  wonn  that  frets  garments ;  a  worm  that 
bre^'ds  In  one's  hand.  AinsworVi. 

COP'PER-Y,  a.  Mixed  with  copper  ;  containing  cop- 
per, or  made  of  copper  ;  like  cupper  in  taste  or  smell. 

Woodward, 

COP'PICE,  {  n.     [Norm,   eoupti^  from  couper^  to  cut, 

COPSE,        (      Gr.  «rjsTt.t.] 

A  wofMl  of  small  growth,  or  consisting  of  undrr- 
wo<kI  or  brushwood  ;  a  wtiod  cut  at  certain  times  for 
fuel  or  other  purposes. 

The  mie  of  eoppic*  Laoda  wQI  ftdl  on  tbe  diKoveiy  of  coal  mines. 

Locke. 

eOP'PLF,-eR0WN,  n.  A  tuft  of  feathers  on  the 
head  of  a  fowl.  Holloway. 

eOP'PLKI),  (  a.     [from  cop."]     Rising  to  a  point ;  con- 

eoP'PKI),     j      ical,  Woodviard. 

eOP'PLE-DUST,  «.  Powder  used  in  purifying  met- 
al* ;  properly,  cupel  dust. 

COP'PLh^-S'l'ONES,  n.  pi.  Lumps  and  fragments  of 
«toiie  hnike  from  the  adjacent  cliffs,  rounded  by 
being  bowled  and  luinbled  to  and  ngain  by  the  action 
of  wat*;r.  Johnson.     IVoodward. 

In  A*ew  England^  we  pronounce  this  word  cobble^ 
cobbU-8ttmp.t^  and  if  the  word  is  a  diminutive  of  cob, 
cop,  a  hi-ad,  or  cub,  a  heap,  we  follow  the  Welsh  cob, 
as  the  English  do  the  same  word  cop,  in  the  Saxon 
dialect.  VV'o  apjily  the  word  to  small  round  stones, 
fruin  the  si/.e  of  an  inch  or  two,  to  five  or  six  inches 
or  more.  In  diiuneter,  wherever  they  may  be  found. 

COP'RO-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  »«ir/i(if,  dung,  and  Aifos,  a 
stone.] 

Petrified  dung  of  carnivorous  reptiles.  Buckland, 

CO-PRpPH'A-GOUS,  a.     Feeding  on  excrements. 

GOP-ttO-HT'IC,  a.  Containing  or  resembling  eop- 
roUteti.  Humble. 

COPSE,  fL   A  w*od  of  nnall  growth.   [See  Coppice.] 


COP 

COPSE,  V.  t    To  preserve  underwoods.  Swift 

COP'SV.a.     Having  copses.  Dyer. 

COP'Tie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  descendants  of  the 
ancient  Egyptians,  called  Coptt,  or  Cophti^  as  distinct 
from  the  Arabians  and  other  inhabitants  of  modern 
Egj'pt.  The  name  is  suppof^ed  to  be  taken  from 
Cvptosy  the  metropolis  of  the  Thebaid  ;  as  Egrrpt, 
AtyvKTOf,  is  probably  from  that  name;  Sanscrit, 
agupta^  inclosed,  fortified.  So  Misraim  and  Mazor 
are  from  "^ix  to  inclose,  to  bind,  to  fortify.  Wliatever 
may  be  the  origin  of  Copty  the  adjective  Coptic  now 
refers  to  the  people  called  Copts,  who  are  Christiana, 
and  to  their  language.     Hence, 

COP'Tie,  n.  The  language  of  the  Co^*  [See  Class 
Gb,  \o.  8,  14.] 

eOP'Q-LA,  n.  [L.  See  Copulation  and  Couple.] 
In  logic^ihe  word  wliich  unites  the  subject  and  pred- 
icate of  a  proposition.  Religion  is  indispensable  to 
happiness.  Here  is  is  the  copula,  joining  religion,  the 
subject,  with  indispciviabte  to  happiness,  the  predicate. 

COP'U-LATE,  a.    Joined.     [Little  used.] 

COP'  t^-LATE,  V.  U     [L.  copulo,  to  couple ;  Sp,  cvpular ; 
It.  copularei  Fr.  coupler.     See  Coui'le.] 
To  unite  ;  to  join  in  pairs.     [Liule  used.] 

COP'tJ-LATE,  c.  i.  To  unite  in  sexual  embrace ; 
applied  to  animals  in  general, 

COP'U-LA-TED,  pp.    Joined  in  pairs. 

COP'U-LA-TING,  ppr.    Uniting  in  pairs.;  embracing. 

COP-U-La'TION,  n.     [L.  copulatio.] 

The  act  of  coupling  ;  the  embrace  of  the  sexes  in 
the  act  of  generation  ;  coition. 

eOP'lJ-LA-TlVE,  a.  That  unites  or  coBples.  In 
grammar,  the  copulatice  conjunction  connects  two  or 
more  subjects  or  predicates,  in  an  afilmiative  or  neg- 
ative prn)H)sition  ;  as,  riches  a/jti  honors  are  tempta- 
tions to  pride  ;  the  Romans  conquered  Spain,  and 
Gaul,  and  Britain;  neither  wealth  nor  honors  will 
purcliBsc  immortal  happiness. 

COP'U-IjA-TIVE,  «,    A  copulative  conjunction. 
2.  Connection.     [J*/'ot  in  use.] 

€OP'V','«.  [Fr.  eopie;  Arm.  n-py  ;  It.  copia:  Sp.  and 
Port,  copia;  Ir.  coib,  coibeadh.  This  word  is  from 
the  root  of  cope,  in  tlie  sense  of  likeness,  resem- 
blance, Ar.       i^-i  kqfai,  to  be  like  ;  or  it  is  from 

doubling,  and  the  root  of  cuff,  Ar.  i       %l.^=a  kaifa. 
Class  Gb,  No.  50.     See  Copk  and  Cuff.] 

LttcriiUy,  a,  likeness  or  lesemblance  of  any  kind. 
Hence, 

1.  A  writing  like  another  writing  ;  a  transcript 
from  an  original ;  or  a  book  printed  according  to  the 
original ;  hence, 

2.  Any  single  book,  or  set  of  boitks,  containing  a 
composition  resembling  the  original  work;  as,  the 
co}>y  of  a  deed,  or  of  a  iKiiid  ;  a  copy  of  Addison's 
works  ;  a  copy  of  the  laws  ;  a  copy  of  tlie  Scrip- 
lures. 

3.  The  form  of  a  picture  or  statue  according  to  the 
original  ;  the  imiution  or  likeness  of  any  figure, 
draught,  or  almwt  any  object. 

4.  An  original  work  ;  the  autograph ;  the  arche- 
tvpe.  Hence,  that  which  is  to  be  imitated  in  writ- 
ing or  iirinting.  I-et  the  child  write  according  to  the 
fopy.  The  copy  is  in  the  Imiuls  of  the  printer.  Hence, 
a  patu.-rn  or  example  fur  imitation.  His  virtues  are  au 
excellent  copy  for  imit;ition. 

5.  Abundance.     [L.  atpia.]     [Obn.] 

COP'Y,  r.  U  To  write,  print,  or  engrave,  acct>rding  to 
an  original ;  to  form  a  like  work  or  com|Ktsition  by 
writing,  printing,  or  engraving ;  to  transcribe  ;  uflin 
followed  by  out,  but  the  use  Is  not  elegant.  The 
men  of  Hezekiah  copied  ceitain  proveriis  of  Solo- 
mon, 
a.  To  paint  or  draw  according  to  an  original. 

3.  To  form  according  to  a  model,  as  in  archi- 
tecture. 

4.  To  imimte  or  attempt  to  resemble  ;  to  follow  an 
original,  or  pattern,  in  uuinners  or  course  of  life.  Copy 
the  Savior  in  his  humility  and  obedience. 

COP'Y,  V.  L  To  imiiate  or  endeavor  to  be  like  ;  to  do 
any  thing  in  imilatit.n  of  soniething  else.  A  painter 
copieg  from  the  life.  An  obedient  child  copies  aft-er 
ilia  parent. 

They  nnver  ful,  wlicn  th>*y  eojtj,  lo  follow  llie  hod  lut  wdl  as  the 
giii«L  Dryden. 

eOP'Y-BQQK,  n.  A  book  in  which  copies  are  written 
or  printed  for  learners  to  iinilato. 

eOP'Y-i-;!),  (kop'id,)  pp.  Transcribed  ;  imitated  ;  usu- 
ally written  Copied  ;  but  copyed  is  preferable. 

COI"Y-EU,  n.  One  who  copies  or  tninscribtis  ;  usual- 
ly written  Copier  ;  but  copyrr  is  most  regular. 

eOP'Y-HfSLH,  71.  In  England,  a  tenure  of  estate  by 
copy  of  court  roll ;  or  a  tenure  for  which  the  tenant 
hath  nothing  to  show,  except  the  rolls  made  by  the 
steward  of  thn  lord's  court.  Hlacksttme. 

COP'Y-HoLD'ER,  n.  One  who  is  possessed  of  land 
in  copv-hold. 

COP'Y-l'\G,  ppr.    Transcribing. 

COP'Y-ING-PRESS,  n.  A  machine  for  taking  an  ex- 
act copv  of  any  manuscript  recently  written.  lUberL 

eOP'Y-LST,  n.     A  copier;  a  transcriber. 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.— AN"GEa,  VI"CIOUS C  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


34 


265 


COR 

eOP'Y-RIGHT,  (rite,)  ■.  ITie  sole  right  which  an 
author  has  in  his  own  uri^nal  literar>'  compositions  ; 
the  exclusive  right  u(  an  author  to  print,  publish, 
and  vend  his  own  Iiii-rar>-  works,  for  his  own  ben- 
efit ;  the  like  right  in  the  iuinils  (if  an  assignee. 

eO-QUAL'MN,  n.  A  small  titridruped,  of  th«  squir- 
rel kind,  but  incapable  of  clmibtns  trtt-s. 

Diet,  nf  A'at,  JfLit. 

€0QUE'LI-€OT,  J  (kOke'lfr-ko.)  n.    [Fr.]    Wild  pop- 

€0UUELI-€O,  \  py ;  hence,  the  color  of  wild 
uoppv,  viK.,  a  mixture  of  uninge  and  scarlet. 

€0-UOET',  (ko-ket',)  r.  (.  To  atteiitpt  to  attract  no- 
tice, adminittun^  or  love,  from  vanity  ;  to  treat  with 
■n  appearance  of  lendemew  or  regara,  with  a  view 
to  deceive  and  disamwint. 

You  mn  m^ugtling  a  nuild  of  hoaor.  Aii/L 

CO-QUET',  r.  i.  To  trifle  in  love ;  to  treat  a  penmn 
with  an  appearance  of  flivor,  but  with  a  deslf  a  to  de- 
ceive and  dbAppoinL 

eOaUET'RV,«.    [ft,  coqurtUha.] 

Aitemplfl  to  attract  admiration,  notice,  or  love, 
from  vanity  ;  affectation  of  amorous  advances  ;  tri- 
fling in  love.  ^tUism. 

€0-aUETTE',  (ko-kctS)  m.  [Tt.  esfa«e,  a  bwiu.  a 
genetal  lover,  a  cuck-boot  ^  cafsstfc,  a  jilt ;  from  the 
Welsh  or  Cdtic  tmtgoL,  a  rain,  saucy  wench,  a  co- 
qaeUe,  froin  cm;^ ,  vain  ;  8p.  eofuttA  ;  IL  ctrrfia,  an 
owl ;  n'prtftrrf,  to  play  the  wag,  to  trifle,  lu  coquet ; 
dceCr/ria,  coquetrj'  ;  civeUtHo,  a  vain  youne  fellow.] 

A  vain,  air>',  trifling  girl,  who  endeavors  to  nitntct 
admiration  and  advances  in  love,  from  a  deivire  to 
(mliiy  Tsaity,  and  then  rejects  iter  lover ;  a  jilL 


Tbe  Gftai  coTMcOu  in  artpiw  aJoft  rppair. 
And  spon  uhI  ItuUcr  iu  Uk;  fiehia  ol  kir. 


Pvpt. 


M'ote.  —  In  French,  aufvet  is  masculine,  and  ec^etie 
ftmintne  \  but,  as  onr  lanpia^^  has  no  such  termi- 
nation for  gender,  ii  may  be  better  to  write  co^tt  for 
both  sexes,  and  for  distinctian  prefix  wkaU  vo  ilie  word 
when  applied  to  a  man. 

eO-aUET'TED,  prti.  and  pp.  of  CoqrtT,  which  see. 

€0-QL'ET'TI\G,  ppr.  Attracting  notice  to  gain  ad- 
mirer*, and  then  rej.^tinE  tlicm. 

€X>-<irET'TISH,  ;ktv-krt'ish,)a.  Practicing  coqnetr>-. 

eO-UUET'TISII-LY,  (ko^ket'iab4y,)  adv.  In  a  co- 
quettish nmnnt'r. 

COR,  s.    The  raeature  of  a  pottle. 

eOR'A-CLE,  n.     {\\\  f,rrwgU.] 

A  boat  used,  m  Wnlt^,  by  fishermen,  made  bv 
covering  a  wicker  (jame  with  U-ather  or  oil-cloth.  A 
similar  boat  was  used  by  the  ancient  Eg:)'piinns. 

Branilr. 

€OR'A-€OID,  a.  [Or.  (r-ina^a  crow,  and  ttfo<,  f.irm.j 

A  small,  sharp  proct'^s  of  the  xcnpulii,  shaped  like 

a  crow'.-i  beak.     The  nttme  has  been  eitendcd  to  a 

bone  in  birds,  &c.,  near  the  jthoulder-joint.     Brandt, 

CO&'ACOID,  a.    Shaped  like  a  crow*s  beak. 

BHckJajud. 

COR'AL,  «.  [I*,  eoralliam  :  Gr.  rtpaX\tiVy  fmm  ^oofj, 
dams^>l,  and  <>j,  sea  ;  Fr.  carttU,  or  coral ;  It.  caraUa  ; 
8p.  t&ral :  D.  kt*raal ;  G.  kvralle  :  Dan.  koral.] 

In  looUgy^  a  subitance  consistinE;  chiefly  of  carbo- 
nate of  limL'.  It  is  the  solid  sr-crelioiij*  of  zoophytes, 
produced  within  the  tis=!nt*s  of  the  p«.lyps,  and  corre- 
spondins  to  the  skeleton  in  higher  animals.  Corais 
have  oflen  the  form  of  trees,  shrubs,  or  assume  hem- 
ispherical and  ncHlular  shapes.  Such  are  madrepores, 
ustrraa,  and  bratM-cvral.  The  surface  is  usually  cov- 
ered with  radiated  cells,  each  of  whrch  marks  the 
position  of  one  of  the  p«.>lyp-i ;  and,  when  nlive,  the 
animals  appear  like  flowers  over  every  part  of  the 
zoophj-te.  Dana, 

2.  A  piece  of  coral,  used  by  children  as  a  play- 
thing 

COR'AL,  a.     Made  of  coral ;  resembling  coral. 

COR'.\L-R.\G,  n.  In  ecoUfffv^  a  coralliferous  deposit, 
forming  a  member  of  the  middle  division  of  oolite. 

HttmbU. 

eOR'AL-TREE,  n.  A  -enus  of  plants,  Erjlhrina,  of 
several  species,  natives  of  Africa  and  America.  They 
arc  all  shrubby,  flowering  plants,  adorned  chieily 
with  trifoli.-!te  or  three-lobed  leaves,  and  scarlet 
spikes  of  papilionaceous  flowers. 

COR'AL-WORT,  n.  The  popiilar  name  of  certain 
species  of  planu,  Dentaria,  called  also  tooth-v>irrt,  or 
UMtk-ruArt,  Fam.  of  PlanU, 

eOR-.AL-LA'CEOUS,  a.  Like  coral,  ur  paruking  of 
its  qiialltiL*<c 

€K>R-AL-LIF'ER-OU3,  a.    Containing  coral.  Oitbert. 

€OR'AL-LI-FORM,  a.  Uarai  and  form.]  Resembling 
coral  ;  fiirked  and  cnxjin-'d.  Kinean. 

€OR-AL-LlG'E\-OU3,  a.     Producing  coml.  Humble. 

€OR'AL-LL\E,  (iiM,)  a.  Consisting  of  coral ;  like 
coral :  containing  coral. 

eOR'AL  LINE,  n.  A  submarine,  semi-ralcareoufl  or 
calc-areous  plant,  con.-<isting  of  many  jointed  branches, 
resembling  some  species  of  mt^ss.  The  term  has  al«o 
been  applie^l  to  certain  minute  corals  growing  in 
moss-like  forms.  D.ina. 

GOR'.AL-LIX-ITE,  n.    A  fossil  polj'pier  or  coralline. 
DicL  XnL  Hi-t, 

eOR'AL-LTTE,  a.  A  mineral  eiib^ance  or  petrifac- 
tion, in  the  form  of  coral ;  or  a  fossil  polypier,  larger 
than  a  corallinite.  Kirwan.     D^cL  JVot.  //l«t. 


COR 

€8S'Atl:Sa>'AL,  i  «-     [«"-^'  *»'»  ^"'  ='^''«.  f"""-] 
Having  thL'  form  uf  coral ;  branching  like  coral. 
Diet.  Attf.  HisU 
eOR'AL-LOIO,  a.    A  term  fonnorly  applied  to  a  s[m;- 
cies  of  ininiitc  corals  called  Escara,  and  al.-4o  sonie- 
tnnes  to  the  Oor^ronias.  Encyc. 

Cn'R-iM  JCOI  CE,     [U]     Before  the  judge. 
CiyH.iM  Jk'OYJt'DI-Cl-U     [1-]     lUforeone  not  a 

judge  ;  before  one  who  has  not  jurisdiction. 
eO-RA.NT',  a.     [Fr.  ct/urutif,  running  ;  courir^  to  run  ; 
L.  curro.] 
A  lofty,  sprightly  danre.  Johnson.     Temple. 

€ORB,  a.    [L.  corbL-i.    See  the  next  word.J 
1.  A  basket  used  irt  cialeries. 
9.  An  omanieni  in  a  building.  Spenser. 

eORB' AN,  M.    [L.  corbis ;  D.  korf;  G.  korb ;  Sw.  Jtw^  ; 

Dan. ItUT.'  Fr.  eorbeiUr;  Eth.  Tl^l  '  karbo,  a  wicker 
basKet ;  Russ.  korban,  a  church  box  or  che^t,  a  treus- 
ur>-.  But,  in  Ethiupic,  km-ban  is  an  oblation,  that 
which  13  oflered  to  <rod,  a  gift,  sacrifice,  coinciding 
with  the  lleb.  ^^'yp,  from  2'>p,  to  approach,  to  cause 
to  appriKich,  to  bring  or  ofler.j 

1.  In  Jeieish  onfiyutfy,  an  otTering,  sacriflce,  or 
oblation  of  any  kind,  presented  before  Go<l.  Oegrnius. 

It  ia  H  gift,  corban,  by  whAUoerer  thou  ini^htf»i  be  prufiteJ  Uy 
mr ;  thai  k,  I  luve  devoted  that  to  (joil  which  you  oak  uf 
inr,  uid  U  U  no  luit^r  muie  U>  giro.  Encyc. 

2.  An  alms-basket;  a  vessel  to  receive  gifts  of 
charity ;  a  gift ;  an  alms ;  a  treasury  of  the  church, 
wjiere  ofTerings  are  deposited.  OUmrL 

3.  Among  Mvhammedan.'i^  a  ceremony  performed  at 
the  foot  of  Moimt  Arafat,  in  Arabia,  near  Mecca. 
It  consists  in  killing  a  number  of  sheep,  and  distrib- 
uting them  among  the  poor.  Encyc. 

CORBE,  a.     [Fr.   courbf.]     Crooked.     [A'ot  in  '«.«.] 

Spritger. 
eORB'EIL.Ckor'bel,))!.    [Ft.  eorbcUle ;  lU  eorbetio.   Sec 
CoasAX.] 

In  ybrt^Jlfatioa,  a  little  friwiff,  to  be  filled  with  earth, 
and  set  uptm  a  parapet,  tu  shelter  men  from  the  fire 
of  besiegers,  Johnson. 

eORB'EL,  a.     [See  the  preceding  words.] 

1.  In  archiutiurey  the  representation  of  a  basket, 
sometimes  set  on  the  heads  of  caryatides. 

2.  The  vase  or  tambor  of  the  Corinthian  column; 
so  called  from  its  resemblance  to  a  ba.-*ket.     Encyc. 

CORB'EL,  n.  A  short  piec^:  of  timber,  iron,  Alc,  in  a 
wall,  jutting  six  or  eight  inchr"8,a3  occasion  requires, 
in  the  manner  of  a  shiwildcr-piece  ;  sometimes  placed, 
for  strength,  under  the  semigird'-r  uf  a  platform. 
The  under  part  is  sometimes  cut  into  the  form  of  a 
boultin,  sometimes  of  an  ogee,  or  of  a  face,  &c. 

Encyc     ,/uhiuon, 
2.  A  niche  or  hollow  left  in  walls  for  images,  fig- 
ures, or  statues.  Chambers. 

eOR'BV,  n.     A  raven.     [Aat  in  use.] 

COR'CULE,  Ja.      [L.   corcuUm,   but   In    a    different 

eOR'CLE,  1  sense.  It  is  a  diminutive,  from  cor^ 
the  hearL] 

In  butant/^  the  heart  of  the  seed,  or  rudiment  of  a 
future  plant,  attiched  to  and  involved  in  the  cotyle- 
dons. It  consists  of  the  plume,  or  ascending  part, 
and  the  rostel,  or  radicle,  the  simple  descending  port. 

Mttrttfit. 

CORD,  n.  [VV.  cord ;  Fr.  eordt ;  It.  eorda :  Sp.  euerda  ; 
D.koord:  L.  chorda  i  Gr.  X''.*"'''*  According  to  the 
H'eLth,  this  word  signifies  a  twist,  from  cOtj  the  root 
of  choru-:] 

1.  A  stnng,  or  small  rope,  composed  of  several 
strands  twisted  together.  Rahab  let  down  the  spies 
by  a  cord  through  the  window.    Joah.  ii. 

2.  A  quantity  of  wood  or  other  material,  originally 
measured  with  a  cord  or  line.  The  cord  is  a  pile 
ctmtaining  I-2d  cubic  feet;  or  a  pile  eight  feet  long, 
four  feet  high,  and  four  feet  broad. 

3.  In  Striptiirej  the  cords  ofthtt  wicked,  are  the  snares 
with  which  they  catch  the  unwarj'.     Ps.  cxxix. 

The  curds  of  sin,  are  bad  habits,  or  the  consequences 
of  sin.     Prov.  v. 

The  cords  of  a  man,  are  the  fair,  gentle,  or  natural 
means  of  alluring  men  to  obedience.     Ilns.  xi. 

The  cords  of  vanity,  are  worldly  vanities  and  pleas- 
ures, profit,  or  preferment ;  or  vain  and  deceitful 
arguments  and  pretenses,  which  draw  men  to  sin. 

Is.  v. 

To  stretch  a  line  or  cord  about  a  city,  is  to  level  it, 
or  utterly  to  destroy  it.     Latn.  ii. 

Tile  cords  of  a  tent,  denote  stability.     To  loosen  or 
break  the  cords,  is  to  weaken  or  destroy  ;  to  ImgOicn 
the  cords,  is  to  enlarge.     Job  xxx.     Is.  liv.     Jer.  x. 
CORD,  r.  t.     To  bind  with  a  cord  or  rope;  to  fasten 
with  cords. 

2.  To  pile  wood  or  other  material  for  measurement 
and  sale  by  the  cord. 
CORD'MXK-ER,  tu    One  whose  occupation  is  to  make 

rop.^s  ;  but  in  America  called  rtrpemaJcer. 
eORD'WOOD,  n.  Wood  cut  and  piled  fur  sale  by  the 
cord,  in  distinction  from  lon^  wood ,-  properly,  wood 
cut  to  the  length  of  four  feet ;  but,  in  this  respect, 
the  practice  is  nut  uniform,  in  Scotland,  cordwood  is 
woikI  conveyed  to  market  nn  board  of  vessels,  in  op- 
pasition  to  that  which  is  floated.  Encyc. 


COR 

eORD'AftE,  n.  fSp.  eordagef  Fr.  id. ;  from  eord.] 
A  term  applied  to  all  sorts  of  cords  or  ropes  used  in 
the  running  rig^'ing  of  a  ship,  or  kept  in  reserve,  to 
supply  the  place  of  that  which  may  be  rendered  un- 
serviceable. In  a  more  general  sense,  the  word  in- 
cludes all  ropes  and  lines  used  on  board  of  ship*. 

COIID'ATK,       iu.      [L.   cordatu3,   with    a    different 

COUD'.VTED,  i  signification,  from  cor,  the  heart.] 
Having  the  form  uf  a  heart ;  heart-shaped  ;  a  term 
used  by  Uiilnralists ;  as,  a  cordate  leaf,  in  botany,  nv 
seiiibling  the  lungitudinal  section  of  the  licart. 
Hence,  c<'r//«ie-oW(iH^»',  heart-shaped  lengthened  ;  cur- 
datr- lanceolate,  lienrt-shapcd,  gmdually  tapering  to- 
wnrd  each  extremity,  like  the  head  of  a  Imicc  ; 
cordate -satrittatc,  heart-stiapud,  but  resembling  the 
head  of  an  arrow.  Martyn. 

CORD' ATE  LY,  ado.    In  a  cordate  form. 

CORD'KD,  pp.  ox  a.     Bound  or  fastened  with  cttrds. 

2.  Piled  in  a  form  for  measurement  by  the  cord. 

3.  Made  of  c^irds  i  furnished  with  cords.      Shak. 

4.  StrijM"d  or  furrowed,  as  by  curds. 

5.  In  heraldry,  a  corded  cross  is  one  wound  With 
cords,  or  made  of  two  pieces  of  wood.  Encyc. 

COR-DI-^LlKR',  (kor-de-leer',)  n.     [Fr.,  from  cvrde,  a 
girdle  ur  coni  worn  by  the  order.] 

A  Franciscan  friar;  one  of  a  religious  order  found- 
ed by  St.  Franeis  ;  n  gray  friar.  The  Cordeliers  wear 
a  thick  gray  cloth,  a  little  cowl,  a  chaperon,  and  a 
cloak,  with  a  girdle  uf  rope  or  curd,  tied  with  three 
knots.  Encyc. 

COR'DEL  tN'G,  a.    Twisting. 

eORD'I-AL,  fl.    [Fr.  and  Sp.  cordiali  It.  cordials;  from 
L.  eur,  the  heart.] 

1.  Pruceediiiij  from  the  heart ;  hearty  ;  sincere  ; 
nut  hyiKicriticul ;  warm  ;  afl^ectionate  ;  as,  we  give 
our  friends  a  cordial  reception. 


Will)  luuki  uf  cordial  love. 


Milton: 


2.  Reviving  the  spirits  ;  cheering  ;  invigorating  ; 
giving  strength  or  spirits  ;  as,  cordial  waters. 

fViseman. 
CORn'I-AL,  n.  In  medicine,  that  which  suddenly  ex- 
cites the  system,  and  increases  the  action  of  the 
heart  or  circulation  when  languid  ;  any  medicine 
which  increases  strength,  raises  the  spirits,  and 
gives  life  and  cheerfulness  to  a  person  when  weak 
and  depressed. 

2.  Aruiiiatized  and  sweetened  spirit,  employed  as 
a  beverage.  Cooley. 

3.  Any  thins  that  comfurts,  gladdens,  and  exhila- 
rates ;  as,  gixni  news  is  a  cordial  to  the  mind. 

CORD'I-AL-HKART'EU,   a.      Having   cordial   aflec- 

tiun. 
eORD-I-AL'I-TV,  n.     Relation  to   tha  heart.      [jYot 

used.]  Brown. 

2.  Sincerity ;    freedum    from    hypocrisy  ;    sincere 

afllection  and  kindness  j  as,  our  frieiuis  were  received 

with  coriiialitv. 
eORD'I-AH/E,  V.  t.     To  render  cordial.    Ec.  Rev. 
CORIVl-AL-IZ-KD,  pp.     Rendered  cordial. 
CORD'I-AL  r4-ING,  pvr.     Making  cordial. 
eORlJ'I-ALLY,  aJf.     Heartily;    sincerely;    without 

hypocrisy  ;  with  real  affection.    The  Christian  cor- 

dtaUt,  receives  the  doctrines  of  grace. 
€ORO'1-AL-NESS,  n.     Cordiality  ;  liearty  good  will. 
eOHO'IE  RUE.  n.     The   mineral   called   otherwise 

iolUe  and  Uichroite. 
eORD'I-FORM,  a.      [L.  cor,  the   heart,   and  forma, 

form.] 

Heart-shaped ;    having  the    form  of   the   human 

heart. 
€ORD'I-XER,  B.      {JVot  u-fed.]     See  Cordwaimeb. 
CORD'ING,  ppr.    Binding  with  cords  ;  piling  for  meas- 
urement. 
COR'DON,  n.     [Fr.  and  Sp.  cordon;  It.  cordone;  Port. 

cordam.     See  Cord.] 

1.  In  foruficatiun,  a  row  of  stones  jutting  before 
the  rampart  and  the  basis  of  the  parapet ;  or  a  row 
of  stones  between  the  wall  of  a  fortress  which  lies 
aslope,  and  the  parapet,  which  is  peri>endicular;  serv- 
ing as  an  ornament,  and  used  only  in  fortifications 
of  stone-work.  Johnson.     Encyc. 

2.  in  military  languatre,  a  line  or  series  of  military 
posts ;  as,  a  cordon  of  tro<tps. 

3.  Cordon  saititaire :  a  line  of  troops  or  military 
posts  on  the  borders  of  a  district  of  country  infected 
with  disease,  to  cut  off  commuiiicatiun,  and  tliu.'i 
prevent  the  tlisea.-je  from  spreading. 

eOR'DO-VAN.  H.     Spanish  leather. 

COR-DU-ROY',  n.  A  thick  cotton  stufl",  corded  or 
ribbed. 

CORD' WAIN,  n.     [Sp.  eordoban;  Port,  cordovam;  Fr. 
cordouan:  from  Cordova,  or  Cordoba,  in  Spain.] 
Spanish  leather  ;  goat-skin  tanned  and  dressed. 
Spenser.     Sp.  Diet. 

eORD'VVA[.\-ER,n.  [from  eordicain.]  A  shoemaker. 
This  word  was  formerly  writtim  eordiners.  It  is  evi- 
dently from  the  French  cordouan,  cordouannier ; 
properly,  a  worker  in  cordwain,  or  cordovan  leather. 

GORE,  n.  [Fr.  cmiir ;  Norm,  core;  Sp.  cjrazon;  Port. 
cora^am  i  It.  euore ;  from  L.  cor,  the  heart,  Gr.  xiaft 
See  Class  Gr.] 

1.  The  heart  or  inner  part  of  a  thing:  particularly 
the  central  part  uf  fruit,  containing  the  kernels  or 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T METE,  PRfiY.— PI\E,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BtX>K.— 


g66 


COR 

seeds ;  as,  the  core  of  an  apple  or  qtiince.     It  wa3 
formerly  applied  lo  place ;  as,  in  the  core  of  a  square. 

2.  The  inner  part  of  an  ulcer  or  boil.        Dnjdeji. 

3.  In  archiuctare^  the  interior  part  of  anything; 
as,  the  core  of  a  column  or  wall.  OwilU 

4.  A  bi^y.     [Fr.  cflrp*-.]     [JVwt  used.}  Bacon, 

5.  A  disorder  of  sheep,  occasioned  by  worms  in 
the  liver.  Chambers. 

CoiVF.D,  (kord,)  a.  In  the  herring  fishery ^  rolled  in 
salt,  and  prepared  fur  dr\ins.  JisK 

€0-Rk'CENT,  n.     A  joiiil  regent  or  mier.     Wrnxall. 

eO-KE-LA'TIO.V,  71.    Corresponding  ndation.  KidiL 

eORF,  n.  A  basket  for  carrying  coals  and  oihpr  min- 
erals in  a  mine.  OUbert. 

€0-RI-A'CEOUS,  (ko-re-i'ahus,)  a.  [I*,  corltweas,  {lom 
coriunty  leather.] 

1.  Consisting  of  leather,  or  resembling  leather; 
tough  ;  as,  ctn-iaerous  concretions.  ,1rbuthnoL 

'X  In  botanify  stiff,  like  leather  or  parchment ;  ap- 
ptif-d  to  n  leafy  a  calijz,  or  capsule.  Martyn. 

CO-RI-AN'DKR,  b.  [L.  coriandrum;  Gr.  Kopioi/f  Kopi- 
avnv.'] 

The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  plants  of  one  spe- 
cies. The  seeds  of  this  spt^ciL-a  liave  a  strong  smell, 
and,  in  medicine,  are  considered  a^i  i>touiachic  and 
carminative. 

€0  RIN'DON.    See  Corundum. 

eOR'INTH,  n.     A  city  of  Greece.     Henc«, 

a.  A  small  fruit,  now  called  Cl'bba?(t  ;  which  see. 
Philips.     Broome, 

eO-RIXTH'I-Ae,  a.    Pertaining  lo  Corinth.  D\i»ctHe, 

eO-RL\TH'I-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Corinth,  a  celebra- 
ted city  of  Grwece ;  as,  Corinthian  culumu  ;  Corinthian 
order;  Corinthian  brass.  The  CorinUiian  order,  in 
architecture,  is  the  mo.-*t  delicate  of  all  the  ordfrs, 
and  enriched  wiih  a  profusion  of  ornaments.  The 
capital  is  usually  adurued  with  olive  leaves  or  acan- 
thus. Enryc. 

€0-m'V*AL,  11.     [cor  and  rival;   written  imprttperly 

CORRIVAL.] 

A  rival,  or  f.-llow-rival ;  a  competitor.  Shak. 

€0-Rr'VAL,  r.L    To  rival ;  to  pretend  to  equal.  Shak. 

€o-RrvAhsnip,i«-  •'"'"'  "^=*i^y- 

€ORK,  H.  [D.kurk;  G.kork:  Sw.  korck:  Unn.  kork  ; 
Sp,  eorcho  :  Russ.  korka:  Ft.  ecorce:  L.  cortez,  bark, 
rind,  shell,  crust.] 

1.  A  glandiferous  tree,  a  species  of  Quercus,  grow- 
ing in  Spain  and  Portugal,  having  a  iJiick,  rough, 
fungoui,  clelt  bark. 

a.  The  outer  bark  of  Ihe  tree,  or  epidermis,  of 
which  stnppl^js  fur  bottles  and  casks  are  made.  This 
outer  bark  is  taken  u/f,  and  a  new  epidermis  is 
formed,  which,  in  six  or  seven  years,  becomes  fli 
for  use.  This  bark  is  al'Wi  burnt  to  make  a  kind  of 
light  black,  called  Spaninh  black. 
'.\.  .\  stopple  fur  a  bottle  (ir  cask,  cut  out  of  cork. 

CORK,  r.  L  To  stop  bottlr^s  or  casks  with  corks  ;  to 
cnufine  or  make  fiist  wtlh  a  cork.     [See  also  Calk.] 

CORK'KD,  (korki,)  pp.     .Stopped  with  a  cork. 

COKK'I.NO,  ppr.     Stopping  with  corks. 

eOKK'INO-Pt.V,  n.     A  pin  of  a  large  »\7x.         Swift. 

COKK'.SCREW,  C  skru,)  n.  A  screw  to  draw  corks 
from  iM'ltles. 

eORK'Y,  0.  Consisting  of  cork  ;  resembling  cork  ;  dry 
and  tough  like  cork. 

Bind  fut  hU  corky  Kima,  Shak. 

eOR'MO-RA.VT,  n.  [Fr.  corvtnran  ;  Sp.  corvijon. 
Cormorant  ts  suppfjsed  to  be  cornipled  from  Corvtu 
nutrrniu,  sea-raven.  '1  he  Welsh  also  called  the  bird 
nurrrran,  sca-cr«w.] 

1.  A  gL-nus  of  sea-bird!<,  {Phalnrro  e»raz,)  of\cn 
called  the  sea-raven,  and  distinguished  for  its  voraci- 
ty. The  head  and  neck  are  black  ;  the  coverts  of 
the  wings,  the  srapulHrs,  and  the  back,  are  of  a  deep 
n^n, edged  with  black,  and  glossed  with  blue.  The 
Mile  of  the  lower  ninndilde  is  covered  with  a  naked, 
yelk>wRk)n,  which  extends  under  the  chin,  and  fonns 
a  JWrt  n(  pouch.  ThiH  hird  occupies  the  cliffs  by  the 
■en,  feeds  on  fi^h,  and  is  extremely  voracious.  Etuyc. 

2.  A  ehitton. 

COR'.MCS,  n.  [Gr.  •n/>,<o(.]  In  botany^  the  generic 
name  of  a  stalk  or  stem  of  any  plant. 

D.  C.  mUdenoto. 
%  The  dilated  base  of  the  stems  of  monocotyledo- 
nous  plants,  intervening  between  the  root  and  the 
first  bud-*,  and  fonning  the  n-prixluctive  portion  of 
such  plants,  when  they  nre  not  caulescent.  Lindiey. 
eORX,  n,     [.Sax.  com  :  I),  koorn  :  G.  kom ;  I>»n.  and 
Sw.  kom      Not  improbably  this  word  is  the  L.  ^a- 
iiHin.     .Such  transpositions  are  not  uncommon.    The 
word   sjgnifi^'s  not   only  the  hanl   seeds  of  certain 
plants,  but  hail  and  shot,  I^  trramh.  It.  gT'in^  grain, 
bail,  siiot.    John^m  quotes  an  old  Runic  rhyme: 
"  Hagul  er  kaM.'mtiir  Aorna," 
Hail  is  the  coldf^st  corn,     8fe  Graiiv.1 
1.  A  single  seed  of  certain   plants,  as  wlient,  rye, 
barley,  and  mai/.?  ;  a  gruin.     In  this  sense  it  has  a 
plural ;  as,  three  barley  corns  make  an   inch,     it  is 
genrrally  applied  to  edible  seed*,  which,  when  ripe, 
%n  hard. 
fi:  The  seed*  of  certain  plants  In  'general,  in  bulk 


COR 

or  quantity  ;  as,  co7-n  is  dear  or  scarce.  In  this  sense, 
the  word  com|irelien<ls  all  the  kinds  of  graiji  which 
constitute  the  food  of  men  and  horses.  In  Oreat 
Britain,  corn  is  generally  applied  to  wheal,  rye,  oats, 
and  barley.  In  t/te  United  States^  it  has  the  same  gen- 
eral sense,  but  by  custom  it  is  appropriated  to  maize. 
We  are  accustomed  to  say,  the  crop  of  wheat  is  good, 
but  thw  corn  is  bad  ;  it  is  a  gt»od  year  for  wheat  and 
i>'e,  but  bad  for  corn.  In  this  sense,  corn  has  no 
plural. 

3.  'I'he  plants  which  produce  corn,  when  growing 
in  the  litld  ;  tlie  stalks  and  ears,  or  the  stalks,  ears, 
and  seeds,  after  reaping  and  liefore  thrashing.  We 
say,  a  field  of  cotti,  a  sheaf  or  a  shock  of  corn,  a  load 
of  corn.  The  plants  or  stalks  are  included  in  the 
term  corn^  until  the  seed  is  separated  from  the  ears. 

4.  In  sur-^ery^  a  hard  excrescence,  or  induration  of 
the  skin,  on  the  toes  or  some  part  of  the  feet,  occa- 
sioned by  the  pressure  of  the  shoes ;  so  called  from 
its  hardness  and  resemblance  to  a  corn.  ■ 

5.  A  small,  hard  particle.     [See  Graik.] 
CORN,  V.  t.     To   preserve   and  seasim  with   salt   in 

grains  ;  to  sprinkle  with  salt ;  as,  to  com  beef, 
2.  To  granulate  ;  to  form  into  small  grains. 

eORN'-BASK-ET,  n.  A  large  basket  for  carrying  the 
ears  of  maize. 

CURX'HI.N'D,  n.     Climbing  buckwheat.     [ZmcgL} 

Grose. 

CORN'-RLaDE.b.  The  leaf  of  the  maize.  Corn-blades 
are  collected  and  preserved  as  fodder,  in  some  of  tlie 
Southern  States  of  America. 

eORN'BRASII,  rt.  A  ctiarse,  shelly  limestone,  form- 
ing a  soil  celebrated,  in  Wiltshire,  England,  for  the 
growth  of  corn.  Brands.     Mantell. 

eORN'-BREAD,  (bred,)  n.  A  kind  of  bread  or  bread- 
cake  made  of  ihe  meal  of  Indian  corn. 

eORN'-CilAND-LER,  n,  [ChamUer,  a  dealer  in  can- 
dles, is  supposed  to  be  fnuii  the  Fr.  chandelier;  but 
what  has  this  word  to  do  with  com  and  skip,  in  com- 
chandlemnd  ship-chaudier  J  In  these  words,  chandler 
seems  to  be  a  corruption  of  the  Teutonic  handier,  a 
trader  ;  Sw.  kornhanfUare,  a  corn-dealer  ;  Uan.  handler ; 
G.  id.  ;  I>.  handeljtar.] 
A  denier  in  corn. 

COKN'-CLAU,  a.    Covered  with  growing  com. 

BarlotP. 

CORN'-CRAKE,  n.  The  crake  or  land-rail ;  the  corn- 
crow  ;  for  frrriA'a,  in  Sw.,  and  kragc.  in  Dan.,  is  our 
word  crow,  and  the  name  is  probably  taken  front  its 
cr>'.  The  Dutch  kraai,  a  crow,  is  conimcted  from 
kraatr,  and  kraaijen  is  to  crow,  to  vaunt,  to  tell  tales ; 
G.  trtlAc,  krdhen. 

eORN'-eUT-TER,  n.  [com  and  cut.]  One  who  cuts 
corns  or  indurations  of  the  skin. 

eORN'FiKLD,  n.     A  field  wliere  corn  is  growing. 

eORiN'-FLAG,  n.  'J'he  jwpnlar  name  of  a  genus  of 
plants^  the  Gladiolus,  of  several  species,  bearing  red 
or  white  flowers. 

eORX'-FLCOR,  n.  A  floor  for  com,  or  for  thrashing 
corn.     h.  xxi,     Hos.  ix. 

€OR\'-FLO\V-ER,  n.  A  flower  or  plant  growing 
among  corn,  as  the  blue-bottle,  wild  poppy,  A:c. 

Bacon, 

eORX'-HEAP,  «.    A  heap  of  corn.  Hall. 

CORN'-LA.N'D,  n.  Land  appropriated  or  suitable  to 
the  production  of  com  or  grain. 

CORN'-LAWS,  n.  pL  In  Oreat  Britain,  laws  prohib- 
iting the  importation  of  foreign  corn  or  grain  for  home 
consumption,  except  when  the  price  rises  bi^yond  a 
certain  rate.     Repealed  in  ]84(>.  JiVCuUoch. 

CORN'-LOFT,  n.    An  apiulment  for  corn  ;  a  granary. 

Shcnoood. 

eORN-MAR'Y-GOLD,  ji.  The  popular  name  of  a  ge- 
nus of  plants,  the  Chrysanthemum. 

eORN'-MA:*-TER,  n.  CJne  who  cultivates  com  for 
sale.     [JVot  uned.]  Bacon. 

CORN'Mi'S-TER,  a.     One  who  measures  com. 

CORN'-MILL,  n.  A  mill  for  grinding  corn,  more  gen- 
ernily  called  a  erijit-mill. 

eOR.\'-PARS-LEY,  n.  The  popular  name  of  a  genus 
of*  plants,  the  Hison. 

CORN'-PIPE,  n.  A  pipe  nthde  by  slitting  the  joint  of 
a  green  stalk  of  corn.  Johnson. 

eOK\'-KO(;K-ET,  n.  The  popular  name  of  a  genus 
of  plant-*,  the  Itunias. 

CORN'-RoSE,  H.     A  species  of  poppy,  or  Papaver. 

CORN'-SAL-AI),  n.  A  plant,  a  sjwcies  of  Valeriana, 
whi)<)e  top  It-aves  are  ^nld  tu  be  a  gcKid  salad. 

COKX'STALK,  f-«lawk,)  n.  A  stalk  of  corn,  partic- 
ularly a  stalk  or  the  mai/.e.  JImr.rica. 

CORN'- VI-O  LET,  n.  A  species  of  (.'ampanula.    TaU. 

CORN'-WAIN,  n,     A  wagon  that  carries  corn. 

CORN' AGE,  n.     [from  Fr.  come,  L.  curnu,  a  horn.] 
An  ancient  tenure  of  lands,  which  obliged  the  t*-n- 
anl  to  give  notice  of  an  invasion  by  blowing  a  horn. 

CORN'E-A,  n.   [from  L.  coma,  a  horn.]        {Biackstonc. 

'I'he  sinmg,  horny,  tran-iparenl  membrane  in  the 

fore  (Mirt  of  the  eye,  through  which  the  rays  of  light 

pass  ;  situated  in  the  sclerotica,  and  considered  by 

some  as  a  portion  of  it. 

CORN'ED,  (kornd,)  pp.  or  a.     Sprinkled  with  salt; 
cured  by  salting  ;  an,  fomed  beef. 
2.  Drunk.     [/m>w.)  Orose. 


COR 


COR'NEL,  )  n.     [L.  comus,  from  comu,  a 

€0R'NI:L-TREE,  [     Imm,  or  its  root,  from  the 

eOR-NKL'IAN-TREE,  )  hardness  of  tlie  wood;  Sp. 
como  ;  It.  comiolo  :  Fr.  conwuillcr.] 

The  cornelian  cherr>'or  dogwood,  the  popular  name 
of  a  species  of  Cornus.    The  Cornus  mascula,  or  cor- 
nelian cherrj'-tree,  has  a  stem  of  twenty  feet  high, 
branching  and  forming  a  targe  head,  garnished  with 
oblong  leaves  and  small  umbels  of  yellowislt-green 
flowers,  succeeded  by  small,  red,  acid,  eatable,  cher- 
ry-like fruit,  Kncyc 
COR-NeL'IAN.    See  Carnelian. 
CORNE'MCSE,    \n.     [Fr.  comemuse ;  come,  r  horn, 
CORN'A-MCTE,  \      and  muse;  It.  comamui-a.] 

A  bagpipe.  Drayton. 

€ORN'E-OCS,  a,  [L.  comcus,  from  eornu,  a  hi-m. 
See  Horn.] 

Homy  ;  like  horn  ;  consisting  of  a  horny  substance, 
or  substance  resembling  horn  ;  hard.  Brown. 

COR'NER,  n.  [W.  cornel,  from  co^m,  a  point  or  pro- 
jection, a  horn  ;  Corn,  kornal ;  Arm.  com  :  Ir.  rearna ; 
Sw.  ham,  (See  Horpt  and  Graii«.)  Qu.  Heb.  Ch. 
Syr.  and  Ar.  ]'^p  karan,  to  shoot.] 

L  The  point  where  two  converging  lines  meet ; 
property,  the  external  point ;  an  angle  ;  as,  we  met 
at  the  orrner  of  the  slate  house,  or  at  the  corner  of 
two  streets. 

2.  The  interior  point  where  two  lines  meet ;  an 
angle. 

3.  The  space  between  two  converging  lines  or 
walls  which  meet  in  a  point.     Hence, 

4.  An  inclosed  place  ;  a  secret  or  retired  place. 
Thj*  ihing  WM  not  doiie  in  x  comer.  —  Act»  xxvi. 

5.  Tndefinitelii,  any  part ;  a  part.  They  searched 
everj-  corner  o{  the  forest ;  they  explored  all  corners 
of  tlie  country. 

C.  The  end,  extremity,  or  limit ;  as,  the  comers  ot 
the  head  or  beard.     Lee.  xix. 

Corner  teeth  of  a  horse ;  the  fore  teeth  between  the 
middling  teeth  and  the  tushes,  two  above  and  two 
below,  on  each  side  of  the  jaw,  which  shwit  when 
the  horse  is  four  years  and  a  half  old.  Farrier^a  Diet 

C0K'NEK-/;D,  (kor'nerd,)  a.  Having  corners;  hav- 
ing three  or  more  angles. 

COR'NElt-€AP,  H.  The  chief  embellishment  or  or- 
nament, Shak. 

euR'NER-STONE,  n.  The  stone  which  lies  at  the 
corner  of  two  walls,  and  unites  them  ;  the  principal 
stone,  and  es|H*cially  the  stone  which  forms  the  cor- 
ner of  the  foiindiiiion  of  an  ediflce. 

Who  laiii)  lh«  corner-ttont  ihcn"or?  —  Joli  xzxvlli. 
Clirial  LiiiikAelf  tjciti^  Uie  chid'  corntr-tlont .  —  Epb.  'i. 

COR'NER-TEETH,  n.  The  fouf  tet-th  of  a  hor»e,  be- 
tween the  middle  leeih  and  the  tushes. 

COR'NEil-WlSE,  fl'/(r.  Diagonally;  with  the  corner 
in  front ;  not  parallel. 

COKN'ET,  n.  [Fr.  cornet,  cornette ;  It.  corfietta,  ror- 
netto  ;  Sp.  corneta,  from  L,  cornu,  a  horn.    See  Horn.] 

1.  An  insirumeut  of  music,  in  the  nature  of  a 
tmm[»et,  sounded  by  blowing  with  the  mouth.  It 
was  of  a  winding  shape,  like  a  horn  ;  used  in  armies, 
and  on  occasions  of  joy. 

Odviil  plnycij  br-rnre  the  l^rtl  on  corntts.-^i  S.im,  rt. 

2.  In  modern  vsa^e,  an  officer  of  cavalry,  who  bears 
the  ensign  or  colors  of  a  troop.  He  is  the  third  oflicer 
in  the  c^mipany.  Encve. 

3.  A  comjKiny  of  cavalry  ;  a  troop  of  horse.  \j^ot 
used.  ]  Clarendon,     Bacon. 

4.  rhe  comet  of  a  horse,  [coronet,]  is  the  lowest  part 
of  his  pastern,  that  nms  round  the  rothn,  and  is  dis- 
tinguished by  the  hair  that  joins  and  covers  the  upper 
part  of  the  hoof.  Fnrrier^s  Diet. 

5.  A  litile  cap  of  paper  in  which  retailers  inclose 
small  wares. 

6.  A  scarf  anciently  worn  by  doctors.  DicL 

7.  A  head-dress.  DicL 
COR'J*^Er-.^-Pl!i'TOJ>rs,    [Fr.]    A  brass,  wind,  mu- 
sical instrument,  tike  tlic  French  horn,  but  capable  of 
much  greater  inflection,  fnun  tlie  valves  and  piston* 
wilh  which  it  is  furnished.                             Brande. 

eORN'ET-CY,  a.     The  commission  or  rank   of  a 

cornet.  Ckraitrrfiehl.     Stephens. 

COIIN'ET-ER,  n.    One  who  blows  a  cornet.  liakcmilL 
COR'NICE,  n.     [It.  cm-nice ;  Fr.  corniche  ;  Sp.  cornisa; 
from  L.  coronis,  Ur.  xu;aa)i/i(,  koihoi'i),  a  summit,  a 
eroiBii.) 

1.  In  architecture,  the  upper  grand  division  of  the 
entablature  of  a  cidunin,  or  the  highest  projecture  ; 
that  which  crowns  an  order.  Brande. 

2.  A  little  projecture  in  joinery  or  masonry  ;  as,  the 
cornice  of  a  chimney.  Encyc. 

Comice-riniT  of  a  cannon,  Is  the  ring  next  from  the 
muz/.le-rinw  backward.  Encyc. 

eORN'I-CLE,  n.     [I*,  comiculum,  from  comu,  a  horn.] 

A  little  horn.  Brown. 

e^?R-NIC'lJ-LATE,  a.     [from  L,  eornv,  a  horn.] 

1.  Horned  ;  having  horns.  More. 

2.  In  botany,  producing  homed  poda ;  bearing  a 
little  spur  or  horn.  Chambers. 

eORN-IF'ie,  a.     Producing  horns. 

CORN'l  FOR.M,  a.     Having  the  shape  of  a  horn. 


TONE,  BULL,  TINITa— AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8.  — C  a«  K ;  6  as  J  ;  »  aa  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 

_____  __ 


COR 

COR-NIC'KR-OL'S,  a.  [Ij.  cvriUffer;  cortiUy  a  horn, 
anil  iftTi'.  u»  tKor.] 

Ilorin-d  ;  having  horns ;  -as,  eomi^freus  animals. 

CORXINii,  pfr.     SnrtDkling  wiib  salt.  [Brmtn, 

eORX'IXG-IIOUSE,  n.  A  house  or  place  when  pow- 
der is  ):ninulat£d. 

CO&N'ISII,  a.  IVrtaiiiins  to  Coniwall,  in  England; 
and,  as  a  hvuh^  the  lanjiiiajie  of  Connval). 

rOIlN'IST,  ■.     A  jx^rfomiet  on  the  cornel  or  horn. 

CORN'LESS^iu  Cteslitute  of  corn  ;  as,  eormlcss  dwell- 
iiip-nlare.«.  Tookc'j  Rustia. 

€ORN'-SNAKE,  n.  Tb«  Colubet  gutlatu*  of  the 
SiiutherR  United  States. 

COR'A'U^iM-^Mfy.VfS,  n.  [L.J  A  fossil  shell,  like 
a  nuu*s  horn  ;  an  ammonite. 

eOR-NUeO  PI  A,  ■. ;  pL  Cuasucorix.  [L.c0nu(,  a 
borii^nd  copia,  plenty.] 

1.  Thtt  Uuru  of  plenty,  an  emblem  of  abundance 
of  fruits. 

&  ln«rcA4tMtKr«ftnd  JcxVter«,th06f!ttre  cf  abom, 
frcun  which  fruits  and  doffera  are  reprewnted  as 
prvce«dinx. 

COR-NOTE',  V.  t     [U  e^rmmtus.  from  emuMt  a  horn.] 
To  bestow  horiM ;  to  cucktdd.  Bitrttm, 

eOR->'0  TED,  n.  or  a.    GraAed  with  horns  ;  homed  ; 
'i.  In  AcbiMy,  bom-shap(-d.  [cuckolded. 

eOR-NO'TO,  x.  [It.]  .\  man  thai  wears  the  boms  ; 
a  cuckold. 

€0R  NC'TOR,  ».     A  ruckold-m.-iker.  Jordan, 

eORN'Y,  s.     [U  corns,  n  hom.l 

Horny  ;  stntog,  atilf,  or  hard,  like  a  bom  ;  T«9em- 
blins  hom.  Mittam. 

€ORN'Y,  s.  [from  cortu]  Producing  com  ;  contain- 
ing corn.  Prior.     Dryden, 

COR'O-DV,     )  n.     [It.  eerrfda^  provision  j    eorrrdare, 

€OR'RO-DY,  \     u>  furni-h.} 

.\n  iillownnce  of  m<ai,  drink,  or  clochinr,  due  lo 
tlie  king  frum  an  abbey,  or  other  religious  house,  for 
the  sustenance  of  such  one  of  bis  servants  as  be 
Ibinks  gtMid  to  bestow  on  iL  An  alloivance  for  the 
maintenance  of  auy  of  the  king*s  serraais  living  in 
an  abbey.  Oiwi. 

Corvdies  are  a  risht  of  sasienanee,  or  to  receive 
•ertain  allotments  of  vicinal*  and  provision  for  one*a 
maintenance  ;  in  lieu  of  which,  a  pension  or  sum  of 
money  is  sometime*  substituted.  BlackHamt, 

The  king  is  entitled  to  a  corody  out  of  every  bish- 
opric :  thai  is,  to  send  one  of  his  chaplains  to  be 
mainlained  by  the  bishop,  or  to  have  a  pansion 
allowed  till  the  bishop  prouH<es  him  to  a  benefice. 
[  This  kasfallr*  into  digust.]  Btadutmu, 

According  to  the  llniiam,  the  latter  word  is  the  cor- 
rt-cl  orthography. 

Si5*RSbL.V  i  ••    [U-r.am.litU.tnmn.] 

In  ^K'tMny^  the  inner  coveri'i-  r.     The 

ooral  surrounds  the  parto  of  .  and  is 

ccwnprpsfd  I'f  "He  or  more  Aow- 1  .  d  patah. 

It  i~  .  i  fnm  the  ptTiaii:ri  i>_v  Ui-  fineness 

of    '  "\   the   gayness  of   its  colors;   but 

tlitrr  .  vccriions.     It  is  somotimes  inaccu- 

ntt4;ly  c;uifa  a.n^om  vanXJUm^rr. 

Marhfm.     Ennte.     Darwim, 

CX>R-OL-L.^'CEOrS,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  corol ;  in- 
closing and  protecting  like  a  wreath. 

A  arroUacmit*  corrm^g.  Lee. 

€OR'OL-LA-RY,  a.  [L.  carollarimnL,  a  coronet,  from 
oonWto,  a  crown.  F'utis  coroiuti  vptts.  Jokiuon*  Fr. 
corWAurcj 

1.  An  inference  from  a  preceding  proposition. 

J.  Day. 
9.  A  consequent  tnith  which  follows  immediately 
from  some  preceding  truth  or  demonstration.  BarUne. 
3.  A  surplus ;   [because  the   word   originally   de- 
noted a  gmiuity  lo  a  person  beyond  his  due.]    Shck, 
€OR'OI^LATE,      (a.     Like  a  corolla;  having  co- 
€OR'OU-La-TED,  i     rollas. 

€OR'OL-LET,     |  a.    Oneof  the  partial  flowers  which 
COR'OL-LULE,  t     make  acompound  one  \  the  floret 

in  an  aei:regate  flower.  Marian.    Eneyc 

eO-Ro'NA,"-  [L.,  a  crown.]  In  «rciii«<are,  a  large, 
flat  member  of  a  cornice,  usually  of  coniiiderable 
pfojection,  to  carry  off*  the  rain  th^  fails  on  it,  and 
called  by  worlonen  the  drip.  OwiU, 

3.  In  luatinajr,  the  upper  surface  of  the  molar  teeth 
or  grindeis. 

£  In  botoMf,  the  circumference  or  mai^n  of  a  ra- 
diated comtHiund  flower.  Encye. 

An  appendage  of  the  corol  or  petals  of  a  flower, 
pnxeeding  from  the  ba.^  of  the  limb.  lARdUy. 

Also,  tlie  appendage  to  the  top  of  seeds,  which 
enables  tbem  lo  dt^ierse.  Martm, 

4.  iu  opUctf  a  balo  or  luminous  circle  around  the 
son,  moon,  or  Btar&  Eaeye. 

€OR'0-NAL,  a.    Belonging  to  the  crown  or  top  of  the 

head  ;  as,  the  coronal  suture. 
eOR'O-NAL,  a.    A  crown  ;  wreath  ;  garland.   Spejuer. 

2.  The  first  suture  of  the  skull.  Encye. 
€OR'0-NA-RY,  a.     Relating  to  a  crown  ;  seated  on 

the  top  «tf  the  head,  or  i^aced  as  a  crown.  Broxn, 

Corimani  vessels,  and  li^ameuts^  in  attAlomyy  are 
those  which  spread  round  certain  vir^cera,  bones,  &.c. 

Brandt. 


COR 

CWvfutry  (irft^rifjt;  two  arteriesj  wliich  spring  from 
the  norta,  b^-Liro  it  leaver  Die  pericardium,  and  sup- 
ply the  Rul);4tance  of  the  heart  wiUi  blood.      Encyc 

Coronarm  reim  i  a  vein  ditfuined  over  the  exterior 
surface  of  the  heart,  receiving  tlie  bUK>d  from  tlie 
heart.  Coze.     Enrye. 

Stomachie  eonmary ;  a  vein  inserted  into  the  trunk 
of  the  8{>lt'nic  vein,  which,  by  uuiting  with  the  mes- 
entfric^fi.rms  the  vena  imrtu.  Encyc. 

COR'O-.NA-TEI),  a.  In  fo«rAo/«;.T/,  crowned,  or  girt 
toward  the  apex  with  a  smglu  row  of  eminence)). 

Humble. 
eOR-O-XA'TION,  n.    [from  L.  wnma,  a  crown.] 

1.  The  act  or  solemnity  of  crowning  u  sovereign  ; 
the  act  of  investing  a  prince  with  the  insignia  of  roy- 
alty, on  his  succeeding  to  the  sovereignty. 

"X  The  pomp  or  assembly  attending  u  coronation. 

Pope. 

Coronation-oath ;  the  oath  taken  by  a  monarch  at 
hi9roroii;iiii)n. 
€ORO  .NEL,  (kur'nel.)  n.    [Pp.  corojirf  ;  Port.  id. ;  Fr. 
€olomd;  It,  eotoHelio.  \Ve  follow  the  J^panish  and  Por- 
tugese orthography  in  our  pronunciation.] 

The  olficer  who  commands  a  regiment.  t^Ofrs.] 

SprnsfT. 
COR'O-NER,  n.     [Law  L.  eoronator^  from  corona,  a 
crown  J 

In  Kni^landy  an  officer  whose  office  is  concerned 
princi|Ki]ly  with  plead  of  the  crown.  One  chief  part 
of  hi»  duty  is,  when  a  person  dies,  or  is  supjMiscd  to 
die,  a  viol.nt  death,  lo  inquire  into  the  manner  of  his 
death.  7'his  umsi  be  done  by  a  Jury,  on  sight  of  the 
body,  and  nt  the  place  where  the  death  happened. 
In  England,  the  coroner  is  lo  inquire,  also,  concern- 
ing shipwrecks,  and  certify  whether  wrecks  or  not, 
and  who  is  in  possession  of  the  goods;  also,  con- 
cerning iren!*ure-tn>ve.  As  a  miniiOerial  officer,  llie 
eoroHfr  is  Uie  sheritf's  substitute  ;  and  when  an  ex- 
ception can  be  taken  to  the  sheriff',  fur  suspicion  of 
parUality,  process  is  awarded  to  the  coroner. 

Blackstone, 

In  some  of  the  Slates  in  America  there  is  a  cowrtw, 
but  his  principal  or  only  duty  is  to  inquire  into  the 
causes  of  viok-nt  death,  tn  Connecticut  there  is  no 
such  otficrr,  the  duty  being  perfonuL-d  by  a  constable, 
or  justice  of  the  peace. 
eOR'O-NET.  «.     [fntm  L.  corona,  a  crown.] 

1.  An  inferior  crown  worn  by  noblemen.  The  eor- 
•Kct  of  a  duke  is  a^itrned  with  strawbcrr>'  leaves ; 
that  of  a  marquis  has  leaves  witli  pearls  interiKised  ; 
that  of  an  earl  raises  the  |>earls  above  the  leaves ; 
that  of  a  visctiunt  is  surrounded  with  pearls  only ; 
that  of  a  baron  has  only  four  pearls.        Johnson. 

9.  In  port'cal  tanguagey  an  oniamentol  head-dress. 

Coronet  of  a  horse.     Sec  Counet. 
€OR'0-.\ET-ED,  a.    Wearing,  or  entitled  lo  wear,  a 

coronet. 
€!0-RON'I-FORM,  a.    [L.  corona^  a  crown,  and /ornm, 
form.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  crown. 
€OR'0-NOID,  0.      [Gr.  nopoifnt  a  crow,  and  et6ai, 
form.  J 

^'utmg  the  upper  and  anterior  process  of  the  end 
of  the  lower  Jaw,  called  the  cormioid  process.   Coze. 
eOR'O-NULE,  a.     [from  L.  corona,  a  crown.] 

A  coronet  or  little  crown  of  a  seed  j  the  downy  tuft 
on  seA'ds.  Martyn. 

eOR'PO-RAL,  a.  [It.  cnporale :  Fr.  caporal ;  Pp.  co- 
pnral:  from  L.  captU^  head,  or  more  directly  from  the 
Celtic  root  o{  caput,  Sp.  eabo.  lu  capo,  Eng.  ctipe.  Our 
orthography  is  a  corruption.] 

1.  The  lowest  officer  of  a  company  of  infantry, 
next  below  a  serjeanl.  He  has  charge  over  one  of 
the  divisions,  places  and  relieves  sentinels,  &c. 

2.  The  corporal  of  a  ship  of  war,  is  an  officer  under 
the  master  at  arms,  employed  to  u^ach  the  sailors  the 
use  of  small  arms  ;  to  attend  at  the  gangways  on  en- 
tering ports,  and  see  that  no  spirituous  liquors  are 
brought,  except  by  permission ;  to  extinguish  tire  and 
candles.  Sec 

eOR'PO-RAL,  a.     [L.  corporalis,  from  corpus,  body.] 

1.  Belonging  or  relating  to  the  body ;  as,  corporal 
pain,  opposed  lo  mentaL* 

2.  Material  :  not  spiritual.    [See  Cobpobeal.] 

Shak. 
eOR'PO-RAL,      I  n.  A  fine  linen  cloth,  used  to  cover 
€0R-PO-RA'LE,  (      the  sacred  elements  in   the  eu- 
charist,  or  in  which  the  sacrament  is  put. 

Paley.     Chalmers. 
Corporal  oath ;  a  solemn  oath,  so  called  from  the 
ancient  U!*age  of  touching  the  corporale,  or  cloth  that 
covered  the  consecrated  element-^.  Palnj. 

eOR  PO-RAL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  a  body  or 
embodied  ;  opposed  to  spirituality. 

If  Uiit  liffl't  halh  any  corporality.  It  !•  most  mibtle  a.n'1  pure. 

JiaLegh. 

€OR'PO-RAL-IiY,  adv.    Bodily  ;  in  or  with  the  body  ; 

as,  to  be  corporally  present. 
eOR'PO-RAL-SHIP,  n.    [ftum  corporaL]    A  corporars 

office  or  command.     In  the  ranks,  a  cor[»orai   does 

the  dutv  of  a  private,  but  his  pay  is  greaier. 
€OR'P0-UA3,  n.    The  Old  name  of  the  corporal  or 

communion-cloth. 


COR 

COR'PO-llATE,  a.  [L.  corporatus,  from  cvrpuror,  to 
be  shai^i'd  into  a  body,  from  corpu-t,  body.] 

1.   IJntt'>(l  in  a  body,  or  cumniunity,  as  a  number 
of  indiviclu.ils,  who  are  empowered  to  transact  busi- 
ness as  an  individual ;  foniied  into  a  body  ;  as,  a  cor- 
poraie  assembly,  or  society ;  a  corporate  town,    Sw\fU 
a.  United;  general;  collectively  one. 

Tliey  aiitwer  iii  «  eorpomU  roice.  ShaJt. 

COR'PO  UATE-LY,  adv.    In  a  corporate  capacity. 

eOR'PO-KATE-NESS,  ru  The  slate  of  a  cor|)orate 
iMidv.  Diet. 

eOR-VORA'TIOX,  n.  A  body  politic  or  corixirate, 
formed  and  authorised  by  law  to  act  as  a  single  per- 
son J  a  society  having  the  capacity  of  transacting 
bu.'tiness  as  an  individual.  Corporations  are  ag-^e^ 
gate  or  sole.  Corpuratiinis  a^grciraie  consist  ol  two 
or  more  persons  united  in  a  society,  whicti  Is  pre- 
served by  a  successiiui  of  members,  citlier  fon^ver, 
or  till  the  corporation  is  dissolved  by  the  power  that 
formed  it,  by  the  death  uf  alt  its  members,  by  surren- 
der of  its  charter  or  frniichises,  or  by  forfeiture.  Kuch 
corjKjratiims  are  the  mayor  and  aldermen  uf  cities, 
the  head  and  fellows  of  a  colli'ge,  the  dfan  and  ci)a[>- 
ter  of  a  cathedral  church,  the  slockholders  of  a  bank 
or  insurance  company,  &.c.  A  corptiratton  gole  con- 
sists of  one  person  only  and  his  successors,  as  a  king 
or  a  bisho]).  Blackstone. 

eOR'PO-RA-TOR,  n.    The  member  of  a  corjMiration. 

Ser;reant. 

€OR'PO-RA-TI;rE,  n.  The  state  of  being  embodied. 
[Aof,  in  u,>(r.]  More. 

COR-Pd'RE-AL,     I  a.     tlnving  a  body  ;  consisting  of 

€0R-P5'RE-0(JS,  i  a  material  body;  malerisd  ;  op- 
ptwfMi  to  spiritual  or  immaterial ;  as,  our  corporeal 
frame;  corporeal  sub^jtanee. 

eOR-P5'Rt:-AL  1ST,  n.  One  who  denies  the  exist- 
ence of  spiritual  snbsUinces. 

€OR-PO-RE-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  corpo- 
real. 

eOR-PO'RE-AL-LY,  adv.  In  body;  in  a  bodily  form 
or  manner.  Jiichardsan. 

eOR-PO-Rl'i'I-TY,  71.  The  state  of  having  a  body,  or 
of  being  embodied  ;  materiality. 

Tic  one  attrilniUHl  cirrportUy  to  Ood.  StUHngfUeL 

eOR-POR-I-FI-eA'TION,tt.     The  act  of  giving  body 

or  palpability. 
eOR  POK'l-K?,  V.  L  To  embody  ;  Ui  form  into  a  body. 

iJtTot  w-'iff/.]  Boiite. 

R'PU-SANT,  n.     [Pp.  euerpo  snnto,  hnly  body.] 
A  name  given  by  seamen  to  a  luminous  appearance 
often  Iwhtld,  in  dark,  tempestuous  nights,  iiboni  the 
decks  and  rigging  of  a  stiip,  but  particularly  at  the 
mast-heads  and  yard-arms,  supposed  lo  be  electrical. 

JIar.  Dirt. 
eORPS,  (kOre  ;  pi.  korz,)  n.  sing,  and  pi.      [Fr.,  from 
L.  corpus,   biKiy.     Being  pronounced  tyre,   it   is   an 
ill  word  in  English.] 

1.  In  military  language,  a  body  of  tfotips  ;  any  di- 
vision of  an  ar^ny  ;  as,  a  corps  dc  reseme. 

2.  A  body,  in  contempt,  as  used  by  Milton  and 
Dryden,  but  probably  pronounced  in  the  English 
manner,  as  corpse. 

3.  A  carcass  ;  a  dead  body.  [See  Corpse.]  Shak. 

4.  In  architecture,  any  part  tiiat  pruject.s  beyond  a 
wail,  serving  as  the  ground  of  sonte  decoration. 

(hpilL 
CORPS  DTP-LOMA~Trq_UE' ,  (kore  dip-lo-mi-teek',) 
[Fr.]    The  body  of  ministers  or  diplomatic  charac- 
ters. 
CORPSE,  (korps,)  n.    [L.  corpus,  a  body  ;  Ir.  corp  ;  W. 
arrvy   Arm.  arrf;  It.  corpo  ;  Sp.  cuerpo.'\ 

The  dead  body  of  a  human  being.  Addison. 

C0R'PU-LF:\CE,    i  n.    [Ij.  corpulentia,  from  corpus,  a 
COR'PU-LK.\-CY,  i      body.] 

1.  Fleshiness;  excessive  fatness  ;  a  state  of  being 
loaded  with  flesh,  as  the  body  of  a  human  being. 

Jirbuthnat. 

2.  Spissitude  ;  grnssness  of  matter  ;  as,  corpulence 
of  water.     [LitUe  used.]  Ray. 

COR'PIT-LE.N  r,  a.  Fle:>hy  ;  having  a  great  or  exces- 
sive quantity  of  fat  or  flesh,  in  proportion  to  the  frame 
of  the  body  :  as,  a  corpulent  child. 

COR'PL'-LE\T-LY,  adv.     In  a  corpulent  manner. 

COR' PUS  CHRIS' 7  T,  (body  of  Christ.)  A  festival 
of  the  chureh  of  Rome,  kr[it  on  tlie  next  Thursday 
after  I'riniiy-Sunday,  in  honor  of  the  cucharist. 

Encye. 

COR'PUS  jVfRrs  C.'i.N'OJ^ J-Cl,  [L.]  The  body 
or  code  of  canon  law. 

COR'PUS  JtyUIS  CI-yPLJS,  [L.]  Body  of  civO 
law. 

eOR'PUS-CI.E,  (kor'pu3-8l,)  n.  [L.  corpusculum,  dim. 
of  corpus,  l>ody.j 

A  minute  particle,  or  physical  atom  ;  corpuscles  are 
the  very  small  b(»dies  which  compose  large  bodies, 
not  the  elementary  principles  of  mailer,  but  such 
small  particles,  simple  or  com|K)nnd,  as  are  not  dis- 
solved or  dissipated  by  ordinary  heat. 

U  will  a<1<I  much  lo  our  snttsfac 
diicuvereil  by  rnicnMCopca. 

eOR-PUS'CU  L.\R,  a.  Pertaining  to  corpuscles,  or 
small  particles,  supposed  to  be  Ihe  constituent  mate 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  W^.^T.  —  METE,  rRl>Y.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.— 

2^9  ~~~ 


COR 

riuls  of  all  large  bodies.  The  corpuscular  philosophy 
.itU;tuptj  to  account  for  the  pheiionieiia  of  iiutiire,  by 
tlie  motion,  figure,  rest,  position,  &.c.,  of  tiie  minute 
p:irlicl.-ri  of  mutter.  Encyc 

€crH.-FU8-€U-LA'RI-AX,  a.    Corptiscrilar,  as  above. 

€OR-PUS-eU-LA'RI-AX,  h.  An  advocate  for  the  cor- 
puseular  pliilosophy. 

eOR-PUS'CL'LE.     See  Cohpi'sclc. 

€OK  RaDE',  r.  t.     To  mb  off. 

€OR-RaD'ED,  pp.     Rubbed  off. 

€OR-KaD'I\G^;w.    Rubbing  off. 

€OR-Ra-D1-A'TION,  7».  [L.  con  and  radiatio.  See 
Riv.] 

A  conjunction  of  rays  in  one  point.  Bacon. 

COR-REtJT',  a.  [L.  correctiis^  from  eorriffo ;  con  and 
rcfro^Ui  fk?i  ri*:ht;  recdw, riirhtjStraieht.  See  Right.] 
/,i((T,iy/i/,  set  right,  or  made  straight.  Hence,  right; 
conformable  to  truth,  rectitude,  or  propriety,  or  con- 
furinable  to  a  ju;?t  standard  ;  not  faulty;  free  from  error. 
A  eorrfct  edition  uf  a  book  is  exactly  according  to  the 
original  copy.  Correct  manners  correspond  with  the 
rules  of  morality  and  received  notions  of  deconim. 
Correct  principles  coiuciile  with  the  tnilh.  Correct 
language  is  agreeable  to  established  usage. 

CORRECT',  F.  L  [L.  correctiLij  currigo ;  con  and 
rtgo.     See  Right.] 

1.  To  make  rignt ;  to  rectify  ;  to  bring  to  the 
standard  of  truth,  justice,  or  propriety  ;  as,  lo  correct 
manners  or  principles.     Hence, 

2.  To  amend  ;  to  remove  or  retrench  faults  or  er- 
rors ;  to  set  right ;  as,  lo  eorrert  a  bi»ok  ;  to  ei>rreet  a 
copy  for  the  press  ;  or  in  printing,  to  correct  the 
pre«t,  or  errors  of  the  press. 

3.  To  bring  back  or  attempt  to  bring  back  to  pro- 
priety in  momis  ;  to  punish  for  faulttt  ur  deviations 
from  moral  rectitude  -,  to  chastise  ;  to  discipline  j  as, 
a  child  should  be  corrected,  for  lying. 

Corrtct  Ihy  ion,  aiid  he  tbaJI  give  ihw  mt.  —  Ptot.  xx1«. 

4.  To  obviate  or  remove  whatever  is  wrong  or  in- 
convenient ;  to  reduce  or  change  the  qualities  of  any 
thing  by  mixture,  or  other  application  ;  to  counteract 
whatever  is  injurious  ;  as,  to  corrrrt  the  acidity  of 
the  stomach  by  alkaline  preparniioiis  ;  to  correct  the 
relaxing  quality  of  water  by  boiling  it  with  animal 
substances.  Jirbuthnot, 

eOR-UEt-'T'ED,  rp.  nr  a.  Set  rigiU ;  imvA  from  er- 
rors ;  amendril  ;  punished. 

eOR-BECT'lXG,  ppr.  Bringing  to  the  standard  of 
truth,  justice,  or  propriety  ;  anien<ling;  chastising. 

eOR-RKC  TION,  ».     [L.  correctw.] 

1.  The  act  of  correcting  ;  the  act  of  bringing  back, 
(Vom  error  or  deviation,  to  a  just  standard,  as  to 
truth,  rectitude,  justice,  or  propriety  ;  as,  the  correc- 
tion of  opinions  ur  manners. 

Alt  Scripiurc  i»  prrffilal)lc  for  corrertion.  —  2  Tim,  liL 

2.  Retrenchment  or  emendiition  of  faults  or  errors ; 
vnenilment ;  as,  the  correction  of  a  book,  or  of  the 
press. 

3.  That  which  is  substituted  in  the  place  of  what 
Is  wrong;  AA,  the  corrections  of  a  copy  are  numer- 
ous ;  set  the  corrections  in  the  margin  of  a  proof- 
sheet. 

4.  That  which  is  intended  lo  rectify,  or  to  cure 
fault*;  punishment;  discipline}  chastisement;  that 
which  corrects. 

Withhold  noc  <arr«etion  fiixmt  the  child.  —  Pror.  sxoL 

5.  In  *crt/*(uro/ /an«T4a^^,  whatever  tends  lo  correct 
the  moral  conduct,  and  bring  back  from  error  or  sin, 
as  afflictions. 

They  haTp  rrfuarwl  to  f»c^(»c  corrtetion.  —  Jt.  t, 
M7  Kill,  -Irwiur  atK  tlK  cbaau-nuig  uf  the  LorJ,  nor  be  vtmxj 
oC  bm  awTTrtion.  —  Prwv,  iii. 

6.  Critical  notice ;  animadversion.  Brown, 

7.  Abatement  of  noxious  qualities  ;  the  counterac- 
tion of  what  is  inrunvenient  or  hurtful  in  its  effects ; 
as,  the  correction  of  acidity  in  the  stomach. 

Ifouxe  of  correction  :  a  house  where  disorderly  per- 
sons are  confined  ;  a  briclewell. 

eOR-REe'TION-AL,  a.  Tending  to  or  intended  for 
correction.  iVaUh, 

eOR-REG'TION-ER,  n.  One  thai  has  been  in  the 
house  of  correction.     [Aof  lucft.]  Shnk. 

€ORRE€T'IVE,  a.  Having  the  power  to  correct; 
having  Ihe  quality  of  removing  or  obviating  what  is 
wrong  or  injurious  ;  tending  to  rectify  ;  as,  corrective 
penalties. 

Mulberri'-*  ftn  peetani,  corrtctiM  of  Uliotu  itDull.  Arbathnot. 

COR-REfTT'IVE,  n.  That  which  has  the  power  of 
correcting  ;  that  which  has  the  quality  of  altering  or 
obviating  what  is  wrong  or  injurious;  as,  alkalies 
are  eorrfctire^  of  acids  ;  penalties  are  corrective*  of 
immoral  conduct. 
Q.    I.imitatiim  ;  restriction.     [Littie.  iw#rf.]      Hcde, 

e*>R  RECT'LY,  a'/D.  In  a  correct  manner;  in  con- 
formity with  truth,  jiiHtice,  rectitude,  or  propriety  ; 
according  to  a  standard  ;  agrcealde  lo  a  copy  or 
original;  exactly;  accurately;  without  fault  or  er- 
ror; as,  to  behave  CMrrectiy ;  to  write,  Bp(;ak,  or 
think  r.orreeUy  i  to  judge  correctly. 

€OR-RE€rT'NES8,  n.  Conformity  to  truth,  ju«tic*, 
or  pr(»prt«ty  ;  as,  the  eorreetueu  of  opinions,  of  judg- 
ment, or  of  manners. 


COR 

a.  Conformity  to  settled  usages  or  rules ;  as,  cor- 
rectness in  writing  or  spi'akiiig. 

3.  Conformity  to  a  copy  or  original ;  as,  the  cor- 
rectness of  a  book. 

4.  Conformity  to  established  rules  of  taste  or  pro- 
portion ;  as,  the  cirrrectness  of  design  in  painting, 
sculpture,  or  architecture. 

eOR-RECT'OR,  H.  One  who  corrects  ;  one  who 
amends  faults,  retrenches  error,  and  renders  con- 
formable to  truth  or  propriety,  or  to  any  standard  ; 
as,  a  corrector  of  the  press  ;  a  corrector  of  abuses. 

2.  One  who  punishes  for  correction  ;  one  who 
amends  or  reforms  by  chastisement,  reproof,  or  in- 
struction. 

3.  That  which  corrects ;  that  which  abates  or  re- 
moves what  is  noxious  or  inconvenient  ;  an  ingre- 
dient in  a  composition  which  abates  or  counteracts 
the  force  of  another  ;  as,  an  alkali  is  a  corrector  of 
acids. 

TiirptTitinp  ia  a  corrector  of  quickBL'ver.  Quincy. 

eOR-REO'1-DOR,  n.     [Sp.]     A  Spanish  magistrate. 

Smollett. 

eOR'RE-LATE,  n.  [L.  con  and  rclatus.  See  Relate.] 
He  or  that  which  stands  in  a  reciprocal  relation  to 
somethint;  else,  as  father  and  son.  South, 

eOR-RE-LX'TION,  n.     Reciprocal  relation.    Paletj. 

eOR-REL'A-TIVE,  a.  [L.  con  and  rclatimis.  See 
Rel&tb  and  Relative.) 

Having  a  reciprocal  relation,  so  that  the  existence 
of  one  in  a  reciprocal  state  depends  on  the  existence 
of  another  ;  as,  father  and  scui,  husband  and  wife, 
are  correJatice  terms.  The  term  son  is  correlative  to 
that  of  father. 

eOR-REL'A-TIVE,  tu  Thai  which  is  opposed  to 
something  else  in  a  certain  relation.  The  stm  is  the 
correlative  of  his  father.  Darkness  and  light  are  cor- 
relatircs.     Rest  is  the  correlative  of  motion. 

€OR-REL.'.\-'I'lVE-LV,  adv.  In  a  correlative  relation. 

COR-REh'A-TIVE-NESS,   n.      The  state    of   being 

COR-REP'TIO.X,  n.     [L.  cin-ripio.]  [correlative. 

Chiding;  reproof;  reprimand.  Hammond. 

€OR-RK:-SrO\I)',  r.  i.  [It.  corrispondcrc ;  Fr.  cor- 
rrspondre ;  Sp.  corrcsponder ;  from  L.  cim  and  respon- 
dtOy  to  answer ;  re  and  spoudeo^  to  promise.  See 
SpoNson.] 

1.  To  suit;  to  answer;  lo  agree;  to  fit;  to  be 
cungmous ;  to  be  adapted  to.  Levity  of  manners 
dtjefl  not  correspond  with  the  dignity  of  the  clerical 
cliaraclcr.  The  length  of  a  ro(^i  should  cvrrespoiid 
with  the  breadth.  Actions  should  correspond  with 
words, 

2.  To  be  equal ;  to  be  adequate  or  proportioned. 
I^et  the  means  of  prosecuting  a  war  correspond  wiUi 
the  magnitude  of  the  contest. 

3.  To  communicate  by  letters  sent  and  received  ; 
to  hold  intercourse  with  a  person  at  a  distance  by 
sending  and  receiving  letters.  We  delight  to  cor- 
respond  with  those  we  love  and  respect. 

,  4.  To  have  direct  intercourse  or  communion. 
Thus  Milttm  speaks  of  man  as  created  magnani- 
mous, to  c.orrf..tpond  with  Heaven.  \^Rare.'\ 
eOR-RE-SPOND'EiNCE,  \  n.  lUIation  ;  fitness  ;  con- 
eOR-RR-'^PONn'E.N-CV,  i  gruity;  mutual  adapta- 
tion of  one  thing  to  another.  There  is  no  correspond- 
ence U^tween  a  polite  education  and  clownish  man- 
ner*. 

9.  Intercourse  between  persons  at  a  distance,  by 
means  of  letters  sent  and  answers  received.  The 
ministers  of  the  two  courts  have  had  a  correspond- 
ence on  the  subject  of  commerce.     Hence, 

3.  The  letter^  which  pass  between  correspond- 
ents. The  correKpifmUne*  of  the  ministers  is  pub- 
lUhed. 

4.  Friendly  Intercourae ;  reciprocal  exchange  of 
offices  or  civilities  ;  connection. 

liCi  miliury  prnoiu  bold  guod  corrctpondmM  with  the  other 
gTTfti  tneit  ill  the  «tAle.  Bacon. 

eOR-RE-SPOND'E.N'T,  o.  Suitable;  fit;  congruous; 
agreeable;  answerable;  adapted.  Let  behavior  be 
corrtjrjtondent  to  prt>fession,  and  both  be  correspondent 
lo  good  morals. 

COR-RF^-SPONfVENT,  a.  One  who  corresponds; 
one  will*  whom  an  intercourse  is  carried  on  by  letters 
or  messages.      When    A  is  the  correspondent  of  B, 


B  IS  the  corrfmondent  of  A, 

POXb' 
mnnner. 


eOR-RESPt 


ENT-LY,  adv.     In  a  corres[K)nding 


eOR-RE-SPOND'fjVO,  frpr.  or  a.  Carrying  on  inter- 
course by  letters  ;  answering ;  agreeing ;  suiting. 
Corresponding  mnmher  of  a  aoeietii^  one  residing  at  a 
distance,  wtio  Is  invited  to  hold  intercourse  with  the 
society,  and  aid  in  carrying  out  its  designs. 

eOiURE-SPON'SI  VE,  a.     Answerable  ;  adapted. 

Shak. 

€OR-RE-8PON'SIVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  corresponding 
manner. 

€OR'RI-D0R,  n.  [Fr.  ;  Pp.  earredor,  from  correr  ;  It. 
correre  ;  I<.  eurro,  to  run,  to  tlow.  'J'he  termination 
dor  may,  perha[iK,  be  the  L.  for,  as  in  curator,  eursi- 
tor.  Corricii^siKinfies  a  runner;  hence,  a  running, 
flowing,  or  long  line.] 

1.  In  arekUceture,  a  gallery  or  open  communication 
round  a  bunding,  leading  to  several  chanilKtrs  at  a 
distance  from  each  other.  Brande. 


COR 

2.  In  fortification y  the  covered  way  lying  round  the 
whole  coujpass  of  tlie  fortifications  of  a  place. 

Harris. 
COR-RI'<^EJ^DAy  n.pl.     [L.]     Things  or  words  to 

be  corR'cted. 
€OR'RI-6l-IJLE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  corrigo^  to  correct.] 

1.  That  may  be  set  right,  or  amended  j  as,  a  corri- 
gible defect. 

2.  That  may  be  reformed  ;  as,  the  young  man  may 
be  corrigible. 

3.  Punishable  ;  that  may  bo  chastised  for  correc- 
tion.    He  was  adjudijod  corrigible  for  abusive  words, 

eoR'RI-6l-BLE-i\ESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  cor- 
rigible. 

eOR-Ri'VAL,  n.  A  fellow  rival;,  a  competitor. 
More  correctly,  Corival,  which  see. 

€OR'RI-VaTE,  v.  U     [L.  con  and  rivus.) 

7'o  draw  water  out  of  several  streams   into  one. 

i  Little  used.]  Burton 

R-RI-Va'TION,  b.  The  ninning  of  dillerent 
streams  into  one.     [JVot  much  nsed.]  Barton. 

C0R-R0B'0-RA.\T,rt.  [SeeConaoBORiTE.]  Strength- 
ening ;  having  the  )>ower  or  quality  of  giving 
strength  ;  as,  a  corroborant  medicine. 

€0R-R0B'0-RANT,  n,  A  medicine  that  strengthens 
the  bunian  bodv  when  weak. 

COR-ROB'O-RaTE,  r.  U  [L.  eorroboro ;  con  and 
roboroy  to  strengilion,  from  robur^  strength.  Class 
Rb.] 

1.  To  strengthen  ;  to  make  strong,  or  to  give  addi- 
.  tional  strength  to;  as,    to  corroborate  Ihe  nerves;  to 

corroborate  the  Judgment,  authority,  or  habits. 

Watts.      fVotton. 

2.  To  confirm  ;  to  make  more  certain.  The  news 
was  doubtful,  but  is  corroborated  bv  recent  advices. 

€0R-R0B'0-RA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  S{rt;ngthened  ;  con- 
firmed ;  rendered  more  certain. 

eOR-ROB'O-RATING,  ;»;>r.  or  a.  Strengthening; 
giving  lirmness  or  additional  assuranc<s 

COR-ROH-O-RA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  strengthening 
or  confirming;  addition  of  strength,  assurance,  or 
security  ;  confirm:ition  ;  as,  the  corroboration  of  an 
argument,  or  of  intelligence. 

eOR-ROB'O-RA-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  of 
giving  strength,  or  additional  strength  ;  tending  to 
Confirm. 

eOR-ROB'O-RA-TIVE,  n.  A  medicine  that  slrength- 
ens  ;  a  currobunint. 

COR-RdDE',  v.t.     {U.corrodo  ;  con  and  rof/o,to  gnaw, 
-  -S 
Ar..  ya  J I  aradJia,  to  eat  or  gnaw,  (qu.  raio  and  crude  ;) 

It.   corroflcre,   roil  ere  i  Fr.   corroilrr;  Sp.  eorroer;  W. 
rhwtiaWj  to  corrode,  to  rub  or  fret.] 

1.  To  eat  away  by  degrees  ;  to  wear  away,  or  dimin- 
ish by  gradually  sejKirating  small  particles  from  a  body, 
in  the  manner  an  animal  gnaws  a  sub:dtance.  Thus 
nitric  acid  corrodes  copper. 

2.  To  wear  away  by  degrees;  to  prey  njwn  ;  to 
impair;  to  consume  or  diminish  by  slow  degrees. 
Jealousy  and  envy  corrode  the  constitution.  Sub- 
stances arc  corroded  by  time.  *I'he  anxious  man  is  a 
victim  lo  corroding  care. 

eOR-ROO'EI),  pp.  or  fl.  Eaten  away  gradually; 
worn  :  diminished,  imiKiired,  by  slow  degrees. 

€OR-R6'HE.\T,  lu  Having  the  power  of  corroding 
or  wasting  by  degrees. 

eOR-RO'UENT,  n.  Any  substance  or  medicine  that 
corrtxies.  Coze. 

€OR-R0'UI-ATE,  r.  U    That  eats  away  by  degrees. 

Sandys. 

€OR-RO-DI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  cor- 
rodiblo. 

€OR-RO'DI-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  corroded.    Brown. 

€OR-R0I)'IN<J,  ppr.  or  a.  Ealing  away  gradually  ; 
impairing  ;  wasting. 

eOR'RO-DY.  [See  Cobodt.I  But  Cobbodt  would 
be  the  most  correct  orthography. 

COR-RO  rtl-BIL'l-TY.     See  ConnoDiBiLiTT. 

COR-RO'SI-BLE.     See  CoaaoDiBLE. 

eOR-RO'SI  BLE-NESS,  n.  Tiie  quality  of  being  cor- 
rosilile. 

COR-RO'SION,  (kor-rO'zhun,)  n.  [from  corrode..']  The 
actitm  of  eating  or  wearing  away  by  slow  dojireesjas 
by  the  action  of  acids  on  meliils,  by  which  the  sub- 
stance is  gmdiially  changed.  This  is  effected  by  the 
affinity  of  the  menstruum  with  the  component  parts 
of  the  substance,  in  consequence  of  which  Hie  two 
substances  unite  and  form  new  conibin:iti<iiis. 

eOR-Ro'SIVK,  a.  Eating;  wearing  away;  having 
the  power  of  gradually  wearing,  consuming,  or  im- 
pairing ;  as,  corrosive  sublimate  ;  corrosive  care  ;  a 
corrosive  ulcer. 
2.  Having  the  qimlity  of  fretting  or  vexing. 
Corrosire  sublimate;  an  acrid  pois<m  of  great  viru- 
lence.    It  is  a  bi-chlorid  of  mercury. 

eOR-RO'SIVE,  n.     That   which   has  the   quality    Df 
eating  or  wenring  gradually. 
2.  That  which  has  the  ptiwcr  of  fretting.     Hooker. 

€OR-R6'SIVE-LV,  arfy.  Like  a  corrosive;  with  the 
power  of  corrosion  ;  in  a  corrosive  manner. 

eOR-R^'SIVE-iNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  corroding, 
eating  away,  or  wearing ;  acrimony.  BoyU, 


TONE,  BUU-»  tINITE.  — AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS.  — e  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  »  as  Z ;  CH  as  SB  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

269~ 


COR 

€OR'RU-GANT, «.    [See  Coriu'oatb.]    Having  ihe 

power  of  contracting  into  wrinklfs. 
€OR  RL'-OATE,  r.  L     [L.  earrugo:  eon  nnd  ruiro,  to 

wrinkle,  in  our  vulgar  language,  to  ruck^  \V.  rkt/^u^ 

to  furrow.] 

To  wrinsle  ;  to  draw  ctt  contract  into  folds  ;  n?,  to 

HfrrHgate.  the  skin.  Bacon. 

€OR'RL'-GATE,  a.     Wrinkled.  Young. 

eOR'RL'-GA-TEI),  pp.  or  a.     Wrinkled. 
eOR'RU-G.\-TI\G,  ppr.    Contrarting  into  wrinkles. 
€X)R-RU-G.X'TIO.\,  m.     A  %vrinkling ;    contnutioa 

into  wrinkles. 
eOR'RU-G.^-TOR,  ■.    A  muscle  which  coatracU  the 

skin  of  the  foreliead  into  wrinkles.  Cikm. 

eOR-RUPT',  F.  t.     [L.  c€»rrii;t(*«,  from  comtmp&,  torn 

and  rumpo^  for  rmpoy  to   br^ak ;  Fr.  owraayrtf  lU 

eorromprrf  ;  Sp.  corromprr.     Class  Rtkl 
Ubrailf,  to  break,  se[Ktmte,  or  dissolve.     Hence, 

1.  To  change  f^xu  a  inonnd  to  a  pmrid  or  putfe»- 
cent  state  ;  to  separate  the  atniponent  parts  nf  a 
body,  as  by  a  natural  process,  which  i«  accuinpanled 
by  a  fetid  smell. 

2.  To  vitiate  or  deprave  ;  to  cbaacc  from  good  to 
bod. 

E>S  ODBUBiadEsltaaa  cam^  goad  nuinen.  —  1  Cot,  it. 

3.  To  waste,  spoQ,  or  cotuume. 

Iajt  mat  ap  $»  ywawtrw  UfMiia  oa  euih,  whrre  moth  uul 
raM  <loOi  CBCTM^  —  Mou.  vi. 

4.  To  defile  or  pollute.     £z.  xxxii. 

&.  To  entice  from  good  and  allure  to  evil.  0  Cor.  xi. 

6.  To  pervert  i  to  break,  disobey,  or  make  void. 
Jlfai.ii. 

7.  To  pervert  or  vitiate  integrity  ;  to  bribe  ;  as,  to 
c*mqt(  a  judge. 

8.  To  debase  or  render  impure,  by  alterations  or 
tnnovatinns  ;  as,  to  e0rrupt  languase. 

ft.  To  pervert ;  to  falsify  ;  to   inlVet  with  errors  ; 
as,  to  titrupi  the  sacred  text. 
eOR-RUPT*,  nw  t.    To  bt-rorae  putrid  ;  to  pfilrefy  ;  to 
rot.    Anlmkl  and  vegeuiltle  substances  speedily  cor- 
rtat  in  a  warm  and  moist  air. 

5.  To  become  vitiated  ;  to  low  puritv. 
eOR-Rt^PT',  «.     [U  e^rruptMA  ;  It.  eorr»Uo.] 

1.  Cbanfied  fnwn  a  sound  to  a  putrid  state,  tt  by 
natural  decomposition. 

3.  Spoiled  ;  taivtcd  i  vitiated  ;  unsound  ;  as.  eor- 
mtpt  air  or  bread.  Knwfa, 

3.  Depraved  ■■,  vitiated  ;  tainted  with  wickedness. 

They  an  torritft;    dvy   lu<re  doue    Bboniia»Ue  wofki.~-Ps. 

xiv. 
Tha  Mnh  wm  eamtpt  ^ekn  God. — Gen.  li. 

4.  Debased  ;  rendered  impure  j  changed  to  a  worse 
Mate  ;  as,  rvmipt  L-ineiiaee. 

5.  \ot  prnuine;  infected  with  errors  or  mistakes. 

The  text  l*«  tarrmpL 
,€OR-RLTPT'EI>.  w.  or  a.  Putrefied;  vitiated;  de- 
praved ;  sptuled  ;  marred  ;  bribed ;  infected  with 
errors. 
eOR-RfPT'ER,  «.  One  who  corrtjpts ;  one  who 
vitiates  or  taints  ;  as,  a  torrupter  of  morals,  or  of 
Christianity. 

3.  One  who  bribes;  that  which  depraves  or  de- 
stroys integrity. 
3,  One  who  introduces  errors. 
€OR-RUPT-i-BIL'I-TY,  n.    The  possibility  of  being 

corrupted. 
COR-RrPT'I-BLE,«.  [Ft.  eorruptibte :  ll.  eomUtibOe.] 

1.  That  may  be  corrupted  ;  that  may  become  pu- 
trid ;  subject  to  decay  and  destruction.  Our  bodies 
are  ctn-mptiblt, 

2.  That  may  be  viti^ited  in  qualities  or  principles  ; 
msceptible  of  depravation.  Manners  are  corruptibU 
by  evil  eiainple. 

eOR-RCPT'I-Bl>E,  m.  That  which  may  decay  and 
perish  ;  the  human  body. 

Thia  CQrTap6&i4  matt  pot  oa  ineoiruption.  —  t  Cor.  xv. 

COR-RCPT'I-nLE-N'ESS,  n.  Susceptibility  of  cor- 
niption  ;  corruptibility. 

eOR-RUPT'I-BLV,a</r.  In  such  a  manner  as  to  be 
eomipted  or  vitiated. 

€OR-RL'PT'IXG,  p;»r.  Putrefying  ;  depraving;  viti- 
atine. 

eOR-RCPT'IXG,  a.    Fitted  or  tending  to  deprave  or 

eOR-RL*P'TIO.N,  a.     [L.  eorruptio.]  [vitiate. 

1.  The  act  of  corrupting,  or  strtie  of  being  corrupt 

or  putrid;  the  destruction   of   the   natural  form  of 

bodies,  by  the  separation  of  the  component  parts,  or 

by  disorganuation,  in  the  process  of  putrefaction. 

Thsa  wOt  aol  arfbr  Af  Holy  One  to  ko  eerrupion,  —  Pt. 

S.  Putrid  natter ;  pus. 

3.  Putrescence ;  a  foul  state  occasioned  by  putre- 
faction. 

4.  Depravity  ;  wickedness  ;  perversion  or  deterio- 
ration of  moral  principles ;  loss  of  purity  or  integrity. 

UaT»r  r^caprd  t^  emmtp6om  that  ■  In  the  vorid  ihrou'rti  lusL 

—  Z  Prt.  i.  * 

CorrujiOtM  in  clectkoa  b  the  gnu  eaemjr  at  freedom. 

5.  Debasement ;  taint ;  or  tendency  to  a  worse 
■tate. 

Kt^p  my  honor  from  mrruplion.  Shot. 


COR 

6.  Impurity;  depravation;  debasement;  as, acor- 
rujition  of  l:vi>pu!ii,'e, 

7.  Bribtry.     Ilu  obtained  his  suit  by  comiptivn. 

8.  In /rttr^  taint ;  impurity  of  blmxt,  in  consequence 
of  an  act  of  attnmder  of  treadou  or  felttny,  by  which 
a  pertton  is  disitbled  to  inherit  lands  from  an  ancestor, 
nor  can  retain  those  in  his  possession,  nur  transmit 
them  by  descent  to  hia  heirs. 

if  mr 
Biackttotf. 

COR-RUPT'IVE,  0.  Having  the  quality  of  corrupting, 
tainting,  or  vitiating. 

It  ■hiNiM  tic  eiiilueil  wtUi  aonie  comtpdve  qtuOity,  Baj/, 

eOR-RUPT'LESS,  s.  Not  susceptible  of  corruption 
or  decav.  Dnjdm. 

COR-Kl'In^'LY,  adv.    In  a  comipl  manner  ;    witli 

comiption ;  viciously  ;  wickedly  ;  without  integrity. 

We  Imtc  dealt  Tei;  torrvpily  KfainM  thee.  —  Neh.  L 

2.  Rv  briberv.    A  judgment  was  obtained  corruptly. 
€OIVRt*Fr'.\ESS,   a.     The  state  of  being  corrupt; 
putrid  stale  or  putrescence. 

2.  A  state  of  moral  impurity  ;  as,  the  corruptness 
of  a  judge. 

X  A  vicious  state ;  debasement;  impurity;  as, the 
eorruptmess  of  language. 
€OR-RL'PT'UES8,  a.    A  female  that  corrupts  others. 

Bfauin,  and  Fl. 
COR'SXIR,  «.     [Fr.  corsaire;  Sp.  eorsario^iv  cruising 
by  a   privateer;  earsear^  to  cruise  ;  U.  corsare^  a  pi- 
rate, from  corsoy  a  course  or  career  ;  L.  cursus,  from 
curro,  to  run.l 

A  tenn  applied,  especially  in  the  south  of  Europe, 
to  a  pirate  ;  one  who  cruises  or  scours  the  ocean, 
with  an  armed  vessel,  without  a  commission  from 
any  prince  or  state,  to  seize  and  plunder  merchant- 
men ;  also,  a  pinttjcal  vessel. 
eOR'SAK,  n.     A  species  of  fox.  Pennant. 

CORSE  or  COR:?E,  n.     [Fr.  corps;  L.  corpus.] 

A  corpse  ;  Ihe  dead  body  of  a  human  being;  a 
poftieal  word.  Jiddison. 

eORSE'-EN-eUM'BER-ED,  a.      Loaded   with   dead 

bodies  ;  as,  the  corst-eneumbertd  plains.         Barlow. 
€ORSE'-PRES  ENT,  n.     A  mortuary  or  present  paid 

at  the  interment  of  a  dead  binly.  Blackstonr. 

eORSE'LET,  a.  [Fr.  coraeUt  i  IL  corsaUtto  f  from 
eorsf.] 

1.  A  little  cuiras^  or  an  armor  to  cover  the  body 
for  prtjtection,  worn  formerly  by  pikeinen.     Eneyc. 

2.  That  part  of  a  winded  insect  to  which  the 
wings  and  legs  are  altarhed,  and  which  answers  to 
the  breast  of  other  animals. 

eORSE'l^ET,  r.  u    To  encircle  with  a  corselet. 

BrMum. 
CORSE'LET-EO,  pp.    Encircled  with  a  corselet. 
COR.SE'LET-LVG,  ppr.     Encircling  with  a  corselet. 
eOR'SET,    n.     [Fr.,  from  ctfTje.]     A  bodice;    jumps; 
something  worn  to  give  shape  to  the  body  ;  used  by 
ladies  and  dandies. 
eOR'HET,  B.  L     To  inclose  in  corsets. 
€OR'tfET-En,  pp.     Confined  in  corsets. 
COR'SET-I\G,  ppr.     Confining  in  corsets, 
€OR'SET-I>G,  n.    The  act  or  practiceof  binding  with 

corsets. 
CORS'.VED,  n.     [Sax.  corsnadt^  comp.  of  corse,  curse, 
and  sntedy  a  mouttiful,  piece,  or  bit.    It  is  called  also 
Hcd-brewly  need-bread,  bread  of  necessity.] 

The  morsel  of  execnition,  or  curse ;  a  piece  of 
bread  consecrated  by  exorcism,  and  to  be  swallowed 
by  a  suspected  person,  as  a  trial  of  his  innocence. 
If  guilty,  it  was  supposed  that  the  bread  would  pro- 
duce convulsions  and  paleness,  and  find  no  passage. 
If  innocent,  it  was  believed  it  would  turn  to  nourish- 
ment. Blackstone. 
COR'  TEf^Ey  (kor'tazh,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  the  IL  corUggio^ 
from  corUy  court.] 

A  train  of  attendants. 
COR'TES,  (kor'tez,)  n.  pU     [from  eorte,  court.]     The 
Spanish   and  Portuguese  name  of  the  states  of  the 
kingdom,  composed  of  nobility,  clergy,  and    repre- 
sentatives of   cities;    the  assembly   of  the   states, 
answering,  in  some  measure,  to  the  parliament  of 
Great  Britain. 
•eOR'TEXy  n.     [L.J  Bark,  as  of  a  tree. 
COR'TI-CAL,  a.     [from  L.  cortex,  bark.    See  Chabt.] 
Belonging  lo  bark  ;  consisting  of  bark  or  rind  ;  re- 
sembling bark  or  rind  ;  external ;  belonging  to  the 
external  covering  ;  as,  the  cortical  part  of  the  brain. 

Ckeyn  e. 
A  cortical  bud,  in  plants,  proceeds  from  the  scales  of 
the  bark.  Martyn. 

COR'TI-CATE,      (    a.      [L.  corticatus,   from   corUx, 
COR'TI-Ca-TED,  S        bark.] 

Having  or  resembling  the  bark  or  rind  of  a  tree. 

BrincTi. 
COR-TI-CIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [cortex  and  fero,   to   pro- 
duce.] 

Producing  hnrk,  or  that  which  resembles  it.   Diet. 
€OR-TIC'I-F0R.M,  (kor-Us'e-form,)  o.     [cortex  and 
form.] 

Resembling  bark. 

l8S'?{:eOUS,!   '^     Barky  ;fuU  of  bark.  DkU 


COS 

eOR'TILE.  «.  [It]  The  area  or  open  internal  cuurt- 
yiird  of  inl  welling- house  or  other  building.  Brande. 

CO-RCN'UUM,«.  A  crystallized  or  massive  miiieriU  of 
cMrenie  liardness,  consisiingof  nearly  pure  alumina. 
It  is  allied  to  the  sapphire,  and  is  sometimes  called 
adamantinr  itpar.  Brande. 

CO-KUS'CANT,  a.  [Sec  Corl'sc4te.]  Flashing  ; 
jllilteriiig  by  llashes. 

COlt'LIseAVE,  c.  i.     [L.  corn.iro,  to  flash.] 

To  flash  ;  to  litihten  ;  to  glitter.  Barlow. 

C0R-Utf-CA'TlO.\,  n.     [L.  cvruscatio.] 

1.  A  flash  ;  a  sudden  burst  of  light  in  the  clouds 
or  atmosphere.  Bacon. 

2.  The  li;:lit  produced  by  the  combustion  of  in- 
ftanunablu  gits  in  the  earth.  J^rwtuiu 

3.  Fiiruratirely,  intellectual  brilliancy;  as,  the  cor- 
uscation.-! of  genius. 

jirtificial  coruscations  arc  produced  by  phosphorus 
and  sulpliuric  acid,  or  by  sulphuric  acid  and  iron 
filings.  F.tieyc. 

COR-FF.E'y  (kor-va',)  n.  In  feudal  lato,  an  obligation 
to  perform  certain  services,  as  the  repair  nf  rmuis, 
&r,,  fcr  the  feudal  lord  or  soven'iKn.  Brande. 

CORVE'I'TE',  M.  [Fr.  corvette  i  i>p.  corveta,  a  leap,  a 
curvet,  a  boat.] 

A  sloop  of  wiir,  ranking  next  below  a  frigate,  and 
carrying  not  more  than  about  twenty  guns.  Oritrtnal- 
/y,  Corvettes  and  sliKips  of  war  were  light  vessels 
with  only  one  mast,  but  they  are  now  frig:ite-rigiy,d, 
with  three  masts,  nnd  built  fur  fast  sailing.   Lunier. 

COR-VET'TO.    See  Corvette. 

COR'VT.NE,  a.      [from    corou.t.]      Pertaining  to  the 

COR'VO-HANT.     See  Cobmobast.  [crow. 

COK'VUS,  n.     [h.  corvus,  a  niven.] 

1.  In  astruHomij,  a  constellation  of  the  southern 
hemisphere. 

3  A  military  engine  or  galley  used  by  the  Romans 
for  boarding  ships  in  war.  It  was  a  strong  platform 
of  boards  nt  the  prow,  movable  as  on  a  spindle,  and 
thrown  over  the  side  of  the  enemy's  vessel  when 
gnippled.  F.ticyc. 

COR.Y-BAN'TIC,  a.  Madly  agitated  ;  inflamerf  like 
the  Corybantes,  the  frantic  priests  of  Cybcle. 

Cu'ltrttrth. 

eOR-Y-DAL'IN-A,  )  n.     An  alkaloid   obtained  from 

COR.V-DA'LIA,      [       tlte    root   of   Corydalis  tubcr- 

COR  YD'A-L1\E,   )       osa. 

CO-RYM'BUS  (  ""  [^ '^onjmbiin ;  ijT.  Kopvu/ioi.} 
I*rimari\y,  a  top,  head,  orcluster.  In  modem  botany, 
a  species  of  intl«)rcscence,  in  which  the  lesser  or  par- 
tial rtower-stalks  are  produced  along  the  ccMumou 
stalk  on  both  sides,  and,  though  of  imeqiuU  length, 
rise  to  the  same  height,  so  as  to  form  an  even  sur- 
face, as  in  Spiraia  opulifolia,  scurvy- prass,  &,c. 

Milne.     Jitartyn, 

€0-RYM'BI-A-TEI),  a.  Garnished  with  clusters  of 
berries  or  blossoms  in  the  form  of  corymbs.     ' 

€OR-YM-BlF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  corymbifcr  ;  corymbus 
and  fern,  to  bear.] 

Producing  corymbs  ;  bearing  fruit  or  berries  in 
clusters,  or  pniducing  flowers  in  clusters.      Jildae. 

eO-RYM'BOU3,  a.  Consisting  of  corymbs  ;  in  clus- 
ters. Barton.     Lee. 

€0-RYM'BU-L0U3,  a.  Having  or  consisting  of  little 
corymbs,  Bartoiu 

eOR'Y-PHENE,  n.  A  fish  with  a  sloping,  truncated 
head,  and  the  dorsal  fin  extending  the  whole  length 
of  the  bark.  Pennant. 

eOR-Y-PllE'lTS,  n.  [Gr.  Knnv^aio^.'X  The  chief  of 
a  chorus ;  any  chief  or  leader;  as,  tne  corypknts  of 
theologians.  SoiU/u 

€0S-CIN'0-MAN-CY,  ti,  [Gr.  KocKtvovy  a  sieve,  and 
fiatreta,  divination.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  divination,  by  suspending  a 
sieve  and  taking  it  between  two  fingers,  or  by  fixing 
it  to  the  point  of  a  pair  of  shears,  then  r<"pt^aling  a 
fonnula  of  words,  and  the  names  of  persons  sus- 
pected. If  the  sieve  trembles,  shakes,  t)r  turns. 
when  any  name  is  repeated,  the  person  is  deemed 
guilty.  This  divination  i3  mentioned  by  Theocritus, 
and  is  said  to  be  still  practiced  in  some  parts  of 
England.  The  practice  and  the  name  are  strangers 
in  America. 

eO-Si:'€ANT,  n.  [See  SECAtcx.]  In  geometry,  the 
secant  of  the  complement  of  an  arc  or  angle. 

Cm'ES.     See  Cozen.  [Barlow. 

eOS'KN-AGE.     See  CozcrrAGE. 

eO-SE\'TlENT,  (-sen'shent,)  a.  Perceiving  together. 

CO'SEY,a.     Snug  ;  comfortable. 

2.  Ciiatty  or  talkative.  Smart, 
eO'ffil-LY,  adv.  Snugly  ;  comfortably.  Smart. 
CO'SiER,  fk6'zher,)».    [Fr.  cousu,  co'udrc,]    A  botcher. 

[J^ot  used.]  Shak. 

CoS'IN-AOE,  (kuz'in-aje,)  n.  [Fr.  cousinage,  kin- 
dred.    See  Cousin.] 

In  law,  a  writ  to  recover  possession  of  an  estate  in 
lands,  when  a  stranger  has  entered  and  abated,  after 
the  death  of  the  tresail,  or  the  grandfather's  grand- 
father, or  other  collateral  relation.  Blackstone. 

€5'-SI.\E,  n.  [See  SinE.]  In  geometry,  the  sine  of 
the  complement  of  an  arc  or  angle.  Barlow. 

eOS-.MET'lC,  o.  [Gr.  voir/iqrixus,  from  ko(t/«o$,  order, 
beauty.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MkTE,  PREY.  — PLVE.  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

^0  "~~~~~^  "  " 


COS 

Benutityin^;  impruving  boauly,  p:irticul:ifly  the 
beauty  of  ihe  skin. 

€OS-MET'l€,  7u  Any  external  Rppltcation  that  ren- 
ders the  skin  sod,  pure,  and  white,  aiid  hulps  to  beau- 
tify and  improve  the  coinph*xion.  Kncyc. 

G<)¥'.M1G,  a.     Cosmiciil  j  relating  to  the  nniverse. 

COS'Ml€-AL,  a.  [Or.  KoafiiKoSy  from  (toj^jj,  order, 
the  world.] 

1.  Relating  to  tlte  world,  or  to  the  whole  system 
of  viitible  bodies,  including  the  earth  and  stars. 

2.  In  aneieHt  astronomy^  rising  or  setting  with  the 
sun  ;  not  acroiiical.  Brande, 

€OS'MI€>AL-LY,  ado.  With  the  sun  at  rising  or  set- 
ting ;  a  stjir  is  said  to  rise  or  set  coamicallu,  wlit-n  it 
ri^B  or  sets  witii  the  sun.  Brande, 

€OS-.MOG'0-NIST,  n,  [See  Cosmooomt.]  One  who 
treats  of  the  origin  or  forin:ition  of  the  universe  ;  one 
who  is  versed  in  cosmogony.  Enfield. 

eOS-MOG'0-NY,  n.  [Gr.  K^^cyLoyoyta;  jciff/ios,' world, 
j-oi'*;,  generation.] 

The  generation,  origin,  or  creation  of  the  world  or 
universe.  In  physics,  the  science  of  the  origin  or  for- 
mation of  the  universe.  Enfield.     Eneyc. 

eOS-MOG'RA-PHER,  n.  [See  Cosmociiapht.]  One 
who  describes  the  world  or  universe,  including  the 
heavens  and  the  earth  ;  one  who  is  versed  in  co;^ 
mography. 

€0S-MO-GRAPH'ie,         )  a.     Relating  to  the  general 

eo.<-.MO-GRAPirie-AL,  i  description  of  the  uni- 
verse :  ptTtaining  to  cosmography. 

eOS-MO-GRAPH'I€-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  re- 
lating to  the  science  of  describing  the  univcr^,  or 
ciirresponding  to  cosmography. 

€0«-.MOG'RA-PHY,  «.  [Gr.  .fo-r/j  .>pa0ia;  xocftus, 
the  World,  and  yumpot,  to  describe.] 

A  descrifrtion  of  the  world  or  universe  ;  or  Che 
Bcience  which  teaches  the  constitution  of  the  whole 
system  of  worlds,  or  the  fi;:ure,  disp>)sition,and  rela- 
tion of  all  ita  parts,  and  the  manner  of  repnsenting 
them  on  a  plane.  Brautle. 

eOS'MO-L,ABE,  n.  [Gr.iroff;i'>s,  world,  and  Aj/^/i^j-w, 
to  take.] 

An  ancient  instrument  for  measuring  distances  in 
the  heavens  or  on  eartli.  Barlow. 

€0S-MOL'A-TRY,  h.  [Gr,  Koo^oi,  world,  and  Xa- 
roLi'i,}^  lo  wnrship.] 

The  worship  paid  to  the  world  or  its  parts  by 
heathen.".  CitdtcortA. 

€OS-MO-LOC'ie-AL,  a.  [See  Cosmol.ov.]  Rela- 
ting to  a  discourse  or  treatise  of  ttie  world,  or  to  the 
science  of  the  universe  ;  pertjtining  to  coscnologv. 

€0«-MOL'0-tirST,  B.  One  who  describes  theuni- 
vi-r^e  ;  one  who  is  versed  in  cosmology. 

€0«->!0L'O-6Y,  n.  [Gr.  K»ait>\uyta;  «off/»os,  the 
universe,  and  Xi>^n(,  discourse.] 

The  science  of  the  world  or  universe;  ora  treatise 
relating  to  thu' structure  and  [>arU  of  the  system  of 
creation,  the  elements  of  bodies,  the  mod'itications 
nf  material  things,  tlie  laws  of  motion,  and  the  order 
and  Course  of  nature.  Enaic.     Entieid. 

€0»- MO-PL AS'Tie,  a.  [Gr.  kooho^I  world,  and 
ffA  iflff'j,  to  form.] 

World-forming  ;  pertaining  to  the  formation  of  the 
world.  HaUvwelL 

eO»-.MO-POL'r-TA\, )  n.     [Gr.   ififf/i.t,   world,  and 

eO»-MOP'0-UTE,      \     vuXirni,  a  citijM-n.] 

A  person  who  ha.^  no  fixed  residence  ;  one  who  is 
nowhere  a  Granger,  or  who  is  at  home  in  every 
place;  a  citizen  of  the  world.  HoteelL 

€OS-MO-POL'I-TAN-I8M,  a.  Citizenship  of  the 
world. 

eog-MOP'O-Lrr-ISM,  n.  The  state  of  mon,  In 
which  all  nations  form  one  S4H:ial  cttmmunity,  free 
fri'H)  national  prejudices  and  attachments,  or  in 
which  the  common  interest  of  the  whole  is  the  object 
of  piihlir  measiirf!f. 
2.  Huperior  regard  to  the  public  weal,    Cfudmerg, 

COS  MO-RX'MA,  n.  [Gr.  noottuij  world,  and  opau, 
to  see. J 

A  picturesque  exhibition,  consisting  of  a  number 
of  drawtnus,  which  are  laid  tiorizontally  round  a 
•emicircniar  table,  reft^-cted  by  mirrors  placed  oppo- 
sil'- to  tliem  diagonally,  and  virwed  ttiroueti  a  coti- 
vex  lt;n»  placed  in  front  of  each  mirror.  The  pi<- 
turr-M  are  illuminated  by  lamps  so  situated  as  not  to 
bf  seen  by  Ihf  upecfalor.  Brandt* 

€'  >K-Mo  R.A  Vnc,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  cosmorama. 

€0«'M')  SPHERE,  n.  [Gr.  K-icrttni  and  a^p-noa.]  An 
apparatus  for  showing  the  position  of  the  earth,  at 
nny  given  tunc,  with  respt^ct  to  the  dxed  stars.  It 
conxi«i'«  of  a  hollow  gl.-iss  glt*be,  on  which  are  de- 
picted th^  stars  forming  the  constellations,  and  with- 
in which  is  a  terr»'strial  globe.  lleberl.    . 

eoS.^,  N.  A  fiindoo  measure  of  one  English  mile  and 
a  quarter,  nearly.  A.nai.  Rcjt. 

2.   Mircbra,  when  fir^t  brought  into  Europe,   was 

called  the  Rale  of  Co.<^,  probalily  from  the  Italian 

ftffrntt  fii  Coxa,  the  rule  of  the  thing,  the  unknown 

(ii:  called  eov»fl.    Hence,  old  writers  s|>eak 

ilicr*,  and  Ihe  tMMie  art.  Brande. 

*  One  of  a  military  people,  skillful  as 

iior<M'iiiiii,  who  inhabit  the  Ukraine,  iti  the  Russian 
•mpire. 


cos 

COS'SAS,  n.  pi.  Plain  India  muslins,  of  various  qual- 
ities and  breadths. 

eOS''SE'r,  n.  [(In.  G.  kossat,  like  D.  huislamy  and 
from  the  root  of  cw(,  or  house ;  It.  caskciv,  from  casa, 
a  house.] 

A  lamb  brougtit  up  by  hand,  or  without  the  aid  of 
the  dam.     II<'nce,  a  pet. 

eoS'Sie,  a.     Relating  to  algebra.     [See  Coss.] 

Bp.  Hall 

€OST,  n.  [G.  D.  Sw.  and  Dan.  kost;  It.  cosdus;  W. 
cost^  coast  and  cost ;  Fr.  citiit ;  Arm.  eoust.  See  the 
verb.] 

1.  'I'he  price,  value,  or  equivalent  of  a  thing  pur- 
chased i  the  amount  in  value  paid,  charged,  or  en- 
gaged to  be  paid,  for  any  tiling  bought  or  taken  in 
barter.  The  word  is  equally  applicable  to  the  price 
in  money  or  commodities;  as,  the  cusl  of  a  suit  of 
clothes  ;  the  cost  of  a  house  or  farm. 

2.  ExptMise ;  amount  in  value  expended  or  to  be 
expended  ;  charge  ;  that  which  is  given,  or  to  be 
given,  for  another  thing. 

I  will  tir.i  oIliT  biinit-o(rfring»  without  cosL  —  1  Chron.  xxt. 
H.IVC  wc  »-;ii*?n  at  all  at  th'- king's  cort  ?  —  2  Sam.  xix. 
The  co4l  uf  nauaVxhuug  arniiea  is  iiiuuetue,  util  ufura  rutnoiia. 

Anon. 

3.  In  latp,  the  sum  fixed  by  law,  or  allowed  by  the 
court,  for  ctiarges  of  a  suit  awarded  against  the  parly 
losing,  in  favor  of  the  party  prevailing,  Slc.  'I'he 
jury  find  that  the  plaintiff  recover  of  the  defendant 
ten  dollars  with  cosU  of  suit,  or  with  his  cosL 

4.  Liws  or  ex(»ense  of  any  kind  ;  detriment ;  pain  ; 
suffering.  The  vicious  man  indulges  his  propen- 
sities at  a  great  cosL 

5.  Snmptuousness  ;  great  expense.  Shak. 
€0.'^T,   V.   L  f  prct.  and  pp.  Cost.     [G.  and  D.  kosten ; 

Dan.  kostfri  Sw.  kosta;  Fr.  eout^r,  for  eouster; 
Ann.  ct»u>-fa,  cvtt.*tein;  W.  costiau) ;  It.  costare ;  Sp. 
costur;  Port,  c iwtar ;  Ir,  cosnam.  The  noun  cost 
coincides  in  most  of  these  languages  with  coast  and 
L.  eojfta,  a  rib,  the  exterior  parL  The  primary 
sense  of  the  verb  is,  to  Uirow  or  send  out,  to  cu«f,  as 

we  say,  to  lay  out.  Qu.  the  Ar.  and  Pers.  (wUsamJ" 

kostason^  a  balance,  or  pair  of  scales,  from  Hiu  T 
kastaa^  to  di.strihute.  I  call  this  a  transitive  verb.  In 
the  phrase,  a  hat  co-fU  six  dollars,  the  sense  is,  it  ex- 
pends, lays  out,  or  causes  to  be  laid  out,  six  dollars,] 

1.  To  require  to  be  given  or  expended  in  barter  or 
purchase  ;  to  be  bought  for  ;  as,  this  book  cont  a  dol- 
lar;  the  army  and  navy  amt  four  millions  a  year. 

2.  To  require  to  be  laid  out,  given,  bestowed,  or 
employed  ;  as,  Johnson's  Dictionary  cost  liim  seven 
years'  labor. 

3.  To  require  to  be  borne  or  suffered.  Our  sins 
cost  U!i  many  pains.  A  sense  of  ingi^atitude  to  his 
Maker  eo^tis  the  penitent  sinner  many  pangs  and 
sorrows, 

COST'AL,  0.  [Fr.  costal^  from  I*,  costoy  a  coast,  side 
or  rib  ;  Sp.  costa^  cost,  and  a  coast ;  eosteary  to  pay 
costs,  to  coast  ahing.  A  coast  or  side  is  the  extreme 
part,  a  limit,  from  extending,  Uirowing  or  shooting 
out,  Eng.  to  east.] 

Pertaining  to  the  side  of  the  body  or  the  riba ;  as, 
costal  nerves. 
COST'ARD,  n.     A  head.     [J^ot  used.]  SAak. 

2.  An  apple  round  and  bulky,  tike  the  head, 

Johnson. 
COST'ARD-M0\"Gr.R,/  (-mung'ger,)  n.     An  apple- 
COST'ER-M0\"GER,    \       seller  ;  applied  to  hawk- 
ers and  peddlers  who  sell  fruit ;  a  fruiterer, 

Brandc.     Rich.  Diet, 
COS'TATE,      )         rr        ^    1 
eOS'TA-TED,  !  **     i^  ^"^-i 

Ribbed  ;  having  ribs,  or  the  appearance  of  ribs. 

Brande. 
COS'TIVE,  a.     [Contracted  from  It.  eostipata,  costt- 
pare,  from  the  C  eonslipo,  to  cram,  to  stuff';  con  and 
stipoy  to  cram.] 

1.  Literally,  crowded,  sluffi^d,  as  the  intestines; 
hence,  bound  in  IxHiy  ;  retaining  fucal  matter  in  the 
bowels,  in  a  hard  and  dry  state  ;  having  the  excre- 
ments obstructed,  or  the  motion  of  the  bowels  too 
slow. 

2.  Dry  and  hard  j  as,  costive  clay.     [JVot  used.] 

Mortimer. 

COS'TIVE-LY,  (u/u.    With  costivcness. 

CDS'TIVE-NESS,  n.  A  preU'rnalural  detention  of 
the  fecal  matter  of  the  bowels,  with  hardness  and 
dryness;  an  obstruction  or  preternatural  slowness  of 
evacuations  from  the  bowels.  Medicine. 

COST'LESS,  o.     Ctjsting  nothing.  Barrow, 

€()ST'I.I-ER,  o.  comp.     More  costly. 

COST'LI-KST,  o.  superl.     Most  costly. 

eoHT'IJ-NESS,  n.  [See  Costlv.]  Expensivcness ; 
great  cost  or  expenan ;  sumptuousness.  Rec.  xviii. 
19'  Si/lney. 

COST'LY,  a.  [from  cost.]  Of  a  high  price  ;  sump- 
tuous ;  expensive  ;  purchased  at  a  great  expense  ;  as, 
a  costly  habit ;  cottty  furniture. 

Mktt  u>uh  K  pound  o(  ■piknnafd,  veiy  eoatly.  — John  xii. 


COT 

€OST'MA-RY.  n.      Gr  Koaroiy  h.  castas,  an  aromatic 
plant,  and  Maria.    Ar  and  Pers.  U.^V  kosu] 
A  species  of  tansy,  or  Tanacetum  ;  alecoBt. . 
eOS'TREL,  n,     A  bottle.     [AVf  in  use.] 
COS-TCME',  w.     [Fr.  eostuine,  custom.] 

1.  In  ;>ainft«£-,*a  rule  or  precept  by  wlncli  an  artist 
is  enjoined  to  make  every  person  and  thing  sustain 
its  proper  character,  observing  the  scene  of  action, 
the  country  or  place,  and  making  the  habits,  arms, 
manners,  and  proportions  correspond.  Hence,  the 
observance  of  this  rule  in  execution.  Eneyc. 

2.  An  established  mode  of  dress,  particularly  that 
which  is  appropriate  to  a  given  age,  place,  per- 
son, &.C. 

eO-SUF'FER-ER,  n.     One  who  suffers  with  another. 

CO-SU-PUkME',  h,    A  partakerof  supremacy.  Shak. 

€O-S0RE''J'Y,  (slmre'te,)  n.  One  who  is  surety  with 
another,  Mass.  Rep. 

Co'SY.    See  Cosev,  or  Cozt. 

€OT,     I   n.    [Sax.  cot,  eote,  eyte  ;  G.  koth;  D.  kot;  W. 

€oTE,  (  art.  In  Welsh,  the  word  signifies  a  cot,  a 
hovel  or  stye,  an  abrupt  termination,  a  rump,  a  tail, 
a  skirt.  Cwta,  short,  abrupt,  bob-tailed  ;  cwtau,  to 
shorten.  Tliis  indicates  that  cot  is  from  cutting  ofl^, 
and  hence  dt-fending.] 

1.  A  small  house  ;  a  hut;  a  mean  habitation  ;  also, 
a  shed  or  inclosure  for  beasts.    2  Chron.  ixxii, 

2.  A  leathern  cover  for  a  sore  linger. 

3.  An  abridgment  of  cotquean, 

4.  A  cade  lamb.     [Local.]  Orose. 

5.  A  little  boat. 
GOT      i 

COTT     "*    i'^^^-  c"')  "**)  a  bed.    Qu.  Gr.  Kotrn.) 

1.  A  small  bed, 

2.  On  board  of  ships,  a  bed  frame  suspended  from 
the  beams,  for  the  officers  to  sleep  in,  between  the 
decks  ;  a  piece  of  canvas,  extended  by  a  frame. 

eO-TA.\'GENT,  n.     The  tangent  of  the  complement 

of  an  arc  or  angle.  Barlow. 

COTE,  n.     A  sheepfold.     [See  Cot.] 
COTE,  V.  t.     To   pass   by  and   turn   before ;   to   gain 

i round  in  coursing,  and  give  a  eum[)etitor  the  turn. 
LiUle  uscd.]^  Shak      Chapman. 

-TEM-PO-ltA'NE-OUS,  a.      [Infra.]     Living   or 
being  at  the  same  time. 
CO-TEMPO-Ua'NE-OUS-LY,    adv.      At    the    same 

lime  with  some  other  event. 
eO-TEM'I'O-RA-RY,   a.      \L.   con,   co,  and    tempus, 
time.] 

Living  or  being  at  the  same  time  ;  as,  cotrmporary 
authors.     Josephus  was  cotemporary  with  Vespasian. 
Lucke.     Blackstone. 
eO-TEM'PO-RA-RY,  n.    One  who  lives  at  the  same 
time  with  another, 

[I  consider  this  word  as  preferable  to  tonlemporanj, 
as  being  more  easily  pronounced.] 
GO-TEN' A  NT,  h.     A  tenant  in  common.  Kent, 

CO-TE-RIK',  (ko-te-ree',)  n.     [Fr.]     A  circle  of  fa- 
miliar friends  i  a  meeting,  for  social  or  literary  inter- 
course. Brande. 
CO-TERM'IN-OUS,  a.     [See  CorcTKRMiNou!..]     Bor- 
dering U|>on  ;  adjacent  in  territory.              .Jefferson. 
eO-THl'RN'ATE,      (  a.  Buskined  :  relating  lo  trage- 
CO-'I'HrH.N'A-TED,  \  dy.                            Coekeram. 
eO-TIG'l^-LAR,  a.      [L.  coticula,  from  tos,  a  whet- 
stone.j 

Pertaining  to  whetutoncs  \  like  or  suitable  for  whet- 
stones. Kirwan. 
GO-TIL'LON,   \  ,w^,:,f^..n^    i«-   [Fr.,  a  petticoat.] 
GO-TIL'LION,!  (•**»-*'*  y""')    j      A^     brisk     dance, 
performed  by  eight   persons  together  ;  also,  a  tune 
which  regulates  the  dance. 
GOT'LAiXU,  n.     Land  appendant  to  ft  cottage. 
COT'QCkAX,  n.     A  man  who  busies  himself  with 

ilie  affairs  wliich  proi)erly  belong  to  women. 
GO-TKUS-TEE',  n.     A  joint  trustee.  KcnU 

COTS'WOLD,  «.     [Sax,  cote  and  wold.] 

A  term  ajiplied  lo  shirepcotes  in   an  open  country. 
GOT'TAGE,  B,     [from  cot.]     Properlyyn  cot;  a  hut; 
a  small  habitation  for  |KX>r  persons. 

The  •pn-ciiftst  shnJI  t«  dwellings  and  eouagt$  for  thrphfrda.  — 
Zcjth.  ii. 

The  term  Is  also  now  applied  to  small  but  neat  and 

tasteful  dwellings. 
€0'V'TA-<iEl),a.     Set  or  covered  with  cottages. 
GOT'TA-GER,  n.     Otw'  who  lives  in  a  hut  or  cottage. 
2.  In  law,  one  who  lives  on  the  common,  without 

paving  any  rent,  or  having  land  of  hi:ii  own. 
GOf 'TER,  GO'J'''J'AR,or  GOT'TI-ER,  n.    A  cottager. 
GOT'TON,  (kol'n,)  n.     [Fr.  colon;  It.  cotone ;  Ir.  ro- 

dfis ;   Sp.  nliTodon,   the   cotton    plant,  or  the   wool  ; 

eoton,  printed  cotton  ;  Port,  algodam  ;  D.  kaloen  ;  W. 

cotwin,  cotton,  dag-wool,  as  if  from  cot,  a  short  tail. 

But  it  seems  to  be  an  Arabic  word,  *U3  kotuny  cor- 
responding with  a  word  in  Ethionic  and  Syriac, 
which  signifies  to  be  thin  or  fine.  And  with  a  com- 
mon dialectical  variation,  it  may  coincide  with  the 
first  syllable  of  gos#ypium  and  gossamer,] 
1.  A  soft,  downy  substance,  resenibling  fine  wool, 


TONE,  BULL.  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  u  K ;  d  u  J  ;  0  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SII ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


cou 

frowing  in  the  caiMules  or  pods  of  Gossypmin,  the 
cuIton-plaiiL  It  is  the  material  of  a  large  propurtiou 
of  cloCb  for  ■ppait'l  and  furniture. 

&.  Ctolh  made  of  cotuin. 

Lav^rndtr-cottttH ;  the  popular  name  of  a  genus  of 
plants,  Saniolina,  of  Bt^veral  speciM  ;  shruba  culti- 
raled  in  gardens.  One  6pecirfl,ttae  ekcmutc^parissus^ 
or  Abrotanum  fcemina,  female  loutiieni-wood,  is 
TBlgariy  called  brotamy.  £ncyc. 

PkUi»«pkie  coUe*  ;  flowers  of' zinc,  wfaicb  resem- 
ble coCUm. 

8ilk-eettam  tree  ;  the  popular  name  of  a  genus  of 
planla,  the  Bombax,  frowinc  to  a  great  sue  in  the 
Indiea,  and  pnxlucing  a  kind  of  coctoo  in  capaulea. 

COTTON,  (kot'n,)  «.  Pertnming  to  cotton  ;  made 
of  cotton  i  consistiog  of  cotton ;  as,  eoOrm  cloth ; 
t0ttam  stockings. 

€OT'TO,\,  r.  i.    To  rise  with  a  napu  Jokmsmu 

3.  To  agree ;  to  unitely  cloeeljr  with  ;  a  cant  word, 

eOTT0\-6lX,  a.  A  machine  to  separate  the  seeds 
ftuni  cotton,  invented  by  Uial  celebrated  mecbaui- 
rinn.  Kli  W'hitiirv. 

C'.' ■"    ■■  -  The  popular  name  of  a  genus 

'  *  nmi. 

€> '  ■ ' ; ,  a.     Producing  cotton. 

€oi  i  L'.\->i.\-i.  ni.\K',  (kot'n-nia-cheen'j)  a.  A 
machine  for  carding  or  spmniug  cotton. 

eOT'TO.N-MILL,  ».  A  mill,  or  building,  with  ma- 
chincri-  for  carding,  roving,  and  spinning  c^tfton,  by 
the  ft>nv  (if  water  or  steam. 

€OT'T0\-PLA\T,  i   n.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Gos- 

eOT'TO.X-SHRUB,  i  s>pium,  of  several  species, 
all  growing  in  warm  climateit.  The  principal  spe- 
cies are,  1.  the  herbaceous  cotton,  with  smooth 
leaves  and  yetJow  dowers,  succeeded  by  roundish 
capsules,  full  of  seeds  and  cotton  ;  2. '  the  hairy 
American  Ciiiton,  with  hairy  stalks  and  lea%'cs,  and 
vellow  flow.ns,  succeeded  by  oval  piMls  ;  3.  the  Rar- 
badoes  shrubby  cotton  has  a  shrubby  stalk,  yellow 
flowers,  and  oval  pcwls ;  4.  the  artH>rcijm,  or  tree 
cottim,  with  a  woody,  perennu-il  stalk,  bears  yellow 
flowers  and  large  pods.  The  first  three  species  are 
annual  plants ;  Uie  la^t  is  pereiini.il.  Earyc 

In  tke  SeiUkfrm  Staift  t^jimencA^  the  cotton  culti- 
valed  IB  distinguished  into  three  kmds ;  the  mmmketn 
.  tmttam^  so  called  fmni  Ma  culler  ;  the  grt<»  getJ  cottim, 
pKoducinf  white  cotton  with  green  seeds.  These 
grow  in  the  middle  and  uppercuuntr^',and  ore  called 
skmrt  atapU  e0tt^m.  The  kUek  aanf  eait.m,  cult)\'aied 
in  the  lower  eaaatry.  near  the  aea,  and  on  the  i^Jes 

-  »cw  the  abote,  produces  cotton  of  a  fine,  white, 
aUky  appeanuKe,  very  stiong,  and  of  a*long  rtaple. 
The  seeds  of  the  lune  staple  cotton  are  separated  by 
rallergins.  The  »e«ds  of  the  short  staple  cotton  are 
separated,  with  mure  difficulty,  bv  a  saw-gin,  invented 
by  Kli  Whitney.  Ramsmg,    Drmftatu 

eOT'T OX-PRESS,  a.  A  machine  for  pressing  cotton 
into  bales. 

eOTTOX-TinS-TLE,  (kot'n-tlui-l,)  a.  A  plant,  the 
Onopordum.  MnkUabtrg. 

€OT'T0\-\VEED,  a.  A  plant,  the  FiUapo.  The 
name  is  given  also  to  the  Guaphalium,  cudweed,  or 
goldvlocks, 

eOT^t  ON-WOOD,  H.  A  tree  of  the  popiar  kind, 
the  Populus  Canodeiisis. 

COT'TO.\-Y,       j  o.    Downy;  nappy;  covered  with 

COT'TO.N-OL'S,  i       hairs  or  pube^nce,  like  cotton. 
a.  Soft,  lik^cottOQ.  [Martm. 

eOT'V-LE,  >  «.     UU.  Korv\r,.] 

€OT'V-LA,  I  The  cavity  of  a  bone  which  receives 
the  end  of  another  in  articulation. 

CO-TVI^K'DO\,  n.  \i^i.  KorvXfiSuiyj  from  ««rn>»?,  a 
hollow  or  cavity.] 

1.  In  frotaJiy,  the  peri-^hable  lube  of  the  seeds  of 
plants.  It  involves  and  nourishes  the  embryo  plant, 
and  then  perishes.  Some  seeds  have  two  lobes; 
others  one  only,  and  others  none.   Martm,  Encye, 

3.  In  aaaijnty,  a  cup-shaped  vascular  body,  adher- 
ing to  the  chorion  of  some  oninials.  Sratuie. 

3.  A  genus  of  plants,  navel-wort,  or  kidney-wort, 
of  sevi-ml  species.  F.nruc 

CO-TYI^£'DO-XOU8,  a.  Pertaining  to  cotyledims; 
having  a  seed-lobe. 

eO-TVL'I-FOR.M,  a.  In  fkftioloa-vi,  an  epithet  applied 
to  such  organs  as  have  a  rotate  figure  with  an  erect 
limb.  Oilbrru 

COUCH,  r.  i,  [FV.  eovehr^  a  bed ;  wmcAer,  to  lie 
downi ;  Xonn.  omcAc,  a  cottch,  and  laid  double ;  Sp. 
gaeho,  bent  down  slouching  ;  agachame.,  to  stoop,  to 
crouch  ;  Port,  cgvdutrsr^  aeo^aparse,  to  ^oop,  crouch, 
or  squM  ;  Arm.  coaeAa  and  acoacha,  our  viilf^  aeoocA  ; 
D.  huAken ;  G.  luKken ;  Dan.  hugrr.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  lay  or  throw  down.  See  Class  Cg,  Gk, 
No.  7,  8,  9.] 

1.  To  lie  down,  as  on  a  bed  or  place  of  repose. 

2.  To  lie  down  on  the  knees  j  to  stoop  and  recline 
on  the  knees,  as  a  beast. 

Pinw  tigrrn  ooucAaI  kround.  Dryien. 

3.  To  lie  down  in  secret  or  in  ambush  j  to  lie  close 
and  concealed. 

The  Mrl  of  Afifva  touAtd  m  a  furrow.        Htufieard, 
JudAh  aoucA«d  u  a  Ikn.  —  G*n,  xlix. 


COU 

.4.  To  lie  ;  to  lie  in  a  bed  or  stratum. 

B]«M^  of  \}»  Ijonl  be  liii  land  — fut  tln^  ilew,  and  tor   the  ilwp 
"■-' '■-^  bewMh.  —  IXdt.  xxxiii. 


5.  To  Stoop  ;  to  bend  the  body  or  back  ;  to  lower 
In  reverencei  or  tu  bend  under  labor,  pain,  or  a 
burden. 

ItsAchiu-  to  m  Mnnig  an,  couching  ilown  between  iwo  biirlciii.  — 

Ovn.  xlix. 
Tfane  coucAuift,  and  Uic«e  lovl/  coutusIm.  Skak. 

COUCH,  V.  L    To  lay  down  ;   to  plane  on  a  bed  or 
place  of  rest. 


When  nntvulied  roulh,  with  Ufwtiiffed  brmin, 
X>oUi  cftMflfc  hb  lirntiL 


Shak. 


9.  To  lay  down ;  to  spread  on  a  bed  or  floor ;  as, 
to  MwcA  malt.  Mortimer. 

3.  To  lay  close,  or  in  a  stratum. 

The  »»t«T»  CQUck  UwcDMlvn,  u  dose  u  ma»  bo,  lo  ili«  ciil/r 

4.  To  hide ;  to  lay  close,  or  in  another  body. 

It  fa  In  i»P,  Rt  Ihfa  ilnjr,  tu  roucA  vfavla  in  vnlU,  Ui  p \thtr  the 
vrlod  mm  the  tap,  wtU  ptiM  It  iJuwn  in  ipouu  uiio  moiiu. 

Bacofi. 

5.  To  Include  secretly ;  lo  hide ;  or  lo  express  in 
obscure  terms,  that  imply  what  is  to  be  understood  ; 

with  HA^r. 

All  thia,  auil  moiv,  He*  eoudud  under  thia  ollppon', 

J.'£!$lrangt, 

Hence, 

6-  To  involve ;  to  include ;  lo  comprise  j  to  com- 
prehend or  express. 

Thia   grmt  »rguroent  fcr  n  niture  tfM«,  which  St.  P*ul  hiuh 
eouchmt  in  Ute  wunia  reul.  AU«r6ury. 

7.  To  lie  close.  Spenser, 

6.  To  fix  a  spear  in  the  rest,  in  the  posture  of 
attack. 

Tbrjr  eouefttd  thrit  ajvan.  Milton,     Dryd^n. 

9.  To  depress  the  condensed  crystalline  humor  or 
film  that  overspreads  the  pupil  of  the  eye.    Johnson. 

To  remove  a  cataract,  by  entering  a  needle  throuiih 
the  coats  of  the  eye,  and  pushing  the  lens  to  the 
bottom  of  the  vitreous  humor,  and  then  downward 
and  outward,  so  as  to  leave  it  in  the  under  and  out- 
side of  the  eye.  Encyc. 

The  true  phrase  is,  to  e^udi  a  cataract ;  but  we 

€OI 


ay,  to  coMck  the  e>'e,  or  the  patient 

UCH,  n.     A  bed  ;  a  place  for  rest  or  slsep. 


MiUon.     Dryden. 
9.  A  aeat  of  repose  ;  a  place  for  rest  and  ease,  on 
wliich  it  is  common  to  lie  down  undressed. 

Milton.      Ih-ytUn, 

3.  A  layer  or  stratum  of  barley  prepared  for  malt- 
ing ;  as,  a  couth  of  malt.  Brande. 

4.  In  paiiUing^  a  lay  or  impression  of  color,  in  oil 
or  water,  covenng  the  canvas,  wall,  or  other  matter 
to  be  painted.  Kncyc. 

5.  Any  lay  or  impression  used  to  make  a  thing  firm 
or  consistent,  ur  lo  screen  it  from  the  wealhur.  Encyc. 

6.  A  covering  of  gold  or  silver  leaf,  laid  on  any 
sub:<tance  to  be  gilded  or  silvered.  Encvc. 

COUCH'AXT,  o,  [Fr.  See  Couch.]  I-ying  down  ; 
siiuatting.  In  hrraUiry,  lying  down  with  the  head 
raised,  which  distinguishes  the  posture  of  couchani 
from  thai  of  dormant^  or  sleeping ;  applied  lo  a  lion 
or  other  beast.  Encyc. 

Lrcant  and  eouehant ;  in  hiw^  rising  up  and  lying 
down  ;  applied  lo  beasts,  and  indicating  that  they 
have  been  long  enough  on  land  to  lie  down  and  rise 
up  to  feed,  or  one  night  at  leosL  BlacJkstone. 

€OUCn'/:»,  (kouchl,)  pp.  Laid  down  ;  laid  on  ;  hid  ; 
included  or  involved  ;  laid  close  ;  fixed  in  the  rest, 
as  a  spear ;  depressed  or  removed,  as  a  cataract. 

COVClTEE,  (koosh'ee,)  n.  [Ft.]  Bedtime,  or  visits 
received  about  bedtitne  ;  opposed  to  Icaee.    Dryden. 

GOUCH'ER,  n.     One  who  couches  cataracts. 

2.  In  old  English  statutMy  a  factorj  a  resident  in  a 
country  for  traffic.  Encyc. 

3.  A  book  in  which  a  religious  bouse  register  their 
acts.  Encyc. 

eOUCH'-FEL-LOW,  a.    A  bed-fellow  ;  a  companion 

in  lodging. 
COUCH'-GKXSS,  n.     Agropyron  or  triticnm   repens, 

a  species  of  grass,  very  injurious  to  other  plants. 
COUCH'IX'G,  ppr.     Lying  down  ;  laying  down  ;  lying 

close  ;  involving  ;  including;  expressing;  depressing 

a  cataract. 
COUCH'IXGjfi.    Theact  of  stooping  or  bowing.  Shak. 

2.  The  act  of  removing  a  cataract. 

3.  The  spreading  of  mall  to  dry. 
COUCH'LESS,  a.     Having  no  couch  or  bed. 
COU'GAR,  n.     An  Anu'rican  carnivorous  quadruped, 

also  called  pnma  and  panther.  Encyc.  Am, 

COUGH,  (kauf,)  n.     [Qxl.   D.  ArucA.]     The  eli;menls 

are  not  biiih  of  the  same  organ  ;  but  gh  and  /  are 

sometimes  interchanged,  as  in  rough^  rujf.    See  Class 

^u  ^  ^  -. 

Cg,  No.  99,  36.    In  Pars.  iCfik*L  chaftaA,  and  ^JLa;. 
ehafa,  is  a  cough.] 

A  violent  effort  of  the  lungs  lo  throw  off  offending 
matter;  a  violent,  sometimes  involuntary  and  sono- 
rous, expiration,  suddenly  expelling  the  air  through 
the  glottis.     The  violent  action  of  the  muscles  serv- 


cou 

ing  for  expiration  gives  great  force  to  the  air,  white 
the  contraction  of  the  glottis  produces  the  sound. 
The  air,  forced  violmtly,  carries  along  with  it  the 
phlegm,  or  irritating  matter,  which  causes  the  effort 
of  the  muscles.  Encyc. 

COUGH,  (kauf,)  V.  i.  To  make  a  violent  effort  with 
noise,  to  exijel  the  air  from  tlie  lungs,  and  evacuate 
any  otn-nding  matter  that  irritates  the  parts,  or  ren- 
di!rs  respiratiun  difficult. 

COUGH,  (kauf,)  v.  t.  To  expel  from  the  lungs  by  a 
violent  etfurt,  with  noise  ;  to  expectorate  ;  foUotved 
by  up;  as,  lo  couifh  up  phlegm. 

eOUGiri'.K,  (kmifer.)  n.     One  that  coughs. 

COUGH'LNG,  (kauf-,)  ppr.  Expelling  from  the  lungs 
by  a  violi-ut  effort,  with  noise  ;  expectorating. 

COU0H'lN0,(kant-,)«.  A  violent  effort,  with  noise, 
to  expel  the  air  from  the  lungs. 

COULD,  (ki.t^il.)  [The  past  tense  of  can,  according  to 
our  customary  arrangement  in  grammar,  but,  in  real- 
ity, a  distinct  word,  can  having  no  pa.it  tense. 
Could,  we  receive  through  the  Celtic  dialects,  W. 
galluy  Corn,  gaily,  Arm.  galluut,  to  be  able  ;   Heb. 

V3\  Ch.  Sns,  Eth.  Tiu(\  to  be  able,  lo  prevail ;  L. 
calico.  Either  of  the  Oriental  verbs  may  be  the  root, 
and  all  may  be  of  one  family.  In  tlie  past  tense, 
could  signifies,  was  able,  had  power.] 

1.  Had  sulhcient  strength  or  physical  power.  A 
sick  man  could  not  lift  his  hand  ;  Isaac  was  old,  and 
coxtid  not  see;  Alexander  could  easily  coii(]ucr  the 
effeminate  Asiatics. 

2.  Had  adequate  means  or  instniments.  The  men 
could  defray  their  own  ex;)ense8  ;  the  country  was 
exhausted,  and  conld  not  support  the  war. 

3.  Had  adequale  moral  power.  We  heard  the 
story,  hut  could  not  bt^lieve  it ;  the  intemperate  miin 
ciiuld  have  restrained  his  appetite  for  strong  drink  ; 
he  couUl  have  refrained,  if  he  would. 

My  mini]  could  not  tie  toward  this  proplp.  —  Jpt.  xr. 

4.  Had  power  or  capacity  by  the  laws  of  its  nature. 
The  tree  could  not  grow  for  want  of  water. 

5.  Had  competent  legal  power  ;  had  right,  or  had 
the  requisite  qualiticniions.  Formerly,  a  citi/.4-n  cimld 
not  vote  for  ollicers  (tf  goverriini;jil  without  the  |)os- 
session  of  some  pro(>erty  ;  A  U  could  not  be  elected 
to  the  offu^e  of  senator,  for  want  of  estate  ;  B  C,  not 
being  of  the  hlood  of  the  ancestor,  could  not  inherit 
his  estate. 

6.  Had  sutTicient  capacity.  The  world  could  not 
contain  the  books.    John  xxi. 

7.  Was  capable  or  susceptible,  by  its  nature  or 
constitution,  as  of  some  change,  lie  found  a  sub- 
stance that  Could  nut  be  fused. 

ti.  Had  adequate  strength  or  fortitude  ;  as,  he  could 
not  endure  the  pain  or  the  reproach. 

9.  Had  motives  siitlicient  to  overcome  objections. 
He  th4jught,  ttl  first,  he  could  not  comply  with  the 
re<piest ;  but,  aflcr  consideration,  he  determined  to 
comply. 

10.  Had  competent  knowledge  or  skill,  lie  could 
solve  the  most  difficult  problems. 

COU'LEUR  DE  R0.^E,{y.ofi'\Mv-&p.-T^7.e,)  [Fr.]  Lit- 
erally, of  a  rose  color ;  hence,  under  an  aspect  of 
beauty  and  attractiveness ;  as,  to  see  every  thing 
cotdeur  de  rose. 

CnUL'TER.    See  Colter. 

COU'MA-RIN,  n.  A  vegetable  proximate  principle, 
obtained  from  the  Tonka  bean,  Coumarovna  odarata, 
and  from  the  tlowers  of  the  m«;Iilot.  It  is  used  in 
medicine  ;  and  it  gives  flavor  to  the  Swiss  cheese, 
called  arhabzicgtr. 

eOUN'ClL,  B.  [Fr.  concUe;  Sp.  concilio;  It.  eonci- 
glio,  concilia ;  from  L.  concilium ;  con  and  calo,  to  call, 
Gr.  xaXcb),  W.  galw,  Ch.  N'?D  in  Aph.,  to  call.  (See 
Hold.)  Class  Gl.  This  word  is  ot^'U  confounded 
with  couiijfel,  with  which  it  has  no  .connection. 
Council  is  a  collection  or  assembly.] 

1.  An  assembly  of  men  summoned  or  convened 
for  consultation,  deliberation,  and  advice.  7'he  kings 
of  England  were  formerly  assisted  by  a  grand  council 
of  peers. 

The  clii'^f  pri'>ata   and  &11  die  council  aouifhl  falw  wiUioaa.  ^ 
Malt.  XX. 

The  word  is  applicable  to  any  body  of  men,  ap- 
pointed or  Convened  for  consultation  and  advice  in 
important  affairs  ;  as,  a  council  of  divines  or  clergy^ 
men,  with  their  lay  delegates  ;  a  council  of  war,  con- 
sisting of  the  principal  ollicers,  to  advise  the  com- 
mander-in-chief or  admiral ;  a.  council  of  physicians, 
to  consult  and  advise  in  difficult  cases  of  disease. 

2.  A  body  of  men  8f>ecinlly  designated  lo  advise  a 
chief  magistrate  in  the  administration  of  the  govern-   [ 
menl,  as  in  Great  Hritain. 

3.  In  some  of  the  Jimerican  States,  a  branch  of  the 
legislature,  corresiMmding  with  the  senate  in  other 
States,  and  called  legialatlve  coujicil.       .fiTeio  Jersey. 

4.  An  assembly  ol  prelates  nnd  doctors,  convened 
for  regulating  matters  oi  doctrine  and  discipline  in 
the  church. 

5.  Act  of  deliberation  ;  consultation  of  a  council. 

AfdUm. 
Commortr^ouncil  of  a  city  ;  in  London,  a  court  con 
sisting  of  the  lord  mayor  and  aldermen  in  one  house. 


FITE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.\T.  — METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARIXE,  BIRD NOTE.  DOVE.  MOVE.  WOLF,  BQQK.— 


cou 

and  of  representatives  of  the  several  wards,  called 
eomniOH-<*mncUrncn,  in  the  other.  But  more  generally^ 
the  common- council  is  considered  iis  the  body  of 
representatives  of  the  citizens,  as  distinct  from  the 
mayor  and  aldermen.  Thus,  in  G-miectiatt,  the 
ciiies  are  incorporated  by  the  name  nf  "The  Mayor, 
Aldermen,  Coiumon-Couneil,  and  Freemen,  of  the 
City  of  Hartford,  New  Haven,  &c." 

Eeumenieul  council ;  in  churcli  histor)',  a  general 
council  or  assembly  of  prelates  and  doctors,  repre- 
senting the  whole  church  ;  as,  the  council  of  Nice,  of 
£[ihesua,  and  of  Chalcedon.  Eneyc. 

Prii'y  council ;  a  select  council  for  advising  a  king 
in  the  administration  of  the  government. 
Aulic  council.     See  Aulic. 

eOUN'CIL-bOARD.  n.  Council-table  ;  the  table 
round  which  a  council  holds  consultation.  Hence, 
the  council  itself  in  deliberation  or  session. 

eoUN'CIUOR.  n.  The  member  of  a  council.  [See 
Counselor.! 

eOU\'CIL-TA-BLE,  tu     Council-board. 

eO-UiN-DER-STAAD  ING,  n.    Mutual  understanding. 

eO-U-MTE',  V.  U     To  unite.      [JVot  used,]      More. 

GOtlX'SEL,  n.  [Fr.  conseil ;  Ami.  consailA;  it.  eon- 
ngiio  ;  Sp.  consejo ;  Port,  conselho  ;  from  L.  eonsHium, 
from  the  root  ofconsuio^  to  consult^  which  is  probably 

the  Heb.  Cb.  Byr.  Sam.  Eth.  Vks^,  Ar.  ^Lw  saula^ 

to  ask.  Class  SI,  No.  16,  4-3.  The  radical  sense  of 
the  verb  to  ask  is,  to  set  upon,  urge,  or  press. 
Hence  the  Oriental  verb  is  probably  the  n>ot  nf  the 
L.  salio^  agsiiia^  or  from  the  same  root.  See  the  like 
analogies  in  L.  peto^  to  ask,  to  a^saiLJ 

1.  Advice  j  opinion,  or  instruction,  given  upon  re- 
quest or  otherwise,  for  directing  the  judgment  or 
conduct  of  another  i  opinion  given  upon  deliberation 
or  consultation. 

E^rrry  purpoae  ta  nuUiabed  by  otuntaL  —  Pror.  xx. 
Ttiou  nA«  out  hexrkeii^  lo  my  atuiutl,  —  2  Chron.  xxv. 

Z.  Consultation;  interchange  of  opinions. 

VVe  took  iwcel  courtMtt  UigriUwr.  —  Ps.  W, 

3.  Deliberation  ;  examination  of  consequences. 

Thcr  ^1  confeaa  Ihal,  In  (h«  working  of  ih^l  ftnl  c%uar-,  cotttutl 
IR  uac-d,  HNUoa  lullowed,  anj  u.  waj  observed.         liooktr. 

4.  Prudence;  deliberate  opinion  or  judgment,  or 
the  faculty  or  habit  of  judging  with  caution. 

0,  how  convly  ii  the  wudoin  ofoM  men,  umi  unite; txLuiding^  and 

euuntel  w  men  of  honor  I  —  Ecclua.  rsT, 
The  Uw  sh.dl  pcrub  froat  Ibe  pneal,  uid  eaunMl  frum  the  an- 

cienu.  —  ittik.  xiU 

5.  In  a  bad  MCiue,  evil  advice  or  designs }  art ; 
machination. 

TbR  coiHwti  of  the  fnnrajd  U  carried  headlong.  —  Job  t. 

6.  Secrecy ;  the  secrets  intrusted  in  consultnlion  ; 
secret  opinions  or  purposes.  Lict  a  man  keep  his 
own  couiuel, 

7.  In  a  scriptural  sense^  purpose  ;  design ;  will ; 
decree. 

Vt'tiM  U>r  eounael  det^nnlnM  before  to  be  done.  —  Act*  it. 
To  ihuw  tin  InunuuUlay  of  hu  eounwi.  —  tlrti.  *L 

8.  Directions  of  God*s  word. 

Thou  •halt  guidf  me  bjr  thj  toMnrntU  — P».  Ixzil!, 

0.  Tbe  win  of  God,  or  bis  truth  and  doctrines  con- 
cerning the  way  of  salvation. 

I  have  not  ihucned  lo  decluv  la  /eu  all  tht;  eountl  of  God. — 
A<^  tx. 

10.  Those  who  give  counsel  in  law ;  any  counselor 
or  advocate,  or  any  number  of  counselors,  barristers, 
or  st-rgeants  ;  a^,  the  plainiitT's  cmiTiael^  or  the  de- 
fendant's cAJunstl.  The  attortiey-gencral  and  solicit- 
or-general are  the  king's  cuunsrl.  In  this  sense  tbe 
word  has  no  plural ;  but,  in  tlie  singiUar  number,  is 
applicable  to  one  or  more  peisons. 
eOUN'SEL,  r.  U     [L.  conMlior.] 

1.  To  give  advice  or  deliberate  opinion  to  another 
fur  the  government  of  nis  conduct  ;  tu  advise. 

1  cownMi  (hee  \n  buy  of  mc  ^Id  tiied  in  die  far..  —  Ber.  Ui. 

2.  To  exhort,  warn,  admonish,  or  instnirt.  We 
imghr  frequently  to  counsel  our  children  against  the 
vices  of  the  age. 

Thry  that  will  not  be  coMnteUd  can  not  be  feliwd.    Prankhn. 

3.  To  advise  or  recommend  ;  as,  io  counstl  a  crirtie. 
[ Ai>(  tbmA  iwerf,  ]  Drydea. 

eoUN'SEL-KEEP'ER,  n.  One  who  can  keep  a  hc- 
cret.  Sfutlc. 

€Oi;\'SEO-KEEP'I\a,  a.    Keeping  secrets.  Shak. 

COUN'HEL-A-BLE,  a.  Willing  to  receive  counsel  ; 
disposed  to  follow  the  advice  of  others.     Clareniha, 

COU N'HEL-£D,  pp.  Advised  ;  instructed  ;  adraon- 
itthed. 

eOUN'SEUING,  ppr.  Advising  ;  instructing  ;  ad- 
monir«hing. 

COL'N'SeC-OB,  n.  Any  person  who  gives  advice  ; 
but  prop'.-rly  one  who  is  authori7.ed  by  natural  rela- 
tionahip,  or  by  birth,  office,  or  profession,  to  advise 
another  in  regard  to  hi^  future  conduct  and  measures. 
Ahitbophel  was  David's  counstlor.  His  mother  was 
bte  tom%$daT  to  do  wickedly.     9  Chron.   zxli.     In 


COU 

Oreat  Britain,  the  peers  of  the  realm  are  hereditary 
counsrlitrs  of  the  crown. 

2.  One  of  the  members  of  a  council ;  one  appointed 
to  advise  a  king  or  chief  magistrate,  in  regard  to  the 
administration  of  the  government. 

3.  One  \\  ho  is  consulted  by  a  client  in  a  law  case; 
one  who  gives  advice  in  relation  to  a  question  of  law  : 
one  whose  profession  is  to  give  advice  in  law,  and 
manage  causes  for  clients. 

Privy  counselor;  a  member  of  a  privy  council. 

€0UN'SEL-0R-SHI1*,  n.  The  office  of  a  counselor, 
or  privy  counselor. 

COUN'l',  V.  L  [Fr.  conter;  It.  contare;  Sp.  Port,  eon- 
Utr;  Arm.  counta  or  contein.  Q,u.  the  root.  The 
Fr.  has  compter,  also,  frum  the  L.  computo  ;  the  Sp. 
and  Port,  computar  ;  and  the  It.  comptitare.  The 
Eng.  count  is  directly  from  conter;  and  it  may  be 
a  question  whether  conter  and  eoittar  are  from  the 
L<  computo.] 

1.  Tonuuiber;  to  tell  or  name  one  by  one,  or  by 
small  numbers,  for  ascertaining  the  whole  number 
of  units  in  a  collection  ;  as,  to  count  the  years,  days, 
and  hours  of  a  man's  life  ;  to  count  the  stars. 

Who  can  count  ihc  dust  of  Jactib  ?  —  Num.  xjciii. 

2.  To  reckon ;  to  preserve  a  reckoning  j  to  com- 
pute. 

Some  trtbn  of  nide  nations  count  Uieir  yean  by  the  comin'  of 
crn^in  Unla  among  ihem  at  certain  Mfuoua,  and  leaving 
them  at  othc-ra.  Lock*. 

3.  To  reckon  ;  to  place  to  an  account ;  to  ascribe 
or  impute  ;  to  consider  or  esteem  as  belonging. 

Abraham  bt-li<rTffd  in  God,  and  be  counttd  It  to  him  for  righteous- 
nesi.  —  Gen.  sv, 

4.  To  esteem ;  to  account;  to  reckon  ;  to  think, 
judge,  or  consider. 

I  count  ilicm  my  en'-mles.  —  Ps.  cxxxix. 
NciUu-r  count  1  my  life  dcur  to  myself.  —  AcU  xx. 
I  couiU  id!  Uiiiigs  loM.  —  Fttii.  iii. 

5.  To  impute  ;  U>  charge.  Raise. 
COUNT,  tJ,  I.     To  count  on  or  upon ;  •to  reckon  upon  ; 

to  found  an  account  or  scheme  on  ;  to  rely  on.  We 
can  not  connt  on  the  friendship  of  nations.  Count  not 
OR  the  sincerity  of  sycophants. 

2.  To  swell  the  number,  or  count;  as,  each  addi- 
tional one  counts. 
COUNT,  tu     [Fr.  conte  and  compte;  Sp.  cutnta  and  ca- 
enlo ;  It.  conto.     The  Spanish  has  also  computo^  and 
the  IL  ill.] 

1.  Reckoning;  the  act  of  numbering;  as,  this  is 
the  nimiber  according  to  my  ctruftt. 

2.  Number.  Spenser. 

3.  In  laiPj  a  particular  charge  in  an  indictment,  or 
narration  iii  pleading,  setting  forth  the  cause  of  com- 
plaint. There  may  be  ditferent  counts  in  the  same 
dtM'taration. 

eOU.NT,  H.  [Fr.  comte ;  It.  confc :  Sp.  conde ;  Port,  id, ; 
Arm.  condt;  from  L.  comes,  comitis,  a  companion  or 
associate,  a  fellow -traveler.     Qm.  con  and  eu.] 

A  title  of  foreign  nohilit>',  equivalent  to  the  Eng- 
lish carl,  and  whose  domain  is  a  county.  An  earl  ; 
the  alderman  of  a  shire,  as  the  Saxons  called  him. 
The  titles  of  English  nobility,  according  to  their  rank, 
are  duke,  marquis,  earl,  viscount,  and  baron. 

Biackstone,     Eacyc 

COUNT'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  numbered. 

Spenser. 

COUXT'ED,  pp.  Numbered]  told;  esteemed;  reck- 
oned ;  imputed. 

eOUN'TE-NANCE,  n.  [Fr.  contmance^ttom  contmant^ 
containing,  from  contmir^  lo  contain,  L.  contineo  ;  con 
and  trneo,  to  hold.] 

I.  Literally,  the  contents  of  a  body  ;  the  outline 
and  extent  which  constitutt^s  the  whole  figure  or  eZ' 
ternni  appt^arance.  Jipprnpriattly^  the  human  face; 
the  whole  form  of  tbe  face,  or  system  of  features ; 
visage. 

A  merry  b«ut  maketh  a  cheerful  countenance.  —  Pror.  xr. 
Be  not,  MJ  tlie  hypucritea,  of  a  tad  countenance.  —  Mult.  vi. 

3.  Air  ;  look  ;  aspect ;  appearance  of  the  face ;  as 
In  the  phrase,  to  change  or  alter  the  countenance. 

3.  The  face  or  look  of  a  beast ;  as,  a  horse  of  a  good 
tountenanct-, 

4.  Favor;  good-will  ;  kindness. 

I'huu  luut  mode  him  glad  with  thy  cijunttmnee.  —  Ps,  xxi. 

Hence,  fn  scriptural  lan'ruase,  the  light  of  God's 
rrmntenance  is  his  smiles  or  favorable  regards,  his  fa- 
vor and  grace  ;  and  to  hide  his  face  or  countenance  ia 
to  manifest  his  displeasure,  and  withdraw  his  gra- 
cioii.4  aid.-*.  So  the  rebuke  uf  his  countenance  indicates 
his  anger  and  frowns.     Ps.  \xxx. 

This  application  of  face  or  comttenance^  which 
set.'ms  to  bo  of  high  antiquity,  proceeded  probably 
from  the  practice  oi  turning  away  the  face  to  express 
auger,  dirtplfasure,  and  refu?«fil  — a  practice  still  com- 
mon, but  probably  universitl  among  rude  nations. 
The  opposite  conduct  would,  of  course,  express  fa- 
vor, i'he  grant  of  a  petition  is  accompanied  with  a 
look  directed  tu  the  petitioner;  the  refusal  or  denial, 
with  an  averted  face.     Htrice, 

5.  Support ;  aid  ;  patronage  ;  encouragement  ;  fa- 
vor in  promoting  and  maintaining  a  person  or  cause. 


cou 

Let  religion  enjoin  the  countenance  of  the  laws.  Give 
no  countenance  to  violations  of  moral  duty. 

It  is  the  pmvinse  of  Ihc  mngi«tmte  to  give  count^Tianee  tn  pictj 

and  Tinue.  Autrfiury 

6.  Show;  resemblance;  superficial  appearance. 


7.  In  law,  credit  or  estimation.  CoweL 

To  keep  the  countenance^  is  to  preserve  a  calm,  com- 
posed, or  natural  look,  unruffled  by  passion  ;  to  re- 
frain from  expressing  laughter,  joy,  anger,  or  other 
passion,  by  an  unchanged  countenance. 
In  countenance ;  in  favor ;  in  estimation. 

If  the  i)Tof''uion  of  religioti  wen.'  in  couniettance  nmong  raea  of 
disuticui>ii|  it  wouliThavc  a  hujipy  etluct  uii  socic-iy. 

To  keep  in  coujiienance  r  to  give  assurance  or  cour- 
age to  ;  to  sup[K)rt ;  to  aid  by  favor ;  to  prevent  from 
shame  or  dismay 

To  put  in  countenance ;  to  give  assurance  ;  to  en- 
courage ;  or  to  bring  into  favor ;  to  support. 

Out  of  countenance',  confounded  j  abashed;  with 
the  countenance  cast  down  ;  not  bold  or  assured. 

To  put  out  of  countenance;  to  cause  the  counte- 
nance to  fall  ;  to  abash  ;  to  intimidate  ;  to  diticoncert. 
eOUN'TE-NANCE,  o.  (.  To  favor  ;  to  encourage  by 
opinion  or  words. 

The  design  waa  made  known  lo  the  mhiister,  but  be  said  nothing 
to  CDuntenonos  iu  Anon, 

2.  To  aid  ;  to  support ;  to  encourage  ;  to  abet ;  to 
vindicate,  by  any  means. 

Nellher  Bhall  thou  countenance  a  poor  man  la  his  cause.  —£x, 

xxiii, 

3.  To  encourage  ;  to  appear  in  defense. 

He  countenanc»d  the  landing  in  his  long-boat.  WoOon. 

4.  To  niake  a  show  of. 

Each  to  these  ladks  love  did  eounlenanes.  Spenter. 

5.  To  keen  an  appearance.  Shak. 
COUN'TE-NANC-tO,  f koun'te-nanst,) pp.   Favored; 

encounmed  ;  supportea. 

€OUN'TE-NANC-ER,  n.  One  who  countenances,  fa- 
vors, or  supports. 

COUN'TE-NANC-ING, ppr.  Favoring;  encouraging; 
supporting. 

eOUNT'Elt,  n.  [from  count.)  A  false  piece  of  money 
or  stamped  metal,  used  as  means  of  reckoning  ;  any 
thing  used  to  keep  an  account  or  reckoning,  as  in 
games. 

2.  Mnney,  in  contempt.  Shak. 

3.  A  table  or  board  on  which  money  is  counted  ;  a 
table  on  wliich  goods  in  a  shop  are  laid  for  examina- 
tion by  purchasers. 

In  lien  of  this,  we  sometimes  see  writttm  the  French 
CoMPTOiR,  from  compter^  computo ;  but  counter  is  the 
genuine  orthography. 

4.  'I'he  name  of  certain  prisons  in  London. 

5.  One  that  counts  or  reckons  ;  also,  an  auditor. 

6.  Encounter.     [J^'otused.] 

7.  In  ships,  an  arch  or  vault,  whose  upper  part  is 
terminated  by  the  bottom  of  the  stern.  The  upper 
or  second  counter  is  above  the  former,  but  not 
vaultt^d. 

8.  A  telltale ;  a  contrivance  in  an  engine  or  car- 
riage to  tell  numbers,  as  of  strokes  or  revolutions. 

9.  In  music,  counter  is  the  name  given  to  an  under 
part,  to  serve  for  contrast  to  a  principal  part ;  as, 
eountCT'-tenor,  Sec. 

Counter  of  a  horse;  the  breast,  or  that  part  of  a 
horse's  forehand  which  lies  between  the  shoulder 
and  under  the  neck.  Farrier^s  Diet. 

eoUN'TER,  adv.  [Fr.  contre;  L.  contra  ;  Sp.  and  IL 
contra  ;  probably  a  compound  of  con  and  tra,  as  in  ei>- 
tra,  ultra.] 

1.  Contrary  ;  in  opposition  ;  in  an  opposite  direc- 
tion ;  used  chiefly  witii  run  or  ffo;  as,  to  run  counter 
to  the  rules  of  virtue ;  he  went  counter  to  his  ttwn  in- 
terest. 

2.  Tlie  wrong  way  ;  contrary  to  the  right  course. 

Shak. 

3.  Contrariwise;  in  a  contrary  manner.      Locke. 

4.  The  face,  or  at  the  face.     [Act  used.]    Sandys. 
This  word  is  prefixed  to  many  others,  cliiefly  verbs 

and  nouns,  expressing  ojijwsition. 

COUN-TER-ACT',  v.  t.  [amnur  and  art.]  To  act  in 
opiwsition  to;  to  hinder,  defeat,  or  frustrate,  by  con- 
trary agency.  Good  precepts  will  sometimes  counter- 
act  the  effects  of  evil  example  ;  but  more  generally 
good  precepts  are  counteracted  by  bad  examples. 

eoUN-TER-ACT'ED,  pp.  Hintlercd  ;  frustrated  ;  de- 
feated  by  contrary  agency. 

COUN-TER-AeT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Actiugngainst;  hin- 
dering ;  frustrating. 

€0UN-TER-AC'T10N,  n.  Action  in  opposition  ;  hin- 
derance. 

eOUN-TER-ACT'IVE,  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
counttTocts. 

eoUN-TER-ACTTVE,  a.    Tending  to  counteract. 

eOUN  TER-ACT'lVB-LV,  adv.     By  counteraction. 

eOUN'TER-AT-TRAC'TION,  n.  [counter  and  at- 
traction,]     Op[)osite  attraction.  Shetistone, 

eOUN'TER-AT-TRA€T'lVE,  a.  Attracting  in  an  op- 
posite way. 


TONE,  BULL,  tJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  -C  as  K;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  OU  as  SH ;   f  U  as  In  THIS. 


35 


273 


cou 

€^UN'-TEU-BAL'ANCE,  F.  f.  [«««««•  and  balaHcc,] 
1'u  wi^ijzb  npiiiiist ;  lo  weigh  Ri^tn^tt  with  an  equal 
weidht ,  lu  act  ;ij;:tiiist  with  tiqual  power  or  eireci ;  to 
cuunUTv.iil.  A  roluiim  of  thirty  inches  of  quicksil- 
ver, -lud  a  cttluiiin  uf  thirty-twu  fLt;t  of  water,  eoan- 
UrbaUmce  the  we-ight  uf  a  like  rulutnn  of  the  whole 
atui'f^iiht^re.  The  iiteastires  of  sin  never  cffimirrAaf- 
OMct  the  tain,  iuiser>',  and  sbame,  which  fullow  the 
cuinrnis^iun  i>i  it. 

eOU.N'TER-BALr-AXCE,  n.  Equal  weight, power, or 
ai^ency,  acting  in  opposition  to  any  thing. 

Moi»?]r  b  the  couitlrr&i^onr*  of  ail  ibinfv  purelMMfak.  Lotk*. 

eOUN-TER-BAL'ANC-CD,  (bal'anit,) |^    Opposed 

by  e<)ual  weieht,  power^  or  eOecL 
eOL'N-TER-BAL'AXC-I.SG,  pffr.  or  «.    Opposing  by 

equal  weiphi,  (wwer,  or  operation. 
eOUN  TER-UO.NU,  n,     [ctfiiiU«raBd  hwkd.]    A  bond 

to  9ave  harmless  one  who  baa  given  bond  for  an- 

otlier. 
eOUX-TER-BUFF'.».l.   re«iHla>aiid  ^.]  To  strike 

bock  or  in  an  opposite  directkm ,  lo  drive  back  -,  to 

sum  bv  a  Mnw  f>r  impukie  in  fronL  Dn/dtM, 

COUN'')*ER-BUFP,  a.  A  Mow  in  an  opposite  direc- 
tion ;  a  stroke  that  stops  motion  or  causes  a  recoit 

Sidneif. 
COUN-TER-BUFF'ED,  (-buft,)  ff.     Struck  with  a 

blow  in  oupusiiion. 
€OUN'TER-eAST,  a.    Delusive  contrivance  ;  contra- 
ry cast.  Sf€Hser, 
eOUN'TER-€AST-ER,  n.     [coumUr  and  carter.]     A 

caster  uf  accounts  j  a  reckoner ;  a  book-keeper,  in 

c<mtempt.  Shak. 

eOUN'TER-Cn.\XL;r,.  n,    {couiUer  and  elisnge.}    Ex- 

chanfte  ;  ^ 
eOUN-TE ! :  r.  f.   To  give  and  receive ;  or 

to  cause  i-  ••3. 

eOUN-TERCll.i.Nu  /:U,  ;»;».     Exchani^  lahtr^U- 

ry,  inteniiixt^'iJ,  as  thr  ci^urs  of  the  field  and  charge. 
eoU.N-TER-CIlANO'lNG,  ppr.      Exchanging}  iniei^ 

mixing. 
COUN'TER-CHARfiE,  n.    An  opposite  charge. 
eOUX'TER-CHARM,  a.     [coaafirand  cAorsu]    That 

which  has  the  power  of  dissolving  or  t^^wsing  the 

effleci  of  a  cltarm.  Pof. 

eOUX-TEH-CHARM',  r.  L    To  destroy  the  eflbct  of 

enchantment. 
eOUX-TER-CUARM'ED,  yp.    Defeated  by  contrary 

c  harms. 
eOUX-TER-CH A  RM'IXG,  ppr.   Destroying  the  effect 

by  opp*tsite  chaniw. 
eOUX-TEIt-CHECK',  r.  t  -  [eputer  and  c*«dfc.]    To 

op.'  '  -  some  obstacle ;  to  check. 

cor  •K^a.    Checl;  J  stop ;  rebuke  ;  or  a 

c*- : ;  .a  reprover.  .Sailcy. 

eOLA-i  i>i».  »-<ii^cK'jED,    (-cbekt,)    pp.      Opposed; 

stupp^. 
eOUX-TEE-CHECK'ING,  ppr.    Checking  by  hinder- 

ance. 
eOL"X'TER-€l*R-REXT,  a.     [antmitr  and  aursat] 

Running  in  an  oppoiute  direction.  Jfineaa. 

€OUX'TElR-€L'R-a£NT,  a.    A  current  in  an  oppo> 

site  direction. 
eOUX'TER-DI3-TIXe'TION,  a.    Contradistinction. 

eOUX'TER-DRXIX,  it.  A  drain  parallel  to  a  canal 
or  embanked  water-course,  for  cotleciJng  the  soakage 
water.  QoUl 

eOUX-TER-DR.\W^  r.  t  [eouMter  and  iram,'\  In 
poialiaj?-,  to  copy  a  design  or  painting,  by  means  of  a 
fine  linen  clotb^n  oiled  paper,  or  o^her  transparent 
mauer,  whereon  the  strokes  appearing  through,  they 
are  traced  with  a  pencil.  The  same  is  done  on  glass, 
and  with  frames  or  nets  divided  into  squares  with 
silk  t»r  thread,  or  by  means  of  instruments,  as  the 
para.llc1ogram.  Snctfc. 

eOL'X-TER-DRAWlXG,  ppr.    Copying  by  means  of 

lineit  dnwn  on  some  transparent  matter. 
eOL'X-TER-DRAWX',  pp.    Copied  from  line*  drawn 

on  something  else. 
eOt'X-TER-EV'I-DEXCE,  n.  [counter  and  eridenee.] 
Opposite  evidence  j  evidence  or  testimony  which  op- 
poses other  evidence.  BurtteU 
€OL'X'TER-FEIT,Ckoun'tCT-fit,)  o-  (.  [Tr.  eantrffaire, 
contrtfttd;  contre  and  /otre,  to  make  ;  L.  contra  and 
facia  ;  IL  controfftre,  eomtraffiUta  ,-  Sp.  cotUrahaexr^  con- 
traktdu>.\ 

1.  To  forge ;  lo  copy  or  imitate,  without  authority 
or  right,  and  with  a  view  to  deceive  or  defraud,  by 
passing  the  copy  or  thing  forged  for  that  which  is 
origins  or  genuine;  as,  to  counterfeit  coin,  bank- 
notes, a  seal,  a  bond,  a  deed,  or  other  instrument  in 
writing,  the  handwriting  or  signature  of  another, Ifec. 
To  make  a  likeness  or  resemblance  of  any  thing  with 
a  view  to  defraud. 

a.  To  imitate;  to  copy ;  to  make  or  put  on  a  re- 
semblance ;   as,  to  cou-nttrfeit  the  voice  of  another 
I        p^T^on  ;  to  eouxtrrfeit  pielv. 

I    eoUX'TER-FEIT,  r.  i.    'to  feign  ;  to  dissemble  ;  to 
I       cam'  on  a  fiction  or  deception.  Skak. 

1  €OITX'TER-FEIT,a.  Forged;  fictitious;  false;  fab- 
.cated  without  right ;  made  in  imitation  of  some- 
thing  else,  with  a  view  to  defraud,  by  passing  the 
false  copy  for  genuine  or  original ;  as,  counterfeit  coin 


cou 

a  counterfeit  bond  or  deed  ;  a  couiUtrfeit  bill  of  ex- 
change. 

■^2.  As»4uming  the  apponmnce  of  something ;  false; 
hypocritical ;  as,  a  eottntrrftit  friend. 

'3.  llnving  the  resemblance  of ;  &lse  ;  not  genuine; 


na,  countrrfett  modesty. 

joijx 


€OUX' TER-FEIT,  (koun'ter-fit,)  n.  A  cheat ;  a  de- 
ceitful person;  one  who  pretends  to  t>e  what  he  is 
not ;  one  who  personates  another  ;  an  impostor. 

-2.  In  /a»,  one  who  obtains  money  or  goods  by 
counterfeit  letters  or  false  lukens.  Kacyc. 

'X  That  which  is  mnde  in  imitation  of  something, 
but  without  lawAil  authority,  and  with  a  view  to  de- 
fraud, by  pMsing  the  false  for  the  true.  We  say,  the 
note  is  a  evunttrf^ 

eOU.\'TER-FEIT-ED,  pp.  or  o.  Forged ;  made  in 
imiuilion  of  soniethin(!,with  a  view  todefiraud  ;  co[>-* 
ied  ;  iinit:tU>d  ;  feicned. 

COUX'TEU-FEIT-ER,  n.  One  who  counterfeits  ;  a 
forger. 

€.  One  who  copies  or  imitates;  one  who  assumes 
a  false  appearance. 

3.  One  who  endeavors  to  set  off  a  thing  in  false 
colors, 

€OUN'TER-FEIT-fXG,  n.  The  act  of  forging  ;  the 
mnkinc  of  a  counterfeit  resemblance. 

eoCN'TEK-FEIT-IXG,  ppr.     Forging;  feigning. 

eOUX'TER-FEIT-LY,  ado.  By  forgery  ;  falsely  ;  fic- 
titiously. 

eOUN-TER-FER'MEXT,  n.  [coanfer  and  ferment  ] 
Ferment  opposed  to  fermenL  Addison. 

€OUN-TER-Fe'SANCE,  n.     [Fr.  etmtnfaiaancc] 
The  act  of  forging  ;  forgery.    [06s.] 

eOUN'TERFOIL,      (  n.     That  part  of  a  tallv  struck 

eOUN'TER-STOCK.  \  in  the  exchequer,  which  is 
kept  by  an  officer  in  that  court,  the  other  b'.'ing  deliv- 
ered to  the  person  who  has  lent  the  king  money  on 
the  accountl  and  is  called  the  stock.  Badey. 

€OUX'TER-F0RT,  a.  [coaatw  and /ot^I  A  buttress, 
spur,  or  pillar,  serving  to  support  a  wall  or  terrace 
subject  lo  bulflS.  Chamberg. 

COCX'TER-GACE,  n.  [anoKar  and  gage.]  In  car- 
ptntrff  a  method  lued  to  measure  the  Joints,  by  trans- 
ferring, as,  for  instance,  the  breadth  of  a  mortise  to 
the  place  where  the  tenon  is  to  be,  in  order  to  make 
them  fit  each  other.  IhoiU. 

COUX'TER-GUARD,  a.  [counter  and  fttard.]  In  fitr- 
t^fictttion^  a  small  rampart,  or  work  mixed  before  the 
point  of  a  bastion,  consisting  of  two  long  faces  par- 
allel to  the  faces  of  the  bastion,  making  a  salient  an- 
gle, to  preserve  the  baji^tion.  It  is  sometimes  of  a 
aifi'ercnt  shaiie,  or  dilfE^renity  situated.  F.ncyc, 

€OUX-TER-IXTHr-EXCE,  r.  L  To  hinder  by  op- 
posing influence.     \ Little  utedA  Scott. 

eOCX-TER-IX'FLO  EX-Ci:D,C-in'flu-?n8t,)pp.  Hin- 
dered by  opposing  influence. 

eOUX-TER-IXFLU-EX-CIXG,  ppr.  Opposing  by 
opposing  influence. 

€OC.\'TER-LIGHT,  (Ute,)  n.  [eouafer  and  h>At.]  A 
U^t  opposite  to  any  thing,  which  makes  it  appear  to 
disadvantage.  Chambtrs. 

€OUN-TEB-MAND',  v.  L  [Fr.  contremander ;  contre 
and  mander^  L.  duuu/o,  to  command.] 

1.  To  revoke  a  fonner  command  ;  or  to  give  an  or- 
der contrary  to  one  before  given,  which  annuls  a  for- 
mer command,  and  forbids  its  execution  ;  as,  to  coun- 
termand orders. 

S.  To  oppose  ;  to  contradict  the  orders  of  another 
3.  To  prohibit.     [Little  used.]  Harvey. 

€OUN'TER-MAND,  n,  A  contrary  order;  revocation 
of  a  former  order  or  command.  Shak. 

eOUX-TER-AIAXD'ED,  pp.  Revoked;  annulled,  as 
an  order. 

€OIJX-TER-MAXD'IXG,  ppr.  Revoking  a  former 
order  ;  giving  directions  contrary  to  a  former  com- 
mand. 

eOUX-TER-MARCH',  c.  t.  [counUr  and  march.]  To 
march  back. 

COCN'TER-.MARCH,  n.  A  marching  back  ;  a  return 
ing.  Collier. 

2.  A  change  of  the  wings  or  face  of  a  battalion,  so 
as  to  bring  the  right  to  tlie  left,  or  the  front  into  the 
rear.  Cyc. 

3.  A  change  of  measures  ;  alteration  of  conduct. 

Jiurnet. 
eOUX-TER-MARCH'ED,  (mircht,)  pp.     Marched 

back. 
€OUN-TER-MARCH'ING,  ppr.  or  n.    Marching  back. 
eOCX'TER-MARK,  n.  [coutUer  and  mark.]   A  second 

or  third  mark  put  on  a  bale  of  goods  belonging  to 

several  merchants,  that  it  may  not  be  opened,  but  in 

the  presence  of  all  the  owners. 

2.  The  mark  of  the  goldsmiths'  company,  to  show 
the  metal  to  be  standard,  added  to  that  of  the  arti- 
ficer. 

3.  An  artificial  cavity  made  in  the  teeth  of  horses, 
that  have  outgrown  tiieir  natural  mark,  to  disguise 
their  age. 

4.  A  mark  added  to  a  medal,  a  long  time  after  it 
has  been  struck,  by  which  its  several  changes  of  val- 
ue may  be  known.  Chambers. 

COUX-TER-MARK',  v.  L    To  mark  the  corner  teeth 
of  a  horse  by  an  artificial  cavity,  to  disguise  his  age. 
Farrier's  Diet. 


COU 

€OUX'TEK-MINE,  «.  [«»««(«■  and  mine]  \n  military 
affairs,  a  well  atiil  gallery  sunk  in  the  earth,  and 
running  under  ground,  In  search  of  the  enemy's 
mine,  or  till  it  meets  it,  to  defeat  its  efl'i^ct. 

Military  Diet, 
3.  Means  of  opposition  or  counteraction.  Sidney. 
3.  A  stratagem  or  project  to  frustrate  any  contriv- 
ance. L""  tleitratige. 

eOUX-TER-MIXE',  v.  t.  To  sink  a  well  and  gallery 
in  the  earth,  in  search  of  an  enemy's  mine,  to  frus- 
trate his  designs. 

2.  To  counterwork  ;  to  frustrate  by  secret  and  op- 
posite measures, 

COUN-TER-MIN'ED,  pp.     Counterworked. 

eOUX-TER-MIN'IXG,  ppr.  Sinking  a  mine  to  frus- 
trate another  mine. 

€OUX'TER-MO-TION,  n.    [counter  und  motion.]    An 
opjK>site  motion  ;  a  motion  counteracting  another. 
Diffby.     Collier. 

eOUN-TER-MO'TIVE,  n.     An  opposite  motive. 

eOUX-TER-MOVE',  v.  t.  or  i.  To  move  in  a  contrary 
direction,  or  in  opposition  to  another. 

€OUX'TER-MOVE-MEXT,  n.  A  movement  in  op- 
position lo  another. 

€OUN-TEU-MOV'ING,  ppr.  Moving  in  an  opposite 
direction. 

eOUX'TER-MORE,  n.  [Fr.  contremur;  contre  and 
niur,  L.  murus,  a  wall.] 

A  wall  raised  behind  another,  to  supply  its  place, 
when  a  breach  is  made. 

eOUN'TER-MORE,  v.  t.  To  fortify  with  a  wall  be- 
hind another. 

€OUN'TER-M0R  ED,  pp.  Fortified  by  a  wall  behind 
another. 

COUN'TER-MCR-IXG,  ppr.  Fortifying  by  a  wall  be- 
hind anollicr. 

eOUX'TER-NAT'^-RAL,  a.  [counter  and  natural.] 
Contrary  to  nature.  Harvey. 

eOUN'TER-XE-GO-TI-A'TIOX,7i.  [counter  und  ne- 
gotiation.] Negotiation  in  opposition  lo  other  negotia- 
tion. 

COUN'TER-NOISE,  n.  [counter  and  noise.]  A  noise 
or  sound  by  which  another  noise  or  sound  is  over- 
powered.        ,  Catamy. 

COUX'TER-0'PEN-ING,  n,  [counter  and  opening.'^ 
An  aperture  or  vent  on  the  opposite  side,  or  in  a  dif- 
ferent place.  Sharp. 

COUX'TER-PACE,  n.  [counter  and  pace.]  A  step  or 
measure  in  opposition  to  another ;  contrary  measure 
or  attem))t.  Swift. 

€OUX'TER-PAL-£D,  a.  [counter  and  pale,]  ui  her- 
aldry^ is  when  the  esculrheon  is  divided  into  twelve 
pales  parted  perfesse,  the  two  colors  being  counter- 
changed,  so  that  the  upper  and  lower  are  of  dilfL-rent 
color*.  Encyc. 

eOUX'TER-PAXE,  n.     A  particular  kind  of  coverlet 
for  a  bed.     [See  Coumterpoint.] 
2.  One  part  of  an  indenture.     [  Obs.]  B.  Jonson. 

eOUX'TER-PART,  n.  [counter  and  part.]  The  cor- 
respondent part ;  ttie  part  that  answers  to  another, 
as  the  two  papers  of  a  contract  or  indentures ;  a  copy  ; 
a  duplicate.  Also,  the  part  which  fits  another,  as  the 
key  of  a  cipher.  Jiddison.     Johnson. 

S.  In  music,  the  part  to  be  applied  to  another ;  as, 
the  base  is  the  counterpart  to  the  treble. 

Bailey.     Eneyc. 

€OUN-TER-PAS'SANT,  a.  [counter  and  passant,]  in 
heraldry^  is  when  two  lions  in  a  coat  of  arms  are  rep- 
resented as  going  contrary  ways.     Badey.     Encyc. 

COUN'TER-PE-TI"TION,  (-pe-tish'un,)  ??.  A  pe- 
tition in  opposition  to  another.  Clarendon. 

COUX'TER-PLeA,  n.  [counter  and  pica.]  In  law^  a 
replication  to  a  plea,  or  request.  CoweL 

COUX-TER-PLOT',-  v.  t.  [counter  and  plot.]  To  op- 
pose one  plot  to  another  ;  to  attempt  to  frustrate  strat- 
agem by  stratagem. 

eOLIX'TER-PLOT,  n.  A  plot  or  artifice  opposed  to 
another.  L^Estrange. 

eoCX-TER  PLOT'TING,  tu  A  plotting  in  opposition 
to  a  stratagem. 

eOUX'TER-POIXT,  n.  [Ft.  eontrepointe  ;  Arm.  con- 
treppentenn  ;  It.  contrappunto  ;  contre  and  poinL] 

1.  A  coverlet ;  a  cover  for  a  bed,  stitched  or  woven 
in  squares.  It  has  been  corrupted  into  Counter- 
pane. 

2.  In  music,  coitnterpoint  is  when  the  musical  char- 
acters by  which  the  notes  in  each  part  are  signified, 
are  placed  in  such  a  manner,  each  with  respect  to 
each,  as  to  show  how  the  parts  answer  one  to  an- 
other. Encyc.     Busby. 

The  term  is  now  synonymous  with  hartnonvf  and 
nearly  so  with  compoKition.  P.  Cyc* 

3.  An  opposite  point.  Sandys, 
COUX'TER-POISE,  v.  L    [Fr.  eontrepeser?  It.  contrap- 

pesare ;  Sp.  contrapesar ;  contre^  contra,  and  pcscr,  pe- 
ear,  to  weigh.     See  Poise.] 

1.  To  counterbalance  ;  to  weigh  against  with  equal 
weight ;  to  be  equiponderant  to  ;  to  equal  in  weight 

The  force  and  diatnncp  of  wei^hu  counUrpmnng  each  other, 
ought  lo  be  reciprocaU  DigUy. 

The  heuvineaa  of  boclit-a  nimt  be  counlerpotMd  by  a^lummet 
Eiatcned  about  the  pulley  lo  the  axi».  U  tlkins. 

2.  To,  act  against  with  equal  power  or  effect ;  to 
balance.    The  wisdom  of  the  senate  may  be  able  to 


FATE,  FAR,  F,\LL,  WHAT.  — M£TE,  PREY.  — nXE,  MAKtXE.  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BQQK.— 


cou 


cou 


counterpoise   Ibe    rash    impetuosity  of  a  democratic 
house. 
COUN  TER-POISE,  n.     [Fr.  contrepoids;  IL  contrap- 
peso ;  Sp.  cotttrapeso.] 

1.  Equal  wciglit  acting  in  opposition  to  something ; 
equiponderance  ;  a  weight  sufficient  to  balance  anoth- 
er in  the  opposite  scale';  equal  balance.        Milton. 

2.  Equal  power  or  force  acting  in  oppo.sition  ;  a 
force  sufficient  to  balance  another  force  ;  equipol- 
lence. 


3.  In  the  manege^  a  position  of  the  rider  in  wliich 
his  body  is  duly  balanced  in  his  scat,  not  inclined 
mure  to  one  side  than  the  other.  Kiicyc. 

eOL'X'TER-POIS-ED,  pp.  Balanced  by  an  equivalent 
oppo^inp  weight,  or  by  equal  power. 

eOL'N'TER-POIS-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Balancing  by  equal 
weight  in  the  opposite  scale,  or  by  equiil  power. 

eOUN'TEH-POI-SON,  (-poi'zu,)  it.  fcwuntcrand  pin- 
sen  ]  One  poison  that  destroys  the  effect  of  auollier ; 
an  antidote; ;  a  medicine  that  obviates  the  effects  of 
poison.  ArbuthnoU 

eOUN'TER-PRA€-TICE,  %.  Practice  in  opposiUon 
to  another. 

eOL\\'TER-PRESS-t;RE,  r,  [counter  and  pressure.] 
Opposing  pressure  ;  a  force  or  pressure  that  aria  in  a 
contr»r>-  direction.  BUukmore. 

eOUN'TER-PROJ-ECT,  n.  [counter  and  project.]  A 
project,  scheme,  or  proposal,  of  one  party,  given  in 
oppojiition  to  another,  before  given  by  the  other  par- 
ty ;  as  in  ihe  negotiation  of  a  treaty.  Sirift, 

eOUiV'TER-PROOF,  n.  [counter  and  proof.]  In  en- 
gravinv^  a  print  Liken  off  from  anuther  fresh  printed, 
which"  by  being  passed  through  the  press,  gives  the 
figure  of  the  fonner,  but  inverted.  Brande, 

COUX'TER-PROVEjr.  L  IcounUr  and  vrovcA  To 
take  off  a  design  in  black  lead  or  red  clialk,  by 
passing  it  through  a  rolling  press  with  another  piece 
of  paper,  both  being  nioktcned  with  a  sponge. 

Clmmbers. 

COUN'TER-PROV -ED,  pp.    See  the  verb. 

eOL'X'TER-PROV-ING   ppr.     See  the  verb. 

eOU.\-TER-REV-O-L0'TION,  n.  A  revolution  op- 
posed to  a  former  one,  and  restoring  a  former  slate 
of  tilings. 

€OU\''rER-REV-0-LC'TION-.\-RY,  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  counter-revolution. 

€OUN'TER-REV-0-Lu'TION-tST,  n.  One  engaged 
in  or  lirfriending  a  counter-revolution. 

COIJN'TER-ROLL,  n.  [counter  and  roll]  In  /aw,  a 
counterpart  or  copy  of  tlie  rolls,  relating  to  appeals, 
inqiieitt^,  Alc  Batley. 

2.  As  a  verb,  this  word  is  contracted  into  Control, 
wliich  see. 

eOL'N-TER-R5L'MENT,  n.  A  counter  account  [See 

COWTBOL.] 

eOUX-TER-Si'U-ENT,  a.  [Fr.  c&ntre  and  *ai//i>,  to 
leap.] 

In  heraldry,  is  when  two  beasts  are  borne  In  a 
coal,  leaping  fmm  each  other.  Bailey. 

eOU.N'TER-SeXRP,  n.  [Ft.  eontrescarpe ;  It.  contra- 
Scarpa  :  Sp.  eoutrae^carpa  :  contre  and  enearpe,  scarpa, 
esearpa,  a  sinpe,  fri>m  the  root  of  carve.] 

In  /ortifteniion,  the  exterior  talus  or  slope  of  the 
ditch,  or  the  talus  that  supports  Ihe  earth  of  ihe  cov- 
ered way  ;  but  it  often  signifies  the  whole  covered 
way,  with  its  parapet  and  glacis  ;  as  when  it  is  said, 
the  enemy  have  lodged  themselves  on  the  eounter- 
acarp.  "  Harris.     Encifc. 

rOUN'TER-SeUF-FLE,»t.   Opposite  scuffle  ;  contest. 

COII.N'TER'-SkAL,  c.  e.    To  seal  w ith  another.   SKak. 

COL'.N' rER-,*iKAL-/:U,  pp.    Sealed  with  another. 

GOL'-N'TER-.-^eAL  l-N'i,  p;»r.     Sealing  with  another. 

eOU.\'TEK-SE-eORE',  o.  £.  [eountrr  and  secure.] 
Tu»*:cure  one  who  has  given  security. 

€OUN'TER-SE-€0'RI-TY,  n.  Security  given  to  one 
who  has  entered  into  bonds  or  become  surety  for 
another.    .  Bailey. 

€OUN''TER-SENSE,  n      Opposite  meaning.  HtneM. 

COUN'TER-SIGN,  (-sine,)  r.  t.  [evunter  and  sign.] 
LUeralt^,  to  sign  on  the  opposite  side  of  an  inslnimenl 
or  writing  ;  hence,  to  sign,  as  secretary  or  other  sub- 
ordmate  officer,  a  writing  signed  by  a  principal  or 
superior,  to  atttrsi  the  authenticity  of  the  writing. 
Thus  charters  signed  by  a  king  are  countersigned  by 
a  secretary.  Bank  notes,  signed  by  the  president, 
are  ctmntersigni'd  by  the  cashier. 

€OIJX'TER-SlG\,  n.  A  private  signal,  word,  or 
phnt'^e,  given  to  soldiers  on  guard,  with  orders  to  let 
no  man  {kia»  unless  he  first  names  that  sign  ;  a  mili- 
tary watchword.  Advance,  and  give  the  counterfign. 
a.  The  signature  of  a  secretary  or  other  subordi- 
nate officer  to  a  writing  signed  by  the  principal  or 
superior,  to  attest  its  aiithenticiiy. 

€OUN'TER-Sir;-,\AL,  n.  A  signal  to  answer  or  cor- 
rexpotid  Ui  an«>ther ;  a  naval  term. 

€OUN'TER-SU;'N'A-TlTRE,  n.  The  name  of  a  sec 
retary  or  other  subordinate  officer  countersigned  Ui 
■  writing. 

Below  ih';  Imperial  anme  i>  cominoti1)r  b  counUr-ngrmtar*  o(  oot 
uf  Ihe  CMntft  rtunia;rr«.  7boA«. 

€0T:N'TER-SIGX-£D,  pp.  Signed  by  a  secretary  or 
other  Bubordinalc  officer. 


€OUN'TER-SIGX-IXG,  ppr.  Attesting  by  the  signa- 
ture of  a  subordinate  officer. 

eOUN'TER-SlXK,  v.  L  To  drill  a  conical  depression 
in  wood  or  metal,  as  in  a  hole  for  a  screw. 

€OUN'TER-{3IXK,  n.  A  drill  or  braccbit  for  counter- 
sinking. 

€OUX'TER-S[NK-IXG,  ppr.     See  the  verb. 

eoUN  TER-STAT'U'1'E,  n.  A  contrary  statute  or 
ordinance.  Milton. 

eo  UN  'TERr-STRoKE,  n.  A  contrary  stroke  -,  a  stroke 
returned.  Spaiser. 

€OUN'TER-SUNK,  pp.    See  the  verb. 

€OUN-TER-SCRE'TY,  «.  A  counter-bond,  or  a 
surety  to  secure  one  that  has  given  security. 

eOUX'TER-SWAY,  n.  Contrary  sway;  opposite  in- 
fluence. Milton. 

€OUN'TER-TAL-LY,  n.  A  tally  corresponding  to 
anotlier. 

eOUN'TER-TASTE,  n.  [counter  and  taste.]  Oppo- 
site or  false  taste.  Skenstone. 

eOUN-TER-TEN'OR,  )  n.     [counter  and   Unor.]     In 

eOUN'TER,  J      music,  one   of  the   middle 

parts,  between  the  tenor  and  the  treble;  high  tenor. 

€OUN'TER-TIDE,  n-  [coujUer  and  tide.]  Contrary 
tide.  Ehyden. 

€OUN'TER-TIME,  n.  [counter  and  time.]  In  tJte 
manegej  the  defense  or  resistance  of  a  horse,  that  in- 
terrupts his  cadence  and  tlie  measure  of  his  manege, 
occasioned  by  a  bad  horseman,  or  the  bad  temper  of 
the  horse.  EtCcyc 

2.  Resistance ;  opposition.  -        Dryden. 

COUN'TER-TLTRN,  n.  The  height  of  a  play  which 
puts  an  end  to  expectation.  Dryden. 

eOUN-TER-VAIL'.  r.  (.  [counter  and  L.  valeo,  to 
avail  or  be  strong.] 

To  act  against  with  equal  force  or  power ;  to 
equal ;  to  act  with  equivalent  effect  against  any 
thing;  to  balance;  to  compensate  ;  as,  the  profit  will 
hcLrdly  eountervail  the  inconveniences. 

Allbou^  the  cntmy  eould  not  caunt£rvad  the  kin^'i  dam&ge. — 
EMh.  rii. 

€OUN'TER-VAIL,  n.      Equal   weight    or  strength; 
power  or   value    sufficient    to   obviate   any   effect ; 
equal  weight  or  value  ;  com[iensation  ;  requital. 
Spenser.     South. 

€OUN-TER-VAIL'ED,  pp.  Acted  against  with  equal 
force  or  power:  balanced  ;  compensated. 

eOUN-TERVAIL'ING,"  ppr.  or  a.  Opposing  with 
equal  strength  or  value ;  balancing ;  obviating  in 
effect. 

COUN'TER-VIEW,  (-vu,)n.  [counter  Knd  view.]  An 
opposite  or  opposing  view  ;  opposition  ;  a  posture  in 
which  two  persons  front  each  t,llier.  Milton. 

2.  Contra-st ;  a  position  in  which  two  dissimilar 
things  illustrate  each  other  by  opposition.        Swift. 

eOLfX'TER-VOTE,  r.  U  To  vote  in  opposition  ;  to 
outvote.  ScotL 

eOUX'TER-WEIGII,  C-wa,)  v.  L  [See  Weigh.]  To 
weigh  against ;  to  counterbalance.  Jlscham. 

eOUX'TER-WIIEEl.,  v.  L  To  cause  to  wheel  in  an 
opposite  direction. 

eOUX'TER-VVHEEL-ING,  ppr.  Causing  to  move  in 
an  opposite  direction. 

COUX'TER-WIXD,  n.    Contrary  wind. 

COUX-TER-VVORK',  (-wu^k,)p.^  [See  Wokk.]  To 
work  in  opposition  tu  ;  to  counteract ;  to  hinder  any 
effect  by  contrary  operations. 

Ttut  counlfTworit  each  fuUjr  anil  caprice.  Pop*. 

€OUN-TER-W0RK'ING,  ppr.  Working  in  opposi- 
tion ;  counteracting. 

COUNTER-WROUGHT', (-niwt,);ipp.  Counteracted; 
opposed  by  contrary  action. 

eOUXT'ESS,  n.     [Fr.  eomtesse;  It.  eontessa;  Sp.  eon- 
de.ia.     See  Count.] 
The  consort  of  an  enri  or  count. 

COUNT'IXG,  Mr.     Numbering;  reckoning, 

COUXT'IXG-HOUSE,  i  n.     [See  Counx,  the  verb.] 

eOUNT'ING-ROOM,  \  The  house  or  room  appro- 
priated by  merdianls,  traders,  and  manufacturers,  to 
the  business  of  keeping  their  books,  accounts,  letters, 
and  papers. 

COUXT'ING,  n.    The  act  of  computing  or  reckoning. 

eOUNT'LESS,  a.  [count  and  less.]  That  which  can 
not  be  counted  ;  nut  having  the  number  ascerUiined, 
nor  ascertainable  ;  innumerable.  The  sands  of  the 
sea-shor*!  are  countlfsn. 

COUX'TRI-FT-Al),  (kun'trc-flde,)  a.     Rurtic  ;  rural; 
having  the  appearance  and  manners  of  the  country. 
Todd.     Rich,  Diet. 

eOUN'TRY,  (kun'try,)  n.  [The  correct  orthography 
would  be  CoNTHV,  Fr.  contrcf,  It.  contrada,  rontmcted 
from  L.  eonterra,  con  and  terra,  land  adjacent  to  a 
city.  Hence,  the  citizens  say,  **  Let  us  go  into  the 
country."  The  l>atin  has  confrrraneu.'*,ar.oniilryman.J 

1.  Properly,  the  land  lying  about  or  near  a  city  ; 
the  territory  situated  in  the  vicinity  of  a  city.  Our 
friend  has  a  seat  in  the  country,  a  few  miles  from 
town.     See  Mark  v.     Luke  viii.     Hence, 

2.  The  whole  territory  of  a  kingdom  or  slate,  as 
opposed  to  city.  We  s&y,  "  The  gentleman  hns  a  seat 
in  the  country,^*  at  any  distance  from  town  indefinitely 
Hence, 

3.  Any  tract  of  land,  or  inhabited  land ;  any  re 


cou 

gion,  as  distinguished  from  other  regions ;  a  king- 
dom, state,  or  lesser  district.  We  speak  of  ali  the 
countriii)  of  Europe  or  Asia. 

Ai»d  llicy  came  into  the  country  of  Monb.  —  Rulh  1. 

4.  The  kingdom,  state,  or  territory,  in  wliich  ono 
is  horn  ;  the  land  of  nativity  ;  or  the  particular  dis- 
trict indefinitely  in  which  one  is  born.  America  is 
my  country,  or  England  is  my  country. 

Labun  laid,    It  niual  nut   be  to  douc   iti  our  country,  .—  Qcu. 
xxix, 

5.  The  region  in  which  one  resides. 

He  Bolounifd  in  the  laud  of  promise,  u  In  a  foieipn  eounlry.  — 
Heb,  xi, 

6.  Land,  as  opposed  to  water  j  or  inhabited  territory. 

The  ahipmcii  deemed  thai  they  diew  near  lo  wnie  eounlry.  — 
Acu  xxTii. 

7.  The  inhabitants  of  a  region. 

AH  the  country  wept  with  a  loud  voice.  —  2  Siun.  XT. 

8.  A  place  of  residence;  a  region  of  permanent 

habitation. 

Thi^y  declare  pliunlj  that  ihey  leek  a  country,  —  Heb,  xl. 
They  deaiie  abetter  counfT^,  Uml  i»,  a  heafcuty.  —  Heb,  xi. 

9.  In  law,  a  jury  or  jurors ;  as,  trial  by  the  coun- 
try, per  pais. 

COUN'TRY,  (kun'try,)  a.  Pertaining  to  the  country 
or  territory  at  a  distance  from  a  city  ;  rural ;  rustic  ; 
as,  a  country  town  ;  a  cou7i(ri/ seat ;  a  counfjT/ squire  ; 
a  country  life ;  the  country  party,  as  opposed  to  city 
party. 
2.  Pertaining  or  peculiar  to  one's  own  country. 

He  apokc  in  hla  country  Ungua^.  Alaccabt*: 

.?,  Rude  ;  ignorant.  Drydtn. 

COUN'TRY  DANCE,  n.  [Fr.  contre  danse.]  A  danco 
in  which  the  partners  are  arranged  opposite  to  each 
other  in  lines.    Originally  and    properly,  Contra- 

DAMCE. 

COUN'TRY-MAN,  n.  One  bom  in  the  same  country 
with  another.  This  man  is  my  countrytnan.  See  2 
Cor.  xi.  26. 

2.  One  who  dwells  in  the  country,  as  opposed  to  a 
citizen ;  a  rustic  ;  a  farmer  or  husbandman  ;  a  man 
of  plain,  unpolished  manners. 

3.  An  inhabitant  or  native  of  a  region.  What 
countryman  is  he ,'' 

COUN'tRY  SkAT,  n.  A  dwelling  in  the  counfcry 
used  as  a  place  of  retirement  from  the  city. 

eoUNT'-WHEEL,  7(.  The  wheel  in  a  clock  which 
moves  round  and  causes  it  lo  strike. 

eoUN'TY,  n.  [Fr.  ccmpti;  Sp.com/ado,-  It.  contia; 
L.  eomitatus.     See  Count.] 

1.  Originally,  an  earldom  ;  the  district  or  territory 
of  a  count  or  earl.  JVtiw,  a  circuit  or  particular 
portion  of  a  state  or  kingdom,  separated  from  the 
rest  of  the  territory,  for  certain  purposes  in  the  ad- 
ministration of  justice,  ll  is  called  also  a  shire. 
[See  Shire.]  Each  county  has  its  sheriff  and  it;* 
court,  with  other  officers  employed  in  the  adminis- 
tration of  justice,  and  tlie  execution  of  the  laws.  In 
England  there  are  fifty-two  counties,  and  in  each  is 
a  lurd-tieutenant,  who  has  command  of  the  militia. 
The  several  States  of  America  are  divided  by  law 
into  counties,  in  each  of  which  is  a  county  cuurt  of 
inferior  jurisdiction  ;  and  in  each  the  supreme  court 
of  the  State  holds  stated  sessions. 

2.  A  count ;  an  earl  or  lord.     [0A«.]  Shak. 

County  palatine,  in  England,  is  a  county  distin- 
guished by  particulitr  privileges  ;  so  CHlIcd  apfl/uii*),  the 
palace,hecauselheo\\  ner  hadorigtniilly  royal  |K»wcrs, 
or  the  snme  powers,  in  the  administration  of  justice, 
as  the  king  had  in  his  palace  ;  but  llieir  powers  arc 
now  abridged.  The  counties  palatine,  in  England, 
are  Lancaster,  Chester,  ami  Durham. 

County  corporate,  is  a  county  invested  with  partic- 
ular privileges  by  charter  or  royal  grant,  as  Lon- 
don. York,  Hrlstol,  &c. 

COUN'TY,  o.  Pertaining  to  a  county ;  ns,  county  court. 

COUN'TY  COURT,  n.  A  court  whose  jurisdiction  is 
limited  to  a  county,  and  whose  powers,  in  America, 
depend  on  statutes.  In  England,  it  is  incident  to 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  sheriff. 

COUN'TY  TOWN,  n.  That  town  where  the  various 
courtsof  a  county  are  held.  In  the  Western  States,  it 
is  improperly  calli-d  a  county  seat. 

COUP  DK  GRACE',  (koo-de-gnis',)  [Fr.]  Literally,  the 
stroke  of  mercy  by  which  an  executioner  ends  tlie 
Bufferings  of  one  on  the  rack,  &c.,  by  death.  Hence,  a 
decisive,  finishing  stroke  ;  a  finisher. 

COUP  DE  MJilJ^,  (kno-de-mans',)  [Fr.]  An1n- 
stintaneous  and  unexpected  attack  or  enterprise. 

Chup  y>'ai:/A,  (koo-dale',)  [Fr.]  Slight  view  ;  glance 
of  the  eye. 

COUP  /)'£-r.^r,  fkoo-dd-fA',)  [Fr.]  A  sudden,  de- 
cisive blow,  In  politics  ;  a  stroke  of  policy. 

COUP  DK  SO-LKIL',  (koo-de-so-lile',)  [Fr.]  A  stroke 
of  the  sun, 

COUPE',  fkoo-pa',)  n.  The  IVoni  apartment  of  a 
French  diligence 

eOU-PEE',  (koo-pee',)  n,     JFr.  eouprr,  to  cut.] 

A  motion  in  dancing,  when  one  leg  is  a  little  bent, 
and  suspended  from  the  ground,  and  with  the  other 
a  motion  is  made  forward.  Chambers. 


TONE,  BULL,  t^NITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  as  K  ;  Cl  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  ^'H  as  in  THIS. 


275 


Arm.  Mw 
Dan.  kvMfl;  lUb. 
or  fold  ;  ^ 
1.  Tw. 
place,  or  c 


cou 

COUPLE,  (knp'pl}  ■.     [Ft.  eoupte:  L.  copula ;  IL  Sp. 

D  i  i.'ti.  iii..  and  ^fip,  to  duuble 

^  jir  kind,  and  near  in 
puM^,  tM  t  .  a?,  a  coupU  of  men  ;  a 

ctupU  of  onuig&i.  1  have  [jianlea  a  compU  of  chernr- 
treea.  We  can  not  c-UI  a  liorae  and  an  ox  a  c0Mp/e, 
unless  we  add  a  generic  irrm.  Of  a  horse  and  ox 
feetling  in  a  pa^iire,  we  sh«>uld  sajr,  a  CM^Ie  ^  oiu- 
■mIs.  Among  btinUmen  and  soldiers,  K«c«  ia  used 
for  e0Hf>/c ;  a^,  a  brace  of  ducks ;  a  *ract  of  platoU. 
CWitpte  differs  from  pair,  whidi  implies,  atricUy,  not 
only  things  of  the  some  kind,  but  likeness,  equality, 
or  cutftomary  association.  A  ptur  is  a  wmplc^  but  a 
eoupU  may  or  may  not  be  a  pair, 

a.  Two  things  of  any  kind  connected  or  linked  to- 
gether. 

3.  A  male  and  female  connected  by  marriage,  be- 
trothed, or  allied  ;  as,  a  married  couple;  a  young 
cample. 

4.  That  which  links  or  connects  two  things  tofeth- 
er ;  a  chain. 

eOUPLE,  (kup'pl,)  9,  L  [Pr.  eoupUri  L.  eopmU}  8p. 
caymUri  lU  a^uimre.] 

1.  To  link,  chain,  or  connect  OM  thing  with  an- 
other j  to  sew  or  fliAeo  togelber. 

TiKn  ^btUt  CBMpto  tks  cotalns  wftb  bocte.  —  Ex.  nrrt 
3.  To  many  i  to  wed ;  to  anite,  as  husband  and  wife. 

COVP'LE.  ».  I.    To  embrace,  as  the  sexes.   Dnfden, 

eOUP'Lfb,  (kup'ptd)  pp.  or  a.  United,  as  two  things } 
linked:  married. 

Cammed  a>lmmju ;  in  areAi<Mtare,  columns  arranged 
in  poirii  half  a  diameter  apart. 

eOUP'LE-BEG-GAA,  n.  One  who  makea  it  bis  bosi- 
ncss  to  luarrv  beggars  to  each  other.  St^fi* 

€OUP'LE-ME'.\T,  (kup'pl-ment,)  a.    Union.  Spauer, 

eOCP  LET,  (kup'let,)  a.  [Fr.]  Two  venm;  a  pair 
of  rhymes 

a.  A  division  of  a  hymn  or  ode,  in  which  an  equal 
number  or  equal  measure  of  veru^  is  found  in  each 
part,  called  a  strophe, 
3.  A  pair ;  as,  a  compUi  of  doves.     [JVU  used,] 

COUP'LING,  ppr.  Uniting  in  couples;  fastening  or 
connecting  together ;  embracing. 

€OUP'LLNG,  a.    Th.it  which  couples  or  coonecU,  as 
a  hoiik,  chain,  or  bar ;  as,  the  eot^Umf  of  a  raiUimd 
car.    '2  Cttrom.  xxxiv. 
a.  The  act  of  coupling. 

€OUP'LING-BOX,  (kiip'pling-box,)  «.  In  maekinrnfy 
something  that  permanently  connects  two  shaAs: 
usually,  a  tube  or  strong  cylinder  embracing  the  end 
of  each  abaft,  with  a  pin  or  bolt  passed  through  each. 

UeUrt. 

€OUP'LIN*G-PI\,  a.  A  pin  vaed  for  coupling  or  join- 
ing togfiher  railroad  cars  and  olht-r  machiner)'. 

COU-PO.V^  (koo-p<mg',)  n.  [Ft,]  An  interest  cer- 
tificate, printt-d  at  the  bottom  uf  transft-rable  bonds, 
(state,  railroad,  fce.,)  civen  for  a  term  of  years. 
There  are  as  many  of  these  certificates  as  there  arc 
payments  of  interest  to  be  made.  At  each  time  of 
payment  one  is  cut  eff,  and  presented  for  payntenL 
Hence  its  name,  eompauj  or  ctt  off, 

€0UR'A6E,  (kur'raj)  a.  [Fr.,  from  c«Mr,  L.  cor,  the 
heart  ;  Arm.  eourauJt ;  Sp.  coragt ;  PorU  corofftm ;  It. 

Bravery;  intrepidity;  that  quality  of  mind  which 
enables  men  to  encounter  dangt-r  and  ditliculties  with 
firmness,  or  without  fear  or  depression  of  spiriu  ; 
valor ;  boldnesss  resolution.  It  is  a  coniAituent  part 
oC  fortitude ;  but  fortitude  impUes  patience  to  bear 
continued  suffering. 

C^Hrof  r  ctuu  gnrvs  Fran  eonadtatias  «Ami  Ibtwke*  a  man  wbra 
te  Ihu  immnm  br  it ;  «a«r«^  which  uvn  tm  «  wnae  of 
do^  Mto  ia  »  anilorm  loanDer.  Adduon. 

Be  Kioag  Mid  of  good  aHrB(c.  —  Drat.  xxxi. 

eOlTR-A'GEOUS,  (kiir-ra'jus,)  a.  Brave  ;  bold  ;  dar- 
ing ;  intrepid  ;  hardy  to  encoimter  difficulties  and 
dangers  ;  adventurous  ;  enterprising. 

Be  Iboa  itrong  and  eouragtotu.  —  Josh.  L. 

€0UK-A'0EOCS-LY,  arfi>.    With  courage;  bravely; 

buldlv  ;  stoutly. 
€0UB-A'GEOUS-NESS,«.  Courage;  boldness;  brav- 

en- ;  intrepidity  ;  spirit ;  valor. 
lou:MVTb,("-    [Fr.«.r«tt,n.nntag.] 

L  A  piece  of  music  in  triple  Ume ;  also,  a  kind  of 

dance,  consisting  of  a  time,  a  step,  a  balance,  and  a 

coupee.  Encyc. 

a.  A  title  of  a  newspaper,  so  called  from  its  rapid 

circulation. 
eOU-RAP',  n.    A  distemper  in  the  East  Indies  ;  a  kind 

of  herpes  or  itch  in  the  armpits,  groin,  breast,  and 

face.  JE«cyc 

eOURB,  r,  i     [Fr.  COTtrfter.] 
To  bend,     [j^ot  in  use,\ 
eOrUB,  a.     Crooked.     [A*ot  ia  «<«.] 
€6rR'B.\-RIL,  n.  Anime,  a  resinous  substance  which 

flows  from  ttie  liymenea,  a  tree  of  South  .\merica  ; 

used  for  varnishing.  Foureroy 

COU'Rl-ER,  (koo're-er,)  n.    [Fr.  effunw,  from  ctfurtr, 

to  run,  L.  curro.] 


cou 

1.  A  messenger  sent  express  fur  conveying  letters 
or  dts[}.-tt<.'hes,  usually  on  public  business. 

a.  'i'he  name  of  a  newsfiaper. 
COURSE,  n.     [Fr.   course  t   Sp.   eurso;    \U  corso  i    It. 
cursai  from  L.  cursus^  from  curro,  to  run,  W.  ^^yru, 
Eng.  *iirry.     See  Class  Gr,  No.  7,  15,  33,  34.J 

1.  In  its  general  sease^  a  passing;  n  moving,  or 
motion  Airward,  in  a  direct  or  curving  line  ;  applica- 
ble to  any  body  or  substance,  ^ulid  or  tluid. 

jSppLtd  to  animaig^  a  running,  or  walking  ;  a  mce  : 
a  career;  a  passing,  or  |Kis:sage,  with  any  degree  of 
swiftness  indefinitely. 

JippUed  to  Jiuidsy  a  flowing,  as  in  a  Rtream  in  any 
direction  ;  as,  a  straight  course^  or  winding  courne. 
It  is  applied  to  water  or  other  litiuids,  lu  air  or  wind, 
and  to  light,  in  the  sense  of  motion  or  passing. 

Jfyplimi  to  solid  bodies,  it  signifies  motion  or  pass- 
ing ;  as,  the  eotuve  of  a  rotlini^  stone  ;  the  course  of  a 
carriage ;  the  course  of  the  cartti  in  its  orbit. 

jSjtplied  to  itar4;'-utiirn.  it  siffnities  a  passing  or  mo- 
tion on  water,  or  in  biilloons  in  air;  a  voyage. 

S.  The  direction  of  mi>tion ;  line  of  ad\*ancing ; 
point  of  compass,  in  which  motion  is  directed ;  as, 
what  ccriu-se  shall  the  pilot  steer.'  In  technical  lan- 
guage, the  angle  contained  between  the  nearest  me- 
ridian and  that  point  of  compass  on  which  a  ship 
sails  in  any  direction.  .Afar.  Did. 

3.  Ground  on  which  a  race  is  run. 

4.  A  passing  or  process ;  the  progress  of  any  thing  ; 
as,  the  course  of  an  argument,  or  of  a  debate ;  a 
course  of  thought  or  reflection. 

5.  Order  of  proceeding  or  of  pnssing  from  nn  an- 
cestor to  an  heir ;  as,  the  course  of  descent  in  in- 
heritance. 

&  Order ;  turn  ;  class ;  succession  of  one  to  an- 
other in  office  or  duty. 

SokuiMNi  appouit^  ibe  anu-mt  ot  the  piiratm 3  Chrou.  viil. 

7.  Stated  and  orderly  method  of  proceeding  ;  usual 
manner.  He  obtained  redress  in  due  course  of  law. 
Leave  Nature  to  her  course. 

8.  Series  of  successive  and  methodical  procedure; 
a  train  of  acts  or  applications ;  as,  a  course  of  med- 
icine administered. 

9.  A  methodical  series,  applied  to  tKe  arts  or  sci- 
ences; a  systenii7.ed  order  of  principles  in  arts  or 
sciences,  for  illustration  or  instruction.  We  say, 
the  author  has  com[deted  a  course  of  principles  or  of 
lectures  in  philosophy.  ANo.  the  order  pursued  by 
a  student ;  as,  he  has  conipltited  a  course  of  studies 
in  law  or  physics 

10.  Manner  of  proceeding ;  way  of  life  or  conduct ; 
deportment;  series  of  actions. 

Thnl  I  might  fm'wh  my  cottrM  whh  Joy.  —  ArU  xx. 
Their  cotirM  m  evi\,  — Jcr.  xxiii. 

11.  Line  of  conduct;  manner  of  proceeding;  as, 
we  know  not  what  aturse  to  pursue. 

12.  Natural  bent ;  pro[>ensity  ;  uncontrolled  will. 
Let  not  a  perverse  child  take  his  own  course, 

13.  Tilt;  act  of  running  in  the  lists. 

14.  Orderly  structure  ;  system. 

The  Uin^Mc  ■cttpih  on  fire  ihe  courgt  of  nature.  —  Junea  IH- 

15.  Any  regular  series.  In  architecture^  a  contin- 
ued range  of  stones,  level  or  of  the  same  hight 
throughout  the  whole  length  of  the  building,  and  not 
interrupted  by  any  aperture.    A  laying  of  bricks,  &c. 

16.  The  dishes  set  on  table  at  one  time;  service 
of  meat. 

17.  Regularity ;  order ;  regular  succession  ;  as,  let 
the  classes  follow  in  course. 

13.  Empty  form ;  as,  compliments  are  often  words 
of  course. 

Of  c/iur*<,*  by  consequence;  in  regular  or  natural 
order  ;  in  the  common  manner  of  proceeding ;  with- 
out special  direction  or  provision.  This  effect  will 
follow  qf  course.  If  the  defendant  resides  not  in  the 
State,  the  cause  is  continued  of  course. 
COURSE,  V.  L    To  hunt ;  to  pursue ;  to  chase. 

We  courted  him  at  the  heels.  Shak. 

2.  To  cause  to  run ;  to  force  to  move  with  speed. 

May. 

3.  To  run  through  or  over.  The  blood  courses  the 
winding  arteries.  The  bounding  steed  courses  the 
dusty  plain. 

COURSE,  V.  i    To  run  ;  to  move  with  Eipeed  ;  to  run 

or  move  about ;  aa,  the  blood  courses.  Shak. 

The  grrjhounda  courted  through  the  ficMa. 

€OURS'£D,  (korst,)  yp.    Hunted  ;  chased  ;  pursued  ; 

caused  to  nin. 
COURS'ER,  B,    A  swift  horse;   a  runner;    a  war 

horse  ;  a  -word  used  chiejly  in  pottry.  Dnjdetu     Pope. 

2.  One  who  hunts  ;  one  who  pursues  the  sport  of 
coursing  hares.  Joktuon. 

3.  An  order  of  birds  which  have  short  wings,  and 
move  chiefly  by  running,  as  the  ostrich,  dodo,  and 
cassowary.  Kirby. 

4.  A  disputant.     [JVot  in  use.']  Wood. 
COURS'ES,  n.  pi.    In  a  ship,  the  principal  sails,  as  the 

main-sail,  fore-sail,  and  mizzen :  sometimes  the 
name  is  given  to  the  stay-sails  on  the  lower  masts ; 
sdso  to  the  main  stay-saiis  of  all  brigs  and  schooners. 

Mar.  Diet, 
a.  Catamenia ;  menstrual  fiux. 


COU 

COURS'EV,  «.    Part  of  the  hatches  in  a  galley. 

Sherwood. 

COURS'ING,p^,  Hunting;  chasing;  running;  rtow- 
inc  ;  coiniK'Hing  to  run. 

COURSM.NUj  n.  Tlu;  act  or  sport  of  chasing  and  himt- 
ing  hares,  loxes,  or  deer. 

COURT,  n.  [Sax.  curt;  Fr.  cour;  Arm.  court;  It. 
corte  i  Sp.  corte:  Port,  corte;  L.  curia;  Ir.  cutrt. 
The  primary  sense  and  application  are  not  perfectly 
obvious.  Most  probably  the  word  is  from  a  verb 
which  signifies  to  go  round,  to  collect.    W.  cirr,  a 

circle ;    Ar.  .\j    kaura.  to  go  round,  to  collect,  to 

bind.  Hence  applied  to  a  yanl  or  inclosure.  See 
Class  Gr,  No.  33,  34.  It  may  ptissibly  be  allied  to 
yardj  Goth,  ffurds ;  or  it  may  be  derived  from  a  verb 
signifying  to  cut  off  or  separate,  and  primarily  sig- 
nify the  fi'nce  tliat  cuts  off  or  excludes  access.  The 
former  is  most  pri>bable.] 

1.  An  uncovered  area  before  or  behind  a  house,  or 
In  its  center,  and  in  the  latter  case  usually  surround- 
ed on  all  sides  by  tlie  buildings;  in  popular  lanj^uage, 
a  court-yard.  Oinilt. 

a.  A  space  inclosed  by  houses,  broader  than  a 
street ;  or  a  apace  forming  a  kind  of  recess  from  a 
public  streeL 

3.  A  palace ;  the  place  of  residence  of  a  king  or 
sovereign  prince.  Europe. 

4.  The  hall,  chamber,  or  place  where  justice  is  ad- 
ministered. 

St.  Paul  WM  brought  Into  the  highest  eoart  In  Athens. 

AtUrhmy. 

5.  Persons  who  compose  the  retinue  or  council  of 
a  king  or  einp<'ror.  Temple. 

6.  The  persons  or  judges  assembled  for  hearing 
and  deciding  causes,  civil,  criminal,  military,  naval, 
or  ecclesiastical ;  as,  a  court  of  law  ;  a  court  of 
chaTicer>' ;  a  court  martial ;  a  court  of  admiralty  ;  an 
ecclesiastical  court;  cowrf  baron,  &.c.     Hence, 

7.  Any  jurisdiction,  civil,  military,  or  ecclesias- 
tical. 

8.  The  art  of  pleasing;  the  art  of  insinuation; 
civility  ;  flattery  ;  address  to  gain  favor.  Hence  the 
phrase,  to  make  court,  to  attempt  to  please  by  flattery 
and  address. 

9.  In  Scripture^  an  inclosed  part  of  the  entrance 
into  a  palace  or  house.  The  tabernacle  had  one 
cimrt;  the  temple,  three.  The  first  was  the  court  of 
the  Gentiles  ;  the  second,  the  court  of  Israel,  in 
which  the  people  worshiped  ;  the  third  was  the 
court  of  the  priests,  where  the  priests  and  Levites 
exercised  their  ministry.  Hence,  places  of  public 
worship  are  called  the  courts  of  the  Lord. 

10.  In  t/ie  United  States,  a  legislature  consisting  of 
two  houses;  as,  the  Oeneral  Court  of  Massachusetts. 
The  original  constitution  of  Connecticut  established 
a   General  Court  in  1639.  B.  TrumbuU. 

11.  A  session  of  the  legislature. 

COURT,  r.  f.  In  a  general  sense,  to  flatter;  to  en- 
deavor to  please  by  civilities  and  address;  a  use  tif 
the  word  derived  from  the  manners  of  a  court. 

2.  To  woo  ;  to  solicit  for  marriage. 

A  thousand  court  yoa,  though  the;  court  In  vain.  Pope. 

3.  To  attempt  to  gain  by  address;  to  solicit;  to 
seek  ;  as,  to  court  commendation  or  applause. 

COURT,  r.  C  To  act  the  courtier;  to  imitate  the 
manners  of  the  court. 

COURT-BAR'ON,  n.  A  baron's  court;  a  court  inci- 
dent to  a  manor.  Blackstone. 

COURT'-BRED,  a.     [See  Breed.1     Bred  at  courL 

COURT'-BREED-ING,  n.     Education  at  a  court. 

MiUon. 

COURT'-BUB-BLE,  TU    The  trifle  of  a  court.   Beaum. 

COURT'-CHAP'LAIN,  n.  A  chaplain  to  a  king  or 
prince. 

COURT'-CUP'BOARD,  n.  The  sideboard  of  ancient 
days.  S/iak. 

COLIRT'-DA  V,  n.  A  day  in  %vhich  a  court  sits  to  ad- 
minister justice. 

COURT'-DREriS,  n.  A  dress  suitable  for  an  appear- 
ance at  court  or  levee. 

COURT'-DRESS-ER,  n.     A  flatterer.  Locke. 

eOURT'-F ASH-ION,  n.    The  fashion  of  a  court. 

FaUiT. 

eOURT-FA'VOR,  n,  A  favor  or  benefit  besto\ved  by 
a  court  or  prince.  L'Estrange^ 

eOURT'-HAND,  n.  The  hand  or  manner  of  writing 
used  in  records  and  judicial  proceedings.         Shak, 

eOURT'-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  in  which  established 
courts  are  held,  or  a  house  appropriated  to  courts 
and  public  meetings.  America. 

C6URT'-LA-DY,  ?i.  A  lady  who  attends  or  is  con- 
versant in  court. 

COURT'-LEET,  «.  A  court  of  record  held  once  a 
year,  in  a  particular  hundred,  lordship,  or  manor,  be- 
fore the  steward  of  the  leet.  Blackstone. 

COURT'-MAR'TIAL,  n.  ;  pi.  Courts-Martiau  A 
court  consisting  of  militarj'  or  naval  officers,  for  the 
trial  of  offenses  of  a  military  or  naval  character. 

COURT'-PLASUTER,  n.  Sticking-plaster  made  of 
silk,  with  some  adhesive  substance,  commonly  gum 
benzoin,  on  one  side.  Ure. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MElE,  PREV-  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.  — 


cou 


GOV 


COV 


A  court  or  inclosure  round  a 
;  solicited  in  mar- 


Co  tIRT'-YARD 

house. 
€oVVL'V'ED,pp.    Flattered  i  wooed 

riage  ;  sou^hL 
eOURT'E  OLjS,  {kurt'e-*!8,)  a.     [froni  court;  Fr.  cour- 

tois ;  It.  cortejfe:  Pp.  eortes.'j 

1.  Polite;  well-bred;  being  of  ele^nt  manners; 
civil:  obliging;  condescending;  applied  to  persons. 

2.  Polite;  civil;  graceful;  elegant;  complaisant; 
applied  to  manners,  4'c- 

€6URT'E-OLIS-LY,   adv.      In  a  courteqys  m.inner; 

with  obliging  rivility  and  condescension  ;  complai- 

sanllv. 
eOLTRT'E-OUS-NESS.  n.    Civility  of  manners;  obli- 
ging condescension  ;  comptaii^iuice. 
eOUKT'ER,  n.    One  who  courts;  one  who  solicits  in 

m;irri:ige.  Sherwood, 

€OLRT'E-SAX,  (kurt'e-zan,)  «.    [Fr.  coartisane i  Sp. 

eortfjtuuai  from  courL] 

A  prostitute  ;  a  woman  who  prostitutes  herself  for 

hire,  es|iecially  to  men  of  rank. 
eOURT'E-SY,  (kun'e-sy,)  «.     [Fr.  courtoisie ;  Sp.  It. 

eortr.-ia  ;    Port,  cortezia  ;  from  Fr.  eourtoisj  Sp.  cartes, 

courteous,  from  eourf.] 

1.  Elegance  ot  politeness  of  manners  ;  especially, 
politeness  connected  with  kindness;  civility;  com- 
plaisance ;  as,  the  gentleman  shows  great  co'urtfsv  to 
strangers  ;  he  treats  his  friends  with  great  courtr^t. 

2.  An  act  of  civility  or  respect;  an  act  of  kindness 
or  favor  performed  with  politeness.    SAuA.    Bacon. 

3.  A  favor  ;  as,  to  hold  upon  court^jy,  that  is,  not 
of  right,  but  by  indulgence. 

Tenure  by  courtesy,  oi  curtesy,  is  where  a  man  mar- 
ries a  woman  seized  of  an  estate  of  inheritance,  and 
has  by  her  isstie  born  alive  which  was  capable  of  in- 
heriting her  estate  ;  in  this  case,  on  the  death  of  his 
wife,  he  holds  the  lands  for  his  life,  as  tenant  by  cur- 
tesy. Black-^tone, 

COURTE'SY,  (kurt'sy,)  n.  The  act  of  civility,  re- 
spect, or  reverence,  performed  by  a  woman  ;  a  fall  or 
inclination  of  the  body,  corresiKjnding  in  design  to 
the  1m>w  of  a  gentleman.  Druden. 

eOURTE'SY,  (kurt'sy,)  r.  i.  To  perfonn  an  act  of 
civility,  respect,  or  reverence,  as  a  woman. 

A'y«.— This  word  was  formerly  applied  to  the 
other  sex  ;  but  is  now  used  only  of  the  acts  of  rever- 
ence or  civility  performed  by  women. 

€01;RT'E-SY,  v.  c  To  treat  with  civility.  [A*ot  in 
u.ie.] 

COL'RTE'SY-IMG,  (kurt'sy-ing,)  ppr.  Making  an  act 
of  riviliiv'  or  respect,  as  females. 

eOURT'IER,(k6rt'yur,)n.  [from  court.]  A  man  who 
altends  or  frequents  the  courts  of  princes. 

Bacon.     Dryden. 
S.  One  who  courts  or  solicits  the  favor  of  another ; 
one  who  flatters  to  please ;  one  who  possesses  tiie  art 
of  gaining  favor  by  address  and  complaisance. 

Tlvrrr  w:^  not  among'  all  our   pHiiciM  a  planter  courtier  of  ttw 
V*-op(^  than  Ricturl  III.  Suckling. 

COURT'IER-Y,  n.  The  manners  of  a  courtier.  [JVot 
used.]  B.  JoTLson. 

RT'I.V- 


IXG,  ;>pr.     Flattering;  attempting  to  gain  by 


address  ;  wooing  ;  suliciting  in  marriage! 
tCURTTNG,  n.    The  act  of  paying  court ;  the  act  of 

soliciting  in  marriage. 
rOURT'UKE^  a.     Polite  ;  eleeani.  Camden. 

CftURT'Ll  NESH,  n.     [See  CottBTLT.]     Elegance  of 

manner  ;  grace  of  mien  ;  civility  ;  complaisance  with 

dignitv.  -Df^fty. 

eOURT'UNG,  n.    A  coortler;  a  retainer  to  a  court. 

B.  Jongon, 
eCURT'LY,  a.    [court  and  like.]    Relating  to  a  court ; 

elegant  ;  polite  with  dignity,  applied  to  men  and  man- 

nerm  ;  flattering,  C7i/»/(rrf  (o  teno-nnjrr.  Pope. 

C(^VKT'l,Yj  atit.    In  the  manner  of  courts;  elegantly; 

in  a  rtnttenng  manner. 
COURT'.SIIIP,  n.    The  act  of  soliciting  favor.  Swif^. 

2.  The  act  of  wooing  in  love  ;  solicitation  of  a 
Woman  to  marriage.  Dnjden. 

3.  Civility;  elegnncs  of  manners.  [Ohs.]   Donne. 
€OCS'/N,  (kuz'n,)  n.     [Fr.  cousin.     Q,u.  contracted 

from  h.  cansohrinusj  or  eansangumengj  or  is  it  allied 
o 

to  the  Persian  iJ^^^L  related,  kindred  .'] 

1.  In  a  gmrral  srnse^  one  collaterally  related  more 
remotely  than  a  brother  or  sister.     But, 

2.  Appropriately,  the  son  or  daughter  of  an  uncle 
oraiint;  the  rhtldren  of  brothers  and  nisters  being 
usually  denominated  eonsin*,  or  rousin-ffertnans,  (from 
ffemuxnu^,  of  the  same  Btr>ck.)  In  the  second  gener- 
ation, they  are  railed  second  coxudnx. 

3.  A  title  given  by  a  king  to  a  nobleman,  particu- 
larly to  those  of  the  council.  Johnson. 

COtTS'/N,  (kuz'n,)  o.     Allied.     [Ohs.]  Chaucer. 

€0U9'/N-LY,  (knx'n-Iy,)  a.     Like  or  becoming  a 

rou«in. 
eOLTH'Sf-NET,  (kooa'si-net,)  n.     [Ft.,  a  cushion.} 
In  architecture,  a  stone  placed  on  the   impost  of  a 
pier  for  receiving  the  first  st^me  of  an  arch.     Also, 
that  part  of  the  Ionic  rnpilal  between  the  abacus  ana 
quarter  round,  which  serves  to  form  the  volute. 

(heUt. 


€OU-TEAU',  (koo-to%)  ii.     [Fr.,  a  knife.]     A  hanger. 

CoVE,  n.  [Sax.  cvf,  cofe,  an  inner  room,  a  den.  Qu. 
Obs.  L.  corum.  'I'he  fripani^li  has  the  word  witli  the 
Arabic  prefix,  alroba  and  alcove :  Port  alcova ;  IL  alco- 
CO.   It  may  be  allied  to  cubby,  VV.  cicfi,  a  hollow  place, 

a  cote  or  kennel ;  or  to  cave,  Ar,  iio  kabba,to  arch, 

or  t_jL3  kauba^  to  make  hollow.] 

A  small  inlet,  creek,  or  bay  ;  a  recess  in  the  sea- 
shore, where  vessels  and  boats  may  sometimes  be 
sheltered  from  the  xvinds  and  waves. 

CoVE,  V.  t.    To  arch  over ;  as,  a  coved  ceiling. 

^_     _  Sioinbume. 

eOV'E-NA-BLE, a.    [Old  Fr.]   Fit;  suitable,    [Obs. 

trickliffe. 

€OV'E-NANT,  (kuv'e-nanl,)  «.  [Fr.  convenant,  the 
participle  of  concenir,  to  agree  ;  L,  conoenio,  con  and 
omuf,  to  come  ;  Norm,  canevence,  a  covenant ;  It.  con- 
rfni(on«,  from  L.  couventio.  Literally,  a.  coming  to- 
gether; a  meeting  or  agreement  of  minds.] 

1.  A  mutual  consent  ur  agreement  of  two  or  more 
persons,  to  do  or  to  forbear  some  act  or  thing  ,  a  con- 
tnict ;  stipulation.  A  covenant  is  created  by  deed  in 
writing,  sealed  and  executed  ;  or  it  may  be  implied 
in  tl»e  contracL  Encyc.     Blackstone. 

2.  A  writing  containing  the  terms  of  agreement  or 
contract  between  parties  ;  or  the  clause  of  agreement 
in  a  deed  containing  the  covenant. 

3.  In  thfvloa^y,  the  covenant  of  works,  is  that  implied 
in  the  commands,  prohibitions,  and  promises  of  God  ; 
the  promise  of  God  to  man  tlial  man's  perfect  obedi- 
ence should  entitle  him  to  happiness.  7'his  do,  and 
live  :  that  do,  and  die. 

The  evtienant  of  redemption,  is  the  mutual  agree- 
ment between  the  Father  and  Son,  respecting  the  re- 
demption of  sinners  by  Christ. 

The  covenant  uf  grace,  is  tUat  by  which  God  en- 
gages to  bestow  salvation  on  man,  upon  the  condition 
that  man  shall  t»elieve  in  Christ,  and  yield  obedience 
to  the  terms  of  the  gos[jel.  Cruden,     Encyc. 

4.  In  church  affairs,  a  solemn  agreement  between 
the  membersof  a  church,  that  they  will  walk  together 
according  to  tlie  precepts  of  the  gosi>el,  in  brotherly 
affection. 

eOV'E-.NANT,  (kuv'e-tiant,)  r.  i.  To  enter  into  a  for- 
mal agreement ;  to  stipulate ;  to  bind  one's  self  by 
contract.  A  covenants  with  B  to  convey  to  him  a 
certain  estate.  When  the  terms  are  expressed,  it 
bas/i/r  before  the  tiling  or  price. 

Tbey  eoMfian(«d  triih  him /or  ihlrtjr  pieeefl  of  BUTer.  — Malt. 
xjcvi. 


€OV'E-NANT,  ».  t.     To   grant  or  promise  by  cove- 
nant. 
eOV'E-NANT-ED,pp.  ora.    Pledged  or  promised  by 

covenant. 
COV-E-NANT-EE',  b.     The  person  to  whom  a  cove- 
nant IX  made.  Blackstone. 
€OV'E-NANT-ER,  n.     He  who  makes  a  covenant. 

Blackstone, 
2.  A  subscriber  to  the  Scotch   national  covenant, 
in  the  reign  of  Charies  I.     Also,  one  of  the  Scotch 
secedcrs,  who,  in  1743,  renewed  the  same  covenant 
_  J.  JSIurdock. 

CO  V'E-NANT-ING,  ppr.    Making  a  covenant ;  stipu- 
lating. 
€0V'E.V-OU.S.    SeeCormand  Cotihous. 
CO V'E.NT,  n.     [Old  Fr.  eovent,  for  couvenL] 

A  ctinvcnt  or  monastery.  Bale. 

Hence,  Covent  Garden,  in  Tendon,  is  supposed  to 
have  been  the  garden  of  a  convent  on  that  siwt. 
eOV'E.VT-RY",  n.  Toaemlto  0'rrn(ry,  denotes,  among 
military  men.  to  exclude  from  the  society  of  the  mess, 
to  sliut  out  from  all  social  intercourse,  for  conduct  re- 
garded as  mean  or  iingentlemanly.  Orose. 

[This  phrase  Irm  been  traced  to  the  times  of  Charles 
I.,  th(Migh  with  great  doubt  as  tit  its  origin.  The  fol- 
lowing  facts,  mentioned  by  Baxter  in  the  narrative 
of  his  life,  may,  perhaps  furnish  an  explanation. 
CovetUry  was  a  stronghold  of  the  Puritans;  and,  at 
the  commencement  of  the  troutdes,  many  of  this  de- 
spised wet,  in  the  nrighboring  country,  "  that  would 
fain  have  lived  quietly  at  home,  were  forced  (by  the 
roynlist^i)  to  be  gone,  and  to  Coventry  they  came.'^ 
Honce,  the  phrase  to  send  to  Coventry  may  have  been 
handed  down  by  the  Cavaliers  to  military  men,  and 
obtained  its  prew-nt  application.—  Pld.] 
eoV'E.V-TRY  BLOE,  n.  Blue  thread  of  a  superior 
dye,  made  at  Coventry,  England,  and  used  for  em- 
broidery. B.  Jonson.  Tooke. 
COVER,  (kuv'er,)  v.  U  [Fr.  couprir;  Sp.  and  Port,  eu- 
brir ;  It.  coprire ;  Norm,  tuverer  and  converer ;  from 
L.  cooperio.] 

1.  To  overspread  the  surface  of  a  thing  with  an- 
other BtibHtnnce  ;  to  lav  or  set  over  ;  as,  to  cover  a  ta- 
ble with  a  cloth,  or  a  floor  with  a  carpet. 

Tb«  riillpjTi  an-  eooerefl  with  n-rn.  —  Pn.  txr. 

The  lofiuu  BlLiU  cover  thp  foe-  ui'  llic  fliirUi.  —  Ex.  x. 

S.  To  hide  ;  to  conceal  by  something  overspread. 

If  I  any,  fliipily  thr  fIndfn'-«  shnll  cover  mp.  —  P«.  c«Kxi». 


3.  To  conceal  by  some  intervening  objerl ;  as,  the 
enemy  was  covered  from  our  sight  by  a  foresL 

4.  To  clothe;  as,  to  cover  with  a  robe  or  mantle  ; 
to  cover  nakedness.     1  Sam.  xxviii.  14.  £i.  xxviii.42. 

5.  To  overwhelm. 

The  waterm  cotwrd  thcchftriou  a.nd  honffmcn. Cx.  xW. 

Let  thcni  be  covered  witli  repnjacli.  —  P«,  Ixxi, 

6.  To  conceal  from  notice  or  punishment. 

Charity  alia]!  eooer  the  multitude  of  lins.  —  I  Pet.  ir. 

7.  To  conceal ;  to  refrain  from  disclosing  or  con- 
fessing. 

He  that  eooerelh  hli  Bin  ahall  not  prosper.  —  Prov,  xxriiL 

8.  To  pardon  or  remit. 

BlfBaetl  is  he  who«c  sin  ii  covered.  —  Pi.  ixiiJ. 

9.  To  vail,  applied  to  vomen.     1  Cor.  xi. 
To  wear  a  hat,  applied  to  men.     Be  covered,  sir. 

10.  To  wrap,  infold,  or  envelop;  as,  to  cover  a 
package  of  goods. 

11.  To  shelter;  to  protect ;  to  defend.  A  squadron 
of  horse  covered  the  troops  on  the  retreat. 

And  the  •oft  viingt  of  peace  coixr  him  around.  Coaley. 

12.  To  brood  ;  to  incubate  ;  as,  a  len  covering  her 
^mi-  ^  .  dddison. 

IJ.  To  copulate  with  a  female. 

14.  To  equal,  or  be  of  equal  extent  ;  to  be  equiva- 
lent to  ;  as,  the  receipts  do  not  cover  the  expenses  ;  a 
mercantile  use  of  the  word. 

15.  To  disguise;  to  conceal  hypocritically. 

16.  To  include,  embrace,  or  comprehend.  This 
land  wtm  coverea  by  a  mortgage,        Johnson's  Rep 

COVER,  fkuv'er,)  n.  Any  thing  which  is  laid,  set, 
or  spread  over  another  thing  ;  as,  the  cover  of  a  ves- 
sel ;  the  caver  of  a  bed. 

2.  A»y  thing  which  vails  or  conceals;  a  screen- 
disguise ;  superficial  appearance.  Affected  gravity 
may  serve  as  a  caver  for  a  deceitful  heart. 

3.  Shelter ;  defense ;  protection.  The  troops  fought 
under  cover  of  the  batteries. 

4.  Concealment  and  protection.  The  army  ad- 
vanced under  cover  of  the  night. 

5.  The  woods,  underbrush,  &c.,  which  shelter  and 
conceal  game  ;  shelter  ;  retreat. 

6.  A  plate  set  on  the  table. 
COVER-CHIEF,  71.    A  covering  for  the  head.    [Obs.] 
y^Kiro.n  «■  „  Chaucer. 
eo\  'KR-CLE,  n.    [Fr.  ]  A  small  cover  ;  a  lid. 
COVER-£n,  (kuv'erd,)  pp.  or  a.     Spread  over;  hid  ; 

concealed  ;  clothed  ;  vailed  ;  having  a  hat  on  ;  wrap- 
ped ;  inclosed  ;  sheltered  ;  protected  ;  disguised. 

eoV'ER-ER,  n.     He  or  that  which  covers. 

COVERING,  ppr.  Spreading  over;  laying  over; 
concealing;  vniling ;  clothing;  wrapping;  inclos- 
ing; protecting;  disguising. 

eOVER-ING,  n.  That  which  covers  ;  any  thing 
spread  or  laid  over  another,  whether  for  security  or 
concealment. 

Noah  P-moYml  the  cooertng  af  the  aric.  —  Gen.  viii. 
He  Bprend  a  cloud  Utr  n  covering.  —  Pt,.  cv. 
IX-Biriictlon  hath  no  covering..-- Job  xxvL 

2.  A  cover  ;  a  lid. 

Every  open  YPBacI  that  hath  no  £W#r<rtj^.  — Num.  xlx. 

3.  Clothing;  raiment;  garments;  dress. 

They  cnuw  the  naked  to  lixlgr  wtihoiii  clolhiiiy,  that  they  bare 
HO  covering  in  ll»e  cold,  — Job  xxir. 

eOV^ER  LET,  n.     [cover,  and   Fr.  lit,  a  bed.]     The 
a  piece  of  furniture  designed  to  be 


cover  of  a  bed  ; 


spread  over  all  the  other  covering  of  a  bedr  Dryden, 
eOV'ER-,SIIAME,  n.    Something  used  to  conceal  in- 

Dryden. 


famy. 


eOV'ER-SLUT,  n.     Something  to  hide  sluttishncss". 

COVERT,  (kuvVrt,)  a.      [Fr.  couvert^  participle  of 
eouvrir,  to  cover.] 

1.  Covered  ;  hid  ;  private  ;  secret;  concealed. 

Whetlier  of  open  wur,  or  cooerl  guile.  Milton. 

2.  Disguised  ;  insidious. 

3.  Sheltend  ;  not  open  or  exposed  ;  as,  a  eoveH 
alley  or  place.  Bacon.     Pope. 

4.  Under  cover,  authority,  or  protection  ;  as,  a 
feme-covert,  a  married  woman  who  is  considered  aa 
being  under  the  indueiice  and  protection  of  her  hus- 
band. 

COVERT,  n.     A  covering,  or  covering  place  ;  a  place 
which  covers  and  shelters  ;  a  shelter  ;  a  defense. 

A  tnljerrincle  —for  a  covert  from  storm  and  min.  —  la.  W, 
1  wUi  truBt  in  the  coiMri  of  thy  wingv.  —  Pb.  txi. 

2.  A  thicket ;  a  shady  place,  or  a  hiding-place.  1 
Sam.  XXV.     Job  xxxviii. 

3.  A  term  applied  to  feathers  of  different  sizes  on 
or  under  the  wings  of  birds.  Brande 

COVERT-LY,  adv.     Secretly;  closely;    in  private; 
Insidiously. 

Among  the  poets,  Pcrsiua  eooerlly  stritM  at  Nero.      Dryden. 

COVERT-NESS,  n.     Been-cy  ;  privacy. 

COVERT-IJRE,    (kuVcrt-yur,)   n.      Covering;    shel- 
ter ;  defense.  Milton.     Baron. 

2.  In  law,  the  state  of  a  married  woman,  who  is 
considered  as  under  ctrone,  or  the  power  of  her  hus- 
band, and  therefore  called  a  feme-coven   or  femme- 


TONE,  BULL,  II^nTE.-AN"GER,  VI"CrOUS._e  a-  K ;  0  aa  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  TIUS. 


cow 


The  coverture  of  a  womnn  disablen  ber 
fn>ni  maktnji  coninicu  t<i  Uie  prtjitdlcc  of  herself  or 
hustKiiid.  wiihuut  hi-s  allowance  or  continnatiun. 

COV'EK'l'-\V  aV,  h.  In  /i»rfirfciir«m,  a  spnce  of  ground 
kvfl  with  the  tield.on  llie  edge  uf  the  ditch,  threo  or 
four  fathoms  broad,  niiigiiig  quite  round  the  half 
moon«,  oroUia  works,  toward  the  country.  It  has  a 
ptunpeC  rmued  on  a  level,  together  with  its  banqut-its 
and  glacis.  It  is  called,  otso,  the  curridor,  and  suine- 
tiines  the  eouiUersearp^  because  U  is  on  the  edge  of 
the  scarp.  Harris.     Emofc. 

COVET,  (kuv'ei,)  p.  e.   [Ft.eonvoiter^  to  covet ;  Nonn. 
et^tkmit,  eoTMoin  ;  eovetise,  greedinevs  ;  W.  ry^f :,  a 
oovecuUB  mu  ;  cy*yx«,  to  covpc     The  Welsh  word 
la  proiKwnced  cytyUH ;  and  ey  has  the  power  of  Ma, 
and  may  be  a  contmction  of  it.    The  last  constituent 
ixutof  the  word  coincide.-^  in  elements  with  the  Liitin 
p4tvy  and  more  nearly  with  the  Or.  w  Hfoj,  lo  desire.} 
I.  To  desire,  or  wuh  for,  with  eagerness  ;  to  desire 
earnestly  :  co  obtain  or  pomma  ;  m  «  giMd  semM, 
Qmtlwtmmij  <tr  bum  ^tm.  —  i  t'^cr.  xfl. 
a.  To  desire  inordinately  ;  to  desire  tbat  which  U 
b  lawfU  to  obcain  or  poasesa ;  ia  m  hod  mous. 

Than   wkab  not  c«mI   thjr  oeigbfaor'a  bou«  —  wife  —  or   aer- 
Txni. —  Ex.  %x. 

eOV'ET,  p.  i.    To  have  an  earnest  desire.     I  THm.  vi. 
COV'ET-A-BLE,  «.    That  may  be  coveted. 
COV'ET-El>,  pp.  or  a.     Earnestly  desired  ;    greatly 

wi<>hed  t-r  lunged  for. 
COV'ET-ER,  (kuv'el-er,)  a.     One  who  covets. 
€OV'ET-I.N<J,  ppr.   Elarnesily  desiring  or  wishing  for  ; 

desiring  inurdinutely  to  obtain  or  possess. 
t^^V'ET-ING,  n.     Inordinate  desire.  Shck. 

COV'ET-I.NG-LY,  adv.  With  eager  desire  to  possess. 
jE'CV'ET-ISE,  (•is,}K.  Avarice.  UVUimust,]  ^powsr. 
COV'ET-UL'S,  (kuv'el-us,) a.     [Ft.  eoimiiteux.'l 

I.  Very  de^iimua  ;  eager  lo  obtain  ;  iu  a  gooa  sense ; 

UfCrvctmu  of  wisdom,  virtue,  or  learning. 

Taylur,      Shak. 

S.  Inordinately  desirous ;  excessively  eager  lo  oh* 
tain  and  posses  ;  dirtetMd  to  awnsf  sr  /aAds,  avari- 
cioua. 

A  tMwp,  tbm,  mmt  not  fae  cowtMw.  —  I  Tim.  flL 

€0V'ET-OUS-I.Y,  adp.  With  a  strong  or  inordinate 
desire  lo  obtain  and  possess  ;  eagerly  ;  avariciously. 

€0V'ETOl'.<-.\ESd.  n.  A  strong  or  inordinate  de- 
sire of  obtaming  and  poaseastnt some  aupposed  good; 
urmaiif  im  a  *4^  snlss,  mid  Hffnerf  <•  mn  owrdiiMls  4*- 

Out  «r  tb»  kcwl  fnoBBAA  wrtswinrw.  —  Mut  *ii. 

Mot^  y«ar  m— aten  — *sd egmtmuatmi;  wbichk  idoUtir. — 

CbLO. 
9.  Strong  desire ;  eafeni< 
eOV'EV,  (ktiVr,)  m.    f  Pr.  e  _      ,  _ 
sit  on  or  mood,  to  lorm  or  Ue  hid  ;  IL 


CMW^  a  brood ;  cMtrsr,  to 
Ue  hid  -y  IL  mvmfw ;  8^  c»- 
Msr,  to  brood,  to  cover ;  L.  eate,  iMeuk0.  See  Class 
db.  No.  M,  33,  31,  36,  88.] 

1.  A  brood  or  batch  of  birds ;  an  old  bird  with  her 
brood  of  >-oung.     Henet,  a  amall  flock  or  number  of 
birds  tugether ;  ^piM  (•  gmme;  as,  a  eivee|r  of  par- 
tridges. jSddison. 
a.  A  company ;  a  aeL 

COVIN,  (kuv'in,)  a.  [Ou.  .Ar.  . -XT  gah<aui,  lo  de- 

fnud.  More  probably  this  word  belongs  to  some 
verb  in  Gb,  signifying  to  conceal,  or  to  agree.  In 
Norm.  Pr.  eov^ne  is  a  secret  [dace  or  meeting.] 

In  law,  a  coUusive  or  deceitful  agreement  between 
two  or  more  persons  to  prejudice  a  third.       CoweL 

eO'VIXG,  n.  (See  Cofr.]  The  projection  of  the  up- 
per stories  of  nouses  over  the  lower  ones  ;  formeriy 
a  iM-evalenl  style  of  building.  OwUu 

€0\''IN-OUS,  a.     Deceitful;  collusive;  frauduIenL 

eOW,  n.:  ;»i.Cowi;  old  pL  Kn^x.  [Sax.  eu:  D. 
koe ;  G.  kuk  ;  Sw.  ho :  Dan.  kce :  L.  erca ;  Hindoo  gaj 
ai  gou  ,-  Pers.  kak ;  Pahlan  gae ;  Sans,  go,  a  cow, 
and  ^it,  an  ox,  godama,  a  cowherd  ;  Ueb.  ny:,  to 
low.] 

The  female  of  the  bovine  genus  of  animals;  a 
quadruped  with  cloven  hoofs,  n-hnee  milk  furnishes 
•■  abundance  of  food  and  profit  to  the  fanner. 

Sea  o$mi  the  Manatee,  a  cetaceous  herbivifrous 
mammaL    [See  Sea-Cow.] 

€OW,  F.  L  [Qu.  Ice.  kvftca,  or  Jta? a,  to  depress.]  To 
depreas  with  fear ;  to  sink  the  spirits  or  courage ;  to 
opprvaa  with  habitual  timidity.  SAak. 

€0\V'-BA\E,  a.  [eow  and  bane.}  A  popular  name 
of  the  Ciotta^  a  genus  of  poisonous  aquatic  plants,  of- 
ten destructive  to  cattle.  Farm.  Encve. 

eOWHAGE,   in.     [In  Bengalee,  aiiw^Aw.]  A  legu- 

COW'-ITCH,  \  minous  plant,  the  ^ucuna />runeii«, 
a  native  of  warm  climates.  It  has  a  fibrous  root  and 
an  herbaceous,  climbing  stalk,  with  red  papiltona- 
cecHis  flowers,  and  leguminous,  coriaceous  pods, 
crooked,  and  covered  with  sharp  hairs,  which  pene- 
trate the  skin,  and  cause  an  itching.  A  sirup  made 
fnim  these  pods  has  been  used  as  a  vermifugCL 

eOWHERD,  n.  [See  Herd.]  One  whr«e  occupa- 
tion it  is  to  attend  cows. 

eoW'-HOLSE,  n.  A  bouse  or  building  in  which 
cows  are  kept  or  lAabled.  Mortimer. 


COW 

COW'-KEEP-ER,  M.  One  whose  business  Is  to  keep 
cows.  Broome, 

eOVV'-LEECH.  a.  [See  Leech.]  One  who  pn>- 
{etmes  to  he.ll  the  diseases  of  cows. 

eoW'-LEECH-lNG,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  healing 
the  disleniiKrrs  of  cows.  Mortimer. 

C'iWLICK,  a.  A  tuft  of  hair  turned  up  over  the 
forehead,  as  if  licked  by  a  coxv.  Forby. 

eOW'-PARS-N'EP,  n.  .\  plant  of  the  genua  Heracle- 
um  ;  the  wild  parsnep. 

€OVV'-PE.\,  n.     A  pen  for  cows. 

€OVV'-POX,  «.     The  vacrine  disease. 

eOW-aUAKES,  a,  Quaking  grass,  the  Briza,  a 
genus  of  plants. 

eOWSLIP,      t  lu     .K  plant  of  the  genua  Primula,  or 

eOW'S'-LIP,  (  primrose,  of  several  varieties.  The 
American  cowslip  belong:^  to  the  genus  Dodecntheon  ; 
the  Jerusalem  and  mountain  cowslip,  to  the  genus 
Pulmonaria. 

eoW'»'-l,r.NG'WORT,  n.      A   plant  of  the   genus 

COW-TREE,  a.     [Sp.  polo  de  vara.]         [Verbascum. 
A  tree  of  South   America  which  produces  milk,  a 
nourishing  fiuid  ;  the  Galactodendron  utile. 

Humboldt. 

€0\V'-\VEED,  a.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Ch^cropliyl- 
him.  or  chervil. 

eOVV'-VVHE.\T,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genua  Melampy- 
rum. 

€OW'ARD,  a.  [Jr.  couanl ;  Arm.  eouhard;  Pp.  and 
Port,  atbarde.  The  original  French  orthography  was 
eutveri^  and  it  hac.  been  supposed  to  be  from  culum 
vertere^  to  turn  the  tail.  I'his  suggestion  receives 
countenance  fnunthe  corresponding  word  in  Italian, 
codardoy  eodardia,  which  would  seem  to  be  from  coda, 
the  tail  ;  and  it  derives  confirmation  from  the  use  of 
the  word  in  heraldry.  In  Welsh,  it  is  eafan,  ca^gi^ 
from  the  some  root  as  L.  cac«.J 

1.  A  person  wlio  wants  courage  to  meet  danger  j 
a  poltroon  ;  a  timid  or  pusillanimous  man. 

A  ooMird  d<icM  not  rIwsti  CMnpe  wiUi  dUgniee,  but  x^mrtlmpi 
tuM»  hM  life.  SouiK. 

S.  In  keraldry,  a  term  given  to  a  lion  borne  in  the 
escutcheon  with  his  tail  doubled  iK'tween  his  legs. 

EHcye. 
COWARD,  a.    Destitute  of  courage ;  timid  ;   base; 
as,  a  comard  wretch. 

a.  Proceeding  from  or  expressive  of  fear  or  timid- 
ity :  as,  cmttord  cn^ ;  ecword  joy.  Skak.    Prior, 
COWARD,  r.  L    To  make  timorous. 
COWARD-ED,  pp.     Made  cowardly. 
eOW.\RD-ICE,  (is,)*.  [Tr.amardist;  9y.  eobardia.] 
Want  of  courage  to  face  danger ;  timidity  ;  pusil- 
lanimity I  fear  of  exposing  one^s  person  to  danger. 

Cb—i  iflw  ain—  h  ^am  at  tkram.  Dryden, 

Did  cp— I  din,  dU  iojuaiee,  rivr  nre  a  ^kin;  state  I  Amt*. 

COWARD-IXG,  ppr.     Making  cowardly. 
COWARD-r/E,  r.  t.     To  render  cowardly. 
eOWARn-IZ-/:D,  pp.     Rendered  cowardly. 
COWARD-IZ-I.NG,  ppr.     Rendering  cowardly. 
COWARD-LIKE,  a.     Resembling  a  coward  ;  mean. 
COWARD-LI-NESS,  n.    Want  of  courage  ;  timidity  , 

cowardice. 
COWARD-LY,  a.     Wanting  courage  to  face  danger  ; 

timid  ;  timorous  ;  fearful  ;  pusillanimous.      Bacon. 

2.  Mean  ;  base  ;  befitting  a  coward  ;  as,  a  cowardly 
action. 

3.  Proceeding  from  fear  of  danger  ;  as,   cowardly 
silence.  Soat/u 

eoVV'ARD-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  coward  ; 

meanly  ;  baselv.  Knolles. 

COW'ARD-OUS,  a.    Cowardly.     [JVot  lued.]     BarreU 
COWARD-SHIP,  B.     Cowardice.     [JV"o(  used.]     Shak. 
COW/^D,  (kowd,)  pp.     Depressed  with  fear. 
COWER,  V.  i.     [VV.  cwrian,  to  squat  or  cower  ;  ca>r, 

a  circle  ;  G.  kauem.     See  Class  Gr,  No.  33,  34,  37.] 
To  sink   by   bending  the   knees;    to  crouch;  to 

squat ;  to  bend  down  through  fear. 

Our  dame  aiu  coteering  o'er  a  kitchen  Qre,  Thyitn, 

COWER,  V.  ^    To  cherish  with  care.     [JVo(  used,\ 
COW''ER-£D,  pp.    Cherished  with  care.         {Upenser. 
CO  WER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Bending  down;  crouching  ; 

timorous. 
COWHIDE,  n.     The  hide  of  a  cow  made,  or  to  be 

made,  into  leather. 
2.  A  coarse  riding-whip  made  of  cow's  hide. 
COWHIDE,  V.  i.    To  beat  or  whip  with  a  cowhide. 

.America. 
COWHTD-ING,  n.     A  beating  with  a  cowhide.      Am. 
COWING,  ppr.     Depressing  with  fear. 
CO  WISH,  o.     Timorous;  fearful;  cowardly.     {LiuU 

ttA«(^.]  shak. 

COWL,  ju     [Contracted  from  Sax.  cugle,  eugele;    L. 

cucuUhs  ;  Ir.  cochai ;  Sp.  cogulla  ;  Port,  eogula,  cucuta.} 

1.  A  monk's  hood,  or  h;tbit,  worn  by  the  Bernard- 
ines  and  Benedictines.     It  is  either  white  or  black. 

What  differ  mow,  you  cry,  than  crown  ami  coml  ?  P'pe. 

2.  A  vessel  to  be  carried  on   a  pole   betwixt  two 
persons,  for  the  conveyance  of  water.         Johnson. 

COWL'-nSTAFF,  B.  A  staff  or  pole  on  which  a  ves- 
sel is  supported  between  two  persons.        Suckling, 

eOWL'£D,  a.  Wearing  a  c^wl ;  hooded ;  in  shape 
of  a  cowl ;  as,  a  eotcled  leaf. 


CRA 

COW-LIKE,  a.     Resembling  a  cow.  Pope. 

CO-WORK'ER,  {  wurk'er,)  n.  One  that  works  with 
anothtT  ;  a  ci>-operat(>r. 

COWHY,  n.  A  small  shell,  the  Cypraa  monita,  used 
for  money  in  Africa  and  the  East  Indies.  Mnlcom 
states  Unit  8000  arc  equivalent  to  a  dollar  at  Calcutta, 
and  10,000  at  Bankok  ;  but  the  value  varies  at  differ- 
ent places. 

COX'COMB,  C-k5m,)  n.  [cock's  comb.]  The  top  of 
the  head.  Shak. 

2.  A  st|;^p  of  red  cloth  notched  like  the  comb  of  a 
cock,  which  licenset^  fools  wore  furnierly  in  their 
caps  ;  also,  the  cap  itself.  Sfuik. 

3.  A  fop  ;  a  vain,  showy  fellow  ;  a  superficial  pre- 
tender to  knowledge  or  accomplishments.  Orydea. 

4.  A  kind  of  red  flower ;  a  name  given  to  a  spe- 
cies of  Celosia,  and  some  other  plants. 

COX'COMB-LY,  (  koni-)  a.  Like  a  coxcomb.  [JVut 
used.]  Beauin.  aitd  FL 

COX'COMB-RY,  (kox'kom-iy,)  n.  The  manners  of  a 
coxcomb.  Ec.  Rev. 

COX-COM'IC-AL,  a.  Foppish;  vain;  conceited;  a 
low  word. 

COY,  a.  [Fr.  eoi,or  coy,  quiet,  still ;  contracted,  proba- 
bly, from  the  L.  quietusy  or  its  root,  or  from  cautns.] 

Modest ;  silent ;  reserved  ;  not  accessible  ;  shy  ; 
not  easily  condescending  to  familiarity. 

Like  Dnphne  she,  tu  lovely  and  aa  coy.  Walltr, 

COY,  V.  L  To  behave  with  reserve;  to  be  silent  or 
distant ;  to  refrain  from  speech  or  free  intereourse. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  make  difficulty;  tobe  backward  or  unwill- 
ing;  not  freely  to  condescend.  Shak. 

3.  To  smooth  or  stroke.  Shak. 
COY.  for  Dkcov,  to  allure.     [J^ot  in  use.]           S/iak. 
eOY'lSH,  a.     Somewhat  coy  or  reserved. 
COY'I.Y,  adv.     With  reserve  ;  with  disinclination  to 

fam  il  iari  ty.  Chap  man. 

COY'.\ESS,  71.  Reserve  ;  unwillingness  to  become 
familiar ;  disposition  to  avoid  free  intercourse,  by 
silence  or  retirement. 

Wh^n  the  kind  nymph  would  coynttt  feign, 

And  liidiM  tnil  to  Lc  found  a^in.  Dn/d*n, 

COYS'TREL,  n.    A  species  of  degenerate  hawk. 

Dryden. 

COZ,  (kuz.)     A  contraction  of  Cousin.  Sliak. 

COZ'£.\,  (kuz'n,)  V.  t.  [Q.U.  Arm.  cou^zycin, eouchiein, 
eojtchcia,  to  cheat,  or  to  waste  and  fritter  away.  In 
Russ.  kosnodei  is  a  cheat.     Qu.  chouse  and  cheaL] 

1.  To  cheat ;  to  defraud. 

Ho  thai  »iitTcr«  a  fovemmenl  to  be  abuird  by  can-leun^w  and 
nr^lt-ct,  dof-i  (he  auine  thing  with  him  thai  cornipdy  aeta 
himself  to  cozen  it,  L'Btlrangc. 

2.  To  deceive ;  to  beguile. 

Children  may  be  cotentd  into  a  knowledge  of  the  letfra. 
^  Lockt. 

€OZ'i:??-AOE,(kuz'n-aj,)  n.  Cheat; trick  ;  fraud  ;  de- 
ceit; ariihce  :  the  practice  of  cheating.  Dryden.    Swifl. 

COZ'£N-£D,  (kuz'nd,)  pp.  Cheated  ;  defrauded  j 
beguiled. 

C^Z'/Ji\-ER,  n.     One  who  cheats  or  defrauds. 

COZ'A'N-ING, ppr.    Cheating;  defrauding;  beguiling. 

C6'ZI-LY,  ad.     Snugly  ;  comfortably.       IV.  Irving, 

CO'ZY,  a.     Snug  ;  comfortable.  fV.  Irving. 

2.  Chatty  ;  talkative.  SmarL 

CR  aB,  71.  [Sax.  crabba  and  hrefen  ;  Sw.  krabba  ;  Dan. 
krabbCy  krtebs ;  D.  krab,  kreeft;  G.  krabbe,  krebs ;  Fr. 
ecrevisge  ,■  W.  crar,  claws ;  cravane,  a  crab ;  cravu, 
to  scratch  ;  Gr.  KnpaQoa  L.  carabas.  It  may  be  al- 
lied to  the  Ch.  aSa  kerabhy  to  plow,  Eng.  to  grave, 
engrave,  L.  scribo,  Gr.  ypa^i.\y  literally,  to  scrape  or 
scratch.     See  Class  Rb,  No.  30,  18,  Ate] 

1.  An  Dnimal  of  the  class  Crustacea,  having  the 
whole  booy  covered  by  a  crust-like  shell  called  the 
carapaxi  it  has  ten  legs,  the  front  pair  of  which  ter- 
minate in  claws.  Crabs  differ  from  lobsters  and 
shrimps  in  having  the  tail  very  small,  and  concealed 
at  all  times  under  the  body.  There  are  several 
genera,  among  which  the  Cancer  and  Lupa  afford 
the  most  common  edible  species. 

2.  A  wild  apple,  or  the  tree  producing  itj  so 
named  from  its  rough  taste. 

3.  A  peevish,  morose  f)erson.  Johnson. 

4.  A  species  of  crane  much  used  by  masons  for 
raising  large  stones.  07DilL 

5.  A  wooden  engine,  with  three  claws,  for  launch- 
ing ships  and  heaving  them  into  the  dock.  Philips. 

6.  A  pillar  used  sometimes  for  the  same  purpose 
as  a  capi'tan.  Mar.  Diet. 

7.  Cancer,  a  sign  in  the  zodiac. 

Crab^s  cUiw  i  in  t/ie  materia  medico,  the  tips  of  the 
claws  of  the  common  crab  ;  used  as  absorbents. 

Eticyc. 
Crab's  eyes;  in  pharmacy,  concretions  formed  in 
the  stomach  of  the  cray-fish.  They  are  rounded  on 
one  side,  and  depreijsed  and  sinuated  on  the  other, 
considerably  heavy,  moderately  hard,  and  w  ithout 
smell.     They  arc  absorbent,  discussive,  and  diuretic. 

Encyc. 
Crab-lice;  small  insects  that  stick  fast  to  the  skin. 
CR.\B,  a.     Sour;  rough;  austere.     [Uu.  crab,  sapra, 

or  L.  aeerbiis.] 
CRAB'-AP-PLE,  n.     A  wild  apple.    [See  Crab,  No.  2.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 
278"  '  ~~ 


CRA 


CRA 


€RAB'-GRXSS,  n.     A  genus  of  plants,  the  Digitaria. 

eRAB'-TRKR,  n.    The  tree  that  bears  cnib-appWs. 

GRAB'-YAWS,  n.  The  name  of  a  disease  in  the 
West  Iii<"lies,  being  a  kind  of  ulcer  on  the  soles  of 
the  feet,  with  hard,  callous  lips.  Encyc. 

€RAB'BED,  a.  [fn.m  craA.]  Rou<!h  ;  harsh  ;  aus- 
tere ;  sour ;  peevish  ;  morose  ;  cynical  ;  applied  to 
the  temper.  Shak, 

2.  Rough  ;  harsh  ;  applied  to  ihinffs. 

3.  Difficult  J  perplexing  j  as,  a  crabbed  author  or 
suhjecL  Dryden. 

€RAB'BED-LY,odP.     Peevishlj* ;  roughly;  morosely; 

with  perplexity.  Johnson. 

€RAB'BED-NESS,  n.    Roughness  ;  harshness. 

2.  Sourness  ;  peevishness;  asperity. 

3.  Difficulty  ;  perplexity. 
€RAB'BV,  a.     Difficult.  Motoji. 
eRA'BER,».    The  water-rat.                            Walton. 
eBAB'S'-E?E8,(-ize,)  n.  p/.     Concretions  formed  in 

the  stnmach  of  craw-fish,  and  used  in  medicine. 
€RACK,  r.  t.  [Ft.  craqurr;  D.  kraaken  :  G.  kraehen  ; 
D;\n.  krakker;  It  eroccare;  W.  rheeain  ;  Sp.  rajar  ; 
Tort,  radiar;  probably  from  the  root  of  break,  lereck^ 
and  coinciding  with  the  Gr.  cpctKii),  ^rtyvviit:  also 
with  Eng.  creak,  croak.  The  W.  has  also  eriff,  a 
crack,  from  rA*"-,  a  notch.  Oioen.  See  Class  Rg, 
No.  34.1  ^      ^ 

1.  To  rend,  break,  or  burst  into  chinks  ;  to  break 
partially;  to  dividethe  parts  a  little  from  each  other; 
as,  to  crack  a  board  or  a  rock  ;  or  to  break  without  an 
entire  severance  of  the  parts  ;  as,  to  crack  glass 
or  ice. 

2.  To  break  or  rend  asunder  with  a  sharp,  abrupt 
sound  ;  as,  to  crock  nuts. 

3.  To  break  with  grief  ;  to  affect  deeply  ;  to  pain  ; 
to  torture ;  as, to erackthe  heart.  We  now  use  bre^ 
or  read.  Shak. 

4.  To  open  and  drink  ;  as,  to  crack  a  bottle  of 
wine.     [Lorr.] 

5.  To  thrust  out,  or  cast  with  smartness  ;  as,  to 
crack  a  joke. 

6.  To  produce  a  sharp,  abrupt  sound,  like  that  of 
rending  ;  to  snap  ;  as,  to  crack  a  whip. 

7.  To  break  or  destroy. 

8.  To  impair  the  regular  exercise  of  the  intellectual 
faculties  ;  to  disorder  ;  to  make  crazy ;  as,  to  crack 
th**  brain. 

CRACK,  I'.  L  To  burst ;  to  open  in  chinks  ;  as,  the 
earth  cracks  by  frost;  or  to  be  marred  without  an 
opening  ;  as.  gb<s  cracks  by  a  sudden  application  of 

2.  To  fall  to  ruin,  or  to  be  impaired.  [heaU 
'Vhf  cr-'Iii  of  thr-  f  Kf  lirqoT  cracka  wlicii  liillc  coroe«  In  «iid  much 

gi>e»  out.     (^jgfie^ni.I  Dryden. 

3.  To  utter  a  lond  or  sharp,  sudden  sound  ;  as,  the 
clouds  crucA- -■  the  whip  cracks.  Shak. 

4.  T(i  boa-^t ;  to  brag ;  that  is,  to  utter  vain,  pomp- 
ous, blustering  words  ;  with  of. 

The  Kihiojw  ((/  Uieir  ■wect  comiilcxJoo  crack.     {Not  ele^nt.] 

CRACK,  n.     [Gr.  h}ai-] 

1.  A  disniption  ;  a  chink  or  fissure  ;  a  narrow 
brrach  ;  a  crevice  ;  a  partial  Beparniion  of  the  (mrts 
of  a  -tubstance,  with  or  without  an  opening;  as,  a 
erark  in  timber,  in  a  wall,  or  in  (jla^s. 

2.  Aburrtof  sound  ;  a  wharpor  luud  sound,  uttered 
suddenly  or  with  vehemence  ;  the  iwund  of  any 
thing  suddenly  rent;  a  violent  report  ;  as,  the  crarjc 
of  a  falling  house  ;  the  crack  of  a  whip. 

3.  Change  of  voice  in  puberty.  Shak. 

4.  Cra/.mess  of  intellect ;  or  a  craxy  pcnwn. 

5.  A  biKist,  or  b<iaster.  [Loie.]  [.4ddi»an, 
f>.  Breach  nf  cha-tity  ;  and  a  prostitute.  [Low.] 
7.  A  lad  ;  an  instant.     [JVut  u.<ed.] 

CRACK,  a.  Of  superior  excellence,  havinfc  qualities 
ti>  b»;  biiasted  nf.     [Fumiluir,  or  tote.]  HoUoway. 

CRACK'-BRALN-£D,  o.  Having  intellecU  impaired  ; 
crazy. 

CRACK'ED,  (krakt,)  pp.  or  a.    Burst  or  split;  rent; 
broken  ;  partially  severed. 
a.  Impaired  ;   crazy. 

CRACK'ER,  ».     A  noisy,  boasting  fellow.  Shak. 

2.  A  firework  ;  a  quantity  of  gunpowder  confined 
K>  as  to  explode  with  noise. 

3.  A  hard  biscuit.  Smart, 

4.  That  which  cracks  any  thing. 
CRACK'-HEMP,  /  n.     A  wretch  fated  to  the  gallows  ; 
CRACK'-ROPE,  i      one  who  denerves  to  be  hanged. 

Shak. 

CRACK'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Breaking  or  dividing  par- 
tially ;  opening;  impairing;  snapping;  uttering  a 
Mudden,  sharp  or  loud  sound ;  buaxting ;  casting 
Jokes. 

CRACK'IN'G,  B.  A  breaking  or  dividmg ;  a  sharp, 
abrupt  sound. 

€RACK'LE,(krak'I.)Tj.  i.  [dim.  of  crack.]  To  make 
slight  cracks;  to  make  small,  abrupt  nuises,  rapidly 
or  frequently  repealed  ;  to  decrepitate ;  as,  burning 
th'»riis  eracklf, 

CRACK'LLVG,  ppr.  or  a.  Making  slight  cracks,  or 
abnipt  Titjl'*':*. 

CR  AUK'  LLSG,  n.  The  making  of  small,  abrupt  cracki 
or  reports,  frequently  repeated. 

Th'  eraOtling  of  ihorin  im-W  a  pot.  — Ee«l«.  TiL 
9.  The  rind  of  roairted  pork.  Perry. 


€RACK'XEL,  n.  A  hard,  britUe  cake  or  biscuit. 
1  Kings  xiv.  3. 

CRA'DLE,  n.  [Sax.  cradd;  W.  eryd,  a  rocking  or 
shaking,  a  cradle  ;  crydu,  to  shake  or  tremble  ;  cry- 
dian,  crydiaw,  id. ;  from  rAyd,  a  moving  ;  It.  erealham, 
to  shake  ;  Gr.  ko.x^jw,  id.,  and  to  swing  ;  II<-b.  T>n 
to  tremble  or  shake,  to  palpiLite  ;  Syr.  in  Ethp.,  to 
rub  or  scrape.  Without  the  first  letter,  W.  rAyd, 
Heb.  Ch.  Eth,  lyi  to  tremble,  to  shake.      In  Ar. 

tXc  ,  raaday  to  thunder,  to  impress  terror,  to  trem- 
ble ;  and  ^\,  rarfa,  to  run  hither  and  thither,  to 
move  one  way  and  the  other,  to  tremble  or  shake. 

The  Arabic  Js£  ,  to  thunder,  coincides  with  the 


Latin  rtido,  to  roar,  and  the  W.  grydiatP,  to  utter 
a  rough  sound,  to  shout,  whoop,  or  scream,  grydwst^ 
a  murmur,  from  gr^td,  a  shout  or  whoop,  and  this 
from  rkyd;  so  that  'crtfdiaw,  and  gnjdiaw  are  from 
the  same  root,  and  from  this  we  have  cry,  and  cry 
implies  roughness,  coinciding  with  the  Syriac,  supra, 
to  scrape,  whence  g-ratr,  gride.,  <kc.  See  Owen's 
Welih  Dictionary,  and  Ca.sle!Ps  Hvptaglot.] 

1.  A  movable  machine  of  various  constructions, 
placed  on  curved  pieces  of  board,  for  rocking  chil- 
dren or  infirm  persons  to  sleep,  fur  alleviating  puin, 
or  giving  moderate  exercise. 

Me  let  the  tender  oIBm  tonj  eopigfl 

To  rock  the  cradU  of  repo«ii«  *ffe.  Popt. 

2.  Infancy.  From  the  cradle^  is  from  the  state  of 
infancy  ;  in  the  cradle,  in  a  stale  of  infancy. 

3.  That  part  of  the  stock  of  a  cross-bow,  where  the 
buUet  is  put.  Encyc. 

4.  In  surgery,  a  case  in  which  a  broken  leg  is  laid, 
after  being  set.  Kitcyc. 

5.  In  ship-htiilding,  a  frame  placed  under  the  bot- 
tom of  a  ship  for  launching.  It  supports  the  ship,  and 
shdes  down  the  limbers  or  passage  colled  the  ways. 

HeberL 

6.  A  standing  bedstead  for  wounded  seamen. 

Mar.  Diet, 

7.  In  engraving,  an  instrument  formed  of  steel. 
and  resembling  a  chisel,  with  one  sloping  side,  used 
In  scraping  mezzotinlos,  and  preparing  the  plate. 

Encyc. 

8.  In  husbandry,  a  frame  of  wood,  with  long,  bend- 
ing teeth,  to  which  is  fastened  a  scythe,  fur  cutting 
and  laying  oats  and  oiht-r  grain  in  a  swath. 

CRa'DLE,  v.  l  To  lay  in  a  cradle;  to  rock  in  a  cra- 
dle; to  compose  or  quiet. 

It  cradle*  their  f-Mi*  lo  sleep.  D.  A.  Qark. 

2,  To  nurse  in  infancy.  D.  Webster. 

3.  To  cut  and  lay  with  a  cradle,  as  grain. 
CRA'DLE,  V.  L     To  tie  or  lodge  in  a  cradle.       Shak. 
CRA'DLE-CLftTHES,  n.  pi.    The  cluUies   used   for 

covering  one  InTi  cradle. 

GRA'DL^-^D,  pp.  Laid  or  rocked  in  a  cradle  ;  cut  and 
luld  with  a  cradle,  as  grain. 

eRA'DLE-SCVTHE,(kra'dl-8ithe,)n.  Aacytheuaed 
in  a  cnidic  for  cutting  grain. 

CRA'DLING,  p;»r.  Laying  or  rocking  in  a  cradle; 
cutting  and  laying  with  a  cradle,  as  grain. 

CRa'DLING,  n.     The  act  of  using  a  cradle. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  term  apiilied  to  the  timber, 
ribs,  and  pieces  in  arched  ceilings,  to  which  the 
laths  are  nailed.  Owilt. 

CRAFT,  a.  [Hax.  crafi,  art,  cunning,  power,  force; 
G.  Sw.  and  Dan.  krafl,  power,  faculty  ;  W.  crev, 
eryp,  strong;  crevu,  to  cry,  to  scream,  to  crave; 
eryrau,  to  strengthen,  to  wax  strong  ;  crafy  a  clasp; 
crafu,  to  hold,  to  comprehend,  to  perceive ;  crafus,  o( 
quick  perceptiem.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  strain  or 
stretch.  Ileuce  strength,  skill,  a  crying  out,  hold- 
ing, ice] 

1.  Art;  ability  ;  dexterity;  skill. 

Pocay  la  the  poet'«  «kiil  or  cm/t  of  RiaJiIn^.  B,  Jonron. 

2.  Cunning,  art,  or  skill,  in  a  bad  sense,  or  applied 
to  bad  purposes;  artifice  ;  guile;  skill  or  dexterity 
employed  to  elfect  purposes  oy  deceit. 

The  chief  prfrau  lUid  icrilfw  KJUght  h>iw  tlie;r  might  Uike  him  bf 
crafi,  and  pit  him  to  ilcaih.  —  Miirk  jut, 

3.  Art;  skill;  dexterity  in  a  particular  manual 
occupation  ;  hence,  the  occupation  or  employment 
itself;  manual  art  ;  trade. 

Ye  blow  that  by  ttii«  craft  we  hare  our  wetUih.  —  AcU  xix. 

4.  A  term  applied  to  all  sorts  of  vessels.     Tott^n. 
Small  craft,  is  a  term  given  to  small  vessels  of  all 

kinds,  as  sloops,  schooners,  cutters,  &.c. 

CRAFT,  r.  i.     To  play  tricks.     [J^ut  in  vsf.]      Shak. 

CRAFT'I-LY,  flrfe.  [See  Cbaftt.]  With  craft,  cun- 
ning, or  guije  ;  artfully  ;  cunningly  ;  with  more  art 
than  honesty. 

CRXFT'I-N'ESH,  71.  Artfulness;  dexterity  In  devis- 
ing and  etfccting  a  purpose  ;  cunning  ;  artifice  ; 
stratagem. 

He  lakcth  the  wlie  in  thHr  -rwn  cra/tint$S.  —  Job  r. 
Not  waikinK  In  cra/HTftt,  nor  haiiOiing  the  worj  of  Ood  deceit. 
fully.  — 'i  Cor.  i». 


CRA 

CRAFTS'.MAN,   n.     An   artificer  ;  a  mechanic  ;  one 

skilled  in  a  manual  occupation. 
CRAFTS'MAS-TER,  n.    One  skilled  in  his  craft  or 

trade. 
CRAFT'Y,  a.     Cunning;   artful ;  skillful  in   devising 

and   pursuing  a  scheme,  by  deceiving  others,  or  by 

taking  advantage  of  their  ignorance;   wily;   sly; 

fraudulent. 

He  lUsappointelh  the  derloM  of  the  crafty.  —  Job  v. 

2.  Artful ;  cunning  ;  in  a  good  sense,  or  in  a  laud- 
able pursuit. 

Bi'ing  cra/tif,  1  caught  jrou  with  guile. — 2  Cor.  lii. 
CRAG,  n.  [W.  Scot,  and  Ir.  craig  i  Gaelic,  ereag  i 
Corn,  kart^  ;  Arm.  garrecq  ;  probably  Gr.  pu\"a, 
&axts,  from  the  root  of  ^i>vvb>,  to  break,  hke  rapes, 
in  Latin,  from  the  root  of  rumpo,  rupi,  and  crepido, 
from  crepo.  (See  Crack.)  The  name  is  taken  fVom 
breaking,  h.  frango,  for  frago  ;  and  fragosus  and 
cratgy^vire  the  same  word  with  dilfcrent  prefixes ; 
Eng.  ratrtred.  Tlie  Koayni  in  Cilicia,  mentioned  by 
Strabo  and  Pliny,  retains  the  Celtic  orthography.] 

\.  A  steep,  rugged  rock  ;  a  rough,  broken  rock,  or 
point  of  a  rock. 

2.  In  geolvgy,  a  tertiary  deposit  of  gravel  mixed 
with  shells.  Lyell. 

CRAG,  n.  [Sax.  kracca,  the  neck  ;  Scot,  crag  or  craig  l 
Gr. /iax'f.  The  same  word  probably  as  the  pre- 
ceding, from  its  roughness,  or  break.  We  now 
call  it  rack.] 

The  neck,  formerly  applied  to  the  neck  of  a  hu- 
man being,  ns  in  Spenser.     We  now  apply  it  to  the 
neck  or  neck-piece  of  mutton,  and  call  it  a  rack  of 
mutton. 
CRAG'-BUILT,  (bill,)  a.     Built  with  crags.  Irvmg. 
eRAG'OED,a.     Full  of  crags  or  broken  rucks;  rough; 
rugged  ;   abounding   with   prominences,  poinU,  and 
inequalities. 
CRAG'GED-NESS,  n.    The  stale  of  abounding  with 

crags,  or  broken,  pointed  rocks. 
CRAG'GI-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  crapgy. 
CRAG'GV,  fl.     Full  of  crags  ;  abounding  with  broken 
rocks;  rugged  with  projecting  points   of  rocks;  as, 
the  craggy  side  of  a  mountain  ;  a  craggy  cliff. 
CRAKE,  n.     A  boast.     [See  Crack.]  Spenser. 

CRaKE,  n,     [Uu.  Gr.  Kpci,  from  ko£ic>o.] 

The  corn-crake,  a  migratory  fowl,  is  a  species  of 
the  rail,  Railiui,  found  among  grass,  com,  broom,  or 
furze.  Its  cry  is  very  singular,  crek,  crrk,  and  is 
imitated  by  rubbing  the  blade  of  a  knife  on  an  in- 
dented bone,  by  which  it  may  bo  decoyed  into  a  neU 

Encyc. 
CRAKE'-BER-RY,   n.      A  species  of   Empetrum  or 

berry-bearing  heath. 
CRAM,  r.  (.     [Sax.  crammian  ;  Sw.  krama;  coinciding 
in  senses  ana  probably  in  origin,  with  ranu] 

1.  To  press  or  drive,  [Ktrticularly  in  filling  or  thrust- 
ing one  thing  into  another;  to  stuflT;  to  crowd ;  to 
fill  to  superfluity  ;  as,  to  cram  any  thing  into  a  basket 
or  bag  ;  to  cram  a  room  with  people  ;  to  cram  victuals 
down  the  throat. 

2.  To  fill  with  food  beyond  satiety ;  to  stuff. 
Cliildren  would   be  more  ft^  from  (iiieajes,  if  they   wi-n  not 

vramm*d  so  much  by  loud  mother*.  Lockt. 

3.  To  thrust  in  by  force  ;  to  crowd. 

Piite  haa  crammed  ut  all  into  one  Ieo«e.  Zhyden. 

CRAM,  V.  i.  To  eat  greedily  or  beyond  satiety ;  to 
stuff.  ^^P^' 

CRAM'BO,  n.  A  play  in  which  one  person  gives  a 
word,  to  which  another  finds  a  rhyme.  Sunft. 

CRAM'M/:D,  (kraind,)  pp.  Stuffed  ;  crowded  ;  thrust 
in  ;  filled  with  food. 

€RAM'.MIXG,p/»r.  Driving  in;  stuffing;  crowding; 
eating  beymid  satiety  or  sufficiency. 

CRAM'MING,  Tt.  A  cant  term,  in  the  British  universi- 
ties, for  the  act  of  preparing  a  student  to  pa.sa  an 
examination,  by  going  over  the  topics  with  him  be- 
forehand, and  furnishing  him  wilh  the  requisite 
answers.  ^    ,  „    ^  , 

CRAMP,  n.  [Sax.  hramma;  D.  kramp;  O.  Dan.  and 
Sw.  krampe ;  It.  rampone,  a  cramp-iron.  Q.u.  Ir. 
erampa,  a  knot.  If  m  is  radical,  this  word  may  ac- 
cord with  the  Celtic  crom,  G.  krumm,  crooked,  from 
shrinking,  contracting.  But  ifp  is  radical,  this  word 
accords  with  the  W.  <rnf,  a  clasp,  a  cramp-iron,  cra- 
fu, to  secure  hold  of,  to  comprehend,  Ir.  crapmUi,  to 
shrink  or  contract.  The  sense  is,  to  strain  or  stretch.] 
\.  Tlie  spasmodic  and  involuntary  contraction  of  a 
limb,  or  some  muscle  of  the  body,  attended  with 
pain,  and   sometimes  with   convulsions,  or   nunib- 

2.  Restraint ;  confinement;  that  which  hinders 
from  motion  or  expansion. 

A  niuTow  fortune  U  a  cramp  to  a.  (frt-nl  mind.       L'Ettrange. 

3.  A  piece  of  iron  bent  at  the  ends,  serving  to  hold 
together  pieces  of  timber,  stones,  i.c. ;  a  cramp-iron. 
[Fr.  crampon;  It.  rampone.] 

4.  An  iron  instrument,  having  a  screw  at  one  end 
and  a  movalile  shoulder  at  the  other,  used  for  closely 
compressing  the  joints  of  framework. 

OwiU.     IleberU 
€RAMP,  V.  t.    To  pain  or  affect  with  spasms. 

2,  To  confine ;   to  restrain  ;   to    hinder  from  ac 


TONE,  BIJLL,  tINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  asK;  OasJ;  BaaZj  CH  as  8H ;  TH  as  in  THI9. 

SgTO 


CR'A 

tton  or  expansion ;  aft,  to  ermnp  Uie  exertions  of  a 
nation  ;  to  cramp  the  genius. 

3.  To  fnsten,  confine,  or  bold  with  a  cramp  or 
cranip-iron. 

€KA.MP,  .1.     Uifficult ;  knoClv.     [Little  nsfd.] 

CKAMP'£D,  (knum,)  pp.  or  a.  Afliected  wiui  flpoam  ; 
convul!!**d  ;  ctintiDed  ;  nrstmined. 

€RAMP'-FISH,  «.  The  torpedo,  or  eleclric  ray,  the 
touch  oi  wIikIi  atfecU  a  person  like  eleclricity, 
cuii-  t   shuck,  and  producing  numbness, 

Ur  :ie&*  of  tlie  stomach. 

CR A  Airectiiig  wiih  cramp;  confining. 

€RAMI  -MiL'.N,  [I-um,)  M.  An  iron  used  for  faal- 
enins  things  logt-iher  ;  a  cramp,  which  see. 

€RAM-P*X).\#',  n.  pi.  Hooked  pieces  of  iron  Mtiie- 
thiii£  like  double  c.tlipers,  fur  raiding  atone*,  lumber, 
and  irther  (teavv  maUTijU:*.  Ot/AerC 

€RA'NAiiK,  ».   'ffamirriwe.     Low  L.  crano^ioit.] 
Tb^*  liberty  of  usiug  a  crane  at  a  wbarf^for  r«i»- 
Ittg  wares  from  a  vessel  ;  also,  the  money  or  price 
paid  for  Che  use  of  a  cnuie.  ComtL    Emcvc 

CRA\'BEK-RV,  a.  [eroju  and  ft«rry.}  The  fruu  of 
a  species  of  Oxvcoccus,  (sour  berry.)  a  berry  that 
grows  on  a  slender,  bendmg  stalk.  It  is  also  called 
wsiM  tn-ry,  or  ■msp-Amtw,  as  it  grows  onl^  on  peat- 
boga*  or  swampy  land.  The  berry,  when  npe,  is  red, 
and  ct  Um  sixe  of  a  amall  cherry,  or  of  the  hawthorn 
berry.  These  berries  form  a  sauce  of  exquisite  fla- 
vor, and  are  used  for  tarts.  The  cranberry  of  the 
United  States  is  tlie  O.  mocrocarpiu,  that  of  Europe 
is  O.  p^lmMris.  [The  common  promiociaUon,  cnui- 
*<rry,  IS  erroneous.] 

€RX.\CH.     See  CaAUwcH. 

CKA.\E,  It.  [Sax.  cran  ;  G.  krdhn;  D.  krtun:  Sw.Arsn, 
or  traaa  ;  Dan.  trox/,  or  tnute  :  W.  gamn  ;  Corn,  kra- 
Ms;  Arm.  fortfu.-  Gr.  ytoav*^^  whence  grrantutn,  the 
plant,  crane's-bill.  1  he  word  in  Welsh  signifies  a 
»hank  or  shad,  a  ctsmc  or  heron.  This  fowl,  then, 
may  be  named  from  its  long  legs.  [Qu.  pp,  to 
shtvot.] 

1.  A  mifimtory  bird  of  the  genus  Orus,  belonging 
to  the  graliic  order.  Thf  bill  is  straight,  sharp,  and 
long,  with  a  fumiw  from  the  nostrils  toward  the 
point ;  the  nostrils  are  linear,  and  the  lieet  have  four 
toes.  The«e  birds  hav«  loiig  lec^  and  a  long  neck, 
being  destined  to  wade  and  seea  their  food  among 
grass  and  reeds  in  marshy  grounds.  The  common 
crane  is  abiuit  four  feel  in  len^ti,  of  a  slender  body. 

L  A  macJiine  fur  nusme  great  weights,  and  mov- 
ing them  to  a  dtalance.  It  consists  I'f  a  horizontal 
ann,  or  piece  tt  timber,  projecting  from  a  pust,  and 
furnished  with  a  tacUe  or  pulley. 

3.  A  si^ihon,  or  crooked  pipej  for  drawing  liquors 
out  of  a  cask.  • 

CRi.VlV-FLV,  a.  An  insect  of  the  genus  Tipula,  of 
many  speciea.  The  mouth  is  a  prolongalion  of  the 
bead ;  the  upper  jaw  is  arched ;  the  palpi  are  two, 
cnrred,  and  longer  than  (be  head ;  tha  pniboscia  is 
short.  £iieye. 

eRANE^-BILL,  «.  The  plant  fersunuii,  of  many 
species ;  so  named  from  an  appendage  of  the  seed- 
vessel,  which  reaomblea  the  beak  at  a  crane  or  stork. 
Some  of  the  species  have  beautiful  fiowers  and  a 
fVagrant  scent,  and  aevnal  of  them  are  valued  for 
their  asinngent  properties.     [See  CaAMK.]     facyc 

2.  A  pnir  of  pincers  used  bv  surgeons. 
€RA-XI-OG'\0-.MV,  «.    [Gr.Vi^anoy,  L.  crvamm,  the 

skull,  and  Gr.  > I'tj^c-i',  index.} 

The  doctrine  or  science  of  determining  the  proper- 
ties or  characteristics  of  the  mind  by  U^  conforma- 
tion of  the  skull.  Oood. 

€RA-NI-0-U)G'IC^AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  crantologj*. 

€RA-NI-0L'0-G1ST,  a.  One  who  treats  of  crann>lo- 
gy,  or  one  who  is  versed  in  the  science  of  the  cra- 
nium. 

€RA--V1-0L'0-6Y.  a.  [Gr.  ir/jaxoy,  the  akull,  and 
Aj^os,  discoorse.] 

A  discourse  or  treatise  on  the  cranium  or  skull ;  or 
the  science  which  investigates  the  sinicture  and  uses 
of  the  skuils  m  various  animals,  i>articitlarly  in  rela- 
tion to  their  specific  character  and  intellectual  pow- 
ers. £i.  £iuryc. 

eiU-NI-OM'E-TER,  a.  [Gr.  Koaviov^  the  skull,  and 
ptToor,  measure.} 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  skulls  of  anihials. 

€RA-NI.O-MET'RIC-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  craniome- 

€RA-XI-OM'E-TRY,  a.  The  art  of  measuring  the 
cranium,  or  skulls,  of  animals,  for  discovering  their 
specific  ditTt'rences. 

CRA-M-OseO-Py,  a.  [Gr.  coacto*',  supra,  and  cr«o- 
a-iw,  to  view.] 

The  science  of  the  eminences  produced  in  the  cra- 
nium by  the  brain,  intended  to  discover  the  particu- 
lar part  of  the  brain  in  which  reside  the  M'gans  which 
infiuence  particular  passions  or  faculties.    Ed.  Enq/c 

€RA'XI-UM,  ji,     [L.  J  from  Gr.  Kaaviov.'\ 

The  skull  of  an  animal ;  the  assemblage  of  bones 
which  inclose  the  brain. 

CRAXK,  ».  [This  word  probably  belongs  to  the  root 
of  cringe^  krinkU,  to  bend.  D.  krinkfl,  a  CUrl ;  JkrtfJt- 
tW,  a  bend  or  winding  ;  and  ktank,  weak,  is  probibly 
from  bendins ;  Ir.  /reatu^  to  make  crooked.  Uu.  J715, 
or  the  root  of  crook.]  i 


CRA 

1.  Literally,  a  ht'ud  or  turn.  Hencf,  an  iron  axis 
with  a  part  b«Mit  like  an  ellww,  for  producing  a  hori- 
zontal or  jK'rpcndiculnr  motion  by  means  of  a  rotary 
motion  or  the.  contrary.  Thus  the  saw  in  a  saw-mill 
is  made  to  rise  and  fall  at  ev<-r>-  turn  uf  tlie  axiq. 

3.  Any  bend,  turn,  or  winding.  Shak. 

3.  A  twisting  ur  turning  in  speech  ;  a  conceit 
which  consists  in  a  change  of  tlie  form  or  meaning 
of  a  word. 

QuipK,  and  erankt,  ftod  wanton  wiln.  Milton. 

4.  An  iron  brace  fur  various  purposes. 

Mar.  Vict. 
eR.ANK,  a.     [D.  knnk :  G.  ii,  weak  ;  Sw.  Ardrtdta, 
to  afllkt  i  Dan.  iknsnier,  id.,  or  kraagery  to  careen  a 
ahip.1 

1.  In  semaea's  IsHj^uaffe,  liable  to  be  overset,  as  a 
ship  when  she  is  too  narrow,  or  has  not  suflicient 
ballast,  or  is  loaded  too  high,  to  carry  full  sail. 

2.  Stout ;  bold  ;  erect  j  as,  a  cock  crowing  crank. 

SprtLser. 
CRANK,         j  e.  I.     [See  Crat«k.  n.,  and  Crinkle.] 
CRANK'LE,  \     To  run  in  a  wiiiaing  course;  to  bend, 
wind,  and  turn. 

S««  bow  UUs  ri*pr  etmtm  me  trOMk&ng  in  I  Shak, 

CRANK'LE,  (krankl)  r.  u  To  break  into  bends, 
turns,  or  angles  ;  to  crinkle. 

Olil  Vagn'a  Btraun  — 
CrttnkHng  ber  tkinka.  PhUipt. 

CR.\NTC'LE,  n.     A  bend  or  turn  ;  a  crinkle. 
CRANK'L£D,  pp.     Broken  into  unequal  surfaces. 
CRANK'L£S,  (krank'l/.,)  n.  pi.   Angular  prominences. 
CRANK'LIXG,  ppr.    Breaking  into  bends,  turns,  or 

angles. 
CRANK'NESS,  n     Liability  to  bo  overset,  as  a  sliip. 

5.  .Stoutness ;  erectness. 
CRANK'Y.    SeeCsAKB,  a. 

CRAX'NI-KD,  (kran'nid,)a.  [See  CnA^fjtr.]  Having 
rents,  chinks,  or  fissures  ;  as,  a  crannied  wall. 

Broten.     Shak. 

CRAN'NY,  «.  [Fr.  eran :  Arm.  eran,  a  notch  ;  L.  rrc- 
%a ;  ftom  the  root  of  rend.  Sax.  hrentUin,  or  rendan ; 
Ann.  nmna^  to  split ;  crrnna^  to  cut  olT;  \V.  rA^au,  to 
divide  ;  rhoHy  a  piece  ;  Ir.  roinnimy  or  ruinnim,  to  dr- 
vide ;  Gr.  cpicu;  L.  eento.  Bee  Class  Rn,  No.  4, 
13,  16.] 

1.  Praperiff  a  rent;  but  commanlv^  any  small,  nar- 
row opening,  fissore,  crevice,  or  chink,  an  iu  a  wall, 
or  other  substance. 

Id  a   Rrni  buililing.  Uw  cKoWim  ought  to  be  filled  «iih  brick  or 
•tone,  fiunl  u  Uk  crawriM.  Drj^an. 

%  A  hole  i  a  secret,  retired  place. 

He  porped  late  vrtry  cmmiy.  Ar^tiihnol. 

3.  In  gliu»  makings  an  iron  instrument  for  forming 
the  necks  of  glasses.  Eneyc, 

CRAN'NY,  a.     Pleasant;  praiseworthy.         Bailey. 

CRAN'NY-ING,  a.    Making  crannies. 

CRAXTS,  n,  pU     [G.  kranu\ 

Garlands  carried  before  the  bier  of  a  maiden,  and 
hung  over  her  grave,  Shak. 

CRAPE,  n.  [Fr.  crfpe  and  er^ery  to  ciiri,  to  crigpy  to 
frizzle  ;  Ann.  crrp  ;  Sp.  crespon^  cmpe  ;  erespo,  crisp, 
curled  ;  crespar,  to  crisp  or  curl  ;  Port,  erespain.  Crape 
is  contracted  from  ertspy  crisp.  D.  krip,  G.  krepp,  Dan. 
kreo.     See  Cbisp.] 

A  thin,  transparent  stuff,  usually  black,  made  of 
raw  silk  gummed  and  twisted  on  the  mill,  woven 
without  crossing,  and  much  used  in  mourning.  Crape 
is  also  used  for  gowns  and  the  dress  of  the  clergy. 

A  MJnl  in  crape  U  twic«  a  winl  in  lawn.  Pope. 

CRAPK,  r.  u  To  curl;  to  form  into  ringlets;  as,  to 
crape  the  hair. 

CRAP'^D,  (krapt,)  pp.     Curled  ;  formed  into  ringlets. 

CRAP'IXG,p;fr.     Curling;  forming  into  ringlets. 

CRAP'LE,  n.     [W.  erac.] 

A  claw.  Spenser. 

CRAP'XEL,  a.     A  hook  or  drag.     [Qm.  grapneL] 

CRAP'U-LA,  n.     [L.]     A  surfeit. 

CR.\P'l|-LEXCE,  B.  [L.  crapulay  a  surfeit.  See 
Caor.] 

Cropsickness ;  drunkenness ;  a  surfeit,  or  the  sick- 
ness occasioned  by  intemperance.  Diet. 

CRAPU-LEXT, )  a.    Drunk  ;  surcharged  with  liquor; 

CRAPULOUS,  (      sick  by  intemperance.  Did, 

CRaRE,  a.     An  unwieldy  trading  vessel.     {Ohs.] 

Shak.      Tuone. 

CRASH,  V.  L     [Fr.  ecrasery  to  crush.     Cra^h  seems  to 
be  allied  to  erush  and  to  riuA,  Sax.  krcosan.'] 
To  break  ;  to  bniise.  Shak. 

CR.ASH,  V.  i.  To  make  the  loud,  clattering,  multifa- 
rious sound  of  many  things  falling  and  breaking  at 
once. 

When  conTuWoni  cleave  th«  laboring  Canh. 
BHorc  the  dianuU  javra  appears,  the  ground 
TremUes  vid  be&vca,  the  nodiiing  hoiuis  erxuh.       SmilK. 

CRASH,  Ti.  The  loud,  mingled  sound  of  many  things 
fallinff  and  breaking  at  once  ;  as,  the  sound  of  a  large 
tree  falling  and  its  branches  breaking,  or  the  sound 
of  a  falling  house^ 

2.  [L.  erassns.]    Coarse  hempen  cloth. 
CRASIi'KD,  {kraaht,)p;>.     Broken  or  bruised. 
CRA.SH'IXG,  ppr  or  a.    Making  or  denoting  a  loud, 

clattering  noise. 


CKA 

CRASH'ING,  n.    The  sound  of  many  things  falling 
and  breaking  at  once. 

There  thaU  be  a  grmt  cmthing  from  the  hilla.  —  2cph.  I. 

CRa'SIS,  n.     [Gr.  KpnTiSj  from  Ktpavvvpiy  or  (cipa&i, 
to  mix,  to  temper.] 

1.  The  temper  or  healthy  conRtittition  of  the  blood 
in  an  animal  body  ;  the  temperament  which  fonus  a 
particular  constitution  of  the  blood.  Coze. 

2.  In  grammar^  a  figure  by  which  two  different  let- 
ters are  contracted  into  one  long  letter,  or  into  a 
diphthong;  as,  uXr;()i:a  iuto  aXqOt]  i  T^x^oi  into  t\*- 
>:'»  US- 
CRASS,  0.   [L.  craasua^  the  same  as  Gross,  whicli  see.] 

Gross;  thick;  coarse;  not  thin,  nur  fme  ;  applied 
to  Jtuitts  a»d  solids  ;  as,  cra^s  and  fumid  exhiilatious. 
[ Little  vsed.]  Brnion, 

CRASS'A-MEXT,  n.   The  thick,  red  part  of  the  hlooil, 
as  distinct  frnni  tlie  serum,  or  aqueous  part ;  the  clot. 
CRASS'I-MENT,  n.    Thickness.  SntarL 

CRASS'1-TUDE,  n.     [L.  cra^situda,'] 

Crossness  j  coarseness  ;  tliicknesa  ;  applied  to  liquids 
or  noliih.  Bacon*     Woodward* 

CRASyXESS,  V,     Crossness.  OUinviUe, 

CRATCH,  n.     [Fr.  creche.] 

A  manger  or  open  frame  for  hay.  Spenser. 

The  childish  amusement  called  mating  crdic/t-cm- 
dle  is  an  intended  representation  of  the  figure  of  the 
cratch.  T'oone. 

CRATCH.     See  Scratch. 

CRATCH'E*,  n.  pi.      [Q.  fcrtt/te,  the  itch,  cratches; 
kratieuy  to  scratch.] 

In  the  manege,  a  swelling  on  the  pastern,  under  the 
fetl(»ck,  and  somftlmes  under  the  hoof  of  a  burse. 
CRATE,  71.     [L.  crates.] 

A  kind  orbasket  or  hamper  of  wicker-work,  used 
for  the  transportation  of  china,  crockery,  and  similar 
wares, 
CRa'TER,  n.     [L.  crater,  Gr.  iroflrijo,  a  great  cup.] 

1.  The  aperture  or  mouth  of  a  volcano. 

2.  A  constellation  of  the  southern  hemisphere,  con- 
taining .31  stars. 

CRA-TER'I-FORM,  o.     Having  the  form  of  n  crater. 

Man  tell. 
CRXUXCH,  (kranch,)  r.  t      [D.  schraiisseni  vulgar 

serauiuh.] 
To  cnish  with  the  teeth ;  to  chew  with  violence 

and  noise. 
CRXUXCH'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Crushing  with  the  teeth 

with  violence. 
GRA-VAT',  »i.     [Fr.  cravate:  It  craratta;  Sp.  corbata; 

Port,  caravala.   In  Dan.,  krage,  and  krave^  is  a  collar, 

a  cape,  the  neck  of  a  shirt,  &.C.] 
A  neckcloth  ;  a  piece  of  tine  niAlin,  or  other  cloth, 

worn  by  men  about  the  neck. 
CRAVE,  V.  t.    [Sax.  crufian,  to  crave,  ask,  implore; 

\V.  creruf  to  cry,  to  cry  for,  to  crave  ;  crev,  a  cry,  a 

scream  ;  Sw.  krajia;  Dan.  kraver ;   Ice.  krcfa.     (See 

Class  Rb,  No.  2,  4,  Syr.)     So  also  D.  roepen  :  Sax. 

hreopen,   Goth,   hropyan,  to   cry    out,   as   our   vulgar 

phrase  is,  to  7-i;i  out.     The  primary  sense  is,  to  cry 

out,  or  call.] 

1.  To  ask  with  earnestness  or  importunity  ;  to  be- 
seech ;  to  implore  ;  to  a^^k  with  subiriissiou  or  huiuil" 
ity,  as  a  dependent ;  to  beg  ;  to  entreat. 

Aa  for  my  notjl>rr  fdenila,  I  craoe  Uieir  pnrdoru.  SSiat. 

JbCL-ph  —  went  iii  buLiiljr  u>  Pitaic,  aiul  craotd  the  body  of  Jcsiu. 
—  Mark  XV. 

2.  To  call  for,  as  a  gratification  ;  to  long  for;  to  re- 
quire or  demand,  as  a  passion  or  appetite;  as,  the 
stomach  or  appetite  craves  food. 

3.  Sometimes  intransit.ively,  with  for  before  the 
thing  sought ;  as,  I  crave  for  mercy. 

CRA  V'£l),  pp.  Asked  for  with  earnestness  ;  implored ; 
entreated  ;  longed  for  ;  required. 

C  H  A  '  V  P'l'i  \ 

f'RS'VFN'V'    v""     t*^"'  '"'"*'"'  t;rave,  that  is,  one  who 
CRA' V ANT   )      ^^'^^  ^'^^  ^'^  ''^"^  when  vanquished.] 

1.  A  word  of  obbxjuy,  used,  formerly,  by  one  van- 
quished in  trial  by  battle,  ana  yielding  to  the  con- 
queror. Hence,  a  recreant ;  a  coward ;  a  weak-heart- 
ed, spiritless  fellow.  Shak. 

2.  A  vanquished,  dispirited  cock.  Shak. 
CRa'VEN.  (kra'vn,)  v.  t.     To  make  recreant,  weak, 

or  cowardly.  Shak, 

CRA'V/:X-£D,  (kra'vnd,)  pp.    Made  recreant  or  cow- 

CRA'Vi'JN-ING,  ppr.     Making  cowardly.  [ardly. 

CRAV'ER,  n.     One  who  craves  or  begs. 

CRAV'IXG.ppr.  or  a.    Asking  with  importunity  ;  urg- 
ing for  earnestly  ;  begging;  entreating. 

2.  Calling  for  with  urgency  ;  requiring  ;  demanding 
gratification  ;  as,  an  appetite  craving  food. 

CRAVING,  n.     Vehement  or  urgent  desire,  or  calling 
for  ;  a  longing  for. 

CRAVIXG-LYjorfy.  In  an  earnest  or  craving  manner. 

CRAV'ING-XESS,  n.    The  slate  of  craving. 

CRAW,  TI.  [Dan.  kroe;  9w.  krafra.  This  word  coin- 
cides in  elements  with  crop ;  W.cropa;  Sax.  crop; 
D.krop;G.  kropf.  The  Danish  ftroe  signifies  the 
craw,  and  a  victualing-house,  tavern,  or  ale-house. 
It  seems  to  be  named  from  gathering.] 
The  crop  or  first  stomach  of  fowls.  Ray. 

CRAW'-FISH,  (  n.     [Craw  is  contracted    from  crab, 

CRaY'-FISH,   \      or  from  the    Welsh   crag,  a  shell ; 


FATE,  FAR,  PALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  M.ARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.- 


280 


CRE 

yysgtui  crajrcm,  sliell-di^h.  (Sec  Crab.)  Uu.  is  not 
fishf  in  these  words,  from  t!ie  lost  syllable  of  the 
French  ecreciase  ?] 

A  species  of  CriL-'tacfa  of  the  same  genus  with  tlie 
lobster,  {^stactis^)  but  snKLllur,  and  found  in  fresh- 
water streams.  It  is  fsteuint'd  very  dtlicnle  food. 
GRAWL,  r.  i.  [D.  krieUn  :  Scot,  eruwt;  Dun.  krae- 
IcTy  to  crawl  up,  to  cHnib  ;  Sw.  krdiay  to  crawl,  to 
swann ;  D.  ffrulen^  to  swami ;  grUlen,  to  sliivor  or 
shudder  ;  Fr.  gTouiiier^  to  stir  about,  to  cniwl  with 
insects  ;  It.  grUlare,  to  sioiuier.  Qu.  Dan.  krdler^  to 
;ich.] 

\.  To  creep  ;  to  move  slowlj'by  thrusting  or  draw- 
ing the  body  along  thi;  ground,  as  a  worm  ;  or  to 
move  slowly  on  the  hands  and  knees  or  feet,  aa  a 
human  being.  A  worm  eraiELt  on  the  earth  j  a  boy 
erjwU  into  a  cavern,  or  up  a  tree. 

2.  To  move  or  walk  weaisly,  slowly,  or  timor- 
ously .- 

He  W3J  hantly  able  to  eraiol  about  the  room.  AibulhnoL 

3.  To  creep  ;  to  advance  slowly  and  slyly  ;  to  in- 
sinuate one*9  self;  as,  to  crawl  into  favor.  [7'Ajj 
use  is  vulgar.] 

4.  To  move  about;  to  move  in  any  direction; 
used  in  conUmpU 

AlwurJ  opiiiioiiR  cmiol  nViout  (Jii  world.  South. 

5.  To  have  the  sensation  of  insecU  creeping  about 
llie  body  ;  as,  the  flesh  croKls. 

€RA\VL,  «.  [Uu.  1).  kraal.]  \  pen  or  inclosure  of 
stakes  and  hurdles  on  thti  ^-a-coast  fur  conLiining 
lish.  Mar.  iJieL 

€RAWL'ER,Ti.  Ue  or  that  which  crawls;  acreeper; 
a  reptile. 

€RAW1.'IN"G,  ^/w.  or  a.  Creeping;  moving  slowly 
alone  tht*  ground,  or  other  substance  ;  moving  or 
walking  slowly,  weakly,  ur  liniuruusly  ;  insinuating. 

€RAVVL.'lMi-LY,  adv.    In  a  crawling  inauiu>r. 

CRAY^ER   I  "*     ^  small  sea  vessel.     [Au(  in  use.] 
€RAY'-FlSII,   n.      The  river    lobster.     [See   Craw- 

FlSH.j 

€RaY'O.V,  rt.  [Fr.,  from  cnu«,  chalk,  from  L.  cr^a, 
Sp.  ^tJa.] 

1.  A  general  name  for  all  colored  stones,  earths,  or 
othL-r  minemls  and  substances,  used  in  drawing. 

Enci/e. 
3.  A  kind  of'pencil,  or  colored  cylinder,  to  draw 
lines  with.    It  is  usually  mode  of  pipe-clay,  colored 
with  Mime  pigment.  JJryden, 

3.  A  drawing  or  design  done  with  a  pencil  or 
cmyon.  Johnson. 

CRA  Y'ON,  V.  t.     To  sktttcb  with  a  crayon.     Iknce, 
3.  To  sketch  ;  to  plan  ;  to  commit  to  |»a)>er  one's 
Arct  Ihoughts.  BoUngbrokt, 

CRAV'O.N  /■;!),  pp.     Sketched  with  a  rrsiyon. 
€H.^V'0.\-L\G,  jjpr.    Sketching  or  planning  with  a 

crayon. 
CRA  Y'0.\-PAIVT-L\G,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  drawing 

with  crayons. 
CRAZE,  0.  L     [Fr.  Kra.ier;  Sw.  hrossa ;  to  break  or 
bruise,  to  crush.     See  Crush.] 

1.  To  break  ;  to  weaken  ;  to  break  or  im])air  tlie 
natural  force  oreneruy  of. 

Tilt  If-ngOt  ot  y-U*. 
Ah'I  •PtlniUr;  nuitklif-M,  cmzt  my  uibIm,  A/iUon. 

3.  To  crush  in  pieces  ;  to  grind  to  powder ;  as,  to 

Crete  tin. 
3.  To  crack  the  brain ;  to  shatter ;  to  impair  the 

inletlert ;  as,  to  tw  eraird  with  love  or  grief.  Shak. 
€RA/'^.T>,  ;t^.  or  a.     broken;  bniiatti ;  cnished ;  ira- 

poirf-d  ;  deranged  in  intellect ;  decrepit. 
CRA/'KD-.VKSH,  n.     A   broken  sute ;   decrepitude; 

an  impain-il  state  of  the  intellect.  Hooker. 

€RAZK'-MILL,       In.      A    mill    re^wmhling  a   grirt 
eRAZ'I.\G-.MlLL,  \      mill,  used  for  grinding  tin. 

CRA'ZILY,  ado.     [See   Crait.]      In   a   broken    or 

crazy  mann'T. 
€RA'ZI-N'E.sy,  n.     [See  Crazt.]     The  (rtate  of  being 

broken  or  weakened  ;  as,  the  craiiness  of  a  ship,  or 

of  the  limbs. 

2.  7'he  Htatc  of  being  bnkcn  in  mind  ;  Imbecility 
or  weakness  of  intellect  ;  dfrangement. 

CRAZ'l.NG.  pyr.    Breaking;  crushing;  making  crazy. 
CRA'ZY,  a'.     [Fr.  ecTa:-<i.] 

1.  broken  ;  decn-*pit ;  weak  ;  feeble  ;  applied  to  the 
bodHy  or  eoiistitution,  or  any  structure ;  as,  a  crazy 
booy  :  a  crazy  constitution  ;  a  crazu  ship. 

2.  nrcrken,  weakened,  or  disoroered  in  intellerl  ; 
deranged,  weakened,  or  shattered  in  mind.  VVe 
nay,  the  man  is  crazy. 

CREAgIIT,  n.    [Irish.]    Herds  of  cattle.    [JVotvsed.] 

DavitM. 

€REAGHT,  v.  u    To  gaze  on  lands.    {J^ot  it^prf.} 

DavicH. 

CR  P. A  K,  V.  i.  [  W.  crMian,  to  scream,  to  crash  ;  crM,  a 
scream,  a  shriek  ;  connected  with  creg^  cryg,  rough, 
hoarse,  harsh,  from  rAyj?*,  Eng.  T-yc,  but  the  sense  of 
which  is  rough,  rugged.  Indeed,  this  in  radically 
the  same  word  as  roughy  L.  raucus.  The  L.  rugto  is 
m^ibably  from  the  samt;  r(K>t,  and  perhaps  rugo. 
The  Hax.  eearcian^  to  creak,  may  be  the  same  word, 
the  letters  traospo«;d ;  as  may  the  Hp.  cruxir,   to 


CRE 

ruotlc,  Gr.  xpiKto,  to  comb,  scrape,  rake^  and  Russ. 

crik,  a  cr>',  krichu^  to  cry.     On  this  word  are  formed 

shri''Ji  and  screech.] 

To  make  a  sharp,  harsh,  grating  sound,  of  some 

continuance,  as  by  the  friction  of  biud  substances. 

Thus,  the  hinge  of  a  door  creaks  in  turning  ;  a  tight, 

firm  shoe  creaks  in  walking,  by  the  friction  of  the 

leather. 
eUicAK'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.     Making  a  harsh,  grating 

s«iiind  ;  as,  crcuklng  hinges  or  shoes. 
CRkAK'ING,  n.     Aharsh,  grating  sound. 
€RkAM,  n,     [Fr.  crSme;  L.  crtmor ;  G.  rahm;    Sax. 

ream;  Ice.  riome;  D.  room;  Sp.  crema.     Class  Rm.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  any  part  of  a  liquor  that  sep- 
arates from  the  rest,  rises  and  collects  on  the  surface. 
More  particularly^  the  oily  part  of  milk,  which, 
when  the  milk  stands  unagitated  in  a  cool  place, 
rises  and  fonns  a  scum  on  thd  surface,  as  it  is  spe- 
cifically lighter  than  the  otiier  part  of  the  liquor. 
This,  by  agjiation^  forms  butter. 

2.  The  best  part  of  a  thing  ;  as,  the  cream  of  a 
jest  or  story. 

Cream  of  lime;  the  scum  of  lime-water ;  or  that 
part  of  lime  which,  at\<T  being  dissolved  in  its  caus- 
tic state,  seprirotes  from  the  water  in  the  mild  state 
of  chalk  or  limesitone.  Kncye. 

Cream  of  tartar  ;  puritied  tartar  or  argal,  being  the 
bi-tartrate  of  jMitassa  ;  so  called,  becausi'  it  risfs  like 
cream  to  tlie  surface  of  tlie  liquor  in  which  it  is  pu- 
rified. Ure.     Coze. 

6Rk.\M,  v.  L  To  skim  ;  to  take  off  cream  by  skun- 
ming. 

2.  To  take  off  the  quintessence  or  best  part  of  a 
thing. 

€ReA.M,  r.  i.     To  gather  cream  ;  to  flower  or  mantle. 
*2.  To  grow  stiff  or  formal.  Hhak. 

CRkAM'-BoWL,  n,    A  l>owl  for  holding  cream. 

CRkAM'-CHEESE,  Tt.  Cream  dried  by  exjwsure  to 
the  air  till  it  forms  a  solid  mass.  It  is  not  properly 
cheese,  not  being  formed  into  curd. 

Knrye.  of  Dom,  Kcon. 

CRkAM'A'D,  pp.  Skimmed  off  from  milk,  as  tlie  best 
l>art. 

CRkAM'-FAC-ED,  (kreme'faste,)  a.  White;  pale; 
having  ;i  i^w.-ird  look.  Shak. 

€RfiAM'-NUr,  B,  The  fruit  of  the  Bertholletia  ex- 
celsa^  of  South  America;  more  commonly  called 
Brazil  nuL  Halderman. 

CRkA-M'-POT,  n.     A  vessel  for  holding  cream. 

eili'lA.M'V,  a.  Full  of  cream;  like  cream;  having 
the  nature  of  cream  ;  luscious. 

GRE'ANCE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  credo,  eredens.] 

In  falconnj,  a  fine,  small  line,  fastened  toa  hawk*s 
leash,  when  she  is  first  luri;d.  Bailey, 

GREASE,  n.  [Uu.  G.  krdusea,  Sw.  krusa,  Dan.  kruser, 
Scot  creis,  to  curl,  to  crisp.  Clatis  Rd,  No.  73,  83 ; 
or  Fr.  crcusrr,  to  make  hollow,  from  creiix,  hollow. 
Class  Rg.    See  Caisp.] 

A  line  or  mark  made  by  folding  or  doubling  any 
tiling  ;  a  h<iIlow  streak,  like  a  groove. 

CRi-:ASE,  V.  U  To  make  a  crease  or  mark  in  a  thing 
hv  folding  ur  doubling. 

eRKAS'A'l),  (kreest,)  j>p.     Marked  by  doubling. 

CKkAS'IN'G,  ppr.     Making  creases  by  folding. 

CRIC'AT,  n.  [Fr.]  In  t/io  manegty  on  usher  to  a 
rid  in  g-mastcr.  Encyc. 

€RE-aTE',  r.  U  [Fr.  creer ;  It.  ereare;  Hp.  and  Port. 
criar;  t..  creio ;  Arm.  croui ;  Corn.  gureL  In  \V, 
erifu  signifies  to  creau,  and  ereu,  to  cry,  to  crave,  to 
caw,  to  beg.  W,  Crete  and  erf  t,  constitution,  temfx-r ; 
also,  a  trembling  or  shivering  with  cold.  ir.  crotk 
or  cruth,  fonn,  shape  ;  cruthatghim,  to  create,  to  prove, 
a«ser1,  maintain.  From  the  Celtic,  then,  it  appears 
that  the  L.  creo  is  contracted  by  the  loss  of  a  </  or  th. 
The  Welsh  ha>i  also  cri,  a  cry,  and  cn'au),  to  cry,  both 
deduced  by  Owen  from  ere;  liui  ere  is  a  conlrarrion 
of  crrcu,  to  cry,  or  of  gryd,  a  crying  or  Vi\nMi\mi^, 
or  cryd,  a  shaking.  In  VVel«h,  also,  eri  signifles 
rough,  raw,  crude ;  all  which  unite  in  the  root  of  cry, 
cradle,  L.  rudo,  to  bray.  The  primary  sen.se  of  cre- 
ate and  of  cry  is  the  same,  to  throw  or  drivi;  out,  to 
produce,  to  bring  forth,  precisely  as  in  the  ^hemitic 
K'>:).  But  the  Wetfth  cri?a  and  crnt  may,  [lerhaps,  be 
from  different  roots,  both,  however,  with  the  same 
primary  sfiise.] 

1.  'I'o  produce  ;  to  bring  into  being  from  nothing  ; 
to  cause  to  exist. 

la  (hn  bprtniilnp,  Ood  eraattd  the  bemvoo  utd  tha  mrtb.  — 
Gea.  C 

2.  To  make  or  form,  by  Investing  with  a  new  char- 
acter ;  asj  to  create  one  a  peer  or  baron  ;  to  create  a 
manor. 

I  ertata  you 
CompKnioiu  to  our  pcrauii.  ShaJc. 

3.  To  produce  ;  to  cause  ;  to  be  tho  occasion  of. 
LonjE  abstinence  creotf-x  uneasiness  in  the  stomach  ; 
confusion  is  created  by  hurry. 

Yoor  fy^,  In  Scothml, 
Would  crtatt  aoldjcn,  and  inaJie  women  tl^hL  Sfink. 

4.  To  beget ;  to  generate  ;  to  bring  forth. 

The  people,  wlilch  •hull   be  ertoUd,  •haJ)    pral«o  lh«  t*rd.  - 


CRE 

5.  To  make  or  produce,  by  new  combimitions  of 
matter  already  created,  and  by  investing  these  com- 
binations witti  new  forms,  ctmstitutious,  and  quali- 
ties; to  shape  and  organize. 

God  created  man  in  his  own  Image.  — Geo.  i. 

6.  To  form  anew  ;  to  change  the  state  or  charac- 
ter ;  to  renew. 

Crtale  in  me  a  cli*aii  h'-ftrt,  — Pa.  li. 

We  are  his  workmtu»hip,  crtaud  in  Christ  Jrsus.  —  Eph.  il. 

CRE-ATE',  o.     Begotten  ;  composed  ;  created.     Shak. 

CRE-AT'ED,  pp. or  a.  Formed  from  nothing;  caused 
to  exist ;  produced  ;  generated  ;  invested  with  a  new 
character  ;  formed  into  new  combinations,  with  a  pe- 
culiar shape,  constitution,  and  properties  ;  renewed. 

CRE-AT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Forming  from  nothing  ;  origi- 
nating ;  producing  ;  giving  a  new  chiirac^er  ;  consti- 
tuting new  beings  from  matter  by  shaping,  organiz- 
ing, and  investing  with  new  properties  ;  forming 
anew. 

eRE-A'TION,  «.  Tho  art  of  creating;  the  acr  of 
CHiising  to  exist ;  and  especially,  the  act  of  bringing 
this  world  into  existence.     Rom.  i. 

9.  The  act  of  making,  by  new  combinations  of 
matter,  invested  with  new  forms  and  properties,  and 
of  subjecting  to  different  laws;  the  act  of  shaping 
and  organizing ;  as,  the  creation  of  man  and  other 
animals,  of  plants,  minerals,  &c. 

3.  The  act  of  investing  with  a  new  character  ;  as, 
the  creation  of  peers  in  England. 

4.  The  act  of  producing. 

5.  The  things  created  ;  creatures  ;  the  world  ;  the 
universe. 

As  subjects  then  the  whole  creation  came.  Dei\ham. 

6.  Any  part  of  the  things  created. 

Before  the  low  creation  Bwami^d  wiili  men.  PanKll. 

7.  Any  thing  produced  or  caused  to  exist. 

A  false  crention, 
ProcwdinfT  from  the  heat-op pRi«»ed  bniin.  SAoA. 

€RE-A'TIOX-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  creation. 

CRE-A'TIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  to  create,  or  ex- 
erting the  act  of  creation  ;  as,  crcaticc  fancy  ;  creative 
l»ower. 

CRE-A'TIVE-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  creative. 

GREA'TOR,  ju  [U]  The  being  or  person  that  cre- 
ates. 

R-mombcr  thy  Crtalor  In  the  days  of  thy  youlJi.  —  Ecdo*.  xii. 
2.  The  thing  that  creates,  produces,  or  causes. 

GRE-A'TOR-SIUP,  n.  The  state  or  condition  of  a  cre- 
ator. 

GRE-A'TRESS  n.     A  female  that  creates  any  thing 

€Ri:AT'lTR-AL,  (kret'yur-ul,)  a.  Belonging  to  a  crea- 
ture ;  having  the  qualities  of  a  creature. 

CRkAT'URE,  (kret'yur,)  n.  [Fr.]  That  which,  is 
created  ;  every  being  besides  the  Creator,  or  every 
thing  not  self-existent.  The  sun,  moon,  and  stars; 
the  earth,  animals,  plants,  light,  darkness,  air,  water, 
&c.,  are  the  creatures  of  God. 

2.  In  a  rcstrifted  sense^  an  animal  of  any  kind  ;  a 
living  being;  a  beasL  In  a  tnore  restricted  sense-j 
man.  Thus  we  sny,  he  was  in  trouble,  and  no  crea- 
ture was  present  to  aid  him. 

3.  A  human  being,  in  contempt;  as,  an  idle  crea- 
ture ;  a  poor  creature  ;  what  a  creature! 

4.  With  Words  of  endearment,  it  denotes  a  human 
btting  beloved  ;   as,  a  pretty  creature  ;  a  sweet  creature. 

5.  That  which  Is  produced,  formed,  or  imagined  ; 
as,  a  creature  of  the  imagination. 

ti.  A  pt^rson  who  owes  his  rise  and  fortune  to  an- 
other ;  one  who  is  made  to  be  what  he  is. 

firfitl  prinOTi  lliiia,  when  favorltea  ih'.y  rake, 

To  Justily  iht-ir  grwce,  liicir  crealuret  pruiae.  DryfUn. 

7.  A  depend-?nt ;  a  person  who  is  subject  to  the 
will  or  intiuenc*!  of  another. 

CRkAT'URE-LY,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  a  crea- 
ture,     [hittle  used.]  Cheifrte, 

CRP,ATajRE-SIIlP,n.  Thestateof acreature.  [Hare.] 

GRK'BUO'Ua,  a.     Frequent. 

GRfi'lJENCE,  n,  [ll.  credmza  ;  Ft.  creance ;  from  L. 
eredens,  from  credo,  to  believe.     See  Creed.] 

1.  Belief;  credit;  reliance  of  the  mind  on  evidence 
of  facts  derived  from  other  sources  than  personal 
knowleilge,  as  from  the  testimony  of  others.  We 
give  credence  to  nn  historian  of  unsuspected  integrity, 
or  to  a  story  which  is  related  by  a  inan  of  known 
veracity. 

2.  That  whirh  gives  a  claim  to  credit,  belief,  or 
confidence  ;  as,  a  Icttrr  of  credence,  tvhich  is  intended 
to  commend  the  bearer  to  the  confidence  of  a  third 
piTson.     [See  PaoTHEars.] 

GRk'DEiNXE,  r.  (.     To  give  credence  to  ;  to  believe. 
CRl'^^DfJ^' DA,  n.pl.      [L.     See  (;bked j       In  tJieol- 
ogy,  things  to  be  believed  ;  articles  of  faith  ;  distin- 
guished from  agenda,  or  practical  duties.    Johimon. 
GRR'UENT,  fl.      Believing;    giving  credit;    easy   of 
belief.  Shak, 

2.  Having  credit ;  not  to  he  questioned.        Shak. 
[  Thii  word  is  rarely  used,  and  in  the  latter  eenst  is 
im[*r(jpe-r.'] 
GRE-UEX'TIAL,  a.     Giving  a  title  to  credit. 
CRE-DEN'TIALS,  (-shalz,)    n.  pi.     [Rarely  or  never 
used  in  the  singular.] 
'I'hat  which  gives  credit ;  that  which  gives  a  title 


TONE,  BI;LL,  UNITE.  — AN"0ER,  VI"CrOUa  — C  m  K  j  0  m  J  i  a  a«  Z  ;  OH  OS  811 ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


nc 


291 


CRE 

or  claim  to  confidence  ;  the  warrant  on  which  be- 
lief, credit,  or  tmlhorily,  is  clalmeil,  nmonK  strangers  ; 
as  the  k'tt^rs  ufcomiiiendntion  and  power  given  \n  a 
goverunifnt  lo  nn  onibassadur  or  envoy,  which  give 
him  credit  at  a  foreign  court.  So  the  power  of  work- 
in'*  iiiiru  i.'^  tjiven  tu  tlie  ainistles  may  be  considered 
'<i2:^,  authorizing  them  u*  propafiatethe 
•^  ■  .thng  thoni  to  crediL 

€KK  1  V,  lu     [Fr.  credibdUiy  from   L.  crtdii^ 

Crcdibleness  ;  the  qtuUity  or  slate  of  a  thing  which 
renders  it  po!«sible  to  be  believed,  or  which  admits 
belief,  on  rational  principles ;  tlie  quality  or  iUl«  of 
a  thing  which  involves  uo  contradiction  oc  abaurdi- 
ty.  Crtiiihiiit^  is  \e%s  than  eertaaU^^  and  greater 
than  possAilit^:  indeed,  it  is  leu  Iban  araliatiirty, 
but  is  nearly  allied  to  il.    [See  CaaotBuu] 

1.  That  may  be  believed ;  worthy  of  credit.  A 
tkiag  is  €r*d»kUy  when  U  is  known  to  be  poesible,  or 
when  it  involves  no  contradiction  or  abmirdity  |  it  Is 
au*r<  ertdiUe^  when  it  is  known  tu  come  within  the 
ordinary  laws  or  operations  uf  nature.  With  regard 
to  the  divine  Being  and  his  operations,  ever>'  tiling 
il  ertdM*  which  is  consistent  with  his  perfections, 
and  supported  by  evidence  or  uniinpe.trhable  teati- 
moay,  for  his  power  is  unlimited.  With  regard  to 
huQian  affiiira,  we  do  not  apply  the  word  to  things 
barely  ^MtiUtt  but  ti>  tilings  which  come  within  the 
oaual  course  of  human  conduct,  and  the  general 
rules  of  evidence. 

5.  Worthy  of  belief;  having  a  claim  lo  crtnlit ;  ap- 
fli&d  to  ftrtoms,  A  credMe  person  is  one  of  known 
veracity  and  Integrity,  or  whose  veracity  may  be 
Ixiriy  deduced  ftoin  circumstancei^  We  believe  the 
history  uf  Ariacidee  and  Tbemistocles,  on  the  author 
itv  oXart^hU  histcaians. 

€niEU'l-BLE  .NESS,  n.  Credibility  ;  worthiness  of 
belief,  jii^t  rlnim  tu  credit,     [^^e  Crediihutt.] 

€REl>'f-HLV,  adv.  In  a  manner  that ■  deserves  be- 
lief;  with  good  authority  to  support  lieiief. 

eRED'IT,  a.  [Fr.  ertdit;  \Uertdtta;  Sp.  uL;  L.  cr«d- 
ttum.    See  Cbxbd.] 

1.  Belief;  faith  ;  a  reli.ince  or  resting  of  th(^  mind 
on  the  truth  of  something  said  or  done.  \Ve  give 
credit  to  a  man's  declaration,  when  the  mind  rests 
on  the  truth  i^f  it,  without  doubt  ur  tiuspicion,  which 
is  attended  with  wavering.  We  give  credit  to  testi- 
mony or  lo  a  report,  when  we  rely  on  its  truth  and 
certainty. 

2.  Reputation  derived  from  the  confidence  of  oth- 
ers ;  esteem  ;  e';(timat)on  ;  good  opinion  founded  on 
a  belief  of  a  man's  veracity,  integrity,  abilities,  and 
virtue  ;  as,  a  physician  in  high  craiU  with  his  breth- 
ren.    Hence, 

3.  Honor ;  reputation  ;  estiroalit>n  ;  applied  to  mm 
•r  tkingx.  A  man  eains  no  crrdti  by  pnifanencvs  ; 
and  a  purm  mav  lose  no  credit  by  critic  ism.  The 
trtdit  of  a  man  jepend^  on  his  virtues  ;  the  ertdU  of 
his  writings,  on  their  worth. 

4.  That  which  procures  or  is  entitlL*d  to  belief; 
testimony  ;  authwitj-  derived  from  one's  cliaracter^ 
or  from  the  confidence  of  others.  We  believe  a  story 
on  the  crrdd  of  the  narrator.  We  bi^Iieve  in  miracles 
on  the  crrdit  of  inspired  men.  We  trust  to  the  credit 
uf  an  assertion  made  hy  a  man  of  known  veracity. 

5>  Influence  derived  from  the  reputation  of  ve- 
racity or  inieprtty,  or  from  the  good  opinion  or  confi- 
dence of  others :  interest ;  power  derived  from 
weight  of  character,  from  friendship,  fidelity,  or 
other  cause.  A  minuter  mav  have  great  credit  with 
a  prince.  He  may  employ  hw  crrdit  to  good  or  evil 
purposes.  A  man  u^^'s  his  credit  with  a  friend  ;  a 
servant,  with  his  mastt-r. 

6.  In  commrrcr,  trust ;  transfer  of  poods  in  confi- 
dence c^  future  payment.  When  the  merchant  gives 
a  ert^t,  he  sells  his  wares  on  an  expre^tsed  or  implied 
promise  that  the  purchaser  wilt  pny  for  them  at  a 
niture  time.  The  seller  bflirrtA  in  the  solvability 
and  probity  of  the  purchaser,  and  delivers  his  goods 
oo  tmU  belief  or  uust ;  or  he  delivers  them  on  the 
crsriil  or  reputation  of  the  purchaser.  The  purchaser 
take*  what  is  sold,  on  credu.  Id  like  manner,  money 
Ib  loaned  on  the  ertdit  of  the  borrower. 

7.  The  capacity  of  being  trusted  ;  or  the  reputation 
of  solvency  and  probity  which  entitles  a  man  to  be 
trusted.  \  customer  has  good  credit  or  no  credit  with 
a  merch.'mt. 

8.  In  boot-kr^^n^^  tlie  side  of  an  account  in  which 
payment  is  entered  ;  opposed  to  debit.  This  article 
to  carried  to  one*s  cr«^  and  that  to  his  debit.  We 
speak  of  the  cr^it  side  of  an  account. 

9.  Ptiblic  credit ;  the  confidence  which  men  enter- 
tain in  the  ability  and  disposition  of  a  nation,  to 
make  good  its  engagements  with  its  creditors  ;  or 
the  i?«=ttmaiion  in  which  individuals  hold  the  public 
promises  of  payment,  whether  such  promises  are 
ex{vessed  or  implied.  The  term  is  aL»o  applied  to 
th*:  general  credit  of  individuals  in  a  nation  ;  when 
irerchants  and  others  are  wealthy,  and  punctual  in 
fuliilling  engneemenis  ;  or  when  they  transact  busi- 
ness with  honor  and  fidelity;  or  when  transfers  of 
property  are  made  with  ease  for  ready  payment.  So 
we  speak  of  the  credit  of  a  bank,  when  general  con- 


CRE 

fidenco  is  placed  in  its  ability  to  redeem  its  notes; 
and  the  rrrdit  of  a  mercantile  house  rests  on  its  siip- 
IHk^d  ability  and  probiiv,  which  induce  men  to  traai 
to  iLs  engagements.  vVhen  the  public  credit  is  ques- 
tionable, it  raises  the  premium  on  loans. 

Cb>?ruh  public  crwdiL  Wmhinglon. 

10,  The  notes  or  bills  which  are  issued  hy  the  pub- 
lic, or  by  corporations  or  individuals,  which  circulate 
on  the  confidence  of  men  in  the  ability  and  dis)Kt- 
siiion  in  those  who  issue  them,  to  redeem  thein. 
They  are  soiueliines  called  bilh  of  cretiil. 

11.  The  time  given  for  payment  fur  lands  or  goods 
sold  on  trust ;  as,  a  long  crfi/>f,  or  a  short  credit. 

\'i.  A  sum  of  money  due  to  any  person  ;  any 
thiiif  valuable  standing  on  the  credititr  side  of  an  ac- 
count. A  has  a  credit  on  the  books  of  U.  The 
crtditB  are  more  than  balanced  by  the  debits. 

[In  tkU  **HMf  tk*  word  hag  lAe  plurat  Hiunber.'] 
€RED'IT,  r.  L    [from  the  noun.]    To  believe  ;  to 
confide  in  the  truth  of;  as,  to  crcdU  a  report,  or  the 
man  who  tells  it. 

"U.  To  trust ;  to  sell  or  hian  in  confidence  of  future 
payment ;  as,  to  credit  goods  or  money, 

3.  To  procure  credit  or  honor  ;  tu  do  credit;  to 
give  reputation  or  honor. 

Mny  liere  h«r  monunMrnl  RkqiI  m, 

Ta  ermiit  tiim  mile  »gv.  WoBh: 

4.  To  enter  upon  the  credit  side  of  an  account ; 
as,  to  credit  the  amount  paid. 

5.  To  set  to  the  credit  of;  as,  to  credit  to  a  man 
the  interest  paid  on  a  lK>nd 

CREDIT-A-BLE,  o.  Reputable;  that  may  be  en- 
joyed or  exercised  with  reputation  or  esteem  ;  esti- 
mable. A  man  pursues  a  creditable  occupation,  or 
wav  of  living.  Jirbuthnot. 

eUED'iT-A-BLE-NESS,  n.    Reputation  ;  estiuKition. 

Johngon. 

CRED'IT-A-BLY,  adt.  Reputably ;  with  credit ; 
without  disgrace. 

€RED'IT-ED,  pp.  Believed  ;  trusted  ;  passed  to  the 
credit,  nr  entered  on  the  credit  side  of  an  account. 

€RED'IT-I.NG,  ^;n-.  Believing;  trusting;  entering  to 
the  credit  in  account. 

€RED'IT-OR,  n.  [U  See  Creed.]  A  person  to 
w  horn  a  sum  of  money  or  other  thing  is  due,  by  ob- 
ligation, pmmise,  or  in  law  ;  properly^  one  who  gives 
credit  in  commerce  ;  but  in  a  general  smut, otic  who 
has  a  just  claim  for  money  ;  correlative  to  debtor. 
In  a /farvCtss  MUM,  one  who  has  a  just  claim  for 
9vT\  ices.  Addison. 

CrmStgrw  have  tetter  memtnin  ihut  deblon.  Pranklin. 

2.  One  who  believes.     [JVbC  used.]  Shak. 

GREDT-TRIX,  n.     A  female  creditor. 

CRE-DO'LI-TV,  It.  [Fr.  creduliii,  L.  erediUitas^  from 
credoy  to  believe.    See  Cbeed  and  Credulous.] 

Easiness  of  belief;  a  weakness  of  mind  hy  which 
a  person  is  disposed  to  believe,  or  yield  his  assent  to 
a  declaration  or  proposition,  without  sulficient  evi- 
dence of  the  truth  of  what  is  said  or  projmsed  ;  b 
disposition  lo  believe  on  slight  evidence  or  no  evi- 
dence at  all. 

€RED'U-LOUS,  a.  [L.  credulus^  from  credo.  See 
Creed.] 

Apt  to  believe  without  sufficient  evidence  ;  unsus- 
pecting; easily  deceived. 

CRED'tt-LOUS-LV,  adv.     With  credulity. 

eRED'U-LOUS-NES.S,  n.  Credulity  ;  easiness  of  be- 
lief; readiness  to  believe  without  sufficient  evidence. 

&.-}rimd  all  crrduliiy  is  ilie  crtdulouineta  ofatbi-isu,  who  believe 
that  chADce  could  iitaJce  tlie  world,  wbcii  it  can  not  build  a 
houac-  S.  Clarke. 

CREED,  n.  [W.  credo ;  Sax.  creda  ;  It.  and  Sp.  credo. 
This  word  seems  to  have  been  introduced  hy  the  use 
of  the  Latin  credo,  I  bdiece,  at  the  beginning  of  the 
Apostles'  Creed,  or  brief  system  of  Christian  faith. 
L.  crrrfo ;  W.  credu;  Corn,  credzhi;  Arm.  cridi ;  Ir. 
creidim ;  It  credere;  Sp.  creer ;  Port,  crer ;  Fr.croire; 
Norm-  crere,  cruer.  The  primary  sense  is  probably 
to  throw,  or  throw  on ;  or  to  set,  to  rest  on.  See 
Creed.     Class  Rd.] 

1.  A  brief  summary  of  the  articles  of  Christian 
faith  ;  a  symbol  ;  as,  the  Apostolic  creed. 

2.  That  which  is  believed  ;  any  system  of  princi- 
ples which  are  believed  or  professed  ;  as,  a  political 
creed. 

CREEK,  V.  L  To  make  a  harsh,  sharp  noise.  [See 
Creak.]  SHak. 

CREEK,  (kr«ck,)  «.  [Sax.  creeea;  D.  kreek ;  Fr. 
crique;  W.  crig;  a  crack;  cri-fyU^A.  creek;  rkigj  a 
notch  or  grottve.     See  Crack.] 

1.  A  «ma!!  inlet,  bay,  or  cove;  a  recess  in  the 
shore  of  the  sea,  or  of  a  river. 

They  *lbcoTered  a  ccrtiin  crtek  with  a  thore.  —  AcU  xxvii. 

2.  Any  turn  or  winding.  Shak. 

3.  A  prominence  or  jut  in  a  winding  coast. 

Davies. 
[Thin  sense  is  probably  not  legitimate.'] 

4.  In  some  of  the  American  States^  a  small  river. 
This  is  cnnlrary  to  English  usage,  and  is  not  justi 
fied  by  etymology  ;  but  as  streams  often  enter  into 
creeks' and  small  hays,  or  form  them,  the  name  has 
been  extended  to  small  streams  in  general. 


CRE 

CREEK'Y,  (kreek'y,)  a.  Containing  creeks ;  full  of 
creeks ;  winding.  Spender. 

CREEL,  II.     All  o^ier  basket,  such  as  anglers  use. 

Brocket. 

CREEP,  V.  i.;pret.  and  ;>p.  Cbeft.  [Sax.  crroj>an, 
crtjpan;  W.  crrpian,  crop'tan;  D.  kruipem  Sw.  knjpa, 
to  creep  ;  Dan.  kryben^  a  creeping ;  Ir.  drrapam  :  hp. 
and  Port,  trepan  h.repo;  Gr.  tprrot.  The  sense  is, 
to  calrh,  to  grapple  ;  and  the  latter  is  from  the  same 
root,  Welsh,  crapioK,  allied  to  L.  rapio,  and  to  W. 
cripian,  to  scrape  or  scratch.     Class  Rb.] 

1.  To  move  with  the  belly  on  the  ground,  or  the 
surface  of  any  other  body,  as  a  worm  or  serpent 
without  legs,  or  as  many  insects  with  feet  and  very 
short  legs  ;  to  crawl. 

2.  To  move  along  the  ground,  or  on  the  surface  of 
any  other  lM)dy,in  growth,  as  a  vine  ;  to  grow  along. 

3.  To  move  slowly,  feebly,  or  timorously  ;  as,  an 
old  or  infirm  man,  who  creeps  about  his  chamber. 

4.  To  move  slowly  and  insensibly,  as  time. 

To-morrow,  and  li>-mom>w,  and  to-morrow, 

Ortepn  lu  this  petty  pace  from  day  to  day.  Sbak. 

5.  To  move  secretly ;  to  move  so  as  to  escape  de- 
tection, or  prevent  suspicion. 

Ot  tlii*  lort  are  they  who  ctmd  into  housL-a,  and  lead  cnptire  ■Uly 
wo.m-h.  — aiWiii. 

6.  To  steal  in  ;  to  move  forward  unheard  and  un- 
seen ;  to  come  or  enter  unexpectedly  or  nnobservcd  ; 
as,  some  ernir  has  crept  into  the  copy  of  a  history. 

7    To  move  or  behave  with  servility  j  to  fawn. 

Shak. 
CREEP'ER,  n.     One  who  creeps  ;  that  which  creeps  ; 
a  reptile  ;  also,  a  creeping  plant,  which  moves  along 
the  surface  of  the  earth  or  attaches  itself  to  some 
otlier  body,  as  ivy. 

2.  An  iron  used  to  slide  along  the  grate  in  kitch- 
ens.    .  Johnson. 

3.  A  kind  of  patten  or  clog  worn  by  women. 

Johnson. 

4.  Creeper  or  Creepers;  an  instrument  of  iron  with 
hooks  or  claws,  for  drawing  up  things  from  the  bot- 
tom of  a  well,  river,  or  harbor.  Forby. 

5.  A  small  bird  of  the  genus  CertJiia,  of  many  r^pe- 
cies,  allied  to  t|ie  woodpeckers  and  wrens.  I'heso 
birds  run  along  the  body  or  branch  of  a  tree,  and 
when  they  observe  a  person  near,  they  run  Iti  the 
side  opposite,  so  as  to  keep  out  of  sight.  F.ncyr. 

CREEP'-HOLE,  n.  A  hole  into  which  an  animiil  may 
creep  to  eacapc  notice  or  danger;  also,  a  siibti^rfuge  ; 
nn  excuse.  Johnson. 

CREEP'ING,  71.     Act  of  creeping.  Dwight. 

CREEP'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Moving  on  the  belly,  or  close 
to  the  surface  of  the  earth  or  otht^r  body  ;  moving 
slowly,  secretly,  or  silently ;  moving  insensibly ; 
stealing  along. 

CREEP'ING-LY,  flrfu.  By  creeping;  slowly  j  in  the 
manner  of  a  reptile.  Sidney. 

CREEP'LE.     [JVot  used.]     See  Cbipflb. 

CREESE,  n.     A  Malay  dagger. 

CRE-MA'TIOX,  n.     [L.  cr-!';na/io,from  cremo,to  bum,] 
A  burning  ;  particularly ,  the  burning  of  the  dead, 
according  to  the  custom  of  many  ancient  nations. 

Encyc 

CRE-Mo'NA,  n.  A  superior  kind  of  violin,  made  or 
invented  at  Cremona,  in  Italy. 

2,  A  name  erroneously  given  to  a  stop  in  the 
organ.     [.See  Cromorna.]  Brandt, 

CRic'MOR,  M.  [L.  See  Cbxam.J  Cream ;  any  ex- 
pressed juice  of  grain  ;  yeast ;  scum  ;  a  substance 
resembling  cream.  Coze. 

CRf.'NATE,      ;  a.    [I^  crenn,  a  notch,  whence  cre- 

CKE'NA-TED,  \  nattis,  notched.  See  Crannv.] 
Notched  ;  indented  ;  scolloped.  In  botany^  a  cre- 
nate  leaf  has  its  edge,  as  it  were,  cut  with  circular 
incisures,  not  inclining  toward  either  extremity. 
When  the  scallops  are  segments  of  small  circles,  it 
is  said  to  be  obtusely  crenated  ,■  when  the  larger  seg- 
ments have  smaller  ones  upon  them,  a  leaf  is  said  to 
be  doubly  crmate.  Martyn, 

CREN'A-Tl-JRE,  n.  A  scallop,  like  a  notch,  in  a'leaf, 
or  in  the  style  of  a  plant.  Bigclow. 

CREXK'LE,  (     See  Cringle 

CRKNG'LE.  i    ^^  CRINGLE. 

CREX'U-LATE,  a.  [dim.,  used  by  Linnieas.]  Hav- 
ing the  edge,  as  it  were,  cut  into  very  small  scallops. 

Martyn. 

CRe'OLE,  n.  A  native  of  Spanish  America  or  the 
West  Indies,  descended  from  European  ancestors. 

CRe'O-SOTE,  71.  [Gr.  Kfitu>^^  gen.  of  */J£a!,  flesh, 
and  (Tdirfjrt,  preserver.] 

An  antiseptic  principle,  often  called  Jlesh-preserver^ 
the  product  of  the  decoinpitsiiion  of  wood  in  a  cer- 
tain manner;  an  oily,  colorless  liquid,  having  the 
smell  of  smoke.  It  is  obtained  from  the  pyrolignwis 
acid  and  the  tarry  matter  wlich  distills  over  from 
\v;(>od.     It  is  a  powerful  irritant.        Knight,     Ure. 

A  chop  or  cratch  in  a  horse's  leg,  caused  by  the 
shoe  of  one  hind  ftwt  crossing  and  striking  the  other 
hind  foot.     It  sometimes  degenerates  into  an  ulcer. 

Encyc. 
CREP'I-TaTE,  f.  i".     [L.  crepito^  to  crackle,  from 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.^T METE,  PRfiY.  — PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

_  ______ 


CRE 


CRI 


CRl 


crepo,  to  cnck,  to  burst  with  a  sharp  sound  ;  It. 
crepitarf,  erepart;  Fr.  crerer  :  Sax.  hrcppnn  ;  Goth. 
hrapyan  ;  D.  rorpm ;  allied  to  Eng.  rip,  and  probably 
from  Uie  root  of  ruinpo,  rupi,  tec.    Ste  C"»n  and 

Oj.=i  Uarafa.   Class  Kb,  No.  27,  and  No.  18,26,30.] 

To  crackle  ;  to  snap  ;  to  burst  with  a  small,  sharp, 
abmpt  .sound,  rapidlv  repeated,  as  salt  in  fire,  or 
durins  cilcination.  It  diflers  from  delmau,  which 
Bienifies,  to  burst  with  a  sinsle  loud  report. 

€REP'1-T.t-T1.VG,  ppr.     ("racklins  ;  snapping. 

€REP-l-TA'TIO.V,  n.  The  act  of  bursting  with  a 
freijuenl  repetition  of  sharp  sounds  ;  the  noise  of 
some  salts  in  calcination  ;  crackling.    Coie.    F.ncyc. 

o  The  noise  of  fractured  bones,  when  moved  by 
a  siirseon  to  ascerwin  a  fracture.  Eneyc 

CREPT,  pril.  and  pp.  of  Creep. 

€RE-rCa'CLE,  (-si,)  )  ».    [!-<.  crepttsntlvm,  from  crrpo, 

eREPOS'ellLE,  (  or  its  root,  a  little  burst  or 
break  of  light,  or  broken  lighu  Crtperm  is  from 
the  same  root.]  .      ^        .u    o.^ 

Twilight ;  the  light  of  the  morning  from  the  Hrst 
dawn  to  sunrise,  and  of  the  evening  from  sunset  to 
darkness.    It  is  occasioned  by  the  refraction  of  the 

eRE-Pl's'eU  LAR,     j  a.      Pertaining    to    twilight  ; 

eRE-PUS'CU-LOUS,  (  glimmering;  noting  the  im- 
iierfect  light  of  the  morning  and  evening  ;  hence, 
Imperfectly  clear  or  luminous.     Bntipa.     Glunnllr. 

eRE^PU.*'e'II-LlNE,  o.    Crepuscular.     [JV.il  luce/.] 

CRES-CEN'OO,  [It.l  in  music,  denotes  with  nn 
increasing  volume  of  voico. 

GRES'CE.NT,  a.     [U  crMcciw,  from  crMce,  to  grow  ; 
Fr.  cri.i....ari(.    See  Gaow.] 
Inrrea^ing;  growing;  as,  cr-Mccwf  horns.  MilUm. 

CRES'CE.VT,  n.  The  increasing  or  new  moon,  which, 
when  receding  from  the  sun,  shown  a  cuning  rim  of 
lii-ht,  terminating  in  points  or  horns.  It  is  applied 
to' the  old  or  decreasing  moon,  in  a  like  state,  but  less 
properly.  Dryden. 

2.  The  figure  or  likeness  of  the  new  moon,  as 
that  borne  in  the  Turkish  flag  or  national  standard. 
The  standard  itself,  and  figuralii>cly,  the  Turkish 
power.  ,        amon 

3.  In  heraUry,  a  bearing  in  the  form  of  a  half 

4.  The  name  of  a  military  order,  instituted  by 
Eenatus  of  .\njou,  king  of  Sicily  ;  so  called  from 
lis  symbol  or  badge,  a  crescent  of  gold  enameled. 

'  Kiictjt 


,]uyc. 
€RES'CENT,  v.  t.    To  form  into  a  crescenu 

Stuard. 
CRES'CENT-ED,  a.    Adorned  with  a  crescent.  KraU. 
€RES'CE.NT-FOR.M-£D,  a.    Formed  like  a  crcsceiiL 

ScuU, 
eRES'CENT-SHAP-ED,     fJihapt,)    a.       In    toWny, 
lunate;  lunated  i  shaped  like  a  crescent;  as  a  leaf. 

Martyn. 
GRES'CIVE,  u.     [L.  crcaco,  to  grow.] 

IncreasiDgj  growing.  S"<^ 

CRESS,  n.  [Fr.  crrMon ;  It.  errjcuine :  Arm.  cref  i<m  ; 
D.  ktra :  a.  krtue ;  Sax.  arrsc  or  crasm.  Uu.  its 
alliance  to  grosoi,  or  to  L.  crtsco.] 

The  name  of  si^veral  species  of  planu,  most  of 
them  of  the  class  Trtradynamia.  W'ntercresses,  of 
the  genua  Sisymbrium,  are  used  as  a  salad,  and  are 
valued  in  medicine  for  their  antiscorbutic  qualities. 
The  leaves  have  a  moderately  pungent  t.asle.  They 
grow  on  the  brinks  of  rivulets  and  in  other  moist 
grounds.  The  word  is  generally  used  in  the  plural. 
CRESS'ET,  a.  [Fr.  crouUte,  dim.  of  croii,  cross,  be- 
cause beacons  formerly  had  (bosses  on  their  Uips. 
See  Cross.]  ,.  l   ,. 

1.  A  great  light  set  on  a  beacon,  lighthouse,  or 
watrh-lowcr.  J^hnam      Skak. 

2.  A  lamp  or  torch.  MiU>n.     IMinahrd. 
CREST,  n.     [Fr.crtu:  L.  crwla  :  It.  creglm  Sp.  irrs- 

ton.  This  IS,  probablv,  a  growing  or  shooting  up, 
from  the  root  of  ctpjco,  Fr.  croiire:  Norm,  ci-ejt.  It 
rises,  it  accrues  ;  Russ.  rastu  or  ro»lu,  to  grow  ;  roat, 
growth,  size,  tallncss.] 

1.  The  plume  of  feathers  or  other  material  on  ttie 
top  of  the  ancient  helmet;  the  helmet  iUelf.    Shak. 

2.  The  ornament  of  the  helmet  in  heraldry. 

Eacyc. 

3.  The  comb  of  a  cock  ;  also,  a  tuft  of  feathers  on 
the  head  of  other  fowls. 

4.  Anv  tuft  or  ornament  worn  on  the  head. 

'  Drydrn. 

spint ;  a  lofty  mien. 
Skak. 


CREST'I.NO,  ppr.     Furnishing  With  a  crest. 
CREST'LESS,  fl.    Without  a  crest ;  not  dignified  with 
coat-armor ;  not  of  all  eminent  family  ;  of  low  birth. 

Shak, 
€REST-MA-RtNE',  (-ma-rccn',)  n.    Rock  samphire. 
CHE-TA'CEOUS,  a.     \l-  cret^tceits,  from  creta,  chalk. 
Sp.  It.  !((.;  Fr.  craie;  D.  kryti  G.  krdde ;   Sw.  ti-ila.] 
Chalky;  having  the  qualities  of  chalk  j  hke  chalk  ; 
abounding  with  chalk. 
CRE'Ta-TED,  a.     Rubbed  with  chalk. 
CKF-'Tie,  n.     [Or.  KonriK-n.] 

A  poetic  foot  of  three  syllables,  one  short  between 
two  long  syllables.  BrrUley. 

CRK'TIN,  n.    A  name  given  to  certain  deformed  and 

helpless  idiots  in  the  valleys  of  the  -Mps. 
€Rk'TIN'-ISM,  n.     The  state  of  a  cretin.  Kidd. 

CRE'TISM,  n.     A  falsehood  ;  a  Cretan  practice;  from 
the  repuuition  of  the  Cretans  as  liars  and  deceivers. 
CRE'TOSE,  a.     Chalky. 

CRE-yASSE',  n.  [Fr.]  A  deep  crevice;  a  breach. 
This  term  is  applied  on  the  Mississippi  to  a  breach  in 
the  levee  or  embankment  of  the  river. 
CREVICE,  n.  [Fr.  crerasse,  from  ereper,  to  burst,  to 
crack;  II.  crepalura i  L.  crc/o,  ta  burst.  See  Crepi- 
tate and  Rip.] 

A  crack  ;  a  cleft  ;  a  Assure  ;  a  rent ;  an  opening  ; 
as,  a  rrrriee  in  a  wall.  AMison. 

CREVICE,  ti.  (.    To  crack  ;  to  flaw.  Il'utton. 

CREVIS,  n.    The  craw-fish.     [LitUe  U3rj.] 
CREW,  (kru,)  n.   [Contracted  from  Sax.  cready  or  cruM, 
a  crmrii  D.  rol ;   G.  roUc ;  Bw.roU:  Eng.  rinit,  an 
assembly,  a  collection,  from  gathering  or  pressing. 
C1.-ISS  Rd.]  .       , 

1.  A  company  of  people  associated  ;  as,  a  noble 
crcio;  a  gallant  creic.  Spenser.     Ckery  Ckaae. 

2.  A  company,  in  a  low  or  bad  sense,  which  is  now 
vtosl  usual ;  a  herd  ;  as,  a  rebel  crew.  MUUih. 

So  we  say  a  miserable  crew. 

3.  The  companv  of  seamen  who  man  a  ship,  ves- 
sel, or  boat ;  the'  company  belonging  to  a  vessel. 
Also,  the  companv  or  gang  of  a  cirpenler,  gunner, 
boatswain,  &.C.  ^t  is  appropriated  to  the  common 
saiKtrs. 

CREW,  pret.  of  Crow;  but  the  regular  preterit  and 

participle,  croweA,  is  now  most  commonly  used, 
CREWEL,  I..     [Uil.  D.  Ucicf/.] 

Two-threaded  worsted  yarn  slackly  twisted. 

Johnson.     Bailey. 
CREWET.    See  Cruet. 

CRin,  n.  [Sax.  crybb:  D.  krib:  Sw.  kntbba;  Dan. 
krybbe !  Ir.  grib.     ftu.  the  root  of  popple,  to  catch.] 

1.  The  manger  of  a  stable,  in  which  oxen  and 
cows  feed.  In  America,  it  is  distinguished  from  a 
rack. 

Where  no  oiteii  are,  the  crib  is  clean.  — Pror.  x\r. 

The  manger  for  other  beasts. 

The  KM  kiiowclh  hb  n«»ler'«  crii.  —  !•.  I. 

2.  A  small  habitation  or  cottage.  Sliak. 

3.  A  stall  for  oxen. 

4.  A  case  or  box  in  salt-works.  Encyc 

5.  A  small  building,  raised  on  posts,  for  storing 
Indian  corn.  V.  Slates. 

6.  A  small  frame  for  a  child  to  sleep  in. 
CRIB,  c.  t    To  shut  or  C4iufine  in  a  narrow  habita- 
tion ;  to  cage.  *^', 

CRIB'&ACE,  w.  A  gameatcards,  in  which  the  dealer 
mnkirs  up  a  thinl  hand  for  himself,  partly  out  of  the 
iland  of  his  oplMmenL  Smart. 

CRIII'BKD,  (kribd,)  pp.    Shut  up  ;  confined  ;  caged. 

CR IB' III XG,  ;/;«•.    Shutting  in  a  crib  ;  amfining. 

CRIB'BLE,  n.  [L.  cribetlum,  from  eriftrum,  and  this 
from  criftro,  to  sift  ;  Sp.  cr/6n,  eribar ;  Port,  erico ;  U. 
cribro,  erihrare,  and  crivelUi,  erirellare ;  Fr.  crible, 
eribter ;  W.  eribaw,  to  comb  or  card  ;  Arm.  kribat ; 
Ir.  riobhar,  a  sieve  ;  allied  to  Eng.  garble.    See  Ch. 


5.  Loftiness  ;  pride  ;  courage ; 
To  furnish  with  a 


CREST,  r.  (,    To  furnish  with  a  crest ;  to  serve  as  a 
crest  for.  **^ 

2.  To  mark  with  long  streaks. 
CEEST'ED,  p;).oro.    [fn.m  crcil.]    Wearing  a  crest ; 
adorned  with  a  crest  or  plume  ;  having  a  comb  ;  as, 
a  crrstrA  helmet ;  a  crested  cock. 

2.   In  natural  history,  having  a  tuft  like  a  crest 
eREST'-FAI.I^EN,  (  fawl-n,)  a.     riejcrted  ;  sunk; 
bowed  i  dispirited  ;  heartless  ;  spiritless. 

Shak.     Ittrwell. 
a  Having  the  upper  part  of  the  neck  hanging  on 
one  aide,  as  a  horse.  Kneye. 


Sais,  Ar.  A-***  garbala  i  Ch.  'jsi,  to  sift  or  riddle, 

Class  Rb,  No.  30,  34,  46.] 

1.  A  coarse  sieve  or  screen.  Brande. 

2.  Coarse  flour  or  meal.  [JVol  nsed  in  the  UniUd 
States.]  ,  , 

CRIB'BLE,  r.  I.  To  sift ;  to  cause  to  pass  through  a 
sieve  or  riddle. 

CRIB'BI.En,;.?.     Sifted. 

CRIB'BI.ING.ppr.    Sifting. 

CRI-BKA'TION,  n.  [See  Oibbli.]  1  he  act  of  sift- 
ing or  riddling  ;  used  in  pliarin.icy. 

CRIB'RI-FORM,  a.     [L.  enbrum,  a  sieve,  and  JWma, 

Resembling  a  sieve  or  riddle  ;  a  term  applied  to  the 
lamina  of  the  ethmoid  bone,  through  winch  the  fillers 
of  till-  olfactorv  nerve  iiass  to  the  nose.  JltiiH.. 

CRK'll'TO.N  ITE,  a.  A  mineral,  s<i  railed  from  Dr. 
Crichton,  physician  to  the  emperor  of  Russia.  It  has 
a  velvet  black  color,  and  crystallizes  in  very  acute, 
Binall  rbomlioids.    It  i«xurs  in  primitive  rocks,  with 


•ciritc. 


[See  Cbear.] 


Ure, 
The  creaking  of  a  door. 


oclalu 
CltlfK 

[JVr.I  usrJ.]  ,    ^     ..    J 

2.  A  siCTsmislic  affection  of  some  pari  of  the  body, 
as  of  fhe  neck  or  back,  rendering  it  dilhcult  to  move 
the  l«irt  affected  ;  local  spasm  or  cramp. 


CRICK'ET,  n.     [D.  krektl,  from  the  root  of  creak ;  W    1 1 
erieell,  cricket,  and  cricelU,  to  chirp  or  chatter  ;  erig, 

a  eraek.] 

An  insect  of  the  genus  Gr>ilus,  belonging  to  the 
order  Hemiptera.  There  are  several  species,  Bo 
named,  probably,  on  account  of  their  creaking  or 
chirping  voice. 

The  cricicl  chirping  in  Uie  hearth.  Gotdnnilh. 

CRICK'ET,  n.     [Qu.  Sax.  criee,  a  stick.] 

1.  A  play  or  exercise  with  bats  and  ball.      Pope. 

2.  Alow  stool.  [British  krigrt,a  little  elevation. 
TVhitaker.     (in.  Sw.  krycka,  stilts  or  crutches.] 

CRICK'ET-ER,  n.    One  who  plays  at  cricket 

2)uncombe. 
CRICK'ET-MATCH,  n.     A  match  at  cricket 
CRl'^I),  Jiret.  and  part,  of  Crv.  [Duneombe. 

CRI'ER,  n.  [See  Cav.]  One  who  cries;  one  who 
makes  proclamation.  The  crier  of  a  court  is  an 
officer  whose  duly  is  to  proclaim  the  orders  or  com- 
mands of  the  court,  to  open  or  adjourn  the  court, 
keep  silence,  &.c.  .\  crier  is  also  employed  to  give 
notice  of  auctions,  and  for  otherpiirposes. 
CRIM.  CO.V.  Criminal  conversation  ;  unlawful  inter- 
course with  a  married  woman. 
CRIME,  n.  [L.  criraen ;  Gr.Kiiipa;  It  crime ;  Port  id. ; 
Sp.  crimen  ;  Fr.  crime  i  Arm.  crim  ;  Norm,  crisme. 
This  word  is  from  the  root  of  Gr.  sptvM,  L.  ceruo,  to 
separate,  to  judge,  to  decree,  to  condemn.  But  this 
verb  seems  to  be  composed  of  two  distinct  risits  ; 
for,  in  Latin,  the  pret.  is  crept,  which  can  not  be 
formed  from  cemo;  and  in  Greek,  the  derivatives, 
KniBio,  Kijtati,  icsiths.  Can  not  be  regulariy  formed 
from  Kotvtj.  The  Gr.  Kpttvt  is  undoubtedly  a  con- 
traction ;  for  in  Norman  the  word  is  crisme.  The 
root,  then,  of  these  derivatives  is  the  same  as  of  the 
Ir.  criaUiar,  a  sieve,  VV.  rhidyll,  Eng.  tiddlc !  VV. 
rhidiaw,  to  secrete,  to  separate.  We  have  screen,  a 
riddle,  from  the  root  of  «raii".i,  and  riddle,  from  the 
Celtic  root  of  »niii5,  .uir^;.  To  judge  is  to  decide, 
to  separate,  or  cut  oflV  hence  to  condemn  ;  a  crime  la 
that  which  is  condemned.] 

I.  An  act  which  violates  a  law,  divine  or  human  ; 
nn  act  which  violates  a  rule  of  moral  duty  ;  an  of- 
fense against  the  laws  of  right,  prescribed  by  God  or 
man,  or  against  any  rule  of  duty  plainly  implied  in 
those  laws.  A  crime  may  consist  in  omissi^m  or  neg- 
lect as  well  as  in  commission,  or  positive  transgres- 
sion. The  commander  of  a  fortress,  who  snfl'ers  the 
enemy  to  take  possession  by  neglect,  is  as  really 
criminal  as  one  who  voluntarily  o(iens  the  gates  with- 
out resistance. 

But,  in  a  more  common  or  re.9trirtejl  sense,  a  crime 
denotes  nn  offense,  or  violaticm  of  public  law,  of  a 
deeper  and  more  atrocious  nature;  a  public  wrong; 
or  a  violation  of  the  commands  of  God,  and  liie 
offenses  against  the  laws  made  to  preserve  the  pub- 
lic rights;  as  treason,  murder,  robli<;ry,  theft,  arson, 
tec.  The  minor  wrongs,  committed  against  individ- 
uals or  private  rights,  are  denominated  trespasses  ; 
and  the  minor  wrongs  against  public  rights  are  called 
misiirmeaiiors.  Crimes  and  niisdemeanors  are  pun- 
ishable by  indictment,  iiiformutioii,  or  public  prose- 
cution ;  trespasses  or  private  injuries,  at  the  suit  of 
the  individuals  injured.  But,  in  miiiiy  cases,  an  act 
Is  considered  both  as  a  public  ofli-nse  and  a  tros|iass, 
and  is  puiiisliable  both  by  tiie  iiublic  and  the  individ- 
ual injured. 
2.  Any  great  wickedness  ;  iniquity  ;  wrong. 

Nn  criint  wai  ihine,  if  'tie  no  crime  to  love.  Popt. 

Capital  crime ;  a  crime  punishable  with  death. 
CRI.ME'FJJL,  n.      Criminal  ;    wicki.'d  ;    partaking   of 

wrong  ;  contrary  to  law,  right,  or  duty.  Sliak. 

CRI.Mtl'LIiSS,  a.     Free  from  crime  ;  innocent.  Shak. 
CRIM'IN-AL,a.     Guilty  of  a  crime  ;  applied  ta  persons. 

2.  Partaking  of  a  crime  ;  involving  a  crime  ;  that 
violates  public  law,  divine  or  human  ;  as,  theft  is  a 
criminal  act  ,  ,.    . 

3.  That  violates  moral  obligation ;  wicked. 

4.  Relating  to  crimes  ;  opposed  to  civil  f  as,  a  crint- 
inal  code  ;  criminal  law.  , 

CRI.M'l-N-.^i'  n.  A  person  who  has  committed  an 
olfensi^  agaiiisl  public  law  ;  a  violator  of  law,  divine 
or  liuiiian.  More  piirticularly,  a  person  Indicted  or 
charged  with  a  public  offense,  and  one  who  is  found 
uiiilli ,  by  verdict,  confession,  or  proof 
eltl.\l-lN-AL'I-TY,  In.  The  quality  of  being  crinil 
CRIM'I.NAL-.N'ESS,  (  nal,  or  a  violation  of  law  ; 
giiiltiuosB  i  the  qualify  of  being  guilty  of  a  crime. 

Thu  1.  by  no  incani  the  only  criicHon  of  criminiilil!/. 

'  Biatkilovc,  iv.  ch.  17.     Pano;i/ia(.     Encyc. 

CRIM'IN-AL.LY,  ado.  In  violation  of  public  law  ;  in 
violation  of  divine  law  ;  wickeflly  ;  in  a  wrong  or 
iniquitous  manner. 

GUi.M'IN-ATE,  c.  t.     [L.  crimisor,  criminafM^.I 

To  accuse ;  to  charge  with  a  crime  ;  to  allege  to 
bo  guilty  of  a  crime,  offense,  or  wrong. 

Otir  tnTinidml  Inwf  tin  not  rccjnire  the  olT.n.lcr  to  pt"iwl  trillty  or 
criiniiMU  hinaclf.  Smu  on  Uo.  "l.    Iteloe'i  ItertA. 

CRIM'IN-A-TED,  pp.  Accused  ;  chaigcd  with  a 
crime.  . 

CKIM'IN-A-TING,  r;ir.  Accusing;  alleging  to  be 
Kuiliy.  


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  Vl"CtOU8— C  ,.  K ;  0  ai  J  j  «  «.  Z ;  ClI  as  SII  j  TH  M  In  THIS. 


)t83 


CRI 

eRIM-lN*  ATrO.V.ii.     [L.  vrimi«atio7] 

The  act  of  accusing  ;  accusation  ;  charge  of  hnr- 

ins  t>een  guilty  of  a  criiniual  act',  o^ense,  or  wnmg. 

Jvfmson. 
€RIM'IN-A-TO-RY,  a.    Relating  to  accusatiuu  ;  ac- 

cualng. 
€RlM'IN-Ors,a.    Very  wicked  j  heinous;  ioVolTlng 

great  crime.    f.VU  tued.]  Hiummmtd. 

€RIiV'IX-OUS^LY,(wit.  Criminally  i  heinously  i  enor- 

moudy.    [.Vet  used.] 
€RIM'lN-OUS-\ESS,ii.  Wickedness  j  guUt ;  crimin- 


ality.   rjW(  uitd.] 
CRIM'O-SIN.    SeeCaiMflOiT. 


JTiMg  OksrUa. 


CRI.UP,  a.     [Sax.  actymmun^  to  cnunUft  ;  D.  ftnoM,  a 
cnim  ;  kruimHeM,  to  crumble.    See  CauMBuul 
i.  Easily  crumbled  i  IHablei  Ivinle.    [LUtU  used.] 
Tto  bwki  —  trauto  Ifae  twimf  tmxth.  miipt. 

2.  Not  constsienL  [Qu.  Dan.  krmmy  crooked,  or 
supra,  easily  broken.]     [Abe  uMdJ]  jirbutAn»U 

CRIMP,  r.  c    [VV.  eriM^isw-,  to  pinch,  to  form  into  a 

ridge  or  rtm.J 
To  catch  i  to'^eize ;    to  pinch  and  hold.    [See 

CaiMrub] 
eRlMP,  V.  L     [Sax.  faerympc} 

1.  To  ptncn  up  in  ridges,  as  a  ruffle  or  the  hair. 

3.  In  aiptaif,  to  crimple  or  cause  to  contriict,  as 
th«  flesh  of  a  five  fl^h,  by  gashing  it  with  a  knifu,  to 
(iTO  it  gmier  barduoss,  and  make  it  more  crisp. 

This  h  evidently  the  mme  word  as  the  Toregolng. 
CRIMP,  M.    In  EMglamty  an  aceiit  for  coal  tnercbants, 
and  fox  persons  amrernetl  in  shipping.  Bailey, 

2.  One  who  dt-cuys  another  iiito  ttw  naval  or  mili- 
tary  sen'ice. 

3.  One  who  decoys  sailors  In  any  way,  for  the  sake 
of  getiivg  them  in  his  power. 

4.  A  ^me  at  cards.    [Oi«.] 
CR I M P  AC E,  t         «-^  ,^  „,  «i„«i«- 
CRI.MP'INC;    \        ^^  cnmping. 
eRIMP'I\G^MA-CHYNE',(-ma4heen',)ii.  A  machine 

consisting  of  two  tluted  n>ller8,  for  crimping  rutUes. 
£Reye.  nf  Dom,  Eean. 

CRISIPXE,  (krimp'l,)  e.  (.  [D.  AriM/rm ;  G.  id. ;  Sw. 
krimpa:  Dan.  krymper:  8col.  croap;  \V.  crintpune^  to 
shrink,  to  pinch ;  enem^  cmn,  curving,  bt-nding, 
ahrinking  ;  crynmj  to  bend.  8ec  CarMrLc  and  Rim- 
nMy  from  the  same  root,  \V.  rhimp^  run,  a  rim.] 

To  contract  or  draw  together ;  to  shrink  :  l*»  cause 
to  shrink  ;  Ui  curt.  tfisetuatu 

€HlMP'LFV,pp.    Contrarted;  shnink  ;  curled. 

€RIMP'LIN(;,;';>r.  Coutmctingi  shrinking  ;  curling; 
hobbling.  ^ik. 

CRIM'SON,  (krim'm,)  a.  [lU  ertmigi^  eremigmo ;  Fr. 
rrmmmti ;  8p.  earvufi :  Arm.  cmrmuMJn/ ;  D.  karmotfn  ,- 
G.  kmrmttim ;  Sw.  MatmuiM  ;  Dan.  kanmuU  ;  from  Ar. 

brmiztfH,  termtSf  the    cochineal    insect  or 


>fy 


bcrr>.] 

A  deep-red  color  :  a  red  ting>-d  with  blue ;  also,  a 

red  color  in  general ;  as,  the  virgin  cnia^iin  of  int>d- 

esty.  Shak. 

He   itwde   tbr   Tiiil   of   blue,   and   p>irpl«,    aad   criauoii. — S 
CbfOB.  ni. 
CRTM'SON;  a.     Of  a  beautiful  deep  red  ;  as,  the  eriro' 

MM  blush  of  modesty  ;  a  crimson  stream  of  blood. 
CRIM'SON,  r.  t.    To  dye  with  crimson  ;  to  dye  of  a 

deep-red  color ;  to  make  red. 
CRIM'SON,   p.  i.    To  become  of  a  deep-red  coK»r  ;  to 

be  tinged  with  red  ;  to  blu^h.     llt^r  cheeks  crimMtud 

at  the  entrance  of  her  lover. 
CRIM'S  0\-£D,  (krim'znd,)  pp.    Dyed  or  tinged  with 

a  deep  red. 
Cai.M  S  ON-HC-fD,  (krim'zn-hude,)  a.    Of  a  crimson 

color. 
CRIM'SON-ING,  ppr.    Dyeing  or  tinging  with  a  deep 

red. 
CRI .M'8  OX-WARM.  a.    Warm  to  redness 
Cfil'-NAL,  a.     [L.  erinisy  hair.^ 

Belt.neing  to  hair. 
CRINCX'M,  a.    A  cramp;  a  contraction;  a  turn  or 

bend  :  a  whim.<>-.     [j3  zvlgar  weni.]  Hndibras. 

CKLNGE,   (krinj.)   r.  c.     [Probably  from  the  root  cX 

crttttJt,  eruUIe,  Ueb.  and  Ch.  y^S ;  or  from  the  root 

of  erivk,  with  a  nasal  sound  of  the  last  consonant ; 

G.  kritckai ;  W.  crjrcit,  to  curl.] 
Properly,  to  shrink  ,  to  contract ;  to  drtw  together ; 

a  popular  use  of  the  word.    [Vul^rly,  scringe.] 

Too  arc  him  eringg  Im  bee.  Shak. 

CRIXCE,  (krinjl^  e.  t.    To  bow  ;  to  bend  with  servil 
ity  ;  to  fawn  ;  to  make  court  by  mean  compliances. 

PiaUma  mn  al«&jB  txrwing  and  crin^nf.  Arbul/tnoL. 

CRINGP-,  (krinj,)  a.     A  bow  ;  senrite  civility.  Philips. 
\   GEIXGE'I.ING,  n.     One  who  cringes  me.inly. 
CBIXC'ER,  R.  One  who  cringes,  or  bous,  and  flatters 

wilh  w^rviliiy. 
€RiXG'IXG»  ppr.  or  a.     Shrinking;  bowing  servilely. 
eRiX"GLE,  (kring'gl,)  «.     [D.  krim^,  krinkel^  kronkei, 
a  bend,    turn,  rtM^-,  or    twist.      See  CsA^rK    and 
CaisGE.] 

1.  A  withe  for  fastening;  a  gate.     [LocaL] 


CRl 

2.  In  marine  langua^y  a  hole  in  the  bolt-rope  nf  a 
sail,  I'onm'd  by  iJiiL-rtwi-JiiuK  iht?  division  of  a  ni|»e, 
called  a  strQ7id.  oltfrnately  round  itself,  and  Ihruuch 
the  strand  of  the  bi.lt-rnpe,  till  it  Ik-cuiiu-s  threefold, 
and  takes  the  sha|>e  of  a  riiip.  Its  use  is  to  receive 
the  ends  nf  the  r<tpes  by  which  the  sail  is  dmwn  up 
to  its  yard,  or  to  extend  the  leech  by  the  bow-line- 
bridles. 

Irifn  erinfflf^^  or  hanks^  are  open  rinjjs  running  on 
the  8ln>-s,  to  which  the  heads  of  the  stnv-sails  are 
made  fiL-st.  Mar.  Diet. 

CRlX-I-eCL'TtTR-AI*,  a.  ReUting  to  the  growth  of 
hair. 

CRI-XIO'ER-OITS,  a.  [h.  crimger ;  criitis,  hair,  and 
gerOy  to  wear.] 

Hair}' ;  overgrown  with  hair.  Diet 

CRI'XrrE,  a.  [L.  cnnifM^,  from  m'liw,  hair.  Qu.  W. 
ertwoip^  to  parcb,  to  friizle.] 

Havine  the  appeamnce  of  a  tuft  of  hair. 

CRIXK'LK,  (krink'I^)  r.  i.  [D.  jtririitr/m,  to  wind  or 
twist.     Qu.  crayik  and  rid^,  Sax.  Arinn-.] 

To  turn  or  wind;  to  I»end  ;  to  wrinkle;  to  mn  in 
and  out  in  little  or  short  bends  or  turns  ;  as,  the  light- 
ning erirtkUs. 

€RI.\K'LE,  r.  L  To  form  with  short  turns  or  wrink- 
les; to  mold  into  inequalities. 

GRINK'LE,  a,  A  wrinkle  ;  a  winding  or  turn  ;  sinu- 
osity. 

CRI.VK'LED,  pp.    Formed  into  short  turns. 

CRINK'LING,  pp.    Bending  in  short  turns. 

€RT-XOID'E-AN,  n.    )  [Gt.  Kotpo^.ti  lily,  and  cirfot, 

€RT-NOID'E-A,  n.pU]      likehess.j 

In  gtologyytenus  applied  to  extinct,  fossil,  radiated 
animals,  related  to  some  of  the  stnr-fish  and  asierias, 
but  growing  on  a  long,  jointed  stalk.  The  name  in- 
cludes the  eitcrinUeSj  to  which  the  tenn  stvne-fUii  h:is 
oOen  l>een  applied.  Dana, 

CRT-XOID'AL,  a.  Containing  the  fossil  remains  of 
crinoidcans.  NumhU. 

CRI'NO."^E,  a.     Hairy.     [See  Cai-fiTE.]     [Little  tuied.] 

€RI-XOS'I-TY, «.     Hairmesa.     [Little  us fd.] 

CRIP'PLE,  (krip'l,)  n.  (D.  kreuptl;  G.  krilppel ;  Dnn. 
krjTplingy  krUjtpHy  and  kriibliag,  from  A-rtf  A,  a  creeping 
animal ;  IceL  cryp^n,  to  move  crooked.  It  would 
seem  that  this  is  from  the  n>ot  of  creep.] 

A  lame  perwn  ;  primarily,  one  who  rreejjs,  halts, 
or  limps  ;  one  who  has  lost,  or  never  enjoyed,  the  use 
of  his  limbs,    jfcts  .\iv. 

The  wi>rd  may  signify  one  who  is  partially  or  to- 
tally di-tabled  from  us'ng  his  limbs. 

Sev  ibe  Uiml  beggar  tlnoee,  tlkt  cripplt  »ag.  Pope. 

CRIP'PLE,  a.    Lame.  Shak. 

CRIP'PLE,  1^  t  To  lame  ;  to  deprive  of  the  use  of 
the  limbs,  particularly  of  the  legs  and  feet. 

a.  To  ai.«able  ;  to  deprive  of  the  power  of  exertion. 
We  say,  a  fluct  was  crtppUd  in  the  engagement. 

CRIP'PL/:!),  (krip'pid,)  ;ip.  or  a.  Laiued  ;  rendered 
inip«.<ient  in  the  limbs  ;  disabled. 

CRIP'PLE-XESS,  lu     Lameness. 

CRIP'PLIXG,  ppr.  Laming;  depriving  of  the  use  of 
the  limbs;  disabling. 

CRIP'PLIXGS,  n.  pi  Ppars  or  timbers  set  up  as  sup- 
ports, (crutches,)  against  the  side  of  a  building. 

SmarL 

CRI'SIS,  Tu ;  pi.  Crises.  [Gr.  *fjji<T(5,  L.  erisis^  from 
tlie  root  of  K/'fio),  to  separate,  to  detennine,  to  de- 
cide.   See  Crime-] 

1.  In  medical  science,  the  change  of  a  disease  which 
indicates  its  event ;  that  change  which  indicates  re- 
cover>'  or  death.  It  is  sometiines  used  to  designate 
the  excretion  of  somplliing  nuxious  from  the  body, 
or  of  the  noxious  fluids  in  a  fever.      Encyc.     Parr. 

2.  The  derisive  slate  of  things,  or  the  point  of  time 
when  an  ad^air  is  arrived  at  its  hight,  and  must  soon 
terminate  or  suffer  a  material  change. 

Th»  hour  ■»  the  very  critia  of  yotir  Cue.  Dryden. 

CRISP,  a.  [L.  cri^mt ;  It.  ertspo  ;  G.  kratis.  See  the 
verb.] 

1.  Curled  ;  formed  into  cnris  or  ringlets. 

2.  Indented;  winding;  as,  o-wp  channels.  Shak. 

3.  Brittle ;  friable  ;  easily  broken  or  crumbled. 

Bacon. 
CRISP,  t>.  U  [L.  erispo;  It.  crespare;  Sp.  crespar;  Fr. 
eriper ;  Dan.  kmser  {  Sw.  krusa;  W.  oris,  a  cnist ; 
crisby  a  crisp  coating;  crisbin,  crisp,  friable;  from 
rhisy  broken  into  poinL<»,  mince  ;  allied  to  cresVy  cra- 
su,  to  roast  or  parch.  From  the  Gothic  dialects,  we 
oh^rve  that  p  is  not  radical.  Class  Rd,  Xo.  20,  73, 
An] 

1.  To  curl ;  to  twist ;  to  contnict  or  form  into  ring- 
lets, as  the  hair ;  to  wreathe  or  interweave,  as  the 
branches  of  trees.  B.  Jonson.     Milton. 

2.  To  indent.    Johnson.    To  twist  or  eddy. 

Ma.<!on. 
But  the  sense  is,  to  curl ;  to  wrinkle  in  little  undu- 
lations, as  a  fretted  surface. 

From  that  ■.ipphin-  fuiitit  the  cri^pet!  brrmlca, 

RoJiicig  on  orieiil  prnrl  anil  Kinds  ni  gul>i, 

R.in  nectAT,  victiiiig  each  plant.  MUt»n. 

CRT'*P'ATF        i 

CKISP'A-TED  \  "*  '^^^'i"E  8.  crisped  appearance. 

CRISP-A' TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  curling,  or  state  of  be- 
ing curled.  Bacon. 


CRI 

eRIriP'A-TliRE,  n.    A  curiing  ;  the  stale  of  being- 

eurlt'il.  Lee.     Birhmif. 

CRISP'i'.'D,  (krispt,)  pp.  or  a.     Curled  ;  twisted;  (riz- 

7.lfd. 

CRIS'PIX,  n.  An  appellation  given  familiarly  to  shoe-' 
makers,  from  their  patron  samt,  Crij^pinus. 

CRISP'IXG,  ppr.    Curiing;  frizzling. 

CRISP'IXG-PIX,  n.     A  curling-iron.  l.'aiak. 

CKIS-PI-SUL'CANT,  a.  Wavy  or  undulating,  aa 
lightning  is  represented. 

CRI.SP'LY,  adv.    With  crispness  ;  in  a  crisp  manner. 

CRISP'.N'ESS,  n.  A  state  of  being  curled  ;  also,  brit- 
llenesH. 

CRISP' Y,  a.  Curled  ;  formed  into  ringlets;  as,  crimpy 
locks.  siitUt. 

2.  Brittle  i  dried  so  as  to  break  short ;  as,  a  crispy 
cake. 

CRIST'ATK,      )   a.       [L.    crLstatus.    from    crista,    a 

CRI.^T'A-TED,  i       crest.1 

In  botany,  crested  ;  liiited  ;  having  an  apjiendage 
like  a  crest  or  tuft,  as  some  anthers  and  flowers. 

Martyn. 

eRT-TK'RI-OX,  n.;  pi.  Criteria.  [Gr.  KotTf,{>u>Vy 
from  the  root  of  von-'j,  to  judge.     See  Crimk.] 

A  standard  of  judging;  any  established  law,  rule, 
principle,  or  fact,  by  which  facts,  prn[>ositinns,  and 
opinions  are  compiin^d,  in  order  to  discover  their 
tnith  or  falsehood,  or  liy  whicli  a  correct  judgment 
niav  be  formed. 

€Rlf  H'0-MA\-CV,  n.  [Gr.  KpiOjj,  barley,  and  fiay- 
rcia,  divination. J 

A  kind  of  divination  by  means  of  the  dough  of 
cakes,  and  the  meal  strewed  over  tlje  victims  in 
ancient  sacrifices.  Encyc. 

CRIT'IG,  n.  [Gr.  KfurtKo^,  ftom  Kntrniy  a  juiipe  or 
disccrner,  from  the  rcM)t  of  hoc  w,  to  judge,  to  sepa- 
rate  to  distinguish.     See  Crime.] 

1.  A  person  skilled  in  judging  of  the  merit  of  lite- 
rar)' works ;  one  who  is  able  to  discern  and  distin- 
guish the  beauties  and  faults  of  writing.  In  a  more 
general  sense,  a  person  skilled  in  judging  with  propri- 
eiy  of  any  combination  of  objects,  or  of  any  work 
of  art ;  and  particularly  of  what  are  denominated 
the  _fine  arti.  A  critic  is  one  who,  from  experience, 
knowledge,  habit,  or  taste,  can  perceive  the  differ- 
ence between  propriety  and  impropriety,  in  objects 
or  works  prest^ritcd  to  his  view  ;  between  the  natu- 
ral and  unnatural ;  the  high  and  the  low,  or  loAy 
and  mean  ;  the  concruons  and  incongruous  ;  the 
correct  and  incorrect,  according  to  the  established 
rules  of  the  art. 

2.  An  examiner ;  a  judge. 


Anil  cnivke  each  diy  a  critic  on  the  Ias(. 


Pope. 


3.  One  who  judges  with  severity ;  one  who  cen- 
sures or  finds  fault.  Pope.      fVaUs.     Sicift. 

CRIT'ICj  II.  Critical ;  relating  to  criticism,  or  the  art 
of  judgmg  of  the  merit  of  a  literary  perfonnance,  or 
discourse,  or  of  any  work  in  the  line  arts.  [Seo 
Critical,] 

CRIT'ie,  p.  t.  To  criticise;  to  play  the  critic.  [Lit- 
tle us'-d.]  TempU. 

CRIT'I€-AL,  a.  [L.  criticus ;  Gr.  KptrtKOs.  See 
Critic.] 

1.  Relating  to  criticism;  nicely  exact;  as,  a  crit- 
ical dissertation  on  Homer. 

2.  Having  the  skill  or  power  nicely  to  distinguish 
beauties  from  blemishes  ;  as,  a  critical  judge  ;  a  crit- 
ical auditor  ;  a  critical  ear ;  critical  taste. 

3.  Making  nice  distinctions ;  accurate  ;  as,  critical 
rules. 

4.  Capable  of  judging  with  accuracy;  discerning 
beauties  and  faults  ;  nicely  judicious  in  matters  of 
literature  and  the  fine  arts  ;  as,  Virgil  was  a  critical 
poeL 

5.  Capable  of  judging  with  accuracy;  conforming 
to  exact  rules  of  propriety  ;  exact;  particular;  as,  to 
be  critical  in  rites  and  ceremonies,  or  in  the  selection 
of  books. 

6.  Inclined  to  find  fault,  or  to  judge  wilh  severity 

7.  [See  Crisis.]  Pertaining  to  a  crisis;  marking 
tlie  time  or  stale  of  a  disease  which  indicates  its  ter- 
mination in  the  death  or  recovery  of  the  patient;  as, 
critical  days,  or  critical  symptoms. 

8.  Producing  a  crisis  or  change  in  a  disease  ;  indi- 
cating a  crisis  ;  as,  a  critical  sweat. 

9.  Decisive  ;  noting  a  time  or  slate  on  which  the 
issue  of  things  depends;  important,  as  regards  tlie 
consequences  ;  as,  a  critical  time  or  moment ;  a  criti- 
cal 'y\nrX\ne. 

in.  Formed  or  situated  to  determine  or  decide,  or 
having  the  crisis  at  command  ;  important  or  essential 
for  determining  ;  as,  a  critical  posL  Miifvrd. 

11.  Respecting  criticism. 
CRIT'IC-AL^LY,  adv.     In  a  critical  manner  ;   with 
nice  discernment  of  truth  or  falsehood,  propriety  oi 
impropriety  :    wilh    nice   scriiiiny  ;   accurately  ;   ex- 
act* y  ;  as,  to  examine  evidence  critieuUy;  to  observe 

2.  At  the  crisis;  al  the  exact  time.  [critically. 

3.  In  a  critical  sitnution,  place,  or  condition,  »>  as 
to  command  the  crisis ;  as,  a  town  crilically  situated. 

JHdf,.rii. 
CRIT'IC-AL-NESS,  n.     The  state  of  being  critical; 
incidence  at  a  particular  point  of  time. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  W1L>T.  — MkTE,  PUEY.— PIXE,  MAIUXE,"  BIRD.— XOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 
254 


\2: 


CRO 

2.  Exactness  ;  accuracy ;  nicety ;  minute  care  in 
examinaiinn. 
€RIT'I-CrsE,  V.  i.  To  eTamine  and  judae  critically; 
to  jud^e  with  attention  to  beauties  and  faults;  as,  to 
eriticUe  on  a  Iit«;riir>-  work,  on  an  argument  or  dis- 
course. 

2.  To  write  remarks  on  the  merit  of  a  perform- 
ance ;  to  notice  beauties  and  faults. 

Cavil  you  may,  but  never  crUiiise.  Pope, 

3.  To  animadvert  u[>on  as  faulty ;  to  utter  censure  ; 
as,  to  criticise  on  a  man's  manners,  or  his  expf^nses. 

Locke. 
€RIT'I-CTSE,  r.  t.     To  notice  beauties  nnd  blemishes, 

or  faults,  in  :  to  utter  or  write  remarks  on  the  merit 

of  a   [>erformance  ;   as,  to   criticise  the  writings  of 

Milton. 
2.  To  pass  judgment  on  with  respect  to  merit  or 

Wame  ;    as,  to   criUeise  an   author ;   to  criticise  the 

conduct. 
CRIT'I  CTS-RD,  (krit'e-slzd,)   pp.     Examined    and 

judged  with  respect  to  beauties  and  faults. 
€Rrr'I-l'IS-ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Examining  and  judging 

with  regard  to  beauties  and  faults  ;  remarking  on  ; 

animadviTting  on. 
€RIT'1-C1SM,  n.     The  art  of  judging  with  propriety 

of  the  beauties  and  faults  of  a  literary  performance, 

or  of  any  production  in  the  fine  arts  ;  as,  the  rules  of 

2.  The  act  of  jtidging  on  the  merit  of  a  perform- 
ance ;  animadversion ;  remark  on  beAutiea  and  faults ; 
critical  observation,  verbal  or  written.  We  say,  the 
authiir*s  criticigms  are  candid,  or  thev  are  severe. 
€RI-'naUE',  (kre-teek',)  n.  [Fr.  eniitjue.]  A  critirat 
examination  of  the  merits  of  a  performance  ;  remarks 
or  animadversions  on  beauties  and  faults.  Addison 
wrote  a  critique  on  Paradise  Lost 

2.  Science  of  criticism  ;  standard  or  niles  of  judging 
of  the  merit  of  performances.     [Often  apelt  Critic.] 
11  idea*  nnd  word*  w^re  distinctly  wi^JukI,  nmt  duly  conri'lored, 
Ihvy  would  adbnl  ua  luioitarr  iorL  of  logic  ojitl  critic. 

Locke. 

CRIZ'ZRL,  in.     [See  Crisp.]     A  kind  of  rough- 

€RIZ'ZA'I--ING,  S      ness  on  the  surface  of  glass,  which 

rlduds  its  transparency.  Encyc. 

GROAK,  p.  i.  [riax.  cracettan;  Goth,  hrukyan  ;  L.  ero- 
eio,  mtciU> ;  Sp.  crottxar  ;  It.  crocciare  ;  Fr.  croasser  ; 
Arm.  crozal ;  G.  krachzen;  D.  kraaijfn,  to  crow,  and 
kraehsren,  to  groan;  Ir.  ffra^j  ffrairam;  coinciding 
in  elements  with  VV.  cres;  cryg,  hoarse,  cry^u,  to 
make  romirh,  or  hoarse ;  Sax.  hreog,  njugh,  and  hreous- 
wn,  to  rue  ;  Gr.  K<i:-}y(,>,,  Kpioy  ;/•*(,  and  K/xiftij,  KoayttS- 
These  all  appear  to  be  of  one  fairiHy,  and  from  the 
root  of  rou^h  and  creak,  W.  rhyg.     See  Crow.] 

1.  To  make  a  low,  hoarse  noise  in  the  throat,  as  a 
frog  or  other  animal. 

2.  To  cnw  ;  to  cry  as  a  raven  or  crnw. 

3.  To  make  any  low,  muttering  wiuiid,  resembling 
that  of  a  frog  or  raven  ;  as  their  bellies  croak.    Locke. 

4.  Fi'juratively^io  complain;  to  forebode  evil ;  to 
grumble.  Rich.  Diet,' 

5.  In  contempt,  to  speak  with  a  low,  hollow  voice. 
CR6AK,  n.     The  low,  harsh  sound  uttered  by  a  frog 

iir  a  raven,  or  a  like  iM>und. 
GROAK'ER,  n.    One  that  croaks,  murmurs,  or  gratn- 

bl"s  ;  one  who  complains  unreasonably. 
CRoAK'l.N'G,  ppr.  or  a.     Uttering  a  low,  harsh  sound 

from  the  throat,  or  other  similar  sound  ;  foreboding 

evil ;  gnimbhng. 
€R<^AK'K\G,  n.    A  low,  harsh  sound,  aa  of  a  frog,  or 

the  bowels. 
9.  The  act  of  foreboding  evil ;  grumbling. 
CRO'ATS,  n.  pi.     'I'riKJps,  natives  of  f^riKitia. 
€KOe'AL-rrE,  n.     [from  crocu.*,  saffron.]     A  variety 

of  the  mineral  natrolite,  one  of  the  zeotites.     It  has 

an  orange  or  brick-red  color,  and  occurs  in  reniform 

or  glubiiiir  maii'es,  having  a  radiated  structure. 
CRO'CEOUS,  (kro'^as,)  a.     [L.  crocctis,  from  crocus, 

saffron.] 

Like  saffron  ;  yellow  ;  consisting  of  saffron. 
CR5'CHEA,  It.  pL.     Little  buds  or  knobs  about  the  tops 

of  a  deer'3  horn.  Bailry. 

€ROC-I-TA'TION,  n.     [L.  crocito.] 

A  croaking. 
CROCK,  n.     [Hax.  eruce,  erocca ;  D.  kruik;  G.  krug  i 

D,  kriikke;   Sw.  kruka;   Fr.  cruche;   W.  eregcn,  an 

earthen  vessel  ;  eroctin,  a  poU] 
An  earthen  vessel ;  a  pot  or  pitcher  ;  a  cup. 
CEOCK,  B,     [Qm.  from  crocks  supra,  or  from  Ch.  Tin, 

Ar.  Oy^*  eharaka,  to  bum.] 

Hoot,  or  the  black  matter  collected  from  combustion 
on  pfjts  and  kettles,  or  in  a  chimney.  Ray. 

CROCK.  V.  C.  or  i.  To  black  with  soot,  or  other  mat- 
ter ci.lfectfM  from  combustion  ;  or  to  black  with  the 
cnlnring  matter  of  ctoth.  Forhy.  JVcib  England. 
€ROCK'ER-V,n.  [W.croean,  a  boil-^r  or  pot ;  eroeenu, 
to  make  earthen  vessels  j  croeenyz^  a  potter.  See 
Cri'ck.] 

Earthen  ware ;  vessels  formed  of  clay,  glazed  and 
baked.  The  term  is  applied  to  the  coarser  kinds  of 
ware,  the  finer  kinds  being  usually  calkd  china  or 
pertain. 


CRO 

CROCK'ET,  n.  [Fr.  croc^  crochet.]  In  Gothic  archi- 
tecture, a  ttrm  applied  to  curved  and  bent  foliage, 
used  to  ornament  canopies,  spires,  and  pinnacles. 

Elmes. 

CROCK'Y,  a.     Smuttv.  Forby. 

CROCO-DILE-  n.  [Fr.  KpoK"hi\oi  ;  (qu.  irpfKic, 
saffron,  and  dctXus^  fearing;)  L.  crocodiltis ;  It.  coc- 
codriUo ;  S[t.  cocodrilo.^ 

1.  An  amphibious  animal  of  the  genus  Crocodilus. 
It  has  a  naked  body,  with  four  feet  and  a  tail ;  it  has 
five  toes  on  the  fore  feet,  and  four  on  the  liind  feet. 
It  grows  to  the  length  of  sixteen  or  eighteen  feet, 
runs  swiftly  on  land,  but  does  not  easily  turn  itself. 
It  inhabits  the  large  rivers  in  Africa  and  Asia,  and 
lays  its  eggs,  resembling  those  of  a  goose,  in  the 
sand,  to  be  hatched  by  the  heat  of  the  sun.  [See 
Alligator.]  Encyc. 

2.  In  rhetoric,  a  captious  and  sophistical  argument, 
contrived  to  draw  one  into  a  snare. 

CROCO-DILE,  a.  Pert-lining  to  or  like  a  crocodile  ; 
as,  crocodde  tears,  that  is,  false  or  affected  tears,  hyp- 
ocritical sorrow  ;  alluding  to  the  fictions  of  old  trav- 
elers, that  crocodiles  shed  tears  over  those  they  de- 
vour. 

eRO€-0-DIL'I-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  crocodile. 

Buikland. 

CROeO-DIL'I-TY,  n.  In  logic,  a  captious  or  sophis- 
tical mode  of  arguing. 

CRo'euS,  71.  [Gj.  ApoKos,  from  the  Shemitic  p*i'«,  and 
its  yellow  color.] 

1.  Saffron,  a  genus  of  plants. 

2.  In  chemistry,  a  yellow  powder;  any  metal  cal- 
cined to  a  red  or  deep  yellow  color.  Encyc. 

CROFT,  n.  [Sax.  crofts  allied,  probably,  to  L.  crypta, 
Gr.  Koi'-rtTM,  to  conceal.]  » 

A  small  field  adjoining  or  near  to  a  dwelling-house, 
and  used  for  pasture,  tillage,  or  other  purposes. 

Bran.de, 

eROI-SADE',  7?.  [Fr.,  from  eroixy  a  cross,]  A  holy 
war;  an  expedition  of  Christians  against  the  infidels, 
for  the  conquest  of  Palestine.  [See  the  more  com- 
mon word.  Crusade.] 

CROIS'ES,  n.  pZ.  [See  Cross.]  Soldiers  engaged  in 
a  croisade,  and  wearing  the  badge  of  it        Burke. 

2.  Pilgrims  wearing  the  same  badge,  and  accompa- 
nyine  the  military  expedition.  J.  Jifurdock. 

CRo'KER,  II.  A  water  fowl  that  inhabits  the  Chesa- 
pt-ak  and  the  large  rivers  in  Virginia;  sometimes  of 
three  f',"et  in  length.  Pennant. 

eROM'LECH,  (krom'lek,)  n.  [W.  cromle^ ;  crom, 
bent,  concave,  and  lice,  a  flat  stone.] 

A  term  applied  to  huge  flat  stones,  resting  on  other 
stones,  set  on  end  for  that  purpose ;  supposed  to  be 
the  remains  of  druidical  altars.  Rowland,  Mon.  .Sntiq. 

CRO-MOR'NA,  n.  [Fr.  cromome;  Ger.  krummhorn, 
crooked  horn.l 

The  name  of  a  reed  stop  in  the  organ,  voiced  like 
the  oboe,  but  of  a  different  quality,  bearing  the  same 
relation  to  the  oboe  as  the  stopped  diapason  to  the 
opt'n.     Corruptly  written  Cremona. 

CROM-WEL'LI-AN,  a.     Pertaining  to  Cromwell. 

CRONE,  n.  fir.  cr(oj«i,old  ;  crion,  withered  ;  crionaim, 
to  wither,  fade,  decay  ;  VV.  ertnaWy  to  wither,  to  be- 
come brittle  ;  Gr.  yepwi',  old.] 

1.  An  old  woman.  Suik.    Drydtn, 

2.  An  old  ewe.  Tasser. 
CRO^NET,  n.     [cm-onet.]     The  hair  which  grows  over 

the  top  of  a  horse's  httof.  Johnson. 

3.  'J'Ik!  iron  at  the  end  of  a  tilting  spade.  Bailey. 
€ROX'I€^AL,  CRON'Ye-AL.     Sl-c  AcnoniCAL. 
CRO'iNY,  R.     [See  Crone.     But   this  word  seems  to 

carry  the  sense  of  fellowshipt  and  is  precisely  the  Ar. 

"  wi'  karana^  to  join,  to  associate ;  whence  its  deriv- 
ative, an  associate.] 

An  intimate  companion  ;  an  associate  j  a  familiar 
friend. 

To  obllffe  Totir  cronv.  Swift. 


To  obll^  your  crony,  Swift- 
Bring  uur  dune  a  oew  yenx  a  gift. 


Hence,  an  old  crony  is  an  intunate  friend  of  long 
standing. 
€RQQK,  n.  [Sw.  krok  ;  Don.  krog  ;  Fr.  croc,  crochet; 
Arm.  crocq ;  Ir.  cruca  ;  W.  crwsj,  cncca,  croca  ;  Goth. 
hrugff,  a  shepherd's  crook,  which  in  Italian  is  roccof 
VV.  crug,  a  heap,  a  rick;  Sax.  hric;  Eng.  a  ridge; 
G.  Hicten,  the  teck  or  ridge  of  an  animal.  These 
words  appear  to  be  connected  with  h.  ruga^  a 
wrinkle,  Ruas.  kryg,  okrug,  a  circle.  Wrinkhng 
forms  roughness,  and  this  is  the  radical  sense  of 
hoarseness.  It  roco,  hoarse,  L.  rauetui,  Eng.  rough, 
W.  cryg,  rough,  hoarse.  The  radical  sense  of  crook 
is,  to  strain  or  draw  ;  hence,  to  bend.] 

1.  Any  bend,  turn,  or  curve  ;  or  a  nent  or  curving 
instrument.  VVe  speak  of  a  crook  in  a  stick  of  tim- 
ber, or  in  a  river  ;  and  any  hook  is  a  crook. 

2.  A  fhepherd's  staff,  curving  at  the  end;  a  pas- 
toral staff.  When  used  by  a  bishop  or  abbot,  it  is 
called  a  croaier 


He  left  his  crook,  he  Irlt  tiii  [kicka. 

3.  A  gibbet. 

4.  An  artifice ;  a  trick. 


Prior. 


CRO 

CROOK,  V.  U  [Fr.  crodtcr  ;  Sw.  kr6ka  ;  Dan.  kriiger; 
V\  .  crweau,  crocau.] 

1.  To  bond  ;  to  turn  from  a  straight  line  ;  to  make 
a  curve  or  hwik. 

2.  To  turn  from  rectitude  ;  to  pervert.        Bacoru 

3.  To  thwart.     [Little  used.] 

CROOK,  V.  i.     To  bend  or  be  bent ;  to  be  turned  from 

a  "riiiht  line  ;  to  curve  ;  to  wind.  Camden. 

eRQQK'-BACK,  n.     A  crooked  back  ;  one  who  has  a 

crooked  back  or  round  .shoulders.  Shak. 

€ROQK'-nACK-£D,  (-bakt,)  a.    Having  a  round  back, 

or  -ihtmldcfs.  Dryden. 

CRQQK'EU,  (part,  krookt,  adj.  krook'ed,)  pp.  or  a. 

Bent  ;  curved  ;  curving  ;  winding. 
2.  Winding  in  nionil  conduct ;  devious;  froward  ; 

perverse  ;  going  out  of  the  path  of  rectitude  ;  given 

to  obliquity,  or  wandering  from  duty. 

Th>"y  arp  a  prr»«rae  aiid  crooked  ^nerUior..  —  Deut.  xKxii. 

CRQQK'ED-LY.  adv.    In  a  winding  manner. 

2.  Untowardly  ;  not  compliantly. 
CROOK'ED-NESS,  «.     A  winding,  bending,  or  turn- 
ing'; curvity  ;  curvature;  intlection.  Hooker. 

2.  Perver.->eness  ;  untowardness  ;  deviation,  from 
rectitude  ;  iniquity  ;  obliquity  of  conduct. 

3.  Deformity   of  a   gibbous  body. 

Johnson.     Taijlor. 

CROOK'KX,  V.  u    To  make  crooked.     \Kot  in  iise.] 

CROdK'lNG,  ppr.     Bending  ;  winding. 

€'K66K'-KNEED,ff.    Having  crooked  knees.     Shak. 

CR6<)K'-SHGUL-DER-£D,  a.  Having  bent  shoul- 
ders. 

CROP,  71.  [Sax.  crop,  cropp,  the  crop  of  a  fowl,  a 
cluster,  ears  of  corn,  grapes,  grains  of  corn  ;  D. 
krop ;  G.  kropf;  VV.  crop,  the  crop  or  craw  ;  croptad, 
a  gathering  into  a  heap, a  creeping;  cropian,  to  creep. 
Here  we  see  that  crop  is  a  gathering,  and  that  it  is 
connected  with  creep,  whose  radical  sense  is  to  catch 
or  take  hold.  Hence  crop  coincides  with  L.  carpo, 
carpus,  and  perhaps  with  reap,  rapio,  as  it  does  with 
grapple.  Hence  we  see  how  the  crop  of  a  fowl,  and 
a  crop  of  grain  or  hay,  are  consistently  the  same 
word  J 

1.  The  first  stomach  of  a  fowl ;  the  craw. 

2.  The  top  or  highest  part  of  a  thing ;  the  end 
[JVwt  in  use.]  Chaucer. 

3.  That  which  is  gathered;  the  corn  or  fruits  of 
the  earth  collected  ;  harvest  The  word  includes 
every  species  of  fruit  or  produce,  gathered  for  man 
or  beast 

4.  Corn  and  other  cultivated  plants  while  growing; 
a  popular  use  of  the  word. 

5.  Any  thing  cut  off  or  gathered. 
6-  Hair  cut  close  or  short. 

CROP,  V.  t  To  cut  off  the  ends  of  any  thing  ;  to  eat 
off;  to  pull  off;  to  pluck ;  to  mow;  to  reap;  as,  to 
crop  flowers,  trees,  or  grass,  Man  crops  trees  or 
plants  with  an  insirumt-nt,  or  with  his  fingers  ;  a 
beast  crop.s  with  his  teeth. 

2.  To  cut  off'  prematurely  ;  to  gather  before  it  falls. 

While  force  our  youth,  like  fruitii,  uiilhricly  cropg,     Dttikam. 

3.  To  cause  to  bear  a  crop  ;  as,  to  ertrp  a  field. 
CROP,  t^i.     To  yield  harvest.     [JVot  in  tise.]     Shak. 
CROP'-kAR,  n.    [crop  and  car.]    A  horse  whose  ears 

are  cropi>ed.  Shak. 

eROP'-EAR--ED,  a.    Having  the  ears  cropped. 

B,  Jonson. 

€R0P'FpL,  a.    Having  a  ftill  crop  or  belly  ;  satiated 

Milton. 

€ttOP'-OUT,  t).  t.     To  ripen  to  a  full  crop. 

2.  When  an  inclined  stratum,  as  of  coal,  appears 
on  the  surface,  it  is  said  to  crop  out.  Lyell. 

CROP'PiCD,  i  pp.  or  a.    Cut  otf;  plucked  ;  eaten  off; 

CROPT,         \       reapt'd  or  mowed. 

€ROP'PER,  n.    A  pigeon  with  a  large  crop. 

Johnson.      Walton. 

€ROP'PING,  p/jr.  Cutting  off;  pulling  off;  eating  off; 
reaping  or  mowing. 

CROP'PING,  n.    The  act  of  cutting  off. 
2.  The  raising  of  crops. 

CROP'-SICK,  a.  Sick  or  indisposed  from  a  sur- 
charged stomach ;  sick  with  excess  in  eating  or 
drinking.  Tate. 

CROP'-^SICK-NESg,  n.  Sickness  from  repletion  of 
the  stomach.     [L.  crttpula.] 

CRO'SIER,  (kr5'zhur,)  n.  [Fr.  cTonse^  a  crosier^  a  bat 
or  gaff-stick  ;  crasser,  to  play  at  cricket ;  Arm.  crogi ; 
from  the  rtM)t  of  cross.] 

1.  A  bishop's  crook  or  pastoral  staff",  a  symbol  of 
pastoral  authority  and  care.  It  consists  of  a  gold  or 
silver  staff,  crwiked  at  the  top,  and  is  carried  occa- 
sionally before  bishops  lyid  abbots,  and  held  in  the 
hand  when  they  give  solemn  benedictions.  The  use 
of  crosiers  is  ancient.  Originally,  a  crosier  was  a 
staff  with  a  cross  on  the  top,  in  form  of  a  crutch  or  T. 

Encyc. 
5.  A  term  sometimes  applied  to  four  stars  in  the 
southern    hemisphere,  in  the  form  of  a  cross;   the 
Southern  Cross.  Encyc, 

CROS'LET,  M.  [See  Cross.]  A  small  cross.  In 
heraldry,  a  cross  crossed  at  a  small  distance  from 
the  ends.  Encyc. 

CROSS,  n.  [W.  croesi  Arm.  eroaz;  G.  kreuz;  Sw. 
kors ;     Dan.    kryds  and   kors;    Russ.  krest      Class 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


285 


CRO 

Rd.  But  the  English  cross  would  aeom  to  be  fW>m 
the  L.  criLT,  through  the  Fr.  eroix^  rrusier;  It,  croce  ; 
8fi.  crui :  W.  crfj,  cuincidin;  with  the  Ir.  rr^h, 
rut^  Uu.  the  idtMitity  of  tlioso  words.  The  Iruh 
bu  cr05,  a  cross  ;  crosadh^  erosaim,  to  criiAs,  to  hinder. 
If  the  last  radical  is  g  or  r,  this  word  bt-Iongs  to  the 
root  of  crook.     Chaucer  \i»ca  eroueJie  for  rr-tu.*.] 

1.  A  gibbet  consisting  of  two  pieces  of  timber 
placed  across  each  olhej-,  either  in  form  of  a  T  or  of 
ail  X.  That  on  which  otir  Siivior  suffered,  w  re|ve- 
•ented,  on  coins  and  other  monuments,  to  taara  been 
of  the  fltrmer  kind.  fiuyc 

2.  The  ensicn  of  the  Christian  religion  ;  and  hence, 
Jigumtirelv,  the  rvli^ion  iuelf.  How*. 

3.  A  monument  with  a  crwis  upon  it,  to  excite  de- 
ToUon,  such  as  were  anciently  set  in  market -{ilnces. 

JokH-iofi,     Shak. 

4.  .\ny  thing  in  the  form  of  a  croas  or  gibb»»t. 

5.  .\  line  drawn  UiruUfili  anoche*.  Jokastm, 
tk  Any  thine  that  thwarts,  obstructs,  or  pi-rplexea  ; 

binderance  i  vexation  j  miafortuue  ;  opposition  i  trial 
of  patience. 


Hsfev^B  pn|MnA  fDOtt  nm  wbi  trossssm 

7.  A  mixin(  of  breeds  in  producing  animals. 

8.  Money  or  coin  stamped  with  the  figure  of  a 
croas.  Diydmt. 

3.  Tbe  right  side  or  Ace  of  a  o(^n,  stampi'd  with 
9  cross.  i^rtryc 

10.  The  mark  of  a  cross,  instead  of  a  signutiirt>, 
on  a  deed,  formerly  impressed  by  those  wlio  c^mld 
not  write.  Kncifc 

11.  Church  lands  in  IreWnd.  Dapus. 
13.  In  tktttoff,  the  suderings  of  Christ  by  cruci- 


Tkst  b«  sMt  reooDdUa  both  lo  God  inpiwboctjr  by  bseroM.— 

IX  The  doctrine  of  Christ's  suiTeringa  and  of  the 
atonement,  or  of  salvation  by  Christ. 

Tte  pKmeMBt  of  Uw  ctom  li  lo  Qtna  that  perWi  foobrtsw,  — 
ICor.  i.    OaLT. 

TV  take  mp  the  cross,  is  to  submit  to  troubles  and 
afflictions  from  love  to  Christ. 

H.  In  mininff,  two  nicks  cut  in  the  tnrtace  of  the 
earth,  thus,  -i~. 

Cross  ojid  pils;  a  play  with  money,  at  which  it  is 
pot  to  chance  whether  a  coin  shall  fall  with  timt  side 
up  which  bears  tbe  cross,  or  the  other,  which  is  colled 
piif,  (^Ae,)  or  reverse. 
CKOao,  a.  Transverse  ;  (4illqne  ;  passing  ftom  side 
lo  aide  ;  falling  athwart }  as,  a  enss  beam. 

The  eroM  rtinokm  at  m  neond  prian.  N^wtsn. 

&  Advene  ;  opposite  ;  <Astnicting  ;  sometimes 
wilb  to  {   aa,  an  event  erwu  to  our  inclinations. 

X  Perrerae ;  untractable  ;  as,  tbe  cross  circunk- 
Itaaces  of  a  nan's  tempter.  South, 

4.  Peerisb  ;  ^tful ;  ill-humored  ;  applied  ta  per- 
ssns  sr  thsMgs ;  as,  a  erost  woman  or  husband ;  a  cross 
answer. 

&.  Contrary ;  contradictory ;  perplexing. 


&  Adverse;  unfiHtunate. 

Betwld  tbe  cnwa  uitl  ualuckj  iaras  of  mj  Aaigju    (nzmnlls. 

7.  Interchanged  ;  as,  a  cross  marriage,  when  a 
brocber  and  sister  intermarry  with  two  persons  who 
have  the  same  relation  to  each  other.  BaiUy. 

e.  Notmg  what  beloogs  lo  an  adverse  party  ;  as,  a 
cross  interrogator}'.  KmU 

CROSS,  prep.    Athwart ;  trmnsvefKly  ;  over ;  from  side 
lo  side  ;  so  as  to  intersect. 

Aad  erasa  cbetr  Umto  cot  a  ilepiiif  ««7.  Dryign. 

This  is  admissible  in  poctr}*,  as  an  abbreviation  of 
Across. 
CKOSS,  e.  t    To  draw  or  nin  a  line,  or  lay  a  body 
across  another  j  as,  to  eroM  a  word  in  writing;  to 
crssv  tbe  anna: 

3.  To  erase  ;  to  cancel ;  as,  to  cross  an  account. 

3.  To  make  the  sign  of  tbe  uoss,  as  Roman  Cath- 
olics in  devotion. 

4.  To  pass  from  side  to  side ;  to  pass  or  move  over ; 
as,  to  cross  a  road  ;  to  cross  a  river  or  the  ocean.  I 
trosmd  tbe  En^tsh  Channel,  from  Dieppe  to  Brigh- 
ton, in  a  steamboat,  SepU  Id,  1624.  A*.  W. 

5.  To  thwart ;  to  obstnicl ;  to  hinder ;  lo  embar- 
rass ;  as,  to  cross  a  purpose  or  design. 

6.  To  counteract ;  to  clash  or  interfere  with  ;  to  be 
inconsistent  with ;  as,  natural  appetites  may  cross 
our  principles. 

7.  To  counteract  or  contravene  ;  to  hinder  by  au- 
thority ;  lo  stop.     [See  So.  5.] 

8.  To  contiadicL  Bacon,     Hooker, 

9.  To  debar  or  preclude.  Skak. 
To  cross  the  breed  of  an  animni,  is  to  produce  young 

ftom  diflerent  varieties  of  the  spt-cics. 
€!R088,  e.  i.     To  lie  or  be  athwart. 

2.  To  move  or  pass  laterally,  or  from  one  side  toward 
the  other,  or  from  place  to  place,  either  at  right  an- 
ries  or  obliquely ;  as,  to  cross  from  Nantucket  to  New 
Bedford. 

3.  To  be  inconsistent ;  as,  men's  actions  do  not  al- 
ways ero«f  with  reason.     [.Vot  used.']  Sidney. 


CRO 

CROSS'-ARM-ED,  a.  With  arms  across,  in  botany, 
brachiate;  decussated;  having  branches  in  pair's, 
each  at  right  angles  with  the  nexL  Martyn. 

€Rt»S3'-BAR-R£:D,  (bird,)  a.  Secured  by  transverse 
b:ir«.  Milton. 

CR»-tSS'-nAR-RO\V,  n.     An  arrow  of  n  cross-bow. 

CRO^S'-BXR-SHOT,  n.  A  bullet  with  an  iron  bar 
passing  through  it,  and  standing  out  a  few  inches  on 
each  side  ;  used  in  naval  actions  for  cutting  ilie  ene- 
my's rigging.  Ettcyc. 

€R0SS'-BEXR-ER,  «.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  c-htirch, 
the  chaplain  of  an  archbishop  or  primate,  who  bears 
a  cross  before  him  on  solemn  occasions.  Also,  a  cer- 
tain otfirer  in  the  Inquisition,  who  makes  a  vow  be- 
fore the  inquisitors  to  defend  the  Roman  Catholic 
fuith,  though  with  llie  loss  of  fortune  ajid  life. 

Kncvc 

CROSS'-BILL,  s.  In  ehanefry,  an  original  bill  by 
which  Uie  defendant  pniys  relief  against  the  plniiitith 

Blackstont-. 

CBOSS'-BILL,  n.  A  species  of  bird,  the  Loria  rwrr-r- 
nwfrrt,  the  mandibles  of  whose  bill  curve  opi>ositc 
wavs  and  cross  each  other.  Eiteyc 

€RuSS'-llTTK,  a.     A  deception  ;  a  cheat.  VEstranfft. 

€Kt)SS'-BrrK,  V.  U  To  thwart  or  contravene  by  de- 
ce)>tion.  Collier. 

€ROSS'-BtT-IN'G,  ppr.  Thwarting  or  contmvening 
by  deception. 

CROSS'-B IT-TEN,  jm.     Conlravewd  by  deception. 

€ROS3'-B0W,  iL  In  archery,  a  weaptm  used  for 
shooting,  and  formed  by  placing  a  bow  athwart 
a  stuck.  Bailey. 

€ROSS'-B0\V-ER,  n.  One  who  shoots  with  a  cross- 
bow. Ralegh. 

€R<-iSS'-BREED,  n.  A  breed  produced  from  the  male 
and  female  of  different  breeds. 

€R0S3'-BU^N,  n.    A  bun  or  cake  with  a  cross  marked 

€ROSS'€UT,  r.  U     To  cut  across.  [on  it. 

€ROSS'enT-SA\V,  n.  A  saw  managed  by  two  men, 
one  at  each  end. 

CROSS' £D,  (kmst,)  pp.  Having  a  line  drawn  over; 
canceled  ;  erased  ;  passed  over ;  thwarted  ;  opposed  ; 
obnlructed  ;  counteracted. 

€ROSS-KTTE',  n.  [Fr.]  In  arckitectHre,  a  term  ap- 
plied lo  the  sninll,  projecting  pieces  in  arch  stones, 
which  hnng  upon  the  adjacent  stones.  Bramle. 

€ROS.s'-EX-AM-l.V-^'T10N,  n.  The  examination  or 
intem>g:ttion  of  a  witness,  called  by  one  party,  by 
the  (tpp<wite  party  or  his  counsel. 

€ROS.<-EX-A.M'[S'E,  V.  L  To  examine  a  witness  by 
the  opfio.-iite  party  or  his  counsel,  as  the  witness  for 
the  plaintid*  by  the  defendant,  and  vice  versa. 

The  opportunity  lo  croas**anUns  the  wiuieaKa  baa  ber-o  ex 
pftialjr  waived.  K»nL 

€RO.SS-EX-AM'IN-ED,  pp.  Examined  or  interroga- 
ted by  the  opposite  party. 

€ROSa-KX-AM'I\-LNG,  ppr.  Examining  or  interro- 
gating bv  the  opposite  party. 

€RUSS'-E?-ED,  (-Tde,)  a.  Having  that  kind  of  squint 
by  which  both  the  cye-s  turn  towurd  the  nose,  so  tJiat 
the  rays,  in  passing  to  each  eye,  cross  the  other. 

Fcrby. 

€ROSS'-FLO\V,  r.  t.     To  flow  across,  MiUon. 

€ROSS'-GRAIX-£D,  a.  Having  the  grain  or  fibers 
across  or  irregular,  and  hence  difficult  to  work  ;  as  in 
timber,  where  a  branch  shoots  from  tbe  trunk,  there 
is  a  curling  of  the  grain. 

a.  Figuratively,  perverse  ;  untractable  j  not  conde- 
scending. 

CROSS'ING,  ppr.  Drawing;  running  or  passing  a 
line  over ;  erasing  ;  canceling ;  thwarting  ;  opposing ; 
counteracting  ;  passing  over. 

CROSS'ING,  n.    A  thwarting;  impediment;  vexation. 
3.  A  passing  across. 

.*).  The  place  of  passing;  as,  tbe  crossings  of  the 
streets. 

CROSS'^ACK,  (kro'jak,)  n.  A  sail  extended  on  the 
k>wer  yard  of  the  mizzen-mast,  but  seldom  used. 

Encyc. 

€ROSS'-LEG-GED,  (-legd,)  a.  Having  the  legs 
across. 

€ROSS'-LTKE,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  cross. 

CROSS'LY,  ode.  Athwart;  so  as  to  intersect  some- 
thing else. 

2.  Adversely;  in  opposition;  unfortunately. 

3.  Peevishly ;  fretfully. 

CROSS'NESS,  n.  Peevishness;  fretfulness  ;  ill-hu- 
mor ;'^rverseness. 

CROSS'-PATCH,  n.  An  ill-natured  person.  [Still 
heard  in  JSTnc  England.]  Mem.  of  If.  Mirre. 

€R03S'-PIkCE,  n.  A  rail  of  timber  extending  over 
the  windlass  of  a  ship,  furnished  with  pins  with 
which  to  fasten  the  rigging,  as  occasion  requires. 

Encyc. 

€ROSS'-PUR-POSE,  n.  A  contrary  purpose  ;  contra- 
dictory system  ;  also,  a  conversation  in  which  one 
person  does  or  pretends  to  misunderstand  another's 
meaning.     An  enigma;  a  riddle.  Mason. 

CROSS-UUES'TION,  v.  L     To  cross-examine. 

Kdlingbeck. 

€ROSS-aUES'TION-ING,  ppr.     Cross-examining. 

CROSS'-ReAD-ING,  n.  The  reading  of  the  lines  of  a 
newspaper  directly  across  the  page,  through  the  ad- 


CRO 

Joining  culunms,  thus  confounding  the  sense,  and 
often  producing  a  ludicrous  combination  of  ideas. 

CR<->S.s'-KO\V,  (-r6,)  n.     *i'he  nlphabet,  so  named  be- 
cause a  cross  is  placed  at  the  beginning,  to  show 
that  the  end  of  learning  is  piety.      Johiuon.     Skak. 
*.?.  A  row  that  cro»i*es  others. 

€ROSS'-SEA,  n.  Waves  running  across  others;  a 
swell  running  in  different  directions. 

CROSS'-STAKF,  n.  .^n  inalrumenl  to  take  the  alti- 
tude of  the  sun  or  stias. 

€ROSS'-ST0NE,  lu    See  Harmotome  and  Staubo- 

LITE. 

CROSri'-TIN-ING,  n.  in  husbandry,  a  harrowing  by 
drawing  the  harrow  or  drag  back  and  forth  on  the 
same  uronnd.  Encyc. 

CROSS-TREES,  n.  pL  In  ships,  certain  pieces  of  lim- 
ber, 8up|K>rted  by  the  cheeks  and  trestle-trees,  at  the 
upper  ends  of  the  lower  masts,  to  sustain  the  frame 
of  the  lop,  and  on  the  topmasts,  to  extend  the  top- 
gallant slironds.  Mar.  Did. 

CIt*->SS'-VVS  Y,  )  n.    A  way  or  road  that  crosses  an- 

CROSS'-itOAI),  \  other  road  or  the  chief  road  ;  an 
obscure  imth  intersecting  tho  main  road.  Sltak. 

€ROSS'-\VIND,  n.  A  side  wind  ;  a«  unfavorable 
wind.  Btryle. 

CROSS'VVTSE,  atlc.    Across  ;  in  the  form  of  a  cra'^s. 

CROSS'-VVOaT-  71      A  plant  of  the  genus  Valaigia. 

CROTCH,  n.  [Fr.  croc,  a  hook.  See  Croos  and 
Crutch.] 

I.  A  fork  or  forking;  the  parting  of  two  legs  or 
branches;  as,  the  crvUh  of  a  tree.      Bacon.  Furby. 

3.  In  ships,  a  crooked  timber  placed  on  tbe  keei,  in 
the  fore  and  aft  parts  of  a  ship. 

3.  A  piece  of  wood  or  iron,  opening  on  the  lop  and 
extending  two  horns  or  arms,  like  a  half  moon,  used 
for  supporting  a  boom,  a  spare  topmast,  yards,  &c. 

Mar.  Did. 

CROTCH'KD,  (krotcht,)  a.     Having  a  crotch  ;  forked. 

CROTCII'ET,  H.  [Fr.  crochet,  crodie,  from  croc  See 
Ckook.] 

1.  In  printing,  a  term  applied  to  brackets  or  hooks 
including  words,  a  sentence,  or  a  passage,  disthi- 
gui.-'hed  from  the  rest,  thus  [    ]. 
3.  In  music,  a  note  or  character,  equal  in  lime  lo 

half  a  minim,  and  the  double  of  a  quaver,  thus,  ^. 

3.  A  piece  of  wood  resembling  a  fork,  used  as  a 
support  in  building. 

4.  A  [K'culiar  turn  of  the  mind  ;  a  whim,  or  fancy  ; 
a  perverse  conceit. 

All  tlir  d';vici>a4feiKl  crotchtt»  of  new  Inrentiona.  Hotoell. 

CROTCH'ET-ED,  a.     Marked  with  crotchets. 

€ROTCII'E'r-V,  a.  Having  perverse  conceits,  or 
crittchetM  of  the  brain. 

eiirVTON  OIL,  u.  Oil  from  the  Croton  tiglium,a  plant 
of  Ihe  East.  It  is  a  violent  cathartic,  and  causes 
small  pustules  when  rubbed  on  the  skin.     Braude. 

CROUCH,  V.  i.  [G.  kriedien,  kroch,  krochr,  to  creep, 
to  stoop,  to  crmge,  probably  allied  to  crook,  Fr- 
crorkti,  as  cringe  to  crank.  Class  Rg.  Vulgarly, 
croock,  .^crooeh,] 

1.  To  bend  down  ;  to  stoop  low  ;  to  lie  close  to  the 
ground  ;  as  an  animal.  A  dog  croudies  to  his  mas- 
ter; a  lion  crouchcji  in  the  thicket. 

9.  To  bend  servilely ;  lo  stoop  meanly ;  to  fawn ; 
lo  cringe. 

E*crv  one  (lint  la  I'-ft  in  thy  hnnse  •hall  come  and  crouch  to  him, 
(or  a  piece  of  bread.  —  1  Sain.  ii. 

CROUCH,  V.  t.  [See  Cross.]  To  sign  with  the  cross ; 
to  bless.     [JVtit  in  u.-ff.]  Cluiucer. 

€ROUCH'ED-FRI-ARS,  n.  pi  An  order  of  friars, 
so  called  from  the  cross  which  they  wore. 

CROUCH'ING,  ppr,  or  0,  Bending;  stooping;  cring- 
ing. 

CROUP,  (kroop,)  n.  [Fr,  croupe,  a  ridge,  top,  but- 
Uicks ;  Sp.  gritpa;  Port,  garupa ;  It.  grappa;  W. 
crib  ;    Russ.  krivei,  crooked  ;  kriclyu,  lo  bend.] 

The  rump  of  a  fowl  ;  the  buttocks  of  a  horse  or 
extremity  tif  the  reins  above  the  hips. 

CROUP,  (kroop,)  n.  [Scot,  croup,  crope,  cnipe,  croipp, 
to  croak,  to  cry  or  speak  with  a  hoarse  voice  ;  Goth. 
hropyan  ;  Sax.  hreopan,  to  call  out-] 

The  disease  calird  lechnicidly  cynanche  trackealis, 
an  inflammatory  affection  of  the  trachea,  accompa- 
nied with  a  hoarse  cough  and  difficult  respiration.  It 
is  vulgarly  called  rattiest. 

CROU-PaUE',  Ti.  [from  croup,  or  its  root.]  In  the 
manege,  a.  leap  in  which  the  horse  pulls  up  his  hind 
legs,  as  if  he  drew  them  up  to  his  belly.        F.ncyc 

CROU'PI-ER,  Ckroo'pe-*-''i)  "■  [Fr.]  He  who  watches 
the  cards  and  collects  the  money  at  a  gaming-table 

2.  One  who,  at  a  public  dinner  party,  sits  at  the 
lower  end  of  the  table  as  assistant  chairman.   Smart. 

KROUt'  I  "'  t^'  *''°"''  f^^'fi^S'^'  ^"  *"^'"^;  D.kruid.] 
Sour  crout  is  made  by  laying  minced  or  chopped 
cabbage  in  layers  in  a  barrel,  with  a  handful  of  salt 
and  caraway  seeds  between  the  layers ;  then  ram- 
ming down  the  whole,  covering  it,  pressing  it  with  a 
heavy  weight,  and  suffering  it  to  stand,  till  it  has 
gone  through  fermentation.  It  is  an  efficacious  pre- 
servative against  scurvy  in  long  voyages.      Encyc 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— MeTE,  FRfiY.— FIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK..— 
__ 


CRO  ' 

GROW,  (kro,)  n.  [Sax.  cratoe ;  Dan.  kragc;  S\v. 
kraka  ;  D  kraai :  G.  kriike  ;  so  named  from  ils  cry,  G. 
kriUun,  D.  fcrfioy'n,  Goth.  An/A-,  a  croaking,  hrukyan, 
to  crwoi  or  cro70,  L.  crocio,Gr.  Kpa^io,Kp'i^u},x£Kpa}  a. 
It  lias  no  connection  with  L.  eorous,  but  rook  is  of 
the  same  family.] 

1.  A  larp;  black  bird,  of  the  genus  Corvus  ;  the 
beak  is  convex  and  cultraled,  the  nostrils  are  covered 
with  bristjy  feathers,  the  tinfiue  ia  forked  and  car- 
tilaginous. This  is  a  vontcious  bird,  feeding  im  car- 
rion and  grain,  particuiiirly  inaixe,  wbicli  it  pulls  up, 
just  after  it  appears  above  ground. 

To  pluck  ov  pull  a  crow,  \s  to  be  industrious  or  con* 
tentious  about  a  trifle,  or  thing  of  no  value.  Johnsotu 

2.  .\  bar  of  iron  with  a  be:ik,  crook,  or  two  claws, 
used  in  raising  and  moving  heavy  weights,  drawing 
spikes,  &C.  Mozoiu 

3.  The  voic«  of  the  cork.     [See  the  verb.] 

4.  The  meseuter>'  or  ruffle  of  a  beast,  so  called  by 
butcher  J. 

€ROW,  r.  I.;  pret,  and  pp.  Cbowed  ;  formerly  prrt. 
Chew.  [Sax.  eraicaa ;  1).  kraaijen  ;  G.  krdhen ;  Gr. 
k/ja{^(j.     See  the  noun.] 

1.  To  crj'  or  make  a  noise  as  a  cock,  in  joy,  gay- 
etv,  or  defiance. 

i.  To  boast  in  triumph  ;  to  vaunt ;  to  vapor ;  to 
swagger.  [^  popular^  but  not  an  elegant  tuie  of  the 
K>,/r(£]  Orandison. 

€KO\V'-BAR,  7u  A  bar  of  iron  sharpened  at  one  end, 
used  as  a  lever  for  raising  heavy  bodies. 

€RO\V'-BER-RY,  n.  \  plant  of  the  genus  Empetnim, 
or  berry-bearing  heath.  One  8i>ecic8  bears  the  crow- 
crake  berries.  Encyc. 

€ROW*S'-BILl.,  n.  In  aurtrrry^  a  kind  of  forceps  for 
extracting  buHets  and  other  things  from  wounds. 

Rnege. 

€ROW'S'-FEET,  «.  pi.  The  wrinkles  undi-r  the 
eyi"3,  which  are  the  etfects  of  age.     [Oft.-*.]    Cftaucer. 

€Ra\V'-FLOW-ER,  «.     A  kind  of  campion. 

€KOU''-FQQT,  n.  On  board  of  ships  ^  a  complication 
of  small  cords  spreading  out  from  a  long  block  ;  uiicd 
to  su.-'pend  the  awnings,  or  to  keep  Ibe  top-sail^  from 
striking  and  frettingagain^'t  the  lops,  Encyc 

-2.  In  botanv,  the  Ranunculus,  a  genus  of  plants. 

€RO\V'»'-FOOT,  n.  In  the  milUaru  aH^  n  machine  of 
iron,  with  four  points,  so  formed"  that  in  whatever 
way  it  falls,  tttere  is  one  point  upward,  and  intended 
to  stop  or  embarrass  the  approach  or  march  of  the 
enemy's  cavalry  ;  a  caltrop.  Encyc. 

CROVV'ING,  pjw.  Uttering  a  particular  voice,  as  a 
cock:  boa><ling  in  triuraph  ;  vaunting;  bragging. 

€ROW'-KEEP-ER,  rt.  A  boy  employed  to  scare  off 
crows  from  new-sown  land,  i'his  was  formerly 
sometimes  done  by  shooting  at  them  with  a  bow  ; 
and  hence  Lear  says,  that  fellow  handles  his  bow 
like  a  rrovi-keeper,  i.e.  awkwardly,  as  one  not  trained 
to  its  use.  Fvrby. 

€ROVV'-NET,  «.  In  England,  a  net  for  catching  wild 
fowls ;  the  net  used  in  New  England  for  catching 
wild  pigeons. 

CROW-SILK,  n.    A  irfant,  the  Conf.  na  rivalia. 

Fam.  of  PlanLi. 

€ROVV'-TOE,  (krO'ts,)  n.  A  plant;  as,  the  tufted 
eroie-toe.  Milton. 

CROWD,     }n.     [U.   eruiti   \V.  crtrth,  a  swellmg  or 

€ROVVTH,  {     bulging,  a  musical  in^trum.-nl.J 

An  instrument  of  mufk  with  six  strings  j  a  kind 
of  violin. 

CROWD,  n.     [Sax.  cruth,  rrrad.     See  Chew.] 

1.  Properly,  a  collection ;  a  number  of  tilings  col- 
lected, or  closely  pressed  together. 

2.  A  number  of  persons  ron^Trgnted  and  pressed 
together  or  collected  into  a  close  body  without  order; 
a  throng.     Hence, 

3.  A  multitude  ;  a  greol  number  collected. 

4.  A  number  of  things  near  togL-tlier;  a  number 
promiscuously  assembled  or  lying  near  each  other  ; 
--'.a  crowd  of  iitlea  in  the  Egean  Sea. 

5.  The  lower  orders  of  people ;  the  populace ;  the 


l>ryden. 
>  urge  ;  to  drive  together. 
mtnbers   together  without 
I  with  people  i  locrmcd  the 


vulgar. 
CROWD,  V.  t. 

2.  To  fill 
order;  as,  i" 
memory  with  id'-a"!. 

3.  To  fill  to  exceM.     Volumes  of  reports  eroiod  a 
lawyer's  library. 

4.  To  encumber  by  multitudes.  '  S/iak. 

5.  To  urge  ;  lo  press  by  solicitation  ;  to  dun. 

6.  In  .^camaiuhip,  lo  mnW  «afi,  is  to  carry  an  extra- 
jirdinary  force  of  sail,  with  a  view  to  accelerate  the 

course  of  a  ship,  as  in  chasing  or  escaping  from  an 

enemy  ;  to  carry  a  press  of  sail. 
CROWD,  r.  i.     To  pref*H  in  numbers  ;   as,  the  multi- 
tude crowded  through  the  gate  or  into  the  room. 
2.  To  press  ;  to  urge  forward  ;  as,  the  man  croiodcd 

\nU^  the  room. 
'.i    To  swarm  or  be  numerous. 
CRO  WD'ED,  pp.  or  a.    C4>tlected  and  pressed  ;  pressed 

tog'-tber ;  urged;  driven;  filled  by  a  promiscuous 

nmltitud^. 
CROWD'KR,  R.      A  fiddler;   one  who  plays  on  a 

eroiod. 
CROWD'ING,    ppr.      Presring    together;    pushing; 


CRU 

thnisting;    driving;    assenibliug   in  a  promiscuous 

mullitude;  filling;  urginj;. 
CROWD'LNG,  Tu     The  act  of  crowding;  the  state  of 

being  crowded.  « 

GROWN,  w.     [Fr.  couronne;  Arm.  curun;   W.coron; 

D.  kroon;   G.    krone;    Sw.    krona ;    Dan.  krone;    Jr. 

coroin;  L.  corona;  Sp.  and  IL  id.f  Gr.  Kop-ot-rj.     The 

radical  letters  appear  to  be  Cr,  as  corolla,  without  7i, 

indicates,     (iu.  a  top  or  roundness.     See  CHOBua.| 

1.  An  ornament  worn  on  the  head  by  kings  and 
sovereign  princes,  as  a  badge  of  imperial  or  regal 
power  and  dignity.  Figuratively,  regal  power; 
royalty;  kindly  government,  or  executive  authority. 

2.  A  wreath  or  garland. 

3.  Honorary  distinction  ;  reward 

Tbey  do  U  to  obuiu  a  comiplJtile  crown  ;  wp,  an  liicoiniptible. 

4.  Honor;  splendor;  dignity. 


5.  The  top  of  the  head  ;  the  top  of  a  lununlain  or 
other  elevated  object.  The  end  of  an  anchor,  or  the 
point  from  which  the  arms  proceed. 

(».  The  part  of  a  hat  which  covers  the  top  of  the 
head. 

7.  A  coin  anciently  stamped  with  the  figure  of  a 
crown.  The  English  crown  is  live  shillings  sterling. 
The  French  crown  is  a  hundred  and  nine  cents. 
Other  coins  bear  the  same  name. 

8.  Completion  ;   accomplishment. 

9.  Clerical  tonsure  in  a  circular  form  ;  a  little  cir- 
cle shaved  on  the  top  of  the  head,  as  a  mark  of  eccle- 
siastical office  or  distinction. 

10.  Among  jewclen,  the  upper  work  of  a  rose 
diamond. 

11.  In  botany,  an  appendage  to  the  top  of  a  seed, 
which  serves  to  bear  it  in  tlie  wind. 

1*2.  In  architecture,  tlie  uppermost  meiiil>er  of  the 
cornice,  called  also  the  corona  or  larmier. 
CROWN,  r.  t.    To  invest  with  a  crown  or  regal  orna- 
ment.    Hence,  to  invest  with  regal    dignity  and 
power. 

2.  To  cover,  as  with  a  crown ;  to  cover  the  top. 

And  peacf^fiil  olives  eroumed  tiia  hoary  bend.  Dryden, 

3.  To  honor ;  to  dignify  ;  to  adorn. 

Thou  luul  crotfffKd  hhn  with  glory  ami  honor.  —  P«.  YiU. 

4.  To  reward  ;  to  bestow  an  honorary  reward  or 
distinction  on  ;  as,  the  victor  crowned  with  laurel. 

5.  To  reward  ;  to  recompense. 

She'll  crown  a  ^mtefu]  and  a.  coiuULnt  fLime.      Roacommon. 

6.  To  terminate  or  finish  ;  to  complete  ;  to  perfect. 

7.  To  terminate  and  reward  ;  as,  our  efforts  were 
crowned  with  success, 

CROWN'£D,  pp.oxa.  Invested  with  a  crown,  or  with 
regal  p<iwer  and  dignity  ;  honored  ;  dipnilied  ;  re- 
warded with  a  crown,  wreath,  garland,  or  distinction; 
recompensed  ;  terminated  ;  compleieti ;  perfected. 

CROWN'ER,  a.  He  or  that  which  crowns  or  com- 
pletes. 

CROWN'ET,  II,  A  comnet,  which  see.  Shakspeare 
h.-is  used  it  for  chief  end  or  last  purpose;  but  this 
sense  is  singular. 

€R(iWN'-GLASS.  n.  The  finest  sort  of  English  win- 
do  w-glm^s. 

CRt-tWN-IM  PE'RI-AL,  n  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Fritillaria,  having  a  beautif^il  flower. 

CROWN'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Invested  with  a  crown,  or 
with  royiUiy  or  supreme  jiower;  honoring  with  a 
wreath  or  with  distinction;  adorning;  rewarding; 
finishing  ;  perlecting. 

eROWN'lNc;,  n.  In  architerture,  the  upjwr  termina- 
tion or  finish  of  a  member  or  any  ornaintjntal  work. 

2.  In  marine  language,  the  finishing  part  ofa  knot, 
or  interweaving  of  the  strands  at  the  end  ofa  rope. 

CROWN'LESS,  a.     Without  a  crown.  Byron. 

CaOVVx\'-OF'FICE,  n.  In  England,  an  offire  belong- 
ing to  the  Court  of  King's  Itench,  of  which  the  king's 
coroner  or  attorney  is  coinmiuily  master,  and  iti  which 
the  attorney- gen<' ml  and  clerk  exhibit  informattohs 
for  crimes  and  misdemeanors. 

CROWN'-PO.-^T,  n.  In  building^  a  post  which  stands 
upright  in  the  middle,  between  two  principal  rafters. 

Bailey. 

CROWN'-SCAB,  n.     A  scab  formed  round  the  cor- 
ners of  a  horse's  hoof,  a  cancerous  and  [lainful  sore. 
Farrier^s  Diet. 

CROWN'-TIIIS-TLE,  (thiR-sl)  n.     A  tiower. 

CROWN'-WIIEEL,  n.  A  wheol  with  cogs  set  at  right 
angles  with  its  plane. 

9.  In  a  watch,  the  upper  wheel  next  the  balance, 
which  drives  the  balance,  and  in  royal  pendulums,  is 
railed  the  xwing-joheeJ. 

CROWN'-WORK,  (wurk,)  n.  lnfortifcatiim,fin  out- 
work running  -nto  the  field,  consifiiing  of  two  demi- 
bastions  at  the  extremes,  and  an  entire  bastion  in  the 
middli;,  with  curtains.  It  is  drsigm-d  to  gain  some 
hill  or  advantageous  pctsl,  and  cover  the  other  works. 

CROYL'STONE,  n.  Crystallized  cawk,  in  which  the 
crystals  are  small.  fVoodicard.    Juhn/son, 

CItO/n,  n.     A  cooper's  UhA. 

CRO'CIAL,  (kru'slial,)  a.  [Fr.  crueiaUj  from  L.  entr, 
a  cross.] 


CRU 

In  surgery,  transverae ;  passing  across ;  intersect- 
ing; in  form  ofa  cross  ;  as,  crucial  incision.  Sliarp. 

2.  Severe  ;  trying ;  searching,  as  if  bringing  to  the 
cross  ;  as,  a  crucial  experiment. 
CRC'CTAN,  n.    A  short,  Uiick,  broad  fish,  of  a  deep 

yellow  color  Diet,  of  JVat.  Hist. 

CRtJ'CIATE,  (krQ'shate,)  v.  t.  [L.  crucio,  to  torture, 
from  crux,  a  cross.] 

'i'o  torture;  to  torment;  to  afflict  with  extreme 
pain  or  distress;   but  Ote  verb  is  seldom  used.     [See 

EXCROCIATB   ] 

CKU'CIATE,  a.     Tormented.     [Little  used.] 
2.  In  botany,  having  the  form  of  a  cross. 

CRU-CI-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  torturing;  torment. 
[Little  Uiied.]  Hall. 

CRO'CI-BLE,  71.  [It.  erogiuoloy  and  crociuolo  ;  Rp. 
crisol :  Port,  chrysol  or  crisol ;  Fr.  creiiset ;  D.  kroe^, 
gmelt-kroes.  It  is  fnnn  crux,  a  cross,  as  Lunier  sup- 
poses, from  the  figure  of  the  cross  formerly  attached 
to  it.     But  (ju.] 

1.  A  chemical  vessel  or  melting-pot,  usually  made 
of  earth,  and  so  temiK-red  and  baked  as  to  endure 
extreme  heat  without  melting.  It  is  used  for  melting 
ores,  metals,  &c. 

2.  I  u  metallurgy,  a  hollow  place  at  the  bottom  of  a 
furnace  lo  receive  the  melted  metal.  Fourcroy. 

€RU-CIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  cruc^ferj  crux,  a  crass,  and 
fcro,  to  bear.]     Bearing  the  cross.  Diet, 

2.  In  botany,  a  term  applied  lo  the  CruciferiB<-a 
family  of  plants  having  the  four  petals  of  the  flower 
in  the  form  of  a  cross.  Partington. 

CRCCI-FI-KD,  ]tp.  or  a.     Put  to  death  on  the  cross. 

CRO'CI-FI-ER,  n.  [See  Chuciky.]  A  person  who 
crucifies  ;  one  who  puts  another  to  death  on  a  cross. 

€RO'CI-FIX,  n.  [L.  crucifij-us,  from  cruc{figOjto  fix 
lo  a  cross  ;  crux  and  ^go,  lo  fix.] 

1.  A  cross  on  which  the  body  of  Christ  is  fastened 
In  effigy.  Encyc. 

2.  A  represcntatiim,  in  painting  or  statuary,  of  our 
Lord  fastened  to  the  cross.  Johnson. 

3.  Figuratively,  the  religion  of  Christ  [lAtile  used.^ 

Taylor. 

CRU-CI-FIX'ION,  (kru-se-fix'yun,)  ».  [See  Ckuci- 
fix.]  The  nailing  or  fastening  ofa  porson  to  a  cross, 
for  the  pur|)ose  of  putting  him  to  death  ;  the  ad  or 
puiiislinient  of  putting  a  criminal  to  death  by  nailing 
him  to  a  cross.  Addison. 

CRO'Cl-FOR.M,  a.  [L.  crux,  a  cross,  and/wrma,  form.] 

1.  Cross-shaped. 

2.  In  botany,  consisting  of  four  equal  petals,  dis- 
posed in  the  torm  of  a  cross.  Marttin. 

The    cruciform  plantt,   or    Cruc^ferm,   comprehend 
nearly  all  culinary  plants,  except  spinach,  as  the  cab- 
bage, turnip,  raddish,  mustard,  &.c.     Farm.  Encyc. 
CRU'CI-FV,  V.  t,     [L.  cracijiga  ;  crux.,  cross,  and  fgOj 
lo  fix  :  Fr.  crueller:  It.  crucijiggcre;  Sp.  crueiJicarT] 

1.  To  nail  to  a  cross  ;  to  put  to  death  by  nailing 
the  hands  and  feel  to  a  cross  or  gibbet,  someiimes, 
anciently,  by  fiistening  a  criminal  to  a  tree  with  curds. 

But  ihey  crieil,  CrudJ'y  him,  cruc?/y  liim.  —  Luke  xxiii. 

2.  In  scriptural  lanipiage,  to  subduo  ;  to  mortify  ; 
to  destroy  the  power  or  ruling  influence  of. 

Thrj"  Ihat  nre  Chri»l'«  have  crucified  Uic  Orth,  wiUi  the  aiTuclioni 
a»<l  liiMti.  — Unl.  *, 

3.  To  reject  and  despise. 

ThejF  criici/y  to  tl|''in«t'lvei  the  Sun  ol  God  ^rrah.  —  Ileb.  vU 

To  be  crucified  with  Chrijft,  is  to  become  dead  to  the 
law  and  to  sin,  and  to  have  indwelling  corruption 
subdued.     Oal.  ii.  and  vi. 

4.  "J'o  vex  or  torment.     [JVot  used.]  Burton. 
eRC'CI-FV-ING,  ppr.     Pulling  to  death  on  a  cross  or 

giblMn  ;  subduing  ;  de.slniyitig  Ihe  life  and  power  of. 
CRU-CIG'ER  orS   a.     Uearing  the  cross. 
CRUD.  Ti.    Curd.     [See  Curd,  the  usual  orthogrnpJiy.] 
CRUD'DLE,  r.  i.    To  curdle  ;  also,  to  sump.     Brocket, 
CItODE,  a.     [L.  crudus  ;  Fr.  crad,  eru  ;  Sp.  and  It.  cm- 

do;    Port,  cru ;  Arm.  crii ;   W.  cri ;    D.  raauw ;  Sax. 

hreaw  ;  G.  roh  ;  Eiig.  rata  ;  either  from  the  root  of  cry, 

from  roughness,  (W.  cri,  a  cry,  and  crude,)  or  from 

the  Ar.  i*^  j^  aradha,  to  eat,  to  corrode,  to  rankle,  lo 

become  raw,  L.  rodo,  rosi.    Class  Rd,  No.  35.] 

1.  Raw  ;  not  cooked  or  prepared  by  fire  or  heal ;  in 
its  natural  state  ;  undreesed  ;  as,  crude  flesh,  crude 

-meat.     In  this  sense,  raui  is  more  generally  used. 

2.  Not  changed  from  its  natural  stau; ;  not  altered 
or  prepared  by  any  artificial  process;  as,  crude  salt, 
crude  alum. 

3.  Rough  ;  harsh  ;  unripe  j  not  mellowed  by  air  or 
other  means  ;  as,  crude  juice. 

4.  Unconcocted ;  not  well  digested  in  the  stomach. 

liaeon, 

5.  Not  brought  to  perfi-ction  ;  unfinished  ;  imma- 
ture ;  as,  the  crude  materiiils  of  the  earth.    JililUm. 

G.  Having  indigested  notions.  Mdtun. 

7.  Indigested;  not  matured;  not  well  formed,  ar- 
ranged, or  prepared  in  the  intellect;  as,  crude  notions; 
a  crude  plan  ;  a  crude  theory.  Milton, 

8.  In  painting, !i  term  applied  loa  picture  when  the 
colors  are  rudely  laid  on,  and  do  not  blend  or  har- 
monize. Brande, 


TONE,  BPLL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  vr'CIOUB — C  «•  K ;  0  a*  J  j  «  ai  Z;  CH  as  SH  j  TH  a«  In  THIS. 


2H7 


CRU 


€RCWE'LY,  aJo.  U'ithtrtil  due  propnralion  ;  withoul 
form  or  arraOBenient ;  vfithuut  maturity  or  digestion. 

€RCl)E'NE#S,  n.  Rawness;  unripeness ;  an  undi- 
g>\->ied  i)r  unprT-p.-ired  state  ;  a^^  the  wWswsrt  of  flaaji 
or  plants,  or  of  any  body  in  its  natural  state. 

3.  A  state  of  being  untbrined  or  indigested ;  imma- 
tureness ;  aa,  the  erudfntti  of  a  tJioory. 

€K0'D1-TT,  ».     [L.  crudius.] 

Rawnaaa ;  cnideness ;  soineiliing  in  a  cnide  sule. 
Among  a*yiCT«a»,  a  term  aplilied  lo  un.ligcsted  sub- 
elances  in  tjje  stomacii,  or  unconcocted  bumurs  not 
well  prepand  for  eipuUiun  ;  eicrements. 

eaC'DLF.,  V.  t.  To  coagulate.  But  this  word  is  gen- 
erally written  Coaoi-a  i  which  see. 

eKO'UY,  «.  Concreted;  coaculaled.  [MM  m  ««.] 
rsee  CuBo  1  Sptiuer. 

9.  Raw;  ehiU.    [MU—i.]  .(See  Cauoa.]     Skak. 

eSO'BL,  I.  [Fr.  cnal:  L.  enulslu ,-  It.  eruJtle.  See 
Cauot  and  RiDt.]  . 

1.  Diapueed  u  give  pnin  toothers,  in  body  or  mind; 
williag  or  plc«aed  lo  tonaent,  vex,  or  afflict;  inhu- 
.aaan;  dearitiitn  of  pity,  riompaiwon,  or  kindness ; 
fierce ;  ferocioua ;  savage  ;  barbarous ;  bard-bearted ; 


Itey  SIS  <r«sr,  sad  tew  bobsr7. — ht.  li. 
9.  Inhuman;  barbarous;  aavage ;   causing  pain, 
grief,  or  distress,  exerted  in  lonnenting,  Texing,  or 
nfilicting. 

Cuiwll»lheir»»U»,  fcfawssemrf.— Gtn.  xfix- 
Tike  vndsromKS  or  Uw  wicked  SR  eniW.  —  Ptuv.  XIL 
OtixntelttAktaarcrwIiaocUnffc— Hell.  xi. 

CBP'EI^LT,  •*^    In  a  cruel  manner ;  with  cruelty ; 
Inhuinauly;  barbarously. 

Be««n«  be  m<«U»  oppi««ed.  1»  ikjl  die  io  his  Inlquiljr- —  E««k. 

2.  Painfully  ;  with  severe  pain  or  torture  ;  as,  an 
in^rument  may  cut  the  flesh  most  enuUtf. 
CRC'EL-.VESS,  a.     Inhumanity  icrudty.    ^leaser. 
CRO'EL-TY,  «.     [L.  enuitUtait  Fr.  cnuati.] 

I.  Inhuinanitv  ;  a  lavage  or  barbarous  disposition  or 
temper,  which  is  gratified  in  giving  unnecessary  pain 
lit  distress  to  others ;  barbarity  ;  mrrbti  ts  ptrxm  i 
as,  the  muUf  of  savage*;  Ibe  cnieltf  and  envy  of 
tbepeoiile.  ,      ^         Siat. 

9.  Barbarous  deed  ;  any  act  of  a  buraan  being 
which  indicU  unneceasair  pain ;  any  act  intended 
to  torment,  vei,  or  aOlict,  or  which  actually  torraenu 
or  afiicis,  without  necessity  ;  wrong ;  injustice  ;  op- 


WUi  Ibeee  sad  vilk  emslly  hsn  J*  ndod  tfaria.— EUek. 

xxxiv. 


CRCEN-TiTE,  s.     [U 


Smmred  with  bhjoil.     fUttls  usd.]        OlmnOe. 

CRU-ENT'Ol'S,  s.     Bloody  ;  cruentate. 

CRO'KT,  a.     [Uu.  Fr.  e/«iu,  hoUow,  or  cnK>s(te,fh>m 
crmelu.    See  Carte.] 
\  vial  or  snuill  |!>ass  boale,  for  holding  vinegar, 

CRCISF,  «.     Pee  Cafia.  [oil,  «tc 

CROISG,  (kruze,)  r.  i.  [D.  tnunea,  from  knut,  a 
cross ;  G.  tre«:e« ;  D.  kryiUer :  Fr.  creiKr.  See  Caosi.] 
To  sail  b.Tclt  and  f.jrtli,  or  to  rove  ou  the  ocean  in 
search  of  an  eneiny*s  5liipsfor  capture,  or  for  protect- 
ing commerce ;  or  to  rove  ftir  plunder,  as  a  pirate. 
The  admiral  cruisat  between  the  Ikiliama  Wcs  and 
Cuba.  We  crsiscd  off  Ca(>e  Finisterre.  A  pirate 
was  cmisiiig  in  the  Gulf  of  .Mexico. 

GROISE,  a-  A  voji-age  made  in  crossing  courses ;  a 
sailing  lo  and  fro  in  ^parch  of  an  enemy's  ships,  or 
by  a  pirate  in  search  of  plunder. 

CBOIS'ER,  (krux'er,)  «.  A  person  or  a  sliip  that 
cruises ;  usuolly  an  armed  ship  that  sails  lo  and  fro 
for  ca|<uriii2  .in  enemy's  shi[B,  for  protecting  tlie 
commerce  of  the  counlr)-,  or  for  plunder. 

eBCIS'l.NG,  K^.  Sailing  lor  the  capture  of  an  ene- 
my's ships,  or  for  protecting  commerce,  or  for  plun- 
der, as  a  pirate.  ...,-, 

CBUL'LER,  «.  .^  kind  of  crisped  cake  boUed  in  fat. 
{See  KBUu-aa-J 

CRUMB,  j  «.     [Sax.  erama ;  D.  trmm  .-  G.  knimt ;  Heb. 

CBCM,  )  Ch.  o-o  to  gnaw,  or  break.  Class  Km, 
.No.  H,  16,  19,  25,  36.]  . 

A  sinall  fragment  or  piece  ;  usually,  a  small  piece 
of  bread  or  other  (bod,  broken  or  cut  off;  the  soft 
part  of  bread. 

LssuiM,  dniitec  10  be  U  with  dw  erMnA*  vhkli  fell  from  the 
ikb  nsa'e  UUe.  —  IfUfce  svi. 
CRDMB,  (  e.  I.    To  break  into  small  pieces  with  the 
€RL'M,     \      fingers  ;  as,  to  crumb  bread  into  milk. 
€RL M'BLE^  r.  L     [D.  imijaeka ;  G.  triime/a.] 

To  break  into  small  pieces  ;  to  divide  into  minute 
parLs. 
CRCM'BLE,  c.  i.    To  fall  into  small  pieces ;  to  break 
or  part  into  small  fragments. 

ir  k  ««ie  is  tiriule,  il  will  erumbU  into  gnvel.        jtritoAnol. 

.■  2.  To  fall  to  decay  ;  to  perish  ;  as,  our  flesh  will 
crttiHble  into  dust. 

eRU.\rBL£D,  fp.  or  a.  Broken  or  parted  into  small 
pieces. 

eRU.M'BLI-VG,  pr/'T.  or  a.  Breaking  into  small  frag- 
ments; falling  into  small  pieces;  decaying. 

€Rb'.MB'-€LOTH,  a.     .\  cloth  to  be  laid  under  a  ta- 


CRU 

bttf    lo     receive  fulling    fragitieiitd,   auiI     keep   the 
carwl  ur  fli»or  clean. 

€K0'ME-NAL,  «-  [L.  mimentt.]  A  purse.  [JVot 
«sMf.1  Spmser. 

eRU&rMA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  bix>kea  into  small 
pipcw  bv  the  fingers. 

CRCM'MV,  o.     FuU  of  cnimba;  9oft. 

€RUMP,  a.     [S'ax.  crump;  D.  kram;  O.  krumm ;  Dan. 

krum ;  W,    crom,  ervm^  crooked  ;  Ir.  cnwn,  whence 

ervMiaim,  to  bend,  enmian^  the   hi|>>bon(!,  the   mmp. 

Crmmpy  rump,  rumpleif  erumpU^  erat^U,  are  doubtletis 

.  of  one  family.] 

Crooked;  as,  entiM^shouldereil. 

€RUMP'CT,  n,  A  soft  cake  baked  upon  an  iron 
plate. 

€RUM'PLE,  p.  t,  (from  crump.  See  Rumple,  the 
same  word  without  a  prefix.] 

To  draw  or  presa  into  wrinkles  or  folds  ;  to  rum- 
ple or  crook.  ^J4Lton. 

€RUM'PLE.  r.  t.     To  contract;  to  shrink.       Smith. 

eHUM'PLsED,  pp.  or  a.  Dniwn  or  pressed  into  wrin- 
kles. 

CRUM'PLING,  ppr.    Drawing  or  pressing  into  wrin- 

€RliM'Pi.ING,  n.    A  small,  degenerate  api>le.    [kles. 

Johnson. 

CRUXK'lE,  i  "•  *■    "^^  "y  '''*®  ■  crane.     [JVot  used.] 

CR  V'OR.  n,    [L.]    Gore ;  coagulated  blood.  OrtenhvU. 

SSSuP,K    The  buttocks. 

€RUP.  a.    Short ;  brittle.     [■N'ot  in  usr.] 

CRyP'PER,  (krwp'er,)  n.  [Fr.  croupiere;  It.  grop- 
ptera;  Sp.  grupera;  from  croupe,  grappa,  ffrupay  a 
ridge,  the  buttocks  of  a  horse.     Sec  Cboiip.] 

1.  in  Uu  vtatttgf,  the  buttocks  of  a  horse  ;  the 
rump. 

3.  A  ftrap  of  leather  which  is  buckled  to  a  saddle, 
and,  passing  under  a  hon>e'ii  tail,  prevents  the  saddle 
fh>m  being  cast  forward  on  to  tiie  horse's  neck. 

eRJjP'PER,  r.  L  To  put  a  crupper  on  j  as,  to  crupper 
ft  horse. 

€RC'RAL,  a.     [I*,  ermraiis,  from  crust  cruris^  the  leg.] 

1.  Bclun^nng  to  the  leg ;  as,  the  crurat  arteries, 
which  convey  blood  to  tlie  legs,  and  the  crurat  veins, 
whirh  return  iL  Qutncy.     Core, 

2.  Shaped  like  a  leg  or  root.  Brande. 
GRU-SADE',  II.     [Fr.  cruisade;  It.  crociatai  Sp,  eruior- 

da  ;  from  L.  cr«x',  Fr.  cro«,  Sp.  crui,  It.  croce,  a  cross. 
Class  Rg.] 

A  military  expedition  undertaken  by  authority  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  church,  fur  liie  recovery  of  the 
IWy  Land,  the  scene  of  our  Savior's  life  and  sulTer- 
ings,  tiom  the  power  of  infideU  or  Mohammedans. 
SevermI  of  these  expeditions  were  carried  on  frum 
Eurtipe,und<;r  the  banner  of  the  cross.  Tiie  soldiers 
bad  croMM  of  difierent  colored  cloth  sewed  up<m 
Uieir  outer  gsnaenta,  and  were  hence  caJk-d  cm- 
MuUrt.  Tbe  tann  bas  aim)  been  applied  to  military 
eipeditktas  a^nst  tlie  VValdt-nses  and  others  who 
dissented  from  tbe  church  of  Home. 

CRU-SADE',  a.  A  Portuguese  coin,  stamped  witli  a 
croflB. 

C&17-SAD'ER,  n.    A  person  engaged  in  a  crusade. 

Robertaoji. 

€ROSG,  n.     [Ik  krces.    See  Cruciblb.]    A  small  cup. 

Tmke  with  thw  ft  cnut  of  honey.  —  I  Kings  xIt. 

In  A>w  England,  it  is  used  chiefly  or  wholly  for  a 

small  bottle  or  vial  for  vinegar,  called  a  vinegar-cruse. 

€RO'SET,  n.     [Fr.  creuset^  formerly  croiaet.     See  Cru- 

CI8L.E.1 

A  goldsmith's  crucible  or  melting  pot.  Philips. 
CRUSH,  V.  £.  [Fr.  ecraser ;  Ir.  scrioaanu  In  Sw. 
kntssa,  in  Dan.  kryster  signifies,  to  squeeze.  In  It. 
croscio  is  a  crushing  ;  and  crondare,  to  throw,  strike, 
pour,  or  rain  hard.  There  are  many  words  in  the 
Shemitic  languages  which  coincide  with  crush  in 
elements  and  signification.     CL.  lieb.  Syr.  DM,  lo 

break   in  pieces ,    Ar.   jw*^    garasa^    id.  j    Eth. 

n^^O  eharaiSj  to  grind,  whence  grist ;   Heb.  and 
Ch.  T">n,  and  Ch.  Syr.  Heb.  fx-v,  to  break,  to  cnish  j 

Ar.     ^hj  the  same.    See  crash,  in  English,  and  Fr. 

frr«w,  Arm.  freusa,  to  bruise.     Sec  Class  Rd,  No.  16, 
20,  23,  41,  48,  and  Syr.  No.  3tj.     See  Rush.] 

1.  To  press  and  bruise  between  two  hard  bodies ; 
to  squeeze,  so  as  to  force  a  tiling  out  of  its  natural 
shape  ;  to  bruise  by  pressure. 

TtK  am enuked  Balaam's  fi>oi  k^init  th^  wall.  —  Num.  xxii. 

To  crush  grapes  or  apples,  is  to  squeeze  them  till 
bruised  and  broken,  so  that  the  juice  escapes. 
Hence,  to  crush  oat,  is  to  force  out  by  pressure. 

2.  To  press  with  violence  ;  to  force  together  into 
a  mass, 

3.  'I'o  over^vhelm  by  pressure  ;  to  beat  or  force 
down  by  an  incumbent  weight,  with  breaking  or 
bruising ;  as,  the  man  was  crunhed  by  the  fall  of  a 
tree. 

To  truth  thr  pillare  which  the  pUe  tu«tiiin.  DryrUn, 

Who  are  eriuhed  before  the  muih.  —  Jub  iv. 


CRU 

4.  To  overwhelm  by  power;  to  subdue;  to  con- 
quer beyond  resistance  ;  as,  to  crush  one's  enemies  ; 
to  crush  a  rebt?llion. 

5.  To  oppress  grievously. 

Thuu   ih-tli   lie  «iily  ep|>roiacd   Knd   enuhed  ftlwitfi.  —  Deut. 
xxviiL 

6.  To  bruise  and  break  into  fine  particles  by  beat- 
ing or  grinding  ;  to  comminute. 

Te  criuih  a  cup  qfwtne  ;  to  master  or  drink  it.  Shak. 
CRUSH,  V.  i.  To  be  pressed  into  a  smaller  compass  by 

external  weight  or  force. 
CRUSH,  n.     A  violent  colli-^tion,  or  rushing  together, 

which   breaks  or  bruises  the   bodies;  or  a   fall  that 

break.s  or  bruises  into  a  confused  ma^^s  ;  as,  the  crush 

of  a  large  tree,  or  of  a  building. 

The  wreck  of  mailer  und  (he  crush  of  worlcU.  Addison. 

CRUSH'ED,  (kruslit,)  pp.  or  a.  Pressed  or  squeezed 
so  as  t(t  break  or  bruise;  overwhelmed  or  subdued 
by  power ;  bnJten  or  bruised  by  a  fall;  grievounly 
oppressed  ;  broken  or  bruised  to  powder  ;  comminu- 

CRUSH'ER,  n.     One  who  crushes.  [ted. 

CRUSH'ING,  pftr.  or  a.  Pressing  or  squeezing  into  a 
mass,  or  until  broken  or  bruised;  overwhelming; 
subduing  by  furce;  oppressing;  comminuting. 

CRUST,  n.  [L.  erusta  ;  Fr.  crvfite :  lU  crosta  ;  D.  korst ; 
G.kruste:  W.  crM(,  from  cr&ru,  to  parch  or  scorch, 
eres,  a  hardening  by  heat.  But  the  primary  sense  is 
probably  to  shrink,  contract,  harden,  whether  tiy 
cold  or  heat,  and  it  is  probably  allied  to  crystiU, 
frrezr,  crisp,  &lc.  See  Class  Rd,  No.  19,  33,  73,  7ti, 
83,  85,  88.] 

1.  An  external  coat  or  covering  of  a  thing,  wliich 
is  hard  or  harder  than  the  internal  substance ;  as. 
tbe  crust  of  bread  ;  the  crust  of  suow  ;  the  crust  of 
dross  ;  the  crust  of  a  pie. 

2.  A  deposit  from  wine  as  it  ripens,  collected  on 
the  interior  of  beetles,  &.c.,and  consisting  of  tartar 
and  coloring  matter.  Eiicyc.  of  Dom.  Fxun. 

3.  A  piece  of  crust ;  a  waste  piece  of  bread. 

Dryden.     L^  Estrange. 

4.  A  shell,  as  the  bard   covering  of  a  crab  and 

5.  A  scab.  [some  othifr  animals. 

6.  The  superficial  substances  of  the  earth  are,  in 
ge^lotry,  called  its  crust. 

CRUST,  V.  L  To  cover  with  a  hixrd  case  or  coat ;  to 
spread  over  the  surfjice  a  sulj:^tance  harder  than  the 
matter  covered  ;  lo  incmst ;  as,  to  cru^t  a  iliing  with 
clay  i  to  crust  cake  with  sugar  ;  crusted  wilh  bark. 

Addison. 
2.  To  cover  witli  concretions.  iSwiJX. 

CRUST,  V.  i.  To  gather  or  contract  into  a  hard  cov- 
ering ;  to  cnncrete  or  freeze,  as  superficiiJ  niiilter. 

CRUS-Ta'CE-A,  (-fihe-a,)n.  pi.  One  of  the  cIjissos  of 
the  Art^ulata,  or  articulated  animals,  including  lob- 
sters, shrim|>8,  and  crabs;  so  caJli^d  from  the  cru.«t- 
like  shell  wilh  which  the  body  and  legs  are  covered. 

Dtuia. 

CRUS-TS'CEAN,  n.  or  a.    See  Crustacea. 

CRUS-TA-CE-0L'0-6V,  n.  ["L.  Crustacea,  and  Gr. 
Aov'if.l     The  science  which  treats  of  the  crustaera. 

CRliS-TA-CE-O-LOG'IC-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  cru^- 
taceology. 

CRUS-TA-CE-OL'O-GIST,  n.  One  versed  in  crusLi- 
ceology. 

CRUS-Ta'CEOUS,  (kru8-ta'shu3,)  a.  [Fr.  crustacec, 
from  L.  crusta,] 

Pertaining  to  or  of  the  nature  of  crust  or  shell ; 
belonging  to  the  Crustacea,  which  see. 

Ed.  Ena/e. 

CRUS-TA'CEOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  having  a 
soft  and  jointed  iihell. 

CRUST'a-TED,  a.  Covered  with  a  crust ;  as,  erustated 
basalt.  Encyc. 

CRUST-A'TION,  n.  An  adherent  cnist ;  incrustation. 

CRUST'ED,  pp.     Covered  with  a  crust. 

CRUST'l-LY,  adf.  [from  cn^s*y.]  Peevishly  ;  harsh- 
ly ;  morosely. 

CRUST'I-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  crtist ;  hardness. 
2.  Peevisiiness;  raoroseness ;  surliness. 

CRUST'IN'G,  ppr.     Covering  with  crust. 

CRUST' Y,  a.  Like  cru.-t ;  of  the  nature  of  crust  ;  per- 
taining to  a  hard  covering  ;  hard  j  as,  a  crusty  coat ; 
a  crusty  surface  or  substance. 

2.  Peevi.sh  ;  snappish  ;  morose ;  suriy  ;  a  word  used 
in  fayniliar  discourse,  but  not  dtenimi  elegant.  [In  the 
old  writers  Crust  is  vised.] 

CRUT,  n.     The  rough,  shaggy  part  of  oak  bark. 

CRUTCH,  n.  [It.  croccia,  or  gruccia;  D.  knikf  G. 
knicke;  Sax.krtjcka:  Dan.  fcryftAe  ;  radically  the  same 
as  crotch  and  crook.] 

1.  A  staff  with  a  cur\'ing  cross-piece  at  the  head, 
to  be  placed  under  the  arm  or  shoulder,  to  support 
the  lame  in  walking. 

2.  Fitruraticthi.  old  age.  Shak. 
CRUTCH,  v.t.     'Jo  suppi^rt  on  cnitches  ;  to  prop  or 

sustain,  with  miserable  helps,  that  whicli  is  feeble. 

Two  ftxil*  ihAl  cruhh  their  frelle  scu*e  on  Tcr»e.  ItryiUn. 

CRUTCH'ED,  pp.   or  a.     (part.   pro.  krufcht,  and  adj. 

krutch'ed.)     Supported  with  crutches. 
CPvUTCH'ED  FRI'ARS.     See  Cbouched  Fbiars. 
CRUX,  71.     [L.  crvx,  a  cross.]  _      ,_    .  .  , 

Any  thing  that  puzzles,  vexes,  or  tries,  m  the  high^ 

est  degree.     [Little  used.]  ^    ci.„i,j.- 


Dr.  Sheridan. 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  \VH.\T.- METE,  PBBY.-PI.\E,  M.\E(.NE,  BIRD.- NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


2SS 


CRY 

€R0'YS-E1A6E,  R.     A  ii^h  of  tbe  shark  kind,  having 
a  triangular  head  and  mcmtli.       Diet.  ofJVat.  IIisL 

CRV,  r.  L;  pret-  and  pp.  Criep.  It  ought  to  be  Cryed. 
[Fr.  crier.  The  VVelsh  has  cri^  a  cry,  and  rough, 
raw,  criaw^  to  cr\',  clamor,  or  weep ;  and  creuu,  to 
cr>',  to  crave;  both  deduced  by  Owen  from  cro,  a 
combining  cauae,  a  princijile,  beginning,  or  hrst  mo- 
tion ;  also,  what  pervades  or  penetrates,  a  crij.  This 
is  the  root  of  create,  or  from  liie  same  root.  Cr«, 
Owen  deduces  from  rAf,  with  the  prefix  cij;  and  rAc, 
be  renders  a  run  or  swift  motion.  This  is  certainly 
contracted  from  rAerf,  a  nice,  the  root  of  ride ;  Owen 
to  the  contrary  notwithstanding.  All  the  senses  of 
these  words  unite  in  that  of  iiihooting  lorih,  driviniz 
forward,  or  producing.  There  is  a  class  of  words  a 
tittle  different  from  the  foregoing,  which  exactly 
give  the  sense  of  cr^.  It.  gridare;  Sp.  and  Port,  frri- 
tar;  Hax.  ^rtsdan ;  S\v.  grata;  Dan.  grader:  D  krij- 
ten;  W,  srydioio,  to  utter  a  rough  sound,  from  rhydy 
the  Welsh  root  o^  cry  da,  to  shake  or  tremble,  whence 
cradle.  ( W.  crcth,  a  trembling  or  shivering  with  cold, 
from  ere;  also,  constitntiun,  disposition.)  The  latter 
root,  rkyd,  crydUy  would  give  cri,  rough,  raw,  crude. 
Cry  is  a  contracted  word  ;  but  wheiht-r  from  the  for- 
mer or  latter  class  of  roots  may  be  less  obvious —  pt>s- 
Bibly,  all  are  from  one  source.  If  not,  I  think  cry  is 
from  the  French  crier,  and  this  from  gridare,  grU^rJ\ 
I.  To  utter  a  loud  voice  ;  to  speak,  call,  or  ex- 
claim with  veliemence  ;  in  a  very  general  sense, 

3.  To  odi  importunately  j  to  utter  a  loud  voice,  by 
way  of  earnest  rwiuest  or  prayer. 

Tb^  people  cried  \a  Pti.iraoh  fi-r  brvad.  — Gffn.  xli. 
The  people  cried  w  Mo»=a,  ajul  he  pnyed.  —  Num.  xi. 

3.  To  utter  a  loud  voice  in  weeping ;  to  utter  the 
voice  (^sorrow  ;  to  lamenL 

Bui  ye  tluill  cr^  for  sorrow  of  b^nK.  —  U.  \xr. 
Euu  critd  wUU  ai  gr^^t  aiid  Utter  cry.  ^  Gen.  xzvil. 

Also,  to  weep  or  shed  tears  in  silence ;  a  popular 
%*e  of  the  word. 

4.  To  utter  a  loud  sound  in  distress  ;  as,  Heshbon 
■hall  cry.     Is.  XV. 

tie  gi»eUi  food  lu  ibe  youn*  rsTena  which  cry,  —  P».  cxlvil. 

5.  To  exclaim  ;  to  utter  a  toud  voice  ;  with  out. 


6.  To  proclaim;  to  utter  a  loud  voice,  In  giving 
public  notice. 

Go,  iumI  try  In  the  ean  of  JeruMlem.  —Jpt.  Si. 

Ttie  voice  (A  bim  thai  crieOi  ui  tbe  wilderness.  —  la.  xl. 

7.  To  bawl ;  to  fiquall ;  as  a  child. 

8.  To  yelp,  as  a  dog.  It  may  be  used  for  the  ut- 
tering of  a  loud  voice  by  other  animals. 

To  cry  a^aingt  ;  to  exclaim,  or  utter  a  loud  voice 
by  way  of  reproof,  threatening,  or  censure. 

Arue,  go  to  Nineveh,  uiJ  cry  agaifitt  St.—  Jonah  1. 

To  cry  out ;  to  exclaim ;  to  vociferate  ;  to  scream  ; 
to  clamor 

2.  To  complain  loudly. 

To  cry  out  against ;  to  complain  loudly,  with  a  view 
to  censure  ;  to  blame  ;  to  utter  censure. 

To  cry  U>i  to  call  on  in  prayer  ;  to  implore. 
CRY,  V.  t.    To  proclaim  ;  to  name  loudly  and  publicly 
for  K^viag  notice ;  as,  to  cry  goods ;   to  cry  a  lost 
child. 

To  cry  down  :  to  decry ;  to  depreciate  by  words  or 
In  writing;  to  dispraise;  to  condemn. 

Men  of  diaKilnte  iivwa  cry  dotn  religioa,  beouiae  tbeTWooM  aot 
be  uiMier  the  fMnOais  of  iu  TUofMm. 

3.  To  overbear. 

Cry  down  thia  fdloWa  liuolence.  ShaJtt 

To  ery  up  ;  to  praise  ;  to  applaud  ;  to  extol ;  as,  to 
cry  up  a  man's  talents  or  patriotism,  or  a  woman's 
beauty  ;  to  cry  vjt  the  administration. 

2.  To  raise  the  price  by  proclamation  ;  as,  to  ery 
up  certain  r^ins.     [JVo/  in  use.]  Temple. 

To  cry  off:  in  tke  vulvar  dialeety  is  to  publish  inten- 
tions of  marriage. 
CRT,  n. ;  pi.  Cribs.     In  a  general  itensc,  a  loud  sound 
uttered  by  the  mouth  of  an  animal  ;  applicable  to  the 
voice  of  man  or^east,  and  articntate  or  inarticulate. 

2.  A  loud  or  vehement  sound,  uttered  in  weeping, 
or  lamentation  ;  it  may  be  a  shriek  or  scream. 

And   there  ahAll   be  a.  grriU  cry  in  uU   the  land  of  E^yp'. — 
f.x.  zj. 

3.  Clamor  j  outcry  ;  as,  war,  war,  is  the  public  cry. 

XaA  ttn-re  woae  a  preat  fry,  —  Acta  xxiiL 

4.  Exclamation  of  triumph,  of  wonder,  or  of  other 
passion. 

5.  Proclamation  ;  puhlic  notice. 

At  mMnij^C  there  w.i*  a  cry  miwlc.  —  M^tC  xx». 

6.  The  notices  of  hawkers  of  wares  to  be  sold  in 
tiie  street  are  called  cries ;  w*,  tbe  cries  of  London. 

7.  Acclamation  ;  expression  of  popular  favor. 

Tbe  cry  went  omx  for  Ihee.  ShaA. 

S.  A  loud  voice  in  distress,  prayer,  or  reqn^  j  Im- 
portunate call. 

Be  fcr((rtt«th  not  the  o-y  of  the  hiimtle.  —  Pa.  ix. 
Then  wm»  h  gnmt  cry  la  KgypL  —  Ks.  ail. 


CRY 

9.  Public  reports  or  complaints  ;  noise  ;  fame. 
Because  the  cry  of  Sodom  and  Gcmormh  ia  greitt — I  will  yo 

down,  iiml  K^  whcih-r  tlvy  have  done  aliogt-iher  accoriiiig 
to  (he  cry  oJ'  iU  —.Gen.  XTJii. 

10.  Bitter  complaints  of  oppression  and  injustice. 

He  Iwoked  for  rijhiewiaiieM,  and  behold  »  cry.  —  Is,  v. 

11.  The  sound  or  voice  of  irrational  animals  ;  ex- 
pression of  joy,  fright,  alarm,  or  want ;  as,  the  cries 
of  fowls,  the  yell  or  yelping  of  dogs,  &.c. 

12.  A  pack  of  dog.s.  .  ShaJi. 
€RVAL,  «.     [W.  crcgyr,  a  screamer.] 

The  heron.  Jiinsworth, 

€RY'ER,  71,    See  Crier. 

CRY'ER,  71.  A  kind  of  hawk,  called  ihe  falcon  gentle, 
an  enemy  to  pigeons,  and  viry  swift,      jiinsworth. 

CR^'ING,  i/pr.  Uttering  a  loud  voice  ;  proclaiming, 
&c. 

CRVIXG,  a.  Notorious  ;  common  ;  great ;  as,  a  cry- 
ing sin  or  abuse.  .Addison. 

CR^'IXd,  H.    Importunate  call  ;  clamor;  outcry. 

€RV'0-LiTE,  71.  [Gr.  «pu«$,  cold,  and  AiOoy,  stone, 
ice-stone.] 

A  fluorid  of  sodium  and  aluminum,  found  in 
Gn.-enland,  of  a  pale,  grayish- white,  snow-white,  or 
yellowish-brown.  It  occurs  in  masses  of  a  foliated 
structure.     It  has  a  glistening,  vitreous  luster.  Dane. 

€RV-OPII'0-RUS,  n.  [Gr.  KfVOi,  frost,  and  0o/>£(u, 
to  bear.] 

Frost-bearer  ;  an  instrument  contrived  by  Dr.  Wol- 
laston  for  freezing  water  by  its  own  evaporation. 

CRVPT,  n.     [Gr.  Kourro,  to  hide.]  [Brandt, 

A  sitbterriinean  celt  or  cave,  especially  under  a 
church,  for  the  intenncnl  of  persons  ;  also,  a  siibter- 
rnnean  chapel,  or  oratory,  and  the  grave  of  a  martyr. 

GRYP'Tie,         (a.     [Supra,]      iliddun ;    secnt;    oc- 

€RVP'Tie-AL,  \      cult.  W'ufis, 

CRVP'Tie-AL-LY,  ado.     SecreUy. 

€RYP-TO-GA'.MI-A,  >)i.       [Gr.  upvrroi,   concealed, 

eRYP-TOG'A-MV,     \      and  ;  au  vj,  marriage.] 

Concealed  fructification.  In  botany,  a  class  of 
plants  whose  stamens  and  pistils  are  not  distinctly 
visible.  LiantPiis.     Ed.  Encyc. 

€RYP-TO-G.^'MI-.^N,  i  a.    Peruiining  to  plants  of  the 

eKYP-TO-GAM'ie,       >      class    Cnjptogamia,  includ- 

eRYP-TOG'A-MOIJS,  )  ing  ferns,  mosses,  sea- 
weeds, mushrooms,  &.C. 

eRYP-TUG'.\-.MIST,  71.  One  who  is  skilled  in  cr>'p- 
togamir.  botany  ;  one  who  favors  the  system  of  cryp- 
t*igamv  in  plants,  lAndlcy. 

eRYP-rOG'RA-PUER,  n.  On^  who  writes  in  secret 
characters. 

eRYP-TO-GRAPH'lC-AL,  a.  Written  in  secret  char- 
acters or  in  cipher,  or  with  sympathetic  ink. 

CRYP-TOG'RA-PiiY,  n.  [Gr.  «^u;rros,  hidden,  and 
}paipwj  to  write.] 

The  act  or  art  of  writing  in  secret  characters  ;  also, 
secret  characters  or  cipher. 

€R YP-TOl.'0-6Y,  n.    [Gr.  (rpun-ros,  secret,  and  \oyoi, 
discourse.] 
Hecret  or  enigmatical  language. 

CRYS'TAL,  n.  [L.  cnjftallus  ;  Gr.  KpvnrnWn^  ;  Fr. 
eristal;  Sp.  cristfl/ ^  \U  cruftnlla  ;  Ti.  kristaJ :  G.  krys- 
tall ;  W.  erisial,  from  cris,  it  is  said,  a  hard  cru^L  It 
is  from  the  same  root  as  rrosp,  and  VV.  cre.<tt,  to  parch, 
crest,  a  crust,  erasu,  to  roasL  The  Greek,  from 
which  we  have  the  word,  is  composed  of  the  root  of 
Kpv'ti,  frt>fit,  a  contracted  word,  probably  fi-om  the 
root  of  the  Welsh  words,  supra,  and  irrfAAfu,  to  set. 
The  primary  sense  of  the  WeUh  words  is  to  shrink, 
draw,  contract;  a  sen»e  equally  applicable  to  the 


effects  of  heat  and  cold.    Qu.  Ar. 


LT*^ 


karasa,  Cb. 


Vyp  kerask,  to  congeal.     Class  Rd,  No.  8.1,  ST).] 

1.  In  chemistry  and  mineralogy,  an  inorganic  body, 
which,  by  the  operation  of  afliiiitv,  hiis  assumed  the 
form  of  a  regular  solid,  terminateJ  by  a  certain  num- 
ber of  plane  and  smooth  surfaces.  CUaveland, 

3.  A  factitious  body,  cast  in,  glass-houses,  called 
crystal  gUms  ;  a  species  of  glass,  more  perfect  in  its 
conipostlion  and  manufiicture,  than  common  glass. 
The  best  kind  is  the  Venice  crjstal.  It  is  called  also 
factitious  crtjstid  or  paste.  Encyc.     J^Tichalsim. 

3.  A  Buhsiance  of  any  kind  having  the  form  of  a 

4.  The  glasn  of  a  watch-case.  [crj'slal. 
Rock  rrystid,  or  mountain  crystal ;  a  general  name 

for  all  the  transparent  crystals  of  quartz,  particularly 
of  limpid  or  colorluss  (piart?.. 

Iceland  crystal;  a  variety  of  calcareous  spar,  or 
crj'stalli/.ed  carbonate  of  lime,  brought  from  Iceland. 
It  occurs  in  laminated  masses,  easily  divisible  into 
rhombs,  and  ia  remarkable  for  its  double  refraction. 

Cl*'aDclund. 
CRYS'TAT,,  a.    Consisting  of  crystal,  or  like  crystal ; 
clear;  transparent;  lucid;  pellucid. 

By  cryMlnl  ■trr-anu  Ot/U  miirmur  through  tii«  meoda.  Dryden, 

CRYS'TAI^FORM,  a.    Having  the  form  of  crystal. 

Encye. 
eRYS-TAL'M-NA^  n.      An  alkaloid  obtained  from 

Indigofera  tinciona,  the  Indigo  plant. 
CRYS'T AIRLINE,  a.     [L.  crystalhnus ;  Gr.  KpvaraX- 

Aifoi-] 


CUB 

1.  Consisting  uf  crystal  \  as,  a  crystalline  palace, 

S/iak. 
S2.  Resembling  crystal;  pure;  clear;  transjKirenti 
pellucid  ;  as,  a  cryslaliine  sky.        .  JilUtoa. 

Cry.-italline  heavens ;  in  ancient  astronurny,  two 
spheres  imagined  between  tlie  primum  mobile  and 
the  firmament,  in  the  Ptolemaic  system,  which  sup- 
posed the  heavens  to  be  solid  and  only  susceptible  of 
a  single  motion.  Bartow. 

Crystalline  humor,  j  a  lentiform,  pellucid  body,  com- 
Crystalline  lens  ;  \  posed  of  a  very  white,  trans- 
parent, firm  substance,  inclosed  in  a  membranous 
capsule,  and  situated  in  a  depression  in  the  anterior 
part  of  the  vitreous  humor  of  tlie  eye.  It  is  some- 
what convex,  and  serves  to  transmit  and  refract  the 
rays  of  light  to  the  vitreous  humor.    Encyc.     Hooper. 

CRYS'TAL-LITR,  7t.  A  name  given  to  whinstone, 
cooled  slowly  after  fusion.  Ilall.     Tlutinson. 

€RYS'TAl^LrZ-A-BLE,  a.  [from  erystalliie.}  That 
may  be  crystallized  ;  that  may  form  or  be  formed  into 
crystals.  Claoigero. «  LuPoisier. 

€RYS-TAU-LI-ZA'TION,  n.  [from  crystalli-.r.]  The 
act  or  process  by  which  the  parts  of  a  solid  body, 
separated  by  the  intervention  of  a  fluid  or  by  fifciion, 
again  coalesce  or  unite,  and  form  a  solid  body.  If  the 
process  is  slow  and  undisturbt^d,  the  [Kirtitles  assume 
a  regular  arrangement,  each  substance  Liking  a  de- 
terminate and  regular  form,  according  to  its  natural 
laws  ;  but  if  the  process  is  rapid  or  disturbed,  the 
substance  takes  an  irregular  form.  This  process  is 
the  edect  of  refrigeration  or  evaporation. 

Lavoisier.     Eirwan. 

2.  The  mass  or  body  formed  by  the  pr(»cess  of  crys- 
tallizing. Woodward'. 

eRYri'T.AL-Lt/E,  r.  t.  To  cause  to  form  crystals. 
Common  salt  is  crystallised  by  the  evaporation  of  sea 
water. 

€RYS'TAL-1>IZE,  r.  t.  To  be  converted  into  a  crys- 
tal ;  to  unite,  as  the  separate  particles  of  a  substance, 
and  fonu  a  determinate  and  regular  solid. 

£Ucli  spociea  of  aatt  crytlaiLixes  in  n  peculiar  form.  LaeoisUr. 

€RYS'TAL-LIZ-/:D,  pp.  or  a.     Formed  into  cr\  stals. 
CRYS'TAL-LTZ-ING,  ppr.     Caushig   to  crysj^lliae  ; 

forming  or  uniting  in  crystals. 
€RY8-TAL-L0G'RA-PHER,  71.     [Infra.]     One  who 

describes  crystals,  or  the  manner  of  their  formation. 
CRY^-TAL-LO-GRAPH'ie,  i  a.       Pertaining    to 

eRYS-TAL-LO-GKAPH'IC-AI.,  j      crystallography. 
eRVS-TAL-LO-GKAPH'ie-AL-LY,o(/«.  Inthenjan- 

ner  of  crystallography. 
€RYS-TAL-LO(;'RA-PHY,  n.   [crystal,  as  above,  and 

ypaipn,  description.] 

1.  The  doctrine  or  science  of  crystallization,  teach- 
ing the  principles  of  the  prtKess,  and  the  forms  and 
structure  of  crystals. 

2.  A  discourse  or  treatise  on  crystallization. 
CTE-NOID'I-ANS,  ite-noid'O  n.pl.    [Gr.  .r*.<5,comb, 

and  cM '5,  form.]     The  third  tirder  of  fishes,  estab- 
lished by  .^gassiz,  characterized  thus  :  skin  covered 
with  jagged,  pectinated,  unennmeled  scales. 
CUB,   n.      [Allied  perhaps  to  Ir.   caobh,  a  branch,   a 
shoot.     But  the  origin  of  the  word  is  imcertain.] 

1.  The  young  of  certain  quadrui)eds,asof  thubear 
and  the  fitx  ;  a  pii|>py  ;  a  whelp.  Waller  uses  the 
word  for  the  young  of  the  whale. 

2.  A  yoimg  boy  or  girl,  in  contempt.  Shak* 
eUB,  n.     A  stall  for  cattle.     [JVot  in  use.] 

eUB,  p.  t.  To  bring  forth  a  cub,  or  cubs.  In  eoi^ 
tempt,  to  bring  forth  young,  as  a  woman.      Druden, 

€UB,  p.  (.     To  shut  up  or  confine.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Burton. 

CU-BS'TION.  n.     [L.  CMJafio,  from  eubo,  to  lie  down.] 
The  act  of  lying  down  ;  a  reclining.  Diet. 

€C'BA-TO-RY,  a.  Lying  down;  reclining;  incum- 
bent. Diet. 

CC'IiA-TCRE,  n.  [from  cube.]  The  findinc  exactly 
the  solid  or  cubic  contents  of  a  body.  Brandc. 

CUB'B/:U,  (kubd,)  pp.  Brought  forth  ;  shut  up  ;  con- 
fined.    [Usrdofbea.^ts.] 

eUH'BING,  p;)r.  Bringing  forth,  as  beasts;  shutting 
up  in  a  stall. 

CIJB'-DUAVV^\,  a.  Drawn  or  sucked  by  cubs,  applied 
by  Hhakspeare  to  the  bear. 

Cube,  n.  [Gr.  Kv/iiii ;  L.  cubus,  a  die  or  cube  ;  Fr. 
cube;  It.  cuho;  f^p.cubo;  Pnri.eubo.  In  the  two  tatter 
languages,  itsignifiesalsoa  pail  or  tub,  and  in  Port,  the 
nave  of  a  wheel.  W.  cab,  a  bundle,  heap,  or  aggre- 
gate, a  cube  ;  Ch.  3pp,  to  square,  to  form  into  a  cube  ; 
N-^aip,  the  game  of  dice,  Gr.  Kvjjci'i.  It  seems  to  bo 
allied  to  L.c«/>P, to  set  or  throw  down,  and  to  signify 
tliat  which  is  set  or  laid,  a  solid  mass.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  regular  solid  body,  with  six  equal 
square  sides,  an'ti  containing  etnial  angl'-s. 

2.  In  arithmetie.,  the  product  of  a  number  multiplied 
Into  itself,  and  that  product  miiltiplieil  into  tlie  same 
number  ;  or  it  is  formed  by  multiplying  any  niimher 
twice  by  itself;  as  4  X*!  =  16,  untl  lt>  x4  —  C4,  the 
cube  of  4.  * 

The  law  of  the  pLtnela  la,  that  the  arjiiareB  of  t)ie  lirnea  of  th^'r 
revoIiiUoiu  arc  in  pru^joniaii  to  the  cahta  of  ijKir  iih-au  a\»- 
tanc«». 

Cube  rooty  ts  the  number  or  quantity,  which,  mul- 
tiplied into  Itself,  and  then  Into  the  prodiict,  produces 


TONE,  BphL,  UNITK.  — AN"OEE,  VI"CIOUS.— tJ  u  K;  0  as  J ;  «  as  ? ;  Cll  a«  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


37 


?wy 


cue 

the  cuIk  i  or  which,  twice  multiplied  into  itself,  pro- 
duces Ihf  number  uf  which  it  is  the  rput ;  thus, 
li  i;j  the  cube  nxjt  or  side  uf  ^,  for  3  x  3^:=9,  and 
3  X  9  =  27.         • 

COBC,  r.  L  To  raise  to  the  third  power,  by  multiply- 
w.ai  a  number  into  iL^elf  twice. 

eCBE'-OKE.  n.  An  ore  of  a  green  color,  consistingof 
arseuic  acid  and  iron. 

S 

eO'BEB.M.    [Ar.  AjIx^s  kabakmi  Indian  Atftote. 

Clasa  Gb,  No.  45.    Sp.  cubeba.] 

The  small,  spicy  Um  of  ihc  Piper eniebtiy  from  3a- 
ra,  and  ihe  other  K:ist  India  i^ra.  It  was  formerly 
caUfd,from  its  short  stems,  Piper  unu/otinn,  or  laileil 
pt-pper.  It  ffst^mliles  a  tirum  uf  pepper,  but  is  sume- 
wh.-tt  lonetT.  In  aromatic  wartulii  and  pungency,  it 
is  far  inferior  to  pepper.  Cexe.    KncjfC 

€C'BI&\L.*!*'   [l*  "^«^»  ^"  «*«•    See  Cote.] 

Having  the  form  or  properties  of  a  cube  ;  that  may 

be  or  is  contained  within  a  cube.    A  cubic  foot  of 

wtfter  is  the  water  that  may  be  cuolained  within  six 

equal  sides,  each  a  foot  square. 

Cmbic  t^ativm ;  in  filgtbra.  an  equation  in  which 
the  bighest  or  only  power  of  the  unknown  quantity 
b  a  cube.  Barloic. 

Cii>(C  mMnt^er^  Is  a  number  pn^duced  by  miiltipty- 
ing  a  number  into  itself,  and  tliui  protluct  by  the 
same  number;  or  It  is  the  numbt-r  arising  from  the 
mulliplicatton  uf  a  square  number  by  its  root.    [See 

CCHB.] 

CO'BIC-AL-LY,  o^r.    In  a  cubical  method. 
eO'BI€;-AL-M::ss,  K.    The  state  or  quality  of  being 
CC-Bie'U-LAR,  d.     [L.  cubietUuM.]  [cubical. 

BfUminng  to  a  chamber. 
eU-Bie'lf-LA  RY,  0.     [U  cubicuium,  a  bedroom.] 
Fitted  for  llie  posture  uf  tying  down.  [LittU  used.] 

Brwu. 
€0'BI-FORM,  a.    HavinR  the  form  of  a  cube.  O/xe, 
eO'BIT,  m.   [  L-  cvbituj,  the  elbow  ;  Gr.  nvpt  TOf ;  prob- 
ably allied  (o  L.  cubo,  and  sifpiifying  a  turn  or  comer.] 
l.ln  oaotaR*,  the  fore  arm ;  the  ulna,  a  bone  of 
the  arm  fium  the  dbow  to  the  wrist.   Qace.  Emcfc 

3.  In  atensuratiom^  the  len|^h  of  a  nuui's  arm  from 
thv  cxtivmity  of  the  middle  finger.  The 

cii  ancients,  n'as  of  a  different  length 

am  :  notions.    Dr.  Arbuthnot  states  Uie 

Ruin^  ciihit  ni  seventeen  inchcis  and  four  tenths; 
the  cuhit  of  the  fcriptures  at  a  little  le«s  than  twen- 
ty-two inches;  and  the  English  cubit  at  eighteen 
inches.  t^tcfc 

eO'BtT-AL,  «.    Of  the  length  or  uksasnre  of  a  cubiL 

9:  Peitainins  to  the  cubit  or  ulna  ;  as,  the  cmbUai 
nerve ;  eubiul  arter>- ;  c*bual  mnsck.    .flvopcr.  Ozs. 

Ct>'BIT-ED,  a.    Having  the  nteasor*  of  a  cubiL 

eCBXES^d.    Ha\ine  no  cubs.  [SMdan. 

CC'Ba-DO-DF:c  A-li^'DRALjO.  Presenting  the  two 
forms,  a  cube  and  a  dodccahedroru  CleateUnd. 

CC'BOID,  a.    UavtniE  nearly  the  form  of  a  cube. 

CU-BOIIVAL,  a.    rOr.  KL</io(,  cube,  and  aiui,  form.] 
Nearly  in  the  shape  of  a  cube ;  as,  the  cuboid 
bone  of  the  fuoU  WiiUh, 

€C'BO-OC-T.\-H£'DRAL,  a,     [cuht  and  oetMkedroL] 
Presenting  a  combination  of  the  two  forms,  a  cube 
and  nn  iKLiliedroiu  Cltawiand. 

eUCK'ING-STOOL,  n.  [au.  from  choke.}  A  duck- 
ing-stool; on  engine  for  punishing  scolds  and  refrac- 
tory women  ;  also  brewers  and  bakers  ;  called,  also, 
a  tmaikrti  and  a  trebucko.  The  culprit  was  seabed  oo 
thestuol,  and  tima  immersed  in  water. 

Old  Eng.  La», 

etJCE'OLD,  n.  [Chaucer,  e^Juwold.  llie  first  sylla- 
ble is  Fr.  cscM,  which  seems  to  be  the  first  syllable 
of  cffscoH,  cuckoo;  W.  cog;  Sw.  fifk;  Dan.  e^g^. 
The  Dutch  r4Ul  a  cuckold  koarndraagerj  a  Aoni^ 
wemrer ;  and  the  Germans,  AaJharci,  from  kahn,  a  «ocl;  ; 
the  Spaniards  and  Portuguese,  comsdo,  ItaL  comitfe, 
bomra  ;  Fr.  corMSrd^  (oha.)  Bee  Spelman's  Gtossa- 
ns  Toc.  A-fu.] 

A  man  wh<^  wife  is  false  to  his  bed  ;  the  hus- 
band of  an  adulteress.  Sn^ft. 

CUCK'OU),  r.  L  To  make  a  man  a  cuckold  by  crim- 
inal conversation  with  his  wife ;  applied  to  the  ae- 
dMcer,  Sitak. 

2.  To  make  a  husband  a  cuckold  by  criminal  con- 
versation with  another  man  ;  applied  to  the  ictfe, 

Drydau 

CUCK'OLD-£D,  pp.  Made  a  cuckold  by  criminal 
conversation 

€UCK'OL-DOM,  «.  The  act  of  adultery;  the  stale 
of  a  cuckold.  Johnson      Ihrydtn. 

€UCK'OLD-LV,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  a  cuck- 
cdd  ;  mean  ;  sneaking.  Shak. 

CUCK'OLD-MaK-ER,  n.  One  who  has  criminal  con- 
version with  another  man's  wife  ;  une  who  makes 
a  cuckold.  nryden, 

tjyCK'OO,  (kwk'oo,)  n.   [L.  eucuius ;  Gr.  kokkv^  ;  Fr. 

eoucou  ;   .vm.  coucoaq;   S^x.  gtac  ;   Dan.  eiSg  i  tJw. 

gHk  ;  W  COD- ;    D.  koekoek  ;  G.  kuekuck ;   Sp,  cueo  or 

euchUo;  lu  cjtatlo.    See  Gawk.] 

A  bird  of  the  genua  Cuculus,  whose  name  is  sup- 


CJJE 

posed  to  be  called  from  its  note.  The  note  is  a  call 
to  love,  and  continued  only  during  the  lunorous  sea- 
son. It  is  said  the  cucktK>  lays  its  eggs  in  a  nest 
formed  by  another  bird,  hv  which  they  are  hatrhed. 

C}jCK'00-BUD,  n.    The  plant  crowfoot  or  buttercup. 

SJtak. 

eyCK'OO-FLOVV-ER,  It.  A  plant,  a  species  of  Car- 
namine  or  Lady's  Siuock. 

eyCK'OO-LIKli,  (k^k'oo-)  a.    Like  the  cuckoo. 

€tCK'00-PINT,  n.    A  plant,  of  the  genus  Arum. 

€UCK'00-:^Pn\  i  n.      A    dew    or   exudation 

€yCK'0O-ePIT-TLE,  (  found  on  plants,  especially 
about  the  joints  of  lavender  and  roseniar)'.    Brown. 

Or  a  froth  tu-  spume  found  nil  the  leaves  of  certain 
plants,  as  on  white  Hetd-lychnis  or  catchlly,  called, 
aometiniea,  epaUing-peppy.  Encyc, 

CUCaUflAN,  n.     [Fr.  eomt%ne.\ 

A  vile,  lewd  woman.    [Abe  ra  tuf.l     B.  Jonson, 

eO'eUI^LATE,      \  a.     [L,  euculUttua,  from  cucaUtu. 

eO'eUL-LA-TED, !     a  hood,  a  c^vL] 

1.  Hooded  ;  cowled  ;  covered  as  with  a  hood. 
3.  Having  the  shape  or  resemblance  of  a  hood  ;  or 
wide  at  the  top  and  drawn  to  a  point  below,  in  shape 
of  a  conical  roll  of  paper ;  as,  a  emeuUate  leaf. 

CO'CUM-BKR,  n.  [Fr.  coucombre.  or  eoHcambrtiy  from 
L.  eueumer  or  eueumis ;  Sp.  eohamhro ;  D.  komnutmmer ; 
Ir.  eueamhar.] 

The  name  of  a  plant  and  its  fruit,  of  the  genus 
Cucumis.  The  flower  is  yellow  and  belt-shaped  ;  and 
the  stalks  are  long,  slender,  and  trailing  on  the 
ground,  or  climbing  bv  their  claspers. 

eCeUR-BIT,     )  n.      fL.  cucurbita,  a  gourd  ;  It.  id.  ; 

€0'€UR-BITK,  I  rr.eucurbUe;  from  L.  curvitas.] 
A  chemical  vessel  in  the  shape  of  a  gourd  ;  but 
sonie  of  them  are  shallow,  with  a  wide  muiith.  It 
may  be  made  of  copper,  glass,  tin,  or  stone  ware,  and 
is  used  in  distillation.  This  vessel,  with  its  head  or 
cover,  constitutes  tli»»  alembic. 

€U-€UR-BI-TA'CEOUS,  a.  Resembling  a  gourd  ;  as, 
eiteHrbitaet^ug  plants,  such  as  the  melon  and  pump- 
kin or  poniplon.  Milne.    Jilartyn. 

€U-€UR'BI-TIVE,  a.  A  word  applied  to  small  worms 
shaped  like  the  seeds  of  a  gourd. 

CUD,  n.  [As  this  word  is  olV-n  vulgarly  pronounced 
fmidy  I  suspect  it  to  be  a  corruption  of  the  D.  kaauwd^ 
gekaamwd^  chewed,  from  kaauwen^  to  chew.  Arm. 
ekagueiMj  Sax.  cA»Nin.     See  Chew  and  Jaw.] 

1.  The  food  which  ruminating  animals  chew  at 
leisure,  when  not  grazing  or  eating  ;  or  that  portion 
of  it  which  is  brought  from  the  tirst  stomach  and 
chewed  at  once. 

2.  A  portion  of  tobacco  held  in  the  mouth  and 
chewed. 

3.  The  inside  of  the  motith  or  throat  of  a  beast 
that  chews  the  cud.  Eneyc 

eUD'BEAR,  n.  [A  conupClon  of  CutAfterC,  with  a 
French  prununciation,  so  called  after  a  man  of  this 
name,  who  first  brought  it  into  notice.] 

A  plant,  the  Lec^nora  Tatarca,  of  the  order  of  Li- 
chens, much  employed  in  dyeing.  It  gives  a  purple 
color. 

€UD'DE\,  )  n.     A  clown  ;  a  low  rustic  ;  a  dolt.  [JVot 

eUD'DY,      j      usfd.]  Dryden. 

eUD'ULE,  r.  i.    [Arm.  euddyo  ;  W.  ruiiav,  to  hide,  to 

lurlt,  to  cover  or  keep  out  of  sight ;  Sax.  eudele^  the 

euttle-fijth.      Qu.  hide  and  cheaL      See  Class  Gd,  No. 

26,  30,  31,  38.] 

To  retire  from  sight ;  to  lie  close  or  snug  ;  to  squat. 

Prior. 

CUD'DLE,  v.  t     To  hug  ;  to  fondle.  Forby.  Holloway. 

eUD'DY,  n.  A  small  cabin  in  the  fore  part  of  a  lighter 
or  boat.     Totten.     Hence, 

2.  A  very  small  apartment. 

3.  The  cole-fish. 

€UD'6EL,  n.  [VV.  cogel;  from  cdg,  a  mass,  lump,  or 
ehort  piece  of  wood.  The  Scot,  cud,  Teut.  kodde, 
kudse^  is  a  different  word  ;  dg  in  English  being  gen- 
erally from  gj  as  in  pledgty  bridge^  &c.] 

A  short,  thick  stick  of  wood,  such  as  may  be  used 
by  the  hand  In  beating.  It  dilfers  strictly  from  a 
club,  which  is  larger  at  one  end  than  the  other.  It 
is  shorter  than  a  pole,  and  thicker  than  a  rod 

Dnjden.     Locke, 
To  cross  the  cudgels;   to  forbear  the  contest ;    a 
phrase  borrowed  from  the  practice  of  cudgel-players, 
who  lay  one  cudgel  over  another.  Johnson. 

€UD'GEL,».  L    To  beat  with  a  cudgel  or  thick  stick. 

Swift. 
5J.  To  beat  in  general.  Shak. 

€UD'GEL-f:D,  pp.    Beaten  with  a  cudgel. 
€CD'GEL-ER,  n.     One  who  beats  with  a  cudgel. 
€UD'GEL-L\G,   ppr.     Beating  with  a  cudgel. 
€LT)'GEL-PROOF,  a.     Able  to  resist  a  cudgel ;  not 

to  be  hurt  by  beating.  Hadibras. 

eUD'LE,  (kud'l,)  n.    [Uu.  Scot,  cuddle.] 

A  small  sea-fish.  Carew. 

eUD'WEED,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Gnaphalium  ; 
called,  also,  everlasting,  goldylocks,  or  eternal  flower, 
of  many  species.  The  flowers  are  remarkable  for 
retaining  their  beauty  for  years,  if  gathered  in  dry 
weather.  Encyc. 

CDE,  (ku,)  n.    [Fr.  queue;  L.  eauda;  It.  and  Sp.  coda.] 
I.  The  tail ;  the  end  of  a  thing ;  as  the  long  curl 
of  a  wig,  or  a  long  roll  of  hair. 


CUL 

2.  The  last  words  of  a  speech,  which  a  player,  who 
is  to  answer,  catches  and  regards  as  an  iniiiuatiun  to 
begui.  A  hint  given  to  an  actor  on  the  sta;:.:,  wh;U 
or  when  to  speak.    "  Johnson.     Eixcyc* 

3.  A  liint ;  an  intimation  ;  a  short  direction. 

4.  The  iHirt  which  any  man  is  to  play  in  his  turn. 

Were  it  mjf  au  to  fifi'lit.  Shai. 

5.  Humor;  turn  or  temper  of  mind,  [y^lgar,] 
G.  A  farlliing,  or  farthinc's  worth.  Beaunu 
7.  The  straight  rod,  useuin  playing  billiards. 

CUER'PO,  (kwer'iK),)  n.    [Sp.  cuerpo,  L.  cor}>us,  body.] 

To  be  in  cuerpo,  or  to  walk  in  cuerpo,  are  S[t;n)lbli 

phrases  for  being  without  a  cloak  or  upper  garment, 

or  without  the  formalities  of  a  full  dmss,  en  that  the 

shape  of  the  body  is  expoe«ed.  Encyc 

Hence,  to  be  in  cuerpo,  also  denotes  to  be  naked  or 
unprolectfcd;  as,  expt^etl  in  cucrpo  to  their  mge. 

,.,  Hadibras. 

eUFF,  n.    [Pcrs.  \J3  kafa,  a  blow  ;  Ch.  (Jpj,  .id. ;  Ar. 

U-iLiLT  nak^fa,  to  strike  ;  Heb.  Ups,  to  strike  off,  to 

sever  by  striking,  to  kill.  The  French  coup  coin- 
cides with  cuff  in  elements,  hut  it  is  supposed  lo  he 
contracted  from  It.  colpo,  L.  colaphus.  Cuff,  however, 
agrees  with  the  Gr.  Konrti).] 

1.  A  blow  with  the  fist ;  a  stroke ;  a  box. 
iJ.  It  is  used  of  fowls  that  fight  with  their  talons. 
To  be  atflsty-ctiffs:  to  fight  with  blows  of  the  fi.-t. 
CUFF,  r.  t    To  strike  with  the  fist,  as  a  man  ;   or 

with  talons  or  \ving3,  as  a  fowl.   Congreve.  Dmilen. 
CUFF,  r.  i.     To  fight;  to  scuffle.  Drydr,,. 

CUFF,  H,    [This  word  probably  signifies  a  fuld  or 

doubling  ;  Ar.  C  ^l  «=^  kau/a,  to  double  the  border 
and  sew  together  ;  Ch.  «f  D,  lo  bend  ;  Heb.  «]D3  ;  Gr. 
KVJtTto ;  Low  L.  cippus.     Class  Gb,  No.  65,  *.8,  75.] 

The  fold  at  the  end  of  a  sleeve  ;  the  part  of  a  sli-eve 
turned  back  from  the  hand.  Arbuihnut. 

CUFF'ED,  (kurt,)  pp.     Struck  with  the  fist. 
CUFF'ING,;>or.    Striking  with  the  fist. 
CO'Fie,  a.     An  epithet  applied  to  the  older  characters 
of  the  Arabic   language,  used  at  the  time  of   Mo- 
hammed, apd  about  three  centuries  after,  when  those 
now  jn  use  were  invented.  Encyc,  Am. 

cut  BO' .^-O,    (ki-bO'no,)     [L.]    For  whose  benefit, 

(cMi  est  bono  1) 
CUIN'AGE,  (kwin'aje,)  n.  The  stamping  of  pigs  of 
tin,  by  the  proper  otficer,  with  the  arms  of  the  duchy 
of  Cornwall ;  corrupted  from  coinage.  McCuUodi. 
CUl-RASS',  (kwe-ras',)  n.  [Fr.  cuirasse;  It.  corazza; 
Sp.  coraza;  Port,  coura^a  :  W.  cnras.  Qu.  from  cor, 
the  heart ;  or  from  Fr.  cuir,  L.  corinm,  leather.] 

A  breastplate  ;  a  piece  of  defensive  armor,  made 
of  iron  plate,  well  hammered,  and  covering  the 
body  from  the  neck  to  the  girdle.  Encyc. 

cut  RAS-SlKR',  (kwc-ras-secr',)  n.     A  soldier  armed 

with  a  cuirass,  or  breastplate.  Milton. 

CUISH,  (kwis,)  n.  [Fr.  caisse,  the  thigh  or  leg  ;  W. 
coes;  Ir.  cos.] 

Defensive  armor  for  the  thighs.     Shak.     Dn/drn. 
CUT'STJVE',  (kwe-zeen',)  n.     [Fr.]     The  cookmg  de- 
partment ;  cookery. 
CUL'DEE,  n.     [L.  cultores  Dei,  worshipers  of  God.] 
A  monkish  priest,  remarkable  for  religious  duties. 
The  Culdees  formerly  inhabited  Scotland,  In^land, 
and  Wales.  Encyc 

CUL-DE-SAC,  [Ft.]  LiteraUy,  the  bottom  of  a  bag, 
and  figuratively,  a  street  which  is  not  open  at  both 
ends.  Bouvier. 

CUL'ER-AOE,n.     [Ft.  cut.] 

Another  name  of  the  Arse-smart. 
CU-LIC'I-FORM,  (ku-lis'e-form,)  a.    [L.  culex,  a  gnat 
or  Ilea,  and/orma,  form.] 
Of  the  form  or  shape  of  a  flea  ;  resembling  a  flea. 
CO'LI-NA-RY,  a.     [L.  cuZi/iaritts,  from  cuiina,^  kitch- 
en, W.  cyl.     See  KiL!*.] 

Relating  to  the  kitchen,  or  to  the  art  of  cookery  ; 
used  in  kitchens  ;  as,  a  culinary  fire ;  a  culinary  ves- 
sel ;  cuiinary  herbs.  ,  JVeKt/)n. 
CULL,  c.  (.  [Q,u.  Fr.  ciuUlir.  It.  cogUere,  to  gather ; 
Norm,  culhir;  It.  sceglicre.  To  cull  is  rather  to  sep- 
arate, or  to  take.] 

To  pick  out  ;  to  separate  one  or  more  things  from 
others ;  to  .select  from  many  ;  as,  to  cull  flowers ;  to 
cull  hoops  and  staves  for  market.  '       . 

Pope.,     Prior.     Lams  «f  Conn. 
GULL'£D,  pp.    Picked  out ;  selected  from  many. 
CUL'LEN-DER,  lu     A  strainer.     This,  which  is  the 
more  regular  spelling,  is  now  used  in  some  standard 
English  works.     [See  Colander.] 
CULL'ER,  n.     One  who  picks  or  chooses  from  many. 
2.  An  inspector  who  selects  merchantable  hoops 
and  staves  for  market.         Laios  of  Mass.  and  Conn. 
eUL'LET,  n.  Broken  glass,to  be  melted  over.  Brande. 
eUL-LI-BIL'I-TY,  n.     [fromcu%.]     Credulity;  easi- 
ness of  being  gulled.      [J^'ot  clrgant.]  Sitift, 
CULL'I.VG,  ppr.     Selecting  ;  choosing  from  many. 
eULL'ING,  n.     Any  thing  separated  or  selected  "from 

a  mass  ;  refuse.  Drayton, 

CULL'ION,  (kul'yun,)  n.    [It.  cogUone.] 


FiTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIL^T.  —  MkTE,  PRgY.  —  PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  —  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.  — 

900     "  - 


CUL 

1,  A  mean  wretch.  If  from  etdlijj  one  easily  de- 
ceived ;  a  dupe.  Dnjden. 

2.  A  round  or  bulbous  root ;  Orchis.     [L.  colrus.'] 
€ULL'IO.\-LY,  o.     Mean  J    base.      [A  bud  word ^  and 

not  tLsinW\  Sliak. 

eUL'LFS,  n.    [Pr.  coulisj  from  coulcr,  to  strain.] 

1.  Broth  of  boiled  meat  strained.      Beaum.  and  Ft. 
9.  A  kind  of  jelly.  Marston, 

€UL'LY,  n.  £See  tlie  verb.]  A  person  who  is  meanly 
deceived,  tricked,  or  imposed  on,  as  by  a  sharper, 
jilt,  or  strumpet ;  a  mean  dupe.  Ifudibras. 

€L'L'LY,  V.  U     [D.  JfcitHfrt,  to  cheat,  to  ^U.] 

To  deceive ;  to  trick,  cheat,  or  impose  on;  to  jilt. 
€rjL'LV-I\G,  ppr.    Deceiviuf; ;  tricking. 
€UL'LY-ISM,  rt.     The  stale  of  a  cully. 

[Cm/Zj/ and  il3  derivatives  are  not  elegant  words.] 

CL'LM,  n.     [L.  culinas;  It.  colbk;  W.  colov^  a  stalk  or 

stem  ;  L.  caaJLs;  D.  kitoL.     See  (Iuili.  and  Haulm.] 

1.  tn  botany,  the  Stalk  or  stem  of  com  and  grasses, 
usually  jointed  and  hollow,  and  supporting  the  leaves 
and  fntcttfication.  Jfartyn. 

2.  The  struw  or  drj-  stalks  of  com  and  grasses. 

3.  Anthracite  coal ;  a  species  of  fossil  coal,  found 
in  small  masses,  not  adhi-ring  when  heated,  difficult 
to  be  ignited,  and  burning  with  little  tlame,  but 
yielding  a  disagreeable  smell. 

^VirhoUon,    Joartu  qf  Science* 

4.  Comminuted  anthracite  coal.  OUberU 
eiJL'MEV,  n.     [L.]     Top ;  summit. 
CrL-MIF'ER-Oirs,  a.    [L.  culmus,  a  stalk,  and  f«ro^ 

to  bear.  J 

!.  Storing  culms.  Cutmiferous  plants  have*  a 
smooth,  jointed  stalk»  usually  hollow,  and  wnipp<id 
ab«>ut  at  each  joint  with  single,  narrow,  shari>- 
pointed  leaves,  and  their  seeds  contained  in  chaffy 
busks,  as  wheat,  r>'e,  oats,  and  barley. 

.Milne.     Quincy. 
Q.  Abounding  in  culm  or  glance  coal.        Sedgwick. 
3.  Cnntaining  culm. 
€UL'M1X-aTE,  v.  i.    [L.  euImeTi,  a  top  or  ridge.] 

To  be  vertical ;  to  come  or  be  in  the  meridian  ;  to 
be  in  the  liighest  point  of  altitude  ;  as  a  planet. 

Milton. 
€UL'MtN'-ATE,    a.      Growing    upward,    as    distin- 
guished from  a  lateral  growth  ;   a  term  applied  by 
Dana  to  the  growth  of  corals.  ■ 
erL'MI\-A-TIXG,ppr.  or  a.    Being  at  the  meridian  ; 

hitving  it-4  highest  elevation. 
eUL-MI.N-X'TIO.V,  n.    The    transit  of  a  heavenly 
body   over  the   meridian,  or  highest  point  of  alti- 
tude for  the  day.  BarUno. 
a.  Top ;  crown. 
eUL-PA-HIL'I-TY,  n.    [See  Culpable.]    Blamablo- 

ne»w  ;  culpableness. 
CUL'P.VBLE,  a.     [Low  h.  culvabilij  ;   Fr.  coupable  ; 
It.  colpabUe:  from  !•.  calpa,  a  fault  ;  \V.  ewlf  a  fault, 
a  flagumg,  a  drooping,  likc/au/f,  from  fail.'] 

1.  Rlimahle  ;  deserving  censure,  as  the  person 
who  has  done  wrong,  or  the  act,  ctmduct,  or  negli- 
gence of  the  person.  We  say,  the  man  is  culpable, 
or  Voluntary  ignorance  is  culpable. 

2.  Sinful;  criminal;  immoral;  faulty.  But  gener- 
ally, cuJpabU  is  applied  to  acts  less  atrocious  than 
criuies. 

3.  Guilty  of;  as,  culpable  of  a  crime.    [.Vnt  used.] 

Sprnger. 

CULTA-BLB-XES.S,  n.  Blamableness ;  guilt;  the 
quality  of  deserving  blame. 

CUL'PA-BLY,  arfr.  Blamahly  ;  in  a  faulty  manner; 
in  a  manner  to  merit  censure. 

CUL'PRIT,  m.  [.Supposed  to  be  formed  from  oil,  for 
cu/p(iA/*,  and  ^i(,  ready  ;  certain  abbreviation*  used 
by  the  clerks  m  noting  the  arraicnment  of  criminals  ; 
the  prisoner  is  guilty,  and  the  king  is  ready  to  prove 
him  so.]  Blackstane. 

1.  A  person  arraigned  In  court  for  a  crime. 

Dryden. 

5.  Any  person  convictpd  of  a  crime  ;  a  criminal. 
erTL'TER,  B.     f  I*.]     A  colter  ;  which  fue. 
CUI--TI-HOS'TkAL,  a.     [U  eulter,  a  colter,  and  «*- 

trum,  a  beak.] 

Having  a  bdl  flhaned  like  the  colter  of  a  plow,  or 
like  a  knife,  as  the  heron.  Partint^t^in. 

eUL'TI-VA-BLE,  a.  [See  Cultitatb.]  Capable  of 
being  tilled  or  ciiltivated. 

Med.  Rqtn.9.     Ktlwards^s  W.  Ind. 
€UL-TI-VA'TA-BLE,  a.     Cultivable.  Edward.i. 

eur/Tl-VXTE,  p.  t  [Pr.  cuWwer  f  Sp.  and  Port. 
citUiear  :  It.  calticare ;  from  L.  coh^  eultusy  to  till,  to 
dweiy  • 

I.  To  till ;  to  prepare  for  crops  ;  to  manure,  plow, 
dress,  sow, and  reap;  to  labor  or  manage  and  im- 
prove in  husbandry;  as,  to  cultivate  laud ;  tocuttirate 
a  farm.  Sinclair. 

a.  To  improve  by  labor  or  study  ;  tn  advance  the 
growth  of;  to  n-finc  and  improve  by  correction  of 
faults,  and  enlargement  of  powers  or  good  quali- 
ties ;  as,  to  euUivate  tak-nls  ;  to  cultivate  a  taste  for 
poetry.    • 

3.  To  study  ;  to  labor  to  imprrtve  or  advance  ;  as, 
to  eultieai^  philosophy  ;  to  culttvntf  the  mind. 

4.  To  cheriKh  ;  to  fiister ;  to  labor  to  promote  and 
Increase  ;  as,  Ut  eulfirate  the  Itrve  of  excellence ;  to 
euUtcate  gracious  a/Tectiona. 


CUM 

5.  To  Improve  ;  to  meliorate,  or  to  labor  to  make 
better ;  to  correct ;  to  civilize ;  as,  to  cultivate  the 
wild  savage. 

6.  To  raise  or  produce  by  tillage ;  as,  to  cultivate 
corn  or  grass.  Sinclair. 

€UL'TI-VA-TED,;.p.ora.  Tilled  ;  improved  in  ex- 
cellence or  condition  ;  corrected  and  enlarged  ; 
cherished ;  meliorated  ;  civilized  ;  produced  by  til- 
lage. 

eUL'TI-VS-TING,;jpr.  Tilling;  preparing  for  crops; 
improving  in  worth  or  good  qualities;  meliorating; 
enlarging;  correcting;  ibstering;  civilizing;  produ- 
cing bv  ti!lai;e. 

eUl^Tl-VA'TION,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  tilling 
and  preparing  for  crops  ;  husbandry  ;  the  manage- 
ment of  land.  Land  is  often  made  better  by  cultiva- 
tion. Ten  acres  under  good  cu/dpariora  will  produce 
more  than  twenty  when  badly  tilled. 

2.  Study,  care,  and  practice  directed  to  improve- 
ment, correction,  enlargement,  or  increase  ;  tlie  ap- 
plication of  the  means  of  improvement ;  as,  men 
may  grow  wiser  by  the  cultivation  of  talents ;  they 
may  grow  better  by  the  cultivation  of  the  mind,  of 
virtue,  and  of  piety. 

3.  The  producing  by  tillage  ;  as,  the  cultivation  of 
corn  or  grass. 

eUL'Ti-VA-TOR,  n.  One  who  tills,  or  prepares  land 
for  crops  ;  one  who  manages  a  farm,  or  carries  on  the 
operations  of  husbandry  m  general  ;  a  farmer;  a 
husbandman  ;  an  agriculturist. 

2.  One  who  studies  or  lalHirs  to  improve,  to  pro- 
mote, and  advance  in  good  qualities,  or  in  growth. 

3.  A  kind  of  harrow. 

CUL'TRATE,      (  a.      [L.   eultratusy    from    eulter,    a 
eUL'TRA-TED,  j      knife.] 

Sharp-edged  and  pointed  ;  shaped  like  a  pmning- 
knife  ;  as,  the  beak  of  a  bird  is  convex  and  cnltrated. 
Encyc,  art.  Corvus.     Loudon. 
eUL'TliRE,  rkult'yur,)  «.    [L.  cultura,  from  coh.  See 

CCLTITATB.J 

1.  The  act  of  tilling  and  preparing  the  earth  for 
crops  ;  ciiUivation  ;  the  application  of  labor  or  other 
means  of  improvement. 

We  ou^t  to  l)l.t.me  the  culture,  not  the  •oil.  Pope. 

2.  The  application  of  labor,  or  otiier  means,  to  im- 
prove good  qujilities  in,  or  growth  ;  as,  the  ctUture  of 
the  mind  ;  the  culture  of  virtue. 

3.  'I'he  application  of  labor,  or  other  means,  in  pro- 
ducing ;  as,  the  culture  of  com  or  grass. 

4.  Any  labor  or  means  employed  for  improvement, 
correction,  or  growth. 

eUL'TTJRE,  V.  t.     To  cultivate.  Thornson. 

CPL'T(]R-£D,  pp.     Cultivated. 

eUL'T^KE-LESS,  a.     Having  no  culture. 

€UL'TlIR-I\G,p;jr.     Cultivating. 

eCL'TUR-IST,  «.     A  cultivator. 

CUL' VER,  ru  [Sax.  cu^fer,  culfra ;  Arm.  colm  ;  L.  co- 
lumba.] 

A  pigeon,  or  wood-pigeon.  TViitmson. 

CUL'VER-llOUSE.  n.     A  dove-cote.  Harmar. 

eilL'VER-IN,  n.  [Fr.  eouleavrinc  ;  lU  colabrina ;  Sp. 
eulebrina;  from  L.  eolubrinusj  from  coluber,  a  ser- 
pent.] 

A  long,  slender  piece  of  ordnance  or  artillery,  serv- 
ing to  rarrv  a  biUl  to  a  great  distance.  Encyc. 

CCL'VER-KP.Y,  (kS,)  n.  A  plant,  or  flower.  tValton, 

eUL'VEKT,  n,  A  passage  under  a  road  or  canal,  cov- 
ered with  a  bridge ;  an  arched  drain  for  the  passage 
of  water.  Ct/e. 

eUL'VER-TAIL,  n.    [culver  and  eaS.]    Dovetail,  in 

ioinery  and  carpentry, 
TL'VER  TAIL-KD,  r-tald,)   a.    United  or  fastened, 
as  pieces  of  timber,  by  a  dovetailed  joint;  a  term 
tuied  bit  shiptBrifrhtA,  Encyc 

eUM'BEN'j',  a.     [L.  enmho.'] 

■Lying  down. 
CUM'BER,  r.  L  [Dan.  kummer,  distress,  encumbrance, 
grief;  D.  kommeren  f  Q.  kiimmern,  to  arrest,  to  con- 
cern, to  trouble,  to  grieve;  Fr.  encombrer,  to  encum- 
ber.] 
L  To  load,  or  crowd. 

A  nrirtx  of  rrivolom  Mguincnti  eumberM  the  memorr  to  nopiir- 
po*';.  Locke. 

2.  To  check,  slop,  or  retard,  as  by  a  load  or  weight ; 
to  make  motion  diHicult ;  to  obstnict. 

3.  To  perplex  or  embarrass  ;  to  distract  or  trouble. 

Miirtba  wa«  cuinbertd  nbout  much  Krviitg.  —  Luke  x. 

4.  To  trouble  ;  to  be  troublesome  to  ;  to  cause 
trouble  or  obstrurtion  iu,  as  any  thing  useless. 
Thus,  bramblirs  cumber  a  garden  or  field.  [See 
Encumrcr,  which  Is  more  (icnerally  used.] 

eUM'BER,  n-  Hinderance;  obstruction;  burdensome- 
ness;  embarrassment;  disturbance;  distress. 

Th'a  KkIc  ihy  helps,  »ml  thus  ihj  citinbere  Brrin^.    Spenaer. 
[Thift  leord  u  now  itcaretly  jisrd.] 
eUM'BKR-Kf),  pp.     I-ondefl ;  crowded. 
€UM'BER-lNG,;7»r.  leading  ;  crowding;  obstructing. 
eUM'BER-HO.\IE,    o.      Troublesome  ;    burdensome  ; 
embarTassing  ;  vexatiotis ;  as,  cumberMme  obedience. 

Sidney. 


CUN 

2.  Unwieldy;  unmanageable;  not  easily  borne  or 
managed  ;  as,  a  cumbersome  load  ;  a  cumbersmnc  ma- 
chine. 

eUM'BER-SOifE-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  encum- 
ber. Shenooad. 

€UM'BER-SOME-NESS,  n.  Burdensomeness ;  the 
quality  of  being  cumbersome  and  troublesome. 

CUM'BRANCE,  n.  That  wliich  obstructs,  retards,  or 
renders  motion  or  action  diiricult  and  toilsome  ;  bur- 
den ;  encumbrance  ;  hinderance  ;  oppressive  load  ; 
embarrassment.  Milton. 

CUM'BROUS,  a.  Burdensome  ;  troublesome  ;  render- 
ing action  difficult  or  toilsome ;  oppressive ;  as,  a 
cumbrous  weight  or  charge.  Mdton.     Dryden. 

2,  Giving  trouble ;  vexatious  ;  as,  a  cloud  of  curor 
broas  gnats.  Spm.^'eT. 

3.  Confused  ;  jumbled  ;  obstructing  each  other; 
as,  the  cumbrovj  elements.  Milton. 

CUM'BROUS-LY,  adv.     In  a  cumbrous  manner. 

eUM'BROUS-NESS  n.    State  of  being  cumbrous. 

eUM'FREY,  (kum'fry,)  k.  A  genus  of  plants,  the 
Symphytum;  sometimes  written  CoMFREy,CuuFRr, 
and  CuMPHRY. 

eUM'IN,  71.  [L.  cuminum;  Gr.  Kvutvov  ;  OrientaH^oa, 
kamon.  The  verb  with  which  this  word  seems  to  be 
connected,  signilies,  in  Ar.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Sam.,  to  re- 
tire from  sight,  to  lie  concealed.] 

An  annual  plant  whose  seeds  have  a  bitterish, 
warm  taste,  with  an  aromatic  flavor  ;  Cuminum 
cvminum. 

CUM'.MING-TON-TTE,  n.  A  new  mineral  discovered 
by  Dr.  J.  Porter,  in  Curamiiijrton  and  Plainfield,  Hamp- 
shire county,  Massachusetts,  and  named  by  Pruf. 
Dewey.  It  is  massive,  the  composition  thin,  colum- 
nar, scapiform,  stellular,  rather  incoherent,  fibers 
somewhat  curved,  luster  silky,  color  ash-gray,  trans- 
lucent to  opaque,  brittle.  Porter.     Sfiepard. 

GO'MU-LATE,  r.  t,  [h.cumulo:  Russ.  tow,  a  mass 
or  lump;  h.  cumulu.i,  a  heap;  Fr.  comblcr,  cutnuler  i 
Sp.  cumular  ;  It.  eumidare.] 

To  gather  or  throw  into  a  heap;  to  form  a  heap; 
to  heap  together.  Woodward. 

[Accumulate  is  more  generally  used.] 

eU-JlU-LA'TlON,  n.  The  act  of  heaping  together  ;  a 
heap.     [See  Accumulation.] 

CO'MULA-TIVE,  a.  Composed  of  parts  in  a  heap; 
forming  a  mass.  Bacon. 

2.  That  augments  by  addition  ;  that  is  added  to 
Boincthing  else.  In  laic,  that  augments,  as  evidence, 
facts,  or  arguments,  of  the  same  kind. 

Cu'MU-LOSE,  a.    Full  of  heaps.  « 

eO'iMU-LO-STRA'TUS,  n.    [L.  curmUiu!  and  stratiut.) 

In  meteorology^  a  name  given  to  a  cloud  haviua,  in 

its  main  body,  the  characters  of  the  stratus,  but  in 

its  margin,  small  tufts  like  the  cumulus.     D.  Olmsted. 

€0'MU-LUS,  n,  [L.,  a  heap.]  In  meteoroto>ry,  a  name 
given  to  one  of  the  four  fundamental  clonds,  from  its 
structure  in  conve.t  masses  piled  one  U[>on  another. 

D.  OhiL^ted. 

eUN,  c.  e.     To  know.     [JVotusrd.]     [See  Cos.] 

2.  To  direct  the  course  of  a  ship.  [See  Co.nd,  the 
tnie  orthography.] 

CUNC-TA'TION,  n.     [L.  cunctor,  tu  delay.] 
Delay,     [.^rot  much  used.] 

eUNC-TA'TOR,  n.  One  who  delays  or  lingers.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Hammond. 

CUND,  V.  t.    To  give  notice.     [See  Co;«d.] 

€0'NE-AL,  0.    JL.  cMncM.-t,  a  wedge.    See  Co i v.] 
Having  the  (onn  of  a  wedge. 

CU-Nil'l-FORM,  I  a.   [L.  cunea^,  a  wedge,  and/onna, 

CC'Nl-FORM,      j      form.] 

Having  the  shape  or  form  of  a  wedge. 

eUN'NER,  H.  A  vulgar  local  name  fur  the  limpet  or 
patella.  Gilbert. 

eUN'NING,  a.  [Sax.  cunnnn,  eonnan;  Goth,  kunnan, 
to  know  ;  Sw.  kunna,  to  be  able,  to  know  ;  kunnig, 
known  ;  also,  knowing,  skillful,  cunning;  D.  kunnen^ 
can,  to  be  able,  to  hold,  contain,  understand,  or 
know;    O.  kUnncn.     See  Can.] 

1.  Knowingi  skillful  ;  experienced  ;  wrll-instmrt- 
ed.  It  is  applied  to  all  kinds  of  knowledge,  lint  gen- 
erally and  appropriately,  to  the  nkill  and  dexterity  of 
artificers,  or  the  knowledge  acquired  by  experience. 

Esfiu  WM  0.  running  liiinicr.  -Gfii.  xxiii. 

I  will  uke  ftwiw  Ui''  cunning  iinifictr.  —  li.  III. 

A  cunning  wofkiii.in.  —  Kx,  xxxviii, 

2.  VVroupht  with  skill ;  curious ;  ingenious. 

Wllh   c\v:nitM  of  cunning  work  nh-ill  Uinu  rnuke  them.  —  Gx. 

xxvL 
[The  foregoing  spn8e.i  occur  fretiuently  in  our  vcraion 
of  the  Scriptures,  but  are  vr.arlii  nr  quite  obsolete] 

3.  Artful ;  shrewd  ;  sly  ;  crafty  ;  lutule  ;  design- 
ing ;  as,  a  cunning  fellow. 

They  arrrfioWrd  to  U?  cunuing ;  let  oihcM  run  the  hw-fird  of 
buiij  ■iiicere.  Sovlh. 

In  this  sense,  the  purpose  or  final  rnd  of  t*ie  per- 
son may  not  be  illaudnbic  ;  but  cnnming  Implies  the 
use  of  artilire  to  accomplish  the  purptwe,  ralluir  than 
open,  candid,  or  direct  nniaiis.     (letn-e, 

4.  Deceitful ;  trickiifh  ;  employing  stratagems  for  a 
bad  purpose. 


TONE,  BJJLI-^  UNITE.  — AN"OEB,  VI"CIOUa  — €  as  K;  0  as  J;  «  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


CUP 

&  Assumed  with  subtilty  ;  artful. 

Aomondaf  hb  tutrfrit/  to  be  but  »  cmuunf  bee  orfiita>4«oo(l. 

eUX'MXG,  M.     KDOwledse:  art:  skill:  dexterity. 

Let  mj  riftit  hAiid  ftiTfM  tm  Miudjiir.  —  P>>  cxxxrU. 

3.  Art;  artifice;  nrtfVilness ;  craft;  shrewdness; 

the  foculty  or  act  of  using  stratagem  to  nccomptiah 

a  purpose.     Hence,  in  a  tuft  sen^r^  deceitfulnesa  or 

deceit  i  fraudulent  skill  or  dexterity. 

DinoanFC  eunmnf  la  a  chUJ ;  eunninf  is  the  s{»  of  wladem. 

Lock*. 

<nJN'NING-LY.  adv.    ArttViIly  ;  craftily  j  with  suMil- 
ty ;  with  fraudulent  contrivance. 

We  tare  not  foUowvd  cmuiin^  dtvlMd  fkblM.  —  S  fVt.  L 


€U\'MNG-MAN»  «.  A  man  who  pretends  lo  trti  for- 
tunes, or  ii^ach  bow  to  recover  stolen  or  lost  goods. 

Butter. 

eU^*'XI.^'(^.^ESS,  ■.    cunning ;  cmft ;  decehfulness. 

ei'P,  m.  [Sax.  r#p  or  emff ;  D.  k»p :  Dan.  id. ;  Sw.  kt^ ; 
Fk.  e»mfe ;  Ana.  esiqwa ;  IL  wyya  t  Sp.  eejM ;  Ir.  eap*y 
or  eafitMi  VV.  c«^  tisytw ;  U  ci^m,  cvypa,  whence 


ciqwll<>aqMi,aUttlecup;Cb.aoKA.- Ar  i^y^s 

kmbtm,  Ctan  Gb,  No.  48.  Bee  also  No  6.  The 
primary  sense  may  be,  hollow,  bending,  RussLAspa^, 
or  containing ;  most  probably  the  latter,  and  alhed 
to  L.  capta.     See  So.  50,  53,  68,  and  Coop.] 

1.  A  small  vessel  of  capacity,  used  commonly  to 
drink  out  of.  It  is  ui^ually  m:ide  of  metal ;  &>«,  a  sil- 
ver cup;  a  tin  cup.  But  the  name  is  also  given  to 
vessels  of  like  shape,  used  for  other  purp<ises.  It  is 
usually  more  deep  than  wide;  biit  tea-cups  and  cof- 
fee-cups  are  often  exceptions. 

S.  The  contents  of  a  cup;  the  liquor  contained  in 
a  cup,  or  that  it  may  contain  j  ait,  a  cup  of  beer.    See 

1  Ctnr.  xL 

3.  In  a  tcriptmrml  mmm,  suflerings  and  afflictions ; 
that  which  is  to  be  received  or  endured. 

O  nr  Patbrr,  IT  k  be  ptMftie.  kt  Ihfa  cMp  fim  ftom  ne.  — 

4.  Good  received ;  blessings  and  (hvora. 

My  cwp  tunanit  xmr.  —  Pi.  zxliL 

7bi«  tkt  ettp  ef  MltatSon  ;  that  iHj  receive  the  bless- 
inga^  deliverance  and  redemption  with  joy  and 
thanlugivin^  Crud^n.    Bromn. 

5.  Any  thmg  bcdlow  like  a  cup ;  an,  the  eup  of  an 
acorn.  The  bell  of  a  flower,  and  a  calyx,  is  called  a 
Jtotctr-cvp. 

C  A  ^asa  cap  or  vassel  used  for  drawing  blood  in 
•carificatiuQ. 

Cap  and  cam  ;  familiar  enmpnnions;  the  can  being 
the  large  vessel  out  of  which  the  cup  is  filled,  and 
thus  the  two  being  ronstintty  a^^sociat^'d.        Sw^ft 

Cups,  in  Uu  ptuToX;  social  eutertainment  iu  drink- 
ing ;  merry  bout. 

Theaoe  from  eupv  lo  ci*0  twoOib  JU!ten. 

CUP,  r.  t.  In  mr^rrjr,  to  apply  a  cupptng-glass  lo  pro- 
cure a  discharge  of  blood  from  a  econfied  part  of  the 
body.  Ejicyt, 

0.  To  supplv  with  cups.    [06-.]  Shak. 

€TJP'-BEaR-ER,  a.  An  allendnnt  r.f  a  prince  or  at  a 
feast  who  conveys  wine  or  other  liquors  to  the  guests ; 
ao  officer  of  the  king'r  household.    .VrA.  i. 

CUPBOARD,  Ckub'biird,)  n.  [cup  and  bocrd.}  Origi- 
luifar,  a  board  or  shelf  fcr  cup?  to  stand  on.  In  mod- 
trit  lutusUj  a  small  case  or  inclo^ure  in  a  room,  with 
shelves  destined  to  receive  cup^i,  plates,  dishes,  and 
the  like.  Bacon.     Drydem. 

€:UP'BO.\RD,  r.  L  To  collect  into  a  cupboard ;  to 
hoard.    ^Xut  vMd.]  Skak. 

eUP'BO.\RD-ED,  pp.    Deposited  in  a  cupboard. 

CO'PEL,  K.  [L.  eupttla^  a  little  cup.]  A  small  cup  or 
vessel  used  in  retinini;  precious  metals.  It  retains 
them, while  in  a  met.tlhc  sintc,  bu!'wh'>n  changed  by 
fire  iiUn  a  fluid  scorin,  it  nb^orUs  iliem.  Thus  when 
ft  mixture  of  lead  with  gnld  or  silver  is  heated  in  a 
strong  fire,  the  lead  is  oxyd^.trd,  and  sinks  into  the 
mbsOUice  of  the  cupel,  while  the  gold  or  silver  re- 
mains pure.  This  kind  of  ve^isel  is  made  usually  of 
pboeploie  uf  lime,  or  the  rei^tdue  of  burnt  bones, 
xaiumed  into  a  mtrid,  which  gives  it  its  figure. 

Enctfc     ijQtoisifT.     .YtcAolson. 

€:C'P£L-DUST,  a.    Powder  used  in  purifying  metals. 

■Smart. 

eU-PEl^LA'TIOX,  n.    The  refining  of  gold,  silver, 
and  some  other  metals.  In  a  cupel,  or  by  scorification. 
Lacoisier.     ^tckoUtnL,     £iicyc. 

CUP'-GALIi,  a.  A  singular  kind  of  gall  found  on  the 
leaves  of  osik,  &,c.  It  contains  the  worm  of  a  ?mall 
fly.  £nfyc. 

eCPro,  n.   [L.  cupid4>.\   In  mytJuthfry^  the  god  of  love. 

CU-PID'I-TY,  n.  [L,  cKpiditaSy  from  cupidMS,  from  ea- 
pio,  to  desire,  to  covet.    See  Class  Gb,  No.  02,  24.] 

An  eager  desire  to  possess  somi^thing;  an  ardent 
wishing  or  longing  ;  inurdinaie  or  unlawful  desire  of 
wealth  or  power.    Il  is  not  used,  I  believe,  for  the 


CUR 

animal  appetite,  like  lust  or  concupiscence,  but  for 
desire  of  the  mind. 

No  propcrtT  b  arevn  whfjn  it  beeomea  Lxrg«  enough  to  t^mpl  the 
cujiiihl^  o(  indi^u(  power.  Bart§. 

eUP'-MOS3,  «.  A  vague  term  for  a  sort  of  moss,  or 
some  plant  called  a  moss,  whether  correctly  or  not  is 
uncertain. 

eO'PO-LA,  n.  [It.  cupola;  Sp.  cupula:  from  the  root 
of  CUP,  or  rather  from  \V.  copy  a  top  or  suuiniit.] 

1.  In  arcAitecturej  a  spherical  vault  on  the  top  uf  an 
edifice ;  a  dome. 

2.  The  round  top  of  a  structure ;  as,  the  cupola  of  a 
Aimare.  Encyc 

eO'PO-L.\i:D,  a.     Having  a  cupola.     [JVot  used.] 

Herbert, 

CUP'P£D,  (kupt,)  pp.  Bled  by  means  of  cupping- 
glasses. 

eUP'PER,  n.  [fn»m  eup.]  One  who  applies  a  cup- 
plnii-glnss;  a  scnrttler. 

CuP'Pl.NG,  ppr.  or  «.  -Applying  a  cupping-glass,  with 
scanfication ;  a  drawing  bliH>d  witli  a  cupping-glass. 

€UP'PING-GLASS,  n.  A  pliiss  vessel  like  a  cup,  to 
be  applied  to  the  skin,  before  and  after  scarification, 
for  drawing  blood. 

CC'PRE-UfSi,  a.    [L.  cuprexu,  from  cuprum^  cop(»er.] 
C<»pi>eri' ;  consisting  of  copper  j  resembling  copper, 
or  pnrt.'iking  of  its  qualities.  Encyc     Boyle. 

€U-PKlF'ER-OUS,  a.  [U  cuprum^  copper,  and  /wo, 
to  Iwar.]^ 

Containing  or  afiording  copper;  as,  cupriferous  sil- 
ver. Tookt,     Ross. 

eUP'-ROSE,  «.    The  poppy. 

CUP'-SHAP-£D,  (-shapl,)  a.    Shaped  like  a  cup. 

eOTU-LA,  I  a.     [L,  cupala.']     In  botanvy  the  cup  of 

CC'PULE,  \  theacorn,  hu^kof  the  filbert, chestnut, 
&c  ;  a  peculiar  combination  of  bracts.  P.  Cijc. 

€U-PLT-UF'ER-OUS,  a.     Bearing  cuiniles. 

CUR,  n.  [Clu.  Lnpponic  eoirai  Basque  dumirra;  Ir. 
gyr,  ffaier,  a  dog.  J 

A  degenerate  dog ;  and,  in  reproach,  a  worthless 
man.  .Addison.     Shak,     Dnjden. 

€CR'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Cure.]  That  may  be  healed 
or  cured  ;  admitting  a  remedy  ;  as,  a  curable  wound 
or  disease  ;  a  curable  evil.  Drvden, 

€0R'A-BLE-NES8,  n.  Possibility  of  being  cured, 
healed,  or  remedied. 

eU-RA-C^A',  {ku-ra-s5',)  n.  A  liqueur  or  cordial,  fla- 
vored with  orange  peel,  cinnamon,  and  nince,  and 
deriving  its  name  from  the  Island  uf  Curacoa,  where 
it  is  best  made.  Brandt. 

€0'RA-Cy,  I  a.    [See  Cure  and  Curate.]    The 

eO'RATG-SHIP,  I     otiice  or  employment  of  a  ciirJte  ; 
the  employment  of  a  cterg>-inan  who  represents  the 
incumttt^iit  or  beneticiary  of  a  church,  parson,  or  vic- 
ar, and  otHciates  in  bis  stead.  SiD\fL 
S.  A  benefice  held  by  license  from  the  bishop. 

€U-RAR'I-NA,  n.  An  alkaloid  obtained  from  the  La- 
siustoma  Curare,  or  the  Woorara-tree  uf  South  Amer- 
ica. 

CO'RATE,  m.  [L.  cmratory  or  eurotiu,  firom  cum,  care. 
Bee  Cure.] 

1.  .\  clercjman  in  the  Church  of  England,  who  is 
employed  to  perform  divine  service  in  the  place  of 
the  incumbent,  parson,  or  vicar.  Kncyc 

There  are  two  kinds  ;  stipendiary  being  one  who  is 
hired  by  the  rector  or  vicar  to  serve  for  him,  and  per- 
petual being  one  who  is  not  dependent  uu  the  rector, 
but  is  supported  by  a  part  of  the  tithes  or  otherwise. 

Brande. 
S.  One  employed  to  perform  the  duties  of  another. 

Dnideiu  . 
eO'RA-TIVE,  a.    Relating  to  the  cure  of  diseases ; 

tending  to  cure.  ArbulknoU 

€U-Ra'TOR,  n.     [L.     See  Cure.]     One  who  has  the 

care  and  superintendence  of  any  thing.  Swift 

2.  A  guardian  appointed  by  law.  Aijliffe. 
%  Among  tke  Romans^  a  trustee  of  the  afiairs  and 

interests  of  a  person  emancipated  or  interdicted. 
Also,  one  appointed  to  regulate  the  price  of  mer- 
chandise in  the  cities,  and  to  superintend  the  cus- 
toms and  tributes.  Encyc. 

4.  In  the  United  Provinces ^  or  ITollandy  the  curator 
of  a  university  superintends  the  affairs  of  the  institu- 
tion, the  administration  of  the  revenues,  the  conduct 
of  the  professors,  &c.  Encyc. 

eU-RA'TRIX,  Ti.    She  that  cures  or  heals.  Cudioorth, 
CURB,  n.     [Fr.  eourber,  in  bend;   Russ.  koroblyu,  to 
bend,  to  draw  in,  to  strailcn.] 

I.  In  tJtc  manege,  a  chain  of  iron  made  fast  to  the 
upper  part  of  the  branches  of  the  bridle,  in  a  hole 
called  the  eye,  and  running  over  the  beard  of  the 
horse.  It  consists  of  three  parts;  the  hook,  fixed  to 
the  eye  of  the  branch  ;  the  chain  or  links  ;  and  ttie 
two  rings  or  mails.  Encyc. 

9.  Restraint ;  check  ;  hinderance.  Religion  should 
operate  as  an  efl^ectual  curb  to  the  passions. 

3.  A  frame  or  a  wall  round  liie  mouih  of  a  well. 
4. .[Ft.  courbc ;  lu  corba,  a  disease  and  a  basket.] 

A  hard  and  callous  swelling  on  the  hind  part  of  the 
hock  of  a  horse's  leg,  attended  with  stiffness,  and 
Fomc-times  pain  and  lumeness.  Encyc 

CURB,  r.  L  To  restrain  ;  to  guide  and  manage,  aa  a 
horse.  Milton. 


CUR 

2.  To  restrain  ;  to  check  ;  to  hold  back  ;  to  con- 
fine ;  to  keep  in  subjection  ;  as,  to  curb  the  pii^sions. 

And  wiaclj  lenm  to  curb  xhf  k>itowi  wild.  Milton. 

3.  To  furnish  or  surround  with  a  curb,  as  a  welL 

4.  To  bend.     [JVu(  «.«</.] 

€URB'/:D,  pp.  Restrained  ;  checked  ;  kept  in  subjec- 
tion ;  furnished  \vith  a  curb. 

CURK'IXi;,  ppr.     Holding  back;  checking;  restrain- 

CURH'ING,  n.     A  check.  [ing. 

eUKB'LEt^S,  a.     Having  no  curb  or  restraint 

CUUIl'-ROUF,  n.  A  roof  having  a  double  slope  on 
each  side  ;  a  gambrel  roof. 

€UKII'-STf>.\E,  «.  A  stone  placed  at  the  edge  of  a 
pavement,  to  hold  the  work  together.  It  is  written 
sometimes  Kerr  or  Kirb. 

CUR  CO'Ll-O.  «.  [L.]  A  general  name,  in  the  United 
States,  for  tiie  coleopterous  insects  which  devour 
fruits,  or  tlie  larve  of  which  do  so.  Gardner. 

CURD,  n.  [Ir.  cruth;  Scot.eruds.  Sometimes,  in  Eng- 
lish, Crud.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  congeal  or  coag- 
ulate.   See  Crystal,] 

The  coagulated  or  thickened  part  of  milk,  which 
Is  formed  into  cheese,  or,  in  some  countries,  eaten  as 
common  fttud.  The  word  may  sometimes,  perhaps, 
be  used  for  the  coagulated  part  of  any  liquor.  Bacon. 

CURl>.  r.  t.    To  cause  to  coagulate;  to  turn  to  curd. 

CURD'ED,  pp.     Coagulated.  [Shak. 

CURD'LE,  (kurd  !,)  v.  L     [Sometimes  written  Cru- 

DLE.        See    CURD.j 

1.  To  coagulate  or  concrete  ;  to  thicken,  or  change 
into  curd.     Milk  curdles  by  a  mixture  of  runnet. 

a.  To  thicken;  lo  congeal;  as,  the  blood  curdles 
in  the  veins. 
CURD'LE,  V.  t.    To  change  into  curd;  to  cause  to 
thicken,  to  coagulate,  or  concrete.    Runnet  or  brandy 
curdles  milk. 

At  Florence  they  curdla  their  milk  with  artichoke  flowers. 

Encye. 

5.  To  congeal  or  thicken.  The  recital  curdledmy 
blood. 

CURD'LFD,  pp.  or  a.    Coagulated  ;  congealed. 

CURD'LING,  vpr.     Concreting  ;  coagulating. 

eURD'y,  a.     Like  curd  ;  full  of  curd  ;  coagulated. 

Jirbatknot, 

eOREj  n.  [L.  cura  ;  Fr.  cure  ;  L.  euro,  to  cure,  to  take 
careflo  prejiare  ;  W.  cfrr,  care,  a  blow  or  stroke,  af- 
fliction ;  curaiCj  to  heat,  throb,  t^trike  ;  curiato,  to 
trouble,  to  vex,  to  pine  or  waste  away  ;  Fr.  curer,  to 
cleanse;  "^«  curer  les  rfrnts,"  lo  pick  the  teeth  ;  It. 
cura,  care,  diligence  ;  curare,  to  cure,  attend,  protect ; 
also,  lo  value  or  esteem ;  Sp.  cura,  cure,  remedy, 
guardianship ;  curar,  to  administer  medicines ;  to 
salt,  as  meat ;  to  season,  as  timber ;  to  bleach  thread 
or  Imen  ;  to  cake  care  ;  to  recover  from  sickness  ; 
curioso,  curious,  neat,  clean,  handsome,  fine,  careful. 
The  radical  sense  of  this  word  is,  to  strain,  stretch, 
extend,  which  gives  the  sense  of  healing,  that  is, 
mtiking  strong,  and  of  care,  superintendence.  But 
the  Welsh  has  the  sense  of  drivinir,  a  modified  ap- 
plication of  extending,  and  this  gives  the  sense  of 
separation  and  purification.  In  its  application  to 
hay,  timber,  provisions,  &c.,  the  sense  may  be,  to 
make,  riglit.  as  in  other  cases ;  but  of  this  I  am  not 
confident.] 

I.  A  healing;  the  act  of  healing;  restoration  to 
health  from  disease,  and  to  soundness  from  a  wound. 
We  say,  a  medicine  will  effect  a  cure. 

9.  Remedy  for  disease ;  restorative ;  that  which 
heals. 

Colda,  hi>n^;r,  prisons,  ills  without  a.  curt.  Dryden. 

3.  The  employment  of  a  curate  ;  the  care  of  soula ; 
spiritual  cliarge. 
CORE,  r.  t,    [L.  euro.    See  the  noun.] 

1.  To  heal,  as  a  person  diseased,  or  a  wounded 
limb  ;  to  restore  to  health,  as  the  body,  or  to  sound- 
ness, as  a  limb. 

The  child  woj  curtd  from  that  Teiy  hour.  —  MaU.  xvii. 

2.  To  subdue,  remove,  destroy,  or  put  an  end  to ; 
to  heal,  as  a  disease. 

Chribt  gnve  his  ditcipl':*  power  to  cure  diti-aaca.  —  Luke  ix. 

When  the  person  and  the  disease  are  both  men- 
tioned, cure  is  followed  by  o/before  the  disease.  The 
physician  cured  the  man  (/his  fever. 

3.  To  remedy  ;  to  remove  an  evil,  and  restore  to  a 
good  st'ite.  Patience  will  alleviate  calamities  which 
it  can  not  cure. 

•  4.  To  dry  ;  to  prepare  for  preservation  ;  as,  to  cure 
hay  ;  or  to  prepare  by  salt,  or  in  any  manner,  so  as  lo 
prevent  speedy  putrefaction  ;  as,  to  cure  fish  or  beef. 

COll'i^lJ,  pp.  or  a.  Healed  ;  restored  to  health  or 
soundness;  removed, as  a  disease  ;  remedied  ;  dried, 
smoked,  or  otherwise  prepared  for  preservation. 

eCRE'LESS,  a.  That  can  not  be  cured  or  healed  ; 
incurable  ;  not  admitting  of  a  remedy  ;  as,  a  cureless 
disorder  ;  a  cureless  ill.  Dnjden. 

COR'ER,  n.    A  healer ;  a  physician  ;  one  who  heals. 

Harvey. 

CUR'FEW,  j;kMrTu,)  n.     [Fr.  eouvrc-feu,  cover-fire.] 
1.  The  ringing  of  a  htrll  or  bells  at  night,  as  a  sig- 
nal to  Uie  inhabitants  to  rake  up  their  fires  and  retire 
to  rest     This  practice  orignaled  in  England,  from  an 
order  of  William  the  Conqueror,  who  directed  that. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL.  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRgY.— PTXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BQQK.— 
— 


to  nncticed  a  curionO/,  to  wt  k  trr«  on  th<  north 
wall,  uul  at  a  little  bight,  to  draw  it  thfnn^i  the 


CUR 

at  the  ringing  of  tlic  bi'll  nt  eic;ht  o*cUick,  every  one 
shutild  put  uut  bis  light  aiid  go  to  bed.  This  word 
is  mA.  used  in  America ;  although  the  practice  of 
ringing  a  bell  at  nine  o'clock  continues  in  many 
pliices,  and  is  considered,  in  New  England,  as  a  sig- 
nal for  people  to  retire  from  company  to  their  own 
abodes  j  and,  in  general,  the  signal  is  obeyed. 

2.  A  cover  for  a   fire ;    a   fire-plate.      [J'^ot  used.] 

Bacon, 
eUni-A-LIST'ie,  a.     [L.  euriaHs.] 

IVrtaining  to  a  court. 
CU-R[-AL'I-TY,  n.     [L.  curialis,  from  piria^  n  court.] 

The  privileges,  prerogatives,  or  retinue,  of  a  court. 

ij^ot  used.]  Bacon. 

R'l.N'G,  ppr.     Healing ;  restoring  to  health  or  sound- 
ness ;  removing,  as  an  evil ;  preparing  for  preserva- 
tion. 
t;CR'I.\G-HOUSE,  71.    A  building  in  which  sugar  is 

drained  and  dried.  Edwards,  W.  Ind. 

eU-RI-O*L06'ie,  0.      [Gr.  KvpioXi^ita,  propriety  of 
speaking.] 

Designating  a  rude  kind  of  hieroglyphics,  in  which 
a  thing  is  represented  by  its  picture.        Warburton. 
CU-RI-OS'I-TY,  n.     [L.  curwsitas.     See  Curious.] 
1.  A  strong  desire  to  see  something  novel,  or  to 
discover  something  unknown,  either  by  research  or 
inquiry  ;  a  desire  to  gratify  the  senses  with  a  sight  <tf 
what  is  new  or  unusual,  or  to  gratify  the  mind  with 
new  discoveries  ;  inquisitiveness.     A  man's  curiosity 
leads  him  to  view  the  ruins  of  Batbec,  to  investigate 
the  origin  of  Homer,  to  discover  the  component  parts 
of  a  minrral,  or  the  motives  of  another's  actions. 
a  Nicety;  delicacy.  Shak. 

3.  Accuracy ;  exactness  ;  nice  performance  ;  curi- 
ousness;  as,  the  curiosity  of  workmanship.      Ray. 

4.  A  nice  experiment  j  a  thing  unusual  or  worthy 
of  curiosity. 

There  hath  b«n 

fiile  of  ■  wi    _  ^    _ 

wail.  kz.  "  Bacon, 

5.  An  object  of  curiosity ;  that  which  excites  a 
desire  of  seeing,  or  deserves  to  be  seen,  as  novel  and 
extraordinary. 

We  tijok  ft  nmble  top;ther  to  lee  the  curionde*  of  this  vrrat 
town.  AiidUon. 

[Thefrst  and  the  last  senses  are  ehiejly  «j»rd.] 
eU-Rl-O'SO,  Ji.     [It.]     A  curious  person  ;  a  virttioso. 
CC'RI-OUS,  a.     [Ij.  euriojtw,  from  cura,  care.     See 

ClRE.] 

I.  Strongly  desirous  to  see  what  is  novel,  or  to  dis- 
cover what  is  unknown  ;  solicitous  to  see  or  to  know; 
htqutsitive. 

Be  DM  curiou*  In  unnt'C/'Marr  matten,  nor  to  pry  into  the 
tuncemt  o(  jrour  nci^bors.  Anon, 

3.  Habitually  inquisitive;  addicted  to  research  or 
inquiry  ;  as,  a  man  of  a  curious  turn  of  mind  ;  stmie- 
tunes  followed  by  afler^  and  soinelimes  by  of.  Curt- 
0U.1  qfter  things  elegant  and  beautiful ;  curious  of 
antiquities.  Woodward.     Dryden, 

3.  Accurate }  careful  not  to  mistake  ;  solicitous  to 
be  correct. 

Meo  were  aot  curioM*  what  >;IUbles  «r  psrtick*  Ihry  uiM. 

Huottr. 

4.  Careful;  nice;  solicitoua  in  selection;  dilficult 
to  please. 

A  iftnpenu  man  !■  not  eurUnu  of  dclicac>«.  Tby/or. 

5.  Nice }  exact ;  subtile ;  made  with  care. 

Both  ih'ar  apitya  embraoe  tbrtr  ollJ<^cU  —  with  a  morw  curiotu 
dMeniiiiiMtiun.  JIvUer. 

6.  Artful ;  nicely  diligent. 

K,»fh  oniamrni  ahem  h-r  (ttrm\j  U^i, 

Bjr  cunotM  ctuitce,  ur  i::tn;Ie«s  art,  coinpoaM.        Fhir/ax. 

7.  Wrought  with  care  and  art ;  elegant ;  neat ; 
fini*ihcd  ;  as,  a  euriuws  girdle;  euriouj  work.  Ex. 
xxvjii.  XXX. 

8.  K'-quiring  care  and  nicety  ;  as,  curious  arts. 
4ct,i  xix. 

9.  Rigid;  severe;  particular,     [LiuU  used.]     Shak, 

10.  Rare;  singular;  what  w.ts  hardly  to  be  ex- 
ported ;  as,  n  CMn'oit*  fsict.     Ifiime.     Burke.     Siiufhei/. 

Cu'RI-OUH-LV,  flrfc.     With  nice  inspection  ;  inquisi- 
tively ;  attentively. 

I  saw  fiodiinr  «t  Rnl,  but  obwrving  it  more  curioutly,  t}n!  spMa 

Q.  With  nice  care  and  art;  exactly;  neatly;  cle- 
grfntly.      Ph.  cx\x\x. 
X  In  a  singular  manner ;  unusually. 
eO'llt-OUH-NEHH,  n.     Fitness  to  excite  curiosity;  ex- 
actness of  workmanship. 
S.  Singularity  of  contrivance. 
X  Curio!«ity. 
CniL,  F.  (.    [U.  krulUn  i  Dan.  JtrBCw,  to  cuW,  to  crisp ; 
Corn,  krillia.] 

1.  To  ttim,  bend,  or  form  into  ringlets  ;  to  crisp  ; 
as  the  hair. 

2.  To  writhe  ;  to  twist ;  to  coil ;  as  a  scrponL 

3.  To  dress  whh  curls. 

Th^»nrlty  lockj 
That  eurUd  Mefyr.i.  MUlon. 

A.  To  raise  in  waves  or  undulations;  to  ripple. 

fl^ax  would  br  pools,  without  'Jk  Ijnuhin^  air 

TaeitflUtt  wavr^.  DnjiUn, 


CUR 

€trRL,  V.  i.  To  bend  in  contraction;  to  shrink  into 
ringlets.  Boyle. 

SL  To  rise  in  waves  or  undulations  ;  to  ripple  ;  and 
particularly,  to  roll  over  at  the  sumniit ;  as,  a  curling 
wave. 

3.  To  rise  in  a  winding  current,  and  to  roll  over  at 
the  ends  ;  as,  curling  smoke. 

4.  To  writhe  ;  to  twist  itself. 

Thf^n  round  her  slonder  waist  he  curled.  Dryden. 

5.  To  slirink  ;  to  shrink  back;  to  bend  and  sink. 
He  curled  down  into  a  comer. 

6.  To  play  at  the  game  called  curling.     [Scottish.'] 
CURL,  n.    A  ringlet  of  liair,  or  any  tiling  of  a  like 

form. 

2.  Undulation;  a  waving;  sinuosity;  flexure. 

J^ewton. 

3.  A  winding  in  the  grain  of  wood. 

4.  A  disease  in  potatoes,  in  which  the  leaves,  at 
tlieir  first  appearance,  seem  curled,  and  shrunk  up. 

Brandc. 

CURL'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Turned  or  formed  into  ringlets  ; 
crisped  ;  iwijsled  ;  undulated. 

CURL'ER,  n.     One  that  curis. 

2.  One  that  plays  at  the  game  called  curling. 
[Scotti.ih.] 

eUR'LEW-,  (kur'Iu,)  n.     [Fr.  courlis^  or  corlieu.'] 

An  acpiatic  bird,  of  the  genus  Numenius,  and  the 
prallic  order.  It  has  a  long  bill ;  its  color  is  diversi- 
fied with  ash  and  black  ;  and  the  largest  species 
spread  more  than  three  feet  of  wing.  It  frequent*' 
the  sea-shore  in  winter,  and  in  summer  retires  to  the 
mountains.     This  bird   is  of  the  same  family  witli 

'*  the  woodcock  and  sandpiper,  and  is  much  prized  for 
fV>od.  Its  various  species  are  widely  scattered  on 
both  continents. 

eURI/1-NESS,  n.    A  state  of  being  curly. 

eURL'ING,".  A  winter  game  among  the  Scotch, 
which  consists  in  launching  from  the  hafW  a  heavy 
weight,  (as  a  large  stone  or  mass  t)f  iron,)  along  the 
surface  of  the  ice,  so  as  to  strike  another  heavy  weight 
and  prtipel  it  in  a  given  direction,  thus  resembling 
billiards.  Jamicsim^s  Scottish  Diet. 

eURL.'IN<;,  j>pr.  ox  a.  Bending  ;  twisting;  funning 
into  ringlets  ;  playing  at  the  game  of  ettrling. 

CURL'INC-T-RON's,  i  n.  pi.     An  instrument  for  curl- 

eURL'ING-TONG*,  \      ing  the  hair. 

CURL'ING-LY,  adv.     In  a  waving  nyjnner. 

CURL'Y,  a.  Having  curls;  tending  to  curl  j  full  of 
ripples. 

lUll};;^:!.'!:^^-.?.'''!'-  "-:... -«„,. air. 

eUR-MUD'GEON,  rkur-mud'jun,)  n.  [Fs,  caur^ 
heart,  and  mcchant,  evil,    JVare^.     Qu,] 

An  avaricious,  churlish  fellow  ;  a  miser;  a  nig- 
gard ;  a  churl.  Hudibras. 

€UR-MUD'GEON-LY,  a.  Avaricious;  covetous; 
niggardly  ;  churlish.  L'Rstrange. 

CUR'RAN'T,  h.  ffrom  CoriHtA.]  Thefruit  of  a  well- 
known  shrub  hfionging  to  the  genus  Ribes, of  which 
Grossularia  is  now  considered  a  species ;  the  gross- 
berry  ur  gixMeberry  and  the  currant  falling  under  the 
same  genus.  Currants  are  of  various  sjiecies  and 
varieties;  as,  the  cummon  red  and  white  currants, 
and  the  black  currant. 

2.  A  small  kind  of  dried  grape,  imported  from  the 
Levant,  chiefly  from  Zante  anil  Cephalonia  ;  used  in 
cookerv.  JP  Culhch. 

eUR'RE'N-Cy,  n.  [See  CrBBE:*T.]  LUrralltj,  a  flow- 
ing, running,  or  p.x-<sinK;a  continued  or  uninter- 
rupted course  like  that  of  a  stream  ;  as,  the  currency 
of  lime.  Jitjliffe. 

3.  A  continued  coiinie  in  public  opinion,  belief,  or 
reception  ;  a  p^issing  frtim  pt^rstm  to  person,  or  from 
age  to  age  ;  as,  a  report  has  hud  a  long  or  genenil 
currrncy.  .fohnson, 

3.  A  continual  passing  from  hand  to  hand,  as  coin 
or  bills  of  rrr-ilit;  circulation;  as,  the  curratry  of 
cents,  or  of  English  crowns  ;  the  currency  of  bank 
bills,  or  of  treasury  notes. 

4.  Fluency  ;  ri-adiness  of  utterance ;  but  in  this 
Sense  we  generally  use  Jluency. 

5.  General  estiinnlion  ;  the  rate  at  which  any 
thing  is  generally  valued. 

lie   takr-a  ^reiitri'-M  uf  hin^loma   ncconlin;  to   ihf^ir  bulk  and 
curreiitij,  Ntid  nut  after  iiiLriiifllc  valui.-.  B'u:un. 

6.  That  which  is  current  or  in  circulation,  as  a 
medium  of  Irndi!.  The  word  may  be  fl[)plied  to 
coins,  or  to  bills  issued  by  authority.  It  is  often  ap- 
plied to  bank  notes,  and  to  notes  issued  by  govern- 
m'-nt.  Crawford. 

eUK'RENT,  a.  [L.  eiirrrns,  from  curro,  to  flow  or 
run  ;  Fr.  cour-iry  whence  courier,  and  discourir,  to 
discourse.,  eoneourir,  to  cpiicur,  lk.c.  ;  It.  corrcre;  Sp. 
and  Port,  corrrr,  to  run  ;  W.  gyru,  to  drive  or  run  ; 
Eng.  hurry.    It  seems  to  be  connected  with  the  root 

of  ear,  eart,  chariot^  like  eurrus.     See  Ar.  Aj    kaj-ua. 

and  C<*^  garaL    Class  Gr,  No.  7,  39,  15.] 

1.  Liternthjy  flowing,  running,  passing.  Honre, 
passing  fr«m  [lerson  to  person,  or  from  hand  to  hand 


CUR 

circulating;  as,  current  opinions;  current  coin. 
Hence,  common,  gcnenil,  or  fiishionable  ;  generally 
received  ;  popular ;  as,  the  current  notions  of  the 
day  or  age  ;  current  fully.         Watts,     Stuifl,     Pope. 

2.  Established  by  common  estimation  ;  generally 
received  ;  as,  the  current  value  of  coin. 

3.  Passable  ;  that  may  be  allowed  or  admitted. 

Shak. 

4.  Now  passing  ;  present  in  its  course  ;  as,  the  cur- 
rent month  or  year. 

eUR'RENT,  n.  A  flowing  or  passing;  a  stream; 
applied  to  fluids  ;  as,  a  current  of  water,  or  of  air. 

2.  A  progressive  motion  of  the  water  of  the  sea,  a 
lake,  and  at  a  certain  place.  The  Gulf  Stream  is  a 
remarkable  current,  in  the  Atlantic  A  current  sets 
into  the  Mediterranean. 

3.  Course ;  progressive  motion  or  movement ; 
continuatiun  ;  as,  the  current  of  time. 

4.  A  connected  scries  ;  successive  course  ;  as,  the 
current  of  events. 

5.  General  or  main  course ;  as,  the  current  of 
opinion. 

CURRFJsriTECaUA-MO,  [L.]  The  pen  running; 
with  the  pen  running. 

eUR'REXT-LY,  ado.  In  constant  motion;  «nlh 
continued  progression.  Hence,  commonly  ;  gener- 
ally ;  popularly ;  with  general  reception ;  as,  the 
stor\'  is  currcntlv  rejiorted  and  believed. 

eUR''RENT-NE8S,  n.  Currency  ;  circulation  ;  gen- 
eral reception. 

2.  Fluency ;  easiness  of  pronunciation.  \J^ot 
much  used.} 

CUR'RI-CLE,  n.     [L.  currieulutn,  from  curro,  to  run.] 

1.  A  chaise  or  carriage  with  two  wheels,  drawn  by 
two  horses  abreast. 

2.  A  chariot.     [JVht  in  use.] 

3.  A  course.     [J^ot  in  use.] 
CUR-Uie'U-LUM,  ?i,    [L.]    A  race-course;  a  place 

for  running  ;  a  chariot,  &c.     Hence, 
2.  A  course,  in  general ;  applied  particularly  to  the 

course  of  study  in  a  university,  &c. 
€UR'RI-£;D,  (kur'rid,);j/;.  oru.    [See  Curry.]   Hressed 

by  currying;  dressed  as  leather  ;  cleaned  ;  prepared. 
€UR'RI-ER,   n,     [L.  coriarius ;    Fr.   corroycur.      See 

CURKV.] 

A  man  who  dresses  and  colors  leather,  after  it  is 
tanned. 

eUR'RLSH,  0.  [See  Cur.]  Like  a  cur;  having  the 
qualities  of  a  cur;  brutal  ;  malignant  ;  snappish; 
snarling;  churlish;  intractable;  qunrrelsonitt. 

Sidney,     Fairftu.     SAa/c. 

CUR'RISH-LY,  ado.    Like  a  cur  ;  in  a  brutal  manner. 

CUll'RISH-NESS,  71.     Morosi-ness;  churlishness. 

Felt  hum. 

eUR'RY,  V.  t,  [Fr.  corroyer  ;  Arm.  cvurrrza  ;  tfp.  cur- 
tir;  Port,  cortir.  The  French  and  Armoric  word 
seems  to  l>e  compounded  of  L.  curium,  a  hide,  and 
the  root  of  rado,  to  scmpc,  or  of  a  word  of  like  sig- 
nification. The  Sp.  and  Port,  word  seems  to  be  al- 
lied Xoeorter,  hark,  from  stripping;  or  to  L.  curtua, 
short,  from  cutting.  But  the  L.  corium  is  probably 
from  a  rtH't  siguifving  to  scmpe,  or  to  peel.  See 
Class  Gr,  Nos.  .5  and  8.] 

1.  To  dress  leather  after  it  is  tanned ;  to  soak, 
pare,  or  scrape,  cleanse,  beat,  and  color  tanned  hides, 
and  preitart^  them  for  use. 

2.  To  rub  and  clean  with  a  comb  ;  lus,  lo  curry  a 
horse. 

3.  To  scratch  or  claw  ;  to  tear,  in  quarrels. 

By  wHing  liruihrr  it^fnit  brother, 

Tu  cldw  mid  Ciirr^  une  unuthcr.  Butter. 

4.  To  rub  or  stroke  ;  to  make  smooth  ;  to  tickle  by 
flattery ;  to  humur.  But  generally  used  in  the 
phrase, 

To  curry  furor :  to  seek  or  gain  favor  by  flattery, 
caresses,  kindness,  or  ollicious  civilities.  [JVot  ele- 
gant.] Hooker. 
CUR'RV,  n.  A  kind  of  sanro  much  used  in  India, 
containing  red  i«'pper  and  other  strong  spices.  U  ia 
poiirtui  on  the  food,  which  is  hence  spoken  of  as 
curried  rice,  fowl,  &.c. 

2.  A  slew  of  fowl,  fish,  &.C.,  cooked  with  curry* 
sauce.  Spatdnig, 

eUR'RY-er>Mn,  n.     [See  CoMn.]     An  iron    instru- 

nuMit  or  comb,  fur  rultbing  and  cK-aning  horses. 
eUR'UY-ING,  ppr.    Scraping  and  dressing;   clean- 
ing ;  scralrhing. 
2.  Rubbing  down,  as  a  horse. 
eUR'RY-ING,  V.     Rubbing  down  a  horse. 

2.  The  art  of  dressing  skins  after  th'-y  are  tanned, 
or  of  giving  them  the  necessary  smoothness,  luster, 
color,  and  suppleness.  Ure. 

eURSE,  V.  (. ;  preU  and  pp.  Cursed  or  Curbt.    [Sax. 

eursian,  corsian  ;   Arm.   argariL     Clu,  Ar.  Iby^^ 

karatha.] 

1.  To  utter  a  wish  of  evil  against  one  :  to  impre- 
cate evil  uiHjn  ;  lo  call  fur  mischief  or  injury  to  fall 
upcm  ;  to  execrate. 

Thrtii  aliidt  not  etirw  the  ruler  of  ihjr  people.  —  Ex.  xxW. 

Bl'-M,  nn'l  rurte  not.  —  Rom.  xU. 

Curte  iTic  tiii>  people,  for  ibcj  an  too  mighty  for  me.  —  Num. 
zsii. 


L 


TCNE,  BULL,  IJNITa  —  AN"aER,  VI"CI0U3.— €  m  K ;  6  M  J  ;  »  as  Z :  CH  as  SII ;  Til  as  in  TI1I8. 

__ 


CUR 

a.  To  injure  ;  to  subject  to  evil ;  to  vex,  harass,  or 
tomient  with  (^reu  caliniities. 


Th;  pistvr*,  And  rMTM  'em  with  suai  kuw  m  t 


tbow.     Ap*. 


3.  To  devote  to  evil. 
ClTRSEf  V.  t.    To  utter  imprecations;    to  affirm  or 
deny  viih  impncalioiu  of  diviue  vengeance. 
TImd  bt^ui  Be  to  cun*  «td  to  awmr.  —  Mail  zxri. 

CUR9E,  u.  Haledidloa ;  the  ezpieasion  of-a  wish  of 
evil  to  another. 

8Umd  — whoevrMdiMwhhftfTferouaairM.— 1  Kiap  iL 

S.  Imprecation  of  oviL 

Th^7  mieml  Into  >«tuw.KDd  Into  an  iwth.  —  Neh.  x. 

3.  Affliction  ;  tormtint ;  great  vexation. 

I  Till  makr  thit  dtj  •  wtm  lo  alt  MUfoML.  —  Jer.  xxvi. 

4.  Condemnation ;  sentence  of  divine  vengeance 
on  sinners. 

Chri«hath  rtdepffwdiMfrDaitlMciiratflflkilnr.— OdLO. 

5^  Denunciation  uf  eviL 

TtK  prim  iIhII  vfiie  all  tfaeae  CMp«M  fat  kbook. — Nam.T. 

eVftS'ED,  (karst,)  m.    Execrated ;  afflicted ;  vexed ; 
tortnented  i  Ma^ed  by  a  curse. 
3.  DrroCed  to  destrucUon. 

"nan  ut  turwmt  frum  tke  euih.  —Gen.  Ir. 

C^URS'BD,*.    Deserving  a  curse;  execralrie;  haleAU; 
detestiU»le;  abominable, 
a.  VexatkMis ;  as,  a  pursed  quarrel ;  caisarf  Ukmhs. 
Drydau     Prior. 

6UBS'ED-LT,  ode.  In  a  cursed  manner ;  enor- 
mously ;  mberably ;  in  a  manner  to  be  cursed  or 
detested.     L«f  Um  word,] 

€UR?'ED-NE&<,  ■,  The  Jtote  of  being  under  a  ctuse, 
or  of  being  doomed  to  execration  or  lo  evil. 

CURS'ER,  a.    One  who  curves,  or  utters  a  curse. 

eUR'SHIP.a.  [See  Ci-iu]  Dugship  ;  meanneaa ;  Hl- 
natnre.  HmdikrmM. 

€URS*IXG,  fpr.  Eiccniiing ;  imprecating  evil  on; 
denouncmg  evil;  duoniing  to  evil,  mistiry,  or  vexa- 
tion. 

GURS'ING,  «.  Execration  ;  the  uttering  of  a  curse; 
a  diioming  to  vexation  or  mtwr>'' 

CDR'SI-TOR,  «.  [fnini  the  I.,  eur.v,  rur^iUi,  to  nin.] 
InEiifUmdf^tXfrk  in  the  Court  of  Chancer)',  whose 
business  is  to  mske  out  original  writs.  In  the  stat- 
ute 18  Edward  111.,  the  rursibkrs  are  called  eUrka  ^ 
emKTse.  Tbey  are  twt-niy-rour  in  number,  and  are  a 
corpocation  among  tbemsttJves.  To  each  are  asngned 
certain  counties,  to  wliicfa  be  issues  writs,    facyc 

€UR'S1  V£,  a.  [IL  carscrs,  running.  See  Coitbsk  and 
Cuaaairr.] 

Running;  flowing.  Cmnivt  kamd^  is  a  running 
band.  Fry. 

CL'R'SO-RA-RV,  a.     Cursory :   bastv.    [A'oC  in  um.] 

Skmk. 

€ITR*SO-RI-Ly,  adv.  [See  Ctrasoar.]  In  a  running 
or  bai4y  manner;  sHjEhtlr :  hastily;  without  atten- 
tion ;  a*,  I  read  the  paper  cursoriUi, 

eUR'^a.RI-.\ESS,  n.    ^Slight  view  or  attention. 

et'R'SO-RY,  a.      [L.  cunorimtj  from   ouvw.     See 

CoL'SSK.] 

1.  Running;  hasty;  slight;  superficial;  careless; 
not  with  close  attention ;  as,  a  cursanf  reading ;  a 
emrsory  view. 
3.  Running  about;  not  stationary. 

CrRST,  yp.  of  CuB»E.     [See  CtssED.] 

€UR^T,  a.  Hateful ;  detestable  ;  fn>\vard  ;  torment- 
ing ;  vexatious;  pervi^b  ;  ni:Llicuant  ;  mi^hit^ous  ; 
mnltcious ;  snarling;  a  word,  however,  which  c.in 
be  hardly  said  lo  have  a  delinite  signification.  It  is 
api^ied  to  any  thin?  vexaliims.  In  st»ine  of  it-*  ap- 
(diealioiis  in  old  authors,  it  appears  to  be  the  Dutch 
ioryt,  cni?t,  and  lo  signify  ertLst^^  crabbed,  surly. 

eURST'NESS,  a.  Peuvishness i  malignity;  froward- 
n?s9  ;  crabbcdness  ;  surliness. 

CL'RT,  a.     fL.  eurtut.] 

Siiurt.     [Rardf  Mstd,  and  a«f  tif^aat]        Brown, 

eTR-TAlL',  r.  i.  [Composed  of  L.  curtua^  Fr.  eoart, 
short,  and  ImtUr^  to  cut ;  taille^  edjie.] 

To  shorten ;  lo  cut  off  the  end  or  a  part ;  as,  to 
ntrUtil  witrds.  Hence,  in  a  rmtre  ^nrral  arnitf^  lo 
shorten  in  any  manner;  toabridi;e  ;  to  diminish  ;  as, 
lo  f<r(ffi/ our  privileg<^  It  is  followed  by  c/befure 
the  thing  shortened.  His  name  wa4  cHrUuUd  t/three 
letters  ;  we  arc  emrtaiUd  qfouT  rights. 

eUR'TAIU-DOG,  «.  A  dog  whose  tail  is  cut  off,  ac- 
cording to  the  forest  laws,  and  therefore  hindtired 
friim  coursing.  Shak, 

€L'R'TaIL*STEP,  ji.  The  lowest  step  in  a  flight  of 
stairs,  ending,  at  its  outer  extremity,  in  a  scroll. 

Brande, 

etm-TSIL'ED,  pp.    Cnt  short  or  shorter ;  abridged. 

eUR-TAIL'ER,  M.     One  who  cuts  off  any  thine. 

€CR-TaIL'I.\G,  ppr.  Cutting  short  or  bitorter ; 
abridpins. 

eCRTAl  L'lXG,  B.    Abridgment ;  ahbre^nntion. 

eUR'TAlX,  (kur'iin,)  n.  Jit.  eortina;  Low  U  Sp. 
and  Port.  id. :  D.  irordyn :  Fr.  coBrt/n*,  in  fortification. 
This  word  may  be  from  the  root  of  amri^  and  from 
the  sense  of  sepanuing.  1  think  it  is  not  a  contrac- 
tion of  the  It.  copertituL.] 


CUR 

1.  A  cloth  hanging  rotind  a  bed,  or  nt  a  window, 
which  may  be  coittrnctt'd,  spn-nd,  or  drawn  aside,  at 
pleasure  ;  intendfd  for  ornauiont,  or  lor  U:»e.  Also, 
the  hangings  iibout  the  ork,  aiiiotig  the  Israrliies. 

2.  A  cloth-hanging  used  in  thcalera,  to  conceal  the 
stage  fh>m  the  sin^rtators.  This  is  raised  or  let  down 
by  cords.  Hence  the  phrases,  to  drop  Vie  curtain^  to 
close  the  scene,  to  end ;  to  raixe  the  curtain,  or  the 
eurimm  wt2/ ri^,  to  denote  the  opening  of  t lie  play. 
And  Co  draw  the  curtobi,  is  to  close  it,  to  shut  out  the 
light,  or  to  conceal  an  object ;  or  to  open  it,  and  dis- 
close the  objecL  Behind  the  curtain  i  in  concealment ; 
in  secrvL 

3.  In/vrCi^rafurn,  that  part  of  ihc  mmpart  which 
is  between  the  flanks  of  two  bastions,  bordered  with 

parapet  five  feet  high,  behind  which  the  soldiurs 
■  to  fire  on  Uie  covered  way,  and  into  the  moat. 

luncyc. 

4.  In  ScrtpCvre^nts  ;  dwellings.    Jfab.  iiL  7. 
€UR'TAIN,  r,  t.    To  inclose  with  curtains  ;  to  furnish 

with  curtains.  S/iak. 

CUR'TAI.\-/:D,  pp.    Inclosed  with  curtains. 
CUR'TAI.\-ING,  ppr.    Inclosing  or  surrounding  with 

curtains. 
€UR'TAIN-LEe-TyRE,  n.    Reproof  givCn  in  bed  by 

a  wife  to  her  husband.  JitUiison, 

eUR'T.A IN-LESS,  a.     Having  no  curtain. 
CURT'AL,  a.    A  hor^>,  and  al^w  a  dog,  with  a  docked 

tail.  B.  Jon-wru 

eURT'AL,  a.     Curt  ;  brief.  Milton. 

51.  Belonging  to  the  €^urt  gate ;  as,  the  curtai  friar, 

who  was  porter  of  the  monastery.  Smart, 

€UR'TXTE,  a.  [L.  curtains^  from  curto^  to  shorten.] 
The  curtate  instance^  in  astronvmy,  is  the  disUinc^ 

of  a  planet  from  the  sun,  reduced  lu  the  plane  of  the 

ecliptic;  i.  e.  to  that  point  where  a  ptTpindiculor, 

let  fall  from  the  planet,  meets  witli  the  ecliptic. 

Or  ihft  interval  between  the  sun  or  earth,  am]  that 
point  where  a  pt>ri>endicular,  let  fall  from  the  planet, 
meets  the  ecliptic  Barloic. 

■CUR-TA'TIO.X,  a.  [See  Ci-rtatx.]  The  inurval 
betwtren  a  planet^s  diiitauce  from  the  sun  and  Uie 
ciirtatr*  disUince,  Barlvw. 

Cl'R'TLLAOE,  n.  In  ?aic,  a  yard,  garden,  inclosure, 
or  fiild,  near  and  behmging  to  a  niessuuge.  [This  is 
probablv  fnmi  courts  or  the  same  radix.] 

eURT'LY,  adv.     Briefly,     [^rot  m  iwf,] 

eURT'.NESS,  n.    Shortness. 

CO'RCLE,  a.    [L.  eurulus,  from  no-nu,  a  chariot.] 

Belonging  to  a  chariot.  The  mrulr  chair  or  seat, 
among  the  Romans,  was  a  stool  without  a  back, 
covered  with  leather,  and  so  made  as  to  be  folded. 
It  was  conveyed  in  a  chariot,  and  used  by  public 
officers.  Smithes  Diet. 

eURT'SY.    See  Cocrtibt. 

eUR  V'A-TED,  a.  [See  CiraTi:.]  Curved  ;  bent  in  a 
n-milar  form. 

€URV-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  bending  or  crooking. 

CL'R\"A-TI;rE,  a.     [L.  eurratura.    See  CuRvi:.] 

The  continual  flexure  or  bending  of  a  line  from  a 
rectilinear  direction.  KHcyc 

eURV'E,  (kur\',)  a.  [LhCitrviu,  bent,  crooked  ;  curoo^ 
to  bend,  turn,  or  wind  ;  Ft.  courbe^  eourber  ;  ll.  curco, 
eurvare  ;  Sp.  cKrro,  carvar.  If  b  is  not  radical,  this 
word  belongs  to  Class  Gr,  W.  cOr^  a  circle  ;  but  qu. ; 
for  in  Russ.  it  is  kried.] 

Bending;  crooked;  inflected  in  a  regular  form, 
and  funning  part  of  a  circle  ;  as,  a  curve  tine,  wjiich 
may  be  cut  by  a  right  Une  In  more  points  than  one. 

Encyc. 

A  curve  line  is  that  which  is  neither  a  straight  line 
nor  composed  of  straight  lines.  Ct/c 

CURVE,  n.  A  bending  without  angles  ;  that  which 
is  bent ;  a  flexure.  In  gevmctrtj^  a  line  of  which  no 
three  consecutive  points  are  in  the  same  direction  or 
straight  line.  Brande. 

CURVE,  p.  t  [L.  curvo  ;  Fr.  courier  i  Russ.  krivlyu.1 
To  bend  ;  to  crook  ;  lo  inflect. 

CURVED,  pp.  or  a.     Bent ;  regiilarly  inflected. 

CURVET,  17.  [It.  a/frctta  ;  Ft.  courbeUe ;  Sp.  atrveta. 
See  Curve.] 

1.  In  the  manfgt^  a  particular  leap  of  a  horse,  when 
he  raises  both  his  fore  legs  at  once,  equally  advanced, 
and,  as  his  fore  legs  are  falling,  he  raises  his  hind 
legs,  so  that  all  his  legs  are  raised  at  once.    Kncye. 

2.  A  prank ;  a  frolic. 

CURVET,  r.  i.  [It-  corveltare;  Fr.  courbeOer ;  Sp. 
eorcetear.] 

1.  To  leap  ;  to  bound  ;  to  spring  and  form  a  curveL 
9.  To  leap  and  frisk. 
CUR V'l-FORM,  a.     HaWng  the  form  of  a  curve. 
eUR-Vl-L]\'E-AR,  (  a.     [L.  curviu,  bent,  and  tinea, 
eUR-VI-LI.N'E-AL,  (      a  line.] 

Consisting  of  curve  lines  ^  bounded  by  curve  lines; 
ax,  a  curvilinear  figure. 
eUR-VI-LI\-E-AR'l-TY,  n.    The  state  of  being  cur- 
vilinear, or  of  consisting  in  curve  lines. 

Outh,  Quinctilianf  Pre/. 
CUR-Vl-LIX'E-AR-LY,  ado.    In  a  cur^'ilinear  manner. 
CURVING,  n,    A  curve;  a  windini;  form. 
CURVING,  ppr.    Bending  in  a  regular  form  ;  crooked. 
CURVLTY,  n.     [L.  curcifa.,.] 

A  bending  in  a  regular  form  ;  crookedness.  Holder. 


cus 

CJJHH'AT,  (kvvsh'at,)  n.  The  ring  dove  or  wood- 

piceon.  Scott. 

CJJSH'IOX,  (kv^sh'un,)  n.  [Ft.  coussin :  It.  cu:<cino ;  D. 

kassea ;    G.   ktijiaea }   Sp.  co-cia ;    Port,     corim ;    Arm. 

cou^iift.    du.  Ar.  fi '  ^v^~*  kisaian ;  Ch.  ids  keesit 

a  little  cushion  for  the  elbow.] 

1.  A  pillow  for  n  steal ;  a  soft  pad  to  be  placed  on 
a  chair;  a  bag,  stuffed  witli  wool,  hair,  or  other  soft 
material. 

2.  A  bag  of  leather  filled  with  sand,  used  by  en- 
gravers to  supiKirt  the  plate. 

X  In  ffilthnif,  a  stuthng  of  fine  tow  or  wool,  cov- 
ered hy  leather,  on  a  board  ;  used  for  receivine  the 
leaves  of  gold  from  the  paper,  in  order  lo  its  being 
cut  into  proiHT  sizes  and  figures.  Encyc. 

lMdy\t  cushion  ;  a  plant,  a  species  of  Saxifraga.  Lee. 
Sea-eus/iion  ;  stra-pink,  or  llirift,  a  species  of  Slaiice. 
eUSH'IOiN,  r.  t.     To  seat  on  a  cushion.  [Lcc 

9.  To  furnirfh  with  cushions ;    as,  to  cushion  a 
chaise. 
C!JSH'10i\.£D,  (kwsh'und,)  pp.  or  a.     Seated  on  a 
cushion;    eup{K>rted   by  cushions;    furnished    with 
cushions.  Johnj^-on. 

ei;SH'IOi\-ET,  n.     A  little  cushion.    Beau7n.  and  Fl. 
eUSK,  n.     A  salt  water  fish,  Brosniius  vulifarijt,  highly 

esteemed  for  food.  D.  H.  Sturer. 

eUSK'lN,  M.     A  kind  of  ivory  cup.     [J^ot  in  u.-ie.] 

Bailey. 
GUSP,  n.     [L.  citflpiJT,  a  point.] 

1.  The  point  or  horn  of  the  moon  or  other  lumi- 
nary. Encyc. 

2.  In  architecture.^  a  projecting  point  in  the  foliations 
of  Gothic  tracery,  arches,  panels,  &.c. ;  and  also  a 
projecting  point,  forming  a  pendent  of  a  pointed 
arch,  &.C,  Brandt. 

eUSP'A-TED,  a.     [h.  cuspis,  a  point.] 
Pointed  ;  ending  in  a  point. 

eUSP'1-DAL,  a.     Ending  in  a  point.  More, 

CUSP'l-DATE,      /  a.     [L.  cuspidatus,  from  cuspid,  a 

eUSP'I-DA-TEl),  \      point.] 

Having  a  sharp  end,  like  the  point  of  a  npear ;  ter- 
minating in  a  bristly  i>oinl ;  as,  a  cuspidate  leaf. 

JUartyn. 

CUS'PIS^n.     [U]     A  point. 

CUS''I'ARI),  Ti.  [CymbriccwA-torrf.  Junitis.  I  suspect 
the  first  syllable  lo  be  W.  cates,  curd,  cheese.] 

A  comiMisttion  of  milk  and  eggs,  sweetened,  and 
baked  or  boiled,  forming  an  agreeable  kind  of  food. 

Custard-coffin ;  a  cant  term  used  by  Shakspeare 
for  a  piece  of  raised  jmstry,  or  upper  crust,  which 
c<)vers  or  coffins  a  custard.  Todd. 

eUS'TARD-AP'PLE,n.  A  plant,  a  species  of  Anona, 
growing  in  the  West  Indies,  whose  fruit  is  of  the 
size  of  u  tennis  ball,  of  an  orange  color,  containing  a 
y(;llowish  pulp,  of  the  consistence  of  custard.    Encyc. 

CUS'TODK,  n.     See  CraTooiAr*. 

€US-TO'DI-AL,  a.  [from  custody.]  Relating  to  cus- 
tody or  guardianship. 

CUS-TO'Dl-AN,  n.  One  who  has  the  care  or  custody 
of  some  public  building,  &.c.  W.  Irving. 

eUS'TO-UY,  n.  [!>.  custodia :  It.  and  Sp.  id.;  from 
L.  custosy  a  watchman,  a  keeper.  This  word  has  the 
elements  of  castle,  W.  cas,  the  primary  sense  of 
which  is,  to  separate,  to  drive  ofi";  hence,  to  defend, 
to  hold.     See  Chaste.] 

1.  A  keeping;  a  guarding;  care,  wwtch,  inspec- 
tion, for  keeping,  preservation,  or  security.  The 
prisoner  %va3  commiited  lo  the  custody  of  the 
shcrifl*. 

Under  the  cuatody  nnd  chitrg«  of  the  sons  of  Memri  shall  be  the 
boiiiils  (>r  Lbc  labeniacle.  — Num.  iU. 
Hence, 

2.  Imprisonment;  confinement;  restraint  of  lib- 
erty. 

3.  Defense  from  a  foe  ;  preservation  ;  security. 

There  -vvm  prepared  a  fleet  of  thirty  »hip«  for  the  cuato^y  of  the 
I.  Bacon. 


CUS'TOM,  n.  [Fr.  cottfMTne,  from  cou.'rtMme  ;  ll.  costu- 
ma,  costume ;  Sp.  costumbrt ;  Port,  costume  ;  Arm.  cus- 
turn.     Q,u.  L.  coiisuetHs.] 

1.  Frequent  or  conmion  use,  or  practice ;  a  frequent 
repftlition  of  the  same  act ;  hence,  way  ;  cstttfalished 
manner ;  habitual  practice. 

The  pri'-Ki'B  cuatoni  iviili  the  people  waa.  —  1  Sam.  ii. 

We  have  no  such  cutlom.  —  1  Cdr.  xi. 

The  customs  of  die  people  are  vain.  —  Jcr.  r. 

2.  A  buying  of  goods ;  practice  of  frequenting  a 
shop,  and  purchasing  or  procuring  lo  be  done.  The 
8hopkeei>er  has  extensive  custom^  or  a  good  run  of 
custtrm.  A  mill  or  a  manufacturer  has  extensive  cus- 
UrniyOt  little  custom. 

Lei  liira  have  your  cuMtom,  but  not  your  vote*.  AMiaon. 

3.  In  law,  long-f!stablished  practice,  or  usage, 
which  constitutes  the  unwritten  law,  and  long  con- 
sent to  which  gives  it  authority.  Custfrnts  are  gen- 
eral, which  extend  over  a  state  or  kingdom,  and  par- 
ticular, which  are  limited  lo  a  city  or  district.    Encyc. 

CUS'TOM,  r.  L     To  make  familiar.     [See  Accustom, 
which  is  the  word  used.^ 
2.  To  give  custom  to. '  Bacon. 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WH.\T.  — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.  — 


CUT 


CUT 


eUS'TOM,  V.  i.    To  accustom.  Spfiuirr. 

eUS'TOM,   n,     [Ft.  eoutuine^  from  coHtcrj  for  coiwter, 

to  cost.] 
Tribute,  toll,  or  tax ;  that  i3,  coat  or  charge  paid  to 

the  public. 

Hinder  euttom  to  whom  nistom  k  due.  —  Rom.  xiii. 

CiuU/ms,  in  the  plural ;  the  duties  imposed  by  law 

on   merchandise  imported   or  expiorted.     In    Great 

Britain  and  tA<  UniUd  States,  this  tcord  is  limited  to 

these  species  nf  duties. 

€US'TOM-A-BLE,  o.    Common;  habitual;  frequent. 

JohnsoTU 
9.  Subject  to  the  payment  of  the  duties  called  eus- 
tains.  Laic  of  Massachusetts. 

eUS'TOM-A-BLE-NESS,  ,i.     Frequency  ;  confonuity 

to  custom.     [Little  used.] 
€US'TOM-A-BLY,  adv.    According  to  custom  ;  in  a 

customary  manner.  Hatfward. 

eUS'TOM-A-RI-LY,  a<to.    [See  Customabt.]     Habit- 
ually ;  commonly.  Ray. 
€US'TOM-A-RI-NESS,  n.  Frequency;  coramonneasi 

habitual  use  or  practice. 
€L"S'TOM-A-RY,  a.     [Fr.  coviumier.] 

1.  According  to  custom,  or  to  established  or  com- 
mon usage  ;  as,  a  customary  dress;  custainary  compli- 
ments. 

a.  Habitual ;  in  common  practice ;  as,  customary 
vices. 

3.  Holding  by  custom ;  as,  customary  tenants,  who 
are  copv-holders. 

4.  Held  bv  custom  ;  as,  a  cusUmary  freehold. 
€US'TOM-A-RY,  n.     [Fr,  coutumier,  coustumier.] 

A  book  containing  laws  and  usages,  or  customs  ; 
a«,  the  customary  of  the  Normans.  ComeL 

€US'TOM-£D,  (kus'lumd,)  a.  Usual ;  common  ;  to 
which  we  are  accustomed.     [See  Accustomed.] 

2.  Furnished  with  customers.  Bacon. 
eUS'TOM-ER,   n.     One  who  frequents  any  place  of 

sale  for  the  sake  of  purchasing  goods  ;  one  who  pur- 
chases good^s  ut  wares. 

2.  One  who  frequfnts  or  visits  any  place  for  pro- 
curing what  he  wants.  We  say  a  mill  has  many  cus- 
iomerd.  Hence,  a  person  who  receives  supplies  is 
called  a  customer;  the  smith,  the  shoemaker,  and 
the  tailor,  have  their  eustoiiurs ;  and  the  cotfee-house 
luis  ltd  customers.  Hence,  perhaps,  the  phrase  an  u^- 
ly  customer,  meaning  one  who  is  dilficull  to  deal  with 

3.  Atoll-gatherer.     [Obs.]  [or  manage. 

4.  A  common  ur  lewd  woman.  S&ak. 
eUS'TOM-HoUSE,  B.    The  house  where  vessels  en- 
ter and  clear,  and  where  the  customs  are  paid,  or  se- 
cured to  be  paid 

eUS'TO.M-SHRUNK,  o.  Having  a  diminished  num- 
ber of  customers.  Shak. 

CUS'TOSy  n.  [U]  A  keeper  ;  as,  aistos  bre'vium,  the 
principfti  clerk  of  the  common  pleas  ;  custos  rutulo'- 
rum,  the  principal  justice  of  the  peace  in  a  county, 
who  is  keeper  of  the  rolls  and  records  of  the  sessions 
of  the  peace.  England. 

eUS' TREL,  n.  [(Xn.  Old  Fr.  couMilUer,  from  L.  scu- 
tum.] 

A  buckler- bearer.  Also,  a  veswl  for  holding  wine. 
[A"o(  in  use.] 

eCri'TU-MA-RY,  n.     A  book  of  laws  and  custom*. 

€UT,  ».  (.;  pret.  and  pp.  Cut.  [Norm,  eoiu,  cuL  This 
word  coincides  in  elements  with  the  \W.cat,  a  piece, 
eateui,  to  cut,ewbi,  short,  cwtau,  to  shorten,  and  with 
ysgytkru,  to  cut  off,  to  liip,  to  shred,  to  carve,  which 
Owen  deduces  from  yugtelh,  a  push,  from  gvith,  a  push 
or  thrust,  ffTBthiuu},  U>  push,  ihnist.  press.  Whether 
cut  is  derived  to  us  from  the  Welsh  or  not,  may  be  a 
qti»?<tion  ;  but  I  have  not  found  the  word  in  any  of 
the  Gothic  or  Teuttjnic  langviages.  It  is  obviously 
from  a  common  root  with  the  C  aeUo  and  cudo,  and 
the  primary  sense  is,  to  thnist,  to  drive,  to  strike  ; 
and  to  cut  off  is  primarily  to  strike  off.  We  have 
proof  of  this  in  our  own  language  ;  for  a  stroke 
with  a  whip  is  called  a  cut,  and  our  common  peo- 
ple, when  they  urge  a  person  to  ride  or  run  with 
ha^te,  cry  out,  Cut  on,  cut  on.  The  fact  is  the  same 
with  many  other  words  which  now  signify  to  sepa- 
rate with  an  edged  tool.  See  Cla.«w  Gd,  No.  2,  4,  8, 
43,  49,  56»59,  and,  in  a  different  dialect,  Class  Gs, 
No.  5,  6,  28,  32,  40,  41 ,  42,  G7.] 

1.  To  separate  the  parts  of  any  hody  by  an  edged 
jnstniment,  either  by  striking,  as  with  an  ax^  or  by 
sawing  or  rubbing  ;  to  make  a  gash,  inci.sion,  or 
nrjU^h,  whirh  wparates  the  external  part  of  a  body  ; 
as,  to  cut  the  flesh.  It  signifies,  also,  to  cut  into 
pieces;  to  sever  or  divide;  as,  to  cut  timber  in  the 
forest.  But  when  rfti  entire  wpinition  of  the  body 
is  intended,  it  is  usually  followed  by  off,  down,  asun- 
der, iM  tico,  m  pieces,  or  other  word  denoting  such 
severance.  "  Ye  shall  not  cut  yourselves,"  that  is, 
Ye  shall  not  gash  your  flesh      Deut,  riv. 

2.  'I'o  hew. 

Thy  •rrT«ni«  can  ^iU  to  cut  Umber.  — 3  Chroa.  IL 

3.  To  carve,  as  meal ;  to  carve  or  engrave  in  sculp- 
ture Addison. 

4.  To  divide  ;  to  cleave,  by  passing  through ;  as,  a 
■hip  cuti  the  briny  deep. 

5.  To  penetrate  ;  to  pierce  j  to  affect  deeply ;  as,  a 
•arcasm  cuts  to  the  quick. 


6.  To  divide,  as  a  pack  of  cards ;  as,  to  cut  and 

shutHe. 

7.  To  intersect ;  to  cross.  One  line  cuts  another  at 
right  angles.    The  ecUplic  cuts  the  equator. 

8.  To  castnilc. 
To  cut  across;  to  pass  by  a  shorter  course,  so  as  to 

cut  off  an  angle  or  distance. 

To  cut  asunder;  to  cut  into  pieces;  to  divide;  to 
sever 

He  hath  cul  asundtr  the  conla  of  tlie  wicked.—  Pi.  cxxix. 

To  cut  down  ;  to  fell ;  to  cause  to  fall  by  severing. 
Ye  shall  cul  down  tlieir  grove*.  —  Ex.  xxxiv. 

Hence,  to  depress ;  to  abiish  ;  to  humble ;  to  shame  ; 
to  silence  ;  as,  bis  eloquence  cats  down  the  finest  ora- 
tor. j9ddison. 

[This  phrase  is  not  elegant,  but  is  in  popular  use.] 

To  cut  off;  to  separate  one  part  from  another;  as, 
to  cut  off  Si  finger,  or  an  arm  ;  to  cut  off  the  right  hand 
figure  ;  to  cut  off  a  letter  or  syllable. 

2.  To  destroy ;  to  extirpate ;  to  put  to  death  u%- 
timely. 

J'zebel  <rur  (Uf  U»e  propheJB  ofihe  Lonl. —  1  King«  iviiL 
Evil'doera  ihidl  be  cut  qf.  —  Pb.  xx  x»ii. 

3.  To  separate  ;  to  remove  to  a  distance,  or  to  pre- 
vent all  intercourse.  A  man  in  anotlier  country,  or 
in  prison,  is  cut  off  from  his  country  or  his  friends. 

4-  To  interrupt ;  as,  to  cut  off  communication. 

5.  To  separate  ;  to  remove  ;  to  lake  away  ;  as,  to 
cut  vff  ten  years  of  life. 

6.  To  intercept ;  to  hinder  from  return,  or  union. 
The  Uoops  were  cut  off  from  the  ships. 

7.  To  end  ;  to  finish  ;  as,  to  cut  offnW  controversy. 

8.  To  prevent  or  preclude  ;  as,  to  cut  off  all  occa- 
sion of  blame. 

9.  To  preclude  or  shut  out.  The  sinner  cuts  him- 
self off  from  the  benefits  of  Christianity. 

10.  To  stop,  interrupt,  or  silence.  * 
The  ]adge  cut  offlhe  couiiaci  rcry  ihort.  Bacon. 

To  cut  on;  to  hasten  ;  to  run  or  ride  with  the  ut- 
most speed  ;  a  vulvar  phrase. 

2.  To  urge  or  drive  in  striking ;  to  quicken  blows  ; 
to  hasten. 

To  cut  out ;  to  remove  a  part  by  cutting  or  carving ; 
as,  to  cut  out  a  piece  from  a  board  ;  to  cut  out  the 
tongue.     Hence, 

2.  To  shape  or  form  by  cutting  ;  as,  to  cut  out  a 
garment ;  to  cut  out  an  image ;  to  cut  out  a  wood  in- 
to walks.     Hence, 

3.  To  scheme  ;  to  contrive  ;  to  prepare  ;  as,  to  cut 
Ota  work  for  another  day.    So  we  say,  to  strike  out. 

4.  To  shape  ;  to  adapt.  He  is  not  cut  out  for  an 
author,     f  JVbf  eleffanU] 

5.  To  debar.     [JVut  common.]  Pope. 

6.  To  take  the  preference  or  precedence  of ;  as,  to 
cut  out  a  prior  judgment  creditor.  Kent, 

7.  To  step  in  and  lake  the  place  of,  as  in  courting 
and  dancing.    [^  vulgar  phrase.] 

8-  To  interfere  as  a  horse,  when  the  shoe  of  one 
foot  beats  off  the  skin  of  the  [Kistern  joint  of  another. 

To  cut  out  a  ship,  is  to  enter  a  harbor,  and  seize  and 
carry  off  a  ship  by  sudden  attack. 

To  cut  short;  to  hinder  from  proceeding  by  sudden 
interruption. 

Achillc*  cul  him  thorU  Drydtn. 

2.  To  shorten  ;  to  abridge  ;  as,  to  cut  short  of  pro- 
visions or  pay  ;  to  cut  tlie  matter  short. 

To  cut  up ;  to  cut  in  pieces  ;  as,  to  cut  up  beef. 

2.  To  eradicate  ;  to  cut  off;  as,  to  cut  up  shrubs. 

To  cut  acquaintance  with  any  one,  or  to  cat  one^s 
acquaintance,  is  to  meet  him  in  the  street  or  else- 
where, and  pretend  not  to  see  or  recognize  him. 
CUT.  r.  i.     To  pass  into  or  through  arrd  sever  ;  to  enter 
and  divide  the  parts ;  as,  an  ini^Irument  cuts  well. 

2.  To  be  severed  by  a  cutting  instniment ;  as,  this 

3.  To  divide  by  passing,  [fruit  cuts  easy  or  smooth. 

TUe  teeth  Vt  ttmtij  to  cut.  Arbuthnot. 

4.  To  perform  a  surgical  operation  by  cutting,  es- 
pecially in  lithotomy. 

lie  KirtKl  litta  by  oUting  for  the  lUmc.  Pop*. 

5.  To  interfere,  as  a  horse. 
To  cut  in ;  to  divide,  or  turn  a  card,  for  determining 

who  are  to  play. 
CUT,  pp.   or  0.     Ga-ihcd ;   divided;   hewn;   carved; 

intersected  ;  pierced  ;  deeply  affected  ;  castrated. 
Cut  and  dried ;   prei»ared  for  use  ;    a  metaphor  from 

hetOH  timber. 
eUT,n.    The  action  of  an  edged  instrument ;  a  stroke 

or  blow,  as  with  an  ax  or  sword. 

2.  .\  cleft ;  a  ga^h  ;  a  notch  ;  a  woiind  ;  the  open- 
ing made  by  an  edged  instrument,  dii'tinguished  by 
its  length  from  that  made  by  pcrforatitm  with  a  point- 

3.  A  stroke  or  blow  with  a  whip,     [ed  instrument. 

4.  A  channel  made  by  cutting  or  digging  ;  aditch  ; 
a  groove  ;  a  furrow  ;  a  canal. 

5.  A  part  cul  off  frtim  the  rest ;  as,  a  good  cut  of 
beef;  a  cut  of  timber.  Also,  any  small  piece  or 
shred. 

6.  A  near  passage,  by  which   an  angle  is  cut  off; 

as,  a  shorter  cut. 

7.  A  picture  cut  or  carved  on  wood  or  metal,  and 
impressed  from  it.  Brown. 


CUT 

8.  The  stamp  on  which  a  picture  is  carved,  and  by 
which  it  is  impressed. 

9.  The  act  of  dividing  a  pack  of  cards.  Also,  U>e 
right  to  divide  ;  as,  whose  cut  is  it  ? 

10.  Manner  in  which  a  thing  is  cut ;  form  ;  shape ; 
fashion  ;  as,  the  cut  of  a  gannent ;  the  cut  of  his 
beard.  Stdlingfiett, 

11.  A  fool ;  a  cully  ;  a  gelding.     [JVo(  in  use.] 
To  draiD  cuts,  is  to  draw  lots,  as  of  paper,  &.c.,  col 

of  iinequal  lengths.  Rich.  Diet. 

Cut  and  long  tail;  men  of  all  kinds  j  a  proverbial 
expression  borrowed  from  dogs. 

eU-TA'NE-OUS,  o.  [See  CuticleJ  Belonging  to 
the  skin,  or  cutis  ;  existing  on,  or  affecting  the  skin  ; 
as,  a  cutaneous  disease  ;  cutatieous  eniption. 

COTE,   a.     [acute.]     Clever;  sharp,     [yutg.]     A^h. 

eUTH,  in  Saxon,  signifies  knoion,  or  famous.  Hence, 
Cuthwin,  a  famous  conqueror  ;  Cuthred,  a  famous  or 
knowing  counselor;  C uiJibert,  ^novjn  bright,  or  fa- 
mous for  skill.  Oibson. 

eO'TI-Cl.E,  n.  [L.  cuticula,  dim.  of  cutis,  skin,  the 
same  as  Aif/e,  which  see.] 

1.  The  scarf-skin  ;  the  thin,  exterior  coat  of  the 
skin,  which  rises  in  a  blister;  a  thin  pellucid  mem- 
brane covering  the  true  skin. 

2.  The  thin,  external  covering  of  the  bark  of  a 
plant.  It  serves  to  prevent  too  rapid  perspiration. 
and  is  furnished  with  respiratory  openings  called 
stomata.  Brands. 

3.  A  thin  skin  formed  on  Ihe  surface  of  liquor. 

JiTetoUm. 

€U-TI€'IJ-LAR,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  cuticle  or  exter- 
nal coat  of  the  skin. 

CUT'LASS,  It.  [Ft.  coittelas ;  Arm.  eontcla^zm;  It. 
cultrllaccio ;  Port,  cutelo.  This  word  st^ems  to  be  from 
the  L.  cultellus,  at  least  the  Italian  and  French  are 
so  ;  and  n  in  the  Armoric  is  casual,  as  in  other  words 
in  that  dialect.  The  curteleaxt  or  curtelaz  of  some 
authors,  and  curtai,  seem  to  be  corrupted,  or  they  are 
from  Sp.  cortar,  L.  curto,  to  cut.  Cutlas  would, 
from  the  etymologj-,  be  a  more  correct  orthography.] 
A  broad,' curving  sword;  a  hanger;  used  by  sol- 
diers in  the  cavalry,  by  seamen,  &.c, 

eUT'LER,  n.  [Fr.  coutelier;  Norm,  coteller ;  Arm. 
cojtteUer  or  couttUour;  Port,  caiiiciro  ;  IL  coltcllinaio  ; 
from  L.  culter,  a  knife.] 

One  whose  occujiation  is  to  make  knives  and  other 
cutting  instruments. 

CUT'LER-Y,  n.  The  business  of  making  knives;  or, 
more  generally,  knives  and  other  edged  instruments 
in  general. 

CUT' LET,  n.  [Fr.  cdtellcUe,  a  little  side  or  rib;  cdti, 
side.] 

A  small  piece  of  meat  for  cooking;  as,  a  veal  cut/ei. 

CUT'PURSE,  n.  [cut  and  pur^e.]  One  who  cuts 
purses  for  stealing  them  or  their  contents  ;  a  practice 
said  to  have  been  common  when  men  wore  purses  at 
their  girdles.  One  who  steals  from  the  person ;  a 
thief;  a  robber.  Shak.     BenUey. 

CUT'TER,  71.    One  who  cuts  or  hews. 

2.  An  instrument  that  cuts ;  as,  a  straTC-cutter. 

3.  A  fore  tooth,  that  cuts  meat,  as  distinguished 
from  a  grinder. 

4.  A  small  boat  used  by  ships  of  war.  Also,  a  ves- 
sel with  one  mast  and  a  straight  running  bowsprit, 
which  may  be  run  in  upon  deck ;  rigged  nearly  like 
a  sloop.  Mar.  Diet. 

5.  A  small  one-horse  sleigh.  .America, 

6.  An  officer  in  the  exchequer  that  provides  wood 
for  the  tnllies. 

7.  A  rurtian  ;  n bravo;  a  destroyer.     [Oft^.] 
eUT'-THROAT, n.     Amurderer;  an  assassin  ;  aruf- 

fiiin.  South,     Dnjden* 

eUT'-THROAT,  a.    Murderous  ;  cruel ;  barbarous. 

Carcw. 
CUT'TING,  ppT.  or  a.     [See  Cut.]     Dividing  by  an 
edge-d  instniment ;  cleaving  by  the  stroke  or  motion 
of  an  edged   instrument,  as  by  a  knife,  ax,  ur  saw; 
hewing;  carving;  intersecting;   piercing. 

9.  a.     Piercing  the  heart ;  wounding  the  feelings  ; 
deeply  affecting  with  shgine  or  remorse;   pungent j 
piquant  ;  satirical;  as,  a  cM«m^  reflection. 
eUT'TlNG,  Ji.     A  separation  or  division. 

2.  A  piece  cut  off;  a  twig  o^  cion  cut  off  for  the 
purpose  of  grafting;  as,  the  cuttings  of  vines. 

3.  An  excavation  through  a  hill  in  constructing  a 
railroad,  canal,  &c. 

4.  The  operation  of  removing  a  stone  from  the 
bladiler. 

CUT'TING-LY,  adv.    In  a  cutting  manner. 
eUT'TLE,  (  n.     [Sax.  eudde,  from  the  sense  of 

eUT'TLti-FISH,  \  withdrawing  or  hiding,  allied  to 
cuddle,  VV.  cuziaw,  to  hide,  Arm.  cutoff,  or  caddijo,  to 
hide.] 

1.  A  genus  of  molluscous  animals,  of  the  order 
Cephalopoda  and  grnus  Srpia.  They  have  small  arms, 
with  serrated  niiw,  by  which  they  lay  fast  hold  of 
any  thing.  They  have  also  two  tentacula  longer 
than  the  arms;  the  mouth  is  in  the  centn;  of  the 
arms,  and  is  horny,  an<l  hooked  like  the  bill  of  a 
hawk.  They  food  on  sprats,  lobsters,  and  (rther 
shell-fish.  They  have  a  little  bladder  uniler  Ihe 
throat,  [near  the  liver,  Cuvier,]  from  whicli.  whun 
pursued,  they  throw  out  a  black  liquor  that  darkens 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUa  — €  aa  K ;  6  a«  J ;  »  aa  Z ;  CH  as  SHj  TH  as  in  THIS. 


CYC 

Ute  \vat(T,  by  which  means  they  escape.    Hence, 
etkltie  Is  used  for  a  foul-mouthtMl   ft-lluw ;  one  who 
blackens  the  character  of  anitthtir.     £neyc,     Shak, 
a.  A  knirV.     [J\\^  itt  u.te.]  SAuk. 

eUT'TY-ii  roOL,  n.  A  small  raised  seat  or  gaUery 
in  old  &>cottiTth  churches,  where  ft-male  ofl>nders 
afT^iiist  chastity  were  formerly  seatt-d  during  three 
Sundays,  and  publicly  rebuked  by  their  minister. 

WalUr  ScotL     JamitJivK, 

eUT'-WA-TER,  n.  The  fore  part  of  a  ship*s  pntw, 
or  knee'of  th^-  head,  which  cuts  the  water.  Also,  a 
water-lbwl,  a  species  of  gull ;  or  rather,  the  Rliyn- 
cops,  or  razorbill. 

€UT'-\VORK,  (-wurk,)  II.   Embroidery.   f-V*Jimwe.] 

€UT'-\VOR.\l,  ■-  A  name  given  lo  any  calerpilUr 
dwelling  on  the  earth,  which  eats  or  cuts  away  the 
young  i^ant^  of  cabbage,  cum,  beana,  A:c     Oardiur. 

CUT. :  an  abbreviation  at  kMitdrU  iMt^M. 

CV'AN'ATE,  a.  A  saline  compound  o(  cyanic  acid 
with  a  base.  Cre. 

CV-A.V'16  AC'IO,  a.  A  compound  of  csranogen  and 
oxygen. 

CT'AN-ID,  a.  A  basic  compound  of  cjranocen  with 
Rom-  other  element  or  compk>uud. 

CV'.V.XITE.     See  Kta.-iitb. 

CV.VN'O-CEX,  a.  [Gr.  cvafj^,  blue,  and  ^cvvau.to 
begeu] 

A  compound  acidifying  and  bastfying  principle, 
eompoaad  of  one  equivalent  of  nitrt^gen  and  two  of 
carbon.  It  Is  an  essential  insredient  in  prussian 
blue,  and  Uagas  which  hasantidur  like  thai  of  crush- 
ed peach  leaves,  and  burns  with  a  rich  purple  dume. 

C?-.\.\-OM'E-TER,  «.    [lir.  «.•«*()(  and  ft'Totij.] 
An  insininieni  to  a^ertain  degrees  of  blm-ness,  or 
the  azure  ci<l<>r  of  the  ocean  or  sky.  HumbiUdL. 

CT-AX'l^-Kfc^T,  M.  A  basic  compound  of  cyanogen 
and  some  other  element  or  compound,    ftlore  cor- 


rectly, CT*:ftD. 
CV-AS-iyUIC  ACID,   a. 


taiiu-d  l>y  decomposing  urea  by  tkeat.  BmuU. 

CT-ATU'1-FORM, 


A  crystullizable  acid  ob- 
1  by  tkeat.  Bnutde. 

[L.     cyo/Aiu,    a    cup ;      Gr. 


In  the  form  of  a  cup,  or  drtnking-glaa*,  a  little 
widened  at  the  top.  Lee, 

CV-Ca'DE-A,  n.  a  natural  order  of  plants,  holding 
an  intermediate  place  betwetm  palm:*,  ferns,  and  the 
pine-tribe  or  c**\fer^t  but  appruoching  nearer  lo  the 
laaL    They  are  natires  of  tropical  dinuites. 

CY€VL.\-OiU,  a.  pL    [Gr.  cvrX«c,  a  circle.] 

A  numberoftuee  arranged  r«ind  the  Isleof  Delos, 
in  the  (Srerian  Sea,  in  the  form  f>f  a  circle. 

CVC'LA-ME.V,  n.    [L.]    In  fc^btay,  sow  brtmd. 

CV  CLE,  a.  [Gr.  <i«Aj(,  I*  cye/iu,  an  orb  or  circle; 
Ir.  ctogvL  Qn.  Eng.  /v>  ^^  ^^^  ^^  Claa«  Gk, 
No.  13,  Iti.] 

I.  In  cJuvmalogff  a  period  or  aeries  of  numbers, 
which  reguUrly  proceed  from  first  to  last,  and  then 
return  lo  the  first,  in  a  perpetual  circle.    Ilence, 

3.  The  efc<«  ^tJte  Mom,  or  gulden  number,  or  me- 
tonic  cycle^  ao  called  from  its  invenbir,  Milton,  U  a 
period  of  nmcteen  years,  which  being  completed,  the 
new  and  full  moons  rstum  on  tbe  same  days  of  tJie 
month. 

3.  The  rifdt  pftJu  sum,  or  toUtr  cifde.  is  a  period  of 
twenty-eight  yearis,  which  having  elapsed,  the  do- 
minical or  Sunday  letters  rtftum  (o  their  former  place, 
and  proceed  in  the  former  order,  according  to  tlie 
Julian  calendar. 

4.  C^cie  of  indktwuj  a  period  of  fifteen  years,  at 
the  end  of  which  the  Roman  emperors  imposed  an 
extmordinar>'  lax,  tt  pay  the  soldiers,  who  were 
obliged  to  serve  in  the  army  for  that  period  and  no 
longer. 

5.  A  round  of  years,  or  period  of  time,  in  which 
the  same  course  begins  again  i  a  periodical  space  of 
time.  Holder. 

6.  An  imaginary  orb  or  circle  in  the  heavens. 

Miltcn. 

Hie-U&AL.j'-    I>=«t»i"m«toacjrcle. 

pyctic  pMis  i  a  term  applied  to  certain  epic  pneta 
who  followed  Homer,  and  wrote  merely  on  the  Tro- 
jan war,  keeping  within  the  circ/eof  a  single  subject. 

Bratule. 
C^dic  ekorus;    the  chonis  which   performed   tlie 
songs  and  dances  of  the  Dithyrambic  odes  at  Ath- 
ens, dancing  round  the  altar  of  Bacchus  in  a  circle. 

Braiuie, 
CVC'LO-GRAPH,  m.     [Gr.  *r«>o(,  circle,  and  jjoj^w, 
lo  describe.] 

An  instrument  for  describing  the  arcs  of  circles, 
where  compasses  can  not  btt  conveniently  employed. 
It  is  chiefly  used  in  drawing  flat  seement^,  or  curva- 
tures which  approach  nearly  to  ittraight  lines.  OicUt. 
C^'CLOID,  II,  [Gr.  jcikAos,  circh*,  and  ai  .?,  form.] 
A  geometrical  curve  on  which  d;.'pends  the  doc- 
trine of  pendulums. 

The  genesis  of  a  cycloid  may  be  conceived  by 
ima^inin;  a  nail  in  the  circumtereuce  of  awheel; 
the  line  which  the  nail  describes  in  the  air,  while  the 
wheel  revolves  in  a  right  line,  is  the  cycloid. 

Juhnson. 
CT-CLOID'AL,  a.   Pertaining  or  relating  to  a  cycloid  ; 


CYM 

as,  the  cvcLiidal  space  is  the  space  containc^d  between 
a  cveloid  and  its  base.  Cfhimhrrs. 

CY-Cl-(Hr>'l-Ai\S,  n.  pi.  The  fourth  ordtr  of  fishes, 
according  to  the  armngemcnt  of  Agassiz,  Imviug 
siuootli  scales,  as  the  herring  nnd  snhnon. 

CYC'LO-LITE,  n.     A  namu  given  to  iMjidrepores. 
DtcL  Jv'uL  JfuU 

C7-eLO^rE-TRY,  «.  [Gr.  «r«Aos,  circle,  and  ^trpcu}, 
to  measure.] 

The  art  o(  measuring  cycles  or  circles.        fTaUis. 

Cff-CLO-PE'A.V,  a.     [from  Cycli^.'^.]     PertiUning  to 
(he  Cyclops,  fabulous  giants  of  antiquity  ;  vast;  ter- 
rific. Hall. 
The  term  is  ol?o  applied  to  the  remains  of  a  rude 

'  and  ver)*  massive  kind  uf  architecture,  of  the  earli- 
est ages,  demanding  an  enormous  exertion  of  physi- 
cal force,  Fosbrouke. 

C?-€LO-Pfi'DI-.\,  i  n.    [Gr.  kvkXos,  circle,  and  irm- 

C«-€LO-P.K'Ul-A,  (  i:t  I.  discipline,  erudition.] 
The  circle  or  compass  of  the  arts  and  sciences ; 
circle  of  human  knowledj^e.  Il'-nce,  the  book  i>r 
a  books  that  contain  ireiitises  on  every  branch  of  the 
arts  and  sciences,  arranged  under  proper  heads,  in 
alphabetical  order.     [See  Ejccvclopkdia.] 

CT  CLOP'ie.  o.  Pertaining  to  the  Cyclops  ;  gigtintic  ; 
savage.  Bryant. 

CV'CLOPS,  B.  sing,  and  pU  [Gr.  icwicAwt//;  kvkAo;,  a 
circle,  and  m\J/j  an  eye.] 

1.  In  fabulous  history,  a  class  of  giant':,  the  sons  of 
Neptune  and  Amphitrite,  who  had  but  ime  circular 
eye  in  the  midst  of  the  forehead.  They  inhabited 
Sicily,  and  assisted  Vulcan  in  mailing  thundt^-rbolts 
for  Jupiter.  Lrmprirrr. 

2.  A  family  of  minute  Crustacea,  found  both  in 
fresh  and  saltwater.  They  are  so  at3undant  in  some 
parts  of  the  ocean  as  lo  atfcrd  food  fortlie  wlialcboue 
whale,  and  give  a  reddish  tint  to  the  waters.  These 
animals  were  so  named  because  the  two  eyes  furm  a 
single  minute  spot  on  the  center  of  the  head,  and  tilt 
lately  they  were  supposed  to  have  but  one  eye. 

Dana. 
CS-CLOSTO-MOUS,  o.     [Gr.  «i.«[X«f  and  erona.] 
Having  a  circular  mouth  or  aperture,  as  certain 
mollnscous  animals.  Kirby. 

CV'DER.    SeeCiDsa. 
CYG'NET,  a.     [l^  eygnus^  cycniu,  a  swan  ;  Gr.  kvk- 

fOi,] 

A  young  swan.  Sliak. 

CYL'IN-DER,  a.      [Gr.  Kv\tvSp'>Sy  from  KvXtf^ui^  to 

roll,  from  cvXior,  id. ;   L.  cyfiadriu;  Sp.  eiiiruiroi  lu 

id. ;  Ft.  c^Undre}  Heb.  Ch.  S^i,  Ar.  ^L^  gau2ay  to 

roll.] 

In  f0ometrf^  a  solid  body  supposed  to  be  generated 
by  the  rotation  of  a  parallelogram  round  one  of  its 
aides ;  or  a  long,  circular  body,  of  uniform  diameter, 
and  its  extremities  forming  equal  parallel  circles. 
Kiicyc.     Baiieji. 

CYL-IN-DRA'CEOUS,  a.    Cylindrical.     [LitUe  lued.] 

Lee.     Bot. 

CVl^IN'DRIC,         (  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  cylin- 

CYL-1N'DR1€^AL,  (  der,  or  jiartakiiig  of  its  prop- 
erties. 

CYL-L\'DRie-.\L-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a  cyl- 
inder. 

CYL-IN-DRIC'I-TY,  n.     A  cylindrical  form. 

CYl^lN'DRI-FORM,  o.  [cylinder  and  form..]  Having 
the  form  of  a  cylinder. 

CYL/IN-DROID,  n,  [cylinder  and  cif!os,  form.]  A 
solid  body,  approaching  to  the  fifzure  of  a  cylinder, 
but  having  the;  bases  or  ends  elliptical,  but  parallel 
and  equal.  Brandt. 

CYL-L\-DRO-MET'RIC,  a.  Belonging  to  a  scale  used 
in  measuring  cylinders.  Aslu 

CVMA,  n.     [Gr.  ir o/ia,  a  wave.] 

In  architecture,  a  member  or  molding  of  the  cornice, 
the  profile  of  which  is  waving,  that  is,  concave  at 
the  lop  and  convex  at  the  bottom. 

There  is  also  anoUier  form,  called  cyma  reversCj 
which  is  concave  at  the  bottom  and  convex  at  the 
top,  called  also  ogee.     [See,  also,  Cvme.]     Brandr. 

CY-MAR',  a.  A  slight  covering;  a  scarf;  properly, 
Sim  Alt. 

CY-Ma'TIU.M,  n.    [L. ;  Gr.  KV}taTtov,  a  little  wave.j 
A  top  molding  to  certain  parts  of  the  orders  m 
classic  architecture. 

CYM'BAL,  K.  [L.  cymbalum;  Gr.  KVfiPaXov  ;  It.  cem- 
balo.] 

1.  A  musical  instrument  of  brass,  in  a  circular 
form,  like  a  dish,  producing,  when  two  are  struck 
together,  a  sharp,  rini;ing  sound. 

2.  A  mean  inptrumeiil  used  by  gj-psies  and  va- 
grants, made  of  a  steel  wire,  in  a  triangular  form,  on 
which  are  passed  five  rings,  which  are  touched  and 
shifted  along  the  triangle  with  an  iron  rod  held  in 
the  l^ft  hand,  while  it  is  supported  in  the  right  by  a 
ring,  to  pive  it  free  motion.  Encye. 

CYM'BI-FORM,  o.      [L.  cymba,   a  boat,  and  furma, 
form.] 
Shaped  like  a  boat.  Jilartyn. 

rV'M  \  (  "*    ^^''  *"^°»  fetus,  from  iciiai,  to  swell.] 
1.  Literally^  a  sprout,  particularly  of  tbe  cabbage. 


CYP 

Te^chnieally,  an  aggregate  of  flowers  composed  of  sev- 
eral florets  diitinj;  on  a  rece[)lacle,  producing  all  the 
primary  peduncles  from  the  same  (K)inl,  hut  having 
the  partial  peduncles  scattered  and  irregular  ;  all  fas- 
tigiate,  or  forming  a  flat  surface  at  the  top.  It  is 
naked  or  with  bracts  jtfart^ 

2.  A  panicle,  the  elongation  of  all  the  ramifications 
of  which  is  arrested,  so  that  it  has  the  appearance 
of  an  umbel.  Lindley. 

CYM'LING,  n.     A  sort  of  squash.  Virginia. 

CY'MOID,  a.     Having  the  form  of  a  cyme, 

CYM'0-PH.A.NE,  n.  [Gr,  «ii/ia,  a  wave,  and  ^dtvw, 
to  app:;ar.] 

A  mineral,  caL'ei  also  chrynoberyl.  Its  color  is 
green,  of  ditlerent  shades  ;  its  fracture  conchoidal  or 
undulated,  and  in  hardness  it  ranks  next  to  the  sap- 
phire. HiT'iy.     Cleaveland. 

CY-MOPH'A-NOUS,a.  Having  a  wavy,  floating  light; 
opalescent ;  chatoyant, 

CVMOSE,  }  a.    Containing  a  cyme;  in  the  form  of  a 

Ct'MOUS,  \      cyme.  Mtrtyn. 

CY-NAN'CHE,  (se-nan'ke,)  n.  [Gr.  Kvvayx',,  a  dog- 
collar,  angina ;  kvuv,  a  dog,  and  u^x^^*  ^^  press  or 
bind  ;  to  suflbcate.] 

A  disease  of  the  throat  or  windpipe,  attended  with 
inflammation,  swelling,  and  dilficultv  of  breathing 
ond  swallowing.  It  is  of  several  kinds,  and  compre- 
hends the  quinsy,  croup,  and  malignant  sore  throat. 

CY-N  AN'TIIRO-PY,  n.  [Gr.  ^uoji',  a  d.ig,  and  uyOt>to- 
Rttf,  man.] 

A  kind  of  madness  in  which  men  have  the  quali- 
ties of  dogs.  Chalmers. 

CV-\AP'I-NA, )         .       „,■....      ,, 

CY-NA'PI-'V       (  "•  An  alkaloid  obtained  from  Althu- 

CYN'A-PIN'E    )      ^^  Cynapium,  or  fools'-parsley. 

CYN-ARC-TOM'A-eilY,  «.  [Gr.  kvc^v,  a  dog,  uoktos, 
a  bear,  and  fiaxn,  a  fight,] 

Bear-baiting  with  a  dog.    [A  barbarous  jvord.] 

Hudibras. 

CYN-E-GET'ieS,  n.    The  art  of  hunting  with  dogs. 

CYN'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  dog-star.  'I'he  year  de- 
termined by  the  heliacal  rising  of  the  dog-star,  (3C5 
days,  6  hours,)  was  culled  the  Sothic,  Cynic,  or  Ca- 
nicular year;  that  of  365  days,  (the  civil  year,)  was 
called  the  vague  year,  from  its  continually  changing 
in  relation  to  the  seasons :  the  period  from  one  coin- 
cidence of  the  Sothic  and  civil  years  to  another, 
(HiiO  SoUiic  and  1401  civil  years,)  ^as  called  the 
Sothic  period  and  the  cynic  cycle. 

CYX'IC,         )  a.    [Gr.  KvvtKOi,  canine,  from  kvoiv,  a 

CYN'IC-AL, !     dog.] 

Having  the  qualities  of  a  surly  dog;  snarling;  cap< 
tious  ;  surly  ;  currish  ;  austere. 

Cynic  spasm ;  a  kind  of  convulsion,  in  which  the 
patient  imitates  the  howling  of  dogs.  Encyc. 

CYN'ie,  n.  A  man  of  a  canine  temper;  a  surly  or 
snarling  man  or  philosopher;  a  misanthrope.  [See 
Cvwics.]  Shiik. 

CYN'lC-ALr-LY,  adv.  In  a  snarling,  captious,  or  mo- 
rose manner.  Baeoiu 

CYN'iC-AL-NESS,  v~.  Moroseness;  contempt  of  rich- 
es and  amusements. 

CYN'l-CIS.M,  Ji.  The  practice  of  a  cynic;  a  morose 
contempt  of  the  pleasures  and  arts  of  life. 

Prof.  Emerson, 

CYN'ieS,  n.  pi.     [Gr.  kwc^,  dogs.J 

In  ancient  history,  a  sect  of  snarling  philosophers, 
who  valued  themselves  on  their  contempt  of  riches, 
of  arts,  sciences,  and  amusements.  Diogenes  be- 
longed to  this  sect.  They  are  said  to  owe  their  ori- 
ei'i  to  Antisthenes  of  Athens.  Encvc 

CYN'O-SURE,  (sin'o-shure  or  sl'no-shure,)  iu  '[Gr. 
KvvofT-iViia,  the  tail  of  the  dog.] 

A  name  given  to  the  constellation  of  the  Lesser 
Bear,  to  which,  as  containing  the  polar  star,  the  eyes 
of  mariners  and  travelers  were  formerly  directed. 
Hence,  the  term  has  been  used  by  poets  to  describe 
any  thing  to  which  attention  is  strongly  turned  ;  as 
in  the  lines  of  Milton  i 

Where  pertirtp*  iome  beauty  liei, 
Tbe  cytu}aure  of  aciglibohng  e/cc 

Brands. 
C^'ON.    See  Cios. 
C^'PHER.     See  Cipher. 
CYPH'ON-rSM,  n.     [Gr.  Kvpov.] 

A  species  of  punishment  frequently  used   by  the 
ancients,  consisting  in  the  besmearing  of  the  crimi- 
nal with  honey,  and  exposing  him  to  insects. 
CT 'PR ESS,  71,     [L,  cupre^sas:  Gt.  KWitpiocrui.] 

1.  The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  plants  or  trees. 
The  most  remarkahle  are  the  sempervirens,  or  com- 
mon cypress,  the  evergreen  American  cypress,  or 
white  cedar,  and  the  disiicha,  or  deciduous  Ameri- 
can cypress.  The  wood  of  these  trees  is  remarkable 
for  its  durability.  The  coffin.s  in  which  the  Athenian 
heroes  and  the  mummies  of  Eg>'pt  were  deposited, 
are  said  lo  have  been  made  of  the  first  species. 

Encyc 

2.  The  emblem  of  mourning  for  the  dead,  cypress 
branches  having  been  anciently  used  at  funerals. 

Had  sncona  atten<1''«I  Ihe  Anwric.inB.the  death  of  W-vrcn  would 
have  been  surficienl  to  damp  tiic  Joy*  of  ylciory,  iind  Gw 
cmyretB  would  have  been  ui)iu.-d  wiih  the  Uuirl. 
^'^  Elioft  Biog. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT MeTE,  PRfiY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


DAC 


CYP'RI- AN,  o.     Bclongins  to  the  Island  of  Cyprus. 

9.    A  terra  applied  to  a  lewd  woman. 
CYP'RIN,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  fiish  of  the  genus  Cyi>- 

rinus.  "^ 

CVP'Rr-OT,  n.    An  inhabitant  of  Cyprus. 
CT'PR1S»  n. ;  pL  Ctprides.    A  species  of  fresh-water 

Crustacea,  which  swim  by  means  of  cilia  ;  they 

swarm  in  stagnant  water.  ManteU, 

C?'PRUS,  n.    A  thin,  tmnsp.irent,  black  stuir.  Shak. 
CYR-E-.N'A'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  Cyrene. 
CyR-I-0-LO<S'ie,  a.     [Gr.  nvpiof,  chief,  and  Xoyoc, 

discourse.] 
^Relating  or  pertaining  to  capital  letters.     Encyc 

CYS''I^IS  i  "*     [Gr.  If uc-Tis,  a  bladder.] 

K  bag  or  tunic  wbidi  includes  morbid  matter  in 
animal  bodies.  Encyc 


DAG 


CYST'le,  a.  Pertaming  to  a  cyst,  or  contained  in  a 
cysL  I  he  cystic  duct  is  the  membranous  canal  that 
conveys  the  bile  from  the  hepatic  duct  into  the  gall- 
bladder.   The  cystic  artery  is  a  branch  of  the  hepatic. 

CYST'INE,  It.    A  kind  of  calculus  formed  in  tKu- 
t-JSt?  ?-r«"'     ","?*  formerly  called  cystic  ox.yd. 
l^Kfe-lI'lIS,  71.    Inflammation  of  the  bladder. 

CYS'TO-CELE,  71.  [Gr.  kvctis,  a  bladder,  an™  «i,Xi,, 
a  tumor.]  " 

A  hernia  or  rupture  formed  by  the  protrusion  of 
the  urinary  bladder.  Hooper. 

CYST'5HE,  a.     Containing  cysts. 

CYS-TOT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  ,„ir,i,  a  bladder,  and  rru- 
voj,  to  cut]  *  '^ 

The  act  or  practice  of  opening  cysts  j  particularly, 


DAI 


the  operation  of  cutting  into  the  bladder  for  the  ex- 
traction of  a  stone  or  other  eilraneous  matter. 

rVT-'l' fr'S^''^'*!  "^  P^rt^ning  to  the  goddessTenua. 
i„  .1  ,!■  .'  "•  A  '"^B«"">'<'  proiimate  principle  found 
in  the  Cytisus  laburnum,  and  other  plants.  It  is  an 
active  medicine. 

"^Tree-trefou'  "'  ^  ^^™^  "'  ^""^ ' '''"°'  "  ^'""'  "''  '"""^ ' 

CMR,  71.    A  king  ;  a  chief;  a  title  of  the  emperor  of 

Russia ;    pronounced  tiar,  and   so  written  by  good 

authors.  '   »""" 

"^  Rusti'J'*'  (^'^'""'^  "•    ■*  ''"0  °f  «l'o  empi«ss  of 

cz>5  of  RuS  "•  ^ "' """  "f  "'^'"''«^'  ^°"  ■"■  «■« 


D. 


Din  the  English  alphabet,  is  the  fourth  letter  and 
5  the  third  articulation.  It  holds  the  same  place  in 
the  English  as  in  the  Chaldee,  Svriac,  Hebrew, 
Samaritan,  Greek,  and  Latin  alphabets.  In  the 
Arabic,  it  is  the  eighth;  in  the  Riissi.in,  the  fifth; 
and  in  the  Elhiopic,  the  nineteenth  letter. 

D  is  a  dental  articulation,  formed  by  placing  the 
end  of  the  tongue  against  the  gum  just  above  the 
upper  teeth.  It  is  nearly  allied  to  T,  but  is  not  so 
close  a  letter,  or  rather  it  does  not  interrupt  the  voice 
so  suddenly  as  T,  and  in  forming  the  nrticiilation, 
there  is  a  lingual  and  nasal  sound,  which  has  induced 
some  writers  to  rank  D  among  the  lingual  letters. 
It  has  but  one  sound, a.s  in  rfa,  din,  bad;  and  is  never 
quiescent  in  English  words,  except  in  a  rapid  utter- 
ance of  such  words  as  Haiulkcrchitf. 

-As  a  numeral,  D  represents  jScc  hundred,  and  when 

a  dash  or  stroke  is  placed  over  it,  thus,  D,  it  denotes 
five  t^muand. 

As  an  abbreviation,  D.  .stands  for  Doctor :  as,  .M.  D. 
Doctor  of  Medicine  ;  D.  T.  Doctor  of  Theology,  or 
S.  T.  D.  Doctor  of  Sacred  Theology  :  D.  D.  Doctor  of 
Drcinit)  or  dom  dedil :  D.  D.  D.  dot,  dicat,  dedicat; 
and  D.  D.  D.  D.  dignum  Deo  donum  drdit. 
PAIl,  p.  (.  [Fr.  dauber,  or  from  the  same  root.  It  has 
the  elements  iif  dip  dub,  and  tap,  Gr.  rvTrcj,  and  of 
daub.     Class  Db,  .No.  3.  21,  28,  58.] 

L  To  strike  gently  with  the  hand ;    to  slap ;  to 

n    _  BaUey. 

2.  To  strike  gently  with  some  soft  or  moist  sub- 
stance ;  as,  to  dab  a  sore  with  lint  Sliarp. 

DAB,  a.     A  gentle  blow  with  the  hand. 

2.  A  small  lump  or  mass  of  any  thing  soft  or  moist. 

3.  ^mcthing  moist  or  slimy  thrown  on  one. 

4.  In  rporiire  lang-ua^e,  an  expert  man  ;  ha,  a  da^ 
at  making  an  index.  OoU..ini»*. 

5.  A  small,  flat  lish,  allied  to  the  flounder,  of  the 
genus  Platissa,  of  a  dark  bmwn  color. 

R    2  S*'"'  (''"'"'iJ  PP-     -"truck  with  something  moist. 
DAB  BI.VC,   ppr.     Striking    gently  with    something 

moist  * 

D.ili'BI.E,  r.  t.    [Heb.  Sao  tabal,  or  from  the  root  of 

dip,  Goth,  daupyan,  Belgic  dabben  or  daibclen.    See 

Dip.] 
Literally,  to  dip  a  little  or  often  ;  hence,  to  wet ;  to 

moisten  ;  to  spatter ;  to  wet  by  little  dips  or  strokes : 

nl"n'£'f'"J''''-  ■     ^       ,  *"■'*•     '»^»'"'"»- 

UAU  UL.fc,  V.  u    To  play  in  water;  to  dip  the  hands 

tnrow  water,  and  splash  about ;  to  play  in  mud  ana 

water. 

2.  To  do  any  thing  in  a  slight  or  snperSeial  man- 
ner i  to  tamper ;  to  touch  here  and  there. 

Tou  bmn,  I  thinje,  br^n  riiM^rtng  with  UK  tcxu        Auerbury. 

3.  To  meddle  ;  to  dip  into  a  concern. 
DAB'BLER,  7i.     One  who  plays  in  water  or  mud. 

2.  One  who  dips  sligliily  Into  any  thing  ;  one  who 

meddles  without  going  to  the  botloiu  ;  a  suiH-rflcial 

meddler;  as,  a  dabbler  in  politics. 
DAB'BM.VO,    ppr.    or  <i.      Dipping    superficially    or 

often  ;  playing  in  water,  or  in  mud  ;  meddling. 
DAB'BI.IXO,  n.     The  act  of  dipping  superOcially  Into, 

or  meddling  with  any  thing.  ' 

DAB'Bl.I.NG-LY,  adv.     In  a  dabbling  manner. 
DAB'CHICK,  n.     [dab,  nr  dip,  nai  chid!.]     A  w.ater- 

T ,  ^u.b-H^S'"'''  "'""■•"'•  Jardine. 

ii.MJSII-.R,  n.       i^Qii,  from  adept,  with  ster.  Sax 

steoran,  to  steer.] 
One  who  is  skilled  ;  one  who  is  expert ;  a  master 

of  his  business.     [JVot  an  eUgant  mord.]     [Soe  D»p- 

PER.1  •■ 

DA  CVPO,  (di-ki'po  )    [It]     In  mi«ic,  a  direction 
„'".""«">  to,  and  end  with,  the  first  strain. 

r'«"'i,   ^^'  '''"■    **"■  *■'■  """^"'O 
A  fish,  the  Cyprinut  leucixuM  ;  a  small  river  fish  of 
a  bright  silvery  color.  Walton. 


DA€'TYL,  n.     [Gr.  iaKrvXo,,  a  finger;  L.  dactylus 

probably  a  shoot.    See  Dioix.] 
A  po<!lical  foot,  consisting  of  three  syllables,  the 

hrsl  long,  and  the  others  short,  like  the  joints  of  a 

linger;  as,  (S^raTni   cdrjuln?. 
DAC'TYL-AR,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  dactyl ;  reducing 

n  Til^lM^S  '"'°  V""''!"^'-  ScoUU  Essays. 

DAC'TVL-ET,  n.     A  dactyl.  Bp.  HalL 

DAC-TYL'le,  n.    Pertaining  to  or  consisting  chiefly 

or  wholly  of  dactyls  ;  as,  dactylic  verses  ;  a  dactylL 
n  ri!.'*i*5)  ,.'S"'"*''*''"?  of  unequal  intervals.   Eneyl 
,  J        .  "''  *•    ^  ''"^  consisting  chiefly  or  wholly 

of  dactyls.  o  j  j 

DAC'TYL-IST,  n.     [from  dactyU]     One   who  writes 
flowing  verse.  Wnrtnn 

DAC-TYL'O-GLYPII,  n.     [Gr.  iaKTvXo!,  finger,  and 
i-Ae'/iw,  to  engrave.] 

The  in.scription  of  the  name  of  the  artist  on  a 
finger  ring  or  gem.  Brandr 

DAt^TV^OG'RA-PHY.n.  [Gr.  {.a.rvXo,  and  „"aj<., 

«  .  ^}!^.  ^i:"""^  Of  nrt  of  gem  engraving.       Brandt. 
DAe-TY^OL'O-CY,  a."  [Gr.  ioKrvli,  flnge"r"l^d 
Aoyof,  discourse.] 

1.  The  act  or  the  art  of  communicating  ideas  or 
thoughts  by  the  fingers.  Deaf  and  dumb  persons  ac- 
quire a  wonderful  dexterity  in  this  art. 

2.  The  science  which  treats  of  the  history  and 
qualities  of  finger  rings.  Fiinea 

DAC-TYL'O-.MAN-CY,  n.     [Gr.   ia.rvkos  and   „:,„- 
rmn,  divination.] 
Divination  by  finger  rings.  Elme^ 

R»R;n„   f  "•     ^-  '^'    ''•  ""'•■   Arm.  tad,  Corn. 
UAIl  UY,  1        tad  or  tat  !  ancient  L.  tula;  Port  taita  ; 

Gypsy,  dad.  dada  :  Sans,  tada  j  Hindoo,  dmla  ;  Russ 

tuuta;  Finn,  taat.] 

'■'aUler ;  a  word  used  by  infanL;  from  whom  it  is 

taken.    The  first  articulations  of  infants  or  young 

children  are  dental  nr  laiiat  ;  dental,  in  tad,  dad,  and 

labial,  in  mamma,  papa. 
DAD'DLE,  v.  L     To  do  anything  slowly;    to  walk 

with  tottering,  like  a  child  or  an  old  man.    [litUe 

used.]  *■ 

''^''E,  V.  t.    To  hold  up  by  leading-strings.    [lAme 
r^^fW  rr    .         ...  Drayton. 

DX  DO,  n.    [Hal.,  a  die.]    The  die  or  square  part  of  a 

n  f.^?.^',,'!','.l"'"'  "^'i!''"^'  ''■'"'=  "f  «  column.   Thomson. 
pAI''DOCK,  n.    The  rouen  body  of  a  tree. 
D.E  DAL,  a.    [L.  D.rdalus,  Gr.  Ami.,\oi,  an  ingenious 
artist,  who  made  the  Cretan  labyrinth.] 

1.  Various  ;  variegated.  Sucnser 

2.  Skillful.  ^pcnser. 

D^-p.t'LI-AiV,  a.  [SeoDjcoit.]  Formed  with  art : 
intricate ;  ma7.e-like.  ' 

D^.D'A-LOUS,  a.  [from  D,rdalus.-]  Having  a  mar- 
gin with  various  windings  and  turnings  ;  of  a  beau- 
tiful and  delicate  texture ;  a  Urm  applied  to  the  leaves 

DAFFE,  1  "•    t''^'-'-  *"t'"i  nllied  to  denf.] 

UAft,  B.  t    To  toss  aside;  to  put  ofl:    [See  Dorp.] 

DAF'FO-DIL,  „.  [D.  affodiUe^^  G.  doppelte  tiSSV., 
double  narcissus;  It  aifodiUol  Ft.  asphodclc :  L 
asphodelus  ;  Gr.  ao !,<i/ic\,'f.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Narcissus,  of  several  species. 
These  have  a  bulbous  root,  and  beautiful  flowers  of 
a  deep  yellow  hue.  g,, 

,^„l^-^i^..   '"*"""  '   '^'''''' '  """"el"'""'  i   eiddy. 
DAG,  71.    [Tt.  dairue,  from  Ihnisting.] 

A  dagger;  a  handgun ;  a  pUtol.     [JVot  in  use.] 

DAG.  Tt     Dew.    \jVotinuse.]  ^""'^ 


DAG,  71.    [Sax.  dag-.] 
da^xkT^^  ™^'^  of  locks  of  wool;  called  also 
2.  A  leathern  latchet  "'  ^* 

DAG,  V.  t.     To  daggle.     [JVe(  in  ust.] 

DAG  GER,  „.  [ f  r.  darue ;  D.  Jagge  ;  Arm.  da^cr ;  Sp 
daga  ;  Port,  aiaga  :  It  daga/  Ir.  daigear.  In  G.  and 
D.  degen  is  a  sword.] 

1.  A  short  sword  ;  a  poniard.  Sidney. 

2.  m  fencing  schooU,  a  blunt  blade  of  iron  with  a 
basket  hilt,  used  for  defense. 

3.  With  printers,  an  obelisk,  or  obelus,  a  mark  of 
reference  in.the  form  of  a  dagger  ;  thus  (t). 

DAG't;  KR,  V.  t.    To  picree  with  a  dagger  ■  to  stab 
DAG'GERS-DRAVV-LVG,   n.      The  Ifct  if   drawing 
( ila?re7  '  "'''"""'^''  '"  °P""  ""»"=''  °'  •"  violence  ;  5 

To  trail  in  mud  or  wet  grass  ;  to  befoul  ;  to  dirty 
as  the  lower  end  of  a  garment. 

R'^J^II^!'?!,""  '■    '''.°  '^""  "'■''"'bI'  ""uI  nnd  water. 

DA(.  GLi!D  pp.  Dipped  or  trailed  in  mud  or  foul 
water  ;  befouled. 

DAG'GLE-TAIL,  a.  Having  the  lower  ends  of  gar- 
ments defiled  with  mud. 

DAG'GLING,  ppr.  Drawing  along  in  mud  or  foul 
water. 

DAG'--LOCK,  71.  [dag,  dew,  and  lock.]  A  lock  of 
wool  on  a  sheep  that  hangs  and  drags  in  the  wet. 

DAc'r^r^^'n"-     [^f- " '"""'■1    A  kind  of  carpet 
IJAG'-I  AIL-£D,  a.     The  same  as  dagglo-tail ;  trailed 
in  mud. 

D.VGUERRE'I-AN,  (da-ger're-an,)  a.    Pertaining  to 

llaguerre,  or  to  his  invention  of  the  daguerrcolviie 
DA^GUERRE'O-TVPE,  (da-ger'ro-.Jpe^  T"'  ,??,m 
/Ja^^airre  the  discoverer.]  A  method  of  fixing  Im- 
ages of  objects  by  the  camera  obsciira.  A  co,  Ter 
sheet,  plated  with  silver,  well  cleaned  with  diluiud 
nitric  acid,  or  iKilished,  is  exposed  to  the  vapor  of 
iodine,  which  forms  a  very  thin  coating.  This  sheet 
IS  placed  in  the  camera  obscura,  in  which  it  remains 
a  very  short  time ;  it  is  then  taken  out  and  ex- 
posed to  tlie  vapor  of  mercury  ;  then  heated  to  167' 
!•  ahrenheit,  and  the  images  appear  as  by  enchant- 
ment 
DAH'LIA,  71.  [from  Z>aAl,  the  name  of  a  Swedish 
botanist] 

A  .South  American  plant.  Introduced   into  Europe 
by  the  Spaniards  in  17«!).    It  bears  a  large,  beauti- 
ful, compouudTlower,  of  every  variety  of  hue. 
rm,  •  .   .  Partington.. 

[Ihisnamo  Originally  belonged  to  a  shrub  grow- 
ng  at  the  Caiie  of  Good  Hope,  with  flowers  of  but 
little  beauty.] 
DXII'LINE,  71.    Inulin,  the  fecula  obtained  from  ele- 
campane, resembling  starch.  Ure. 
DAI'LI-NESS,  71.     Daily  occurrence.                Taylor 
DAI'LY,  a.    [Sax.  dagVic,  from  liao-,  day.] 

Ilapiicning  or  being  every  day"  done  day  by  day  • 
bestowed  or  enjoyed  every  day;  as,  (iui/u  labor ;  a 
daUy  allowance, 

in  till,  day  our  daily  brtail.  I.ord't  Prayer. 


D.JI'LY,  ailv.  Every  day;  day  by  day;  as,  a  thing 
happens  daily.  * 

R'JlS^n!.";    Something  of  exquisite  taste;  a  dainty. 

DAINT'I-LY,  a<;i).  [from  rfninlj,.]  Nicely  ;  elegantly  • 
as,  a  hat  daintdy  made.  [,Vo(  legitimate,  nor  in  use.\ 
.....     ,        .      ...  Bacon. 

2.  IVicely;  fastidiously;  with  nice  regard  to  what 
is  well  tasted  ;  as,  to  eat  daintdy. 

3.  Deliciously  ;  as,  to  fare  daintily. 

4.  Ceremoniously ;  scrujiulously. 


jro>E.  BULL,  WITE-AJJ»GBR,  VrWu8.-e  .s  K;  0  lu  J ;  ,  ..  2 ,  CH  as  8H ;  yu  .s  in  THIS. 


297    - 


DAL 

DAIXT'l-NESS,  ■,  Delicacy;  softness:  eleeanc© ; 
niccCy  ;  as,  the  daitttvuss of  the  limbs.     fO&jr.J 

0.  JoHsom. 
ft.  Delicacy ;    dellciousness ;   appiied  to  food  }  sa, 
Ibe  rfoMCiJMM  of  pntvisions. 

3.  Nicety  in  uwte ;  sqtieaintshness  j  fiistidlous- 
neas ;  as,  toe  daintuuss  of  the  taste.  H^otton. 

4.  CeremonkHisncss ;  scrupulousness ;  nice  atten- 
tion to  manners.     [Ofr«.] 

0A1\T'R£L,  R.     A  delicacy.    [AVt  m  hm-I 
DALNT'V,  a.     [W.  deintuui;  Scot  doiiUy;  fttnn  doiC, 

dMia,  the  teeth,  L.  densy  Gr.  oiovi,  ^ans.  ttotes.] 
].  Nice ;  pleasing  to  tbe  palate ;  of  axquiaite  taste ; 

dUicious  ;  as,  daintjf  food. 

Bh  aoul  abbormh  dMllr  nMtt.  —  Job  xxxB. 

5.  Delicate  ;,of  acute  sensibility  ;  nice  in  selecting 
what  is  lender  and  jrood  ;  squeAniisb  ;  soft  ;  luxuri- 
ous }  as,  a  HatHty  taste  or  palate ;  a  dambf  pe<^ple. 

3.  Scrupulous  in  manners;  eemDonious.     Skdfc. 
■I.  Elfgant :    lender;   soft;    pure;    neat;    eflVmi- 
natelv  beautiful ;  as,  dmimtf  hands  or  limbs.      Skmk. 
b.  Nice ;  affectedly  fine ;  aa,  a  doia^  speaker. 

Prior. 

DXINT%  a.  SeaMChinK  nice  and  delicate  to  the 
tasle ;  that  which  fi  ***|"W*'y  delkloua ;  a  delicacy. 

Bt  MI  dMiiwo*  td  MM(t»,  far  tey  »•  dMoUU  nML  —  Prav. 

xxB. 

S.  A  term  of  fondnees.     [JV«<  mutk  lued.] 

Why,  UnlV  nv  dui^.  AoL 

DXTRV,  K.  [This  word  I  have  not  found  in  any 
other  language.  In  Russ.  daym  signifies  to  milk,  and 
Junius  mentions  dfy^  an  old  word  for  milk,  and  Ice- 
landic defgia^  to  milk.  It  may  be,  and  probably  is, 
a  contnicted  word.] 

1.  Milk,  and  all  th^  concerns  it,  on  a  farm ;  or 
the  businet*^  of  mnnapinK  milk,  and  of  making  but- 
ter and  chee.se.  The  whole  estaUishmenl  respecting 
milk,  in  a  family,  or  on  a  farm. 

GtDUiKb  wfTT   ttinvd  mocb  la   En^rlutd  otbn'  lo  ftedlag  or 
dmrfi  uid  Ui»  wtnuMnl  tfa«  timieU  EngHia  batter. 


SI  The  phice,  room,  or  bouse,  where  milk  1m  set 
for  cream,  manafod,  and  converted  into  butter  or 
cheese.  Diydem. 

3.  A  milk  farm  or  pasture  land.  Bae»m, 

DArRV-Mol'.^G,  I  a.    A  house  or  room  appropriated 

DXl'RV-ROOM,    {     lo  the  management  of  mUk. 

DAI'RV-MaID,  n.  A  female  serrant  whose  bosiness 
is  lo  manage  milk.  Jidduo». 

DAI'RY~ING,  a.    The  boslneoa  of  conduaing  a  dairy. 

P.  Cfc. 

D.^IS,  (da'is  *r  dase,)  a,  A  nlaed  floor  at  the  upper 
end  (H  the  dnunf-ball,  where  the  high  table  9tood. 

tr.  ScotL 
Also,  a  canopy  with  its  seat  at  the  hi^  table. 

DArsi-£D,  (da'xid,)  c  [See  Oi.itT.]  FuU  of  daisies ; 
adorned  with  daisies.  SkaJu 

DAI'SY,  a.     [Sax-  d^ge»^ge^  day's  eye,] 

A  plant  of  Ibe  genns  Uellis,  of  several  varieties. 
The  blue  daisy  belongs  to  the  genus  Glc^Hilaria,  as  does 
the  globe  daisy  ;  the  greater  or  ox-eye  daitiy  belongs 
to  the  genus  CbiysantJbemum  ;  and  the  middle  daisy, 
to  the  Ooronicum.  Fknu  pf  Plants, 

D.X'KER,  B.     A  dicker ;  the  number  of  ten. 

Da'KKR-HEN,  a.  The  corn-crake  or  land-rail,  a 
bird  of  the  gnillic  order  of  Linncus.       Bd,  Encifc 

DA'KIR,  K.  In  Engiisk  siaUtesy  ten  hides,  or  the 
'.^entieth  part  of  a  last  of  hides.  Eiteyc 

D.XLE,  a.  [Goth.  dcUt;  Dan.  and  Sw.  da/;  G.Uud; 
D,dal;  W.d&i;  Russ.  dot^udol,  and  dtdine ;  allied, 
perhaps,  to  d^U.  The  Welsh  dt>l  signifies  a  winding, 
bend,  or  meander,  and  a  ditU  through  which  a  river 
runs;  a  band,  a  ring,  &.c.    In  D.  dsiUen  signifies  to 


d,  to  sink.] 
A  low  place  between  iiills ;  a  vale  or  ralley ;  a 


DAL'LI-ANCE,  a.  fSee  Dallt.]  Liimtliy,  delay  ;  a 
UBgoinf ;  apprsprtate/jr,  acts  of  fondness  ;  inter- 
change of  caresses ;  toying,  as  males  and  females  ; 
as,  youthful  daliiamee,  *  MUton. 

2.  Conjugal  emiwaces ;  commerce  of  the  sexes. 

Milton. 

3.  Detay.    [O**.]  ShaJt. 
DAL'LI-£D,  (dalHid,)  pp.    Delayed  ;  deferred. 
OAL'LI-ER,  a.     One  who  fondles ;   a  triHer ;  as,  a 

dailier  with  pleasant  words.  ^^sdiam. 

DAL'LY,  c.  i.  [W.  ddl  or  doloy  to  hold,  bear,  keep, 
stop  ;  Arm.  dalra,  to  stop  or  retard  ;  Ir.  dtii/,  delay  ; 
Koss.  dltfm.  The  i^nse  of  holding  is  often  connected 
with  that  of  extending,  drawing  out  in  time ;  Ax. 

JIj9  loitia,  to  prolong,  to  delay.    Class  DI,  No.  30. 

Bee,  aL^,  No.  94,  99.] 

1.  Literaliy^  to  delay  ;  lo  linger  ;  to  wait.     Hence, 
S:  To  tride ;  to  loae  time  in  idleness  and  trifles ; 

to  amuse  one's  s^  with  idle  play. 

It  b  fmrtom  to  daOg  uj  langn-.  Cs/air.-y. 

3.  To  toy  and  wanton,  as  man  and  woman ;  to 
interchange  caresses  ;  to  fondle.  S&dk. 

4.  To  sport ;  lo  play. 

She  dalUa  with  Uw  wind.  SJiaJt, 


DAM 

D.\L'LY,  r.  (.  To  delay;  to  defer;  to  put  ofl^;  to 
amuse  till  a  proper  opiiortunity  ;  as,  to  daily  off  tlie 
time.     [.Voe  fliucA  used.]  Knollcs. 

D.\L'LY-INGj  ppr.  Delaying;  procrastinating;  tri- 
rimc ;  wasting  time  in  idle  amusement;  toying; 
fondling. 

DAL-MAT'I-€A,  «.  A  long  white  pown  with  sleeves, 
worn  by  deacons  in  tlie  Roman  CutUolic  church. 

DA&I,  H.     [Supposed  Uy  hv  from  davte^  which  see.] 
1.  A  female  parent ;  used  of  beasts,  particularly 
of  quadrupeds. 
9.  A  hnman  motlier,  in  contempL  Shak. 

3.  [Pr.  doMA,  the  queen  ;  Sp.  dama.]  A  crowned 
mnn  m  the  game  of  draughts. 

DAM,  n.  [D.  dam;  G.  doMun;  Sw.  id.;  Dan.  dam^  a 
pond.    See  the  verb.] 

A  mole,  bank,  or  mound  of  earth,  or  any  wall,  or 
a  frame  of  wood,  raisi-d  to  obstruct  a  current  of 
Water,  and  to  raise  it,  fur  the  purpose  of  driving 
mill-wheels,  or  ft>r  other  purpiwes.  Any  work  that 
stops  and  confines  water  in  a  pond  or  basin,  or 
causes  it  to  rise. 

DAM,  r.  I.  [Sax.  dstmnaa;  G.  ddmmen  ;  D.  dammen  ; 
Dan.  dOTamer ;  Ch.  D>A  *to  stop,  to  shut ;  Heb.  and 

^  — ? 

Ch.  DBM,  Ar.  aJsi   tUama^  to  stop  or  shut     Q,u. 

Ch.  DSO,  Ar.  ft^Mt  tatanuiy  id.    This  t«  the  root 

of  dwmb.     See  Class  Dm,  Na  17,  18,  S3,  39.] 

I.  To  make  a  dam,  or  to  stop  a  stream  of  water 
by  a  bank  of  earth,  or  by  any  other  work  ;  to  con- 
fine or  shut  in  water.  It  is  common  to  use,  after 
the  verb,  ia,  up,  or  otU  ;  as,  to  diun  in,  or  to  dam  up, 
the  water,  and  to  dont  out  is  to  prevent  water  from 
entering. 

3.  To  confine  or  restrain  from  escaping ;  to  shut 
in  :  used  by  Shakspeare  nf  fire,  and  by  Milton  of  light. 
D.AM' AGE,  n.  ^Fr.  dommofe ;  Ann.  doumaich  ;  Norm. 
damage;  Sax.  aetn;  L.  damnum  :  Sp.  dano;  Port,  da- 
no  i  ft.  danno;  Ir.  damaistf.  This  word  seems  to  be 
allied  to  the  Greek  ^n/i'",  a  fine  or  mulct,  Ch.  nor  or 
"^T,  to  impose  a  fine.    Butqu.    See  Damn.] 

1.  Any  hurt,  injury,  or  harm,  to  one's  estate  ;  any 
loss  of  proper^  sustained  ;  any  liinderance  to  the  in- 
crease of  property ;  or  any  obstruction  lo  the  success 
of  an  enterprise.  A  man  suffer^  damage  by  the  de- 
stnictinn  of  his  com,  by  the  burning  of  tiis  house,  by 
the  detention  of  a  ship  which  defeats  a  profitable 
voyage,  or  by  the  fhilure  of  a  profitable  undertaking. 
JSosBors,  then,  is  any  actual  loss,  or  the  prevention 
of  profit.  It  is  usually  and  properly  applied  to  prop- 
erty, but  sometimes  to  reputation  and  other  things 
which  are  valuable.  But,  iu  Uie  latter  cose,  injury 
is  more  correctly  used. 

9.  The  value  of  what  is  lost. 
3.  Damages;  in  law,  the  estimated  reparation  in 
money  fur  detriment  or  injury  sustained  ;  that  which 
is  given  or  adjudged  to  repair  a  loss.     It  is  the  prov- 
ince of  a  jury  to  assess  damages  in  trespass. 

DA.M'AGE,  r.  (.  [It,  danneggiare;  but  Norm,  damager 
is  lo  oppress.] 

To  hurt  or  harm  ;  lo  injure  ;  to  impair ;  to  lessen 
the  soundness,  goodness,  or  value  of.  Rain  may  dam- 
age corn  or  hay  ;  a  storm  may  damage  a  ship ;  a  house 
is  often  damaged  by  fire  when  it  is  not  destroyed; 
heavy  rains  damage  roads. 

D.\M'AGE,  v.  L  To  receive  harm ;  lo  be  injured  or 
impaired  in  soundness  or  value  ;  as,  green  com  will 
damage  in  a  mow  or  stack. 

DAM'AGEl-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  injured  or  im- 
paired ;  susceptible  of  damage  ;  as,  damageable  goods. 

2.  Hurtful;  pernicious.     [Rare.] 
DAM'AG-ED,  pp.  or  a.     Hurt ;  impaired  ;  injured. 
DAM'AOE-FEaS'ANT,  (dara'aj-mz'ant,)  a.    [Fr./ai- 

sant,  from  /aire.] 

Doing  injury  ;  trespassing,  as  cattle.    Blackstone, 
DASl'AG-ING,  ppr.    Injuring;  impairing. 
DAM'AR.     See  Dammar. 
DAM'AS-C£NE,  a.     [L.  damascenus,  from  Damaseus.] 

1.  A  particular  kind  of  plum,  now  pronounced 
Damsott  ;  which  see. 

2.  It  may  be  locally  applied  to  other  species  of 
plums. 

D.\M'A^K,  n.  [It.  dommaaco;  Fr.  damas ;  Sp.  damasco; 
from  Damascus^  in  Syri:u] 

1.  A  silk  stuff,  having  some  parts  raised  above  the 
ground,  representing  flowers  and  other  figures,  origi- 
nally from  Damascus. 

2.  A  kind  of  wrought  linen,  made  in  Flanders,  in 
imitation  of  damask  silks. 

3.  Red  color,  fnjm  the  dama*;k-rose.  Fairfax. 
Dama^k-steel  is  a  fine  steel  from  the  Levant,  chief- 
ly from  Damascuf',  used  for  sword  and  cutlass  blades. 

DAM'ASK,  r.  t.  To  form  flowers  on  stuffs ;  also,  to 
variegate;  to  diversify;  a^,  a  bank  damasked  with 
flowers.  Milton, 

9.  To  adorn  steel-work  with  figures.   [See  Daha.s- 

KEEN.] 

DAM'ASK-jF:D,  (dam'askt,)pp.    Variegated  Nvith  flow- 


DA3I 

DAM'ASK-EN,      (  r.  L     [Fr.  damasquiner.     See  Dam- 

DAM-ASK-EEN',  \      ask.] 

To  make  incisions  in  iron,  steel,  &:c.,  and  fill  tliera 
with  gold  or  silver  wire  for  ornament ;  used  chiefly 
for  adorning  sword-blades,  guards,  lucks  of  pii^tut:^, 
&c.  Chambers. 

DAM-ASK-EEN'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Cut  into  figures  and 
inlaid  with  guld  or  silvi-r  wire. 

DAM-ASK-EEN'IXG,  ppr.  Engraving  and  adorning 
with  gold  or  silver  wire  inlaid. 

DAM-ASK-EEN'ING,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  beautify- 
ing iron  or  steel,  by  engraving  and  inlaying  it  with 
gold  or  silver  wire. 

DAM'ASK-IN,  n.  A  saber,  so  colled  from  the  manu- 
facture of  Damascus. 

DAM'ASK-ING,  ppr.    Variegating  with  flowers. 

DAM'ASK  PLLTM,  n.     A  small,  black  plum. 

DAM'ASK-ROSE,  n.  A  species  of  rose  which  is  red, 
an<T  another  which  is  white. 

DAM'AS  SLV,  n.  A  kind  of  damask  with  gold  and 
silver  flowers  woven  in  the  warp  and  woof.     l/re. 

DAME,  n.  [Fr.  dame;  Sp.  PorL  It.  dama;  from  L. 
domina,  a  mistress  or  governess,  fVom  domo,  (It.  fm- 
ftiiM.  to  subdue,  Eug.  lo  tame.  Class  Dm,  No.  3,  4, 
23,  24.] 

LUerally,  a  mistress  ;  hence,  a  lady  ;  a  title  of  honor 
to  a  Woman.  It  is  irow  generally  applied  lo  the  mis- 
tress of  a  family  in  the  common  ranks  of  life  ;  as  is 
its  compound,  madam.  In  poetry,  it  is  applied  to  a 
woman  of  rank.  In  short,  it  is  applied  wiiJi  propri- 
ety to  any  woman  w)io  is  or  has  been  the  mistress  of 
a  family,  and  it  sometimes  comprehends  women  in 
general. 

DAME'S-VI'O-LET,  (  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Iks- 

DAME'WORT,  \      [Hiris;  called  nUo  ^ueen's-gd- 

ly-fiotoer,  or  rocket.  It  is  remarkable  for  its  fnigrant 
odor,  and  ladies  are  fond  of  having  it  in  their  apart- 
ments. 

D.\'MI-AN-I3TS,n.pZ.  In  cAurcAAi^twry,  the  followers 
of  Damianus,  patriarch  of  Alexandria,  in  the  fourth 
century,  who  concentered  all  the  pirsonal  attributes 
of  the  Father,  St>n,  and  Holy  Ghost,  in  the  one  God  ; 
and  therefore  was  accused  of  teaching  Sabellianism. 

DAM'MAR,  n.  A  name  applied  to  a  resinous  sub- 
stance obtained  in  the  East  Indies  from  a  species  of 
Agathis  or  Danimara,  a  tree  allied  lo  the  pine. 

DAM'M£D,  pp.  Conhned  or  shut  in  by  means  of  a 
dnm. 

DAM'MING,  ppr.  Confining  water  by  means  of  a 
dam. 

DAMN,  (dam,)  v.  t  [h.  damno;  Fr.  damner;  Arm. 
dauna  ;  IL  dannare  ;  Sp.  danar  ;  Port,  danar.  The 
Portuguese  word  is  rendered  to  hurt,  to  damnify,  lo 
cornipt  or  spoil,  to  undo  or  niin,  to  bend,  to  crook,  to 
make  mad.  The  latter  sense  would  seem  lo  be  from 
the  L.  demens,  and  damnum  is  by  Varro  referred  to 
drmendo,  demo,  which  is  supposed  to  be  a  compound 
of  de  and  emo.  But  qu.,  for  damno  and  condemno  co- 
incide with  the  Eng.  doom.] 

1.  To  sentence  to  eternal  torments  in  a  future 
state ;  to  punish  in  hell. 

He  ihat  belicreth  nol  shall  be  dnmtud.  —  Mnrk  xxi. 

2.  To  condemn  ;  lo  decide  lo  be  wrong  or  worthy 
of  punishment ;  to  censure  ;  to  reprobate. 

He  Uiat  doiibteth  b  damned  if  he  eaL  — Rom.  xir. 

3.  To  condemn  ;  lo  explode  ;  to  decide  to  be  bad, 
mean,  or  displeasing,  by  hissing  or  any  mark  of  dis- 
approbation ;  as,  to  damn  a  play,  or  a  mean  author. 

4.  A  word  used  in  profaneness  ;  a  term  of  execra- 
tion. 

DAAI'NA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  damned  or  con- 
demned ;  deserving  damnation  ;  worthy  of  eternal 
punishment  More  generally,  that  which  subjects  or 
renders  liable  to  damnation;  as,  damnable  heresies. 
2  Pet.  ii. 

2.  In  a  low  or  ludicrous  sense,  odious,  detestable,  or 
pernicious.  Shak. 

DAM'NA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  slate  or  quality  of  de- 
serving damnation. 

DAM'NA-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  incur  eternal 
punishment,  or  so  as  lo  exclude  mercy.  Soiu/i. 

2.  In  a  low  sense,  odiously  ;  detestably  ;  sometimes 

DAM-NA'TiON,  n.     [L.  damnatio.] 

1.  Sentence  or  condemnation  lo  everlasting  pun- 
ishment in  the  future  state ;  or  the  state  of  eternal 
torments. 

How  can  je  escape  the  damnation  of  bell  ?  —  Matt,  xxiii. 

2.  Condemnation.  Taylor. 
DAM'NA-TO-RY,  a.    Containing  a  sentence  of  con- 
demnation.                                                     Waterland. 

DAM'Nt'D,  (damd  J  adj.  in  serious  discourse,  dam'- 
ned,)  pp.  or  a.  Sentenced  lo  everlasting  punishment 
in  a  future  state  ;  condemned. 

2.  a.  Hateful  ;  detestable  ;  abominable  ;  a  word 
ckiefy  used  in  profaiieness  by  persons  of  vulgar  man- 
ners. 

DAMNlF'ie,  o.  [See  Damnift.]  Procuring  loss  ; 
mischievous. 

DAM'NI-FT-£D,  pp.  [See  DAMifipr.]  Injured  ;  en- 
damaged. 

DAM'NI-F?",  r.  £.  [h.  damn\fico ;  damnum  and /acio; 
It.  damnijicare.] 


FATE,  FAR,  Fi^LL,  VVH^T MkTE,  PREY.— PINE,  ALARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

__  _        ___ 


DAM 

1.  To  cause  loss  or  dainnKe  to ;  to  hurt  in  estate 
or  iiilen.'st  ;  to  injure  ;  to  endamage  ;  as,  to  damnify 
a  m:tn  in  his  g(.>od$  or  estate. 

'^  To  hurt  \  to  injure ;  to  impair  \  applied  to  the  per- 
son. Spenser. 

DAM'\1-FY-1XG, ppr.    Hurting;  injuring;  impairing. 

DAM'XlNGf  ppr.  Dooming  to  endless  punishment; 
a  rnndemning. 

2.  a.  That  condemns  or  exposes  to  damnation ;  as, 
a  damnintr  sin. 

DAM'NING-NESS,  n.    Tendency  to  bring  damnation. 

Hammond. 

D^^^^ra^r ABS'quE  lv^T^ri-a,  [l.]  Losswith- 

out  any  injury  ol'  the  which  the  law  can  take  cog- 
nizance. 
DAMP,  o.  [G.  dampfi  D.  tlamp  ;  Sw.  damh  ;  Dan.  damp, 
steam,  vapor,  fog,  smoke  ;  perhaps  st/:am  is  from  the 
same  root,  from  wasting  i  Sans,  dhuma.  See  Class 
Dm,  No.  33.] 

1.  Moist ;  humid ;  being  in  a  state  between  dry 
and  wet ;  as,  a  damp  clotti ;  damp  air  ;  sometimes  fog- 
gy;  as,  the  atmosphere  is  dampi  but  it  may  be  damp 
without  visible  vapor. 

2.  Dejected  \  sunk  j  depre.ssed ;  chilled.    [  Unusual.l 

Milton. 
DAMP,  a.    Moist  air ;  buniidity ;  moisture ;  fog. 

Mdlon. 

3.  Dejection  ;  depression  of  spirits;  chill.  We  say, 
to  strike  a  damp,  or  to  cast  a  damp,  on  the  spirits. 

Milton. 
3.  Damps,  pi. ;  noxious  exhalations,  or  rather  gas- 
es, issuing  from  the  earth,  and  dek-lerious  or  fatal  to 
animal  life.  These  are  otien  known  to  exist  in  wells 
which  continue  long  covered  and  not  usi-d,  and  in 
mines  and  coalpits  ;  and  sometimes  they  issue  from 
the  old  lavas  of  volcanoes.  These  damps  are  usually 
tlie  carbonic  acid  pas,  vulgarly  called  choke-tlamp, 
which  instantly  sutfocates  ;  or  carbureted  hydrogen, 
called  f  re-damp. 
DAMP,  u.  (.  To  moisten;  to  make  humid,  or  mod- 
erately weC 

2.  To  chill;  to  deaden;  to  depress  or  deject;  to 
abate  ;  as,  to  da»p  the  spirits ;  to  damp  the  ardor  of 
passion.  Stpiji. 

3.  To  weaken ;  to  make  dull ;  as,  to  damp  sound. 

Baci/n, 

4.  To  check  or  restrain,  as  action  or  vigor ;  to 
make  languid  ;  to  discourage;  as,  to  damp  industry. 

Bacon. 
DAMP'f:D,(dampt,);?V»-    Chilled;  depressed;  abated; 

weakened;  checked;  discouraged. 
DA.MP'Jt.X,  (damp'n,)  c.  t.    To  make  damp  or  moist. 
D.-V.MP'KN-INGjP/»r.  Making  damp.  J  inline  Johtison. 
DAMP'ER,  n.    That  which  damps  or  checks, 

2.  A  valve  or  sliding  plate  in  a  furnace  to  stop  or 
lessen  the  quantity  of  air  admitted,  and  tJms  to  reg- 
ulate tile  heat  or  extinguish  the  Are, 

Edwardji,  fV.  Ind.     Rumford. 

3.  A  part  of  a  piano-furte,  by  which  the  sound  is 
deadened. 

DAMP'IXG,  ppr.  Chilling;  deadening;  dejecting; 
abating;  checking;  weakening. 

DAMP'ISH,  a.     MfKleralL-ly  damp,  or  mnist. 

DAMP'ISH-LV,  adv.     In  a  dampish  manner. 

DAMP'ISH-i\E.SS,  w.  A  nl^d^r^lto  degree  of  damp- 
nesiv.or  rnoistness;  slight  humidity. 

DAMP'NESS,  n.  Moisture;  foggmess ;  moistness ; 
moderate  humidity;  as,  the  dampnesa  of  the  air,  of 
the  ground,  or  of  a  cloth. 

DAMPS    «.;>/.     See  Damp. 

DAMP'Y,  0.    Dejected;  gloomy.     {LiUleuaed,] 

Ifayward, 

DAM'SEL,  fi.  [Fr.  dafHoiseUe  and  demeitctlr,  a.  cenlle- 
wnman,  and  damoiseau,  a  spark  or  beau  ;  Norm. 
damoUtlU,  or  demiceUe^,  nobles,  sons  of  kings,  princes, 
knights,  lords,  ladies  of  quality,  and  ddntoyif<;(e«,dara- 
srla,  fi-male  infants  ;  Sp.  daminota,  a  young  gentle- 
woman, any  girl  not  of  the  luwer  class.  The  Arm. 
ma-me-irll,  va-meatU^  or  man-meseU,  a  woman  or  mad- 
am, seems  to  indicate  that  the  first  syllable  is  a  pre- 
fix, and  megell,  Eng.  miss,  a  distinct  word.  But 
damoUdU,  Norm,  demicelie,  from  which  we  have  dam- 
sel, is  doubtless  from  the  Italian  damiffeUa,  a  dimiim- 
tive,  formed  from  dama,  like  the  L.  tiotnicilium,  from 
di/mu^,  and  pcniciUus,  from  the  root  of  penna.  The 
Italian  damisrUo,  in  the  masculine  gender,  shows  the 
propriety  of  the  ancient  application  of  damnet  to 
males.] 

A  young  woman.  Formerly,  a  young  man  or  wo- 
man of  noble  or  nctitt-el  extraction  ;  nii,l>am.iel  Pepin; 
lJam.*el  Richaru,  prince  of  Wales.  It  is  now  used 
only  of  young  women,  and  is  applied  to  any  class  of 
young  unmarried  women,  unless  to  Uie  most  vulgar, 
and  sometimes  to  country  girls. 

«        with  hr  train  of  /inmitU  nhc  wm  (Ton?.  Drydtn. 

Tb«-n  Bu.i2  md,  WhuM  damnl  in  thia  ?  —  Hutii  il. 

This  word  is  rarely  used  in  conversation,  or  even 
in  proite  writings  of  the  present  day  ;  but  it  occurs 
frequently  m  the  Scriptures,  and  in  poetry. 
DAM'SON,  (dam'zn,) n.    [Contracted  from  daaiatcene^ 
the  Dama>«cn!i  ptum.l 

I'be  fniit  of  a  variety  of  the  Frunus  domestica ;  a 
small  black  plum. 


DAN 


DAN,  n.     [Sp.  don.     Qu.  from  dominus,  or  Ar.    •  |i 

dauna,  to  be  chief,  to  judge,  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Eth. 
jn.     Class  Dn,  No.  2,  4.j 

A  title  of  honor  equivalent  to  master ;  used  by 
Shakspeare,  Prior,  fee,  but  now  obsolete. 
DANCE,  V.  i.  [Fr.  danser  ;  Sp.  danzari  Port,  dan^ar  ; 
Arm.  danQzal  i  It,  danzare;  G.  tanzen ;  Sw.  daasa  ; 
Dan.  dandser ;  D.  dartsseti ;  Basque,  dantia ;  Riiss. 
tantzyu.  Uu.  the  radical  letters,  and  the  Oriental 
fn,  with  a  casual  n.] 

1.  Primarily,  to  leap  or  spring ;  hence,  to  leap  or 
move  with  measured  steps,  regulated  by  a  tune,  sung 
or  played  on  a  musical  nistrument ;  to  leap  or  step 
with  graceful  motions  of  the  body,  corresponding 
with  the  sound  of  the  voice  or  of  an  instrument. 

There  Is  a  time  to  moum,  ajid  a  time  u  dancs.  —  Kccles.  iii, 

2.  To  leap  and  frisk  about;  to  move  nimbly  or  up 
and  down. 

To  dance  attendance;  to  wait  with  obsequiousness  ; 
to  strive  to  please  and  gain  favor  by  assiduous  atten- 
tions and  officious  civilities ;  as,  to  dance  attendance 
at  court. 

DANCE,  r.  (.  To  make  to  dance;  to  move  up  and 
down,  or  back  and  forth  ;  to  dandle;  as,  to  dance  a 
child  on  the  knee.  Bacon. 

DANCE,  n.  In  a  general  sense,  a  leaping  and  frisking 
about,  .appropriately,  a  leaping  or  stepping  with 
motions  of  the  body  adjusted  ^  the  measure  of  a 
tune,  particularly  by  two  or  more  in  concert.  A 
lively,  brisk  exercise  or  anmsement,  in  which  the 
movements  of  the  persons  are  regulated  by  art,  in 
figure,  and  by  the  sound  of  instruments,  in  measure. 
2.  A  tune  by  which  dancing  is  regulated,  oa  the 
minuet,  the  waltz,  the  cotillon,  &c. 

DANC'£D,  (dilnst,)  ;ip.  Moved  up  and  down,  back- 
ward or  forward,  in  measured  steps. 

DXN'CER,  n.  One  who  practices  dancing,  or  is  skill- 
ful in  the  performance. 

DAN'CING,  ppr,  or  a.  Leaping  and  stepping  to  the 
sound  of  the  voice  or  of  an  instrument ;  movipg  in 
measured  steps;  frisking  about. 

DAN'CING,  R.  The  act  ijf  moving  in  measured  step ; 
frisking. 

DAN'CING-MAS-TER,  n.  One  who  teaches  the  art 
of  dancing. 

DAN'CING-SCHOOL,  n.  A  school  in  which  the  art 
of  dancing  is  taught. 

DA.\'DE-LT-ON,  n.     [Fr.  dent  de  lion,  lion's  tooth.] 
A  well-known  plant  of  the  genus  Leontodon,  hav- 
ing a  naked  stalk,  with  one  large  flower. 

DAN'DER,  V.  i.  To  wander  about;  to  talk  incohe- 
rently. 

DAN'DI-PRAT,  n.  [Fr.  damim,  a  ninny  ;  It.  dondo- 
lone,  a  loiterer;  dondolo,  any  thing  swinging-  don- 
dolare,  to  swing,  to  loiter.  The  Sp.  and  Fort.  tontOy 
a  dolt,  may  be  of  the  same  family.     Q.u.  prat.] 

A  little  fellow;  an  urchin;  a  word  of  fondness  or 
contempt.  Jokason. 

DAN'DLE,  r.  t  [G.  tftndeln,  to  toy,  to  trifle,  to  lounge, 
to  dandle  ;  Fr.  dandiner,  to  jog  ;  It.  dondolare,  to 
swing,  to  loiter  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  toiitear,  to  dote,  to  talk 
nans«;nse  ;  Scot.  dandiU,  dander.  These  words  seem 
to  be  allied.] 

1.  To  shajtc  or  jolt  on  the  knee,  a-s  an  infant ;  to 
move  up  and  down  in  the  hand ;  literaity,  to  amuse 
by  {day. 

T«  ahall  be  dandlsd  on  ber  koees  —  U.  Izvi. 

2.  To  fondle  ;  to  amuse ;  to  treat  as  a  child  ;  to  toy 
with. 

1  am  aahanted  u>  be  dandUd  thin.  Addison. 

3.  To  delay  ;  to  protract  by  trifles.    [Obs.]  Spender. 
DAN'I)L£D,  pp.     Danced  on  the  knee,  or  in  the  arms; 

fondled  ;  amused  by  trifles  or  play. 

DAN'DLBR,  n.     One  who  dandles  or  fondles  children. 

DAN'OLING,  ppr.  Shaking  and  jolting  on  the  knee  ; 
moving  about  in  play  or  for  amusement,  as  an  infant. 

DAN'DLI.N'G,  n.  Act  of  fondling,  or  jolting  on  the  knee. 

DAN'DRUFF,  n.  [Uu.  Sax.  tun,  a.  scab,  tetttr,  and 
drof,  sordid  ;  or  F  r.  teiffne.  Arm,  tijni,  or  taifrn.] 

A  scurf  which  fonna  on  the  bead,  and  comes  ofl*  in 
small  scales  or  particles. 

DAN'DY,  n.    [Fr.  damlin,  a  ninny,  a  silly  fellow.] 
A  flip;  a  coxcomb  ;  one  who  dresses  himself  like 
a  doll,  and  who  carries  his  character  on  his  back, 

DAN'DY-IHd,  a.     Like  n  dandy. 

DAN'UV-ISM,  n.    The  manners  and  dressof  a  dandy. 

DaNI7,  n.     A  nativo  of  Dcnnmrk. 

DANE'GELT,  n.     [Dane  nuA  ffelty  geld,  money.] 

In  Enirland,  an  annual  tax  furuierly  laid  on  the 
English  nuli<in,  for  maintaining  fnrces  to  o|)pose  the 
Danes,  or  to  fiinii.-'ii  tribute  to  procure  peace.  It  was 
at  first  one  sliilliug,  ullerward  two,  and  at  last  seven, 
for  every-  hide  of  lund,  except  su^-h  as  bi.-longed  to  the 
church.  Encyc. 

At  a  subsequent  period,  when  the  Danes  became 
masters,  the  danegelt  was  a  tax  levied  by  the  Danish 
princes  on  every  hide  of  land  owned  by  the  Anglo- 
Saxims.  P.  Cyc. 

DANE'WOKT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Sanibucus; 
a  species  of  elder,  called  dwarf-tlder  or  mall-woru 

DAN'GER,  n.     [Fr.  Arm.   Scot,  danger^  Norm,  daitn- 


DAR 

geroiLt,  dubious.  This  word  in  Scottish,  according  to 
Jamieson,  signifies  peril,  i>ovver,or  dominion,  doubt, 
hesitation.  In  Chaucer,  it  sigjiifies  i>eril,  and  coy- 
ness, sparingness,  or  custody.  In  old  English  laws, 
it  denotes  a  payment  in  money  by  forest  tenants,  to 
their  lord,  for  permission  to  plow  and  sow  in  the  time 
of  pannage  or  mast-feeding.  The  primary  sense  is 
not  obvious.    Spenser  has  the  following  couplet :  — 

VMiant  he  BhoiiUI  be  m  fire. 
Showing  danger  more  Uian  ire.] 

Peril ;  risk  ;  hazard  ;  exposure  lo  injury,  loss,  pain, 
or  other  evil.  It  is  easy  to  boast  of  despising  death 
when  there  is  no  danger. 

Our  crafl  U  In  danger  lo  be  let  at  naught.  —  Acti  xix.   # 

DAN'GER,  r.  L    To  put  in  hazard  ;  to  expose  to  loss 

or  injury.     Shak.    But  rarely  used.    [See  Endanger, 

which  is  generally  used.] 
DAN'OER-LESS,  a.       Free  from    danger;    without 

risk.     [Little  used.]  Sidney. 

DAN'6Ett-OUS,  o.    Perilous;  hazardous;   exposing 

to  loss ;  unsafe  ;   full  of  risk  ;  as,  a  dangerous  voy- 
age ;  a  dangerous  experiment. 
2.  Creating   danger;    causing  risk  of  evil ;   as,  a 

dangerous  man  ;  a  dangerous  conspiracy. 
DAN^GER-OUS-LY,  adv.     With  danger  ;  with  risk  of 

evil ;  with  exposure  to  injury  or  ruin  ;   hazardously  ; 

perilously ;  as,  to  be  dangcrousli/  sick  ;  dangerously 

situated. 
DAN't5ER-OUS-NES3,  Ti,    Danger;  hazard;  peril;  a 

state  of  being  exposed  to  evil ;  as,  the  dangerousntss 

of  condition,  or  disease. 
DAN"GLE,  (dang'gl,)  r.  i.      [Dan.  dinglcry  to  swing 

to  and  fro.    Uu.  dandle,  or  Ch.  Syr.  hpr^.] 

1.  To  hang  loose,  flowing,  shaking,  or  waving; 
to  hang  and  swing. 

He'd  nither  on  a  gibbet  danglt.  livd'ibraa. 

2.  To  hang  on  any  one  ;  to  bo  a  humble,  oflicious 
follower;  with  after  or  about;  as,  to  dangle  about  b. 
woman  ;  to  ilangle  after  a  minister  for  favors, 

DAN"GLER,  n.  One  who  dangles;  aj>plied  partiair 
larly  to  men  tcho  hang  about  women. 

DAN^'GLING,  ppr.  or  a.  Hanging  loosely  ;  busily  or 
orticiouj^ly  adhering  to. 

DAN'ISH,  a.     Belonging  to  the  Danes  or  Denmark. 

DAN'ISH,  Ti.     The  language  of  the  Danes. 

DANKj  a.     [Qu.  G.  tunken,  lo  dip.] 
Damp;  moist;  humid;  wet. 

DANK,  Tt.    Moisture  ;  humidity.         Milton.    Skak. 

DANK'ISH,  a.    Somewhat  damp, 

DANK'ISII-NESS,  n.     Dampness:  humidity. 

DA-NO'UI -AN,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  Danube. 

DA'OU-RITE,  n.  A  mineral,  called  rubellite,  resem- 
bling shorl,  but  differing  from  it  in  chemical  charac- 
ters.    Its  color  is  red,  of  various  shades.    CleaveJand. 

DAP  or  DAPE,  r.  i.     [Goth,  daupyan^  to  dip.] 

To  drop  or  let  fall  the  bait  gently  into  the  water; 
to  raise  or  sink  it ;  a  word  used  by  anglers.    fValton. 

DA-FAT'ie-AL,  a.     [L.  dapes.] 

Sumptuous  in  cheer.     [JV*y£  in  use.] 

DAPH'NE,  n.     A  nymph  or  Diana. 

DAPH'NIN,  n.  The  bitter  principle  of  the  Daphne 
Mezereum,  discovered  by  Vauquelin.  It  is  obtained 
in  small  cr>'Btals,  hard,  transparent,  of  a  grayish  color, 
and  a  bitter  taste. 

DAP'I-FER,  M,     [L.  dapts,  feast,  and  fero,  to  bear.] 
One  who  brings  meat  to  the  table.     Formerly,  the 
title  or  olticeof  the  grand-master  of  a  king*s  house- 
bold.     It  still  subsists  in  Germany.  F.ncyc. 

DAP'PER,  a.  [D.  dajipcr^  brave,  valiant;  Sw.  and 
Dan.  tapper;  G.  tapfcr.     See  Class  Db.  No.  13,  28. j 

Active  ;  nimble  ;  brisk  ;  or  little  ana  active ;  neat ; 
lively  ;  as,  a  dapper  fellow  ;  a  dapper  spark. 

DAP'PER-LING,  n.     A  dwarf;  a  dandiprat. 

DAP'PLE,  a.  [Most  probably  allied  ioiabby,  and  from 
dipping,  or  to  \V.  tlavnu,  to  drop.  The  word  signi- 
fies spotted,  and  spots  are  often  from  dropping  or 
sprinkling.] 

Marked  with  spots  ;  spotted  ;  variegated  with  spots 
of  different  colors  or  shades  of  color  ;  as,  a  dapple- 
bay  or  dapplc-irray ;  applied  to  a  horse  or  other  beast. 
It  may  sometunes  express  streaked,  but  this  is  not  its 
true  signification. 

DAP'PLE,  V.  U     To  spot ;  to  variegate  with  spots. 
Th.'  ernllfi  tUy 
Dapples  Ihe  drowiy  ciut  witii  tpoU  of  gray.  5ftot. 

Tht:  dappUd  pink  ami  MuBliinff  ro*r.  Prior. 

DAP'PLfiD,  /rp.  or  o.  Spotted  ;  variegated  with  spots 
of  difll-rcnt  colors  or  shades  of  color. 

DAP'PLING,  ppr.     Variegating  with  spots. 

DAR't    i  "*     A  fish  found  in  the  Severn.        Bailey. 

D.\RD'rt.  [Yr.  dard.]  What  i.-5  thrown  out,  oris  cast 
fnrward,  as  a  dart  is  thrown. 

DARE,  ('.  I.  .-  pret.  Dubst.  [Srtx.  dearran,  durran;  D. 
darren,  diirern ;  G.  dtirfen ;  Sw.  dierf\  bold  ;  dierfvas, 
to  dare,  and  tHras,  to  dare  ;  Dan.  tiir,  to  dare,  and 
VSr,  dry,  torrid,  L.  torreo;  Dan.  t'drhcd,  dryness,  bar- 
renness ;  tHrstig,  thirsty.  The  German  iWr/rn,  com- 
pounded, bedfirfen,  signifies  to  want,  to  need,  to 
lack,  and  this,  in  Dutch,  is  demen.  The  Sw.  dare, 
rash,  mad,  sottish,  dara^  to  infatuate,  Dan.  daarer, 
may  bo  of  the  same  family.    The  Gr.  ^afypiio,  and 


TONE,  BUhh,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"ClOUa— e  as  K;  ti  aa  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SU ;  ITH  aa  in  THIS. 


DAR 

Riiaai.  dmtmifUt  to  daie,  an  evMlenUy  tbo  tame  word. 

-  Ar.   ,1  j»  dhawrUy  to  be  bold,  audacious ;  to  be  angry, 

or  averse  j  to  be  terrified,  to  flee.  So  in  Sw.  dorrs, 
to  tremble.  The  sense  of  boldness,  darinfc,  is  some- 
times from  the  sense  of  ndvancing  ;  but  s«>me  of  the 
senses  of  these  wonls  indicate  the  sense  of  receding.] 

To  have  courai^e  for  any  purpose  ;  to  have  strength 
of  mind  or  hardihood  to  iindc riake  any  thing  ;  to  be 
bold  enough  i  not  to  be  afraid  ,  lo  venture  j  to  be  ad- 
▼eniuroos. 

^  I  d*rc  do  an  Ikat  mt;  bcconw  «  man.  Skmk. 

^  Dart  anw  of  you  go  w  Uw  tvlhre  ihr  unjuit  ?  —  I  Cor.  vL, 

limw6i^id»<6mif&mdMrwtmtk  hinH  Wt»  an  ihou  f  —  John  zri. 

In  this  intransitive  wnss,  dart  im  not  generally  frl- 
lowed  by  the  sign  to  befbra  another  verb  in  the  in- 
finitive ;  though  ta  may  be  used  with  propriety.  In 
German,  the  verb  is  nunibt-red  among  the  auxiliaries. 
In  the  transitive  form,  it  is  regular Mhus  : 
DARB,  r.  L  ;  prtu  and  ff.  DAaso.  To  challenge  j  to 
provoke  ;  to  defy ;  as,  to  duM  a  man  lo  fight 

Such  a  ^Mtt,  aad  aoefa  a  lover.  Dryitn. 

Tlv  4ar*  Imrka ;  to  catch  thera  by  means  of  a  look- 
ing-glass, or  by  keeping  a  bird  of  prey  hovering  aloft, 
which  keeps  them  in  amaxe  till  caught  by  a  net 
thrown  over  them ;  to  terrify  or  amase. 

Johtuon.  Drwdeii. 
D.XRE,  a.  Defiance  ;  challenge.  [Airt  «Md.|  Shak. 
DARE,  K.    A  small  lisli,  the  same  as  the  ddee. 

£mtyc    JtfknaoiL 
DAR'ET),  m.     Challenged  ;  defied. 
DARG'FtiL,  a.     Full  of  defiance.  [Mtt  Mcd]  SUA. 
DAR'ER,  n.     One  who  dare*  or  defies. 
DAR'ie,  s.    A  gold  coin  of  Darius  ihs  Mede,  value 

about  556  cents. 
DARING,  a.    A  bold  act ;  a  hazardous  attempt. 

StmOey. 
DAR'ING,  ppr.    Having  courage  suflSdent  for  a  pur- 
pose;  challenging;  defying. 

2.  0.  Bold  ;  courageous  ;  intrepid  ;  fearless  ;  ad- 
venturous }  biave ;  stout. 

Grino  ool,  O  daHmg  priaes,  IkU  noble  iKait.  Am. 


3.  Audacious ;  impudently  bold   and   defying,  as 
in  ksm>9»-darimfrt  defying  almighty  power. 
DA&'INO-LV,  adv.     Boldly  ;   coumgeuuttly  ;  fearless- 
ly; Impudently. 

The  ftiacifln  of  our  Wj  RUfku  m  rfarinf  ^  attackd  tnn 
Ue  pna.  itMm. 

DARtNO-NESS,  a.    Boldness ;  couraseoosness  ,  au- 
dacioasDesa.  ^ 

DARK,  a.    [Sax.  iU$n ;  Ii. danJka ;  Peia.  Sw^  Urak, 

dark;  t^Xjjlj   tsrbk,  dark,  darkness.      Bee  Class 

Dt,  No.  15] 

1.  Destitute  of  light ;  obscure.  A  dark  atmos- 
phere is  one  which  prevents  vision. 

2.  Wholly  or  partially  black  ;  ha\ing  the  quality 
opposite  to  white  ;  as,  a  dark  color  or  substance. 

3.  Gloomy  ;  disheartening  ;  having  unfavorable 
prospects ;  as,  a  dark  time  in  political  afiairs. 

There  ii«  in  «m7  tnu  woraao's  hmt,  a  apark  of  beaVcoly  fiic, 
wtith  bcanaa  mad  Uaxa  in  the  dark  bour  of  adnnitr. 

irmng, 

4.  Obscure ;  not  easily  understood  or  explained  ; 
as,  a  dark  passage  in  an  authw ;  a  dark  saying. 

a.  Mysterious ;  as,  the  ways  of  Providence  are 
often  dark  to  human  reason. 

6.  Not  enlightened  with  knowledge ;  destitute  of 
learning  and  science  ;  rude  ;  ignorant ;  as,  a  dark 
age. 

7.  Not  vi%-id :  partially  black.    Ln.  xiii. 

8.  Blind.     [JVU  in  use,]  Ihjden. 

9.  Gloomy  ;  not  cheerful ;  as,  a  dark  temper. 

Addiaon. 

10.  Obscore ;  concealed;  secret ;  not  understood ; 
as,  a  dark  design. 

11.  Unclean  ;  foul.  JIfilfm. 
IS.  Opaque.     But  dark  and  opaque  are  not  synony- 
mous.    Clulk  is  opajiu^  but  not  dorfc. 

13.  Keeping  designs  concealed. 

TiM  dark,  ttnrrlrndn^  Tib-riuk  fXbhon. 

DARK,  a.     [Sans,  tarda.]      Darkness  ;  obscurity  ;  the 
absence  of^  light.    We  say,  we  can  hear  in  the  dark. 

Sh^l  Ay  woculen  be  known  in  ihr  dart  7  —  Ps.  Ixxzriii. 

2.  Obscurity  :  secrecy";  a  state  unknown  ;  as, 
things  done  in  the  dark. 

3.  Obscurity  ;  a  state  of  ignorance ;  as,  we  are  all 
in  the  dark. 

DARK,  V.  L    To  darken  ;  to  obscure.     I  Obs.} 
DARK'-BROW-rO,  a.     Stem  of  aspect  j    frowning  ; 

a«,  dark-hnmfd  Hotspur.  Percy*$  Masque. 

DARK'-eOL-OR-£D,  (-kunurd,)  a.    Having  a  dark 

hue.  Smiih. 

DARk'£N,  fdark'n,)  c  f.     rPat.  adtcrdaiu] 

1.  To  make  dar  .  -,  to  deprive  of  light ;   as,  close 

the  shutters  an-1  aarken  the  room. 


DAR 

St,  To  obscure  ;  to  cloud. 

Hk  contMeucs  ■elilom  darktntd  hii  fiwcd^U.  fiocon. 

3.  To  make  black. 

Thr  locusta  daritntd  Un  tand.  —  Ex.  x. 

4.  To  make  dim ;  to  deprive  of  vision. 

Lm  their  vfta  be  darkmad.  —  Rom.  xl. 

5.  To  render  gloomy ;  as,  all  Joy  is  darluntd.  Is. 
xxiv. 

6.  To  deprive  of  intellectual  vision ;  to  render  ig- 
norant or  stupid. 

Their  fiwluih  brait  wm  (foritnwrf.  —  Rom.  f. 
Ua«ing  the  lUMientaotfing'  dnribfiMrf.  —  £pb.  Ir. 

7.  To  obscure  \  to  perplex ;  to  render  less  dear  or 
intelligible. 

Who  k  thk  that  dwtcnrA  eounael  bf  words  without  knowledge  } 
Job  xxxTiii. 

6.  To  render  less  white  or  clear ;  to  tan ;  as,  a 
burning  sun  darkens  tlie  complexion. 

9.  To  sully  ;  to  make  foul.  TKUotson. 

DARK'EN,  V.  i.  To  grow  dark  or  darker;  also,  to 
grow  less  white  or  dear. 

DARK'£N-£D,  (dirk'nd,)  pp.  Deprived  of  light ;  ob- 
sctired  ;  rendered  dim;  made  black;  made  ignorant. 

DXRK'frN-ER,  «,     That  which  darkens. 

DARK'/:.\-l.\0,  ppT.  Depriving  of  light;  obscuring; 
mnkins  black,  or  less  while  or  clear  ;  clouding. 

DARK'-KV-KD,  (Ide,)  a.     Having  dark  eyes. 

DAIIK'-H»tUSE,  n.     An  old  word  for  a  mad-house. 

DAKK'I:?H,  a.     Dasky  ;  somewhat  dark.  \Shak. 

DARK'LING,  a.  Being  in  the  dark,  or  without  light; 
a  poetical  word.  MUtotu     Shak, 

DARK'LY,  adv.  Obscurely;  dimly;  blindly;  uncer- 
tainly ;  with  imperfect  light,  clearness,  or  knowl- 
edge. 

Tfa«7  learn  only  wtuit  tiaditioa  baa  darkly  coorejed  to  them. 

Anon. 

DARK'-MrND-ED,  o.     Having  a  dark,  close,  or  re- 
vengeful mind.  Baxter. 
DARR'NESS,  n.    Absence  of  light. 

ADd  darkmets  wai  on  the  Tace  of  the  dnp.  —  Gen.  1. 

^  Obscurity  ;  want  of  clearness  or  perspicuity ; 
that  quality  or  state  which  renders  any  thing  difficult 
to  be  understood  ;  as,  the  darkness  of  counsels. 

3.  A  state  of  being  intellectually  clouded  ;  igno- 
rance. 

Men  love  darknata  rather  than  li^hL  — John  ill. 

4.  A  private  place  ;  secrecy  ;  privacy. 

What  1  Idl  jroo  in  darkne»t,  Uiat  speak  ye  in  lighL  —  Mittt.  x. 

5.  Infernal  g^oom }  hell ;  as,  utter  darkniss.  MatL 
xxii. 

6.  Great  trouble  and  distress ;  calamities  ;  perplex- 
iUes. 

A  daxafdoadaandtUekdoHhwas.— JodB.    U.  tuI. 

7.  Empire  of  Batan. 

Who  hath  dcGrvred  ua  bota  the  power  otdarknssa.  —  Col.  i. 

8.  Opaqueness. 

Land  of  darkness ;  the  grave.    Job  x. 
DARK'SO.ME,  (dirk'sum,)  a.  Dark  ;  gloomy  ;  obscure ; 
as,  a  darksome  house  ;  a  darksome  cloud. 

Miltxfiu     Dryden. 
DXRK'-.«OLTL-En,  a.     Having  a  dark  soul. 
DARK'-WORK-ING,    (-wurk'ing,)   o.      Working  in 

darkness,  or  in  secrecy.  Shak. 

DAR'LING,  a.  [Sax.  dearlmg  ;  rfew,  dear,  and  ling^ 
which  primarily  denotes  likeness,  and,  in  some  words, 
is  a  diminutive.  So  in  G.  liebling^  loveling,  D.  liev^ 
Unff.     See  Deab.1 

Dearly  belnved ;  favorite ;  regarded  with  great 
kindness  and    tenderness  ;    as,  a  darling  child  ;  a 

darling  science.  Watts. 

D.AR'LING,  n.  One  much  beloved;  a  favorite;  as, 
that  son  was  the  darling  of  his  father. 

DA  RN,  r.  ^  [W.  darn ;  Arm.  darn ;  Fr.  dame ;  a  piece 
or  patch.] 

To  mend  a  rent  or  hole,  by  imitating  the  testure  of 
the  cloth  or  stuff  with  yarn  or  thread  and  a  needle  j 
to  sew  together  with  yarn  or  thread.  It  is  used  par- 
ticularly of  stockings.  Oay.     Swift, 

DARN,  n.     A  place  mended  by  darning. 

DARN'£D,  pp.  Mended  by  imitating  the  texture  of 
the  cloth. 

DAR'NEL,  n,  A  plant  of  the  genus  Lolium,  a  kind 
of  grass  ;  the  most  remarkable  species  are  the  red 
darnel^  or  rj-e-gtass,  and  the  white  dameL 

DARX'ER,  B,     One  who  mends  by  darning. 

DARN'I.VG,  ppr.  Mending  in  imitation  of  the  origi- 
nal texture ;  sewing  together,  as  a  torn  stocking,  or 
cloth. 

DARNTNG,  n.    The  act  of  mending,  as  a  hole  in  a 

farment. 
R'RAIN,  r.  t  [Norm,  dareigner,  derentr,  derdgnery 
deraigner,  to  prove,  to  testify,  to  clear  himself,  to  in- 
stitute ;  noun,  darrein,  or  derene^  or  d^reigite,  proof; 
also,  derreinery  to  endeavor.  In  Chaucer,  the  word 
is  interpreted  to  contest 

But  for  thou  art  a  worthy  ^nlll  knight, 
And  wilnat  to  darraint  hire  by  batAilIe. 

TTie  word  is  probably  compound.    But  neither  the 
origin  nor  the  signification  is  obvious.] 


DAS 

To  prepare,  or  to  order  ;  or  to  try ;  to  endeavor ;  t 
prove  ;  to  apjily  to  the  Contest.     [  Obs.] 

Carew.     Sptnssr.     Shak. 
DAR'RKIN,  a.     [Comipted  from  Fr.  dernier.) 

Last ;  as,  darrein  continuance,  tlie  last  continu 
nnce,  Bouvier. 

DART,  n,  [Fr.  dard;  Arm.  rfnr^dor  dardi  lu  Sp.  an* 
Port,  dardo;  Russ.  drot.  In  Sw.  dart  is  a  daRget 
The  word  is  from  some  verb  signifying  to  throw  o 
thriiwt.     In  Gr.  i'uiiv  is  a  spear  or  laiice.j 

1.  A  pointed,  missile  weapon,  to  be  thrown  by  tb 
hand  ;  a  short  lance.  Dryden. 

Q.  Any  missile  weapon ;  that  which  pierces  an* 
wounds. 

Ami  from  about  lirr  »Iiot  darU  of  Hcifjfl. 

DART,  V.  ^  To  throw  a  pointed  instrument  w'.th  0 
sudden  thrust ;  as,  to  dart  a  javeWp.  J>-ydin. 

2.  To  throw  suddenly  or  rap'Jly;  to  set'.;  to 
em'it ;  to  shoot ;  applied  to  sma'l  objects  icKic\  pas* 
wilh  velocitt/ ;  as,  the  sun  dtrts  his  bean'is  o:.i  the 
earth. 

Or  whai  ill  eyc»  mnllgnnnt  fflancea  dart.  Pope. 

DART,  r.  i.     To  fly  or  shoot,  as  a  dart ;  lo  fly  rapidly. 
2.  To  spring  and  run  v/\\\i  velocity;  in  grarl  sud- 
denly and  run  ;  us,  the  deer  darted  f.om  the  thicket. 

DAR'TARS,  n.  A  scab  or  ulceration  ur.dcr  the  chins 
of  lambs.  Farm.  Encvc. 

DART'ED,  pj».  Thrown  or  hurled,  as  a  pointed  in- 
stniment ;  sent  with  velocity. 

DART'ER,  n.     One  who  throws  a  dart. 

2,  A  Brazilian  bird,  of  the  Pelican  family,  which 
darts  into  the  water  after  its  prey.  Partington. 

DART'ING,  mrr.  Throwing,  aa  a  dart ;  hurling  darts ; 
flying  rapidly. 

DART'ING-LY,  adv.     Rapidly  ;  like  a  dart. 

DAR'TROUS,  o.     [Fr.  dartre,  tetter.] 

A  vague  tenn  reLiMng  to  a  kind  of  cutaneous  dis- 
ease of  no  deflnitt  character. 

D.\8H,   o.  £.      [In  Dan.  da^k  signifies  a  blow  ;  in  Sw. 
daskay  to  strike ;  ia  Scot,  daschy  to  rush.     In  Persian, 
o   ^ 
jLj  tax  or  tauiy  is  an  assault  on  an  enemy.     Bee 

Class  Ds,  No.  3,  4,  5, 14,  22,  30,  31,  40.] 

1.  To  strike  suddenly  or  violently,  whether  throw- 
ing or  failing  ;  as,  to  daak  one  stone  against  another. 

Bacon. 
\jv%\  thou  (foaft  thy  foot  a^nst  a  Btone.  —  Matl.  iv. 

2.  To  strike  and  bruise  or  break  ;  to  break  by  col- 
lision ;  but  usually  wilh  the  words  in  pieces. 

Thou  iliatt  da*h  Ihrm  in  pieces,  aa  a  potter's  vetael.  —  Ps.  ii. 

3.  To  throw  water  suddenly,  in  separate  portions  ; 
aa,  to  dash  water  on  the  head. 

4.  To  bespatter ;  to  sprinkle  ;  as,  to  dash  a  gar- 
ment. Shak. 

5.  To  strike  and  break  or  disperse. 

At  once  the  brushing  oars  and  braxea  prow 

D(uh  up  the  •aodjr  wavesj  oud  ope  the  depth  below. 

Dryden. 

6.  To  mix  and  reduce  or  adulterate  by  throwing  in 
another  substance  ;  as,  to  dash  wine  with  water;  the 
story  is  dashed  with  fables. 

7.  To  f-^rm  or  sketch  out  in  haste,  carelessly. 

Pope. 
6.  To  erase  ai  a  stroke  ;  to  strike  out ;  to  blot  out 
or  obliterate  ;  aa,  to  dash  out  a  line  or  word.  Pope. 

9.  To  break  ;  to  destroy  ;  to  frustrate ;  as,  to  dash 
all  their  schemes  and  hopes. 

10.  To  confound  ;  to  confuse  ;  to  put  to  shame  ;  to 
abash ;  to  depress  by  shame  or  fear ;  as,  he  was 
dashed  at  the  appearance  of  the  judge. 

Datk  the  proud  ^metier  in  his  gilded  car.  Pope, 

DASH,  V.  i.  To  strike,  break,  scatter,  and  fly  off;  as, 
agitate  water  and  it  will  dash  over  the  sides  of  a  ves- 
sel ;  the  waves  dashed  over  the  side  of  the  ship. 

2.  To  rush,  strike  and  break,  or  scatter ;  as,  the 
waters  dash  down  the  precipice. 

3.  To  rush  with  violence,  and  break  through ;  as, 
be  dashed  into  the  enemy's  ranks  ;  of,  he  dashed 
through  thick  and  thin. 

DASH,  n.  Collision  ;  a  violent  striking  of  two  bodies  ; 
as,  th%  dash  of  clouds.  TViomson. 

2.  Infusion  ;  admixture  ;  something  thrown  into 
another  substance  ;  as,  the  wine  has  a  dash  of 
water. 

Innocence  with  n  dash  of  Tolly.  Addison. 

3.  Admixture  ;  as,  red  with  a  dash  of  purple. 

4.  A  rushing,  or  onset,  with  violence  ;  as,  tojnake 
a  dash  upon  the  enemy. 

5.  A  sudden  stroke  ;  a  blow  ;  an  act. 

She  talcs  upon  her  bravely  al  firet  dash.  Shak. 

6.  A  flourish;  blustering  parade;  as,  the  young 
fop  made  a  dash.     [Fulgar.j  • 

7.  A  mark  or  line,  in  writmg  or  printingj  noting  a 
break  or  stop  in  the  sentence;  as  in  Virgil,  quos 
ego  — ;  or  a  pause  ;  or  the  division  of  the  sentence. 

8.  In  music,  a  small  mark  [thus  f  ]  denoting  that 
the  note  over  which  it  is  placed  is  to  be  performed 
in  a  short,  distinct  manner.  Brande, 

DASH'-BO.\RD,  «.  A  board  placed  on  the  fore  part 
of  a  chaise,  sleigh,  or  other  vehicle,  to  prevent  water, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII^T.  — MeTE,  PR£Y.  — PIXE,  MARtXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 
^300 


DAT 

mud,  or  snow,  from  being  thrown  upon  those  in  the 
vehicle  by  llie  heels  of  the  horses. 

DA.SH'EO,  (daslii,)  pp.  gtruck  violently  ;  driven 
agriinst ;  bruised,  broken,  or  scattered,  by  collision  ; 
besprinkled  ;  mixed  or  adulterated  ;  erased  ;  blotted 
out ;  broken  ;  cast  down  ;  confuundcd  ;  abashed. 

DASH'ING,  ppr.  Drivine  and  striking  against ;  strik- 
ing suddenly  or  violently  j  brt^akina  or  scatterinp  by 
collision;  infusing;  mixing;  confounding j  blotting 
out ;  rushing. 

9.(1.  Rushing;  driving;  blustering;  making  a 
dash ;  as,  a  dashing  fellow. 

3.  o.     Precipitate;  nishing  carelessly  on.  Burke. 

DAS'TARD,  K.  [la  Sax.  adastrigan  is  'to  frigiiten,  to 
deter.]  , 

A  coward  ;  a  poltroon  ;  one  who  meanly  shrinks 
from  danger.  Dryden. 

DAS'TARD,  a.  Cowardly  ;  meanly  shrinking  from 
danger. 

Cime  on  ttieir  deulard  souls.  Additon. 

DAS'TARD,  V.  L  To  make  cowardly  ;  to  intimidate  ; 
to  di-spirit.  Drydfn, 

DAS' TARD-IZE,  v.  t.     To  make  cowardlv.   UowclL 

DAS'TARD-r/-£D,  pp.     Made  cowardly.* 

DAS'TARD-IZ-I\G,  ppr.     Making  cowardly. 

DAS'TARD-LI-NES3,  «.  [from  daglardly.]  Coward- 
liness. Barrett. 

DAS'TARD-LY,  o.  Cowardly  ;  meanly  timid  ;  b:»e  ; 
sneaking.  Herbert. 

DAS'TARD-XESS,  n.  Cowardliness  ;  mean  timor- 
oitsneas. 

DAS'TARD-Y,  n.     Cowardliness  ;  base  timidity. 

DAS'Y-l^RE,  n.  [Gr.  6  iff'rf  and  xi;  a.]  A  quadrnped 
o(  New  Holland  and  Van  Diemen'd  Land,  allied  to 
the  opossum. 

DA'TA,  «.  pL     [L.  ddfa,  given.]  . 

Things  given,  or  aitniitled  ;  q«:\ntities,  principles, 
or  fact;!  given,  known,  (»r  admitted,  by  which  to  find 
tilings  or  results  unknown. 

DA-TA'RI-A,  B.  The  papal  chancery  at  Rome,  from 
which  all  bulls  are  issued,  so  called  from  the  sub- 
scription, Datum  apud  Sanctum  Petrum,  i.  e.,  in  the 
Vatican.  Krwyc.  Jim. 

DA'TA-RY,  w.  .\  high  officer  of  the  chancery  of  Rome, 
who  afhxes  the  datum  Romtc  to  the  pope's  bulls. 
2.  The  emjrfnyment  of  a  datary. 

DATE,  M.  [Tr.  date ;  It.  and  Sp.  data ;  L.  datum^  given, 
fnmi  dit,  to  give  ;  Sans,  da,  d^uu.] 

1.  That  adilition  to  a  writing  which  specifies  the 
year,  month,  and  day,  when  it  was  given  or  execu- 
ted. In  letters,  it  notes  the  time  when  they  are  writ- 
ten or  wnl ;  in  deeds,  contracts,  wills,  and  other  pa- 
pers, it  specifies  the  time  uf  execution,  and,  usu;Uly, 
the  time  from  which  they  are  to  take  effect  and  op- 
erate on  the  riglit-4  of  {>erson.  To  the  date  is  usually 
added  the  name  of  the  piiice  where  a  writing  is  exe- 
cuted, nnd  this  is  sometimes  incliidetl  in  the  term '/«/«. 

2.  The  time  wlien  any  event  hapjiened,  when  nny 
thing  was  transacted,  or  wlien  any  thing  i»  to  he 
done ;  as,  the  date  ui  a  buttle ;  the  date  of  Cesar's 
arrival  in  Britain. 

3.  End;  conclusion.     [UnusuaL] 

WhJU  time  would  »patt,  from  tief.l  receives  Its  daU,         Pop*. 

4.  Duration  ;  continuance  ;  as,  ages  of  endless  n/dfe. 

Milton, 
DATE,  r.  f.  To  write  or  note  the  lime  when  a  letter 
b)  written,  or  a  writing  execute*} ;  to  express,  in  an 
Instrument,  the  year,  month,  and  day,  of  its  exccu- 
li<m,  and,  usually,  the  place  ;  as,  to  doU  a  letter,  a 
bond,  a  dt-ed,  or  a  charter. 

2.  To  note  or  fix  the  time  of  an  event  or  transac- 
lion.  Historians  djiu  tlie  fulIiUmciil  of  a  prophecy  at 
diflcreot  periods. 

3.  To  note  the  time  when  something  begins;  an, 
to  dtit£  a  disease,  or  a  calamity,  from  a  cerium  cause. 

DATE^.  i.    To  reckon. 

2.  To  begin  ;  to  have  origin. 

IIm  BdUTtan  rrpuUic  dattt  from  the  nicceatn  of  th«  Ptmdi 
anna.  £.  EteretL 

DATE,  «,  [Fr.  datte,  for  dacte;  It.  dattero;  Sp.  datil  ; 
L,  dactyfus  ;  Gr.  duKTvXji.] 

The  fruit  of  the  great  palm-tree,  or  date-tree,  the 
Pkirntx  daetyttfera.  This  fniit  is  somewhat  in  the 
ffhape  of  an  acorn,  composed  of  a  thin,  light,  gUmsy 
membrane,  somewhat  |M:lhicid  and  ycllowiith,  con- 
taining a  wifl,  pulpy  fruit,  firm  and  sweet,  esculent 
and  wholesome,  and  in  this  is  inclosed  a  hard  kemet. 

DA'i'E'-TREE,  n.  The  tree  that  bears  dates ;  the  great 
palm-tree. 

Da'PeD,  pp.  Having  the  time  of  writing  or  execu- 
tion specified  ;  having  the  lime  of  happening  noted. 

DAT  K' LESS,  a.  Having  no  date;  having  no  fixed  term. 

DAT'KR,  R.     One  that  dates.  [Hhak. 

D^T'IXG,  ppr.  Expressing  the  time  of  writing,  or  of 
exeruting,  a  papfT  or  instrument  j  noting  the  time  of 
happ'tning,  or  originntini;> 

DA''J'I  VE,  a.  or  n.     [L.  daticus,  from  rfo,  to  give.] 

In  grammar,  a  term  applied  to  the  cash  of  nount 
which  usually  follows  verbs  that  express  giving*  or 
•oni'*  act  directed  to  an  object.  Thus,  detur  tibi,  it  is 
given  to  yoii ;  mrjssum  est  iitiy  it  was  sent  to  him  ;  ficit 
miAi,  he  made,  or  did,  to,  or  /rr,  me ;  UiquebaiMr  dlit, 
lie  spoke  to  them.    It  also  follows  other  words  ex- 


DAU 

pressing  something  to  be  given  to  a  person,  or  tor  his 
benefit ;  as,  utili^  cohi.-i,  useful  to  you.  In  English, 
this  relation  is  expressed  by  to  or  for. 

Dative  executor ;  in  laiD,  one  appointed  by  the  judge 
of  probate  ;  an  administrator. 
DAT'O-LIT?],  i  n.  A  minemi,  occurring  in  email, 
DATH'O-LITE,  )  complex,  glassy  crystals,  usually 
colorless,  or  a  little  yellowish.  It  coniciists  of  silica, 
boracic  acid,  and  lime,  with  five  per  cent,  of  water. 
A  variety  presenting  botryoidal  or  niammillary  forms 
is  called  botrtjolitc.  Dana. 

DA'TUM,  rt.  ,■  pi.  Data.     [L.]  Sometliing  given  or  ad- 
mitted.    [See  Data.] 
DA'TUM-LINE,  n.     In  civil  enrrineerimr,  the  horizon- 
tal or  base  line,  from  which  the  surface-points  are 
reckoned,  or  measured,  in  the  plan  of  a  railway,  &c. 

Gilbert 
D.a-rtPlVi  STRA-MO'J^I-UM,  n.    Tlie  thorn-apple, 

a  plant  yielding  seed  of  a  medicinal  quality. 
DA-TC'R'I-.VA,  \  n.     An  alkaloid  obtained  from  Datu- 
DA-TO'Rl-A,      >      ra  strnmoniumy  now  supposed  to  be 
DA-TO'RINE,  >      identical  with  Atropina. 
DACB,  r.  i.     [yv.  dwbiaiB,XQ  daub;  rfwfi,  mortar;  Ir. 
dobhaimh^Xo  daub;  i/oiA,  plaster  ;  allied  probably  to 
Ft.  dauber,  u*  strike,  that  is,  to  throw  or  put  on,  and 
the  root  of  this  word  probably  occurs,  contracted,  in 
the  L.  induo.] 

\.  To  smear  with  soft,  adhesive  matter  ;  to  plaster ; 
to  cover  with  mud,  slime,  or  other  soft  substance. 
Shv  look  for  him  au  ark  of  biilrushei,  and  daubed  it  wiih  bIjitk 

itml  with  pitch.  —  Kx.  it. 
I  will  break  Juwn  thr  wall  ^e  hare  daubed  with  untcmpcred 
mortar.  —  En'k.  xiii. 

Q.  To  paint  coarsely. 

If  a  jdwiire  b  daubtd  with  mxny  bright  colon,  the  rulgar  ad- 
ntifv  it.  WaUM. 

3.  To  cover  with  something  gross  or  specious  ;  to 
disguise  with  an  artificial  covering. 

So  sinodth  he  daubed  Vm  »««  with  ihow  of  viitup.  5Aalr. 

4.  To  lay  or  put  on  without  taste ;  to  deck  awk- 
wardly or  ostentatiously,  or  to  load  with  affected 
finery. 

Let  lilm  be  daubed  with  law,  Dryden. 

5.  To  flatter  gTt)S3ty. 

Cuiisciciice  will  not  daub  nor  flnttcr.  South,, 

Dj\UB,  v.  L  To  practice  gross  flattery;  to  play  the 
nymcrite.  Shak, 

DAI/B'^-TI),  (dawbd,)  pp.  Smeared  with  soft,  adhesive 
matter  ;  phustered  ;  [)ainted  coarsely  ;  disguised  ;  load- 
ed with  ill-chosen  finery. 

DAUU'ER,  n.  One  who  daubs;  a  coarse  painter;  a 
low  nnd  gross  flatterer. 

DAUB'ER-V,  I  n.    A  daubing:  any  thing  artful. 

DiVUB'RY,      \  Shak. 

DAini'ING,  ppr.  Plastering;  painting  coarsely  ;  dis- 
guising clumsily;  decking  ostentatiously  ;  flattering 
grossly. 

DAUB'ING,  n.  Plastering;  coarse  painting;  gross 
flattery. 

Di^UB'Y,  o.     Viscous;  glutinous;  slimy;  ntihp^ive. 

Dry  J  en. 

DAUGH'TER,  (daw'ter,)  n.  [Sax.  dohter  ;  D.  dogter; 
'6.  tochter ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  dotter ;  Gr.  OvyaTT)p  ,*  Goth. 


dauhtar;  Russ.  doeh  ;  Pers.  jj<^^  dochtar^  a  daugh- 


ter; also,  ^_^^^  docht,  daughter,  and  a  virgin  ;  also, 
Btrengtb,  power ;  Sans,  dui^ida,  or  duhitA.  The  latter 
words  coincide  with  the  Sax.  dugan^  to  avail,  to  be 
good  ;    dugothy  strength,  grace,  L.  decus.     See  Dx- 

CENCT.1 

1.  The  female  offspring  of  a  man  or  woman  ;  a  fe- 
male child  of  any  age. 

2.  A  daughter-m-law  ;  a  »on*«  wife.    Raih  iiL 

3.  A  woman  ;  pi.  female  inhabitants. 

Dinah  went  out  lo  w-e  the  daughlert  of  the  land.  —  Gen.  xzxiv. 

4.  A  female  descendant ;  lineage  of  females. 
Luke.  i. 

5.  The  female  penitent  of  a  confessor.  Shak. 
This  word  is  used,  in  Scripture,  for  the  inhabitants 

of  a  city  or  country,  male  and  female.  /*.  xvi.  2. 
Matt.  xxi.    Also,  a  tenn  of  aflection  or  kindness. 

Daughter,  he  of  food  Mmfort.  —  MutU  ix. 

DAUGU'TER-LI-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  a  daugh- 
ter. More. 
2.  The  conduct  becoming  a  daughter. 

DAUGH'TKR-LY,  o.     Becoming  a  daughter  ;  dutiful. 

DAUK.     See  Dawk.  [Cavendish. 

DAUNT,  r.  L  [Ifl  Scot.  rfa;i^  rfanfoji,  signify  to  sub- 
due. In  Dan.  daaner,  Sw.  d/tna,  signifies  lo  faint  or 
swoon,     (iu.  I*,  domiln,  Fr.  dompter,  contracted.] 

To  repress  or  subdue  rouraae ;  lo  intimidate  ;  lo 
dishearten  ;  lo  check  by  fear  of  danger.  It  expresses 
Ie«8  than  fright  and  terrify. 

SomM  pnwrttert  daunt  nn<l  clUcmirngi*  ui.  Olanmlle, 

DAUNT'ED,  ;ip.     Checked  by  fear  ;  intimidated. 
DAITNT'INO,  ppr.  Repressing  courage  ;  intimidating  ; 
disheartening. 


DAY 

DAUNT'LESS,  a.  Bold  ;  feariess  ;  not  timid  ;  not  dis- 
couraced  ;  as,  a  danntle.-^.'i  hero  ;  a  daa.ntlcs/i  spirit. 

DAU\T'LESS-LY,  adt.     In  a  bold,  feariess  manner. 

DAU\T'LESS-NESS,  n.     Fearlessness;  intrepidity. 

DAU'PIUN,  71.  [Fr.  dauphin^  a  dolphin  ;  L.  delphirij 
delukinus  ;  Gr.  StXtpti/ ;  It.  de{f!no  ;  Sp.  detjin.] 

The  eldest  son  of  the  king  of  France,  and  pre- 
sumptive heir  of  the  crown.  Sin«e  the  dethrone- 
ment of  the  elder  branch  of  the  Bourbon  family,  in 
1630,  the  tille  has  been  discontinued.  P.  Ci/c. 

DA[J'PHIN-ESS,n.    The  wife  or  lailyof  the  dauphin. 

Da'VIU-ISTS,  ;  n.  pi.      The    followers    of 

DA'VID  GEOR'GI-ANS,  (  David  George;  a  sect  uf 
quiet  mystics  in  the  Itith  centurj',  who  were  acci^d 
of  very  erroneous  sentiments. 

DA-Vl'NA,  «.  A  new  Vcsuvian  mineral,  of  a  hexahe- 
dral  form  and  laminar  texture ;  so  called  in  honu*  of 
Sir  H.  Davy.  It  is  the  same  with  nepheUne^ 
which  see. 

DAVIT,  n.  A  beam  used  on  board  of  ships,  as  a 
crane  to  hoist  the  flukes  of  the  anchor  to  the  top  of 
the  bow,  without  injuring  the  sides  of  the  ship  ;  an 
operation  called ^■••Ainif  the  anchor. 

2.  The  term  is  also  applied  lo  pieces  of  timber  or 
iron,  projecting  over  a  ship's  side  or  stern,  having 
tackle  to  raise  a  boat  by  ;  these  are  called  boat  davits. 

Tottetu 

DAW, «.  A  word  that  is  found  in  the  compound  names 
of  many  species  of  birds  ;  as,  the  jackdato  ;  the  blue 
daw  ;  the  purple  daw. 

DAW,  r.  t.     To  dawn.  [JVot  in  use.]  [See  Daww.] 

DAWDLE,  r.  i.    To  wa-ste  lime;  lo  trifle.     [Obs.] 

DAWDLER,  n.     A  trifler.     [Obs.] 

DAWISH,  ailv.     Like  a  flaw. 

DAWK,  n.  A  hollow,  rupture,  or  incision  in  timber. 
[LocaU  Moxvn. 

2.  [Hindoo  rfAA.]    The  mail  post  in  India. 

DAWk,  V.  t.     To  cut  or  mark  with  an  incision, 
f  /  kiwiD  not  that  this  word  is  u^ed  in  jlinerica.] 

DAVVN,  V.  t.  [Sax.  dngian  ;  G.  togen  ;  D.  daa^en  ;  Sw. 
dagos ;  from  the  root  of  day,  which  see.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  shoot,  as  rays  ;  hence,  to  open  or  expjind, 
to  shine.  We  observe  in  this  word  the  n  of  the 
Saxon  infinitive  is  retained.] 

1.  To  begin  to  grow  light  in  the  morning;  to  grow 
light ;  as,  the  day  dawns  ;  the  mortiing  dawns. 


2.  To  begin  to  open  or  expand ;  to  begin  to  show 
intellectual  light,  or  knowledge  ;  as,  the  genius  of  the 
youth  begins  to  dawn. 

Wh>!n  life  awiik''»  and  daioTit  at  ercry  llut.  Pope. 

3.  To  glimmer  obscurely.  Locke. 

4.  To  becin  lo  open  or  appear.  Dryden. 
DAWN,  n.     The  break  of  day  ;  tlie  first  appearance  of 

light  in  the  morning. 

They  aroae  about  the  dawn  of  day.  —  Joah.  rt. 
The  word  may  express  the  whole  time  from  the 
first  appearance  of  ligtit  to  sunrise. 

2.  First  opening  or  expansion  ;  first  appearance  of 
intellectual  light  ;  as,  the  dawn  of  genius,  intellect, 
or  mental  powers. 

3.  Beginning;  rise;  first  appearance  ;  as,lhei/(iicn 
of  tinif!.  Shak. 

4.  A  feeble  or  incipient  light;  first  beams. 

Thc«r  trnder  clicuinBUuice*  ilitfuac  a  daion  of  acrcnity  ovor  the 
wul.  Pup€. 

DAWN'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Growing  light;  first  appear- 
Vng  luminous;  opening;  as,  the  dawning  Ax\y. 

2.  pp<!ning;  expanding;  iM-ginning  to  show  intel- 
lectual light ;  beginning. 

DAWN'ING,  n.  The  first  appearance  of  light  in  the 
morning. 

2.  The  first  opening  or  appearance  of  the  intellect- 
ual powers  ;  beginning;  a»,  the  first  i^uio/ttn^  of  no- 
lions  in  the  understanding.  Locke. 

DAY,  n.  [Sax.  da-g,  dcg,  dag;  Goth,  dags;  D.  dag; 
G.  tag;  Bw.dag;  IJan. dag  ,- Sana. dy u;  Celtic dijdia; 
W.  dydk  ;  Lat.  dies.     See  Daw.n.] 

1.  'riiat  part  of  the  time  tpf  the  earth's  revolution 
on  its  axis,  in  which  its  surface  is  presented  to  the 
sun  ;  the  part  of  the  twenty-four  hours  when  it  is 
light ;  or  the  space  of  time  between  the  rising  and 
scUing  of  the  sun  ;  called  the  artificial  day. 

A  ml  Ood  dillcd  ilio  liffhl  day.  —  Qon.  I. 

2.  The  whole  time  or  period  of  one  revolution  of 
the  earth  on  its  axis,  or  twenty-four  hours  ;  called  the 
natural  day. 

Ami  tlip  evcniny  and  the  inoniing  wrre  the  flrat  day.  — Ggn.  1. 

In  this  sense,  the  day  may  commence  at  any  pr-riod 
of  the  revolution.  The  Babylonians  began  the  day 
at  sunri-sing;  the  Jews,  at  sunsetting  ;  the  Egyp 
tians,  at  midnight,  as  do  several  nations  in  modern 
times,  the  British,  French,  Spanish,  American,  &c. 
This  day,  in  reference  to  civil  transactions,  is  calh-tl 
the  civil  day.  Thus  with  ut  the  day  when  a  legal 
instrumrnt  is  dated,  begins  nnd  ends  at  midnight. 

The  sidereal  day,  is  the  ptiriod  in  which  Ihe  earth 
makes  one  complete  n-vcilution  on  its  axi^,  and  is 
about  four  minutes  shorier  than  the  muan  soiar  day, 
owing  to  the  motion  of  ttic  sim  in  its  orbit. 

Barlou!. 


L 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE.  — AN"CER,  VI"CI0U8.  — Gm  K;  G  m  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CII  M  SH ;  Til  M  in  THIR 


DAY 

3.  Light ;  suushine. 

Lm  ua  wnik  twueatlj,  u  in  the  day.  —  Rom.  kIU. 

4.  Time  specified  ;  any  period  of  time  distinf(t)i()l)cd 
from  other  time;  age;  lime  with  reference  to  the 
existence  of  a  person  or  thing.  He  was  a  useful  n»an 
in  his  iojf. 

ta^d^iiiMntaU^Otetrot,  ibou shnh  >ur-tv  dl^.  — 0«ii.  Ei. 

In  this  sen^.  the  plural  is  often  used  ;  n<',  from  the 
damf  of  the  juUsies  ;  in  the  Uaus  of  our  fathers.  In 
this  sense,  also,  the  word  is  olVn  equi^-alent  to  life, 
or  eartbl>  existence. 

5.  The  contest  of  a  dav  ;  battle  ;  or  day  of  combat. 
The  dau  is  his  own.  He  won  the  dajff  that  is,  be 
piined  the  victor>-. 

6.  An  appointed  tir  fixed  time. 

If  ray  debundo  Doi  kn^p  tbrir  diy.  Dryttn. 

7.  "nmeofcommemormtinifan  event ;  anniverwuy  ; 
the  aaioe  day  of  the  month,  in  any  future  year.  We 
celebcate  the  ^y  of  our  Savior*s  birth. 

DNy  kf  daf ;  daily  ;  evtry  day  ;  each  day  In  nic- 
cenkn  ;  ooniinually  ;  mtbout  intennisslun  of  a  day. 

D*^  ly  day  we  nufufy  ibeou  Comman  Prajftr. 

Bmt  or  m/y  /i  iiw  *»  (ff  day ;  witbout  ceitainty  of 
continuance ;  lempuraril)-.  Shak. 

r»-4«y,  «^.  [Sax.  t^-d^f.]  On  the  present  day  ; 
tliii  day  ;  or  at  Uie  present  time. 

Dmg  tf  fract  i  in  ductogy,  the  time  when  mercy 
b  oAfared  lo  sinners. 


IVAiy,  V  je  vfil  bear  U>  voice,  honfea  not  your  btutk  — 

Atys  ^  grace ;  in  law,  are  days  granted  by  the 
court  for  delay,  at  the  prayer  of  the  plaintiff  or  de- 
fendant. Sacyc. 

Three  days,  beyond  the  day  named  in  the  nrnt.  In 
which  the  person  summoned  may  appear  and  answer. 

BUekaUnu. 
Dmft^ greet;  in  eoniMeree,  a  customary  number 
ofdaya,  u  Great  Briuin  and  America  cAtm,  allowed 
for  tti«  pa>'ment  of  a  note  or  bill  of  exchange,  after 
ft  becomes  due.  A  note  due  on  the  sevcat*  of  tite 
roooth  fcs  pajfoMe  on  the  Unik, 

The  days  of  grace  are  different  in  different  coun- 
tries. In  France,  they  are  lea  :  at  Naples,  ei^kt  .■  at 
Venice,  AiUi^terdam.  and  Antwerp,  aiz  i  at  Ham- 
burg, dedre  ;  in  Spain,  fottrieem  i  in  Genoa,  CJUrty. 

£«Cye. 
Day  ta  eomrtj  is  a  day  for  the  appearance  of  patties 
taaeuiL 

Daf^  ta  hank ;  in  Ea^taid^  days  of  appearance  in 
the  Court  of  Common  Bench.  Days  in  court  are  gen- 
erally at  (he  distance  of  about  a  week  from  each 
other,  and  have  n-ference  to  wune  festival  of  t)te 
church.  Onsomeoneofibesedays  in  bank, all  orig- 
inal writs  must  be  made  returnable.        HUteJutana. 

D2Y'-B£A.M,  n.    The  light  of  the  day.       Bomrmg, 

DA  V'-BED,  li.  A  bed  used  for  idleness,  indulgence,  or 
rest,  diirine  the  day.  Skak, 

DAV'-IK>QKt  s-  A  journal  of  accounts  ;  a  book  tn 
which  lire  recorded  the  debts  and  creiUts  or  accounts 
nf  Ute  day. 

DXY'-BREAK,  a-  The  dawn  or  first  appearance  of 
light  in  the  morning. 

DA  Y'-€0 A  L,  n.  A  name  given  by  miners  to  the  upper 
stratum  of  coaL  fncyc 

DA  V'-URE.\M,  a.    A  vision  lo  the  waking  senses. 

Mason. 

DaY'-FLOW-ER,  n.  The  pc^mlar  name  of  a  genus 
of  plants,  the  Commclina.  Muhlenberg. 

DAY'-Ft.y,  a.  One  of  a  genus  of  insects  that  live 
one  day  only,  or  a  very*  short  time,  called  Ephemera. 
The  species  are  numerous,  some  of  which  live 
scarcely  an  hour,  others  several  days.  Kncyc 

DAY'-FLT-ER,  n.  .An  aoimal  that  flies  in  the  day- 
lime. 

DAY'-LA-BOR,  a.  Labor  hired  or  performed  by  the 
day. 

DAY-LA'BOR-ER.  ■-    One  who  works  by  the  day. 

DAY'UGHT,  (lite,)  a.  The  light  of  the  day  ;  the 
light  of  the  sun,  as  opposed  to  that  of  the  moon  or 
of  a  lamp  or  candle. 

DAY'-UL-Y, «,   The  same  with  asphodcL  Johnson. 
A  species  of  Uemerocallis.  Botany. 

DAY'LY,  a.    The  more  regular  orthography  of  Dailt. 

DAY'-.MAID,  a.     A  dairy  maid.  SJuik. 

DAYS'M.VN,  a.    An  umpire  or  aibiter ;  a  mediator. 

Krkher  m  (faere  uj  dmifiman  betwixt  us.  —  Job  ix. 

DAY'-SPRING,  a.  The  dawn  ;  the  beginning  of  the 
day,  or  first  appearance  of  ligbL 

WtKTT^  xhe  Ja^primg  from  e»  high  faalh  TUted  w.  —  Lake  L 

DAV'-STAR,  H.  The  morning  star,  Lucifer,  Venus ; 
the  star  which  precedes  the  morning  lighL    Milton, 

DAY'-TIME,  s.  The  lime  of  the  sun's  light  on  the 
earth  ;  opposed  to  nigkL 

DA  Y'-W'EA-RI-ED,  (da'wS-rid,)  a.  Wearied  with  the 
labor  of  the  day.  Shak. 

DAY'-WOM-A.V,  n.    A  dairy  maid. 

DAY'-VVORK,  (wurk,)  a.  Work  by  the  day;  day- 
labor. 

DAY*»'-WORK,  n.  The  work  of  one  day.  Among 
aeameny  the  account  or  reckoning  of  a  ship's  course 
for  twenty-four  hours,  from  noon  to  noon.     Encye. 


DEA 

DAZE,  r.  t,  [Uu.  Sax.  dica-s^  ciytfi,  dysig^  Eng.  dniy. 
See  Dazzle.] 

To  overiKiwer  with  light ;  to  dim  or  blind  by  too 
strung  a  light,  or  to  render  the  sight  unsteady. 
[jyot  now  ttsfii,  vnlfss  in  paetryT^  Drydt-ju 

DAZE,  a.     Amuna  miners^  a  glittering  stone. 
DAZ'ZLE,  r.  t.   [tn  Sax.  dtt,£s  is  dull,  stupid,  foolish  ; 
rfioAscoji,  to  exUnguii^h  ;  dysi  or  dy^igy  dizzy.] 

1.  To  overpower  with  light ;  to  hinder  distinct 
vision  by  intense  light ;  or  to  cause  to  shake ;  to 
render  unsteady,  as  the  sight.  We  say,  Uie  bright- 
ness of  the  sun  dailies  the  eyes  or  the  sight. 

S.  To  strike  or  surprise  with  a  bright  or  intense 
light ;  to  dim  or  blind  by  a  glare  of  light,  or  by 
splendor,  in  a  literal  or  figurative  sense  ;  as,  to  be 
daidai  by  resplcndeut-  gluiy't  or  by  a  brilliant  ex- 
pression. 
DAZ'ZLB,  v.  i  To  be  overpowered  by  light ;  to  shake 
or  ba  unsteady ;  to  waver,  as  the  sigbu 

1  (Un  not  utMl  thrv  tjt9 ; 
IVr  ituMK  In  RWto,  wicl  dtuzi*  vi\h  atiriiriM.  Drydtn, 

DAZ'ZLED.  pp.  oro.  Made  wavering,  as  the  sight; 
oven>*wered  or  dimmed  by  a  too  strong  lieht. 

D.\Z'ZLE-.MENT,  n.  The  act  or  power  of  dazxling. 
IJVot  «*■«£.]  Donnr. 

DAZ'ZLING,  ppr.  or  a.  Rendering  unsteady  or  waver- 
ing, as  the  sight ,  over[>owering  by  a  strong  light; 
striking  with  splendor. 

DAZ'ZLING-LY,  adv.    In  a  dazzling  manner. 

DE,  a  Latin  prefix,  tlenotes  a  moving  from,  separa- 
tion ;  as  in  debark^  dwiiaf,  decease^  deduct^  decamp. 
Hence^  it  often  expresses  a  negative,  as  in  derange. 
Sometimes  it  augments  the  sense,  as  in  deprave^  de- 

rii.  It  coincides  neariy  in  sense  with  the  French 
and  L.  dia. 
T^e  Latin  phrase  de  jure  denotes  by  right ;  de 
/oeto  in  fact,  or  actually  existing. 
DEA'CON,  {di-'kn,)  a.  [L.  diaeonvs^  from  Gr  ita- 
Kovoff  a  mmistcr  or  servant ;  ^ui,  by,  and  noww,  to 
serve  ;  Fr.  diacre ;  Arm.  diagon  i  It.  and  Sp.  diaeono  ,- 
D.  diakem.] 

L  A  person  in  the  lowest  degree  of  holy  orders. 
The  office  nf  deacon  was  instituted  hy  the  apostles, 
Jtetsvi.,UDd  seven  persons  were  chosen, at  first,  to 
Ber\-e  at  the  feasts  of  Chnstianii,and  distribute  bread 
and  wine  to  the  communicants,  and  to  minister  to 
the  wants  of  the  poor. 

In  tke  Rtrtnan  Calholic  cAurcA,  the  office  of  the  dea- 
cons is  to  jnrense  the  othciating  priest ;  to  lay  the 
corporal  on  the  altar ;  to  receive  the  cup  from  the 
■ubdeacoii,  and  present  tl  to  the  person  nificiating; 
to  incense  the  choir ;  to  receive  the  pax  from  the 
officiating  prelate,  and  carry  it  to  the  subdeacon  ; 
and  at  the  pontifical  mass,  to  put  the  miter  on  the 
bishop's  head.  Enryc^ 

In  tha  ekurek  ef  England^  the  office  of  deacon^s 
decliued  to  be  to  assist  the  priest  in  administering 
the  holy  communion  ;  and  their  office  in  Presbyterian 
and  Independent  churches  is  to  distnbute  t'le  bread 
and  wine  to  the  communicants.  In  the  latter,  they 
are  elected  by  the  members  of  the  church. 

S.  In   Seodandj  an  overseer  of  the  poor,  and  the 
master  of  an  incorporati^-d  company. 
DEA'CON-ESS,  (dC-'kn-ess,)  n.    A  female  deacon  in 

the  primitive  church.  Encyc. 

DkA'€0.\-RY,     in.    The  office,  dignity,  or  minis- 
DEv\'€0N-S11IP,  \      try  of  a  deacon  or  deaconess. 

Encije. 
DE.\D,  (ded,)  a.    [Sax.  dead,  probably  contracted  from 
degedi  D.  dood;  G.  todti  Sw.  dUd;  Dan.  dad.     See 

DlK.]^  , 

I.  Deprived  or  destitute  of  life  ;  that  state  of  a 
being,  animal  or  vegetable,  in  which  the  organs  of 
motion  and  life  have  cea*ed  to  perform  their  func- 
tions, end  have  become  incapable  of  perforining 
them,  or  erf"  being  restored  to  a  state  of  activity. 

Tht  iivo  aredeorf  who  sotighi  ihy  life.  —  Ex.  ir. 

It  is  sometimes  followed  by  of  buforC  the  cause  of 
death  ;  as,  dead  of  hunger,  or  vf  a  f^vor. 

a.  Hanng  never  had  life,  or  having  been  deprived 
of  viLil  action  before  birth ;  as,  the  child  was  born 

3.  Without  life  ;  inanimate.  [dead. 
All,  all  but  iruth,  drop*  dead-bom  from  the  prw*.        Pope. 

4.  Without  vegetable  life  ;  as,  a  drad  tree. 

5.  ImitAting  death;  deep  or  sound;  as,  a  tUad 
sleep. 

6.  Perfectly  still ;  motionless  as  death  ;  as,  a  dead 
calm  :  a  dead  weight. 

7.  Emirty  ;  vacant ;  not  enlivened  by  variety  ;  as, 
a  dead  void  space ;  a  dead  plain.  Drijden. 

We  say,  also,  a  dead  level,  for  a  i>erfectly  level 
surface. 

8.  Unemployed;  useless;  unprofitable.  A  man's 
faculties  may  lie  dead,  or  his  godMs  remain  dead  on 
his  hand."!.  So  dead  capital  or  stock  is  that  which 
produces  no  profit. 

9.  Dull ;  inactive  ;  as,  a  dead  sale  of  commodities. 

10.  Dull;  gloomy;  still;  not  enlivened;  as,  a 
dead  winter  ;  a  dead  season.  Jiddiion. 

II.  Still;  deep;  obscure;  as,  the  dead  darkness 
of  the  nighL 

12.  Dull;  not  lively;  not  resembling  life ;  as,  the 
dead  coloring  of  a  piece  ;  a  dead  eye. 


DEA 

13.  Dull;  heavy;  via.  a.  dead  sound.  Bayle^ 

14.  Dull;  frigid;  lifeless;  cold;  not  animated; 
not  aflVcting;  ^ksed  of  prayer.  .^Udison. 

15.  Tasteless  ;  vapid  ;  spiritless ;  used  of  liquora. 

16.  Uninhabited  ;  a.^,  deaii  wails.  ArbuthnoU 

17.  Dull ;  without  natural  force  or  efficacy ;  not 
lively  or  brisk  ;  as,  a  dead  fire. 

16.  In  a  state  of  spiritual  death  ;  void  of  grace ; 
lying  under  the  power  of  sin. 

19.  Im[)otent ;  unable  to  procreate.    Rom.  iv. 

20.  Decayed  in  grace. 

Thou  hfist  a  iiKine  that  thou  livest,  niul  art  dend.  —  Vj"r.  iii. 

21.  Not  proceeding  from  spiritual  life ;  not  pro- 
ducing good  works;  as,  faith  without  works  is 
deatL     James  ii.  ' 

22.  Proceeding  from  corrupt  nature,  not  from  spir- 
itual life  or  a  gracious  principle  ;  an,  dead  works. 
Heb.  ix.  14. 

23.  Perfect  or  complete;  as,  a  dead  level,  a  dead 
certainty  ;  so,  also,  a  dead  shot,  i.  e.,  a  perfect  or  un- 
erring marksiiitin. 

24.  In  law,  cut  ofl^  from  the  rights  of  a  citizen  ; 
deprived  of  the  power  of  enjoying  tlie  ripht;?  of 
property  ;  as,  one  banished  or  becoming  a  monk  is 
civilly  dead.  Blaekstove. 

Dead  language;  a  language  which  is  no  longer 
spoken  or  in  common  use  by  a  people,  and  known 
only  in  writings,  as  the  Hebrew,  Greek,  and  Latin. 

Dead  ritting,  or  riting  line ;  the  parts  of  a  sliip's  floor 
or  bottom  throughout  her  length^  where  the  floor  lim- 
ber is  terminated  on  the  lower  futtock.    Mar.  Diet. 

Dead  set.     See  Set. 
DEAD,  (ded,)  n.     The  dmd  signifies  dead  men. 

Ye  ahalt  not  make  cuUinp  for  the  dead.  — Lev.  xlz. 

2.  The  state  of  the  dead  ;  or  death. 

Thu  is  John  the  BaptiM ;  he  is  risen  from  (A«  dmd,  —  Matt.  xi*. 

This  may  be  understood  thus — he  is  risen  from 
among  the  dead. 

DEAD,  (ded,)  n.  The  time  when  there  is  a  remarka- 
ble stillness  or  gloom;  depth,  as  the  midst  of  win- 
ter or  of  night.  The  dead  of  winter,  the  dead  of 
night,  are  Omitliar  expressions. 

DEAD,  (ded,)  v.  i.^  To  lose  Ufe  or  force.    [Oba.'] 

Bacon. 

DEAD,  (ded,)  v.  U  To  deprive  of  life,  force,  or  vigor. 
[Oft.'i.]  Bacon. 

DEAD-€OL'OR-ING,  (ded-kul'lur-ing,)  n.  In  paint- 
ing, the  first  layer  of  colors,  usually  some  shade  of 
gray,  on  which  are  8ui>erinduced  the  finishing  colors 
which  give  life  and  beauty  to  the  picture.     Brown. 

DEAD'-DO-ING,a.     Destructive;  killing.     [Obs.] 

Spenser, 

DEAD'-DRUNK,  a.  So  drunk  as  to  be  incapablo  of 
helping  one's  self.  • 

DEAD'A'iN.  (ded'n,)  v.  t.     [D.  doodm;  G.  tiidten.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  a  portion  of  vigor,  force,  or  sen- 
sation ;  to  abate  vigor  or  action  ;  as,  to  deaden  the 
force  of  a  ball ;  to  deaden  the  natural  po\vers  or 
feelings. 

2.  To  blunt;  to  render  less  susceptible  of  feeling; 
as,  to  deaden  the  senses. 

3.  To  retard  ;  to  lessen  velooity  or  motion  ;  as,  to 
deaden  the  motion  of  a  ship,  or  of  the  wind. 

4-  To  diminish  spirit ;  to  make  vapid  or  spirillesa  ; 
as,  to  deaden  wine  or  beer. 

5.  To  deprive  of  gloss  or  brilliancy  ;  as,  to  deaden 
gilding  by  a  coat  of  size. 

DE,.\l>'E^-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Deprived  of  force  or  sensa- 
tion ;  made  vapid ;  to  give  a  dead  appearance. 

DEAD'£\-1NG,  ppr.  Depriving  of  force,  velocity,  or 
sensation. 

DEAD'-E?E,  (ded'I,)  n.  [dead-man's  eye."]  Among 
seamen,  a  round,  flattish,  wooden  block,  encircled  by 
a  rope,  or  an  iron  band, and  pierced  with  three  holes, 
to  receive  the  laniard,  uaed  to  extend  the  shrouds 
and  stays,  and  for  other  purposes. 

DEAD'-HEART-ED,  a.    Having  a  dull,  faint  heart. 

HalL 

DEAD'-HEXRT-ED-NESS,  n.     Pusillanimity. 

DEAD'-LET-TER,  n.  A  letter  which  lies  for  a  cer- 
tain period  uncalled  for  at  the  post-office,  and  is  then 
sent  to  the  general  post-office  to  be  o|«ned. 

DEAD'-LIFT,  n.  The  lifting  of  a  thing  at  the  ut- 
most disadvantage,  as  of  a  dead  body  ;  hence,  an 
extreme  exigency.  Hadtbras. 

DEAD'-LIGHT,  (ded'llte,)  tf.  A  strong  wooden  shut- 
ter, made  lo  suit  a  cabin  window,  in  which  it  Ls  fixed, 
to  prevent  the  water  frtun  entering  a  ship  in  a  storm. 

DEAD'Ll-HOOD,  n.     The  slate  of  the  dead.      . 

PeAtraoju 

DEAD'Ll-NESS,  (ded'li-ness,)  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing deadly. 

DEAD'LY,  (ded'ly,)  a.  That  may  occasion  death  ; 
mortal ;  fatal  j  destructive ;  as,  a  deadly  blow  or 
wound. 

2.  Mortal  ;  implacable;  aiming  to  kill  or  destroy; 
aa,  a  deadly  enemy  ;  deadly  malice  ;  a  deatlhj  feud. 

DEAD'LY,  (ded'ly,)  adv.  In  a  manner  resembling 
death  ;  as,  deadly  pale  or  wan.  Shak. 

2.  Mortally. 

With  gToanin's  of  \  deadly  wounded  man.  — E«k.  xxx. 

3.  Implacably  ;  destructively. 


Fate,  far,  fall,  what.— mete,  PRBV.  — PLNE,  marine,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQpK. 


DEA 

4.  In  a  valvar  or  ludicrous  sense,  very ;  extremely  ; 

as,  a  deadiv  cunning  man.  .^rbutJlnot. 

DEAO'LY-^AR-ROf,    n.      A    plant    of   tlie    genus 

Thapsia. 
DEAU'LV-NTGHT'SHADE,   n.     A    poisonous  plant 

of  the  (teniis  Atropa,  the  belladona. 
DEAD'MaRCH,  a.     A  piece  of  solemn  musicj  played 

at  the  interment  of  the  dead. 
DEAD'NESS,  ((Ted'ness,)  n.     Want  of  natural  life  or 

vital  power  in  an  animal  or  plant  j  as,  the  deadness  of 

a  limb,  of  a  body,  or  of  a  tree. 
Q.  Want  of  animation  ;  dullness ;  languor  ;  as,  the 

deadness  of  the  eye. 

3.  Want  of  warmyi  or  ardor ;  coldness ;  frigidity  j 
as,  the  deadness  of  the  affections. 

4.  Vapidness ,  want  of  spirit ;  as,  the  deadness  of 
liquors. 

5.  SLite  of  being  incapable  of  conception,  accord- 
ing to  the  ordinary  laws  of  nature,     ii  wi.  iv.  19. 

6.  Inditference  ;  niortitication  of  tl  e  natural  de- 
sires i  alienation  of  heart  from  temporal  pleasures ; 
as,  dea^iaess  to  the  world. 

DEAD'-\ET-TLE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genua  Lamium, 
and  another  of  t)ie  genu^  Galeopsis. 

DEAD'-PLEtXSE,  n.  A  mortgage  or  pawning  of  things, 
or  thing  pawned.  Badey. 

DEAD'-RECK-O.V-IXG,  (ded'rek-ninp,)  n.  In  naci- 
giition^  the  judgment  or  estimation  of  the  place  of  a 
ship,  without  any  observatinn  of  the  heavenly  bod- 
ies ;  or  an  account  of  the  distance  she  has  run  by 
the  log,  and  of  the  coarse  steered  by  the  compass, 
and  this  rectitied  by  due  allowancea  for  drift,  lee- 
way, ic.  Mar.  Diet, 

DEAD -STRUCK, a.  Confounded;  struck  with  horror. 

DEAD'-WA-TER,  n.  The  eddy  water  closing  in  with 
a  ship'^  stern,  as  she  passes  through  the  water. 

DEAD'-WEIGUT,  (ded'wat,)  n.  A  heavy  or  oppres- 
sive burden. 

3.  A  name  given  to  an  advance  by  the  Bank  of 
England  to  the  government,  on  account  of  half-pay 
and  pensions  to  retired  officers  of  the  army  or  navy. 

GUbrH. 

DEAD'-WQOD,  n.  Blocks  of  timber  laid  on  the  keel 
uf  a  ship,  iKirticutarly  at  the  extremities. 

DEAD'WORKS,  n.  pi.  The  parts  of  a  ship  which  are 
above  the  surface  of  the  water  when  she  is  laden. 

DEAF,  (def  irt  England,  more  commonly  deef  m  .Amer- 
ica.) a.  [Sax.  deaf;  Ice.  dauf;  D.  doofi  G.  taab ; 
Dan.  rft*tJ ;  Sw,  diif;  D.  dooven  ;  to  quench  or  slide  ; 
Dan.  dSver,  to  deafen  ;  coinciding  with  Ch.  nqO  to 
extingui»«h,  L.  stipOy  Fr.  etoiiffrr^  to  stuff.  Hence  we 
nay,tJuck  of  hearing.  The  true  English  pronuncia- 
tion of  this  word  is  deef,  as  appears  from  the  poc-try 
of  Chaucer,  who  iiniformiy  makes  it  rhyme  with 
leaf;  and  this  proof  is  confirmed  by  p<»;try  in  the 
work^  of  Sir  W.  Temple.  Such  was  the  proijuncia- 
tirtn  which  our  tncestors  brought  from  England. 
The  word  is  in  analogy  with  leaf  sheaf  and  the  long 
sound  of  the  vowels  naturally  precedesthe  semi-vowel 
/.  Def  from  the  Danish  and  Swedish  pronuncia- 
tion, is  an  anomaly  in  English  nf  a  sin:.'ular  kind, 
Itu-re  being  not  another  word  like  it  in  the  language. 
See  Chaucer's  "  Wife  of  Uath's  l*roIugue."] 

1.  StA  perc<fiving  sounds;  not  receiving  impre»- 
sions  from  sonorous  bodies  tlirough  the  air  i  as,  a 
deaf  ear. 

3.  Wanting  the  unnae  of  hearing;  having  organa 
which  do  nt4  perceive  sounds ;  as,  a  deaftxina.  It  is 
followed  by  to  before  that  which  ought  to  be  heaid  ; 
as,  deaf  to  the  v.. ice  of  the  orator. 

Bilrul  nr-  '  r-urm  ttxt  dtaf, 

Nut  u  ■  ',r\ji 

Mnn>:.  .    ."lief. 

Are  1 ......  .-  M^y.  WaOi.Pa.  135. 

3.  \n  a  metaphorical  sense  ^wAWnX^nrnf;  not  regard- 
ing ;  not  moved,  persuaded,  or  convinced;  reject- 
ing ;  as,  deaf  lo  reason  or  argiimcnla.  Men  are  d«nf 
to  the  calls  of  the  go«i»<.'l. 

4.  WitlMMil  tite  dbdity  or  will  to  regard  spiritual 
things  ;  unconcerned  ;  as,  hear,  ye  itct{f.     Is,  xlii. 

5.  Deprived  of  tlie  power  of  hearing  ;  deafened  ; 
as,  deaf  \v\th  clamor. 

fi.  Stifled  ;  imperlect ;  obscurely  heard  ;  as,  a  deaf 
noiie  or  murmur.  Dryden. 

DKAF,  r.  t.,  to  deafen,  Is  used  by  Dryden,  but  is  ubao- 
Itte,  unless,  pc-rhaps,  in  poetry. 

DEAF'^.N,  fdeernordefnjr.  (.  To  make  denf;  to 
deprive  of  the  power  of  hearing;  to  impair  tlie  or- 
gans uf  hearing,  so  as  to  render  them  unimpressiblu 
to  sounds. 

2  To  stun  ;  to  render  incapable  of  perceiving 
Bfiunds  distinctly ;  as,  deafened  with  clamor  or  tu- 
mult. 

3.  In  architecture,  to  deafen  a  floor,  ts  to  render  it 
impervious  to  sound,  by  filling  the  space  beneath  It 
with  mortar  and  other  substances.  GwUt, 

DEAF' i^.\-£D,  (deefnd  or  defnd,)  pp.  Made  deaf; 
stunned. 

DEAF'/;X-rNO,  jmr.  Making  deaf;  rendering  im- 
pervious to  Sound. 

DEA^'^,V,  f'l'  •  Tie  or  defle,)  adv.  Without  sense  of 
«iui!  I-.  heard. 

DEAi  Tncss  or  defness,)  n.    Incapacity 

of  {NT  Mids;  the  state  r>f  the  organs  which 


DEA 

prevents  the  impressions  which  constitute  hearing  ; 
a-!,  the  deafness  of  the  ears  ;  hence,  applied  to  persons, 
want  of  the  sense  of  hearing. 

2.  Unwillingness  to  hear  and  regard ;  voluntary 
rejection  of  what  is  addressed  to  the  ear  and  to  the 
understanding.  ^tng  Charles. 

DEAF'-MOTE,  n.  A  deaf  and  dumb  person.  OallaudeU 
Deal,  v.  U  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Dealt,  (deii.)  [Sax.  dwlan, 
bedmlan^  gcdtelan  ;  Goth,  daibjan  ;  8w.  dela ;  Dan. 
deelcr ;  G.  thrilen ;  D.  declen  ;  bcdcelcn  ;  Russ.  delya  ; 
W.  dydoli^  to  separate  ;  dy  and  Uircl,  separation,  a 
throwing  off,  tawlu^  to  Hirow  off,  to  separate  ;  Ir.  and 
Gael,  dailim^  to  give ;  dail,  a  part,  Eng.  dole ;  Heb.  and 

Ch.  ^13  to  separate  or  divide ;  Ar.  J(Xj  badala,  to 

exchange,  or  give  in  exchange;    jtNj  badhala,  to 

give,  to  yield.  (Qu.  W.  (tozoU,  to  endow.)  There 
is  a  remarkable  coincidence  between  the  Shemitic 
word  and  tho  Sax.  and  Dutch,  bedtslan,  bedeelen. 
The  ^Velsh  tawlu  gives  the  true  original  sense.] 

1.  To  divide  ;  to  part ;  to  separate ;  hence,  to  di- 
vide in  portions ;  to  distribute  ;  often  followed  by  out. 

Ii  U  not  lodtnl  thv  )ma<\  to  the  hitnjr;.  —  Is.  Iviii, 

Anii  Kume  decdt  out  her  hl'wngsiiiiil  herald.        Tidcel. 

Q.  To  scatter ;  to  throw  about ;  as,  to  deal  out 
feathered  deaths.  Dryden. 

3.  Ti»  throw  out  in  succession  ;  to  give  one  after 
another  ;  as,  to  deal  out  blows,  to  deal  out  cafds,  to 
deal  out  curses. 

D£AL,  V.  L    To  traffic  ;  to  trade ;  to  negotiate. 

They  buy  ani)  aell,  tlicy  dtal  aiiU  trdllic.  South. 

2.  To  act  between  man  :ind  man  ;  to  intervene  ; 
to  transact  or  negotiate  between  men. 


3.  To  behave  well  or  ill ;  to  act ;  to  conduct  one's 
self  in  relation  to  others. 

Tt|ou  shall  not  iteftl,  nor  deal  falwly,  nor  tier—  Ler.  xiz. 

4.  To  distribute  cards. 

To  deal  by  ;  to  treat,  either  well  or  UI ;  as,  to  deal 
well  by  dornestics. 

Such  one  dcait  not  fairiy  by  tiu  owu  imnil.  Locke. 

To  deal  in ;  Ut  have  lo  do  with  ;  to  be  engaged  in  ; 
to  pmctice.  They  deal  in  political  matters;  they  deal 
in  low  Inimor. 

2.  To  trade  in  ;  a?,  to  deal  in  silks,  or  in  cutlery. 

To  deal  icith ;  to  treat  in  any  manner ;  to  use  well 
or  ill. 

Now  will  we  d^al  wnnn  wi'lA  ihPT,  — Gi'n.  xlx. 
IMiim  —  aiul  I  will  rleiti  Well  with  ihpc.  — Ut-n.  xxril. 

2.  To  contend  with  ;  to  treat  with,  by  way  of  op- 
position, check,  or  correction  ;  as,  he  has  turbulent 
passions  to  deal  with. 

3.  To  treat  with,  by  wny  of  discipline,  in  ecclesi- 
astical affairs;  to  admonish. 

D£A  L,  n.     [Sax.  rfW,  d,il,  gedal ;  Ir.  dal :  D.  detH  ;  G. 
tkeil ;  Dm.  deet ;  i^w.  del ;  Russ.  t/«/id.     See  the  verb.] 

1.  Liter-ally,  a  division  ;  a  part  nr  portitm  ;  hence, 
an  indefinite  quantity,  dr-gree,  or  extent;  as,  a  deal 
of  time  and  trouble  ;  a  deiil  of  cohl ;  a  deal  of  space. 
Formerly  it  was  timitt^-d  by  some  ;  as,  some  deal ;  hut 
this  is  now  obscdete  or  vulgiir.  In  general,  we  now 
qunlify  the  word  with  i^reat ;  as,  a  irrmt  deal  of  lalior  ; 
a  great  deal  of  time  and  pains  ;  a  great  deal  of  land. 
In  the  phrases,  it  is  a  great  ileal  better  or  worse,  the 
words  {Treat  deal  si'rve  as  modifiers  <tf  the  sense  of 
belter  and  worse.  The  true  constmclion  is,  it  is,  fry 
a  great  dial,  beilHr  ;  it  is  lietter  by  a  great  djal,  that 
ia,  by  a  gn-al  part  or  difference. 

2.  The  division  or  distribution  of  cards ;  the  art  or 
practice  of  dealing  cards. 

Tho  deals  the  ■hitUn,  und  the  oil.  Swxfl. 

3.  The  division  of  a  piece  of  timber  made  by  saw- 
ing ;  a  pine  bixird  or  plank  ;  a  sense  much  more  used 
in  Knglan/l  than  in  the  Unitrd  States. 

Tu^Tv    ..   ,      ri    dcalbo  ;  de  and  albasj  white.} 


DE-Al/lt.\TE,  r.  t.     [L.  deal. 

To  whiten.     [LitUe  ii.^ed.] 

DE-AI.-HA'riON,  n.    The  n 


act  of  bleaching;  a  whit- 

D^AIj' F.n,  pp.     Divided  ;  thrown  out.  [enliig. 

DkAI/ER,  71.    One  who  drals  ;  one  who  has  to  do 

with  any  thing,  or  has  concern  with ;  as,  a  dealer  in 

wit  nnd  learning.  Swi/i. 

2.  A  trader;  a  trafficker;  a  Rhopkecper  ;  a  broker; 
a  merchant  ;  a  word  of  rem  ertcnsice  uj<e ;  as,  a  dealer 
in  dry  goods ;  a  dealer  in  hardware ;  a  dealer  in 
storks;  a  dfalrr  in  leather;  a  dfahr  in  lumber;  a 
dealer  in  linen-)  or  woolens  ;  a  small  dealer  in  groce- 
ries ;  a  numvy-ilealer. 

_  3,  One  who  distributes  cards  to  the  pLiyers. 
DeAL'I.N'Gj  ppr.     Dividing;   distributing;  throwing 

2.  Tradmg  ;  trafficking;  negotiating.  [out. 

3.  Treating  ;  bi-having. 

DRAL'I\(;,  H.  Practice;  action;  conduct;  behavior; 
as,  observe  the  dcdings  of  the  men  who  administer 
the  goviirnmeni.  Bui  it  is  now  more  generally  used 
of  the  actions  of  men  in  private  life. 

DEALT,  (dell,)  pret,  and  pp.  Scattered  ;  given  in  suc- 
cession ;  traded  ;  conducted 


DEA 

Q.  Conduct  in  relation  lo  others;  treatment;  as, 
the  dealimrs  of  a  father  with  liia  children.  God's 
(2ea^t/t^.»  with  men  are  the  ilis)>ensatJons  of  his  prov- 
idence or  moral  government. 

3.  Intercourse  in  buying  and  selling  ;  traffic  ;  busi- 
ness ;  negotiation.  American  inerchiints  have  ex- 
tensive dealings  with  the  merchants  of  IJvcrjKiol, 

4.  Intercourse  of  business  or  friendship  ;  concern. 

The  Jew»  have  no  dealings  with  the  Snniarilans.  —  John  iv. 
DE-AM'BU-LATE,  v.  i.     [L.  deambulo.] 

To  walk  abroad.     [JVot  used.] 
DE-AM-BU-LA'TION,  n.   The  act  of  walking  abroad. 

Ely  at, 
DE-AM'BU-LA-TO-RY,  a.    Pertaining  to  xi^alks.    ' 
DE-AM'BU-LA-TO-RY,  71.     A  place  to  walk  in. 
Dean,  n.  [Fr.  doyen,  the  eldest  of  a  corporation  ;  Arm. 
dean;  S]).  dean,  decano;  Port,  deam,  decano;  It.  deca- 
■no;  from  L.  decanus,  the  leader  of  a  file  ten  deep,  the 
head  of  a  college,  from  decern,  Gr.  t?c*(ii,  W.  deg.  ten  ; 
so  named  because  originally  he  was  set  over  ten  can- 
ons or  prebendaries.    Ayli^'e,] 

1.  In  England,  an  ecclesiastical  dignitary  in  cathe- 
dral and  colleginte  churches,  and  the  head  of  a  chap- 
ter; the  second  dignitari'  of  adiocese.  Ancient  deans 
are  elected  by  the  chapter  in  virtue  of  a  conge  d^elire 
from  the  king  and  letters  missive  of  recommendation  ; 
but  in  the  chiplers  founded  by  Henry  VIII. out  of  the 
spoils  of  dissolved  monasteries,  the  deanery  is  dona- 
tive, and  the  installation  merely  by  the  king's  letters 
patent.  Eneyc 

2.  An  officer  in  each  college  of  the  universities  in 
England.  tVarton. 

3.  In  the  United  States,  a  registmr  of  the  faculty  in 
some  colleges,  and  especially  in  medical  institutions. 

Rural  dean,  or  arch-presbyter,  had  originally  juris- 
diction over  ten  churches;  but  alU^rward  he  became 
only  the  bishop's  substitute,  with  no  absolute  judicial 
power  in  himself,  but  the  ordering  nf  ecclesiasticnl 
affairs  within  his  deanery,  by  the  direction  of  tho 
bishop  or  archdeacon.  OUbcrt, 

Dean  of  a  monastt-ry ;  a  superior  established  under 
the  abbot,  to  ease  tiim  in  taking  care  of  ten  monks. 
Hence  his  name.  Eneyc, 

Dean  and  chapter,  are  the  bishop's  council,  to  aid 
him  with  their  advice  in  affairs  of  religion,  and  in  the 
temporal  concerns  of  his  see.  Encye. 

DK.'iN'ER-Y,  n.    The  oflico  or  the  revenue  of  a  dean. 
Clftrention.     Sirffi. 

2.  The  house  of  a  dean.  Hhak. 

3.  The  jurisdiction  of  a  dean. 

Each  ftrchiii-acotiry  i»  cHviiled   into  run]  deanerita,  niui   '■aeh 
deantry  la  ilisrided  into  fKiriihcs.  iiiiKkitone. 

Df.AN'SHIP,  n.    The  oftice  of  a  dean. 

DK.\R,  a.  [Sax.  deor  ;  G.  thmer,  denr,  rare  ;  tkenre  or 
tJie-urung,  dearness,  scarcity,  dearth  ;  D.  danr,  dear; 
duurtc,  dearth  ;  Sw.  dyr,  dear ;  difrhet,  dearth  ;  Dnn. 
dyre,  dijrttd,  id.  It  seems  that  the  primary  sense  is, 
scarce,  rare,  or  close,  narrow ;  this  is  obvious  from 
dearth.  So  in  L.  earns,  caritas.  Class  Dr,  So.  7,  8, 
19,  and  Class  Sr,  No.  4,  34,  47.] 

1.  Scarce  ;  not  plentiAil ;  a.s,  a  dear  year.    [Oft.-r.] 

Shak. 

2.  Bearing  a  high  price  in  comjwirison  of  the  usual 
price  ;  more  costly  than  usual ;  of  a  higher  price  than 
the  customary  one.  Wheat  is  dear  at  a  dollar  n  bush- 
el, when  the  usual  price  is  seventy-five  cents.  This 
sense  results  from  the  former,  as  dearnessis  Uie  effect 
of  scarcity  and  demand. 

3.  Of  a  high  value  in  estimation  ;  greatly  valued  ; 
beloved ;  precious. 

And  thp  liial  Joy  wn»  dfortr  thiin  ihp  rrrt.  Poj't. 

Bo  yc  roiluwen  ot  Oui,  oa  dtar  children.  —  Eph.  v. 

DEAR,  a.     [Sax.  derian,  lo  hurt ;  Scot,  dert  or  dnV,  to 

annoy,  ana  dere,  to  fear.]  , 

Hurtful;  grievous;  hateful.     [Ohs.']  Shak. 

DEAR,  r.  t.     To  make  dear.     [J^at  usrut.']      Shdt^n. 
DkAR,  n.     A  darling;  a  word  denoting  tender  affec- 
tion or  endearment ;  as,  my  dear. 
DSAR'noRN,  H.    A  light  four-wheel  carriage. 
DkAR'-HOUGIIT,  (-baut,)  o.     [See  Bouoht.]     Pur- 

cha.sed  at  a  high  price;  ixa,  dear -bought  experience; 

dcar'liiiH<rht  blessings. 
DEAR'EST,  fl.  superl.    Bearing  the  highest  price  ;  of 

the  grentest  value. 
DfiAR'EMT,  n.   Dariing;  a  term  denoting  the  tenderest 
DEAR'LING.     See  Dabi.ino.  [aff.T.tion. 

DRAR'-LOV-ED,  (-luvd,)  a.    Greatly  l>.'loved.  Sk^ik. 
DkAR'LY,  adv.     At  a  high  price;  as,  ho  pays  dearly 

for  hi-H  ranliness. 
2.  With  gnmt  fondness  ;  as,  we  love  our  children 
DEARN,  a.     [Sax.  dnorn.]         [dearly;  de^irly  beloved. 

lionely  ;  solitary  ;  nifdancholy.     [^Obs.]        Shak. 
DEAR'NESS,  n.    Scarcity  ;   high   price,  or  a   higher 

price  than  the  customary  one ;  as,  the  dcarne,-is  of 

corn. 
2.  Fondness;  nearness  to  the  heart  or  affections; 

great  value  in  estimation  ;  ^rcciousneas ;  lender  love  ; 

as,  the  dejimess  of  friendship. 
DS.ARN'LY,  adv.    Secretly i   prlvttfely;  ipournfuUy. 

[Obs.]     [See  Dernlt.] 
DEARTH,  (derth,)  n,     [See  Drab,]    Scarcity;  as,  a 

dearth  of  corn. 

2.  Want ;  need  ;  famine.  Shak. 


L 


TCXE,  BPLL,  IINITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CtOUS.-e  m  K ;  6  m  J ;  •  ».  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  M  In  THIS. 

—  -  —  — ■         3^ 


DEB 

3.  Barrenness ;  sterility  ;  as,  a  dcwUh  of  ^ot. 

IWrJC 
DE-AR-Tie'i:-LATE,  r.  t    To  disjoint.    [J\'ot  lutd.] 
DEATH,  (deth  J  «,     [Sax.  death  ;  D.  dood ;  G.  tod ;  Sw. 
dbU;  Thin.  ^diij.     See  Dik  and  Dkad.] 

L  That  stale  of  a  being,  animal  or  vegetable,  but 
mvrc  particularly  of  an  aiiiiual,  in  which  there  is  to- 
la! and  pt-mianent  cessatiun  of  nil  the  vital  functions, 
when  the  »irgan«  have  nut  only  ceased  to  act,  but 
have  lost  the  susceptibility  of  nuewed  action.  Thus 
tlie  cessation  i^  n'spiration  and  circulation  in  an  an- 
imal may  niU  be  death  :  for  during  Iiybemaiion,  some 
animals  become  tulinly  torpid,  and  m>mc  animala 
and  vegeLibles  may  be  subjected  to  a  fixed  state  by 
frost,  but  being  caj>al)le  of  revived  activity,  ibey  are 
not  dead. 
9.  The  state  of  the  dead ;  as,  tbe  gates  of  dMtiL 

3.  The  manner  of  dying.  [Jah  xxxrUi 
TbsuriMhdiB  OierfMlIU  of  tbea  Owl  «ra  d«la  in  ibo  oulM  vt 
U>  — dteiteJMlfcaftlwiltl— iM  — Ninn.»xffl. 

4.  The  image  of  mortality  rep?«aenled  by  a  skele- 
ton ;  as,  a  dtmtk^s  head.  Skak. 

5.  Murder  ;  as,  a  man  of  dtatk.  Bacon, 
G.  Cause  of  death.    We  say,  he  eanght  his  rieoO. 

OtbMnufrGad,lhenbAnAlBllMpoi S  IQnca  Iv. 

7.  Destroyer  or  agent  ot  death ;  as,  be  will  be  the 
4t«ik  of  his  poor  flitber. 

8.  In  ^MCry,  tbe  means  or  inslniinent  of  death ;  as, 
an  arrow  is  nlled  the  fealbered  dtatA  j  a  ball,  a  lead- 
en dratt. 

AmA*  l«*Ufo  OHM  wbtged  with  tn.  Drydn. 

9.  In  tUtlmgfj  perpetual  separation  firom  Ood,  and 
eternal  lorv|f  nta  ;  called  the  second  dtatk.     Rtv.  ii. 

10.  SeparalioD  or  alienation  of  tbe  soul  fhmi  God  ; 
a  being  under  the  dominion  of  sin,  and  destitute  of 
grace  or  divine  life  ;  called  spiritual  dattk. 

W*  know  thai  «■-  l»T«  jwiBrrl  fritn  d^mlh  to  Bfc,  becAuae  ire 
love  the  brKJum.  —  1  Jofan  in.     Luke  L 

Cird  deAtk,  is  the  separation  of  a  man  from  civil 
society,  or  ftntm  the  enjoyment  of  civil  rights  ;  as  by 
banishment,  abjuration  of  tbe  realm,  entering  into  a 
monaster\',  ^c  Bloekgtmue. 

DEATH'-BED,  (detfa'bed,)  n.  Tbe  bed  on  whkb  a 
person  dies  or  !?>  confined  in  bis  last  sickness. 

DEATH'-B0D-1.\G,  «.    Portending  deal)).        S*«*. 

DEATH' -UXRT-I.NG,  a.    Darting  or  inflicting  death. 

Skok. 

DEATH'-DO-I-NG,  a.    Inflicting  death. 

DEATir-DOOM-£D,«.    Duonird  to  death.  Cwteriign, 

DEATU'Ei^L,  s.  Full  of  alaugbter ;  niurderous ;  de- 
structive 

ThrmtjrmbtkM 
The  dm^ijkl  near.  Papt. 

DRATH'njL-XESS,  ».    Appearance  of  death.  7T«|rfffr. 

DEATBXESS,  0.  Immonal ;  not  subject  to  death, 
destruction,  or  extinction  ^  as,  daitJitcss  beings ;  deatk- 
Ifss  fame. 

DEATH'LIKE,  a.    Resembling  death  ;  gloomy  ;  stUI ; 
calm ;  quiet ;    peacvful ;  motionless ;  like  death  in 
horror  or  in  fitillnc5.-t ;  as,  dtatXlJte  slumbers. 
2.  Resemblin:^  d^-.-iih  ;  cadaverous. 

DEATH'-RAT-TLE.  (dclh'rat-tl,)  n.  A  rattling  in 
tbe  throat  of  a  dying  per^>n. 

DEATH'-SH  AI>-6\V-i:D,  a.  Surrounded  by  tbe  shades 
of  death.  More 

DEATH'-STR^KE,  B.    The  stroke  of  death 

DEATH'S'-DOOR,  (deihs'dor,)  a.  A  near  approach 
to  death  ;  the  gates  of  death.  Taylor. 

DEATU*S'->LAN',  a.    An  executioner ;  a  hangman. 

Shak. 

DEATH'-T6-K£X,  «.  That  which  indicates  appruach- 
ing  death.  Skak, 

DEATH 'WARD.orfr.    Toward  death.   Beanm-andFl. 

DE.\TH'-W^TCH,  a.  \  small  kind  of  beeUe,  whose 
ticking,  which  is  really  the  call  of  the  male  for  its 
mate,  has  been  weakly  supposed,  by  superstitious  and 
ienorant  people,  to  pfDcnoiticate  death.  Qay. 

DE-AL'RaTE,  r.  t     [L  deoMro.l 
To  gild.     [LiaU  u.ied.'] 

DRAC'RATE,  a,    GUded. 

DE-BAC'CHATE,  r. ».   To  rare  and  bluster,  as  a  bac- 

DE-BA€-eHA'TIOX,  n.     A  raving.  [chanal. 

DE-BAC'LE,  (de-bakn,)  a.  [Fr.]  .\  breaking  or 
bursting  forth.  BucMland. 

A  violent  rush  of  waters,  having  so  great  force  as 
to  have  conveyed  the  fragments  of  rock.-i,  and  the  re- 
mains of  animals  and  vegetables,  to  a  di>tance  from 
tbcir  native  localities.  £>/.  Eacyc 

DE-BXR',  r.  (.  [d>  and  har.]  To  cut  off  from  en- 
trance ;  to  preclude ;  to  binder  from  approach,  entry, 
or  enjoj-ment ;  to  shut  out  or  exclude  ;  as,  we  are  not 
debarred  from  any  rational  enjoyment  j  religion  de- 
kars  us  from  no  r^  {Measure. 

DE-BARK'  r.  t  [Fr.  dehca^uer ;  de  and  bar^utj  a  boat 
or  vessel.] 

To  land  from  a  ship  or  boat ;  to  remove  from  on 
board  any  water-craft  and  i^ace  on  land ;  to  disem- 
bark ;  as,  to  debark  artiller}'.  [It  is  less  used,  es- 
pecially in  a  transitive  sense,  than  Disembark.] 

DE-BARK',  f.  t.  To  leave  a  ship  or  boat  and  pass  to 
the  land  ;  as,  the  troops  debarked  at  four  o'clock. 


DEB 

DE-BaRK-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  disembarking. 

DE-llAUK'/JD,  (de  birkl',)  pp.  Removed  to  laud  from 
on  iKKird  a  ship  or  boat. 

DE-BARK'IN'G,  ppr.  Removing  from  a  ship  to  the 
land  i  coing  from  on  board  a  vessel. 

DE-UAR'UtD,  (de-b;ird',)  p;/.  [from  (/cAor.]  Hindered 
from  approach,  entrance,  or  possession. 

DE-UAR'RING,  ppr.  Preventing  from  approach,  en- 
trance, or  enjoyment. 

DE-BAR'RI.\G,  n.    Hinderance  from  approach. 

DE-BASE',  V.  t.  [Je  and  base]  To  reduce  from  a 
higher  to  a  Inxvcr  state  in  quality  or  respectability. 
The  drunkard  debases  liimself  and  his  character.  In- 
temperance and  debauchery  debase  men  almost  to  a 
level  Willi  beasts. 

3.  To  reduce  or  lower  in  qualit>',  purity,  or  value  ; 
to  adulterate  ;  as,  to  dtbase  gold  or  sil,ver  by  alloy. 

3.  To  lower  or  degrade  ;  to  make  mean  or  despica- 
ble. Religion  should  not  be  debased  by  frivolous  dis- 
[Hites.  Vicious  habits  debase  the  mind  as  well  as  the 
character. 

4.  To  sink  In  purity  or  elegance ;  to  vitiate  by 
meanness ;  as,  to  debase  style  by  the  yse  of  vulgar 
words. 

DE-BAS'£D,  (de-baste',)  pp.  or  a.  Reduced  in  esti- 
mated value ;  lowered  in  estimation  ;  reduced  in 
purity,  fineness,  quality,  or  value  ;  adulterated  ;  de- 
gradfil  ;  rendered  mean. 

DE-BASE'.ME.NT,  a.  The  act  of  debasing;  degrada- 
tion ;  reduction  of  purity,  fineness,  quality,  or  value  ; 
adulteration  ;  a  i»tate  of  being  debased  ;  as,  debase- 
ment of  character,  of  our  faculties,  of  the  coin,  of 
style,  ic 

DE-BAS'ER,  a.  One  who  debases  or  lowera  in  esti- 
mation or  in  value  :  one  who  degrades  or  renders 
mean  ;  tliat  which  debases. 

DE-BAS'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Reducing  in  estimation  or 
worth  ;  adulterating  ;  reducing  in  purity  or  elegance ; 
degrading;  rendering  mean. 

2.  a.  Lowering ;  tending  to  debase  or  degrade ; 
as,  dehMJiimr  vices. 

DE-BAS'IN6-LY,ado.    So  as  to  debase. 

DE-BAT' A-BLB,  a.  [See  Debate.]  That  may  be 
debated  ;  disputable  ;  subject  to  controversy  or  con- 
tention ;  as,  a  debatabU  question. 

DE-BATE',  n.  [Fr.dcbat;  Sp.debat£;  Port,  id,}  de 
and  battrr,  to  be-at.] 

1.  Contention  in  words  or  arguments ;  discussion 
for  elucidating  tnilh  ;  strife  in  argument  or  reasoning, 
between  persons  of  different  opinions,  each  endeav- 
oring to  prove  his  own  opinion  right,  and  that  of  his 
opfxwer  wrong ;  dispute  ;  controversy  ;  as,  tlie  de- 
hiiM  in  parliament  or  in  congress. 

9.  Strife ;  contention 

Behold,  jt  titt  for  Uiife  uiil  dtbiUt.  —  Is.  Wiii. 

3l  The  power  of  being  di8putt>d  ;  as,  this  question 
is  settled  beyond  debate  ;  the  story  is  true  beyond  de- 
baU. 

4.  Debate  or  debairs :  the  published  report  of  argti- 
ments  for  and  against  a  measure  ;  as,  tlie  debates  in 
the  convention  are  printed. 
DE-BATE',   v.U     [Ft.  debattre ;  Sp.  drbatir ;    Port,  de- 
batrr.     See  Beat  and  Abate.] 

To  contend  for  in  words  or  arguments ;  to  strive 
to  maintain  a  cause  by  reasoning  ;  to  dispute  ;  to  dis- 
cuss ;  to  argue  ;  to  contest,  as  opposing  parties;  as, 
tlie  question  was  debated  till  a  late  hour. 

DtbeOe  Ihj  cauie  with  thy  Doigfabor  hiinaelf.  —  Pror.  xxr. 
DE-BATE',  r.  i.    To  debaU  on  or  in  ;  to  deliberate  ;  to 
discuss  or  examine  different  arguments  in  the  mind. 

Shak, 

2.  To  dispute.  TaUer. 

3.  To  engage  in  combat.     [J^ot  in  use.'] 
DE-BAT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Disputed  ;  argued  ;  discussed. 
DE-BATE'FJJL,  a.    Of  thingSy  contested  ;    occasion- 
ing contention.  Spensi-r. 

2.  Of  personsj  quarrelsome ;  contentious.  [LiUle 
used.]^ 

DE-BATE'FUL-LY,  ado     With  contention. 

Sherwood. 

DE-BATE'MEXT,  ft.  Controversy  ;  deliberation.  [Lit- 
Ue  it-fv/.]  Shak. 

DE-B.\T'ER,  n.  One  who  debates ;  a  disputant ;  a 
controvertist. 

DE-BAT'ING,  ppr.  ora.  Disputing;  discussing;  con- 
tending by  arguments. 

DE-BaT'1\G-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  debate. 

DE-B.XT'ING-SO-CI'E-TY,  n.  A  society  for  the  pur- 
pose of  debate  and  improvement  in  extemporaneous 
speaking. 

DE-BAUCH',  f.f.  [Fr.  dcbaucker;  Ann.  dibaudia.  This 
is  said  by  Lunier  to  be  compounded  of  de  and  an  old 
French  word,  signifying  a  shop,  (bauchey)  and  that 
its  primarj-  sense  is  to  draw  or  entice  one  from  his 
shop  or  work  ;  and  in  this  sense  it  is  still  used. 
Hence,  embaucher  is  to  help  a  journeyman  to  employ- 
ment, and  to  enlist  as  a  soldier.  The  general  sense, 
then,  of  debauch,  in  English,  is  to  lead  astray,  like 
seduxe.] 

1.  To  corrupt  or  vitiate  ;  as,  to  dehauck  a  prince  or 
youth  ;  to  debauch  good  principles. 

2.  To  corrupt  with  lewdness ;  as,  to  debauch  a 
woman. 


DEB 

3.  To  seduce  from  duty  ut  allegiance ;  as,  to  de- 

baitch  an  army. 
DEBAUCH',  n.     [Fr.  debauche;  Arm.  dibauck.] 

Excess    in  eating   or  drinkfng  ;    intemperance  ; 

dninkenness  ;  gluttony  ;  lewdness. 
DE-BAUCirj^D,  fde-baucht',)  pp.  or  a.     Corrupted; 

vitiated   in  monus  or  purity  of  character. 
DE-BAUCH'ED-LY,  ode.    In  a  profligate  manner. 

Cuvleif. 
DK-nAUrir'F.n-NE.^S,w.  intemperance.  Bp.  Hail. 
l)I-:it-A(J-Cin'.i:',  (deb^-shee',)  n.     A  man  given  to 

intemperance  or  bacchanalian  excesses.   But,  chiefly, 

n  man  hiihilually  lewd. 
DE-BAUCll'EK,  n.     One  who  debauches  or  corrupts 

ottiers  ;  a  seducer  to  lewdness,  or  to  any  dereliction 

of  diitv. 
DE  H.\UCH'ER-Y,  n.    Excess  in  the  pleasures  of  the 

table  ;  gluttony  ;  intemperance.    But,  chiefly,  habit- 
ual lewdness  ;  excessive  unlawful  indulgence  of  lust. 
2.  Corruption  of  fidelity  ;  seduction  from  duty  or 

allegiance. 

The  rppublic  of  Piini  will  endeavor  to  complete  the  dcbnucktry 
of  ute  tsiny.  Burke. 

DE-BAUCH'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  debauching  or 
corrupting  ;  the  act  of  seducing  from  virtue  or  duty. 

DE-BEL'LATE,  r.  (.     [L.  debello.]  [Taylor. 

To  subdue.     [JVot  used.]  Bacon. 

DE-BEL-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  conquering  or  sub- 
duing.    [JVot  used.]  More. 

DE  BE'^TE  ES'SE,  [L.]  Well  being,  or  condition- 
al allowance.  In  fair,  to  take  an  order  or  testimony 
de  bene  esse^  is,  to  take  or  allow  it  for  the  present,  but 
subject  to  be  suppressed  or  disallowed  on  a  further 
or  tull  examination.  CnweL 

DE-BENT'UItE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  rfc6eo,  to  owe.  Class 
Db.] 

1.  A  writing  acknowledging  a  debt;  a  writing  or 
certificate  signed  by  a  public  officer,  as  evidence  of  a 
deM  due  to  some  person.  This  paper,  given  by  nn 
ofiicer  of  the  custom»,  entitles  a  merchant,  exporting 
gmKlrf,  to  the  receipt  of  a  bounty,  or  a  drawback  of 
diiiies.  When  issued  by  a  treasurer,  it  entitles  the 
holder  to  a  sum  of  money  from  the  state. 

2.  In  the  ciLiiojnSy  a  certificate  of  drawback  ;  a 
writing  which  states  that  n  person  is  entitled  to  a 
certain  sum  from  the  povernmenl,  on  the  exportation 
of  specified  poods,  the  duties  on  which  had  been  paid. 

DK-HK.NT'liR-Kl),  a.  Dcbentured  goods  are  lliose  for 
which  a  debenture  has  been  given,  as  being  entitled 
to  drawback. 

DEB'ILE,  a.  [L.  dehilisi  Fr.  dcbile;  It.  debile;  Sp.  rf<- 
bil.     See  Class  Db,  No.  1,  2,  3,  5,  7,  15,  47,  51.] 

Relaxed  ;  weak  ;  feeble  ;  languid  ;  faint ;  without 
Btnaigth.  Shak. 

DE-IUL'1-TATE,  v.  t.     [L.  dcbilito,  from  dibilis.] 

Tu  weaken;  to  impair  the  strength  of;  to  enfee- 
t)lc  ;  to  make  faint  or  languid.  Intemperance  deb'di- 
tatrs  the  orgpns  of  digestion.  Excessive  indulgence 
debilitates  the  svstem. 

DE-BIL'I-TA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Weakened  ;  enfeebled  j 
relaxed. 

DE-HIL'I-TA-TING,  ppr.  Weakening;  enfeebling; 
inipiiiriiig  strength. 

DE-BlI/I-TA-TlNG,a.  Tendingoradapted  to  weaken. 

DE-BIL-1-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  weakening;  re- 
hixation. 

DE-Bl  I/I-TY,  n.     [I>,  debiUtas,  from  debilis.) 

Relaxation  of  tbe  solids;  weakness;  teehleness ; 
languor  of  body;  faintness ;  imbecility;  as,  mor- 
bid sweats  induce  debility.  f/(  may  be  applied  to 
Vie  mind,  but  this  is  less  common.] 

DEB'IT,  n.  [L.  debitum^  from  debeo^  to  owe,  Fr.  de- 
rwir,  Sp.  debcTy  It.  dovere.  (See  Duty.)  The  sense  is 
probably  to  jwess  or  bind  ;  Gr.  fitt,).] 

Debt  It  is  usually  written  Debt.  But  it  is  used  in 
mercantile  language  ;  as,  the  debit  side  of  an  account. 

DEB'IT,  V,  L  To  charge  with  debt ;  as,  to  debit  a  pur- 
chaser the  amount  of  goods  sold. 

We  debit  tonjrrss  with  Ib'ta  whole  sum.  Jefferton. 

2.  To  enter  an  account  on  the  debtor  side  of  a 
book  ;  a«,  to  debit  the  sum  or  amount  of  goods  sold. 
DEB'IT-ED,  pp.    Charged  in  debt;  made  debtor  on 
account. 
2.  Charged  to  one's  d«;bt,  as  money  or  goods. 
DEB'IT-ING,  ppr.     Making  debtor  on  account,  as  a 
person. 
2.  Charging  to  the  debt  of  a  person,  as  goods. 
DEB'IT-OR,  n.     A  debtor.  Shak. 

DE-III-TU-MIN-I-ZA'TIOX,  n.    The  act  of  depriving 

of  bitumen. 
DE-BI-TO'illN-TZE,  r.  U    To  deprive  of  bitumen. 

LyeU. 
DE-BI-TO'MIN-IZ-£D,  pp.  or  a.     Deprived  of  bitu- 
men. 
DEB-O-NAIR',!!.     [Fr.]     Civil;  gentle;  complaisant, 

elfgnnt.  Milton. 

DEH-O-NaIR'LY,  adv.   In  a  meek  and  gentle  manner. 
DEB-O-N AIR' NESS,  n.  Gentleness;  meekness;  kind- 
ness. 
DE-BOUCir,  (de-boosh',)  v.  i.     [Fr.  debouchcr;  de  and 
bouehe,  mouth.] 

To.  issue  or  march  out  of  a  confined  place,  or  from 
defiles,  as  troops. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.^T.— MeTE,  PKEY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.- 

304 


DEC 

DE-BRrS\(di^ree\)  lu  [Fr.]  Z.itera/*y,  ruins  or  frag- 
oifnt-s.  In  g«oh^^  masses  of  rock  and  other  sub- 
stances (leLiched  from  the  summit  and  sides  of  a 
moupiuiin,  and  pilled  up  below.  Brands. 

l*EtJT,  (dt-t.)  n.  [U  iltbitHm,  contracted  ;  Fr.  data  Sp, 
and  IL  debUa.     See  DcBrT.] 

1.  That  which  is  dae  from  one  person  to  anotht-r, 
whether  money,  goods,  or  services  ;  that  which  one 
person  is  bound  to  pay  or  perform  to  another ;  as,  the 
debts  uf  a  bankrupt ;  the  debts  of  a  nobleman.  It  is 
a  cummoD  misfortune  or  vice  to  be  in  dfhL 

Wh^n  you   run  in  d^^  you  give  to  anoiAtr  power  over  ^our 
lil"erty.  Fmnkhn. 

2.  That  which  any  one  is  obliged  to  do  or  to  suffer. 
Your  aoQ,  itiy  lord,  luu  paid  a  soldier's  d'MS.  Sliak. 

Hence  death  is  called  tiie  debt  of  nature. 

3.  In  laWi  an  action  to  recover  a  debt.  This  is  s 
customary  ellipsis.  He  brought  debt^  instead  of  an 
action  o(  debt. 

4.  In  Scripture,  sin;  trespass;  guilt  j  crime  j  that 
which  renders  liable  to  punishment. 

Kor^ve  us  our  (ie&u.  Lord'g  Pnyer. 

DEBT'ED,  (det'ted,)  pp.  Indebted ;  obliged  to.  [J^'ut 
tufd.\  SJtak. 

DEBT-EE',(drt-tee',)  h.  A  creditor;  one  to  whom  a 
d.-bt  is  due.  Blackstone. 

DEUi''LESS,  (dcl'Iess,)  a.     Free  from  debt.   Chancer, 

DEBT'OR,  (det'tor,)  n.     [L.  d£hit*>r.] 

1.  The  person  who  owes  another  either  money, 
goods,  or  services. 

la  Athens  ftn  iuaolvent  rfc6tor  becune  tlxre  \o  \m  cre>Ulor. 

2.  One  who  is  under  obligation  to  do  something. 

I  am  n  dehtiT  (o  the  Greeks  snd  tar(nn.ins.  —Rom.  i. 
He  IS  a  diittar  to  ilo  toe  wliule  taw.  —  li^l.  v. 

3.  The  side  of  an  account  in  which  debts  are 
charffed.     [See  Debit.] 

DEB  UL-LI^TION,  n.     A  bubbling  or  seething  over. 

DB-BUT,  (da-bu',)  n.     [Fr.] 

Beginning  ;  a  first  appeamnce  before  the  public,  as 
of  an  actor  or  public  speaker,  &.c. ;  the  beginning  of 
an  enterprise.  Brandr. 

Dt-B'U-TAjVI^,  (d.^b-u-l;lnjr',)n.  A  person  who  makes 
his  first  appeanince  before  the  public. 

DEC'A  eHOKO.         I  n.     [Gr.  6iKu,  ten,  atid  x''P^ny 

DEG-A-eMORn'OX.  S      sirine-] 

1.  A  musical  instrument  of  ten  .<rt,rings. 

2.  Som-lliing  cou^i.-'ting  of  ten  jkuIs.        ffatson. 
DEe'A-D.\L,  a.     Pertaining  to  ten  ;  consisting  of  teus. 
DEC'.'VDE,  n.     [Lh  deca.^,  decadis;  Fr.  decode;  Sp.  dpca- 

da  :  from  Gr.  Lta^  ten.     See  Ten.] 

The  sum  or  number  of  ten  ;  an  aggregate  consist- 
tng  of  t.n  ;  u--*,  a  lUcade  of  years ;  the  dtcades  of  Livy. 

D^aVDEN-S',!"-     Decay.     [See  Dzc.,.] 


DEC  V-<iO\,  n.    [Gr.  ficK-t^  ten,  and  yuvia^ii  cfirner.l 
In  gfomctry,  a  plane  figure  having  ten  sides  and 
ten  ansl'-i*. 
DRe'.\-GRAM.         \  n.    [Gr.  <!«««,  ten,  and  gram^  a 
DEC'A  GRA.^fME,  \      weight.] 

A  French  weight  of  10  gram",  or  154  grains,  \A 
decimals,  equal  to  6  pennywt-iyhts.  10  grain.-*,  4-1  deci- 
mals, equal  to  T>  drams,  65  hundredths,  avotrdupoifi. 
DEC-A-6YN'I-A,  It.     [Gr.  ^£«a,  ten,  and  j  t;v»j,  a  fe- 
male.] 
In  botany^  a  class  of  plants  having  ten  styles. 

DEC-A-Hf:'I)RAL,  a.     Having  ten  sides. 
DECA-He'DKON,  «.     [Gr.  6tKa^  ten,  and  Upa^  a 
ba>Mr.] 

In  get)metry,:i  solid  Agure  or  body  having  ten  sides. 

SI5:iltk™K;  i  "•  t«'-  ^""'  ""• """  '""•] 

A  French  meanurecf  capacity,  containing  10  litn*^, 
or til0.>24 cubic  inches,  equal  to  2  gallons  and  (AA-{:£ii 
cubic  inches. 

DE-eAI/O  GIST,  n.     [See  Dkcaloguk.]      One  who 
explain?!  llie  decalogue.  Orfgory. 

DEC'A-LOGIJB.  (dek'a-log,)  n.     [Gr.  hxn^  ten,  and 
\>i)  04,  i*p«^ech.] 

The  ten  luimmandments  or  precepts  given  by  Gud 
to  Moates  at  Mount  Sinai,  and  originally  written  on 
two  table*  of  stone. 

DE-GAM'ER-ON,  n.     [Gr.  hxa,  ten,  and  /i£o"?,  imri,] 
A  Volume  wmsiHting  of  ten  bo«jks ;  applied  p;irtic- 
utarly  to  the  celebrated  collection  of  tales  by  Boccac- 
cio. 

DE-CAM'E-TER,  |  n,     [Gr.  icKo^  ten,  and  utrpov^ 

DECJi  MF^TER,  \      measure.] 

A  French  measure  of  length,  consisting  often  me- 
tres, and  equal  to  393  Englii^h  inches,  and  71  deci- 
mals. 

DE-€AMI",  V.  i.     [Fr.  decampen  Sp.  decampar  i  de  and 
camp.] 

1.  To  remove  or  depart  from  a  camp;  to  march  off; 
OS,  the  army  decamped  at  nix  o'clock.     Hence, 

2.  In  a  Wider  sense,  to  depart ;  to  take  one's  self  off; 
as   he  decamped  hastily. 

DE-CAMP' >IENT,  m.     Departure  from  u  camp;   a 
marching  nff. 


Having  ten  stamens. 


DEC 

DECA-NAL,  a.  [See  Deak.]  Pertaining  to  a  dean- 
erv. 

DE-t'AN'DRI-A,  n.    [Gr.  ^  «  -,  ten,  and  ait]r>,  n  male.; 
In  botany,  a  class  of  ptiuits  having  ten  aiamens. 

LinittJius. 

DE-CAX'DR[-A\, 

DE-eAN'DROUS,   . 

DEC-AN"(:U-L.\R,  a.     [Gr.ScKOt  ten,  and  ajiffula^,'] 
Having  ten  angle-?.  Lee. 

DE-€'AN'T',  r.  (.  [Jj.  dccanto ;  de  and  cantfl,  losing; 
literally,  to  throw  ;  Fr.  decanter,  to  pt^ur  off;  Sp.  de- 
cuutar:  It.  drcantare.     See  CA-fT.] 

To  pour  off  gently,  as  liquor  from  its  sediment ;  or 
to  pour  from  one  vessel  into  anotlicr ;  as,  to  decant 
wine. 

DE-eANT-A'TIOX,  ti.  The  act  of  pouringoffa  clear, 
supernatant  tiuid  gently  from  its  lees  or  sediment,  or 
from  one  vessel  into  another. 

DE-€A.NT'ED,  pp.  Pourtid  off,  or  from  one  vessel 
into  another. 

DE  CAN'I''EK,  TI.     A  vessel  used  to  decant  liquors,  or 
for  rect^iving  decanted   liquors.      A  glass  vessel  or 
buttle  u.st-d  t'or  holding  wine  or  other  liquors,  for  fill- 
ing the  drinkinp-gla-sses. 
ii.  One  who  decants  liquors. 

DE'<l^ANT'rN(»,  ppr.  Pouring  off,  as  liquor  from  its 
lees,  or  fnuii  one  vessel  to  another. 

DE-€APH'YL-LOUS,  o.  [Gr.  c^*a,  ten,  and  0uXAor, 
a  leaf.] 

Havmg  ten  leaves.  Martyn. 

DE-eAP'I-TATE,  v.  U     [  U  decapito ;  de  and  caput, 
head.] 
To  behead  ;  to  cut  off  the  head. 

DE-CAP  I-TA-TED,  pp.     Beheaded. 

DE-€AP'I-T;\ -TING,  ppr.     Beheading. 

DE-eAP-l-TX'TIO.\,  w.    The  act  of  beheading. 

DEG'A-POU,  ».     [Gr.  A^xa,  ten,  and  ir«vt,  foot.] 
An  animal  with  ten  feel  or  legs.  Kirby. 

DE-CXR'BO.V-ATE,  v.  L  To  deprive  a  carbonate  of 
its  acid. 

DE-exunON-I-Z.^'TION,  II.  The  action  or  process 
of  depriving  a  substance  of  carbnn.  Bell. 

DE-eXR'BUN-rZE,  p.  L  [de  ami  carbonize.)  To  de- 
prive of  carbiin  ;  as,  to  decarbonize  steel.  CheJitistry. 

DE  eXR'RONIZ-KH,  pp.     Deprived  of  carbon. 

DE-€XK'n<->N'-IZ-I.\G,  ppr.     Depriving  of  carbon. 

DEe.\R'ni.V-AL-IZK.  w.  (.  [de  and  cardinal.]  Tore- 
move  from  the  mnk  of  a  cardinal.  JloitelL 

DEG'A-i^TieH,  (dek'a-stik,)  n.  [Gr.  d'.^a,  ten,  and 
onxos,  a  verse.] 

A  poeiti  consisting  of  ten  line?*. 

DEe'A-Sr?LE,  n.  [Gr.  fSt^u,  ten,  and  frriAif,  a  col- 
umn.] 

.\  portico  with  ten  columns  in  fnmt.  Enetjc. 

DEe-A-SYL-LAIJ'ie,  a.     Consisiinjj  of  ten  syllables 

DE-GAY',  ('.  i.  [Fr.  duhoir,  from  L.  de  and  cado,  to 
fall,  or  decedo ;  It.  xcadere ;  Sp.  decaer;  Port,  descahir.] 

1.  To  pa^s  gradually  from  a  sound,  prosperous,  or 
perfect  Htiite,  to  a  le.^s  perfect  slate,  or  toward  destruc- 
tion ;  to  fail ;  to  di^ctine  ;  to  be  gradually  impaired. 
Our  bodies  decay  in  old  age  ;  a  tree  decays ;  buildings 
decay:  furtuncn  decay. 

2.  To  become  wcaJter ;  to  fail ;  as,  our  strength  rff- 
eavs,  or  holies  decay. 

DE-€A  V,  r.  t.  To  cause  to  fail ;  to  impair  ;  to  bring 
to  a  worse  state. 

lolirinlty,  that  draw*  tbe  wke,  doth  ever  make  better  tb<?  fbol. 

ShaJc. 

[The  transitive  sense  of  the  verb  is  now  rarely 
used.] 
DE-GAV',  n.  Gradual  failure  of  health,  strength, 
soundness,  prosperity,  or  any  s[tecie9  of  excellence 
or  perfectitm  ;  decline  to  a  worse  or  less  perfect  state  ; 
tendency  toward  dissolution  or  extinction  ;  a  stale  of 
depravation  or  diminution.  Old  men  feet  the  de^ay 
of  the  body.  We  perceive  the  decay  of  the  faculties 
in  age.  We  lament  the  decay  of  virtuo  and  pairiotisin 
in  the  state.  The  northern  nations  invaded  the  Ro- 
man eiripire  when  m  it  slate  of  decay. 

2.  Declension  from  prosperity  ;  decline  of  fortune. 
If  thy  hrothcr  be  wnieu  poor,  uii]  fnlleu  uiio  dtcay.  —  Lev. 

xzv. 

3.  Cause  of  decay.     [JVut  usual.} 


DE-eAV'KD,pn.  or  a.  Having  falhm  from  a  gtmd  or 
sound  state;  im|iaired  ;  weakened  ;  diminished. 

DE-GAY' El)-N  ESS,  n.  A  state  of  being  impaired;  de- 
caved  "late. 

DE-^A  V'ER,  71.     That  which  causes  drcay.      Shalt. 

DIvGA  Y'IN(i,  p/»r.  or  a.  Failing;  declining;  passing 
from  a  g<Mid,  pro^xjruus,  or  sound  state,  to  a  worse 
condition  ;  perishing. 

DE-eAY'I\(;,  H.     Decay  ;  decline. 

DE-CP.ASE',  n.  [U  decesstu,  from  decedo,  to  depart ; 
de  and  cedo,  to  withdraw  ;  Fr.  dec^s,] 

Literally,  dfiarture;   hence,   departure   I^om  this 
life  ;  death  ;  applied  to  human  beinfrs  only. 

DIMJEASE'  V.  L  To  defiart  from  Ihis  life;  to  die. 
General  VVnshingt[>n  deceased,  December  14,  1799,  in 
the  t;Hth  year  of  his  age. 


DEC 

DE-CeAS'£D,  (de-seest',)  pp.  or  a.  Departed  IVom 
life.  This  is  used  as  a  passive  participle.  He  is  de- 
ceased, for  he  ha--i  deci'-Ased  ;  he  was  dcceastid,  for  he 
had  deceased.  This  use  v^  the  participle  of  an  in- 
transitive verb  is  not  int'requent,  but  the  word  omit- 
ted is  really  has.  He  lias  deceased.  It  is  properly 
an  adjective,  like  dead. 

DE-CL:At''ING,  ppr.    Departing  from  life  ;  dying. 

DE-Ck'DEN'T,  n.     [L.  decedens.] 

Ajleceased  person.  •  Lutes  of  Pcnn^ 

DE-Cl-:IT',  (de-seet',)  n.  [Norm,  dcceut,  contracted 
from  L.  dccrptio.     See  Deceive.] 

1.  Literally,  a  Catching  or  insnaring ;  hence,  the 
niisl'jading  of  a  jierson  ;  the  leading  of  another  per- 
son to  believe  what  is  false,  or  not  to  believe  what  ta 
true,  and  thus  to  insnare  him  ;  fraud  ;  fallacy  ;  cheat ; 
any  declaration,  artifice,  or  pnictice,  whicli  misleads 
another,  or  causes  him  to  believe  what  is  false. 

My  tii's  BtrdI  not  spe^  wickcdnees,  Dor  my  tongue  uuer  deceit. 


-Job  1 


vil. 


2.  Slratjigem  ;  artifice  ;  device  intended  to  mislead. 
Tlit^y  imagine  dtceiu  all  the  day  tong.  —  Pi.  nxxviu. 

3.  In  Scripture,  that  which  is  obtained  by  guile, 
fraud,  or  oppression. 

Tlwir  hoiisrs  are  full  of  deceit.  —  Jcr.  t.    7.cph.  i. 

4.  In  law,  any  trick,  device,  craft,  collusion,  shift, 
covin,  or  underhand  practice,  used  to  defraud  an- 
other. CuweL 

DE-CKIT'FPL,  a.    Tending  to   mislead,  deceive,  or 
insnare  ;  as,  derxitful  words  ;  deceitful  practices. 
Favor  is  decalfat.  —  Prov.  xxxl. 

2.  Full  of  deceit;  trickish;  fraudulent;  cheating; 
as,  a  decrifful  man. 

DI-^CF.lT'Fl^L-LY,  oilD.  In  a  deceitful  manner; 
fraudulently ;  with  deceit ;  in  a  manner  or  wilh  u 
view  to  deceive. 

Tbe  •ons  of  Jucot>  answered  Shoehem  and  H.-unor  his  ^Uu;r 
deceUfully.  — Gen.  xxxiv, 

DE  CEIT'FJJL-NESS,  «.  Tendency  to  mislead  or 
deceive  ;  as,  the  decritfalness  of  sin, 

9.  The  qtiality  of  being  fraudulent ;  as,  the  dcceit- 
fiilne.s.f  of  a  man's  practices. 

3.  The  disposition  to  deceive  ;  as,  a  man's  dcceit- 
fulnes^  may  be  habitual. 

DE-Cr.I  r'LESS,  a.     Free  from  deceit.  JltiU. 

DE  CkIV'A-BLE,  n.  [See  Deceive.]  Subjectto  de- 
ceit or  imposition  ;  ciipable  of  l»eing  misled  or  en- 
trapped ;  exposed  to  imposture  ;  tis,  young  persons 
are  very  dceelvable. 

2.  Subject  or  ajit  to  produce  error  or  deception  ;  de- 
ceitful. 

Fair  promises  ofl'?n  prove  deceivable.         Milton.    Uayioard. 
[  The  latter  use  of  the  toord  ia  incorrect,  and,  I  bcUeoe, 
not  now  pre.calrnt.] 
DE-C Kl  V'  A- B LE-N ESS,  n.    Liableness  to  be  deceived. 
2.  Liableness  to  deceive. 
With  all  dectivablentt»  of  unrighteouineu,  —2  Tiu^u.  it, 
DE-CRIV'A-BLY,  adv.     In  a  deceivable  manner. 
DECEIVE',  Cde-8eve',)tT.  U    [L.  dm>to,  to  take  aside, 
to  insnare;  de  and  capio ;  Fr.decevoir;  Arm.  dccevL 
See  Capable.] 

1.  To  mislead  the  mind  ;  to  cause  to  err ;  to  cause 
to  believe  what  is  false,  or  disbelieve  what  is  true  ; 
to  impose  on  ;  to  delude. 

Take  hoed  Ihut  no  man  dtctiiM  yo\i.  —  Malt.  xxW, 

Uwe  say  wo  have  no  tin,  wv  dcc«M  ouraclvoi.  — t  John  1. 

2.  To  beguile ;  to  cheat. 

Tour  father  hnth  Hretioed  me,  and  ehanffeit  my  wage*  ten 
timca.  —  Gen.  xzzi. 

3.  To  cut  off  from  expectation  ;  to  frustrate  or  dis- 
appoint ;  as,  his  hopes  were  deceived.  Dryden, 

4.  To  take  from  ;  to  rob. 

Plant  fniit'tntea  In  large  bordeni,  and  •«*  therein  fine  flowm, 
bnt  thin  and  sparinglf,  leat  they  d*e«iM  the  treea.  [Tlit 
iilerai  Mruff,  but  not  now  ttsed.]  Bacon. 

DE-CEIV'/:D,  (de-seevd',)  pp.  or  a.     Misled ;  led  into 

error;  becuiled;  cheated;  deluded. 
DECEIVER,  n.    One  who  deceives  ;  one  who  leads 

into  error  ;  a  cheat ;  an  impostor. 

I  shall  seem  to  my  faliier  as  a  decaotr Gt-u.  xxvii. 

DE-CEIV'ING,  jrpr.    Misleading;  insnaring;  beguil- 
ing; rlienling. 
DE-CEM'fJKR,  n.    [L.  Decnnber,  from  decern,  ten  ;  this 
being  the  tenth  month  among  the  early  Romans,  who 
began  the  year  in  March.] 

The  last  month  in  the  year,  in  which  the  sun  en- 
ters the  tropic  of  Capricorn,  and  makes  the  winter 
8t>lKtice. 
DE-CE.M-DEN'TATE,  a.     [L.  decern.,  ten,  and  denta- 
ta$,  toothed.] 

Having  ten  points  or  teeth. 
DE-CEM'FID,  a.     [l^  decern,  ten,  and/f^o,  to  dlvMe.] 
Ten-cleft;  divided  into  ten  parts;  having  ten  di- 
visions, Marttm. 
DF^CE.M-LOG'II-I.AR,a.    [L.  decern,  ten,  nndloculus, 
a  little  iKtg  or  cell.] 
Having  ten  cells  for  seeds.  Martyn. 
DE-CEM'PE-DAIi,  a.     [L.  decem,ten,iini\  pes^  a  foot] 
Ten  feet  in  length. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"OER,  VfCIOUS €  ai  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SHj  TH  as  in  THIS. 


air 


305 


DEC 

DE  CEM'VIR,  II. ;  pi.  Decsmtiri  or  Deckmvip*.]     [L. 

ile^eat,  t«>n,  and  rir,  a  man.] 

Ont'  of  ten  nia^ i^ftnites,  who  had  absolute  aiitht*- 

itv  in  ancient  Kuinc 
0E^CEM'VI-RAL,  o.    Pertaining  lo  the  Uewmrirs  in 

Rttmc.  Eiut^ 

DE-CEM'\a-RlTE,  n.     [L.  decnniratus.     See  D«- 

CSMTIK.] 

I.  The  office  or  lerm  of  office  of  Iho  decemvirs,  or 
fen  mngistiates,  in  Home,  who  had  absuluie  auUiuriiy 
for  iwo  years, 

a.  A  biMly  of  ten  men  in  auihoniy. 
DE'CEN-C  V,  «.  [Fr.  drcfnce  ;  L.  dectntia,  tVnm  detenjf, 
dfeeo.to  be  fit  or  b(H-.uninc ;  Sp.  tUettu-ia  :  lU  dre*ntii. 
The  !>.  fteceo  coinciJi-s  in  elements  with  the  G.  tan- 
jpnt,  lo  be  gKMMiy  or  lit  for ;  l>.  dfHi;fn,  lo  ho  giKHl  or 
virtuims ;  Sax.  dugan^  to  avail,  to  be  ctivng,  to  be 
vurtli  ;  dMfwtk^  virtue,  valur ;  daktif,  tlotuhty  ; 
ibAfcr,  daughter  ;  \V.  tfgitm,  to  prosper ;  to  befit ;  lo 
•Mxeed.  The  Teutunie  %nA  Webh  worri«  have,  for 
Cheir  radical  itcnse,  to  advance  or  proceed,  to  stretch 
forward.  In  WeUh,  also,  tfg  signifi^  rU-ar,  fair, 
smooth,  beautiful ;  Ugu^  to  make  smtxAh,  fnlr,  beauti- 
ful, which  would  «uem  to  be  allied  to  deetOf  whence 
rfwiu,  deeurv.    See  Clan  Df ,  Na  16,  9&.] 

1.  That  whitb  to  flt,  miUable,  or  becoming,  in 
wocds  or  b&'bavior;  pmphety  of  form  in  social  in- 
tereoMne,  in  actiuna,  or  discourse ;  proper  formality ; 
hMOMinc  liereMcmy.  It  has  a  special  reference  to 
behnvior ;  ae,  daccMcy  of  conduct ;  deeamejf  of  worship. 
But  it  to  used,  al4u,  iit  ruference  to  speech  i  na,  he 
dwcuused  with  decMcy. 


',  that  duly  t 


ttiOo*. 


3.  SiiiiableneaB  to  character  ;  propriety. 
3.  Prt>prtety  in  spfoch ;  modesty ;  opposed  to  rih- 
alUr) ,  or  ubdcenity. 

Want  ofduviMy  b  v>Dt  of  MMM*.  Popt. 

II  may  be  atoo  nved  for  pr«nrtety  of  qieech,  op- 
posed to  nideneaa^or  disreapectAU  buqpmge ;  and  for 
propriety  in  dreM,  opposed  to  racsedneaa,  expomre  of 
nakedness,  Pithiness,  &C. 
DE-t'EN'NA'RV,  n.  [L.  dteautia,  dergmmmi,  from 
d€crm^  ten,  and  amiiw,  a  yeu.\ 
1.  A  |HTio<t  of  ten  yeara. 

S.  A  tithing  coDsistiac  of  tea  (reebolden  and  their 
^iniilies.  BlofkiUmf, 

DE-Cf^N'M'AU  e.    (L.  rfiwcwaehs.  as  above.] 

Cutitinuine  lor  ten  years ;  coBiiting  of  ten  years  ; 
or  h:M*'^'n>":  ever)-  leu  yean;  as, a  tfaeemaei  period  } 
'  ;  ■  -i'-n, 
P'  .  AL,        I  a.     [L.  ikMsi,  ten, and  aorm, 

l).  ■  \-RY,  i      nine.] 

I  rii  uiiiiii:  tu  the  number  nineteen  ;  desipiaUng  a 
period  or  circle  of  nineteen  years.     [XMtU  lutdA 

Bolder. 
D£'CEXT,a.     [l».  detnu ;  Tr.  deeetd.     See  Decs nc v.] 
1.  Brcomtng ;  fit ;  suitable,  in  words,  behavior, 
dn-^,  and  ceremony  ;  »a,  daccat  language ;  dscsat 
conduct  or  actions ;  dectmt  omaments  or  dreaa. 
a.  CoUt-ly ;  not  gaudy  or  tglenlalkma. 

A  miM  mciit  of  Cypcm  bk«ra, 

U'er  tte  droeat  •tealden  dnwm.  MVam. 

3.  Not  immodest 

A.  Tn  papular  langua^^  moderate,  but  competent ; 
not  large  ;  as,  a  ^eeeni  fortune.  So  a  dsumi  person 
is  one  not  highly  accuin|>lished  nor  ofTeusively  rude. 
D^'CEXT-LY,  air.  In  a  decent  or  becoming  man- 
ner; with  propriety  of  behavior  or  speech. 

3.  Without  immodesty. 

Pol  hocr  vfmifrtf,  Hww  hia  tUMl  cuv, 

Ijke  uihtig  Cdv,  dtctnliy  to  die.  Dfydat. 

DE'CENT-XESS,  n.     Decency. 
DE-CEP-TI-BIL'I-TV,  n.    The  quality  or  state  of  be- 

ine  cnpnbte  or  li.ibte  to  be  dtxeived.  Olamviile. 

DE  CEri'I-BLE.  a.     That  may  be  deceived.    Brown. 
DE-CEI"TlON,  (de-sep'shun,)  a.      [U  deceptio,  from 

dtcipia.    See  Decsitr.J 
1.  The  act  of  deceiving  or  misleading. 

DtaMppOcaiioB  of  the  nt&litthed  i^n  luetl  lo 

9.  The  state  of  being  deceived  or  misled.  Incnu- 
tioDs  and  Inexperienced  youth  is  peculiarly  exposed 
to  deception. 

3.  Artifice  practiced  ;  cheat  \  as,  a  scheme  is  all  a 
deception. 

DE-CEP'TIOUS,  (de-sep'shus,)  a.  Tending  to  de- 
ceive ;  deceitfuL  SAai. 

DE-CEP'TIVE, «,  Tendingtodeceive;  havingpower 
to  inisU-ad,  or  impress  false  opinions ;  as,  a  aecfptiet 
comit'?nance  or  nnpearance. 

DE-CEl"TIVE-LV,  adv.     In  a  manner  to  deceive. 

DE-CEP'TIVE  NESS,  k.  The  power  of  deceiving  ; 
the  tendency  nr  aptness  to  deceive. 

DE-CEP' TORY,  a.  Tending  lo  deceive;  containing 
qualities  or  means  ad.ipted  to  mislead. 

BE-CERN',  r.  L     [L.  deceme.] 
To  jildee.     [.Vot  in  KstA 

Dt4:ERN'f;n,pp.    Jurtsed^;  estimated. 

DE-CER\a\G,  mn-.    Judpine;  estimating. 

DB-CERPT',  o.      [l..  drcerptus.] 
Cropped,     l^ot  used.] 


DEC 

DE-CERP'TI-BLE.o.    That  may  be  plucked  or  taken 

off. 
DE-CERP'TION,  n.     [I*  decerpo,  to  pluck  off;  de  and 
caroo.] 
A  pulline  or  plucking  off;  a  cntpping.     Glanrille. 
DE-0ER-TA'TIO.\,  a.     [L.  deceriatio ;  de  and  ccrto^  lo 
strive.! 

Sirire  ;  contest  for  mnslcrj*.     [LiUle  used.]    Brovm, 
DECES'SI()i«'    (de-sesh'un,)  a.      [L.  dcctssio  ;  de  and 
eeJo   to  p:i.ss.] 

nr[Mirtiiri\     [UuU  used.] 
DE-CM.\RM',  p.  u     [Fr.  dechmnrr.     See  Charm.! 

Ton*nioye  a  spell  or  enchantment ;  to  diseiirrnnt. 
DE-CIIARM'KI>,  pp.     Di-ionchaiite.i.  [Harvey. 

nE-CHARM'lNG,pnr.     Removing  a  R|»cll. 
DE-€HR1S'T1AN-TZE,  r.  L      [de  and  CkrUtinntze.] 
To  turn  from  Christianity  ;  to  banish  Christian  oe- 
lief  and  principhw  from.  J.  P.  Smith. 

DE-€nRl.<'TIAN-T/-£D,  (-krist'yan-Izd,);»;>.  Turned 

from  Christianity. 
DE-CIIRIS'Tl.\N-IZ-IXG,p;»r.    Turning  (Vom  Chris- 
tianity. 
DE-Cin'A  BLE,  a.     That  may  be  decided.     Jones. 
DE-CIUE',  V.  L     [L.  decido;  de  and  aedo,  to  strike,  to 
CULJ 

LitrroUy^  to  cut  off,  and  thus  to  end.     Hence, 

1.  To  end  ;  lo  determine,  as  a  controversy,  by  ver- 
dict of  a  jury,  or  by  a  jud^nent  of  court.  \Ve  say, 
tl)e  court  or  the  jury  decided  the  cause  in  favor  of  the 
plainlitT,  or  of  the  defendant. 

2.  To  end  or  determine,  as  a  dispute  or  quarrel. 

3.  To  end  or  delemiine  a  combat  or  battle  ;  as,  a 
body  of  reserve,  brought  to  the  charge,  decided  tlie 
contest. 

4.  To  determine  ;  to  fix  the  event  of.  The  fate  of 
the  bill  is  decided. 

5.  In  gtnendyto  end  ;  to  terminate. 
DE-CTDE",  v.   L    To  detennine  ;    to  fr)rm  a  definite 

opinion  ;  lo  come  to  a  conclu'sion.     We  ran  not  de- 
cide bow  far  resistance  is  lawful  or  practicable.     The 
court  derided  lu  favor  of  the  defendant. 
DE-CID'ED, p^.      Determined;  ended;  concluded. 
DE-€TD'ED,  a.     That  implies  decision;  ckar;  un- 
equivocal ;  that  puts  an  end  to  doubt. 

1  find  rniieh  cause  to  reprcidi  myirll'  that  I  tutve  livott  ao  long;, 
knd  liav«  fivea  no  dtcvUd  and  public  prouft  uT  my  b-iiig  a 
C)injt!«n.  P.  Htnry,  Vr'irl's  Skttchtt. 

S.  Resolute :  determined. 

DE-CID'ED-LV,  adv.  In  a  decided  or  determined 
manner  ;  cleariy  ;  indisputably  ;  in  a  manner  to  pre- 

DE-CI'DE.NCE,  ».     [L.  decidemt.]  [elude  doubt. 

A  falling  off.    [-^ot  in  use.]  Brown. 

DE-C^D'ER,  m.  One  who  determines  a  cause  or  con- 
test. 

DE-t?TD'ING,i>pr,  Determining;  ending;  concluding. 

DE-CIl>'l^-OLs,  a.  [U  deciduusj  decido  ;  de  and  c/u/o, 
to  fall.! 

Falbng ;  having  but  a  temporary  exi<^pncc,  as  in 
animals,  certain  kinds  of  hair,  hornn,  and  teetli,  are 
dfeidmousi  not  perennial  or  permanent.  In  botany^  a 
deciduous  leaf  is  one  which  fnlls  in  autumn  ;  a  decid- 
uous c^-ilyx  is  tliat  which  fall^  alf)tig  with  the  corol 
and  j^tamens  ;  distinguished  from  ;>errrta/ifHf.  Martyn, 

DE-CID'U-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  falling  once 
a  year. 

DEC'I-GR  A  M,         \n,    \  French  weight  of  one  tenth 

DECI-ORjiMME^  \      of  a  gramme. 

D£'CIL,  n.  An  aspect  or  position  of  two  planets, 
wtien  they  are  distant  from  each  other  a  tenth  part 
of  the  zodiac.     [Obsolete.]  Encyc. 

DE-CIL'I-TER,   (  n.     A  French  measure  of  capacity 

DEC  I- Lf- THE,  \      equal  to  one  tenth  of  a  litre. 

DE-CILL'IOX,  (de-sil'yun,)  n.  According  to  the  Eng- 
lish nurofuTR,  a  million  involved  to  the  tenth  power, 
or  a  unit  with  sixty  ciphers  annexed;  according  to 
the  Fyench  jwtatum,  a  thousand  involved  to  the  elev- 
enth power,  or  a  unit  with  thirty-three  ciphers  an- 
nexed. 

DE-CILL'IONTH,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  decillion. 

DEC'I-MAL,  a.  [L.  decimus,  tenth,  from  du,em,  ten  ; 
Gr.  ^£1*1 ,-  Goth.  flV,  ten,  Sax.  a  tit.] 

1.  Numbfired  by  ten  ;  a.«,  (/ecima/ progression.  Locke. 

2.  Increasing  or  diminishing  by  tens;  as,  decimal 
numbers ;  decimal  fraction?. 

3.  Tenth  ;  as,  a  decimal  part. 

Decimal  arithmetic^  is  that  in  which  we  count  tens. 
DEC'I-MAL,  n.    A  tenth ;    a  fraction   having  some 

power  of  ten  for  its  denominator. 
DEC'I-MAL-LY,aJr.    Ry  tens;  by  means  of  decimals. 
DEC'I-MATE,  V.  t.     [iS  decinw,  from  decern^  ten.] 

1.  To  tithe  ;  to  take  the  tenth  part. 

2.  To  select  by  lot  and  punish  with  death  every 
tenth  man  ;  a  practice  in  orniicii  fur  punishing  mu- 
tinous or  unfaithful  troops. 

3.  To  take  every  tenth.  Jifdford. 
DEC'I-MA-TED,  pp.    Tithed  ;  taken  by  lots. 
DEC-I-M  A-TL\G,    ppr.      Titlting ;     selecting    every 

tenth. 
DEC-I-MA'TION,  11     A  tithing ;  a  selection  of  every 

tenth  by  lot. 
2.  The  selecting  by  lot  for  punishment  every  tenth 

man  in  a  company  or  regiment,  ice. 
DECI-.Ma-TOR.  n.      One  who  selects   every  tenth 

man  for  puni.^hment.  South. 


DEC 

1)E-CIM'E-TER,   in.     A  Fremh  mca.^ure  of   length 

DECJ-JtlE-TRE^  \  equal  U>  the  tenth  part  of  a  me- 
ter, or  3  inche«  and  93710  decimals. 

DEU'I.M-O-SEX'TO,  ti.  [L.]  A  houk  i«  in  de^mo^ 
sejrtOy  when  a  sheet  is  folded  into  sixteen  leaves, 

Taylor. 

DE-CrrilER,  C-Rl'for,)  fl.  t.  [Fr.  dechiffreri  de  nnd 
cluffre,  u  cipher ;  It.  deeiferare  f  Sp,  daseifrar ;  Port. 
deciffur.     tSec  (^iphkb.] 

1.  'J'o  find  the  alphabet  of  a  cipher;  to  explain 
what  is  written  in  ciphers,  by  finding  what  letter 
eacli  character  or  mark  represents  ;  as,  to  decipher  a 
letter  written  in  ci[)hers. 

2.  To  unfold  ;  to  unravel  what  is  intricate  ;  to  ex- 
plain what  is  obscure  or  difficult  to  be  understood; 
as,  to  decipher  an  ambiguous  siieech,  or  an  ancient 
manuscript  or  inscription. 

3.  To  write  out ;  to  mark  down  in  characters. 

Locke, 
[This  use  is  now  uncnrnmon,  and  perhaps  improper.] 

4.  To  stamp;  to  murk;  to  characterize.  [C/itu- 
sual.]  .  Shak. 

DE-CrTMER-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  deciphered,  or 
interpreted. 

DE-tl'pnER-f:D,pp.  Explained  ;  unraveled  ;  marked. 

DE-CT'PIIER-ER,  n.  One  who  explains  what  ig 
written  in  cipJu-rs. 

DECIPHERING,  ppr.  Explaining;  detecting  the 
letters  represented  by  ciphers  ;  unfolding  ;  marking. 
2.  n.  The  art  of  explaining  or  unfolding. 

DE-CIS'ION,  (de-sizh'un,)  w.  [L.  decisio.  See  De- 
cide."] 

1.  Determination,  as  of  a  question  or  doubt;  final 
judgment  or  opinion,  in  a  case  which  has  been  under 
deliberation  or  discussion  ;  as,  the  decision  of  tiie  Su- 
premo Court.  He  h*i  considered  the  circumstauces 
of  the  case  nnd  come  to  a  decision. 

2.  Determination  of  a  contest  or  event ;  end  of  a 
struggle  ;  as,  the  decision  of  a  battle  by  arms. 

3.  In  Scoiiand,  a  narrative  or  report  of  tlie  proceed- 
ings of  the  Court  of  Sessions.  Johnson. 

4.  Report  of  the  opinions  and  determinations  of 
any  tribunal.  We  say,  read  the  decisions  of  the 
Court  of  King's  Bench. 

.S.  Act  of  separation  ;  division.     [JVo(  used.] 
6.  Unwavering  firmness. 

DE-CI'SIVE,  a.     Having  the  power  or  quality  of  de- 
tenniuing  a  question,  doubt,  or  any  subject  of  delib- 
eration; final;  conclusive;    putting  an  end  lo  con 
trove rsy  ;  as,  the  opinion  of  the  court  is  decisive  of 
the  question. 

9.  Having  the  power  of  determining  a  contest  or 
event ;  as,  the  victory  of  the  allies  was  decisive. 

DE-CI'.SIVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  conchisive  manner;  in  a 
manner  to  end  deliberation,  controversy,  doubt,  or 
contest.  Chesterfield. 

DE-CI'SIVE-NESg,  n.  The  powerof  an  argumenlor 
of  evidence  to  terminate  a  difference  or  doubt ;  con- 
clusiveness. 

2.  Tlie  power  cf  an  event  to  pat  an  end  to  a  con- 
tegt, 

DE-CI'SO-RY,  a.    Able  to  decide  or  determine. 

Shenoood. 

DECK,  r.  U  [D.  dekken  ;  G.  decken  ;  Sw.  tcickia  ;  Dan. 
takker ;  Sax.  gidecan,  and  thecan,  and  theccan ;  L. 
tegOj  to  cover,  whence  tectum,  a  rtwf,  Fr.  toil.  The 
Gr.  has  TCyo^,  a  roof,  but  the  verb  has  a  prefix,  crre}  w, 
to  cover.  Hence,  h.  tegida,  a  tile.  The  Ir.  teach,  a 
house,  contracted  in  Welsh  to  (y,  may  be  of  the  same 
family.  In  Ger.  dach  is  a  roof,  and  thatch  may  be  also 
of  this  family.  Class  Dg,  Na  2, 3,  10.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  put  on,  to  throw  over,  or  tg  press  and 
make  close.] 

1.  Primardy,  to  cover  ;  to  overspread  j  to  put  on. 
Hence, 

2.  To  clothe ;  to  dress  the  person  ;  but  usually,  to 
clothe  with  more  than  ordinary  elegance  ;  to  array  ; 
to  adorn  ;  to  embellish. 


The  (levr  with  ipniiglcs  decked  tlie  grouod. 


Dn/dtn. 


3.  To  furnish  with  a  deck,  as  a  vessel. 
DECK,  n.  The  covering  of  a  ship,  which  constitutee 
a  floor,  made  of  limbers  and  planks.  Small  vessels 
have  only  one  deck  ;  larger  ships  have  two  or  three 
decks.  Afiitsh  deck  is  a  continued  floor  from  stem  to 
stern,  on  one  line. 
2.  A  pack  of  cards  piled  regularly  on  each  other. 

Oreio. 
DECK'ED,  (dekt,)  pp.     Covered  ;  adorned  ;  furnished 

with  a  deck. 
DECK'ER,  n.     One  who  decks  or  adorns ;  a  coverer  ; 
as,  a  ta!ilr.'decker. 

2.  Of  a  ship,  we  say,  she  is  a  tico-decker  or  a  ihret- 
deeker ;  that  is,  she  lias  two  decks  or  three  decks. 
DECK'ING,  ppr.     Covering;  arraying;  adorning. 
DECK'IN'G,  n.     Ornament;  embeliishinenL    Homilies. 
DE-CLAIM',  V.  i.     [L.  declamo;  de  and  elamo,  to  cry 
out.     See  Claim  and  Clamor.] 

1.  To  speak  a  set  oration  in  public  ;  to  speak  rhe- 
torically ;  to  make  a  formal  speech  or  oration  ;  as, 
the  students  declaim  twice  a  week. 

2.  To  harangue ;  to  speak  loudly  or  earnestly,  to  a 
public  f'ody  or  assembly,  with  a  view  to  convince 
their  minds  or  move  their  passions. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.— PTNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.— 
^06 


DEC 

DE-GLAIM',  r.  L    To  speak  in  public. 

2.  To  speak  in  favorof ;  to  advocate.  [JVot  in  use.] 
DE-CLaIM'A.VT,  )  n.     One  who  declaims  ;  a  speaker 
DE-CLilMER,     \      in  public  ;  one  who  attempts  to 
convince  by  an  harangue. 
2.  One  who  speaki  clamorously. 
DE-CLAIM'IXG,   ppr.      Speaking    rhetorically;    ha- 
ranguing. 
DE  eLAIM'ING,  n.     The  act  of  speaking  in  public. 
9.  An  haranaue.  Bp.  Taylor. 

DE€-LA-MA'T[O.V,  «.     [L.  declamatio.] 

I.  A  speech  made  in  public,  in  the  tone  and  man- 
ner of  an  oration  ;  a  discourse  addre?«3ed  to  the  pas- 
sums  ;  a  set  speech  ;  an  harangue.  The  word  is  ap- 
plied especially  to  the  public  speaking  and  speeches 
of  students  in  colleges,  practiced  fur  e.xercises  in 
omtory.  It  is  applied  al-sn  to  public  speaking  in  the 
K-giiilature  and  in  the  pulpit.  Very  often  it  is  used 
fjr  a  noisy  harangue,  without  solid  sene^e  or  argu- 
mi-nt ;  as,  tnere  declamation  ;  empty  drelamation. 

•2.  A  piece  spoken  in  public,  or  intended  for  the 
public. 
DEC'LA-MA-TOa,  n.    A  declaimer.    [JVot  used.] 

Taylor. 
DE  eLAM'A-TO-RY,  o.     [L.  dedamaturiwi.l 

1.  Relating  to  the  practice  nf  declaiming;  per- 
taining to  declamation  ;  treiitfd  in  the  manner  of  a 
rhetorician  ;  as,  a  declamatorif  theme.  WoUan. 

2.  Appealing  to  the  pas>ions  ;  noisy ;  rh'-torical 
without  solid  sense  or  argument;  OlS,  xi  declamtUary 
way  or  stvle. 

DE-CLAR'A-BLE,  a.    [See  Dkci^bb.]    That  may  be 

dfclarvd  or  proved. 
DE-CLAR'AXT,  n.     One  who  declares. 
DEC  LA  RA'TION,  n.     [U  declarafw.] 

1.  An  affirmation  ;  an  open  expression  of  facts  or 
opinions  ;  verbal  uttejance ;  as,  he  declared  bis  sen- 
timents, and  I  rely  on  his  dedaration. 

2.  Expression  of  facL^,  opinions,  promises,  pre- 
dictions, ate,  in  writings  ;  r»;cords  or  reports  of  what 
has  been  declared  at  uttered.  The  Scriptures 
abound  in  declaratioaK  of  mercy  to  penitent  sinners. 

3.  Publication;  manifestation:  as,  the  declaratum 
of  the  greatness  of  Mordecai.    Esth.  n. 

A.  A  public  annunciation  ;  proclamation  ;  as,  the 
dttdaration  of  independence,  July  4,  1776. 

5.  In  /«»,  that  part  of  the  process  or  pleadings  in 
which  the  plaintiff  sets  forth  at  large  his  cause  of 
complaint  ;  the  narration  or  count. 
DE-GLAR'A-TIVE.  a.  Making  declaration  ;  explan- 
atory ;  miking  show  or  manifestation  ;  as,  thi;  name 
of  a  tiling  may  be  derJaratire  of  its  form  or  nature. 

2.  Making  pr(x:laination,  or  publication.    [Orrte. 
DE-€LAR'A-TO-UI-LY,  adv.     By  declaration  or  exhi- 
bition. 

DE-eLAR'A-TO-RY,  o.  Making  declaration,  clear 
manifestation,  or  exhibititm ;  expressive ;  as,  this 
clause  is  dtclaratory  of  the  will  of  the  leyi-slature. 
The  declaratory  part  of  a  law,  is  that  which  sets 
forth  and  deliues  what  is  riglit  ami  \vjiat  is  wrong. 
A  declaratory  act,  is  an  act  or  statute  which  sets 
forth  more  clearly  and  explains  the  intention  of  the 
legislature  in  a  formirr  act. 

DE  CLARE',  V.  U  [L.  dretaro;  de  and  elaro,  to  make 
clear;  Ir.  gluair,  or  gteair ;  VV.  eglur,  cli;ar,  hriglit  ; 
tfflurawy  to  make  cic-ar  or  plain,  to  manifest,  to  ex- 
plain ;  Fr.  dretarer  :  Sp.  decltirar  ;  It.  dichiarare.  (See 
Clbak  and  Glory.)  The  sense  is  to  open,  to  sepa- 
rate, or  to  spread.] 

1.  To  clear;  to  free  from  obscurity  ;  to  make  plain. 

Boyle. 
r/«  this  literal  geiue,  tJu  vord  {.«  no  Umger  in  use.'] 

3.  To  make  known  ;  to  tell  explicitly  ;  to  uiani^t 
ot  communicate  plainly  tu  olhiTs  by  words. 

1  will  (fMtare  whx  he  luth  done  for  irv  aoul.  —  Ps.  Iiri. 

3.  To  make  known  ;  to  show  to  the  eye  or  to  the 
understanding;  lo  exhibit;  to  manifest  by  other 
means  than  words. 

Th^  b-M^Mt*  fUetart  Om  ylwry  of  God.  —  P».  six. 

4.  To  publish  ;  lo  proclaim. 

Dertart  l>»  giorf  anumi^  thr  h-nthfn.—  I  Chnm.  irl. 
Ot^laring  the  a>ti««f*ioi)  ol  Uic  Oi-niila.  —  Acu  xv. 

5.  To  assert;  to  affirm  ;  as,  he  declares  the  story 
to  be  fal.'ic. 

To  declare  one^s  nrlf;  to  throw  off  reserve  and 
avow  one's  opinion  ;  to  show  openly  what  one 
tbink<<,  or  which  side  he  e^iHUises. 
DE-CLARE',  r.  L  To  make  a  declaration;  lo  pro- 
cbiim  or  avow  some  opinicm  or  re-^olution  in  favor  or 
in  opposition  ;  ^l  make  known  explicitly  some  de- 
termination ;  with  for  or  airaiivrt;  as,  the  prince  dt- 
elared  far  the  allies  ;  the  allied  powers  mieclared 
against  France. 

Ijkc  r.irmng  co'<ri-n,  f'jr  •i»or"p*  iVy  wnJt  ; 

AtwI  ib^n  CJ>iiMr  iTuilin^,  kihI  declare  /or  fute.         Drydsn. 

2.  In  laie,  to  recite  the  causes  fif  complaint  ngain^ 
Uw  d«-fundant;  as,  the  plaintiff  declares  in  debt  or 
Unspass. 

3.  To  show  or  manifest  the  issue  or  event ;  to  de- 
cMe  in  favor  of;  a»,  victury  liad  nut  declared  for 
either  tmhy. 

DB-CLAR'£n,;i}>.  ord.  Made  known;  told  explicitly  ; 


DEC 

avowed  ;  exhibited  ;    manifested  ;    published  i  pro- 
claimed ;  recited. 

DECLAREDLY,  adv.    Avowedly  ;  explicitly. 

DE-eLAU'KD-NESS,  n.     State  of  being  declared. 

DE-CLARE'ME.VT,  n.     DecKiratiun. 

DE-€LaR'KR,  ».  One  who  nmkes  known  or  pub- 
lishes ;  that  which  exhibits. 

DE-CLAR'IXG,  ppr.  Making  known  by  words  or  by 
other  means;  manifesting;  publishing;  affinning; 
reciting  the  cause  of  coinplainl. 

PE-CLAlt'I\G,  rt.     Declaration;  proclamation 

DE-CLE.N'SIOX,  n.  [L.  dcdinat'io^  from  dcclino.  See 
Di:cLi?<E.] 

J.  Literally^  n  leaning  back  or  down  ;  hence,  a 
falling  or  declining  toward  a  worse  state  ;  a  tendency 
toward  a  less  degree  of  excellence  or  perfection. 
The  declension  of  a  slate  is  manifested  by  corruption 
of  morale.  We  spfMk  of  the  declension  of  virtue,  of 
manners,  of  taste,  of  the  sciences,  of  tiie  fine  arts, 
and  sometimes  of  life  or  years  ;  but  in  the  latter  ap- 
pliciilion,  decline  is  more  generally  used. 

2.  Declination;  a  declining;  descent;  slope;  as, 
the  declension  of  the  shore  toward  the  sea.  Bamet. 

3.  In  grammary  inflection  of  nouns,  adjectives, 
and  pnuiauns  ;  the  declining,  deviation,  or  leaning 
of  the  termination  of  a  word  from  the  lerminatiim  of 
the  noininalive  case  ;  change  of  IcTmination  to  form 
the  obliqtie  cases.  Thus  from  ret  in  the  nominative 
case,  aj«  formed  re^  in  ihe  genitive,  regi  in  the 
dative,  regein  in  the  accusative,  and  rege  in  the 
ablative. 

DE-CLLVA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  declined  ;  chang- 
ing its  termination  in  the  obliipie  coses  ;  as,  a  declina- 

DEC'L!  NA'I'E,  a.     [L.  deelinafu.t.]  [ble  noun. 

In  botany,  bending  or  bent  downward,  in  a  curve  ; 
declining.  Mirtyn. 

DEC-LI-XATION,!!.  A  leaning;  the  act  of  bending 
down  ,  as,  a  declination  of  the  head. 

2.  .V  decliiungur  falling  into  a  worse  state  ;  change 
from  a  better  to  a  Worse  condition  :  decay;  deteriora- 
tion ;  gni4iual  failure  or  diminution  of  strength, 
soundness,  vigor,  or  excellence. 

3.  A  deviation  frmn  a  right  line,  in  n  literal  sen?o  ; 
oblique  motion;  il»,  tbe  decUitation  of  a  descending 
boily.  Bentley. 

4.  Dtwiativm  from  rectitude  in  behavior  or  morals  ; 
obliquity  of  ctuiduct ;  as,  a  declination  from  the  path 
of  intv-'grity. 

.*».  In  a-itronomy^  the  distance  of  any  object  fn)m 
the  celestial  equator,  either  northward  or  southward. 

D.  Olmsted. 

6.  DccJination  of  the  eompaas^  or  needle,  is  the  varia- 
tion of  the  needle  from  the  true  meridian  of  a  place. 

Barlow. 

7.  In  dialinfr,  the  d''cIination  of  a  wall  or  plane, 
is  an  arch  of  the  horizon,  contained  between  the 
plane  and  tlie  prime  vertical  circle,  if  reckoned  from 
the  east  or  west,  or  between  the  meridian  and  tlie 
plane,  if  you  reckon  from  the  north  or  south.  Barlow. 

8.  In  grammar,  declension  ;  or  the  iutlectitm  of  u 
noun  through  its  various  terminations.        Johnson. 

DEC-LI-XA'ToR,  n.  An  instrument  for  taking  the 
decliiiatirm,  or  inclination  of  a  reclining  plane  ;  an 
instnimrrit  in  dialing.  Bartow. 

DfVCLIN'A-TO-RY,  <i.  Declinatory  plea;  in  law,  a 
plea  befiire  trial  or  conviction,  intended  to  show  that 
the  p:irty  was  not  liable  to  Ihe  p<*iialty  of  the  law, 
or  was  specially  exenn»led  from  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  court.  The  plea  of  benefit  of  clergy  is  a  declina- 
tory plia.  BlacliHlone. 

DE^CLTN'A-TTJRE.n.  A  declining.  [Rare.]  Q.  Combt, 

DE-CLTNK',  V.  C  (L.  dectino  ;  de  and  clino,  to  lean. 
See  LcAw.j 

1.  To  lean  downward ;  as,  the  head  declines  u>- 
ward  the  earth. 

2.  Tu  lean  from  a  right  line;  to  deviate;  in  a 
literal  sense. 

3.  To  lean  or  deviate  from  rectitude,  in  a  moral 
sense;  to  leave  Ihe  path  of  truth  or  justice,  or  the 
course  prescribed. 

Yrt  <!•  i  not  lUeiine  froni  thjr  tcstimoiiiri.  —  Pi.  cxix.  157. 

4.  To  fall ;  to  tend  or  dmvv  toward  the  close  ;  as, 
the  day  deelines. 

5.  'lo  avoid  or  shun  ;  bi  refuse  ;  not  to  comply  ; 
not  to  do ;  as,  he  declined  to  take  any  part  in  the 
concern. 

6.  To  fall ;  to  fall ;  to  sink  ;  to  decay  ;  to  be  im- 
paired ;  ti>  trnd  to  a  less  perfect  slnte ;  as,  the  vigor 
of  youth  declines  in  age  ;  health  declines  ;  virtue  t/e- 
c/in«^ ;  religion  declines;  national  cn^lit  and  pros- 
perity decline  under  a  corrupt  administration. 

7.  To  sink  ;  to  diminish  ;  to  fall  in  value  ;  as,  the 
prices  of  land  and  goods  decline  at  the  close  of  a 
war. 

DECLINE',  V,  t.  To  bend  downward;  lo  bring 
down. 

Id  inrltuiebol;  (Ic^  wilh  hmd  declined.  Thornton. 

3.  To  tnmd  to  one  side ;  to  move  from  a  fixed 
point  or  right  line. 

3.  To  shun  or  avoid  ;  to  refuse  ;  not  to  engage  in  ; 
to  be  cautious  not  to  do  or  Interfere  ;  not  to  accept  or 
comply  with  ;  as,  he  declined  the  contpst;  be  de- 
dined  ihe  offer;  he  declined  the  business  or  pursuit. 


DEC 

4.  To  inflect ;  to  change  the  termination  of  a  word 
for  forming  the  oblique  cases  ;  as,  Dominus,  Domini^ 
Domino,  Dominum,  Domine. 

DE-CLINK',  n.  Literally,  a.  leaning  from;  hence,  a 
falling  off;  a  lendi-ncy  to  a  worse  state  ;  diminution 
or  decay  ;  deterioration  ;  as,  the  decline  of  life ;  the 
decline  of  strength  ;  the  decline  of  virtue  and  religion  ( 
the  decline  of  revenues ;  the  decline  of  agricuJlure, 
commerce,  or  manufactures  ;  the  decline  of  learning. 
2.  A  gradual  decay  of  health  ;  consumption. 

DE-CLI.\'£l),p;>.    Bent  downward  or  from  ;  inllecled. 

DE-CLIN'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Leaning;  deviating;  fill- 
ing ;  failing ;  decaying ;  tending  to  a  worse  stato  ; 
avoiding;  refusing;  inrtecting. 

DEC-LI-NOM'E-TER,  n.  An  instrument  for  measuring 
the  declination  of  the  magnetic  needle. 

Journ.  of  Science. 

DE-CLIN'OUS,  a.  In  botany,  declinate  ;  bent  down- 
ward. 

DE-CLIV'LTY,  n.  [L.  rf«c/ici(iM,  from  dcclivis,  slop- 
ing ;  de  and  cliriui.     See  Cliff.] 

Declination  from  a  horizontal  line  ;  descent  of 
land;  inclination  downward;  a  sli>[>e ;  a  gradual 
descent  of  tlie  earth,  of  a  rock  or  other  thing; 
chiefly  used  of  the  earth,  and  opposed  to  accUrity, 
or  ascent ;  the  same  s1oi>p,  considered  as  desecnding, 
being  a  declivity,  and  considered  as  ascending^  an 
acclivity. 

DE-CLI'VOUS,        (   a.    Gradually  descending  ;   not 

DE-CLIV'I-TOtTS,  \       precipitous  ;  sloping. 

DE-eoCT',t>. (.  [L.  decoyiw,  decoctitm;  de  and  eoquoy 
to  cook,  to  boil.] 

\.  To  prepare  by  boiling ;  to  digest  in  liot  or  boil- 
ing water.  Bacon. 

2.  To  digest  by  the  heat  of  tim  stomach  ;  to  pro- 
pare  as  food  for  nourishing  the  body.  Davirs. 

3.  To  boil  in  water,  for  extracting  iho  principles  or 
virtues  of  a  substance.  Bacon. 

4.  To  boil  up  to  a  consistence  ;  to  invigorate.  .SAoJlr. 
[  This  verb  w  Uttte  -used,  and,  in  its  lajit  sense,  is  hard- 


ly proper.] 
DE-COCT'ED,  pn. 
DE-COeT'I-BLE,a.     That  may  be  boiled  or  digested. 


Prepared  by  boiling. 


DECOCTION,  fde-kok'shun,)  n.  [Vt.  decoction  ;  It. 
decozionc.     See  DecocT.] 

1.  The  act  of  boiling  a  substance  in  water,  for  ex- 
tracting its  virtues. 

2.  The  liquor  in  which  a  substance  has  been  boiled  ; 
water  lni|)regnated  witli  the  principles  of  any  animal 
or  vegetable  substance  Itoiled  in  it;  as,  a  weak  or 
a  strong  decoction  of  Peruvian  bark. 

DE-COCT'IVK,  a.     That  may  be  easily  decocted. 

I)E-COCT'TIRK,  n.     Asuljstance  drawn  by  decoction. 

DE-COL'LATE,  r.  t.     [L.  decoUo.] 

To  behead.  Burke. 

DE-COL'LA-TEn,  pp.     Beheaded. 

DE-COL'LA-TING,  ppr.     Beheading. 

DE-COL-LA'TION,  n.  [L.  dccvllatiu,  Cwm  dccoUo,lo 
behead  ;  de  and  collum,  the  neck.] 

The  act  of  beheading;  the  net  of  cutting  off  the 
neck  of  an  animal,  and  severing  the  brad  from  the 
body.  It  is  eciwcially  used  of  Ht.  John  the  Bnptist, 
and  of  a  painting  wliieh  represents  his  behrading. 

DE-COL'OR,  (-kul'lur.J  v.  t.  To  deprive  of  color  ;  to 
lilwnrh.  Ure. 

DE-COL'OR-ANT,  n,  A  substance  which  removes 
color,  or  bleaches. 

DE-COL-O-RA'TiON,  (-kul-Iur-i'shun,)  n.  [L.  dt- 
caloratio.] 

The  removal  or  absence  of  color.  Frrrand. 

DE  COL'OU-ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Depriving  of  color. 

DE-CfiL'OR-I/.K,  r.  f.     To  deprive  of  color- 

Dit'CoM-l'LEX,  a.  [de  and  compter.]  Compounded 
of  coniplr;x  idea;*.  Gregory.     Locke. 

DECO.M  POS'A-HLE,  a.  [Pee  Decompose.]  That 
may  be  decomposi-d  ;  cap.ible  of  being  resolved  into 
its  constituent    dements.  Davy. 

DE-CO.M-l'fiSE',  V.  t.  [Kr.  decomposer  ;  de  and  com- 
poser, to  compose,  from  L.  conipono,  compo/iitiLs.] 

To  separate  the  constituent  parts  of  a  body  or  sub- 
stance ;  to  disunite  elemi^ntary  particles  combined 
by  ulhuity  or  chemical  attnictitui  ;  to  resolve  into 
oriffinnl  elements. 

DB-CO>l-VC)9'K\),.pp.  or  a.  Separated  or  resolved  into 
the  constituent  parts. 

DE  eOM-I'fiS'ING,  ppr.  Seimraiing  into  constituent 
parts. 

DE-COM-P08'ITE,  (de-kom-poz'it,)  a.  [L.  de  and 
compo.titus.     See  Compose.] 

CoiiiptMinded  a  second  time;  compounded  with 
things  already  composite.  Bacon, 

DE-CO.M-PO-SI"TION,  n.  Analysis  ;  Ihe  net  of  sep- 
arating the  C4)nstiiu'-iit  parts  of  a  comptmnd  body  or 
substance.  l)rconi|M)sitrou  diff'-rs  from  mechanical 
division,  as  th.i  latlfT  i-ffe.cts  no  change  in  ttie  pro|»> 
erties  of  the  body  divided,  whereas  the  parts  decom- 
posed havf  prop<'rties  very  difi't;renl  from  those  of 
the  substance  itself. 

2.  A  second  composition.  [In  this  sense,  not  novi 
used.]  Boyle, 

Dccompo.iitiim  of  forces ;  the  same  as  resolution  t\f 
forcr.i ;  which  see. 

DE-C<).M-POtJND',r.t.  [^«aud  compound.]  To  com- 
pound a  second ;  lo  compound  or  mix  with  that 


TONE,  BI;LL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CI0U3.— C  as  K  ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


DEC 

wb  cli  is  already  compound  i  to  form  by  a  second 
compotiition.  Boi^-.     LaeXc     AVirfntt. 

)i.  I'o  n^uc«  to  simple  ports  by  mccbanicnl  di- 
vision ;  to  d«:CPmpo«e.     [LUUs  usetL  or  not  at  all.] 
DE-COM-roi\\D',  o.     Compound  of  lliinpt  or  words 
already  compounded  ;  compounded  a  »rcund  time. 

Boyte. 

2.  A  decompound  Uqf,  in  botany ^  is  when  tbe  pri- 
muy  petiole  ia  so  divided  ti»t  each  part  forms  a  com- 
pound leaC  A  decompound  Jioiter,  is  f«.vmfd  of  com- 
pound flowers,  or  containing,  witliin  a  common 
calyx,  smallor  calyxes,  common  to  several  flowers. 

HE-roM  POUND' A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  decom- 

I'OtrXD'ED,   pp-      Compounded  a  second 
Mipt^'d  uf  things  already  compounded. 
.  .;  COM  I'uL'XU'ING,  |»pr.    Compuundiug  a  second 

tune. 
l';;t:'0-RA-MKXT,  a.    Ornament.     [-Virf  ustd.'] 
DEC  O-HJSTE,   ».   L     [L.   dtxoro^   from   dectUt   decor, 
cnmeliDCM,  gnuw.    8ee  DciE^tcT.] 

1.  To  adorn  \  to  beautify  ;  to  embellish ;  u^d  of 
exttrmal  ornaments  or  apinrel ;  as,  to  deeorcie  the 
prrson ;  to  rfscwracs  an  edifice  ;  to  deeerOU  a  lawn 
whh  flowera. 

a.  To  adorn  with  internal  cnce  or  beauty  ;  to  ren- 
der lovely  :  as,  to  dee4jrate  tin-  mind  with  virtue. 

5.  To  nditrn  or  beautify  with  any  thini;  agreeable  ; 
to  embrllish  ;  a^,  m  dnorote  a  hero  with  honors,  or  a 
lad%'  with  arcomplibhineiits. 
DEe'»>-RA-TED,    pp.   or  a.     Adorned;  beautified; 

einbelli-<lied. 
DEC'tMH-TIXO,  ppr.  Adorning;  embcUifihing  ; 
reudt-riiig  beautiful  to  the  eye,  or  lovely  to  tlie 
mind. 
DBeO-RATTON,  n.  Ornament ;  embclliabment ; 
any  Ihtng  added  which  renders  mufc  afreeaUe  to  the 
eye  or  to  the  intellectual  view. 

3.  In  ereMitfcture^  tmy  thing  which  adorns  and 
enrichr^  an  edifice,  as  vases,  paintings,  figures, 
featouns,  ^tc 

S.  In  tkeatm^  the  scenes,  which  are  changed  as 
occaision  requires. 

DEC'O  RATI  VE.  a.     Adorning  ;  suited  to  embelli<=h. 

DEC'O-liA-TIVE-NESS,  a.  Utiality  of  being  deco- 
rative. 

OBC'O  R.^-TOR,  n.    One  who  adorns  or  embellisbea. 

DB-C^'KOr'SorDEe'O-ROUS,*.  [L.  deconu.  See 
Dkc&-?«ct.]  Dereni ;  suitable  to  a  character,  or  to 
the  time,  place,  and  occasion  ;  becMning ;  prbper  i 
belluing  ;  as,  a  dweormue  speech ;  dmer»m»  behavior ; 
a  daeormiM  dress  for  a  judge. 

UE^ft'ROrS-LY  or  DEe'O-ROUS-LY,  afo.  In  a 
b'Toining  nnnner. 

DE-C6  UOUS-NE^S  or  DECO-ROUS-NESS,  k.  De- 
cency of  propri'-lv  of  behavior. 

DE-€-(^'Tl-€ATE,  c.  L  [I*.  dtcortUo  :  de  and  torirx, 
bark.] 

To  !ftrip  off  bark  ;  to  peel ;  to  husk  ;  to  take  off 
the  eitehor  cml ;    as,   to  deeort^ate   barley. 

Arbuthnot, 

DE-COR'TI-CA-TED,  pp.  Stripped  of  bark  ;  peeled  ; 
busked. 

DE-CO  R'TI-€A-TIXG,  ppr.  Stripping  off  bark  or  the 
external  coat ;  peeling. 

DE-eoR-TI-CA'TIO.N,  a.  The  act  of.  stripping  off 
bark  ih*  hu-k. 

DE-ffl'RUM,  a.  [I*,  from  dettOylo  become.  See  De- 
cE-icr.] 

1.  IV>priety  of  speech  or  behavior;  grace  arising 
fV»m  suitableue^ss  of  speech  and  behavior,  to  one's 
own  character,  and  u>  the  rharaclers  present,  or  to 
the  place  antl  r»ccasion  ;  seemliness ;  decency;  op- 
posed lo  Piden.-s?,  licentiousmess,  or  levity.  To 
speak  and  iK-have  wiih  decorum  is  essential  to  good 
breeding. 

S.  In  areAi/«cfarp,  the  miitableoesa  of  a  building, 
and  of  its  ports  and  omamenls,  to  its  place  and 
uses. 

DECOY',  r.  L  [D.  kooi,  a  cabin,  berth,  bed,  fold, 
cage,  decoy  ;  kooijem^  to  lie,  (o  t*ed.] 

To  lead  or  hire  by  artiAce  into  a  snore,  with  a 
view  to  catch ;  to  draiv  into  any  situation  to  be 
taken  bv  a  foe;  to  entrap  hy  any  means  which  de- 
cetVB.  'Hm  fowler  decoys  darks  into  a  neL  Troops 
■  may  be  dre»md  into  an  ambush.  One  ship  decoys 
another  within  reach  of  herchoL 

DB-COV,  «.  Any  thinj  intended  to  lead  into  a  snare  ; 
any  lure  or  alluremont  that  deceives  and  misleads 
into  evil,  danger,  or  the  power  of  an  enemy. 
9.  A  pLace  rL>r  catching  wild  fowls. 

DE-COY'-Di;CK,  n.  A  duck  employed  to  draw  oth- 
ers into  a  net  or  situation  to  be  lakeru 

DE-€OV'£D,  pp.  Lured  or  dmwn  into  a  snare  or  net ; 
allured  into  danger  by  doct-plion. 

DE-COY'IXG,  ppr.  Luring  into  a  snare  or  net  by  de- 
ception ;  li^nling  into  evil  or  danger. 

DE-CO Y'-MAX,  n.  A  man  employed  in  decojing  and 
catching  fowls. 

DB-CReASE',    v.  i.      [L.  decre.ir^;   de  and  rrfc*«»,  to 
grow  ;  Ft.  deeri'Xtre;  It.  decrcjcert ;  Sp.  drcrtcer  ;  Ann. 
AVritift.     See  Grow.] 
Tu  become  less;  to  be  diminished  gridually,  in  ex- 


DEC 

tent,  bulk,  quantity,  or  amount,  or  in  strenpll),  qual- 
ity, urexcullcnee  ;  OS,  tUodaystfecreotfe  iu  length  from 
June  to  Decewb;:r. 

Ik  mux  inereuv,  but  1  mual  dcercoM.  —  Juha  iiU 

DE-€REVSE',  r.  I.  To  leraen  ;  to  make  smaller  in 
dinien.'tion:^,  amount,  quality,  or  excellence,  Alc.  ;  to 
diminish  gradually  or  by  email  deduetiuns ;  as,  cx- 
tm\iisance  deereasej  the  means  of  charity  ;  every 
payment  decreases  a  d<>bt ;  inteinp(>mnce  deeretues 
the  strength  and  {Mtwenn  of  life. 

DtCRKASE',  It.  A  tiecouiing  less;  gradual  diminu- 
tion ;  decay  j  as,  a  decrease  of  revenue  ;  a  decrease  of 
strcneth. 

2.  The  wane  of  the  moon  ;  the  gradual  diminu- 
tion of  the  visible  face  of  llie  moon  frum  the  full 
tu  the  change. 

DE-CUkA^'ED,  pp.     Ix?ssened;  diminished. 

DE-CUtlA^'lXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Uecoining  less;  diminish- 
ing; waning. 

DE-CKfiAS'I.\G-LY,  o^/p.    Ry  diminit>hing. 

DB-CREE',  n.  [L.  decretum,  from  decrmoy  to  judt^  ;  de 
and  ccmo,  to  judge,  lo  divide  ;  Fr.  decret;  IL  and  ?p. 
drtreto.^ 

1.  Judicial  decision^  or  determination  of  a  litigated 
cause  ;  as,  a  decree  of  the  Court  of  Chancery.  The 
dectshm  of  n  court  of  eipiity  is  called  a  decree ;  that 
of  a  ciHirt  of  law,  a  juiigmeaL 

a.  In  the  eirii  Uxw^  u  determination  or  judgment  of 
Uie  emperor  on  a  siut  between  parties.  Encyc. 

3.  An  edict  or  law  made  by  a  council  for  regula- 
ting any  business  within  their  jurisdiction  ;  as,  the 
decrees  of  ecclesiastical  counrils.  Kncyc. 

4.  In  general^  an  order,  edict,  or  law,  made  by  a 
su^terior,  as  a  rule  to  govern  inferiors. 

Tbrrp  »TMit  K  dwTrt  from  C*»ar  Aup wtu>,  that  all  Uie  world 
kliuuM  be  Luted.  —  Luke  ii. 

5.  Established  law,  or  nile. 

He  mftile  a  deem  for  Uie  nun.  — Jott  xxTiii. 

G.  In  tkeologVt  predetermined  puriKii^e  of  God  ;  the 
ptirpoxe  or  determination  of  an  immutable  Being, 
whose  plan  of  operations  is,  like  himself,  unchange- 
able. 
DE  CREE',  r.  t.  To  determine  judicially  ;  to  resolve 
by  !t«-ntence ;  as,  the  court  deerf-ed  that  the  pnii>erty 
shonld  be  restored  ;  or,  tiiey  decreed  a  restoration  of 
the  property. 

Si.  To  determine  or  renolve  legislatively  ;  to  fix  or 
•(^int;  to  set  or  constitute  by  edict  or  iu  purpose. 

ThoM  thah  doerm  ■  Ihui^,  utd  h  dudl  be  eatnUtahml.  —  Jub 

Lm   im  mm  t»  •ofidUHM  to  know  vhat  Uud  has  decreed  wn- 
oeniiiig  ua.  Atum, 

DE-CREED',  pp.  Determined  judicially;  resolved; 
appointed  ;  esLablished  in  purpose. 

DE-CREE'IXt;,  ppr.  Determining;  resolving;  ap- 
pointing; ordering. 

DEC'RIvMEXT,  a.  [L.  dccreraentuin^  from  decreseo. 
See  Decrease.] 

1.  IK-crease  ;  waste  ;  tlie  stite  of  becoming  gradu- 
ally less. 


2.  The  quantity  lost  by  gradual  diminution  or 
Waste  ;    oppi>sed  to  incrcmrnL 

3.  In  heraldry^  the  wane  of  the  moon. 

4.  In  cryi!'talit£rrapkij^  a  successive  diminution  of  the 
lamens  of  molt^uk-s,  applied  to  the  faces  of  the  prim- 
itive form,  by  which  ttie  secondar>'  forms  are  sup- 
posi'd  lo  l>e  jiroduced.  Haiiy. 

DE-CUEP'IT,  a.     [L.  decrrpitus,  from  de  and  crtpo^  to 

break.] 
Broken  down  with  age  ;  wasted  or  worn  by  the 

infirmities  of  old  age  ;  being  in  tlie  last  stage  of  de- 
cay ;  weakened  by  age.  MUton.     Pitpe. 
This  word  is  sometimes  erroneously  written  and 

pronounctrd  DErREPio. 
DE-CKEP'I-TATE,  v.  L  [L.  decrepo^  to  break  or  burst, 

to  crackit! ;  dc  and  erepo.] 

To  rox*;!  or  calcine  in  a  strong  heat,  with  a  contin- 
ual bursting  or  crackling  of  the  subsUuice  ;  as,  to  de- 

crrpitate  salt. 
DE-CREP'I-TATE,    r.   L    To  crackle,  as  salts  when 

roast  in  2. 
DE-CRE1"I-TA-TED,  pp.    Roasted  with  a  crackling 

noise, 
DE^CREP^l-T.^-TIXG,  ppr.    Crackling;  roasting  with 

a  rmckling  noise  ;  suddenly  bursting  when  e.xi>osed 

to  heat. 
DE-CREP-I-TA'TIOX,  n.     The  act  of  roasting  with  a 

continual  crackling  ;  or  the  se;>aration  of  parts  with 

a  crackling  noisp,  occasioned  by  heat. 
DE-CREP'iT-.\E.SS,  j  n,    [See  Dccrefit]     The  hro- 
DE-CREP'IT-UDE,   (      ken,  crazy  sUite  of  the  body, 

priKluced  hy  decay  and  the  infirmities  of  age. 
DE-CRES'CEXT,  a.     H^  decrescens.    See  Decrease.] 
Decreasing  ;  becoming  less  by  gradual  diminution  ; 

as,  a  decrescent  moon. 
DE-CRK'TAL,  fl.    [See  Decree.]     Appertaining  lo  a 

derri^e  ;  containing  a  decree;  as,  a  decretal  epistle. 
DE-CRE'TAL,  71.    An  authoritative  order  or  decree. 
2.  A  letlc-r  of  the  pojte,  deterininiTig  some  point  or 


DEC 

question  in  ecclesiastical  law.  I'ho  decretale  form  the 
second  p;irt  of  the  cantm  law.  Encyc, 

3.  A  coHeclion  of  the  p<ij)e's  decrees,        Uowell, 
DE-CRk'TION,   (de-kre'shun,)   n.     [Sec  Decrease.] 

A  ilecreiising.     [JVwf  usedA  Pearson. 

DE-CRfcVriST,   n.     One  wno  studies  or  professes  tlie 

knt>wli'dgi^  of  the  decretals. 
DE-CRk'TIVE,  o.    Having  the  force  of  a  decree. 

Rich.  Diet. 
DEC'RU-TO-RI-tY,  adv.    In  a  definitive  manner. 

Ooodnmn. 
DEC'RE-TO-R Y,  a.    Judicial ;  definitive ;  esuiblished 
by  a  decree. 

The  decretory  rigon  of  a  coiulcmulng  ■pnt^iicfr.  South. 

2.  Critical;  determining;  in  which  there  is  some 
definiti\'e  event ;  as,  critical  ux  decretory  days.  Broteit. 

DE-CREW,  V.  i.     To  decrease.     [JVot  in  u.^e.] 

DE  CRI'AL,  71.     [See  Decri-.]     A  crying  down;  a 
clamorous  ccnsnre  ;  ci>ndemnation  by  censure. 

DE-CIirv-:!),  (de-kride',)  pp.     Cried  down  ;  discredit- 
ed ;  brought  into  disrepute. 

DE-CRT'ER,  n.    One  who  decries  or  clamorously  cen- 
sures. 

[It  would  he  better  to  write  Dkcbval,  Decryed, 
Dkcrv-er.] 

DE-CROVV\',  r.  L     [de  and  crown.]     To  deprive  of  a 
cn>wn.     [Little  (*.«/'«.]  Orrrhurtt. 

DE-CRUsT-A'TlOX,  n.  The  removal  of  a  crust  from. 

DE-CU9',  V.  t.     [Fr.  dccrirr  ;  de  and  crier^  to  cry.] 

1.  To  cry  down  ;  to  censure  as  faulty,  mean,  or 
Worthless  ;  to  clamor  against ;  to  discredit  by  finding 
fault ;  as,  lo  decry  a  poem. 

2.  To  crj'  down,  as  improper  or  imnecessary  ;  to 
mil  or  clamor  against;  to  bring  into  disrepute  ;  as, 
to  decni  the  measures  of  administration. 

iJE-CltY'lXt;,  ppr.     Cr>ing  down. 
DEC-li^BA'TloN,  n.     [L.  dccur,d,o.] 

The  act  of  lying  down.  Evelyn. 

DE-CUM'P.lCN(,'F.j   (  «.     [L.  decumbent,  frum  dccuinbn, 
DE-CUM'llEX-CY,  j      lo  lie  down  ;  de  and  cumbo,  to 
lie  down.] 
The  act  of  lying  down  ;  tlie  posture  of  lying  down. 

Brotrn. 

DE-CUM'BEXT,  a.    In  ftota/iy,  declined,  or  bending 
down  ;  having  the  suimens  and  pistils  bending  dcnvn 
to  the  lowrr  side  ;  as*,  a  decumbent  llower.    Martyn. 
DE-CIJ.M'RK.\'I'-LY,  adr.     In  a  decumbent  posiure. 
DE-CU.M'BI-'J'I;RE,  «.    Tlie  time  at  whicha  [K-Tdon 
Uikes  to  his  bed  in  a  disease. 

S.  In  a-ftriiUtiry^  the   scheme  or  aspect  of  tlie  heav- 
ens, by  which  the  prognuutics  of  recovery  or  death 
are  discovered. 
DEC'U-PLEj(dek'yu-pl,)  a.    [L.  decuplus  ;  Gr.  ScKa- 
TAfius,  from  t\tKa,  ten.] 
Tenfold  ;  containing  ton  times  as  many. 
DEC'IJ-PLE,  71.     A  number  ten  limes  repeated. 
DEC'IJ-PLE,  V.  U     To  make  tenfold. 
DKC'L'-PLfJl),  ppr.     Made  tenfold.  Coleridge. 

DE-CC'RI-OX,   rt.   JL.  dccurio,  from  decern,  Gr,  dCKa, 
ten.]  * 

An  officer  in  the  Roman  army,  who  commanded  a 
der.aria^  or  ten  soldiers,  which  was  a  third  part  uf  the 
turnia,  and  a  thirtieth  of  the  legion  of  cavalry. 

Encyc.     Temple. 
DE-CO'RI-OX-ATE,  n.    The  state  or  office  of  a  decu- 

rion, 
DE-CUR'REXT,  a.  [L.  dccurrcns,  from  decurro,  lo  run 
down  ;  de  and  curro,  to  run.] 

Extending  downward.  A  decnrreni  leaf,  is  a  ses- 
sile leaf,  having  its  base  extending  downward  along 
Ihe  stem.  I.iiulley. 

DE-CUR'REXT-LY,  adv.    In  a  decurrenl  manner. 
DE-CUR'SIOX,  71.     [L.  dccursioj  from  decurro;  dc  and 
curro,  to  run.] 
The  act  of  running  down,  as  a  stream.        Hale. 
DE-CUR'SIVE,  a.     Running  down. 

Decur/incUj  pinnate  ;    in    boUtny^  applied   to  a  leaf 

having  the  h;aficts  decurrent,  or  running  along  the 

DE-CI-RT',  r.  t.     [L.  decurto.]  [pc^tiole. 

To  shorten  hy  cutting  olf.     VXot  in  use.] 
DE-CURT-A'TIOX,   n.      [L.  decurto,  to  shorten  ;  de 
and  curto.] 
The  act  of  shortening  or  cutting  short. 
DEC'U-RY,  n.    [h.  decuria,  from  drcem,  Gr.  t'.txa,  ten.] 

A  set  of  ten  men  undtr  an  officer  called  dccuriv. 
DE-CUS'SATE,  v.  t.     [L.  dccusso,  to  cut  or  strike 
across.] 

In  ^reneral,  lo  intersect ;  to  crfw^,  as  lines,  rays,  or 
nerves  in  the  body  ;  usmdly,  to  intersect  at  acute  an- 
gles, or  in  tlie  form  of  an  a.  Brirwn,  Encyc. 
DE-f^S'SA'I'E,  i  a.  Crossed  ;  intersected.  In  bot- 
DE-CUS'SA-TED,  \  any,  dec.toisatfd  leaves  and 
branches,  are  such  as  grow  in  pairs  which  alter- 
nately cross  each  other  at  right  angh^s,  or  in  a  reg- 
ular manner.  Martyn.     Lt. 

In  rAetoric,  a  dectiftaatcd  period  is  one  that  consists 
of  two  rising  and  two  falling  clauses,  placed  in 
alternate  opposition  to  each  other.  For  example, 
"  If  impudence  could  effect  as  much  in  courts  of 
justice,  as  insolence  Bom<:lime8  dot^s  in  the  country, 
C.-esina  would  now  yield  to  the  impudence  of 
Ebutius,  as  he  then  yielded  to  his  insolent  assaulu" 
John  Q.  .idains,  Lect. 


Fate,  far,  fall,  what BlETE,  PRfiV.  — riXE,  M.VttXXE,  blRD.— NCTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

308 


DED 


DEE 


DEE 


In  a  decussate  manner. 
Crossing  :    iiiterseciing 


L 


I>E-eUS'3ATE  LY,  ot/c. 

DE-eUS'SA-TIXG,    ppr. 
aciJtt;  ani^les. 

DE-€iJS-tiA'TIO.\,  n.  The  acl  of  crossing  ;  tlie  cross- 
ing of  two  linps,  rays,  or  nerves,  which  nir-et  in  a. 
piiint,  nnJ  then  proceed  and  divergi^  IJuttoa. 

•2.  A  crossing  in  the  form  of  an  X. 

OK-eUS'SA-TlVE-LY,  ado.  Crosswise;  in  thp  form 
of  an  X.  Brvwa. 

DK-Da'LUAN,  a.    See  Djedalian. 

DED'A  I.OI'S,  a.    See  Ujcdvlous. 

DK-DRC'O-RATB,  v,  t.     \^  dedecoro.] 
Todisgntci!.     f.Vf  iwu/.l 

DE-DEeO-RA'TION,  ff.     A  discmcinff.     [.Y.>t  used.] 

DE-DKe'O-ROfS,  a.     Dispnc.ful  ;  nnbecoininc. 

DEI»EN'-TI"TIO\,  {-dt-n-tish'un,}  lu  [de  nnddeiui- 
tion.]     The  shedding  of  teeth.  Bmwfi. 

DEiyf-CATE,  p.  (.  [L.  dedico  ,  de  and  dico,  dicare,  to 
vow,  promise,  devote,  dedicate.  See  Clfiss'  De,  No. 
12,  15,  45.  The  acw&e  is,  tu  send,  to  throw  ;  hence, 
to  set,  to  appoint.] 

I.  To  set  ap;tn  and  consecrate  lo  a  divine  Being, 
or  to  a  sacred  purpose  ;  to  devote  lo  a  sacred  use,  by 
a  solemn  a<;t,  or  by  religions  c:rrenionies ;  as,  lo  dedi- 
cate vessels,  treasures,  a  temple,  an  altar,  or  a  church, 
to  God  or  to  a  religious  use 

VesBfli  of  «l»^r,  1:4  *nl.i,  .\nA  of  braw,  wtiicli  Kiiij  Davkl  diil 
lUdi^Ut  to  ihe  L»nl.  —  'i  Sum.  vtit. 

9.  To  appropriate  solemnly  to  any  person  or  pur- 
pose ;  to  give  wholly  or  chielly  to.  The  ministers  of 
the  giwpel  dedicate  themselves,  their  time,  and  their 
Ftudie!!^  to  the  service  of  ('ttrist.  A  midiur  dcdiaue^ 
himsrit  lo  the  profession  of  arms. 

3  To  inscribe  or  address  to  a  p:itn)n  ;  ns,  ti*  ^di- 
eatt  a  biKik. 

DE !>'!-€ ATE,  a.   Consecrated  ;  devoted  ;  appropriated. 

Shak. 

DED'I-GA-TED,  fp.  ora.  Devoted  to  a  divine  Iteing,  or 
to  a  sacred  use  ;  consecrated  ;  appropriated  ;  given 
whollv  to. 

DED-I  €A-TEE',  n.  One  to  whom  a  thing  is  dedica- 
I'd.  £,/.  Rec 

DED'I  CA-TING,  ppr.  Devoting  lo  a  divine  Being,  or 
to  a  aarred  purpose  j  consecniiuig  ;  appT'Lipriating ; 
giving  wholly  to, 

DED-ieA'TlON,  ft.  The  act  of  coiHecmtins  to  a 
divine  B»Mng,or  lo  a  sacrtd  w-ic^  often  with  religious 
snleinnitirs ;  stdemn  appropriation  ;  us,ilic  Uedieatioa 
of  Solium >n*s  tem[ilr:. 

2.  The  ad  of  devoting  or  giving  lo. 

3.  An  address  to  a  pttlron,  prefixed  to  a  Nxik,  tes- 
tifying respi^ct,  and  recommending  the  work  to  his 
prnteciinn  and  f;iyor.  Pope. 

DED'I-CA-TOR,  b.  One  who  dedicates  ;  onr  who 
in-*crib--8  a  book  to  th'i  favor  of  a  p;itro-!.         Pope. 

DED'I-CA-TO  RY,  a.  Composing  a  dedication  j  as, 
nn  epistle  drJicatorij, 

DED'IMUS^n.  [!>.]  A  writ  lo  commission  private 
persons  to  flo  some  act  in  place  of  a  judge,  ns  to  ex- 
amine a  wjlnefts,  &e.  Btmvirr. 

DE-DI  'TION,  (de-<nsh'un,)  n.    [L.  dcdUio^  from  dedo, 
to  vicld.j 
"the  act  of  yielding  any  thing;  suncndry.    Ifale. 

DED'O-I.E.VT,  a.     [L,  dHn{m.] 

Feeling  no  compunction.     [.Yot  used.1 

DE-DCCE',  F.  L  [L.  dediuo;  de  and  dnea^to  lead, 
bring,  or  draw.  The  L.  dtiro  U  the  San.  Uv^un,  tcon, 
Eng.  to  ru^,  to  tow^  G.  ziehfn:  hi-ncc  L.  dux,  Eng. 
duke.  (See  Dukk.)  Class  Dg,  No.  5,  12,  15,  37. 
ca,  64.] 
1.  To  draw  from  ;  lo  bring  from. 

O  ^MUk«,  Mij,  ahAll  I  •imtitrt  my  rhyma 

Krjin  thi;  ili/^  niiiion  in  ita  e.irly  limo  t  Popt. 

9.  To  draw  from,  in  reanoning  ;  tt>  gather  a  (ruth, 
opinion,  or  proi».nttinii,  from  premises  ;  to  infer  some- 
thing frum  what  precedes. 

B^MKtning   »    nulliio;    tnit    th>"    (ncnlty    tit  deducing   unknown 
iftitlM  from  priiiuples  Mirmiljr  kituwn,  Locke. 

3.  To  deduct.     [JVut  in  we."]  B.  Jonson, 

4.  To  trnnspliiiL     rA"(*(  i«  «.«.]  Stideit. 
DE-DOC'KD,  (de-diisie%)/»p.     Drawn  from  ;  inferred  ; 

as  a  oui-'pqnfnce  from  principled  ur  prtimisei*. 
DE-OOCE'MENT,  n.    The  thing  drawn  from  or  de- 
diced;    inference;    that    whirh    is    coUecli-d   from 
fp-miscs.  Dintdrn. 

-UCC'I-BLE,  o.  That  may  be  deduced  ;  infenible  ; 
Collectible  by  reason  from  premises  ;  consequential. 

Tin*  prrr^ni^  uf  ■  trionffl"  irr  tttxltteit^  l'n>m  the  euinpkx  i.tr» 
at ibtr^  itiiea  iiicludiitr  it  •juc.-,  Locke. 

r>E-DOC"ING,  pftr.  Drawing  from;  inferring;  col- 
I  ■cling  from  principles  or  facts  already  estahlt.shed  or 
known. 

[ifvDO'CIV'E,  a.     Performing  the   act  of  deduction. 

[t.ttHr.  used.] 

DE-ni;€n",t».  L  {\..  dedueo,  dednclum.  See  Deduce.] 
To  lake  from  ;  to  subtnict ;  to  separate  or  remove, 
in  numbering,  estimating,  or  calculating.  Thus  we 
■ay,  from  the  sum  of  two  numbers  drduct  the  leaser 
nrimbi-r  ;  from  the  amount  of  profits  deduct  the 
'  li  .  U'-i  of  freight. 
'     >'frr 'ED,  pp.    Taken  from  ;  •uMmcted. 

>'^  CT'ISG,  ppr.    Taking  from  ;  mibtracting.  i 


DE-DUe'TlO\,  (de-duk'shun,)  n.     [h.  deduetio.] 

1.  The  ait  of  deducting. 

2.  That  which  is  deducted  ;  sum  or  amount  taken 
from  anolhtr;  defalcation;  abatement;  as,  this  sum 
is  a  deduction  frum  the  yearly  rent 

3.  That  whirh  is  drawn  from  premises  ;  fact, 
opinion,  or  hypothesis,  collected  from  principles  or 
fads  stated,  or  established  data;  inference;  conse- 
quence ilrawn  ;  conclusion  ;  as,  this  opinion  is  a  fair 
dedncfion  from  ihe  principles  you  have  advanced. 

DE-DCeT'I  VE,  a.  Deducible  ;  that  is  or  may  be  de- 
duced from  premises. 

All  knowledge  ia  rUducdoe.  G'anvUle. 

DE-DCCT'lVE-hY,  adv.  Uy  regular  deduction;  by 
w;iy  of  infi-reuce  ;  hy  consequence.  Brown, 

DEED,  TI.  [8ax.  d(ed :  I),  dand  ;  G.  tJiat  i  Dan.  daad  ; 
the  jwrticiple  of  Sa.x.  don,  Guth.  tanyan,  G.  Viun,  D. 
doen^  lo  du  ,  probably  a  contracted  word.] 

1.  That  which  is  done,  acted,  or  etfected  ;  nn  act ; 
a  fiict  ;  a  word  of  extensive  api)lication,  including 
whal&ver  is  dune,  good  or  bad,  great  or  small. 

And  Jo*-ph  »ai(l  u>  thi-m,  Wluit  deed  u  tliU  wluch  ye  hire  Jonc  ? 

—  lj>'ii.  iliv. 
We  i>-&ive  theilitt^  r-ward  of  our  deede.  —  Luke  xxt. 

2.  Exjdoit ;  achievement ;  illustrious  act. 
WboK  deede  hmiw  noliter  poem  ahaJt  Ailum.  Dryden. 

3.  Power  of  action  ;  agency. 

Willi  tt  iil  nnJ  lUed  crenteil  fi«e.  MUton. 

4.  A  writing  r^mtainin^  some  contract  or  agree- 
ment, and  tile  evidence  ol  its  exectiiion  ;  particular- 
ly, an  instrument  on  pap;.'r  or  parchment,  conveying 
real  estate  to  a  purchaser  or  donee.  This  instrument 
must  be  executed,  and  the  execution  attested,  in  the 
manner  prescribed  by  law. 

Indeed ;  in  fact ;  in  reality.  These  words  are  united, 
and  called  an  adverb.  Biit  sometimes  they  are  sej*- 
arated  by  eery,  in  very  deed  i  a  more  eniphalical  ex- 
pression.    EJ.  ix, 

DEED,  P.  u  To  convey  or  tmnsfer  by  deed  ;  a  popular 
UM  af  the  word  in  .America  i  as,  ho  deeded  all  Ills  estate 
to  his  eldest  son. 

DEKD'-A-CHIEV-ING,  a.  That  accomplishes  great 
deeds. 

DEED'I.K-S3,  a.  Inactive;  not  performing  or  having 
performed  deeds  or  exploits.  Pope. 

DEED'-I'OLL,  n.  A  deed  notindented,  that  is, shaved 
or  even,  made  by  one  party  only.  Blackstune. 

DEt^D'Y,  a.     Industrious;  active. 

DEt^M,  r.  t.  [Sax.  demanf  D.  doemcn  {  Sw.  dUma  ,■ 
Dan.  doinmer;  whence  (/oo/ii.  Kuss.r/umfii/ti,t(i  think, 
reflect,  reckon,  believe  ;  duma,  a  thought  or  idea,  a 
privy  council ;  duinnoiy  a  privy  counselor.  See  Class 
Dm,  No.  5,  36,  39,  and  Class  Sm,  No.  5.j 

1.  To  tliink  ;  lo  judge  ;  to  be  of  opinion  ;  to  con- 
clude on  consideration  ;  as,  he  deeiiu  it  prudent  to  be 
silent. 

For  ti'-*-r  c?»n  1  deem  him  \cm  tli.\ii  jo>I.  Dryien. 

Tbt^  «liipnM'ii  rttenud  UvU  ilKy  drew  ncair  to  ».'nie  cuu'nuy. — 
Acu  xxvii. 

9.  To  estimate.     [OA^.]  Spenser. 

DEE.M,  n.     Opinion;   judgment;   surmise.     [06*.] 
DEEM,  r  I.     To  jndce  :  lo  think  ;  to  estimate. 
DKF.yV F.n,  pp.      Thought;    judged;   supfMwd. 
DEEM'INO,  p/»r.     Thinking;  judging;  believing. 
DEEM'HTER,  n.     [derm  and  ster.     See  Steer.] 
A  judge  in  the  Isle  of  Man  and  in  Jenw^y. 

John-son. 
DEEP,  a.      [Sax.  drnp,  difpa ;    D.  diep;  G.  fir/;  Sw. 
diup ,  Dan.  dyb.     It  Keetris  to  be  allied  to  dip  and  divr, 
whose  radica'l  sense  is,  to  thrust  or  plunge.    Uu.  \V. 
dwvyn.] 

I.  Extending  or  being  far  below  the  surface  ;  de- 
scending far  downward  ;  profutind  ;  opposed  io  shot-, 
low  ;  as,  deep  water ;  a  deep  pit  or  well. 

3.  I^w  in  situation  ;  being  or  descending  far  be- 
low the  adjacent  land  ;  as,  a  deep  valley.. 

3.  Entering  far  ;  piercing  a  great  way.  A  tree 
in  a  gtHid  st)il  lakes  deep  root.  A  spear  struck  deep 
into  the  flesh. 

4.  Ear  from  the  outer  part  ;  secreted. 

A  BpiiJer  deep  nmUi«h<^d  In  her  ili-n.  Dn/rf^n. 

So  deep,  when  npfilled  to  soldiers  drawn  np  in  rank 
and  file,  means  distaiico  from  the  front;  as,  drawn 
up  three  deep. 

5.  Nut  superficial  or  obvious;  hidden;  secret. 

lie  illKOTerrih  dtep  Ihlrigv  otit  of  diirkueM.  —  Job  siL 

6.  Remote  from  comprehension. 

.  O  I^onl,  Oiy  UiougliU  are  vcrj  deep,  —  Pi,  xcii. 

7.  Bngacioiis ;  penetrating;  having  the  iK)wer  to 
enter  far  into  a  subject ;  as,  a  man  of  deep  thought ; 
a  deep  divine. 

8.  Artful;  contriving;  concealing  artifice;  insid- 
ious; designing;  as,  a  friend,  deep,  hollow,  treach- 
erous, 

9.  Grave  in  sound  ;  low ;  as,  the  drrp  tones  of  an 
organ. 

ID.  Very  still ;  solemn  ;  profound  ;  ns,  deep  silence. 

II.  Thick  ;  black;  not  to  bo  penetrated  by  the 
sight. 

NfTW  deeper  ilarknpas  brcMxlril  tni  the  ground.  IlooJe. 


1*3.  Still ;  sound  ;  not  easily  broken  or  disturbed. 
TIip  l-inlfiMcau-wd  a  t/«;)  •iet-p  to  till  on  Adam.  —  Gen.  ii. 

13.  Depressed;  sunk  \ov/ ,  metaphoricaUy ;  as,  deep 
poverty.  • 

14.  bark ;  interse ;  strongly  colored ;  as,  a  rfeep 
brown  ;  a  drep  crimson  ;  a  deep  blue 

15.  Cukuown  ;  unintelligible. 

A  p'ople  of  deejier  apeecti  thnn  thou  Kinst  •p^nrvrz.  —  It.  xxraii. 

16.  Heartfelt;  penetrating;  adecting;  as,  &  deep 
sense  of  guilt. 

17.  Intricate  ;  not  easily  understood  or  unraveled; 
as,  a  deep  pK;t  (ir  inlriguo. 

This  word  ollen  qualifies  a  verb,  like  an  adverb. 

Drink  dtfp,  or  la*ie  not  tin:  Pit-ri.vn  »]iring.  Pope, 

DEEP,  n.    The  sea ;  tlie  abyss  of  waters  ;  tlie  ocean. 

[If  makctli  tlio  deep  tojxvil  like  a  pot.  —  Job  xli. 

2.  A  lake  ;  a  great  collection  of  water. 

I.aiiiicli  out  into  tin?  deep,  Ami  let  down  your  ncU.  —  LuJtC  t. 

3.  'i'hat  which  is  profound  ;  not  easily  fathomed,  or 
incouiprehensible. 

Thy  ]ii.|gniciit*  are  n  great  d^p.  —  Pi.  xxxri. 

4.  The  most  still  or  solemn  part ;  the  midst ;  as,  in 
rff^/t  of  night.  s/tak.     Philips. 

DEKP'-DUAVV-ING,  a.    Sinking  deep  into  the  water. 

Shak. 
DREP'-DRAWN,  n.     Drawn  from  a  depth. 
DKEP'i'.'.V,  (d?;e'pn,)  v.  t.     To  make  tieep  or  deeper; 
to  sink  lower ;  as,  to  drrpen  the  channel  of  a  river  or 
liarbnr  ;  to  deepen  a  well. 

a.  To  make  dark  or  darker ;  lo  make  more  thick 
or  ghmmy ;  as,  to  deepen  the  shades  of  night ;  to 
deepen  gloom. 

3.  To  give  a  darker  hue,  or  a  strong!  r  color ;  as,  to 
defpen  a  color;  tu  deepen  a  red,  blue,  or  crimson 
color. 

4.  To  make  more  poignant  or  absorbing ;  as,  to 
deepen  griff  or  sorrow. 

5.  To  make  more  frightful ;  as,  to  dcrpen  the  hor- 
rors of  Ihe  scene. 

6.  To  make  more  sad  ur  gloomy  ;  as,  to  deqien  the 
murmurs  of  the  tlottd. 

7.  To  make  more  grave  ;  as,  lo  deepen  the  tones  of 
an  ur'jan. 

DEEP'AW,  r.  i.    To  become  more  deep ;  as,  the  water 

derpnts  i)t  everv  cast  of  the  lead. 
DRRP'/CN-AT),  (deep'nd,)  pp.     Made  more  deep. 
DEEP'/'-W-ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Sinking  lower;  making 

nmre  deep;  growing  deeper. 
DEEP'KR,  a.  comp.     Mure  deep. 
DEEP'EST,  a.  auperl.     Moi^t  deep. 
DElilP'-LAID,  u.    Laid  deep;  formed  with  cunning 

and  sagarilv. 
DEEP'LY,  fl(/('.     At  or  to  a  gr-'at  depth  ;  far  below  tho 

surface;  as,  a  passii.n  drcphj  nutted  in  our  nature; 

precepts  deephi  engraven  on  the  heart. 

*2.   Profuuudly  ;    thoruuglily;    as,  deeply  skilled  in 

ethics  or  anatomy. 

3.  To  or  from  tho  inmost  recesses  of  tho  heart  j 
with  great  sorrow  ;  most  feelingly. 

H"  sjjfliid  deeply  in  hit  apirit.  —  Mark  Tiii. 

He  Wilt  deep'y  Htlc^fd  at  tlip  ni^ht.  Anon. 

4.  To  a  great  degree ;  as,  he  has  deeply  offended. 

Thi:y  ii.i»c  deeply  cumtpli'd  thcmtrlvct.  —  lloa.  Ix. 

5.  With  a  dark  hue,  or  strong  colur ;  ns,  a  deeply^ 
red  liquor;  deeply  colored. 

6.  (iravely  ;  us,  a  rfcr/i/j/- toned  instrument. 

7.  With  profuunil  skill ;  with  art  or  intricacy  ;  as, 
a  dreplyA\kH\  plot  or  intrigue. 

This  word  ran  not  easily  be  defint^l  in  all  its  va- 
rious applications.     In  general,  it  gives  emphasis  or 
intensity  lo  ihe  word  which  it  qualities. 
DEEP'-MOU'fn-/:D,  a.     Having  a  hoarse,  loud,  hol- 
low voice  ;  ns,  a  derp-monthed  tlog.  Shak. 
DEEP'-MOS-ING,a.    Conteniiitalive;  thmking closely 

or  prrffuundly.  Pope. 

DEEP'NESS,  M,  Doplh;  remoteness  from  the  surface 
in  a  descending  lino  ;  interior  disUince  from  the  sur- 
face ;  profundity. 

And  fiirthwiili  tlt-r  tprnng  np,  becauM  ttiry  h.id  no  deepnett 

of  can!).—  M:\lt.  xiti. 
9.  Craft ;  insidiousnoss.     f  Umi-'!ual.'\ 
DEEP'-READ,  (-red,j   a.     Having   fully   rend;    pro- 

ffiundlv  versrd.  VKstronire. 

DEEP'-ftE-VOI.V'ING,  a.      Profoundly  revolving  of 

mt-ditatiiKT.  SktUc. 

DEEP'-SCXR-R/i:D,  (-sklrd.)  a.    Having  deep  scars. 

DEEP'-SiCAT-El),  a.     Seat.d  deeply. 

DEEP'-SOIJNU-ING,  a.     Having  a  low  sound. 

DEEP'-THINK  ING,  a.    Thinking  profoundly. 

DEEP'-THROAT-EI),  a.  Having  a  deep  throat  or 
voire.  JUiUoti. 

DEEP'-TON-^D,  a.  Having  a  very  low  or  grave 
tone. 

DEEP'-VAULT-ED,  a.  Formed  like  a  deep  vault  or 
nrch.  Mdton. 

DEEP'-WAI.^T-LD,  a.  Having  a  deep  wai>t,  as  a 
ship  wirui  the  quarter-deck  and  forecastle  arc  raised 
from  four  to  six  feet  above  the  level  of  tht-  main 
de<k.  Mar.  Diet. 

DEEP'-VVORN,  fl.   Worn  to  a  great  depth.  Uopkinsop. 


TONE,  BULL,  T^NITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOU8 — C  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  a.i' in  THtfl. 

300" 


DEF 

DEER,  K.  stm£.  and  pi.  [8ax.  Jtvrt  D.  dier;  G.  thier  : 
'^w.dtur:  Dtn.  rfrr;  TitUi^h  iteirrs :  Gr.  ^f?",  a  wild 
bo&A,  The  priman,  wnsc  is  simply  ruving,  wild, 
untamt-d  ;  ht-iice,  h  wild  K*ast.] 

A  (inadniiH-d  of  Ihe  Ufiuis  tVrriw,  of  sevi'ml  «f>e- 
ties,  AS  tbf  rtnff,  ilir  fallow-deer,  the  nw-bMrk,  Uic 
nine  or  rviiidecr,  &.r.  These  animals  arc  wild,  and, 
hunted  in  iIh"  fori*l»  or  kept  in  pnrk-^."  Tli.if  fleshy 
cailt-d  c*ii*«<'ii,  is  det'iiK'd  t  xcelleiit  food. 

DEER'-XECK,  h.  in  JMr^emaaship,  a  iliin,  UI  formed 
neck.  Furm^Kncfic, 

DEEK'-^KIN.  ■.  th«  skin  uf  a  dtcr»  i»f  whicU  a 
very  mipple  jr-nther  is  nmde. 

DEER':?TAt.K-l'.it,  (  slawk^r,)  «-  One  who  prac- 
tices d  M-r-ulkiiic.  BootA. 

DEER'STALK  l-N'G,  C-^awk  inc,)  ».  The  lying  in 
wait  to  sVuKii  deer,  ur  pursuing  Uieni  as  uiucli  as  po»- 
aible  unil-^r  rover. 

DEER'S'I'kALt-ER,  «.    One  who  steals  doer. 

DEEK'STEAI^ING,  ».    The  act  or  crime  of  stealing 

D£'ESS,  ».     [Ft.  d^essf,]  [deer. 

A  p»ddr«.    fATWf  i«  usf.]  Crvft 

DE-FACE',  r.  (.  [Arm.  rfi^pa  ;  rff  and  L.  faeio  i  Fr. 
dtfairt^  to  undo  or  unmake.] 

1.  To  de>Uoy  or  m  »r  the  fjice  or  surftee  of  a  thing ; 
to  injure  the  siiperdcie:*  ur  beauty  ;  to  dt^tiguiv;  as, 
lo  dtfnc*  a  monument ;  to  drfatf  an  edifice. 

3.  To  ii^urc  any  thing  ;  to  destroy,  spoil,  or  mar ; 
to  erase  or  obliterate ;  as.  lo  drface  letters  or  wrtUiiK  i 
to  if<r<K'  *  niACt  deed,  or  bond  ;  to  d^aca  a  reconl. 
3.  To  injure  tlie  appeaimnce  j  to  disfigure. 

DE-FAC'Kl),  (de-f3ste',)  jw.  ora.  Injured  on  the  eur- 
fiKe  ;  di^fi^ire*] ;  mamca  ;  erased. 

DE-F.\CE'MENT,  n.  Inj«r>-  to  the  surface  or  beauty  ; 
rasure  ;  obliuration  ;  that  which  mars  beauty,  or  dis- 
ficnres. 

DETaC'ER,  k.  He  or  that  which  defaces  j  one  who 
injures,  uiars,  or  dl-'figures. 

DE-FAC'1.\G,  pj»r.  Injuring  the  face  or  surface;  mar- 
rine:  dtsticurmg ;  erasing. 

OB-FAC'ING-LV,  orfp.     In  a  defacing  manner. 

DE  F.-iCTO,    [L.J     .\ciually ;    in   fact;    in  reality 
existing ;  as,  a  kmg  ds  /wta,  dieliuguished  from  a 
king  dejurt,  or  by  ricbt, 

DE-FAIL\VNCE,iu  [Fr.  SeeFAiu]  FaUure;  mis- 
carriage.    [O**.]  TmfU/r. 

DE-F.\L'eATE,  ».  t.  [Ft.  dtfaJti*eri  It.  tfcMoor* 
Sp.  dtsfaXtar ;  Port.  derfuUar ;  from  L.  dffalca ;  ifc  and 
/■ir«,  from /lie,  a  sickle.] 

Lttftrmliff  to  cut  otf;  hence,  to  take  away  or  deduct 
a  part ;  UM^d  chiefly  of  money,  accouuu,  renu,  iu- 
come,  ice 

DE-FA L'GA-TED,  /p.  Taken  away ;  deducted,  as  a 
part. 

DE-FAL'CX-TIN'G,  j^  Deducting  from  a  money 
account,  rents,  4lc 

DE-FAL-€A'TIO.\,  n.  That  which  is  cut  off;  as, 
thK  lo68  is  a  d^aUatim  frum  the  revenue. 

LilemUify  a  cutting  ufl*,  and  hence,  a  dimiDuiion, 
defif  it,  or  withdrawmmt.     [/n  recfmt  lufage.] 

DE-F.UJi',  c.  L     To  dcf^dcate.     [JVat  ut  use.] 

By.HalL 

DEF-A-Ma'TIO.\,  n.  [See  DsFiME.]  The  uttering 
of  slanderous  words,  with  a  view  to  mjure  another's 
reputatioQ  i  the  malicious  uttering  uf  falsehood  re- 
specting another,  wliich  tends  to  destroy  or  impair 
bis  good  name,  character,  or  occupation  ;  slander ; 
calumny.  To  constitute  def^inialion,  in  law,  the 
words  mu^  be  false,  and  spoken  maliciously.  De« 
famatory  words,  written  and  published,  are  called 
k  liheL  Blaek-ttorte. 

DE-FAM'.\-T0-RY,  a.  Calumnious  ;  sliinderoiis  ; 
containing  defamation  ;  faL^e  and  injurious  to  repu- 
tation ;  as,  dtfamat»iTf  words  j  d^foMatory  reports  or 
writings. 

DE-FAME'  V.  U  rPr.  rfijfajiur;  It.  diffiuiMrt;  Sp.  di*- 
JUmat-  •  fmm  L.  d^ffkmo  :  d£^  or  dU^  and /tuna,  fame.] 

1.  To  slander  ;  falsely  and  maliciously  to  utter 
words  respecting  another  which  tend  to  injure  his 
reputation  or  occupatitm ;  as  lo  say,  a  judge  is  cor- 
rupt :  a  man  is  perjured  ;  a  trader  is  a  knave. 

2.  To  speak  evil  of;  lo'dishnnor  by  false  reports 
to  calumniate  ;  to  libel  j  to  impair  reputation  by  acts 
or  words. 

Bring  dtfamttd,  we  entreat.  —  I  Ctt.  Iv. 

DE-FAM'ED,  pp.  Slandered  j  dishonored  or  injured 
by  evil  fj-ptirts. 

DE-FAM'ER,a.  Aslandercr;  a  dtftractori  a  calum- 
niator. 

DE-FA .M'lNG,^^.  Slandering;  injuring  the  charac- 
ter by  fal.*e  reports. 

DE-FAM'IN'G,  a.     Defamation;  slander.    Jeremiah. 

DE-FAM'I\G-LY,  ads.     In  a  defaming  manner. 

DE-FAT' I-GA-BjLE,  a.  Liable  to  be  wearied.  [JVot 
muck  u.sed.]  OUuiTuU. 

DE-FAT'I-G ATE,  v.  t  [U  drfaikgo  ;  dt  and  fatigo^  to 
lire.     See  Fatiocb.] 

To  weary  or  tire.     {Utile  used.]  Herbert. 

DE-FAT-I-GA'TION.  a.     Weariness.     {lAJtOt  used.] 

Baecn. 

DE-FAL'LT',  «.     [Fr.  defaut^  for  defavU^  from  de/aitlir, 

to  fail ;  de  Toid  fatllir,  to  faiL     See  Fail  and  Fault.] 

1.  A  failing,  or  Ciilure  ;  an  omission  of  that  which 

ought  to  be  done  ;  neglect  to  do  what  duty  or  law 


DEF 

requires;   a^^,  this  evil  has  happened  through  the 
pnvcrnor'ti   default.     A    drfiult,  or   faulty   may   be  a 
rnuic,  a  vice,  or  a  mere  defect,  accoidiiig  to  iheAa- 
turti  of  the  duty  omittrd. 
'2.  Defect ;  want ;  failure. 


3.  In  /mr,  a  failure  of  n|>|)ennince  in  court  ut  a  day 
a.viigned,  particularly  uf  titc  defemlatil  in  a  suit  witen 
CiJI^'d  lit  make  answer.  It  may  be  apiilied  to  jumrK, 
witue!ises,  iLC  ;  but  a  plaintitrs  failing  lo  apptar  by 
himself  or    attorney  is  usually  called  a  uott-appair- 

OMM. 

Ta  .tuffer  a  d^aalt,  is  to  permit  nn  action  to  be 
railed  without  ap|K-aring  ur  aii^twt-riug  ;  ajrplied  to  a 
defrndant, 

DE-VaULT',  v.  i.  To  fail  in  performing  a  contract  or 
agre«*ment.  Jokn^ivn. 

DE-FAL'LT',  it.  L  In  loir,  to  call  out  a  defendant, 
[according  to  the  common  expresdion.]  To  call  a 
d^fc-nd.int  nfficially  to  npiiear  and  answer  in  court, 
and  on  his  failing  to  nntiwer,  ttt  declare  him  in  de- 
fault, and  enter  judgment  agaiuat  htm  ;  as,  let  the 
defcudaut  be  difaulud. 


2.  To  call  out  a  cause,  in  which  the  defendant 
does  not  appear,  and  enter  judgment  on  tlie  dtfault ; 
as,  the  cause  was  defauUed, 

3.  To  fail  in  performance.  Milton. 
DF^FAULT',  P.  t     To  offend.     [Obs.] 
DE-FAIJLT'ED,   pp.     Called  out   of  court,  as  a  de- 

2.  o.     Having  defect.  [fendant  or  liis  cause, 

DE-F.\rLT'ER,  n.  One  who  makes  default;  one 
wh'Vfails  to  appear  in  court  when  called. 

2,  Ou«  who  fails  lo  perform  a  public  duty  ;  partic- 
nlarly,  one  who  fails  to  account  for  public  money 
intrusted  lo  his  care  ;  a  delinquent. 

DE-FAULT'ING,  ppr.  Failing  to  fulfill  a  contract; 
detinquenL 

a.  Failing  to  perform  a  duly  or  legal  requirement ; 
as,  a  drfimiting  creditor.  Waiah. 

3.  Calling  out  of  court,  and  entering  judgment 
against  for  non-appearance,  ai*  a  defr-mtnnt. 

DE-FEAS'AN'CE,  (de-fez'ans,)  n.  [Norm.  deff.ia»ce  : 
Fr.  drfeMtMtj  from  de/aire,  to  undo  ;  de  and  /uire,   L. 

1.  LiterttUw,  a  defeating ;  a  rendering  mill ;  the 
prereniing  of  the  ojvraiion  of  nn  instrument. 

2.  In  /aw,  a  condition,  rflating  to  a  deed,  which 
being  (>erfonned,  the  deed  is  defeated  or  rendered 
void;  ora  collatprnl  deed,  made  at  the  same  time 
wHh  a  feoffment  or  other  conveyance,  containing 
Conditions,  on  the  performance  of  which  the  estate 
then  createil  may  be  defeated.  A  defeasance^  on  a 
bond,  or  a  recocnizance,  or  a  judcment  recovered,  is 
a  condition  which,  when  perform»^d,  defeats  iu  A 
defeasanee  differs  from  the  coiiirnon  condition  of  a 
bond,  in  being  a  sefKiralc  deed,  whereas  a  common 
condition  is  inserted  in  the  bond  itself.  Blaekstone. 

3.  The  writing  containing  a  defeasance. 

4.  Defeat.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 
DB-FfiAS'l-BLE,  (de-ftz'e-bl,)  o.     That  may  be  de- 
feated, or  annulled  ;  as,  a  defeasible  title  ;  a  defeasible 
estile. 

DE-FSAS'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  de- 
feasible. 

DE-FeAT',  n.  [Fr.  defaiu,  from  defaire,  lo  undo  ;  de 
and  faire.] 

1.  Overthrow  ;  loss  of  battle  ;  the  check,  rcut,  or 
destruction  of  an  army  by  the  victory  of  an  enemy 

2.  Successful  resistance ;  as,  the  defeat  of  an  at- 
tack. 

3.  Fnistration  ;  a  rendering  nulland  void  ;  as,  the 
defeat  of  a  title. 

4.  Frustration  ;  prevention  of  success  ;  as,  the  de- 
feiti  of  a  {ilan  or  design. 

DE-FEAT',  r.  L  To  overcome  or  vanquish,  as  an 
army  ;  to  check,  disperse,  or  ruin  by  victory  ;  to 
overthrow  ;  applied  to  an  army,  or  a  divison  of  troops; 
to  a  Jteet^  or  to  a  commander.  The  English  army  de- 
feated the  French  on  the  Plains  of  Abraham.  Gen- 
eral Wolf  defeated  Montcalm.  The  French  dtftaled 
the  Aufiirians  at  Marengo. 

2.  To  fruf-trate  ;  to  prevent  the  success  of ;  to  dis- 
appoint. We  say,  oui  dearest  hopes  are  often  ^ 
fcated. 

Then  mAjnX  thou  for  me  defeat  the  eounael  of  Ahilhophel.  —2 
Sam.  i».  and  xvii, 

3.  To  render  null  and  void  ;  as,  to  drfeat  a  title  or 
an  estate. 

4.  To  resist  with  success  ;  as,  to  defeat  an  attempt 
or  assault. 

DE-FeAT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Vanquished  ;  effectually  re- 
sisted ;  overthrown;  frustrated;  disappointed}  ren- 
dered null  or  inoperative. 

DE-FeAT'IN'G,  ppr.  Vanquishing;  subduing;  op- 
posing successfully  j  overthrowing  ;  frustrating  J  di*- 
appoiiitinz  :  rendering  null  and  void. 

DE-FeAT'1;RE,  (-fct'yur,)  n.     Change  of  feature. 

Shak. 
2.  Overthrow  ;  defeat.     {Obs.]  Beaton. 

DEF'E-CATE,  r.  f.     [L.  defitco ;  dc  and  /^r,  dregs.] 


DEF  I 

1.  To  purify;  lo  refine  ;  to  clear  from  dregs  or 
impurities  ;  to  clarify  ;  as,  to  defecate  liquor. 

2.  To  purify  from  admixture;  to  clear;  to  purge 
of  extraneous  matter. 

DEF'F,-€A-TEIJ,  pp.    Purified  ;  c'.arificd  ;  refined. 
DEF'E-CA-TIiNG,  pyr.    Purifying;    purging  of  lees 

or  impurities, 
DEF-E-CA'TIOX,  n.    The  act  of  separating  from  lees 

or  dregs;    purification   froui    impurities   or   foreign 

matter. 
DEFECT',  n.     [L,   defet^tiis  ;   It,  difctto  ;   Pp.  drfeUo  ; 

from  L.  drjicw^  to  fail ;  de  and  facio,  to  make  or  do.] 

1.  Want  or  ali.-ence  itf  something  nece.ssary  or 
useful  toward  perfection  ;  ffuilt  ;  imperfection.  We 
say,  there  are  numerous  defects  in  the  plan,  or  in  the 
work,  or  in  the  execution. 

Enron  h.>»e  Ijeen  corr-ctfil,  and  (UftcU  supplicil.         Daviet. 

2.  Failing  ;  fault ;  iniMake  ;  imperfection  in  moral 
conduct,  or  in  judgmeiiL  A  dt^p  conviction  of  the 
defects  of  our  lives  tends  to  make  us  humble^ 

Tnist  not  yotiivlf ;  but,  your  'l(ferU  to  know, 

M<ike  tue  f/  cTcry  Iriend  tiiiii  every  foe.  Pope. 

3.  Any  want,  or  imjierfection,  in  natural  objects  ; 
the  absence  of  any  thing  neeessarj-  to  perfection  ; 
any  thing  unnatural  or  misplaced  ;  bl*;mish  ;  deformi- 
ty. We  speak  of  a  defect  in  the  organs  of  seeinc  or 
hearing,  or  in  a  limb  ;  a  defect  in  Uniber  ;  a  defect  in 
an  instrument,  &.c. 

DE-FECT',  V.  i.  To  he  deficient.  {J^ot  in  use.]  Broim. 
DE-FEC T-l-BIL'I-TV,  n.     Deficiency  ;  imiwrfectioii. 

[Little  used.]  Digby.     Hale. 

DE-FECT'I  BLE,  a.    Imperfect  j  deficient  ;  wanting 

{Little  used.]  Hale. 

DE-EEC'TION,  (de-fek'shun,)  n.     [L.  defectio.     See 

Defect.] 

1.  Want  or  failure  of  duty  ;  particularly,  a  falling 
away  ;  apostasy  ;  the  act  of  abandoning  a  person  or 
cause  to  which  one  is  hound  by  allegiance  or  duty, 
or  tt>  which  one  has  attached  himself.  Our  defection 
from  God  is  priwif  of  our  depravity.  The  cause  of 
the  king  was  rendered  desperate  by  the  defection  of 
the  nobles. 

2.  RevoH ;  used  of  nations  or  states. 
DE-FECT'IVE,  a,     [L.  dfifeetirus.    See  Defect.] 

1.  Wanting  either  in  substance,  quantity,  or  qual- 
ity, or  in  any  thing  necessary  ;  imperfect  ;  us^  a.  de- 
fective limb  ;  defective  timber ;  a  defective  copy  or 
book  ;  a  defective  account.  Defecticc  articulation,  in 
speaking,  renders  utterance  indistinct. 

2.  Wanting  in  moral  qualities;  faulty;  blamnble  ; 
not  conforming  lo  rectitude  or  rule;  as,  a  defective 
character. 

3.  In  grammar,  a  defeetine  noun  is  one  which 
wants  a  whole  number  or  a  particular  case  ;  an  in- 
declinable noun. 

4.  A  defective  vcrbf  is  one  which  wants  some  of  the 
tenses. 

DE-FE€T'IVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  defective  manner;  im- 
perfectly. 

DE-FECT'iVE-NESS,  n.  Want  j  the  state  of  being 
impt-rfect ;  faultiness. 

DE-FECT-tJ-OS'I-TY,  n.  Defectiveness;  faultiness 
[J^ot  uied.]  Montagu. 

DE-FECT'U-OUS,  a.     Full  of  defects.     [Little  used.] 

JVorthington. 

DEF-E-DA'TION,  n.     Pollution.     [J^Tot  in  use.] 

Eentley. 

DE-FENCE',  n.  Protection  against  injury  j  vindica- 
tion when  attacked. 

2.  The  art  or  science  of  defending  against  ene- 
mies ;  skill  in  fencing.  Sec. 

3.  In  ia?p,  the  defendant's  answer  or  plea. 

[For  remarks  on  tbe  spelling  of  the  word,  see 
Defense.] 
DE-FENCE'T.ESS,  a.    Without  defense.    [See    De- 

FESSEI.E99.] 

DE-FEND',  V.  t.  [1,.  drfendo  ;  de  and  oba,  fendo:  Fr. 
defendre  ;  It.  difendrre  :  Sp.  defender  ;  Port,  id.  i  Arm. 
difenn,  or  direnn  :  W.  d(fifn  ;  Norm,  fenduy  struck  ; 
defender,  to  oppose,  lo  pntliibit.  The  primary  sense 
is,  lo  strike,  thrust,  or  drive  off;  to  repel.] 

1.  To  drive  from  ;  to  thrust  back  ;  hence,  to  deny  ; 
to  repj'l  a  demand,  chargi",  or  accusation  ;  lo  oppose  ; 
to  resist;  the  effect  of  which  is  to  maintain  one's 
own  claims. 

2.  To  forbid  ;  to  prohibit ;  that  is,  to  drive  from, 
or  back.  Milton  calls  the  forbidden  fruit  the  de- 
fended fruit. 

Tlie  US'  of  wine  in  muv  plncei  i»  deJeniUd  by  cuftoma  or  Inw^. 

Tempi: 
[7'Ai.9  application  is  nearly  nhsnlete.'] 

3.  To  drive  back  a  foe  or  danger;  to  rejiel  from 
any  thing  that  which  assails  or  annoys  ;  to  protect  by 
opposition  or  resistance  ;  lo  support  or  maintain  ;  to 
prevent  from  being  injured  or  destroyed. 

Therr  amv,iorf</ewf  Ura- 1, ToU,  iHp  ■on  of  Pnah.  —  Jnttffe*  x. 

4.  To  vindicate  ;  to  assert  ;  to  uphold  ;  to  maintain 
uninjured,  bv  force  or  by  argument ;  as,  to  defend  our 
cause  ;  to  defend  rights  and  privileges ;  to  defend  rep- 
utation. 

5.  To  secure  against  attacks  or  evil ;  to  fortify 
against  danger  or  violence;  to  set  obstacles  to  the 
approach  of  any  thing  that  can  annoy.     A  garden 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — M£TE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


310 


DEF 

may  be  drfended  by  a  grove  j  a  camp  may  be  defended 
by  a  wall,  a  hill,  or  a  river. 

DB-FE\D',  r.  i.  To  make  opposition  ;  as,  the  party 
comi'3  into  court,  defends,  and  says. 

DE-FEND'.VBLE,  a.    Tliat  may  be  drfended.       . 

DE-FE\D'ANT,  a.     fFr.  psirticiple  oi  drfcndre.] 

i.  Deft-nsive  :  propt-r  for  defense.  Shak. 

2.  Making  dt^fense  ;  being  in  Ibe  chanicter  of  a  de- 
fendant. lVkeatQii*3  Rep. 

DE-FENU'AXT,  n.  He  that  defends  against  an  as- 
s:Lil;iiit,  or  against  tlie  approach  of  evil  or  danger. 

2.  In  law,  the  party  that  opposes  a  complaint,  de- 
mand, or  charge  ;  he  that  is  summoned  into  court, 
and  i/f/f/iiij,  denies,  or  opposes,  tlie  demand  or  charge, 
and  maintains  his  own  right.  It  is  applied  to  any 
party  of  whom  a  demand  is  made  in  court,  whetlier 
the  party  denies  and  defends,  or  admits  the  claim  and 
suffers  a  deHiutt. 

DE-FEXD'ED,  pp.  Opposed  ;  denied  ;  prohibited  ; 
maintained  by  resistance  ;  vindicated  ;  preserved  un- 
injured ;  secured. 

DE-FEND'ER,  b.  One  who  defends  by  oppfisition ; 
one  who  maintains,  supports,  protects,  ur  vindicates ; 
an  assertor;  a  vindicator,  eitlier  by  arms  or  by  argu- 
ments ;  II  champion  or  an  advocate. 

DE-FE.VD'LVG,  ppr.  Denying;  opposing;  resisting; 
forbidding;  maiiitaininz  uninjured  by  ft^ce  or  by  rea- 
son ;  f«ecurinc  from  evil. 

DE-F.ENS'A-TIV'E,  n.  Guard;  defense;  a  bandage, 
plaster,  or  the  like,  to  secure  a  wound  from  exiental 
injury.  Joha^uiu 

DE-FEXSE',  (de-fens',)  iu     [L.  defensio.] 

1.  .^ny  thing  that  opposes  attack,  vintcnce,  danger, 
or  injury  ;  any  thing  that  secures  the  person,  the 
rights,  or  the  possessions,  of  men  ;  fortihcation  ; 
guard  ;  protection ;  security.  A  wall,  a  parapet,  a 
ditch,  or  a  garrison,  is  the  dff''H.ie  of  a  city  or  for- 
tress. The  Almighty  is  the  defense  of  the  righteous. 
Pi.  lix. 

a  Vindication  ;  justification  ;  apidogy  ;  that  which 
repels  or  dispro%'es  a  charge  or  accusation. 

M-'Q,  breihren,  fcUn'j*,  hear  ye  ray  dtfenat.  —  Acu  xxii. 

3.  In  laiB,  the  defendant's  reply  to  the  plaintiff's 
declaration,  demands,  ur  charges. 

4.  Prohibition.     [06.^.]  Temple, 

5.  Resistance;  opposiiinn.  Sliuk. 

6.  The  science  of  defending  against  enemies  ;  skill 
in  fencing,  &.c. 

7.  In  fijriijieation,  a  work  that  flanks  another. 
[This  word,  like   ezpen.*e,  has,  till   of  latr,  been 

•polled  with  a  c,  though  HaJley  gave  it  with  s.  It 
ought  to  undergo  the  same  change  with  eipense^  the 
re;ison  being  the  same,  viz.,  that  s  must  be  used  in 
defrnsioc  as  in  npeiuivp.  Defense  was  the  original 
spelling  in  the  French,  and  drfauio  in  the  Latin.  It 
in  iherefiire  desirable,  on  ever}-  gmund,  to  exchange 
the  e  for  «.] 

DE-FEN:<E',  fde-fens',)  r.  U  To  defend  by  fortifica- 
linn.      f  OAy.)  Fairfax, 

DE-FE.\SV;D,(de  fenst',)pp.     Fortified. 

DE-FEN'SE'LEtty,  (de-f<-ns'less,)  a.  Being  without 
defense,  or  without  means  of  re(M'lling  jL-sault  or  in- 
jtiry  ;  applied  to  a  town,  it  denotes  unfortified  or  un- 
garrisoned  ;  <»pen  to  an  enemy  ;  applied  to  a  person,  it 
denotes  naked  ;  unarmed  ;  unprotected  ;  unprepared 
to  resist  attack;  weak;  unable  to  oppose;  uncov- 
ered ;  un«helter<^d. 

DE-FEN>!E'LES.S-.\E.SS,  (de-fens 'less-new,)  n.  The 
state  of  being  unguarded  or  unprotected. 

DE  FENS'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  defended  ;  as,  a  d«- 
ffjutible  city. 

2.  That  may  be  vindicated,  maintained,  or  Justi- 
fied ;  as,  a  defeiLsibU  cause. 

DE-FENS'I  VE,  a.     [Fr.  defensif.] 

\.  That  serves  to  defend;  proper  for  defense  ;  as, 
d^fensiv*  armor,  which  repels  attacks  or  blows,  op- 
pfised  to  offensive  arms,  which  arc  used  in  attack. 

Q.  Carried  on  in  resisting  attack  or  aggression  ;  as, 
dffeiisire  war,  in  distinctiun  from  offensive  war,  which 
(s  aggressive. 

3.  In  a  state  or  porture  to  defend.  Milton. 
DF--FEi\Ei'IVE,  n.    Safeguard  ;  that  whicli  defends. 

Wsu*  ptvtlailr^,  upon  ]<ut  FcAn,  ar«  Iruc  lU/tiuivtt.     Bacon. 
To  be  on  the  defeiisire,  or  to  .itnnd  on  the  defensive,  is 
to  be  or  stand  in  a  state  or  posture  of  def.nse  or  re- 
sistancn,  in  opposition  to  aggressitin  or  attack. 
DE-FK.NS'IVE-LY,  adv.     In  a  defensive  manner;  on 

the  dt;fensive  ;  in  defense, 
DEFER',  P.  U    [L.  dtffn-o  ;  dis,  from,  and  frro,  to  bear.] 
1.  To  delay;   to  put  off;  to  pusipcme  to  a  future 
thne ;  as,  to  defer  the  execution  of  a  design. 

When  thou  Tow(»f  n.  tow,  dt/er  not  to  p*y  it.  —  Eccln.  r, 
IIop^  /U/trrtd  lu&lirth  the  heart  uck.  —  Fruv.  xiti. 

3.  To  re^ ;  to  leave  to  another's  judgment  and 
determination.  Bacon, 

[In  this  sense.  Refer  is  now  used.] 
DE-FER',  V.  i.  To  yield  to  another's  opinion  ;  to  sub- 
mit tn  opinion  ;  as,  he  defers  to  the  opinion  of  his 
father, 
DEF'ER-EVCE,  ».  A  yielding  In  opinion  ;  submission 
of  judgment  to  the  opinion  or  judgment  of  another. 
Hence,  regard  ;  respccL    We  often  decline  acting  in 


DEF 

opposition  to  those  for  whose  wisdom  we  have  a 
great  deference 
^.  Complaisance  ;  condescension.  Locke. 

3.  Submission.  .Addison. 

DEF'ER-ENT,  a.  Bearing;  canying  ;  conveying.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Bacon. 
DEF'ER-E\T,   n.      Tliat  which   carries   or  conveys. 

2.  A  vessel  in  the  hliman  body  for  the  conveyance 
of  fluids.  •  Cfuimbers. 

3.  In  the  Ptolemaic  astronomy,  a  circle  surrounding 
llie  earth,  in  whose  peripiiery  the  center  of  the  epi- 
cycle moves  round.  D.  Oltasted. 

DEF-ER-EX'TIAL,  f-en'shal,)  a.  Expressing  defer- 
UEF-ER-EN'TIAL-LY,  adv.  With  deference,  [euce. 
DE-FER'.MENT,  «.     Delay.  Suckling. 

DE-FKR'R/-;D,/)p.     Delayed  ;  postponed. 
DE-FER'RER,  n.     One  who  delays  or  puts  off. 

B.  Jonson. 
DE-FER'UIXG.ppr.     Delaying  ;  postponing. 
DE-FI'ANC'E,  ».     [French,  In  a  diflerent  sense.    See 
Defv.] 

1.  A  daring;  a  challenge  to  fight;  invitation  to 
combat ;  a  CidI  to  an  adversary*  to  encounter,  if  he 
dare.     Goliath  bid  defiance  to  the  army  of  Isniel. 

2.  A  challenge  to  meet  in  any  content ;  a  call  uiKin 
one  tu  make  gixxl  any  assertion  or  charge  ;  an  invi- 
tation to  maintain  any  cause  or  point. 

3.  (.'ouleinjU  of  opjxisition  or  danger  ;  a  daring  or 
resistance  liiat  implies  tlie  conttjmpl  of  an  adversary 
or  of  any  op[»osing  [mwer.  Wen  often  iransgrefis  the 
law,  and  act  in  dt-fiance  of  authority. 

DE-FrA-TO-RY,  o.     Bidding  or  bearing  defiance. 

Shrlford. 
DE  FI"CIEN-CY,  \n,    ['L.  deficiens,  from  deficio,\oiaX\, 
DE-FI"CIENCE,    \      rfe  and /ucw,  to  do.J 

1,  A  failing;  a  falling  short;  imperfection;  as,  a 
deficiennj  in  moral  duties. 

2.  Want;  defect;  something  less  than  is  neces- 
sary ;  as,  a  deficicneij  of  means  ;  a  deficiency  of  reve- 
nue ;  a  deficiency  of  blood. 

DEFI  'CIEXT,  (de-fish'ent.)  a.  Wanting  ;  defective  ; 
imperfect ;  not  sufficient  or  adequate  ;  as,  deficient  es- 
tate ;  deficient  strength. 

2.  Wanting  ;  not  having  a  full  or  adequate  supply  ; 
as,  the  country  may  be  deficient  in  the  means  of  car- 
rymg  lui  war. 

Deficient  numbers,  in  arithmetic,  are  those  numbers 
whose  aliquot  parts,  added  together,  make  less  than 
tlte  integer  whose  parts  tliey  are.  Brande. 

DE-F1"(J1ENT-LY,  adv.     In  a  defective  niunner. 

DEF'I-CIT,  It.  [L.]  Want ;  deficiency  ;  as,  a  deficit 
in  tlie  taxes  or  revenue, 

DE-FI'A'D,  (de-f Ide')  pp.  Cliallenged  ;  dared  to  com- 
bat. 

DE-FI'KR,  n.  [See  Defv.]  A  challenger;  one  who 
dares  to  combat  or  encountor  ;  one  who  braves  ;  one 
who  acts  ill  contempt  of  op[)08iiion,  law,  or  authori- 
ty ;   as,  a  d^er  of  ttie  laws.     [Better  written  De- 

DE-FIG-tI-RA'TIO\,  n.    A  disfiguring.     [JVot  in  use.} 

J/alt. 

DE-FIG'IJRE,  (-fig'yur,)  v.  u  To  delineate,  [.^'ot  in 
use.]  Weever. 

DE-FIL'AD-ING.  m.  In  fmt^fieatian,  the  raising  of  the 
exjHwrd  side  of  a  fortress,  so  as  to  shelter  the  inte- 
rior works,  whun  they  are  in  danger  of  being  com- 
manded by  tlie  enemy  from  some  higher  point. 

DE-KILE',  V.  L     [Sax.  afylun,  bcfylan,  gefyUut,  afuXan, 

from  /u/,  fala,fouL  (See  Fouu)  The  Syr.  '^^>-2l^ 
tffai,  is  almost  prociticly  llie  English  word.  Cast. 
Ii53.] 

1.  To  make  unclean  ;  to  render  foul  or  dirty  ;  tn  a 
general  sense. 

2.  To  make  impure  ;  Co  render  turbid  ;  as,  the  wa- 
ter or  liquor  is  defiled. 

3.  To  soil  or  sully  ;  to  tarniab  ;  as  reputation,  &c. 

He    b  utiunff  the   gmOMt   pr)>Iai«a  of  the  age,   huwever  his 

ebnnictf r  niKy  he  Hsftied  by  dirty  haixlk.  SvifU 

Tb(ry  tlioll  dtfiieWty  briglmw.-w.  —  Ki.  sjiviii. 

4.  Tu  pollute  ;  to  make  ceremonially  unclean. 


5.  To  cornipt  chastity  ;  to  debauch  ;  to  violate;  to 
tarnish  the  purity  of  character  hy  lewdness. 
bhcclu-m  d^ltd  Ulnuti.  —  On.  xxxiv. 

C.  To  taint,  in  a  moral  sense  f  to  comipt ;  to  vitiate  ; 
to  render  impure  with  sin. 

Dffil*  not  Tourwlrof  with  ihf  kloU  of  KcTpt.  —  Eick.  xjl. 
He  tinih  difllsd  Om?  i.uiciuar;  uf  lh«  I»ru.  —  Num.  xix. 
DE-FTLK',  r.  i.     [Fr,  drfiler;  de  ^xxdfile,  a  row  or  line, 
from  \j.  fiUim,  n  thread,] 
To  march  off. in  a  line,  or  file  by  file ;  to  file  off. 

Roseoe. 

DE-FILE',  n.     [Fr.  defiU,  from//,/te,  athread,  a  line.] 

A  narrow  passage  or  way,  in   which  troops  may 

march  only  in  a  file,  or  with  a  narrow  front ;  a  long, 

narrow  pass,  as  between  hills,  &c. 

DE-FIL'£D,  pp.  or  a.     Made  dirty  or  foul ;  polluted  ; 

soiled  ;  corrupted  ;  violated  ;  vitiated. 
DE-FTL'KD,  pret.     Marched  off  in  a  line. 
DE-FILE'MEXT   n.     The  act  of  defiling,  or  state  of 
being  defiled  ;  foulness;  dirtiness;  uncleanness. 


DEF 

9.  Corruption  of  morals,  principles,  or  character ; 
impurity  ;  pollution  by  sin. 

The  cliLtstc  CM)  not  nike  Into  such  l^tth  wi'iroul  danirr  of  <£*• 
filement.  Addison. 

DE-FIL'ER,  n.     One  who  defiles;  one  who  corrupts 

or  violates  ;  that  which  pollutes. 
DE-FTL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Polluting;  making  impure. 

9.  Marching  in  a  file,  or  with  a  narrow  fronL 
DE-FIN' A-ItLE,  a.      [See  Define.]      Literalhf,   that 

may   h(^  limited,   or   have    its   limits    ascertained  ; 

hence,  caiKible  of  having  its  extent  ascertained  with 

precision  ;   capable  of  being  <ixed  and  determined. 

The  extent  of  the  Russian  empire  is  hardly  definable; 

the  limits  are  hardly  definable. 

2.  That  may  be  defined  or  described  ;  capable  of 
having  its  signification  rendered  certain,  or  expressed 
wMih  certainty  or  pn^ision  ;  as,  definable  words. 

3.  That  may  be  fixed,  determined,  or  ascertained  ; 
as,  tile  time  or  period  is  not  definuhle. 

Dr,-Fr\''A-nLY,  adv.    In  a  definable  manner. 
DE-FL\E',  ».  /,     [l«  dtfinio  ;  de  and  /nit>,  to  end,  to 

hmtt,  from  finis,  end;   Fr.  definir;   Sp.  definir;   IL 

drfinirc.l 

1.  To  determine  or  describe  the  end  or  limit;  as, 
to  define  the  extent  of  a  kinpdom  or  country. 

2.  To  determine  with  prtxision  ;  to  a.scertain  ;  as, 
to  define  the  limits  of  a  kingdom. 

3.  To  mark  the  limit ;  to  circum^icribe  ;  to  bound. 

4.  To  determine  or  ascertain  the  extent  of  the 
meaning  of  a  wonl ;  to  a-^certain  the  signification  of 
a  term  ;  to  explain  what  a  word  is  understood  to  ex- 
press ;  as,  to  define  the  words  virtue,  courage,  belief, 
or  cJiarity. 

5.  To  describe  ;  to  ascertain  or  explain  the  distinc- 
tive properties  or  circumstances  of  a  thing;  as,  to 
define  a  hue  or  an  angle. 

DE-FINE',  V,  i.    To  determine ;  to  decide.    [JV*tit  iised.] 

Bacon. 

DE-FIN'ED,  (de-flnd,)  pp.  Determined  ;  having  the 
extent  ascertained ;  having  the  signification  deter- 
mined. 

2.  Having  the  precise  limit  marked,  or  having  a 
determinate  limit ;  as,  the  shadt^w  of  a  body  is  well 
d  I  fined. 

DE-FIN'ER,  n.  He  who  d'-fines  ;  ho  who  ascertains 
or  marks  the  liinits  ;  he  who  determines  or  explains 
the  signification  of  a  word,  or  describes  the  distinc- 
tive properties  of  a  tiling. 

DE  FTN'ING,  ppr,  or  a.  Determining  the  limits;  as- 
errtaining  the  extent ;  explaining  the  meaning;  de- 
scribing the  properties 

DEF'IN-ITE,  a.     [L,  d/finitus.] 

1.  Having  certain  limits  ;  bounded  with  precision  ; 
determinate;  as,  a  definite  extent  of  land;  definite 
dimensions;  definite  measure. 

2.  Having  certain  limits  in  signification  ;  determi- 
nate ;  certain  ;  precise ;  as,  a  dtjinite  word,  term,  or 
expression. 

3.  Fixed  ;  determinate  ;  exact ;  precise  ;  as,  a  rfyi- 
nite  time  or  period. 

4.  Defininc;  limiting;  detcnntning  the  extent;  as, 
a  definite  word. 

DEF'INITK,  H.    Thing  defined,  Ayliff^. 

DEF'IX-ITi:  LY,  adv.     In  a  definite  manner. 
DEF'IN-ITE-N  ESS,  n.    Certainty  of  extent ;  certainty 

of  signification  ,  detnrminateneiis, 
DEF  IN-r'TION,    (def-e-nish'un,)   a.      [L.    dtjinitio. 

See  Define.] 

1.  A  brirf  ilescription  of  a  thing  by  its  properties; 
as,  a  definition  of  wit,  tir  of  a  circle. 

2.  In  loiric,  the  explication  of  the  essence  of  a 
thing  by  its  kind  and  difference. 

3.  in  IcTieoffraphy,  an  explanation  fif  the  siKnifica- 
tion  of  a  word  or  term,  or  of  what  a  word  is  under- 
8t(H»d  to  express. 

DE-FIN'r-TrVE,  a.     [L,  definitirus.] 

1.  Limiting  tlie  extent ;  determinate  ;  positive;  ex- 
press ;  as,  A  definitive  term. 

2.  Limiting;  ending  ;  dct'-rmining;  final;  opposed 
to  conditiotial,  pruiyisionaJ,  or  intcrlocuttmj  ;  as,  a  defiu- 
itire  sentence  or  decree. . 

DE-FIN'I-TIVE,  n.  In  grammar,  an  adjective  used 
to  define  or  limit  the  extent  of  the  signification  of  an 
apellative  or  common  noun.  Such  are  the  Greek  !■, 
ij,  to:  the  Latin  hie,  iUe,ipsc;  the,  this,  ViUd  that,\i\ 
English  ;  le,  la,  Ics,  in  French  ;  il,  la,  lo,  in  Italian. 
Tinfi,  tree  is  an  ap[>ellative  or  common  noun  ;  the 
tree,  this  tree,  that  tnie,  designate  a  particular  tree, 
determinate  or  known.  Homo  signifies  man  ;  hie 
hom(j,i7/«  homo,  a  particular  man,  &c.  But,  in  some 
languages,  the  definitives  have  lost  their  oricinat  use, 
in  a  great  degree ;  as  in  the  Greek  and  French. 
Thus,  "  La  force  de  la  vertu  "  must  be  render'd,  In 
English,  the  force  of  virtue,  not  the  forco  of  tAe  virtue. 
7'he  first  la  is  u  definitive  ;  tlie  last  has  no  definitive 
efffCt. 

DE  FIN'I-TIVE-LY,  Adr.    Dcterminattly  ;  positively  ; 
expressly, 
2.  Finally  ;  conclusively  ;  unconditionally;  as,  the 

r lints  between  the  parties  are  drfinitinhj  settled. 
FIN'I-TIVE-NESS,  n.      Dcterminutencss ;    deci- 
siveni'ss ;  conclusiveness. 
DE-FIX',  V.  t.     [L.d<figo.'] 

'To  fix  ;  to  fasten.     {JVot  used.]  Herbert. 


TONE,  BJ;LL,  TJNITE.— AN"GEa,  Vr'CIOUS €  as  K;  O  aa  J;  S  as  Z;  CU  as  SU;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


nil 


DEF 

DEF-LA-GRA-BIl.'I-T\%n.  [See  Deflagrate.]  The 
quality  of  burning  with  a  sudden  and  sparkHn;;  cnni- 
bu>tiun,  as  a  ntt-tallic  wire  ;  a  cKemuul  term.  Bmilr. 

DE-FLA'UKA-Bl.E,  a.  Having  the  quality  uf  burning 
with  a  sudden  and  sparkling  cumbu^itian,  as  alcohol, 
oils  Aic.  Bo^lt. 

DF.F  LA-GR4TE.  «.  L  [U  dtJUgrn ;  d«  Jindfiagrity  to 
burn  1 

To  burn  with  a  Aidden  and  sparkling  combuadon ; 
&fl,  lo  drfa-n-ate  oil  or  spirit. 

DEF'LA-GKA-TED,  pp.     Burned  ;  consumed. 

DEF'LA  GRA-TI.VO,  j»pr.     Burning;  consuming, 

DEF  LA-GHi'TION,  n,  A  sudden  and  sparkling  com- 
bustion. 

Tht  »trcnsth  O*  •plrii  im  prorca  bjr  d^fiskfraliaii.  £ncyc. 

A  rapid  combui^tion  of  a  mixture,  attended  with 
muchevututioa  of  lUme  and  vapor,  u  of  niter  mnd 
duirconL  Cjfc 

This  term  is  ako  applied  to  tlw  rapid  combustion 
(rf*  mf^al*  tnr  galvaBiam. 
DKr"  ^  ""t^  TOR,  a.     A  galvanic  instrumant  for 
I  1  and  [towerAil  combustioo,  particu- 

1 .  i3i;(tu  uf  metallic  substances.    Hare. 

Db  I  L.r.c  i  ,c.  I.  [U  d^jUtta;  <^  and  j(<c<0,lo  tumor 
bt.nd.J 

To  torn  from  or  aside ;  to  deviate  ftom  a  true 
course  or  right  lino  ;  to  swerve. 

Th*  nradie  d^UeU  tram  Ihn  ncrtiflui.  Bnmn. 

DE-ri.ECT',  r.  t,    Totum  aside;  to  turn  or  bend  from 

a  r  ffgular  ci'urse. 

Vi.  '    pp.    Turned  aside,  or  from  a  direct 

ti  In  bi/tany^  bending  downward  arch- 

W1S--, 

DE-FLE€rr'ING,  ppr.    T^iming  aside ;  turning  from  , 

a  right  line  or  regular  course^ 
DE-FLEe'TION',  ■.    Oevialion ;  the  act  of  turning 
aside ;  a  turning  from  a  true  line  or  the  regular 
eutirse. 
a.  The  departure  of  a  ship  fh>m  it.-»  true  course. 
3.  A  deviation  of  tiie  rays  of  light  toward  the  sur- 
fiice  of  an  op;iijuc  Univ  ;  iuiUcUon.  Hooke. 

DE-FLEX'CRE,  (de-tlek'shur,)  a.    A  bending  down  ; 

a  turning  aside  ;  deviation. 
DE-FLO'RATE,  a.     (L.  defi<rratuSy  from  dfjUrro^  to  de- 
flour;  de*ndJLireo,Jhs.     See  Flower.] 

In  MoMift  lUving  ca:jt  its  farina,  pollen,  or  f^-cun- 
dating  dusL  Martsfm. 

DEF-LO  RA'TION,  n.    [Ft.    8ee  DrrLoia.] 

I.  The  act  of  deflofiring ;  the  act  of  depriving  of 
tlie  dower  or  prime  beauties  ;  inrticularly  the  act  of 
taking  away  a  woman's  virglntly. 

9.  A  selectioii  of  the  flower,  or  uf  that  which  is 
MOiC  valnable. 

Tbe  Uwa  of  Simn^ndj  ue,  la  a  graat  m—mor,  Uw  di^laro^tm 

DE-FLOUR',  V.  L  [L.  di;fUm ;  d£  and  jItfrM,  or  jIm,  a 
flower ;  Fr.  dffiortr ;  It.  depir^re^  or  dfjLsrrtr* ;  Sp. 
rifcriUrar.    SeeFLowKR.] 

L  To  deprive  a  woman  of  her  virginity,  either  by 
force  or  with  consent.  When  by  force,  it  may  be 
equivalent  to  ravish  or  vioiate. 

a.  To  tolLC  away  Hut  {Hime  beauty  and  grace  of  any 
thing. 

ThenvetaeMofliUKKilvaBd^lbwrW.  Tbylvr. 

1  To  deprive  of  flowers.  Montagu. 

DE-FI.Ol'R'-ED,  pp.  or  a.     Deprived  of  maidenhood  ; 

ravished  ;  robbed  of  prime  beauty. 
DE-FLOL'R'ER,  «.    One  who  deprives  a  woman  of 

her  vireinitv. 
DE-FLOUR'i\G,  ppr.    Depriving  of  virginity  or  maid- 
enhood ;  robbing  of  prime  beauties. 
DE-FLOW,  r.  i.     [L.  defim>.] 

To  flow  down.     [J^ut  in  aw.]  Brown. 

DEF'LL'-OL'S,  a.     [L.  drjlmtis;  de  andJlM,  to  flow.] 

Flowing  down  ;  falling  o£     [LiUie  used.] 
DE-FLUX',  a.     [L.  dtjluxui ;  dt  and  J|jw,/iixi«.     See 
Flow.] 

A  flowing  down  ;  a  ranning  downward  ;  as,  a  de- 
jliuof  humors.     [See  Defluxiox.]  Bacon, 

DE-FLUX'IO\,  (de-fluk'shun,)  «.  [L.  de^HziOy  from 
d^usj  to  flow  down  j  de  and  Jiuo,  to  flow.  See 
Flow.] 

1.  A  flowing,  running,  or  fallingof  htiraors  or  fluid 
matter,  from  a  superior  to  an  inferior  part  of  the 
budy  ;  properlv,  an  inflammation  of  a  part,  attended 
Willi  increased  secretion. 

2.  A  discharge  or  flowing  ofl^  of  humors  j  as,  a  de^ 
jttLrut*  from  the  nose  or  head  in  citarrb. 

DEF'LY,a<ic.  Dextreusly ;  skUlfuUy.  [Obx.]  [See 
DirT.l  Spenser. 

DEF-tE-DA'TION,  (def.«-di'shun,)  m.  The  act  of 
making  fiiihv. 

DE-FO-LI-A'TlOX,  H.  [L.  d«  and  foI'uUio^  foliage, 
from  Jbliam,  a  leaf  or  fvHar.     See  Folio.] 

LUtrclty,  the  fall  of  the  leaf,  or  shedding  of  leaves  ; 
but  Ucknieally,  the  time  or  season  of  shedding 
leaves  in  autumn  ;  applied  to  trees  and  shrubs. 

Linjupus. 

i/E-FORCE',  e.  L  [de  and  force.}  To  disseize  and 
keep  nut  of  lawful  possession  of  an  estate  -,  to  with- 
hold the  possession  of  an  estate  from  the  rightful 
owner  ;   applied  to  any  possessor  whose  entry  was 


DEF 

origin.illy  lawful,  but  whose  detainer  is  become  un- 
lawful. Btack-^tiine. 

DK-FOKC'frn,  pp.     Kept  out  of  lawful  pitsfu-jision. 

DE-FOKCE'ME.NT,  h.  The  holding  rf  l.wuls  or  ten- 
riuenis  to  which  nnotlier  pt^rson  has  a  right;  a  gen- 
eral tenn,iiii'ltiding  aliatenii-nt,  intniston,  disseisin, 
discontinuance,  or  any  oih-T  species  of  wrong,  by 
which  he  that  hath  a  right  to  the  freehold  is  kept  out 
of  possession.  BlarkMone. 

2.  In  Sa*r/4iJi(/,  a  resisting  of  an  oflicei*in  the  ex- 
ecution of  law. 

DE-FOK'CIANT,  n.  He  that  keeps  out  of  pa«sessi(m 
the  rightful  owner  of  an  e:4ate  ;  he  agaiust  whom  a 
fictitious  action  is  brought  in  flue  and  n-rovery. 

BtacL^tone. 

DE-FOaC'I.NG,  ppr.  Keeping  out  of  lawful  posses- 
sion. 

DE-FORM',  r.  L  [L.  d^formoi  de  and  forma,  form; 
Sp.  dt.-formar  ;  It.  drfun»arc.\ 

1.  To  mar  or  injure  the  fi.nn  ;  to  alter  that  form  or 
disposition  of  parts  which  is  natural  and  esteemed 
beautiful,  and  thus  to  render  it  disjilt-iLsing  to  the  eye  ; 
to  disfigure  j  as,  a  hump  on  the  back  deforms  the 
body. 

2.  To  render  uply  or  displeasing,  by  exterior  appli- 
cations or  npitendages ;  as,  to  diform  the  face  by 
paint,  or  the  pt-rson  by  unbecoming  dress. 

3.  To  render  displeasing. 

Wintry  td^cU  dtform  lh«  yrar.  Thoinaon. 

4.  To  injure  and  render  displeasing  or  disgusting  ; 
to  disgracL- ;  to  dtstigure  moral  l>euuty  ;  as,  all  vices 
d^orm  the  character  of  niiional  beings. 

5.  To  dishonor  ;  to  make  ungraceful.       Dryden. 
DE-FORM',  a.     [I>.  def.mnis.] 

Disfigured  ;  lH.-ing  of  an  unnatural,  distorted,  or 
disprupitrtioned  form  ^  displeasing  to  the  eye.  Spenser. 

Sijhl  to  rii_fortn  whal  heart  of  rock  couiii  iung 

Dry-ey.Hl  lwhwl.1  /  MUtan. 

DEF-ORM-A'TION,ii.    A  disfiguring  or  defacing. 

BittlT. 

DE-FORM'XD,  pp.  or  a.     Injured  in  the  form  ;  disfig- 
ared;  distorted  j   ugly  ^  wanting  ualund   beauty  or 
symmetry. 
3.  Base ;  disgraceful.  B.  Jonson. 

DE-FORM'ED-LY,  adv.    In  an  ugly  manner. 

DE-FORM'EO-NESS,  a.  Ugliness  i  a  disagreeable  or 
unnatumi  form. 

DE  Form  EK,  «.    One  who  deforms. 

DE-FORM'l.\i;,  ppr.  Marring  the  natural  form  or 
flcure;    rendtrring  uely   or   Ui.sple.asing;    destroying 

DE-FORM'I-TV,  a.     [L.  dtformiui^.}  [beauty. 

1.  ,\ny  unnatural  stale  of  the  shape  or  form  ;  want  of 
that  uniformity  or  symmetry  which  constitutes  beau- 
ty .  distortion  ;  irregularity  of  shape  or  features ; 
di'4  pro  portion  of  limbs  j  defect,  crookedness,  &.c. 
Hence,  ugliness  ;  as,  btxlily  deformity. 

3.  Any  tiling  that  destroys  beauty,  grace,  or  propri- 
ety ;  irregularity  ;  absurdity  ;  gross  deviation  from 
order,  or  the  established  laxvs  of  propriety.  Tiius  we 
speak  of  dtforwtity  in  on  edifice,  or  deformity  of  char- 
acter. 

DE-F0R3'ER,  n.  [from  force.]  One  that  casts  out 
by  force.  Blount. 


nu  formed^  and  not  in  use.] 


DE-FOLTL',  v.L     To  defile. 

DE-FOUL'£D,  pp.    Defiled  ;  made  dirty. 

DE-FOUL'L\G,  ppr.     Rendering  vile. 

DE-FRAUD',  V.  t.  [L.  dtfraudo ;  de  and  fraudo,  to 
cheat ;'  fraus,  fraud  ;  It.  difraudare  ;  Sp.  dcfraudar.] 

i.  To  deprive  of  right,  either  by  obtaining  some- 
thing by  deception  or  artifice,  or  by  taking  something 
wrongfully  without  the  knowledge  or  consent  of  the 
owner;  to  cheat;  to  cozen;  followed  by  o/ before 
the  thing  uken;  as-,  to  defraud  a  man  o/his  right. 
The  agent  wlio  embezzles  public  property  defrauds 
the  state.  The  man  who  by  deception  obtains  aprice 
for  a  commodity  above  its  value,  defrauds  the  pur- 
chaser. 

We  have  coirupteJ  no  man,  we  have  de/rautUd  no  man.  — 2 
Cor.  *ii. 

2.  To  withhold  wnmgfully  from  another  what  is 
due  to  him.     Defraud  not  the  hireling  of  his  wages. 

3.  To  prevent  one  wrongfully  from  obtaining  what 
he  may  justly  claim. 

A  nwm  of  fortune  who  penniu  his  ion  to  conjtim**  th«  •CMOn 
of  educition  in  himiing,  shooting,  or  in  fr-qufiiiing  horw.- 
rac^a,  amrmblies,  Stc,  ae/rauds  ihe  commumi;  of  a  l>enc- 
factor,  and  b^iuuUu  tbrnt  a  nuisaucc.  PaUy. 

4.  To  defeat  or  frustrate  wrongfully. 

By  the  dulifi  deaened  — liy  ihc  cl-'urns  defrauded.         Foley. 

DE-FRAUD-A'TION,  n.     The  act  of  defrauding. 

DE-FRAUD'ED,  pp.  Deprived  of  properly  or  right  by 
trick,  artifice,  or  deception  ;  injured  by  the  witlihold- 
init  of  what  is  due. 

DE-FRAUD'ER,  n.  One  who  defrauds;  one  who 
takes'from  another  his  right  by  deception,  or  with- 
holds what  is  his  due ;  a  cheat ;  a  cozener ;  an  em- 
bezzler ;  a  peculator. 

DE-FRAUD'lNG,ppr.  Depriving  another  of  his  prop- 
erty or  right  by  deception  or  artifice ;  injuring  by 
withholding  wrongfully  what  is  due. 

DE-FRAUD'ME.NT,  n.     The  act  of  defrauding. 

JfUton. 


DEG 

DE-FRAY',  (de-fra',)  v.  £.  [Fr.  defrayer ,-  de  and  /raw, 
fraiz,fX\H-n»e;  Arm.  defraei.] 

1.  Vu  pny  ;  to  discharge,  as  cost  or  expense  ;  to 
bear,  as  charge,  cost,  or  exjH'nse.  It  is  ftillnwed 
chielly  by  erpmse,  cfiitr^e^  or  ciwt.  The  acqnisitionj 
of  war  Kel(i<ini  defray  the  expenses.  The  profits  of  a 
voyage  will  not  always  dc/ray  the  charges,  or  even 
the  ca-Jt  of  the  first  outfits. 

G.  T<t  snli.sfy  ;  as,  to  i/c/ray  anger.     fOfts.]    Spenser. 
3.  To  fill  ;  as,  to  defray  u  bottle.     [Oi.t.]      Spenser. 

DE-KRAY'KD,  pp.  Paid;  discharged,  as  expense, 
or  cost. 

DE-FRAY'ER,  «.      One  who  pays  or  discharges  ex- 

DE-FKaY'IXG,  ppr.     I'aying ;  discharging,     [pcnses. 

DE-rUAY'ME.NT,  n.     Payment.  Shelton. 

DEFT,  a.     [tinK.  dj-ft.] 

Neat :  handsome ;  spruce ;  ready  ;  dextrous ;  fit ; 
convenient.     [Oi.'*.]  Shak,     Drydrn. 

DEFT'LY,  u(/r.  Neatly;  dcxtrously;  in  a  skillful 
m!inn"r.     [O&s.]  Shali.     Oran. 

DEFT'NESS,  tt.     Neatness  ;  beauty.    [Obs.]    Drayton. 

DE-FUN€T',  a.  [L.  defunciu.i,  "frt>m  drfung-ori  to 
perform  and  discharge  ;  de  and  fumfor,  id.] 

Having  finished  the  course  of  life  ^  dcnd  ;  de- 
ceased. Shak. 

DE-FUXeT',  n.    A  dead  person  ;  one  deceased.    Shak. 

DE-FUNe'TION,  n.      De;ith.     [J^oi  u.-^ed.]         Shak. 

DEF?',  r.  (.  [Fr.  defirr ;  do,  t/^v,  from,  and  jJt,  to 
trust;  iLs^dare;  i^p.de.--afiar  :  de.s  und  far :  Port.  id.  \ 
Arm.  difpali  Low  h.  di^dare,  nnd  f/i/fft/ufinrc,  frnm 
fdo,  to  trust.  (See  F\ith.)  The  word  diffidarr  seems 
originally  to  have  signified,  to  dissolve  the  bond  of 
allegiance,  as  between  the  lord  and  his  vassal ;  op- 
posed to  affiflare.  Spelman,  ad  hoc.  Hence  it  came  to 
be  used  for  the  denunciation  of  enmity  and  of  war. 
Hence,  to  challenge.  If  we  understand  defer  to  sig- 
nify to  distrust,  then  to  defy  is  to  call  in  qui;stion  the 
counige  of  another,  according  lo  the  popular  phrase, 
"  You  dare  not  fight  me."] 

1.  To  dare  ;  to  provoke  to  combat  or  strife,  by  ap- 
pealini;  to  the  courage  of  another  ;  ttt  invite  one  to 
conti\>it ;  to  challenge  ;  as,  Goliath  defied  the  armies 
of  Isniel. 

i2.  To  dare  ;  to  brave  ;  to  offer  lo  ha/.ard  a  ctmtlict 
by  manifesting  a  contempt  of  opposition,  attack,  or 
hostile  force  ;  as,  to  defy  the  arguments  of  an  oppo- 
nent ;  to  dtfy  the  power  of  the  magistnite. 

Were  we  to  abulia  Ux  common  liiw,  ii  would  m^  triump'innt 
ahovr  iu  own  niini,  derkllng  iind  df/ying  iu  iiii|K)U:ut 
pn^-iiu'-«.  Duponceau. 

3.  Tochallenge  losay  or  do  any  thing. 
DE-FV,  n.     A  challenge.     [J^ot  used.]  Drifden. 

DE-F?'ER,  n.    One  who  defies.     [See  Defikii'.] 
DE-FV'ING,  ppr.    Challenging  ;  daring  to  combat. 
DEG,  V.  t.     [Sax.  deagan.]     To  sprinkle.  Grose. 

DE-GAR'NISH,  v.  L  [Fr.  dcgarnir  i  de  and  i^arnir,  to 
furnish.     [See  Garnish.] 

1.  Tounfurnish;  to  strip  of  furniture,  ornaments, 
or  apparatus. 

2.  Todepriveof  a  garrison,  or  troops  necessary  for 
defense  ;  as,  to  de.^arnish  a  city  or  fort. 

JVuskington^s  Letter,  J^ov.  11,  1783. 

DE-GAR'NISII-£D,  (de-gUr'nisht,)  pp.  StripjK-d  of  fur- 
niture or  apparatus  ;  deprived  of  troops  for  defense. 

DE-GAR'NISH-L\G, ppr.  Stripping  of  furniture,  dress, 
apparatus,  or  a  garristm. 

DE-GAR'MSH-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  depriving  of 
furniture,  apparatus,  or  a  garrison. 

DE<!;E\'r)ER,  v.i.     To  degenerate.     [Ohs.]    Spenser. 

DE-GEN'ER-A-CY,  n.     [See  I)e(;i:nerate,  the  verb.] 
1.  A  growing  worse  or  inferior  ;  a  decline  in  good 
qualities  ;  or  a  state  of  being  less  valuable  ;  as,  the 
degeneracy  of  a  plant. 

9.  In  morali,  dt-cay  of  virtue  ;  a  growing  worse; 
departure  from  tlie  virtues  of  ancestors  ;  desertion  of 
that  which  is  good.  VYe  speak  of  the  degeneracy  of 
men  in  modern  times,  or  of  the  ds^cnemcy  of  man- 
ners, of  the  age,  of  virtue,  &c.,  sometimes  without 
reason. 

3.  Poorness  ;  meanness  ;  as,  a  degeneracy  of  spirit. 
DE-GEN'ER-ATS,  v.   L     [L.  degcnero,  from   dege.nn; 

grown  worse,  ignoble,  base:   de  and  gener,  genus  i 
Fr.  dcgenerer;  Sp.  degenerar.] 

To  become  worse  ;  to  decay  in  good  qualities  ;  to 
pass  from  a  good  lo  a  bad  or  worse  state  ;  to  lose  or 
suffer  a  diminution  of  valuable  qualities,  either  in  the 
natural  or  moral  world.  In  the  natural  world,  plants 
and  animals  dfgmcrate  when  they  grow  to  a  less  size 
than  usual,  or  lose  a  jmrt  of  the  valnalilc  qualities 
which  belong  to  the  species.  In  the  mtiral  world, 
men  degenerate  wlun  they  decline  in  virtue,  or  other 
good  (pialilies.  Manners  degenerate  when  they  be- 
come corrupt.  VVit  may  degenerate  into  indecency  or 
jmi)iety. 
DE  gEN'ER-ATE,  fl.  Having  fallen  from  a  perfect  or 
good  state  into  a  less  excellent  or  worse  state  ;  hav- 
ing lost  something  of  the  good  qualilies  possessed  ; 
having  declined  in  natural  or  moral  worth. 

The  degeii^rate  pKtnl  of  a  Btrsnge  vine.  —  Jer,  U, 
Q.  Low  ;  base  ;  mean  ;  conupt ;  fallen  from  primi- 
tive or  natural  excellence  ;  having  lost  tlie  good  qual- 
ities of  the  species.     Man  is  considered  a  degeneraU 
being.     A  coward  is  a  man  of  degenerate  spirit. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  ^VHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PL\E,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BQQK. 
3J2 


DEG 

DE-6EN'EK-a-TEI>,  pp.  or  a.     Grown  worse. 

DE-GEX'ER-ATE-LV,  adv.  In  a  degenerate  or  base 
manner.  Milton. 

DE-0E.\'ER-ATE-\ES3,  n.  A  degenerate  state;  a 
state  in  which  the  natural  good  qualities  of  the  spe- 
cies are  decayed  or  lost. 

DE-<jE.\ER-A-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Decaying  in  good 
qualities. 

OE-GEN-ER-A'TIOX,  n.  A  growing  worse,  or  losing 
of  good  quahties  ;  a  decline  from  the  virtue  and 
worth  of  ancestors  ;  a  decay  of  the  natural  good 
qualities  of  the  species  ;  a  falling  from  a  more  excel- 
lent state  to  one  of  less  worth,  either  in  the  natural 
or  moral  world. 
2.  The  thing  degenerated.  Brotoiu 

DE-6E\'ER-OUS,  a.  Degenerated;  fallen  from  n 
state  of  excfllence,  or  from  the  virtue  and  merit  of 
ancestors.     Hence, 

2.  Low  ;  base  ;  mean  ;  unworthy ;  as,  a  degener- 
otis  passion.  Dryden. 

DE-GE.\'ER-OUS-LY,  adv.  Inadegenerousmanucr ; 
basely  ;  meanly. 

DE-GLC'TIN-ATE,  r  L  [L.  deglutinoi  de  and  glu- 
tino^  to  glue.    See  Glue.] 

To  iinglue  ;  to  loosen  or  separate  substances  glue<I 
together.  ScoU. 

DE-GLC'TIN-A-TED,  pp.  Uiiglued;  loosened  cr 
separated  ;  as  of  substances  glued  together. 

DEG-LU-TI  'TION,  (deg-lu-tish'un,)  n.  [L.  degtutu', 
to  swallow  ;  de  and  ^lutio.     See  Glutton.] 

1.  The  act  of  swallowing ;  as,  deglutition  is  diffi- 
cult. 

2.  The  power  of  swallowing  ;  &^,  deglutition  is  lost. 
DEG-RA-DA'TION,  n.     [Fr.    See  Decradb.] 

1.  A  reducing  in  rank  ;  the  act  of  depriving  onecf 
a  degree  of  hunor,  of  dignity,  or  of  rank  ;  also,  de;>- 
oeitiun  ;  removal  or  dismission  from  office  ;  as,  the 
degradation  of  a  peer,  uf  a  knight,  or  of  a  bishop,  in 
England. 

2.  The  Btate  of  being  reduced  from  an  elevated  vt 
more  honorable  station,  to  one  that  is  low  in  fact  or 
in  estimation  ;  baseness  ;  degeneracy. 

D<;plunb!i'  ii  the  degradadon  of  our  iidture.  SouA. 

3.  Diminution  or  reduction  of  strength,  efficacy,  ur 
value. 

4.  In  painting,  a  lessening  and  obscuring  of  the 
appearance  of  "distant  objects  in  a  landscape,  that 
they  may  appear  as  they  would  do  to  an  eye  placed 
at  a  distance.  Jo/ihsoh.     Encyc. 

5.  In  ^eologi/y  diminution  \  reduction  of  altitude 
or  magnitude  ;  as,  the  degradation  ofrockn. 

Journ.  of  Sdmee. 
DE-GRADE',   v.  L     [Fr.  degrader;  Sp.  and  Port,  de- 
gradar :  It.  de.gradore ;    L,  de  and  gradiijf,  a  step,  a 
degree.    See  Grade.] 

1.  To  reduce  from  a  hisher  to  a  lower  rank  nr  de- 
free  ;  to  deprive  one  uf  any  otfice  or  dignity,  by 
which  he  loses  rank  in  society  ;  to  strip  of  honors  ; 
as,  to  degrade  a  ni>bleman,  an  archbishop,  or  a  gen- 
eral officer. 

2.  To  reduce  in  estimation  ;  to  lessen  the  value  of; 
to  lower  i  to  sink.  Vice  degrade^tn  man  in  tiie  view 
of  others  ;  often  in  his  uvvn  view.  Drunkenness  db- 
grade^  a  man  to  the  level  of  a  beast. 

3.  In  gtology,  to  reduce  in  altitude  or  magnitude, 
88  bills  and  mountains. 

AlUK«ij[ti   the  rvlgc  b  mil  ihew,  ih«  riilj^  it»^!f  h«  t"»n  d«- 
gntUd.  Journ.  q/  SdMnet, 

DE-GRAD'ED,  pp.  or  a.      Reduced  in  rank  ;  deprived 
of  an  office  or  dignity;  lowered  ;  sunk  ;  reduced  in 
estimation  or  value  ;  reduced  in  higltt. 
DE-GRADE'ME>"I',  n.    DeprivaUon  of  rank  or  office. 

MtUon, 
DE-GRA D'IN'G,  ppr.      Reducing  in  rank;   depriving 
of  honors  or  offices ;  reducing  in  value,  estimation, 
or  altitude. 

2.  0.  Diiihonoring;  disgracing  the  character;  as, 
degrading  obsequiousness. 

Tl^  InonUnntr  to'c  oi  iDone/  »od  of  fa/nc  are  bn*?  and  dtgr»- 
ding  pouluii*.  Wirt. 

DE-GRAD'ING'LV,  adr.      In  a  degrading  manner,  or 

in  a  way  to  depreciate. 
DEG-RA-VA'TiON,  «.     [h.degravo;   de  and  graxne^ 

heavy.] 
The  act  of  making  heavy.     {J^ot  in  vse."] 
DEGREE',   n.     [Fr.   degri  i  Norm,   degreti    from  L. 

grodiu^  Sp.  and  It  grado,  VV.  rAai,  Syr.  j|J  radak,tii 

go.    See  Grade  and  Deorade.] 

1.  A  step  ;  a  distinct  [mrlion  of  space  of  indefinite 
extent ;  a  spac*  in  progression  ;  as,  the  army  gained 
the  hill  \>y  degrees ;  a  balloon  rises  or  descf-nda  by 
tlow  degrees ;  and  figuratively,  we  advance  in  knowl- 
edge by  slow  degrees.  Men  arc  yet  in  the  ftr^l  degree 
of  im|>rovement.  It  should  be  their  aim  to  attain  to 
the  furthest  degree,  or  the  highest  degree.  There  arc 
degrecn  of  vice  and  virtue. 

2,  A  step  or  portion  of  progression,  in  elevation, 
quality,  dignity,  or  rank  ;  as,  &  man  of  great  degree. 

Spenser. 
We  speak  of  men  of  high  degree,  or  of  low  degree ; 
of  superior  or  inferior  degree.     It  is  supposed  there 
ue  different  degrees  or  orders  of  angels. 

They  ptuduue  to  Ihemar-lvn  «  footl  dsgret.  —  1  Tim.  !i1. 


DEI 

3.  In  genealogy, 'A  certain  distance  orrijuittvc  in  the 
line  of  descent,  (U^termir.ing  tiic  proximity  of  blood; 
as,  a  relation  in  the  third  or  fourth  degree. 

4.  Measure ;  extent.  The  light  is  intense  to  a 
degree  that  is  intolerable.  We  sutler  an  extreme  dc- 
gree  of  heat  or  cold. 

5.  In  geometry,  a  division  of  a  circle,  including 
a  three  hundred  and  sixtieth  part  of  its  circumfer- 
ence. Hence,  a  degree  of  latitude  is  the  3G0th  part  of 
the  earth's  surface  north  or  south  of  the  equator,  and 
a  degree  of  longitude,  the  same  part  of  the  surface 
east  or  west  of  any  given  meridian. 

6.  In  algebra,  a  term  applied  to  equations,  to  de- 
note the  highest  power  of  the  unknown  quantity. 

Brande. 

7.  In  miisic,  an  interval  of  sound,  marked  by  a 
line  on  the  scale.  Rousse-au.     Busby. 

8.  In  ariUtmetie,  a  degree  consists  of  three  figures  ; 
thus,  270,  3ti0,  compose  two  degrees. 

9.  A  ilivision,  space,  or  inttr\'al,  markeJ  on  a 
mathematical  or  other  instrument,  as  on  a  thermom- 
eter or  baromt;ter. 

10.  In  eoUeffes  and  Knivcrsitiesi  a  mark  of  distinc- 
tion conft-rred  on  students,  as  a  testimony  of  their 
proficiency  in  arts  and  sciences;  giving  them  a  kind 
of  rank,  and  entitling  them  to  certain  privileges. 
This  is  usually  evidenced  by  a  diploma.  Degrees  are 
confencd  pro  meritis  on  the  alumni  of  a  college  ;  or 
they  are  honorary  tokens  of  respect,  conferred  on 
stringers  of  distinguished  reputation.  The /rj*(  de- 
gree  is  that  of  bachelor  of  arts  ;  the  second,  that  of 
mojiter  of  arts.  Honorary  degrees  are  those  of  doc- 
tor of  divinity,  doctor  of  laws,  Slc.  Physicians  also 
receive  the  degree  of  doctor  of  medicine. 

By  degrees ;  step  by  step  ;  gradually  ;  by  little  and 
little  ;  by  moderate  advances.  Frequent  drinking 
forms  by  degrees  a  confirmed  habit  of  intL-mperance. 

DE-GUST',  f.  L     [L.  degu^-to.] 
To  taste.     [JVur  used.] 

DEG-US-TA'TIO.V,  n.     [L.  degusta.] 

A  Listing.  Bp.  Hall. 

DE-GUST'ED,  pp.     Tasted. 

DE-GUST'ING,  ppr.    Tasting. 

DE-HI.S€E',  (de-his',)r.  i.     [Infra.]     To  gape;  \n  bot- 
any, to  o|>en,  as  the  capsules  of  plants.         Lindley. 

DE-HIS'CEN('E,  n.     [L.  ithiscens,  dchisco,  to  gaj* ;  de 
and  hiaco,  id.] 

A  gaping.  In  botany,  the  opi-ning  of  capsules  in 
plants,  and  of  the  cells  of  anthers  for  emitting  {>ollen, 
&c. ;  the  season  when  capsules  open.  Martyn. 

DE-HIS'CE\T, fl.     Opening, as  the  capsuleof  a  plant. 

DE-HO-NES'TATE,  r.  L     [L.  dehonesto.]       [SUxton. 
To  disgrace. 

DE-HON-EST-A'TION,n.  A  disgracing;  dishonoring. 

DK-HORS'y  (de-hftrz,)   [Fr.]     Out  of;    witliout;  for- 
eign ;  irrelevant ;  chietly  used  in  law  language. 

DE-HORT',  V.  t.     [L.  dehortor,  to   dissuade;  de  and 
Aorfor,  to  advise.] 

To  dissuade  ;  to  advise  to  the  contrary  ;  to  counsel 
not  to  do  nor  to  undertake.  yVilkins.     Ward. 

DE-HORT-A'TION,  n.     Dissuasion  ;  advice  or  coun- 
sel against  something. 

DE-HORT'A-TO-RY,   a.     Dissuading;    belonging    to 
dissuasion. 

DE-HORT' ED,  pp.     Dissuaded. 

DEHORT'EK.  «.     A  dissuador;   an  adviser  to  the 

DE  HORT'IXG,  ppr.     Dissuading.  [contrary. 

Dk:'I-CIDE,  n.     [It.  deicidio  ;  L.  Deus,  God,  and  c4Ed^ 
to  slay.] 

1.  The  act  of  putting  to  death  Jesus  Christ,  our 
Savior.  Prior. 

2.  One  concerned  in  putting  Christ  to  di-ath. 
DE-IF'ie,        \  a.     [L.  deus,  a    god,    and  facio.  to 
DEIF'ie-AL,!     make.] 

1.  Divine;  pertaining  to  the  gods. 

2.  Making  divine.  [TraTW.  of  Pausaniaa. 
DFWF-ie-A'TION'   n.     [Sec  Dkikt.]     The  act  of  dei- 

fying  i  the  art  of^  exalting  to  the  rank  of,  or  enroll- 
ing among  the  heathen  deities. 
DP,'I-FT-^D,  (dc'c-flde,)  pp.  or  a.    Exalted  or  ranked 
among  the  gods  ;  regarded  or  praised  as  divine. 

Di>'!-F?!^i?il    ("•    One  that  deifies. 
DE'I-FORM,  a.    [L.  deus,  a  god,  and  format  form.] 
Like  a  god  ;  of  a  godlike  form. 

Tlvie  »oiiU  exliiUl  a  dei/onn  power. 

'Jrutm.  of  Pautanias. 
DE-I-FORM'I-TY,  n.     Resemblance  of  deity 
DE'I-FY,  r.  t.     [L.  dciu,  a  gtlff,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  make  a  gtKl ;  to  exalt  to  the  rank  of  a 
heathen  didly  ;  to  enroll  among  the  deities;  as,  Ju- 
lius Cffisar  was  dcifed. 

2.  To  exalt  into  an  object  of  worship  ;  to  treat  as 
an  object  of  supreme  regard  ;  as,  a  covetous  man 
deifies  his  treasures.  Prior. 

3.  To  exalt  to  a  deity  in  estimation  ;  to  reverence 
or  praise  as  a  deity.  1  he  pope  was  formerly  extolled 
and  deifrd  by  his  votaries. 

Dk'I  FV-l.NG,  ppr.    Exalting  to  the  rank  of  a  deity  ; 

treating  as  divine. 
DfilGN,  (dine,)  V.  i.     [Fr.  daigncr  ;  It.  degnare  ;  Sp. 

difniarse  ;  I'ort.  id.  ;  L.  dignor,  from  dignus,  worthy.] 
To  think  worthy  ;  to  vouchsafe  ;  to  condescend. 

O,  dngn  to  visit  our  (oraak'rn  ■eaU.  Pop*. 


DEJ 

DEIGN,  (dune,)  v.  t.    To  grant  or  allow  j  to  conda 

scend  to  give  to. 

Nor  woukl  we  deign  him  burinl  ol  uH  men.  Shak, 

DEIGN'KD,  (dand,)  pp.     Granted  ;  condescended. 
DfiiGN'ING,  (dan'ing,)  ppr.     Vouchsafing;  thinking 

worthy. 
£>£'/  Gii^TZ-A,  (d5'I-gra'she-a,)   [L.]    By  the  grace 

of  GtKi  — words  used  in  tlie  ceremonial  discipline  of 

the  title  of  a  sovereign.  Brande. 

DEf-NO-THE'RI-UM,  n.     [Gr    Uivo^,  terrible,  and 

dt^piov,  a  wild  beast.] 
A  name  given  to  the  fossil  remains  of  gigantic 

Pachydermata,  remarkable  for  enormous  tusks  pm- 

jecliug  from  the  lower  jaw.  Dana. 

DE-IN'TE-GRaTE,    v.    t.     To  disintegrate.      [JVt>( 

IWfd.l       [See  DiSIPtTEGBATE,] 

DE-IP'^-ROUS,  a.     [L.  deiparus.] 

Bearing  or  bringing  forth  a  god  ;  an  epithet  applied 
to  the  Virgin  Mary. 
DEIP-NOS'O-PHIST,  (dipe-nos'o-fist,)  n.  [Gr.  SLi-nvov, 
a  feast,  and  ffw<^(r';s,  a  sophist.] 

One  of  an  ancient  sect  of  philosophers,  who  were 
famous  fur  their  learned  conversation  at  meals. 

As  ft.     Observer. 
De'ISM,  n.     [Fr.  deisme  ,-  Sp.  deismo;  It.  id.  ,•  from  L. 
JDfiw,  God.] 

The  doctrine  or  creed  of  a  deist ;  the  belief  or 
system  of  religious  opinions  of  those  who  acknowl- 
edge the  existence  of  one  God,  but  dcnj;  revelation  ; 
or  deism  is  the  belief  in  natural  religion  only,  or 
those  truths,  in  diKtrine  and  practice,  which  man  is 
to  discover  by  the  light  of  reason,  independent  and 
exclusive  of  any  revelation  from  God.  Hence  deism 
implies  infidelity,  or  a  disbelief  in  the  divine  origin 
of  the  Scriptures, 

The  view  wlucii  the  rising'  gre&tn'-n  of  our  country  pnwnU  Ma 
my  eyc«,  ta  grrx-xiy  laniislKil  by  the  getiir.il  pn-vitli  nc«  of 
deitm,  which,  wiUi  inc,  ia  but  iinothi^r  nunie  for  vic^  and 
dtJiiTaviiy.  P.  Henry,  Wirt'i  Skelcfut. 

D£'IST,  n.     [Fr.  dcitte;  It.  deista.] 

One  who  believes  in  the  existence  of  a  God,  but 
denies  revealed  religion ;  one  who  professes  no 
form  of  religion,  but  fullows  the  light  of  nature  and 
reason, as  his  only  guides  in  doctrine  and  practice;  a 
freethinker.  ^ 

DE-IST'IG,         )  a.    Pertaining  to  deism  or  to  deists  ; 

DE-ltr^T'lC-AL,  i  embracing  deism;  as,  ■«  deu^tical 
writer  ;  or  containing  deism  ;  as,  a  deLtical  book. 

DE-IST'ie-AL-LY,  ad.     After  the  manner  of  deists. 

jisfi. 

DE'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  diiti;  It.  deitd;  Sp.  dridad  i  L 
deltas,  from  deus,  Gr.  Ctof ,  God  ;  VV.  dmn  i  Ir.  dia  f 
Arm.  done ;  Fr.  diea ;  It.  dio,  iddio ;  Sp.  dios  ;  Port. 
dcos ;  Gipsy,  dewe,  dewel ;  Sans.  deca.  The  latter 
orthogniphy  coincides  with  the  Gr.  (li-s,  s'""4>  Jupi- 
ttT,  and  L.  divus,  a  god,  and  dium,  the  open  air,  or 
light.  So  in  W.  dj/ir,  is  day  ;  Hindoo,  ditn  ;  Gipsy, 
diiee^,  day.  Q,u.  Chinese  Ti.  The  woril  is  pr(»bably 
contracted  from  dg,  and  may  coincide  with  dnt/.  Sax. 
die^,  the  priinar>'  sensi;  of  which  is,  to  open,  expand, 
or  to  shoot  forth,  as  the  morning  light.  But  the  pre- 
cise primary  meaning  is  nt>t  certain.] 

1.  Godhead;  divinity;  the  nature  and  espence  of 
the  Supreme  Being  ;  as,  the  deity  of  the  Supreme 
Being  Is  manifest  in  liis  works. 

*2.  God ;  the  Supreme  Being,  or  infinite  sulf-exist- 
Ing  Spirit. 

3.  A  fabulous  god  or  goddess ;  a  superior  being, 
supposed,  by  heathen  nations,  to  exist,  and  to  pre- 
side over  particular  departments  of  nature;  iih,  Ju- 
piter, Juno,  .dpoUo,  Diana,  &.c. 

4.  The  supposed  divinity  or  divine  qualities  of  a 
pagan  god.  Spenser.     Ralegh. 

DE-JEGT',  V.  t.     [L.  dejicio  :  de  mni  jacio,  to  throw.] 

1.  To  cast  down  ;  usually,  to  cast  down  the  coun- 
tenance ;  to  cause  to  fall  with  grief;  to  make  to  look 
sad  or  grieved,  or  to  express  discouragement. 

Bwl  g\oomy  were  hia  ryp»,  dejected  wiu  hia  fuco.         Dryden. 

2.  To  depress  the  spirits ;  to  sink  ;  to  dispirit ;  to 
discourage;  to  dishearten. 

Nut  Ihlnk  to  die  dejeru  my  \ofly  mind.  Pope. 

DE-JEGT',  a.     [L.  dejectuf,  from  dejicio.] 

Cast  dnwn  ;  low-spirited.  Shak. 

DE-JEGT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Cast  down  ;  depressed  ; 
grieved  ;  discouraged. 

DE-JECT'ED-LV,  adp.  In  a  dejected  manner;  sad- 
ly ;  heavily.  Bacon. 

DE-JECT'ED-NESS,  v.  Tlie  state  of  being  cast 
down  ;  lowness  of  spirits. 

DE-JECT'ING,  ppr.  Casting  down;  depressing ;  dis- 
piriting. 

DE-JEG'TION,  n.  A  casting  down;  depression  of 
mind ;  melancholy ;  lowness  of  spirits,  occasioned 
by  grief  or  misfortune.  Milton, 

2.  Weakness;  as,  dcjccfion  of  appetite.  [Unusual.] 

ArbuikHol, 

3.  The  act  of  voiding  the  excrements;  or  the 
matter  ejected.  Ray, 

DE-JECT'ItY,  adv.    In  a  downcast  mnnn-T. 
DF^ECT'O-RY,  a.     Having  power  or  tending  to  cast 

down,  or  to  promote  evacuations  by  stool.     Fvrrand. 
DE-JECT'l^RE,  n.    That  which  is  ejected;   excro- 

ments.  Jirbuihnot. 


TONE.  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUg C  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  8H ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


40 


313 


BreakfRst. 
of  late 
Oilbert, 


DEL 

iu  til-  fashionable  world  for /mucJL  O 

DK  JCRF.,  [U^    Of  righu    [See  Ds  Facto.] 
DE-LAC-KR-X'TION,  «.     [L.  diiaeer^.] 

A  i:'nrmx  tn  piecf-s.     [JVut  ugttL] 
DE-LAe-RV-MA'TION,  «.     [L.  dtUerymMiot  de  and 
lecryatftUf  a  weeping.] 
A  piBternatuni]  ili:Kbarge  of  wateiT  humnra  from 


Uw  e)'es ;  w.iterisbnass  of  the  eyes. 
DEL-A^TA'TION. ».    [L.  <f«la«btti0.] 

A  weaning.    [AW  hm^J 
DEL-AP-{«A'TION,  n,    A  AlUnK  down. 


Diet, 

DE-LAPSE',  (de-laps',)  v.  u    [U  daUkor,  dtU^autt  4» 
and  labor^  tn  slide.] 
To  fall  or  slide  down. 
DE-LAPS'£D,  (dMapst',}  n».    Fallon  down. 
OE-LAP'SION,  a.    A  fallinf  down  of  tbe  utenu, 

anus,  dtc 
DE-LATE\  V.  t.    [L.  4«J«titf ;  ds  nod  l«tn«,  put.  of 
fcroy  to  tiear.] 

1.  To  carry  ;  to  convey.    [LittU  luedL]      Bamm. 
&  To  nocuae  i  to  infonn  against  y  that  is.  tu  bear 
a  dnne  aoUut.  A  Jamsom. 

DE-LA'TION,  n.    Carriage  ;  conve>-ance  ;  as,  tlie  rfe- 
kcivji  of  aound.     [LiaU  lueiL]  Bacon. 

&  Acaisalioo ;  act  of  charging  witb  a  crlaie ;  a 
Urm  ^  tka  ctoti  Uam, 
DE-LATOR,  a.    [U]    An  accuser  ;  an  iufurmer. 

Sandra. 
DB-UAT',  (dp-l2\)  e.  f.     [Pr.  dtlai.  delay  ;  Sp.  i/tiatar  ; 
Port.  u£.,  to  d^ay  ;  It  ddaUt^  delay  ;  diUaartj  to  di- 
late, to  spread  i  (roni  1^  iti/ot^u,  d\ffcro.    We  see  that 
delay  is  mun  spcending,  extending.    See  Dilatx.] 

L  To  prolong  the  time  of  acting,  or  proceeding  ^ 
Co  put  off:  to  defer. 

M;  Uml  lUtatfeA  bk  conVBg.  —  MntL  xxiv. 

9.  To  retard  ;  to  stop,  detain,  or  hinder  for  a  time  ; 
to  restrain  motion,  or  render  it  slow  ;  as,  the  mail  is 
dtUtfed  by  bad  roada. 


Tbtbiui 


wtan  uiTU  nsiM  !■«<  oA  driiyirf 
idling  bcgok  lo  bau  hta  nwtrifmL 


3.  To  allay.     [-^^  *»  **^  nor  proper.]       ^en»mr. 
DE-LAV,  c.  L    To  linger  i  to  move  slow  ;  m  to  stop 
fur  a  time.     ^ 

Tbcre  am  eertxin  boQadi  U  llw  mildcmtm  mai  ilowa—  «r  the 
■umcmIob  o^ldsMt  bqrond  wUcb  ihej  can  BBidMr  ditaw  nor 
iMMn.  £mU. 

DK-LXT\  n.    A  lingmng ;  stay  ;  stop 

SL  A  putting  off  or  deferring ;  procrastination  ;  ait, 
the  rfefey  of  tnal  is  not  lo  be  imputed  to  the  plaintiff. 
3.-  Rindemnce  for  a  time. 
DE-LAY'/:D, (de-lide%)fp.  Deferred;  detained ;  hin- 

dcn^d  fur  a  time  ;  retarded. 
DE-LAVER.  a.    One  who  deflwi :  one  who  lingers. 
DE-LA Y'lXQ,^^.    Paningoffi  deferring;  procrastK 

nating;  retarding;  detaining. 
DE-LAY'ME\T,  n,    Hinderance.  Omttr. 

DEL  CRKr>ER-E,  *.  [It.]  A  guaranty  given  by  fee- 
tnrs,  bindingthctnto  warrant  the  solvencT  of  the  pur- 
chasers vf  goods  which  they  sell  on  creiiit.  This  is 
dune  for  a  premium. 

A  dA  cridtre  commiasion  la  one  under  which  an 
agent,  on  selling  goods,  in  consideration  of  an  ad- 
ditiun:il  premium,  insures  to  his  principal  not  only 
the  ulttmnle  solvency  of  the  debtLT,  but  the  punctual 
discharge  of  the  debt.  Bouvier. 

D£'LE,  r.  (.     [L.  imperative  of  deln.] 

Blot  out ;  eniw. 
DEL'E-BLE,  a.     (U  delebiiu.] 

That  can  be  blotted  out.  More, 

DB-LEC'TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  dsZecCoMif,  from  dtUctor,  to 
delist.    See  Du-ioht.] 

Delightful ;  highly  pleasing ;  that  gives  great  joy 
or  pleaAire  ;  as,  a  ddeetahU  gu^en.  MilUm, 

DE-LEeXA-BLE-NESS,!*.    Delightfulness.  BarreL 
DE-LEe'TA-BLY,  adt.    Delightfully, 
DE-LEe-TA'TION,  K.  Great  pleasure  ;  delij-liL  More. 
DEL'E-GA-CY,  n.     \  number  of  persons  delegated. 
[We  now  \yse  DELXGATiort.]  Laud, 

DEL'E-GATE,  v.  t.  [L.  dcUgo ;  de  and  Ugo,  to  send. 
See  Legate.] 

L  To  send  awny ;  appropriately,  to  send  on  an 
embassy ;  to  send  with  power  to  transact  business, 
as  a  representative.  Ttie  president  delegated  three 
commissioners  to  the  court  of  SL  Cloud. 

2.  To  intrust ;  to  commit ;  to  deliver  to  another's 
care  and  exercise  ;  as,  to  delegate  authority  or  power 
to  an  envoy,  representative,  or  judge. 

DEL'E-GA'fE,  m.  A  person  ap[K>int4;d  and  sent  by 
another  with  powers  to  transact  business  as  his 
representative  ;  a  deputy  ;  a  commissioner  ;  a  vicar. 
In  the  Ututed  States,  a  person  elc-cted  or  appointed  to 
re|Resent  a  state  or  a  district,  in  the  congress,  or  in 
a  convention  for  forming  or  altering  a  constitution. 

a.  In  Oreo!  Britain,  a  commissioner  appointed  by 
the  king,  under  the  great  seal,  to  hear  and  dt-termine 
appeals  from  tbe  ^clesiastical  court.  Hence  the 
Qntrt  ef  Ddegetes^  is  the  great  court  of  appeal  in  all 
ecclesiastical  causes.  It  is  used  also  fur  the  court  of 
appeals  from  that  of  the  Admiralty.        Blaekstone. 

3.  A  layman  appointed  to  attend  an  ecclesiastical 
counciL 


DEL 

0EL'&<3ATE,  A.  Deputed  ;  sent  to  act  for  or  repre- 
sent another ;  n«,  a  delegate  judge.  Taylor. 

DEL'E-GA-TED,  j>p.  or  a.  Deputed;  sent  with  a 
trust  or  ctimmission  to  net  for  another ;  appointed  a 
jndse  ;  romiiiittedf  as  authority. 

DEL'E-GA-TING,  ppr.  Deputing;  sen<ling  witli  a 
commission  to  act  for  another ;  appointing ;  cum- 
mitting ;  intntsting. 

DEL-E-GA'T10\,  a.  A  sending  nway  ;  the  act  of 
putting  \n  commission,  or  investing  with  authority  to 
act  for  another ;  the  appointment  of  a  detente. 

The  dotiM  oT  reli^n  om  not  be  prjlbnited  by  Mrgndon. 

S.  MUUr. 

2.  The  person  deputed  lo  act  for  another,  or  for 
others.  Thus,  the  representatives  of  Massac Im setts 
in  congress  are  called  the  delegation,  or  whole  delega- 
tion, 

3.  In  U€  ctvil  Utw,  the  assignment  of  a  debt  to  an- 
other, as  when  a  debtor  transfers  to  another  person 
the  obligation  to  pay,  or  a  creditor  makes  over  to  a 
third  person  the  right  to  receive  payment. 

DELK.\*DA  EST  CaR-THA'OO.    [L-j     Carthage 

must  be  annihilated  —  our  rival  must  be  destroyed. 
DEL-E-MF'IC-.AL,  a.    HaWng  the  vulue  to  ease  or 

assuage  pain. 
DE-LETE',  r.  (.     [L.  deteo.} 

To  blut  ouU     [A'tft  used.]  FuUtr. 

DEUE-Te'RIOUS,  a.  [L.  deleterius,  from  deleo,  to 
blot  out  or  destroy ;  W.  dileau},  dilJiu.  Uu.  Ir.  dal- 
laim,  to  blind.] 

L  Having  the  quality  of  destroying,  or  extinguish- 
ing   life;    destructive;    poisonous;  as  a  dsieterious 
plant  or  quality. 
2.  Injurious ;  pernicious. 
DEL'E-TER-Y,  a.    Destructive  ;  poisonous. 

Huditfj-as. 
DE-L£'TION,  n,     [L.  deletio,  from  ddeo,  to  blot  out] 
1.  The  act  of  blotting  out«r  erasing. 

0.  Destruction.  [Little  used.]  Hale. 
DEL'E-TO-RY,  n.  That  which  blots  out  Taylor, 
DELF,  n.     [Sax.  delfan,  to  delve,  lo  di^.l 

1.  A  mine  ;  a  quarry  ;  a  pit  dug.    [Rarely  used.] 

2.  Elarthen  ware,  covered  with  enamel  or  white 
glazing,  in  imitation  of  China  ware  or  porcelain, 
made  at  Delll,  in  Holland  ;  properly,  Delft-ioare. 

D£'LI-A€,  IU  [from  Z)f^).«]  In  the  arta,  a  kind  of 
sculptured  vase  ;  also,  beautiful  bronze  and  silver. 

Elmes. 
DEL'I-BATE,  v.  L    [L.  deli^ ;  de  and  tibo,  to  taste.] 

To  taste  ;  to  take  a  sip.     [lAttle  used,] 
DEL-I-BA'TION,  a.    A  taste;  an  essay.    [Lttdeu^ed.] 

Berkeley. 
DE-LIB'ER-ATE,  r.  i.     [L.  delihero;  de  and  libra,  to 
^eigh  ;  IL  librare.     See  Librate.] 

To  weigh  in  the  mind ;  to  consider  and  examine 
the  reasons  for  and  against  a  measure ;  to  estimate 
the  weight  or  force  of  arguments,  or  the  probable 
consequences  of  a  measure,  iu  order  to  a  choice  or 
decision  ;  to  pause  and  consider.  A  wise  prince 
will  deliberate  before  he  wages  war. 

The  wonua  thu  dxlibtraUt  ia  lost.  Addiaon. 

DE-LIB'ER-ATE^  v.  t.  To  balance  in  the  mind ;  to 
weigh  ;  to  consider.  Laud. 

DE^LIB'ER-ATE,  a.  Weighing  facts  and  arguments 
with  a  view  to  a  choice  or  decision  ;  carefully  con- 
sidering the  probable  ctmsetiuences  of  a  step ;  cir- 

^cumspect ;  slow  in  determining;  applied  to  persons; 
as,  a  deliberate  judge  or  counselor. 

3.  Formed  with  deliberation  ;  welt  advised  or  con- 
sidered ;  not  sudden  or  rash  ;  as,  a  deliberate  opinion  ; 
a  deliberate  measure,  or  result. 

3.  Slow  ;  as,  a  deliberate  death  or  echo.  [Hardly 
legitimate,]  Bacon. 

DE-LIB'EB-A-TED,  pp.  Balanced  in  the  mind  ;  con- 
sidered. 

DE-LIB'ER-ATE-LY,  adv.  With  careful  consid«ra- 
tion,  or  delibenitiou;  circumspectly;  not  hastily  or 
rashly  ;  slowly.  This  purpose  was  deliberately  formed. 
Dn/den,     QoULsmith. 

DE-LIB'ER-ATE-XESS,  n.  Calm' con  si  deration  ;  cir- 
cumspection ;  due  attention  to  the  arguments  for  and 
against  a  mea'^ure  ;  caution.  K.  Charles. 

DE-LIU'ER-A-TIXG,  ppr.  Balancing  in  the  mind; 
weipliiuE  i  considering. 

DH:-LIB-ER-a'TION,  n.     [L.  deHberatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  deliberating;  the  act  of  weighing 
and  examining  the  reasons  fur  and  against  a  choice 
or  measure ;  considemtiun.  We  say,  a  measure  has 
been  taken  with  deliberation. 

3.  Mutual  discussion  and  examination  of  the  rea- 
sons for  and  against  a  measure ;  as,  the  deliberations 
of  a  legislative  body  or  council. 
DE-LIBER-A-TIVE,  a.  Pertaining  lo  deliberation; 
proceeding  or  acting  by  deliberation,  or  by  mutual 
discussion  and  examination  ;  as,  the  legislature  is  a 
dtliberntive  body. 

2.  Having  a  right  or  jwwer  to  delit>erate  or  discuss. 

iu  counciU,  the  bishop*  have  a  deliberative  voice,  Encyc. 

3.  Apt  or  disposed  lo  consider.  Bp.  Barlow. 
DELIB'ER-A-TIVE,  71.      A    discourse  in   which    a 

question  is  discussed,  or  weighed  and  examined.     A 
kind  of  rhetoric  employed  iu  proving  a  thing  and 


DEL 

convincing  others  of  its  irulh,  in  order  to  persuade 
them  to  adopt  it,  Encye. 

DE-LIB'ER-A-TIVE-LY,  ado.     By  deliberation. 

Burke. 
DEL'I-CA-CY,  n.     [Fr.  delicatesse  ;  Sp.  delieadeta  ;  It. 
delicateiza{  but  more  directly  from  delicate^  which 
see.] 

In  a  general  sense^  that  which  delights  or  pleases. 
Hence. 

I.  Fineness  of  texture  ;    smoothness  ;    softness ; 
tenderness  ;  as,  the  delieacy  of  the  skin  ;  and  nearly 
in  the  same  sense,  applicable  to  food  ;  as,  the  delic«cy 
of  flesh,  meat,  or  vegetables.     Hence, 
3.  Diitntinesa  ;  pleasantness  to  the  taste. 

3.  Elegant  or  leiniiiine  beauty  ;  as,  deUcaey  of 
form. 

4.  Nicety ;  minute  accuracy ;  as,  the  delicacy  of 
coloring  in  painting, 

5.  Neatness  in  dress  ;  elegance,  proceeding  from  a 
nice  selection  and  adj*istment  of  the  several  parts  of 
dress.  Speetatvr. 

6.  Softness  of  manners  ;  civility  or  politeness,  pro- 
ceeding from  a  nice  observaiji'C  of  propriety,  and  a 
desire  to  please  ;  as,  delieacy  of  behavior. 

7.  Indulgence;  gentle  treatment;  as,  delicacy  of 
education. 

8.  Tenderness  ;  scrupulousness  ;  the  quality  man- 
ifested in  nice  attention  lo  right,  and  care  to  ovoid 
wrong,  or  offense.  Bp.  Taijlor. 

9.  Acute  or  nice  perception  of  what  is  pleasing  to 
the  sense  of  tasting.  Hence,  Jigurattvely,  a  nice 
perception  of  beauty  and  deformity,  or  the  faculty  of 
such  nice  perception. 

Delicacy  of  tAste  Iciiiia  lo  invig^rutc  the  tocial  alfi;ctiont,  nnd 
inixlcnite  ihoie  ihivl  ore  letluh.  Kaine$. 

10.  That  wtiich  delights  the  senses,  particularly  the 
taste,  applied  to  eatables ;  as,  the  peach  is  a  great  deli- 
cacy. 

U.  Tenderness  of  constitution;  weakness;  that 
quality  or  state  of  tlie  animal  body  which  renders  it 
ven*  impressible  to  injury  ;  as,  delicacy  of  constitution 
or  frame. 

1*2,  Smallnfss  ;  fineness  ;  tilenderness  ;  tenuity  ;  as, 
the  delicacy  of  a  thread  or  fiber. 

13.  Tenderness;  nice  susceptibility  of  impression  ; 
as,  delicacif  of  feeling. 
DEL'I-CATE,  a.  [Fr.  delicati  Sp.  delicado;  It.  delica- 
to  :  L.  dclicattUy  connected  with  delicus,  deligtit,  de- 
leeta,  to  deligiK  ;  probably  a  commiiind  of  de  with  the 
root  of  like.    See  Delight  and  Like.] 

1.  Of  a  fine  texture;  fine;  soft;  smooth;  clear,  or 
fair  ;  as,  a  delicate  skin. 

2.  Nice  ;  pleasing  to  the  taste  ;  of  an  agreeable  fla- 
vor; as,  delicate  food  ;  a  delicate  dish. 

3.  Nice  in  perception  of  what  is  agreeable ;  dainty  ; 
as,  a  delicate  taste;  and^  Jifnirntivcly,  nice  and  dis- 
criminating in  beauty  ana  deformity. 

4.  Nice  ;  accurate ;  fine  ;  soft  to  the  eye  ;  as,  a  del- 
ieate  color. 

5.  Nice  in  forms  ;  regulated  by  minute  observance 
of  propriety,  or  by  condescension  and  attention  to  the 
wishes  and  feelings  of  others;  as,  delicate  behavior  or 
manners  ;  a  delicate  address. 

6.  Pleasing  to  the  senses  ;  as,  a  delicate  flavor. 

7.  Fine;  slender;  minute;  as,  a  delicate  thread. 

8.  That  can  not  be  handled  without  injury  or  dan- 
ger ;  that  nmst  be  touclted  with  care ;  as,  a  delicate 
point  or  topic  ;  a  delicate  question. 

9.  Composed  of  fine  threads,  or  nicely  interwoven  ; 
as,  delicate  texture  ;  hence,  soft  and  smooth  to  the 
touch  .  as,  delicate  silk. 

10.  Tender;  effeminate ;  not  able  to  endure  hard- 
ship ;  very  impressible  to  injury;  as,  a  delicate  frame 
or  constitution. 

11.  Feeble  ;  not  sound  or  robust ;  as,  deluuite  health. 
DEL'I-€ATE,  ».    Anything  nice;  a  nicety.    [Obs.] 

Jer.  \\.  34.  Dryden. 

DEL'I-CATE-LY,  a<fu.    In  a  delicate  manner;  with 
nice  regard  to  propriety  and  the  feelings  of  others. 
%  Daintily ;  luxuriously. 

They  ttuil  live  deHcaUly  are  in  kin^'  courts.—  Luke  ril. 

3.  With  soft  elegance ;  as,  an  expression  delicately 
turned. 

4.  Tenderly ;  with  indulgence  in  ease,  elegance, 
and  luxury.     Prov.  xxix. 

DEL'I-€ATE-NESS,  71.     The  state  of  being  delicate  ; 

tenderness  ;  softness  ;  effeminacy.     Dcut.  xxviii. 
DE-LI"CI0US,  (de-lish'us,)  a.    [Fr.  delicieuxi  L.  deli- 

catuSy  delicim  i  a\\.  delicioso  ;  It.  delizioso.] 

1.  Highly  pleasing  lo -the  taste;  most  sweet  or 
grateful  to  the  senses;  affording  exquisite  pleasure  ; 
as,  a  delicious  viand  ;  delicious  fruit  or  wine. 

2.  Most  ple.'isiiig  to  Ihe  mind  ;  very  grateful ;  yield- 
ing exquisite  delight ;  as,  this  poem  affords  a  delicious 
entertainment. 

DE-LI"CIOtJS-LY,  adv.  In  a  d<-licious  manner  ;  in  a 
manner  to  please  the  taste  or  gratify  the  mind  ;  sweet- 
ly ;  pleasantly;  delightfully;  as,  to  feed  deliciously ; 
to  be  deliciously  entertained. 

DE-LF'CIOtJS-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  being  de- 
licious, or  very  grateful  to  the  taste  or  mind  :  as,  the 
deliciousness  of  a  repast. 
2.  Delight ;  greal  pleasure. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^\T MeTE,  PREY.  — FIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


DEL 


DEL 


DEL 


DEL-I-GA'TION,  lu     [L.  ddigatio'^  deligo;  de  and  ligo^ 

Co  bind.] 

In  surgery^  a  hinding  up ;  a  bandaging. 
DE-LTGHT',  (de-llie',)  n.     [Fi.delice;   Sp.  dclUia;  It. 

dehzia  ;  L.  deUcia^  connected  with  detector;  probably 

allied  to  Eng.  like] 

1.  A  high  degree  of  pleasure  or  satisfaction  of 
mind  ;  Joy. 

Ut^dtlight  a  in  tlie  Uv  of  the  Lonl.  —  Ps.  [. 

2.  TTiat  which  gives  great  pleasure  ;  that  which 
affwds  deligtiL 

Tjlua  «-»i  ihe  dtlight  of  huiTinn  kinj.  Drydtn. 

I  wu  daily  hU  lUughl.  —  Pro*,  vlii. 

Delight  is  a  more  permanent  pleasure  thanjoy,and 
*'*t  dependent  on  sudden  excitement. 
DE-LIGHT',  (de-IIte',)  i-.  t,  [!?p.  deleytar :  Port,  deleiUir  ,• 
L.  delector;  Fr,  delecler.     Bee  Delight  and  Like.] 

1.  To  affect  with  great  pleasure  ;  to  please  highly  ; 
to  give  or  arrerd  high  satisfat-tion  or  joy  ;  as,  a  beau- 
tiful huidscape  delighu  tiie  eye  ;  liarmony  dcltghu  the 
ear ;  the  gtiod  conduct  of  children,  and  especially 
their  piety,  ddi^kts  their  p;irents. 

I  will  tUligkt  myvlf  ill  thy  siaiuf-*. —  P».  cjiLx. 

2.  To  receive  great  pleasure  in. 

1  lUiighl  to  do  thy  will.  —  Pa.  zl. 
DE-LIGHT',  r.  i.     To  have  or  take  great  pleasure  ;  to 
be  greatly  pleased  or  rejoiced  ;  followed  by  in. 

I  delight  in  the  law  of  God  allf  r  Uie  uiwunl  man.  —  Rom.  vii. 

DE-LIGHT'El),  pp.    Greatly  pleased;  rejoiced;  fol- 
lowed by  leit/u 

Tlut  ye  may  t>*  tUli^hUd  udth  the  abundance  oT  ber  glory.  —  la. 

IxvL 
a.  a.     Full  of  delight.  Shak. 

DE-LIGH7*'ER,  n.  One  who  takes  delight.  Barrow. 
DE-LIGHT'FJ;L.  (de-llte'ful,)  a.  Highly  pleasing;  af- 
fording great  pleasure  and  sati><fuction  ;  as,  a  ddight- 
fal  thought .  a  delightfitl  prus{>-cL 
DE-LIGHT'F(JL-LY,  ode.  In  a  manner  to  receive 
great  pleasure  ;  very  agreeably  ;  as,  we  were  delight- 
fully employed  or  entertained. 

2,  In  a  delightful  manner  :  charmingly  ;  in  a  man- 
ner to  afford   great  pleasure;  as,  Uie  lady  sings  and 


plavs  delightfully. 
DE-LlGHT'Fj;i^XE.S.S,  n.     The  quality  of  being  de- 
ligiitful,  or  of  affording  great  pleasure  ;  as,  the  deligkt- 
fuiats.i:  of  a  prospect,  or  of  scenery. 

2.  Great  pleasure  ;  delight.     [Ltas  praptrJ] 
DE-LIGUT'IMG,  ppr.    Giving  great  pleasure  ;  rejoic- 
ing. 

DE-LIGHT' LESa,  a.  Affording  no  pleasure  or  delight 

Thomaon. 
DE-LIGHT'SO>IE,  (de-IU'sum,)  a.    Very  pleasing; 

delighlfiil.  Grew. 

DE-LIGHT'.SOME-LY,  adv.    Very  pleasanUy ;   in  a 

delightful  nintiner. 
DE-LrG(rr>O.ME-NES??,n.  Delightfulnesa ;  pleasant- 
ness in  a  high  de^ee. 
IIE-LI.\'E-A-MENT,  n.    [Infra.]    Representation  by 

delineation.  Selden. 

DE-LI\'E-ATE,  v.  U     [deU/uo;  de  and  Uneo,  from  Un^ 

to,  a  line.] 
1.  To  draw  the  lines  vhich  exhibit  the  form  of  a 

thing;  to  mark  out  witn  lines  ;  tu  make  a  draught; 

to  Hketch  or  design  ;  as,  to  delineate  tlie  fonn  of  the 

earth,  or  a  diagram. 
S.  To  paint ;  tu  represent  in  a  picture  ;  to  draw  a 

likeness  of ;  aa,  to  delineate  Nestor  like  Adonis,  or 

Time  with  Absalom's  head.  Brown. 

3.  Figurattvelyy  tu  describe ;  to  represent  to  the 
mind  or  understanding :  to  exhibit  a  likeness  in 
words  ;  a.6,  to  delineate  tlie  character  of  Newton,  or 
the  virtue  of  Aristides. 

DE-LI.\'E-A-TED,  pp.  Drawn;  marked  with  lines 
cxhitiitmg  the  form  or  figure;  sketched;  designed; 
painted  ,  deficril>ed. 

DI-:-LlN'E-A-TL\G,  ppr.  Drawing  the  form;  sketch- 
iMgi  p;iintii)g;  describing. 

DE-LL\-E  A'TIO.V,  n.     [L.  ddinealio.] 

1.  First  draught  of  a  thing;  outlme  ;  representa- 
tion of  a  form  or  figure  by  line»  ;  sketch  :  design. 

2.  Representation  in  words ;  description ;  as,  the 
delineattoa  of  a  character. 

DI-:-LI\'E-A-TOR,  n.     One  who  delineates. 

DE-U\'E-A-TO-RY,  a.  Describing ;  drawing  the  out- 
lme. Scott'g  tltfuay^. 

DE-LIN'E-A-TT^RE,  n.     Delineation.     [JVot  ia  lue.] 

DE-LL\'I-MENT,  n.     [L.  delinimentum.) 
Mitigation.     [JVot  wted.] 

DE^LI.\'UUE\-CY,  (de-Iink'wen-«y,)  n.  [L.  delin- 
quo,  tij  fail  or  omit  duty  ;  de  and  liiuftw,  to  leave.] 

Failure  or  omission  of  duty  ;  a  lault ;  a  mixdeed  ; 
and  positively,  an  offense  ;  a  crime.  It  is  particular- 
ly, but  not  exclusively,  applied  to  neglect  of  duty  in 
o(nr< Ts  of  imhiic  trust. 

DE-LIN'UL'E.NT,  (de-link'went,)  a.  Failing  in  duty; 
offi-nding  liy  npglect  of  duty. 

DE^LLN'UUF.N'T,  n.  One  who  fails  to  perform  his 
duly,  jtarticularly  a  public  officer  who  neglects  bis 
duty  ;  an  offender ;  one  who  commits  a  fault  or 
crime. 

A  dtlimpitnt  ou^t  l»  be  tXtnA  in  the  plau  m  Jurisdiction  where 
Ujt  d*&nqt»»mef  w%»  cuir-miOed.  /tyiUf*. 


DE-LIN'QUENT-LY,  ode.    So  as  to  fail  in  duty. 
DEL'I-aUATE,  c.  (.  or  i.     [L.  deliqueo,  to  melt.] 

To  melt  or  be  dissolved.     [See  DKLiquEscc  and 

DELiqUlATE.]^ 

DEL'I-QUA-TED,  pp.     Melted  ;  dissolved. 
DEH-aUA'TION,  n.    A  melting.    [See  Delwuis- 

CESCE  and  Deliquiation.] 
DEL-I-UUESCE',  (del-e-kwes',)  v.  u     [L.  deli^esco, 
to  melt  i  de  and  liquesco^  from  liqueoy  to  melt  or  be- 
come soft     See  LiquiD.l 

To  melt  gradually  and  become  liquid  by  attracting 
and  absorbing  moisture  from  tlie  air,  as  certain  salts, 
acids,  and  alkalies. 
DEI^I-aUES'CE.\CE,  (del-e-kwes'sens,)  n.    Sponta- 
neous liquefaction  in  the  air ;  a  gradual  melting  or 
becoming  liquid  by  absorption  of  water  from  tlie  at- 
mosphere. Kuurcroy. 
DEL-I-aUES'CENT,  a.     Liquefying  in  the  air  ;  capa- 
ble of  attracting  moisture  from  the  atmosphere  and 
becoming  liquid  ;  as,  deliquescent  salts.       Foiireroy. 
DE-LIU'UI-ATE,   (de-lik'we-ate,)    v.  i.     [See  Deli- 
quATE.J     To  melt  and  become  liquid  bv  imbibing 
water  from  the  air.  [See  Deli<iue8ce.]  Fourcroy. 
DE-LIU-UI-A'TION,  71.     A  melting  by  attracting  wa- 
ter from  the  air. 
DE-LIU'UI-UM,  (de-Iik'we-um,)  n.     [L.]     \n  chemis- 
try^ a  melting  or  dissolution  in  the  air,  or  in  a  moist 
place.  Eju^c 
S.  A  liquid  state  ;  as,  a  salt  falls  Into  a  deliqiiiwni. 

Foureroy. 
3.  In  medicine^  a  swooning  or  fainting ;  called  also 
syneojte.  Encye.     Coze. 

DE-LrRA-CY,  n.     Delirium.  Sancrofi 

DE-LIR'A-MENT,  ti.     A  wandering  of  the  mind  ; 

foolish  fancy.     [Liale  used.] 
DE-LI'RATE,  v.  i.     [L.  deliro.] 

To  rave,  as  a  maaman.    [Jvot  in  use.^ 
DEL-i-RA'TION,   n.     [L.  d«Ww.] 

A  wandering  of  mind  ;  delirium.  Ed.  Rev. 

DE-LIR'1-OUS,  a.     [L.  deUrus.     See  Delirium.] 

Roving  in  miiid ;  light-headed;  disordered  in  in- 
tellect ;   having  ideas  that  are  wild,  irregular,  and 
unconnected. 
DE-LIR'LOLJS-LY,  adv.    In  a  delirious  manner. 
DE-LIR'I-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  delirious; 

delirium.  Johnson. 

DEI-LIR'I-UM,  n.  [L.,  from  deliro^  to  wander  in  mind, 
to  rave  ;  de  and  tiro,  to  make  balks  in  plowing,  that 
ia,  to  err,  wander,  miss.] 

A  state  in  which  the  ideas  of  a  person  are  wild, 
irregular,  and   unconnected,  or  do  not   correspond 
with  the  truth  or  with  external  objects  ;    a  roving 
or  wandering  of  the  mind  ;  disorder  of  the  intellect 
Fevers  often  produce  delirium. 
An  alienation  of  mind  connected  with  fever.   Cye, 
Symptomatic  derangement,  or  that  which  is  cle- 
pendent  on  some  other  disease,  in  distinction  from 
idiopathic  derangcnient,  or  mania. 
DS^LIR'I-UM  TRE'MEJ^S.n.  A  disease  of  the  brain, 
induced  by  the  excessive  and  prolonged  use  of  intox- 
icating liquors. 
DEL-I-TES'CENCE,    n.      [L.  delUetcentia ;   de  and 
Uueo.\ 

Retirement ;  obscurity.  -  Johnton, 

DE-LIT'I-GATE,  v.  i,     [L.  ddltiso.] 

To  chide,  or  contend  in  wonfB.    [J^ot  in  use.'] 
DE-LIT-I-GA'TION,  n.     A  chiding  ;  a  brawl.     [J^ot 

in  use.] 
DE-LI  V'ER,  v.  u    [Fr.  deXivrer;  de  and  livrer,  tn  de- 
liver: Sp.  lihrar ;  Fort.  Uorar ;  L.  liber,  free,  disen- 
pged  ;  delibrOf  to  free,  to  peel ;  Arm,  dclivra.     See 

LlRERAL,  LiBSART,   LiBRATE.] 

1.  To  free  ;  to  release,  as  from  restraint ;  to  set  at 
liberty  ;  as,  to  deliver  one  from  captivity. 

2.  To  rescue,  or  save. 

Deliver  me,  O  my  God,  from  Lbe  band  of  the  wick«-d.  —  Pa.  Ixxi. 

3.  To  give  or  transfer ;  U)  put  into  another's  hand 
or  |x>wer  ;  to  commit ;  to  pass  from  one  to  another. 

Ttiini  riiAJt  daUvtr  Phnnioli'a  cup  Into  liLi  banrl,  —  U<rn.  (I. 

So  we  say,  to  deliver  go(>d4  to  a  carrier ;  to  deliver  a 
letter ;  to  deliver  possession  of  an  estite. 

4.  To  surrender  ;  to  yield  ;  to  give  up;  to  resign  ; 
as,  to  deliver  a  fortrews  to  an  enemy.  It  is  often  fol- 
lowed Iiy  up ;  as,  to  deliver  up  the  city  ;  to  deliver  up 
stolen  goods. 

Th'  exalted  miad 
AH  aenM  of  woe  dehvert  to  iba  wind.  Pope. 

5.  To  disburden  of  a  child. 

(),  To  utter  ;  to  pronotmce  ;  to  speak  ;  to  send  forth 
In  words ;  as,  to  deliver  a  sermon,  an  address,  or  an 
oration. 

7.  To  give  forth  in  action  j  as,  the  ship  ddivfred  a 
brnndside  ;  the  troops  delivered  their  fire  ;  to  deliver  a 
blow.  Aliton. 

To  deliver  to  the  vind  ;  to  cast  away  ;  to  reject 

To  deliver  overt  to  trannfer  ;  t4)  give  or  pass  from 
one  to  another  ;  ns,  to  deliver  ovir  gooils  to  another. 

2.  To  surrender  or  renign  ;  to  put  into  another's 
power;  to  commit  to  the  discretion  of;  to  abandon  to. 

Dttioer  me  not  over  to  the  will  of  my  enenm-a,  -  -  Pi.  xxviL 

To  deliver  up  ;  to  give  up  ;  to  surrender. 
DE-LIV'ERjO.     [L.  SAn-.j 

Free;  nimble.     [Obs.j  Cfuiucer. 


DE-LIV'ER-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be,  or  is  to  be,  de- 
livered. 

A  bill  of  lading  may  state  thfU  the   gooda  an?  delivtrahU  to  a 
paiticular  peraoo  therein  named.     {^Mtrcandle  "«»««■] 

Ainer.  Stmtw. 

DE-LIV'ER-ANCE,  n.     [Fr.  deUvranee.] 

1.  Release  from  captivity,  slavery,  oppression,  or 
any  restraint 

He  bath  aent  me  to  heal  the  broken-hearted,  to  preach  c£«Iui»r> 
anc4  to  the  captivea.  —  Ltikc  iv. 

2.  Rescue  from  danger  or  any  evil. 

God  sent  me  to  nns  your  Urea  by  a  great  datioeranca.  —  Gen. 
xIt. 

3.  The  act  of  bringing  forth  children.        Bacon. 

4.  The  act  of  giving  or  transferring  from  one  to 
another. 

5.  The  act  of  speaking  or  pronouncing  ;  utterance. 
(^In  the  three  last  senses.  Delivery  is  now  used.] 
b.  Acquittal  of  a  prisoner  by  the  verdict  of  a  jury. 

God  send  you  a  good  deliverance. 

DE-L1V'ER-£D,  pp.  Freed  ;  released  ;  transferred  or 
transmitted:  passed  from  one  to  anotiier;  commit- 
ted ;  yielded  ;  surreudered  ;  rescued  ;  uttered  ;  pro- 
nounced. 

DE-LIV'ER-ER,  n.  One  who  delivers  ;  one  who  re- 
leases or  rescues ;  a  preserver. 

The  Lord  miscd  up  a  delivtrer  to  Israel,  —  Judgea  iii. 
2.  One  who  relates  or  communicates.  Boyle. 

DE-LIV'ER-ING,  ppr.  Releasing;  setting  free;  res- 
cuing ;  saving ;  surrendering ;  giving  over ;  yielding ; 
resigning. 

DE-LIVER  NESS,  n.     Nimhieness  ;  agility. 

DE-LIV'ER-Y,  n.    The  act  of  delivering. 

2.  Release  ;  rescue,  as  from  slavery,  restraint,  op- 
pression, or  danger. 

3.  Surrender;  a  giving  up. 

4.  A  giving  or  passing  from  one  to  another ;  as,  the 
ddivery  of  goods,  or  of  a  deed. 

5.  Utterance,  pronunciatitm,  or  manner  of  speak- 
ing. He  has  a  good  ddivjnry.  I  was  charmed  with 
his  graceful  delivery. 

6.  Childbirth.    Is.  xivi. 

7.  Free  motion  or  use  of  the  Ihnbs.    [Obs.] 

Sidney.     WottoTU 

DELL,  n.  [Qu.  dtde,  or  VV.  rfr//,  a  cleft  or  rift ;  or  is  it 
conlmclea  from  Sax.  deglcl] 

A  hollow  place ;  a  small,  narrow  valley  between 
two  hills.  Odbert. 

DELPH.     See  Delf,  No.  2, 

DEL'PHI-AN,  (  a.    [from  Ddphi,  a  town  of  Fhocis, 

DEL'PHie,       !       in  Greece.] 

Relating  to  Delphi,  and  to  the  celebrated  oracle  of 
that  place. 

DEL'PHIN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  dauphin  of  France  ; 
applied  particularly  to  an  edition  of  the  Latin  classics, 
preiwred  under  Ixiuis  XIV.,  in  usum  Dclphint,  lor  ttie 
dauphin's  use.  Brande. 

DEL'PHINE,  a.     [L.  dclphinus.] 

Pertaining  to  the  dolphin,  a  genus  of  fishes. 

DEL-PH1\'1-A,  "}  n.     A  vegetable  alkaloid  discovered 

DEL-PHI'NA,      (      in  the  Delphinium  staphy«agria, 

DEL'PHIAj         f      Itstaste  is  bitter  and  acrid.  When 

DEL'PHINE,  J  heated  it  melts,  but  on  cooling 
becomes  hard  and  brittle  like  resin.    Ure.   Brande. 

DEL'PlilN-ITE,  n.  A  mineral,  called  also  pintacitc 
and  epidote.  Ure. 

/J/:/.  SKOJV-'O,  (del  siin'yO.)  [It]  In  mu«c,  a  direc- 
tion to  repeat  from  the  sign. 

DEL'TA,  71.  The  Greek  letter  A.  A  tract  of  alluvial 
land  in  the  form  of  that  letter,  or  triangular.  It  is 
particularly  applied  to  such  a  tract  of  land  in  E^ypt, 
form»*d  by  two  main  branches  of  the  Kile,  ami  the 
Mediterranean  Sea ;  but  the  word  is  applied  to  any 
tract  of  land  of  a  similar  figure  and  formation. 

DEL'TOID,  fl.  [Gr.  ^cAra,  the  Utter  A,  and  eU»s, 
form.] 

1.  Kescmbling  the  Greek  A,  (delta;)  triangular; 
an  epithet  applied  to  a  muscle  of  the  shoulder ;  which 
moves  the  arm  forward,  upward,  and  backward. 

Coze. 

2.  In  butany,  shaped  somewhat  like  a  delta  or 
rhomb,  having  four  angles,  of  which  the  lateral  ones 
are  less  distant  from  the  hose  than  the  others  ;  as,  a 
ddloid  leaf.  LinntExLt.     Martyn. 

Trowel-shaped,  having  three  angles,  of  which  the 
U-rminal  one  is  inucli  further  from  the  base  than  the 
lateral  ones.  Smith. 

DE-LOD'A-BLE,  a  [See  Delude.]  Thatmay  be  de- 
luded or  leceived  ;  liable  to  be  imposed  on.  Brown. 

DE-LCDE  ,  r.  t  [L.  dduilo  ;  de  and  hidoy  to  piny,  to 
mock  ;  Ch.  and  lleb.  yi"?.  Class  Ls,  No.  3,  5, 
30,  46.] 

1.  To  deceive;  to  imjHJse  on;  to  lend  from  truth 
or  into  error;  to  mislead  the  mind  or  judgment ;  to 
beguile.  Cheat  is  generally  applied  to  deception  in 
bargains  ;  delude,  to  deception  in  opinion.  An  artful 
man  deludes  his  followers.  We  are  often  deluded  by 
false  aptwaranc».-S. 

2.  To  frustrate  or  disappoint 

DE-LCD'ED,  pp.  or  fl.     Deceived  ;  mi.sled  ;  led  into 

error. 
DE-LCD'ER,  n.    One  who  deceives;  n  deceiver;  an 

impostor  ;  one  who  holds  out  falite  pretenses. 


TCNE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  6  aa  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  TIIIB. 


DEM 

DE-LCl>  1\G,  r^.     l>ecvivinK ;  leading  astray  }   mis- 

Icndiit::  the  opinion  or  jtidement. 
D£-LCi>'l.NG,  K.    Tbe  act  nf  deceiving;  faUetiood. 


DEL'UOE,  (dpnaje,)  n.  [Fr.  rff/u;r«;  Arm,  dUmek; 
Sp.  diiitrio;  ll.  td,{  L.  dilMrifA,  di/MriHin,  from  dUmOy 
diluvta ;  dt  and  luoy  laco^  to  wash.  If  dkmgt  and  di- 
Imtium  are  the  same  wonl,  uf  whicb  there  can  be 
little  doubt,  the  fact  pmves  that  /u»,  /aro,  i*  con- 
tracted or  changed  from  UgOy  and  that  the  primilire 
word  was  Ja/v ;  and  it  is  certain  that  tile  radix  of 
fima  U  Jingo,    See  Flow.] 

1.  Any  overflowing  of  water;  an  inundation;  a 
flood  ;  a  swell  uf  water  over  the  nnturnl  banks  of  a 
river  or  shtve  uf  the  ucvan,  spreading  over  the  adja- 
cent land.  But  approprtauiffi  the  ^nal  flood  or 
overflowing  of  the  earth  by  water,  in  the  daya  of 
Noah ;  according  to  the  common  chronology,  Anno 
Uundi  1656.  Otm.  vi 
a.  A  sweeping  or  overwhelming  calamity. 

DEL'UOE,  V.  t.  To  overflow  with  water;  to  Inun- 
date ;  to  drown.  The  waten  ddmgtd  tbe  earth,  and 
dertrm'ed  the  old  worid. 

a.  To  overwhelm ;  to  cover  with  any  flowing  or 
moviRg,  spreading  tmdy.  The  nurtliern  natiuns  del- 
mgtd  the  Roomn  empire  with  their  anuies. 

3.  To  overwhelm;  to  cause  to  sink  under  the 
weight  of  a  general  or  spreading  calamity  ;  as,  tbe 
land  »  dtlm.gmd  with  corruption. 

DEL'U<>-£D,  pp.  Overflowed  ;  inundated  ;  over- 
whehn.^d. 

DEL'U^INO,  ffr.  Overfluwing;  inundating;  over- 
wbelmmi:. 

DE-LO'SION,  (de4a'aban,)  «.     [U  ddutU,    See  Db- 

LUDCJ 

1.  The  act  of  delodine  deception  ;  a  misleadinc; 
of  the  mind.  We  are  fdl  liable  to  the  dtiuautnj  o£ 
artifice. 

2.  Fal%  reprcitentation  ;  illusion  ;  error  ot  mistake 
proceediug  frum  lol^e  views, 

A^l  fondly  mounmi  Ute  dew  dc^xnoM  gonn.  Prior. 

DE-LC'SIVE,  0.  Apt  to  deceive  ,  tending  to  mislead 
tbe  »ii»d  ;  deceptive;  beguiling;  as,  deiujiv^  arta; 
dttiL-ttrf  appearances. 

DK-LC'':?IVK-LY,  adr.    In  a  delusive  manner. 

DE-LC'SIVE-\E:*i5,  a.  Tbe  quality  uf  being  delu- 
sive ;  u-ndency  to  deceive. 

DE-LC'SO-RV,'a.    Apt  to  deceive;  deceptive. 

OlnetOc 

DELVE,  (delv,)  e.  t,  [Sax.  dtf/kM;  D.  ddvemt  Ruaa. 
doiUffm :  to  d^.  Qo.  Arm.  uilla^  to  dig  or  make  a 
bule,  W.  tisU,  a  bole,  and  L.  Co/fM,  a  moie,  perhaps 
tlie  drtrer,] 

1.  To  dig ;  to  open  the  ground  with  a  spade. 

Dtlm  of  cacmnient  deptk  joat  thnuUii(4oar,  Diydtn, 

S.  To  faAom ;  to  aouiHt ;  to  penetrate. 

1  cmn  Bol  dtlm  bim  to  dw  rooL  SImk. 

DELVE,  (delv.)  h.    A  place  dug ;  a  pit ;  a  pitfall ;  a 

ditch  ;  a  den  ;  a  cave.     [AU  now  UMtL]      ^pnun*. 
DeliM  ofxoals;  a  quantity  of  foaail  cools  dug.     [M'ot 

ustd,  or  IttcoL] 
DELV'/:D,  fp.    Dug;  fathomed. 
DELV'ER,  a.    One  nbo  digs,  as  with  a  e>pade. 
DELVING,  TOT.     Dipping. 
DE-M  \*;-NET-I-Za'TIO.N',  n.    The  act  or  process  of 

d  r  magnetic  influence. 

DE  '  -H,  p.  L     To  deprive  of  magnetic  In- 

tl  re  from  a  sleep-waking  stale. 

DE.\i  .\-'.' ".  i^-M,  a.    The  practices  of  a  dema^gue. 
DEM'A-GOGL'E,  (dem'a-gog,)  a.  [Or.  ^inia/tu^ut,  from 

6rif»  'it  tb^  pc'pulace,  and  •!>  bt,  to  lead.] 

1.  A  k^der  uf  the  people ;  an  orator  who  pleases 
tbe  pc^Iaee,  and  influences  them  to  adhere  to  him. 

2.  Any  leaiider  of  the  pi.)puLire  ;  any  factious  man 
who  has  great  influence*  with  liie  great  body  of  peo- 
ple in  a  cUy  or  community. 

D|:M^xfc',(d«nSne,)i'-  [Norm.  *»»«r.  Thi. 
might  be  from  L^  damxnimmj  Fr.  domame.  In  otd  laie 
ho^t  it  is  written  dawvae,  as  if  derived  from  meuan, 
auusffa,  bouse.  In  JWrxtoa,  it  is  tvritten  also  de- 
■mat/ciu,  dimeigMe,  as  well  as  drmrine,] 

L  A  maaor-bouae  and  the  land  adjacent  or  near, 
which  a  lord  keeps  in  bis  own  bands  or  immediate 
occupation,  for  the  use  of  his  family,  as  distin^'uished 
from  his  tenemental  land.^,  distributed  among  his 
tenants,  called  bock-taiuL,  or  charter-land^  and  folk- 
tamdj  or  estates  held  in  villenage,  from  which  sprung 
cop}'hcM  estates.  BlatJutone, 

2.'  Estate  in  laitds.  Shah. 

DE-MAND',  9.  L  [Fr.  drmander ;  Pp.  and  Purt.  dt- 
mandar;  It.  domamdart  or  ditnandare ;  Ann.  mennat; 
de  and  L.  wumdoj  to  command.  I'he  L.  mando  sig- 
nifies to  send ;  hence,  to  commit  or  intrust.  To  tuJc 
is  to  press  or  wge,  Sw.  ma^a ;  Dan.  maner ;  to  put 
in  mind,  to  urge,  press,  dun  ;  to  admonish,  I<.  vwiuo- 
It  appears  that  mamdoy  swneo,  and  in«n.«,  mind,  are  all 
of  one  family  ;  as  also  Ir.  nnuana,  to  teach :  W. 
mynL,  to  will,  to  seek  or  procure,  to  insist,  to  obtain 
oi-  have  ;  Sax.  mojiiaa ;  G.  nuiJUfa.  See  Class  Mn, 
No.  7- 9.J 

1.  To  ask  or  call  for,  as  one  who  has  a  claim  or 


DEM 

right  to  receive  what  is  sought ;  to  claim  or  seek  as 
due  by  rii^hL  The  creditor  demaiuia  princiiial  and 
interest  yif  his  debu  Here  the  claim  is  derived  frum 
law  or  justice. 

2.  To  ask  by  authority ;  to  require ;  to  seek  or 
claim  an  aninwer  by  virtue  of  a  riglit  or  supposed 
right  in  tbe  interrogator,  derived  frum  his  otlice,  sta- 
tion, power,  or  authority. 

Tbe  ofitcvf*  of  tb«  cliiidrpn  of  l»mfl  —  u-?re  bpRtrn.  wid  de- 
PMmfad,  WlvKfon  lure  ra  not  fuJfiUoil  your  u*lc  lit  iiiuJniif 
brick  i  —  Ex.  T. 

3.  To  require  as  necessar)'  or  nseful ;  as,  the  exe- 
cution of  this  work  demands  grttit  industry  and  care. 

4.  To  ask  ;  to  question  ;  lu  inquire.     [LitUe  used.} 

1*ha  aol<tK>n  kUo  damoMitd  of  bim,  uyuig,  WUaI  ttioil  w«  du  I 
—  Luke  tii. 

5.  To  ask  or  require,  as  a  seller  of  goods ;  as,  what 
price  do  you  deauutd  1 

6.  To  sue  fur  ;  (o  seek  to  obtain  by  legal  process  ; 
as,  the  plalntifl*,  in  his  action,  demojids  unreasonable 
damans. 

In  Freneh,  demander  generally  signifies  simply  to 
ask,  request,  or  petition,  when  the  answer  or  thing 
asked  for  is  a  matter  uf  grace  or  courtesy.  But  in 
EmgUsky  demand  is  nuw  seUUim  used  in  that  sense; 
and  rarely  indeed  can  the  French  drmandrr  be  ren- 
dered correctly  in  Eiielisb  by  demand^  exceiH  in  the 
case  of  the  seller  of  goods,  who  demands  [asks,  re- 
quires] a  certain  price  for  his  wares.  Tbe  common 
expression,  "  a  king  sent  to  demand  another  king's 
daughter  in  marriage,"  is  improper. 
DE-.MAND',  n.  An  asking  for  or  claim  made  by  virtue 
of  a  right  ort«iippiksed  right  to  the  thing  sought ;  an 
asking  with  authority  ;  a  ch:illen)rine  as  duo;  as,  the 
demmmd  of  the  crt'ditor  was  reasunuble  ;  the  note  is 
payable  on  demand. 

He  (h«t  bM  confi'lfnep  to  tnm  bii  wWm  into dimamitw,  will  be 
'    bill  ft  litUe  WNjr  from  Utinkhtf  bo  ougtit  to  obuin  tbrro. 

Lodtt. 

3.  The  asking  or  requiring  of  a  price  for  goods 
oflered  for  sale  ;  as,  I  can  nut  agree  Ui  his  denuutd, 

3.  That  which  is  or  may  be  claimed  as  due  ;  debt ; 
as,  what  are  your  demands  un  the  estate  f 

4.  The  calling  for  in  order  to  purchase  ;  desire  to 
possess  ;  aa,  the  demand  for  the  Bible  has  been  great 
and  extensive  ;  copies  are  in  great  dnnand. 

5.  A  desire  or  a  seeking  to  obtain.  We  say,  the 
company  uf  a  gentleman  is  in  great  demand;  tlie  lady 
is  in  great  demand  or  request. 

fi.  In  /ttw,  the  asking  or  seeking  for  what  is  due 

or  claimed  as  due,  either  expressly  by  words,  or  by 

Implication,  as  by   seizure    oi   gootls  or  eiiti^  into 

lands. 
DE-MAXD'A-BLE,    a.      That    may    be    demanded 

claimed,  asked  for,  or  required  ;  as,  payment  is  der- 

mandahU  at  the  expiration  of  the  credit. 
DE-MAND'A.NT,  r.    One  who  demands  ;  the  plaintiO' 

in  a  real  action  ;  any  plaintiff. 
DE-MANU'EO,  ;ip.     Catted   for ;  claimed  ;  challenged 

as  due  ;  requested  ;  required  ;  interrogated. 
DE-MAND'ER,  n.     One  who  demands;  one  who  re- 
quires with  authority  ;  one  who  claims  as  due ;  one 

who  asks  ;  one  who  seeks  to  obtain. 
DE-MXND'L\G,  ppr.     Claiming  or  calling  fur  as  due, 

or  by  authority  ;  requiring:  asking;  pursuing  a  claim 

by  legal  process  ;  interrogating. 
DE-.MAXD'RESS,  n.     A  female  demandant. 
DE-MARC-A'TION,     See  Uemarkatio.-*. 
DE-MXRCll',  tt.     [Fr.  demarche.] 
March  ;  walk  ;  gait.    [  Obs.] 
DE-MARK-A'TION,  n.     [Sp,  demarcacion.  from  demar- 

ear;  de  and  marcar^  to  mark;  marca^  a  mark  ;  Port. 

demarcar.     See  Mark.] 

1.  The  act  of  marking,  or  of  ascertaining  and  set- 
ting a  limiL 

2.  A  limit  or  botind  ascertained  and  fixed  ;  line  of 
separation  marked  or  detennined. 

TTie  tpeeiilatJve  lin*  of  dimarkation,  wb^re  obwjirncf  ought  lo 
etui  and  lesistonce  be^ii,  u  fomt,  obacure,  and  not  eiutlj 
deliaaUe.  Burke, 

DE-ME.\N',  r.  (.  [Fr.  demcner ;  Norm,  demesner^  de- 
metter^  to  lead,  to  manage,  to  govern,  to  stir  ;  It.  Tne- 
nare ;  Sp.  raeneor.] 

1.  To  behave ;  to  carry  ;  to  conduct ;  with  the  re- 
ciprocal pronoun ;  as,  it  is  our  duty  to  demean  our- 
eelres  with  Immility. 

2.  To  treat.  Spenser. 
DE-MEAX',  r.  t,     [de  and  mean.]     To  debase  ;  to  un- 
dervalue.    [JV*o(  used.]  ShaJc. 

DE-M  kAN',  n.    Behavior ;  carriage  ;  demeanor.  [  Obs.] 

Spenser. 
2.  Mien.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

DE-MkAIS''£JD,  pp.  Behaved  well;  in  a  good  eeitse. 
Lessened  ;  dt;batied  ;  in  a  bad  sense. 

DE-MkAN'ING,  ppr.  Behaving ;  also,  debasing  one's 
feir. 

DE-MeAN'OR,  n.    Behavior;  carriage;  deportment 
ns,  dt^cent  demeanor  ;  sad  demeanor,  Milton. 

DE-MeAN-UUE,  tt.     Behavior.     [J^Tot  in  use.] 

DE  JSE-DI-E^TA'TE,      [L.]     A  jury  de  wedietate  is 
one  composed  of  half  natives  and   half  foreigners — 
used   in  actions  in  which  a  foreigner  is  a  party,  or 
half  of  common  Jurors  and  half  of  men  of  tbe  eta 
to  which  one  of  the  parties  belongs.         Blackstone. 


DEM 

DE'MKN-eY,  n.     [L.  dementia.] 

Madness.     rjVi»(  in  use.]  Skelton. 

DE-MEjN'T.\TE,  a.     Mod;  infatuated,       Hammond. 
DE-MEN'TATE,  o.  L     [L.  demento;  de  and  mens.] 

Tu  make  mad.  Burton. 

DE-MEN'TA  TED,  pp.     Rendered  mad. 
DE-MEN-TA'TION,  n.    The  act  t.f  making  frantic. 

H'httlock. 
DE-MENT'ED,  a.     Crazy;  infatuated.    Quart.  Rev. 
DE-MEPH-1-TI-ZA'TION,  n.     [See  Dkmkphitixe.] 
The  act  of  purifying  from  mephitic  or  foul  air. 

Aled.  Repository. 
DE-MEPH'I-TIZE,  ».  t     [d«  and  mephitis^  foul  air,  or 
ill  smell.] 
To  purify  from  foul,  unwholesome  air. 
DE  M  KPn'l-TrZ-£U,  pp.  Purified  ;  freed  from  fout  air. 
DK-MEPH'!  TIZ-ING,  ppr.     Purifying  from  foul  air. 
DE-MER'IT,  tt.     [Fr.  demcrite;   de  and  merite,  merit, 
L.  nifrifum,  from  jnereo,  to  earn  or  deserve.  The  Latin 
demerro  is  used  in  a  good  sense.     See  Merit.] 

1.  Thai  which  deserves  punishment,  the  oppMsite 
of  merit ;  an  ill-deserving  ;  ttiat  which  is  blamable  or 
punishable  in  moral  conduct ;  vice  or  crime. 


Mine  ii  the  merit,  the  demerit  thioe. 


Dryden. 


2.  .^nciently^  merit ;  desert ;  in  a  good  sense.  Shak. 
DE-MER'IT,  V.  t.    To  deserve  blame  or  punishment. 


[/  beliene  not  in  use.] 
PE-MERS'i':D,  (den 


merst',)  a.     [L.  demersus.] 
Plungt'd  ;  situated  or  growing  under  water. 
DE-MER'SION,  (de-mer'shun,)  ;u     [L.  demersioj  from 
demergOj  to  plunge  or  drown.] 

1.  A  plunging  into  a  fluid  ;  a  drowning. 

Trans,  of  Pausanias. 

2.  The  state  of  being  overwhelmed  in  water  or 
earth.  Raij. 

3.  The  putting  of  a  medicine  in  a  dissolving  liquor. 

Dicu 
DE-MES'MER-IZE,  r.  U     [from  Mesmer.]     To  excite 
or  relieve  from  mesmeric  influence.     [See  Mcsmee- 

DE-.m'kSNE',  fde-meen'.)     See  Demain. 

DB-MeSN'I-AL,  (de-me'ni-al,)  a.  Pertaining  to  a  de- 
mesne. Maunder. 

DEM'I,  a  prefix,  [Fr.  rfcmi,  from  the  h.  dimidium,]  signi- 
fies fia(f.  It  is  used  only  in  composition.  [See  also 
Ukmy.] 

DEM'I-BXTn, )  tt,    A  bath  in  which  only  the  lower 

DKM'!-BAL\,  (      half  of  the  body  is  immersed.. 

DEM'l-BRI-GADE',  n.     A  halfbrigade.        [GtlherU 

DEM'I-CA'DENCE,  ti.  In  music,  an  imperfect  ca- 
dence, or  one  that  falls  on  any  oilier  ttiau  the  key- 
note. Busby. 

DEM'l-eAN'NO\,  n.  The  obsolete  name  of  a  kind 
of  ordnance  carrying  a  ball  of  from  30  to  3'J  [Hitinds 
in  weigtit, 

DEM'I-eUL'VER-IN,  n.  Tlie  obsolete  name  of  a  kind 
of  ordnance  carrying  a  ball  of  9  or  10  pounds  in 
weight.  Johnson.     Encyc 

DE.\1-I-DE'I-FV,  r.  t.     To  deify  in  part.         Cowper. 

DEM'I-DEV-/L,  (dev'l,)  n.     Half  a  devil.        Shak. 

DEM'I-DIS'T.ANCE,  n.  In  fortification,  the  distance 
between  the  outward  polygons  and  the  flank. 

DEM'I-DI'TONE,  n.     In  music^  a  minor  third.  Busby. 

DEM'I-GOD,  n.  Half  a  g$d  ;  one  partaking  of  the  di- 
vine nature  ;  a  fabulous  hero,  produced  by  the  cohab- 
itation of  a  deity  with  a  mortal.        Milton.     Pope. 

DEM'l-GOD'UESS,  n.     A  female  demi-god,   Campbell. 

DEM'I-GORGE,  n.  In  fortification,  that  part  of  the 
polygon  which  remains  after  the  Hank  is  raised,  and 
poes  from  the  curtain  to  the  angle  of  llie  polygon.  It 
IS  half  of  the  vacant  space  or  entrance  into  a  bastion. 

Enajc. 

DEM'I-GROAT,  (grawt,)  n.     A  half-groat.    Shenstone. 

DE.M'I-JOH.V,  (dem'i-jon,)  n.     [Fr.  dam^eanne.] 

A  glass  vessel  or  Iwttle  with  a  large  body  and  small 
neck,  inclosed  in  wicker-work. 

DE.M'I-LANCE,  n.  Alight  lance;  a  short  spear;  a 
half-pike.  Dnjden. 

DEM'I-LCXE,  n.  A  work  constructed  beyond  the 
main  ditch  of  a  fortress,  and  in  front  of  the  curtain 
between  two  bastions ;  its  object  is  to  defend  the  cur- 
tain. P.  Cye. 

DEM'I-MAN,  n.     Half  a  man  ;  a  term  of  reproach. 

Knowles. 

DEM'I-NA-TIJR-ED,  o.  Having  half  the  nature  of 
another  animal,  Sliak. 

DEM'I-OF-FI"CIAL,  (-of-fish'al,)  a.  Partly  official 
or  authorized.  O.  Morris. 

DEM'I-PREM'I-SES,  n.pl.     Half  premises.  Hooker. 

DEM'I-aUA-VER,  n.  A  note,  in  music,  of  half  the 
length  of  the  quaver. 

DEM'I-RE'UE'yO,n.  [It.]  In  5cu/p(urc,  half  relief, 
or  the  standing  out  of  a  figure  from  the  backgrountl 
by  half  its  thickness. 

DEM'1-REP,  n.  A  woman  of  suspicious  chastity. 
[Demi-reputation.] 

DEM'I-SEM'I-QUA-VER,  n.  A  short  note'  in  music, 
two  of  wliich  are  equal  to  a  semi-quaver. 

DEM'I-TINT',  n.  [Demi  and  tint.]  In  painting,  a 
gradation  of  color  between  positive  light  and  positive 
sltade.  Eimes, 

DEM'I-'i'O.NE.n,  In  MMtc,  an  interval  of  half  a  tone ; 
a  semi-tone. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.,\T.  —  MeTE,  PREY.  — PT.VE,  MARtNE,  BIRO  —NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


DEM 

DEM'I-V!LL,  n,  A  halfvill,  consisting  of  five  free- 
iiu'n  tir  frmikpledgeti.  Spelman.     Btackntone. 

DE>ri-VOLT,  II.  [d^tni  and  voU,  caulu]  One  of  the 
seven  artificial  inolions  of  a  horse,  in  which  he 
misfs  his  ftire  legs  in  a  particular  mnuner. 

DEM'I-WOLF,  n.  Haifa  wolf;  a  mongrel  dog,  be- 
tween a  5og  and  a  wolf;  lycisca.  S/utJc 

DEM'I- IRATE,  r  i.     [L.  demi^o.] 
To  rni^nite,  which  see. 

DEM-I-GRA'TION,  n.     Emieration,  which  see. 

DE-MTS'A-BLE,  a.  [t^ee  Demise.]  That  may  be 
leased  ;  as  an  estate  demisable  by  cony  of  court  roll. 

DE-MISE',  n.  [Fr.  deinis^  demise^  from  dcmcttre,  L. 
demiOtiydrmissio  ;  de  and  mttto^Tx,  mrttre.  Literally^ 
a  laying  down,  or  sending  from  ;  a  removing.] 

1.  In  FM^land,  a  laying  down  or  removal,  applied 
to  the  crown  or  royal  authority.  The  rfcwi.fe  uf  the 
crown  is  a  transfer  of  the  crown,  royal  authority,  or 
kingdom,  to  a  successor.  Thus,  when  Edward  IV. 
was  driven  from  his  throne  for  a  few  months  by  the 
house   of  Lancaster,  tiiis  temporary'  transfer  of  his 

.  dignity  was  called  a  demise.  Thus  the  natural  death 
of  a  kinfifor  queen  came  to  be  denominated  a  demLfe, 
as  by  that  event  the  crown  is  transferred  to  a  suc- 
cessor. Blackstime. 

3.  In  later  usage^  the  death  of  any  distinguished 
individual ;  as,  the  demise  of  Mr.  PitL.  Troticr. 

3.  A  conveyance  or  transfer  of  an  estate,  by  lease 
or  will. 

Demise  and  redemise;  a  conveyance  where  there 
are  mutual  leases  made  from  one  to  another  of  the 
same  land,  or  something  out  of  it.  Encye. 

DE-MISE',  r.  L    To  transfer  or  convey  ;  to  lease- 
a.  To  bequeath  ;  to  grant  by  will.  Swifl, 

DE-MI*'£D,  pp.     Granted  or  left  by  will. 

DE-MIS'IXG,  ;>pr.     Bequeathing;  granting  by  will. 

DE-MIS'SION,  (de-mish'un,)  tu  A  lowering;  degra- 
dation ;  depression.  L* Estrange. 

DE-MI3S'IVE,  >   a.     Humble.      \Litae  used.] 

DE-MISS',  i  Siienslone. 

DE-MISS'LY,  ot/r.    In  a  humble  manner.    [J^ot  tistiL] 

DE-MIT',  t).  K     [U  demitto.l 

To  let  fall  ,  to  depress  ;  lo  submit.     [JVvt  used.] 

DEMM-L'RfiE.  It,  [Gr.  ^nfiiovpyos ;  6nt*toi,  a  public 
servant,  and  e^yov-,  work.] 

In  the  mythology  of  Eastern  philosophers,  ft  subordi- 
nate deity  or  eon,  employed  in  the  creation  of  the 
world  ;  a.  subordinate  workman.  Eneye. 

DEM-l-URC'ie,  0.    Pertaining  to  a  demiurge. 

Trans,  qf  Pausanias. 

DE-MO€'RA-CY,  n.  [Gr.  SripOKpana  ;  ini^^s,  people, 
Dud  Kparco)^  to  possess,  to  govern.] 

Government  by  the  people  ;  a  form  of  government, 
in  which  the  supreme  power  is  lodged  in  the  hands 
of  the  people  collectively,  or  in  which  the  people 
exercise  the  powers  of  legislation.  Such  was  the 
government  of  Athens. 

DE.M'O-CRAT,  a.  One  who  adheres  to  a  gnvemment 
by  the  peopip,  or  favors  the  extension  of  Uie  right  of 
suffrage  to  all  classes  of  men. 

DEM-O  CRAT'ie,         (   a.      Popular  ;    pertaining  to 

DE.M-O  GRAT'IC-AL,  \  democracy,  or  government 
by  the  people  ;  as,  a  democralicat  form  of  government. 

DEM-O-CRAT'ie-AL-LY,  aJr.  In  a  demr»critical 
manner.  Sidney. 

DF^Mf»e'RA-TIST,  n.    The  same  as  Democrat. 

DE-MOC'RA-TY.  n.    Democracy. 

Dfi-.MO-GOR'GO.N,  n.      [Gr.  Saiputv,  divinity,  and 

•    yopyoi^  dreadful.] 

IMeraUij,  terrible  deity  ;  a  mysterious  divinity 
among    the    ancients,  mentioned    by  Milton. 

Brande. 

DE-MOL'ISH,  r.  t.  [Ft.  demolir,  drmotit.mnt :  Kjj.  de- 
mater:  It.  demttlirt :  I<.  demalior ;  de  and  moUor.  to 
build.     Cla^  Ml,  .No.  13,  \h.] 

To  throw  or  pull  down  ;  to  raw  ;  to  destroy,  as  a 
heap  or  structure  ;  to  sepaniie  any  collected  mass,  or 
the  connected  parts  of  a  thing ;  to  ruin  ;  as,  tu  d<- 
molisK  an  edifice,  nr  a  mound  ;  to  demolish  a  wnll  or 
fortification. 

DE-.MOL'IHH-ED,  Cl'-'Wol'isht,)  pp.  or  a.  Pulled 
down  ;  throMHi  down  ;  razed  y  destroyed,  as  a  fab- 
ric or  structure. 

DE-MOL'ISH-ER,n.  One  who  pulls  or  throws  down  ; 
one  who  destroys  or  lays  waste  ;  as,  a  demoUshrr  of 
towns. 

DE  MOL'ISFI-lNG,  ppr.  Pulling  or  throwing  down  ; 
d.etriiviiig. 

DE-MOlViaH-MENT,  n.     Ruin;   overthrow. 

Beaum. 

DE.M-O-M"TI0N,  (dem-o-lish'un.)  n.  The  act  of 
overthrowing,  pulling  down,  or  i]estn>ying  n  pile  or 
structure;  ruin  ;  destruction;  as,  the  deiiwluion  of  ti 
house,  or  of  mditary  works. 

DE'MON.n  JL.  (/(TJHOrt  ,■  Gr.  rl^i/juc  ;  Sp.  Xi.  demonio  ; 
Fr.  demon;  Ir.  dramal,  or  deamon.  The  origin  and 
primary  sense  of  thi:3  word  I  have  not  been  able  to 


ascertain.  Q,».  Ar.  *.4^  t/oAima,  daima^  to  fall  sud- 
denly, to  ni^h,  to  overwhelm,  to  obscure,  to  blacken  -, 
whence  ini«fonune,  black,  blackness,  evil,  a  mon- 
ster.    Or  li  it  a  compr>und  of  dea,  dia^  deus,  and  mottj 


DE^M6'M-A€,         ) 
DEM-0-.\I'Ae-AL,J'' 
DE-.MO'.\I-AN,         ) 


DEM 

a  word  signifying  evil,  from  the  Persian?    I  place 
little  confidence  in  these  conjectures.] 

A  spirit,  or  immaterial  being,  holding  a  middle 
place  betwf^en  men  and  the  celestial  deities  of  the 
pagans.  The  ancients  believed  that  there  were  good 
and  evil  demons,  which  had  influence  over  the 
minds  of  men,  and  that  these  beings  carried  on  an 
intercourse  between  men  and  gods,  conveying  the 
addresses  of  men  to  the  gods,  and  divine  benefits  to 
men.  Hence  demons  became  the  objects  of  worship. 
It  was  supposed,  also,  that  human  spirits,  after  their 
departure  from  tlie  body,  became  demons,  and  that 
the  souls  of  virtuous  men,  if  highly  purified,  were 
exalted  from  demons  into  gods.  In  the  Scriptures,  the 
Greek  iaiiiMf  is  rendered  decil,  and  sometimes,  at 
least,  improperly  ;  for  nothing  is  more  certain  than 
that  ditferent  beings  are  intended  by  M'i{J  >\'s  and 
^atfiu)..  The  demons  of  the  New  Testament  were 
sup)>osed  to  be  spiritual  beings  which  vexed  and  tor- 
mented men.  And,  in  general,  the  word,  in  modern 
use,  signifies  an  evil  spirit  or  genius,  which  influ- 
ences the  conduct  or  directs  the  fortunes  of  mankind. 
£See  Canipl>elPs  IHsserl,] 

Di:'MO\-KS.S,  Tt.     A  female  demon.  Jlcde. 

DE-M6'M-A€,         )  „     Pertaining  to  demons  or  evil 
spirits. 

From  thv  demoniac  holds.  Milton. 

2.  Influenced  by  demons  ;  produced  by  demons  or 
evil  spirits 

Demoniac  phreaay.  MUUin, 

DE-MO'NI-AC,  n.  A  human  being  possessed  by  a 
demon  ;  one  whose  volition  and  other  mental  facul- 
ties are  overpowered,  restrained,  or  disturbed,  in 
their  regular  opi-ration,  by  an  evil  spirit,  or  by  a  cre- 
ated spiritual  tteing  of  superior  power.  Encyc. 

DEM-O-XI'AC-AL-LY,  adp.  In  a  demoniacof  man- 
ner. 

DE-MO-NI'A-CISM,  n.  The  stats  of  being  demoniac; 
or  the  practice  of  demoniacs.  JfUman, 

DE-MO'M-ACS,  It.  pi.  in  church  history,  a  branch  of 
the  Anabaptists,  whose  distinguishing  tenet  was, 
that,  at  the  end  of  the  world,  the  devil  will  be  saved. 

Encyc. 

DE-M5'NI-AX-ISM,  n.  The  slate  of  being  possessed 
by  a  demon.  IVarburton. 

Dg'MON-ISM,  n.    I'he  belief  in  demons  or  false  gods. 

DCMON-IZE,  V.  t.  To  convert  Into  a  demon  ;  to  in- 
fuse the  principles  or  fury  uf  a  demon. 

DE-.MON-0€'RA-CY,  n.     [Gr.   t^a./^tji',   demon,   and 
Kparcui,  to  hold.] 
The  wjwer  or  government  of  demons. 

DE-MON-OL'A-TRY,  n.     [Gr.   iatfitov,  demon,  and 
XuToeitiy  worship.] 
The  worship  of  demons,  or  of  evil  spirits.  Campbell. 

DB-MOX-O-LOG'ie,         (  a.    Pertaining  to  demonoU 

DE-MON-O-LOO'ie-AI.,  (      ogy 

DE-MON-OL'0-61ST,  n.  One  who  writes  on  demon- 
ology. 

DE-M0N-0L'0-6Y,  n.  [Gr.  Jai/iui',  demon,  and 
Xuyofy  discourse.] 

A  discourse  on  demons  ;  a  treatise  on  evil  spirits. 
So  King  James  entitled  his  book  concerning  witches. 

DE-MOivO-MIdT,  n.  [Gr.  oai;iwf ,  demon,  and  co/xof, 
law.] 

One  that  lives  in  subjection  to  the  devil,  or  to  evil 
spirits.  Herbert, 

DE-MON'O-MY,  n.  [Supra.]  The  dominion  of  de- 
mons, or  evil  spirits.  lierberL 

D^'.MON-KY,  n.     Demoniacal  influence. 

Mtss  J.  BaiUie. 

Dk'MOM-PHIP,  Tt.    The  slnle  of  a  demon.       Mede. 

DE-.MO.N'STRA-ULE,  a.  [See  Demosstbate.I  That 
may  be  demonsiruted  ;  that  may  be  proved  beyond 
doubt  or  contradiction  ;  capable  uf  being  shown  by 
certiiin  evidence,  or  by  evidence  that  admits  of  no 
douhl ;  as,  the  principles  of  geometry  are  demonstrable. 

DE-MON'STRA-ULE-NES.s,  ».  Tiie  quality  of  being 
demonstrable. 

DE-MOiN'STR.VBLY,  arfo.  In  a  manner  to  preclude 
doubt ;  lieyntid  tile  [)ossihility  of  contradiction. 

DE-MUN'STKATE  or  DEM'OiN-STRATE,  p.  U  [L. 
drmonstro  I  de  and  monMra,  to  hhow  ;  Fr.  dcmontrer; 
Sp.  and  Port,  drmoittrar ;  It.  dimostrare.  See  Muster.] 
1.  To  show  or  prove  to  be  certain  ;  to  prove  beyona 
the  possibility  of  doubt ;  to  prove  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  reduce  the  contrary  position  to  evident  absurd- 
ity. We  demun.ftrate  a  problem  in  geometry,  or  a 
proposition  in  ethics,  by  showing  that  the  contrary  is 
absurd  or  imgsissibic, 

S.   In  anattJiny.Xti  exhibit  the  parts  when  dissected. 

DE-MON'^*TRA-TED  or  DEM'UN-STRA-TED,  pp. 
Proved  beyiHid  the  possibility  of  doubt;  rendered 
certain  to  the  mind. 

DE-MON'STRA-TINGor  DEM'ON-STRA-TING,  ppr. 
Proving  to  be  certiin  ;  evincing  beyond  the  possibil- 
ity of  doubt. 

DEM-ON-STRA'TION,  n.  Literally,  a  showing  forth 
or  exhibition,  commonly  in  the  plural ;  as,  devtonstra- 
tions  of  joy.  Mitford. 

9.  The  act  of  demonstrating,  or  of  exhibiting  cer- 
tain proof. 


DEM 

3.  The  highest  degree  of  evidence  ;  certain  proof 
exhibited,  or  such  proof  as  estuhlishes  a  fact  or  prop- 
osition beyond  a  possibility  oi  'oubt,  or  as  allows 
the  contraiy  positio;i  to  be  absurd  or  impossible. 

4.  Indubitable  evidence  of  the  senses,  or  of  reason  ; 
evidence  which  satisfies  the  mind  of  the  certainty  of 
a  fact  or  proi«isili(>n.  Thus,  we  hold  that  the  works 
of  nature  exhibit  demonstration  of  the  existence  of  a 
God. 

5.  In  lo^ic,  a  series  of  syllogisms,  all  whose  prem- 
ises are  either  definitions,  self-evident  truths,  or  prop- 
ositions already  established.  Encyc. 

6.  In  anatomy,  the  exhibition  of  parts  dissected 

7.  In  viilitary  affairs,  a  movement  of  troops  toward 
a  given  point,  as  if  to  make  an  attack.     Hence, 

8.  Any  movement  against  or  attempt  U[hiu  ;  as. 
Napoleon  made  his  first  demonstratiun  on  Holhind. 

.^lison^s  Europe. 
DE-MON'STRA-TIVE,ii.    Showingor  proving  by  cer- 
tain evidence  ;  having  the  power  of  demonstration  ; 
invincibly  conclusive  ;  as,  a  demonstrative  argument, 
or  demonstratice  reasoning. 

9.  Having  the  power  of  showing  with  clearness 
and  certainty  ;  as,  a  demonstratioe  figure  in  painting. 

Dryden. 
3.  Among  the  Latin  rhetorieiatts,  that  lays  open  or 
explains  with  clearness,  force,  and  beauty  ;  as,  de- 
monstrative eloquence.  Blair. 

DE-MON'STRA-TIVE-LY,  adv.  With  certain  evi- 
dence ;  with  proof  which  can  not  be  questioned  j 
certainlv;  clearly;  convincingly. 

DE-MOi\'STRA-TIVE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being 
demcmsimtive. 

DEM'0\-STR  A-TOR,  n.  One  who  demonstrates  ;  one 
who  proves  any  thing  with  certainty,  or  with  indu- 
bitable evidence. 

3.  In  anatomy,  one  who  exhibits  the  parts  when 
dissected. 

DE-MO\'STR  A-TpRY,  fl.  Tending  to  demonstrate  ; 
having  a  tendency  to  prove  beyond  a  possibility  of 
doubt. 

DE-MOR-AL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  [See  Demoralize.] 
The  act  of  subverting  or  corrupting  morals  ;  destruc- 
tion of  moral  principles. 

DE-MOR'AL-IZE,  v.  u     [de  and  moralize  or  vwral] 
To  corrupt  or  undermine  the  morals  of;  to  destroy 

*  or  lessen  the  efiect  of  moral  principles  on  ;  to  render 
corrupt  in  morals. 

Tbe  effect  wouJd  Im  lo  i»mora3ixa  mnnldnd. 

GraOan.  on  Catholic  Petition. 

The  native  *lSor  of  the  loul  muat  wlwlly  disHpp^ur,  iiiuicr  the 
■tevly  liinuence  and  (he  demoralixinif  cxiuiipli;  uf  prullig^.ito 
pow^r  nod  proipcroui  crim«.     Walsh,  LeUeri  on  Prance, 

DE-MOR'AL-IZ-KD,  pp.    Corrupted  in  morals. 
DE-MOR'AL-IZ-ING,  ppr.     Corrupting  or  destroying 
morals  or  moral  principles. 
2.  a.  Tending  to  destroy  morals  or  moral  principles. 
DEM-OS-THEN'IC,  a.     Pertaining  to   Demosthenes, 

the  Grecian  orator. 
DE-MOT'ie,  a.     [Gr.  STjporiK'^i,  from  ^f?/i"5,  people.] 
Popular  ;  common  ;  pertaining  to  the  peojtle. 

Russell. 
Demotic  characters,  among  the  ancient  Egyptians, 
were  a  conversion  of  hieroglyphics  into  a  kuid   of 
current   hand,  for   popular    use,   approaching    very 
nearly  to  nlphabeiicut  writing.  Brande. 

DE-MULCE',  (de-muls',)  v.  t.     [L,  drmulceo.] 

To  sotilhe  ;  to  soften  or  pacify.     [JVat  used.] 
DE-MUL'CENT,  a.     [L.  demulcens,  dcmuUeo  ;  de  and 
mulcco,  to  stroke,  to  ttoften  ;  allied,  perhaps,  lo  moUis^ 
mclluw.] 

Softening ;  mollifying  ;  lenient ;  as,  oil  is  dcmul- 
cenL 
DE-MUL'CENT,  n.  Any  medicine  which  lessens  the 
effects  of  irritation  on  the  solids ;  that  which  softens 
or  mollifies;  as  gums,  roots  of  marsti-mallows,  and 
other  mucilaginous  substances. 
DE-MUR',  V.  I.  [Fr.  demeurrr;  Sp.  demfirar ;  Port. 
demorar  i  It.  dimorare;  L.  dcmoror :  de  and  moror,  to 
stay  or  delay,  mora,  delay  }  Arm.  miret,  to  hold  ;  Sax. 
merran,  myrran,  to  hinder;  allied  to  L.  miror,  and 
Eng.  to  moor,  Sp.  amarrar.] 

1.  To  stop ;  to  [Miuso  i  to  hesitate  ;  to  susjKmd  pro- 
ceeding ;  to  delay  deterniinalion  or  conclusion.  On 
receiving  this  iiifornialion,  the  minister  dctnurrcd,  till 
he  could  obtain  further  instructions. 

2.  In  law,Ui  stop  at  any  point  in  the  phmdings, 
and  rest  or  abide  on  that  point  in  law  for  a  decision 
of  the  cause.  Thus  the  defendant  may  demur  to  the 
pluintifTs  declaration,  alleging  it  to  be  insufiicient  in 
law  ;  the  plaintitT  may  demur  to  tJie  defendant's  plea 
for  n  like  reason. 

DE-MUR',  V.  U     To  doubt  of.     {Xot  legitimate.) 

Mtllon. 

DE-MUR',  TU  Stop;  pause;  hesitation  as  to  liie  pro- 
priety oi  proceeding ;  suspense  of  proceeding  or  de- 
cision. 

All  mjr  dtmara  but  double  hit  fttUcln.  PojM. 

DE-MCRE',  a.    [Perhaps  from  rfemur,  that  is,  set,  fixed, 

stayed,  silent.] 

Sober;   grave;   modest;  downcast;  as,  a  demure 

countenance  ;  a  demure  abasing  of  the  eye.    Baron. 
DE-MORE',  V.  L    To  look  with  a  grave  countenance. 

[JVwi  used.]  Shak. 


TONE,  B[;LL,  IGNITE.— AN"GEK.  V1"CI0US.  — €  as  K ;  O  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  8H ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

'  '  317" 


DEN 

DE-MORE'LV,  adr.    With  a  frave,  solemn  counte- 
nance ;  with  a  filed  liwk  ;  willi  a  soleiua  grayity- 
bop*!  daimel  mx  thmm^b/  ■(  tiv  boanl'i  rnrl.  Bamn. 

DB-MCRE'NGSS,  a.  Gravity  of  countenance  ;  sober- 
ne»0 ;  a  modest  look.  Sidnetf. 

DE-MrR'RAGE,  «.  [See  Dimiii.]  An  allowance 
made  to  the  owner  ofa  trading  vessel,  for  delay 
or  detention  in  port  beyond  the  appointed  time  of 
deiBrtutr.  This  expenao  ia  paid  by  the  merchant 
who  causes  the  detention. 

DE-MUR'RKD,  (de-niunl',)  (»p.    Stopped  ;  objected  ta 

DB-MU&'RER,a.     One  who  demurs. 

ft.  In  tmB,  a  stop  at  Mine  point  in  tba  pleadings, 
and  a  resting  of  the  decision  of  the  cause  on  thai 
point ;  an  issue  on  mailer  of  law.  A  demurrer  con- 
tuses the  fact  or  facts  to  be  true,  but  denies  the  suf- 
ficiency of  the  facts  in  |H>int  of  law  lo  support  the 
claim  or  defense.  A  demurrer  may  be  tendered  lo 
the  declaration,  to  Um  plea,  to  the  replication,  to  the 
rejmnder,  ic  BlackttmMt. 

DE-ML'R'RI.NG,  pfr.  Buppini ;  pausing  ;  suspending 
proceedings  or  decision  ;  renting  or  abidmg  on  a  point 
in  law. 

DB-.MT',  a.     [Fr.  itmi,  half.] 

I.  A  paiticulai  sixe  of  paper  ;  a  kind  of  paper  of 
small  sis«. 
a.  A  half  fellow  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford. 

DEN,  N.  [Sal.  lim,  dfnt^  denm^  a  valley  ;  lU  Una  ,-  Fr. 
tmmttrt;  Ir.  uiniudMf,] 

1.  A  cave  or  hollow  place  in  the  earth  ;  usually  ap- 
plied bi  a  cave,  pit,  or  subterraneous  rvcess^  used  for 
concealment,  shelter,  prot(X-tion,  or  security ;  as,  a 
lion's  dt» ;  a  dM  of  rubbers  or  thieves. 

TtK  bSMtt  go  iaao  dm*.  —  Job  xsxvlL 

tV  diifclmi  oTUnd  UM]*  ihenmrittm  dM«.  —Jmlgm-wL 

9.  As  a  termination,  in  names  of  places,  it  denoces 
the  place  bi  be  in  a  valley  or  near  a  wood. 

DEN,  r.  t.    To  dwell  as  in  a  den. 

DE-NX8'eOT-tZE,  v.  t.  [Jt  and  •artMic.]  To  de- 
prive of  narcoline  ^  as,  to  demarcotiii  opium. 

Jourm.  rf  Sdernct. 

OE-N  A'RI-US,  n.  i  pi.  DiSAail.     [L.,  from  iai,  ten.] 
A  Roman  cola  of  the  value  of  about  sixteen  or 
sareniern  cents ;  so  called  from  the  letter  X  upon  it. 
in  U»-Uck3,  it  is  nsed  fiv  an  English  penny. 

DE.\'.A-Ry, «.     [Uinariai.] 
t^jnlainiag  ten. 

DEX'A-RY,  ».    The  number  ten.  Dighn. 

DE-Ni'TIOX-Alr-IZB,  (ni'abun-  sr  -nash'nn-,)  r.  L 
[dt  and  Mlink)  To  divest  of  national  cbaracur  or 
rights,  by  umnsfervnce  to  the  service  of  another 
nation.  A  ship  built  and  registered  in  the  Tniied 
sum,  is  ittlttmi/htd  by  buing  eni|il[i>ed  in  the 
service  of  aaotber  nation  and  hearing  its  flag. 

Frtiuk  Dfcrf*.i.     Dec  afthe  Prince  lU ffemt 

DE-SATION-Al.-K-ED,  ff-  Deprived  of  naUunal 
rights. 

DE-.N"  ATION-AI^TZ-I  NG,  ppr.  Depriving  of  national 
rights. 

DE-.\AT't.Tl-AL-tZfc,  r.  r.  [dt  ani  Kamrclizr.]  To 
render  tinnaliiral  .  to  ..lienal.*  fmni  nature. 

DE-.S'AT'I'R-Al^IZ-i;D,)>fi   Made  unnatural.  Ed.  Rev. 
•2.  Deprived  of  natumlizM«ion  or  acquired  citizen- 
ship in  a  foreign  co^^nl^^'. 

DE-.\AT'i;K-AL-IZ-IN(i,  p/nr.     Making  unnatural. 

2.  IX-pri^-iug  of  acquired  citiien>liip  in  a  foreign 
countrv. 

DE-N'aV',  «.    Denial ;  refusal.    [Obt.]  Shak. 

DE-NJIV,  r.  I.     To  deny.     [Ois.]  Spenser. 

DEN'DRA-CHATE,  «.  [Gr.  ^I'l'poi',  a  tree,  and 
■XiTfi5,  agate.] 

Arborescent  agate ;  agate  containing  the  figures  of 
shrubs  or  parts  of  plants.  Eneye. 

DEX'DRIFOR-M,  a.      Having  the  appearance  of  a 

tree.  Gilbert. 

DE-VDRCTE,  n.  [Gr.  tr^fncr,  a  tree,  and  Mioi,  a 
stone,  acuntraction  <^ dendntlile.'^ 

A  stone  or  mineral,  on  or  in  which  are  the  figures  of 

shrubs  or  trees  ;  an  arborescent  mineral.  Fpurcray. 

DE.N-DRIT'ie,  j   «.     Containing    the    figures    of 

DEN-DRIT'ie-.AL,  (       shrubs  or  trees,  as  stones.  Sec 

DE.N'DROID,  o.    [Gr.  fttt:,ii. ,  a  tree,  and  £1094,  form.] 

R>-sembling  a  shrub. 
DEN'DROIT,  ».     .A  fossil   which  has  some  resem- 
blance in  form  to  the  branch  of  a  tree. 

Diet.  nfJlTaL  ma. 

DEN'DRO-LITE,  a.    [Gr.  iivipf.  a  tree,  and  Xi9o{, 
a  stone.] 
A  petrifietl  or  fossil  shrub,  plant,  or  part  of  a  plant 
DicL  nf-Kat.  Hist. 
DEN-DROL'O-CT,  n.    [Gr.  i!n'^/)oi',a  tree,and  Xojos, 
a  discourse.] 

A  discoorse  or  treatise  on  trees  j  the  natural  his- 
tory of  trees.  Diet 
nENDROM'E-TER,   it.      [Gr.   Icyfooy,   8  tree,   and 
ficrotfit,  to  measure.] 

An  instrument  to  measure  the  hight  and  diameter 
of  trees.  facyc. 

DEN'E-G.^TE,  e.  I.     [L..  denego.] 

To  deny.     [Ait  merf.] 
DEN-E-GX'TION,  n.     Denial.     [JVot  in  tue.] 
DE.\"GL'B,  (deng'gi,)  n.     A  peculiar  sort  of  filgitive 
and  erratic  epidemic  rheumatism. 


D^-.  I-ZX'' 


DEN 

(Thic  liist'asp,  when  it  first  rippeiired  in  the  Hritisli 
West  India  Ula-ids,  was  culled  the  Jamiit  fevor,  frurn 
the  !ttifT^ie8ttHiidcon!>tmint  which  it  ^ve  to  thehniba 
and  budy.  The  Spaiiiurd.s  of  the  utiphLorin^'  islaiida 
luistuiik  Ihe  term  fur  their  word  drn^uf^  denoting 

Emder)',  which  iiiighl  ntso  well  express  sii^ness,  and 
«nct!  the  term  dengue  became,  at  last,  t}io  name  of 
the  disea-se.  TuUy.] 

D&NI'A-BLE,  a.    [See  Di?ry.]     That  may  be  denied 

or  contmdicted.  Brawn. 

D£-NT'AL,  n.  [See  Dent.]  An  affirmation  to  the 
contrary- ;  an  assertion  that  a  declaration  or  fact 
stated  la  not  true  ;  negation  ;  contmdiclioii.  It  is 
often  expressed  by  no  or  not^  simiily. 

2.  Refusal  to  grant ;  the  negation  uf  a  request  or 
petition  ;  the  contrary  to  ffranty  ailowancr,  or  eonces- 
tiomi  09,  bis  request  or  ap^icatiun  met  with  a  direct 
deitiaL 

3.  A  rejection,  or  refiisini!  to  arknowledge  i  a  dis- 
owning ;  as,  a  denUU  of  God  :  ur  a  refusing  to  rt^ceive 
or  einbrnce  ;  as,  a  denial  of  the  faith  or  the  tnith. 

4.  A  deMial  of  onc^s  self^  is  a  declining  of  some 
gratiftcotion  ;  restraint  of  one's  apfietites  or  pro- 
pen  sit  iea. 

O&NT'ER,  n.    One  who  denies  at  contradicts ;   one 

who  refuses  or  rejects;  a  disowner  ;  one  who  does 

nut  own,  avow,  or  acknowledge;  as,  a  denier  ofa 

fact,  or  of  tlie  faith,  ur  of  Christ. 
[It  would  be  better  written  DcrrTBR.] 
DE-NtER',  (de-neer',)  n.     TFr.,  from  L,  denarius  ;  It. 

danaio^  da*aro  ;  &p.  rfinfro.j 

A    small    denomtnatitm    of   French    money,  the 

tweinii  part  of  a  sol  ;  a  smnll  copper  coin. 
DEN'I-GRXI'B,  V.  L     [Lh  denigro  j  de  and  nigro^  from 

nigitr,  Mack.] 
To  blacken  ;  to  make  black.  Boyle. 

DEN'-I  GKA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  making  black;  a 

blacVing. 
DEN  I-TRA'TION, «.    A  disengaging  of  nitric  acid 

TION.  n,      [See   Dekizen.J     The   act   of 

ng  one  a  denizen,  subject,  or  citizen.    This,  in 

^ldnd,i:4  done  by  the  ktng'a  lelten  palcnL 

DE\'I-Z£X,  (den'e'zn,)  n.    [In  W'.dina^vr  is  a  citi- 

xen,  from  niiuu,  dm,  a  forires.'i  or  furtified  town,  a 

city.     But  in  demtzen^  the  last  s>ilable  seems  to  be  the 

aame  ma  in  dttun.] 

1.  In  BmgUmd,  an  alien  who  is  made  a  subject  by 
tlM*  king's  iRtten  patent,  hulding  a  middle  stale  be- 
tween an  alien  and  a  natunil  born  .oubjeru  He  may 
take  land  by  purchase  or  deviM',  whirli  an  alien  can 
not;  but  he  can  not  take  by  inheritance.      Eneyc. 

3.  A  rtianger  admitted  to  residence  in  a  foreign 
country. 

Ye  f«W, 
Natives,  or  efrmzvn*,  oTUmi  >burie«.  Dryden. 

3.  A  dweller ;  as,  the  denizens  of  air.  Pope, 

DE\'I-Z£\,  F.  (.  To  make  a  denizen  ;  to  admit  to 
residence  with  certain  rights  and  privileges ;  to  in- 
franchii«e. 

DEN'r-Z£\-ED,(den'e-znd,);»p.     Infranchised. 

DEX'I-ZK.N-iSHlP,  n.     State  of  being  a  denizen. 

DEN'MARK  SAT'IN,  n.  A  kind  of  lasting;  a  stout 
worsted  stuff,  woven  with  a  satin  twill,  used  for 
ladies'  shoes. 

DE-NOM'I\-A-BLE,  a.  [See  DesominateJ  That 
mav  be  denominated  or  named.  Brown. 

DB^N'0M'I\-ATE.  r.  t,  [L.  denomino  ;  de  and  nomtjuty 
to  name.     See  Name.] 

To  name  ;  to  give  a  name  or  epithet  to  ;  as,  a  race 
of  intelligent  beings  denominated  man.  Actions  are 
denominaied  virtuous  or  vicious,  according  to  their 
character. 

DE-NOM'L\-A-TED, pp.     Named;  called. 

OEi-.NOM'IN-A-ThNG,  ppr.     Naming. 

DE-NOM-IN-X'TION,  n.     The  act  of  naming. 

9.  A  name  or  appellation  ;  a  vocal  sound,  customarily 
uwd  to  expres*  a  thin^or  a  quality,  in  discourse  ;  as, 
all  men  fall  under  the  rfc«omina/ifm  of  sinners ;  ac- 
tions fall  under  the  dtnomination  of  good  or  bad. 

3.  A  society  or  collection  of  individnala,xalled  by 
the  same  name ;  a  sect  ;  as,  a  denomination  of 
Christians. 

DE^NOM-IN-A'TrON-AL,  a.  Pertaining  lo  a  de- 
nomination, or  a  number  of  individuals  called  by 
the  same  name. 

DE-NOM-IN-A'TION-AL-LY,  adv.  By  denomination 
or  secL 

DE-NOMTN-A-TIVE,  a.  That  gives  a  name ;  that 
confers  a  distinct  appellation. 

DE-NO M'IN-A-TiVE-LY,  adv.    By  denomination. 

BojUer. 

DE-NOM'IN-A-TOR,  n.     lie  that  gives  a  name. 

2.  In  arithmetic,  that  number  placed  below  the 
line  in  vulgar  fractions,  which  shows  into  how 
many  parts  the  integer  is  divided.  Thus,  in  ^,  5  is 
the  dmominaior,  showinc  that  the  integer  is  divided 
into  five  parts;  and  the  numerator,  3,  shows  how 
many  ports  are  taken,  that  is,  three  fftks. 

DE-NOT'A-BLEjO.    That  may  be  denoted  or  marked. 

Browfu 

DEN-O-TA'TION,  tu     [L.  denotatlo.     See  Denote.} 

The  act  of  denoting.  Hammond. 


DEN 

DE-NCT'A-TIVE,  a.     Having  power  to  denote. 
1)E-i\6tE',  v.  U     [L.  denoto  ;  de.  and  nolo,  lo  note  or 
mark  :   Fr.  denoter;  Pp.  denotari  It.  deiwtare.] 

1.  To  mark  ;  to  signify  by  a  visible  sign  ;  to  indi- 
cate ;  to  express.  The  character  X  demtteg  multipli- 
cation. Daifa  Jilgebra. 

S.  To  show  ;  to  betoken  ;  to  indicate  ;  as,  a  quick 
pulse  denotes  fever. 
DE-NOT'ED,  up.     Marked;  signified;  indicated. 
DE-NOTE'ME.N'T,  n.     Sign  ;  indication.  Shak, 

DE-NOT'liNG,  ;»pr.    Marking;  expressing;  indicating. 
DE-JVOUE'M/CJVT,  (dc-noo'mAng,)  n.     [Fr.,  from  de^ 
nouer,  to  untie  ;  de  and  nouer,  to  tie,  h.  jwdo.] 
The  unravelling  or  discovery  ofa  plot.      iVartun. 
DE-NOUNCE',  (de-nouns',)  v.  t,     [Ft.  denmcrr  i  Sp. 
denuneiar  i  \\,  denumiare  i  Xt.  denuncio  i  dcand  ?iuHCto, 
to  tt''),  or  declare,  from  nomenf  or  its  root.] 

1.  To  declare  solemnly  ;  to  proclaim  in  a  threaten- 
ing manner ;  to  announce  or  declare,  as  a  threat. 
I  denounce  10  you,  thu  diiy,  that  ye  sbull  lurely  pcriali.  —  DcuU 

zxx. 
So  we  say,  to  denounce  war ;  to  denounce  wrath, 
a.  To  threaten  by  some  outward  sign"  or  expres- 
sion. 

Ilia  look  denounced  rcTengc.  Milton, 

3.  To  inform  against ;  to  accuse ;  as,  to  denounce 
one  for  neglect  of  duty. 
DE-NOUNC'£D,  (de-nounst',)  pp.  Threatened  by  open 
declantion  ;  as,  punishment  is  denounced  against  the 
ungodly. 

i.  Accused  ;  proclaimed ;  as,  he  was  denounced  as 
an  enemy. 
DE-NOUNCE'MENT,  n.    The  declaration  ofa  men- 
ace, or  of  evil ;  denunciation.  Brown. 
DE-NOUNC'ER,  n.    One  who  denounces,  or  declares 
a  menace. 

Her-  com»«a  the  t^\  denouncer  of  my  (ate.  Dryden. 

DE-NOUNC'ING,p/jr.  Declaring,  as  a  threat;  threat- 
ening ;  accusing. 

DE  J^tyvO.  [L.j     Anew  ;  again. 

DENSE,  (dens,)  a.  [L.  den^fus;  Fr.  dense;  Sp.  and  It. 
dcnso.     Q,u.  Gr.  6iiovs,  n  being  casual.] 

1.  Close;  compact;  having  its  constituent  parts 
closely  united  ;  applied  to  solids  or  Jiuids ;  as,  a  dense 
body  ;  dense  air. 

2.  Thick  ;  as,  a  dense  cloud  or  fog. 
DENSE'LY,  adv.    In  a  close,  compact  manner.  Lever. 
DENHE'NESS,  (dens'ness,)  n.   The  same  as  Density. 
DENS'I-TY,  n.     [L.  densita.s.] 

I.  Closeness  of  couj^tiluent  parts  ;  compactness. 
Density  is  op|)osed  to  rarity;  and,  in  philosophy,  the 
densitu  of  a  body  indicates  the  quantity  of  matter  con- 
tained in  it  under  a  given  bulk.  If  a  body  of  equal 
bulk  with  another  is  of  double  the  density,  it  contains 
double  the  quantity  of  matter. 

■2.  Thickness;  as,  the  dcni-trj;  of  fog. 
DENT,  n.     [Arm.  danta,  lo  gap  or  notch.     It  seems  to 
be  from  dant^  a  tooth  ;  Fr.  d£ttt;  L.  dens;  Gr.  ot^yuj  ; 
W.  danl ;  It.  dente ;  Sp.  dieatCy  whence  dentar^  enden- 

tar,  to  tooth:   Port,  dente;   Pers.     vl^Xo   dandan; 

Gipsy  and  Hindoo,  danty  danda.     Hence  Fr.  denteterj 
to  dent  or  indent,  to  jag  or  notch.] 

1.  Literally,  a  tooth  or  projecting  point.  But  it  ia 
used  to  express  a  gap  or  notch,  or  rather  a  depression 
or  small  holU)W  in  a  solid  body  ;  a  hollow  made  by 
the  pressure  of  a  harder  body  on  a  softer;  indenta- 
tion. In  this  sense,  it  is  in  customary  use  in  the 
United  Stales. 

2.  A  stroke.  Spenser. 
DENT,  V.  t.    To  make  a  dent  or  small  hollow.     [See 

ISDEWT.] 

DENT'AL,  fl.     [L.  dentalis.] 

Pertaining  to  the  teeth;  as,  dental  surgery.  In 
grammar,  formed  or  pronounced  by  the  teeth,  with 
the  aid  of  the  tongue  ;  as,  d  and  t  are  dental  letters. 

DENT'AL,  w.  An  articulation  or  letter  formed  by 
placing  the  end  of  the  tongue  against  the  upper  teeth, 
or  against  the  gum  thai  covers  the  root  of  the  upper 
teeth  ;  as  d,  t,  and  th, 

2.  A  genus  of  shell  fish,  Denlalium,  of  several  spe- 
cies. The  shell  con.si.sld  of  one  tubulous  straight 
valve,  open  at  both  ends.  Encyc. 

DENT'AL-ITE,  n.  A  fossil  shell  of  the  genus  Dcnta- 
lium. 

DENT'A-TED,  \  '^     f^"  ^'«''"'  ^^om  dens.] 

Toothed  ;  having  sharp  teeth,  with  concave  edges. 

Lindley. 
A  dentated  root,  is  a  fleshy,  branched  root,  having 
tooth-like  prolongations.  D.  C.  Wdld. 

DENT'ATE-SIN'U-ATE,  a,    A  term  denoting  a  form 

intermediate  between  dentate  and  sinuate. 
DENT'ED,  a.    Indented ;  impressed  wilh  little  hol- 
lows. 
DEN-TEL'LI,  (-tfl'le,)  n.pl.  [It,  denteUo.  See  Dewtiu] 

Modillions.  SpeetaUrr, 

DENT'I-€LE,  (dent'e-kl,)  n,     [L.  denticvlus.] 

A  small  tooth  flr  projecting  point.  JUe. 

DEN-TI€'U-LATE,      \  a.    [L.  denticulatus,  from  deiw, 
DEN-TIC'U-LA-TED,  i     a  tooth.l 

Having  small  teeth ;  as,  a  denticulate  leaf,  calyx,  or 
seed.  Botany. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeLTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK. 
__  _  ^  - 


DKO 

DEN-TI€'U-L.ATii-LY,  ode.  In  a  denticulate  man- 
ner. 

DEN-Tie-U-LA'l  lON,  n.  The  state  of  being  set  with 
small  teeth.  Grew. 

DEiNT'I-FORM,  a.  [L.  densj  a  tooth,  and/iwma,  form.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  tooth.  Kirwatu 

DENT'I-FRICE,  (-fris,).«.  [Fr.,  from  L.  dens,  a  tooth, 
&ndfrieo,  to  rub.] 

A  powder  or  other  substance  to  be  used  in  cleaning 
the  teeth.  Burnt  shells  and  charcoal  pulverized  make 
an  excellent  dentifrice. 

DENT'IL,  n,     [L.  dens,  a  tooth.] 

In  architecture,  an  ornament  in  cornices  bearing 
some  resemblance  to  teeth  ;  used  particularly  in  the 
Ionic,  Corinthian,  and  Composite  order. 

DENT'ING.     See  Isdesti^q. 

DEN-TI-ROS'TRAL,  a.  [L.  dcjw,  a  tootli,  and  ros- 
trum, a  beait.] 

Having  a  tix>thed  bill ;  applied  to  a  group  of  inses- 
sorial  birds,  having  the  bill  conspicuously  notched, 
and  feeding  chiefly  on  insects,  as  the  shrikes  and 
thnishes.  Swainson. 

DENT'IST,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  clean  and 
extract  teeth,  or  repair  thejn  when  diseased. 

DENT'IST-RY,  n.    The  art  or  practice  of  a  dentist. 

DEi\-TI"TIO.V,  f-tish'un,)  n.  [L.  dentitio,  from  dentio, 
lo  breed  leetb,  from  dens.] 

1.  The  breeding  or  cutung  of  teeth  in  infancy. 

2.  The  time  of  breeding  teetli. 
DENT'TZE,  tf.  ^  or  C    [L.  dens,  a  tooth.] 

To  renew  the  teeth,  or  have  them  renewed.  Bacvn. 
DE\T'IZ->:D,  pp.     Having  the  teeth  renewed. 
DENT'IZ-ING,  ppr.     Renewing  the  teeth. 
DE-.\CD'aTE,  (  F.  t,  [L.  denndoi  de  and  niuf(},tomake 
DE-NCDE',        j      bare;  nuJu-f,  naked.] 

To  strip  ;  lo  divest  of  all  covering ;  to  make  bare 
or  naked.  Ray.     Sharp. 

DE-NU-DA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  stripping  off  cover- 
mg  ;  a  making  bare. 

2.  In  geology,  the  laying  bare  of  rocks  by  the  ac- 
tion of  running  water,  removing  earth,  &c.,  from 
above  ;  titrata  exposed.  Buckland. 

DE-NOD'ED,pp.    Stripped;  divested  of  covering;  laid 

bare. 
DE-iNCD'ING,  ppr.     Stripping  of  covering;  making 
DE-x\UN'CIATE,  (-shate,)  v.  u  [L.  denuMio.]      [bare. 

To  denounce  ;  which  see. 
DE-NUN-CI-A'TION,  n.     [L.  denunciatio,  from  denun^ 
cio.     See  Dejtouhce.] 

Solemn  or  format  declaration,  accompanied  with  a 
menace  ;  or  the  dt-claration  uf  intended  evil ;  procla- 
mation of  a  threat ;  a  public  menace ;  as,  a  denunda- 
tion  nf  war  or  of  wratti. 
DE-i\UN'CI-A-TOR,  n.  He  that  denounces  ;  one  who 
publishes  or  proclaims,  especially  intended  evil ;  one 
who  threatens. 
2.  An  accuser;  one  who  informs  against  another. 

J9>jliJ-e. 
DE-Nrj\'CI-.\-TO-RT,  a.  Containing  a  public  threat ; 

minatory.  Johtuon. 

DE-NV,  ».  L  [Fr.  denier;  L.  denego;  de  and  ne^o,  to 
deny,  Sw.npfta,  \V,  naeu.  Hence,  nay,  Dan.  nej.  The 
tense  is,  to  thrust  from.] 

1.  To  contradict;  to  gainsay;  to  declare  a  state- 
ment or  position  not  to  be  true.  We  deny  what  an- 
other says,  or  we  deny  a  proposition.  We  deny  the 
tnith  of  an  assertion,  or  the  assertion  itself.  The 
■ense  of  this  verb  is  oAen  expressed  hy  no  or  nay. 

S:  To  refuse  to  grant ;  as,  we  asked  for  bread,  and 
the  mim  denied  us. 
X  Not  to  afford  ;  to  withhold. 

Wbti  Antla  not  Pnivklence  all  food  ftod  wik, 

Aikke  in  wtnl  be  fires,  uvl  vhxi  d^nUt  7  Pope. 

4.  To  disown  ;  to  refuse  or  neglect  to  acknowl- 
edge ;  not  to  confess. 

He  itiAl  lUnUOt  nvt  brton  mm  AaSl  bo  dudtd  bebn  the  Wifcte 

5.  To  reject ;  to  disown ;  not  to  receive  or  em- 
brace. 

Ue  h»ih   lUrtitd  tbe  fuih,  and   b  won?  ttnn  an   InlUc).  —  t 

Ti.M.  V. 
Dtnyinf  un^IinCH  and  worldly  luaU.  —  Tit.  Q. 

6.  Not  to  afford  or  yield.  Kineaju 
To  deny  one*a  self,  is  lo  decline  the  gratification  of 

appetites  or  desires  ;  to  refrain  from  ;  to  abstain.  The 
tempfrrate  man  denies  hinmelf  the  free  use  of  spiritu- 
ous liquors.  I  denied  myself  1\\k  pleasure  of  your  com- 
pany. **  God  can  not  deny  himaelf."  He  can  nut  act 
in  contradiction  to  his  character  and  promises,  lie 
can  not  b*;  unfaithful.    S  Tim.  U. 

DE-WING,  ppr.  Contradicting;  gainsaying;  dis- 
owning ;  refusing. 

DE-OB-»TR(ieT',p.  U  [L.deand  o6*(rtto,  to  stop  ;  oh 
and  «tni0,  to  pile.] 

To  remove  obstructions  or  Impediments  to  a  pas- 
sage ;  to  clear  from  any  thing  that  hmdcrs  the  pas- 
sage of  fluids  in  the  proper  diicta  of  the  body  ;  as,  to 
deehntruct  the  pores  or  tacteals. 

DE-OB  HTRCCT'ED,  pp.  Cleared  of  obstructions; 
op'^ned. 

DE-OB-HTRUCT'ING,  ppr.  Removing  impedimenta 
to  a  passage. 

D&OB'STRU-ENT,  «.    Removinf  obstructions ;  hsv- 


DEP 

ing  [Kiwer  to  clear  or  open  the  natural  ducts  of  the 
fluids  and  secretions  of  the  body  ,  resolving  viscidi- 
ties ;  apj-rient.  Coze.     Enajc. 

DE-OB'STR(J-ENT,n.  Any  medicine  which  removes 
obstructions  and  opens  the  natural  passages  of  the 
fluids  of  the  body,  as  the  pores  and  lacteal  vessels  ; 
an  aperient.    Calomel  is  a  powerful  deobstruenL 

DE'O-DAND,  Tt.     [L.  Deo  dandus,  to  be  given  to  God.] 

1,  In  England,  a"  personal  chattel  which  is  the  im- 
mediate occasion  of  Iho  death  of  a  rational  creature, 
and  for  that  reason,  given  to  Qod  ;  that  is,  forfeited  to 
the  king,  to  be  applied  to  pious  uses,  and  distributed 
in  alms  hy  his  hi^h  almoner.  Thus,  if  a  cart  runs 
over  a  man  and  kills  him,  the  cart  is  forfeited  a^  a  de- 
odand.  Blackstone.     Eug.  Law. 

2.  In  popular  iisage,  a  fine  imposed  by  way  of  com- 
mutation for  the  thing  thus  forfeited.  England, 

DE-ON'ER-ATE,  v.  U     [L.  deonero  ;  de  and  onus.} 

To  unload.     [J^ot  used.} 
DE-0N-T0L'0-<5Y  n.     [Gr.  kov  and  Anyoc.] 

The  science  of  duty.  T.  Chalmers. 

DE-OPTI-LATE,  r.  (.     [L.  de  and  ojrpdo.] 

To  free  from  obstructions  ;  to  clear  a  passage.    [Z.it- 
tle  used.] 
DE-OP-PI-LA'TION,  n.     The    removal   of  obstruc- 
tions.    [Little  used.]  Brotm, 
DE-OP'PI-LA-TIVE,  a,    Deobstruent ;  aperient. 

Harvey. 
DE-OR-DI-NA'TION,  a.     [L.  de  and  ordinatio.] 

Disorder,    [/^ot  in  use.']  Rawtey, 

DE-OS'eU-LATE,  v.  U     [L.  deosculor.] 

To  kiss,     [.^ot  in  use.] 
DE-OS-eU-LA'TION,  n.     A  kissing.     [.Vo(  in  u^e.] 

StilUnirfieet. 
DE-OX' Y-DATE,  v.  u    [de  and  ojv<iflf c,  from  Gr.  wfu$, 
acid.] 

To  deprive  of  oxygen,  or  reduce  from  the  state  of 
an  oxyd.  Chemistry. 

DE-OX'Y- DA-TED,  pp.    Reduced  from  the  state  of  an 

oxvd. 
DE  OX'Y-DA-TING,  ppr.  or  a.    Reducing  from  the 

state  of  an  oxyd. 
DE-OX-Y-DA-TION,  n.    The  act  or  process  of  reduc- 
ing from  the  slate  of  an  oxyd. 
DE-OX- Y-Dl-ZA'TION.n.     Dcoxvdation. 
DE-OX'V-DIZE,  V.  u    To  deoxvdate. 
DE-O X '  Y- DTZ- ED,  pp.     Deoxy dated. 
DE-OX' Y-DIZ-ING,  ppr.     Deoxydating. 

JVote.  —  Deozydate  and  dcoxijdiie  are  synonymous ; 
but  the  former  is  preferable,  on  account  of  the  length 
of  the  word  dcozy dilation. 
DE-OX'Y-CEN-ATE,  v.  U     [de  and  oxygenate.]     To 

deprive  of  uxvcen.  Davif.    Med.  Rep. 

DE-0X'Y-(5EN"A-TED,  pp.     Deprivi;d"  of  oxygen. 
DE  OX'Y-GE.Va-TING,  ppr.     Depriving  of  oxygen. 
DE-OX-Y-GEN-a'TION,  ft.    The  act  or  operation  of 

drprivincof  oxygen. 
DE-PAIN'f'',  V.  t.     [Fr.  depdndre,  depeint  f  de  and  pein- 
dre,  L.  pingo,  to  pant.] 

1.  'I'o  paint ;  to  picture ;  to  represent  in  colors,  as 
by  painting  the  resemblance  of.  Spenser. 

2.  To  drsrribe  in  words.  Oay, 
DEPAI.VT'ED,  pp.    Painted;  represented  in  colors; 

dnscribi-d. 

DE-PAINT'ER,  n.     A  painter.  Douglas. 

DE-PAINT'ING,  ppr.  Painting;  representing  in  col- 
ors ;  describing. 

DE-PA  RT',  r.  i.  [Fr.  departir  ;  de  and  partir,  to  sepa- 
rate ;  Sp.  departir.    See  Part.] 

I.  To  go  or  move  from. 

Depart  (nim  m«,  ye  eiiiwl,  inw  eTednaUng  fin;.  —  Muti.  xx¥. 

It  is  followed  by /row,  or  from  is  implied  before  the 

rlar*  U-fi.    "  I  will  departto  my  own  land  ;  '*  that  is, 
will  d«-part /rum  ihis  place  tumy  own  land.  JWm.  x. 
Z.  To  go  fVom  ;  to  leave  ;  to  desist,  as  from  a  prac- 
tice.   Jehu  departed  not  from  the  sins  of  Jeroboam. 
Jehoshaphat  departed  not  from  liie  way  of  Asa  his 
father. 

3.  To  leave ;  to  deviate  from  ;  to  forsake  ;  not  to  ad- 
here to  or  follow  ;  as,  we  can  nol  depart  from  our  rules. 

1  ha»c  nut  deparlad  from  thy  Jtiilgitipntj.  —  Pi.  cxix. 

4.  To  desist ;  to  leave  ;  to  abandon  ;  as,  he  would 
nf)l  drvart  from  his  purpose,  resolution,  or  demand. 

5.  To  be  lotft ;  to  perish  ;  lo  vanish  ;  as,  his  glory 
has  drparte<L 

t).  1  o  die  ;  to  decease  ;  to  leave  this  world. 

Lord,  row  lptt/?»(  them  ihy  •rrraDl  depart  \n  p^ncc,  occordinf  to 

Uiy  wuiti.  —  Lukr  li. 
To  depart  this  life,  is  elliptical, /rorn  being  under- 
stood. 

7.  To  leave  ;  lo  forsake  ;  lo  abandon  ;  as,  to  depart 

8.  To  cease.  [from  evil. 

The  pp*y  deparleth  not.  —  Nah.  iil. 

9.  To  deviate  ;  lo  vary  from. 

ir  Ui^  [>h»Ti  4if  the  ecHVcnliuii  !>,■  fi>unJ  to  dr]>au  from  n-piMicao 
Iiriuc)|il.'B.  MacuMon, 

10.  To  vary ;  to  deviate  from  the  title  or  defense 
in  pleading.  Blackstone. 

II.  'i'o  part  with.     [JWt  in  use.]  Shak. 
Tu  depart  from  Ood,  is  to  forsake  his  service  and 

live  in  Hin;  tu  aitostatize ;  to  revolt;  to  desert  bis 
government  and  laws. 


DEP 

Qod  departs  from  men,  when  he  abandons  them  lo 
their  own  sinful  inclinations,  or  ceases  to  bestow  on 
them  his  favor.     Hosea  ix. 

DE-PART',  r.  (.  To  divide  or  separate;  lo  part. 
\J\'ot  iiscrf.l  Shak.     Spenser. 

DEPART',  n.    The  act  of  going  away  ;  death.    [JVot 

used.]  Shak. 

2.  Division;  separation.     [J^otuscd.]         Bacon. 

DE-PART'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Gone  from  ;  vanished;  dead. 

DE-PART'ER,  n.  One  who  refines  metals  by  sei>ara- 
lion.    J-Vpi  used.] 

DE-PART'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Going  from;  leaving;  de- 
sisting; forsaking;  vanishing;  dying. 

DE-PART'ING,  n.     A  going  away;  separation.    Shak. 

DE-PART'MENT,  n.  [Fr.  departemeiit ;  Sp.  depar- 
timiento.] 

1.  L*7era%,  a  separation  or  division  ;  hence,  n  sep- 
arate part,  or  portion  ;  a  division  of  territory  ;  as,  the 
departments  of  France. 

2.  A  separate  allotment  or  part  oT  business;  a  dis- 
tinct province,  in  which  a  class  of  duties  are  allotted 
to  a  particular  person  ;  as,  the  department  of  state,  as- 
signed lo  the  secretary  of  slate  ;  the  treasury*  departr 
ment :  the  departmeiit  of  war. 

3.  A  separere  station ;  as,  the  admirals  had  their 
respective  depuranents.  Nearly  in  litis  sense,  during 
war,  were  used,  in  America,  the  terms  Northern  and 
Southern  dqmrtments. 

A.  In    France,   the   largest   territorial   division,   of 
whif  h  tlure  are  SH  in  the  kingdom. 
DE-PA  RT-MENT'AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  department 

or  divi-'ion. 
DE-PART'URE,  (de-pArt'yur,)  n.     The  act  of  going 
away ;  a  moving  from  or  leaving  a  place ;  as,  &  de- 
parture fnun  L.t>ndon. 
9..  Death  ;  decease  ;  removal  from  the  present  lile. 

Thr  time  of  my  departure  u  at  hand.  — 2  Tiin.  w. 

3.  A  forsaking;  abandonment;  as,  a  departure 
from  evil. 

4.  A  desisting;  as,  a  departure  fVom  a  purpose. 
.5.  Ruin  ;  destruction.     Kiek.  xivi. 

6.  A  deviation  from  the  title  or  defense  in  pleading. 

7.  In  nafi gation,  the  distance  a  ship  has  gone  lo 
llie  cast  or  west  tif  llie  meridian  from  wliich  he  de- 
parted. Brandt. 

DEPAS'CENT,  a.     [L.  depascens,  depascor ;  de  and 

pa.fcor,  to  feed.]     Feeding. 
DE-PAS'TURE,     (de-p'Ast'yur,)   r.    t.      [L.  depaseor.] 

To  eat  up;  to  consume.  Spenser. 

DE-PAS'TlTRE.ti.  i.    To  feed  ;  to  graze. 

If  a  man  laki-a  in  a  horv,  or  othrr  cnttle,  to  graio  and  devatture 
in  his  grounds,  which  the  law  &ilU  afistincuL     Blaactlone. 

DE-PAS'TI^R-£D,  pp.  Eaten  up;  consumed  by  gra- 
zing upon. 

DE-PAS'TUR-ING,  ppr  Feeding;  grazing;  eat- 
ing U]h 

DE-PAU'PER-ATE,  v.  t.  [L.  depaupero ;  de  and 
pau'p'cro,  to  beggar,  from  pauper,  poor ;  Sp.  empo- 
brecer.) 

To  make  poor  ;  lo  impoverish  ;  lo  deprive  of  fer- 
tility or  richness  ;  as,  to  depauperate  the  soil  or  the 
blood.  Morlimer.    .Srbuthnot. 

DE-PAU'PBR-A-TED,pp.    Impoverished  ;  made  poor. 

DE-PAU'PER-A-TlNG.ppr.    Impoverishing ;  nuking 

DE-PEC'TI-BLE,  a.    [L.  depccto,  to  comb.]  [poor. 

Tough;  thick.    [J^'at  used.] 

DE-PEC-IJ-LA'TION,  ti.  [L.  depeculatio.]  A  rob- 
bing of  the  commonwealth.  (jockerain* 

DE-PB'N'GT',  (de-panle',)  v.  t.     [L.  depingo.] 

To  iMiint.     [JVotused.]  Spenser. 

DE-PEND',  r.  i.  [L.  dependeo  j  iff  and  pmdco,  lohang  ; 
Sp.  depcnder  ;  It.  dipendrre  ;  Fr.  dcpendre  ;  Arm.  d*- 
panta.] 

I.  To  hasg  ;  lo  be  sustained  by  being  fastened  or 
attached  to  something  above  ;  followed  by  from. 

Pram  iht"  frozen  beard 
Lung  idclo  depend.  Dryden, 

Q. -To  be  connected  with  any  thing,  as  tlie  cause  of 
its  existence  or  of  its  operation  and  effects;  to  rely 
on  ;  to  have  stich  connection  witli  any  thing  as  a 
cause,  that,  without  it,  the  effect  would  not  be  pro- 
duced ;  followed  by  on  or  upon.  We  depend  on  God 
for  existence ;  we  depend  on  air  for  respiration  ;  vcge- 
latum  depauts  on  heat  and  moisture;  the  infant  rfe- 
pcnds  on  its  parents  for  support ;  the  peace  of  society 
depends  on  good  laws  and  a  faltJiful  administration. 

3.  To  adhere;  to  hold  to;  to  be  retained.  [See 
Depcnoent.]  SAaA. 

4.  'J'o  be  in  suspense  ;  lobe  undetermined  ;  as,  the 
cause  still  depends.  Hut  tlie  verb  is  seldom  used  in 
this  sense.  We  use  the  participle;  as,  the  suit  is 
still  depending  in  court.     [See  Pending.] 

5.  To  rely  ;  to  rest  with  confidence  ;  to  trust ;  to 
confide;  to  have  full  confidence  or  belief.  We  de- 
pend on  the  word  or  assunince  of  our  friends.  We 
depend  on  the  arrival  of  the  mail  at  the  usaal  hour. 
Depend  on  it,  the  knave  will  d<rceivc  us. 

To  depend  on,  or  upon;  to  rely  ;    to  trust  in  with 

confidence. 
DE-PKND'A-RLE,  a.    That  may  be  depended  on  ;  as, 

dependable  friendships,     f  JVof  in  use.]  Pope. 

DE-PEND'ENCE,   ( n.     A  sUile  of    hanging  down 
DE-PEND'EN-CY,  \     from  a  supporter. 


TONE,  BULL,  TINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K;  0  as  J ;  B  as  Z ;  CH  as  SB  j  TH  as  in  THI3. 


^i^ 


DEP 

S.  Any  tbins  bmoKinc  down ;  a  Bcries  of  things 
hanging  to  aauCfaef 

Aad  mack  ft  kotif  dtpmdma  ftnu  the  boufh.  Drydeix, 

3.  Cunr.Menntion  ;  connection  by  which  one  thing 
li  RUfttaini'tl  tiv  auotber  in  its  place,  upemtjons,  ur 
eflectd,  or  ia  adected  by  it. 

Boi  of  thte  rrwne  tte  bEsifaun  snd  ihr  tii**, 

IV  Kn -' '-  '         ^ 


Popt. 

4-  A  state  of  being  at  the  di»iHi^l  of  another  ;  a 
state  of  btfinR  subjrTt  to  the  will  of  an  iiitelli;;rnt 
cause,  or  to  the  power  and  opt-nttftin  of  any  other 
cau5e  ;  inability  to  sustain  it^-tf  without  the  aid  of. 
We  ought  lu  feel  our  drpendenct  on  God  fur  life  nnd 
nippitrt.  I'he  child  sboulii  be  sensible  of  his  de- 
fmdrnet  on  his  parents.  In  the  natural  and  momi 
world,  wc  observe  the  depeitdae*  of  one  thing  on 
anolluT. 

5.  Relinnce  ;  confidence  ;  trust ;  a  resting  on  ;  as, 
we  may  tmve  a  Imn  drptiUemee  on  the  promises  of  God. 

6.  .\ccldcnt ;  that  of  which  the  existence  presup- 
poses the  existi'nce  of  somefbtng  else  ;  that  niiicb 
pertains  tu  something  else  ;  as,MM{«»  which  are  con- 
sidered as  deptHdematJ  or  alTections  of  substances. 

Locke. 

7.  That  which  is  attached  to,  but  subordinate  to 
•omcthing  else  \  as,  this  earth  and  its  depcHdencifs. 

Burnet, 
&  A  dependent^ :  a  territory  remote  fVom  the  Iting- 
dom  or  state  to  which  it  belong,  but  subject  tn  its 
dominion,  as  distant  isles  or  countries.    Oreat  Brit- 
ain has  Its  draendtndes  in  A^ia,  Africa,  and  .\merica. 
D£-P£>'D'E.\T,a.  flanging  duwu  ;  as,  a ti^ra^nt leaf. 
Vtx  fun  in  t}>e  uUa  wrv  dependent.  Pmdtam, 

S.  Subject  to  the  power  of;  at  the  disposal  of; 
not  able  to  exist  or  sustahi  itself  without  tJie  will  or 
power  of.  Thus,  we  are  demtndeiu  on  God  and  his 
providence  ;  an  effect  may  be  dfpendaU  on  some  un- 
known cause. 

3.  Relying  on  for  support  or  favor  ;  unable  to  sub- 
sist or  to  p>-rfonn  any  thing,  withfHit  the  aid  of. 
Cliildren  are  dependent  on  their  parents  fur  food  and 
clotbinjr.  7*he  pupil  is  dependtnt  on  bis  i»e>ceptar  tsa 
instruction. 
DE-PEND'£\T,  n.  One  who  is  at  the  disponl  of 
another ;  one  who  is  sustained  by  anoUMT,  or  who 
rdjes  oa  another  fur  mppoft  or  f^vor ;  a  reuiner ;  as, 
tbe  fnnce  was  followed  by  a  numerooa  timin  of  rfe- 

DE-PEND'ENT-LY.arfr.    In  a  dependent  manner. 
DE-PflMj'ER,  n.    One  who  depends  ;  a  dependent 

Skak. 
DE^PEXiyrXG,  ppr.    Hanging  down  ;  relying. 

3.  a.    Pending  ;  undecidetl :  as  a  suit  or 
DE-PER'DIT.  r..     [U  de^erdttus.] 

"  -  lost  or  def4ioyed.  PmUf. 

DEI'  V,  (-disb'UD,)  H.    Lon;  destruction. 

DE-Ftii.i.<.  >i  V  i  E,  r.L  [dr  and  Gr.  ^Af^^ia,  phlegm, 
from  ^Aiw.'j  to  bum.] 

To  deprive  of  superabundant  water,  as  by  erapo- 
ration  or  distillation,  used  of  fspirtts  and  acids ;  to 
clear  spirit  or  acids  of  aqueous  matter  ;  to  rectify. 
[Dephliium  is  u^ed  by  Boyle.1       [Coxe.    iTnorc 

DE-PHLEG'M  A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Trved  from  mixtuiv  ; 
concentrated.  Burke, 

DE-PHLEti-MA'TlOX,  n.  The  operation  of  separa- 
ting water  fnim  spirits  and  acids,  by  evaporation  or 
repeated  distilKition  ;  called  al<o  conceHtrtUion^  par- 
licnlnrlv  when  acids  are  the  subjecL  Encye. 

DE-PHLEGM 'EI>-\ESS.(de-aem'ed-ness,)«,  A  stale 
of  beinp  freed  I'rom  water.     [.N'of  used.']         Sc^lt. 

DE-PHLO-t;l:*'TI-€ATE,  r.  L  [de  and  Gr.  0Xo>i(rro5, 
burnt,  iniauimoble,  from  v^A>>;t^ci;,  to  bum.  See 
Phlooistok.] 

To  deprive  of  phlc^iston,  or  the  supposed  [»1nciple 
of  inOammability.  PriesUty. 

DB^PHL<>GIS'TI-€A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Deprived  of 
phlogiston.  DtpklogisticMted  air,  is  an  elastic  tluid 
cap^>le  of  snppoitiag  animal  life  and  tlame  much 
longer  tbaa  common  air.  It  is  now  called  oryFca, 
otjfgtm  gmsy  or  vitd  air.  Oxygen  was  first  called  by 
Pnestlev  dtpktmfuiiinted  air. 

DE-PH  L6-GIS'TI-€  A-TIXG,  ppr.  Depriving  of 
phlogiston. 

DE-PICT',  r.  t.  [h.  depingOf  depictvm  ;  d«  and  pingo, 
topainLj 

1.  To  paint ;  to  portray ;  to  form  a  likeness  in 
colors  ;  as,  to  depict  a  lion  on  a  shield.  Taylor. 

2.  To  describe  ;  to  represent  in  words ;  as,  the 
poet  depicts  tbe  virtuea  <^  his  hero  in  glowing  lan- 
gua^. 

DE-PICT'ED,  pp.    Painted;   represented  in  colors; 

described. 
DE-PI€TIXG,  ppr.    Painting ;  representing  in  colors, 

or  in  words, 
DE-PIG'TIOX,  N.    A  paintingor  depicting. 
DE-PIG'TCRE,  r.  L     ide  and  picture.]     To  paint;  to 

picture  ;  to  represent  m  colors.     [See  DEricT.] 

fVeever. 
DE-PI€'TICR-CT>,  pp.    Painted  ;  represented  in  colois. 
DEP'IL-ATE,  F.  L     [L.  depUo;  de  and  piiusj  hair.l 

To  strip  of  hair 
DEP'IUA-TED,  pp.    Deprived  of  hair. 


DEP 

DEP'IL-A-TING,  ppr.     Depriving  of  hair. 

DEP-IUA'TIO.N,  a.    The  act  of  pulling  off  the  hair. 

Drvdftt. 

DE  PIL'A-TO-RY,  a.  Having  the  quality  or  [xiwer  to 
take  off  liair  nnd  moke  bald. 

DE-PIL'A-TO-KY,  «.  Any  application  which  is  used 
to  take  off  tiie  hair  of  au  uuimul  body ;  such  as 
lime  and  orpiinent.  F.ncm. 

DEP  IL-OL'S.  u.     Without  hair.  Brown. 

DE  PLANT-A'TIOX,  n.     [L.  deulant^.] 
The  act  of  taking  up  plants  fruui  beds. 

DE-PLE'TION,  «.     [U  deple4,;  de  nnd  piw,  to  fill.] 
The  act  of  emptying;  particularly,  in  t/«  medical 
art,  the  art  of  diminishing  the  quantity  of  bluod  in 
the  vessels  by  veue-section  ;  bloodltitiiif;. 

DE-PLE'TO-RV,  a.  Calculated  to  obviate  fuUness  of 
habit. 

DEP-LI-€A'TION,  a,    [L.  de  and  pUcp,  to  fold.] 
An  unfiJdiug,  untwisting,  or  unpluiting. 

Montague, 

DE-PLOR'.VBLE,  a.  [See  Deplore.]  That  may  be 
deplored  or  lamented  ;  lamentable  ;  that  demands  or 
causes  lamentation  ;  hence,  sad  ;  calamitous  \  griev- 
ous ;  miserable  ;  wretched  ;  as,  the  evils  of  life  are 
d^araUe;  the  (uigan  world  is  in  a  deplorable  cond'i- 
TDarLoRATE,  in  a  like  sense,  is  ni>t  used.]  [tion. 
9.  In  populur  use^  low  ;  Contemptible  ;  pitiable ;  as, 
deplorable  stupidity. 

DE-PLOR'A-ULE-NESS,  n.  Tbe  sfcate  of  being  de- 
plonible  ;  misery  ;  wreicliednes«  ;  a  niist-rnble  stale. 

DE-PLOR'A-BL\,  arfr.  In  a  manner  to  be  deplored  ; 
lamentably  ;  miserably  ;  as,  manners  arc  deplorably 
corrupt. 

DEP-LO-RA'TION,  n.  The  net  of  lamenting.  In 
music.n  dirge  or  mournful  strain. 

DE-PLORE'j,  r,  (.     [L.  dtploro  ;  de  and  ploro^  to  howl, 
to   wail;   Fr.  deplortr;   IL  deplarare;   Sp.    deplomr^ 
OtTor.] 
To  lament ;  to  bewail ;  to  moum  ;  to  feel  or  ex- 

^  prc&i  deep  and  poignant  grief  fur.    We  deplored  tlie 

'  death  of  Washington. 

DE-PLOR'£D,  pp.  Lamented;  bewailed;  deeply 
regretted. 

DE-PLOR'ED-LY,  ado,    LAmcnlably     [JVot  uxed.] 

Taylor. 

DE-PLOR'ER,  It.  One  who  deplores,  or  deeply  la- 
mt-nti  ;  a  deep  mourner 

DE  PLCR'IXG,  ppr.    Bewailing;  deeply  lamenting. 

DE-PLOR'l\G,  II.     Act  of  deploring. 

DE-PLOR'IXG-LY,  adc.     Id  a  deploring  manner. 

DE-PLOY',  r.  t,  [Fr.  dcplayer ;  de  ami  phyer,  or  ;'/*>r, 
to  fold  ;  L.  pltco  i  Gr.  vXcku}  ;  Arm.  pleira .-  iS\i.  ple- 
gwr  i  lu  piegcre  ;  W.  plj/gy.  Hence,  i^p.  desptegar^ 
to  tfufpJoy;  IL  sBitfore.  D^Ui^  is  only  a  diflerent 
orthography  of  wipncr,  Sp.  dupUgar^  to  di^ay.] 
To  display  ;  to  open  ;  to  extend  ;  a  military  term. 

DE-PLO\'',  V.  L  To  open  ;  to  extend.  Thus  a  col- 
umn is  said  to  deploy  when  tlie  front  spreads  out  on 
each  side,  as  is  commonly  done  tit  making  an  attack. 

DE-PLOY'£U,  pp.     Opened  ;  displayed  ;  extended. 

DE-PLOV'IXG,  ppr.  0[K-ning  ;  extending;  displaving. 

DEP-LU-MA'TlOX,  n.     [See  Dkplume.]     The  strip- 
ping or  falling  otf  of  plumes  or  ft-athers. 
S.  A  tumor  of  the  eyelids  with  loss  of  hair.     Coze, 

D£-PL0.\1E',  r.  L  [C  dcplumo  ;  dc  and  ptuma^  a 
feather  ;  Sp.  desplumar;  It.  sjiiumare.] 

To  strip  or  pluck  off  feathers ;  to  deprive  of  plu- 
mage. Havward. 

DE'PLOM'£D,  pp.     Stripped  of  feathers  or  plumes. 

DE~PLCM'IXG,  ppr.    Stripping  off  plumes  or  feathers. 

DE-PO-LAR-I-ZX'TION,  n.  The  act  of  depriving  of 
polarity,  as  the  rays  of  light.  Francis. 

DE-POLARIZE,  p.  u  To  deprive  of  polarity.  [See 
PoLARiTT.]  Ore. 

DE-POXE'.  V.  U     [L.  dfpoTio.] 

1.  To  lay  down  as  a  pledge ;  to  wage.  [Aof  in 
use]  Hadibras. 

2.  To  testify  under  oath.  State  trials.  In  Scotland, 
the  word  ia  used  in  this  sense.  Depose  is  used  in 
Enffland.  Rich.  Diet. 

DE-PCX  EXT,  0.     [Ito  dtpcnensj  dfpono  :  de  and  pono, 
■    to  lay.j 

1.  Laying  down 

2.  A  deponent  verb,  in  the  Latin  grammar,  is  a 
verb  which  has  a  passive  termination,  with  an  active 
signification,  and  wants  one  of  tbe  passive  partici- 
ples ;  as,  loquor,  to  speak. 

DE-PO'XEXT,  n.  One  who  deposes,  or  gives  a  depo- 
sition under  oath  ;  one  who  gives  written  testimony 
to  be  used  as  evidence  in  a  court  of  justice.  With 
us  in  X'ew  England,  this  word  is  never  used,  I  be- 
lieve, for  a  witness  who  gives  oral  testimony  in 
court.  In  England,  a  deponent  is  one  who  gives  an- 
swers under  oath  to  interrogatories  exhibited  in 
2.  A  deponi^nt  verb.  [chancery. 

DE-POP'U-L.aTE,  r.  t.  [L.  depojmlor  ;  de  and  papa- 
ior,to  ravage  or  lay  waste,  from  popnlus,  people  ;  Sp. 
despoblar  ;  {l.  spopvlare  ;  Fr.  drpruplrr.] 

To  dispeople ;  to  unpeople;  to  deprive  of  inhab- 
itants, whether  by  death,  or  by  expulsion,  it  is  not 
svTionyraous  with  laying  waste  or  destroying,  being 
limited  to  the  loss  of  inhabiLints  ;  as,  an  army  or  a 
famine  may  drpopu/rtt«acounir>*.  It  rarely  expresses 
on  entire  loss  of  inhabitants,  but  often  a  great  dim-  , 


I)EP 

inutton  of  thc-ir  numbent.    The  deluge  nearly  depop- 

■ulatnl  the  earth. 
DE-POP'U-LATE   r.  L     To  become  dispeopled. 
DE-POP'U-LA-TED,  pp.  or  a.      Dispeopled  ;  deprived 

of  inhabitants. 
DE-POP'li-LA-TIXG,p;w.    Dispeopling;  depriving  of 

inhabitants. 
DE-I'OP-II-LA'TION,  71.     The  act  of  dispeopling; 

destruction  or  expulsion  of  inhabitants. 
DE-POP'i;-LA-TOR,  «.     One  who  depopulates;   one 

«  bo  destroys  or  expels  the  inhabitants  of  a  city,  town, 

or  countr>' ;  a  dispeopler. 
DE-PORT',  r.   t.     [Fr.  drporter;  Sp.  deportar }  L.  de- 

porta  ,  de  and  purto,  to  carry.] 

1.  W \iU the re4:iprocal proHoun^to carry;  todemean; 
to  behave. 

1j«I  «n  emtxUMulor  deport  himself  iii  the  moit  grafcfut  mnnner 
belure  a  priitc«.  Pope. 

2.  To  transport ;  to  carry  away,  or  from  one  coun- 
trj-  to  anutlier. 

He   tolil  UB,  he  hftd  bceo  deporUd  to  Spain,  with  a  hundred 
oihen  like  bhnacir.  Waith. 

DE-POKT',  n.  Behavior ;  carriage  ;  demeanor ;  de- 
portment ;   as,  goddess-like  deport.     [A  poetic  jDord.] 

DEP-OR-TA'TIOX,  n.  A  carrying  away  ;  a  removal 
from  one  country  to  another,  or  to  a  distant  place; 
exile;  banishment.  In  FrancCtA  punishment  corre- 
sponding to  transportation  in  England.         Jiyliffe. 

DE-PORT'ED,  pp.  Carried  away  ;  transported  ;  ban- 
ished. 

DE-P6RT'IXG,  ppr.  Carrying  away  ;  removing  to  a 
diritnnt  place  or  country  ;  transporting;  banishing. 

DE'POUT'AIEXT,  n.     [Fr.  deporteinent.] 

Carriage  ;  manner  of  acting  in  relation  to  the  du- 
ties of  life  ;  behavior ;  demeanor ;  conduct ;  inun- 
agement.  Smfu 

DE-POS'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  deposed  or  deprived 
of  office.  HowelL 

DE-POS'AL,  n.  The  act  of  deposing,  or  divesting  AT 
otiice.  Fox, 

DE-POSE'*  (dc-poze',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  deposer ;  L.  depvno,  de- 
ponUum  ;  de  and  ponot  to  lay  or  put ;  Sp.  deponcr;  It. 
deporre,] 

1.  To  lay  down;  to  throw  ;  to  let  fall ;  [obs.,  De- 
posit being  now  used  ;]  as,  the  flood  tifpo^rt/ tine  par- 
ticles of  earth  on  tlie  bank  of  the  river.  In  this  sense, 
we  now  use  Deposit.  Woodward. 

2.  To  reduce  from  a  throne  or  other  high  station  ; 
to  dethrone  ;  to  degrade  ;  to  divest  of  office  ;  as,  to 
depose  a  king  or  a  pope. 

'•S,  To  put  under  oath,  as  an  evidence.  [Obs.]    Skak. 

4.  To  lay  aside.  Barrow. 

5.  To  takeaway  ;  to  strip  ;  to  divest.    \_J^ot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

6.  To  examine  on  oath.     [JW(  in  use]         Sliak, 
DE-POSE',  V.  i.    To  bear  witness.  Sitlneu. 
DE-POS'/:i),  pp.  or  a.    Dethroned  ;  degraded  ;  testified. 
DE-POS'Ett,  H.    One  who  deposes  or  degrades  from 

ofiice, 

DE-PoS'IXG, ppr.  Dethroning;  degrading;  bearing 
witness. 

DE-POS'IXG,  n.     The  act  of  dethroning.         Seldcn. 

DE-POS'IT,  c.  ^     [L.  depositum,  from  depono.] 

\.  'I'o  lay  down  ;  to  lay  ;  to  throw  down.  A  croc- 
odile deposits  her  eggs  in  the  sand.  A  bird  deposits 
eggs  in  a  nest.  An  inundation  deposits  particles  of 
earth  on  a  meadow. 

2.  To  lay  up ;  to  lay  in  a  place  for  preservation. 
We  deposit  the  produce  of  the  earth  in  barns,  cellirs, 
or  storehouses.  We  deposit  goods  in  a  warehouse, 
and  booits  in  a  library. 

3.  To  lodge  in  the  hands  of  a  person  for  safe-keep- 
ing or  other  purpose;  to  commit  to  tlie  care  of ;  to 
intrust ;  to  commit  to  one  as  a  pledge.  We  say,  the 
bond  is  deposited  in  the  hands  of  an  attorney  ;  money 
is  deposited  as  a  pledge,  or  security. 

4.  To  lay  aside.     [Little  used.] 

DE-POS'IT,  n.  That  which  is  laid  or  thrown  down  ; 
any  matter  laid  or  thrown  down,  or  lodged. 

The  depont  alreaily  fijniicd  afTonliiig  lo  ibe  succcedin?  portions 
oi  Uie  charged  fla  d  a.  bLiew.  Kirican, 

2.  Any  thing  intrusted  to  the  care  of  another ;  a 
pledge;  a  pawn  ;  a  thing  given  as  security,  or  forpres- 
er\-€ition  ;  as,  these  papers  are  committed  to  you  as  a 
sacred  deposit ;  he  has  a  deposit  of  money  in  his  hands. 

3.  A  place  where  things  are  deposited ;  a  deposi- 
tory. 

4.  A  city  or  town  where  goods  are  lodged  for  safe- 
keeping or  for  reshipinent.     [Fr.  depGt.] 

In  deposit,  in  a  state  of  pledge,  or  for  safe-keeping. 
DE-POS'lT-A-RY,  ti.     [Fr.  dcpositaire  ;  Low  L.  dcpos- 
itarias.] 

1.  A  person  with  whom  any  thing  Is  left  or  lodged 
in  trust ;  one  to  whom  a  thing  is  committed  tor  safe- 
keeping, or  to  be  used  for  the  benefit  of  the  owner ; 
a  trustee  ;  a  guardian.  The  Jews  were  the  deposita- 
ries of  the  eacrcd  writings. 

2.  In  Uiir,  onelo  whom  goods  are  bailed,  to  be  kept 
for  the  bailor  without  a  recompense.  Kent, 

DE-POS'IT-ED,K'.  or  a.  Laid  down  ;  put  away;  in- 
trusted. 

DE-POS'IT-IXG, /"pr.  Laying  down;  pledging;  re- 
positing. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MfiTE,  PRgY.  — PtXE,  MARIXE,  BIRD.  — XOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.— 


DEP 

DEP-0-»I"TIO^,  (dep-o-ziph'un,)  n.     [L.  drpositio.] 

1.  The  act  of  l;iying  or  throwing  down  ;  as,  soil  is 
formed  by  the  tUposUion  of  fine  particles,  during  a 
flood. 

9.  That  which  is  thrown  down  ;  that  which  is 
lodged  f  n<;,  banks  are  somettniea  drposUioTis  uf  allu- 
vial matter. 

3.  The  act  of  giving  written  testimony  under  oath. 

4.  The  attested  written  testimony  of  a  witness  ;  an 
affidavit. 

5.  The  act  of  dethroning  a  ktng,or  the  defrrading 
of  a  person  from  an  office  or  station  ;  a  divesting  of 
soverei^ty,  or  of  office  and  dignity  ;  a  depriving  of 
clerical  ordi;rs.  Adepo^sition  ditr*,*rs  from  abdication ; 
an  abdication  being  voluntary,  and  a  deposition  com- 
puljfory. 

DE-FOS'IT-OR,  n.     One  who  makes  a  deposit. 
DE-PO»'lT-0-RY,  n.    A   place   where  any  thing  is 

lodged  for  safe-keeping.    A  warehouse  is  a  depository 

for  goods  ;  a  clt^rk's  office  for  records. 
DE-POSIT-UM,  »i.     A  deposit     [JVo(  En^lish^  nor  in 

use.} 
DE-POT',    (de-po',)    w.     [Fr.]      A    place  of   deposit. 

Hence,  in  military  affairs,  a  place  where  stores  and 

pritvi-sions  are  kept,  and  where  recruits  are  trained. 

2.  A  building  for  the  occupation  of  passengers,  &,c., 
at  the  termination,  or  at  a  way  station  of  a  railroad. 

DEP-RA-VA'TION,    n.       [L.    depravatio.      See    Dk- 

1.  The  act  of  making  bad  or  worse  ;  the  act  of 
corrupting. 

2.  The  state  of  being  made  bad  or  worse  ;  degen- 
eracy ;  a  ^tate  in  which  good  qualities  are  lost  or  im- 
paired. We  speak  of  the  depravation  of  morals, 
manners,  or  government ;  of  the  heart,  or  mind  ;  of 
nature,  taste,  &c. 

3.  Censure;  defamation.     [JVot  lurt/.j  Shak, 
DE-PRA  VE',  r.  L   [L.depraoo  ,-  (feand  pruciw,  crooked, 

perverse,  wicked.] 

1.  To  make  bad  or  worse ;  to  impair  good  qualt. 
ties  ;  to  make  had  qualities  worse  ;  to  vitiate ;  to 
corrupt ;  as,  to  rf^pra^e  manners,  morals,  government, 
laws  ;  to  deprave  the  heart,  mind,  will,  understand- 
ing, t'lste,  principles,  &.C. 

2.  To  defame  ;  to  vilify.     [Jfot  now  used^J 

Shak.     Spenser. 

DE-PRXV'KD,  pp.      Made  bad  or  worse;   vitiatud; 
tainted  ;  cornipted. 

2.  a.  Corrupt;  wicked;  destitute  of  holiness  or 
good  principles. 

DE  PKA  V'EU-LV,  adv.    In  a  corrupt  manner. 

DE-PR;(  V'ED-NESS,  n.     Corruption  ;   taint ;   a  vitia- 
ted Mate.  Hammond. 

DE-PRAVE'MENT,  n.    Avitiated  state.        Brown. 

DK-I*RAV'ER,  n.     A  corrupter;  he  who  vitiates;  a 
vilifier. 

DE-PRAVTXO,  ppr.    Making  bad;  comipting. 

DE-PRA  V'lNfJ,  n.     A  corrupting  or  traducing.  [Obs.] 

DE-PRA  V'LNG-LY,  adv.     In  a  depraving  manner 

DE  PRAV'I-TV,  n.    Corruption  :  a  vitiated  Mate  ;  as, 
the  drprarity  of  manners  and  morals.  Bwrk*. 

2.  A  vitiated  state  of  the  heart ;  wickedness:  cor- 
ruption of  moral  principles;  destitution  of  holiness 
or  good  principles, 

DEP'RE-CA-BLE.a.    That  is  to  be  deprecated. 

DEP'RE-CaTE,  r.  e.     [L.  deprtcor;  de  and  prcctfr,  to 
pray.     See  Prat  and  Preach.] 

1.  To  pray  against ;  to  pray  or  entreat  that  a  pres- 
ent evil  may  be  removed,  or  an  expected  one  averted. 
We  should  all  deprecate  the  return  of  war. 

Tlte  jujgiaenta  we  wuuld  deprtcote  are  Dot  rriacn^. 

Srnanridgt. 

5.  Murt  generaUyy  to  regret ;  to  have  or  to  express 
deep  sorrow  at  a  present  evil,  or  at  one  that  may  oecur. 
This  word  is  seldom  used  to  express  actual  prayer  ; 
but  it  expresses  deep  regret  that  an  evil  exists  or  may 
exist,  which  implies  a  strong  desire  that  it  may  be 
removed  or  averted. 

3.  To  rtnplore  m^rcy  of.     [ImproperJ]  Prior. 
DEP'RE-CA-TED,  pp.      Prayed   against ;    deeply  re- 

gr.if'd. 
DEI"RE-€A-TI.\G,  »pr.    Praying  against ;  regrcttln|. 
DEP'RE-CA-TING-LY,  adv.    By  deprecation. 

Marrifatt. 
DEP  RE-GA'TION,  n.    A  praying  against ;  a  praying 

lint  :\n  evil  may  be  removed,  or  prevented.      Jfilton, 
3.  Entreaty;  petitioning;  an  excusing;  a  begging 

pardon  for.  Jokimon, 

DEP'RE-CA-TOR,  n.     One  who  deprecates. 
DEP'RF^CA-TO-RY, »  a.     That  serves  to  deprecate  ; 
DKP'RE-CA-TIVE,    (     tending  to  remove  or  avert 

evil  by  prayer  ;  as,  deprecatnrtj  letters.  Bacon. 

9.  Having  the  form  of  prayer. 
DEPRE'CIATE,  c.  L     [Low  L.  dfTtretio;  rfe  and  pr&- 

tium,  price  ;  Kr.  drpriscr.     Kee  Price.] 

1.  To  lessen  the  price  of  a  thing ;  to  cry  down  the 
•  price  or  value. 

2.  To  undervalue  ;  to  represent  as  of  little  vahie  or 
merit,  rir  of  k-ss  value  tlian  is  commonly  supposed  ; 
as,  one  utithor  is  apt  to  drprectate  the  works  of  anoth- 
er, or  to  depreciate  their  worth.  *^ 

3.  To  lower  value.  The  issue  of  a  superabundance 
of  notes  depreciates  tbem,  or  depreeiatts  their  value. 

DE  PKE'CCATE,  v.  i.    To  fall  in  va'ue  ;  to  become  of 


DEP 

less  worth.  A  paper  currency  will  depreciate,  unless 
it  is  convertible  into  specie.  Estates  are  apt  to  depre- 
ciate in  the  hands  of  tenants  on  siiort  leases.  Conti- 
nental bills  of  credit,  issued  by  the  congress,  during 
the  revolution,  depreciated  to  the  one  hundredth  part 
of  their  nominal  value. 

DE-PRk'CIA-TED,  pp.  or  o.  Lessened  in  value  or 
price  ;  undervalued. 

DE-PRe'CIA-TING,   ppr.      Lessening    the    price    or 
worth ;  undervaluing. 
2.  Falling  in  value. 

DE-PRE-CI-A'TIONj  (de-pr5-she-a'shun,)  n.  The  act 
of  lessening  or  crymg  down  price  or  value. 

2.  The  falling  of  value  ;  reduction  of  worth  ;  as, 
the  depreciation  of  bills  of  credit. 

DE-PRk'CIA-TIVE,  a.     Under\-aluing. 

DEP'RE-DATE,  v.  t  [L.  depriedor;  de  and  prtsdor,  to 
plunder,  pneda,  prey.] 

1.  To  phindLT  ;  to  rob  ;  to  pillage  ;  to  take  the 
property  of  an  enemy,  or  of  a  foreign  country,  by 
force  ;  as,  the  army  depredated  the  enemy's  country. 

TbAt  kind  o(<*.-m  which  depredaUt  luid  distn-nea  intlivt;lii\]s, 

Mnrthall. 

2.  To  prey  upon  ;  to  waste  ;  to  spoil.  Bacon, 

3.  To  devour;  to  destroy  by  eating ;  as,  wild  ani- 
mals depredate  the  com. 

DEP'RE-OATE,  r.  i.  To  lake  plunder  or  prey;  to 
commit  waste  ;  as,  the  troops  depredated  ou  the  coun- 
try. • 

DEP'RE-DA-TED,j>p.  Spoiled;  plundered  ;  wasted  ; 
pillaged. 

DEP'RE-DA-TING,  ppr.  Plunderingj  robbing;  pil- 
laging. 

DEP-RE-DA'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  plundering ;  a  rob- 
bing ;  a  pillaging. 

2.  Waste  ;  consumption  ;  a  taking  away  by  any  net 
of  violence.  The  sea  often  makes  dejtredations  on  the 
land.  Intemperance  commits  depredations  on  the  cun- 
siitution. 

DEP'RE-DA-TOR,  n.  One  who  plunders  or  pillages  ; 
a  spoiler ;  a  waster. 

DEP'RE-DA-TO-RY,*!.  Plundering;  spoiling;  con- 
sisting in  pillaging.  Encye. 

DEP-RE-HE\U'^,  p.  (.  [h.  depi^ekendo  i  de  nnA  preAen- 
do,  to  take  or  seize.] 

1.  To  catch  ;  to  take  unawares  or  by  surprise;  to 
seize,  as  a  person  committing  an  unlawful  act. 

Mure.     Hooker. 

2.  To  det(!Ct;  to  discover ;  to  obtain  the  knowledge 
of.  Bacon. 

DKP-RE-nE\D'ED,pj».  Taken  by  surprise  ;  caught; 
seixcd  ;  discovered. 

DEP-RE-HEND'ING,  ppr.  Taking  unawares;  catch- 
ing; seizing;  discovering. 

DEP  RE-IIEiN'SI-BLE,  a.  That  may  he  caught  or 
discovered. 

DEI'-KE-IIE.N'SI-nLE-NESS,  ».  Capableness  of  be- 
ing caught  or  discovered. 

DEP-RE-IIEN'SION,  n.  A  catching  or  seizing;  a  dis- 
covery. 

[DirRBHEND  and  its  derivatives  are  little  utwd.] 

DE-PEESS',  e.  (.  [  L.  deprcssan,  drprimu  ;  de  and  pres- 
rue.  premo,  to  pr»^sH.] 

1.  To  press  down  ;  to  press  to  a  lower  state  or  po- 
sition ;  as,  tu  depress  Uie  end  of  a  tube  or  tlie  muzzle 
uf  a  gun. 

2.  To  let  fall ;  to  bring  down  ;  as,  to  depress  the 
eye. 

3.  To  render  dull  or  languid  ;  to  Mmit  or  diminish  ; 
as,  to  depress  coumierc^. 

4.  To  sink  ;  to  l<iwcr  ;  to  deject ;  to  make  sad  ;  as, 
to  depress  the  spirits  or  the  mind. 

5.  To  humble  ;  to  abase  ;  as,  to  depress  pride. 

6.  To  smk  in  altitude  ;  to  cause  to  appear  lower  or 
nearer  the  hori7,<m  ;  as,  a  man  sailing  toward  the 
equator  drpre.ine.*  the  pole. 

7.  To  irll|HlV^■ri,^h  ;  to  lower  in  temporal  estate; 
as,  misfortunes  and  lossefl  have  depressed  the  mer- 
chants. 

6.  To  lower  in  value;  as,  to  depress  the  price  of 
stork. 

DE-PRESS' ED,  (de-prcst',)  pp.  or  a.  Pressed  or  forced 
down  ;  lowered  ;  drj'-cted  ;  dispirited  ;  sad  ;  hum- 
bled :  sunk  ;  rendered  languid. 

2.  In  bntnny,  u  depres.-ied  leaf  is  hollow  in  the  mid- 
dle, or  having  the  disk  more  ditpressed  than  the  sides; 
used  qf  succulent  leaves^  and  opposed  to  Convex. 

Martyn, 

DE-PRESS'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Pressing  down  ;  lowJ-ring 
in  place;  letting  fill ;  sinking  ;  dejecting;  abashing; 
inipovcrlxhitig  ;  rendering  languid. 

DE-PRESS'I.\G-LY,  adv.     In  a  depressing  manru:r. 

DE-PRES'HION,  (de-presh'un,)  n.  The  act  of  press- 
ing down,  or  the  statu  of  being  pressed  down;  a  low 
SLitc. 

2.  A  hollow  ;  a  sinking  or  falling  in  of  a  surface  ; 
or  a  forcing  inward  ;  an,  roughness  consisting  in  tittle 
pn)tuberances  and  depressions  ;  the  depression  of  the 
skull. 

3.  The  act  of  humbling;  abasement;  as,  the  de- 
pression of  pride  ;  the  depression  of  the  nobility. 

4.  A  sinking  of  the  spirits  ;  dejection  ;  a  state  of 
sadness  ;  want  of  courage  or  animation  ;  as,  depres- 
sion of  the  mind. 


DEP 

5.  A  low  state  of  strength  ;  a  state  of  body  succeed- 
ing debility  in  the  formation  of  disease.  Coxe. 
C.  A  low  state  of  business  or  of  proiwrty. 

7.  In  astronomt/f  the  angular  distance  of  a  celestial 
object  below  the  horizon.  The  depression  of  thepole^ 
is  its  angular  approach  lo  the  horizon  as  the  specta- 
tor recedes  from  the  pole  toward  the  equator. 

D.  Olmsted. 

8.  In  ala-ebra,  the  depression  of  an  equation,  is  tiie  re- 
duction of  the  equation  to  one  of  lower  dimensions. 

Barlow. 
DE-PRESS'IVE,  0,    Able  or  tending  to  depress  or  cast 

down. 
DE-PRESS'OR,   n.      He  that  presses   down;   an  op- 
pressor. 

2.  In   anatomy,  a  muscle  that  depresses  or  draws 
down  the  part  to  which  il  is  attached  ;  as,  the  de- 
pressor of  the  lower  jaw  or  of  the  eyeball.     It  is 
called  also  deprimcnt  or  deprimens. 
DEP'RI-MENT,  n.     [L.  deprimo,  to  depress.] 

De|>ression.     Deprimens  is  the  epithet  given  to  a 
muscle  which  depresses,  as  that  vvtiich  depresses  the 
globe  of  the  eye. 
DE-PKIV'.\-ULE,  a.     [See  Deprive.]     That  maybe 
deprived. 

A  chaplain  >ha!l  be  deprivahlt  by  the  fuunder,  not  by  the  tuhop. 
[See  Deprive,  No.  4] 
DEP-RI-VA'TION,  n.     [St^e  Deprite.]    The  act  of 
depriving  ;  a  taking  away. 

2.  A  state  of  being  deprived  ;  loss  ;  want ;  bereave- 
ment by  loss  of  friends  or  of  goods. 

3.  In  /ate,  the  act  of  divesting  a  bishop  or  other 
clergyman  of  his  spiritual  promotion  or  dignity  ;  the 
taking  away  of  a  preferment ;  deposition.  This  is  of 
two  kinds  ;  a  beneficio,  and  ab  officio.  I'he  former  is 
the  deprivation  of  a  minister  of  his  living  or  prefer- 
ment ;  the  latter  of  his  order,  and  otherwise  called 
deposition  or  degradation.  Encyc. 

DE  PRIVE',  r.  L  [L.  dc  and  priro,  to  take  away ;  Sp. 
privar;  li.privare;  Vr.  prii^rr.     See  Private.] 

1.  To  take  from  ;  to  bereave  of  something  pos- 
sessed or  enjoyed  ;  followed  by  ofi  as,  to  deprive  a 
man  o/ sight ;  to  deprive  one  of  strength,  o/ reason,  or 
of  property.  This  has  a  general  signitication,  appli- 
cable to  a  lawful  or  unlawful  taking. 

God  hath  deprittd  hrr  ofwisJum.  —  Job  xxvtx. 

2.  To  hinder  from  possessing  or  enjoying;  to  do- 
bar. 

From  his  five?  I  ithatl  be  hid,  dtprioed 
or  hia  bicissed  couiiu?iiivr)C«.  Milton. 

[This  use  of  the  word  is  not  leg-Uimate,  but  common.] 

3.  To  free  or  release  from.  Spenser. 

4.  To  divest  of  an  ecclesiastical  preferment,  dig- 
nity, or  office  ;  to  divest  of  orders,  as  a  bishop,  preb- 
end, or  vicar. 

DE-PRTV'Kn,p;i.  Berefl ;  divested;  hindered;  stripped 
of  office  or  dignity  ;  deposed  ;  degraded. 

OE  PRIVE'MENT,  h.  The  state  of  losing  or  being 
deprived. 

DE-PRIV'ER,  n.  He  or  that  which  deprives  or  be 
reaves. 

DE-PRIVING,  ppr.  Bereaving ;  taking  away  what  Is 
possessed;  divesting;  hindering  from  enj>>ying  ;  de- 
posing. 

DEPTH,  n.  [from  deep.]  Deepness;  the  distance  or 
measure  of  a  thing  trom  the  surface  to  the  bottom, 
or  lo  the  extreme  part  downward  or  inward.  The 
depth  of  a  river  may  be  ten  feet.  The  depth  of  the 
ocean  is  unfathomable.  The  depth  of  a  wound  may 
be  an  inch.     In  a  vertical  direction,  depth  is  opposed 

2.  A  deep  place.  [to  hight, 

3.  The  sea  ;  the  ocean. 

The  d^plh  clo«^  mo  round  nlwuU  —  Jon^h  il. 

4.  The  abyss  ;  a  gulf  of  Infinite  profundity. 

Wh'-n  ho  icl  a  coinp.iu  on  Uic  face  of  Ihe  depth.  —  Pror.  yUI. 

5.  The  middle  of  a  season  ;  as,  the  depth  of  winter  ; 
orthemiddle,  the  darkest  or  stillest  part;  as,  the  deptA 
of  night ;  or  the  inner  part,  a  part  remote  from  the 
border  ;   as,  the  drpth  of  a  wood  of  forest. 

6.  Abstrusencss ;  obscurity ;  that  which  ts  not 
easily  explored  ;  as,  the  depth  of  a  science. 

7.  Unsearchableness ;  infinity. 

O  Ih'-  depth  of  thf  ridi'-i  bolh  of  the  wbdom  oiul  knowledge  o( 
Goil  !  —Horn.  xi. 

8.  The  breadth  and  dqjtji  of  the  love  of  Christ,  are 
its  vast  extent. 

9.  Profoundness;  extent  of  penetration,  or  <-f  the 
capacity  uf  penetrating  ;  as,  (/r/»//i  of  understanding  ; 
depth  of  skill. 

10.  The  dtpth  of  a  squadron  or  battalion,  is  the  nura- 
hi'T  of  men  in  a  file,  which  forms  the  extent  from  the 
front  to  the  rear  ;  as,a(/e/)(A  of  three  men  orsix  men. 

11.  Depth  of  a  sail,  \hc  extent  of  tiie  square  sails 
from  the  head-rope  to  the  f(>ot-rr)pe,  or  the  length  of 
the  nfter-li'tH:h  of  a  stay-sail  or  boom-sail.  Jilar.  Diet. 

DEPTH'LESS,  a.     Having  no  depth.  Coleridge. 

DE-PO'CE-LATE,  v.  t.    'Po  deflour;  to   bereave  of 

virginttv. 
DE-PLILSE',  f.  e.    To  drive  away.  Coekeram. 

DE-PCJLH'J^D,  (de-pulsl\)  pp.    Driven  away. 
DE-PCL'SION,  n.    [L.  drpulsioi  detind  mUo, to  drive.] 
A  driving  or  thnisting  away,     [Sco  Repulbiok.] 


TONE,  BWLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUa— e  as  K;  0  as  J  ;  S  ai  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


41 


321 


DEK 

DB  rL'L'SO  RY.c    Driving ur  thrustlngaway  ;  avert- 

DEI' t;-RATE,  F.  t.  IFr.depunr;  lu  Uejntrarei  Sp. 
dtpmr^r :  from  lU  and  piu,  ^uris.] 

I'o  purifv  ;  to  free  iruin  impurities,  heturogcnooufl 
mntler,  or  iVrulence  ;  a  cAtmietU  term. 

DEP'i;-RA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Purified  from  IicUTogcne- 
ous  maUtT,  Of  frura  impurities.  Bwrke. 

DEl"i;-KA-TING,  ppr.  Purifying;  freeing  from  im- 
purilies. 

DEP- (^-RATION,  n.  The  act  of  purifying  or  (Veeing 
fluids  from  heterofeneous  matter.  This  is  done  by 
decantaUon,  when  the  feculent  matter  is  depositt>d 
on  the  hottom  of  the  tcmcI  ;  or  by  despumation,  ef- 
fected by  boiling  or  h-rmcnlation,  and  skimming  ;  or 
by  fiUralion  ;  or  by  fining  or  clarification.         Parr. 

2.  Thf  cit  unsing  of  a  wound  fri>m  iinptire  matter. 
DEP'lJ-R A-TO-KY,   a.      Cleaning  j    punfying :    or 

tending  to  purify*.    A  depurotsry  fererj  te  a  fever 
that  expeld  morbid  mauer  by  a  mt  petsiHnaloB. 
DE-PCRE',  r.  L    To  depurate,    [AV*  used,] 
DEP-i;-RI"TIO\,  (dep^yu-rish'un,)  h.    The  removal 
of  impurities  in  the  humon  of  the  body  ;  the  clarifi- 
cation of  a  liquid.  QditerU 
DEP-U-TA'TION,  a.    [Fr.  id.;  IL  deputazione;    Sp. 
diputmeiom.    See  Dkptte.] 

I.  The  act  of  appointing  a  snbstitute  or  represent- 
ative to  act  for  anotlier;  the  act  of  appointmg  and 
•ending  a  deput>-  or  substitute  to  transact  bnsintfss 
for  another,  as  his  a^ent,  either  with  a  special  com- 
miision  and  authority,  or  with  general  powers.  This 
word  may  be  used  for  the  election  of  representatives 
to  a  legislature  ;  but  more  generally  it  is  empli>yed  to 
ex^vess  the  appointment  of  a  special  agent  or  com- 
miSBioner,  by  an  individual  or  public  body^  to  trans- 
act a  particular  business. 

S.  A  special  commission  or  authority  to  act  as  the 
80l»(itute  of  another ;  as,  this  man  acts  by  depulatiom 
from  the  shcrifl*. 

3.  The  person  deiHite() ;  the  person  or  persons  au- 
thorized and  sent  to  transact  business  for  another  ; 
as,  the  general  sent  a  depuUUien  lo  the  enemy  to  offer 
terms  «  peace. 

DE-Pt)TE',  r.  L  [Fr.  devutcr;  iL  dmitartt  Port,  dt- 
pmtar :  Sp.  diputar ;  L.  deputo^  but  diflerently  apfilied  ; 
d0  and  put*.  The  primajy  sense  of  pmU  is  to  Umist, 
throw,  send  ;  but  it  baa  rarioiii  apfiUcationa.  Sec 
CUis  Bd,  Xo.  13,  19.] 

To  ap[K>int  a.'*  a  substitute  or  agent  to  act  for  an- 
other ;  to  apiKjint  and  send  with  a  siK'cial  commission 
or  authority  tu  transact  business  in  another**  name. 
Tbe  sbcrid"  dtpuUt  a  man  to  serve  a  wriL 

TkoR'  b  M  MMi  JwMtrf  br  ih«  Uw  to  Ihv.  — S  ana.  xt. 

1W  kUten  bk;  ApMk  ft  pdM  to  •Sniteerlbe  HCajDHiL 

DB-PCT'BD,  sif.  cr  a.  Appointed  as  a  substitute  i  a|>- 
pointed  and  sent  with  special  authority  to  act  for 
another. 

DE-POT'ING,  ppr.  Appointing  as  a  substitute ;  ap- 
pointing and  sending  with  a  special  comnuaslon  to 
tranract  business  for  another. 

DEP'i;-TTZE,  r.  (.  To  appoint  a  deputy  ;  to  empower 
to  act  for  another,  as  a  sheri£  [Aot  used  ut  -Ea/., 
and  rrm  liUU  iu  tJu  U.  S.\ 

DEP'i:-TV,  a.     (Fr.  depute.] 

1.  A  person  appointed  or  elected  to  act  for  another, 
especially  a  person  sent  with  a  special  commission  to 
act  in  the  place  of  anotbcr  j  a  lieutenant ;  a  viceroy. 
A  prince  sends  a  deputy  to  a  diet  or  council,  to  repre- 
sent him  and  his  dominions.  A  sherifi*  appoints  a 
dqpa^  to  execute  the  duties  of  his  office  The  towns 
ia  New  England  send  deputies  to  the  legislature.  In 
tbe  laOer  sense,  a  deputy  has  general  powers,  and  it 
is  more  comnuin  to  use  Uie  word  represemtdUtre. 

3.  In  Uw,  one  that  exercises  an  office  in  another's 
rif^t,  and  the  forfeiture  or  misdemeanor  of  such 
depu^  shall  cause  the  person  he  represents  to  lose 
bis  office.  Philips. 

DEP'L:-TY-€OL-bEeT'OR,  a.  A  person  appointed 
to  perform  the  duties  of  a  collector  of  the  customs  in 
place  of  the  collector. 

D£P'U-TV>MAK'SHAL,ii,  One  appointed  to  act  in 
the  t4ace  of  the  marshal. 

DBP'y-TY-P6ST'MAS-TER,  a.  A  person  who  U 
appointed  to  act  as  postmaster,  in  subordination  to 
the  postmaster-gen eraL 

DEP'l>TV-SHER'IFF,  n.  K  person  deputed  or  au- 
thorized to  perform  the  duties  of  the  sheriiS',  as  his  sub- 
stitute. In  like  manner,  we  use  d^paty-ctnttmu^ary, 
deputy-pmrmatter,  &-C. 

DE-aC^N'TJ-TATE,  c.  U  To  diminish  the  quantity 
of.     [Aot  in  use.] 

DER,  prefixed  to  names  of  places,  may  be  from  Sax. 
deor^  a  wild  birast,  or  from  dur^  water. 

DE-R.\C'i-iNAT£,o.  f.  {¥t.  deraditer ;  de  and  rocine, 
a  root.] 

To  [duck  up  by  tbe  roots;  to  extirpate.  {Little 
used.\  Shak. 

DE-RAC'I-\A  TED,  pp.  Plucked  np  by  tbe  roots  ; 
extirpated. 

DE-RAC'I-NA-TING,  ppr.  Tearing  up  by  the  rootsi 
extirpating. 

DE-RAC-I-iS'A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  pulling  upby  the 
roots.  Maunder. 


DER 


drrener,  de-  i 
j-rtcr,  or  de-  : 


DE-KALN',     i  ^  **  (      rriffner,  deraig 

rainer.] 

To  prove;  to  justify  ;  to  vindicate,  as  an  assertion  ; 
to  clear  one's  self.     [An  old  late  ternty  now  disu.ted.] 

DE-RAIGN'MEiNT, )  n.    Thencl  of  detaining;  proof : 

DE-RAIX'MENT,     i      justification. 

A  like  word  was  fonnerly  iidcd  in  the  sense  of  dis- 
ordering, derangement,  a  dit^cliarge  from  a  profes- 
sion, or  departure  from  a  religious  order.  [Fr.  de- 
nmrer;  de  and  roarer.] 

DE-RANGE',  r.  L  [Fr.  dermffen  de  and  ranker,  to 
set  in  order,  from  ru«^,  rank  ;  Arm.  direHcga.] 

1.  To  put  out  of  order ;  to  disturb  the  regular  or- 
der of;  to  throw  into  confusion  ;  as,  to  derange  the 
{dans  of  a  commander,  or  the  attains  of  a  nation. 

I  h»d  Ion;  auppoaMl  Uuit  ntxhio^  covUd  dtranr*  or  Intemipt  the 
Cuune  d  puurfactioo.  ixtvouwr,  2Van. 

2.  To  emburaas ;  to  disorder ;  as,  bis  private  af- 
fairs are  deranged, 

3.  To  disorder  tbe  Intellect ;  to  disturb  the  regular 
operations  of  reason. 

4.  To  remove  from  place  or  office,  as  the  personal 
staflT  of  a  principal  military  officer.  Thus,  when  a 
general  olhcer  resigns  or  is  removed  from  office,  the 
pergonal  stad*,  appointed  by  himself,  are  said  to  be 
deranffrd.  W.  H.  Sumner. 

D£-RANti'£D,  ;ip.  or  a.  Put  out ^of  order  ;  disturb- 
ed j  embarrajtsed  ;  confused;  disordered  in  uiind ; 
delirious ;  distracted. 

DE-RAX6E'MENT,  ».  A  putting  out  of  order ;  dis- 
turbance uf  regularity  or  regular  course  ;  embarrass- 
meiiL  Wa.^hington. 

2.  Disorder  of  the  intellect  or  reason  ;  delirium  ;  in- 
sanitv  :  as,  a  deraRgetmut  of  the  mental  organs.  Paley. 

DE-RANG'IN<;,  p/v.  Putting  out  of  order  ;  disturb- 
ing regularity  or  regular  course ;  embarrassment ; 
confu^iion.  JIamillon, 

3.  Disordering  the  rational  powers. 

DE-RAV,  r.  L  ffmm  the  French.]  Tumult;  disor- 
der; merriment.     \?ifvt  in  use,]  Douglas. 

DER'BY-SHIRE-SPAR,  n.  Fluorspar,  or  Huorid  of 
calcium,  a  beautiful  mineral,  found  in  Derbyshire, 
England,  ami  wrought  into  vases  and  other  orna- 
mental work.  Brande. 

D£RE,  V.  u    [Sax.  derian.] 
To  hurt,    [Obs.] 

DER'E-LICT,  a.     [L.  derelietus^  derelinquo;  de  and  re- 
limquo^  to  leave,  re  and  lim^uo,  id.  Class  Lg.] 
lji-t\  ;  atiandoned. 

DER'E-UeT,  ft.  In  /aw,  an  article  of  goods,  or  any 
commodity,  thrown  away,  relinquished,  or  aban- 
doned by  the  owner. 

tL  A  tract  of  land  lel\  dry  by  the  sea,  and  fit  for 
cultivation  or  use. 

DER-E-U€'TION,a.     [L.  dereUctio.] 

1.  I'hc  art  of  leaving  with  an  intention  not  to  re- 
claim ;  an  utt(;r  forsaking  ;  abandonment 

2.  The  state  of  beinj.'  l«*fl,  or  aluindoncd.      Ifooker. 

3.  A  leaving  ae  receding  from ;  as,  the  dereliction 
of  the  sea.  Blacksfone. 

D£-RtDE',  r.  e.  [L.  derideo;  de  and  nWfo,  lo  laugh; 
It.  deridere.  In  Fr.  derider  is  to  unwrinkle  ;  from 
rute,  a  wrinkle.  Probably  the  primary  sense  of  L. 
rideo  is,  lo  wrinkle,  to  grin.] 

To  laugh  at  in  contempt;  to  turn  to  ridicule  or 
make  s{Hirt  of;  to  mock;  to  treat  with  scorn  by 
laughter. 

Till*  PhariieM  lOso  —  derided  hfm.  —  Lii)c«  xri. 

Sumc,  wbo  ftJura  Newtun  fur  hia  fluxbns,  deride  him  for  hit 
rcUgiun,  Berkeley. 

DE-RID'ED,  pp.  Laughed  at  in  contempt ;  mocked  ; 
ridiculed. 

DE-RID'£R,  n.    One  who  laughs  at  another  in  con- 
tempt ;  a  mocker;  a  scofl!er.  Hooker. 
3.  A  droll  or  buffixm. 

DE-RID' I. NO,  ppr.  Laughing  at  with  contempt ;  mock- 
ini; ;  ridiculing. 

DE-RID'ING-LY,  adv.     By  way  of  derision  or  mock- 

DkR'ING,  ppr.    Hurting;  injuring.  [J\o£  used,]      [ery. 

DE-RIS'ION,  (de-rizb'un,)  iu     [L.  derisio.      See  Db- 

BIOE.J 

J.  The  act  of  laughing  at  in  contempt. 

2.  Contempt  manifested  by  laughter;  scorn. 

I  am  in  deruion  dailj.  —  Jer.  nz. 

3.  An  object  of  derision  or  contempt;  a  laughing- 
stock. 

1  VKS  A  derieion  to  all  ir^  people.  —  Iaiti.  iii. 

DE-RI'SIVE,  a.  Containing  derision  j  mocking  ;  rid- 
iculing. 

Derinoe  UuoU.  Pope. 

DE-RI'SIVE-LY,  ado.    With  mockerj'  or  contempt. 

DE-RI'SIVE-NESS,  n.     The  st-ite  of  being  derisive. 

DE-Rt'SO-RY,  a.     Mocking;  ridiculing.     Shaftesbury. 

DE-RIV'A-BLE,o.  [See  Derive.]  That  may  be  de- 
rived ;  that  may  be  drawn,  or  received,  as  from  a 
source.  Income  is  dcricable  from  land,  money,  or 
stocks. 

2.  That  may  be  received  from  ancestors  j  as,  an 
estate  derivable  from  an  ancestor. 

3.  That  may  be  drawn,  as  from  premises;  deduci- 
We  ;  as,  an  argument  derivable  from  facts  or  preced- 
ing propositions. 


DER 

4.  That  may  be  drawn  from  a  radical  word ;  as,  a 
word  derivable  from  an  Oriental  root. 
DE-RTV'A-HLY,  adv.     By  derivation, 
DER'I-VATE,  n.     [L.  derivatus.] 

A  word  derived  (Yom  another.  '  StuarL 

DER'1-VATE,  V.  t.     [L,  derivo.] 

'J'o  derive. 
DER'I-VA-TED,  pp.    Derived. 
DER'I-VA-TING,//ur.     I>eriving. 
DER-I-VA'TION,  n.     [L.  derivatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  deriving,  drawing,  or  receiving  from 
a  source  ;  as,  the  derivation  of  an  estate  from  ances- 
tors, or  of  profits  from  capital,  or  of  truth  or  facts 
from  antiquity. 

2.  In  grammar^  the  drawing  or  tracing  of  a  word 
from  its  root  or  original ;  as,  derivation  is  from  Uio 
L.  dcrirc,  and  the  latter  fioni  nuiw,  n  stream. 

3.  A  drawing  from,  or  turning  aside  from,  a  natii- 
nil  course  or  chauiicl ;  as,  the  derivation  of  water 
from  its  channel  by  lateml  drains. 

4.  A  drawing  of  humors  from  one  part  of  the  lutdy 
to  another ;  as,  the  derivation  of  humors  from  the 
eye,  by  a  blister  on  the  neck. 

5.  The  thing  derived  or  deduced.  Glanville. 
DE-RIV'A-TIVE,  a.     Dt^rived  ;  taken  or  having  pro- 
ceeded from  another  or  something  preceding;  sec- 
ondary ;  as,  a  derivative  perfection  ;  a  derivative  con- 
veyance, as  a  release.                                  Blaekstone. 

2.  A  derivative  chord,  in  music,  ia  one  derived 
from  a  fumlaniental  chord. 

DE-RIV'A-TIVE,  n.  That  which  is  derived  ;  a  word 
which  lakes  its  origin  in  another  word,  or  ia  formed 
from  it.  Thus,  depravity  is  a  derivative  from  the  L. 
depravo,  and  ackiwtrled^rc^  from  knowlcdgCj  and  this 
from  know,  tlie  primitive  word. 
2.  In  music,  a  chord  not  fundamental. 

DE-RIV'A-TIVE-LY,  (Wij.  In  a  derivative  manner; 
by  derivation, 

DE-RIV'A-TiVE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  deriv- 
ative. 

DE-ltlVE',  V.  L  [h.  derico  ;  de  and  n'ru^,  a  stream  ; 
Fr.  dtriver  ;  Sp.  derivar ;  It.  derivare.] 

1.  To  draw  from,  as  in  a  regular  course  or  chan- 
nel ;  to  receive  from  a  source  by  a  regular  convey- 
ance. TJie  lieir  derives  an  estate  from  his  ancestors. 
We  derive  from  Adam  mortal  bodies  and  natures 
prone  to  sin. 

2.  To  draw  or  receive,  as  from  a  source  or  origin. 
Wc  derive  ideas  from  the  senses,  and  instruction 
from  good  books, 

3.  To  deduce  or  draw,  as  from  a  root,  or  primitive 
word.  A  hundred  words  are  often  derived  from  a 
single  monosyllabic  root,  and  sometimes  a  much 
greater  number, 

4.  To  turn  from  it:^  natural  course;  to  divert ;  as, 
to  derive  water  from  the  main  channel  or  current 
into  lateral  rivulets. 

5.  To  conununicate  from  one  to  another  by  descent. 

All  cxi>>llotil  UUpobition  \»  derived  lo  your  lorUanip  (mm  your 

6.  To  spread  in  various  directions ;  to  cause  to  lluw. 

•     The  aCroAins  of  justice  were   dcrivtd  into   eve/y   p-trt   of  the 
kiiigilom.  Daviei. 

DE-UIVE',  V.  i.  To  coino  or  proceed  from.  [AVt 
common.] 

Power  from  heaven  derivee.  Prior. 

DE-RIV'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Drawn,  as  from  a  source  ;  de- 
duced ;  received;  regularly  conveyed;  descended; 
coiiiniunicated  ;  transmitted. 

DE-KIV'ER,  n.  One  who  derives,  or  draws  from  a 
source.  South. 

DE-RIV'ING,  ppr.  Drawing ;  receiving ;  deducing; 
communicating;   diverting  or  turning   into  another 

DERM,  n.     [Gr.  tJEo/jti,  skin.]  [channel. 

The  organized  tegument,  or  natural  covering  of  an 
animal. 

DERM'AL,  a.     [Gr.  Septra,  skin.] 

Pertaining  to  skin  ;  consisting  of  skin.       Fleming. 

DERM-AT'ie,     (         »_,..., 

DERM'A-TINE   I  '^'     Fertaining  to  the  skin. 

DER.M'A-TOId'o.    [Gr.  <i£n//a,  skin,  and  ctj^y,  form.] 
Like  the  skin,  without  being  skin. 

DERxM-A-TOL'O-GlST,  n.  One  who  discourses  on 
the  skin  and  its  diseases. 

DERM-A-TOL'0-GY,n.  [Gr.  ^cp/ia,  skin,  and  Ao)  «f, 
discourse.]  A  treatise  or  history  of  the  skin  and  its 
diseases, 

DERM'OID,  a.     Resembling  skin  ;  dermatoid. 

DERM-SKEL'E-TON,  n.  [Gr.  itofia  and  OKtXcroi', 
skin-skeleton.]  A  term  applied  to  the  outward 
case  or  covering  of  numerous  classes  of  animals,  as 
the  lobster,  &.c.  This  covering  not  only  protects  the 
soft  parts  of  the  body  from  injur>-,  but  acts  as  a  fixed 
point  of  attachment  for  the  moving  powere,  as  tJie 
internal  skeleu^n  docs  in  other  animals.       Brande. 

DERN,  a.     [Sax.  dearn.] 

Solitary  ;  sad;  cruel.     [Obs.]  More. 

DERX'FJJL,  a.     Sad  ;  mournful.     [Obs.] 

DER'XI-ER,  (der'ni-er  or  dern-yar',)  a.  [Fr.]  Last , 
final ;  ultimate  ;  as,  the  dernier  resort.  [/  knuio  not 
that  it  is  used  in  any  other  phrase.] 

DERN'LY,  of/y.    Sadly ;  mournfully.     [Obs.]      More 

DER'O-GATE,  V.  U     [L.  derofro;  de  and  rogo^  to  ask 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PHfiY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE.  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK-  — 


DES 

to  propose.  In  ancient  Rome,  rogo  was  used  in  pro- 
posing new  laws,  and  derogo,  in  repealing  some  sec- 
tion of  a  law.  Hence  the  sense  U,  to  tuJ^e  from  or 
annul  a  part.     Class  Kg.] 

1.  To  repeal,  annul,  or  destroy  the  force  and  effect 
of  some  part  of  a  law  or  established  rule  ;  to  lessen 
the  extent  of  a  law  ;  distinguished  from  abrogate. 

By  «pToraI  cotitrRry  customs,  man)'  of  ibe  ciril  and  canun  law« 
are  contruUcd  and  derogaud.  Hale. 

S.  To  lessen  the  worth  of  a  person  or  thing ;  to 
disparage. 

[/»  tke  foregoing  senseSj  the  word  is  now  seldom 
used.] 
DER'O-GATE,  v.  L  To  take  away ;  to  detract ;  to 
lessen  by  taking  away  a  part  ;  as,  say  nothing  to 
derogate  from  the  merit  or  reputation  of  a  brave  man. 
[The  word  is  generally  used  in  tfiis  sense,] 

2.  To  act  beneath  one'sraiik,  place,  or  birth.  [Un- 
usual.] SliaJi. 

DER'0-GA-TED,  pp.  Diminished  in  value  ;  degraded  ; 
damaged.  rShakspeare  uses  Derogate  in  this  sense.] 

DER'0-GATE-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  lessen  or 
take  from.  Shak. 

DER'O-Ga-TING,  ppr.  Annulling  a  part;  lessening 
bv  taking  from. 

DER-O-GA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  annulling  or  revok- 
ing a  law,  or  some  part  of  it.  More  generally,  the 
act  of  taking  away  or  destroying  the  value  or  effect 
of  any  thing,  or  of  limiting  its  extent,  or  of  restrain- 
ing its  operation  ;  as,  an  act  of  parliament  is  passed 
in  derogation  of  the  king's  prerogative  ;  we  can  not 
do  any  Ihmg  in  derogation  of  the  moral  law. 

2.  The  act  of  taking  something  from  merit,  repu- 
tation, or  honor  ;  a  lessening  of  value  or  estimation  ; 
detraction;  dii^panigement ;  witli  from  or  of;  as,  I 
sav  not  this  in  derogation  of  Virgil ;  let  nothing  be 
said  in  delegation  from  his  merit. 

DE-ROG'A-TIVE,  a.  Derogatory.  [The  latter  u 
mostly  used.} 

DE-ROG'A-TO-RI-LY,  adp.    In  a  detracting  manner. 

DE-ROO'A-TO-RI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
derogatorj'. 

DE-ROG'A-TO-RY,  a.  Detracting  or  tending  to  les- 
sen by  Liking  something  from  ;  that  lessens  the  ex- 
tent, elTect,  or  Value;  with  to.  l^t  us  enti-rtain  no 
opinions  derogatory  to  the  honor  of  God,  or  his  moral 
govenimenL  Let  us  say  nothing  derogatory  to  the 
merit  of  our  neighbor. 

2.  A  derogatory  clause,  in  a  testament,  is  a  sentence 
or  secret  character  inserted  by  the  let^tator,  of  which 
he  reserves  the  knowledge  to  himself,  with  a  condi- 
tion that  no  will  he  may  make  hereafter  shall  be 
valid,  unless  this  clause  is  inserted  word  for  word  ; 
a  precaution  to  guard  against  later  wills  extorted  by 
violence,  or  obtained  by  suggestion.  Enaje. 

DER'RICiC,  n.  An  instrument  or  contrivance  for  rais- 
ing heavy  weights  by  means  of  a  pulley.  It  is  differ- 
ently constructed,  according  to  circumstance.^. 

BraTtde. 

DER'RIXG,  a.     Daring,     [^rot  in  use.]  Speitscr. 

DEU'Vlt^E  ( *■  [P^f^'O'i*]  A  Turkish  or  Persian 
monk,  who  professes  extreme  poverty,  and  leads  an 
austere  life.  F.neyc. 

DES'CANT,  n,  [Sp.  diseanU^  diseantar;  dis  and  L. 
canto,  to  sing.  (See  Ca.it.)  The  Fr.  dechanter  has  a 
different  sense.] 

1.  A  Bong  or  tunc  composed  in  parti. 

2.  A  song  or  tune  with  various  modulations. 

The  wsltf-ful  niphtirysle 
All  nlgtit  l(Hig  bpT  arooroiu  detcnnt  •uiig.  Mitton. 

X  A  discourse  ;  discussion  ;  disputation  ;  animad- 
version, comment,  or  a  series  of  comments. 

4.  The  art  of  composing  music  in  several  parts. 
Descant  is  plain,  figurative,  and  double. 

Plain  dbscant,  is  Ihe  groimdwork  of  musical  com- 
positions, consisting  in  the  orderly  di(*posilion  of  con- 
cords, answering  to  simple  counteriKilnt. 

Figurative  nt  florid  descant,  is  that  part  of  an  atr  in 
which  some  discords  arc  concernrd. 

Double  deMcant,  Is  v/hen  'Jib  parts  are  so  contrived, 
that  the  treble  m^y  be  made  the  ba^^e,  and  the  base 
the  treble.  Bailey.     Kna/c. 

DES-CANT',  tf.  i.  Tg  mio  a  division  or  varit  ly  with 
the  voice,  on  a  musical  ground  in  true  measure ;  to 
sing.  Bailey.     Johnson, 

2.  To  diicor.n*  ;  to  eommerit ;  lo  make  a  variety 
of  remarks;  to  animad  I'ert  freely. 

A  vfrtijwtfl  mnn  u^io'Adb*  fUemsed  to  And  prvpic  daicandng  on 

hii  KCtioiw.  Adt&Mon. 

DESrANT'ER,  n      One  who  descants. 

DES-CAN'T'I  NG,  pj»r.  Pinging  in  parts  or  with  vari- 
ous mfMliiIa'.i(^i.i ,  (ji'troursing  freely  ;  commenting. 

DES-CANT'ING,  w.    Remark;  conjecture.    Burnrt, 

DE-SCEi\D',  (de-*?nd',)  r.  i.  [L.  deacendo;  de  nrid 
scando,  to  climb ;  VV.  dinrynu,  from  eynu,  to  rise, 
cwn,  top  ;  It.  discendere  ;  Fr.  descend rf- ;  Sp.  defrend^  f 
Arm.  disgenn.  The  rtjot  earn  is  from  extending, 
•hooting,  thrusting,  as  gin  in  begin.] 

I.  To  move  or  pass  from  a  higher  to  a  lower  place ; 
lo  movt>,  come,  or  go  do^vnward  ;  lo  fall  ;  to  sink  ; 
to  run  or  flow  down  ;  applicable  to  any  kind  of  notion 


DES 

or  of  body.     We  descend  on  the  feet,  on  wheels,  or  by 
falling.     A  torrent  descends  from  a  mountain. 

Tlie  niits  d^icended,  and  the  floods  came.  —  Matt.  tu. 

2.  To  go  down,  or  to  enter. 

He  shall  deMCcnd  into  battle  and  p^mh.  —  1  Sam,  xxtL 

3.  To  come  suddenly  ;  to  fall  violently. 

And  on  the  atiitun  let  tliy  wrath  descend.  Pope. 

4.  To  go  in  ;  to  enter. 

H"-,  with  hon^sl  medltationa  fed, 
Into  tim\in\( descended.  MUton. 

5.  To  rush ;  to  invade,  as  an  enemy. 

The  Grecian  fleet  detcemUnff  on  the  town.  Dryden. 

6.  To  proceed  from  a  source  or  original ;  to  be  de- 
rived. The  beggar  may  descend  from  a  prince,  and  a 
prince  from  a  beggar. 

7.  To  proceed,  as  from  father  to  son  ;  to  pass  from 
a  preceding  possessor,  in  tlie  order  of  lineage,  or 
according  to  the  laws  of  succession  or  inheritance. 
7'hus,  an  inheritance  descends  to  the  son  or  next  of 
kin  ;  a  crown  descends  to  the  heir. 

8.  To  pass  from  general  to  particular  considera- 
tions; as,  having  explained  the  general  subject,  we 
will  descend  to  particulars. 

9.  To  come  down  from  an  elevated  or  honorable 
station  ;  in  a  figurative  sense.  Flavius  is  an  honora- 
ble man  ;  he  can  not  descend  to  acts  of  meanness, 

10.  In  music,  to  fall  in  sound;  to  pass  from  any 
note  to  aliother  less  acute  or  shrill,  or  from  sharp  to  ' 
flat.  Rousseau. 

DE-SCEND',  r.  L  To  walk,  move,  or  pass  downward 
on  a  declivity;  as,  to  descend  a  hill;  to  descend  an 
inclined  plain.  [But  this  may  be  considered  as 
elliptical,  on  or  along  being  understood.] 

DE-SCEND'ANT,  n.     IFr.  descendant ;  L.  descendens.] 

Any  person  proceeding  from  an  ancestor  in  any 

degree;  issue;  offspring,  in  the  line  of  generation, 

ad  infinitum.     VVe  are  all  the  descendants  of  Adam 

and  Eve. 

DE-yCE\D'ED,  pp.  Moved  downward  from  a  hight ; 
proceeded  from  a  source,  as  a  son  from  a  father. 

DE-SCEN'D'E\T,  a.    Descending;  falling;  sinking. 
2.  Proceeding  from  an  original  or  ancestor.     Pope. 

DE-SCEND-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  de- 
scendible, or  capable  of  being  transmitted  from  an- 
cestors ;  as,  tlie  descendibility  of  an  estate  or  of  a 
crown.  Btackstone, 

DE-SCEND'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  descended  or 
passed  down  ;  as,  the  hill  is  descendible. 

2.  That  may  descend  from  an  ancestor  to  atf  heir ; 
as.  a  de.tcendible  estate. 

DE-SCEND'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Moving  downward  ;  pro- 
ceeding from  an  ancestor. 

DE-SCEN'SION.  (de-sen'shun,)  71.    [L.  deseensio.] 

1.  The  act  of  going  downward  ;  descent;  a  falling 
or  sinking;  declension;  degradation. 

2.  In  astronomy,  right  descension  is  the  arc  of  the 
equator  which  descends,  with  the  sign  or  star,  below 
the  horizon  of  a  right  sphere.  Barlow. 

Oblique  descension,  is  Ihe  arc  of  the  equator  which 
desr**nds,  with  the  sign  or  star,  below  the  horizon  of 
an  oblique  sphere.  Barlow. 

DE-SCEN'.SIO.\-AL,  a.     Pertaining  lo  descent. 

DE-SCE.\'SIVE,*i.  Descending;  tending  downward  ; 
having  power  to  descend.  Sherwood. 

DF^SCEN-SO'RI-UM.  n.     A  chemlc:il  furnace. 

DE-SCE.\  1",  (de-sent',)  n.    [Fr.  descenU  ;  L.  descensus.] 

1.  The  act  of  descending ;  the  act  of  passing  from 
a  higher  to  a  lower  place,  by  any  form  of  motion,  as 
by  walking,  riding,  rolling,  sliding,  sinking,  or 
falline. 

2.  inclination  downward  ;  obliquity  ;  slope  ;  de- 
clivity ;  as,  the  descent  of  a  hill,  or  a  roof. 

3.  Progress  downward  ;  as,  the  descent  from  higher 
to  lowi^r  orders  of  beings.  Locke. 

4.  Fall  from  a  higher  to  a  lower  state  or  station. 

MUton. 

5.  A  landing  from  ships;  Invasion  of  troops  from 
the  sea  ;  as,  to  make  a  descent  on  Cuba. 

G.  A  (Missing  from  an  ancestor  to  an  heir  ;  transmis- 
sion by  8ucct-8»iiiin  or  inheritance;  as,  the  descent  of 
an  irKtatc  or  a  title  IVom  the  father  to  the  son.  De- 
scent is  lineal,  when  it  proceeds  directly  from  the 
futher  to  the  son,  and  from  the  son  to  the  grandson  ; 
eoUatrrnl,  when  it  proceeds  from  a  mnn  to  hia  brother, 
nephew,  or  other  collateral  representative. 

7.  A  proceeding  from  an  original  or  progenitor. 
The  Jews  boast  of  their  descent  from  Abraham. 
Hence, 

8.  Birth;  extraction;  lineage;  os,  \x  ^c\h\c  descent. 

9.  A  generation  ;  a  single  degree  in  the  scale  of 
genealogy ;  distance  from  the  .'emmcn  ancestor. 

No  man  is  a  thousanil  detnnu  Troi.i  Adam.  Hooker. 

10.  Offspring  ;  Issue  ;  descendants. 

Tlii»  care  of  our  descent  perpleuM  most.  Milton. 

1 1.  A  rank  in  the  scale  of  subordination.    Mitton. 

12.  Lowest  place.  Shak. 

13.  In  music,  a  passing  fVooi  a  note  or  sound  to  one 
more  grave  or  less  acute. 

DF^CRTB'A  BLE,  a.  That  may  be  described ;  capa- 
ble of  description. 


DES 

DE-^CRIBE',  r.  (.  [L.  describe ;  de  and  scribo,  to 
^rite  ;  Sp.  describir ;  It.  descrivere ;  Fr.  decrire ;  Arm 
discriva.     See  Scribe,] 

1.  To  delineate  or  mark  the  form  or  figure  \  as,  to 
describe  a  circle  by  the  compasses, 

2.  To  make  or  exiiibit  a  figure  by  motion  ;  as,  a 
star  describes  a  circle  or  an  ellipsis  in  the  heavens. 

3.  To  show  or  represent  to  others  in  words  ;  to 
communicate  an  idea  of  a  thing,  by  naming  its  na- 
ture, form,  or  properties.  Tlie  poet  describes  the 
Trojan  horse ;  the  historian  describes  the  battle  of 
Pharsalia  j  the  momlist  describes  the  effects  of  corrupt 
manners ;  the  geographer  describes  countries  and 
cities. 

4.  To  represent  by  signs.  A  deaf  and  dumb  man 
rniiy  describe  a  distant  object;  our  passions  maybe 
described  by  external  motions. 

5.  To  draw  a  plan  ;  to  represent  by  lines  and  other 
marks  on  paper,  or  other  material ;  as,  to  describe  the 
surfiice  of  the  earth  by  a  map  or  chart. 

6.  To  give  a  clear  and  vivid  exhibition  in  language; 
as,  Milton  dc.y-cribes  with  uncommon  force  and  beauty. 

7.  To  define  laxly.  Oray. 
DE-SeRIB'i:D,  pp.      Represented  in  form  by  marks 

or  figures;  delineated;  represented  by  words  or 
signs. 

DE-SCRIB'ER,  n.  One  who  describes  by  marks,  words, 
or  signs.  , 

DE-SCRIB'ING,  ppr.  Representing  the  form  or  figure 
of,  by  lines  or  marks  ;  communicating  a  view  of,  by 
words  or  signs,  or  by  naming  the  nature  and  prop- 
erties. 

DE-SeRI'KD,  pp.  [See  Descrt.]  Espied ;  discov- 
ered ;  seen. 

DE-SCRI  ER,  II.  fSee  Descry.]  One  who  espies  or 
discovers  ;  a  discovejcr;  a  detecter.  Crashaw. 

DE-SeUIP'TION,  «.     [L.  descriptio.] 

1.  Tlie  act  of  delineating,  or  representing  the  figure 
of  any  thing  by  a  plan,  to  be  presented  to  the  eye. 

2.  'i'he  figure  or  appearance  of  any  thing  deline- 
ated, or  represented  by  visible  lines,  marks,  colors, 
&c. ;  as,  the  description  of  a  country,  or  of  Solomon's 
temple. 

3.  The  act  of  representing  a  tiling  by  words  or  by 
signs,  or  the  passage  conlniningsuch  representation  ; 
a  representation  of  names,  nature,  or  properties,  that 
gives  to  another  a  view  of  the  thing.  Homer  abounds 
with  beautiful  and  sirikin;;  descriptions.     Hence, 

4.  A  definition.  All  ddinitious  must  be  less  per- 
fect descriptions  of  a  material  thing,  than  a  visible 
figure  or  delineation. 

5.  The  qualities  expressed  in  a  representation  ;  as, 
a  man  (tf  tliis  description.  Burke. 

Ucnrt-, 

6.  The  persons  having  the  qualities  expressed  ;  a 
class  of  iK'rsons  to  whom  a  descriptioivis  applicable, 
or  who  are  in  a  similar  condition. 

The  wcn.'tary  procccils  lo  ex^iiuiHC,  whether  a  difference  ought 
til  h^  iM'riiiUu-d  to  remain  be'.wceti  th«m  ai>d  another  d*- 
tcrij/tion  oC  piiUic  cnMhtora.  Hamilton, 

Pf^nuiia  uf  difli_>runt  deecrip&one.  Scott. 

DE-SCRIP'TIVE,  a.  Containing  description;  tend- 
ing to  describe;  having  the  quality  of  representing; 
as,  a  descriptive  figure  ;  a  descriptive  narmtton ;  a 
story  descriptive  of  the  age. 

Descriptive  geometry,  consists  in  the  anplicalion  of 
geometrical  rules  to  the  representation  of  the  figures 
and  various  relations  of  the  fitrms  of  bodies  accord- 
ing to  rt-rlatn  conventional  metluids.  Brande. 

DE-i^eitIl"TlVE-I<V,  adv.     Bv  description. 

DE-SeillP'TIVE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  descrip- 
tive. 

DE-SCRY',  V.  t.  [Norm,  deserter  or  diacriver^  and  dia~ 
eevcr^o  discover.] 

1.  To  espy ;  to  explore ;  lo  examine  by  observa- 
tion. 

The  house  of  Joseph  scut  to  detcry  Belhel.  — Judj^rs  I. 

2.  To  detect;  to  find  out;  to  discover  any  thing 
concealed. 

3.  'I'o  see ;  to  behold  ;  to  have  a  sight  of  from  a 
distance  ;  as,  the  seamen  descried  land. 

4.  To  c've  notice  of  something  suddenly  discov- 
ered,   y^ut  in  use.]  UalL 

DE-SCllY',  71.  The  thing  descried,  as  nn  army  seen 
at  a  distance.     [Unusual.]  Shak, 

DE-PeR?'l.\G,  ppr.     Discovering;  espying. 

DES'E-CRATE,  v.  t.  [L.  desccro {  de  and  9cu:ro,  to 
consecrate,  from  sucer,  sacred.] 

1.  To  divert  from  a  sacred  purpose  or  appropria* 
tion  ;  opposed  to  consecrate  ;  as,  to  desecrate  a  dpna- 
tion  to  a  church. 

2.  To  divest  of  a  sacred  character  or  office. 

The  ckfry  can  nnt  bhAVt  coqionit  pimishincni,  wlihnut  belnf 
prcviijiisly  detecrated,  I'ooke'e  Ituaeia, 

DES'E-€RA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Diverted  from  a  sacred 
purpose  or  appropriation  ,  divested  of  a  sucred  char- 
acter or  office. 

DES'E-CRA-TING,  ppr.  Diverting  from  a  purpose  to 
which  a  thing  is  consecrated  ;  divesting  of  a  sacred 
character  or  office.  , 

DEi?-E-CRA'T10N,  w.  The  act  of  diverting  from  a 
sacred  purpose  or  use  to  which  a  thing  had  been  de- 
voted ;  the  act  of  diverting  from  a  sacred  character 
or  oflice. 


TONE,  BJTLL,  tJNITE.  — AN"OER,  VI"CIOU8.  — e  a«  K ;  0  as  J :  »  as  Z ;  CH  as  8H ;  TII  as  in  THia 

38^ 


DES 

PES'RRT,  a  [L.  dt^rHti-iy  de^crot  de  mid  sero^  to 
sow,  plnnt,  ur  scatter ;  Fr.  dfjert ;  Sp.  deoirrto.) 

1.  LdtrmUji.  forsakeq  ;  ln'iicc.  tininhaliiled  ;  as.  a 
tfcwrtide.  tlencfr,  wild  ;  uniillrd ;  waste;  uDculti- 
vated  ;  as,  a  dtsert  land  or  roiinlr}-. 

2.  Void  ;  empty  ;  unoccupied. 

Fun  MUijr  k  Sower  to  bom  to  Uitah  uiwpra, 

Ab4  va«t*  iu  swMtiKM  on  the  dcMrt  ur.  Oraj/. 

DESXBT,  n.     [U  desertHm.] 

An  uninhabtlcd  tract  of  land  ;  a  rcflon  in  iti  aat- 

unl  state  ;  a  wilderness  i  a  solitude  ;  yartiemtarif,  a 

Ta--«t  sandy  pl:airi,a9  the  dAMrU  of  Anbiu  and  Africa. 

But   the  Ward   may  be  applied   to  an   uuiiiUabited 

co»iDtry  covered  wi'ih  wood. 
DESERT',  r.  r.     [Fr.  rf«frMr,  frt>m  the  adjective, and 

this  frvim  the  l*  desrrliUt  desero^  to  ftiTsake.} 

1.  To  fon«ke  ;  to   leave  utterly ;   Ui  abandon  ;  to 

quit  with  a  view   not  to  return  to;   as,  to  dttvt  a 

friend  ;  to  desert  our  couutr)* ;  to  desrrt  a  cause. 

3.  To  leave,  without  perniisdion.  a  military  band, 
or  a  ship,  iu  which  one  b  enlistetl^  to  I'lmsaKe  the 
•ervice  in  which  one  ts  en^«ed,in  violation  ordtity  ; 
aSi  Id  ds.»€Ti  the  army  ;  to  detrrt  one's  colors ;  to  ote- 
Mrta  »bip. 

DE-SEJIT'^ ».  i.  To  run  nway  ;  to  quit  a  service  with- 
out pftniussioa  ;  aa,  to  dt^rrt  from  the  army. 

DE-SERT',  a.  [from  deserrt,]  A  deser\'ing ;  that 
which  gives  a  nghl  to  reward  or  demands,  or  which 
renders  liable  Iu  paniJ^hment  ;  merit  or  demerit;  that 
which  entitles  to  a  recoinp^-nse  of  equitl  value,  or  de- 
maiidii  apuntshrnent  njiial  to  the  olfenAe ;  gi»od  con- 
ferred, or  evil  done,  which  niorila  an  equivalent  re- 
turn. A  wiiie  legislature  will  reward  or  punish  men 
according  to  (heir  deserts. 

S.  That  which  is  deser\'('d  ;  reward  or  punifihment 
merited.  In  a  future  life,  overy  man  will  receive 
h'tadtMTt. 

DE-SERT'CD,  ».  or  a.  Wht^y  forsaken  ;  abandon- 
ed ;  left 

DE-SERT'ER,  a.  A  person  who  forsakes  his  cause, 
his  pa>t,  or  his  party  or  friend  ;  particularly^  a  siddier 
or  seaman  whoqiiitt  the  w-rvice  without  pemusttioo, 
and  in  violation  ot*  hi«  engagement. 

DE-«£RTTiJL,d.    High  in  desert;  meritorloiu. 

Beaam.  f  Ft. 

T>E-iERT'lSG,  ppr,     Forsakinir  ntterlv  ;  abandoning. 

DE-SEK'TION,  ».  The  act  of  fonniiking  or  abandon- 
ing, as  a  party,  a  friend,  a  country,  nn  army,  or  mil- 
itar>'  band,  or  a  »hip ;  the  act  of  quitting  with  an  in- 
tention ni>t  to  return. 

S.  The  state  of  bcins  forsaken  by  God ;  spiritual 
deapoadencr. 

TVeafoalMef  BMol  onderrfncrtitM.  SottA. 

DE-CCRT'L£S8,  c.    Wilboat  merk  or  claim  lo  fiivor 

or  reward.  •  Drfdtm. 

DE-^ERT'LF.'^S^Lr,  arf*.  Vn^merwt>d\y.Bmmm.^  FU 

Se^ERT'rIx*^'  5  "•  ^  f'^"^^'^  w>>o  deserts.   MilUm. 
DE-»ERVE',  (Je-ZiTv',)  r.  U   [I*  dfjnrrriv :  rfe  and  Jer- 
ri*, to  serve.     The  Fr.  dr.<rreir  is  not  used.j 

1.  To  merit ;  to  be  wirthy  of  j  appUcd  to  good  mr 
niL 

a.  To  merit  by  labor  or  services ;  to  have  a  just 
claiai  to  an  equivalent  for  Rinxl  conf.^rred.  The  la- 
borer deserves  his  wages  j  be  deserccs  tiie  value  of 
his  services. 

3.  To  merit  by  good  .ictions  or  qualities  in  gen- 
eral ;  to  be  worlliy  of,  on  account  of  excellence. 
Th-i  virtuous  in-m  -^^./rr  ^  *^?at;em  and  commenda- 
tion.    A  work  ""  ■■'■-*  praise. 

4.  To  be  W'.tx^  :  sense :  to  merit  by  an 
evil  act ;  as,  to  .  .     . .  _  -  -,  _  or  punishment. 

God  ouctrth  oi  tbec  if^^  'Imii  Uune  iakjiitt;  (ieacr*et&.  — Job  u. 

DE-»ERVE%  (de-terv',)  r.  i.    To  merit ;  to  be  worthy 

of  or  deserving;  as,  he  deserves  welt  or  ill  of  his 

netzhbor. 
DE-*ERV'£T1,  pp.  or  a.     Merited  ;  worthy  of. 
DE-SERV'ED-LY,  adv.    Justly  ;  according  to  desert, 

whether  of  good  or  evil.     A  man  may  be  deservedlj/ 

praised,  blamed,  or  punished. 
d£-»ERV'ER,  m.     He  who  deserves  or  merits;  one 

who  is  worthy  of;  used  generallg  in  a  good  .tense, 

Dryden. 
DE-SERV'IXG,  ppr.    Meriting  ;  having  a  just  claim 

to  reward  ;  justly  meriting  punishment. 

2.  a.  Worthy  of  reward  or  praise ;  meritorious ; 
possessed  of  good  qualities  that  entitle  to  approba- 
tion ;  as,  a  dtservinj  officer. 

DE-SERV'ING,  ji.  The  act  of  meriting;  desert; 
merit. 

If  jv  ha*r  Aaam  to  Un  Meonlin^  to  tbe  dxMwrang  at  hb  h&nda. 
— Judgw  ix. 


DE-SERV*'ING-LY,  mde. 
desert. 


Meritoriously ;   vrith    just 


DEi-H.i-BILLi: ,  (de»-a-bil',)  n.     TFr.,  from  de  and 

hahtUer,  to  clothe.    I  have  restored  the  true  OTtbog- 

raphy.] 
An  undress  :  a  loose  morning  dress  ;  hence,  any 

home  dr^iss  ;  as,  the  ladv  is  in  deshabille. 
DE-SieCAXT,  a.     [See  Desiccate.]     Drying. 
DE-Sie'eANT,  n.     A  medicine  or  application   that 

dries  a  sore.  fViseman. 


DES 

DESICCATE  or  Di::S'I€-eATE,  r.  t.  [L.  deticcoil 
de  and  sieco^  to  dry.]  | 

To  dr>- ;  lo  exhaust  of  moisture  ;  to  exhale  or  re- 
move inoi"iitire  frx>m. 

DE^ie'CATE  or  DES'IC-GATE,  v.  i.  To  become 
dry.  Bacon,     Jiale. 

DE-Sie'CJ^-TED,  pp.    Dried. 

nK-^WCXTlNO^fipr.  Dr>-ing;  exhausting  moisture. 

DE3-I€.€.\'TIO.N,  n.    The  act  of  making  dr>';  the 

stale  nf  being  dried.  Bticon, 

DE-Sie'CA-TIVE,  «.    .\n  application  which  tends  lo 

drv  up  sfcrftions, 
DE-islC'CA-TIVE,  a.    Drying;  U-nding  to  dry  ;  that 

has  the  [M)wer  to  dr\-. 
DB-i*ID'ER-ArE,  r.L    [fVom  the  L.]    To  wunt ;  to 

miss.  Brouifham. 

DE-SiU'ER-A-TIVE,  a.     Denoting  desire  ;  as,  desid- 

emfirf  verbs, 
DF^Stn-ERA'TVM,  a.;  pU  DBstDaa&TA.    [L.  dend- 

errtfM*,  -WW,  from  de-iiidrro.  to  desire.] 
That  which  is  desirrd  ;  that  which  is  not  pos- 

sesi-eil,  but  w iiirh  is  desirable  ;  any  iH'rfeciion  or  ini- 

prtiv.'in'-iit   which   is   wanted.     The   longitude  is  a 

i'      '  n   naviiration.     \  tribunal  to  settle  na- 

I  without  war  is  a  great  dtsidenUum. 

DK  .  a.    Idle;  hixy. 

Dli-.-ivi.S  ,  tii.-!<ino' er  de-Elne',)  r.  t     \\t.desi^o^  de 

and  sispto,  to  seal  or  stamp,  that  is,  to  set  or  throw  ; 

?(»,    desi^nary  disenar;   It.   designart^  dis^nare;  Fr. 

i/rjiywer,  dcA-'inrt,^ 

1.  To  d»-lincate  a  furm  or  figure  by  drawing  the 

outline;  to  sketch ;  as  in  painting  and  other  works 

of  art. 
3.  To  plan ;  to  form  an  outline  or  representation 

of  anv  thine     Hence, 

3.  'i'o  project;  to  form  an  idea,  as  a  scheme. 
Hence, 

4.  To  purpose  or  intend  ;  as,  a  man  designsHo 
write  an  essay,  or  to  study  law. 

h.  To  mark  out  by  titkens.     [Wot  used.]      Loeke. 

6.  To  intend  to  apply  or  appropriate;  wilhj&r,- 
as,  we  dftft>«  this  ground  /or  a  garden,  and  that  fin' 
a  park.  The  word  rfMi,;'«  may  tiirtude  an  adapting 
or  planning  a  thing  for  a  purpose,  or  mere  intention 
or  srhfine  ttt  the  mind,  which  implies  a  plan.  The 
father  desig^ns  his  son  /t  the  prtifession  of  the  law, 
ur  j'l'r  the  iniiiistr\'.  It  was  fonncrly  followed  by  (o, 
but  this  U!*e  is  n(»w  uncoinmnn. 
DE-1?I<J\',  (de-siiie'  or  de-xlne',)  it.     [Fr.  rftwein.] 

1.  A  plan  or  representation  of  a  Ihiiig  by  an  out- 
line*, sketch;  general  view;  first  idea  represented 
by  visible  lines,  as  in  painting  or  architecture. 

3.  A  srheiiie  or  plan  in  the  mind.  A  wise  man  Is 
distinguished  by  the  Judiciousness  of  his  designs. 

X  Purpose ;  intention  ;  aim ;  implying  a  scheme 
or  pi  in  ill  tile  mind.  It  is  luy  desi^  to  educate  my 
sen  for  i\u-  \y.\f. 

4.  The  idea  or  scheme  intended  to  be  expressed  by 
an  artist ;  as,  the  desig-tts  of  medals.  .Addison. 

5.  In  man  a/art  urie^,  the  fieures  with  which  work- 
men enrich  their  stuffs,  copied  from  painting  or 
dmushts.  Encyc. 

fi.  In  wa.?ie,  the  invention  and  conduct  of  the  sub- 
ject ;  the  disposition  of  cvfcr>'  part,  and  the  general 
order  of  the  whole.  Rousseau. 

DF^r^lUN'A-BLE,  (de-sln'a-bl  or  de-zlii'a-bl,)  a.  Ca- 
pable of  beinj!  designed  or  marked  out. 

2.  Distiiisruishable.  Digby. 
DEr^'IO-NATE,  r.  t.     [L.  desi^o,  desiffnatum.] 

I.  To  mark  out  or  sliow,  so  as  to  make  known  ;  to 
indicate  by  visible  lines,  murks,  description,  orsome- 
tliing  known  and  determinate  ;  as,  to  dcsiirnate  the 
limits  of  a  country  ;  the  limits  are  designated  on  the 
map ;  designate  the  spot  wh^re  a  star  appears  in  the 
heavens ;  deAgnate  Uie  place  where  our  ancestors 
first  landed. 

S.  To  point  out ;  to  distinguish  from  others  by  in- 
dication ;  as,  to  be  able  to  dnsigmOt  every  individual 
who  was  concerned  in  a  riot. 

3.  To  apjKjint ;  to  selector  dijftinguish  for  a  partic- 
ular purptise  ;  to  assign  ;  with  fur  ;  as,  to  desiffnaie  an 
officer  for  the  command  of  a  station  ;  or  with  to ;  as, 
this  captain  was  designated  to  that  station. 

DES'IG-N'aTE,  o.  Appointed  ;  marked  out.  [titae 
luted.'l 

DES'IG-NX-TED,  pp.  Marked  out ;  indicated  ;  shown  ; 
pointed  out  ;  appointed, 

DES'IG-NA-TING,  ppr.  Marking  out;  indicating; 
pointing  out ;  appointing. 

DES-IG-Na'TIO.\,  n.  The  act  of  pointing  or  marking 
out  by  signs  or  objects ;  as,  the  designation  of  an  es- 
tate by  boundaries. 

3.  Indication;  a  showing  or  pointing;  a  distin- 
guishing from  others. 

3.  Appointment;  direction;  as,  a  claim  to  a  throne 
grounded  on  the  designation  of  a  predecessor. 

4.  Appointment;  a  selecting  and  appointing;  as- 
signment; as,  the  designation  of  an  officer  to  a  par- 

5.  Import;  distinct  application,  [ticular  command. 

i^*biile  nod  infinile  are  primarily  nUribtiieU  iii  tb<:ir  fint  dengna- 
lion  to  things  which  h:tve  paiti.  Locke. 

DES'IG-NA-TIVE,  a.    Serving  to  designate  or  indi- 
cate. Prilchard. 
DES'IG-NA-TOR,  n,    A  Roman  officer  who  assigned 


DES 

to  eacli  person  hia  rank  and  place  in  public  shows 
niul  ceremonies, 
DES'IG-XA-TO-RY,  a.    That  which  designates. 
DE-STGN''£.'D,(de-sInd'  or  de-zind',)pp.  or  a.    Marked 

out ;  delineated  ;  planned  ;  intended. 
DE-STGN'ED-IA*,  a*/e.  By  design;  purposely;  inten- 
tionally ;  opposed  to  accidentally^  ignorantlyj  or  taad- 
rertenOu. 
DE-STG.N'ER,  (dc-sln'er  or  de-zln'er,)  n.  One  who 
designs,  marks  out,  or  plans ;  one  who  frames  a 
scheme  or  project;  a  contriver. 

3.  One  who  plots  ;  one  who  lays  a  scheme  ;  in  an 
ill  sense. 
DE-SIGN'FUL-NESS,  n.  Abundance  of  design.    [Abe 

used.]  Barrow. 

DE-SIGN'ING,  (de-sTn'ing  or  de-zln'ing,)ppr.  Form- 
ing a  design;  planniiii^;  delineating  ttie  outline^ 
drawing  figures  on  a  plane. 

2.  a.  In  tin  ill  sense,  artful ;  insidious;  intriguing; 
contriving   schemes  of  mischief;   hence,  deceitful. 
Designinif  men  are  always  liable  to  suspicion. 
DE-t)IGN'lNU,  a.     1'lie  aft  of  delineating  objects. 

Berkeley. 
DE-BTGN'LESd,  a.    Without  design  or  intention  ;  in- 
advertent. 
DE-SIGiN'LESS-LY,  ado.    Without  design;  hiadver- 

tenily  ;  ignorantly. 
DE-SIGN'MENT,  n.    Design  ;  sketch;  delineation. 

I>ryden. 
9.  Design  ;  purpose ;  aim  ;  intent ;  scheme. 
[  This  irurd  is  note  little  used.]         [  OtanvtUe.     Shak. 
DES'I-NENCE,  n.     [L.  dcsino.] 

End  ;  close.  Bp.  Hall. 

DES'l-NEN'J',  rt.     Ending;  extreme;  lowermost. 
DE-SIP'I-ENT,   a.     [L.  desipiens^  desipio,  to   dole  j  da 
and  sapio,  to  bo  wise.] 

Trilling  ;  fotilish  ;  playful. 
DE-SIR' A-BLE,   a.     [See  Desire.]      Worthy  of  de- 
sire ;  that  is  lo  be  wished  for  with  sincerity  or  earn- 
estness.    An  easy  address   is  a  desirable  accomplish- 
ment ;  real  virtue  is  still  more  desirable. 
2.  Pleasing;  agreeable. 

AH  of  Uicm  d*nrai>ie  jo\ing  men.  —  Rzek.  xxiit. 
DE-srR'A-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  bmng  desir- 
able. Qoodtnan, 
DE-»1R'A-BLY,  adv.     In  a  desirable  manner. 
DE-SIRE',  M.      {Vx.desir;   M.desio;  Hp.  deseo;    Port. 
despjo  ;  Ann.  drsir.     Qu.  \V.  dais.] 

1.  An  emotion  or  excitement  ofthe  mind,  directed 
to  the  attainment  or  possession  of  an  obji'ct  from 
which  pleasure,  sensual,  intellectual,  or  spiritual,  is 
expected  ;  a  passion  excited  by  the  love  of  au  object, 
or  uneasiness  at  the  want  of  It,  and  directed  to  its 
attainment  or  possession.  Desire  is  a  wish  to  possess 
some  gratification  or  source  of  happiness  which  is 
supposed  to  be  obtainable.  A  loish  may  exist  for  some- 
thing that  is  or  is  not  obtainable.  Desire,  when  di- 
rected solely  to  sensual  enjoyment,  differs  little  from 
appetite.  In  other  languages,  desire  is  expressed  by 
longing  or  reaching  toward,  [Gr.  opcytOy  L.  appeto^ 
and  when  it  is  ardent  or  intense,  it  approaches  to 
longing  ;  but  the  word  in  English  usually  expresses 
less  than  longing. 

We  endeavored  —  to  ice  your  face  wiUi  great  defirt.  —  1  Thna. 

ii. 
Thou  satlsfiest  the  dx$iret  of  PTCiy  living  thin?.  —  P».  cxlv. 
Detirt  a  llial  iiilenml  uct,  which,  by  iiiuueucin?  Dii:  uilt^  inok-a 

us  proceed  lo  action.  El.  of  CriUciim. 

2.  A  prayer  or  request  to  obtain. 

He  will  fulfill  the  desire  of  them  thai  lear  him.  —  Pi.  cxir. 

3.  The  object  of  desire  ;  that  which  is  desired. 

The  detirv  of  all  nalioas  iholl  come.  —  Uag.  li. 

4.  Love;  affection. 

Hi*  dttir*  Is  toward  me.  —  Cant.  rii. 

5.  Appetite ;  lusL 

Fulfilling  ihe  denret  of  the  flesh.  —  Eph.  ii. 
DE-SIRE',  V.  t.  [Fr.  desirer;  Arm.  desira;  It.  desiare^ 
or  desirarti  .Sp.  desear ;  Port,  desejar;  supposed  to  be 
contracted  from  L.  dcsidero,  from  desido^  to  sink  or 
settle,  to  wanU  The,  latter  seems  to  be  the  primary 
sensej 

I.  To  wish  for  the  possession  and  enjoyment  of, 
with  a  greater  or  less  degree  of  earnestness ;  to 
covet.  It  expresses  less  strength  of  aiTcctton  than 
longing. 

N<fttl»pr  shall  any  man  denra  thy  land.  —  Rx.  zxxiv. 

Follow  ai'ti-r  ch^uiiy,  and  tUtire  ■pihi.uul  gtlta.  —  1  Cur.  xiv. 

3.  To  express  a  wish  to  obtain ;  to  ask ;  to  re- 
quest ;  to  petition. 

Then  «he  Kiid,  Did  I  detire  a  «ou  of  my  Lor  1  ?  — 2  Klngi  it. 
3.  To  require.     [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

DE-SIR'£D,  pp.  or  a.     Wished  for ;  coveted  ;  request- 
ed ;  entn-iitfd. 
DE-STRE'LESrf,  a.     Free  from  desire.  Donne. 

DE-SlR'ER,  Ji.     One  who  desires  or  asks  ;  one  who 

wishes. 
DE-SIR'ING,  ppr.     Wishing  for;  coveting;    asking; 

expressing  a  wish  ;  soliciting. 
DE-STR'OUS,   0.     Wishing  for;    wishing  to  obtain; 
coveting;  solicitous  lo  possess  and  enjoy. 

Be  not  d£nrou»  of  his  tlxiinui-a.  —  Prov,  xxiii. 

J'-aiia  Itoew  th'-y  were  detiroug  lo  oak  him.  — John  xvi. 


FITE,  FAR,  FAli,  WH^T.— METE,  PREY.  — PI-VE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 
32i  T  ~ 


DES 

DEUSIR.'OUS-LY,  orfu.    With  desire}    with  earnest 

wishes. 

DE  SlR'OUS-.\ES3,  n.  The  state  or  affection  of  be- 
ing desirous. 

DE-:^1ST',  V.  L     [I*  dtaisto  ;  de  and  sisto,  to  stand.] 
To  stop ;  to  cease  to  act  or  proceed  ;  to  forlx'ar  ;  with 
from  :  as,  he  desisted  from  his  purpose  ;  let  us  dfjiist. 

DE-SIST'A\CE,  TU  A  ceasing  to  act  or  proceed  ;  a 
stopping.  Boyle. 

DE-SIST'[X(3,  ppr.    Ceasing  to  act  or  proceed. 

DE-Sr'TION,  (de-sish'un,)  n.  [L.  dcsdu^.]  End. 

Final;  conclusive.     [Obs.]  WaUa. 

DESK,  n.  [D.  dxsch^  a  table,  a  di^^h;  Sax.  d'lsc;  G. 
CucA;  Dan.  and  Sw.  disk^  Kusii.  di}$ka  ;  L.  discus  ; 
Gr.  6. fTKOs.     See  Dish.] 

1.  An  inclining  table  for  the  use  of  writers  and 
readers  ;  usually  made  with  a  box  or  drawer  under- 
oeath,  and  8t»nietimes  with  a  book-cane  above.    Pope, 

2.  The  pulpit  in  a  church,  and  f^ratirelyy  the 
clerical  profession.  The  man  appears  well  in  the 
desk.  He  intends  one  son  for  the  bar,  and  another 
for  the  desk. 

DESK,  B.  (.  To  shut  up  in  a  desk,"   to  treasure.  J.HaU. 
DE.SK'ED,  (deskt,)  jtp.    Shut  upin  a  desk. 
DESKTNG,  ppr.    Shutting  up  in  a  desk. 
DES'.MLNE,   n.     A  mintrral   th.it   cr>-st;illizes  in  little 
silken  tuft^,  which  accompany  «pinL-llane  in  the  lava 
of  extinct  volcanoes  on  the  banks  of  the  Khine. 
DES'0-LATE,  a.     [U  desolatus.    See  tlte  verb.l 

I.  Destitute  or  deprived  of  inhabitants;  desert  j 
uninhabited  ;  denoting  either  stripi>ed  uf  inhabitants 
or  never  having  been  inhabited ;  a.-^,  a  desoLue  isle  j  a 
desolate  wilderness. 

1  will   m^yf  Uie  ciiici  or  Judah  d^tolaU,  wiihoui  lui  iobobiuot. 
— Jer.  i». 

SL  Laid  waste  ;  in  a  ruinous  condition  :  neglected  ; 
destroyed  ;  as,  desoUiU  altars  ;  desolate  towers.  Kzek. 
Zeph. 

3.  Solitary  ;  without  a  companion  }  afllicled. 

Tamu  prTiiain»cl  desolate  in  AhKiIam'a  hoiar. —  2  Sam.  xiiL 
Uave  iiirrcy  on  me,  (or  1  uii  dttoiau.  —  P*.  xxi^. 

4.  Deserted  by  God  ;  deprived  of  comfort. 

My  heart  within  me  ia  dttolale.  —  P>.  cxliii. 

DES'O-LATE,  v.  L  [L.  desolo,  desolalus ;  de  and  solo^ 
to  lay  waste,  Wiu,  alone;  Sp.  dcsotar;  Fr.  dcsulcrf 
iL  desolare.) 

].  To  deprive  of  inhabitant^ ;  to  make  desert.  The 
earth  was  nearly  desolated  by  the  tlood. 

Si.  To  lay  waste  ;  to  ruin  ;  to  ravaun ;  to  destroy 
improve  men  t**  or  works  of  art.  An  lunndation  deso- 
latfs  fleldi.  Whole  countries)  have  been  dtsolated  by 
armies. 

DES'O-LA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Deprived  of  inhabitants ; 
wa.«ted  ;  ruined. 

Dr;s'<  >-LATK-LV,  oilv.    In  a  desolnte  manner. 

DES'O-LATE-NES.S,  n.     A  stale  uf  being  desolnte. 

DEd'O-LA-TER,  n.  One  who  lays  wuJte  or  dctiolales ; 
that  which  desolates. 

DES'0-La-T[\G,  ppr.  oro.  Depriving  of  inhabitanta  ; 
wai^tiiis  ;  ravaging. 

DEri-O-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  de«)Iattng  ;  destruc- 
tion or  eipulbion  of  inhabitants  ;  destruction  \  ruin  ; 
waste. 

Ctcit  lrit)|^ora  rliTklM  sfximt  iurlf  it  brnu^ hi  to  dttoiatioH,  — 
KlaiL  xii. 

3.  A  place  deprived  of  inhabitants^  or  otherwise 
wasted,  ravaged,  and  ruined. 

How  t>  Biliylon  become  a  detofofion  ttmon^  the  natlonal^Jrr.  L 

3.  A  desolate  state  ;  gloominess  ;  sadness ;  destitu- 
tion. Shuk.     Thomson. 

The  abominat'um  of  desolation  ;  Roman  armies  which 
ravaged  and  d(>stroycd  Jerusalem.    JtfiiU,  xxiv. 
DES'0-L.A-TO-RV,  o.    Causing  desolation. 
DE-tfPAIR',  n.     [Ft.  de^espoir.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  Hopelessness ;  a  hupL-less  stale  ;  a  destitution  of 
hope  or  expectation. 

We  «r*  prplrxcil,  Iwl  not  in  detpnir.  —  3  t^r.  It. 

All  vdexy  i«  dstpair  of  Kifeiy  pl.bcnl.  iTmftAm. 

5.  That  which  causes  despair  ;  that  of  which  there 
b  no  hope. 

The  m*^  d*»pair  dtvair^erj  hr  cii^.  StuA. 

3.  Loss  of  hope  in  the  mercy  of  God.  Sjtrat. 

DE-PPAIR',  ».  L  [Fr.  desesperer ;  de^  and  esprrer,  to 
hope;  It.  difperare;  Sp.  desrsprrar;  Arm.  disesperi; 
from  L.  de.tpfro  ;  de  and  spcrn,  to  hope.] 

To  be  without  hope  ;  to  give  up  all  hope  or  expec- 
tation ;  followed  by  of. 

Wc  dtwvairtrt  n^^n  ttf  life.  —  2  (*or.  i. 

Nevr  atupakr  *f  GoJ's-  blcaaingv  Ikp*.  or  of  bia  nnruit  hm- 
Kfbr.  Waiu. 

DE-PPAIR'ER,  «.    One  without  hope.  Dntden. 

DRSPAIR'KIJL,  a.     Hopch-ss.  Sidney. 

DE-SPAIH'lS'G,ppr.  oro.    Giving  upall  hope  or  expec- 
tation. 
DE-SPAIR'IXG-LV,  ailo.     In  a  despairing  manner;  In 
a  manner  indiratmg  iKipelf^fsuf^s?  ;  as,  he  speaks  d«- 
spairin^ltf  of  the  sick  man's  recovery. 
DE  .■'PAnt'ING-NEr'H,  n.    .State  of  being  despairing. 
DE.S-PATCII'.     See  Dispatch. 


DES 

DE-SPE€'TION,  n.     [L.  de.-^-pectio.] 

A  loiiking  down  ;  a  despising,     [Little  used.] 
DES-PE-RA'DO,   n.     [from   de.-^craU.]      A   desperate 

fellow  ;  a  furious  man ;  a  niaritnan  ;  a  pi;rson  urged 

by  furious  passions ;  one  fearless  or  repirdless  of 

safety. 
DES'FE  RATE,  a.     [L.  desperatus,  from  desperoj  to  de- 

spai'    - 

1.  PV'ithoul  hope. 

I  am  desperate  of  obtaining  her.  StiaJc, 

2.  Without  regard  to  dangcror  safety  ;  as,  a  despe- 
rate effort.     Hence, 

3.  Abandoned  to  despair  ;  furious ;  as,  he  has  be- 
come desperate. 

4.  Hopeless  ;  despaired  of;  lost  beyond  hope  of  re- 
covery ;  irretrievable  ;  irrecoverable  ;  forlorn.  We 
speak  of  a  de,-rperate  case  of  disease,  desperate  fortunes, 
a  desperate  situation  or  condition. 

5.  In  a  popular  sense^  great  in  the  extreme ;  as,  a 
de,^rrate  sot  or  fool.  Pope. 

DES'PE-R.^TE-LY,  adr.     In  a  despemte  manner,  as 

in   despair ;    hence,   furiously  ;   with   rage ;    madly ; 

without  regard  to  danger  or  safety  ;  as,  the  troops 

fought  desperatdij. 

2.  In  a  popular  sense,  greatly ;  extremely ;  violently. 

She  fell  detpcmiely  in  luve  with  him.  Ad^Mon, 

DES'PE-RATE-NESS,  n.     Madness;  fury;  rash  pre- 
cipitance. 

DES-PE-RA'TION,  «.     A  despairing;  a  giving  up  of 
hoi>e  i  as,  desperation  of  success.  Hammond, 

2.  Hopelessness ;  despair ;  as,  the  men  were  in  a 
state  of  desperation.     Hence, 

3.  Fury  ;  rage  ;  disregnnt  of  safety  or  danger;  as, 
the  men  fought  with  desperation ;  they  were  urged  to 
Hespiration. 

DESPICABLE,  a.     [Low  I<.  despicabiUs,  from  des~ 

f'ieio,   to  lix>k  duvvn,   to   de^ipise;  de  and    specio^  to 
ook.] 

That  may  be  or  denerves  to  be  despised  ;  contempt- 
ible ;  mean  ;  vile  ;  worthless  :  applicable  equally  to  per- 
eona  and  things ;  as,  a  despicable  man  ;  despicable  com- 
pany ;  n  drspicable  gift. 
DES'PI-CA-IJLEl-NESS,   n.     The  quality  or  state  of 
being  despicable  ;  meanness ;  vileness ;  worthless- 
ness. 
DESTieA-BLY,  adr.      Meanly;  vilely;   contempti- 
bly ;  as,  drspictiblij  poor. 
DES-PI"C1EN-CY,  (des-pish'en-se.)  «.     [h.  desjncio.] 
A  looking  down  ;  a  despising.   [Little  used.]  Me-de. 
DE-SPTS'A-BLE,  a.     Despicable  ;  contemptible. 
DK-SPTS'AL,  n.     Contempt.     [Obs.] 
DE-SPISE',  (de-«plzc',)  v.  L     [1  doubt  whether  this 
word   is   formed  from   the  L.  despicio.     In   Sp.  and 
PorL  ;)i»ar  is  to  tread  down,  and  to  despise.     It  ap- 
pears to  be  of  different  origin  from  desjute,  and  to  be 
formed  on  the  root  of  the  Spimish  wojd.     We  proba- 
bly Bee  its  alfinitie?  in  Sp.  pisun,  a  rammer,  and  the 
L.  piso.  to  stamp,  whence  pistillum,  Eng.  pe.ttte,  pisUm, 
&.C     1  he  primary  sense,  then,  is,  to  thrust,  drive, 
and  hr^nce  to  cast  off*  or  trend  down,  to  despise.] 

i.  I'o  contemn  ;  to  scorn  ;  to  disdain ;  to  have  the 
lowest  <>i)inion  of. 

FiHiU  derpite  wiadam  anil  inatnictlon.  —  Protr.  U 

2.  To  ablior.  Shak. 
DESPlS'f:U,  pp.  or  a.    Contemned  j  disdained  ;  ab- 
horred. 

DE  SPIiSEn-NESfl,  B.     The  state  of  being  despised. 
I)E-t!l'I»'KR,  n.     A  contenuier  ;  a  scornor. 
DE-SPTif'ING,  ppr.     Contemning;  scorning;  disdain- 
Di:-SPIs'I.V;,  n.    Conumpt.  [ing. 

DE  SPIS'IXG-LY,  adv.     With  contempt. 
DE-SPT'IE',  n.    [Fr.  depit ;  Norm,  despite  ;  Arm.  desped ; 

It.  dfsprtto,  spite,  malice.     Ci.u.  from  L.  despectus^  de- 

apieio.    See  Spite.] 

1.  Extreme   malice;   \'iolent    hatred*    malignity; 

malice  Irritated  or  enraged  ;  active  malignity  ;  angry 

hatred. 

WiUi  all  Ihjr  d>-evUe  ng^iinrt  th<?  liui.I  of  Uiuel.  —  Ejpk.  x  xr, 
Thuu  wn-Lch  t  deepiu  o'cruliclm  tbeo.  iihak. 

3.  Defiance  with  contempt,  or  triumph  over  oppo- 
sition. He  will  rise  to  fame  in  despite  of  his  enemies. 
[See  Spits.) 

3.  An  act  of  malice  or  contempt ;  as,  a  despite  to  the 
Most  High.  Milton. 

DE-SPTTE',  V.  f.    To  vex  ;  to  offend  ;  to  tease.  Ralegh. 
DE  SPrr'ED  pp.     Vexed  ;  offended. 
DE-SPITE' Ft' L,  a.    Full  of  spite  ;  maliriotis  ;  malig- 
nant ;  as,  a  despiteful  enemy.  ^tng  Charles. 
Ilalrn  <rf  Gixl,  'U»jnle/ul,  prwuii,  boaatcra.  —  Rom,  i, 

DE-SPITE'FUI^LY,  ade.    With  despite  j  maliciously  j 
contemptuously. 

Pray  for  them  thnl  deejniefuay  dm  you.  —  Matt.  ». 

DF^SPITE'FyL-NESS,  n.    Malice;  extreme  hatred; 

malicnitv. 
DES-PIT'E-OUS,  a.     Malicious.     [Obs.]         Milton. 
DES.PIT'E-OUS-LY,  m/».    Furiously.   (Obs.]   Spenser. 
DR-SPIT'ING,  ppr.     Offending  ;  tensing. 
DE-SPOIL',  K  U     [lu  despolio ;  de  and  spoUo,  to  spoil ; 

Ft.  depoHiUcr  i   It.  spofliaref  Sp.  despojar;  Port.  id. 

See  .Spoil.] 
1.  To  strip ;  to  take  from  by  force  ;  to  rob  ;  to  de- 


DES 

prive  ;  followed  by  of;  aa,  to  despoil  one  <if  arms ;  to 
despoil  of  honors  ;  to  despoil  of  innocence. 
2.  To  strip  or  divest  by  any  means.      fVoodjrard. 

DE-SPOIL' £0,  pp.  Stripped  ;  robbed  ;  bereaved  ;  de- 
prived. 

DE-SPOIL'ER,  n.  One  who  strips  by  force  ;  a  plun- 
derer. 

DE-SPOIL'IXG,  ppr.     Depriving;  stripping;  robbing. 

DE-SPOIL'MENT,  n.  Act  of  desiwiling ;  a  plunder- 
ing. 

DE-SPO-LI-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  dcspoUing  ;  a  stri;>- 
ping. 

DE-SPOND',  w.  i,  [Jj.  dcspondeo ;  de  and  spondeo,  to 
promise  ;  litcralhj,  to  throw  to  or  forward.] 

1.  To  be  cast  down  ;  to  be  depressed  or  dejected 
in  mind  ;  to  fail  in  spirits. 

I  shoulil  dcspAir,  or  ni  leaat  deepond,  SeoO's  Lettert. 

2.  To  lose  all  courage,  spirit,  or  resolution  ;  to  sink 
by  loss  of  hope. 

Othcn  (lepres  their  own  minds,  sod  detpond  at  ihr  first  dilB- 
culty.  Locke, 

JVote.  —  The, distinction  between  rfp^pair  and  de- 
spond is  well  marked  in  the  foregoing  passage  from 
Scott.  But  although  despair  implies  a  lotiU  loss  of 
hope,  which  despond  does  not,  at  least  in  everj-  case, 
yet  despondency  is  followed  l)y  the  abandmmient  of 
effort,  or  cessation  of  action,  and  despair  sometimei 
impels  to  violent  action,  even  to  rage. 

DE-SPOND',  n^  Despondency  ;  as  in  the  phrase,  the 
Slough  of  Despond.  Bunyaiu 

DE-SPOND'EN-CY,  «.  A  sinking  or  dejection  of 
spirits  at  the  Inss  of  hope  ;  loss  of  courage  at  the 
failure  of  hope,  or  in  deep  afHIrtion,  or  at  the  pros- 
pect of  insurinountjible  difficulties. 

DE-SPOiND'ENT,  a.  Loaiiiff  courage,  nt  the  loss  of 
hope;  sinking  into  dejection;  depressed  and  inac- 
tive in  despair.  Bentlcy.     Thomson, 

Dia-SPUM)'ENT-LY,  rt(/r.     Without  hope.  Barrow. 

DE-SPONI)'ER,  Ti.    One  destitute  of  hope. 

DE-SPO.NO'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Losing  courage  to  act,  in 
consetpienceof  loss  of  hope,  or  of  deep  calamity,  or 
of  dittii'ulties  deemed  insurmountable  ;  sinking'into 
dejectiim  ;  depressed  in  spirit. 

DE-SPOND'ING-LV,  mlv.  In  a  desponding  manner  ; 
with  dejection  of  spirits^  despairingly. 

DE-SPON'SATE,  v.  t.  tfL.  desponso.] 
To  betroth.     [JVoe  m  use..] 

DES-PON-SA'TION,  n.     A  betrothing.     [Aoi  in  use,] 

DES'POT,  n.  [Gr.  ^fo-ffoT/jf,  a  master  or  lord  j  It 
despoto  ;  Fr.  de.spote ;  Sp.  despoto.] 

An  emperor,  king,  or  prince,  invested  with  abso- 
hite  power,  or  ruling  without  any  control  from  men, 
constitution,  or  laws.  Hence,  in  a  general  sense^  a 
tyrant.  Burke. 

DES-POT'I€,  j   o.       Absolute    in    power  ;    inde- 

DKS-POT'ie-AL,  j  pendent  of  control  from  men, 
con!>tltuIion,  ty  laws;  arbitrary  in  the  exercise  of 
power  ;  as,  a  despotic  prince. 

2.  Unlimited  or  unrestrained  by  ronsiilulion,laws, 
or  men  ;  absolute  ;  arbitrary  ;  as,  despotic  authority 
or  iHiWer.  Addison.     Swift. 

3.  Tynvnnical. 

DES-POT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  With  unlimited  power; 
arbitrarilv  ;  in  a  dt^spotic  manner.  Bhckstone, 

DES-POT'IG-AL-NESS,  n.  Absolute  or  arbitrary  au- 
thority. 

DES'POT-ISM,  n.     [Pjt.  despotitmo  ;  Tt,  despotisme.] 

1.  Abstdute  jMiwer ;  authority  unlimited  and  un- 
controlled by  men,  constitution,  or  laws,  and  depend- 
ing alone  on  the  will  of  the  prince  ;  as,  tlia  despotism 
of  a  Turkish  suluin. 

2.  An  arbitrary  government,  as  that  of  Turkey 
and  Persia. 

DES'PU-MATE,  'r.  i.      [I*,  despumo  ;  de  and  spuma^ 
froth  or  scum.] 
To  foam ;  to  froth  ;  to  form  froth  or  scum. 
DES-PU-MA'TION,  n.     The  act  of  throwing  off  ex- 
crementitious  matter  and  forming  a  froth  or  scum  on 
the  surface  of  liquor  ;  clarification  ;  scumming. 

Coze. 
DES-QU A-MA'TION,  n.  [h.  deaqaamo ;  dc  and  squarna, 
a  scale.] 

A  scaling  or  exfoliation  of  bone  ;  the  separation  of 
the  cuticle  in  small  scales.  Coze. 

DESS,  for  Desk.     [JVof  in  use.]      Chaucer.     Spenser, 
DES-SERT',  (de7,-/,ert',)  n.     [Fr.  dessert,  from  desser- 
vir,  to  clear  the  table  ;  de  and  semur^  to  serve.] 

A  service  of  fruits  and  sweetmeats,  at  the  close  of 
an  entertainment ;  the  last  course  at  the  table,  after 
the  meat  is  removed.  Dryden. 

DE.S-TEM'PER,  >  rp,    ?rt^^r,^^ 

Dl.S-TEM'PER,   1  "■     t^'-  ^'^^^P^'l 

In  paintinjT,  a  sort  of  painting  with  opaque  colors, 
ground  and  diluted  with  water,  glue,  eggs,  &.c.  Elmea* 
DES'TI-NATE,  v.  f-     [L.  dcstino,  drstinatua.] 

To  design  or  appoint.     [Seldom   used.]     [See  Dbi- 

TINE.J 

DE.S'TI-NATE,a.    Appointed  ;  destined  ;  determined. 

Mirrton. 
DES'TI-NA-TL\G,  ppr.     Designing  ;  appointing. 
DES-TLNA'TION,  n.     [L.  destinatio.] 

1,  Tlie  act  of  destining  or  appointing. 

2.  The  purpose  for  which  any  thing  is  hitcnded  or 


TCNE,  BUU',  tJNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  tmK;  0  as  J  j  8  as  Z ;  CH  an  SH ;  TU  as  In  THIS. 

'  :  325" 


DES 

appointed  ;  end  or  ultimaM  design      Every  animal 
b  ntted  for  its  tUftiitttiion. 

3.  The  plare  to  whtrh  a  thing  is  appotnttMl,  k*,  the 
sh^p  Uft  fo€  her  drsttnatiom  ;  but  it  is  more  usual  to 
9'\\,  for  the  place  of  her  Jestinati4^n. 
DES'TIXK,  r.  t.  [l^dfjUne:  pruti.ibly  ^  and  5fiiH>, 
or  staRO.  There  seems  to  have  b^en  a  nx't  of  Hits 
orthography,  different  frotn  1*.  *(o,  which  we  find  in 
afatiwate,  oistinat  pr**tiMO,  and  in  Russ.  aangtlj/n  is 
lo  aet  or  place,«Cttii  is  stature,  and  we  hare  xtaiuJkiM, 
and  atone.  Sax.  ftoa,  perhaps  from  tho  sobm  root. 
Tbe  words  beginning  wiDi  »(,  a«  />tabU^  sttadfy  Jtofs, 
jlBMrf,  sigDiQr  to  sft,  but  the  difference  of  Anal  artic- 
■latkHi  seems  to  indicate  a  diffctenco  of  roots, 
MtoA,  ^mdy  «caj?'i  ste**] 

1.  Toset,ordain,wappointto«ute,purpoae,atata, 
or  place.  We  ilestiiu  a  son  to  the  ministerial  office  ; 
a  house  /w  a  place  of  worship ;  a  ship  Jin-  the  Lon- 
df>n  tnde,  or  to  LiMwn  ;  and  we  an  all  datiM*d  lo  a 
future  state  of  bap|rioaas  or  misery. 

2.  To  fix  unallermUy,  as  ^,  a  dirlne  decree ;  as, 
the  desttard  hour  of  death. 

3.  To  doom ;  lo  devote ;  lo  ^>poii(,C  analternbly. 

Prutr. 
DES  iinrd  ;  appointed  by  pre- 

vr  .  -,  fixed  unnlterabty. 

DE.--  ;-•;  ni>p(iinting. 

DES'TI.N  IS  r.  n.      A  l.cb.v.T  in  de^Minv. 
DES'TI-NY,  *.     [Fr.  rfwfin  ;  Ii.  rfr.vf.nu";  Sp.  U] 

1.  ^tate  or  cundttioo  appuinteti  or  iiredutcnnined  ; 
nltimaie  fate  ;  as,  men  are  solicitous  to  know  their 
fiiture  destiMf,  whith  ia,  howeTer,  happily  concealed 
from  them. 

3.  In^*inctble  necaaaily ;  flue ;  a  neoesslty  or  fixed 
order  uf  thinss  eMafaUshed  by  a  divine  decree,  w 
by  an  indissulubla  eoftaectlon  of  causes  and  efferia. 

But  vba  c&a  toni  dw  Mmun  oHmAtfJ  Spen»er. 

Destimies;  tbe  Ikies,  or  sa^Kieed  powers  which 
prcjiidc  orer  human  life,  spin  it  out,  and  detarmine  it ; 
called  hv  the  Latins  Parem. 
DES'TI-TUl'E,  a.     [U  dntitataf,  dcsCaCwf  d«  and 
ttatua,  to  seL     LiUrtUf^  set  from  or  away.] 

1.  \ot  having  or  poraeesing ;  wanting ;  as,  Jrsti- 
tml£  of  virtue,  or  at  piety  ;  ^Mrtfuto  of  food  and  cloth- 
ing. It  diffiTi  from  dtfriSd^am  it  does  nol  neceasa- 
rily  imply  previous  poasaastoJl 

2.  Aeedy;  abject;  comfurttesa;  fiicndleaa. 

He  will  rrjsnl  the  i<nj*-r  of  the  <fwifartf.  —  Pa.  cU. 

DES'TI-TUTE,  a.    One  wlio  is  without  fiienda  or 

cnoif'^rt. 
DES'TI-TL'TE,  r.  L    To  forsake.    Uk'^  u»t^] 

AcMy. 
a.  To  deprive.     [JV*!  msed,]  Bm»m, 

DES-TI-TO'TIOX,  a.     Want;   absence  of  a  thing; 

a  state  in  which  somelliiug  is  wanted,  or  not  poa- 

sesaed  ;  povtrtv.  Hooker,     Tailor. 

DE-STKO  V',  r.  L     [L.  iestrme  ;  de  and  struo^  to  pile, 

to  boild  ;  Pr.  detnure:  iL  diMtnggere  i  Sp.  and  Port. 

dtftnur.    See  Sthuctukk.] 

1.  To  demolish  ;  lo  piift  down  ;  to  separate  the 
part?  of  an  eiliTire,  the  union  of  which  i^  necessarj* 
to  constitute  tbe  thinj; ;  a^,  to  destroy  a  house  or  tem- 
ple; to  destroy  Vl  lurtificaflbn. 

2.  To  ruin  ;  to  annihilate  a  thing  by  demolishing 
or  by  burning  ;  a?,  to  dej^rtty  a  city. 

3.  To  ruin  ;  to  bring  to  naught ;  to  annihilate  ;  a?, 
to  destroy  a  theory'  or  scheme  ;  to  destroy  a  govern- 
ment ;  to  destroy  inflaence. 

4.  To  lay  waste  i  lo  make  desolate. 

Co  up  asaioal  tbu  Und,  aod  J^strny  it.  — It.  sxxvi. 

5.  To  kill ;  lo  rtay  ,  to  extirpate ;  applied  to  men  or 
other  aatwo/s.  , 

Yr  ahall  Jirtoy  all  Uiii  p«o|>.  —  Vnm.  xxifi. 
All  tbe  wicked  will  be  dutroy.  —  P*.  cxlr. 

6.  To  take  away  ;  to  cause  to  cease  ;  to  pat  an  end 
to  j  as,  pain  destroys  happiness. 

Tbatbebodr  rf  rin  mjgla  ba  dlwlroyri.  —  Rom.  vL 

7.  To  kill ;  to  eat ;  to  dcToiir ;  to  consume.  Birds 
deaerwgp  insects.     Hawks  dettroy  chickens. 

8.  u  geHerol^Xo  put  an  end  to;  to  annihilate  a 
diing,  or  the  form  in  which  it  exists.  An  army  is 
destroyed  by  slaughter,  cipiure,  or  dispersion  ;  a 
forest,  by  the  ax,  or  by  fire ,  tuwns,  by  fire,  or  inun- 
dation, &c 

9.  In  cJUmutnT,  to  resolve  a  body  into  its  parts  or 
elements. 

DE-STROV.VBLE,  o.    That  may  be  destroyed. 

Plinu  scale  It  dutrt^o^  bj  tbe  wealhrr.  Dtrhant. 

[Little  Msed.] 
DB-STROY'£D,   pp.      Demolished  ;   pulled    down  ; 

ruined  ;  annihilated  ;   devoured  ;  swept  away,  fee 
DE-STROV'ER,  n.     One  who  destroys,  or  lays  warte ; 

one  who  kills  a  man,  or  an  animal,  or  who  ruins  a 

country,  cities,  tc. 
DE-STROY'ING,   ppr.  or  a.      Demolishing;    la>ing 

waste  ;  killine  ;  annihilating  ;  putting  an  end  lo. 
DE-STROY'r\G,  a.     Destruction.  Mdton. 

DE-STRUeT'.  for  Destrot,  is  not  used. 
DE-STRUeT-I-BIL'l-TV,  n.    The  quality  of  being 

capable  of  destruction. 


DET 

DE-STRfCT'l-BLE,  o.     [U  destruo   destructum.) 

Li;iMe  to  de«;ntciion  ;  capable  of  being  destroyed. 
DE-STRUeT'l-BLE-NESS,a.    The  state  of  being  dc- 

stnictible. 
DE-STRUe'TION,  a,     [L.  destructio.     See  Destbot.] 

1.  The  act  of  desimyinc;  demolition;  a  pulling 
down;  subversion;  ruin,  by  whatever  means;  as, 
the  deMruetion  of  buiUlin2j»,  or  of  towns.  Destruc- 
tion consists  in  the  anniliil-ition  of  the  form  of  any 
thing,  that  form  of  parts  which  constitutes  it  what  it 
is  i  as,  ihe  destruetion  of  pra^s-s  or  herbage  by  eating  ; 
of  a  forest,  by  cutting  down  the  trees  ;  or  it  denotes 
a  tot.ll  annihilation  ;  a^,  the  destruction  of  a  particu- 
lar govenimenl ;  the  dejitruetioa  of  happiness. 

2.  Death  i  murder;  slaughter;  mafMarre. 

Thrre  wm  •  dnatUy  dMtrudwn  thnm^ !ii>ul  ttH  the  cit^.  —  1 
Sam,  V, 

3.  Ruin. 

DntrttcAm  mot)  wlaery  ue  in  their  wiiys.  —  Itom.  iti. 

4.  Eternal  death. 

Eroail  b  xhe  wnjr  ih.it  IfvlcUi  to  dettruction.  —  Mnit.  tU. 

5.  Cause  of  destruction  ;  a  consuming  plague  j  a 
destroyer. 

Tlv-  dettruction  thiit  wiutL'th  at  noonilnjr. —  P%,  xcL 

DE-STRU€'TION'-IST,  a.  One  in  favor  of  destroy- 
ini;. 

DE-STRrCT'IVE,  a.  Causing^  destruction  ;  having 
the  quality  of  destroying;  ruinous;  niii^chievuus  ; 
pernicious;  with  o/ or  to;  a.s,  a  de~<tructipe  fire  or 
famine.  Iniem[)enince  is  dr^tructire  of  henllh  ;  evil 
examples  are  destructiee  to  the  murals  of  youth. 
Destruetire  iHstUl/ition.     See  DtsnuLATioN. 

DE  STBUeT'IVE-LY.orfr.  With  destmctioii ;  niin- 
ously  ;  mischievously  ;  with  power  to  destroy  ;  as, 
destrmctirrlv  lewd  or  intent (lerate, 

DE-STRUel"!  VE-.\ESS,  n.  The  qiuUity  of  destroy- 
ing or  niinin;:. 

DE-STRU€rr'OR,  n,  [U]  A  destroyer;  a  consumer, 

DGS-lj-W'TION,  a.     [L.  desmdo;  de  and  tudo,  to 

sweat,] 

A  sweating ;  a  profuse  or  morbid  sweating,  suc- 
ceeded by  an  eruption  of  puiitules,  called  heal-i'imples. 
Coze,     En  cite, 
DES'UE-TUDE,  (des'we-tude.)  n.  [L.(/f«irtKi/o  "from 

desueseo;  de  and  nuese^t,  tu  accu?>toiu  one*rt  self.] 
The  cessation  of  tise  ;  disu.-ie  ;  discontinuance  of 

practice,  custom,  or  fashion.     Habit  \a  contracted  by 

practice,  and  lost  by  desuetmU;  words  in  every  lan- 

gtiage  ar»'  loj^t  by  desuetude, 
DE-SULTHU-RATE,  r.  u    {de  and  euiphurate,  or  sul- 

pkur.) 

To  deprive  of  stilphtir.  Chnnistrij. 

DE-Sri/rm;-RS-TEO,p;i.     Deprived  of  siilpliur. 
DE-SIJI/I'MU-RA-TLNG,  ppr.     Depriving  of  sulphur, 
DE-SrirPlia-ftA'TlOX,  a.    The  act  or  operation  of 

deprivina  of  sulphur. 
DES'UL-TO-RI-LY,  ade.      [See   Deiu'ltort.]      In  a 

desulLor\'  mnnner;  witlioul  niethofl  ;  loosely. 
DE.'?'UL.-ti.)-RI-NESS,  «.     A  desultory  manner;  un- 

conneciedn*-.!is  ;  a  passing  from  ons  thing  to  another 

wiihout  order  or  method. 
DES-UUTORI-OL'S,  a.     DestiUorj'.  Barrow. 

DES'Ul^TO-RY,  a.     [L.  desuUoriuSy  from  dcsilio;  de 

and  salioy  lo  leap.] 

1.  I*eaping;  p-issing  from  one  thing  or  subject  to 
another,  without  order  or  natural  connection  ;  un- 
connected ;  imniethodical ;  as,  a  desultory  conver- 
sation. 

2.  Coming  suddenly;  started  at  the  moment;  not 
proceeding  from  iiaiural  order  ur  cimnectiun  with 
what  precedes ;  as,  a  dandtory  thoughL 

DE-SCME',  r.  L     [L.  dcsuiRo.] 

I'o  take  leom  ;  to  borrow.     [Abf  in  use.']      JTalt. 
DE-TACH',   r.  t.     [Fr.   detacher;    Arm.   dUfagai    Sp. 

and  Port,  destacar:  It.  Aaccare;  de  and  the  root  of 

Eng.  tack.     See  Attach.] 

1.  To  separate  or  disunite;  to  disengage;  to  part 
from  ;  as,  to  detach  llie  coats  of  a  bulbous  root  from 
each  other ;  to  tleiach  a  man  from  tlie  interest  of  the 
minister,  or  from  a  (larty. 

2.  To  separatti  men  from  their  companies  or  regi- 
menLs;  to  draw  from  companies  or  regiments,  as  a 
party  of  men,  and  send  them  on  a  particular  service. 

3."  To  select  ships  from  a  fleet,  and  send  them  on 
a  5ep.^^lte  service. 

DE-TACH'ED,  (de-tacht',)  pp.  Separated  ;  parted 
from ;  disunited ;  drawn  and  sent  on  a  scjjarate 
Ber\'ice. 

2.  a.  Scp^irate;  as,  f/r(acArt/ parcels  or  portions. 

DE-TACII'LNG,p/»r.  Si-paratiug;  piirling  from  ;  draw- 
ing and  sending  on  a  sejwrate  emplovment. 

DE-TACII'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  detaching  or  sep- 
arating. 

2.  A  body  of  troops,  selected  or  taken  from  the 
main  army,  and  employed  on  some  special  service  or 
expedition. 

3.  A  number  of  ships,  taken  from  a  fleet,  and  sent 
on  a  separate  8er\'ice. 

DE-TAIL',  V.  L  [Ft.  dctaiUer^  to  cut  in  pieces  ;  dt  and 
taiUer,  to  cut,  Sp.  taJlar,  It.  tagliare.j 

1.  I'o  relate,  report,  or  narrate,  m  particulars;  to 


DET 

recite  tlie  jmriiculnra  of;  to  particularize;  to  relate 
minutely  and  distinctly  ;  as,  he  detailed  alt  the  facts 
in  due  order. 

2.  To  -select,  as  an  officer  or  soldier  from  a  divis- 
ion, brigade,  regiment,  ur  battalion. 

Lav}  of  Massachusetts. 
DE-TAIL',  n.  [Fr.]  Literally,  a  cutting  off  into  parts 
or  portions,  and  henco  the  parts  or  portions  them- 
selves ;  UH,  the  details  of  a  sclienie  ;  tlie  detaih  of  a 
work  in  the  fine  arts,  as  distinguished  from  the 
whole  mass. 

2.  In  military  nffdirs^  a  selecting  of  certain  individ- 
uals or  bodies  of  men  for  a  particular  service. 

3.  A  minute  and  particular  narration,  dwelling  on 
the  distinct  parts  of  a  subject. 

DE-TAIL'/;D,  pp.  or  a.  Related  in  particulars  ,  minute- 

Iv  reciteti ;  selected. 
DETAIL'ER,  n.    One  who  details. 
DE-TAIL'ING,  ppr.     Relating  minutely;  telling  the 
2.  Selecting  soldiers  for  some  service,  [[uirticulars. 
DE-TAIX',  V.  t,     [L.  detinro :  de  and  tenea^  to  hold; 

Fr.  dftcnir  ;  Sp,  aetencr.     See  Te.vant.] 

1.  To  keep  back  or  from;  to  withlwld ;  to  keep 
what  belongs  to  another.  Detain  not  the  wages  of 
the  hireling,  Taylor. 

2.  To  keep  or  restrain  from  proceeding,  either  going 
or  coming ;  lo  slay  or  stop.  VVe  were  detained  by  the 
rain. 

Lft  lu  dttain  thrc,  (ill  w«  hKve  nude  rcadv  a  kiil.  —  JitJ^t  xiii. 

3.  To  hold  in  custodv  Blackstone, 
DF^TAIN'DER,  n.     A  writ.     [See  Detikue.] 
DE-TAI.N'KD,  77p.     Withheld;  kept  back;  prevented 

froTii  goiiis  ur  coining;  held;  restrained, 

DE-TAi\'ER,  n.  One  who  withholds  what  belongs 
to  another ;  one  who  detains,  stops,  or  prevents  from 
going. 

2.  In  laie^  a  holding  or  keeping  possession  of  what 
belongs  to  another;  detention  of  what  is  another's, 
though  the  original  taking  mav  be  lawful.  BlarJcstone. 

DE-TAlN'Ii\G,  ppr.  Withholding  what  belongs  to 
another;  holding  back;  restraining  from  going  or 
coming  ;  holding  in  cuettody. 

DE-TAIN'iME^T,  n.  The  act  of  detaining  ;  deten- 
tion. BUckstonc. 

DE-TECT',  r.  L  [L.  detego,  delectus-,  de  and  tego,  to 
Cover,  W.  toiy  Eng.  to  deck,  which  see.] 

Literally,  to  uncover ;  lience,  to  discover ;  to  find 
out ;  lo  bring  to  light ;  as,  to  detect  the  ramifications 
and  inosculations  of  the  fine  vessels.  But  this  word 
is  especially  applied  to  the  discovery  of  secret  ciinifis 
and  artifices  ;  we  detect  a  thief,  or  the  crime  of  steal- 
ing ;  we  detect  the  artifices  of  the  man,  or  the  man 
himself ;  we  detect  what  is  concealed,  especially  what 
is  concealed  by  design. 

DE-TECr'ED,p/».  or  a.  Discovered;  found  out;  laid 
open  ;  brought  to  light. 

DE-TECT'ER,  7(.  A  discoverer;  one  who  finds  out 
wiiat  another  attempts  to  conceal. 

DE-TECT'INf;,  p/jr.    Discovering;  finding  out. 

DE-TEC'TION,  n.  The  act  of  detecting ;  discovery 
of  a  person  or  thing  attempted  to  be  concealed  ;  as, 
the  detection  of  a  thief  or  biirglarian  :  the  detection 
of  fraud  or  forgery  ;  the  detection  of  artifice,  device, 
or  a  plot. 

2.  Discovery  of  any  thing  before  hidden  or  un- 
known. 

The  ■r&  nn<1  rivn  nn  inatru mental  (o  tbe  detection  of  unber 
Biid  oth^r  ruuiifi,  by  wasiiiits  awa^  the  earth  thxt  coi>- 
ceali^d  tli'iin.  Woodward. 

DE^TE.N'E-BRATE,  r.  (-    JL.  de  and  (wicfrrtp.] 

To  remove  darkness      [JVot  in  iwc]  Brown, 

DE-TE.\T'^  n.     [L.  dctentiis ;  Fr.  detenU.] 

A  stop  in  a  clock,  which,  by  being  lined  up  or  let 
down,  locks  and  unlocks  the  clock  in  striking.  Enet/c. 
DE-TEN'TION,  n.  TSee  Detain.]  The  act  of  de- 
taining; a  withholding  from  another  his  right;  a 
keeping  whal  belongs  to  another,  and  ought  to  be  re- 
stored, Blackstone. 

2.  Confinement ;  restraint ;  as,  (frfcnfion  in  custody. 

3.  Delay  from  necessity;  a  detaining;  as,  tbe  de- 
tention of  the  mail  by  bad  roads. 

DE-TER',  V.  L     [L.  deterreo  :  de  and  terreo,  to  frighten.] 

1.  To  discourage  and  stop  by  fear;  to  stop  or  pre- 
vent from  acting  or  proceeding,  by  danger,  difficulty, 
or  other  consideration,  which  disheartens  or  counter- 
vails the  motive  for  an  act.  We  are  often  deterred 
from  our  duty  by  trivial  difficulties  ;  the  state  of  the 
road  or  a  cloudy  sky  may  deter  a  man  from  undertak- 
ing a  journey.  * 

A  million  of  iruitntcd  hopes  will  not  dtUr  ua  from  n^^w  expcri- 
meiita.  J.  M.  Mason. 

2.  To  prevent  by  prohibition  or  danger.  Mitford. 
DE-TERGE',  (de-terj'j)  v.  U    [L,  detergo ;  de  and  tergo, 

to  wipe  or  scour.] 

'J'o  cleanse  ;  to  purge  away  foul  or  offending  mat- 
ter from  the  bodv,  or  from  an  ulcer.  Wiseman. 

DE-TEK6'A0,  pp'.    Cleansed  ;  purged. 

DE-TERG'Pi.\T,  a.     Cleansing;  purging. 

DE-TERG'EXT,  n.  A  medicine  that  has  tbe  power 
of  cleansing  the  vesst-lsor  skin  from  offending  matter. 

DE-TERG'I.V<;,  ppr.    Cleansing  ;  carrying  off  obstruc- 
tions or  foul  matter, 
2,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  cleansing. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH*T METE,  PRg^Y.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.- 


DET 

DE-TE'RI-O-RaTE,  r.  i.  [Fr.  dfteriorer ;  It.  drterio- 
rare  ;  l^p.  deteriorar,  from  detcrior,  worSi",  L.  drterior.] 
To  in"ow  worse  ;  to  be  impaired  in  quality  ;  to  de- 
gentO'ait'  ;  opposed  to  tneliorate. 

DE  Te'RI-O-KaTE,  r.  U  To  make  worse  ;  to  reduce 
in  quality  j  as,  to  deterioraie  a  nice  of  men,  or  their 
condition.  Haylty.     Paley. 

DE-Te'RI-O-RX-TED,  pp.  aiade  worse  j  impaired 
in  quality. 

DE-T£'RI-0-RA-T[XG,ppr,  Becoming  worse  or  in- 
ferior in  quality 

DE-TE-RI-0-Ra'TION,  Ti.  A  growing  or  making 
worse  ;  the  state  of  growing  worse. 

DE-TE-RI-OR'I-TV,  n.  Worse  slate  or  quality;  as, 
deteriorittj  of  diet.  Ray. 

DE^TER'MEXT,  rr.  [See  Deter,]  The  act  of  deter- 
ring ;  the  cause  of  deterring  ;  th:it  which  deters. 

DE-TERM'IN-A-BLE,  a.     [See  Determine.]    [Boyle. 

1.  That  may  be  decided  with  certainty.      Boyle. 

2.  That  may  end  or  be  detennined. 
DE-TERMTN-ATK,  a.     [L.  determuuitus.] 

1.  Limited;  fixed;  definite;  as,  a  determinate 
quantity  of   matter. 

a.  Established;  settled;  positive;  aa^&deUrtninate 
rule  or  order. 

Tbe  determinate  counael  ofGod.  — Acts  ii. 

3.  Decisive  ;  conclusive ;  as,  a  determinate  resolu- 
tion or  judgment. 

4.  Resolved  on.  Shak, 

5.  Fixed  ;  resolute.  Sidney. 
DETERM'I.N-ATE,  r.  (.   To  limit-     [JSTotused.]     [See 

I>ETEBSriSE.] 

DE-TER.M'LV-ATE  LY,  adv.    With  certainty. 

Tbc  pHiidpleB  of  Rllgiou  ore  determinault/  true  or  Wie. 

TxUotaon. 

2.  Rcsolutelv  ;  with  fixed  resolve.  Sidney. 
DE-TERM'I.\-ATE-NESS,  «,    The  state  of  being  de- 
terminate, certain,  or  precise. 

DE-TERM  I\-A'TiON,  n.  The  act  of  determining  or 
deciding. 

2.  Decision  of  a  question  in  the  mind  ;  firm  rcso- 
hition  ;  settled  purpose;  as, they  iiave acquainted  me 
with  llieir  determination. 

3.  Judicial  decision  ,  the  ending  of  a  controversy. 

4.  Hirong  direction  to  a  given  pomt ;  as,  a  determ- 
inati^m  of  lilood  In  the  head. 

5.  Absolute  direction  to  a  certain  end. 

Rcmbanr-a  Can  (■»  no  meant  contist  with  a  c^inaUont  determuvr. 
Hon  \4  Ow  will  U>  ll»^  ^'rttrW  apj^rvitt  g^Ofl.  Lodce. 

6.  An  ending  ;  a  putting  an  end  lu  ;  as,  the  deter- 
mination of  a  will.  BlarJcitvne. 

7.  Jn  physical  griene/".,  the  referring  of  minerals, 
planU,  i-c,  to  the  species  to  whirlj  they  belung  ;  as, 
I  am  indebted  to  a  friend  fir  the  UricnninaUou  i>f  the 
Creattr  part  of  these  shtUs.  Lvell. 

DE-TEKM'L\-A--I'IVE,  a.  That  uncontrollably  di- 
rects to  a  certain  end. 

TU  tUurminative  power  oT.i  J'i«t  cnii»-.  BramJiait. 

2.  Limiting;  that  limits  or  bounds;  nn,  a  word 
may  be  determinatice^  and  limit  the  subject.    fVatLt. 

3.  That  is  empliiyed  in  det^-rtnining  ;  a^,  dftermin- 
oti're  tables  in  the  natunil  wiLTices,  i.  e.,  latil.-s  ar- 
ranged for  determinins  the  specific  diameter  of  min- 
erals, planu,&.c.,  and  asisigning  them  their  names. 

Dana* 
DE-TERM'IX-A-TOR,  n.  One  who  determines. 
DE-TKR.M'L\E,  p.  L  [Ij.  drtrrmino;  de  and  trrmino, 
to  bound  ;  terminus,  a  boundary  or  limit ;  W.  Urvyn, 
an  extremity  or  limit;  trrv,  outward,  extreme;  ter- 
vynuy  Ui  fix  a  bound,  to  limit,  t>  detcnninc  ;  (ctto,  a 
term,  extreme  [wint ;  terrAiaw,  to  limits  Ir.  teora,  ^ 
border  or  limit;  fir.  r'Ofir,  r/j^fjv.    See  Tebm.] 

1.  To  end  ;  particularly,  to  end  by  the  decision  or 
conclusion  of  a  cause,  or  of  a  diHibtful  or  contro- 
verted point ;  applicable  to  the  d.tisii>ns  of  the  mind, 
or  to  judicial  dLCisions.  We  sav,  I  had  determined 
this  question  in  my  own  mind  ;  the  court  has  deter- 
mined the  cause. 

2.  To  end  and  fix ;  to  settle  ultimately ;  as,  this 
event  drtermined  his  fatt*. 

X  To  fix  un  ;  to  settle  or  establish  ;  as,  to  deter- 
mine the  proper  season  for  planting  seeds. 

God  —  halfa  determined  the  tiirx*  bfore  nppdiiled,  —  AeU  xrlL 

4.  To  end  ;  to  limit ;  to  bound  ;  to  confine.  Ten- 
der hill  dstermines  our  view.  Knowledge  is  dOermined 
by  the  sight.  Bacon. 

5.  To  give  a  direction  to  ;  to  influence  the  choice ; 
tbat  is,  to  limit  to  a  particular  pur[>ose  or  direction  ; 
aa,  this  circumstance  detmnined  him  to  the  study  of 
law.  Also,  to  give  a  direction  to  material  Itodies  in 
their  course;  a.i,  impulse  mny  de.lcnnine  a  moving 
body  to  this  or  that  pomt. 

6.  To  resolve  ;  that  is,  to  end  or  settle  a  point  in 
the  mind,  as  in  definition  first. 

I  determined  iU\*  with  myn-lf.  —  2  Cor.  U. 

P*u]  b^d  determined  in  m1  bf  KphcMM.  —  Aeli  zs, 

7.  To  destroy.     [JVot  used,]  ShaJu 

8.  To  put  an  end  to;  as,  to  determine  a  wilt. 

BUiekstone. 
9  To  settle  or  ascertain,  as  something  uncertain. 

The  ehuBCtcr  of  the  ■oul '»  datemdned  by  iha  charmciirr  of  iu 
tJ*^.  J.  E'iioardM. 


DKT 

DE-TER.M'INE,  p.  t.  To  resolve;  to  concldde:  to 
come  to  a  decision. 

He  shall  pay  lu  the  Jwlg««  determine.  —  Ex.  xxi. 
h  is  iiuliffcreol  bow  the  Icarnetl  sii^  deUrmine  eoocenung  Urn 
niauer.  Anon. 

2.  To  come  to  an  end  ;  to  ferininate.  The  danger 
determined  by  the  death  of  the  conspirators.  Iteviv 
lutions  often  determinein  setting  up  tyranny  at  home, 
or  in  conquest  from  abroad. 

Some  estntes  may  determine  on  future  contingencies. 

Biackabme. 

DE-TERM'rN-/:D,n>.  Ended  ;  concluded  ;  decided  ; 
limited  ;  fixed  ;  settled  ;  resolved  ;  directed. 

2.  a.  Having  a  firm  or  fixed  purpose,  as  a  deter- 
mined man  ;  or  niaiiifesting  a  firm  resolution,  as  a  de- 
termined countenance. 

DE-TERM'T.N-Ett-LY,  adv.    In  a  determined  manner. 

DE-TERM'L\-ER,  n.  One  who  decides  or  determ- 
ines. 

DE-TERM'IN-rNG,  ppr.  Ending;  deciding;  fixing; 
settling;  resolving;  limiting;  directing. 

DE-TER-RA'TIO.\,  n.     [U  de  and  terra,  earth.] 

The  tincovering  of  any  thing  which  is  buried  or 
covered  with  earth  ;  a  taking  from  oul  of  the  earth. 

Woodward. 

DE-TER'RED,  pp.  [See  Deteh.]  Discouraged  or 
prevented  from  proceeding  or  acting,  by  fear,  diffi- 
culty, or  danger. 

DE-TER'RING,  ppr.    Discoumging  or  influencing  not 
to  proceed  or  act,  by  fear,  ditTicuky,  danger,  or  pros- 
pect of  evil. 
2.  a.  Discouraging;  frightening.  jJsft. 

DE-TER'9I0N,  (-shun,)  n.  [  L.  detersus,  detergo.  See 
Deteroe.] 

The  act  of  cleansing,  as  a  sore.  Wiseman. 

DE-TER'SIVE,  a,  [It.  detersivoi  Fr.  deterg{f.  See 
Deteroe.] 

Cleansing  ;  having  power  to  cleanse  from  offend- 
ing matter. 

DE-TEK'SIVE,  n.  A  medicine  which  has  the  power 
of  cleansing  ulcers,  or  carrying  off  foul  matter. 

DE-TEST',  r.  (.  [L.  detesUrri  de  and  testor,  to  affirm 
or  bear  \vitnesH  ;  It.  detestare  ;  Sp.  detestar ;  Fr, 
detester.  The  primary  sense  of  testor  is  to  set,  throw, 
or  thrust.    To  detest  is  to  thrust  away.] 

To  abhor;  to  abominate;  to  hate'  extremely;  ad, 
to  detest  crimes  or  meanness. 

DE-TEST'A-BLE,  a.  Extremely  hateful ;  abomina- 
ble ;  very  odious  ;  deserving  abhorrence. 


DE-TEST'A-BLE-NESS,  n.     Extrr-me  hatefulness. 
DE-TEST'A-BLY,  adv.     Very  hatefully  ;  ab..minablv. 
DET.ES-TA'TION,n.    Extreme  hatnd  ;  abhorrence; 

with  (/.     The  good  man  enlerUiins  uniformly  a  de(- 

estation  of  sin. 
DE TEMT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Hated  extremely  ;  abhorred. 
DE-TEST'ER,  n.     One  who  abliors. 
DE-TEHT'IXC;,  ;?;»•.     Hating  extremely;   abhorrjng  : 

abominating. 
DE-THRONE',  r.  f.     [Fr.  detrQner;    Sp.  destronar;  It. 

stronare  i  de  and  tAro«^,  L.  thronus.] 

1,  To  remove  or  drive  from  a  throne  ;  to  deiKtsc  ; 
to  divest  of  royal  authority  and  dignity, 

2,  To  divest  of  rule  or  power,  or  of  supreme 
power. 

The  Pruteclor  wm  dethroned.  Hume, 

DE-THRON'£a>,  pp.  or  a.  Removed  from  a  throne  ; 
deposed. 

DE-THRe^NE'ME.\T,  n.  Removal  trom  a  throne; 
deposition  of  a  king,  emjHTor,  or  prince. 

DE-TimnX'ER,  n.    One  \vho  dethrones. 

J)E-TnRO.\'I.\0,  ppr.  Driving  from  a  throne;  de- 
privine  of  recal  power. 

DI-j-THRoX'IZE,  r.  (.     To  unthrone.  Cotgrave. 

DET'I-NOE,n.  [Kr.  rfcfmu,  detained  ;(/''/CTur,  to  detain.] 
LileraUij,  a  (>erson  or  thing  detained. 
Ill  iflHJ,  a  writ  of  detinue  is  ofie  that  lies  against 
him  who  wrongfully  detains  goods  or  chattels  deliv- 
ered to  him,  or  in  his  possession.  This  writ  lies  for 
a  thing  certain  and  valualite,  as  for  a  horse,  cow, 
Bheep,  plate,  cloth,  «cc.,  to  recover  ttie  thing  itself,  or 
damages  f,.rthe  detainer.  BUckstune. 

DET'O-NATE,  v.  t.  [L.  detono ;  de  and  tono,  to  thun- 
der.] 

In  chemistry,  to  cause  to  explode;  to  burn  or  in- 
flame with  a  sudden  rejKirt. 

DET'O-NaTE,  v.  I.  To  explode  ;  to  burn  with  a  sud- 
den re[iort.     Niter  detonates  with  siijjiliur. 

DET'O  \A-TED,  pp.  Exploded;  burnt  with  explo- 
sion. 

DET'O-NA-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Exploding;  inflaming 
with  a  sudden  report. 

DET-O-NA'TION,  it.  An  explosion  or  sudden  report 
made  by  the  inflammation  of  certain  combustible 
bodies,  as  fulminating  gold.  Detonation  Is  not  de- 
crepitation. 

DET-O-NI-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  exploding,  as 
certain  combBstible  bodies. 

DET'O-NTZE,  v.  u  ^8ee  Detokate.]  To  cause  to 
explode  ;  to  burn  with  an  explosion  ;  to  calcine  with 
detonation. 


DEU 

DET'O-NTZE,  v.  L  To  explode  ;  to  bum  with  a  sud- 
den report. 

TUii  precijiilal^  —  detonixet  with  a  coiuidnmble  nolM. 

Poureroy. 

DET'O-MZ  .ED,   pp.      Exploded,   as   a   combustible 

body. 
DET'0-NIZ-ING,   ppr.     Exploding   with    a   sudden 

rejiorL 
DE-TORT',  r.  t.     [L.   detortusy  of  detorqueo;  de  and 

tort/ueo,  to  twist.] 
To  twist ;  to  wrest ;  to  pervert ;  to  turn  from  the 

oricinal  or  plain  meaning.  Dryden. 

DE-TORT'ED,  ;j/>.     Twisted;  wrested  ;  perverted. 
DE-TORr'L\G,p;>r.     Wresting;  perverting. 
DE-TOR'TION,    «.     A   turning  or  wresting ;   per- 
version. 
DE-TOUR\  (da-toor',)  it.     [Fr.]    A  turning;  a  ca- 

cuitous  way. 
DE-TRA€T',  tj.  (.     [L.  detractum  ;    delrecto  ;   detraho; 

de  and    traho,  to    draw  ;  Sp.  detractor;  It.  detrarre; 

Fr.  dctractcr.     See  Draw  and  Drag.] 

1.  Literally,  to  draw  from.  Hence,  to  take  away 
from  reputation  or  merit,  through  envy,  malice,  or 
other  motive  ;  hence,  to  detract  from,  is  to  lessen  or 
depreciate  reputation  or  worth  ;  to  derogate  from. 

Never  circiilut^  rcporta  ihnt  detract  from,  the  reputation  or  honor 
of  your  neighbor,  without  obTism  uccessiiy  to  loBlify  the 
^^  Anon. 

2.  To  lake  away ;  to  withdraw,  in  a  literal  sense. 

fVotton.     Boyle. 

DE-TRA€T'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Taking  away  ;  dero- 
gating. 

DE-TRAGT'ING-LY,  o//p.    In  a  detracting  manner. 

DE-TKAC'TIOX,  ti.     [L.  dctrnctio.] 

The  act  of  taking  something  Irom  the  reputation 
or  worth  of  another,  with  the  view  to  lessen  him  in 
estimation  ;  censure  :  a  lessening  of  worth  ;  the  act 
of  depreciating  anotlicr,  from  envy  or  malice.  De- 
traction may  consist  in  representing  merit  as  less  than 
it  really  is;  or  in  the  imputation  of  faults,  vices,  or 
crimes,  which  impair  reputation  ;  and  if  such  impu- 
tation is  false,  it  is  slander,  or  defamation. 

DE-TKAe'TiOUS,(-shus,)  a.  OontJiining  detraction  j 
lessening  reputation.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

DE-TRAeT'lVE,  a.  Having  the  quality  or  tendency 
to  lessen  t!ie  worth  or  estimation. 

DE-'I'RA€T'OR,  n.  One  who  takes  away  or  impairs 
the  reputation  of  another  injuriously  ;  one  who  aU 
tempts  to  lessen  the  worth  or  honor  of  another. 

DE  TRACT'O-RY,  a.  Derogatory  ;  defamatory  by 
denial  of  desert;  with /rOM,  Johnson.     Boyle. 

DE-TH AeT'RESS,  n.     A  female  detractor;  a  censo- 

DE-TKECT',  p.  f.     [L.  delrecto.^  [rious  woman. 

T(t  refuse.     [JVw(  in  us*-.]  Fotkcrby. 

DET'RI-.MEXT,  «.  [Ij.  dctnmentunu  Q,u.  deter,  worse, 
or  drterOf  detrltumj  worn  off.] 

Loss;  damage;  injury j  mischief;  harm;  diminu- 
tion. We  speak  of  detriment  to  interest,  proiK;rty, 
religion,  morals,  reputation,  and  to  land  or  buildings. 
It  is  a  word  of  very  general  application. 

DET-RI-MENT'AL,  a.  Injurious;  hurtful;  causing 
loss  or  damage. 

A  ipirit  of  »p<rculation  inity  be  detrimentai  to  regular  coinmCTC«. 

Anon. 

DET'RIMF.NT-ED,  a.    Iiijiired  ;  niado  worse. 
DE-TKI'TAL,  o.    pLTtoining  to  or  consisting  of  de- 
tritus. 
DE-TllI"TIO.\,  (de-lrUh'un,)  n.     [L.  dclero.] 

A  wearing  otV.  Slmms. 

DE-TKI''I'UH,  n.     [L.  detritus,  worn  ;  lictero,  to  wear.] 
In   treologtj,  a  mass  of  substancos  worn  off  from 
Botid  bodicH  by  attrition,  and  reduced  to  small  por- 
tions ;  as,  diluvial  detrttun.     When  the  portions  are 
large,  tlie  word  dcbrU  is  used.  Btickland. 

DE-TKOUE',   V.   t      [L.   detrude  i    de   and   trudo,   to 
ItiriiKt.] 
'I'o  thrust  d(^wn  ;  to  push  down  with  force. 

Locke,     Thomson 
DE-TROD'ED,  pp.     Tlmist  or  forced  down. 
DE-TKCD'ING,  ppr.    Thrusting  or  forcing  down. 
DE-TKIJNe'ATE,ti.  (.     [I,,  detruuco ;  de  and  tritneo, 
to  CTit  shorter  ;    truticun,   cut   short  ;    Fr.   iraneher ; 
Arm.  troiichn,  or  trainclui.     See  Tiiebcm.] 
To  cut  offi  to  lop  ;  to  shorten  by  cutting. 
DE-TRITN'e'A-TEn,p;).     Cutoff;  shortened. 
I)E-TRUNt;'A-TIN(:,;<j;r.    Cutting  or  lopping  offi 
DET-RIIN-CA'TION,  71.     The  act  of  cutting  off. 
DE-TRO'SION,    (de-tru'zhun,)    n.     [See  Detkudi.] 

The  act  of  thrusting  or  driving  down. 
DE-TUK'1'ATE,  v,  t,     [L.  deturpo.] 

To  defile.     [Little  used.]  Taylor. 

DEOCE,  (duse,)  n.     [Ft.  dcuj,  two.] 

Two;  a  card  with  two  s^iotJ ;   a  die  with  two 
spots  ;  a  term  used  in  gaming. 
nEfiCE,  (  n.    [Dusius,  the  name  of  a  kind  of  ovU 
DEOSE,  i      s|urils.    See  Duicl 

An  evil  spirit  ;  a  demon.     [Vidgar,] 
DEO-TER-OG'AMIST,  n.    [Infra.l    One  who  mar- 
ries the  second  time.  Oolilsmith. 
DEO-TElt-OOA-MY,  n.    [Gr.  /tvrcpaf,  second,  and 
yapoi,  marriage.] 

A  second  marriage  after  the  death  of  the  first  hus- 
band or  wife.  Ouhlsmith. 


TONE,  BPIX,  UNITE.-AN"GEE,  VI"CIOUS.-e  m  K ;  iS  as  J  ;  8  a.  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


327 


DEV 

DEO-TER-ON'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  Jiurtp-t,  second,  and 
roijcf,  law.] 

The  second  law,  or  >pcond  giving;  of  the  law  by 
Mi^^-d ;  the  namo  giren  to  the  Atth  book  of  tb«  Pen- 
taii-ich. 
PEC  TER-O-PX'THr-A,  (  n.     fGr.  fevrtpoi,  second, 
DEC  TER-OP'A-THV,     j     and  ru-)  •(.] 

A  sympathetic  affection  of  any  part  of  the  body,  as 
headache  from  an  overloaded  stomach, 
DEC-TER-OS'€0-PY,  n.    [Gr.  aire-^s,  second,  and 
o«»Tr(j,  to  see.] 

The  second  intention  ;  the  meaning  beyond  the 
litenU  sens*". 
DECT-HY-DROG'U-RETj       )    m.      In    ekemigtnf,    m 
DEO  TO-HY-I>ROG'l^-RET,  j        compound    of  two 
equi\*^ents  of  hydrogen  with  one  of  some  other 
element 
DEO-TOX'YD,  «.     [Gr.  ^trrcpof,  second,  and  «zyrf,' 
strictly,  Dcvtirottd.] 

A  compound  of  two  equivalents  of  oxygon  with 
on**  of  a  base. 
DE-VAP-O-RA'TION,  n.    [lU  and  L.  vaponttU,] 

The  change  of  vapor  Into  water,  as  in  the  genera- 
lion  of  rain.  D»win, 

DE-VAST',  I^  t.     [U  ietrntU.) 

To  lay  waiite  ;  to  jdnndtT.  [JV^t  in  use.)  Samdft* 
DEV'AS-TATG,  e.  L     [U.  drvasUt;  de  and  Mito,  to 
waste;  Fr.  rfsMxtor;  Sp.  <frrtuiar ,-  It.  devaatare.    See 
Wastb.] 

To  lay  waste ;  to  waste ;  to  ravage  ;  to  desolate  ; 
to  destroy  improvements. 
DEV'AS-TA-TED,  pp.    Laid  waste;  ravaged. 
DEV'AS-TA-TING,  ppr.    Laying  waste;  deaolating. 
DKV-AS-TA'TION,  a.     [L.  devtiitatio.] 

1.  Waste  ;  raviige  ;  desolation  ;  destruction  of 
works  of  art  and  natund  prodnctioin  which  are 
neceaaajy  or  nsvAtl  to  man ;  bavock ;  as  by  armies, 
fire,  dood,  &.C. 

9.  In  la»,  waste  of  the  goods  of  the  deceased  by 
an  executor  or  admin  Mtrmlor.  BImdtatame. 

DE-VEL'OP,  r.  L  {Fr.  divttmppu  :  It.  tvUKppare^  to 
unfold,  to  display  ;  utfiyjw,  a  paekel  or  bundle,  in- 
tricacy.] 

1.  To  uncover ;  to  unfirid ,  to  lay  open  ;  to  dis- 
close or  make  knon'n  something  concealed  or  with- 
held frum  notice.  The  general  began  to  dtctUp  the 
plan  of  his  (^KrationsL 

TW—  «»T»  <B  4n  dtp  hi  teft'au  AClMr. 

9.  To  unravel ;  to  unfc4d  what  b  Intricate ;  as,  to 

dertlop  n  ploL. 
DE-VEf/or/m,  (de-vel'optO  V     Unfolded  ;    laid 

opf-n  ;  unraveled, 
DE-VEI/OP-ER,  It.    One  who  develops  or  unfolds. 
D£-VEL'OP-I\G,  ppr.    Unfolding;  disclosing;   un- 

ravrlii-. 
Dl  '  fST.  m.    An  unf •Mine  ;  the  di*cover- 

UE  secret  or  wiihlitlJ  fmni  llic  knowl- 

t  .  -  .  diM:l«i^ure  ;  full  exhibition. 

■2.  Tliv  iwiravfling  of  a  (dot. 
DEV-E-XL'S'TATE,    e.    C       (L.   dc   and    vmuMtas, 

beauty.] 
To  deprive  of  beauty  or  grace. 
DE-VERG'E.V-CY.     See  Ditergc^tcb. 
DE-VEST',  r.  L     [Fr.  dfrStir ;  de  and  rfttr,  to  clothe, 

L.  xtstia^  id.,  rcstis,  a  ve.^t,  a  garment.     Generally 

written  Ditkit.] 

1.  To  scrip ;  to  deprive  of  clotliing  or  arms ;  to 
Uke  off.  Dndiam. 

2.  To  deprive  ;  to  Like  an-ay  ;  as,  to  devest  a  man 
w  nation  of  rights,     [St*e  DivEiT.] 

3.  To  free  from  ;  to  disen^ajte. 

4.  In  latCy  to  alienate,  a."!  title  or  right. 
DE-VEST',  V.  t.    In  loar,  to  be  lost  or  alienated,  as  a 

title  or  an  estate. 

[This  word  is  generally  written  DirxvVs  except  in 

'  the  latter  and  le^  sense.] 

DE- VEST' ED,  pp.  Stripped  of  clothes;  deprived; 
freed  from  ;  alienated  or  lost,  as  tilJe. 

DE-VEST'I\G,  ppr.  Stripping  of  clothes;  depriv- 
ing :  freeing  from  ;  alienating. 

DE-VEX',  o.     [U  deDexus.\ 


DE-VEX'I-TY,  X.     [L  devtxitat,  from  dt  and  vAo,  to 

carT>-.] 
a'  bending  downward  ;   a   sloping  ;    incurvation 

downward.  Darit3, 

Dk'VI-ATE,  r.  t.     [It.  deviare;  Sp.  desviarae ;  L.  de- 

viMs:  dtj  fram,  and  via,  way.] 

1.  To  tunt  aside  or  wander  from  the  common 
or  right  wajr,  course,  or  line,  either  in  a  literal  or  fig- 
urative sense  ;  as,  to  deviate  from  the  common  track 
or  path,  or  from  a  true  course. 

TVt«  ouvr;  dniatea,  »nd  bere  wn^«n  will.  Pope. 

2.  To  stray  from  the  path  of  duty ;  to  wander,  in  a 
moral  sense  ;  to  err ;  to  sin. 

DE-VI-a'TIOX,  ft.  A  wandering  or  turning  aside  from 
the  right  way,  course,  or  line. 

3.  Variation  fnun  a  common  or  established  rule,  or 
from  analogy. 

3*  A  wandering  from  the  path  of  duty ;  want  o( 
conformity  to  the  rules  prescribed  by  God  ;  error ;  sin  ; 
obliquity  of  conduct. 

4.  In  contmereey  the  voluntary  departure  of  a  ship. 


DEV 

without  necensily,  from  the  regular  and  usual  course 
of  the  sjifcirtc  voyage  insured.  This  discharges  the 
umlerwriters  fn>ni  llieir  rfs[n>nsibilily.  Park. 

DE-VICE',  H.  [Fr.  rfcri*,  drvisei  ll.'dwisa;  from  L. 
ditisv.^,  dirido.j 

1.  That  which  is  formed  by  design,  or  invented  ; 
scheme;  artificial  contrivance;  stratfigeni ;  project; 
gomrtimeji  in  a  /good  srane :  more  ffearrally  in  a  bad  seiise, 
ms  artijice^  art  a-vHoi/y  employed  for  bad  purjtoMs. 

In  a  good  sense  -. 

His  tfnrio  l»  nfninM  IU7I0U,  to  desUoj  it.  —  Jcr.  U. 

In  a  had  teiuei 

He  (fbippolnv^  the  ilm*n«  oTth"  cnTtr.  —  Job  t. 
Ttttj  faiu^iMd  a  mMChicvuiM  cimoc.  —  P^  ixi. 

9.  .An  emblem  intended  to  represent  a  family,  per- 
son, action,  or  iinnlity,  with  a  suitable  motto  ;  used 
in  painting,  sculpture,  and  heralilr\-.  It  consists  in  a 
nietaphurical  siuiilttuae  between  ffie  things  represent- 
ing and  represented,  as  the  figure  of  a  plow  repre- 
senting agriculture. 

K»i£^il»^-rnutl  tuc«l  to  dixliifuuh  Uiemai-Wca  bf  dMticea  on  Uieir 
kbielib.  A-liitoi*. 

X  Invention  ;  genius  ;  faculty  of  devising ;  n!>,  a 
man  of  noble  device.  Sfudc. 

4.  A  «|>eriacle  or  show.     [  Obs.]        Beaum.  ^  FL 

DE-VIC'E'F}JL,  a.  Full  of  devices;  inventive. 

Spenser. 

DE-\1CE'FIJL-LY,  ado.  In  a  manner  curiously  con- 
trived. Donne. 

DEV'/L,  f dev'vl,)  a.  [Sax.  dinfoU  D.  dnivel ;  G.  Uufel; 
Sw.  dirfvul  i  Dan.  dtarei  ;  Ku.'*s.  diavot ;  Tartar,  diof; 
L.  diabolus ;  Gr.  ita;:i--X  's,  said  to  be  from  dtivi-iXXto, 
to  calumniate ;  Fr.diable;  iiiyi,  diabla ;  Port,  diabu ;  lu 
diavolo.  The  Arnioric  is  dinul ;  W.  diawl,  which  Ow- 
en 8upp(i!«e!i  to  be  compounded  of  di,  a  negative,  and 
aW,  light  —  one  without  ligiii,  (prince  of  darkness.) 
The  Irish  is  diabhailj  which,  according  to  O'Urien,  is 
conipoited  of  f/ui,  deity,  and  bkal,  air,  (so4l  t»f  the  air.) 
If  these  Celtic  words  nre  jusily  explained,  they  are 
not  Connected  with  diaioliu,  or  the  latter  is  errone- 
ously deduced.] 

1.  In  Uu  ChrL^tiaH  throloj^jy  an  evil  spirit  or  being  ; 
a  fallen  angel,  expelled  fnun  heaven  fur  rebellion 
again.st  Gud  \  the  chief  of  the  apostate  angels ;  the 
implacable  enemy  and  lent|>ter  of  the  human  race. 
In  the  New  Tesi.iiuent,  the  word  is  frequently  and 
erroneously  ust-d  fur  demon. 

%  A  ver>'  wicked  person, and  in  ludicroun lan^uagey 
any  great  evil.  In  profane  Umffuage,  it  is  an  exple- 
tive expressing  wonder,  vexation,  &.c. 

3.  An  idol,  or  false  god.    I^ev.  xvii.    2  Chron.  xi. 

4.  .\  machine  for  cutting  up  nigs  and  old  cloth  for 
manufacturing  pur[M>sea. 

i  A  printer*s  errand-Niy.     [J>ir.] 
DEV'fL,  r.  a.  To  cut  updotli  or  rags  in  an  instnimcnt 
called  a  devlL 

2.  To  pepjier  excessively.  Smart, 
DEV'/L-IXG,  n.    A  young  devil.     [JVbt  in  ugr.] 

Beaum. 
DEV'/UISH,  (dev'vl-ishO  a.     Partaking  of  the  quaN 
itiea  of  the  devil ;  diaboliciil ;  ver>-  evil  and  mischiev- 
ous; malicious;  as,  a  dtcUlsh  scheme;  devilish  wick- 
edness. Sidney. 

3.  Having  communication  with  the  devil ;  pertain- 
ing to  the  devil.  Shak. 

3.  Excessive ;  enormous  ;  in  a  vulgar  and  ludicnma 
sense  :  a.**,  a  denilLsk  cht*at.  .^tldinon. 

DEV'/L-ISH-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  suiting  the  devil ; 
diabolically ;  wickedly.  South, 

2.  Greatly  ;  excessively  ;  in  a  vidtrar  sense. 
DEV'/L-KSli-NESS,  tu    The  qualities  of  the  devil. 
DEV'/L-ISM,  a.     The  state  of  devUs.     [JSTot  used.] 

Bp.  Hall. 
DEV'/L-rZE,B.  L  To  place  among  devils.  [Aot  used.] 

Bp.  Hail. 
DEV'/L-KI\,  (dev'vl-kin,)n.  A  little  devil.  Clarissa. 
DEV'/L-SIIIP,  71.     The  cliaracler  of  a  devil. 
DEV'/L-TRV,  n.     Diabolical  cunducL  [Low.] 

DK'Vi-OLTS,  a.     [I*,  deviiu  i  de  and  cia,  way.] 

1.  Out  of  the  common  way  or  track ;  as,  a  devious 
course. 

2.  Wandering;  roving;  rambling. 

To  Ueaa  Oie  s-Ucllr  devious  rooraitig^  wuIIe.  T^ofTwon. 

3.  Erring;  going  astray  from  rectitude  or  the  di- 
vine precept?. 

Ooe  deaioitt  itep  at  fint  maj  lead  into  a  coune  of  baUinal  vic«. 

Anon. 

De'VI-OUS-LY,  adv.    In  a  devious^  manner. 

Beiptolds. 
De'VI-OU&-NESS,    7u       Departure  from  a   regular 

course  ;   wandering. 
DE-VIE'GIX-aTE,  (-vur'gin-)  v.  t,  [Low  L.  devir/rino.] 

To  dellour.  Sandys. 

DE-VIR'GIN-A-TED,  pp.     Deprived  of  virginity. 
DE-VIS'A-BLE,  (de-viz'a-bl,)  a.     See  the  verb. 

1.  That  may  be  bequeathed  or  given  by  wilL 

Btackst^ne. 

2.  That  can  be  invented  or  contrived.        Sadler. 
DE-VTSE',   r.  t.     [Fr.  deet-tpr,  to  talk  or  interchange 

thoughts  ;  IL  divisare,  to  think,  divide,  or  share  ;  froin 
L.  dirifus,  diviilo.'l 

1.  To  invent ;  to  contrive  ;  to  form  in  the  mind  by 


DEV 

new  combinations  of  ideas,  new  applications  of  prin- 
ciples, or  new  arrangement  of  parfci ;  to  excogitate  ; 
to  strike  out  by  thou^lit ;  to  plan  ;  to  scheme  ;  to  prcn 
jecl ;  as,  to  rfrrt«  an  engine  or  machine  ;  to  dri^ise  a 
new  mode  of  writing;  x.o devise  a  plan  of  defense  ; 
to  devise  arguments. 

Ti>  lUvise  curbua  wotVh  \n  gold  and  silver.  —  Ex.  xxxt. 
In  II  bad  sefise: 

Deviat  nut  evil  n^.ilntl  thy  neighbor.  —  Pro».  Ul. 

2.  To  give  or  bequeath  by  will,  as  land  or  other 
real  estate,  Blaekstone, 

DE-VTSE',  r.  i.  To  consider;  to  contrive;  to  lay  a 
plan  ;  to  furm  a  scheme. 

Dtoise  how  you  will  ubp  him  when  h*  comet.  Shak. 

Formerly  followed  by  off  as,  let  us  devise  of  ease. 

Spenser, 
DE-VlSE',n.  PrimarihiyJi  dividing  or  division  ;  hence, 
the  act  nf  giving  or  (fi.itribnling  real  estate  by  a  tes- 
tator.    1'he  term  is  also  sometimes  applied,  though 
improperly,  to  bequest  of  iwrsonal  eslale. 

Blaekstone.    Bouoier. 

2.  A  will  or  testament. 

3.  A  share  of  estate  bequeathed. 

PE-VISE',  H.    Contrivance;  scheme  invented.  [Obs.] 

Hooker. 
DE-VIS'£D,  pp.     Given  by  will ;  bcqueatiicd  ;  con- 
trived. 
DEV-I  SEE',  n.     The  person  to  whom  a  devise  Is 

ma4le  ;  (pne  to  whom  real  estate  is  bequeathed. 
DE-VIS'ER,  n.  One  who  contrives  or  invents ;  a  con- 
triver ;  an  inventor.  Orao. 
DE-VTS'ING,  p;»r.    Contriving;   inventing;   forming 
a  scheme  or  plan. 
2.  Giving  by  will ;  bequeathing. 
DE-VTS'()R,  n.     One  who  gives  by  will;  one  who  be- 
queaths lands  or  tenements.                      Blaekstone. 
DEV'I-TA-BLE,  a.     Avoidable.     [JVT»(  in  use.] 
DEV-l-TA'TION,  n.     An  escaping.    [JSTot  ih*sc.] 
DE-VIT-RI-FI-€.VTro\,    «,      The  act  of  depriving 
glass  of  its  imtisparency,  and  converting  it  into  a 
ernv,  opaque  substance.                       Ure.     Bitrdow. 
DEV-O-CA'TION,  n.     [L.  devocatio.] 

A  calling  away  ;  seduction.     [JVbi  in  use.] 

llalhpvelt 
DE-VOID'.o.  [de  ixnA  void^Fr.vuide^vidr.  See  Void.] 
h  Void  ;  empty  ;  vacant;  applied  to  place.  Spenser. 

2.  Destitute;  not  possessing;  as^  devoid  of  under- 
standing. 

3.  Free  from  ;  as,  devoid  of  fear  or  shame. 
Z>K-rO//i',  (dcv-wor')n.  [Fr,  devoir;  It.  dovere ;  from 

L.  debeo,  to  owe.] 

Priiiiarilij,  service,  or  duty.     Hence,  an  act  of  ci- 
vility or  respect;  respectful  notice  due  to  another; 
as,  we  [»aid  our  ilevoirs  to  the  queen,  or  to  the  ladies. 
DEV-O-LO'TION,  n.     [L.  dev,dutio.] 

I.  The  act  of  rolling  down;  as,  the  devolution  ot 
earth  into  a  valley.  Woodward. 

a.  Removal  from  one  person  to  another  ;  a  pa.ssing 
or  falling  U[)on  a  successor.  Hale. 

DE-VOLVE',  (de-volv',)  v.  t.  [L.  dcvolvo  ;  de  and  vol- 
CO,  to  roll,  Eug.  to  icallou}.] 

1.  To  rull  down  ;  to  pour  or  flow  with  windings. 

Throng  aplRiiUid  kiugiloins  Ite  eUoolves  hie  maze,     Thornton, 

2.  To  move  from  one  person  to  another;  to  deliver 
ovtir,  or  from  one  possessor  to  a  successor. 

The  kin^  'Uoolved  ihe  Cuv  and  ilisposition  o(  nlf^kin  on  thr>  duke 
of  UiifU-ml.  Temple.     Gibbon. 

DE-VOLVE',  (de-volv',)  v.  i.  LiteraUij,  to  roll  down  ; 
hence,  to  p:w9  from  one  to  another  ;  to  fall  by  suc- 
cession from  one  possessor  to  his  successor.  In  the 
absence  of  the  commander-in-chief,  the  command 
devolved  on  the  next  officer  in  rank.  On  the  death 
of  the  prince,  the  crown  devolved  on  his  eldest  son. 

DE-VOLV'£D,  pp.  Rolled  down  ;  passed  over  to  an- 
other. 

DE-VOLV'I\G,  ppr.  Rolling  down  ;  falling  to  a  suc- 
cessor. 

DE-VOLVE'MEXT,  n.    The  act  of  devolving. 

DEV-O-Ra'TION,  n.     The  oct  of  devouring. 

DE-V6''rA-RY,  H.     A  votar>-.    [J^Tot  in  use.]   Oreffory. 

DE-VOTE',  r.  t.  [L.  devoveo,  devotus ;  de  and  roreo, 
to  vow  ;  Fr.  decoiter.] 

1.  To  appropriate  by  vow  ;  (0  set  apart  or  dedicate 
by  a  solemn  act ;  to  consecrate. 

No  devoted  thin»  that  a  man  »hnl|  deoaU  to  the  Lord,  «hRll  be 
S..1.1  ur  r^dei^iiied.  Kvcry  tUvoUd  liiing  !■  most  holy  to  the 
!*itrd. —  Lev.  xxvii. 

2.  To  give  up  wholly  ;  to  addict ;  to  direct  the  at- 
tention wholly  or  chiefly  ;  to  attach  ;  as,  to  devote 
one's  self  to  science  ;  to  devote  ourselves  to  our 
friends,  or  to  their  interest  or  pleasure. 

3.  To  give  up;  to  resign  ;  as,  alit'us  were  devoted 
to  rapine  ;  the  city  was  devoted  to  the  flames. 

4.  T(i  doom  ;  to  consign  over ;  as,  to  devote  one  to 
destruction 

5.  To  ex(;crate ;  to  doom  to  evil.  Rowe. 
DE-VOTE',  a.  Devoted.  MUton. 
DE-VOTE',  n.  A  devotee.  Sandi/.t. 
DE-VOT'ED,  pp.      Appropriated   by  vnw  ;    solerhnly 

set  apart  or  dedicated  ;  consecrated  ;  addicted  ;  given 
up  ;  doomed  ;  consigned. 
2.  a.     Ardent ;    zealous  ;   strongly  attached. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.^T.  — METE,  PREY.— PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BOQK.- 


DEV 

DE-VfST'ED  NES8,  n.  The  state  uf  being  (Jeyolcd  or 
givt^D  ;  fiddictedness  ;  as,  drvotedness  to  rehpion. 

DEV-O-TEE',  H.     [Fr.  dcvot,]  [Orete.     Mtlner. 

One  who  ia  wholly  devuted  ;  partieularly^  one 
given  wholly  to  religion;  one  who  is  siipt^rsiiiioualy 
eivi'n  to  rt-'Iieious  duties  and  ceremonies  j  a  bigot. 

D£-V0TE'.MENT,  h.    Devotedness;  devotion. 

Menu  of  Buchanan, 
2.  Vowed  dedication.  Mason, 

DE-VOT'EK,  M.  One  that  devotes  ;  also,  a  worshiper. 

DE-V6T'IXG,  fpr.  Giving  or  appropriating  by  vow  ; 
solemnly  setting  apart  or  dedicaiiiig;  consecrating  ; 
giving  whollv  ;  addicting;  dooiiiiiif; ;  consigning. 

DE-V6'TIO-\,'h.  The  state  of  being  dedicnl.jd,  con- 
secrated, or  sokumly  set  apart  for  a  particular  pur- 
pose. 

2.  A  solemn  attention  tn  the  Supreme  Being  in 
worship;  a  yielding  of  the  heart  and  affections  to 
God,  with  reverence,  faith,  and  piety,  in  religious 
duties,  particularly  in  prayer  and  meditation  j  de- 
voutness. 

3.  External  worship ;  acta  of  religion ;  perform- 
ance of  religious  duties. 

As  I  iftiseil  by  an.i  beheld  your  deoo&ont.  —  AcU  xvK, 

4.  Prayer  to  ihe  Supreme  Being.  A  Christian  wiU 
be  regular  in  his  murniug  and  evening  dr.cution.i. 

5.  An  act  of  reverence,  respect,  or  ceremony. 

SJtak, 

6.  Ardent  love  or  affection  ;  attachment  mani- 
fej^ed  by  constant  atumtiou  j  as,  the  duke  was  di3- 
tinguished  bv  his  dfvotwn  to  the  king,  and  to  the 
interest  of  the  nation.  Clarendon. 

7.  Eariiestnesa  ;  ardor ;  jeagemeaa. 

He  aeeb  Iheir  haee  wtth  rre&tpr  deootion  tfaui  ihny  »o  rnidor 
ii  him.  ^^■ 

8.  ■Disposal  j  power  of  disposing  of;  stale  of  il»- 
pendence. 

Aruitdci  C**!!*"  would  keep  thai  tkb  corner  of  tlie  wnnlry  at  hb 
inajf-aiy'*  iteolion.  Ctarenda^ 

DE-VO'TION-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  devotion  ;  used 

in  devotion  ;  as,  a  denotional  p<isture  ;  devotional  cx- 

erc  iseii. 
Q.  Suited  to  devotion ;  as,  a  devotional  frame  of 

mind. 
DE-V^'TrO,V-AI--IST,  \  n,     A  person  given  to  devo- 
DE-VO'TK>NMST,  (      tion  ;  orone  superstiiiuus- 

ly  or  formally  devout-  Sprctntor. 

DE-VT>''riU.\-AL-LY,  aJn.     In  a  devout  manner. 
D£-V0'TO,  n.     [lU]     A  devotee.     [JVut  w  «.«.] 

Spenser. 
DE-VO'TOR,  H.    One  wUo  reverences  or  worships. 

[ObA.]  Beanm.  ^-  Ft. 

DE-VOUR',  ti.  (.     [I-,  dtvoro;  de  and  varo^  to  eat;  IL 

vorare^  divorare ;  Sip.deBorart  Fr.  decorerf  Arm.  de^ 

vori;  VV.  porij  to  feed  ;  Gr.  /J'loii,  pasture  ;  Ileb.  Ch. 

nya^  to  consume.    Class  Br,  No.  6.] 

1.  To  eat  up  ;  t-i  i-nt  with  greediness  ;  to  eat  rav- 
enously, as  a  l>  . .  or  as  a  hungry  nmn. 

W^will  ny,  '-  ■■'  lifroured  him.  — iifn.  xjixvU. 

In  the  fii'ii.i  ■"■  Ihe  pr**'  —  O'-o.  xlix. 

2.  To  destroy  ,  to  cwi^^ume  with  rapidity  and  vio- 
lence. 

o  'hr-   h-^'-ii^  of  IIaz.%H,  which  ■ha.a  dnoitr 


Iwilli^ii.I  1 
Fm..  ' 

3.  1' 


Mr  him.  —  Ei.  riL 

[  r^ue  with  great  eagcmeaa. 

Ho  w*:a>eJ  u>  *wilii»M  U)  deoour  the  way.  ^>ak. 

A.  To  waste  ;  to  consume ;  to  spend  in  dissipation 
and  riot. 

As  aown  aa  Ihu  thy  wm  had  rottM,  who  Imth  devoured  thy  Ilrtnf 
wiih  Iur1u4a.  —  Lak>-  xv. 

5.  To  consume  wealth  and  substance  by  froudf 
oppression,  or  illeg:U  exactions. 

Ye  Heeow  widi7w»'  hfti*M.  —  Matu  xxIM. 

6.  To  destroy  spiritually  ;  to  ruin  the  soul. 

yoiif  iwlrcrurr,  \1»:    (1p»!1,    a»  a    ro.iriiiff    lloii,  walkclb   afawtit, 
ireking  wbi;tQ  ho  Btay  lieoour.  —  1  IVl.  V. 

7.  To  siny. 

The  iword  aholl  devour  the  youn^  liona,  —  Noli.  ti. 

8.  To  enjoy  with  avidity. 

I^ntrin^  lh<ry  took,  and  g«j>m^  at  the  lirht, 

Dvoour  b'.'f  o'er  arid  o'er  witli  *iiat  deit^iU  Dryden, 

DE-VOL'R'/CD,  m».  Eaten;  swallowed  with  greedi- 
ness ;  coti'^iimed  ;  destroyed  ;  wasted  ;  slain. 

DE  VOI/R'ER,  n.  One  who  devours;  he  or  that 
which  caiy,  ronjiumes,  or  destroys  ;  he  that  preys  on. 

DE-VOIIR'I.N'tji,  PIT.  or  a  Ealing  greedily;  con- 
suming: w:i-'«tiitg;  destrDv'ing  ;  annihilating. 

DE-VOl'R'ING-LY,  a/to.     in  a  devouring  manner. 

DEVOUT',  a.  [It.  devoto ;  Vi.  decvt  ;  L.  decottu. 
See  Detotb.] 

1.  Yielding  a  solemn  and  reverential  attcntinn  to 
God  m  nligious  exercises,  particularly  in  prayer. 

W*  mint  Ik  coniKant  and  devout  i(i  thrwonfdp  oftiud.  Hogara. 

2.  Pious ;  devot'id  to  religion  :  religious. 

Km^on  was  a  ]u«(  tmn  ati'l  Hevoul.  —  I.uke  il. 
Devout  men  carried  Stephen  to  hia  lAiml.  —  Aeu  ritl. 

3.  Exprewuig  devotion  «-  piety ;  as,  with  eye* 

Milton, 


DEX 

4.  Expressing  a  Hviiy  interest;  sincere;  solemn; 
earnest ;  as,  you  have  my  devouX  wislies  for  your 
safety. 

PE  VOUT',  n.     A  devotee.     [.Vo(  used.]        Skeldijn, 

DE-VOITT'LEPS,  a.     Destitute  of  dvVotion. 

I)E-VOUT'LESS-LV,  adv.    Without  devotion. 

DE-V0!JT'LESS-NEJ?S,  n.     Want  of  devotion. 

Bp.  of  Chichesttr. 

DE-VOUT'LV,  adv.  Willi  solemn  attention  and  rev- 
erence to  God  ;  with  ardent  devotion. 

He  waa  devoutly  engaged  in  prnyw.  Anon. 

2.  Piously;  religiously;  with  pious  tllou  gilts ;  as, 
he  viewed  the  cross  devoutly. 

3.  gincerely  ;  solemnly  ;  earnestly  j  as,  a  consum- 
mation decuiitlft  to  be  wished. 

DE-VOL'T'NESS,  ji.  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
devout.  Qlanmlte. 

DE-VOW',  V.  (.     To  give  up.  IJ^ot  in  ilsc]  B.  Joii.^on. 

DEW,  (du,)  n.  [Sax.  deam  :  I),  dautc ;  G.  thaa  :  Sw. 
daffff  i  Dan.  dutr^.  See  Class  Dg,  No.  24,  (JO,  G2,  63. 
It  is  probably  from  the  same  primary  root  as  fAuu?  ; 
G.  thau,  dew,  thaiiea,  to  tiiaw.] 

Moisture  precipitated  fnun  the  atmosphere  on  the 
surfaces  of  botlies.  It  is  tlius  distinguished  from  fog, 
which  is  moisture  precipitated  within  the  atmos- 
phere. Z>.  Olmsted. 

DEW,  r.  U     To  wet  with  dew  ;  to  moisten.     I>rvderu 

DEW'-llENT,  a.     Bent  by  the  dew.  Thomson. 

DEW'-HER-RY,  n.  Tlie  fruit  of  a  species  of  brier  or 
bramble;  tJie  low-vined  black  berrj',  that  creeps  along 
the  prt)und,  of  the  genus  Rnbus. 

DK\V-BE-SrA.\"GL£D,(dQ-be-spang'gld,)a.  Spang- 
led with  (lew-drops.  Orav. 

DEW-BE-tiPRENT',  a.     Sprinkled  with  dew.    [Obs.] 

Mthon. 

DEW-BE-SPRIXK'L£D,  (du-be-sprink'ld,)  o.  Sprink- 
led with  dew.  Shfusttme. 

DE\V'-DRENCH-£D,  (du'drensht,)  a.  Drenched  with 
dew. 

DEW-DROP,  n.  A  drop  of  dew,  which  sparkles  at 
sunrise  ;  a  spangle  of  dew.  Milton. 

DEW'-I)ROP-Pli\<;,a.  Welling  as  with  dew.  Tluymicn. 

DEW'f.l),  (dilde,)  pp.     Moistened  with  dew. 

DEW-IM  PEARIZ/O),  a.  [See  Pearl.]  Covered 
with  dt'W-flro|»s,  like  jtcarls.  Draytun. 

DEWINESS,  «.     Slate  of  being  dewy. 

DEWING,  pjrr.     Wetting  or  moistening  with  dew. 

DEW-LAP,  n.  [rfrw  and  l*ip,  to  lirk.]  The  flrsh 
that  hangs  from  tlie  throat  of  oxen,  which  ln|.s  or 
licks  the  dew  in  grazing.  Addiiou. 

Q.  In  Hhak.fpeare^  a  lip  flaccid  with  age. 

DEW-LAPT,  «.     Furnished  with  a  dew-lap. 

DEW'LESS,  a.     Having  no  dew. 

DEW-PUINT,  n.  The  tempt?rature  or  point  of  the 
thermcrneter,  at  which  dew  iM-^gins  to  form.  It  va- 
ries according  to  the  humidity  of  the  aimosjihere. 

Brands. 

DEW'-WORM,  (dii'wurm,)  n.  A  worm.calli-d  other- 
wise earUi'tBorm,  a  species  of  Lumliricus,  which 
lives  just  under  the  surface  of  the  ground. 

DEWY,  (da'e,)  a.  Partaking  of  dew  ;  like  dew  ;  as, 
deity  mist. 

2.  Moist  with  dew  ;  as,  devfy  fields. 

IJia  dewy  lack!  diaulled 
A  mtroa  i  a.  Mil  Ion. 

DEX'TER,  a.    \  U  divtrr;  Gr.  U^ioi  :  Ir  A:.w.] 

Right,  as  opp<i«ed  to  tel\  ;  a  term  used  in  heraldry, 

to  denote  the  right  side  of  a  shield  or  cuut  of  arms  ; 

as,  bfTtd-d^Ttrr  ;  dettn^point,  Encur. 

DEX-TER'I-TY,  n.     [L.  deiterilns,  from  dexter,  right, 

fit,  pnunpt.] 

1.  Readiness  of  |]mb>4 ;  adroitnpss  ;  activity;  ex- 
pertness  ;  skill ;  that  readiness  in  {frrfurining  an 
artioii,  whirh  prncceiJn  from  i;xperien«:e  or  practice, 
united  with  activity  or  quick  motion.  We  say^  a 
man  liandlcs  au  instrument,  or  eludes  a  thrust,  witli 
deTteritii. 

3.  Readiness  of  mind  or  mental  faculties,  as  in 
contrivance,  or  inventing  nie.ina  to  accomplish  a 
purpose  ;  promptness  in  devising  expedients  ;  quick- 
ness and  skill  in  man:igiiig  or  conducting  a  scheme 
of  openitions.  We  say,  a  ncgutiiuion  is  conducted 
with  derterity.  Gibbon. 

DEX'TRA!^,  «.     Right,  as  opposed  to  left.        Brown, 
DEX-TUAL'I-TY,  «.     The  slate  of  being  on  Ihe  right 

side. 
DEX'TRIiNE,  n.  A  substance  of  a  gummy  appear- 
ance!, into  which  the  interior  molecules  uf  starch  are 
converted  by  diastase  or  acids;  usrd  in  cookery.  It 
is  named  from  its  turning  the  plane  uf  polarization 
to  Ihf  right  hand.  Ure. 

DEX-TROR'SAIj,  a.     [dezttr  and  vorsu-fj  versus^  from 
ccrfi),  to  turn.] 
Rising  from  right  to  left,  as  a  spiral  line  or  helix. 

Henry, 
DEX'TROIJS,      (  a.    Rendy  and  expert  in  the  use  of 
DEX'TER-OUS,  I      the  body  and  limbs;  skillful  and 
active  in  manual   em|>loymeiit ;   adroit;   as,  a  dez- 
troui  hnnd  ;    a  dezlroun  workman. 

2.  Ready  in  the  uKe  of  tin*  mental  faculties;  prompt 
in  contrivance  and  management;  exiH^rt ;  quick  at 
Inventing  expedients  ;  as,  a  deetrmun  manager. 

DeMrou4  thp  craving,  fawnUiK  crewa  to  quit.  Popt. 


DIA 

3.  Skillful;  artful;  done  with  dexterity;  as,  rfer- 

trous  management. 
DEX'TROL'S-LV,       i  a/lv.  With  dexterity  ;  expertly; 
DEX'TER-OUS-LY,  j     skillfully  ;  artfully  ;  adroitly  ; 

nromptiv. 
DEX'TROUS-NESS,       )         Dexteritv  •  adroitness 
DEX'TER-OUS-NESS,     ""     ^^^"'"ly '  adroitness. 
DgY,  (da,)  Ti,     A  Turkish  title  of  dignity  given  to  the 

governor  of  Algiers  before  the  French  conquest. 
DI,  a  prefix,  [a  contraction  of  dis,]  denotes  /row,  sepor 

ration,  or  netration,  or  two. 
DT'A,  [Greek,]  a  pretix,  denotes  throu^lu 
DI'A-BASE,  n.     Another  name  of  greenstone. 
DI-AU-A-Te'RI-AL,  a.     [Gr,  iiatJattui,] 

Border-passing.  Mitford, 

DI-A-Be'TkS,  ji.     [Gr.  ^iat37,Tr]^,  from  italiaivw^lo 

pass  through ;  ita  and  fhitvut^  to  go  or  pjiss.] 
An  excessive  and  morbid  discharge  of  saccharine 

urine. 
DI-A-HET'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  diabetes. 
DI-AB'LE-RY,  n.     [Fr.  diablerie.] 
Devilm-. 

SIaJijL'I&AI.,  \  "■    [^  -''•''»''''".  'he  devil.] 

Devili.sh  ;  pertaining  to  the  devil ;  hence,  extreme- 
ly malicious;  impious;  atrocious;  nefarious;  out- 
rageously wicked  ;  partaking  of  any  quality  ascribed 
to  the  (levil  ;  as,  a  diabolical  temper;  a  diabolical 
scheme  or  action. 

DI-A-BOL'IC-.AL-LY,  a</o.  In  a  diabolical  manner; 
very  wickedly  ;  nefariously. 

DI-A-BOL  'I-F9,  V.  t.  To  ascribe  diabolical  qualities 
to. 

DT-A-BOI/I€-AI^NESS,  n.  The  qualities  of  the  devil. 

Dt-AB'O-LISM,  71.     The  actions  of  the  devil. 

2.  Possession  bv  the  devil.  fVarburton, 

DI-A-€AUS'Tie,  a.  [Gr.  Jta«aiu,  to  burn  or  in- 
flame.] 

Beltinging  to  curves  formed  by  refraction.  Bailey 

mim'\'i^":  i  "•    tGr.  6.n  and  x.X.sO 

A  plaster,  oriKinally  composed  of  the  juices  of  sev- 
cml  plants,  (vxhence  its  name,)  hut  now  made  of  an 
oxyd  of  lead  and  oil.  Brande. 

DT-A-CO'IH-UM,  n.    The  simp  of  poppies. 

Dr-A€'0-NAL,  a,     fl*.  diaconus.] 
Pertaining  to  a  deacon. 

DT-A€'<-)-NATE,  n.    The  office  of  a  deacon. 

Dt-.\-eoIJS'TIC.  o.  [Gr.  diaKovcjj  to  hear;  6ta  and 
UK'tvuy,  to  hear.] 

Pertaining  to  the  science  or  doctrine  of  refracted 
sounds. 

DT-A  eoTJS'TieS,  n.  That  branch  of  natural  philos- 
ophy  which  treats  of  the  properties  of  sound  refract- 
ed by  passing  through  difl'erent  mediums;  called  also 
diaphonics. 

Dr  A-CRrri€J-AL,  j  a.     [Gr.  iiaKfuriKOs;   fitaKptvto, 

DT-A-€R1T'I€}  t  to  separate  ;  dta  and  irpifu),  to 
separate.] 

That  separates  or  distinguishes;  distinctive;  as,  a 
dineritieal  point  or  mark. 

The  short  vnwel  ii  never  Bigiilft'-rt  by  any  rflacrilical  mark, 

DT-A-DELPH'I-A,  ?i.  [Gr.  di?,  ^i,  twice,  and  adcXtpoi, 
a  brother.] 

In  botitny^  a  class  of  plants  whose  stamens  are 
united  into  two  bodies  or  bundles  by  tlieir  fllaineuts, 

LtnntFtis. 
DT-A-DELPHT-AN,  >  a.    Having  stamens  united  in 
DT  A-DEI.PII'OUS,  j    two  bodies  by  their  filaments. 
DI'A-DEM,  n.     [Gr.  ^fl^fjjfu,  from  dioci^w,  to  gird  ;  Ma 
and  ^f  rii,  to  bind  ;  L.  diadema.] 

1.  ^»cif«t/.v,  a  headband  or  fillet  worn  by  kings  ns 
a  badge  of  royalty.  It  was  made  of  silk,  linen,  or 
wool,  and  tied  round  ttie  templea  and  forehead,  the 
ends  being  tied  behind  and  let  fall  on  the  neck.  It 
was  usually  white  and  plain  ;  sometimes  einbrnidered 
with  gold,  or  set  with  pearls  and  precious  stones. 

2.  In  modem  u-m^e,  tlie  mark  or  badge  of  royally, 
worn  on  the  heiid  ;  a  crown  ;  and,  JiffunUiri-lfi,  em- 
pire; supreme  power.  Oibbon. 

3.  A  distinguished  or  principal  ornament. 

A  diadem  ofljcnttty.  —  U.  xxviii. 

DI'A-DEM- CT),  a.  Adorned  with  a  diadem  ;  crowned ; 
ornaineiiled.  Pope, 

DI'A-DROM,  n.  [Gr.  ^infinnfir^^  a  running  about ;  6ia- 
6popE(<<;  ^la  and  T/(f\fi',  to  run.] 

A  course  or  passing;  a  vibration;  the  time  in 
wJiich  the  vibration  of  a  pendulum  is  performed. 
[Ofty.]  Locke. 

DI-yFR'E-SrS, )  _      rrr  ^,„,.n^,^  1 

DI-ER'E-SIH,   i  "•     [*^^-  ^"^'OnTii.] 

The  dissiilving  of  a  diphthong;  the  mark  " ,  de- 
noting that  tlie  vowels  are  to  be  pronounced  as  dis- 
tinct letters. 

DI-AG-Nri'SIS,  n.     [Gr.  ^layvotTt^.] 

The  distinctive  or  discriminating  knowledge  of  any 
thing,  but  especially  of  a  disease. 

DI  AG-NOS'Tie,  a.  [Gr.  AiufvoaTim ; StayivtDaKo} ; 
6ia  and  >  ivtj}(TK«o,  to  Know.] 

Distinguishing;  charactefiiitic ;  Indicating  the  na- 
ture of  a  disease. 

DI-AG-NOS'Tie,  n.  The  (dpi  or  symptom  by  which 
a  disease  is  known  or  distinguished  from  others.  Di- 


TONE,  BULL,  IIXITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CiaU8.  — €  as  R ;  O  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII :  TH  as  in  THIS. 


48 


339 


DIA 

are  of  two  kind!) ;  the  tdjunct^  or  surli  as 
■fe  common  tu  sevenU  di^'a-'^fs,  and  the  paVtoirna- 
MMiie,  which  always  nttiriid  Uiv  diaease,  uiid  tlL-Ltii- 
fuish  it  fKmi  all  others.  Khc^ 

DI-AG-'O-NAL,  a.  [Gt.  iiayuvtoi  ;  Sta  and  joii'iu,  a 
comer.] 

1.  In  fffometry^  extondinE  from  one  anicle  to  an- 
other of  a  quadrilateml  or  muliilultfral  figure,  and  di- 
viding it  into  two  ^Ktrts. 
S.  Being  in  an  aiigtilnr  direction. 

DI-AG'O-NAL,  n.  A  riijht  linr  drawn  from  angle  to 
ancle  of  a  quadrUateniJ  i»r  iimliil:iteriil  ti(;ure,  and  di- 
viding it  into  two  parts.  It  is  s*niuumcs  called  llie 
diameUr,  and  sioncLinies  the  dmmrtntl.  B^jrUw 

DI-AG'cVNAL-LY,  adr.     In  a  diniiumtl  direriion. 

DI-At;'0-NOVS,  a.    In  boUMt/^  having  four  corners. 

WA-GRA.M,  «.     [Gr.  ^tajoauita;  i^ui  and  >  oO    w.] 
In  g^mftty,  a  ti^re,  driughi,  or  scheme,  delinea- 
ted fur  the  tHirpus«  of  dexuuustraling  the  pruperties 
of  any  tiKure,  as  a  square,  Uiaogle,  ciKle,  ^c 
,1tuieHUv,  a  musical  aeale. 

DI'.\-GRAPH,  a.    [Or.  fta  am)  ;  oa^t*.] 

A  recently -in  Tented  instrument  used  in  perspective. 

DI-A-GRAPlrIC,         i  a.     [Gr.  6ta  and  >H<»^tUj  *«»  •'^ 

DI-A-GRAPH'I€-AL,  I      ecribe.] 
Descriptive. 

DI-.VGRYD'I-ATES,  «.  pL  Strong  purgaltves  made 
with  diai;rydtumj  a  preparation  uf  t»cammony  and 
quince  juice. 

DI'Ai.,  a.    [Ir.  tfiotl ;  probably  from  ^y,  difs,] 

An  instrument  fur  measuring  time  by  tbe  shadow 
of  the  sun.  It  is  a  »irfnce,  on  which  lines  are  drawn 
in  such  a  manner  that  the  shadow  of  a  wire,  or  of 
the  upper  edge  €>f  a  plane,  erected  perpendicularly  on 
that  surface,  may  show  the  true  time  of  the  day.  The 
wire,  or  edge  of  the  plane,  which  shows  the  time,  is 
called  the  ^y<«  or  ffnomoa  ;  and  this  must  be  parallel 
to  the  axis  of  the  earth.  The  line  on  which  this 
style  or  gnomon  \»  erecietl  is  calte<l  the  gub:<ttfle :  and 
the  ancls>  included  between  the  subgtfU  and  style  is 
railed  the  elrraiion  or  Ai>Al  uf  the  tttfle, 

DT'ALr-PLATE,  n.  The  plate  of  a  dial,  and  also  of  a 
clock  or  watch,  on  which  the  lines  are  drawn  tosliow 
Uie  hour  or  time  of  the  day.  OilberU 

DrA-LEen*,  n.  [Gr.  Ji.iAf»ro{.-  fta  and  A<>w,  to 
speak  ;  It.  diaUtto  ;  Fr.  dmiecte :  Sp.  dialtOa.'] 

1.  The  r>rm  or  idiom  of  a  language  peculiar  tn  a 
province,  or  to  a  kini!docn  or  slate,  consisting  chiefly 
in  diflerencr:)  of  ortlto^raphy  or  pronunciation.  The 
Greek  laucuag'*  U  remarkable  for  four  dialects ;  the 
Attic,  Ionic,  Doric,  and  Ktilic  A  dialect  is  the 
branch  of  a  |tarent  lanfiuage,  with  such  local  altera- 
ttoos  ai  time,  accillen^  and  reTolationa  may  have 
latrodoeed  among  4eMeodants  of  Ibe  same  Mock  or 
Ihtfiily,  living  in  aepaiale  or  remole  aituatiooa.  But, 
in  nq^rd  to  a  large  portion  of  word)*,  many  Ian- 
goagBa,  wliicfa  are  eonaidorad  aa  distinct,  are  really 
dialectt  oToaa  eommoo  langoaga. 

3.  Langua^ ;  speech,  or  manner  of  speaking  or 
expression.  Soutk, 

DI-A-LE€T'I€,         )  a.    Pertaining  to  a  dialect  oc  di- 
DI-A-LE€T'ie-AL,  \      alecU  ;  not  radical. 

2.  Pertaining  to  lo&ic  ;  logical ;  argumental.  Boylt. 
Dt-A-LEeT'ie-AL-LV,<uir.  InlbemannerofadialecU 
DI-A  LE€J-Tl"CIA\,  n.     A  logician  ;  a  reasoner. 
DI-A-LEeT'I€S,  K.     That  branch  of  logic  which 

leaches  the  rules  and  modes  of  reasoning.    Eneyc, 

DI-A-LECT'OR,  n.     One  learned  in  dialectics. 

DX'AL-IXG,  a.  The  science  which  unfolds  the  prin- 
ciples of  measuring  time  by  dials  ;  or  the  art  of  con- 
structing dials.  D.  OltiuUd. 

DI'AL-IST,  K.  A  constructer  of  dials  ;  one  skilled  iu 
dialing. 

DI-AL'LA-6E,  n.     [Gr.  ^mXX.ij  ij,  difference,] 

A  rhetorical  figure  by  which  arguments  are  placed 
in  various  points  of  view,  and  then  turned  to  one 
point.  SmarU 

DI'AL-LAGE,  n.    [Gr.  iiaXXay  n,  difference,  alluding 
to  the  difference  of  luster  between  it^  natunJ  joints.] 
A  dark  green  or  bronze-colored  laminate  mineral, 
considered  a  %'ariety  of  hornblende  or  augite.  DaTta. 

DI-AL'O^ISM,  «.  A  feigned  speech  between  two 
or  more.  Falke. 

DI-AL'O-GIST,  m.  [SeeDiALor.cx.]  A  speaker  in  a 
dialogue  ;  als<i,  a  wriliT  of  diaJogiieg.  John.ion. 

DI-Ab-OblST'ie,  a.     Havmg  the  form  of  a  dialogue. 

DI-AL-0-6lST'ie-AL-LV,  ode.  In  the  manner  of 
dialogue. 

DI-AL'0-6IZE,  V.  i.  [See  Dialogue.]  To  discourse 
in  dialogue.  J^'othtrbv. 

Dl'A-LOGL'E,(dI'a-log,)  a.     [Fr.  dialogite ;   It.  dialo- 

So;  Sp.  id. ;  from  Gr.  ^iaAo}Of,  from  ciaXiyoitat,  to 
Ispute  ;  ci't  and  Xty  u,  to  speak.] 

1.  A  conversation  or  conference  between  two  or 
more  persons  ;  particularly,  a  formal  conversation  in 
theatrical  performances ;  also,  an  exercise  in  colleges 
and  schools,  in  which  two  or  more  persons  carry  on 
a  discourse. 

2.  A  written  conversation,  or  a  composition  in 
which  two  or  more  persons  are  represented  as  con- 
versing on  some  topic  ;  as,  the  L>ialogiies  of  Cicero  de 
Oratore,  and  de  Natura  Deorum. 

DI'A-L.OGl.'E,  r.  i.  To  discourse  together  j  to  confer. 
[AU  uscaL]  Siuik, 


DIA 

DI'A-LOtUrE-VVRrr'ER,  fu      A  writer  of  dialogues 

or  feiened  conversations. 
DI-.\L'YSIS,  n.     [Gr.  fltaAi'ffij  ,■  t'laAuw,  to  dissolve  ; 

^411  and  X  !'(,>,  to  dissolve.] 

1.  A  mark  in  writing  or  printing,  consisting  of  two 
points  placed  over  one  of  two  vowels,  to  dissolve  a 
diphthong,  or  to  show  that  the  two  vowels  are  to  be 
sc|>araled  in  pronunciation  ;  as,  aitr,  mosaic, 

2.  In  medicinry  debility  ^  also,  a  solution  of  conti- 
nuitv. 

DI-A-MAG-NET'I€,  n.  or  a.  [Gr.  ^ta,  tliiough  or 
across,  and  ;i.i)  i-ij^,  a  magnel.J 

A  term  applied  to  a  class  of  substances  which,  un- 
der the  iniluence  of  magnetism,  take  a  position, 
when  freely  8iisp«'nded,  at  ria-ht  angles  to  the  inag- 
rxvWc  meritiian,  that  is,  point  east  and  west. 
DT-A-MAX'TINE,  for  Adaiiantiwi.  {^rot  in  use.] 
DI-.\M'E-TER,  r.  [Gr.  dia/itr^yj  ('  dta  and  fiirpov, 
uieaiiure  thrvugh.] 

1.  A  right  line  [visaing  thmiigh  the  center  of  n  cir- 
cle, or  other  cur>*ilinear  ficure,  terminated  by  the 
cur\'e,  and  di\iding  llie  ligiire  symmetrically  into 
two  equal  parts. 

2.  A  right  line  passing  through  the  center  of  a  piece 
of  limber,  a  rock,  or  other  object,  from  one  side  to 
the  other  ;  as,  the  diameter  of  a  tree,  or  of  a  stone. 

DT-AM'K-TRAL,  a.    Diametrical,  which  see. 
DT-AM'I-;-TRAl^LY,  arfr.    Diametrically. 
DI-A-MKT'RI€^AL,  a.    Describing  a  diameter. 

3.  Observing  the  ilirection  of  a  diameter;  direct; 
as,  diametrieal  opposition. 

Dr-A-MET'Rie-AL-LY,  ado  In  a  diametrical  direc- 
tion ;  directlv  \  as,  diametrieally  opposite 

DI'.\-MOND,  (dl'a-mond  or  di'mondO  n.  [Fr.  dm- 
vumt;  IL  and  Sp.  diataaxte;  G.  and  D.  diamant;  L. 
adamasi  Gr.  aia/tift  o^'i/ia^ru;,  whence  adamant, 
from  the  Celtic;  W.  eAedcofn^  moving  stone;  cTinJ, 
to  tiy  or  move,  and  Tiiaen,  stone  ;  a  name  lirtit  given 
to  the  lode-stone.     See  Adamant.] 

1.  A  mineral,  gem,  or  precious  stone,  of  the  most 
valuable  kind,  remarkable  for  its  hardness,  as  it 
scratches  all  other  minenils.  When  pure,  the  dia- 
mond is  usually  clear  and  transparent,  but  it  Is  some- 
times colored.  In  its  rough  state,  it  is  commonly  in 
the  form  of  a  roundish  t>ebble,  or  of  octahedral  crys- 
tiils.  It  consists  of  pure  carbon,  and  when  heated  to 
14"  Wedgwood,  and  exposed  to  a  current  of  air,  it  is 
gradually,  but  completely,  combustible.  Diamonds 
are  said  to  be  of  the  firai  uuiler,  when  very  trans- 
parent ;  and  of  the  second  or  thh-d  water,  as  the 
transparency  decreases.    Eneyc.  Klnran.  Cleaveland. 

2.  A  ver^'  small  printing  letter,  tlie  smallest  used  in 
English  printing. 

3.  A  figure,  oUierwise  called  a  rhfrnbus. 
DI'A-MOXD,   a.     Resembling  a  dianioiu) ;  as,  a  diti- 

momd  color ;  or  coasixiting  of  diamonds ;  as,  a  dia- 
mtmd  chain. 

DI'A-MOND-ED,  i  a.     Having  the  figure  of  an 

DI'A-MONI>-SHAP-£D,  j  oblique-angled  pamllulo- 
Kram,vr  rhombus.  Puller. 

DI'A-MOXD-UILT-ED,  a.  Having  a  hilt  wiUi  dia- 
monds. 

DI'.\-.MOXI>-MIXE,  a.  A  mine  in  which  diamonds 
are  found. 

Dl-AN'DRl-A,  n.     [Gr.  Sis*  St,  twice,  and  ofjjp,  a 
male.] 
In  botany,  a  class  of  plants  having  two  stamens. 

DI-AN'SrOUS;  {     *  Having  two  stamens. 
DI'A-PASM,  n.     [Gr.  Stairatrcoi,  tt>  sprinkle.] 

A  powder  or  perfume.     [Obs.]  B  Jonson. 

DI'A-PAS*E*""^'  \  '**    t*^""- ''"'  '^'"'^•'»  through  all.] 

1.  In  mime,  the  octave  or  interval  which  includes 
all  the  tones. 

2.  Among  musical  ijistnanemt-makersy  a  rule  or  scale, 
by  which  they  adjust  the  pipes  of  ©rgans,  the  holes 
of  dutes,  8lc,  in  due  proportion  for  expressing  the 
several  tones  and  semitones.  Busby. 

Diapa-^ondiapente ;  a  compound  consonance  in  a 
triple  ratio,  as  3  to  9,  consisting  of  9  tones  and  a 
semitone,  or  19  semitones  ;  a  twelfth.  Encyc.  Busby. 

Diapason-diatessaron ;  a  compound  concord,  found- 
ed on  the  proportion  of  8  to  3,  consisting  of  eight 
tones  aiid  a  semitone. 

Diapasftn-ditone ;  a  compound  concord,  whose  terms 
are  as  10  to  4,  or  5  to  2. 

Diapasons emiditont ;  a  compound  concord,  whose 
terms  are  in  the  prop)onion  of  12  to  5.  Encyc 

DI-A-PEN'TE,  n.     [Gr.  Sia  and  rrfcrt,  five.] 

1.  In  music,  an  ancient  term  denoting  a  fifth  ;  an 
inler\-al  making  the  second  of  the  concords,  and,  with 
thfi  dialessaron,  an  octave.  Encyc. 

2.  In  medicine,  a  composition  of  five  ingredients. 
DI'A-PER,  n.     [Fr.  diapre,  diapered  ;  said  to  be  from 

Ylfres,  in  the  Netherlands.     .Anderson.] 

Figured  linen  cloth  ;  a  cloth  wove  in  flowers  or  fig- 
ures, much  used  for  towels  or  napkins.  Hence,  a 
towel  or  napkin. 

DI'A-PER,  V.  t.  To  variegate  or  diversify,  as  cloth, 
with  figures  ;  to  flower.  Spenser.    Howel. 

DI'A-PER,  V.  i.  To  draw  flowers  or  figures,  as  upon 
cloth. 

If  you  diaper  on  fulds.  Peacham. 


DIA 

DT'A-PEK-£D,  pp.     Flowered. 

PI'A-PHAN-AD,  (dl'a-fand,)ff.    Transparent.   {UttU 

usedA 
DI-A-PlIA-N£'I-TY,  Ti.    [Gr  ^ia>pavttai  ^ta^aivw,Xo 
shine  through  ;  (!ia  and  (^aifu),  to  shine.] 

The  power  of  transmitting  light  ;  transparency 
pelhicidness.  Ray. 

Dl-A-PHAN'ie,  o.     [Gr.  6ia-pavr,^.     See  supra.] 
Having  power  to  transmit  light ;  trans|Kirent. 

Ralegh. 
DI-APH'A-NOUS,  a.    [See  supra.]     Having  power  to 
transmit  rays  of  light,  as  glass;  pellucid;  transpa- 
rent; clear. 
DI-A-PIION'ies,  n.     [Gr.  f>ia  and  <i>oivri,  sound.] 

The  doctrine  of  retracted  sound.  Brande, 

DI-A-PHO-R£'aiS,  n.     [Gr.  fna<i>upnoi%  -•  6ia<poptw,  to 
carry  through  ;  &ta  and  ibnocdy,  to  carry.] 

Augmented  perspinilion  or  sweat ;  or  an  elimina- 
tion of  the  humors  uf  the  body  through  the  pores  of 
the  skin.  Coxe.    Encyc. 

DI-A-PIIO-RET'ie,  a.     [Supra.]     Having  the  power 

to  inrrpase  |>erspirntion  ;  sudorific  ;  sweating. 
Dl-A-PHO-HET'l€,  n.    A  medicine  which  promotes 
perspiration  ;  a  sudorific.  Coze.     Eneyc. 

DiiiphorHics  difl'er  from  sudorifics;  the  former  only 
increa.-»e  the  inseiLsible  perspiration,  the  latter  excite 
the  sensible  discharge  called  sweat.  Pair. 

DI'A-PHK.\GM,  (dl'a-fram,)  n,     [Gr.  Sta<})pa}tia  ;  iiia 
and  ihoaaaoi,  tu  break  olF,  to  defend.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  midriff,  a  muscle  separating  the 
chest  or  thorax  from  tlie  abdomen  or  lower  belly. 
Coze.     Eneyc. 
9.  A  partition  or  dividing  substance,  commonly 
with  an  opening  through  it.  Woodwnrd. 

3.  In  astronomy, a  circular  ring,  used,  in  optical  in- 
struments, to  cut  off  marginal  portions  of  a  beam  of 
light.  D.  Olmsted. 

DI-A-PimAG-M.\T'I€,    a.      Pertaining  to  the  dia- 
phragm. 
DI-A-PO-RE'SIS,   a.     [Gr.  itaJioprjatu  SiaTropetii,  to 
doubt.] 

In  rhetoric,  doubt ;  hesitation.  Bailey. 

DT-A'RI-AN,  a      [See  Diary.]     Pertaining  to  a  diary  ; 

daily. 
DI'A-RlSTj^  n.     One  who  keeps  a  diary. 
DI-.Ml-RllK'A,   (dl-ar-re'a,)  n.     [Gr.  6 tup ^ota  i  Stap- 
^£(-1,  to  flow  through  ;  ita  and  (Wm,  to  flow.] 

A  niurhidly  frequent  evacuation  of  the  intestines  ; 
a  lax. 
DI-AR-RI!ET'ie,  a.     Frwlucing  diarrhea  or  lax. 
DI-AK-THKO'SIS,  n.    [Gr.]    The  movable  connection 

of  bunes. 
DI'A-KY,  Tt.     [Ti.  diarium,  from  dies,  a  day.] 

An  account  of  daily  events  or  transactions  ;  a  jour- 
nal ;  a  register  of  driily  occurrences  or  observations; 
as,  a  diaiy  of  the  weather. 
A  dinni  fcrrr,  is  a  fever  of  one  day. 
DI-A-SeiliS'-MA.   (-skiz'ma,)  n.      [Gr.  i'iaTxtcfta,& 
piece  cut  off;  dmrrxiZ^o) ;  dm  and  (rx<Ct'S  tf>  ^"^  *>"•] 
In  mitffic,  the  difference  between  the  comma  and 
enharmonic  diesis,  commonly  called  the  lesser  cum^ 
ma.  Eneyc. 

DI'AS-PORE,  n.     [Gr.  iiaanetpc},  to  disperse.] 

A  rare  mineral,  occurring  in  lamellar  masses,  and 
in  oblique  prisms,  with  a  brilliant  cleavage,  having  a 
grayish,  greenish,  or  brownish  color,  and  character- 
ized by  decrepitating  with  violence  (as  the  name  im- 
plies) before  the  blowpipe.  It  consists  of  alumina 
and  water.  Dana. 

DI-AS-TAL'Tie,  o,     [Gr.  ^ias-aXri«05,  dilating.] 

Dilated  ;  noble ;  bold  ;  an  epithet    given    by  the 
Greeks  to  certain  intervals  in  music,  as  the  major 
third,  major  sixth,  and  major  seventh.        Busby. 
DI'AS-TASE,  n.     [Gr.  6ta  and  taTnui.] 

A  peculiar  substance  generated  during  the  germi- 
nation of  grain  for  the  brewery,  tending  to  accelerate 
the  formation  of  sugar  during  the  fermentation  of 
worts  Ure. 

DI'AS-TEM,  71.    [Gr.  Staryjpa.] 

In  music,  a  simple  interval. 
DI-AS'TO-LE,  n,     [Gr.  6ias-oXr},  ^iorcXAw;  Sta  and 
oteAAw,  to  set,  or  send  from.] 

1.  Among  physicians,  a  dilatation  of  the  heart,  au- 
ricles, and  arteries  ;  opposed  to  systole  or  contraction. 

Encyc. 

2.  In  grammar,  the  extension  of  a  syllable  ;  or  a 
figure  by  which  a  syllable  naturally  short  is  made 

DI'A-PT-tLE,  n.     [Gr.  6tu  and  oruX'-s-]  [long. 

An  edifice  in  which  three  diameters  of  the  columns 
are  allowed  for  inter  col  umniations.  Harris. 

DT-A-TES'SA-RON,  n.     [Gr.  6ia  and  Tecraana,  four.] 

1.  Among  miwician*,  a  concord  or  harmonic  inter- 
val, composed  of  a  greater  lone,  a  lesser  tone,  and 
one  greater  semitone.  Its  proportion  is  as  4  to  3,  and 
it  is  called  a  perfect  fourth.  Harris. 

2.  In  Biblical  literature,  a  harmony  of  the  four 
Gospels. 

DT-A-TIIER'MAL,  a.    Possessing  free  permeability  to 

heat. 
DI-A-THER'MA-NOUS,  a.     [Gr.  6ta,  through,  and 

fitt)/taiv'.<,  to  beat.] 

Possessing  free  permeability  to  heat. 
DI-ATU'E.SiS,  n.     [Gr.]     Particular  disposition  or 

habit  of  body,  good  or  bad.  Coze. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LI*.  WH^T.  — MfiTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


Die 

DI-AT'OM-OUS,  o.  [Gr.  6ia,  through,  and  ri/ifw,  to 
cleave.] 

In  minrralogy^  a  term  applied  to  cr>'Stala  with  one 
distinct,  diagunal  cleavage.  J\fohs. 

DI-A-TO.\'ie,  a.  [Gt.  tiu,  by  or  through,  and  to^os, 
Sound.] 

In  masicy  a  term  applied  to  the  natural  scalp,  which, 
proceeding  by  degrees,  includes  both  tones  and  seini- 
tonea.  Bmndt. 

Dl-A-TO\'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  diatonic  manner. 

WA-TRIBE,  n.     [Gr.  ^larpUii}.-] 

A  continued  discourse  or  dieputation.        Bailey. 

DI-AT'RIB-IST,  71.  One  who  prolongs  his  discourse 
or  discussion.  Hammond. 

DI-A-ZEO'Tie,  a.    [Gr.  Sni^^tvyvvfUy  to  disjoin.] 

A  diazcutie  tone,  in  ancient  Greek  music,  disjoined 
two  fourths,  one  on  each  side  of  it,  and  which,  being 
joined  to  either,  made  a  fifth.  This  is,  in  our  music, 
from  F  to  G.  Edin.  Encyc.     Brande. 

DIB'BLE,  71.  [Probably  from  the  root  of  top,  tip,  a 
point,  and  denoting  a  little  sharp  point ;  or  allied  to 
tfij7,  tu  thrust  in.] 

A  pointed  instrument,  used  in  gardening  and  ag- 
riculture, to  make  holes  for  planting  seeds,  i,c. 

DIB'OLC,  V.  t.  To  plant  with  a  dibble  ;  or  to  make 
holes  for  planting  seeds,  &.C. 

DIB'nLE,  c.  t.    To  dibble  or  dip  ;  a  term  in  angling. 

DiB'BLER,  n.  One  who  makes  holes  In  the  ground 
tcj  receive  seed, 

DIB'STCNE,  X.  A  little  stone  which  children  throw 
at  another  stone.  Locke. 

DI-eA'CtOUS,(de-ka'shns,)a.  Talkative.     Maunder. 

DI-eAC'I-TY,  (de  kas'e-te,)  n.     [L.  dicaeilas.] 

Pertness.     (Littie  used.]  Graves. 

DI'eAST,  n.  [Gr.  ^ixar'Hi  ^^^ta  ^tirai^cu,  to  judge, 
from  diKTiy  justice.] 

In  ancient  Greece,  an  officer  answering  nearly  to 
our  jurjman.  Miffvrd. 

DICE,  71 ;  pL  of  Die  ;  also,  a  game  with  dice 

DICE,  V.  i.    To  play  with  dice.  Skak. 

DICE'-BOX,  n.  A  box  from  which  dice  are  thrown 
in  g-iming.  Addison. 

DICE'-MaK-ER,  n.    A  maker  of  dice, 

DI-CEPH'A-LOUS,  a.     [Gr.  Jij,  and  wfliaXfj,  head.] 
Hnving  two  heads  on  one  body.  Lindleij. 

DICER,  n.     A  player  at  dice. 

DICII;  a  corruption  for  d«  it;  as,  "much  good  dich 
thy  heart."  Shak. 

DT  eilAST'A-SIS,  n,  [See  Dichaitic]  Sponlane- 
OU.S  subdivision.  Dana. 

Dl  CHAS T'le,  a.  [Gr.  (Jixajf.i,  to  subdivide  sponta- 
neously.]   Capable  of  subdividing  spontaneously. 

Dana. 

DI-C!fLAM-YD'E-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  Jij,  and  x>tt//v(,  a 
garment.] 

In  botanyj  having  two  coverings,  a  calyx  and  a 
corol.  Lindley. 

DI-CHOT'O-MIZE,  (dl-kot'o-mize,)  r.  L  [See  the 
next  word.]  To  cut  into  two  parts ;  to  divide  into 
pairs, 

DI-€HOT'0-M0US.  a.  [Gr.  (Jixa,  doubly,  by  pairs, 
and  T€ftiK2}f  to  cut.] 

In  botunift  regularly  dividing  by  pairs,  from  top  to 
bottom ;  as,  a  dicKotomous  stf^ra.  Martyn. 

DI-eHOT'O-MOL'S-eOR'YMU-irD,  ( dT-kot'o-mus- 
kor'imd,]  a.  Composed  of  corymbs,  in  which  the 
pedicles  divide  and  subdivide  by  pairs.        Martyn. 

Dl-CHOT'O-MOfS-LY,  adv.  In  a  dichotomous  man- 
ner, 

DI-€HOT'0-MY,  (dl-kot'o-me,)  7i.  [Gr.  (Jixoro/iia,  r 
divlition  into  two  parts j  f)i\n  and  rf^it.),  to  cut.] 

I.  Division  or  distribution  of  things  by  pairs.  \Lit- 
tie  used.]  WaiU. 

2-  In  a.itronomy.  that  phase  of  the  moon  in  which 
it  appears  biscctea,  or  shows  only  half  its  di»k,  as  at 
the  quadratures.  Encyc-, 

WCIIRO-ISM,  71.    [Gr.  (^(S,  twice, and  xpoa,  color.] 
The  property  observed  in  some  crystals  of  present- 
ing different  colors  when  viewed  in  two  different 
directions.  Dana. 

DI'dlRO-ITE.    Pee  Iolite. 

DI  eHRO-MAT'ie,a.  [Gr.  ^if  and  x/iu/ia.]  Having 
or  prcducing  two  colors.  QilberU 

DICING,  7».    The  practice  of  playing  at  dice. 

Rich.  Diet. 

DICING-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  where  dice  is  played  j 
a  gaming-house.     {LitUe  iised,] 

DIC'K'ENS  ;  a  vulgar  exclamation  in  old  writers  for 
the  ArviX.  Skak. 

DICK'ER,  rt.  [Probably  from  Gr.  icKa^  ten,  W.  deg, 
L.  decern.] 

In  old  authors,  the  number  or  quantity  of  ten,  par- 
ticularly ten  hiden  or  skins  ;  but  applied  to  other 
things,  us  a  dicker  of  gloves,  ^c.  [/  believe  not  used 
in  Amrriea.] 

DICK"Y,n.  Aseat  bchinda  carriage,  for  servant'',  &,c. 
a.  A  sham  bosom  of  a  shirt.  Orovr, 

DICL1-\.\TE,  a.  [Gr,  ciij,  twofuld,  and  kXivm^  to 
incline.j 

In  mineralory,  an  epithet  applied  to  crystals,  in 
which  tivo  of^tlie  axes  are  obliquely  inclined,  as  in 
the  oblique  rectangular  pri;dm.  Dana. 

DI-GOCeOUS,  0.  [Gr.  in  and  kokkou  L-  coccus,  a 
grain.] 


DID 

Two-grained  ;  consisting  of  two  cohering  grains 
or  cells,  with  one  seed  in  each  ;  as,  a  dicoccous  ca{>- 
BUle.  Martyiu 

DX-eO-TYL-£'DON,  n.  [Gr.  Jij,  twice,  and  iforvA'idwf, 
a  cavity.] 

A  plam  whose  seeds  divide  into  two  lobes  in  ger- 
minating. AlarJyn. 
DI-eO-TYL-FyDON-OUS,  a.     Having  two  lobes.     A 
dicotyledonous   plant  is  one  whose   seeds  have  two 
lobes,  and  consequently  rise  with  two  seminal  leaves. 
DICRO-TOS,  71.    [Gr.  ^n  and  kootos.]  [MUne. 

A  double  or  rebounding  pulse. 
Die'TATE,  V.  L     [L.  dicto,  from  dico,  to  speak  ;  Sp. 
dietar;   It.  dettare;  Fr.  dieter;  It.  deachtaim.     Class 

1.  To  tell  with  authority ;  to  deliver,  as  an  order, 
command,  or  direction  ;  as,  what  God  has  dictated,  it 
Is  our  duly  to  believe. 

2.  To  order  or  instruct  what  is  to  be  said  or  writ- 
ten ;  as,  a  general  dictates  orders  to  his  troops, 

3.  To  suggest;  to  admonish  ;  to  direct  by  impulse 
on  the  mind.  We  say,  the  Spirit  of  God  dictated  the 
messages  of  the  prophets  to  Israel ;  conscience  often 
dictates  to  men  the  rules  by  which  they  are  to  govern 
their  conduct. 

DICTATE,  71.     An  order  delivered  :  a  command. 

2.  A  rule,  maxim,  or  precept,  aelivered  with  au- 
thority. 

I  en;dil  what  the  Grecian  dUtaat  taj.  Prior. 

3.  Suggestion  ;  nile  or  direction  suggested  to  tlie 
mind  ;  as,  the  dictates  of  reason  or  conscience. 

Dl€'TA-TED,pp.  Delivered  with  authority ;  ordered; 
directed  ;  suggested. 

DICTA-TING"  ppr.  Uttering  or  delivering  with  au- 
thority ;  instructing  what  to  say  or  write  ;  ordering  ; 
8ug[;esting  to  the  mind. 

Dl€-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  dictating;  the  act  or 
practice  of  prescribing. 

It  adunii  KCuritr  agUDst  the  didaHon  at  tawv.  Paley. 

Die-TA'TOR,  n.  [L.1  One  who  dictates  ;  one  who 
prescribes  rules  and  maxims  for  the  direction  of 
otjiers. 

2.  One  invested  with  absolute  authority.  In  an- 
cient Rome,  a  magistrate,  created  in  times  of  exigence 
and  distress,  and  invested  with  unlimited  power. 
He  remained  in  othcc  six  months. 

Die-TA-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  dictator;  ab- 
solute; unlimited;  uncontrollable. 

3.  Imperious  ;  doginatical ;  overbearing ;  as,  the 
officer  assumed  a  dictatorial  tone. 

Die-TA-TO'RI-AL-LY,  adv.  In  an  imperious,  dog- 
matical manner. 

Die-TA'TOIt-SIIIP,  Ti.  The  office  of  a  dictator ;  the 
term  of  a  dictator's  office. 

2.  .Authority;  imperionsness ;  dogmatism.  Drtfden, 

DICTA-TO  RY,a.    Overbearing;  dogmatical,  Mdton. 

Die-TA'TRIX,  n.  [L.]  A  female  who  dictates  or 
commands. 

DICTA-TURE,  71.     The  office  of  a  dictator;  dicta- 
torship. 
2.  Absolute  authority  ;  the  power  that  dictates. 

Tvoke. 

DICTION,  (dik'shun,)  n.  [L.  dictio,  from  dico,  to 
speak.     Class  Dg.l 

Expression  of  ideas  by  words;  style;  manner  of 
expre*ision.  Dryden. 

Die'TION-A-RY,  71.     [Ft.  dietionnaire  ;  It.  diiionario ; 
Sp.  diccionario  ;  from  I^  dictio,  a  word,  or  a  speaking.] 
A  book  containing  the  words  of  a  language,  ar- 
ranged in  alphabetical  order,  with  explanations*  of 
their  meanings  ;  a  lexicon.  Johnson. 

DICTUM,  71.;  pi.  Dicta.  [L.]  An  authoritative 
saying  or  assertion. 

DID,  preL  of  Do,  contracted  from  doeil.  I  did,  thou 
didst,  he  did  ;  we  did,  you  or  ye  did,  they  did. 


The  proper  slgniHcation  is,  made,  executed,  per- 
formed;  but  It  is  used,  also,  to  express  the  state  of 
health. 

Am)  MonleciU  wnlk'il  evrry  lUy  before  the  court  of  llie  women'* 

Itotuc,  U>  kuuw  ln>w  >UU)cr(/id.  —  EiUi.  ii. 
Did  is  m>ed  as  the  sign  of  the  past  tense  of  verbs, 
particularly  in  interrogative  and  negative  sentences; 
as,  did  he  command  vou  to  go?  He  did  not  command 
mi^  It  is  also  used  to  express  emphasis ;  as,  I  did 
love  him  beyond  measure. 
DI-DACTie,  ;  a.    [Gr.  rlMa-cruflf,  from  SidarrKoi. 

DI-l)ACTie-AL,  i      to  teach.] 

Adapted  to    teach ;    preceptive  ;    containing  doc- 
trines, precepts,  principles,  or  rules  ;   intended  to 
instnict ;  at,  a  didactic  poem  or  essay. 
DI-DACTie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  didactic  manner ;  in 

a  form  to  teach. 
DI-DACTYL,  n.     An  animal  having  two  toes. 
DI-DACTYL-OUS,  a.    [Gr.  oi,  6ii,  and  &<iKrv\os.] 

Having  two  toes. 
DT'DAP-I'EU,  n.     [from  dip.]     A  bird  that  dives  into 

the  water,  a  species  of  grrbe,  Podiceps  minor. 
DI-DAS-CAL'ie,  a.     [Gr.  6t6aaK-iXiK'Ji,  from  dtSaaxo}, 
lo  teach.] 

Didactic;  preceptive;  giving  precepts.  [Little 
used.]  Prior. 


DIE 

DID'OER,  tJ.  u     [Teut,  diddem  ;  qu.  titter,  totter.] 
To  shiver  with  cold.     [JVot  used.]  Sherwood. 

DTD'DI-.E,  V.  t.    To  cheat  or  overreach.       Ifatloway. 

DID'DLE,  V.  i.    To  totter,  as  a  child  in  walking. 

DI-DEC-A-HE'DRAL,  a,  [di  and  decahrdraj.]  In 
crystallography,  having  the  form  of  a  decahedral 
prism,  with  pentahedral  summits.  Cleavdand. 

Dl-DEL'PHYe,  a.  Relating  to  animals  of  the  genus 
Didelphvs,  to  which  the  opossum  belongs. 

DI-DEL'PHYS,  n.  \Gx.  hi^,  twice,  and  ^tA(Mis, uterus.] 
A  genus  of  marsupial  animals  including  the  opossum. 

DI-DO-DEe-A-HE'DRAL,  a.  [di  and  dndecgkedraL] 
In  crystallography,  having  the  form  of  a  dodecahe- 
dral  prism  with  h'exahedral  summits.       CleavdaniL 

DI-D11A€H'MA,  (di-drak'nia,)  ti.  [Gr.]  A  piece  of 
money,  the  fourth  of  an  ounce  of  silver. 

DIDST.     The  second  person  of  the  preterit  of  do. 

DI-DU€'TIO\,  n.    [L.  diductio ;  di  and  duco,  to  draw.] 
Separation  by  withdrawing  one  part  from  the  other. 

Boyle. 

DI-DYMT-UM,  71.  A  metal  recently  discovered  by 
M.  Mosander,  in  the  ores  of  Cerium. 

lire.     Dr.  Bridget* 

DID'Y-MOUS,  a.     [Gr.  Si/ivi,oi.]  P.  Cyc 

In  botimti,  growing  in  pairs  or  twins. 

DID-V-\A'MI-A,  71,   [Gr.  6i,6ii,  and  Svfnftfs. power.] 
In  botany,  the  name  of  a  class  of  plants  of  tour  sta- 
mens, disposed  in  two  pairs,  one  being  shorter  than 
the  other. 

DID-Y-NA'^II-AX,  J  a.  Containing  four  stamens,  dis- 

DI-DVN'A-MOUS,  )  posed  in  pairs,  one  shorterthan 
the  other. 

DIE,  V  I.  rSw.  d(i  ;  Dan.  iBier.  This  appears  to  be  a 
contracted  word,  and  the  radical  )etti>r  lost  is  not  ob- 
vious. Tlie  woTii  dye,  to  tinge,  is  contracted  from 
Dg,  and  the  Anibic  root  signifies  not  only  to  tinge^ 
but  to  perish;  which  circumstance  would  lead  one  to 
infer  that  they  are  radically  one  word,  and  that  the 
primary  sense  is,  to  plunge,  fall,  or  sink.  The  Saxon 
deadian  is  evidently  a  derivative  of  Uie  participle  rfeod. 
See  Dye.] 

1.  To  be  deprived  of  respiratitm,  of  the  circulation 
of  blood,  and  other  bodily  funciitms,  and  rendered 
incapable  of  resuscitation,  as  animals,  either  by  nat- 
ural decay,  by  disease,  or  by  vioti^nce  ;  to  cease  to 
live  ;  to  expire  ;  to  decease  ;  to  perish  ;  and,  with 
respect  to  man,  to  depart  from  this  world. 


This  word  is  followed  by  vf  or  by.  Men  die  qfdis- 
ease;  of  a  fever;  vf  sickness;  of  a  fall;  of  grief. 
They  die  by  the  sword  ;  by  famine  ;  by  [lestilence  ;  fry 
violence;  by  sickness;  frt/ disease.  In  some  cases, 
custom  has  established  the  use  of  the  one,  to  the  ex- 
clusion of  the  other;  but,  in  many  cases,  either  by  or 
of  may  be  used  at  the  pleasure  of  the  writer  or  speak- 
er. Tlie  use  of  for,  he  died  for  thirst,  is  not  elegant 
nor  common. 

9.  To  be  punished  with  death  ;  to  lose  life  for  a 
crime,  or  for  the  sake  of  anotiier.  I  will  relievo  ray 
master,  if  I  die  for  it. 


3.  To  come  to  an  end  i  to  cease  ;  to  be  lost ;  to  per- 
ish or  come  to  nothing ;  as,  let  the  secret  die  in  your 
own  breast. 

4.  To  sink  ;  to  faint. 

UU  heart  tU*d  within  him,  and  he  became  m  a.  atone.  —  1  Snm. 
XXV. 

5.  To  languish  with  pleasure  or  tenderness ;  fol- 
lowed by  aieay. 

ToMuiidi  of  hf-nvi-nly  Imrp  sho  dit»  aioay.  Pop*. 

G.  To  languish  will)  affection. 

The  young  men  acknowledged  Uwl  Uiey  disd  Tot  Rcbeccn. 

TaHtr. 

7.  To  recede,  as  sound,  and  become  less  distinct ; 
to  become  less  and  less;  or  to  vanish  from  the  sight, 
or  disappear  gradually.     Sound  or  color  dies  away, 

8.  To  lose  vegetable  life  ;  lo  wither  ;  to  )>crish  ;  as 
plants  or  seeds.  Plants  die  for  want  of  water;  some 
plants  die  annually. 

9.  To  become  vapid  or  spiritless,  as  liquors  ;  mostly 
used  in  the  participle  ;  as,  the  cider  or  beer  is  dead. 

10.  In  Uicology,  to  perish  everiastingly ;  to  suffi;r 
divine  wralli  and  punifilMiient  in  the  future  world. 

11.  To  become  iadifrerent  to,  or  to  cease  lo  be  un- 
der the  power  of;  as,  to  die  to  sin. 

12.  To  endure  great  danger  and  distress. 

I  die  dnily.  —  1  Cor.  xv. 

To  die  away;  to  decrease  gradually;  to  cease  to 
blow  ;  as,  the  wind  dies  away. 
DIE,  71. ;  pi.  Dice.     [Fr.  di ;  It,  dado  f  Rp.  and  Port.  id.  / 
Arm.  di^i;  Ir.  diste.] 

1,  A  small  cube,  marked  on  Its  faces  with  numbers 
from  one  to  six,  used  in  gaming,  by  being  thrown 
from  a  box. 

Ufl  ventureU  hia  nil  on  th^  c.wt  of  &  dU. 

Q.  Any  cubic  body  ;  a  Hat  tablet.  Watls. 

3.  In  architecture,  the  cubical  part  of  the  pedestal, 
betwi!en  its  base  and  cornice 
A.  Hazard ;  chance. 

Such  U  thp  :f U  of  var. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS €  as  K;  0  aa  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  TIHS. 


DIF 

DTE,  n. ;  f'^  Dik».  A  stamp  used  in  coming  money,  In 
ftwindrri**-*,  itc 

DI-fi'CIAN  and  DI  E'CIOUS.  See  Diceciak  and 
DitEcioi's. 

DI'ER.     SeeDTKB. 

DT-ER'E-SIS,  *.    See  PiiiREstB. 

DI'E-SI3,  «.    rt!r.  Strati,  a  division.] 

In  music,  tiie  division  of  a  lone,  Vss  than  a  semi- 
tone ;  or  an  interval  consisting  of  n  less  or  imperfect 
semitone,  Encye. 

DT'ES  .VO.V,  [L.  rfiM  mm  JKrirfint*.]  A  day  on  which 
CTOirts  are  not  held,  as  the  Sabbath,  &c.  t^oofPs  tn^t. 

DI'ET,  n.  [L.  diitta;  Gr.  fiai-a^  manner  of  livinsr, 
mode  of  lire  prescribed  by  a  physiciim,  fiKuI,  a  room, 
pcirtor,  or  bedroom  ;  Sp.  dieta  :  Fr.  dieL' :  It.  Jirta.  Tn 
the  middle  ajres,  this  word  was  used  to  denote  the 
provision  or  flxtd  for  one  day,  and  for  a  journey  of 
one  dav.  Sprlman^  Hence  it  seems  to  be  fwm  */«*, 
day,  or  its  root ;  and  hence  the  word  may  have  come 
to  dienify  a  meal  or  supper,  and  the  room  occupied 
for  eating.] 

I.  Food  or  victuals  ;  as,  milk  is  a  wholesome  diet; 
flesh  is  a  nourtshins  diet. 

?.  Food  rfjulated  by  a  physician,  or  by  medical 
m!(^  ;  food  prescribed  for  the  prevention  or  cure  of 
disinse,  and  liinitr'd  in  kind  or  quantity.  I  restrainod 
myst'lf  to  a  regular  duC  of  rtesh  once  a  day. 

3.  Allowance  of  provision. 

For  Wa  Ai^t  Utfn  ww  •  oonifatuai  dirt  gtren  fahn  fagr  the  Idiif .  — 
Jcr.  U. 

4.  Board,  or  boarding  ;  as,  to  pay  &  certain  sam  for 
dift,  washins,  and  lodging. 

DI'ET,  n.  [D.  rytu^dag:  O.  reichxta^;  Sw.  riksdajf ; 
Dan.  rigsaa^i  empire's  day,  imperial  diet.  These 
words  prove  that  diH  is  from  dUs,  day.  So  in  Scots 
lliw,  4w<  of  ap|u>amnce.l 

Ann-"-"''-  •"  •'  ,-.»..-,  or  circles  of  the  empire 
of  G*r,  a  ronvention  c»l' princes, 

elector-  '  iries,  and  represeiiuitivea 

of  frur  ciix  -,  •>'  v.- ....  w...  t*u  the  afairs  of  the  em- 
pire.   There  are  also  diets  of  states  and  cantons ' 

Eitcye. 

DI'ET,  V.  L  To  ^■'-'  '"  '>'^rd ;  to  ftimtsh  providiuns 
for  ;  as,  the  i::  -  :ippn^ntic«. 

2.  To  lake  [  rcscribt.-d ;  as,  an  invalid 
should  careful! .  i'. 

3.  To  feed ;  io  lurui»ii  aliment  ;  as,  to  die-t  re- 
vcnfe.  Shak. 

DI'ET,  r.  u    To  eat  according  to  rules  prescribed. 
3.  To  eat  sparingly.  Siuik, 

3.  To  eat  j  to  feed ;  as,  the  students  diet  in  com- 
mons. 
DI'ET-A-RY,  «.    Rule  of  diet ;  allowance  of  food,  es- 
pecially for  the  poor  in  alms-bouses  and  prisons. 

Brtmde. 
DrET-A-RY,  a.     Pertaining  to  diet  or  the  rules  of 

diet. 
DT'ET-T>RTXK,  «.    Medicated  lienors  ;  drink  pnrpared 

with  mi-dicinal  ingrr>dients. 
DT'ET-ED,  pp.    Fed  i  boarded  ;  fed  by  prescribed  nilcs. 
DI'ET-ER,  «.     One  who  diets;    one  who  prescribes 
niles  for  e.ating  ;  one  who  prepares  food  by  rules. 

DI-E-TET'ieVAL,  1  **•     ^Gr.  Siairnr.Kv] 

Pertaining  to  diet,  or  to  the  rules  for  regulating  the 
kind  and  quantity  of  food  to  be  eaten. 

DI-E-TET'ies,  n.  That  part  of  medicme  which  re- 
lates to  diet  or  food. 

DI'ET4\E,  n.  A  subordinate  or  local  diet;  a  cantonal 
convent  ioQ. 

DI'ET-ING,  ppr.  Taking  food  ;  prescribing  rules  for 
eating  ;  taking  food  according  to  prescril)ea  rules. 

DIEa  ET  .VO.V  DROIT,  (de-a'a-mon-drwii,)  [Fr.] 
God  and  my  risht. 

DIF-FAR-RE-A'T!0\,  n.     [K  dis  and  farreatio,] 

The  parting  of  a  cake  ;  a  ceremony  among  the  Ro- 
mans, at  the  divorce  of  man  and  wife.  Eucyc, 

DrF'FER,  r.  i,  [I*  difrro,  dis  and  /ere,  to  bear  or  move 
apart  :  It.  dijrrirt :  *Fr.  diffrrer.     See  Bkab.] 

1.  Litfrally-,  to  be  sepnrute.  Hence,  to  be  unlike, 
dissimilar,  distinct,  or  various,  in  natiire,  condition, 
form,  or  qualities  ;  followed  by /row.  Men  differ  from 
brutes ;  a  statue  di^lirsjrom  a  picture ;  wisdom  diners 
frvm  folly. 

One  MAT  ijE^ereA  froni  aaofber  •(»■  in  ^arj.  —  1  Cor.  xr. 

2.  To  disagree  ;  not  to  accord  ;  to  be  of  a  contrary 
(pinion.  We  are  all  free  to  differ  in  opinion,  and 
sometimes  our  sentiments  diff^i-  less  than  we  at  first 
suppose. 

3.  To  contend  ;  to  be  at  variance  ;  ^o  strive  or  de- 
bate in  words  ;  to  dispute  ;  to  quarrel. 

We';i  ni?T*r  differ  wrJi  i  croir.led  pit.  Roare, 

DIF'FER,  r.  U  To  cause  to  be  different  or  various. 
A  different  dialect  and  pronunciation  differs  persons 
of  divers  countries.  lierham, 

[  This  transitive  Use  qf  the  verb  is  not  common^  turr  to 
be  commetflf'I.] 
DIF'FER-£D,  pp.  Made  different ;  disagreed. 
DIF'FER-EXCE,  n.  The  state  of  being  unlike  or  dis- 
lin£t;  distinction  ;  disagreement ;  want  of  sameness; 
variation  ;  dissimilarity.  Diffrrence  may  be  total  or 
partial,  and  exist  in  the  nature  and  essence  of  things, 
m  the  form,  the  qualities,  or  degrees.  _There  is  a  d\f- 


DIF 

ference  in  nature  Initween  animals  and  plants  ;  a  dif- 
ference in  form  between  the  gLmera  and  si>ecie8  of 
animals  ;  a  diffrrence  tif  quality  in  i»aper ;  and  a  dif- 
ference in  degrees  of  heat,  or  of  light. 

2.  The  quality  which  distinguishes  one  thing  from 
another. 

3.  Dispute  J  debate ;  contention  ;  quarrel ;  contro- 
versy. 

What  wai  the  d^ffertnet  7    It  was  k  oontrnlion  iu  puUic.    ShaJc. 

4.  The  point  in  dispute  ;  ground  of  controversy. 

5.  A  logical  distinction.  [Skak 
G.  Evidences  or  marks  of  distinction. 

The  m^irks  and  cSffertncea  of  »oyortignty.  Daviet. 

7.  Distinction. 

Thcrr   b   no  ^ff^rtnet  between  tha  Jew  %tiA   tho  Orock.  — 
Rom.  X. 

8.  In  mathfmaticji,  the  remainder  of  a  sum  or  quan- 
tity, after  a  lesser  sum  or  quantity  is  subtracted. 

9.  In  //>^i>,  an  essrnti.il  attribute,  beloncing  to 
some  species,  and  not  found  in  the  genus  ;  being  the 
idea  that  defines  the  sprcies.  F.ncyc. 

10.  In  hrrahlrti.  a  certain  figure  added  to  a  coat  of 
arms,  ser^'ing  to  ui^'tinRuish  one  family  from  another, 
or  to  show  how  distant  a  younger  branch  is  from 
the  elder  or  principal  branch. 

DIF'FER-E.VCE,  v.  L  To  cause  a  difference  or  dis- 
tinction. A  regular  administration  of  justice  accord- 
ing to  fixed  laws,  differences  a  civilized  from  a  savage 
state. 

DIF'FER-E\C-KD,  (dif 'fer-enst,)  pp.  Caused  to  dif- 
fer ;  sf  porated. 

DIF'FER-E.NC-ING,  ppr.  Causing  a  difference  ;  mak- 
iiie  differt-nl. 

DIF'FER-E\T,  a.  Distinct ;  separate  ;  not  the  same  ; 
as,  we  belong  to  different  churches  or  nations. 

9.  Various  or  contrary  ;  of  various  or  contrary  na- 
tures, forms,  or  qualities;  unlike;  dissimilar;  as, 
different  kinds  of  f<H»d  or  drink  ;  diffprent  states  of 
henltli ;  different  shapes  ;  diffident  degrees  of  excel- 
leure. 

DIF-FER-E\'TIAL,  (dif-fer-en'shal,)  a. 

I.  In  commerce,  creating  a  difference  ;  TLBy  differential 
duties.  Eniflaiid, 

3.  In  midhtmaHca,  an  epithet  used  in  fluxions,  or 
the  doctrine  of  infinitesimals;  as,  the  differential  cal- 
culus, (see  CALcirL,r»,)  a  differential  quantity,  (see 
the  noun  DtrrERKrcTiAL.) 

DIF-FER-EN'TIAL,  n.  In  the  differential  and  inteirrat 
calettliLSy  if  two  or  more  quantities  are  dependent  on 
each  other,  and  subject  to  variations  of  value,  their 
differtfttUah  are  any  nther  quantities  whose  ratios  to 
each  other  are  the  limits  to  which  the  ratios  of  the 
▼aristions  approximate,  as  these  variations  are  re- 
ducf-d  nearer  and  nearer  to  7-ero.        .4.  D.  Stanley. 

D1F-FER-E.\'TIAL  THER-MOM'E-TER,n.  A  ther- 
mometer fc*r  measuring  very  small  differences  of 
temperatur''.  Braade. 

DIFFEfl-EXT-LY,  arfr.  In  a  different  manner ;  va- 
riously. Men  are  differently  affected  with  tlie  same 
eli«qucnce. 

DIF'FER-I-VG,  ppr.  Being  unlike  or  distinct;  disa- 
prpeioff;  cont<"nding. 

DIFFER  IXG-LY,  adv.     In  a  different  manner. 

DIF'FI-CILE,  (diffe-sil,)  a.     [L.  diffcUis.] 

Difficult;  hard  ;  scrupulous.     [JVotused.]     Bacon. 

DIF'FI-CILE-N'ESS,  n.  Difficulty  to  be  persuaded. 
{,Y'*t  ttsejt.]  Baco7i, 

DIF'FI-eULT,  a.  [L.  diffcilis;  dis  and /aciZ/s,  easy 
to  1)6  made  or  done,  from  facio,  to  make  or  do  ;  Sp. 
difictUtoso ;  It.  difficoltosp.] 

1.  Hard  to  be  made,  done,  or  performed  ;  not  easy  ; 
attended  with  labor  and  pains  ;  as,  our  task  \s  difficult. 
It  is  di^cult  to  persuade  men  to  abandon  vice.  It  is 
difficult  to  ascend  a  steep  hill,  or  travel  a  bad  road 

2.  Hard  to  be  pleased  ;  not  easily  wrought  upon  ; 
not  readily  yielding;  not  compliant;  unaccommo- 
dating ;  rigid  ;  austere  ;  not  easily  managed  or  per- 
suaded ;  as,  a  difficult  man  j  a  person  of  a  difficult 
temper. 

3-  Hard  to  be  ascended,  as  a  hill ;  traveled,  as  a 
road  ;  or  crossed,  as  a  river,  &c.  VVe  say,  a  difficult 
a-'cent ;  a  difJirult  road  ;  a  difficult  river  to  cross,  &.c. 

DIF'FI-eULt-LY,  ad.     With  difficulty. 

DIF'FI-CUI^TY,  n.  [Fr.  diffUulU;  It.  difficoltd;  Sp. 
difcultud ;  L.  difficuttas.] 

1.  Hardness  to  be  done  or  accomplished  ;  the  state 
of  any  thing  which  renders  its  performance  labori- 
ous or  perplexing  ;  opposed  to  easiness  or  facility  :  as, 
the  difficultij  of  a  task  or  enterprise  ;  a  work  of  labor 
and  difficulty. 

2.  That  which  is  hard  to  be  performed  or  sur- 
mounted. We  often  mistake  difficulties  for  impossi- 
bilities. To  overcome  difficulties^  is  an  evidence  of  a 
great  mind. 

3.  Perplexity  ;  embarrassment  of  affairs  ;  trouble  ; 
whatever  renders  progress  or  execution  of  designs 
laborious.  We  He  under  many  difficulties,  by  reason 
of  bad  markets,  or  a  low  state  of  trade. 

4.  Objection  ;  obstacle  to  belief ;  that  which  can  not 
be  easily  understood,  explained,  or  believed.  Men 
often  raise  difficulties  concerning  miracles  and  myste- 
ries in  religion,  which  candid  research  will  remove. 


DIF 

5    In  a  popular  sense^  bodily  complaints;  indispo- 
sition. 
DIF'FIDE,  r.  i.     [h.  diffido  ;  dis  and  fdo,  to  trust.] 

To  distrust  ;  to  have  no  confidence  in.       [Rare.] 
DIF'FI-DENCE,  n.    [It.  diffidama ;  8p.  difidenciu  i  from 
X*.  diffidens,  d^ido  ;  dis  andjido,  to  trust.   See  Faith.] 

1.  Distrust;  want  of  confidence;  any  doubt  of  the 
power,  ability,  or  disposition  of  others.  It  is  said 
there  was  a  gciu^ral  diffitlcnce  of  the  strength  and  re- 
sources of  the  nation,  and  of  the  sincerity  of  the 
king. 

2.  More  generally,  distnist  of  one's  self;  want  of 
confidence  in  our  own  power,  competency,  correct- 
ness, or  wisdom  ;  a  doubt  respecting  some  personal 
qualification  We  speak  or  write  with  diffidence, 
when  we  doubt  our  ability  to  speak  or  write  cor- 
rectly, or  to  the  satisfaction  of  others.  The  effect  of 
diffidence  is  some  degree  of  reserve,  modesty,  timid- 
ity, or  bashtulness.     Ilence, 

3.  Modest  reserve  ;  a  moderate  degree  of  timidity  or 
bashfulness ;  as,  he  addressed  Uie  audience  or  the 
prince  witli  diffidence. 

DIF'Fl-DENT,  a.  Distrustful  j  wanting  confidence  ; 
doubting  another's  power,  disposition,  sincerity,  or 
intention. 

Up  not  diffiflent  of  wisdom.  Milton. 

2.  Distnistful  of  one's  self;  not  confident ;  doubt- 
ful of  one's  own  power  or  competency 

nUtmu  makes  the  humble  heart  diffident.  Clarisaa. 

3.  Reserved  ;  modest ;  timid  ;  as,  a  diffident  youth. 
DIF'FI-DENT-LY,  adv.    With  distrust ;  in  a  distrust- 

Ine  manner;  modestly. 
DIF-FLVU'  V.  t.  [L.  ditnwio.]     To  split 
DIF-FIN'I-TIVE,  a.     I)et.trminate  ;  difinitive. 
DIF-FLS'TION,  n.  The  act  of  scattering  by  a  gust  of 

wind. 
DIF'FLU  ENCE,    j 


DIF'PLU  EN-CY,i 

■   "  fallii 


[L.  diffiv^.] 

A  flowing  or  falling  away  on  all  sides.       Brown. 
DIF'FLU-ENT,  a.    Flowing  away  on  all  sides;  not 

fixed. 
DIF'FORM,  tf.     [L.  liwand/orma.     But  it  appears  to 
have  been  adopted  fnnn  (he  French  or  Italian  dif- 
forine,  which  we  write  d^onn.] 

1.  Irretiular  in  form  ;  not  uniform  ;  anomalous  ; 
as,  a  diffvrm  flower  or  corol,  the  parts  of  which  do  not 
corresiK)nd  in  size  or  proportion  ;  so,  difftrrm  leaves. 

2.  Unlike;  dissimilar.  [Martyii. 

The  uDi^uaJ  rirnctioni  of  rfiform  ray*.  NewUm. 

DIF-FORM'I-TY,  n.  Irregularity  of  form  ;  want  of 
u  n  ifonn  ity.  Brown* 

DIF-FRACT',  V.  L     [L.  diffractum,  diffnngo.'] 
To  break  or  separate  into  jiarts,  as  light. 

DIF-FRACT'ED,  pp.     Broken  or  separat^^d  into  parti 

DIF-FRA€'TION,  7i.  [from  L.  diffringo,  diffracpuniy  to 
break  in  pieces.] 

In  optics,  a  change  which  light  undergoes,  when, 
by  passing  very  near  the  borders  of  an  opaque  body, 
it  forms  parallel  bands  or  fringes.  D.  Olmsted. 

DIF-FRAN'CHISE,  /  „        r\ 

DIF-FRAN'CHISE-MENT,  \  °^®  Uisfhakchise, 
which  is  the  word  in  use. 

DIF-Ffj!5E',  (dif-fuze',)  w.  t,  [L.  diffusus;  diffitndoi 
dis  and  fundv,  to  pour,  to  spread.  If  n  is  casual,  as 
it  probably  is,  the  root  belongs  to  Class  Bd  or  Bs.] 

1.  To  pour  out  and  spread,  as  a  tiuid  ;  to  cause  to 
flow  and  spread.  The  river  rose  and  diffused  its 
waters  over  the  adjacent  plain. 

9.  To  spread  ;  to  send  out  or  extend  in  all  direc- 
tions.     Flowers  diffuse  their  odors.     The  fame  of 
Washington  is  diffused  over  Europe.     The  knowl- 
edge of  the  true  God  will  be  diffused  over  the  earth. 
DIF-FOSE',  a.    Widely  spread  ;  dispersed. 

2.  Copious;  prolix;  using  many  words;  giving 
full  descriptions  ;  as,  Livy  is  a  diffuse  writer. 

3.  Copious;  verbose;  containing  full  or  particular 
accounts  ;  not  concise  ;  as,  a  diffuse  style. 

DIF-FCS'ED,  (dif-fuzd',)  pp.    Spread  ;  dispersed. 
2.  Loose;  flowing;  wild.  Sl>ak. 

DIF-FCS'ED-LY,  (dif-fuz'ed-Iy,)  adv.  In  a  diffused 
manner;  with  wide  dispersion. 

DIF-FrS'ED-NESS,  (dif-fiiz'cd-ness,)  n.  The  state 
of  bring  widely  spread.  Sherwood. 

DIF-FUSE'LV,  adv.     Widely  ;  extensively. 
2.  Copiously  ;  with  many  words  ;  fully. 

DIF-FCS'ER,  n.     One  who  diffuses. 

DIF-FP-SI-BIL'I-TY,  (dif-fa-zpbil'i-ty,)  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  diffusible,  or  capable  of  being  spread  ; 
as,  the  diff'unhility  of  clay  in  water.  Kirwaiu 

DIF-Fu^SI-BLE,  (dif  fu'ze-ble,)  a.  That  may  flow  or 
be  spread  in  all  directions  ;  that  may  be  dispersed  ; 
as.  difftisible.  stimuli.  Brown. 

DIF-FtJ'stl-BLE-NESS,  n.    Difl^isibility. 

DlF-FuS'I.\G,  ppr.     Spreading;  extending. 

DIF-FC'SION,  (dif-fu'zhun,)  n,  A  spreading  or  flow- 
ing of  a  liquid  substance  or  fluid,  in  a  lateral  as  wtrll 
as  a  lineal  direction  ;  as,  the  diffusion  of  water  ;  the 
diffusion  of  air  or  light. 

2.  A  spreading  or  scattering;  dispersion;  as,  a 
diffusion  of  dust  or  of  seeds. 

3.  A  spreading;  extension;  propagation;  as,  the 
diffusiim  of  knowledge,  or  of  good  principles. 


Fate,  far,  fall,  what.— MeTE,  PREY.  — fine,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NfiTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


DIG 

4.  Cupiou&aesa,  exuberance,  aa  of  style.  ILittle 
nstd.] 

DIF-FO'SIVE,  a.  Having  the  qnality  of  difTusing,  or 
spreading  by  flowing,  as  liquid  ;iiibstancea  or  fluids  ; 
or  of  dispersing,  as  niinuto  particles.  Water,  air, 
and  ligiit,  duat,  smoke,  and  odors,  are  diffusive  suLh 
stances. 

2.  Extended  ;  spread  widHy  ;  extending  in  all  di- 
rections i  extensive  ;  as,  di^^ire  charity  or  benevo- 
lence. 

DIF-FO'SIVE-LY,  adv  Widely ;  extensively  j  every 
way. 

DIF-FC'SIVE-NESS,  n.  The  power  of  diffusing,  or 
state  of  being  diffused  ;  dispersion. 

2.  Extension,  or  extcnsiveness  \  as,  the  diffusive- 
ness of  benevolence. 

3.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  diffuse,  as,  an  au- 
thor or  his  style  ;  verboscness  j  copiousness  of  words 
or  expression.  Addison, 

DIG,  P.  L  pret.  Digged  or  Duo;  pp.  Digged  or  Duo. 
[Sw.  dika ;  Dan.  diger,  to  dig,  to  ditch ;  Sw.  d^tc,  a  ditch, 
Dan.  dige  t    D.  dyk^  a  dykt ;   G.  deichj  Sax.  die,  id. ; 

Sax.  didan.  to  ditch  ;  Elh.  X(Vii  dachl  Class  Dg, 
No.  14.  The  Irij^h  tochlaim,  tachlaim,  to  dig,  may  be 
from  the  same  root.] 

1.  To  open  and  break,  or  turn  up  the  earth,  with 
a  spade  or  other  sharp  instrument. 

Be  &r«  U)  dif  Uie  gutund.  Diydtn. 

3.  To  excavate ;  to  form  an  openinK  in  the  earth 
by  digging  and  removing  the  loose  earth  ;  as,  to  dig  a 
welt,  a  pit,  or  a  mine. 

3.  To  pierce  or  o|)en  with  a  snout  or  by  other 
means,  a?  swine  or  moles. 

4.  To  pierce  with  a  pointed  instrument  j  to  thrust  in. 
Still  Pjf  the  jTiiwiiig  liver  liigged  h'n  bp.-uL  Dryden. 

To  dig  dtrvn,  is  to  undennine  and  cause  to  faJt  by 
digging  i  as,  to  di^  down  a  wall. 

To  div  oui,  or  ta  dig  from,  is  to  obtain  by  digging  ; 
a-s,  to  dig  coals  from  a  mine  ;  to  dig  out  fossils.  But 
the  preposititm  is  oflen  omitted,  and  it  is  said,  the 
men  are  digging  couls,  or  digging  iron  ore.  In  such 
phrases,  some  word  is  undersujod  :  Tlu-y  are  digging 
out  ore,  or  (iiffffi/^g  /*""  coals,  or  digging  ore  from  the 
earth. 

To  dig  vp,  is  lo  obtain  something  from  the  earth  by 
opening  it,  or  uncovering  the  thing  witJi  a  tiipade  ur 
other  instrument,  or  to  forcti  out  from  the  earth  by  a 
bar ;  as,  to  dig  up  a  stnnc. 
DIG,  r.  i.  To  work  with  a  spade  or  other  piercing  in- 
strument ;  to  do  servile  work, 

t  fcui  not  dig ;  1  »io  MhnmevI  to  ifg.  —  Luke  xrL 

2  To  work  in  search  of;  to  search. 

They  dig  for  it  more  duin  for  hid  tremurCT.  — Job  ui. 

To  dig  in,  is  to  pierce  with  a  spade  or  other  pointed 
instrument. 

Son  of  man,  dig  now  in  (lie  wall. —  T.vtk.  »»!. 

To   dig  through  ;  to  ojwn  a  passage  through ;    lo 
make  nn  opening  from  one  "ide  id  the  other. 
DI-GAM'.MA,  n.     [Gr.  <iiv  and  jOi';/a,  double  gamma.] 
The   name  of  a  Irit^-r  in   the  early  language  of 
Greecf,   which    gradually   fell    into    disuse,  except 
among  the  Eolics.      It   h:is  very  nearly  the   sound 
of  the   English  f,  and  was  called  digamma  from  its 
resemblance  to  two  gamntas,  one  placed  above  the 
other. 
DIG'A-MYjTT.  Sccotni  marriage.  fJVo*  m  mjc]  Herbert. 
DI-GAtt'TRie,  a.     [Gr.  <'.s  and  >  a^np,  belly.] 

ll:ivin^  a  double  belly  j  an  epithet  given  to  a  mus- 
cle of  thr-  lower  iaw.  Bailey, 
DIG'ER-ENT,  a.     [h.  digereHS.] 

Digeaiing.     [A*rt(  tn  ».■*«.] 
Dt'OE-^JT,  n.     [L.  digfMu^,  put  in  order.] 

I.  A  coilection  or  body  «f  Roman  laws,  digested  or 
arranged  under  proper  titles  by  order  of  the  emperor 
Justinian.    A  pandect. 

3.  Any  coHertion,  compilation,  abridgment,  or 
nimmary  of  laws,  disjtoscd  under  proper  heads  or 
litl»»8  ;  OB,  the  Digrsl  of  Comyn. 
DI-6E.^T',  V.  U  [L.  digfstum,  from  digrro,  to  distrib- 
iite,  or  to  di«s(dve  ;  rfi,  or  t/u,  and  gero,  to  hear,  carry, 
or  Wear  ;  Fr.  digerrr  ;  It.  digerire  ;  Sp.  digerir.l 

1.  To  distribute  into  suitable  climsc!*,  or  under 
proper  hoad»  or  titles  ;  to  arrange  in  convenient  or- 
der ,  to  dispose  in  due  method  j  as,  to  digest  the  Ro- 
man laws  or  the  common  law. 

2.  To  arrange  methodically  in  the  mind  ;  to  form 
with  due  arrangement  of  parts  ;  as,  to  digest  a  plan 
or  scheme. 

3.  To  separate  or  dissolve  in  the  stomach,  as  food  : 
to  reduce  to  minute  parts  fit  to  enter  the  lacteala  and 
circulate }  to  concoct ;  to  convert  into  chyme. 

Coze.     Koeyc* 

4.  In  ehemistry.  to  noften  and  prepare  by  heat ;  to 
expose  to  a  gentle  hent  in  a  boiler  or  matratts,  as  a 
preparation  for  chemical  o[)erations. 

Ji.  To  bear  with  pali'^ncej  to  brook;  to  receive 
without  resentment;  not  to  reject;  as,  say  what 
you  will,  he  will  digest  it.  Shak. 

6.  To  prepare  in  the  mind  ;  to  dispose  in  a  manner 
that  shall  improve  the  understanding  and  heart;  to 


DIG 

prepare  for  nourishing  practical  duties  ;  as,  to  digtst 
a  discourse  or  sermon. 

7.  To  dispose  an  ulcer  or  wound  to  suppurate. 

8.  To  di.-4solve  and  prepare  fur  manure,  as  plants 
and  other  substances. 

DI-45EST',  p.  i.    To  be  prepared  by  heat. 

2.  To  suppurate  ;  to  generate  laudable  pus  \  as  an 
ulcer  or  wound. 

3.  To  dissolve  and  be  prepared  for  manure,  as  sub- 
stances in  composL 

DI-GEST'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Reduced  to  method  ;  arranged 
in  due  order  ;  concocted  or  prepared  in  the  stomach 
or  by  a  gentle  heat ;  received  without  rejection ; 
borne  ;  disposed  for  use. 

DI-GEST'EI)-LY,  fulo.     In  a  well  arranged  manner. 

DI-GEST'ER,  n.     He  that  digests  or  disposes  in  order. 

9.  One  who  digests  his  food. 

3.  A  medicine  or  article  of  food  that  aids  diges- 
tion, or  strengthens  the  digestive  power  of  the  stom- 
ach. 

4.  A  strong  vessel,  contrived  by  Papin,in  which  to 
buil  bony  substances  with  a  strong  heat,  and  reduce 
them  to  a  tluid  state  ;  or,  in  general,  to  increase  the 
solvent  power  of  water. 

DI-GE.sr-I-RIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  di- 
gestible. 

DI-GRyT'I-HLE,  a.     Capable  of  being  digested.  Bacon. 

DI-GEST'ING,  ppr.  Arranging  in  due  order,  or  imder 
proper  heads  ;  dissolving  and  preparing  for  circula- 
tion in  the  stomach  ;  softening  and  preparing  by 
heat;  disposing  for  practice;  disposing  to  generate 
pus;  brn4iki[ig;  reducing  by  heat  to  a  fluid  state. 

Dl-GES'TIO.\,  (de-jcst'yun,)  n.     [L.  digestia.] 

1.  The  conversion  of  food  into  chyme,  or  the  pro- 
cess of  decomposing  aliment  in  the  stomach  and  re- 
composing  it  in  a  new  form,  and  thus  prefiaring  it 
for  circulation  and  nourishment.  A  good  digestion  is 
e!»entinl  to  health. 

2.  In  chemistry,  the  operation  of  exiKxsing  bodies  to 
a  gentle  heat,  to  prepare  them  for  some  action  on 
each  other;  or  tlie  slow  action  of  a  solvent  on  any 
substance. 

3.  The  act  of  methodizing  and  reducing  to  order; 
the  maturing  of  a  design.  Trmple. 

4.  The  pror^'ss  of  maturing  an  ulcer  or  wound, 
and  disposing  it  to  generate  pus  ;  or  the  generation 
of  matter. 

5.  The  process  of  dissolution  and  preparation  of 
substances  for  manure,  as  in  compost. 

DI-<jEi^T'IVE,  a.  Having  the  power  to  cause  diges- 
tion in  the  stomach;  as,  a  digestive  preparation  of 
medicine. 

2.  CajMible  of  softening  and  preparing  by  heat 

3.  Methodizing;  reducing  to  order;  as,  digr^tioe 
thought.  Drydcn. 

4.  Causing  maturation  in  wounds  or  ulcers. 

5.  !>is«olving. 

DI-6EST'IVE,  iu  In  ?n«/j>me,  any  preparation  or  med- 
icine which  increases  the  tone  of  the  stomach,  and 
aids  digestion  ;  a  stomachic  ;  a  corroborant. 

2.  In  surgtrit,  an  application  which  ripens  an  ul- 
cer or  wound,  or  disi>ose8  it  to  suppurate. 
Digestirr  salt,  the  muriate  of  potash. 

ni-GE.'*TMJRE,  n.      Concoction;    digestion.  [iZore.] 

DIG'GA-HLE,  o.    That  may  be  digged. 

DIG'G/.'D,  (digd,)pr?(.  and  pp.  of  Dio. 

DIG'GER,  «.  One  who  digs ;  one  who  opens,  throws 
up,  and  breaks  the  earth  ;  one  who  opens  a  well,  pit, 
trench,  or  ditch. 

DIG'GIXG,  ppr.  Opening  or  turning  the  earth  with  a 
spade. 

DIGH'r,(dite,)o,  (.  [Sas.tfaAt,  disposition,  order,  com- 
mand ;  dihtan,  to  set,  establish,  prepart%  instruct, 
dictate.  This  seems  to  be  from  the  same  source  as 
the  L.  dieo,  dicto.'] 

To  prepare;  to  put  In  order:  hence,  to  dress,  or 
put  on  ;  to  array;  to  adorn.  [Ot/solete,  or  uj*ed  only 
in  poetry.  MiUotu 

DIG'IT,  n,  [L.  digttusj  a  finger,  that  is,  a  shoot ;  Gr. 
6aKTvXof.] 

1.  The  measure  of  a  finger's  breadth,  or  three 
fourtti4  of  an  inch.  BoyU. 

2.  Tlie  twelfth  part  of  the  diameter  of  the  sun  or 
moon  ;  a  term  used  to  express  the  ipiantity  of  an 
eclipse  ;  as,  an  eclipse  of  six  digits  is  one  whidi 
hides  one  half  of  the  disk. 

3.  In  arithmrtic,  any  integer  under  10;  so  called 
from  counting  on  the  fingers.  Thus,  1,  ^  3, 4,  5  6, 
7.  8,  9,  are  called  digits. 

DIGTI'-AL,  o.     [L.  diiritatis.] 

Pertaining  to  the  fingers,  or  to  diuits. 

DlG-I-'i'A'LI-A,     iju     A  supjjosed  alkaloid  obtained 

DI-GI-TA'LINE,  ]  from  the  foxglove  or  Digitalis 
purpurr.a.  It  has  not  been  obtained  in  a  perfectly  pure 

DIG  l-TA'LIfl,  n.     [I^  (/iffiViM,  a  finger.]  [state. 

The  plant  zixWca  fozglove  ;  the  name  of  a  genus  of 
plants. 

DIG'IT-ATE,  r.  (.    To  pt)int  out  as  with  the  finger. 

DIG'IT-A'J'E,       la.  In  botany,  a  digitate  leaf   is  one 

DIG'IT-;\-TED,  I  which  branches  into  several  dis- 
tinct lealleLs,  like  fingers  ;  or  when  a  simple,  undi- 
vided petiole  connects  several  leaflets  at  the  end 
of  it.  MartMn. 

DIG'IT-ATR-LY,  adv.    In  a  digitate  manner 


DIG 

DIG  IT-A'TION,  tt.  [L.]  A  division  into  flnger-Iike 
processes.  OUberL 

DIG'IT-I-GRADE,  n.  [L.  digitus,  a  finger  or  toe,  and 
gradior,  to  walk.] 

An  animal  that  walks  or  steps  on  his  toes,  as  the 
lion,  wolf,  &c.  BcU, 

DIG'IT-I-GRADE,  a.  Walking  on  the  toes,  as  the 
cat  and  dog. 

DI-GLA'DI-ATE,  v.  t.     [L.  digtadior.] 
To  fence  ;  to  quarrel.     [Little  used.] 

DI-GLa-DI-A'TION,  n.  A  combat  with  swords  ;  a 
quarrel.  B.  Joni^on. 

DI'GLYPH, n.  [Gr.  ^is,  twice,  and  jXu^ot,  to  carve.] 
In  archttettare,^  projecting  face  having  two  panels  or 
channels  sunk  in.  The  triglyph  has  three.     Owilt. 

DIGNI-FI-CA'TION,  ju  [See  DioNtrT.]  The  act 
of  dignif\  ing;  exaltation;  promotion.  H'altoiu 

DIG'NI-FI-£D,  rdig'ni-nde.)pp.  [See  Diosift.]  Ex- 
alted ;  honorea ;  invested  with  dignity  ;  as,  the  dig- 
nified clergy. 

2.  a.  Marked  with  dignity;  noble;  as,  dignified 
conduct  or  manner. 

To  ibe  great  Minnuhment  of  tbe  J<.>wa,  Ibe  nwinn^ra  of]oan%  an 
rjniili.ir,  yet  dignijicd.  Bticktninaier. 

DIG'NI-F?,  V.  t.  [Sp,  dignificar  t  L.  digjius,  worthy, 
and  facio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  invest  with  honor  or  dignity  ;  to  exalt  in 
rank  ;  to  promote  ;  to  elevate  to  a  high  ortice. 

2.  To  honor ;  to  make  illustriuus  ;  to  distinguish 
by  some  excellence,  or  that  which  gives  celebrity. 

Your  worth  will  dignify  our  fcnsi.  B.  Jonton, 

DIG'Nl-TA-RY,  n.  An  ecclesiastic  who  holds  a  dig- 
nity, or  a  benefice  which  gives  him  some  pre-emi- 
nence over  mere  priests  and  canons,  as  a  bishop, 
dean,  archdeacon,  prebendary,  A-C.  Encye.  Swift. 
DIG'NI-TY,  n.  [L.  dignitas,  from  dignus,  worthy  ; 
Sp.  digno  ;  It.  degrto ;  Fr.  digue;  Arm.  dign  or  din. 
Qu.  its  relation  to  Sax.  dugan,to  be  good,  lo  avail,  to 
be  worth,  to  be  profitable.  It  is  probable  that  g 
and  n  are  not  both  radical,  but  it  is  uncurtitin 
which.] 

1.  True  honor ;  nobleness  or  elevation  of  mind, 
consisting  in  a  high  sense  of  propriety,  truth,  and 
justice,  with  an  abhorrence  of  mean  and  sinful  ac- 
tions ;  opiKised  to  meanness.  In  this  sense,  we  speak 
of  the  dignity  of  mind,  and  dignity  of  sentiments, 
'i'his  dignity  is  based  on  moral  rectitude;  all  vice  is 
incompatible  with  true  rff™Ti''y  of  mind.  The  man 
who  deliberately  injures  another,  whether  male  or 
female,  has  no  true  dignity  of  soul. 

2.  Elevation  ;  honorable  place  or  rank  of  eleva- 
tion ;  degree  of  excellence,  either  in  estimation,  or 
in  the  order  of  nature.  Man  is  superior  in  dignity  to 
brutes. 

3.  Elevation  of  aspect ;  grandeur  of  mien  ;  as,  a 
man  of  native  dignity. 

4.  Elevation  of  deportment ;  as,  dignity  of  man- 
ners or  behavior. 

5.  An  elevated  oflice,  civil  or  ecclesiastical,  giving 
a  high  rank  in  society;  advancement ;  preferment, 
or  the  rank  attached  to  it.  We  say,  a  man  enjoys 
his  dignity  with  moderation,  or  without  haughtiness. 
Among  ecclesiastics,  dipiity  is  oflice  or  preferment 
joined  with  power  or  jurisdiction. 

Bailey.     Johnson. 

6.  The  rank  or  title  of  a  nobleman.  Knryc. 

7.  In  oratory,  one  of  the  three  parts  of  elocution, 
consisting  in  the  right  use  of  tropes  and  figures. 

Kncyr. 

8.  In  astrology,  an  advantage  which  a  planet  has 
on  account  of  its  being  in  some  particular  place  of 
the  zodiac,  or  in  a  particular  station  in  respect  to 
other  planets.  Badnj. 

9.  A  general  maxim  or  principle.    [Mot  Msed.\ 

Brown. 
DIG-NO'TION,  n.     [L.  dignoseo.] 

Distinguishing  mark  ;   distinction.     [JVof  in  use..'] 

Briiwm. 
DIG'0-NOUS,  a.     [Gr.  in  and  you-ia,  an  angle  ] 

In  botany,  having  two  angles,  as  a  stem  Lee. 

DI'GRAPH,  (dl'graf,)  n.  [Gr.  in  and  ypaipoi,  to 
write.] 

A  union  of  two  vowels,  of  which  one  only  fs  pro- 
nounced, as  in  heady  breath,  Sheridan. 
Dl-GKESfc^',  V.  i.      [  Ij.  digrfsfus,  digredior ;   di,  or  dis, 
and  grodior,  to  sti'p.     See  Grauk.] 

J.  Literally,  to  step  or  go  from  the  way  or  road  ; 
hence,  to  depart  or  wander  from  the  main  subject, 
design,  or  tenor  of  a  discourse,  argument,  ur  narra- 
tion ;  used^nly  of  spr.aking  or  writing. 

In  the  piiratiil  of  itn  arpimcnt  ihcw  It  hardly  room  lo  digreat 
into  a  pnrltciilnr  cTliiittioii,  »a  oflvn  lu  a  man  vftri<-s  Die 
nielli ficatioi)  of  ooj  t«rm.  Locke. 

9.  To  go  out  of  the  right  way  or  common  track  ; 
to  deviate  ;   in  a  literal  sense.     [jVtiC  nuic  in  ii^r.] 

.Shak. 
DI-GRESS'ING,  ppr.    Departing  from  the  main  sub- 
ject 
Dl-GRES'SION,  fde-gresh'un,)  ».     [I.,  digressio.] 

1.  The  act  of  digressing;  a  departure  from  the 
main  subject  under  consideration;  an  excursion  of 
speech  or  writing. 

2.  The  part  or  passage  of  a  disci)urse,  argument,  or 


TONE,  BJJf'L,  UNITE.  — AN"GEa,  VI"CIOUS.— €  an  K;  O  as  J ;  a  as  Z ;  OH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


333 


DIL 

pamtinn,  which  deviates  fVom  the  main  suhjpct, 
teutir,  or  (]i.:^igti,  but  wtuch  uiay  have  some  relation 
to  it,  or  be  of  u.<e  to  it- 

3.  IX-viaiion  from  a  rfpular  ctmrse  ;  as,  th^  rfi>r«*- 
sion  of  the  sun  i^  iioC  equal.     [Litile  u^fd.)    Bri'tcn. 
DI-GRES'SION-AL,  o.     IVrtainiiiB  to  or  consisting;  in 
digression  ;  departing  from  the  nutin  purpose  or  sub- 
jecl.  }f'artoH.     jlitams^  LeeL 

DI-GRESf:'lVE,  a.  Departiitg  frum  the  main  sub- 
ject }  partaltiug  of  the  nature  of  digression. 

J.  Q.  Jidnm*. 
DI-GRESS'IVE-LY,  adc,    Py  way  of  digression. 
l)I-GYN'i-A,  It.  [Or.  r.(,  twue,  and  }  vrtr,  a  female.] 
Id  buanyy  an  order  oi  plants  having  two  styles. 

Dl^YN-O^s/l    ••    In  »<»to«lf.  having  two  styles. 

DI-He'DRAL,  d.    [Gr.  itiy  twice,  and  kipa.  b  seat  or 
face.] 
Havine  two  sides,  as  a  figure. 

Dt-H£'DRON\  n.  [Etuprx]  A  ttgitre  with  two  itdei 
orsmiaces. 

DI-HfiX-A-Ue^DRAL,  s.  [di  and  krxaXeJml]  In 
enftUXUfTttfkn^  having  the  form  of  a  hexnnedral 
pnsm  with  criMdral  summits.  CUmManA. 

0X-T-AM'BU8.  a.  In  pr^odf^  a  double  iambos ;  a  foot 
coasntinc  m  two  iambiwes. 

DI-JC'DieATE,  e.  t,     fL.  dijudka.] 

To  Judee  or  detenaine  by  censure.  Halet, 

DI-JC'Dl-€A-TED,  jrp.  Judged  or  detenntned  by 
censure. 

DWC'DI-€A-TIXG,  ppr.  Judging  or  determining  by 
censure. 

DIJO-DI-€A'T10X,  m.  A  judging  between  ;  judicial 
distinction. 

DIKE,  s.  [Sax.  die ;  Sw.  Me  :  Dnn.  di^e  ;  D.  dyk ;  G. 
dekki  Ij^dMgi  SetiL  dikA,  difk  i  h\.,digit4;  Sp.d*qu£; 
from  if^nv.  (See  Dig.)  It  is  nufically  tbe  same 
word  as  diuk^  and  this  is  its  prinmry  sense ;  but  by 
an  easv  transition,  it  came  to  signify  also  the  bank 
formed  by  digging  and  lliruwing  up  earth.  In- 
trejukmumt  is  sometimes  used  both  for  a  ditch  and  a 
nunpwL] 

1.  A  ditch ;  an  excavation  made  in  tbe  earth  by 
diSSing,  of  greater  length  than  breadth,  intended  as 
ft  reseni'oir  of  water,  a  dr«in,  or  for  other  purpose. 

Z>rydm.     Pope. 
3.  A  mound  of  earth,  of  stones,  or  of  <<ber  mate- 
rials, intended  to  prevent  low  lands  Oom  being  in- 
ondated  by  the  sea  or  a  river.    I'be  low  counthe*  of 
Holland  are  thus  defended  by  dike^ 

3.  A  vein  of  basalt,  greenstone,  or  other  stony  sub- 
stsiice ;  or  an  intrusion  of  melted  matter  into  rents 
or  fissores  of  rocks.  Clmedmrnd,    MomUU. 

DIKE,  r.  I.    To  surround  or  pcotecl  with  a  dike  j  to 

secure  by  a  bank. 
PTKE,  r.  i.    To  dig.    [Abe  m  use,'] 
DIK'£0,  (dikt,)  7p.    Summnded  with  a  dike. 
DIK'IXG,  a.    The  act  of  diking,  or  surrounding  with 

dikes. 
DIK'ING,  ppr.    Surrounding  with  a  dike  }    making 

a  dike. 
DI-LAC'ES-ATE,  v.  L    [L.  dOaesr*;  di  and  ltuer»,  to 
tear.] 
To  tear ;  to  rend  asunder ;  to  separate  by  force. 

BrOKO. 

I)I-LAC'ER-A-TED.  pp.     Torn  ;  rent  asunder. 

I)I-L.\C'ER-A-TIXG,  j^tr.    Tearmg ;  rending  in  two. 

DI-LAC-ER  A'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  rending  asunder ; 
a  tearing,  or  rending.  [In  lieu  of  these  words,  Lac- 
XKATr,  La.ckkatio5,  are  generally  used.] 

D{-LA'M-aT£,  c  L  [L.  ddamio  f  di  and  tanwt  to  rend 
in  pieces.] 

To  tear;  to  rend  in  pieces;  lo  man^e.  [IMxIe 
used.]  Htnoell. 

DI-LA->I-A'TIOX,  «.    A  tearing  in  pieces. 

DI-LAP'I-DATE,  r.  i.     [L.  ddapidc;  di  and  lapido,  to 
stone,  from  lapis,  a  stone.     It  seems  originally   to 
have  signified  to  pull  down  stone-work,  or  to  eulfer 
such  work  to  fall  to  pieces.] 
To  go  to  ruin  ;  lo  fall  by  decay. 

DI-LAP'I-DATE,  r.  L  To  pull  down  ;  to  waste  or  de- 
stroy ;  to  sufier  to  go  to  ruiu. 

IT  Ifae  fci^cp,  puioa,  or  rfear.  ftc,  £ktpiAugt  the  bufldings,  or 
cak  mmu  the  linter  of  the  purfmoaj'  o(  the  ehunh. 

BtaektUme. 

2.  To  waste  ;  to  squander. 
DI-L.\P'I-DA-TED,;»p.oro.    Wasted;  ruined;  pulled 

down  :  suffered  to  go  to  ruin. 

DI-LAP'I-DA-TIXG,  ppr.  Wasting;  piUling  down; 
suift-ring  to  go  to  ruin. 

DI-L.\P-I-DA'"TIOX,  n.  Ecclesiastical  waste  ;  a  vol- 
untary wasting  or  suffering  to  go  to  decay  any  build- 
ing in  posBCsaton  of  an  incumbent.  Dilapidation  is 
tw^Rtory,  or  active,  when  an  incumbent  pulls  down 
a  building ;  permistwe,  or  passive,  when  he  suffers  it 
to  decay  and  neglects  to  repair  it.  Dilapidation  ex- 
tends to  the  waste  or  destruction  of  wood,  and  other 
property  of  the  church.  BlacksUnu. 

2.  Destruction  ;  demolition  ;  decay  ;  ruin. 

BrfonL 

3.  Peciilation.  Stepktnt. 
DI-LAP'I-DA-TOR,  a.    One  who  causes  dilapidation. 
DI-LA-TABIL'r-TV,ii.     [See  Dilate.]     The  quality 


DIL 

of  admitting  expansion  by  the  elastic  force  of  the 
body  iisflf,  or  of  another  elastic  substance  acting 
u|H»n  it ;  opposed  to  contractibility. 

DI-LAT'.\-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  expansion  ;  possessing 
elasticity  ;  clastic.  A  bljidder  is  dilatable  by  the 
force  of  air ;  air  is  dilatable  by  heat.  It  is  opposed 
to  eoHtmetihle. 

DIL-A-TA'TION,  K.  Tbe  act  of  exixinding  ;  expan- 
sion ;  a  spreading  or  extending  in  all  directions  ;  the 
stale  of  being  expanded  ;  opiKwed  to  contractwn. 
Dilatation  differs  from  extension,  as  the  tatter  is  ap- 
plied lo  lines  and  surfaces  ;  the  former  to  bodies  that 
spread,  open,  or  enlarge  in  all  directions.  A  line  or 
a  plain  is  extended  ;  a  bladder,  an  artery,  a  balloon, 
ta  dilated. 

2.  The  expanding  of  a  body  into  greater  bulk  by 
its  own  elastic  power. 

DI-LATE'  r.  (.  [L.  dilatP ;  di  and  lahi,t,  wide;  Fr. 
dtlater  ;  It.  dilatare  ;  Pp.  dilatar.     See  Delay.] 

1.  To  expand  ;  to  distend  ;  to  enlarge  or  extend  in 
all  directions ;  opposed  to  eontrart.  The  air  dilaU^ 
the  lungs  ;  air  is  dilated  by  rarefaction. 

2.  To  enlarge  ;  to  relate  at  large ;  to  tell  copiously 
or  diffusely  ;  as,  to  dilate  upon  the  policy  of  a  meas- 
ure. In  this  sense,  it  is  generally  used  intransitively. 
Spenst-r  and  Shak^[ieare  have  used  it  in  a  transitive 
sense  ;  as,  to  dilate  a  theme. 

DI-LATE',  r.  i.  To  widen ;  lo  expand;  to  swell  or 
extend  in  all  directions. 

UiM  bc«n  i&iiiits  :ui\\  florin  tn  hit  ttrrngth.  Aii^imin. 

2.  To  speak  largt-ly  and  copiously  ;  to  dwell  on  in 
narration.  An  advocate  may  weaken  his  argument 
by  dUatinff  on  trivial  circumstances. 

DI-LATE',  o.     Expinded  ;  expansive. 

DI-LAT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Expanded  ;  distended  ;  enlarged 
8t>  as  to  occupy  a  greater  space. 

DI-LAT'ER,  n.  Uiie  who  enlarges;  that  which  ex- 
pands. 

Dl-LAT'IXG,  ;>pr.     Expanding;  enlarging;  speaking 

DI-LA'TION,  n.     Delay,  [largely. 

DI-LAT'OR,  n.  That  which  widens  or  expands;  a 
muscle  that  dilates. 

DIL'.VTO-RI-LY,  adp.    With  delav  ;  tardily. 

DIL'A-TO-RI-XESS,  n.  [from  dUa'tory.]  The  quality 
of  being  dilatory  or  late  ;  lateness  ;  slowness  in  mo- 
tion ;  delay  in  proceeding;  tardiness, 

DIL'A-TORY,  a.  [Fr.  dtlatvire ;  ll.  dilatorio  ;  Low 
I*,  dilatoriuj^  from  dtffero^  dHatits.  See  Delay  and 
Dilate.] 

1.  Liierall^y  drawing  out  or  extending  in  time : 
hence,  slow  ;  late  ;  lardy  ;  applied  to  things}  as,  dila- 
tdrry  Councils  or  measures. 

%  Given  to  procrastination  ;  not  proceeding  with 
diligence  ;  making  dflay  ;  ulow  ;  late  ;  applied  to  per- 
sons; as,  a  dilatory  messenger.  A  man  is  dilatjtry 
when  be  delays  attendance,  or  performance  of  busi- 
ness, beyond  the  pro[>er  time. 

3.  In  iaWf  intended  to  make  delay  ;  tending  to 
det:iy  ;  as,  a  dilaiorp  )tlea,  which  is  designed,  or 
which  tendf:,  to  delay,  the  trial  of  a  cause.  Blackstone. 

DI-LEC'TION,  n.     [L.  diUciio.] 

A  loving.  Martin. 

DI-LEM'MA,  B.      [Gr.  J(>i;//(ia,   a   syllogism   which 

strikes  on  each  side  ;  ctt  and  Xr/iiiia,  an  assumption, 

from  A  iftjivdif  to  take.] 

1.  In  toffic^  an  argument  which  presents  an  antag- 
onist with  two  or  more  alternatives,  but  is  equally 
conclusive  against  him,  whichever  alternative  he 
chooses.  A  young  rhetorician  said  to  an  old  sophist, 
**  Instruct  me  in  pleading,  and  I  will  pay  you  wlien  I 
gain  a  cause."  The  master  sued  for  the  reward, 
and  the  scholar  endeavored  to  elude  the  claim  by  a 
dilemma.  "  If  I  gain  my  cause,  I  shall  withhold 
your  pay,  because  the  award  of  the  Judge  will  be 
against  you.  If  I  lose  it,  I  may  withhold  it,  because 
I  shall  not  yet  have  gained  a  cause.**  The  master 
replied,  "If  you  gain  your  cause,  you  must  pay  me, 
because  you  are  to  pay  me  when  you  gain  a  cause  ; 
if  you  lose  it,  you  must  pay  me,  because  the  judge 
will  award  it.*'  Johiuton. 

2.  A  difficult  or  doubtful  choice  ;  a  state  of  things 
in  which  evils  or  obstacles  present  themselves  on  ev- 
er)' side,  and  it  is  difficult  to  detencine  what  course 
to  pursue. 

A  »tn>ng  dilemma  in  a  despenite  case  I 

To  net  wUh  intiun;,  or  quit  Uie  place.  Sunjt, 

D/Zi-Er-TWJVn:,  (dil-et-tan'ta,)  n;  pi.  Dilettanti. 

[IL]     .An  admirer  or  lover  of  the  line  arts  ;  one  who 

delisht^i  in  promoting  science  or  the  tine  arts.  Burlce, 
DIL-KT-TAN'T£-ISM,  n.     The  pursuits  and  fuelinga 

of  a  dUctJavte. 
DIL'I-GEXCE,  n.     [L.  dili^entta^  from  diligo,  to  love 

earnestly  ;  di  and  lego,  to  choose.] 

1.  Steady  application  in  business  of  any  kind  ;  con- 
stant effort  to  accomplish  what  is  undertaken  ;  exer- 
tion of  body  or  mind,  without  unnecessary  delay  or  ' 
slolh  ;  due  attention  ;  industry  ;  assiduity.  D'di- 
gence  is  the  philosopher's  stone,  that  turns  every 
thing  to  gold. 

BreUiren,  nre  dilxgene*  to  nufce  your  catlinr  &n<l  election  tan. 
—  SPeUi. 

2.  Care ;  heed  ;  heedfulness. 

Keep  lh7  hcait  wilh  idl  dUigence.  —  Pror.  \r. 


DIM 

DIL'I-  GEA'CE,  (dil*-2hansc,)  n.   The  name  of  a  kind 

of  stage-roach  used  in  France. 
DIL'l-^IEiNT,  a.     [L.  diligetu^.] 

1.  .Steady  in  application  to  business  ;  constant  in 
effort  or  exertion  to  accomplish  what  is  undertaken  ; 
assiduous  ;  attentive  ;  industrious  ;  not  idle  or  negli- 
gent;  applied  to  persons. 

Sreat   (huu   k  ninn  diligmt   in  his  bunlneuf    Ue  iball   Majid 
brioro  king!.  —  Prov.  xxii. 

2.  Steadily  ap)ilied  ;  prosecuted  with  care  and 
constant  effort ;  careful ;  assiduous ;  as,  make  dili- 
gent search. 

The  Juilgyrt  BhaJl  m&kp  diZifrnt  tnqiiiiition.  — Judges  xlz. 
DIL'l-GENT-LY,  adv.     Wilh  steady  application  and 
care  ;    with    industry  or  assiduity ;   not   carelessly  ; 
not  negligently. 


DILL,  n.     [Sax.  dit,  dilc ;  Sw.  dill  ,■  Dan.  dild ;  D.  dUU : 

G.  dill.] 
An  annual  plant  of  the  Anethum  graveolens,  the 

seeds  of  which  are  moderately  warming,  pungent, 

and  aromatic. 
DI-LCi'CID,  a.     [L,  diliteidus.] 

Clear.     fJVuf  in  iwf.] 
DLLC'CiD-ATE,  v.  t    To  make  clear.    [JVot  m  use.] 

[See  Elucidate.] 
Df-LU-CID-A'TION,  ■.    The  act  of  making  clear. 
Dl-LO'CID-LY,  adv.     Clearly. 
DIL'l^-ENT,  o.     [L.  diluens.     See  Dilute.] 

1.  Making  liquid  or  more  fluid  ;  making  thin  ;  at- 
tenuating. 

2.  Weakening  the  strength  of,  by  mixture  with 
water. 

DIL'l^-EXT,  n.    That  which  thins  or  attenuates  ;  that 

which  makes  more  liquid. 
2.  That  which  weakens  the  strength  of,  as  water, 

which,  mixed  with    wine   or   spirit,   reduces   tbe 

strength  of  iL 
DI-LOTE',  V.  L     [L.  dilno,  dilutiis ;  di,  dis,  and  /auo, 

luo,  to  wash,  contracted  from  lago  or  lugo.     See 

Deluge.] 

1.  Literally,  to  wash  ;  but  appropriately,  to  render 
liqui(J,  or  more  liquid;  to  make  thin,  or  more  fluid. 
Thus  sirup  or  molasses  is  made  thin  or  more  liquid 
by  an  admixture  with  water;  and  the  water  is  said 
to  dilutr.  it.     Ifence, 

2.  To  weaken,  as  spirit  or  an  acid,  by  an  admix- 
ture of  water,  which  renders  the  spirit  or  acid  less 
concentrated.  Thus,  we  dilute  spirit,  wine,  or  a  de- 
coction, by  adding  to  it  water. 

3.  To  make  weak  or  weaker,  as  color,  by  mixture. 

4.  To  weaken  ;  to  reduce  the  strength  or  standard 
of;  as,  to  dilute  virtue.  Milncr. 

DI-LOTE',  a.  Thin  ;  attenuated  ;  reduced  in  strength, 
as  spirit  or  color,  JVcwton. 

DI-LuT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Made  liquid ;  rendered  more 
fluid  ;  weakened  ;  made  thin,  as  liquids. 

DI-LOT'ED-LY,  adv.     In  a  dihit.-d  form. 

Dl-LOT'ER,  71.  That  which  makes  thin,  or  more 
liquid. 

DI-LOT'ING,  ppr.  Making  thin  or  more  liquid ; 
weakening. 

DI-LO'TION,  TL  The  act  of  making  thin,  weak,  or 
more  liquid.  Opposite  to  dilution  is  coagulation  or 
thickening.  .^rbuthnoL 

DI-LCV'I-AL, )  a.     [L.  diluvium,  a  deluge,  from  diluo. 

DI-LO'VI-AN,  i      See  Dilute.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  flood  or  deluge,  more  especially 
to  the  deluge  in  N'oah's  days. 

2.  Effixted  or  produced  by  a  deluge,  particularly 
by  the  great  flood  in  the  days  of  Noah.     Buckland. 

DI-LC'Vi-AL-IST,  n.  One  who  explains  geological 
phenomrna  by  the  deluge.  LyelL 

DI-LO'Vl-ATE,  v.i.  To  run  as  a  flood.  [JVoi  much 
used  1  Sandys. 

DI-LO^I-UM,  Tu  [L.]  In  geology^  a  deposit  of  su- 
perficial loam,  sand,  gravel,  pebbles,  &,c.,  caused  by 
the  deluge,  or  ancient  currents  of  water.      Buddand. 

DIM,  a.  [Sax.  dim;  Dan.  dum,  dark,  obscure,  dim, 
and  dumb  ;  dvmmcr,  to  dim  ;  dumjnes,  to  grow  dim 
or  dull,  to  stupefy,  Eng.  dumps,  dumpish  ,■  Sw.  dimba, 
fog,  mist,  a  cloud  ;  Ir.  dcimhe,  darkness  ;  Russ.  tuman, 
fog;  temnei,  dark,  obscure  ;  Sans,  tama,  black,  Finn. 
tumma.  It  seems  to  be  allied  to  damp,  vapor,  Russ. 
dim  or  dcim.  (See  Damp.)  If  dim  and  dumb  are  of 
the  same  family,  the  sense  is  close,  thick.] 

1.  Not  seeing  clearly;  having  the  vision  obscured 
and  indistinct. 

Whpn  Istmc  was  old,  and  his  cjet  were  dtfn.  — Gen.  xxvU. 

2.  Not  clearly  seen  ;  obscure  ;  imperfectly  seen  or 
discovered  ;  as,  a  dim  prospect. 

3.  Somewhat  dark  ;  dusky  ;  not  Luminous ;  as,  a 
dim  shade,  Spenser. 

4.  Dull  of  apprehension  ;  having  obscure  concep- 
tions. 

Th^  undrritandin^  la  dim,  Rogtrt. 

5.  Having  its  luster  obscured  ;  sullied  ;  tarnished. 

How  L*  i\vt  g"ltl  brcomc  t^ml —  Lum.  ir. 

DIM,  V.  t.  To  cloud  ;  to  impair  the  powers  of  vision  ; 
as,  to  dim  the  eyes. 


FATE,  FAR,  FAIX,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  UpOK — 


DIM 

3.  I'o  obscure  ;  as,  to  dim  tho  slgbt  >  to  dm  tbe 

prospect, 

3.  To  render  dull  the  powers  of  conceplioa. 

4.  To  make  less  bright ;  to  obscure. 

Each  posaoa  lUmmed  his  £ice.  MUian, 

5.  To  render  less  bright  ^  to  tarnish  or  sully;  as, 
to  dim  gold. 

DIM'BLE,  n.    A  bower  j  a  cell  or  retreat.     [JVo(  in 

twftj  B  Jonson. 

DIME,  n.      [Fr. ;   contracted  from  dixieme  or  dismCf 

Norm,  diemfy  tenth.] 
A  silver  coin  of  the  United  States,  of  the  value  of 

ten  cents  ;  the  tenth  of  a  dollar. 
DI-MEX'SION,  (de-nien'shun,J  n,     TL.  dimensio,  Trom 

dimetioTy  to  measure  ;  rfi,  or  di.?,  and  metivTj  to  mete  ; 

Gr.  (ttToto),     See  Mete  and  Measurb.] 

1.  In  geomefTv,  the  exti^nt  of  a  body,  or  length, 
breadth,  and  tliicknpss  or  depth.  A  line  has  one 
dimension  ur  length;  a  siiperiicies  has  two  dimen- 
sions, length  and  breadth  ;  and  a  solid  has  three 
dimensions,  length,  breadth,  and  thickness  or  depth. 
The  word  is  geni;rally  used  in  the  plural,  and  de- 
notes the  whole  space  occupied  by  a  body,  or  its 
capacity',  size,  measure  ;  as,  the  dimetisioas  of  a 
room,  or  of  a  ship;  the  dimensions  of  a  farm,  of  a 
kingdom,  &c. 

2.  Diiaensioa  of  an  equation,  in  algebra,  a  term 
used  tn  denote  the  highest  power  of  the  unknown 
quantity  contained  in  an  equation  ;  the  same  as  de- 
irree.  BarhiW. 

Df-.ME\'SIO\-LES3,  a.   Without  any  definite  meas- 
ure Of  extent  ;  boundless.  Milton. 
DI-MEN"SI-TV,  n.     ExUnl;  capacity.            HoieeU. 
DI-MEX'SIVE,  o.     That  marks  the  boundaries  or 

outlines. 

Who  can  draw  the  aouI'«  dinunnvt  line*  t  DavUt. 

DIM'E-TER,a.     [L.]     Having  two  poetical  measures. 

DIM'B-TER.,  n.  A  verse  of  two  measures.   [TijrwhitL 

DI-MET'Rie,  a.  [Gr.  (J($,  twofold,  and  ^tr^wv,  meas- 
ure.] 

In  mineralo^,  an  epithet  applied  to  crystals  with 
the  axes  of  t%vo  kinds,  the  vertical  being  une-cpial  to 
the  lateral,  as  the  square  prism  and  square  octahe- 
dron. Dana. 

DIAI-I-eX'TIOX,  Ji.     [U  dimtcatio.'] 
A  battle  or  fight  \  contest. 

DI-MID'I  ATE,  r.  U     [L.  dimidio.} 
To  divide  into  two  equal  parts. 

DI-MID'I-A-TED.  pp.  or  a.  [L.  dimidiates;  di  and 
rn^'iJM*,  middle.} 

Divided  into  two  equal  parts  ;  halved. 

Dl-MID'I-A-TING,  ppr.  Dividing  into  two  equal 
p;irt»( :  halving. 

DI-MIIM  A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  halving;  division 
into  two  pqual  parts. 

DI-.MliV'I.SH,  ».  U  [L.  diminua;  di  and  miHtio,  to  les- 
sen ;  minar,  less;  It.  diminttire  ;  Fr.  diminurr ;  Sp. 
dimintiir ;  Ir.  ffltn,  fine ;  niton,  small ;  W.  inairiy 
vuiniD^   small,  slender ;    Russ.  menskfy  less ;   umen- 


thayut  to  diminish ;  Ar. 


cr* 


nianna,  to  cut  off,  to 


weaken,  to  diminish.    Class  .Mn,  No.  -S.] 

1.  To  lessen  ;  to  make  less  or  smaller,  by  any 
means;  opposed  to  iiterra.^e  and  ausmmii  as,  to 
dimiuvih  the  size  of  a  thing  by  cnntraciion,  or  by  cut- 
ting off  a  part ;  to  diminith  a  number  by  subtraction  ; 
to  diminish  the  revenue  by  limiting  commerce,  or  re- 
ducing the  f»i  stoma  ;  to  dinUnijth  strength  or  safety; 
to  diminith  the  heat  of  a  room.  It  is  particularly  ap- 
plied to  bulk  and  quantity,  as  shorten  is  to  length. 

2.  To  lessen  ;  to  impair  ;  to  degrade. 

I  will  HirmniMh   th^m,  that  ihey  shall  no  man  nilc  itrer  tba 
DXiiitit».~-Ktr\t.  xxix. 

3.  In  musicj  to  take  from  a  note  by  a  sharp,  flat,  or 
natural. 

To  diminvih  froia  ■  to  take  away  sonieth.ng.  [Obs.] 

NHU*f  iliall  you  diminish,  ftught/rorn  It.  —  '^cuu  W. 

DI-MIN'ISII,  p.  i.  To  lessen  ;  to  become  or  appear 
less  or  smaller.  The  apparent  size  of  an  object 
dimininhet,  as  We  recede  frutn  it. 

DI-MIN'ISU-A-ULE,  o.  Capable  of  being  reduced  in 
ai7.e  ut  quality. 

DI-.MI\'ISH-£n3,  (demin'isht,)  pp.  or  a.  Lessened  ; 
made  smaller ;  reduced  in  size ;  contracted  ;  de- 
graded. 

DI-MIN'ISH-ER,  n.  He  who,  or  that  which  dimin- 
ishes. 

DI-MIN'I.SH-ING,  ppr.  Lessening;  contracting;  de- 
grading. 

DI-MIN'i.'^H-ING-LV,  ado.  In  a  manner  to  lessen 
reptilation.  Locke. 

DI-MIJf-C/-EJ^DO,  or  DUf.,  in  mttvie,  directs  to  a  de- 
creasing volume  of  sound. 

DI-MINM;-ENT,  a.     Lessoning.     [LiUJe  luifd.] 

SaRderMon. 

DIMT  NOTE,  fl.    Small.     [.Vbt  in  «.«.]  Oorgea. 

DIM-I-NO'TION.  n.     {U.  diminutioA 

1.  The  art  of  lessening;  a  making  smaller;  op- 
pOKi'd  ttJ  aujrmrntjition ;  as,  the  dimiaation  of  size,  of 
wealth,  of  p<»w<'r,  of  safely. 


DIN 

2.  The  state  of  becoming  nr  appearing  Ic**;  oj>- 
pnacd  to  iHcreo.?c  ;  as,  tlie  diminiUioa  of  the  apparent 
diameter  of  a  receding  Ixidy. 

3.  Discredit ;  loss  of  dignity  ;  degradation.  Philips. 

4.  Deprivation  of  dignity ;  a  lessening  of  estima- 
tion. .^dJi^iui. 

5.  In  architecture^  the  contraction  of  the  upik-r  part 
of  a  column,  by  which  its  diameter  Is  made  less  than 
that  of  the  lower  part. 

6.  In  musiCj  the  imitation  of  or  reply  to  a  subject 
in  notes  of  half  the  length  or  value  of  tUoso  of  the 
subject  itself.  Busby. 

DI-MiN'U-TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  diminutif;  It  dimiituUivo; 
Sp.  diminutieo.] 

Small;  little;  narrow;  contracted  ;  as,  a  diminu- 
tive race  of  men  or  other  animals ;  a  diminutive 
thought. 

DI-ML\MJ-TIVE,  n.  In  jrrammary  a  word  formed 
from  another  word,  usually  an  appellative  or  generic 
term,  to  express  a  little  thing  of  the  kind ;  as,  in 
Latin,  lapillus,  a  little  stone,  from  lapis ;  cellula,  a 
little  cell,  from  eelia,  a  cell ;  in  French  maisonnette,  a 
little  house,  from  maison,  a  house  ;  in  English,  mani- 
kin, a  little  man,  from  man. 

DI-MIN'U-TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  diminutive  manner; 
in  a  manner  to  lessen ;  as,  to  speak  diminutively  of 
another. 

DI-MLN'IT-TIVE-NESS,  n.  Smallness ;  littleness; 
want  of  bulk ;  want  of  dignity. 

DIM'I.SH,  a.    [from  dim.]    Sotnewhal  dim,  or  obscure. 

DI-MIH'SION,  (de-mish'un,)  n.     Leave  to  depart. 

DIM'I.^4-8a-RY,  a.     [L.  dimissorius.     See  Dismiss.] 

1.  Sending  away  ;  dismissing  to  another  jurisdic- 
tion. A  letter  dimissory,  is  one  given  by  a  bishop 
dismissing  a  person  who  is  removing  into  another 
diocese,  and  recommending  him  for  reception  there. 

Hook, 
9.  Granting  leave  to  depart.  Pridcaux. 

DI-MIT',  r.  f.     [L.  dimUt4t.] 

To  permit  to  go  ;  to  grant  to  farm  ;  to  let.     [JVb( 
in  use.] 
DIM'I-TY,  n.     [D.  diemiL] 

A  kind  of  white  cotton  cloth,  ribbed  or  figured. 
DIM'LY,  adv.     [See  Dim.]     In  a  dim  or  obscure  man- 
ner; with  iiniwrfect  sight. 
%  Not  brightly,  or  clearly  ;  with  a  faint  light. 
DIM'MjED,  (iinady) pp.    Clouded  ;  obscured  ;  rendered 

dull. 
DIM'.MING,  ppr.    Clouding;  obscuring  the  sight  or 

ct>nception, 
DIM'MI.NG,  n.     Obscurity.  Shak. 

DIM'NErfS,  7U  Dullness  of  sight  j  as,  the  rfim/ie^-^  of 
the  eyes, 

2.  Obscurity  of  vision;  imperfect  sight;  as,  the 
dimness  of  a  view. 

3.  Fointuess ;  imperfection  ;  as,  the  dimness  of  a 
color. 

4.  Want  of  brightness  ;  as,  the  dimness  of  gold  or 
silver. 

5.  Want  of  clear  apprehension  ;  stupidity  ;  as,  the 
dimitrss  of  perception. 

DI-MORPiriSM,  ?*.  [Gr.  (lie,  twice,  and  ;io.n0r/,form.] 
The  property  of  crj'stallixing  in  two  distinct  forms 
not  derivable  from'  one  another.  Sulj)hur  assumes 
one  form  when  crystallizing  at  a  high  teinp«-ralure, 
and  aniither  wholly  ditrerent  when  becoming  solid  at 
thf!  ordinarv  temjKimture.  Dana. 

DI-MORIMI'ULIS,  a.  [Gr,  (^i;  and  finpArj.]  A  term 
applied  to  a  suhsUiJice  whose  crystals  belong  to  dif- 
ferent systems,  or,  if  they  are  ttf  the  same  system, 
are  so  difTorent  that  they  can  not  bu  referred  to  the 
same  primary  form.  Dana. 

DI.M'PLK,  n.     [Un.  G.  taumeln,  to  reel,  to  indent.] 
A  small  natural  cavity  or  depression  in  the  cheek 
or  ntlur  part  of  the  face.  Prior. 

DIM'PLE,  v.  i.  To  form  dimples;  to  sink  into  de- 
pressions or  little  inctiualities. 

Ami  uniUn^  cddica  dimpiml  un  the  nuun.  Dn/den. 

DIM'PLED,  a.  Set  with  dimples ;  as,  n  dimpled  cheek. 

DIM'PLY,  a.  Full  of  dimples,  or  email  depressions; 
a^,  the  dimphi  (l<K>d.  IVarton. 

DIM'-SIGHT-ED,  (-sited,)  a.  Having  dim  or  obscure 
virion.  AdiiisoTu 

DIM'-TWINK-LING,  a.    Twinkling  dimly.    More. 

DIN,  n.  [Sax.  %n,  notse  ;  dyna,  to  sound  ;  Ice.  dyna, 
to  thunder  ;  L.  tinnio,  tonus,  tono.  This  word  proba- 
bly belongs  to  the  root  of  tone  and  thunder^  and  de- 
notes ti  rumbling  or  rattling  noise.  Bax.  eortl^dync, 
an  (earthquake.] 

Noise  ;  a  loud  sound  ;  particularly,  a  rattling,  clat- 
tering, or  rumbling  sound,  long  continued;  as,  the 
din.  of  arms,  the  din  of  war. 

DIN,  r.  t.  'i'o  strike  with  continued  or  confused 
sound ;  to  stun  with  noise  \  to  harass  with  clamor; 
as,  to  din  the  (;ars  with  cries  ;  to  din  with  clamor. 

DIN'AR-CIIY,  77.     [(Jr.  ^if  and  .i.o\rr.l 

A  form  of  government  in  which  the  supreme 
power  is  vested  iti  tv/o  persons. 

DINE,  V.  i.  [t^ax.  dynan,  to  tline.  The  Fr.  dinar,  is 
supposed  to  oe  contmcted  from  \t.  desinare,  to  dine, 
L.  dannoy  to  cease  ;  in  which  case  dinntr  must  have 
h<^en  so  named  from  the  intermission  of  business. 
The  .Saxon  and  the  French,  in  this  case,  are  probu- 


DIG 

bly  from  ditTerent  aourctjs.    Tho  Or.  has  dtinivmit, 
and  ^otvaij,  to  feast.] 

To  eat  the  chief  meal  of  the  day.    This  meal 
seems  originally  to  have  been  taken  about  the  mid- 
dle of  the  day,  at  least  in  northern  climates,  as  it 
still   is  by   laboring  people.     Among  p«»ple   in  the 
higher  walks  of  life,  and   in  commercial  towns,  the 
time  of  dining  is  from  two  to  five  or  six  o'clock  in 
the  afternoon. 
DINE,  V.  u    To  give  a  dinner  to  ;  to  furnish  with  the 
principal  meal ;  to  feed ;  as,  the  landlord  dined  a 
huntlred  men. 
DIN'i-^D,  (dind,)  pp.    Having  eaten  q  dinner,  or  en- 
tertained with  a  dinner. 
D1-NET'I€-AL,  a.     [Gr.  .^iktjtiws.] 

Whirling  round.     [JVot  used.]  Brown. 

DING,  V.  t. ;  prct.  Duno  or  Disced.     [Sax,  dencgan,  to 
beat ;  Scot,  ding,  to  drive  or  strike.] 
To  tlirust  or  dash  with  violence.     [Little  ttsed.'\ 
J^ash.     Ma  rstu  n. 
DING,  V.  u    To  bluster,  to  bounce.     [M  tow  woriL] 

Jirbuthnot. 
DING'-DONG.     A  term  used  to  express  the  sound  of 
bells.  Sliok. 

DIN'GI-NESS,  71.     [See  Dinot.]    A  dusky  or  dark 

hue  ;  brownriess. 
DI\'"GLE,  (ding'gl)  n.   A  narrow   dale  or  valley  be- 
tween hills.  Mdton. 
DIN"GLE^DAN"GLE,     (ding'gl-dang'gL)      Hanging 

Kjosely,  or  something  dangling.  WartMti. 

DL\'GY,a.     Soiled;  sullied;  ofadark  color;  brown; 

dusky  ;  dun. 
DIN'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Eating  the  principal  meal  in  the 

day  ;  giving  a  dinner  ;  pcrtiining  to  ilinner. 
DT.N'ING-HALL,  n.     A  hall  for  a  company  to  dine  in 
DIN'ING-ROOM,  7t.     A  room  for  a  family  or  for  cont 

pany  to  dine  in  ;  a  room  for  entertainments 
DIN'ING-Ta'BLE,  n.     A  table  used  for  llie  purpose 

of  dining. 
DIN'NKl),  pp.    Stunned  with  a  loud  noise. 
DIN'NER,  n.     [Fr.  diaer;  Ir.  dinner.     See  Dixe.] 

1.  The  meal  taken  about  the  middle  of  the  day ; 
or  the  principal  meal  of  the  day,  eaten  between  noun 
and  evening. 

2.  An  entertainment ;  a  feast. 

Behold,  I  have  prepnivd  my  dinner.  —  M«U.  xxU. 
DIN'NKR-LESS,  a.     Having  no  dinner.  FiiUrr. 

DIN'NER-Ta'ULE,  71.    A  table  at  which  dinner  is 

taken. 
DIN'NRR-TTME,  n.    The  usual  time  of  dining.  Pope. 
DI-NO-THe'RI-UM,    71.       [Gr.  iufui,    terrible,    and 

OtioKjf,  bt.-ast.] 
A  gigantic,  herbivorous,  aquatic  animal,  fifteen  or 

eighteen  feet  long;  now  extincL     [See  Deinothi:- 

Ril'M.]  Biickland. 

DINT,  71.     [Sax.  dimt,  a  blow  or  striking.     It  may  ba 

connecteif  with  din  and  (/m«-.] 

1.  A  blow  ;  a  stroke.  Milton. 

2.  Force;  violence;  ptiwer  exerted  ;  as,  to  win  by 
dint  of  arms,  by  dint  of  war,  by  dint  of  argument  ox 
imp*)rtunity. 

3.  The  mark  made  by  a  blow  ;  a  cavity  or  Impres- 
sion made  by  a  blow  or  by  pressure  on  a  substance ; 
often  pronounced  denL 

His  liuiidi  hud  iiiiule  k  dint.  Drydtn. 

DINT,  V.  t.  To  make  a  mark  or  cavity  on  a  substance 
by  a  blow  or  by  pressure.     [See  Indent.]     Donne. 

DINT'El),  pp.  Isiarked  by  a  blow  or  by  pressure  ;  as, 
derp-diiited  furrows.  Spenser. 

DINT'INtJ,  ppr.     Impressing  marks  or  cavities. 

DT-NU-MElt-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  numbering  sing- 
ly.    [Little  used.] 

DI'0-Ck-.SAN,  a.  [See  Diocese.  The  accent  on  tho 
first  and  on  the  tliiid  syllable  is  nearly  equal.  The 
accent  <m  the  antepenult  given  to  this  word  in  moat 
of  the  Enghsh  bonks  is  wrong,  almost  to  ridiculoufr- 
ness.]      Pertaining  to  a  diocese. 

DI'O-Ck-SAN,  71.  A  bishop;  one  in  possession  of  a 
diocei^e,  and  having  the  ecclesiastical  jurisdiction 
over  it. 

DT'0-CiiSE,7i.  [Gr.  Jioiitjjffi?,  administration,  a  prov- 
ince or  jurisdiction;  6ia  and  oiKiioii,  residence; 
oiK£i>),  to  dwell ;  »tK  >i,  a  house.  This  word  is  often 
spelt  dioeesg;  but  this  orliiogmphy  is  opposed  to  the 
derivation,  and  is  nut  sanctioned  by  the  best  English 
authority.] 

The  circuit  orextent  of  a  bishop*9  jurisdiction  ;  an 
ecclesiastical  division  of  a  kingdom  <»r  state,  subject 
to  th<^  authotity  of  a  bishop.  In  Kn-r^and,  there  are 
two  provinces  or  circuits  ufarchbishujw*  jurisdiction, 
Cantrrliiiry  and  York.  The  province  of  Canterbury 
contains  twenty-one  dioceses,  and  that  of  York  Hire*, 
besides  the  Isle  of  Man.  Every  diocese  is  divided 
into  archd<'aconrii;s,  uf  which  there  are  sixty  ;  and 
each  archdeaconry,  into  rural  deaneries;  and  every 
deanery,  into  parishes.  Bliiekstane. 

A  ilifM^ese  was  originally  a  division  of  the  Roman 
empire  for  the  puriKwe  of  civil  government,  a  [irfOict- 
ure  ;  but  the  term  is  now  excltisively  appropriated 
to  eetlesiasiical  jurisdiction.  Kncyc. 

DI-OC-'I'A-llK'DUAL,  a.  [dit  and  oetaUe'lnft.)  In 
ery.^talla^rapky,  having  the  form  of  an  tictahedral 
prism  with  tetrahedral  summits.  Chareland, 


TONE,  ByLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GEa,  VI"CIOUS €  a»  K ;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CII  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


DIP 

DrO-IK>  V,  «.  The  clobe-fi^h  ;  a  pcims  «.f  pit- ciocnatliic 
fisheji,  with  unJivulrd  jaws,  each  with  a  single  and 
tuntluMuu^  (U'lital  i>).iti:>.  Bnuuie.     Parttnirtim. 

DI-tE'L'l  A,  n,  [Gr.  ihi  and  oixos.}  A  cfa»*a  of 
plants  having  ine  stnnien^  on  one  plant,  and  Itie 
pisliU  oil  the  uther.  P.  Ctfc, 

DI-Oil'CIAN.    /  a.    In  botanv,  belonKing  to  the  class 

DI-CE'CIOl'S, )  Dittcim  :  having  ttw  stamens  on  one 
jriant,  and  the  pi^til^  on  ai>i>tbt-r. 

Dl-OP't=TDE,  n,     [Gr.  t'i.>U/i»0 

A  foliated  variety  of  auglltf,  of  a  clear  fmyWft- 
cnvn  color.  Dtm^ 

Df-OPTASE,  «.  A  rare  ore  at  copper,  consisting  of 
■Uira  and  copper,  with  twelve  per  cent  water.  It 
occurs  in  rich,  emerald-green  crvBtals,  having  the 
form  of  8it-8ided  priuns,  terminated  at  each  end  by 
ft  lhree-«iided  prism.  Dana. 

DT-OP'TRI€,         I  a.   [Gr.^*eirr](»i<*j,froio  ^(owro^m*, 

DI-OP'TRir-AL,  t  to •(<« throng;  d)«and  vm^at, 
to  see.    Sometiotea  written  Di^ftic  and  Di^ptdeaL] 

1.  Aifording  a  medlnm  for  tbe  ali^it ;  assMdnf  tbe 
aightinthevtt-w  of  distant  objects  ;  as,  a  <fwr/rfrie  ^asa. 
d.  PertaininE  U)  dioptrics,  or  ttte  science  ^  re- 
frarleil  lighL 

DI-OPnrRICH,  %.  That  port  of  optics  which  treats  of 
the  refractiiHis  of  light  passing  tliruugh  dilTerent  me- 
diums, as  Ihroagli  air,  water,  or  glasa.  Harris. 

DI-O-RA'MA,  n      [Gr.  J'l  and  ooaaa.trom  opato.] 
A  contnvance  tor  giving;  a  high  degree  of  optical 
illation  to  paintiugs  t- xhibtted  in  a  building  pie^pared 

for  the  pnrpoM^    Tliis  ;^    ' '--rly  by  a  peculiar 

dulnbmioD  of  light.    I  Msand  shutters 

eoBoealed  in  tbe  roof,  i  <  t  the  Ulumina- 

tittn  "•"*•  **-  "— renaed  i>r  »....ui.»^t^  u  ^  pleasure,  and 
Ih-  itiusbe  made  to  change  its  appear- 

an  '  ^aodiiiie  to  cloudy  weather,  or  the 

ob»H.^....  -^f    >*«»mepvta  of  tile  painting,  also, 

are  tran'<;  >  rua^  tlwaa  places  inereaaea 

light  IS  ai  '\  with  Burpaasiag  eflbct,  glv- 

ins  t'^  'I'-  irnrter  of  oatuns  and  reality 

b(  !  -  of  p:iinting.    Brande. 

.  rpnee  above  described. 

DI-O  :.      .  --.,  _    -  -.: ^  :  ■  dK>rama. 

Definilinn.     [Aarsl|r  lue^] 


Dro  Rlri'Tie.a:    DiatinguJahing;  defining.    (Aoriif 

DI-0-RIS'TIC-AL.-LY,Wv.  In  a  disUaguiahing  man- 
ner.  jRartUf  itMd,'\ 

DT'O-RrTKL  >.     A  varietj*  of  trap  rock. 

DT-ORTllO'£^I-'>,  a-  [tfr.]  A  surgical  operation,  by 
which  cri*oked  or  distorted  Imibs  are  re«turbd  to  their 
proper  aliape. 

DT-0:«~P01vI-TA\,  a.  PerUining  to  Dio^wlia,  a  city 
in  Egypt*  callvd  at»ii  Thrhc*.  OUddan. 

DI-O'TA,  n.  [L.  and  Gr.]  In  andrmt  temfytmr^  a  sort 
of  v-x4e  with  two  handles,  used  for  wine.      Etme*. 

m-(.)X'V  T.TTE,  7..  y.T.  .\i,  TWO  ,.fi.j,  acid,  (in  allu- 
aiu:.  ]>.)  and  Ai^uv,  stone.] 

A  It:  greenish  or  yellow- 

Ish  i>>>nate  and  sulphate  of 

leail.  Dana. 

HIP,  c.  t. ;  pr«t.  and  pp.  Dipped  or  Dift.  [Sax.  dip- 
poM  i  Goth,  dtu^ifon ;  D.  doopm  :  G.  titpfai :  >w.  dbpa^ 
doppai  Dan.  d^prr :  It.  tm^re:  Russ.  toplyu;  Gr. 
ivrru ;  allttid,  probably,  to  dire,  Hcb.  Ch.  p^O.  Tbe 
primary  sense  is  to  thrust  or  drive,  for  the  same 
word,  in  Syr  and  Ar.,  signifies  to  stamp  or  impress 
a  mark,  Gr.  tvxow,  whence  bfpe;  and  tittui,  to 
strike,  Eng.  tap,  seema  to  be  uif  the  same  faiuilv. 
Clas^  Db,  So.  2a3 

1.  To  [ilunee  or  immerse,  for  a  moment  or  short 
time,  in  water  or  other  liquid  substance;  to  put  into 
a  duHl  and  withdraw. 

The  BiM  iteO  dip  lib  tagtr  In  tbe  Mood.  —Lev.  {v. 

Lrtbmd^UifMtiauiL  —  HcUL  uxiiL 

Oaa  rftp  tkc  f.wJ,  and  wm  Miiag  tke  Ijrr*.  Pop: 

S.  To  take  with  a  ladle,  or  other  vessel,  hy  immers- 
ing it  in  a  Huid  ;  as,  to  I'ip  water  from  a  boiler  j  often 
with  out ;  ma,  to  dip  out  water. 

3.  To  engage ;  to  take  concern ;  used  uUraiuitiedjf, 
htU  tJu  fOMttoe  partic^U  u  u*ed. 

He  WW  •  fiule  ^  io  the  (cfadliaa  of  lb*  eoamooi.    Drydm. 

4.  Tb  eafage  as  a  pledge ;  lo  mortgage.  [LUtU 
lue^]^  Dnfcieit. 

5.  To  moisten  ;  to  weL     [f7»iwua/.]  Mdton. 

6.  To  baptize  by  immersion. 

DIP,  c.  I     To  sink  ;  to  inimerge  in  a  liquid.  L*Estran^e. 
3.  To  enter ;  to  pierce.  OraaviiU. 

3.  To  engage ;  lo  take  a  concent;  as,  to  i^^  into 
the  funds. 

4.  To  enter  slishUy  ;  lo  look  cursorily,  or  here  and 
there ;  zn,  to  dtp  into  a  vrJume  of  hL^tory.       Pope. 

5.  To  ch<%ose  by  chance ;  to  thrust  and  take. 

6.  To  incline  diownward ;  as,  the  magnetic  needle 
dips,     [See  Dippixc] 

DIP,  M.  Inclmation  downward  ;  a  eloping;  a  direction 
below  a  horisootal  luie ;  depre^ion  ;  as,  the  dip  of 
the  needle 

The  dip  of  a  stratwm,  in  £folo^^  is  its  greatest  in- 
dinatftm  to  the  horizon,  or  that  on  a  line  p«^rpendic- 
nlar  to  its  direction  or  course  \  called,  also,  the  piUh. 

DIP'-CHICK,  n.     A  smal.  bird  that  dives. 


DIP 

DI-PET'AL,-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  6ts  and  mraUv,  a  leaf  or 
prtnl.) 

Having  two  tlower-leavea  or  petals ;  two-petaled. 

Martnn, 

DIPH'TIIOXG,  C<Itrihong,)  «.  [Gr.  &i<p9oy)0ii  6ts 
and  •pOty)  'IV,  (*ound  ;  L,  drnkthon^us.] 

A  coalition  or  union  of  two  vowels,  pronounced 
In  one  sjilable.  In  uttering  a  diphtliung,  both  vow- 
els are  t>nmounced  ;  the  sound  is  not  simple,  but  the 
two  sounds  are  so  blended  as  to  be  considered  as 
forming  one  syllable,  as  in  ^oy,  noise,  bound,  out. 
[The  pronunciation  dip'thou^r  |g  vulgar.] 

DrPH-THO.\"(;AL,  (dif-ihong'gal,)  a.  Belonging  to 
a  diphthong;  cunitistiug  of  two  vowel  sounds,  pro- 
nounced in  one  syllable. 

DIPM-THO.N'GAC-LY,  (dif-thong'gal-ly,)  ado.  In  a 
diphihonent  manner. 

DIPH'VL-LOrs,  a,    [Gr.  <5u  and  i,i'\h<v,  a  leaf.] 
In  botany,  having  two  leaves,  as  a  calyi,  4cc 

DIP'LO-E,  It.     (Gr.  htXevi,  double.] 

The  fioA  meditiilliiim,  medullary  substance,  or 
porous  part  between  the  plates  of  the  skull. 

Cvxe.     Encyc. 

DI-PI.fl'MA,n,  [Gr.  itnXtafia,  from  diirXot,!,  lo  dAiubte 
or  fold,  ^luienttf^  a  letter  or  other  compositiun 
written  on  paper  or  parchment,  and  folded ;  after- 
teard,  any  letter,  literary  monument,  or  public  doc- 
ument.] 

A  letter  or  writing  conferring  some  power,  author- 
ity, privilege,  or  honor.  Diplomas  are  given  to 
graduated  oC  colleges  on  their  receiving  the  usual 
degrees;  loclerg\-men  who  are  licensed  to  exercise 
the  minteterial  functions ;  to  physicians  who  are 
licensed  to  practice  their  profession  ;  and  to  agents 
who  are  autlKH-ized  to  transact  business  for  their  prin- 
cipals. A  diploma,  then,  is  a  writing  or  instrument, 
usually  under  seal,  and  sif;ned  by  tbe  pro[)er  person 
or  officer,  conferring  merely  honor,  as  in  the  case  of 
graduates,  or  autiiority,  as  in  the  case  of  physicians, 
agents,  dec,  * 

DI-PLO'MA-CY,  a,  [This  word,  like  supremacy,  re- 
tains the  accent  tif  its  original.] 

1.  Tbe  customs,  rules,  and  privileges  of  embassa- 
dora,  envoys,  and  other  representatives  of  princes 
and  states  at  foreign  courts;  forms  of  negotiation. 

3.  A  diploniatic  body ;  the  whole  body  of  minis- 
ters at  a  foreign  court. 

3.  The  agency  or  management  of  ministers  at  a 
foreign  court.  Cnallos. 

4.  Dextrriiy  or  skill  in  managing  negotiations,  &.c. 
DIP'LO-.MAT£,  n.    One  tkUlcd  in  dtplouiacy  ;  a  dip- 
lomatist. 

DIP'LO-MX-TED,  0.     Made  by  diplomas.      Kennet. 

DIP-LO-MATae,  a.  PerUining  to  diplomas;  privi- 
leged. 

9l  Furnished  with  a  diploma ;  nuthnrixcd  by  let- 
ters or  credentials  to  transact  Imsiness  for  a  sovereign 
at  a  foreign  court.  Minist^-rs  at  a  court  are  denomi- 
nated a  diplomatic  body. 

3.  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  ministers  at  a 
foreign  ccHirt,  or  men  authorized  hy  diploma;  a:*,  a 
dipl4)matie  character  ;  the  diplomatic  corjis  ;  diploniatie 
nianagemenl. 

DIP-LO-MAT'IC,  n.  A  minister,' official  agent,  or  en- 
voy to  a  foreign  court. 

DIP-LO-M  AT'  l€-.\L-LY,  ode  According  to  the  rules 
of  diplomacv. 

DIP-LO-MAT'ieS,  n.  The  science  of  diplomas,  or  of 
ancient  writings,  literary  and  public  documents,  let- 
ters, decrees,  charters,  codicils,  Alc,  which  has  for 
its  object  to  decipher  old  writings,  to  ascertain  their 
authenticity,  their  date,  signatures,  &.c. 

F.ncyc     Lanier. 

DI-PL6'MA-TIST,  n.    A  person  skilled  in  diplomacy. 

DIP'PKD,  (dipt,)  p/f.     Plunged;  immersed. 

DIP'PER,  n.    One  that  di|is  ;  he  or  that  which  dips. 

5.  A  vessel  used  to  dip  water  or  other  liquor;  a 
ladle. 

3.  One  of*  a  genus  of  birds,  of  tlie  thrush  family, 
which  delight  in  water ;  the  Cinclas. 

4.  The  dipper;  a  name  popularly  applied  to  seven 
stars  in  the  constellation  of  the  Great  iiear  ;  other- 
wise called  Charleses  Wain. 

DIP'PING,  ppr.  Plunging  or  immersing  into  a  liquid 
and  speedily  withdrawing  ;  as,  to  a.scertain  the  tem- 
perature of  water  by  dipping' the  finger  in  it;  bap- 
tizing by  immersion. 

2.  Engaging  or  taking  a  concern  in. 

3.  Looking  into,  here  and  there ;  examining  in  a 
cursory,  slight,  or  hasty  manner. 

4.  Inclining  downward,  as  the  magnetic  needle. 

5.  Breaking;  inclining;  as  a  vein  of  ore. 
DIP'PING,  n.     The  act  of  phinaing  or  immersing. 

2.  The  act  of  inclining  toward  the  earth  ;  inclina- 
tion downward  ;  as,  the  dippina  of  the  needle. 

3.  Tbe  interruption  of  a  vein  of  ore,  or  stratum  of 
a  fossil,  in  a  mine  ;  or  a  sloping  downward. 

4.  The  act  of  baptizing  by  the  immersion  of  tbe 
whole  body  in  water. 

DIP'PING-NEE-DLE,  n.  An  instmment  which 
shows  the  inclination  of  the  magnetic  needle  to  the 
hori/xtn  at  any  given  place.  It  is  found  by  observa- 
tion, that  when  a  magnetic  needle  is  balanced  on  its 
centre  of  gravity,  it   usually  does   not  maintain  a 


DIR 

horizontal  position,  but  dips  or  inclines  to  the  hori- 
zon in  a  ccrtiiin  aiiple.  In  certain  places  in  the 
equ;iiorial  regions,  however,  points  are  found  where 
the  needle  becomes  horizontal,  and  the  line  connect- 
ing these  points  is  caHiil  the  magnetic  etpuitor;  and  a 
certain  point  within  the  [lolar  circle,  where  the  nee- 
dle becomes  perpendicular,  is  called  the  viagnrtic 
pole.  The  pole  of  the  dipping-needle,  is  the  elevated 
point  in  the  heavens  toward  which  the  upper  end 
of  the  dipping-needle  is  directed.  D.  Oimsted. 

DI-PRIS-MvVT'ie,  a.  [di  and  yriamatic]  Doubly 
prismatic.  Jameson. 

2.  Having  cleavages  parallel  to  the  sides  of  a  four- 
eided  vertical  prism,  and  at  tbe  same  time,  to  a  hori- 
zontal prism.  Mohs. 

DIP'SAS,  «.  [Gr.  (lii/zas,  dry,  thirsty;  ii^/au),  to 
thirst.] 

A  serpent  whoso  bite  produces  a  mortal  thirst 
See  Deat.  viii. 

DIP'TKU-A,  n.  pi.     [Gr.  hi  and  nrepov,  a  wing.] 

The  diptera  are  an  order  of  insects  having  only 
two  wings,  and  two  poisers,  as  tbe  house-ily. 

Knaje. 

DIP'TER-AL,  a.  Having  two  wings  only  ;  belonging 
lo  tbe  order  of  Diptera. 

DIP'TEK-AL,  a.  or  n.  In  ancient  architecture,  a  term 
denoting  one  of  the  seven  orders  of  sacred  buildings, 
viz.,  a  lejnple  which  bad  a  double  row  of  columns 
on  each  of  its  llaiiks,  as  well  as  in  front  and  rear. 

Brande. 

DIP'TER-OUS,  0.  Having  two  wings;  belonging  lo 
tbe  order  of  insects  called  diptera.  OilberU 

DIP'TOTE,  n.     [Gr. ;  from  ^.(  and  jtiktm,  to  fall.] 
In  grammar,  a   noun  which  has  only  two  coses; 
as,  supptlite,  suppelias.  Encyc. 

DIP'TYCH,  in.   [Gt.  SiTTTVxos ;  6ti  and  iTTvaab}, 

DlP'TY-eiiUM,  (      vTv^ui,  to  fold.] 

In  ancient  history,  j\.  sort  of  book  or  tablet,  so  c^led 
because  it  consisted  of  two  leaves  folded,  but  it 
sometimes  contained  three  or  more  leaves.  The 
term  w;is  applied  particularly  to  a  public  register  of 
Ihe  names  of  consuls,  and  other  magistrates  among 
pagani!< ;  and  of  bishops,  martyrs,  and  others,  among 
Christians.  Tbe  sacrod  diptych  was  a  double  cata- 
logue, in  one  of  which  were  registered  tbe  names  of 
the  living,  and  in  the  uther  the  names  of  tbe  dead, 
which  were  to  be  relieursed  during  the  office. 

Elmes.     Eneye. 

DI-PTRB',  n.  A  mineral  occurring  in  minute  prisms, 
eitlier  single  or  adhering  to  each  other  in  fascicular 
groups.  Before  the  blowpipe,  it  melts  with  ebulli- 
tion or  intumescence,  and  its  powder  on  hot  coals 
phosphoresces  with  a  feeble  light.  Its  name,  from 
Gr.  (If  I,  two,  and  ttvo,  fire,  indicates  Ibe  double  of- 
fect  of  fire,  in  producing  fusion  and  phosphorescence. 
It  has  been  cousidured  a  varit;ty  of  scapoUte. 

Cleaveland. 

DI-RA-DI-A'TIOi\,  n.     [L.  dirtidiatio.] 

The  rays  of  ligtit  emitted  and  dil}used  from  a  lu- 
minous body. 

DIllE,  a.  V\u  dims.  If  the  primary  sense  is  terrible, 
this  word  may  belong  to  tbe  root  of  tcrreo.  But  it 
may  be  great,  wonderful,  Syr.  Joi^  ther,  to  wonder  ; 
or  it  may  be  raping,  furious,  as  in  L.  dirts.'] 

Dreadful;  dismal;  horrible;  terrible ;  evil  in  a 
great  degree. 

Dire  wu  the  toBung,  doep  the  groaot.  MUtan, 

DI-RECi'',  o.  [Ij.  directua,  from  dirigo  ;  tit  and  rtgo, 
rectus,  to  make  straigbl.     See  Riuht.] 

1.  Straight;  right;  as,  to  pass  in  a  direct  line  from 
one  body  or  place  to  another.  It  is  opposed  to  crook- 
ed, winding,  oblique..  It  is  ai.so  opitosed  to  refracted ; 
as,  a  direct  ray  of  light. 

2.  In  astrojiomy,  appearing  to  move  forAvard  in  the 
order  of  tbe  signs,  i.  e.,  from  west  to  east ;  opposed 
to  retrograde ;  as,  the  motion  of  a  planet  is  direct. 

3.  In  the  line  of  father  and  s<m  ;  opposed  to  col- 
lateral ;  as,  a  descendant  in  tbe  direct  line. 

4.  Leading  or  tending  to  an  end,  as  by  a  straight 
line  or  course  ;  not  circuitous.  Thus  we  speak  of 
direct  means  to  effect  an  object ;  a  direct  course ;  a 
direct  way. 

5    Open  ;  not  ambiguous  or  doubtful.         Bacon. 

6.  Plain  ;  express  ;  not  ambiguous  ;  as,  he  said 
this  in  direct  words  ;  he  made  a  direct  acknowledg- 
ment. 

7.  In  tnu^c,  a  direct  interval  is  that  which  forms 
any  kind  of  harmony  on  tbe  fundamental  sound 
which  produces  it;  as  the  fifth,  major  third,  and 
octave.  Rousseau. 

Direct  tax,  is  a  tax  assessed  on  real  estate,  as  houses 
and  lands. 
DI-R£€T',  V.  t.     [Ij.  drrectunt,  direetus^  from  dirigo.] 

1.  To  |)oint  or  aim  in  u  straiglit  line,  toward  a 
place  or  object ;  as,  to  direct  an  arrow  or  a  piece  of 
ordnance ;  lo  direct  the  eye  ;  to  direct  a  course  or 
flight. 

2.  To  point ;  to  show  the  right  road  or  course  ;  as, 
he  dire-cted  me  lo  the  left-band  road. 

3.  To  regulate  ;  to  guide  or  lead ;  tn  govern  ;  to 
cause  to  proceed  in  a  particular  manner ;  as,  to  di- 
rect Ihe  afiiiirs  of  a  nation. 

Wia<lom  U  profitolile  to  dirtct, —  rccles.  x. 


FITE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PRgY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.— 

_  __  _         „_  _  _____ 


DIR 

4.  To  prescribe  a  course  j  to  mark  out  a  way. 
Job  i.xxvii. 

5.  To  order  :  to  instruct;  to  point  out  a  course  of 
proceeding,  with  autlioriiy  ;  to  coinuiaud.  But  direct 
is  a  softer  term  than  command, 

DI-RE€'r',  M.  In  mu^c,  a  character  placed  at  the  end 
of  a  staff  to  direct  the  performer  to  the  first  note  of 
Ihf  next  staff.  Busby. 

l>I-REeT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Aimed  ;  pointed  ;  guided  ; 
reculated  ;  governed  ;  ordered  ;  instructed. 

DI-RE€ T'ER.  ii.     A  director,  which  see. 

ni-KEeT'I.\G,  ppr.  Aiming;  pointingi  guiding; 
rt-gulniing ;  governing;  ordering. 

DI-REC'l'lON,  n.     [L.  directio.] 

1.  Aim  at  a  certain  point ;  a  pointing  toward,  in  a 
straight  line  or  course  ;  as,  tlie  direction  of  good 
works  to  a  good  end.  Smalrid:re, 

2.  The  line  in  which  a  body  moves  by  impulse  ; 
course.  Matttr  or  boiiy  can  nut  alter  the  direction  of 
its  own  motion. 

3.  A  straight  line  or  course.  A  star  appeared  in 
the  direction  of  a  certain  lower.  The  ship  sailed  in 
a  south-easterly  direction. 

4.  The  act  of  governing;  administration;  man- 
agement; guidance;  superintendence;  as,  the  f^iVra- 
tion  of  public  affairs  ;  direction  of  dome^itic  concerns ; 
tlie  dirfxtioH  of  a  bank. 

5.  Regularity ;  adjustment. 

All  chance,  dtrtcton,  which  thou  caiut  not  see.  Pop«, 

6.  Order;  prescription,  either  verbal  or  written; 
instruction  in  what  manner  to  proceed.  The  em- 
ployer gives  directions  to  his  workmen  ;  the  physi- 
cian, to  his  patienL 

7.  The  superscription  of  a  letter,  including  the 
name,  title,  and  place  of  abode  of  the  person  for 
whom  it  is  intended. 

8.  A  bodv  or  board  of  directors, 

DI-REer'l  tUDE,  n.  A  word  put  by  Phakspeare 
into  the  mouth  of  a  ser\'ant,  as  a  blunder  fur  dis- 
credit. Malane. 

DI-REeT'IVE,a.  Havingthe  power  of  direction  ;  as, 
a  directire  rule.  Hooker, 

9.  Informing  ;  instructing  ;  showing  the  way, 
DI-REGT'l^V,  adv.      In    a    straight   hue  or  course; 

rcctilmeally  ;  not  in  a  winding  cunrse.  Aim  directly 
to  the  object.  Grivity  tends  directly  to  the  center 
of  the  earth.  .Kb  a  direct  line  i^  the  shortest  course  ; 
hence, 

2.  Immediately;  soon;  without  delay ;  as,  he  will 
be  with  »*  directly. 

3.  OpL-nly  ;  expressly  ;  without  circumlocution  or 
ambiguity  ;  or  without  a  train  of  inferences, 

Ko  maji  hath  tjwn  so  tinpioiu,  u  directly  lo  coiitlcmii  pr.\ir<'r. 

iiooker. 

niRECT'NBSS,  R.  Siraightneas;  a  straight  course; 
ncnrn":*?  of  way.  Bentten. 

r>I-REG'I''OR,  n.     One  who  directs;  one  who  super- 
intends, governs,  or   manages;  one  who  prescribes 
to  others,  by  virtue  of  authority  ;  an  instructor;  a 
counselor. 
S.  That  which  dirccM  ;  a  nile  ;  an  ordinance. 

3.  One  appointed  to  transact  the  affairs  of  a  com- 
pany ;  a«i,  the  direclor  of  a  bank,  or  of  the  India 
Company. 

4.  That  which  directs  or  controls  by  influence. 

SaS^y  frorn    rxtrpial    ilmj^r  U  th*^  mtwt   pKATrfiil    dirtctor  of 
luilioiiil  conduct.  f^ur(Ui4t,  ffat/aJton. 

5.  In  ntrffrry,  a  grooved  prolw,  intended  to  direct 
the  edge  of  the  knif>!  or  scissors  in  opening  sinuses 
or  n.-'tuls  ;  a  guide  fur  an  inci^ion-kuife. 

F.HCUC,     Coxe. 

DI-REC-Tfl'RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  lo  director-*  or  di- 
r^rtiori ;  containing  direction  or  romnuiiid. 

D[-RECT'OR-SHir,  n.  The  condition  or  office  of 
ilircctor, 

DI-RECT'O-RY,  a.  Containing  directions;  enjoin- 
ing; instructing. 

DI-REeT'O-RV,  n.  A  guide  ;  n  rule  to  direct;  par- 
ticularlij,  a  b'K>k  containing  directions  for  public 
worship,  or  religiou«  services.  The  Hiblc  is  our  best 
directirry  in  faith  and  practic-c. 

3.  A  book  containing  an  alphabetical  list  of  the 
inhabitants  of  a  city,  with  their  places  of  abode. 

3.  'J'he  supreme  executive  council  of  France,  in 

4.  A  bonrd  of  directors.  [the  revolution. 
DI-RECT'RESS,».  A  female  who  directs  or  manages. 
DI-RE€T'RIX,  n,     A  female  who  governs  or  directs. 

2.  In  fftomctry^  a  certain  straight  line  perpendicu- 
lar to  the  axis  of  a  conic  section.  [See  also  Dia- 
Tor.»rT.l 

DTRE'FIJl,  a,  [Hee  Dirb.I  Dire  ;  dreadful ;  lerri- 
bh" ;  calamitoui  ;  as,  direful  fiend ;  a  direful  misfor- 
tune, Spmser.     Dryden.     Ptmr. 

IHRE'FL'L-LV,  adv.     Dreadfully;  terribly;  wofully. 

DIKE'FfJl^NEH.S,  n.     Calamitousness. 

OiKE'-IXX»K-I.VG,  a.    Looking  direfully. 

DI-KEMP'TION,  M.     [L.  dkrtmptio.\ 

A  )4'  paration.  Bp.  Ifall. 

0TRE'\KSS,   n.     TerribteneBs ;   horror;  dismalness. 

DI-RKP'TI(»\,n.     rU  direptio.]  [Shak. 

Th*  art  of  plundering. 

OTRCE,  (durj,)  n.  ^Uixxaily  aupposed  to  be  a  con- 
traction of  L.  dirigij  a  word  used  in  the  funeral  ser- 


DIS 

vice.     In  Sw.  ihtrka,  Uan.  dprkcTj  signifies  to  wor- 
ship, honor,  reverence.] 

A  song  or  tune  intended  to  express  grief,  sorrow, 
and  mourning;  as,  a  funeral  dinre, 

DIR'I-GE.VT,     I  n.     [See  Dihect.]     In  freomctrtf,  the 

DI-RECT'RIX,  i  liny  or  plane  along  which  another 
line  or  plane  is  supposed  to  move  in  the  generation 
of  a  surface  or  solid.  Barlow. 

DIR'I-OE.NT,  a.    Directing.  Baxter. 

DIRK,  (durk,)  n.     [Scot,  dark.] 
A  kind  of  dagger  or  pimiard. 

DIRK,  (durk,)  a.     Dark.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

DIRK,  (durk,)!'. «.    To  darken.     [Obs.]         Speiiscr. 
2.  To  poniard  ;  to  stah. 

DIRK'KP,  (durkt,)  pp.     StabbL-d. 

DIRK'ING,  ppr.     Stabbing. 

DIRT,  (durt,)  H.  [Sax.  <fcdritan  ;  D.  drytcy, ;  Ice.  drit, 
cacare.] 

1.  Any  foul  or  filthy  substance  ;  excrement ;  earth  ; 
mud;  mire;  dust;  whatever,  adhering  to  any  thing, 
renders  it  foul  or  unclean. 

Thr  Tit  closml,  and  tlio  dirt  avtne  out.  —  Jtnlg"B  Ui. 
WhoBC  w.-ttLT*  c.i*(  up  iiiire  and  dirt.  —  U.  IvU. 

2.  Meanness  ;  sordidness,     [A''ot  in  use.] 
iMii^  or  filthy  ;  to  soil ; 


DIRT,  (durt,)  r.  L     To  make 
to  bedaub;  to  pt>Ilute  ;  to  defile. 


Swifi. 


DIRT'I-£D,  (durt'id,)pp.     Made  filthy 

DIRT'I-LY,  (durt'i-ly,)  adv.     [from  dirty.]     In  a  dirty 

manner;  foully;  na.<ti1y  ;  filtiiily. 
2.  .Meanly;  sordidly;  by  low  means. 
DIRT'I-NESS,  (duft'iness,)  n.     Filthiness  ;  foulness  ; 

nastiness, 

2.  Meanness;  baseness;  sordidness. 

DIRT'V,  (durfy,)  n.  Foul ;  nasty  ;  filthy  ;  not  clean  ; 
as,  dirty  hands. 

a   Not  clean  ;  not  pure  ;  turbid  ;  as,  dirty  water. 

3.  Cloudy  ;  dark  ;  dusky  ;  as,  a  dirty  wliite. 

4.  Mean;  base;  low;  despicable;  groveling;  as, 
a  dirty  fellow  ;  a  dirty  employment. 

DIRT'V,  (durt'y,)  p-  «•  'i'u  f"^"! ;  to  make  filthy  ;  lo 
■oil  ;  as,  to  dirty  the  clothes  or  hands. 

2.  I'o  tarnish  ;  to  sully  ;  to  scandali'ise  ;  applied  to 
reputation. 

D1RT'Y-I\G,  ppr.     Making  filthv  ;  soiling. 

Dl-RUP'TIO\,  n.     [L.  dtruf>tio;'dirumpo,to  burst.] 
A  bursting  or  rending  iLsunder.    [See  Di3BL'i*Tiopf.] 

DIS;  a  prefix  or  inseparahle  prejHisition,  from  the  Latin, 
whence  Fr.  rfw,  Sp.  rf«f,  and  dc^  may  in  some  in- 
stances be  the  same  word  contracted.  Dis  danoles 
separation,  a  parting  from  ;  hence  it  has  the  force  of 
a  privative  and  negative,  as  in  dinann,  ditublijrc,  dis- 
affree.  In  some  cases,  it  atill  signKiua  iieparalion,  as 
in  distrihtUeydisconncct. 

DIS-A-BIL'l-Ty,n.  [from //i*aA^^.]  W.int  of  compe- 
tent natural  or  bodily  power,  strength,  or  ability  ; 
weakness  ;  impotence  ;  as,  disability  arising  trom  in- 
firmity or  broken  limb?. 

2.  Want  of  competent  intellectual  power,  or 
strength  of  mind  ;  incapacity  ;  as,  tlie  disability  of 
a  deranged  p^-rson  to  reason  or  to  make  contracts. 

3.  Want  of  comix^tcnt  means  or  iiistruuic-nts. 
[In  this  sense.  Inability  is  generally  used.] 

4.  Want  of  legal  qualifications;  incapacity;  as,  a 
disability  to  inherit  an  estate,  when  the  ancestor  has 
been  attainted.     [In  this  sense,  it  has  a  plural.] 

Blaekstone. 
Disability  differ^from  inability,  in  denoting  dtpriva- 
tim  of  ability;  whereas  xnabil'ity  denotes  destitution 
of  ability,  either  by  deprivation  or  otherwise. 
DIS-A'BLE,  V.  t.  [dis  and  able.]  To  render  unable  ; 
lo  deprive  of  comiictent  natural  strength  or  power. 
A  man  is  disabled  to  walk,  by  a  broken  or  paralytic 
leg,  by  sickness,  Aic. 

2.  To  deprive  of  mental  power,  as  by  destroying  or 
weakening  the  understanding. 

3.  To  deprive  vf  adequate  means,  instnimcnts,  or 
resources.  A  nation  may  be  dLtablcd  to  carry  on 
war  by  want  of  money.  The  loss  of  a  ship  may 
disable  a  man  to  prosecute  commerce,  or  to  pay  Itis 
debts. 

4.  To  destroy  the  strength  ;  or  to  weaken  and 
impair  so  as  U\  nuider  incapable  of  action,  service, 
or  rusliftance.  A  Heet  is  disabled  by  a  storm,  or  by  a 
battle,  A  ship  is  disabled  by  the  loss  of  lier  masts  or 
sprirs. 

5.  To  destroy  or  impair  and  weaken  the  means 
which  render  any  thing  active,  efficacious,  or  useful ; 
to  destroy  or  diminish  any  competent  means. 

6.  To  deprive  .of  legal  (lualificalions,  or  competent 
power ;  to  incapacitate  ;  to  render  incapable. 

At)  AtUiinilpr  of  lh«  uiccalor  comipt*  th«  blood,  tind  disablet  hit 
ctiil<lT>-n  to  inherit.  I^ng.  Late. 

DI.S-A'nL/TD,  pp.  or  a.  Deprived  of  competent  power, 
corporeal  or  intellectual  ;  rendered  incapable ;  de- 
prived of  means. 

DIS-A'HLK-MENT,  n.  Weakness;  disability;  legal 
imfiedimeiil.  Bacon. 

DIS-A'Il!-I.\(i,  ppr.  Rendering  unable  or  incap-tble; 
depriving  of  adequate  power  or  capacity,  or  of  legal 
qualifications. 

DI»-A'BLLNG,  a.  That  disables  or  disqualifies  ;  de- 
priving of  moral  power  or  right ;  as,  a  disabling 


DIS 

DIS-A-BCSE',  (dis-a-buze',)  v.  t  [Fr.  dtsabustr.  See 
Abuse  J 

To  Iree  from  mistalre  ;  to  undeceive  ;  to  dis- 
engage from  fallacy  or  deception  j  to  set  right.  It  is 
our  duty  to  disabuse  ourselves  of  false  notions  and 
prejudices. 

If  men  are  now  ■uffici'Mitly  enlightened  to  ditabute  th^mselres 
of  artifice,  hypocrisy,  nnd  titpentition,  Ihi.-y  will  consider 
thi>  evejit  ai  ai)  era  in  thoir  history.  J,  Adams. 

DISA-BCiS'EO,  (dis-a-buzd' )  pp.    Undeceived. 

DISA-BOS'ING,  (dia^a-baz'ing,)  ppr.     Undeceiving. 

DIS-A€-CO.M'.MO-DaTE,  v. U  [dis and accomiiwdaU.l 
To  put  to  inconvenience. 

DIS-ACeOM'MO-DA-TED,  pp.  Put  to  inconve- 
nience. 

DI;i-A€-eOM'MO-DA-TING,  ppr.  Putting  to  incon- 
venience. 

DIS-AC-eOM-MO-DA'TION,  n.  [dis  and  accommoda- 
tion.] 

A  state  of  being  unaccommodated  ;  a  slate  of  being 
unprepared.  Uale. 

DIS-A€-€ORD',  v.  i.  {dis  and  accord.]  To  refuse 
assent.     [J^ot  xtsed.]  Spenser. 

DlP-A€-eUS'TOM,  r.  U  [dis  and  accustom.]  To 
neglect  familiar  or  customary  practice  ;  to  destroy  the 
force  of  habit  by  disuse. 

DIS-AC-eUS'TOM-KD,  pp.  Disused  ;  having  neg- 
lected practice  or  familiar  use.  Tooke. 

DIS-Aeei'S'TOM-lNG,  ppr.  Disusing;  neglecting 
familiar  or  customary  practice. 

DIS-Ae-KXOWI/ED'GE,  v.  t.  [</«  and  acknowledsre.] 
To  deny;  lotli-Jown.  South. 

DIS-Ae-KNOWL'EUG-FD,  pp.      Denied;  disowned. 

DIS-AC-KNOWL'EDO-IXG,  ppr.  Denying  j  disown- 
ing. 

Dlri-AG-aUAINT',  r.  (.  [See  Acquaint.]  To  dis- 
solve acquaintance.     [fAttle  used.] 

DIS-AC-UtJALNT'ANCK,  n.  Neglect  or  tlisuse  of  fa- 
miliaritv,  or  familiar  knowledge  of.  South. 

DIS-A-D6Ri\',  r.  L     To  deprive  of  ornaments. 

Con.'Trn'e. 

DIS-A-DOR\'ED,  pp.     Dcpriveil  of  ornnmenltf. 

DIS-A-1>0RN'ING,  ppr.     Depriving  of  ornaments. 

D1S-AD-VANCE',  I?.  Lori.  To  check  ;  to  hall.  [JVot 
ill  use.]  Spe-nscr. 

DIS-AD-VAN'TAOE,  n.     [Fr.  desavautaffe.] 

1.  That  wJiich  prevents  success,  or  renders  it  dif- 
ficult; a  stale  not  favorable  to  successful  o|>eratiun. 
Tho  army  commenced  an  attack  on  the  enemy,  not- 
withstanding the  disadoantage  of  its  [wsltion. 

2.  Any  unfavorable  state  ;  a  state  in  which  some 
loss  or  injury  may  be  sustained.     Hence, 

3.  Loss;  mjury  ;  prejudice  to  interest,  fame,  credit, 
profit,  or  other  good  ;  as,  to  sell  goods  to  disadcun- 
tairc. 

DTS-AD-VAX'TAGE,  B.  (.  To  injure  an  interest;  to 
prejudice. 

DIS-AD-VAX'TAGE-A-BLE,  a.  Not  advantageous. 
[JV"y(  in  «at.J  Bacon, 

DrS-AD-VAN'TA-fi/O)  m).    Injured  in  interest. 

DIS-AD-VAN-TA'GEOUS,  a.  Unfavorable  to  suc- 
cess or  prosperity;  inconvenient;  not  adapted  to 
promote  interest,  reputation,  or  other  good  ;  as,  the  sit- 
uation of  an  anuy  is  disatlvantageou^t  for  attack  or  de- 
fense. We  are  apt  to  view  characters  in  the  most 
disadvaji^ngeous  lights, 

DI.S-AD-VAX-TA'GEOUS-LY,  adr.  In  a  manner  not 
favorable  to  success,  or  to  interest,  profit,  or  reputa- 
tion ;  with  loss  or  inconvenience. 

DIS-AD-VAN-TA'GEOi;S-XESS,  «.  Unfavomblenosa 
to  success;  inconvenience  ;  loss. 

DIS-AD-VEN'TliRE,  n.     Misfortune.     [J^otwsed.] 

RalcA. 

DIS-AD-VEN'TITR-OUS,  a.  Unprosperous.  [JVot 
used.]  .^pPTiwrr. 

DI.S-AF-FECT',  v.  t.  [dis  and  t^ffect.]  To  alienate  af- 
fection ;  in  mnke  less  friendly  lo ;  to  make  Icstt  faith- 
ful to  a  [lerson,  party,  or  cause,  or  less  zi^alous  to 
BupiK>rt  it ;  to  make  discontented  or  unfriendly  ;  as, 
an  attempt  was  made  to  disa£ect  the  army. 

2.  To  disdain,  or  dislike.  "        Hall. 

3.  To  throw  into  disunier.  n.immond. 
DIS-AF*FEeT'EO,  pp.  or  n.     Having  the   nftectitms 

alienated  ;  indisixised  to  favor  or  support;  unfriend- 
ly; followed  by  ir//A  or  to;  as,  these  men  o.re  disaf- 
fected with  the  ^'overnment,  or  disaffected  to  the  king, 
or  to  the  administration. 

DIS-AF-FECT'ED  LY,  adv.  In  a  disaffected  man 
ner. 

DIS-AF-FECT'ED-NESS,  ti.  The  quality  of  being 
disafffCtrd. 

DIS-AF-FECT'ING,  ppr.  Alienating  tho  affections; 
making  less  friendly. 

Dl.s-AFFEC'TION,  v.  Alienation  of  affection,  at- 
tachment, or  good  will ;  want  of  offuction  ;  or,  more 
generally,  positive  enmity,  dislike, or  unfriendliness; 
disloyalty.  It  genenilly  signifies  more  than  indiffer- 
ence ;  as,  the  disaffection  of  people  to  Ihi.'ir  prince  or 
government ;  the  disaffection  of  allies ;  disaffection  to 
religion. 

2.  Disorder;  bad  conetilutlon;  tn  a  physical  sense, 
[Little  vsed.]  Wiseman, 

DIS-AF-FEC'TION-ATE,  a.  Not  well  dihposed  ;  not 
friendly.  -  Blount^ 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE.— AN"GER,  VfCIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  aa  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


43 


337 


DIS 

DIS-AF-FIRM',  (dis-af-unu',)  v.  U    [dit  anil  nffirm.} 

To  deny  :  I»  contradict.  Daries. 

2.  To  uvertlirow  or  annut,  as  a  jiidirinl  decision, 

by  n  coiitrirv  jiiiigmenl  of  a  superior  tril>nn;iL 
DI&-AF-F1RM''ANCE,   r.      Denial ;    negation  ;    dia- 

proof ;  confutation.  HtUe. 

2.  Overthrow  or  anniilm-^nt,  by  the  dici^ion  of  a 

superior  tribunai ;  as,  ili^a^rmaHCf  of  jinlKinent. 
DIS.AF-FXRM'£D, fi».    Denied;  cuninnhcted  ;  over- 

ttaromi. 
DIS-AF-nRM'IN'G,  ppr.     Denying;    cuutradictiof ; 

annulUnp.  ,    „ 

DI&-AF-F0R'EST,  r.  t    [JLttkad  ngifrvrL]    Toreduce 

from  the  privileges  of  a  furost  lo  iha  state  of  comratm 

grouml ;  to  strip  uf  forest  taws  and  their  oppreadive 

privileges. 

Br  chwttf  9  Iktt.  III.  manj  fufnto  wefv 


:'A-BLE-N£SS,  tu  Unsuitablencas ;  cod- 


DIS-AF-FOR'EST-ED,  yp.  Stripped  of  forert  privi- 
leges. 

DIS-AF-FOR'EST-ING,  fpr.  Depriving  of  forest 
privileges. 

DIS-.\6'GRE-GXTE,  ».  f.  [dis  and  ajt^regaU,]  To 
separate  an  a^tKr^g^te  nubu  into  itJt  component  parts. 

DIS-AG'GRE-tiA-TED,  j^y.  Seiiarattd,  as  an  aggre- 
gate mx-^s. 

DI:?-\r.*iinE  nS-TIXO.ppr.    Sopaniling.  as  the  parts 

of 

DI.-  V,  «.    Tlie  actor  operation  of 

9^  .  :  r  body  into  its  component  parts. 

DIS^A  GREF/,  r.  (.  [J-j  and  arrer,]  To  dufi-r;  lo 
be  not  accordant  or  coinciiU'nt ;  to  be  nut  the  Kune  ; 
lo  be  not  exactly  similar.  'I'wo  idtMs  Ji-.-a^Tfr,  when 
they  are  not  the  same,  or  when  they  are  nut  exactly 
alike.  1  he  histories  of  the  same  fact  often  rfuo/ree. 
3.  To  differ,  as  in  opinion;  a«,  the  be«t  judges 
sometimes  disagTet* 

Wbo  likfdl  dcdds  wlm  dcctan  dSmgnt  7  A^pt. 

3.  To  be  unsuiuble;.  Medielne  sonetliiies  rfu»- 
greei  vitk  the  patient ;  food  often  dimfrua  milk  the 
stomach  or  the  taste. 

4.  Tu  difit-r;  to  be  in  opposition. 

SlmoAM  i^Mt  ttepUoMnow  aT  Saipciu*,  btcwM  h  db> 
•fvwt  with  tbetr  RUMarfneoocei*«ao|:iiiiuM.     Amt^ 

It  b  usually  followed  by  with.  But  we  say,  I  rfitw- 
gree  u>  your  proposaL  The  use  of  from  after  di-'o^rte 
ts  not  common. 

DIS-A-GREE'.\-BLE,«.  Contrary;  unsuitable;  not 
coafonnaUe ;  not  congruous.    [LittU  lusdL] 

Ttyb  eoDdoa  wu  <S«frMsftIc  to  Int  osttml  rintni^.  Bntomm. 
SL  Unpleasing ;  dfeoaiTB  to  the  mind,  or  to  the 
■eases;  but  eipnasiiii  less  than  disgusting  and 
odious.  Behavior  may  be  disAgreeuble  to  our  minds ; 
food  may  be  distgrmaUt  to  toe  taste  ;  many  tbin^i 
are  dimgrtmUt  to  the  sight ;  sounds  may  be  disagrto- 
akU  to  toe  esr,  and  odon  to  the  smcU.  Whatever  is 
difgr»mile  irives  some  pain  or  uneasiness, 

DIS-A-G&££'A  •*'  ="  ^^^'osj  . 
trari^. 

3.  Unpleasantness ;  oflensiveness  to  the  mind,  or 
to  the  senses ;  as,  the  disagrM»blauss  of  another^ 
manners ;  the  Aa^rsssUcasst  of  a  taste,  sound,  or 
smeU. 

DIS-A-GRES'ABLV,  adt.  Unsuitably ;  -  unpleas- 
antly ;  offensively. 

DIS-A-GREEp',pr«^  and  pp.  of  Disagree. 

DI3-A-GREE'L\G, /yr.  Differing;  not  according  or 
coincidins. 

DI5-A-GREE'MEXT,  a.  Difference,  either  in  form  or 
essence  ;  dissimilitude  ;  diversity  ;  as,  the  disagree- 
mmt  of  two  idea:!,  of  two  pictures,  of  two  stories  or 
narrations, 

2.  Difference  of  opinion  or  sentiraeitfa-    Booker* 

3.  Unsuitableness. 

DIS-AI^U'£D,  (-al-llde',)  pp.    Improperly  allied. 

2.  a.  Separated  from  alliance. 
DIS-AL-LIeCE',  f.  U    To  alienate  from  allegiance. 

J-Vit  in  use,]  Milton, 

Dl&-.\L-LO\V',  c.  t  [dis  and  oHoir.]  To  refuse  per- 
mission, or  not  to  permit ;  not  to  grant ;  not  to  make 
or  su^Mse  lawful :  not  to  authorize ;  to  disprove. 
God  diooUoms  that  Christians  should  conform  to  the 
immonl  practices  of  tlie  worid.  A  good  man  disal- 
Imm  erary  kind  of  profanenesa. 
a.  To  testify  dislike  or  disapprobation  ;  to  refuse 

Bat  iriMV  &dKr  riafl  dbsOow  her  in  tbe  daj  thai  he  bmreth, 
Dot  aa/  of  ber  tov«  or  ber  booda ....  tludi  MjukI.  -  Num. 

XXX. 

3.  Not  to  approve ;  not  to  receive ;  to  leject. 

To  vboot  coaung,  aa  to  b  living  itoue,  AaoiUmtd  iadml  bj 
men,  lint  rhnifii  hj  God,  and  pfeooOB.  —  1  Pel.  3. 

4.  NoC  to  allow  or  admit  as  just  j  to  reject ;  as,  to 
^saUoK  an  aixount  or  charge. 

DIS-AL-LOW,  r.  i.    To  refuse  permission  j  not  to 

grant, 
DIS-AL-LOW'A-BLE,  a.    Not  allowable;    not  to  be 

suffered. 
DI3-AL-LO\V'A.\CE,  n.    Disapprobation;   refusal  to 

admit  or  permit ;  prohibition  ;  rejection. 
D1S-AL-L0VV'/:D,  pp.      Not  granted,  permitted,  or 

admitted  ;  disapproved  ;  rejected. 


DIS 

DIS-Ab-LOWINO,  ppr.  Not  permitting;  not  admit- 
linp;  di>;ai>proving  ;  n-jecting. 

DIS-Al^LV',  c.  u  [dis  and  all^.]  To  form  an  im- 
pruiHT  alliiince.  MdtOH. 

DI^^ALnLV'ING,  ppr.  Fonning  a  disadvantageous 
alliance. 

DlS-.\.\CirOR,  r.  t  [dis  and  anchor.]  To  force  ftom 
its  anrhors.  ns  a  ship. 

DlJ*-A\t'H'OK-*:i),  pp.     Forced  from  its  anchors, 

DIS-A.\t;H'OR-ING,  ppr.  Forcing  a  ship  from  its 
anchors 

DlS-AN-GEiyi€-.\L,  a.    Not  angelical.     [JVo(  used.] 

Coventry. 

D!S-AN'I-MATE,p.  t.  [Jis  and  aHimote.]  To  deprive 
of  life.     [A'oi  iLstd.] 

2.  To  deprive  of  spirit  or  courage  ;  to  discourage  ; 
to  dii^hearten  ;  to  deject.  Boyle. 

DIS-AN'l-M.^-'l'r.D,  r^p.    Discouraced  ;  dispiriteu. 

DlS-.^.\'t-^l A-TING,  ppr.  Discouraging ;  disheart- 
ening. 

DIS-AN-I-MA'TION.  n.  The  act  of  discouraging; 
depression  of  spirits. 

'i.  Privniiun  of  life.     [AV  used.]  Brotcn. 

DIS^AN-.NEX',  r.  I.  To  disunite;  to  separate  that 
whif  li  has  been  annexed. 

DIS-.W-NTL'.     ^ti  improper  KOrd,     [See  AlflfllL.] 

DIS-A.\-.\UL'ME.\T.     See  ANnuioiENT. 

DIS-.A-NOINT^  p.  £.    To  render  consecration  invalid. 

MiltAin. 

DIS- AP-PAR'EL,  V.  fc   To  disrobe  j  to  strip  of  raiment. 

Junius. 

DIS-AP-P.\R'EL-ED,  pp.  Disrobed  ;  stripped  of  gar- 
ments. 

DIS^AP  PAR'EUING,  ppr.     Disrobing. 

DIS-AP-PeAR',  r.  i.  [dis  and  appear.]  To  vanish 
from  the  sight ;  to  recede  from  the  view;  to  become 
itiviriihle  by  vanishing;  or  departing,  or  by  being  en- 
veloped in  any  thing  that  conceal;!,  or  by  the  interix>- 
sition  of  an  objecL  Darkness  duappears  at  the  ac- 
ces*of  lii;ht,  and  light  Jisitppears  at  the  approach  of 
darkn:>S!).  A  ship  disappears  by  departure  to  a  dis- 
Lince  ;  the  sun  disappears  in  a  fog,  or  behind  a  cloud, 
or  in  "tettinj*. 

2.  To  c-ease  ;  a3,  the  epidemic  has  diiappeared. 
3L  To  willidraw  from  observation ;  the  dehu»r  dis- 
appears when  he  ab^onJs. 

DI:*-AP-Pr:AK'A\CE,  n.  Cessation  of  appearance ; 
a  renuival  from  siijhl. 

DIS-AP-ricAlt'£D,  pp.  Removed  from  sight;  van- 
ished ;  herome  invi^iihle. 

DiS-AP-PiiAR'lXG,  ppr.  Vanishing;  receding  from 
llie  si^ht ;  b<?coming  invisible. 

DIS-AP-PE.VR'ING,  n.  A  vanishing  or  removal  from 
sight. 

DiS-.\P-POINT',  r.  U  [dw  and  appoint;  properiy,  lo 
unfix  or  unsettle.] 

1.  To  defeat  of  expectition,  wish,  hojw,  desire,  or 
intention  ;  lu  frustrate  ;  to  balk  ;  to  hindur  from  the 
possession  or  enjoyment  of  tliat  which  was  intend- 
ed, desired,  ho|K-d,  or  expected.  We  say,  a  man  is 
disappointed  o/h'is  hopes  or  t:xpi-ctations,  or  his  hopes, 
desires,  intentions,  or  expectations,  are  disappointed, 
A  had  season  disappoints  the  fanner  of  his  crops ;  a 
defeat  disappoints  an  enemy  of  his  spoil.  The  man 
promised  ine  a  visit,  but  he  disappointed  me. 

Withoui  coimacl  purposes  are  diaappaintsd.  —  Pror.  xt. 

2.  To  frustrate  ;  to  prevent  an  effect  Intended. 

The  reiiriiig  foe 
Shrinka  &om  tbe  wdutmI,  oiut  duap^tointt  Oic  blow.    AddUon. 

DIS-.AP-POIXT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Defeated  of  expecta- 
tion, hope,  desire,  or  design  ;  fnistrated. 

Disappointed  is  used  by  .Shakspeare,  in  Hamlet,  act 
i.  scene  5,  for  unprepared,  corresponding  to  iccU-ap- 

fwinted,  which  means  well-furnisht;d  or  prepared. 
S-.\P-POL\T'ING,  ppr.     Defeating  of  exi>ectalion, 
hope,  de!?ire,  or  purpose  ;  frustrating. 
DI3-AP-POL\T'MENT,  n.    Defeat  or  failure  of  expec- 
tation, hope,  wish,  desire,  or  intention ;  miscarriage 
of  design  or  plan. 

We  are  apt  lo  complaia  o{  the  diMoppointmsnt  of  our  hopes  and 
■ctKMn^s:  but  disappcititnunU  oAeu  prove  bleasinn,  and 
Ktve  a*  iTOia  caloxiiiijr  or  ruia.  Anon. 

DIS-AP-PRK'CIATE,  c.  t  [dis  and  appreciate.]  To 
undervahie;  not  to  esteem. 

DIS-AP-FRe'<Ma-TED,  pp.     Undervalued. 

DIS-AP-PRii'CIA -TING,  ppr.     Undervaluing. 

DIS-APPRO-BA'TION,  n.  [dis  and  approbation.]  A 
disapproving;  dislike;  the  act  of  the  mind  which 
condemns  what  is  supjxised  to  be  wrong,  whether  the 
act  is  expressed  or  not.  VVe  often  disapprove  when 
we  do  not  express  disapprobation. 

DIS-AP'PRO-BA-TO-RY,  a.  Containing  disapproba- 
tion ;  tending  to  disapprove. 

DIS-AP-PRo'lTtl-ATE,  a.  [Jw  and  appropriate.]  Not 
appropriated,  or  not  having  appropriated  church  prop- 
erty ;  a  disappropriate  church  is  one  from  which  the 
ap[iropriated  parsonage,  glebe,  and  tithes,  arc  sev- 
ered. 

Tbe  appropriation  may  be  severed  and  tbe  church  brcome  tfi^ 
appropriate,  two  ways.  Blatktlonm. 

DIS-AP-PRO'PRI-ATE,  v.  t.    To  sever  or  separate. 


DIS 

as  an  appropriation  ;  to  withdraw  troxxi  an  ap))ropri- 
ate  use. 

Thi"  appropriation*  of  the  several  pi\r»onng*>  wohW  have  been, 
by  tlic  rulti  ofihc  caniiiiou  Uw,  diwappi-opiiaU'l. 

BUtckalon*. 

2.  To  deprive  of  appropriated  property,  as  a  church. 
DIS-AP  PROV'AL,  71.     Disapprobation;  dislike. 
DIS-AP-PItOVE',  (-ap-proov',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  desapprouvcr ; 
dis  and  anprave.] 

1.  To  (lislike  ;  to  condemn  in  opinion  or  judgment ; 
to  censure  as  wrong.  We  often  dhopproi^e  the  con- 
duct of  others,  or  public  measures,  whether  we  ex- 
press an  opinion  or  not.  It  is  often  followed  by  cf; 
as,  to  disapprove  of  behavior.  But  modern  usage  in- 
clines to  ttmit  of. 

2.  To  manifest  dislifco  or  disapprobation  ;  to  reject, 
as  disliked,  what  is  proptised  for  saiirtion.  The  sen- 
tence of  the  court-martial  was  disapproved  by  the 
commander-in-chief. 

DISAPPROVED,  pp.  Disliked;  condemned;  re- 
jected. 

DISAPPROVING,  ppr.  Disliking  ;  condemning ;  re- 
j»*cting  from  dislike. 

DIS-AP-PROVING-LY,  adv.     By  disapprobation. 

DIS'ARI),  «.     [8ax.  dj/sii^,  foolish.] 

A  pmttler;  a  boasting  talker.     [Obs.] 

DIS-AUM',  (diz-irm',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  dcsartner ;  Pp.  and 
Port,  di'.-arinar  ;  dis  and  arm.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  arms  ;  to  take  the  arms  or  weap- 
ons from,  usually  by  force  or  authority;  as,  he  dis- 
armed his  foes  ;  the  prince  gave  orders  to  d'lsann  bis 
subjects.  With  of  before  the  thing  taken  nwaj' ;  as, 
to  disarm  one  of  his  weapons. 

2.  To  deprive  of  means  of  attack  or  defense  ;  as, 
lo  disarm  a  venomous  serpent. 

3.  To  deprive  of  force,  strength,  or  means  of  an- 
noyance ;  to  render  harmless ;  to  quell ;  as,  to  disarm 
rage  or  passion. 

4.  To  strip;  to  divest  of  any  thing  injurious  or 
threatening;  as,  piety  disarms  death  of  its  terrors. 

DIS-XRM'A  ME.NT,  n.     Act  of  disanuing. 

Dl*-AR.M'i.'n,  pp.  or  a.  Deprived  of  arms  ;  stripped  of 
the  means  of  defense  or  annoyance;  rendered  tiartn- 
IcKs  ;  subdued. 

DIS-ARM'ING,  jipr.    Stripping  of  arms  or  wea(x>us  ; 
Bubdtnng  ;  n-nderint;  hnrmless. 
2.  n.     The  act  of  depriving  of  arms. 

DIS-AR-R.^XGH',  r.   t.     [dia^nml  arranire.]     To    put 

out  of  order  ;  lo  unsettle  or  disturb  the  order  or  due 

nrraii^remint  of  parts.  iVnrton, 

[Set-  Deranck,  which  Is  more  cenemlly  used.] 

DIS-AirRAN(:j'i-;n,  pp.     Putouto?  order;  di.^lurbing. 

DIS-AR-KA\Gi-yMEXT,  n.  The  act  of  disturbing  or- 
der or  nvihod  ;  iliDordcr.  Baiter. 

Dlr?-AR-RANG'I.\G,  ppr.  Putting  out  of  order;  di:*- 
turhing  thft  arrangement  of. 

DIS-AR-RaY',  (ar-ra',)  r.  t.    [dis  and  arr«T/.]    To  un- 
dress ;  to  divest  of  clothes,  Spe/i.-ier. 
2.  To  tlirow  into  disorder  ;  lo  rout ;.  as  troops. 

MUton. 

DIS-.\R-RAY',  n.     Disorder  ;  confusion  ;  loss  or  want 

of  array  or  regular  order.  Drydeu. 

2.  UndresH.  Spnuier. 

DIS-AR-RAY'£D,  (-ar-rade',)  pp.  Divested  of  clothes 
or  array  ;  disordered. 

Dl!^.\R-RAY'h\G,  p/jr.  Divesting  of  clothes;  throw- 
ing into  disorder. 

DIS-AS-SI-DO'1-TY,  n.  Want  Of  assiduity  or  care. 
[A'Vf  iUfrd.]  fVotton. 

DrS-A.S.SO'CIATE,  r,  L  To  disunite;  to  disconnect 
things  a-isoriated. 

DIS-AS-.^0'ClA-TED,pp.     Disunited. 

DIS-AH-SO'CIA  TING,  ppr.     Disuniting. 

DIS-AS'TER,  (diz-as'ter,)  a.  [Fr.  desastre;  Pp.  and 
Port.  id. ;  It.  disastro ;  dis  and  astre,  Gr.  uarv,p^  a  star; 
a  word  of  astrological  origin.] 

1.  A  blast  or  stroke  of  an  unfavorable  planet. 
[Obs.]  Skuk. 

2.  Misfortune  ;  mishap  ;  calamity  ;  any  unfortunate 
event,  especially  a  sudden  tnisfurtune;  as,  we  met 
with  many  disasters  on  the  road. 

DIS-AS'TER,  V.  t.  To  blast  by  the  stroke  of  an  un- 
lucky planet;  also,  to  injure;  to  afflict. 

Sliak.     Thomson. 

DIS-AS'TER-J:D,;.p.     Blasted;  injured;  afflicted. 

DI8-AS'TROUSj  a.  Unlucky  ;  unfortunate  ;  calami- 
tous ;  occasionmg  loss  or  injury  ;  a.s,  the  day  wns 
disastrous :  the  battle  proved  disastrous;  their  fate  was 
disastrous. 

y\y  the  pursuit  of  my  disastroug  love.  Diyden, 

9.  Gloomy;  dismal;  threatening  disaster. 

The  moon, 
Id  (Urn  cclipa?,  diMulroai  twilight  shetlti.  MSton. 

DI8-AS'TR0US-LY,  adv.   Unfortunately  ;  in  a  dismal 

manner. 
DIS-AS'TROUS-NESS,  n.    Unfortunateness  ;  calam- 

itousness. 
DIS-AU'THOR-TZE,  v.  L    [dis  and  authorize.]     To  d&- 

prive  of  credit  or  authoritv.     [Little  juied.]    fVutton. 
DIS-A-VOUCH',  V.  t.      [dis  and  avouch.     See  Vow.] 

To  retract  profession  i  to  deny  ;  to  disown.     [Liule 

used.]  Varies. 

DIS-A-VOW',  r.  t     [dis  and  avoK.    Sec  Vow.]     To 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRgV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQOK.- 


DIS 

deny  ;  to  disown  ;  to  deny  to  be  true,  as  a  fact  or 
charge  respecting  one's  self ;  a-s,  he  was  cliarged 
with  embezzlement,  but  he  disavows  the  fact.  A 
man  may  disacoio  his  namd  or  signature  ;  he  may 
disavow  a  fenowiedge  of  a  fact,  or  his  concern  in  a 
tninsaction.     Opposed  to  own  or  acknowledge. 

2.  To  deny  ;  to  disown  ;  to  reject. 

3.  To  dissent  from  j  not  to  admit  as  true  or  justifi- 
able ;  not  to  vindicate.  The  envoy  disavowed  some 
parts  of  the  president's  proclamation. 

DIS-A-VOW'AL,  n.    Denial ;  a  disowning. 

A  ditavoteai  of  fear  oflen  proceeds  from  fear.  Chrisra. 

3.  Rejection  ;  a  declining  to  vindicate. 
DlS-A-\  OWED,  pp.    Denied;  disowned. 
DIS-A- VOWING,  ppr.      Denying;    disowning;    re- 
jecting as  something  not  to  be  maintained  or  vindi- 
cated. 
DIS-A-VOWMENT,  n.    Denial ;  a  disowning. 

fVotton, 
DIS-BAN'D',  p.  U     [dis  and  band;    Ft.  d^bnnder.] 

\.  To  dismiss  from  militar>'  service  ;  to  break  up  a 
band,  or  body  of  men  enlisted  ;  as,  to  disband  an  army 
or  a  regiment ;  to  disband  troops. 
2.  To  scatter ;  to  disperse.  IVoodioard. 

DIS-BA\D',  r,  L  To  retire  from  military  service  ;  to 
separate  ;  to  break  up ;  as,  the  army,  at  tlie  close  of 
the  war,  disbands, 

2.  To  separate  ;  to  dissolve  connection. 

Human  •octet;  may  dUbaitd.    [Improper.]  TVIolron. 

3.  To  be  dissolved.     [JVot  used.] 

When  both  rockx  and  all  tbiugv  ittull  dubarid,  HerberL 

DIS-BAND'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Dismissed  from  military 

service ;  separated. 
DI3-BA.\D'ING,  ppr.    Dismissing  from  military  ser- 
vice; separating;  dissolving  connectitm. 
DIS-BXRK',  r.   L      [Ft.  dcban/utr,  or  dis  and  bark;  a 
word  not  well  formed,  and  little  used.    We  now  use 
Debark  and  Disembark. ] 
To  land  from  a  ship ;  to  put  on  shore.  Pope. 

DIS-BE-LIeF',  n.  [dis  and  belief.]  Refusal  of  credit 
or  faith  ;  denial  of  belieC 

Our  U'lief  or  disbelie/a(  a  thin^  does  not  alter  the  nature  of  the 
thing.  TiUoUon. 

DIS-BE-LIeVE',  c.  t.  [dis  and  beUeve.]  Not  to  be- 
lieve ;  to  bold  not  to  be  ime  or  not  to  exist ;  to  refuse 
to  credit.  Some  men  disbeliece  the  inspiration  of  the 
Scriptures,  and  the  immortality  of  the  »oul. 

DIS-BE-LlEV'/:D,;)p.     Not  believed  ;  discredited. 

DI=-BE-LIeV'ER,  n.  One  who  refuses  belief;  one 
who  dtni'-s  a  thing  to  be  true  or  real.  fVatis. 

DlJvRE-UEVI.N'G,  ppr.  Withholding  belief;  dis- 
crediting. 

DIS-BENCH',  V  L  [dis  and  bench.']  To  drive  from  a 
bench  or  seat.  Shak. 

DIS  BLA.ME',  V.  U    To  clearfrom  blame.    [JV«f  ased.] 

Chaucer. 

DIS-BOD'I-£D,  (-bod'id,)  a.  Disembodied,  which  is 
the  vfurd  now  used, 

DIS-BOWEL,e.  L  [dis  and  bowel.]  To  take  out  the 
intestines.  Spenser. 

DIS-BOVV'EL-£D,  pp.  Eviscerated  ;  deprived  of  in- 
testines. 

DIS-BOW'ET.-ING,  ppr.    Taking  out  the  intestines. 

DIS-URA.NCir,  v.L     [dis  and  braneh.'\     To  cut  off  or 
separate, as  the  branch  of  a  tree.     [Little  used.] 
2.  To  deprive  Of  branches.     [Little  used.]    Evelyn. 

DIS-BUD',  r.  (.    To  deprive  of  buds  or  shoots. 

Oardeners. 

D!S-BUR'D£\,  (-hur'dn,)  n.  f.  [dis  and  burden.  See 
BfRDKN.]  To  remove  a  burden  from;  to  unload; 
to  disrhargc.  MUton, 

2.  To  throw  off  B  burden;  to  disencumber;  to 
clear  of  any  thing  weighty,  troublesome,  or  cumber- 
s<»me  ;  as,  to  dijiburden  one's  self  of  grief  or  care  ;  to 
disburden  of  superfluous  ornaments. 

DI-S-BljR'l)£N,  r.  i.  To  ease  the  mind;  to  he  re- 
lieved. MUton. 

DIS-BUR'DEN-ED.  (-bur'dnd,)  op.  Eased  of  m  bur- 
den ;  unloaded  ;  disencumbered. 

DIS-IJI;R'D£N'ING,  ppr.  LrnUiading;  diich«.ging; 
throwing  off  a  burden  ;  disencunihrring. 

DIS-mJRSE',(diH-burs',)p.t.  [Ft.deboursiTi  i^oniu, 
and  bourse,  a  purse.] 

To  pay  out,  as  money  ;  to  sp'.'^d  ',r  l^y  o  J  prima- 
rUy^  to  pay  money  fr<»m  a  piibl'C  chest  of  r  easury, 
but  npphnihle  lo  A  p-^al'^  pur-c. 

DIS-BURS'KD,  (di»-DU'Tft',);*p.     l»a'i  c.i-  $  .pended. 

DlS-BURriE'.METiT,  (divDuivn»4nt.;  r.  \Vt.  de- 
bourgrment  ] 

1.  Tt:p  act  of  jr-ying  0"%  *••  'nr*.ev  tr.  fl  a  public 
or  private;  chest. 

2.  The  money  or  ir^m  >iid  >ai .  a*-,  (^  .  annual  dis- 
bursemnnts  exceed  the  »nc.o:iip 

DIS-BIJRS'ER,  n.    One  whc  \y  j9  Jo'    a  disburses 

money. 
DI.S-BtlRS'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Pay'ag  'at  jr  jxpcndine. 
DI8€,  n.     [L.  discus.    See  Dim.]     Tap  /'^ce  or  visible 


projection  of  a  celestial  body 
DIS      


[SeAI/CE  iTE,r.  (.     [U  diseaJ,ea'.ut;  disnndcal- 
ceus,  a  shoe.] 
To  p^iH  off  the  shoes  or  sandals. 
DIS-€AI/CB-A-TED,  pp.    Stripped  of  shoes. 


DIS 

DIS-€AL-CE-A'TION,  w.  The  act  of  pulling  off  the 
shoes  or  sanduls.  Broxon. 

DIS-€AN'D  Y,  r.  i.  [dis  and  candy.]  To  melt ;  to  dis- 
solve- Shak. 

DIS-CARD',  V.  t.  [Sp.  descartar;  Port,  id.;  dis  and 
eard.]^ 

1.  To  throw  out  of  the  hand  such  cards  as  are 
useless. 

2.  To  dismiss  from  service  or  employment,  or  from 
society  ;  to  cast  off;  as,  to  discard  spies  and  inform- 
ers ;  to  discard  an  old  servant ;  to  discard  an  asso. 
ciate. 

3.  To  thrust  away  ;  to  reject ;  as,  to  discard  preju- 
dices. 

DIS-€ARD'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Thrown  out;  dismissed 
from  service  ;  rejected. 

DIS-CARD'ING,  ;y)r.  Throwing  out;  dismissing  from 
employment ;  rejecting. 

DIS-€XR'NATE,  a.     [dis  and  L.  caro,  flesh.] 

Stripped  of  flesh.  OlanviUe. 

DIS-CaSE',  p.  U  [dis  and  co-^e.]  To  take  off  a  cov- 
ering from  ;  to  strip  ;  foundress.  Shak. 

DIS-CEP-Ta'TION,  n.    Controversy. 

DIS-CEP-TA'TOR,  n.  [L.j  One  who  arbitrates  or 
decides.     [JVcf  used.] 

DIS-CERN',  (diz-zern',)  p.  L  [L.  discemo ;  dit  avi 
eemo,  to  separate,  or  distinguish,  Gr.  Kptv<a  ;  IL  dis- 
cernerei  Sp.  disccrnir ;  Ft.  discemer ;  Eng.  screen. 
The  *ense  is,  to  sejiarate.] 

1.  To  separate  by  the  eye,  or  by  the  understand- 
ing.    Hence, 

S.  To  distinguish ;  to  see  the  difference  between 
two  or  more  things;  to  discriminate ;  as,  to  discern 
the  blossom-buds  from  the  leaf-buds  of  plants. 

Boyle. 
Discern  thou  wh-Tt  is  thine. — Orn.  xxjd. 

3.  To  make  the  difference.    [Obs.] 

Por  nolhinr  ebe  dUcems  tlic  virtue  or  thi;  victi,      B.  JonMon. 

4.  To  discover  ;  to  see ;  to  distinguish  by  the  eye. 
1  diMxmed  unoiie  the  ^\i>ulha   a   youn^  man  roiil   uf  uiider^ 

standing.  —  Pror.  »ii. 

5.  To  discover  by  the  intellect ;  to  distinguish ; 
hence,  to  have  knowledge  of;  to  judge. 

So  b  mj  lanl  tlie  kins;  la  fUsixrn  good  and  bnii.  —  2  Snm.  xiv, 
A  wise  maii'i  hpiuHUMcemeth  tiiite  and  Judgment,  — l-kcli.-s.  viii. 

DIS-CERN',  (diz-zern',)  r.  i.     To  see  or  understand 
the  difference;  to  make  distinction;   us,  to  discern 
between  good  and  evil,  truth  and  falsehood. 
Q.  To  have  judicial  cognizance.     [06*.]     Bacon. 

DIS-CERN'£D, (diz-zenid',)  J*;;.  Distinguislied;  seen; 
discovered. 

DIS-CERN'ER,  (diz-zern'er,)  n.  One  who  sees,  dis- 
covers, or  disiinguishes;  an  observer.        . 

2.  One  who  knows  and  judges ;  one  who  has  the 
powerof  distinguishing. 

He  Ktia  a  great  ot^cnei  and  dUcemtr  of  men's  nntun^  and 
hiimon.  Clartndon. 

3.  That  wliichdistinguisbea  ;  or  that  which  causes 
to  understand. 

The  Wott!  of  Go-J   is  qukk  »nd    powcrfd— a  diicerntr  of  lli8 
thouglits  and  Intents  of  tJic  h^'art.  —  Hc6.  iv. 

DIS-CERN'I-BLE,  (diz-zcrn'e-ld,)  a.  That  may  be 
seen  distinctly  ;  disroverable  by  the  eye  or  the  un- 
derstanding ;  di>tin;.'iiish:ible.  A  star  is  discernible 
by  the  eye ;  the  id.iitity  or  difference  of  ideas  is  dis- 
cfrnible  by  the  undt-r.^Iaiiding. 

DlS-CERN'l-BLK-NESS,  n.     Visihlrness. 

DIS-CERN'I-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  be  discerned, 
seen,  or  discovered  ;  visibly.  Ifammond, 

DI8-CERN'ING,  (diz  zern'ing,)  ppr.  Distinguishing; 
•eeing;  discovering;  knowing;  judging. 

2.  a.  Having  power  to  discern  ;  capable  of  see- 
ing, discriminating,  knowing,  and  judging;  Khar]»- 
slghtcd  ;  penetrating;  acute  ;  aa,  a  (/i.vcrrnm^  man  or 
mind. 

DIS-CERN'ING,  n.  Tlie  act  of  discerning  ;  discern- 
ment. Spectfitor. 

DIS-CERNTNG-LY,  adv.  With  discernment ;  acuUdy; 
with  judgment;   skillfiillv.  Garth. 

DIS-CERN'.VIENT,  n.  The  act  of  discerning;  also, 
the  pc)wer  or  faculty  of  the  mind,  by  which  it  dis- 
tinguishes one  thing  from  another,  as  truth  from 
falsehood,  virtue  from  vice  ;  acuteness  of  judgment ; 
power  of  perceiving  ditFerencca  of  things  or  ideas, 
and  their  relations  tind  tendencies.  The  errors  of 
youth  often  proceed  fVr)m  the  want  of  discernment. 

DIS-CERP',  v.  U     [L.  dhcrrpo.] 

To  tear  in  piec<!S  ;  to  separate.     [.^Tot  used,] 

DIS-CERP-I-BII/L-TY,  n.  Oipabilily  orliablencss  to 
be  torn  a-iunder  nr  di;*united. 

DIS-CERP'I-BLE,  a.  [\..  discrrpo  ;  dh  and  carpo,  to 
seize,  to  tear.  In  some  dictionaries  it  is  written  dis- 
cerpttbte,  on  the  authority  of  Gtnnville  and  More  ;  an 
error  indeed,  but  of  little  consequeuce,  as  tlie  word 
is  rarely  or  never  used.] 

That  may  be  torn  asunder;  separable;  capable  of 
being  disunited  by  violence. 

DIS-CfiRP'TION,  (dis-flerp'.'4hun,)  n.  The  net  of  pull- 
ing to  pieces,  or  of  separating  tin*  jtfirtN. 

DI.S-CE.S'SION,  (-Besh'un,)  n.     [L.  discessio.] 

Departure.     [J^ot  used.]  Hall. 

DISCHARGE',  V.  L     [Ft.  decharfrert  Sp.  descargar ; 


DIS 

IL  scaricare ;  dis  and  dMrge,  or  cargo,  from  ear,  a  cart 
L    or  vehicle.] 

1.  To  unload,  as  a  ship  ;  to  take  out,  aa  a  cargo  ; 
applied  buth  to  the  ship  and  the  loading:  We  say,  to 
discharge  a  ship  ;  but  more  generally,  to  discharge  a 
cargo  or  the  lading  of  the  ship.  • 

2.  To  free  from  any  load  or  burden  ;  to  throw  off 
or  cxoncriile  ;  as,  discharged  of  business.     Dryden, 

3.  To  throw  off  a  load  or  charge ;  to  let  tly  ;  to 
shoot  ;  applied  to  jire-anns ;  as,  to  discharge  a  pistol 
or  a  cannon  ;  or  to  discharge  a  ball  or  grape-shot. 

4.  To  pay  ;  as,  to  discharge  a  debt,  a  bond,  a  note. 

5.  To  send  away,  as  a  creditor  by  payment  of  what 
is  due  to  him.     He  distjtarged  his  creditors. 

6.  'I'o  free  from  claim  or  demand  ;  to  give  an  ac- 
quittance to,  or  a  receipt  in  full,  as  to  a  debtor.  The 
creditor  discharged  his  debtor. 

7.  To  free  from  an  obligation  j  as,  to  dUcharge^ 
man  from  further  duty  or  service ;  to  discharge  a 
surety. 

8.  To  clear  from  an  accusation  or  crime ;  to  ac- 
quit ;  to  absolve  ;  to  set  free ;  with  qf;  as,  to  dis- 
charge a  man  of  all  blame.  Hooker. 

9.  To*hrow  off  or  out;  to  let  fly;  to  give  vent 
to;  as,  to  discharge  a  horrible  oath  ;  to  discharge  fury 
or  vengeance.  Shak.     Pope. 

10.  To  perform  or  execute,  as  a  duty  or  office  con- 
sidered as  a  charge.  One  man  discharges  the  office 
of  a  sheriff;  amither  that  of  a  priest.  We  are  all 
bound  to  discharge  the  duties  of  piety,  of  benevo- 
lence, and  charity. 

11.  To  divest  of  an  office  or  employment,  to  dis- 
miss from  service ;  as,  to  discharge  a  steward  or  a 
Ber\'ant ;  to  discharge  a  soldier  or  seaman  ;  to  dis- 
charge ajur>'. 

12.  To  dismiss;  to  release;  to  send  away  from 
any  business  or  appointment. 

Discharge  your  iMwrra  to  tlii'^ir  scTcral  counties.  Shak, 

13.  To  emit  or  send  out;  as,  an  ulcer  discharges 
pus ;  a  pipe  discharges  water. 

14.  To  release  ;  to  liberate  from  confinement ;  as, 
to  discharge  a  prisoner. 

1.5.  To  put  away ;  to  remove  ;  to  clear  fVom ;  to 
destroy.     In  gena-al,  to  throw  off  any  load  or  encum- 
brance ;  to  free  or  clear. 
DIS-CHARCiE',  P.  i.    To  break  up. 

Tlic  cloud,  if  it  were  oWy  or  faltv,  would  not  dUchArgt.   liacon. 

D1S-CHAR6E',  n.  An  unloading,  as  of  a  ship;  as, 
the  discharge  of  a  cargo. 

2.  A  throwing  out;  vent;  emission;  applied  to  a 
Jlaidy  a  flowing  or  issuing  out,  or  a  throwing  out ;  as, 
the  discharge  of  water  from  a  spring,  or  from  a 
spoilt ;  applied  to  fire-arms,  an  explosion ;  as,  a  dis- 
charge ot  cannon. 

3.  That  which  is  tlirown  out ;  matter  emitted  ;  as, 
a  thin,  serous  discharge  :  a  purulent  discharge. 

4.  Dismission  from  office  or  service  ;  or  tlie  writing 
which  evidences  the  dismission.  The  general,  the 
soldier,  obtains  a  diteharge. 

5.  Release  fmm  obligation,  debt,  or  penalty  ;  or 
the  writing  which  is  evidence  of  it ;  an  acquittance  ; 
as,  the  debtor  has  a  duicharge. 

a.  Absolution  from  a  crime  or  acctisation  ;  acquit- 
tance. South. 

7.  Ransom ;  liberation ;  price  paid  for  deliverance. 

MUttnu 

8.  Performance  ;  execution  ;  applied  to  an  office, 
trust,  or  dutjf.  A  gf»od  man  is  faitliful  in  the  discharge 
of  his  duties,  public  and  private. 

9.  Liberation;  release  from  imprisonment  or  other 
confinement 

10.  Exemption ;  escape. 

Thrre  u  no  dischargt  in  that  war.  —  Eccle*.  rllL 

1 1.  Pnynient,  as  of  a  debt. 

12.  \x\  architecture,  to  relieve  or  distribute  a  weight 
to  he  borne.  Thus,  discharging  arches  are  placed  in 
a  wall  over  a  Itnlel,  to  discharge  the  lintel  of  too 
great  a  pressure  from  above.  Brandc, 

DIS-CHAR(5'£D,p/i  or  a.  Unloaded  j  left  off ;  shot; 
thrown  out  :  dismissed  from  service  ;  paid  ;  re- 
lease<I  ;  acquitted  ;  freed  from  debt  or  penalty  ;  lib- 
enited  ;  perforiiied  ;  executed. 

DI.'^-CHARG'ER,  n.  He  that  discharges  in  any  man- 
ner. 

2.  One  who  fires  a  gun. 

3.  In  electricittf,  an  instrument  for  discharging  & 
Loydf^n  phial,  jar,  &.C.,  by  opening  a  communication 
between  the  two  surfaces.  Cyc. 

DIS-CHAKG'ING,  p;tr.  Unlading^  letting  fly  ;  shoot- 
ing; tlirowing  out;  emitting;  dismissing  from  ser- 
vice ;  pnying ;  releasing  from  debt,  obligation,  or 
claim  ;  acquitting  ;  liberating  ;  performing  ;  exe- 
cuting. 

DI.S-CH ARCING  ARCH,  n.  An  arch  over  a  door, 
window,  &c.,  to  distribute  or  relieve  tlio  pressure. 

Brand  e. 

DIS-CHXKG'ING  ROD,  71.  In  eXectHcity,fi\Ki\i  wire. 
armed  at  bnth  ends  wilh  knobs,  and  insulated  by  a 
glass  tiandle.  It  is  employed  im  discharging  a  Ley- 
den  jar  or  an  electrical  battery.  D.  Olmsted. 

DIS-ClIURCH',  e.  (.  To  deprive  of  the  rank  of  a 
church.  Hall. 


TONE,  BpLL,  (JNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CK)ns — C  as  K;  6  as  Jj  8  aa  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  Til  aa  in  THIS. 


DIS 

DIS-CHURCir/JD,  Mis-churchl',)  pp.     Deprived  of 

the  milk  of  a  church. 
DIS-CrUE',  F.  L    To  divide  j  to  cut  in  pieces.    [AW 

uatd.] 
DlS'l'l-FORM,  a.    [U  discus,  a  disk,  and/amw.] 

Hauns  Uie  form  of  a  disk,  or  circular  plate. 
DIS-OI^eT', «.    Ungirded. 

DIS-CLND',  F.  t.    To  cut  in  two.    [AW  it«d.)    Boyle, 
DIS-CT'PLE,  n.    [L.  discipuluj,  firom  disat,  to  learn.] 
1.  A  learner  ;  a  scholar  ;  one  who  receives,  or  pro- 
fesaes  to  receive,  instruction  from  anotiier ;  aa,  the 
dUeipUs  of  Plato. 

S.  A  fullower  ;  an  adherent  to  tlie  doctrines  of -an- 
other. Hence,  the  constant  altendania  of  Christ 
were  railed  hi^  dUdptes :  and  hence  all  Christians 
are  called  his  diseipUs^  as  they  profess  to  learn  and 
receive  his  docirinea  and  precepts. 
DIS-CITLG,  c  L  To  leach ;  to  train,  or  bring  up. 
'       -  SloJt 

S.  To  make  disc^ef  of;  to  convert  to  doctrines 
or  principles. 

This  AtttlMity  be  tmAanA  la  wkbObm  mhriBMrir*  to  ditnpk 

3.  To  panish }  to  diaeipUna.    [JVM  m  im1 

^enser, 
DIS-CrPLf:D,  pp.     Taught;  trained;   brought  up ; 

made  n  diAciple. 
DIS-OT'PLt^LTKE,  a.    Becoming  a  disciple.     Miltim. 
OlS-CI'PLtl-SHlP,  a.    The  state  of  a  disciple  or  ful- 
lower in  doctrines  and  precepts.  JiamwunuL 
DIS'CI-PLIN-A-BLE,  a.     [See  DiscirLinc] 

1.  Capable  of  instrticuon,  and  impruvemenl  in 
learning. 

3.  That  m.iy  be  subjected  to  discipline  ;  as,  a  disei- 
plinable  olfeniie,  in  church  govemmenL 

3.  Subject  or  Uable  to  diitcipline,  as  the  member  of 
a  church. 
DIS'CI-PLIX-A-BLE  XESS,  a.    Capacity  of  receiving 
instruction  by  education.  ifai«. 

2.  The  state  of  being  subject  to  discipline. 
DIS'CI-PLIN-.\-\T,  n.    One  of  a  relifri'ms  order,  so 

called  from  their  practice  of  scourging  themselves,  or 
other  r\%\A  discipline.  SmotletL 

DIft-C{-PLl.\-.\'RI-AN,  «     Pertaining  to  discipline. 

DIS-CI-PLI\-.^'RI-A\,  n.  One  who  disciplines  \  one 
vented  in  rules,  principles,  and  practice,  and  who 
leaches  them  with  precision ;  pcreica^oWjr,  one  who 
instructs  in  niilitar>  and  naval  tACtics  and  manieu- 
vers.  It  is  chiefly  used  in  the  latter  sense,  and  es- 
pecially for  one  who  is  well  verged  in,  or  teiirhes 
with  exactness,  mililAr>-  exercises  and  cvulutinns. 

2.  A  Puritan  or  Presbyterian  ;  so  called  from  his 
rigid  adherence  to  religious  discipline-     Samdersotu 

[I  brtirre  not  mew  msfd.} 
DIS'CI-PL1\-A-RY,  a.    Pertaining  to  discipline;  in- 
tended for  discipline  or  government ;  promoting  dis- 
ciplme ;  as,  certain  canons  of  Uie  church  are  duci- 
pUnary. 

S.  Kelanng  to  a  mgular  coutw  of  education  ;  in- 
tended Uv  instruction.  MUuitu 

The  t*il»  6t  tfc,  pain,  ridmr*,  lowrt,  aomnn,  Aangen,  aikd 
tlkil^iitmniu,  u«  dudptmaiy  uid  ranadMl. 

JSiMfcwIiulrr. 
DIS'CI-PLIXE,  a.    [U  disdjdina,  from  diseoy  to  learn.] 

1.  Education  ;  m^tniction  ;  cultivation  and  im- 
provement, comprehending  instruction  in  arts,  sci- 
ences, correct  seniinients,  morals,  and  manners,  and 
doe  subordination  to  aiiUioriiy. 

2.  Insiniciion  and  gnvcrnmcnt,  comprehending 
the  communication  of  knowledge  and  the  regulation 
of  practice ;  as,  military  dudpUHr,  which  includes 
instruction  in  manual  exercise,  cvoluliuns,  and  sub- 
ordination. 

3.  Rule  of  government ;  method  of  regulatmg 
principles  and  practice  j  as,  the  discipUtu  prescribed 
for  the  church. 

4.  Subjection  to  laws,  niles,  order,  precept-'*,  or 
regulations  ;  as,  the  troops  are  under  excellent  dL<ci- 
fUxe;  the  pas.sion3  should  be  kept  under  strict  dis- 
dplitu. 

5.  Correction  ;  chastisement ;  punishment  intend- 
ed to  correct  crimes  or  errors  ;  as,  the  dtseipliiie  of  the 
strap.  jJdtiison, 

6.  In  fccltsuutical  cffiiirs,  the  execution  of  the  laws 
by  which  the  church  is  governed,  and  infliction  of 
the  penalties  enjoined  against  odenders,  who  profess 
the  religion  of  Jesus  ChrisL  Knew. 

7.  Chastisement  or  bodily  punishment  inflict^'d  on 
a  delinquent  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church  ;  or  that 
chastisement  or  external  mortiticatioa  which  a  nli- 
gioua  person  inflicU  on  himself.       Taylor.    Ijocyc 

DiS'CI-PLI.NE,  r.  u  To  inslnici  or  educate;  to  in- 
form the  mind  ;  to  prepare  by  instructing  in  correct 
principles  and  habits  ;  a^,  to  dUeipline  youth  for  a 
profession,  or  for  future  usefulness. 

a.  To  instruct  and  govern ;  to  teach  mies  and 
practice,  and  accustom  to  order  and  subordination  ; 
as,  to  discipline  troops  or  an  army. 

3.  To  correct ;  to  chastise  ;  to  punish. 

4.  To  execute  the  laws  of  the  church  on  offenders, 
with  a  view  to  bring  them  to  repentance  and  reforma- 
lion  of  life. 

5.  To  advance  and  prepare  by  instruction.   .WltoH. 


DIS 

DIS'C1-PLI\-E0,  ;»p.  or  a.  Instnicled  ;  educated; 
subjectfd  to  rules  and  n-gutations ;  corrected  ;  chas- 
tised ;  punished  ;  admonished. 

DIS'CI-PI.I.\-ER.  n.    One  who  disciplines  or  tenches. 

DIS'Cl-PLIN-ING,  ppr.  Instrueiing ;  educating  ;  sub- 
jecting to  order  and  subordiimtitui ;  correcting  ;  chas- 
tising; admonishing;  punishing. 

DIS^-CLAIM',  r.  t,  [dts  and  claim.]  To  disoH-n ;  to 
disavow  ;  to  deny  the  posst^ssion  of;  to  reject  as  not 
belonging  to  one^s  self.  A  man  disclaims  all  knowl- 
edge of  a  partirular  Iransaciion  ;  he  dLtehims  every 
pretension  to  ilm(uence  ,  he  diselaims  any  rijiht  to  in- 
terfere in  the  affairs  of  his  neighbor ;  he'  disclaims  all 
pretension  to  military  skill.  It  is  opposed  to  cUim  or 
chalien^e, 

2.  To  renounce  ;  to  reject ;  as,  to  dbdaim  the  au- 
thority of  the  i»ope. 

3.  To  deny  all  claim.  A  tenant  may  disclaim  to 
hold  of  his  lord.  En»:  taw. 

DlS-eLXIM',  0.  i.  To  disavow  all  part  or  share,  [{/n- 
imul.] 

Natuiv  (SmJaum  in  tbec.  Shak. 

DI3-CLAIM'£D,  pp.  Disowned  ;  disavowed;  reject- 
ed ;  denied. 

DIS-CLAIM'ER,  lu  A  person  who  disclaims, disowns, 
or  renounces. 

2.  In  /aie,  nn  express  or  implied  denial  or  renunci- 
ation of  certain  things  in  question.     Hence, 

3.  \  puhlic  disiivowal,  as  of  pretensions,  Sec. 
DIS-€LAJM'1\G,  ppr.    Disownnig  ;  disavowing  ;  de- 
nying ;  renouncing. 

DIS-€LA-.MA'TIO\,  n.  The  act  of  disclaiming;  a 
disavowing.     L\*'(  «.«*'/.]  ScotL 

DIS-CLOSE',  (dis-ktoze',)  r.  u  {dis  and  dost;  Fr.  de- 
ctorTtydeeios;  V*.  dtsdmlo.     See  Closb.] 

1.  To  uncover ;  to  open  ;  to  remove  a  cover  from, 
and  lay  open  tu  the  view. 

Ttes  abeUi  betu^  bnAeit,  the  uoiie  incIuUcd  iu  thoni  i«  dUctottd. 

W'uotlionrd. 

2.  To  cause  to  appear  ;  to  lay  open  to  the  view  ;  to 
bring  to  light.  Events  have  disclosed  the  designs  of 
tlie  ministry. 

3.  To  reveal  by  words ;  to  tell ;  to  utter ;  as,  to 
disclose  the  secret  thoughts  of  the  heart. 

4.  To  make  known  ;  to  show  in  any  manner.  A 
blush  may  disclose  a  secret  passion  in  the  breast. 

5.  To  open  ;  to  hatch.     [A*ot  luerf.] 

The  (Mncli  liyth  h^r  eg-gi  uiitkr  uiid,  where  ibe  I»rat  of  the 
■iiti  ditctoseth  ihem.  Bacon. 

niS-CL6SE',  H.    An  uncovering.  Younrr. 

DlS-eLOS'£D,  pp.  Uncovered  ;  oi>ened  to^icw ;  made 
known  ;  revealed  ;  told ;  uttered. 

DIS-CL^S'ER,  It.    One  who  discloses  or  reveals. 

DIS-GLOS'ING,  ppr.  Uncovering  ;  opening  to  view  ; 
revealing;  making  known  ;  telling. 

DIS-eLOa'lJRE,  (dis-klo'zhur,)  n.  The  act  of  dis- 
closing; an  uncovering  and  opening  to  view. 

Bacon. 

2.  The  act  of  revealing;  utterance  of  what  was 
secret ;  a  telling. 

3.  The  act  of  making  known  what  was  concealed. 

4.  That  which  ia  disclosed  or  made  known. 
DIS-eL0'SIO.\,  (dis-kia'zhun.)  n.     [h.  disdusus,  dis- 

clmdo ;  dis  and  daudo.] 

An  emission  ;  a  throwing  ouL  [LiMe  used.]   Jilore. 
DIS-COAST',  r.  t.     To  depart  from  ;  to  quit  Uie  coast. 

[AVI  used.] 
DIS-eO-IlKR'E.VT,  o.    Incoherent.  [ TTi* /aaer  M  ^en- 

eraUp  used.] 
DIS'eOID,  ju    [L.  discus^  and  Gr.  ctSf^.] 

Something  in  form  of  a  discus  or  disk. 
DIS'COID,         i  a.     Having  the  form  of  a  disk.     The 
OIS-COID'.\L,  \      term  discAtid  is  particularly  applied 

to  those  univalve  shells  which  have  the  air-whorls 

disposed  vertically  on  the  same  plane,  so  as  to  form 

a  disk,  as  the  pearly  nautilus. 

Discoid,  or  disccusy  flowers  are  compound  flowers, 

not  radiated,  but  the  dorets  all  tubular,  as  the  tansy, 

souiltornwood,  &.c.  Cyc     Smith. 

DiS-eOL'OR,  (dis-kul'lur,)  p.  U  [L.  discoloro  ;  dis  and 

coloru,  from  color.] 

1.  To  alter  the  natural  hue  or  color  of;  to  stain  ; 
to  tinge.  \  drop  of  wine  will  discolor  a  glass  of  wa- 
ter; silver  is  discolored  by  sea-water. 

2.  To  change  any  color,  natural  or  artificial ;  to  al- 
ter a  color  partially.  It  difT.jrs  from  color  and  dye,  in 
d'u-noting  a  partial  alteration,  rather  than  an  entire 
change,  of  color. 

3.  FiffurfUivchj,  to  alter  the  complexion  ;  to  change 
the  appearance ;  as,  to  discolor  ideas.  IVatis. 

DlS-eOL-OR-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  altering  the  col- 
or ;  a  staining. 

2.  Alteration  of  color ;  stain ;  as,  spots  and  discol- 
orations  of  tiie  skin. 

3.  Alteration  of  complexion  or  ap|)carance. 
DIS-€0L'0R-/:D,  (-kul'lurd,)  pp.    Altered  in  color; 

£tai.ted. 
2.  a,     Varieeated  ;  being  of  divers  colors,  Spenser. 
DIS-eOL'OR-lNG,  ppr.     Altering  the  color  or  hue; 

staining  ;  chinking  the  complexion. 
DIS-€0L'OR-I\G,  (kul'lur-)  n.     The  act  of  altering 

color  fur  the  worse. 
DI.S-eOM'FIT,   Cdis-kum'fit,)  r.  e.     [Fr.  deconjire,  de- \ 


DIS 

confit ;  It.  acoiifiggere^  sconjiitn  ;  from  dis  and  the  L, 
coufigo,  to  fasten,  to  nail ;  eon  and  /I'o,  to  lix.] 

To  rout ;  to  defeat ;  to  scatter  in' fight ;  to  cause  to 
flee ;  to  vanquish. 

JiMhua  discomfited  Ainiiiek  ftnd  hit  people  with  tlie  etlge  of.  the 

•wonl.  —  Kx,  xvU. 
I!p,  fii'itlv,  (Iffclirifil  iuporior  Blrcngtb, 
Itiieomjited,  piinurd.  Philip*. 

DIS-eOM'FIT,  n.  Rout;  dispei-sion ;  defeat;  over 
throw 

DIS  eOM'FIT-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Routed  ;  defeated  ;  over- 
thrown. 

DIS-COM'FIT-ING,  ppr.    Routing  ;  defeating. 

DIS-€OM'FIT-URti,  (dis-kum'fit-yur,)  it.  Rout;  de- 
feat in  battle  ;  disjiersion ;  overthrow. 

Ercry  in:ui'a  jwiinl  w:u  a?aiiiat  hii  fctlow,  antl  there  wai  a  Tcry 
great  tlidcomJUure.  —  1  Sam.  xiv. 

2.  Defeat;  frustration;  disappointment. 
DIS-eOM'rORT,  (dis-kum'fnrt,)  n.  [(/wand  cotn/ort.] 
Uneasiness;  disturbance  of  peace  ;  pain;  grief;  in- 
quietude. S/uJi.     South. 
DIS-COM'FORT,  V.  U   To  disturb  peace  or  happiness  ; 
to  make  uneasy  ;  to  pain  ;  to  grieve  ;  to  sadden  ;  to 
dejfct.  Siditry. 
DIS-eOM'FORT-A-BLE,  a.   Causing  uneasiness  ;  un- 
pleasant;  giving  pain;  making  sad.    [Little  used.] 

Sidney. 
9.  Uneasy  ;  melancholy  ;  refusing  comfort.    (jVot 
used.]  Sfiak. 

[Instead  of  this  word,  Uwcomfortable  is  used.] 
DIS-eOM'FORT-EU,  pp.     Made  uneasy  ;  disturbed  j 

ptihied  ;  grieved. 
Dil>-C0.M'FURT-1NG,  ppr.  Disturbing  peace  and  hap- 
piness ;  making  uneasy  ;  grieving. 
DIS-eOM-ME\D',p.r.  [dis  and  commrnd.]  To  blame; 
to  censure  ;  to  mention  with  disapprobation. 

I  Jo  iHit  ditcommftul  the  lofty  iiyle  in  irag.xly.  Drydan, 

DIS-€O.M-MEND'A-RLE,  a.    Blaraable  ;  censurable  ; 

desL-rving  disapprobation.  Ayliffe. 

DlSCOM-ME\D'A-BI>E-NESS,  tu  Blamablcness ; 
the  quality  of  being  worthy  of  disapprobation. 

DIS-eOM-MEND-A'TIOiN,  n.  Blame;  censure;  re- 
pmach.  Ayli^e.. 

DIS-€OM-MEND'ER,  n.  One  who  discommends  ;  a 
dispraiser.  Johnson. 

DIS-COM-MKND'tXG,  ppr.     Blaming;  censuring. 

DIS-COM'MU-DATE,  v.  t.  To  incommode.  [JVot 
lued.] 

DlS-eoM-MODE',  r.  (.     [di-<  and  commode,  Fr.] 

To  put  to  inconvenience;  to  incommode;  to  mo- 
lest ;  to  trouble. 

DIS-COM-MOU'ED,  pp.  Put  to  inconvenience;  mo- 
lested ;  incommoded. 

DIS-COM-MOD'ING,  ;;pr.  Putting  to  inconvenience  ; 
giving  trouble  to. 

DlS-eOM-.MO'Dl-OUS,  a.  Inconvenient  ;  trouble- 
some. Spenser. 

DIS-€OM-M0'DI-OUS-LY,otii>.  In  a  discommodious 
manner. 

DIS-eOM-MOD'I-TY,  n.  Inconvenience;  trouble; 
hurt;   disadvantage.  Bacon. 

DiaCOM'MON,  V.  U     [dis  and  common.]     To  appro- 
priate common  land  ;  to  separate  and  inclose  com- 
mon. Cowcl. 
2.  To  deprive  of  the  privileges  of  a  place. 

IVarton. 

DIS-€OM'MOX-KD,  pp.     Appropriated,  as  land. 

DIS-eOM'MON-I\G,;;;»r.  Appropriating;  sejiarating 
or  inclosing  common  land. 

DIS-eOM-PLEX'lON,  (-kom-plexfyun,)  r.  L  To 
change  the  complexion  or  color.    [J\''ot  used.] 

Beaum. 

DIS-€OM-POSE',  (dis-kom-p5ze',)  v.  t  [dis  and  cuia- 
pose.]^ 

1.  Tou 
things. 

2.  To  disturb  pt-ace  and  quietness;  to  agitate  ;  to 
ruffle  ;  applied  to  Uie  temper  or  miiul;  expressing  li^ss 
agitation  than  fret  and  vez,  or  expressing  vexation 
with  decorum.  Swift. 

3.  To  displace  ;  to  discard.  L^vt  in  use.]    Bacun. 
DIS-€O.M-P0s'/:D,  pp.  or  a.    Unsettled;  disordered; 

rulfled  ;  agitated  ;  disturbed. 

DIS-COM-POS'LVG,  jrpr.  Unsettling;  putting  out  of 
ordi/r;  ruffling;  agitating;  disturbing  tranquillity. 

DIS-eO.\l-PO-Sl"TION,  (-i)0-zish'un,)  n.  Inconsist- 
ency.     [A*rf(  iijicd.] 

DIS  eOM-POS'URE,  (dis-kom-po'zlmr,)  «.  Disorder; 
agitation;  disturbance;  perturbation;  as,  discompos- 
UTC  of  mind.  Clarmdan. 

DI.S-eOX-CEtlT',  r.  I.  [//is  and  concert.]  To  break 
or  int-^rrnpi  any  order,  pl.in,  or  harmonious  scheme  ; 
to  dLf<;al ;  to  frustrate,  'i'he  cmpt>ror  disconcerted  th6 
plans  of  his  tneniy.  Their  schemes  were  discoa- 
certed. 

9.  To  unsettle  the  mind  :  to  discompose  :  to  dis- 
turb ;  to  confuse.  An  unexpectt-o  question  may  ois- 
conccrt  the  alilfst  advocate  in  his  argument. 

DIS-eO\-CERT'ED,  pp.  lin-ken  ;  internipt.id  ;  dis- 
ordered ;  defeated  ;  unseiiled ;  discomposed ;  con- 
fused. 

DISeoN-CERT'I.VG,  ppr.  Diaordcring ;  defeating; 
discomposing;  disturbing. 


unsettle ;  to  disorder  ;  to  disturb  ;  applied  to 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PR£Y.— PINE,  MAR^TXE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.- 


34r 


DJS 

DIS-eON-CER'*II0N,  n.    The  act  of  disconcerting. 
Fedarali^t^  Hamilton. 

DIS-eON-FORM'l-TY,  n.  [dis  and  coaformityA  Want 
of  airreein'-nl  or  Conformity  ;  inconsislencv-  Itakncilt. 

DIS-€O\-GR0'I-TY,  7L  [dis  and  cariirrutly.]  Want 
of  cungruity  ;  incongruity;  disagreement;  incon- 
sistency. Hale. 

DIS-eON-XEGT',  r.  t.  [dis  and  connec/.]  To  sepa- 
rate ;  to  disunite  ;  to  dii^solve  connection. 

The  commonwcftllii  wcnild,  in  a  few  pTiemtloiia,  cnimble  awny, 
be  ducvnnected  iulu  the  dust  aniJ powder  of  indivitlnuliiy. 

Burke. 
Tbii  restrictioa  ditcotmecU  bank  paper  aud  ihc  precious  nt*'(.ils. 

W(U»k. 

DIS-€ON-NE€T'EU,  pp.  or  n.  Separated  ;  disunited. 
This  word  is  not  synonymous  with  uHcoimected, 
though  often  confounded  with  iL  Ditconnccted  im- 
plies a  previous  connection  ;  unconnected  does  not 
necessarily  implv  any  previous  union. 

DrS-t"OX-\E€T'LNG,  ppr.     Separalins  ;  disuniting. 

DIS-€ON-.\Ee'T[Oi\,  n.  The  act  of  separaiinR,  or 
stale  of  being  disunited  ;  separation  ;  want  of  union. 

Nothing  wai  ttier*'fore  to  be  If  fl  in  all  tl»e  >iilxic\liuate  nietiibcT», 
but  wejlEif^sa,  dinconnecLon,  and  cotil'tisi'>ii.  hurke, 

DIS-€0\-SE\T',  B.  i.     [til.?  and  consent.]     To  differ; 

to  disagree  ;  not  to  consent.  Mitiun. 

DIB  €O.N''.SO-LANCE,  a.     Disconsulateness. 
D!S-€ON'SO-LATE,  a.     [dis  and  L.  consolatus.     See 

Console.] 

1.  Destitute  of  comfort  or  consolation  ;  sorrowful ; 
Itopeless,  or  not  expacting  comfort;  !^ad  \  dejected  ; 
melancholy  ;  as,  a  parent,  bereaved  of  an  only  cluld^ 
and  diaeoiisolafe, 

2.  .Vol  affording  comfort  ;  cheerless;  as,  the  dis- 
eon.-'olate  darkntss  of  a  winter's  night.  Rart. 

DlS-eO.\'SO-LATE-LY,a//i'.  In  a  disconsolate  man- 
ner; without  conif.)rt. 

DIseoN'SO-LATE-XESP,  n.  The  slate  of  being 
disconsolate  or  conifortless. 

DISeON-SO  LA'TIO.N',  n.     Want  of  comfort. 

Jnclcton. 

DIS-CON'-TENT',  n.  [dis  and  content.]  Want  of 
Content  ;  uneasiness  or  inquietude  of  mind  ;  dissat- 
i.sfiiciion  at  anv  present  sfite  of  things. 

DlS-CO.V-TEN't',  a.     Uneasy  ;  dissalis^fied.  Uayicard. 

DIS-eON-TE.NT',  B.  I.  To  make  uneasy  at  the  pres- 
ent stale  ;  to  dissatisfy. 

DIS-€0.\-TE.\T'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Uneasy  in  mind  ;  dis- 
satisfied ;  unquiet ;  as,  discontented  citi/.uns  make 
bad  ioibjerts. 

DfS-CON  TENT'ED-LY,  adv.  In  a  discontented 
mannt-r  or  mood. 

DIS-€f>\-TEN'T'ED-NES3,  n.  Uneasiness  of  mind  ; 
inquietudi:'  ;  dJs.<^atisraction.  Addison, 

DIS  €ON-TENT'ri;L,  a.     Full  of  discontent. 

DIS-CO.N\TENT'I.\G,  a.     Giving  uneasiness. 

DIS-eON-TENT'MENT,  n.     'Ilie  state  of  being  un- 
easy in  mind  ;  uneasiness  ;  inquietude  ;  discontent. 
Houker.     Bacon. 

DIS-eON-TIN't^-A-BLE,  a.  Thai  may  be  discontin- 
ued. 

DIS-eOX-TIN'T^-ANCE,  n.  [.See  Diseosriifui:.] 
Want  of  continuance ;  cessation  ;  intermission  ;  in- 
terruption of  continuance;  as,  a  disconiinuaate  of 
conversation  or  intercciurse.  .'itterl/anj. 

2.  Want  of  continued  connection  or  colicsiru'i  of 
porta  \  want  of  union  ;  disruption.  Bacon. 

3.  In  Zaw,  a  breaking  off  or  interruption  of  posses- 
sion, as  wliere  a  tenant  in  tail  inakei"  a  feoffiueni  in 
fee-simple,  or  for  the  life  of  the  feoffee,  or  in  tail, 
which  he  has  not  [lower  to  do;  in  this  case,  the 
entry  of  the  feoffee  is  lawful  during  the  life  of  the 
feoffor  ;  bul  if  he  retains  posstriision  after  the  death 
of  the  feoffor,  it  is  an  injur>'  which  is  termed  a  dis- 
eontinuancr,  the  legal  estate  of  the  heir  in  tail  being 
didcontinutd,  till  a  recovery  can  be  bad  in  law. 

BLickstone. 

4.  Discontinuance  of  a  suit,  is  when  a  plaintiff 
leaves  a  chasm  in  the  proceedings  in  his  Cituse,  asby 
not  continuing  the  process  regularly  from  day  today  ; 
in  which  case  the  defendant  is  not  bound  to  at- 
t^'nd.  Fornaerly,  the  demise  of  the  king  caused  a 
diMoiLtintiance  of  all  suits;  but  (his  is  rerni-died  by 
statute  1  Edw.  VI.  Blackjitone. 

DIS^eON-TI\-U-A'TrON%  n.  Breach  or  intrrnip- 
lion  of  continuity  ;  disruption  of  parts  ;  se[Kiration 
of  parts  whicli  form  a  cunnectfd  series,  JVcwt4m. 
PIK-CON-TIiN'QE,  V.  L  [dm  and  continue.]  'l"o  leave 
off;  to  cause  to  cease,  as  a  practice  or  habit  ;  to 
stop  ;  to  put  an  end  to  ;  as,  to  discontinue  the  intem- 
perate use  of  spirits.  Inveterate  customs  are  not 
dijcnntinued  without  inconvenience. 

1  !<■  doprcdiitl'jna  on  our  cdmniercc  were  nut  U>  b*  diteonlinufd. 

T.  I'idctri7>g. 
J.  To  break  off;  to  interrupt. 

.1.  To  cease  to  take  or  receive  ;  as,  lo  discontinue  a 
daily  paper. 
DI.S-CON-TLN'I^^E,  v.  i.    To  cease  ;  lo  leave  the  pos- 
session, or  lose  an  established  or  long-enjoyed  righu 

Th/irif  ibalt  diaconUnitg  from  thine  heritage.  —  Jcr.  xvU. 

3.  To  lose  the  cohesion  of  parta  ;  lo  suffer  disrup- 
tion or  separation  of  substance.     [Idttte  used.] 

Bacon. 


DIS 

DIS  CON'-TIX'U-^D,    pp.      Left   off;    interrupted; 

bn.k.-n  off. 
DIS-€UN-TIN'U-ER,  n.      One   who   discontinues   a 

ni!e  or  practice. 
DIS-€(.)X-Tli\'lJ-lNG,  ppr.     Ceasing;   intferrupting ; 

breaking  oiT. 
DIS-CON-TI-NO'I-TY,  n.     Disunion  of  parts;   want 

of  cohe^^ion.  JVeirton. 

DlS-eo\-TL\'^-OUS,  a.     Broken  off ;  interrupted. 
9.  Si'parated  ;  wide  ;  gaping.  Milton. 

DIS-€ON-¥l':X'IEXCE,   (-ven'yens,)    n.      [dis    and 

convenience.]      Incongruity  ;    disagreement.      [Little 

uscfL]  BranUialL 

DIS-eoN-VEN'IEXT,  a.     Incongruous.      Reynolds. 
DIS'eORD,  n.     [L.  discordia;    Fr.  discorde;  fruin  L. 

discurs  ;  dis  and  cor.] 

1.  Disagreement  among  persons  or  things.  Be- 
tween persons,  diff^-rence  of  opinions;  variance; 
opposition  ;  contention  ;  strife  ;  any  disagreement 
which  produces  angry  passions,  contests,  disputes, 
litigation,  or  war.  Ducord  may  exist  between  fam- 
ilies, parties,  and  nJrtions. 

2.  Disagreement ;  want  of  order ;  a  clashing. 

All  ducord,  hnrmoiijr  not  understood.  Pope. 

3.  In  music,  disagreement  of  sounds  ;  dissonance  ; 
a  uninn  of  sounds  which  is  inhannonious,  grating, 
and  disagrceatile  to  the  car:  or  an  interval  whose 
extrettics  do  not  coalesce.  Tlius  the  second  and  the 
seventh,  when  sounded  together,  make  a  discord. 
The  term  discord  is  applied  to  each  of  the  two 
sounds  whicli  fitrm  the  dissonance,  and  to  the  inter- 
val ;  hut  more  properly  to  the  mixed  sound  of  dis- 
sonant tones.     It  is  opposed  to  eoncoid  and  harmony. 

DiyeoUD',  p.  i.     To  disagree ;  to  jar  ;  to  clash  ;  not 
to  suit ;  not  to  be  coincident.     [JVoI  in  use.]     Bacon. 
DIS-CORD'AXCE,   i         r,    j;„„j,„.i 
DIS-eOKD'AX-cV,!"-     [1-- discordant.} 

Disagreement ;   opposition  ;    inconsistency ;  as,  a 
discordance  of  opinions,  or  of  sounds, 
DISeOKD'ANT,  a.     [L.  discurdatts.] 

1.  Disagreeing;  incongruous;  contradictory;  be- 
ing at  variance  ;  as,  discordant  opinions  ;  discordant 
rules  or  principles. 

a.  t)p|Kjsitc;  rontrarious  ;  not  coincident;  as,  the 
discordant  attractions  of  comets,  or  of  different  plan- 
els.  Cheyne. 

3.  Dissonant;  not  in  unison;  not  harmonious; 
not  accordant;  harsh;  jarring;  as,  discordant  notes 
or  sounds. 
DlS-€01lD'ANT-LYj  adi'.  Dissonanlly ;  in  a  dis- 
cordant manner;  mconsistenlly ;  in  a  manner  to 
jar  or  clash  ;  in  disagreement  with  another,  or  with 
itself. 
DIS-€URD'FIJIj,  a.     Quarrelsome  ;  contentions. 

Spenser. 
DIS-COUX'SEL,  V.  L    To  dissuade.     [A"o(  in  use.] 

Spenser. 
DI.S'GOUXT,  n.     [Ft.  deeonte  or  decompte;  de,  or  dis, 
and  compte  <  It.  nconto ;  Sp.  descuento ;  Arm.  discount 
or  diiiunt.     (See  Count.)     Literally,  a  counting  back 
or  from.] 

1.  A  sum  deducted  for  prompt  or  advanced  pay- 
ment ;  an  allowance  or  deduction  from  a  sum  due, 
or  fn»m  a  credit ;  a  certain  rale  per  cenu  deducted 
from  the  credit  price  of  gtH)ds  sold,  on  account  of 
prompt  payment;  or  any  deduction  from  the  cus- 
tomary price,  <jr  fmm  a  sum  due,  or  to  be  due,  at  a 
future  time.  Thus  the  merchant  who  gives  a  cre<lil 
of  tliree  months,  will  deduct  a  certain  rate  per  cent, 
for  pa>n)f-nt  in  hand,  and  the  h^tlder  of  a  note  or 
bill  of  exchange  will  deduct  a  certain  rat/i  |K-r  cent, 
of  the  amount  of  the  note  or  bill  for  advanced  pay- 
ment, which  deduction  is  ailletl  a  discount. 

2.  Among  bankers,  the  deduction  of  a  sum  for  ad- 
vanced payment;  particularly,  the  deduction  of  the 
interest  on  a  sum  lent,  at  the  time  of  lending.  The 
discounts  at  banking  institutitms  are  usually  the 
amount  of  legal  Interest  ;)aid  by  the  borrower,  and 
dt^ducted  from  the  sum  borrowed,  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  credit.  Hamilton's  Report. 

3.  The  sum  deducted  or  refunded  ;  as,  the  discount 
wits  five  per  cent. 

4.  Thf*  act  of  discounting.  .\  note  is  lodged  in 
the  bank  for  discount.  The  banks  have  suspended 
discounts, 

DI.S'COUXT  or  DtS-€OUXT',  r.  f.  [Sp.  drseontar; 
Port,  id.;  Fr,  decomptcr;  Arm.  discounta,  diifojitein  ; 
It.  scontare.  In  British  books,  Ihc  accent  is  laid  on 
the  last  syllable.  Rut  in  Jimerica,  the  accent  is 
usually,  or  always,  on  llie  first.] 

1.  To  deduct  a  crrtain  sum  or  r:Ue  f>pr  cent,  from 
the  principal  sum.  Merchants  discount  five  or  six  per 
cent,  for  prompt  or  for  advanced  payment. 

3.  To  lend  or  advance  the  amount  of,  deducting 
tlic  )nt<.TCKt  or  other  rale  per  cent,  from  the  principal, 
at  the  time  of  the  loan  or  advance.    The  banks  dis- 
count notes  and  bills  of  exclmnge,  on  good  security, 
Tb^  ftnt  rule  — to  dJaeiunl  ptily  uncticcptibuuble  pap<.T. 

WaUh. 

DIS'COUNT,  tj.  i.  To  lend  or  make  a  practice  of  lend 
Ing  money,  deducting  the  interest  at  the  lime  of  the 
loan,  'J'he  banks  ducount  for  sixty  or  ninety  days, 
sometimes  for  longer  terms. 


DIS 

DIseoUXT'A-IILE,   a.     That   may   be   di.scnmited. 

Certain    forms    are   necessary    to   render   notes  dis~ 

countable  at  a  bank.     A  bill  may  be  discountable  for 

more  than  sixty  days. 
DIS'COUNT-DaY,  n.  The  day  of  the  week  on  which 

a  bank  discounts  notes  and  bills. 
DIS'COUNT-KO,  pp.  Deducted  from  a  principal  sum  ; 

paid  back  ;  refunded  or  allowed  ;  as,  the  sum  of  five 

per  cent,  was  dLicounted. 

9.  Having  the  amount  lent  on  discount  ot  deduc- 
tion of  a  sum  in  advance ;  as,  the  bill  was  discounted 

for  sixty  days. 
DIS-€OUX'TEl-XAXUE,   v.  t     [dis  and  countenance.] 

To  abash  ;  to  rutfle  or  discompose  the  countenance  ; 

to  put  lo  shame ;  to  put  out  of  countenance.     [JVut 

used.] 

How  would  on?  look  from  hla  majestic  brow 
Diaa}unUnnrtC9  her  dt^apiaeU  I  HJilton. 

2.  To  discourage  ;  to  check  ;  to  restrain  by  fr<»wns, 
censure,  arguments,  opposition,  or  cold  treatment. 
The  good  citizen  will  discountenance  vice  by  every 
lawful  means. 
DIseoUX'TE-NAXCE,  n.  Cold  treatment;  unfa- 
vorable aspect;  unfriendly  regard;  disapprobation; 
whatever  tends  to  check  or  discourage. 

He  thought  a  liltle  (fi« countenance  on  those  pnrBont  would 
siippn.'ss  Uiat  apirit.  Ciarendon. 

DIS-COIJX'TE  XAXC-iCD,  (nanst,)  pp.  Abashed  ; 
discoiiriged  ;  checked;  frowned  on. 

DlS-eOUX'TE-XAX-CER,  n.  One  who  discourages 
by  Cold  treatment,  frowns,  censure,  or  expression  of 
disapprobation ;  one  who  checks  or  depresses  by  un- 
friendly regards. 

DIS-€OUX'TE-XAX-CIXG,  ppr.  Abashing  ;  discour- 
aging ;  checking  by  disapprobation  or  unfriendly  re- 
gards. 

DIS'COUXT-ER,  n.  One  who  advances  money  on 
discounts.  Burke. 

DIS'COUXT-IXG,  ppr.    Deducting  a  sum  for  prompt 
or  advanced  payment. 
2.   Lending  on  discount. 

DIS'eOUXT-IXG,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  lending 
money  on  discounts. 

Til';  pnilibible  boBiiteu  of  a  banic  couiiata  in  dtMCounting. 

liainUlon. 

DISeOUR'AGE,  (dis-kur'ajc,)  r,  (.  [dis  and  courage; 
Fr.  deconragcr ;  Ann.  digourafri ;  It.  acurajfgiare.  The 
Italian  is  from  ex  and  curaggio.     See  Courage.] 

1.  To  extinguish  the  courage  of;  to  dishearten; 
to  depress  the  spirits  ;  to  deject ;  to  deprive  of  con- 
fidence. 

railvrs,  provoktf  not  your  childrcu,  leit  they  be  diacouraged.  — 
t:<il.  lii. 

2.  To  deter  from  any  thing;  with  from. 

Wliy  dUcoumge  yv  tlip  hi'an*  of  the  chiklrrn  of  larael  from 
ri'iii^  over  into  tiir  laixl  which  the  lx>nl  hath  ^veu  tliciii  ? 
Nniii.  xxxii. 

3.  To  attempt  to  repress  or  prevent ;  lo  dissuade 
from  ;  as,  to  ditconrage  an  effort. 

DIS-COUR'AG /:n,  (dlskur'ajd,)  ;»p.  or  a.  Disheart- 
ened ;  deprived  of  courage  or  confidence  ;  depressed 
in  spirits;  dejected  ;  checked. 

DIS-CoUR'AGE-MKXT,  (dis  kur'aje-ment,)  n.  The 
act  of  dishearteninc,  or  depriving  of  courage  ;  the 
net  of  deterring  or  dissuading  from  an  undertalting  ; 
the  act  of  depressing  confidence. 

2.  Thai  which  destroys  or  altates  courage  ;  that 
which  depresses  confidence  or  hope  ;  that  which 
deters,  or  tends  to  deter,  from  an  nnd«rtaking,  or 
from  the  prosecution  of  any  thing.  Evil  examples 
are  great  di.-^coura^nnfnts  to  virtue.  The  revolution 
was  Commenced  under  every  pt>ssible  discourage- 
Vicnt. 

DIS-COUR',\G-ER,  (dia-kur'ajer,)  n.  One  who  dis- 
courages; one  tvho  disheartens,  or  depreflSfis  the 
courage  ;  one  wlio  impresses  diffidence  ttr  fear  of 
success  ;   one  who  dissuades  from  an  undertaking. 

DIS-COUR'AO-IXG,  (dis-kur'aj-ing,)  ppr.  Disheart- 
ening; depressing  courage, 

%  a.  Tending  to  dishearten,  or  to  depress  the  cour- 
age ;  as,  discouraging  prosjwcts. 

DIS  eOUR'AO-lXG-LY,  atlo.  In  a  manner  lending 
to  discourage. 

DLS-COURSE',  (dis-kors',)  n.  [Fr.  disrours;  L.  discur- 
sus,  from  discurro,  to  ramble;  dis  and  curro,  to  run  ; 
It.  discorso.] 

1.  The  act  of  the  understanding  by  which  it  goes 
forth  into  the  field  of  thought;  liie  net  which  con- 
nects propositions,  and  deduces  conclusions  from 
theiru  Johnson. 

Sure  he  that  maile  us  with  tuch  Ur^e  dUcourMt, 
Lixtkiiif  Ix'lurn  and  alV-r.  jthvc  us  not 
Tli;il  C^ipiit'ility  and  j^odliko  icujwu 
To  nut  ill  it*  uiiuji^d,  Shak, 

[This  sense  is  note  obsolete.] 

y.  Literally,  a  running  over  a  subject  in  speech  ; 
hence,  a  communication  of  thoughts  by  words,  ei- 
ther lo  individuals,  to  companies,  or  to  public  as- 
semblies. Discourse  10  an  individual,  or  to  a  small 
company,  is  called  conversation,  or  talk :  mutual  in- 
terchange of  thouglits  ;  mutual  Intercourse  of  lan- 
gimge.  It  is  appOed  to  the  familiar  ccunnuinication 
of  thoughts  by  an  individual,  or  to  the  mutual  com- 


TONE,  BULL,  TiNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C!OUB.  — e  w.  K ;  0  m  J  ,  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  Til  as  in  THia 

[Ml" 


DIS 

munication  of  two  or  more,    Wc  say,  [  was  pleased 
witb  kis  distaurge,  and  lie  heard  our  discourse, 

Tbs  rmnqukbeU  pun  with  tb^  vkion  juiiied, 

Mar  VMtted  mraet  meotrae,  Uw  buHjuet  of  Of  mliwl. 

3   EflUsion  of  languaf  e  ;  st>f*<^ch.  Locke. 

4.  A  written  treatise;  a  formril  dissertation  ;  as, 
the  discourse  of  Plutarch  on  garrulity ;  of  Cicero  on 
old  age. 

5.  A  sermon,  uttered  or  ivritten.  We  «ay,  an  ex- 
temporaneous discourse^  or  a  whiten  discourse. 

DI8-€6URSE',  r.  i.  To  talk  ;  to  converse ;  but  it  ex- 
presses rather  more  formality  than  talk.  lie  dis- 
e^trs«d  witb  us  an  hour  on  the  events  of  the  war. 
We  dtteurstd  tojicther  on  our  mntunl  concerns. 

3.  To  communicate  ihouf>hts  or  ideas  in  a  formal 
manoCT';  to  treat  upon  in  a  Mtlemn,  set  manner  ;  as, 
to  ducMETM  on  the  prupi*rties  uf  the  circle  ;  the 
preacber  Atcmntd  on  the  nature  and  effect  of 
fotUu 

31  To  reason ;  to  pass  from  premises  to  conse- 
miences.  Davies, 

DIS-C;CURSE',  r.  t.  To  treat  of;  to  talk  over.  [A"0t 
uud.] 

Let  OB  £«r»vat  our  toitumm  S^ak. 


S.  To  utter  or  pre  forth  ;  as,  to  ditcmuvt  excellent 
mu5ic 
DIS-€OCRS'£D,  (dis-kOrst'O  yp.  Discussed  at  length ; 

treated  of. 
DIS-CCURS'ER,  a.    One  who  discourses  i  a  speaker ; 
a  ha  ranker. 
2.  The  writer  of  a  treatise  or  dissertation.  Stcift 
DIS-CC(-'KS'1.NG>  ppr.    Talking  ;  conversing  ;  preach- 
ing ;  di-scu-csing  j  treating  at  some  length,  or  in  a  for- 
mal manner. 
DIS-C0L'R:^7VG,  <i.    Reasoning;  passing  from  prem- 
ises to  consequences.  Miliun, 

2.  Coutainiog  dialogue  or  conversation  ;  interlocu- 
tory. 

Hw  epic  ii  interisMd  with  dUafpM  oc  dittawrwkm  Hro«. 

Dryitn, 

DIS-€X>URT'E-Or9,  (-kurl'e-us,)  a.  [dis  and  comri- 
eous.]  Uncivil;  rude;  uiicittnplaisant ;  wanting  in 
good  manntfs;  as,  dL^caurteotis  knighu 

DIS-eOL'R'l'X-OUS-LV,  ad:  In  a  rude  or  uncivil 
manner;  with  incivility. 

DIS-€017RT'E-SV,  (kurl'e-sy.)  ».  [dis  and  coMi-tMy.l 
Incivility ;  rudeness  of  behavior  or  language  ;  iU 
manaeisi  act  of  disre^Kct. 

Bp  Cftbn  io  UYuing ;  for  fciww  nm^m 

t^Txx  ft  bulk,  uhI  tnsh  diaeamrmmi.  Bnttrl. 


DI8-€0URT'SmP,  I 


Want  of  respect.  jOfrtf.] 


VISCOUS,  c     rfrom  L.  discus,']     Broad  ;  flat ;  wide  ; 

used  of  the  middle,  pUin,  and  flat  part  of  some  flow- 

en.  Quiscy. 

DlS-€OV'E-NANT,  s,  (.     To  dissolve  covenant  with. 
D13-€0V'ER,   (dis-kuv'er.)   t.  (.     [Ft.  dfcourrtr :  de, 

for  dts^  or  dis,  and  eomertrj  to  cover  ;  Sp.  dcscubrir; 

Von.  dueohrir  ;  IL  seaprirt.     See  Covks.J 
1.  iUtcrsffy,  to  uncover ;  to  remove  a  covering.  Is. 

a  To  lay  open  to  view ;  to  disclose  ;  to  show ;  to 
make  visible  ;  to  expose  to  view  sotucihing  before  un- 
•een  or  concealed. 

Oe,  dimv  Bade  ttw  ontttfaw,  and  (fUcoavr 
ThBKvenleukMita  tliiiwMepriiiee.  Stmk. 

Be  rtiBBPBurtl  deea  tlnnga  out  a  dwfaHH.  —  Job  xii. 
I^ur  SMI  diawMT  «,  bat  not  lenwve. 


[In  these  passages,  tlie  word  should  be  Uncovxa.} 
3.  To  revMl :  to  niake  known. 


We  will  iimsaver  ourwcWCT  Io  thnn.  —  I  Saim.  ziT. 
Diatomr  aot  a  arcm  to  uMtlier.  —  Piqt.  xkt. 

4.  To  espy ;  to  have  the  first  sight  of;  as,  a  man  at 
iRaat-bead  ductrpcrea  -and. 

yrktawthmAAammsft^   ^yrv^  wc  left  it  on  tbtleft  huMl. — 
Acttxzi. 

5.  To  find  o«it ;  to  obtain  the  first  knowled^  of; 
to  come  to  the  knowledge  of  something  sought  or  be- 
ibre  unknown.  Columbus  discovered  the  variation 
«f  the  magnetic  needle.  We  often  discover  our 
nistakea,  when   too  late  to  prevent   their  evil  ef- 


6.  To  detect ;  as,  we  disc^/vered  the  artifice ;  the 
thief,  finding  himself  disofrered,  attempted  to  escape, 
Diseoeer  differs  from  iureitt.  We  discover  what 
before  exi?tf^d,  though  to  us  unknown;  we  tncent 
what  did  not  before  exisL 
DIS-eOV'ER-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  discovered; 
thai  may  be  brought  to  light,  or  exposed  to  view. 

2.  That  may  be  seen  ;  a.s,  many  mintite  animals 
are  discoveraiU  only  by  th»bulp  of  the  microscope. 

3.  That  may  be  found  out,  or  made  known  :  as, 
the  Scriptures  reveal  many  tilings  not  discoverabU  by 
the  light  of  reason. 

4-  Apparent ;  visible ;  exposed  to  view 

Swiiiag  diMonenbU  in  tbe  luii«  Mifice  !•  ever  cor^ril. 

Bendttf. 

DIS-e<5V'ER-jro,  (-kuv'erd,)  pp.  Uncovered  ;  dis- 
closed to  view  ;  laid  open;  revealed;  espied  or  fimt 
seen  ;  found  out ;  detected. 

DIS-€OV'ER-ER,  n.     One  who  discovers ;  one  who 


DIS 

flnl  see^  or  espies  ;  one  who  tiuds  out,  or  first  comes 

to  the  knowti'djie  of  sunu-lliing. 
a.  A  scout ;  an  explorer.  Shak. 

DIS-€OV/KR  LNG,  ppr.      Uncovering  ;    disclosing  to 

view;  laying  o(>cn  ;  revealing;  making  known;  es- 
pying; finding  out  i  detecting. 
DlS-rOV'ERT-fTRE,  ».     [Fr.  decovvert^  uncovered.] 
.'\  state  of  iK-ing  released  from  coverture ;  freedom 

of  a  woman  from  the  coverture  of  a  husband. 
DIS-COV'KR-V,  n.     The  action  of  diriclos^g  to  view, 

or  brincing  tn  light :  as,  by  the  discvvery  of  a  plot, 

the  public  peace  is  preserved. 
Q.  Disclosure;  a  making  known  ;  as,  a  bankrupt  is 

bound  to  make  a  full  discvrrry  of  hli^  estate  and 

eflocts. 

3.  The  action  of  finding  something  hidden  ;  as,  the 
Ascovtrtf  of  lead  or  silver  in  the  earth. 

4.  The  act  of  finding  out,  or  coming  to  the  knowl- 
edge of;  as,  the  discwrry  of  truth  ;  llie  discovery  of 
magnetism. 

5.  The  act  of  espying  ;  firsj  sight  of;  as,  the  dis- 
eorery  of  America  by  Columbus,  or  of  the  continent 
by  Cabot. 

6.  That  which  is  discovered,  found  out,  or  revenli'd  ; 
that  which  is  first  brought  to  light,  seen,  i>r  known. 
The  properties  of  the  magnet  were  an  important  dif- 
corery.  UedcinpIiDU  from  sin  was  a  ducoocry  beyond 
the  power  of  human  philosophy. 

7.  In  dramatic  pcrtr^,  the  unraveling  of  a  plot,  or 
the  niannerof  unfolding  lim  plot  or  fable  of  a  comedy 
or  trag.-dv. 

DIS-eKEl)''IT,  n.  [Fr.  discredit;  Sp.  diseredito ;  It. 
scrediUi.    See  ilie  Verb.) 

1.  Want  of  credit  or  good  reputation  ;  some  degree 
of  disgrace  or  repnxich  ;  disesteem  ;  appUett  to  prr- 
sons  er  things.  Frauds  in  raanufacttures  biing  ihcm 
into  discredit. 

It  it  tbe  dut.T  otvT&n  CUsUn  to  be  eoncmwd  br  the  rrptitntion 
ur  di»crtdil  tiu  ufe  Duty  fanog  on  fak  pwfawion.     Rogera. 

2.  Want  of  Udief,  trust,  or  confidence;  disbelief; 
as,  later  accounts  have  brought  the  story  into  dis- 
credit. 

DIS-CRED'IT,  r.  t,  [FY  decraditer;  de^  desy  dis,  m\^ 
crtditA 

1.  To  disbelieve  ;  to  give  no  credit  to  ;  not  to  credit 
or  believe  ;  as,  the  report  is  discreihtetl. 

3.  Todepriveof  credit  or  g(x>d  reputation  ;  to  make 
less  reputable  or  honorable ;  to  bring  into  disei^lci'iu  ; 
to  bring  into  some  degree  of  disgrace,  or  into  dis- 
itpnie. 

He  l«M  duercrfita  hk  trmTelt,  who  rctunu  tbe  lanie  man  he 
wnU.  Wntlon. 

Our  rirUMS  wtU  be  often  SseraiStsd  with  the  a];>iWAru)C«  nT 
eril,  Rogeri. 

3.  To  deprive  of  credibility.  Shak. 

DIS-CRE[)'IT-A-BLE,  n.  Tending  to  hijure  credit; 
injurious  to  reputation;   disgratx'ful ;    disreputable. 

Blair. 

DISeRED'IT-A-BLY,  ado.  In  a  discreditable  man- 
ner. 

DIS-CRED'IT-En,  pp.  Disbelieved  ;  brought  into  dis- 
repute ;  disgraced. 

DIS-CRED'IT-ING,  ppr.  Disbelieving;  not  trusting 
to;  depriving  of  credit;  disgracing. 

DiS-CREET',  a.  [Fr.  discret  :  Sp.  ditcrefo  ;  It.  id.  ;  L. 
discretas,  the  participle  assigned  to  di-'cernoy  dis  and 
cemo,  but  probably  from  the  root  of  rid/Ue,  W.  rhidyll^ 
from  rkiHiaWy  to  secrete,  as  screen  is  from  the  root  of 
secemoy  or  excemo^  Gr.  <oii-'ji,  L.  cemo  ;  Or.  itaxoicis. 
Class  Rd.  It  is  sometimes  written  discrete  ;  the  dis- 
tinction between  dLicreet  and  discrete  is  arbitrary, 
but  perhaps  not  entirely  useless.  The  literal  sense 
is,  separate,  reserved,  war/  ;  hence,  discerning.] 

Prudent ;  wise  in  avoiiiiug  errors  or  evil,  and  in 
selecting  the  best  mea'iS  to  accomplish  a  purpose ; 
circumspect ;  cautiouo ;  wary ;  not  rash. 

U  ia  die  diwreel  mar,  not  the  •riitj',  nor  the  teamed,  nor  the 
briTr,  who  gvi-Jca  th3  conrenuJno,  and  give*  m'-aaurei  lo 
locirty.  Additon, 

Ix  Pli-iTioli  Ir-ik  out  a  man  dUerett  and  wi»e. — Gcii.  xii. 

DIE^eREET  LY,  adv.  Prudently  ;  circumspectly  ;  cau- 
tiously ;  with  nice  judgment  of  wliat  is  best  to  be 
done  or  omitted. 

DIS-CREE T'NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  discreet ; 
tWficrrl'um. 

DI.S-CREP'ANCE,    j  n.     [L.    dlscrepantia^    discrepans^ 

Dl^CREP'AN-CY,  (  from  discrcpo,  to  give  a  differ- 
ent sound,  to  vary,  to  jar ;  dis  and  crepoy  to  creak. 
See  Crepitate.] 

Difierence  ;  disagreement ;  contrariety  ;  t^licable 
to  facts  or  opinions. 

There  k  no  real  discrepancy  between  time  two  genenlogin. 

Fhbfr. 

DlS-^REP'ANT,a.    Different;  disagreeing;  contrary. 

DIS-€ReTE',  a.     [L.  discretus.     See  Discrekt.] 

1.  Separate;  distinct  ;  disjunct.  In  phonolo^j,  a 
d'tscrete  movement,  is  a  le-np  of  the  voice  from  one  line 
of  pitch  to  another,  as  distinguished  from  a  concrete 
movement,  or  sUdeyin  which  the  voice  passes  through 
all  the  intermediate  parts  of  tlie  musical  scale.  Ru.fh. 
Discrete  praporttony  is  when  the  ratio  of  two  or  mure 
pairs  of  numbers  or  quantities  is  the  same,  but  there 
is  not  the  same  proportion  between  all  the  numbers  ; 


DIS 

as,  .3 :  6  : :  8 :  10,  3  bearing  the  same  proportion  to  6 
as  8  does  to  10.  Hut  3  is  not  to  6  an  G  to  8.  It  is  thus 
opi>osed  to  continued  or  continual  pioportion  ;  as, 
3  :  6 : :  12  :  24.  Barliitc. 

2.  Disjunctive ;  as,  I  resign  my  life,  but  not  my 
Iionur,  is  a  discrete  proposition.  Johnson. 

DIS-CRRTE',  V.  u  To  separate  ;  to  discontinue. 
[JVot  iisetl.]  Brov>n. 

DI?!-eRE"TION,  (dis-kresh'un,)  n.  [Fr.  discretiim; 
It.  iliscrezioue  i  Sp.  discreeion;  from  tlie  L.  discretioy 
a  seiMirating  ;  discretus,  ilisccmo.     See  Discbeet."] 

1.  Prudence,  or  knowl(;dge  and  prudence  ;  that 
discernment  which  enables  a  jxjrson  la  jiulge  crit- 
ically of  what  is  correct  unil  proper,  united  with 
caution  ;  nice  discernment  and  judgment,  directed 
by  circumspection,  and  primarily  regarding  one's 
own  conduct. 

A  jfoi"!  mill  — will  piiiiln  hi^  iilT:»ini  with  iSiacretion.  —  Pi.  ciii. 
M)'  •>»),  ktxp  ■uiinit  wioduiii  aiiJ  ilUcretion.  —  Pror.  iii. 

2.  LilK-rty  or  power  of  acting  without  other  con- 
trol th:in  one's  own  judgment ;  as,  the  management 
oralfjiirs  was  Irll  to  the  discretion  of  the  prince  ;  he 
is  Irfl  to  his  own  di.-tcrctlon.     Hence, 

To  surrrnder  at  rfi.-fcrrtion,  is  to  surrender  without 
stipulation  or  terms,  and  commit  onu^s  self  entirely 
to  the  jMiwer  of  the  conqueror. 

3.  Disjunction;  separation.      [Avt  muck  used.] 

Mcde.. 

DI?!-eRE"TIO.\-A-RY,  \  (dis-kresh'un-,)  a.     Left  to 

DIS-eUK"TIOX-AL,  \  discretion  ;  unrestrained 
except  by  disrrftion  or  judgment;  that  is  to  be  di- 
rected or  managed  by  discretion  only.  Thus,  the 
president  of  the  United  States  is.  In  certain  cases, 
invested  with  discretionary  powers,  to  act  according 
to  rrrciunslnncos. 

DIS-eRK"TION-A-RI-LY,  J   adv.     At  discretion  ;  ac- 

DIS-CKE"TIO.\-AL-LY,     J       cording  lo  discretion. 

DLS-CRli'TlVE,  a.  [See  Discbeet  and  Discbete.] 
Disjunctive;  nnting  separation  or  opposition.  In 
lo^ric,  a  discretive  pro(K>siiion  expresses'sonie  distinc- 
tion, opposition,  or  variety,  by  means  of  but,  thoufrhy 
yrty  Slc,  ;  as,  travelers  chiingt'  their  climate,  but  not 
their  temper ;  Job  was  patient,  though  his  griG^  was 
great. 

2.  In  irrammary  discretive  distinctions  are  such  as 
imply  opiKjsition  or  dilference  ;  as,  nut  a  man;  but  a 
beast.  Johnson. 

2.  Separate  ;  distinct. 

DI3-€Rk''I'IVE-LY,  adv.     In  a  discretive  manner. 

DIS-eRIM'I.\-A-.nLE,o.     That  may  be  discriminated. 

DIS-CRIM'IN-ATE,  w.  e.  [L.  i/i.^crimino,  from  discri- 
inruy  ditrerence,  distinction  ;  dis  and  crimen,  differ- 
ently ajiplied ;    coinciding  with    the    sense  of  Gr. 

ilUKf'IVKiy    «nu  (J,  Ii.  CCTTIrt.] 

1.  To  distinguish;  to  observe  the  difference  be- 
tween ;  as,  we  may  usually  discriminate  true  from 
false  modesty. 

2.  To  separate  ;  to  select  from  others  ;  to  make  a 
distinction  tietween  ;  as,  in  the  last  judgment,  the 
righteous  will  be  discriminated  from  the  wicked. 

3.  To  mark  with  notes  of  difference  ;  todistingiiish 
by  some  note  or  mark.  We  discriminate  animals  by 
names,  as  nature  has  discriminated  them  by  different 
shapes  and  habits. 

DIS-CRIM'IN-ATE,  t?.  i.  To  make  a  difl'erence  or 
distinction;  as,  in  the  application  of  law,  and  the 
punishment  of  crimes,  the  judge  should  discriminate 
between  degrees  of  guilt. 

2.  To  observe  or  note  a  difference  ;  to  distinguish  ; 
asj  in  judging  of  evidence,  we  should  be  careful  lo 
discriminate  between  probability  and  slight  presump- 
tion. 

DIS-€RIM'I\-ATE.  a.  Distinguished;  having  the 
difference  marked.  Bacon. 

DIS-CRIMTN-A-TED,  OTj.     Separated  ;  distinguished. 

DIS-CRIM'I\-ATE-LV,  adu.  Distinctly;  with  minute 
distinction  ;  particularly.  Johnson. 

DIS-euiM'IN-ATE-NESS,  7^  Distinctness;  marked 
difference.  Diet. 

DIS-eRIM'IX-A-TING, ppr.  Separating;  distinguish- 
ing; marking  with  notes  of  difference. 

2.  «.  Distinguishing;  peculiar;  characterized  by 
peculiar  differences  ;  as,  the  discriminating  doctrines 
of  the  gospel. 

3.  a.  That  discriminates;  able  to  make  nice  dis- 
tinctions; as,  a  discriminating  mind. 

Jovm.  of  Science. 
DIS-GRIM-IN-A'TION,  n.     The  act  of  distinguishing ; 
the  act  of  making  or  observing  a  difference  ,  distinc- 
tion ;  as,  the  discrimination  between  right  and  wn)ng. 

2.  The  state  of  being  distinguished.  Stillinirjieet. 

3.  Mark  of  distinction.  K.  Charles. 
DIS-CRIM'IN-A-TIVE,  a.     That  makes  the  mark  of 

distinction  ;  that  constitutes  the  mark  of  difference  ; 

characteristic  ;  as,  llic  dLicriminatire  features  of  men. 
2.  That    observes    distinction ;    as,   discriminative 

providence.    ■  More. 

DIS-rRIM'IX-A-TIVE-LY,odr.    With  discrimination 

or  distinction.  Foster. 

DIS-€RIM'IN-A-TOR,  n.     One  who  discriminates. 
DISeRl.M'IN-OUS,  a.     Hazardous.     [..Yot  uset!.] 

Harvey. 
DIS-CROWN',  r.  (.    To  deprive  of  a  crown. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII^T MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE.  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.— 

342  "^ 


DIS 

Drs-GROWN'ED,  pp.     Deprived  of  a  crown. 
DIS-GROWN'ING,  ppr.    Deprivine  of  a  crown. 

Campbell. 
DIS-eC'BI-TO-RY,   11.      [L.   JhcubiUtriu.^ ;   dUumbo  ; 
dis  and  cubo,  to  lie  ilt)\vn  or  lean,] 

Leaning;  inclining;  or  filled  to  a  leaning  po?lure. 

Brown, 
DIS-eULTATp,  V.  K     [Fr.  discidper;  Sp.  discalpar ; 
dis  and  L.  culpa^  a  fatilL] 

To  free  from  blame  or  fault ;  to  exculpate  ;  to 
excuse. 

Neilhw  (Ioc«  tliia  p(7cl  of  thp  indpppinieiiw  of  twiions  rtifculpaU 
the  author  of  an  unjust  war.  TVang.  q/  Vallel. 

nrS-CUL'PA-TED,  ;ip.  Cleared  from  blanie ;  excul- 
pated. 

DlS-eUL'PA-TING,  ppr.  Freeing  from  blame ;  ex- 
cusing. 

DrS-eUL-PA'TION,  n.     Exculpation. 

Dl:^-eLTL'PA-TO-RY,  a.     Tending  to  exculpate, 

Dl:^-eUM'BE.\-CV,  m     [L.  discumbnis.    See  Discubi- 

TORV.] 

The  act  of  leaning  at  meat,  according  to  the  man- 
niT  of  the  ancients.  Brown. 

DIseU.M'BER,  r.  I.  [dis  and  cumbtr.]  To  unbur- 
den ;  to  throw  off  any  thing  cumbtriome  ;  to  disen- 
gage from  any  troub!es<mie  Wright,  or  impediment; 
to  di.^'-neumber,     [The  latt/r  in  gmerally  used-l  Pope.. 

DIS-eCRE',  r.  f.    To  discover ;  to  reveal.     [.V«(  used.] 

Spcngcr. 

DrS-eUR'REXT,o-    Not  current.    [Ji'otused.]  Sandys. 

DI?=-t'l7R'SI0X,  n.      [L.  discurro ;  dis  and  currf,  to 
mn.] 
A  ninning  or  rambling  about.  Bnileij, 

DIS  CUR'SIST,  ji.  [See  DiicocRSE.]  A  disputer. 
[J^ot  in  use,}  L.  Jiddi.^on. 

Df:?-€UR'S[VE,  a.  [Sp.  discurmroj  from  L.  discurro^ 
supra.] 

1.  Moving  or  roving  aboTit ;  dpsultory.        Bacon, 

2.  Argumentative;  reasoning;  proceeding  regularly 
from  premiiies  to  consequences ;  sometime^  written 
DtscouRsivE.  Whether  brutes  have  a  kind  of  (iit- 
eurAve  faculty.  Itale. 

DIP-€UR'SIVE-LY,  ado.     In  a  diftcuraive  manner; 

arniimentativelv.  JliUe. 

DI.S  Ct'R'siVE-NtESS,  It.     The  state  or  quality  of 

being  discur^iive.  Barrow. 

DIS-€UR'SO-RY,  a.     Argumpnial ;  nlion:iI.    Jijhnson. 
DISCUS,  71.     [L.     See  Eng.  Dish  and  Disk.] 

1.  A  quoit;  a  piece  of  iron,  copper,  or  slono,  to  be 
thrown  in  play  ;  used  by  fhe  ancienU. 

2.  In  botany^  the  middle,  plain  part  of  a  radiated 
com{ioun4l  flower,  generally  consi.«ting  of  small 
florela,  wilh  a  hollow,  regular  petal,  as  jn  th  -  mari- 

-     gold  and  daisy.  Bailry,     Enryr. 

3.  The  face  or  surface  of  the  sun  or  moon.  fSee 
Disk.) 

DIS-CLSS',  V.  t.  [L.  discutioy  diseuasum;  dis  and 
qu/itio ;  Fr.  dhcuter ;  Sp.  difcutir.  Q^uatio  may  be 
allied  to  qiuissOj  and  to  eudo  and  c<sdn^  to  strike.  See 
Clas3  Ga,  No.  17,  28,  68,  79,  and  Class  Gd,  No.  38, 
40,  76.] 

LiUralty^  to  drive ;  to  beat  or  to  shake  in  pieces ; 
to  separate  into  parts. 

1.  To  disperse;  to  scatter;  to  dissolve;  to  repel ; 
as,  to  diicu.^s  a  tumor ;  a  medical  use  of  the  word. 

9.  To  debate  ;  Ut  asitnte  by  argument ;  to  clear  of 
objections  and  ditficultiei^,  with  a  view  to  find  or 
illustrate  truth ;  to  sift;  to  examine  by  disputation; 
to  ventilate ;  to  reason  o.i.  for  ihe  purp<isc  of  sepa- 
rating truth  from  fal^^hood.  We  di^cu.is  n  subject,  a 
point,  a  problem,  a  question,  the  propriety,  expedi- 
ence, rir  justice,  of  a  meaanro,  &,c. 

3.  To  break  In  pieces.  Brown. 

4.  To  sh'ike  off.     [Awf  rn  use.]  Speivier. 

.1.  The  primary  sense  of  the  word  is  heard  in  the 
ciJIoquial  phrases,  to  discuss  a  ftwl,  to  discuss  a  bottle 
of  trine, 

DI.S-CIJ.^S'CT),  (di»-kust',)  pp.    Dispersed ;  dissipated ; 

dt'lKifrd  ;  airitated  ;  argued. 
[>l  <  "  [^'-  I : It,  It,    One  who  discusses  ;  one  who  sifts 

I'l-  '  '  .-.-  i  \G,  ppr.  Dispersing;  resolving;  scntier- 
jiiii:  d  haling;  agitating;  examining  by  argument. 

HIS  f:irsfi'I\G,  «.     Discussion  ;  examination. 

hiS  CIJ.S'.SION^  (dt«-ku.-;h'un,)  n.  In  sargery^  reso- 
hitifkn  ;  the  dispersion  of  a  tumor  or  any  coagulated 
matter.  Core.     tVhicman. 

2.  Debate ;  disquisition ;  the  agitation  of  a  point 
or  suhjtTt  with  a  view  to  elicit  truth  ;  iJie  treating  of 
a  siibji-ct  by  argument,  to  clear  it  of  difficulties,  and 
'w[i;irate  truth  from  falsehood. 

DIseUHS'IVE,  a.  Having  the  power  to  discuss,  re- 
solve, or  disperse,  tumors  or  coagulated  matter. 

I)I^^-€'USS'IVE,  n.  A  medicine  that  discusft^s  ;  a  dis- 
rutient. 

OIseO'TIEXT,  (dis-kO'shent,)  a.     [L.  dUculiens,] 
DioruR^ing;  dispersing  morbid  matter. 

DIS-GC'TIE.N'T,  «.  A  medicine  or  application  which 
di4pr;ntes  a  tumor  or  any  coagulated  fluid  in  the 
bofiy  ;  lometimes  it  is  equivalent  to  carminative. 

Coze. 

DIS-DAI\^  r,  e.  [Fr.  dedaigner :  Pp.  desdehar ;  It. 
Mdtffwire;  Port.  desdenKar;  L.  dedignor;  de,  diity  and 


DIS 

diirnor^  to  tliiuk  worthy;  diffiius^  worthy.  3ce  Dig- 
nity.] 

To  think  unworthy;  to  deem  worthless;  to  con- 
aider  to  be  unworiliy  of  notice,  care,  regard,  esteem, 
or  unworthy  of  one's  character;  to  scorn  ;  to  con- 
temn. The  man  of  elevated  mind  disdains  a  mean 
action  ;  he  disdains  the  society  of  profligate,  worth- 
less men  ;  lie  dLidains  to  corrupt  the  innocent,  or  in- 
sult the  weak  .  Goliath  disdained  David. 

WlioM  fnthcn  I  wuiiM  tuve  diidaitud  to  ael  wilh  the  dog*  of 
my  fliKlt,— -  Job  XXX. 

DiS-DStN',  w.  Contempt ;  scorn  ;  a  passion  excited 
in  nttble  minds  by  the  hatred  or  detestation  of  what 
is  mean  and  dishonorable,  and  implying  a  conscious- 
ness of  superiority  of  mind,  or  a  supposed  superior- 
ity. In  ifrnoble  niindsy  disdain  may  spring  from  un- 
warrantable pride  or  haughtiness,  and  be  directed 
toward  objects  of  worth.  It  implies  hatred,  and 
sometimes  anger. 

How  niy  soul  i»  moveil  willi  JubI  distlain  I  Pope. 

DIS-DXIN' ED^  pp.     Despised;  contemned;  scorned. 

DlS-DAh\'F.lJL,  a.      Full   of  disdain;   as,  disdainful 

BOUl. 

2.  Expressing  disdain  ;  as,  a  dis<lainfal  look. 

3.  Contemptuous;  scornful;  haughty;  indignant. 

Iloukcr.     Drydea. 

DIS-DAIN'FJjr^LY,  ado.  Contemptuously  ;  wilh 
scorn  :   in  a  haitt'hty  manner.  South, 

DIS-DAIN'FlJLr-XESS, n.  Contempt ;  contemptuous- 
ness  ;  haughty  sc*»rn.  Suiney. 

DI.S-DAIN'IXG,  ppr.     Contemning;  scorning. 

DIS-DaI.N'IXG,  n.     Contempt;  scorn. 

DLS-ni-A-PA'SO.N,  I  n.     [See  Diapason.]      In  music, 

BIS-DI-A-PA'SOi\,  i  a  scale  of  two  octaves,  or  a 
fiflcenlh.  Brandc. 

DIS-KASE',  (diz-eze',)  n.  [dis  and  taseJ]  In  its  pri- 
mary sense,  pain,  uneasiness,  distress,  and  so  used  by 
S{K'nser ;  but  in  this  sense,  obsolete. 

2.  Any  deviation  from  health  in  function  or  struc- 
ture;  Ihe  cause  of  pain  or  uneasiness;  distemper; 
malady;  sickness;  disonler;  any  state  of  a  living 
lK>dy  in  whicli  the  natunil  functions  of  the  organs 
are  interrupted  or  disturbed,  eilht*r  by  defective  or 
preteniatumi  artion,  wiilioul  a  disnipture  of  parts  by 
viiileiice,  which  is  called  a  wottnd.  The  first  effect 
o:'  disease  is  uneasines:^  or  pain,  and  the  ultimate 
effect  is  dualh.  A  disease  may  affect  the  whole  body, 
or  a  pjirtitular  liuih  or  part  of  the  body.  We  say, 
a  diseiLieA  limb;  a  disease  in  Die  head  or  stomach; 
and  such  |)artial  aff<-ction  of  the  body  is  callt;d  a  local 
or  tiypical  di.-;ea-ie.  The  word  is  also  applied  to  the 
disorders  of  other  animals,  as  well  as  to  those  of 
man  ;  and  to  any  derangement  of  the  vegetative 
functions  of  plants. 

Th^  ali'tf^  uf  dineate  itioot  ncron  (titr  path  tii  siich  a  rivriciv  of 
coiirai-s,  UrU  llie  ntici'»jjli'T»'  of  huiimn  lil'-  ia  drtritpiiwl'  by 
(hHr  iiuiniaT,  aiU   tbc  e«c<ipe   of   no  iu(li<ri<liiit.l   tn^nKs 


Aiiiiint  triinLCiiliJiis. 


Buckminattr. 


3.  A  disordered  stale  of  the  mind  or  intellect,  by 
which  the  reason  is  im[Kiired. 

4.  In  ioeiety,  vice  ;  corrupt  sute  of  morals.  Vices 
nre  called  moral  diseases. 

A  v'mr  iiiiut  cuiivirnr%  with  lh<^  wicltp<l,  u  tt  phytlcian  with  Uw 
■kJi,  nut  to  catch  tlie  dista**,  but  to  cure  it. 

Morim  of  Aniitlhtnea, 

5.  Political  or  civil  disorder,  or  vices  in  a  state; 
any  practice  which  tends  to  disturb  the  peace  of  so- 
ciety,  or  Inijwde  or  prevent  the  regular  ndministration 
of  government. 

TUc  hiKftblliiy,  liijiutk?,  and  conftiaiuti  intrrxliic/Hl  into  the  public 
ComtdU  liavc,  in  iniih,  tmii  thn  inurul  diatattg  umler 
wluch  popuUr  ^vcniuu'iiU  Uafc  cf^rv  wlk^r*'p^ri«li^(I. 

f*tderaJUl,  Mtuluon. 

DlS-r.ASE',(diz-?ze')  r.  L  To  internipt  or  impair  any 
or  all  Ihe  natural  and  regular  functions  of  the  several 
organs  of  a  living  bmly  ;  to  afflict  wilh  |»ain  or  sick- 
ness ;  to  make  morbid  ;  used  chiefly  in  the  passive 
jvirticiple  ;  as,  a  d'ucasrd  botly,  a  dife^nsed  stomach  ; 
but  dise-iised  may  here  be  ctmsidered  as  an  adjective. 
2.* To  inti-rru'pt  or  render  imperfect  the  ngiilar 
fiinctions  of  the  brain,  or  of  the  intellect ;  to  disor- 
der ;  to  derange.  [gion. 

3.  To  inff-ct ;  lo  communicate  disea-se  to  by  conta- 

4.  To  pain  ;  to  make  uneasy.  Locke. 
DI»-i?.AS'f;D,  (diz-fizd',)  pp.  or  a.     Disordered;  dis- 

trni|>L*red  ;  sick. 

DIS-KAS'ED-NESS,  (diz^/.'ed-ness,)  n.     The  state  of 
h.-ing  diseased  ;  a  morbid  state  ;  sickness.    Burnrt. 

DIM  kASE'FUL,  (diz-CzeTul,)  a.  Abounding  with  dis- 
ease ;  producing  diseases  ;  as,  a  diseasefuj.  climate. 
2.  Occ.isioiiing  uneasiness. 

Dla-F:A»K'MK\T,  (dixeze'ment,)   n.      Uneasiness; 
inrnnveiijcncc.  Bacon. 

DIS-RAS^'I.\(;,  ppr.     Disordering;  infecting. 

D1.S-EDG'£D,  a.  [Ji*and«//c.]    Blunted  ;  made  dull. 

Shak. 

DIS-EM-BARK',  r.  t.     [dis  and  embark  ;  Fr.  dcscmbar- 
qtii-r.] 

To  land  ;  to  debark  ;  to  remove  from  on  board  a 
ship  Ui  the  land  ;  in  {Hit  on  Ktiore  ;  applied  particularly 
to  the  landinjf  nf  troops  and  viilitary  apparatus  ;  as,  the 
general  disembarked  the  troops  at  sunrise. 

DISEMBARK',  c.  i.     To  hind  ;  to  debark  ;  to  quit  a 


DIS 

ship  for  residence  or  action  on  ?hore  ;  as,  the  light 
infiintn-  and  cavalry  ditiew barked ,  and  marched  tu 
iMrel  the  enemy. 

Dr.-^-E.M-BARK-A'TIOX,  n.    Theact  of  disembarking. 

D13-EM-BARK'£I),  (-em-birkt',)  pp.  Landed  j  put  on 
shorf. 

DI.S-EM-BARK'ING,  ppr.  Landing;  removing  from 
on  board  a  ship  to  land. 

DIS-EM-BAK'RASS,  v.  t.  [rfw  and  embarrass.]  To 
free  from  embarrassment  or  perplexity  ;  to  cluar  ;  to 
extricate.  Ma.fon. 

DIS-EM-BAR'RASS-KD,  Cdis-em-bar'ra8t,)j»p.  Freed 
from  embarrassment ;  extricated  from  difiiculty. 

DIS-EM-B.\R'RASS-ING,  ppr.  Freeing  from  embar- 
rassment or  perplexity  ;  extricating. 

DIS-EM-BAR'RASS-MENT,  n.  Tlie  act  of  extricating 
from  perplexity. 

DFt^-EM-BAY',  v.  t.    To  clear  from  a  bay.     Sherburne. 

DIS-EM-BAY'/:D,  pp.     Cleared  from  a  bay. 

DIS-EM-BA  V'I.NG,  ppr.     Clearing  from  a  bay. 

DIS-EM-BEL'LISH,  v.  U  To  deprive  of  embellish- 
ment. 

DI§-E.M-BEL'LISH-ED,  (-em-benisht,) pp.  Deprived 
of  embellishment. 

DIS-EM-BIT'TER,  v.  t  [dis  and  embitter.]  To  free 
from  bitterness  ;  to  clear  from  acrimony ;  to  render 
sweet  or  pleasant.  .Addison, 

DIS-EM-BIT'TER-ED,  pp.     Freed  from  bitterness. 

DIS-EM-BOD'I-£D,  f-em-bod'id,)  a.     [dis  and  embod- 
ied.]    Divested  of  tlie  body ;   as,  disembodied  spirits 
or  sou  Is. 
2.  Separated  ;  discharged  from  keeping  in  a  body. 
JVUitia  .^ct,  Geo.  ill. 

DIS-EM-BOD'Y,  p.  L    To  divest  of  body  ;  to  free  from 
flesh. 
2.  To  discharge  t'rom  military  array. 

DIS-EM-BOD'Y-iNG,  ppr.     Divesting  of  body. 

DIS-EM-B5GUE',(di3-em-b6g',)f.  ^  [tiw  and  the  root 
of  Fr.  bouchc,  mouth.  The  French  h!is  cmAyucAcr  and 
deJ/ouqucr.  Sp.  boca,  mouth,  Port,  re/.,  It.  bticca.  See 
Voice.] 

To  pour  out  or  discharge  at  the  mouth,  as  a  stream; 
to  vent ;  lo  discharge  into  the  ocean  or  a  take. 
Rplling  tlnwii,  tlic  stf"p  TifiMivu*  ravps, 
Aud  through  nine  clmntielfl  aiset>d>ogue*  his  wavn.    AddisOn. 

DIS-EM-BCGUE',  v.  i.     To  flow  oul  at  the  mouth,  as 

a  river ;  to  discharge  waters  into  the  ocean  or  into  a 

lake.     Innumerable  rivers  disembogue  into  the  ocean. 
2.  To  pass  out  of  a  gulf  or  bay. 
DIS-EM-BOGU'/;n,  C-L-ni-bOgd',)  pp.    Discharged  ot 

the  mouth  of  a  river. 
DlS-EM-BoGUE'MENT,  n.    Discharge  of  waters  into 

the  ocean  or  a  lake.  Jtiose. 

DIS-E.M-B0'9SOM,  v.  L    To  separate  from  tlie  bosiun. 

Younff, 
DIS-EM-BO'SOM-ED,  pp.    Separated  from  the  bosom. 
DIS-EM-nOW'EL,  r.  t.     [dis  and  embowrl.]     To  take 

out  ihe  bowels  ;  to  take  or  draw  from  the  bowels,  as 

tlie  web  of  a  spider. 
DIS-EM-BOVV'EL-£D,  pp.  or  o.  Taken  or  drawn  from 

the  bowels. 

Ditemboieeled  web.  Phiiipa. 

DIS-EMBOW'EL-ING,  ppr.  Taking  or  drawing  from 
the  bowels. 

DIS-EM-BOW'ER-£D,  a.  Removed  from  a  bower,  or 
deprived  of  a  lM>wer.  Bryant, 

DIS-E.M-BRAN"GLE,  (-em-brang'gl,)  v.  L  To  f«36 
from  litigation.     [A'ut  used.] 

DIS-EM-BKOIL',  r.  u  [rfw  and  embroil.]  To  disen- 
tangle ;  to  free  from  "periJexily ;  to  extricate  from 
Ctmfusion.  Dn/den.     .Addison. 

DIS-EM-BROII,'/;n,pp.  Disentangled;  cleared  from 
j»erplexity  or  confusion. 

DIS-EM-BROIL'IXG,  ppr.  Disentangling  ;  freeing 
from  confusion. 

DIS-EM-PLOY'KD,  a-    Thrown  out  of  employment. 

DIS-EN'-A'BI,E.  V.  t.  [dis  and  enable.]  To  deprive  of 
power,  natural  or  moral;  to  disable;  to  ileprive  of 
ability  or  int^ans.  A  man  may  be  disenabled  to  walk 
by  lameness  ;  and  by  ]«>verty  he  is  disenabled  to  sup- 
p«jrt  his  family. 

DIS-EN-A'BLED,  pp.  Deprived  of  power,  ability,  or 
means. 

DIS-EN-A'BLLVG,  ppr.  Depriving  of  power,  ability, 
or  means 

DIS-EN-CHANT',  v.  U  [tlis  and  enchant]  To  fVee 
from  enchantment ;  to  deliver  from  the  power  of 
charms  or  spell^i. 

It:\etc  lo  Ihy  worit ;  n  noble  ■trokf  or  two 

Kmli  n.11  th«  chnnna,  aud  ditendiania  tfii>  grore.        Dryden. 

DIS-EN-CIIANT'ED,  pp.  Delivered  from  enchant 
ment  or  the  power  of  charms. 

DIS-EN-CIIANT'ER,  n.  He  or  that  which  disen 
ctianls. 

DIS-EN-CIIANT'IXG,  jtjtr.  Freeing  from  enchant 
meiil  or  the  intluenre  of  rhanus, 

DIS-EX-CHANT'MENT,  n.     Act  of  disenchanting. 

DIS-EX-CUM'BER,  v.  t,  [dis  and  rncumbcr.]  To  free 
from  encumbrance  ;  lo  deliv<-r  fn»m  clogs  and  imped- 
iments ;  to  disburden  ;  as,  to  dUmcumhr.r  troops  of 
their  baggage  ;  to  disencumber  the  soul  of  its  body  of 
clay  ;  lo  di\encumbrr  the  mind  of  its  c.lres  and  grief^. 
2.  To  free  from  any  obstruction  ;  lo  free  from  any 


Tf)NE,  B(;LK  UNITE.  ~  AN"GER,  VI^CIOUS €  oa  K  ;  O  aa  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CU  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

_  __ 


DIS 

thins  heavy  or  unnecessaiy }  ss,  a  diseneumbrred 
builtlins.  ^itdisoH. 

DIS-EN-CUM'BBR-ED,i)p.  or  a.  Freed  from  tncum 
brance. 

DIS-EN-€UM'BEBrIN6,  ppr.  Freeing  from  encum- 
braiictf. 

DIS-EN-€UM'BRANCE,  «.  Freedom  or  deliverance 
from  encumbrance,  or  any  thing  burJcnsunie  or  imub- 
lesome.  SpeetattT. 

Dt3-E\-GACE',  r.  t.  [dis  and  mgnf.]  Tu  separate, 
as  a  substance  from  any  thinj;  with  which  it  U  in 
union ;  to  free ;  to  loose ;  to  liberate ;  as,  to  ^eji- 
g*gt  a  metal  from  extraneoua  substancea. 


t  be  diwHfMfarf  dortaf  the  prana. 


Calorie  and  Hgfat  D 


9.  To  separate  from  that  to  which  one  adheres,  or 
is  attached  ;  as,  to  diseng^gt  a  mun  frvun  a  party. 

3.  To  disentangle  ;  to  extricate  :  to  clear  fmm  im- 
pediraentSj  difficulties;  or  itertilt-xiitus }  as,  to 
g*g*  one  from  broils  or  cuiitruvt- r>ie^. 

A.  To  detach  ;  to  withdraw  ;  to  wean  ;  as,  to  disa^ 
gmgt  the  heart  or  aflection^  fruni  eanbly  pursuits. 

SL  Tofteeftom  any  thmg  that  roniiuand^  th-  mind 
or  employs  the  attention  ;  as,  to  dt.<eH^^ire  the  mind 
from  study;  to  disengc^e  i>nr*s  si>lt'  iVmn  Imsiness. 

6k  To  release  or  librraie  from  a  i»ri'riiiT4e  or  obll- 
galion;  to  set  free  by  dissv^lvinc  an  eiit;.i|;t-nient;  as, 
tbo  men  who  were  enlisted  are  now  Ji^-tHga^ed  i  the 
lady  who  Itad  promiaed  to  give  her  hau  J  in  marriage 
i»  ditrmgmgti. 

Let  it  be  obaeiTed, that  diseugAgrd  properly  implies 
prerioas  engagement,  and  ia  not  to  be  confounded 
with  iiii«tf«f«^wbicb  does  not  always  imply  prior 
engagement.  This  distinction  is  sometimes  careless- 
ly overlooked. 
DIS-E.N-GaG'ED,  pp.  Separated  ;  detached ;  set  free  ; 
released  ;  disjoined  ;  dUentanplfd. 

a,  a.  Vacant ;  being  at  leisure  ;  not  particularly 
occupied  ;  not  having  the  attention  confimd  to  a  par- 
ticular object.  [  Tlus  ward  u  Uw  us»d  &y  mutake  far 
UriEXGACED,  not  emjFmgtd.'] 
DIS-E.\-GaO'ED-N^S,  m.  The  qaality  or  state  of 
being  disengaged;  freedom  from  connection;  dfs- 

iL  Vacuity  of  attention.  [Junction. 

DIS  E\GAti£'M£\  1,11.    Asetting  free ;  separaUon^ 
extrication. 
It  b  tmj  to  icndrr  Ui  ^Mmgagnrntt  of  calorie  tmd 


5L  The  act  of  scparni  '  ing. 

3.  Lib*Tiiion  or  rt'l'  .  .lion. 

4.  Frffiinrn  from  an>  M-y  ;  leisure. 
DI?-'  "■    '■' '   '\c,^pf,r.    S';>r!ri',r«  i  loosing;  setting 

f  :   libemting  ;    reli  a--;ing  from  obliga- 

■lathinfnt.     See  H\r.Atii;«o.         [tion. 

DIS-t.-.-Au  (Wj;,  r.  L    To  deprive  of  tjilo,  or  cf  that 

whirh  ennoble*.  Omardian, 

DIS-E.\-.N6'BL£D,  pp.    Deprived  of  tide,  or  of  that 

which  ennobles. 
DIS-EN-KOLL',  r.  i.    To  erase  from  a  roll  or  list. 
mS-ES-nCiLW ED,  pp.     Erased  from  a  roll.      [Domne. 
DIS-EX-ROLL'IXG,  ppr.     Erasing  from  a  roll  or  list. 
DIS-E.V^LAVE'.r.  U    To  free  frt.m  bondage.    SoulA. 
DIS-E\-TA.\"GUE,(-en-tanfi'i:l,)  r.  L  [rfw  and  rntan- 

gle.]     To  unravel ;  to  unftil J  ;  U>  untwist  ;  to  loose, 

separate,  or  discunnert  things  which  are  interwoven, 

orunited  without  order;    a.<,  to  Jio.cx^aiijfie  network  ; 

to  disenttmgU  a  skein  of  yarn. 

2.  To  free  ;  to  extricate  from  perjilexity  ;  to  disen- 
gage from  complicatfd  amcems  j  Ui  set  free  from  im- 
pediments or  ditficulties ;  as;  to  diseHtaitgU  one*s  self 
from  business,  from  political  aflairs,  or  from  the  cares 
and  temptations  of  life. 

3.  To  diseneage  ;  to  separate. 
DI^EN-TA\"GLED,  (-en-tang'gld,)  pp.    Freed  from 

entanglement  ;  extricated. 

DIS-E.\-T.1-\"GLE-ME.\T,  a.  The  ad  of  disentan- 
gling. Warton. 

DIS-EX-TAX"GLIXG,  ppr.  Freeing  from  entangle- 
ment ;  extric^ing. 

DIS-EX-TER'.     See  Dihstsb. 

DIS-EX-THRALL'.    See  Di8i:<tkfiu_ 

DIS-EX-TI1R6XE%  r.  U  {du  and  enthrone.']  To  de- 
throne ;  to  depose  from  sovereign  authority  ;  as,  to 
disentJirone  a  icing.  M'dton. 

DIS-EX-THRi5X'£D,pp.  Deposed;  deprived  of  sov- 
ereign power. 

DIS-EX-THROX'IXG,  ppr.  Deposing ;  depriving  of 
royal  aulhoritv. 

DIS-EX-TI'TLE,  r.  L    To  deprive  of  title.      Somik. 

DIS-EX-TI'TI.£D,  pp.     Deprived  of  title. 

DIS-EX-TRXXCE',  r.  L  {dis  and  entrance,]  To 
awaken  from  a  trance,  or  from  deep  sleep  :  to  arouse 
from  a  rcvery.  ,  Httdibras. 

from  a  trance,  sleep,  or  revery. 

DIS-EX-TRa.\C'£D,    C-en-transt',)    pp.     Awakened 

DIS-EX-TRAXC'IXG,  ppr.  Arousing  {lom  a  trance, 
sleep,  orreverj'. 

DIS-EKT',  a.     \^l^  dUeHns.^     Eloquent. 

DIS-ES  POUSli',  r.  L  IdL  and  tgpo*seJ\  To  sep- 
arate after  espousal  or  plighted  faith  ;  to  divorce. 

DIS-ES-POL'»'£D,  pp.  Separated  after  espousal ;  re- 
leased from  obligation  to  marrj-. 


DIS 

DlS-K8-POUS'ING,  ppr.  SeparaUng  nfror  plighted 
fuith. 

DIS-ES-TAB'LJSH,  e.  L  To  remove  from  establish- 
ment. 

DIS-ES-TEEM',  n.  [dis  and  esteem.]  Want  of  es- 
teem ;  slijihl  dislike;  disregard.  It  expresses  less 
than  hatred  or  contempt.  Locke. 

DlS-ES-TEEM',  r.  t.  To  dislike  in  a  moderate  de- 
gree ;  to  consider  with  disregard,  disapprob:itiun, 
dislike,  or  slight  contempt ;  tu  alight. 

Bat  if  thii  «.\cmi  gift  ^ou  diteatetm,  Danfuim. 

DIS-ES-TEEM'KD,  pp.     Disliked  ;  slighted. 
DIS-E.S-TEEM'lXi;.  ppr.     Disliking  ;  slighting. 
DIS-ES-TI-MA'TIUX,  «.     Disesieem  ;  bad  repute. 
D18.EX'ER-CI*E,  c.  (.    To  deprive  of  exercise.    [jS 

bad  tPord,]  MUtoiu 

DIS-FAX'CY,  r.  L    To  dislike    [-V.^(  used,] 

Hammond. 
DIS-FA'VOR,   n,     [dis  and  favor.]      Dislike ;    sliuhl 

disi^easuro;  discountenance;  unfavorable  regard; 

diaesieem;  as,  the  conduct  of  the  minister  incurred 

the  di^fixvor  of  his  sovereign. 

2.  A  state  of  unacceptableness ;  a  stale  in  which 
one  is  not  esteemed  or  favored,  or  not  patronized, 
promoted,  or  bufriended ;  as,  to  be  in  disfavor  at 
court. 

3.  An  til  or  dis«)bliging  act ;  as,  no  generous  nuin 
will  do  a  ilisfat)or  to  the  meanest  of  his  species. 

DIS-FA'VOR,  r.  L  To  discountenance  ;  to  withdraw 
or  withhold  from  one,  kindness,  friendship,  or  sup- 
p;»rt ;  to  check  or  oppose  by  disapprobation  ;  as,  let 
the  man  be  countenanced  or  disfavored^  according  to 
his  merits. 

DIS-FA'VOR- £D,  pp.  Discountenanced;  not  fa- 
vored. 

DIS-EA'VOR-ER,  n.    One  who  discountenances. 

DIS-FA'VOR-IXG,  ppr.     Discountenancing.     [Bacon. 

DlS-Ff:A'T(;RE,  (-fect'yur,)  c.  L  To  deprive  of  fea- 
tures ;  to  dishgure. 

DIS-FIG-II-RA'TIOX,  n.  [See  DisriouRE.]  The 
act  of  disfiguring,  or  marring  external  form. 

!2,  The  slate  of  being  disfigured ;  some  degree  of 
deformity. 

DIS-FIG'l'rRE,  (-fig'yur,)  r.  t.  [dis  and  figure.]  To 
change  to  a  worse  form;  to  mar  external  figure;  lo 
impair  sliape  or  form,  and  render  It  less  perfect  and 
beautiful ;  as,  tlie  loss  of  a  limb  disfi>riires  the  body. 
2.  To  mar;  to  impair;  toinjurt  beauty,  symmetry, 
or  excellence. 

DIS-KIGa;R-£D,  (dis-fig'yurd,)  pp.  ora.  Changed  to 
a  worse  form  ;  impaired  in  f«»rm  or  appearance. 

DId-FlG'URE-MEXT,  n.  Change  of  external  form 
to  thu  worse  ;  defaci^ment  of  beauty. 

Milton,     Suckling. 

DIS-FIG'UR-ER,  (-fig'yur-er,)  n.  One  wlio  disfig- 
ures. 

DIS-FIG'T3-ING,  ppr.  Injuring  the  form  or  shai>e  ; 
impairing  the  beauty  of  form. 

DIS-FOR'EST.    See  Dhafforcst. 

DIS-FRAX'CHISE,  (-chiz,)  r.  L  [dis  and  franehLie.] 
To  deprive  of  the  rights  and  priyileees  of  a  free  citi- 
zen i  to  deprive  of  chartered  rights  and  immunities  ; 
to  deprive  of  any  franchise,  as  of  the  right  of  voting 
in  elections,  &c.  Bladcstone. 

DIS-FRAX''CHI»-£D,  (dis-fran'chizd,)  pp.  or  a.  De- 
prived of  the  nghls  and  privileges  of  a  free  citizen, 
or  of  some  particular  franchise. 

DIS-FRAX'CinsE-MEXT,  (dis-fran'chiz-ment,)  n. 
The  act  of  disfranchising,  or  depriving  of  the  privi- 
leges of  a  free  citizen,  or  of  some  [larticular  immu- 
nity. 

DIS-FRAN'CHIS-IXG,  ppr.  Depriving  of  the  privi- 
leges of  a  free  citizen,  or  of  some  particular  innnu- 
nity. 

DIS-FRI'AR,  r.  L  [dis  and /rtor.]  To  deprive  of  tlie 
state  of  a  friar.     [JVbt  used,]  Sandtf.t. 

DIS-FUR'XIisH,  r.  L  [dit  and  furnish.]  To  deprive 
of  furniture;  to  strip  of  apparatus,  habiliments,  or 
equipatie.  S/w/r.     KiwHe^, 

DIS-FL'R'XISH-KD,  (fr'ni'^ht,)  pp.  Deprived  of 
furniture;  stripped  of  apparatus. 

DI;^FUR'\ISH-ir<G,  ppr.  Depriving  of  furniture  or 
apparatus. 

DlS-GAL'LAXT,r.  U  To  deprive  of  gallantry.  [Ao( 
ttserf.l  B.  Jonson. 

DIS-GXR'XISH,  r.  (.  [dis  and  garnish.]  To  divest 
of  garniture  or  ornaments. 

2.  To  deprive  of  a  garrison,  guns,  and  military  ap- 
paratus ;  to  degarnish. 

DIS-GAR'Rl-SON,  o.  (.    To  deprive  of  a  garrison. 

Hctryt. 

DIS-GAR'RI-SOX-KD,  pp.     Deprived  of  a  garrison. 

DIS-GAR'RI-SOX-IXG,p/jr.     Depriyed  of  a  garrison. 

DIS-GAV'EL,  V.  L  [Hee  Gavelkind.]  To  Uike 
away  the  tenure  of  gavelkind.  Blackstone. 

DIS-GAV'EL-/:D.  pp.  Deprived  of  the  tenure  by 
gavelkind. 

DIS-GAV'EIj-IXG,  ppr.  Taking  away  tenure  by 
gavelkind.  Blackstone. 

DIS-GLO'RI-FT,  ».  U  [dl^  and  glorify.]  To  deprive 
of  glor}' ;  to  treat  with  indignity.  I'he  participle  t/u- 
glorified  is  used  by  Milton  ;  but  the  word  is  little 
used. 


DIS 

D1S-G0B6E',  (dis-gorj',)  r.  (.  [Fi.degorger;  rfe,  dw, 
and  gorge,  the  throat, J 

1.  To  eject  or  discharge  from  the  stomach,  throat, 
or  mouth  ;  to  vomit. 

2.  To  throw  out  with  violence  ;  to  discharge  vio- 
lently or  in  great  quantities  from  a  confined  place. 
Thus,  vuIcaniKiS  are  said  lo  disgorge  sireuuis  of  burn- 
ing lava,  ashes,  and  stones.  Milton's  infernal  rivers 
disgorge  their  streams  into  a  burning  lake. 

3.  F\g.  To  yield  up  or  give  back  what  had  been 
seized  upon  as  one's  own  ;  as,  lo  disgorge  his  ill- 
gotten  gains. 

DIS-GOUG'i-;!),  pp.      Ejected;    discharged  from  the 

stomach  or  nioutti ;  thrown  out  \villi  violence  and  in 

great  quantities. 
DIS-GORGE'MEXTj  (dia-gnrj'ment,)  n.     The  act  of 

distiorgiiig  ;  a  vomiting.  Hall 

DIS-GOkG'lXG,  ppr.      Discharging   from   the  throat 

or  (iionlh  ;  vomiting;  ejecting  with  yiolence  and  in 

great  quantities. 
DlS.GOS'l»EL,  V.  i.     [dis  and  go.^pel.]     To  difi^erfrom 

the  precepts  of  the  gospel.      [JVw(  u^cd.]        Milton. 
DIS-GR.\CK',  H.     [dis  and  grace.]     A  state  of  being 

out  of  favor  ;  disf;ivor;  disesleein  ;  as,  tlie  minister 

retired  from  court  in  disgrace. 

2.  Slate  of  ignominy  ;  dishunor,  sh;ime. 

3.  Cause  of  shame  ;  as,  to  turn  the  back  to  the 
enemy  is  a  foul  disgrace  ;  every  vice  is  a  disgrace  to 
a  rational  being. 

4.  Act  of  unkindncss.     [JVot  used.]  -  Sidney. 
DIS-GRACE',  V.  t.     To  put  out  of  favor;  as,  the  min- 

istt^r  wiia  disgraced. 

2.  To  bring  a  reproach  on;  to  dishonor;  us  an 
a^rnt.  Men  are  apt  to  take  pleasure  in  disgracing  an 
enemy  and  his  performances. 

3.  To  bring  tu  shame  ;  to  dishonor  ;  to  sink  in  es- 
timation ;  as  a  cause ;  as,  men  of^en  bousl  of  actions 
wllich  disgrace,  them. 

DIS-GRAC'/;i),  (dia-grast',)  pp.  ora.  Put  outof  favor; 
brought  under  reproach  ;  dishonored. 

DIS-GUACE'FUL,  a.  Shameful;  reproachful;  dis- 
honorable ;  procuring  Hhanic ;  sinking  reputation. 
Cowardice  is  disgractfal  to  a  soldier.  Intemperance 
and  profuneness  are  disgraceful  to  a  man,  but  more 
disgracrful  Xo  a  woman. 

DIS-GRACE'FIJI^LV,  adc.    With  disgrace. 

The  sp-iiale  hn*e  CMt  yuii  furlh  dugracefuUij,  B.Jonwon, 

2.  Shamefully  ;  reproachfully  ;  ignominiously  ;  in 
a  disgraceful  manner;  as,  the  troops  fled  dj*.-"Tace- 
f'llu. 

DIS-GRACE'FIJL-XESS,  n.  Ignominy  ;  shameful- 
ncss. 

DIS-GRA'CER,  n.  One  who  disgraces  ;  one  who  ex- 
poses lu  disgrace  ;  one  who  brings  into  disgrace, 
Bhiime,  or  contempt. 

DIS-GRA'CIXG,  ppr.  Bringing  reproach  on;  dishon- 
oring. 

DIS-GUA'CIOUS,  a.  [dis  and  gracious.]  Ungracious  ; 
UMplea)«iug.  Shali. 

DIS-GRADE',  V.  U     Our  old  word  for  Dkorade. 

DIS'GKE  GATE,  v.  t.  To  separate ;  to  disperse.  [Ut- 
ile nsed.]  More. 

DIS-GUrSE',  (dis-gize',)  v.  t.  [Ft.  deguiser i  de^  dis, 
and  guise,  manner.] 

1.  To  conceal  by  an  uniisim!  habit  or  mask.  Men 
sometimes  disguise  themselves  for  the  purpose  of 
committing  crimes  without  danger  of  detection. 
They  disguise  their  faces  in  a  ma^squerade. 

2.  To  hide  by  a  counterfeit  appearance  ;  to  cloak 
by  a  false  show,  by  false  language,  or  an  artificial 
manner  ;  as,  to  disguise  anger,  sentiments,  or  in- 
tentions. 

3.  To  disfigure;  to  alter  the  form,  and  eaJiibit  an 
unusual  ap)»earance. 

Thiry  aaw  the  r.icca,  wliich  too  v/kW  itwy  know, 

Tiiough  (l»eii  disguised  in  d(  ath.  Dryden, 

A.  To  disfigure  or  deform  by  liquor;  to  intoxicate. 
DIS-GUISK',  n,  A  counterfeit  habit ;  a  dress  intend- 
ed to  conceal  the  person  who  wears  it.  By  the  laws 
of  England,  persons  doing  unlawful  acts  in  disguise, 
are  subjected  to  heavy  iK-naltics,  and,  in  some  cases, 
declared  felon?. 

2.  A  false  apptmrance  ;  a  counterfeit  show  ;  an  ar- 
tificial or  assumed  npi^'arance  inti^nded  to  deceive 
the  beholder.  A  treacherous  design  is  often  con- 
cealed under  the  disguisr.  of  great  candor. 

3.  Change  of  mann';r  by  drink  ;  intoxication. 
DIS-GUIS'/;JU,   (dis-gl/,d',)  pp.  or  a.     Concealed  by  a 

counterfeit  habit  or  appearance  ;  intoxicated. 
DIS-GUISE'iMEX'J",  n.    Dress  of  concealment ;  false 

appearance. 
DI.S-GUIS'ER,   (dis-giz'er,)  «.      One   who  disguises 

hiiustlf  or  another. 
2.   lie  or  that  which  disfigures. 
DIS-GUIS'IXG,  ppr,  Cttncealing  by  a  counterfeit  dress, 

or  by  a  faln'e  show  ;  intoxicating, 
DIS-G'UIS'IXG,   n,      'I'he  act   of  giving  a  false  ap- 
pearance. 
2.    'nieatrical  mummery,  or  masking. 
DISGUST',  n.     [fr.  dfgobt;  dCfdis,  aitd  ^cfi(,  taste, 

L.  gustus.] 
1.  Disrelish  ;  distaste  ;  aversion  to  the  lante  of  food 

or  drink  ;  an  unpleasant  sensation  excited  in  the  or- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.^T.  — MeTE,  PREY — PIXE,  MARIXE,  BIRD.— XOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  y.'Qi.F,  BQQK. 
344  ' 


DIS 

guns  of  ta.'^te  by  suinelliing  disagreeable,  and,  when 
extreme,  prod'icing  loathing  or  nausea. 

2.  Dislike;  aversion;  an  unplsasaiit  sensation  in 
the  raind,  excited  by  something:  offensive  in  thi;  man- 
ners, conduct,  language,  or  opinions  of  oihcrs.  Thus, 
obscenity  in  language,  and  tlownishnesa  in  behavior, 
excite  disptsL 
DIS-GCST',  r.  (.  To  excite  aversion  in  the  stomach  ; 
to  ofTend  the  taste. 

2.  To  displease  ;  to  ofli?nd  the  mind  or  moral  taste  j 
with  at  or  with  ;  03,  to  be  disg-ustcd  at  foppery,  or  with 
vulgar  manners.  To  disgust  from  is  unusual  and 
hardly  tegitimate. 

DIS-GUST'ED./fp.    Displeased  ;  offended. 
DIS-GL'ST'FJJL,  a.   Offensive  to  the  taste  ;  nauseous; 

exciting  aversion  in  the  natural  or  moral  tastf. 
DIS-GUST'IN'G,  ppr.     Provoking  aversion  ;  offending 

the  taste. 

3.  a.  Provoking  dislike ;  odious  ;  hateful ;  as,  dis- 
friL.«ting^  Ber\'ility. 

DIS-GLJST'IXG-L.Y,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  give  dis- 
giisL  t  Stcinburue, 

DISH,  11.  [Sax.  disc,  a  di^h,  and  dlias,  dishes  ;  L.  dt»- 
cus  i  Gr.  diffjcoj;  Fr.  disque  ;  Arm.  dis^  ;  W.  dis^l ; 
Sp,  It.  disco.  It  is  the  same  word  as  disk  and  desk, 
and  seems  to  signify  something  tlat,  plain,  or  ex- 
tended.] 

1.  A  broad,  open  vessel,  made  of  various^malerials. 
used  for  serving  up  meat  and  various  kinds  of  f*x>a 
at  tbe  table.  It  is  sometimes  used  for  a  deep,  hollow 
vessel  for  liquore.  .Addison.    MUton. 

2.  The  meat  or  provisions  served  in  a  dish.  Hence, 
any  particular  kind  of  food. 

I  bATc  beie  a  dith  oTdoTe*.  Sh^. 

We  say,  a  digh  of  veal  or  venison  \  a  cold  dish ;  a 
warm  dish ;  a  delicious  dish, 

3.  Among  mitiers^  a  trough  in  which  ore  is  meaa- 
ttred,  about  2d  inches  long,  4  deep,  and  6  wide. 

Knryc. 
DI.su,  V.  t  To  put  in  a  dish  ;  as,  the  meat  is  all  duhedy 

and  readv  for  the  table. 
Dr.SH'-€L'OTH,  *  n.    A  cloth  used  for  washing  and 
DI.SH'-eLOUT,  i      wiping  dishc.i.  Sw{ft. 

DISH'-WASII-ER,  (wosh'er,)    n.    The  name  of  a 

bird,  the  mergus,  Johnson. 

Disfl'-V\'A-TER,    n.     Water  in  which  dishes  are 

washed. 
DIS-HA-BIL'I-TXTE,  r.  L    To  disqualify. 
DI:^-MA-BILLE',  (dis-a-bil',)  71.      [Fr.  deshabUU;  des 

and  hiibitler,  to  dress.     See  Habit.] 

An  undress  ;  a  loose,  negligent  dress  for  the  morn- 
ing.   But  see  Deshabii,i.e,  the  French  and  more  cor- 

TWX  orthography. 

Dryden  uses  the  word  as  a  participle,  "  Q.uecns  arc 

not  to  be  too  negligently  dressed  or  i^Au^iJ^e.'*    In 

tilts  use  he  is  not  followed. 
DIS^IIAB'IT,  r,  (.    To  drive  from  a  habitation.    [J^ot 

in  usf.]  SJiak. 

niS-aAK-MO'Nl-OUS,  a.    Incongruous.    fSee   U.s- 

H  4  B  il  O  M  O  C  9.]  JlaUl/lBfU. 

DI.-J-UAR'MO-.N'V,  n.  [dis  and  ha-nrumy.]  VVant  of 
harmnny  ;  discord  ;  ino>ngruily.     [Aot  tuifd.] 

DIS-HEART'£\,  (dfe-hart'n,)  v.  t.     [Uisa-mX  heart.] 
To  discourage  ;  to  deprive  of  courage  ;  to  depress 
the  spirits  ;  to  deject ;  to  impress  with  fear  ;  as,  it  is 
weakness  to  b^  dtgheartentd  by  small  obstacles. 

DI.S-IIEART'/:.V  /^n,  i/!i-  hirt'nd,)  pp.  or  a.  Discour- 
aued  ;  depf  ■  ;  cast  duwn. 

DISIIEXRT  /  iiirt'n-ing,);»pr.  era.  Dis- 

conmging ;  m  spiriti. 

DISirKI),  (di>Iii.;  pp.     VnK  m  a  dish  or  dishes. 

DIS-H&IR',  (diz-are',)  f.  t.  To  debar  from  inheriting. 
[A'wt  in  iw.J  Drydrn. 

Dr>nER'I-«ON,  n.  [See  Duiierit.]  Theactofdis- 
inh<  riling,  or  cutting  off  from  inhentaw'e.   Bp.  Hall. 

Dlfi-HER'fT,  V.  U  [Fr.  desherUer :  drs,  dis^  and  he- 
nter;  Arm.  diserita ;  IL  disercdare ;  Sp.  dtshertdar. 
Sec  Heir.] 

To  di«innerit ;  to  cut  off  from  the  possession  or  cn- 
jnymcnt  of  an  inheritance.  [See  Disi.^herit,  which 
is  more  geni*rally  used.] 

DI.S  HER'IT  ANCK,  n.  The  state  of  disheriting,  or 
of  bving  disinherited.  Braum. 

DIH-HER'IT  ED,  pp.  Cut  off  from  an  inheritance  or 
h'-Ti'ditary  sucresttion. 

DIS  (lER'IT-I.NG,  ppr.  Cutting  off  from  an  inherit- 
ance. Spenser. 

DISHEV'/X,  (de-shev'l,)  r. /.  [Fr.  deehmeler :  de^ 
di-t,  and  cAcreu,  hair,  checduy  hairy,  L.  capillas.  Class 
GbJ 

To  spread  the  hair  loosely  ;  to  suffer  the  hair  of  the 
head  to  hang  negligently,  and  to  flow  without  con- 
fin**ment  ;  used  chiefiy  in  the  passive,  pariiriplr. 

DI-PIIEVAL,  V.  i.     To  spread  in  disorder.  Hrrhert. 

Dl  .SIlEVi-L-ZCD,  (de-shev'ld,)  pp.  or  a.  Hanging 
loosely  and  negligently  without  confinement  j  flow- 
ing in  disorder;  &8,  dtshtreied  locks. 

DI-SHEV'JEI^ING,  ppr.    Spreading  IfKJsely. 

DISH'ING,  ppr.    [See  Dish.]    Puttmg  in  a  diah  or 
dishes. 
2.  a.   Concave  ;  ha^'ing  the  hollow  form  of  a  dish. 
Mortimrr. 

Dlf-HON'E^T,  (diz-on'est,)  a.  [dU  and  honest]  Void 


DIS 

of  honesty  ;  destitute  of  probity,  integrity,  or  good 
faith  ;  faithless  ;  fraudulent ;  kna\ish  ,  having  or 
exercising  a  disposition  to  deceive,  chent,  and  de- 
fraud ;  applied  to  persons :  as,  a  dishonest  man. 

2.  Proceeding  from  fraud,  or  marked  by  it;  fnmd- 
ulenl;  knavish;  as,  a  rfiiAonr-ft  transaction. 

3.  Disgraced  ;  dishonort;d  ;  from  tlic  sense  in  Latin. 
Dithonctl  witli  loppoU  arnifi  liie  youth  appcam.  Dryden. 

4.  Disgraceful  i  ignominious;  jrom  the  Latin  sense. 
Ing^lorioui  triumphs  and  diskontMl  tcAra,  Pope. 

5.  Unchaste  ;  lewd.  Shak. 
DIS-HON'EST-LY,  (diz-onVst-ly,)  a>lt\     In  a  dishon- 
est innnner;  without  good  faith,  probity,  or  integrity  ; 
with  fraudulent  views  ;  knavishly.  Shale. 

2.  Lewdly  ;  unchastelv.  Ecclesiasticas. 

DIS-IION'ES-TY,  (diz-on'es-ly,)  ti.  Want  of  probity, 
or  integrity  in  principle  ;  faithlessness  ;  a  disposition 
to  cheat  or  defraud,  or  to  deceive  and  betray  ;  applied 
to  persons. 

2.  Violation  of  trust  or  of  justice  ;  frauds. trench- 
er}' ;  any  deviation  from  probity  or  integrity ;  applied 
to  acts. 

3.  Unchastity;  incontinence;  lewdness.     Shak. 

4.  Deceit  ;-^vickedness;  shams.     2  Cor.  iv. 
DIS-HOX'OR,   (diz-on'or,)   n.     [dis  and  honor.]     Re- 

pnwch  ;  disgnice  ;  ignominy  ;  shame  ;  whatever  con- 
stitutes a  stain  or  blemish  on  the  reputation. 

It  WAi  not  EDGCl  for  US  to  Me  Uie  )dng'«  (Bthonor.  —  Ezm  iv. 

It  may  express  lesa  than  iiinominy  and  infamy. 
DIS-UO.VOR,  r.  t.  To  disgrace;  to  bring  reproach  or 
shame  on  ;  to  slain  the  character  of;  to  lessen  repu- 
tation. The  duelist  dishonors  himself  to  maintain 
his  honor.  The  impunity  of  the  crimes  of  great 
men  dishonors  the  administration  of  the  taws. 

2.  To  treat  with  indignity.  Dryden. 

3.  To  violate  the  chastity  of ;  to  debauch.  Dryden. 

4.  To  refuse  or  decline  to  accept  or  pay  ^  as,  to  dis- 
honor a  bill  of  exchange. 

DI«-IIO\'OR-A-BLE,  (diz-on'or-a-bU)  a.  Shameful ; 
reproachful ;  base  ;  vile  ;  bringing  shame  on  ;  stain- 
ing the  character,  and  lessening  reputation.  Every 
act  of  meanness  and  ever>'  vice  is  dishonorable. 

2.  Destitute  of  honor  ;  as,  a  dishonorable  man. 

3.  In  a  state  of  neglect  or  disesteem. 

He  that  ia  dtehonorabU  in  riches,  how  much  morr  in  pov-rty  I  — 
Ec9i**iojticu: 

DI«-HON'OR-A-BLY,  adv.  Reproachfully  ;  in  a  dis- 
honorable manner. 

DlS-lIO.\'OR-A-RY,  (diz-on'or-n-ry,)  a.  Bringing  dis- 
lionor  on  ;  lending  to  disgrace  ;  lessening  reputation. 

Ifolmrs. 

DIS-IION'OR-ED,  pp.  Disgraced  ;  brought  into  disre- 
pute. 

DIS-HOX'OR-ER,  n.  One  wlio  dishonors  or  dis- 
graces ;  one  who  treats  another  with  indignity. 

Milton. 

DIS-IION'OR-IXG,  ppr.  Disgracing  ;  bringing  into 
disrepute  ;  trcatiiig  with  indignity. 

DIS-UORN',  V.  L  [dis  and  hcn-u.]  To  deprive  of 
horns.  S/iak. 

DI.S-MORX'ED,  (-homd,)  pp.    Stripped  of  horns, 

DI.S-H()RN'INO,p;«-.     Depriving  of  horns. 

DIS-HO'MOR,  K,  [dia  nud  humor.]  Peevishness;  iU 
hn  nior.  Spectator. 

DIS-I.M-PXRK',  V.  t,  [dis.  m,  and  park.]  To  free 
from  the  barriers  of  a  park ;  to  free  from  restraints 
or  seclusion.     [Little  used,]  SpecVitor. 

DIH-IM  PROVE^MEXT,  n.  [dis  and  improvement] 
Reduction  from  a  better  to  a  wori«e  state  ;  the  con- 
trary to  improvement  or  mflioration ;  as,  the  disim- 
prvvemcHt  of  the  earth.     [LiUle  used.] 

JVorris.     Swift.. 

DIS-IX-€AR'CER-^TE,  r.  L  [dis  and  inrareerate.] 
To  liberate  from  prison  ;  to  set  free  from  confme- 
mrnl.     [JV*«(  muck  u.%ed.]  JIarvey. 

Dlrt-IXeLlX-A'TlOX,  n.  [dis  and  inclination.]  Want 
of  inclination  ;  want  of  propensity,  desire,  or  affec- 
tion ;  slight  dislike  ;  aversion  ;  expressing  less  than 
hate. 

DiMppointnient  g^re  him  ft  iftWndinotion  to  the  fair  t^x. 

ArbuthnoL 

DIS-IN-CLTXE',  V.  L  [dis  and  incline.]  To  excite 
dislike  or  slight  aversion  ;  to  make  disaffected  ;  lo 
alienate  from.  Ills  timidity  disinclined  him  from 
such  an  nrduous  enterprise. 

DIS-IN-CLIX'AD,  pp.  or  a.     Not  inclined  ;  averse. 

DIH-IX-€LT\'IXG,  ppr.  Exciting  dislike  or  slight 
nverni(in. 

DIS-IX-CLOBE',  r.  t  [dis  and  inclose.']  To  open  an 
tncloHiirc  ;  to  throw  oi>cn  what  has  been  inclosed; 
to  dispark. 

DLS-IN-COR'PO-RATE,  v.  L  To  deprive  of  corporate 
powers  ;  to  disunite  a  corporate  body,  or  an  estab- 
lished society.  Hume. 

2.  To  detach  or  separate  from  a  corporation  or  so- 
ciety. Bacon. 

DrS-IN-€OR'PO-RA-TED,  pp.  Deprived  of  corporate 
powers. 

Dl.S.LN.€OR'PORA-TL\G,ppr.  Depriving  of  corpo- 
rate powers. 

DIS-IN-COK-PO-RA'TIOX,  n.  Deprivation  of  the 
rights  and  privileges  of  u  corporation.  fVarton. 


DIS 

DIS-IX-FECT',  r.  t.  [dis  and  infect,]  To  cleanse 
from  inf'.'ction  ;  lo  purify  from  contagions  matter. 

DIS-L\-FEeT'ANT,  n.  An  agent  fur  removing  the 
causes  of  infection,  as  clilorine.  Cooley. 

DIS-IX-FECT  ED,  pp.  or  a.     Cleansed  from  infL*ciion. 

DIS-IN-FECT'IXG,  ppr.  or  c  Purifying  from  infec- 
tion. 

DIS-IX-FEC'TION,  (-in-fek'shun,)  n.  Purification 
from  inft^cling  mnller.  Med.  Repos. 

DIS-IN-GE-NO'I-TY,  n.  [dis  :iwlin^enuity.]  Mean- 
ness of  artifice;  unfairness;  disingentiousness ; 
want  of  candor.  Clarendon. 

[I'iiis  word  is  little  used,  or  not  at  all,  in  the  sense 
her3  explained.  See  Inoenuitv.  Wu  now  use,  in 
lieu  of  it,  OisiNOENUous.iEss.] 

DlS-IX-GEX'y-OUS,a.  [dis  and  ingenuous.]  Unfair; 
not  open,  frank,  and  candid ;  meanly  artful  ;  illib- 
eral ;  applied  to  personm. 

2.  Unfair;  meanly  artful ;  unbecoming  true  honor 
and  dignity  ;  as,  disingenuous  conduct ;  disingenuous 
schemes. 

DiS-IXCEX'ti-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  disingenuous  man- 
ner ;  unfairly  ;  not  openly  and  caudidly  ;  with  secret 
management. 

DIS-L\-6EX'IT-0US-NESS,  n.  Unfairness;  want  of 
candor  ;  low  craft  ;  as,  the  dLiingenuousness  of  a 
man,  or  of  his  mind. 

2.  Characterized  by  unfairness,  as  conduct  or  prac- 
tices. 

DIS-IX-HAB'IT-ED,  pp.     Deprived  of  inhabitants. 

DI.S-IX-HER'I-SOX,  H.  [dis  and  inherU.]  The  act  of 
cutting  off  from  hereditary  succession  ;  the  act  of 
disinheriting.  Bacon.     Clarendon. 

2.  The  state  of  being  disinherited.  Taylor, 

DIS-hV-HER'IT,  v.  t.  [di.i  and  iuhrrit.]  To  cut  off 
from  hereditary  right ;  to  deprive  of  an  inheritance  ; 
to  prevent,  as  an  heir,  from  coming  into  possession  of 
any  property  or  right,  which,  by  law  or  custom, 
would  devolve  on  him  in  the  course  of  descent.  A 
father  sometimes  disinherits  his  children  by  will.  In 
England,  the  crown  is  descendible  lu  the  eldest  son, 
who  can  not  be  di-iinherited  by  the  will  of  his  father. 

DIS-IX  llER'IT-ED,  p^.  or  a.  Cut  off  from  an  inher- 
itance. 

DIS-IX-HER'IT-IXG,  ppr.  Depriving  of  an  heredi- 
tary ei-tate  or  right. 

DIS-IX-IIOME',  V.  t.    To  disinter. 

DlS-lN'TE-GRA-BLE,  a.  [dis  and  integer.]  That 
may  be  separated  into  integrant  parts  ;  capable  of 
disintcgnttion. 

Ar^Ilo-culcitc  ia  readily  diainUgrt^U  by  expoaur«  to  ihe  .itmo*- 
phcn:.  A"iri«in. 

DIS-IN'TE-GRATE,  v.  U  [tlis  and  inUger.]  To  sep- 
arate the  integrant  parts  of. 

Marlitfa  are  not  diainUgraUd  by  expoaure  totbo  adnosnhrrr,  at 
U'uat  in  aix-ycara.  Kiruian, 

DIS-IN'TE-GRA-TED,  pp.  Separated  into  integrant 
parts  without  chemical  action. 

DIS-IX'TE-GRA-TIXG,  ppr.  Separating  into  inte- 
grant parts. 

DIS-IX  TE-GRA'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  separating 
integrant  parts  of  a  substance,  as  distinguished  from 
decomposition,  or  the  sei>aration  of  constituent  parts. 

Rineaii. 

DIS-IN-TER',  V.  t.  [dis  and  inter.]  To  take  out  of  a 
grave,  or  out  of  tlie  cartJi ;  as,  to  disinter  a  dead  body 
that  is  liuried. 

2.  To  take  out,  as  from  a  grave  ;  to  bring  from  ob- 
scurity into  view. 

Tba   frfuloMiplipr — niaj   be  coiicenlMl   in   «  pU'tx>lan,  whidi  t 
proper  educiitiuti  migtit  have  ditinterred.     [t/niMuai.] 

Adduon. 

DIS-IN'TER-ES'J',  n.  [dis  and  intcre-H.]  What  is 
contrary  lo  the  interest  or  adviintage  ;  disadvantage ; 
injury.     [Little  lued,  or  not  at  ad.]  OlanciUe. 

2.  Indifference  o  profit ;  want  of  regard  to  private 
advanlnsr*.  .f<ihiL<on. 

DIS-IN'TER-EST,  r.  f.  To  disengage  from  private 
interest  or  personal  advantage.     [LiUlc  used.] 

Fcltham. 
DIS-IX'TER-EST-ED,  a.  Uninterested  ;  indifferent ; 
free  from  self-interest;  having  no  separate  persona! 
interest  or  private  advantage  in  a  question  or  affair. 
It  is  important  that  a  judge  should  be  perfectly  disin- 
terested. 

2.  Not  influenced  or  dictated  by  private  advan- 
tage ;  as,  a  dinntereated  decision. 
[This  word  is  more  generally  used  than  Ukiwter- 


ESTED.l 

)IS-IX'T 


DIS-IX'TER-EST-ED-LY,  ado  In  a  disinterested 
manner, 

DIS-IX'TER-EST-ED  NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  having  no  separate  personal  interest  or  private 
advantage  in  a  question  or  event ;  freedom  from  bias 
or  prejudice,  on  account  of  private  interest ;  indiffer- 
ence. Brown. 

DIS  IX'TER-EST-ING,  o.    Uninteresting. 
[The  latter  is  the  word  now  used.] 

DIS-IX-TER'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  disinterring,  or 
taking  out  of  the  earth. 

DIS-IX-TER'R£D,  (diB-in-lUfd',)  pp.  Taken  out  of 
the  earth  or  grave. 


TONE,  BULL,  t^NITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  0  as  J  j  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THia 


44 


34& 


DIS 

D1?-IN-TER'RING,  ^pr.  Taking  oiil  of  the  earth,  or 
out  of  :i  smve. 

DIS-I\-THRALL',  (dis-in-lhrnw!'.)  r.  t.  [>lu  nm\  in- 
tkntlL]  To  libtTdte  from  slaveri',  botnlage,  or  servi- 
tude ;  to  free  or  rescue  from  opprcssiou.         Siruti. 

DT9-I\-TMRALL'*:D,  pp.    set  free  fVom  homliiRi-. 

DIS-I.\  THKALL'L\G,  ppr.  DeUvcriug  from  slavery 
or  servrtudt?. 

Dli^lX-THRALL'MEXT,  n.  Liberation  from  bon- 
dacc  ;  emancipatidh  from  fllaver>%  E.  JfotL 

DIS-!X-tCRE',  r..  t.  [dis  aiid  ucara.]  To  deprive  of 
fariiiliarirv  or  custom.  .Miltan. 

DIS-IX-QR'ED,  pp.    Deprived  of  familiar  custom. 

DIS-IX-VAL-ID'I-Ty,  ».    Want  of  validity. 

DIS-IX-VrrE',  p.  t    To  recall  an  invitatit^u.    FinetL 

DIS-IN-XTT'IXG,  ppr.    R^tmciing  an  iuviiation. 

DIS-IX-VOLVE',  (Uis-in-volv',)  r.  (.  [ait  and  m- 
r<j/r^.]  To  uncover  ;  to  uurold  or  uniull ;  to  disen- 
tangle. More, 

DIS^IX-VOLV'ED,  fj».    Unfolded  ;  disentanpled. 

DIS-IX-VOL\"'IXG,f^.    Freeing  from  enlaiiglt-menl. 

DISt-JEC'TlON,  a.  Act  of  overthrowinji  or  dissipating. 

DISJOIN',  r.  (.  [^and>(nii.]  To  port;  todinunile; 
to  separate ;  to  sunder. 

DIS-JOIX'KDjppi.  Of  «.    Pisunhod;  separated. 

DI3-J01X'1XG,  pfT.    Disuniting  ;  severing. 

DIS>]OLNT',  e.  U  [dis  and  joutt.]  To  separate  a 
joint ;  to  sepanta  puts  united  by  Joints ;  as,  to  ^s- 
MtaC  tbe  limbs ;  to  di^ouiX  bones }  to  dirjoitU  a  fowl 
m  curing; 

!L  To  put  out  of  joint ;  to  force  out  of  Us  socket ; 
ID  dislocate. 

3.  To  separate  at  junctures ;  to  break  at  the  part 
where  things  are  united  by  cement;  as,  dL^inUd 
columns. 

4.  To  break  in  pieces;  to  separate  united  pnrls ; 
aS}  to  disjuixi  an  edifice;  the  disjointed  parts  of  a 
ship. 

h.  To  break  the  natucal  order  and  fvlations  of  a 

thing ;  to  make  incoherent ;  as,  a  diijoiHicd  speech. 
DI&JOIXT',  p.  i.    To  fall  in  pieces.  Skak. 

DISJOINT',  a.     Dbijoinied.  Ska*. 

DISJOIXT'ED,  pp.  01  a.     Separated  at  the  joints ; 

parted  Unib  I'lom  limb ;  carved  ;  put  out  of  joitit  \  not 

coherent. 
DISJOIXT'ED-XESS,  m.    State  of  being  disjointed. 
DIS-JOIXT'IXG,  ppr.     Separating  joints  ;  disjoining 

limb  from  limb  ;  breaking  at  the  scains  or  Junctures  \ 

rrnderinK  incoherent. 
DIS-Jt>I\nLV,  a^r.    In  a  divided  state.       Sokdjit. 


B09U, 
du  and 


DISJU-DI-CA'TIOX,  II.    [L.  dijttdiaaio,l 

Judement;  determination.    [AV  mmo.] 
DIS-JUNC1\  a.     [L.  itiffwuCw,  ditjanga; 
jun^o,  to  join.] 

Disjoined :  separated. 
DIS-JU.\€'TIOX,  n.     [U  dujmnttia.] 

The  act  of  dis)oinni| ;  disunion;  separation;  a 
nartinz ;  as,  the  disjtt»€tM»m  oC  soul  and  body. 
D^JUi'^CT'IVE,  a.    Separating  ;  disioining. 

a.  Incapable  of  union.    [  Umutual.j  Orae, 

3.  In  frsMwar,  a  dujm»tiivt  conjunction  or  con- 
nective is  a  word  which  unites  sentences  or  the  parts 
of  discooise  in  construction,  but  diMjoins  the  sense, 
noting  an  alternative  or  opposition  ;  as,  I  love  him, 
cr  I  fair  bim  ;  I  neither  love  him,  sor  fear  bim. 

4.  In  lagic,  a  digju»ttiv§  prvpomUfin^  is  (me  in  which 
the  parts  are  exposed  to  each  other,  by  means  of  dis- 
junctives ;  as,  it  is  aiUur  dmf  or  night. 

A  dtsjuncUvt  s^/Qogigm^  is  when  the  major  proposi- 
tion is  disjunctive ;  as,  tk*  earth  hmom  in  s  eireUy  or  sa 
eUipsis:  but  it  does  not  move  in  a  circle,  therefore  it 
moves  in  an  ellipsis.  IVatta, 

DLSJUXeT'IVE,  a.  A  word  that  disjoins;  as  w, 
TUfr%  utiUifT. 

DISJUXeT'n'E-LY,  ode.  In  a  disjunctive  manner ; 
separately. 

DISK,  a.     [l^distMs.    See  Dish  ai  d  Dxsa.] 

1.  The  face  or  visible  projeciiot.  of  a  ceiestial  body, 
usually  {Medicated  of  thie  sun,  moon,  or  planets ;  but 
the  stars  have  also  apparent  disk*.  D.  Olmsted. 

2.  A  quoit ;  a  piece  of  stone,  iron,  or  copper,  in- 
clining to  an  o\it\  fijftire,  which  the  ancients  hurled 
by  the  help  of  a  leathern  thong  tied  round  the  per- 
son's hand,  and  put  through  a  bole  in  the  middle. 

Scum  ^AiA  Uk  i&t  and  tome  Um  javeUn  cbrL  Pop*. 

3.  In  hoimnft  the  whole  surface  of  a  leaf;  the  cen- 
tral pait  of  a  radiate  compound  flower.       Marttjn. 

A  term  applied  to  certain  bodies  or  projections  sit- 
uated between  the  base  of  the  stamens  and  the  base 
of  the  ovan-,  but  forming  part  with  neither.  Lindley. 

DIS.KIXD'XE:*S,  a.     {dis  and   kindness.]     Want  of 
kindness  ;  unkindneas  ;  want  of  n^ection. 
2.  ni  turn  ;  injury  ;  detriment.  Woodtcard. 

DIS-LTKE',  a.  [dit  and  Ukt.']  Disapprobation ;  dis- 
inclination ;  displeasure  :  aver-'^ioii ;  a  moderate  de- 
gree of  hatred.  A  man  shows  his  dislike  to  measures 
which  he  disapproves,  to  a  proposal  which  he  is  dis- 
inclined to  accept,  and  to  food  which  he  does  not 
relish.  All  wise  and  good  men  manifest  their  dislike 
to  folly. 
2.  Discord  ;  disagreement.     [.Vet  in  ust,"]    Fairfax. 

DIS-LTKE',  r.  l  To  disapprove  ;  to  regard  with  some 
aversion    or  displeasure.      We   dislike    proceedings 


DIS 

which  we  deem  wnmg ;  we  dislike  persons  of  evil 
habits  ;  we  tli,ilike  whatever  gives  us  pain. 

2.  To  drsn'lish  ;  to  regard  with  some  disgust;  as, 
to  dislike  ^rticular  kinds  of  food. 

DIS-LTK'/^bjfdis-likt', )/';».   Disapproved  ;  disrelished. 
Ulti.LIKE'FyL,   a.      Dwliking ;    disaffected.      [JK'ot 

KJ«/J  Sprnsrr. 

DI.^-LTK'£\,  (dis-llk'n,)  r.  u    To  make  unlike.  SiiaJc 
DlS-bIK'K\-£D,  pp.    Made  unlike. 
DiS-LlKE'XESS,  n.     [dis  and  likeness.]     Unlikeness ; 

want  of  resemblance  ;  dissimilitude.  Lucke. 

DIS-LTK'EH,  n.     One  who  disapproves  or  disrelishes. 
DIS-LIK'INO,  ppr.     Disapproving  ;  disrelisliing. 
DIS-LIMB',  (dis-lim',)  v.  ^    To  tuar  the  limbs  from. 

Diet. 
DIS-MMn'in),  (-limd',)  f»p.    Turn  limb  from  limb. 
DIS- LI  MX',  (di»^Iim',)  r.  U    To  strike  out  of  a  picture. 

f  A'of  in  «.*«.  1  Shak. 

DIS' LOCATE,  a.    Dislocated.  Montgomery. 

DIS'LO-CATE,  V,  L    [dis  and  locate^  U  itwuj,  place  ; 

Fr.  dislo^uer;  It.  dishcare.] 
To  displace ;  to  put  out  of  its  proper  place  ;  parttc- 

HiaWy,  to  put  out  of  joint;   U>  disjoint;  to  move  a 

bone  from  tls  socket,  cantj-,  or  place  of  articulation. 
DIS'LO-€A-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Removed  from  its  proper 

plac«  ;  put  out  of  Joint. 
DIS'LO-CA-TIXG,  ppr.     Putting  out  of  its  proper 

place,  or  out  of  joint. 
DlSLO-€A'TION,  n.     The  act  of  moving  ft-om  its 

proper  place ;  partiemlarly^  the  act   of  removing  or 

forcing  a  bone  from  its  socket ;  luxation.       Eneyc 
S.  The  stale  of  being  displaced.  BwrtuL 

3.  A  joint  dis;daced. 

4.  In  ge»laffyf  the  displacement  of  parts  of  rocks, 
or  portions  oT  strata,  from  the  situations  which  they 
originally  occupied.  Cite. 

D13-L0d6E',  (dis-lodj',)  r.  t  [dis  and  lodge.]'  To 
remove *br  drive  from  a  lodge  or  place  of  rest;  to 
drive  from  the  place  where  a  thing  naturally  rests  or 
inhabits.  Shells,  resting  in  the  sea  at  a  considerable 
depth,  are  not  dislodged  by  storms. 

3.  To  drira  fhua  a  place  of  retirement  or  retreat ; 
as,  to  di^odge  a  cony  or  a  deer. 

3.  To  drive  from  any  place  of  rest  or  habitation, 
or  from  any  station  ;  as,  to  dislodge  the  enemy  from 
their  quarters,  from  a  hill  or  wall. 

4.  To  remove  an  armv  to  other  quarters.      Shak. 
DIS-LODGE',  r.  i.    To  go  from  a  place  of  rest.  Milton. 
Dl?'LODG'i.T>,  pp.    Driven  from  a  lodge  or  place  of 

rest ;  removed  from  a  place  of  habitation,  or  from 

any  station. 
DIS-LODG'IXG,  ppr.    Driving  from  a  lodge,  from  a 

place  of  rest  or  retreat,  or  from  any  station. 
DIS'LOY'AL,  a.     [dis  and  loyai ;  Fr.  deloyal ;  Sp.  des- 

U'sL] 

1 .  Not  true  to  aUeciancn ;  false  to  a  sovereign ; 
laithless  ;  as,  a  disloyal  subject. 

2.  False ;  perfidious ;  truacberou§ ;  as,  a  diMoyal 
knave.  Sh/ik. 

3.  Not  true  to  the  marriage  bed.  SJutk. 
4  False  in  love  ;  not  constant,                 Johtucyu 

DIS-LOV'AL-LY,  adc.  In  a  disloyal  manner;  with 
^nutation  of  faith  or  duty  to  a  sovereign  ;  faithlessly ; 
perfidiously. 

DIS-LOV'.\L-TY,  n.  Want  of  fidelity  to  a  sovereign  ; 
violation  of  allegiance  or  duty  to  a  prince  or  sover- 
eign authoritv. 

2.  Want  of  fidelity  in  love.  SItak, 

DIS'MAL,  a.  [I  am  not  satisfied  with  the  etymologies 
of  this  word  which  I  have  seen.] 

1.  Dark  ;  gloomy  ;  as,  a  dismal  shade 

2.  Sorrowful ;  dire ;  horrid  ;  melancholy  ;  calami- 
tous ;  unfortunate ;  as,  a  dismal  accident ;  dismal 
effecLs.  Milton. 

3.  Frightful ;  horrible  ;  as,  a  dismal  scream. 
DlS'.MAL-LY,adp.    Gloomily;  horribly;  sorrowfully; 

uncomfortably. 
DIS'MAI^.VES'S,  n.    Gloominess;  horror. 
D1S-.\L\X''TLE,  B.  U     [dis  and  mantle ;  Fr.  dnnanteler.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  dress  ;  to  strip  ;  to  divest.    South. 

2.  To  loose  ;  to  throw  open.  Shak. 

3.  More  generally,  to  deprive  or  strip  of  apparatus, 
or  furniture  ;  to  unrig  ;  as,  to  dismantle  a  ship. 

4.  To  deprive  or  strip  of  military  furniture ;  as,  to 
dismantle  a  fortress. 

5.  To  deprive  of  outworks  or  forts ;  as,  to  dismaii- 
tle  a  town. 

6.  To  break  down  ;  as,  his  nose  rfi*man(i«L  Dryden. 
DIS-MAN'TL£D,    pp.   or  a.     Divested;   stripped   of 

furniture;  unrigged. 

DIS-MAN'TLING,  ppr.  Stripping  of  dress;  depriving 
of  apparatus  or  furniture. 

DIS-.MXSK',  r.  U     [dis  and  mask;  Fr.  demasquer.] 
To  strip  off  a  mask ;  to  uncover ;  to  remove  that 
which  conceals.  Shak.     fVvUan. 

DIS-MASK'£;D,Cdis-miskt',)  pp.  Divested  of  a  mask; 
stripped  of  covering  or  disguise  ;  uncovered. 

DIS-.MXSK'ING,  ;';/r.  Stripping  of  a  ma^ik  or  cover- 
ing. 

DIS-MAST'^  r.  U     [dis  and  mast ;  Ft.  demhter.] 

To  dcpnve  of  a  mast  or  masts  ;  to  break  and  carry 
awav  the  mists  from  ;  as,  a  storm  dismasted  the  ship. 

DIS-.MAST'ED,  pp.     Deprived  of  a  mast  or  masts. 

DIS^MAST'I.VG,  ppr.     Stripping  of  masts. 


DIS 

DlS-.MXaT'MENT,  n.    The  act  of  dismasting;  the 

stale  of  being  dismasted.  Marshall. 

DIS-.MAY',  r.  f.  (Sp.  dMWflf/ar  ;  Port,  dwwiaiar ,■  prob- 
ably formed  by  dcs  anil  the  Teutonic  magan,  to  be 
strong  or  able.  'I'he  sense,  then,  Js,  to  deprive  of 
strength.  Pp.  dtsmayarse,  to  faint  j  It.  smagarsi^to 
desijond.] 

To  deprive  of  that  strongth  or  firmness  of  mind 
whicli  constitutes  coura4;e ;  to  discourage;  to  dis- 
hearten ;  to  sink  or  depress  the  spirits  or  resolution  ; 
lience,  to  afTri^jht  or  terrify. 

Be  BlronfT,  nit<1  of  rood  cour.i^  ;  be  not  airald,  neither  be  thou 
di»tiuxj/ed.  —  Jush.  i. 

DIS-MAY',  n.  [Sp.  desmayoj  Port,  desmaio,  a  swoon 
or  fainting  fit.] 

Fall  or  loss  uf  courage  ;  a  sinking  of  the  spirits;  de- 
pressii>n  ;  dt-jertion  ;  a  yielding  to  fear;  that  loss  of   j 
firmness  whicli  is  effected  by  fear  or  terror  ;  fear  im- 
pressed i  terror  felt. 

^  Ami  mth 

In  other'*  countenance  read  hii  own  dismay.  MUton. 

DIS-MAY'/ol),  (dis-made',)  pp.  or  a.    Disheartened; 

di'prived  of  courage. 
DIS-Ma V'El)  NESS,  h.     A  state  of  being  dismayed  ; 

dejt'Clion  of  courage ;    dispiritedness.      [.4    useless 

irord,  and  not  mfcd.]  Sidney. 

DLS-MaY'FJJL,  a.     Full  of  dismay.     [Obs.]     Spenser. 
DIS-MAVIXG,  ppr.    Depriving  of  courage. 
D1SME,  J    (deem)   n.     [Fr.l     A  tenth  part;  a  tithe. 
DIME,     \  Jiyliffr. 

DIS-MEM'BER,  r.  (.     [dis  and   member.]     To  divide 

limb  from  limb  ;  to  sojwirate  a  member  from  the  body  ; 

to  tear  or  cut  in  pieces  ;  to  dilacerato ;  to  mutilate. 
FywU  ol)K«ne  dismembered  hu  rpmiiin*.  Pope. 

S.  To  separate  a  part  from  the  main  body  ;  to  di- 
vide ;  to  sever  ;  as,  to  dismember  an  empire,  king- 
dom, or  republic.  Poland  was  dismembered  by  the 
noighlxtring  powers. 

DIS-ME.M'BEK-i:!),  pp.  or  a.  Divided  member  from 
member ;  torn  or  cut  in  pieces  ;  divided  by  the  sepOr 
ration  of  a  part  from  the  main  body. 

DIS-MEM'BEU-IXG,  ppr.  Separating  a  limb  or 
limbs  from  the  body  ;  dividing  by  taking  a  part  or 
parts  from  the  body. 

DLS-.MKM'BEIMNG.n.     Mutilation.        Blackstone. 

DIS-MEM'HEH-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  severing  a 
limb  or  limbs  from  the  body;  the  act  of  tearing  or 
cuLting  in  pieces;  mutilation  ;  the  act  of  severing  a 
part  from  the  main  body  ;  division  ;  separation. 

He  poiiilijii  out  tiie  dunger  of  a  dismemhermtnt  of  the  rf-public. 
}Ual.  of  Poland,    Bncyc. 

DIS-MET'TL£D,  a.  Destitute  of  fire  or  spirit.  [JVot 
much  u.trd.]  Lfewcllyn. 

DIS-MISS',  D.  t.  [L.  di^misstis,  dimitto ;  di,  dis,  and 
milto,  to  send  ;  Fr.  demrttre.] 

1.  To  send  away ;  properly,  to  give  leave  of  de- 
parture ;  to  permit  to  depart  ;  implying  authority  in  a 
person  to  retain  or  keep.  The  town  clerk  dismissed 
the  assembly,    .^cts  six. 

2.  To  discard  ;  to  remove  from  office,  service,  or 
employment.  The  king  rfi^nissM  his  ministers  ;  the 
master  rft-wniV'^-s  his  servant;  and  the  employer  his 
workmen.  Officers  are  dismissed  from  service,  and 
students  from  college. 

3.  To  send  ;  to  dispatch. 

He  dirmissed  cmbauadon  from  Pcldii  to  Tooshoo  Loomboo. 
[Improper.]  Ena/e. 

4.  To  send  or  remove  from  a  docket;  to  discon- 
tinue ;  as,  to  dismiss  a  bill  in  chancery. 

DIS  MISS',  n.     Discharge  ;  dismission.      [JVoi  used,] 

Drs-MISS'.\L,  n.     Dismission. 

DIS-MISS'ii:D,  (dis-mist',)  pp.  or  a.  Sent  away;  per- 
mitted to  depart ;  removed  from  office  or  employ- 
ment. 

DIS-.MISS'ING,  ppr.  Sending  away  ;  giving  leave  to 
depart  ;  removing  from  office  or  service. 

DIS-MIS'SION,  f-mish'un,)  n.     [L.  d§nissio.] 

1.  The  act  of^  sending  away  ;  leave  to  depart ;  as, 
the  dismission  of  the  grand  jury. 

2.  Removal  from  office  or  employment ;  discharge, 
either  Vith  honor  or  disgrace. 

3.  An  act  requiring  departure.     [J'lTot  usual.]   Shak. 

4.  Itemoval  of  a  suit  in  equity. 
DIS-MISS'lVE,  a.     Giving  dismission. 
DIS-MORT'GAGE,  (dis-mor'gaje,)  v.  t     To  redeem 

from  mortgage.  Howell. 

DIS-MORT'GAG-KD,  pp.     Redeemed  from  morteago. 

DIS-MORT'GAG-ING,  ppr.  Redeeming  from  mort- 
gage. 

DIS-MOUNT',  t).  1.  [dis  and  mount;  Fr.  demonlcr; 
Sp.  desmontar  ;  It.  smontare.] 

1.  To  alight  from  a  horse;  to  descend  or  get  off, 
as  a  rider  from  a  beast ;  as,  the  officer  ordered  his 
troops  to  dismount. 

2.  To«descend  from  an  elevation.  Spenser. 
DIS-MOUNT',  v.  t.     To    throw  or   remove  from  a 

horse  ;  to  unhorse ;  as,  the  soldier  dismounted  his 
adversary.  " 

2.  To  throw  or  bring  down  from  any  elevation. 

Sackcille. 

3.  To  throw  or  remove  cannon  or  other  artillery 
from  their  carriages  ;  or  to  break  the  carriages  (nr 
wheels,  and  render  guns  useless. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WiL^T.— M£TE,  PRfiY.  — PIXE,  SIARTtXE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


DIS 

DIS-MOL'NT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Thrown  from  a  horse,  or 
from   an    elevation  ;    unhorsed,  or    removed    from 
horses  by  order ;  as,  dismounted  troops.    Applied  to 
horses,  it  t  cnilles  unfit  for  service. 
2.  Thrown  or  removed  from  carriages. 

DIS-MOUiN'T'IN'G,  ppr.  Throwing  from  a  horse  ; 
unhorsing  ;  removing  from  an  elevation  ;  Uirowing 
or  removing  from  carriages. 

DIS-NAT'U-RAL-IZE,  c.  f.  To  make  alien;  to  de- 
prive of  the  privileges  of  birth. 

DI3-NAT'U-RAL-IZ-£D,  pp.  Deprived  of  the  privi- 
leges of  birth. 

DIS-\A'TrR-£D,a.  Deprived  or  destitute  of  natural 
ft'ilmp*;  unnatural.  Shak. 

DLS-O-IiE'Dl-E-VCE,  n.  [dis  and  obedience.}  Neg- 
lect or  n  fusot  to  obey  ;  violation  of  a  command  or 
prohibition ;  tlie  omission  of  that  which  is  com- 
nianded  to  be  done,  or  the  doing  of  that  which  is 
forbid  i  breach  of  duty  prescribed  by  autluirity. 

By  ooe  man'«  dUoijtdietite  m^iny  were  rande  sinners.  —  Rom.  ▼. 

2.  Non-compliance. 

Thi«  ditobedienct  of  the  moon.  Blackmore. 

DIS-0-Be'DI-ENT»  fl.  Neglecting  or  refusing  to 
obey  ;  omitting  to  do  what  is  commanded,  or  doing 
what  is  prohibited;  refractory;  not  observant  of 
duty  or  rules  prescribed  by  authority;  as,  children 
disobedient  to  parents ;  citizens  disobedient  to  the  laws. 
I  waa  DOl  diaobcdient  lo  the  heavenly  Tision.  — Acu  xxri. 

2.  Not  yielding  to  exciting  force  or  power. 

Aledicin'*  udtcI  iiiin««e«aTily  coiiUiLmW  to  •hoiten  lif*,  by  sooner 
reailenn£  peculiar  psrU  of  tbe  ■yatem  diaoiKditnt  to  stinmli. 

DIS-f>-BR'DI-EN*T-LY,  adv.  In  a  disobedient  manner. 

0IS-O-BEV',  (dis-o-ba',)  v.  U  [dis  and  obty.\  To  neg- 
lect or  refu.se  lo  obey  ;  to  omit  or  refuse  to  do  what 
is  commanded,  or  to  do  what  is  forbid  ;  to  transgreim 
or  violate  an  order  or  injunction.  Refractory  chil- 
dren disvbey  Iheir  parents  ;  men  disobey  their  Maker 
and  the  laws  ;  and  we  all  disobey  the  precepts  uf  the 
gospL'l.  [Tke  icord  is  applicable  boOi  to  the  command 
and  to  thf  person  commantlingA 

DIS-O-Bfi  V'iH),  (bade,)  pp.  Not  obeyed  ;  neglected  ; 
transgressed. 

DI3-0-BBY'IXG,  ;»pr.  Omitting  or  refusing  to  obey  ; 
vtolatittg  ;  tmndgressiiig,  as  auUiority  or  law. 

DI8-OB-Ll-GA'TIUN,  n.  [dis  and  obligation.]  The 
act  of  disobliging  ;  an  offense  ;  cause  of  disgust. 

Clarendon. 

DI3-OB'LI-GA-TO-RY,  a.    Releasing  obligation. 

K.  Charles. 

DIS-O-BLICE',  r,  t,  {dis  and  oWiVe.]  To  do  an  act 
which  contravenes  the  will  or  desires  of  another;  to 
oGr-MiX  by  an  act  of  unkindness  or  incivility  ;  to  in- 
jure in  a  slight  degree  ;  a  term  by  which  offense  is  teti' 
derig  arpresesiL 

My  pUn  hM  ^«*n  offena*  to  aome  gentlemen,  whom  It  woul'l 
not  be  vvTj  imic  to  ditobiixe.  Atiditon. 

S>  To  release  from  obligation,    [JW  used.] 

Bp.  Hall 
DI.=*-0  ni>T6'KD,  pp.    Offended  ;  sligbtlv  injured. 
OI.^-O-III.K'JE'MENT,  n.     The  art  vt  disoblieing. 
DI.^-O  BMO'ER,  n.     One  who  disobllgiss.      [Mdton, 
DI:*-0-BI.Wl\f;,  ppr.    Offending;  contravening  the 
wishes  of:  tnjurinc  slightly. 

5.  a.  Nut  obliging  ;  not  dispa^ed  to  gratify  the 
wi.theit  of  another  ;  not  disposed  to  please  ;  unkind  ; 
offensive  ;  unpl<^>asing ;  unaccommodating ;  as,  a 
dh>obli;*iH{r  coachman. 

D[S-0-BLlG'lNG-LV,  adv.  In  a  disobliging  manner ; 
off'-n^ively. 

DIS-O-BLI0'I\G-NESS,  n.  Offensiveneas  ,  disposi- 
tinn  to  dinplcnse,  or  want  of  readim-ss  to  please. 

DIS-0-PI.\'10\,  (-f»-pin'yun,)  n.  Difference  of  opin- 
ion.    [A  bad  VDord,  and  not  *tsed,]        Bp.  Reynolils. 

DIS-ORB'/CD,  a.  [dis  hnd  orb.]  Thrown  out  of  the 
prr^K^r  orbit ;  as,  a  star  disorbtd.  Shak, 

DiS-OR'DLU,  ■.  [dts  and  order;  Fr.  desordret  Sp. 
desnrrlen :  It.  duoraine.] 

1.  Want  of  order  or  regular  dispoi>itlon  ;  irregu- 
larity ;  immethiKlical  di.Htributlon  ;  confusion  ;  a 
v<rrd  nf  ge.nrral  application !  as,  the  troops  Wore 
thrown  into  disorder  ;  the  papers  are  in  disorder. 

2.  Tumult;  dif'turbrinte  of  the  pence  of  society ; 
as,  the  city  is  sometimes  troubled  with  the  disorders 
of  its  citizen*. 

3.  Neglect  of  rule ;  irregnlarity. 

I'mm  Tiilr»f  botindi  with  bmre  ilUorHsr  pot, 

Awl  «ii.itcli  K  jTTice  beyond  th^  n%-u:h  of  art.  Pope. 

4.  Brench  of  laws  ;  violation  of  standing  rules,  or 
institution^. 

a.  Irregularity,  disturbance  or  Interruption  of  the 
functions  of  the  animal  economy;  disease;  dis- 
temper;  sickness.  [See  DisEAir..]  ZHfwdw,  how- 
ever, is  more  frequently  used  to  express  a  slight 
disease. 

6.  Discomposure  of  the  mind  ;  turbulence  of  pas- 
sions. 

7.  Irrrjiilarity  in  tbe  funrtions  of  the  brain;  de- 
nng'-mrnt  of  the  intellect  or  reason. 

DI3  OIi'I>ER,  V.  I.  To  break  order;  lo  derange;  to 
diMliirb  any  regular  disposition  or  arrangement  of 
things  ;  to  put  out  of  method  ;  to  throw  into  confU 


DIS 

sion  ;  to  confuse  ;  applicable  to  every  thing  susceptible 
of  order. 

2.  To  disturb  or  interrupt  the  natural  functions 
of  the  animal  economy  ;  tu  pro<luce  sickness  or  in- 
dispo^iition  ;  as,  to  disorder  the  head  or  stomach. 

3.  To  discompose  or  disturb  the  mind  ;  to  ruffle. 

4.  To  disturb  tlie  regular  operations  of  reason  ;  to 
derange ;  as,  tlie  man's  reason  is  disordered. 

5.  To  depose  from  holy  orders.    [C/nusuaK] 
DIS-OR'DER-£D,  pp.     Put  out  of  order;  deranged; 

disturbed ;  discomposed  ;  confused  ;  sick  ;  indis- 
posed. 

DIS-OR'DER-£D,  a.  Disorderly;  irregular;  vicious; 
loose;  unrestrained  in  behavior.  Shak. 

DIS-OR'DER-EO-NESS,  n.  A  state  of  disorder  or 
irrejiularitv  ;  confusion. 

Dife-OU'DER-ING,  ppr.  Putting  out  of  order;  dis- 
turbinc;  the  arrangement  of;  discomposing. 

DIS-OR'DER-LI-NESS,  n.     State  of  being  disorderiy. 

DIS-OR'DER-LY,  a.  Confused;  immethodical;  ir- 
regular; being  without  proper  order  or  disposition  ; 
as,  tlie  books  and  papers  are  in  a  disorderly  state. 

2.  Tumultuous  ;  irregular ;  as,  tbe  disorderly  mo- 
tions of  the  spirits. 

3.  Lawless  ;  contrary  to  law  ;  violating  cr  dis- 
posed to  violate  law  and  good  order;  as,  disorderly 
people  ;  disorderly  assemblies. 

4.  Inclined  to  break  loose  from  restraint ;  unruly  ; 
as,  diiorderly  cattle. 

DI&-OR'DER-LY,  adv.  Without  order,  rule,  or  method ; 
irregularly  ;  confusedly  ;  in  a  disorderly  manner. 

SaTAgrs  fightia^  disorderly  with  itonea.  Ralegh. 

Q.  In  a  manner  violating  law  and  good  order ;  in  a 
manner  contrary  to  rules  or  estublished  institutions. 

WilhJniw  from   ereiy  brotlier    that  walfcclh   dwordeWy, — 8 
Thna.  Ui. 

DIS-OR'DI-NATE,  a.    Disorderly  ;  living  irregularly. 

DIS-OR'DI-NATE-LY,  adv.  Inordinately  ;  irregular- 
ly ;  viciously. 

DIS-OR-GAN-I-ZS'TTON,  ti.  [See  DisonoANizE.] 
The  act  of  disorganizing;  the  act  of  destroying 
organic  structure,  or  connected  system ;  the  act  of 
destroying  order. 

2.  The  slate  of  being  disorganized.  We  speak  of 
the  disorganization  of  the  body,  or  of  government,  or 
of  society,  or  of  an  army. 

DIS-OR'GAN-IZE,  v.   U       [dis    and    organize.      See 

ORGAIt.] 

To  break  or  destroy  organic  structure  or  connected 
system  ;  to  dissolve  regular  system  or  union  of  parts  ; 
88,  to  disorganize  a  government  or  society  ;  to  disor- 
ganiie  an  hrmy. 

Erery  ucMunt  of  thr  Bottlement  of  Plymmilh  mpnlJons  the  con- 
duct of  Lyfon),  who  attempted  to  ditorgrmize  tlie  chtirch. 
EUol't  Biog.  Diet. 

DIS-OR'GAN-IZ-KD,  pp.  or  a.  Reduced  to  disorder ; 
being  in  a  confused  state. 

DIS-OR'GAN-IZ-ER,  n.  One  who  disorganizes;  one 
who  destroys  or  attempts  to  interrupt  regular  order 
or  system  ;  one  who  introduces  disorder  and  con- 
fusion. 

DIS-OR'GAN-TZ-ING,  ppr.  Destroying  regular  and 
connected  system  ;  throwing  into  confusi<rn. 

3.  a.  Disposed  or  tending  to  disorganize;  as,  a 
di*oreaniiin g  spirit. 

DIS-0'RI-ENT-A-TED,  a.      Turned  from  the  east; 

turned  from  the  right  direction. 
D1»-0WN',  V.  L     [fiis  and   own.]     To  deny;  not  to 
own  ;    to   refuse   to  acknowledge   as   belonging  to 
one's  self.     A  parent  can  hardly  disown   his  child. 
An  author  will  sometimes  disown  bis  writings. 
2.  To  deny  ;  not  to  allow. 

To  diiovn  a  brother'i  hetler  claim.  Dryden, 

DIS-(^WN'KD,  pp.  or  a.  Not  owned  ;  not  acknowl- 
edged as  one's  own  ;  denied  ;  disallowed. 

DIS-OWN'ING,    ppr.      Not   owning;    denying;    dis- 

DIS  OWN'MENT,  n.     Art  of  disowning,      [allowing. 

DIS-OX'Y-PATE,  r.  t.  [dis  and  nxydate.]  To  reduce 
from  oxydaiion  ;  lo  reduce  from  the  state  of  an  oxyd, 
by  disengaging  oxygen  from  a  substance  ;  as,  lo  dis- 
orydatn  iron  or  copper. 

DIS-OX'Y-DA-TED,  pp.  Reduced  from  the  state  of 
an  oxyd. 

DIS-OX'Y-DA-TING,  pjw.  Reducing  from  the  state 
of  nn  oxyd. 

DIS-OX-Y-DA'TION,  n.    The  act  or  process  of  freeing 
from  oxygen  and  reducing  from  the  state  of  an  oxyd. 
Med.  Repos. 
[This  vord  seems  to  be  preferable  to  Dkoxtdatk.1 

DIS-OX'Y-GEN-ATE,  v.  t.  [dis  and  exygenatc.]  To 
deprive  of  oxygen. 

DIS-OX'Y-GEN-A-TRD,  jrp.    Freed  from  oxjgen. 

DIS-OX'Y-6E\-A-TING,  ppr.     Freeing  from  oxygen. 

DIS-OX-Y-GEN-A'TION,  n.  The  act  or  process  of 
separating  oxygen  from  any  substance  containing  it. 

DIS-PACE',  r.  i.     [dis  and  .tpatior^  L.] 

To  range  about.     [  Obs.]  Spenser. 

DI.S-PAIR',  r.  t,  [dis  and  pair.]  To  separate  a  pair 
or  couple.  Beaum.  ^  FL 

DI9-rilR'AD,pp.     Parted  ;  separated. 

DlS-pAlR'ING,  ppr.     Parting  a  couple  or  pair. 

DI3-PAND',  r.  L    {U  dispando.] 

To  display.    [JVb(»au*e.]  DicL 


DIS 


displaying.     [Jvot  in  use.] 
iIS-PAR^A-Dri?-£p,   C-iiar'a-dTst,)  a.     [dis  and  para- 


DI9-PA.\'t:iON,  f-shun,)  n.    The  act  of  spreading  or 

di     ■      ■ 

dise.\    Removed  from  mradise. 
DIS-PAR'AGE,  v.  t.    [Norm,  desperager;  des^  dis^voA 
parage^  from  pe^r^  par,  equal.] 

1.  To  marry  one  to  another  of  inferior  condition  or 
rank  ;  to  dishonor  by  an  unequal  match  or  marriage, 
against  the  rules  of  decency. 

2.  To  match  unequally  ;  to  injure  or  dishonor  by 
union  with  something  of  inferior  excellence. 

Johnson. 

3.  To  injure  or  dishonor  by  a  comparison  with 
something  of  less  value  or  excellence. 

4.  To  treat  with  contempt ;  to  undervalue  ;  to 
lower  in  rank  or  estimation;  to  vihfy  ;  lo  bring  re- 
proach on  ;  to  reproach  ;  to  debase  by  words  or  ao* 
lions ;  to  dislionur. 

Thou  durst  not  thuR  disparagt  gluriuus  arms.  MUton. 

DIS-PAR'AG-ED,  pp.  Married  to  one  beneath  his  or 
her  condition  ;  unequally  matched  ;  dishonored  or 
injured  by  comparison  with  something  inferior  ;  un- 
dervalued ;  vilified  ;  debased  ;  reproached. 

DIS-PAR'AGE-.MENT,  n.  The  matching  of  a  man 
or  woman  to  one  of  inferior  rank  or  condition,  and 
again.-:!  the  rules  of  decency.  Encyc     Cotcel. 

2.  Injury*  by  union  or  comparison  with  something 
of  inferior  excz-llence.  Johnson. 

3.  Diminution  of  value  or  excellence ;  reproach ; 
disgrace;  indignity;  dishonor;  followed  by  to. 

It  ought  to  be  no  dinparagtmenl  to  a  itar  that  it  ia  not  the  stm. 

•SbulA, 
Ti>  W  a  hviniMe  Chriitian  !■  no  ditparag^msnt  to  a  prince,  or  a 
tioUciiian.  Anon. 

DIS-PAR'AG-ER,  «.    One  who  disparages  or  dishon- 
ors ;  one  who  vilifies  or  disgraces. 
DIS-PAR'.^G-ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Marrying  one  to  another 

of  inferior  condition  ;  depreciating  in  tbe  estimation 

of  others  ;  vilifying:  dishonoring. 
DIS-PAR'AG-ING-LY,aJp.    In  a  manner  to  disparage 

or  dishoncr. 
DIS'PAR-ATE,  a.     [L.  disparatay  things  unlike  ;  dis- 

par  ;  dis  and  par^  equal.] 

Unequal;  unlike;  dissimilar.  Robinson. 

DIS'PAR-ATES,  n.  pi.     Things  so  unequal  or  unlike 

that  they  can  not  bo  compared  with  each  other. 

Johnson. 
DIS-P.\R'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  disparitd  ;  Sp.  disparidad  ;  It. 

disparitd ;    from   L.  rft-spor,   unequal  ;    dis  and  par, 

equal.] 

1.  Irregularity  ;  difference  in  degree,  in  age, 
rank,  condition,  or  excellence  ;  as,  a  disparity  of 
years  or  of  age  ;  disparity  of  condition  or  circum- 
stances ;  followed  by  of  or  in.  We  say,  disparity  in 
or  p/ years. 

2.  Dissimilitude  ;  unlikcness. 

DIS-PXRK',  V.  t.  [dis  and  park.]  To  throw  open  a 
park  ;  to  lay  open.  Shak. 

2.  To  set  at  large  ;  to  release  from  inclosure  or 
confint^ment.  IValler. 

DIS-PXRK'£D,  (dis-p^rkt',)  pp.  Dislnclosed  ;  set  at 
large. 

DIS-PARK'ING,  n.    Act  of  throwing  open  a  park. 

DIS-PART',  V.  U  [dis  and  part ;  Fr.  drpartir  ;  L.  dis- 
partior,  (See  Part.)  Vis  and  part  both  imply  aep. 
aration.] 

To  part  asunder  ;  to  divide  ;  to  separate  ;  to  sever ; 
to  burst ;  tu  rend  ;  to  rive  or  split ;  as,  dLiparted  air  ; 
disparted  towers  ;  disparted  chaos.  [Jjn  degant  poetic 
itord.]  Mdton. 

DIS-PART',  V.  L    To  separate  ;  to  open  ;  lo  cleave, 

DIS-PART',  Ti.  In  gunneti  Ihe  difference  between 
the  thickness  of  the  metal  <f  a  piece  of  ordnance  at 
the  mouth  and  at  the  brcet  It.  Bailey. 

DISPART',  ".  t.  In  gunnery, io  set  a  mark  on  the 
muzzle-ring  of  a  piece  of  ordnance,  so  that  a  sight- 
line  from  Ihe  top  of  the  base-ring  to  the  mark  on  or 
near  the  muzzle,  mnv  be  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the 
bore  or  hollnw  cylinder.  Encyc. 

DIS-PA  in^'E  t>,  pp.  or  a.  Divided  ;  separated  ;  parted  ; 
rent  asiundcr. 

DIS-PA RT'ING,  ppr.  Severing;  dividing;  bursting; 
cleaving. 

DIS-PAS'SION,  (-pash'un,)  n.  [dis  and  passion.] 
Freedom  from  passion  ;  an  undisturbed  state  of  the 
mind  ;  apathy.  Temple. 

DIS  PAS'SION-ATK,  a.  Free  from  passion;  calm; 
composed  ;  impartial ;  moderate  ;  temp<?rate  ;  un- 
moved by  feelings;  applied  to  persons  i  as,  dispassion' 
ate  m'-n  or  jud<;cR. 

2.  N<>t  dictated  by  passion  ;  not  proceeding  from 
temper  or  bias  ;  impartial ;  applied  to  things;  as,  dis- 
passionate proceedings. 

DIS-PAS'SION-ATE  LY,  adv.  Without  passion; 
calmly  ;  coolly. 

DIS-PAS'SION-£D,  (dis-pash'und,)  a.  Free  from 
passion. 

DIS-PATCH',  V.  t.  [Fr.  depieher;  8p.  despachar; 
Port.  id. ;  It.  disjtacciare  :  Arm.  dibeeh,  disbachai..  In 
IL  ttpaceiare  signifies  lo  sell,  put  off,  s|>eed,  dinpalch  : 
spaceio,  sale,  vent,  dispatch,  expedition.  This  word 
belongs  to  Class  Bg,  and  the  primary  sense  is  to 
send,  throw,  thrust,  drive,  and  this  is  the  sense  of 


TONE,  BpUi,  T^'ITE.— AN"GEK,  Vr'CIOUS.— €  aa  K ;  0  as  J;  8  aa  Z  j  CH  as  8H ;  TH  as  In  TinS. 

.  '  347" 


DIS 

pmtt.  It,  pcHsrOf  ftacttts.    Hence  our  vulsnr  phmses,  to 
peek  ((C  luid  to  budge.     The  same  woril  occurs  in  im- 

pM£AJ 

1.  To  send,  or  send  away  ;  particularly  npplied  to 
tbe  sendinic  of  mcmenfcers,  agents,  and  letters  on 
special  business,  and  ol\en  implying  ttafte.  Tlie 
king  di^ttcMed  an  envoy  to  the  court  of  ]\Ia(lrid.  He 
disj^iuiud  a  messenger  to  his  envoy  in  France.  He 
dis/yaUked  orders  or  Idlers  to  the  commands  of  the 
forces  in  Spain.  The  president  rf/»p«i<*«rf  *  special 
enTOT  to  the  court  of  St.  Jitmes  in  1794. 

St.  To  send  out  of  the  world  ;  to  put  to  death.. 

Tbe  eomtMmv  ■hnll   (tone  thrm  with  ttoat*,  vul  £*fmUk  Utrm 
with  ihrir  «woni«.  —  Ei«k-  xxiiL 

3-  To  perform  ;  to  execut-'  speedily ;  to  finish  ;  as, 
the  business  wa^  dispatched  in  due  time. 
Df^^PATCH',  r.  i.    I'o  conclude  an  affair  wUh  an- 
other; to  transact  and  Qnish.    [^"ot  luneused.] 

Tory  tMT«  AajaUdUd  with  Ponsper-  •Sftol. 

DIS-PATCH',  ».    Speedy  perfhrmance ;  execution  or 

transaction  of  bnsinees  with  due  dilicence.      Bacotu 

fi.  l^pe^;  baste;  expedniun ;   due  diligence;  as, 

the  buiuneas  waa  done  with  dispaitXi  go,  but  make 

dispatd^ 

i  Ctmduct;  management.     [JVbf  iwwL]       Skak. 
4.  A  letter  Mnt,  or  to  be  sent,  with  expedition,  by  a 
messenger  express  ;  or  a  Ictterou  some  alTair  of  state, 
or  of  public  concern  ;  or  a  packet  of  letters,  sent  by 
aMne  public  ofBci-r,  on  public  business.    It  is  often 
used  in  the  plural.    A  ves.-sel  or  a  messenger  has  ar- 
rived with  dispatches  fur  the  .American  minister.     A 
dupfttcA  was  immediately  sent  to  the  admiral.    The 
aecretarv  wa«  preparinp  his  dispatches. 
mS-PATCir£D,  (dis-paiclu',)  yp.      S?nt  with  haste, 
or  by  a  courier  express  ;  sent  out  of  the  world  ;  put 
to  death  ;  |>erformed  ;  finished. 
DIS-PATCH'ER,  «.    One  that  dispatches;  one  that 

2.  One  that  sends  on  a  special  errand.  [kills. 
DI3-P.\TCU'Fi;L,  a.      Bent   on  haste;    indicating 

bavta;  intent  on  speedy  execution  of  busin«-s»i;  as, 
disjMtd^fiil  loi^ks.  '  MiUon. 

DIS-PATCH'I.NG,  pjrr.  Sending  away  in  Itaste ;  put- 
tine  tu  death  ;  executing  ;  tinisbing. 

DIS'PA-THV,  n,     [Gr.  6ii  imd  xa6i.s.] 
IVant  of  passion. 

DIS-PA  U'PER,  r.  £.  [dis  and  pmtper.]  To  deprive  of 
the  claim  of  a  pauper  to  public  support^  or  of  the  ca- 
pacity of  suin^  in  jWma  pauperis  i  lo  reduce  back 
uom  tbe  oase  of  a  puiper. 

A  warn  k  diapvtpgrwd,  wben  h«  hn  hadi  fidlen  to  Wm  or 

DTS-PAU'PEU-EO,  prtt,  and  jfp.  Brought  from  the 
state  of  a  paufter. 

DIS-PAU'PCR-ING,  ppr.  Bringing  from  the  condi- 
tion of  a  pauper. 

D-S-PEL',  r.  L  [I*  digpeUo;  dis  and  peUo^  to  drive  : 
Gr.HaXyut,  See  Appeai.,  Peai.,  Pl-i^se,  and  OawuJ 
To  scatter  by  driving  or  force  ;  to  disperse  ;  to  dis- 
sipate ;  to  banish  ;  as,  to  dispel  vapors ;  to  diipei  dark- 
ness or  gloom  i  to  dtspel  fears ;  to  dispel  cores  or 
sorrows  ;  to  dispd  doubts. 

DIS^PEL'LED,  pp.    Driven  away ;  scattered ;  dissi- 


pnled. 
Dfe-I 


[S-PEL'LING,  j^w.      Driving  away  j    dispersing; 
scatterinK. 
DIS-PE\D',   V.  L     [L.   dispendo;    dis  and   pendo,  to 
weigh.  J 
To  spend  ;  to  lay  out ;  to  consume.  Speitser. 

[See  Expend,  which  is  genenilly  used.] 
DTS-PEND'ER,  n.    One  that  distributes. 
D1S-PE.\S'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  dispensed  with. 

Mere. 

DIP  PENS'A-BLE-N'E33,  a.  The  capability  of  being 
di-[>''n5ed  with.  Hammtnid, 

DIS-PE.N'S'A-RY,  n.  A  house,  place,  or  shop,  in 
which  medicines  are  dispensed  to  the  poor,  and  med- 
ical advice  given,  gratis. 

DIS-PEX-SaTIO.V,  ».  [L.  dtspensatio.  See  Dis- 
pe:*se.] 

I.  Distribution  ;  the  act  of  dealing  out  to  different 
persons  or  places ;  as,  the  dispenstuion  of  water  indif- 
ferently lo  all  parts  of  the  earth.  ffoodvord. 

D.  The  dealing  of  God  to  his  creatures;  the  dis- 
tribution of  good  and  evil,  natural  or  moral,  in  tbe 
divine  government. 

NoJkt  u«  Gtni'i  meUioda  or  iotmtioDS  <fiSeieot  in  bfa  tK*pe»- 

ttUioK*  to  each  piivate  man.  Bogcra, 

3.  The  granting  of  a  license,  or  the  Ucense  itself, 
to  do  what  ii  forbidden  by  laws  or  canons,  or  to  omit 
something  which  is  commanded  ;  that  is,  the  dis- 
pensing with  a  law  or  canon,  or  the  exemption  of  a 
particular  person  from  the  obligation  to  comply  with 
its  injunctions.  The  pope  bo-H  power  to  dispense 
with  the  canons  of  the  church,  but  has  no  right  to 
gr&nt  dispenaations  to  the  injur}'  of  a  third  person. 


4.  That  which  is  dispensed  or  be5towed  ;  a  system 
of  principles  and  rites  enjoined  ;  as,  the  Mosaic  dis- 
pensation; the  gospel  dispensation;  including,  the 
former,  the  Levitical  taw  and  rites  ;  the  latter,  the 
scheme  of  redemption  by  ChrisL 


DIS 

DtS-PENS'.\-TIVE,  a.    Granting  dispensation. 

UIS-PEXS'A-TIVE-LY,  ade.     By  dispensation. 

IVotton. 

DtS-PEN-S.X'TOR,  a.  fl..]  One  whose  employment 
is  to  deal  out  or  distribute;  n  distributor ;  a  dis- 
penser ;  the  tatter  word  is  [rr.nerailv  used. 

DIS-PE.NS'A-TO-RY,  n.  Having  "power  lo  grant  dia- 
penf»ations. 

DIS-PENS'A-TO-RY,  n.  A  book  containing  the 
methi^  of  preparing  the  various  kinds  of  medicines 
used  in  pharmacy,  or  containing  directions  for  the 
compafition  of  inediciiies,  with  the  proi>ortio!;«  of  the 
ingredients,  and  tlie  methods  of  preparing  them. 

DIS-PENSE',  (dis-pens',)  r.  (.  [Fr.  dL-iprntser  ;  Sp,  rfuf- 
pensar ;    It.  dispettsarc ;    from    L.  difpntso ;    tlis   and 

,  JM1U0,  from  pendo^  lo  weigh,  primarily  lo  move  ;  ivnJ 
perhaps  the  original  idea  of  expending,  was  to  weigh 
off,  or  to  distribute  by  weighu] 

1.  To  deal  or  divide  out  in  parts  or  portions ;  to 
distribute.  The  steward  di'tprnses  provisjons  to  every 
man,  according  to  his  directions.  The  soriity  dts- 
prnses  medicines  to  the  p<X)r  gratuitously,  or  at  first 
cost.  Gud  dLvpeases  his  favors  according  to  his  good 
pleasure. 

3.  To  administer  ;  to  apply,  as  laws  to  particular 
cases;  to  distribute  Justice. 

Wliilw  you  duptntt  the  law-i  and  ^iJc  ihe  rtaW.        DrytUn. 

To  dispense  vilh  i  to  permit  nut  to  take  efft'ct ;  to 
neglect  or  jkiss  by  ;  to  sus[»end  the  operation  orappli- 
cation  of  something  required,  established,  or  custom- 
ary ;  as,  to  dispense  with  the  law,  in  favor  of  a  friend  ; 
I  can  not  dLtpense  with  the  conditions  of  the  covenant. 
So  we  say,  to  dispense  tcith  oaths ;  tu  dispense  with 
forms  and  ceremonies. 

S.  To  excuse  fn>ni ;  to  give  leave  not  to  do  or  ob- 
serve what  is  required  or  commanded.  The  court 
will  dispense  viL'i  your  attendance,  or  icith  your  com- 
pliance. 

3.  To  permit  the  want  of  a  thing  which  is  useful 
or  convenient ;  or,  in  the  vulgar  phrase,  to  do  with- 
ouL  I  con  dispense  vith  your  services.  I  can  dis- 
pense with  my  cloak.  In  this  application,  the  phrase 
has  an  allusion  to  the  requisitions  of  law  or  neces- 
sity;  the  thing  dispensed  with  being  supposed,  in 
some  degree,  necessary  or  required. 

1  could  not  <Stpent0  mth  m^Klf  from   moldug  &  royxge  to 
Cnnm.     \Nott»be'    ""   ''  •  ■  •- 


UgitimaU. 


*ptn»»   ' 
■1 


]  Additon. 

Hatrtn   for  such   ui    oaiii  ?     |  Sot 
Shck. 


DIS-PENSE',  (dis-pens',)  n.  Dispensation.  [J^ot 
MStd.'l  Miltoju 

2.  Expense ;  profusion.     [A"of  in  use.]-    Spenser. 

DIS-PENS'£D,  (dis-penst',)  pp.  Distributed  ;  admin- 
istered. 

DI;*-PEN"S'ER,  tl  One  who  dispenses ;  one  who  dis- 
tributes ;  one  who  administers  ;  as,  a  dispenser  of  fa- 
vors, or  of  the  laws. 

DIS-PEMS'ING,  ppr.    Distributing  ;  administering. 
2.  a.  That  may  dis[M-nse  with  ;  granting  dispensa- 
tion ;  that  may  grant  license  to  omit  what  is  required 
by  law,  or  to  do  what  the  law  forbids  ;  as,  a  dispens- 
inff  power, 

DIS-PeO'PLE,  (dis-pee'pl,)  p.  £.  [dis  and  people.]  To 
depopulate;  lo  emfrty  of  inhabitants,  as  by  destruc- 
tion, expulsion,  or  other  means.        .^Silton.     Pope. 

DIS-P£0'PL£D,  (dis-pce'pld,)  pp.  Depopulated;  de- 
prived of  inhabitants. 

DIS-PeO'PLER,  71,  One  who  depopulates;  adepop- 
ulaliu- ;  that  which  deprives  of  inhabitants. 

DIS-PicO'PLING,  (dis-pee'pling,)  ppr.    Depopulating. 

DIS-PERGE',  (dis-perj',)  v.  U     [L.  dispergo.} 
To  sprinkle.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

DI-SPERM'OUS,  a.     [Gr.  6t,  (Jk,  and  crep^a,  seed.] 
In  botany^  two-seeded  ;  containing  two  seeds  only  ; 
as,  umbellate  and  stellate  plants  are  dispermoits. 

DIS-PERjSE',  (dis-pers'j)  v.  U  [L.  dispersus^  from  dis- 
pergo  :  rfi,  d«,  and  spargo^  to  scatter  ;  Fr.  disper^ier.] 

1.  To  scatter  ;  to  drive  asunder ;  to  cause  to  sepa- 
rate into  different  partd ;  as,  the  Jews  are  dispersed 
among  all  nations. 

2.  To  diffuse  ;  to  spread. 

Thi!  lip*  of  the  wise  dispertt  kuowlcdfe.  —  Prov.  rv. 
[It  should  be  Diffuse.] 

3.  To  dissipate ;  as,  the  fog  or  the  cloud  is  dis- 
persed. 

A.  To  distribute.  Bacon. 

DIS-PERSE',  (dis-pers',)  v.  i.     To  be  scattered ;  to 
separate  ;  to  go  or  move  into  different  parts ;  as^  the 
company  dispersed  at  ten  o'clock. 
2.  To' be  scattered  ;  to  vanish  ;  as  fog  or  vapors. 
DIS-PERS'£D,  (dis-perst',)  pp.  or  a.  Scattered  ;  driven 
;      apart;  diffused;  dissipated. 
DIS-PERS'ED-LY,  ado.     In  a  dispersed  manner  ;  sep- 
aratMly.  Hooker. 

I  DIS-PE'R3'ED-NESS,  n.     The   state  of  being   dis- 
I      persed  or  se.iltered. 
Dl^PERSE'XESS,  (dis-pers'nesa,)  n.     Thinness  ;  a 

scntt'-red  state.     [Litlle  iL-<cd.]  Brerewood^ 

DIS-PERS'ER,  71.    One  who  disperses;  as,  the  dts- 

perscr  of  libels.  Spectator. 

DIS  PERS'ING,7>pr.    Scattering  ;  dissipating. 
DIS-PER'SION,  (-shun,)  n.     The  act  of  scattering. 
2.  The  state  of  being  scattered,  or  separated  into 


DIS 

remote  parts  ;  as,  Ibe  Jews,  in  their  dispersion,  reta'a 
their  rites  and  ceremonies. 

3.  By  iraif  of  eminmce^  the  scattering  or  separation 
of  the  human  family,  at  the  building  of  Ilaltel. 

4.  In  optics,  the  separation  of  light  into  its  differ- 
ent colored  rays.  This  arises  from  their  dilTerent 
refrangibilities. 

5.  In  medicine  and  surgery^  the  removing  of  in- 
flammation from  a  part,  and  restoring  it  to  its  natu- 
ral state. 

DIS-PER:?'IVE,  a.    Tending  to  scatter  or  dissipate. 

Orcen, 

DIS-PIR'IT,  r.  U  [dis  and  spirit.]  To  doi)ress  the 
spirits ;  to  deprive  of  counige  ;  to  discourage ;  to 
dishearten  ;  to  deject ;  to  cjist  down.  We  may  be 
dispirited  by  ntllictions,  by  obstacles  to  success,  by 
poverty,  and  by  fear.  When  fear  is  the  cause,  dis- 
pirit is  nearly  efpiivalenl  to  intimithite  or  terrify. 

2.  To  exhaust  the  spirits  or  vigor  of  the  body. 
[J^ot  vsual.\  Collier. 

DIS-PIR'IT-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Discouraged;  depressed  in 
spirits  ;  dejected  ;  intimidated. 

DIS  PIR'IT-E1)-LY,  ado.    Dejectedly. 

DIS-PIR  IT-ED-NESS,  n.  Want  of  courage  ;  depres- 
sion of  spirits. 

DIS-PIR'IT-IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Discouraging;  disheart- 
ening ;  dejecting  ;  intimidating. 

DIS  PIT'E-OUS,  a.  Having  no  pity;  cruel;  furious. 
JJViif  tised.]  Spenser. 

DIS-PLACE',  V.  t.  [dis  and  pUce;  Fr.  deplacer;  Arm. 
dibla^za.] 

1.  To  put  out  of  the  usual  or  proper  place  ;  to  re- 
move from  its  place  ;  as,  the  hooks  in  the  library  are 
all  displaced. 

2.  To  remove  from  any  state,  condition,  office,  or 
dignity  ;  as,  to  displace  an  officer  of  liie  revenue. 

3.  To  disorder. 

Vou  hiive  displaced  Ow  inirtli.  ShaJc. 

DIS-PLAC'KD,  (-plist',)  pp.    Removed  from  the  proper 
place  ;  deranged  ;  disordered  ;  removed  from  an  of- 
fice or  slate. 
DIS-PLACE'MEXT,  n.     [Fr.  deplacement.] 

The  act  of  displacing;  the  act  of  removing  from 
the  usual  or  proper  place,  or  from  a  state,  condition, 
or  office. 

Tlie  ditplactmenX  of  the  ceiit*;rB  of  Ui"  cinles. 

Atiat.  Reaearcfifs,  t.  l*tt. 
Vaaec^Mnry  dUplacemenl  offuiida.         Hamilton's  Rep.  li. 

DIS-PLa'CEN-CY,  n.     [L.  difpliccntia,  from  displiceo^ 
to  displease  ;  dis  and  placco,  to  please.] 
Incivility  ;  that  which  displeases  or  disobliges. 

Decay  of  Piety. 
DIS-PLAC'ING,  ppr.      Putting  out  of  tlie  usual  or 
proper  place  ;  removing  from  an  otlice,  state,  or  con- 
dition. 
DIS-PLANT',  V.  t.     [dis  and  planL]     To  pluck  up,  or 
to  remove  a  plant. 

2.  To  drive  away,  or  remove  from  the  usual  place 
of  residence  ;  as,  to  disptant  the  people  of  a  country. 

Bacon. 

3.  To  strip  of  inhabitants  ;  as,  to  displant  a  coun- 
try. Spenser. 

DIS-PLANT-A'TION,  n.    The  removal  of  a  plant. 
2.  The  removal  of  inhabitants  or  resident  people. 

Ralegh. 
DIS-PLANT'ED,  pp.    Removed  from  the  place  where 
it  grew,  as  a  plant, 

2.  Removed  from  the  place  of  residence ;  applied 
to  persons. 

3.  Deprived  of  inhabitants  ;  applied  to  a  country. 
DIS-PLANT'ING,;»pr.     Removing,  as  a  plant. 
DIS-PLANT'ING,  n.     Removal  from  a  fixed  place. 
DIS-PLAT',  V.  £.    [dis  and  plat.]    To  untwist ;  to  un- 
curl. HakewiU. 

DIS-PLAY',  V.  U  [Fr.  deployer^  and  dqiloy  is  the  same 
word.  It  is  a  different  orthography  of  deplier,  to  un- 
fold ;  Arm.  displega;  Sp.  desplegar;  It.  spiegare ;  dis 
and  Fr.  ptier,  Sp.  ptegar.  It.  piegare,  to  fold  ;  L.  plico, 
W.  plygu,  Gr.  ttAskw  ;  and  aTrAooj,  aTAow,  to  unfold, 
may  be  from  the  same  root.] 

1.  Literally,  to  unfold  :  hence,  to  open;  to  spread 
wide ;  to  expand. 

The  northern  wind  his  wings  did  brond  display.  Spenser. 

2.  To  spread  before  the  view  ;  lo  show  ;  to  exhibit 
to  the  eyes,  or  to  the  mind  ;  to  make  manifest.  The 
works  of  nature  display  the  power  and  wisdom  of 
the  Supreme  Being.  Christian  charity  displaijs  the 
effects  of  true  piety.  A  dress,  simple  and  elegant, 
displays  female  taste  and  beauty  to  advontage. 

3.  To  carve  ;  to  dissect  and  open. 

He  ci.rveB,  displays,  and  ciiU  up  t«  a  wonder.  Spectator, 

4.  To  set  to  view  ostentatiously,  Skak. 

5.  To  discover.     [J^otinuse.]  Spenser. 

6.  To  open  ;  to  unlock.     [J^ot  used.]    B.  Junson. 
DIS-PLAY',  ij.  i.    To  talk  without  restraint ;  to  mftke 

a  great  show  of  words.  Shak. 

DIS-PLAY',  n.  An  opening  or  unfolding;  an  eihibi- 
tion  of  any  thing  to  the  view. 

2.  ii'how  ;  exhibition  ;  as,  they  make  a  great  dis- 
play of  troops  ;  a  great  display  of  macnificence. 

DIS-PLAY'ED,  fdis-plade',)  pp.  Unfolded  ;  opened  ; 
spread  ;  expanded  ;  exhibited  to  view  ;  manifested. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  A\nL\T.  — M£TE,  PR^Y.  — PINE,  aL\ilL\E,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE.  WQLF,  BQQK. 


DIS 


DIS-PLaY'EII,  n.     He  or  ihtil  which  displays. 
DIS-PLSV'ING,  ppr.     Cufoliiing  i  spriiiiding  ;   exhib- 

itini: ;  manifesting. 
DIS-PLEAS'A.NCE,  fdis-pvcz'ans,)  h.  [Fr.  deplaisance.] 

Ani;er  ;  discoiitenl.     [JVwt  used.]  Spenser. 

Dl::*-PLEAS'ANT,  (dis-p!ez'anl,)  a    [See  Displease,] 
Unpleasing  :   otfensive;   unpleasant.      [The  latter 
iBortt  is  generally  used.^ 
DIS-PLeASE',  fdis-pleeze',)  p.  t.     [dis  and  please.] 

1.  To  olfend  ;  to  make  angrjt  sometimes  in  a 
Btiglit  degree.  It  usually  expresses  le:*3  ihan  t<t  an^rery 
cex,  (rrifcj^e,  and  provoke.  Applied  to  the  Almighty, 
Id  ^ripture,  it  may  be  considered  aa  equivalent  to 

GoJ  WTi»  rfUpleaaed  with  Urn  thing ;  th«refore  he  smote  1<raeL  — 
I  Chru...  xxi. 

9.  To  disgust ;  to  excite  aversion  in  ;  as,  acrid  and 
rancid  substances  displease  the  taste. 

3.  To  offend  ;  to  be  disagreeable  to.  A  distorted 
fisriire  ditpUases  the  eye. 

D[.S-PLkASE',  v.  i.    To  disgust ;  to  raise  nversion. 

DIS-PLKAS'fJI),  ;7p.     Offeu'led  ;  disgusted. 

DIS-PLkAS'EU-NESS,  n.     Displeasure  ;  uneasiness. 

DIS  PLkAS'I.\G,p;»-.     Giving  off-ifte.    [Montaffue. 

Dl.S-PLEAS'L\G,  a.  Offensive  to  the  eye,  to  the 
mind,  to  the  smell,  or  to  the  taatu  ;  disgusting  ;  disa- 
preeablc. 

DIS-PLkAS'IXG-NES3,  n.  Offensiveness  ;  the  qual- 
ity of  giving  some  degree  of  disgust. 

DIS-PLEAS'URE,  (dis-plezh'ur,)  n.  Some  irritation 
or  uneasiness  of  the  mind,  occasioned  by  any  thing 
that  coimtenicu  desire  or  command,  or  which  op- 
pftses  ju.stice  and  a  sense  of  propriety.  A  man  incurs 
the  displeasure  o(  another  by  thwarting  his  views  or 
«cheme.s  ;  a  servant  incurs  the  durpteasure  of  hia  mas- 
t-?r  by  neglect  or  disobedience ;  we  experience  dis- 
pU'isure  at  any  violation  Of  right  or  deconuu.  Dts- 
ptrayure  is  anger,  hut  it  may  be  slight  anger.  It 
implies  disapprobation  or  hatred,  arid  usually  ex- 
press(?3  less  than  vezation  and  iiuiivimiian.  Thus, 
slighter  offenses  give  dUpleasurCf  although  they  may 
not  excite  a  violent  passion. 

2.  Offense  ;  cause  of  irritation. 

Now  iluUl  I  te  molt  bUmel'^  ihaii  tlie  Ptiilaalittes,  tliough  I  do 
Ififin  »  dUpltature.  —  Juil^^s  xt. 

3.  Slate  of  disgrace  or  disfavor. 

Ha  went  into  Poland,  beuig  in  dkapleaturt  wilJi  il*  pope  for 
iverinuch  f.iiiiLlia.riij'.  Peacham. 

DIS-PLEAS'URE,  t).  £.     To  displease.    [An  unneee^sa- 

ry  renrd,  and  nut  lueJ-l  Bacon, 

DIS'PLI-CEXCE,  n.     fL.  displicentiaJ] 

Dislike.     [A-ot  («  use.]  Mountnjru. 

DlS-PLoDE',  V,  t.     [L.  displodo;    dis  and  plaudoj  to 
break  furlh.] 
To  vent,  discharge,  or  burst  with  a  violent  sound. 

In  poKtur^  to  liitplodt  ihcl    aecotid  lire 

OfUmiiJer.  A/UWn. 

DIS-PLODE',  p.  t.  To  burst  with  a  loud  report ;  to 
expltKle  ;  aJ,  a  meteor  displvded  with  a  Ireuiciidous 
sound. 

DIS-PIx5n'Er»,  p7».     Discharged  with  a  loud  re[H>rt. 

DIS-PLCD'ING,ppr.  Discharging  or  bursting  with  a 
loud  report. 

DUS-PLO'»K)N,  C-zh""0  «•  '^^*'  actofdisploding;  a 
suddf-n  bursting  wUh  a  loud  report ;  an  explosion. 

DIi*-PI'6*?^IVE,  a.     N'oting  displosion. 

DIH-PLOME',  V.  t.  [dis  and  plume.]  To  strip  or  de- 
prive of  plumes  or  feathers  ;  to  strip  of  badprs  of 
honor.  Barke. 

DIS.PIXtM'KD,  pp.     Stripped  of  plum'in. 

DlS-PLCM'I.VG,ppr.     Depriving  of  plumes. 

Dl-.SPON'DEE,  n.  In  Greek  and  Latin  poetry,  a  double 
«[xmd''*vcr.nsi3ting  of  four  long  sylliibles,       Eneye, 

DISPORT',  n.  [dis  and  :fport.]  Play  ;  sport ;  pas- 
time ;  diversion;  amui*cment;  mfrrimenl. 

Mdtun.     Jfaijvard. 

DIS-PORT',  P.  u  To  play  ;  to  wanton  ;  lo  move  light- 
ly and  without  restraint ;  to  move  in  gaycty ;  as, 
lambs  disporting  on  the  mead. 

W  here  liglit  disporU  tn  pret-  nilngtin  J  i\jK%*  Peipe. 

DIJ'-PORT',  r.  L  To  divert  or  amuse  ;  as,  he  disports 
himself.  SA«*- 

DIS  PORT',  r.  U     To  remove  from  a  port.   Chalmers. 

DIr>  PORT'ED,  pp.  Played  ;  moved  lightly  and  with- 
out rfstr;iint. 

DTS-P6RT'I\G,m)r.     Playin";  wantoning. 

DIt*  PORT'MENT,  n.    Art  or  disporting  ;  play.  More. 

mS-P'iS'A-BLE,  (-p6z'a-hl,)  a.  [rtee  DraposE.]  Sub- 
\f''\  to  disposal ;  not  provinusly  engaged  i>r  employed  ; 
fr"e  tij  bf  iHed  or  employed  as  occasion  may  r'-quirc. 
Th«  whole  disposable  force  consisted  in  u  regiment  of 
lislit  infantry  and  a  troop  of  cavalry. 

Ti(S-PO.'?'AL,  (dis-p6/,'nl,)  n.  [See  Dhpobe.1  The  act 
(if  d)?)posintr;  a  setting  or  arranging.  This  object 
WiM  effected  by  the  disposal  of  the  troops  tn  two 
lines. 

a.  Regulation,  order,  or  arranstement  of  things,  in 
the  nioril  government  of  God  ;  dispensation. 

T»x  not  'i'lrintf  ditpovil.  M!ton. 

3,  Power  of  ordering,  arranging,  or  distributing; 
government;  management ;  as,  an  agent  is  ap[>oi«t- 


DIS 

ed,  and  every  tiling  is  left  to  his  disposal.   The  effects 
in  my  hands  are  entirely  at  my  di^osal. 

4.  Power  or  right  of  bestowing.  Certain  offices  are 
at  the  disjfosal  of  the  president.  The  father  has  the 
disposal  of  his  daughter  in  marriage. 

5.  The  passing  into  a  new  statu  or  into  new  hands. 
DIS-PoSE',  (dis-jwz',)  V.  t,      [Fr.  disposer;    dis  and 

poser,  to  place  ;  Ann.  disposi;  L..  dispositus,  di-fpotw.] 

1.  To  set ;  to  place  or  distribute ;  lo  arrange  ;  itseA 
tcith  reference  to  order.  The  ships  were  disposed  in 
tlie  furm  of  a  crescent.  The  general  disposed  his 
troops  in  three  lines.  The  trees  are  disposed  in  the 
form  of  a  quincunx. 

2.  To  regulate ;  to  adjust ;  lo  set  in  right  order.  Job 
xxxiv.  and  xxxvii. 

The  kiiightly  fonrw  of  combnt  lo  dilute.  Dryden. 

3.  To  apply  to  a  p;»rlicular  purjjose  ;  to  give;  to 


place  ;   to  bestow  ;   as,  you  have  disposeil  much  in 
works  of  public  piety.     In  "* '  *     ''  '^'' 

more  generally  used. 


,  this  sense,  to  dispose  of  is 


A.  To  set,  place,  ortum,  to  a  particular  end  or  con- 
sequence. 

Eoiliirc  nnd  conqiipr;  Jove  will  ■oon  diipoi* 

To  future  good  our  pwal  ami  prewiit  woc«.  Oryden. 

5.  To  adapt ;  to  form  for  any  purpose. 

Then  must  thou  lhe«  ditpost  another  wftjr.     Ilubbard't  Tnie. 

6.  To  set  the  mind  in  a  particular  frame;  to  in- 
cline.   Avarice  disposes  men  to  fraud  and  oppression. 

Suapicioiu  ditpos»  Vinffj  lo  tyranny,  hnstiamU  to  Jcaloiisv,  niid 

wi»*  men  lo  invsofiiiiini  nixl  iijcl.iitdioly.  Boron. 

He  was  dtJtpoaed  to  pu»  into  Achaia.  —  Acu  xviU.    I  Cat.  x.  27. 

To  dispose  of;  to  part  with  ;  to  sell  ;  lo  alienate  ; 
as,  the  man  has  disposed  of  his  house,  and  removed. 

2.  To  part  with  to  another;  to  put  into  another's 
hand  or  power ;  to  bestow  ;  as,  the  father  has  disposed 
qf  his  daughter  to  a  man  of  great  worth. 

3.  To  give  away  or  transfer  by  authority. 

A  niraJ  Judge  disposed  of  hrauty'i  priie.  Wailer. 

4.  To  direct  the  course  of  a  thing.     Prov.  xvi. 

5.  To  place  in  any  condition  ;  as,  how  will  you  dis- 
pose of  you  r  son  f 

6.  To  direct  whal  to  do,  or  what  course  to  pursue  ; 
as,  they  know  nfll  how  to  ditpose  of  themselves. 

7.  To  use  or  employ  ;  as,  they  know  not  how  to 
dispose  o/ their  time. 

8.  To  put  away ;  the  stream  supplies  more  water 
Uian  can  be  disposed  of. 

DIS-POSE',  V.  i.    To  bargain  ;  to  make  terms.    [Obs.] 

Shak. 
DIS-POSE',  iu     Disposal ;  power  of  disi»osing  ;  man- 
agemcnl.     [06*.]  Shak, 

2.  Dispensation  ;  act  of  government.    [Obs.] 

Milton. 

3.  Dispwntion  ;  cast  of  behavior.    [Obs.]     Shak. 

4.  Disposition  ;  cast  of  mind  ;  inclination.    [  Obs.] 

Shak. 
DIS-POS'iCD,  pp.    .Set  in  order  ;  arranged  ;  placed  ;  ad 

Justed  ;  applied  ;  bestowed  ;  inclined, 
DI8-P0S'EK,  a.     One  who  disjKtses  ;  a  distributor  ;  i 

bt^stower  ;  as,  a  disposer  of  gifts. 

2.  A  directtpr;  a  regtilator.  The  Puprcme  Being 
is  the  rightful  ditposer  of  all  evenU  and  of  all  crea- 
tures. 

3.  That  which  disposes.  Prior. 
DIS-POS'ING,  ppr.    Setting  in  order  ;  arranging  ;  dis- 
tributing; bestowing;  regulating;  adjusting;  gov- 
erning. 

DIS-POS'IXG,  n.    The  act  of  arranging;  regulation  ; 

direction.     Prov.  xvi.  33, 
DIS-PO-SI"TIO\,  (po-zish'un,)  n.    [h.  di^ositio.] 

1.  The  act  ol  disposing,  or  state  of  being  dis- 
posed. 

2.  Manner  in  which  things,  or  the  parts  of  a  com 
pifx  body,  are  placed  or  arranged  ;  order  ;  method  ; 
distribution;  arrangement.  We  siM-ak  of  the  rfi.>*po- 
sitiitn  of  the  infantry  and  cavalry  of  an  army  ;  the 
di'tposition  of  the  trees  in  an  orchard  ;  the  disposition 
of  the  several  parts  of  an  edifice,  of  the  parts  of  a 
discourse,  or  of  the  figures  in  painting. 

3.  Natural  fitness  or  tendency.  The  refranpibility 
of  the  rays  of  light  is  their  disposition  to  be  refracted. 
So  we  sfiy,  a  di'^osition  in  plant*)  to  grow  in  a  direc 
lion  upward ;  a  dLrposition  in  bodies  to  putrefaction. 

A.  Trm\H:T  or  natural  constitution  of  the  mind  ;  as, 
an  amiable  or  an  irritable  disposition, 

5.  Inclination  ;  propensity  ;  the  ^*lnpe^  or  frame  of 
mind,  as  directed  lo  particular  objects.  We  speak  of 
the  (/wpo^ifum  of  a  jwrson  to  undertake  a  particular 
work  ;  the  di<positions  ot  men  toward  each  other  ;  a 
ditposition  friendly  to  any  design. 

6.  Disptisal ;  alienali()n  ;  distribution  ;  a  giving 
away,  or  giving  over  to  another  ;  as,  he  has  made 
disposition  of  liis  effects  ;  he  has  satisfied  his  friends 
by  tlie  judicious  disposition  of  his  propt;rtv. 

DIS  PO  »I"Ttf».V-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  disposition. 
DV>-POS'I-TIVE,  a.     That  implies  disposal.      [JVot 

used.]  JJyliffe. 

DIS-POS'I-TIVE  LY,  ailv.    In  a  dispositive  manner  ; 

distributivetv.     [JVot  used,]  Brmcn. 

DIS-POS'I-TOR,  n,     A  disposer;    In  astrology,  the 

planet  which  is  lord  of  the  sign  where  another  planet 

is.     [JVot  used.] 


DIS 

DIS-POS-SESS',  V.  t.  [dis  and  possess.]  To  put  out 
of  possession  by  any  means  ;  to  deprive  of  the  actual 
occupancy  of  a  thing,  particularly  of  land  or  real  es- 
tate ;  to  disseize. 

Ye   ahuJ]   diajtosteat  the   inhabitoiita  of    Lha  land,   and  dwell 

tliercin,  —  Num.  xxxiii. 
Usually   followed   by  ofy  before  the   thing  taken 
away  ;  as,  to  dispossess  a  king  of  his  crown. 
DIS-POS-SESS' JED,  (-pos-sest',)  pp.     Deprived  of  pos- 
session or  occupancy. 
DIS-POS-SESS'ING,  ppr.    Depriving  of  possession  ; 

di-sseizinq. 
DIS-POS-SES'SrON,  (-pos-scah'un,)  n.     The   art   of 

putting  out  of  possessitm.  Hail. 

DIS-POS'URE,  (dis-po'zhur,)  n.  [See  Dispose.]  Dis- 
posal; the  iiower  of  disposing;  management;  direc- 
tion. Sandys. 

[  The  use  of  this  word  is  superseded  by  that  of  Dispo- 
sal.) 
2.  State  ;  posture  ;  disposition.    [JVol  used.] 

Wottim. 

DIS  PRAISE',  (dis-praz',)».  [di»  and  praise.]  Blame; 

censure.     Be  cautious  not  to  speak  in  dispraise  of  a 

a.  Reproach  ;  dishimor.  [competitor. 

Tlic  gctifml   hns  Been  Moori  with  M  bsulfuM*;  no  dUpraist 

lo  li.rtrj.n'«.  DryiUn. 

DTS-PRAISE',  V.  t.    To  blame;  to  censure  ;   to  men- 
tion with  disapprobation,  or  some  degree  of  reproach. 
I  dispraised  him  before  the  wicked.  Shai. 

DIS-PRSISi'/:n,  pp.     Blamed  ;  censured. 

DIS-PRAljs'ER,  H.    One  who  blames  or  dispraises. 

DIS-PRAIS'IXG,  ppr.     Blaming  ;  censuring. 

DIS-PRaIS'ING-LY,  ado.  By  way  of  dispraise  ;  with 
blame  or  some  degree  of  reproach. 

DIS-PREAD',  (dis-pred',)  v.  U  [dis  and  spread.  See 
Sprkad.] 

To  spread  in  different  ways ;  to  extend  or  flow  in 
different  directions.  Spenser.     Pope. 

DIS-PREAU',  V.  i.    To  expand  or  be  extended. 

Thomson. 

DIS  PREAD'ER,?!.    A  publisher  ;  a  divulger.  Milton. 

DIS-PRIS'OX,  C-priz'«,)D.L  To  let  loose  from  pri^^oii ; 
to  set  at  lil>ertv.  Bidiccr. 

DIS  PKIV'I  LEGE,  r.  t.    To  deprive  of  a  privilege. 

DIS-PRIZE',  V.  t.     To  undervalue.  Cotton. 

DIS-PRO-FESS',  V.  i.     To  renounce  the  profession  of. 

DIS-PROF'IT,  It.  [dit  and  projit.]  Loss ;  detriment ; 
damage.     [Little  used.] 

DIS-PROOF*,  71.  [dis  and  proof.]  Confutation  ;  ref- 
utation ;  a  proving  to  be  faJse  or  erroneous  ;  as,  to 
off.-r  evidence  in  disproof  of  a  fuct,  argument,  prin- 
ciple, or  allegation. 

DIS-PROP'ER-TV,  r.  (.  To  deprive  of  property  ;  to 
di?il>ossess.     [J^nt  tuted,]  Shak. 

DIS-PRO-POR'TION,  n.     [d!s  and  proportion.] 

1.  Want  of  proportion  of  one  thing  to  another,  or 
between  tile  parts  of  a  thing  ;  want  of  symmetry. 
We  at)eak  of  the  dUproportion  of  a  mun's  arms  to  his 
b«xly  ;  of  the  disproportion  of  Ihe  length  of  an  edifice 
to  its  highl. 

2.  Want  of  proper  quantity,  according  to  rules  pre- 
scribed ;  as,  the  disproportion  of  the  ingredients  in  n 
compound. 

3.  Want  of  suitableness  or  adequacy;  disparity; 
inequality;  unsuitibleness  ;  as,  the  disproportion  of 
strength  or  means  to  an  object 

DIS-PRO-POR'TIOX,  V.  t.  To  make  unsuitable  in 
form,  size,  length,  or  quantit^v  ;  to  violate  symmetry 
in;  tomismalcli ;  to  ji'in  unfitly. 

To  ttmpf  mv  \rgn  of  ah  HticqniJ  «iM), 

Tu  dis]tro]iortion  iiif  in  every  part.  Shak. 

DIS-PRO-POR'TION-A-BLE,  a.  Disproportional  ;  not 
in  proportion  ;  unsuitable  in  form,  size,  or  quantity, 
to  something  else  ;  inadequate. 

JVu(/*.  — The  sense  in  which  this  word  is  used  Is 
gcniralty  anomalous.  In  its  true  sense,  f/wi  maybe 
made  disproportional,  it  is  rarely  or  never  used.  The 
regular  word,  which  ought  to  be  used,  is  Dispropor- 
tional, as  used  by  Locke. 

DIS-PRO-POR'TION-A-IILE-NESS,  n.  Want  of  pro- 
pfirtion  or  ftymmetry;    unsuilableness  to  something 

DIS-PRO  POR'TIOX-A-RLY,  odr.  With  want  of 
nroiiortiou  or  sv'nmctry;  unsuitably  to  something 
J,]^,:,  TinoL<ioH. 

DIH-PRO-POR'TION-AL,  a.  Not  having  due  propor- 
tion to  somrthing  else  ;  not  having  proportion  or  sym- 
metry of  parts  ;  unsuitable  in  form  or  quantity  ;  une- 
'  qual ;  inadequate.  A  disproportional  limb  constitutes 
deformity  in  the  twifly.  The  studies  of  youth  should 
ndl  be  disproportioniii  to  their  capuciliea. 

[This  is  llie  word  which  ought  to  be  used  for  Di»- 
pKopoRTin:t\iu.r..] 

DIS-PRO  POR-TION-AL'LT  Y,  n.  The  state  of  being 
ilisr)ropnrlitinaI. 

DIS  PRO-POR'TION-AI^LY,  adv.  Unsuitably  with 
respect  to  form,  quantity,  or  value;  inadequately; 
unequallv- 

DIS  PRO  POR'TION-ATE,  n.  Not  proportioned  ;  iin- 
pymmetricnl;  unsuitable  lo  something  else,  in  bulk, 
form,  or  value  ;  inadequate.  In  a  perfect  form  of  the 
botly,  none  of  the  limbs  are  disproportionate.     It  is 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VPCIOUa €  asK;  OasJ;  «asZ;  CHas  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

~  2^ 


DIS 

wisUom  not  lo  uadenakc  a  work  with  dLiproportion- 

DIS-PftO-rC-n'TION*  ATE-LY,  or/r.  In  a  di=»i>ropor- 
tionate  dcirri'e  ;  un.-*iirialily  ;  inmlt-qtiat^'. 

DIS-l»RO-P^K'TlUN-ATE-XESS,  h.  Unsuiiableocss 
ill   ■  '  ,    t  rvaluf;  inadequacy. 

DI>  lOS-ED^pft.cT  a,   Nol  proportioned  i 

t'  ,    n  ;  disprotMtrttonati*. 

Dlj^-i  ui.  rtvi  Ai'E,  c.  (.  To  di'siroy  appropriation ; 
to  wiiddraw  from  an  appn>pri«ie  use.       Jtudermn. 

[Sw  DisArrRormATE»  which  is  more  regulariy 
formed,  and  more  guiiLT.ilIv  ust'd.J 

niS-PKOV'A  BLE,  C-pmov^a-bl,)  a.  Capable  of  b»- 
ing  disproved  or  refulcd.  B»fU, 

DIS-PROVE .  (-prooveO  p.  t  [dia  and  prwc]  To 
prove  to  be  AUm*  m  erroneous ;  mconfute  ;  as,  to  di»- 
prmv€  an  asseituin,  a  stotemsnt,  an  argumonl,  a 
pri>po«<it)on. 

3.  Tu  cunvict  of  the  practice  of  error.  [A'tit  in 
use.]  Hitoker. 

X  To  di-anllow  or  disapprove.     LVot  in  use.] 

OIS-PROV'£I>,  jff.  Pnived  to  be  false  or  ermneoos  ; 
reftitrd. 

DIS-PROV'F.R,  n.     One  that  dtsprovesor  mnfutes. 

DIS-PKOV'LNO,  fpr.  Proving  to  be  false  or  errune- 
onft ;  r^mfiiting  ;  reftitinc. 

DI8-PCN0E',e.  u  [dM  and  apun^t.)  To  expunse ; 
to«mse;  al-<n,  tu  disrliarge  as  from  a  !>(x>nge.  [lU 
fanMd,  anH  lUtlc  usrd.  ]  tVolfvn.     SSak, 

DfS-PU.N'ISII-A-IlLE,  o.  [.Us  and  punishable.]  With- 
out p>-n:il  re:^traint ;  not  pnni^ihaUle.  Sici/L 

DIS-PTRSK',  for  DtsKriuB.     [.W  i»  use,]         Shak. 

DIS-PL"R-VEY',(  vaOP-t.  TouMpmvide.  [JVntiniw*.] 

DIS-PUR-VBV  AXCE,  a.  Want  of  provisions  [AU 
in  u.*f,]  SpemsiT. 

DI3'Pl'-TA-BI.E,  a.  rSee  PurrTE.]  That  may  be 
di^lHited  ;  liable  to  be  called  in  qucstJim,  contro- 
verted, or  contested :  controvertible ;  of  douMfitl 
certainty.  We  speak  of  Ui^utahU  opinions,  otate- 
mcntif.  propositions,  argiintents,  points,  caaes,  quea- 
'  tn>n!i,  ike. 

DIS-PIT-TAC'I-T^,  a.    Proneness  to  dispute. 

DIS'PU-TANT,  ».  One  who  disputes;  onewhoarguea 
in  oppcMiti4>n  to  anutlier ;  a  controvertbil ;  a  nKWoner 
in  opposition. 

DIS'Pr-TA\T,«.  Diiiputins;  enfraeed  in  conlroverBy. 

DIS^pr-TA'TlOX,  n.     [-L.  di<putMio.]  [Mdten. 

1.  The  art  of  di^putinff;  a  reasoning  orargnnieti- 
tation  in  opposition  to  s<Mnethin&,  or  on  o]>[Mi«ite 
eiden  ;  controversy  in  words  ;  v»Tbal  contt-iit,  respect- 
ing the  tnith  of  some  fact,  opmton,  pn->puaitiun,  or 
arfnnienL 

C.  An  exercise  in  colleges,  in  wbich  parties  reason 
In  o[iposition  to  each  otSer,  on  some  que&tion  pro- 
posed. 

DIS-PL'-TJTIOUS.  (-ta'shus,)  a.  Inclined  to  dis- 
pute ;  apt  lo  caviJ  or  eoutroreit ;  a^  a  diapuiMtiomd 
pei*o»  or  temper. 

Tbe  CkriMkiB  doctjine  «f  s  fntanr  M^wm  bs  HCWM—wtJlimi 
of  Ik^  wv  irtifhw  hi  tto  vito  umI  pMnfcipbtw  af  ^Mt 

DTS-Pr-TXTIOUS-NESS,  lu    Inclinalioo  lo  di»Tmte. 

DIS-PC"TA-TIVE,o.  Disposed  to  dispute;  inclined 
to  cavil  or  to  reason  in  oppo6:tion  ^  as,  a  di*putatice 
temper.  tVattg. 

DIS-PPTE',  V.  I.  [L.  dUpato  :  dis  and  pvto.  The  pri- 
mary sense  of  puts  is  to  throw,  cai*,  strike,  or  drive, 
as  we  see  by  imputOy  lo  impute,  to  throw  on,  to 
eharee,  to  ascribe.  .fni;»t(M,  to  prune.  Is  to  strike  off, 
lo  Ihmw  otf  fn>m  ail  sides  ;  eomputOj  to  compute^  is 
to  throw  ti^>f;ether,  to  can.  Di-tpiUe,  titen,  is  radically 
very  similar  lo  debatt  and  t/i-*citK.*,  both  ik  which  are 
Ixum  bsating,  driving,  agitation.] 

1.  To  C'inicnd  in  argument;  to  reason  or  argue  In 
opposition  }  to  debate ;  to  allerc^tlc- ;  and  to  dL*puU 
vi^entlff  is  to  wrangle.  Paul  tU^puled  with  the  Jews 
ta  tbe  synaicogue.  The  disciples  of  Christ  disputed 
among  toemiBelvea  who  should  be  the  greatest.  Men 
alien  dispmte  about  trifles. 

3.  To  strive  or  contend  in  opposition  to  a  competi- 
tor ;  as,  we  dispmUd  for  the  prize. 
DIS-POTE',  r.  L.  To  attempt  to  disprove  by  arg<i- 
meiits  or  statements  ;  to  attt-mpt  to  prove  to  Iws  false, 
unfiHinded,  or  errnne<ms;  to  controvert;  to  attempt 
to  overthrow  by  reasoning.  We  di-'puU  assertions, 
opinions,  arguments,  or  statements,  when  we  cn- 
^avw  to  prove  them  false  or  unfounded.  We  dis- 
fmU  tbe  validity  of  a  title  or  claim.  Hence,  to  dijpuu 
a  cause  or  case  with  anutlier,  is  to  endeavor  to  main- 
tain ewe's  own  opinions  or  claims,  and  to  overthrow 
tboae  of  bis  opponent. 

2.  To  strive  or  contend  for,  either  by  words  or  ac- 
tions ;  as,  to  dispuie  the  honor  of  the  day  ;  to  dUpuU 
a  prize.  But  tliis  phrase  is  elliptical,  being  used  for 
diipitis  for,  and  primarily  the  verb  is  intransitive. 
[See  the  intransitive  verb,  No.  9.] 

3.  To  call  in  question  the  prttpriety  of;  to  oppose 
by  reasoning.  An  officer  is  never  to  ditpute  the  or- 
ders of  his  superior. 

4.  To  strive  to  maintain  ;  as,  to  dispute  every  inch 
of  ground. 

DIS-PCTE',  n.  Suife  or  conu>?t  in  words,  or  by  argu- 
ments J  an  attempt  to  prove  and  maintain  one's  own 
opinions  or  claims,  by  arguments  or  statements,  in 


DIS 

Opposition  to  the  opinions,  arguments,  or  rlaims  of 
another  ;  controversy  in  words.  They  hail  a  iti.-<pute 
on  the  lawfulness  of  slavery  ;  a  subject  which,  ono 
would  think,  could  admit  of  no  dLtpute. 

DUputf  is  usually  applied  to  verbal  contest ;  coa- 
trovrrsy  may  be  in  words  or  writing.  Dispute  is  be- 
tween individuals ;  debate  and  Justuision  is  applica- 
ble to  pulilic  bodies. 

S.  Tbe  possibility  of  being  controverted  ;  as  In 
the  phrase,  this  is  n  fact,  brttond  all  dispute, 

DIS-PCT'EO,  pp.  or  a.    Cunlested  ;  opi>08cd  by  words 
or  areunienM ;  litigated. 

DIS-PCTE'LESS,  a.    Admitting  no  dispute;  incon- 
imveiliblf* 

DIS-PCT'ER,  n.    One  who  disputes,  or  who  is  given 
to  disputes ;  a  controvertist, 

Wtcn  ti  Ibe  diapwirr  «r  thb  voild  f  — 1  Cor.  i. 


DTS  POT'IXG,  pTtr.  Contending  by  words  or  argu- 
ments ;  controverting. 

DIS-PCT'I.NG,  w.  The. act  of  contending  by  words 
or  arguments  ;  controversy  ;  altercation 

Do  all  tiling;*  wiUiout  niurmuringi  or  ditpudngf.  —  Phil.  H. 

DIS-aUAL-I-FI-C.^'TIO-V,  n.  [3ee  Di!<*ialift.] 
The  art  of  disqualifying  ;  or  that  which  disfjualifies  ; 
that  which  renders  iintit,  unsuitable,  or  inadeijiiate  ; 
as,  sickness  is  a  ditqualijieaiion  fur  labor  or  study. 

a.  The  net  of  depriving  of  lecul  iHtwer  or  rapaci- 
ty; that  which  renders  incapable;  that  which  inca- 
pacitates in  law;  disability.  Conviction  of  a  crime 
IS  a  dir-qualififation  for  oHlce. 

3.  W  ant  of  qualificatiun.  It  is  used  in  this  sense, 
thouch  improperly.  In  strictness,  dLiqual^fication 
implies  a  previous  qualitication  ;  but  careless  writers 
use  it  for  llie  want  of  qualitication,  where  no  previ- 
ous qualification  is  supposed.  Thus,  I  must  still 
retain  Uie  consciousness  of  those  dtsouaiificatioiUj 
which  you  have  been  pleased  to  overlook. 

Sir  John  Shore.  AsinU  Res  4,  175. 

DIS-CiUAL'l-FT-ED,  (kwore-flde,)  pp.  or  a.  Deprived 
of  qnalifif;ttions;  rendered  unfit. 

DIS-UUAL'1-FT,  e.  U  \dis  and  qualif^f.]  To  make 
unfit ;  to  deprive  of  natural  power,  or  the  qualities 
or  properties  necessary  for  any  purpose  ;  with  /(*r. 
Inaisjiosititm  rfi^f/iM/i/rf  the  body /cr  labor,  and  the 
mind  ftr  study.  Piety  does  not  dist^ualify  a  person 
fi/r  any  lawful  employment. 

2.  To  deprive  of  legal  capacity,  power,  or  right ; 
to  disalile.  A  conviction  of  jierjiiry  di^tfualifirs  a 
man  for  n  witness.  A  direct  interest  in  a  suit  di^- 
aualijie^  n  person  to  he  a  juror  in  the  cause. 

DlS-UlTAL'l-FT-INU,  ppr.  or  o.  Rendering  unfit; 
disiibling. 

DlS-aUAX'TI-TY,  e.  t    To  diminish.    [JVTjI  in  lue.] 

Shak. 

DIS-aUT'ET,  a.  [du  and  quiet.]  Unquiet ;  restless  ; 
uneasy.     [Stldom  itsed,]  *  Skak. 

DIS-Q,L'I'ET,  n.  Want  of  quiet ;  uneasiness  ;  rest- 
les-^ness  ;  want  of  tranquillity  in  btnly  or  mind  ;  dis- 
turbance ;  anxiety.  Strljl.     TiilaUon, 

DI.S-QLTET,  r.  L  To  disturb  ;  to  deprive  of  peace, 
rest,  or  tranquillity  ;  to  make  uneasy  or  restless  ;  to 
baruss  tbe  body  ;  to  fret  or  vex  the  mind. 

That  hr  mar  dismdet  the  iiih.ibitaiita  of  Bahylon.  —  Jer.  L 

\Vh7  hfKl  Uiuu  aigquultd  n^i  —  1  Sam.  xxriii. 

O  in;  soul,  wlijr  &n  thou  divfuwtaf  within  me  f  —  Pa.  xltl. 

DIS-QUT'ET-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Made  uneasy  or  restless ; 
disturbed  ;  harassed. 

DI.S-aLI'ET-ER,  w.  One  who  disquiets  ;  he  or  that 
which  makes  uneasy. 

DI8-aL'T'ET-FyL,  a.     Producing  inquietude.  Barrarc. 

DIS-CiUI  ET-lS'G,  pjnr.  Disturbing  j  making  uneasy  ; 
depriving  of  rest  or  peace. 

2.  a.  Tending  to  disturb  the  mind  ;  as,  disquieting 
apprehensions. 

DIS-Uri'ET-IVE,  a.    Tending  to  disquiet. 

DISriCI'ET-LY,  adv.  Without  quiet  or  rest;  In  an 
unc-asy  state ;  uneasilv  ;  anxiously;  as,  he  rested 
disqnifthi  that  night.     \^UmLgual.]  Wiseman. 

DrS-aUfET-MENT,  n.     Art  of  disquieting. 

DI.-^UlJl'ET-NESS,  71.  Uneasiness  ;  restlessness  ; 
disturbance  of  [leace  in  body  oT  mind.  Hooker. 

DIS-UUI'ET-OUS,  a.  Causing  uneasiness.  [JTot 
us^d.]  J\fdtoiu 

DIS-at'T'E-TUDE,  n.  Want  of  peace  or  tranquillity  ; 
unea.=iness;  disturbance  ;  agitation  ;  anxiety.  It  is, 
I  believe,  most  frequently  used  of  the  mind.  Re- 
ligion is  our  best  security  from  the  dugmetudes  that 
iinhitter  life. 

DIS-aUI-SI"TIOX,  (dis-kwe  zish'un,)  n.  [L.  dis- 
quisitio  :  dixquiro  ;  dis  and  qu^£ro,  to  seek.] 

A  funnal  or  systematic  inqiiirj'  into  any  subject, 
by  arguments,  or  discussion  of  the  facts  and  circum- 
stances that  may  elucidate  truth  ;  as,  a  disquisition 
on  government  or  morals  ;  a  disquisition  concerning 
the  antediluvian  earth.  Woodward. 

[It  is  usually  applied  ta  a  written  treatise] 

DI»-aUI-SI"TION-A-IlV,  a.  Pertaining  to  disquisi- 
tion. 

DIS-RAXK',  r.  U     To  degrade  from  rank.    {.Xol  used.] 
Q.  To  throw  out  of  rank  or  into  confusion.  Decker. 

DIS-RE-GARD',  TL  {dis  and  rr.gard.]  Neglect ;  omis- 
sion of  notice  ;  slight ;  implying  inaifTerence  or  some 
degree  of  contempt ;  as,  to  pass  one  with  disrefrard* 


DIS 

DIS-RE-GXRD',  u.  t.  To  omit  to  take  nolice  of ;  to 
neglect  lo  obs!;rve  ;  lo  sliRht  us  unworthy  ai  regard 
or  notice.  We  are  never  to  digreg-ard  the  wants  of 
the  poor,  nor  the  admonitions  of  conscience. 

Stiidiuiia  of  good,  man  disregard^  fame.  Bladrmora, 

D1S-RF.-G.\RD'ED,  pp.    Neglected;  slighted;    unno- 

DI.^  RF,  GX  RIVER,  n.     One  who  neglects.  [ticed. 

DIS-RE-GARD'FIJL,  a.  Neglectful ;  negligent ;  heed- 
less. 

DIS-RE-GARD'FgL-LY,  adv.  NegligenUy ;  heed- 
lessly. 

DIS-Rfc^GXRD'ING,  ppr.  Neglecting,  overlooking; 
omitting  to  nolice. 

DIS-REL'ISH,  n.     [dis  mtl  relish.]     Distaste;  dislike 
of  tliP  palate  ;  some  degree  of  disgust.     Men  gener- 
ally have  u  disrelish  for  tobacco,  till  tbe  taste  is  recon- 
ciled to  it  by  custom. 
-2.  Had  taste  ;  nausequsness.  Milton. 

'X  Distaste  or  dislike,  in  a  figurative  sense;  dislike 
of  the  nund,  or  of  the  faculty  by  which  bi;auty  and 
excellence  are  perceived. 

DIS-REL'ISII,  v.t.  To  dislike  the  taste  of;  as,  lo 
disrelish  a  particular  kind  of  food. 

2.  To  make  nauseous  or  disgusting  ;  to  infect  with 
a  bad  taste.  jyiHton. 

[In  this  sense,  I  believe.,  the  word  is  little  used.] 
il.  To  dislike;  to  feel  some  disgust  at;  as,  to  (ft»- 
rrlish  vulgar  jests. 

D1S-REL'1SII-£D,  (rel'isht,)  pp.  Not  relished  ;  dis- 
liked ;  made  nauseous. 

DIS-REL'ISH-IXG,  ppr.  Disliking  the  taste  of;  ex- 
pericncinc  disgust  at ;  rendering  nauseous. 

DIS-RE-.MEM'BER,  r.  (.    To  forget.     [Unavthorized.] 

DIS-RE-PAIR',  n.  [rfwand  repair.]  A  state  of  being 
not  in  repair  or  good  condition,  and  wanting  repara- 
tion. Chalmers. 

DIS-KEP'T^-TA-BLE,  d.  [dis  and  reputable.]  Not 
reputable  ;  not  in  esteem ;  not  hunurubic  ;  low  ; 
menn  ;  as,  disreputahle  company. 

2.  Dishonorable  ;  disgracing  the  reputation  ;  tend- 
ing to  impair  the  good  name,  and  bring  into  dis- 
esteem.  It  isdiareputuble  to  a.ssociatc  familiarly  with 
the  mean,  the  lewd,  and  the  profane. 

DIS-REP'U-TA-BLY,  ado.    In  a  disreputable  manner. 

DIS-REl'-l^-TA'TION,  n.  [dis  and  rep«tation.]  Loss 
or  want  of  reputation  or  good  name  ;  disrepute ; 
discsteem  ;  dishonor  ;  disgrace  ;  discredit.  Ill  suc- 
cess often  brings  an  enterprising  man,  as  well  us  his 
project,  into  disreputation. 

DIS-RE-POTE',  «.  [dis  and  repute.]  Loss  or  want 
of  reputation  ;  disesteein  ;  discredit ;  dishonor.  Tlie 
alchemist  and  his  l)ooks  have  sunk  into  disrepute. 

DIH-RErOTE',  D.  t.    To  bring  into  disreputation. 

DIS  RK  PCT'ED,  pp.    Brought  into  disreputation. 

DIS-RE-PPT'ING,  ppr.    Ilringing  into  diarepntation. 

Dli^-RE-SPECT',   71.      [dis    and    respect.]      Want    of 

rejii)ect  or   reverence  ;    disesteem.     Disrenprct  often 

leads  a  man  to  treat  anotlier  will)  neglect  or  a  degree 

of  contempt. 

9.  .Ss  an  act,  incivility  ;  irreverence  ;  rudeness. 

DIS-RK-SPECT'   r.  L     To  show  disrespect  to. 

DIS  RE-SPECT'ED,  pp.     Treated  with  disrespect 

DIS-RE-SPECT'FpL,  a.  Wanting  in  resjiect;  as,  a 
disresptictful  IhoupJit  or  opinion. 

9.  Manifesting  disesteem  or  want  of  respect  j  un- 
civil ;  as,  dismspertfid  beliavior. 

DIS-RE  IHPECT'FUL-LY,  adv.  In  a  disrespectful 
manner:  irreverently;  uncivilly. 

DIS-RE-PPEGT'ING,  ppr.    Showing  disrespect  to. 

DIS-ROBE',  V.  L  [dis  and  rvbe.]  To  dtvest  of  a 
robe  ;  to  divest  of  garments  ;  to  undress, 

2.  To  strip  of  covering  ;  to  divest  of  any  surround- 
ing appendage.  Autumn  disrobes  tbe  fields  of  ver- 
dure. 

Thfw  two  peen  were  disrobed  of  th^ir  glory.  WoUon. 

DIS-R6B'£D,  pp.  Divested  of  clothing;  stripped  of 
coverihg. 

DIS-ROB'ER,  TU     One  that  Btri|w  of  robes  or  clothing. 

DIS-K6fi'l.N'G,  ppr.  Divesting  of  garments ;  strip- 
ping of  any  kind  of  covering. 

DIS-ROOT',  V.  t.  [dis  and  rooL]  To  tear  up  the 
roots,  or  by  the  roots. 

2.  To  tear  from  a  foundation  ;  to  loosen  or  under- 
mine. 

A  pWe  of  groond  disrooted  from  tls  tituation  by  iublemn»^ui 
iniindaiions.  GohUmith, 

DIS-ROOT'ED,  pp.  Tom  up  by  the  roots;  under- 
mined. 

DIS-ROOT'ING,  ppr.  Tearing  up  by  the  roots;  un- 
dermining. 

DIS-RUPT'^,a.  [L.rfwT-«p(M«;  dis  and  rumpo,to  burst.] 
Rent  from;  torn  asunder;  severed  by  rending  or 
breaking. 

DIS-RUPT'ED,  a.     Rent  asunder.       Dr.  Thompson, 

DIS-RHP'TION,  7t,     [L.  dU-ruptiOy  from  dUrampo.] 

1.  The  act  of  rending  asunder;  the  act  of  burst- 
ing and  separating. 

2.  Breach;  rent;  dilareraticm  ;  as,  the  disruption 
of  neks  in  an  earthquake  ;  the  disruption  of  a 
Btratiim  of  earth  ;  dvn-nption  of  the  fiesh. 

DIS-SAT-IS-FA€'TION,  n.  [dis  and  satisfaction.] 
The  state  of  being  dissatisfied  ;  discontent ;  uneasi- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— MeTE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE.  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 

_ 


DIS 

nes9  procectlhig  from  the  want  of  gmtification,  or 
from  disappoiiiifd  wishes  and  expectations. 

The  unbiiioua  man  i»  auLj'ct  U>  ime.isiuii^a  ami  tiitaalit/funiQn, 

AdiiUun. 

DIS-SAT-IS-FAC'TO-KI-NESS,  n.     Inability  to  sat- 
isfy or  give  content ;  a  failing  to  give  content. 
DIS-8AT-IS-FAe'TO-Uy,  a.     Unable  to  give  content. 
Rather,  giWng  discontent;  displeasing. 

To  hare  rrduced  Um  differrnt  qualificnjiuns  to  ihe  difTcwnt  Sutes 
U>  our  uiiilbrni  ml?,  would  prutT.bly  bnve  bc^n  as  di«tad»- 
factury  to  Kxue  ot  the  l:>Ut<;a,  as  diiikulc  lur  the  c.uiiv<'uiiuD. 
HauulUifi.     A/i^'oni. 

DIS-SAT'IS-FT-KB,  (-«at'is-fide,)  pp.  Made  discon- 
tented ;  displeased. 

2.  a.  Discontented  ;  not  satisfied  ;  not  pleased  ; 
oflended.  Locke. 

DIS-SAT'f3-FT,r.(.  To  render  discontented  ;  to  dis- 
{^ease ;  to  excite  uneasiness  by  frustrating  wishes  or 
expectaiiuns. 

D1.S-SAT-[:?'FV-ING,  ppr.  Exciting  uneasiness  or 
discontent, 

DIS-SeAT',  u.  t.    To  remove  from  a  seal.         Shak. 

DIS-SECT',  p,  (.  [L.  dissecoy  disnectuji i  dis  and  seco^ 
to  cut ;  Fr.  disseqiur,'\ 

1.  To  cut  in  pieces  \  to  divide  an  animal  body, 
with  a  cutting  instrument,  by  separating  the  joints  J 
as,  to  dissect  a  fowl.     Hence,  appropriatehj, 

2.  To  cut  in  pieces,  as  an  anunal  or  vegetable,  for 
the  puriKtse  of  examining  the  structure  and  use  of 
itrt  several  parts  ;  to  anatomize.  Also,  to  open  any 
part  of  a  body  to  observe  its  morbid  appearances, 
or  to  ascertain  the  cause  of  death  or  tiie  seat  of 
a  disease. 

3.  To  divide  into  its  constituent  parts,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  examination  ;  as,  direct  your  mind  ;  dinsect 
8  paragraph.  Roscommon.     Pope. 

DIJvSEeT'KD,  pp.  or  a.  Cut  in  pieces;  separate*!  by 
parting  the  joints ;  divided  into  its  constituent  parts  j 
opened  and  examined. 

DIS-SECT'LVG,  ppr.    Cutting  in  pieces  ;  dividing  the 
parts  ;  separating  constituent  parts  fur  minute  exam- 
ination. 
2.  a.  Used  in  dissection  ;  as,  a  dissecting  knife. 

DIS-SEC'TION,  (-sek'shun,)  ».     [L  disseUio.] 

1.  The  act  of  cutting  in  pieces  an  animal  or  vege- 
table, for  the  purpose  of  examining  the  structure 
and  uses  cpf  its  parts  ;  anatomy. 

DUtection  w«  helJ  mcril'-ge  till  the  time  of  Pmncia  I.   Encye. 

2.  The  act  of  separating  into  constituent  parts,  for 
Ihe  piirp<)se  of  criticd  examination. 

DIS-SECT'OR,  n.     One  who  dissects;  an  anatomist. 
Dld-SF:1ZE',   (dis-seeze',)   v.  U     [di^  and  seize;   Fr. 

de.^'j'aifir.  ] 

In   iajc,  to  dispossess  wrongfully;  to  deprive  of 

actual   seizin  or  possession  ;  followed  by  of;  as,  to 

didseize  a  tenant  of  bis  freehold. 


Dia-PEIZ'£D,  (dis-seezd',)  pp.  Put  out  of  posses- 
sion wrongfully  or  by  force  j  deprived  of  actual 
poroses  !<  ion. 

DIS  r=r:I-ZEK',  (dis-ece-zee',)  n.  A  person  put  out  of 
I(.>-s.-ssii.[|  of  an  estate  unlawfully. 

DIS  SftlZ'lN,  n.  The  act  of  disseizing  ;  nn  unlawful 
dispossessing  of  a  [person  of  his  lands,  tenements, 
or  incorporeal  hereditaments ;  a  deprivation  of  actual 
seizin.  BlachtUme. 

DIS-.'^F.IZ'l.VG,  ppr.  Depriving  of  actual  seizin  or 
pos-iis-ii.n  ;  putting  out  of  poBsession. 

DlS-SKlZ'oll,  n.  One  who  puts  another  out  of  po»- 
atasion  wrongfully  ;  he  that  dispossesses  another. 

Blackstone. 

DIS  SEM'BLANCE,  n.  [dijt  and  jiemblance.]  Want 
of  re?<cmbl<ince.     [lAttle  itseiL]  Onbome. 

DIH-^EM'IILE,  p.  C     [I>.  di^inmulo  !    dii  and  gimuli. 
;   Fr. 


from    sintilts,   like  ; 


.  diiiimuler ;    It,  di^aimiUare  i 


Kp.  disimular  ;  Arm.  diczu,muia.\ 

1.  To  hiile  under  a  false  appearance;  to  conceal ; 
to  disguise;  to  pret«-nd  thiU  not  to  be  which  really 
is  ;  as,  I  will  not  dUsembU  the  trutli ;  I  can  not  dia- 
gemb/e  my  real  sentinxcnts.  [77115  is  the  proper  sense 
of  ihii  word.'l 

S.  To  pretend  that  to  be  which  is  not ;  to  make 
a  false  appearance  of.    This  ia  the  sense  of  simulau. 

Yuuf  Kin  I.ocnto 
Doth  lore  mT  d\uf  ht«r,  and  »he  IotcUi  him. 
Or  tuih  dusrmbld  derply  ibTir  atlcctioiia.  Shai, 

DI.''-SE.M'BLE,  V.  i.  To  be  hypocritical ;  to  assume  a 
falite  appearance ;  to  conceal  the  real  fact,  motives, 
intention,  or  sentiments,  under  some  pretense. 

Vi-  h.'xTr  rtrikn,  tvin!  dUttmitled  fil«o.—  JmiJi.  »U. 

lit  IhJl  baVth,  dittembisUi  wUh  hia  l.p«.  —  Frov.  xxvi. 

DIS-SEM'BLED,  pp.  Concealed  under  a  false  appear- 
ance; disguised. 

DIH-.*^EM'BLER,  ».  One  who  dissembles;  a  hypo- 
crite ;  one  who  runreals  his  opinions  or  dispositions 
under  a  false  appeantnce. 

DIH-.SEM'KLING,  ppr.  or  a.  Hiding  under  a  false 
apppamnce  :  acting  the  hypocrite. 

Diy-HKM'UEING-LV,a//»."  With  dissimulation;  hypo- 
critically ;  fal'tely.  KnoUes. 

DIS-£JEM'I.V-ATK,  r.C  \l^  d^ssemtno ;  Juand  semine, 
to  sow,  from  semen,  soca.j 


DJS 

1.  Litrrallij,  to  sow  ;  to  scatter  seed  ;  but  seldom 
or  never  used  in  its  literal  sense.     But,  hence, 

2.  To  scalier  fur  growth  and  propagation,  like 
seed  ;  to  spread.  Tlius,  principles,  opinions,  and 
errors  are  dissetninatedf  wlien  they  are  spread  and 
propagated.  To  diAsciuinate  Irutli,  or  the  gospel,  is 
biglily  laudable. 

3.  To  spread  ;  to  diffuse. 

A  uniform  hcut  diesemi/iaUd  through  the  body  of  thi?  cnrth. 

Waodioard. 

4.  To  spread  ;  to  disperse. 

The  Jcwa  arc  dUgeminaUd  tiirough  all  the  trading  pnrts  of  the 

world.  Addiaon. 

[Tlie  second  is  the  most  proper  application  of  the 
word,  as  it  should  always  include  the  idea  of  growth 
or  inking  root.    The  fourth  is  hardly  vindicable.] 
DIS-eE.M'IN-A-TED,  pp.    Scattered,  as  seed ;  prop- 
agated ;  spread. 

2.  In  minrrahsry,  occurring  in  portions  less  than  a 
hazel-nut;  being  scattered. 
DIS-SE.\l'IX-A-TL\G,  pp.      Scattering  and  propaga- 
ting ;  spr^^mding. 
DIS-SEM-lN-A'TIO.V,«.    Tlie  act  of  scattering  and 
propagating,  like   seed;    the   act  of   spreading   for 
gruwTJi  and  permanence.     We  trust  the  world  is  to 
be    reformed    by   Ihe    dig^seminatioit    of  evangelical 
doctrines. 
DIS-.SEM'1.\-A-T0R,    n.      One    who    disseminates; 

one  who  spreads  and  propagates. 
DIS-SE.\'SION,  (shun,)  k.     f  L.  di^seiisio  ;  dis  and  seiv- 
lu),  to  think  ;  Fr.  dL<^ension.] 

Disagree  toe  nt  in  opinion,  usually  a  disagreement 
which  is  violent,  producing  warm  debates  or  angry 
words  ;  contention  in  words  :  strife  ;  discord  ;  quar- 
rel ;  breach  of  friendship  and  union. 

IVbafa,  diattn^iona,  upiroara  arc  thv  Jov.  Hhyden. 

Paul   and   BiiruaLua   b^d   no   amail  dLtiention   wiUi   tht-m. — 
Act«  XT. 

We  see  di&t^nsions  in  church  and  stale,  in  towns, 
parishes,  and  families  ;  and  the  word  is  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  differences  which  produce  war  ;  as,  the  dis- 
scttjsions  between  the  houses  of  York  and  Lancaster 
in  England. 

DI3-SEN'S[OUS,  (dis.pen'shiis,)a.  Disposed  to  dis- 
cord ;  quarrelsome  ;  contentious  ;  factious.  [Littie 
used,]  Shak.     Jiscimm. 

DIS-SENT',  r.  i.  [L.  dissensio  ;  dis  and  sentioj  to 
think.] 

1.  To  disagree  In  opinion  ;  to  differ;  to  think  in  a 
different  or  contrary  manner;  with/row.  There  are 
many  opinions  in  which  men  dissent  from  us,  as  they 
dLisent.  from  each  other. 

2.  To  differ  from  an  estjiblished  church,  in  regard 
to  doctrines,  rile>-,  or  govcrrinienf. 

3.  To  ditier;  to  be  of  a  contrary  nature.  [Less 
propn:]  Hooker. 

DISSENT',  n.     Difference  of  opinion  ;  disagreement. 

2.  Declanilitin  of  disagreement  in  opini(m j  as, 
they  entered  tiieir  dissent  on  the  journals  of  the 
house. 

3.  Separation  from  an  established  church,  espe- 
cially that  of  England. 

4.  Ccnimrieiy  of  nature ;  opposite  quality.    [Rare.'] 
DlS-.SE\T-A'NE-OUS,  a.     Disagreeable  ;  contrary. 
D1S'8E.\TA-NY,   a.      Dissentaneous;    inconsistent. 

[J^ot  u.'^etL]  Milton. 

DIH-SENT-X'TION,  «.     Act  of  dissenting. 

DI.S-:?E\T'EIt,  n.  One  who  dis>fints;  one  who  dit 
fers  in  opinion,  or  one  who  d:.xlares  his  disagree 
ment. 

2.  One  who  separates  from  the  service  and  wor- 
shipof  any  esiahlmhfd  ehtirch.  The  word  is  in  Eng- 
land partictilarly  applied  to  those  who  separate  from, 
or  w  hn  dii  nut  uiyle  with,  the  Church  of  England. 

DIS-i*E.\'T[E.\T,  fl.     Disagreeing;  declaring  dissent, 

DIS-SE.N'TIENT,  (dis  sen'shent,)  n.  One  who  dis- 
agrivs  and  declares  his  dis^mt. 

D1S-SENT'L\G,  ppr,  or  o.  Disagreeing  in  opinion  ; 
separating  fn)m  the  communion  of  an  csUiblished 
church.  It  is  used  as  an  adjective ;  as,  a  dissenting 
minister  or  cnngrenaticm. 

DI8-SE\'T10U?i,  (dis-sen'shus,)  a.  Disposed  to  dis- 
agreement or  discord. 

DIS-fc?EP'l-MENT,  n.  [h.  dhsrpimevtiim  ;  disscpio^Xo 
separate  ;  dis  and  sepio,  to  inclose  or  guard.] 

In  botany,  a  term  applied  to  the  partitions  that  are 
formed  in  ovnri(*s,  by  the  united  sides  of  cohering 
carpels,  and  which  separate  the  inside  Into  cells. 

LindUy. 

DI3-SERT',  r.  i.     [L.  dissero,  dUerto.] 

To  discourse  or  dispute.     [Little  m  use.'] 

DIS'SER-TATE^  v.  i.  To  deal  in  disrcrtation  ;  to 
write  dissertations.  J.  Foster. 

DIS-SERT-A'TIO.V,  n.  [l^  dissertutio,  from  disserto, 
to  discourse,  from  dis^era,  id. ;  dis  and  scro,  to  sow, 
that  i'',  to  throw.  Disscro  is  to  tlirow  out,  to  cast 
abroad.] 

1.  A  discourse,  or  rather  a  formal  discourse^  In- 
tended to  illuftrato  a  subject. 

2.  A  wTitt*-n  e*^ay,  treatise,  or  disquisition  ;  as, 
Plnlarch*s  dusrrtniton  on  the  poets;  Newton's  dis- 
nertatimts  on  the  prophecies. 

DW.SERT-A-TOR,  n.  One  who  writes  a  dissertation  ; 
one  who  debates.  Boyle. 


DIS 

DIS-SERVE',  (dia-serv',)  v.  L  [dis  and  srrre.]  To  in- 
jure ;  to  hurt ;  to  harm  ;  to  do  injury  or  mischief  to. 

Fie  Ifwk  the  firai  opportutiiiy  to  dUs&n>e  him.        dartndon. 
-  I'lW  much  leal  ufieii  ditttroet  a  gooti  cau^c.  Anon. 

DIS-SERV'£D,  (dis-ser\'d',)  pp.    Injured. 

DIS-SERV'ICE,  H.  Injury;  harm;  mischief;  as,  vi- 
olent remedies  often  do  a  disservice, 

DIS-t5ERV'ICE-A-BLE,  a.     Injurious  :  hurtful. 

DIS-SERV'ICE-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  be- 
ing injurious;  tendency  to  harm.  J\'«7-ris. 

DIS-SERV'ICE-A-BLY,  ado.    So  as  to  be  injurious. 

DIS-SER.V'ING,p;;r.     Injuring. 

DIS-SET'TLF,  v.  L    To  unsettle.     [JSTot  used.]   More. 

DIS-SEV'ER,  p.  £.  [dis  and  sever.  In  this  word,  dis^ 
as  in  di.-,-part,  can  have  no  effect,  unless  to  augment 
the  *giutication,  as  dis  and  sever  both  denote  sepa- 
ration.] 

To  dispart ;  to  part  in  two ,  to  divide  asunder ;  to 
separate ;  to  disunite,  either  by  violence  or  not. 
When  with  force,  it  is  equivalent  to  rend  and  burst. 
It  may  denote  either  to  cut  or  to  tear  asunder.  lu 
heheiiding,  the  head  is  dissevered  from  the  body  ;  the 
lightning  may  dissever  a  branch  from  the  stem  of  a 
tree.  Jealousy  dissevers  the  bonds  of  friendship. 
The  reformation  dissevered  the  catholic  church;  it 
disseverrd  l*rotestants  from  Roman  Catholics. 

DIS-SEV  ER-ANCK,  n.  The  act  of  dissevering ;  sep- 
aration. 

DIS-SEV-ER-A'TION,  n.     Act  of  dissevering. 

DIS-SEV'ER-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Disparted;  dit-joined ; 
sepamted. 

DIS-SEV'ER-ING,  ppr.  Dividing  asunder;  separat- 
ing ;  tearing  or  cutting  asunder. 

DIS-SEV'ER-ING,  n.     'J'he  act  of  separating;   sep- 

DIS'SI-DENCE,  w.    [Infm.]    Discord.  [aration. 

DIS'SI-DENT,  o.  [L.  di.<side4>,  to  disagree  ;  dis  and 
nedeo,  lo  sitJ     Not  agreeing. 

DIS'8I-DENT,  n.  A  dissenter;  one  who  separates 
from  the  established  religion;  a  word  applied  to  the 
members  of  the  Lutheran,  Calvinistic,  and  Greek 
churches  in  Poland.  Kneyc. 

DIsi-SIL'1-ENCE,  n.     [L.  dissilio  ;  dis  and  saiio^   to 
leap.] 
The  net  of  leaping  or  starting  asunder, 

DIS-SIL'I-ENT,  a.  Starting  asunder;  bursting  and 
opening  with  an  elastic  furce,  as  the  dry  pod  or  cap- 
sule of  a  plant ;  as,  a  dissiUent  pericarp.      Martyn. 

DIS-SI-LI"TION,  (dis-ae-lish'un,)  h.  The  act  of 
bursting  open  ;  the  acl  of  starting  or  springing  dif- 
ferent wavs.  Boyle. 

DIS-SIM'I-LAR,  a.  [dis  and  similar.]  Unlike,  eJtlicr 
in  nature,  properties,  or  external  form;  nut  similar; 
not  having  the  resemblance  of ;  heterogeneous. 
Newton  denominates  dL>similar  the  rays  of  light  of 
ditferent  refrangibiliiy.  The  tempers  of  men  are  as 
difsiintlur  as  their  features. 

DIS-SIM  1-LAR'l-TY,  n.  Unlikencss ;  want  of  re- 
semblance; dissimilitude;  as,  the  dissimilarity  of 
liumiin  faces  and  furms. 

I)l.s*.siAI'I-LE,  (dis-sim'i-Iy,)  n.  Comparison  or  illus- 
tration by  contraries.     [J.Uile  used.] 

DIS-SI-.M  IL'I-TUDE,  n.     [h.  dtssimilitudo.] 

Unlikeness  ;  want  of  resemblance  ;  as,  a  dissimili- 
tfide  of  form  or  character. 

DI.S-SIM-U-LA'T.iON,  ».  [L.  dissimulatia  ;  dis  and 
simtilaiw,  from  shnuU),  to  make  like,  si  mil  is,  like.] 

The  act  of  ((i.-isenibling  ;  a  hiding  under  a  false 
appearance;  a  feigning;  false  pretension;  hypoc- 
risy. Dissimulation  may  be  simply  concealment  of 
the  opinions,  sentiments,  or  purptwe;  but  it  includes, 
also,  the  assuming  of  a  false  or  counterfeit  appear- 
ance, which  conceals  tha  real  opinions  or  purpose. 
Dis.^imulalion,  among  statesmen,  is  sometimes  re- 
garded as  a  necessary  vice,  or  as  no  vice  at  all. 

Let  }uve  be  without  dUtimutation.  —  Rom.  xii. 

DTS-PIM'tTLE   r.  t.     To  dissemble.     lATot  in  use.] 
DIS^S|-PA-BLE,  a.     [t^t'e  Dissipate.]     Lialde   to  be 
dissipali'd  ;  tliat  may  lie  scattered  or  dispersed. 

Tlie  h'.'at  of  thuftc  pUnts  ii  very  ditiipnhle.  Bacon. 

DIS'SI-PATE,  r.  L  [L.  d'lssipatus,  dissipo i  dis  and  an 
obsolete  verb,  sipn,  to  throw.  We  perhaps  see  its 
derivatives  in  siiifion,  proaapia,  and  srpt ;  and  sepic, 
to  incloBC,  may  be  primarily  to  repel,  and  thus  to 
guardj 

1.  To  scatter ;  to  disperse ;  to  drive  asunder. 
Wind  dissipates  fog  ;  the  heal  of  the  sun  dissipates 
vapor;  mirth  dissipates  care  and  anxiety;  tlie  cares 
of  life  tend  to  dissipate  serious  rcflections; 

Scattcr,  disperse,  and  dissipate,  are  in  many  cases 
synonymous;  but  dissipate  is  used  appropriately  to 
denote  the  dispersion  ~^f  things  that  vanish,  or  are 
not  afterward  collected  ;  as,  to  di-tsipate  fop,  vapor, 
or  clouds.  We  say,  an  army  is  scattered  or  dispersed^ 
but  not  dissipated.  Trees  are  scattered  or  di-ipcrsed 
over  a  field,  hut  not  dissipated. 

2.  To  expend  ;  lo  squander;  to  scatter  property  in 
wasteful  extravagance  ;  to  waste  ;  to  consume ;  as, 
a  man  has  dissipated  his  fortune  in  the  pursuit  of 

3.  To  scatter  the  attention.  pleasure. 
DIS'8I-PATE,  V.  i.    To  scatter;  to  disperse,  to  sep- 
arate into  parts  and  disap^x'ar;  to  waste  away  ;  to 
vimish.     A  fug  or  cloud  gradually  dissipates^  before 


TONE,  BULL.  IIMTE.— AN"OEE,  Vr'CIOUfi.—e  as  K ;  fl  as  J ;  «  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THW. 


351 


DIS 

the  nys  or  heat  of  the  ami.    The  heat  of  a  body 

dissifftites  ;  the  fluids  dissipate. 
DIS'^l-PA  TED,  pp.    Scattered;  dis^persed  >  wasted; 

coiisuaietl ;  s^iuaiidored. 

2.  a.  LiM^e ;  irregular ;  given  to  extmvagance  in 

the  expenditure  of  property  ;  devoted  tu  pleasure  and 

vice  ;  aA,  a  dissipated  man  ;  a  dKi,sipatrd  lite. 
DIS'SI-FA-TI\G,ppr.    Scattering;  disftersing;  wast- 

in|! ;  consuming  squiuiduring  ;  vanishing. 
DIS-SI-PA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  scattering ;  disper- 

siim  I  the  state  of  being  dispersed  ;  aa,  the  dtsgiptUun 

of  vapor  or  heat. 

2.  In  ph^sicsy  the  insk'nsible  loss  or  waste  of  the 
minute  parts  of  a  body,  which  fly  off",  by  which 
means  the  body  i"  diuunished  or  ctmsumed. 

3.  Scattered  attrnttun ;  or  that  which  diverts  and 
calls  off  the  mind  trom  any  subject.  Siaift 

4.  A  dissolute,  irrepnlar  course  ».f  life  ;  a  wander- 
ing from  object  to  object  in  pursuit  of  pleasure ;  a 
course  of  life  usually  attended  with  carelfss  and  ex- 
orbiLint  expenditures  of  money,  and  indulgence  in 
Tkes,  which  iiopoir  or  ruin  both  health  and  fortune. 

Wbftt  I  b  H  pn^MwJ,  tbra,  to  nctvim  the  «i»iMtUirifl  ftom  bia 
SMJpatieM  and  extnnnace,  tnr  filliur  hta  pocket*  wiUi 
taooej  t  P.  /Trfiry,  liTrt*  Stttdat. 

DIS-S!6-CIA-BtL'I-TY,  i».    Want  of  sociability. 
DIS^O'CIA  BLE,  C-s5'sha-bl0  a.     [See  DutociATt.] 
Not  well  associated,  united,  or  assorted. 

They  ewae  in  nra  umI  two,  Uiouglt  mucbn]  In  (be  mcwt  cficao- 
-■-'* SpKialo*;  No,  4. 


2.  Incongruous  ;  not  reconcilable  with,  ffarburton. 
DlS-S0'CIAL,(-s6'ihal,)«.  [Owandjoewi.]  Unfriendly 

to  ttocit'tv  ;  contricted  ;  selfish  ;  as,  a  dissodat  passion. 
DIS^O'ClATK,  r.  t     [L.  dissoeiattut,  dissoeia ;  dis  and 

MKio,  to  unite,  5oeiiw,  a  companion.] 

To  separate  :  to  disunite  ;  to  part ;  as,  to  disMdaU 

the  particles  of  a  concrete?  subsLince.  Boyle, 

DIS-S^TIA-TEO,  ;»;».     Se panted  ;  disunited. 
DI5-S0'CIA-TI.\G,  p;)r.     Separating;  disuniting. 
D1S-SO-CI-A'TIO.\,  n.    The  aa  of  disuuitiug ;  a  state 

of  aeparation ;  diiiunion. 

b  wX  ndd  (o  the  &9§aeiitdtm,  lUctncUon,  mnil  toaladoo  of  then 
coBJedente  rrpnl-tio.  Iturkt. 

DIS^O-LU-BII/T-TY,  n.    Capacity  of  being  dissolved 

by  beat  or  moisture,  and  converted  i»lu  a  tlutd. 
DIS'SO-LU-BLE,  o.     [L.  Kiis.^nlabHis.     See  Dissolve.] 
1.  Capable  of  being  dissolved  ;  that  may  be  melt- 
ed ;  having  il:s  [nrta  separalile  by  heat  or  moisture; 
convenible  into  a  fluid.  lybodvard, 

i  That  mav  he  disunited. 
DI3'S0  LL'TE,  a.    [L.  dissx^uius^  from  d'tjuolro,) 

1.  Lnosie  in  behavior  and  momis ;  given  to  vice 
and  dissipation  ;  wanton  :  h-wd  ;  luxurious ;  de- 
bauched ;  not  under  the  restraints  of  law  ;  as,  a  dis- 
McluU  man  ;  distohOn  company. 

2.  Vicious  ;  wanton  ;  devcrted  to  pleasure  and  dis- 
sipation :  as,  a  dUnoIute  life. 

DIS'SO-LUTE-LY,  adc.  I^xjwly ;  wantonly ;  in  dis- 
Bipalton  ordebaucher>' ;  without  restraint;  as,  to  live 
disjiolMtelw, 

DIS'SO-LCTE-XESS.  n.  LooseneM  of  manners  and 
morals  ;  vicious  indulgence-s  in  pleasure,  as  in  intem- 
perance and  debauchery ;  dissipation  ;  as,  dissolute- 
ness of  life  or  manners. 

DIS-SO-LP'TIOX,  b.  [L.  dissoliiOoy  from  dissolvo.] 
In  a  ^fnrral  5CH^A  the  separation  of  the  parts  of  a 
body  which,  in  the  natural  slnicture,  are  united  ;  or 
the  reduction  of  concrete  bodies  into  their  smallest 
pons,  without  regard  to  solidity  or  fluidity.  Thus 
we  speak  of  the  diss.tlution  of  salts  in  water,  of  met- 
als in  nitro-muriatic  acid,  and  of  ice  or  butter  by 
heat;  in  which  cases,  the  dissolution  is  effected  by 
a  menstruum  or  particular  agenL  We  speak,  also, 
of  the  dissolution  of  flesh  or  animal  bodies,  when  the 
parts  separate  by  putrefaction.     Dissolution  then  i^, 

1.  The  act  of  liquefying  or  changing  from  a  solid 
to  a  fluid  state  by  beat ;  a  melting  ;  a  thawing  ;  as, 
the  disMlmtioii  of  snow  and  ice,  which  converts  them 
into  water. 

2.  The  reduction  of  a  body  into  its  smallest  parts, 
or  into  very  minute  parts,  by  a  dissolvent  ormenstru- 
Qm,  as  of  a  metal  by  nitro-muriatic  acid,  or  of  salts 
in  water. 

3.  Tbe  separation  of  the  parts  of  a  body  by  putre- 
faction, or  the  analysi»  of  the  natural  structure  of 
mixed  bodies,  as  of  animal  or  vegetable  substances ; 
decomposition. 

4.  The  Mibstance  formed  by  dissolving  a  body  in  a 
menstruum.     [This  is  now  called  a  solution.]  Bncon. 

5.  Death  ;  the  separation  of  the  soul  a^d  body. 

Milton. 

6.  Destmction  ;  the  separation  of  the  parts  which 
compose  a  connected  system,  or  body  ;  as,  the  disso- 
Imtien  of  the  world,  or  of  niUure  ;  the  dtssolation  of 
govern  menL 

7.  The  breaking  up  of  an  assembly,  or  the  putting 
an  end  to  its  existence. 

DuMoltition  is  the  «rril  death  of  pajlbnyrau  BlaetwUme. 

8.  Looseness  of  manners;  dissipation. 

Taylor.     South. 
[In  thia  Utter  sense  the  word  is  obsolete,  Disio- 
LCTE.Tss  being  substituted.] 


DIS 

^ a 

P.  DiintolutiOH  of  the  blood;  in  medicine^  i\\x\\.  slate 
of  the  bltHHl,  in  which  it  does  not  readily  conguliile, 
on  its  cooling  out  of  the  body,  as  in  mali^iant  fevers. 

Cwr. 

Dl¥-»Or.V'.VBLE,(di7.-7,olv'a-bl,)<i.  J.'^ceDisaoLVE.] 
That  may  be  dissolved;  capable  of  being  melted; 
that  may  be  converted  into  a  fluid.  Sugar  and  ice 
are  dL-tsolrable  bodies. 

D(S-SOLV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Slate  of  being  dissolv- 
able. 

DISSOLVE',  (dix-7.olv',)  v.  L  [L.  dissolve ;  dis  and 
tolco^o  IiHwe,  to  free.  ] 

1.  To  melt';  to  liquefy  ;  to  convert  from  a  solid  or 
flxed  state  to  a  fluid  state,  by  means  of  heat  or  mois- 
ture. 

To  dissolve  by  heat,  is  to  loosen  the  parts  of  a 
solid  body  and  render  them  fluid  or  easily  mova- 
ble. Thus,  ice  is  converted  into  water  by  dissolu- 
tion. 

To  disst  Vc  in  a  liqui.l,  is  to  separate  the  parts  of  a 
8«}Iid  substance,  and  cause  them  to  mix  with  the 
fluid  ;  or  to  reduce  a  solid  substance  into  minute 
parts  which  may  be  sustained  in  that  fluid.  Tims, 
water  disMlves  sail  and  suptr. 

2.  To  disunite  ;  lo  break  ;  to  separate. 

Smiig,  tijptt,  that  all  tbcie  thing*  thnll  be  ditiolved,  whnt  men- 
ner  o(  fr-notu  oii^t  yc  lo  be  iu  oil  boly  couvcnaiiua  luid 
^liu(«>  t  —  3  Pcu  ill. 

3.  To  loose  ;  to  disunite. 

Down  M\  th^  duke,  his  Joints  diatoiMd.  Pair/hx. 

4.  To  loose  tlie  ties  or  bonds  of  any  thing ;  to  de- 
stroy any  connected  s>'stem  ;  as,  lo  dissolve  a  govern- 
ment ;  to  dissolve  a  corporation. 

5.  To  loose  ;  to  break  ;  as,  to  dissolve  a  league  ;  to 
dissolve  the  bonds  of  friendship. 

.6.  To  break  up;  to  cause  to  separate;  to  put  an 
end  to ;  as,  to  dissolve  the  parltament ;  to  dissohe  an 
assembly. 

7.  To  clear;  to  solve;  lo  remove;  to  dissipate,  or 
to  explain  ;  as,  to  dissoloe  doubts.  \Vb  usually  say, 
to  wive  doubts  and  difliculties. 

8.  To  break  ;  to  destroy  ;  as,  to  dissolve  a  charm, 
spell,  or  enchantment.  Jirdton. 

9.  To  loosen  or  relax;  lo  make  languid ;  as,  dis- 
tolred  in  pleasure. 

10.  To  waste  away  ;  to  consume ;  to  cause  to  van- 
ish or  perish 

Thoa  tS»ai>iv*tt  taj  ■ubMajaev.  -^Jab  zxz, 

11.  To  annul ;  to  rescind;  as,  to dtj*o/c«  an  injunc- 
tion. Joknson'.'i  Rep. 

DISSOLVE',  (diz-zolv',)  v.  L    To  be  melted  ;  to  be 
converted  from  a  solid  to  a  fluid  state ;  as,  sugar  dis- 
solves  in  water. 
S.  To  sink  away  ;  to  lose  strength  and  firmness. 

Skak. 

3.  To  melt  away  in  pleasure ;  to  become  soft  or 
languid. 

4.  To  fall  asunder  ;  to  crumble ;  to  be  broken.  A 
government  may  dissolve  by  its  own  weight  or  ex- 
lent. 

5.  To  waste  away  ;  to  perish  ;  to  be  decomposed. 
Flesh  dissolves  by  putrefaction. 

6.  To  come  to  an  end  by  a  separation  of  parts. 
DIS-S0LV'/;D,  yp,  or  a.     Melted;  liquefied  ;  disunit- 
ed ;  parted  ;  loosed  ;  relaxed  ;  wasted  away  ;  ended. 

Dissolved  bloody  is  that  which  does  not  readily  co- 
agulate. 

DIS-SOLV'EXT,  a.  Having  power  to  melt  or  dis- 
solve ;  as,  the  dissolvent  juices  of  the  stomach.  Ray. 

DISSOLVENT,  n.  Any  thing  which  has  the  pf)wer 
or  quality  of  melting,  or  converting  a  solid  substance 
into  a  fluid,  or  of  separating  the  parts  of  a  fixed  body 
so  that  they  mix  with  a  Iiqui4 ;  as,  water  is  a  dis- 
solvent of  salu  and  earths.  It  is  otherwise  called  a 
mejistraum. 

2.  In  medicine,  a  remedy  supposed  capable  of  dis- 
solving concretions  in  the  body,  such  as  calculi,  tu- 
bercles, &c.  Parr. 

DIS-SOLV'ER,  71.  That  which  dissolves,  or  has  the 
power  of  dissolving.  Ileal  is  the  most  powerful  dis- 
solcer  of  substances. 

DIS-SOLV'LS'G,  ppr.  MelUng;  making  or  becoming 
liqiiid. 

DIS'SO-NANCE,  n.  [Ft.  di.^sonaiice^  from  L.  disso- 
■nansy  dissono^  to  be  discordant ;  dis  and  sonoy  to 
sound.] 

1.  Discord ;  a  mixture  or  union  of  harsh,  unhar- 
monious  sounds,  which  are  grating  or  unpleasing 
lo  the  ear  ;    as,  the  dissonance  of  notes,  sounds,  or 

2.  Disagreement.  [numbers. 
DIS'SO-XANT,   a.     Discordant;  harsh;  jarring;  un- 

harmoniofis  ;    unpleasant  to  the  ear;   as,  dissonant 

notes  or  intervals. 
2.  Disagreeing;  incongnions  ;  usually  with  yrom; 

as,   he   advanced   propositions   very   dissonant  from 

tnith. 
DIS-SUADE',  r.  t.  [L.  dissvadeo ;  dis  and  svadeoy  to  ad- 
vise or  incite  to  any  thing.] 

1.  To  advise  or  exhort  against ;  to  attempt  to  draw 

or  divert  from  a  measure,  hy  reason  or  offering  mo- 
-  lives  to;  as,  the  nunisier  dissuaded  the  prince  from 

adopting  the  measure  ;   he  dissuaded  him  from  his 

purpose. 


DIS 

2.  To  represent  as  unfit,  imprn[)or,  or  dangerous. 

War  ili^T^for*,  o]ifn  or  coticcnled,  alike 
My  »i)icc  diatitaJes.  Milton. 

This  phraseology  is  probably  elliptical,  and  mereiy 
poetical ;  from  being  understtKHl. 

DIS-SUAD'ED,  pp.  Advised  against;  counseled  or 
induced  by  advice  nut  lo  do  something ;  diverted 
from  a  purpose, 

DIS-SUAD'ER,  n.    He  that  dissuades  ;  a  dehorter. 

DKS-SUAD'ING,  p;)r.  Exhorting  against;  attempting, 
by  advice,  to  divert  from  a  purpose. 

DIS-SUA'SION,  (di3-swa'zhun,)n.  Advice  or  exhorta- 
tion in  opposition  to  something  ;  the  act  of  aiten)pt- 
ing,  by  reason  or  motives  offered,  to  divert  from  a 
purpose  or  measure  ;  dehortation.  Boyle. 

DIS-fc^UA'SIVE,  a.  Tending  to  dissuade,  or  divert 
from  a  measure  or  purpose ;  dehortatory. 

DIS-SUA'SIVE,  n.  Reason,  argtiment,  or  counsel, 
employed  to  deter  one  from  a  measure  or  purpose; 
that  wiiich  is  used  or  which  tends  to  divert  the  mind 
from  any  purpose  or  pursuit  The  consequences  of 
intemperance  are  powerful  dissuasives  from  indulging 
in  that  vice. 

DIS-SUA'SIVE-LY,  adv.    In  a  dissuasive  manner. 

DIS-SUN'DER,  V.  t.  [dis  and  sunder.]  To  separate  ; 
to  rend.  Chapman. 

DIS-SUN'DER-ED,  pp.    Separated  ;  rent. 

DIS-SUN'DER-ING,  ppr.     Separating;  rending. 

DIS  SVVEET'/:X,  c-sweet'n,)  u.  t.  To  deprive  of 
sweetness.     [Wot  used.]  Bp.  Ric/uird^on. 

DIS-SYL-LAB'ie,  a.  Consisting  of  two  sylhihles  on- 
ly ;  as,  a  dissrtllabic  foot  in  poetry. 

DIS-SVL'^LA-fiLE  or  DIS'SYL-LA-BLE,  n.  [Gr. 
diiTo-uXAaSof ;  dif,  two  or  twice,  and  auXAa/J^f,  a 
syllable.] 

A  word  consisting  of  two  syllables  only  ;  as,  paper, 
iphitenesSy  virtue, 

DIS'TAFF,  n.  [The  English  books  refer  this  word  to 
the  Saxon  digtaf;  but  I  have  not  found  the  word  in 
the  Saxon  Dictionary.] 

1.  The  staff  of  a  spinning-wheel,  to  which  a 
bunch  of  flax  or  tow  is  tied,  and  from  which  the 
thread  is  drawn. 

She  lfiyi*th  her  hnii.lH*to  the  spindle,  and  her  hands  Iiold  the 
diaUif.  —  Prciv.  xixi, 

2.  Figuratively,  a  woman,  or  the  female  sex. 

His  crown  usurpwl,  a  distaff  oa  the  throne.  Dryden. 

DIS'TAFF-THIS'TLE,    (  Ihis'l,)    n.     The    popular 

name  of  certain  species  of  Atractylis  and  Cartha- 

mus, 
DIS-TAIN',  V.  t.    [dis  and  stain.    This  seems  to  be 

from  tlie  Frencli  dctdndre,  from  the  L.  tingo ;  but  see 

Stain.] 

1.  To  stain  ;  to  tinge  with  any  different  color  from 
the  natural  or  proper  one  ;  to  discolor.  We  speak  of 
a  sword  distaincd  with  blood  ;  a  garment  distaincd 
with  gore.  It  has  precisely  the  signification  of  stain, 
but  is  used  chiefly  or  appropriately  in  poetry  and  ihe 
higher  kinds  of  prose. 

2.  To  blot ;  to  sully  ;  to  defile ;  to  tarnish. 

She  diitained  Iier  lionoraWe  blood.  Spentar. 

I'll*;  wunliitiess  of  praise  ditlains  his  worth.  Shak. 

DIS-TAIN'-ED,  (dis-tand',)  pp.  Stained ;  tinged  ;  dis- 
colored ;  blotted  ;  sullied. 

DIS-TAIN'ING,  ppr.  Staining  ;  discoloring ;  blotting ; 
tarnishing. 

DIS'TANCE,  n.  [Fr.  distance;  Sp.  distanda;  It.  dis- 
tanza  ,■  L.  disUmtia,  from  disto,  to  stand  apart ;  dis  and 
sto,  to  stand.] 

1.  An  interval  or  space  between  two  objects ;  the 
length  of  the  shortest  line  which  intervenes  between 
two  things  that  are  separate ;  as,  a  great  or  small 
distance.  Distance  may  be  a  line,  an  'inch,  a  mile, 
or  any  indefinite  length ;  as,  the  distaiice  between 
the  sun  and  Saturn. 

2.  Preceded  by  a(,  remoteness  of  place. 

He  wails  at  distance  till  he  h'jara  from  Cato.  Addiaon. 

3.  Preceded  by  thy,  his,  your,  her,  their,  a  suitable 
space,  or  such  remoteness  as  is  common  or  becom- 
ing; as,  let  him  keep  his  distance;  keep  your  distance. 
[See  No.  8.] 

4.  A  apace  marked  on  the  course  where  horses  run. 

This  horee  ran  tlie  whole  field  out  ofdiatance.       L'Estmnge. 

5.  Spare  of  time ;  any  indefinite  length  of  time, 
past  or  future,  intervening  between  two  periods  or 
events  ;  as,  the  distance  of  an  hour,  of  a  year,  of  an 

6.  Ideal  space  or  separation.  [age. 
dualities  that  ivflMt  our  senses  are,  fn  the  things  themseWes, 

so  united  and  blended,  that  there  is  uo  dittanct  Ik'tweeu 
them.  Lock*. 

7.  Contrariety ;  opposition. 

Banqno  was  your  fnemy ; 
So  is  he  mine,  and  in  such  bloody  distance.  Stiai. 

8.  The  remoteness  which  respect  requires  ;  hence, 
respect. 

I  hopt>  your  modesty 
Will  Jmow  whnl  distance  lo  I'he  crown  is  due.         Dryden. 
'Tis  by  respect  and  diaiance  that  auUiority  Is  upheld.    AUerhury. 

[See  No.  3.] 

9.  Reserve  ;  coldness  ;  alienation  of  heart. 

On  the  pan  of  Henven, 
Now  alienated,  distance  and  disULste,  Milton, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.— 
352  ^  ~~ 


DIS 

10.  Remoteness  in  succrf^sion  or  n^l.iiion  ;  as,  the 
distance  between  a  iJescenilant  anil  his  ancestor. 

11.  In  mitsic,  tiie  interval  between  two  notes  ;  as, 
the  disiaace  of  a  fourth  or  seventh. 

DIS'TANCE,  r.  t.  To  place  remote ;  to  tlirow  off  from 
the  view.  Dryden. 

9.  To  leave  behind  in  a  race  j  to  win  the  race  by  a 
great  superiority. 

3.  To  leave  at  a  great  dist.ince  behind. 

He  <&sianctd  ihe  most  ■iollfu]  of  his  co^-mporaiie«.        Milner. 

DIS'T.\NC-£:D,  (dis  tanst,)  pp.    Left  far  behind  j  cast 

out  of  the  race. 
DIS'TANC-ING,  ppr.    Leovine  far  behind. 
DIS'TANT,  a,    [L.  distant,  standing  apart,] 

1.  Separate  ;  having  an  intervening  space  of  any 
indefinite  extent.  One  point  may  be  less  tJian  a  line 
or  a  hair*9  Itroadth  d'lstnnt  from  another.  Saturn  is 
supposed  to  be  nearly  nine  Imndred  million  miles  dis- 
tant from  the  sun. 

2.  Remote  in  place  ;  as,  a  distant  object  appears  un- 
der a  smiUl  angle. 

3.  Remote  in  time,  p.ist  or  future  \  as,  a  distant  age 
or  period  of  the  world. 

4.  Remote  in  the  line  of  succession  or  descent,  in- 
definitely ;  as,  a  distant  descendant;  a  distant  ances- 
tor ;  flintartt  posterity. 

5.  Remote  in  natural  connection  or  consan^iinily  ; 
as,  a  distent  relation  ;  dista:U  kindred  ;  a  distant  col- 
lali^ral  line. 

6.  Rt-mole  in  nniure  ;  not  allied  ;  not  apreeini!  with 
or  in  conformity  to;  as,  practice  very  distant  from 
principles  or  profession. 

7.  Remote  in  view  ;  flight ;  faint ;  not  ver>*  likely 
to  be  realized  ;  as,  we  have  a  diD-taat  liope  or  prospect 
of  seeing  birtier  times. 

8.  Remote  in  connection;  slight;  faint ;  indirect; 
not  easily  seen  or  understood  ;  as,  a  distant  hint  or 
allusion  to  a  person  or  subject.  9o,  also,  we  say,  a 
distant  idea  ;  a  distant  thought ;  a  distant  resem- 
blance. 

9.  Reserved;  shy;  implying  haughtiness,  coldness 
of  affi'ctiun,  indifference,  or  disrespect;  as,  the  man- 
ners of  a  piTson  are  diHant. 

DIS'TANT-LV,  ado.  Remotely  ;  at  a  distance ;  with 
reserve. 

DIS-TaSTE',  n.  [dvt  and  tastr.]  Aversion  of  the 
taste;  dislike  of  food  or  drink;  disrelish;  disgu^tt, 
or  a  slight  degree  of  iL  Distaste  for  n  particular  kind 
of  fofid  may  be  constitutional,  or  the  effect  of  a  dis- 

2.  Dislike;  uneasiness.  [cased  stomach. 

PnMCwrity  ia  not  » itSniit  mwiv  fi-.tr*  and  dittaaUt,  nnd  tulvcnlir 
m  nuC  withutii  comfort  an>t  bopM.  '  Bacon, 

3.  Dislike;  displeasure;  alienation  of  affection. 

MiltuH,      Popr. 
DFS-TASTE',  V.  t.    To  disrelish  ;  to  dislike ;  to  loathe ; 
u,  to  distaste  drugs  or  poisons. 

2.  To  offend  ;  to  disgust. 

Uc  (hoDrtit  it  no  policy  to  diittuU  Ibe  Enflkh  or  Iriu,  In- 
■ou^iii  to  pl-roK  ilvnn.  Davku. 

3.  To  vex  ;  to  dispteasfl  ;  to  sour.  Popt, 

\Thf  tiro  latter  significations  are  rare.^ 
!>'  I>,  pp*    Disrelished;  disliked;  offended; 

Ir  i'!,'L,  a.     Nauseous;  iinplensant  or  dis- 

gu-^tiitg  f"  the  taste. 
2.  Offensive;  displeulng;  as,  a  ditfto>(r/v/ truth. 

thyden. 
3-  Malevolent ;  a*,  dirtastffut  lookn,  SA*xJt. 

DIS-TASTKTI.I^-LY,  adv.     In  a  displeasing  or  offcn- 

■ive  maniirr. 
DIS-TASTE'I''!;L-NE3S,  n.     Disagreeableness  ;   di§- 

likp.  fVhithrh. 

DIS-TA.ST'1NG,  ppr.    DitreUsliing  ;  disliking  ;  offend- 

ine  ;  diiipleasing. 
DIS-TAST'lVE,  n.     That  which  gives  disrelish  or 

aversion.  W  hillock. 

DI.S-TE.M'PER,  ■.  {dis  and  temprr.]  litn-allij,  an  un- 
due or  uniialumi  tcmiier,  or  di5pru])ortionatc  mixturt: 

of  parts.     lU'tice, 

2.  Disease;  malady;  Indisposition;  any  morbid 
state  of  an  animal  iMKly,  or  of  any  part  of  it ;  a  state 
in  which  the  animal  economy  is  demnged,  or  im|>er- 
fectly  carried  on.  [See  Disease.]  It  i»  used  of  the 
■lighter  diseases,  hut  not  exclusively.  In  general,  it 
i<i  synonymous  with  di<easr.,  and  is  particularly  ap- 
plied to  the  di.seas<;s  iif  brutes, 

3.  Want  of  due  temp>ratiire,  applied  to  climMt ;  the 
Uteral  sense  of  Uic  murdy  but  not  noa  used. 

CountiSe*  tU'lnr  Ihr  Uupic  of  a  diMUmptr  uiimb:it)itAbLr.  RaUgh. 

A.  Bad  ronMtituiion  of  the  mind;  undue  predomi- 
nance of  n  pnssion  or  appetite.  Skak. 

5.  Want  of  due  balance  of  parts  or  opposite  quali- 
ties and  jirinciples;  as,  the  temper  and  distemper  of 
an  empire  consist  of  contraries.    [Abe  now  used.] 

Bacon. 

a.  HI  humor  of  mind ;  depravity  of  inclination. 
[JVot  tMflrf.]  ^"J  Charles. 

7.  Political  disorder;  tumult.  fValler. 

8.  UneasineSK  ;  ill  humor,  or  bad  temper 

Ttvr-  It  a  iicknrw. 
Which  puta  tome  of  ua  In  dulemptr.  ShnJt. 

9.  In  paintinf,  the  mixing  of  colors  with  some- 


DIS 

thing  besides  oil  and  .water.  When  colors  are  mixed 
with  size,  whiles  of  egf;s,  or  other  unctuous  or  glu- 
tinous matter,  and  not  with  oil,  it  is  said  tu  be  done 
in  distemper. 
DISTEMPER,  r.  £.  To  disease  ;  to  disorder ;  to  de- 
range the  functions  of  the  body  or  mind.         Slmk. 

2.  To  disturb  ;  to  ruffle.  Drtjden, 

3.  To  deprive  of  temper  or  moderation.    Drijden. 
A.  I'o  make  disafft^cltd,  ill-humored,  or  malignant. 

Sfuik. 
[  This  verb  is  seldom  used,  except  in  the  participles.] 
DTS-TEM'PER-ANCE,  n.     Distemiwrature. 
DIS-TEM'PER-ATE,  a.     Immoderate,     i Little  used.] 

Ralegh. 
DIS-TEMTER-A-TT;nE,  n.      Bad   temperature;    in- 
tempernteness  ;  excess  of  heat  or  cold,  or  of  other 
qualities;  a  noxious  state;  as,  Wie  distemperature  of 
the  air  or  climate. 

2.  Violent  tumultuousness  ;  outrageou3ne<:<i. 

Johnsrm. 

3.  Perturbation  of  mind.  Shah. 

4.  Confusion;  commixture  of  contrarieties  ;  loss  of 
regularity  ;  disorder.  Shak. 

5.  Sliglil  illness  ;  indisposition.  Breicer. 
DIS-TEM'PER-KD,  pp.  or  a.  Diseased  in  body,  or  dis- 
ordered in  mind.     We  speak  of  a  distempcreAi  body,  a 
iUstempered  limb,  a  distempered  head  or  brain. 

2.  Disturbed  ;  ruffled  ;  as,  dislnnpered  p.x-^sions. 

3.  Di'prived  of  temjier  or  intxleration  ;  immoder- 
ate ;  as,  distempered  zeal.  Dryden. 

4.  Disordered;  biased;  prejudiced;  perverted ;  as, 
minds  distetnpered  by  interest  or  passion. 

The   imti^ nation ,  vhfn  complpi.-ly  diittrnpered.    Is   tho   most 
titcurublf  of  all  duunlcrcil  rtculths.  B**cknui\»ier. 

5.  Disaffected  ;  made  malevolent. 

DitUmpertd  lorvls.  ShaJc. 

DIS-TEM'PER-ING,  ppr.    .\fferlinff  with  disease  or 

disorder;  disturbing;  depriving  of  niodt-raiion. 
DIS-TEM'PER-ING,  n.    The  jiainting  of  walls  in  dis- 

tenTjx'r. 
DIS-TEND',  r.  t,     [L.  disten<lo ;  dis  and  tmdn,  to  tend, 

to  stretch,  from  the  root  of  teneo,  to  hold,  Gr.  reit'tt), 

to  stretch.     Class  Dn.] 

1.  To  stretch  or  spread  in  all  directions ;  to  dilate  ; 
to  enlarge  ;  to  expand  ;  to  swtll  ;  as,  to  distend  a 
bladder  ;  to  distend  the  boweU  ;  to  distend  the  lungs. 
[T'Aw  is  the  appropriate  sense  vf  the  word.] 

2.  To  spread  apart ;  to  divaricate ;  as,  to  distend  the 
legs.  We  seldom  say,  to  distend  a  plate  of  metal,  and 
never,  I  believe,  to  distend  a  line  ;  t^rlend  t)eing  used 
in  both  cases.  We  uste  distend  chietly  to  denote  the 
stretching,  spreading,  or  expansion,  of  any  thing,  by 
means  of  a  substance  inclosed  within  it,  or  by  the 
ela-stic  force  of  sometliing  inclosed.  In  this  case,  the 
body  distended  swells  or  spreads  in  all  directions, 
and  usually  in  a  spherical  form.  A  bladder  is  dis- 
tended by  inflation,  or  by  the  expansion  of  rarefied 
air  within  it.  The  skin  is  distcndiJ  in  boils  and  ab- 
scesses by  matter  generated  within  them.  This  au- 
propriatiun  of  the  word  has  not  always  been  ob- 
served. 

DI.S-TE.N'D'ED,  p/i.  or  a.  Sjiread  ;  expanded;  dilated 
bv  an  inclosed  substance  or  force 

DIS-TENO'I.NT,,  ppr.  Stretching  In  all  directions  ;  di- 
lating ;  expanding. 

DIS-TEX-HI-RIL'l-TY,  n.  The  quality  or  capacity  of 
being  distensible. 

DItvTE.N'Sl-hLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  distended  or 
dilated. 

DIS-TE.N'SION,  <di84en'8hun,)  n.  The  act  of  stretch- 
ing.    [See  Di»rtNTio?«.]       ^ 

DIS-TE\T',  a.    Hpread.     [A1)(  in  use.]  Spmser. 

DIS-'n:.\T',  n.      Breadth.     [JVot  used.]  fVottnn. 

DIS-TEN'TION,  (dis-len'shun,!  n.     [U  distentio.] 

1.  The  act  of  distending  ;  the  act  of  stretching  in 
breadth  or  in  all  directions;  the  stale  of  being  dis- 
tended ;  a-*,  the  distention  of  the  lungs  or  bowel.^. 

2.  Krcadth  ;  extent  or  space  occupied  by  the  thing 
distended. 

3.  An  opening,  spreading,  or  divarication  ;  as,  the 
distmlion  of  the  legn. 

DIS-TER',r.  L     [E.  riuand  terra,] 

Tt)  banish  from  a  country".     [A'«(  used.] 
DIS-TER.M'IN-ATE,  a.     [U  di-ncnmnatus.] 

Separated  by  iMHiuds.     \ Obs.]  JIale, 

DIS-TERM-IN-A'TION,  n."   Separation.     {Obs.] 

liammond. 
DIS'TIIENE,  B.    [Gr.  <Jit,  twice,  and  oQtvo^,  force.] 
A  mineral,  so  called  by  IlaUy,  because  its  crystals 
have  the  property  of  being  electrified  both  iKwiiively 
and  negatively.     It  is  the  sappare  of  Saussure,  and 
the  kyanite  of  Werner.  hunicr.     Cleareland. 

DIS-TIIRONT/E,  V.  t.    To  dethrone.    [A^*  used.] 

Spg  riser. 
DlS'TieH,  (dis'iik,)  n.     [L.  dLaiihon;  Gr.  6ii  and 
ori\;u(,  a  verse.] 

A  couplet ;  a  couple  of  verses,  or  poetic  lines, 
making  complete  sense  ;  an  epigram  of  two  verses. 
Johnson.     Encyc. 
DIS'TI€H-OUS,  >  a.   Having  two  rows,  or  disposed  in 
DlS'Tieil,  \     two  rows.  Lee. 

A  distichous  spike  has  all  the  Aowera  pr^lntlng  two 
ways,  Martyn. 


DIS 

DIS-TIEI/,  r.  i.  [L.  distillo ;  dis  and  xtiUo,  to  drop  ; 
stUla,  a  dnip  ;  Fr.  distiller:  It.  distillare;  Sp.  destilar , 
Gr.  trrd.Xrc  .] 

1.  To  drop  ;  to  fall  in  drops. 

S>jft  sii'iwirs  tUtdUed,  and  anus  gtrvr  wami  lit  rain.        P.jw 

2.  To  flow  gently,  or  in  a  small  stream. 

The  Kuphntlcs  diMtUiatii  out  of  the  mounbuiis  uf  Armenln. 

Halegh. 

3.  To  use  a  still ;  to  practice  distillation.      Shak. 
DISTILL',  V.  L    To  let  fall  in  drops  ;  to  throw  down 

in  drops.     The  clwids  distdi  water  on  the  earth. 
The  (lew  which  on  thi*  t<*nder  gnn 
The  eveiiiiijf  had  dittiileU.  Drayton, 

9.  To  extract  by  heat ;  to  separate  spirit  or  essen- 
tial oils  from  liquor  by  liea*  or  evaporation,  and^n- 
vert  that  vajior  into  a  liquid  by  condensation  in  a  re- 
frigeratory ;  to  separate  the  volatile  parts  of  a  sub- 
stance by  heat ;  to  rectify  ;  as,  to  distill  brandy  from 
wine,  or  spirit  from  molasses. 

3.  To  extract  spirit  from,  by  evaponition  and  con- 
densation ;  as,  to  disidi  «ider  or  molasscti ;  to  diUill 
wine. 

4.  To  extract  the  pure  part  of  a  fluid  ;  as,  to  distill 
water. 

5.  To  dissolve  or  melt.     {Unusual.] 

Swonh  Vy  ^''  lightning's  ftulitle  Torce  dudUtd.  Addison. 

DIS-TILL'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  distilled  ;  fit  for 
distillation.  Sherwood, 

DIS-TILL-.A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  falling  in  drops,  or 
the  act  of  pouring  or  tlirowiug  down  in  drops. 

2.  The  vaporization  and  subsequent  condensation 
of  a  liquid  by  means  of  an  alembic,  or  still  and  re- 
frigerator}-, or  of  a  retort  and  receiver  :  the  opcratitm 
of  extracting  spirit  fnun  a  substance  by  evaporation 
and  condensation  ;  rectificatiem. 

3.  The  auljstance  extracted  by  distilling.     Shak. 

4.  That  which  falls  in  drops.  Joknson. 
Dry  distillation,  is  a  term  applied  to  the  distillation 

of  ."iubstances  per  se,  or  without  the  addition  of  wa- 
ter. Destructive  di.-'tdlalion,  is  the  distillation  of  sub- 
stances at  very  high  temperatures,  so  that  the  ultimate 
elements  ore  separated  or  evolved  in  new  combina- 
tions. 

DIS-TILL'A-TO-RY,  a.  RuKmging  to  distillation; 
used  for  di-stllling  ;  as,  distdlatory  vessels.    Hooper. 

DIS-TILL'tn,  pp.  or  a.  Lit  fall  or  thrown  dowA  in 
dro[»3 ;  subjected  to  the  process  of  distillation;  ex- 
tracted by  evaporation. 

DIS-TILL'ER,  n.  One  who  distills;  one  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  extract  spirit  by  evaporation  and  conden- 
sation. 

DIS-TILL'ER-V,  n.  The  building  and  works  where 
"flistilling  is  carried  on. 

Drs-TILL'L\G,  j)}ir.  Dropping;  letting  fall  in  drops  ; 
extracting  by  distillation. 

DIS-TILL'LNG,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  extracting 
spirit  by  di.-iiillatlbn. 

DIS-T1LL'.ME.\T,  n.    That  which  distills  or  drops. 

Shak. 

DIS-TINCT',  fl.     [L.  distinctas,  (torn  distinguo.     See 

DiSTlNOUISH-] 

1.  Literally,  having  the  difference  marked  ;  separa- 
ted by  a  visible  sign,  or  by  a  note  or  mark  ;  as,  a  place 
distinct  by  iiiiine.  Mdton. 

2.  Different ;  separate ;  not  the  same  In  number  or 
kind  ;  as,  he  holds  two  distinct  otliucs  ;  lie  is  known 
by  distinct  titles. 

3.  Separate  in  place;  not  conjunct j  as,  tlic  two 
regiments  marched  togetlicr,  but  had  distinct  encain|>- 
ments. 

4.  So  separated  as  not  to  be  confounded  with  any 
oUier  thing  ;  clear ;  not  confused.  'I'o  reason  correct- 
ly we  mimt  have  dittitict  ideas.  W'v  have  a  distinct 
or  indistihct  view  of  a  pros'pect. 

5.  Spotted ;  varieg:ited. 

Tfitin'BUKni*  fell 
Ilia  nrrowi  frtun  the  foufluUl-vlsajp-'d  fotir, 
Oi'tituil  Willi  ryj«.  l^flHon. 

DIS-TIi\CT',  0,  t.    To  distinguisli.    [J\^(  in  use.] 

Chaucer. 
DIS-TINC'TIO.V,  n.     [L.  distinctio.] 

1.  The  art  of  se[>nrating  or  distinguishing. 

2.  A  note  or  mark  of  difference.     [Seldom  usal.] 

3.  Difference  made  ;  a  Ke(iaration  or  disagreeuicnt 
in  kind  or  qualities,  by  which  one  thing  is  known 
from  another.  Wo  observe  a  distinction  between 
matter  and  spirit ;  a  distinction  between  the  animal 
anrl  vegetable  kingdoms ;  a  diMinaion  between  giwd 
and  evil,  right  and  wrong  ;  between  sound  reasoning 
and  sophistry* 

4.  Dillbreiice  regarded  j  separation  ;  preference  ;  aa 
In  the  [ihrase  without  diitinction,  which  denotes,  pro- 
miscuously, all  together,  alike. 

MoiiiSi  woin'^n,  Mre*,  wUhoul  di'tincticn,  fill.  DryiUn. 

•S.  Separation  ;  division  ;  us,  tho  i/i^finch'on  of  trage- 
dy into  acts,  Z>ryden, 
r/rt  this  grmsfi,  Divmow  would  he  prrfrrabir.] 
ft.  Notation  of  difference;   discrimination ;  as,  a 
dittinction  between  real  and  apjiarent  good. 

Ill  cl.twiiijf  thf^  qiiftlitips  of  actiuiw,  it  is  ucCctsnrjr  to  tnnKt  nccu- 
r.vtp  dininct¥»nm.  Anon. 

7.  Eminence  ;  superiority  ;  elevation  of  rank  In  so- 


TCXE,  BULL,  UNITE  — AN"GER.  VI"CI0U8 €  as  K ;  6  aa  J ;  «  aa  Z ;  Cll  as  SH ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


45 


ar^a 


r- 


DIS 


DIS 


(iety,  or  elevation  of  cbamcler ;  honnnble  e^tiinn- 1 
lion.     Men  who  hold  a  hieli  rink  by  birth  or  otfiee, 
and  nicn  who  arc  < m.iK nt  (<-r  Iht^ir  talents,  pervices. 
or  wortli.are  c^  .-■(imctiom,  as  being  rais^ii 

above  oUiers  i  titutions,  or  hy  reputa- 

Uoo.    So  we  s  I   ,  rir. 

d.  That  whicli  couiVm  euuncnce  or  superiority,  of- 
flce»  rank,  or  public  favur. 

9.  Discernment ;  jiidginent.  Jokttsoiu 

DIS-TINCT'IVE,  a.  That  marks  distinction  or  differ- 
ence ;  as,  distiifctire  names  or  mfes. 

2.  Having  the  power  lo  disUnguish  and  discern. 

DlS-TINGT'IVE-LY,  «••>.    \Vi(h  distinction  ;  plainly. 

DIS-TINeX'IVE-NIiSiJ,  «.  6UU?  of  hcing  disUnct- 
ire. 

DIS-TINfTT'LY,  adv.    Separately  ;  with  distinctnesa  ; 
DOC  conAiBedly  ;  without  the  blending  of  one  part  or 
thing  with  nrnuher;  as,  a  pitifxisition  Jhttnrtlg  un- 
derstood ;  a  figure  dtstiiteUg  defined.     Hence, 
2.  Clcariy  ;  plainly  ;  as  to  view  an  object  distinctly. 

0IS-TIK€T'NESS,  a-  The  quality  or  state  of  bt:ing 
diKUKt ;  a  separation  or  diflervnce  thai  prevents  ctm- 
fUskm  of  parts  or  tfaingt ;  as,  the  disunclnus  of  two 
ideas,  or  ta  diium  objecu. 

ft.  Nice  dbcrunination ;  whence,  clearness;  pre- 
cieioa ;  as,  he  stated  hts  argument  with  great  di*- 

DIS-TrX"GUISn,(di=i-iing'gwish,)c.  (.  [Udistiagw: 
dis  and  MttHfo^  or  stim^a^  n  not  radical.  This  seems 
to  be  Gr.  (TT);-.<,  ff-cffit.for  the  second  future  is  cttij  w, 
and  the  derivatives  prove  the  prihiary  elements  to  be 
ttffUB  in  cTt;  (ff,  urtj/ia,  Tri<ruf.  Hence  al*o  L. 
aSffV,  whence  instigo,  to  instt^atf.  The  primary  sense 
is,  to  prick,  to  pierce  with  a  sh;irp  point,  to  thrust  in 
or  on  ;  and  we  retain  the  precise  word  in  the  verb  to 
tiick ;  which  see.  llie  practice  of  making  marks  by 
puncturing,  or  slicking,  gave  rise  to  the  applications 
of  this  word,  as  such  mufcs  were  used  to  note  and 
ascertain  dt^(.-rcnt  ihines,  to  <<i«tiafitu&  Ihem.  See 
ExTi!«GCUH,  and  Class  I>b.  No.  31.] 

1.  To  ascertain  and  indicate  diiTerenee  by  same  ex- 
ternal mark.  The  farmer  distiMe»iskMs  his  sheep  by 
HMirt^iwg  their  ears.  The  manuiaclUFer  duitingMisket 
pieces  of  cloth  by  some  mark  or  impre-s^itin. 

2.  To  separalc  one  thinit  from  another  by  some 
mark  or  quality  ;  t.'  know  or  aMrertain  difference. 

First,  by  siphi  ;  :v«,  t..  <i..<UMgnisX  one's  own  chil- 
drei  from  otlun  b>  tJieir  ilaturrs. 

Stcrnd'f^  by  feeling.  A  blind  man  diffingitiAe:t  nn 
eg(  flrom  an  orange,  but  rarely  distingvukes  colors. 

TkMfy,  by  smell ;  as.  it  is  ean'  to  diUtupusk  the 
smell  of  a  peach  tram  that  of  au  apple. 

JWrtUy,  by  taste ;  as,  to  diaLmfuLh  a  plum  fnm  a 
pear. 

F\ftkl9,  by  hearing ;  as,  to  dijtinffuuk  tbe  sound  of 
a  drum  'from  that  of  a  riolin.     « 

SuiAiy,  by  the  uoderstandhig ;  a?,  to  dL<ixff9iA 
Tire  from  virtue,  truth  from  falsehood. 

3.  To  separate  or  divide  by  any  mark  or  qualitr 
which  constitutes  difference.  \Vc  diainjiush  sounds 
into  high  and  low,  soil  and  harsh,  lively  and  grave. 
We  digtiMffuuk  causes  into  dim:!  and  indirect,  im- 
oiediate  and  mediate. 

4.  To  discern  critically  j  to  judge. 

N«r  naTC  ean  yoa  dUfagMuA  «f  a  man, 

Thu  of  bb  outwanl  aiunr.  Sf.at. 

5.  To  separate  from  otlier?  by  some  mark  of  honor 
or  preference.  Htmier  and  Virgil  are  distinguukud  as 
poets  :  Demosthenes  and  Cicero  as  oralors. 

6.  To  make  emint-nl  or  known.  Jukmon. 
D1S-TI\"GL"ISH,  (dis-ting'gwishO  p  »-    To  make  a 

distinction  ;  to  lind  or  show  iJie  difference.  It  is  the 
province  of  a  judge  to  di<'.ingv.isk  betwt^n  coses  op- 
parenilv  similar,  but  differing  in  principle. 

DIS-TIX'"GUISH-A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  bein-  dis- 
tinguished ;  that  may  be  separated,  known,  or  made 
known,  by  notes  of  diversity,  or  by  any  difference. 
A  tree  at  a  distance  is  diattn^iiikable  from  a  shrub. 
A  simple  Idea  is  not  dit^Mgi^iihaiiU  into  different 
ideas. 
a.  Worthy  of  note  or  special  regard.  S'vifU 

DIS-TIN"GUI3H-i:D,  (di5-tinB'gwishl.)pf.  Separated 
or  known  Iqr  a  mark  of  difference,  or  by  dttfercnt 
qualities. 

2-  a.  SfTwrated  from  others  by  superior  or  crtraor- 
dinar}'  qualities  ;  whence,  eminent ;  exlraordinyry  \ 
transcendent:  noted;  famou<'-,  celebrated.  Thus, 
we  admire  distin^mshed  men,  distinguished  talents  or 
virtues,  and  disttng-uisked  ser^'ices. 

D1S-TI.\"GL'ISH-ER,  n.  He  or  that  which  distin- 
^ishes,  or  that  sepsirates  one  tiling  from  another  by 
marks  of  diversity.  Brvwn. 

2.  One  who  discerns  accurately  the  difference  of 
thin^  ;  a  nice  or  judicious  observer.  Dnjdn. 

DI3-t1X"GUISH!XG,  ppr.  Separating  from  others  by 
a  note  of  diversity;  ascertaining  difference  by  a 
mark. 

2.  Ascertaining,  knowing,  or  perceiving  a  differ- 
ence. 

3  a.  ConstKuting  difference,  or  distinction  from 
eVery  thine  else;  peculiar j  as,  the  distinguishing 
doctrines  of  Christianity. 


DIS-TlN"GriSH-I\G-l.Y,  adv.      With    distinction; 

with  some  mark  of  preference.  Pope. 

DlS'nX'GUlSM-.ME.N'T,    (dis  ting'giiish-ment,)     n. 

Distinction  ;  observation  of  difference.         Oraunt. 
DIS  'ITTLE,  ».  (.    To  deprive  t.f  right.     B.Jonsuti. 
Dli?TI'TLf:D,  pp.     Deprived  of  right. 
DIS  TT'TM.NG,  ppr.    Depriving  of  righu 
DlSi-ToRT',   r.  (.     [L.   UistoHiis,  disUfrqueo }   <Us  and 

tvTifuea,  to  twist,  Fr.  tordrty  Sp.  torcer,'\ 

1.  To  twi>t  out  of  natural  or  regular  shape ;  as,  to 
distori  tlie  ueckjthe  limbs,  or  the  body  ;  to  distort  the 
features. 

2.  To  force  or  put  out  of  the  true  posture  or  direc- 
tion. 

Wnak  ukI  iB&Uctt,  bhtjt  luid  nr^ne-,  distort  tlis  umlrraUndin^. 

TilioUon. 

3.  To  wrest  from  the  tme  meaning;  to  pervert; 
as,  to  distort  passages  of  Scripture,  or  tlieir  meaning. 

DIS-TORT',  a.     Distorted.  Spenser. 

DIS  TORT' irID,  pp.  or  a.  Twisted  out  of  natural  or 
regular  shape  ;  wrested  ;  perverted. 

DiS-TORT'L\G,  ppr.  Twirtuig  out  of  shape;  wrest- 
ing ;  jKTverting. 

DIS-TOR'TIO\,  «.     [L.  distortio.] 

1.  The  act  of  distorting  or  wresting ;  a  twisting 
out  of  reguliu*  shape  ;  a  twisting  or  wrtUiing  motion  ; 
as,  the  distvrtions  of  the  fac«  or  body. 

2.  The  state  of  being  twisted  out  of  shape  ;  devia- 
tion from  natural  shape  or  {to^itiun  ;  crookedness  ; 
grimace. 

3.  A  i)erversion  of  the  tnte  meaning  of  words. 
DIS-TRACT',  r.   U      \\*.  distr actus ^  distriUio ;   dis  and 

traho,  lo  draw.  (See  Draw  and  Drag.)  The  old  par- 
ticiple, distmttgkif  is  obsolete.] 

1.  Litertttlvy  to  draw  apart ;  to  pull  in  different  di- 
rections, and  separate.  Hence,  lo  divide  ;  to  8C[mi- 
rale ;  aad  hence,  to  throw  into  confusion.  Some- 
times in  a  literal  sense.  Contradictory  or  misuken 
urdera  may  distract  an  army. 

2.  To  turnor  draw  from  any  object ;  to  divert  from 
anv  ptoint,  toward  another  point,  or  toward  various 
utlicr  objects ;  as,  lo  ^trocl  Uie  eye  or  the  attention. 

K  he  out  nU  ATokl  Uie  «jt  of  the  o'marrer,  be  hopirt  U>  ditrmct 
hly%  miMfkidxy  ot  Uw  ob)ecu  South. 

X  To  draw  toward  different  objects ;  to  fill  with 
didcrent  considerations  ;  to  perplex  }  to  confound  ; 
to  harass ;  as,  to  distract  the  mind  with  cares  j  you 
dutrtttt  me  with  your^amor. 

While  I  •ufler  thy  tcirw*,  I  am  eUtraet^.  —  P».  bcxxvui. 

4.  To  disorder  the  reason  ;  to  derange  the  regular 
operations  of  intellect;  to  render  raving  or  furious; 
Hh^t  freciuenlly  us*'d  in  the  participle  dintracted. 

DISTRACT',  a.     Mad.     [.V«i  m  use.] 

DIS-TRA€T'ED,  pp.  Drawn  ajwrl ;  drawn  in  differ- 
ent directions;  diverted  from  its  object ;  perplexed; 
harassed  ;  confounded. 

2.  «.  Deranged  ;  disordered  in  InteRect ;  raving ;  fu- 
rious ;  mad  ;  frantic  Locke. 

DIS-TRAeT'ED-LY,a«iP.    Madly;  ftmously  ;  wildly. 

Skak. 

DIS-TRACTT'ED-XESS,  «.  A  state  of  being  mad  ; 
madness.  Bp-  //I'i. 

D1S-TR.\CT'ER,  1.    One  who  distracts.  Jifi^e. 

DIS-TRACTT'ING.  ppr.  or  a.  Drawing  apart ;  separat- 
ing; diverting  fr4tm  an  object;  perplexing  j  harassing  ; 
disordering  Ihe  intellect. 

DISTRACTION,  w.     [L.  distractio.] 

1.  The  acl  of  distracting  ;  a  drawing  apart ;  sepa- 
ration. 

2.  Confusion  from  multiplicity  of  objects  crowding 
on  the  mind  and  calling  the  attention  different  ways  ; 
perturbation  of  mind  ;  perplexity  ;  as,  the  family  was 
m  a  stite  of  distraction.    [See  1  Cor.  vii.J 

3.  Confusion  of  affairs;  tumult;  disorder;  as,  po- 
litical distractions. 

Srver  w.u  known  a  night  of  luch  JittraOion,  Dryden. 

4.  Madness  ;  a  state  of  disordered  reason  ;  frantic- 
ness  ;  furiousness.  [  tVe  usually  apply  this  icord  to  a  stale 
of  derangement  which  prodaces  raving  and  violence  in  the 
patient.] 

5.  Folly  irf  the  extreme,  or  amounting  to  insanity. 

Oh  iiv  KippoKlion  trf  the  tntth  of  the  birth,  death,  and  re«'in*c- 
lioQ  ol'J»iJ*  Christ,  irwligioii  ia  nothing  betto-  than  diifroc- 
tion.  Biukminater. 

DIS-TRACT'IVE,  a.  Causing  perplexity  ;  as,  rfw(rac(- 
ive  cares.  Dryden. 

DIS-TKAI\',  V.  i.  [L.  distringo  :  dis  and  stringo.  See 
Strait.     Blackstone  writes  rfi*-(rcm.] 

1.  To  seize  fur  debt ;  to  take  a  personal  chattel 
from  the  posses:aion  of  a  wrong-doer  into  the  posses- 
uion  of  the  injiired  party,  to  .satisfy  a  demand,  or 
compel  the  performance  of  a  duty ;  as,  to  distrain 
goods  for  rent,  or  for  an  amercemenL 
3.  To  rend;  lo  tear.     [Obs.\  Spenser. 

DIS-TRaIN',  r  t.    To  make  seizure  of  goods. 

On  whom  1  cin  not  dlttrain  for  d'-lA.  Camdtn. 

Far  npgl'^tiiig-  to  do  muil  w  tJie  lurd'i  court,  or  other  pcrutnal 
•erricc,  Ihe  lord  niaj  dwtrtun  of  coiiiinoo  ri^t.  Biacktione. 

[In  this  phrase,  however,  some  word  seems  to  he 
understood  ;  as,  lo  distrain  goods.] 
DIS-TRAI\'A-BLE,  a.    That  is  liable  to  be  taken  for 
distress.  '  Blackstone. 


DIS 

DIS-TRAIiN"/:D,  pp.  Sciicd  for  debt,  or  lo  compLl  the 

ptTforrnance  of  duty. 
DlS-TRAIiN'ING,  ppr.     Seizing  for  debt,  or  for  neglect 

of  suit  and  service. 
DIS-TRaIN'OR,  n.    He  who  seizes  goods  for  debt  or 

service.  Blackstone, 

DIS-TRAUGIIT',  (dis-trawf.)    {Ohs.\  See  Distract 
DIS-TREAM',  v.  u     {dis  and  stream^    To  spread  or 

flow  over. 

Yi^t  o'er  tlint  virtuoua  bluah  diatrtam*  a  trar.  Shenttor^M. 

DIS-TRESS',  n.  [Vr.  detresse;  Norm,  id.';  from  the 
Celtic,  W.  trais,  violence,  treisiaw,  to  strain  or  force. 
See  Stress.] 

1.  The  act  of  distraining;  the  taking  of  any  per- 
sonal cliattcl  from  a  wrong-doer,  lo  answer  a  demand, 
or  procure  satisfaction  for  a  wrong  conunitted. 

Bliickstone. 
S.  The  thing  taken  by  distraining;  that  which  is 
seized  to  procure  satisfaction. 

A  dislreti  of  h^ntftliolil  Fooda  slwll  be  lmpoan>led  under  cover. 
If  liic  leskor  due*  uul  bad  Bkiirictc-ul  di$tretM  on  the  un-i:MiG» 
&C.  DlacktUini. 

3.  Extreme  pain  ;  anguish  of  body  or  mind  ;  as,  to 
suffer  great  distress  from  the  gout,  or  from  the  \oaa  of 

4.  Affliction  ;  calamity  ;  miserj'.         [near  friends. 

On  eanh  dittrf  of  nalioiu.—  Luke  xx4. 

5.  A  state  of  danger  ;  as,  a  ship  in  distreshy  from 
leaking,  loss  of  spars,  or  want  of  provisions  or  wa- 
ter, &.C. 

DIS-TRESS',  V.  U  To  pain  ;  lo  afflict  with  pain  or 
anguish  ;  applied  t»  the  body  or  the  mind.  Literally,  to 
press  or  strain. 

2.  To  afflict  greatly  ;  to  harass  j  to  oppress  with  ca- 
lamity ;  to  make  miserable. 

Di»trt$t  not  the  Moabiw*.  — Deut.  li. 

Wc  are  uxiubled  on  every  side,  but  noi  dislrttitd.  —  3  Cor.  (r. 

3.  To  compel  by  pain  or  suffering. 

Then?  ar*  men  who  can  neither  be  dittrttted  nor  won  into  a 
ucnfice  of  duly.  FederaliMt,  Bamtlton. 

DIS-TRESS'£D,  (dis-trest',)  pp.  or  a.  Suffering  great 
pain  or  torture  ;  severely  afflicted  ;  harassed  ;  op- 
pressed with  calamity  or  misfortune. 

DIS-TRE9S'£D-XESS,  n.  A  slate  of  being  greatly 
pained.  ScotL 

DIS-TRESS'FIJL,  a.  Inflicting  or  bringing  distress; 
as,  a  distressfiil  stroke.  Shak. 

3.  Indicating  distress ;  proceeding  from  pain  or 
anguish  ;  as,  distressful  cries.  Pope. 

3.  Calamitous  ;  as,  a  distressful  event.         Watts. 

4.  Atleiyled  with  poverty  ;  as,  distres^ul  bread. 

Shak. 
DIS-TRESS'FIJL-LY,  adv.     In  a  painful  manner. 
DIS-TRr.SS'I.NG,  ppr.    Giving  severe  pain  ;  oppress- 
ing with  ntniction. 

2.  a.  Very  afflicting;  affecting  with  severe  pain  ; 
as,  a  distressing  sickness. 
DIS-TRESS'ING-LV,  ado.     With  extreme  pain. 
DIS-TRIB'U-TA-BLE,  a.     [See  Distribute.] 

That  may  be  distributed;  that  may  be  assigned  in 
portions.  Rainsay. 

DIS-TRIB^l^TE,  t>.  L  [L.  distrihuo ;  dis  and  tribuo,  to 
give  or  divide.] 

1.  To  divide  among  two  or  more  ;  to  deal ;  to  give 
or  bestow  in  parts  or  portions.  Moses  distributed 
lands  to  the  tribes  of  Israel.  Christ  distributed  the 
loaves  to  his  discipl«s. 

2.  To  dispense ;  lo  administer ;  as,  lo  distribute 
justice. 

3.  To  divide  or  separate,  as  into  classes,  orders, 
kinds,  or  species. 

4.  To  give  in  charity. 

Dutribiiiing  lo  tlie  Dccewitiea  of  the  taints.  —  Rom.  rK. 

5.  In  printrng,  to  separate  types,  and  place  them 
in  their  prop»!r  cells  in  the  cases. 

DIS-TRIB'U-TED,  pp.     Divided  among  a  number; 

dealt  out ;  assigned  in  portions  ;  separated  ;  bestowed. 
DIS-TRIB'l^-TER,  n.     One  who  divides  ordeals  out 

in  mrts  ;  one  who  bestows  in  portions  ;  a  dispenser. 
DIS-TR1B'U-TI\G,  ppr.    Dividing  among  a  number  ; 

dealing  oul ;  dispensing. 
DIS-TRI-BO'TIO.V,  «.     [L.  distHbutio.] 

1.  The  act  of  dividing  among  a  number  i  a  dealing 
in  parts  or  portions  ;  as,  the  distribution  of  an  estate 
among  heirs  or  children. 

2.  The  acl  of  giving  in  charity;  a  bestowing  in 
parts.  Bacon.     Atterbury. 

3.  Dispensation  ;  administration  to  numbers  ;  a 
rendering  lo  individuals;  as,  the  distribution  of 
justice. 

4.  The  act  of  separating  into  distinct  parts  or 
classes ;  as,  the  distribution  of  plants  into  genera  and 
species. 

5.  In  architecture^  the  dividing  and  disposing  of 
the  several  parts  of  the  building,  according  to  some 
plan,  or  to  the  rules  of  the  art. 

6.  In  rhetoric,  a  division  and  enumeration  of  the 
several  qualities  of  a  subject. 

7.  In  general,  the  division  and  disposition  of  the 
parts  of  any  tiling. 

8.  In  prin/iM^,  the  taking  a  form  apart;  the  sepa- 
rating of  the  types,  and  placing  each  letter  in  its 
proper  cell  in  the  cases. 


FATE,  FAK,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


nr-i 


DIS 

DldTRI«'LI-TIVE,a.  Thai  d istribiites  ;  that  divides 
and  assigns  in  portions  ;  tbat  deiils  to  each  his  [Koper 
■iiare  ;  as,  distrtbutice  justice, 

2.  That  assigns  the  various  species  of  a  general  term. 

3.  That  separates  or  divides  ;  as,  a  distributive  ad- 
ject ive. 

DIS-TRIB'U-TIVE,  n.  In  ^ammar,  a  word  that 
divides  or  distributes,  as  each  and  evfnj^  wh\cU  rep- 
resent the  individuals  of  a  collective  number  as 
separate. 

DIS-TRIB'q-TIVE-LY,  ado.  By  distribution  ;  singly  ; 
not  collectively.  Hanker.      JVdtt.'i. 

DIS-TRIB'lJ-TIVE-NESS,  n.  Desire  of  distributing. 
^Little  used.]  Fell 4 

DfS'TRIGT,  n.  [L.  distnetusy  from  distringo^  to  press 
bard,  to  bind  ;  It.  distretio.    See  Disthai;*.] 

1.  Propwiy,  a  limited  extent  of  country  j  a  circuit 
within  which  power,  right,  or  authority,  may  be  ex- 
ercised, and  to  which  it  is  restrained  ;  a  word  ap- 
plicable to  any  portion  of  land  or  country,  or  tu  any 
part  of  a  city  or  town,  which  is  defined  by  law  or 
a^eement.  A  governor,  a  prefect,  or  a  judge,  may 
have  bis  district  Some  of  the  states  are  divided  into 
districts  for  the  choice  of  senators,  representatives,  or 
electors.  Cities  and  towns  arc  divided  into  districts 
for  various  purposes,  as  for  schools,  &c.  The  United 
States  are  divided  into  distruLs  for  the  collectioa  of 
the  revenue. 

2.  A  region  ;  a  territory  within  given  lines  ;  a-*,  the 
distri£to(  the  earth  which  lies  between  the  tnipics, 
or  that  which  is  north  of  a  polar  circl?. 

3.  A  region  ;  a  country  ;  a  portion  of  territorj-  with- 
out very  definite  limits  j  as,  the  districts  of  Russia 
covered  by  forest. 

UIS'TRieTj  V.  L  To  divide  into  districts  orlimit'-d 
p«jrtion8  ol  territory.  Legislatures  district  states  for 
the  choice  of  senators.  In  A*«o  EnrrlaRd^  towns  are 
districted  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  and  manag- 
ing schools. 

DlS'TRI€rr-e5URT,  n,  A  court  which  has  cogni- 
zance of  certain  causes  within  a  district  defined  by 
law.  The  district-court-*  of  tiie  United  States  are 
courts  of  subordinate  jurisdiction. 

DIS'TRIGT-JUDfiE,  ».    The  judge  of  a  district -court. 

Unitr.d  States. 

DIS'TRIGT-SeHOOL,  n.  A  school  within  a  certain 
difltrtrt  of  a  town.  AVtc  En^laud,  ^-c, 

DIS' ritreT-ED,  pp.  Divided  into  districts  or  definite 
portt.iri'4. 

Dld'TKier  t\G,ppr.  Dividing  into  limited  or  def- 
inite portions. 

DI3-TRI€'TION,  n.     Sudden  display.     [U.tvmial.] 

Collier. 

DIS-TRTJV*' OJiS^  n.  In  /«w,  a  writ  commanding  the 
sheriff  to  distrain  a  person  for  debt,  or  for  his  appear- 
ance at  a  certain  day. 

DIS-TRUST',  r.  f.  [dis  and  trust.  The  Danes  have 
mittrifster;  the  Swedes,  misstnista.     See  MtsrRfflT.] 

1.  To  doubt  or  suspect  the  truth,  fidelity,  firmness, 
or  sincerity  of;  not  to  confide  in  or  rely  on.  VVe 
distrust  a  man,  when  we  ques^tion  his  veracity,  &c. ; 
we  may  o^n  distrust  our  own  firmness. 

%  To  doubt ;  to  suspect  not  to  be  real,  true,  sin- 
cere, or  ftrm.  We  dtstmst  a  man's  courage,  friend- 
ship, verwiity,  declarations,  intentions,  or  promises, 
when  we  question  their  reality  or  sincerity  ;  we  can 
not  distrust  the  declarations  of  God  ;  we  often  have 
reason  to  distrust  our  own  resolutions. 
DI.S-TRU3T',  ji.  Doubt  or  suspicion  of  reality  or  sin- 
cerity ;  want  of  confidence,  faith,  or  reliance  Syft- 
ophants  st}ou)d  be  heard  with  distrust ;  distrust  mars 
the  {Measures  of  friendship  and  social  intercuurae. 

2.  Discredit;  loss  of  confidence.  Mdtan. 
DIS-TRUST'ED,  pp.     Doubted  ;  suspected. 
DIS-TRUST'RR,  iu     A  [terson  who  distrusts. 
DI3-TRUST'FI;L,  o.  Ant  to  dintnist ;  suspicious.  BoyU. 

2.  Not  confident;  ditfident;  as,  distrustful  of  our- 
selves. 

3.  Diffident  ■  modest.  Pope. 
DI3-TRUST'FyL-LY,  adv.    In  a  distnislful  manner; 

with  doubt  or  suspicion.  MUtou. 

Dia-TRL'ST'FUL-NES.s,  «,  The  state  of  being  dis- 
tnislful ;  xvant  of  confidence. 

DIS-TRUST'ING,  ppr.  Doubting  the  reality  or  sin- 
c»Tit\'(if;  susprctinjj;  not  rclyin?  on  (»r  confiilingin. 

DIS-T'U(J.ST'Ii\(;-LY,iw/r.  Suspiciously;  with  district. 

DI.S-TRUST'LESS,  a.  Free  from  distrust  or  suspi- 
cion. Shrjistonr. 

DI3-T0NE',  P.  L    To  put  out  of  tunc.    [A"»/  used.] 

Wotton. 

DI8-TURB',  r.  U  [Sp.  disturbar;  lU  dviturbarr. ;  L. 
disturbo  !  ^u  and  tur fro,  to  trouble,  disorder,  discom- 
pose ;  (iirfra,  a  crowd,  a  tumult ;  Or.  rvpfin  or  avi-fin, 
a  tumult ;  ^orv^"(,  id.  The  primary  sense  seems 
to  be,  to  stir,  or  to  turn  or  whirl  round.  The  word 
trouble  is  probably  from  the  L.  turbo,  by  transposition. 
If  ir  are  the  primary  elements,  as  I  suppose,  the 
Wfprd  roin'-idfs  in  origin  with  tour  and  turn.  If  t  is 
a  prefix,  the  word  bflnngs  to  CI;i-S3  Rb,  coinciding 
with  the  Swedish  rubba,  to  ri^move,  to  Iroiiblff.  See 
Class  Rb,  No.  3,  4,  3^t,  and  Class  Dr,  No.  3,  *25,  27.] 

I.  To  stir;  to  ro^ive  ;  to  discompose;  to  excite 
from  a  stale  of  rest  or  tranquillity.  VVe  Ray,  the  man 
1.4  atleep,  do  not  disturb  lUm  ;  let  the  vessel  stand, 


DIS 

do  not  move  the  liquor,  you  will  disturb  the  sediment ; 
ditturb  not  the  public  peace. 

2.  To  move  or  agitate  ;  to  disquiet ;  to  excite  un- 
easiness or  a  slight  degree  of  anger  in  the  mind ;  to 
move  the  passions  ;  to  ruffle.  The  mind  may  be 
disturbed  by  an  ofiense  given  by  misfortune,  surprise, 
contention,  discord,  jealousy,  envy,  &c. 

3.  To  move  from  any  regular  course  or  operation  ; 
to  interrupt  regular  order  ;  to  make  irregtilar.  It  has 
been  supjiosed  tiiat  the  approach  of  a  comet  may  dis- 
turb the  intttions  of  the  planets  in  their  orbits  ;  an 
unexpected  cause  may  disturb  a  chemical  operation, 
or  the  operation  of  medicine. 

4.  To  interruj)t ;  to  hinder ;  to  incommode.  Care 
disturbs  study  ;  let  no  person  disturb  my  franchise. 

5.  To  tuni  off  from  any  direction  ;  wilh  from. 

[Unusual.] 
Ami  disturb 
Hii  Inmost  counsels /ram  tlieir  destiiird  aim.  MUtan. 

DIS-TURB',  n.     Confusion  ;  disorder.     [JVot  used.] 

Miltoa. 
DIS-TURB'ANCE,  n.     A  stirring  or  excitement;  any 

disquiet  or  interruption  of  peace;   as,  to  enter  the 

church  without  making  disturbance. 

2.  Interruption  of  a  settled  state  of  things  ;  disor- 
der ;  tumult.  We  have  read  much,  at  times,  of  dis- 
turbances in  S[Kiin,  England,  and  Ireland. 

3.  Emotion  of  the  mind  ;  agitation  ;  excitement  of 
passion ;  perturbation.  The  merchant  received  the 
news  of  his  losses  without  apparent  disturbance. 

4.  Disorder  of  thoughts ;  confusion. 

Tbry  '!Aii  Bunrry  A  vuicijr  of  compUc&teU  ideat,  without  fiti^e 
or  ditiarbanc*.  Wait*. 

5.  In  law,  the  hindering  or  disquieting  of  a  person 
in  Uie  lawful  and  peaceable  enjoyment  of  his 
right ;  the  interruption  of  a  right ;  as,  the  dLturbance 
of  a  franchise,  of  coinmou,  of  ways,  of  tenure,  of 
patronage.  Blackstonc 

DIS-TURB'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Stirred;  moved;  excited; 

discomposed  ;  disquieted  ;  agitated  ;  uneasy. 

In  geology^  thrown    out   by  violence   from   some 

original  place  or  position  ;  as,  disturbed  strata.    LyelL 
DIS  TURB'ER,  n.     One  who  disturbs  or  disquieU  ;  a 

violater  of  peace ;  one  who  causes  tumults  or  disorders. 

2.  He  or  that  which  excites  passion  or  agitation  ; 
he  or  that  which  causes  perturbation.  Shah. 

3.  In  fair,  one  that  internipts  or  incommodes  an- 
other in  the  [»eaceable  enjoyment  of  his  right. 

DIS-TURB'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Moving;  exciting;  ren- 
dering uneasy  ;  making  a  tumult;  interrupting  peace  ; 
incomniitding  the  quiet  enjoyment  of. 

D!ft-TUKi\',  V.  L  [dis  and  turn.]  To  turn  aside, 
[ JVflf  in  iLff.]  DanieL 

Dl-^UL'PHU-RET,  n.  [Gr.  ^if,  twice,  and  sulphuret.] 
In  ehemistnj,  a  sulphuret  containing  two  equiva- 
lents of  sulphur  to  one  of  the  base.  Silliman. 

DIS-IJ'NI-FOKM,  (dis-yn'ne-form,)  a.  Not  uniform. 
[JtTut  in  u.ie.]  Coventry. 

DIS-^N'ION,  (dis-yfln'yun,)  n.  [(iw  and  union,]  Sep- 
aration ;  disjunction  ;  or  a  state  of  not  being  united. 
It  s<jmotimej  denotes  a  breach  of  concord,  and  its 
effect,  contention. 

DIS-UN'ION-IST,  «.    An  advocate  of  disunion. 

DIS-li-MTE',^di»-yu-nIte',)  P.  «.  [dis  VixxA  uniu,]  To 
separate  ;  to  disjoin  ;  to  part  ;  as,  Ui  dLiunite  two  al- 
lied countries  ;  to  disunite  particles  of  matter  ;  to  dis- 
unite friends. 

DIS-U-NITE',  r.  I.  To  part;  to  fall  asunder;  W  be- 
come separate.  Particles  of  matter  may  spontane- 
ously disunits. 

DISU-MT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Seiwrated  ;  disjoined. 

DIS-IJ-MT'ER,  n.     lie  or  that  which  diJ^joins. 


separation. 
Mure. 


DI."*-l|-NIT'l.\G.  ;»pr.     Separating;  parting. 
DI»-U'NI-Ty,(di».yu'ne-ty,)  n.    A  state  of: 

DI&-V«AGE,  (dis-yQ'cajR,)  n.  [dis  and  umpe.]  Grad 
nal  cessation  of  use  or  custom  ;  neglect  of  U(*e,  exer- 
ciiic.  (tr  practice.     We  lose  words  by  disnsage. 

DIS-tiSE',  (dis-yQsc',)  n.      [dis  and  use.^     Cessation 
of  Use,  practice,  or  exercise  ;  as,  the  limns  lose  their 
strength  and  pliability  by  disuse  ;  language  is  altered 
by  the  disuse  of  words. 
2.  Cessation  of  custom  ;  desuetude. 

DIS-liSE',  (dis-yiize',)  ».  f.  [dis  and  use.]  To  cease 
to  use  ;  to  neglect  or  omit  to  practice. 

2.  *l'o  ditinccUMtom  ;  with  frttm,  in,  or  to ;  us,  dis- 
used to  toils  ;  dimisrd  from  l>ain. 

DIM-T'S'fJD,  (dis-yiizd',)  pp.  or  a.  No  longer  used  ; 
obsolete,  as  words,  4lc. 

Priftm  111  armi  iHau9td.  Ihydtn. 

2.  Disaccustomed. 

DliS-l^S'IN'G,  (dis-y&'zing,)  ppr.  Ceasing  to  use  ;  dis- 
accustoming. 

DlS-VAL-li-X'TION,  K,  [See  Dmtiloe.]  Dises- 
term  ;  di'^reputntion. 

DIS-VAL'VIE,  (dis^val'yu,)  v.  t.  [dis  and  value.]  To 
undervalue  ;  to  disesteem.  Shak. 

DIS-Vj*  l/lJE,  n.     Disf-stccm  ;  disregard.       B.  Jonson. 

DIS-VEI/or.  V.  t.     To  develop.     [AV(  used.] 

DIS-VOIJCH',  r.  (.  [dis  and  vouch.]  To  discredit; 
to  runtradict.  HhaJi. 

DIS-W,\RN',  p.  t.  [dis  and  usam.]  To  dasiiade  from 
by  previous  warning. 


DIU 

DIS-WIT'TED,  o.  Deprived  of  wits  or  understand- 
ing. Drayton. 

DI&-WONT',  r-wunt,)  v.  u  [dis  and  iDonL]  To  wean  ; 
to  deprive  01  wonted  usage.  Bp.  Halt, 

DIS-WOR'SHIP,  (-wur-ship,)  n.  [dis  and  vorship.] 
Cause  of  disgrace.  BarreL 

DIT,  n.     A  ditty.     [JVot  used,]  Spenser. 

DIT,  V.  t.     [Sax.  dvtian.] 

To  close  up.     [Act  used.]  JlTore. 

DI-TA'TION,  71.    \h.ditatus.l 

The  act  of  making  rich.    [JVo(  used.]    Bp.  Hall. 

DITCH,  n.  [Sax.  die,  a  ditch ;  D,  dyky  a  dike  ;  G.  rfpicA, 
a  dike :  deicher^  a  ditcher ;  D.  dige^   a  dUch,  a  dike ; 

Sw.  dike  ;  Ft.  digue  ;  Elh.  ii(\\\  dachi^  to  dig.  Class 
Dg,  Jfo.  14.  The  primary  sense  is  a  digging  or  place 
dug.  Afler  the  practice  of  embanking  commenced, 
the  word  was  used  for  the  bank  made  by  digging, 
the  dike.] 

1.  A  trench  in  the  earth  made  by  digging,  particu- 
larly a  trench  for  draining  wet  land,  or  for  making  a 
fence  to  guard  inclosures,  or  for  preventing  an  enemy 
from  approaching  a  town  or  fortress.  In  the  latter 
sense,  it  is  called  also  a  fosse  or  vtoat,  and  is  dug 
round  the  rampart  or  wall  between  the  scarp  and 
counterscarp.  Encyc. 

2.  Any  long,  hollow  receptacle  of  water. 
DITCH,  V.  i.     To  dig  or  make  a  ditch  or  ditches. 
DITCH   r.  (.    To  dig  a  ditch  or  ditches  in  ;  to  drain 

by  a  ditch  ;  as,  to  ditrJt  moist  land. 
2.  To  surroimd  with  a  ditch.  Barret 

DITCH~DE  LIV'ER-LD,  a.    Brought  forth  in  a  ditch. 

DITCH'ER,  n.     One  who  digs  ditches.  [Shak. 

DITCH'ING,  ppr.  Digging  ditches  ;  also,  draining  by 
a  ditch  or  ditches  ;  as,  ditching  a  swamp. 

Dr-TET-HA-HS'DRAL,  a.  [dis  and  Utrakedral]  In 
crystallogrnphy,  having  the  form  of  a  tetrahedral 
prism  with  dihedral  summits,  Cleavelund. 

Di'7'HE-ISM,  fi.  I'be  doctrine  of  those  who  maintain 
the  existence  of  two  gods.  Rich.  Diet. 

DI  THE-IST'IC,         \  a.    Pertaining  to  ditheism. 

DI-THE-lST'ie-AL,  j  Rich.  DicL 

DITH'V-RAMB,         »  n.     [Gr.  fn^voap^oiy  a  title  of 

DITH-Y-RAM'BUS,  i  Bacchus,  the  signification  of 
wliich  is  not  settled.  See  Heaer.  Lex.  and  Bochart 
De  Ph<pn.  Col.  lib.  1,  ca.  laj 

In  ancient  poetry^  a  hymn  m  honor  of  Bacchus,  ftill 
of  transport  and  jmetical  rage.  Of  this  species  of 
writing  we  have  no  remains.  Kncyc. 

DITH-V-RAM'Bie,  n.  A  song  in  honor  of  Bacchus, 
in  which  the  wildness  of  intoxication  is  imitated. 

Johnson. 
2.  Any  poem  written  in  wild,  enthusiastic  strains. 

IValsh. 

DITH-Y-RAM'Bie,  a.    Wild  ;  enthusiastic.  Cotcley. 

DI"TlON,  (dish'un.)  n.     [L.  ditio.] 

Rule;  ptiwer  i^^govemment ;  dominion.    Evelyn. 

DI'TONE,  n.     [Gr.  (Ui  and  rwi-o?,  tone,} 

In  musicy  an  interval  comprehending  two  tones. 
The  proiK)rtion  of  the  sounds  that  form  the  ditone  is 
4  :  5,  and  that  of  the  semitone,  5:  6.  Encye. 

DT-TRIG'LYPII,  n.  [Gr.  (!.f,  rpui,  and  yXvibio.]^  An 
arrangement  of  intercolumniatinns,  in  the  Tlortc 
order,  by  which  two  triglyphs  are  obtained  in  the 
frieze  bctwem  the  triglyphs  that  stand  over  the  col- 
umns. Ovs'Ut. 

DI-TRCCHEE,  n.  In  prosody^  a  double  trochee  ;  a 
foot  made  up  of  twti  trochees. 

DIT-TAN'DER,  n.  Pepper-wort,  the  popular  name  of 
a  species  of  Lepidiutu.  The  common  diltander  has 
a  hot,  biting  taste,  and  is  sometimes  used  in  lieu  of 
pepper. 

D1T'T;\-NY,  n.  [L.  dictamnus  i  Gr.  SiKramrof,  or 
itKropoi'.] 

The  tehite  and  the  red  dittany,  are  plants  of  the 
genus  Uictamnus,  Their  leaves  are  covered  wilh  a 
white  d(»wn  ;  in  smell,  tlu-y  resemble  lemon-thyme, 
but  are  more  aromatic.  When  fresh,  they  yield  an 
essential  oil. 

The  diuany  of  Crete  is  a  species  of  Origanum,  and 
the  bastard  dittany  is  a  species  of  Marrubium, 

Encyc.     Fam.  of  Plants. 

DIT'TI-ED,  (dit'tid,)  a.  [See  Dittv.]  Sung;  adapt- 
ed to  music. 

He,  wiUi  Im  tafl  pipe,  nnd  ittiuoth,  diuUd  tong.  Milton. 

DIT'TO,  contracted   into  /)o.  in  bttoks  of  accounts.  Is 
the  Italian  drtto,  from  L.  dictum,  dictiis,  said.     It  de 
notes  said,  aforesaid,  or  the  same  thing  ;  an  abbrevi- 
ation used  to  save  repetition. 
DIT'TY,  n.    [Hupposcd  to  be  from  the  D.  dicht,  a  poem, 
Fax.  dihty  dthtan.   If  so,  it  coincides  in  origin  with  the 
It.  dicoy  dictum.] 
A  song  ;  a  sonnet ;  or  a  little  poem  to  be  sung- 
And  to  U»  WKTbiing  lute  aufl  dUli*»  sio^.  Sandyt. 

DIT'TY,  p.  i.    To  sing  ;  to  warble  a  little  tune. 
DI-T2-RE'f  IS,  Tt.    fGr.]     Excretion  of  urine.  [Herbert. 
DI-U-RET'ie,  a.    [Gr.  funvprtriKn^y  from  dtovptbjy  (!ia, 

and  oi'OEoi,  urinam  reddo,  oiiooc,  urine.] 

Having  the  power  to  provoke  urine  ;  tending  to 

produce  discharges  of  urine.  Core, 

DI-I^RET'Ie,  ".    A  medicine  thai  provokes  urine,  or 

increases  its  di^harges. 
DT-CRN'AL,  a.     [L.  (fiurmu,  daily  ;  W.  ditemody  a 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IpnTE.— AN"GER,  VfCIOUS C  as  K ;  G  aa  J;  S  aji  Z ;  ClI  as  SII;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


DIV 

day.  The  word  is  a  coinixmnt]  of  rfiic,  rfi«,  day,  and 
I  word  which  1  do  m>t  undersiand.] 

1.  Rtrluting  10  a  day ;  perfaiiiing  to  the  daytime  ^ 
a3fdiKmal  heat ;  dimriud  hours. 

S.  Dait>- ;  happening  ever}'  day ;  performed  in  a 
day  \  as,  a  ^ktiui/  ta:$k. 

3.  Puformed  in  24  hours ;  as,  the  dhtrmal  rerolu- 
tioa  of  the  earth. 

4.  In  wudicine^  an  epithet  of  diseases  whose  exac- 
eitalions  are  in  the  daytime  ;  as,  a  tiiumat  fever. 

Parr, 
DT-URN'AL,  M.     A  day-book  ;  a  journal.     [See  Joua- 

if&i.,  which  is  mostly  used.] 
DT-URN'AUtST,  M.     A  jouruaJist,     [.Vot  in  use.] 
DT-URX' ALLY,  mdc.     PaOy  ;  every  day.  [HalL 

DI-U-TCRiN'AL,  a.    Lasting  j  being  of  long  continu- 
ance. MUbtn* 
DI-r-TL'R\'l-TY,  «.    ru  diutumitmsy  from  tfratanws, 
of  Ion?  continuance,  fmm  dim.  diesJ\ 

Length  of  trrne  ;  long  diiratHUi.  Bromn. 

DI-VA-GA'TION,  «.    [U  rf.M/w.j 
A  going  astray,    [/k'ot  ujtd.} 

DI-VAN', «.    [.Kx,  Pcia.   '  ^^^i  rfiiwui.    The  Arabic 


DIV 


r  a.    Receding  from  each  other, 


▼erb  •  li 


la  rendered,  to  be  low,  mean,  rUe, 


contemptible,  (qu.  domity)  and  also,  to  write  on  a 
white  table.  IK-nce,  dica*  is  a  rt:gtFter  or  table  of 
nauioe  or  accounts,  and  hence  it  came  to  eignify  a 
court  or  council  assembled,  as  we  u^^e  board  and  ex- 
ciu^uer.] 

1.  Among  the  T^rks  and  QtJur  Orientals^  a  council 
of  Btaie  ;  the  great  council  of  the  Turkic  empire. 

3.  Au  audience  chamber ;  a  saloon  fur  receiving 
company,  and  especially  a  raised  sejit  agaiii.-(t  the 
walU,  Aimislied  with  cushions.  Hence,  iu  Emro^ 
the  term  dwam  has  been  af^ied  to  a  si^ftu 

3.  Fi^itrmtiaeijf,  any  council  assembled  for  delib- 
eration. MiUom. 
DI-VAR'I-CATE,  V.  C     TL.   dtMriemtrnt,  di9aru»i  diy 
<£u,  and  iMu-te«,  to  stradtile.] 
To  open ;  to  fork  ^  to  part  into  two  brancbea. 

IVoodwttrd. 
DI- VA&'I-eiTE,  e.  L    To  divide  into  two  branches. 

Orem. 
DT-VAR'I-€XTE,  a.    In  bdamp,  turning  off  from  any 
thing  irregularly,  and  almost  at  a  right  aagle. 

LindUy. 
Turning  off  so  as  tn  fttrm  an  obtuse  angle  above, 
and  an  aruie  angle  below.  />.  C  niUd. 

DT-VARI  C.XTED,  pp.     Parted  into  two  branclica. 
|)I-V AR  I  CA-TI.N'G.ppr.     Porting  iutoiwubmuches. 
DI-VAR  1  rA'TIOX,  a.     A  parting  i   a  forking  j   a 
separation  into  two  branches. 

9.  A  cruQiziing  ur  inter»aclion  of  fibers  at  diflfanurt 
angtes.  Oas, 

DTVE,  ».  i.  [Sni.  dtjfoMy  /re-dnfio*;  Gr.  i^irrrw .-  It. 
Lufitre;  cmticiding  with  A>,  Heb.  Cb.  ?2a  The 
same  word  in  Syr.  atid  Ar.  signifies  in  stamp,  strike, 
print,  impress.  Class  Db,  No.  28.  The  sense,  then, 
Is,  to  ihnut  or  drive.] 

1.  To  descend  or  plunge  into  water,  as  an  animal, 
head  first ;  to  thrust  the  body  into  water  or  other 
liquor,  or,  if  already  in  water,  to  plun«:e  deeper.  In 
the  pearl  fi5her>',  m;^u  are  eu)|Uoyed  to  dive  for 
slu-IU. 

2.  To  go  d'^ep  into  any  subject ;  as,  to  ^oe  into 
the  nature  of  things,  into  arts  or  science.    Dryden. 

3.  To  [dunge  into  any  business  or  condition,  so  as 
to  be  thoroughly  engaged  iu  it.  SAak, 

4.  To  sink  ;  to  penetrate. 

/Xm,  tfaougtiu,ikwa  ioio  my  MoL  Skak. 

NVR,v.L    To  explara  by  diving.    [ILtre.] 

The  Coiti  bnn4T  £ttd  th^  gttifof  fame.  DoAam. 

DI-\  EL'LEXT,  a.     [L.  dierfZww,  direUo ;  dU  and  veOo^ 
to  pull.] 
Drawing  asnnder ;  separaling. 
D!-VE1/LI-€.5TE,  r.  t.    To  pull  in  pieces. 
DIVER,  ».    One  who  dives  ;  one  who  plunges  bead 
first  into  water  ;  one  who  sinks  by  effort ;  as,  a  diver 
in  the  pearl  fisbeT>-. 

9.  One  who  goes  deep  Into  a  subject,  or  enters 
deep  into  study. 

3.  The  common  name  of  certain  swimming  birds, 
M  the  toon,  closely  allied  to  the  grebus  ;  so  called 
from  their  di%-ing.  Jardine.     P.  Ct/c 

DI'VERB,  a.     A  proverb.     [JVot  in  use,]         Burton. 
DI-VERB-ER-A'TIOX,    a.      [U    daserhero,    to    beat 
through.] 
A  iiounding  through. 
DI-VERCE',  (de-veij',)  r.  i.     [L.  dicergo  ;  di,  di^^  and 
vcrjo,  to  iiicli»e.] 

To  tend  from  one  point  and  recede  from  each  oth- 
er ;  to  shof>i,  extend,  or  proceed  friMn  a  point  in  dif- 
ferent directions,  or  not  in  p.1^U!l^  lines.  Rays  of 
light  proceed  from  the  sun  and  continually  diccrge. 
It  is  opposed  to  converge. 
m-VER6E'.>lEVr,  a.  Act  of  diverging. 
DI  VERC'EXCE,  n.  A  receding  from  each  other  ;  a 
going  farther  apart  ;  as,  the  dicergenee  of  lines,  or 
the  angle  of  dioer^ence.  Oregorv. 


DI-VERC'EN'T,  a.     Departing  or  receding  from  each 

oth<.-r,  as  lines  which  proceed  from  the  same  point ; 

optMtsed  to  eonvrrgenL 
DI-VEKG'I.\G,  WW-,  or, 

as  they  proceed. 
DI-VKRGhNG-LY,  adv.     In  a  diverging  manner. 
DI'VERS,  a.     [Ft.  divers;  I*,  dietrsus^  fh>m  diverto; 

dif  rfi.«,  and  rrrto,  to  turn.] 
1.  DilTerent ;  various. 

Thou  slnlt  not  tow  th  v  RcliU  wllh  dSoer*  leeili.  —  r>*ut.  xxU. 
Not  Irt  ihjr  catile  griuler  with  diMrw  Intuit.  —  Lev.  xix. 

[This  Is  now  generally  written  Ditcrsb-] 
3.  Several ;   t>undr>' ;    more  than  one,  but  not  a 
great  number.     We  have  divn-a  exoinules  of  this 
kind. 

[This  wwd  is  not  obsolete  even  in  common  dis- 
course, and  is  much  used  in  law  proceediiii;^.] 
DI'VER«-eOL'OR-£D.  (kul'lurd,)  a.    Having  vari- 
ous colors.  Skak, 
DI'VERSE,  a.     [U  rfircr.«w,] 

1.  Dilferent ;  ditTering. 

Four  grr-At  tcaMa   Mme   up  from    Uie  •ea.  Sotrt*  odq  from 
anodirr.  —  Dan.  rH. 

3.  Difierent  from  itself;  various;  multiform. 

Ellijqucnoe  b  a  dntrtt  thing.  B.  Jon*on. 

3.  In  different  directions. 

And  with  tenJnU  ciT«p  dtwra«.  Philip*. 

DI-VERSE',  (de-vers',)  r.  i.  To  turn  aside.  [JsTot 
used,]  apeaser. 

DI'VEIISE-T.Y,  fl/^r.  [from  diverse.]  In  different 
ways;  differently;  variously;  as,  a  passage  of 
Scripture  diverseiv  interpreted  or  understood. 

2.  In  different  directions  ;  to  different  points. 

Oh  Itfr't  Ta*t  ocean  divrrM/y  we  u]l.  Pope. 

DI-VERS-!-FI-€S'TJO\,  n.  [9eo  Divkssift.]  The 
act  of  changing  fonus  or  qualities,  or  of  making 
variitis.  Botjle. 

a.  Variation  ;  variegation. 

3.  Variety  of  forms.  Ilale. 

4.  Change  ;  itlteration. 
DI-VERS'l-Ft-KD,  (de-ver'se-flde,)  pp.     Made  vari- 
ous in  form  or  qiinhtiM  ;  variegjited  ;  altered. 

2.  tt.  Dbstinguished  by  various  fonns,  or  by  a 
variety  of  objects  ;  as,  dioersified  scent;r>' ;  a  dicersi- 
fed  landscape. 

DI-VERS'I-PORM,  o.     [L.  divennts  and  ffrma.] 

Of  a  different  lorm  ;  of  \-arious  forms.         Diet, 
DI-VERS'l-PV,r.  t.     [Vx.  difoertifier  i  ti\k  diversi/icar  t 
h.  ditergiu  and  ,/Wmi.] 

L  To  make  different  or  various  In  form  or  quali- 
ties ;  lo  give  variety  to  ;  to  variegate  ;  as,  to  diversify 
the  colors  of  a  rotic  ;  to  diversify  a  landscape  with 
moantaini*,  plains,  trets,  and  lake^ 

5.  To  give  diversity  to ;  to  distinguish  by  different 
things ;  as,  a  councd  divers^fed  by  different  chanu>- 
tetw. 

3.  In  oratarv,  to  vary  a  sttbject,  by  enlarging  on 
what  has  been  briefly  stated,  by  brief  recapitulation, 
by  adding  new  idca^,  by  truiL-ipoe^ing  words  or  peri- 
ods, &.r. 

DI-VERS'I  F5-ING,   j^pr.     Making  various   in   form 

or  qualities  ;  giving  variety  to  ;  variegating. 
DI-VERS!L'0-UUE\T,  a.    (L.  dicergus  and  etoyucr.] 

Sfieaking  in  different  ways. 
DI-VER'SION,  Ji.     [Fr. ;  froiu  L.  diverto,  to  divert.] 
•1.  The  act  of  turning  aside  from  any  course,  as 
Ihe  dicer.iion  of  a  stream   from   its   U!*iiat  channel; 
the  diversion  of  a  purfxisf  to  another  object ;  the  di- 
version of  the  iiiind  I>om  businnss,  or  .study. 

2.  That  wliich  diverts;  that  which  turns  or  draws 
the  mind  from  care,  business,  or  study,  and  thus  re- 
laxes and  amuses ;  spori ,  play  ;  pastime  ;  whatever 
unbends  the  mind ;  as,  the  diversions  of  youth. 
Works  of  wit  and  humor  furnish  au  agreeable  di- 
version to  the  fltudious. 

3.  In  icar,  the  act  of  drawing  the  attention  and 
force  of  an  enemy  from  the  point  where  the  princi 
pal  attack  is  to  be  made,  as  by  an  attack  or  alarm 
on  one  wing  of  an  army,  when  the  other  wing  or 
center  is  intended  for  llie  principal  attack.  The  en- 
emy, if  deceived,  is  thus  induced  to  withdraw  a 
part  of  his  force  from  the  part  where  his  foe  intends 
to  make  the  main  impression. 

DI-VERS'I-TY,  n.  [1*.  diversitasi  Fr.  diversiti;  from 
Lt.  dtveraasy  divei-toA 

1.  Difference;  dissimilitude;  unlikeness.  There 
may  be  diversity  without  contrariety.  There  is  a  great 
diversity  in  human  constitutions. 

2.  Variety ;  as,  a  diversity  of  ceremonies  in 
churches. 

3.  Distinct  being,  as  opposed  to  identity.     Locke. 

4.  Variegation. 

Bliuhmg  iu  bnjht  divtrrititt  of  day.  Pop». 

DIVERT',  r.  t.  [L.  diorrto;  di,  rfw,  and  vertOj  to 
turn  ;  Fr.  divertir:  Sp.  id. ;  It.  dinertire.] 

1.  To  turn  off  from  any  course,  direction,  or  in- 
tended 8p[riication  ;  to  turn  aside  ;  as,  to  divert  a 
river  from  its  usual  channel ;  to  divert  commerce 
from  its  usual  course  ;  to  divert  appropriated  money 
to  other  objects  ;  to  divert  a  man  from  his  purpose. 

2.  To  turn   the   mind    from    business  or  study  ;  1 


DIV 

hence,  to  please  ;  to  amuse  ;  lo  entertain  ;  to  exhil- 
arate. Children  are  dir^rterf  with  Bports;  men  are 
diverted  with  works  of  wit  and  humor;  low  minds 
are  diverted  with  buffoonery  in  stage-ptaying. 

3.  To  draw  the  forces  of  an  eueniy  to  a  difft-rent 
point.  Davits. 

4.  To  subvert.     IXot  in  une.]  Shak. 
DI-VERT'ED,  pp.     Turned  aside  ;  turned   or  drawn 

from  any  course,  or  from  the  usual  or  intended  direc- 
tion ;  pleased  ;  amuseil  ;  entertained. 
DI-VERT'ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  diverts,  turns  off, 

or  pleases. 
DI-VERT.'I-CLE,  (de-vert'e-kl,)  n.     [U  dioerUruIum.] 

A  turning  ;  a  by-way.     ^J^ot  used.]  Hale. 

DI-VKRT'ING,  ppr.  'lurnmg  off  from  any  course; 
pleasing  ;  entertaining. 

2.  a.  Pleasing;  amusing;  entertaining;  as,  a  tit- 
vrrtinfT  scene  or  sport. 
DI-VEKT'ING-IjV,  adv.    In  an  amusing  or  entertain- 
ing manner. 
DI-VEH1^ISE  r.  t.     [Fr.  diveriir,  divertitsantA 

To  divert ;  tn  please.     [JVo(  used.]  Dryden. 

DI-VERT'ISE-MENT,  n.     Diversion.     [Litae  i^prf.] 
2.  .A.  short  ballet  or  other  entertainment  between 
the  acts  of  longer  pieces,    {pro.  de-verl'iz-mung.) 

Hiiiart. 
DI-VERT'lVE,  a.    Tending  to  divert ;  amusing. 

Rogers, 
DI-VEST',  r.  L     [Fr.  devitir;  de  and  rfi(fV,  to  clothe, 
I*,  restio.     It  is  the  same  word  as  devest^  but  the 
latter  is  appropriately  used  as  a  technical  terra  in 
law.i 

1.  To  strip  of  clothes,  arms,  or  equipage  ;  opposed 
to  invest. 

2.  To  deprive;  as,  to  divest  one  of  his  rights  or 
privileges  ;  to  divest  one  of  title  or  property. 

3.  To  deprive  or  strip  of  any  thing  that  covers, 
.surrounds,  or  attends ;  as,  to  divert  one  of  his  glory  -, 

to  divej<t  a  subject  of  deceptive  appearances,  or  false 
ornaments. 

DI  VEST'El),  pp.    Stripped  ;  undressed  ;  deprived. 

Dl-VEST'I-BLE,  a.    'I'hat  can  be  divested.      Binjle. 

D[-VE."*T'ING,  ppr.    Stripping  ;  putting  olf;  depriving. 

DI-VEST'I-TL;rE,  \  n.    The  act  of  stripping,  putting 

DI-VEST'l[RE,         \      olf,  or  depriving.  Boyle.  Eucyc. 

DI-VID'A-BLE,o.  [.SeeDiviDB.j  That  may  be  divided. 
2.  Separate  ;  parted.     [J\'oI  used^  nor  proper.]   Shak. 

DI-VID'Ai\T,  a.     Different ;  separate.  ShiJc. 

DI-VIDE',  r.  L  [L.  divido  ;  di,  or  dis,  and  iduo,  that  is, 
vidua,  to  part.  Tiie  Greek  ifiios,  iStoipuy  tStaiTijsy 
are  from  the  same  root,  as  is  the  Ij.individuus,viduus, 
vidua,  Eug.  widow,  and  loide  and  void.  Sue  the  latter 
worclK.] 

1.  To  iKirt  or  separate  an  entire  thing;  to  part  a 
thing  into  two  or  more  pieces. 

Difide  tJte  living  etiilil  in  two.  —  1  Kiiifs  ui. 

2.  To  cause  to  be  separate ;  lo  keep  apart  by  a 
partition,  or  by  an  imaginary  line  or  limit.  A  wall 
divides  two  houses.  The  equator  divides  the  earth 
into  two  hemispheres. 

fy^t  III*  /irninirtrnt  tUoUle  ih*  watrri  from  the  wnlen.  —  Gen.  i. 

3.  To  make  partition  of,  among  a  number. 

Ye  sliall  divide  Ihe  land  by  It>i.  —  Num.  zxuli. 

4.  To  open  ;  to  cleave. 

Thou  didsl  diotde  the  khu  —  Ni:h.  ix. 

5.  To  disunite  in  opinion  or  interest ;  to  make  dis- 
cordant. 


Luke  xii. 


ill  one  liotiac  divided,  Oireff  a^inat  two,  — 


6.  To  distribute ;  to  sepamte  and  bestow  in  parts 
or  shares. 

And  he  dioiiUd  lo  lli'-in  liis  living-.  —  Luke  xv. 

7.  To  make  dividends;  to  .Tpportion  tlie  interert 
or  profits  of  stock  among  proprietors ;  as,  the  bank 
divides  six  per  cent. 

8.  To  separate  into  two  parts,  for  ascertaining 
opinions  for  and  against  a  measure;  ns^tu  divide  z 
legi.slative  house  in  voting. 

DI-VIDE',  r.  i.     To  part ;  to  open  ;  to  cleave. 

2.  To  break  friendship  ;  as,  brothers  divide.     Shak. 

3.  To  vole  b}-  the  division  of  a  legislative  house 
into  two  parts. 

Tlie  eiaperun  wt,  rotnJ,  und  diBitUd  with  ihrir  tq'iala.    OibboH, 

DI-VTD'ED,  p;>.  or  a.     Parted;  disunited;  distributed. 

DI-VIU'ED-LV,  adv.     Separately.  KnaUhbulL 

DIV'I-DEND,  n.  A  part  or  sliare  ;  particular! jj,  the 
share  of  the  interest  or  profit  of  stock  in  trade  or 
other  employment,  which  belongs  to  each  proprietor 
according  to  his  proportion  of  the  stock  or  capital. 

2.  In  arithmetic^  the  number  to  be  divided  into 
equ:il  parts. 

DI-VTU'ER,  71.  He  or  that  wliich  divides  ;  that  which 
separates  into  parts. 

2.  A  distributor;  one  wlio  deals  out  to  each  his 
share. 

Who  miide  mn  a  judge  or  divitlgr  oTcr  you  i  —  LuVe  xii. 

3.  He  or  that  Which  disunites.  Swift. 
Dl-VTD'ERS,  n.  pK     A  kind  of  compasses. 
DI-VTD'ING,  ppr.     Parimg  ;  separating;  distributing; 

disuniting;  apportioning  to  each  his  share. 


FATE,  FAR,  PALL,  WHAT.  — MKTE,  PREY.  — PT\E,  MAEIXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 
356  "^^ 


DIV 


DIV 


2.  a.  That  indicated  separation  or  difference ;  as,  a 

iiriilin^  line. 
Dl-VID'ING,  ».    Separation. 
DI-VTU'Ii\G-LY,  arfr.     By  division. 
DI-VIEVU-AL,  a.     [L.  diFtdutts,  from  dimdo.] 

Divided,  shared,  or  participated  in  common  with 

others.     [Little  tu^fd.]  Mtlton. 

Dl-VID'n-AL-LY,  adv.     By  dividing. 
DIV-IX-X'TJpN,    w.       [L.    diHnatio,   from   divino,   to 

foretvll,  from  dirinvs.    See  Divine.] 

1.  The  act  of  divining;  n  foretellinc  future  events, 
or  discovi-ring  iliinys  secret  or  obscure,  by  the  aid  of 
fujierior  byinjis,  or  by  other  tlian  human  means. 
The  ancient  heathen  ()hilo.'>ophers  divided  divina- 
tion into  two  kinds,  natural  and  artiHciai.  J^'atttral 
divination  was  supiwsed  to  be  effected  by  a  kind  of 
ini»piration  or  divine  afflatus  ;  artijicial  divination 
was  effected  by  certain  riles,  experiments,  or  obser- 
vations, as  by  sacriticea,  cake^,  tiour,  wine,  observa- 
tion of  entrails',  flight  of  birds,  luts,  verses,  omens, 
position  of  the  stars,  8lc.  Encye. 

2.  Conjectural  presage;  prediction.  Sh-ik. 
DIV'IX-A-TOR,  n.     One  who  pretends  to  divination. 
DI  VIN'A-TO-RY,  a.     Professing  divination. 
DI-VI\E',  a.     [L.  dirinus,  from  rficiw,  a  god,  coin- 
ciding in  origin  with  detu,  Oeif.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  true  God ;  as,  the  divine  na- 
ture ;  divine  perfections. 
jj.  Pertaining  to  a  heathen  deity,  or  to  false  gods. 

3.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  God, 

Djyden. 


Ilairhumnn,  hxlidivine. 

4.  Proceeding  from  God  ;  as,  dirine  judgments. 

5.  Gudlike  j  heavenly  ,  excellent  in  the  highest 
degree  ;  extraordinary  ;  apparently  above  what  is 
human.  In  this  applicati.m,  the  word  admits  of 
comparison  ;  as,  a  Uioiue  uivention  i  a  dici}ie  genius ; 
the  dioiiuat  mind.  Daeie^, 

A  dioiM  •enienw  w  io  the  llp>  oT  the  king.  —  Pro».  xifi- 

6.  Presageful ;  foreboding ;  prescient.    [JVot  used.] 

Milton. 

7.  Appropriated  to  God,  or  celebrating  his  praise; 
ft«,  d'cinc  service  ;  divine  songs  ;  dioine  worship. 

DI-VT.\E',  n.  A  minister  of  tlie  gospel;  a  priest ;  a 
clergyman.  Sic\fl, 

The  flnt  divinetof  Nrir  KngUnd  wrre  »iirpaj»M  bf  none  in 
«-xu*n«»e  cTUiUUoa,  penoi^d.!  wnciity,  and  rti!ieri»c#  iu  the 
pn»u>rJ  othae.  J.  Moo'ibridg4. 

2.  A  man  skilled  in  divinity  ;  a  theologian  ;  as,  a 
great  dirmf, 
DI-V7NK',  r.  ^     [L.  divino.] 

1.  To  foreknow  ;  lo  foretell ;  to  presage. 

Dai'rt  '.huu  dicine  hii  downfall  f  Skak. 

2.  To  deify.  J-Vot  in  use.]  Spctuer. 
DI-VTXE',  c.  i.     To  use  or  practice  divination. 

2.  To  utter  presages  or  prognostications. 

Tlie  pmphi'U  thercuf  (flwn«  for  moiwy.  —  Mit«h  iil. 

3.  To  have  presages  or  forebodings. 

Svjg^e*!  tmi  trMlh  lo  ni.r  divining  IhwiiyUU.  Shak. 

4.  To  guess  or  conjecture. 

Could  you  diaim  wbal  loreri  bear.  QmtmtU. 

DI-VI.\E'LY,  (u/p.  In  a  divine  or  godlike  manner; 
in  a  manner  resmiblmg  Deity. 

2,  By  the  ag'-iiry  or  intluence  of  God  ;  as,  a 
propbel  divinely  inwpircd  ;  divinely  taught. 

3.  Kxcelltntly  ;  iu  the  supreme  degree ;  as,  ditinety 
fair ;  fitvinfiy  brave. 

DI-VIXE'NESS,  n.      Divinity  ;    participation   of   the 
divine  nature ;  as,  the  dicineaejis  of  the  iScripturcs. 
[Litde  uufd.] 
2.  Excellence  in  the  supreme  degree.  Shak, 

ni-VTN'ER.,  n.  One  who  professes  divination;  one 
who  preUrnda  to  predict  events,  or  to  reveal  occult 
things,  by  the  aid  of  superior  beings,  or  of  supernat- 
ural means. 

ThMC  n*iioM  hewkenwi  to  divin^re.  —  DeoL  xrtl. 
9.  One  who  giiCFses;  a  conjecliirer.  Locke. 

DI-VXV'ER  ESH,  a.  A  female  diviner;  a  woman  pro- 
passing  divmation.  Dnjden. 
DTV'ING,  p/jj-.  ora,    TSee  Drri:.]    Plunging  or  sinking 
into  watiT  or  other  liquid  ;  applied  to  antmaLi  only. 
Q.  Going  deep  i'tto  a  subject. 
DIVING-BELIi,  n.      A   hollow  vessel  in   form  of  a 
truncated  cone  or  p>ramid,  with   the   smaller  base 
cl(r*i',  and  the  larger  one  open,  in  which  a  person 
may  descend  into  deep  water,  and  remain  till  the  in- 
rlft!»ed  air  c^-awes  to  be  respirable. 
DIV'ING-STCMO,  n.     A  ^ipecirs  of  ja«i»er. 
DI-VTN'!NG-ROl),   n.     A   rod,  commonly  of  hazel, 
with  forked  branches,  used  by  those  who  pretend  to 
discover  ivater  or  metals  under  ground. 
DI-VI.N'TTY,  ».     [L.  rfifimf/M  ;  Fr.  rfirinttrf ;  It.  divi- 
lUlAi  Hp.  dieinidntl;  from  divtnjUydivu-i.] 

1.  The  state   of  being  divine  ;  Deity  ;  Godhead  ; 
the  nature  or  essence  of  God.     Chri-itians  ascribe  di- 
vinity to  one  Supreme  Being  only. 
a.  God  ;  the  Deity  ;  the  Supreme  Being. 

T*  til-  Dioinity  that  %un  witUin  ui.  Additon. 

I  3.  A  felse  god  ;  a  pretended  deity  of  pagans. 

I  BcmUj  dieimtu;  ami  droves  of  goiit.  Prior. 

4.  A  celestial  being,  inferior  to  the  Supreme  God, 


but  superior  to  man.    Many  nations  believe  in  these 
interior  divinities. 

5.  Something  sujKrnatural. 

They  aay  llicre  is  divinity  \n  odd  numlyri.  Shak. 

6.  The  science  of  di%ine  things;  the  science  which 
unfolds  the  character  of  God,  his  laws,  and  moral 
povernrnent,  the  duties  of  man,  and  the  way  of  sal- 
vation ;  theology  ;  as,  the  study  oidicinity;  a  system 
of  divinity. 

DI-VIS-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  divisibility;  from  U  divi- 
siifilis.     See  Divide.] 

The  quality  of  being  divisible  ;  the  property  of  bod- 
ies by  which  their  parts,  ur  coinitonent  particles,  are 
capable  of  separation.  Locke-. 

DI-VI»'I-BLE,  a.    [L,  diriaibilisy  from  dirido.     See  Di- 
vide.] 

Capable  of  division  ;  that  may  be  separated  or  dis- 
united ;  separable.     Matter  is  divisible  indefinitely. 

DI-VI8'I-BLE-NESS,  tu    Divisibility  ;  capacity  of  be- 
ing separated. 

DI-VI"«ION,  (de-vizh'un,)  n.    [L.  rfiiisio,  from  divido^ 
divisL     See  Divide. 1 

1.  The  act  of  dividing  or  separating  into  parts  any 

2.  The  state  of  being  divided.  [entire  body. 

3.  That  which  divides  or  separates  ;  that  which 
keeps  apart ;  "partition. 

4.  The  part  separated  from  the  rest  by  a  partition 
or  line,  real  or  imapinarj- ;  as,  the  dicutions  of  a  tield. 

5.  A  separate  body  of  men ;  as,  communities  and 
divisions  of  men.  Jiddison. 

6.  A  part  or  distinct  portion  ;  as,  the  divisions  of  a 
discourse.  ,    . 

7.  A  pari  of  an  army  or  militia  ;  a  body  consisting 
of  a  certain  number  of  brigades,  usually  two,  and 
commanded  by  a  major-gtut-ral.  But  the  term  is 
often  applied  to  other  bodies  or  portions  of  an  army, 
as  to  a  brigade,  a  squadron,  or  i^aloon. 

8.  A  [tan  of  a  fleet,  or  a  select  number  of  ships  un- 
der a  commander,  and  dislinguiahed  by  a  particular 
flag  or  pendant. 

9.  Disuuiim ;  discord;  variance;  difference. 

Thffre  w%»  K  dieuion  Bmong  the  p«>plo.  — JoUn  vU. 

10.  Space  between  the  notes  of  music,  or  the  di- 
viding of  the  Uuies,  Johnson.     Baiky. 

11.  Distinction. 
I  «ii1  put  a  diwion  brtweeo  my  people  and   Ihy  people.— 

Kx.  viii. 

12.  The  separation  of  voters  in  a  legislative  house. 

13.  In  ari£Amctic,ihe  dividing  of  a  nuinbgr  or  quati- 
lily  into  any  parts  assigned  ;  or  the  mle  by  which  is 
found  how  many  times  one  number  or  quantity  is 
contained  in  another. 

DI-Vl"SION-AL,       \  a..  Pertaining  to  division  ;  noting 

DI-Vr'SIOX-A-HY,  i  or  luakiug  division  ;  as,  a  di- 
visional  line. 

DI-VI"SIO.\-ER,  (de-vizh'un-cr,)  n.  One  who  di- 
vides.    [J^ut  used,]  Slivlilon. 

DI-VI'SIVE,  o.    Forming  division  or  distribution. 

Jile-de. 
2.  Creating  division  or  discord.  Burnrj, 

DI-VI'SOR,  7t.  In  arithmetic,  tho  number  by  which 
tlie  d  vidend  is  divided. 

DI-V^RCE',  n.  [Fr.  divorce  ;  Sp.  dirorrio  ;  U.  divoriio  ; 
L.  tlivortium,  from  divoHu,  a  .liffen;nt  ortliography  of 
<fipw(0,  to  turn  away.    Sec  Divert. 1 

1.  A  legal  dissolution  of  the  hond^  of  matrimony, 
or  liie  separation  of  husband  and  wife  by  a  judicial 
sentence.  This  is  properly  a  divorce,  and  called, 
technically,  divorce  a  vinculo  matrimvaii,  from  the 
bands  of  matrimony. 

2.  Tlie  separatidh  of  a  married  women  from  the 
bed  and  board  of  her  Uusliand,  a  mensa  et  loro^  from 
board  and  bed. 

3.  Peiiaraliun  ;  disunicm  of  things  closely  united, 

4.  Tlie  sentence  or  writing  by  wiiich  marriage  is 

5.  The  cause  of  any  penal  separation,     [dissolved. 
The  long  divon^  of  Bleel  luUi  oti  me.  Shak. 

DI-VORCE',  r.  (.  To  dii^solve  tlie  marriage  contract, 
and  thus  to  separate  Imsbnnd  and  wife. 

2.  To  separate,  as  a  married  woman  from  the  bod 
and  board  of  h»-r  husband. 

3.  To  separate  or  disunite  things  closely  connect- 
ed ;  to  force  asunder.  Iluokfr.     Shak. 

4.  To  lake  away  ;  to  put  away.  Blackmore, 
DI-V6RCE'A-BI-E,  a.    That  can  be  divorced. 
Di-VORC'ED,  (di-vorsl',)  pp.   or  o.     Separated  by  a 

dissolution  of  the  marriage  contract ;  srparaind  from 

bed  and  bfmrd  ;  pjirted  :  forced  af^iinder. 
DI-VflUCK'LES.S,   a.     Destitute  of  divorce  ;  tliat  can 

not  be  divorcird. 
DI-VORCE'MENT,  n.     Divorce;  dissolution  of  the 

marriage  tie. 

I.et  hlin  wHte  \tnr  t  bill  ofrfiverMfMnl.  — Deut,  xxtr. 

DI-VORC'ER,  n.    The  person  or  cause  that  produces 

divorce.  IJrnmmond. 

2,  One  of  a   sect  called   dirorcers,   said   to   have 

sprung  frnm  .Milton. 
DI-V0KC'ING,;7»r.    Dinsolving  the  marriage  contract ; 

separating  from  bed  and  board  ;  disuniting. 
Dl-VftRC'lVE,  a.     Having  jHiwi-r  to  divorce.  Milton. 
DT-yO'TOy  [It,]  in  musie^  di/ects  to  sing  in  a  devout 

manner. 


DO 

DI-VUL'GATE,  a.     Published.     [LitUe  used.] 
DI-VUL-GA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  divulging  or  pub- 
lishing. 
DI-VULGE',  (de-vulj'p  v,  t    [L.  diculgo ;  di,  or  dis,  and 
vulgo,  to  make  public,  from  vxd^us,  the  common  peo- 
ple, as  publish,  public,  from  L.  yopulus,  people.] 

1.  To  make  public  -;  to  tell  or  make  known  some- 
thing before  private  or  secret ;  to  reveal ;  to  disclose  ; 
as,  to  divulge  the  .secret  sentiments  of  a  friend  ;  to  di- 
vulge the  proceedings  of  the  cabinet.  Divulge  is 
more  generally  applied  to  verbal  disclosures,  and  pub- 
lishl»  printed  accounts.  But  they  may  be  used  sy- 
nonymously. We  may  publish  by  words,  and  divulge 
by  the  press. 

2.  To  declare  by  a  public  act ;  to  proclaim.  [Unu- 
sual.] Milton. 

DI-VULG'jED,  pp.    Made  public ;  revealed ;  disclosed  j 
published. 

DI-VULG'ER,  n.     One  who  divulges  or  reveals. 

DI-VULG'L>IG,  ppr.    Disclosing;  publishing;  reveal- 
ing. 

Dl-VUL'SION,  (-shun,)  n.     [L.  divulsio^  from  diveHor ; 
di,  (fis,  and  vello,  to  pull.] 

The  act  of  pulling  or  plucking  away;  a  rending 
asunder. 

And  dire  dtvulMion*  ahook  Uie  ctian^n^  world.        J.  Barlow. 
DI-VUL'SIVE,  a.    That  pulls  asunder;  that  rends. 

Kirtoan, 
DIZ'£N,  (diz'n,)  v.  t.    To  dress  gayly ;  to  deck. 

Smft, 
[This  word  is  not  esteemed  elegant,  and  is  nearly 
obsolete.     Its  compound,  Bsoizcrf,  is  used  in  bur- 
lesque.] 
DIZZ,  V.  U     [See  Dizzy.]     To  astonish  ;  to  puzzle ;  to 

make  dizzy.     [JVoI  ttsed.]  Gayton. 

DIZ'ZAUD,   m.      [See  Dizrv.]      A  blockhead.     [JVcf 


used.] 

DIZ'Zl-KD,  (diz'zid,)  pp.  Whirled  round  ;  made  dizzy. 

DIZ'ZI-NESS,  n.  [See  Dixzv.]  Giddiness  ;  a  whirl- 
ing in  the  head  ;  vertigo. 

DIZ'ZY,  a.  [Sax.  dysi  or  dysig,  foolish  ;  dysignesse^ 
folly  ;  dysian^  lo  be  foolish  j  gedisigan,  to  err  ;  G.  du- 
sd,  diz?jness  ;  dusclig,  dir.zy  ;  D.  deutig,  stupid  ;  dy~ 
zig,  misty,  hazy  ;  Dan.  taassc,  a  foolish  person  ;  qu. 
dbser,  lo  make  sleepy.] 

1.  Giddy  ;  having  a  sensation  of  whirling  in  the 
bead,  with  instability,  or  proneness  to  fall ;  vertigi- 
nous. 

2.  Causing  giddiness  ;  as,  a  dizzy  hight. 

3.  Giddy  ;  thoughtless  ;  heedless  ;  as,  thft  dtsiy 
multitude.  Jlliltan. 

DIZ'ZV,  V.  u  To  whirl  round;  lo  make  giddy;  lo 
confuse.  Shak. 

DIZ'ZY-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Whirling  round  j  confusing  ; 
making  dizzy. 

DJER'RID,  n.     A  bhinl,  Turkish  javelin.  Maunder. 

DO,  n.  In  modem  solfeggio,  the  name  of  tho  first  of 
the  musical  syllables. 

DO,  r.  (.  or  attxtluiry ;  prel.  Did;  pp.  Do5E,  (dun.) 
This  verb,  when  iransitive,  is  formed  in  the  indica- 
tive, present  tense  ;  thus,  I  do,  thou  doest,  he  does  or 
dotJt ;  when  auxiliary,  the  second  person  is,  tliou  dosL 
[Sax.  don;  D.  docn;  G.  thun  ;  Goth,  tauyau  ;  Russ. 
dryu  or  dayu.  This  is  probably  a  rontractcd  word, 
for  in  Saxon  dokle  signifies  made  or  did,  as  if  the  prel. 
of  this  verb.  If  the  elements  are  dv,  it  coincides  in 
elements  with  Sax.  rfu^uw,  to  bs  able,  and  with  (eo- 
ffOH,  to  taw,  as  leather.] 

1.  To  perform  ;  lo  execute ;  lo  carr>'  into  effect ;  to 
exert  labor  or  power  for  bringing  any  thing  to  the 
state  desired,  or  to  completion  ;  or  to  bring  any  thing 
lo  pass.  We  say,  this  man  dots  his  work  well ;  he 
does  more  in  one  day  tlian  some  men  will  do  in  two 
days. 

In  rfx  dnyi  thou  •hull  do  »11  thy  work.  — Ex.  xx. 
I  will  te»ch  ymi  what  ye  »hilf  do.  —  Ex.  it. 
1  ibo  Loni  (W  »ll  thrie  ihings.—  li.  xW. 

2.  To  practice  ;  to  perform  ;  as,  to  do  got)d  or  evil. 

3.  To  perform  for  the  ben<;Iit  or  injury  of  another; 
with  for  or  to  ;  /or,  when  the  thing  is  beneficial ;  (o, 
in  either  case. 

Till  I  know  whal  G«d  will  do  for  me.  —  I  Sam.  xxii. 

Do  to  him  neither  pood  nor  evil.  But  to  is  more 
generally  omitted.     Do  him  neither  good  nor  harm. 

4.  To  execute  ;  lo  discharge ;  lo  convey  ;  us,  Wo  a 
message  lo  the  king. 

5.  To  perforin  ;  to  practice  ;  to  observe. 

We  lie  mid  do  not  tltfl  truth.  —  1  John  L 

6.  To  exert. 

Do  ihy  dilig^nc^  to  corn*  Bhonly  to  mf .  — 9  Tim.  iv. 

7.  To  transact ;  as,  to  do  bufiness  with  another. 

8.  To  finish  ;  to  execute  or  transact  and  bring  to  a 
conclusion.  The  sense  of  completi«tn  is  often  implied 
in  this  verb;  as,  we  will  (/o  the  business,  and  adjourn  ; 
v/e  ditl  the  business,  and  dintd. 

9.  To  perform  in  an  exigency j  to  have  recourse 
to,  as  a  consequential  or  la.st  efltjrl ;  to  take  a  step 
or  measure ;  as,  in  this  crisis  we  know  not  what 
to  do. 

What  will  yo  do  In  the  d«y  of  viritutlon  ?  —  u.  x. 

10.  To  make  or  cause. 

Nothing  but  death  eiui  do  n»ew  respire.    [Obt.]    Sjwutr. 


TONE,  B(J1>1^  IINITE.  — AN"GBR,  VI"CIOi;8 — €  as  K }  d  as  J  ;  «  a«  Z ;  CH  as  811 ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


DOC 

11.  To  put.    [0*«.] 

Who  ■iMuM*  the  duke  lodejuhf  S\iJc. 

la.  To  answer  the  purpose, 

I'll  euke  the  ^ongt  of  Durfrv  do. 

To  k*te  ta  doi  to  have  concern  wiUi. 

WkU  ham  I  to  do  with  70U  i  —  3  Saih.  xri. 

WbM  ham  /  to  do  ■«/  more  with  i.luU  ?  —  H«.  xIt. 

7W  d*  witA ;  Co  di!*po9e  of  ;  to  mnke  use  of;  to  em- 
ploy. Commerce  is  dull ;  we  know  not  what  to  do 
witX  our  ?hi])ii.  hlle  nieu  know  nut  what  to  do  with 
Iheir  time  or  with  iheniselves. 

Aliw,  to  gain ;  to  etTeci  by  influence. 

A  y*t  with  «  »d  birow  will  lio  icUA  a  Icilow  vbo  nertr  hml  the 

ftclw  in  bn  riMxtiilTi.  ^Aofr. 

I  aui  db  noUun;  iriU  this  otatiiuiie  Mlow.  Alton, 

Alao,  to  bare  concern  with ;  lo  bare  businesi ;  to 
d«al.    [See  No.  I'i] 

n  M  «iMy ;   to  remove ;   to  destroy ;  as,  to  tfo 
sMqr  imMTfectkiof  ;  to  do  ainiy  prejudices. 
DO,  V.  L    To  act  or  behave,  in  any  manner,  well  or 
ill ;  10  eoAduct  one^  self. 

Tbsjr  few  BvC  the  VottL  Ofiihtr  do  ^ioej  «fter  the  law  Ami 
MfBtBtadBMM.  —  fl  tungt  xrii. 

2.  To  fare  ;  to  be  in  a  state  with  regard  to  sickness 
or  health.  We  asked  turn  how  he  did.  How  do  you 
da,  or  how  do  you  ? 

How  Ami  iAqu  7  SKak. 

3.  Tosucceed;  to  accomplish  a  purpose.  Wesball 
4»  without  him.     Will  this  plnn  do  ?  Addison. 

.\lso,  to  fit ;  to  be  adapted  ;  to  answer  the  design  ; 
with /or;  as,  this  piece  of  limber  will  do  for  the 
comer  post  ;  this  teuon  will  do  for  the  mortise ;  the 
road  is  repaired,  and  will  dofyr  the  present. 

To  have  fa  do  iritA ;  to  have  concern  or  business 
with  ;  to  deal  with.  Jlaee  little  to  do  with  jealous 
Bien. 

Also,  to  have  carnal  commerce  with. 

i>ct  is  used  for  a  verb  to  *ave  the  repetition  of  it.  I 
shall  prubaltly  come,  but  if  I  <^  not,  you  must  not 
«-ait  i  that  is,  if  1  <to  not  com/,  if  I  come  not. 

Do  is  also  used  in  the  imperative,  to  express  an 
argent  request  or  command  ;  as,  do  come ;  help  me, 
do  :  make  ha^e,  do.  In  this  case,  do  is  uttered  with 
emphasis. 

As  an  auxiliary,  d«  is  used  in  asking  questions. 
Do  you  intend  to  00.'    Does  he  wish  me  to  come? 

Do  is  al»o  used  to  express  emphasts.  She  is  cch 
qnetish,  but  ctUI  I  do  lev*  her. 

Do  is  sooetinKS  a  mere  expleUre. 

This  fatt  rrprmch  ihnr  rfnoe  dota  ezdM.  J>«riM. 

ExpfeifmdffirlH!Ue»klrf»)ot«.  Poj>a. 

[The  latter  use  of  d»  is  newty  obsolete.] 
Do  is  sometimes  nsed  by  way  of  opfwsition  ;  as,  I 
did  love  bim,  but  be  has  lost  my  aflTecliona. 

DO  AT.    See  Dote. 

DOC-I-BIL'I-TV,     ;  a.       Teachableness  ;    docnity  ; 

DO'CI-BLE-XES.'?,  \       readiness  to  k-am.    rraUon, 

DO'CI-BLE,  (do'se-bl  er  dos'sc-bl,)  a.  [See  Docilb.] 
Teachable  ;  docile  ;  tmctable ;  easily  L-iught  or  man- 
aged. MlUon. 

DO'CILE,  (dS'sil  or  dos'sil.)  a.  [T*.  docHist  from  doa»y 
to  teach.  Doceo  and  teach  are  the  same  word.  See 
Tk»ch.] 

Teachable  ;  easily  instructed  j  ready  to  learn ; 
tractable  ;  easily  managed.  Some  children  are  far 
more  docde  than  others.  Dogs  are  more  docile  than 
many  other  animals. 

DOuCIL'l-TV,  71.  Teachableness  j  readiness  to  learn  ; 
aptneii^  lo  be  taught.  The  docility  of  elcphaiils  is 
remarkable. 

DOC'I-MA-CY,  n.  [Gr.  Jo«i(inTio.  See  the  next  word.] 
The  art  or  practise  of  assaying  ores  or  metals  j 
metallurgy.  Med,  Repos. 

DOC-I-MAS'Tie,  a.  [Gr.  foKt^aart^(Oi^  from  (Jari- 
ftaC(i>,  to  tr>',  essay,  examine,  from  ooKiitoi^  proved, 
ftwm  ^oxcu,  to  prove.    Ch.  pn.     Class  Dg,  No.  9.] 

Properiy^  essaying,  proving  by  experiments,  or  re- 
lating to  the  assaying  of  ores  or  metals.  The  doci- 
masttc  art  is  otherwise  called  meudUrgy.  It  is  ihe 
art  of  assaying  metals,  or  the  art  of  Sf|)arating  them 
from  foreign  matters,  and  determining  the  nature 
and  quantity  of  metallic  substances  contained  in 
any  ore  or  mineral.  Lazoisirr. 

DOCK,  II.  [Sax.  doecr:  L.  daueus ;  Gr,  iavKosi  fr»m 
Ar.  Syr.    Class  Dg,  No.  9.] 

The  popular  name  of  certain  large-leafed  species  of 
Rumex. 

DOCK,  r.  (.  [W.  todaVj  and  tteciav,  to  clip,  lo  cut 
offj  whence  doektt   and  ticket.     Class  Dg,  So.  19, 

To  cut  off,  as  the  end  of  a  thing ;  to  curtail ;  to 
cat  short ;  to  clip  ;  as,  to  dock  the  tail  of  a  horse. 

2.  To  cut  off  a  part  ;  to  shorten  ;  to  deduct  from ; 
as,  to  dock  an  accounw 

3.  To  cut  off,  desirt^',  or  defeat ;  to  bar  j  as,  to  dock 
on  entail. 

4.  To  bring,  draw,  or  place  a  ship  in  a  dock. 
DOCK,  Tt,    The  tail  of  a  bea?l  cut  short  or  clipped  j 

the  stump  of  a  tail ;  the  solid  port  of  the  tail. 
2.  A  case  of  leather  to  cover  a  horse's  dock. 

Eneye. 
DOCK,  n.     A  broad,  deep  trench  on  the  side  of  a  harbor, 


1       on: 


.DOC 

or  bank  of  a  river,  in  which  ships  sre  built  or  re- 
paired. A  dry  dttek  has  tliMKi-gutes  to  admit  the  tide, 
and  to  prevent  the  influx,  as  occasion  may  require. 
%V(t  docks  have  no  fltxid-gates,  but  ships  may  be  re- 
paired in  them  during  the  recess  of  the  tide.  IVtt 
docks  are  also  constmcicd  with  gates  to  keep  the 
water  in  at  ebb  tide,  so  Uiat  vessels  may  lie  constantly 
afloat  in  them.  Mar.  DicL     Cue. 

Xx\  America^  the  spaces  between  whan'es  are  called 
docks. 
2.  The  place  where  a  criminal  stands  in  court. 

DOCK'-MAS-TER,  n.     One  who  has  the  superintend- 
ence of  docks. 

DOCK'-YXRD,n.     A  yard  or  magazine  neur  a  harbor, 
for  containing  nil  kindi  of  naval  stores  and  timber. 

DOCK'i;!),  (dockt,)  pp.    Clipped;  cut  off,  as  the  end 
of  a  thing. 

DOCK'ET,  ■.     [W.  twciatp.  to  cut  off,  to  clip,  to  dock  ; 
hence  docket  is  a  piece.] 

1.  A  small  piece  of  paper  or  parchment,  contain- 
ing Ihe  heads  of  a  writing.  Also,  a  subscription 
at  the  foot  of  leliers  patent,  by  the  clerk  of  the 
dockets.  Bailey. 

2.  .\  bill  tied  lo  goods,  containing  some  direction, 
as  the  name  of  the  uwner,or  the  place  to  which  they 
are  to  be  senL     [See  Ticket.]  ^  Bailey. 

3.  An  i'ilphal>etical  list  of  cases  in  a  court,  or  a  cat- 
alogue of  the  names  of  the  jwirties  who  have  stiils 
de^K-ndrng  in  a  court.  In  some  of  the  States,  this  is 
the  principal  or  only  use  of  the  word. 

To  strike  a  docket,  in  Etti^laiid,  is  saiil  of  a  creditor 
who  gives  a  bond  lo  the  lord  chancellor,  engaging 
to  prove  his  debtor  to  be  a  bankrupt,  whereupon  a 
commission  of  bankruptcy  is  out  against  ttie  debtor. 

Smart. 
DOCK'ET,  r.  L    To  make  an  abstract  or  summary  of 
the  heads  uf  a  writing  or  writings;  to  abstnict  and 
enter  in  a  book  ;  as,  judgments  regularly  docketed, 

Blackstone. 

2.  To  enter  in  a  docket ;  to  mark  Uie  contents  of 
papers  on  the  back  of  litem. 

3.  To  mark  wilh  a  d.>cket.  Chestn-Jirld, 
DOCK'ET-ED,i»p.    Abstracted  and  entered  in  a  book. 

[See  nocKET.j 
Dl>CK'(NG,  jrpr.      Clipping;   cutting  off  the  end; 

pl:icing  in  a  dock. 
DOCK'lNti,  n.    The  act  of  drawing,  as  a  ship,  into  a 

dock.  Mar,  Diet. 

DO€'T0R,  n,     [L.,  from  doceo^  to  teach.J 

1.  A  teacher. 

Tbfre  tfocxl  tip  one  tn  the  eenndl,  a  Phuiaee,  oajwd  Gunallel, 
■  diKKrr  d  the  Iftw.  —  AcU  f. 

2.  One  who  has  passed  all  the  degrees  of  a  faculty, 
and  is  empowered  to  practice  and  teach  it;  as,  a 
dofXoT  in  divinity,  in  physic,  in  law  ;  or,  according  lo 
modem  usage,  a  person  who  has  received  the  highest 
degree  in  a  faculty.  The  degree  of  (/ecior  is  conferred 
by  universities  and  colleges,  as  an  honorarj-  mark  of 
literary  distinction.  It  is  also  conferred  on  phy- 
sicians as  a  professional  degree. 

3.  A  learned  man  ;  a  man  skilled  in  a  profession; 
a  man  of  erudition.  Drydeiu     Digby. 

4.  A  physician ;  one  wh<^e  occupation  is  to  cure 
diseases. 

5.  The  title  doctor  is  given  to  certain  fathers  of 
the  church  whose  opinions  are  received  as  authori- 
ties, and  in  the  Greek  church,  it  is  given  to  a  partic- 
ular officer  who  interprets  the  Scriptures.      Encve. 

Doctors*  Commons  i  the  college  of  civilians  in  Lon- 
don. It  is  here  that  wills  are  proved,  and  adminis- 
tration is  uiken  out,  under  the  direction  of  the 
Prerogative  Court  of  Canterbury. 

DOCTOR,  r.  u    To  apply  medicines  for  the  cure  of 
d  iseiises.     [.4  popular  use  of  this  word,  but  not  eteg'anL] 

DOCTOR,  V.  I.    To  practice   physic.     [JVot  elegant.] 

DOCTOR-AL,  o.    Relating  to  the  degree  of  a  doctor. 

Johnson. 

DO€'T0R-AI#-LV,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  doctor. 

HaliewUL 

DOCTOR-ATE,  n.    The  degree  of  a  doctor.   Ejicyc. 

DO€'TOR-ATE,  e.   U     To  make  a  doctor   by  con- 
ferrinir  a  degree.  Warton. 

DO€'T0R-£D,  pj».    Administered  to  by  a  physician; 
cured. 

DO€'TOR-ING,  jqir.     Applying  medicines  ;  curing. 

DOCTOR-LV,  a.    Like  a  learned  man.       Bp.  Hall. 

DOCTOR-SHIP,  n.    The  degree  or  rank  of  a  doctor. 
[DocTORiTE  is  now  generally  used.]    [Clarendon. 

DOe^'TRESS,      (   ,      A  female  physician. 


DOCTRESS,  i  ^ 
DOCTOR-ESS,  j  "• 
DOCTRIN-AIRE'   n. 


A  cant  term,  in  the  politics  of 
France,  denoting  one  who  is  desirous  of  giving  to 
the  king  more  power  than  is  admitted  by  the  ultra- 
liberals,  and  less  than  is  demanded  by  the  ultra- 
rova  lists. 
DOC'TRIX-AL,  a.  [See  Doctritte.]  Pertaining  lo 
doctrine  ;  containing  a  doctrine  or  something  taught : 
as,  a  doctrinal  observation  ;  a  doetri-nal  proposition. 
2.  Pertaining  to  the  act  or  means  of  teachbig. 

The  word  of  God  «prveih  »u  olhenriae  thi-ui  iu  the  nftlupr  of  a 
doctrinal  itutrunicnL  Hooker. 

DO€'TRIN-AL,  n.    Something  that  is  a  part  of  doc- 
trine. Soutii. 


DOD 

DOCTRIN-AL-LY,  adv     In  the  form  of  doctrine  or 
instruction  ;  by  way  of  teaching  or  positive  direction. 

Rarj. 
DOCTRINE,  n.     [L.  doctritia,  from  A»cfo,to  teach.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  whatever  is  taught.  Hence, 
a  principle  or  iKisition  in  any  science ;  whatever  is 
laid  down  as  true  by  an  instructor  or  master.  The 
doctrines  of  the  gospel  are  the  principles  or  truths 
taught  by  Christ  and  his  ni>osttes.  The  doctrines  of 
Plato  are  the  print'iples  which  ho  taught  Hence  a 
doctrine  may  be  true  or  false  ;  it  may  be  a  mere  tenet 
or  opinion. 

2.  The  act  of  teaching. 


3.  Learning  ;  knowledge. 

Whom  attiUI  he  make  lo  undcnUnd  doctrine!  — 1«.  zxriil. 

4.  The  truths  of  the  gospel  in  general. 

That  lh"y  nmy  Hf\om  the  doctrine  of  Gai  our  Saylor  Id  all 
tiling^.  —  Til.  ii. 

5.  Instruction  and  confirmation  in  the  truths  of 
Ihe  gospi.-l-    2  Tim.  iii. 

DOClj-MENT,  71.  [L.  docufnentumy  from  doceo,  to 
teach.] 

1.  Precept ;  instruction  ;  direction. 

Bacon.     Watts. 

9.  Dogmaticul  precept ;  authoritative  dogma. 

3.  More  generally,  in  present  ttsagc,  written  instruc- 
tion, evidence,  or  proof;  any  official  or  authoritative 
paper  containing  in.-tniclions  or  proof,  for  infonnation 
and  the  establishment  of  farts.  Thus,  the  president 
laid  before  congress  the  report  of  the  secretary,  ac- 
companied with  all  the  documenti. 
DOCUMENT^  V.  t.  To  furnish  with  documents  ;  to 
furnish  with  instructions  and  proofs,  or  with  papers 
necessary  to  establish  facts.  A  ship  should  be  docu- 
mented according  to  the  directions  of  law. 

2,  To  teach  ;  lo  instruct ;  to  direct  Dryden. 
DOe-U-MENT'AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  inslniction  or  to 

documents  ;    consisting  in  or  derived  from  docu- 
ments ;  as,  documental  testimony. 

Court  Martial  on  Ocn.  Wilfiinsoiu 

DOC-U-MENT'A-RV,  a.  Pertaining  to  written  evi- 
dence; consisting  in  documents. 

DOCQ-MENT-ED,  pp.  Furnished  with  papers  and 
documents  necessary  to  establish  facts. 

DOD'DER,  n.     [G.  dotterA 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Cusruta,  one  species  cf  which 
is  called  hell-weed.  It  is  almost  destitute  of  leaves, 
parasitical,  creeping,  and  fixing  itself  lo  some  other 
plant,  as  lo  hops,  fiax,  and  particularly  to  the  nettle. 
It  decays  at  the  root,  and  is  nourished  by  the  plant 
that  supports  it,  by  means  of  little  vesicles  or  papilloe, 
which  attach  themselves  to  the  stalk.    JJill.  Encyc. 

DOl)'UEH--KD,  fli.  Overgrown  with  dodder;  covered 
with  supercrescent  plants.  Johnson.     Dryden. 

DO-DECA-GON,  n.  [Gr.  6o}hKa,  twelve,  and  j-wfta, 
an  angle.] 

A  regular  figure  or  polygon  consisting  of  twelve 
equal  sides  and  angles.  Encyc. 

DO-DEC-A-OYN'I-A,  n.  [Gr.  6(,i6tKa,  twelve,  and 
ywr),  a  female.] 

In  botany,  the  name  of  an  order  of  plants  having 
twelve  styles.  Linmsus. 

DO-DEC-A  GYN'I-AN,  I   a.   In  &t>(any,  having  twelve 

DO-DE-CAG'YN-OUS,  S      styles. 

DO-DEC-A-HU'DRAL,  a,  [Infrsu]  Pertaining  to  a 
dodecahedron  ;  consisting  of  twelve  equal  sides, 

DO-DECA-Hk'DRON,  n.  [Gr.  Jwdc/fa,  twelve,  and 
iSfja,  a  base.] 

A  regular  solid  contained  under  twelve  equal  and 
regular  pentagons,  or  having  twelve  equal  bases. 

Chambers. 

D0-DE-€AN'DRI-A,  Ti.  [Gr.  SoiSeKO,  twelve,  and  avrip, 
a  male.] 

In  botany,  the  name  of  a  class  of  plants  having 
twelve  stamens  ;  but  this  class  includes  all  plants 
that  have  any  number  of  stamens,  from  twelve  to 
nineteen  inclusive.  LinntBus. 

DO-DE-CAN'ORI-AN,  \   a.     Pertaining  to  the  plants, 

DO-DE-CAN'DROUS,  \  or  class  of  plants,  that  have 
twelve  stamens,  or  from  twelve  to  nineteen.     Lee. 

DO-DE€-A-TE-MO'RI-ON,  «.  [Gr.,  composed  of  ^w- 
C£icaTos,  twelfth,  and  ftnpiov^  part.] 

A  twelfth  part.     [Little  used.]  Creech, 

DO-DEC-A-TEM'O-RY,  n.  A  denomination  some- 
times given  to  each  of  the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac. 

Burton, 

DODCE,  (doj,)  V.  i.  [From  some  root  signifying  to 
shoot,  dart,  or  start,  and  not  improbably  from  the 
same  root  as  dos^  as  d  is  not  radical.] 

1.  To  start  suddenly  aside ;  to  shift  place  by  a  sud- . 
den  start.  MUtoju 

2.  To  play  tricks ;  to  be  evasive  ;  to  use  tergiversa- 
tion ;  to  play  fast  and  loose;  to  raise  expectations 
and  disappoint  them  ;  to  quibble.     Hale..    Jldiiison, 

DODGE,  V.  t.  To  evade  by  a  sudden  shift  of  place  ;  lo 
escape  by  starling  aside  ;  as,  lo  dodge  a  blow  aimed  ; 
to  dodge  a  cannon  ball. 

[This  is  a  common  word,  very  expressive  and  useful, 
but  not  admissible  in  solemn  discourse  or  elegant  compo- 
sition.'] 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PRBY.— PINE,  MARKNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


DOG 

DODO'£0,  pp.     Evaded  by  a  sudden  shift  of  place. 
DOrWj'ER,  n.     One  who  dodges  or  evades. 
ItODC'ING,  ppr.     Starting  aside  ;  evading. 
DOD'KIX,  n,     [doit^  D.  duiu  and  kin.\ 

A  little  doit ;  a  small  coin. 
DOD'MAN,  71.  A  fish  that  casta  its  shell  like  tlie  lob- 
ster and  crab;  also  called  Ao(/mfln./;i./.  Bai:un. 
D5'DO,  n.  The  Didus,  a  genus  of  large  birds,  gener- 
ally supposed  to  be  extinct.  They  are  said  to  have 
inhabited  Madnfiiascar  and  some  other  parts  of  the 
East,  but  their  verj'  existence  has  been  doubted. 

P.  Cyc.     Partington. 
DOE,  (do,)  n.     [Sax.  da ;  Dan.  daa.] 

A  she-tleer ;  the  female  of  the  fallow-deer.    The 
male  is  called  a  buck, 
DOE,  Cd(*o,)  Tu     A  feat     {.Xot  used.]  Uudibras. 

DOE'SKIX,  n.     Tht'  skin  uf  a  doe. 

2.  A  compact  twilled  doth,  for  pantaloons. 
DO'ER,  71,     [from  do.]     One  who  does ;  one  who  per- 
forms or  executes  ;  an  actor  ;  nn  agent. 

2.  One  who  perfurms  what  is  required  j  one  who 
ob8cr\'e3,  keeps,  or  obeys,  in  pniclice. 

The  daera  of  ihc  law  »hull  be  ]ii«iifi«J.  —  Rom.  □. 

DOES,  (duz.)  The  third  person  of  the  verb  do,  indic- 
ative mode,  present  tense  ;  contractt-d  from  doeth. 

DOFF,  r.  t.  [Qm.  do^ff.  Rather  D.  doffen,  to  push,  to 
thrust.     Class  Db,  No.  17,  18.] 

1.  To  put  off,  as  dress. 

Anii  nude  iu  dof  our  eajjr  robea  of  pcaee.  Shak. 

2.  To  strip  or  divest ;  as,  he  daffa  himself. 

Crashay). 

3.  To  put  or  thrust  away  ;  to  get  rid  of. 

To  dof  U.eir  djre  di*tr^Mif«.  Shak. 

4.  To  put  off  J  to  shift  off;  with  a  view  to  delay. 

E*ei7  day  thou  dof'il  me  wiih  (omf  deric^.  Shak, 

tThia  word  t«,  /  believe,  mtireiy  obsolrte  in  disconrsf^ 
'OJft  in  the  United  States,  but  is  retained  in  poetrit.] 
DOFF' ED,  (dol\,)  pp.  Put  off;  stripped  ;  thrust  away. 
DOF'FER,  H.     A  revolving  cylind<;r,  in  a  ranling  ma- 
chine, which  doffs^  or  strips  off,  tlic  cotton  from  the 
cards.  Ure. 

DOG,  n.  [Fr.  do^ue,  a  bulldog  or  mastiff;  se  dvtruer^ 
to  butt ;  Arm.  dog  or  dog-ues ;  D.  dog  ;  probably,  the 
runner  or  starter.] 

1.  A  speciesof  quadrupeds,  belonging  to  the  genus 
Canis,  of  many  varieties,  as  the  mastiff,  thR  liound, 
the  spaniel,  the  shepherti's  dog,  the  terrier,  the  har- 
rier, the  bloodhound,  &c. 

2.  It  is  used  for  maU,  when  applied  tosevenil  other 
aninLlU;  as,  a  rfo«'-/ox  ;  Ttdog-oltsr  ;  dog-ape.   Drydcn, 

It  is  prefixed  to  other  words,  denoting  what  is 
mean,  degenerate,  or  wortldcss  3  ^Aydog-rost, 

Johnson. 

3.  An  andiron,  so  named  from  the  figure  of  a  dog  5 
head  on  the  top.     [Russ.  tagan.] 

4.  A  term  of  reproach  or  contempt,  z^vcn  to  a 
man. 

5.  A  constellation  called  Siriua  or  Canicula.    [See 

DoODAT.] 

6.  An  iron  hook  or  bar  with  a  sharp  fang,  which 
can  be  driven  into  a  stick  of  timber  to  draw  it  in 
water  by  a  roiK*.  Mnr,  Diet. 

7.  An  iron  used  by  sawyers  tu  fasten  a  log  of  tim- 
ber in  a  saw-pit. 

6.  A  gay  young  man  \  a  buck.     [Aiit  in  ti.<r«.] 

Jaknxon. 
Ta  ffie*  or  thro»  to  the  4agt^  is  to  throw  away,  as 
oselens. 

Ta  go  to  the  dogs^  is  to  be  ruined. 
DOG.  c.  L    To  hunt ;  to  follow  insidiou<ily  or  indefat- 
iganly  ;  to  follow  close ;  to  urge  ;  lo  worry  with  im- 
portunity. 

I  bare  been  pinned,  doggtd,  Knd  wayUid.  Popt. 

DO'GAL,  a,  [See  Doge.]  Bvlt^nging  to  or  pi'rtaining 
tn  a  dotre.  l.ady  HHlwer. 

DO'GATE,  m.  [See  Dock.]  The  office  or  dignity  of 
a  iloge.  llneye, 

DOG'BANE,  n.     A  plant. 

DOG'BER-RY,  ti.  The  berry  of  the  dogwood,  a  spe- 
cies of  Cornus. 

DOG'BER-RV-TREE,  n.  The  dogwood,  a  siK-cies  of 
fJornus. 

DOG'IIKI-ER,  n.  The  brier  that  bears  the  hipj  the 
Rosa  carina. 

D0G'-€AB-BA6E,  n.  A  plant  growing  in  the  smith 
of  Europ",  a  species  of  Theligonum.  Kncye, 

DOG'-CIIEAP,  (cheep,)  a.  Cheap  as  dog*s  meat,  or 
offal ;  very  cheap.  Juknson. 

,  DO(;'DSY,  TI.  One  of  the  days  when  Pirius  or  the 
dogstir  rises  and  sets  with  the  sun.  The  dngdnys 
commence  the  latter  part  of  July,  and  end  the  begin- 
ning of  HeptembfT. 

DOG'DRAVV,  n.  A  manifest  deprehension  of  nn  of- 
fender against  the  venison  #n  the  forest,  when  he  is 
found  drawing  after  the  deer  by  the  scent  of  a  hound 
led  by  the  hand.  ^-"ff'  tair.     Cutrel. 

DOCE,   n.     [It.  ;  J.,  dux:  Eng.  duke;  from  h.  duco^  to 
lead  ;  Sax.  toga,  O-odie,] 
The  chief  magistrate  of  Venice  and  Genoa. 

DOG'-FA.N'CI-ER,  n.  One  who  has  a  Uste  for  dogs, 
and  who  keeps  them  for  sale. 


DOG 

DOG'-FFGHT,  (flte,)  h.    A  battle  between  two  dogs. 

DOG'FISH,  n.  A  name  given  to  several  species  of 
shark,  :t.s  the  spotted  shark  or  greater  dogjlsh,  the 
piked  dog^fuik,  &c.  Encj/c.     Cyc 

Dt>G'FIiV,  n.     A  voracious,  biting  fly.         ChapiTuin. 

DOG'GKI),  fdogd,)  pp.  Pursued  closely;  urged  fre- 
quently anu  iuiiKirtiinately. 

DOG'GED,  a.    Sullen  ;  sour;  morose  ;  surty  ;  severe. 
Shak,     Uudibras. 

DOG'GED-liY,  adv.  Sullenly  ;  gloomily  ;  sourly  ;  mo- 
rosfly  ;  severely  ;  with  obstinate  resolution. 

DOG'GEO-rv'ESS,  n.     Siillenness;  moroseness. 

DOG'GER,  n.  A  Dutch  fishing-vessel,  used  in  the 
German  Ocean,  particularly  in  the  herring  fi.shery. 
It  is  cquip|)ed  with  two  masts,  a  main-mast  and  a 
niizzen-nuist,  somewliat  resembling  a  ketch.    Kttcyc. 

DOG'GER-EL,  a.  An  epithet  given  to  a  kind  of  loose, 
irregular  measure  in  burlesque  poetry,  like  tliat  of 
Hudibras  ;  as,  doggerel  verse  or  rhyme. 

Dryilen.     .Addison, 

DOG'GER-EL,  n.  A  loose,  irregular  kind  of  poetry  ; 
used  in  burlest/ue.  Dryden.     Swift. 

DOG'GER-MAN,  n.     A  sailor  belonging  to  a  dogger. 

DOG'GERS,  n.  In  English  alum-works,  a  sort  of  stone, 
found  in  the  mines  with  the  true  aluin-ruck, contain- 
ing some  alum.  Eticyc. 

DOG'GING,  p^*r,  [from  dog.]  Hunting;  pursuing  in- 
cessantly or  importunately. 

DOG'GISH,  a.  Like  a  dog;  churlish  ;  growling;  snap- 
pish ;  brutal. 

DOG'GISH  NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  being  doggish. 

DOG'-GRXSS,  n.     Couch-grass.  Loudon. 

DOG'-HEART-ED,  a.     Cruel;  pitiless;  malicious. 

Shak. 

DOG'-HOLE,  n.  A  place  fit  only  for  dogs  ;  a  vile, 
mean  habitation.  Ih-yden.    Pope. 

DOG'-HOUSE,  n.    A  kennel  for  dogs.         OictAut^. 

DOG'-KEN'-NEL,  n.     A  kennel  or  hut  for  dogs. 

DOG'-LAT'I.N,  n.    Barbarous  Latin.  [Dryden. 

DOG'-L£ACH,  a.     A  dog-doctor.  Beaum.  S,-  Ft. 

DOG'-TiOUSE,  n.     An  insect  that  is  found  on  dogs. 

DOG'LY,  a.    Like  a  dog.     [Aot  in  use.] 

DOG'MA,  n.  [Gr.  cicj>7iu,  from  i.Kuo,  to  think;  L. 
dogina.'\ 

A  settled  opinion  ;  a  principle,  maxim,  or  tenet ;  a 
doctrinal  notion,  particularly  in  matters  of  faith  and 
philosophy  -,  as,  the  dogmoj  of  the  church  ;  the  dog- 
mas of  iMato. 

Complinietit  my  dogma,  and  I  will  compliinrnt  yourt. 

J,  M.  Maion, 

DOG'-MAD,  a.    Mad  as  a  dog. 

DOG-MAT'ie,  \  a.     Pertaining  to  a  dogma,  or  to 

DOG-MAT'ie-AL,  \      settled  opinion. 

2.  Positive;  magisterial;  asserting  or  disposed  to 
assert  with  authority  or  with  overbearing  and  arro- 
gance ;  applied  to  persons  i  as,  a  dogmatic  schoolman 
or  philost)pher.  Boyle. 

3.  Positive  ;  asserted  with  authority  ;  authuriUitive  ; 
as,  a  tUiirmuitcal  opinion. 

4.  Arrogant :  overbearing  in  asserting  and  main- 
taining opini<ms. 

DOG-M.\T'l€-AL-LY,  adr.  Positively  ;  in  a  magiste- 
rial manner;  arrogantly. 

DOG-MAT'ie-Al^NESri,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
dogninticnl  ;  pusitiveness. 

DOG-MAT'ies,  n.  Doctrinal  theology;  a  term  used 
by  Gi-mian  writers.  Murdoch. 

DOG'MA-Tlf.M,  N.  Positive  assertion;  arrogance; 
{KisitiveneHS  in  opinion. 

DOG'MA-TIST,  n.  A  [Ktsitlve  assertor;  a  magisterial 
icachcr  ;  a  bold  or  arrogant  advancer  of  principles. 

Watts. 
DOG'MA-TIZE,   r.  t.    To  assert  positively;  to  teach 
with  bold  and  undue  conAdence ;  lo  advance  with 

arrogance. 

Men  cAi-n  dogmatix$  mmt,  when  ihej  sn  Iput  ctippoTtrd  bj 
muion .  Anon. 

DOG'.MA-TIZ-En,   n.      One  who  dogmatizes  ;  a  bold 

assertor  ;  a  maci^terial  teacher.  Hammond. 

DOG'MA  TIZ-LNG,  ;)/tr.      Asserting  with  excess  of 

confiiienre. 
DOG'ROSE,   a.    The  flower  of  the  hip;  the  Rosa  ca- 

nina. 
DOG'S'-BANE,  n.     [Gr.  mroKvvof.] 

The  popular  name  of  certain  sjMJcies  of  Apocynum, 

and  also  of  Asclcpias. 
DOG'S'-kAU,   n.     The  corner  of  a  leaf,  in  a  book, 

turned  down  like  the  ear  uf  a  dug.  Oray. 

DOG'-.siCK,  a.    Hick  as  a  dog. 

DOGSKIN,  a.     Made  of  the  skin  of  a  dog.     Taller. 
DOG'-rfLEEP,  71.     Pretended  .sleep.  JjddUon. 

DOG'g'-.MEAT,  71.     Refuse  ;  offul ;  meat  for  dogs. 

JJryden, 
nOG'St'-RriE,  71.  A  plant,  a  species  of  f  crophularia. 
DOG'STAR,   n.     Sirius,  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude, 

whose  rising  and  setting  with  the  sun  gives  name  to 

the  dogditys. 
D<Xi'HTO.\E»,  n.    A  plant,  fool  stones,  a  species  of 

Orchis. 
DOG'-TOOTII,   71.  f  p/.  Do(j-TEETH.    A  sharp-pointed 

human   tooth,  growing  between   the  fore  teeth  and 

grinders,  and  resembling  a  dog's  tooth.     It  is  called 

also  an  eye-tooth. 


DOL 

DOG'-TOOTH-VI'O-LE'l',  71.  A  plant,  a  species  of 
Er\'thronium. 

DOG'-TRICK,  n.    A  currish  trick  ;  brutal  treatment. 

Dryden. 

DOG'-TROT,  n.     A  gentle  trot,  like  that  of  a  dog. 

DOG'yANE,  71,  Among  seamen,  a  small  vane  com- 
posed of  thread,  cork,  and  feathers,  fastened  to  a 
half-pike,  and  placed  on  the  wcatlier  gunwale,  to 
assist  in  steering  a  ship  on  the  wind.    Mar,  Diet, 

DOG'-VVATCH,  f-wotch,)  n.  Amongseamen,  a  watch 
of  two  hours.  The  dog-watches  are  two  reliefs  be- 
tween 4  and  8  o'clock,  P.  M. 

DOG'-WkA-RY,  a.    Quite  tired  ;  much  fatigued. 

DOG'WOpD,  n.  A  coratnon  name  of  different  speciea 
of  the  Cornus  or  cornelian  cherry. 

DOG'WOQD-TREE,  ru  The  Plscidia  eiythrina,  a  tree 
growing  in  Jamaica.  Encyc. 

DOI'LY,  n.  Formerly,  a  species  of  woolen  stuff,  said 
to  be  so  called  from  the  first  maker.  Congreve, 

2.  A  small  napkin,  generally  colored,  used  with 
frujt  and  wine.  Smart. 

DO'ING,  ppr.     [See  Do.]     Performing;  executing. 

DO'INGS,  71.  pi.  Things  done;  transactions;  feats; 
actions,  good  or  bad. 

2.  Behavior  ;   conduct, 

3.  Stir;  bustle. 

DOIT,  n.  [D.  duit;  G.  deui.  Qu.  Fr.  doigt^  a  finger, 
a  point ;  L.  digitus,] 

1.  A  small  Dutch  coin,  worth  about  half  a  farthing; 
also,  a  similar  small  coin  once  used  in  Scotland. 

Popt, 

2.  A  trifle.  Hence  our  \nilgar  phmse,  I  care  not  a 
doiL  It  is  used  adverbially ,  and  commonly  pronounced 
ditf. 

DO-LAB'RI-F0R.M,  a.    [L.  dolabra,  an  ax,  and  fomuiy 

form.] 

Having  the  form'of  an  ax  or  hatchet.       Martin, 
DOUCE,  (dol'cha,)  i  [It.]  In  niM*u:, 

i)0/.-C£  .A/f:Ar'7'/;,(dol-cha-men't5,)  1       a  direction 

to  sing  with  a  soft  sound. 
DOLE,  71.   [Sax.  dal ;  Russ.  dolia,  a  part  or  portion  ;  Jt. 

dail ;  from  the  root  of  deal.     See  Deau] 

1.  The  act  of  dealing  or  distributing  ;  as,  the  pow- 
er of  dole  and  donative.     [J^ot  in  use.)  Bacon. 

S.  That  whicli  is  dealt  ordistributea  ;  a  part,  share, 
or  portion.  S/iak. 

3.  That  which  is  given  in  charity;  gratuity. 

Drjiden. 

4.  Blows  dealt  out.  Milton. 

5.  Boundary.     [J^Tot  in  vsa.] 

6.  A  voiil  space  left  in  tillage.     [Local] 
DOLE,  71.     [L.  dolor,  pain,  grief.] 

Grief;  sorrow.     [06.';.1  MtUon. 

DOLE,  r.  (.     To  deal ;  to  distribute.     [JVwf  used.] 
DOLE'FIJL,  a.     [dole  ^m\  full.]     Sorrowful;  espresa- 
ing  grief;  as,  a  doleful  whine  ;  a  doleful  cry. 

2.  Melancholy  ;  sad  ;  afflicted  ;  as,  a  doleful  sire. 

Sidney. 

3.  Dismal ;  impressing  sorrow ;  gloomy  ;  ns,  dole- 
ful shades.  Milton, 

DOLE'FJJL-LY,  adv.  In  a  doleful  manner ;  sorrow- 
fully ;  dismally  ;  sadly. 

DOLE'FIJL-NESS,  71.  Sorrow  ;  melancholy ;  quera- 
lousness ;  gloominess;  dismolness. 

DO'LEN T,  a.     [L.  dolrns.] 
Sorrowful.    [JVwf  t7i  h*^.] 

DOL'E-RITE,  II.  A  variety  of  trap-rock,  composed 
of  augite  and  labradorite. 

DOLE'SOMK,  (-sum,)  a.  Gloomy;  dismal ;  soirowfUl; 
doleful. 


Th«  dotetom*  panaj^  to  the  innnnid  bIcj-, 


Popt. 


DOLE'SO.VIE-NESS,  a.     Gloom  ;  dismalness. 

DOLL,  n.  [W.  delu},  form,  image,  resemblance,  an 
idol,  a  false  god  ;  dull,  form,  figure  ;  Arm,  dailh,  or 
tailh,  which  seems  to  be  the  L.  talis.  Also  Ir.  dealbh^ 
an  image.  But  qu.  Gr.  tidwA '»-,  an  irio/,  from  ekScj, 
to  see.] 

A  puppet  or  baby  for  a  child  ;  a  small  imago  in  the 
human  form,  for  the  amu.sement  of  little  girls. 

DOL'LAR,  71.  [O.Uialcn  D.  daalder  i  Dhu.  and  Sw. 
dalcr:  Sp.  dalera;  Russ.  taler.  Said  to  be  from  Dale^ 
the  town  where  it  was  first  coined.] 

A  silver  coin  of  Spain  and  of  the  United  States,  of 
the  value  of  one  hundred  cents,  or  about  four  shillings 
and  fourpence  sterlinc  The  dollar  seems  to  have 
been  originally  a  German  coin  ;  and,  in  difterent  [wirts 
of  Gtjrnjany,  the  name  is  given  to  coins  of  different 
values. 

D<JLL'MAN,  71.     A  long  cassock  worn  by  the  Turks, 

DOL'O-MITE,  n.  A  granular  magnesian  carbonate 
of  lime,  often  forminc  extensive  beds.  Much  of  the 
common  while  marble  is  dolomite.  It  is  so  called 
from  the  French  geologist  Dolomieu.  Ctic. 

DOI^O-MIT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  dolomite;  of^  the 
nature  of  dotocnile.  ^ 

DO'LOR,  71.    [L.]    Pain  ;  gncf ;  lamentation. 

Sidney.     Shak. 

DOLOR  IF'ER-OUa,  a.  [L.  dolor,  pain,  and  /wo,  tu 
produce.] 

Producing  pain.  ffhitaker. 

D01*-0R-1F'IC,  a.     [Xj.  dolorifieut;  dolor  and/udo.] 

1.  That  causes  pain  or  grief. 

2.  Expressing  pain  or  grief. 


TONE,  BULL,  UMTE.  — AN"ORR,  VI"CIOUS,  — €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  B  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS, 


a'vn 


DOM 

M>Ol-  iLl    !■  MttM.  palhetir. 

DCU  [U  rfpW.  pun,  grief,  j  I 

1.  ~  ;  doleftll :  «vaial ;  iinprrssiiiKsorrovr 

or  gru  f ,  as,  a  lialorotu  object  j  u  lUttorous  mpion. 

Uooker.     Milton. 
S.  PainfUl ;  firing  patn. 

TbFtT  di>pfttch  b  qtdek,  and  Vm  dotcfrotiM  thaa  the  [aw  at  the 
bev.  Afef«. 

3.  £x[weMinK  pain  or  ^ef ;  a9,do2oroiLf  •igbs. 
DOL'0R-OUS~L\%adD.    Sorrowfully  j  iu  a  manner  lo 

express  pain. 
DOL'PHIX,  n,    [L.  detphim,  or  rfW^Awnw."  Gr.  f^Htf; 

It.  4ci(r;  Fr.  dauphin;   Sn.  ^«m  ,-    It.  ifi^a«;  Arm. 

do^fbi,  tf0O(N ;  W.  do{fV<*>  irom  <M^  a  (^urve  or  wind- 

A  popular  name  fivea  to  two  wMely  diflferent  in- 
habitants of  the  flerp. 

1.  Tbe  remt  rfo^Atn,  ia  m  cetaceous  mnmmal,  about 
tw  feet  in  length.  It  is  tbe  dolphin  of  tho  auciculs, 
•o  cel^Hatad  in  the  itoiy  of  Arinn. 

9;  The  Mpkim  ^ffvtis  and  nari^atora,  the  CWypAtf- 
aa  luffprnrUy  ia  ceMwaled  for  iu  siirpristni  clianges  of 
color,  when  ejqiirln|[  Ih  death.  It  is  a  nsb  oi  about 
five  feet  in  length.  Eme^c  Amer. 

3.  In  MMcitnt  Or9»e»j  a  machine  suspended  over 
the  sea,  to  be  dropped  on  any  vessel  pasatag  under  it. 

Mufard, 
DOL'PHIX-ET,  n.    A  female  dolphin.  Smenter. 

DOLT.  IU  [G.  tatpel;  Sax.  dot:  \V.  d«L  Uu.  dull 
The  Gotliic  has  dtcuU.  fooli^,  stupid  ;  Sax.  dtooiia*^ 
lo  wander.  The  Sw.  has  dcala,  to  sleep  or  be  drow- 
sy ;  Dan.  doaU^  aound  sbwp ;  O.  dooUn^  and  dwaalen^ 
to  vrander.} 

A  heav>-,  stnpid  fellow ;  a  blockhead  ;  a  thick- 
skulL  Sidnef.     SmfL 

DOLT,  V.  i.    To  waste  time  foolishly  j  to  behave  fool- 

ishly. 

DOLT'ISH,  a.  Dull  in  intellect ;  stupid  ;  blockish  ; 
aa,  a  deitisk  clown.  Sulney. 

DOLT'ISH-LV,  adv.    In  a  doltish  manner. 

DOLT'ISH-NESS,  n.     Stupidity. 

DOM,  ii;*ed  as  a  tenninniiun,  denotes  Jurisdiction,  or 
property  and  jurutiiiction  ;  ^riman/y,  tWm,  judg- 
ment i  as  in  kingdtm.  mridem.  Hence  it  is  used  to 
denote  state,  coaditioa,  or  quality,  aa  in  wMmi, 


DOM'A-BLE,  «.    7*hat  m.iv  be  tamed. 

DO-MAI.N',  a.  [Fr.  domatne ;  Arm.  damany.  This 
would  seem  to  oe  fmm  L.  damininM.  Clu.  Is  it  the 
word  aa  Dbmai:!,  which  is  from  the  Old  rrcnch 
nel  The  hitter  can  aol  be  regnUrly  deduced 
from  dtmuninwu  dswdn^.  Tbe  Norman  French  baa 
d*m94ntTy  to  ruip,  to  demt^n ;  and  tbe  pbraae,  ^  de 
son  demainer/'  in  hu  demaln,  wcmld  seem  to  bo 
from  a  dilTerent  source.  Mainor^  in  Norman,  is  ten- 
ancy or  occupation,  from  aiani,  the  hand.  Domain 
seem<i  to  be  (he  L.  dtmuMtuwi,  and  to  have  been  con- 
founded with  dtmatMy  demesne.] 

1.  Dominion;  empire  i  territory  governed,  or  under 
tbe  government  of  a  sovereign  :  att,  the  va«t  domains 
of  the  Russian  emperor ;  Uie  domatns  of  the  Brititth 
king. 

3.  Possession  j  estate  ;  as,  the  portion  of  the  king's 
domains.  Dryden. 

3.  The  land  about  the  mansion-house  of  a  lord, 
and  in  his  immediate  occupancy.  In  this  sense,  the 
word  coincides  with  Dcmai:«,  I)cx£9:(e«    Skenstone. 

DO'MAL,  a.     [L.  domus.] 

Pertaining  to  house,  m  astrelon,  Jfddison. 

DOME.  II-    [Fr.  djme  ;  Ami.  dom ;  It.  demus  ;  Gr.  Softof ; 

It.  dom  i  Rus^.  dom  *  supposed  to  be  Aom  icftw^  to 

build.    The  Greek  has  al^n  i-.-tia^  a  bouse,  a  plain 

ronf.     Qu.  Sax.  Umbrian^  Gulh.  fim^ryoM,  Ui  build.] 

L  .\  building  ;  a  house  j  a  fabric  j  used  in  poetry. 

Pope. 
SL  A  cathedral.  Bmrnet. 

a.  In  ordkitfctere,  a  Spherical  roof,  raised  over  tbe 
middle  of  a  bui1d:n;  :  a  cupola.  Eneyc 

4.  In  chemistry,  ilie  upper  i»art  of  a  furnace,  resem- 
bling a  hollow  hemisphere  or  small  dome.  This  fumi 
aervrt  to  reflect  or  reverberate  a  part  of  the  flame  ; 
hence  these  furnaces  are  called  reverberating  fur- 
nace*. Eneyc 

DOM'/^-IJ.  Cdomd,)  a.    Furnished  with  a  dome. 

DOMr,:?  1»aV,  (doomzMi.)    See  Doomsdat. 
I  DOME -^riAP-AD,  (-shapt.)  a.    Shaped  like  a  dome. 

DOMES'MAX,  (dwjrnz'man,)  n.  [See  Doom.J  A 
judge  :  an  umpire.    [  06*.] 

DO-MES'TI€,  o.    [L.  Jot«m(«iw,  from  domus,Vi  house.] 

"  1.  Belonging  to  the  house  or  home  ;  pertaining  to 
one's  place  of  residence,  and  to  the  family  ;  as,  do- 
mestic concerns ;  dawusUe  life  ;  domestic  duties  ;  domes- 
tic affair* ;  domestic  conttntions  ;  domestic  happiness  ; 
d»mej:tic  worship. 

2.  Remaining  much  at  home  ;  living  in  retirement  j 
as,  a  domestic  man  or  woman. 

3.  Living  near  the  habitations  of  man  ;  tame  ;  not 
wild  ;  as,  domestic  animals. 

4.  Pertaining  to  a  nation  considered  as  a  family, 
or  to  one*s  own  country  ;  intestine  ;  not  foreign  ;  as, 
domestic  troubles ;  domestic  dissensions. 

5.  Made  in  one's  own  house,  nation,  or  country  ; 
as,  domestic  nunufactures. 

DO-MES'Tie,  n.     One  who  lives  in  the  family  of 


DOM 

another,  n^  a  cbnptain  or  secreiar)-.  Also,  n  servant 
or  hired  lnl»orer,  residing  with  a  fninily. 

DO-MES'TIC-.-VL-LV,  ativ.  In  relation  to  domestic 
aflairs. 

DO-MES'TIC-.^NT,  a.  Forming  part  of  the  same 
family. 

DO-.MliS'TI€-ATE,  e.  (.  To  mnke  domestic;  tore- 
tire  from  tlie  public  ;  to  accustom  to  rt^main  much  at 
home  ;  a«,  to  domeMicate  one's  self. 

2.  To  make  familiar,  as  if  at  home.    Chestn-fidd. 

3.  To  accustom  to  live  near  the  habitations  of  man  ; 
lo  tame  ;  as,  to  domesticate  wild  animals. 

DO-MES'Tie-.\-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Made  d«.me8iic ;  ac- 
customed to  remain  at  home. 

DO-MES'Tie-A-TLVti,  ppr.     Making  dom*»stic. 

D0-.MES-TI€-A'TIO.\,  h.     The  act  of  withdrawing 
from  the  public  notice,  and  living  much  at  liome. 
S.  The  act  uf  taming  or  reclaiming  wild  animals. 

DO-MES  TIC'I-TV,  n.     State  of  beins  domestic. 

DOM'I-CILE,  n.     [L.  domicilittm^  a  mansic>n.] 

An  abode  or  mansion  ;  a  place  of  permanent  resi- 
dence, either  of  un  iudiviilual  or  family  ;  a  residence, 
aaimo  manendi.  Story.     Jlopkinson. 

DOM'1-CILE,  /  r.  (.    To  establish  a  fixed  resi- 

DOM-I-CIL'I-ATE,  |  dence,ora  residence  that  con- 
slituteit  habilancy.  KenL 

DOM'I-CIL-KD,  ipp.    Having  gained  a  perma- 

DOM-I-CIL'I-A-TED,  i  nent  residence  or  inhabit- 
ancy. 

DO.M-I-CIL'I-A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  abode,  or 
the  residence  of  a  person  or  family.  A  donuciliary 
visit,  is  a  visit  to  a  private  dwelling,  particularly  for 
the  purpitse  of  searching  it,  under  authority. 

DOM-I-CIL-I-A'TIO.V,  n.  Pennanenl  residence  ;  in- 
b.-ihitnncv. 

DOM'I-ClL-IXG,  \ppr'      Gaining   or  taking   a 

DO.M-I-CIL'I-A-TING,  \     pennanenl  residence. 

DOM'I  F?,  V.  C  [L.  domuSf  a  house,  and  facio^  to 
make.] 

1.  In  astroUgy,  to  divide  the  heavens  into  twelve 
houses,  in  order  to  erect  a  theme  or  horoscope,  by 
means  of  six  great  circles,  called  circles  qf  position, 
[Obs.]  Encyc. 

2.  To  tame.     [«V»>f  in  use,  and  improper.] 
DOM'IN-ANT,    a.      [L.    liiMniaanx,    from    d*>minor^   lo 

rule  ;  dominus^  lord,  mac^ter ;  cither  from  domus^  a 
house,  ot  from  domo,  (^a/m'»,  to  overcome,  to  tamty  to 
aubdue,  W.  dovL  Uoth  root^  unite  in  the  sense,  to 
Brt,  to  press,  to  fix.     See  Class  Dm,  No.  1,  3.] 

1.  Ruling;  prevailtna;  goveniing ;  predominant 
as,  the  dominant  party  or  faction.         Rtid.     Tooke. 

2.  In  miLnr,  the  dominant  or  sensible  chord  ia  that 
which  is  practiced  on  the  dominant  of  the  tone,  and 
which  introduces  a  perfect  cadence.  Every  perfect 
mnjor  chonl  becomes  a  dominant  chord,  as  soon  as 
the  seventh  minor  is  added  to  it.     Roasacau.     Encyc 

DO.M'I.\-A.\T,  n.  In  wiujir,  of  the  three  notes  essen- 
tial to  the  Uine,  the  dominant  is  that  which  is  a  fifth 
fmm  the  tonic.  ib. 

DUM'IN-ATE,   V,  L      [L,  dominatus^   dovunor.      See 

DoMI?«*?«T.] 

'Vo  rule  \  to  govern  ;  to  {vevail ;  to  predominate 
over. 

We  r»vTT  where  meet  with  SUvontan  oatioiis  eithf^  domin&nt  or 
donutvutd.  Tooke,  Ru»». 

DOM'IN-ATE,  r.  i.    To  predominate,     [LiUie  used.'\ 
DOM'IN-A-TED,pp.     Ruled;  governed. 
DOM'I\-A-TING,  ;jpr.    Ruling;  prevailing;  predom- 
inating. 
DOM-LN-A'TION,  a.     [L.  dominatio.] 

1.  The  exercise  of  power  in  ruling;  dominion; 
government.  Sliak. 

2.  .\rbitrary  authority  ;  tyranny. 

3.  One  highly  exalted  in  power  j  or  the  fourth 
onler  of  angelic  beings. 

Thronn,  dotmnatioits,  princedoma,  vinuea,  powen.      Milton. 
DOM'IN-A-TIVE,  a.    Governing ;  also,  imperious. 

Sandys. 
DOM'I.V-A-TOR,  n.  A  ruler  or  ruling  power ;  the  pre- 
siding or  predominant  power. 

Jiipiiffr  iind  NLua  »r«  dominalort  for  lhi»  nortJi-wert  wirt  of  the 
worlil.  OtmtUn, 

2.  An  absolute  governor. 
DOM'I-.NE,  a.     A  schoolmaster ;  a  pedagogue.     [Scot- 
tisk.] 
2.  A  title  *riven,  by  the  Dutch,  to  a  clerg>'man. 
DO.M-IN-EEB.',    r.  i.  '  [L.  dominor;  Ft.  domincr ;  Sp. 
dominar  ;  It.  dominarf.     See  Dominant.] 

1.  To  rule  over  witli  insolence  or  arbitrary  sway. 
To  domineer  urcr  >uit)?cu  or  scrrauta  ia  eviilence  of  &  low  mind. 

2.  To  bluster  ;  to  hector  ;  to  swell  with  conscious 
superiority  or  haughtiness. 

Go  tn  ihn  fisoAL,  revpl  and  (Jormnter.  Shak. 

D0M-IN-EER'/:D,  pp.     Ruled  over  with  insolence. 
DOM-I\-EER'I\G,  ppr.    Ruling  over  with  insolence; 
blustering  ;  manif.;sting  haughty  superiority. 
2.  o     Overbearing. 
DO-MI.N*'I€-AL,  a.     [Low  L.  dominicalist  from  dominr 
ictts,  from  dominus^  lord.] 

1.  That  notes  the  I^ord's  day,  nr  Sabbath.  The 
Domittual    letter,  is  the  letter  which,  in    almanacs, 


DON 

denotes    the   Sabbath,   or  dies   Domini^   the    Lord's 
day.     The  first  sKven  letters  of  the  alphabet  are 
used  for  this  pnr[>ose. 
2.  Nitting  the  prayer  of  our  l*ord.  HowclU 

nO-MIN'ie  AL,  «.     [Supra.]     The  Lord's  day. 
DO-MIN^IC-AN,  ft,  or  n.  [from  Dominic,  the  founder,] 
Tlie  Dominicatuij  or  Domintcnn  fViflr.*,  are  an  order 
of  nionks,  called,  in  England,  Black  fViarSf  and  JaC' 
ohirm  in  France. 
DOM'I-NI-C'IUE,  n.     [L.  dominiu  and  cado.] 

One  wlio  kills  his  m^i-Hter. 
DOM'I-NKE,  n.     A  i>edagogue.     [.ScoMwft.] 

2.  A  title  sometimes  given  to  clergymen. 
DO-MIN'ION,  (do-min'yun,)  n.    [h.  dominium.    See 
Dominant.) 

1.  Sovereign  or  supreme  authority;  the  power  of 
governing  and  controlling. 

Th<?  domimon  of  the  Must  Uigli  ia  &n  cTcHastiii^  doti^nion. — 
Oan.  i*. 

2.  Power  to  direct,  control,  use,  and  dispose  of  at 
pleasure;  right  of  possession  and  use  without  being 
accountable  ;  as,  the  private  rfom  kio«  of  individuals. 

3.  Territory  under  a  government ;  region  ;  coun- 
try ;  district  governed,  or  within  the  limits  of  the 
authority  of  a  prince  or  state  ;  as,  the  British  do- 
miniojts. 

4.  Government ;  right  of  governing.  Jamaica  Is 
under  the  dominion  of  Great  Britain. 

5.  Predoniinnnce  ;  ascendant.  Dryden, 
G.  An  order  of  angels. 

Whethrr  ttx^y  be  thrtmca,  or  domimoni,  ot  principalilica,  or 
powen.  —  Col,  i. 

7.  Persona  governed. 

Jiidah  wza  lus  tanctmry  ;  Iir&fl  hia  dominion.  —  P>.  cxir. 

DOM'I-NO,  n.  .\  long,  loose  cloak,  of  black  silk,  with 
a  hood  removable  at  pleasure,  used  as  a  geneml  dis- 
guise  at  masquerades, 
2.  A  kind  of  play. 

DON  ;  a  title  in  Spain,  formerly  given  to  noblemen  and 
gentlemen  only,  but  now  common  to  all  classes.  It 
Is  commonly  supposed  to  be  contracted  from  dominus, 
dom;  and  the  Portuguese  t^wHo,  the  mastt-r  or  owner 
of  any  Iliing,  gives  some  countenance  to  the  opinion. 
It  coincides  nearly  with  the  Heb.  pT,  and  p"iN,  a 
judge,  niler,  or  lord.  It  was  formerly  used  in  Eng- 
laiui,  and  written  by  Chancer  Dan.  [See  Spclman.] 
J}iina,  or  rfiicfla,  the  ft^minine  of  don,  ia  the  title  of 
u  lady  in  Spain  and  Portugal. 

2,  A  sportive  appellation  for  one  who  feels  self-ira- 
pnrtant  from  the  possession  of  wealth  or  dignity. 

DO.N,  r.  t.  [To  do  on  ;  opposed  to  doff.]  To  put  on  ; 
to  invest  with.     [Little.  u.«p</.]  Shak.     Fairfax. 

DO'NA-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  given. 

DO'NA-dTE,  71.  A  petrified  shell,  of  the  genus  Do- 
nax.  Jameson. 

DO'N.\-RY,  Tt.     [L,  donanum,  from  rfono,  to  give.] 
A  thing  given  to  a  sacred  use.     {^Little  used.] 

Johnson. 

DO-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  donatio,  from  dono,  to  give;  Fr. 
donner.'] 

1.  The  act  of  giving  or  bestowing;  a  grant. 

That  Hght  wc  hold  by  hia  dormdon.  MtUon. 

2.  In  laiD,  tbe  acX  or  contract  by  which  a  thing,  or 
the  use  of  it,  is  transferred  to  a  person,  or  corpora- 
tion, as  a  free  gift.  To  be  valid,  a  donation  supposes 
capacity  b»ith  in  the  donor  to  give,  and  donee  to  take, 
and  refpiires  consent,  delivery,  and  acceptance. 

3.  That  which  is  given  or  bestowed  ;  that  which  is 
transferred  to  another  gratuitously,  or  without  a  val- 
uable consideration  ;  a  gift  ;  a  grant.  Donation  is 
usually  applied  to  things  of  more  value  than  pres- 
ent. Mr.  Boudinot  made  a  donation  of  ten  thousand 
dollars  to  the  American  Bible  Society. 

DON'A-TIS.M,  n.  The  principles  embraced  by  those 
African  schismatics,  of  the  4th  century,  who  were 
called  DnnatistSy  frorti  Donatus,  their  leader.  They 
were  so  strenuous  fur  church  order,  that  they  con- 
sidered theirs  as  the  only  true  church,  and  the  ordi- 
nances administered  in  other  churches  as  invalid. 

DON'A-TIST,  n.  An  adherent  of  the  schism  of  Do- 
natus. 

DO.\-A-TIST'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  Donatism. 

DO.X'A-TIVE,  n.  [Sp.  and  It.  donativo  ,■  L.  donativum, 
from  dono,  to  give.] 

1.  A  gift  ;  a  largess  ;  a  gratuity  ;  a  present ;  a  dole. 

The  Romana  were  eiUertoiaed  with  sliowt  and  donatiixt. 

Dryden, 

2.  In  the  canon  law,  a  benefice  given  and  collated 
to  a  person,  by  the  founder  or  patron,  without  either 
presentation,  institution,  or  induction  by  the  ordi- 
nary. Encijc. 

DON'A-TIVE,  a.  Vested  or  vesting  by  donation  ;  as, 
a  donative  advowson.  Blackstone. 

DONE,  (dun,)  pp.  [See  Do.]  Performed  ;  executed  ; 
finished. 

2.  A  word  by  which  agreement  to  a  proposal  is  ex- 
pressed ;  as,  in  laying  a  wager,  an  ofler  being  made, 
the  [)erson  accepting  or  agreeing  says,  Done;  that  is, 
it  is  agreed,  I  agree,  I  accept. 

To  have  done  with  a  person  or  thing,  is  to  cease  to 
have  concern  or  business  with ;  to  witlidraw  one's 
self  from. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARITNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BQQK. 


DOO 


DOR 


DO-NEE',  n.     [from  L.  do»o^  lo  give] 

1.  The  person  to  whi>m  a  gift  ur  a  donation  is 
made. 

2.  The  person  to  whom  lands  or  tenements  are 
given  or  granted ;  as,  a  donee  in  fee-simple,  or  fee- 

„  *3!i:  Blackstotu. 

DO-MF'ER-OUS,  a.     Bearing  gifts. 

DOX'JON,  (dun'jun,)  n.  [See  Du:tgeon.]  The 
central  building,  or  keep,  of  an  ancient  casile,  to 
which  the  garrison  could  retreat  in  case  of  neces- 
sity. 

DOXK'EY,  n.    An  ass,  or  mule,  for  the  saddle. 

DOX'NA ;  the  English  orthography  of  doiia,  the  title 
of  a  lady  in  Spain  jind  Portugal. 

DOX'N/TD,  (doud,)  pp.     Put  on  ;  invested  with. 

DOX'.MSM,  n,  A  cant  term,  in  the  English  universi. 
ties,  for  self-importance,  or  distance  and  loftiness  of 
carnage.  Buber. 

DC'NOR,  R.     [from  L.  dono,  to  give.} 

I.  One  who  gives  or  bestows;  one  who  confers 
any  thing  gratuitously  ;  a  benefactor. 

a.  One  who  grants  an  estate  ;  as,  a  conditional 
fee  may  revert  to  the  rf^nor,  if  iUl-  donee  has  no  heirs 
of  his  body. 

DOX'SHIP,  n.  [See  Don.]  The  quality  or  rank  of  a 
gentleman  or  knight.  Hudibrtu. 

DOX'ZEL,  n.    [It.]    A  young  attendant ;  a  page. 

Butler. 

DOOB  or  DOUB'GRXSS,  n.  A  perennial,  creeping 
gras;^,  the  Cynodon  dactijlon,  highly  prized,  in  Hin- 
dostan,  as  SkkI  for  cattle,  and  acclimated  in  the 
Foiitheni  part  of  the  United  Slates. 

DOO'DLE,  (doo'dl,)  it.  [Uu.  dvte;  Fr.  radoUr;  Port. 
doudfi^  mad,  foolish.] 

A  tridcr  ;  a  simple  fellow. 
DOOLE.    See  Dole. 
DOOSI,   ».  L     [Sax.  rfwn,  judement;  demon,  to  deem 

gedeman,  to  judge  ;  D.  doemrn,  to  doom^  to  condemn 
an.  dimmer:  Sw.  diima.     Doom  is  from   the  root  of 
dcenty  which  seems  to  coincide  also  with  L.  e-stimo,  to 
esteem,  and  perhaps  with  the  root  of  condemn.    See 

DSCM.J 

1.  To  judge.     [Unusual.] 

Thou  diJit  Dot  doom  taUrkllj,  M'dbm. 

2.  To  condemn  to  any  punishment ;  to  consign 
by  a  decree  or  sentence  ;  as,  the  criminal  is  doomed 
to  chains. 


DOT 


The  verb  pin,  W^  taro,  in  Ch.  and  Syr.,  signifies  to 
tear  or  cut  open,  to  open,  or  break  open  ;  in  Syr.  also 
to  pray,  to  supplicate,  to  burst,  to  crack  ;  in  Ar,  to 
rush  headlong,  to  drive,  to  crowd,  to  fill.  In  Dutch, 
door  is  tAroujrA,  G.  durch.  In  Tartar.  Viurne  is  a  door. 
Class  Dr,  No.  42,  The  Hebrew  *ij:c,  a  gate,  seems 
to  be  the  same  word  dialecticativ  varied,  and  the  verb 
coincides  in  sense  with  the  Arabic,  supra,  to  rush. 
The  primary  sense  of  the  verb  is,  to  pass,  to  drive,  to 
rush.     Hence,  a  door  is  a  passage,  or  break.] 

1.  An  opening  or  passage  into  a  house,  or  other 
building,  or  into  any  room,  apartment,  or  closet,  by 
which  persons  enter.  Such  a  passage  is  seldom  or 
never  called  a  gate, 

2.  The  frame  of  boards,  or  any  piece  of  board  or 
plank  that  shuts  the  opening  of  a  house,  or  closes  the 
entrance  into  an  apartment  or  any  inclosure,  and 
usually  turning  on  hinges. 

3.  In  familiar  lang-uage,  n  houae  ]  often  in  the  plu- 
ral, doors,  aiy  house  is  the^first  door  from  the  cor- 
ner. VVe  have  also  the  phrases,  within  doors,  in  the 
house,  withcut  doors,  out  of  the  house,  abroad. 

4.  Entrance  ;  as,  the  door  of  life.  Ihnjden. 

5.  Avenue  ;  passage  ;  means  of  approach  or  access. 
An  unforgiving  temjier  shuts  the  door  against  recon- 
ciliation, or  tlie  door  of  reconciliation. 

1  am  th#  door ;  by  me  if  any  niatj  eiiler  in,  lit  shall  be  VkvcA.  — 

Ji>hii  X. 
A  door  wa»  opene<l  lo  roe  by  the  Ivjrd.  — 2  Co; 


3.  To  pronounce  sentence  or  judgment  on. 

Ab*>lvM  the  Jtist,  KnJ  dtxima  Ihe  guilty  aouli.  Dryden, 

4.  To  command  authoritatively. 

IUtb  I  a  tongiie  to  d'jom  iiiy  broth  r'l  d-Ath  f  Skak. 

5.  To  destine  ;  to  fix  irrevocably  the  fate  or  direc- 
tion of;  as,  we  are  doomed  to  sufler  for  our  sins  and 
errors. 

<}.  To  condemn,  or  to  punish  by  a  penalty. 
DOO.U,  n.     [Sax.  dom  ;  D.  dona :  Dan.  and  Sw,  dom.] 

1.  Jtidgmt-nt;  Judicial  sentence. 

T.1  Satan,  ftr»t  in  no,  his  doom  appJiM.  Milton. 

Hence,  the  Jinal  doom,  is  the  last  judgment. 

2.  Condemnation  ;  senttmce;  decree;  determina- 
tion atTecting  th«)  fate  or  future  state  of  another; 
usually  a  dtrlerminatiun  to  iutlict  tvil,  sometimes 
otherwise. 

BeToke  that  doom  of  roerey.  ShaJt. 

3.  The  state  to  which  one  in  doomed  or  destined. 
To  suffer  miser>*  is  the  doom  of  sinners.  To  toil  for 
0ubsi:>tence  is  the  doom  of  most  men. 

4.  Ruin ;  destruction. 

From  the  •ame  (b«,  at  iiut,  boih  fr ll  lh<ir  doom.  Popt. 

5.  Diicriminalion.     [A'ot  lued.] 
DOOM'AOE,  B.    A  penalty  or  line  fur  neglect.  * 

A*.  HampAhire, 
DOOM'iTD,  pp.    Adjudged  i  sentenced:  condemned; 

destined  ;  fated. 
DOOM'F^/r.,  a.     Full  of  destruction.  Dratfton, 

DOOM'i.NG.ppr.    Judging;  sentencing  ;  condemning ; 

destining. 
DOO.M«'DAY,  Tu     \d..om  and  day.]     The  day  of  the 
final  judgment;  the  great  day  wIkh  all  men  are  to 
be  judged  and  consigned  tt>  endless  happiness  or  mi»- 
ery-  S/tak.     Vryden. 

2.  The  day  of  sentence  or  condcmnatitm.  SJiak. 
DOOMS'DAY-BOOK,  /  n.  A  bock  compiled  by  order 
D0ME»'DAY-B<X;K,  i  of  William  the  CoiKpieror, 
containing  a  survey  of  all  the  hinds  in  England.  It 
ronstshi  of  two  volumes  ;  a  large  f<)lio,  and  a  quarto. 
The  folio  contains  3ti2  double  pages  of  vellum,  writ- 
ten in  a  small,  but  plain,  character.  The  quarto  con- 
tains 4.V>  double  pages  of  vellum,  written  in  a  large, 
flit  character.  Enct/c. 

8ax.]  dora,  dur,  dure;  G.  (A*(r;  U.deur: 
Sw.  dUr;  Dan.  d»r i  Or.  fiu^uy  W.  dor;  li.doras; 

O^ 


*DfjOR, 


Arm.  dor ;   Basque,  dorrea ;   Buss,  dver ;    Persic, 
dor;  Sans,  dura;  Armenian  turu;  Ch.  7^n  or  Kyin'; 

Syr.  Pi.iZ, ;  Ar.  Jf^Jj  tar'aJum.  It  is  also  in  the  Sla- 
Tonic  laogttafes,  Polish,  Bohemian,  Carinthlan,  &c. 


To  lie  at  the  door,  in  a  fiiruratire  sense,  is  lo  be  im- 
puthble  or  chargeable  to  one.     If  the  thing  is  wrong, 
the  fault  ties  at  my  door. 
A"cx(  door  to ;  near  to  ;  bordering  on. 
A  riut  unpunished,  is  biii  nert  door  to  a  tumult.    VEatianga. 
Out  of  door  or  doors;  quite  gone  ;  no  more  to  be 
found.     [Aw/  nou>  usetL]  Vrydeiu 

In  doors:  within  the  house  ;  at  home. 
DOOR'CaSE,  71.    The  frame  which  incloses  a  door. 
DOOR'LVt;,  n.     A  doorcase.     [JSTot  used.]      M'dtun. 
DOOR'-KEEP-ER,  n.     A  porter  ;  one  who  guards  the 

entrance  of  a  house  or  apartm»nt. 
DOOR'-NAIL,  n.   The  nail  on  which  the  knocker  for- 
merly Btruck. 
D^OR'-Pf^ST,  n.    The  post  of  a  door 
D^OR'-SILL,  n.    The  sill  of  a  door. 
DoOR'-HTEAD,  n.     Entrance  or  place  of  a  door. 
n^OR'-STONE,  71.     Step  stone.  [  IVarbarton. 

DC)(>ir-WAY,  n.     The  passage  of  a  door. 
DOU'tJET,  (dok'et,)  n.     A  warrant ;  a  paper  granting 

license.     [See  Docket.]  Bacon. 

DOR,     I  n.     [Qu.  Ir.  dord,  humming,  buzzing,  also 
DORR,  j      rough.] 

The  name  of  the  black-beetle,  or  the  hedge-chafer, 
a  species  of  Scarabatus.     We  usually  say,  the  dor- 
beetle. 
DO-RA'DO,  n.     [Pp.  dorado,  gilt,  from  dorar,  to  gild.] 

1.  A  southeni  constellation,  containing  si\  stars, 
called  also  Xiphias;  not  visible  in  our  latitude.  Eacyc. 

2.  A  large  fish,  resembling  the  dolphin. 
^^„„„.  ^^t.  of  JVlif.  Hist. 
DO-REE',  n.     The  French  popular  name  of  the  fish 

Zeus  FabtT,  of  Linmcu^.  The  popular  name  in  Eng- 
lish is  Jokn-Dorie,  wefl  known  to  be  a  corruption  of 
Jaune-dor^e,  i.  e.,  golden-yellow. 

DO'RI-AN,  0.  Pertaining  to  Doris,  in  Greece.  [See 
Donjc] 

DOR'ie,  a.  [from  DoriSy  in  Greece.]  In  ^^n^m/, per- 
taining to  Doris,  or  the  Dorians,  in  Greece"  wlio  dwelt 
near  Parnassus. 

In  architecture,  noting  the  second  order  of  columns, 
between  the  Tuscan  and  Ionic.  'I'he  Doric  ord<.;r  is 
distinguished  for  simplicity  and  strength.  It  is  used 
in  the  gates  of  cities  and  citadels,  on  the  outside  of 
churches,  Slc. 

The  Doric  dialect  of  the  Greek  language  was  the 
dialect  of  the  Dorians,  and  little  diff'erent  fr.>m  that 
of  Lacedeinon.  Encue. 

The  Doric  mode,  in  music,  was  the  first  of  the  au- 
thentic modes  of  the  ancients.  Its  character  is  to  bo 
severe,  tempered  with  gravity  and  joy.  Encvc. 

DOR'I-CISM, ;         .    ,  i.  ,     r.^.-  . 

Do'RISM  i  "'     ^  phrase  of  the  Done  dialect 

DOR'MA.^-CY,  n.     [Infra.]     Uuiescence.     Horsley. 
DOR'MAiVT,  a.    [Fr.,  from  dormir,  L.  dormio,  to  sleep.] 

1.  Sleeping  ;  hence,  at  re^t ;  not  in  action  ;  as,  dor- 
mam  passions. 

2.  Kiting  in  a  sleeping  posture;  as,  the  lion  (/or/nfl/U, 

in  heraldry. 

3.  Neglected  ;  not  used  ;  as,  a  dormant  title ;  dor- 
Jiuini  privileges. 

4.  Concealed;  not  divulged;  private.    [Untuntal.] 

Bacon. 

5.  Leaning;  inclining;  not  perpendicular;  as,  a 
dortnant  window,  suppr.si.d  to  be  so  called  from  a 
beam  of  that  name.  This  is  now  written  Dormer 
or  Dorm  A  R. 

Dormant  partner  ;  in  eommerce  and  manvfactorieji,  a 
partner  who  takes  no  shnre  in  the  active  business  of 
a  c^>nnpHiiy  or  partnership,  but  is  entitled  to  a  share 
of  the  profits,  and  subject  to  a  share  in  losses.  He 
is  called  also  slcepinir  partner. 

DOR'MANT,  n.     A  beam  ;  a  sleeper. 

DOR'MER,  n.    A  beam  ;  a  sleeper. 


DOK'MKR,  1    n.     A     window     pierced 

DOK'MER-WIN-D5\V,  (  through  a  sloping  roof, 
and  placed  in  a  small  gable  which  rises  on  the  side  of 
the  roof;  also  written  Dormar.     Oloss.  of  .architect* 

D0R'M1-TIVE,7,,    [U-donnio,  to  sleep.] 

A  medicine  to  promote  sleep  ;  an  opiate.  ./9rbuthnoL 

DOR'MI-TO-RY,  n.  [L.rformitoriu»i,  from  dormio,  to 
sleep.] 

1.  A  place,  building,  or  room,  to  sleep  in. 

2.  A  gallery  in  convents  divided  into  several  cells, 
where  the  religious  sleep.  Encyc. 

3.  A  burial-place,  ^yliji. 
DOR'MOUSE,  n.;  pi.  Dobmici.     [L.  dormio,  to  sleep, 

and  mouse.] 
The  popular  name  of  the  several  species  of  Myox- 

us,  a  genus  of  Mammalia  of  the  order  Rodentia. 
DORN,  n,     [G.  dorn,  a  thorn.] 

A  fish;  perliaps  the  thorn  back,  one  of  the  Ray 

family-  Careic. 

DOR'Nie,  n.     A  species  of  linen  cloth. 
DOR'XOCK,  Ti.    A  species  of  figured  linen,  made  in 

Dornock,  in  Scotland.  Ure, 

DO'RON,  n.     [Gr.  (iaitjoc,  a  gift ;  itaptw,  Russ.  dariyu, 

to  give.]  '  * 

1.  A  gift ;  a  present.     [^Tot  in  use.] 

2.  A  measure  of  three  inches,  ^sh. 
DORP,  n.     [G.  dorf;  D.  dorp ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  torp:  W. 

trev.    See  Tribe.] 
A  small  village. 
DORR.    See  Don. 

DORR,  r.  u     To  deafen  with  noise.     [JVot  in  use.l 
DOR'RER,  n.     A  drone.     [JVo(  in  use.) 
DOR'SAL,  a.     [from  L.  dorsum,  the  back.] 

Perniining  to  the  back  ;  as,  the  dorsal  fin  of  a  fish ; 

dorsal  awn,  in  botany. 
DORSE,  n.     A  canopv.  Sutton 

DOR'SEL,     See  Dosser. 
DOR-SI-BRANCH'I-ATE,  a.     Having  the  branchie 

equally  distributed  along  the  body,  as  an  order  of  aji- 

nelidans. 
DOR-SIF'ER-OUS. 
DOtt-SIP'AR-OU; 


2.     [L.  dorsum,  the  back,  and 
,  ,     feroy  or  pario,  to  bear.] 
In  botany,  bearing  or  producing  set^ds  on  the  back 
of  their  leaves  ;  an  epithet  given  to  ferns'or  plants  of 
the  capillary  kind,  without  stalks.  Eiicyc 

DOR'SUM,  71.     [L.]     The  ridge  of  a  hill.       fVulton. 
DOR'TURE,  n.    [Contraction  of  dormiture.]    A  donni- 

tory.     [JVot  in  use.]  Bacon. 

DOSE,  n.     [Fr.  dose;  It.  dosa;  Gr.  S)o,i,  that  which  is 
given,  from  SlS(^^flt,  to  give  ;  W.  dodi,  to  give.] 

1.  The  quantity  of  medicine  given  or  prescribed  to 
be  taken  at  one  time.  Quinct/. 

2.  Any  thing  given  to  be  swallowed;  any  tiling 
nauseous  that  one  is  obliged  to  take.  South. 

3.  A  quantity  ;  a  portion.  Oramullc. 

4.  As  much  as  a  man  can  swallow.  Johnson. 
DCSE,  V.  (.     [Fr.  doser.] 

1-  To  proptirtion  a  medicine  properly  to  the  patient 
or  (fisease  ;  to  form  into  suitJible  doses.      Dnham. 

2.  To  give  in  doses  ;  to  give  medicine  or  physic. 

3.  To  give  any  thing  nauseous. 
DCS' CD,  (dftst,)  pp.    Given  in  doses;  formed  into  suit- 
able doses;  physicked. 

DOS'ING,  ppr.     Forming  into  doses  ;  physicking. 
DOS'SER,  71.     [Fr.  dos,  the  back  ;  dossier,  a  bundle.] 
A  pannier,  or  basket,  to  be  carried  on  the  shoulders 

of  men.  Encyt. 

DUS'SIL,  71.      In  surgery,  a  pledget  or  portion  ot  lint 

made  into  a  cylindnc  form,  or  the  sha|ie  of  a  date. 
DOS'J',  (dust ;)  the  second  person  of  Do,  used  in  the 

solemn  style  ;  thou  dost. 
DOT,  »t.    [X  know  not  the  origin  and  affinities  of  this 

word.     It  would  be  naturally  deduced  from  a  verb 

signifying  to  set,  or  to  prick,  like  punr.tum,  point.     It 

coincides  in  elements  with  tatoo,iir\A\\'.dodt,  to  give, 

that  is,  to  thrust,  or  cause  to  pass.] 

A  small  point  or  spot,  made  with  a  pen  or  other 

iminted    instrument;     a  speck,  used  in  marking  a 

writing  or  other  thing. 
DOT,  n. /,     To  mark  with  dots. 

2.  To  mark  or  diversify  with  small  detiched  ob- 
jects ;  as,  a  landMcajK;  doUcd  with  cottages,  or  clumps 
DOTj  r.  I.     'I'o  make  dots  or  spots.  [of  trees. 

DO'l  AGE,  n.     [from  dtne.,]     Feebleness  or  imbecility 

of  understanding  or  mind,  particularly  in  old  age; 

childishiiessof  old  age  ;  as,  a  venerable  man,  now  in 

his  diitagr. 

2.  A  doting;  excessive  fondness.  Dryden. 

3.  Deliriousiiess.     [See  the  verb  to  Dote.J 
DO'TAL,  a.     [Fr.  from  L.  dotalis,  from  dos,  dower.] 

Pertaining  to  dower,  or  a  woman's  marriage  por- 
tion ;  constituting  dower,  or  comprised  in  it ;  as,  a 
dotal  town  Oarih. 

DO'TANT,  71.     A  dotard.  Hhak. 

DO'TARUj  71.  [dote  and  ard^  kind.]  A  man  whose 
intellect  is  impaired  by  age ;  one  in  his  second  child- 
hood. 

The  aickly  dotard  wniitji  a  wife.  Prior. 

S.  A  doting  fellow  ;  one  foolishly  fond. 
Dfl'TARO-LY,  a.     Like  a  dotard  ;  weak.  More. 

DO-TA'TIOX,  71.  [h.dotatio,  from  dos,  dower,  dato. 
to  endow.] 

1.  'J'he  act  of  endowing,  or  bestowing  a  marriago 
portion  on  a  woman. 


TONE,  BULL,  tjXITE— AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS— C  a.  Kj  6  u  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  iw  SHj  TH  a.  in  THia 


46 


S6I 


DOU 

^  Endowment ;  e^-tblistmient  of  funds  for  sup- 
port ;  as,  of  a  boopital  or  elec-iuosynar}'  cor{H^raiion. 

Blitckstvne^ 
DOTE,  r.  i.  [D.  dutUnj  to  dote,  to  doz«  :  W.  dotiato^ 
to  put  oui,tocaui>e  to  mistake,  to  err,  to  dote  ;  dotian, 
to  be  cunniaed ;  Fr.  niif«.Vr,  to  rave,  to  talk  idly  of 
extravagantly.  The  French  word  is  rendered  in 
Armoric,  nraUrfo/,  which  seems  to  be  our  rouiWe.] 

1.  To  be  delirious  ;  tu  have  the  intellect  impaired 
bjr  ac^)  ^  ^°^  t^  °i>°*l  wanders  or  wavers ;  to  be 
■iU>  or  insane. 

TitM  bu  xaade  ym  dott,  «n<)  ninW  tell 

Of  Bxnia  bu^Ma  in  yotxr  lonely  ccU.  Dn/atti. 

S.  To  b«  ezcecslvely  in  love ;  usually  with  oh  or 
ttpmi  i  to  dtU  OH,  is  lo  lore  to  excess  or  extnvagance. 
\VhaX  dutf  we  dM*  oo,  wlmi  "Ik  nu  w«  b*c  I         Ay>«- 
'  A  AMTiiuH.  —  Caek.  xxiu. 


3.  To  decay  ;  to  wither ;  to  impair. 
DCT'ED.M,    Regarded  with  excessive  fondueao. 

DOT'ER,  N.    One  wbo  dotes;  a  man  wboee  under- 
Manding  is  eafbeUed  by  mffi ;  %  dolard.       Bmrtou, 
%  One  wbo  is  excessively  fond,  or  weakly  m  love. 

DOTES,  n.  pi.    Gifts  or  endowments.     Bern  Jonton. 

DOTH,  (duth.)  The  third  person  irregular  of  do,  used 
in  the  aeiemn  style. 

DOT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Regarding  with  exceaaive  fond- 
nasA. 

DOT'lXG-LY,  adv.    By  excessive  fondness.    Diyden. 

DOT'TARD,  a.    A  tree  kept  low  by  cutting.      Baetnu 

Wyr'TEBtpp.  or  a.    Marked  wiih  dots  orsmall  spots  ; 
diTeisified  with  9inall,  detached  ohjects. 
8.  In  kUaihfj  sprinkled  with  hullow  dots  or  points. 

Martyn. 

DOTTTIR-EL,  >  a.    The  popular  name  of  Charadrius 

DOT'TREL,  )  Morinellus  of  LinnKUS,  a  fowl  of 
hie  Older  GiaOs.  Sta  Dottrtl  is  the  popular  name  of 
IViBga  iDMrpne  of  Liancus  ;  likewise  of  his  order 
ChaUa.    Most  of  the  species  of  Charadrius  are  called 

nnlnly  PUmtn, 
tie  said  lobe  a  silly  bird,  which  tmiUUestheartkA 
of  the   fowler,  and  Is  easily  taken  by  stratagem. 
Benoe  the  frequent  allasioQs  to  this  bird  in  the  old 
wntera.  Toom, 

DOTTING,  ppr.    Harking  with  dots  or  spoto  ;  diveisi- 

fring  with  small,  detached  objects 
DO'U-A-MeR',  (doo*-noer',)  a.    [Fr.]  An  officer  of 

thf  Frmf-h  rit^oms.  ^r*y. 

DC  r.K,(doo'i,)  «.      [from  Z>«<«if,  a  town 

An  English  tranitlation  of  the  Scrip- 

t  .  .•  d  by  the  Roman  Catholic  church. 

DOt- It  L,t'.  (,ouDi,)a.     fPr.  dltfuMf;    Ann.d«HM,-  Sp. 

4Mti  Port,  dahr^;  IL  deMJ«;  W.  i^yUyrf  D.daftM; 

a  dsy^;  Dan.  dsMtlCr  8w.  daAM;    U  rf^w,  dm- 

fiaj    GuirrXvft   oonpounded  of  4me,  Cwo, 

plica,  to  fold,  fUxms,  a  fold.    8ee  Two.] 

1.  Two  of  a  eort  tocedier ;  one  corresponding  to 
ttie  ocher  j  being  In  pans ;  as,  dcmbU  chickens  in  the 
■ameegg;  dmmbU  haves  connected  by  one  petiole. 

3.  Twice  as  much ;  contaiiiiug  the  ^ame  quantity 
or  length  repeated. 

TdM  J>mM«  owoejr  to  roar  )»fKl.-.-G^n.  zG8. 

iM  •  dmiAJ«  poitioB  of  d>7  vpiril  be  oa  me.  —  9  Kings  B. 

With  U> ;  as,  the  amount  is  douhU  to  what  I  ex- 
pected. 

3.  Having  one  added  to  another ;  as,  a  doubU  chin. 

4.  Twofold  i  also,  of  two  kinds. 

Darknea  ftod  tnnpeM  mate  a  douhU  nigbU  Diyden. 

5.  Two  in  number  J  as,  doitMe  sight  or  sound.  [See 
Na  IJ  Dories. 

6L  meeitftil ;  acting  two  parts,  one  openly,  the 
oCfaeria  aecreC 

And  vitli  a  do^JiU  heart  t5o  ihc-y  speak.  —  Ps.  xil. 

DOUB'LE,  (dubl,)  adr.    Twice. 

I  w««  dott&bf  tbrir  age  9x{ft. 

DOUB'LE,  h)  composition,  denotes  two  ways,  or 
twice  tlw  number  or  quaniitv. 

DOUB'LE-BA\K-£D,  (dub'I-bankt,)  a.  In  smman- 
wkip,  hating  two  opposite  oars  managed  by  rowers  on 
the  same  bench,  or  having  two  men  to  the  same  oar. 

Mar.Dut. 

DOU'BLE-BAE'REL-£D,  a.  Having  two  barrels,  as 
a  ^in. 

DOUBLE-RASE,  n.  The  lowest  toned  instrument 
of  music,  in  form  of  a  violin. 

DOUB'LE^BIT'ING,  a.  Biting  or  cutting  on  either 
side  ;  as,  a  doubU-bititig  ax.  Jhyden. 

I>OL'B'LE-BUT'TO.\-£D,  (dub'I-but'nd,)  a.  Having 
two  n^^tws  of  biittona.  Oay. 

DOUB'LE-CHARGE,  r.  L  To  charge  or  intrust  witli 
a  double  portion.  Siiak, 

DOCB'LE-CHABG'irD,  pp.  Charged  or  intrusted 
with  a  double  portion. 

D0UB'LE-CHAR6'I^'G,ppr.  Charging  or  intrusting 
with  a  duuMe  portion. 

DOUB'LE-De-\L'ER,ii,  One  who  acts  two  different 
parts  in  the  same  business,  or  at  the  same  time  ;  a 
deceitful,  tricki:sh  person  ;  one  who  says  one  thing 
and  thinks  or  intends  pother ;  one  guiltv  of  du- 
plicity VEstrangt. 

DOL'B'LE-DeAL'IXG,  n.     Artifice  j   duplicity  ;    de- 


DOU 

teitfiil  prafiice  ;  the  profession  of  »me  thinff  and  the 
pnirtice  of  another.  Shak.     lirocme. 

DOl'B'Lt^nVF,,  r.  t.     To  dye  twice  over.     Drydau 
DOUHLE-EIKI-KD,  a.     Having  two  ed^es. 
nOUIi'LK~K.Y-TFJ>rDRF,,      (doob'l-iln-tin'dr,)     n. 

iFr.l     Dmihle  meaning  of  a  Word  or  expression. 
I'lt'LE-EY-KD,  (dub'l-Ide,)  o.     Having  a  deceit 
Jul  ci'tinli-nance,  Speitsrr 

DOUB'l.F^E.N'TRY,  n.  A  mode  of  book-keeping  in 
which  two  entries  nre  made  of  ever)-  tmnsaction  in 
ditli-rent  forms  and  in  dilferent  books,  in  order  that 
tiie  cme  may  check  the  other. 

DOUB'LE-FACE,  h.  Duplicity;  the  acting  of  dif- 
feroru  parts  in  the  saTne  concern. 

DOUIt'LE-FAC -KD,  (dub'l-faate,)  a.  Deceitful :  hyi>- 
ocriticat;  showinp  two  faces.  Milton. 

DOIiB'LB-FORM-f:n,o.     Of  a  mixed  form.  MitUtJt. 

DOni  LE-FCtKTI-FI-KD,  (dub'1-for'le-flde,)  a. 
Twice  fortified  ;  doubly  strengthened. 

D0UB'L^,-FOU.\T-ED,  a.     Having  two  sourceii. 

MUtoiu 

DOrBXE-FItO.N'T'ED,  (dubM-ftunt'ed,)  o.  Having 
a  doiihlf  front. 

DOUB'LE-GlLD.p.  U    To  gild  with  double  coloring. 

Shak. 

DOtJB'LF^-GILD'ED,  pp.     Gilt  with  double  coloring. 

DOUB'LE-HANU'ED,  a.  Having  two  hand^ ;  de- 
ceitful. QlanviUe. 

DOUB'LE-HEAD'ED,  o.     Having  two  heads. 
S.  Having  the  dowers  growing  one  to  another. 

MurtimcT. 

DOITB'I.E-JIEXRT'En,  (dub'l-hlrt'ed,)  a.  Having  a 
fal^>  heart ;  deceitful  ;  treacherous. 

DOUB'LE-LOCK,  ».  (.  To  shoot  Uie  bolt  twice  ;  to 
fasten  with  double  security.  Tatlrr. 

D0L'lI'LE-LOCK'£D,(dub'Mokt,)p;).   Twice  locked. 

DOUB'LE-LOCK'l.NG,  ppr.  Fastening  with  double 
security. 

DOUB'LE-M.\X-NED,  a.  Furnished  with  twice  the 
complement  of  men,  or  with  two  men  instead  of 
on*'. 

DOI'H'LE-MkAX'ING,  0.    Having  two  meanings, 

DOni'LE-MIND-ED,  a.  Having  different  minds  at 
different  times  j  unj^ettled  ;  wavering  ;  unstable  j  un- 
d'lfTuiined. 

DOLU'LE-MOUTH -ED,  a.    Having  two  mouths. 

Milton, 

DOUB'IX-NlTlIR-fiD,  a.  Having  a  twofold  nature. 

Young. 

DOUB'LE-OC-T.WE,  ».  In  mtmc,  an  interval  com- 
posed of  two  octaves  or  dfleen  notes  in  diatonic 
proeression  ;  a  fifteenth.  Kncyc. 

DOUB'LE-rLliA,  n.  In  law,  a  plea  in  which  the  de- 
fendant alleges  two  different  matters  in  bar  of  the 
actitm.  Cowtl. 

DOLU'LE-QU^IR-REL,  n.  A  complaint  of  the  clerk 
to  the  archbi^iop  against  an  inferior  ordinary,  fur 
delav  of  justice.  Cowel. 

DOL'H'LE-SHADE,  e.  U  To  double  the  natural  dark- 
ne,-<  of  a  place  Milton, 

DOI.'K'LE-:SHAn'ED,  pp.     Made  doubly  dark. 

DOl'B'UE-SHAD'ING,  ppr.  Doubling  the  natural 
darkness  of  a  place. 

DOUB'LE-SHTN'ING,  a.    Shining  with  double  luster. 

Sidney. 

DOUB'LE-STAR,  n.  A  star  which  usually  appears 
single,  but  in  the  telescope  is  resolved  into  two  stars. 

D.  Olmsted. 

DOUB'LE-THREAD'ED,  (duh'l-thred'ed,)  a,  Con- 
sisiiii;;  of  two  threads  twisted  togcthf^r. 

DOUB'LE-TO\GU-£D,fdub'I-tungd,)a.  Making  con- 
trary declarations  on  the  same  subject  at  different 
times ;  deceitful. 

Thr  deaconi  must  be  gniT«,  not  doiibU-tongutd.  —  1  Tim.  iii. 

DOUB'LE,  (dub'l,)  v.  t  [Fr.  doubler  ;  Arm.  doubla; 
Sp.  doblar;  Port-  dobrar ;  It.  dajrpiare :  D.  dubbclen; 
G.dopprln;  Dan.  doblerer ;  Sw.  dablera;  Ir.  ditblaig- 
kim;  \\'.  dyblygu;  L.  duplico  ;  Gr.  SnrXoto.] 

1.  To  fold  ;  as,  to  double  the  leaf  of  a  book  ;  to 
double  dviwn  a  corner.  Prior. 

3.  To  increase  or  extend  by  adding  an  equal  sum, 
value,  quantity,  or  len^h  ;  as,  to  double  a  sum  of 
money  ;  lo  doubU  the  amount ;  to  double  the  quantity 
or  size  of  a  thing  ;  lo  double  the  lengthy  to  double 
dishonor. 

3.  To  contain  twice  the  sum,  quantity,  or  leng:th, 
or  twice  as  much  j  as,  the  enemy  doubles  our  army  m 
numbers. 

4.  To  repeat ;  to  add  ;  as,  to  double  blow  on  blow. 

Dryden 

5.  To  add  one  to  another  in  the  same  order. 

Tliuu  ahall  double   t)te  aluli  curtAJu   in   U;e   tore  front  of  Uw 
tAtjcni;icle.  —  Ei.  xxvi, 

6.  In  navigation^  to  double  a  cape  or  point,  is  to  sail 
round  it,  so  that  the  cape  or  pomt  shall  be  between 
the  ship  and  her  former  situation.  Mar.  Diet, 

7.  In  mUitanj  affairs^  to  unite  two  ranks  or  files  in 
one. 

To  double  and  twist,  is  to  add  one  tliread  to  another 
and  twist  them  together. 

To  double  upon,  in  tactics,  is  to  inclose  between  two 
fires, 
DOL'B'LE,  V.  i.    To  increase  to  twice  the  sum,  num- 


DOU 

her,  value,  quantity,  or  length  ;  lo  increase  or  irrow 
to  twice  as  niueh.  A  sum  of  money  dnvbfes  by  cuu- 
pound  interest  in  a  tittle  more  than  eleven  years.  The 
inhabitants  of  the  United  States  doable  in  about  Iweu- 
ty-five  years. 

2.  To  enlarge  a  wager  lo  twice  tlie  sum  laid. 

I  ait  retutrol  (o  dotMe  till  I  win.  Drydtn. 

3.  To  turn  back  or  wind  in  running. 

Dovhling  aiitl  cuniiiig  lik«  a  iiiiiil/'d  bnrc.  Dryden, 

4.  To  play  tricks  ;  to  use  sleights.  Johnson. 

5.  Among  ;»arfiM,io  set  uplhesame  word  or  words, 
unintentionally,  a  second  lime. 

DOUB'LE,  T*.  Twice  as  much;  twice  the  number, 
sura,  value,  quantity,  or  length. 

If  the  tliicl  Im  fuutiil,  lul  liiin  pay  dovi^e.  —  Ex.  xxii. 

2.  A  turn  in  running  lo  escape  pursuers, 

Blackmorc, 

3.  A  trick  ;  a  shift  ;  an  artifice  to  deceive.  Mdtlisoiu 
DOUB'Li'.'D,   (doub'ld,)  />p.      Fcilded  ;    increased    by 

adding  an  equal  quantity,  sum,  or  value  ;  repeat'  d  ; 
turned  or  [wssed  round. 
DOUB'LE-.\ESS,n.    The  state  of  being  doubled. 

9.  Duplicity.  [Shak. 

DOUB'LER,  n.    He  that  doubles. 

2.  An  instrument  for  augmenting  a  very  smnll 
quantity  of  electricity,  so  as  to  render  it  manifest  by 
sparks  or  the ebciroiaeter.  Cye. 

DOUB'LETj  (dub'let,)  n.     [It.  duiblead;  Fr.  doublet.] 

1.  The  mner  garment  of  a  man ;  a  waistcoat  or 
vest. 

2.  Two ;  n  pair.  Greio. 

3,  A  word  or  [)hrase  unintentionally  doubled,  or  set 
up  the  second  time,  by  printers. 

4,  Among  lapidaries,  a  coimterfeit  stone  composed 
of  two  pieces  of  crystal,  with  a  color  between  them, 
BO  that  they  have  the  satne  appearance  as  if  the 
whole  substance  of  the  cr>stal  were  colored.    Kncyc. 

DOUB'LETS,  n.     A  game  on  dice  within  tables, 

2.  The  same  number  on  both  dice.  Eneyc. 

3.  A  double  meaning.  Mason. 
DOUB'LING,  ppr.     Making  twice  the  sum,  number,  or 

quantity  ;  repeating ;  passing  round  ;  turning  to  es- 
cape. 

DOUB'EIXG,  7u  The  act  of  making  double;  also,  a 
fold  ;  a  plnil ;  also,  an  artifice  ;  a  sliift. 

D0UB-LOO\',  (dub-loou',)  h.  [Fr.doublon;  Sp.  dublon  ; 
It.  dob  blone.] 

A  Spanish  and  Portuguese  coin,  being  double  the 
value  of  the  pistole.  Encyc. 

DOUB'LV,  (dub'ly,)  adv.  In  twice  the  quantity  ;  to 
twice  the  degree  i  as,  doubly  wise  or  good ;  to  be 
doaWy  sensible  of  an  obligation.  Dryden. 

DOUBT,  (dout,)  V.  i.  [Fr.  doutcr;  L.  dubito;  It.  du- 
bitare;  Sp.  dudar;  Arm.  dviieti.  According  lo  Ains- 
worth,  this  is  composed  of  duo  and  bito,  to  go.  It  is 
evidently  from  the  root  of  dubius,  and  of  too  ,■  but  the 
manner  of  fimnation  is  not  clear.  So  D.  ttoyjfclcn,  to 
doubt,  G,  zweifcin^  Sw.  tvifla^  D.  tviaUr^  are  from 
two.] 

1,  To  waver  or  ffuctuate  in  opinion  ;  to  hesitate  ; 
to  be  in  suspense ;  to  be  in  uncertainty  respecting 
the  truth  or  fact  j  to  be  undetermined. 

ETen  i))  matfra  tliviiie,  conconiing  wrnie  ttiin^,  we  may  IfiwfuJ- 
ly  doubt  anil  auspeiul  our  jtitigm'-iil.  liooker. 

So  we  say,  I  doubt  whether  it  is  proper ;  I  doubt 
whether  I  shall  go  ;  sometimes  with  of,  as  we  doubt 
qfsi  fact. 

2.  To  fear ;  to  be  apprehensive  ;  to  suspect. 

I  doubt  there*!  doep  reB^tilmptil  iu  hii  mSntl.  Olieay. 

.DOUBT,  (doul,)  w.«.  To  question  or  hold  questiona- 
ble ;  to  withhold  assent  from  ;  to  hesitate  to  believe  ; 
as,  I  have  heard  the  story,  but  I  doubt  the  truth  of  it. 

2.  To  fear  j  to  suspect. 

If  ihcT  turn  not  back  perverse ; 
But  llmt  1  (toutl.  Miltor 

3.  To  distnisl;  to  withhold  confidence  from;  as, 
to  doubt  our  ability  to  execute  an  oifice. 

To  iidmire  superior  Miiae,  and  (£ou6l  their  own.  Pope. 

4.  To  fill  with  fear.     [Obs.]  Beaum. 
DOUBT,  (dout,)  n.     A  fluctuation  of  mind  respecting 

truth  or  propriety,  arising  from  defect  of  knowledge 
or  evidence;  uncertainly  of  mind  ;  suspense;  unset- 
tled state  of  opinion  ;  as,  to  have  doubts  respecting 
the  theory  of  the  tides. 

Jo*?pli  !■  without  doubt  rent  In  piccea.  — Gen.  xxxvil. 

2.  Unceitainly  of  condition. 

Thy  life  ah:iJl  hang  in  doubl  before  th<e.  —  DeuL  xxviii. 

3.  Suspicion ;  fear ;  apprehension. 

I  stand  in  doubt  of  you.  —  GuL  iv. 

4.  Difficulty  objected. 

To  every  doubl  your  aiuwcr  is  the  SAine.  Blackmort. 

5.  Dread  ;  horror  and  danger.     [Oft*.] 
DOUBT' A-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  doubted.    Sherwood. 
DOUBT'ED.   (dout'ed,)  pp.      Scrupled;    questioned; 

not  certain  or  settled. 
DOUBT'ER,  71.    One  who  doubts  ;  one  whose  opinion 

is  unsettled  ;  one  who  scruples. 
DOUBT'FJJL,  a.     Dubious  ;   not   settled  in   opinion  ; 

undf;tcimined  ;  wavering;  hesitating;  applied  to per- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  1»REY.  — PIXE,  MARLXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.- 


DOV 

3CHS ;  as,  we  are  doubtful  of  a  fact,  or  of  the  propriety 
of  a  measure. 

2.  Dubious ;  ambiguous ;  not  clear  in  its  meaning  ; 
as,  a  doubtful  expression. 

3.  Admitting  of  doubt :  not  obvious,  clear,  or  cer- 
tain ;  questionable ;  not  decided  ;  as,  a  doubtful  case  ; 
a  doubtful  proposition  3  it  is  doxtitful  what  will  be  the 
event  of  the  war. 

4.  Of  uncertain  issue. 

Wc  hare  auslalned  one  d&j  ta  douS^ul  fight.  Milton. 

5.  Not  secure  ;  suspicious  j  as,  we  cast  a  doubtful 
eye.  Hooker, 

6.  Not  confident  3  not  without  fear  3  indicating 
doubt. 

With  doubtful  feet,  and  warenng  resolution.  Milton. 

7.  Not  certain  or  defined  ;  as,  a  doubtful  hue. 

MUtoTu 
DOUBT'FyL-LY,  ado.    In  a  doubtful  manner  ;  dubi- 
ously. Speiuscr* 

2.  With  doubt ;  irresolutely. 

3.  Ambiguously  ;  with  uncertainly  of  meaning. 

Niir  did  the  goddess  doubtfully  declare.  Dryden. 

4.  In  a  state  of  dread.     [Oft*.]  Spenser. 
DOUBT'FJJI^NESS',  n.     A  state  of  doubt  or  uncer- 
tainty of  mind  J  dubiousness  j  suspense  3  in.stability 
of  opinion.  fVatis. 

2.  Ambiguity ;  uncertainty  of  meaning.     Locke. 

3.  Uncertainty  of  event  or  issue ;  uncertainty  of 
condition.  Johnson. 

DOUBT'ING,  ppr.  or  o.  Wavering  in  mind ;  calling  in 
question;  hesitating. 

DOUBT'iNG-LY,a</c.  In  a  doubting  manner;  dubi- 
ously ;  without  confidence. 

DOUBT'L£SS,a.  Free  from  fear  of  danger;  secure. 
{Obs.} 

Prrttj  child,  sleep  doubtleta  and  ■ecaro.  ShaJc. 

DOUBT'LESS,  adv.  Without  doubt  or  question  ;  un- 
questionably. The  histories  of  Christ  by  the  evan- 
geli.'its  are  doubtless  authentic. 

DOUUT'LESS-LY,  adv.     Unquestionably.    Seaunu 

UOU'C£D,  (doost,)  n.     [from  Fr.  douce.] 

A  musical  instrument.     [Abt  in  use.]      Chaucer. 

DOU'CET   n.     [Fr.     A  custard.]     [JVwI  in  use.] 

DOU'CEOR,  (doo'sur,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  rfouz,  sweet,  L. 
dulei^.] 
A  presenter  gift  ;  a  bribe. 

DOUCliE,  (doosh,)  n.  A  jet  or  current  of  water,  di- 
rected with  considerable  force  on  to  some  diseased 
pnrt  of  the  body  with  a  view  to  strengthen  it. 

DoU'CtNE,  (doo'seen,)  n.  [Fr.J  A  molding,  concave 
above  and^  convex  below,  servmg  as  a  cymatiiim  to  a 
delicate  cornice  ;  a  cymagola.  Encijc. 

DOUCK'ER,  n.  [See  Duck.]  A  bird  that  dips  or 
dives  in  water  ;  a  diver.  Ray. 

DOUGH,  (dfl,)  n.  f  Sax.  dah  ;  D.  deeir  ;  Sw.  de^r .-  Dan. 
dej  i  G.  teig.  Prohably  a  soft  mass,  and  perhaps  al- 
lied to  tAidL    See  Class  Dg,  No.  8,  17,  21, 22,  30.] 

Paste  of  bread ;  a  mass  composed  of  Hour  or 
meal  moistened  and  kneaded,  but  not  baked. 

.Mij  cak&ia  douffkj  that  is,  my  undertaking  is  not 
come  to  maturity.  Skak. 

DOUGH'-BAK  .ED,  (doTiakt,)  a.  Unfinished  ;  not 
hardened  to  perfection;  soft.  Donne. 

D^I'GH'-K\feAD-ED,fl.    Soft;  like  dough.  Mdton. 

DOL'GH'NUT,  «.  [dough  aird  nut.]  A  smiill  round- 
ish cake,  made  of  fiour,  eggs,  and  sugar,  moistened 
with  milk  and  boiled  in  lard. 

DOl'GH'TI-LY,  (dow'ie-le,)  ad.    With  doughtiness. 

DOUGH'TI-NEj5S»  (dou'tincss,)  n,  [See  Douohtt.] 
Valor ;  bravery. 

DOUGH'TY,(dou'ty,)a.  [Sax.  dwAtig-.  brave,  noble; 
Dan.  dygtifft  able,  fit ;  Sax.  duftauy  to  be  able  or 
strong,  to  tM  good  ;  D.  deugen ;  G.  taugen ;  &w.  duga ; 
Dan.  duer ;  hence.  Sax.  du^oOi^  vaUn,  strcngtli,  or 
virttie;  It.  deagh,  diagh^  good  ;  allied,  probably,  to  L. 
deeeo.    See  DEccrtT.J 

Brave  ;  vAliant ;  eminent  ;  noble  ;  illustrious  ;  as, 
a  doughtj/  hero.  Pope. 

It  10  now  seldom  used,  except  in  irony  or  burlesque. 

DOUGHTY,  (do'e,)  a.  Like  dough  ;  soft;  yielding  to 
prewure ;  {KUe.  Shak, 

DOUSE,  If.  t.  [This  word  tiecms  to  accord  with 
dovme.  or  rather  with  the  Gr.  Sv-ty  ivaii,] 

1.  To  thrust  or  plunge  into  water. 

2.  In  aeamen^a  language^  to  strike  or  lower  in 
baste  -,  to  slacken  suddenly.     Douse  the  topsail. 

3.  To  extinguish. 

DOUSE,  r.  i.    'I'o  fall  suddenly  into  water.  Hudtbrat. 

DOVS'KO,  (doiist,)  pp.    Plunged  into  water. 

DOVS'ISG,  ppr.     Plunging  into  water. 

I>OUT,  V.  U    [Cl^.rfffo^^]    To  put  out;  to  extinguish. 

Shak. 

DOUT'ER,  n.    An  extinguisher  for  candles. 

DOU'ZEAVE,  (doo'2eeve,)n.     [Fr.  douie,  twelve.] 
In  mtt.nc,  a  scale  of  twelve  degrees.  ^.  M.  Fisker. 

DOVE,  (diiV,)  n.  [Sax.  duua  :  Goth,  duboi  D.  duif; 
G.  tauba i  Dan.  due;  Sw.  dufva;  Ice.  dufa:  Gypoy, 
tovadei;  Hindoo,  tubbeter ;  ScoL  dow  ;  probably  trom 


cooing,  Ileb.  33t,  to  murmur,  or  Ar. 
In  cr»o,  as  a  dove.J 


hatt^at 


DOW 

I.  The  popular  name  of  several  species  of  Colum- 
ba,  of  Linnsua,  a  genus  of  birds  of  his  order  Passe- 
res,  most  of  which  are  called  pigeotis.  The  dif- 
ferent species,  which  are  popularly  called  doves,  are 
distinguished  by  some  additional  term  prefixed. 

A  word  of  endearment,  or  an  emblem  of  innocence. 
—  Cant.  ii.  14. 

DOVE'-eOT,  (duv'-kot,)  n.  A  smEilI  building  or  box, 
raised  to  a  considerable  hight  above  the  ground,  in 
which  domestic  pigeons  breed. 

DOVE'-HOUSE,  n.     A  house  or  shelter  for  doves. 

DOVE'LET,  n.     A  young  or  small  dove.  Booth. 

DOVE'LTKE,  fl.     Resembling  a  dove.  JUilton. 

Do'VER'S  POWDER,  n.  A  compound  of  ipecacu- 
anha, opium,  and  sulpliate  of  potash;  an  excellent 
sedative  and  sudorific. 

DOVE'S'-FQO'l',  n.  A  plant,  the  popular  name  of 
a  species  of 'Geranium. 

DOVE'.SIIIP,  w.     The  qualities  of  a  dove.  Hall. 

DOVE'TAIL,  n.  In  carpentry,  the  manner  of  fasten- 
ing boards  and  timbers  together  by  letting  one  piece 
into  another  in  the  form  of  a  dove's  tail  spread,  or 
Wfdge  reversed,  so  that  it  can  not  be  drawn  out. 
This  is  the  strongest  of  all  the  fastenings  or  jointings. 

DOVE'TAlIi,  r.  t.  To  unite  by  a  tenon  in  form  of  a 
pigeon's  tail  spread,  let  into  a  board  or  timber. 

D0VE'TAIL-£D,  (duv'tald,)  pp.  or  a.  United  by  a 
tenun  in  the  form  of  a  dove's  tail. 

DOVE'TAILr-IXG,Kw.     Uniting  bv  n  dovetail. 

DOVE'TaIL-ING,  n.  The  act  of  joining  by  dove- 
tiils  ;  the  junction  thus  made. 

DOVISH,  a.    Like  a  dove  ;  innocent.     [JVot  in  use.] 

DOW'A-BLE.  (dou'a-bl,)  a.  [See  Dower.]  That 
may  be  endowed  ;  entitled  to  dower.    Blackstone. 

DOW'A-GER,  n.    [Fr.  douairiere,  from  dvuairc,  dower.] 
A   widow   with   a  jointure  ;    a  title   particularly 
given  to  the  widows  of  princes  and  persons  of  rank. 
The  widow  of  a  king  is  called  tpuen  dotcagcr. 

DOVV'CETS,  «.  pi.    The  testicles  of  a  hart  or  stag. 

B.  Jonson. 

DOWDY,  n.     [Scot,  dawdic,  perhaps  from  daw,  a  slug- 
gard, or  its  root.     Jamieson.] 
An  awkward,  ill-dressed,  inelegant  woman. 

Shak.     Dryder^. 

DOWDY, a.     Awkward;  ill-dressed  ;  vulgar-looking. 

DOWDY-ISH,  a.    Like  a  dowdy.  [  Qay. 

DOWEL,  V.  t.  To  fasU'U  two  boards  together  by 
pins  inserted  in  the  ed^s  ;  as,  a  cooper  dowels 
pieces  for  the  head  of  a  cask.  [Q.u.  its  alliance 
to  double.] 

DOWEL- /'-D,  pp.     Fastened  by  pins  in  the  edges. 

DOWEI.-ING,  ppr.  Fa.stening  together  by  dowel- 
pins. 

DOWEI^PIN,  n.  A  pin  inserted  in  the  edges  of 
boards  to  fasten  them  together. 

DOWER,  n.  [W.  daicd,  a  gift;  darcni,  to  endow; 
Fr.  douaire,  from  douer,  to  endow.  Supposed  to  be 
from  I*.  doH,  dotis,  dotatio  ;  Gr.  ^djs,  a  gift,  from  JeSoj^i, 
to  give,  VV.  dudi,  L.  do.  It  is  written  in  the  Latin 
of  the  middle  ages,  dodarium,  tlotarmm^  douarium. 
Spelman.     In   Ir.  diobhadth  is  dower.] 

L  That  portion  of  tlie  landtt  or  tenements  of  a 
man  which  ins  widow  enjoys  during  her  life,  after 
the  death  of  her  husband.  BtackMtone. 

r7'Aif  it  the  ujrual  present  signification  of  the  word.] 

2.  'i'he  proiM-rty  which  a  woman  brings  to  her  hus- 
band in  marriage.  Dryden. 

3.  The  gift  of  a  husband  for  a  wife. 

AU  me  [lerer  w  niu*b  dowry  tnd  gift.  —  Oeo.  xxxin 

4.  Endowment;  gift. 

How  ^irat,  how  pkatlful,  bow  Hch  a  doieerl  Daviet. 

DOWER-KD,  (dow'erd,)  a.  Furnished  with  dower, 
or  a  [Ktniori.  Shak. 

DOWER  LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  dower;  having  no 
portifm  or  fortune.  Shak, 

DOWER-Y,  I  A  difl'erent  spelling  of  Doweb,  but  less 

DOWRY,  J  used,  and  they  may  well  be  neg- 
lected. 

DOWLAS,  n.    A  kind  of  coarse  linen  cloth.    Shak. 

DOWLE,  n.     A  feather.     [JSTot  in  use.]  Shak. 

DOWN,  n.  [Sw.  dun  ,■  D.  dons  ;  Dan.  duun  ;  Ice.  id. 
In  Sw.  dyna  is  a  feather-bed,  or  cushi(m  ;  Dan. 
dipic,  Ann.  dum,  down.  Uu.  Class  Dn,  No.  25. 
But  the  primitive  orthography  and  signification  are 
uncertain.] 

1.  The  fine,  soft  fenlliers  of  fowin,  particnlnrly  of 
the  duck  kind.  The  eider  duck  yields  the  best  kmd. 
Also,  fine  hair  ;  ns,  the  doien  of  the  chin. 

2.  The  pubescence  of  plants,  a  fine  hairy  sub- 
stance. 

3.  The  pappus  or  little  crown  of  certain  seeds  of 
plants;  a  fine  feathery  or  hniry  substance  by  which 
seeds  nro  conveyed  to  a  distance  by  the  wind  ;  as, 
in  dandelion  and  thistle. 

4.  Any  thing  thnt  soothes  or  mollifies 

Thou  boaoni  ■ofui'^M,  doien  or  nil  my  cam.  Southern. 

DOWN,  n.  [Sax.  dun ;  D.  dain,  a  sandy  hill ;  G. 
dHne ;  Fr.  dune,  pi.  dunos ;  ,\rm.  dunenn,  or  tunenn. 
In  French,  dunrtte  in  the  highest  part  of  llic  poop  of  a 
ship,  and  an  tliid  appi^iirs  to  be  a  diniitmtive  of  dune, 
it  proves  that  the  primary  sense  is  a  hill  or  elevation.] 
1.  A  bank  or  elevation  of  sand  thrown  up  by  the 
Bca.  Encyc. 


DOW 

3.  A  term  applied  in  England  to  a  tract  of  poor 
naked,  hilly  land,  used  only  for  pasturing  sheep. 

Brande, 

3.  The  Downs  ;  a  well-known  road  for  shipping  in 
the  English  Channel,  near  Deal. 
DOWN,  prep.     [Sax.  dun,  adun.     In  W.  dwvyn  is  deep, 
Corn,  down.  Arm.  doun,  Ir.  domhain ;  and  in  Welsh, 
dan  is  under,  beneath.     In  Russ.  tonu.  is  to  sink.] 

L  Along  a  descent ;  from  a  higher  to  a  lower 
place  ;  as,  to  run  c/otcn  a.hill ;  to  fall  down  a  precipice  ; 
to  go  down  the  stairs. 

2.  Toward  the  mouth  of  a  river,  or  toward  the 
place  where  water  ia  discharged  into  the  ocean  or  a 
lake.  We  sail  or  swim  down  a  stream  ;  we  sail 
down  the  Sound  from  New  York  to  New  London. 
Hence,  figuratively,  we  pass  down  the  current  of  life 
or  of  time. 

Doien  the  sound;  in  the  direction  of  the  ebb-tide 
toward  the  sea. 

Down  the  country;  toward  the  sea,  or  toward  the 
part  where  rivers  discharge  their  waters  into  the 
ocean. 
DOWN,  adv.  In  a  dewrending  direction  ;  tending 
from  a  higher  to  a  lower  place ;  as,  he  is  going 
down. 

2.  On  the  ground,  or  at  the  bottom;  as,  be  is 
doion ;  hold  him  down. 

3.  Below  the-horizon  ;  as,  the  sun  is  dmen. 

4.  In  the  direction  from  a  higher  to  a  lower  condi- 
tion ;  as,  his  reputation  is  going  down. 

5.  Into  disrepute  or  disgrace.  A  man  may  some- 
times preach  down  error  ;  he  may  write  down  himself 
or  his  character,  or  nin  down  his  rival ;  but  he  can 
neither  preach  nor  write  doicn  folly,  vice,  or  fashion. 

6.  Into  subjection  ;  into  a  due  consistence ;  as,  to 
boil  down,  in  decoctions  and  culinary  processes. 

7.  At  length  ;  extpnded  or  prostrate,  on  the  ground 
or  on  any  flat  surface ;  as,  to  lie  down  ;  be  is  lying 
down. 

Up  and  down}  hero  and  there  ;  in  a  rambling 
course. 

It  is  sometimes  used  without  a  verb,  as  down, 
down ;  in  which  cases,  the  sense  is  known  by  the 
construction. 

Down  with  a  building,  is  a  conunand  to  pull  it 
down,  to  demolish  it. 
Doiim  with  him,  signifies,  throw  or  take  him  down. 
Down,  down,  may  signify,  come  down,  or  go  down, 
or  take  down,  lower. 

It  is  often  used  by  seamen,  doom  with  the  fore- 
sail, &.C. 

Locke  uses  It  for  go  down,  or  be  received  ;  as,  any 
kind  of  food  will  down;  but  the  use  is  not  elegant, 
nor  legitimate. 

Sidney    uses    it   as    a   verb,    "  To   down   proud 
hearts,"  to  subdue  or  conquer  them  ;    but  the  use 
is  not  legitimate. 
DO\VN,  a.     Downcast;  plain j  dejected. 
DO  WN'  -BEA  R,  (bare,)  v.  U  To  bear  down  ;  to  depress. 
DOVVN'-REAR-ING,  ppr.     Bearing  down. 
DOWN'-BEAR-ING,  n.     Act  of  bearing  down. 
DOWN'-BED,  n,     A  bed  of  down. 
DOWN'CAST,  a.     Cast  downward  ;  directed  to  the 
ground  ;  a.",  a  downcast  eye  or  look,  indicating  bash- 
fulness,  modesty,  or  dejection  of  mind. 
DOWN'CAST,  n.    Sadness;  melancholy  look.   [Obs.] 

Bcaum, 
DOWN'€AST-ING,  a.    Casting  down  ;  dejecting. 
DOWN'£D,  a.  Covered  or  stufli'd  with  down.   I'oHrt"-. 
DOWN'FALL,  n.     A  falling,  or  body  of  things  falling  ; 
as,  the  downfall  of  a  flood.  Dryden. 

2.  Ruin  J  dcAruction;  a  sudden  fall,  or  ruin  by  vio- 
lence, in  distinction  from  slow  decay  or  declension  ; 
as,  the  downfall  of  the  Roman  empire,  occasioned  by 
tlic  conquctits  of  the  northern  nations ;  the  downfall  of 
a  city. 

3.  The  sudden  fall,  depression,  or  ruin,  of  reputa- 
tion or  estate.  We  speak  of  the  downfall  of  pride  or 
glor>',  and  of  distinguished  characters. 

DOWN'F^LL-£N,  (-fawl'n,)  a.    Fallen  ;  ruined. 

Carcw. 

DOWN'GW-ED,  ( jlvd,)  a.  Hanging  down  like  the 
loose  cincture  of  fetters.  Stevens. 

DOWN'-IIAUL,  n.  In  scamen*s  language,  a  rope 
passing  along  a  stay,  through  the  cringles  of  the  stay- 
sail or  jib,  and  mnde  fast  to  the  upper  corner  of  the 
sail,  to  haul  it  down.  Mar.  Diet. 

DOW.\'HEART-EI),  a.    Dejected  in  spirit.''. 

DOVVN'HILL,  n.     Declivity;  descent;  slope. 

And  thott^h  'Um  doteithUl  all.  Dryden, 

DOWN'HILL,  a.    Declivous;  descending;  sloping. 

A  doienhiU  grecnaward.  Congrevg. 

DOWN'I-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  downv. 

DOWN'LQQK-£0,  (  Iwkt,)  «•  Having  a  downcast 
countenance  ;  dejected  ;  gloomy  ;  sullen  ;  as,  jeal- 
ousy downlookcd.  Dryden, 

DOWN'L?-ING,  n.  The  time  of  retiring  to  rest; 
time  of  repose.  C'tvendish. 

DOW\'L?-ING,  a.  About  to  lie  down  or  be  in  travail 
of  child-birth.  Johnson. 

DOWN'RIGHT,  (-nte»)  adv.  Right  down;  straight 
down;  perpendicularly. 

A  giiinl  elofl  downright.  ttudHtmt. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8 C  as  K ;  0  aa  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

363" 


DOZ 


S.  In  plain  leniis ;  without  ceremony  or  circunUo- 

CUUOD. 

We  aball  chkle  dotiTvight.  Shak. 

3.  CoinpK'lelv ;  without  slopping  short ;  a»,  she 
fell  i/jirnrtj^A/  iiito  a  fit.  .'JrhmtknuL 

DOWX'RIGUT,  a.  Directly  to  the  pcint ;  plain  ;  oi»en  ; 
utlcss  ;  undisguised  ;  as,  dowitriorht  madness  ;  dovn- 
riglU  nonsense ;  downrigkl  wisdom  ;  diftoiu-tght  false- 
hood ;  domtright  RtJieisiu. 

2.  Plain  ;  artless  ;  unceremonious  ;  blunt  j  as,  he 
spoke  in  his  dotcnright  way. 

DO\V.\'RIGUT-LY,  adv.  Plainly;  in  plain  terms; 
bluntly.  Barrtrto, 

DOU'X'^RTGHT-N'ESS,  m.  The  stale  or  quality  of 
being  downright,  or  direci  and  plain. 

DO \VN'-S IT-TING,  m.  The  act  of  sitting  down  ;  re- 
pose ;  a  resting. 

Thou  knawval  mj  dovf^tOnif  and  tay  up-riua;.  —  P*.  exxxix. 

DOWX'TROD,  (a.     Trodden  down;  tmmplcd 

DOWN'TROO-DEN,  I      down.  Skak, 

DOWX'WARD^  aJv,     [Sax.  dunrireard.     See  Wmo.] 

1.  From  a  higher  place  to  a  lower  ;  in  a  descend- 
ing course,  wta^er  directly  toward  ilie  center  of  the 
earth,  or  not ;  as,  to  tend  d^wnirard ;  to  move  or  roll 
JovKvcrrf;  to  look  downward  t  to  tnkti  voul  dmpnmtrd. 

a.  In  a  course  or  direction  from  a  head,  sprinic, 
origin,  or  source.    Water  flows  downward  toward  the 
,     sea  ;  we  saiU-d  d^wnirard  on  the  stream. 

3.  In  a  course  of  lineal  descent  from  an  ancestor, 
considiTetl  aa  a  ht-ad  ;  as,  to  trace  successive  genera- 
tions downward  from  Adum  or  Abraham. 

4.  In  Uje  course  of  falJin"  or  descending  from  ele- 
vation or  disttuctioo. 

DOU'N'WARD,  0.  Moving  or  extending  from  a 
higher  to  a  lower  place,  as  on  a  slope  or  declivity, 
or  in  the  open  air;  tending  toward  the  earth  or  its 
center ;  as,  a  downward  course ;  he  took  his  way 
with  downward  fane.  Dryttem. 

2.  DecUvous;  bending;  as,  the  downward  heaven. 

3.  Descending  from  a  head,  origin,  or  source. 

4.  Tending  to  a  lower  condition  or  stale  ;  de- 
pressed ;  dejecU'd  ;  as,  downward  tliougllts.    SuUej/. 

DOWN'WEED,  n.    Cottonweed,  a  downy  plant. 

Barrft. 
DOWX'Y,  a.    [See  Dow:t.]    Covered  with  down  or 
nap ;  as,  a  down^  feather  ;  dowmff  wings. 

i  Coven»d  with  pubescence  or  aoA  hairs,  as  a 
plant. 

3.  Made  oT  down  or  aotl  feathers }  as,  a  downif 
pillow. 

4.  BoA  i  calm  ;  soothing ;  as,  downf  sleep. 

5.  Ri^^mblmg  down. 

DOW'REiJS,  a.     A  woman  entitled  to  dower.  Brnri/r. 

DOWRY,  n,  [See  DtiwiiE.  This  word  diffi-rs  not 
Icvm  Dowriu  It  i<t  the  same  word  differently  writ- 
ten ;  and  tlie  distinction  made  between  ihem  is  arbi- 

L  The  money,  pood.^,  or  estate,  which  a  woman 
brings  to  her  liusimud  iu  marriage  ;  the  portion  given 
with  a  wife.  Sktik.     LhydoL, 

2.  The  rewanl  paid  for  a  wife.  Cowlejf, 

3.  A  gill ;  a  fortune  given.  Johnson. 
DOWSE,  r.  L     [Sw.  da^^ka,] 

'i'o  strike  on  tlie  face.     [ATif  in  v^^l  BaUef* 

DOWSE,  (  n,    A  Wow  on  tJie  face.    iKvlgarA 

DOWST,  \  SmaH. 

DOX  O-Uj0'1€^AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  doxoli>$3r ;  giv- 
ing praise  to  God.  HaweiL 

DOX-OL.'0-CIZE,  e.  i.  To  give  glory  to  God,  as  in 
doxoiog)-. 

DOX-OL'O-CTZ-IXG,  ppr.    Giving  giory  to  God. 

DOX-OL'O-GY,  «.  [Gr.  Ao\.i\oyia. ;  teja,  praise, 
glory,  and  Afj.  w,  to  speak.] 

In  Christian  worship,  a  h>'Tnn  in  praise  of  the 
Almighty;  a  particular  f«>rm  of  givinp  glory  to  God. 

DOX'Y,  ■.     [Uu.  Sw.  d4xka,  a  baby,  d^JI,  or  pfaythiiig.] 
A  loo?e  wench  ;  a  protiitiite.  Shak. 

DCZE,  P.  i.  [Dan.  tfiiscr,  to  stifle,  suppress,  or  qni^t ; 
to  make  heavy,  sleepy,  or  drowsy  ;  dusser^  to  lull  to 
sleep.  The  Saxon  has  diF«w,  t/ircf,  dull,  st-ipid,  fool- 
ish, D.  dW'Oas.  The  Saxon  dysig  is  rendered  foolish 
or  dizzy.    See  Dote,  and  Class  Ds,  No.  1,  3.] 

1.  To  dumber  ;  to  sleep  lightly. 

If  be  b&ppeBed  u  dex<  a  iklle,  tbe  joQj  ubUer  viJipd  bim. 
L'  E»tra.Rg€. 

2.  To  live  in  a  state  of  drowsiness ;  to  be  dull  or 
half  asleep ;  as,  to  dozt  over  a  work. 

Dnjden.     Pope. 
DCZE,  V.  u    To  pass  or  spend  In  drowsiness;  as,  to 
doze  away  one's  time. 
2.  To  make  dull  ;  to  stupefy. 

prjden  usts  the  participle  Dozed.  "  Dozed  with 
his  fumes." 
DCZ'/:D,  (dezd,)^.  Slept  lightly. 
DOZ'-KN,  (duz'n,)  a.  [Fr-  douzaine ;  .\nn.  douczenn ; 
from  Fr.  douze,  twelve  ;  Norm.  Fr.  dudzim^,  a  dozen ; 
Sp.  doM,  twelve  ;  docena,  a  dozen  ;  Port,  duzia^  dozen  ; 
IL  dozzina^  id. ;  D.  doz-ipt ;  G.  duznuL,  or  dutzend ;  Sw. 
dussin;  Dan.  dusiiu  Q,a.  two  and  ten,  G.  zeAn.  Tbe 
composition  of  tbe  word  is  not  obvious.] 

Twelve  in  number,  applied  to  things  of  the  same 
kind,  but  rarely  or  never  to  that  number  in  the  ab- 
stract.    We  say,  a  dozen  men  ;  a  dozen  pair  of  gloves. 


DRA 

It  is  a  word  much  used  in  common  discourse  and  in 
light  compositions;  rarely  in  the  grave  or  elevated 
style. 

VO'/JES,  n.  The  number  twelve  of  things  of  a  like 
kind  ;  as,  a  dozen  of  eggs ;  twelve  dozen  of  gloves  ;  a 
dozen  of  wine. 

DOZ'ER,  H.    One  that  dozes  or  slumbers. 

DCZ'I-NESS,  n.  [from  Dotv.]  Drowsiness  ;  heavi- 
ness ;  inclination  to  sleep.  Locke.. 

d6Z'1\G,  ppr.     Slumbering. 

DCZ'ING,  n.    A  slumbering;  sluggishness. 

Chcsterjield. 

DOZ'Y,  a.  [See  Doie.^  Drowsy;  heavy;  inclined 
to  sleep  J  sleepy  ;  sluggish  ;  as,  a  dozy  head.  Dnjden. 

DRAB,  H.  [Sax*,  drabbt^  lees,  dregs  ;  D.  drabbe,  dregs. 
This  seems  to  be  the  Dan.  araabcy  a  drop.] 

1.  .\  stnimiH't ;  a  pn>stitule.  Shak.     Pope. 

2.  A  low,  sluttish  woman.  [This  seems  to  be  the 
sense  in  wkicA  it  is  generaUy  used  in  J^Tew  Kitghrtd.] 

1  A  kind  of  wtM>den  box,  used  in  salt\v(trks  for 
holding  the  salt  when  taken  out  of  the  boiling-pans. 
Its  bottom  is  shelving  or  inclining,  tliat  the  water 
may  drain  oft.  Eneyc. 

DRAR,  n.  [Fr.  drap^  cloth  ;  It.  drappo  ;  Sp.  trapo,  and 
without  the  prefix  (,  rop<iy  cloth  ;  Port,  roupa,  whence 
robe.  From  the  French,  we  have  draper,  dr^panj,  as 
the  Spanish  have  ropage,  for  drapery.  This  word 
seems  allied  to  the  L.  trabea.] 

A  kind  of  thick,  woolen  cloth  of  a  dun  color. 

DRAU,  It.  Being  of  a  dun  color,  like  the  cloth  so 
cntled. 

DRAB,  r.  i.     To  associnte  with  stnimpets.      Beavm. 

DR.\B'BIXO,  ppr.  Keeping  company  with  lewd 
women. 

DBAB'BIXG,  n.    An  associating  with  strumpets. 

Beaum.  Sf  Ft. 

DRAB'BI^E,  r.  U  To  draggle ;  to  make  dirty  by 
drawing  in  mtid  and  water;  to  wet  and  befoul ;  as, 
to  drabble  a  gown  or  chvik.  JVcio  Ettglnnd. 

In  Seottiaht  this  word  signifies  to  dirty  by  slabber- 
ing, as  if  it  were  allied  to  dribhU^  drivel^  from  the 
root  of  drip,  which  coincides  with  drop. 

DRAB'BLE,  r.  i.  To  fish  for  barbels  with  a  long  line 
and  rod.  Encyc 

DRAB'BI.ING.tt.  Drawing  in  mud  or  water;  angling 
for  barlM>K 

DRAB'BLING,  n,  A  method  of  angling  for  barbels, 
with  a  rod  and  long  line  passed  ttirongh  a  piece  of 
leriH.  Encyc. 

DRAB'LER,  n.  \n  aeamen^s  language,  a  small  addi- 
tion;U  satl,  sometimes  laced  to  the  bottom  of  a  bon- 
net on  a  square  sail,  in  sloopt^  and  schooners.  It  is 
tlie  same  to  a  bonnet,  as  a  bonnet  is  to  a  course. 

Eiteyc     Mar.  Diet. 

DRACHM,  (dram,)  n.    Sec  Dram,  arid  Drachma.. 

DRACH'.MA,  (drak'ma,!  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  i;>a\tirit 
Fr.  dragme ;  It.  dramma,  by  contraction,  Eng.  dram.] 

1.  A  silver  coin  among  the  Greeks,  having  a  dif- 
ferent value  in  drffferenl  slates,  and  at  different  peri- 
ods. The  average  value  of  the  Attic  drachma  was 
9^  i.,  or  about  18  cents.  Smithes  DicL 

2.  A  weiglit  among  the  Greeks  of  about  2  dw.  7 
grains  Troy.  Bramle. 

DRa'CIX,  n.  A  supposed  alkaloid  obtained  from 
dra::on*s  blood,  or  the  inspissated  juice  of  the  plant 
Calamus  Draco,  and,  as  is  supposed,  of  several  other 
plants. 

DRA'CO,  n.  [L.  See  Dfagos.]  In  nstr onomyj  a.  con- 
stellatiiiii  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

2.  A  luminous  exlialation  from  marshy  grounds. 

Encyc. 

3.  A  genus  of  animals  of  two  species.  [See 
DRAOff:*.] 

DRA-CO'MX,  n-  A  name  applied  to  a  red  resinous 
substance  obtained  from  dragon's  blood,  or  the  in- 
spissated juice  of  tbe  plant  Calamus  Draco. 

DRA-eOX'Tie,  o.     [L.  draco.] 

In  astronomy,  belonging  to  that  space  of  time  in 
which  tlie  moon  performs  one  entire  revolution. 
[  Obs.]  Badey. 

DRA-eUXe'TI-LUS,  Tt.     [from  L.  draco,  dragon.;] 

1.  In  botany,  a  plant,'a  species  of  Arum,  with  a 
long  stalk,  spotted  like  a  serpent's  belly. 

2.  A  fish  of  tbe  Linnaian  genus  Callionymus,  or 
dragon  et. 

3.  Tbe  Filaria  Aledinensis  c5  Linn^us,  or  Guinea- 
worm,  supposed  to  be  a  worm  which  penetrates  the 
skin,  and  insinuates  itself  between  tbe  muscles  of 
tfie  human  species. 

DRAD,  a.    Terrible.     {Obs.]     [See  Dread.] 

This  was  also  tbe  old  prct.  of  Dread. 
DRXFF,  7L     [D.  draf,  droef,  dregs,  grains.     Shakspeare 

wrote  draugh,  and  the  French  have  drague,  grains. 

The  latter  coincides  in  elements  with  drajo,  drag.] 
Refuse  ;  lees ;  dregs  ;  the  wash  given  to  swine,  or 

grains  to  cows ;  waste  matter        Jililtan.     Dryden. 
DRAFF'ISH,  a.     Worthless. 
DRAFF'Y,  a.    Dreggy;  waste;  worthless. 
DRAFT,  Tt,    [Corrupted  from  draught,  from  drag,  draw, 

but  authorized  by  respectable  use.] 

1.  A  drawing;  as,  this  horse  is  good  for  draft.  In 
this  sense,  draught  is,  perhaps,  most  common. 

2.  A  drawing  of  men  from  a  military  band  ;  a  se- 
lecting or  detaching  of  soldiers  from   an  army,  or 


DRA 

any  piirt  of  it,  or  from  a  military  post.  Sometimes  a 
drawi.ig  of  men  from  other  companies  or  societies. 
These  importniit  pos^'-s,  in  consequence  of  /teavy 
drafts,  weie  left  weakly  defended. 

Several  of  tlw  Sliitf»  hud  lupplicd  Iho  deficiency  by  dmJU  to 
•eree  for  the  year.  Marthall. 

3.  An  orrler  from  one  man  to  another  directing  the 
piyment  of  money  ;  a  bill  of  exchange. 

I  Ihouyht  it  nmsl  pnidcnt  to  defer  the  draJU  till  advice  wa« 
recj'ivcd  of  tJie  progress  of  the  loau.  Haimlton. 

4.  A  drawing  of  lines  for  a  plan;  a  figure  described 
on  paper;  delineation;  sketcn ;  plan  delineated. 
[See  Dkalt.ht.] 

5.  Depth  of  water  necessary  to  float  a  ship.    [See 

DnAUOHT.j 

6.  A  writing  composed. 

DRAFT,  r.  t.    To  draw  the  outline  ;  to  delineate. 

2.  To  compose  and  write  ;  as,  to  draft  a  memorial 
or  a  lease. 

3.  To  draw  men  from  a  military  band  or  post;  to 
select ;  to  detach. 

4.  To  draw  men  from  any  company,  collection,  or 
society. 

Thii  Cohon-Ctipli-El  wai  nom?  royiO  MminRTT  in  Uppr  Egypt, 
froni  wlwuce  lUey  dra/ud  nuvicea  lo  Buprly  tli"ir  a>ll.gi,-ii 
and  Irinples.  HolieeU'g  Diet. 

DRXFT'-HORSE,  n.  A  horse  employed  in  drawing, 
particularly  in  drawing  heavy  loads,  or  in  plowing. 

DRAFT'-OX,  n.     An  ox  employed  in  drawing. 

DRAFT'ED,  ;/p.or  a.     Drawn  ;  delineated;  detached. 

DRAFT'ING,  ppr.     Drawing  ;  delineating  ;  detaching. 

DRAFTS,T(.p/.  A  game  played  on  a  checkered  board  ; 
hence,  it  is  often  called  checkers  in  America. 

DRAG,  V.  U  [Sax.  dragan;  W.  dragiaw  :  D.  draagen  ; 
Sw.  draga  ;  Dan.  drager;  G.  tragen  ;  also  Dan.  trek- 
kcr  ;  V.'trckkcn;  ^ax.  drcogan  ;  L.  traho ;  Fr.  traire  i 
Malayan,  tarck  ;  It.  treggia,  a  sled  or  drag  ;  Sp.  tra- 
go,  a  draught  ;  trngar,  to  swallow  ;  Eng.  lo  driiik. 
(See  Drink  and  Drench.)  The  Russ.  has  dcrgayu, 
and  torirayu,  to  draw,  as  tnick  is  written  torguiju. 
See  Class  Rg,  No.  97,  37,  56.] 

1.  To  pull ;  to  haul ;  to  draw  along  tbe  gro""''  by 
main  force ;  applied  particularly  to  drawing  heavy 
things,  with  labor,  along  tbe  ground  or  other  surface  ; 
as,  to  drag  stone  or  timber  ;  to  drag  a  net  in  fishing. 
John  XX i.  8. 

2.  To  break  land  by  drawing  a  drag  or  harrow 
over  it;  to  harrow;  a  common  iw«  qf  tliis  word  m 
AVu)  England. 

.3.  To  draw  along  slowly  or  heavily  ;  to  dmw  any 
thing  burdensome  ;  as,  to  drag  a  lingering  life. 

Dryden. 

4.  To  draw  along  in  contempt,  as  unworthy  to  be 
carried. 

ilc  dragt  me  at  his  chnriot-wheela.  StilUns/lett. 

To  drag  one  in  chains.  Milton. 

5.  To  imll  or  haul  about  roughly  and  forcibly. 

Dnjden. 
In  seamen^s  language,  to  dragan  anchor  is  to  draw 
or  trail  it  alons  ilie  bottom  wiien  loosened,  or  when 
the  anchor  will  not  hold  the  ship. 
DRAGjC.  i~     To  hang  so  low  as  to  trail  on  the  ground. 
9.  To  fish  with  a  drag ;  as,  they  have  been  drag- 
ging for  fish  all  day,  with  little  success. 

3.  To  be  draxvn  along  ;  as,  the  anchor  drags. 

4.  To  be  moved  slowly ;  to  proceed  heavily ;  as, 
this  business  drags. 

5.  To  hang  or  grate  on  the  floor,  as  a  door. 
DRAG,  n.    Something  to  be  drawn  along  the  ground, 

as  a  net  or  a  book. 
9.  A  particular  kind  of  harrow. 

3.  A  car  ;  a  low  carL 

4.  In  sea  langtiage,&  machine  consisting  of  a  sharp, 
square  frame  of  iron,  encircled  with  a  net,  used  to 
drag  on  the  bottom  for  various  purposes,  as  to  re- 
cover articles  that  have  been  lost,  to  collect  shells,  <Scc. 

Mar.  Diet,     Encyc. 

5.  Whatever  is  drawn  ;  a  boat  in  tow  ;  whatever 
serves  to  retard  a  ship's  way.  Encyc. 

DRAG'G£D,  (dragd,)    pp.     Drawn   on   tbe    ground; 

drawn  with  labor  or  force  ;  drawn  along  slowly  and 

heavily  ;  raked  with  a  drag  or  harrow. 
DRAG'GING,  ppr.     Drawing  on  the  ground  ;  drawing 

with  labor  or  by  force  ;  drawing  slowly  or  heavily; 

raking  witli  a  drag. 
DRAG'GLE,  (drag'gl,)  v.  L     [dim.  of  drag.]     To  wet 

and  dirty  by  drawing  on  the  ground  or  mud,  or  on 

wet  grass  ;  to  drabl>le.  Gray. 

DRAG'GLE,  v.  i.     'I'o  be  drawn  on  the  ground  ;  to 

become  wet  or  dirty  by  being  drawn  on  the  mud  or 

wet  grasa 
DRAG'GLE-TaIL,  n.     A  slut  Skmrood. 

DRAG'GLKD,  pp.    Drawn  on  the  ground;  wet  or 

dirtied  by  being  drawn  on  the  ground  or  mire. 
DRAG'GLING,  ppr.     Drawing  on  the  ground  ;  mak- 
ing dirty  by  drawing  on  tbe  ground  or  wet  grass. 
DRAG'MAN,  n.    A  tiaherman  tliat  uses  a  dragnet. 

Hale. 
DRAG'NET,  n.     A  net  to  be  drawn  on  the  bottom  of 

a  river  or  pond  for  taking  fish.        Dryden.     iVatts. 
DRAG'0-MAN,  >  7t.       [It.    dragomanno ;    Fr.    truche- 
DROG'0-MAN,  i      man;  Sp.  trujaman;    Ch.  IDilin, 


FaTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIL^T.  — MeTE,  PREY.— TINE,  M.\R1NE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK. 


364 


DRA 


DRA 


Ar. 


^*^y' 


(iom  DJnn,  Ch.  Ar.  Syr.  Eth.  to  in- 


terpreu] 

An  interpreter ;  a  term  in  general  use  in  the  Le- 
vant and  other  parts  of  the  Eiist. 
DRAG'ON,  n.  [L.  draco;  Gr.  ^■oaKotv  ;  Tt.  dtafrone ; 
Fr.  dragon  ;  D.  draak  ;  G-.  drache  ;  Ir.  draic  or  draiff  ; 
W.  draig;  Sw.  drake;  Dan.  dra^e.  The  origin  of 
this  word  is  not  obvious.  In  Ir.  drag  is  fire ;  in  W. 
dragon  is  a  leader,  chief,  or  sovereign,  from  draginic, 
to  draw.  In  Scotch,  the  word  signifies  a  paper  kite, 
as  al:?o  in  Danish  ;  probably  from  the  notion  of  dy- 
ing or  shooting  along,  like  a  fieo'  meteor.  In  Welsh, 
draig  is  rendered  by  Owen  a  procreator  or  generating 
principle,  a  fiery  serpent,  a  dragon,  and  the  Supreme  ; 
and  the  plural,  dreigiauy  silent  lightnings,  dreigiatc,  to 
lighten  silently.  Hence,  I  infer  that  the  word  origi- 
niiUy  signified  a  shooting  meteor  in  the  atmosphere, 
a  fiery  meteor,  and  hence  a  fiery  or  flying  serpent, 
from  a  root  which  signified  to  shoot  or  draw  out.] 

i.  A  kind  of  winged  serpent,  much  celebrated  in 
the  romances  of  the  middle  ages.  Johnson. 

2.  A  fiery,  shooting  meteor,  or  imaginary  serpent. 

Swift,  «wifi,  jre  dragoni  of  the  niffiit !  that  .Uwmiiff 

May  bear  tbe  rarco's  ey«.  •S'i^' 

3.  A  fierce,  violent  person,  male  or  female;  as, 
this  man  or  woman  is  a  dragon. 

4.  A  constellation  of  Uie  northern  hemisphere. 
[See  Draco.] 

Id  Scripture,  dragon  seems  sometimes  to  signify  a 
large  marine  fish  or  serpent.  Is.  xxvii.,  where  the 
leviathan  is  also  mentioned  ;  also  Ps.  Ixxiv. 

Someiinies  it  seems  to  signify  a  venomous  bud 
serptnt.  Ps.  xci.  The  dragon  shalt  thou  trample 
under  foot. 

It  is  often  used  for  the  devil,  who  is  called  the  old 
serpent.     Rev.  ix.  2. 
DRAG'ON,  n.    The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  sau- 
rian reptiles,  found  only  in  the  East  Indies. 
DR AG'O-NET,  n.     A  little  dragon.  Spenser. 

2.  The  popular  name  of  the  species  of  a  genus  of 
fishes  c;illcd  bv  Linnsus  Cnliionymus. 
DRAG'ON-FISH,n.    The  dragonet ;  a  popular  name 

of  fitches  of  the  genus  CalUomrmti-". 
DRAG'0.\-FL?,  n.     The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of 

insf-rts  railed  Ubellula  by  Linnteus. 
DRAG'OX-ISH,  a.     Dragonlike.  Shak. 

DRJIO'0.Y-NADE' ^  n.     The  name  of  certain  severe 
pcr^tteutioDS  of   French    Proffestants  by  an   armed 
force,  under  Louis  XIV. 
DRAG'ON-LtKE,  o.    Like  a  dragon  ;  fiery  ;  furious. 
!  Sfink. 

DHAG'OXS,  rt.  The  popular  name  of  certain  plants 
which  are  species  of  the  Linnxan  genus  Dracon- 
tiiino.  . 

DR.^O'ON'»-BI>0OD,  (blud,)  n.  [Sax.  draefin-blod.] 
The  vague  popular  name  of  the  inspissated  juice 
of  various' plants,  as  Calamus  Draco,  Dracn-na  Draco, 
Pterocarpus  Draco,  &c.  Obtained  from  such  various 
w»urce«,  it  baa  various  properties,  and  is  of  diverse 
composition.  It  is  of  a  red  color,  and  is  used  for 
tinging  spirit  and  turpentine  varnishes,  for  tooth 
(irirtiire!*  and  powders,  for  staining  marble,  &,c. 
DRAG'O.V'S-IIEAD,  (hed,)  n.  A  proposed  popular 
name  of  certam  plants  of  the  genus  Dracoccphalum, 
of  which  term  it  is  a  translation. 

Dragon'tt  Heoil  and  Tail,  in  astronomy,  are  the 
nodes  of  the  planets,  or  the  two  p(jin(s  in  wliich  the 
orltits  i.f  the  planets  inU-rsect  the  ecliptic.       Fnryc. 
DRAG'O.V-.SIIKI,L,  n.     Said  to  be  the  |)opular  name 

<»f  a  species  of  Patella  or  Limpet. 
DRAG'ON 'S-WA-TER,  n.    Said  to  be  a  popular  name 

of  a  plant  belonging  to  the  genus  Calla. 
DRAG'ON'S-WORT,  n.     Said  to  be  a  popular  name 

of  :i  plant  belonging  to  the  genus  ArtemiHia. 
DRAG'ON'-TREE,  n.     Said  to  be  the  popular  name  of 

some  plant  belonging;  to  the  order  of  Piiltns. 

DRA-GOO.N',  B.     [Ft.  dragon;  Sp.  id.:  VoTtr  dragam, 

ft  dragon  and  dragoon  ;  ft.  dragane  ;  G.  dragonrr  ;  D. 

dragonder ;  Dan.  dragon ;  Sw.  id. ;  I*  draconariiu^  an 

en  sign -bearer,  from  draca,  dragon  ;    an    apiKllation 

iven    to    horsemen,  perhaps  for  their  rapidity  or 

rceness.] 

A  soldier  or  musketeer  who  serves  on  horseback 
or  on  foot,  as  occasion  may  require.  Their  arms  are 
a  sword,  a  musket,  and  a  bayonet.  Enajc. 

DRA  GOON',  r.  U  To  persecute  by  abandoning  a 
place  to  the  rage  of  soldiers.  John-wn. 

2.  To  enslave  or  reduce  to  subjection  by  soldiers. 

3.  To  harass;  to  persecute;  to  compel  to  submit 
by  violent  measures  ;  to  force.      [7*Ac  usual  sense.] 

Tte  coXoni'^  may  hr  Influenced  to  any  thuip,  bul  they  can  be 
dragoontd  to  nothing.  PHet. 

DRAG-OON-ADE',  n  The  abandoning  of  a  place  to 
the  mee  «.f  sfddiers.  Bvrnrt. 

j}i>  \  iiiu  iS' F:n,  pp.  Abandoned  to  the  violence  of 
.'■^ecuied  ;  harassed. 

[  r.ll,  n.    An  old  term  for  a  dragoon. 

I-../.  .  ,  -..  ING,  npr.  Abandoning  to  the  rage  of 
Mildteni',  persecuting;  harassing;  vexing. 

DRAIL,  «.  (.    To  trait.     [J^oHhum.]  Mtrre* 


In  av- 


fiei 


DRAIL,  ci.     To  draggle.     [J^otinuse.]  South. 

DRAIN,  V.  t,     [Sax.    drehnigean,   to  drain,  to   strain. 

This   may  be   a  derivative  from  the  root  of  draw. 

Q,u.  Svix.drygan,  to  dry.] 

1.  To  filter  i  to  cause  to  pass  through  some  porous 
substance. 

Salt  uatf  r,  drained  through  twenty  ve»eU  of  earth,  hath  become 
frc»h.  Daeon. 

9.  To  empty  or  clear  of  liquor,  by  causing  the 
liquor  to  drop  or  run  oirslowly  ;  as,  to  draiJt  a  vessel 
or  its  contents. 

3.  To  make  dry ;  to  exhaust  of  water  or  other  li- 
quor, by  causing  it  to  flowolfin  channels,  or  through 
porous  substances  ;  as,  to  drain  land  ;  to  drain  a 
swamp  or  marsh. 

4.  To  empty;  to  exhaust;  to  draw  ofl^"  gradually ; 
as,  a  foreign  war  drains  a  country  of  specie. 

DRAIN,  V.  i.  To  flow  off  gradually  ;  as,  let  the  water 
of  low  ground  drain  off. 

2.  To  be  emptied  of  liquor  by  flowing  or  dropping  ; 
as,  let  the  vessel  stand  and  drain ;  let  the  cloth  hang 
and  drain. 

DRAIN,  n.  A  channel  through  which  water  or  other 
liquid  flows  off;  particularly,  a  trench  or  ditcli  to 
convey  water  from  wet  land  ;  a  water-course  ;  a 
sewer ;  a  sink. 

DRA1N'.\-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  drained. 

DRAL\'.\dE,  n.  A  draining ;  a  gradual  flowing  off 
of  any  liquid. 

2.  The  mode  in  which  the  waters  of  a  country 
pass  off  by  its  streams  and  rivers. 

DKAIN'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Emptied  of  water  or  other  li- 
quor by  a  gradual  discharge,  flowing,  or  dropping; 
exhausted  ;  drawn  off. 

DRAIN'ER,  n.  A  utensil  on  which  articles  are  irfaced 
to  drain. 

DRAIN'ING,  ppr.  Emptying  of  water  or  other  liquor 
by  filtration,  or  flowing  in  small  channels. 

DRAKE,  n.     [G.   enterick  ;  Dan.   andrik  ;  Sw.  andrak. 
It  is  compounded  of  ente,  and.  Sax.  rncd,   L.  anas, 
duck,  and  a  word  which  I  do  not  understand.] 

1.  The  male  of  the  duck  kind. 

2.  [L.  draco,  dragnn.]     A  small  piece  of  nrtillery. 

3.  The  drake-fly.  [Clarendon, 
DRAM,  n.     L^'ontracted  from  drachma,  which  see.] 

1.  Among  druggists  and    physicians,  a  weight    of 
the  eighth  part  v^^  an  ounce,  or  sixty  grains. 
oirdiipoLi  weight,  the  sixteenth  part  of  an  ounce. 

2.  A  small  quantity  ;  as,  no  dram  of  judgment. 

Ihijden. 

3.  As  much  spirituous  liquor  as  is  drank  at  once  ; 
as,  a  dram  of  brandy.  Drains  arc  the  slow  poison  of 
life.  S«?'A 

4.  Spirit;  distilled  liquor.  Pope. 
DRA.M,  B.  L     To  drink  drams  ;  to  Indulge  in  the  use 

of  ardent  spirit.     [Jl  low  word,  expressing  a  loa>  prac- 
tice.] 

DRAM'-DRINK-ER,  n.  One  who  habitually  drinks 
spirits. 

DRX'MA  or  DRA'.MA,  n.  [Gr.  ^papa^  from  <)pa6j,  to 
make.] 

A  poem  or  com|>ositIon  representing  a  picture  of 
human  life,  and  acc«uumodaled  to  action.  The  prin- 
cipal s|»ecies  of  the  drama  are  tragedy  and  comedy  ; 
inferior  species  are  tragicomedy,  opera,  &.c.      Encyc. 

DRA-M  AT'IC,  i  a.     Pertaining  to  the  drama  ;  rep- 

DRA-M.\T'ie-AL,  i  resented  by  action;  Iheatri- 
ral  ;  not  narrative.  Bentlry. 

DRA-MAT'IC-AL-LY,ffrfp.  By  representation  ;  in  the 
miinner  of  the  dnima.  Dryden. 

DRAM'.t-  TIS  PER-SO'J^^^  [Ij.]  Actors  repre- 
senting the  characters  In  a  play. 

DRA.M'A-TIST,  n.  The  author  of  a  dramatic  compo- 
sition ;  a  writer  of  plays.  BnrnrL 

DRAM'A-TI'/.E,  r.  L  To  compose  In  the  form  of  the 
drama  ;  or  to  give  t«  a  composition  the  form  of  a 
play. 

At  Hip*.  In  1404,  WM  MXr6  a  pmphoilc  play,  Ihut  U,  a  dmma- 
iz^  <;xtTiicl  from  the  hiirtory  of  U»e  0I.|  iiirt  N.-w  TiiU- 
m-nli.  7\>okt'§  Jtuaaia. 

DRAM'A-11Z-£D,  pp.     Composca  In  the  form  of  a 

play. 
DRAM'A-TIZ-INO,  ppr.    Composing  in  the  form  of 

a  play. 
DRAM'A-TaR  GY,  n.     [Gr.  ^nafia  and  tpynu.] 

The    art    of    dramatic    poetry     and     representa- 
tion.    [Oermamj.] 
DRANK,  prc(.  and  pp.  of  Dni-tK. 
DRANK,  n.     A  term  for  wild  oats.  Encyc. 

DRAP,  (dr'i,)  n.  [Fr.]    Cloth  ;  aa^  drap-dHii^  (-di-ta',) 

a  rloih  for  summer  wear. 
DRAPE,  V.  t.     [Fr.  draper.] 

To  make  cloth  ;  also,  to  banter,     [  Ob.^.] 
DRAP'£D,  (drapt,)  a.    Adorned  with  draper)'. 

Sfdgtriek. 
DRA'PER,  Ti,     [Fr,  drapier  ;  draper,   to   make  cloth; 
from  drnp,  clotli,] 

One  who  sells  clotlis  ;  a  dealing  in  cloths ;  as,  a 
linrn-draper  or  mootm-draper. 
DRA'PER-Y,  n.      [Fr.  draperie  ;    It.   drapperia  ;   from 
drapy  drappo ;  Sp.  rapage,  from  rojta,  clotfl.] 

1.  Clothwork  ;  the  trade  of  making  cloth.     Bacon. 
a.  Cloth  ;  stuffs  of  wool.  JirbuthnoU 


DRA 

3,  Hangings,  curtains^  tapestr; ,  &c. 

4.  In  sculpture  and  painting,  the  representation  of 
the  clothing  or  dress  of  luiman  fvgti  es,  &,c.      Encyc. 

DRA'PET,  n.     Cloth  ;  coverlet.     [Jvot  in  use.] 
DRAS'TIC,  a.     [Gr.  SpaurtKOi,  from  /paw,  to  makej 
Powerful;  acting  with  strength  or  violence;  effi- 
cacious ;  as,  a  drastic  cathartic. 
DRXUGH.     See  Draff. 
DRAUGHT,  (drafl,)  n.     [from  drair,  drag.] 

1.  The  act  of  drawing;  as,  a  horse  or  ox  fit  Ibr 
dmught. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  drawn  ;  as,  a  cart  or  plow 
of  easy  draugkL 

3.  The  drawing  of  liquor  into  the  mouth  and 
throat ;  the  act  of  drinking. 

4.  The  quantity  of  liquor  drank  at  once. 

5.  The  act  of  delineating,  or  that  which  is  deline- 
ated ;  a  representation  by  lines,  as  the  figure  of  a 
house,  a  machine,  a  fort,  &.c.,  described  on  i>aper. 
[Qu.  Ir.  dreacJi,  W.  drtjc]  Encuc. 

6.  Representation  by  picture  ;  figure  painted,  or 
drawn  by  the  pencil.  Ih-yden. 

7.  The  act  of  drawing  a  net ;  a  sweeping  for  fish. 

8.  That  which  is  taken  by  sweeping  witli  a  net ; 
as,  a  draught  of  fishes.     Luke  v. 

9.  The  drawing  or  bending  of  a  bow ;  the  act  of 
shooting  with  a  bow  and  arrow.  Camdm. 

10.  The  act  of  drawing  men  from  a  military  band, 
army,  or  post ;  also,  the  forces  drawn  ;  a  detach- 
nienL     [See  Draft,  which  is  mure  generally  used.] 

11.  A  sink  or  drain.    MatL  \v. 

12.  An  order  for  the  payment  of  money  ;  a  bill  of 
exchange.     [See  Draft.] 

13.  The  depth  of  water  necessary  to  float  a  ship, 
or  the  depth  a  ship  sinks  in  water,  esiKJciully  when 
laden  ;  as,  a  ship  of  twelve  feet  draught. 

14.  In  England,  a  small  allowance  on  wcighable 
goods,  made  by  the  king  to  the  importer,  or  by  the 
seller  to  the  buyer,  to  insure  full  weight.         Encyc 

15.  A  sudden  attack  or  drawing  on  an  enemy, 
[auery.]  Spenser. 

111.  A  writing  composed. 

17.  Draughts;  a  sinapism  ;  a  mild  vesicatory. 

DRAUGHT,  D.  L  To  draw  out;  to  call  forth.  [See 
Draft.]  .Addison. 

DRXUGllT'-BOARD,  n.  A  board  on  which  draughts 
are  played. 

DRXUGIIT'-HQQKS, «./)/.  Large  hooks  of  iron  fixed 
on  the  cheeks  of  a  carnum  carriage,  two  on  each 
side,  one  near  the  trunnion  hole,  and  the  other  at  the 
train  ;  used  in  drawing  the  gun  backward  and  for- 
ward by  means  of  draught  rojies.  Encijc. 

DRXUGUT'-HORSE,  n.  A  horse  used  in  drawing  a 
plow,  cart,  or  other  carriage,  as  distinguished  from  a 
saddle-horse. 

DRAUGHT'-HOUSE,  (drUft-)  n.  A  house  for  the  re- 
ception of  filth  or  waste  matter. 

DRAUGHTS,  n.  pi.  A  game  played  on  a  checkered 
board,  railed  checkers  in  America.  Stnart, 

2.  A  sinapism  -,  a  mild  vesicatory. 

DRAUGHTS'MAN,  n.     A  man  who  draws  writings  or 
designs,  or  one  who  is  skilled  in  such  drawings. 
2.  One  who  drinks  drams  ;  a  tippler.  Tatler. 

DRAVE,  the  old  participle  of  Dbivk.  We  now  use 
Drove. 

DItA\V,r.  (.  ,■  pret.  Drew  ;  ]r»;j.  Draww.  [Sax.  rfra^on  ,* 
I-'.'  traho.  It  is  only  a  dialectical  spelling  of  drag^ 
which  see.] 

1.  'J'o  pull  along;  to  haul ;  to  cause  to  move  for- 
ward by  force  applied  in  advance  of  the  thing  moved, 
or  at  the  fore-end,  as  by  a  rope  or  chain.  It  differs 
from  drag  only  in  this,  that  rfrujf  is  more  generally 
applied  to  things  moved  along  the  ground  by  sliding, 
or  moved  with  greater  toil  or  difficulty,  and  draw  is 
applied  to  all  bodies  moved  by  fierce  in  advance, 
whatever  may  be  the  degree  of  force.  Draw  is  the 
more  general  or  generic  term,  and  drag  more  specific, 
\Ve  say,  the  horses  draw  a  coach  or  wagon,  but  they 
drag  ii  througu  niirc;  yet  (irow  is  properly  used  in 
both  rases. 

2.  To  pull  out,  as  to  draw  a  sword  or  dagger  from 
its  sheath  ;  to  iinsheath.  Hence,  to  draw  the  sword, 
is  to  wage  war. 

3.  To  bring  by  compulsion  ;  to  cause  to  come. 

Do  not  rich  m'-n  opi>rCM  yoii,  luiil  droM  you  before  Uic  Juilgment- 
•Pal  f  —  Janii*  li. 

4.  To  pull  Up  or  out ;  to  raise  from  any  depth  ;  as, 
to  draw  water  from  a  well. 

5.  To  siuk  ;  as,  to  draw  the  breasts. 

6.  To  attract ;  to  cause  to  move  or  tend  toward 
itself,  as  a  magnet  or  other  attracting  body  is  said 
to  draw  it. 

7.  To  altrart  ;  to  cause  to  turn  toward  itj^elf;  to 
engage  ;  as.  a  beauty  or  a  popular  speaker  drawn  the 
eyes  of  an  assembly,  or  dmws  iheir  attention. 

8.  To  inhale  ;  to  take  air  into  the  lungs  ;  as,  there 
I  first  drew  air  ;  I  draw  the  sultry  air. 

Milton.    Addison. 

9.  To  pull  or  take  from  a  spit,  as  a  piece  of  meat. 

Dry  den. 

10.  To  take  from  a  cask  or  vat;  to  cause  or  to  suf- 
fer a  liquid  to  run  out  ;  as,  to  draw  wine  or  cider. 

11.  To  take  a  liquid  from  the  body ;  to  let  out ;  aa, 
to  draw  blood  or  water. 


TONE,  BULL,  TINITB.—  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.—  C  a»  K ;  Q  an  i  \  8  aa  Z ;  CH  as  811  ;  TH  as  in  THI8 


DRA 

19.  To  take  fmm  (ui  oven  ;  rs,  to  driiv  bread. 

13.  To  cause  to  slidf ,  as  a  curiam,  eiiltt- r  in  closing 
or  unrlostng  ;  to  open  or  u^clo^'t'  and  discover^  or  to 
closi'  nod  conceoL  To  draw  Vie  euriatn^  is  nsed  in 
Iwth  Sf  nses.  Drydm,     Sifinty. 

14.  To  eitnct  j  as,  to  dmw  spirit  from  gnun  or 
juice. 

15.  To  prndace  ;  to  brine,  aa  an  np^nt  or  efficient 
cause  ;  unially  fallowed  by  a  modifying  word  ;  as, 
piety  drmpa  iawn  blessings  ;  crimei^  dntw  down  ven- 
gvuitre*  ;  TtceiinunrMt  us  many  temporal  evils  ;  ww 
dratcs  aftv  it  a  train  of  calamities. 

16k  To  move  gradually  or  slowly  ;  to  extend. 

IIm?  dnm  UksmHtm  mnrc  wnwrir-  JMWf*- 

17.  To  lengthen  ;  to  extend  in  leogth. 

Hov  kmr  hn  face  b  ifruwn  /  Shak. 

tv  wnTK  onAr%,  ntm  dram  ibefr  eonpuboM bto mfaiatepuiiDi^ 
lus«f  twImpaKuim.  Atttm. 

19.  To  Utter  in  a  lingering  manner ;  as,  to  draw  a 
groan.  Dryden. 

19.  To  ran  or  extend,  by  marking  or  fonnifip  ;  as, 
to  drmm  a  lin«  on  i>aper,  or  a  line  uf  circumvolution. 
Hence, 

20.  To  repreaenl  by  lines  drawn  on  a  plain  sur- 
fiue ;  to  form  a  picture  or  image ;  as,  to  draw  the 
figure  of  o  man  ;  to  draw  the  face.     Hence, 

21.  To  de^rihe ;  to  represent  by  words ;  as,  the 
orator  drrw  an  admirable  picture  of  human  misi-ry. 

^  To  represent  in  fancy ;  to  hnage  in  tltc  mind- 

Shak. 

23.  To  derive ;  to  have  or  receive  fn^m  some 
•ource,  cause,  or  donor;  as,  to  rfraw  the  rudirnenta 
of  «(-i>-?)re  fn>m  a  civilized  ualion  ;  to  draw  consola- 
li   .   .-,  ...   '■- --It-- prombses. 

■ ;  a-s,  to  droit  arguments  from  facta, 
CI  im  circumstantial  evidence. 

ii.1.  1  u  .iittfe  j  to  entice  \  to  lead  by  persuasion  or 
moral  mHucnca  ;  to  excite  to  motion. 

Oram  ttm ;  vr  will  ran  kArr  tbff.  —  l.'-«ni.  1. 
JILm   abnll    vmt,    ayiemkinf     prrmae    Utiii^    to   dram     KW«f 
Oatifka  m&er  than.  —  Acu  xx. 

96.  To  lead,  as  a  motive ;  lo  induce  to  move. 

My  porpoKa  do  A«v  Be  nodi  ■boat.  Adk 

97.  To  induce ;  lo  perraade ;  to  attract  toward ; 

ni  a  verp  gemeral  sens^, 

96.  To  win  ^  to  gain  ;  a  -mttafkar  from  gmmimg. 

Shaft. 

99.  To  receive  or  take,  as  (Vom  a  fVtnd :  as,  to 
draw  money  from  a  bank  or  from  stock  in  trade. 

30.  To  bear  ;  to  produce  ;  as,  a  bond  or  note  drams 
interest  from  its  d^e. 

31.  To  extort  i  to  force  out  i  as,  his  eloquence 
dims  teaia  fhun  the  audience ;    to  draw  sighs  or 


39.  TowTMl;  to  distort;  as,  to  Jroic the  Scriptures 
lo  oue*s  lan<^.  tVkiiJift 

33.  To  compone  ;  to  write  in  due  form  to  form  in 
writing  ;  as,  to  draw  a  bill  of  exrhange  ;  to  draw  a 
deed  or  wilL 

34.  To  take  out  of  a  box  or  wheel,  as  tickets  in 
a  lt>ttery.  ^Ve  say,  to  draw  a  lottery,  or  to  draw  a 
number  in  the  lottery. 

35.  To  receive  or  gain  by  drawing  ;  as,  to  draw  a 

Size.    We  say  also,  a  number  drawa  a  prize  or  a 
nnk^hen  it  is  drawn  at  the  same  time. 
3n.  To  extend;  to  stretch;  as,  to  draic  wire;  lo 
draw  a  piece  of  metal  by  be;Uing,  &c. 

37.  To  sink  into  Hie  water  ;  or  to  require  a  certain 
depth  of  water  for  floating  ;  as,  a  ship  draws  fifteen 
leet  of  water. 

3!^  To  bend  ;  as,  to  dra%c  the  bow.     h.  IxvL 

39.  To  eviscertte  j  to  pull  out  the  bowels ;  as,  to 
dram  poultry.  ^»f  • 

40.  To  withdraw-.    [AM  Mnf.]  SkaX. 
Ta  drmm  iadt ;  to  receive  back,  as  duties  on  goods 

-Ibr  exportation. 

Tm  dram  im ;  to  collect  3  to  ^pfAy  to  any  purpose  by 
violence. 


Q.  To  contract ;  to  pull  to  a  smaller  compass  ;  to 
pull  back  ;  as,  to  draw  in  the  reins.  Oay. 

3.  To  entice,  allure,  or  inveigle ;  as,  to  draw  in 
others  to  support  a  measure. 

7^  drmm  ifi  to  draw  from  or  away  ;  also,  to  with- 
draw ;  to  abstract ;  as,  to  draw  off  the  mind  from 
Tain  amusements. 

3.  To  draw  or  take  from  ;  to  cause  to  flow  from  ; 
as,  to  liram  sf  wine  or  rider  from  a  vessel. 

3.  To  extract  by  di.nillation.  Addison. 

To  draw  on ;  to  alhire  ;  to  entice  :  to  persuade  or 
cause  lo  follow.  The  reluctant  may  be  drawn  on  by 
kindness  or  caresses. 

2.  To  occasion ;  to  invite ;  to  bring  on ;  to  cause. 

Coder  color  of  war,  vhich  rtthcr  his   n^^i^noe  drew  on,  or 
hia  pnction  pnicured.  be  ieriin]  &  lubuJj.  Haymard. 

To  draic  ovtr  ;  to  raise  or  cause  to  come  over,  as 
in  a  still. 

9.  To  persuade  or  induce  to  revolt  from  an  oppo- 
sing party,  and  to  join  one's  own  party.  Some  men 
may  be  drawn  over  by  interest,  others  by  fear. 


DRA 

7*11  draw  out;  lo  lengthen  ;  to  stretch  by  force  ;  to 
extend. 

2.  To  beat  or  hammer  out ;  to  extend  or  spread  by 
beatiiic,  as  a  metat. 

3.  I'o  lengtlien  in  time ;  to  protract ;  to  cause  to 
continue. 

Thjr  unUodnoi  •hall  hk  dMdi  dram  out 
To  lincvriii j  ttifiifnuwe.  ^  Shak. 

Wilt  iJiou  draw  out  Hdna  aagtr  to  all    gvneraUona  I  —  Pb. 
Ixxxiv. 

4.  To  cause  to  issue  forth  j  to  draw  off;  as  liquor 
from  a  cask. 

5.  To  extract,  as  the  spirit  of  a  substance. 

6.  To  bring  forth  ;  to  pump  out,  by  quej*tioning  or 
address  ;  to  cause  to  be  declared,  or  brought  to  light ; 
aa,  to  draw  out  facts  from  a  witness. 

7.  To  induce  by  motive  ;  to  call  forth. 

Thk  wu  an  artilioe  lo  draw  out  Trom  us  nn  accusAtton.    Anon. 

8.  To  detach  ;  to  separate  from  the  main  body  ;  as, 
to  draw  out  a  Ale  or  party  of  men. 

9.  To  range  in  battle  ;  to  army  in  n  line. 
To  draw  together;  to  collect  or  be  collected. 
To  draw  up:  to  raise  ;  to  lift ;  to  elevate. 

a.  To  form  in  order  of  battle  ;  lo  array.    Dryden. 

3.  To  compose  in  due  form,  as  a  writing  ;  to  form 
in  writing ;  as,  to  draw  up  a  deed  ;  lo  drato  up  a 
paper.  Swift. 

In  this  use,  it  is  often  more  elegant  to  omit  the 
mMifying  word.     [See  No.  33.] 
DRA\N'j  p.  1,    To  pull ;  lo  exert  strength  in  drawing. 
Vi'e  say,  a  horse  or  an  ox  draws  well. 

S.  To  act  as  a  weight. 


3.  To  shrink  ;  to  contract  into  a  smaller  compass. 

Baron. 

4.  To  move  ;  to  advance.  The  day  draws  toward 
evening. 

5.  To  be  filled  or  inflated  with  wind,  so  as  to  press 
on  and  advance  a  ship  in  her  course ;  as,  the  sails 

6.  To  unsheathe  a  sword.  His  love  drew  to  de- 
fend him.    In  thi.-^  phmse,  sword  is  understood. 

7.  To  use  or  practice  the  art  of  delineating  figures  ; 
as,  he  drctes  with  exactness. 

8.  To  cftllect  the  matter  of  an  ulcer  or  aliscess  ;  to 
cause  to  suppurate  ;  lo  excite  to  inflammation,  matu- 
ration, and  discharge  ;  as,  an  epispa.stic  draies  well. 

To  draw  bafk;  to  retire;  to  move  back;  to  with- 
draw. 

9-  To  nnounce  the  faith  ;  lo  a|>ostatize.    //eft.  x. 

To  draw  near  or  ni^h  ;  lo  api>roac.h  ;  to  come  near. 

7^  dram  off\  to  retire ;  lo  retreat ;  as,  the  company 
drtm  tff  by  degrees. 

7V  draw  on ;  to  advance  ;  to  appn>ach  ;  as,  the  day 
drams  on.  Ih-viden. 

Sl  To  gain  on  ;  to  approach  in  pursuit ;  as,  the  ship 
drew  OH  the  chase. 

3.  To  demand  payment  by  an  order  or  bill,  called 
a  draft.  He  drew  on  bis  factor  for  the  amount  of  the 
shipment. 

You  may  dmte  on  m«  for  die  expenses  of  your  Journey.    Jay. 

To  draw  up ;  to  form  in  regular  order ;  as,  the  troops 
drew  up  in  front  of  the  palace  ;  the  fleet  drew  up  in  a 
semicircle. 

Draw,  in  most  of  its  uses,  retains  some  shade  of  its 
original  sense,  to  pull,  to  move  forward  by  the  appli- 
cation of  force  in  advance,  or  to  extend  in  length. 
And  Johnson  justly  observes,  that  it  expresses  an  ac- 
tion gradual  or  continuous,  and  leisurely.  We  pour 
liquor  quick,  but  we  draw  it  in  a  continued  stream. 
We  force  compliance  by  threats,  but  we  draw  it  by 
gradual  prevalence.  We  write  a  letter  with  haste, 
but  we  draw  a  bill  with  slow  caution  and  regard  to  a 
precise  fonn.  We  draw  a  bar  of  metal  by  continued 
DRAW,  It.    The  act  of  drawing.  [beating. 

"2.  The  Irtl  or  chance  drawn. 

3,  That  part  of  a  bridge  which  is  drawn  up. 
DRAW^\-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  drawn.  More. 

DRAWBACK,  71.  Money  or  an  amount  paid  back. 
UsuaUy,  a  certain  amount  of  duties  or  customs,  paid 
or  bonded  by  an  importer,  paid  back  or  remitted  to 
him  on  the  exportation  of  the  goods;  or  a  certain 
amount  of  excise  paid  back  or  allowed  on  the  expor- 
tation of  home  manufactures. 

2.  In  a  popular  sense,  any  loss  of  advantage,  or  de- 
duction fmrn  profit. 
DRAVV'-BRIDGE,  n.  Abridge  which  may  be  raised  up, 
let  down,  or  drawn  aside,  lo  admit  or  hinder  commu- 
nication, as  before  the  gate  of  a  town  or  castle,  or  in  a 
bridge  over  a  navigable  river.  In  the  latter,  the  draw- 
bridge usually  ctmsists  of  two  movable  platforms, 
which  may  be  raised  to  let  a  vessel  pass  through. 
DRAW'-NET,  n.     A  net  for  catching  the  larger  sorts 

of  birds,  made  of  packthread,  with  wide  mtrshcs. 
DRAW'-WELL,  n.    A  deep  well,  from  which  water 

is  drawn  by  a  long  cord  or  pole.  Grew. 

DRAWEE,  71,  The  person  on  whom  an  order  or  bill 
orexchange  is  drawn;  the  payer  of  a  bill  of  ex- 
change. 
DRAW'ER,  n.  One  who  draws  or  pulls  ;  one  who 
takes  water  from  a  welt ;  one  who  draws  liquor  from 
a  cask. 


DRE  I 

a.  That  which  draws  or  attracts,  or  has  the  power 
of  attraction.  Sic^ft. 

3.  He  who  draws  a  bill  of  exchange,  or  an  order  for 
the  payment  of  money. 

4.  A  -sliding  box  in  a  cose  or  table,  which  Is  drawn 
at  pleasure. 

5.  Drawers,  in  the  plural ;  a  dose  under  garment, 
worn  on  Ihe  lijwer  limbs. 

DRAWING,  ppr.  Pulling;  hauling;  attracting;  de- 
lineating. 

DRAWING,  n.  The  act  of  ptilling,  hauling,  or  at- 
tracting. 

2.  The  representation  of  the  appearance  or  fig- 
ures of  objects  on  a  plain  surface,  by  means  of  lines 
and  shades,  aa  with  a  pencil,  crayon,  pen,  compasses, 
&.C. ;  delineation. 

3.  The  distribution  of  prizes  and  blanks  in  a  lot- 
tery. 

DRA"WI.\G-MXS-TER,  n.  One  who  teaches  the  art 
vt  drawing. 

DRAW'Ii\(;-ROOM,  Ti.  A  room  appropriated  for  the 
reception  of  company  ;  a  room  in  whicti  distinguished 
personages  hold  levees,  or  private  persons  receive 
parties.  It  is  written  by  Coxe  wiOidraieing-room,  a 
room  to  which  company  withdraws  from  the  dining- 
room. 

2.  The  formal  reception  of  evening  company  at  a 
court,  or  by  p<,'rsons  in  high  station. 

3.  "I'hc  company  assembled  in  a  drawing-room. 
DRAWL,  V.  t.     [D.  draalrn,  lo  linger.] 

*ro  utter  words  in  a  slow,  lengthened  tone. 

DRAWL,  r.  i.     To  speak  with  slow  utterance. 

DRAWL,  n,    A  lengthened  utterance  of  the  voice. 

DRAWL'ING,  ppr.     Uttering  words  slowly. 

DKAWL'ING-LY,  adv.  By  slow  or  lengthened  utter- 
ance. 

DRAWN,  pp.  or  a.  fSec  Draw.]  Pulled  ;  hauled  ;  al- 
lured ;  attracted;  dt-lincated;  extended;  cxlracted ; 
derived;  deduced;  written. 

S.  Equal,  where  each  party  takes  his  own  stake ; 
as,  a  drawn  game. 

3.  Having  equal  advantage,  and  neither  party  a 
victory  ;  as,  a  drawn  battle. 

4.  With  a  sword  drawn.  Sliak. 

5.  Moved  aside,  as  a  curtain  ;  unclosed,  or  closed. 

6.  Eviscerated  ;  as,  a  drawn  fox.  Shale. 

7.  In  a  diffused  or  melted  state  ;  as,  drawn  butter. 

8.  Induced,  as  by  a  motive  ;  as,  men  are  drawn  to- 
gether by  similar  views,  or  by  motives  of  interest. 

Dawn  and  quartered;  drawn  on  a  sled,  and  cut 
into  ipiarlurs. 

DRAWN-HAT'TLE,  n.  A  battle  from  which  the  par- 
lies withdraw  without  the  defi:at  or  victory  of  either. 

DRAWN-BIJT'TER,  n.     Melted  butter. 

DRAWPLAI'E,  n.  A  steel  plate  having  a  gradation 
o^  conical  holes,  through  which  wires  are  drawn  lo 
be  reduced  and  elongated. 

DRAY,  n.     [Sax.  drmire,  L.  trahea,  from  draw,  trako.'] 
\.  A  low  cart  or  carriage  on  wheels,  drawn  by  a 
horse.  Addison. 

2.  A  sled.  Encyc, 

DRXY'-CART,  n.     A  dray. 

DRaY'-HORSE,  71,    A  horse  used  for  drawing  a  dray. 

Tatler. 

DRXY'MAX,  n.    A  man  who  attends  a  drav.  South. 

DRAY'-PLOW,       )  n.     A  particular  kind  of  plow. 

DIIAY'-PLOUGII,  i  Mortiriwr. 

DRAZ'EL,  (draz'l,)  n.     A  dirty  woman  ;  a  slut. 

[  Ti'iis  is  a  vuljrar  word  ;  in  JVcw  Kngland  pronounced 
droz'l,  and  I  betlece  always  applied  to  a  female.] 

DREAD,  (dred,)  «.  [Sax.  dra;d.  Uu.  from  the  root  of 
the  L.  tcj-reo,  or  that  of  Sw,  riUld,  fearful,  rddas^  to 
dread,  Dan.  rmd,  fearful,  Sp.  arredrar,  to  terrify,  or 
Ir  cratham,  to  tremble.  If  (i  is  a  prefix,  see  Class  Rd, 
No.  14,  19,  22,  95,  CO,  73.  The  primary  sense  is, 
probably,  to  trtimblc,  or  to  shrink.] 

1.  Great  fear,  or  apprehension  of  evil  or  danger. 
It  expresses  more  than  fear,  and  less  than  terror  or 
frigiit.  It  is  an  uneasiness  or  alarm  excited  by  ex- 
pticted  pain,  loss,  or  other  evil.  We  speak  of  Ihe/yread 
of  evil ;  the  dread  of  suffering ;  the  dread  of  the  di- 
vine displeasure.  It  differs  from  terror,  al^o,  in  being 
less  sudden  or  more  continued. 

2.  Awe  ;  fear  united  with  respect. 

3.  Terror. 

Siiail  not  hia  dread  tail  on  you  ?  — Job  xiii. 

4.  The  cause  of  fear;  the  person  or  the  thing 
dreaded. 

L*t  him  be  your  dread.  — la.  viii. 

DREAD,  a.   Exciting  great  fear  or  apprehension.  Skak. 

2.  Terrible  ;  frightful,  Shak. 

3.  Awful ;  venerable  in  tho  highest  degree  ;  aa, 
drrad  sovereign  ;  dread  majesty  ;  dread  tribunal. 

DREAD,  (dred,)  r.  L    To  fear  in  a  great  degree ;  as,  to 

dre/id  the  approach  of  a  storm. 
DREAD,  V.  L    To  be  in  great  fear. 

Drtad  not,  neilher  l>s  afrnii]  of  Ihem.  — Deut.  i. 

DREAD' A-HLE,  a.     Thai  is  lo  be  dreaded.     [06^.] 
DREAD'-noLT-ED,  a.     Having  bolts  to  be  dreaded  ; 

as,  dread-bolted  thunder,  Shak, 

DREAD'ED,  (dred'ed,)  pp.     Feared. 
DREAD'KR,  a.     One  that  fears,  or  lives  in  fear.  Swift 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WI^^T.— MeTE,  PRfiY.  — PL\E,  MARtNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE.  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQpK.  — 


DRE 

DREAD'FIJL,  a.     Impressing  great  fear;  terrible  ;  for- 
midablL' ;  as,  a  dreadful  storm,  or  dreadful  itighu 
The  great  and  dreadful  dnj  of  the  Lord.  —  Mai.  it. 

2.  Awful;  venerable. 

How  dread/ul  b  ttus  place  I  —  Gen.  xlviii. 

DRE.\D'FyL-LY,  adv.  Terribly;  in  a  manner  to  be 
dreaded.  Dryden. 

DREAD'FJJI^NESS,  n.  Terribleness  j  the  quality  of 
being  dreadful ;  frighlfulnesa. 

DREAD'LESS,  ('dred'less,)  a.  Fearless;  bold  ;  not  in- 
timidated ;  undaunted  ;  free  from  fear  or  terror  ;  in- 
trepid. Milloit. 

DREAD'LESS-NESS,  n.  Fearlessness  ;  undaiinted- 
ness  :  freedom  from  fear  or  terror;  boldness.  Sidnnj. 

DREAD'\ALG»T,  (dred'nawt,)  n.     A  thick   doth, 

with  a  long  pile,  used  for  warm  clothing,  or  to  keep 

_2.  A  garment  made  of  such  cloth.  [off  rain. 

DReAM,  n.  [D.  droom  ;  G.  traum  ;  S\v.  driim  ;  Dan. 
driSm.  In  Russ.  dremhju  is  to  sleep.  But  I  take  the 
primary  sense  to  be,  to  rove,  and  the  word  to  be  al- 
lied to  Gr.  i^wftrji  a  running,  which  seems  to  l>e  from 
%he  root  of  roam,  ramble.  If  not,  il  may  signify  to 
form  images,  ana  be  allied  to  frame.] 

1.  The  thought,  or  series  of  thouphTs,  of  a  person 
in  sleep.  We  apply  dreamy  in  the  singular,  to  a  se- 
ries of  thoughts  which  occupy  the  mind  of  a  sleeping 
person,  in  which  he  imagines  be  has  a  view  of  real 
things  or  transactions.  A  dream  is  a  series  of  thoughts 
not  under  the  command  of  reason,  and  hence  wild 
and  irregular.  Stcieart. 

2.  In  Scnpture,  dreams  were  sometimes  impressions 
on  the  minds  of  steeping  persons,  made  by  divine 
agency.  God  came  to  Abimelecb  in  a  dream.  Jo- 
seph was  warned  by  God  in  a  dream.  Oen.  xx. 
Miti.  ii. 

3.  A  ^'ain  fancy ;  a  wild  conceit ;  an  unfounded 
ffHpicion. 

DReA.M,  r.  i.  ,■  prrt.  Dreamed  or  Dreamt.  [D.  droom- 
en;  G.  trdamen  ;  Pw.  diUmma:  Dan.  driiinmtr.] 

1.  To  have  ideas  or  images  in  the  mind,  in  the 
state  of  sleep;  with  of  befnre  a  noun  ;  as,  to  dream 
of  a  battle  ;  to  dream  of  an  absent  friend. 

3.  To  think  ;  to  imagine  ;  as,  he  little  dreamed  of 
hifl  approaching  fate. 
3.  To  think  it',y. 
They  dream  ou  in  a.  aoane  of  reading,  wllhout  dig>^ln?. 

Locke. 

DREAM,  V.  r.    To  see  in  a  dream. 

To  dream,  away ;  to  waste  in  idle  thoughts ;  na,  to 
dream  away  one's  time. 

And  dreamt  the  fiii'ire  fi^lil.  Dryden, 

It  is  followed  by  a  noun  of  the  like  signification  ; 
85.  to  dream  a  dream. 
DREAMER,  n.     One  who  dream**. 

2.  A  fanciful  man ;  a  visionary  ;  one  who  forms  or 
entertains  vain  schemes  ;  as,  a  political  dreamer. 

3.  A  man  lost  in  wild  imagination ;  a  mope  ;  a 
slugcird. 

DReAM'KIjL,  a.     Full  of  dreams.  Johnson. 

DKeA-M'I.\(J,  wpr.     Having  ihouehts  or  ideas  in  sleep. 
Dlti:AM'l\G-LY,  adv.     Sluggishly  ;  negligently. 
DUk AM'Li:??,  o.     Free  fn.m  dreams.  Camden. 

DUE.^M'1.E.*^S-LY,  adv.    In  a  dreamless  manner. 
DREAMPT,  (dreml,)  M.    From  Dre*m. 
DRCAM'V,  a.     Full  of  dreams. 
DRkAR,  n.     Dread ;  dismalness.     [06*.]      Spenser. 
DRKAR,  o.     [Sax.  dreorirfy  drear>'.] 
Disioai  ;  gloomy  with  solittide. 

A  drear  uiil  <l7ing  Ktuiid.  MUton, 

DREAR'I-HEAD,  (-bed,)  %.     Dismalness ;    glrximi- 

neM.     [AT>f  in  twc]  Spenser. 

DRP-AR'l-LY,  flrfp.    Gloomitv;  dismally.      Spen^rr. 
DRF:AR'I-MENT,n.     Dismainess  j  terror.     [OAy.J 
DREAR'I-NE.S.'^,  n.     Dismalneas  ;  gloomy  uulitmlc. 
DReAR'V,  a.     [Sax.  dreoriV.] 

1.  Dif<mal ;    gloomy  ;    as,  a  dreary   waste  :  dreary 
shades.    This  word  implies  both  sr.liiudc  and  gloom. 
3.  Sorrowful  ;  dUtrcsding;  as,  dreary  shrieks. 

Spenirr. 
DBEDtiE.  n.     [Fr.  dre^^e  ;  Arm.  dra^,m  in  English.] 

1.  A  dragnet  for  taking  oysters,  4.r.  Cnrew. 

2.  A  mixture  of  oats  and  barli-y  wiwn  together. 
DREDOE,  c.  U     To  catch  or  gather  with  a  dredge  ;  to 

derp^n  with  adredging-machine.  Carcic. 

DRKdOE,  c.  (.    ['I'hij  seems  to  lie  connected  with  the 
Fr.  drapify  grains,  dragee^  suyar  plums,  small  shot, 
mt-'slin.J 
To  wtirinWe  flour  on  roaKt  meat. 

DREDG'kI),  pp.  f-'aught  with  a  dredge;  deepened 
with  a  dr'-ilging-machinv! ;  sprinkled,  as  flour  on 
roa--<tinc  meat. 

DRKOO'ER,  n.  One  who  fishes  with  a  dredge  ;  also, 
a  nt'-nsil  for  scaiteriug  flour  on  meat  while  roast- 
inn;  a  dr«  dfring-inarhine. 

DRHDfj'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Catching  with  a  dredge ;  deep- 
ening with  u  dr*.'dging  machine;  sprinklitig  as  with 
flour. 

DREDO'ING,  n.  The  act  of  gathering  with  a  net, 
deepening  with  a  dredging-machine,  or  Kprinkling 
with  flour. 

DREDG'ING-BOX,  n.  A  box  used  for  dredging 
meat. 


DRE 

DREDG'Ix\G-MA-ClItXE',  (-ma-sheen',)  n.  An  en- 
gine usfd  to  take  up  mud  ur  gravel  from  the  Lottom- 
of  rivers,  dockr'^&c.  Cyc. 

DREK,  V.  t.     [Sax.  dreah.] 

To  sTifl'er.     [JVot  u-verf.]  Bay. 

DREG'GI-NESS,  n.  [fromdrp^^.]  Fullness  of  dregs 
or  lees  ;  foulness  ;  feculence. 

DREG'GISII,  a.  Full  of  dregs;  foul  with  lees;  fecu- 
lent. Harvey. 

DREG'GY,  a.  [See  DnEos.]  Containing  dregs  or 
lees;  consisting  of  dregs;  foul;  muddy;  feculent. 

Boyle. 

DREGS,  n.  B?.  [Sw.  rfrrt^^ ;  Uvea,  drank;  Gr.  rpi>f, 
Titvyia.  That  which  is  drained  or  thrown  off,  or  that 
which  subsides.    See  Class  Rg,  No.  8,  28,58. 

1.  The  sediment  of  liquors ;  lees  ;  grounds;  fecu- 
lence ;  any  foreign  matter  of  liquors  that  subsides  to 
tlie  bottom  of  a  vessel. 

2.  Waste  or  worthless  matter  ;  dross  ;  sweepings  ; 
refuse.  Hence,  the  most  vile  and  despicable  part  of 
men  ;  as,  the  dretrs  of  society. 

Drejr^  in  the  singular,  is  found  in  Spenser,  but  is 
not  now  used. 

DRgLV.    See  Draitt. 

DREXCH,  p.  U  [Sax.  drencean,  to  drench,  to  soak,  to 
inebriate,  and  dmican,  to  drink,  to  give  drink  ;  drenc, 
drench,  and  drink  ;  D.  drenken ;  G.  trd/tkcn,  to  water, 
to  soak;  Sw.  drdnckia,  to  plunge,  to  soak;  Scot. 
dronk  ;  W.troci.  Drench^  drink,  droim,  and  probably 
dra^,  are  from  the  same  root.    See  Drink  and  Drag.] 

1.  To  wet  thorouiihly  ;  to  soak;  to  fill  or  cover 
with  water  or  otherliquid  ;  as,  garments  drenched  in 
rain  or  in  the  sea  ;  the  flood  has  drenched  the  earth  ; 
swords  drenched  in  blood. 

2.  To  saturate  with  drink.  Shak. 

3.  To  purge  violently.  Mortimer. 
DRENCH,  It.    A  draught ;  a  swill ;  hence,  a  large  por- 
tion of  liquid  medicine  administered  to  an  aninial  by 
pouring  or  forcing  down  the  throat. 

DRENCH'£D,(drencht,)/t;>.ora.  Soaked;  thoroughly 
\\f\  ;  purged  witli  a  dose. 

DRE.NCH'ER,  n.  One  who  wets  or  steeps;  one  who 
gives  a  drench  to  a  beast. 

DRENCH'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Wetting  thoroughly  ;  soak- 
ing ;  purging. 

DRE.VT,  pp.    Drenched.     [JVot  in  use.']  Spenser. 

DRESS,  V.  Ui  prei  and  pp.  Dressed,  or  Drest.  [Fr. 
dre^sser^lo  make  straight,  to  set  up,  to  erect  ;  Arm. 
dreeza^dregzeim  It.  riiiarR,  to  erect,  to  make  straight ; 
dirizzare,  to  direct,  to  address  ;  Sp.  eiiderezar.  Port,  en- 
dcre^ar^  to  direct ;  Norm,  adrescer,  to  redress.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is,  to  make  straight,  to  strain  or  stretch  to 
Ktraighlness.  The  It.  rizzare  is  supposed  to  be  forjned 
fromr/Uo,  straight,  upright,  h.  erectus^  rectus,  from 
trigOy  re  go.] 

1.  To  make  straight  or  a  straight  line;  to  adjust  to 
a  right  line.  W'e  have  the  primary  !»ense  in  the  mili- 
tJtry  phrase,  drejss  your  ranks.  Hence  the  sense,  to 
put  in  order. 

2.  To  adjust ;  to  put  in  good  order ;  as,  to  dress  the 
beds  of  a  garden.  Someliincs,  to  till  or  cultivate. 
Qen.  ii.     Deul.  xxviii. 

3.  To  put  in  giKtd  order,  as  u  wounded  limb;  to 
cleanse  a  wound,  and  to  apply  medicaments.  The 
Burgetm  dresses  the  limb  or  the  wound. 

4.  Tu  prepare,  in  a  jfeneral  sense  ;  to  put  in  the  con- 
dition dcsirt^d  ;  to  make  suitable  or  fit ;  as,  to  dress 
meat ;  to  dress  lenthfr  or  clolh  ;  to  dress  a  lamp  ;  but 
we.  In  the  latter  case,  generally  use  trim.  To  dress 
hemp  or  flax,  is  to  break  and  clean  It. 

5.  To  rurry,  nib,  and  comb;  as,  to  </re^5  a  horse  : 
or  to  break  or  tame  and  pre(>are  for  service,  as  used 
by  I>r\'d:-n  ;  but  this  is  unusuaL 

6.  To  put  the  body  in  order,  or  in  a  suitable  condi- 
tion ;  to  put  on  cloUies ;  as,  be  dressed  himself  for 
breakfast. 

7.  To  put  on  rich  garments  ;  to  adorn  :  to  dock  ;  to 
embellish  ;  as,  the  lady  dressed  herself  for  a  ball. 

To  dress  up,  is  to  clothe  pompously,  or  elegantly  ; 
as,  to  dre^s  up  with  tinsel. 

To  dress  a  shipj  is  to  ornament  her  with  colors,  as 
on  days  of  rejoicing. 

The  sense  of  dras  depends  on  its  application.    To 
dress  the  body,  to  dress  meal,  and  to  dres.t  leather,  are 
very  different  senses,  but  all  uniting  in  the  sense  of 
nrcpiiring  or  fining  for  use. 
DRK.SS,  V.  i.    To  arrange  in  a  line  ;    as,  look  to  the 
right,  and  dress. 
2.  To  pay  particular  regard  to  dress  or  raiment. 
Bra  mston. 
DRESS,  n.     That  which  is  used  as  the  covering  or  or- 
nami-nt  of  the  body  ;  clothes  ;  garments  ;  habit ;  as, 
the  dress  of  a  latly  is  modest  and  becoming  ;  a  gaudy 
dress  is  cvideneo  of  a  fal.se  taste. 

2.  A  suit  of  clotties;  as,  the  lady  has' purchased  an 
elegant  dress. 

3.  A  lady'rt  gown,  * 

A.  Splendid  clutheB ;  habit  of  ceremony  ;  as,  a  full 
dress. 

5.  Skill  in  adjtirting  dress,  or  the  practice  of  wear- 
ing elegant  clothing  ;  as,  men  of  dress.  Pope. 
DRESS'A'D,   (drest,)  pp.     Adjusted;    made   straight; 
put  in  order ;    prepared  ;  trimmed  ;  tilled  ;    clothed  ; 
adorned  ;  attired. 


DRI 

DKESS'ER,  n.  One  who  dresses;  one  who  is  em- 
ployed in  putting  on  clothes  and  adorning  another; 
one  who  is  employed  in  prejoring,  trimming,  or  ad- 
justing any  thing. 

2.  [Fr.  dressoir.]  A  table  or  bench  on  wliich  meat 
and  other  things  are  dressed  or  prepared  for  use. 

DRESS'ING,  ppr.  Adjusting  to  a  line  ;  putting  in  or- 
der ;  preparing ;  clothing ;  embellishing ;  cultiva- 
ting. 

DRESS'ING,  n.     Raiment ;  attiro.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  That  which  ia  used  as  an  application  to  a  wound 
or  sore. 

3.  That  which  is  used  In  preparing  land  for  a  crop; 
manure  spread  over  land.  When  it  remains  on  the 
surface,  it  i^  called  a  top-dressing. 

4.  In  popular  language^  correction ;  a  flogging  or 
beating. 

5.  In  cookery,  the  stuffing  of  fowls,  pigs,  &c. 

6.  A  term  applied  to  gum,  starch,  and  other  arti- 
cles, in  stiffening  or  preparing  silk,  linen,  and  other 
fabrics.  Brande. 

7.  In  architecture,  dressings  are  mouldings  round 
doors,  windows,  &,c,  Brande. 

DRESS'ING-GOWN,  «.  A  light  gown  used  by  a  per- 
son while  dressing. 

DRESS'ING-  ROO.M,  n.  An  apartment  appropriated 
foi  dressing  the  [)ersnn. 

DRESSING-TA-BI.E,  »,  A  toilet,  a  table  provided 
with  conveniences  for  a  person  adjusting  adrcss^ 

DRESS'-MAK'ER,  n.  A  maker  of  gowns,  or  similar 
garments  ;  a  mantua-maker. 

DRESS'Y,  a.  Showy  In  dress ;  wearing  rich  or 
showy  dresses. 

DREST,  pp.  of  DREsa.  ^   ^ 

DREOL,  (drulo,)  r.i.  [Qu.  drivel,  or  Ar.  jK  raula,io 
slaver.] 

To  emit  saliva  ;  to  suffer  saliva  to  issue  and  flow 
down  from  the  mouth.     See  Droou 
DRIII,  r.  t.    [(in,  from  dribble,  but  the  word  is  not  ele- 
gant, nor  much  used.] 
To  crop  or  cut  oft";  to  defalcate.  Drydrn. 

DRIB,  7).     A  drop.     [JVot  used.]       .  SwifU 

DRIB'BLE,  (drib'bi,)  r.i.    [A  diminutive  from  drip, 


and  pmiM-rly  dripiile.] 
'    "'     "  '"'  ■     tlrt 


To  fall  in  tlrops  or  small  drops,  or  in  a  quick 
successionof  drops  ;  as.  water  dribbles  from  tiie  eaves. 

2.  To  slaver,  as  a  child  or  an  idiot. 

3.  To  fall  weakly  and  slowly;  as,  the  dribbling 
d:irt  of  love.  Skalc, 

DRIU'BliE,  c.  t.    To  throw  down  in  drops.      SioifL 

DRIB'llLKT,  n.     [W.  rhib.] 

A  small  piece  or  part ;  a  small  sum  ;  odd  money  in 
a  sum  ;  as,  tlie  money  was  paid  in  dribbletf. 

DRni'HLlNG,///tr.  ora.  Falling  in  drops  or  small  drops. 

DRIB'BLING,  ti.     A  falling  in  drops. 

DRl'KD,  (dride,)  pp.  or  a.  fr  jm  Drt.  Freed  from 
moisture  or  sap.     [Better  written  Drted.] 

DRI'ER,  n.  [from  dry.]  That  which  has  the  quality 
of  drying  ;  that  whicii  may  expel  or  absorb  moisture: 
a  dcsiccative.  The  sun  and  a  north-westerly  wind 
are  great  driers  of  the  earth,  [Better  written  Dryeb.) 

DRIFT.  H.     [Dan.  drift.;  from  drive.^ 

1.  That  which  is  driven  by  wind  or  water,  as  drift 
seems  to  be  primarily  a  participle.     Hence, 

2.  A  heap  of  any  matter  driven  together  ;  as,  a 
drift  of  snow,  called  also  a  snov-drift ;  a  drift  of 
sand. 

3.  A  driving  ;  a  force  impelling  or  urging  forward; 
impulse;  overbearing  power  or  influence;  as,  the 
dr^'t  of  a  passion. 

4.  Course  of  any  thing;  tendency;  aim;  main 
force  ;  as,  the  drift  of  reasoning  or  argument ;  the 
drift  of  a  discourse. 

5.  Any  thing  driven  by  force  ;  as,  a  drift  of  dust ;  n 
log  or  a  raft  driven  by  a  stream  of  water,  without 
guidance.  t>ryden. 

6.  A  shower ;  a  nttmber  of  things  driven  at  once; 
as,  a  drift  of  bullets.  Skuk. 

7.  In  mining,  a  passage  cut  between  shuff  and 
shaft;  a  piissage  within  the  earth. 

Eiicye.     Foureroy. 

8.  In  navigation,  tlio  angle  which  U\o  line  of  a 
ship's  motion  makes  with  the  nearest  meridian, 
when  she  drives  with  hi'T  side  lo  the  wind  and 
waves,  and  is  not  governed  by  tlie  helm.  Also, 
tlie  distance  wtiicli  the  ship  dri\ctj  ou  that  line. 

Encye, 

9.  The  drift,  of  a  current,  is  it*  anyle  and  velocity 

Mar.  Vict. 

10.  In  ^ro/oifi/,  a  term  applied  to  earth  and  rocks, 
which  have  been  drifted  by  water,  and  deposited 
over  a  country  while  subnuTFjed- 

11.  In  architecture,  i\\G  liorlzonlal  force  which  an 
arch  exerts,  tending  to  overset  the  pier. 

DRIFT,  V.  i.  To  accumulate  in  heaps  by  the  force  of 
wind;  to  be  driven  intoUeajw;  as,  snow  or  sand 
drifts. 

2.  To  float  or  be  driven  along  by  a  current  of  wa- 
ter ;  as,  the  ship  driflid  astern  ;  n  rati  drifted  ashore. 

DRIFT,  V.  U  I'o  drive  into  heaps;  as,  a  current  of 
wind  drifts  .snow  or  sand. 

DRIFT'ED,  pp.    Driven  along  ;  driven  into  heaps. 


TONE,  BI/LL,  IJNITE.— AN"OER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  aa  In  THIS. 


DRl 


DRI 


DRIFT'1N<5,  m.     Tbi-  art  of  drifting  ;  a  drift. 
DRIFT'I.NG,  ypr.     Driving  by  force  j   driving   into 

DRIfT'-SXIL.  m.  In  wavifoticn,  a  sail  used  under 
water,  Teena  oat  right  ahead  by  ctheetn.     Encyc. 

DRIFT'-VViY,  R.  A  common  way  fur  driving  calUe 
in  Coieet. 

DRi'PT'-VVIND,  II.  A  driving  wind  ;  a  wind  Uiat 
drives  thiiies  into  heap*.  Beaum,  and  FL 

DRIFT'-\VtX>D,  a.  Wood  drifted  or  floated  by  water. 

DRILL,  V.  t.  [Sax.  tktrtian ;  G.  and  D.  drUitK  ;  Dan. 
drUUr  ;  Sw.drdla:  to  turn,  xvind,  or  twist  ;  \V.  r*4^, 
a  row  or  drill ;  rkiUiate,  U>  drill,  to  trench  ;  truliax^  to 
drill,  as  a  hole  ;  tntel^  a  whirl  ;  troei/*,  to  turn  or 
whirt  The  latter  is  evidently  connected  with  rolL 
Class  RJ,  No.  A.]  ,  .  = 

I.  To  pierce  with  a  drill ;  to  perforate  by  turning  a 
sharp-pointed  instrument  of  a  particular  form ;  to 
b(ve  and  make  a  hole  by  turning  an  instrumeiiL 
We  say,  to  dnil  a  bote  through  a  piece  of  metal, 
or  to  dnU  a  eannoo. 
3.  To  draw  oo  j  to  entice ;  to  amuse  and  put  oft. 

ymoa  u Sra  uid  tStj.    [Not 4Hgwt.\    AdtL»an. 


Z.  To  draw  on  from  step  to  step.     [JM  9l$gamL] 

Souih. 

4.  To  draw  throagh  ;  to  drain  ;  as,  waters  drilUd 
Uuuugb  a  sandy  strnlum.  T^omscn. 

&  In  •  mHa^ry  sr*sf^  to  teach  and  train  raw  sol- 
diers to  their  duty  by  frequent  exercise  ;  a  common 
mmd  a^ymyrtals  mJ*  of  tiu  icord.    Hence,  to  teach  by 
repeated  exer^se  or  repetition  of  acts. 
6.  In  kuwhandrft  to  sow  grain  in  rows,  drills,  or 
DRILL,  V.  i.    To  sow  in  drills.  [channels. 

2.  To  flow  gently. 

3.  To  muster  for  eierclse.  Beaitm.  amd  FL 
DRILL,  n.     A  pointed  instrument,  used  for  boring 

liotea,  particularly  in   metals  and  other  bard   sub- 

3.  An  ape  or  baboon.  Locke, 

5.  The  act  of  training  soldiers  to  their  duty. 

4.  A  small  scream  i  now  called  a  Rili.     ScnduM, 
{DnU  is  fonned  on  the  root  of  rtU,  ii.  rdUy  a  chan- 

&  In  JbasAcadry,  a  row  of  grain,  sowed  hy  a  driU- 

DRU*L'-BOW,  (-b5,)  a.  A  small  bow,  whose  string 
is  used  for  the  purpose  of  rapidly  turning  a  drilL 

Bmndt, 

DRILL'-BOX,  n.    A  box  conttining  seed  for  sowing. 

DRlLL'tO,  (drild,)  p^.  Bored  or  perforated  with  a 
drill ;  exercised  ;  sown  in  rows. 

DRILL'-HAR'ROW,  n.  A  barrow  ased  for  smooth- 
inz  ground  between  rows  or  drills. 

DRILL'-HU»'BAXD-RY,  a.  The  practice  of  sowing 
land,  by  a  machine,  in  rows. 

DRILL'ING,  pfr.  Boring  with  a  drill ;  training  to 
military  dut>- ;  sowing  in  drills. 

DRILL'ING,  a.  A  coarse  linen  or  eoOoo  cluth,  used 
for  trowfk-rs,  &c. 

DRILL'-PLOW,       )  n.    A  plow  for  sowing  grain  in 

DRILL'-PLOL'GH,  \     drttls. 

DRINK,  r.  i. ;  prtt.  and  ff.  DR*!tK.  Old  prtu  and  pp. 
DaoTTK ;  ff.  Dau5Kx;i.  [Sax.  drimcaTv,  drU4i»,  dnj- 
eisa .'  Goth.  AvFyoa,  to  give  drink ;  D.  drinken  ;  G. 
trntea ,-  Sw.  nia ,-  Dan.  driUer,  to  drink  ;  Sp.  tm- 
gm-t  Port.  W.,  to  swallow;  tra^o,  a  draught.  The 
latter,  and  probably  drint,  is  from  drawinp^  or  the  lat- 
ter may  be  more  nearly  allied  to  W.  troeki,  or  tro^i, 
to  plunge,  bathe,  immerse.  Drink  and  drench  are 
radically  the  same  word,  and  probably  drown.  We 
obsen-e  that  j«  is  not  radical.] 

1.  To  swallow  liquor,  for  quenching  thirst  or  other 
purpose  J  as,  to  drink  of  the  brook. 

Te  ih»U  iDdf«d  driiJt  of  aij  cup.  —  SLitt.  xx. 

S.  To  take  sfHritnous  liquors  to  excess ;  to  be  intem- 
perate in  the  uje  of  spirituous  liquors  ;  to  be  a  habit- 
ual drunkard.  Pope. 

3.  To  feast ;  to  be  entertained  with  liquors.  Shak, 

TV  drimk  to,*  to  salute  in  drinking;  to  invite  to 
drink  by  drinking  first ;  as,  1  drink  to  your  grace. 

Shak. 

a.  To  wish  well  to,  in  the  act  of  taking  the  cup. 
DRINK,  r.  L    To  swalluw,  as  liquids ;  to  receive,  as 
a  fluid,  into  the  stomach  ;  as,  to  drink  water  or  wine. 

2.  To  suck  in  ;  to  abdurb ;  to  imbibe. 

AiHJ  let  tbe  puipla  violeti  dritdc  Uw  MieuD.  Drydxn. 

3.  To  take  in  by  any  inlet ;  to  hear;  to  see  ;  as,  to 
Aimk  words,  or  tbe  voice.  Sh^k,    Popt. 

I  dH^  ddicMKa  potaon  front  dij  eye.  Pept* 

4.  To  take  in  air ;  to  inhale. 

7b  drvii  dovin^  is  to  act  on  by  drinking;  to  reduce 
or  subdue ;  as,  to  drink  dincit  unkindness.        SKak. 

To  drink  offi  to  drink  the  whole  at  a  draught ;  as, 
to  drink  off  a  cup  of  cordiaL 

To  drink  in ,-  to  absorb ;  to  take  or  receive  into  any 
Inlet. 

To  drink  up  :  to  drink  the  whale. 

To  drink  ktalth^  or  te  Uu  health  ;  a  customary  civil- 
ity, in  which  a  person,  at  liiking  a  glass  or  cup,  ex- 
presses his  respect  or  kind  wishes  for  another. 
DRINK,  n.     Liquor  to  be  swallowed  ;  any  fluid  to  be 
taken  into  the  siumach,  fur  quenching  thirst,  or  for 


medicinal  purposes,  as  water,  wine,  beer,  cider,  de- 
coctions, &.C, 

DRINK' A-KLE,  a.  That  may  be  drank  ;  fit  or  suita- 
ble fur  drink  ;  potable. 

DKI.NK'.\-BLE,  a.    A  liquor  that  may  be  drank. 

SteeU. 

DRIXK'A-BLE-NESS,  «.     Stale  of  being  drinkable. 

DRINK'KR,  n.  One  who  drinks,  particularly  one  wlio 
pmciices  drinking  spirituous  liquors  to  excess  ;  a 
drunkard  -,  a  tippler. 

DRINK'ING,  p;»r.  Swallowing  liquor;  sucking  in; 
ab^orbine. 

DRINK'ING,  a.  Connected  with  the  use  of  ardent 
spirits  ;  as,  drinking  usages ;  making  an  excessive  use 
of  s|Hrituou3  liquors. 

DRINK'ING,  n.  The  act  of  swallowing  liquors,  or  of 
absorbing. 

2.  The  practice  of  drinking  to  excess.    Wo  say,  a 
man  is  given  to  drinking, 

DRINK'ING-HOR.V,  a.  A  horn  cup,  such  as  our  rude 
ancestors  used. 

DRINK'ING-IIOUSE,  n.  A  house  frequented  by  tip- 
plert^ ;  an  ale-house. 

DHINK'LESH,  a.     Destitute  of  drink.  Chaucer, 

DRINK'-.MON-EY,(-nmn-ny,)  n.  Money  given  to  buy 
liquor  for  drink. 

DRIP,  V.  i.  [Sax.  drvpan,  driopan,  droptan,  to  drip,  to 
driH)  j  D.  druipen  ;  G.  trie/en  ;  Sw.  dryoa  :  Dan.  dnjp- 
per.  This  seems  to  be  of  the  same  family  as  drop. 
Hence,  drtblUy  drippU,  drivcL  The  Ar.  has  the  pre- 
cise word  tiji  thartifa^  to  drop  or  distill.    Qu.  i\i;i'^ 

Heb.  and  Ar.,  to  drop.    The  Persic  has  ^,S^^^ 

tirnbidan,  to  exude.     See  Class  Rb,  No.  11,  35.] 
1.  To  fall  in  drops  ;  as,  water  drips  from  eaves, 
fi.  To  have  any  liquid  falling  from  it  in  drops ;  as. 


a  wet  garment  drips. 
DRIP,  c.  L    To  let  fall  in  drops. 


Sai/l. 


Tbe  thatch  dripa  hn.  k  shower  of  nln. 

So  we  say,  roasting  flesh  drips  fat. 
DRIP,  a.    A  falling  in  drops,  or  that  which  falls  in 

drofH.    In  building,  avoid  the  drip  of  your  neighbor's 

house. 
St.  The  edge  of  a  roof;  the  eaves;   a  large,  fiat 

member  of  the  cornice.  Bailey.     Chatnbers. 

DRIP'PKl),  (dript,)  pp.    I^t  fail  in  drops. 
DRIP'PING,  ppr.     Falling,  or  letting  fall,  in  drops. 
DRIP'PI.NG,   B,      The  fat  which   falls  from  nu;at  in 

roasting;  that  which  falls  in  drops. 
DRIP'PING-PAN,  n.      A  pan  for  receiving  the  fat 

which  drips  from  meat  in  roasting. 
DRIP'PLE,  0.     Weak  or  rare.     [Ay(  in  use,} 
DRIP'-STONE,   n.     A  projecting  tablet,  or  molding, 

over  the  head  of  diwr-ways,  or  windows,  &,c.,  to 

throw  ofl*  rain. 
DRIVE,   V.  U;  pret.   Drove,  (fonnerty  Dhave;)   pp. 

Drite!V.     [Sax.  drifan ;  Goth,  dreiban  ;  D,  dryeen  ;  G. 

treibcn  ;  Sw.  dr\fva  i  Dan.  driver  ;  also  Sax.  driifan,  to 

vex ;  adriftutt  to  drive.     From  the  German  we  have 

thrive.     See  Ar.  ijyls  tarqfuj  to  drive.    Class  Rb, 

No.  29,  and  Heb.  Syr.  Ar.  am,  id.  No.  4.] 

1.  To  impt^l  or  urge  forward  by  force ;  to  force  ;  to 
move  by  physical  force.  We  drive  a  nail  into  wood 
with  a  hammer ;  the  wind  or  a  current  drivM  a  ship 
on  the  ocean. 

2.  To  compel  or  urge  forward  by  other  means  than 
absolute  physical  force,  or  by  means  that  compel  the 
will ;  as,  to  drive  cattle  to  market ;  a  smoke  driccs 
company  from  the  ronm  ;  a  man  may  be  driven,  by 
the  necessities  of  the  limes,  to  abandon  his  country. 

Driot  thy  busiaow ;  lei  nol  thy  biwuiew  drive  uhce.    Franklin. 

3.  To  chase  ;  to  hunL 

To  dritie  U>e  deer  with  bouod  and  bom.  Chtvy  Chase. 

4.  To  impel  a  team  of  horses  or  oxen  to  move  for- 
ward, and  to  direct  their  course  ;  hence,  to  guide  or 
regulate  the  course  of  the  carriage  driven  by  them. 
We  say,  to  drive  a  team,  or  to  drive  a  carriage  drawn 


by  a  team. 

5.  To  uike  on  a  drive  or  in  a  carriage  ;  as,  to  drive 
a  person  to  his  door. 

6.  To  impel  to  greater  speed. 

7-  To  clear  any  place  by  forcing  away  what  is 
in  it. 

To  driv*  the  eoontrr,  force  the  awains  nway.  Drydxn. 

8.  To  force  ;  to  compel ;  in  a  general  sense. 

9.  To  hurry  on  inconsiderately  ;  often  with  on.  In 
this  sense,  it  is  more  generally  intransitive. 

10.  To  distress  ;^to  straiten  ;  as,  desperate  men  far 
dricen.  Spenser. 

11.  To  impel  by  the  influence  of  passion.  Anger 
and  lust  often  drive  men  into  gross  crimes. 

12.  To  urge  ;  to  press  ;  as,  to  drive  an  argument. 

13.  To  impel  by  moral  influence ;  to  com[>*'l ;  as, 
the  reasoning  of  his  opponent  drove  him  to  acknowl- 
edge his  error. 


ORG  

14.  To  curry  on  ;  to  prosecute  j  to  keep  in  motion  ; 
as,  to  drive  a  trade  ;  to  drive  business. 

15.  To  drive  feathers  or  down,  is  to  place  them  in 
a  machine  which,  by  a  current  of  air,  drives  off  the 
liglilest  to  one  end,  and   collects  them   by  tliem 

selves* 

HU  Ulrica  Jriotn  bed  of  duwn.  Shak, 

To  drive  away ;  to  force  to  remove  to  a  distance  ;  lo 
expel ;  to  Jispel ;  lo  scatter. 

To  drivf  of;  lo  compel  lo  remove  from  a  place ;  to 
expel ;  lo  drive  lo  a  distance. 

To  drive  out;  to  expel. 
DRIVE,  c.  t.    To  be  forced  along  ;  to  bo  impelled  ;  to 
be  moved  by  any  physical  force  or  agent ;  as,  a  ship 
drioes  before  the  wind. 

2.  To  rush  and  press  with  violence ;  as,  a  storm 
driers  against  the  house. 

Ficree  Bi^rCrt.  drooe  agi»ioit  hi.  flying  mili.  Vryd^n. 

3.  To  pass  in  a  carriage  ;  as,  he  drove  to  London. 
This  phrase  is  elliptical.  lie  drove  his  horses  or  car- 
riage to  Liondon. 

4.  To  aim  at  or  tend  to  ■,  to  urge  toward  a  point ; 
lo  make  nn  elfort  to  reach  or  obuiin  ;  as,  we  know 
the  end  the  author  is  driving  at. 

5.  To  aim  a  blow  ;  to  strike  at  with  force. 

Kuiir  ruffycg  in  budcniin  let  drive  at  me.  Shak. 

Drive^  in  all  its  senses,  implies  forcible  or  violent 
acti^in.  It  is  opposed  lo  lead.  To  drive  a  body,  is  to 
move  it  by  applying  a  force  behind ;  to  lead^  is  to 
cause  to  move  by  applying  the  force  before,  or  ft^r- 
ward  of  tbe  body. 

DRIVE,  n.  An  excursion  in  a  carriage,  for  exercise  or 
pleasure.  In  England,  it  is  distinsuish.jd  from  a 
ride,  which  is  taken  on  horseback. 

DRIV'KL,  (driv'l,)  v.  i.     [from  the  root  of  drip.] 

1.  To  slaver  ;  lo  let  spittle  drop  or  flow  from  the 
mouth,  like  a  child,  idiot,  or  dotard.     Sidney.    Grew. 

2.  To  be  weak  or  foolish  ;  to  dote  ;  as,  a  driveling 
hero  ;  driveling  love.  SluiJi.     Drydca. 

DRIV'£L,n.    Slaver;  saliva  flowing  from  the  moutli. 

Dnjdeii. 
a.  A  driveler  ;  a  fool ;  an  idiot.  [.Vul  used.]  Sidney. 

DRIV'H.-ER,  (driv'l^:r,)n.  A  slaverer  ;  a  sfabberi^r ; 
an  idiot ;  a  lool.  Sw^ft. 

DRlV'AL-lNG,p/r.  or  a.     Slavering;  foolish. 

DKIV'EL-I.NG,  (driv'Mng,)  n.  A  course  of  weak, 
contemptibte  action  or  conduct. 

DRIVEN,  (driv'n,)  pp.  [from  drive.]  Urged  for- 
ward by  force;  impelled  to  move;  constrained  by 
necessity. 

DRIVER,  n.  One  who  drives;  the  person  or  thmg 
that  urges  or  compels  any  thing  else  to  move. 

2.  The  person  who  drives  beasts. 

3.  The  person  «iio  drives  a  carriage;  one  who 
conducts  a  team. 

4.  A  large  sad  occasionally  set  on  the  mi/.zcn-yard 
or  gafl",  tile  foot  being  extended  over  the  stern  by  a 
boi.in.  ■"'<"■•  Viet. 

5.  In  machinery,  that  which  communicates  motion 
to  something  else,  as  a  wheel ;  used,  also,  in  compo- 
sition, as  in  scrcio-driver. 

6.  A  substance  interposed  between  the  dnvmg 
instrument  and  the  thing  driven.  A  cooper  drives 
hoops  by  striking  upon  the  driver. 

DRIVING,  ppr.     Urging  forward  by  force  ;  impelling; 

taking  a  drive. 
DRIVING,  a.     Having  great  force  of  impulse;  as,  a 

driving  wind  or  storm. 
DRIVING,  ji.    The  act  of  impelling. 

2.  Tendency. 
DRIZ'ZLE,  ti.  i.     [G.  riesdn.    The  sense  is  probably 

to  sprinkle,  or  to  scatter.    Qu.  L.  ros,  dow,  and  Fr. 

arroser.    See  Heb.  Ch.  ODl,  Ar.  ^j„j  rassa.    Class 

Rs,  No.  lli,  28.]  ,  , 

To  rain  in  small  drops  ;  to  fall,  as  water  from  the 
clouds,  in  very  fine  particles.  We  say,  it  driizles  ; 
drizziing  drops  ;  driiiiing  rain  ;  driiding  tears. 

**  Addison. 

DRIZ'ZLE,  V.  U    To  shed  in  small  drops  or  particles. 

Tlie  air  dol!i  driixle  dew.  Shiik. 

Winter's  drijjiicd  allow.  SluiJc. 

DRIZ'ZLED,  (driz'ld,)  pp.  Shed  or  thrown  down  in 
small  drops  or  particles. 

DRIZ'ZLI.VG,  ppr.  or  u.  Falling  m  fine  drops  or  par- 
ticles ;  shedding  in  small  drops  or  particles. 

DRIZ'ZLl.NG,  n.  The  falling  of  tain  or  snow  in 
small  drops.  . 

DRIZ'ZLY,  a.  Shedding  small  ram,  or  small  p.articles 
of  snow. 

Tbe  winter'*  drizzly  reign.  uryden. 

DROCK,  n.    Part  of  a  plow.     [Ucat.] 

DROG'MAN  and  DROG'O-MA.N.     Sec  DnAOOMAN. 

DROIL,  V.  i.     [D.  druilen,  to  mope.] 

To  work  sluggishly  or  slowly ;  to  plod.  [JVot  mucA 
used.]  ,  ,    '^P'"^':- 

DROI L,  n.  A  mope ;  a  drone  ;  a  sluggard  ;  a  drudge. 
[Little  used.]  ... 

DROIT,  ».     [Fr.]    Right;  the  law  ;  title;  fee;  privi- 
lege.   Also,  in  finance,  duty  ;  custom. 
2.  a.     Straight ;  right.  , 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T METE,  PREY. -PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.-NOTF,,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


Sfii 


DRO 

DRGLI*,  a.  [Vr.  OroU  ;  G.  drvili^i  D.  vl. ;  8w.  trolly  ft 
sntyr;  fro/Za,  to  use  magic  arts,  to  enclmiit.  Uu.  iu 
alliance  to  toU^  troUJ] 

Odd  ;  merry  j  facetious ;  comical ;  as,  a  droll 
fellow. 

DRc)LL,  n.     One  whose  occupation  or  practice  is  to 
raise  inirtli  by  odd  tricks;  a  jester;  a  burtoun.   Prior. 
3.  A  farce)  sometliiDg  exhibittid  to  rai^tc  mirth  or 
Fport.  Swift, 

DROLL,  V.  L    To  jest ;  to  play  the  bufibon.      South. 

DK6LL,  V.  t     To  cheat.  L^Estrantre, 

DKOLI/KR,  Ti.     A  jester;  a  buffoon.  QlanoUle. 

URCLL'ER-Y,  n.  Sportive  tricks  ;  buffoonery  ;  com- 
ical stories ;  gestures,  manners,  or  tales,  adapted  to 
raise  mirth. 

2.  A  puppet-show,  Slmk, 
DR^LL'ING,  B.     Low  wit ;  buffoonery. 
DKOLL'IXG-LY,  adv.     In  a  jesting  manner. 
DRoLL'l.SH,  a.     Somewhat  droll. 
DllOM'E-DA-RV,  (drum'c-der-ry,)  n.    [Ft.  dromadaire ; 

t^lK  dromedario;  Port,  and  It.  id.:  Ir.  droinan;  Gr. 
(^.jo/itis;  from  swiftness,  running,  Gr.  dijofi-j,  ed^tifiof, 
iocfto).  This  explanation  suppo^s  the  word  to  be  of 
Greek  origin.] 

1.  A  species  of  camel,  called,  also,  the  Arabian 
camel,  with  one  bunch  or  protuberance  on  the  back, 
in   distinction  from   the  Bactrian  camel,  which  has 

3.  Any  quick  traveling  camel.  [two  bunches. 
DRONE,  n.      [Sax.   drane,  drten ;  G.    drohne,  whence 

druhnenj  to  tmkle,  to  shake,  to  tingle.  See  Ar.  Nos. 
4  and  7,  Class  Rn.] 

L  The  male  of  the  honey-bee.  It  is  Bmaller  than 
the  qaecn-bee,  but  larger  than  the  workinp-bee.  The 
drones  ma!\b  no  honry,  but,  aflt-r  living  a  few  weeks, 
Ihey  are  killed  or  driven  from  the  hive.         ilncyc. 

lience, 

S.  An  idler;  a  sluggard;  one  who  earns  nothing 
ty  indiitjtry.      .  .Addiioa. 

3.  A  humming  or  low  sound,  or  the  instrument  of 
humming.  Milton. 

4.  The  largest  tube  of  the  bagpipe,  which  emits 
a  rontinned  deep  note. 

DRO.N'E,  r.  I.    To  live  in  idleness ;  as,  a  droning  king. 

Drydeii. 

2.  To  give  a  low,  heavj',  dull  sound  ;  as,  the  cym- 
bal's dronins  sound.  Dryden. 

DR6NE'-FLV,  it.  A  two-winged  insect,  resembling 
the  drone-bee. 

DRONING,  ypr.  Living  in  idleness;  giving  a  dull 
sound. 

DRO.VMNG,  Ti.     Dull,  driveling  utterance.         Swift. 

DRO.\'I.SH,a.  Idle;  sluggish;  lazy;  indolent;  inac- 
tive ;  slow.  Ruioc. 

DHO\'ISH-LY,  adc.     In  a  dronish  manner. 

bRON'lSII-iNE:?S,  n.     Suite  of  being  dronish. 

DROOL,  V.  L  To  drivel  or  drop  saliva.  The  word 
which,  according  to  ilolioway,  is  provincial  in  Eng- 
land, ia  a  familiar  nursery  word  in  ^Vmerica;  as,  llie 
chUd  druoLt. 

DUOOP,  p.  t.  [Sax.  drepan  :  Ice.  driupa.  Tills  word 
is  probably  from  the  root  of  the  L.  torpeo^  the  letters 
being  transposed  ;  or  from  the  root  of  drop,  D.  drui- 
pen,  to  drip,  drop,  or  droop.  Indeed,  all  may  be  of 
one  family.t 

1.  To  smk  or  hang  down  ;  to  lean  downward,  as 
a  boily  that  ia  weak  or  languishing.  Plants  droop 
fur  want  of  moisture  ;  the  bugian  body  droops  in  old 
Bge  or  infirmity. 

3.  To  languiith  from  grief  or  other  cause.     Sandys. 

3.  To  fail  or  ittnk  ;  to  decline  ;  as,  ibe  courage  or 
the  spirits  droop. 

4.  To  faint ;  to  grow  weak ;  to  be  dispirited  ;  as, 
the  soMi-  rs  droop  from  fatigue. 

DROUP'^l),  (droopt,)  pp.    Cinpuished  ;  grown  weak. 
DR001"l.\(i,  ppr.  ift  a.     Sinking;;  hanging  or  leaning 

downward;  declining;  langui^^hing  ;  failing. 
DROOP'ING  I,V,  adc.     In  a  languishing  manner. 
DROP,  n.     [H.'ix.  drojia,  a  drop  ;  drupian,  to  drop  ;  G, 

trvgfen;    D.  drupi  Sw.  droppt;    Dan.  Uraabs.     Ueb. 

I?*^,  Ar.  i^jiCj  raafii,  and  O j3  dharafa.  to  drop. 

Class  Rb,  No.  II.    Heb.  11^,  id.] 

1.  A  small  portion  of  any  fluid  in  a  spherical  form, 

which  falls  at  once  from  any  body,  or  a  globule  of 

any  fluid  which  is  pendent,  as  if  about  to  fall ;  a 

•mall  portion  of  water  falling  in  rain  ;  as,  n  drop  of 

"  water;  a  drop  of  blood  ;  a  drop  of  laudanum. 

U.  A  diamond  hanging  from  the  ear ;  an  ear-ring  ; 
something  hanging  in  the  form  of  a  drop. 

X  A  very  Hmall  quantity  of  liquor ;  as,  be  had  not 
drank  a  drop. 

4.  The  irart  of  a  gallows  which  sustains  the  crim- 
inal  before  he  ia  executed,  and  which  is  suddenly 
dronp<^d. 
DROP,  r.  /.     [Sax.  drtrpinn ;  D.  druipen  ;  C.  trd^yfen  or 
trojffni  ;  Hw.  ibypa;  Dan.  dnjpjter i  Riiks.  krapavu.\ 

I.  To  pour  or  kt  fall  in  small  portions  or  globules, 
as  a  fluid  ;  to  distil. 

Tbe  h^ATeiu  ahAlJ  drop  down  dew.  — DpuI.  xxilii. 

9.  To  lirt  fall,  aj<  any  substance ;  as,  to  drop  the  an- 
chnr ;  to  drop  a  stone. 
3.  To  let  go  ;  to  dismiss  ;  to  lay  aside  j  to  quit ;  to 


^ PRO 

leave ;  to  {K'niiit  to  subside  ;  as,  to  drop  an  affair ;  to 
drop  a  controversy  ;  t«»  drop  a  pursuit. 

4.  To  utter  flifiliily,  briclly,  or  casually  j  as,  to 
drop  a  word  in  favor  of  a  friend. 

5.  To  insert  indirectly,  incidentally,  or  by  way  of 
digression  ;  as,  to  drop  a  word  of  instruction  in  a 
letter. 

6.  To  lay  aside  ;  to  dismiss  from  possession ;  as, 
to  drop  these  frail  bodies. 

7.  To  leave  ;  as,  to  drop  a  letter  at  the  post-office. 

8.  To  set  down  and  leave ;  as,  the  coach  dropped  a 
passenger  at  the  inn. 

9.  To  quit ;  to  suffer  to  cease;  as,  to  drop  an  ac- 
quaintance. 

10.  To  let  go ;  to  dismiss  from  association  ;  as,  to 
drop  a  companion. 

11.  To  sutler  to  end  or  come  to  nothing;  as,  to 
drop  a  fashion. 

1*3.  To  bedrop  ;  to  speckle  ;  to  variegate,  as  if  by 
sprinkling  witlt  drops  ;  as,  a  coat  dropped  with  gold. 

Milton. 
13.  To  lower  :  as,  to  drop  the  muzzle  of  a  gun. 
DROP,  r.  i.    To  distill  ;  to  fall  in  small  portions,  glob- 
ules, or  drops,  as  a  liquid.    Water  drops  from  the 
clouds  or  from  the  eaves. 
3.  To  let  drops  fall  ;  to  discharge  itself  in  drops. 
Tl»c  heiif  «iia  dropptd  at  tlie  pi«»i-nce  of  Goil.  —  Pb.  Ixviil. 

3.  To  fall ;  to  descend  suddenly  or  abruptly. 

4.  To  fall  spontaneously  ;  as,  ripe  fruit  drops  from 
a  tree, 

5.  To  die,  or  to  die  suddenly.  We  see  one  friend 
after  another  dropping  round  us.  They  drop  into  the 
grave. 

6.  To  come  to  an  end  ;  to  cease ;  to  be  neglected 
and  come  to  nothing ;  as,  the  affair  dropped. 

7.  To  come  unexpectedly  ;  with  t»  or  t»to;  as,  my 
old  friend  dropped  in,  a  moment. 

8.  To  full  short  of  a  mark      [JVut  usaaX."] 

Often  It  dropa  or  OTcntiooU.  CoUter. 

9.  To  full  lower ;  as,  the  point  of  the  spear  dropped 

10.  To  be  deep  in  extent.  [a  little. 
Iter  main  tojjiuil  dropt  ievGiiU^n  yarjs.               Mar,  Diet. 

To  drop  astern,  in  sramen^s  tampiaffe,  is  to  pass  or 
move  toward  the  stern  ;  to  move  buck  ;  or  to  slacken 
the  velocity  of  a  vessel,  to  let  another  pass  beyond 
her. 

To  drop  dotrn,  in  seamen's  langitaffe,  is  to  sail, 
row,  or  move  down  a  river,  or  toward  the  sea. 

DROPS,  n.  pi.  In  mediciur,  n  liquid  remedy,  the  dose 
of  which  is  regulated  by  a  certain  number  of  drops. 

Enryc, 

DROP'-SCENE,  n.  In  a  lArafcr,  a  curtain  susijended 
by  pulleys,  which  descends  ur  drops  in  front  of  the 
stag!.'. 

DKOP'-SE-RkNE',  n.  [ffiitta  ftcrma.'j  A  disease  of 
the  eye;  amaurosis,  or  blindness  Irom  a  diseased 
retina.  Milton.     Coze. 

DROP'-STONE,  n.    Spar  in  the  shape  of  drops. 

IVoodward. 

DROP'-WORT,  f-wurt,)  n.  The  name  of  a  plant, 
the  Spinfa  Jilipenduia. 

1'he  hemlock  drt^p-wort,  and  the  water  drop-wort, 
ore  species  of  CEnanthe. 

DROP'LET,  n.     A  little  drop.  Shak. 

DUOP'PA'D,  (dront,)  pp.  U-t  fall  ;  distilled  ;  laid 
aside  ;  dismissed  ;  let  go  ;  suffered  to  subside  ;  sprin- 
kled or  variegated. 

DROP'PIN<;,;'pr.  oro.  Falling  in  globules  ;  distilling; 
falling;  laying  aside;  (li^tmisKing ;  quitting;  suffer- 
ing to  rest  or  subside;  variegating  with  oroamcnta 
like  drops. 

A  dropping  fire,  in  military  affairs^  is  a  constant, 
irregular  discharge  of  small  arms. 

DROP'Pl  NG,  n.     The  aa  of  dropping  ;  a  distilling ;  a 
2.  Ttiat  which  drops.  [falling. 

DROP'PING-LV,  adv.     In  drops. 

DROP'Si-CAL,  a.  [See  Dsopby.]  Diseased  with 
dropsy  ;  hydropical ;  inclined  to  the  dropsy  ;  applied 
to  persona. 

2.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  the  dropsy  ;  applied 
to  diitrasf 

DROP'Sl-Z-JD,  (drop'sfd,)  a.    Diseased  with  dropsy. 

Sh>ik. 

DROP'SY,  TI.  rr^  hydrops;  Or.  vi^poiil/,  from  v6>op, 
water,  and  lotp,  the  fare.  Pormerly  written  kydrop- 
igy:  whence,  by  contraction,  drofisy.'j 

In  mtulicine,  an  unnatural  collection  of  water,  in 
any  part  of  the  Uwly,  proceeding  from  a  greater  effu- 
sion of  serum  hy  the  eximlent  arteries,  than  the  alv- 
Borbentw  take  up.  it  occurs  most  frequently  in  per- 
sons of  lax  habits,  or  in  bodies  debilitated  by  disease. 
The  dropsy  takes  different  names,  according  to  the 
part  affected  ;  as,  ojicitc.t,  or  dro|)sy  of  the  abdomen  ; 
hydrorephalnji,  or  wabT  in  the  head  ;  anasarca,  or  a 
watery  HWelting  over  the  whole  bi>dy,  &lc.     Encyc. 

DROS'KY,  n.     In  Russia,  a  lorf,  four-wheeled  vehi- 
cle, without  a  top,  consisting  of  a  kind  of  long,  nar- 
row bench,  on  which  the  pussengi-rs  ride  as  on  a 
saddle,  with  their  feet  reaching  nearly  to  the  ground. 
Encyc.  of  Dom,  Econ. 

DRO-SOM'B-TEil,  lb  [Gr,  Spoauit  d«w,  and  piTpov^ 
measure.! 


DRO 

An  instnimeiit  for  measuring  the  quantity  of  dew 
on  the  surface  of  a  body  in  the  open  air. 
DROSS,  n.     [Sax.  droa ;  D.  droes;  G.  drusCy  stranf^es, 
glanders  ;    D.  drocssem,  G.  drusen,  dregs ;    perhaps 
from  rejecting  or  throwing  off.] 

1.  The  recrement  or  despumation  of  metals  j  the 
scum  or  extraneous  matter  of  metals,  thrown  off  in 
the  process  of  melting. 

2.  Rust ;  crust  of  metals ;  an  incrustation  formed 
on  metals  by  oxydation.  Addison. 

3.  Waste  matter ;  n-fuse  ;  any  worthless  matter 
separated  from  the  better  part  ;  impure  matter. 

The  world'i  jflory  U  bul  drott  miclt-'an.  Spenter. 

DROSS'I-NESS,  n.  Foulness  ;  rust  ;  impurity  ;  a 
slate  of  being  drossy.  Boyle, 

DROSS'LESS,  a.     Free  from  dross.  Stccerm. 

DROSS'Y,  a.     Like  dross;  pertaining  to  dross. 

a.  Full  of  dross  ;  abounding  with  scorious  or  rec- 
rementjtious  matter ;  as,  droj.ty  gold 

3.  Worthless  ;  foul ;  impure.  Donne 

DROTCIl'EL,  T».  An  idle  wench  ;  a  sluggard.  [A^ 
in  use.] 

DROUGHT,  (drout.)  n.  [Contracted  from  Sax.  dru- 
gothe,  D.  droojrte,  from  drigan  or  drygan,  to  dry.  (See 
Dry.)  The  spelling  drought  is  after  the  Belgic  dia- 
lect ;  but  the  regular  word,  droutk,  or  drovcih,  as  WTit- 
ten  in  the  tune  of  Bacon,  is  still  considerably  used.] 

1.  Dryness  ;  want  of  rain  or  of  water ;  particu- 
larly, dr\ness  of  the  weatlu'r,  which  affects  the 
earth,  and  prevents  the  growth  of  plants;  aridness  ; 
aridity.  Temple.    Bacon. 

2.  Dryness  of  tlie  throat  and  mouth  ;  thirst ;  want 
of  drink.  MilUm. 

DROUGIIT'I  NESS,  ».  A  state  of  dryness  of  the 
we^tiier  ;  want  of  rain. 

DROUGHT'Y,  a.    Dry,  as  the  weather;  arid  ;  wanl- 
2.  Thirsty;  dry;  wanting  drink.  [ingrain. 

DROUM'Y,  a  Trtiubled  ;  muddy.  Same  as  Scottish 
Druuly.     [06^-.]  Bacon. 

Chaucer  lias  Drotv. 

DROUTH,  n.     Dry  weather. 

2.  Thirst.  [This  was  the  original  word,  and  is  still 
used  in  Scotland,  and,  to  a  considerable  extent,  in 
America.] 

DROUTH'I-NESS.n,     Dryness;  thirst, 

DROUTH'Y,  a.  Dry;  thirsty;  us,  "  When  drouOiy 
neebors  neebora  meet."  Burns. 

DROVE,  prc(.  of  Drive. 

DROVE,  n.     [Sax.  draf^  from  drive.'] 

\.  A  collection  of  cattle  driven  ;  a  number  of  ani- 
mals, as  oxen,  sheep,  or  swine,  driven  in  a  body. 
We  speak  of  a  herd  of  cattle,  and  a  flock  of  sheep, 
when  a  number  is  collected  ;  but  properly,  a  drove  is 
a  herd  or  flock  driven.  It  is  applicable  to  any  specioa 
of  brutes.    Hence, 

2.  Any  collection  of  irmtional  animals,  moving  or 
driving  forward  ;  as,  a  fiimy  drove,  Milton. 

3.  A  crowd  of  i>eople  in  motion. 

Wlicre  droMM,  as  &t  n  city  g-Ale,  tii;»v-  p-OM.  Dryden, 

4.  A  road  ft»r  driving  cattle.    [English.] 
DROVER,  H.    One  who  drives  cattle  or  sheep  to  mar- 
ket.    Usually,  a  man   who  makes  it  his  business  to 
purchase  fat  cattle,  and  drive  them  to  market. 

2.  A  boat  drivrn  by  the  tide.  Spenser. 

DROWN,  V.  t,  [Dan.  drugner;  Sw.  drdnckia;  Sax. 
adrcnean.  to  drown,  to  drvndi ;  from  tlie  root  of  drench 
and  drink.] 

1.  Literally,  to  overwhelm  in  water  ;  and  appropri- 
ately, to  extinguish  life  by  imiiter.-<iun  in  wnu-r  or 
other  fluid  ;  applied  to  anunids  i  also,  to  suspend  ani- 
mation by  submersion. 

2.  To  overwhelm  in  water ;  as,  to  droien  weeds. 

3.  To  overflow;  to  deluge;  to  inundate;  as,  to 
drown  land. 

4.  To  immerse  ;  to  plunge  and  lose  ;  to  overwhelm  ; 
as,  to  drown  one's  self  in  sensual  pleasure. 

5.  To  overwhelm  ;  to  overpower. 

My  private  voiix-  U  droumed  itiiiiii  tlic  sciiuto,  Addison. 

DROWN,  B.  i.  To  Iw  suffocated  in  water  or  other, 
fluid;  to  perish  in  water. 

Mclliniiglil  wliJit  p;tiii  it  win  to  drown,  Shak. 

DROWN' ED,  pp.  OT  a.  Deprived  of  life  by  liflmer- 
sion  in  a  fluid  ;  overflowed  ;  inundated  ;  over- 
whMiied. 

DROW.N'ER,  n.     lie  or  that  which  drowns. 

DlK)\VN'iNG,  npr.  Dej^lroying  life  by  submersion  in 
a  liquid  ;  overflowing  ;  overwhiflming. 

DItOWN'ING,  a.     Perishing  in  water  ;  as,  a  drowning 

UROW.StE,  (drowz,)  v.  i.  [Old  Ueigic,rfr«o.?rn.l    [man. 

1.  To  sleep  imperfectly  or  unsoundly  ;  to  slumber  ; 
to  lie  heavy  with  sleepiness.  MUian. 

2.  To  look  heavy  ;  lo  be  heavy  or  dull. 
DROWSE,  V.  t.    To  make  heavy  with  sleep;  to  make 

dull  or  stupid.  Mdton. 

DROWS'MIED,  n.     Sleepiness.     [Ohs.]        Spenser. 

DROWS'LLY,  adc.      Sleepily ;    heavily ;    in   a  dull, 

sleepy  manner.  Drydin. 

2.  Sluggishly;  idly;  slnthfUlly  ;  lazily.    Ridegh. 

DROWS'I-NESS,   n.       Sleepmes* ;    heaviness    with 

sleep;  disjMisition  to  sleep.  Milton.     iMckc. 

2.  Sluggishness;  sktth;  idle  ocas ;  inactivity. 

Bacon. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  aa  K ;  6  a«  J ;  8  aa  2 ;  ClI  as  SII ;  Til  as  in  TUIS. 


3Gd 


DRV 

DROWS'Y,  (I.  Inclined  lu  sleep  ;  slct-py  ;  heavy 
with  sleepiness  :  UtliarEie  ;  couiatostf.        Drydnu 

3.  Pi-  :  lulling  ;  ma.  a  drvwsy  couch. 

DROWS  1  Jrowit'»J»d^ed,)  a.     Heavy  j 

having  -^  c ..  ^.  fMjsition.  F\ithrr^tf. 

DRL'B^  r.  L  [^w.  drabba,  Ui  touch,  hit,  beat;  frdjfii, 
to  hit,  toticn,  renrh,  find  ;  Dan.  dnrber^  to  kill  ; 
tr^fh;  to  hit ;  G.  U.  tr^ffht ;  Gr.  Tot/ito^  to  Imat ;  Pax. 
tr&mlamj  triftlan  ;  IL  trtbbiare  :  L.  tribuia  ;  allied 
probably  to  tJiroh.  These  words  seem  to  be  from  the 
nine  root  as  the  Frencli  bvHrer,  to  find,  that  is,  to 
hk,  to  strike  on,  and  attmp*T  and  frappcr^  Eng.  to 
n^.  But  perhaiM  there  mav  ke  t%vt»  diiV.-ivnl  roota. 
See  Class  Rb,  S'o.  -1,  Od,  'i),  37,  3U.  Z/rwiAmj-  u  a 
particular  form  of  dr\viMg.'\ 
U'o  beat  with  a  stick  \  to  thraab  \  to  cudgcL 

lite  liiOe  ihiefhwl  bemaoowllj  AnU^  vUk  a  cndgW. 

£'liScr«iiff. 

DRUB,  a.    A  blow  with  a  stiek  or  cudgel ;  a  tbunap ; 

a  knock.  jtMuvm, 

DRUB'BKD,  rp.    Beat  with  a  cudgel;  beat aoundly. 
DRUB'BIN'G,  fpr.     Beating  with  a  cudfd  ;  beating 

■oiindlr. 
DRrU'BING,  It.    A  cudceling;  a  sound  beating. 
DRUl>GE,  (dntj,)  p.  i.     [Sc*«.  dra^ ,  to  draffs  to  tug,  to 

pull  with  force ;  whence  druggarty  drudging ;  Ice. 

4r—guT^  a  drmwer  or  carrier  ;  it.  dmfraire^  a  drudge 

or  sbv«.    This  Beems  to  be  a  dialectical  form  of 

drtLff  drwtOtj 
To  work  nard ;  to  labor  In  mean  offices ;  to  labor 

with  toil  and  fatigue. 

In  nMmfnmit  dxl  drvdgw  and  labor.  Bu^hma, 

DRUDtiE,  a.  One  who  work4  hani,  or  labors  with 
toil  and  fatigue  ;  one  who  labors  hard  in  servile  em- 
ployment,'! ;  a  slave.  Mitten. 

DRUDti'EU,  M.    A  drudge. 

3.  A  drudi;ing-box.     [See  DaBDoi.io-Box.1 

DRUDG'ER-Y'  a.  Hard  labor^  toilsome  work;  Igno- 
ble toil ;  hard  work  in  servile  occupations. 

PA.n'*L«r  vaj  3  ptMeofbCM— watoutdrHrffvry  or  Mnw. 

DK '  -.    Laboring  hard  \  toiling. 

DK  X.     i?ee  DREo«i%o-Bof. 

DKL.-^ .^V,  ede.    With  labor  and  faUgaa;  1»- 

bonously. 

DRUG,  a.  [Pr.  dntgiu  ;  Ann.  Av^iurszMt ;  fip.  Put. 
and  IL  drogn.  In  l>utch,  dro^ftnf  ia  a  drmf  and  a 
dr)'ing  place,  so  that  drug  is  a  dry  substance,  and 
from  the  root  of  drif.  Junius  sappo^^es  it  to  Iwve 
signified,  adgtnaUy,  ^lices  or  aromatic  plants.  See 
the  Terb  lo  Dar.J 

L.  The  genetml  name  of  subscances  aaed  in  medi- 
cine, told  by  iJi.^  Hniwcri^-t,  uid  compounded  by 
UKWiecanes  an  :  '  any  substance,  vegeca- 
bie,  animal,  or  r  .  n  used  in  the  composi- 
tion or  prepantt.    .    _  ernes.    It  Is  also  applied 

to  dyeing  materials. 

2.  Any  couimndity  that  lies  on  hand,  or  is  not 
salable  :  an  articU  of  slow  sale,  or  in  no  demand  in 
the  market. 

3.  A  morlal  dntff^  or  a  dtadht  drug^  Is  poison. 

4.  A  drudge.     [Scot,  rfm^.f  Shak, 
DRUG,  V.  i.    To  prescribe  or  aiimiai.<er  dniga  or  med- 
icines.                                                             B.  Jojison. 

DRUG,  r.  t    To  season  with  drugs  or  ingredients. 

SJmk. 
9.  To  tincture  with  something  offensive. 
3.  To  dose  to  excess  with  drug^  or  medicines. 
DRt'G-DAMX'£r),  a.     Comlemned  and  detested  for 

its  dniS'i  or  poisons;  aSydnig-tUjmHfdlt:ily.       Shak. 
DRUG'GfTD.  pp.  or  a.    Seasoned  with  drugs. 

2.  Dosed  with  drugs. 

3.  Tinctured  with  sometbingoffensive. 
DRUG'GER,  a.     A  druggist.     [Aut  used.]       Burton. 
DRUG'GET,  a.     [Ft.djvffuet;    Sp.  dro^iuU;   It.  dro- 

A  coarse  wotden  cloth,  thick  and  strong,  stamped 
on  one  side  with  figures,  and  used  as  a  covering  and 
protection  for  carpets. 

DRUG'GING,  ppr.    Seasoning  with  ingredients. 
2.  Tincturing  with  offensive  matter. 

DRUG'GIST,  lu  [Fr.  dntgviaU;  Sp.  droguero;  It. 
droffhiert^  from   drug.] 

One  who  deals  in  drugs  j  pn^rriy,  one  wnose  oc- 
cnpotioa  is  merely  to  buy  and  sell  drugs,  without 
compounding  or  (u-e partition.  In  Amrrica^  the  same 
persoQ  often  carriL-s  on  the  business  of  the  druggist 
and  the  apothecar>'. 

DRCG'STER-  n.    A  dniegist.     [A'.rf  usaL]      Boyle. 

DRO'lD,  tt.  [Ir.  dr^oiy  formerly  rfrui,  a  magician,  a 
Druid  ;  pi.  draoiUu ;  Sax.  (iry,  a  magician  ;  W.  derwyi^ 
{dencytk,)  which  Owen  supposes  to  be  a  compound 
of  dor ^  rffrtt,  an  oak,  and  greyz,  knowledge,  ptesence. 
The  Welsh  derivation  accords  with  that  of  Pliny, 
who  supposes  the  Druids  were  so  called  because  they 
frequented  or  innmcled  in  the  forest,  or  sacrificed 
under  an  oak.  But  some  uncertainly  rests  on  this 
subject.] 

A  priest  or  minister  of  religion,  among  the  ancient 
Celtic  nations  in  Gaul,  Britain,  and  Germany.  The 
draids  possessed  some  knowledse  of  geometrv,  nat- 
ural philosophy,  tc,  superintended  llic  fairs' of  re- 


DRU 

tit:ion    and    morality,  and    performed   the   uHice   of 
jiidces.  OtBCn.     K/icyc. 

DKCIU  f:SS,  b.    a  female  Druid. 

UKIT-H)'IC*AL   (  ***     ^^""^^'"'"g  to  the  Druids. 

DRCHKIt^H,  a!     Pertaining  to  or  like  Druids. 

DRC'ID  I?M,  n.  The  sysicin  of  rtliRion,  philosophy, 
and  instniciion  taujjhi  by  tlie  Druids,  or  their  doc- 
trines, rites,  and  ceremonles. 

tVhitaker.     ChrisL  Obitrrrrr. 

DRL'M,  n.  [D.  trom,  trommrl ;  G.  trommvl ;  Hw.  trum- 
m*:  Dan.  trvmmt ;  Ir.  dnima  ;  probably  from  its 
sound,  and  the  root  of  rumble^  Gr.  fiiHfiiOy  L-  fremo. 
See  Class  Rm,  No.  10,  II.] 

1.  A  martial  instniment  of  music,  in  form  of  a 
hollow  cylinder,  and  covered  at  the  ends  with 
vellum,  whicli  is  stretched  or  slackuned  at  pleasure. 

2.  In  maehinerv^  a  short  cylinder  revolving  on  an 
axim,  genemlly  liu-  the  inirpose  of  turning  several 
smrUI  wheels,  by  mean^j  of  strnjis  passing  round  its 
periphery.  Cyc 

3.  The  drwm  nftlu  ear,  the  tympanum,  or  barrel  of 
the  ear  :  the  hollow  part  of  the  ear,  behind  the  mem- 
brane of  the  tympanum.  The  latter  is  a  tense  mem- 
brane, which  closes  the  external  passage  of  the  ear, 
and  receives  tho  vibrations  of  the  air.  Hooper. 

4.  A  quantity  jxicked  in  tho  form  of  a  drum  j  as,  a 
dram  of  fig:^ 

5.  Hheet-iron  in  the  shape  of  a  drum,  to  receive 
heat  from  a  stove-pipe. 

6.  In  archiUcture^  Uie  upright  part  of  a  cupola  either 
above  or  below  a  dome. 

DRUM,  r.  i.  To  beat  a  drum  with  sticks  ;  to  beat  or 
play  a  tune  on  a  drum. 

SL  To  beat  with  the  fingers,  as  with  drumsticks  ; 
to  beat  with  a  rapid  succession  of  strokes ;  as,  to 
^MiM  on  the  table. 

3.  To  beat,  as  the  heart.  Drydm. 
To   drum    vp  ;   lUfraUp^  to  gather  or  collect  by 

going  round  witJi  a  drum  ;  or y^guratively^  by  influ- 
ence and  exertion  ;  a.'i,  to  drttm  up  fur  recruits,  &c. 

DRUM,  e.  f.  To  expel  with  beat  of  drum.  IMUdary 
phrasf.] 

DRUM'BLE,  e.  i.  To  drone  ;  to  be  sluggish.  [JVuC  in 
MM.]  Shak. 

DRUM'-FISH,  «.     A  fish  found  on  the  coast  of  North 

DRU.M'LV,  fl.     [ W.  trom,  heavy.]  [America. 

Turbid  ;  muddy.     UVot  in  use.] 

DRUM'-MA-JOU,  n.  The  chief  or  first  drummer  of  a 
regiment. 

DRUM'-MAK-ER,  n.    One  who  makes  dnims. 

DRUM'MER,  H.  One  whose  ortice  iti  lo  beat  the  dnim, 
in  militfin*  exerci«s  and  marching  ;  one  who  drums. 

DRUM'MING,  ;>jir.  Beating  a  drum;  expelling  with 
beat  of  dnini. 

DRUM'MOXD-LIGHT,  (lite,)  n.  [from  Lieut.  7>riiB^ 
m^md.]  A  very  intense  light,  produced  by  turning 
two  streams  of  gas,  one  oxygt-n,  and  the  other  hy- 
drogen, in  a  state  of  ignition,  upon  a  bull  of  lime. 

DRUM'STICK,  n.  The  stick  witti  which  a  dnim  is 
beaten,  or  shaped  for  the  purpose  of  beating  a  dnim. 

DRUNK,  a.  [from  drtt-iketi.  See  Drink.}  Intoxica- 
ted ;  inebriated  ;  overwhelmed  or  overjwwered  by 
spirituous  liquor  ;  stupefied  or  indamed  by  the  action 
of  spirit  on  the  stomach  and  brain.  It  is  brutish  to 
be  druni. 

Be  not  drunk  with  winff,  wherein  U  excm.  Si.  Paul. 

S.  Drenched  oi  saturated  with  moisture  or  liquor. 

I  trill  mnie  mjr  nmnrs  drunk  with  bloud.  —  Dout.  xxiii. 
JVbCe.  —  Drunk  was  formerly  used  as  the  participle 
of  drink  :  o-s,  he  had  drunk  wine.  But  in  modem 
usage,  drank  lins  taken  its  place ;  and  drunk  is  now 
used  rhiefly  as  an  adjective. 
DRUNK'ARD,  n.  One  given  to  ebriety,  or  an  exces- 
sive use  of  strong  liquor;  a  person  who  habitually  or 
frequently  is  drunk. 

A  druttkard  aiuJ  a  giuUon  shidl  coroe  to  poreily.  —  Prov.  xxiO. 
DRUNK'EN,  (drunk'n,)  a.     [Participle  of  Drimk,  but 
now  used  chiefly  as  an  adjective,  and  oflen  contract- 
ed to  Dru?<k.] 

1.  Intoxicated  ;  inebriated  with  strong  liquor. 

2.  Given  to  drunkenness  ;  as,  a  drunken  butler. 
3    Saturated  with  liquor  or  moisture;  drenched. 

Let  the  eonli  be  drunken  with  our  bloud.  S/uUc. 

4.  Proceeding  from  intoxication;  done  in  a  state 
of  drunkenness  ;  as,  a  drunken  quarrel.  Stoi/L 

A  drunken  ilaughter.  Stiak. 

DRUN'K'£N-LV,  adv.  In  a  drunken  manner.  [Liule 
vsed.]  Shak. 

J)KV SK' ESS^SS,  n.  Intoxication  ;  inebriation  ;  a 
state  in  which  a  person  is  overwhelmed  or  over- 
powered with  spirituous  liquors,  so  that  his  reason  is 
disordered,  and  he  more  commonly  reels  or  staggers 
in  walking.  Drunkenness  renders  some  persons 
stupid,  oUiers  gay,  others  sullen,  others  furious. 

Let  u>  walk  honesUy,  aa  In  ibe  da; ;  not  lu  itolin^  and  drunk- 
€nna*.  Si.  Paul. 

2.  Habitual  ebriety  or  intoxication.  Watts. 

3.  Disordur  of  the  faculties,  resembling  intoxica- 
tion by  liquors  ;  inflammation  ;  frenzy  ;  rage. 

Passion  is  the  drunkennest  of  tlie  mitid.  Spelter. 


DRY 

DRU-PA'CEOUH,  a.  Producing  drupes;  as,  drupa- 
ceous trees. 

S.  Pertaining  to  drupes;  or  conaisting  of  dni|>*'»; 
ns,  drupaceous  fruit.  .^siat.  Rej^earches. 

DRCPE,  n.  [L.  drupx^  Gr.  (!pvffC7rf??,  olives  ready  lo 
fall ;  Gr.  f^/^vj,  a  tree,  and  jrirrrw,  to  fall.] 

In  botifny^  a  pulpy  pericarp  or  fruit,  without  valves, 
containing  a  nut  or  stone  with  a  kernel ;  aiithc  plum, 
cherry,  apricot,  peach,  almond,  olive,  4tc.  Martijn. 

DRCSE,  M.     [G.  druse,  a  Rlund,  glanders.] 

AinouK  tnmers,  a  cavity  in  a  rock,  having  its  inte- 
rior surface  studded  with  crystals,  or  filled  wilb 
water. 

DRO'SY,     I  a.    Covered  with  a  large  number  of  mi- 

DROS'ED,  I     nule  cr>stal3. 

DKV,  (I.  [Sax.  dri,  dn>,  or  rfrj/^;  D.droog;  G.trockea. 
See  the  verb.] 

1.  Destitute  of  moisture;  free  from  water  or  wet- 
ness ;  arid  ;  not  moist ;  as,  dry  land  ;  dnf  clothes. 

2.  Not  rainy ;  free  from  rain  or  mii>t ;  as,  dry 
weather  ;  a  dry  March  or  April. 

3.  Not  juicy  ;  free  from  juice,  sap,  or  aqueous  mat- 
ter ;  not  green ;  as,  dry  wood  ;  dry  stubble  ;  dry  hay  ; 
dry  leaves. 

4.  Without  tears  ;  as,  dry  eyes ;  dry  mourning. 

l>rydea. 

5.  Not  giving  milk  ;  aSj  the  cow  is  dry. 

6.  Thirsty  ;  craving  dniik. 

7.  Barren  ;  jejune  ;  plain  ;  unembcIUshed  ;  desti- 
tute of  iiathos,  or  of  that  wtiich  amuses  and  inter- 
ests ;  as,  ft  dry  style  ;  a  dry  subject ;  a  dry  discussion. 

8.  Severe  ;  sarcastic;  wiping;  as,  a  dry  remark  or 
repartee  ;  a  dry  rub.  Ooodman. 

9.  Severe  ;  wiping ;  as,  a  dry  blow  ;  a  dry  basting. 
[See  the  verb,  which  signifies,  properly,  to  wipe,  rub, 
scour.]  Bacon. 

10.  In  painting  and  sndpture,  a  term  applied  to  a 
sharp,  frigid  preciseneas  of  execution,  or  the  want  of 
a  delicate  contour  in  form,  und  of  easy  traii-sition  in 
col.iring.  Jocelyn. 

Dry  goods;  in  eommeree,  cloths,  stuffs,  silks,  laces, 
rililtons,  &c.,  in  distinction  from  groceries. 

Dry  wines,  are  those  in  which  ihe  saccharine  mat- 
ter and  the  ferment  are  so  exactly  balanced,  that  tliey 
have  mutually  ilecoinposi-d  each  other,  and  no  sweet- 
ness is  perceptible.  They  are  opposi^d  to  the  sweet 
wines,  in  which  the  saccharine  matter  is  in  excess. 
The  dry  wines  ore  considered  as  the  niosi  p^'rfect 
class,  and  such  are  the  best  Burgundy  and  Port. 

Eiuiyc.  Dam.  Econ. 
DRV,  ».  L  [.Sax.  dri^an^  adrinaVy  or  dry<raii,  adrygaity 
adrtiffajiy  frcdrigan;  i>.  droogea ;  H.  tmcJcnen^  to  drj', 
to  wipe  ;  Gr.  t^I'jc-i;  L.  tergo,  trrgea ;  Fr.  torcher ; 
Hw.  torcka.  The  German  has  also  rftirr,  Sw.  ton-, 
Dan  ISr;  but  these  seem  to  be  connected  with  L. 
torreoy  Russ.  obUrayu  or  otrrayu.  Chiss  Dr.  VVIielh- 
er  drigan  and  dry  are  derivatives  of  that  root,  or  be- 
long to  Class  Rg,  the  root  of  rai«,  is  not  certain. 
See  Dry.  Class  Kg.  The  primary  sense  is  to  wipe, 
rub,  scour.] 

1.  To  free  from  water,  or  from  moii'ture  of  any 
kind,  and  by  any  means ;  originally  by  wiping  ;  as, 
to  rfT^the  eyes  ;  to  exsiccate. 

2.  To  deprive  of  moisture  by  evaporation  or  ex- 
halation ;  as,  the  sun  dries  a  cloth;  wind  dries  the 
earth. 

3.  To  deprive  of  moisture  by  exposure  to  the  sun 
or  open  air.     We  dry  cloth  in  ihe  sun. 

4.  To  deprive  of  natural  juice,  sap,  or  greenness, 
as,  to  dry  hay  or  plants. 

5.  To  scorch  or  parch  with  thirst ;  with  vp. 

Their  honorable  men  nre  famished,  and  t}ieir  miillitude  dried  up 
yfilii  LhirsU  —  I&a.  v. 

C.  To  deprive  of  water  by  draining;  to  drain;  to 
exhaust;  as,  to  dry  a  meadow. 

To  dry  vp  :  to  deprive  wholly  of  water. 

DRY,  p.  i.  To  grow  dry  ;  to  lose  moisture  ;  to  become 
free  from  moisture  or  juice.  The  road  drie^  fast  in  a 
clear,  windy  day ;  hay  will  dry  sulficiently  in  two 
days. 

2.  To  evaporate  wholly  ;  lo  he  exhaled  ;  simietimes 
with  up  ;  as,  the  stream  dries  or  dries  up. 

DUT'AD,  Tt.     [L.  drtjades,  pi.,  from  Gr.  ooviy  a  tree.] 
In  mythology,  a  deity  or  nymph  of  llie  woods;' a 
nymph  j^upposed  to  preside  over  woods. 

DR?'-B5N-£D,  a.  Having  dry  bones,  or  without 
fli:-<h. 

DH9'£D,  (drlde,)  pj).  of  Dbv.     [See  Deied.] 

DKV'ER,  n.  He  or  that  which  dries  ;  that  which  ex- 
hausts of  moisture  or  greenness. 

Dlt.?'EV--ED,  (-ide,)  a.    Not  having  tears  in  the  eyes. 

DRVFAT,  n.     A  dry  vat  or  basket. 

DRVFOQT,  n.  A  dog  that  pursues  game  by  the  scent 
of  the*  foot,  Shuk. 

DR?'ING,  ppr.  Expelling  or  losing  moisture,  sap,  or 
greenness. 

DKVING,  a.  Adapted  to  exhaust  moisture  ;  aa,  a 
drying  wind  or  day. 

2.  Forming  a  vesicle  over  the  surface,  and  becom- 
ing hard  ;  aa,  drying  oil. 

DKVING,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  depriving  of  moist- 
ure or  grcenncs)". 

DRY'ING-OIL,  n.    A  term  applied  to  linseed  oil  and 


FiTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.^T M£TE,  PRfiY.— PINE,  MARLNE,  BIRD N6TE,  DQVE,  MQVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 

37()  ■  —  ~ 


DUB 

Other  oiU,  which   have  been  healed  with   oiyd  of 
lend,  and  thus  prepared  to  hofdoD.  Brandt, 

DR?'LY,  adr.     Without  moisture. 

9.  Coldly;  frigidly;  without  affection.      Bacon, 

3.  Severely  ;  sarcastically. 

4.  Barrenly;  without  embellishment ;  without  any 
thine  to  enliven,  enrich,  or  entertain.  Pope. 

DRVNESS,  B.  Destitution  of  moisture ;  want  of 
water  or  other  fluid  ;  siccity  ;  aridity  ;  aridness  ;  as, 
tiie  dryness  of  a  soil ;  dryness  of  the  road. 

2,  Want  of  rain  ;  as,  dryness  of  weather. 

3.  Want  of  juice  or  succulence  j  as,  dryness  of  the 
bones  or  fibers.  Arbiithnot. 

'4.  Want  of  succulence  or  greenness ;  as,  the  dry- 
russ  of  hay  or  corn. 

5.  Barrenness  ;  jejuneness  ;  want  of  ornament  or 
pathos  ;  want  of  that  which  enlivens  and  entertains  ; 
as,  the  dryness  of  style  or  expression ;  the  dryness  of 
a  subjecL 

6.  Want  of  feeling  or  sensibility  in  devotion  ; 
want  of  ardor ;   as,  dryness  of  spirit,  Taylor. 

DRT'-\ITRSE,  n,  A  nurse  who  attends  and  feeds  a 
.child  without  the  breast 

3.  One  who  attends  another  in  sickness. 

DRT'-NURSE,  r.  L  To  feed,  attend,  and  bring  up, 
without  the  breast.  Hudibras. 

DR9'-ROT,  n.  A  rapid  decay  of  timber,  by  which  its 
substance  is  converted  into  a  dry  powder,  which  is- 
sues from  minute  tubular  cavities,  resembling  the 
borings  of  worms.  Hebert, 

DRT'-RUB,  V.  £.    To  rub  and  cleanse  without  welting. 
Ltoflsley^s  Poems. 

DRT'-RUB-BED,  pp.     Cleaned  without  wetting. 

DRY'-RUB-BING,  J7JW.    Cleaning  without  wetting. 

DRT-SjVLT'ER,  n.  A  dealer  in  salted  or  dry  meats, 
pickles,  sauces,  &c.  Fordyce. 

DRS-SALT'ER-Y,  n.  The  articles  kept  by  a  dry- 
salter;  the  business  of  a  drj'-salter. 

DRY'snOD,  a.    Without  welting  the  feet.    /*.  xl.  15. 

DRY'-SToVE,  n.  A  stove  or  structure  for  containing 
the  plants  of  dry,  arid  climates. 

DRY'VAT,  n.    A  basket  or  other  vessel  not  holding 

DO'AD,  n.     Union  of  two.  [water. 

DO'AL,  a.     [L.  dutdis,  from  dwo,  two.] 

Expressing  the  number  two  ;  as,  the  dual  number 
in  Greek. 

DO'AL-IB.M,  n.  [Pupra.]  The  doctrine  of  two  Gods, 
a  good  and  an  evil  one  ;  manichcism.        Murdoch. 

DO'ALr-IST,  n.  One  who  holds  the  doctrine  of  dual- 
ism. 

DU-AL-lST'ie,  o.  Consisting  of  two.  The  dualistic 
system  of  Anaxagoras  and  Plato  taught  that  there 
are  two  principle:^  in  nature,  one  active,  the  other 
MMivc.  Enjield. 

Du-AL'I-TY,  ».  That  which  expresses  two  in  num- 
ber. Hales. 

2.  Division  ;  separation.  Davits. 

3.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  two.         llayley. 
DO'AK-eHY,  n.     [Or.  <J«.  and  apxn-] 

Government  by  two  persons. 
DUB,  r.  t,    [Sax.  dubban  ;  coinciding  with  Gr.  rvirro), 
and  Eng.  tap.    Class  Dh.] 
IJseraUyy  to  strike.     Hence, 

1.  To  strike  a  blow  with  a  sword,  and  make  a 
knight. 

St  eyng  —  dubbadt  kit  tunu  Henric  to  rider§. 
Tttt  king  dulibtd  h»  100  Ueiifj  a  kni^t. 

.^u-.  Oiron,    An.  108S. 

3.  To  confer  any  dignity  or  new  character. 

A  mui  of  vcalUi  It  duUci  a  mui  of  worth.  Pope, 

3.  To  cut  down  or  reduce  wMh  an  adze ;  a;s,  to 
dub  a  stick  of  timber.  ToOen. 

To  dub  out ;  among  plasterrrsj  to  bring  out  an  even 
surface  to  a  level  plane,  by  pieces  of  .wood,  &c. 
DUB,  V.  I.    To  make  a  quick  noise  Beauvu 

DUB,  n.     A  blow.     [LitUe  used,]  Hudtbras. 

2.  In  Irish^  a  pucidle. 

DUBBED,  (dubd,)  pp.    Struck  ;  made  a  knight 

DUB'HER,  n.  A  leathern  vessel  or  bottle,  used  tn 
India,  to  hold  ghee,  oil,  &c.  M'Culloch. 

pnB'BlXfl,  ppr.     Striking  ;  making  a  knight 

DUB'BI.NG-oUT,  n.  Amone  plasterers,  the  act  of 
bringing  out  an  uneven  surface  to  a  level  plane,  by 
niere.^  of  wood,  &.C. 

DU-Ur'B-TY,  n,  [Sec  Doubt.]  Doubtfulness.  [Lit- 
tle used,]  Richardson. 

DU- BI-Orf'i-TY,  n.     A  thing  doubtful.  Brown. 

DO'BI-OUS,  n.  [L.  dubius.  See  Douht.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is  probably  to  turn  or  to  waver.] 

1.  Doubtful ;  wavering  or  (liictuatmg  in  opmion  ; 
not  settled  ;  not  determined  ;  aa,  the  mind  is  in  a  du- 
bious state. 

2.  Uncertain  ;  that  of  which  the  tnith  is  not  as< 
certaincd  or  known  ;  as,  a  du^iotu  question. 

3.  Not  clear  ;  not  plain  ;  as,  dubious  light.    MUUm. 
4-  Of  uncertain  event  or  issue. 

In  rfuiiotia  battle.  Milton. 

DC'BI-OUS-LY,  adr.  Doublfully  ;  uncertainly  ;  with 
nut  any  det*Tminalion.  Swijl. 

DC'BI-OUS-NES.S,  n.     Doubtfulness  ;  a  state  of  wa- 
vering and  indecision  of  mind ;  as,  he  sjieaks  with 
dubimtsness. 
3.  Uncertainty;  as,  the  rfu^iffiuneM  of  the  question. 


DUG 

DC'BI-TA-BLE,  a.     [U  dubito.      See  Doubt.] 

Doubtful ;  uncertain.  [LiUle  used.]  But  the  de- 
rivative indubitable  is  often  .used. 

DC'Bl-TA-BLY,  adv.     In  a  dubitable  manner. 

DO'BI-TAN-CY,  n.  Doubt;  uncertainty.  [UW* 
uxed.] 

DU-BI-TA'TION,  «.     [L.  dubitatio,  from   dubito,  to 
doubt.] 
The  act  of  doubting ;  doubt    ILiitle  used.] 

Brown,     Oreto. 

DC'BI-TA-TIVE,  a.    Tending  to  doubt 

DO'CAL,  a.     [Fr.  Sp.  and  Port,  from  duke.] 

Pert:iining  to  a  duke  ;  as,  a  ducal  coronet  Johnson, 

Due' AT,  n.  [from  duke.]  A  coin  of  several  countries 
in  Europe,  struck  in  the  dominions  of  a  duke.  It  is 
of  silver  or  gold.  The  silver  ducat  is  generally  of 
the  value  of  four  shillings  and  si.xpence  sterling,  about 
equal  to  an  American  dollar,  or  to  a  French  crown, 
and  the  gold  ducal  of  twice  the  value  Encyc 

DUe-A-TOON',  n.    [Fr.  ducaton  ;  Sp.  id. ;  frora'rfucat] 

A  silver  coin.     1  liat  of  Venice  is  worth  about  four 

shillings  and  eight  pence  sterling,  or  108  cents  ;  that 

of  Holland,  about   five  shillings  six  pence  sterling, 

or  128  cents,  Encyc 

DUCM'ESS,  n.     [Fr.  duchesse,  from  due,  duke.] 

The  consort  or  widow  of  a  duke.  Also,  a  lady 
who  has  the  sovereignty  of  a  duchy. 

DUCH'Y,  n.     [Fr.duchi.] 

The  territor)'  or  dominions  of  a  duke  ;  a  dukedom  ; 
as,  the  duehy  of  Lancaster.  Bladzstone. 

DUCH'Y-eaURT,  n.  The  court  of  the  duchy  of  Lan- 
caster, in  England. 

DUCK,  n.  [Sw.  duJt,  a  cloth;  Dan.  duu^;  G.  tuch; 
D.  doek ;  allied  i>erhnps  to  L.  toga^  and  to  tego^  to 
cover,  or  (no,  to  weave.] 

A  species  of  coarse  cloth  or  light  canraSj  used  for 
small  sails,  sacking  of  beds,  &c 

DUCK.  n.  [from  the  verb  lo  duck.]  A  water  fowl, 
so  called  fntm  its  plunging.  There  are  many  spe- 
cies or  varieties  of  the  duck,  some  wild,  others  tame. 

2.  An  inclination  of  the  head,  resembling  the  mo- 
tion of  a  duck  in  water.  MUton. 

3.  7*0  make  ducks  and  drakes;  to  throw  a  flat  stone, 
tile,  &.C.,  obliquely,  so  as  lo  make  it  rebound  repeat- 
edly from  the  surface  of  water,  ntising  a  succession 
of  jets  ;  hence,  to  play  at  ducks  and  drakes,  with  prop- 
erty, is  to  squander  it  foolishly  and  unprofltably. 

Lame  duck.     See  Lame.  [Smart, 

DUCK,  n.     [Dan.  dukke,  a  baby  or  puppet] 

A  word  of  endearment  or  fondness.  Skak. 

DUCK,  V.  t.     [G.  dueken,  and  tauchtn  ;   D.  duiken,  prct. 

dook,  to  stoop,  dive,  plunge.     Q,u.  Sax.  theackan,  to 

wash,  and  its  alliance  to  tingo  and  dye.    Class  Dg.] 

1.  To  dip  or  plunge  in  water  and  suddenly  with- 
draw ;  as,  to  duck  a  seaman.  It  differs  from  dive, 
which  signifies  to  plunge  one's  self,  without  imme- 
diately emerging. 

2.  To  plunge  the  head  in  water  and  immediately 
withdraw  it ;  as,  duck  the  boy. 

3.  To  bow,  stoop,  or  nod. 

DUCK,  r.  i.  To  plunge  into  water  and  immediately 
withdraw;  to  dip;  to  plunge  the  head  in  water  or 
other  liquid. 

la  Tiber  dutking  thrice  br  bnak  of  day.  Dryden. 

Si.  To  drop  the  head  suddenly ;  to  bow  ;  to  cringe. 

Dudt  with  French  nodi.  ShaJc. 

DUCK'-BILL.  n.  An  animal  of  New  Holland,  the 
Ornithorj-ncnus,  which  see. 

DUCK'-B1LL-/:D,  a.  Having  a  bill"  like  a  duck,  an 
epithet  of  the  animal  called  Orn)thor)'nchus. 

DUCK'/;I),  (dukt,)  pp.    Plunged  ;  dipiwd  in  water. 

DUCK'ER,  M.     Aplimger;  a  diver;  a  cringer. 

DUCK'ING.  7)pr.  Plunging;  thrusting  suddenly  into 
water  anu  withdrawing;  dipping. 

DUCK'lNtJ,  It.  'J* he  act  of  plunging  or  putting  in  wa- 
ter and  withdrawing.  Ducking  is  a  punishment  of 
offooderif  in  France  ;  and  among  English  seamen,  it 
is  a  penalty  to  which  sailors  are  subject  on  passing, 
for  tlie  first  ijmejthe  e<iuntor  or  tropic. 

DUCK'LNG-HTOOL,  n.  A  stool  or  chair  in  which 
common  scolds  were  formerly  tied  and  plunged  into 
wot^T.  Blackstone. 

DUCK'-LEG-G£D,  (duk'legJ,)  a.  Having  short  legs, 
like  adiirk.  Dryden, 

DUCK'LING,  n.     A  young  duck.  Ray. 

DUCK'-MkAT,     )  n.     'J'lie   popular  name  of  several 

DUCK'S'-MkAT,  (      sptxies  of  Lemna,  plants  grow- 
ing in  ditclies  and  shallow  water,  and  serving  for 
food  for  ducks  and  geese. 
The  starry  duck's-meat  is  a  species  of  Callitriche. 

DUCK-OY'.     See  Dtcor.  [Fam.  of  Plants. 

UUCK'S'-FQOT,  n.  Tlie  popular  name  of  a  plant, 
the  Podophyllum  ;  called  also  May-apple. 

Fam   of  Plants. 

DUCK'-WEED,  n.    The  same  as  Duck-Meat. 

DUCT,  n.    [L.  ductus,  from  dur.o,  lo  lead.    See  Duke.] 

1.  Any  lube  or  canal  by  which  a  fluidor  other  sub- 
sLince  is  conducU-d  ur  conveyett.  It  is  {mrticularly 
used  lo  denote  the  vessel.s  (pf  an  animal  body,  by 
which  the  blood,  chyle,  lymph,  Ate,  are  carried  from 
one  part  to  another,  and  the  vesdeli  of  plants  in 
which  the  sap  is  conveyed. 

2.  Guidance  ;  direction.     [IAuXb  usejL]     ITammond. 


DUE 

DUCTILE,  (-til,)  a.     [L.  ductilis,  from  dueo,  to  lead.] 

1.  That  may  be  led  ;  easy  to  be  ledordrawn  ;  trac- 
table; complying;  obsequious;  yielding  to  motives, 
persuasion,  or  instruction ;  as,  the  ductile  minds  of 
youth  ;  a  ductile  people.  Philips,    Addison. 

2.  Flexible;  pliable.    * 

The  ductile  rinil,  and  lca»ei  of  milianl  (foU.  DryiUn. 

3.  That  may  be  drawn  out  into  wire  or  threads. 
Gold  is  the  most  ductile  of  the  metals. 

4.  Tliat  may  be  extended  by  beating. 
DU€'T[LE-LY,  adv.     In  a  ductile  manner. 
DUe'TILE-iNESS,  n.    The  quality  of  suffering  exten- 
sion by  drawing  or  percussion;  ductility.     Domie. 

DUe-TlL'I-TY,  n.  The  property  of  solid  bodies,  par- 
ticularly metals,  which  renders  them  capable  of  be- 
ing exteniled  by  drawing  without  breaking  ;  as,  the 
ductility  of  gold,  iron,  or  brass. 

2.  Flexibility ;  obsequiousness ;  a  disposition  of 
mind  that  easily  yields  lo  motives  or  influence  ;  ready 
compliance.  Roscoe. 

DUC'Tl^RE,  n.     [L.  dueo.] 

Guidance.     [M>t  m  use.]  South. 

DUD'DER,  r.  f.    To  deafen  with  noise  ;  to  render  the 

head  confused.  ■  Jennings. 

DUDG'EOX,  (dud'j  W,)  iu     [G.  degen.] 

A  small  dagger.  Hudibras. 

DUDC'EO-V,  (dud'jun,)  n.     fW.  dygcn.] 

Anger  j  resentment  j  malice  ;  iirwill ;  discord. 
V  Estrange.     Hudibras. 
DUDS,  n.    [Scot  dud,  a  rag  ;  duds,  clothes,  or  old  worn 
clothes;    1),  (orf,  a  rag,  qu.  tout;    It  tozzi,  scraps. 
Orose.] 
Old  clothes  ;  tattered  garments.     [A  vulgar  word.] 
DOE,  (dii,)  a.  [Fr.  dft,  pp.  oi devoir,  L.  debco,  Sp.  dcber  ; 
It  docere.     tin.  Gr.  hi>i,  to  bind.     Class  Db.     It  has 
no  connection  with  owe.] 

1.  Owed;  that  ought  to  be  paid  or  done  lo  another. 
That  is  due  from  mc  lo  another,  which  contract,  jus- 
tice, or  propriety,  requires  me  to  pay,  and  which  he 
may  justly  claim  as  his  right  Reverence  is  due  to 
the  Creator ;  civility  is  due  from  one  man  to  another. 
Money  is  due  at  the  expiration  of  the  credit  given,  or 
at  the  period  promised. 

2.  Pro[M>r  ;  fit;  appropriate;  suitable;  becoming; 
required  by  the  circumstances;  as,  the  event  was 
celebrated  with  due  sobnnnities.  Men  seldom  have  a 
due  sense  of  their  depravity. 

3.  Seasonable  ;  as,  he  will  come  in  due  time. 

4.  Exact;  proper;  as,  the  musicians  keep  daa 
time. 

5.  Owing  to  ;  occasioned  by.     [Litde  used.]    Boyle. 

6.  That  ought  lo  have  arriveil,  or  to  be  present, 
before  the  time  specified;  as,two  mails^re  nowrfue. 

DCE,  adv.     Directly  ;  exactly  ;  as,  a  due  east  coprse. 

DOE,  n.  That  which  is  owed  ;  that  which  one  con- 
tracts to  pay,  do,  or  [wrform  to  another;  that  which 
law  or  justice  requires  to  be  paid  or  d me.  The 
money  that  I  contract  to  pay  to  another,  is  his  due; 
the  service  which  I  covenant  to  perform  to  another, 
is  his  due  ;  n-verence  to  the  Creator,  is  his  due. 

3.  That  which  otiice,  rank,  station,  social  relations, 
or  established  rules  of  right  or  decorum,  require  to 
be  given,  [taid,  or  done.  Respect  and  obedience  to 
parents  and  magistrates  arc  tlieir  due. 

3.  Thai  which  law  or  custtmi  requires;  as,  toll, 
tribute,  fees  of  office,  or  other  legal  perquisites. 

4.  Right ;  just  title.  [Addison, 


Tlic  Jp-y  of  ihia  infr-rnal  pit  by  du*  - 
I  herp. 


MUton. 


DOR,  V.  t.    To  pay  as  due.     [J^ot  used.]  Skak. 

DuE'FiJL,  a.  Fit ;  becoming.  [LiUleused.] 
DO'EL,  n.  [  T*.  duellum ;  Fr.  duel ;  It  duello ;  Port,  id, ; 
Sp.  duclo.  In  Armoric,  the  word  is  dufetl,  or  dwelt, 
and  Gregolre  supposes  the  word  to  be  compounded  of 
dou,  two,  and  bell,  bcllum,  war,  combat  So  in 
Dutch,  tineegevegt,  two-fight;  in  G.  iweikampf,  id.] 

1.  Single  combat ;  a  premeditated  combat  between 
two  persons,  for  the  purpose  of  deci<ling  some  pri- 
vate difference  or  quarrel.  A  sudden  fight,  not  pre- 
meditated, is  called  a  rencounter.  A  duel  is  fought 
with  deadly  weapons,  and  with  a  purpose  to  take 
life. 

2.  Any  contention  or  ctpntest.  Milton. 
DO'EL,  V.  i.    To  figlil  in  single  combat  Souths 
DO'EL,  V.  t.    To  attack  or  fight  singly.            Milton. 
D0'E1>-ER,  71.     A  combatant  in  single  fight 
DC'EI.rlNG,  pi>r.     Fighting  in  single  combat 

a.     Pertaining  to,  or  employed  in  dueling. 
DO'EL-ING,  n.    The  act  or  practice  of  fighting   in 

single  combat. 
DO'EL-IST,  n.    One  who  fights  in  single  combat 

Thp  diielitl  valiir*  liia  hnnar  ainre  the  lifn  of  hia  nntu^oniiit,  hii 
owu  Life,  diul  the  hftlipincaa  of  hia  tamtly.  Anon. 

2.  One  who  maintains  the  propriety  of  dueling. 
DU-EL'LO,  rt.    Duel ;  or  rule  of  dueling.    [JVot  used.] 
DOF'''NES.S,  (du'ness,)  n.     [See  Duk.]     Fitness;  pro- 

prietv  ;  duo  quality. 
DU-EN'.N  A,  n.     [Sp.  dueHa,  fern,  of  i/ucHo  ,•  Fr.  duegne; 
the  same  as  dona,  the  feminine  of  don.     Qu.  W.  dyn^ 
Ir.  duine,  man,  a  person.    See  Dorr,] 

An  old  wtmian  who  ii  kept  to  guard  a  younger ;  a 
governess.  Arbuthnot 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUa.-C  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  6H  ;  TH  as  in  TIIIP. 

37r 


DUL 

Dtl  VT'  i 

DU-£T'Vo  i  ""     ^^^  'm<««i  from  dmc,  two.] 

A  piece  of  mu^ic  com|>u8ti(I  fur  two  performers, 
whether  vocal  or  in:striinH'nlaL 

DUF'FCL,ii.  [D.]  A  kiiid  of  coarse  woolen  cloth, 
having  a  thick  nap  or  frie7.c. 

DUG,  n.  [li'f.  dcgi^ia.  This  word  corresponds  with 
Uw  root  of  L.  dixritujiy  Eng.  I4>e,  Norm,  dojf,  a  tioger, 
si^Hnifying  a  shoot  ur  [wtnt.j 

Tttt?  pap  or  nipple  of  a  cow  or  other  beast ;  now 
applied  outy  to  coyn  or  other  beadt^,  unless  in  con- 
tempt. 

Vtmu  Hftdar  A<fcf  oomnion  otuwt.  SjmmMw. 

DUG,  pnL  and  m.  of  Dio  ;  as,  ihey  rfa/  a  ditch ;  a 
ditch  was  dug.] 

DU-OONC, «,  Ahertilvorous,  cetaceous  nnimal  of  the 
Indian  Ocean,  with  a  Liiierini;  hoAy  ending  in  a 
cresrent-stiaped  fin.  The  fuhled  inennaid  s*'ems  to 
have  been  fotindvd  on  the  diigunE.   GtlbnrL    Bmnde. 

DCKE,  n.  [Kr.  d»c:  Spu  and  PorL  duque ;  It.  duea; 
Ara-^a^,  or  c^"-  '  >^  -^  f-.-^\e^  and,  in  coinpositiunf 
tngf  Vr-,  "  1'  army-lender;  a  gener- 

"Mr«,|*rito*;  -.  II.    krrtu^:  Sw.  kertig i 

^axoo,  lio^uit,  ti-uN,   U>   dr.iw,    to  tug;   Gr.    rajo;; 
Thespian,  Ugu*.    Class  l>p.  No.  5.  M.] 

]  In  Orftrtt  Britain^  one  of  the  highest  order  of 
nobility  ;  a  title  of  honor  tir  nobility  rust  below  the 
phnct^  ;  &■*,  Ihf  duke  of  Bedford,  or  of  CornwiUl. 

2.  In  sotite  ct*uutrit3  on  the  Ci"itinrnt,  a  sovereign 
prince,  without  the  title  of  king;  asj  the  duke  of 
HoMrin,  of  riavoy,  of  Paniut,  &c. 

3,  A  chief;    a   prince;  ;is,  the  duke^  of   Edom. 
DCKE'DOM,  a.     The  stianoiy  or  putie>ession9  of  a 

duke  ;  the  territory-  of  a  Juke.  Sh^ik, 

a.  The  title  or  quality  of  a  duke.  Ibid. 

DrL'BRAl.V£D,  a.     [rf«J/ and  frram.]     Stupid;  dolt- 
ish ;  of  dull  intellects.     See  Uull-Braixed.J  SJutk, 
DUL'CET,  fl.     [L.  duieis,  swert.] 
L  Sweet  to  the  taste  j  luscious. 

She  ienpan  dttktt  cmunA.  MiHon. 

o  ^„-....f  t.,  ihM  .-ir  ;  melodkms;  hamtonitMis  ;  as, 
..'  .  mphuniei.  Milton. 

Dl  i  1.     [St*  Dllcift.]    The  act 

bi' ^ — , .ular{y,the  combining  of  min- 
eral acid^  with  alcohol,  by  whkk  their  cwslic  or 
comiaive  qualities  are  dimintKbed. 
IXn/CI-FI-£0,(durse-fiae,)pfk    Sweetened. 

DuU\/ud  spirit ;  a  tenn  applied  to  a  compound  of 
alc4ihol  with  mineral  acids;  as,  duiti^  spirits  of 
n-lcr. 
Dl  !  ■      'T'3,a.    [U  WhIcu  and  Jla«.j 

ilv. 
Dl'  I  1 .       .    [Pr.  dukifier^  from  U  itdcu^  swecC, 

and  /*w»t  ^  make.] 

To  sweeten ;  lo  free  from  aciditjr,  saltnesa,  or  ac- 
rimoay.  fVisemam^ 

DUI/Cl-r?-IXG,  ;»yr.    Sweetening;    purifying  from 

arid  It  V. 
DUL'Ci-MER,  a.     [IL   dakiauaOf  from  doteey  8Wc«U 
Skinner.] 

An  instrument  of  music  having  nbont  50  brass 
wire^,  which  are  played  upon  wiiti  little  sticks. 
Damui  iii.  5.  Johnson. 

DULCI-.NESS,  a.     [L.  dulcis.] 

Softness ;  easines.-^  uf  teiu[»cr-     [Abt  used.]  Bacon. 
DlTL'CI-TUnE,  «,    [L.  dulcituJo.] 

gwettness. 
DUL'eO-R.XTE,  V.  L     [L.  duku^  sweet ;   Low  L. 
dtdat,  to  sxveeien.] 

1.  To  sweeten.  Baton. 

Sl  To  make  less  acrimonious.   Johnson.     JViscman, 
DUL-€0-RA'TIO.\   «.     The  act  of  sweetening. 
DO'Ll-A,  a.     [Gr.  A>">£i.7,  ser^'ice,]  [Baetm. 

Ax\  inferior  kind  of  worship  or  adorttton.  [JVuC 
«K  EMgiUk  tcord.]  Stiliin>^JUet. 

OVIA^  m.  [W.  doly  dwt ;  Sox.  dol^  a  wandering; 
al^o  dulL  foolish,  stupid  ;  D.  d^y  mad  ;  G.  tali^  and 
toipHj  a  dolt ;  Sax.  dwoOan,  to  wander,  to  rave.  Uu. 
Dan.  dvmler^  to  loiter ;  Sw.  dodliasj  id.,  or  dvaia,  a 
trance.] 

1.  Stupid  ;  doltish  ;  bWkish  ;  slow  of  understand- 
ing ;  as,  a  lad  of  dull  gr-ni;is. 

a.  Heavy;  slia';ish ;  without  life  or  spirit;  as,  a 
mrfeit  leaves  a  man  very  daU. 

3.  Slow  of  motion  ;  sluggish  ;  as,  a  dall  stream. 

4.  Plow  of  hearing  or  seeing ;  as,  duU  of  bearing ; 
duU  of  Seeing. 

5.  Slow  to  letirn  cm*  comprehend  ;  unready  ;  awk- 
ward ;  as,  a  dull  scholar. 

6.  Sleepy  ;  drowsy. 

7.  Sad  ;  melancholy. 

8.  Gross ;  clog^- ;  insensible  ;  as,  the  dnU  earth. 

9.  Not  plctsing  or  delightful  ;  not  exhilarating; 
cheerless;  as,  to  make  dictionaries  is  dull  work. 

Johnson. 

10.  Not  bright  or  ciear ;  clouded ;  tarnished  ;  as, 
the  mirror  is  dulL 

Ih  Not   bright;  not  briskly  burning;  aa,  a  dull 

fire. 
13.  Dim  ;  obscure  ;  not  vivid  ;  as,  a  duU  light, 
13.  Blunt;  obtuse;    having   a  thick   edge;   a«_  a 

dmit  knife  or  ax. 


DUM 

14.  Clouily  ;  overcast ;  not  clear ;  nut  CQllvening  ; 
as,  dull  Weather. 

15.  With  aeamenf  bc^g  without  wind  ;  as,  a  ship 
has  a  dull  time. 

Itt.  Svt  lively  or  animated  ;  oh,  a  dull  eye. 
DULL,  V.  L    To  make  dull;  to  dtui>cfy ;  as,  to  dull 
the  senses.  Sbak, 

a.  To  blunt  ;  as,  to  dull  n  sword  or  an  ax. 

3.  To  make  sad  or  n)cI;incholy. 

4.  To  helK'late  ;  to  make  Inscu'^ible  or  slow  to  per- 
ceive; as,  to  iJuU  the  ears  ;  to  dull  the  wtts. 

Spenser.     Aseham. 

5.  To  damp;  to  render  lifeless  ;  as,  to  dull  the 
attention.  Hooker. 

6.  To  make  heax*}'  or  slow  of  motion  ;  as,  to  dull 
industry.  Bacon. 

7.  To  sully  ;  to  tirniAh  or  cloud  ;  as,  the  breath 
dulls  a  mirror. 

DULL,  V.  r.  To  become  dull  or  blunt;  to  become 
stupid. 

DULL'-BR.AIN -/D,  a.    Stupid  ;  of  dull  intellect. 

DULL'-BRO\V'/:U.  a.    Having  a  gloomy  look. 

Qtiarle^. 

DLT.L'-DIS-PC«'£D,  a.  Inclined  to  dullness  or  sad- 
ness, if.  JoHgon. 

DULL'-EV-JfTD,  (Ide,)  a.    Having  a  downcast  look. 

DULL'-HEAD,  (hed,)  m.  A  person  of  dull  understand- 
ing ;  a  doll ;  a  bhkckhead. 

DULL'-SiGUT-ED,  a.  Having  imperfect  sight;  pur- 
blind. 

DULL'-WIT-TED,  a.  Having  a  duU  intellect; 
heavy. 

DULl/ARD,  a.    Doltish;  stupid.  N<iIL 

DUI.L'AKI),  Ti.  A  stupid  person;  a  dolt;  a  block- 
head ;  a  dunce.  Sftak. 

DULL'/:D,  (duIdO  pp.    Made  dull ;  blunted. 

DULL'ER,  a.    That  which  makes  dull. 

DULL'INi;,  ppr.     Making  dull. 

DULL'NESS,  M.  Stupidity  ;  slowness  of  comprehen- 
sion ;  weakness  of  intellect ;  indocility ;  as,  the 
dullness  of  a  student.  South. 

3.  Want  of  quick  perception  or  eager  desire. 

3.  Heaviness;  drowsiness;  inclination  to  sleep. 

4.  Heaviness:  disinclination  to  motion. 

5.  Sluggishness  ;  slowness. 

ft.  Dimness  ;  want  of  clearness  or  luster. 

7.  Bliiutness  ;  want  of  edge. 

8.  Want  of  brightness  or  vividness ;  as,  duUntss 
of  color. 

DUL'LV,  aiir.  Stupidly;  slowly  ;  sluggishly  ;  with- 
out life  or  spirit 

DU-LOe'RA-CV,  a.    [Gr.  ^owXoj,  and  xpartta.] 
Predu{ninanc«  of  slaves. 

DO'LV,  aJo.  ^from  due.]  Properly  ;  fitly  ;  in  a  suita- 
ble or  becoming  manner  ;  as,  let  tlie  subject  be  duly 
con^'idercd. 

2.  Regularly  ;  at  the  proper  time  ;  as,  a  man  duty 
attended  church  with  his  family. 

DUMB,  (dum,}  a.  [Sax.  dumb;  Goth,  dumbs^  dumha  ; 
G.  dummi  D.  dom',  Sw.  dumm  or  dumbci  Dun.  dum; 

Hcb.  Ch.  D^i,  to  be  silent ;  Ar.  *1^  dauma^  to  con- 
tinue or  be  permanent,  to  appease,  to  quiet.  Class 
Dm,  No.  3.    In  this  word,  b  is  improperly  added.] 

1.  Mute  ;  silent  ;  not  speaking. 

I  WM  dumb  with  sileocr ;  I  bold  my  peacf .  —  P«.  xxxlz. 

2.  Destitute  of  the  power  of  speech  ;« unable  to 
utter  articulate  sounds  ;  as,  the  dmnb  brutes.  The 
.\sylum  at  Hartford,  in  Connecticut,  was  the  first  in- 
stitution m  America  for  teaching  the  deaf  and  dumb 
lo  read  and  write. 

3.  Mute;  not  using  or  accompanied  with  speech; 
as,  a  dumb  show  ;  dumb  signs. 

To  strike  dumb^  is  to  confound  ;  to  astonish ;  to  ren- 
der silent  by  astonishment;  or  it  may  be,  to  deprive 
of  the  power  of  speech. 

DUMB,  r.  (.     To  silence.  Sluik. 

DUMB'-RELLS,  (dum'belz,)  n.  pi.  Weights  swung 
in  the  hands  for  exercise. 

DUMB'LY,  (duni'ly,)  adv.  Mutely  ;  silently  ;  williout 
Words  or  speech. 

DU.MB'NE.'^S,  (dum'ness,)  jt.  Muteness ;  silence,  or 
holding  the  peace  ;  omission  of  speech.  This  is  vol- 
untary Juiiibiiens. 

2.  Incapacity  to  speak  ;  inability  to  articulate 
sounds.      This  is  iiirolantary  dumbness. 

DU.MB'-SHoW,  n.  Gesture  without  words;  panto- 
mime. 

DUMB-WaIT'ER,  n.  A  framework  with  shelves, 
placed  between  a  kitchen  and  lining-room,  for  con- 
veying food,  &.C.  When  the  kitchen  is  in  the  base- 
ment, the  dumb-waiter  is  made  to  rise  and  fall  by 
mrans  of  pulleys  and  weights. 

DU.\rFOUND,         \v.L   To  strike  dumb  ;  to  confuse. 

DU.>I-FOrND'ER,  \      [A  low  word.]     Spectutar.  SmfU 

DUM'.MEU-ER,  a.  One  who  feigns  dumbness.  [JVot 
in  use.] 

\  DO'MfiSE'  (  "*    ^^  dumosus.  from  dumus^  a  bush.] 

Ahounding  with  hushes  and  briers. 
j  DUM'MV,  n.     One  who  is  dumb.     [^>tlgar.\ 
',  DU^IF,  lu     [from  the  root  of  dumb ;  D.  dom ;  G.  dumm.] 


DUN 

1.  A  dull,  gloomy  stale  of  the  mind;  sadness;  mel- 
ancholy ;  sorrow  ;  heaviness  of  heart. 

Ill  doleful  dutnpt.  Clay. 

9.  Absence  of  mind  ;  revery.  Locke. 

3.  A  melancholy  tune  or  air.  Sfuik. 

[This  is  not  an  elegant  word,  and  in  America,  I 
believe,  is  always  used  in  the  plural ;  as,  the  woman 
is  in  the  dumps.] 
DU.MP'ISH,  a.     Dull;  stupid;  sad;  melancholy;  de 

pressed  in  spirits  ;  as,  he  lives  a  dumpish  life. 
Dl'MP'ISIl-LY,  adv.     In  a  moping  manner. 
DUMP'ISH-NESS,  n.    A  stale  of  being  dull,  heavy, 

and  moping. 
DU.MP'LING,  n.    [from  dump.]     A  kind  of  pudding  or 
mass  of  paste,  in  cookery  ;  usually,  a  cover  of  paste 
inclosing  an  apple  and  boiled,  called  apple-dumpUng. 
Dl'MPS,  ju  pi.     Melancholy  ;  gloom. 
DUMP'V,  a.     Short  and  thick.  Smart. 

DUN,   a.      [Sax.  dunnf   W.  rfton;    Ir.  do«n;   qu.  (tin, 
(mc)iy.     See  Class  Dn,  No.  3,  24, 28,  35.] 

1.  Of  a  dark  color;  of  a  color  partaking  of  a  brov^ 
and  black  ;  of  a  dull-brown  color;  swarthy. 

2.  Dark  ;  gloomy. 

Ill  the  dan  air  BiiUime.  MUlon. 

DUN,  V.  t    To  cure,  as  fish,  in  a  manner  to  give  them 

a  dun  color.    [See  Ditnnino.] 
DUN,  r,  U     [Sax.  dynan,  to  clamor,  to  din.     (See  Din.) 

Q.U.  Gr.  ^ovrcn.] 

1.  Xiferai/y,  to  clamor  for  payment  of  a  debt.  Hence, 
to  urge  for  payment ;  to  demand  a  debt  in  a  pressing 
manner  ;  to  urge  for  payment  with  importunity.  But, 
in  common  usage,  dun  is  otlen  used  in  a  milder  sense, 
and  signifies  lo  call  for,  or  ask  for  payment. 

2.  To  urge  importunately,  in  ageneral  scn^e ;  but  not 
art  etrgant  word, 

DUN,  »i.    An  importunate  creditor  who  urges  for  pay- 
ment. Philips.     Arbufhnot, 

2.  An  urgent  request  or  demand  of  payment  In 
writing  ;  as,  he  sent  his  debtor  a  dun. 

3    An  eminence  or  mound.  [See  Down  and  Toww.] 
DUN'-IURD,  (-burd,)n.    A  North  American  species  of 
duck,  called  the  ruddy  duck.     Peabody^s  Mass.  Rep. 


DUNCE,  (duns,)  n.  [G.  dun*.  Qu.  Pera.  JsJi ,  a  stu- 
pid man.] 

A  pt^rstm  of  weak  intellects ;  a  dullard  ;  a  dolt ;  a 
thickskull. 

I  uCTf  r  knew  thia  town  without  duncet  of  figurf .  Svi\fl. 

['*  Dunce  is  said  by  Johnson  to  be  a  word  of  un- 
known etymology.  Stanihurst  explains  it.  The  terra 
Dansy  from  Scotas^  'so  famous  for  his  sublill  quiddi- 
ties,' lie  says,  '  is  so  trivial  and-common  in  all  schools, 
that  whoso  surpassclh  others  either  in  cavilling  sophis- 
trie,  or  subtill  philosophic,  is  fiDrthwith  nicknamed  a 
Duns.*  This,  he  tells  us  in  the  margin,  is  the  reason 
'why  schoolmen  arc  called  Dun.scs.'  (Description  of 
Ireland,  p.  2.)  The  Word  easily  passed  intti  a  term  of 
scorn,  just  as  a  blockhead  is  called  Solurnon,  a  bully 
Jiectiir,  and  as  Moses  is  Ihe  vulgar  name  of  contempt 
for  a  Jew."  Dr.  SoutJtey^s  Oviniana^  vol.  i.  p.  5. 
E.  H.  B.] 
I  have  little  confidence  in  this  explanation.  JV.  W, 
DU.\'CER-Y,  n.     Dullness  ;  stupidity.  Smith. 

DUN'Cl-F?,  V.  U    To  make  stupid  in  intellect.    [JVo( 

used.]  IVarburton. 

DUN'CISH,  a.    Like  a  dunce  ;  sottish. 
DUN'DER,  n.   [Sp.  redundar^  to  overflow  ;  L-  redundo.] 
Lees  ;  dregs  ;  a  word  used  in  Jamaica. 
The  uae  oidunder  in  tlie  miikine  of  mm  suiKwrn  the  purpose  of 
ycoM  Ui  the  fenneiibUiuii  of  fluur.  Edaard^'t  Wttl  Indiea, 

DUN'DER-PaTE,  n.    A  dunce  ;  a  dull  head. 

DONE,  n,  A  term  applied  to  low  hills  of  movable 
sand,  on  the  coast  of  England,  France,  and  other 
countries.  LycU. 

DUN'-FISH,  n.  Codfish  cured  in  a  particular  manner. 

£366  Dunking.] 
NG,  n.     [Sax.  rfwn^,  or  dinci^,  or  diutg;  G.  dung; 
diinfrer:  Dan.  dynd;  S%v.  dynga.] 

The  excrement  of  animals.  Bacon. 

DUNG,  r.  t.    To  manure  with  dung.  Dryden, 

DUNG,  r.  t.     To  void  excrement. 

DUNG'ED,  (dungd,)p;>.    Manured  with  dung. 

DUN'OEON,  (dun'jun,)  n.  [Fr.  liongenv,  or  donjon,  a 
tower  or  platform  in  the  midst  of  a  castle,  a  turret  or 
closet  on  the  top  of  a  house.  In  one  Armoric  dialect 
it  is  domjou,  and  Gregoire  suggests  that  it  is  com- 
pounded of  rfom,  lord  or  chief,  and  jok,  Jupiter,  Jove, 
an  elevated  or  chief  tower  consecrated  to  Jupiter; 
but  qu.  In  Scottish  it  is  written  doungeon,  and  de- 
notes the  keep  or  strongest  tower  of  a  fortress,  or  an 
inner  tower  surrounded  by  a  ditch.  Jamie-son,  It  was 
used  for  confining  prisoners,  and  hence  its  applica- 
tion to  prisons  of  eminent  strength.  The  dungeon 
was  in  the  bottom  of  a  castle,  under  ground,  and 
without  light.     Henryy  BrU.] 

L  A  close  prison ;  or  a  deep,  dork  place  of  confine- 
ment. 

Anil  in  a  dungeon  <\r^,  Spennr, 

Thi-j  brouglii  Jos'ph  hiiilly  out  of  the  dungeon.  — Gen.  xli. 

2.  A  subterraneous  place  of  close  confinement 

Jeremiah. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.^T.  — METE,  PRBY-— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


•S7i>' 


DUP 

DL'N'GEOX,  t>.  L     Tu  confine  in  a  dungeon.     HalL 

DL'N'GEON-/^,  (dun'jund,)  pp.  Confined  in  a  dun- 
geon. 

DUNG'FORK,  ti.  A  fork  used  to  throw  dung  from  a 
stiibte  or  into  a  cart,  or  to  spread  it  over  laud. 

DUNG'HILL,  n.     A  heap  of  dung. 

a.  A  mean  or  vile  abode.  Dnjdetu 

3.  Any  mean  situation  or  condition. 

He  liftcth  the  hrg-jar  from  the  dunghUt.  —  I  Sara.  il. 

4.  A  term  of  reproach  for  a  mau  meanly  bom.  [J^ot 
Msed.'l  Shak, 

DUNG'HILL,  a.  Sprung  from  the  dunghill  j  mean; 
low  ;  base  ;  vile.  Shak. 

DUNG'Y,  a.     Full  of  dung  ;  filthy  ;  vile.  Shak. 

DUXG'YARD,  ju  A  yard  or  iuclusure  where  dung  is 
collected.  Mortimer. 

DUXK'ER3,  n.  pi.  The  name  of  a  Christian  sect. 
They  practice  abstinence  and  mortification,  and  it  is 
said  they  deny  the  eternity  of  future  punishnienL 

DUN'LLX,  n.    A  bird,  a  species  of  sandpiper. 

Pennant. 

DUN'NAGE,  n.  Fagots,  boughs,  or  loose  materials 
of  any  kind,  laid  on  the  bottom  of  a  ship  to  raise 
heavy  coods  above  the  bottom.  Mar.  DicL 

WS'SKDy  (dund,)  pp.  [from  dim.]  Imiwrtuned  to 
pay  a  debt  ;  urged. 

DLN  \ER,  n.  [from  rfi/».]  One  employed  in  nolicit- 
inp  llie  payment  of  debts.  Spectator. 

■  DUN'NING,  ppr,  [from  dun.]  Urging  for  payment 
of  a  debt,  or  for  the  grant  of  some  favor,  or  for  the 
obtaining  any  request ;  importuning. 

DU.VNING,  n.  [from  dun,  a  color.]  The  operation 
of  curing  codfish,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  give  il  a 
peculiar  color  and  quality.  Fish  for  dunning  are 
caught  early  in  spring,  and  often  in  February.  At 
the  Isles  of  Shoals,  off  Portsmouth,  in  New  Hamp- 
shire, the  cod  are  t;iken  in  deep  water,  split,  and 
slack-salted  ;  then  laid  in  a  pile  for  two  or  iliree 
months,  in  a  dark  store,  covered,  for  the  greatest  [»art 
of  the  time,  with  salt  hay  or  e«'l-grasji,  and  pressed 
with  some  weight.  In  April  or  -May,  ihi-y  are  opetied, 
and  piled  again  as  close  as  (x^Ki^iblc  in  the  same  dark 
Btorc,  till  July  or  August,  when  they  are  fit  for  use. 

J.  Haven. 

DTTN'XIsn,  a.  Inclined  to  a  dun  color;  somewhat 
dun.  Ray. 

DU.N'NY,  a.    Deaf;  dull  of  apprehension.    ILoetd.] 

DO'O,  n.     [L.  two.]  lOrose. 

A  song  in  two  parts. 

DU-O  DEC  A  IlK'DItAL,  J  See   Dodecahedral,  Do- 

DL^U  DEC-A  IliC'DRON,  i      decahedron. 

DU-O-DEC'I-MAL,  a.  Proceeding  in  computation  by 
twelves. 

DU-0-DEC'I->IAL«,  n.  In  arithmetic,  a  kind  of  mul- 
tiplication in  which  llie  denominations  proceed  by 
twelves. 

DU-O-DEC'IM-FID,  o.  [L.  duodecim,  twelve,  and^En- 
do,  to  cleave.] 

Divided  into  twelve  parts. 

DU-0-DEC'I-.MO,  a.     [L.  duoitecim,  twelve.] 

Having  or  consisting  of  twelve  leaves  to  a  sheet ; 
as,  a  book  of  dtufdeeimo  form  or  size. 

DUO-DEC'I-MO,  n.  A  book  in  which  a  sheet  is  fold- 
ed into  twelve  leaves. 

PL'-O-DEe'U-PLE,  0.  [L.  duo,  two,  and  deeuptug^ 
tenfold.] 

Cuniniitling  of  twelves.  Arbuthnnt. 

DU-0-DE'.NUM,  Tt.  [!>.]  The  fir^t  of  the  small  in- 
tei-tinea;  the  twelve-inch  intestine. 

DU-O-LIT'ER-AL,  o.     [L.  diw,  two,  and  litera^  a  let- 

Consisting  of  two  lettere  only  ;  biliteral.   Stuart. 
DUP,  V.  I.     [to  do  up.]    To  open  ;  us,  to  dap  the  door. 

rjVirt  in  use.} 
DCPE,  Ji.    [tt.dufg.    Sec  the  verb.] 

A  person  who  is  deceived  ;  or  one  easily  led  astray 
by  his  credulity  \  as,  the  daj>e  of  a  party. 
DCPEj  p.  U     [Fr.  duper ;  Sw.  tubba.  Uu.  Sp.  and  Port. 
eatafar.] 

To  deceive  ;  to  trick  ;  to  mislead  by  imposing  on 
one's  credulity  ;  as,  to  be  duped  by  flattery. 
nrF"A  BLE,  ((lap'n-i)l,)  a.    Thntom  he  duped. 
"f  !"/;!>,  rdupl,)  pp.     Deceived;  tricked. 

i.R  V,  n.     The  art  oT  prartire  of  duping. 
-■.  .'  '.S(i,ppr.     Tricking;  cheating. 
liC  PI  ON,  n,      A  double  cocoon,  formed  by  two  or 

mfire  silk-wf>rms.  Encyc. 

DC'PLE,  a.     fl..  duptuf.] 

Double.  Duple  ratio  is  that  in  which  the  antece- 
dent term  is  ooulde  the  consequent ;  as  of  S  to  1,  8 
to  1,  Set.  Sub-duple  ratio  is  tlie  reverse,  or  as  1  tu  2, 
■t  m  f<,  &.C.. 
DC  PM-€ATE,  fl.  [I*,  duplicatuf.  from  dupUeo,  to 
donhl>r,  from  duplei,  double,  twofold  ;  duo,  two,  and 
p/ico,  to  fold.  Hec  DouBLB.] 
Double  ;  twofold. 

Duplicate  proportion^  or  ratio,  is  the  proportion  or 
ratio  of  Mpiares.  Thus,  in  geometrical  proportion, 
the  finl  term  to  the  third  is  said  to  bo  in  a  duplicate 
ratio  of  the  first  to  the  w-cond,  oi  oa  its  square  in  to 
the  square  of  the  second.  Thus  in  2,  4,  8,  IG,  the 
ratio  of  3  to  8  is  a  duplicate  of  that  of  3  to  4,  or  an  tbe 
square  of  3  ia  to  the  square  of  4. 


DUS 

DO'PLI-CATE,  n.  Another  corresponding  to  the  first ; 
or  a  seconit  tiling  of  Ihe  same  kind. 

2.  A  copy  ;  a  transcript.     Thus,  a  second  letter  or 
bill  of  excliange,  exactly  like  the  first,  is  called  a  da- 
plicate. 
DO'PLI-eATE,  V.  U     [L.  ditpUco.] 

To  double  ;  to  fold. 
Df>'  PLI-e A-TED,  pp.    Mniie  double. 
DCPLieA-TING,  ppr.    Making  double  ;  folding. 
DU-PLI-CA'TION,  71.    The  act  of  doubling;  the  mul- 
tiplication of  a  number  by  2. 
2.  A  folding;  a  doubling;  also,  a  fold  ;  as,  the  du- 

gtication  of  a  membrane. 
'l*Lr-€A-'rURE,  n.     A  doubling  ;  a  fold.     In  anat- 
amy.  the  fold  of  a  membrane  or  vessel.  Kncyc. 

DU-PUC'I-TY,  n.  [Fr,  duTtliciti ;  Sp.  duplicidad ;  It. 
duplicitd  ;  from  L.  duplex,  (louble.] 

1.  Doubleness  ;  the  number  two,  JVatts. 

2.  Doubleness  of  lieart  or  speech  ;  the  act  or  prac- 
tice of  exhibiting  a  different  or  contrary  conduct,  or 
uttering  ditferent  or  contrary  sentiments,  at  different 
times,  in  relation  to  the  same  thing;  or  the  act  of 
dissembling  one's  real  opinions  for  the  purpose  of  con- 
cealing them  and  misleading  persons  in  the  conver- 
sation and  intercourse  of  life  ;  double-dealing  ;  dis- 
simulation ;  deceiL 

3.  In  law,  duplicittf  is  the  pleading  of  two  or  more 
distinct  matters  or  single  pleas.  BlackntoHC. 

DUP'PER,  II.     The  same  as  Dibber,  which  see. 

DU-RA-DIIVI-TY,  «.  [See  Duhable.]  The  powerof 
lasting  orcontinuing  m  any  given  state  without  per- 
ishing ;  as,  the  durability  of  cedar  or  oak  timber  ;  the 
durability  of  animal  and  vegetable  life  is  very  lim- 
ited. 

DO'RA-BLE,  a.  [L.  durabilix,  from  rfwro,  to  last,  du- 
T-u.*,  hard  ;  W.  dur,  stee! ;  duraw^  to  harden.] 

Having  the  quality  of  lasting,  or  continuing  long 
in  beins,  without  |H-rishing  or  wearing  out ;  as,  duror 
ble  timbtrr  ;  durable  clotil ;  durable  happiness. 

DO'RA-IJbE  NESS,  n.  Power  of  lasting  ;  durability  ; 
as,  the  dttrableness  of  honest  f;une. 

DO'RA-IILY,  adv.  In  a  lasting  manner;  with  long 
continuance. 

DV'RA  MA'TER,  [L.]  The  outer  membrane  of  the 
brain.  Coie. 

DU-RA'MEN,  B.  [L.]  The  central  layers  or  lieart- 
wood,  of  a  tree.  Brande. 

DO'RA.NCE,  n.     [from  Fr.  rfwr,  rfurcr,  L.  duro.] 

1.  Imprisonment ;  restraint  of  the  person  ;  custody 
of  the  jailer.  Shak. 

2.  Continuance;  duration.     [SceExDURANcB.] 

Onjdcn. 

DU-RANT',  TU  A  glazed  woolen  stuff;  called  by  some 
ercr/u.s(tnjr. 

DU-RJiJ^'  TE,  TL.]  During  ;  as,  duran'te  vi'ta^  during 
life;  duratt'te  oe'ne  plac'ito,  during  pleasure. 

DU-RA'TIO.V,  a.  Continuance  in  time  ;  length  or  ex- 
tension of  existence  indefinitely;  an,  the  duration  of 
life  ;  the  duration  of  a  partnershifi ;  the  duration  of 
any  given  period  of  time ;  everlasting  duration.  This 
holding  on  or  continuance  of  time  is  divided  by  us, 
arbitrarily,  into  certain  portions,  as  minutes,  hours, 
and  days  ;  or  it  is  measured  by  a  succession  of  events, 
as  by  the  diurnal  and  annual  revolutions  of  the  earth, 
or  any  other  succession  ;  and  the  interval  between 
two  events  is  called  a  part  of  duration.  Thid  inter- 
val may  bo  of  any  indefinite  length,  a  minute  or  a 
century. 
2.  Power  of  continuance.  Rogers. 

DUK'itAR,  n.     An  audimce-room,  in  India. 

DORE,  r.  i.  [L.  duro  i  Fr.  durer ;  Sp.  durar ;  It.  durare. 
Bee  Durable.] 

To  last ;  to  hold  on  in  time  ot  being ;  to  contlnoe ) 
to  endure. 

ij'hiji  word  ig  obsolfief  ErrouRE  beinff  substituted.] 

DPRE'FUI*,  a.     I.a.sttng.     [Oft.-*.]  Spenser. 

DORE'UESS,  a.     Not  lasting;  fading.  Ralegh, 

DU-RESa',  n,  [Norm,  dure^fse^  durcUe,  from  rfur,  hard, 
grievous;  l^duritir,t,  durus.     See  Durarlb.] 

1.  Lit/rally,  hardsliip;  hence,  constraint.  Techni- 
eu'h/  duress,  in  law,  is  of  two  kinds ;  dure^f  qf  itn- 
prw^meiit,  which  is  imprisonment,  or  reslmint  of 
pt^r«onal  liberty  ;  nnddurcjis  by  men  aceji  or  threats,  {fter 
minas,]  when  a  i>erson  is  threatened  with  loss  of  life 
or  limb.  Fear  of  batt.T>-  is  no  duress.  Duress,  then, 
is  impri^nriinent  or  threats  intended  to  compel  a  per- 
son to  do  a  Itgal  art,  as  to  execute  a  deed  ;  or  to 
commit  an  nffeiisc  ;  in  which  cases  the  act  is  voida- 
ble or  excusable.  Black»tone. 
9.  Inipri)*nnin'-nt ;  restraint  of  liberty.    ^ 

DOR'ING,  pjrr.  of  DuHE.  Continuing  ;  laslmg  ;  hold- 
ing on  ;  as,  during  life,  that  is,  lift;  continuing  i  during 
our  earthly  pilgrimage;  during  the  sjiace  of  a  year; 
during  this  or  that.  These  pnrai«'«  are  the  ca.-«e  ab- 
sctlute,  or  independent  clauses;  durante  vita,  duran- 
te hoc. 

DO'Rl-TY,  n.     [Fr.  durrti,  from  dur,  L.  duru!;  duro.] 
I.  Hardness;  firmness. 
9.  Hardness  f)f  mind  ;  harshness.     [^Litile  used.] 

Dt'ROUH,  fl.     Hard.    [J^vt  used.]  Smith, 

DUR'RA,  Tt,    A  kind  of  millet,  cultivated  in  N.  Africa. 

I>I;R.ST,  pret.  of  Dare.     (D.  dorH.] 

DOSE,  n.  [L.  Dusius.]  A  demon  or  evil  spirit. 
'*  Quosdam  diemoncs  quos  i/il»iu«  Galli  nuncupant." 


PUT 

(.augusL  De  Civ.  Dei,  15,  23.)  What  the  duse  is  the 
matter?  The  du.se  is  in  you.  [yulirar.]  More  com- 
monly spelt  Del'ce,  or  Deuse,  though  Dose  is  ety- 
mologically  most  correct. 
DUSK,  a.  [D.  duistrr;  G.  ditster:  Russ.  tusk,  tarnish  j 
tusknu,  to  tarnish,  to  become  dull  or  obscure.  Q,u. 
Gr.  Saav^.] 

1.  Tendmg  to  darkness,  or  moderately  dark. 

9.  Tending  to  a  dark  or  black  color;  moderately 
biflck.  Milton. 

DUSK,  71.  A  tending  to  darkness  ;  incipient  or  iiu|)er- 
fect  obscurity;  a  middle  degree  between  light  and 
darkness  ;  twilight ;  as.  the  dufik  of  the  evening. 

2.  Tendency  to  a  black  color  ;  darkness  of  color. 
Whose  dutk  let  ofl"  (he  'wliiltims  of  the  tWn\.  Dryikii. 

DUSK,  V.  i.    To  make  dusky.     [LiUU  ttsed.j 

DUSK,  r.  i.  To  begin  to  lose  light  or  whiteness;  to 
grow  dark.     [Little  used.] 

DirSK'I-LY,  adi\  With  partial  darkness;  with  a  ten- 
dency to  blackness  or  darkness.  S/irrteood. 

DUSK'I-NESS,  n.  Incipient  or  pnrtiiti  darkness;  a 
slight  or  moderate  degree  of  darkness  or  blackness. 

DUSKMSH,  a.  Moderately  dusky  ;  jKirtially  obscure  j 
slightly  dark  or  black  ;  as,  duakisk  smoke.  Spenser. 

Diiskith  liiicliire.  Wollon. 

DUSK'ISH-LY,  adc.     Cloudily  ;  darkly.  Bacon. 

DUSK'lSil-NESa  n.  Duskiness;  approach  to  dark- 
ness. More, 

DUSK' Y,  a.  Partially  dark  or  obscure ;  not  luminous ; 
as,  a  dusky  valley.  I>rydcn. 

A  dutky  torch.  ATuit. 

2.  Tending  to  blackness  in  color;  partially  black  ; 
dark-colored  j  not  bright ;  as,  a  dusky  brown.  Bacon. 

Thitky  clouiU.  Dryden, 

3.  Gloomy ;  sad. 

'DiIr  dutky  scQn«  of  horror,  lUn&€y. 

4.  Intellectually  clouded  ;  as,  a  dusky  sprite.  Pope. 
DUST,   w.     [Sax.  dust,  dyst;    Scot,  dusty  Teut.  doesiy 

duyst.,  dust,  fine  fiour.] 

i.  Fine,  drj-  particles  of  eartli,  or  other  matter,  so 
attenuated  that  it  may  be  raised  and  wafted  by  the 
wind  ;  [xiwder  ;  as,  cloiids  of  dust  and  seas  of  blood. 

2.  Fine,  dry  particles  of  earth  ;  fine  earth. 

Tito  n^nojck  wnriiieUi  Iter  ''gp  in  the  dust.  —  Jolt  xxxlx. 

3.  Earth  ;  unorganized  earthy  matter. 

Diitt  tlioii  Eirt,  (ui(l  tu  dtut  alinlt  thou  rrtuni.  — G«n,  ill, 

4.  The  grave. 

For  now  thivtl  I  derp  in  tlie  duil.  —  Job  tII. 

5.  A  low  condition. 

God  raiwUi  tlir  piwr  onl  of  Uie  dutt.  —  I  S»m.  ii. 

DUST,  r.  (,  To  free  fmm  dust;  to  brush,  wipe,  or 
sweep  away  dust ;  as,  to  dust  a  table  or  a  noor. 

2.  To  pprinkle  with  dust. 

3.  To  It  vigate.  Sprat. 
DUST'   HRUSH,  ti.     A  brush  for  cleanmg  rooms  and 
DUST'EP,  ;>;).     Freed  from  dust.                    [furniture. 
DUST'ER,  n.     A  utensil  tu  clear  from  dust;  also,  a 

sieve, 

DUST'I-NESH,  TI.    The  state  of  being  dusty. 

DUST'ING,  ppr.     Brushing;  freeing  from  dust. 
2.  n.    The  act  of  removing  dust. 

DUBT'-MAN,  n.  One  whose  employment  is  to  carry 
away  dirt  and  filth.  Oay. 

DUS'l'-PAN,  n.  A  utensil  to  convey  dust  brushed 
from  tlie  fioor,  &c. 

DUST'Y.  a.  Filled,  covered,  or  sprinkled  with  dust ; 
cloudect  with  dust.  Dryden. 

2.  iiiku  dust;  of  the  color  of  dust;  as,  a  du^y 
whitti :  a  dujfty  red. 

DUTCH,  Ti.  The  people  of  Holland  ;  also,  their  lan- 
guage. 

DUTCH,  0.  Pertaining  to  Holland,  or  to  its  inhab- 
itants. 

DUTCI!'Gf)LD,  n.  In  commerce,  copper,  brass,  and 
bronze  leaf,  used  largely  in  Holland  to  orniiment 
toys.  McCaUuch. 

D0'TE-OU3,  a.  [from  duty,]  Performing  that  which 
is  due,  or  that  which  law,  justice,  or  propriety  re- 
quires ;  obedient ;  resiwctful  to  those  who  have  nat- 
ural or  K-gnl  authority  to  require  service  or  duly  ;  as, 
a  duteous  child  or  suhject. 

2.  obedient ;  obsequious  ;  in  a  good  or  bad  sense, 

Diileout  to  Oio  vio'B  of  thy  tn'mtren.  Sliak, 

3.  Enjoined  by  duty,  or  by  the  relation  of  one  to 
another;  n^,  duteous  HviA,     [lAttie  used.]  Shak, 

DC'TE-OUS-LY,  adv.     In  n  duteous  manner, 
D0'TE-(>i;S-NES8,  n.    Uiiality  of  being  obedient  or 

rnspeclful. 
DO'TI-A-RLE,  a.     [See  Dutt.]     Subject  to  the  impo 
sition  of  duty  or  customs  ;  as,  dutiable  gor)ds. 

Supreme  Court,  U.  S. 
DO'TI-JTD,  (dQ'tid,)a,  Subjected  to  duties  or  custoiift. 

jljiie.t. 
DO'TI-FIJL,  a.  Performing  the  duties  or  obligations 
required  by  law,  justice,  ttr  propriety  ;  obedient :  sub- 
missive to  natural  or  legal  superiors  ;  respi-ctful ;  as, 
a  dutiful  son  or  daughter ;  a  dat\fal  ward  or  servant ; 
a  dutiful  subject. 
2.  ii^xpressive  of  respect  or  a  sense  of  duty ;  n- 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOU8 €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  8  an  Z ;  Oil  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THia. 


DWE 

spcctful ;  reverebtial ;  rrqutml  by  duty  ;  u,  dutifiU 
rcrcrence ;  dutiful  anentiuns. 

DO'TI-FJJL-LY,  adv.  In  a  dutiful  manner;  with  a 
re^rd  to  duty  ;  (^dicntly  j  submissively  ;  reverent- 
ly ;  lespectfirilv.  StrifL 

OO'TI-FJJL-NES^,  n.  Obedience;  submission  to  just 
authority ;  habiciui  pcrfonnonce  of  duty ;  as,  duttful- 
■£»  to  parents.  Dtydm, 

a.  ReverCDCe  ;  respect.  TiyUr. 

DCTV,  «.  tfrora  due,  Fr.  rfO.]  Tlint  which  a  peiyon 
owes  to  aaother  ;  that  which  a  pnnon  is  bound,  by 
uiy  natunU,  moral,  or  IcfTti  oblig-.xUon^  to  pay,  do,  or 
peiibnn.  Obedience  to  princes,  niapistmieR,  and  the 
laws,  is  the  duty  of  evrr>-  citin-n  and  subject ;  obe- 
dience, respect,  and  kmdnfs.-4  lo  pan-nt»,arc  duties  of 
children  ;  fidelity  to  fricii  !-  i-;  a  ••■n'v  :  r 'viT.nce,  obe- 
dience, and  pmycr  to'.  It'  duties; 
the  tovemm«'nt  and  r  :  iliildrpn 
we  mtst of  parents  wli  ^Icctwith- 
oat  fuilt. 

S.  Porbearuice  of  that  which  i*  forbidden  by  moral- 
ity, law,  jn-'t  ice,  or  propriety.  It  isourt/sfyto  refrain 
fttjn»  U-v  '][>erance,  prufancness,  and   in- 

3.  Oh  i!<^ioa.  [justice. 

4.  Alt  tT  respect. 

Tttcj  UAb  dtd  dut^  to  tbeir  \m<Xj.  Spenmr. 

5.  The  ba^iMM  of  a  soldier  or  marine  on  guard ; 
as,  the  cvaBpany  b  on  4mpf,  It  is  applied,  also,  to 
other  acrrices  or  labor. 

&  The  business  of  war ;  military  service }  ms,  the 
reinmcnt  did  dultf  in  Flanders. 

7.  Tax.  toll,  impost,  or  customs ;  excise ;  any  sum 
of  niouey  required  by  government  lo  be  paid  on  the 
importation,  exportation,  or  consumption  of  goods. 
An  impu^  on  land  or  other  real  estate,  and  on  the 
slock  of  fanners,  is  not  called  a  imtj/y  but  a  dirtu  tax. 
VnUM  States. 
8l  In  tmgxMcrif^  the  amount  of  weight  which  is 
lifted  by  a  ateaxn-engine,  by  a  certain  quanuty  of 
cttaL 

DU'UM'yiR,  iu;  fL  Duntrtai  [L.  duo,  two,  and 
nr,  man-] 

One  of  two  Roman  ofTiccn  or  masistraies  united 
in  the  »-amc  jHiblic  functions. 

OU-l'M'VI-RAI^  «.  Pertaioing  lo  the  duilmvirs  or 
dnilmviraic  of  Rome. 

DU-UM'VI-RATE,  a.  The  union  of  two  men  in  the 
same  office  ;  or  the  office,  dignity,  ur  povrrnnitnl  of 
two  men  thus  a«t«uciatcd,  as  m  ancit-nt  Rome. 

QIV'ALK,  a.     In  krrahinf,  a  sohle  or  black  color. 

2.  The  deadly  nightshade,  Atropa  letbalis.  a  pUnt ; 
or  a  <<lrep}'  potion.  Ckamar. 

DWARF,  «.  [Sax.  dxerg^  dwtorgi  D.  iwerg;  Sw.id.; 
Dail.  dr^rg.J 

1.  A  general  name  fin-  an  animal  or  plant  which  is 
much  below  tlie  ordinary  size  of  the  tpccies  or  kind. 
A  man  that  never  grows  beyond  two  or  three  fc-et  in 
bight,  is  •  ■*xvirf.  This  word,  when  usei*  alone, 
Qsaally  refers  to  the  human  species,  bat  som*:time8  lo 
other  animnK  When  it  is  applied  to  pUuits,  il  is 
more  generally  used  in  compositioa;  M,a  dtamf-irttf 
dwaf-elder. 
9.  An  attendant  on  a  lady  or  knight  ht  rotnanrm. 

^fttmser, 

DWARF,  B.  U  To  hinder  from  gro'-rir.g  to  the  natural 
size  ;  to  lessen  ;  to  make  or  keep  ^iniitL     Adiii^on. 

DWARF' £D,  (dworfl,)  pp.  Hirdertd  fmm  growing 
to'dic  natural  size. 

DVVARF'I?=H,  a.  Like  a  dwarf;  below  the  common 
stature  or  size  ;  very  small ;  low  ;  petty  ;  despicable  \ 
as,  a  dmrUsh  animal;  a  dteai^k  shrub.       Dn/dfn. 

DWARF'I^iH-LY.octo.    lake  a  dwarf. 

DWAilFnSH-.N'EdS,  H.  SmaUnteaa  of  st&ture  ;  UtUe- 
ness  of  size. 

DW^AUL,  T.  L     [Sax.  dwetioAy  dvoliaii,  to  wander.] 
To  be  delirious.     [Oftj.]  Jmriius. 

DWELL,  r.  i. ;  prei.  DwtiXED,  usually  contr^icted  in- 
to DwKLT.  [Dan.  dcaUr,  to  stay,  wait,  loiter,  delay  ; 
Sw.  droio,  a  trance  ;  dvoliasy  to  delay,  abide,  remain, 
or  linger.  Teut.  dualla :  Ice.  duelia  :  Scot,  duel,  dtcelL 
Qn.  W.  flttol,  dai,  to  bcJd,  stop,  stay,  and  Ir.  luiijni,  to 
sleep.  This  wwd  coincides  nearly  with  dalli/  in  its 
primitive  signtdcation,  and  may  be  of  the  same  fam- 
ih^.  Its  radical  sense  is  probably  to  draw  out  in  time.  ,- 
hence,  to  hold,  rest,  remain.  We  see  like  senses 
onited  in  many  words,  as  in  Unto,  rctchf,  coiUiMut. 
See  Dallt,  and  Class  01,  Xo.  3,  5,  6,  Ql.] 

1.  To  abide  as  a  pcrmaiK'nt  resident,  or  to  inhabit 
for  a  time ;  to  live  in  a  place  \  to  have  a  habitation 
for  some  time  or  permanence. 

G«d  ihall  enUr^  Jftpbnh,  ami  hs  AaO  im^  lo  Uw  laoto  of 
Sbexo.  —  Geo.  ut. 


DYI 

Dwelt  import.-!  a  rc.>iidence  of  some  continuance. 
We  use  abide  for  the  resting  of  u  night  or  nn  hour; 
but  we  never  say,  he  dtoelt  in  a  plac*  a  day  or  a  night. 
Dtoetl  may  signify  a  residi^nco  for  life  or  for  a  much 
shorter  period,  but  not  for  a  day.  Tn  Scripture,  it  de- 
notes a  residence  of  seven  day«,  during  the  (oast  of 
tabernacles. 

Ye  •twUI  dw0tl  In  booths  w^m  My:  —  \^r.  xxiil. 

T^  Word  was  made  &nh,  and  dietit  mtioii^  lu.  —  John  t. 

9:  To  be  in  any  stnte  or  condition  ;  to  continue. 

To  dwU  in  (louUfiil  Joy.  Shak. 

3.  To  continue  ;  to  be  fixed  in  attention ;  to  hang 
upon  with  fondness. 

The  uttrntire  qitoeu 
Dvttk  on  his  wcpnts.  -SWA. 

Tbrj  ititnd  nl  a  diatnitce,  liwel/irtf  on  hit  boln  nn<l  Innguix^, 
fixed  ill  ainAB-tncnL  Dudanittaltr. 

A.  To  continue  long:  as,  torftcc/?  on  a  subject,  in 

sjieaking,  debate,  or  writing  ;  to  dv>eU  on  a  note  in 

music. 
DieeUy  as  a  verb  tmnsitive.  Is  not  u^ed.   *'  We  who 

dwell  this  wild,"  in  Milton,  is  not  a  legitimate  phrase. 
DWKLL'ED,  (dwi'Id,)  pp.     Inhabited. 
DWELL'ER,  n.    An  inhabitant;  a  resident  of  some 

continuance  in  a  place.  Dnjden. 

DWELL'ING,  ppr.    Inhabiting  ;  residing;  Bojouming; 

continuing  witli  fixed  attention. 
DWELLING,  It.      Habitation;    place  of  residence; 

abode. 

Basir  thai]  be  a  dwtUinf  fer  drai^ns.  —  Jer.  xlix. 

51.  Continuance  ;  residence  ;  state  of  life. 

Thy  dii^Uinf  ahall  be  with  the  beuU  of  the  firld.  —  Dan.  Ir. 

DWELL'LVG-HOUSE,  n.  The  house  in  which  one 
Hves, 

DWELL'ING-rLXCE,  n.     The  place  of  residence. 

DWELT,  pp.  of  Dwell.  Resided;  sojourned  ;  con- 
tinued. 

DWIX'DLE,  V.  t.  [9nx.  dwiiuaiy  to  pine,  to  vanish; 
8w.  frtna  ;  G.  sckunndtH.  I  suppose  founded  on  the 
root  of  tpane,  or  rain,  raswA.] 

1.  To  diminish  ;  to  become  less;  to  shrink;  to 
waste  or  consume  away.  The  binly  dieindlra  by  pin- 
ing or  consumption  ;  an  estate  dttituUea  by  waste,  by 
want  of  mdu^r>'  or  economy  ;  an  object  dtri»dle,i  in 
size  as  it  recedes  from  view ;  an  army  dwindUa  by 
death  or  desertion. 

Our  drooping  Aaj%  an  dmbidtai  down  to  nanght.     Thornton. 

2.  To  degcnerale  ;  lo  sink  ;  to  fall  away. 

Retigtmia  lodctiea  nwj  diaindte  into  fzictioui  cliibi.  SMjt 

D\^^^^'DLE,  v.  U    To  make  less;  to  bring  low. 

Tftom.ion. 
2.  To  break  ;  to  disperse.  CUtrrndon. 

DWIN'DLEO,  pp.  or  a.    Shrunk  ;  diminished  in  size. 
DWIN'DLIN'G,  ppr.     Falling  away;  becoming  less; 

pilting;  consuming;  niotdering  away. 
DyE,  v.  L     [Sax.  deaffan;  L.  (ii^o,  for  tiffo ;  Gr.  ny- 
)  tit ;  Fr.  tebutrey  whence  ttni,  faint,  attaint ;  Sp.  tmir ; 

Port,  tingir ;  IL  tignere ;  At.  ^\Jo  taicha^  to  dye  and 

to  die.    Class  Dg,  No.  40.    The  primary  sense  is,  to 
throw  down,  to  dip,  to  phmge.] 

To  stain  ;  to  color  ;  to  give  a  new  and  permanent 
color  to  ;  applied  particularly  to  cloth  or  iJie  mnlerials 
of  cloth,  as  wool,cotton.  silk,  and  linen  ;  also,  to  hats, 
leather,  &c.  It  usually  expresses  more  or  a  deeper 
color  than  tinge. 
DTE,  n.     A  coloring  liquor:  color;  stain;  tinge. 


DT'ED,  (dide,)  pp.     Stained  ;  colored. 
D?E'-HOUSE,»r 
ried  on. 


,M,    A  building  in  which  dyeing  is  car- 


DTE'ING,  ppr.  Staining;  giving  a  new  and  perma- 
nent color. 

DYE'ING,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  giving  new  and 
permanent  colors  ;  the  art  of  coloring  cloth,  Iials,  &c. 

DV'ER,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  dye  cloth  and 
the  like. 

DT'ER'»-WEED,  n,  A  plant  from  which  is  otru  med 
a  yellow  dye.  The  name  is  given  to  tlie  tieseda 
tuteoloy  and  to  the  GcTtista  tinctoria. 

Loudon.     Dewetj. 

DY'ING,  ppr.  [from  die.']  Losing  life  ;  perishing; 
expiring;  fading  away  ;  languishing. 

9.  a.     Mort.il ;  destined  to  death  ;  na,  dying  bodies. 

3.  Given,  uttered,  or  manifetited  just  before  death  ; 
as,  dying  words  ;  a  dt/ing  request ;  dying  love. 

4.  Supporting  a  dying  person  ;  as,  a  dying  bod. 

5.  Pertaining  to  death  ;  as,  a  dying  hour. 
DY'ING-LV,  oJd.    In  a  dying  manner. 


DYS 

D?KE.     See  Diaa. 

DV-NAM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  ivvamSy  strength,  and 
fiiToiu>,  lo  measure. 

An  instrument  for  determining  the  magnifying 
power  of  telescopes.  Ramsden. 

nYN-A-MET'Rie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  dynameter. 

DY  NAM'IG  ) 

DV-NA.M'ie-AL,  i  "•     [Gr.  Ji..a^,5,  power.] 

Pertaining  to  strength  or  jxiwer,  or  to  dynamics. 

DY-NAM'ietS,  n.  ^Gr.  <ii.wi,n?,  power.] 

^That    branch   of   mechanical'  philosophy    which 
treats  of  bodies  in  motion  ;  opposed  to  statics. 

DYN-A  MOM'E-TER,«.  [See  Dynametcr.]  An  in- 
Btnnni-'Ut  for  measuring  force,  especially  the  relative 
strength  of  men  and  other  animals.  [See,  also, 
DvrnMOMETEB.]  Ed.  Encye. 

DVNAST,n.  [See  Dvxastt.J  A  ruler  j  agovemor; 
a  prince;  a  government. 

DY-NAST'ie,  a.  Kelaling  to  a  dynasty  or  line  of 
kings, 

DY-XAS'TI-DAN,  n.     [Gr.  ^woTTm,  powerful.] 

'J'hc  dynastidans  are  a  tribe  of  beetles,  of  a  gigantic 
size. 

DT'NAS-TY,  n.  fGr.  ^vfOTrf (i,  power,  sovereignty, 
from  ^vfaf^rriiy  a  lord  or  chief,  from  iwafi-u,  to  be 
able  or  strong,  to  prevail ;  Ir.  tanaitte.  The  W. 
dyn,  man,  is  probably  from  the  same  root.  Class 
Dn.] 

Government;  Fovereignty  ;  or  rather  a  race  or 
sueces.^ion  of  kings  of  the  same  line  or  family,  who 
govern  a  particular  country' ;  as,  the  dynasties  of  Egypt 
or  Persia.  Encyc. 

The  oUifTution  of  trentlea  and  contracts  is  nllowcd  to  surrive  the 
chaiigu  of  (fyncufies,  E.  Everett. 

DYS'CRA-SY,  «.  [Gr.  IvaKpavia  ;  ovs,  evil,  and 
KpatTii,  habit.] 

In  metiicine,  an  111  habit  or  state  of  the  humors; 
distemp-'raiure  of  the  juices.  Core-     Encyc. 

DYS-EN  TEU'ie,   a.     Pertaining  to   dysentery  ;    ac- 
companied with   dysentery  ;   proceeding  from   dys- 
entery. 
2.  Afflicted  with  dysentery  ;  as,  a (fiMcnfffnc  patient 
DYS'EN-'I'EK-Y,,  n.     [L.  dysniteria  ;  Gr.   dvaevTSptai 
(Sfj,  had,  and  ivTcuory  intestines.] 

A  tlux  in  which  the  stools  consist  chiefly  of  blood 
and  mucus  or  other  morbid  matter,  accompanied 
with  griping  o!'  the  bowels,  and  followed  by  tenesmus. 

Encyc. 
DYS'NO-MY,  n.     [Gr.  ^vi  and  voi'n;.) 

Had  lei;i.-;|;iiion  ;  tlic  enactment  ot  bad  laws. 
DYS'O-DILK,  n.    A  species  of  coal  of  a  greenish  or 
yelIowislj-"i;ray   color,  in    masses   composed  of  thin 
layers.     Wlien  burning,  it  tsnits  a'very  fetid  odor. 
Haily.     Cleavcland. 
DYS-OP'SY,  Tt,     [Gr.  ^vs  and  wi//.J 

Dimness  of  sight. 
DYS'O-REX-Y,  n.      [Gr.   Sv^,  bad,  and   ooe^is,  a[>- 
petite.] 
A  bad  or  depraved  appetite ;  a  want  of  appetite. 

Coze. 
DYS-PEP'SY,     )   n.     [Gr.   Svorapia  ;  SvSj   bad,  and 
DYS-PEP'SI-A,  \        wcnrco,  to  concoct.] 

Bad  digestion  ;  indigestion,  or  difficulty  of  diges- 
tion. Encyc.     Coze. 
DYS-PEP'TIC,  a.    Afflicted  with  bad  digestion  j  as, 
a  dy.tpeptie  person. 

9.  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  in  dyspepsy ;  as,  a 
dyspeptic  complaint, 
DYS-PEP'Tie,  n.     A  person  afflicted  with  bad  di- 
gestion. 
DIS'PHA-GY,  (dis'fa-je,)  n.     [Gr.  Jus  and  0ayw.] 

Difflcultv  01  digestion. 
DYS'PHO-NY,  n.     [Gr.  duo-^wi/ta ;  dvi,  bad,  hard,  and 
tpwi'Tii  voice.] 

A  ditTiculty  of  speaking,  occasioned  by  an  ill  dispo- 
sition of  the  organs  of  speech.  DiU. 
DYS-PHf>'RI-A,  n.     [Gr.  iv^  and  <poptw.'] 

Impatience  under  attiiction. 
DYSP-N'E'A,  (disp-nS'a,)  n.     [Gr.  &vcTTvnia.'] 

A  ditRcultv  of  breathing.  Coie. 

DYS-TnE'l''I€,  a.     Relating  to  a  non-febrile  morbid 
state  of  the  blood-vessels,  or  to  a  bad  habit  of  the 
body,  dependent  mainly  upon  the  state  of  the  circu- 
latinR  sy.stem. 
DYS'TOAIE,         \  0.     [Gr.  Ji-s,  with  difficulty,  and 
DYS'TO-MOUS,  i        rf^i-a),  to  cleave.] 

In  mineralogy,  cleaving  with  difTiculty.    Shepard. 
DYS-lJ'Rie,  n.     Pertaining  to  dysury. 
DYS'lJ-RYj  (dis'yu-re,)   n.     [Gr.  ivaovpia;   Jvs  and 
ovpov.  urine.] 

Uitficulty  in  discharging  the  urine,  attended  with 
pain  and  a  sensation  of  beat.  Encyc* 


PiTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRgy-  — WNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BCX>K- — 


374 


EAG 


Ethe  second  vowel  and  the  fifth  letter  of  the  Eng- 
.  lish  alphabet,  seems  to  be  the  ancient  Phenician 
and  Hebrew  g  inverted,  correspondinf  nearly  with 
the  Chaldaic  and  later  llehrow  n.  Its  long  and  nal- 
uial  sound  in  Enflish  coincides  with  the  sound  of  i 
in  the  Italian  and  French  languages,  and  is  formed 
by  a  narrower  opening  of  tlie  glottis  than  that  of  a. 
It  has  a  long  sound,  as  in  herr,  mere,  me:  a  short 
sound,  as  in  vict,  meni  and  the  sound  ol  a  open  or 
long,  in  Vicre,  pm,  vein.  As  a  final  letter,  it  ia  gen- 
erally quiescent  ;but  it  serves  to  lengthen  the  sound 
of  the  preceding  vowel,  or  at  least  to  indicate  that 
the  preceding  voivel  is  to  have  ils  Ions  sound,  as  in 
mant,  cane,  plume,  which,  without  the  final  r,  would 
be  pronounced  man,  can,  plum.  After  c  and  y,  the 
final  e  serves  to  indicate  that  e  is  to  be  pronounced 
as  a,  and  g  as  j.  Tliiis,  without  the  final  e  in  mace, 
[nia'se,]  this  word  \vould  be  pronounced  moc,  [mak,J 
and  raire  frij]  would  be  pronounced  ra;'.  In  a  numer- 
ous class  of  words,  —  indeed  in  almost  everj-  word, 
except  a  few  from  the  Greek,  — the  final  e  is  silent, 
serving  no  purpose  whatever,  unless  to  show  from 
what  language  we  have  received  the  words;  and  in 
many  cases,  it  docs  not  answer  this  purpose.  In 
words  ending  in  trr,  as  active :  in  He,  as  futile ;  in 
tju  as  in  aanfuinc,  eiamine ;  in  ite,  as  in  dejinite ; 
t  B,  for  the  most  part,  silent.  In  some  of  these 
words,  the  use  of  c  is  borrowed  from  the  French  ;  in 
moat  or  all  cases,  it  is  not  authorized  by  the  Litin 
originals :  it  is  worse  than  useless,  as  it  Kads  to  a 
wrong  pronunciation  ;  and  the  retaining  of  it  in  such 
words  is  beyond  measure  absurd. 

When  two  of  this  vowel  occur  together,  the  sound 
is  the  same  as  that  of  the  siiiale  e  long,  as  in  deem, 
esUent,  need:  and  it  occurs  often  with  a  and  i,  as  in 
mean,  hear,  sitire,  deccice,  in  which  cases,  when  one 
vowel  only  has  a  sound,  the  combination  I  call  a 
diirraph,  [double  wriUen.]  In  these  combinations,  the 
sound  is  usually  that  of  e  long,  but  sometimes  the 
short  sound  of  e,  as  in  lldd,  a  metal,  rtad,  prt-l.  of  rlad, 
and  sometimes  the  sound  of  a  long,  as  in  re^^n./rij'-n, 
pronounced  rane,  fane.  Irregularities  of  this  kind 
are  not  reducible  to  rules.  .     j      ■. 

As  a  numeral,  E  stands  for250.  In  the  calendar,  it 
is  the  fifth  of  ihe  dmuinical  letters.  As  an  abbrevi- 
ation, it  stands  for  Ea..(,  as  in  charts;  F^  N.  F..,  cast- 
north-east  ;  E.  S.  E.,  east-Bouth^jast ;  E.  by  ».,  east 
by  south.  ,   ,       .  . 

EACH,  (Jell,)  a.  [Scot.  e!k.  This  word  is  either  a 
contraclion  of  the  Sax.  a,lc,  etc,  n.  elk,  or  the  jr. 
ceaeh,  or  eacll,  Ilasque  ^ueia,  Fr.  ellaipje,  with  the 
lues  of  the  first  art"  uhiliuii.  With  the  t  cltic  coiTC- 
sp..nds  Uie  Russ.  »",,/,-,,  each.  1  am  iiiclmed  to  be- 
lieve both  Uie  Engli'sli  and  .Scottish  words  to  bo  coD- 
Iractinns  of  the  Celtic  eeach.]  . ,       , 

Every  one  of  anv  number  separately  considered 
or  treated.  The  emperor  distributed  to  eati  soldier 
la  his  army  a  liberal  donative. 

To  all  of  tlfm  be  g^re  tnch  ni*n  change  f^  rminwml.  — C«rii. 

Aod'ui  jninc™  of  lii»-l.  Wof  l»"'l«  >n™.  ««*  «"•  ""  *" 

til..  Iv.iHw  of  hi»  UOif-n.  —  Sum.  i. 
Stmcoii  au'l  I.«vi  look  •oM  ninn  lii*  •wopi.  —  Orn.  xxxlr. 
To  each  corresprmds  itllieT.     Let  each  esteem  otAer 
belter  than  himself.     It  is  our  duly  to  assist  each 
other:  that  is,  it  is  our  duty  to  assist,  ra«A  to  assist 
the  other.  rrti    1 

P.ACH'WHERE,  iwle.  Everywhere.  [Ol.«.] 
KM)  ED,  in  rnrne^,  •»  a  Saxon  word,  signifying  happy, 
fortunate ;  as  in  KdioarJ,  liappy  preserver  i  ■f-j'*"', 
hanpy  power;  B/iri<t,  happy  conqueror;  Fjxdulph, 
happy  assistance  ;  like  Macarim  and  t-ajioUmus  in 
Greek,  and  Fatuta,  FoHunatu-i,  FeUuanua,  in  I-itiil. 

(iibson. 
EA'OER,  (t'ger,)  a.  [Jr.  aigre :  Arm.  egr :  W.  egyr  : 
It.  agra:  Sp.  agrio  :  1..  acer,  fierce,  brisk,  sharp,  sour. 
If  r  Is  radicid,  this  word  belongs  to  Class  Or.  Ir. 
gMT,  /rwr"!  'harp;  Ger.  eicr.  Otherwise,  it  coln- 
ildes  with  L  acuJ;  Eng.  edge.  Sax.  eeg.] 

I  Excited  by  ardent  desire  in  the  pursuit  of  any 
obiccl ;  ardent  to  pursue,  perforin,  or  obtain  ;  inflamed 
by  desire  ;  ardently  wishing  or  lunging.  I  he  soldiers 
were  ea^er  to  engage  the  cn»niy.  .Men  are  ai^cr  m 
the  pursuit  of  weallll.  The  lover  is  eager  to  jKissesa 
the  object  of  his  alTections. 

2.  Ardent  ;  vehemtnt  ;  impetuous  ;  as,  rager 
spirits;  ni"«rwal  ;  f'lir'c  clamors. 

3.  Hlwrp ;  sour ;  acid  ;  as,  eager  droppings  into 
milk.    (/jh;«  «.W.]  s*^ 

4.  Sharp;  keen;  biting;  wvcre;  m,  eager  air, 
M^rrcold.     [/.,Ule  u^ed.]  Slmk.     Baecrn. 

5.  BrilUo;  inflexible;  not  ductdo ;  as,  the  gold  hi 
ton  eater.     [Local.]  ^         .    ,    i"cl«- 

EA'CER-LV,  adv.    With   great  ardor  of  desire ;  8r- 


E.\R 


E. 


dently  ;  earnestly  ;  warmly  j  with  prompt  zeal ;  as, 
he  eagerly  flew  to  the  assistance  of  his  friend. 

2.  Hastily  ;  impetuously. 

3.  Keenly  ;  sharply. 
EA'GEK-NESS,  n.  Ardent  desire  to  do,  pursue,  or  ob- 
tain any  thin^;  animated  zeal;  vehement  longing; 
ardor  of  inclination.  Men  pursue  honor  with  eagtr- 
nt**.  Detraction  is  often  received  with  eajrernejis. 
With  eairerness  the  soldier  rushes  to  battle.  The 
lover's  eagerness  often  disap|Miints  his  hopes. 

2.  Tartness;  sourness.     [OA,-*.] 
eA'GLK,  (e'gl,)  Ti.     [Fr.  ai<r[c;  i?[).  flirKi7a  ;  It.  aquila  i 
L,  aquila.     Uu.  from  his  beak,  Ch.  lleb    "jpy,  to  be 


EAR 


He   laid   his  seme   clo«er  ■ 
Utosc  til  net. 


crooked,  (see  Buxlorf,)  or  Pers.  3^''] 

1.  A  rapacious  bird  of  the  genus  Falco.  The  beak 
is  crooked,  and  furnished  with  a  cero  at  the  base,  and 
the  tuO^ue  is  cloven  or  bifid.  There  are  several  spe- 
cies, as  the  bald  or  white-headed  eagle,  the  sea  ea- 
gle or  ossifriige,  the  golden  eagle,  &c. 

Tlie  eagle  is  one  of  the  largest  species  of  binls, 
has  a  keen  sight,  and  preys  on  small  animals,  fish, 
itc.  He  lives  to  a  great  age  ;  and  it  is  said  that  one 
died  at  Vienna,  after  a  confinement  of  a  hundred  and 
four  years.  On  account  of  the  elevation  and  rapidity 
of  his  flight,  and  of  his  great  strength,  ho  is  called 
the  king  of  bird*  Hence  the  figure  of  an  eagle 
was  made  the  standard  of  the  Romans,  and  a  spread 
eagle  is  a  principal  figure  in  the  arms  of  the  United 
Stales  of  Ameri'-a.  Ht-nce,  also,  in  heraldrj',  it  is  one 
of  the  most  noble  bearings  in  armor>'. 

2.  A  grild  ciiin  of  Ihe  United  States,  of  the  value 
of  ten  dollars,  or  about  forty-three  shilling.s  sterling. 

3.  A  constellation  in  the  northern  hemisphere,  hav- 
ing its  right  wing  cimtiguous  to  the  equinoctial.  Ft 
contains  Altair,  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude.  F.neye. 

EA'OLE-EV-KI>,  (5'gl-Ide,)  a.      Sharpsighled   as  an 

eagle  ;  having  an  acute  sight.  Dryden. 

2.  Discerning;  having  acute  intellectual  vision. 

EA'aLE-FLTGHT-EO,  Ce'gl-flU-ed,)a.  Flying  like  an 

eagle  ;  mounting  high. 
EA'GLE-SIGHT'ED,  (u'gl-slt-ed,)  a.     Having  acute 

sight.  Sha/z. 

EA'GLE-PPEED,  n.     Swiftness  like  that  of  an  eagle. 
KA'GLKi^H    n.     A  f.Muale  or  hen  eagle.  [Pope. 

EA'Gl.I'^STONE,«.  Elites,  a  variety  of  nrgillaceous 
oxyd  of  irnn,  cK-ciirring  in  masses  varying  from  the 
size  of  a  walnut  to  that  of  a  man's  head.  Their  form 
is  itpherical,  ovnl,  or  nearly  reniform,  or  sometimes 
like  a  paralUloptppd  with  rounded  edges  and  angles. 
They  have  a  rough  surface,  and  are  essentially  com- 
posed of  colircnlric  liiyers.  The*-  nodules  often 
embrace  at  the  center  a  kernel  or  nucleus,  sometimes 
movable,  and  always  dillering  fron»  the  exterior  in 
color,  density,  nnd  fracture.  To  these  hollow  nodules 
the  nncbnts  gave  the  name  of  fajrle-stones,  from  an 
opinion  that  the  eagle  ininsported  them  to  her  nest  to 
facilitate  the  laying  of  her  eggs.  Cleaveland. 

PA'GLET,  n,     A  young  eagle,  or  a  diminutive  eagle. 
fcA'GLti-WING-KU,  a.    Having  the  winga  of  an  ea- 
gle ;  swift  as  an  eagle.  Mtlton. 
F:A'GM':-\VOOI>i  «•     A  fragrant  wood,  used  by  the 
'  Asiatics  for  burning  as  incense.                     Brande. 
EA'GKK,  n.    A  tide  swelling  above  another  tide,  as  in 

the  Severn.  Vrytien. 

F,AI/DEIt-MAN.    See  Aldkbmah. 
SAME,  «.     [Sax.  earn.] 

Uncle.     [Oh.<.]  Spenser. 

kAN,  r.  t.  or  1.    To  yean.     [See  Yeas.] 
EAN'IJXG,  n.     A  latnb   just  brought  forth.    [JV«( 

USfd.  ] 

EAR,  n.  [Sax.  ear,  tare :  D.  oor ;  Sw.  bra  ;  Dan.  iSre  ; 
(J.  oAr,  or  ifhr;  h.  auria,  whence  auricula,  Fr.  orcittey 
Sp.  vrfi'iy  Port.  OTclha,  It.  orecchiu.  Tiie  sonso  is 
probably  a  slimit  or  limb.  It  may  be  connected 
with  hear,  as  the  L.  naditi  is  With  the  Gr.  «"5,  (.jtxj.I 

1.  The  organ  of  hearing;  the  organ  by  which 
Bound  is  perceived  ;  and,  in  general,  both  the  oxtor- 
iial  and  internal  part  is  uudercttMid  by  the  term.  'I'he 
external  ear  is  a  cartilaginous  funnel,  attached,  by 
ligament-i  and  muscles,  to  the  tein[M>ral  bone.  Kncye. 

2.  'I'he  sfiiso  of  hearing,  or  rather  the  power  of 
distinguishing  sounds  and  judging  of  harmony;  the 
power  of  nice  perception  (tf  theditferencos  of  sound, 
or  of  consoJiaiices  anrl  dissonances.  She  has  a  dcli- 
ailo  far  for  music,  or  a  gimd  ear* 

3.  Inthe pturalj  the  head  or  jwrson. 

ll  k  l«Ml^  to   fn*t  otrr  an  ftffront  from  ooe  K«iin'lM,  '.htn  U* 
dmw  n  h'-.td  nlwul  uw;'»  eart.  L'Ji»lrange. 


5.  A  favorable  hearing  ;  attention  ;  heed  ;  regard. 
Give  no  ear  to  fiatterj-.  He  could  not  gain  the  prince'* 

I  cried  to  God  —  »nd  he  gare  tar  to  nw.  —  P».  IxxTii. 

6.  Disposition  to  like  or  dislike  what  is  heard  ; 
opinion;  judgment;  taste. 

-according  to  Ihe  style  and  tar  of 
Detthnm. 

7.  Any  part  of  a  thing  resembling  an  ear;  a  pro- 
jecting "part  from  Ihe  side  of  any  thing  ;  as,  the  ears 
of  a  vessel  used  as  handles. 

8.  The  8i)ike  of  corn  ;  that  part  of  certain  plants 
which  contains  the  flowers  and  seeds  ;  as,  an  ear  of 
wheat  or  maize. 

To  be  by  the  ears^ 

To  fait  together  by  the  ears, 

To  go  together  by  t/te  etirs. 

To  "set  by  the  ears ;  to  make  strife ;  to  cause  to 
quarrel. 

j9r  ear  for  miuie  i  an  ear  that  relishes  music,  or  that 
readily  distinguishes  lont-s  or  intervals. 
EAR,  r.  i.    To  shoot  as  an  ear  ;  to  form  ears,  as  com. 
EAR,  V.  e.     [L.  aro.} 

Topjlow  or  till.     [Obs.] 

"        '   "0  D( 


)  to  fight  or  scuffle  ;   to 
'  (     quarrel. 


kAR'A-BLE,  a.     Used  to  be  tilled.     [Obs.]     Barret. 
KAR'AeHE,(-a     .:  :  ,     ^       -    ..     - 

kAR'AL,  a.  Receiving  by  tlje  ear, 


kAR'ACHE,  (-ake,)  n.     [See  Ache.]     Pain  in  the  ear. 
LT.   [- 


4.  The  top,  or  highest  part. 

TUf  cavnll<T  wi«  up  tu  Ihe  iar$  in  lo»e. 


[Low.]    VEttranft. 


J^Tot  used.] 

lltwyt 
EtAR'-B5R-£D,  a.    Having  the  ear  perforated.     UaH. 
kAR'-GAP,  n.     A  cover  for  the  ears  against  cold. 
£AR'-DEAF-£N-ING,   (-de'fn- or -defn-,)  a.      Stun- 
ning the  ear  with  noise.  Shak. 
EAR'i:D,p;j.or  a.  Having  cars  ;  having  spikes  formed, 
2.  Plowed.    [Obs.'\                                    [as  corn. 
eAR'-E-RE€T'ING,  a.    Setting  up  the  cars.  Cowper. 
fiAR'ING,  n.     In  seamen^s  language.,  a  rope  attached  to 
the  cringle  of  a  sail,  by  which  it  is  bent  or  reefed. 
R.  H.  Dana,  Jr. 
eAR'ING,  n.     A  plowing  of  land.     Gen.  xliv. 
kAR'LAP,  n.     The  tip  of  the  ear. 
eAR'LOCK,  n.     [Sax.  ear-loca,] 

A  lock  or  curl  of  hair,  near  the  ear. 
gAR'MARK,  n.    A  mark  on  the  car,  by  which  a  sheep 

is  known. 
eAR'MARK,  r.  (     To  mark,  as  sheep,  by  cropping  or 

slitting  the  ear. 
ftAR'MXRK-SD,  r-m'Arkt,)  pjj.    Marked  on  the  ear. 
eAR'MARK-ING,  ppr.     Marking  on  the  ear. 
kAR'PICK,  71.     An  instrument  for  cleansing  the  ear. 
EAR'-PIkR-CING,  a.    Piercing  the  ear,  as  a  shrdl  or 

sharp  sound.  Shak. 

EAR'UI.N'G,  Ji.    A  [h-ndant;  an  ornament,  sometimes 

set  with  diamond.-*,  pearls,  or  otlier  jewels,  worn  at 

the  ear,  by  means  of  a  ring  passing  thnmgh  the  lobe. 

EAR'SHOT,  M.     Reach  of  the  ear;    the  distance  at 

which  words  may  be  heard.  Dryden. 

EAR'-TKUMP-ET,  n.    A  tube  applied  to  the   ear  to 

aid  in  hearing. 
EAR'WAX,  n.    The  cerumen ;  a  thick  viscous  sub- 
stance, secreted  by  the  glands  of  the  ear  into  the 
outer  passage.  Encye. 

EAR'WIG,  n.  [Sax.  ear^igga,  ear-vnega;  ear  nnd 
worm  or  grub.] 

1.  An  insect,  with  large  transparent  wmgs,  which 
eats  fruit  and  flower  leaves,  and  has  been  errone- 
ously supposed  to  creep  into  the  human  brain  ttirough 
the  ear.  .      ,      , 

In  JSTew  England^  this  name  is  vulgarly  given  to  a 
centiped.  ,  *        ., 

2.  Figuratirelii,  one  who  gams  the  car  of  another 
bv  stealth,  and  whispers  insinuations. 

EAR' WIG,  r.  ^  To  gain  the  ear  by  stealth,  and  whis- 
per insinuations.     [Colloquial  in  Kngla^td.] 

EAR'-WIT-NESS,  ».  One  who  is  able  to  give  testi- 
mony to  a  fact  from  his  own  hearing.  fVaUs. 

earl",  (erl,)n.  [Siix.  eorl ;  Ir.  iaW«,  an  earl;  ear- 
lumh,  noble.  This  word  is  said  to  have  been  received 
from  the  Danes,  although  not  now  used  in  Denmark. 
Formerly,  this  title  among  the  Danes  was  equivalent 
to  the  English  alderman.     Sprlmnn.'] 

A  British  title  of  nobility,  or  a  nobleman,  the  third 
in  rank,  being  next  helnw  a  marquis,  and  nextabove. 
a  viscount.  The  title  answers  to  eonnt  [compte]  in 
France,  and  graaf  in  Germany.  The  earl  fnrmerly 
had  the  gttvernment  of  a  shire,  and  was  called  .■*Aifr- 
man.  After  Ihe  conquest,  earls  were  called  fount*, 
and  from  them  shires  have  taken  the  name  of  coun- 
ties. Earl  is  n(»w  a  mere  title,  unconnected  with  ter- 
ritorial jurisdiction.  Spelman,     Eneye. 

EARI/DOM,  (erl'dum,)  n.  The  seignory,  jurisdic- 
tion, or  dignity  of  an  earl. 

EARI*-MAR'SHAL,  B.  An  officer  in  Great  Rritain, 
who  has  tlie  su(»3rinlendence  of  miliUiry  solemnities. 


TONE,  nyiX,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  Vl'^CI0U8.-€  na  K ;  6  as  J  t  g  a*  Z ;  OH  as  8H  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


.'?7.*^ 


EAR 


ir  a  officer  of  stale.    The  office 

M  I  hy  prant  of  llie  king,  Iml  ia 

n.-  Kimilvof  the  Howards,  ijicyc. 

E.\RUL» -i'l^N  NV,  v'-'iIj:-)  ».  Money  given  in  part 
pavaifiit.     (Uu.  I*,  crrha.]     [.Vot  in  twe.] 

SJiR'hi'^S^  a.  beslitutd  uif  ears  ;  disindiaed  lo  hear 
or  lii^'n.  . 

E.\R'U-ER,  (et'li-crO  a.  camp.  More  forward  or  eariy. 

EAR'LI-EST,  (er'li-est,)  «.  ntperf.     Most  rarly ;  flr*. 

EAR'U-NESS.  (cKli-nes^.,)  •«.  •    uiJ  Ebb.] 

A  stale  of  advance   or   f  :  ^   >^*atc  of 

being  before  any  ihiiip,  or  at  ;  -  •  as*  *"'« 

««Wiju>4U  of  rising  in  ihe  niormiij  ;s  ;i  nsiiip  at  Uie 
dawn  of  Uie  morning;,  or  iKforc  the  usual  lime  of 
rising.  So  we  svieuk  of  tlie  earline.^s  of  spring,  or  tlie 
mrtimesa  of  plant*,  to  exi»ess  a  state  aomewhul  in 
advance  of  tbe  usual  tiiDfl  of  spring,  or  growtta  of 
plants. 

EAR'LY,  (crny,)  «.  (from  l^ax.  «r,  «r,  before  in 
inne,  Eng.  ere,  which  indicates  the  root  of  tbe  word 
tti  signify,  to  advance,  to  paas  along,  or  shoot  up.  It 
is  ptvbably  connecfcd  with  the  D.  Mr,  G.  ehrt,  Sw. 
dfaw,  Dan.  «r«,  honiu-,  denoting  the  highest  point.] 

1.  In  adi*ance  of  ^miething  cl<e ;  prior  in  time  ; 
fom-ard  ;  as,  <wWy  fniit,  that  i*,  fruit  Ibat  cornea  to 
maluritv  before  other  fruii  ;  early  gruwih  ;  <uWy 
manhood ;  Mrtf  old  age  or  decrepitude,  that  is, 
premature  old  age.  So  an  tarty  spring  i  an  eoWy 
harvest. 

2.  Fir«l ;  being  at  the  beginning  ;  as,  Mrly  dawn. 

3.  Being  tu  good  season ;  as,  the  court  met  at  an 
esr/v  hour. 

EAK'LV,  <,6t^y,)  adv.  Soon  ;  in  good  season  ;  be- 
times ;  as,  n«e  earty ;  come  farly :  begin  early  to 
instil  into  children  princii^es  of  piety. 

TboM  tbkt  Kck  ax  mriy  ■tvUl  fuitl  ax.  —  ProT.  viU. 
EARN,  (em,)  c.  L  fSax.  earjtutm,  «nii«a,  j-iwndCT,  to 
earn,  to  merit  It  is  connected  in  origin  with  Ea«- 
KK*T  and  Vearw,  which  see.  Tbe  primatj'  sense 
Ss  to  strive  or  urge,  implying  an  effort  lo  advance  or 
■Uetcb  forward.] 

L  To  merit  or  drserre  by  labor,  or  by  any  per- 
formance ;  to  do  that  which  eniitles  to  a  reward, 
whether  the  reward  is  rec*-ivcd  or  nt*.  Men  often 
sent  money  or  honor  ^hich  they  never  receive. 
JEarm  money  before  you  spend  it,  and  spend  less  tlian 
^youcar*. 

It  b  Mk  to  bap»,  by  oar  riwft-d^trd  cooainncfM,  to  iivurw 
la  •  DMok  Wkku^  mtieti  Uku  own  ctwnOOT  bu  ou( 
tmtJa  Omnmimg. 

S.  To  gain  by  labor,  service,  or  performance  j  to 
^serre  and  receive  as  compensation  ;  as,  to  earn  a 
duUar  a  day  -,  to  tar*  a  good  living' ;  to  earn  honors  or 

Uur-.Is. 

rnO  r.  u     rsai.  fyrmam.]     To  long  for;  to 

ly.     See  Ykaes.  Speaker. 

.  I.     To  curdle.  .^VrtJ^  qf  England. 

K  v.:\  ;.[>,  (ernd,)  pp.    Merited  by  labor  or  perform- 

•lucv  -.  gained. 
EAtiN  i::!T,  (em'esl,)  a,  [Sax.  remcst  or  ^wmesJ, 
ixwca.  gfom^  desirous,  studious,  diligent,  asaidiioiisi, 
whence  gtorHtaOy  ffrnan,  to  desire,  lo  yrara  ;  Dan. 
gitne,  willingly,  freely,  gladly,  cheerfully  ;  gieming, 
a  deed,  act,  exploit  ^  Ger.  ernst ;  D.  ernat ;  W.  em, 
euiMSt-mooey.  The  radical  sense  is,  to  strive  tu  ad- 
Tmnce,  to  reach  forward,  to  urge,  to  strain.] 

1.  .\rdent  in  tbe  pursuit  o(  an  object  ;  eager  to 
obtain  ;  having  a  longing  desire  ;  warmly  engaged 
or  incited. 

Ttej  u«  Qfvrr  mote  temtat  id  dirtutb  m,  ihw  wben  th<?  *en 
at  muM  Mnwxl  in  ttaw  dutr.  DupjA. 

fi.  Afdent ;  warm ;  eager  ;   xealous  ;   animated  } 
importunate  ;  as,  tarnai  in  love ;  tarHtat  in  prayer. 
X  Intent ;  fixed. 

Ob  iImI  tswipwi  ■trsRce 
TWrMrwlCTMWcraasBd.  AfUlon. 

4.  Senoos  :  important ;  that  is,  really  intent  or  en- 
gaged ;  whence  the  phrase  m  eantut.  To  ht  m  eant~ 
at,  H  to  be  realty  urging  or  stretching  toward  an 
object ;  intent  on  a  pursuit.  Hence,  from  fixed  atten- 
tion, citraes  the  sense  of  seno^Lsness  in  Ihe  pursuit,  as 
opposed  to  trifling  or  jest.  Ak  ycM.  in  earnest  ot  in  jeA  J 
EARX'EST,  (cmVst,)  «.  Seriousness;  a  reality;  a 
leal  event ;  as  opposed  to  jesting  or  feigned  appear- 
ance. 

TalK  bnrd  that  Hut  jrat  do  not  one  ^j  Uim  to  tanteMt.    Sidney. 
And  p«  in  eamgtt  wb»t  I  begged  in  Jrst.  SSiok. 

2.  Fir^  fniits ;  that  which  is  in  advance,  and  gives 
promise  of  soineiliing  to  come.  Early  friiit  may  be 
sin  earnest  o€  fruit  lo  follow.  The  Christian's  pf-ace 
of  mind,  in  Uiis  life,  is  an  earnest  of  future  peace  and 
happiness.  The  earnest  of  the  Spirit  is  given  to  the 
saints,  as  the  assurance  of  Ibeir  future  enjoyment  of 
Gud's  favor  and  presence. 

3.  A  part  paid  or  dili%'ered  beforehand,  as  money 
or  goods,  under  a  contract,  as  a  pledge  and  security 
tor  the  whole.  Thus,  earnest,  or  tarnest-moHcy,  is  a 
first  pnyment  or  deposit,  giving  promi-^e  or  assurance 
of  full  payment,  and  serving  also  to  bind  the  seller 
to  the  terms  of  the  agreement.  McCuUoch. 

Hence  tbe  practice  of  giving  an  earnest  to  ratify  a 
bargain. 


BAR 

4.  In  a  toitlrr  ^tiifutr,  a  pledge  or  nssuronco  of  more  ' 
to  come  hereafter  ;  as,  to  give  earnest  of  success, 

EARiVEST-LV,  (ern'est-Iy,)  ade.  Wannlv  ;  zeal- 
ouisly  ;  importunately  ;  eagerly  ;  with  real  desire. 

l^ing  in  (u»«g»nj-,  h-?  pntyril  inuor  eamt*l!y.  —  T.ukff  xxU. 
That  TC  ktioiilil  rar>v«t'y  eviili?a>l  fi>r  Utc  tuih  ouce  dcIivuTud  to 
tbe  Kxinu.  —  JuJe  3. 

5.  With  fixed  attention  ;  with  eagerness. 

A  certain  maiJ  looked  tarrMttiy  upon  litui.  —  l.ukc  xxU. 

E.\RN"EST-MOX-EV,  (mun-ny,)  n.  Money  paid  as 
a  V>I<^|:**  or  securitv. 

EAR.N'EST-NESS,  (cm'est-nefw,)  n.  Ardor  nr  zeal  in 
the  pursuit  of  any  thing;  eagerness;  animated  de- 
sire ;  as,  to  seek  or  ask  with  camestiiess ;  to  engage 
in  a  work  with  earnestness. 

9.  Anxious  care;  solicitude;  iutensencss  of  de- 
sire Dryden. 

3.  Fixed  desire  or  attention  ;  seriousness ;  as,  tjie 
charge  was  maintained  with  a  show  of  gmvity  and 
Atmc-stnsss. 

EARN'FUI.,  (ern'ful,)  a.   Full  of  anxiety.   [J^ut  used.'] 

EARN'I.NG,  (ern'ing,)  pjrr.  Meriting  by  services; 
gnining  by  labor  or  pertormance. 

EAR.N'l.NG,  (ern'ine.)  «. ;  ;>/.  Eajimkhs.  That  which 
is  earned  ;  tliat  wliicli  is  gained  or  merited  by  labor, 
ser\'ice3,  or  perfonnancea ;  wages  ;  reward.  The 
folly  of  young  men  is  to  8|»end  their  earnings  in  dis- 
Bi[»ution  or  extravagance.  It  is  wise  for  the  poor  lo 
invest  tlieir  earnings  in  a  produclive  fund. 

EAR61L,  (ersh,)  h.  [See  Ear,  to  plow.]  'A  plowed 
field.     [A"!**  lit  use.]  May. 

EARTH,  (erlh,)  «.  [p&X.  rard,  eorfA,  yr(A;  D.  aarde; 
O.  erde;  Sw.  wrd,  jord;  Dan.  iord ;  Scot,  erd,  yerd, 
fertk}  Turk.  j«r<^:  Tartaric,  ytrdci.  It  coincides  with 

the  Hob.  fiK.    Tbe  Ar.  \j^j\  ararfA,  (torn  which 

the  Arabic  and  Hebrew  words  corresponding  to  the 
Teutonic  above,  are  derived,  signifies  lo  eat,  gnaw, 
or  corrode  as  a  worm,  or  the  teredo.  It  is  obvious, 
then,  that  the  primar)'  sense  of  rartA  is  fine  particks, 
like  mold.  The  verb  may  be  from  f^i,  to  break  or 
bniise.  The  Ch.  and  Syr.  KJJ"vn,  earth,  may  be  con 
tracted  from  the  same  word.    Sec  Corrode.] 

1.  fai-tA,  in  its  primary  sense,  signifies  Uio  particles 
which  compose  the  ma.«s  of  the  globe,  but  more  partic- 
ularly, the  particles  which  furui  the  fine  mold  on  tht 
surface  of  the  globe  ;  or  it  dcnuti-s  any  indefinite  mans 
or  portion  of  that  matter.  We  throw  up  earth  with  a 
spade  or  plow  ;  we  fill  a  pit  or  ditch  with  earth  ;  we 
form  a  raraparl  with  earth.  1'his  substance  being 
considered,  by  ancient  philosophers,  as  simple,  was 
called  an  element;  and,  in  (Ktpuliu  language,  we  still 
hear  of  the  four  elfnu-nL'i,  jfr*-,  air,  earth,  and  water. 

2.  In  chemistry,  the  term  earth  was,  till  lately,  em- 
ployed to  denote  a  supposed  simjile  elementary  body 
or  substance,  defined  to  be  ta.-^lLles.'s,  inodorous,  un- 
inflammable, and  infusible.  Itut  it  has  also  been 
applied  to  substances  which  have  a  very  sensible  al- 
kaline taste,  as  lime.  The  primitive  earths  have 
been  reckoned  ten  in  number;  of  which  five  are 
considered  earths  proper,  namely,  alumina,  ^lucina, 

f'iria,  zirconia,  and  tkorina ;  four  possess  decided  al- 
aline  properties,  namely,  baryta,  strontia,  lime  or 
ealcia,  and  magaeAa :  and  one,  silica^  is  regarded  as 
an  acid,  and  olien  called  eilicic  acid.  Recent  experi- 
ments prove  tliat  alt  of  them,  except  silica,  are  com- 
pounds of  oxygen  with  metallic  bases. 

Davy.     Silliinan.     Phillips.      Ure. 

3.  The  terraqueous  globe  whicli  we  inhabit.  The 
earth  is  nearly  spherical,  but  a  little  flatted  at  the 
poles,  and  hence  its  figure  is  called  an  oblate  a-phfroid. 
It  is  one  of  the  primary-  planets,  revolving  mund  the 
sun  in  an  orbit  which  is  between  those  of  Venus  and 
Mars.  It  is  nearly  eight  thousand  miles  in  diameter, 
and  twenty-five  thousand  mili^s  in  circumference. 
lis  mean  distance  from  the  sun  is  about  ninety-five 
millions  of  miles,  and  its  annual  revelation  consti- 
tutes the  year  of  3lJ5  days,  5  hours,  and  nearly  49 
minutes. 

4.  Tbe  world,  as  opposed  to  other  scenes  of  exist- 
ence Shak. 

5.  The  inhabitants  of  the  globe. 
Tbe  whole  earth  wr»  of  one  language.  — Gi-n.  xl. 

6.  Dry  land,  opposed  to  the  s^a. 
God  cailed  ilie  dry  Inud  earth.  —  Gen,  I. 

7.  Country  ;  region  ;  a  distinct  part  of  the  globe. 

I^ryden. 

In  this  sense,  land  or  soil  is  more  generally  used. 
In  Scripture,  earth  is  used  for  a  part  of  the  world. 

r.zra  i.  2. 

8.  The  ground  ;  the  surface  of  the  earth.  He  fell 
to  tbe  earth.    The  ark  wasliitt-d  above  liie  earth. 

In  (be  accond  month  —  waa  ibe  earth  ilried.  —  Gen.  viiL 

9.  In  Scripture,  things  on  the  earth  ore  carnal,  sen- 
sual, tem[x>rarv' things;  opiMJsed  lo  heavenly,  spirit- 
ual, or  divine  things 

10.  FtvuraUvely,  a  low  condition.     Rev.  xii. 

11.  [from  ear,  t^ax.  erian,  L.  arc,  to  plow.l  The 
act  of  turning  up  the  ground  in  tillage      [A<>(  iised.] 

Tusser 


EAS 

EARTH,  (ertli,)  v.  L  To  hide,  or  cause  to  hide,  in  the 
earth. 

Tli«  fox  Is  tarthed.  Dryden. 

2.  To  cover  with  earth  or  mold.  Evelyn. 

EARTH,   V.   i.      To  retire  under  ground  ;  lo  burrow. 

Here  foxes  earthed. 
EARTH'-BAG,  n.  A  bag  filled  with  earth,  used  for  de- 
fense in  war. 
EARTH'-BANK,  n,     A  bank  or  mound  of  earth. 
EARTH'-ItOAUU,  (erth'hord,)  n.  The  board  of  a  plow 

that  turns  over  the  earth  ;  the  mold-board. 
EAU'J'H'llOR.X,  a.     Ihirn  of  the  earth;  terrigenous; 
springing  originally  from  the  earth  ;   as,  the  fabled 
2.  Earthly  ;  terrestrial.  [earth-bora  giants. 

All  tarth-born  earu*  are  wrong.  GoUlsmilh. 

EARTH'-BOUND,  a.  Fastened  by  the  pressure  of  the 
earth.  Shak. 

EARTll'-BRED,  fl.     Low;  abject;  groveling. 

EARTH'-CRE-AT'ED,  a.     Formed  of  earth.      Young. 

EARTH'>;D,  (erthd.);?;*.     Hid  in  the  earth. 

EARTH'/;.\,  (erth'n,)  a.  Made  of  earth  ;  made  of 
clay  ;  as,  an  rarthni  vessel ;  earthen  ware. 

EARTH'E.X-WARE,  n,  '  Ware  made  of  earth  j  crock- 
ery.   It  is  less  hard  than  stone-ware. 

EAftTH'-FED,  a.     I^w  ;  abject.  B.  Jonson. 

EARTH'-FLAX,  71.  Amianth;  a  fibroua,  flexile,  elas- 
tic mineral  substance,  consisting  of  short  interwoven, 
or  long  panilb-1  filaments.  Eneye. 

EARTH'I-NESS,  «.  The  quality  of  being  earthy,  or 
of  containing  earth;  grossness.  Johnson. 

EAUTH'ING,  (erth'ing,)  ppr.    Hiding  in  the  earth. 

EAKTIl'Ll-NESS,  n.  [from  eartlUy.]  The  quality  of 
being  earthly  ;  grossness. 

2.  Worldlinesa;  strong  attachment  to  worldly 
things. 

E.\RTirLING,  71.  An  inhabitant  of  the  earth;  a 
mortal ;  a  frail  creature.  Drummond. 

EARXH'LY',a.  PerUiiningtotheearth,or  tothis  world. 

Out  earthly  houae  of  lliia  tttbcrnaclc.  — 2  Cor.  v. 

2.  Not  heavenly  ;  vile ;  mean. 

ThU  earlhty  loul 
Of  ileaih  oUii.ll  lii«.  AK/fon. 

3.  Belonging  lo  OUT  present  state;  as,  cartWy  ob- 
jects ;  earthly  residence. 

4.  Belonging  to  the  earth  or  world  ;  carnal;  vile; 
as  opposed  to  sjnritual  or  heavenly. 

Who««   plory  U  in  Uieir  ahiuue,  who   mlntl  eart/tly  Himgt, -^ 
Phil.  iii. 

5.  Coi-porcal ;  not  mental.  Spaiser. 
G.  Any  thing  on  earth. 

Whiit  eartidy  \»w^\i  can  be  Ihe  reault  i  Pope. 

EARTHa^Y-MIND'ED,  o.  Having  a  mind  devoted 
to  earthly  things. 

EARTH'LY-MIXD'ED-NESS,  n.  Crossness;  sen- 
suality ;  extreme  dcvotedness  lo  earthly  objects. 

Gregory. 

EARTH'~NUT,  n.  The  popular  name  of  a  spherical 
knob,  the  size  of  a  cherry,  which  is  bhick  wUhniit 
and  while  within,  and  is  a  part  of  the  root  of  the 
Carum  Bulboeaslanum.  VcCand. 

2.  The  seed-vessel  and  seed  of  the  Arachis  hy- 
pogffia,  a  leguminous  plant,  called  also  pea-nut.  It 
lies  upon,  or  is  buried  in  the  earth,  where  it  ripens. 

EARTH'aUAKE,  n.  A  shaking,  trembling,  or  con- 
cussion of  the  earth  ;  somt-times  a  filight  tremor  ;  at 
other  times  a  violent  shaking  or  convulsion  ;  at  oth- 
er times  a  rocking  or  heaving  of  the  earth.  Earth- 
quakes are  usually  preceded  by  a  rattling  sound  in 
the  air,  or  by  a  subterraneous  rumbling  noise.  Hence 
the  name  earthdin,  formerly  given  lo  an  earthquake. 

EARTH'-SHAK-INO,  a.  Shakiiiglhe  earth;  having 
[mwcr  to  shake  the  earth.  Milton. 

EARTH-WAN'DER-IiNG,  a.    Roving  over  the  earth. 

EARTH'-WORK,  (erth'wurk,)  n.  In  engineering,  a 
term  applied  to  cuttings,  embankments,  &c. 

E.VRTH'-WORM,  (crth'wunn,)  n.  The  dew  worm,  a 
species  of  lumbricus;  a  worm  that  lives  under 
ground.  Eneye. 

9.  A  mean,  sordid  wretch. 

EARTH'Y,  a.     Consisting  of  earth  ;  as,  earthy  matter, 

2.  Resembling  earth  ;  as,  an  MrtAy  taste  or  smell. 

3.  Partaking  of  earth;  terrene.  Mdton. 

4.  Inhabiting  the  earth;  terrestrial;  as,  earthy 
spirits.  Dryden. 

5.  Relating  to  earth  ;  as,  an  earthy  sign.      Drydm. 

6.  Gross  ;  nut  refined  ;  as,  an  earthy  conceit.  Shak. 

7.  Earthy  fracture^  in  mineralogy,  is  when  the 
fracture  of  a  mineral  is  rough,  with  minute  eleva- 
tions and  depressions.  Cleaveland. 

E.\£E,  (<ize,)  n.  [Fr.  aise ;  Arm.  aez ;  W.  haicz ;  Corn. 
hed/t;  Sax.  a:th  or  eath,  easy  ;  L.  o(iuwt,-  It.  agio;  It. 
easgaidh,] 

1.  Rest ;  an  undisturbed  state,  .applied  to  the  hody^ 
freedom  from  pain,  disturbance,  excitement,  or  an- 
noyance.    He  sits  at  his  ea-^e.     He  takes  his  ra^e. 

2  J^irjdicd  to  the  viind,^  quiet  stale;  tnmquillity  ; 
freedom  from  pain,  concern,  anxiety,  sohciiude,  or 
any  thing  that  frets  or  ruffles  the  mind. 

His  ioiil  ».Wl  (!wll  M  eoMC.  —  P».  xxt. 

Woe  lo  Uicm  tliot  are  at  eat*  in  Zion.  —  Amos  n, 

3.  Rest  from  labor. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— METE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


37P 


EAS 

4.  Facility  ;  freedom  fruiii  diflicuUy  or  great  labor. 
One  man  will  perform  lliia  service  witli  ease.  This 
author  writes  with  ease. 

5.  Freedom  from  stiffness,  harshness,  forced  ei- 
pref»sions,  or  uimatural  arrangemeut :  as,  the  ease  of 
style. 

6.  Freedom  from  constraint  or  formality  ;  unaf- 
fecledness  ;  as,  ease  of  behavior 

Jit  ease ;  in  au  undisturbed  slate ;  free  from  pain  or 
anxiety. 
Ease,  v,  t.    To  free  from  pain,  or  any  disquiet  or  an- 
n.tyance,  as  Vie  body  ;  to  relieve  ;   to  give  rest  to  j  as, 
tlie  medicine  has  eased  the  patient. 

9.  To  free  from  anxiety,  care,  or  disturbance,  as 
the  mind  ;  as,  the  late  news  has  eased  my  mind. 

3.  To  remove  a  burden  from,  either  of  body  or 
mind;  to  relieve;  \vith  of.  Ease  me  of  this  luadj 
taae  them  of  their  burdens. 

4.  To  mitigate  ;  to  alleviate  ;  to  assuage  ,■  to  abate 
or  remove  in  part  any  burden,  pain,  grief,  anxiety,  or 
disturbance. 

Ease  ihou  >oinewha.t  the  gnetoiM  servitude  of  thy  hiher. S 

Cbron.  x. 

5.  To  quiet ;  to  allay  ;  to  destroy  ;  as,  to  ease  pnin. 
To  ease  qf,  or  ease  away,  in  seamen's  language,  is  to 

slacken  a  rope  gradually. 

To  rosea  skip,  is  to  put  tlw  helm  hard  a-lee, or  reg- 
ulate the  sail,  to  prevent  her  pitching,  wJien  clost*- 

_  hauleil.  T'otten. 

KAS'£D,  (5zd,);i7».  '  Freed  from  pain  ;  alleviated. 

KASE'FJ^'L,  a.     Uuiet ;  peaceful ;  fit  for  rest.    S/uJc. 

£A?E'Fijl^LY,  adv.     With  ease  or  quiet.      Skenoood. 

EASE'FJJL-XESS,  n.    State  of  being  easeful. 

£A£'EL,  n.     The  frame  on  which  painters  place  their 
canvas. 

Elasel-pieceSy  among  painters^  are  the  smaller  pieces, 
either  portraits  or  landscapes,  which  are  paintud  on 
the  easel,  as  distinguished  from  those  which  are 
drawn  on  walls,  ceihngs,  Acc.       Encye.     Cludmers. 

KASE'LESS,  a.     Wanting  ease. 

kASE'MENT,   u.      Convenience  ;    accoramodatioo ; 
that  which  gives  ease,  relief,  or  assistance. 

il«  hA»  th«  adraoiagv  of  a  free  loUpog,  utd  aume  oth*^  eo**- 

9.  In  law,  any  privilege  or  convenience  which  one 
man  has  of  another,  either  by  prescription  or  charter, 
without  profit  J  as  a  way  through  his  land,  ice, 

Encye.     Cowel. 
EAS'I-LY,   adv.     [from  easy.]     Without  difficulty  or 
great  labor  ;  without  great  exertion,  or  sacrifice  of  la- 
bor or  expense;    as,   this   task   may  be  easily  per- 
formed ;  that  event  might  have  been  easily  foreseen. 

9.  Without  pQtn,  anxiety,  or  disturbance  ;  in  tran- 
quillity ;  as,  to  pass  life  well  and  easUy.        Temple. 

3.  Readily  ;  without  tiie  pain  of  reluctance. 

Not  •oon  proTokml,  she  eatily  taxgiyf.  Prior. 

4.  Smoothly;  quietly;  gently;  without  tumult  or 
discord. 

5.  Without  violent  shaking  or  Jolting;  a:»,  a  car- 
riage moves  easily. 

£A8'I-NESS,  n.    Freedom  from  difficulty  ;  ease. 

Eaainisi  and  diHicull^  w  reUtive  tfrmi.  TUloimm. 

S.  Flexibility  ;  readiness  to  comfrfy  ;  prompt  eom- 
pliance;  a  yielding  or  disposiUon  to  yield  without 
opposition  or  reluctance. 

Give  to  him,  tJnA  btr  •faftll  but  kngh  M  fwu 


EAT 


EBO 


raa^imt*.    SovA. 
Bo  wo  say,  a  man's  eaginess  of  temper  Is  remarka- 
ble. 

3.  Freedom  from  stifHiess,  constraint,  effort,  or 
formality  ;  applied  to  m&Aners^  or  to  the  stt/le  of  toriting. 

Ruscommon, 

4.  Rest ;  tranquillity  ;  ease  ;  freedom  from  p;»in. 

Aoy. 

5.  Freedom  from  shaking  or  jolting,  as  of  a  mov- 
ing vehicle. 

6.  Hodness  ;  as,  the  easiness  of  a  sent. 
EA8'INO,  \Kz'm%.)ppr.     Relieving;  mitigating. 
EAST,  (est,)  n.       [Si*X.  cast:    D.  oost,  oosien  ;  (J.   ost; 

Sw.  osf^osUn  ;  l)nn.  a*(,  im^n  ;  Vr.  ejit.  If  the  radi- 
cal sense  coincides  with  that  of  the  I^  orient,  this 
Word  may  belong  to  the  rt»ot  of  hoisr,  hoisu] 

1.  The  point  in  the  heavens  where  the  sun  Is  seen 
to  rise  at  the  equinox,  or  when  it  is  in  the  eqiiinoc- 
tinl,  or  the  corresponaing  point  on  the  earth  ;  one  of 
the  four  cardinal  |M<int.^  The  cast  and  the  wes-t  are 
ttie  poiiiti  wht-re  a  line  at  right  angles  to  the  meridian 
of  a  place  intersects  the  horizon.  But  to  persons 
under  the  equinoctial  line,  that  hne  constitutes  oast 
and  we«L 

2.  The  exstern  parts  of  the  earth  ;  the  regions  or 
countrtes  which  lie  east  of  Europe,  or  other  conntry. 
In  this  indefinite  sense,  the  word  is  applied  to  Asia 
Minor,  Hyria,  Clialdea,  Persia,  India,  China,  &,e. 
We  !<peaki»f  the  riches  of  the  east,  the  diamonds  and 
pearls  of  the  eiut,  the  kings  of  the  easL 

Th«  porfffotu  M«c,  with  rich'>si  hand. 

Pounon  hri^r  kingi  iMuixuk.  ficxti  and  gold.  Afillon. 

ft.\ST,  a.    Toward  the  rising  sun  ;  or  toward  the  point 
where  the  sun  riueM,  wh<-n  In  the  equinoctial  j  as,  the 
tost  gate  ;  the  east  btjrder ;  the  east  side ;  the  east 
HI  is  a         •  -   -  •  * 


wind 


I  wind  that  blows  from  the  east 


KAS'TER,  n.  [Sax.  caster;  G.  osterai  supposed  to  be 
from  thstre,  the  goddess  of  love,  or  Venus  of  the 
north,  in  honor  of  whom  a  festival  was  celebrated 
by  our  pagan  ancestors,  in  April ;  whence  this  month 
was  cailed  Eostennunath.  Easier  is  supposed,  by 
Beda  and  others,  to  be  the  Astarte  of  the  Sidonians. 
See  Beda,  Cluver,  and  the  authorities  cited  by  Clu- 
vei-,  and  by  Jamieson,  under  Paysyad.  But  query.] 
A  festival  of  the  Chri.stian  church,  observed  in 
commemoration  of  wir  Savior's  resurrection,  and  oc- 
curring on  Sunday,  the  third  day  attcr  Good  Friday. 
It  answers  to  ilie  pasclia  or  pasaover  of  thH  Hebrews, 
and  most  nations  still  give  it  this  name,  pasc/m,  ptuJk, 
paq\te. 

EAS'TER-LING,  n.    A  native  of  soma  country  east- 
ward of  another.  Spenser. 
2.  A  species  of  waterfowl.                         Johnson. 

EAS'TER-LY,  a.  Coming  from  the  eastward ;  as,  an 
easterly  wind. 

2.  Situated  toward  the  east;  as,  the  easterly  Q\d,Q 
of  a  lake  or  country. 

3.  Toward  the  east ;  as,  to  move  in  an  easterly 
direction. 

4-  EcKjking  toward  the  east ;  as,  an  easterly  ex- 
posure. 

fi.'VS'TER-LY,  attv.  On  the  east ;  in  the  direction  of 
east. 

eAS'TERN,  a.     rSax.  easteryi.] 

1.  Oriental ;  being  or  dwelling  in  the  east ;  as, 
eastern  kings  ;  eastern  countries  ;  eastern  nations. 

2.  Situated  toward  the  east ;  <m  the  east  part ;  as, 
the  eastern  side  of  a  town  or  church  ;  the  eastern 
gate. 

3.  Going  toward  the  east,  or  in  the  direction  of 
east ;  as,  an  eastern  voyagi;. 

£AST'WARD,  adv.  [east  and  vfard.}  Toward  the 
east ;  in  the  direction  of  east  from  some  point  or 
place.  New  Haven  lies  eastward  from  New  York. 
Turn  your  eyes  ea.ittcwd. 

EAS'Y,  (i-z'y,)  a.  [See  Ease.]  Quiet ;  being  at  rest ; 
free  from  pain,  disturbance,  or  annoyance  The  pa- 
tient has  sl.-pt  well  and  is  easy. 

2.  Free  from  anxiety,  care,  solicitude,  or  peevish- 
ness ;  quiet ;  tranquil ;  as,  an  easy  mind. 

3.  Giving  no  pain  or  disturbance  ;  as,  an  easy  pos- 
ture ;  an  easy  ciuriage. 

4.  Not  difficult;  that  gives  or  requires  no  great 
labor  or  exertion  ;  that  presents  no  great  obstacles  ; 
as,  an  easy  task  ;  it  is  often  more  easy  to  resolve  than 
to  execute. 

KnowlMlgo  ia  ea»y  lo  him  that  imdi-nUndotb.  —  Pror,  xl». 

5.  Not  causing  labor  or  difficulty.  An  easy  ascent 
or  slope,  is  a  slope  rising  with  a  small  angle. 

(j.  Smooth;  not  uneven;  not  rough  or  very  billy ; 
that  may  be  traveled  with  ease  ;  as,  an  tiuf  rnad. 

7.  Gentle ;  moderate ;  not  pressing ;  as,  a  ship 
under  ea.fy  sail. 

8.  Yielding  with  little  or  no  resistance  ;  comply- 
ing ;  credulous. 

With  iucli  dewlu  hfl  guliied  their  muy  heart*.  Dryden. 

9.  Ready;  nut  unwilling;  as,  fa*y  to  forgive. 

Dryden. 

10.  Contented  ;  satisfied.  Allow  hired  men  wages 
that  will  make  Utem  easv. 

11.  Giving  case;  freeing  from  labor,  care,  or  the 
fatigue  of  business;  furnishing  abundance  without 
toll  ;  affluent ;  as,  easy  circumstances ;  an  easy  for- 
tune. 

12.  Not  constrained  ;  not  stiff  or  formal ;  as,  eatfy 
manners;  an  e^y  address;  cosy  movements  in 
dancing. 

13.  Smooth ;  flowing ;  not  harah ;  as,  an  easy 
stylo. 

14.  Not  Jolting  or  pitching ;  as.  the  horse  has  an 
ea*y  gait ;  the  motion  of  the  ship  u  etuy. 

13.  Xot  heavy  or  burdensome. 

My  yoke  i«  tcuy,  ftiid  my  biink-n  li^ie.  —  MaU.  xi 
JEAT,  r.  t.  ;  preU  Atk  ;  pp.  Eat  or  Eatkn.  [Sax.  Aiian, 
soten,  jflun,  and  etan ;  Goth,  itan ;  Dan.  aider ;  Sw. 
iUa  i  D.  eeteny  pp.  ge^ecten ;  G.  essen,  pp.  gegessen ; 
Kusit.  ida,  iado,  tile  act  of  eating  ;  I,,  edo,  esse,  csam  f 
Gr.  t^t.1  i  \V.  ysu  ;  Ir.  i(Aim,  itheadh ;  Sans,  ada.  The 
Dutch  and  German,  with  the  prefix  ge,  form  the  pass. 
part,  grgceten^  gegessen^  which  indicates  that  the 
origiiiiil  was  geeten,  aessen.  Class  Gd  or  Gs,  in 
which  there  are  several  rotiU  from  which  this  word 
may  be  deduced.    Etch  is  from  the  same  root.] 

1.  To  bite  or  chew,  and  swallow,  as  footl.  Men 
eat  fiesh  and  vegetables. 

They  rti&ll  make  iLoe  lo  «af  graaa  u  oxen.  —  Dui.  iv. 

9.  To  corrode;  to  wear  away;  lo  separate  parts 
of  a  thing  gradually,  as  an  animal  by  gnawing.  We 
say,  a  cancer  eats  iho  fiesh. 

3.  To  consume ;  to  waste. 

Wh.cn   fixKli  UkCrCMC,   ihey   »re   hwrtMWl  that  tat  ihoia.  — 


6.  To  feast 

Let  u«  eat  and  drink,  for  tomorrow  we  thall  die. la.  xxU. 

In  Scripture,  to  eat  the  flesh  of  Christ,  is  to  believe 
on  him,  and  be  nourished  by  faith. 

To  eat  one's  words,  is  to  swallow  back  ;   to  take 
back  what  has  been  uttered  ;  to  retract.    HadUn-as. 
£AT,  V.  I.    To  take  food ;  to  feed  ;  to  take  a  moal,  or 
to  board. 

H^  did  tat  conttniially  st  th«  Hnfc't  taHp.  —2  Sam.  It. 

Why  culeiA  your  matter  with  pubticanB  and  alniicrs  ?  —  Matt.  Ix. 

2.  To  take  food  ;  to  be  maintained  in  food, 

3.  To  Uste  or  relish  ;  as,  it  eats  like  the  tendercst 
beef.  Malcom.     Willis. 

To  eat,  or  to  eat  in  or  into,  is  lo  make  way  bv  cor- 
rosion ;  to  gnaw  ;  to  enter  by  gradually  wearing  or 
sepamting  the  parts  of  a  substance.  A  cancer  etOs 
into  the  fiesh. 


Their  word  will  eat  om  doth  a  caiiker.  — 
To  eat  out;  to  conijume. 
Their  word  will  tal  out  the  vitals  of  rdigloi 


■  2  Tim.  It. 


E.\T'A-RLE,  a.  That  may  be  eaten  ;  fit  lo  be  eaten  ; 
proper  fur  food  ;  esculent. 

EAT'A-IILE,  n.  Any  thing  that  mav  he  eaten  ;  that 
which  is  fit  for  food  ;  that  which  is  iiscd  as  food. 

EAT'AOE,  n.  Food  for  horses  and  cattle  from  the 
aftermath.     See  Apter-eatagi:. 

EAT'^N,  (ee'tn,)  pp.  Chewed  and  swallowed;  con- 
sumed ;  ctyroded. 

fi.\T'ER,  M.  One  who  eats;  that  which  eats  or  cor- 
rodes ;  a  corrosive. 

P-ATH,  a.     Easy  ;  and  adv.  easily,     [Obs.] 

RAT'ISQ,  pjir.  Chewing  and  swallowing;  consum- 
ing ;  corroding, 

E.AT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  chewing  and  swallowing 
food, 

KAT'ING-IIOUSE.  n.  A  house  where  provisions  are 
^o!d  ready  dressed. 

EJiU  DE  CO-iOOJVE',CO'de-ko-lflne',)n.  A  perfumed 
spirit,  originally  prepared  at  Cologne. 

EJiU  DE  l.  VCF.',  ffi'de-luse',)  n.  A  strong  solution  of 
ammonia,  |~-     -    >    -     •  -       •        .-      - 

_  and  oil  of^  arnber. 

EAVES,  (ev/.,)  n.  pi.      [Sax,  efe^e. 


gfK 

Kod.  \ 

4,  To  enjoy. 

If  yo  bo  willing  «r^d  obedient,  yr,  «lu»l.  tat  tite  gvod  of  the  land. 

5.  To  consume  ;  to  oppress. 

Who  Mil  up  my  people  as  ihey  aat  l«ewl.  —  IH.  xir. 


Brande. 

,  ,  In  English,  the 

Word  has  a  plural  ending,  but  not  in  Saxon.'] 

The  edge  or  tower  border  of  the  roof  of  a  building, 
which  overhangs  the  walls,  and  casta  off  the  water 
that  falls  on  tlie  rouf. 
£AVES'l>ROi*,  r.  i.  [eaves  and  drop.]  To  stand 
under  the  eaves  or  near  the  windows  of  a  house,  to 
listen  and  loam  what  is  said  within  doors.    Milton. 

2,  Uvnci:,  JiiTurtitivehj,  to  watch  for  opportunities  of 
hearing  llie  private  conversation  of  others. 
EAVES'DROl'-PER,  n.  One  who  stands  nndrr  the 
eaves,  or  near  the  window  or  door  of  a  house,  to 
listen  and  hear  what  is  said  within  dfKirs,  whether 
from  curiosity,  or  for  the  purpose  of  tattling  and  mak- 
ing mischief.  ahak. 

9.  Hence,  fgurativebjy  one  who  watches  for  an  op- 
portunity of  hearing  the  private  conversation  of 
others. 
EAVi;»'nilOP  PING,  n.  The  act  of  watching  for 
an  opiKirtunity  to  hear  the  private  conversation  of 
others. 
EHK,  n.  [Sax.  ebbe.  ebba;  G.  and  D.  cbbe ;  Dan.  id.: 
8w.  ebb.) 

1.  The  reflux  of  the  tide :  the  return  of  tide-water 
toward  the  sea  ;  opposed  to^oorf,  or  flowing. 

2.  Decline  ;  decay  ;  a  falling  from  a  better  to  a 
worse  state  ;  u.s,  the  ebb  of  life  ;  the  ebb  of  prosi«Tity. 

EUU,  V.  i.     [Sax,  rbban  ;  D.  ebben  ;  W.  eb,  to  go  from.] 

1.  To  flow  back  ;  to  return,  as  the  water  of  a  tide 
toward  the  ocean  ;  opposed  to  Jlujo,  The  tide  ebbs 
and  flows  twice  in  twenty-four  hours. 

2,  To  decay  ;  to  decline ;  to  return  or  fall  hack 
from  a  better  to  a  worse  state.  S.'iak.     Halifax, 

EBR'liNG, /*/*r.     Flowing  back  ;  declining;  decaying. 

ERB'ING,  n.    The  reflux  of  the  tide. 

EHU'TIDE,  71.  The  rellux  of  tide-water ;  the  rctirlnn 
tide, 

E'HI-O-NITE,  V.  A  term  applied  to  those  Jewish 
Christians,  in  the  first  ages  of  the  church,  who  com- 
bined Judaism  with  Christianity,  rejected  much  of 
the  New  'J'estament,  and  were  accounted  heretics  by 
the  Christian  fathers,  J.  Munlock. 

ER'O.N,  a.  [See  Eiionv.]  Consisting  of  ebony  ;  like 
cbtuiy  ;  black. 

En'ONiZE,  r,  r.  [Pee  Eno:*r.]  To  make  black  or 
tawny  ;  to  tinge  with  the  color  of  ebony  ;  as,  to  ebon- 
izf  the  fairest  complexion.  Walsh. 

EB'ON-IZ-i;D,  jyj.    Tinged  with  the  color  of  ebony. 

EIl'ON-Y,  «.  [L.  ehemis;  Gr.  iiiipt,i  or  i(hUi  i  Fr. 
ebene  :  It.  and  Hp.  ebano  ;  D.  ebhenhout ;  G.  ebenhoh.] 

1.  The  pr»piilar  name  of  various  sijecios  of  difler- 
ent  genera  of  plants. 

2.  A  species  of  hard,  heavy  qnd  durable  wood, 
fVom  Madagascar  and  Ceylon  Which  admits  of  a 
fine  polish  or  gloss.  The  most  usual  color  Is  black, 
red,  or  green.  The  best  is  a  jet  black,  free  from 
veins  and  rind,  very  heavy,  astringent,  and  of  an 
acrid,  pungent  trixte.  On  burning  coats,  it  yields 
an  agreeable  perAime,  and,  when  green,  it  readily 


TONE,  BPLL,  qyiTE.-AN"QER.  VI"ClQUa.-€  a.  K  ;  6  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SHx  '£11  as  in  THIS, 


49 


377 


takes  fire  fnmi  its  abundance  of  fat.  Ii  is  wrought 
into  inv*,  and  iisej  for  mosaic  and  inlaid  work,  /^ryc 

EB'0\-V- i  Kl-V"..  't.  The  popular  name  of  a  plant, 
the  -An'  '.  which  giwws  in  Crvle. 

E-BRAi'  [f  prjv.  and  bractea.] 

In  *i:  ;  .^  bnictea.  .Martin*. 

E-BRI'E-TV,  a.  IL.  ebrutas,  fnm  ebrius,  inl^xuaied. 
It  appeon  by  tuo  Spuiiiih  emkria^ar,  and  the  It 
im^naeargi^  (hat  e^us  is  conUscted  by  the  loss  of  a 
patatal  -,  and  hence  it  bt  obvious  that  thin  wotd  is 
from  the  Gr.  fiptxi>y,  to  moisten,  to  drench.  80 
drunk  is  from  the  root  of  dreiuA,] 
Drunkenness  ;  iuloxicatiou  by  spirituous  liquors. 

iinnen, 

E-BRIL'LADG,  n.  [Fr.]  A  check  given  to  a  horse, 
by  a  sudden  jerk  of  one  rein,  when  he  refuses  to 

E-BRl-OS'I  rV,  n.     [L.  ehriosUas.]  [turn. 

HabiiiKil  dmnkenneas.  Brvm. 

E-BLL'LIKX-CV,  (t-bul'yen-ay,)  a.  [See  Eorixi- 
TioTt,)     A  Utiling  over.  Cu^tswiA. 

E-RL'L'L1H.\T,  a.    Boihnft  over,  as  a  liquor.    >Viii^' 

EB-UL-U"T10N,  (ebul-lish'un,)  a.  [L.  ahuUitto^ 
from  ifcaffii,  hmliio^  Eng.  to  fr«i/,  which  aee.] 

1.  Tlw  operation  of  boilmg ;  the  afiutScMi  of  a 
liqoor  by  beat,  which  thnnvs  it  up  in  bubbles ;  or, 
moro  pr^terlv,  the  agitation  produced  in  a  lluid  by 
t&e  eaeape  or  a  portloa  of  it,  converted  into  an  atiri- 
Ibnn  state  tnr  bwL  Ebullition  is  produced  by  the 
beat  aC  ftra  directly  applied,  or  by  the  boat  or  caloric 
evolved  by  aoy  substance  in  mixture.  Thus,  in  slak- 
ing Ume,  tbe  calodc  set  at  Ubcrty  by  the  absorption 
of  water,  producee  ebullition. 

St.  £fferveacenc4t,  which  is  occasioned  by  fermenta- 
tion, or  by  any  other  process  which  causes  the  ex- 
trication of  an  aerifurm  fluid,  as  in  the  mixture  of  an 
acid  with  a  carbonated  alkali* 

£-BL'B'\E-A.\,  a.    [L.  c^anwiw,  from  e^ar,  ivory.] 
Made  of  ivncy. 

B^AU'DATE,  a.    [«  priv.  and  L.  eaada,  a  taiL] 
In  hotamf,  wUbout  a  tail  or  spur. 

BC^BA-SIS,  a.  [Gr.]  In  rhetoric^  a  figure  in  which 
the  orator  treats  of  things  according  to  their  events 
and  consequences. 

■e-BAT'ie,  a.  [Gr.  cc,  out,  and  /?jnc.i,  to  go.]  In 
siawiii .  denotmg  a  mere  result  or  consequence,  as 
dis^nguished  from  ttUc,  which  denotes  intention  or 
piirpQee.  Thus  the  phrase  Ua  r.Vr^.iudri,  if  ren- 
dered "MlAatit  wa^  fulfilled,*'  is  ecb.itic;  if  ren- 
dered *'  ta  order  that  it  m;gtit  Ik:,"  &.c.,  i»  iHic. 

y.  ;*'.  oiMs. 

BG'BO<LE,  a.  [Gr.]  In  rArt»ric,ndigression  in  which 
a  person  is  introduced  speaking  his  own  wurds. 

Ee-eA-LE-0'BI-ON,  a.  [Gr.  rc«aA£u,  to  call  out,  and 
fftoi,  life.] 

A  contrivance  for  batching  eggs  1^  artificial  heat. 

£aCE  HO'MO^  a.  [L.;  IkJuiU  tJu  iiiaa.J  In  ^otat. 
tag,  a  name  ^ven  to  any  picture  which  repreaents 
the  Savior  given  up  to  the  people  by  Pilate. 

£e-CENTRIC.         \  a,  [L.  ec£fntricuj :  tz,  fram«and 

EC-CEN'TRIC-AL,  {      eetUrum^  center.] 

1.  Deviating  ur  departing  from  Uie  center. 

S.  In  ffom£trj,  not  baving  the  same  center  ;  a 
term  applied  to  chclea  and  spheres  which,  though 
eoatainied  in  eome  measure  within  eacjj  other,  yet 
have  not  the  same  center ;  in  opposition  to  cMteen- 
triCy  having  a  common  center.  Barlow, 

3.  Not  terminating  in  the  same  point,  nor  directed 
by  the  same  principle.  Bacon. 

A.  Deviating  fK>m  stated  methods,  usual  practice 
or  established  forms  or  laws  ;  irregular  ;  anomalous ; 
departing  front  the  usual  course  j  as,  cccfntric  con- 
duct ;  eccnttru  virtue  ;  an  eccentric  genius. 
EC-CE\'TRIC,  a.  A  circle  not  having  tJie  same  cen- 
ter as  another.  Bacon. 

2.  That  which  is  irregular  or  anomnloiin.  tiammond. 
Ee-CE.\'TRie,  (  II.  A  whetl  or  disc, 
E€-CE.V'TRie-\VHEEL,  j       having  its  axis  placed 

out  of  the  center,  and  used  fur  obtaining  a  recipro- 
cating or  alternate  motion  fnvn  a  circular  one,  or  etc* 
Tfr-io. 

E€-CEN'TRIC-AI>-LY,  adv.  With  eccentricity  j  in 
an  eccentric  manner. 

EC-CEN-TRIC'I-TY',  n.     Deviation  from  a  center. 

2.  The  state  of  having  a  center  different  from  that 
of  another  circle.  Johmon, 

3.  In  astr^nmnv,  the  distance  of  the  center  of  a 
planK's  orbit  from  the  center  of  the  !<un ;  that  is, 
the  distance  between  the  center  of  an  ellipse  and  its 
focus.  Barlow. 

A.  Departure  or  deviation  from  tliat  which  is  sta- 
ted, regular,  or  usual ;  as,  the  eccentricity  of  a  man*s 
genius  or  couducL 
5.  Excursions  from  the  proper  sphere.       Wotton. 
ECCE  SIO'J^UMj  [L.]    See  the  sign,  evidence,  or 

proof. 
Ee-CHY-MO'SIS,  a.     [Gr.  «xT;»"«rij.] 

In  medicine^  an  appearance  of  livid  spots  on  the 
skin,  occ^tsioned  by  extravasated  blood,    ffiseman. 
Ee-€LE'SI-XR€H,  (ek-kle'ze^k,)  n.     [Gr.  uxXntrta 
and  a,o\7;.] 

A  ruler  of  the  church. 
Ee-€IX-SI-AS'TES,  (ek-kle-ze-as^tez,)  n.     [Gr.  c«- 
nXriaiacrTii,  a  preacher.] 
A  canonical  book  of  the  Old  Testament. 


ECU 

J 

Ee-€IJ'--Sl-AS'TIC,  I  a.  [U  ;  Gr.  t««A»Krifir<»fO(, 

EC-CLE-SI-AS'TI€-AL,  (  from  ciricXijffia,  an  assem- 
bly or  meeting,  whence  a  church,  fk'om  tKxtiXsUf  lo 
call  forth  or  convoke  ;  c<  and  jruXci.),  to  call.] 

renaming  or  relating  to  the  church  ;  as,  eulfjdas- 
tiaii  discipline  or  government;  ecclesiastical  afl'aira, 
historj',  or  polity  ;  ccclc-'iastieal  courtiJ. 

Ecclesiastical  atate^  is  Uie  body  of  the  clcrg>'. 
Eedeji'uistical  Stales;   the  territory  subject  to  the 
pope  of  Rome  as  its  temponil  ruler. 

[Ecclcsial  was  used  by  Milton,  but  is  obsolete.] 
Ee-CLE-»t-AS'TIC,  M.     A' person  in  orders,  or  conse- 
crated to  the  service  of  the  church  and  the  fninistry 
of  reliijion. 
Ee-eLE-»I-AS'TI€^.\L-LY,  adt.    In  an  ecclesiasti- 
cal manner. 
EC  CLf^Sl-AS'TI-eUS,n.    A  book  of  the  Apocrypha. 
Ee-€LE  SI-O-LOG'ICJ-AL,  o.    Belonging  to  ccclcsi- 

olOHV.  , 

EC  €XE-SI-0L'0-6IST,  n.  One  versed  in  ecclesl- 
ologv. 

EC -t'LE-Sl-OL'O-CY,  n.    [Gr.  c««XT?'r(o  and  >.oyoi.] 
The  science  of  church  building  and  decoration. 

E€-CO-PROT'IC.  a.  [Gr.  cjc,  tj,  out  or  from,  and 
Koirooi,  ^tercus.] 

Having  ihcqualily  of  promoting  alvine  discliarges  ; 
laxative  ;  looj»ening ;  gently  catlmrtic.   Coie.  Encyc. 

Ee-ec>-PROT'ie,  n.  a  medicine  which  purges  gen- 
tly, or  which  tends  to  promote  evacuations  by  stool ; 
a  mild  cathartic.  Coze,    Kncve. 

ECII'E-LON,  (esh'e-lon,)  n.  [Fr. ;  fVom  $chcUe,  a 
ladder,  a  Jicale.] 

In  miiitary  tactics,  the  position  of  an  army  in  the 
form  of  steps,  or  with  one  division  more  advanced 
limn  another.  IVellington. 

E  CIIID'NA,  «.  A  genus  of  ant-eaters,  found  in  New 
Holland.  They  are  monotrematous  edentate  mam- 
mals, nearly  allied  to  the  duck-billed  animal,  or  or- 
nithorvnekus. 

lell'l'N-X-TED,  i  "•     tl-  «*"".  »  hedgehog.] 

Set  With  prickles  ;  prickly,  like  a  hedgehog  ;  hav- 
ing sharp  points  j  bristled  ;  as,  an  eekiMOed  pericarp. 

Martyn, 
Eehinated  pyrites,  in  mineralogy.         Woodtrard, 
E-€H1N'I-DAS',  n,    A  radiate  animal,  a  species  of 
the  family  of  the  Echini.     [See  EcHiiiut,  No.  3.] 

Buektand. 
E€II'IN-TTE,  (ek'in-Tte,)  n.  [See  Echiwus.]  A  fos- 
sil found  in  chalk  pits,  called  crntronia ;  a  petrified 
shell  set  with  prickles  or  points  ;  a  calcareous  petri- 
faction of  the  echinus  or  sea-hedgehog.  Enojc  Ure, 
ECH-IN'0-DER.M,  n.  [Gr.  iX'^-^s.  hedgehog,  and 
i'o^a,  skin.]^ 

A  radiate  animal,  having  an  opaque,  leathery,  or 
crustDceous  skin,  with  tubercles,  or  even  spines,  as 
tile  suw-rish,  or  sea-urchin.  Kirby. 

Eeni'.NL'S.  n, ;  pi  EcHini.     [L.,  from  Gr.  txivo^.} 
1.  A  liedgehog. 

0.  A  term  applied  to  animals  of  the  sub-kingdom 
Radiata,  having  nearly  the  form  of  a  sphere  much 
flattened  on  the  lower  side  ;  they  consist  externally 
of  a  firm  shell  or  crust  which  is  set  on  every  side 
with  movable  epines.  There  are  many  species, 
some  of  which  are  eatable.  The  shells  without  the 
spines  are  ofXen  called  sea-e^gs.  Dana. 

3.  With  botanists,  a  'prickly  head  or  top  of  a  plant ; 
an  echinated  pericarp. 

4.  In  architecture,  a  member  or  ornament  near  the 
bottom  of  Ionic,  Corinthian,  or  Composite  capitals, 
so  named  from  its  roughness,  resembling,  in  some 
uicai^ure,  ttie  spiny  coat  of  a  hedgehog  ;  the  ovolo  or 
quarter-round.  Johnson.     Encyc. 

ECll'O,  (ek'o,)  n,  [L.  echo;  Gr.  fjxuj,  from  nxoi, 
sound,  r7\c'.),  to  sound.] 

1.  A  sound  reflected  or  reverberated  from  a  solid 
body;  sfiund  returned;  repercussion  of  sound  ;  as, 
an  eeko  from  a  distant  hill. 

ITti:  Bouod  must  Kem  an  echo  to  the  k»k.  Pop*. 

3.  li\  fabulous  histoiy,a.  nymph,  the  daughter  of 
the  Air  and  TcUus,  who  pined  into  a  sound,  for  love 
of  Narcissus.  Lempriere.     Johnson. 

3.  In  architecture,  a  vault  or  arch  for  producing  an 
echo.  Brandt. 

ECll'O,  r.i.  To  resound;  to  reflect  sound.  The  hall 
i^oed  with  acclamations. 

2.  To  be  sounded  back  ;  as,  echoing  noise. 

Blackmore. 
ECH'O,  r.  (.    To  reverberate  or  send  back  sound  ;  to 
return  what  has  been  uttered. 

Thow  pemli  are  eckofd  by  tbt  Trojan  lliron»,  Dryd&n. 

ECn'O-fH),  (ek'ode,)  pp.    Reverberated,  as  sound. 
ECH'O-ING,  pjfr.  or  a.    Sending   back    sound  ;  as, 

echoine  hills. 
EClI'0-LE.SS   (ek'o  less,)  a.     Without  echo. 
E-CIIOM'E-T^,  71.     [Gr.  tj^oj,  sound,  and  pcrpov, 

measure.]  » 

Among  musicians,  a  scale  or  rule,  with  several 

lines  thereon,  ser\'ing  to  measure  the  duration  of 

sounds,  and  to  find  their  intervals  and  ratios.  Brandt. 
E-€HOM'E-TRY,   n.    The  art  or  act  of  measuring 

the  duration  of  sounds. 
2.  The  art  of  constnicting  vaults  to  produce  echoes. 


ECO 

E-CLAIR'CISE,  (-5!Z,)  tj.  L     [Fr.  eclaircir,  from  etair, 

clear.     See  Clear.] 
To  make  clear;  to  explain  ;  to  clear  up  what  is 

not  understood  or  misunnerstood. 
E-eLA[R'Cl!«-KI),(-sizd,)/'p.  Explained;  made  clear. 
E-CLAIR'CISSE-.ME.\T,  (ek-klir'sis-mang,)  n.  [Fr.] 

Explanation ;    the  clearing  up    of    any    thing    not 

before  understood.  Clarendon. 

EC-LAMP'SY,  n.  [Gr.  (*^a/ji//(5,  a  shining  ;  SKXapira}, 

to  shine.] 
A  flashing  of  light,  a  symptom  of  epilepsy.  Hence, 

epilepsy  itself.  Med.  Rtpos. 

E-CLAT',  fe-klU',)  n.     [Fr.     The  word  signifies  a 

bursting  forth,  a  crack,  and  brightnesa,  splendor; 

cclater,  to  split,  to  crar.k,  to  break  furth,  to  shine.] 

1.  Primarily,  a  burst  of  applause ;  acclaioatlon. 
Hence,  applause  ;  approbation  ;  renown. 

2.  Splendor;  show;  pomp.  Pope. 
EC-LEC'TIC,  a.    [Gr.  CKXiKTixoi  i  c^  and  Xijtj,  to 

choase.] 

Selecting ;  choasing ;  an  epithet  given  to  certain 
philosopliers  of  antiquity,  who  did  not  attach  them- 
selves to  any  particular  sect,  but  selected  from 
the  opinions  and  principles  of  each  what  they 
thought  solid  and  good.  Hence  we  say,  an  eclectic 
philosopher  ;  the  eclectic  sect.  Encye. 

EC-LEC'TIC,  n.  A  philosopher  who  selected  from* 
the  various  systems  such  opinions  and  principles  as 
he  judged  to  be  sound  and  rational.  Enjicld. 

2.  A  Christian  who  adhere'd  to  the  doctrines  of 
the  Eclectics.     Also,  one  of  a  sect  of  physicians. 

EC-LEC'TIC-AL-LV,  adv.  Ily  way  of  choosing  or 
selecting  in  the  manner  of  the  eclectical  philosophers. 

Enfield. 

ECLECTICISM,  n.    The  act  or  practice  of  select- 
ing from  ditferrnt  systems. 
2.  The  doctrine  of  the  Eclectics. 

EC-LEG.M',  (ek-tem',)  n,     [Gr.  ck  and  Acixw.] 

A  medicine  made  I^y  the  incorporation  of  oils  with 
sirups.  ^uiney. 

E-CLIP-SA'RE-ON,  n.  An  instrument  for  explaining 
the  phenomena  orecli|»es. 

E-CLIPSE',  (e-klips',)  n.  [L.  eclipsis  ;  Gr.  EK^eii^K, 
defect,  from  iKXcirrai,  to  fail,  £(  and  Afurw,  to  leave.] 

1.  Literally,  a  defect  or  failure  ;  hence,  in  astrono- 
my, an  interception  or  obscuration  of  the  light  of  the 
sun,  moon,  or  other  luminous  body.  An  eclipse  of 
the  sun  is  caused  by  the  intervention  of  the  moon, 
which  totally  or  partially  hides  the  sun's  disc  ;  an 
eclipse  of  the  moon  is  occasioned  by  the  shadow  of 
the  earth,  which  liills  on  it,  and  obscures  it  in  whole 
or  in  part,  but  does  not  entirely  conceal  it. 

'■2.  Darkness  ;  obscuration.  We  say,  bis  glory  has 
suffered  an  eclipse. 

All  thr  po«tfriiy  of  our  first  paKoU  mCTercd  a  perpetual  ediptt 
of  BiilriluaJ  lift.  Jiaiigh. 

E-CLIPSE',  (e-klips',)  r.  (.  To  hide  a  luminous  body 
in  whole  or  in  part,  and  intercept  its  rays ;  as,  to 
eclipse  the  sun  or  a  star. 

2.  To  obscure  ;  to  darken,  by  intercepting  the  rays 
of  light  which  render  luminous  ;  as,  to  eclipse  the 
moon. 

3.  To  cloud  ;  to  darken  ;  to  obscure ;  as,  to  eclipse 
the  glory  of  a  hero.     Hence, 

4.  To  disgrace.  Milton. 

5.  To  extinguish. 

Born  to  ecliptt  \hj  life.  Shak. 

E-CLIPSE',  (e-klips',)  o.  t.    To  suflfcr  an  eclipse. 

Mdian. 

E-CLIPS'ED,  (e-klipst',)  pp.  Concealed  ;  darkened  ; 
obscured  ;  disgraced. 

E-CLIPS'ING,  p;>r.  Concealing;  obscuriogj  darken- 
ing ;  clouding. 

E-CLIP'TIC,  n.  [Gr.  iKXti-nriKoq,  from  tKXtinui,  to 
fail  or  be  defective  ;  L.  edipticus,  linea  ecliptica,  the 
ecliptic  line,  or  line  in  which  eclipses  are  suffered.] 

1.  A  great  circle  of  the  sphere,  supposed  to  be 
drawn  through  the  middle  of  the  zodiac,  making  an 
angle  with  Uie  equinoctial  of  about  23'  28',  which  is 
the  sun's  greatest  declination.  The  ecliptic  is  the 
apparent  path  of  the  sun  ;  but  as,  in  reality,  it  is  the 
earth  which  moves,  the  ecliptic  is  the  path  or  way 
among  the  flxed  stais  which  the  earth,  in  its  otbit, 
api>ears  to  describe  to  an  eye  placed  in  the  sun. 

Barlov). 

2.  In  geo^aphy,  a  great  circle  on  the  terrestrial 
globe,  answering  to  and  falling  within  the  plane  of 
the  celestial  ecliptic.  Barluw. 

E-CLIP'TIC,  fl.     Pertaining  to  or  described  by  the 

ecliptic.  Blackmore. 

2.  Sufl^ering  an  eclipse.  Herbn-t, 

ECLOGUE,  (ek'log,)  n.  [Gr.  cxXoyri,  choice  ;  CKXtyaj, 
to  select.] 

Literally,  a  select  piece.  In  poetry,  a  pastoral  com- 
position, in  which  shepherds  are  introduced  convers- 
ing with  each  other  ;  as,  the  eclogues  of  Virgil ;  or  it 
is  a  little  elegant  composition,  in  a  simple,  natural 
style  and  manner.  An  eclogue  diflers  from  an  idyl 
in  being  appropriated  to  pieces  in  wnich  shepherds 
are  introduced.  Encyc. 

E-CO-NOM'IC,         )a.     [See  EcosoMr.]    Pertaining 

E-CO-NOM'IC-AL,  \  to  the  regulation  of  household 
concerns  ;  as,  the  ecmomic  art.  Daoies. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.^T.— METE,  PR^Y.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


ECT 

2.  Managing  domestic  or  public  pecuniary  conceruB 
with  fmgaliiy  ;  as,  an  economical  housekeeper  ;  an 
economical  minister  or  administration. 

3.  Frugal ;  regulated  by  fnigality  ;  not  wasteful  or 
extravagant ;  as,  an  economic^  use  of  money. 

E-eO-NOAI'I€-Ali-LV,  ado.  With  economy  ;  with 
frugality. 

E-eO-NOMTCS,  7».    The  science  of  household  affairs. 

E-eo.\'0-MIST,  n.     One  who  manages  domestic  or 

oUier  concerns  with  frugality  ;   one   who   expends 

money,  time,  or  labor,  judiciously,  and  without  waste. 

2.  One  who  is  conversant  with  political  economy  ; 

the  writer  of  a  treatise  on  political  economy. 

E-€ON'0-MIZE,  V.  u  To  manage  pecuniary  concerns 
with  frugality  ;  to  make  a  prudent  use  of  money,  or 
of  the  means  of  saving  or  acquiring  property.  It  is 
our  duty  to  economize  in  the  use  of  public  money,  as 
wt;li  as  of  our  own. 

E-eo\'0-MIZE,  r.  t.  To  use  with  prudence  ;  to  ex- 
pend with  frugality  ;  as,  to  economize  one's  income. 

To  iwinage  and  tconomize  the  uk  of  cireiilaling  mctUum. 

WaUh. 
E-eON'0-MIZ-ED,  pp.     Used  with  frugality. 
E-€OVO-.MIZ-IN'G,  jrpr.  or  a.     Using  with  frugality. 
E-C0\'0-.MV,  n.     [L.  (tconomiai  Gr.  otKovoma  ;  okcoj, 
house,  and  vonoi,  law,  rule.] 

1.  Priwuin7i(,  the  management,  regulation,  and  gov- 
ernment of  afamily,  or  the  concerns  of  a  household. 

Taylor. 

2.  The  management  of  pecuniary  concerns,  or  the 
expenditure  of  money.     Hence, 

3.  A  frugal  and  judicious  use  of  money  ;  that  man- 
Rsement  which  expends  money  to  advantage,  and 
incurs  no  waste  ;  frugrility  in  the  necessary  i-xpendi- 
ture  of  money.  It  difiers  from  panimonti,  which  im- 
plies an  improper  saving  of  expense.  Economy  in- 
cludes also  a  prudent  management  of  all  the  means 
by  which  property  is  saved  or  accumulated  ;  a  judi- 
cious application  of  time,  of  labor,  and  of  the  instru- 
ments of  labor. 

4.  The  disposition  or  arrangement  of  any  work ;  aa 
the  economy  uf  a  poem.  Dnjden.    B.  Jonson, 

5.  A  system  of  rules,  regtilations,  riles,  and  cere- 
monies J  as,  the  Jewish  economy. 

Tbe  Jews  «lri?aJy  hiul  n  Siiblnlh,  which,  as  citiwni  an.!  •ubJecW 
nf  that  «conofT^,  Ibe;  wera  obLig«<l  lo  kcvp,  aud  did  keep. 

Paley. 

fl.  The  regular  operations  of  nature  in  the  genera- 
tion, nutrition,  and  preservation  of  animals  or  plants  j 
as,  animal  economy,  vegetable  eeonnmy. 

7.  Distribution  or  due  order  of  things.  Blackmore. 

8.  Judicious  and  frugal  management  of  public  af- 
fairs ;  as,  political  economy. 

9.  eysiem  of  management ;  general  regulation  and 
disposition  of  the  afl'airs  of  a  slate  or  nation,  or  of 
any  department  of  government. 

ECPHA-PI"  '"    '      - 

EC  PHO 

ate  exclamation. 
E€-PHRAe'Tie,  a.     [Gr.  ck  and  -^oarrw.]' 

In  ni«/iaae,  deobstruent ;  attenuating. 
EC  PHRAG'Tie,  71.     A  medicine  which  dissolves  or 
aitenuates  viscid  matter,  and  removes  obstructions. 
Core.     Quiney. 
Ee'STA-S[-£D,  (ek'sta-sid,)  pp.  or  fl.    [See  fy-sTAir.] 
Enraptured;  ravished;  transported;  delighted. 

Morris, 
EC'3TA-SV,  n.    [Gr.  £itffra<Ti(,  from  iltarTi^i ;  ({  and 
loTftfit^  to  Stand.] 

1.  Primardy,  a  fixed  slate;  a  trance;  a  state  In 
which  the  mind  is  arrested  and  fixed,  or,  as  we  say, 
lost ;  a  state  in  which  the  functions  of  the  senses  are 
auspendcd  by  the  contemplation  of  some  extraordina- 
ry or  supernatural  object. 

WtvMh'-r  whm  we  call  cubuy  In  oot  ilrnuning  wiili  cxir  rju 
open,  1  lewTc  to  bo  exananed.  Locki. 

2.  Excessive  joy ;  rapture;  a  degree  of  delight  that 
arrests  the  whole  mind;  as,  a  pleasing  ecMfvnj;  the 
ecALLtv  of  love  ;  joy  may  rise  tu  er.<ta.'y. 

3.  Enthusiasm  ;  excessive, elevation  and  absorption 
of  mind  ;  extreme  delight. 

He  on  Ihc  I'-n'W  gnm 
Would  aU  »ml  bemriccii  erra  to  tcttamf.  Milton. 

4.  Excessive  grief  or  anxiety.     \J^vt-astd.]     Shuk. 

5.  Madness;  distraction.     [JiTot  u.ied.]  ShaJe. 
G.  In  medicine^  a  species  of  catalepsy,  when  Ihe 

person  remembers,  after  tlie  paroxysm  is  over,  the 
idea*  he  had  during  the  fit.  Fncijc. 

EC'HTA-HY  p.  (.  To  fill  with  rapture  or  enthusiasm. 
EC^STAT'IC,  I  a.  Aneating  the  mind  ;  nis|>end- 
Et>STAT'ie-.^L,  \     ing  the  senses  ;  entrancing. 

lo  peosiTe  tnno,  >uid  angiiUh,  ku(I  tcitatie  fit.  Millon. 

2.  Rapturous  ;  transporting  ;  ravwhing  ;  delightful 
beyond  measure  ;  as,  ecstatic  bliw  or  joy. 

3.  Tending  to  external  object*.     [A*oe  used.] 

JtToTris, 
EG  STAT'ie-AL-I^Y,*!!*!?.    Rapturously  ;  ravtshingly. 
E€'TA  t^iS,  n.     [Gr.,  from  wrcifcrL] 

In  rhetoric^  the  lengthening  of  a  syllable  from  short 
til  long. 
EC-TIIUP'SW,  w.     rCr.]     A  figure  of  prosody,   by 
which  a  final  m,  with  the  preceding  vowel,  in  culou, 
when  the  next  word  begins  with  a  voweL 


.-PIS,  n.    [Gr.]    An  explicit  declaration. 
i-N'E'SIS,  n.     [Q''*]     An  animated  or  paa 


passion- 


EDG 

Ee'TY-PAL,  o.     [Infra.]    Taken  from  the  original. 
E€'TTPE,  n.     [Gr  CKrviros.]  [EUis. 

1.  A  copy.  Locke. 

2.  In  areJiitecturCy  an  object  in  relievo,  or  embossed. 

Stcijl. 
EC-lT-MEN'ie,         )  fl.    [Gr. otKovfttvtKo^jfrom  oiKot>- 
Ee-lI-.MEN'ie-AL,  i      fi£vri,  the  habitable  world.] 
General ;  universal ;  as,  an  ecumenical  council. 
Ee'lJ-RIE,  n.    [Fr.]    A  stable ;  a  covered  place  for 

horses. 
E-DA'CIOUS,  a.     [h.  edat,  from  edo^  to  eat.] 

Eating  ;  given  lo  eating ;  greedy  ;  voracious. 
E-DA'CIOU.S-LY,  ode.     Greedily. 
E-DAC'l-TY,  n.     [L.  edacitas,  from  frfar,  edo^  to  eat.] 
Greediness  ;  voracity  ;  ravenousness  ;  rapacity. 

Bacon, 
ED'DA,  Ti.  A  book  containing  a  system  of  Runic  or 
Scandinavian  mj-thology,  with  some  account  of  the 
theology-  and  philosophy  of  the  northern  nations  of 
Europe.  The  first  jwirt  contains  the  mythology  of 
the  people,  and  the  second  specimens  of  the  poetry 
of  the  Scalds.  It  was  com[K>sed  by  Snorro  Sturleson, 
judge  of  Iceland  from  1-21.'»  to  1223.  MalleL 

ED'DKR,  n.     fUu.  Sax.  edrr,  a  hedge.] 

In  hitsbandry,  such  flexible  wood  as  is  worked  into 
the  lop  of  hedge  stakes,  to  bind  Ihem  together. 

Mason. 
ED'DER,  v,U    To  hind  or  make  tight  by  edder ;  to 
fai'ten  the  tops  of  hedge-stakes,  by  interweaving  ed- 
der. England. 
ED'DER-KD,  pp.     Bound  or  made  tight  by  edder. 
ED'DER-ING,  ppr.     Binding  or  fiusttning  by  edder. 
ED'D[8H,  i  n.     The  latter  pasture,  or  grass  that  comes 
KAD'ISH,  i      after   mowing  or  reaping;  called,  also, 
Eaorass,  Earsh,  Etch.  JCncyc. 
yVut  used  J  I  believe  J  in  .America.  \ 
FD'DOES,  i  71.      A  name   given   lo  a  variety  of  the 
ED'DERS,  \     Arum  esculentum,  an  esculent  root. 

Mease.     Encye. 
ED'DY,  n.    [I  find  this  word  in  no  other  language.    It 
is  usually  considered  as  a  compound  of  :dax.  ed,  back- 
ward, and  ea,  water.] 

1.  A  current  of  water  running  back,  or  in  a  direc- 
tion contrary  lo  the  main  stream.  Thus,  a  iwint  of 
land,  extending  into  a  river,  chocks  the  water  near 
the  shore,  and  turns  it  back,  or  gives  it  a  circular 
course.  The  word  is  applied,  also,  to  the  air  or  wind 
moving  in  a  circular  direction. 

2.  A  whirlpool ;  a  current  of  water  or  air  in  a  cir- 
cular direction. 

Ami  sinihi)^  tfiduB  illm^led  on  thr  main.  Dryden. 

Wheel  ttirciii^i  Uic  aLr,  in  circling  tdduf  p\ny.  Adaiton, 

ED'DY,  V.  L     To  move  circttlarly,  or  as  an  eddy. 

Thomson  uses  it  actively,  to  cause  to  move  in  an 
eddy. 
ED'DY,  a.     Whirling  ;  moving  circularlv.      Dryden. 
ED'DY-LN'G,  jrj^r.  or  a.     Moving  circularly,  as  an  eddy, 
ED'DY-WA'TER,     n.        Among   seamen^   the    water 
which,   by   some   interruption    in    its   course,    runs 
contrary  to  the  direction  of  the  tide  or  current. 

7'otten. 
ED'DY-\VIND,  n.    The  wind  relumed  or  beat  back 
from  a  sail,  a  mountain,  or  any  thing  Uiat  hinders  its 
passage.  Encyc 

ED'E^LTTE,  n.    A  variety  of  Ihe  mineral  natroltte. 

Dana. 
E-DEM'A-TOUS,  I  a.    [Gr.  oi^nfOy  a  tumor;  ot(5tw, 
E-DEM'A-TOSE,  (      to  swell.] 

Swelling  with  a  serous  humor;  dropsical.  An 
edemalouji  tumor  is  white,  soft,  and  insensible. 

Qiiincy. 
fi'DEN,  (C'den,)  n.     [Heli.  Ch.  p;;,  pleasure,  delight.] 
The  country  and  gnrden  in  which  Adam  and  Eve 
were  placed  by  God  himself;  Paradise. 
E'DEN-TZ-/:i),  a.     Admitted  Into  Paradise.  Davits. 
E-DEN-TA'TA,   n.  pi.     In  natural  history,  an  order  of 
animals  thai  are  destitute  of  front  teeth,  as  the  arma- 
dillo and  ant-eater.  BeU. 

E^DEN'TA-TED   |  ***     [L.  ef^miodw,  «  and  d*TW.] 

Destitute  or  deprived  of  teeth  ;  applied  especially 
to  the  order  Edentata. 

E-DEN'TATE,  n.  An  animal  having  no  fore  teeth, 
as  the  armadillo  and  the  .sloth. 

F:-DEN-TA'TI0\.  n,     A  depriving  of  teeth. 

EDGK,  (ej,)  n.  [J^ax.  r.c^ ;  Dun.  eg ;  Hw.  egg ;  G.  eeftc, 
egfj  L.  aries,  aciu  ;  Fr.  aigu^  whence  aiguille,  a  nee- 
dle ;  Gr.  axri ;  W.  (W/'f,  aypg,  edge.] 

1.  In  a  general  setise^  tiie  extreme  border  or  point 
of  any  thing  ;  as,  the  edge  of  the  table  ;  the  edge  of 
a  book  ;  the  edge  of  cloth.  It  coincides  nearly  with 
bordcTt  brink,  margin.  It  Is  particularly  applied  to  the 
sharp  border,  the  thin,  cutting  extremity  of  an  in- 
strument ;  as,  the  edge  of  an  ax,  razor,  knife,  or 
scythe  ;  also,  tu  the  |toliil  of  an  instrument ;  as,  tbe 
edge  of  a  sword. 

2.  Figuralirrly,  that  which  cuts  (tr  penetrates  ;  that 
which  wounds  or  injuries  ;  as,  the  edge  of  slander. 

Shak. 

3.  A  narrow  part  rising  from  a  broader. 

Some  hirrow   tbclr  ground   i 

4.  Sharpncsi  of  mind  or  appetite;  keenness;  in- 


EDI 

tenseness  of  desire  ;  fitness  for  action  or  operation 
as,  the  edge  of  appetite  or  hunger. 

8i]enc«  and  loIItLide  K't  an  edg4  on  the  ^oiui.  Drydtn. 

5.  Keenness ;  sharpness  ;  acrimony. 

Atale  the  edge  of  traitors.  Shak. 

To  set  the  t^eth  on  edge ;  to  cause  a  tingling  or  gra- 
ting sensation  in  the  teelh.  Bacon. 
EDGE,  fej,)  V.  U  [\V.  hogi ;  Sax.  eggian ;  Dan.  egger  ] 

1.  lo  sharpen. 

To  tdgt  her  champiDii'i  iword,  Dryden, 

2.  To  furnish  with  an  edge. 

A  iword  tdged  with  flint.  Dryden. 

3.  To  border  ;  to  fringe. 

A  Ions'  descending  tnin, 
With  nibici  edged.  Dryden. 

4.  Tu  border ;  to  furnish  with  an  ornamental  bor- 
der ;  as,  lo  edge  a  flower-bed  with  box. 

5.  To  sharpen  ;  to  exasperate  ;  to  embitter. 

Bj  Buch  rea*oning«,  the  limple  were  blinded,  and  the  maliciouB 
tdged.  Hay  ward. 

6.  To  incite  ;  to  provoke  ;  lo  urge  on  ;  to  instigate ; 
that  is,  to  push  on  as  with  a  sharp  point ;  to  goad. 
Ardor  or  passion  will  edge  a  man  forward,  when  ar- 
guments fail. 

[This,  by  a  strange  mistake,  has  been  sometimes 
written  egg,  from  the  Sax.  eggian,  Dan.  egger,  to  in- 
cite ;  the  writers  not  knowing  that  this  verb  is  from 
the  noun  ecg,  eg,  an  edge.  The  verb  ought  certain- 
ly to  follow  tlie  noun,  and  the  popular  use  is  correct.] 

7.  To  move  sideways  ;  lo  move  by  little  and  little  ; 
as,  edge  your  chair  along. 

EDGE,  (ej,)  V.  i.    To  move  sideways ;  to  move  gradu- 
ally.   Edge  along  this  way. 
2.  To  sail  close  to  the  wind.  Dryden, 

To  edge  away,  in  sailing,  is  to  increase  the  distance 
gradually  from  the  sliore,  vessel,  or  other  object. 

To  edge  in  toitlt  a  coast  or  vessel,  is  to  advance 
gradually,  but  not  directly,  toward  iL  Totten. 

EDG'ED,  (ejdj  ^p.  Furnished  with  an  edge  or  border. 

2.  Incited  ;  instigated. 

3.  a.     Sharp ;  keen. 

EDGE'LESS,  a.  Not  sharp;  blunt;  obtuse;  unfit  to 
cut  or  penetrate  ;  as,  an  e<lgeless  sword  or  weapon. 

Skak. 

EDGE'-RAIL,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  ordinary  iron 
rail  of  a  railway,  on  the  upper  surface  or  edge  of 
which,  (so  called  from  iu  narrowness,)  the  wheels 
of  the  cars  move.  Brands. 

EDGE'TOOL,  n.  An  instrument  having  a  sharp  ed^e  ; 
applied  particularly  lo  the  coarser  kinds  of  cuttmg 
instruments,  as  axes,  chisels,  &c.  Hebert. 

EDGE'WISE,  (ej'wize,)  ctrfc.    [edge  and  wise.)    With 
the  edge  turned  forward,  or  toward  a  particular  point ; 
ill  the  direction  of  the  edge. 
2.  Sideways;  with  the  side  foremost. 

EDG'ING,  ppr.  Giving  an  edge;  furnishing  with  an 
edge. 

2.  Inciting;  urging  on  ;  goading;  stimulating  ;  m- 

3.  Moving  gradually  or  sideways.  [stigating. 

4.  Furnishing  with  a  border. 

EDG'ING,  n.  That  which  is  added  on  the  border,  or 
which  forms  the  edge,  as  lace,  fringe,  trimming,  add- 
ed to  a  garment  for  ornament. 

Bordered  with  a  ttxj  edging.  Drydtf\. 

2.  A  narrow  lace. 

3.  In  gardening,  a  row  of  small  plants  set  along 
the  border  of  a  bed  ;  as,  an  edging  of  bo.x.    Encyc, 

ED'I-BLE,  a.     [from  L.  ed^,  to  eat.l 

Eatable  ;  fit  lo  be  ealen  as  food;  escujenl.  Somo 
flesh  is  not  edible.  Bacon, 

£'D1€T,  TI.  rii.  edietum,  from  edico,  to  utter  or  pro* 
claim  ;  e  nnu  dico,  to  speak.] 

That  which  is  uttered  or  proclaimed  by  authority 
as  a  rule  of  action  ;  an  order  issued  by  a  prince  to 
his  subjects,  aa  a  rule  or  law  requiring  obedience  ;  a 
proclamation  of  command  or  prohibition.  An  edict 
IS  an  order  or  ordinance  of  a  sovereign  prince,  in- 
tended as  a  permanent  law,  or  lo  erect  a  new  oltice, 
lo  establish  new  duties,  or  other  temporary  regula- 
tion ;  as,  the  edicts  of  the  Roman  emperors ;  the  $dicU 
of  the  French  monarch. 

The  edict  of  JV'antr.o,  was  an  edfct  issued  by  Henry 
rV,  of  France,  in  1.^98,  giving  his  Protestant  subjects 
the  free  exercise  of  their  religion.  The  revocation  of 
this  edict,  by  lK)uis  XIV.,  about  a  century  after,  led 
to  a  cruel  iwrsecution,  which  drove  most  of  the  Prot- 
estants out  of  the  kingdom.  Brande. 

ED'I-FI-CANT,  or  E-DIF'l-eANT,  a.  Building. 

ED-I-FI-€A'TION,  n.     [U  aulificatio.     See  Edify.] 

1.  A  building  up,  in  a  moral  and  religious  sense  ; 
instruction  ;  improvement  and  progress  of  the  mind, 
in  knowledge,  in  morals,  or  in  faith  and  holiness. 

•       He  that  prophc«lcth,  iprnkcth  lo  men  to  edyUation.  —  I  Cor.  xIt. 

2.  Instruction ;  improvement  of  the  mind  in  any 
species  of  useful  knowledge.  Addison, 

3.  A  building  or  edifice.     {Unusval.] 
ED'I-FI-eATO-RY  or  E-DIFI-€A-TO-RY,a.  Tend- 
ing to  edification.  HalU 

ED'I-FICE,  (-fis,)  n.     [L.  itd\/icivm.     See  Eoirr.] 
A  building  ;  a  structure ;  a  fabric  ;  but  appropriat*- 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VfCIOUS — €  aa  K;  6  m  Jj  «  M  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  os  in  THia 


379 


EDU 

If.  a  tarpe  or  splendid  iHitldine.    The  word  is  not  np- 

fuiod  to  a  OMaa  building,  but  to  temples,  cburches,  or 

etefanl  manaon-houses,  and  tu  uUier  great  structures. 

MiitoH.    Addison. 

EI>-I-FI"CIAL,  (ed-e-ftsh'alj  a.     Pertaining  to  edi- 

Ace9,  or  to  structure. 
ED'l-FT-FD,  (ed'e-ftde,)  pp.    Inrtructed ;  improved 

in  Uterar>*,  moral,  or  religious  knowledge. 
EIVI-FI-ER^iu  One  that  improves  another  by  instruct- 

mc  him. 
ED'I-PY,  r.  (.     [U  •doCc* ;  Fr.  «aifi£r ;  Sp.  td^fiear ,-  It 
ediJicAre  ,■  frcwn  U  mdes,  a  house,  and  facia,  to  make.] 
I,  To  build,  in  a  lUtnl  sense,    [.Vat  now  i««l.] 

Spenser. 
9.  To  instruct  and  improve  the  mind  in  knowledge 

EBnerally,  and   particularly  in  moral  and  religioua 
nowledfe,  in  faith  and  holineai. 

JEtff/V  on*  uothM-.  —  1  TiKM.  V. 
3.  To  teach,  or  persuade.     [JVX  iweri.]        Baeen. 
ED'l-F^-lSG,  ppr.    Buildinie  up  in  Christian  knowl- 
edge ;  in!»trurt)n«  :  improving  the  mind. 
9.  a.     Adanit-d  to  instruct. 
KIVI-FV-I.N'G-Ly,  adv.    In  an  edifying  manner. 
BIVI-F? -LNG-.NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  edify- 

£'OILE,  n.    [U  ^diU*,  ftom  mdes^  a  building.] 

A  Ronwa  ■■jtoluli',  wboae  chief  busmeaa  was  to 
■uparinlend  balUiBfi  of  aH  kinds,  more  aspeciaUy 
MbUc  ediOoes,  tamptoa,  bfidM,  aqueducts,  A«. 
llw  edilea  bad  atao  the  care  of  the  highways,  pub- 
lic ptoees,  weights  and  maaaucaa,  &o.  fNcyc 

S'D|LB-8HIP,  a.      The  offioa  nt  adila  in  ancient 
R<Hne.  Gray, 

BiyiT.  «.  e.    [fh)m  L.  s^,  lo  pabUak ;«  and  do,  to 
fiTe.5 

I.  Prvpert^y  to  publish ;  mar*  unuOg,  to  mperin- 
•end  a  publicatioa ;  to  prepare  a  book  or  paper  for 
the  public  eye,  by  writing,  correcting,  or  selecting 
tbetaatter. 


S.  To  publish. 

AUwd  wTg«*  mar  ptlioMfhial  trothw  wfakh  hn-n  nrm 


EDTT-ED.  pp.    Published ;  corrected }  prepared  and 

puhlidhed. 
KD'IT-L\G,  ppr.    Publishing ;  preparing  for  puWica- 

£-DrTf-0  PRLVCEFS,  (c-itnh'e-o-^  [U]  The 
earliest  printed  edition  of  ao  author.  Bmndc 

B-BI'TIOX,  (e-duh'un,;  a.  [U  tddio,  from  «to,  to 
publish,] 

I.  The  publication  of  any  book  or  writinc ;  as,  the 
flnt  sdiiciea  of  a  aew  work. 

S.  Republication,  sometimes  with  revistmi  or  cor- 
r»ctk>n  i  as,  the  second  ediHan  of  a  work. 

3.  Any  publication  of  a  book  before  published ; 
abo,  one  Impre^skm,  or  the  whole  number  of  copies 
published  at  once ;  a«,  the  tenth  gdUion, 

E-bl"*riON-i:R,  a.     The  old  word  for  Editor- 

ED'I-TOR,  «.     [L.  from  erftf,  to  publish.]       [Oreffonf. 
1.  A  publisher ;  parHailarlji,  a  person-wno  super- 
intends an  impression  of  a  nook ;  the  p<»son  who 
revises,  corrects,  and  prepares  a  book  for  publica- 
tion, as  Erasmus,  Scali;;er,  ice 

%  One  who  superintends  the  publication  of  a 
newspaper. 

ED-I-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  editra-,  as  edito- 
riml  labors  ;  written  bv  an  editor,  as  editttruU  remarks. 

ED'l-TOR-SniP,  n.  ^he  business  of  an  editor;  the 
care  and  superintendence  of  a  publication.    WaUh. 

ED'I-TRKSS,  n.     A  ft-male  editor. 

E-DIT'li-ATE,  c.  L  [Low  U  mditnor,  from  cde^,  a 
temple  or  bouse.] 

To  defend  or  goven  the  house  or  temple.  [A'oC  fa 
maa.]  Oreggrj/. 

ED'U-CA-BLE,  a.    Thai  may  be  educated. 

EiyL'-eATE,  (ed'yu-fcite,)  p.  L  [Ueduco^  edmcart;  e 
and  diuo,  to  lead  ;  It.  educare ;  Sp.  edu£ar.'\ 

To  bring  up,  as  a  child  ;  to  instruct  j  to  inform 
and  enlishten  the  understanding }  to  instil  into  the 
mind  priuciples  of  art*,  science,  morals,  religion, 
ami  bfhavior.  To  educate  children  well  is  one  of 
the  most  important  duties  of  parents  and  guardians. 

ED'^-Ga-TED,  pp.  or  s.  Brought  up;  instructed; 
furnished  with  knowledge  or  principles;  trained  ; 
disciplined. 

EI>'T-Ca-T"^'G,  ppr.  Instnicling  ;  enlightening  the 
under*  »ntjmi,  and  formine  ilie  manners. 

ED-»;-€a'TIO.\,  II,     [L.  ed,ti^io.] 

The  bringing  up,  as  of  a  child  ;  instruction  ;  forma- 
tion of  manners.  Education  comprehends  all  that 
series  of  iasiniction  and  disciplijie  which  is  intended 
to  enlicbten  the  undersiandine,  correct  the  temper, 
and  form  the  manners  and  hnbils  of  youth,  and  fit 
thr;m  for  usefulness  in  their  future  stations.  Tft 
give  children  a  good  education  in  manners,  arts,  and 
science,  is  important ;  to  give  them  a  religious  educa- 
tion is  indispensable  ;  and  an  immense  responsibility 
rests  on  parents  and  guardians  wbu  neglect  these 
duties. 

ED-U-C^TIOX-AL,  o.  Pertaining  to  education  ;  de- 
rived from  education  ;  as,  eduectiunai  habits.      Smith, 


EFF 

ED'I^-€.\-T0R,  n.     One  who  educates.         Beddoes. 
E-DPCE',  p.  t.     [1*.  educo,  tduri ;  e  and  duen.  to  lead.] 
To  brmg  or  draw  out ;  to  extract ;  to  produce  from 
a  state  of  occultation. 

The  etemftl  iin  edufing  goo-i  from  ill.  Pope. 

E-DOC'ED,  (e-dOste',)  pp.    Drawn  forth;  eitracted; 

pnxluced. 
E-DCC'I.\G,  m»r.     Drawin"  forth  ;  producing. 
E'UL'€rr,  n.     [U  ft^Mftum.  rroin  eiiueo.] 

Extracted    matter ;    thai   which    is   educed ;    that 

which  is  brought  to  lij^tit  by  sejiaration,  analysis,  or 

decomposition. 

Wo  muat  conaiUcx  ihe  •dwcti  of  iu  «ul jata  by  Beijmanj  ftc 

E-DU€'TrON,  n.    The  act  of  drawing  out  or  bringing 

into  view. 
E-DU€T'OR,  a.    That  which  brings  forth,  eliciu,  or 

extracts. 

Stiinulua  must  ti^  c-tU«d  nn  wductor  of  viul  etlw.        Darvin, 

E-DUL'CO  RATE,  p.  t.  [Low  h.  edulco,  from  duUis^ 
sweet ;  Fr.  e^luleirrer.] 

Litrrally,  to  sweeten.  In  old  cAemwfrt/,  to  render 
fiuli-^'tinces  more  mild,  by  freeins  thorn  fn>m  acids 
and  salLH,  or  other  soluble  impurities,  by  washing. 
In  modem  cAfflai.<cfrt/,  to  clcnnse  pulveiiilent  sub- 
stances, by  washing  away  ail  particles  soluble  in 
water.  'Ure, 

E-DUL'€0-RA-TED,Ki  Purified  from  acid  or  other 
foreign  substances. 

E-DL"i.'t;0-RA-TlNG,  ppr.  Purifying  from  acid  or 
foreign  substances. 

E-DUL-eO-RA'TlOX,  a.  LiUraUyy  the  act  of  sweeV- 
cning. 

In  ektmistrgf  the  net  of  freeing  pulverulent  sub- 
stances from  acids  or  any  soluble  impurities,  by  re- 
peated affusions  of  water.  Ure. 

E-DUL'€0-RA-TIVE,  o.  Having  the  quality  of 
pweetenirm  or  purifying  by  aft'iision. 

ED'WARI>«  TTE,  a.  [from  Gov.  U.  W.  Edicards.] 
A  mmeral  identical  with  nuntazitA.  Dana. 

EEK.     See  Eke.  , 

EEL,  n.  [^<ix.  irli  G.aaii  D.  aal;  Dan.  id. ;  Sw.  ali 
Gipsy,  aio ;  Turk.  iUtn.  I'he  word,  in  Soxoo,  is 
written  precisely  like  awl.] 

The  popular  name  af  the  .SitffuiUa,  a  grmu  of  soft- 
finned  Asnes  belonging  to  the  order  of  A)>udes.  The 
lieud  is  smooth  ;  there  ara  ten  rays  in  llie  membrane 
of  the  gills;  the  ^ea  ara  covered  with  a  coinnion 
skin  ;  the  body  is  cylindrical  and  slimy.  Eels,  in 
some  eespects,  resemble  reptiles,  [urticularly,  in  llieir 
fuannor  of  moving  by  a  serpentine  winding  of  the 
bod)* ;  and  they  often  creep  upon  laud,  and  wander 
about  at  night  m  search  of  «<nails  or  other  food.  In 
winter,  th«-y  lie  buried  in  mud.  They  ktow  to  the 
weijiht  of  nfXeen  or  twenty  pounds ;  and  Ihe  conger 
eel  is  said  to  grow  to  a  hundred  pounds  in  weight, 
and  to  be  ten  feet  in  length.  They  are  esteemed  good 
f(Nid.  Partington.     P.  Cve. 

EEL'-FISH-ING,  h.     The  act  or  art  of  catching  eels. 

EEU'POT,  m.     A  kind  of  basket  used  for  catching 

EEL'POtn*,  n.  The  burbot,  a  fresh-wntcr  fish,  some- 
what resembling  the  eel  in  appearance  ;  hence  the 
name.  Jardiae's  JV'etf.  Lib. 

EEL'JJKIX,  a.     The  skin  of  an  eel. 

EKL'Sl'g.AU,  71.    A  forked  instrument  used  for  catch- 

£*E\,  a  contraction  for  rrcn,  which  see.         [ing  eels. 

I  have  e'en  done  witb  Tou.  L'Eslrange. 

2.  The  old  plural  for  Evas. 

AqJ  eke  wiUi  fauma  n^-ollen  wore  hlfl  «Vn.  Spenter. 

E'ER,  (ar,)  contracted  from  Evkr,  which  see. 
EF'FA-ULE,  a.     [L.  effab'dis,  from  effor ;  tz  and /or, 
to  ^iieak.l 

L'tlerable ;  that  may  be  uttered  or  spoken. 
[This  word  is  nut  used  ;  but  lNEFrABi.s  is  in  com- 
mon use.] 
EF-FACE',  X.  U    [Fr.  ef««r,  from  the  L.  er  and  fat^ 
or  /o^tM.] 

1.  To  (leslroy  a  figure  on  the  surface  of  any  thing, 
whether  painted  or  carved,  so  as  to  render  it  invisi- 
ble, or  not  distinguishable  ;  as,  to  efface  the  letters  on 
a  monument. 

2.  To  blot  out;  to  erase,  strike,  or  scratch  out,  so 
as  to  destroy  or  render  illegible;  as,  to  tfface  a  writ~ 
ing  ;  tti  efface  a  name. 

3.  I'o  destroy  any  impression  on  the  mind  ;  to 
wear  awuy  ;  as,  to  efface  the  iniace  of  a  person  in 
the  mind ;  to  efface  idefts  or  thoughts ;  to  efface  grati- 
tude. Dryden, 

To  defact  is  to  injure  or  impair  a  figure  ;  to  gfaceis 
to  rub  out  or  destroy,  so  as  to  render  invisible. 

EF-FAC'f;D,  (ef-faste',)  pp.  Rubbed  or  worn  out; 
destroyed,  as  a  figure  or  impressioti. 

EF-FACE'MENT,  n.     Act  of  effacing. 

EF-FaC'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Destroying  a  figure,  char- 
acter, or  impression,  on  any  thing. 

EF-FAS'CI-NATE,  v.  L  To  charm;  to  bewitch. 
[Obs.]     [See  Fascinate.] 

EF-FAS-Cl-NA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  being  be- 
witched or  deluded.  Shciford. 

EF-FECT',  K.  nU  effeetus,  from  efficio ;  ex  and  facio, 
to  make  ;  IL  effetio  ;  Fr.  tffet,] 


KFl' 

1.  That  which  is  produced  by  an  aijent  or  cause  ; 
as,  the  ^ect  of  luxury  ;  the  effrct  of  intemperance. 
Poverty,  disease,  and  (lisgrace,  are  the  natural  tffects 
of  dissiiKition. 

2.  Consequence ;  event. 

I'o  any  thn.1  a  cotiipoaitioa  i*  imperfect,  li  in  efftct  U>  any  tha 
itiithor  is  K  man.  Anon. 

3.  Puriwse  ;  general  intent. 

TIi'.-y  apoke  to  her  lo  that  ^eet.  —  2Chron,  xzxiv, 

4.  Consequence  intended ;  utility  ;  profit  j  advan- 
tage. 

ChrUl  U  become  of  no  ^ect  to  70D,  — GiU,  t. 

5.  Force ;  validity.    The  obligation  Ifl  void  and  of 

6.  Completion  ;  perfection.  [no  fffecL 
Not  ao  wor^iilj  to  be  brought  to  borokal  ^ect  by  fortune  or 

necr^tjr.  Sidney. 

7.  Reality  ;  not  mere  appearance  ;  fact. 

No  other  in  ^ect  than  what  it  leem^.  Dtnham. 

8.  In  the  plural^  effects  are  goods  ;  movables  ;  per- 
sonal estate.  The  people  escaped  from  tlie  town 
with  their  effects. 

9.  In  painting^  truthful  imitation,  liightcned  and 
rendered  more  impressive,  chicfiy  by  the  artifices  of 
light,  shade,  niid  color.  Jocclyn, 

lience,  to  do  any  thing  for  effeety  is  to  do  it  for  the 

furpose  of  hightcning  or  exaggerating. 
-FECT',  r.  t,    [from  the  noun.]     To  produce,  as  a 
cause  or  agent ;  to  cause  to  be.    The  revolution  in 
France  effected  a  great  change  of  property. 

2.  To  bring  to  pass ;  to  achieve ;  to  accomplish ; 
as,  to  effect  an  oljject  or  purpose. 
EF-FECT'ED,  pp.     Done;  performed;  accomplished. 
EF-FECT'I-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  done  or  achieved  ; 

pmcticablo  ;  feasible.  Broom, 

EF-FE€T'ING,  ppr.      Producing  ;    performing  j    ac- 
compli sli  ing. 
EF-FEC'l'lOiV,  n.    Creation  or  production. 

2.  The  geometrical  construction  of  a  proposition  ; 
a  problem  or  praxis  drawn  from  some  general  propo- 
sition. 
EF-FECT*!  VE,  a.    Having  the  power  to  cause  or  pro- 
duce ;  efiicacious. 

They  me  not  ^ecUoe  of  any  th\iig.  Bacon, 

2.  Operative  ;  active  ;  Itaving  the  quality  of  pro- 
ducing effects. 

Time  is  not  ^ective,  nor  ue  bodies  dritro)^  by  K.      Brotffn. 

3.  Efficient ;  causing  to  be  ;  as,  an  effective  cause. 

Taylor. 

4.  Having  the  power  of  active  operation ;  able ; 
fit  for  service ;  as,  effective  men  in  an  anny ;  an  qf- 
fectioe  force. 

EF-FECT'IVE-I^Y,  adv.  With  cfllcct;  powerfully; 
with  real  operation. 

Tliis  effectioely  resists  the  devil.  Tbj/lor. 

[In  this  sense,  ErrECTUAH-y  is  generally  used.] 

EF-FECT'I  VE-NEtiS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  effects 
ive. 

EF-FE€T'LESS,  a.  Without  effect ;  without  advan- 
tage ;  useless.  Shak. 

EF-FECT'OH,  n.  One  who  effects;  one  who  produces 
or  causes  ;  a  maker  or  creator.  Derham, 

EF-FECTS',  n.  pi.  Goods ;  movables  ;  personal  es- 
tate. 

EF-FECT'TI-AL,  a.  Producing  an  effect,  or  the  effect 
desired  or  intended  ;  or  having  adequate  power  or 
force  to  produce  the  effect.  The  means  employed 
were.  eff^taoL 

Aetoniing'  to  the  fift  of  the  grace  of  God   giren  me  by  ths 
^eclual  woridng  of  his  power.  —  Eph.  iii. 

2.  Veracious  :  expressive  of  facts.     fJVoi  used.'] 

Shak 

3.  Effectual  assassin,  in  Mitford,  is  unusual  and  not 
well  authorized. 

EF-FECT'LJ-AL-LY,  arfc.  With  effect;  efficaciously; 
in  a  manner  to  produce  the  intended  effect ;  thor- 
ouglily.  The  weeds  on  land  for  grain  nmst  be  ef- 
fectually subdued.     The  city  is  effectually  guarded. 

EF-FECT'II-ATB,  v.  t.     [Fr.  effectuer.    See  Effect.] 
To  bring  10  pass  ;  to  achieve  ;  to  accoinptish  ;  to 
fulfil ;  as,  to  effectuate  a  purpose  or  desire.     Sidney. 

EF-FE€T-lT-A'TIO\,  ?i.     Act  of  effecting.  Dwigkt, 

EF-FECT'lJ-A-TED,  pp.     Accomplished. 

EF-FECT'IJ-A-TING,  ppr.  Achieving  ;  performing 
to  effect.  ' 

EF-FEM'I-\A-CY,  n.  [from  effeminate.]  The  soft- 
ness, delicacy,  and  weakness  in  men,  which  are 
characteristic  of  tlie  female  sex,  but  which,  in  males, 
are  deemed  a  reproach  ;  unmanly  delicacy  ;  woman- 
ish softness  or  weakness.  Milton. 

2,  Voluptuousness  ;  indulgence  in  unmanly  pleas- 
ures ;  lasciviousness.  Taylor. 

EF-FEM'I-NATE,  a.  [L.  effmminatus,  from  effaminor^ 
to  grow  or  make  wom;mish,  from  fmnina^  a  woman 
See  Woman.] 

1.  Having  the  qualities  of  the  female  sex  ;  soft  or 
delicate  to  an  urunanly  degree  ;  tender;  womanish  ; 
voluptuous. 

The  king-,  bv  his  *oIiiptiio«B  life  and  mewi  maixiajo,  became 
ejenunate,  and  less  scusiUe  of  honor.  Bacon. 

2.  Womanish;  weak;  resembling  the  practice  or 


FATE,  FAR,  F.^LL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PLVE,  MARtNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.— 


I 


EFF 

qtiiilitif!*  of  the  sex  ;  &a,  an  effemimtte  peace  ;  an  ef- 
femiaate  V\(e. 

3.  Womanlike;  tender;  in  a  sense  not  reproach- 
ful. SSuik. 

EF  FE.MT-XaTE,   r.  (.    To  make  womanish  ;  to  un- 
man ;  to  wpakpn  ;  iw,  to  ej/'rminate  children.  Locke. 

EF-FEM'I-\aTK,  r.  i.    To  grow  womanish  or  weak  j 
to  uu.-lt  into  weakness. 


In  \  slothful  peace  eoung«  n-il!  ^eminaU. 


Pope. 


EF-FEM'I-NA-TED,  OT.    Made  or  become  womanish. 

EF-FE.\ri-.\ATE-LY,  adv.  In  a  woinanisli  manner; 
WPiikly  ;  softly. 

2.  By  means  of  a  woman ;  as,  fffeminatelif  van- 
quished. Milton. 

EF-FE.M'I-XATE-\ESS,  n.     Unmanlike  softness. 

EF-FEMT-NA-TING,  ppr.     Making  womanish- 

EF-FEM-^^'A'TIO^^  71.  The  suite  of  one  grown 
womanish  ;  the  stale  of  being  weak  or  unmanly. 
[LiUh  used.']  Bacon. 

EF-FE\'DI,  fi.  In  Turkish,  a  moster:  a  word  anb- 
joinrd  to  the  names  of  persons,  in  token  of  respect, 
corresponding  to  masttr^  monsieur;  applied  particu- 
larly lu  lt.'arned  men  and  ecclesiastics.  It  also  occurs 
as  paft  of  the  titles  of  particular  ofTicers  ;  as,  (tte  Reia 
Ejfntdi,  wlio  is  principal  secreian-  of  state.  P.  Cyc. 

EF-FER-VESCE',  (ef  fer-ves',)  v.  L  [U  efferve^co^ 
fit)m  ferceo,  to  be  hot,  to  nige.     Pee  Fervent-] 

To  be  in  natural  commotion,  like  liipmr  when  (ten- 
tly  boiling  ;  to  bubble  and  liiss,  nj«  fcrnipiiting  liquors, 
or  any  diiid,  wIilii  some  part  escapes  in  a  gaseous 
form  ;  to  work,  as  new  wine. 

EF-FER-VES'CE.NCE,  (i*f-ft;r-ves'sens,)  n.  A  kind 
of  natural  ebullitiun  ;  that  commotion  of  a  fluid, 
which  takes  place  when  some  psirt  of  the  mass  tties 
off  in  a  gaseous  form,  producing  innumerable  snmll 
bubbles  ;  as,  the  effcrecscence  or  working  of  ne-w 
wine,  cider,  or  beer  ;  the  t^rrcescencc  of  a  carbo- 
nate witli  nitric  acid. 

EF-FKK-VES'CEXT,  a.  Gently  boiling  or  bubbling, 
by  means  t.f  the  disengagement  of  gas.  Encvc 

EP-FER-VES'CI-BLE,  a.  Thai  has  tlie  quality  of  ef- 
fervescing; capable  of  producing  effervescence. 

A  iniftll  quantity  of  e^rrvacibU  mailer.  Kiruan. 

EF-FER-VES'CrXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Boiling  ;  bubbling  by 
means  of  an  elastic  fluid  extricated  in  the  diiiisolutiuh 
of  bodies. 

EP-FETE',  a.  [L.  ejirtas^  effetua;  ex  and  /leftw,  em- 
bryo./ 

1.  Barren  ;  not  capable  of  producing  young,  as  an 
animal,  or  fruit,  as  the  earth.  An  animal  becomes 
effete  by  lording  the  power  of  conception.  The  earth 
may  \ye  rendered  effcu  by  drouth,  or  by  exhaustion  of 
fertflity.  Hay.     Bentlnj. 

2.  \Vorn  out  with  age  ;  as,  effete  sensualilv.  South. 
EF-Fr-€A'CIOUS,  (ef-fe-ka'shus,)  a.    [L.  rfficax^  from 

tj^ieio.     See  Effect.] 

Effectual ;  productive  of  effects ;  pro<lucing  the  ef- 
fect intended  ;  having  power  ade»jnale  to  the  purpose 
intended  ;  powerful ;  as,  an  efficaciouM  remedy  fur 
disease. 

EF-FI-eA'CIOUS-L/,  adv.  EflVctually  ;  in  aurh  a 
manner  as  to  prfxltice  the  effect  desired.  We  say,  a 
remedy  haa  been  effieacioiuly  applied. 

EP-FI  €A'C10US-S'ESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  cf- 
flmcious.  ^^fu 

EP'FI-€A-CY,  ■.  [Sp.  and  IL  rfficada;  Fr.efficace; 
from  L.  effcnx.] 

Power  to  produce  effeclf  ;  production  of  the  effect 
intended  ;  as,  the  efficacy  of  the  gosptl  in  converting 
men  from  sin  ;  the  rffcacy  of  prayer  ;  the  efficacy  of 
medicine  in  counteracting  disease  ;  tlie  ^^mcy  of  ma- 
nure in  fertilizing  land. 

EF-FI"CIENCE,  (cf  fish'ens,)       )  n.       [L.    effUieiu, 

EF-FI"CIE.\-CY,  (ef  fisii'en-sy,)  ]  fropi  effcio.  See 
Effect.] 

1.  The  act  of  producing  effects  ;  a  causing  to  be  or 
exist ;  effectual  agency. 

Tbo  matinfT  of  thi«  iliWiw  tfkiennf  b  fur  abovn  i».      Ifooker. 
Onk'ity  il'""*  tvA  proceed  ln>m  Uie  ejteietiey  (A  fciiv  eontinrrnt 
or  uiiatiUjle  ng^nu  Woodioara. 

2.  Power  of  producing  the  eflfcct  intended  ;  active, 
comjietent  power. 

EF-FI"CIE.\T,  (ef  fish'ent,)  a.  Causing  effects  ;  pro- 
ducing ;  that  caii:ies  any  thing  to  be  what  it  is.  'i'he 
effirirnt  cause  is  that  which  prixluces  ;  lU^fiaal  cause 
is  that  for  which  it  i«  prwluced. 

EF-FI"CIENT,  (ef-ftsh'cni,)  w.    The  agent  or  cause 
which  produces  or  causes  to  exisL 
2.  III!  that  makes. 

EF-Pr'CIENT-LY,  adu.     VVitli  eff.ict ;  effectively. 

EF-FIKRCE',  V.  U  To  make  fierce  or  furious.  [JVl»( 
used.]  Spetiser, 

EF-FIC'I-ATE,  V.  t.     [L.  (;/Pi'io,  fffis'"""-)     * 

To  image  ;  to  form  a  like  figure.     [Little  iwerf.] 

EF-FIG'I-A-TED,  jrp.     Furnifid  in  resi;niblancc. 

EF-FIO'I-A-TIXG,  ypr.     Iniagirig. 

EF-FltS-I-A'TIO.N,  n.  The  act  of  furming  in  resem- 
blance. 

EF'FI-6Y,  Ti.  [L.  rffiffir.*^  from  rffm^o^  to  fnslnon  ;  ez 
and  /a^-o,  to  form  or  devise  ;  Sp.  It.  and  Fr.  effis*^. 
See  Fkio!».] 

I.  The  image  or  likeness  of  a  perwn ;  resemblance ; 


EFF 

representation  ;  any  substance  fashioned  into  the 
sliniM?  of  a  [lerson. 

2.  Portrait;  likeness  ;  figure,  in  sculpture  or  paint- 
ing. 

3.  On  eninit,  the  print  or  impression  representing 
the  head  of  the  prince  who  struck  the  coin. 

To  bw^t  or  haniT  in  effi^-,  is  to  burn  or  hang  an  im- 
age or  picture  of  the  person  intended  to  be  executed, 
disiiracfd,  or  decraded.  In  France,  when  a  criminal 
can  not  be  appreheiided,  his  picture  is  hung  on  a  gal- 
lows or  gibbet,  at  the  Inittom  of  which  is  written  his 
sentence  of  condemnation.  Encyc, 

EF-FLA6'I-TaTE,  r.  L     [L.  rgagito.] 
To  demand  earnestly.     [J^ot  ua«^j 
EF-FLATE',  c  (.     [L.  efflo.] 

To  fill  with  breath  or  air.     [Little  tw«/.] 
EF-FLO-KESCE',  (ef-flo-res',)  v.L  [L.  efflorcMo,  from 
fiorejfcoy  Jlorcoj  to  blossom,  fios,  a  flower.    See  Flow- 
er.] 

1.  In  ehcmlttry^  to  form  a  mealy  powder  on  the 
surface;  to  become  pulverulent  or  dusty  on  the  sur- 
face. Substances  effloresce  by  losing  their  water  of 
crystallization. 

ThoK  salts  wtxite  crriinli  tfflorfce,  belong:  ta  tlie  dun  wliieli  la 
itKMi  •uiuUc,  anil  cry*LiUiK»  by  coulijig.  ^ur»roy. 

2.  To  form  saline  vegetition  on  the  surface ;  or 
rather  to  shoot  out  minute  spicular  crystals  ;  as,  the 
effforfscence  of  salts  on  plaster. 

EF-FLO-RKS'CEXCE,  n.  In  botany,  the  time  of  flow- 
ering ;  the  season  when  a  plant  shows  its  fir^it  blos- 
s«)ms.  Jilartyn. 

2.  Among  ■physicians^  a  redness  of  the  skin  :  erup- 
tions ;  as,  in  rash,  measles,  small-pnx,  scarlatina,  &:c. 

3.  In  chemistnj,  tlie  formation  of  a  mealy  ixiwder 
on  the  surface  of  bodies  ;  also,  the  fimnation  of  mi- 
lUite  spicular  crystals,  called  sometimes  j!o?rrr5,  or 
saline  vegetation.  Such  an  efflorescence  is  often 
seen  on  walls  formed  with  plaster. 

Fuurcroif.      Ure. 
EF-FLO-RES'CENT,  o.     Shooting  into  whi'ie  threads 
or  spicule  }  funning  a  white  dust  on  the  surface. 

Fvarcroy. 
EF'FI.U-EXCE,  n.     \l..  rffluerui^  effuof   ez  and  Jluo, 
to  (low.     See  Flow.  I 

A  (lowing  out;  that  which  flows  or  issues  from 
any  body  or  substance. 

Bright  ejluence  uf  bright  e»ence  Ipctrate.  Milton. 

EF'FLU-ENT,  a.     Flowing  out. 

EF-FLCi'VI-UM,  n.;  pi.  Efflutia.  [L.,  from  effitio, 
to  t!ow  ouL     See  Flow.] 

The  minute  and  often  invisible  particles  .which 
exhale  from  mosr,  if  not  all,  terrestrial  bodies,  such 
as  tlic  odor  or  smell  of  [ilants,  and  the  noxious  exha- 
lations  from  diseast'd  bodies  or  putrefying  animal  or 
vegetable  substances. 

EF'FLUX,  71.     [I..  e_^,uriLf,  from  efflvo,  to  flow  out.] 

1.  The  act  of  flowing  out,  or  issuing  in  a  stream  ; 
(ts,  an  rjfluz  of  matter  from  nn  ulcer.  Ilarmj. 

2.  Effusion  ;  flow  ;  as,  the  first  effluz  of  men's 
piety.  Hammond. 

3.  That  which  flows  out ;  emanation. 


I  jffht  —  ^ux  (tivine.  TTx 

EF-FLUX',  D.  I.    To  run  or  flow  away.    [A*«f  u,W.] 

lioyle. 
EF-FLUX'ION,  (ef-fluk'ahun,)  n,    [L.  ^uzum,  from 
</Pmo.] 

1.  The  act  of  flowing  out  Brown. 

2.  That  which  flows  out  ^  effluvium;  emanation. 

liar.on. 
EF-FATH-EiNT,  11.    Pigging;  accustomed  to  dig. 
EF-FOUCE',  r.  t.     [Fr.  efforerr,  from  farce.] 

1.  To  force;  to  break  through  by  violence. 

Speruer. 

2.  To  force  ;  to  ravish.  Spenser. 

3.  To  strain  ;  to  exert  with  effort.  Spenser. 
[This  word   is  now  rarely  used  ;  perhajMi  never, 

except  in  iKt«iry.     We  now  use  Forck.] 
EF-F()UM',c.  f.     [from/orwi.]     To  fashion  ;  to  shape. 

[For  this  we  now  use  Form.]  [Taulor. 

EF-FORM-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  giving  slin|>e  or 
form.  Hay. 

[We  now  use  Formation.] 
EF'FORT,   n.      [Fr.    effort;    It.   ffin-io ;    from   /ort, 
strong,  l>.  /iirtLi.     See  Force. 1 

A  straining;  an  exertion  oi  strength  ;  endeavor; 
elrenuouH  exiirtitm  to  accomplish  an  object ;  applica- 
ble to  phyMeal  or  intrllretual  pmcer.  'J'lic  army,  by 
great  r#>rfji,  scaled  thf  walls.  Distinction  in  science 
is  gained  by  continued  effurt*  of  the  mind. 
EF'FORT  I.KSS,  rt.  Making  no  etfort. 
EF-FOS'SION,  (ef-fosh'un,)  m.  [L.  effosmuj  from  ^- 
fvdioy  to  dig  nut.) 

'I'he  art  of  digging  out  of  the  earth  ;  as,  the  effos- 
Hion  of  coins.  JirbutJtnot., 

El'-FKA\'CHl»E,  (-chi7.,)  r.  i.    To  invest  with  fnin- 
chisf's  or  privileges.  De  Tocqucville. 

EF-FRAY',  (-fri',)  p.  (.     [Fr.  effrayer.] 

'/'o  f^^^llt^^.     '  Ai't  in  \ise.]  Sprnter. 

EF-FRAY'A-BLE;  a.     Frightful;  dreadful.     [J^ot   m 
iw.]  Harvey. 

EF-FRE-NA'TION,  n.     [L.  efframatio,  ftoni  fntnum,  a 
rein.] 


EGO 

Unbridled  rashness  or  license  ;  unruliness  [JVot 
in  M.'jcJ 

EFFRONT'ER-Y,  (ef-frunt'er-y,)  n.  [Fr.  tffronterief 
from  frotit,] 

Impudence;  assurance;  shameless  boldness; 
sauciness;  boldness  transgressing  the  bounds  of 
modesty  and  decorum.  Effrontery  is  a  sure  mark  of 
ill-hreeding. 

EF-FULCE',  (ef-fuIj'O  v.  i.  [L.  effulgeo;  ex  and  ful- 
gro,  to  shine. 

'i  o  send  forth  a  flood  of  light ;  to  shine  with 
splendor. 

EF-FUL'6ENCE,  n,  A  flood  of  light;  great  luster 
or  brightness  ;  splendor;  as,  the  rffulfrence  of  divine 
glory.  It  is  a  word  of  superlative  signification,  and 
applied,  with  peculiar  propriety,  to  llie  sun  and  to 
the  Supreme  Being. 

EF-FI:L'0;ENT,  a.  shining;  bright;  splendid;  dif- 
fusing a  flood  of  light ;  as,  the  effulgent  sun. 

EF-FUL'GENT-LY,arfc.  In  a  bright  or  splendid  man- 
ner. 

EF-FUL'GIXG,  ppr.    Sending  out  a  flood  of  light. 

Savage. 

EF-FU-MA-BIL'I-TY,  w.  The  quality  of  flying  off 
in  fumes  or  vapor.  Boyle. 

EF-FCME',  r.  (.     To  breathe  out.     [Obs.l     Spenser. 

EF-FUMV,  V.  U     [U  effuttdo.\    To  pour  out.     [Obs.] 

EF-FOSE',  (ef-fQze',)  v.  t.     [L.  ^ffusus^  from  ^undo; 
ez  and  /undo,  to  pour.l 
To  pour  out  as  a  fluid  ;  to  spill ;  to  shed. 

With  giiehing  blood  <^n«d.  MilUm. 

EF-FOSE',  a.     Dissipated  ;  profuse.     \J^ot  in  use.] 

Richardson 
Q.  In  natural  history,  spreading  loosely. 
EF-FrS'fJf>,  (ef-fu/.d',)  pp.     Poured  out ;  shed. 
EFFOS'ING,  (ef-fuz'ing,)  ppr.    Pouring  out;  shed- 
ding. 
EF-FO'SION,  fef-fQ'zhun,)  n.    The  act  of  pouring 
out,  as  a  liquid. 

3.  Tlie  act  of  pouring  out ;  a  shedding  or  spilling; 
waste  ;  as,  the  effusion  of  blood. 

3.  The  iKiuriiig  out  of  words.  Hooker. 

4.  The  act  of  pouring  out  or  bestowing  divine  in- 
fluence ;  as,  the  fusions  of  the  Holy  Spirit ;  effor- 
Bions  of  grace. 

5.  That  wliich  is  poured  out. 

Wash  me  with  that  precious  ^unou,  And  I  ihall  lie  whitf  r  (him 
siiaw.  King  CharUt. 

6.  Eiberal  donation.     [JVot  used,]  Hammond. 
EF-FC'SIVE,a.  Pouring  out;  that  pours  forth  largely. 

Tlie  ^uxJM  souUi.  Thornton. 

EF-FO'SIVE-LY,  adv.    In  an  effusive  manner. 

EFT,  n.     [Sax.  (/eta.] 

7'he  popular  name  of  the  Laccrta  Seps  of  Linnn- 
us,  a  Saurian  reptile. 

EFT',  ado.  [Sax.]  Soon  after;  again  ;  soon  ;  quickly. 
[  Obs.]  Spenser. 

EFT-SOONS',  ado.  [Sax.  ^,  after,  and  sona,  sones, 
smm.] 

Soon  afterward  ;  in  a  short  time.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

E.  G.  [czempli  gratia.]  For  the  sake  of  an  example  ; 
for  instance. 

E-f;AD',  ezclam.  Qu.  Ch.  "iJK,  a  lucky  star,  good  for- 
tune, as  we  say,  niy  stars! 

i^:'GKK,     ;  n.    An  impetuous  flood  ;  an  irregular  tide. 

EA'GRE,  (  Brown. 

EG'E-RAN,  n.  [from /:^er,  in  Bohemia.]  A  subspe- 
cies of  pyramidical  garnet,  of  a  reddish  brown  color. 
It  occurs  massive,  sometimes  crystallized.         Vre. 

E-GERM'I-NATE.     [JVol  usaL]     See  Germimatk. 

E  OEST',  v.  t.     [L,  egestum^  from  egero.] 

To  cast  or  throw  out ;  to  void,  as  excrement. 

E'GEST'ED,  pp.     Castor  thrown  out.  [Bacon. 

E-GE.ST'ING,  pitr.     Casting  or  tlirowing  out. 

E-GES'TION,  (e-jes'chun,)  n.     [L.  egejtio.] 
*    The  act  of  voiding  digested  matter  at  the  natural 
vent.  Hale. 

EGG,  n.  [Sax.  asg ;  G.  and  D.  ei ;  Sw.  'dgg  ,■  Dan.  eg. 
Uu.  L.  ocum,  by  a  change  of  ^  into  t? ;  \\.wy;  Arm, 
oy;  It.  ugh  ;  Russ.  ukra,  eggs,  and  the  fat  or  calf  of 
the  leg.] 

A  boily  formed  in  the  females  of  birds  and  certain 
other  animals,  containing  an  embryo  or  fetus  of  the 
same  species,  or  the  substance  from  which  a  like 
animal  is  produced.  The  eggs  of  fowls,  when  laid, 
are  covered  with  a  shell,  anil  within  is  the  white  or 
albumen,  which  incloses  the  yelk  or  yellow  sul)- 
stance.  The  eggs  of  fish  and  some  other  animals 
are  united  by  a  viscous  substance,  and  catted  spawn. 
Most  insects  are  oviparous. 
F.gz,  to  incite,  is  a  mere  blunder.     [See  Edoe.] 

EGG'BIRD,  (-burd,)  n.    A  fowl,  a  species  of  tern. 
Cook's  Voyages. 

EGG'-€UP,  n.    A  cup  used  for  eating  eggs  at  table. 

EfJG'ER,  n.     One  who  excites.  Shenoood. 

EGG'LNG,  rt.     Incitement.  Clcatcland.   ' 

E(;<;'-XOG,  n.  A  drink  used  in  America,  consisting 
of  the  yelks  of  eggs  beaten  up  with  sugar  and  the 
whites  of  eggs  whipped,  with  the  addition  of  wino 
or  spirits.  In  Scotland  milk  is  added,  and  it  is  then 
called  auld  man^g  milk. 

EG<;'-ri^ANT,  7t.    A  i>lanC  allied  to  the  tomato,  and 


TCNB,  BVM>,  !:N1TE.— AN"C£R,  VI"CIOUS.— C  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  8  a«  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


OSI 


EH 

btMirinp  a  smooth  frtiit,  9ha|)e(]  like   an  e^^.  used  in 
cuokory.    It  h  the  Solnnmn  li^culeutuiii  of  Lmnapus. 

EGG'F.R,  M.     One  who  excites. 

EGG  INT..  m.     In  iteint-nL 

EGG'-tfllEUL»  «.    The  shell  or  outside  coTering  of 

E-Gl-bOP'ie-AU  a.   Affected  with  egilous.       [an  egg. 

£'Gl-LOP8,  n,    [Gr.  aij  lAftH^.l 

Gitat's  eye  ;  an  abscess  in  tjie  inner  canthus  of  the 
eye  ;  fistula  larho'inulis.  O***. 

S'GIS,  n.     A  shield  ;  defensive  annor.     [See  ^ait.J 

E-GLAXD'i;-LOCS,  a,     [e  neg.  and  gianduimu,] 
Destittiie  of  glands, 

ECTLAN-TINE,  C-«ne  «•-«»»»)  «•     [Fr.  •fiMtiw  ,■  D. 

tftioMtxer.'] 

A  species  of  rose ;  the  swe«<  brier ;  «  plant  bev- 
ing  an  otiorifenms  flower. 

Miliun  applies  liiis  term  improperly  to  the  boney- 
Biickle.  Brmtds, 

E-GLO.M'ER-ATE,  r.  L    [See  Glomekatb.]    To  un- 
wind, as  m  thn*ad  from  a  ball. 
fi'GO-lffM,  ».     [Uf*o.] 

1.  Tbe  opiiuon  of  one  who  thinks  every  thin;;  un- 
certain except  hts  own  e\i«u-ncc.  Baiter, 

5.  A  pitMioaale  love  of  srlf,  leadine  a  man  tu  con 
sMer  every  Ihiny  as  connecte^d  wiili  hi$  own  person, 
and  to  |m;fer  himself  to  everj*  thing  in  the  world. 
Tlus  word  Beems  to  l>e  more  couiprehen^iive  than 

MdCsftlMM.  Jtfffrstm. 

R'GO-l8T.  n.  [from  I^  e«>,  I.]  A  name  given  to 
certain  followers  of  Des  Cartes,  who  held  the  opin- 
ion that  they  were  uncertain  of  eveiy  thing  except 
their  own  cxistrnce,  and  the  operations  and  ideas  of 
their  own  minds.  Retd, 

E-CO'I-TY,  «.     Personality.     [J^ot  outhorizedA    Swift 
fi'GO-TISM,  ■.    [Fr.  egoigme  f  Sp.  egviMme  ;  from  L. 

PhatttrHf,  the  practice  of  too  frequently  u^ing  ll)e 
word  /.  Hence,  a  speaking  or  writing  nuieh  of 
one's  self;  self-praise  ;  self-commt^ndation  ;  tiie  act 
or  pnctice  of  magnifying  onc'^  self,  or  m.-iktng  one*s 
sell  of  imponance.  Speetetar, 

A  OefkambkB  *fvtum  afcterMUT.  ihti^  wi  DtuHmg. 

Tbis  word  has  srimelimes  been  used  in  a  still 
stronger  sense,  to  denote  a  passionate  lo\*e  of  self, 
like  the  word  ^wssi,  wbkh  see. 
fi'GO-TIST,  K.  One  who  repeats  the  word  /  very 
often  in  eoovefsalion  or  writing;  one  who  speaks 
much  of  himself,  er  magnifies  bis  own  achievements  ; 
tme  who  makes  himself  the  hero  of  ever)-  tale. 

I^S:?!!?'!?;^.,!'-    Add,cu:du.ep,.«m. 

9.  Containing  ecDtism. 
£'GO-TTZE,  r.  i.    To  talk  or  write  much  ot  one^ 

self;  to  moke  preteuBKNW  to  self-importance. 
&GRE'GI0US,  (e-grC'jtu,)  a.     [L.  effresiu*^  supposed 
to  be  from  «,  or  cr,  g^i*t  frooii  or  out  of,  or  beyond, 
the  herd,  select,  choice.} 

1.  Eminent ;   remarkable ;  extraordinary ;  diAin- 

Kisbed  ;  as,  sgrs^tsiis  exptofts ;  an  tgrtfiams  prince, 
t.  In  this  sense,  it  is  seldom  applied  to  persons. 

6.  In  a  hmd  scmw,  great ;  extraordinary ;  remarka- 
ble ;  enormous  ;  as,  an  rgregums  mistake  ;  fprtgiotu 
contempt.  In  this  sense,  it  is  often  applied  to  per- 
sons ;  as,  an  egrtfioms  rascal ;  an  tgregious  mur- 
derer. 

E-GRK'6I0U6-LY,«rfF.  Greatly;  enormouftly  ;  shame- 
fully ;  usually  IN  a  bad  sense ;  as,  he  is  egregiomMy 
mistaken  ;  they  were  egre^inusiy  cheated. 

E-GRk'GIOUS-NKSS,  m.  The  stute  of  being  great  or 
extraordinary. 

fi'GKES:*,  n.  fL.  egreaaiWy  from  egrtdiar  i  e  and  gra- 
^r,  to  step,  bw.  rcM,  Usok.  rtj^ier,] 

The  act  of  going  or  isauing  out,  or  the  power  of 
departing  from  any  mckved  or  eenfined  place. 


£JG 


'So^k!!"-    lG.nndS^y.eidrr.] 


Gam  of  bvnBQg  wbmukt, 
BuTvd  over  Jm,  pnthiUt  sU  frttt. 


MVton.A 


B-GRES'SIOX,  (e-gresb'un,>".     [L.  egrtssio.] 

The  act  of  going  out  fruiu  any  incisure  or  place  aC 
confinenirnt.  Pops. 

E-GRESS'OR,  9.    One  who  goes  out. 
K'GHET,  «.     [Fr.  aigrrtle.] 

1.  The  lesser  white  hemn,  a  bird  of  tlie  genus 
Ardea;  an  elegant  fowl,  with  a  white  body,  and  a 
crest  on  the  bead.  Encfc. 

2.  Id  ^oteMv,  the  flying,  feathery*,  or  hairy  crown 
of  seeds,  as  the  down  of  the  thistle. 

E-GRETTE',  K.     A  tuft  of  feathtrrs,  diamonds,  ii,c. ; 

an  ornament  of  ribbons.    [See  AioaciTK.] 
E'GRI-OT,  n.     [Ft.  aiVr«,  sour.] 

A  kind  of  sour  chcrT>%  Bae^n. 

E-GYP'TIAN,  le-jip'sfaan,)  o,  [from  Eg^fpt^  Gr. 
Ai}  v-r  $ :  supposed  to  be  so  called  from  the  name 
C*pto5,  a  principal  town,  from  gupta^  guarded,  forti- 
fied. Asiau  Res.  iiL  3f>4,  335.  So  Jiegr,  Maior, 
Heb.  '*^nc,  whence  Mixraimi  signifies  a  fortress,  from 
">5,  to  bind  or  inclose.] 

Pertaining  to  Eg>-pt,  in  Africa. 
I   E-CYP'TI  A\,  n.     A  native  cf  Egypt ;  also,  a  gipFV. 
;   E-6YPT'0-€Ar-eA'^IAN,  n.    An  ancient  Egyptian, 
■o  called  because  considered  of  the  Caucasian  fam- 
ily. Oliddon. 
SB,  ezdom.     Denoting  inquiry  or  slight  surprise. 


A  s|Krcies  of  sea  duck,   pro<turing   uncommonly 

fine  down,  found  in  llie  Shetland  Isles,  the  Ork- 

nevs,  &r, 
EI'1>F.R-I)0\VN,  n.    Down  or  soft  feathers  of  the 

eidor-duck.  * 

ET-l)OLf-RA'NI-ON, «,   [Gr.  ndoj,  form,  and  ovpavtov, 

heaven. J 

A  representation  of  the  heavens. 
ETGII,  (a,)  rictar».     An  ejtpression  of  sudden  delight. 
£IG11T,  (ate,)«.     [.Sax.  ahta^  ttthta,ot  ehta  ;  G.  acXtf 

O.  agti  Sw.  oUa;  Dan.  otte  i  G«>th.  aktcut;  L.  octv  j 

Gr.  oKTuit   It.  otto;   Sp.  oeho ;   Port,  oito;  Fr.  huit; 

Arm.  rik  or  rii :  Ir.  i^Mt ;  \V.  utjth  or  ityth ;  Corn. 

cotA  ,-  Gipsy,  oeJtto  ;  Hindoo,  autc] 
Twice  four;  expressing  tlie  number  twice  four. 

Four  and  four  make  rigH. 
BIGHT'EEX.  (a'leen,)  o.     Eight  and  ten  iiniied. 
£IGHT-EE\'MO,   ti.      A  compound  of  the   Knpllsh 

rigktern  and   tlie  last  sjltable  of  the   I<ntin  dfcimo, 

more  propt'riy  •ctodflctmo :  denoting  the  size  of  a  book 

in  which  a  Bheet  is  doubled  into  eighteen  leaves. 
CIGIIT'EE.N'TH,  (a'teentta,)  a.     The  next  in  order 

arter  the  seventeenth. 
EIGHT'FOLU,  (ale'fold,)  a.    Eight  times  the  number 

or  ijuariiity. 
SlGtlTIl,  'iiith,)  a.     Noting   the  number  eight ;  the 

number  i  'xt  alter  seven  ;  the  ordinal  of  eight. 
£IGIITII,  n.    In  mxt-^ic,  an  interval  composed  of  Ave 

tones  and  two  st  »iiu»nes,  Encyc 

BIGHTII'LY.  (atih'lv,)  ajv.     In  the  eighth  place. 
ElGHT'I-ETil,(a'liAlh,)o.    [from  eighty.]    The  next 

in  ord'-r  in  the  seventy -ninth  ;  the  eiylith' tenth. 
EIGIlT'SeORE,  (aie'skore,)  a.  or  n.     [eight  and  score  ; 

scare  is  a  notch  noting  twenty.]    Eight  times  twenty  ; 

a  hundred  and  sixty. 
EIGiri'V,  (a'ty,)  a.     Eight  times  ten  ;  fourscore. 
EIGNE,  (Sne)  o.     [Norm.  airme.J 

1.  Eldest ;  an  epithet  used  m  law  to  denote  the 
eldest  Mtn  ;  as,  bastard  eignt,  Blacksione. 

2.  Unalienable ;  entailed  i  belonging  to  the  eldest 
son.     [JVot  vsed.']  Bacon. 

fil'SEL,  n.     fPax.]     Vinegar.     [J^ot  in  «.•*-.]     More. 

ET'SEN-RAHM,  «.  [G.,  iron ^: ream.]  The  red  and 
brown  eisenrahm,  the  scaly  red  and  brown  hema- 
tite. '         jCltaveUnd. 

EIl*-TEDD'FOD,  ».  [W  tisUdd,  to  sit.]  An  ossem- 
blv  of  Welsh  bards.  P.  Cyc 

fil't'HER,  (e'ther  or  I'ther.  The  former  ia  the  pro- 
nunciation given  in  nearly  nil  the  English  dictiona- 
ries, and  is  still  the  prevailing  one  in  America  ;  the 
latter  has,  of  late,  become  genera)  in  England.)  a,  or 
pron.  [Sax,  mgtJuTy  egOter;  D.  W<r ;  G.  jedrr;  Jr. 
cectktar.  I'his  word  seems  to  be  compound,  and 
the  first  syllable  to  be  the  same  Us  eadu  So  Sax. 
mgkwar^  each  whert^  eveiy  wlicre.  Sax.  Chron.  An. 
UM,  uiaj 

1.  One  or  another  of  any  number.  Here  are  ten  or- 
ange* ;  take  tWter  orange  of  the  whole  number,  or 
take  eiiker  of  them.  In  the  last  phrase,  either  stands 
as  a  pronoun  or  substitute. 

2.  One  of  two.  This  sense  is  included  in  the  fore- 
going. 

LpiMub  flxUm  botfa, 

Of  hnth  U  lUurrvU ;  twi  be  ocUiicr  lorea, 

Nor  eiJi€r  cuiva  fur  fiini.  Sliak. 

3.  Each  ;  every  one  separately  considered. 

On  either  dile  of  ihe  rircr.  —  Rct.  xxU. 

4.  This  word,  when  applied  to  sentences  or  propo- 
sitions, is  called  a  distributice  or  a  conjujiction.  It 
precedes  the  first  of  two  or  more  alternatives,  and  is 
answered  by  or  before  the  second  or  succeeding  alter- 
natives. 

Eithgr  he  it  taHtirts.  or  he  is  nMra'itnjf,  or  be  it  oa  a  )ourne)r, 
0r  periupa  be  ■leepeUi.  —  1  King*  xviii. 

In  this  sense,  ather  refers  to  each  of  the  succeed- 

ine  clauses  of  the  sentence. 

EJACQ-LATE,  V.  t.      [I*,   ejaculor,  from  jaculor^  to 

Uirow  or  dart,  jocM^um,  a  dart,  fromj«cj«,  to  throw.] 

To  throw  out ;  to  cast ;  tu  shoot ;  to  dart ;  as,  rays 

gC  light  ejaculated.  Blackmore, 

It  is  now  seldom  used,  except  to  express  the  utter- 
ance of  a  short  prayer  ;  as,  he  ejaculated  a  few  words. 
E-JA€'U-LA  TED,  pp.     Short ;  thrown  out ;  uttered. 
EJACli-LA-TLNG,  ;?pr.     Throwing;  darting;  shoot- 
ing. 
E-JA€-tJ-LA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  throwing  or  dart- 
ing out  with  a  sudden  force  and  rapid  flight ;  as,  the 
ejaculation  of  light.  Bacon. 

[7%M  sense  is  nearly  ob.*vlete.] 

a.  Tiie  uttering  of  a  short  prayer ;  or  a  sliort  occa- 
sional prayer  uttered.  Taylor. 
E-JA€'lJ-I.A-TO-RY,  o.     Suddenly   dsirted   out;   ut- 
tered in  short  sentences ;  as,  an  ejaculaiory  prayer  or 
petition. 

2.  Sudden  ;  hasly  ;  as,  ejaculatory  repentance. 

3.  Casting;  throwing  out.  [UEstrange. 
EJECT',  r.  U    [h.  ejieioj  rjectam  ;  e  and  jacio,  to  throw, 

Fr.  Jeter,  L._^Gcto.J 

1.  To  throw  out;  to  cast  forth;  to  thrust  out,  as 
from  a  place  inclosed  or  confined.     Sandys.     SoutJu 

2.  To  discharge  through  the  natural  passages  or 
emunctories  ;  to  evacuate.  Encye. 


ELA 

3.  To  throw  out  or  expi^l  from  an  oflice  ;  to  dismiss 
from  an  office  ;  to  turn  out ;  as,  to  eject  a  clergyman. 

4.  To  dispossess  of  land  or  estate. 

5.  I'o  drive  away;  to  expel;  to  dismiss  with  ha- 
tred. Slwk. 

6.  To  cast  away  ;  to  reject ;  to  banish ;  as,  to  ejea 
words  from  a  language.  Stoift. 

E-JECT'ED,;;;?.   Thrown  out ;  thrust  oiit ;  discharged  ; 

evacuated  ;   expelled  ;  dismissed  ;  dispossessed  ;  re- 

jt!cted. 
E-JECT'ING,  ppr.    Casting  out;  discharging;  evacu- 

atinc;  expelling;  dispossessing;  rejecting. 
EJECTION,  n.     [L.  rjrctio.] 

1.  The  act  of  casting  out ;  expulsion. 

2.  Dismission  from  ullice. 

3.  Dispossession  ;  a  turning  out  from  possession 
by  force  or  aiithority. 

4.  Tlie  discharge  of  any  exrrementitious  matter 
through  the  pores  or  other  emunctories  ;  evacuation  : 
vomiting;  discharge  by  stool. 

E-JECT'  MENT,  n.  Literally,  a  casting  out ;  a  dispos- 
session. 

2.  In  laiBy  n  writ  or  action  which  lies  for  the  recov- 
ery of  possession  of  land  from  which  the  owner  has 
been  ejected,  and  for  trial  of  title.  Ejectment  may 
be  brought  by  the  lessor  against  the  lessee  for  rent  in 
arrear,  or  for  holding  over  his  term  ;  also  by  the  les- 
see for  years,  who  haij  been  ejected  before  the  expira- 
tion of  his  term.  Encyc, 

E-JECT'OR,  n.  One  who  ejects  or  dispossesses  anoth- 
er of  his  land.  Blackstone. 

EJ-U-LA'TION,  Tt.  [L.  rjiilatio^  from  ejulo,  to  cry,  to 
yeil,  to  wail.  Perhaps  j  represents  g,  and  this  word 
may  be  nidically  one  with  ycU,  Sax.  giellaH,  gyllan.] 

Outcry  ;  a  wailing  ;  a  hmd  cry  expressive  "of  grief 
or  pain  ;  mourning;  lamentation.  Philips. 

eKE,  v.  t.  [Sax.  eacant  Sw  iika;  Dan.  iiger.  The 
primary  sense  is  to  add,  or  to  stretch,  extend,  in- 
crease. Ou.  L.  augeo.  The  latter  seems  to  be  the 
Eng.  to  war,] 

1.  To  increase ;  to  enlarge ;  as,  to  eke  a  store  of 
provisions.  Spenser. 

2.  To  add  to;  to  supply  what  is  wanted;  to  en- 
large by  addition  ;  somctiuies  with  out;  as,  to  die  or 
eke  out  a  piece  of  cloth  ;  to  eke  out  a  performance. 

Pope. 

3.  To  lengthen  ;  to  prolong ;  as,  to  eke  out  the  time. 

aimk. 
£KE,  adv.     [Sax.  eac ;  D.  ook ;  G.  atich ;  Sw.  ocA ;  Dan. 
og ;  W.  ac  ;  h.  ac,  and,  also.     This  seems  to  be  the 
same  word  as  the  verb,  and  to  denote  add,  join,  or 
addition.     Ch.  nnw^  to  join.] 
Also;  likewise;  m  addition. 

'Twill  be  prodijiiuM  hani  lo  prove 

Tliat  tliid  IS  eke  the  thruiie  uf  luve.  Prior. 

[This  word  is  nearly  obsolete,  being  nsed  only  in 
poetry  of  the  familiar  and  ludicnms  kind.] 

KK'£D,  (ekd,)pp.     Increased  ;  lengthened. 

kK'ING, ppr.     Increasing;  augmenting;  lengthening. 

kK'ING,  n.     Increase  or  addition. 

E-I.AB'O-RATE,  v.  l  [L.  clahoroy  from  laboro,  labor. 
See  Labor.] 

1.  To  produce  with  labor. 

Th'-y  in  full  Joy  elaboraU  h  lifli.  Young. 

2.  To  improve  or  refine  by  successive  operations. 
The  heat  of  the  sun  elaborates  the  juices  of  plants, 
and  renders  the  fruit  more  perfect. 

E-LAB'O-RATE.  a.     [L.  dahimitvs.l 

Wrought  with  labor  ;  finiKlicd  with  great  diligence ; 
studied  ;  executed  with  exactness  ;  as,  an  daborate 
discourse  ;  an  daborate  performance, 

brawn  to  the  life  in  each  $laboraU  page.  WaSer. 

E-LAB'0-RA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Produced  with  labor  or 
study ;  improved. 

E-L A  B'O-R ATE-LY,  adv.  With  great  labor  or  study  ; 
with  nice  regard  to  exactness. 

E-LAB'0-RATE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  elab- 
nrate  or  wroutht  with  great  labor.  Johnson. 

E-LAB'0-RA-TING,  ppr.  Produced  with  labor;  im- 
proving; retining  by  successive  operations. 

E-LAB-0-RA'TION,  n.  Improvement  or  refinement 
by  successive  operations.  Ray. 

E-LAB'O-Ka-TOR,  n.     One  who  elaborates. 

E-LAB'O-RA-TO-RY,  a.     Elaborating. 

E-LA-ID'IC  ACID,  tj.  A  peculiar  acid  obtained  by 
the  saponification  of  elaidin.  P.  Cyc 

E-I*a'I-DIN,  n.  A  fatty  substance  produced  by  the  ac- 
tion of  nitric  acid  uj)on  certain  oils,  especially  castor 
fill.  Brande. 

E-LATN.n.     [GutUtfoi.] 

The  iiquitl  principle  of  oils  and  fats,     Chcrrenl. 
[Smart  and  Ure  give  three  syllables  to  this  word.] 

E-LAMP'ING,  o.   [See  Lamp.]  Shining.  [JVot  in  use.] 

E-LANCE',*!;.  (.     [Fr.  dancer,  lancer,  from  lance,  or  its 
root.] 
To  throw  or  shoot ;  to  hurl ;  to  dart. 

While  thy  uapmng  hand  elaneed  —  a  daft.  Prior. 

E-LANC'KD,  (e-lanst',)  pp.     Hurled  ;  darted. 

E-LANC'ING,  pp.  ,Huriing;  sljooting. 

K'LAND,  n.    A  species  of  hca%'y,  clumsy  antelope  in 

Africa.  Barrow. 

E-LA'O-LITE,  n.     [Gr.  cXaia,  an  olive.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— M£TE.  PREY.— PINE.  MARINE.  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK. 


ELD 


ELE 


A  vjiriety  of  nfpAWm^  presenting  a  greasy  luster,  I  ELD'ER,  a.      [Sax.  fWar,  ttie  comparative  degree  of 


and  gray,  grayish  green,  bluish  and  reddish  shades  of 
color.  Varta. 

E-LAP-I-DS'TION,  n.  [L.  elapulo,  from  /a;jw,  astoue. 

A  clearing  away  of  stones. 
E-LAP^iE',  (e-lap3',)  r.  i.     [L.  elap.-^-ws,  from  elabor,  la- 
bor^ to  slide.] 

Tu    slide,  slip,   or   glide  away ;  to  pasa    away 
silently,  as  time ;    applied  chiffiy  or  whvUy  to  time 
[Instead  of  Elapse,  tiie  noun,  we  use  Lapse.] 
E-LAPS'£D,  (e-Iapst'j)  pp.     Slid  or  passed  away,  as 

time. 
E-LAPS'IXG,  ppr.    Sliding  away;  gliding  or  passing 

away  silenllv,  as  time. 
E-LAU't'E-ATE,  (e-Iak'we  ate,)  r.  L     [L.  Uiqucus.] 

To  disentangle. 
E-LAQTE-A-TED,  pp.     DisentanHed. 
E-LAU'LTE-A-TING,  ppr.     Disentangling. 
E-LAS'Tie,        )  a.    [fi-om  the  Gr.  iAur,o£w,to  impel, 
E-LAS'Tie-/VL,  i    OFiAfi'-*,  or  iAuui-oi,  to  drive;    Fr. 
elasttque;  It.  and  Sp.  el^istico.) 

Springing  back  ;  having  the  power  of  returning  to 
the  form  from  which  it  is  bent,  extended,  pre,<sed,  or 
distorted;  having  the  inherent  properlv  of  recover- 
ing its  fonner  figure,  after  any  esteriial  pressure, 
which  has  altered  that  figure,  is  removed ;  rebound- 
ing ;  flying  back.  Thus,  a  bow  is  elastic,  and  when 
the  force  which  bends  it  is  removed,  it  instantly  re- 
turns to  its  formt-r  shape.  The  air  is  eliu<itie  :  vapors 
are  elastic;  and  when  the  furce  compressing  them  is 
removed,  they  instantly  expand  or  diluU',  and  recover 
their  former  state. 
E*L.\3'TI€-AL-LV,  adv.    In  an  elastic  manner  ;  by 

an  elastic  power  ;  with  a  spring.  Lee. 

E-LAS-TIC'I-Ty,  n.  The  inherent  property  in  bodies 
by  which  they  r^rover  tln-ir  former  figure  or  state, 
after  external  pressure,  t4,naion,  or  di-^tortion.  Thus, 
«/<ufu:  gum,  extended,  will  contract  to  its  natural  di- 
mensions, when  the  force  is  removed.  Air,  when 
compressed,  will,  on  the  removal  of  the  cpmpressing 
force,  instantly  dilate,  and  fill  its  former  space. 
E-LATE',o.     [h.elat,u.] 

Raised  ;  elevated  in  mind  ;  flushed,  as  with  suc- 
cess. Whence,  lofty  J  haughty;  as,  f/aie  with  vic- 
tory. [It  u  used  chiijty  in  poctjy.] 
E-LATE  ,  r.  u  To  raise  or  swell,  as  th»*  mind  or  spir- 
its ;  to  elevate  with  success;  to  puff  up;  to  make 
proud. 
2.  To  raise;  to  exalt.     [Unu.ttud.1  Thomson, 

E-LAT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  El.  vated  in  mind  or  spirits; 
IHiffed  up ;  as,  with  honor,  success,  or  prosperity.  We 
fciy,  flitted  with  success  ;  elated  with  pride.  [ 7V*w  w 
vned  in  prove.] 
E^LaT'ED-LV,  adn.  With  elation. 
E-LAT'EK-I.\,  fl.  The  active  principle  of  theetateri- 
um,  from  which  the  latter  is  supposed  to  derive  its 
cathartjc  power.  Brnndr.     P.  Ci/c 

EI:.-A-Tk'RI-LJ.M,  «,     A  substance  drp-isited  from  ilie 
very   acrid  juice  of  the  Momordica  etaterium,  wild 
cucumber.     It  is  in  thin  cnkes,  of  a  greenish  color, 
and  bitter  taste,  and  is  a  powerful  cnthartic.   Braade. 
EL'A-TE-KY,  «.     [<;r.  cXarup^i.] 

Acting  force  or  elasticity  ;  as,  the  eiatcry  of  the  air. 
[^^""^  H^itj. 

E-LAT'I.\G,ppr.     Elevating  in  mind  or  npirits. 
E-LA'TIO\,   n.    An   mdution  or  elevation  of  mind 
proceeding  from  self-appntbatJon  ;  self-esteem,  vanity, 
or  pride,   resulting  from  success.     Hence,  haughti- 
ness ;  pride  of  pnjiperily.  J9tterbury. 
E-LAT'Ott,  n.    One  who  i»r  that  which  elates. 
EL'BOW,  n.     [Sax.    einbuga,   or   elneboga;  ulna,   the 
arm,  the  ell,  and  bo/ra^  Ih.w  ;  contraricd  into  riboffa. 
elbow  ;  G.  tlborreji  :  l).  eJlrbooj^ :  Scot,  elbocb,  elhuck.] 

1.  The  outer  angle  made  by  the  bend  of  the  arm. 

_  JCncye. 

The  wmgi  ihat  w*A  oar  rietv^  out  at  tigiA 

Gn>w  OD  the  g»muter^  ttbowt.  Cotoptr, 

9.  Any  flexure  w  angle ;  the  obtuse  angle  of  a  wall, 
building,  or  road.  Kutyc 

3.  A  term  applied  to  the  upright  sides  which  rtank 
any  p:inelcd  work,  as  in  windows  below  the  shut- 
ters, tc.  sicift. 

To  be  at  the  elboir,  Is  to  be  very  near ;  to  be  by  the 
side  ;  to  be  at  hand. 
EL'BOW,  r.  t.      To  push  with  the  elbow.      Drtiden. 

2.  To  push  or  drive  to  a  distance  ;  to  encroach  on. 

Bell  etbo\a  otn  hia  nrig libi.>n.  DryU-n, 

EL'BOW,  T.  u    To  jut  into  an  angle  ;  to  project;  to 

EL'BOW-CH^R,  n.  A  chair  with  anus  to  support 
the  elbows  ;  an  arm-chair.  Oay. 

EL'BOW-ROOM,  n.  Room  to  extend  the  elbows  on 
each  side  ;  hence,  in  its  usual  acceptation,  freedom 
from  ronfinement ;  room  for  motion  or  action.    Shak. 

EI/BOW-AU,  (el'b3de,)pp.     Pushed  with  the  elbows. 

EL'B5W-I\G,  ppr.  Pushing  with  the  elbows  ;  driv- 
ing to  a  distance, 

ELD,  B.    fHax.  eW,  or  <pM,  old  age.    See  Old.  ) 

1.  Old  age;  decrepitude.     {Oba.}  Spnuer. 

2.  Old  people.  Cfutjnaan. 

3.  Old  times;  former  age. 

[  T/tis  word  u  enurely  obaoUU.  But  its  darivative. 
Elokb,  if  in  use.] 


eld,  now  written  old.     See  Old.1 

1.  Older;  senior;  having  lived  a  longer  time; 
born,  produced,  or  formed  before  something  else ; 
opposed  to  younger. 

The  eUUr  sh.ili  vrve  tlw  vnnn^er.  — Oeii.  xit. 
liis  elder  tun  vm  in  uic  Mil.  —  Luku  xv. 

2.  Prior  in  origin  ;  preceding  in  the  date  of  a  com- 
mission ;  as,  an  elder  officer  or  magistrate.  In  this 
sense,  we  generally  use  senior. 

ELD'ER,  n.    One  who  is  older  than  another  or  others. 

2.  An  ancestor. 

Carry  your  head  dj  jour  eldert  li&ve  done  before  you. 

L'Kdirange. 

3.  A  person  advanced  in  life,  and  who,  on  account 
of  his  age,  experience,  and  wisdom,  is  selected  for 
office.  Among  rude  nations,  elderly  men  are  rulers. 
judges,  magistrates,  or  counselors.  Among  the  Jews, 
the  seventy  men  associated  with  Moses  in  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  people,  were  ciders.  In  the  first 
Christian  churches,  eiders  were  persons  who  enjoyed 
offices  or  ecclesiastical  functions,  and  the  word  in- 
cludes apostles,  pastors,  teachers,  presb\  lers,  bishops, 
or  overseers.  rt;ter  and  John  called  themselves  eld- 
ers. The  first  councils  of  Christidns  were  called 
presbyteriuy  councils  of  elders. 

In  the  modern  Presbyterian  churches,  elders  are  offi- 
cers, who,  with  the  pastors  or  ministers,  compose  the 
church  sessions,  with  authority  to  inspect  and  regu- 
late matters  of  religion  and  discipline. 

In  the  first  churches  of  New  England,  the  pastors 
or  ministers  Were  called  elders,  or  teaching  elders; 
and  this  is  still  their  title  in  the  Baptist  churches. 
ELD'EU,  n.  [Sax.  e^m;  Sw.  hyli,  or  hyUetrd;  Dan. 
hyld,  or  hylde-tra ;  G.  holtler,  or  hoklunder.  It  seems 
to  l>e  named  from  hoUownta.^,] 

The  iMtpular  name  of  a  genus  of  plants  called  by 

naturalists  Sambacus. 

ELD'ER-LY,  a.      Somewhat  old  ;   advanced   beyond 

middle  age ;  bordering  on  old  age  ;  as,  elderly  people. 

ELD'ER-SUIP,  n.    Seniority  ;  the  state  of  beii)g  older. 

JJn/den, 
9.  The  office  of  an  elder.  kliot. 

3.  Presbytery  ;  order  of  elders.  Hooker, 

ELD'ES T,  a.  [Sax.  ealacst,  superlative  of  eld,  old.] 
Oldest ;  mast  advanced  in  age  ;  that  was  born  be- 
fore others  ;  as,  the  eMtst  son  or  daughter.  It  seems 
to  be  always  applied  to  persons,  or  at  least  to  animals, 
and  not  to  things.  If  ever  applied  to  things,  it  nmst 
signify,  that  was  first  formed  or  produced,  that  has 
existed  the  longest  time.  Uut  applied  to  things,  we 
use  oldejit, 
ELD'ING,  n.     [Sax.  (Elan,  to  bum.] 

Fuel.     [LocaL]  Qrose^ 

EL  DO-RA'DO,  n.  [Sp.,  the  golden  region.]  A  fab- 
ulous regicm  in  the  interior  of  South  America,  sup- 
posed to  surpass  all  others  in  the  richness  of  iu  pro- 
ductions, especially  gold,  gems,  &c. 
EL'DRITCII,  a.  Hideous;  ghastly;  wild;  demoni- 
acal; as,  an  «/(/r^£cA shriek  ;  an  «/</ri£cA  laugh.  [Scot- 
'•^A.]  Burns. 

E-LL-AT  'IC,  a.  An  epithet  given  to  a  certain  sect  of 
philosophers,  so  called  from  Elea,  or  Velia,  a  town 
on  the  western  coast  of  Lower  Jtaly  ;  as,  the  Eleaiic 
sect  of  philosophy.  p,  Cyc 

EL-E-€AM-PANE',  n.  [D.  aJant:  G.  alant  or  aUnt- 
vmriel;  L.  A«/fnium,  fnmi  Gr.  iXcviov,  which  signi- 
fies this  plant  and  a  feast  in  honor  of  Melen.  Pliny 
informs  us  that  this  plant  was  so  called  because  it 
was  said  to  have  sprung  from  the  tears  of  Helen. 
The  last  part  of  the  word  is  from  the  I^tin  camvana  ; 
Inula  campana.] 

The  popular  name  of  a  plant,  the  Inula  Helenium 
of  Linn.TUs,  of  a  pungent  taste,  and  formerly  of 
much  repute  as  a  stomachic. 
E-LECT',  V.  £.  [Ia  electas,  from  eli/^o;  e,  or  er,  and 
leffOy  Gr.  Xryo),  to  rhtjose  ;  Fr.  eltrCy  from  cligrre  ;  It. 
^eg^f'y  Sp.  flfgiri  Port,  eteger.] 

1.  Properly,  to  pick  out ;  to  select  from  among  two 
or  more,  that  which  is  preferred.     Hence, 

2.  To  select  or  take  for  an  office  or  employment ;  to 
choose  from  among  a  number  ;  to  select  or  manifest 
preference  by  vote  or  db..gnntion  ;  as,  to  ele^t  a  reji- 
resentative  by  ballot  orviva  voce ;  to  elect  a  president 
or  governor. 

3.  In  the^'/ogy,  to  designate,  choose,  or  select  as  an 
object  of  mercy  or  favor. 

4.  T(.  choose  ;  to  prefer  ;  to  determine  in  favor  of 
E-LEGT',   a.      Chosen  ;    taken    by   preference    from 

among  two  or  more.     Hence, 

2.  In  theology,  chosen  as  the  objfct  of  mercy  ; 
chosen,  selected  or  designated  to  eternal  life  ;  pre- 
destinated in  the  divine  counsels. 

3.  (Jho»en,but  not  inaugurated,  consecrated,  or  in- 
vested with  office;  as,  bishop  elect;  enn>cror  elect; 
jtovernor  or  mayor  elect.  But  in  the  Scriptun.'s,  and 
'"theology,  this  word  is  generally  used  as  a  noun. 

E-LEGT',  n.  One  chosen  or  set  apart ;  applied  to 
Christi 


as  the  means  ; 

the  elect. 


ELE 

usually  with  a  plural  siguificalion, 


Bchdrl  mj  »!mnl,  whom  t  uphold ;  itij  «i«a,  In  whom  mr 
«otil«lchgliteih.  — 1..  xlii.    '         •     '  '  / 

2.  Chosen  or  deaignated  by  God  to  salvation  ;  pre- 
detlinated  to  glory  aa  the  end,  and  to  «an<li(lcation 


Shall  notrfod  Rvngf*  his  own  eUct7  —  Luke  xviii. 

ll   it  wore  pOMiUe,  Ihey  sh.dl   iweWe  Uie  very '«l.c(.  —  Mau. 

XXIV. 

He  sljiill  •■11(1  hi*  angcU  —  Bnfl  Ihoy  .UaJ]  ffather  lii.  eUct  from 
Uie  Tour  wiuJs —  Mau.  xxiv. 

3.  Chosen;  selected;  set  apart  as  a  peculiar  church 
and  people  ;  applied  to  tJte  Israelites.     Is.  xlv. 

E-LE€'r'AJJT,  n.     That  has  the  power  of  chimsing. 

E-LECT'ED,  pp.  Chosen  ;  preferred  ;  designated  to 
oflice  by  some  act  of  the  constituents,  as  by  vote  j 
chosen  or  predestinated  to  eternal  life. 

E-LECT'I-CIS.M,  H.  The  system  of  selecting  doctrines 
and  opinions  from  other  system.s.  Emtrson. 

E-LEC'l'ING,  ppr.  Choosing  ;  selecting  from  a  num- 
ber ;  preferring ;  designating  to  office  by  choice  or 
preference  ;  designating  or  predestinating  to  eternal 

^hEe'TlOii,n.     tUelfclw.]  [salvation. 

1.  The  act  of  choosing  ;  choice  ;  the  act  of  select- 
ing one  or  more  from  others.    Hence  apimpriatrhj, 

S.  The  act  of  choosinft  a  person  to  fill  an  office  or 
employment,  by  any  manifestation  of  preference,  ao' 
by  ballot,  uplifted  hands,  or  viva  voce ;  as,  the  eleuim 
of  a  king,  of  a  president,  or  a  mayor. 

ComiptioQ  in  electioiu  ia  Uie  great  enetaj  oTficMloin, 

J.  Adami. 

3.  Choice  ;  voluntary  preference  ;  fiee  will  :  lib- 
erty to  act  or  not.  It  is  at  his  elecUim  to  accept  or 
refuse. 

4.  Power  of  choosing  or  selecting.  Davies. 

5.  J)iscerninent ;  discrimination  ;  distinction. 

To  iu«  men  wiUi  much  tliffereiice  and  tttclion  it  puoil.   Bonn. 

6.  In  throlooy^  divine  choice  ;  predetermination  ot 
God,  by  which  persons  are  distinguished  as  objects 
of  mercy,  become  subjects  of  grace,  ore  sanctified 
and  prepared  for  heaven. 

There  i.  a  remnant  accor  Jaig  to  the  tltetion  of  grace.  —  Rom.  xl. 

7.  The  public  choice  of  officers. 

8.  The  day  of  a  public  choice  of  officers 

9.  Those  who  are  elected. 

The  etection  hath  ohtnineil  it.  —  Rom.  xi. 

E-LEe-TION-EER',  v.  L  To  make  interest  for  a  can- 
didate at  an  election ;  to  use  arts  for  securing  the 
election  of  a  c.indidate. 

E-LE€ TION'-EEU'ER,  n.     One  who  electioneers. 

E-LEe-TION-EKR'lNG,  ppr.  Using  influence  to  pro- 
cure the  election  of  a  person. 

E-LEC-TION  EER'I.NO,  n.  The  arts  or  practices  used 
for  securing  the  choice  of  one  to  office. 

E-LEei''I  VE,  a.  I)e[)endent  on  choice  ;  as,  an  elettice 
monarchy,  in  which  the  king  is  raised  to  the  throne 
by  election  ;  oppo.sed  to  hereditary. 

2.  Bestowed  or  passing  by  election ;  as,  an  office  ia 
elective. 

3.  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  in  choice  or  right  of 
choosing  ;  as,  elective  franchise. 

4.  Exerting  the  power  of  choice ;  as,  an  eleclivt 
act. 

5.  Selecting  for  combination  ;  as,  an  elective  attrac- 
tion, which  is  a  tendency  in  botlies  to  unite  with 
certain  kinds  of  matter  in  preference  to  others. 

E-LECT'IVE-LY,  m/e.     By  choice;   with  pnjference 

of  one  to  another, 
E-LEC'I'OR,  n.  One  who  elects,  or  one  who  has  the 
right  of  choice ;  a  person  who  has,  by  law  or  consll- 
lulion,  the  right  of  voting  for  nn  officer.  In  free 
governments,  the  people,  or  such  of  them  as  possess 
certain  qtialificatioiis  of  age,  chanicter,  and  property, 
are  the  electors  of  their  representatives,  &c.,  in  par- 
liament, assembly,  or  other  legislative  body.  In  the 
United  States,  certain  persons  are  appointed  or  cho- 
mn  to  be  etecUirs  of  the  president  or  chief  magistrate. 
In  Germany,  certain  princes  were  formerly  electors  of 
the  emperor,  and  elector  was  one  of  their  titles,  as 
the  elcctttr  of  :^axony. 

E-LECT'OR-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  election  or  electors. 
The  electtn-al  evlletre  in  Germany  consisted  of  all  the 
electors  of  the  empire,  being  nine  in  number,  six  secu- 
lar princes  and  three  archbishops. 

E-LElT-OR-AL'l-TY,  fur  Electorate,  is  not  used. 

E-LECT'OR-ATE,  n.     The  dignity  of  an  elector  in 
the  German  empire. 
2.  The  territory  of  an  elector  in  the  German  em- 

E-LEC'TRE,  (e-l(!k'tcr,)  n.     [L.  electrum.]  fpire. 

Amber,     [riee  Elkctrum.J 

[Bacon  used  this  word  for  a  compound  or  mixed 
metal.     But  the  word  is  ntit  now  used.] 

E-LECT'RESS,  n.  The  wife  or  widow  of  nn  elector 
in  the  German  empire.  CkcsterJieU. 

E-LEC'TRIC,  I   a.     [Fr,    electriepie  i   It.   ilett.rico  ! 

E-LEe'TRle-AL,  (  Sp,  eleUriex  ;  from  L,  electrum, 
Gr,  T]XtKTpoi;  amber.] 

1,  Containing  electricity,  or  capable  of  exhibiting 
it  when  excited  by  friction  ;  as,  an  electric  body,  such 
as  amber  and  glass  ;  an  electric  substance, 

2,  In  general,  Jlertaining  to  electricity  ;  as,  electric 
power  or  virtue ;  electric  attraction  or  repulsion  : 
electric  fluid, 

3,  Derived  from  or  produced  by  electricity  :  aa, 
electricdf  effects  ;  c/rct™  vapor  ;  rirefric  shock. 

4,  Communicating  a  shock  like  electricity  :  as,  the 
electric  eel  or  fish. 


TONE.  BIJLL,  IjNITE— AN"GER,  VI"Cr0UB.-e  a^  K ;  6  as  J ;  «  a.  Z ;  CU  a.  SH ;  TH  a.  in  THIS, 


asa 


/-^, 


ELE 

E-LECTR1€,  R.     A  non-coaUuctoi  oi  electricity  ^m- 

glovfil  to  excite  or  accumulate  the  electric  ttuul. 
,  iich  are  amber,  gliuu,  rosin^  wax,  gum-lac,  sul- 
phur, &.C. 
E-LKC'TRICVEEL,  ■.  A  fish  or  eel  of  the  Renus 
gmKMotuSy  from  two  to  five  feet  in  leneth,  cnpable  of 
gtving  an  ticctric  shock  of  such  violence  as  some- 
lim  -*  to  knock  down  a  mnn.  ParttHfrton. 

E-LECTRie-AL-LY,  adr.      In  the  manner  of  elec- 

triritv,  or  bv  means  of  it. 
E-LEe-TRI"ClAX,(e-Uk  lrish'un,)»«-     A  person  who 
•Cudies  eleciririty,  and  invejiti^-atea  Ha  properties  by 
observaiittn    and   t'Tperimenis  ;    one  versed   in   Ibe 
8ci''nce  t>f  electricitw 
B-LEG-TH"    '   '  ^'  ''""Ti  Or.  tiXcrrpov,  amber.] 

\  the  de€tricjhtik,  nnany 
infls.    It  was  called  tUe- 

..  toramArr,  because  It  was 

1  lias  sulv^inncf'  thnl  it  was  firrt  ob- 
I'Tiveniciit  tinlcininnnrit"  it  the  electric 
[  we  know  ven.  litilc  of  it*i  n.uurp,  l»e- 
ft  it  has  a  greater  resemblance  to  an  elastic  fluid  of 
illllWi  rarity  than  lo  any  thinptlse  with  which  we 
•ra  MQiiamted.  :^me  biKlies  pi-nnit  tht-  electric  fluid 
to  pan  freely  Ihn^ush  them,  ami  are  hence  called 
c— JncNij;  tittipn  hardly  permit  it  to  pass  through 
tb(en  ftt  all,  nii<l  are  tht-rffwre  callr-d  noH-coHdmctoriif, 
MeUls  are  the  be5t  conductoni ;  ni-xt,  water  and  ;ttl 
■MiK  substances;  and  next,  the  bi>dies  of  animals. 
GUiM,  resinous  snb^tancu^,  (as  amber,  varnii^h,  and 
•caliiif-wax,)  air,  s3k,  wih»I,  cotton,  liair,  and  feath- 
tn,  ue  turn  tomduOmrs,  1'he  phenomena  of  uleciricity 
ai«  sacb  as  attnctkui  and  repulsion,  heat  and  h^ht, 
riiocla  of  the  animal  systfm,  and  mechanical  vio- 
lonm,  Olmsttii. 

S  Tbe  science  which  unfolds  tba  phenomena  and 
laws  of  the  electric  duid-  OlmsUd. 

B-LEC'TRl-FI-A-BLE,  o.  [from  dfrirify.]  Capable 
of  receiving  electricity,  or  of  being  charged  with  it ; 
that  mav  become  electric,  Fonrcron. 

E-LEC-TklFI  e.\'TION,  a.  The  act  of  electrifying, 
or  state  of  b<-iug  charged  with  electricity. 

Jtjtcyr.  art.  BtlL 
E-I-Ee'TttI-Fr£D,/p.or«.  Charged  with  electricity. 

£-LEeTS[-F?,  r.  U  To  comnanieale  dedricity  to ; 
lo  cterge  wiUi  electricity.  Rmt^u    Qraaa« 

S.  To  cnuse  eiectrieity  to  pam  throu^ ;  to  affect 
\>)     '  .to  givtt  as  electrk  abode  to. 

suddenly ;  lo  pve  %  sodden  ahock  ; 
:i-«sefnbly  was  clacfaS/Ee^ 
%-\  .  p.  i.    To  bocurae  electric. 

£-!  ING,  ffT.  or  d.     Charging  with  elec- 

t;  ig  with  eli^ctjicity  i  giving  a  sudden 

B-LKC'TRI.VE,  (-trin.)  a.    [U  «i«<r«si.] 

H'>l<in«<nff  to  nmb^r. 
E-T  "'"  '^'T|0.\-».  Theacxofelectrizinc.  Ur«, 

E  .  r.  L     [Kr.  tUdrUir.} 

.  a  leord  in  popular  use.  Urt, 

E-l^.<.   .  ivt^ -r-U,  p^.  or  a.    Charged  with  electricity. 

Ure.     P.  Cyc 
E-LEC'TRlZ-i\a,  ppr.    Electrifvinp. 
K-LEe'TRO-€UE.M'ie  AL,  o.    Pertaining  to  dectro- 

chemistrv.  Ure. 

t-LEe'TRO-€HEM'IS-TRY,  a.  That  science  which 
tr  >:•'  •^1'  !>••  n^ency  of  eleclricity  and  galvanism  in 
<  '  Mcal  changes. 

E-I  .  n.    [Gr.  ijAtxrfKiv,  (few  electricity,) 

it;.„     .    ,.  ..  .'..iy.] 

A  oanm  apjilied  to  what  is  called  the  poU  of  the 

TolLaic  ci.rle.     The  ele^trotUj  are  the  surfaces  of  air, 

water,  metal,  &.c.,  which  serve  lo  convey  an  electric 

current  into  and  from  tbe  liquid  to  be  decomposed. 

Faraday.      Turner. 

E-LEC'TRO-DY-XAM'ICS,  m.     The  phenomena  of 

electricity  in  motion.  Bra»dc     P.  Cye. 

£-LEC-TROi.'Y-SlS,  m.  [Gr.  nXiKTpav  and  Auu,  to 
dissolve.] 

The  act  of  decomposing  a  compound  substance  by 
the  action  of  t  leciricity  or  galvanism.        Faraday. 
K-LEC'l  EO-LYTE,   a.      [Gr.  »iA4«:T^oy  and  Aipu,  lo 
diasolve.] 

A  compound  which  may  be  directly  decomposed 
hf  sn  eiectric  ciirrenL  Faraday. 

E-U.C-TRO-LYT  le,  a.    Pertaining  to  electrolysis. 

Faradati. 
S-LEC'TRO-LYZE,  r.  U    [Gr.  fiXcKrpo^  and  Auuj',  lo 
ducsolve.] 

To  decompose  a  compound  substance  by  the  direct 
action  frf  electricity  or  eal>'anij»m.  Faraday. 

E-LEt'TRO-MAG-NET'ie,  a.  Designating  what 
pertains  lo  maeneUdm,  as  connected  with  electrici- 
ty, or  affected  by  it,    Klectro-inaifnetic  phenomena. 

Henry. 
E-LECTRO-MAG-XET'ie-TEL'RGRAPU,  n.     An 
instrument  or  apparatus,  which,  by  meanei  of  iron 
wires,  conducting  the  electric  fluid,  conveys  intelli- 
gence lo  any  given  distance  witli  tbe  velocity  of  light- 
ning. S.  F.  B.  Morse, 
E-LEG'TRO-MAG'XET-ISM,  n.  That  science  which 
treats  of  the  agency  of  electricity  and  galvanism  in 
comniunicatin?  magnetic  properties. 
E-LE€'TRO-MET'AI^LUR-<5Y,  n.  The  art  of  depos- 


ELE 

itine  metals,  held  in  solution,  as  silver,  gold,  fcc.,on 
prepared  surfaces,  through  the  agency  of  voltaic  elec- 
tricity or  galvanism.  It  thus  answers  the  piir;»oses 
of  platiitiT,  and  also  of  giving  exact  impressions  of 
coin-*,  medals,  fee.  (Jre. 

E-LKe-TKU.\l'E-TER,  n.  [L.  ftrttrttM,  Gr.  ti^txTpov^ 
amber,  and  ^^ rocw,  lo  measure.] 

.\n  instrument  for  nu-asuring  the  quanttty  or  in- 
tensity of  electricity.  The  term  is  also  npplioil  to  in- 
etnimenls  which  indicate  Uie  presence  of  electricity, 
or  rle^tra-icapes.  P.  Cyc.     Braiiile, 

E-LEC-TRO-MET'Rie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  elec- 
trometer ;  made  by  an  electrometer ;  as,  an  eltctro- 
metrieal  experimeni. 

E-LEC'TRO-MO'TIOX,  n.  The  motion  of  electricity 
or  galvanism,  or  the  lAfwing  of  it  from  one  metal  to 
another,  by  the  niinictioii  or  influence  of  one  metal 
plate  m  contact  with  another.  Volta, 

E-I-KG'TRO-MO'TI  VE,  a.  Producing  eK-ctro-molion  ; 
a-*,  rlfetTO-mattre  ptiwer.  Hi-urv. 

E-LEC-TRO-M^'TOR,  w,     [L.  electrurit  and  motor.'] 
A  mover  of  the  eirctric  fluid  ,  a  piece  of  apparatus 
for  genemting  a  currtint  of  eleclricity.         Ohiuted. 

E-LEC'TRO.N,  n,     [Gr.  7fA£^r,.o.-,l 

Amber ;  also,  a  mixture  of  goIiPwith  a  firth  part  of 
silver.  Cnzr. 

E-LEC'TRO-XEG'A-TIVE,   o.     A  term  denoting  the 
natural  state  of  a  body,  or  a  particle  of  mntitT,  wiiich 
makes  it  tend  lotlie  positive  poletif  a  voltaic  balterj'. 
Olmsted,     Hmnj. 

E-LE€-TROPH'0-RUS,  n.  [L.  dcctrum  and  Gr.  ./,o- 
p£ti,  to  bear.] 

.\n  insiniment  for  exciting  electricity  in  small 
quantities.  It  consists  of  a  flat,  smooth  cake  of 
n-sin,  acted  npon  by  a  circular  plate  of  brass  with 
a  glass  handK>.  Brandr. 

E-LJ:C-TRO-PO'LAR,  a.  A  term  n|tplied  to  conduct- 
ors, which  are  positive  at  one  end,  or  oil  one  surface, 
and  negative  at  the  other. 

E  LKC'TRO-POS'I-TIVE,  a.  A  term  denoting  the 
natural  state  of  a  body,  or  a  particle  of  mutter,  which 
makes  it  tend  to  the  negative  pole  of  a  voltaic  tmt- 
terv.  OlinsUd. 

K-LEC'TRO-SGOPE,  a,    fGr.  tt^tKranv  and  cr*orr...] 
An  instniment  for  rendering  electrical  excitation 
appaD.-nt  bv  its  elT'cts.  Brandt. 

E-LE€'TRO-TEL-E-<^;RAPHTe,a,  Prrtaining  lo  the 
electru-magnetic  telegrapl),  or  by  means  of  it. 

E-LE€  TT{0-TYPE.     See  Ei.ectro-Mit»i-lubot. 

E-LEC'TRU.M.  a.     [L.,  from  Gr.  .,A'*r,*a^.] 

A  term  apfilied,  by  the  ancients,  to  various  sub- 
stances, especially  lo  amber,  and  an  alloy  of  gold 
with  one  fifth  port  of  silver.        Jirande.     P.  Cyc. 

E-LEC'TU-A-RY,  a.  [Low  L.  ei«ctarium^  dtctuariMm.  ; 
Gr.  r<Aci}/ia,  or  «Act<(r<>»',  from  Aeixoi,  to  licl:.  yos' 

«NU.] 

In  pkmrmaoff  a  form  of  medicine  composed  of  pow- 
ders, or  other  ingredienu,  incorponib-d  with  some 
conserve,  honey,  or  sirup,  and  made  into  due  consist- 
ence, lo  be  taken  in  doses,  like  bulusis. 

QuiNry.     Kncwc. 
KL-EE-.MOS'Y-NA-RY,   a.      [Gr.   tXc^^ucyt^r,   alms, 
from  t\cc'->y  lo  pity,    fAcof,  compassion  ;    VV.   elus, 
charitable  ;  eiiisen^  alm*«,  l>enevolpnce      (See  Alms.) 
It  would  be  well  to  omit  one  e  in  this  word. 

1.  Given  in  charity;  given  or  appropriated  to  sup- 
port the  poor ;  as,  deemosijmiry  rents  or  taxes.  Evcyc. 

Q.  Relating  to  charitable  donations  ;  intendrd  for 
the  dtsiribution  of  alms,  or  for  the  use  and  manage- 
ment of  donations,  wlKfther  for  the  subsistence  of  the 
poor,  or  fur  the  support  and   promotion  of  learning; 
as,  an  eUemosynary  corporation.     A  hospital  founded 
by  charily  is  an  demw.-tynary  institution  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  poor,  sick,  and  impotent ;  a  college  found- 
ed by  donations  is  an  elccmnsytiary  institution  fir  the 
prninoiion  of  learning.      The  corporation   intrusted 
with  tlie  care  of  such  institutions  is  eieemosynary. 
EL-EE-MOS'Y-NA-RY,  ».  One  who  subsists  on  char- 
ity. Suutk. 
EL'E-GAVCE,    )  n.     [\^.  eUfrantia;    Fr.   elegance;    It. 
EL'E-GAX-CY,  i      ete^anza:  probably  from  I*,  eltgo, 
lo  choose,  tiiou';h  irregularly  formed.] 

In  its  primary  sense,  this  word  signifies  that  which 
is  choice  or  select,  as  distinguislied  from  what  is 
common. 

1.  "The  beauty  of  propriety,  not  of  greatness," 
says  Johnson. 

Applied  to  manners  or  behavior^  eJe^ance  is  that  fine 
polish,  politeness,  or  grace,  which  is  acquired  by  a 
genteel  education,  and  an  association  with  well-bred 
company. 

Applied  to  lang^ag^e,  elegance  respects  tbe  manner 
of  speaking  or  of  writing.  Elegance  of  speaking-^  is 
the  propriety  of  diction  and  utlenince,  and  the  grace- 
fulness of  action  or  gesture  ;  comprehending  correct, 
appropriate,  and  rich  expresi-ions,  delivered  in  an 
agreeable  manner.  Ele-j-ance  of  composition,  consists 
in  correct,  appropriate,  and  rich  expressions,  or  well- 
chosen  words,  arranged  in  a  happy  manner.  Ele- 
gance implies  neatness,  purity,  and  correct,  perspic- 
uous arrangement,  and  is  calculated  to  please  a  deli- 
cute  taste,  mlher  than  to  excite  admiration  or  strong 
feeling.  Elegance  is  applied  also  to  form.  Elegance^ 
in  architecture^  consists  in  the  due  symmetry  and  dis- 


ELE, 

tribulion  of  the  parts  of  an  edifice,  or  in  reenlnr  pro- 
portions and  arrangement.  And,  in  a  similar  sense, 
the  word  is  applied  to  the  person  or  human  body.  It 
is  applied  also  lo  penmanship,  denoting  that  form  of 
letters  which  is  most  agreeable  to  tlie  eye.  In  short, 
in  a  looser  xenge,  it  is  applied  lo  many  works  of  art  or 
nature  remarkable  for  their  beauty ;  as,  elegance  of 
dress,  or  furniture. 

2.  That  which  pleases  by  its  nicety,  symmetr\', 
purity,  or  beauty.  In  this  sense  It  has  a  plural  ; 
as,  lite  nicer  ele^anciejf  of  art.  Spectator. 

EL'E-G.WT,  a.     [L.  elegans.] 

1.  Polished  ;  polite  ;  refined  ;  gracefbl ;  pleasing  to 
good  taste  ;  as,  elegant  manners. 

2.  Polished  ;  neat ;  pure  ;  rich  in  expressions ;  cor- 
rect in  arrangement ;  as,  an  elegant  style  or  comi>o- 
8itio.n. 

;i.  Uttering  or  delivering  elegant  langimge  with 
propriety  and  groce  ;  as,  an  elegant  spf^aker. 

•1.  Symmetrical ;  regular;  weii-fomied  in  its  pnrts, 
proportions,  and  distribution  j  as,  an  elegant  struct- 
ure. 

5.  Nice  ;  sensible  to  benutv  ;  discriminating  beauty 
from  defonnity  or  imperfection  ;  as,  an  elegant  taste. 

[This  is  a  loose  application  of  the  word  j  elegant 
bemg  used  for  tlelicate.] 

6.  Ilcautiful  in  fonn  and  colors :  pleasing ;  as,  an 
elegant  tlower. 

7.  Rich  }  costly  and  ornamental ;  as,  elegant  furni- 
ture or  equipage 

EL'E.GAXT-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  please  ;  with 
elegance  ;  with  beauty  ;  with  pleasing  propriety  ;  as, 
a  composition  elegantly  v^Tilien. 

2.  VVith  due  symmetry  ;  with  well-formed  and  du- 
ly proportioned  parts;  as,  a  house  elegantly  built. 

3.  Richly  ;  with  rich  or  handsome  materials  well 
disposed  ;  as,  a  room  elegantly  furnished  ;  a  woman 
elegantly  dressed. 

E-Lf:'OI-AC  or  EL-E-Cl'AC,  a,  [Low  L.  elegiaeus. 
See  Elegy.] 

1.  Belonging  to  elegy  ;  plaintive,  expressing  sor- 
row or  lamentation  ;  as,  an  elegiac  lay  ;  elegiac 
strains.  Gay. 

2.  Used  in  elegies.  Pentameter  verse  is  elegiac. 
E-Lk'GI-AC,  71,  Elegiac  verse.  tVarton. 
EL'E-GIST,  11.  A  writer  of  elegies.  Goldsmith 
E-LE'GITy  n.     [L.  eligo^  elegi,  to  choose.] 

1.  A  writ  of  execution,  by  which  a  defendant's 
grmds  are  apprized  and  delivered  lo  the  plaintiif, 
and,  if  not  sufiicient  to  satisfy  the  debt,  one  moiety 
of  his  lands  are  delivered,  to  be  held  till  tiic  debt  is 
paid  by  tlie  rents  and  profits 

2.  The  title  to  estate  by  elegit.  Blackstone, 
EL'E-GY,  n.  fL.  elegia;  Gr.  iXtyttovy  cXcyo^^  sup- 
posed to  be  from  At^f.',  lo  speak  or  utter.  Q.u.  the 
root  of  the  L.  lugeo.  The  verbs  may  have  a  common 
origin,  for  to  8i»eak  and  to  cry  out  in  wailing  are  only 
modifications  of  the  same  act,  to  throw  out  the  voice 
with  more  or  less  vehemence.] 

1.  A  mournful  or  plaintive  poem,  or  a  funeral  song; 
a  poem  or  a  sung  expressive  of  sorrow  and  lamenLa- 
tion.  Shall.     Dryden. 

2.  A  short  jK>em  without  points  or  affected  elegan- 
cies. Johnson. 

EL'E-.MEXT,  n.  [L.  elemcntum;  Fr.  clement;  It.  and 
Sp.  elemento :  Arm.  elfenn;  VV.  elcen  or  elvyz.  This 
word  Owen  refers  to  elu  or  el,  a  moving  principle, 
that  wliich  has  in  itself  the  power  of  motion  ;  and  eJ 
is  also  a  spirit  or  angel,  which  seems  to  be  the  Sax. 
alf  an  elf.  Vossius  assigns  elementum  to  eleo,  for  oleo, 
to  grow.     Sec  Elf.] 

1.  The  first  or  constituent  principle  or  minutest 
part  of  any  thing;  as,  the  elements  of  earth,  water, 
suit,  or  wood  ;  the  elements  of  the  world  ;  the  elements 
of  animal  or  vegetable  bodies.  So  letters  are  called 
tlie  elcmenLs  of  language. 

2.  An  ingredient;  a  constituent  part  of  any  com- 
position. 

3.  A  letter,  or  elementary  sound.  {^Uscd  diiejly  in 
the  plural.] 

4.  In  achemirMl  »cTwe,that  which  can  not  be  divided 
by  chemical  analysis,  and  therefore  considered  as  a 
simple  substance  ;  as  oxygen,  hydrogen,  nitrogen,  &c. 

An  clement  is  strictly  the  last  result  of  chemical  an- 
alysis ;  that  which  can  not  be  decomposed  by  any 
means  now  employed.  An  atom  is  the  last  result  of 
mechanical  division  ;  that  which  can  not  be  any  fur- 
ther divided  without  decomposition  ;  hence  there  may 
be  both  elementary  and  compound  atoms. 

5.  In  the  plural,  the  first  rules  or  principles  of  an 
art  or  science;  rudiments  ;  as,  the  elements  of  geom- 
etrj' ;  the  elements  of  music  ;  tbe  elements  of  painting; 
the  elements  of  a  theory. 

6.  In  popular  language,  fire,  air,  earth,  and  water, 
are  called  the  four  elcmejits,  as  formerly  it  was  8U[>- 
posed  thatthese  are  sim[)le  bodies,  of  which  the  world 
is  composed.  Later  discoveries  prove  air,  earth,  and 
Water,  lb  be  compound  bodies,  and  fire  to  be  only  the 
extrication  of  light  and  heat  during  cumbustiun. 

7.  Element,  in  tJie  singular,  is  sometimes  used  for 
the  air.  Shak, 

8.  The  substance  which  forms  the  natural  or  most 
suitable  habitation  of  an  animal.  Water  is  tbe  proper 
element  of  flshes  :  air,  of  man.     Hence, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PR£Y.— PIXE,  MAR-fXE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.- 


.ELE 


ELF 


9.  Iho  proper  slate  or  sphore  of  any  thing;  the 
stale  ot  thinjis  suited  to  one':*  lumper  or  habits.  Fac- 
tion is  the  element  of  a  demapuirtie. 

10.  The  matter  or  substances  which  compose  the 
world. 

Tlw  tltmenU  tboU  me!*,  wiih  fetreol  beat.  —  2  Pet. 

11.  The  outline  or  sketch;  as,  the  elements  of  a 
plan. 

12.  Moving  cause  or  principle  ;  that  which  excites 
action. 

PaiMWHS,  the  tlemtnU  of  life.  Papt. 

JCUmenu,  in  the  plural:  the  bread  and  wine  used 
in  the  eucharist. 
EL'E-ME.\T,  t.  (.    To  compound  of  elements  or  first 
principles.  Biyyle, 

2.  To  constitute ;  to  make  as  a  first  principle. 

Donne. 
r  TTiis  iDord  it  rarely  nr  never  used,] 
EI*-E-MENT'.\L,  a.     Pertaining  to  element?. 

2.  Produced   by  some  of  the  four  supposed   ele- 
ments ;  as,  elftnental  war.  Dnjden. 
;t.   Produced  by  elements  ;  as,  elemental  strife    Pope. 
4.  Arising  from  fir^t  prmciples.  Brown. 
EL-E-ME\T-AL'I-TY,  n.     Composition  of  principles 

or  ingredients.  IVkitlock. 

EL-E-MEN'i''AL-LY,  ode.     According  to  elements  ; 

literally  ;  as  the  words,  "  Take,  eat ;  tiiia  U  my  body ; 

elemaitaUy  understuod.  .MiUoiu 

EL-K-MEXT-AR'I-TY,       1  n.    The  state  of  being  el- 

EL.E-ME\T'A-lt;-t\ESS,  \      enieiitarv  ;  the  sinii>Iici- 

ty  of  nature  ;  uncompound<-d  state.     "  Brown, 

EL-K-.ME\T'A-RV,  a.  Priinarj' ;  simple  ;  uncom- 
pounded  ;  uncombined  ;  having  only  one  principle 
or  constituent  part ;  as,  an  rUmratanj  'substance.  El- 
tmenUiry  particles  are  those  into  which  a  body  is  re- 
solved by  decom[K»sition. 

'i.  Initial ;  nidimenlal ;  containing,  teaching, ordia- 

CMssing  first  principles,  niltis,  or  rudiments;  as,  an 

eU-meutarif  treatise  or  disijiiirfition.     Heid.    Black.stoHe.. 

2.  Treating  of  elements  ;  collecting,  digesting,  or 

explaining  principles;  a-*,  an  elementary  writer. 

EL'E-MENT-EI),  pp.     Compounded   of  elements  or 

first  principles. 
EL'E-MI,  71.     A  resin  cnmmnnly  supixwed  to  be  pro- 
duced bolh  hy  Arayris  Plumieri'and  Bid-taniudcndron 
Zeylanicum,  the  fonner  a  plant  of  the  Antilles,  the 
laiiiT  of  Cf  J  Ion.     It  is  obtained  from  incisions  in  the 
bark,  and  is  used  in  ointments.     It  is  sufl'ercd  to 
Lard'-n  in  the  sun. 
E-LE\€H'   (e-lenfc',)  j  n.     [L.  eUnchua;  Gr.  i\tyxoi, 
E-LE^CU'U3,  \       from   EA£j\a»,  to   argue,  to 

refnte.] 

A  vicious  nr  fallacious  argument,  which  is  apt  to 
deceive  under  tha  appearance  of  truth  ;  a  sopliii«in. 
T  Mdlon. 

E-LEXCH'IG-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  an  elench. 
E-I.ENeH'ie-AL-LY,  adv.     By  means  of  an  elench. 

\Js:>i  in  use.]  Broton, 

E-L£\€H'rZE,  r.  i.    To  dispute.     [JSV  in  uve.] 

J),  Jon.ton. 
E-liE.\eil'Tie-.\L,  a.     Serving  to  confute.     fVUkiwi, 
EL'E-PUAXT,  ■.     [Sax.  rip,  yip  :  Gr.  cAt  .'.oy  ;  L.  eU- 
phti^,  elepkantus;  probnbly  iroin  the  lleb.  (jSk,  a  lead- 
er or  chief,  the  chief  or  great  animal,] 

1.  The  popular  name  uf  a  genus  of  parhydemia- 
tou<(  mamm^ilia,  conipr<ihending  two  species,  viz., 
EhphJis  In.licus,  and  Elephas  Afhcanus,  the  former 
inhabiting  India,  the  latter  Africa.  Th.>y  are  ouiuug 
the  largest  quadrupeds  a!  present  exisimg. 

*2.  Ivory  ;  the  tusk  of  the  elephant.  l>ryden. 

EL'E-PHA.NT-IJEE'TLE,  n.     Tlie  popiibir  name  of 
the  .■'carabiciis  Elepltasof  Turtou's  Linnaius,  a  beetle 
inb-ilnling  Guinea. 
EL'i:-PHA.\T'a-F99T,   «.     The  proposed  popular 
name  of  the   several   s^iccies  of    Elfphanlopus,   of 
which  it  is  a  tnu^lalion.    These  are  moutly  tropical 
plants. 
Er.'E-PHANT-P.^'PER,  n.      Drawing- pa  per,   of  the 
largest  size,  being  twenty-eight  inches  by  twenty- 
three. 
EUE-PIIA\-Tr'A-SrS,  B.    [L.  and  Gr.,  from  tAr-Mf , 
elephant.] 

A  dis(<ase  of  the  skin,  often  confounded  with  lep- 
rosy, from  which,  nev.jrthelcss,  it  is  quite  distintl. 
In  Uiis  disease,  iJic  skin  is  thick,  livid, rugose,  tiiher- 
cuhiie  ;  in-*"       '  '  .    -    .. 


ELI 


Sp.  dcvar  ;   It.   elevare ,   Eng.   to  lifl.     See 


ilile  as  re*ppi:t!i  f(.-eliii); ;  eyes  fierce  and 
TEition  liipdly  oiren^ive.  J,  Jf.  Oood. 
E-'  '^E,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  elephant; 

i  ,.:.liii|»  an  cleptmnt ;  or  perhaps  white, 

liK"  ivory. 

2.  In  anth/riitiif  an  appelbtion  given  to  certain 
bonks  in  whii-h  tlie  Roinan.4  repirtered  tile  trantmc- 
ti'in?  of  the  j»rnate,  ni:it;istrates,  emperors,  and  gcij- 
enii  ;  to  called,  perll.'i ;)-'<,  :is  tieing  made  of  ivory. 

n.  In  ^re/«i,'y,  the  flrphmitine  elujch  is  that  in  which 
there  wqm  a  preponderance  of  large  pachydermata, 

ManulL 
P.r.E  PIIA\T.OID',        )  a.    Ilcscmhling  the  form  of 
El,FrPHA.Vr-OID'AL.  (      an  elephant. 
EL-KU-S1N"I-A.S',  a.     RelatinR  to  ElriuLa,  in  Greece, 
or  to  secret  rites  in  honor  of  Cere!«,  there  celebrated  ; 
ns.EltuMitian  mysteries  or  festivals. 
EI/B-VJTB,  v.L    [L.  etno ;  e  and  levo,  to  raise  ;  Pr. 


dcver  f 
LiftJ 

1.  To  raise  ;  in  a  litnvl  and  trmitral  sense,  to  raise 
from  a  low  or  deep  place  to  a  hifther. 

2.  To  exalt ;  to  raise  to  a  higher  state  or  station  ; 
as,  to  elevate  a  man  to  an  office. 

3.  To  improve,  refine,  or  dignify  ;  to  raise  from  or 
above  low  conceptions  ;  as,  to  eleeate  the  mind. 

4.  To  raise  from  a  low  or  common  state  ;  to  exalt ; 
as,  to  elecate  the  character;  to  elevate  a  nation. 

5.  To  elate  with  jiride.  Milton, 
b.    Joejccite;  to  cheer;  to  animate;  as,  to  e/eeote 

tile  spirits. 

7.  To  take  from  ;  to  detract ;  to  lessen  by  detrac- 
''"J'-nJ-'*^".'  '""'■1  Ilmker. 

8.  1  o  raise  from  any  tone  to  one  more  acute ;  as,  to 
elevate  the  voice. 

9.  To  anuinent  or  swell ;  to  make  louder,  as  sound. 
EL'E-VSTE,  a.     [L.  clevatus.] 

Elevated  ;  raised  aloft.  MUlon. 

EL'E-VA-TED,  TO.  or  a.  Raised;  exalted;  di|;nifled  ; 
elated  ;  excited ;  made  more  acute  or  more  loud,  as 
sound. 

EL'E-VA-TI.Vf;,  ppr.  or  a.  Raising ;  exalting  ;  digni- 
fying; elaline;  cheering. 

EI^E-VA'TIO.\,  n.     [h.  elevatiit.] 

1.  The  art  of  raising  or  conveying  from  a  lower  or 
deeper  place  to  a  hi^^her. 

2.  The  act  of  exalting  in  rank,  degree,  or  con- 
dition ;  as,  tite  elevation  of  a  man  to  a  throne. 

3.  Exaltation  ;  un  elevated  state  ;  dignity. 

Ang^l*.  In  Ihptr  wertn]  Oe^ree*  of  etnation  ntjove  ui,  mav  be 
ejiduwwj  with  inore  eoinprobeiiure  fitcultict.  Loeke. 

4.  Exaltation  of  mind  by  more  noble  conceptions ; 
as,  elevation  of  mind,  of  thoughts,  of  ideas.  JWirris. 

5.  Exaltation  of  style  ;  lofty  expressions  ;  words 
and  phrases  expressive  of  lofty  conceptions.   fVotton. 

6.  Exaltalicin  of  character  or  inaiiuers. 

7.  Attention  to  objects  above  us  ;  a  raising  of  the 
mind  to  .superior  object:^.  Iluuker, 

8.  Iliglit ;  altitude  ;  hight  above  the  surface  of  the 
eartli. 

9.  An  elevated  place  or  station 

10.  Elevated  ground ;  a  rising  ground  ;  a  hill  or 
mountain. 

11.  A  passing  of  the  voice  from  any  note  to  one 
more  acute ;  also,  a  swelling  or  augmentation  of 
voice. 

13.  In  astronomy),  altitude;  the  distance  of  a  celes- 
tial object  aliove  the  horizon,  or  the  arc  of  a  verti- 
cal citcic  intercepted  between  it  and  the  horizon. 

Brande. 
JJ.  In  gunnery,  the  angle  which  the  line  of  direc- 
tion of  a  cannon  or  mortar,  or  the  axis  of  tile  hollow 
cylinder,  makes  with  the  plane  of  the  horizon. 

Tvlten.     Campbell. 

14.  In  dialing,  the  angle  wljich  the  style  makes 
with  the  substylar  line.  Ba'Ueij. 

15.  In  archiuuure,  n  view  or  representation  of  a 
building  or  object  drawn  to  a  geometrical  scale  of  its 
hight  above  the  ground,  there  being  no  vanishing 
points,  as  in  peni|Kctive  represi'ulalion. 

Jlaliteman,     UeberU 
Kleoatufn  of  the  host ;  in  Roninn  Catholic  countries, 
that  part  of  the  iniuii  in  which  the  priest  raises  the 
host  above  his  head  for  the  people  to  adore.  Kncyc. 
EL'E- VA-TOR,  n.     One  who  raises,  lifts,  or  exalts. 
a.  In   anatomy,  a  muscle  which  serves   to  raise  a 
part  of  the  body,  as  the  lip  or  the  eye. 

3.  A  surgical  instrument  for  rai.<ing  a  depressed 
prjrtion  tif  a  bone.  Coze. 

4.  In  milling,  a  series  of  boxes  Atstened  to  a  strap, 
and  moved  hy  a  wheel,  to  raise  grain,  meal,  &.C..  to 
a  higher  floor. 

EL'E-VA-TO  RV,  «.  An  instrument  used  In  tre- 
piinning,  for  raising  a  depressed  ot  fractured  part  of 
the  skull.  (joj.f      J^ncjic 

«L'E-VA-TO-RV,  a.      Tending   to   rai.se, 'or   havilig 

power  to  elevate.  Mantel. 

E-LF.fE'  (Slave',)  n.    [Fr.J    One  brought  up  or  pro- 
f  Voi'il  h. »""""■!■•  CkestlT^ebL 

t-LLV'A.S,    (c-lev'n,)    a.      [Sax.   mdhfenr.,   endleof, 
tndlnfa:  Sw.  eljva;  Dan.  ellecei  G.  and  D.  elf  i  Isl. 
dlrfa.    an.  one  left  after  ten.] 
Ten  and  one  added  ;  as,  eleven  nir?n, 
E.LnV'/;.NTII,  a.     [.Sax.  rndlijla,  eadlefta  :  Sw.  elfle  ; 
Uan.  ellevte  ;  I),  eifje  ;  G.  elfte.] 

The  next  in  order  to  the  tenth :  at,  the  eleventh 
chapter. 
ELF  n. ;  pi.  EtTtn.  [Sax.  <p(/,  or  elfenne,  a  spirit,  the 
nightmare;  a  ghost,  hag,  or  witch  ;  Sw.  a;/ecr.  In 
W.  el  la  a  moving  principle,  a  spirit;  elv  is  the  same; 
ela  IS  to  move  oiiH  ard,  lo  go ;  elven  is  an  operative 
cause,  a  constituent  part,  an  element!  and  ri/i«  what 
moves  in  a  siin|ile  or  pure  state,  a  spirit  or  demon. 
Jrom  these  facts  It  would  seem  that  rlf  is  from  a 
verb  signifying  to  move,  to  flow  ;  and  off  nr  elf  in 
blyedish,  elv  in  Danish,  is  a  river,  whence  FJbe.  So 
spirit  IS  from  blowing,  a  fiowing,  of  air.  In  Sax. 
al  13  ml,  and  an  eel,  and  xlan  is  to  kindle  ;  all  per- 
haps from  the  sense  of  moving,  flowing,  or  shooting 
olong.  T  he  e(r  seems  to  correspond  to  the  d«n<m  of 
the  Greeks.] 


1.  A  diminutive,  wandering  spirit ;  a  fairy  ;  a  hob- 
goblin ;  an  imaginary  being  which  our  rude  onces- 
tors  supiMsed  to  inhabit  uiifre(|uented  places,  and  in 
various  ways  to  affect  mankind.  Hence,  in  Scotti-sh, 
elf^skot  IS  an  elf-arrow  ;  an  arrow-head  of  Hint  sup- 
posed to  be  shot  by  elfs ;  and  it  signifies  also  a 
disease  supiiosed  to  be  produced  by  the  agency  of 
spirits.  b      J 

T.iery  elf,  ami  Tiiry  nirilc, 

Ilop  nit  u^lit  iis  bii\l  iniiii  brii^r.  Shalt. 

2.  An  evil  spirit ;  a  devil.  Dryden. 

3.  A  diniinutive  person  ;  a  dwarf.         Shenstone. 
ELF,  t!.  (.    To  entangle  hair  in  so  intrirnle  a  manner, 

that  It  can  not  be  disentangled.    This  work  was  for- 

i-i'liy'-X  l^J^l'"^  '"  '■'"'■•'•         Johnson.     Shot. 

t.l.f'-AR-Rou,  n.     A  name  given  to  flints  in  the 

.  shape  of  arrow-heads,  vulgarly  supposed  to  be  shot 
by  fairies,  F.neyc. 

EI'F^-IlfiLT,  n.    An  elf-arrow,  or  flint  arrow-head. 

ELh  -LOCK,  II.  Hair  twi.-ted  into  knoU,  so  denom- 
inated as  if  the  work  of  fairies.  shak. 

ELF'-SKl.V.  Probably  a  ini.«print  in  Slmkspeare's 
1  Henrj-  IV.  for  eel-skin,  to  which,  when  "dried," 
falstatr  coininres  Prince  Hal,  in  allusion  to  his  long 
ami  lank  person.  Todd's  Sliak. 

VI  I'M'"-    "'•"■inS''fP'!"ainingtoclves.  Spenser. 

PIP    ?i"-     \'""«  "r'^hi"-,  Slieii^t^ne. 

lui.t  l^H,  o.    Resembling  elves;  clad  in  di^nuise 

LL  GI\-MXR-I)LES,  n.  pi.  A  series  of  ancient  sculp- 
tured marbles,  named  from  the  Eurl  of  Elgin  who 
removed  them  to  England.  They  belonged  to  the 
temple  ot  Minej-vn,  and  other  edifices  in  Athens, 
riiey  consisted  of  matchless  statues,  casts  me- 
topes, &c. 

^4;'?', ,  '  ""a  "•  ['"  ''"''"'  ■'  ''  <"■  ">  »"''  '<"■>»,  to  allure, 
V.lokken,  G.  lockrn,  Sw.  locka,  Dan.  lokker.   Class  Lg.l 

1.  lo  draw  out;  to  bring  to  light  ;  to  deduce  by 
reason  or  argument ;  as,  to  elieit  truth  by  discussion. 

a.  I'o  strike  out ;  as,  to  elUit  sparks  of  fire  by 
collision 

^.'-, '■*'"',''"•  "•    ""'"C'l'  iii'o  act ;  brought  from  possi- 

billty  Into  real  existence.     [lAUU  used.]      Miiison. 
b.Lrt-n-A'l'ION,  II.    The  act  of  eliciting;  the  act 
„  of  •''•"r'"?  "'"•  Bramhall. 

iJ;  ■    ;!4.        '  '"''■   "'■""P'"  <"  drawn  out ;  struck  out. 
E-Lll^  n-I.NG,;.pr.     Drawing  out ;  hruiging  to  light ; 
striking  out  '         ''      ' 

E-LI1)E',  r.  (.     [L.  elidn  ;  e  and  tei/o.] 

1.  To  break  or  dash  in  pieces  ;  to  crush.    Wot 
'J  i,  ~  Hooker. 

2.^To  cut  off  a  syllable.  Brit.  Crit. 

EI^I-O.I-niL'l-TV,  11.      [Oom  rhva/r.]    Worthiness 
or  Illness  to  be  chosen  ;   the  slate  or  quality  of  a 
thing   which  tenders   it  preferable  to  another,  or 
desirable. 
2   Capability  of  being  chosen  to  on  office. 
T,T  ,F  A,  r^»  «  United  Statai. 

LI.'I-GI-BLE,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  rJiVo,  to  choose  or  >e- 
lect ;  e  and  lego.] 
1.  Fit  to  he  chosen 


used  1 


III  (Ici^p  llkUTM 


worthy  of  choice;  preferable, 
ccrtdnijr  i«  mon» cligiljlc  tluiii  miaiipn.'. 

Ctantta. 

a  Suitable  ;    proper  ;    desirable  ;    as,  the    house 
staliils  in  an  eligible  situation, 

3.  /regally  i|iialiiied  to  be  chosen  ;  as,  n  man  ii  or 
is  not  ehgrldf  to  an  otiice. 
EL'l-tlil-KLE-.NKSS,  n.     Filness  to  be  chosen  in  pr-f- 
vi'i'l-"' '"  "',""'"'■■  i  suitableness  ;  desirableness. 
EL  IGI-JtLV,  a^tr.      In  a  manner  to  be  worthy  of 
choice  ;  suitably. 

^".'i''*'u,'*"^,y,  '^'  "•  '■     t'*  ''•'"''"'  '■  «'  "■■  ".  ""i  '""«■> 
ttlreshhold.]  • 

1.  To  thrust  out  of  doors.  Lovelace. 

2.  To  expel  ;  to  thrust  out  ;  to  discharge,  or  throw 
off;  to  set  at  liberty. 

3.  In  a/(rf4ra,  lo  cause  a  quantity  to  disappear  from 
an  equation. 

TliU  (Ire.iii.  sccnMbi; 
n3U. 

E-LIMTNA-TED, 

charged. 
E-L1.M'I-NJ5-TL\Q 

throwing  off. 
E-LLM-I-N.^'TION,n.    The  net  of  expelling  or  throw- 
ing oil  ;  the  act  of  discharging,  or  secreting  by  the 


liicli  nutirro  lliida  it  iiccfMnry  to  tlimi. 
Med.  Repot. 

pp.     E.\pclled  ;    thn  wn  off;  dis- 
,   TV-      Expilling  ,    discharging  ; 


pores. 

In   algebra,  the  causing  a  qiianlity  to  disappear 
from  an  eipiation. 
E-L1N"G(J1I),  jo-ling'guid,)  a.    [L.  riiii^i..] 

'1  ongile-tied  ;  not  having  the  |Kiwer  of  speech. 
EL-I-UuA''i'ION,  n.     [L.  eliifoo,  to  melt ;  e  and  liquo,] 

111  ekemistrij,  the  operation  by  Hliicli  a  more  fusi- 
ble substance  is  separated  from  one  that  is  less  so  by 
means  of  a  ilegree  of  heat  suflicient  to  melt  the  one 
and  not  the  other,  as  un  alloy  of  copprtr  and  lead. 

E-LI"SION,  (e-lizh'un  )  >i.    [L.  elisiv,  from  elid^llo 
strike  off  ;  e  and  Lido.]  ' 

1.  In  grnmwor,  the  cutting  off  or  suppression  of  a 
vowel  at  the  end  of  a  worti,  for  the  sake  of  sound  or 
measure,  when  the  next  word  begins  with  a  vowel  • 
as.th' embattled  plain  ;  th'  empyreal  siihere. 

2.  Division  ;  separation.     [Mil  used.]        Bacon. 


TONE,  BULL.  IjmTE— AN'-GER.  Vl"CIOU8— C  a.  K ;  0  a,  J ;  •  tui  Z ;  CH  a.  8H ;  TH  a.  in  THIB 


VJ 


as5 


ELM 

&LT'SOR,  H.  [Xoriu.  ciUtTy  to  cbuose  j  Fr.  eUre^ 
tUsant.] 

In  iow,  a  aheri(r*9  substitute  for  rrturning  a  jury. 

When  the  slicrilT  is  not  an  inditTfn'nt   person,  as 

when  he  is  a  party  to  a  suit,  or  rt>Iated  by  liood  or 

affinity  to  either  of  tfic  nnrtirs,  tii<>  venire  is  issued  to 

Ihe  conme«Sj  or  if  an  <  to  the  coroners, 

the  r«ur«  shall  be   .:  ao  clerks  of  Uie 

court,  or  Id  two  pcrsii.  iiiiy,  named  by  the 

r  •    >rn  ;  and   lh«.-j^,  who  are  called  eiiaors 

ill  return  the  jury.  Bluck^t^nr, 

E-/  t  j)  »•    [fr.]     A  choice  or  select  body. 

& UX  ATE,  i:L     [L.  tiizv.] 

To  extract  by  boilinfc. 
E-LIX'A-TED,  pp.    Extracted  by  boiling. 
EL-IXA'TIO.V,  «.     [I^  fiiz>i.i,  from  c/iito,  to  boil,  to 
moisten  or  niaccnito,  fnun  Ut»^  lU.] 

I.  The  act  of  boiling  or  stewing  ;  also,  concoction 
ia  the  stonuu:h ;  digestion.  Bnnem. 

H,  111  jitiii  winy,  the  extraction  of  the  virtues  of  in- 
fredtenli  by  boiling  or  dewing  ;  al^,  lixiviation. 
Bailey     Enct/e, 
E-LIX'IR,  m.    [Ft.  Sp.  and  Port.  elUir ;    It.  elisire  ; 
fran  L.  tlixmsy  eUxioj  /txo,  /ir,  or,  as  others  allege,  it  is 
from  the  Arabic  al-ecnr.  cliemiytr}-. 

1.  lo  meSeimt,  a  tincture  with  more  than  one  base. 
Ia  mo4*m  yfcarwirry,  elixirs  are  called  cjmpottnd  U»e- 
Csrc*.  The  mere  addition  of  what  is  called  un  adju- 
•MM,  or  of  a  carrigttu,  u>  a  single  base,  does  not 
make  an  «Cixir. 

fi,  A  liqiur  for  tiaiumuiing  ntctala  into  gold. 

Daitue. 

3.  Quinteasenoe  ;  refined  spirit.  SomiM, 

4.  Any  cordial ;  that  substance  which  invigorates 

JUiltvn, 

E-LIZ-A-BETU'AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Qneen  Eliza- 
beth or  her  time^  and  to  a  style  of  architecture  then 
prevalent 

ELK,  s.  [^Sax.  eUk  ;  Sw.  elfr:  L.  aUej  ale«*;  Dan.  eis- 
dfr.  This  animal  is  described  by  Cesar  and  Paiua- 
aias.] 

A  quadruped,  the  CfTVMS  Alecs  of  Licnxu!<,  a  ni- 
niinant  maium:il,  colled  wwost  in  North  America,  from 
the  Indian  name  musm. 

EUC'-Xt'T,  a.  A  plant,  the  Hamillonia  oleUera,  coUod 
also  oU-KuU  MuMleaker,'f. 

ELL,  M.  [Sai.  f/«< ;  S w.  aim  ,•  D.  cU,  c^ ;  G.  eUe ;  Fr. 
«uMe ;  Arm.  goalok ;  L.  iti«a  ;  Ur.  utXtvn  ;  AV.  cftn,  an 
•tbow,  and  f^,  the  knee.    Q,u.] 

A  measure,  of  different  lenzilis  in  different  coun- 
tries, tised  chicily  fur  ineAduhng  clotlu  I'be  elts 
chU-nv  used  in  Orctt  I'ntain  are  the  Rngli«h  and 
I  <  49  inches.    The  Flemish 

r  three  qiuutera  of  a  yard. 
1  i;~^b  as  five  to  three.    In 

Sc'.'tUiiJ,  uu    lH    \i   iliin>-«even  and    two   tenths 
English  inches.     In  France,  it  is  fiAy-fuur  inches. 

EL-LAC  le  ACID,  It.  A  weak,  insipid  acid,  obtained 
from  gaU-outs,  in  which  it  co^iists  with  Kallic  acid. 

P.  Cyc 

EL'LDftiE'^  a.     [;Sax.  «b)Lf«.]    Cbecrlen ;  sadr 

EL'LLN'ti-^ESd,fi.  Lonenaeaa;  dullness;  cheoriesa- 
ness.  Henry  Vlii. 

EL-LIPSE',  (eMipe',)  «.  In  cenie  seetwns^  a  figure 
fir-rmed  by  the  intersection  of  a  i^anc  and  cone,  when 
the  plane  posses  obliquely  through  the  opposite  sides 
of  the  cone.  Barlow.     Brande. 

EL-LIP'3IS^  n. !  pL  ELLirsis.  [Gr.  cWctil/ti,  an  omis- 
sion or  defect,  from  cAAcirbi,  to  leave  or  pass  by,  Att- 
Tu,  to  lectre,] 

1-  In  grammar,  dt^fect ;  omission  ;  a  figure  of  syn- 
tax, by  which  one  or  more  words  are  omitted,  which 
the  hearer  or  reader  may  supply  ;  as,  Ihe  heroic  vir- 
tues I  admire,  fur,  the  heroic  virtues  lehich  I  admire. 

2.  One  of  the  C'>nic  sections.     [See  Ellipse.] 
EL-IJP'SU-ORAPH,  B.     [ellipse  and  Gr.  yoa'pto.] 

An  in$t  nraent  lo  describe  an  ellipse  by  continued 
motion  ;  d  led  also  tramnuL  Ov/iiL 

£L-LIP'SOIi  .  n.    [«UipM  and  Gr.  tiSo^,  form.] 

In  geamttrw  a  «>Iid  or  figure  formed  by  th^revolu- 
tion  of  an  elli]'«e  about  its  axis  j  an  elliptic  conoid  ;  a 
spheroid.  FUtin.  Knewc 

EL-UP-SOID'Al  ,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  ellipsoid  ^  hav- 
ing the  form  of  an  ellipsoid. 

EL-LIP'Tie,         )  a.    Pert-lining  to  an  ellipse;  having 

SI^UP'TIC-AL,  \     the  form  of  an  ellipse. 

Tbe  pluMia  nore  in  dSp6eaI  octiu,  haTin*  Uie  suu  in  oa« 
uvaa  ia  eqnu  dme*.  Cf^ne. 

2.  Defective  ;  having  a  part  omitted ;  as,  an  ^ip- 
tic4il  pfara'^e. 

EL-LlP'Tie-.\L-LY,  ado.  According  lo  the  figure 
called  an  eVipse. 

2.  Defectivelyj  with  a  part  omitted  ;  as,  elliptieaUy 
expressed. 

EL-LIP-TIC'I-TY,  n.  Deviation  from  the  form  of  a 
sphere  ;  applied  to  Ou  figvrt  of  the  earUu  Thus,  the 
eUiptieity  of  the  earth  is  n-^-ni  that  being  the  part  of 
the  equatorial  diameter  by  which  it  exceeds  the  po- 
lar. Brandt.     OlmsUd. 

ELM,  «.  [Sax.  rfw,  or  vlm-treov, ;  D,  oim ;  G.  ulme ; 
Sw.  aim  or  oJm-trd,  elm-tree  ;  Dan.  aim ;  L.  ulmus  ; 
Sp.  obttOf  and  atamo  ;  Com.  elau ;  Russ.  UenuL,  Una,  or 


ELO 

Uina.   Qu.  \V.  Uteyc^  a  platform,  a  frame,  an  elm,  from 
cxtcnding.1 

A  tree.  The  popular  name  of  all  the  Rpecies  uf  the 
genus  Ulmus,  though  many  of  lliom  have  other  i>op- 
ular  names. 

The  trraiy  m.-)-<.-^  \v,'ii,..,  p...,„  niailc  with  tl*  n«tlvc»  In  1682 
Wka  nrp  Lisr«  *'"*  which  gr^w  ori  tli*  ipot 

HOW  ci.^  iJ,  ikborv  1'liil.ukljihiiv.     U  wai 

pnMtnt'-'.  i  >ll),  Rt  which  time  lU  Hem  tnr-cu- 

urwl  *4  ic^t  1.1  lu.Li.T...  i.  ,.oe.   Mwrnorrtnf  Ifft.  Soc.  Ptnn. 

ELM'EX,  o.  Of  or  beloncing  to  elms.  Jennings. 
ELM'V,  a.     .\biHUiding  with  elms.  ^yarton. 

EL-0-€A'TION.  n,     [L.  eloco.] 

1.  A  removal  from  the  usual  place  of  residence. 

Bp.  HaH 

5.  Departure  fkvm  the  usual  method  ;  an  ecstasy. 

Futherby. 
EI.-0-eO'TION,  M.     [L.  docutio,  from  tloqaor;   c  and 
Iofuor,tos|)eak,  Gr.  Af/icfw,  Xdifttj.] 

1.  Pronuiirintion  ;  the  utterance  or  delivery  of 
words,  [inrticulorly  in  public  discourses  and  arjju- 
rocnts.  We  say  of  ci^cu^wn,  it  is  good  or  bud  ;  clear, 
flneat,  or  melodious. 

Bioatiam,  *-fakh  Aiick-nUy  ciaSnin^  *tf\c  kik)  lite  who)?  art  of 
riMonc,  uuw  ktptifie*  niutitGr  of  itcuvcf?.  E.  Porttr. 

2.  In  rheu^rie,  elociUian.  cuufiisis  tif  elegance,  compo- 
sition, and  dignity  ;  and  Dryden  uses  the  word  as 
nearly  synonymous  with  eloquence,  the  act  of  express- 
iug  thoughts  with  elegance  or  beauty. 

U.  Speech  ;  Ihe  power  of  speaking. 

WtiuM  lutu  —  gare  elocudon  u  Uw  tiinte.  Milton. 

4.  In  ancient  treatises  on  oratory y  the  wording  of  a 
discourse  ;  the  choice  and  order  of  words ;  composi- 
lion  J  the  act  uf  framing  a  writing  or  discourse. 

Cicero.     Quinctilian. 
EL-O-CC'TION-A-RY,  a.    Pertaining  to  elocution,  or 

containing  it. 
EL-O-CC'TION-IST,  n.    One  who  is  versed  in  elocu- 
tion, or  who  treats  of  the  subject. 
EL-O-eO'TIVE,  a.     Having  the  power  of  eloquent 

speaking. 
E-LOOP^  (S-lCzh',)  *.    [Fr.]    A  funeral  oration  ;  a 

panee>'nc  on  tlie  dead.  Atierbury. 

EL'0-6iST,  n.    An  eulogist.    rVol  used] 
EL'O-^Y,        I  It.    [Fr.  elogt;  L.  elogium  ;  Gr.  Aovoj. 
E-L^'GI-UM.  i     See  Euloot.] 

The  pmise  bestowed  on  a  person  or  thing;  pane- 
gy  ric    [But  we  generaU^  use  EuLoor.] 

Wutlon.     Hotder. 
E-LOIN',  V,  L    [Fr.  eloigner,  to  remove  far  off:] 
1.  To  separate  and  remove  to  a  distance. 

Spenser.     Donne. 
9.  To  convey  to  a  distance,  aud  withhold  from 
sighL 

The  rtmtf  mkj  return  iImi  tb«  gooib  or  beuu  iin>  vfotrwf. 

Iitacktiijn4, 

In  Imt  haeka^  this  word,  with  its  derivatives,  is 
more  genenilly  written  with  gi  as,  etoigne,  itc. 

E-  LO  I N '  A  T  E,  r.  f.    To  remove.  JJowelL 

E-L01N'A-TED,;jp.     Removed. 

¥^l,OlS'£D,pp.    Removed  to  a  distance  ;  carried  far 
off. 

E-LOIN'JNG,  ppr.     Removing  to  a  distance  from  an- 
other, or  to  a  place  unknown. 

E-LOIN'MENT,  n.     Removal  to  a  distance  ;  distance. 

E-LONG',  r.  U     [Low  L.  eiongo.] 

To  put  far  off;  to  retard.     [06;;.]  Shevstone. 

E-LON''GATE,  r.  t.    [Low  L.  tlongo,  from  longus. 
See  Long.] 

1.  1*0  lengthen  ;  to  extend.  ' 

2.  To  remove  further  off*.  Brown. 
E-LO.\"G.4TE,  e.  t.     To  depart  from;  to  recede;  to 

move  to  a  greater  distance  ;  particularly,  to  recede 
apparently  from  the  sun,  as  a  planet  in  its  orbit. 

I^LON"GA-TED,/»p.  or  a.    Lengthened  ;  removed  lo 
a  distance. 

E-LON"GA-TING,  ppr.     Lengthening  ;  extending. 
2.  Receding  to  a  greater  distance,  [KUticularly  as  a 
planK  from  the  sun  in  its  orbit. 

E-LO\"GA-TlON,  n.  The  act  of  stretching  or  length- 
ening ;  a.",  the  tlongatioa  of  a  fiber.  .^rbuUmoL 

2,  I'he  i<tate  of  lieing  extended. 

3,  Distance ;  space  which  separates  one  tiling  from 
another.  OlanviUe. 

4.  Departure ;  removal  ;  recesaion 

5.  Extension;  continuation. 

h\ij  not  th^  nioiintaiiw  of  WfKtmct inland  and  Cumberland  be 
considered  a»  eioiigationt  o{  th'-w  two  ch  uii>  I   Pirtkerton. 

G.  Id  astronomy,  the  distance  of  a  planet  from  the 
Bim,  as  it  api>ears  to  the  eye  of  a  spectator  on  the 
earth  ;  apparent  departure  of  a  planet  from  the  sun  in 
its  orbit ;  as,  the  elongation  of  Venus  or  Mercury. 

7.  In  svrfrery,  an  imperfect  luxation,  occasioned  by 
the  stretching  or  lengthening  of  the  ligaments;  or 
the  extension  of  a  part  beyond  its  natural  dimensions. 
Eiieye.  Coze. 
E-LOPE',  c.  i.  [D.  hopen  :  we^looprn ;  G.  laufen,  ent- 
taufen  :  Sw.  lopa :  Dan.  lUbcr ;  Sax.  hleapan ;  Eng.  to 
leap.  In  all  the  dialects,  except  the  English,  ieap  sig- 
nifies lo  run.     Uu.  Heb.  tj'rn.     Class  Lb,  No.  30.1 

1,  To  run  away;  to  depart  from  one's  proper  place 
or  station  privately,  or  without  permission  ;  to  quit, 
without  permission  or  right,  the  station  in  which  one 


ELU 

/ ^^ 

is  placed  by  law  or  duty.  Particularly,  and  appnwri- 
ateivy  to  nin  nwuy  or  depart  from  a  husband,  and  live 
with  an  adiilti-rer,  us  a  married  woman  ;  or  to  quit  n 
father's  house,  privately  or  without  permission,  aud 
marry  or  live  with  a  gullant,  as  an  unmarried  wo- 
man. 

9.  To  run  away ;  lo  escape  privately ;  to  depart, 
without  permis>iiim,  as  a  sen  from  a  father's  house, 
or  an  apprentice  from  his  master's  service. 

E-Lf)P'KD,  pp.     Run  away  privately. 

ELOPE'.MKNT,  «.  Private  or  unlicensed  departure 
from  the  place  ur  station  to  which  one  is  asi^igncd  by 
duty  or  law  ;  as,  the  eloperment  of  a  wife  from  lier 
husband,  or  of  a  daughter  from  her  father's  house, 
usuolly  with  n  lover  or  galluuL  It  is  sonietimes  ap- 
plied to  the  departure  of  a  son  or  an  apprentice,  in 
like  manner. 

E-LGP'ING,  ppr.     Running  away;  departing  private- 

_  Iv,  or  without  permission,  from  a  husUaud,  father,  or 

K'LOPS,  n.    [Ur.  cAAoi//.]  [master. 

A  fish,  iiihuhiting  the  seas  of  America  and  the 
West  Indies,  ilie  Elops  Saurus  of  Turton's  Lin- 
meus. 

EL^O-UUE.NCE,  n.  [L.  eloqaeniia,  from  elaquor,  loquor^ 
to  speak  ;  Gr.  ^r/Tco),  Aua-ci^,  to  crack,  to  sound,  to 
si)eak.  The  primary  sense  is,  probably,  to  hurst  with 
a  sound,  for  the  Gr.  libs  Aairis,  a  fissure,  from  the 
same  root  y  whence  AfijriC<^,  to  open  or  split ;  whence 
I^  laceroy  to  tear  ;  and  hence,  perhaps,  Eng.  a  leak. 
Q,u.  the  root  oi  clack.     See  Class  Lg,  No.  51,  57.] 

1.  The  expression  of  strone  emotion,  in  a  manner 
adapted  to  excite  correspondent  emotions  in  otiicrs. 
The  word,  in  its  most  extensive  sicnificatioii,  com- 
prehends every  mode  ill  which  deep  feeling  may  ho 
expressed,  either  hy  words,  tones,  looks,  or  geHlun-s. 
Ek»quence,  therefore,  requires,  in  its  most  perfect 
form,  a  vigorous  understanding,  a  gluwing  imagina- 
tion, appropriate  and  rich  language,  with  tluency, 
animation,  and  suitable  action.  Hence,  eloquence  is 
adapted  to  please,  affect,  and  pcr.'iuade.  Deniosihe- 
nes  in  Gre«Ke,  Cicero  in  Rome,  Lord  Chatham  and 
Iturke  in  Great  Itritain,  and  Fisher  Ames  in  the 
United  Slates,  were  distinguished  for  their  eloquence 
in  declamation  aud  debate. 

2.  The  power  of  expressing  strong  emotions  with 
fluency  and  force. 

3.  Forcible  language,  which  gives  utterance  to 
deep  emotion 


Slie  utlereih  pif  rcliij  eloquence. 


Shak. 


A.  It  in  sometimes  applied  to  written  language. 

EL'O-QCJEiMT,  a.  Having  tJie  power  of  expressing 
strong  emotions  in  a  vivid  and  appropriate  niuniier; 
as,  an  eloquent  orator  or  pn>acher. 

2.  AdajHed  to  exi»ress  strong  emotion  with  fluency 
and  power ;  as,  an  eloquent  address  ;  eloquent  hi.'ftory  ; 
an  eloquent  ap^al  to  a  jurv. 

EL'O-UUENT-LY,  adc.  VVith  eloquence;  (n  an  elo- 
quent manner;  in  a  manner  lo  please,  aff'xt,  and 

EL'RICH.    See  Eldbitch.  [persuade. 

ELSE,  (els,)  a.  or  pr.  [Sax.  elles;  Dan.  ellrntj  from 
eller,  or  ;  L.  alias,  alias.     See  Alien  ] 

Other  ;  one  or  sonmiiung  beside.  Who  else  is 
coming?  What  else  shall  1  give?  Do  you  expect 
any  thing  el.se  ? 

[This  word,  if  considered  to  be  an  adjective  or 
pronoun,  never  precedes  its  uouu,  but  always  fol- 
lows il.l 

ELSE,  (els,)  adv.  Otherwiae ;  in  the  other  case ;  if 
the  fact  were  different.  Thou  desircst  not  sacrifice, 
else  would  I  give  it ;  that  is,  if  thou  didsl  desire  sac- 
rifice, I  would  give  it.  Ps.  li.  1(1.  Repent,  or  rise  I 
will  come  to  thee  quickly  ;  that  is,  repent,  or  if  thou 
shoiildist  not  repent,  if  the  cose  or  fact  should  be 
different,  I  will  come  lo  thee  quickly.     Rev.  ii.  v. 

2.  Beside;  except  that  mentioned;  as,  nowhere 
el^e. 

ELSE'WIIfiRE,  dip.  In  any  other  place;  as,  these 
trees  are  not  to  be  found  elsewhere. 

2.  In  some  other  place;  in  other  places  indefi- 
nitely.    Il  i.s  reported  in  lown  and  eUeichere. 

E-LO'CI-DaTE,  v.  L  [Low  L.  eltici/h,  from  rlueeo, 
lucco,  to  shine,  or  from  lucUlus,  clear,  brigtit.     See 

LlOHT.] 

To  make  clear  or  manifest ;  to  explain  ;  lo  remove 

obscurity  from,  and  render  intetligibie ;  to  illustrale. 

An  example  will  elucitiate  the  subject.     An  argument 

may  elucidate  an   obscure  question.     A  fact  relatttd 

by  one  historian  may  elucidate  an  obscure  pas.sage  in 

another's  writings. 
E-LO'Cl-l>.A-TED,;i;».     Explained;  made  plain,  clear, 

or  inlellifiTble. 
E-LO'CI-I)A-TI\G,  ppr.     Explaining;  making  clear 

or  iutelli'gible. 
E-LU-CI-DA'TION,  ti.     The    act    of  explaining    or 

throwing  light  on  any  obscure  subject ;  explanation  ; 

exposition  ;  illu.'^tration  ;  as,  cue  example  may  serve 

for  an  elucidation  of  the  subject 
E-LC'CI-DA-TIVE,  a.     Making  clear. 
E-LC'Cl-DA-TOR,  n.     One  who  explains  ;  an  expos- 
E-LO'CI-DA-TO-RY,  a.    Tending  lo  elucidate     [itor. 
EL-U€-TA''l'lON,   II.      [h    eluctatus.]      The    act    of 

bursting  forth  ;  escape. 
E-LU-eU-BRA'tlON.     See  LrcuBRiTiow 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— METE,  PR£Y.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BQOK.- 


EMA 

E-LODE',  V.  U  [L.  eludo:  e  and  ludo^  to  play;  Sp. 
eludir:  IL  eUdtre ;  Fr.  rludcr.  The  Latin  verb  forms 
lusi,  lusum ;  and  tliid  may  be  the  Heb.  Cb.  and  M. 
pS,  to  deride.     Class  Ls,  Na  5.] 

1.  To  escape  ;  to  evade  ;  to  avoid  by  artifice,  Btrat- 
a^m,  wiles,  deceit,  or  deiteriiy  ;  as,  to  elutU  an  en- 
emy ;  to  elude  the  sight ;  lo  eii'tdc  an  officer ;  to  elude 
detection  ;  lo  dude  vigilance  ;  to  elude  the  force  (rfan 
argument ;  to  dude  a  blow  or  stroke. 

2.  To  mock  by  an  unexpected  escape  :  as,  to  elude 
pursuit. 

Me  gvntle  Delia  beekont  from  the  plain, 

Tbeii,  hkl  in  shades,  eludet  her  Mger  swain.  Popt. 

3.  To  escape  being  seen  ;  lo  remain  unseen  or  un- 
discovered ;  as,  to  Wurfg  discover>'.  The  cause  of 
magnetism  has  hitherto  eluded  the  researches  of 
philosophers. 

E-1>CD'ED,  pp.     Escaped;  avoided;  evaded. 
E-LrOT-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  eluded  or  escaped. 
E-LCD'l.\G,  ppr.     Escaping;  avoiding;  evading. 
E'LUL,  n.    The  twelfth  month  of  the  civil  Jewish 
year,  and  the  sixth  of  the  ecclesiastical.     It  corre- 
sponds nearly  to  our  August. 
E-LL'.M'BA-TED,  o.     [L.  tumbus.] 

Weakened  in  the  ioins. 
E-LC'SION,  n,     [L.  elujtio.     See  Elude.] 

An  escape  by  artillce  or  deception  ;  evasion. 

Brown. 
E-LC'SIVE,  a.    Practicing  elusion  ;  using  arts  to  es- 
cape. 

EJuHv  of  th«  brklal  Any.  ibn  givn 

rood  bo{>j«  10  all,  ahJ  jJI  wiUj  hopes  Ueccivn.  P(^, 

E-LO'SIVE-LV,  odtK    By  practicing  elusion. 

E-L0'SO-RI-NE3S  n.     The  state  of  being  tlusory. 

E-LC'SO-RY,  a.  Tending  to  elude  ;  tending  to  de- 
ceive; evasive;  fraudulent;  fallacious;  deceitful. 

Broum. 

E-LCTE',  V,  L     [L.  eluOf  elutum  ,*  qu.  e  and  tavo.    See 
Elutriate.] 
To  wash  off;  to  cleanse.  Arbutiuiot, 

E-LPT'ED,  pp.     Washed  ;  clean<<pd. 

E-LC  r'I.\(»,  ppr.     Cleansed  by  washing. 

E-LO'TRI  ATE,  r.  U  [L.  dutrio  ;  Sw.  tutra,  tuttra,  lo 
cleanse,  to  defecate  ;  Dan.  luttery  pu»e ;  Sax.  tuUer^ 
pure  ;  ladian^  lo  purify  ;  G.  lontrr^  D.  Ujuter^  pure  :  Ir. 
jfieitA,     Qii.  Class  I*^,  No.  ,10.] 

To  purify  by  washing  ;  to  cleanse,  as  a  pulverulent 
substance,  by  SL-paniting  foul  matter,  and  decanting 
or  straining  off  the  liquor. 

E-LC'TRI-A  TED,  pp.  Cleansed  by  washing  and 
decantatton. 

E-LO'TRI-A-TING,  ppr.  Purifying  by  washing  and 
decanting. 

E-LU-TRI-A'TION,  n.  The  operation  of  washing  a 
pulvenilent  substance  by  mixing  it  with  water,  and 
pouring  off  the  liquid  in  which  the  foul  or  extrane- 
ous substances  are  floating,  while  the  heavier  parti- 
cles are  deposited  at  the  bottom.  Brande. 

E-LUX'aTE,  r.  U    [L.  eluxatusA 
To  dislocate.     [See  Luxate.] 

E-LUX'A-TED,  pp.    Dislocated. 

E-LUX'A-TING,  ppr.     Diitlocating. 

EI^UX-A'TION,  n.  The  dislocation  of  a  bone.  [See 
LrxATio:».] 

ELV'AN,  a.     Pertaining  to  elvc«. 

ELVE'-LOCKS.    See  ElfLock. 

ELVERS,  n.pl.    Young  eels;  young  congcn  or  sea- 

ELVK«,p(.  of  Elf.  ^  [eels. 

ELV'WH,  a.     More  properly  Elfish,  which  see. 

ELV'lsn-MARK-£D,  (-markt,)  a.  Marked  or  dis- 
figured by  elves.  ^uik 

ELr-Y-DOR'ie,  fl.     [Gr.  i\aiov,  oil,  and  i').f<.)o,  water.] 
Elffdoru  painting  is  with  oil  and  water,  in  such  a 
manner  as  lo  add  the  freshness  of  ivater  colors  lo  the 
mellowiieM  of  oil  painting.  Eimes. 

E-LY8'LAN,  (e-lizh'yan,)  a,     [L.  elysiwi.] 

Pertaining  to  elysnim  or  ihe  seat  of  delight ;  yield- 
ing the  highest  pleasures;  deliriously  soothing ;  ex- 
ceedingly delightful ;  as,  d^aian  fields. 

E-LYS'iCM,  (e  lizh'yura,)  ».     [I*  elysium;  Gr.  tjAu- 

fflOf.] 

In  ancieni  mytholagif,  a  place  assigned  to  happy 
■ouls  after  death  ;  a  place  in  the  lower  regions,  fur- 
nished with  rich  fields,  groves,  shades,  streams,  &c., 
the  seat  of  future  happiness.  Hence,  any  delightful 
place.  Kncyc.     Shak. 

E-LYT'RI-FORM,  a.     In  the  form  of  a  wmg-chi-ath. 

EL'Y-TRO.\,  iTUipL  Elttra.     [Gr.]    A  name  given 

EL'Y-TRLTM.i  to  the  wing-sheaths,  or  upper  cras- 
taceous  membranes,  which  ftirm  the  outer  wings  or 
covering  in  the  tribe  of  beetles.  Brande, 

EL'ZK-VIR  E-DI"TrON8,  n,  pi.  Editions  of  the 
classicj^,  Ace.  published  by  the  Elzevir  family  at  Am- 
sterdam and  I^den,  from  about  1505  lo  1G80,  and 
highly  prized  for  their  accuracy  and  elegance. 

'EM.    A  contraction  of  Them.  [Kncyc  Am. 

'Vhey  took  'tm.  tiudihrtu. 

E-MAC'ER-ATE,  r.  u     To  make  lean.     [JVot  in  iwe.l 

E-MAC'ER-A-TEIJ,p».     Ma.Ie  lean. 

E-MAC'ER-A-TING,  ppr.     Making  lean. 

E-M  \C-ER-A'TION,  n.     A  making  lean  ;  emaciation. 

E-MA'CIATE,  V.  x.  [I*  emacio,  from  macea,  or  marer, 
lean;  Gr.  /ii«<|^,  ffffp'S,  small;   Fr.  maiffre;  Eng.  | 


EMA 


EMB 


imagery  meek;  It.  Sp.  and  Port,  ma^of  D.  Sw.  Dan. 

and  G.  tnager;  Ch.  "|Na,  to  be  thiu.    Class  Mg,  No. 

2,  9,  13.] 

To  lose  flesh  gradually ;  to  become  lean  by  pining 

with  sorrow,  or  by  loss  of  npptnite  or  other  cause  ; 

lo  wnFte  away,  £is  flesh  ;  to  decay  in  flesh. 
E-Ma'CI  ATE,  V.  L     To  cause  lo  lose  flesh  gradually  ; 

to  waste  the  flesh  and  reduce  to  leanness.     Sorrow, 

anxiety,  want  of  appetite,  and  disease,   often  eiiux- 

elate  the  most  robust  bodies. 
E-MA'CIATE,  a.     Thin;  was^tcd.  ShensUme. 

E-Ma'CIA-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Reduced  to  leanness  by  a 

gradual  loss  of  flesh  ;  thin  ;  lean. 
E-MA'CIA-TING,  ppr.    Wasting  the  flesh  gradually; 

making  lean. 
E-MA-Ci  A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  making  lean  or 

thin  in  flesh  ;  or  a  becoming  lean  by  a  gradual 

waste  of  flesh. 
2.  The  state  of  being  reduced  to  leanness. 
E-MA€'U-LATE,  c.  U     [infra.]     To  Like  spots  from. 

[LiUle  used.] 
E-MAC-IJ-LA'TION,  n.     [L.  emaeulo,  from  c  and  mac- 

uUy  a  spot.] 
The  act  or  operation  of  freeing  from  spots.    [LiiUe 

used.] 
EM'A  NANT,  a.     [I^  emanans.    See  Emawatk.] 

Issuing  or  flowmg  from.  ita/c, 

EM'A-NATE,  b.  i.     [L.  emano  ;  e  and  manOy  lo  flow  ; 

Sp.  emanar ;   Fr.   emaner ;   It.   emanare.     Class   Mn, 

No.  11,9.] 

1.  To  issue  from  a  source  ;  to  flow  from  ;  applied 
to  fluids;  as,  light  emanates  from  the  sun  ;  perspirable 
matter,  from  animal  bodies. 

2.  To  proceed  from  a  source  or  fountain  :  as,  the 
powers  of  government  in  republics  emanate  from  the 
people. 

EM'A-NA-TI\G,  ppr.     Issuing  or  flowing   from   a 

fountain. 
EM-A-NA^TION,  n.    The  act  of  flowing  or  proceeding 

from  a  fountain-head  or  origin. 
2.  That  which  issues,  flows,  or  proceeds  from  any 

source,  substance,  or  body  ;  efflux  ;  effluvium.    Light 

is  an  emanation  from  the  sun  ;  wisdom,  from  God  ; 

the  aulhoritv  of  laws,  from  the  supreme  jiowcr. 
EM'A-NA-TIVE  a.     Issuing  from  another. 
E-MAN'CTPATE,  r.  t,      [L.  emaneipn,  from  c  and 

maneipiumy  a  slave  :  manusy  hand,  and  eapio,  lo  take, 

as  staves  were  anciently  prisoners  taken  in  war.] 

1.  To  Bet  free  from  servitude  or  slavery,  by  the 
voluntary  act  of  the  proprietor;  lo  liberate;  lo  re- 
store from  bondage  to  freedom  ;  as,  to  emancipate  a 
slave. 

2.  To  set  free  or  restore  to  lilrerty ;  in  a  general 
sense. 

3.  To  free  from  bondage  or  restraint  of  any  kind 
lo  liberate  from  subjection,  controlling  power,  or  in- 
fluence ;  as,  to  emancipate  one  from  prejudices  or 
error. 

4.  In  ancient  Rome,  to  set  a  son  free  from  subjec- 
tion lo  his  father,  and  give  him  Ihe  capacity  of  man- 
aging his  airairs,  as  if  he  was  of  age.  Encyc. 

E-MAN'Cl.PATE,  a.     Set  at  liberty.  Cmnper. 

E-MAN'Cl-PA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Set  free  from  bondage, 
slavery,  servitude,  subjection,  or  dependence;  liber- 
ated. 

E-MAN'CI-PA-TING,  ppr.  Setting  free  from  bond- 
ace,  servitude,  or  dependence  ;  libemting. 

E-MA\-CI-PA'TIO\,  n.  The  act  of  setting  free  from 
slavery,  servitude,  subjecticm,  or  deiwndenco  ;  de- 
liverance from  bondage  or  controlling  influence  ; 
liberation  ;  as,  the  emancipation  of  slaves  by  their 
proprietors ;  the  emancipation  of  a  son  among  the 
Romans  ;  the  emancipation  of  a  person  from  preju- 
dices, or  from  a  servile  subjection  lo  authority. 

E-MAN-CIFA'TION-IST,  n.  An  advocalo  for  the 
emancij>atinn  of  slaves. 

E-MAN'CLPA-TOR,  n.  One  who  emancipates  or  lib- 
eratt's  from  bondage  or  n^siraint. 

E-MAN'CI-PI.sr,  n,  A  name  given  in  New  Holland 
to  convicts  who  have  been  set  free. 

E-MANE',  c.  t.     [U  emano.] 

To  issue  or  flow  from.  Enfield. 

But  tills  is  not  an  elegant  word.     [See  Emanate.] 

E-MAR'filN'.ATE,tj.  e.     To  lake  away  the  margin. 

F^MaR'OIV-ATE,      (   a.      [Fr.    marge;    U    mareo^ 

E-MAR'GIN-A-TED,  i       whence  emarfrino.] 

1.  In  botanyy  mitrhed  in  a  peculiar  manner  at  the 
api-x  ;  applied  to  the  leafy  petal,  ur  gti<rma. 

2.  In  mineralogy,  having  all  thcedgesof  Ihe  prim- 
itive form  inincated,  each  by  one  face.  Cleaveland. 

3.  In  loola-ry,  having  t)i«  margin  broken  by  an 
obtuse  notch  on  the  segment  of  a  circle.      Brande, 

E-MAR'GIN-ATE-LY,  mIv.     In  the  form  of  notches. 
E-MAR'Gl.N'-A-'I'ING,  ppr.    Taking  away  the  margin. 
E-MAS'eU-LATE,  v.  u     [I>)w  L.  emnseuloy  from   e 
and  ma.seulu.t,  a  male.     See  Male.] 

1.  To  castrate  ;  lo  deprive  a  male  of  certain  parts 
which  characterize  the  sex  ;  lo  geld  :  lo  deprive  of 
virility. 

2.  'i'o  deprive  of  masculine  streng'.h  or  vigor ;  lo 
weaken ;  to  render  effeminate ;  to  vitiate  by  un- 
manly soOncM. 

WofTwn  ematciilalB  a  nuniftreh'a  rdfo.  Drydtn. 

1  o  tmeuculAU  Uie  apiriu.  ColUtr. 


E-MAS'CU-LATE,  a.    Unmanned;  deprived  of  vigor. 

Hammond. 

E-MAS'CU-LA-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Castrated  ;  weakened. 

E-MAS'CU-LA-TING,  ppr.  Castrating;  gelding; 
depriving  of  vigor. 

E-MAS-eU-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  depriving  a 
male  of  the  parts  which  characterize  the  sex  ;  cas- 
tration. 

2.  The  act  of  depriving  of  vigor  or  strength;  ef- 
feminacy ;  unmantv  weakness. 

EM-BALE',  r.  U  [Fr.  embaUer;  Sp.  embalar;  It  im- 
ballare;  em,  imy  for  en  or  in,  and  balla,  halle,  bale.] 

1.  To  make  up  into  a  bundle,  bale,  or  package ;  to 
pack. 

2.  To  bind  ;  to  inclose  ;  as,  to  embale  In  golden 
buskins.  Spenser 

EM-BAL'/a>,  pp.     Made  into  a  bale. 
p].M-BAL'ING,  ppr.    Making  into  a  bale. 
EM-BALL',  V.  u    To  encircle  or  embrace,    f  Ofrs.] 

Spenser* 
EM-BALL'ING,  n.     An  embrace.  Shak, 

EM-BALM',   (ein-biim',)   v,   t.     [Ft.  embaumer,   from 

baumCy  b.ilm,  Uoinbaham;  It.  wibalsamare;  Sp.  ent- 

balsamar.'\ 

1.  To  oi>en  a  dead  body,  lake  out  the  intestines, 
and  fill  their  place  with  odoriferoiL't  and  desiccativo 
spices  and  drugs,  to  prevent  its  putrefaction. 

Joaerti  oominandeii  his  •ciranU,  the  phv«ician«,  to  tmbalm  fall 
(aihcr ;   ami  ilv  f  h^siciam  tmhaltnt^  Israel,  — Gcii.  I. 

2.  To  fill  with  sweet  scent.  MUum. 

3.  To  preserve,  with  care  and  affection,  IJom 
loss  or  decay. 

The  memory  of  my  beloved  lUughter  i>  tmliaimed  in  my  heart. 

N.  W. 
Virtue  alotK",  with  luting  g^^t 
Embaimt  the  l)eauti«s  ot  Uio  face.  J.  TVumiuU. 

EM-BALM'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Filled  with  aromatic  plants 
for  preser\-ation  ;  filled  with  sweet  scent;  preserved 
from  loss  or  destruction. 

EM-BXLM'ER,  n.  One  who  embalms  bodies  for 
preservation, 

EM-BALM'ING,  ppr.  Filling  a  dead  body  with  spices 
for  preservation  ;  filling  with  sweet  scent  ;  preserv- 
ing with  care  from  loss,  decay,  or  destruction. 

EM-BXLM'ING,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  filling  a  dead 
body  with  spices  for  preservation. 

EM-BALM'MENT,  »,     Act  of  embalming. 

EM-BANK',  V.  L  I'o  enclose  with  a  bank  ;  to  defend 
by  banks,  mounds,  or  dikes. 

EM-BA\K'/:D,  pp.     Inclosed  or  defended  by  a  bank. 

EM-BANK'ING,  ppr.  Inclosing  or  surrounding  with 
a  bank. 

EM-BANK'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  eurrounding  or  de- 
fending with  a  bank. 

2.  A  mound  or  bank  raised  for  various  purposes, 
as  for  prott'cting  against  inundations,  for  the  passage 
of  a  railroad,  Sec. 

EM-BAR',  r.  t.  [en  and  bar.]  To  shut,  close,  or 
fasten  with  a  bar  ;  lo  make  fast. 

2.  To  inclose  so  as  to  hinder  egress  or  escape. 

Whore  faul  embarred  in  mighty  brazen  wall,  Spenaer. 

3.  I'o  stop }  to  shut  fVom  entering ;  lo  hinder ;  lo 
block  up. 

He  embarr«d  all  fiirther  trade.  Bacon, 

EM-BAR-CA'TION,  n.    Embarkation,  which  see. 

E.M-BXR'GO,  n.  [Sp.  etnbarao ;  Port.  Fr.  id.  This  is 
a  modern  word,  from  the  Spanish  and  Portuguese. 
In  Portuguese,  embara^dry  which  Ihe  Spanish  write 
emharazary  is  to  embarra.tSy  entangle,  slop,  hirider ; 
I'orl.  emhara^n,  impediment,  embarrassment,  stop, 
hindcrnnce.  The  palatal  being  changed  into  z  and 
8,  We  have  cmharrtta.t  from  this  word  ;  but  embargo 
retains  the  palatal  letter.] 

In  commerce,  a  restraint  on  ships,  or  prohibition  of 
sailing,  either  out  of  port,  or  into  port,  or  both: 
which  prohibition  is  byjiublic  authority,  for  a  limited 
time.  Most  generally  it  is  n  proliibition  of  ships  lo 
leave  n  port. 

EM-BAR'GO,  p.  (.     [Sp.  and  Port,  embargar.] 

1.  To  hinder  or  prrvent  ships  from  sailing  out  of 
port,  or  into  jxirl,  or  both,  by  some  law  or  edict  of 
sovereign  authority,  for  a  limited  lime.  Onr  ships 
were  for  a  time  embari^oed  by  a  law  of  congress. 

2.  To  slop ;  lo  hinder  from  being  prosecuted  by  the 
departure  or  entrance  of  shijw.  The  commerce  of 
th(!  United  Stales  has  been  embargoed. 

EM-BAR'GA/'.D.  pp.  Slopped;  hindered  from  sail- 
ing; hindered  by  public  authority,  as  ships  or  com- 
merce. 

E.M-nXR'GO-ING,  ppr.  Restraining  from  sailing  by 
public  atithority  ;  hindering. 

EM-BARK',  r,  f.  [Sp.  emharcar ;  Port,  id.;  It.  imbar- 
ears  ;  Fr.  embaraucr ;  eti  and  bareo.  a  boat,  a  barge,  a 
bark.l 

1.  I'o  put  or  cause  to  enter  on  board  a  ship  or  other 
vessel  or  boat.  The  general  embarked  fits  troops 
and  tfi-'ir  baggage. 

2.  To  engaiir  a  jwrsnn  in  any  affair.  Tiiis  pro- 
jector »fT«ft(irA:c(/ his  friends  In  the  design  or  expedition. 

EM-BARK',  V.  i.    To  go  on  board  of  a  ship,  boal,  or 
vessel ;  as,  the  troops  embarked  for  Lisbon. 
2.  To  engage  in  any  business;  lo  undertake  in; 


TONE,  BgLL,  IGNITE.- AN"GEB,  Vl"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  6  a«  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CU  aa  8H  i   i'H  as  In  THIS. 


337 


EMB 


EMB 


EMB 


to  lake  a  share  in.    'I'ht^  voung  man  rinbarktd  riulily 

in  sptTtilation,  nnd  was  ruined, 

B.M-BARK-A'TIO.N,  ».     The  actuf  ptmius  on  iKMrd 

of  a  ship  or  oiher  vessel,  or  the  act  of  (i<tinB  aboartl. 

a.  That  which  is  eiubarlted  ;  as,  an  cmharkaimn  of 

•'<'»<"'»•  Smollrrt. 

3.  [gp.    raiiareauM.]      A  small    vessel    or    boat 

rC"».»«til  ^iwoa'i  rntrt. 

KM-BXRK'ED,  (em4iarkt',)  pp.    Put  on  sbiiAoud  : 

encaiM  in  any  affair. 
EM-BAKK'INiJ,  fpr.    Pntting  on  board  of  a  ship  or 

U»at  ;  Eoins  on  shipboard. 
EM-B.AR'R.\SS,  n.     Kmbarras$ment.        ITarftwrfffif. 
EM-BAR'RASS,  r.  u     f Fr.  r^Ocirriusn' ;  Port,  tmlmu- 

f^r  i  S|k  em^araimr ;  from  Sp,  tmimraza,  Pult.  nUtm- 

ft,  Fr.  imtarns,  perpleiity,  iDlricacy,  hindstaace, 

mnedimenL    In  Spaniall,  fonnally  emtarn  ainik. 

S«d  mbarmsnsnl,  and  latiiiui  ■•  is  periitfx.] 
I.  To  poplei ;  to  Roder  inlrioua :  to  eniaagle. 

We  mjr,  public  alRiin  are  tmUmsiei:  Hie  stale  of 

our  acfxuinu  is  citairaaitd  ;  want  of  order  tends  to 

— tunow  busineae. 
a  To  perplex,  as  the  mind  or  inlellretual  farul- 

liea ;  to  cooftUB.    Our  ideas  are  somclimes  emlxir- 


3.  To  perplex,  as  with  debts,  or  demands,  beyond 
iIh  meaaa  of  pajrnient;  fplial  to  a  pmon  w  kU 
^IWrs.  la  «MrMari<e2aajeiia^#,a  manor  his  biiKiness 
Is  vmhvmssfdy  when  lie  can  not  mecl  his  i)pcuniary 
eonRmenis. 

i  To  perplex  ;  to  conflise ;  to  disconcert  ;  ui  aKith. 
An  abnipc  addres*;  m.ty  embmrruss  a  yunng  lady.  A 
young  man  may  be  too  much  tsiAarTwssA/  to  utter  a 
wimi. 

E»1-BAR'RASS-KD,  (cm-bai'nut.)  p^  or  *.  Per- 
pleied  ;  renden-d  intricau> ;  cf  nfused  j  confoiindid. 

EM-B.\R'R.\:;S-I\G,  frpr.  Perpli-xing;  eutanglmg; 
cunfiisins:  confounding;  abasijin;;. 

EM-BAR'RASS-LNG,  a.  Friplexing;  adapted  to  per- 
plex. "^ 

EM-BAR'RAJ:.«-MEXT,    a.      Perplexity;    intricacv ; 

2.  Confusion  of  mind.  [entanglement. 

3.  Peri'lfXily  arwing  from  insolvency,  or  from 
lemporar>-  inability  to  discharge  debts. 

4.  Confusion  ;  abashment. 

EM-BAR'KfD,  (em-b;Lrd',)  jip.  Shut  :  dosed:  fast- 
ened. 

EM-B\R'RI.VG,  pmr.    Fastening,  as  with  a  bar. 

E.^I-B.^SE',  r.  L  [ni  and  htst.]  To  lower  in  value  ; 
to  vitiate  ;  to  deprave ;  to  impair. 

I  tan  i»  IgwUs  tad — Uul  o>7  nJm  n,  fm  JislrmeuL 

2.  To  deirmde  ;  to  vili/V.  ^»cajer. 

[TkL*  leerrf  is  teU»m  aseiLl 

E>l4<A:iE  MRXT.a.  Act  of  iepraving ;  depravation; 

_ "  SntM. 

5;  "-    Anembasnr.    [O&nl    Sjieaser. 

*■  i'l  «-     [Sp.  rmioxmJcr!  POft.  U.!  Fr. 

nii>a.u<i.i.-iir.  It,  saitasciadsrs ;  Arm.  •ml'^irtajor ; 
Norm.  snAsxrv.  Bpelman  refers  this  wor\l  to  the 
"•  ■"'■">  which  Cesar  calls  mrnttutw.  a  client  or  re- 
tamer  among  the  Ganls.  Cluver,  .Int.  Grr.  I,  8, 
'^"y  '*'''  opinion,  and  mentions  that,  in  the  laws 
of  Burgundy,  mmh^sda  was  e<l'livalent  to  the  Ger. 
amhmtt^  service,  now  conlmned  to  a<«f,  D.  «ii/)r,  Dan. 
aw**,  Sw.  emh<u,  office,  duty,  function,  eniplovmenl, 
province.  TUe  Dutch  baa  iun^vf,  trade,  haiidcraft, 
a  manor,  a  lordship,  and  ambowttmax^  a  jisirnt-yman 
or  mechanic,  which  is  evideBiqr  the  Sw.  tmhttrjnmin. 
The  Dani'^h  has  also  naie^  office,  employment. 
In  Sax.  emieit,  ymieU,  is  office,  dutv,  cmpluynicnt ; 
Miettiia,  to  serve  ;  «»ettiaaa,  a  servant ;  also  am- 
btktf  coUation ;  amij/kt^  a  message  or  legation,  .an  em- 
^"fi  ntt/Hmefa,  a  legale  or  envoy,  (o  swaMje- 
ssjwr.)  The  word,  in  Gothic,  is  tuutbaJiU^  a  servant : 
aadtsAlfaa,  to  serve.-  The  German  has  amUboU,  a 
messenger.  The  first  sjUable,  em,  is  fruni  ei«»,  »«iA, 
a<i«i,aboat,  and  the  root  ofiuahict  is  Bg.  See  Pace 
and  DisFATcH.] 

1.  A  minister  of  the  highest  rank,  employed  by 
one  prince  or  slate  at  Uie  court  of  another,  to  man- 
age the  piiblic  concerns  of  his  own  prince  or  slate, 
and  representing  the  power  and  dignity  of  his  sover- 
eign.    Embassadors  are  irrdiMrv,  when  thev  reside 

■  permanently  at  a  foreign  court ;  or  extraordiiuKy, 
when  thev  are  sent  on  a  special  occasion.  Thev  are 
also  called  luaistcrs.  Envoys  are  ministers  employed 
on  special  occasions,  and  are  of  less  dignity. 

Johnjon,     Uneiie, 

2.  In  bidierviu  Zoa^savc,  a  messenger.  ^xk 
EM-B-AS-SA-IXyai-.^l.,  a.    Belonging  or  relating  to 

an  embassador. 
K.M-BA3'SA-DRESS,  ».    T\-c  consort  of  an  embas- 

*^'"-,  CUs!crji,ld. 

^^  ^  A  woman  sent  on  an  embassy. 
EM'BAS-PAtaE,  an  embassy,  is  not' used. 
E.M'B.\S-SY,  ».     [Sp.  and  Port.  cmAoiaaa ;  Fr.  ambiu- 

saae.1 

I.  The  message  or  public  funcljon  of  an  eiiiIi:iKs.a- 

Z  '  I}"  charge  or  employment  of  a  public  niiiilslcr, 

whether  embassador  or  envoy.    The  word  signifies 

tJie  message  or  commission  itself,  and  the  person  or 

persons  sent  to  coo  vey  or  to  execute  it.     We  say,  the 


king  wnt  an  rmbassy^  meaning  un  envoy,  minister, 
or  niinistere ;  or  the  king  sent  a  person  on  an  em- 
bam;  tlic  rmbu-isy  consisted  of  three  envoys;  llie 
em»<wsj/  was  instructed  to  inquire  concerning  the 
king's  dls|xisiti„n.  M,tf„d. 

J.  A  solemn  message.  Tanlor. 

Eijlilerr.  wnluriri  kjo,  i|,o  ™p,j  „„„  f„„^  ^^  Jenu«Jem 
Oil  ftn  cmioMy  01  ntitigicj  tiutfaorily  wij  lo»o. 

B.  DieHiuon. 

3.  fr.,iM//»  an  errand.  s/<Jnr». 

I  the  old  orthography,  ambasaaite,  ambassairr,  being 
obsolete,  nnd  rmbr,.<sy  established,  I  have  rendered 
I  he  orthography  uf  rmkassadiyr  confonn.ilile  to  it  in 
the  initial  letter.  The  elegant  Blackstone  uniformlv 
wrote  CMiAa.«S(U^.1 
EM-11.\THE',  n.  t    To  bathe. 

E.M-BAT'TLE,  r.  L     (c«  nnd  »«(Je.]     To  aminge  in 
order  of  batUe  ;  to  array  troops  for  battle. 

On  titrit  embaaltd  nviiln  the  w,^»M  return.  MUton. 

-  To  furnish  with  balUemenLii.  Cue. 

E.\1-BAT'TLE,  r.  i.    To  be  ranged  in  order  of  batlle. 

E.M-BATTLED,  jrp.  or  «.    Arrayed  in  order  of  battle. 

a.  hllrnished  with  battlements;  nnd,  in  heraldry, 
having  llie  outline  resembling  a  batllement,  as  un 
ordinary.  Oye.     Bailnt. 

A  Having  been  the  place  of  battle;  as,  an  embidOed 
plain  or  Held. 

vJl'SiX'^''''*'''  ''^'    RtiRini!  in  battle  nrrav. 
b^I-IH\',  e.  (.     [en,  in,  and   baxiA     To   inclose  in  a 

b.ay  or  inlet ;  to  land-lock  ;  to  iiiclose  between  capes 

or  promontories.  m,,.,  oici. 

a  [Fr.  *o.f»er.]     To  bathe;  to  wash.     [JVri  iiserf.] 
_      _  Speitxer. 

t.M-BAY  KU,  (em-Iiiide',)  pp.    Inclosed  in  a  bay,  or 

between  piiints  of  land,  as  a  ship. 
F.M-B.^  Y'l.N'G,  ppr.    Inclosing  in  a  bay. 
EM-llED',  c.  1.     [en,  in,  and  boL]     To  lav  as  in  a  bed  ; 

U>  lay  m  surrounding  matter  ;  as,  to  cmiBl  a  thing  in 

clay  fir  in  sand. 
E.M-BED'DEI),  pp.  or  o.     Laid  as  in  a  bed  ;  deposited 

or  inclosed  in  surrounding  matter ;  as,  ore  anbrdiUd 

m  sand. 

E.M-BED'DI.VG.K"-.     Laying,  depositing,  or  forming, 

as  in  a  bed. 
E.M-IIED'.ME.N'T,  a.   Act  of  embedding  ;  stale  of  being 

embedded. 
E.M-UEl.'I.lSII,  B.  t     [Fr.  emJdlir,  from  beUc,  L.  W- 

1b.«,  pretty.l 

1.  To  nJom  ;  to  beautify  ;  to  decorate  ;  to  make 

beautiful  or  elegant  by  ornaments;  appUtd  to  prrsmu 

orthimgn.     We  anbeUL^k  the  person  with  rich  apparel, 

a  garden  witli  shrubs  and  tloivers,  and  stile  with 

mcuphon. 
a.  To  make  graceful  or  elegant;  as   to  embdluk 

manners. 
E.M-BEL'LISH-iCI),  (em-beriisht,)™.  or  a.     Adorned  ; 

deconued ;  beautitied, 
E.M-BEL'LISH-ER,  ■- 
E.M-BEL'LISH-IXG, 


One  who  embellishes. 
.    rpr.      Adorning;     decorating; 
adilmg  grace,  ornament,  or  elegance,  to  a  person  or 
thing. 

EM-l!EL'r.l.=;rM.\G-LV',  ode.     So  as  to  embellish. 

E.V-BE1.'LISH-.MENT,  n.     The  act  of  adorning. 

2.  Omiuuent;  decoration;  any  thing  that  adds 
beauty  or  elegance ;  that  which  renders  any  thing 
pleasing  to  the  eye,  or  agreeable  to  the  taste,  in  dress, 
furniture,  manners,  or  in  the  line  arts.  Rich  dresses 
are  embeltishments  of  the  person  ;  virtue  is  an  rmbel. 
tMiurnt  of  the  mind,  and  liberal  arts  the  cmbdUsh- 
nenls  of  society. 

E.M'BER,  in  ember-daij.t,  einber-meeJa,  is  the  Saxon 
emb-rett,  or  ymb-ripie,  a  circle,  circuit,  or  revolution, 
from  ymt,  afffii,  around,  and  rcn,  or  ryne,  course, 
from  the  root  of  run.  Eiaber-dayi  ate  the  Wednes- 
day, Friday,  and  Saturday,  after  Ciuadragesima 
Sunday,  after  Whitsunday,  after  Ilolyrood-Jay  in 
Septeinlier,  and  after  St.  Lucia's  day  in  December. 
Kinber-days  are  days  returning  al  certain  seasons  ; 
cmftcriceefci,  the  weeks  in  which  these  days  fall ;  and 
fonuerly,  our  ancestors  used  the  words  Embcr-faat 
and  Eiubcr-tide,  or  season. 

_,.,„„„ „„„^'J^     Encijc.     LL.  Mfrcd,  sect.  39. 

EM'BER-GOOSE,  n.  A  webfrxited  bird  of  the  genus 
CiiUimbiu,  also  called  the  ^c<z£  northern  dwer, 
placed  by  Linnieus  under  the  order  Anseres.  It  is 
lareer  than  the  common  goose :  the  head  is  dusky  ■ 
the  back,  coverts  of  the  wings  and  tail,  clouded  with 
lighter  and  darker  shades  of  the  same  ;  the  prima- 
ries and  tail  are  black  ;  the  breast  and  belly  silvery. 
It  inhabits  the  northern  regions,  about  Iceland  and 
the  Orkneys.  £ncj/<; 

EM'BER-LNG,  a.    The  ember-days,  supra.     r04s.] 

E.M'BERS,  n.  pi.  [Sax.  xmyrian ;  Scot,  ameri',  aamm ; 
Ice.  einmyria.] 

Small  coals  of  firs  with  ashes ;  the  residuum  of 
wood,  coal,  or  other  comlilistibles  not  exlin"uished  * 
cinders.  " 

He  rak«  hot  tmhtya,  nni!  rencwi  the  ftrcs.  Dryien. 

It  is  used  by  Colebrooke  in  the  singular, 
lie  taJtei  a  liglitcd  ember  out  of  tlM  covered  venel. 

Aiiat.  Ret.  rti.  231. 


EM'BER-WEEK.     See  Embxu,  supra. 

EM-BEZ'ZLE,  r.  (.  [Norm.  innbea.-.iler,  to  lilch  ;  I'cse- 
ler,  Id.  The  primary  sense  is  not  quite  obvious.  11 
the  sense  is  to  strip,  to  |)eel,  it  coincides  with  Ihn  Ar. 

ytOj  bassala,  to  strip,  or  Ileb.  Ch.  nnd  Syr.  '?JD.   In 

Ileb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Sam.,  lia  or  ni2  signiflen  to  plun- 
der. See  Class  Bs,  No.  2,  21,  22.  Perhaps  the  sense 
IS,  to  cut  off.     Na  21,  54.1 

1.  "To  appropriate  fiaudiilently  to  one's  own  use 
what  is  intrusted  to  one's  care  and  management.  It 
differs  from  stealing  and  robbery  in  this— that  the 
latter  imply  a  wrongful  taking  of  another's  goods, 
but  embezzlement  denotes  the  wrongful  appropria- 
tion and  use  of  what  came  into  possession  by  right. 
It  is  not  uncommon  for  men  intrusted  witli  public 
money  to  embezzle  it. 

2.  To  waste,  to  dissipate  in  extravagance. 

Wiicn  thoH  tuut  entbexxUd  all  Uij  store.  llryUn. 

EM-BEZ'ZLCD,(cm-bez'ld,)pp.  Appropriated  wrong- 
fully to  one's  own  use. 

E.M-BEZ'ZLE-MENT,  n.  The  net  of  fraudulently  ap- 
propnating  to  one's  own  use  the  money  or  goods 
intrusted  to  one's  care  and  management.  An  accu- 
rate account  of  the  embcizlemenu  of  public  money 
would  form  a  curious  history. 
2.  The  tiling  appropriated. 

EM-1!EZ'ZLER,  n.     One  who  embezzles. 

E.M-HEZ'ZLLMG,  ppr.  Fraudulently  applying  to  one's 
own  use  what  is  intrusted  to  one's  care  and  eniolov- 
ment.  '    ^ 

E.M-ULAZE',  V.  U  [Fr.  Hasonjier;  Sp.  blasonar;  Port. 
blazonar,  brazoimr ;  allied  to  G.  bla.ien,  D.  hlo„zrn,  to 
blow,  and  Fr.  blaaer,  to  bum,  Eng.  blazt.  The  sense 
IS,  to  swell,  to  enlarge,  to  make  showy.] 

1.  To  adorn  with  glittering  embellishments. 

No  \reeping  orphin  ww  liit  filh^r"!  atorei 

Oiir  »t)riii-B  irr.ulute,  or  etiibiate  tins  doora.  Poiie. 

2.  To  blazon ;  to  paint  a  adorn  with  figures  ar- 
monal. 

The  imperial  ensign,  «lreamlng  to  the  wind, 

With  gviiii  anil  golden  luster  rich  emblazed.  Milton. 

EM-BLXZ'£D,  p;>.  Adorned  with  shining  ornaments, 
or  Willi  figures  armorial. 

EM-BL.aZ'ING,  jtpr.  Einhcllishing  with  glittering  or- 
naments, or  with  figures  armorial. 

E.M.BL.t'ZON,(em-bla'zn,)i..  (.     [Fr.  J/ajonncr.     See 

EU1I1.\7E  j 

1.  To  adorn  with  figures  of  heraldry  or  ensjons 
a™<!™l-  Johmo,,. 

2.  7o  deck  in  glaring  colors  ;  to  dispLay  ponijiously. 

We  find  Au^istus  —  emblazontH  hy  tlie  pwta,  HaJceu^H, 

EM-BLA'ZON-£D,  (em-blaz'nd,)  pp.    Adorned  with 

figures  or  ensigns  urmorinl ;  set  out  ponipoiislv. 
E.M-ULA'ZON-ER,  n.     Ablazoner;   one  that  etnblaz' 

ons  ;  a  herald. 
2.  One  that  publishes  and  displays  with  pomp. 
EM-BLa'ZO.V-I.VG,  ppr.     Adorning  with   ensign 

figures  armorial;  displaying  with  pomp. 
E.M-BLA'Z0-\-I.V0,  n.    The  act  or  art 

with  ensigns  armurial. 
E.M-BLa'ZO\-.MEi\T, 


ng  with  ensigns  or 
1  pomp. 
The  act  or  art  of  adorning 


p\i  ni  i/vnv  n  V-       '    o   '^"  "'""'l-'s^oning.     fio..«.s. 
b.M-Bl.A'ZO.N-RY,  ji.     Pictures  on  shields;  display 

of  figures.  Milt^'n, 

E.M'BLEM,  a.     [Gr.  ct.ff\riaa,  from  iu/la>.\u,  to  cast 

ni,  to  insert.] 

1.  /"i-opCT-;!),  inlay  ;  inhid  or  mosaic  work;  some- 
thing inserted  in  the  boily  of  another. 

2.  A  picture  representing  one  thing  to  the  eye,  and 
another  to  the  understanding;  a  painted  enigma,  or 
a  figure  representing  some  obvious  history,  insiriict- 
ing  us  in  some  moral  truth.  Such  is  the  image  of 
Scaivola  holding  his  hand  in  the  fire,  with  these 
words,  "Aaere  el  patifortiler  Romauum  est,"  to  do  and 
to  suffer  with  fortitude  is  Roman.  Eneye. 

3.  A  ijainting  or  representation,  intended  to  'hold 
forth  some  moral  or  political  instruction  ;  an  allusive 
picture  ;  a  typical  designation.  A  balance  is  an  em- 
blem of  justice  ;  a  crown  is  the  emblem  of  royalty ; 
a  scepter,  of  potver  or  sc.vereignty. 

4.  That  which  represents  another  thing  in  its  pre- 
dominant qualities.  A  white  robe  in  Scripture  is  an 
emblem  of  purity  or  righteousness ;  baptism,  of  puri- 
fication. 

E.V1'BLE.M,  v.  u    To  represent  by  similar  qualities. 

Fellh/lm, 
EM-BLEM-AT'ie,         la.  Pertaining  to  or  comprising 
E.M-BLEM-AT'ie-AL,  S      an  emblem.  ' 

2.  Representing  by  some  allusion  or  customary 
connection  ;  as,  a  crown  is  embletnatic  of  royalty,  a 
crown  being  worn  by  kings. 

3.  Representing  by  similar  qualities;  as,  whiteness 
is  emblematic  of  purity. 

4.  Using  emblems  ;  as,  emblematic  worship. 
EM-BLE.M-AT'ie  AL-LY,  ad„.     By  way  or  means  of 

emblems  ;  in  the  manner  of  emblems  ;  by  way  of  al- 
lusive representation.  Sw\fL 

E.M-BLE.M'A-TIST,  n.  A  writer  or  inventor  of  em 
blcms.  Brotrn 

EM-BLE.M'A-TIZE,  r.  t.   To  represent  by  an  emblem. 

Walpole. 


FATE,  F.\R,  FALL,  WH^T.— METE,  PREY PLVE,  MARINE, 


BIRD.  — N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  B9pK 


EMB 

EM-BLEM'A-TIZ-£D,  pp.  Represented  by  an  em- 
blem. 

EM-BLEM'A-TIZ-ING,  ppr.  Representing  by  an  em- 
blem. 

EM'BLE-MEXT,  71,  Used  mostly  in  the  plural.  [Norm. 
emblcar,  emblements  ;  cmblccr,  to  sow  ;  Fr.  entblarer ; 
Norm,  bletr,  to  sow  with  com,  fnmi  bti,  blrd^  corn.] 

The  produce  or  fniiis  of  land  sown  or  planted. 
This  word  is  used  for  the  produce  of  land  sown  or 
planted  by  a  tenant  for  life  or  years,  whose  estate  is 
determined  suddenly  after  the  land  13  sown  or  planted, 
and  before  harvest.  In  this  case,  the  tL*nant's  execu- 
tors shall  have  the  emblements.  EmbJtmnits  compre- 
hend not  only  corn,  but  the  produce  of  any  annual 
plant.  But  the  pri>duce  of  grass  and  perennial 
plants  belongs  to  the  lord,  or  proprietor  of  the  land. 

BladcMone 

EM'BLEM-IZE,  r.  £.     To  represent  by  an  emblem. 

EM'BLE>I-IZ-£D,pp.     Repre><entcd  by  an  erobl-m. 

EM'BLEM-TZ-ING,  ppr.    Representing  by  an  einbtem. 

EM-UIX)O.M',  r.  c     To  cover  or  enrich  with  bloom. 

EM  BLOOM'i?D,;.p.     Enriched  with  bloom.       [Good. 

EM-BLOOM'IXG,  ppr.     Covering  with  bloom. 

EM-BOD'I-JED,  pp.  or  o.  [See  Embody.]  Collected  or 
formed  into  a  body. 

E-M-B0D'[-ER,  n.     He  that  embodies. 

EM-BOD'I-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  embodying ;  the 
state  of  being  embodied.  * 

EM-BOU'Y,  V.  t.  [en,  in,  and  body.]  To  form  into  a 
body  ;  to  make  corporeal ;  to  invest  with  matter  ;  as, 
to  embody  the  soul  or  spirit ;  a  form  embodied 

Dryden. 
2.  To  form  or  collect  into  a  body  or  united  mass ; 
to  collect  into  »  whole  ;   lo  incorporate  ;   to  concen- 
trate ;  AS,  to  embody  tnwpsj  to  embody  detached  sen- 
timents. 

EM-BOD'Y,  r.  C  To  unite  in  a  body,  mass,  or  collec- 
tion; to  coalesce.  Milton.     Locke. 

EM  ItOD'Y-lNG,  ppr.  Collecting  or  forming  into  a 
body. 

EM-B'SG'UIXG,  (em-bSg'ing,)  n.  The  mouth  of  a 
river  or  place  where  its  waters  are  discharged  into 
the  sea. 

EM-B6UD'£\,  r.  (.  {en  and  buld.]  Toj^ive  boldness 
or  courage  to  ;  to  encourage.     1  Cor.  viii. 

EM-BOLD'f:\-f:D,  pp.  or  0,     Encouraged. 

E.M-UoLD'/;\  EH,  n.     One  tli;it  emboldens. 

EM-B0LD'>:N-ING,  ppr.    Giving  courage  or  boldness. 

EM'BO-LISM,  a,  [Gr.  cp^oXiOfiis,  from  EpiJaWuif  to 
throw  in,  to  insert] 

1.  Intercalation;  the  InsTlion  of  days,  months,  or 
Vf'ars,  in  an  account  of  time,  to  pmduce  regularity. 
The  Greeks  made  use  of  the  lunar  year  of  35^1 
days,  and  to  adjust  it  to  the  solar  year  of  3ti5,  they 
added  a  lunar  mtputh  every  second  or  third  year, 
which  additional  nii^nth  they  called  entbolimiEus. 

9.   Interr^ilalfd  time.  [Barlow. 

EM-BO-LIS'MAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  Intercalaiion  ;  in- 
tercalated ;  inserted. 

Tba  fjrAoIUmai  months  are  '■ithrr  nntiml  or  civil,         Eitcyc. 

EM-BO-LIS  Mie,  o.    Intercalated  ;  inserted. 

Twelve  lunations    Ibna    &   commoa    yrar,   Mid  IhtrWn,  the 
tmboliMtnie  jr^&r,  Orotisr'M  OUna. 

E?rBO-Ln9,  II.  [Gr.  ifi^oXoff  from  tpffaWi-^,  to 
thrurt  in.] 

Somethmg  inserted  or  acting  in  anclbcr ;  that 
which  ihnisla  or  drives,  as  a  piston. 

jirbuthnoL    ffrbert. 

E^f'BOJV-POrJV^,  [Fr.]  C^ng-bong-pwg'.)  Plumpness 
of  bi»dy  or  person. 

EM-BOR'DEfe,  r.  U     [Old  Fr.  embordrr.] 
To  adorn  with  a  border. 

EM-BOR'DER-KD,  pp.     Adorned  with  a  border. 

EM-BOR'DER-hNG,  ppr.     Adornmg  with  a  Iwrder 

EM-BOSS',  r.  r,  [en,  in,  and  bo.1.1.]  In  the  fine  orf*, 
to  form  bosses  or  protut»eranros  ;  to  fashion  in  n.lif'vo 
or  raised  work  ;  to  cut  or  fonn  with  prominent  fig- 
ures. 

2.  To  form  with  boates;  lo  cover  with  protuber- 
ance*. Miiton. 

3.  To  drive  hard  in  hunting,  till  a  deer  fosim^,  or  a 
dozN  knees  swell.  Shak.     Hanmer. 

EM-BOHS',  V.  L  [Ft.  emboHery  for  emboiifUry  from 
Mtr,  houte,  a  box.] 

To  inclo«e,  as  io  a  box  ;  to  include  ;  to  cover.  [Aot 

used.]  Spetiser. 

EM-B<)SS',  r.  t.     [ft.  imhoxcarey  from  hoitai^  a  wcKid,] 

To  inclose   in  a  wood  3    lo  conceal  in  a  ttiicket. 

[Xot  used.]  Milton, 

E-M-BOHS'KO,  (em-hf»it',)  pp.  or  a.   Formed  or  covered 

with  bosses  w  raised  figures. 
EM-BOJ?d'L\G,p;jr.     Forming  with  figurra  in  relievo. 

Baron. 
EM-BOSS'I\G,  n.    Tt\t  fbrmation  of  omamrntal  fig- 
ures in  reW«'f ;  the  figures  thus  formed.  Ifrbrrt 
EM-DOdS'MENT,  n.    A  prominence,  like  a  bot^s;   a 
jut. 
3.  Reli(;f;  ngtires  in  relievo;  raised  work. 

^ddiifon, 
EM-ROT'TI.E,  p.  (.     [-»i»,in,and  bottle.]     To  put  in  a 

bottle:  to  bottle;  to  include  or  con  fi  ok  iti  a  bottle. 
EM-BOT'TL£D,  pp.  Put  in  or  included  m  bottles. 
£M-BOTn'LING,fi^.    Putting  in  a  bottle.    {pyUtps. 


EMB 

E^f-BOU-CHURE\    (anp-boo-shur',)    n.       [Fr.]      A 
mouth  or  aperture,  as  of  a  river,  cannon,  &.c. 
-2.  The  mouth-hole  of  a  wind  instrument  of  music. 

EM-BoVV,  r.  ^  To  form  like  a  bowj  to  arch;  to 
vault.  Spenser. 

EM-mJW'EL,  V.  t,  [en,  in,  and  hoierl]  To  take  out 
the  entrails  of  an  anmial  body  ;  to  eviscerate.     Shak. 

2.  To  take  out  the  internal  parts. 

Fowiili  nnd  imtkenila  tliat  lite  tmbotoehtd  enrth 
Diajliv".  Phiiipt. 

3.  To  sink  or  inclose  in  another  substance. 

Spenser. 

EM-nOWEL-£D,  po.  or  a.  Deprived  of  intestines ; 
eviscerati'd  ;  burieu. 

EM-HOW'EL-ER,  n.  One  that  takes  out  the  bowels. 

E.M-BO\V'EL-I.\G,ppr.  Depriving  of  entrails;  evis- 
cerating; bur>in2. 

EM-BOWEI^MENT,  n.  The  act  of  taking  out  the 
bowels  ;  evisceration.  Lamb. 

EM-BOWER,  v.L  [from  boacr.]  To  lodge  or  rest  in 
a  bower.  Spenser. 

EM  BOWER,  V.  t.  To  cover  with  a  bower;  to  shel- 
ter with  trtes.  Thomsoji. 

EM-BOW'EP.-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Covered  with  a  bower; 
sheltered. 

EM-COWfiU-ING,  ppr.  Covering  with  a  bower  or 
trees. 

EM-BOX'^D,  (em-boxt',)  a.     Inclosed,  as  in  a  box. 

EM-BRaCE',  c.  (.  [Fr.  embrasser,  from  en  and  bras, 
the  arm;  Pp.  abrazar,  from  brazo,  the  arm;  It.  ab- 
bracxiare,  imbraceiare,  from  braccio,  the  arm  ;  Ir.  urn- 
brac^im,  from  frrac,  the  arm.     See  Brace.] 

1.  To  take,  clasp,  or  inclose  in  the  arms  ;  to  press 
lo  the  bosom,  in  token  of  afi"ection. 

P&ul  called  to  him  the  (JUciplcs  aiid  wmbmetd  [hem. —  Acta  xx. 

9.  To  seize  eagerly  ;  to  lay  hold  on  ;  to  receive  or 
take  with  willingness  that  which  is  offered  ;  as,  to 
embrace  the  Christian  religion  :  to  embrace  llie  oppor- 
tunity of  doing  a  favor. 

3.  To  comprehend  ;  to  include  or  take  in ;  as, 
natural  philosophy  embracer  many  sciences. 

John.^on. 

4.  To  comprise ;  to  inclose  ;  to  encompass ;  to 
contain ;  to  encircle. 

t>>v  at  hta  fm  a  spadoiu  pli^n  1*  plnor<I, 

ZIr'<wr«n  Ukf!  mouittnjn  and  Uir  atrrajn  tmbraetd.      Denham, 

5.  To  receive  ;  to  admit. 

What  u  ihTC  that  he  may  not  embraet  for  truth  t  Lock*. 

C.  To  find  ;  to  take  ;  to  accept. 

Fleance  —  must  embrace  the  fat* 

01  [hat  Uara  noui.  Shak. 

7.  To  have  carnal  intercourse  with. 

8.  To  put  on.  Spenser. 

9.  To  attempt  to  influence  a  jury  corruptly. 

Blackstftne. 
EM-BRACE',  r.i.     To  join  in  an  cirfhmce.         Shak. 
EM-BR.^CKSrt.     Inclosure  or   clasp  with   the  arms  j 
pressure  to  the  boAom  with  the  arnio. 

2.  Reception  of  one  thing  into  another. 

3.  Sexual  intercourse  ;  conjupal  enileann'*nt. 
EM-BR.\C'£1>.  (em-bnirtt',)  pp.    IncIoM^d  in  the  arms  ; 

clasp(>d  to  the   bi>fioiii ;  seized  ;   laid    hold   on ;    re- 
ceived ;   Comprehended  ;  included  ;  contained  ;  ac- 
cepted. 
3.  Influenced  corruptly  ;  biased  ;  as  a  juror. 

Bltictijtone. 
EM-BRXCE'MENT,  n.    A  clasp  in  the  arms  ;  a  hug; 
embrace.  Sulaey. 

2.  Hostile  hug;  grapple.     [LiUleused.]       Sidney. 

3.  Comprehension  ;  slate  of  being  contained ;  in- 
cloj'ure,     [/Jttle  u.^ed.]  Bacon. 

4.  (-'oiijugal  endeannrnl;  sexual  commerce.    Shak. 

5.  Willing  acceptance.     [IJtUe  lu-ied.] 
EM-BKACE'OR,  n.     One  who  attempts  to  influence  a 

jurj  corruptly.  iioweU 

EM-ItRAC'EK,  n.    The  ptTwm  who  embraces. 
EM-BRAC'ER-V,  B.     In /aw,  an  aitenipl  to  influence 
a  jury  c^rniptly  to  one  side,  by   proitiises,  pcrwua- 
sions,  entreaties,  mfney,  entertainments,  or  tlie  like. 

BlachMone. 
EM-BRAC'I.\G,  ppr.     Clasping  in  the  arms  ;  prrssing 
lo  the  btrsom  ;    seizing    and  holding;    roniprehend- 
ing ;  including;  receiving;  accepting;  having  con- 
jugal intrrcoiinte. 
2.  Attempting  to  influence  a  jury  corruptly. 

Black. ■'I  one. 
EM-BRXID',  V.  (.    To  npbraid.     UXot  in  use.]  FJynU 
EM-BRA'IRURE,  (-zhQr,)  n.     [Fr.,  from   enthrasn-,  to 
widen.     Lanier.     If  Ltinier  is  right,  this  coincides 
with  the  !Sp.  aftrasar,  Port,  abraiar,  to  bum,  Sp.  to 
8<prander  or  di3:'ipaie.] 

1.  An  opening  In  a  wall  or  parapet,  through  which 
cannon  are  pointed  and  discharged. 

2.  In  arckitrcturr,  the  enlargement  of  the  aperture 
of  a  door  or  window,  on  the  inside  of  the  wall,  for 
giving  greater  play  fi.r  Ihc  opening  of  the  door  or 
canein'-nl,  or  for  admitting  more  light.  Encye.     GwHt, 

EM-BRAVE',  ».  (.  (.See  Br.vvi:.]  To  cmbtllifh  ;  to 
make  nhowy.     [Obfi.]  Suenjier. 

2.  To  inspire  with  bravery  ;  to  make  bold.  Braum. 

EM-BRA  V'£U,  pp.  Made  itbovvy  ;  inspired  with  bra- 
very. 


EME 

EM'BRO-CATE,  t.  (.  [Gr.  lufipcx^t  0ptx<^,  ^  nioist- 
en,  to  rain  ;  It.  embroccare.] 

In  surgery  and  medicine,  lo  moisten  and  rub  a  dis- 
eased part  of  the  body  with  a  liquid  substance,  as 
with  spirit,  oil,  &c.,  by  means  of  a  cloth  or  sponge. 
Coze.     Kncyc. 
EM'BRO-€A-TED,  pp.    Moistened  and  rubbed  with  a 

wet  cloth  or  sponge. 
EM'BRO-CA-TIXG,  ppr.     Moistening  and   rubbing  a 

diseased  part  witli  a  wet  cloth  or  sponge. 
EM-BRO-€A'TI0N,  «.     The  act  of  moistening  and 
rubbing  a    diseasrd  part  with  a    cloth    or   sponge, 
dipped  in  some  liquid  substiince,  as  spirit,  oil,  &c. 
Coze.     Eucye. 
2.  The  liquid  or  lotion  with  which  an  alTeclud  part 
is  rubbed  or  washed. 
EM-BROID'ER,  r.  t.     [Fr.  hroder  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  bor- 
dar ;  VV.  brodiaw,  to  embroider,  to  make  compact,  to 
darn.     Qu.  border.] 

To  border  with  ornamental  needle-work,  or  fig- 
ures ;  to  adorn  with  raised  figures  of  needle-work  ; 
as  cloth,  stuffs,  or  muslin. 

Tliou  aliali  einbro'ulT  the  coat  of  fine  linen.  —  Ex.  xnf  iii. 

EM-BR0ID'ER-f:D,  pp.  or  a.  Adorned  with  figures 
of  needio-work. 

EM  BROID'ER-ER,  n.    One  who  embro'ders. 

E.M-BROIl)'ER-[NG,  ppr.  Ornameoting  with  figured 
needle-work. 

EM-BROID'ER-Y,  n.  Work  in  gold,  silver,  silk,  or 
other  thread,  formed  by  the  needle  on  cloth,  stuffs, 
and  nmslin,  into  various  figures  \  variegated  needle- 
work. Pope,    Encye. 

2.  Variegation  or  diversity  of  figures  and  colors  ; 
as,  the  natural  embroidery  of  meadows.     Spectator, 

3.  Artificial  ornaments ;  as,  the  embroidery  of 
words,  Ilosack. 

EM-BROIL',  r.  U  [Fr.  embrouiller,  brouiUer ;  It.  im- 
broglinre,  broffliare  ;  Sp.  embrvUar  ;  VotX.  embrulhar ; 
proiierly,  lo  turn,  to  stir  or  agitate,  to  mix,  to  twist. 
See  Broil.] 

1.  To  {lerplex  or  entangle  j  to  intermix  in  confu- 
sion. 

The  ChrlBtinn  anlNinitic*  at  Rome — are  cm&rei/vrf  with  fnhle 

and  kg^iul.  Ailtiion. 

2.  To  involve  in  trowbles  or  perplexities  ;  to  dis- 
turb or  distract  by  connection  with  something  else  ; 
lo  throw  into  confusion  or  commotion  ;  lo  perplex. 

'i'lie  royal  hoii»c  embroiled  in  civil  war.  Oryden, 

EM-BROIl.'ED,p;>.  Perplexed  ;  entangled  ;  intermixed 
and  C4»nfused  ;  involved  in  trouble. 

EM-BROII/ING,  ppr.  Perplexing;  entangling;  in- 
volving in  trouble. 

EM-BROIL'MENT,  n.  A  state  of  contention,  per- 
plexity, or  confusion  ;  disturbance. 

EM-BRO\7.E'.     See  Bbo:*ze. 

E.M-BROTH'EL,  r.  L  [See  Brothel.]  To  inclose 
in  u  brothel.  Donne. 

EM'BRV-O,     in.     [Gr.  ciifipfoi^  {   L.  embnion;   from 

E.M'BRV-ON,  i  Gr.  ev  and  0oxh,,,  to  shoot,  bud,  g.T- 
minate.  The  Greek  word  is  contracted  probably 
from  fJnu^tn,  for  it  gives  fipvati ;  and  if  so,  it  coin- 
cides in  elements  with  Eng.  brood  and  brrai.] 

1.  In  physioloirif,  the  first  rudiments  of  an  animal 
in  the  W(mili,  before  the  several  members  are  dis- 
tinclW  formed  ;  after  which  it  is  called  a  /etv.t. 

2.  The  rudiment-f  of  a  plant.  [Encye. 

3.  The  l>eginntng  or  first  slate  of  any  thing  not  fit 
f(<r production  ;  the  rudiments  of  any  thing  yet  im- 
pc-rfcctly  formed. 

Tha  conipaii)'  little  auapected  what  a  not>l«  werit  I  had  fh^n  in 
tntiryo.  Su!i/t. 

EM'BRY-O,     }  a.     Pertaining  to  or  noting  any  thing 
EM'BRY-ON,  \      in  its  first  rudiments  or  unfiuished 

state  ;  as,  an  embryan  bud.  Danein. 

EM-BRY-OL'O-GY,  n,     [iit.tp(3p\)ov^  a  fetus,  and  Ao- 

JfC.l 

'I'he  doctrine  of  the  development  of  the  fetus  of 
animals. 

EM'BRY-ON-ATE,  a.     In  the  state  of  an  embryo. 

EM-BRY-ON'ie,  a.  Pertaining  lo  an  embryo,  or  in 
the  state  of  one.  Culeridge. 

EM-BRY-OT'O-MY,  n.  [embryo  and  Gr.  ro/i;/,  a  cut- 
ting, from  Tf.fii/i.i,  to  rut.] 

A  cutting  or  forcible  separation  of  the  fetus  from 
the  womb.  Coze. 

EM-BCS'Y,  (em-biz'ze,)^.  t.    Toemploy.    [JfTotuged.] 

KME,  ».     An  unrle.     [!^ee  Eam.] 

E-ME.ND',  V.  t.  To  make  better  or  more  perfect;  to 
amend.     [JVoi  lurd.] 

E-MEND'A-BLE,  fl.     [h.  eTnmdabUisy  from  emendo,to 
correct ;  e  and  mrnda,  a  spot  or  blemish.] 
Capable  of  being  amended  or  corrscted.     [See 

AMErtDAnLK.] 

EM-EN-DA'TION,  n.     [L.  emendatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  altering  for  the  better,  or  correcting 
what  is  erroneous  or  faulty  ;  correction  ;  applied  par- 
ticularly t/t  the  eiirrtction  nf  errors  in  ttvitinpii.  VVhrn 
we  8p(;ak  of  life  and  manners,  we  use  Auemd, 
Amesdmknt,  the  French  orthography. 

2.  An  alleraliim  for  the  better  ;  correction  of  an 
error  or  fault.  The  last  edition  of  itie  book  contains 
many  emendations. 


TCNE.  BJJLL,  VNITE.  — AN"OER,  VI"CIOUa  — €  ai  K ;  0  as  J  j  »  as  Z  j  CH  as  SH ;  TH  u  in  THIS. 


EME 


EMI 


EMO 


Eil'CN-DA-TOR,!!,    A  corrector  of  em>rs  or  fhiilts  in 
wrUinirs  J  one  who  correct!*  ur  iinprovt>«. 

CunlributiDg  to  emendation 

H'artaH. 
Corrected  :  made  better  :  ira- 


E-MEND'A-TO-RV, 

or  ciirrvctioo. 
EM  END  ED,  pp. 

E-ME.\'UI-€;RTE,  r.  t    [I^MUiuitM.]    To  befr 

E-.ME\'DI-CA-TEn,  m».     Rcgged. 

E-MEN'DI-eiTl.NG,  ppr.    Begginfr 

EM'E-RAU),  «.  [Sp.  fsff^rmlJa  ;  Piut,  irf,  ;  iL  smerml- 
d»;  Fr.  €mfmude;  Arm.  emtraudenH  ;  G.  t).  and  Dan. 
mmaragii:  l^  smdtra^ujt ;  Ur.  ^a^a;  3>'i  and  a^aiiaj- 
imsi   Ch.  "irxoti   Syr.  j»^v  pCl  »wr«^ ;   Ar. 

^  wO  J  wmtorodon.    It  i>  probable  that  the  European 

words  arv  from  the  Oriental,  itaougti  much  altered. 
Th«  verb  13(  ajyniftjti  to  sing,  to  roll,  lu  amputate, 
^c  ;  but  the  meaninf  of  nurmU  is  iiU  obvious.] 

I.  A  prerioud  rtune  o(  a  {tbco  color,  and  idt-nticol, 
eicepc  in  colivr,  with  hrrjfL    [See  BertuJ     Dana. 

3.  A  printing  type,  In  sixe  between  niinioa  and 
nonpareil. 
E-MERtiE',  (e-men\)  v.  i.    [L.  emerge;  «,  ex,  and 


wr/*.  to  plongr.] 
L  To  ' 


f  o  rtM  out  of  a  fiuid  or  other  covering  or  sur- 
roODding  substuica  j  as,  to  ema-gt  Oon  Ibe  wiuer  or 
ftuB  tlw  oeean. 

ThMk— MMrriiif  ft«Didv4)Mp.  Orydm. 

We  my^ft  planet  tmrrgn  from  the  nin's  light ;  a 

" ng  from  chaos.     It  is  npposad  to  immrrgt^ 

—  -     ■  t  i»rorf.  .1  from.  AVvtoa. 


2.  To  I 
S.  Tomi': 
qibere  ct  th- 

1 


'1  £;  eclipwd  ;  to  leave  the 
.crt.    The  sun  is  said  to 

Lien  to  obscure  its  light ; 

rr-j'ff,  wlien  they  appear 


:  -t. 


>r  di  pres5ion  or  obscuri- 
ty ;  to  riie  iiitu  view  ;  a.-^,  tu  emerge  from  poverty  or 
ob«rurit\- ;  to  rmrrgt  fn>m  the  gloom  of  despondency. 
E-MKIU';'E\fEj  i  m.     The  art  of  rising  out  of  a  fluid 
E-WERG'E.V-CY,  i     or  other  covering,  or  surround- 
ing matter. 

a.  The  act  of  rising  or  starting  into  view  ;  the  act 
of  iaaoinK  ftom  or  quitting. 

Thswhite  CBtar«r  ftll  (rfrkCtM  R|^  it  ito  Snt  mm-ftma  —  h 
•oaipiMiwledarnriouios(>Hm.  ffwwtam. 

3l  Tbal  wbkb  comes  mddenly^;  k  sudden  occa- 
riun ;  an  nnezpecled  event. 

MBit  sreor  DuUci  bii«  b«r«  fc^md  out  I7  «uum]  «wMyr»i»fy. 

4.  Exigence  ;  any  erent  or  orcaslnnal  combination 
of  circumstances  which  calls  for  immediate  action 
or  remedy  ;  pressing  neeewtty. 

lu  caw  rf  tmergwmetf,  [w  (n  an  ttmtrgrtteff,}  be  wenM  nni*i* 
the  vbut*  wviliit  (V  him  nii{n«.  AdktiMM. 

E-MERC'ENT,  &     Rl>ting  out  of  a  fluid,  or  any  thing 
that  covers  or  surrounds. 

%  Issuing  or  proceeding  from.  SmM. 

3.  Rising  out  of  a  depressed  state,  or  from  obscu- 
rity. 

4.  Coming  suddenly ;  s*iddcn ;  casual ;  unex- 
pected ;  hence,  calling  for  immediate  action  or 
remedy;  urgent;  p.-essing;  as,  an  emrrsrfnt  occa- 
sion. Clarendon. 

E-MERG'EVr-LY,  adr.    Bv  emerging. 
£-M£R'IT-ED,  a.    [I.  «mif«^.] 

Allowed  to  have  done  sufficient  public  service. 

Ecdyn. 
E-MER'T'TUS^n,:  pLr.isrKnu     [U]    One  who  has 

been  honorably  diseh.-\rsed  from  public  senice. 
EM'E-RODS,  «.,  Willi  .a  plural  termination.     (Cor- 
rupted   from    kamarrkcids.       Gr.   atjcri'^ic^f;,    from 
•Ifinp^b),  to  labor  under  a  iowing  of  Mood  j  ai'/ia, 
blood,  and  U<^y  to  flow.] 

Hemorrhads ;  livid,  painlul,  and  bleeding  tuber- 
cles about  the  anus. 

Tke  \jaiA  w^l  Kciletfan;  — with  the  antrvU.  —  Xi^xd.  zxrO. 
K.MER'SIOX,  ■.     [from  L.  rmrrgo.    See  Emesce.I 

1.  The  art  of  rising  out  of  a  fluid,  or  other  covering 
or  suTTouDding  substance  ;  opposed  to  vumtrgioiu 

fi.  In  ttstrcnomif^  the  re^pitearance  of  a  heavenly 
body  after  an  eclipse  ;  as,  the  emersion  of  the  moon 
from  the  shadow  of  the  earth ;  also,  the  time  of  rcilp- 
pearance.  Barltne. 

3.  The  reappearance  of  a  star  which  has  been  hid 
by  llie  effulgence  of  the  sun*s  li^L  Barlow. 

4.  Extrication.  Black. 
EM'ER-Y,  «.  [Fr.  emeril ;  emrri ;  Sp.  tsmerU;  D.  muril ; 

G.  schmergel;  Gr.  and  L.  smiriaJ] 

A  massive  variety  nf  corundum  ;  its  structure  finely 
granular ;  it*  color  varying  fmm  a  deep  gray  to  a 
Uui^h  or  Mark  is:  h  gmy,  sometimes  brownish.  This 
is  almost  indispensable  in  polishing  metals  and  hard 
stones.  The  Inpirlaries  cut  ordinary  gems  on  their 
wheels,  by  spriiikliiig  them  with  the  moistened  pow- 
der of  emery  ;  but  it  wiU  nut  cut  the  diamond. 

HiU.     CUaveland. 
EM  E-SIS,  a.    [Gr.  infra.]    A  vomiting;  discharges 
from  the  stomach  by  the  mouth. 


E-MET'I€,  a.    [It.  and  Sp.  emetico  ;  Fr.  anttiquet  from 
Gr.  fuew,  tovitinit.^ 

Inducing  to  vumit ;  exciting  the  stonmch  to  dis- 
ch:»rct-  Us  contL-nts  ly  the  esophnciia  ami  mouth. 
E-MET'ie,  w.     .^medicine  that  pmvokes  vomiting. 
E-MET'I€>'AL-LY,  o*/c.    In  such  a  manner  na  to  ei- 

cite  vomiting.  Boyle. 

EM'E-TIN,  n.  [See  Emetic]  A  white  or  yellowish 
powdtr,  supposed  to  be  nn  alkaloid,  which  is  ob- 
tained from  various  euulic  rool-i. 
S'MEU  I  B.  A  very  larire  bird  nf  New  nollnnd,  often 
E'MEW,  i  called  the  Aew  Holland  Cnssowarv,  from 
its  n-semblance  U)  the  cassowarv,  hut  diinTing  from 
the  latter  in  not  having  the  helinel.  It  difi\  ra  frtmi 
the  ostrich  in  having  its  feel  ihrtx-tood.  Its  Cailurs 
are  of  a  dull,  smAy  brown  color,  and  its  wings,  total- 
ly u.«eless  fur  flight,  serve  to  bolauco  the  body  in  run- 
ninc-  Partington, 

EMEUTE'f  (a-miit',)  [Fr.]  A  seditious  commotion  or 

mob. 
EM-I-C.^'TIO\,  n.    [L.  emieatio^  emico^  from  t  and 
miVo,  to  s[^»arkle,  tliat  is,  to  dart.^ 

A  sparkliujt ;  a  flying  off  in  small  particles,  as  from 
heated  iron  or  fernieuiing  liquors. 
E-MI€'TIO.\,  n.     [L.  mingo,  miclum.] 

The  discharging  of  urine;   urine;  what  is  voided 

by  the  urinary-  pa:»sages.  Harvey. 

EM'I-GRA.\T,  a.     [See    Emigratg.]     Removing,  or 

having  removed,  from  one  place  or  country  to  another 

distant  place,  with  a  view  to  reside. 

EM'i-GR.AN'T,  n.    One  who  removes  his  habitation, 

or  quits  one  tounir>'  or  region  to  settle  in  anotlu-r. 
E.MM-GKATE,  r.  i.     [L.  emig-ro  ;   e  and  migroy  to  jiu- 
Me.] 

To  quit  one  countn*,  state,  or  region,  and  settle  in 
another  ;  to  remove  from  one  country  or  state  to  an- 
other, for  the  purpose  of  residence.  Gcnnaus,  Swiss, 
Irish,  and  Scotch,  emigrate  in  great  nuiiil»ers  to 
America.  Inhabitants  of  New  England  emigrate  to 
the  Westeni  States. 
EM'1-GRA-TED,  pp.    Removal  from  one  country  to 

auotJier.  with  a  view  to  a  settlement. 
E.\I'I-GRA-TIXG,  ppr.    Removing  from  one  country 

or  state  to  another  for  residence. 
EM-I-GRA'TION,  n.     Removal  of  inhabitaiiU  from 
one  countr>-  or  state  to  another,  for  the  purpose  of 
residence,  as  from  Europe  to  America,  or  in  America, 
from  the  Atlantic  StaU>s  to  the  Western. 

Tlie  remoNTiI  of  persons  from  house  to  house  in  the 
same  town,  stAte,  or  kingdom,  is  not  called  emigra- 
tioH,  but  simply  rsMoeat 
E.M'I-XENCE,  I  n.  [L.  eminrnlin,  fVom  eminrns,  rmi- 
EM'I-.NEX-CY,  i  Mv,  to  suind  or  show  itself  above  ; 
•  and  ai'Ror,  to  threaten,  thai  is,  lo  stand  or  push  fur- 
ward.    See  ClojBS  Mn,  No.  9,  11.] 

1.  Elevation  ;  hight,  in  a  literal  sense  ;  but  usually, 
a  rising  ground;  a  liill  of  moderate  elevation  above 
the  adjacent  ground. 

The  temple  of  honor  oiiffat  to  be  Kaled  00  ma  emin€nc€.   Burke. 
fi.  Summit ;  highest  part.  Ray. 

3.  A  part  rising  or  projecting  beyond  the  rest,  or 
above  the  surface.  \Ve  speak  of  eminences  on  any 
plain  or  smooth  surface. 

4.  An  elevated  situation  among  men  ;  a  place  or 
station  above  men  in  general,  either  in  rank,  office, 
or  celebrity.  Merit  may  place  a  man  on  an  eminence, 
and  make  htm  conspicuous.  Emijience  is  always  ex- 
posed to  envy. 

5.  Exaltation;  high  rank;  distinction;  celebrity; 
fame  ;  preferment ;  conspicuous ness.  Office,  rank, 
and  great  talents,  give  eminence  to  men  in  society, 

WhfTC  mrn  can   not  arrire  at  tTTKntntx,  religion   mnr    make 
cwmpenMUoii,  by  leacfaing  conteiiU  'nUotton. 

6.  Supreme  degree.  MiUon. 

7.  Notice ;  distinction.  Skak. 

8.  A  title  of  honor  given  to  cardinals  and  otliers. 
EM'I-NEN'T,  a,     [I,,  cmi/icfw,  from  emrneo.\ 

1.  High  ;  lofty  ;  as,  an  eniinent  place.     Ezck.  xvi. 

2.  Exalted  in  rank  high  in  office  ;  dignified  ;  dis- 
tinguished. Princes  hold  eniinntt  stations  in  society, 
as  do  ministt-rs,  judges,  and  legislators. 

3.  High  in  public  estimntion  ;  conspicuous;  distin- 
guished above  others;  remarkable;  as,  an  eminent 
historian  or  poet ;  .in  eminent  scholar.  Burke  was  an 
eminent  orator ;  Watts  and  Cowper  were  eminent  for 
their  pietv. 

EM'l-NENT  DO-MALV.  Therightof  eTnmcNfdomam, 
is  a  right  which  a  government  possesses  of  taking 
the  property  of  its  subjects  for  necessary  public  uses, 
at  a  fair  valuation.  Bouvier. 

E-M'I-NE\T-LV*,arfc.  In  a  high  degree  ;  in  a  degree 
to  attract  observation  ;  in  a  degree  to  be  conspicuous 
and  distinguished  from  others^  as,  to  be  eminently 
learned  or  usefuL 

S       t 

E'MTR,       \  , 

E-MEER',  J  ^    [At.  *jyc)  «new,  a  commander,  from 


wol  anara,  to  command,  Heb.  idk,  to  speak,  Ch. 

Syr.  Sam.  id.] 

A  title  of  dignity  amongthe  Turks  and  Mohamme- 
dans, denoting  a  prince  ;  a  title  at  first  given  to  the 


caliphs,  but  when  thev  assumed  the  title  of  aw/ton, 
that  of  emir  reiuaineff  to  their  children.  At  length 
it  was  attributed  to  all  who  were  judged  to  descend 
from  Mohannued,  by  bis  daughter  Futimah.  Encyc. 
E.M'IS-SA-KY,  n.  [L.  fmis^ariiw,  from  emeito;  e  and 
mtttOy  to  send  ;  Fr.  emissaire ;  Sp.  etnisario ;  It.  emis- 
sario.] 

1.  .\  person  sent  on  a  mission ;  a  missionary  em- 
ployed to  preach  and  propagate  the  gospel. 

It'  OH*  of  UipfoiirUosprU  l*  ifrnuine,  wc  hurc  in  Hint  on^,«ninf 
n-ABoi)  to  brlir-vi?  tlwl  we  noaacin  Ihs  nccounu  which  tJin 
original  emuaaiiee  of  (he  nili^on  delivn-d. 

,  „,  .  Paley,  Enid.  Cknat. 

I  TAw  sense  ta  now  nnttsuah] 

2.  A  person  sent  nn  a  private  message  or  business  \ 
a  secret  agent,  employed  to  sound  or  asccrinin  the 
opinions  of  others,  and  to  spread  repttrts  or  propagate 
opinions  favorable  to  his  emp!over,or  designed  to  de- 
feat the  measures  or  schemes  of  liis  opiwsers  or  fnrjs  ; 
n  spy  ;  but  nn  emissary  m;\y  difler  from  a  sjnj.  A  gpy 
in  war  is  one  who  enters  an  enemy's  camp  or  territo- 
ries to  learn  the  condition  of  the  enemy  ;  nn  emissary 
may  be  a  secret  agent  em|iloyed  not  only  to  detect 
the  schemes  of  nn  opposing  party,  but  to  influence 
their  councils.  A  spy  in  war  must  be  concealed,  or 
he  suffers  death  ;  nn  emissary  may  in  some  cases  be 
known  as  the  agent  of  an  adversary,  without  incur- 
ring similar  hazarS.  .  Bar.o7i.     Strifi^ 

3.  That  which  sends  out  or  emits.     [JVut  usei/.j 
JlrbuUmnt. 

Emissary  vessels ;  in  anatomy^  the  same  as  ercretory. 
EM'IS-SA-RY,  a.     Exploring;  spying.       B.  Jonsun. 
E-MIS'SION,  (e-mish'un,)  iu     [L.  emissioj  from  emitto. 
to  send  out.] 

1.  The  aei  of  sending  or  throwing  out;  as,  the 
emi.fsion  of  light  from  the  sun  or  other  luminous 
body  ;  the  emission  of  odors  from  plants ;  the  cmis- 
tioH  of  heal  from  a  fire. 

2.  The  ;ict  of  sending  abroad,  or  into  circulation, 
notes  of  a  State  or  of  a  private  corptiration  ;  as,  the 
emission  of  State  notes,  or  bills  of  credit,  or  treasury 
notes. 

3.  That  which  is  sent  out  or  issued  at  one  time  ; 
on  impression,  or  a  number  of  notes  issued  by  one 
net  of  government.  We  say,  notes  or  bills  of  various 
emit.fions  were  in  circulation. 

EM-IS-SI"TIOUS,  (eni-is-sish'us,)  a.     [L.  emissitiiLs.] 
Looking,  or  narrowly  examining;  prying. 

Bp.  ITalL 
E-Ml  r',^  r.  L     [L.  emitlo  ;  e  and  mitto,  to  send,] 

1.  'J'o  send  forth  ;  to  throw  or  give  out ;  as,  fire 
emit.'i  heat  and  smoke  ;  boiling  water  em/is  steam  ;  Iho 
sun  and  moon  emit  light ;  animal  bodies  emit  pcr- 
spirfible  matter;  putrescent  substances  ««*(  offensive 
or  noxious  exhalations. 

2.  To  let  fly  ;  to  discharge  j  to  dart  or  shoot ;  as,  to 
emit  an  arrt)W.      [  UniLsual.]  Prior. 

3.  To  issue  forth,  as  an  order  or  decree.  [Uiiusrial.] 

Ayliffe. 

4.  To  issue,  as  notes  or  bills  of  credit;  to  print, 
and  send  into  circulation.  The  United  States  have 
emitted  treasury  notes. 

No  SfHte  ahull  «m(  bill*  of  crmlit.  Con»t.  Uruted  StaltM. 

E-MIT'TED,  pp.     Sent  forth. 
E-MIT'TING,  ppr.     Sending  out;  giving  out. 
EM-MEN'A-GOGUE,  «.      [Gr.   c/i/i7?»'os,  menstruous, 
or  £r,  in,  and  fi';*-,  month,  and  aj^w,  to  lead.] 

A  m*-<iicine  that  promotes  the  menstrual  discharge. 
EM'ftlET,  n.     [Sax.  atmet,  mnctte;  G.  ameisse.] 

An  ant  or  pismire. 
EM-AIEW,  V.  t.    [See  Mew.]    To  mew ;  to  coop  up : 

to  confine  in  a  coop  or  cage.  Shak. 

EM-MOVE',  V.  u     To  move;  to  rouse;    to  excite. 

[JSTot  used.]  .  denser. 

EM-MOV'KD,  pp.     Moved  ;  excited. 
EM-MOVING,  p/w.    JVIoving;  exciting. 
EM-OL-LES'CENCE,  n.      [L,  emollescenSf  softening. 
See  Emolliate.] 

In  vtetaUnrgyy  that  degree  of  softness  in  a  fusible 
body  whirh  alters  its  shape;  the  first  or  lowest  de- 
gree of  fusibility.  Kirvran. 
E-MC)L.'LI-ATE,  v.  L  [L.  emoUiOy  moUiOy  to  soften  ; 
moUisy  soft  ;  Eng.  mellow,  mild  ,■  Russ.  miluyu,  to  pity  ; 
umiliayusy  to  n-prni.  Hen  Mellow.] 
'i'o  sullen  ;  to  render  effeminate. 

E'>wll'utt«d  by  four  cciituriei  of  Roman  dominalion,  0»e  Bclffic 
cjlmiira  had  fargolleu  Iheir  pristine  valor,  PijJcerlon,  Geog. 

[This  is  a  new  word,  though  well  formed  and  ap- 
plied ;  but  what  connection  is  there  between  soften- 
in-j  and  fifrgcttlng  1  Lost  is  here  the.  proper  word  for 
foririittrn.] 

E-MOL'LI-A-TED,  pp.  Softened  ;  rendered  effemi- 
nate. 

E-MOL'LI-A-TING,  ppr.  Softening;  rendering  effem- 
inate. 

E-MOr/LI-ENT,  n.  Softening  making  supple;  acting 
as  an  emollient,  which  see. 

Bariey  ii  eTTiollient.  Arbuthnot. 

E-MOL'LI-ENT,  n.  A  warm,  external  application,  of 
an  olr-aginousj  amylaceous,  or  mucihiginous  nature, 
whirh  allays  irritation,  and  alleviates  inflammatory 
soFcn^ss,  swelling,  and  pain,  and,  in  the  latter  c^sse, 
Contributes  either  to  a  resolution  or  to  suppuration, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — MeTE,  PRfiY.-PINE,  MARINT:,  BIRD.- NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVOI-F,  BOQK.. 


300 


EMP 

according  lo  the  stage  at  which  the  application  is 

nwde.  TuUy. 

EM-0-LI"TrOiV,  (em-o-Iish'un,))i.    The  act  of  soft- 

enine  or  relaxing.  Bacon. 

B-MOt'tJ-MENT,  n.      [L.  emolumentum.  from  ejtwlo, 

molo,  tu  grind.     OrigituUiij,  toll  t^kt-n  fur  grinding. 

See  Mill.] 

1.  The  profit  arising  from  office  or  employment ; 
thai  which  is  received  as  a  compensation  fur  services, 
or  which  is  annexed  to  the  possession  uf  office,  as 
salary,  fi*ea,  and  perqui^iitea. 

2.  Prt>tit ;  advantage;  gain  in  general;  that  which 
promotes  the  public  or  private  good. 

E-MOL-U-MEXT'AL,  a.     Producing  profit  j  nseful ; 

profiiabie  ;  advantageous.  Ei-elmu 

E-.MOXOST',  for  Amox*;,  in  Spenser,  is  a  mistake. 
E-MO'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  froni  L,  emutia  ;  emoveoj  to  move 

from  ;  It.  emozione.] 

1.  Liierallij,  a  moving  of  the  mind  or  soul ;  hence, 
any  agitation  of  mind  or  excitement  of  sensibility. 

2.  In  a  philosophical  sense^  an  internal  motion  or 
agitation  of  the  mind,  which  passes  away  without 
desire  ;  when  desire  follow^a,  the  motion  or  agitation 
is  called  a  possum.  Kames^s  El,  of  Criticism. 

3.  Pa.t.tion  is  the  sensible  rfect,  the  fedinir  to  wliich 
the  mind  is  subjected^  when  an  object  of  importance 
suddenly  and  imperiouitly  demands  its  attention. 
The  stale  of  absolute  passiveness,  in  consequence 
of  any  sudden  percudsion  of  mind,  is  of  short  dura- 
tion. The  Firong  Impression,  or  vivid  sensation, 
immediately  produces  a  reaction  correspondent  to  iu 
nature,  either  to  appropriate  and  enjoy,  or  avoid  and 
repel,  the  exciting  cauiie.  This  reaction  is  verj' 
property  di.^tinguished  by  the  term  emoiivn. 

Emotii>n.-t,  therefi>re,  according  to  the  genuine  aig- 
nillcation  of  the  word,  are  principally  and  primarily 
applicable  tn  the  sensible  changes  and  vi^jilil:;  clTfcts 
which  particular  pa^^-iuus  produce  on  the  frfunt-,  in 
consequence  of  this  reaction,  or  particular  airitation 
of  mind.  Co^an  on  the  Pa^^ii/Hs. 

E-M^'TIOT-AL,  (L    Pertaining  to  emotion. 

E-MO'TIVE,  a.  Attended  or  characterized  by  emo- 
tion. Mackintosh. 

EVI-P.^IR',  r.  (.    To  impair.     [Obs.]     [See  Impair.] 

E.VI-PaLE',  r.  £.  {Pott,  empular  :  Sp.  ij. ;  It.  impalare: 
Fr.  rmpaltr :  <n,  m,  and  L.  palnSj  IL.  and  Sp.  palo,  a 
stake,  a  pale,] 

I.  To  fence  or  fortify  with  stakes  j  lo  set  a  line  of 
stakes  or  posts  for  defense. 

Ail  L'l.UiIwrll  n«ar  vacit^^  empaU  *\iWgf»,  ia  VAte  tbemaelvta 

ffvfii  mrj-rise.  ^  fiategh. 

iWe  n<'W  use  jtaekoile  in  a  like  sense.] 
».  To  inclose  ;  to  surround. 

Rimnd  Jkku  Iter  work  >tti>  ttid  empale, 

Wiih  «  fair  torUer  wruiipht  ut'uiiiJrjr  (iowen.        Sjunser. 

3.  To  inclose  ;  to  shut  in. 

Ifnjwiii-trt^le,  tmpaJed  wiih  eireling  tin.  Milton. 

4.  To  thrust  a  stake  «p  the  fnndament,  and  thus 
put  to  death  ;  to  put  to  death  by  fiving  on  a  slake  ;  a 
punishment  formerly  practiced  in  Home,  and  still 
iis*>d  in  Turkey.  ,1,I,Sison.     Eneyc. 

E.^l-PXl,'ED,pp.  or  o.    Fenced  or  fortified  with  siakett ; 

inclo»4'd  ;  shut  in  ;  fixfd  on  ii  s^tak«r. 
EM-PilLE'MKN'T,  n.     A  fencing,  fortifying,  or  inclo»- 

ing  witli  stak(-!f ;  a  putting  to  death  by  thrusting  a 

i»take  into  (he  body. 

5.  In  &(jtfjJtv,  the  Ciiyx  of  a  plant,  which  surrounds 
the  other  [xirts  of  fructificaltnn. 

3.  In  heraldry,  a  conjunction  of  coats  of  arms,  pale- 
wise.  IVarton. 

EM-P,^I/ING,  pi>r.  Fortifying  wiih  paica  or  stakes; 
inrlii'ting  :  putting  to  death  un  a  (^take. 

BM-PA.\'NfEI*,  n,  [Fr.  pauneua, ;  Eug.  pane,  a  square. 
Sec  Vhrtt  and  Pa^!«el.] 

A  lij<t  of  junin*;  a  Htiiall  piece  of  [KifM-r  or  parch- 
ment containing  the  narncM  of  the  jumr.-i  sumntoned 
by  the  sheriir.      It   is   now   written   I*a.ii:l,  which 

EM-PAN'.NHL,  v,  t.    See  Ijip*r«Ni:L.  [see. 

E.M'PAKK'i  V.  U  [ia  and  park.}  To  incla-^c  as  with 
a  fence.  ^f^g' 

KM  PXR'LANCE,  n.     Pee  Impabla-sce. 

EM-PASM',{cm-pa7,m',)  n.  [Gr.  t/.rr  kt-^.i,  to  cprinklc.] 
A  powder  used  to  prevent  the  bad  scent  of  the 
body.  Juhnson. 

E.>I-PAS'SION,  (pash'un,)  ».  (.  To  mflve  with  pas- 
sion ;  to  afi'^ct  mr<»nglv.     [."^e  lMPA»sion.j  JUiltoii. 

E.M-PAS'?^IO\-ATE,  a'.     Sinmgly  affeaed.    Speiuer. 

EM  PKA'ti'.     8ee  Impkach. 

EM-Pl":')'PLF., (em  p«'pl,)  v.  U  To  form  int.*  a  people 
or  [omuHinily;     [Liftle  tueiL  Spcuaer. 

EM'PF.Il  KSr^.     Sue  i:Mfni!»s. 

EM  PER'l.^n  /;D,  (ptr'isht.)  a.  [See  PxauH.]  De- 
caVPtl.     f-Vui  in  use.}  Speaker. 

EM'PER  OR,  n.  [Fr.  eiXpermir ;  Sp.  emperaUor ;  IL 
iinperadtrrt  i  l*.  im p er ator,  (rom  impero,  to  Command, 
VV .  pf-ri,  to  command,  to  cause.] 

J^trrfilltf,  the  commander  of  an  army.  Tn  modem 
times,  the  aovereijjn  or  supreme  mona^^h  of  an  em- 
pire ;  a  title  of  dignity  suptrrior  to  lliat  uf  king ;  as, 
the  emperor  of  Germany  or  of  RuK<<ia. 

EM'PER-V.n.     Empire.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

EM^PHAHI.^,  n.    [Gr,  rpixifrta  zv  and  itrnfrt^.] 

1.  lnrAeC47ru,  a  particular  stress  of  utterance,  or  force 


EMP 

of  Voice,  given  to  the  words  or  parts  of  a  discourse, 
whose  significatioa  the  speaker  intends  to  impress 
specially  n|H>n  his  audience  ;  or  a  distinctive  utter- 
ance of  words,  specially  significant,  with  a  degree 
and  kind  of  stress  suited  to  convey  their  meaning  in 
the  best  manner.  Encyc.    E.  Purter. 

The  proTiiicc  of  emphasU  U  «o  mucli  mors  important  Ih.in 
■cctriit,  that  the  cusmmnry  •eal  of  llie  latter  im  chniiged, 
when  the  clniiiia  of  emphasis  Rtiiiinr  it.  E.  Porter. 

3.  In  a  wuler  scnsc.n.  peculiar  impressiveness  of  ex- 
pression or  wt'ight  of  thought ;  as,  to  dwell  on  a  sub- 
ject witll  great  emphasis. 

EM'PHA-SIZE,  V.  t.  To  utter  or  pronounce  with  a 
particular  or  more  forcible  stress  of  voice  ;  as,  to  em- 
phasize a  word,  for  the  purpose  of  rendering  the 
sense  more  distinct  or  impressive  than  other  words 
in  the  sentence. 

EM'PH  A-Sr/-KD,  jyp.  or  a.     Uttered  with  force. 

EM'PIIA-SIZ-ING,ppr.     Uttering  with  emphasis. 

EM-Plf  AT'ie,  I  a.    Forcible  ;  strong;  impressive  ; 

EM-PHAT'ie-AL,  i  as,  an  emphatic  voice,  lone,  or 
prtmunciation  ;  emphatical  reasoning. 

2.  Requiring  emphasis  ;  as,  an  emphatical  word. 

3.  Uttered  with  emphasis.  We  remonstrated  in 
emphatical  terms. 

4.  iSirikiiiti  to  the;  eye  ;  af,  emphitic  colors.     Bmtle. 
EM-PIIAT'IC-AL  LY,  «i-/r.     With  emphasis  j  strong- 
ly ;  forcibly  ;  in  a  striking  manner. 

2.  According  to  appeamnce.     [J^ot  used.]     Brown, 

EM-PHY-SS'MA,  n.  [Gr.  cpipvaipu,  from  ep-pvaato^ 
to  inflate.] 

In  medicine,  elastic  and  sonorous  distention  of  the 
body  or  its  members,  from  air  accumulated  in  natural 
cavities.  Good. 

E.M-PHY-SEM'A-TOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  emphy- 
sema; swelled,  bloated,  but  yielding  easily  to  pres- 
sure. 

EM-PHY-TEO'TIC,  a.  [Gr.  f/i,  tv,  and  0ur£i'<rt5,  a 
pl.intinc,  'pvmn,),  to  plant.] 

Taken  on  hire  ;  that  for  which  rent  is  to  be  paid  ; 
as,  cmphijtrutic  lands  ;  derive-d  from  empht/teusis,  a 
kind  of  renting  of  ground  under  the  civil  law,  resem- 
bline  s-^ound  rt:nt.  Boucier.     Black.ttvne. 

EM-PIeRCE',  p.  *,  [em,  in,  and  pierce.]  To  pierce 
into  ;  U>  penetrate.     [JV'ot  used.]  Spenser. 

EM-PIGIIT',  (cni-pite',)  a.  [from  pight,  to  lix.] 
Fixed;  fasten. -d  ;  pl.iced.     [OJrf.J  Spenger. 

ElM'PIRE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  impcnum;  Sp.  and  It.  tm- 
prrio.     See  EMPLftjR.] 

1.  Supreme  power  in  governing;  supreme  domin- 
ion ;  sovereignty  ;  imprrrial  power.  No  nation  can 
riglitfuUy  claim  the  empire  of  the  ocean. 

2.  The  terrilttrj",  region,  or  countries,  under  tlic  ju- 
risdiction and  dominion  of  an  emperor.  An  artpire 
is  usually  a  territory  of  great«'r  extent  than  a  king- 
dom, w-iiich  may  be,  and  often  is,  a  territory  of  small 
extent.  Thus  we  say,  the  Russian  empire  ;  the  Aus- 
trian empire  ;  the  sovereigns  of  which  are  dennniina- 
ted  emperor.^.  The  British  dominions  are  called  an 
empire  i  and,  since  the  union  of  Ireland,  the  parlia- 
ment is  denominated  tlie  imperial  parliament,  but  the 
sovereign  is  called  kinff.  Ity  custom,  in  Europe,  the 
empire  means  the  German  empire;  and  in  juridical 
acts  it  is  cnllod  the  hidy  Raman  empire.  Ili-nce  we 
say,  the  diet  uf  Vu  emp'rre',  the  circles  of  the  anpire ; 
tec.  But  the  German  empire  no  lungt^r  exists  j  the 
stales  of  Germany  now  form  a  confederacy. 

3.  Supreme  control;  governing  influence;  rule; 
sway ;  as,  the  empire  of  reason,  or  of  truth. 

4.  Any  region,  land  or  water,  over  which  dominion 
is  exttmded  ;  as,  the  empire  of  the  sea.  Siiak. 

E.M'PIR-ie  or  EM-PIR'ie,  a.  [Gr.  cprrttotKa^ ;  sy 
and  irci/'df'i,  to  attempt ;  1^  empiricus  ,*  Fr.  empiriqu* ; 
Sp.  and  It.  empinco.     See  Peril  and  Piratk.] 

Literally,  one  who  makes  esperiments.  Hence  Us 
appropriate  signification  is,  a  physician  who  enters 
un  pniclieu  without  a  regular  profe:<sionat  education, 
and  relies  on  the  success  of  his  own  expericHce. 
Ili-nce  the  word  is  used  also  fur  a  quack,  an  ignorant 
pr<  lender  to  nu-dical  skill,  a  charlatan.  Eneye. 

K.M-PIR'IO,         i  a.     Ptrtaining  lo  experiments  or  ex- 
EM-PIR'IC^-AL,  (      p.rience. 

3.  Versed  in  experiments ;  as,  an  empiric  alchy- 
mist. 

3.  Known  only  by  expfirirnre  ;  derived  from  ex- 
periment ;  used  and  applied  witliout  science  ;  as,  cm- 
piric  skill  ;  empiric  remedies.  Dryden. 

1  hnrc  (ivui«i.-ii  (liAt  emjnrical  monl\ij  thai  eurr*  one  t1c«  by 
iiiriuia  i>r  uttuthcr.  Riunbter, 

EM-I'IR'ie-AI*-LY,  adv.  Ry  experiment;  according 
to  exiK'rience  ;  without  science;  in  the  manner  of 
quncks.  Brown, 

E.M-PIR'I-CffiM,  n.  Dependence  of  a  physician  on 
hid  ^jNTienw!  in  practice,  without  llie  aid  of  a  regu- 
lar medical  education. 

9,  The  pniciicc  of  medicine  without  a  medical  ed- 
ticijtion.  Ilenre,  quackery ;  the  pretensions  of  an 
ignorant  man  to  medical  skill. 

Shwl'lf-r  to  "Wtrwr  llfi-,  c-iik^r  hy  ihff  nnkoiJ  Jiniri»,  nt  hv  tl» 
mnr  uiul  »al'(;r  inc<Uuin  of  trnpiruiim.  DwigM. 

EM-PLACE'MENT,7i.     [Fr.]     Place;  ground. 
EM-PLAS'TER,  n.     [Gr.  i/irAurrrpoi',  a  plaster.     See 
Plaster,  which  is  now  used*] 


EiMP 

EM-PLAS'TER,  r.  u    To  cover  with  a  pla.'^er. 

Mortimer. 
EMPLXS'TER-ED,  pp.     Covered  with  plaster. 
E.M  PLAS'TER-IXG,  ppr.    Covering  with  plaster. 
EM-PLAS'Tie,  o.     [Gr.  cpitXaartKos.    See  Plaster, 

Plastic] 
Viscous ;  glutinous  ;  adhesive  ;  fit  to  be  applied  as 

a  plaster;  as,  emplastic  applications.  ArbutknoU 

EM-PLk.\D',  r.  U     [em  and  plead.]    To  charge  with  a 

crime;   to  accuse.      But  it  is  note  toritten  Implead, 

which  see. 
EM-PLEC'TION,  71.     [Gr.  epTrXrKrov.] 

In  ancient  architecture,  a  method  of  constmcting 

walls  with  wrought  stones  in  front,  and  with  rough 

stones  in  the  interior.  Klmcs.     Brantle, 

E.M-PLOY',  V.  L     [Vt.  employer ;  Arm   tmpli^ea  or  un- 

pli^ein  ;  Sp.  emplear  ;  Port,  empregar  ;  IL  tmpifgare  : 

em,  or  en,  and  ployer,  pUer ;  W.  pfygu  ;  L.  vlicu  i  Gr. 

nXcKM  ;  D.  pleegen.     See  Apflt,  DiapLAv,  Deploy.] 

1.  To  occupy  the  time,  attention,  and  labor  of;  to 
keep  busy,  or  at  work  ;  to  use.  We  employ  our  hrftids 
in  labor;  V!e  employ  owr  heads  or  faculties  in  study 
or  thought;  the  altenlion  is  employed,  when  the  mind 
is  fixed  or  occupied  upon  an  object;  we  employ  time, 
when  we  devote  it  to  an  object.  A  portion  of  time 
should  be  daily  employed  in  reading  the  Scriptures, 
meditation,  and  prayer ;  a  great  portion  of  life  is  em- 
ployed to  little  profit  or  to  very  bad  purposes. 

2.  To  use  as  an  instrument  or  means.  We  empltnj 
pens  in  writing,  and  arithmetic  in  keeping  accounts. 
We  employ  medicines  in  curing  diseases. 

3.  To  use  as  materials  in  forming  any  thing.  We 
employ  timber,  stones,  or  bricks,  in  building  ;  we  em- 
ploy  wool,  linen,  and  cotton,  in  making  cloth. 

4.  To  engage  in  one's  service  ;  to  use  as  an  agent 
or  substitute  in  transacting  business;  to  conunission 
and  intnist  with  the  management  of  one's  affairs. 
The  president  employed  an  envoy  to  negotiate  a  trea- 
ty. Kings  and  states  employ  embassadors  at  foreign 
courts. 

5.  To  occupy  ;  to  use  ;  to  apply  or  devote  to  an  ob- 
ject ;  to  pass  in  business  ;  as,  to  employ  time  ;  to  em- 
ploy an  hour,  a  day,  or  a  week  ;  to  employ  one's  life. 

To  employ  one*s  self,  is  to  apply  or  devote  one's  time 
and  attention  ;  to  busy  one's  self. 
EM-PLOY',  n.    That  which  engages  the  mind,  or  oc- 
cupies the  time  and  labor  of  a  person  ;  business  j  ob- 
ject of  study  or  industry  ;  employment. 

Pirwht  to  graBTi,  iimt  flitnre  ■till  to  find, 

The  whole  employ  of  botly  aiid  of  niiuit.  Pope. 

2.  Occupation  ;  as  art,  mystery,  trade,  profession. 

3.  Puldic  office  ;  agency;  service  for  another. 
EM-PLOY'A-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  employed  ;  capa- 
ble of  being  used  ;  fit  or  proper  for  use.  Boyle 

EM-PLOY-B',  (em-ploy-a',)  n.  [Fr]  One  who  la 
employed. 

EM-PLOY' ED,  pj}.  Occupied  ;  fixed  or  engaged  ;  ap- 
plied in  business;  used  in  agency. 

EM-PLOY'ER,  n.  One  who  employs ;  one  who  uses ; 
one  who  engages  or  keeps  in  service. 

EM-PLOY'ING,  ppr.  Occupying  ;  using  ;  keeping 
busy. 

EM-PLOY'MENT,  n.    The  act  of  emp.loying  or  using. 

2.  Occupiition  ;  business;  that  which  engages  the 
head  or  Iiands  ;  as,  agricultural  employments  ;  me- 
chanical emplotrments.  Men,  whoso  employment  is  to 
make  sport  and  amusement  for  others,  arc  always 
despised. 

3.  Office  ;  public  business  or  tfust ;  agency  or  ser- 
vice for  another  or  for  the  public.  The  secretary-  of 
the  treasury  has  a  laborious  and  responsible  employ- 
menL     lie  is  in  the  employment  uf  government. 

EM-PLU\6E'.     See  Plu:«oe. 

EM-POIS'ON,  (poiz'n,)  r.  U  fFr.  empoisonner.  See 
Poiiorf.] 

1.  To  poison ;  to  administer  poison  to  ;  to  destroy 
or  endanger  life  by  giving  or  causing  to  be  taken  into 
tlie  stomach  any  noxious  drug  or  prepanition. 

Sidney.     Bacon. 
[Tn  this  sense.  Poison  is  generally  used ;  but  Empuii- 
o.x  may  be  used,  especially  in  poetry.] 

2.  'I  o  tiiiit  with  [wison  or  venom  ;  to  render  nox- 
ious or  deleterious  by  an  adoiixturo  of  poisonous  sub- 
stance. 

[This  may  be  used,  especially  in  poetry.] 

3.  To  imbitter ;  to  deprive  of  sweetness ;  as,  to 
empoison  the  joys  and  pleasures  of  life, 

EM-POIS'  0\-£D,  (poi/.'nd,)  pp.  or  a.  Poisoned ;  taint- 
ed with  venom  ;  imbittered. 

EM-POIS'0\-ER,  n.  One  who  poisons  ;  one  who 
administers  a  deleterious  dnig;  he  or  that  which  im- 
b  titers. 

EM-POIS' ON-I\G,r;»r.     Poisoning  ;  imbiltering. 

EM-POIS'ON-MENT,  it.  The  act  of  administerhig 
poison  or  causing  it  to  be  taken  ;  the  act  of  destroying 
life  by  a  deh-terious  drug. 

EM-PO-RET'ie,  a.    Used  in  market. 

EM-PO'RI-UM,  It.  [U,  from  the  Gr.  cpvoptoi',  from 
iutropevopat,  to  buy  ;  if  and  -rropcvopaif  to  pass  or  go, 
S&x,  faran.] 

1.  A  place  of  merchandise  ;  a  town  orcily  of  trade  ; 
particularly,  a  city  or  town  of  extensive  commerce, 
or  in  which  the  commerce  of  an  extensive  country 


TONE.  B\}hU,  t^NrrE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOU3.  — €  m  K  j  6  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CU  as  SI! ;  TH  as  in  Tms. 


EMP 

c*nUTs,  uT  \o  which  sellers  niid  buyers  resort  from 
dift>rf  HI  coMiiiries,  Such  are  Luiidun,  Amsterdam, 
Ri   '  ■■  New  York  will  be  an  emporium, 

,  the  common  sensory  in  the  brain. 

EM  .1.     See  Jmpoteki»h.  [dtze. 

EM-i''^'>»    t.u,  r.  c,     [from  e«,  or  in,  and  ;»rif^r.] 

1.  To  give  le^  t>r  moral  power  or  authority  to  ;  to 
autboriz«f  either  by  law,  cotninis^ion.  tftter  of  oilor- 
Dey,  nittural  right,  or  by  verbal  lic.u-^.  The  8uprt:me 
Court  is  empjtPfTfil  to  try  and  decide  all  cases,  civil 
or  criminal.  The  attorney  i-*  e>i*!'<'te'frcj  to  sig.^  an 
acquittance,  and  d)»<-har<:e  the  dv)>tt^>r. 
i  To  give  physical  power  or  force  ;  to  enable. 
[/■  this  sfKse,  nU  /rc^u.-ntl^  used,  and  perhaps  not 
used  at  dii.j 

EM-Pi;>\V'ER-i:D,  pp.  AuUiorired  ;  having  legal  or 
moral  rishu 

EMPOWERING,  ^pr.    Authorizing ;  giving  power. 

EM'PRESS,  Ik  [Contracted  from  empertvs.  See  Em- 
raaoR.] 

1.  Tno  conaott  or  spouse  of  an  emperor. 

9.  A  fi--nKilc  who  gowma  an  empire ;  a  female  In- 
Tested  with  imperial  power  or  sovereignty. 
KU-PRTSK',  a.     [N<>rm. ;  em,  en,  and  prisfy  from  prtn- 
drt,  to  take  ;  tlie  «ame  as  ErttEarRiss.] 
An  unUert  iking ;  an  entorpriw.     Spenser.    Popt, 
[.Wit  rarti^  vr  merer  used^  except  in  pvetry.l 
EMP'Tl'ED,  pp.    Poured  out ;  exliau^tcd  of  lU  con- 
tents. 
EMP'TI-ER,  a.    One  that  empties  or  exhausts. 
EMP'TI-N !>::',  n.      [fn.)m  empty.]     A  stale  of  being 
empty  ;  a  state  of  containing  nothing  except  air;  de«- 
litutioo  ;  absL-ncc  of  matter  j  as,  the  emptiness  of  a 
Teasel. 

2.  Void  space  J  vacuity;  vacuum.  Drydn. 

3.  Want  of  «olidity  or  substance ;  aa,  the  emptimets 
of  light  and  shade.  Drydsn. 

A.  Unsattstactorinv'ss ;  inability  to  satisfy  doaire; 
as,  the  emptiitess  of  earthly  thinc^. 

&.  Vacuity  of  head ;  want  of  intellect  or  knowl- 
•dre.  Popt, 

EMP'TION,  a.     PL.  emptio,  from  ema,  to  buy.l 

The  act  of  Duying  ;  a  purchasing.  J Avc  aiw^ 
«*«>^  Arbvlknot, 

EMPTY,  a.  [Sax.  ^mtig  or  ^imtij  from  mmtian^  to  be 
MIe,  (o  be  vacant,  to  evacuate,  tfxCd,  ease,  leisure, 
quiet.] 

1.  Containing  nothing,  or  nothing  but  air  ;  as.  an 
u^i^chest ;  M^»^  space  j  au  Myty  pane  is  a  •ertoua 
oviL 

SL  EvBCmrted ;  not  fitted  ;  as,  empty  shacklea. 

Spenser, 

3.  Cnftmiisbed  :  as,  an  twuty  room. 

4.  Void ;  deVold. 

In  cfrJIty,  ihoc  ■■— a<  w  empty.  SImk. 

5.  Void  ;  destitute  of  solid  matter ;  as,  fmpty  air. 

6.  DeAitute  of  force  or  eAoi ;   as,  «si^  words. 

7.  UnsabocanUal  j  unsatisfactory ;  not  aMe  to  fill 
Che  mind  or  the  desires.  Tlw  |ieasuros  of  life  are 
o^p^  and  unsatisfying. 


6.  Not  supplied  ;  having  notliing  to  cany. 
Tker  beau  Ua,  »nd  ■bbC  hba  am/  rw/ty. —  M^Ht  sS. 

9.  Hungiy. 

M/  Uooo  DOW  ii  ifcrp  a«Ml  p—dny  empOf.  SKak. 

10.  Unfurnished  with  intellect  or  knowledge  ;  va- 
cant of  head  ;  tgnumni  ;  as,  an  empty  coxcomb. 

11.  Unfruitful ;  producing  nothing. 

Imri  k  an  "n;)t|r  vm-.  —  tIo«^  x. 

ScTCa  n>^  can  Uaated  wiUi  Uk  cut  wind.  —  Ueo.  xIL 

13.  Wanting   substance  j   wanting   soliditj  ;   as, 
tmpty  dreams. 

13.  Destitute;  waste;  desolate. 

NtoBTvli  is  anp^.      Nah.  &. 

14.  Without  effecC 

Tbe«voffd  irfSud  leturwdBOtcmiMy. — 3  Stun.  1. 

15.  Without  a  cargo;  in  ballast;  as,  the  ship  re- 
tsmed  aapCyi 

EMPTY,  e.  t  To  ezbaost ;  to  make  void  or  desti- 
tute; to  deprive  of  the  content*  ;  as,  to  empty  a 
Teasel ;  to  empty  a  well  or  a  cimtem. 

S.  To  pour  out  the  contents ;  as,  rivers  empty  them- 
wAvta  into  the  ocean. 

Tte  doadi  ■■■f^r  ibnMelrca  od  the  enrth.  —  Eccle*.  zL 

3.  To  waste ;  to  make  desolate.    Jer.  U. 
EMP'TY,  r.  i.     To  pour  out  or  diftcharite  its  contents. 
The  Connecticut  emptU*  into  the  Sound. 
2.  To  become  empty. 
BMP'TY-HE.U)'ED,  (bed-)  a.     Unving  few  ideas. 
EMP'TY-HEAET'ED,  u.      Destitute  of  feeling  and 

attachment.  skaJc 

EMP'TY-ING,  ppr.    Pouring  out  the  contents  ;  mak- 

ine  void. 
EMP'TV-IXG,  a.     The  act  of  making  empty.     Shak, 
UmptyingMy  pi. ;  the  lees  of  beer,  cider,  Ac. ;  yeast. 

.America, 
EM-PL'R'PLE,  r.  u     [from  purpU,]    To  tinge  or  dye 
of  a  iKirple  color  ;  lo  discolor  with  purple 

The  deep  empurpled  ma.  PhiUp: 

EM-PUR'PL£D,  pp.  or  a.     Stained  with  a  purple  color. 


EMU 

EM-PUR'PLIXG,  ppr.    I'iiiging  or  dyeing  of  a  purple 

color. 
EM-POSE',  n.    [Gr.  £>|jr.»i«ra.l 

A  phantom  or  specter.    [Mft  used.]     Bp.  Taulor. 
EM-PUZ'ZLF..     See  Pliilk. 
EM-PV-P.'.MA,  n.    [Gr.]    A  collection  of  purulent  aiat- 

ler  in  the  cavity  of  the  pleura. 
E.M-PYR'E-AL,  a.     [Fr.  empyrie;  Sp.  It.  empirroi  L. 

rmpyrteus :  fnim  Gr.  cprrvpofi  (v  and  iti'p,  fire.] 
1.  Formed  of  ptirc  fire  or  light;    refined    beyond 

aerial  sub-itance  ;  pertaining  to  the  biglieiit  and  purest 

region  of  heaven, 

Gu,  moat  viU)  PUto  to  Cie  empyrttU  spbcm.  Popt. 

%  Pure  ;  vital ;  dephlogiaticated ;  an  epithet  given 

tn  oxvirrn  gas. 
EM-PY-Ri>,'A.\,  a.     Euipyreal.  .^kenside. 

EM  PV-UE'A.N,  n.     [See  EMrrnKAul    The  highest 

heaven,  whert)    the   pure  element  of  fire  has  been 

supposed  to  subdirit. 

Tt»c  empfrmui  rang 
With  balleliiJ^W.  MUton, 

EMPV-REP'MA,«.    [Gr.,frora  i*-  and  ttvo,  fire.] 

In  chemistry,  burnt  smell;  the  odor  of  animal  or 
vegetable  substances  when  slightly  burnt  in  close 
ves!«eK  Ure. 

EM-PY-REU-MAT're,  (   a.     A  term  denotingthe 

EM-PY-REU-MAT'ie  AL,  (  taste  or  smell  of  slight- 
ly burnt  animal  or  vegetable  substanc^x. 

EM-PYR'IC-.'\L,a.  Containing  the  combustible  prin- 
ciple of  coal.  Kirtcan, 

EM-PV-RO'SIS,  H.     [Gr,  ru)ri-no(..,  to  bum.] 

A  genenil  fire  :  a  contlagration.     [Little  usri}.] 

EM'RODS.     See  Emehods.  [/hUe, 

£'Mr,  ».  This  name  pn)perly  beloncs  to  the  New 
Holland  cassowary,  wliich  is  allied  to  the  ostrich  and 
cx^sowar>',  but  has  been  erroneously  applied  by  the 
Brazilians  to  the  rhea,  or  South  American  ostriclu 
rSee  Em  KIT.]  Cuvier. 

EM'U-LATE,  (em'yu-late,)  r.  (.  [L.  lemulor  ;  Sp. 
emutar  ;  It.  rmulare.     Uu.  Gr.  «i^iiX>i,  strife,  contest.] 

1.  To  stri%*e  to  equal  or  excel  in  qualities  or  ac- 
tions ;  to  imitate,  with  a  view  to  equal  or  excel ;  to 
Tie  with  ;  to  rival.  Learn  early  to  emulate  tlie  good 
and  the  grenL  Emulate  the  virtues  and  shun  the 
vices  of  distinguished  men. 

3.  To  be  equal  to. 

Thjr  eyr  woidd  rwiillnli  tht  dbunmnl.  SJiak. 

3.  To  imitate ;  to  resemble.    [  Unusual] 
Coondilaa  emutating  the  mMiua  of  l&ugtSrr.         ArbuOinoL 
EM'U-L.\TE, 

EM"^   T    T    Tt*! 

EM 

or  excel;  imitating;  reitembling. 
EM-i;-LA'TIO.\,  n.  The  act  of  attempting  to  equal 
or  excel  in  qualities  or  actions ;  rivalry;  desire  of 
superiority,  attended  with  effort  to  attain  it  ;  gener- 
ally in  a  ifood  sense  ;  or  an  attempt  to  equal  or  excel 
others  In  that  which  is  praiseworthy,  without  the 
desire  of  depressing  others.  Rom.  xi.  In  a  bad  sense ^ 
a  striving  to  equal  or  do  more  than  other:i  to  obtain 
carnal  favors  or  honors.     OaL  v. 

2.  .<n  ardor  kindled  by  the  praiseworthy  examples 
of  fithers,  inciting  to  imitate  them,  or  to  equal  or 
excel  them. 

A  noble  rmufatioR  heau  your  bresst.  Drydtn. 

3.  Contest ;  contention  ;  strife  ;  competition  ;  ri- 
valry accompanied  with  a  desire  of  depressing 
another. 

Such  ractioiu  emuUtHotu  ahall  arue.  Shak. 

EM'tl-LA-TIVE,  a.  Inchned  to  emulation  ;  rivaling  ; 
diiiposed  to  competition. 

EM'lJ-LA-TOR,  n.  One  who  emulates;  a  rival;  a 
competitor. 

EM'U-LA-TRESS,  n.  A  female  who  emulates  another. 

EM'ULE,  V.  U    To  emulate.     [AVt  tt,-*crf.l 

E-MUL6E',  n.  L     To  milk  out.     [JVoI  used.} 

E-MULG'E.VT,  a.  [L.  anul^reo  ;  e  and  mulgr^,  to 
milk  ouL] 

Milking  or  draining  out.  In  anatomy,  the  emnt-rent 
or  renal  arteries  are  those  which  supply  the  kidneys 
with  blood,  being  sometimes  single,  sometimes 
double.  The  cmiJ^ent  veins  return  the  blood,  after 
the  urine  is  secreted.  This  thn  ancients  considered 
as  a  milking  or  straining  of  the  serum,  whence  the 
name.  Eneyc.     Harris.     Quittcy.     Parr. 

E-MULG'E.VT,  n.     An  emulgent  vessel. 

EM'U-LOUS,  (em'yu-lus,)  a.     [I*,  temulus.] 

I.  Desirous  or  eager  to  imiLite,  equal,  or  excel 

another;  desirous  of  like  excellence  with  another; 

with  of;  as,  emulous  o/ another's  example  or  virtues. 

3.  Rivaling;  engaged  in  competition;  as,  emulous 

Carthage.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  Factious  ;  contentious.  Skak. 

EM'U-LOUS-LY,  ado.  With  desire  of  equaling  or 
excelling  another.  Ch-anviUe. 

E-MUL'SIO\,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  emulsus^  emidgeo,  to 
milk  out.] 

A  soft  liquid  remedy  of  a  color  and  consistence 
resembling  milk  ;  any  milk-like  mixture  prepared  by 
uniting  oil  and  water,  by  means  of  another  sub- 
stance, saccharine  or  mucilaginous.     Encye.   Ure. 


-    . ^,  _     Ambtttous.     [Little  used.]       Shak. 

>I'Ti-LA-TEI>,  pp.     Rivaled  ;  imitnted. 
tf'l|-LA.TING,  ppr.    Rivaling  ;  attempting  to  equal 


ENA 

E-MUL'SIVE,  a.    Softening;  niilk-Iike. 

2.  Producing  or  yielding  u  milk-like  substance  ;  as, 
emulsive  acids.  ^'uwrcrcy. 

E-MUNC'TU-RY,  n.  [L.  emutietorium,  from  emunetuSf 
emunjTo,  to  wipe,  to  cleanse.! 

lu  anat4)my,  any  part  of  tl>c  body  which  serves  to 
carry  olT  excrementitious  matter;  an  excretory  duct. 
Encye.     Coze. 
The  kidneys  and  skin    are    cal'.ed    ilie   common 
rmunrtorifs.  Cyc 

EM-US  CA'TIOX,  u.     [L.  emuseor.] 

A  freeing  from  moss,  [JSTot  much  itscrf.]  Evelyn. 
EN  ;  a  prefix  to  many  English  words,  chiefly  borrowed 
from  the  French.  It  coincides  with  the  Latin  in, 
Gr.  (!',  and  some  English  words  are  written  indifl^T- 
ently  with  en  or  in.  For  tlie  ease  of  pronunciation, 
it  is  changed  to  cm,  particularly  before  a  labial,  as  in 
employ,  empower. 

En  was  formerly  a  plural  termination  of  nouns 
and  of  verbs,  as  in  housen,  escapen.  It  is  retained  in 
oten  and  children.  It  is  also  still  used  as  the  termi- 
nation of  some  verbs,  as  in  .keark-cn,  from  the  Saxon 
infinitive. 
E.\-A'BLE,  V.  L     fNorm.  enhabler.     See  Able.] 

1.  To  make  able ;  to  supply  with  power,  pnysical 
or  moral  ;  to  furnish  with  suiiicient  power  or  ability. 
By  strengtl]  a  man  is  enabled  to  work.  Learning  and 
industry  enable  men  to  investigate  the  laws  of  na- 
ture. Fortitude  enables  us  to  bear  pain  without  mur- 
muring. 

2.  To  supply  with  means.  Wealth  enables  men  lo 
be  charitable,  or  to  live  in  luxury. 

3.  To  furnish  with  legal  ability  or  competency  ;  to 
authorin^e.  The  law  enables  us  to  dispose  of  our  prop- 
erty by-  will. 

4.  To  furnish  with  competent  knowledge  or  skill, 
and,  in  general,  with  adequate  means. 

EN-A'IJL>JD,  pp.  Supplied  with  sufficient  power,  phys- 
ical, moral,  or  legal. 

EN-A'ULE-MENT,  n.    The  act  of  enabling  ;  ability 

Jincon. 

EN-A'BLING,  ppr.  Giving  power  to  ;  supplying  with 
sufficient  power,  ability,  or  means  ;  authorizing. 

EN-ACT',  V.  t.  [en  and  act.]  To  make,  as  a  law  ;  to 
pass,  as  a  bill,  mto  a  law  ;  to  perf<irm  a  last  act  of  a 
legislature  to  a  bill,  giving  it  validity  as  a  law;  to 
give  legislative  sanction  to  a  bill. 


Shall  UtU  bill  poM  to  be  enacted  ? 


T.  Bigeloa. 


9.  To  decree ;  to  establish  as  the  will  of  the  su- 
preme power. 

3.  To  act ;  to  perform  ;  to  effect.  Spenser. 

4.  To  represent  in  action.  Shak. 
EN-ACT',  n.     Purpose  ;  determination. 
EN-ACT'ED,  pp.    Passed  into  a  law  ;  sanctioned  as  a 

law  by  legislative  authority. 
EN-ACT'LNG,  ppr.     Passing  into  a  law  ;  giving  legis- 
lative sanction  to  a  bill,  and  establishing  it  ns  a  law. 
2.  a.     Giving  legislative  forms  and  sanction;  as, 
the  enactinir  clause  of  a  bill. 
EN-ACT'IVE,  a.     Having  power  to  enact  or  establish 

as  a  law.  Bramh^Ul. 

EN-ACT'.VIE.VT,  n.     The  passing  of  a  hiU  into  a  law  ; 

the  act  of  voting,  decreeing,  and  giving  validity  to  a 

law.  Goldsmith.     Christ.  Ob.^erccr.     Ifahk. 

EN-ACT'OR,  n.     One  who  enacts  or  passes  a  law ; 

one  who  decrees  or  establishes  as  a  law.  Jittfrbury. 

2.  One  who  performs  any  thing.     [JW>£  u^ed.] 

EN-ACT'IJRE,  n.     Purpose.     [J^ot  in  use.]        Shak. 

E-NAL'LA-GE,     (e-nat'la-jy,)     n.       [Gr.    cuaWaym 

change;  ffaAAarrw,  lo  change  ;  ci;  and  fi>>arrto.] 

In  syntax,  a  change  of  words,  or  a  substitution  of 
one  gender,  number,  case,  person,  tense,  mode,  or 
voice,  of  the  same  word,  for  another. 

.Andrews  and  Stoddard.     Encyc. 
EN-AM'BJJSH,  V.  L     [en  and  ambush.]    To  hide  in 
ambush. 
2.  To  ambush.  Chapman. 

EN-AM'BJJSH-£D,(-am'busht,);jp.  Concealed  in  am- 
bush, or  with  hostile  intention  ;  ambushed. 
E\-AM'BySH-ING,ppr.     Concealing  in  ambush. 
EN-.\M'EL,  n.     [en  and  Fr.  email,  Sp.  e^malte.  It.  smaU 
ta,  G.  schmelz,  from  the  root  of  melL] 

}.  In  7;ii7iera/o^,  a  substance  imperfectly  vitrified, 
or  matter  ir^which  the  granular  appearance  is  de- 
stroyed, and  having  a.  vitreous  gloss. 

In  the  arts,  a  substance  of  the  nature  of  glass,  dif- 
fering from  it  by  a  greater  degree  of  fusibility  or 
opacity.  Ed.  Encyc. 

Enamels  have  for  their  basis  a  pure,  crystal  glass  or 
frit,  ground  with  a  fine  oxyd  of  lead  and  tin.  These, 
baked  together,  are  the  matter  of  enamels,  and  the 
color  is  varied  by  adding  other  substances.  Oxyd  of 
gold  gives  a  red  color  ;  thai  of  copper  a  green  ;  man- 
ganese a  violet ;  cobalt  a  blue  ;  and  iron  a  fine  black. 
Encyc.     J^iehoLion. 

2.  That  which  is  enameled  ;  a  smooth,  glossy  sur- 
face, of  various  colors,  resembling  enamel. 

3.  In  anatomy^  the  smooth,  hard  substance  which 
covers  the  crown  or  visible  part  of  a  totith.        Cyc. 

EN-AM'EL,  V.  t     To  lay  enamel  on  a  metal,  aa  on 
gold,  silver,  copper,  &,c. 

2.  To  paint  in  enamel.  Encyc, 

3.  To  form  a  glossy  surface  like  enamel. 


'I 


FiTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PKBY-  — "KE,  MARINE,  EIKD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLP,  BQOK.  — 


ENC 

EN'-AM'EL,  r.  i.     To  practice  the  art  of  rniimelinE. 

EN-AM'EL-AR,  a.  Consisting  of  enamel ;  resembling 
enamel  ;  smo««li ;  glossv. 

E-N-AM'EL-J:I),  pp.  or  o.  Ovprhiid  with  enamel  ; 
adorned  with  any  thing  resembling  enamel  -,  as,  an 
enamflM  card. 

EN-A.M'EI*-ER,  n.  One  who  enamels  ;  one  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  lay  on  enamels,  or  inlay  colors. 

EX-AM'EL.-I\G,  pjn:     Laying  on  eanineJ. 

EX-AM'EL-ING,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  laying  on  en- 
amels. 

EN-AM'OR,  r.  (.    [from  the  Fr.  amour^  L.  amovj  love.] 
To  intlame  with  love  ;   to  charm  ;   to  captivate  ; 
with  of  before  the  person  or  thing  ;  as,  to  be  enamored 
of  a  lady  ;  to  be  enamored  of  books  or  science. 
[But  it  is  noio  fuUowed  by  with.} 

E\-.\.M.O-RA'D0,  n.     One  deeply  in  love.    Herbert. 

E\-A.M'OR-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Intlamed  with  love; 
charmed  \  dt-Iighied. 

E\-A,Vi'OR-IXG,  jrpr.  Inflaming  with  love  ;  chann- 
mz  :  captivating. 

E.\-.\N-TI-OP' A  THY,  n.  [Or.  tvairiof ,  opiwsite,  and 
naiioi^  passion.] 

1.  An  opposite  passion  or  affection  Everest. 

2.  The  same  as  Ai.i.opatht  ;  a  term  used  by  the 
ditcipleji  and  foUoveers  of  Hahnemann 

EN-ARM' £D,  a.  In  Aeraldr^,  having  arms,  that  If, 
horns,  hoofs,  &.c.,  of  a  diiferent  color  from  that  of  the 
bodv. 

i:\-AR-R A'TIOX,  n.     [L.  narrb,  itarro,  to  relate.] 
Recital  ;    relation  ;   account ;  exposition.     [/AttU 
tLsed.  ] 

r.N  AR-TIIRO'SIS,  n.  [Or.  ivapOpuati ;  (v  and  ap- 
'.'.*«»',  a  joint.] 

In  anatomy^  a  ball  and  socket  joint ;  that  species  of 
articulation  which  consists  in  the  insertion  of  the 
rotind  end  of  a  bone  in  the  cup-like  cavity  of  an- 
othfr,  forming  a  joint  movable  in  every  direction. 

E-.\A-TA'TION,  «.     {L..enttto.}  [Quincy. 

\  swimming  out ;  esca|>e  by  swimming. 

E-NATE'j  a.     [L.  enatus.] 

Growing  otit.  Smith, 

E-NAUN'TER,  a</r.     Lest  that.     [Obs.]         ^e,tser. 

E-NAV'I-GATE,  c.  L     [U  enavi^o.] 
To  sail  out  or  over. 

E-VAV'I-GA-TED,  pp.    Sailed  over 

K-NA  V'I-GA-Tli\G,;»pr.     Sailinc  over. 

E.N-eA6E',  17.  L  [from  cage.}  To  shut  up  or  confine 
in  a  cage  ;  to  coop.  Sluik.     Doane. 

FV  CXd'EU^pp.     Shut  up  or  confined  in  a  cage. 

■  A'-C.'^G'l.VG,  ppr.    Cooping  ;  confining  in  a  cage. 

:,\-CA.\IP',  0.  i.  [from  camp.]  To  pitch  tents  or  form 
Jitit-9,  as  an  army  ;  to  halt  on  a  march,  spread  tents, 
and  renuiin  for  a  night  or  for  a  longer  time,  as  an 
army  or  utmpany. 

TVy  tncampfft  in  EltiMn.  —  Ex,  x'lW. 

Th  ■  I.CVTU-*  alkull  tttcamp  aLiuui  Uie  laUrmKcle.  —  Num.  1. 

2.  To  pitch  tents  for  the  purpose  of  a  siege  ;  to  be- 
siege. 

Encamp  nguUiat  Ibe  ciij  &im1  Uke  U.  —  3  Sam.  xU. 

EN-€AAfF',  V.  L  To  form  into  a  camp;  to  place  a 
marching  anny  or  company  in  a  temporary  habita- 
tion or  quarters. 

E.V-CAMP'ED,  (en -kampl',)  pp.  Sctllrd  in  tents  or 
hiiLs  fur  lodging  or  tem|>orar)'  habitation. 

EN  CAMf'l.N'G,  ppr.  Pitching  tenU  or  forming  but* 
fr  a  t  ■jiii)i>rarv  bwlglng  or  n^ot. 

E'  :ST,  n.     The  act  of  pitching  tenU  or 

.  as  an  army  or  traveling  company,  for 
t  is^inii  or  rest. 

■2.  The  [jlace  wliL-re  an  army  or  company  is  en- 
camped ;  a  ramp  ;  a  regular  order  of  tents  or  huts  for 
the  accfimmodation  of  an  army  or  lriK>p. 

EX  CANK'ER,  r.  ^    To  cormde  ;  to  canker.     Shetton, 

EN  CAXK'KR-KD,  pp.    Corrodes. 

EN  eANK'ER-I.NG,  ppr.     Corroding. 

i:\"  CAHE'.     See  I.tCAse. 

:.\  CAS'H'.MENT,  H.  The  payment  in  cafh  of  a  not*, 
draft,  &,c.     [^mong  hngliMh  bajikerg.'] 

EN-€AL'rf'TlC,  a.  [Gr.  iw  and  KavcriKOi^  caustic, 
from  icicii,  to  bum.] 

Pertaining  to  the  art  of  painting  in  heated  or  burnt 
wax. 

y.ncauMic  painting;  among  the  anetcntsy  a  kind  of 

painting  in  which,  by  heating  or  bHming  in  wax,  the 

'  -I   .  -■  were  rendered  ptmnnnent  in  all  their  original 

.'l^r.     It  was  difftjrti-tit  from  enameling.     P.  Cye. 

i;  \  '■  .\\:A'Tl€,n,  The  method  of  painting  in  heated 
(.r  riiirnt  wax  ;  encaustic  paintini;.  P.  Cye. 

F.N  CAVE',  r.  (.  [from  cave.'l  To  liide  In  a  cave  or 
rrceM.  Shak. 

rs  f:\\"F\i,pp.     Hid  in  a  cave. 

.   N'-CAV'I.NG.  ppr.     Hidini^  in  a  cave. 

/ .,V  CF.LVrf-:\  ('ing-sant',)  n.  [Fr.,  from  enceindr*  ; 
en  and  eeindre,  L.  cingo,  to  gird.] 

In  fortification,  inclosure  ;  the  wall  or  rampart  which 
stirrounds  a  place,  sometimes  comprised  of  bastions 
and  rurtain^).  It  is  sometimes  only  fianked  by  round 
or  square  towers,  which  is  called  a  Roman  icalL 

Kncrfc 

EJ^-CF.IXTF^y  Cang-«5nl',)  a.  In  /aw,  pregnant  j  witli 
child.  BlucksUnu, 

EN-CE'NI-A,  n.  pL    [Gr.  ivyKatvtu.l 


ENC 

Festivals  anciently  kept  on  the  days  on  which 
cities  were  built  or  churches  consecrated  ;  and,  in 
later  times,  ceremonies  renewed  at  certain  periods, 
as  at  Oxford,  at  the  celebration  of  founders  and  ben- 
efactors. Hook. 
EX-CE-PHAI/ie,  a.  fielnnging  to  the  head  or  brain. 
EN-CEPH'A-LOX,  n.     [Gr.  ii-  and  v£.;..iA^.l 

Tiie  cerebrum,  and  sometimes  the  whole  contents 
of  the  cranium. 
EX-CHAFK',r.  t,     [wand  efnife;  Fr.  cJiav^.] 

To  chafe  or  fret ;  to  provoke ;  to  enrage  j  to  irri- 
tate.    [See  Cmafe.1  Shak. 
EX-CHaF'£D,  (en-cliift',)  pp      Chafed  ;  irritated  ;  en- 
raged. 
EN-CHaF'ING,  ppr.     Chafing;  fretting;  enraging. 
EN-CIHIX',  v.t.     [Fr.  encha'i tier.     See  Chain.] 

1.  To  fasten  Willi  a  chain;  to  bind  or  hold  in 
chains  ;  to  hold  in  bondage. 

3.  To  hold  fast ;  to  restrain ;  to  confine  ;  as,  to  en^ 
chain  the  attention. 
3.  To  link  together  :  to  connect.  Howell. 

EN-CHAlX'i;il,  pp.     Fastened  with  a  chain  ;  held  in 

bontlaee  ;  hehl  fast ;  restrained  ;  confined. 
EN-CHAIN'LNG,  ppr.  Making  fast  with  a  chain;  bind- 
ing; holding  in  chains  ;  confining. 
EN-CHA1X'MEXT,B.    The  act  of  enchaining,  or  state 

of  being  enchained.  Rich,  Diet. 

EX-CHAXT',  V.  t.  [Fr.  enchanten  en  a«d  chanter,  to 
sing  ;  h,  incaato ;  m  and  cunto^  to  sing.  See  Chaxt 
and  Cant.] 

1.  To  practice  sorcery  or  witchcra(t  on  any  thing  ; 
to  give  efficacy  to  any  thing  by  songs  of  sorcerj-,  or 
fascination. 


Ai««I  now  alioiit  Ih*  caldron  »ng, 
l.ik';  rlv<^  and  fttini-s  in  &  rin?, 
EnehanAng  oil  ihat  7011  piit  in. 


SkaJc. 


2.  To  subdue  by  charms  or  spells.  Sidney. 

3.  To  delight  in  tiie  highest  degree ;  to  charm  ;  to 
ravish  with  pleasure  ;  as,  the  description  erichanLi 
nte  ;  we  were  enchanted  with  the  music. 

EX-CHANT'En,  pp.  or  a.  Aflected  by  sorcerj' ;  fas- 
cinated ;  subdued  by  charms ;  delighted  beyond  meas- 
ure. 

2.  Inhabited  or  possessed  by  elves,  witches,  or  other 
imaginary  mischievous  .spirits  ;  as,  an  enchanted  cas- 
tle. 

EX-CHANT'ER,  n.  One  who  enchants  ;  a  sorcerer 
or  magician  ;  one  who  has  spirits  or  demons  at  his 
Command  ;  one  who  practices  enchantment,  or  pre- 
tends to  perform  surprising  things  by  the  agency  of 
demons. 

2.  One  who  charms  or  delights. 

Enchaiiter^j   nightuhaile ;   the  popular  name  of  the 
Circipa  Lutetinna,  an   herb   found    in  damp,  shady 
places,  in  northern  parts  of  the  world. 
EN-CHA  XT'IXG,  ppr.  Aflbcting  with  sorcery,  charms, 
or  spells. 

9.  Delighting  highly ;  ravishing  with  dtdight ; 
charming. 

3.  a.  Charming;  delighting;  ravishing;  as,  on 
enchanting  voice  ;  an  enchanting  face. 

Simpttciiy  In  nvtiinrn  ]ia*  nii  tnchandng  elTccL  Ktunxt, 

EN-CHAXT'IXG-LY,  adv.  With  the  power  of  en- 
chantment ;  in  a  manner  to  delight  or  charm  ;  a», 
the  lady  sinpi  euehantingly. 

EN-CHAXT'MEXT,  n.  The  act  of  producing  certain 
wonderful  eflVcts  by  the  invocation  or  aid  of  demons, 
or  the  agency  of  certain  supposed  spirits  ;  the  use  of 
magic  arts,  spells,  or  charms  ;  incantation. 

The   nugki^n*  of  J^gypi   dkl   ao  witti  llicir  4nchai*bnenU. — 
V.X.  vii.  • 

Q.  Irrenistible  influence ;  overpowering  influence 
of  delighu 

The  wnrmih  of  Uncj  —  which  botJa  the  beut  of  a  frfttfe-r  under 
the  ■Uutiffrvt  tnchanOnant,  Popt. 

EN-CnXNT'REPS,  n.     A  sorceresa;  a  woman  who 
pn,-tenda  to  etP-ct  wonderful  things  by  the  aid  of  de- 
mons ;  one  who  pretends  lo  practice  magic.     Tatler, 
S.  A  woman   whose  beauty  or  excellences    give 
irresistible  infiucncc. 

from  Uiis  tnclMnlT»B»  &11  Utr-K  IIU  are  eonte.  Drydtn. 

EN-CHARGE',  P.  (.  To  give  In  charge  or  trust.  fAr«e 
inujiF.]  Bp.  Hall. 

EN-CHXRG'Kn,pp.  Intmsled  with  i  given  in  charge  to. 

EX-f'HAKG'INO,  ppr.  Intrusting  with;  giving  in 
chnrce  to. 

EN-CHASE',  V.  t  [Fr.  enehoA.^er;  Hp.  engastnr^  or 
encaxar,  from  coxa,  a  box,  a  chest  ;  Port,  enca.-'toar, 
eneaiar;  U,  incantimarc ;  Fr.  cAowyix,  a  frame  ;  Eng. 
a  eojM 

1.  To  infix  or  inclose  in  another  body,  so  as  to  be 
held  fast,  but  not  concealed.  Johnson. 

2.  Teehnicallyy  to  adorn  by  embossed  work  ;  to  en- 
rich or  iKautify  any  work  in  metal,  by  some  design 
or  figure  in  low  relief,  as  a  watch  cose.  Enajc. 

3.  To  adorn  by  being  fixed  on  it. 

fo  (Iriiib  In  ti/wli  which  gUtUiing  gtrtn»  enchoMt,         Zhyden. 

4.  To  mark  by  incision.  Fairfax. 

5.  I'o  delineate.  Spenser. 
EN-CHAS'EO,  (en-chast',)pp.   Inclosed  as  ina frame, 

or  in  another  body  ;  adorned  with  embossed  work. 


ENC 

EN-CHaS'ING,  ppr.  Inclosing  in  another  body ; 
adorninj  with  embossed  work. 

EN-CHA.S'LNG,  tu  The  same  with  Chasisa,  a  species 
of  einbos.-;in»;. 

EX-CIIEAS'ON,  M.  [Old  Fr.]  Cause;  occasion. 
\phfi.\  Spenser. 

EX-CHtRID'I-ON,  M.     [Gr.  ciand  \«io,  the  hand.] 
A  manual ;  a  book  to  be  carried  in  the  hand.   [JVoi 
used."] 

EN-CFirs'EL,  V.  I.    To  cut  with  a  chisel. 

Ei\-CniS'EL-/:J>,p/).     Cut  with  a  chisel. 

EN-CHIS'EL-ING,  ppr.     Cutting  with  a  chisel. 

EN  €HO'RI-AL,  a.  [Gr.  o«fj/j(«i',n  country.]  Popu- 
lar or  common;  appliea  particularly  to  the  most 
abridged  mode  of  writing  tormed  from  the  Egyptian 
hieroglyphics,  and  used  by  the  peoph) ;  called,  also, 
de.mntic. 

EN-CTN'I)ER-ED,  a.     Burnt  to  cinders.      Cockeram. 

EN-CTR'ei,E,  (en-sur'kl,)  v.  t.  [from  circle.]  To  in 
close  or  surround  with  a  circle  or  ring,  or  with  any 
thing  in  a  circular  form.  Luminous  rings  encircle 
Saturn. 

2.  To  go  round  and  return  to  the  point  from  which 
motion  commenced ;  as,  the  army  encircled  the 
city. 

3.  To  come  around  in  a  circle  or  crowd ;  as,  to  e/i- 
circte  a  pt^rson  about. 

4.  To  embrace  ;  as, to  encircle  one  :n  the  arms. 
EN-CIR'CLKD,(en-sMr'kId,)  pp.     Surrounded  with  a 

circle;  rnc()nip;issed  ;  environed;  embraced. 
EN-CIR'CLET,  n.     A  circle  ;  a  ring.  Sidney. 

EN-CIR'CLING,  ppr.  or  a.    Surrounded  with  a  circle 

or  ring:  encomjiassing ;  embracing. 
EN-CLAHP',  r.  L    To  clasp  ;  to  embrace. 
EN-CLIT'IC,         Jo.     [Gr.  (>«X(TiKo(,  inchned  1  cy- 
EX-CUT'I€-AL,  i      .Xu'w,  lo  incline.] 

1.  Leaning;  inclining,  or  inclined.  \n  grammar , 
an  enclitic  jiarticle  or  word,  is  one  wiiich  is  so  closely 
united  to  another  as  to  seem  to  be  a  part  of  it;  as, 
gur,  n^,  and  re,  in  rirum^ur,  ncnne,  altu/n^e. 

2.  Throwing  back  the  accent  upon  the  foregoing 
syllable.  Harris. 

EN-eLri''IC,  n.  A  word  which  is  joined  to  Iho  end 
of  another,  as  que  in  ciruingue,  which  may  vary  the 
accent. 

9.  A  particle  or  word  that  llirovvs  the  accent  or  em- 
phasis buck  upon  the  former  s>  liable.  Harris. 

EN-CLIT'IC-AL-LY,  ade.  In  an  enclitic  manner  ;  by 
throwing  the  accent  back.  tValkcr. 

EN-CLOSE'.     See  Inclose. 

EN-CLOUD'ED,  a.  [from  cloud.]  Covered  with 
clouds.  "  Spenser. 

EN-COACH',  r.  /.     To  carry  in  a  coach.         Davies. 

EX-CoACII'Kl),    (en  kocht',)    pp.      Conveyed    in  a 

EN-COACH'ING,  ppr.    Carried  in  a  coach.       [coach. 

EN-eOF'FlN,  r.  (.     To  put  in  a  coftin, 

EN-COF'FIN  iJl),  pp.     Inclosed  in  a  cofiln.      Spenser, 

EXeO.M'UER.     See  Exci'mrer. 

EX-eOM'BER-MENT, «.      Molestation.     [JV.»(  vsed,] 

SpcHser, 

EN-CO'MI-AST,  7t.     [Gr.  syKtontarn^.] 

One  wlio  praises  aui'tlier  ;  u  panegyrist ;  one  who 
utters  or  writes  commendations. 

EX-CO-MI-AST'IC,  n.     A  panegyric. 

E.\  CO-MI-AST'IC,         I  a.    Uesiowing  praise  ;  prais- 

EN-CO-MI-AST'IC  AL,  i  ing  ;  commending;  lau- 
datory ;  as,  an  rneomiantic  address  or  discourste. 

EX-CO-MI-AriT'IC-AL-LV,  «Jtf.  In  an  encomiastic 
manner. 

EX  CO'MI  OX,  n.     Panegyric.  Fothcrhy, 

EX-C6'MI-U.M,   n.;  pL    Encomiums.      [L.,  from  Gr. 

t>Kt.>^('.|-.] 

Praise;  panegj-ric  ;  commendation.   Men  are  quite 
as  willing  to  rec<^ive  as  to  bestow  encomiutns. 
EN-COM'PASS,  {en-kum'p;is,)  w.  U     [from   compass.] 
To  encircle  ;  to  surround;  as,  a  ring  encompasses  the 
finger. 

2.  To  environ  ;  to  inclose  ;  to  surround  ;  to  shut 
in.  A  besieging  army  eucouitossed  the  city  of  Jerusa- 
lem. 

3.  To  go  or  sail  round  ;  as,  Drake  encompassed  the 
elobe. 

EX-COM'PASS-ED,  (cn-kum'past,)  pp.  Encircled  ; 
snrrounditd  ;  inclosed  ;  shut  in. 

EN-COM'PASS-lNG,p/jr.  Encircling;  snrronnting; 
confining. 

EX-eOM'PASS-MENT,  n,     A  surrounding. 

2.  Agoing  round;  circunilocutiun  in  speaking. 

Shtik. 

EN-CORE' ;  a  French  word,  pronounced  nearly  Ung- 
kHre,  and  signifying,  ajiain,  once  more  ;  used  by  the 
auditors  and  siiKTtators  of  plays  and  other  sports, 
when  they  call  for  a  re,(»ctition  of  a  particular  part. 

EX-CORE',  r.  L  To  call  for  a  rt'iRrtition  of  a  particu- 
lar part  of  an  enl'-rtainment. 

EN-COR'^n,  (Ung-kSrd',)  pp.  Called  upon  to  rci^at 
a  performiuice,  as  a  song.  &c. 

EX-COK'ING,  ;';»r.     Called  iiiMin  for  a  repetition. 

EN-COUXT'ER,  n.  [^r.  encontre,  m  and  cortre,  L. 
contra,  against,  or  ra'her  rencontre!  Sp.  «ncuc;itro  : 
Port,  mcviitro  ;  It.  incontro.]  - 

1.  A  meeting,  particularly  a  sudden  or  occidPhtol 
meeting  of  two  or  more  persons. 

To  »biin  t)ie  eneounUr  at  ihs  v ulgar  eiDwd.  Pop*. 


TONE,  BULL»  IINITE.— AN"GER,  Vl"CiOUH.— e  asK;  OasJ;  SasZ;  CHas  SHi  TH  as  in  THIS. 


5u 


303 


ENC 

9.  A  meeting  in  contest ;  a  sinple  combat,  on  a 
stidden  meeting  of  pnrtics  i  sometimes,  Ic^s  pruperltft 
«  duel. 

3l  a  flfbt ;  a  conilict ;  a  skirmish  ;  a  battle  ;  but 
mar*  gtmtrauf^  a  fight  between  a  small  ntiniber  of 
men,  or  an  accidenL-il  meeting  nnd  Q^Uting  of  tle- 
Uthinents,  ratlier  than  a  ect  battle  or  general  en- 
g:a  element, 

4.  Eager  and  warm  conversation,  either  in  love  or 
anger.  Skak, 

5.  A  sudden  or  unexpected  address  or  accosting. 

Shak, 

6.  Occasion  ;  casual  incidcnL      [UnusmoL]    Pope. 
EXeOUXT'ER,  V,  u    ISp.  and  Port,  cHcontrari  lU 

vuonintre :  Ft.  reHeontrtr.] 

1.  To  meet  face  to  face  j  pMrtieuIai^y,  to  meet  suU- 

deiily  or  unexpectedly, 
[lliis  sense  is  now  uncommon,  but  still  in  u<ie.] 
a.  To  meet  in  opposition,  or  in  a  ho<stile  manner  ; 

to  niah  against  in  conflict ;  to  eng:age  with  in  battle  j 

as,  two  armies  muamnur  each  other 

3.  To  moot  and  strive  tu  remove  or  stinnount ;  as, 
to  aacmmCir  obatades,  impediments,  or  iliiliculiies. 

4.  TN>  meet  and  opp(»se ;  to  resist ;  to  attack  ami 
attempt  to  confute  ;  as,  to  etutiujUer  the  arguments  of 
opponents,    jtd*  xvit  Id. 

5.  To  meet  &»  an  obstacle.  Which  e%*er  way  the 
Infldel  turns,  he  encAntntm  clear  evidence  uf  tlie  di- 
vine origin  of  the  Scriptures. 

6.  To  opjKiec  ;  to  oppugn.  Hale 

7.  To  meet  in  mutual  kindness.    [LUlU  used.) 

Sfuik, 
EN-eOUNT'ER,  p.  t.    To  meet  face  to  fac« ;  to  meet 
unexpectedly.    [Little  u^rd.] 

S.  To  ru/h  together  in  combat:  to  fight;  to  con- 
flict.    Three  armies  eMcountrred  at  Waterloo. 

\Vhen  applied  to  one  party,  it  is  sometimes  fol- 
lowed by  leitA :  as,  tJie  Chri:itian  army  encouuUrtd 
u*if.i  the  Sarirensi. 
3,  T.  >L-;ition  or  debate. 

EN-eor  ;/..     Met  face  to  facej  met  in 

oppoo;i,  ,  ;  opposed. 

E\-€OL  :>  1  i.u  i-a.   n.     One   who  enoninters  ;  an 

opponent ;  an  aiitajioni^l.  .^ttTburtf, 

EJi.eOL'.\T'ER-l.\(i, ppr.    Meeting;  meeting  in  op- 
position or  in  battle;  opi>o«ing;  resisting. 
ESeOUR'AOE,  (<  ii-kur't^o,)  c.  L     [Fr.  enc^uru^rr; 
and    euurii^e^  fmm  ontr,  tbe  heart ;    It.    utco- 


■appare.) 
To  give  c 


o  give  ooarage  to ;  to  give  or  increaaa  conftdeace 
of  succeaa ;  to  inspire  with  conrage,  spirit,  or 
strength  of  mind ;  to  embolden ;  to  animate;  to  in- 

cit«: ;  to  In^pinU 

C-:  rhsTTT?  3  Tshnu  tad  fmmmrag*  Um.  — Dtut.  Q. 

EN  •  ■'-kiir'rajd,)  pp.  or  a.    Emb«  xf- 

luuled ;  incited. 

E>  •  ■  '",  r.    The  act  of  giving  cour- 

agi.\  or  co!i.;  ;■  :.  :  -■;>if<-*;  incitenient  to  action 
or  to  practice  ;  ;  We  ought  never  to  neg- 

lect the  eiicoyr.i--  ;,(,,'  ,  r  youth  in  penercms  deeds. 
Ilie  praise  of  g-nwl  tncn  serves  as  au  encotiraiftisunt 
to  virtue  and  herjism. 

2.  That  which  ser\'es  to  incite,  support,  promote,  or 
ad^'ance,  as  favor,  countenance,  rewanls,  profit-  A 
youne  man  attempted  the  practice  of  law,  but  found 
little  r^efntraatmeHt.  The  tine  arts  And  litilii  tiuour- 
a^rment  anion!*  a  rude  people. 

EN'-€^L'R'A-4iER,  n.  One  who  encourages,  incites, 
or  stimulates  to  action  ;  one  who  supplies  incite- 
Mkents,  either  liy  couiutelt  reward,  kx  means  of  exe- 
cotiioB. 

ne  pDfX  b  ■  am^Kt  of  polite  leomtng  anil  %,  ^rrat  menrtmgtr 
of  ftiU.  Addiaon. 

EN-<X5UR'.\-GrNG,  ppr.     Inspiring  with  hope  and 

CMifidence ;  exciting  courage. 
2.  0.  Furnishing  ground  to  hope  for  success;  as, 

an  emcottmgiii'T  pmsjtecL 
EN-€OU"R'A^(N'G-LV,  adr.     In  a  manner  to  give 

courage,  or  hope  of  success. 
EX-GRi'DLE,  c.  u    [en  and  crttdU.]    To  lay  in  a 

cradle.  Spenser. 

EN-€RJM'?0\,  p.  t    To  cover  with  a  crimson  color. 
EN-GRIM '?  ON  £0,  (en-krim'znd,);??.  or  a.    Covered 

with  a  crimson  coI..r. 
EN-€RI.NAL, 
EN-eRT'MC, 
EX-GRIN' IT- At, 
E.\-GRI-MT'IG, 


:.  Relating  to  encrinites;  con- 
taning  encrinites,  a^  certain 
kinds  of  limestone. 


EN'GRI-XTTE,  n.    [Gr.  ev  and  <otvov^  a  lily.] 

A  fossil  belonging  to  the  asteria  or  star-^sh  family. 
It  consists  of  numerous  jointed  arm^,  radiating  from 
around  a  center,  in  which  the  moutli  is  situated  ;  it 
is  supported  on  a  jointed  stem,  and  in  this  respect 
differs  from  all  the  recent  a--;terias.  Dana. 

EN-eRI.SP'£D,  (L-n-krispt',)  a.     [from  crbp;  Sp.  en- 
erespar  ] 
^  Curled  ;  formed  in  curls.  Skelton. 

EN-GROACH',  r.  t.     fFr.  accrocher^  to  catch,  to  grap- 
pl^from  croc,  a  hook,  W.  erQg^  Eng.  crook.] 
rrimariiy^  to  catch  as  with  a  hook.     Hence, 
1.  To  enter  on  the  rights  and  possessions  of  an- 
other;  to  intnide;  to  take  possession   of  what  be- 
longs  to  another,  by  gradual  advances  into  his  limits 


END 

or  jiirisiiictiKn,  and  usurping  a  part  of  his  rights  or 
prtrrogativos  ;  with  on.  The  farmer  who  runs  a 
fence  on  his  neighbor*!!  land,  and  incloses  a  piece 
with  his  own,  encroaches  on  his  neighbor's  property. 
Men  often  encroaejiy  in  this  maitnir,  on  ilie  hisibway. 
The  sea  is  said  to  ciicruach  on  the  land,  « hen  it 
wears  it  away  gradually  ;  aitd  the  land  ena-oackcs  on 
the  sea,  when  it  is  extended  into  it  by  alluvion.  It  is 
important  t4i  prevent  one  branch  of  government  from 
encroaching  oh  the  jurisdiction  of  another. 

2.  To  creep  on  gradually  without  right. 
SiipoTMltion  —  a  oreeiHii^  aiul  encnxtciung  «vU.    '        Hooktr. 

3.  To  pass  the  prop:^r  bounds,  and  enter  on  an- 
other's rights. 

Exclude  tbe  encroaching  CAUle  From  \.\vf  groum].        Diydsn. 

E.V-GROACH'ER,  n.  One  who  enters  on  and  takes 
possession  of  wlial  is  not  his  own,  by  gradual  ste\ts. 

Stcifi 
Q.  One  who  makes  gradual  advances  beyond  his 
rights.  Clarissa, 

E.N-GROACinNG,  ppr.    Entering  on  and  taking  pos- 

8e.-«ion  of  what  belong:^  to  annther. 
E\  GROACII'I.XG,  a.    Tending  or  apt  to  encroach. 

Thr  tncronching  afu'rit  of  power.  Maditon, 

EX-GRO.\CH'IXG-LY,  adv  By  way  of  encroach- 
mmt.  Bailey. 

EN-GROACri'MENT,  n.  The  entering  gradually  on 
the  rights  or  potisessions  of  another,  and  taking  pos- 
session ;  unlawful  intrusion  ;  advance  into  the  terri- 
tories or  jurisdiction  of  another,  by  silent  means,  or 
without  right.  MUton.     Jittcrbury.     Addison. 

2.  That  which  is  taken  by  encroaching  on  another. 

3.  In  /av,  if  a  tt-nant  owes  two  shillings  runt-ser- 
vice to  the  lord,  and  the  lord  takes  three,  it  is  an  en- 
eritaehiamt.  CowcL 

EN-CRt'ST'.     See  Ir^cnuaT. 

EX-Ct'M'nER,  o.  U    [Fr.  mcomfrrer.    See  Incumber.] 

1.  To  liKid  ;  to  clog ;  to  impede  motion  witlj  a 
load,  burden,  or  any  tiling  inconvenient  to  the  limbs  ; 
to  render  motion  or  openition  ditTirult  or  laborious. 

2.  To  embarrass  ;  to  perplex  ;  to  obstruct. 

3.  To  load  with  debts  ;  as,  an  estate  is  encumbered 
with  mortffages,  or  with  a  widow's  dower. 

EX-CUM  RER-i-D,  pp.  or  a.  Loaded  ;  impeded  in 
motion  or  oi>eration,  by  a  burden  or  di^icutties  ; 
loaded  with  debts. 

EX-GL'M'BER-IXG,  ppr.  Loading;  clogging;  ren- 
dering motion  or  operation  dillicult  ;  loading  with 
debu. 

BX-GUM'BRAXCE,  n.    A  load  ;  any  thing  that  im- 
pedes action,  or  renders  it  ditficull  and  laborious ; 
clog :  impedimenL 
H.  Useless  addition  or  load. 

Strip  from  ihe  brTinchiiig  Aip«  Oi*-ir  pinv  looJ, 

The  \vigfi  mc^tmbmnce  oTiium^  wooX  Tliomson. 

3.  XraA  or  burden  on  an  estate  ;  a  legal  claim  on 
an  estate,  for  tlie  discharge  of  which  the  estate  is 
liable. 

EX-GUM'BRANC-ER,  n.  One  who  has  an  encum- 
brance or  a  Irgal  claim  on  an  e-^tate.  Kent. 

EX-CVG'LIG-AL,  a.  [Gr.  f>  m  aXkcos  ;  cv  and  kvkXo^, 
a  circle.] 

Circular;  sent  to  many  persons  or  places;  in- 
tended for  many,  or  for  a  whole  order  of  men  ;  as, 
the  mnrrlical  l"tler  of  the  pope.  StiUingjleeL 

EN-CV-GLO-PiC'DI-A,   i  h.     [Gr.  f^,in,  <u<Aos,  a  cir- 

EX  CV-CLO-P.E'DI-A,  S  cle,  and  iraMeti,  instruc- 
tion ;  instniclion  in  a  circle,  or  circle  of*  instruc- 
tion.] 

The  circle  of  sciences ;  a  general  sjstem  of  in- 
struction or  knowledge.  J/orc  parf;cuiaWi^,  a  collec- 
tion of  the  principal  facts,  principles,  and  discoveries, 
in  all  bnmches  of  science  and  the  arts,  digested 
under  proper  titles,  and  arranged  in  alphabetical 
order ;  as,  the  French  Encyclopedia ;  the  Encyclopedia 
Britannica. 

EX-CV-GLO-Pe'DI-AN,  o.  Embracing  the  whole 
circle  of  leamina. 

EX^T  GL0-P£D'IG-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  ency- 
clopedia. SttitarL 

EX-CY-GLO-Pk'DIST,  n.  The  compiler  of  an  ency- 
clopedia, or  one  who  assif^ts  in  such  compilation. 

EX-CYST'ED,  a.  [from  cygU]  Inclosed  in  a  bag, 
bladder,  or  vesicle  ;  as,  an  encysted  tumor.      Sharp. 

EXD,  n.  [Sax.  end,  endr.,  or  (Bade;  G.  ende;  D.  eitid; 
Sw.  eLttde ;  Dan.  ende;  Goth,  andei;  Basque,  ondoa; 

Sans,  anda  or  ajita  ;  Per.    '  )ty..Jj  andan.] 

1.  The  extreme  point  of  a  line,  or  of  any  thing 
that  has  more  length  than  breadth  ;  as.  The  end  of  a 
house  ;  the  end  of  a  tabh^ ;  the  end  uf  a  finger ;  the 
end  of  a  chain  or  rope.  When  bodies  or  figures  have 
equal  dimensions,  or  equal  length  and  breadth,  the 
extremities  are  called  sides. 

2.  The  extremity  or  last  part,  in  general ;  th^  close 
or  conclusion,  applied  to  time. 

At  the  end  of  two  moriLhs,  slie  r^tiinietl,  —  Ju'Jjea  xi, 
3    The  conclusion  or  cessation  of  an  action. 

Of  Ihe  incn?Me  of  ha  pfverunipnt  Ih'.-re  ehill  be  no  end,  —  Is,  ir.  ] 


END 

•1.  The  close  or  conclusion  ;  as,  the  end  of  a 
chapter. 

5.  Ultimate  state  or  condition;  fin^  doom. 

M;vrk  tlto  pt'rfoct  man,  ami  belu>Id  the  uprigltt,  for  ihi.'  ettd  at 
tluU  iiiAi)  u  pt^':uM^  —  Pa.  xxxvii. 

6.  The  point  beyond  which  no  progression  can  bo 
made. 

Tliey  n?f"I  to  an.f  fro,  and  rtagj^r  like  a  dniitkcn  mim,  und  are 
Rt  tlwit  wit'»  end.  —  Pii,  evii. 

7.  Final  determination  ;  conclusion  of  debate  or 
deliberation. 

My  guilt  be  on  my  li<"aJ,  ttiid  tliere'a  aa  end  t  SJiaJc, 

8.  Close  of  life  ;  death  ;  decease. 

Uiiblitined  tliruugli  li>,  laincuictl  in  thy  end.  Pop*. 

9.  Cessation  ;  period  ;  close  of  a  particular  state  of 
things ;  as,  the  end  of  the  world. 

10.  Limit;  termination. 

TtiTe  ia  no  end  of  the  store.  —  Nahum  Q, 

JI.  Destruction.    Jimos  viii 

Thcfitrf  of  al!  Ileali  i*  OHne. — Gcu.  vi. 

12.  Cauae  of  death  ;  a  destroyer. 

AiiJ  nwnrd 
Either  of  yoii  to  be  tlie  other's  end.  ShnJt. 

13.  Consequence ;  Issue  ;  result ;  conclusive  event ; 
conclusion. 

The  end  of  th«e  Ihui^  k  dpnih.  —  Rom.  *i. 

14.  A  fragment  or  broken  piece. 

Old  oiM  endt.  Sliak. 

15.  The  ultimate  point  or  thing  at  which  one  aims 
or  directs  his  views ;  the  object  intended  to  be 
reached  or  accomplished  by  any  action  or  eclieme ; 
purpose  intended  ;  scope ;  aim  ;  drift ;  as,  private 
ends;  public  ends. 

Two  Lhiiiga  I  Bhal!  propound  to  you  aa  eitda.  Sacklfiig. 

The  end  uf  ttic  cotiiuuuidiiientt  is  dijjrily,  —  I  Tim.  i. 

A  right  to  tiie  end,  implies  a  right  to  the  means 
necessary  for  attaining  it.  Law. 

IG:  Ah  end,  for  on  end  ;  upriglit ;  erect ;  as,  his  hair 
stands  an  end. 

17.   The  ends  of  the  earth,  in  Scripture,  are  tlie  re- 
motest parts  of  the  earth,  or  the  inhabitants  of  those 
parts. 
END,  V.  t.     To  finish  ;  to  close  ;  to  conclude ;  to  ter- 
minate ;  as,  to  end  a  controversy  ;  to  end  a  war. 
On  tlie  w^veiiU)  day  God  ended  hU  work.  —  Gen.  ii. 

2.  To  destroy  ;  to  put  to  death. 

Kin^  Harry,  thy  sword  h:ith  ended  him.  Shak. 

END,  r.  i.  To  come  to  the  ultimate  point ;  to  be  fin- 
ished ;  as,  a  voyage  ends  by  the  rc'turn  of  a  ship. 

2.  To  terminate  ;  to  close  ;  to  conclude.  I'he  dis- 
course ends  with  impressive  words. 

3.  To  cease  ;  to  come  to  a  close  ;  as,  winter  ends 
\n  March,  anil  summer  in  September ;  a  good  life 
ends  in  peace. 

E.\D'-ALL,  71.     Final  close.     [J^'ot  used.]  Shak. 

EX-DA'.\I'AGE,  v.  L     [from  damage.]     To  bring  loss 

or  damage  to;  to  harm;  to  injure;  to  misciiief;  tu 

prejudice. 

The  trial  hnth  endamaged  then  no  way.  Milton. 

So  thou  wilt  endamage  tlie  ruvuntic  of  the  kln^.  —  Eira  iv. 

EN-DAM'A-GED,  pp.     Harmed;  injured. 

EX-DAM' AGE-iMENT,  n.    Damage;  loss;  injury. 

Shali. 

EX-DAM'A-GTXG,  ppr.    Harming;  injuring. 

EN-DaN'GER,  v.  t.     [froirl  danger.]     To  put  in  haz- 
ard ;  to  bring  into  danger  or  peril ;  to  expose  to  luss 
or  injury.     VVe  dread  any  thing  tliat  endangers  our 
life,  our  peace,  or  our  happiness. 
2.  To  inctir  ttie  hazard  of.     [Unusnal.]       Ba^on. 

EN-DAN'GEU-i=;D,  pp.     Exposed  to  loss  or  injury. 

EX-DaN'GER-ING,  ppr.  Putting  in  hazard;  ex- 
posing to  loss  or  injury. 

EN-DAN'GER-ING,  H.     Injury;  damage.       Milton. 

EX-DAX'GER-MEXT,  n.     Hazard  ;  danger.    Spenser. 

EX-DeAR',  v.  t.     [from  drar.l    To  make  dear;   to 
make  more   beloved.     The  (listress  of  a  friend  en- 
dears him  to  us,  by  exciting  ottr  sympathy. 
2._To  raise  the  price.     0^ot  in  use.] 

EX-DiiAR'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Rendered  dctar,  beloved,  or 
more  beloved. 

EX-DkAR'ED-XES.S,  n.     State  of  being  endeared. 

EX-DkAR'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Making  dear  or  more  be- 
loved. 

E.\-DeAR'>IEXT,  n.  The  cause  of  love  ;  that  which 
excites  or  increases  affection,  particularly  that  which 
excites  tenderness  of  affection. 

Her  first  endearments  twining'  round  the  loul.  Thornton. 

9.  The  state  of  being  beloved  ;  tender  affection. 

So uth. 
EX-DEAV'OR,  (en-dev'ur,)  n.  [Norm,  devoycr,  en- 
deavor; endevera,  he  ougllt ;  cndeyvent,  they  ought. 
It  seems  to  be  from  Fr.  {eiulevoir)  devoir,  to  owe  or 
be  indebted,  and  hence  it  primarily  signifies  duty, 
from  the  sense  of  binding,  pressure,  urgency. 
Hence,  our  p<ipular  phrase,  I  will  do  my  endcacur. 
In  Ir.  dibhircc  is  endeavor.] 

An  effort ;  an  essay ;  an  attempt ;  an  exertion  of 


FITE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MkTE,  PRgY.  — PIXE,  MARIXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


END 

physical  strength,  or  the  intellectual  powers,  toward 
the  attainment  of  an  object 

Tbe  boM  and  luffici^nl  pursue  lh?ir  g^me  with  mora  paMioa, 
endeavor,  sihI  appliuiiaD,  and  thrrefore  o&ea  mtccpfd. 

Temple, 
ImilAtion  ii  (h4  endeavor  o(  a  later  pool  to  write  like  one  who 

has  written  brforr  him  oa  the  xtme  suL>ject.  Dryden, 

L&bor  13  a  coDiiuued  endeavor,  or  a  tiicoesaion  of  rndtfavora. 

Anon, 

EX-DEAV'OR,  (en-dev'ur,)  p.  i.  To  exert  physical 
strength  or  intellectual  power,  for  the  accomplish- 
ment of  an  object ;  to  try  ;  to  es?ay  ;  to  attempt.  In 
a  race,  each  man  endeavors  to  outstrip  his  antaeonist. 
A  poet  may  eadeaeor  to  rival  Homer,  but  without 
success.  !t  is  followed  by  aflcr  before  a  noun  ;  as, 
Jhe  Christian  endeavors  after  more  strict  conformity 
to  the  example  of  Christ. 
2.  r.  t.    To  attempt  to  gain  ;  to  try  to  etTect. 

It  b  our  duty    to  endeaoor   the   recovery  of  these  beneficial 
siibjecta.  ChaU\a>n, 

EN-DEAV'OR-£D,  jtp.     E-ssaved  ;  attempted. 
E.\-DEAV'OR-ER,  n.     One   who  makes  an  effort  or 

attempt. 
EN-DEA V'OR-ING,  ppr.    Making  an  effort  or  efforts ; 

striving;  ess.iving ;  attempting. 
E-N  DECA-GOX,  n,     TGr.  cr,  ^£<a,  and  j  '.wia.] 

A  plane  figure  of  eleven  sides^and  angles. 
END'ED,   pp^     Brouglit   to  an   eud  j  finished;    con- 

chided. 
EX-DEie'Tie,  a,     [Gr.  iviuKWiit^  to  show.l 

Showing  ;   exhibiting.      An  endeiciic  dialogue,  in 

the  Platonic  philosophy,  is  one  which  exhibits  a 

specimen  of  skill.  Enfield, 

EN-r)EM'ie-\L  >"•    f^*''""  '"^''/""S,  «»*,  and  j7?/iof, 

EN-D£'MI-AL,  '  )      P^l'*'^-} 

Peculiar  to  a  pt-ople  or  nation.  An  fnrfemic  disease, 
is  one  to  which  the  inhabitants  of  a  jmrticutar  ooun- 
trj'  are  peculiarly  subj("ct,  and  which,  for  that  reason, 
may  be  supposed  t*j  proceed  from  local  cniist-s,  as  bad 
air  or  water.  The  epithet  is  also  ui>plied  to  a  dis- 
ease which  prevail  in  a  particular  season,  cliiefly  or 
whollv  in  a  particular  place. 

EN-DEM'IG,  n.    A  disease  of  an  endemic  nature. 

EN-l>EM'ie-AL-LY,  oilc.     In  an  endemic  manner. 

EN-ItEN''IZE,(-iz,)r.t.  [from  rfrni:rn,or  its  root.1  To 
make  free  ;  to  naturalize  ;  to  admit  to  Uie  privileges 
of  A  denizen.     [Little  tt^ed.]  Cataden. 

E\-DE.\'I-Z£N,  (-den'e-zn,)  p.  U  [from  dcniiea,] 
To  naturalize.  B.  Jonson, 

END' BR,  n.    One  who  ends  or  finishes. 

E.VniCT'MENT,  i  ^'^  '.""'ct,  Indictment. 
EXD'I.VG,  ppr.    [from  end.]    Terminating;  closing; 

cuncluding. 
EXO'LNG,  n.    Termination;  conclusion. 

2.  In  grammar,  the  terminating  syllable  or  letter 
EX-rtn'E'    See  Indite.  [of  a  word, 

EX'DIVE,  n,     [Fr.  endive;   IL  endivia ;  tSp.  endibia; 

L.  intyhum ;  Ar.  uJiXaJ^  hindabotu] 

A  plant,  a  ^>ecies  of  the  gentia  Cichorium  or  anc- 
cory  :  used  as  a  wlad. 
E.\DXESS,a.  [Sec  End.]  Without  end  ;  having  no 
end  or  conclusion;  applied  to  length,  and  to  dura- 
tion ;  8)4,  an  endU$a  line  ;  endless  progrcxsitin  ;  endless 
duration  ;  endlr^s  bliss. 

2.  In  a  less  utriet  *f7i.ie,  perpetually  recurring ; 
seemingly  without  end  ;  incessant ;  continual ;  as, 
tndless  praise  ;  endless  clamor. 

The  endlrss  serete  consistK  of  a  ocrew  combined 
with  a  wheel  and  axte,  so  that  the  thread)*  of  the 
•rrew  work  into  the  teeth  fixed  on  the  periphery  of 
the  wheel.  Brandt. 

END'I*ESS-LY,  adc.    Without  end  or  temiination; 
as,  to  extend  a  line  eadlesslti. 
2.  InccBfiantly;  perpetually;  continually. 
E.VO'IXi^S-.NKSS,    R.      Extension    without    end    or 
a.  Perpetuity  ;  endless  duration.  [limit. 

END'LONG,  adv.    In  a  line  ;  with  the  end  forward. 

[r.ifUe  tt>ird.]  Dryden, 

E.NU'Mfir'T,  a.     Furthest;  remotest. 
E.N'DO-CARP,  n.     [Gi.  cy6vi'  and  Kafiir<n.] 
In  botany^  the  inner  coat  or  shell  of  a  fruit. 

Lindlry, 
E\-I>Oe'TRINE,  V.  K    To  leach  j   to  indoctrinate. 

[See  the  latter  word.]  '    Donne, 

E.N'DO  0K\,  n.     An  endogenous  plant. 
EN-IMJ6'E  .VOL'3,  fl.     [Gr.  r.v6'.v  and  ycifO'-i.] 

An  epithet  given  to  that  class  of  plants  whose 
stems  inrrt;ase  by  intt:^rnal  growth,  without  distinc- 
tion of  pith,  wood,  and  hark.  Such  are  the  date, 
palm,  siigar-c^ine,  Slc.  DeCand. 

EN-DOPH'YL.-LOUH,  a.  [Gr.  tvdovj  within,  and  ^uX- 
A'<*-,  leaf.] 

Involved  in  a  leaf  or  sheath. 
E.\-nO-PI,E0'RA,  ».     [Gr.  iv^ov  and  nytvpn.] 

In  botany,  a  membrane  for  the  se^'d  of  a  plant,  the 
inn'Tmo-i  when  there  are  three. 
E\'f)0-RHI-ZyE,  n.  pL     [Gr.  ty^ot-  and  /.(;«.] 

In  botany,  plants  whose  radicle  elongates  down- 
ward ader  rupturing  the  integument  of  llie  base. 


END 

EN'DO-RHI-ZOUS, )  a.      Pertaining    to    the   endo- 
EN'DO  RHI-ZAL,     t      rhizaj.  Lindley. 

EX-DORSE'  }  a      J  T 

EX-I)ORSE'MENT  i  Indowe,  Indobsehekt. 

EX'DOS-MOSE,  iu  [Gr.  €v6ov  and  uapof,  impul- 
sion.] 

The  transmission  of  gaseous  matter  or  vapors 
through  membranes  or  porous  substances  inward. 

Brande. 
EN-DOSS',  V.  t,     [Fr.  endosser.] 

To  engrave  or  carve.  Spenser 

EX'DOS-TOME,  n,     [Gr.  cv^'tv  and  arofia.'] 

The  passage  through  the  inner  integument  of  a 
seed,  iuiinedialely  below  the  part  called  the  fora- 
mau 
EX-DOW,  r.  L  [Norm,  endourr ;  Fr.  douer.  Qu. 
from  L.  (/(J.V,  doto,  or  a  different  Celtic  root,  for  in  Ir. 
diobhoAlh  is  dower.     The  sense  is  to  set  or  put  on.] 

1.  To  furnish  with  a  portion  of  goods  or  estate. 
called  dourer;  to  settle  a  dower  on,  as  on  a  marriea 
woman  or  widow. 

A  wife  is  ty  law  eiidlled  lo  be  endowed  of  oil  landt  and  tene- 
mi'iiU.  of  which  her  hii4wiid  waa  sclztrd  iu  ft-e-siinple  or 
liie-tAii  duriikg  tlie  coTeriure.  Biadcetone. 

2.  To  settle  on,  as  a  permanent  provision  ;  to  fur- 
nish with  a  permanent  fund  of  property  ;  as,  to  en- 
doto  a  church  ;  to  endow  a  college  with  a  fund  to  sup- 
port a  professor. 

3.  To  enrich  or  furnish  with  any  gift,  quality,  or 
faculty  ;  to  indue  ;  man  is  endowed  by  his  Maker  with 
reason. 

EX-DOW'ED,  (en-doud',)  pp.  Furnished  with  a  por- 
tion of  estate ;  having  dower  settled  on;  supplied 
with  a  pennanent  fund  ;  indued. 

EN-DOW'ER,  V.  L  To  endow  ;  to  enrich  with  a  por- 
tion. lVat.erhouse. 

EX-DOW'ER,  n.    One  who  enriches  with  a  portion. 

EX-DOW'ING,  ppr.  Settling  a  dower  on  ;  furnishing 
with  a  permanent  fund  ;  induing. 

ENDOWMENT,  n.  The  act  of  settling  dower  on  a 
woman,  or  of  settling  a  fund  or  permanent  provision 
for  the  support  of  a  parson,  or  vicar,  or  of  a  profes- 
sor, &c. 

2.  That  which  is  bestowed  or  settled  on  ;  property, 
fund,  or  revenue,  i)ennanently  appropriated  to  any 
object;  as,  the  endowments  of  a  church,  of  a  hospital, 
or  of  a  college. 

3.  That  which  is  given  or  bestowed  on  the  person 
or  mind  by  the  Creator;  gift  of  nature;  any  quality 
or  faculty  bestowed  by  the  Creator.  Natural  activity 
of  limbs  is  an  endotcment  of  the  body  ;  natural  vigor 
of  intellect  is  an  endowment  of  the  mind.  Chatham 
and  Burke,  in  Great  Britain,  and  Jay,  Ellsworth,  and 
Hamilton,  in  America,  possessed  uncommon  endow- 
ments of  mind. 

EX-DRLTDGiy,  (en-druj',)  v.  L  To  make  a  drudge  or 
slave.     [JVotusetL]  JiaiL 

EX-DOE',  u.  U     [Fr.  enduire ;  L.  induo.] 
To  indue,  which  see. 

EX-nCE'MKXT.     See  Indubment. 

EN-OCR' A-HLE,  a.     That  can  be  borne  or  suffered. 

EN-DCR'A-BLY,  atlv.     In  an  enduring  manner. 

EN-DOR'ANCE,  n.  [See  Endi^'re.]  Continuance;  a 
state  of  lasting  or  duration  ;  lastingness.     Spenser. 

2.  A  bearing  or  suffering  ;  a  continuing  under  pain 
or  distress  witiiout  resistance,  or  witliout  sinking  or 
yielding  to  the  pressure;  sufferance;  patience. 

ThiHr  ronirude  waa  mmt  admirable  In  their  prewnce  and 
tndurance  uf  all  evila,  of  puiii  and  uf  lienth.       Temple. 

3.  Delay  ;  a  waiting  for.    [JVvt  wfd.]  Shak. 
EX-DCRE',   V.  i.     [Vr.mdurer;  en  and  rfwrer,  to  last, 

from  dur,  ]j.  durus,  duro  :  8p.  endurar.     The  primary 
sensi-  of  dams,  hard,  is,  srt,  fixed.     See  Di;kabi.e.j 

1.  I'o  last ;  to  continue  in  the  same  state  without 
perishing  ;  to  remain  ;  lo  abide. 

Th^  t.ord  ihall  endure  forrrer,  —  Pa.  ix. 

IU  ahHll  hold  It  {liia  huiwe]  Taat,  but  it  ihall  do!  endure. — 
J'lb  viii. 

2.  To  bear ;  to  brook  ;  to  suffer  witliout  resistance, 
or  without  yielding. 

How  cnn  I  endure  u>  wee   (ho  «tQ  thai  ahall  come  to  my  poo- 

p|f  f  —  Kallyr  »(iL 
Can  thy  heart  endure,  or  ihy  handa  bo  mirmg  t  —  Eiek.  xxil. 

EN-DCRE',  r.  L  To  bear;  to  sustain;  lo  supiK)rt 
without  breaking  or  yielding  lo  force  or  pressure. 
Metals  endure  a  certain  du^oe  uf  heal  without 
melting. 

Both  w<Te  o(Mi\\ng  ■(eel,  and  wro'i'hl  lo  pnre, 

Aa  mi^ltl  Ut*;  ■in>kr»  ul  t*u  auch  ariii«  eruiure.         Dryden. 

2.  To  bear  with  patience  ;  to  bear  without  opposi- 
tion or  sinking  under  the  pressure. 

Thrr-rture  I  endure  all  thinii  for  \hr  elect'*  aake.  -    3  Tim.  li. 
If  ye  endure  chaaiuuing,  God  doaJrth  with  you  aa  with  aDoa.  — 
Ilnb.  xii. 

3.  To  undergo;  to  sustain. 

I  wUi  lo  die,  yet  dare  not  death  emlure.  Dryden, 

4.  To  continue  in.     [.Vot  usrd,]  Brown. 
EX-Dril'KI),  pp.     Ilorni;;  HUffcred  ;  sustained. 
EX-DOR'KR,   n.     <»uf  whrj  hears,  suffers,  or  sustains. 

2.  He  or  that  which  continues  long.  | 

EN-DOR'ING,  n.    Act  of  enduring  ;  a  sustaining. 
EN-DOR'ING,  ppr.    I>asting  ;  continuing  without  per-  I 


ENF 

ishing;    bearing;   sustaining;    supporting   with   pa- 
tience, or  witliout  opposition  or  yielding. 
2.  a.     Lasting  long;  p(.>rmanenL 
END' WISE,  adv.    On  the  end  ;  erectly;  in  an  upright 
position. 
2.  With  the  end  forward. 
EN'E-€ATE,  v.  L     [L.  eneco.] 

To  kill.     [JVut  in  k.«.1  Saroey. 

E-Xe'ID,  n.     [L.  .«:«ew.J 

A  heroic  poem,  written  by  Virgil,  in  which  JEnetu 
is  the  hero. 
E-Ne'-MA,  n.    [Gr.]    An  injection,  usually  liquid,  but 
^   sometimes  gaseous,  thrown  into  the  rectum,  as  a 

medicine,  or  to  impart  nourishment. 
EN'E-.MY,  n.     [Fr.  ennemi;  Sp,  enemigo ;  lU  nemieo } 
Ir.  nahma  ;  from   L.  inimicus  ;   in,  neg.  and  amicusy 
friend.] 

1.  A  foe ;  an  adversary.  A  private  enemy,  is  one 
who  Itates  another,  and  wishes  him  injury,  or  at- 
tempts to  do  hiiii  injury*,  to  gratify  his  own  malice 
or  ill-will.  A  public  enemy  or  foe,  is  one  who  be- 
longs to  a  nation  or  party  at  war  with  another. 

1  Bny  to  you,  liove  your  enetniet,  —  Molt.  v. 
EnemuM,  in  wur ;  in  p-ace,  friLTula. 

Ueciaradun  of  Independence. 

2.  One  who  hatrt  or  dislikes  ;  as,  an  atemy  to  truth 
or  falsehood. 

3.  In  theology,  and  by  way  of  eminence,  the  enemy 
is  the  devil ;  the  arch  fiend. 

4.  In  viilitary  affairs y  xhe  opposing  anny  or  naval 
force,  in  war,  is  called  the  enemy. 

EN-ER-6ET'ie,         j  a.    [Gr.  tvipyririKO^y  from  tvtp' 
EX-ER-GET'IG-AL,  t     j-zjj,  cvcpyzu;  ev  and  tpyov^ 
work.     See  Enerot.] 

1.  Oi>erating  with  force,  vigor,  and  effect ;  forcible  ; 
powerful  ;  efficacious.  We  saj',  the  public  safety 
required  energetic  measures.  The  vicious  inclina- 
tions of  men  can  be  restrained  only  by  energetic 
laws.     [Eneroic  is  not  used.] 

2.  Moving  ;  working  ;  active  ;  operative.  We 
must  conceive  of  God  as  a  Being  eternally  energetic. 

EX-ER  GET'ie-AL-LY,  ad».    With  force  and  vigor  ; 

with  enerey  and  effect. 
EX-ER'<jIG,         i  a.  Having  energy  or  great  power  in 
EX-ER'Gie-AL,  j      eflfecl.  CoUins, 

EX'ER  GIZE,  V.  I.  [from  energy.]    To  act  with  force  ; 

to  operate  with  vigorj  lo  act  in  producing  an  effect. 
EN'ER-tilZE,  V.  t.    To  give  strength  or  force  to;  to 

give  active  vigor  to. 
EN'ER-GIZ-/:i),  pp.     Invigorated. 
EX'ER-GIZ  ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  gives  energy  ; 

he  or  that  which  acts  in  producing  an  effecL 
EX'ER  GIZ-ING,  ppr.  Giving  energy,  force,  or  vigor; 

acting  with  force. 
EN-ER^GU-MEN,  n.    [Gr.  cvtpyov^icvo^.] 

In  the  ancient  cAurcA,  a  demoniac;  one  possessed 

by  the  devil.  Coleman. 

EN'ER-GY,  n.    [Gr.  cvcnycia  ;  ev  and  cpyovy  work.] 

1.  Intrrnal  or  inherent  power;  the  power  of  opera- 
ting, whether  exerted  or  not;  as,  men  possessing  en^ 
ergirs  sometimes  suffer  them  to  lie  inactive.  Danger 
will  rouse  the  dormant  energies  of  our  natures  into 
action. 

2.  Power  exerted  ;  vigorous  operation  ;  force  ;  vig- 
or. God,  by  his  almiphiy  energy,  called  the  universe 
into  existence.  The  administration  of  the  laws  re- 
quires energy  in  the  magistrate. 

3.  Effbctual  oi)eration ;  efficacy ;  strengtli  or  force 
producing  the  effect, 

Brg  the   bltiaerd   Jcsna  to  g^lTo   an  energy  to  your  Imprrfeat 
prayera,  by  bii  moat  puwt-rful  intrreeaaion,        Smairidge. 

4.  Strength  of  expression  ;  force  of  utterance  ; 
life;  spirit;  emphasis.  The  language  of  Lord  Chat- 
ham is  remarkable  for  its  energy. 

ENERVATE,  a,    [Infra.]    Weakened  ;  weak  ;  with- 
out strength  or  force.  Johnson,     Pope, 
E-Xf^RVATE,  r.  (.    [L.  enrrvo;  e  and  nervus^  nerve.] 

1.  To  de[)rive  of  nerve,  fbrce,  or  strength  ;  to 
weakcTP;  to  render  fiseble.  Idleness  and  voluptu- 
ous indulgences  enervate  the  body.  Vices  and  lux- 
ury enercate  the  strength  of  states. 

2.  To  cut  the  nerves  ;  as,  to  atcrvate  a  horse. 
E-NERV'A-TED,  pp.  or  a.     Weakened;  enfeebled; 

emnsmlated. 

E-XERV'A-TIXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Depriving  of  strength, 
force,  or  vigor;  weakening;  enfeebling. 

EX-ER-VA'TIOX,  n.    The  act  of  weakening,  or  re- 
diicinc  strength. 
2.  The  state  of  being  weakened  ;  effeminacy. 

E-XER\'E',  (u-nerv',)  r.  L  To  weaken  ;  the  same  as 
Enervate. 

E-NERV'^;0.     See  Enervated. 

E-NERV'ING.     See  Enervatino. 

FJsr  FAMlLLE'y  (iing-f4-meel',)  [Fr.]  In  a  family 
state ;  domestically.  Sw^ 

EN-FAM'ISH,  V.  t. '  To  famish.     [See  Famuh.] 

EN-FEE'BLE,  r.  L  [from  fcebh,]  To  deprive  of 
strength  ;  to  reduce  the  Htrength  or  force  of;  to  weak- 
en ;  to  debilitate  V  to  enervate.     Intemperance  enfee- 


blts  the  Itody,  and  induci-s  premature  infirmity.     Ex- 
cessive grief  and  mel 
wars  enfeeble  a  state. 


cessivc  grief  and  melanchuly  £n/ec/(/e  th 


lurmity. 
e  min4* 


Long 


EN-FEE'BIxED,  pp.  or  a.    Weakened ;  deprived  of 
strength  or  vigor. 


TOXT:,  BgiX.  unite.— AN"GEE,  VI"CI0U8.  — e  as  K;  0  as  J;  S  as  Z;  Cll  as  SH;  Til  as  in  THia 


305 


ENF 

KN-FEK'BLE-ME.V1\  h      The  act  of  weakening; 

enerT:Utiin.  Spfctaior. 

EN  FEE'ULiXG,  f}n-.  or  a.  Weakening;  dcbiliialmg; 

enAn*atln|;. 
EN-FEL'  ON  .ED,  «.    [Hee  Fblom.]    Fierce  ;  cniel. 

EX-FEOFF'»  (en-fef,)  ».  L  [Law  L.  /w^c,  /c^ybr*, 
from  Jtff,  wiiich  aee.] 

1.  Til  five  ..lie  a  feud  ;  hence,  to  invest  with  a  fee  ; 
lo  v'  r  any  corporeal  bpredrtameitl,  in  fee- 

sii;  .  by  livery  of  seizin.      BUuksUmf, 

•J.  ..  r  or  pive  up.     LVtft  used,]      Skak. 

KN-FEOKK  i-r*,  (en-fi-a',)  pp.    Invested  with  the  fe^ 

of  nnv  corporeal  hervditanient. 
EX-FEoFF'[\r..  i;-.    (Jiving  to  one  the  fee-simple 

of  "  tament. 

E.N  t  i>  f 'mcnl,)  n.    The  act  of  giv- 

iiii:  '■:  estate. 

i  T;i^  iiisiruiu-  III  or  deed  by  which  one  is  invest- 
ed Willi  the  fee  of  an  estate. 
KN-FET'TEK,  r.  L    To  fttUT;  to  bind  in  fettera. 

SkaJu 
EN-FETTER-ED,  jipw    Bound  with  felten*. 
EX-FET'TEE-iNG,  »r.     Binding  with  fetters. 
EN-FE'VER.  c.  U    To  excite  fever  in.  Sevard, 

£N-F1CRCE%  c.  t.    To  make  fierce.    [J\'ot  in  use.] 

SfteitstT, 
KN-PI-USDE',  K.     [Fr.,  a  row,  from  ex  and  JU^  a 
thread,  L.>iiim,  S[i.  JuUk] 

A  line  or  struiglit  passage ;  or  the  situation  of  a 
place  which  may  be  V*ni  or  scoured  with  shot  all  Uie 
length  uf  a  line,  or  tu  the  dircciitjn  of  a  line. 

Johnson.     Bailey. 
EN-PI-L.\DE',  r.  u    [from  the  noun  j  Sp.  eyifilar.] 

To  pierce,  scour,  or  mke  wiih  shot,  in  the  direc- 
tion of  a  line,  or  through  the  wtiule  length  of  a  line. 

In  condiKtlaC  arafOMlkM  at  a  d«g«t  car«  ilMMUd  bo  ubm  Uut 

lu  \  poNtjim  to  mjltaffi  iw  worin  U  Fort  l«le.      Wa^ngUnu 

EN-Fl-LAD'ED,  pp.  or  «.  Pierced  or  laked  In  a  line. 
EN-FI-LAl>-ING,pfir.  Forcing  or  sweeping  in  aline. 
EX-FIKE',  c.  L     To  inti-uue;  to  set  on  are.    [AVt 

iis*d.  ]  Spatstr. 

EN-FORCE',  r.  (.    [Fr.  enfortir  ;  at  and  farce.] 

1.  To  gnns  strength  to ;  to  strengthen }  to  Invigo- 
imie.  _rSw  ddl  5.] 

S.  To  make  or  gain  by  force  ;  to  force ;  as,  to  m- 
farte  a  passage. 

3.  To  put  in  act  by  riolence ;  to  drive 

BioaM  n^/brc«rf  rroin  the  oU  Aaqrmn  alinfs.  Shot. 

4.  To  instigate  ;  to  urge  on  ;  to  aninutte.     Skak. 

5.  To  urge  with  energy ;  to  give  force  to ;  to  im- 
press on  the  mind ;  as,  to  cVvrcs  remarks  or  argu- 
ments. 

6.  To  compel ;  to  constrain  ;  to  force.        Davie*. 

7.  To  put  in  execution  \  to  cause  to  lake  effect ;  as, 
to  nt/Snxc  the  laws. 

6.  To  press  with  a  charge  ShaJu 

9.  To  prove  ;  to  evince.     \LiUle  nstdj]      Baoiur, 
EN-FORCE',  r.  i.    To  attemj*  by  force.    [JVot  mmJ.] 
EN-FORCE',  n.    Force  ;  strength  ;  power.    [.Vof  ued.] 

MilUm. 
EN-FORCE' ABLE,  a.    That  may  be  enforced. 
EN-FORC'KD,  pp.     Strengthened;  gained  by  force; 

driven  ;  compelled  ;  urged  ;  carried  into  effV;ct. 
ENFORCEDLY,  «dr.     Uy  violence  ;  not  by  choice. 

Shak. 
EN-FORCE'MEXT,  n.    The  act  of  enforcing;  com- 
pulsion ;  force  applied.  Balegk. 

2.  That  which  give:*  force,  enerp>',  or  effect ;  sanc- 
tion.   Tbe  penalties!  of  law  are  enforeements.    Locke, 

3.  Motive  of  conviction;  urgent  evidence. 

Ilamaumd. 

4.  Pressing  exigence ;  that  which  urges  or  con- 
strains. Skak. 

5.  In  a  general  reuse,  any  thing  which  compels  or 
constrains ;  any  thing  which  urges  either  the  body  or 
tbe  mind. 

6.  A  putting  in  execution ;  as,  the  en/urcement  of 
law. 

EN-FORCER,  m.  One  who  compels,  constrains,  nr 
urges  ;  one  who  effects  by  violence ;  <Hie  who  carries 
into  eflecL 

EN-FORCING,  ppr.  Giving  force  or  strength  ;  com- 
pelling; urging;  constraining:  putting  in  execution. 

EN-FORM',  c.  £.     To  form  ;  to  fashion.     [See  Form.] 

EN-FOUL'DER-£D,  a.     [Ft.  foudroyer.] 

Mixed  with  lightnine.     [^ot  in  use.]         Spenser. 

EK-FRAN'CHISE, (-cbiz,)  c. L  [frora/mncAtM.]  To 
•et  free  ;  to  liberate  from  slavery.  Bacon. 

2.  To  make  free  of  a  city,  corporation,  or  state  ;  to 
admit  to  the  [Mivileges  of  a  freeman.  The  English 
colonies  were  enfranchised  by  special  charters. 

Dacies,     Hale, 

3.  To  free  or  release  from  custody.  Shak. 
A.  To  naturalize  ;  to  denizen  i  to  receive  as  deni- 
zens ;  ag,  to  enfranchise  foreign  words.            H'atts. 

EN-FRAX'CHIS-ED,  (-chizd.Jijp.  ora.  Set  free;  re- 
leased from  bondage. 

2.  Admitted  to  the  rights  and  privileges  of  free- 
men. 

EN-FRAN'CHiaE-MEXT,  a.  Release  from  slavery 
or  custody.  SAak. 


ENG 

2.  The  admission  of  persons  to  the  fn^edum  of  o 
corporation  or  slate  ;  investtitiire  with  the  privileges 
of  free  citizens;  the  incorporating  uf  a  perrnm  into 
nnv  society  or  IhkIv  )iolilic. 

E.V-FRAX'CHIS-ER,  n.    One  who  enfranchii-eg. 

E.X-FRAN'CIIIS  IXG,  ]'pr.  Setting  fret-  from  slaveri- 
or  custody  ;  admitting  tu  the  rights  and  privileges  of 
denizens  or  frt^c  citizens  in  a  state,  or  to  the  privileges 
of  a  freeman  in  a  coriHtnilion.  CnweU 

EN-FRO'WARU,  c.  £.  To  make  froward  or  per\'erae. 
[/CM  used.]  Saittlys. 

EN-FROZ'K\,  (en-fr6z'n,)  a.  Frozen;  congeiiled. 
r.Vdt  M,*frf.]  Spenser. 

E.N-G.\GE',  r.  L  [Fr.  enirn^er;  en  and  gager,  to  lay, 
to  bet,  to  bin* ;  Ann.  ingagi.    See  Gac;k  and  Wagk.I 

1.  To  make  liable  fur  a  debt  to  a  creditor  ;  to  bind 
one^s  si^lf  AS  surety.  Shak. 

2.  To  pawn  ;  to  stike  ns  a  pledge.  Hadibras, 
X  To  enlist ;  to  bring  into  a  party  :  as,  to  ^w^ai'*" 

men  for  service  ;  to  CH^affe  friends  to  aid  in  a  cause. 

•1.  To  embark  in  an  alVair;  as,  be  nut  hasiy  to  en- 
gage yourself  in  party  disputes. 

6.  To  gain  ;  to  win  and  attach  ;  to  draw  to.  GiH>d 
nature  engaife-s  every  one  to  its  possessor. 

To  vrrrjr  dutj  ha  couKI  mimls  tngagt.  M'at'er. 

6.  To  unite  and  bind  by  contract  or  promise.  Na- 
tions engage  themselves  to  each  other  by  treaty.  The 
young  often  engage  themselves  to  their  sorrow. 

7.  To  attract  and  fix  ;  as,  to  enga-sc  the  attention. 

8.  To  occii|i>  ;  to  employ  assiduously.  We  were 
engaged  in  conversation.  'I'he  uatiuu  is  engaged  in 
war. 

9.  To  attack  in  contest ;  to  encounter.  The  army 
engaged  the  enemy  at  ten  o'clock.  The  captain  en- 
gaaed  the  ship  at  |»oint  blank  distance. 

EN-GAOE',  r.  I.  To  encounter  ;  to  begin  to  fight ;  to 
attack  in  conflict.  The  annies  engaged  at  Marengo 
in  a  general  tmltle. 

2.  To  embark  in  any  business  ;  to  take  a  concern 
In  ;  to  undertake.  He  cautious  not  to  engage  in  con- 
troversy without  indispensable  necessity, 

3.  To  promise  or  pledge  one's  word  ;  to  bind  one's 
self;  as,  a  friend  has  engaged  to  supply  the  necessary 
funds. 

EN  nAtlTD.  pp.  or  n.  Pledged  ;  promised  ;  enlisted  ; 
r  )  '  K  hed  ;  attracted  aiid  fixed  ;  euibarkcd  ; 

t  -yed  ;  zealous. 

'.iimns;  in  architecture^  C(dumn8  sunk 
parUj  into  ilie  wall  to  which  they  are  attached  ;  they 
always  stand  out  at  icast  one  holi*  of  their  thickness. 

Brande-. 
EN-GAG'ED-LY,  ado.   With  earnestness  ;  with  attach- 
ment. 
EN-G.^G'ED-NESS,  a.    The  state  of  being  seriously 
and  earnestly  occupied  ;  zi-al  ;  animation. 

FVtnCs  Masillon.     Panoplist, 
EN-GJSGE'MEXT,  n.    The  aa  uf  pawuing,  pledging, 
or  making  liable  for  debt. 

2.  Obligation  by  agreement  or  contracL  Men  are 
often  more  ready  to  make  engagL-ments  than  to  fulfill 
them. 

3.  Adherence  to  a  party  or  cause ;  partialitv. 

S\cifL 

4.  Occupation  ;  employment  of  the  attention. 

Pi»7,  by  too  long  or    conKant   tTtgageniejtt,  become  like  au 
ciaployiiicni  vT  prulcuiuik.  Hogera. 

5.  Employment  in  fighting  ;  the  conflict  of  armies 
or  fleets  ;  battle ;  a  general  action  ;  apprnpriateltj,  the 
conflict  of  w*hole  annies  or  fleets,  but  applied  to  ac- 
tions between  small  squadrons  or  single  ships,  rarely 
to  a  fight  between  detarhnients  of  Innd  forces. 

6.  Obligation  ;  motive  ;  that  wluch  engages. 

Hammond. 
EN-Ga6'ER,  n.    One  that  entecB  into  an  engagement 

or  agreement. 
EN-GAG'1XG,  pjtr.    Pawning;  making  liable  for  debt ; 
enlisting ;  bringing  into  a  party  or  cause  ;  promising ; 
binding  ;  winning  and  attaching  ;  encountering;  em- 
barking. 

2.  a.  Winning ;  attractive  ;  tending  to  draw  the 
attention  or  tbe  affections ;  pleasing ;  as,  engaging 
manners  or  address. 

Kngatring  and  disengaging  machinery,  is  that  in 
which  one  part  is  alternately  united  to  or  separated 
from  another  part,  as  occasion  may  require. 

J'Cichalson, 
EX-GaG'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  win  the  af- 
fections. 
EX-GAL'L.A.NT,  v.  u    To  make  a  gallant  of.    [JVot 

used.]  B.  Jonson. 

EN-GaOL',  (en-jale'j)  v.  L    To  imprison.     [JVot  used.] 

Sftak. 
EN-GXR'BOfL,  v.  U    To  disorder.     [JCot  in  use.] 
EX-GAR'L.\ND,  p.  t.    To  encircle  with  a  garland. 

Sidney. 
EN-GAR'RI-SON,  r.  t    To  furnish  with  a  garrison  ; 

to  defend  or  protect  by  a  garrison.  Bp.  Hall. 

EN-G.\S'TR1-MUTH,    n.     [Gr.  £».,  yaarna.  and  uti- 

A  venlrilnquisL     Ufot  in  use,] 
EN-^EN'DER,  v.  t.    [Fr.  engendrer ;  Arm.  enguehenta  ; 
Sp.  engendrar  ;  from  the  I*,  gener,  generot  g^nOj  gig- 
no.    See  GzrfERATE.] 


ENG 

1.  To  bf'get  between  the  different  sexes;  Inform 
in  i-nihryo. 

2.  To  produce ;  to  cause  to  exist ;  to  cause  to  bring 
forth.  Sleteors  are  engendered  in  the  ntmospbeie  ; 
worms  are  sometimes  engendered  in  the  stomach  ;  in- 
tempernnce  engenders  fatal  maladies;  angry  words 
enffender  strife. 

EN-6EX'DEtt,  tJ.  1.    To  be  caused  or  produced, 

Tiilck  cliinls  .iiT  tprcnd,  and  ilurma  tngertder  ihrre.    DryiUn. 

F.N-<^E\'1)F.R-KI>,  7»p,    Begotten;  caused;  produced. 
EX  t*;KN'nER-KR,  n.     He  or  that  which  engenders. 
EN-OEX'I)KR-IXG,  ppr,      begetting;  causing  to  be; 

prod  lie  in  g. 
EN-<JILI>',  V.  t.    To  gild  ;  to  brighten.  S/iak. 

EX'GlXE,  (en'jin,)  n.     [Ft.  engtn,-  Sp.  ingento  i  P{;rt. 

engcnho;  Arm.  ingin;  from  L.  tngenium;  so  called 

from  contrivance.] 

1.  In  mechanics,  a  compound  machine,  or  artificial 
instrunuMit,  coin[>osed  of  dilfereiit  parts,  and  inu-nd- 
ed  to  priKluce  some  effect  by  the  help  of  the  mechan- 
ical powers  ;  as  a  pump,  a  windlass,  a  capstan,  a  fire- 
engine,  a  steam-engine. 

2.  A  military  machine,  as  a  battering-ram,  &.c. 

3.  Any  instruuienl;  thai  by  which  any  effect  is 
produced.  An  arrow,  a  sword,  a  niu^kct,  is  an  en- 
gine  of  death. 

4.  A  machine  for  throwing  water  to  extinguish  fire, 
a  fire-engine. 

5.  Means  ;  any  thing  used  to  effect  a  purpose. 

6.  An  agent  for  another  ;  usuaHy  iit  an  Hi  sense. 
EN^I-NEER',  n.     [Fr.  ingenieur.] 

1.  In  the  mtliuiry  art,  a  person  sKJlted  in  mnthemat- 
icfi  and  meehanics,  wbo  forms  plans  of  works  for  of- 
fense or  defense,  and  marks  out  the  ground  fi)r  forti- 
fications. Engineers  are  also  employed  in  delineating 
plans,  and  superintending  the  construction,  of  ottier 
public  works,  as  aqueducts  and  canals.  Ttic  latter 
are  called  civil  engineers, 

2.  One  who  manages  engines,  or  artillery.  Philips, 
EN-GI-NEEK'IXG,  n.  The  business  of  an  engineer. 
EN'GTNE-MAN,  n.  A  man  who  manages  the  engine, 

as  in  steamers  and  steam-cars. 
EX'GINE  RY,  (en'jin-ry,)  n.    The  act  of  managing 
engines,  or  artillery.  JiliUtm. 

2.  Engines  in  gineral ;  instruments  of  war.  J)/(^?i. 

3.  I^fachination.  Skenstone. 
EN-GIRD',  (en  gurd',)  v.  t.     [See  Gihd.]     To  sur- 
round ;  to  encircle  ;  to  encompass.  Shak. 

FN  f'TRT'      ' !  ^'    Surrounded  ;  encompassed. 

EX-GIUD'iNG,  ppr.     Encircling;  surrounding. 

EN'Gl-S€OPE,  rt.    [Gr.  £j  J  us,  near,  and  o«ojr£ai,  to 
see.] 
A  kind  of  microscope  ;  tbe  compound  microscope. 
.     Pritchard. 

EN-GLAD',  V.  L    To  make  glad  ;  to  cause  to  rejoice. 

Skdlon. 

EN-GLAIM'/^D    a.    Furred  ;  clammy.     [JVut  used.] 

EX"GLAND.     See  English, 

EN"GLE,  (eng'gl,)  n.     A  gull ;  a  put ;  a  bubble. 

E.\"GLISir,  (ing'glish,)  a.  [Rax.  Englisc,  from  En- 
glesj  .^nglesf  a  tribe  of  Germans  who  settled  in  Brit- 
ain, and  gave  it  the  name  of  England,  The  name 
seems  to  I«j  derived  from  e««-,  tag,  a  meadow  or  plain, 
a  level  country;  Sax.  ing;  Ice.  einge;  Dan.  eiig; 
Goth,  winga  i  all  which  seem  to  be  the  same  word  as 
the  Sax.  wung,  wong,  a  plain,  and  to  coincide  with 
the  G.  enge^  D.  eng^  W.  ivg,  strait,  narrow,  It.  ango, 
from  the  sense  of  pressing,  depression^  l.iyinp,  which 
gives  the  sense  of  level.  The  English  are  the  de- 
scendants of  the  Inrro'voitcs  of  Tacitus,  De  Mor. 
Germ.  2;  Uiis  name  being  composed  of  ing^  a  plain, 
and  G.  wohncn^  D.  leoonen,  to  dwell.  The  Ingajvones 
were  inhabitants  of  the  level  counlrj-.] 
Belonging  to  England,  or  to  its  inhabitants. 

EN"GL1SH,  71.     The  people  of  England. 

2.  The  language  of  England  or  of  the  Englii'h  na- 
tion, and  of  their  descendants  in  India,  America,  and 
other  countries. 

EN"GLISH,  V.  t.    To  translate  into  the  English  lan- 
guage. Bacon. 

EN"GLISII-£D,  (ing'glisht,)  pp,    Rendertrd  into  En- 
glish. 

EX"GLISH-RY,  n.    The  state  or  privilege  of  heingan 
Englishman.     [JCot  used.\  Cutoel. 

EN-GLOOM',  r.  t     To  make  gloomy. 

EN-GLUT',  V.  t,     [Fr.  engloutir;  L.  glutio.] 

1.  To  swallow.  Shak, 

2.  To  fill ;  to  glut.  Spenser.    Akcham, 
[This  word  is  little  used.     See  Glut.] 

EN-GLUT'TED,  pp.     Glutted  ;  filled. 
EN-GLUT'TIXG,  n;jr.     Glutting. 
EN-GORE',  V.  t     To  pierce  ;  to  gore.     [See  Gore.] 

Spenser. 
EN-GORGE',   (en-gprj',)   v.   U      [Fr.  engorgcr,   from 
gorge,  the  throat.] 

'H)  swallow;  to  devour;  to  gorge;  proprrly,  to 
swallow  with  greediness,  or  in  large  quantities. 

Sprnser, 
EN-GORGE',  (en-go!J',)  u.  t.  To  devour ;  to  feed  with 

eagerness  or  voracity.  Milton. 

EN-GORG'KD,  pp.    Swallowed  with  greediness,  or  in 
large  draughts. 


Fate,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT.— Mf.TE,  PRgV.  — PTXE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


3i'6 


ENG 

E.\-G0R6E'MENT,   (en-gorj'tiient,)  n.     The  act  of 

swallowtiic  freedily  ;  a  devouring  with  voracity. 
EX-GURO'IN'G,  ppr'    Swallowing  with  voracity. 
E.V-GUXi-T',  p.  r.     To  ingraft,  which  see. 
E-N-GRAIL',   r,  L     'Ft.  engrtlcr,  Iroin  gr^/e,  greste^ 

hail.] 
In  heraldry,  to  variegate ;  to  spot,  an  with  h:iil ;  to 

indent  or  make  ragged  at  the  edgeij,  as  if  broken 

with  hail;  to  indent  in  curve  lines. 

Johnsoru     Chapman,     Knajc 
E\-GR;^IL'f:ri,  pp.     Variegated  ;  stKjtted. 
EN-GRAIL'MENT,   n.     The  ring  of  dots  round  the 

edge  of  a  medal.  Brandt, 

EX-GRAIN",   V.  u     rfroraoToin.]     To  dye  in  grain,  or 

in  the  raw  material ;  to  ova  deep. 
EX-GRa[N'£D,   (en-grind',)  pp.     Dyed  in  Uie  grain; 

as,  rn^ained  carpets. 
EX-GRaIN'ING,  ppr.     Dyeing  in  the  grain. 
EN-GRAP'PLE,  r.  (.     [from  ffrapple.]     To  gmpiile  ;  to 

seize  and  hold  ;  to  close  in  and  hoiii  fast,  [rice  Geap- 

PLE,  which  is  generally  used.] 
EN-GRXtJP',   V.  ^     [from   ^a-^p.]     To  seize   with   a 

clasping  hnld  ;  to  hold  fast  by  mclo.-iin^  or  emlirac- 

ing  ;    to    gripe.      [See   GaA^r,   which   is   generally 

used.] 
EX-GRaVE',  r.  L:  prti.  Exoraved;  pp.  Emgraved 

or  E.'*CBATErr.    [Fr.  ^racer;  Sjp.  fp-aJiar;  It.  graffiare i 

VV.  cravu  ;  G.  gruben  ,■  D.  graaveii ;  Gr.  j  pa'put.     tiee 

Grate.] 
LiteraUify  to  scratch  or  scrape.     Hence, 

1.  To  cut,  as  metals,  stones,  or  other  hard  sub- 
stances, Willi  a  chisel  or  graver  ;  to  cut  figures, 
letters,  or  devices,  on  sUjne  or  metal  j  to  mark  by 
incisions. 

Thou  aL\It  9ngrat>e  Ihe  two  •tones  witli  the  narncB  of  Ute  chil- 
dren of  Urael.  — ^.  xxviD. 

9.  To  picture  or  represent  by  incisions. 

3.  To  imprint;  to  impress  deeply  ;  to  infix.  Let 
the  laws  of  God,  and  Uie  principles  of  morality,  be 
engraced  on  the  mind  in  early  years. 

4.  To  bury  ;  to  deposit  in  Uie  grave ;  to  inter ;  to 
inhume.     [A'ct  now  used.']  Spmser. 

EX-GRAV'/:D,  )  pp.  or  a.     Cut  or  marked,  as  with  a 

EX-GRA  V'i.'X,  (  cliisel  or  graver ;  imprinted  ;  deeply 
impressed. 

EN-GRaVE'MEXT,  b.  Engraved  work;  act  of  en- 
gravinc. 

EN-GKAV'ER,  w.  One  who  engraves;  n  cutter  of  let- 
ters, figures,  t<r  devices,  on  stone,  metal,  or  wood  ;  a 
sf  iilpt^ir  ;  a  carver. 

EN-GRAV'ER-y,  «.  The  work  of  an  engraver.  [Lil- 
tU  usedA 

EX-GRAV'IXG,  ppr.  Cutting  or  marking  stones  or 
meiaN  ivilh  a  chisel  or  graver;  imprinting. 

EX-GRAV'IXG,  n.  The  art  of  art  uf  cutting  stones, 
metals,  and  oilier  hard  substances,  and  representing 
thereun  figures,  letters,  cltaraetiTs,  and  devices  ^par- 
ttcalarlij^  the  art  of  producing  figures  or  designs  on 
metal,  ^c,  by  incision  or  cornwion,  fnr  the  pur(>rjseof 
being  Rubseriuenlly  printed  on  pri|>er.  HeberU 

2.  A  print ;  an  impression  from  an  engraved  plate. 
E.N'-GRlKViy,   (en-greev',)   v.U     To  gncve  ;  to  pain. 

r<-...  *;"if-TB.]  Spenser, 

-',   v.t.     [frttm  gross,  or  Fr.  grosgir,  engros- 
vn- i  Pp.  fntn-oaar.     See  Grois.] 
:.  ;  .  .;:urt/y,  to  make  thick  or  gross  ;  to  thicken. 
[Aoi  Fitur  used.}  Speiuer, 

2.  To  make  larger ;  to  increase  in  bulk.  [JVot  ttited.] 

fVottun. 

3.  To  neize  in  the  grow ;  to  take  the  whole ;  as, 
worldly  cares  engross  the  attention  nf  must  men,  but 
neither  buMin<iss  nor  amusement  should  engross  our 
whol«  time. 

4.  To  purchase,  with  a  view  lo  sell  again,  either 
the  whole  or  large  quantities  of  commofliii«^s  in  mar 
ktt,  for  the  pur|t«we  of  making  a  profit  by  enhancing 
the  price.  F^grosning  does  n»>t  ni-ccssnrily  imply  Ihe 
purchase  of  the  whole  of  any  commodity,  but  such 
quantities  as  to  raise  the  price,  by  diminishing  llie 
supplies  In  open  market,  and  Uking  advant-ige  of  an 
increat^ed  demand. 

5.  To  copy  in  a  larcre  hand  ;  to  write  a  fair,  correct 
copy  in  large,  or  distinct,  Ugihle  chamciers,  for  pres- 
ervation or  duration,  as  records  of  public  acts,  on  pa- 
per or  i»arrhiMenL 

6.  To  take  or  asstime  in  undue  quantities  or  de- 
grees ;  as,  lo  engross  power. 

EN-GROHS'i-JD,  ^en-grflst',)  pp.  or  a.  Mad^  thick  ;  ta- 
ken in  the  whole  ;  purchjised  in  large  quantities,  for 
sale  ;  written  in  large,  fair  characters. 

EX-GUOf'ri'ER,  B.  He  or  that  which  tnkes  the  whole; 
a  j>er»>on  who  purchases  the  whole,  or  such  quantities 
or  ariirliis  in  a  market  as  to  raise  the  price. 

"2.  One  who  copies  a  writing  in  large,  fair  charac- 
ters. 

EX-GROSS'IXG,  ppr.     Taking  the  whole;   buying 
coniiiiMdities  in  such  quantities  as  to  raise  the  price 
in  markeL 
2.  Writing  correct  copies  in  large,  fair  characters. 

EN-GRC.SS'1XG,  n.  The  copying  of  a  writing  in  fair 
and  legible  characters. 

2.  The  buying  up  of  large  quantities  of  a  commod- 
ity in  order  to  raise  the  price.  Brands. 


ENJ 

EX-GKOSS'MENT,  n.     The  act  of  engrossing ;  the 

act  of  taking  the  whole. 
•2,  The  appropriation  of  things  in  the  gross,  or  in 

exorbitant  quantities  ;  exorbitant  acquisition.  Sicijt. 
EX-GUARD',   r.  U     [See  Guard.]     To  guard  ;  to  de- 
fend. Sfuik. 
EX-GULF',  r.  t    To  absorb  or  swallow  up  in  a  gulf. 
EN-GULF'/J3,  (-pulfl',) /jp.     Absorbed  or  swallowed 

up  in  a  whirlpool,  or  in  a  deep  abyss  or  gulf. 
EX-GL'LF'IXG,  ;>/;r.     Swallowing  up  in  a  whirlpool 

or  abyss. 
EX-GULF'MEXT,  n.  An  absorption  in  a  gulf,  or  deep 

cavern  or  vortt-x. 
EX-HAXCE',  (en-hlns',)  r.  U    [Xorm.  enhauncer,  from 

hauttctTy   to  raise.     Q.u.  Norm,  cnhauce^  haul,  hautzy 

high.] 

1.  To  raise  ;  to  lift  ;  applied  to  material  things  by 
Spenser,  but  this  application  is  entirely  obsolete. 

2.  To  raise  ;  lo  advance  ;  to  highicn  ;  applied  to 
price  or  value.  War  enhances  the  price  of  provisions  ; 
it  enhances  rents,  and  the  value  of  lands. 

'i.  To  raise  ;  applied  to  qualities,  qnantitn,  pleasures, 
enjoyments,  ice  Pleasure  is  enJianccd  by  the  ditficulty 
of  obtaining  it. 

4.  To  increase. ;  to  aggravate.  The  guilt  of  a  crime 
may  be  enhanced  by  circumstances, 

EX-IU.VCE',  (en-hilns',)  v.  L  To  hq  raised;  to 
swell ;  to  prow  larger.  A  debt  enhances  rapidly  by 
compound  interest. 

EX-llAXC'i:D,  (en-hinst'j)  pp.  or  a.  Raised  ;  ad- 
vanced ;  hi^htened  ;  increased. 

EN-HAXCE'.MEXT,  n.  Rise;  increase;  augmenta- 
tion ;  as,  the  enhancement  of  value,  price,  enjoyment, 
pleasure,  beauty. 

2.  Increase  ;  aggravation  ;  as,  the  enhancement  of 
evil,  grief,  puuislunent,  guilt,  or  crime, 

EX-HXXC'EU,  n.  One  who  enhances;  he  or  that 
which  raises  price,  &c, 

EX-IIAXC'IXG,  ;;pn  Raising;  increasing;  augment- 
ing ;  aggravating. 

EX-HAR'BOR,  c.  i.    To  dwell  in  or  inhabit. 

Brotcne. 

EX-IIARD'£N,  r.  t.    To  harden  ;  to  encourage. 

Howell, 

EX-irXR-MOX'ie,  a,  [from  harmonie,  harmony.]  In 
mtLsic,  an  epithet  applied  to  such  j>ieccs  of  composi- 
tion ax  proceed  on  very  siiiall  inti-rvals,  or  smaller 
intervals  than  the  diatonic  and  chromatic.     Encyc. 

E-NIG'MA,  n.  [L.  tenigniai  Gr.  attt^fia,  from 
ati-KToofiai,  lo  hint.] 

A  dark  saying,  in  which  some  known  thing  is  con- 
cealed under  obscure  language ;  an  obscure  ques- 
tion ;  a  riddle.  A  question,  saying,  or  painting,  con- 
taining a  hidden  meaning,  which  is  proposed  lo  be 
guessed.  Johnson.     Encyc. 

E-XlG-MAT'ie,  \a.     Relating  to  or  containing  a 

E-XIG-MAT'I€-AL,  i      riddle;    obscure;   darkly  ex- 
pressed ;  ambiguous. 
9.  ObHCur*'ly  conceived  or  aj>preliended. 

E-XIG-MAT'IC-AL-LY,  ado.  In  an  obscure  manner; 
in  a  fU'iise  difierent  frimi  that  wJiich  the  words  in 
common  acceptation  imply. 

E-XIG'MA-TIST,  rt.  A  maker  or  dealer  in  enigmas 
and  riddles.  Jlddison. 

E-XIG'MA-TIZE,  r.  i.  To  utter  or  fonn  enigmas  ;  to 
deal  in  riddles. 

E-XIG-.MA-TOG'RA-PHY,  \  n.     [Gr.    aivi^pn,   and 

E-XIG-M.\-T0L'0-6Y,       j      y^wpui^ot  Aojoj.] 

The  art  of  making  riddles;  or  the  art  of  solving 
them. 

EX-JAIL',  c.  (.     To  put  into  jail.  Smart, 

EX-JOIX',  V.  t.  [ Fr.  enjvindre  ;  en  and  joindre,  to  join  : 
]l.  ingiugnere  i  h.  in jungo  ;  in  and  jun go.  (HeeJoirt.) 
We  observe  that  the  primary  sense  of  jwm  is  to  set, 
extend,  or  lay  to,  to  throw  to  or  on  ;  otherwise,  the 
senst^  of  order  or  command  could  not  spring  from  it. 
To  etijiiin,  is  to  set,  ur  lay  to,  or  on.] 

1.  To  order  or  direct  with  urgency;  lo  admonish, 
or  instruct  with  authority  ;  to  rotnmand.  Says  John- 
son,'* This  word  is  more  authoritative  than  dir«(,  and 
less  inip<:riuus  ilian  command."  It  has  the  force  of 
pressing  admonition  with  a<ithority  ;  ns,  a  parent  en- 
joins on  his  children  the  duty  of  obedience.  Hut  it 
"has  also  the  sense  of  command;  as,  the  duties  en- 
joined  by  God  in  the  moral  law, 

2.  In  lam,  to  forbid  judicially ;  to  issue  or  direct 
a  legal  injunction  to  stop  proceedings. 

Tliw  b  It  lull  to  enjoin   tiia  (lafdiidiuitj  from   I'.Ulurl'iiif;   the 
plaLtililli.  Keia. 

EXJOIX'KI),  pp.  Ordered;  directed;  admonished 
with  authority  ;  commanded. 

EN-JOIN'KR,  n.     One  who  enjoins. 

RN-JOI\'IXG,m»r.     Ordering;  directing.      Broion. 

EX-JOIX'MEXT,  «.  Direction;  command;  authori- 
tative admonition. 

EX-JOy,  r.  t.  IFr.jouirf  Arm.  joiufziij  !t  gioire. 
See  Jot.] 

1.  To  feel  or  perceive  with  pleasure  ;  to  take  pleas- 
ure or  satisfaction  in  the  pusnessidn  or  ex[>erience  of. 
We  enjity  the  dainties  of  a  feast,  the  conversation  of 
friends,  and  our  own  meditations. 

I  could  m/oy  the  p.-xngi  of  deiith, 

Aiwl  •mile  in  ngrn\y.  Additon. 


ENL 

2.  To  possess  with  satisfaction  ;  to  take  pleasure  ot 
delight  in  the  possession  of. 

Tbou  stmll  be^l  •oiiB,  but  thou  ahtUt  not  tr^oy  them.  —  Dfut. 

xxviii. 

3.  To  have,  possess,  and  use  with  satisfaction  ;  to 
have,  hold,  or  occupy,  as  a  good  or  profitable  thing, 
or  as  something  desirable.  We  enjoy  a  free  constitu- 
tion and  inestimable  privileges. 


The  IaihI  nhail  eryoy  her  Salibatiii.  —  Ley.  xxtI. 

To  enjoy  one\f  se^,  is  lo  feel  pleasure  or  satisfaction 
inone^sown  mind,  or  to  relish  tlic  pleasures  in  which 
one  partakes  ;  lo  be  happy. 

EN-JOY',  ».  u    To  live  in  happiness.     [Unusual.'] 

Mdton. 

EXJOY'A-BLE,  o.     Capable  of  being  enjoyed.  Pope. 

EX  JOY'£D,  pp.  Perceived  witii  pleasnre  or  satisfac- 
tion ;  possessed  or  used  with  pleasure ,  occupied 
with  content. 

EX-JOY' ER,  n.     One  who  enjoys. 

EX-JOY'ING,  ppr.  Feeling  witli  pleasure;  possessing 
with  satisfaction. 

EX-JO Y'M EXT,  n.  Pleasure;  satisfaction;  agreeable 
sensations  ;  fruition. 

2.  Ptissession  with  satisfaction  ;  occupancy  of  any 
tiling  good  or  desirable  ;  as,  the  enjoyment  of  an  es- 
tate ;  the  enjoyment  of  civil  and  religions  privileges. 

EN-KIX'DLE,  r.  (.  [from  kmdleA  'i'o  kindle  ;  to  set 
on  fire  ;  to  intlanie  ;  as,  to  enkindle  sparks  into  a 
flame.  In  this  lit);rat  sense,  kindle  is  generally  used. 
2.  To  excite;  to  rouse  into  action;  to  inflame; 
aa,  to  enkindle  IUg  passiuns  into  a  flame;  to  enkindle 
zeal ;  to  enkindle  war  or  discord,  or  the  Haines  of 
war. 

EN-KIX'DLKD,  pp.  Set  on  fire ;  inflamed ,  roused 
into  action  ;  excited. 

EX-KIX'DLIXG_,  ppr.  Setting  on  fire;  inflaming; 
rousing ;  exciting. 

EN-LACE'.     See  Inlack. 

EX-LARD',  V,  U  To  cover  with  lard  or  grease;  to 
baste.  Shak, 

EX-LA  RD'En,pp      Basting  with  lard. 

EN-LARI»'1XG,  ppr.     Greasing. 

EN-LA  KG E',  (en-lirj')  v.  t.  [from  large.]  To  make 
greater  in  quantity  or  dimensions  ;  to  extend  in  lim 
its,  breadth,  or  size  ;  lo  expand  in  bulk.  Every  man 
desires  to  enlarge  his  possessions ;  the  prince,  his 
dominions  ;  and  the  landholder,  his  farm.  The  body 
is  enlarged  hy  nutrition,  and  a  gotpd  man  rejoices  to 
enlarge  the  sphere  of  bis  benevolence. 

Gud  fthall  enlarge  J^phel.  —Gen.  Ix, 

2.  To  dilate ;  to  expand,  as  with  joy  or  love. 

0  ye  Corimhiiin*,  our  month  ii  open  lo  joa,  our  h'-nrt  is  en- 
targed,  St.  Paul. 

3.  To  expand  ;  to  make  more  comprehensive. 
Science  enlarges  the  mind. 

4.  To  increase  in  appearance;  to  magnify  to  the 
eye,  as  by  a  glass. 

5.  To  set  at  liberty ;  to  release  from  confinement 
or  pressure.  Sluik. 

6.  'J*o  extend  in  a  discourse ;  to  diffuse  in  elo- 
quence. 

They  eiilarged  thniwclvejoii  thii  luhjeel.  Clarettdon. 

In  tliis  application,  the  word  is  generally  intransl 
live. 

7.  To  augment ;  to  increase ;  lo  make  large  or 
larger,  in  a  general  sense ;  a  word  of  general  ai»pUca- 
tion. 

To  enlarge  the.  heart,  may  signify  to  open  and  ex- 
pand in  goiHi  will ;  to  make  free,  liberal,  and  charita- 
ble. 

ENLARGE',  (en-liirj',)  v.  i.  To  prow  Jnrge  or  larger; 
to  extend  ;  to  dilate  ;  to  expand.  A  plant  enlarges 
by  growth  ;  an  estate  enlarges  hy  gotxl  management; 
a  Volume  of  air  enlarges  by  rarefaction. 

2.  To  be  <lifl'use  in  speaking  or  writing;  to  expa- 
tiate.    I  might  enlarge  on  this  topic. 

a   To  cxiiL'Serite.  Sw\fl, 

EN-I*XRG'/iD,  pp.  or  a.  Increased  in  bulk  ;  extended 
in  dimensions  :  expanded;  dilated;  augmented  ;  re- 
leased from  confinement  or  straits. 

EN-LARG'ED-LY,rt(iu.    With  enlargement. 

Jilountagu. 

EN-LARGE'MEXT,  ti.  Increase  of  size  or  bulk, 
real  or  apparent ;  extension  of  <lim<insion8  or  limits  ; 
augmentation  ;  dilatation  ;  expansion.  The  eularso- 
mrnt  of  bulk  may  be  by  accri^tiun  or  addition  ;  of  di- 
mensions, by  spreading,  or  by  additions  to  length  and 
breadth  ;  of  a  sum  or  amount,  by  addition,  collection, 
or  accumulation. 

2.  Expansion  or  extension,  applied  to  the  mind,  to 
knowledge,  or  to  the  inteltertual  powers,  by  which 
the  mind  comprehends  a  wider  range  of  ideas  or 
thougtit. 

3.  Expansion  of  the  heart,  by  which  it  becomes 
more  hitievolent  and  charitable. 

4.  Release  from  confinement,  servitude,  distress, 
or  stniits.     Esther  iv.  Skak. 

5.  Difl'usiveness  of  speech  or  writing  ;  an  expa- 
tiating on  a  particular  subject ;  a  wide  range  of  dis- 
course or  argumenL  Clarendon. 


TOXE,  BULL,  TJNrrE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOIJ8.-e  as  K }  0  ns  J }  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  811;  TH  as  in  TIHS. 


ENN 

EN-L\R*5'EK»  «.  He  or  that  which  cnlEurEcs,  increas- 
es, oM.nJs,  or  ex|ianti5  ;  an  ani[»lifier.  Bnjien. 

EX-1  •  '■-'•  'V-;  "pn-.  Incrco-^inft  in  bulk;  extending 
ill  .\paDding;  making  free  or  libenl ; 

?!>■  ■.  ily. 

EN"-L.A.*v.  ..%^.,  H.    EulargemrnL 

EN-UGIIX',  (,en4lte',)  v.  L    To  illuminate ;  to  en- 
lighten. /*«»?<• 
:<....  !'«,  ,.-..Y^s.    EnLioHT  is  rarelv  used.] 

EN  !  '  n-lit'nO  r.  (.     [from  tight ;  bax.  «- 

Uh' 

1 ;;bt ;  to  shed  light  on ;  to  supply  with 

light  i  to  illumiuate  i  as,  the  sun  emtigMUMs  the  earth. 

Ib*liChudn£««M.Vib»MrfUM  woftd.  — E^  zerft, 

Sl  To  quicken  in  the  faculty  of  riaion ;  to  enable 
to  Mfl  more  clearly. 

JvoMtima**  ej9*  —  w*n  e^gliUntd.  ~  I  Shun  idr. 
X  To  ^va  liftht  to  ;  to  give  clearer  rtewa  ;  to  illu- 
minate ;  to  in^nict ;  to  enable  to  see  or  comprehend 
truth  :  as,  to  enligkUM  the  mind  or  understanding. 

4.  To  illumiuate  with  divine  knowledge,  ur  a 
knowledge  (^  the  truth. 

TIkm  «ho  w«n  OMB  «iaiflkma^  —  Bf b  i\. 

EX-LIOHT'EN-CTl,  (en-Kt'nd,)  j»;».  or  «.  Rendered 
light ;  illuminated  ;  instructed  :  informed ;  (Urubbed 
with  clear  vit-w*. 

E\-LT':irr'EN-ER,(cn-m'n-crO  a.  One  who  illumi- 
natf* :  h-*  or  (hit  which  coniinunicatcs  light  to  the 
r\    .  \V3  to  the  mind.  Milton. 

EVl  ^'^J,  (en-Iit'n-ing,)p;»r.  or  a.    Illumi- 

nu:  -  ii'hi  to;  inslniciing. 

EN-l-i'«ii  i  r -N  'lE.VT,  ■.  .Act  of  enlightening;  stale 
of  brine  enlightened  or  infttrurted. 

E>'-LI.\K',  c.  L  [ftora  Unk.]  To  chain  to;  to  con- 
nect SJtak. 

EX-LIST',  r.  L  [See  List.]  To  enroll ;  to  register  ; 
to  enlc*T  a  name  on  a  list. 

5.  To  engage  in  public  srvice,  b}*  rnlcring  the 
name  in  a  regirtcr  ;  a?,  an  officer  ealistji  men. 

X  fn  a  teutrr  senje,  lo  unite  firmly  to  a  cause  ;  to 
employ  in  advancing  some  interest ;  as,  lo  enlist  per- 
siiu^  of  all  clones  in  the  cause  of  tnith. 

EX-LIST',  c.  L  To  cneagi:  in  pnhlic  service,  b)'  sub- 
arribing  articles,  or  enrullnig  one's  name. 

2.  In  <  ri'ier  .t^Hse^  to  enter  heartily  into  a  cause, 
as  one  tif  vrted  to  its  interr.<t*. 

EX-LIST'ED,  pp.  Enrolled  for  service,  chiefly  mili- 
t»r>*. 

E\-LI-'*T'IXI5,  m>r.     Enrolling  for  service. 

EX-LI:?T'ME.VT,  n.     The  act  of  enlisting. 

2.  The  writing  by  which  a  soldier  is  iKMiBd. 
EX-LTVE',  r.  £.    To  animate.    LVot  umd,) 
EX-LTvav,  fcn-Ilv'n,)  c.  l    [from  l\fe,  in*,]    LiUr- 

aUy,  to  givr  liiV.     Hence, 

L  To  give  action  or  motion  to ;  to  make  Tigonua 
or  active  ;  to  excite  ;  a<i,  fresh  fuel  enlitfou  a  fire. 

S.  To  give  spirit  or  vivacity  to;  to  animate;  to 
make  f prighlly.  Sortnl  mirth  and  gixid  humor  ntiiBCA 
com[>any  ;  they  eulirm  the  dull  and  gloomy. 

3.  To  make  cheerful,  gav,  or  jovous. 
EX-LIV'i;X-/:n,  (en-liVml,)  pp.    >lade  more  active  ; 

esclt.^d  ;  animated  ;  made  cheerful  or  gay. 
EX-LTV'EN-ER,  n.     He  or  that   which   enlivens  or 

animat.'!* ;  h?  «>r  that  %vhich  invignrati-s. 
EX-LtV'/;\-IX»3,  ppr.  or  a.     Giving  life,  spirit,  or 

antinatiun  ;  inspiriting;  invigorating ;  making  viva- 

ci«m>«,  sprightly,  or  cheerful. 
EX-LO'ML\E,r.  t.    To  ifluinine;  to  enlighten.    [Sec 

the  latter  word^J 
EX-MA R'DLE,  e.  L     To  make  hard  as  marble;  to 

harden.  Spenser, 

EN-MARRLrn.  pp.     Hard-ned.  HatL 

EX-MARBLlX^i,  ppr.     -Making  hard  like  marble. 
£LY  .VAS!yE',   (in^-ioisi,')    [Fr.]     In    the  mass    or 

whiJe  body. 
EX-ME?H',  0.L    ffrorassesA.)    Tonet;  toentangle; 

lo  entrap.  Siu^ 

EX'MI-TV,  It.     ^Fr.  iniMitie  ;  ia  and  amiiU^  friendship, 

amity.    See  E>emt.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  an  enemy  ;  t|je  opposit*  of 
friendship ;  ill-will ;  hatrt  d  ;  unfriendly  dispositions ; 
malev«}lence.  It  expresses  more  than  orer^ien,  and 
less  than  su/iirc,  and  differs  frum  displeasure^  in  de- 
noting a  fixed  or  rooted  hatred,  whereas  dupteasitre 
is  more  transient. 

I  w31  put  ffmnite  bfHrprn  thor  and  Ur  womeui. — Oen.  ffl. 
Tbeeuaal  auad  ■  taoH^  a£«ioaC  OotL — Runuviu. 

2.  A  state  of  oppoaition. 

The  frieacbWp  cf  Om  vorid  m  rrmmtf  vitb  God.  — Jainn  W. 

EX-MOS5'£D,  (en^no?t',)  a.    Covered  with  moss. 
EX-XE-A-€OX-T.\-He'DRAL,  a.      [Gr.  i^t-cvriKoyTa 
and  Ufit.] 

Having  ninety  faces.  Cleavdand. 

EX'XE-A-GOX,  a.  [Gr.  cyyca,  nine,  and  }^a>f(a,  an 
angle.] 

In  geometry,  a  polygon  or  plane  figure,  with  nine 
■ides  or  nine  angles. 
EN-XE-.\X'DRl-,\,  It    [Gr.  cwiay  nine,  and  anip,  a 
inale.1 

In  Mani/j  a  class  of  plants  having  nine  stamens. 

Liniupus. 


END 


S-XE  A  rET'AL-OUS,  a.      [Gr. 


nine  stamena. 
cvviaj  nine,  and 


EX  \K  AX'DRI-AX, 

EX 

EX 

KtTa\nvy  a  leaf. 
Having  nine  petals  or  flower-leaves. 
EX  VF  \T'lf  ) 

ex-ne'at'u'ai.,  i *   ["''•  "■■'"'•  """^5 

Rnnentical  days^  are  every  ninth  day  of  a  disease. 
EHneatieal  years^  are  every  ninth  year  uf  a  man's  life. 

Joknson, 
EX-XEW,  r.  t.    To  make  new.    [JS'ot  in  use.]  SkeUoiu 
KX-NCBLE,  V.  f.     [Yx.tnnahhr.     See  Noslk.] 

1.  To  make  noble ;  to  raise  to  nubility ;  as,  to  ea- 
liable  a  commoner. 

2.  To  dignify  ;  to  exalt ;  to  aggrandize  ;  to  elevate 
in  degrve,  quaiilies,  or  excellence. 

W  hat  cin  tnnohlt  lou,  or  tiavea,  or  coikimli  i  Pope, 

3.  To  make  famous  or  illustrious.  Bacon. 
EX-XO'UL£L>,  pp.     Raised  lo  the  rank  of  nubility  ; 

dignified  ;  exulted  in  raiik,  excellence,  or  value. 
EX-NO'BLE-MEXT,  a.    The  act  of  advancing  lo  no- 
bility. Bacon. 
3.  Exaltation;  elevation  in  degree  or  exc^'llence. 

EX-NO'BLIXG,  ppr.  or  o.    Advancing  to  tlic  rank  of 

a  nobleman  ;  exalting;  dignifying. 
EJ^-JCUVy  (Sng-we',)  n.      [Fr.   weariness ;    FL  nota, 
whence  notary,  annoiare^  to  tire,  tu  vex,  Fr.  enHuxjer. 
CIxss  Xg.] 

DiiUiieiw  of  spirit,  languor,  or  uneasiness,  connect- 
ed with  a  feeling  of  distu^l. 
EX-0-n.\'TIOX,  n.    [L.  enodatio^  from  cnvdoy  to  clear 
from  knots  ;  e  and  noduj!^  a  knot.] 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  clearing  of  knots,  or  of 
untying. 
*2.  t^olutton  of  a  difRculty.     [Little  iwcrf.] 
E-XODE',  a.     [L.  enotlis:  e  and  nodus,  knot.] 

In  hotany^  uestitute  of  kni»ts  or  juints  ;  knutlcss. 
E  XODE',  r.  L     [L.  tnodo,  e  and  nodtis^  a  knot.] 

To  clear  of  knots ;  lo  make  clear. 
E-XCiD'ED,  pp.    Cleared  of  knoU. 
E-X61)'[XG,  ppr.    Making  clear  of  knots. 
E^XOSrO-TXRCH,  a.    The  commander  of  an  enom- 

oty.  Miiford. 

E-XOM'O-TY,  M.  [Gr.  cvwpoTia;  iv  and  opwpty  lo 
swear.] 

In  Ijuedemon^  anciently,  a  body  of  soldiers,  sup- 
posed to  be  thirty-two;  but  the  precise  number  is 
uncertain.  Mttford. 

E-XORM',  a.     [AW  used.]     See  Enormous. 
E-XOU'MI-TV,  n.     [L.  enonnitas.']     See  E-cobhous. 
I.  Literaily^  the  transgression  uf  a  rule,  or  devia- 
tion from  riKhl.     Hence,  any  wrong,  irregular,  vi- 
cious, or  sinful  act,  either  in  government  or  murals. 

Wc  riuJ)  cpBAk  of  Uie  tnarwtSet  </  iIk  guverumeiit.     Sntnttr. 
T^an  Uw  will  oot  mlnin  liir  rnonmt^.  Hooker. 

S.  AtnKious  crime ;  flagitious  villainy ;  a  crime 
which  exceeds  tlie  conim<»h  measure.  Stcift. 

3.  Alruciousness ;  excessive  degree  of  crime  or 
guilt.     Punishment  should    be  proportioned   to  the 
rmrrmitn  of  the  crime. 
E-XOR'MOUS,  a.  ^L.  enormis  :  e  and  norma,  a  rule,] 

1.  Going  beyond  the  usual  measure  or  rule. 

Knormotts  in  their  ^t.  Milton. 

2.  Excursive;  beyond  the  limits  of  a  regular  fSgure. 

The  enormous  put  of  tiie  li^l  ia  the  circumTcrence  of  eveiy 
Iiiciil  ix>iiit.  Newton.  • 

3.  Great  l>eyond  the  common  measure  ;  excessive ; 
as,  enormous  crime  or  guilt. 

4.  Exceeding,  in  bulk  or  hight,  the  common 
measure  ;  as,  an  enormotLs  form  ;  a  man  of  enormous 
size. 

5h  Irregular  ;  confused  ;  disordered  ;  unusual.  SkaJc. 

E-NOR'M0US~LY,  ode.  Excessively;  beyond  meas- 
ure ;  as,  an  opinion  enormously  absurd. 

E-XOR'M0L*S-XESS,  n.  The  sLite  of  being  enor- 
mous or  excessive  ;  greatness  beyond  measure. 

E-NOUGH',  (e-nuf,)  a.  [Sax.  genog^  geitoh  ;  Goth. 
ganah;  G.  genugj  gnug ;  \^.  genotg  ;  Sw.  nog;  Dan. 
nok;  ?ax.  genogan ;  to  multiply  ;  G.  genYtgen^  to  sat- 
isfy ;  I),  gmoegen,  to  satLsfy,  please,  content.  The 
Sv^cdes  and  Danes  drop  the  prefix,  as  tlie  Danes  do 
in  nocgfT,  to  gnaw.  This  word  may  be  the  lieb. 
Ch.  ^yr.  Sam.  and  Elh.  nia,  to  rest,  to  be  quiet,  or 
satistied.     Class  Xg,  Xo.  14.] 

That  satisfies  desire,  or  gives  content ;  t!iat  may 
answer  the  purpose ;  that  is  adequate  to  the  wants. 

sty  Kivt,  We  )\»Lrt  Btraw  anii  prorpnder  e*»ori »A.  — (Icn.  xxir. 
How  nun/  hiied  KrranU  of  my  &(bcr  bare  tireail  tnough  aod 
to  ap»f^  !  —  Luke  Xt. 

jV'bte.  —  This  word,  in  vulgar  language,  is  some- 
times placed  before  its  noun,  like  must  other  adjec- 
tives. But  in  elegant  discourse  or  composition,  it 
always  follows  the  noun  to  which  it  refers ;  as, 
bre-id  enoughs  money  enough, 
E-XOUGH',  (e-nuf,)  n.  A  sufficiency  ;  a  quantity  of 
a  thing  which  satisfies  desire,  or  is  adequate  to  the 
wanraT  We  have  enough  of  this  sort  of  cloth. 

Arid  Ewiu  aaid,  I  have  enough,  my-brothw. — Gf-n.  zxxiii. 
Ura^  ui.1,  h  ia  enough ;  Jux.pb  ia  yet  alive.       Oca.  xlr. 

2.  That  which  is  equal  to  the  powers  or  abilities. 
He  had  enough  to  do  to  take  care  of  himself. 


ENR 

E-XOUGH',  ^e-nuf)  adv.  Sufficiently  ;  in  a  quantity 
or  degree  ttiiit  satisfies,  or  is  equal  to  the  desires  ijr 
wants. 

The  lami,  behold,  it  ia  targe  tnoufh  for  them.  —  Oen.  zxxiv. 
Ye  have  dwelt  lung  enough  in  lliii  mount.  —  Dout.  1. 

9.  Fully;  quite;  denoting  a  slight  augmentation 
of  the  positive  degree.  He  is  ready  enongh  to  em- 
brace the  ulfer.  It  is  pleasant  enough  lo  consider  the 
different  notions  of  different  men  respecting  the 
same  thing. 

3.  Sometimes  it  denotes  diminution,  delicately  ex- 
pressing rather  less  than  is  desired  ;  such  a  quantity 
or  degree  as  cumtiiands  acquiescence,  ralJier  than 
full  satisfaction  ;  as,  the  sung  or  the  performance  is 
well  enough. 

4.  An  exclamation  denoting  sufficiency.  Enough^ 
enough!  I'll  hear  no  mure. 

E-X^OOXCE,  (e-nouns',)  r.  e.  [Fr.  enoneer;  L.  enun- 
do  :  e  and  nuncio,  to  declare.] 

To  utter  ;  to  pronounce  ;  to  declare.     [Little  used.'] 

Horacley. 

E-XOITXC'KD,  pp.     Uttered  ;  pronounced. 

E-XOUNCE'MEXT,  n.    Act  or  enouncing. 

E-XOLTXC'ING,  pyrr.     Uttering;  pronouncing. 

E-XOW,  the  old  pluml  of  enough^  is  nearly  uhsolote. 

E.S'  PAS'S  AjYT,  (ing-pia'siing,)  [Fr.]  In  passing; 
by  the  way. 

EX-PIkRCE'.    See  Empiebci:. 

EX-UUICK'£X,  V.  U  To  quicken;  to  make  alive. 
\J^ot  tt.ted.] 

EX-UUTRE' ;  more  properly  IrrttuiRs,  which  see,  and 
its  derivatives. 

EN-RA(;E',  v.  U     To  implant     [JVoe  med.]  Spenser. 

EX-RAOE',  V.  t.     [Fr.  enragcr.    See  Raoe.] 

To  excite  rage  in  ;  to  exasperate  ;  to  provoke  to 
fury  or  madnctrs  ;  to  make  furious. 

EX-K.Aii'/;D,  (en-rajd',)  pp.  or  a.  Made  furious  ;  exas- 
pt-rated  ;  provoked  to  madness. 

E.N-R  AC 'IXG,  ppr.  Exasperating  ;  provoking  to  mad- 
ness. 

EX-RAXGE',  *.  t  To  put  in  order;  to  rove  over. 
[JSTol  in  u.ie.]  Spenser. 

EX-RAXK',  V.  t.    To  place  in  ranks  or  order.    Sftak, 

EX-RAXK'/^D,  pp.     Placed  in  a  rank  ur  in  nmks. 

EX-RAXK'IXG,  ppr.     Placing  in  a  rank. 

EX-RAPT',  pp.  or  a.     Carried  or  borne  away  with 
overpowering  emotion  ;  in  an  ecstasy.    [Partic] 
S/iak.     hich.  OicU 

EX-RAP'TTJRE,  r.  U  [from  rapture]  'i'o  transport 
with  pli-!isurc  ;  to  delight  beyond  measure. 

EX-RAP'TIIR-£D,  (en-mpt'yurd,)  pp.  ur  a.  Trans- 
jKirted  with  |ile:isiire;  highly  deliglit'd. 

EX-RAP'TL;R-IXti,  pftr.  or  a.  Transporting  with 
pleasure;  highly  delighting. 

EX-RAVISH,  V.  t.  ffniin  ravi-ih.]  Te  throw  into 
ecstiisv  ;  Ui  transport  with  delijjht ;  to  enrapture. 

EX-RA  V'ISH-A'I),  (en-rav'islit,);;p  Transported  with 
delight  or  pleasure  ;  enraptured. 

EX-RAVlSIMXG,ppr.  oro.  Throwing  into  ecstasy; 
highlv  <lelii;hting. 

EX-RA  V'ISIi-IXG-LY,  adv.  So  as  to  throw  into  ec- 
stasy. 

EX-RAV'ISII-MEXT,  tu     Ecstasy  of  delight ;  rapture. 

OiaHcillc, 

EX-REG'IS-TER,  v.  t.     [Fr.  enregistrer.] 

To  register  ;  to  enroll  or  recura.  Spenstr. 

EX-REG'IS-TER-/;0,  pp.     Entered  in  a  roll. 

EX  RE(!i'IS-TER-LNG,  »pr.     Enrolling;  recording. 

EX-RHEOM',  (en-rume',J  v.  i.     [Fr.  enrhumer.] 
To  have  rheum  thniugh  cold.     [JVot  in  iwc] 

EN-RICH',  V.  t.     [Fr.  enrichir,  from  ric/tc,  rich.] 

I.  To  make  rich;  wealthy  or  opulent ;  to  supply 
with  abundant  property.  Agriculture,  commerce, 
and  manufactures  enrich  a  nation.  War  and  plun- 
der seldom  enrich,  more  generally  they  impoverish, 
a  country.  • 

a.  To  fertilize;  to  supply  with  the  nutriment  of 
plants  and  render  productive;  as,  to  cju-icA  land  by 
manures  or  irrigation. 

3.  To  store  ;  to  supply  with  an  abundance  of  any 
thing  desirable;  as,  to  enrich  the  mind  with  knowl- 
edge, science,  or  useful  observations. 

4.  To  supply  with  any  thhig  splendid  or  urnamen- 
til ;  us,  to  enrich  a  painting  wilii  elegant  drapery; 
to  rnrich  a  poem  or  oration  with  striking  metaphors 
or  images  ;  to  enrich  a  garden  with  flowers  or  shrub- 
bery. 

EX-RICH'ED,(en-richt',>pp.  Made  rich  or  wealthy  ; 
fertilized  ;  supplied  with  that  which  is  desirable,  uso- 
ftil,  or  ornamental. 

EX-RICH'ER,  n.     One  that  enriches. 

EX-RICH'IXG,  ppr.  Making  opulent  ;  fertilizing  ; 
supplying  with  what  is  splendid,  useful,  or  orna- 
mental. 

EX-RICH'MEXT,  n.  Augmentation  of  wealth  ;  am- 
plification ;  improvement ;  the  addition  of  fertility 
or  ornament. 

EX-RIDGE',  (en-rij',)  v.  U    To  form  into  ridges. 

Shak. 

EX-RING',  V.  t.    To  encircle  ;  to  bind.  Shak. 

EX-RIP'Jb'xV,  E.  t     To  ripen  ;  to  bring  to  perfection. 

Donne. 

EN-RTVE',  v.  L    To  rive  ;  to  cleave.  Spenser. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL.  WH^T.  — MeTE,  PRB^  -    PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK- — 
_ 


ENS 

EN-ROBE',  r.  /.  [from  robe.}  To  cloilie  wirh  rich 
atlin' ;  to  attire  ;  to  invc?L  Shak. 

"Ey-ROU'KD,  pp.     Attired;  invested. 

EN-KoB'L\G,  p//r.     Investing  ;  attiring. 

EN'-ROCK'.ME\T,  u.  A  mass  of  large  stones  tljrown 
in  at  random  to  form  the  bases  of  pier:!:,  breakwa- 
ters, ice.  BuduiHHti, 

Ei\-ROLL',  V.  L  [Fr.  mroler^  from  rOle^  ruUe,  a  roll 
or  register.] 

1.  To  write  in  a  roll  or  register  ;  lo  insert  a  name 
or  enter  in  a  list  or  catalogue ;  as,  men  are  enrolled 
for  service. 

2.  To  record ;  to  insert  in  records  ;  to  leave  in 
writing.  Milton.     Shak. 

3.  To  wrap  j  to  involve.     [JVut  now  used.] 

Spenser, 

EN-RCLL'£D,  pp.  Inserted  in  a  roll  or  register  ;  re- 
corded. 

E.\-R6LL'ER,  n.     Ue  that  enrolls  or  registers. 

EN-RoLL'IXG,  ppr.  Inserting  in  a  register ;  re- 
cording. 

EN-RoLL'ME\T,  n,    A  register  ;  a  r?a>rd  ;  a  writing 
in  wliich  any  thing  is  recorded. 
"■2.  *J'he  act  of  enrolling. 

EN-ROOT',  r.  t.  [fiom  root.]  To  fix  by  the  root ;  to 
hx  fast ;  to  implant  deep.  Shak. 

E.N'-ROOT'ED,  pp.  Fixed  by  the  root  j  planted  or 
fixed  deep. 

EN-ROOT'IXG,  ppr.  Fixing  by  the  root;  planting 
deep 

EN-ROUND',  p.  L  To  environ;  to  surround;  lo  in- 
cUtse.     [Jfot  used.]  Shak. 

EX  POUTEf^  (ing-root',)  [Fr.]  Upon  the  road  ;  in 
progress. 

ENS,  n.     [L.  ens^  part,  present  of  c**f,  to  be.] 

Entity  ;  being  ;  existence.  Among  the  old  ckem- 
«t9,  the  p<iwer,  virtvie,  or  efficacy,  which  certain  sub- 
stances exert  on  our  bodies  ;  or  the  things  which  are 
suppfised  to  cont-iin  all  the  qualities  or  virtues  of 
the  ingredients  they  are  drawn  from,  in  little  room. 
[Linh'used.]  Encye.     Jokii-tott. 

EN-SaFE',  r.  £.    To  render  safe.     [Xot  used.]    HalU 

EN-SAM'FLE,  n.     [Irregularly  formed  from  example  or 
tample.  It.  escmpio,  L.  eianptam.] 
An  example  3  a  pattern  ur  model  for  imitation 

Beiii^  tntamjAet  to  ihe  fluck.  —  1  Pcu  r. 

EN-S.-VilTLE,  V.  L  To  exemplify  ;  to  show  by  exam- 
ple. This  word  is  seldom  used,  either  as  a  noun  or 
a  verb.     [See  Example.] 

EN-SAN"GUINE,  (-sang'gwin,)  c.  L  [L.  sanguis^ 
blood  ;  Eng.  saHgaine.] 

To  stain  or  cover  with  blood  ;  to  smear  with  gore  ; 
as,  an  ensaniruincd  field.  Jliltoa. 

EN-SAN"GClN-£0,p/».ora.    Suffused  or  stained  with 

EN'Ha'I'E,  a.     [L.  enjfiny  a  sword.]  [blood. 

Having  sword-shapud  k-aves. 

EN-SCirEU'i;LE,  V.  L    To  insert  in  a  schedule.   [See 

BcHEOULK.I  ShaJi. 

EN  r^CoNCE',  (en-«kons',)  v.  t.  [from  Me4>nce.]  To 
cover,  or  bbelter,  as  wtUi  a  sconce  or  fort ;  to  protect ; 
to  secure. 

I  will  mMoncr.Dx  befalnJ  the  utbi.  SkaJt. 

EN-S€ONC'£D,  (en-skonst',)  pp.  Covered,  or  shel- 
tered, as  hy  a  sconce  or  fort ;  protected  ;  secured. 

EN-:?eO.N'C'ING,  ppr.  Covering,  or  sheltering}  ma  by 
a  furt. 

ENSEAL',  r.  t.  [from  seal.]  To  seal  ^  to  Ax  a  tea! 
on  ;  tu  impress 

EN-^K.AL'KD,  pp.    Impressed  with  a  seal. 

I;n  ~  KAIi'lNG,  p;jr.    Sealing;  affixing  a  seal  to. 

1       - K AL'ING,  n.     The  act  of  affixing  a  seal  to. 

L.\  -kAM',  r.  (.  [from  seanu]  To  tn-w  up;  to  in- 
clase  by  a  seam  or  juncture  of  ueedle-work. 

Camde*. 

E\-SEAM'£D,  Cen-s5md',)  pp.    Sewed  up. 

EN-SgAM'KD,  o.    Greasy.     [Xot  in  use,]  Sliuk 

EN-SkAM'INO,  ppr.     8ewing  up. 

EN  HRAR'.r.L  [from  a^of  1  To  sear ;  to  cauterize  ; 
t      !  r  i^Iop  by  burning  to  hardness.  Shak. 

].'■  ■<   !!',  (en-»crch',)  v.  i.    To  search  for;    to 

■  i.     [Mit  u^cd.]  y.lyoL 

1,:n  .--i.Aii  AD,  (fcn-»eerd',)  pp.     Stared  to  hardness. 

EN-i^KAR'ING,  ppr.     Searing  to  hardness. 

iiL-V-S/wT/'BLf,  (ing-sini'bl,)  n.  [br.]  The  whole; 
all  the  parts  taken  together. 

In  the  Jine  arLi,  this  term  denotes  the  masses  and 
details  considered  with  relation  to  each  other. 

BravJe. 

EN-SHIELD',  r.f.  [from  shield.]  To  shield  ;  to  cover ; 
to   prntecL     .Shak^peare  uses  cnakidd  for  eiuthielded. 

EN-HHIELD'EI),  pp.     Protected. 

EN-HMIkLI)'1NG,  ppr.     Cov^^ring  with  a  shield. 

E.\-HIIRL\E',  V.  U  [from  vhnne.]  To  )ncloi<ie  in  a 
shrtne  or  chest;  to  de[>o3it  fur  safe  keeping  in  a 
cabmet.  Mtlton. 

EN-HilRIN'£D,  j^.     Inclosed  or  preserved  in  a  shrine 
or  chest. 
3.  Inclosed  ;  placed  as  in  a  shrine. 

WtoUofn  ttuhrimd  m  bnutj.  Ptrdoni. 


ENT 

KN-SIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  ensis^  sword,  and  fvro,  to 
bear.] 
Bearing  or  carrying  a  sword. 
EX'SI-FOli.M,  a.     [I^  cnsifonnia ;   c?ww,  sword,  and 
forma,  form.] 

Ilavini*  till'  shape  of  a  sword  ;  as,  the  enaifortR  or 
xiphoid  cartilage ;  an  ensifonn  leaf. 

Q^uincy,    "^lartyn. 
EN'SIGN,  (en'slne,)  n.     [Fr.  enscigm;  L.  insi<rnej  in- 
»ig-nia,  from  siirnum^  a  mark  impressed,  a  sisrn.] 

1.  The  rttig  or  banner  of  a  military  band ;  a  ban- 
ner of  colors ;  a  standard  ;  a  figured  cloth  ur  piece 
of  silk,  attached  to  a  staff,  and  usually  with  figures, 
colors,  or  arms,  thcrooii,  borne  by  an  officer  at  the 
ht-ad  of  a  company,  troop,  or  uther  band. 

iJ.  Any  signal  to  assemble  or  to  give  notice. 

Ho  wili  lift  up  an  entign  to  the  iiatiotw.  —  I*,  v. 
Ve  sluU  \x  left  a>  uii  entign  ou  &  Kill.  —  Is.  xxx. 

3.  A  badge  ;  a  mark  of  distinction,  rank,  or  office ; 
as,  etutiiTHS  of  power  or  virtue.        fVallcr.     Dryden. 

4.  The  officer  who  carries  the  flag  or  colors,  being 
the  lowest  commissioned  officer  in  a  company  of 
infantry. 

5.  A  large  banner  hoisted  on  a  staff,  and  carried 
commonly  over  the  pot)p  or  stern  of  a  ship  ;  used  to 
distinguish  ships  of  ditFerent  nations,  or  to  charac- 
teriiie  different  squadrons  of  the  same  navv. 

Mar.  Diet. 

EN'STGN-BEAR'ER,  n.  He  thai  carries  the  flag  ;  an 
ensign. 

EN'SIGN-CV,  n.  The  rank,  office,  or  commission,  of 
an  ensign. 

EN-SKI£1)',  (en-sklde',)  a.  Placed  in  heaven  ;  m-ide 
immortal.     [JVy(  in  use.]  Sltak. 

EN-i?LA  VE',  c.  U  [from  slave.]  To  reduce  to  slavery 
or  bondage  ;  to  deprive  fif  liberty,  and  subject  to  the 
will  of  a  master  Barbarous  nations  ennlare  their 
prisoners  iff  war.  but  civilized  men  barbarously  and 
wickedly  purchase  men  lo  enslave  them. 

2.  To  reduce  lo  servitude  or  subjection.  ^len  oflen 
sulTer  their  passions  and  apiwtites  to  enslave  them  ; 
they  are  ettslaved  to  lust,  tu  anger,  to  intemperance, 
to  avarice. 

EN-SLAV'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Reduced  to  slavery  or  sub- 
jection. 

E\-SLAV'ED-NESS,  n.     State  of  being  enslaved. 

EN-SLAVE' .MENT,  n.  The  stale  of  being  enslaved  ; 
slavery  ;  bondage  :  servitude.  South. 

EN-8LA  V'ER,  n.  He  who  reduces  another  to  bund- 
age.  Swift. 

EN-SLAVING,  ppr.  Reducingt<i  bondage  ;  depriving 
of  liberty. 

FN-SNARE'.     See  Inssahb. 

EN-S.NARL',  p.  U    To  entangle.  Spoiser. 

EX-SN\RL'£D,p/;.     EnUangled. 

EN-S.\ARL'ING,  pjir.    Entangling. 

EN-:^0'hER,  V.  U     ifruni  nober.]     To  make  sober. 

Taylor, 

EX-S^'BER  £D,  pp.     Made  sitber. 

EN-yo'KER-ING,  ppr.     Making  sober. 

EN-^PHERE',  V.  L     [from  gphere.]     To  place  in  a 

sphere.  HalL 

2.  To  make  into  a  ftphcre.  Cartie. 

EN-SPHkR'£I),  pp.    Placed  in  a  sphere. 

EN-SPIir:R'I.NG,  ppr.    Placing  in  a  sphere. 

E.\-ST.\MP',  c.  t.  [from  stump.]  'I'o  impress  as  with 
a  stump ;  to  impress  deeply. 


j:nt 


God  enslatnptd  hu  Lna^  ou  niSD. 


Enfield. 


ENSHRLX'ING 

inet. 
EN  SHROUD',  t».  f. 


ppr.    Inclosing  tn  a  flhrine  or  cab- 
To  cover,  as  with  a  shrtiud. 


E.V-STAMP'/:i>,  (cnslampt',)  pp.    Impressed  deeply. 
EN-ST.\MP'ING, ppr.     Impressing  deeply. 
EN-fc'TVLE',  r,  U     To  etyle  j  to  namej  to  call.      [Lit- 
tle u.vft/.J  Drayton, 
EN-t>CE',  c.  t     [Fr.  eiuuicre;  Nonu.  ensuen  Sp,  jft- 
guir;  It.  srguire  ;  L.  sequor^  to  follow.     See  Seek.] 
To  follow  ;  to  pursue. 

Seek  pp>te«,  sit  J  enaut  it.  —  1  PeU  iiU 
[III  thU  sense,  it  is  ohsolcle.] 
EN-hCE',  V.  i.    To  follow  as  a  consequence  of  prem- 
ises ;  as,  from  these  facts,  or  this  evidence,  the  argu- 
ment will  nt^-ue, 

2.  To  fultuw  in  a  train  of  events  or  course  of  time; 
to  succeed  ;  lo  come  rifter.     Ue  spoke,  and  silence 
ensued.    We  say,  the  ensuiitg  age  or  years  ;  the  en- 
suing  events. 
EN-SO'IXG,  itpr.  or  a.    Following  as  a  consetjuence. 
2.  Next  lullowing  ;    succecdijig;   as,  the  ensuing 
year. 
EN-SORE',  (cn^hQre',)  and  its  derivatives.    See  I:t- 

EN-SVVEEP',  p.  L     To  sweep  over  ;  to  pass  over  rap- 
idly. Thomson. 
EN-WWKKPTNG,  ppr.     Sweeping  over. 


fee     entailed, 


EN-SWEPT',  pp.     Swept  over. 

EN-TAII'LA-TIJRE,  y  w.       [Sp.  entablamcnto ;   Fr.  en~ 

EN-T.\'IIL1':^.MKX'J",  i       tablemrnf,    Sp.     enUiblar,    to 

cover  with  boards,  from  L.  tabula^  a  board  or  table.] 
In  architecture,  that  |tart  of  the  order  of  a  column 

whiili  is  over  the  cnpilal,  including  tlie  architrave, 

friew,  and  cornice.  Oieilt, 

EN-TACK'LE,  (en-tak'I,)  c.  t    To  supply  with  tackle. 

[Xot  used.]  ^  Skrllon. 

EN-TAIL',  «.     [Fr.  mtaiUer,  to  cut,'from  taillerf  lU 


tngUorr.    id.       Frudum    tulUatutn^ 
abrideed,  curtailed,  limited.] 

1.  An  estile  or  fee  entailed,  or  limited  in  descent 
to  a  particular  heir  or  heirs.  Estates-tail  are  general^ 
as  when  lands  and  tenements  are  given  lo  one  and 
the  heirs  of  his  body  begotten  ;  or  special,  as  when 
lands  and  tenements  are  given  to  one  and  the  heirs 
of  his  body  by  a  j)articular  wife.  Blaekstone. 

2.  Rule  of  descent  stilled  fur  an  estate. 

3.  Delicately -carved  ornamental  work.    [06j*.] 

Spejiser 
EN-TATL',  V.  t  To  settle  the  descent  of  lands  and 
tenements,  by  gift  lo  a  man  and  lo  certain  heirs 
specified,  so  that  neither  the  donee  nor  any  subse- 
quent i>os.«essor  can  alienate  or  bequeath  it ;  as,  to 
entail  a  manor  to  A  R  and  to  his  eldest  son,  or  tu  his 
heirs  of  his  body  begotten,  or  to  his  heirs  by  a  partic- 
ular wife. 

2.  To  fix  unalienably  on  a  person  or  thing,  or  on  a 
person  and  his  descendants.  By  the  apostesy,  mis- 
ery is  supi>used  lo  be  entailed  on  mankind  ;  the  in- 
temperate often  entail  infirmities,  diseases,  and  ruin, 
on  their  children. 

3.  [From  the  French  verb.]  To  cut;  to  carve  for 
ornament.     [  Obs.]  Spenser. 

EN-TAIL'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Settled  on  a  man  and  certaip 
heirs  specified. 
2.  Settled  on  a  person  and  his  descendants. 

EN-TAIL'ING,  p^r.  Settling  the  descent  of  an  estate  ; 
giving,  as  lands  and  tenements,  and  prescribing  the 
mo<)e  of  descent ;  settling  unalienably  on  a  person 
or  tiling. 

EN-TAIL'MENT,  n.  The  net  of  giving,  as  an  estate, 
and  directing  the  mode  of  descent,  or  of  llniiting  the 
descent  to  a  particular  heir  or  heirs. 

2.  I'he  act  of  settling  unalienably  on  a  man  and 
his  heirs. 

EN-TaME'.v.  t     [from  tame.]     To  tame  ;  to  subdue. 

EX-TAM'£D,  pp.     Tamed  ;  subdued.  [Oouicr. 

EN-TAM'ING,  ppr.     Taming. 

EN-TAN"GLE,  (en-lang'gl,)  r.  (.  [from  tangle.]  To 
twist  or  interweave  in  such  a  manner  as  not  lo  be 
easily  separated ;  to  make  confused  or  disordered  ; 
as,  thread,  yarn,  or  ropes,  may  be  entangled;  lo  en- 
tangle the  hair. 

2.  To  involve  in  any  thing  complicated,  and  from 
which  it  is  difficult  to  extricate  one's  self;  as,  lo  en- 
tangle the  feel  in  a  net,  or  in  briers. 

3.  Tu  lose  in  numerous  or  complicated  involutions, 
as  in  a  labyrinth. 

4.  To  involve  in  difficulties;  to  perplex;  to  em- 
barrass ;  as,  lo  entangle  a  nation  in  alliances. 

5.  To  puzzle  J  to  bewilder  j  as,  to  entangle  the  un- 
derstanding. Locke. 

C.  To  insnare  by  captious  questitms  ;  to  catch; 
to  perplex;  to  involve  in  contradictions. 

The  PhHTUcca  tooli  couiuel  how  they  might  entangle  tiim  tu  hla 
tallt.—  MiUL  xxii. 

7.  To  perplex  or  distract,  as  with  cares. 

No  mui  tlml  wiim3th  antangleih  hinuclf  with  the  allttira  of  tbia 
life.— 2  Tim.  U. 

8.  To  multiply  intricacies  and  difficulties. 
EN-TAN''GL£D,  (en-lang'gld,)  pp.  or  a.     Twisted 

together;  interwoven  in  a  confused  manner;  intri- 
cate ;  perplexed  ;  involved  ;  embarmssed  ;  insnared. 

EN-TAN"GLE-ME.\T,  n.  State  of  being  entangled  ; 
invulution  ;  a  confused  or  disordered  stale ;  intricacy ; 
perplexity.  Locke. 

EN-TAN"GLER,  n.     One  \\\\o  entangles. 

EN-TAN"GLING,  p]fr.  Involving;  interweaving  or 
interlocking  in  confusion  ;  perplexing;  insnaring. 

EN'TASIS,  )i.  [Gr.]  The  almost  im[Hrceptible 
swelling  of  the  sliafl  of  a  column.  Brande, 

EN-TASS'.MENT,  n.     [Fr.]     A  heap;  accumulation. 

EN-'J'A9'TI€,  a.  Relating  lo  all  diseases  characterized 
bv  tunic  spasms. 

EN'-TEN'DER,  c.  t.  To  treat  with  tenderness  or  kind- 
ness. Young, 

EN'TER,  V.  U  [Fr.  wtTrcr,  from  entrt^  between,  L. 
iniCTy  iH(ra,  whence  in (ro,  lo  enter;  It.  cntrare;  Sp. 
mtrar.  The  L.  inter  seems  to  be  in,  with  the  termi- 
nation tcr,  as  in  subter^  from  sub.] 

1.  To  move  or  pass  into  a  place,  in  any  manner 
whatever;  lo  come  or  go  in  ;  lo  walk  or  ride  in  ;  to 
flow  in  ;  to  pierce  or  i>enelrate.  A  jimii  enters  a 
house  ;  an  army  enti-rs  a  city  or  a  camp ;  a  river  ca- 
ter* the  sea  ;  a  sword  eiders  the  body  ;  the  air  enters 
a  room  at  every  crevice. 

2.  To  odvance  into,  in  the  progress  of  life  ;  as,  a 
yoiilli  has  entered  his  lenlh  year. 

3.  To  begin  in  a  business, employment, or  service; 
to  enlist  or  engage  in  ;  as,  tlio  soldier  entered  tlie  ser- 
vice at  eighteen  years  of  age. 

4.  To  become  a  member  of;  as,  to  enter  college ;  to 
enter  a  society. 

5.  To  admit  or  Introduce  ;  aa,  the  youth  was  en- 
tered a  member  of  college. 

6.  To  set  down  in  writing  ;  lo  set  an  account  In  a 
book  or  register  ;  as,  the  clerk  tnuved  the  account  or 
charge  in  the  juurual ;  he  entered  debt  and  credit  at 
the  time. 

7.  To  set  down,  as  a  name  ;  to  enroll ;  as,  to  eat*r 
a  name  in  the  enliBiinent. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"CEB.  VI"C10U8.— €  M  K ;  0  as  J ;  g  aa  Z;  ClI  an  SH  ;  TH  as  la  THIS. 


ENT 

&  To  tiMlge  a  manifest  of  goods  at  the  custom- 
house,  and  gain  Hdinitiance  or  {>erniis>iiin  to  land  ;  as, 
to  eiUer  goods.  We  say,  also,  to  enter  a  ship  at  Uie 
cuiitom -bouse. 

9.  To  cause  to  enter ;  to  insert,  as  one  piece  of  car- 
pentry into  another.  OiriiL 
EX'TEK,  r.  i.    To  go  or  come.in  ;  to  pass  into  >  as,  to 
nuer  into  a  country-. 

2.  To"  flow  in  ;  as,  water  rnters  into  a  ship. 

3.  To  pierce  ;  to  penetrate  ;  as,  a  ball  or  an  arrow 
mU»rs  intu  the  body. 

4.  To  penetrate  mentally  ;  as,  to  enter  into  tJie  prin- 
ciples of  action. 

5.  To  engage  in  ;  as,  to  enter  itKo  business  or  ser- 
vice ;  to  enter  into  visionary  projects. 

6.  To  be  initiatt'd  in  ^  as,  lo  ens^r  into  a  taste  of 
pleasure  or  niagniiicence.  ^dditon, 

7.  To  be  an  ingredient ;  to  form  a  conMitueul  part. 
Lead  enters  into  tlie  ooniftusition  of  pewter. 

EN'TKR-DKAI^  n,    ftlutual  dcoluigs.     [Aot  im  use.] 

Spenser. 
EX'TER-ED,  pp.  OT  a.     Moved  in  ;  come  in  ;  pierce<l  ; 
penetrated  ;  admitted  ;  introduced  j  set  down  in  wri- 
ting. 
EN'TER-ER,  a.    One  who  is  making  a  beginning. 

SeicanL 
EX'TER-ING,  ppr.    Coming  or  going  in  ;  flowing  in  ; 
piercing  ,  penetrating  ;  setting  duwn  in  writing  ^  en- 
listing i  engiiieing. 

S.  d.    That  logins  ;  being  the  first  act  j  leading  to 
somelbine  eUe  ;  as,  an  enlenng  wedge. 
EX'TER-ING,  ».     Entrance  ;  a  pas^sing  in.     1  TheM,  i. 
KN-TE-RI'TIS,  n.     [Or.  (vT£p»v,  intestine.] 

An  inflammation  u(  the  intestines. 
EX-TER-LACE'.     See  Lxtkh-ack. 
EX  TER'O  CkLE,  n.      [Gr.  ttTLytv^  intestine,  and 
«nA/j,  ttimor.J 

Id  sur^erfy  a  hernial  tumor  in  any  situation,  whose 
contents  are  intestine. 
EX-TER  OL'O-CV,  ■,      [Gr.  tvrtoov^  intestine,  and 
Xdjoi,  discourse,] 

A  trealisti  or  discourse  on  the  bowels  or  internal 
puts  of  tlte  budy,  usually  iucJudiuf  lUe  contents  of 
the  head,  breast,  and  belly.  Qhm<^ 

EX-TER-OM'PHA  LOS,  n.  [Gr.  nrrr^v,  iotesUne, 
und  jii.;.  i>  ■■:.  navel.l 

^  !)ernm  wltose  contents  are  intestine. 

EN  WCE,  a.     [Fj.etUrt^  belwern,  and 

f^'     .  ■     -.     ■  --J 

Parley  ,  luuLual  talk  or  conversation  ;  conference. 

Hayviard, 
EX-TER-PLgAlV.    See  l5TKa»LBAD. 
EX'TER-PRlSi;,  a.     [Fr.,  from  emtrrprendre^  to  under- 
take i  entrt^  in  ur  between,  and  prendre,  tu  take,  prist, 
a  taking.] 

That  which  is  undertaken  or  attempted  to  be  per- 
formed ;  an  attempt;  a  project  aiteinpted  ;  particu- 
larly, a  bold,  arduous,  or  hazardous  undertaking, 
either  physical  or  moral.  The  attack  on  Stony 
Point  was  a  t>old,  but  successAil,  enterprist.  The 
UtempU  to  evangeliiui  the  lieathtui  are  nuble  eiOrr- 
frises. 

Tbrvbaadi  c&n  not  perfcrm  tbeir  mie^HM.  —  Jobv. 

ENTER-PRTSE,  e.  t.  To  undertake ;  tu  begin  and  at- 
tempt to  perform. 

Tbe  Umoa«  muat  be  enltrpnatd.  ihte  m|^t.  Dnfitn. 

EN'TER-PRrS-£D,  (cn'ler-prizd,)  pp.  Undertaken  ; 
atlt-mpted  ;  es^aved. 

EX'TER-i'RIS-ER,  n.  An  adventurer;  one  who  un- 
dertakes any  projected  scheme,  especially  a  bold  or 
hazardous  one  ;  a  person  whocnj^ges  in  important 
Of  dangerous  designs.  Hayicard. 

ELN'Tl^R-PRI*  ING,  ppr.  Undertaking,  especially  a 
bold  design. 

£.  a.  Bold  or  forward  to  undertake  :  resolute,  ac- 
tive, or  prompt  to  attempt  great  or  untried  schemes. 
~  men  oAen  succeed  beyond  all  human 


probabilitv. 
EX'TER 


EX'TER-PRTS-tXG-Ly,  adc.   In  a  bold,  resolute,  and 

active  manner. 
EX-TER-T5L\',  r.  U     [Fr.  entreUair;  entre,  in  or  be- 
tween, and  temir,  to  bold,  L-  teneo.] 

1.  To  receive  into  the  tiouse,  ajid  treat  with  hospi- 
tality, either  ai  tite  table  only,  or  with  lodging  also. 
Be  mH  foTf^ul  to  •ntmcun  tiran^^re ;  fer  ifaereby  aomB  have 
cnkrUiMed  angvU  utmwanx.  — -  Urb.  xiii. 

9.  To  treat  with  conversation  ;  to  amuse  or  in^itruct 
by  discourse  ;  properly,  to  engage  the  attention  and 
retain  tbe  company  of  one  by  agreeable  conversa- 
tion, discourse,  or  argument.  The  advocate  enter- 
tained  his  audience  an  hour  witb  sound  argumont  and 
brilliant  displays  of  eloquence. 

3.  To  keep  in  one's  service ;  to  maintain ;  as,  he 
tmUrtaiMed  ten  domestics. 

You,  fcr,  1  tnlerUtin  for  oi>e  o(  my  hundred.  Shak. 

{This  original  and  Freiuk  sense  is  obsolete,  or  little 
iued.\ 

4.  To  keep,  hold,  or  maintain  in  the  raind  with  fa- 
vor ;  to  reserve  in  the  raind  ;  to  harbor ;  to  cherish. 
Let  us  entertain  the  most  exalted  views  nf  the  divine 
character.  It  is  our  duty  to  eatertain  charitable  sen- 
timents toward  our  fellow-men. 


ENT 

5.  To  receive  or  admit  with  a  view  to  consider  and 
decide  ;  as,  to  entertain  a  pro|»osal.        T.  Chalmers. 

6.  To  maintain  ;  tu  support ;  as,  to  entertain  a  hos- 
pital.   [Obs,] 

7.  To  please;  to  amuse  ;  to  divert.  David  enter- 
t^ned  himself  with  the  mcttitution  of  Gud^s  law. 
Idle  men  enlcrlain  themselves  with  trifles. 

8.  To  treat ;  to  supply  with  provisions  and  liquors, 
or  with  pntvisions  and  lodging,  for  reward.  The 
innkeept^r  entertains  a  great  deal  of  comi»any. 

EX-TER-T.^IX',  a.     Enlertninmcut.     [jVuE  in  use.'\ 

Spenser. 

EN-TER-TAIX'£D,  pp.  Received  with  Iwspitality,  ns 
a  guest ;  amused  ;  pleased  and  engaged  ;  Kept  in  the 
mind  ;  retained. 

EX-TER-TALN'ER,  n.     He  who  entertains;  he  who 
receives  company  with  hospitality,  or  for  reward, 
a.  He  who  ret;iins  others  in  his  service. 
3.  He  tliat  amuses,  pleases,  or  diverts. 

EX-TER-TAIN'L\G,  ppr.  Receiving  with  hospitality  ; 
receiving  and  treating  with  provisions  and  accommo- 
dations for  reward  ;  keeping  or  cherishing  with  favor  ; 
engaging  the  attention  ;  amusing. 

£  a.  Pleasing ;  amusing  ;  diverting  ;  as,  on  enter- 
tainin-r  discourse  ;  an  entertaining  friend. 

EX-TER-TAIX'IXG-LV,  ado.  In  an  amusing  man- 
ner. Warti'it. 

EX-TER-TAIX'ING-XESS,  n.  The  quality  of  enter- 
taining. 

EX-TER-TAIX'MEXT,  n.  The  receiving  and  accom- 
modating of  guests,  either  with  or  without  reward. 
The  hospitable  man  delights  in  the  entertaitiment  of 
his  friends. 

2.  Provisions  of  the  table  ;  hence,  also,  a  feast ;  a 
superb  dinner  or  supper. 

3.  The  amusernenij  pleasure,  or  instruction,  de- 
rived from  conversation,  discourse,  argument,  ora- 
tor)-, music,  dramatic  perfomianccs,  &c. ;  the  pleas- 
ure which  the  mind  receives  from  any  thing  interest- 
ing, and  which  holds  ur  arrests  the  attention.  We 
often  have  rich  eiUertainment  in  the  conversation  of  a 
learned  friend. 

4.  Reception  ;  admission.  TUlotson. 

5.  The  state  of  being  in  {tay  or  service.   [JVut  used.] 

Skak. 

6.  Payment  of  those  retained  in  service.    [Ofts.] 

Davies. 

7.  That  which  entertains ;  that  which  serves  for 
amusement ;  the  lower  comedy  ;  farce.  Oay. 

EX-TER-TIS'Si:-£D,  (lish'uJe,)  o.  [Fr.  entre  and 
tissu.] 

Interwoven  ;  ha%-ing  various  colors  iutermtxed. 
EX'THE-AL,  a.     [Gr.  ti  and  Oe-.i.]  [Shak. 

Divinely  inspired. 
EX-THE-AS'Tie.  a.     [Gr.  ev  and  Btoi,  God.] 

Having  the  energy  of  God. 
E.V-THE-AS'Tie-AI^LY,  adv.      According  to  deific 

energy.  Trans,  qf  Pausanias. 

EXTHE-AT,  a.     [Gr.  evGcng.] 
Enthusiastic      [JiTot  tn  nse-l 
EX-THRALL'  r.  (.    To  enslave.    [See  Ihthrali-] 
EX-THRILL',  r.  f.    To  pierce.     [Sec  Thrill.] 
EX-THROXE',  r.  /,      [I^rom  throne.}     To  place  on  a 
throne  ;  to  exalt  to  the  seat  of  royalty. 

Beneath  a  Ku]|){ure<l  nrcb  be  uu  enlhrontd.  Pope. 

2.  To  exalt  to  an  elevated  place  or  seat.        Shak. 

3.  To  invest  with  sovereign  authority.       A-gliffe. 

4.  To  induct  ur  install  a  bishop  into  the  powers 
and  privileg'-s  of  a  vacant  see. 

EX-THROX'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Seated  on  a  throne  ;  exalt- 
ed to  an  elevated  place  ;  inducted  into  a  vacant  see. 

EX-THRri\E'.MEXT,  n.     Act  of  enthroning. 

EN-THRoX'ING,  ;r;jr.  Seating  on  a  throne;  raising 
to  an  exalted  seat ;  inducting  into  a  vacant  see. 

EX-THROX'IZE,  V.  (.  To  enthrone  i  to  induct  into  a 
stall,  as  a  bishop.     [Improper.'\ 

EX-THR0X-[-ZA'TIOX,  it.  The  placing  a  bishop  in 
his  stall  ur  throne  in  his  cathedral.  Hook. 

EX-THL'\'DER,  v.  i.  To  make  a  loud  noise,  like 
thunder. 

EX-THC'SI-ASM,  (cn-thii'ze-azm,)  n.  [Gr.  ivfiovataT- 
^lOiy  from  tvi)  iVTia^iAiy  to  infuse  a  divine  spirit,  from 
uQjviy  tvOz'^-i,  inspired,  divine  ;  ev  and  Oc  s,  God.] 

1.  A  belief  or  conceit  of  private  revelation;  the 
vain  confidence  or  opinion  of  a  person,  that  he  has 
special  divine  communications  from  the  Supreme 
Being,  or  familiar  intercourse  witb  liim. 

EnUiunatm  u  fciuiided   ii'  iiiicr  on  reiuon  nor  divine  revelation, 
but  ri*.-*  from  ihe  coiiceiis  of  a  wamied  or  ovcn^eeiiiiig 


2.  Heat  of  imagination;  violent  passion  or  excite- 
miMit  of  the  mind,  in  pursuit  of  some  object,  inspiring 
extravagant  hope  and  confidence  of  success.  Hence 
the  same  heat  of  imagination,  chastised  by  reason  or 
experience,  becomes  a  noble  passion,  an  elevated 
fancy,  a  warm  imagination,  an  ardent  zeal,  that 
forms  sublimt'  ideas,  and  prompts  to  the  ardent  pur- 
suit of  laudable  objects.  Such  is  the  enOia.-;iasm  of 
the  poet,  the  orator,  the  painter,  and  the  sculptor. 
Such  is  the  enthusiasm  of  the  patriot,  the  hero,  and 
the  Christian. 

Paction  Rnd  tnthutitum  are  the  insInimeaU  b/  which  popular 
goviTiimciiu  an;  destroyed.  Amea. 


ENT 

EN-THO'SI-AST,  (en-lhu'ze-ast,)   71.      [Gr.   evdovai- 

1.  One  who  imagines  he  has  special  or  supernat- 
ural converse  with  God,  or  special  communications 
from  him. 

2.  One  whose  imagination  is  wanned  ;  one  whose 
mind  is  highly  excited  with  the  love  or  in  the  pur- 
suit of  an  object ;  a  person  of  ardent  zeal ;  as,  an 
enthusiast  in  poetry  or  music. 

3.  One  of  elfvated  fancy  or  exalted  ideas.  Ihi/dtn. 
EX-THU-«I-AST'I€,  \a.  Filled  with  ent'husi- 
EX-THU-SI-AST'I€-AL,  \      asm,  or   the   conceit  tf 

special  intercourse  with  God  or  revelations  from  him 
3.  Highly  c:;ccited  ;  warm  and  ardent ;  zealous  in 
pursuit  of  an  otyect ;  heated  to  animation.  Our 
author  was  an  enlhtmiastic  lover  of  poetry  and  ad- 
mirer of  Homer. 

3.  Elevated  ;  warm  ;  tinctured  with  enthusiasm. 
The  speaker  addressed  the  audience  in  entJiusiastie 
strains. 

EN-THU-SI-AST'ie  AL-LY,  adv.     With  enthusiasm. 

EX-THY-ME-MAT'ie  AL,  a.  Pertaining  ta  on  en- 
thynieme  ;  including  an  enthymcme.  Encyc. 

EX'THY-MEME,  n.  [Gr.  eyOv^ir^na^  from  tvQvpfipat^ 
to  think  or  conceive  ;  ev  and  dvimi,  mind.] 

In  rhrioriCf  an  argiiinent  consisting  of  only  two 
propositions,  an  antecedent  and  a  consequent  de- 
duced from  It ;  as,  we  are  dependent,  therefore  we 
should  be  humble.  Here  the  major  proposititm  is 
suppressed.  The  complete  syllogism  would  be  :  de- 
pendent creatures  should  be  humble  ;  we  are  depend- 
ent crt-auires  ;  therefore  we  shtuild  be  hun)ble. 

EX-TICE',  t!.  t.  [This  word  seems  to  be  the  Sp.  ati- 
zar.  Port,  ati^ar,  Fr.  altistr.  Arm.  attisa,  from  Sp. 
tizon.  It.  tiziune,  Fr.  tison,  L.  titio,  a  firebrand.  The 
sense,  in  these  languages,  is  to  lay  the  firebrands  to- 
gether, or  to  stir  the  tire;  to  provoke;  to  incense. 
The  sense  in  English  is  a  little  varied.  If  it  is  not 
the  same  word,  1  know  not  its  origin.] 

1.  To  incite  or  instigate,  by  exciting  hope  or  de- 
sire ;  usually  in  a  bad  sense  ;  as,  to  entice  one  to  evil. 
Hence,  to  seduce;  to  lead  astray  ;  to  Induce  to  sin, 
by  promises  or  persnasions. 

My  soil,  if  tinner*  entice  ihoe,  consent  thou  not.  —  Prov.  i, 

2.  To  tempt ;  to  incite  ;  to  urge  or  lead  astray. 

Every  man  is  irnipteil,  when  ht^  Is  dmwii  awiiy  by  liiit  own  lust, 
euid  enticed.  —  James  t, 

3.  To  incite  ;  to  allure  ;  in  a  good  sense.     EnjicJd, 
EN-TIC'jEI),  pp.     Incited  ;  instigated  to  evil ;  seduced 

by  promises  or  persuasions  ;  persuaded  ;  allured. 
EX-TICE'MEXT,  n.     The  act  or  practice  of  inciting 
to  evil ;  instigation  ;  as,  the  enticements  of  evil  com- 
panions. 

2.  Means  of  inciting  to  evil ;  that  which  seduces 
by  exciting  Ihe  passions.  Flattery  often  operates  as 
an  enticement  to  sin. 

3.  Allurement. 

EX-TT(J'ER,  n.    One  who  entice."";  one  who  incites 

or  instigates  to  evil ;  one  who  seduces. 
EX-TICIXG,  p;/r.     Irciiing  to  evil ;  urging  to  sin  by 

motives,  flattery,  or  persuasion  ;  alluring. 
2.  a.  Having  the  qualities  that  entice  or  nllure. 
EX-TIC'ING-LY,   ado.     Charmingly  ;    in  a  wijining 

manner. 

She  sitigs  most  tnUH'igltf,  AddUon. 

EX-TTER'TY,n.  [old  Fr.  eHtt"er(i«.]  The  whole.  [Oft*.] 
EN-TIRE',    a.     [Fr.   entien  Sp.    enteroi    Port,  inteiro  i 

It.  intero  ;  Arm.  anterin ;  L.  integer,  said  to  be  i/j,  neg. 

and  tango,  to  touch.     Q,u.] 

1.  Whole  ;  undivided  ;  unbroken ;  complete  in  its 
parts. 

2.  Whole  ;  complete  ;  not  participated  with  olhers. 
This  man  has  the  entire  contrul  of  the  business. 

3.  Full  ;  complete  ;  comprising  all  requisites  in 
itself. 

An  action  is  entire,  when  it  is  complete 

4.  Sincere  ;  hearty. 

He  run  a  cour^  more  entire  with  the  king  of  Anragon.  Bacon. 

5.  Firm ;  solid  ;  sure  ;  fixed  ;  complete ;  undis- 
puted. 

Entire  and  sore  the  monarch's  nile  most  prove, 

Who  luiiitd*  Iter  ^nriiuiess  on  her  mibjocu'  love.  Prior, 

6.  Unraingled  ;  unalloyed.  ^ 

In  thy  prcspnco  )oy  entire.  Milton. 

7.  Wholly  devoted  ;  firmly  adherent;  faithful. 

No  man  had  a  heart  more  entire  to  the  king.  Clarendon. 

8.  In  fill!  Strength  ;  unbroken.  Spenser. 

9.  In  botany^  an  c«/irc  stem  is  one  without  branch- 
es ;  an  entire  leaf  is  without  any  opening  in  the 
edge,  not  divided.  J\Iartyn. 

EX-TIRE'LY,  adv.  Wholly  ;  completely;  fully;  as, 
the  money  is  entirely  lost. 

2.  In  the  whole  ;  without  division. 

Euphrates  —  fills  not  entirely  into  tiie  Pirsian  S^n,       Ralegh, 

3.  With  firm  adherence  or  devotion  j  faiilifully. 

Spenser. 
EX-TTRE'NES3,  n.      Completeness  ;  fullness  ;  total- 
ity ;  unbroken  form  or  stale  ;  as,  the  entirencgs  of  an 
arch  or  a  bridge. 

2.  Integrity  ;  wholeness  of  heart  ;  Imnngty. 


all  its  paru. 

S/ieclator. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PR£Y.  — PIXE,  MARIXE,  BIRD  —NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


400 


ENT 

EN-TIRE'TV,  n.     Whul^Ui.^;  cumpi.uu.ys ;  iw,  en- 

ttrcty  of  interest.  ij'.'iic/M^nc. 

2.  The  wh.tlp.  Bac^n. 

ENTITA-TIVE,   a.     [from  cntifi/A     Considend  by 

iU^ilf. 

[This  word,  and  Entitatitelt,  rarely  or  never 
used.] 
EN-Tr'TLE,  V.  U     [Fr.  intUuler:  Sp.  intituiar;  It  i*- 
f        tUiitarr;  from  L.  (ifii/iw,  a  title.] 

1.  To  give  a  title  to ;  to  give  or  prefix  a  name  or 
appellation  ;  as,  to  entiUe  a  book  Commentaries  on 
the  I>!iws  of  En'"'and. 

2.  To  superscribe  or  prefix  as  a  title.  Ilcnee,  as 
titles  are  evidencea  of  cluiin  or  property,  to  give  a 
clnim  to ;  to  give  a  right  to  demand  or  receive.  The 
lubur  of  the  servant  entitles  hini  to  his  wages.  Mil- 
ton is  entitleA  to  fame.  Our  liest  services  do  not  euti- 
t!e  us  to  heaven. 

3.  To  assign  or  appropriate  by  giving  a  title. 

4.  To  qualify  ;  to  give  a  claiui  liy  thu  posst^ssion  of 
suitable  qualifications  ;  as,  an  oiticer'a  talents  entitle 
him  to  command. 

5.  To  dignify  by  a  title  or  honorable  appellation. 
In  llii*!  scnsf,  title  is  often  used. 

C.  Toai^ribe.     [06*.]  Burnet, 

EX-Tt'TL£U,  pp.     Dignified   or  dislinguishcd  by   a 

title  ;  having  a  claim  ;  as,  every  good  uian  ia  entitled 

to  respect. 
EX-'ITTLI-Vfi,  p/FT.     Dignifying  or  distinguishing  by 
a  title  ;  giving  a  title  ;  giving  a  rl.iim. 
I    KX'TI-TV,  It.     [Low  L.  entity;  Fr.  entUc ;  Sp.  enti- 
tladi  It.  miiW  ;  from  ens^  &>s«,  lo  be.] 

1.  Being  ;  easence  ;  cjcistencc. 

Fortune  U  no  real  entiiy.  BenCey, 

2.  A  real  being,  or  species  of  being. 
i:V-TOlL',  c.  /.    [E5oe  Toil.]    To  take  with  toils;  to 

in.«Qare;  to  entangle.  furon. 

:.N-TO-.M.\-TOG'RA-PnV,  n.     [Gr.  gr-./ia,  an  In- 
sect, and  ypapr],  a  writing.] 

A  discourse  or  treatise  on  the  structure  and  habits 
r.f  inserts.     [Suprrsedcd  by  Entumologv.] 
_\-'i'O.MB',  (en  toom',)  r.  U     [from  toiab.\     To  de- 
jHHtit  in  a  tomb,  as  a  dead  body.  Huoker. 

9.  To  bury  in  a  grave  ;  to  iriter.  * 
E\-T0MD'/;D,  ;j^.  ora.    Deposited  in  a  tomb;  buried  i 

int<rr?d. 
EN-TOM  BTXG,  ppr.    Depositing  in  a  tomb  ;  burying ; 

interrin?. 
F.N-TO.Mb'MEXT,  (en-Ux>m'mfcnt,)  n.    Burial. 

Barrow, 
N'-TOMTC,  a.    Relating  to  inserts. 
X'TO-MOID,  a,    [Gr.  L^Tjpi  and  ciJoj.] 

Like  an  iuMfCt. 
N-Tu.M'O-LrrE,  «.    [Gr.  e^ro/ia,  insect,  and  Aifloj, 
■'tone.] 
A  !»•  trified  insect,  E'h  Enrpe. 

,\-T<  )-MO-UOGie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  science 

of  iUMfttS. 

V-TO-MOL'O-GIST,  M.    One  versed  in  the  science 
'.t  insects. 

>  Tr)MoL'0-6Y,    n.     [Gr.    cyrofUL,    insect,   from 

.'ind  r  /j''w,  to  rut,  and  >oj95,  discourse.] 
■  ^rtrt  of  Zfwiogy  which  trt^ais  of  insect^i ;  Ibe 
>>T  natural  hi>i<irv  and  djacription  of  insects. 

>  TO  .MOJJ-TOX'A-TA,  B.  pL     [Gr.  ct'TOftui  and 
Tr.^ia.] 

Ill   :>  7-'/w,  a  family  of  Moltiisca,  nearly  corre- 
ii  the  (.'r-nut)  Huccinuni  of  Linnaeus. 
iL\-CA.\,   n,     A  crijstaceiin  belonging 
(ind  diviriion.     Th*'y  are  mostly  small 
1  my  are  parasitic. 
|{A-€OU£3,  a.    Belonging  to  the  ento- 


KNT 


ENU 


-i '  I.N  u;,  c.     [Gr-  fv  and  rii'os-] 
Relating  lu  pMairistic  dirt'Jifji*,<it  a  m«Tbid  increase 
f  vitil  pfiwcr  and  strength  nf  action  in  the  circulate 

■  'TION.  n.     [Fr.  enUtrtUUtaenU] 

.ito  a  circle.  Ijoriu. 

- 1  ' » /.'v( '.'A,  n.;  pL   E.fToioA.      [Gr,  ei/ruf  and 

An   intestinal  worm  ;  an  animal  living  in  some 
f  another  animal,  as   in   the   eye,  or  the 

llj,  n.  i  [Fr.  entrailles;  Arm.  entrailhou; 

■ '  -f    rr.  pK  \      Gr.  ciTco  I.     See  E.itkr.] 

nial  parts  of  anim.il  bodies;  the  Iww- 

■  '  in  the  plural. 

_.    .  i.-   ...L.riial  partJ  ;  as,  the  entraiU  of  the  earth. 

TtM!  asrt  »ntnuls  of  AnirrfCN.  Li.<,-lu. 

.TRAIL',  r.  e.    £lt.  intralciare;  Fr.  treUliSj  treiUU- 

To  Interweave ;  to  diversify.    [JVot  in  u,m.] 

Spenser. 
.  TRAM'MEL,  p  t    To  trammr-l ;  to  entanirlc 

Harkft. 
TR  VM'MEI'ED,   a,     [from   trammel]      Curli;d ; 

'!'MKI#-ING,  ppr.    Trammeling;  cnnfining. 
NCKj   n.     [I*  iBtraoj,  tjitro;  or  from  Fr.  c«- 
r,-  s*'e  fNritB.] 

1.  The  an  of  entering  into  a  plicp  ;  a?,  \\\nentrance 
of  a  ptTsou  into  a  hotise  or  an  apnrtment. 


2.  The  power  of  enti;ring.  Let  Uie  porter  give  no 
entrance  to  strangers. 

Where  (tilip-uc-  opciiB  iJie  ilocr  of  ibe  iind^nrtsmlin^,  anJ 
intparti-ilii^v  kwjji  ii,  umh  u  sure  to  Iinil  au  e;iii-am-e,  and  a 
wHcoiite  coo.  SoiiOi. 

3.  The  door,  gate,  passage,  or  avenue,  by  which  a 
place  may  be  entered. 

Thcj  Kiia,  Show  us  liie  vnCnttee  Inlo  tho  citj.  — Judgri  t. 

4.  Commencement ;  inilintinn  ;  beginning  ;  as,  a 
youth,  at  Jiis  entrance  on  a  dillicult  science,  ia  apt  to 
be  discouraged. 

5.  The  act  of  taking  possession,  ns  of  land  ;  as, 
the  attranee  of  an  In;ir,  or  a  disseizor,  inlo  lands  and 
tenements 

C.  The  act  of  taking  possession,  as  of  an  office. 
Magistrates,  at  their  entrance  into  oliice,  usually 
take  an  oath, 

7.  The  act  of  entering  a  ship  or  goods  at  the  cus- 
tom-house. 

8.  The  beginning  of  any  thing. 

Bl,  AiiffTistiie,  id  the  enlratice  of  one  of  Iiis  (Ikeoiirei-i,  m^)(p* 
kiiKl  of  iipology,  UnkewUi. 

EN-TRXNCE',  r.  t,  or  i.  [frt.m  transe,  Fr.  transe^  Arm. 
treaniL  Q,u.  L.  transeo.  Tile  Arnmric  is  from  tri^ 
across,  and  antren,  to  enter,  or  It.  andare,  to  go.] 

1.  loput  in  a  trance  ;  ti  withdraw  the  soul,  and 
leave  the  body  in  a  kind  of  dead  sltep  or  insensibil- 
ity ;  to  make  insensible  to  present  objects.  The  verb 
is  seldom  used,  but  the  i>articiple,  entranced^  is  com- 
mon. 

2.  To  put  in  an  ecstasy ;  to  raWsh  the  soul  with 
dcliyht  or  wonder. 

Ami  I  ao  nirUIvH]  wiih  h*r  b^.-ircnty  note, 

1  Wood  en'rancei,  ami  li.ui  n>*  ruoiii  fiir  UiuHght.  Dryrt.en, 

E.N'-TRXXC'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Put  in  a  trance;  having 
the  soul  withdrawn,  and  the  Iw.dy  Ufl  in  a  state  of 
ins^-nsihility ;  enraptured;  ravished. 

EX-TiUXCE'AIEXT,  n.   A  state  of  trance  or  ecstasy. 

llicK  IJieU 

EX-TRXXC'IXG,  pjir.  Carrying  away  the  soul;  en- 
rapturing; ravishing. 

EX-TRAF',   c.  u     [Fr.  atiaaperi    It.  attrajjpare.     See 

To  catch,  ns  in  a  trap ;  to  insnare  ;  Hse<!  chiefly  or 
iffhoUy  ia  a  Jiaruratipe  sense.  To  catcll  by  artifices  ;  to 
involve  in  difliculties  or  distresses;  to  entangle;  to 
catch  or  involve  in  contradictions  ;  in  short,  lo  involve 
in  any  difiiculties  fnmi  which  an  escaiw  is  not  easy 
or  possible.  We  are  enfr,ipjted  by  the  devices  of  evil 
men.    We  are  sometimes  entrapped  in  our  own  wonls. 

EX-TRAP'FKD,  (en-trnpt',)  pp.    Insnared  j  entangled. 

EX-TRAP'PL\G,  ppr.  Insnaring;  involving  in  diffi- 
culties, 

EX-TIlF,AT',  r.  t  [Fr.  en  and  trailer^  It.  trattare,  Pp. 
and  Port,  tratarj  from  L.  tracto,  to  handle,  feel,  treat, 
use,  manage.] 

L  To  a-sk  earnestly  ;  to  beseech  ;  to  petition  or 
pray  with  urcency  ;  to  supplicate  ;  to  solicit  preying- 
ly ;  to  ini|H)rtune. 

Ikuic  tnirented  Jo)ior;th  fur  his  wife.  —  Gi-n.  xxv, 

2.  To  prevail  on  by  prayer  or  solicitation.  Hence, 
in  the  passive  furm,  to  bo  prevailed  on ;  to  yield  to 
entreaty. 

It  Wffre-  n  fnittl?»  BUempt  lo  appciuc  k  power,  wbom  no  priyprm 
Could  tntrtal.  Hogtrt. 

3.  To  treat,  in  any  manner;  prnprHy^  to  use,  or 
mnnage;  but,  I  believe,  enrrrif  is  always  ap[ilied  to 
personsy  as  treat  is  to  persons  or  Ihiriir.t.  Applied  to 
prrTOTw,  ttt  enirrat  is  to  use,  or  to  deal  With  ;  to  man- 
ifest to  others  any  particular  dejMirtmenl,  good  or  ill. 

I  wiJl  wiiw  th<:  e.nnny  to  entreat  Uin-  well.  —  Sex.  xr. 
The  K^yptiaiii  erll-<fi/rmteri  lu.  —  DtriH.  xiri, 

[Fn  this  application,  the  prefix  en  is  now  dropped, 
anil  Tbe*t  is  used.] 
•1.  To  entertain  ;  to  amuse.    [Oft*.]  Shak. 

5.  To  entertain;  to  receive.     fOft.-f.]         Spenser. 
EN-TREAT',  v.  u    To  moke  an  earuest  petition  or  re- 
quest 

The  JuifcuiM  tnlrraUrl  lor  thom.  tu  viilL-iiit  inert,     Knoieie$. 

2.  To  offer  a  treaty,     [J^ut  used.]  Maccabees. 

3.  To  treat ;  to  discourse.   [ATuf  used.]    Ifakewill. 
E.\-TUEA'I*'.\-nr-E,  a.     That  may  be  iutreatod,  or 

is  soon  intreafed. 
EX-TRkAT'AXCE,  n.   Entreaty  ;  solicitation.  [Obs.] 

_  Fairfar. 

EX-TRi.:AT'En,  pp.   Earnestly  si^icntcd,  besought, 

or  solicited  ;  importuned  ;  un»ontIy  requeued. 

2.  Prevailed  on  by  urgint  sulicitation ;  consenting 
tu  t:rant  wliat  is  desired. 

3.  Used;  managed.     [OA.-*.] 
EX-TUiiAT'Elt,   n.    One  U»ut  cntreatfi,  or  oaks  oam- 

eslly. 
EX-T  RkAT'IXG,  p/ir.      Enrnestly  asking;   pressing 
with  rrtpusi  or  pmyer;  importuning. 

5.  TreMt:n2;   using.      [Ohs.] 

KX-TR£\'I''IXG-LY,  adn.    In  an  entreating  manner. 
KX-TKf:.\ T'l  VE,  a.     Pleaiiing ;  Ireiiiing.      Drtnoer. 
EX-TRkAT'Y,   n.     Urgent  pniyer  ;  earnest  petition  ; 
iww^ing  s»»liritati:>n  ;  Mipphration. 

Th«!p.«iT  u»^h  entrmliui  Imt  ibo  rich  aiuwertUi  roughlr.— 

Pruv,  xviii, 
rr..>  iiig  with  iii'icli  enlrfoiy.  —  U  Cor.  via. 


^.-V-'/'/i-K/;',  (iing-trl',)  n.    [Fr.]    iiteroUj,  a  coming 
in,  or  entry. 

2.  Freedom  of  access  ;  as,  the  entr6e  of  a  bouse. 

3.  A  course  of  dishes. 
EJ^^-TRF^-JTETS' ^  ("ing-tr-ma',)  n.  [Fr.  entre  and  mcts, 

or  L.  intrumissum.  It.  tramcsso.] 

A  term  applied  to  Kinall  plates,  or  dainty  dishea, 
set  between  the  principal  dishes  at  table. 

Mortimer.     Fr.  Diet. 

E^TTRE  ^roUSy  QAii^'tr-noo,)    [Fr.j    Between  our- 
selves. 

E^'-TREr-POVy  Qlng-tr-po',)  n.    [Fr.  eiitre  and  p3/, 
for  pasty  positum.] 

A  warehouse  or  map»ziiiei,for  the  deposit  of  goods. 
This  term  is  applied,  in  ^w/ire  and  some  otJter  conn- 
triesy  to  a  building  or  place  where  g*iods  from  abroad 
may  be  depasiti-d,  and  from  whi-nce  tluy  may  he 
withdrawn  for  exportation  to  another  country  with- 
out paying  a  duty.  Brande. 

EX-TRICK',  r.(.    [from  fo-itt.]    To  trick  ;  to  deceive ; 
to  entanele.     [Ob.i.]  Chaucer. 

EX'TRO-eilTTE,  n.     [Gr.  TpoX"i,  a  wheel.] 

A  term  applied  to  separate  joints  of  the  stem  of  an 
encrinite.  [See  K.ncbinitk.]  When  first  named, 
their  nature  was  not  understood.  Dana. 

EX'TRY,  n.     [Fr.  entree,    See  Enter.] 

1.  The  passage  by  wliicli  persons  enter  a  house  or 
otlier  building. 

2.  The  act  of  entering;  entrance;  ingress;  as,  the 
entry  of  a  person  into  a  house  or  city  ;  the  entnf  of  a 
river  into  the  sea  or  a  lake  ;  the  entry  of  air  inlo  the 
bliKjd  ;  the  entry  of  a  spi^ar  into  the  llesh. 

3.  The  act  of  entering  and  taking  possession  of 
lands  or  other  estate. 

4.  The  act  of  committing  to  writing,  gr  of  record- 
ing in  a  bo((k.  Make  an  entry  of  every  sale,  of  every 
debt  and  credit. 

5.  The  exhibition  or  depositing  of  a  ship*s  papers 
at  the  custom-house,  to  procure  license  to  land  goods; 
or  the  giving  an  account  of  a  ship's  cargo  to  the  ofii- 
cer  of  the  customs,  and  obtaining  his  permission  to 
land  the  goful:--. 

EX  TCXK',  r.  t.     [from  tune.]     To  tune.      Chaucer. 
EX-TCN'^:i),  pp.     Tuned  ;  chanted. 
FV-TCX'IXG,  pi>r.    'Atning  ;  chanting. 
EX-TWTXl-y,  r.  f.    [from  tieine.]     I'o  twine  ;  to  twist 
E.N-TWTX'KD,  /-p.    Twisted.  frnund. 

EX-TWTXE'MEXT,  n.     A  twisting  r(»und  ;  uni:m. 
E\-TWTX'IXG,  jtpr.     Twi.»Jting  round.  [/iackei. 

E.\-TW*IST',  c.  (.    [from  twist.]    To  twist  or  wreath 

aninnd. 
EN-TW(ST'ED,  pp.     Twisted  together. 
EX-TWIST'ING,  ppr.    Twisting  together. 
E-XC'Itl-LATE,  r.  t.     [h.  e  and  nubila,  mist,  clouds.] 
To  clear  from  mist,  clouds,  or  obscurity.     [Aot  in 

vf-]  ijicu 

E-XO'ni-LOUS,  a.    Clear  from  fog,  mi.'?t,  or  clouds. 
E-XC'CLE-ATE,  tJ.  U    [L.  enucleo;  e  and  uucUusy  a 

kernel.] 
Proiterttjl  to  take  out  the  kernel.     Hence, 
L  To  clear  fmm  knots  or  lumps ;  to  clear  from  in- 

tricacj- ;  to  disenUingle.  Tuoke. 

2.  To  open,  as  a  nucleus;  henc«,  to  explain;  to 

clear  from  obsrurity  ;  to  make  tnanifest.  Ouorl. 

E-XC'CLE-A-TED,;;/).  Cleared  from  knots;  disclosed; 

explained. 
E-XO'eLE-A-TIXG, /TT.    Clearing  from  knotj;  ex- 

ptnining. 
E-XU-CLE-A'TFOX,  n.     The  act  of  clearing  from 

knots ;  a  disentangling. 

Neither  «ir,  iior  wmrr,  nor  fool,  tffxn  rtiivctly  to  funtrilnit?  any 
Uiiiig  to  Ut«  enue'eaUoH  of  titu  tiiacoft^',  \tiiepiim  J\lopica.] 

2.  Evplanation  ;  ftill  exposition. 

E-.\C''iMER-ATE,  r.  L  [L.  enumcro ;  e  anil  numeroy 
numerusy  numW-r.] 

To  count  or  tell,  number  by  number  ;  to  reckon  or 
mention  a  number  of  things,  each  separately  ;  ns,  to 
enumerate  the  stars  in  a  cnnstellaliun  ;  to  aiumcrau 
particular  acts  of  kindness;  we  can  not  enumerate 
our  dailv  merrir.-». 

E-NO'MEll-A-TED,  pp.  Counted  or  told,  number  by 
nujnber;  reckoned  or  mcnlioned  by  distinct  particu- 
lars. 

E-XO'MER-A-TIXG,  ppr.  Counting  or  reckoning  any 
number,  bv  the  particulars  which  conipuse  it. 

E-XU-MER-"A'TI0\,  n.     [L.  entrmrnitio.] 

1.  The  act  of  counting  or  telling  a  number,  by 
naming  each  particular. 

2.  An  account  of  a  nuinticr  of  things,  in  which 
mention  is  made  of  every  pnrticiihir  article. 

3.  In  rhetoric,  a  part  of  a  pemnilion,  in  which  the 
orator  rerapitulales  the  princip;il  jioints  or  heads  of 
the  di;^course  or  argument. 

E-XO'MER-A-TIVE,  a.    Counting;  reckoning  tip. 

Ba.  Taylor. 
E-XUN'CIATE,   P.  U     [L.  cnuncio;  e  and  nuncio,  to 
tell.] 
To  utter ;  to  declare  ;  to  proclaim ;  to  relate. 

Bp.  Hnrhm 
Uttered 


E-XUX'CIA-TED,    pp. 

nounc'^-d;  proclaimed. 
E-XUX'CIA-TIXG,  ppr, 

nouncing. 


Uttering 


declared ;     pro* 
declaring ;   pro- 


TONE,  B|;i.L,  T;xiTE.-AN"GEn,  VI"CrOUS.-€  ns  K ;  G  aa  J ;  8  as  Z  j  CU  as  SH ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


ENV 

E-NUNaM-A'TIOX,  n.  Th«  act  of  uttering  or  pro- 
nouncini;-,  expressiun. 

i  Maimer  of  mti-ring  articiilnte  nounda.  In  n  pub- 
lic ilL-iroursc,  it  is  uii|Mtnatit  iliat  tlie  enuHaatufn 
should  tK-  clear  and  tli.->tinct. 

3.  Derlanitiun  ;  open  proclamation  ;  public  ntlpsta- 
tion.  Taylor. 

A.  IntelUfPnce  ;  Informntion.  fiide, 

E-NUN'CIA-TIVE,  a.     JVrUuniiig   to    enunciation; 

declarative.  ^y/^ifK 

E-NUN'CIA-TIVE-LY,  adc.     Declaratively. 
E-NUN'CIA-TO-RY,   a.      Containing    utterance    or 

sound.  WiUom**  Heb,  Oram. 

EN-VAS'SAL,  T.  t    [tmmvataal]    To  reduce  to  va». 
calage. 
9.  To  make  over  to  another  a*  a  slave.        Mart. 
E\-VAS'SA  I^ATl),  pp.     Enslaved. 
EN-VASSALr-IXG,  ppr.    Reducing  to  riaverr. 
EX-VEL'OP,  c,    L      [Ft.   nvtLrpvrr;    It,  inrHuppart^ 
mrriiuppare,  to  wnp  ;  vth^p*,  a  bundle,  intricacy.] 

L  To  cover  by  wrapjuitg  or  folding;  to  inwrap ; 
to  inve-st  with  a  covering.  Animal  bodies  atv  usually 
smttloptd  with  skin  \  the  nifrclmnt  encetops  goods 
with  canvas  ;  a  letter  Is  enrfiopfti  with  paper. 

2l  To  surround  entirely  ;  to  covur  on  all  sides ;  to 
bide.    A  ship  was  envdoped  in  fog  ;  tlie  troops  were 
mrH«2*^  in  duaz. 
3.  TO  line ;  to  cover  on  the  Inside. 

Bbkoa  (ml— taMloparf  withgsU.  S^mmmt. 

ENHTEL-CPE,  >  (TT»  Prench  pronunciation,  Ung-vtl- 
EN-VEL'OP,  \  Gpt',  id  still  common.  Watk.rsays 
it  ought  to  be  pntnounccd  like  the  verb,  and  hence 
E:fVEiA>r  wtHilU  be  the  prcferaUo  orthogmphy.)  n. 
[Ft.]  A  wrapper;  an  including  cover  ;  an  investing 
integumMit ;  as,  the  timltpe  of  a  letter,  or  of  the 
heart. 

2.  In/9rti/Ecaeia]i,a  mound  of  oartb,  imbed  to  eorer 
some  weak  part  of  the  works.  Prands. 

3.  In  boioMf^  a  floral  cucwiDM  is  one  of  the  parts 
of  t'rurtiiicaiiiin  sunoundiBg  tne  stamens  and  pistils. 
The  eiivt-Ui(x3  are  formed  itf  oneor  more  whorls  of 
abnormully  developed  leaves.  tindUif, 

4.  In  astrt>nomy,  the  eaestsps  ci  a  comet  (some- 
limes  called  the  cMu)  is  a  dense,  nebulous  coveringi 
which  frequently  renders  tlie  edge  of  the  mudetu  or 
body  indii^iinct.  OlmMed. 

EX-VEL'OP->:i),  (en-vel'opt,)  pp.  Inwrappcd  ;  cov- 
ered on  all  sides  ;  surrounded  un  all  sides  ;  inclitsed. 

EN-VCL'OP>ING,ppr.  Inwrappinc;  folding  around  ; 
covering  or  tuirrouoding  un  all  oides,  as  a  case  or  in- 
tegument. 

lUN-VLL'OP-MENT.  a.  A  wrapping;  au  iuclostug 
or  Covering  on  all  sides. 

EX-VE.\'OM,  r.  t.  [from  Tenom,]^  To  poison;  to 
taint  or  impregnate  with  venom,  or  any  substance 
noxious  to  life  ;  luvsr  app/isrf,  in  tku  «*■««,  ts  peraans, 
hU  U  wumt.  drimk,  or  wimpoiu ;  as,  an 
tow  or  sfaan  ;  an  rarauHiisrf  potion. 

5.  To  taint  with  bitterness  ur  malice ;  as,  the  sa- 
e— SBied  tongue  of  slander. 

3.  To  make  odioos. 

O,  what  a  world  h  itiii,  wfcta  wksi  b  eocMly 

Emanomu  him  thai  facwa  k  1  Bhmk. 

4.  I'o  enrage ;  to  exasperate.  Dryden. 

EX-\*E\'OM-/:D,  pp.  or  a.  Tainted  or  impregnated 
with  venom  or  poison  ;  imhittered  ;  exa^iperateid. 

EN'-VE.\'OM-I.\G,  ppr.  Tainting  with  venom  ;  pois- 
oning; imbittering ;  enraging. 

EX-VER'MEIL,  c.  L     [h't.  rermciL] 

To  dve  red.  MUton. 

EN'Vl-A-BUE,  a.  [See  Estt.]  That  may  excite 
envy  ;  capable  of  awakening  ardent  desire  of  pos- 
session. The  situatioii  of  men  in  utlice  is  not  always 
swmMs. 

EN'VI-A-BLY,  adv.    In  an  enviable  manner. 

EN'VI-ZD,  pp.  or  a.  [See  Emtt,  the  verb.]  Sub- 
jected to  envy. 

EN'VI-ER,  It.  One  who  envies  another;  one  who  de- 
sires what  another  po«esscs,  and  h.'ilcs  him  because 
bis  condition  i:)  better  than  his  own,  or  wishes  liis 
downfall. 

EN'VI-OUS,  o.     rrr.nvieux.    See  Ext t.] 

1.  Feeling  or  harborine  envj- ;  repining  or  fcelin* 
uneasiness,  at  a  view  of  the  excellence,  prosperiiy_ 
or  happmess  of  another  ;  pained  by  tlte  desire  of  pos- 
aessiog  some  superior  grx>d  which  another  possesses, 
and  usually  disponed  to  deprive  him  of  that  good,  to 
lessen  it,  or  to  depreciate  it,  in  c^'mmun  estimation. 
Sometimes  followed  by  against,  but  generally  and 
properly  by  at,  before  ilie  person  envied. 

Neither  be  ifaoo  tnniotu  at  tbe  wickrd.  —  Prar.  xxiv. 
It  is  followed  by  of  before  the  thing.     Be  not  envi- 
tut  of  the  blesiiings  or  prtwperiiy  of  others. 
9k  Tinctured  with  envy  ;  a^,  an  otriViLN  disposition. 
3.  Excited  or  directed  by  envy  ;  as,  an  envious  at- 
tack. 

EN'VI-OL'3-LY,  adv.  With  envy;  with  malignity 
excited  by  the  excellence  or  prudperity  of  another. 

tiow  cimouciy  the  latlks  look 

^  MM  -jcy  surpciK  tut  u  my  book  t  Sui/L 

EN'VI-OUS-NESa 
envious. 


The  quality  or  state  of  being 


ENW 

EN-VI'RON,  r.  (.  [Fr.  environnrr,  from  environ,  there- 
about;  fJi  and  nren,  from  rtrcr,  to  turn,  Sp.  Mror, 
Eng.  to  veer.     Class  Br.] 

1.  To  surround ;  to  encompass ;  to  encircle ;  as,  a 
plain  rnrirunrd  with  mountains. 

2.  To  Involve  ;  to  envelop ;  as,  to  environ  with 
darkness,  or  with  ditBculties. 

3.  To  besiege  ;  ns,  a  city  environed  with  troops 

4.  To  inclose  ;  to  invest. 

That  nlil'KT,  that  man  ofiioD, 

Wtioiti  riUi  of  humir  alt  tnnron.  Cltaveland. 

EN-VT'RON-KD,  pp.  Surrounded  ;  encompassed  ; 
besieged;  involved;  invested. 

EX-VI'RON-IXlI,  ppr.  Surrounding ;  encircling  ; 
besiepinc  ;  inclooiiig  ;  involving  ;  investing.  The 
appropriation  of  diil'crent  parts  of  the  globe  to  some 
IKirticiitar  speeiea  of  stone  rnriruning  it. 

EN-VI'KON-ME.NT,  n.  Act  of  surrounding  ;  state  of 
beiuB  envin^ned. 

E.V-VI'RON*  or  E\'VI-RON»,  w.  pi.  The  parts  or 
places  which  surround  another  place,  or  lie  in  it^ 
neighborhtxKl,  on  different  sides;  as,  the  ntririfH^  of 
a  city  i>r  town.  ChesUrJteld. 

EX'VOY.  B.  [Fr.  envovi,  an  envoy,  from  mcnyer,  to 
send.  The  correspoudinff  Italian  word  is  inviato,  an 
envoy,  that  ia,  sent;  and  tlic  verb  inviare,  to  send. 
The  Spanish  is  enviado ;  and  the  verb  enviar,  to  send. 
Port.  uL  Hence,  rntoy  is  from  tiie  root  of  L.  via, 
Eng.  way,  contracted  from  viag^  vag;  or  trag ;  It. 
viaggiartt  to  travel ;   Sp.  viagej  way,  voyage.     Class 

Bg-j 

1.  A  person  deputed  by  a  prince  or  government,  to 
negotiate  a  treaty,  or  transact  other  business,  with  a 
foreign  prince  or  government.  VVe  usually  apply  the 
woni  to  a  public  minister  sent  on  a  special  occasion, 
or  for  one  particular  purpose ;  hence,  an  envoy  \s  dis- 
tinguished from  an  embassador  or  permanent  resident 
at  a  foreign  court,  and  is  of  inferior  rank.  But  en- 
voys are  ordimay  and  eitraordiuary,  and  the  word 
may  sometimes  be  applied  to  resident  ministers. 

iL  A  common  messenger.    [Mot  in  use.} 

Blackmore, 

3.  Formerlyy  a  postscript  sent  with  compositions, 
to  introduce  or  enforce  tliem.     [Fr.  cnroi.]     Warton. 
EN'VOV-SHIP,  «.    Theotfice  ofan  envoy.  Coventry. 
EX'VY.  e.  (.     [Fr.  mritr ;  Ann.  aria  ;  from  L.  inrideo ; 
in  and  video^  to  see  against,  that  is,  to  kK>k  with  en- 
mity.] 

1.  To  feel  uneasiness,  mortification,  or  discontent, 
at  the  sight  of  superi<»r  Excellence,  reputation,  or 
happiness  enjoyed  by  another  ;  to  repine  at  another's 
prosperity ;  to  fret  or  grieve  one's  self  at  the  real  or 
sni^ioaed  superiority  of  another,  and  to  hate  him  on 
tliat  account. 

£nay  not  Ihoo  tb*  omirrMnr.  —  Pro*,  lii. 

Wlwevcr  MwiM  UMMner,  udifeatca  Uui  tupcriorltj,      linmbltr. 

3.  To  grudge ;  to  withhold  maliciously.     Dryden. 
Ta  €mcm  aif  used  by  auUtora  formerly,  is  now  obso- 
lete. 

Who  wcMikl  «iuy  at  the  pravperity  of  the  wicked  ?  Taylor, 

EN'VY,  n.  Pain,  uneasiness,  mortifiration,or  discon- 
tent excited  by  the  sight  of  another's  superiority  or 
success,  accompanied  with  some  degree  of  hatred  or 
malignity,  and  uflen  or  usually  witit  a  desire  or  an 
etfort  to  depreciate  the  person,  and  with  pleasure  in 
seeing  him  depressed.  Envy  springs  from  pride,  am- 
bition, or  love,  mortified  that  another  has  obtained 
what  one  has  a  strong  desire  to  ])osHess. 

£nvy  ami  adminttion  are  the  Scylls  and  Ch.MjbdaoT  nuihors. 

Popt, 

All  bun»n  Tinue,  to  tu  Utr«t  brmih, 

finds  «fi0y  ncTcr  conqiifreil,  but  hj  death.  Papt. 

Emulation  differs  from  envr/,  in  not  being  accompa- 
nied with  haired,  and  a  desire  to  depress  a  more  for- 
tunate person. 

Eney,  to  which  the  i^nobUr  miiid'i  a  alave, 

la  emuiaiUm  in  the  Icani-^tl  or  bntre.  Pop€. 

It  ia  followed  by  of  or  to.  They  did  this  in  envy  of 
Cesar,  or  in  enty  to  his  genius.  The  former  seems  to 
be  preferable. 

2.  Rivalry;  competition.    [Lttfic  iwcrf.]   Dryden. 

3.  Malice ;  malignity. 

You  turn  the  good  we  offer  into  enny.  ShnJt. 

4.  Public  odium;  ill  repute  ;  invidiousness. 

To  duchu-ge  tbe  Idn^  at  tlie  «nvy  of  tliat  ofiinion.  Bacon. 

EN'VY-ING,  ppT.  Feeling  uneasinesH  at  the  superior 
condition  and  happiness  of  anotlier. 

EN'V'Y-I\G,  n.  Mortification  experienced  at  the  sup- 
posed prosi)erity  and  happiness  of  another. 

2.  Ill-will  at  others  on  account  of  some  supposed 
siii>eriorilv.     Oal.  v.  21. 

E.\-\\'AL'LoW-^:D,  (-wol'lode,)  a.  [from  tvallow.'] 
Berne  wallowed  or  wallowing.  Spenser. 

E\-VVHEEI/,  r. /.     [from  WieW.l     To  encircle.  SAoA. 

EN-U'ID'i;.\,  F.  L  [from  iriJe.J  To  make  wider.  {J^ot 

E\-\VOMB',  fen-woom' )b.  L    [from  loymft.]  To  make 

pregnant.     [JVwt  ujied.]  Spmser. 

2.  To  bury  ;  to  hide  as  in  a  gulf,  pit,  or  cavern. 

Dunne. 
E.X-WOMB'ED,  (-woomd',);)p.    Impregnated  ;  buried 
in  a  deep  gulf  or  cavern. 


EPH 

E.\-^^'KA^',  (en-nn)',)  t).  U     To  envelop.     [See  In- 

WRAP,] 

EN-\VR.\P'MENT,  Tt.  A  covering;  a  wrapping  or 
wrapper. 

E\-\VRr:ATir/:D.    SeelwwBiATHE. 

B'0-Cr;NE,  a.    [Gr.  «<-Js,  aurora,  and  Kaivuq,  recent.] 
In  gfohgy,  u  term  applied  to  the  earlier  tertiary  de- 
posits, in  wliidi  are  a  tew  organic  remains  of  exist- 
ing species  of  animals.    Hence  the  term  «t>cr7ie,whitli 
denotes  the  dawn  of  the  existing  slate  of  things. 
Dana.     LyelL     Mantdl 

E-0'1jI-AN,  J  a.    Pertaining  toifloUa  or^olis,  in  Asia 

E-OL'ie,       \      Minor,  inlml)itcd  by  Greeks. 

The  F.obc  dialect  of  the  Greek  langimgc  was  the 
dialect  u«ed  liy  the  inhabitants  of  that  countrj-. 

EoUan  /i/rr,  or  Aar;i,  is  a  simple  stringed  instrument 
that  sounds  by  the  impulse  of  air,  so  called  from 
JEtdus,  the  deity  of  the  winds. 

E-O'LIAN  AT-tACII'MENT,  n.  A  contrivance  at- 
tached to  a  piano-forte,  by  which  a  stream  of  air  can 
be  thrtnvn  upon  trie  chorda,  which  greatly  increases 
the  volume  of  sound. 

E-OL'l-PII>E,  iu  [^w/fw,  the  deity  of  the  winds,  and 
pHa,  a  ball.] 

A  hollow  ball  of  metal,  with  a  pipe  or  slender  neck 
having  a  very  small  oritire,  used  in  hydraulic  experi- 
ments. The  ball,  being  filled  with  water,  is  heated, 
till  the  vapor  issues  from  the  orifice  with  great  vi- 
olence and  noise,  exhibiting  ttie  elastic  power  of 
steam.  hrande. 

E'ON,  7t,    [Gr.  flioji',  age,  duration.] 

In  the  FlaUmie  philusirpkyy  a  virtue,  attribute,  or  per- 
fection, existing  from  eternity.  The  Plalonists  rep- 
resented the  Deity  as  an  assemblage  of  eons.  The 
Gnostics  considered  eoruii ascertain  sub::<tantia]  [K>wers 
or  divine  natures  emanating  from  the  Snjireme  Deity, 
and  performing  various  parts  in  the  opemticms  of  the 
universe.  Encye.     Enfield. 

EP,  EP'I,  [Gr;  £:?(,]  in  composition,  usually  signifies 
on. 

E'PAGT,  n.  [Gr.  f  jra«rTpf,Bdscitition3,  from  cwayw,  to 
adduce  or  brin;;  ;  itti  and  ay  lo,  to  drive.] 

In  chronology^  a  term  denoting  the  moon's  age  at 
the  end  of  tlie  year,  or  the  nunibor  of  days  by  which 
tlie  last  new  moon  nas  preceded  the  beginning  of  the 
vear.  Brande. 

EP-AN-A-DIP-LO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.]  Repetition  ;  a  figure 
in  rhetoric  when  a  sentence  ends  witli  the  same  word 
with  which  it  Itegins. 

EP-AN-A-LKP'rilS,  n.  [Gr.]  Resumption;  a  fii^ure 
of  rhetoric  l)y  which  the  earne  word  is  repeated  in 
resuming  tiie  subject,  as  after  a  long  pareiilhi'his,&.c. 

Buchanan. 

EP-AN'0-DOS,  n.  [Gr.]  Return  or  inversion  ;  a  rhe- 
torical figure,  when  a  sentence  or  member  is  inverted 
or  repealed  backward  ;  as,  "Woe  to  tliem  who  call 
good  evil  and  evil  yood.*' 

EP-AN-OK-THO'SIri,  n.  [Gr.]  Correction;  a  figure 
of  rhetoric  in  which  a  s]>caker  recalls  what  he  has 
said,  for  the  sake  of  making  it  stronger. 

EP'ARCH,  «.     [Gr.  c-napxoii  £fft   and  a {i\Ti ^  Aomm' 


i<m.l 
The 


vt  and 


ic  governor  or  prefect  of  a  province. 
EP'ARCH-V,  n.     [Gr.  tna^/x^a,  a  province 
opxf?,  government.] 

A  province,  prefecture,  or  territory,  under  the  ju- 
risdiction of  an  eparch  or  governor.  Tvoke. 
EP-AULE',  n.    [Fr.]    The  shoulder  of  a  bastion. 

Brande. 
EP-AUI.E'.MEXT,  n.     [ft-om  Fr.  epaule,  a  shoulder.] 
In  fortificatian,  a  side-work,  or  work  to  cover  side- 
wise,  made  of  gabions,  fascines,  or  bags  of  earth.     It 
sometimes  denotes  a  semi-bastion  and  a  square  oril- 
lon,  or  mass  of  earth  faced  and  lined  with  a  wall,  de- 
signed to  cover  the  cannon  of  the  casemate.    Harris. 
EP'AU-LET,  71.     [Fr.  epaulette,  from  epauUf  the  shoul- 
der ;  It.  spalla,  Sp.  espalda.] 

A  shoulder-piece ;  an  ornamental  badge  worn  on 
the  shoulder  by  military  men.     Officer:^,  military  and 
naval,  wear  epaulets  on  one  shoulder  or  on  both,  ac- 
cording (o  their  rank. 
EP  E-NET'ie,  a.     [Gr.  tT.iif rjri/fcs-] 

Laudatory  ;  bestowing  praise.  PliUlips. 

E-PEN'TilE-SIS,  n.     [Gr.  ttrr.i^Ucais ;  eiri,  £v,  and  ti- 
Oni",  to  put.] 

The  insertion  of  a  letter  or  syllable  in  the  middle 
of  a  word,  as  ahtaum  for  alitum.  Ena/c, 

EP-EN-TIlET'ie,a.  Inserted  in  the  middle  of  a  word, 

J\f.  Stuart. 
E-PEROJsrE',(a-pArn',)n.  [Fr.]  An  ornamental  stand 

for  a  large  dish  in  the  centre  of  a  table.  -Smurt. 

EP-EX-E-GET'ie-AL,  a.     Explanatory  of  that  which 

immediately  precedes.  Oibt>.t. 

E'PHA,  (p'fi,)  »t-     [Heb.  nCN,  or  HD'^K,  properly,  a 
baking.] 

A  Hebrew  measure,  equal,  according  to  Jof^ephus, 
to  the  Attic  mcdimnus^  or  about  one  and  a  half  (more 
exactly,  one  and  four  ninths}  biisheh;  Engliah. 

Robi}i3on''s  Gesenius. 
E-PIIE.M'E-RA,  (e-fem'e-ra,)  n.     [L.,  from  Gr.  t^ij/it- 
/3i>(,  daily  ;  nrt  and  fj/icpu,  a  day.] 

1.  A  fever  of  one  day's  continuance  only. 

2.  The  day-fly,  or  Alay-fly,  a  genus  of  insects, 
strictly,  e  liy  that  lives  one  day  only  ;  but  the  word 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — M£TE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQ^K.- 


EPl 

13  applied  also  to  insects  thnt  are  very  short-lived, 

whether  they   live  several  days   or  an  hour  only. 

Tht-re  are  several  species, 
E-PIIF.M'E^-RAL,    i  a.     Diurnal ;  beginning  and  end- 
E-PHEM'E-RIC,      >      ine  in  a  day  j  continuing  or  ex- 
E-PHEM'E-ROUS,  )     isiing  one  day  only. 

2.  Short-lived ;  existing  or  continuing  for  a  short 

time  only. 

[Eph£Meral  m  generally  used,      Ephemerous  is 

not  analomfjdly  formed.] 
E-PHEM'E-RIS,  n.,-   pi,  Ephemerides.     [Gr.  e-p>ific- 

piS.]      ■ 

1.  A  journal  or  account  of  daily  transactions  j  a 
diary. 

2.  In  astronomy^  an  account  of  the  daily  state  or 
positions  of  the  planets  or  heavenly  orbs j  a  table,  or 
collection  of  tables,  exhibiting  tlie  places  of  the  planets 
ever)*  day  at  noon.  From  these  tables  are  calculated 
eclipses,  conjunctions,  and  other  aspects  of  the  plan- 
ets. Brande. 

E-PUEM'E-RIST,  «.  One  who  studies  the  daily  mo- 
tions and  positions  of  the  planets  j  an  astrologer. 

Howell. 

E-PHEM'E-RON,  n.     The  being  of  a  day. 

E-PHEM'E-RON-WORM,  n.  [See  Ephemera.]  A 
worm  that  lives  one  day  only.  Dcrham. 

E-PHk'SI.IN,  (e-f^'zhan,)  a.  Pertaining  to  Ephesui*, 
in  Asia  Minor.  As  a  ntmn,  a  native  of  Ephesua. 
Hence,  one  of  dissolute  life.  Shak. 

EPH-I-AL'TES,  n.     [Gr.]     The  nightmare. 

EPH'OD,  (ef 'odO  n.  [Heb.  tibn,  from  nsK,  to  bind.] 
In  Jewish  antiquitpy  a  part  of  the  sacerdotal  habil^ 
being  a  kind  of  girdle,  which  was  brought  from  be- 
hind the  neck  over  the  two  shoulders,  and  hanging 
down  before,  was  put  across  the  stomach,  then  car- 
ried round  the  waist,  and  used  as  a  girdle  to  ttie  tu- 
nic. There  were  two  sorts  ;  one  of  plain  linen,  the 
other  embroidered  for  the  high  priest.  On  the  part 
in  front  were  two  precious  stones,  on  which  were 
engraven  the  names  of  the  twelve  tribes  of  Urael. 
Before  the  breast  was  a  square  piece  or  brea.<itplate. 
Eiietjc     Calnut, 

EPH'OR,  n,  i  pL  Ephob*  or  Ephobi.  [Gr.  c^^opoJ,  from 
i<po(^aii>,  to  inspecL] 

In  ancieat  Sparta^  a  magistrate  chosen  by  the  peo- 
ple. The  ephors  were  five,  and  they  were  intended 
as  a  check  on  the  regal  power,  or,  according  to  some 
writers,  on  the  senate.  Encye.    Mitford. 

EFII'OR-AL-TY,  (ef'or-al-te,)  n.  The  office,  or  terra 
of  office,  of  an  ephor.  Maford. 

EP'ie,  a.  [L.  epiciLs^  Gr.  emitH^  from  eirof,  a  song,  or 
£jr«.',  ciiT'j,  to  speak.] 

Narrative;  containing  narration  ;  rehearsing.  An 
epic  poem,  otherwise  call»jd  heroic^  is  a  poem  which 
narrates  a  story,  real  or  fictitious,  or  both,  represent- 
ing, in  an  elevated  style,  some  signal  action  or  scries 
of  actions  and  events,  usually  the  achievements  of 
•ume  distinguished  hero,  and  intended  to  form  the 
morals,  and  affect  the  mind  with  the  love  of  virtue. 
The  matter  of  the  poem  includes  the  action  of  the  fa- 
ble, the  incidenlji,  episodes,  characters,  morals,  and 
machinery.  The  /t/rm  includes  the  manner  of  nar- 
ration, the  diacwirses  introduced,  descriptions,  senti- 
ments, sU'Ic,  versification,  figures,  and  other  orna- 
ments. The  end  is  to  improve  the  morals,  and  inspire 
a  love  of  virtue,  braver}',  and  illuHtrious  actions. 

EP'IG,  n.     An  epic  poem.     [See  Epic.]  [Eacyc, 

EP'I-€ARP,  Tu     [Gr.  £«■(  and  itrt/iiro^.] 

In  botany,  the  outer  coating  of  the  pericarp.] 

EP'I-CKDK,  n.     [Gr.  iin>cr,6ioi.]  [Lindley. 

A  funeral  song  or  discourse. 

KP-I-Ci-:'l>I-.\L,  (1.     Epicedian  ;  elegiac 

EI"  1  <'K'I)IAN,  tt.     Elegiac;  mournful. 

EP-I-€fyi>I-UM,  n.     An  elegy. 
j   EP'I-Cf.NE,  a.  or  n.    [Gr.  tJUKoitfon  £ti  and  KotfOfy 
common.] 

Common  to  both  sexes ;   a  term  applied   to  such 

,  nouns  as  have  but  one  form  of  gender,  either  the 
masculine  or  feminine,  to  indicate  animals  of  both 
sexes  ;  as,  QtvSt  ^o«i  ff^  '^^  u'  ^i>^  cow. 

EP-I-CF>ftAS'Tie,  a.  [from  the  Greek.]  Lenient; 
ax^uaging. 

EP-ie  Tk'TIAN,  (ep-ih-t«'shan,)  a.  Pertaining  to 
Epirteius,  a  Stoic  philosopher  in  the  time  of  thr  Ro- 
man em[K!ror  Dotnilian.  Jlrhuthnot. 

EP'I-€URE,  n.  [L.  epicuru3,  a  voluptuary,  from  Epi- 
cunu.] 

Properly,  a  follower  of  Epicurus  ;  a  man  devoted 
to  sensual  enjoyments  ;  hence,  one  who  indulges  in 
the  luxuries  of  the  table. 

[The  word  is  now  used  only  or  cfiicfiy  in  the  latter 

1.  Pertaining  to  Epicurus,  an  ancient  Greek  phi- 
losopher ;  as,  the  fptcKrean  philosophy  or  tenets. 

Held. 
Q;  Luxiirtous  ;  given  to  luxury  ;  contributing  to  the 
luxuht-s  of  the  table. 
EP-I  CO'Rl^^AN,  i  H.     A  follower  of  Epicnnis. 
EP-I  €i;  RK'AN,  \  Encyc.     Shaftesbury. 

9.  One  givfn  to  the  luxnries  of  the  table. 
EP  I  €0'Ri;-AN-I«M,  B.     Attachment  to  the  doctrines 
of  Epicurus.  Harria. 


EPI 

EP'I  eU-RlSM,   w.       Luxury;    sensual  enjoyments; 
indulgences  in  gross  pleasure  ;  voluptuousness.  Shak, 
9.  The  doctrines  of  Epicurus.     iVarton.     Bailey. 
EP'I-€U-RIZE,  p.  t.    To  feed  or  indulge  like  an  epi- 
cure ;  to  riot ;  to  feast.  Fuller. 
2.  To  profess  the  doctrines  of  Epicurus.  CudvsorUi. 
EP'I-Cy-€LE,  n,     [Gr,  ini  and  *tt.«A..s,  a  circle.] 

In  the  Ptolemaic  system  of  astronomy,  a  little  circle, 
whose  center  moves  round  in  the  circumference  of  a 
greater  circle  ;  or  a  small  circle,  whose  center,  being 
fixed  in  the  deferent  of  a  planet,  is  carried  along  with 
the  deferent;  and  yet,  by  its  own  peculiar  motion, 
carries  the  body  of  the  planet  fastened  to  it  round  its 
proper  center.  Ed.  Encyc. 

EP-l-CV'eLOID,T».  [Gr.  e^riKixXoeiSiis  ;  nrij  jcyxXof, 
and  £i(^'j«:,  form.] 

In  gwmetry,  a  curve  generated  by  any  point  in  the 
plane  of  a  movable  circle,  which  rolls  on  the  inside 
or  outside  of  the  circumference  of  a  fixed  circle. 

Ed.  Encvc 
EP-I-CV-€LOID'AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  epicycloid, 
or  having  its  properties.  Encyc 

Epl'l-DEM'ie-AI,,  \  -^     i^'-  '"•  ""*  ^"""f-  P'^'P'^-J 

1,  Common  to  many«people.  An  epidemic  disease 
is  one  which,  inde^tendent  of  local  cause,  seizes  a 
great  number  of  people  at  the  same  time,  or  in  the 
same  season.  Thus  we  s|)eak  of  epidemic  fever ; 
epidemic  catarrh.  It  is  used  in  disUnctiou  from  en- 
demic 

2.  Generally  prevailing  ;  affecting  great  nimibera  ; 
as,  qudemie  rage  ;  an  epidemic  eviL 

EP-I-l>E.M'ie,  n.  A  disease  generally  prevalent,  but 
not  dependent  upon  any  local  morbific  cause,  and  not 
confined  to  any  season,  climate,  region,  or  country. 
The  influenza  of  October  and  November,  1789,  that 
of  .March  and  April,  1790,  that  of  the  winter  1834-5, 
and  that  of  1825-6,  were  very  severe  epidemics.  Tally. 

EP-I-DE.M'I€-AL-LY,  ad.     In  an  epidemical  manner. 

EP'I-I)EM-Y,  tu  A  prevailing,  common,  or  general 
disease,  not  dependent  on  local  causes.       DungVison, 

EP-I-DICUM'ie,  /  a.     Pertaining  to  or  like  the  epi- 

EP-I-DER.M'I-DAL,  i  dcnnis^  covering  the  skin  or 
bark. 

The  tpidermas  texture.  i^rwan. 

EP-I-DERM'IS,  n.  [Gr.  eniScppn ;  em  and  dcp/ia, 
skin.] 

The  cuticle  or  scarf-skin  of  the  body  ;  a  thin  mem- 
brane covering  either  the  skin  of  animals,  or  the  bark 
of  plants.  Encyc.     Martyn. 

EP-M)ieT'I€,  a.  [Gr.  e-TihixriKn^.]  Thnt  explains, 
exhibits,  or  lays  open  ;  applied  by  the  Greeks  to  a  kind 
of  oratory,  called  by  the  Latins  demonstrative. 

Brougham, 

EP'I-DOTE.M.  [from  Gr.  £tnSti(.}pi;  so  named  from 
the  enlargement  of  the  base  of  the  primary,  in  some 
of  the  secondary  forms.] 

A  mineral  of  a  green  or  gray  color,  vitreous  luster, 
and  partial  trancpanncy.  The  primary  form  of  the 
crystals  is  a  right  rhomboidal  prism.  It  consists  of 
silica,  aluimna,  lime,  and  oxyd  of  iron,  or  manganese, 
/nisite  is  a  variety  of  epidot^,  DoTia, 

EP-I-l)OT'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to  epidote,  or  containing 
it.  Jfitchcock. 

EP-I-GAS'TRIC,  a.     [Gr.  en  and  ynmo,  belly.] 

Pertaining  to  the  upper  and  anterior  jiart  of  the  ab- 
domen ;  as,  tlie  epigastric  region  ;  the  epigastric  arte- 
ries and  veins.  Qainey 

lv.\MJ'v».\  *=«?"■<■«'• 

EP'I-GENE,  a.  [Gr.  fjn,  upcm,  and  ytvonat,  to  begin 
to  be.] 

In  geology,  formed  or  originating  on  the  surface  of 
the  earth  ;  opposed  to  hypogene ;  as,  epigene  rocks. 

Dana, 
The  word  WTis  formerly  used    in  crystallography^  to 
denote  forms  of  crystals  not  natural  to  the  substances 
in  which  they  are  found. 
EP-I-Gk'OUS,  o.     [Gr.  tir(,upon,  and  yrjj  earth.]    In 

hotany,  growing  close  upon  the  earth.  Lindley. 

EP-I-GLoT'TIC,  a.     Belonging  to  the  epiglottis. 
EP-LGLOT'TIS,     n.        [Gr.    ctti;  Awrrij ,'    cm     and 
jpAwrra,  the   totigtie.J 

In  anatomyj  one  oTlhe  cartilages  of  the  larynx, 
whose  use  is  to  protect  the  glottis,  when  food  or 
drink  is  passing  into  the  stomach,  to  prevent  it  from 
entering  the  larynx  and  obstructing  the  breath. 

Quinaj. 
EP'I-GRAM,  n.    [Gr.  £n-(j/ia^^j,  inscription  ;  cjt*  and 
^/Mtfif/'i,  a  writing.] 

A  short  po(-m  treating  only  of  one  thing,  and 
en<ling  with  some  livt'ly.  ingenious,  and  natural 
thought.  Conciseness  ami  jMiint  form  the  beauty  of 
epigrams. 

Epigrams  were  originally  inHcriptions  on  tombs, 
Btatut;s,  tcniplr.-s,  triumphal  arclirs,  Sec.  Encyc. 

EPI  CRAM-MAT'IC,         I  a.        Writing     epigrams; 
EP-l-GRAM-MAT'ie  AL,  i      dealing    in    epigrdms; 
as,  an  epigrammatic  poet. 

2.  Suitable  to  epigrams;    belonging  to  epigrams; 
like  an  epigram  ;   concise;    pom  ted  ;    poignant;   as, 
epigrammatic  style  or  wit. 
EP-I-GRAM'MA-TIST,  n.    One  who  compowa  eph 


EPI 

grams,  or  deals  in  them.     Martial  was  a  noted  epi- 
grammatist, 
EP'F-GRAPH,  (ep'e-grapb,)  n.    [Gr.  cntypa-l>rt ;   c/rt 
and  yoinlxi}^  to  write.] 

1.  Among  antiquartesy  nn  inscription  on  a  building 
pointing  out  the  time  of  its  erection,  the  builders,  its 
uses,  Slc.  Encyc. 

2.  In  literature,  a  citation  from  some  author,  or  a 
sentence  framed  for  the  purpose,  placed  at  the  com- 
mencement of  a  work,  or  at  its  separate  divisions  ;  a 
motto.  Brande. 

E-PIG'Y-NOUS,  a,     [Gr.  sn-i  and  yvvr,.'] 

In  botany,  a  term  used  when  the  stamens  are  united 

both  with  the  surface  of  the  calyx  and  of  the  ovary. 

[Obs.]  Lindley. 

EP'I-LEP-SY,  n.     [Gr.  £7riAr/i^(a,from  C7r(>a/./?ttf{J,to 

seiz.e.] 

The  falling  sickness,  so  called  because  the  patient 

falls  suddenly  to  the  ground  ;  a  disease  characterized 

by  general  muscular  agitation,  occasioned  by  clonic 

spasms,   without   sensation   or    consciousness,   and 

commonly  recurring  at  intervals.  Oood, 

EP-I-LEP'l'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  falling  sickness  j 

affected  with  epilepsy  ;  consisting  of  epilej>sy. 
EP-I-LEP'Tie,  M.  One  affected  with  epilepsy. 
E-PIL'O-GISM,  n.     [Gr.  imXovippus.] 

Computation  ;  enumeration.  Gregory. 

EP-I-LO-GIS'TIC,  o.    Pertaining  to  epilogue;  of  the 

nature  of  an  epilogue. 
EP'I-LOGUE,  (ep'i-log,)  n.      [L.  epilogus,  from  Gr. 

cjTiXojoy,  condusion  ;  tirtAtyw,  toconclude  ;  £ir(  and 

Acvw,  to  speak.] 

1.  In  oratory,  a  conclusion;  the  closing  part  of  a 
discourse.  In  which  the  principal  matters  are  recapitu- 
lated. Encyc. 

2.  In  the  drama,  a  speech  or  short  poem  addressed 
to  the  spectators  by  one  of  the  actors,  after  the  con- 
clusion of  the  play. 

EP'i-LO-GrZE      i  "•  *•    '^^  pronounce  an  epilogue. 

EP'I-LO-GUIZE,  tJ.  L    To  add  to,  in  the  manner  of  an 
epilogue. 

EP-I-NI"CION,  (ep-e-nish'un,)  n.  [Gr.  cnivtKiov ;  ctti 
and  fiKiii.^,  to  conquer.] 

A  song  of  triumph.    [JVot  in  use.]  Warton, 

EP-LNYCTIS,  n,     [Gr-cm  and  vuf,  wxrog,  night.] 
An  angry  pufilule,  api>earing  in  the  night. 

EP-I-PE-DOM'E-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  ctti,  jrovf,  and  perpov.] 
The  mensuration  of  figures  standing  on  the  same 
base.     [JVot  used.]  Knovles. 

E-PIPH'ANY,   (c-pifa-ne,)   n.      [Gr.  nntpaveia,  ap- 
pearance ;  £rt  iiKvoi,  to  apjjcar  ;  (iri  and  '/kiiko.j 

A  church  fesitlval  celebrated  on  the  sixth  day  of 
January,  the  twelfth  day  after  (Jliristmas,  in  com- 
niemnnition  of  the  appoiirnnce  of  our  Savior  to  the 
mngians  or  philosophers  of  the  East,  who  came  to 
adore  him  with  presents;  or,  as  others  maintain,  to 
commemorate  the  appearance  of  the  star  to  the 
magiaris,  or  the  manifestation  of  Christ  to  the  Gen- 
tile's, Jerome  and  Chrysostom  lake  the  epiphany  to 
be  the  day  of  our  Savior's  baptism,  when  a  voice 
from  heaven  declared,  "  This  is  my  beloved  Son,  in 
whom  1  am  well  pleased."  The  Greek  fathers  use 
the  word  for  the  appearance  of  Christ  in  the  world, 
the  sense  in  which  Paul  uses  the  word.    3  Tim.  \.  10. 

Encyc 

EP-I-PMO-NE'MA,  n.    [Gr.  ciri^wi'iifa,  exclamation ; 
sn-j  and  4>ix>^^ll.^.] 

In  oratory,  an  exclamatory  sentence  or  striking  re- 
flection ;  as,  adinimble  clemency  !  How  inconstant 
is  the  favor  of  princes  I  Rich.  Diet. 

E-PIPH'O-RA,  (e-pif 'o-ri,)  n.     [Gr.  tin  and  (/.tpw,  to 
bear.l^ 

1.  The  watery  eye;  a  disease  in  which  the  tears, 
frvtm  increased  secretion,  or  some  disease  of  the 
lachrjmal  passage,  accumulate  in  front  of  the  eye 
and  trickle  over  the  cheek.  Cyc    Parr. 

2.  In  rhetoric,  the  emphatic  repetition  of  a  word  or 
phrase,  at  the  end  of  several  sentences  or  stanzas. 

EP-I-PHYL-LO-SPKRM'OUS,  a;     [Gr.  ctt*,  (pyWov^  a 
leaf,  and  (rircrt/m,  seed.] 

In  botany,  bearing  their  seeds  on  the  back  of  the 
leaves,  as  ferns.  Harris. 

E-PIPII'YL-LOUS,  (e-pif'il-lus,)  a.      [Gr.    tin    and 
<pvXXoif.] 

In  botany,  inserted  upon  the  leaf. 
E-PIPH' Y-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  Ejn<pvoti :  tni  and  0vm,  to  grow.] 
Accretion  ;  the  natural  growing  of  one  bone  to  an- 
other by  simple  contiguity,  without  a  propter  articula- 
tion, iluiney. 

The  spongy  extremity  of  a  bone ;  any  portion  of  a 
bone  growing  to  another,  but  originally  separated 
from  it  by  a  cnrtilag*;.  Cote. 

Epiphyses  are  appendixes  of  the  long  bones,  for  the 
pur[>oso  of  articulation,  formed  from  a  distinct  center 
of  ossification,  and  in  the  young  subject  connected 
with  the  larger  bones  by  an  intervening  cartilage, 
which  in  the  adult  is  obliterated.  Parr. 

E-PIPH'Y-TAL,  a.     [Gr.  £7ri  and  0urflc,  a  plant.] 

Pertaining  to  an  epiphyte. 
EP'I-PIITTE,  n,     [Gr.  cm  and  ^urfti-.] 

A  plant  which  grows  on  other  plants,  but  does  not 
penetrate  their  substance,  nor  absorb  their  juices. 
EP-I-PHYT'ie,a.     Having  the  nnlurc  of  an  epiphyte. 


TONE,  BWLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOU8 C  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  ea  In  THIS, 


403 


EPI 

EP-I  rLKX'IS,  a.  [Or.]  In  rArti'Wc.anfjure  by  wlikh 
a  p-^rstin  sfek^  to  cun\'iDC«  and  move  by  a  kind  of 
(Eenllc  upbtniding.  BacJutHOiu 

E-PIP'LO-0E,-i.  [Gr.rrtirXojcJT,  impllcalion  ;  e-i  and 
xX  K  \  toTuld.] 

A  fiaurc  of  r>i"*-ri'-.  *••■  "  ''*  t^  n..,.r^.-,fi.,n,  or 

striking  cimnn  i  t'» 

another;  a*,  "  '"t 

c,.'-f '""•'■' 'i'->;i , ,  .....  . ..  -.-.:. aucd 

V.  MiCi-d  Uiein.-*  ,  Jt^kHMn. 

E<I\  .  a.     [Gr.   .:rteXMCTiXn i  f*i~Xoo*^  tho 

cii.--,..:..  -  ,      ..-iluinor.] 

A  hriiiia  wiioiP  cuntmta  are  epiplf'ifn. 
KP-I-PUVIC,  o.    [Gr.  ir  T-V^.f,  tbe  caul.) 

Pertaining  lo  Iht'  caul  or  twiK'ntum. 
E-PIP'LO-O.N,  a.    [Gr.  tffiirA^uw  txt  and  rXcw.] 

The  caul  ur  ofncutum. 
E-PIS  eO-PA-CV,  «.     ri"  epiicopvtus;  Sp.  obisptdo; 
Pott.  bLfpaJit :  i'  i.uiii  thp  Gr.  (Turc-nTtui, 

to  inspect ;  ir^:  >>  see.     See  Itistiop.] 

I.  LUmmg,  ■■■■■  ■ -.ichf  or  corcfUl  inspec- 

tion.   Jame^t.     Il'.ui  c, 

3.  Giovt^rnmt-nt  of  tiie  rhurch  by  biffhons  or  prel- 
ate* ;     IImI    f  r:ii    -.-f    . .  .  I    ■  ;.i>!:f  il     C'V.'fliiii' nT,    in 


or  prclatc-s  ;  :•.-.  d.cium  ^   fiu^-Ci'j-ui  au- 

tiionir. 
2.  6<ivemed  1  .i-<,  the  rpiscopai  church. 

E-PIS-€0-PA'LI-A.\,  ti,  IVrtuining  to  bi«bopeorguv- 
»-rnmrni  bv  bishoiiii ;  i'pi?ccp.il. 

E-PIS-eO-PA'LI-AX,  ».  One  who  b.-l(mF3  to  an  epis- 
copal church,  or  adhen-s  to  the  rpiscopai  form  of 
church  i»ovfrnm?'iit  nnd  <li*^iplinc. 

E-PIS-eO-P.\'LI-.\N-i5^M,  n.  The  sy^trrm  of  episco- 
pal religion,  or  govtrrnmcni  of  the  church  by  bt^hotis. 

BacoH. 

E-PIS'€0.pAI^LY,  ode.  By  epiacopal  authority  ;  in 
n-i  '      uincr. 

£-i'  .  a.    A  bishopric;  tbe  office  and  d\$- 

ij 

<<f  bishops. 

E  r  r.  i.    To  act  as  a  bishop  ;  to  till  the 

n:  lie.  Ilarrii,     Mdner. 

E-l'i.-  t_  V.  i  i-v  (i)E,  «.     [L.  rpisef pus  :ind  e^da,] 
I'htf  killing  of  a  bishnp. 

E-PI3'€M>-PY,  a.    Survey  ;  impcrintcndence  ;  search. 

Miiton. 

EP'I-SODE,  «.  [from  the  Cr.]  Tn  p»^ry,  a  wpamte 
Incident,  story,  or  action,  introduced  for  the  purpose 
of  giving  a  gn'atrr  variety  to  the  events  relnti-d  in 
the  poem  ;  an  incidcnlAl  namtive,  or  dtgrrssiun, 
separable  from  the  main  subject,  but  naDintlly  arising 
fVom  it.  Jokn^fu     Ene^- 

EP-I-80D'!C,         (  s.      Pertnlning   to   an    episode  i 

EP-I-SOiyiC-.^L,  t  contained  in  an  episode  or  di- 
gression. Dryden. 

EP-I-SOIVie-AI^LY,  «iK    By  way  of  episode.  SeotL 

EP-I-SP.\:^'TI€,  &  [Gr.  txia:TAertKa,  from  critfTau, 
to  draw.] 

In  mrdteinr,  drawing;  nur.-  lars  lo  the 

skin  :  e-Tciting  action  in  tht-  -  tj. 

EP-I-i^PAS'Tie.  n.     A  topiciil  :  .       .    ,ip  d  to  the 

extrrnal  pirl  v(  the  body,  fur  ihc  jiuriJ»»i3  of  produ- 
cins  intlainmaiion  and  vesication.      Ktuyt^     Coxt. 

EP'I-SPERM,  n,     [Gr.  c-rt  and  <x:Tipfta,] 
The  oiitt-r  integument  of  a  seed. 

EP-I-:?TIL'ilITE,  a.  A  mineral,  white  and  translu- 
cenL  Tbe  primary  form  of  the  crystal  is  a  right 
rhombic  prism.  Ro»e, 

E-PIS'TUi,  (e-pisa,)  ».  fL.  rpittota;  Gr.  (y.cryXii, 
from  (TfffrcAXii,  to  send  to;  «ti  and  orf.VAtJ,  to 
send  ;  G.  sUUrm,  to  set.] 

A  writing,  directeil  or  sent,  communicating  inlelli- 

fence  to  a  distant  person  ;  a  leltt;r;  a  letter  niiftaive. 
t  is  rarely  used  in  familiar  conversation  or  writings, 
but  chiedy  in  solemn  or  formal  transactiuns.  It  is 
used  particularly  in  speaking  of  the  I  Iten  of  the 
apostles,  as  the  epiitUj  of  Paul ;  and  of  other  letters 
written  by  the  ancients,  as  the  epi^ttles  of  Plmy,  or  of 
Cicero. 
t^Isn'LER,  n.  A  writer  of  epi-«T'.es.  [Little  used,] 
2.  Fonneriy.one  who  attend.:d  tbe  communion  ta- 
ble and  r*";id  the  epistles. 

E-P;  - ■  nv,*.    Pertaining  to  epistles  or  letters; 

>  rs  and  correspondence ;  familiar ;  as, 

:  .  le. 
J.  t  •>:t:t:n:L-d  in  letters  ;  carried  on  by  letters;  as, 
an  qfi^olarv  correspondence. 
EP-IS-TOL'ie,        i  a.     Pertaining  lo  letters  or  epis- 
EP  IS-TOL'ie-AL,  1       Ues. 

S.  Dcsignaiing  the  method  of  representing  ideas 
by  lettijrs  and  wonU.  H'arburton, 

E-PiS'TO-LIZE,  t.  i.    To  write  epiaUes  or  letters. 

E-PI-S'TO-LTZ-ER.  ».    A  writer  of  ep^Ues.    Ifinoen. 

E-PiS-TO-LO-GHAPH'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  writ- 
ing of  IcUer*. 

E-PIS-TO-LOG'UA-PHY,  n.    [Gr.  imeToXrj,  a  letter, 
and  yoajk'  •,  to  write.] 
Tiie  art  or  practice  of  writing  letter*.        .Kneye. 

E-PIS'TRO  PHE,  «.  [Gr.  t^toTooipni  "'  wd  trrt^Jtpnj 
a  reium.i 


EI'I 

A   liffuro  in   rhetoric^  in  which  several  sucrcssive 
Bciitenoes  end  witli  tiiu  saau  word  or  nttirmation. 
Bailri/.     J!f*A. 

EP'I-STYLE,  m.    [Gr.  tTt  and  ftri..\of,  a  column.] 

In  aaeieiu  arekaerturfy  a  term  U:«cd  by  the  <>reek8 
for  what  is  now  called  the  architrave^  a  massive 
pirce  of  stone  or  wood  laid  immediately  on  the 
akacus  of  the  capital  uf  a  colunm  or  pillar.  OwUt. 
EP'I-TAPII,  (ep'e-iaf,)  tu  [Gr.  cti  and  rui/ioi,  a  st'p- 
ulcher.] 

1.  An  Inscription  on  a  monum»nt,  in  honor  or 
memory  of  the  dead. 

Tbe  tpiupka  of  ttio  pTv«mi  dnjr  xn  cntnmmj  wlih  riilsom« 
conipiiitif  >iu  rxfYvt  lartiU'A,  Entyc. 

Cou  you  l<x>lt  Tont'^iU  to  ihr  hoiinr  of  a  Hccontal  cuLtiii,  a 
•f<)"ii>lid  (tuiraai,  A  lOM'drtiif  tnonumeiit  —  h  muy  tv  x  lytii; 

a  A  eulogy,  in  prose  or  verse,  cnrnpost^  without 
any  inlcnt  to  beengraven  on  a  nionumt-nt,  as  that  on 
Alexander;  "SulHcit  huic  tumulus,  cul  nun  Hutfice- 
ret  nrhi.^"  Kneyc. 

EP-I-TA'Pni-AX,  I  a.     Pertaining  to  on  epitaph. 

KP-I-TAPMIC,       i  JMilton. 

E-PIT'A-^IS,  H.  [Gr.)  In  the  ancimt  drama^  that 
n-irt  which  embraces  ilie  main  nctiun  of  a  play,  and 
leads  on  lo  the  caiastroplie  ;  opposed  tu  pri>tasi.<.  [:See 
PaoTAiis.]  Jittchmuxn. 

The  term  has  also  boon  sometimes  applied  lo  that 
part  of  an  oration  which  appeals  to  the  (Ktssions. 

EP-I-TUA-La'MI-U.M,  {  n,    [lit.  errt^aXa^tov i  rmnnd 

EP-I-THAL'A-MV,         S      ij  iau^.j,  a  bt-d  chamber.] 
A  nuptial  song  or  poem,  in  praise  of  the  bride  and 
bridegniom,  and  praying  for  their  prosperity. 


EP'I-TUE.M,  n.  [Gr.  ciriSii^a,-  tiri  and  Tt^rjpi^  lo 
pi  ice.] 

In  pharmacy^  A  kind  of  fomentation  or  poultice,  to 
be  ap}4ied  externally  to  strengUien  the  pari.   Eneyc. 

Any  external  application,  or  topical  medicine. 
The  term  h.-LS  been  restricted  to  liquids  in  which 
cioilis  are  dipped,  lo  be  applied  to  a  )>art. 

Parr.     Tamtr. 
EP'I-TnET-a.    [Gr.  fTiSfiToc,  a  name  added,  from 
siri  and  r'di"i,  to  place.] 

An  adjective  npres^iiuK  some  rtial  quality  of  the 
thing  lo  which  it  is  ap|>tird,  or  an  attributive  ex- 
pre.>ising  f^tine  quality  ascribed  to  it  ;  as,  a  verdant 
fawn  ;  a  brilltant  appearance  ;  a  junl  man  ;  an  acca- 
mtf  description. 

It  is  sometimes  used  for  title,  name,  phrase,  or  ex- 
pTPS:4ion  ;  but  imprt>perly. 
EP'I-TilEf ,  c.  t.    To  entitle;  to  describe  by  epithets. 

Wottun. 
EP-I-THET'I€,  tt.    Pertaining  to  .an  epithet  or  epi- 
thets ;  containing  or  consisting  of  epithets. 

3.  Abounding  with  epithets.  A  :*tyte  or  composi- 
tion may  be  too  epithetU. 

l?:!:'n'iu:.MfT'lt'AL,i   «-     [Cr.  <«S.^,r,.«.] 
Inclined  to  lust ;  itertaining  to  tbe  animal  passion. 
^  Brown. 

E-PIT'O-ME,  n.  [Gr.  cs-trtri/r,  from  cirt  and  rcpvtjjj  to 
cul,  ro;*':,  a  cuttine,  a  section.] 

An  abridgment ;  a  brief  summary  or  abstract  of 
any  book  or  writing  ;  a  co>n[»end:uiu  containing  the 
substance  or  principal  matters  of  a  book. 

Epitomt*  in  helpful  lo  the  rec.aory.  Walton. 

E-Pn"0-.MIt?T,  B.    An  epitomizer. 

E-PIT'O-MiZE.  r.  U  To  shorten  or  abridge,  as  a 
writing  or  discourse  ;  to  abstract,  in  a  summar)',  the 
principal  matters  of  a  book  ;  to  contract  into  a  nar- 
rower compass.  Xiphilin  epitomized  Dion's  Koman 
History. 


9.  To  diminish;  to  curtail.     [Lens  prirper.] 

E-PIT'O-MIZ-KD,  pp.  or  a.  Abrid-ied  ;  Bli:.Ttened  ; 
contracted  into  a  emailcr  compass,  as  a  book  or 
writing. 

E-PIT'O-MIZ-ER,  n.  One  who  abridges  ;  a  writer 
of  an  epitome. 

E-PIT'O-MTZ-ING,  ppr.  Abridging  ;  shortening  ; 
making  a  suntmary. 

EP'I-TRITE,  -n.  [Gr.  i-tTHtroi  ;  firi  and  rpiruj, 
third.] 

In  prosody^  a  foot  consisting  of  three  long  sylla- 
bles and  one  short  one;  as,  satut^ntes,  c&ncUatI, 
Incaniare. 

E-PIT'RO-PE,  ti,  [Gr.  eirirpsrrfj,  from  CTirpcTfj,  to 
permif.] 

In  rhelortCj  concession  ;  a  figure  by  which  one 
thing  is  granted,  with  a  view  to  obtain  an  advan- 
tage ;  as,  I  admit  all  this  may  be  inic,  but  what  is 
this  lo  the  purpo;;e?  I  concede  the  fact,  but  it  over- 
thruws  your  own  argum'-'nt.  Encyc 

EP-I-ZECX'IS,  n.  [Gr.l  A  figure  in  rhetoric  in 
which  a  word  i^  repeated  with  vehcfnence  ;  as,  you, 
you,  Antony,  pushed  Cesar  upon  tb^  civil  war. 

lF:l:5B;-l-:';..";,.h«™'?'^"'-] 

Terms  appliea  to  a  class  of  animali^,  usually  ver- 
miform, which  live  parasiticatly  on  other  animals  ; 
opjwsed  to  the  entozoa.  Dana, 

EP-I-ZO-OT'ie,  a.     [Gr.  ctti  and  ^t.jjr,  animal.] 


EQU 

1.  Pertnining  to  the  animnls  called  epiioaiut. 

2.  In  iffolojf^ii,  an  epithet  formerly  given  to  such 
mountains  as  c<uitain  fossil  remains. 

Ejrisootic  mountainii  xn  of  s?con<t^ry  fonn^^on.         Kirwan. 

3.  A  lenn  applied  to  diseases  prevalent  among  an- 
hnals,  corresponding  to  epidemic  among  men. 

Buchanan, 
EP-I-Zri'O  TY,  TI.     [Supra.]    A  murrain  or  pestilence 

am'ing  irrntioiml  animals.  Ed.  Encyc. 

E    PLU'RI  BUS    II.N'UM,  [L.]      One    composed   of 

many  ;  the  motto'of  the  United  States,  consisting  of 

many  States  confederated. 
EI"t>€H,      I  re.     [L.  epochal  Gr.  inox^^  retention,  dc- 
EP'O  ClIA,  \     liiv,  stop,  from  tn-exw,  to  inhibit;  em, 

and  t\t>\  to  hold.] 

1.  In  chronology,  a  fixed  point  of  time,  from  which 
succeeding  years  nre  numbered  :  a  point  from  wliicli 
coniputatiun  of  years  becins.  The  exod.is  of  the 
Israelites  from  Egypt,  and  the  Biibylonish  captivity, 
nre  reniiukalile  epochs  in  their  hist4>ry. 

2.  Any  fixed  time  or  period  ;  the  period  when  any 
thing  bt'dins  or  is  remarkably  previUimt;  as,  the 
epoch  of  f:U:*ehood  ;  tlio  epock  of  woe.    Domic  Prior. 

'I'hf  t'lflTritli  ceimiry  wm  iho  unluippy  epoch  of  niiliwry  estab. 
lUtiiiieuU  ill  liiiie  orpeucc.  Aiadi40n. 

EP'ODE,  n.    [Gr.  fjrtjjrj ;  fjrt  and  (oSn-,  ode.J 

In  h/rie  poetry,  l\w  third  or  last  part  ot  the  ode; 
that  which  follows  (he  stmphe  and  antistrophe  ;  the 
ancient  ode  being  divided  into  strophe,  anti:*trophe, 
and  elKHte.  1'he  word  is  now  used  as  tbe  nnme  of 
any  little  verse  or  verses,  that  follow  one  or  more 
great  ones.  Thus  a  pentameter  after  a  hexameter  is 
an  e)K>de.  E'fcyr.. 

EP-OD'ie,  a,    Pertnining  to,  or  resembling,  an  epode. 

EP-O-PEiy,  n,  [Gr.  iiroj,  a  song,  and  jt^uw,  to 
make.] 

An  epic  poem.  Jlfnre  pruperly,  the  history,  action, 
or  fible^  which  makes  the  subject  of  an  epic  poem. 

EP'O.S,  n.    [Gi.  CTTOi.]  [EMyc 

An  epic  poem,  or  its  fable  or  sulyect. 

EP'SOM-.SALT  i  the  sulpli.ate  of  magnesia,  an  anti- 
pliIOEistic  cathartic,  producing  watery  discharges. 

£-/'ifO(7-r/:7'7'£',(ri-proo-vet',)n.  [FrJ  In  irunncry, 
a  nmchine  for  proving  the  strength  of  gunpowder. 

EP'l^-LA-UY,  a,     [L.  epularis,  from  epulum,  a  feast,] 
IVrtainintt  to  a  feast  or  banquet.  Bailey. 

EP-lJ-F*A'TiUN,  n.    [L.  epulalio,  from  epulovj  to  feast.] 
A  feasting  or  feast.  Brown. 

EP'U-LO.SE,  a.     [L.  epulum.] 
Feiijiting  to  excess. 

EP-U-LOS'i-TY,  n.     A  feasting  to  excess. 

EP-i-j-LOT'ie,  a.     [Gr.  inovXotTtKU,  from  etouAow,  to 
heal,  to  cicatrize  ;  em  and  uoXt],  a  cicatrix,  unXtj,  to 
be  sound,  ovX'-i,  wliule.] 
Healing;  cicatrizing. 

EP-U-IiOT'I€,  n.  A  medicament  or  application 
which  tends  to  dry,  cicatrize,  and  heal  wounds  or 
ulcers,  to  repress  fungous  tlesh,  and  dispose  the  parts 
to  recover  soundness.  Coze.     Q,uincy. 

EP-U-Ra'TIO\,  ».     A  purifying. 

E-QUA  BIL'I-TY,  n,  [See  E^jUAni-E.]  Equality  In 
motion  ;  continued  equality,  at  all  times,  in  velocity 
or  movement ;  uniformity  ;  as,  the  cijiiabUity  of  the 
motion  of  a  heavenly  body,  or  of  the  blood  in  the 
arteries  and  veins. 

2.  Continued  equality ;  evenness  or  uniformity ; 
as,  the  equability  of  the  temperature  of  Uie  air ;  the 
etfiiability  of  the  mind. 

E'UlJA-llLE,  a.  [L.  ^quabilis,  from  aqiius^  equal, 
even,  ffquo,  to  equal.  In  level.] 

1.  Efptal  and  uniform  at  all  times,  as  motion.  An 
equable  motion  continues  the  same  in  degree  of  ve- 
locity, neillier  accelerated  nor  retarded. 

2.  Even;  smooth;  having  a  uniform  surface  or 
form  ;  as,  an  equable  gl^lie  or  plain.  Bentley. 

fe'aUA*IILE-NESS,  n.     State  of  being  equable. 

£'C1UA-HLY,  adv.  With  an  equal  or  uniform  m^ 
tion  ;  with  continued  uniformity;  evenly;  as,  bod- 
ies moving  equably  in  concentric  circles.        Liicyne. 

£'QUAL,  a,  [L.  ^fitalis,  from  aquuf,  equal,  even, 
itifuoy  to  equal,  perhap.^  Gr.  cu.os,  similar;  Fr.  egali 
Sji.  i<rual ;  Port.  td. ;  It,  ea-iiale..] 

1.  Having  the  same  mafrnitude  or  dimensions; 
being  of  the  same  bulk  or  extent ;  a.s,  an  equal  quan- 
tity of  land  ;  a  house  of  e^utd  size ;  two  persons  of 
equal  bulk  ;  an  w/wa/  lino  or  angle. 

2.  Having  the  same  value ;  as,  two  commodities 
of  ejjual  price  or  worlii. 

'i.  Having  the  same  qualities  or  condition  ;  as,  two 
men  of  equal  rank  or  excellence  ;  two  bodies  of  cjuoi 
hardness  or  softness. 

4.  Having  the  same  degree ;  as,  two  motions  of 
e^ual  velocity, 

5.  Even;  uniform;  not  variable;  as,  an  equal 
temper  or  mind. 

Ye  say,  The  wny  of  the  Lord  is  nol  equal.  — KzcTc.  xtI. 

6.  Roing  in  just,  proportion  ;  as,  my  commendation 
is  not  equal  to  his  merit. 

7.  Impartial ;  neutral ;  not  biased. 

E'/iiai  ftiul  unconcerned,  I  look  oi»  dll.  Drydrn. 

8.  Indifferent;  of  the  same  interest  or  concern. 
II"  may  receive  them  or  not,  it  is  equal  lo  me. 


KATE,  F.\R,  FALL,  ^VHAT.  — MkTE,  PRgY.— PTXE,  MARXXE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


EQU 

<J.  Ju;>t ;    e<iuitulile;    giving   the   same  or  similar 
righU  (T  advantages.    I'ho  tutaia  and  cuaditiuiiti  uf 
'  tlic  ct;iitrict  are  equal. 

10.  Bcin^  on  tlie  same  terms  \  eujuying  tlie  same 
OT  sUiiilar  benefits 

i-iJowa,  yt»  and  ihe  ngcd 
i":'s.  AIafctiliee». 


TbKf  mule  the   marrird,  orph: 
also,  a^uai  id  SixjiU  with  th' 

11.  Adequate;  having  competent  ptnver,  ability, 
or  means.  The  ship  is  nut  equal  to  iier  antagonist. 
The  army  was  not  equal  Ui  Uu  contest.  We  are  not 
equal  to  the  undertaking. 
E'QUAL,  ».  One  not  inferior  or  superior  to  another  ; 
having  the  same  or  a  similar  age,  ranli,  station, 
office,  talents,  strength,  &.c. 

ThoK  who  went  oa<x  bis  eguali,  tifry  and  dtCimc  Iiim. 

It  WM  thou,  a  man  my  equal,  my  giiUe.  —  Pa.  It.    Gal.  i. 

E'CiUAL,  r.  L    To  make  eqrial ;  to  make  one  thing  of 

the  same  quantity,  dimensions,  or  quahty  as  another. 

3.  To  ri^  to  the  same  state,  rank,  or  estitnaiinn 

with  another  ;  to  become  eiiual  to.     Few  officers  can 

expect  to  eqnal  Washington  iu  fame. 

3.  To  be  equal  to. 

One  who«  all  not  equaU  Elw(ird'«  niolely.  Sfiak. 

4.  To  make  equivalent  tn;  to  recompense  fully;  to 
answer  in  full  propiirtiuu. 

He  amwensi  al!  h*-r  cak*,  ami  fjunltd  all  hor  loire.    Drykn. 

5.  To  be  of  like  excellence  or  beauty. 

The  gx>lii  and  the  crystal  can  nut  e'juai  iL  — Job  zxviii. 

f:'aU.\L-£D,  pp.    Made  equal. 
K'Q,L".-VL-INvi,  jfpr.     Making  equal. 
•E-UU^L'I-TY,  (e-kwul'e-tc,)  k,     [L,  itqualitas.] 

1.  An  agreement  of  things  in  diinensit>ns,  quan- 
tity, or  qiiiUity  ;  likcnt^ss  ;  similarity  in  regard  to  two 
thmg?  ci>mpared.  We  speak  of  t!ie  equality  of  f.vo 
or  more  tracts  of  land,  uf  two  budies  iu  length, 
breadth,  or  thickness,  of  virtues  or  vices. 

9.  The  same  degree  of  dignity  or  claims ;  as,  the 
fqualitif  of  men  in  the  scale  uf  b-,*ing;  the  equality  of 
uubles  of  the  same  rank  ;  an  eqaalutj  of  rights. 

3.  Evenness;  unifurmity  j  sjuneness  in  st:ttc  or 
continued  course  ;  as,  an  equality  of  temper  or  con- 
stituti'in. 

4.  Evenness  ;  plainness ;  uniformity  ;  as,  an  cqual- 
itv  of  -iurfnre. 

B-liL'AI^l-ZA'TIOX,  V.     The  net  of  equalizing,  or 

Htnte  of  b^-ing  equalized. 
fi'UU.VL  IZE,  r.  L    To  make  equal ;  as,  to  equalize 

account-s  ;  to  equalize  burdens  or  taxes. 
;  .'(.iU.VL-IZ-£n,  pp.     Made  equal;  r.'iduccd  to  equal- 
K'UUALr-IX-INtS,  ppr.     Making  equal.  fity. 

£'Ul.\\L^LV,  ado.    In  the  siiine  degree  with  anolfiur  ; 

alike  ;  as,  to  be  eqitatltj  taxed  ;  to  be  equally  virtuous 

or  vicious ;  to  be  eijually  imiiatient,  hungry,  tliirsty, 

swift,  or  slow  ;  to  be  equally  furnisJied. 

2.  In  equal  shares  or  projiortinn^  The  estate  is  to 
be  equittty  divided  among  the  heir^. 

3.  Impartially;  with  uqual  justice.  Shak. 
{Bjaaily  should  not  ba  followed  by  ojj,  but  by 

_  wiik.  ] 

l,'tlUAL-\ES?,  M.    Equality;  a  stata  of  being  etjual. 

Hhak. 

2.  Evenness;  uniforniily;  as,  the  tqualnc^*  of  a 
surface. 

E-tl(;Ai\"Ga-LAR,  (e-kwoiig'gu-Iar,)  a.     [L.  .rjuw 
and  att^rUus.\ 

Consisting  of  equal  angles.     [See  E^i'ia^oulab, 
which  is  Ktiiernlly  ut'cd.J 
E-tiLJA-XI.sri-Ty,  M.       [L.  lequauimitas,  aquas   and 
aii4mu.i,  an  equal  mind.] 

Kvinuessof  mind,  that  r^ilm  tz-mper  or  firmness 

'T  tiii.'iil    uliich   is   not  e:u(ily  elattd  or  depressed. 

Hits  prosperity  withtiut  exc»ssive  joy,  and 

ili;iut  violent  !ig:t:iiion  of  the  passions  or 

:  spirits.    The  great  man  bjara  misfor- 

I::ti  ■ .  n  /III  rqaanimdy. 

E-flL'.\N''I-.M(.»L'3,  tf.    Of  an  even,  composed  frame 

(if  inin.l  ;  i.f  a  steady  Icmjier;  not  easily  eUled  or 

In  the  Ptolemaic  sysii-tn.  of  a.*tnmomy^ 
circle,  used  for  n-gulating  and  adjuai- 
lottons  of  the  pl)ini;U.  Branite. 

■  .   n.    [L.  ic^ua^tt?,  from  irquoy  to  make 

',  a  making  eqiinl,  or  an  equal  division. 

lira,  a  prupusition  asserting  the  equality 

iMties,  and  I'Xpressed   by  the  sign  =  bc- 

\  ]()T  \iv.  expresjiion  of  tho  same  quantity  in 

:  ir  terms  ;  as,3j.=  3(lrf.,  or  x^i-f-m — - 

;  case,  X  is  equal  to  b  added  tu  m,  witJi  r 

Hii,ii.  .1  :• .:,  and  the  (juantities  on  the  right  hand  of 

the  sisn  of  equation  are  said  to  be  the  ViUue  of  x  on 

the  left  hand.  Enryc.     Juhmun. 

3.  In  astronomy,  etpiatlon  of  time,  is  the  interval  by 
which  apparent  time  ditfers  from  ni.an  time. 

Oiinxt^. 
L  CtlJA'TOR,  B.     [L.,  from  «;ho,  to  mnke  equal.] 

in  astrorwmy  and  ffeou'rnphy,  a  gri*at  circle  of  the 
•phcre,  equally  distant  from  the  two  jKdes  of  the 
world,  or  having  the  same  p<tles  as  tiie  world.      It 
U  calli'd  equattiTy  because,  wlien  the  sun  is  in  it,  the  j 
da)»  and   nightM  are  of  equal  length;   hence,  it  is  I 


EQU 

called  also  tlie  cquinoctvd,  and,  when  dniwn  on 
maps,  globes,  and  planispheres,  it  is  adled  the  equi- 
noctial Uite,  or  simply  the  line.  Every  point  in  the 
equator  is  90",  or  a  quadrant's  distance,  from  the 
poles  ;  hence,  it  divides  the  globe  or  sphere  into 
two  equal  hemispheres,  the  northern  and  southern. 
The  equator  rises,  at  any  given  place,  as  much  above 
the  horizon  as  is  equal  to  the  coniplemeut  of  the  lati- 
tude. Barlow. 

E*UUA-T6'RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  equator  ;  as, 
eqtuitorial  climates.  The  equatorial  diameter  of  the 
earth  is  longer  than  the  polar  diameter. 

E-tiUA-TO'RI-AL,  n.  An  astronomical  instrument, 
wiiti  a  telescope  whi>se  motion  is  on  an  axis  parallel 
to  the  axis  of  tlie  earth,  and  hence  corresponding  to 
the  diurnal  motion  of  the  heavens  fr^mi  east  to  west, 
so  that  when  a  celestial  object  is  once  within  the 
fitdd  of  view  of  the  telescope,  it  continues,  while 
above  the  horizon,  constantly  in  tiie  field. 

Olmsted. 

E-UUA-TO'RI-AL-LY,  ado.  So  as  to  have  the  motion 
of  an  equatorial.  P.  Cyc. 

E'tiHE-KV,      t  ju     [Fr.   ecuyer,  for  escuyer ;  It.  scudi- 

E-QL^ER'RV,  i  ere;  Irfiw  L.  scutariu.^,  from  scutuniy 
a  shield.     See  Esqitibe.] 

1.  An  officer  of  nobles  or  princes,  who  has  tlie  care 
and  management  of  their  horses.  In  England,  the 
equerrie.-!  are  five  in  number.  They  ride  in  the  lead- 
ing conch,  on  all  great  (wcasions,  and  have  a  table 
provided  for  them  by  themselves.  BtiJuntan. 

2.  A  large  suihle  or  lodge  for  horses. 
E-UUES'TRI-AN,    a,      [L.   eque^tery   cqnestris^  from 

eqtiesy  a  horseman,  from  r^wu.*,  a  horse.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  horses  or  horsemanship ;  performed 
with  horses  ;  as,  equestrian,  feats. 

2.  IJeing  on  horseback  ;  as,  an  equestrian  lady. 

3.  Skilled  in  horsemanship.  [Spe-ctator. 

4.  Representing  a  person  on  horseback ;  as,  an 
eque-ftrian  statue. 

5.  Celebnled  by  horse-mces  ;  as,  equestrian  games, 
sports,  or  anms*-uiL-nLs. 

U.  Belonging  to  knights.  Among  the  Romans,  the 
equestrian  order,  was  the  order  of  knights,  equites  ; 
also  their  troopers  or  horsemen  in  the  field.  In  civil 
life,  the  knights  stotnl  contradistinguished  fnun  the 
seiiittin'-i  i  in  Uie  JicLl,  from  the  infantry.  Eneyc. 

E-UL'i-A.\"GU-LAil,  a.  [L,  leqauji,  t^qual,  and  angu- 
lus,  an  a:igle.J 

In  geometry,  consi.-^ting  of  or  having  equal  angles  ; 
an  epithet  given  to  figures  wh-we  angles  are  all  equal, 
such  as  a  square,  an  equilateral  triatigte,  &.c. 

E-UUI-nAL'A\CE,  n.     [L.  a:<iuus  and  bUanx.] 
Equal  weight. 

E-QUl-BAL'A.\t:E,  r.  t.  To  have  equal  weight  with 
som'-lliirig.  Ch.  Rclig.  Appeal. 

E-ULri-HAL'ANC-£D,  (e-kwe-bal^anst,)  pp.  Giving 
equal  weight. 

E-aiJMJAL'A.\C-IXG,  ppr.     Having  equal  weight. 

E-UUl-CllO'RAL,  a.  [L.  tcquus,  etpial,  and  criw,  a 
leg.] 

1.  Having  legs  of  equal  length. 

2.  Having  eqiKil  legs,  but  longer  than  the  base; 
isosceles  ;  il«,  an  rqiiicrural  triangle.  .hkiieoa. 

E-UUI-UIF'FER-ENT,  a.  Having  equal  diffi-rcuceB; 
arithmetically  proportional.  Barlow. 

2.  In  cryataL'ogritphy,  having  a  difTorenl  number  of 
faces  presented  by  Ih'^  prism,  and  by  each  suinniit ; 
and  these  three  nuiulters  form  a  series  In  arithmetic- 
al |)rogr'-srtion,  as  l'.,  4,  2.  Cleaciland. 
E-iiUM)IS'TAN("E,  «.  Equal  distance.  Hall. 
E-(iUI-I)IS'TA,NT,  a.  [L.  tcyuiw,  equal,  and  diaton*, 
distant.] 

l^nig  at  an  equal  distance  from  some  point  or 
thing. 
E-UUI-DIS'TA\T-LY,  atlv.    At  the  same  or  an  equal 

distance.  •  Brown. 

R'liUI-FoRM,  a.     Hnving  Uie  same  form.    IlumbU. 
E-liUI-FOR.M'I-TV,  n.     [L.  <tquus,  equal,  and  /ynno, 
form.] 

Uniform  equality.  Brotcn. 

E-(iUI-l,AT'ER-AL,  a.  [L.  arptua,  equal,  and  latcra- 
Ua,  from  latu.iy  side.] 

Having  all  the  sitfrs  equal  ;  ns,  an  equilateral  trian- 
gle.    A  Mpiare  must  necessarily  be  ei/uUalcral. 
E-(ilfI-LA'l''ER-AL,  n.     A  side  exactly  corresponding 

lo  olhen*.  Ilr-rbcrU 

B  UUMJ'ItnATE,  r.  U  [I.,  trquvs  and  libro,  to  jjotse.] 
To  balance  equally  two  scales,  sides,  nr  ends  ;  to 
keep  even  with  etpial  weight  (m  each  side. 

TU^  liOilicB  uTfinh'^  Rf  eijMtihmtM  wiih  wntcr,       ArbuthnoL 

E  (iri-LI'BRA-TEU,  pji.    Balanced  equally  on  Both 

sides  or  ends. 

B:-UIII-LI'I[RA-TIXG,  ppr.  Balancing  eipially  on  both 
side-^  or  emls. 

E-tlUl-LMtRA'TION,  n.  Equipoise  ;  the  act  of  keep- 
ing the  balance  even,  or  the  state  of  being  equally 
balanced. 

N»ituw'B  lawi  cX ^tUihraiion.  Dtrham. 

F--QIjr-MH'KI-OrH,  fl.      Kqimllv  poisrd  ' 

E-UUI-Mintl-OUrt-I^y,  a^h.     in  equal  poise. 

E-UlJIL'l-URI.ST,  II.  One  who  keeps  his  balance  in 
unn:pttiral  iKwiliims  and  hazardous  movements;  a 
balancer.  Ennjc.  ^3m. 


EQU 

E-aLM-LlU'RI-TY,  n.     [L.  a-qnilibrita^.] 

The  state  of  being  equ;Uly  balanced  ;  equal  balance 
on  botti  sides  ;  equilibrium  ;  us,  the  theory  of  equUib- 
rity.  Gregory. 

E-auI-LIB'RI-UM,  n.  [L.]  Equipoise  ;  equality  of 
weight  or  fitrce ;  a  state  of  rest  produced  by  the  mu- 
tual counteraction  of  two  or  more  forces.     P.  Cyc 

2.  A  just  poise  or  balance  in  respect  to  an  object, 
so  that  it  remains  firm  ;  as,  to  preserve  the  equilibri- 
um of  the  body. 


3.  Equal  balancing  of  the  mind  bctwe»n  motives 
or  reasons  ;  a  stale  of  inditTcrence  or  of  doubt,  when 
the  mind  is  suspended  in  indecision,  between  ditler- 
cnt  motives,  or  the  different  forces  of  evidence. 
In  eqailibrio  ;  in  a  state  of  equilibrium. 

E-QUI-MUIt'TI-PLE,  a.     [L.  cequus  and  multiplico,  or 
multiplex^ 
Multiplied  by  the  same  number  or  quantitv. 

E-QUI-MUL'Tl-PLE,  n.  In  ariVimciic  and  geometry^ 
a  term  applied  to  the  products  arising  from  the  mul- 
tiplication of  twoor  more  primitive  quantities  by  the 
same  number  or  quantity.  Hence,  equimultiples  of 
any  humbers  or  quantities  are  always  in  the  same 
ratio  to  each  other,  as  the  simple  nuinbt^rs  or  quanti- 
ties before  multiplication.  If  6  aud  9  are  multiplied 
by  4,  the  multipleji,  24  aud  36,  will  be  to  each  other 
as  6  to  9.  Barlow. 

E'aL7\E,         ?  rr  r  ,  , 

E-(iUI'NAL   i  "'     ^      equmua,  from  equus,  a  horse.] 
Pertaining  to  a  horse  ;  denoting  the  iiorse  kind. 

Haywood. 
The  shouMcn,  body,  tliighs,  and  maae  are  equine;  the  h«(J 
completely  boviiie.  Bamjut't  TVaw/*. 

E-aur-\EC'ES-S.\-RY.  a.     [L.  tFquu,'>  and  necessary.] 
Necessary  or  needful  in  the  same  degree.  Hudibr'as. 
E-aUI-NOe^TIAL,   a.     [L.  aquus,   equal,  and   nox^ 


lighuj 
1.  Perl 


rtaining  to  the  equinoxes  ;  designating  an 
equallengihof  day  and  night;  as,  the  e^uiHocfjo/ line. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  regions  or  climate  of  llie  equi- 
noctial line  or  equator  ;  in  or  near  tliat  line ;  as,  equi- 
noctial heat  ;  an  equinoctial  sun  ;  equinoctial  wind. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  time  when  the  sun  enters  the 
equinoctial  puinLs  ;  as,  an  equinoctiid  gals  or  ttorm, 
which  happens  at  or  near  the  equinox,  iu  any  part  of 
the  world. 

Equinoctial  Jlowers ;  flowers  that  open  at  a  regular, 
staled  hour.  Mar'tyn. 

E'fuinoctial  pointjt,  are  the  two  points  wherein  the 
celestial  equator  and  ecliptic  intersect  each  other  ;  the 
one,  being  in  tlie  first  point  of  Aries,  is  called  the 
vernal  point  or  equinox  ;  the  other,  in  tiie  first  point 
of  Libra,  the  autumnal  point  or  equinox.      Barlow. 

Equinurtial  dial,  is  that  whose  plane  lies  parallel  to 
the  equinoctial.  Barlow. 

Equinoctial  time,  is  reckoned  from  a  fixed  instant 
comuKui  to  alt  the  world. 

E-llU'l-.N'ue'TIAI.,  Ti.  [For  EquisocTiALLi:<E.]  In 
astronomy,  the  celestial  equator.  The  intersection  of 
the  plane  of  the  equator  with  the  surfaceof  the  earth, 
con-^titutes  the  terrestrial  equator,  and  with  the  con- 
cave surface  of  the  heavens,  the  celcntial  equator,  or 
equinoctial.  When  the  sun,  in  its  course  through  the 
ecliptic,  comes  to  tiiis  circle,  viz.,  about  the  21st  of 
March  and  22d  of  September,  it  makes  equal  days 
and  nights  in  all  parts  of  the  globe.  Olmsted. 

E-UUI-NUC'TIAL-LY,  adv.  In  tlie  direction  of  the 
equinox.  Brojsn, 

K'UUI-NOX,  n.  fL.  ivquHs,  equal,  and  noz,  night.] 
The  precise  lime  when  tlie  sun  cntfrs  one  of  the 
equinoctial  points,  making  the  day  and  the  night  of 
equid  length.  'J'he  sun  enters  llie  first  point  of  Aries 
about  the  2Jst  of  March,  and  the  first  point  of  Ijbra 
about  the  23d  of  September.  These  are  called  the 
vernal  and  autumn/il  equinoxes.  These  points  are 
found  to  bo  moving  backward,  or  westward,  at 
the  rate  of  50"  of  a  degree  in  a  year.  This  is 
called  tho  precession  \if  the  e/tuinoxes.  Encye. 

E-aUI-NO'MER-AAT,  a,  [U  aquus,  equal,  and  nu- 
menis,  number.] 

Having  or  consisting  of  the  same  number.  [Little 
iised.]  Arbuthnot, 

E-CiUIP',  c.  f.  [Fr.  equiper  ;  Arm.  aq'ipa,  Oippcin  ;  pp. 
equipar;  Ch.  ejpij  Aphel  tlV*}  to  surround,  to  gird; 

perhaps  the  same  root  as  Eth.  H^  r  d^  (t|pn)  to  em- 
brace.] ♦ 

1.  Properly,  to  dress;  to  furnish;  as,  to  eqtti'p  a 
person  with  a  suit  of  clothes.     Hence, 

2.  Tt)  furnish  with  arms,  oraconijilcte  suit  of  lums, 
for  military  service.  Thus  we  say,  to  equip  men  or 
Inwps  for  war ;  to  equip  a  body  of  infantry  or  cavalry. 
But  the  word  seems  to  include  "not  only  arms,  but 
ch)thing,  baggage,  utensils,  tents,  and  nil  the  appara- 
tus of  an  army,  particularly  when  applied  lo  a  body 
of  troojts.  Hence,  to  furnish  with  arms  and  warlike 
apparatus  ;  as,  lo  equip  a  regiment. 

3.  T«  furnish  wuh  men,  artUlery,  and  munitions 
of  war,  as  a  ship.  Hence,  in  conmion  language,  to 
fit  for  sea ;  to  furnish  with  whatever  Is  neceswiry  for 
a  voyage. 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITP^-.Wr.ER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  a«  K  ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


EQU 

Ba'UirAOB,  (ek'wr«-paj«J  n.  The  runiittire  of  n 
mihian.  waiif  particularly  arma  lUiJ  ttit-irnp|teiiilapes. 

3.  The  furnilure  of  an  army  or  IiimIv  of  Irmtp^, 
faUaatry  or  cavalr>-,  including  nnns,  artiUer)-,  uten- 
Bda,  innvisioaa,  anJ  wliatevt-r  U  titcts^nry  for  a  mil- 
itary expedition.  Camp  equipage  itKliutis  tciiu,  and 
every  ihiag  necessary  fur  accumuiiHlatioii  in  camp. 
Fidd  *fuifa£9  cottJiiatB  of  anus,  artillery-,  waguns, 
bunbrtla,  &c. 

3.  The  furniture  of  an  armM  ship,  or  the  necea- 
aary  preparations  fur  a  voyage  ^  including  cordage, 
■pars,  proviaiuns,  &c 

4  Attendance,  reiinue,  aa  peraona,  bones,  car- 
liagea,  4cc. ;  as,  the  cfn^f  e  of  a  prince. 

£  Carnage  of  stole ;  vehicle  ;  as,  celestial  tfuif^rt. 

&  AccouU-ruienta  j  bobitimcnta ;  ornamental  lur- 

niture.  Prwr. 

EU'L*I-PA-6£D,  (ek'we-p^dO  a.      Purnbhed  with 

eq>iipaee  :  attended  with  a  splendid  retinue.  Spnutr. 

E-UL  1  FEN  DC\-CV,  n.    [U  ^uns,  equal,  and  pen- 

dn^  tu  hang.} 

The  act  of  banging  in  equip«iise ;  a  being  not 
Inclined  or  determined  either  way.  South, 

E-QrnP'ME\T,  n.  The  act  uf  oquipping,  or  fitting 
r  Mion. 

-  used  in  equipping ;  furniture  ; 
)i  .     apparatus  j  nc-ccjiiikarics  fur  an 

ex^K-uuitin  t>r  tiu  a  voyage;  aa,  ibo  tquipmtida  of  a 
abip  or  an  army. 

3.  In  ctril  m/tuwria/,  the  necessary  adjuncts  of  a 
nitroad,  aa  cars,  locomoUres,  dtc,  arc  colled  the 

E'ttUTPOlSB,  m.  [L.  m^mms^  equal,  and  Fr.  poids^  or 
rather  W.  ptri/Sy  weight.     See  Poise.] 

Equality  of  weight  or  force;  hence,  equilibrium ; 
a  state  in  which  Uie  two  ends  or  sides  of  a  thing  are 
balanced.  Hold  the  scale* -in  equipoLf*;  the  mind 
m.-iy  be  in  a  state  of  sf  yaisa,  wben  molivea  are  of 
equal  weieht. 

Rai'I-POL'LEXCE,   )a.     [L.  m/nuM  and  fotlentia, 

£-QUI  POLLEX-L  V,  \     power,  ^«Uw,  to  be  able.] 
1.  Equality  of  power  or  font, 
a.  In  iif^ic,  an  «iuivalence  between  two  or  more 

'  propositions;  that  i!»,  when  two  propo-)itii*n3  xiRiiify 
the  same  thine,  though  ditTcrt^ntly  eKprp«>!t>-d.    »rye. 

B.QUI-POL'LE\T,  a.  [^^upra.]  Having  equal  power 
or  force;  equivalent.  In  U^Uj  liaving  equivalent 
aignificatiun.  AieeM. 

K-aCl-POL'LEXT-LY,  mdv.     With  equal  power. 

B-UUI  PON'DP.R-AXCE,  a.  [L.  mqmu,  equal,  ud 
fundus,  weight.] 

Equality  of  weifht ;  equipoise. 

B^UI-POSDEK-.VAT,  a.  [Supra.]  Being  of  the 
•ame  weight.  LocJce, 

B-UUI-PON'DER-ATE,  e.  u  [L.  c^aibr,  equal,  and 
^M^ers,  to  weigh.] 

To  be  equal  in  weight ;  to  weigh  aa  much  as 
anoCber  thine  mikimM. 

E41i;i-PO\'DI-OL'S,  a.  Having  equal  weight  on 
bolti  ^ides.  OlamvUls, 

E-QUIP'P£D,  (ekwip*',)  pp.  Furnished  with  habili- 
ments, Ann^y  and  whau-ver  is  neoessary  for  a  military 
expediti4>n,  or  for  a  vovagc  or  cruise. 

E-aL'lP'PLVG,  ^pr.  Furnishing  with  habiliments  or 
wrarlike  apparatus  ;  supplying  with  things  necessary 
ibr  a  VOTMe. 

E-QU(-Ro'T.AL,  0.  Having  wheels  of  the  same  size 
or  diameter.  Emcyc  Dam.  Ec*n. 

Ea-CI-£E'TL*M,  a.;  pL  EqutiKTA.  [L.  equusj  a 
borse,  and  ssto,  a  bristle.} 

la  httmrnfj  a  genua  of  plants,  the  species  of  which 
uc  called  isrs*  tail.  The  i^onts  are  lea(1es5,  with 
faoUaw  sterna,  containing  much  sUicions  matter.  The 
gqmisetmm  kfemale,  known  as  the  Dutch  rush,  or 
aeattriMg  rttA,  is  much  used  for  semiring  and  polish- 
ing wood  and  metals.  Partington.     Etuyc  JJau 

E^L'IS'O-NA.N'CK,  a.  An  eqiial  sounding;  a  name 
by  which  the  Gret-ka  distinpnishud  the  cunsfmanccs 
of  ttie  octave  and  double  octave.  Bush^. 

Ea'L'l-TA-BLE,  (ek'we-U-bl,)  a.  [Fr.  equHabU,  from 
L.  m^itasy  from  Cficvj,  equal.] 

1.  Equal  in  regard  to  the  rights  of  p«>r3ons ;  dis- 
tributing equal  Justice  ;  givine  each  his  due  ;  assign- 
ing lu  one  or  more  what  law  or  ju*>tice  demands ; 
ju~t;  imp.-trt)al.  The  judge  doeit  justice  by  an  equir- 
tabie  decision  ;  the  court  will  make  an  equUabU  dis- 
tribution of  the  estate. 

-2.  Having  the  disposition  to  do  justice,  or  doing 
Justice  ;  impq^ial ;  as,  an  equitabU  judge. 

3.  Held  or  exercised  in  equity,  or  with  chancery 
powers  \  as,  the  equttahU  jurisdiction  of  a  court.  KaO. 
EaTl-TA-BLE-NESS,  a.  The  qualih*  of  being  just 
and  impanial ;  as,  the  equUablenas  of'^a  judge. 

2.  Equity  ;  the  stale  of  doing  justice,  or  distribu- 
ting to  each  according  to  his  le^  or  just  claims  i  as, 
the  fquitaiUeiuji  of  a  decision,  or  distribution  of  prop- 
erty. 

Ea'UI-TA-BLY,  (ck'we-ta-bly,)  adv.  In  an  equitable 
manner:  justly;  impartially  The  laws  should  be 
mutahlv  adminiFtf'red. 

E-Q.UI-T.A.\-CEN'TIAL,  a.  In  ^cwartry,  a  term  ap- 
plied to  a  curve  whose  tangent  is  i;qual  to  a  constant 
line.  Ilutton.     I 


EQU 

Eli.'UI-TA.\T,  a.     [Ij.  equitatt^,  equito,  to  ride,  from 

eqae^t,  a  lior^in;in,  or  cquus,  a  horso.] 

In  bottntv,  a  i<^rtu  dt;notini:  such  a  situation  of  un- 

exfvindcd  leaves  in  a  It^al-hud,  that  itioy  overlap  each 

other  entirely,  and  in  a  iKiruIlel  manner,  without  any 

invdiution. 
Ea-Ul-TA'TION,  a.   A  riding  on  horseback.   Barrow. 
EU'UI-TY,  (ek'we-te.)  a.     [U  tr^Mif.i,*,  from  tetpiusj 

equal,  even,  level ;  Fr.  fquiie:  It.  ctfmtd.] 

1.  Justice  ;  right.  In  pnicticu,  equity  is  tlie  impar- 
tial dislribuliun  of  justice,  or  the  doing  that  to  anoth- 
er which  the  laws  of  God  and  man,  and  of  reason, 
give  him  a  ri^lit  to  claim.  It  is  the  treating  of  a  per- 
son according  to  justice  and  reason. 

Th^  XjotyX  »h™ll  )iiil|re  th-  proiitc  with  er}uihf.  —  Ps.  xc»iii. 
With  rigbicvxiutnji  aball  be  Ju>lgv  Uie  pi>or,  unit  rtj'rovt  with 
mftiitf.  —  Is.  \\. 

2.  Justice ;  impartiality ;  a  just  regard  to  right  or 
claim  ;  as,  we  must  in  ^Htty  allow  tiiis  clainu 

3.  In  lav,  an  equitable  claim. 

1  ooiMider  Uw  wife^  •spdO/  to  be  too  wrU  aeltlvd  to  be  »hnln>n. 

Ktnt. 

A,  In  ^ritprurfrtifc,  the  correction  or  qualification 
of  law,  when  too  severe  or  defective ;  or  the  exten- 
sion of  the  words  of  the  law  to  cases  not  expressed, 
yet  coming  within  the  reason  of  the  law.  Honce  a 
court  of  equity  or  chancery,  is  a  court  which  corrects 
tlic  opcmtiun  of  the  literal  text  of  the  law,  and  sup- 
plies its  defects  by  reastinable  construction,  and  by 
rules  of  proceeding  and  deciding  which  are  not  adniis- 
aible  in  a  court  of  law.  Equity,  then,  is  the  law  of 
reason,  exercised  by  the  chancellor  or  judge,  giving 
remedy  in  cases  to  which  the  courts  of  law  are  not 
com|>etent.  Bladcxtone. 

5.  £fMtry  of  redemption ;  in  law,  the  advantage, 
allowed  to  a  mortgagor,  of  a  reasonable  time  to  re- 
deem lands  mortgaged,  when  the  estate  is  of  greater 
value  than  tlie  sum  fur  which  it  was  mortgagt^d. 

Bltukttone. 
E-QUIV'A-LE.VCE,  a.    fU  flyaiw,  equal,  and  vaUnSy 
from  ralro,  to  be  worth.] 

L  t>iuality  of  value  ;  equal  value  or  xvorth.  Take 
the  goods,  and  give  an  cquicalenct  in  cttrn. 

2.  Equal  power  or  force. 
B-UUIV'A-LEN'CE,  r.  L    To  be  equal  to.      Brown. 

[This  verb  has  not  gained  currency.] 
E-aL'IV'A-LEN'C-/;D,pp.    Equaled  in  weight,  &c. 
E-aUIV'A-LEXC-ING,    ppr.      Equaling    in    value, 

weight,  &c 
E-aUIV'A-LENTT,  a.    F^ual  in  value  or  worth.    In 
barter,  the  goods  given  are  supposed  to  t>e  equivalent 
to  the  gt>ods  received.     Equivalent  in  value  or  worthy 
la  tautological. 

%  Equal  in  force,  power,  or  effect.  A  steam- 
engine  may  have  force  or  power  equivalent  to  that 
of  thirty  hun^es. 

3.  Equal  in  moRri  force,  cogency,  or  effect  on  the 
mind.  Circumi^LintiaJ  evidence  may  be  almost  equiv- 
alent to  full  proof. 

4.  Of  the  same  import  or  meaning.  Friendship 
and  amity  are  equiv^eut  terms. 

For  now  to  KTT«  mxtA  to  miniaKr,  ■errilo  uid   miiilBtrrinl   are 
iFriTu  ttjuivaletit.  Houih. 

Equivalent  propositions,  in  logic^  are  called  also 
equipollent, 

5.  Eqital  in  excellence  or  moral  worth.     Milton, 
E-aUIV'A-LENT,  n.    That  which  is  equal  in  value, 

weight,  dignity,  or  force,  with  something  else.  The 
debtor  can  not  pay  his  creditor  in  money,  but  he  will 
pay  him  an  equiralent ;  damages  in  money  can  not 
be  an  equivalent  for  the  loss  of  a  limb. 

2.  In  chemistry^  equivalent  is  the  proportion  express- 
ing the  weight,  or  quantity  by  weight,  of  any  sub- 
stance which  combines  with  another  substance  to 
form  a  definite  compound.  It  is  otleu  called  diemical 
equiralent,  or  combining  proportion.  . 

3.  [n  geolotry^  a  term  applied  to  strata  of  different 
reirion:^,  which  were  cotemporaneous  in  origin.  Dana. 

E-UL'I\''A-LE.\T-LV,  adc.     In  an  equal  manner. 
£'Ut'I- VALVE,  a.     Having  the  valves  equal  in  size 
_  and  form,  a  term  applied  to  certain  bivalve  sbells. 
E^UUI-VALVE,  B.    A  bivalve,  in  which  the  valves 

are  of  equal  size  and  form. 
E-UiriVO-eA-CY,  ».    Equivocalness.    [JVuf  used.] 

Brown. 
E-Q,UIV'0-eAL,    a.       [Low    L.    wrpiiroais ;    a^quus, 

equal,  and  ror,  a  word  ;  Fr.  equivoque;  It.  equivo- 

eale.     See  Vocal.] 

1.  Being  of  doubtful  signification  ;  that  may  be 
understood  in  different  senses  ;  capable  of  a  double 
interpretation  ;  ambiguous  ;  a:^,  equivocal  words, 
terms,  or  senses.  Men  may  be  misled  in  their  opin- 
ions by  the  use  of  equivocal  terms. 

2.  I>oubtfuI ;  ambiguous  ;  susceptible  of  different 
constructions  ;  not  decided.  The  character  of  the 
man  is  somewhat  equivocaL  His  conduct  is  equio- 
ocaL 

3.  Uncertain  ;  proceeding  from  some  unknown 
cause,  or  not  from  the  usual  cause.  Equivocal  gen- 
eration is  the  production  of  animals  without  the  in- 
tercourse of  the  sexes,  and  of  plants  without  seed. 
This  doctrine  is  now  exploded. 

E-aUIV'0-eAL,  H.     A  word  or  term  of  doubtful 
meaning,  or  capable  of  different  meanings.     Dennis.  I 


ERA 

E-til'I V'O-CAL-LY,  adv.     Ambiguously  ;  in  a  doubt- 
ful sense  ;  in  trriiis  susceptible  of  different  senses. 
He  answered  the  question  equivocally. 
2.  By  uncertain  birth  j  by  equivocal  generation. 

Bentley. 

E-CIUIV'OCAL-NESS,  n.  Ambiguity  ;  double  mean- 
ing. -       J^orris. 

E-aUlVO-GATE,  V.  i.  [IL  equwocare ;  Fr,  tquivo- 
qut'r.     t=<'e  EtjuivocAL.] 

To  use  words  of  a  uoubtful  signification  ;  lo  ex- 
press one's  opinions  in  imiis  which  admit  of  differ- 
ent senses  ;  to  use  aiubiguous  expressions  with  a 
view  to  mislead.  To  equivocate  is  the  dishonorable 
work  of  duplicity.  'J'he  upright  man  will  not  equiv- 
orate  in  his  intercourse  with  his  fellow-men. 

E-ftUIV'0-€A-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Using  ambiguous 
words  or  pliroMes. 

E-CiUIV-0-€A'TION,  n.  Ambiguity  of  speech;  the 
use  of  words  or  expressions  that  are  susceptible  of  a 
double  signification,  with  a  view  to  mislead.  Hypo- 
crittsj  are  often  guilty  of  ejjuivocation,  and  by  this 
means  lose  the  confideiiec  of  their  fellow-meii.  Eifuiv- 
ocation  is  incompatible  willi  the  Christian  character 
ami  profesdiun. 

E-UUIV'O-eA-TOR,  n.  One  who  equivocates;  one 
who  uses  lanpuaiie  which  is  anibignuus,  und  may  be 
interpreted  in  different  ways  ;  one  who  uses  mental 
reserv:ition. 

F^Ci  U 1  V'0-€ A-TO-R Y,  a.    Savoring  of  equivocation. 

fi'aUI-VOaUE,  (  "•     t^'-  ^^"'^ogue.] 

1.  An  ambiguous  term  ;  a  word  susceptible  of  dif- 

2.  Equiv(.Kation.  [ferent  significations^ 
E-dUIV'O-ROUS, a.  [L.eyuK.9, horse, and  u&ro.toeaU] 

Feeding  or  subsisting  on  horse  flesh. 


Eqtdxioroitt  Tdrtare. 


Quart.  Bev. 


ER.  the  termination  of  many  English  words,  is  the 
TiMilonic  form  of  the  I^ilin  or;  the  one  contracted 
from  wcr^  the  other  from  vir,  a  man.  It  denotes  un 
agent,  originally  of  the  masculine  gender,  but  now 
applied  to  men  or  things  indifferently ;  as  in  hater, 
fanner^  heater^  grater.  At  the  end  of  names  of 
places,  er  signifies  a  man  of  the  place  ;  Londoner  ie 
the  same  as  London  mint. 

There  is  a  passage  in  HerJdotns,  Melpomene,  110, 
In  which  the  word  wer,  vir,  a  man,  is  mentioned  as 
used  by  the  Scythians;  a  fact  proving  the  atlinity  of  the 
Bcythian  and  the  Teiitomc  nation.  Tuj  ^e  A/Mi^oi-as 
KaKtnvai  «i  i,'(fn!'a(  Otopnara,  Avvnarai  6s  to  uvvufta 
TiivTO  Kart  'l''j\Xu<]a  y\(iitja'ii'  nv6pOKTOuoi.  Oioo 
yan  KaXtovnt  rov  av&iKiy  to  6t  nara^KTciv  iv.  *' The 
Scythians  call  the  Amazons  Oiorpata.,  a  word  which 
may  be  rendered  in  Greek  men-killers;  for  oiur  is  the 
name  they  give  lo  man  ;  pata  signifies  to  kill."  Pata, 
in  the  Burman  language,  signilies  to  kill;  but  it  is 
probable  ttiat  this  is  really  the  English  beat;  W. 
bnrkiy  to  kill. 

£'RA,  n.  [L.  ara;  Fr.  ere;  Sp.  era.  The  origin  of 
the  term  is  not  obvious.] 

1.  In  rkronology,  a  fixed  point  of  time,  from  which 
jiny  nunilK'r  of  years  is  begun  to  be  counted  ;  as,  the 
Christian  era.  It  differs  from  epoch  in  this  :  era  is  a 
point  of  lime  fixed  by  some  nation  or  denomination 
of  men  ;  epoch  is  a  point  fixed  by  historians  and 
chronologists.  The  Christian  era  began  at  the  epoch 
of  the  birth  of  Clirist.  .  Encyc. 

2.  A  succession  of  years  proceeding  from  a  fixed 
p')int,  or  compniliended  between  two  fixed  points, 
rile  era  of  the  Seleucides  ended  with  the  reign  of 
Anliochus.  RoUin, 

E-RA'OI-ATE,  V.  L    [L.  e  and  rarffo,  to  beam.] 

To  shfwt  as  rays  of  light ;  to  beam. 
E-RA-D[-A'TlOi\,  n.     Emission  of  rays  or  beams  of 

liplit ;  emission  of  light  or  splendor.    Kiii<r  Charles. 
PMtAI>'I-€A-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  eradicated. 
E-HAU'I  CATE,  v.  L  .  [L.  eradico,  from  rflrfij,  root.] 

1.  To  pull  up  the  roots,  or  by  the  routs.  Hence,  to 
destroy  any  thing  that  grows  ;  to  extirpate  ;  to  de- 
stroy the  root?,  so  that  the  plant  will  net  be  repro- 
duced ;  as,  to  eradicate  weeds. 

2.  To  destroy  thoroughly  ;  to  extirpate ;  as,  to  erad- 
icate errors,  or  false  principles,  or  vice,  or  disease. 

E-KAn'L€A-TED, /»/j.  Plucked  up  by  the  roots;  ex- 
tirpated ;  destroyed. 

E-RAD'I-eA-TlNG,  fpr.  Pulling  up  the  roots  of  any 
thing ;  extirjKiting. 

E-RAU-I-CA'TION,  n.     The  act  nf  plucking  up  by 

the  roots;  extirpation  ;  excision  ;  total  destruction 

2.  The  state  of  being  plucked  up  by  the  roots. 

E-RAD'I-CA-TIVE,  a.  'I'hat  extirpates j  that  cures 
or  destroys  thoroughly. 

E-RAIJ'I-€A-TIVE,  n.  A  medicine  that  effects  a  rad- 
ical cure.  Whitlock, 

E-RAS'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  or  can  be  erased. 

E-RASE',  r.  ^  [lu  eradoy  erasi ;  e  and  nu/o,  to  scrape, 
Fr.  rorfw,  Sp.  raer,  It.  rtucAuire,  Arm.  rata.    See  Ar. 

■  wOj!  cratsa^  to  corrode,  Ch.  Ti;,  to  scrape,  Heb. 

10*in,  a  graving  tool,  Syr.  and  Ar.  J5  >=*•  tAarata,  lo 
scrape.     Class  Rd,  No.  35,  38,  and  58.] 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — FINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK. 


40fa 


ERE 

1.  To  rub  or  scrape  out,  as  letters  or  characters 
written,  engraved,  or  painted  ;  to  efface  ;  as,  to  erase 
a  word  or  a  name. 

S.  To  obliterate  ;  to  expunge ;  to  blot  out ;  as  with 
pen  and  ink. 

3.  To  efface ;  to  destroy  ;  as  ideas  in  the  mind  or 
memor>". 

4.  To  destroy  to  the  foundation.     [See  Raze.] 
E-RAS'i^D,  (e-ri-ste',)  pp.    Rubbed  or  scratched  out; 

obliterated  ;  effaced. 

2.  In  heraldry,  a  term  applied  to  any  thing  furcibly 
torn  off,  leaving  the  edges  jagged  and  uneven. 

E-RaSE'MEiNT,  n.  The  act  of  erasing;  a  rubbing 
out;  expunction  ;  obliteration  ;  destruction. 

E-K.^S'ER,  n.     One  who  erases. 

2.  A  sharp  instrument  used  to  erase  writings,  &,c. 

E-RAS'ING,  ppr.  Rubbing  or  scraping  out ;  obliter- 
ating ;  deittroying. 

E-Ua'SIOX,  (e-rii'zhun,)  «.  The  act  of  erasing;  a 
rubbing  out;  obliteratiun.  Blacky  Chein. 

E-RAK'TIAN,  n.  One  of  a  party  in  the  English 
Church,  who  professed  to  follow  the  principles  of 
Thomas  Erastut^,  a  learned  German  pliy:>icinn,  and 
maintiiined  that  the  church  ia  '*  a  mere  creature  of 
the  state,'*  dependent  upon  it  fur  its  existence,  and 
for  all  its  powers.  J.  Murdoch. 

E-RAS'TIAi\-iSM,  n.  The  principles  of  Uie  Eras- 
tians.  Lfsiu. 

E-RA'SURE,  (e-ra'zhur,)  n.  The  act  of  erasing;  a 
scratching  out;  ob]iu>ration. 

'2.  The  place  where  a  word  or  letter  has  been 
era-sed  or  obliterated. 

EE'BI-UM,  n.  A  metal  recently  discovered  in  ores  of 
yttrium.  Ure, 

£RE,  (ar,)  adv.  [Sax.  <fr:  G.  eher;  D.  err  ;  Goth.  air. 
Tliis  is  the  root  of  early^  and  (£r,  in  Saxon,  signifiea 
the  morning.  Bufore  eorr  we  use  or^  "or  ever." 
Let  it  be  observed  that  are  is  not  to  be  cuufouaded 
with  e'fr,  for  frcr.l 
Before ;  sooner  than. 

Eix  »aili  wfTf  sprfad  new  oceans  to  explore.  Dryden. 

Tlie  n<<(<l?tiian  fciitU  u>  him.  Sir,  coiue  duwa  trt  mj  child  dw.  — 
Jwhu  iv. 

In  these  passages,  ere  is  really  a  preposition,  fol- 
lowed by  a  sentence,  instead  of  a  single  word,  as 
E&E,  (»T,)'prep.    Before.  [below. 

Our  fruitful  Nile 
Flowed  »re  the  wonU.'d  scilkir.  Drydtn. 

BRE'LONG,  (ar-,)  adv.  Ure  and  loKg.]  Before  a 
long  time  had  elapsed.     [  Obs.^  or  liUle  used.'] 

Ma  mounted  the  horae,  and  rollowioif  (he  ttag,  erelong  slew 
LiiD.  Sptftaer. 

2.  Before  a  long  time  shall  elapse;  before  long. 
belong  you  will  repent  of  your  folly. 

Tbr  worltl  er»lo«g  a  world  of  tears  must  vr?ep.  Rrdton, 

£RE'XO \V,  adv.     [ere  and  twu;.]     Before  this  time. 

Dryden. 
ERE'Wnir.E,     )adv.      [ere  and  ichilc.]      Some  time 
IrE'VVHILES,  1      ago;  before  a  little*  while.     [Obs.] 

1  oin  as  fur  uow  as  1  v»m  erw'chilt.  Shak. 

ER'E-ltUS,  71.     TL.  erebtLs;  Gr.  ipi(i<>i;  Orientn^  3^J?, 

blackness.] 


evening,  the  decline  of  the  sun,  whence  darkness, 


In  mythui'gy^  darkness;  hence,  the  region  of  the 

dead  ;  a  deep  and  gloomy  place  ;  hell.    Skak.  Milt/m. 

E-RECT',  a.     [!«  ereetus,  from  eri^o,  to  set  upriglit ;  e 

md  rfffOy  to  stn-tch  or  make  straight,  ri^Af,  rectus; 

It.  ereao.     See  Right.] 

1.  Upright,  or  tn  a  perpendicular  posture;  as,  he 

2.  Directed  upward.  [stood  erect. 

Anit  ■iifi[:[i3til  hnnils  to  brsren  ertet.  PKUipa. 

3.  Upright  and  firm  ;  bold  ;  unshaken. 

I^t  no  vnin  r<pw  thy  ^nenus  ardor  Ume ; 

But  slAnd  trtcL.  OranvilU. 

4.  Rallied;  stretched;  intent ;  vigorous  ;  as,  a  vigi- 
lant and  erect  attention  of  mind  in  prayer.  Hooker. 

5.  Stretched  ;  exUsnded. 

6.  In  botany,  an  rrect  stem  is  one  which  is  without 
mppiirt  from  twining,  or  nearly  perjiendicular  ;  an 
erect  leaf  is  one  which  grows  cl<Me  to  the  stem  ;  an 
WM(  flower  has  its  aperture  directed  upward.  Jllartyn. 

E-RECT',  r.  L  To  raise  and  *>ei  in  an  upright  or  per- 
pendicular direction,  or  nearly  such  ;  as,  to  erea  a 
pole  or  flagstaff. 

To  erect  a  prrpendieular,  Is  to  set  or  form  one  line  on 
anothiT  at  right  angles, 

3.  To  raise,  as  a  building  ;  to  set  up ;  to  build  ;  as, 
to  erect  a  house  or  temple  ;  to  erect  ti  fort. 

3.  To  set  upijr  establish  anew  ;  to  found  ;  to  form  ; 
an,  to  erect  a  kingdom  or  commonwealth  ;  to  erect  a 
new  system  or  theory. 

4.  I'o  elevate  ;  to  exalt. 

I  am  hi  from  pnM^miinf  to  infiilliibUIty ;  that  would  b«  to  erect 
Tnywelt  into  ut  apcMtle.  Locke. 

5.  To  raise;  to  excite;  to  animate;  to  encourage. 

Why  should  not  bops 
'    As  m«)ch  erect  our  thoughu,  as  (ear  de]'«(  ibem  }      Denfuun. 

6.  To  raise  a  consequence  from  premises.  [LUtU 
used,] 

Maiebmache  erecld  this  projffositioa.  Lodce. 

7.  To  extend  ;  to  distend. 


ERM 

E-RECT',  V.  i.    To  rise  upright.  Bacon, 

E-RE€T'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  be  erected  ;  as,  an 
erccUible  feather.  Montagu. 

E-REGT'ED,  pp.  Set  in  a  straight  and  perpendicular 
direction;  set  upright;  raised;  built;  established; 
elevated  ;  animated  ;  extended  and  distended. 

E-RECT'ER,  n.  One  that  erects;  one  tliat  raises  or 
builds. 

ERECTILE,  a.    That  which  may  be  erected. 

E-RECT'ING,  ppr.  Raising  and  setting  upright; 
building  ;  founding ;  establishing ;  elevating  ;  in- 
citing; extending  and  distending. 

E-RECTION,  n.  The  act  of  raisiing  and  setting  per- 
pendicular to  the  plane  of  tiie  horizon ;  a  setting 
uprighL 

2.  The  act  of  raising  or  building,  as  an  edifice  or 
fortification  ;  as,  the  erection  of  a  wall,  OT  of  a  house. 

3.  'f'he  stale  of  being  raised,  built,  or  elevated. 

4.  Establishment;  settlement;  formation;  as,  the 
erection  of  a  commonwealth,  or  of  a  new  system  ;  the 
erection  of  a  bishopric  or  an  earldom. 

5.  Elevation  ;  exaltation  of  sentiments. 

Her  peerless  higlu  my  inind  to  high  ertcUon  tlniws  up.  Sidney. 

6.  Act  of  rousing ;  excitement ;  as,  the  erection  of 
tlie  spirits.  Bacon. 

7.  Any  thing  erected  ;  a  building  of  any  kind. 

Qloas.  of  Arch. 

8.  Distention  and  extension. 
E-RE€T'IVE,  a.     Setting  upright;  raising. 
E-REGT'LY,  adv.     In  an  erect  posture.  Brown, 
E-KEe'i''\KSS,  n.     Uprightness  of  posture  or  form. 
E-RE€T'OR,  n.  A  muscle  that  erects  ;  one  that  raises. 
ER'E-MIT-AOE,  n.    See  Hermitage. 
ER'E-Mri'E,  n.  ['L.ercmita;  GT.£jir)fitrriSt  from  epjjpost 

a  desert.] 

1.  One  who  lives  in  a  wilderness,  or  in  retirement, 
secluded  from  intercourse  with  men.  It  is  generally 
written  Hermit  ;  which  see.  Halcffh.    Milton. 

2.  A  mineral  identical  with  monazite.  Dana. 
ER-E-MIT'ie-.\L,  a.     Living  in  solitude,  or  in  seclu- 
sion from  the  world. 

ER'E-MIT-IS.M,  n.  State  of  a  hennit ;  a  living  in  se- 
clusion from  social  life.  Mardock. 

E-REP-Ta'TION,  n.     [from   L.  erepto.]     A  creeping 

E-REP'TION,  w.     [L.  erepUo.]  [forth. 

A  taking  or  snatching  away  by  force. 

ER'E-THISM.  n.     [Gr.  cf>€eia^l^,s.] 

A  morbid  degree  of  energy  and  perfection  in  the 
performance  of  any  function. 

ER-E-THIS'Tie,  a.     Relating  to  an  erethism. 

ER'GAT,  tj.  i.     [L.  ergo.] 

To  infer  ;  to  draw  conclusions.  [JVot  used.]  HewyL 

ER'GO.oJo.     [L.]     Therefore. 

ER'GOT,  n.  [Tr.,  a  spur.]  In  farrin-y,  a  stub,  like  a 
piece  of  soft  horn,  about  the  bigness  of  a  chestnut, 
situated  behind  and  below  the  pastrrn  joint,  and 
coinmimly  hid  under  the  tult  of  the  fetlock. 

2.  A  panisitic  fungus  growing  within  the  glumes  of 
various  gnisses,  as  wheat,  rye,  herd's-grass,  Atc.  It 
is  the  .S|>orino>dfa  Clavusof  the  botanists. 

ER'GO-TISM,  n.     [L.  ergo.] 

A  logical  inference  ;  a  conclusion.  Broton. 

ER'GOT.|SM,n.  [Uovw  ergot.]  The  morbid  effects 
of  ergot,  or  Spt-rmmdia  cfavus. 

ER'I-ACH,  n.     [Irish.]     A  pecuniary  fine.     Spenser. 

E-RID'A-.VU.S,  iu  [L.,  the  River  Fo.]  A  winding 
southern  cunstctlation,  containing  tlie  bright  star 
Ai*hemar.  /'.  Cyc. 

ER'I-OI-BLE,  o.  That  maybe  erected,  [informed^ 
and  not  used.]  Shawns  jCuiSl. 

fi'RIiN,  M.     Ireland. 

E-RIN"GO.    See  Erysco. 

ER'IN-ITE,  a.  A  native  arseniate  of  copper,  of  an 
emerald  tjreen  color.  lire. 

E-RIN'.\VH,  rt,  [Gr.]  A  fury,  or  goddess  of  discord  ; 
and  hence,  among  the  poets,  discord  in  general. 

Shak. 

E-RI-OM'E-TER,  n.     [Gr.  cf>t»f  and  ftrrnov.] 

An  optical  instrument  for  measuring  the  diameters 
of  minute  particltss  and  fibers. 

E-RIST'IC,         i  a.     [Gr.  enis,  contention  ;   £/>(r»*oc, 

E-RIST'ie-AL,  i      contentious.] 

Pertaining  to  disputes;  controvential.  [JVc£  tn 
u.«.l 

ERKE,n.     fGr.  atpjof.] 

Idle  ;  slothful.     [JVol  in  use.]  Chaucer. 

ER'MK  I,LN.     See  Kbmipc. 

ER'iMINE,  [n.       [Ft.  kermiae;    It.  armclUno ;    Sp.   ar~ 

EK'MLV,  I  mino;  Port,  arminho ;  Arm.  erminicq; 
D.  hermrlyn;  G.  Dan.  and  Sw.  hemtelin.] 

1.  An  animal  of  the  genus  Mustela,  or  Futorius,an 
<*ihabrlant  of  northern  cliuisites,  in  Europe  and 
America.  It  nearly  resembles  llie  weasel  in  shape, 
food,  and  manners.  In  winter,  the  fur  is  of  a  snow^ 
white;  in  suiiim'r,  the  upper  part  of  the  body  is 
generally  of  a  yellowish-brown  color,  and  the  under 
iKirt  of  a  Hulphur-yellow.  It  is  tlx^n  called  a  stoat. 
I'hs  tip  of  the  tail  is  of  tin;  mnst  intense  black, 
throughout  the  year.    The  far  is  much  valued. 

Partini^^ton. 

2.  The  fur  of  the  ermine,  which,  when  used  for 
ornamental  purposes,  has  the  black  in  s:uall  spots 
scattered  through  the  white. 


ERR 

3.  Fignratively,  the  dignity  of  judges  and  magis- 
trates, whose  state  robes,  lined  witli  ermine,  wer6 
emblematical  of  purity.  Cluitham. 

ER'MIN--ED,  a.  Clothed  with  ermine  ;  adtirned  with 
the  fur  of  the  ermine  ;  as,  ennined  pride ;  ennincd 
pomp.  Pope. 

ERN.Ti.     [Dan.  Sw.  a-m.] 

The  sea-eagle  or  osprey,  so  called  in  Scotland  ;  al- 
so applied  to  other  eagles,  particularly  the  common 
golden  eagle. 

ERNE,  or  AIRNE,  a  Saxon  word,  signifying  a  place  or 
receptacle,  forms  the  termination  of  some  English 
words,  as  well  as  Latin  ;  as,  in  bam.,  lantern,  tavern^ 
taberna. 

E-RODE',  tJ.  t.     [L.  erodo ;  e  and  rodo,  to  gnaw,  Sp. 
^  .-■£ 
roer^  It,  rodere.  Ar.  ij^jl  eratsa,  to  gnaw.    Claas 

Rd.No.  35.] 

To  eat  in  or  away ;  to  corrode  ;  as,  canker  erodes 
the  fiesh. 

The  blood,  being  loo  sharp  or  ihio,  erodes  the  Tcssels. 

WiMmaa. 
E-ROD'ED,pp.     Eaten;  gnawed;  corroded. 

2.  a.  In  na/uro/ Ai.«(or?/,  having  llie  edge  irregularly 

jageed,  as  if  gnawed  or  eaten.      Brande.     Loudon. 

E-RCD'ING,  ppr.      Eating  into;  eating  away;   cor- 

ER'O-GA'I'E,  V.  t.     [L.  erogo.]  [roding. 

To  lay  out ;  to  give ;  to  bestow  upon.     [JVut  used.] 

Klyot. 
ER-O-GA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  conferring.  [J^ot  used.] 
E-RCSE',  a.     [L.  erosus.]  [Klyot. 

In  botany,  an  erose  leaf  has  small  sinuses  in  tlie 
margin,  as  if  gnnwed.  Martyn. 

E-RO'SION,  (e-r6'zhun,)  n.     [L.  erosio.] 

1.  'I'he  act  or  openition  or  eating  away, 

2.  The  state  of  being  eaten  away ;  corrosion ; 
canker. 

E-R0'6IVE,  a.  Having  the  property  of  eating  away, 
or  corroding;  corrosive.  Humble. 

tlZT'lc-AL,  \  -^     [«^-  '°"^'  'o™-] 

Pertaining  to  love  ;  treating  of  love.  Encyc. 

E-ROT'I€,  n.  An  amorous  composition  or  poem.  Kncye. 
ER-O-TO-MA'M-A,  i  n.  [Gr.  eutjc,  love,  and  pavta, 
EJtO-TOM'A-NY,     j     raaniaj 

Melancholy,  which  is  the  effect  of  love. 
ER-PE-TOL'O-tSlST,   n.     [Gr.   c/jTrfruj,  reptile,  and 
Aoj'oj,  discourse.] 

One  who  writes  on  the  subject  of  reptiles,  or  is 
versed  in  the  natural  history  of  reptiles.  [See  Heb- 
PETOLOOiST.l  Cfu  Observer, 

ER-PE-TOL'O-GY,  n.    [Supra.]     That  part  of  natural 
history  which  treats  of  reptiles.   [See  Herpetologt.] 
Diet,  ofJ^uL  HisU 
ERR,  V,  i,     [L.  erro  ;  Fr.  errer  ;    Sp.  errar ;  It,  errare ; 
G.  irrcn  ;  Sw.  irra  ;  Dan.  irrer.] 

1.  To  wander  from  the  right  way  ;  to  deviate  from 
tlie  true  course  or  purpose. 

Bill  erre  not  ikaluro  from  this  jrnclous  end, 

Kroin  burning  suns  when  livid  dcatlis  ilcnccmlF  Pope. 

2.  To  miss  the  right  way,  in  morals  or  religion  ;  to 
deviate  from  the  path  or  line  of  duty;  to  stray  by 
design  or  mistake. 

Wo  hare  erred  and  strayed  like  lost  slieep.  Com,  Prai/er. 

3.  To  mistake  ;  to  commit  error  ;  to  do  wrong  from 
ignorance  or  inuttention.  Men  err  in  judgment  from 
ignorance,  from  want  of  attention  to  facts,  or  from 
previous  bias  of  mind. 

4.  To  wander  ;  to  ramble. 

A  •itinti  LifHtfuki's,  w'-lt  innnnt,  wUh  fury  flies, 

And  erre  about  ih'-ir  temples,  ears,  and  cyta,  Drydtn. 

ER'RA-BLE,  a.    Liable  to  mistake  ;  fallible.    [LitOe 

used.] 

Elt'RA-BLE-NESS,  n.  Liableness  to  mistake  or  error. 

Wb  may  Infer  from  the  emtbltneee  of  our  natures  th«  »PMona- 
Ui-mss  of  coinp.-va*ion  to  tlic  scducoU.  Decny  q/ Piety. 

ER'RAND,  n.  [Sax.  (trend,  a  message,  mandate,  le- 
gation, business,  narration  ;  areitdian,  to  tell,  or  re- 
late ;  Sw.  drende  i    Dan.  terinde.] 

1.  A  verba]  message  ;  a  mandate  or  order ;  some* 
thing  to  be  told  or  done ;  a  communication  to  be 
made  to  some  person  at  a  distance.  The  servant  was 
sent  on  an  errand ;  he  told  his  errand ;  he  has  done 
the  errand.  These  are  the  most  common  modes  of 
using  this  word. 

I  have  a  secrvt  errand  to  thee,  O  kin^,  —  Judges  flk 

2.  Any  special  business  to  bo  transacted  by  a  mes- 
senger. 

ER'RANT,  a.  [Fr.  errant;  L.  errans,  from  erro,  to 
err.] 

1.  Wandering;  roving;  rambling;  applied  partic- 
ularly to  knights,  who,  in  the  middle  ages,  wandered 
about  to  seek  aclventures,  and  display  their  heroism 
and  generosity,  cali"d  knigfUs  erranU 

2.  Devialing  from  a  certain  course.  Shak. 

3.  Dr;viating  from  the  regular  course,  and  henco 
wild,  extravagant,  notorious  j  as,  an  errant  fixil,  [now 
spelt  Arrant.]  B.  Jonson. 

4.  Itinerant.     [Obs."] 

ER'RANT.  for  Arrant,  on  old  orthography.  [See 
Arrant,] 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER.  VT'CIOUS,  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  »  as  Z;  CU  as  SH  ;  TII  as  in  TUJS. 

.  '^  '•  407" 


ERU 

ER'K.\NT>KV,».    A  wandering  J  arovinsornimblijg 
about.  AiU^son. 

a.  The  employment  of  n  knTshl  errant. 
ER-ttA  TA,  It.  p/.    See  Ebbatim. 
ER-RAT'It'",  \a.     [I*.  rmi/tciM,  from  erro,  to  wan- 

EU-RAT'ie-AL,  i      iler.] 

I.  W'andenug  ;  liaving  no  certain  course  ;  roving 
abttut  wiihttnt  a  fix«Ml  dt^^linnliun.  Popt. 

9.  Mov—- ■  -  *  •^■'  (1  or  stalionary ;  applied  to  tJu 
plantti,  1.  t'rom  the  ^td  stars. 

3.  Irr' :  !  .  ffarvnr. 

4.  In  i...  ■■  1.  „.  .«  ;■  ..u  applied  to  ir^"-"  "'*■  ■'  "*?tp- 
tials  on  itif  t-anli's  tuirface  ;  as,  irrc'  - 1, 
&c.     KrrjfiV,*  are  iiiasskfs  of  stone  li  J. 

£mi£u /lA^-Mirmfna,  are  the  pbenoCDt  a..      i.i.ite 

to  tnnsportfd  materials  on  the  cartb'«  iturlnct*. 

ER-RAT'lt:,  n.     A  nigiic  Cockentm. 

ER-RA  r  If  AL  I.V.   *i'/r.      Without  rule,  order,  or 


BK 
KR 


rtv.  ftrwwfi. 

[JVW  used,] 
[Sec  Err.}    An  error 


or  uu»Lik«;  ia  willing  or  |>riui:iif:.    A  list  of  the  rrrata 
at  a  book  b  uraally  primed  at  the  beginnins  or  end, 
with  refimmeea  lo  the  pages  and  hues  in  which  they 
occnr. 
EiUt'£D  wntt  of  Eaib 

fi&'ftHIN^(«r'rtiw,}  a.    [Gr.  tf^jur^v}  tv  and  ^r, 
Uu)  Boae.] 

Aflfectiog  tiM  aoae,  or  to  be  snuffed  into  the  noae : 
occadioning  dbcharges  (h>m  the  nose. 
ER'RHIXB,  (er^rtne.)  n.     A  medicine  to  be  ftnuffbd  up 
the  noee,  to  pruniole  discharges  of  uiucuft. 

O'W.     Kneve. 
^  r  a.    Wanderinf  from  the  truth  or  Uie 

takinc;  irregular 
~,  a.     [L*.  trr^nruSf  from  errOf  to  err.] 
WanJenugi  roving;  antcOled. 
Thejroua 


eke; 

ER  : 


1. 


S.  Deviating  J  devious ;  itregtilar ;  wandering  &um 
tbe  ri|^t  couree. 


[7^  firtgmmg  i^ifUcatmns  ^  tkA  word  art  ieu 

3.  Mistaking ;  miiif>d ;  deviatin*,  by  mii^ake,  from 
the  tnith.  Ontroy  noc  the  errosMtu  with  the  ma- 
Ucious. 

4.  Wrone;  false;  mistaken;  noC  conformable  to 
truth  ;  erring  from  truth  or  Justice  ;  as,  an  err«meoiu 
opinion  or  judgment. 

ER-RO  \E-OUS-LV,  ado.    By  mUlake ;  not  rightly; 

fiiUely. 
ER-RO*NE-OlTS-XESS,  ■.    The  rtate  of  being  crro- 

aetHia,  wrong,  or  fal^  ;  deviation  from  riplit ;  iiicun- 

fonuily  to  truth  ;  as,  the  erronroiuitCM  of  a  judgment 

or  pn^pu^itton. 
ER'RUR,  n.     [L.  error,  from  erro,  lo  wander.] 

1.  In  m  ffrnerai  Me/me^  a  wandering  or  deviation 
from  the  truth. 

2.  A  mi-:take  in  judgment,  by  which  men  assent 
to  or  believe  what  is  not  true.  Error  may  be  ru/tiii- 
tery  or  imtoluntar^  :  roluMtary^  when  nteii  n'xlcct  or 
pen<_rt  tti  >  :':i>i«!^r  means  to  inform  tl*e  mind  ;  tmvot- 
y  :v  means  iif  jiid^ng  cornclly  arc  not 
in  An  error  committed  tlirou^h  ca^l^■ 
les                      :-  is  a  blunder. 


3.  A  mistake  made  in  writing  or  other  perf^>rm- 
ance.  It  is  no  easj-  task  to  com-ct  the  errors  of  tlie 
press  ;  authors  aometimes  charge  their  own  errors  to 
the  printer. 

4.  A  wandering ;  excursion  ;  irregular  course. 

Drlvra  bf  Uk  wiikIs  and  errors  i>f  the  wb  Drpd»it. 

[T^is  sense  is  wtitnui/,  and  hardly  Ugitim^Oe.] 

5.  E>eviation  from  law, justice, or riglit;  oversight; 
Bustake  in  conduct. 

Sbj  net;  it  wu  ui  rrrw.  —  Eccles.  T. 

&  Is  ScriphirB  and  tiuoiofy^  sin  ;  iniquity  ;  trans- 
giessiao. 

Wieeaa  aadfrmod  Ui  crrar»9   eleuMe  ilioa  mefioiBWcnt 
bntti.  — P>.  XXI. 

7.  In  law,  a  mistake  in  pleading  or  in  judcfment. 
A  icrii  of  rrror,  is  a  writ  f.)iindr_-d  on  an  iillt^gcd  error 
in  judgment,  whirh  carries  tlic  suit  to  another  tribu- 
nal for  redress.     Il.-nce  th^'  f  iilawinp  vi-rb :  — 

BR'ROR,  •.  L  To  determine  a  judgment  of  court  lo 
be  errjn-.-ous.     [,\'ct  lec'l  authcnieJ.] 

^R'ROR-IST,  ft.  One  who  errs,  or  who  encourages 
and  prbpasates  ern)r. 

ERSE,  n.  The  lan^uace  of  the  dewrendants  of  the 
(irM-U  or  Celt*,  in  the  I!-''"  ■■•  i  -  - 1'  ?^cot!and. 

ER.--!!  .T  EARSIl,-tt.     ^^:  i. 

l^iisi",  u  ,;-.     [Sat.  tere,:r,  :  trr.    See  Erb.] 

1.  Fir.l;  al  fir^^*  ■   -  ■  ■  :..,.:.'. 

2.  Once  ;  for  ». 

3.  Before  ^  t;!  :  hitherto. 
I T-t^^' yr^^d  U  '         .    .    ...^t  in  poetry.] 

'  [iLE,  a*ii%      1  iii  Uien   or   now;   forrasrly. 

i-'ENCE,  R.     [I^  er^^beice^Uy  erubescOf  from 
■    I'L-  r-d.i 


ESC 

A  becoming  red;   redness  of  the  skin  or  surface 

of  anv  thin;;;  a  bhishing. 
ER-l'-liES'CE.\T,  a.     Red,  or  reddish  ;  blnshinc 
E-RL'CT',  >  r.  (.     [L.  erueto,  rnctar^  cuincidmg  in 

E-Rre'TATE,  \     elements  with  Ch.  pi-\,  Hob.  p-\\  to 

spit.     Qu.  yrrAr.] 
To  belch  ;  to  eject  from  the  stomach,  os  wind 

[Little  «,-vJ.y  HowUL 

E-RL'e'TA-TED,p;».     Belrhcd  ;  ejected. 
E-RrC'TA-TL\«,p;>r.     Belching. 
ER-UC-TA'TIO.N*,  n,     [L.  rr«rf«fw.] 

I.  The  act  of  bclchmg  wind  from  the  stomach  ;  a 

belch, 
a.  ,\  violent  bursting  forth  or  ejection  of  wind  or 

otiier  matter  from  the  eartli.  Woodtoard, 

ER'U-I)ri'I*L  o.     [L.  rrudttu^,  from  rrudio,  to  instruct. 

Uu.  e  nniTrudis,  rude.      Rather  rii.  t^jr.  Sam.  n*n 

redah,  to  teach.     Class  Ud,  No.  S.] 

Inslnieted  ;  taught ;  learned.  CheMfrfieJd. 

ERT-DTTE  LV,  adv.    With  erudition  or  leaniing. 
EU  lMH"TIOX,  (er-n-dish'«n,)  ji.    Learnini: ;  kmnvl- 

eili:-  cniiied  by  sttitly,  or  frtim  iKxikf*  ami  in-»lniction  ; 

paiiiiMtlarly,  learning  in  littniiure,  as  distinct  from 

the  sciencvs,  as  in  his'tury,  antiquity,  and  languages. 

The  Scaligers  were  men  of  doep  ermlUiou, 

Tb«  most  uWul  rrtiidi&on  for  repulilicaiu  U  UiU  which  ptposn 
the  Cftuac*  of  (li«upb.  J.  AJams. 

E-RC'tSlX-OUS,  a.  [J.,  (trvginosus,  from  anrago,  nist.] 
Partaking  of  the  substance  or  nature  of  copper  or 
the  rtist  of  copi^'r;  resembling  rust, 

E-Rl'PT',  r.  i.     To  bunit  forth.     [.\Vf  used.] 

E-Rl'I*T'El>,  pp.  or  a.  Forcibly  llirown  up  by  erup- 
tion ;  as,  erupted  igm-ous  rockj. 

E-III'P'TIO.N,  B.  [L.  eruptio^  from  rrumpo^  erupt:  « 
ami  ruvpo,  for  rupo  :  Pp.  nimper  f  Fr.  rompre.  Kee 
Class  Rb,  So.  -id,  '27,  39.] 

1.  The  act  of  bre;iking  or  bursting  forth  from  in- 
closure  or  cuntitiL-meni ;  a  violent  emission  of  any 
thing,  particularly  uf  flames  and  lava  from  a  vidcano. 
Tlie  eruptuftts  of  Hecla,  in  178;t,  were  extraordinary 
fur  the  quantity  of  lava  discliarged. 

S.  A  stidden  or  violent  rushing  forth  uf  roun  or 
troops  for  invasion;  sudden  excursion. 

lafieatcd  at  >ueh  trupdon  bulJ.  AlUton, 

X  A  burst  of  voice ;  violent  exclamation.  [Little 
used.]  &.utJt. 

4.  In  medietd  science,  a  breaking  out  of  btimor^i,  a 
copious  excretion  of  humors  on  tiie  skin,  in  pustules  ; 
also,  an  elTlur^scence  or  redness  on  llie  skin,  as  in 
•caHatina  ;  exanthemata;  petechiie  ;  vibiccs;  as  in 
small-pox,  mea.'le^,  and  fevers. 
E-RUP'TIVE,  a.    Bursting  forth. 

Tine  »ii.l<i*'ii  glruiM 
App?an  r.ir  aonlh  trajAive  L'lruit^t  liv  ckiul.  Thoviton. 

2.  Attended  with  eruption  or  efilun«cence,  or  pro- 
ducing it ;  as,  an  eruptive  fever. 

3.  In  gealofij,  produced  by  eruption;  as,  ernptivt 
rockfi,  such  as  the  igneous  or  vulcanic. 

E-KY.\"GO,  n.    [Gr.  ^onyi'.i-.] 

Tlie  popular  name  of  the  sea-holly  ;  En/mrium,  a 
g(?nus  of  plants  of  several  species,  'j'hs  tlowcrs  are 
collected  in  a  round  head  ;  the  rec-eptacle  is  |mlea- 
ccous  or  chatFv.     The  young  sliottls  are  esculent. 

ER-V-i?lP'E-LA.S,  n.     [Gr.  toranrtXa^.]  [Eaeye. 

A  disease  callijd  Su  Anthouifs  fire  ;  a  diffused  m- 
flammation,  with  fe^'er  of  two  or  three  days,  gener- 
ally Willi  coma  or  dt^liriiim  ;  an  entptiun  of  a  liery 
acrid  humur,  on  some  part  of  the  body,  but  chiedy 
on  the  face.  One  ppecies  of  erysij»pl;is  ia  culled  ahin- 
gUsj  or  eruption  with  small  VL-sicie:j. 

Qoxe.    Encvc     Qiiinev. 

ER-Y-SI-PEL'A-TOUS,o.  Eruptive;  resembling ery- 
sip'-las,  or  partaking  of  its  nature. 

ER-Y-SirE^LOUS.     E»ee  Erysipelatous. 

ER-Y-THk'MA,  ».  [Gr.]  A  specific  iniamniation, 
characterized  by  a  red,  t,'l:ibrous,  tumid  fulhutss  of  the 
integumsDts,  aiteuded  by  burning  ]>ain,  nuil  termi- 
uating  in  cuticular  scalf^s  or  vcsii;Iej!.     J.  J\I.  Oood. 

EK-Y-THE  MAT'ie,  a.  Denoting  a  morbid  redness 
of  skin  ;  relating  to  er>'thfma. 

ES-CA-L.XDE',  n,  [Fr.  (rf. ;  Sp.  escalada;  It  scalata; 
from  b'p.  esadot  IL  scala.,  L.  scala^  a  ladder,  Fr.  echcllt. 
Sec  Scale.] 

In  the  military  art,  a  furious  attack  made  by  troops 
on  a  fortified  place,  in  which  ladders  are  used  lo  puss 
a  ditch  or  mount  a  ram]>Hrt. 

Siu  emrn,  noC  by  eacaUtde,  but  by  cuimltig  or  tT"«i;hprv. 

BiiclcmtTitUr, 

ES-€A-L-\DE',  V.  t.     To  Fcale  ;  to  mount  and  pft?9  or 
enter  by  means  of  ladders  ;  as,  to  escaUuie  a  wall. 
Ltfe  of  WtUinirton. 
ES-€A-LSD'ED,  pp.     Scal<?d,  as  a  wall  or  ranipirt. 
E.S  CA-I<Al)'ING,  p;w.     Sc-ilinp,  as  troops. 
ESe.\l.'OP,  (sJcul'np,)  B.     [D.  .^chulp,  a  shell.] 

1.  .\  bivalve  shell,  of  ilie  genus  Pectin.  The  sur- 
face is  neatly  marked  with  ribs  radiating  from  the 
hinge  outward.  Dana. 

2.  A  regular  curving  indenture  in  the  margin  of 
anv  thing.     [See  Scalloc  and  Scollok.] 

ES-CA-PaUE',  n.      [Fr.     See  Escape.]     The  fling  of 
a  horse,  or  ordinary  kicking  back  of  his  heels. 
2-  In  Spanish,  flight ;  escape.     Hence,  an  impropri- 


ESC 

rty  of  speech  or  behavior  of  which  an  individucl  is 
unconscious.  Hrande. 

ES-CAPE',  T.  t.  [Ft.  echapper;  Norm,  echever:  Arm. 
nrhap  ;  It.  eeappare ;  Sp.  and  Port,  eseapar :  probably 
from  L.  capio,  with  a  negative  iueii.x,  or  from  a  word 
of  the  same  family.] 

1.  'I'o  flee  from  and  avoid  ;  to  get  out  of  the  way  ; 
to  shun;  to  obtain  security  from;  to  pass  without 
harm  :  as,  to  c^ape  danger. 

A  sm.iil  numlxT  tli.tt  escape  lh<^  bwoM  sluvll  rPUirti.  —  Jer.  xHt, 
lluviiic  ti^eapfd  tliv  wmrpiion  Uiat  i»  lu  the  worM  Uirougli  lust. 
—  iiHei.  I. 

9.  To  pass  unobserved  ;  tn  evade  ;  as,  the  fhet  es- 
caped my  notice  or  observation, 

3.  To  avoid  the  danger  of;  as,  to  escape  the  sea. 
jfcts  xxviii. 

J^''ote.  —  This  verb  is  properly  intransitive,  and  in 
strictness  should   be  followed  by  from;    but  usage 
snnrtinns  Jie  omission  of  it. 
E.'^-C.^i'K',  r.  i.    To  flue,  shun,  and  be  secure  from 
danger  ;  to  avoid  an  evil. 

Eacapt  for  fliy  llfr  to  Uii  mouiiuln.  — Gfn.  xU. 

3.  To  ba  passed  without  harm.  The  balls  whistled 
by  me;  my  comrades  fell,  but  I  escaped. 
ES-CAF'E',  V.   Fliglit  to  shun  danger  or  injury ;  the  act 
of  fleeing  from  danger. 

1  would  h.-uiiMi  my  egcape  from  the  wiudr  sturm.  —  P«,  It. 

2.  A  being  passed  without  receiving  injury,  as 
when  danger  conies  near  a  person,  but  passes  by,  and 
the  person  is  passive.  Every  soldier  who  sur\"ivc3  a 
battle  has  haa  such  an  escape. 

3.  Excuse;  subterfuge;  evasion.  Ralegh. 

4.  In  law,  an  evasion  of  legal  restraint  or  the  cus- 
tody of  the  sherifl"  without  due  course  of  law.  E»- 
capes  are  voluntani  or  involuntary ;  volantanj,  when 
an  oflicer  permits  an  offender  or  debtor  to  quit  his 
custody  without  warrant ;  and  involuntary,  or  negli- 
gent, when  an  arrested  lu-rson  quits  the  custody  of 
the  otficer  against  his  will,  and  is  nrfl  pursued  forth- 
witli,  and  retaken,  before  the  pursuer  liath  lost  sight 
of  him, 

5.  Sully;  flight;  irregularity.    [Little  used]     Shak. 
G.  Oversight  ;  mi^itake.     [Little  used,  or  improprr.] 

ES-€APE'MEi\T,  n.  That  part  of  a  clock  or  watch 
which  regulates  its  movements,  and  prevents  their 
acciJfTation,  Ed.  Kncyc. 

ES-CaP'ING, pj>r.  Freeingfrom  and  avoiding  danger 
or  evil ;  being  passed  unobserved  or  unhurt ;  shiin- 
ning  ;  evading  ;  securing  safety  ;  quitting  the  custody 
of  Hie  law  without  warrant. 

ES-CAP'ING,  71.     Avoidance  of  danger.     Exra  ix. 

ES-€AK'GA-T0IRE,  (-twor,)n.'  [Fr,,from  cacur^of,  a 
snail.] 

A  nursery  ofsnails.  Jiddison. 

ES-GAUP',  n.  In  ftrtifi ration,  any  thing  hich  and  pre- 
cipitous; sometimes  the  side  of  the  ditch  next  the 
rampart.  Brande. 

ES-EARi",  r.  f.  [Fr.  escarper,  to  cut  to  a  slope;  It. 
acarya,  a  slope.     See  Cauve.] 

To  slojK!  tiuddeniy  ;  to  fiirm  a  sudden  slope  ;  a  mil- 
itaru  Urm.  Carlcton, 

ES-eX  RP'£D,  (es-kirpt',)  pp.  Cut  or  formed  to  a  sud- 
den slnpe. 

ES-€A  KP'ING,  ppr.     Forming  to  a  sudden  slope. 

ES-€AliP'MKiNT,  n.  A  steep  descent  or  declivity  ;  a 
precipiuius  side  uf  any  hill  or  rock.  P.  Cijc 

ES-CHA-LOT',  (e^h-a-lot',)  w.     [Fr.  edialote.] 

A  species  of  small  onion  or  garlic,  the  AlUum  asca- 
lonicuui.  Encyc 

ES'CHMl,  (oa'kir,)  n.     [Gr.  cixaoa.] 

In  surrrcry,  the  crust  or  scab  occasioned  by  bums 
or  caustic  apjtlication.i.  Encyc 

ES'eHA-llA,  n.  A  species  of  coral,  resembling  a  net 
or  woven  cloth. 

ES-CHA-ROT'ie,  a.  Caustic;  having  the  power  of 
searius  or  destroying  the  flesh.  C(ne.     Encyc. 

ES-€HA-ROT'l€,  n.  A  caustic  application;  a  medi- 
cine which  sears  or  destroys  flesh.  Coze* 

ES-eHA-TOL'O-CY,  n.     [Gr.  i(j\qto^  and  >^oyoi.] 
The  doctrine  uf  the  la^^t  or  flnal  things,  as  deatli, 
judfzmeiit,  &.C. 

E.S-ClIjtAT',  71.  [Fr.  echcoir,  cchoir,  choir:  Norm,  es- 
chier,  eschirr,  eschever,  to  fall,  to  happsm  to,  tn  escheat. 
'J'he  Fr.  «c/unrseems  to  be  the  Sn.  caer,  which  is  con- 
tracted fri.im  the  L.  cado,  coz/prf.] 

1.  Any  land  or  tenements  which  casually  fall  or 
revert  to  the  loril  within  his  manor,  tbrou^li  failure 
of  heirs.  It  is  the  determination  of  the  tenure,  or 
dirisuluiinn  of  !lTe  miitiial  bond  between  the  kml  and 
tenant,  from  the  extinction  of  tl:e  l)lood  of  the  ten- 
ant, by  djath  or  natural  means,  or  by  civil  means,  as 
forfeiture  or  corruption  of  bk»od.  Blackstone. 

2.  In  tke  L'mtcd  State.-f,  the  falling  or  passing  of 
lands  and  tenements  to  the  State,  through  failure  of 
heirs  or  forfeiture,  or  in  cases  where  no  owner  is 
found.  Stat.  ofJila.-'s.  a/id  Cunn. 

3.  The  place  or  circuit  within  wiilch  the  king  or 
lord  is  entitled  to  escheats.  Enirlaud. 

4.  A  writ  to  recover  escheats  from  the  person  in 
pofiscr^nion.  Bhekstprtp.     Coieel.     Encyc. 

5.  The  lands  which  fall  to  the  lord  rr  state  hy  eschwU. 

6.  In  Scf^u  lajp,  the  forfeiture  inc  ured  by  a  man's 
beinj;  d.-nounccd  a  rebel. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARIXE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WTQLF,  BOOX. 

40S  ■  " 


ESC 

ES-CH£AT',  r.  i.  In  F.n^land,  to  rrvcrt,  as  land,  !o 
til''  lortt  of  a  Dinnur,  hy  iiit^aus  of  tlic  extinctiou  of 
the  bl(X>d  of  the  teit.tilt. 

'2.  In  America^  to  fall  er  comc,  as  laud,  to  the  state, 
through  failure  of  heirs  or  owners,  or  by  forfeiture 
for  treason.  In  the  feudal  sense,  no  escheat  can  exist 
in  the  L'nited  States;  but  the  word  is  used  in  stat- 
utes confiscating  the  estates  of  those  who  abandoned 
their  country  during  the  revoUition,  and  in  statutes 
giving  to  the  state  tlio  lands  fur  which  no  owner  can 
be  found. 

ESCHEAT',  r.  t.    To  forfeit.     [JVot  usfd.]     Bp.  HaU. 

KS-CH£.AT'A-BLE,  a.     Liable  to  escheat. 

ES-CHeAT'AGK,  h.  The  right  of  succeeding  to  an 
esc  heat.  Shencvod, 

ES-CHEAT'ED,pp.  Ha\ing  fallen  to  the  lord  through 
want  of  heirs,  or  to  the  state  for  waul  of  an  owner, 
or  by  Jbrfeiture. 

ES-t'HEAT'ING,p;w,  Reverting  to  the  lord  through 
failure  of  heirs,  or  to  the  state  for  want  of  an  owner, 
or  by  Jbrfeiture. 

ES-CHeAT'OU,  n.  An  officer  who  observes  the  es- 
cheats of  the  king  in  the  county  whereof  he  is  es- 
chealor,  and  certihes  them  into  ilie  treasury.  Camden, 

ESCIIKW,  V.  L  [Norm.  escArveri  Old  Fr.  e^cheoir ; 
G.  scheufit;  It.  scliicare ;  Fr.  e^uiver:  Dan.  skyer;  to 
shun.  The  G.  scJteu,  Dan.  sky.  It.  scM/o,  is  tlie  Eng. 
ihy.  In  Sw.  the  corresponding  words  are  skyg^  and 
skHg^ia,  which  leads  to  the  opinion  that  Uie  radical 
1.  tiers  are  Kg  or  Skg ;  and  if  so,  these  words  c«irre- 
syHind  with  the  G.  acheuchen,  to  fr^liten,  to  drive 
away,  which  we  retain  in  the  word  skoo^  used  to 
scare  away  fowls.] 
To  Aee  from  ;  to  shun  ;  to  avoid. 


He  w1k>  obcja,  deKmctioa  ihoU  tsdita. 


Sandy. 


EP^CHEW'KD,  (es-chude',)  pp.    Shunned  ;  avoided. 

l',S-CHEVV'ING,  ppr.     Shunning  ;  avoiding. 

KSeOCH'EON,  n.     [Fr.J     The  shield  of  the  family, 

fVarton, 

ES'CORT,  H.  [Fr.  tseorU ;  It.  scoria,  a  guard  or  guide, 
Korgere,  to  discern,  lea^,  coiidurt.  Sp.  and  Port,  es- 
colta,  r  changed  into  I.  The  Italian  has  ivorlo,  seen, 
perceived,  prudent,  and  as  a  noun,  abridgment ;  ana 
foyrUtrPy  to  abridge,  shorten,  conduct,  escort.  The 
seiiso  of  short,  nfun-ten,  is  connected  with  L,  curttut, 
and  the  sense  of  prudent  occurs  in  L.  curdaius.  But 
whether  there  is  a  connection  between  these  words, 
let  tlie  reader  judge.] 

1.  .\  guard  ;  a  body  of  armed  men  which  attends  an 
officer,  or  baggage,  provisions,  or  muuititgts,  conveyed 
by  land  from  pt.-icu  to  place,  to  protect  them  from  an 
enemy,  or,  in  general,  for  security. 

[Tills  word  is  rarely,  and  never  properly,  used  for 
*aval  protection  or  protectors ;  tlie  latter  we  call  a 
conBoy.  I  have  found  it  applied  to  naval  protection, 
but  it  is  unusual.] 

.  2.  In  a  moTt  genrral  sense.,  protection  or  nafepuard 
on  a  journey  or  excursion  ;  as,  to  travel  under  the  cs- 
crrt  of  a  friend. 

ES-C'ORT',  B.  (.  To  attend  and  gimrd  on  a  journey 
or  excursion  by  land  ;  to  attend  and  guard  any  thing 
r.jnv.^ycj  by  land.  General  Washington  arrived  at 
Ilur^ton,  McorUd  by  a  detachment  of  dragoons.  The 
gii.ird^  CMtrrted  Lord  Wetlingtun  to  L^mdon. 

1>  t-uK'i'EU,  ;»p.  AtU'uded  and  guarded  on  a  joiir- 
II 'v  or  exciirsiun  by  land. 

\y-  <'fiKT'I.\G,  ppr.     Attending  and  guarding  on  a 
!rrify  or  excursion  by  land. 

i       ■  '"T'.     Bee  Scot. 
-  '■)'!'',  c.  f.     To  pay  the  reckoning  for;  to  mii>- 

!  -  I  -"ilJ-ADE'.    SeeS<iu*D. 

I..    .  OUT'.    See  Scout. 

t>  t'KI-TOIR',  (rs-kre-twor',)  n.  [Pp.  r«rri/prio ;  It. 
acrittorio ;  Fr.  rcrituirf,  from  eerirc,  ccrit,  to  write, 
from  the  mm  of  1*,  grribo,  Enc.  to  .scrape.] 

A  b(iX  with  instruments  and  convt-nienres  for  wri- 
ting, soinftimes  a  desk  or  chert  of  ^Irawers,  with  an 
apartment  for  the  instruments  of  writing.  It  is  often 
nronminred  nerutmr, 

ES-CRI-TO'UI-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  nn  esrrllofr. 

E.S'€UO\V,  n.  [I't.  ecrou,  Norm,  escrover,  escroioe^m 
Kcrull.] 

In  laip,  a  deed  of  lan'ls  or  tenements  delivered  to 
8  third  person,  to  hold  till  worn* condition  isp<-rf(irmed 
by  the  grantee,  and  wliieh  is  not  to  take  eif'^el  till 
the  condition  is  p<'rformed.  It  is  then  to  be  delivered 
to  the  grantee.  JtlackstttHe, 

RH'€IJ-AGK,  Ti.  [from  Fr.  ecu,  for  eseu,  L.  scututRj  a 
shi'ld.] 

In  feudal  lata,  serrice  of  the  shield,  called  also 
geutnfff  :  a  speciest  of  tenure  by  knrglit  service,  by 
which  a  tenant  was  brtund  to  f.illowhis  lord  to  war; 
afterward  exchanged  for  a  pecuniary  satisfaction. 

blackiitone. 

E?<-CU-LA'PI-AN,  «.  [from  ^sculapiun,  the  physi- 
cian.] 

Medical :  pr-rtainlng  to  the  healing  art.      Younff. 

ES'€U-LENT,  a.     [L.  eseuUntu.n,  from  esea,  f  M»d.] 
Eatable  ;  that  i>>  or  may  Ik;  tised  by  man  for  food  ; 
a«,  e»rulent  plants  ;  tsealtnt  fish. 

EH'CU'LRNT,  ».  Something  that  is  eatable;  that 
which  is  or  may  be  safely  eaten  by  man. 


ESP 

E-S-CO^RI-AL,*.  The  palace  or  residence  of  the  king 
of  Spain,  about  22  miles  north-west  of  Madrid.  This 
is  the  largest  and  most  superb  structure  in  the  king- 
dom, and  one  of  the  most  spbndid  in  Europe.  It 
is  built  in  a  dry,  barren  spot,  and  the  name  itself  is 
said  to  signify  a  place  full  of  rocks.  Encyc. 

The  Escunal  was  built  by  Philip  II.,  in  the  shape 
of  a  gridiron,  in  lionor  of  St.  Laurence,  It  takes  its 
name  from  a  village  near  Madrid.  It  contains  the 
king's  [Kiluce,  St.  Laurence's  church,  the  monastery 
of  Jereiuimitew,  and  the  free  schools,  also  the  place 
of  sepulture  for  the  royal  family  of  Spain.  Port.  Diet 

ES-€UTCH'EON,  (es-kuch'un,)  n.  [Fr.  ecussoa,  for 
escujtson,  from  L.  scutum^  a  shield,  II.  scado,  Sp. 
escudo,  Arm.  seocda.] 

1.  The  shield  on  which  a  coat  of  arms  is  represent- 
ed ;  the  shield  of  a  family;  the  picture, of  ensigns 
armorial.  Knajc.     Johnson. 

2.  That  part  of  a  vessel's  stern  on  which  her  name 
is  written.  R.  II.  Dana,  Jr. 

ES-eUTCH'EON-i^D,  (es-kuch'und,)  a.    Having    a 

coat  of  arms  or  ensign.  Young. 

ES-LOIN',  V.  L     [Fr.  eloi^er.] 


To  remove.     \JVot  in  use. 
;OPII-A-( 
I  cutting.] 


ise.\ 


E-SOPII-A-GOT'O-MY,  n.     [Gr.  otcoi{>ayos  and  ropn- 


In  surgery,  the  operation  of  making  an  incision 
into  the  esophagus,  for  the  purpose  of  removing  any 
foreign  substance  that  obstructs  the  passage. 

Joum.  of  Science, 
E-SOPII'A-GU9,  n.     [Gr.  ntffo-pay'>i.] 

The  gullet ;  the  canal  through  which  food  and 
drink  pass  to  the  stomach. 
E-SO'PI-A.N,  a.    [from  .a^i*;*.]    Pertaining  to^Esop; 

composed  by  him  or  in  his  manner.  IVarUin. 

ES-O-TER'ie,  0.  [Gr.  £<7a)Tcpm,  interior,  from  £<rw, 
wit  tun.] 

Private  ;  interior;  an  epithet  applied  to  the  private 
instructions  and  doctrines  of  philosophers  ;  op[)osed 
to  rzvterie.nr  public.  EiifrUL 

ES-O-TERTG-AL-LY,  adv.     In  nn  esoteric  manner. 

Rich.  Diet. 
ES'O-TER-Y,  n.     Mj-stery  ;  secrecy.     [Little  used.] 
ES-PAL'IER,  (es-palVer,)  n.     f  Fr.  cifpalier  ;  Sp.  cypor- 
Icra  i  IL  spaUicra  ;  from  L.  palus,  a  stake  or  pole.) 

1.  A  row  of  trees  ptmitcd  about  a  garden  or  In 
hedges,  so  as  to  inclose  quarters  or  separate  parts,  and 
trained  up  to  a  lattice  of  wood-work,  or  fastened  to 
stakes,  fonning  a  close  hedge  or  shelter  to  protect 
plants  against  injuries  from  wind  or  weather. 

Enctic. 

2.  A  lattice-work  of  wood,  on  which  to  train  fruit- 
trees  and  ornamental  shrubs.  Brande. 

E.S-PAL'IER,  (e»-pal'yer,)  v.  U  To  form  an  espidier, 
or  to  prott'rt  by  an  espalier. 

ES  PAL'IER-^"I>,  pp.     Protected  by  nn  espalier. 

ES-PAL'IEK-L\G,  ppr.     Protecting  by  an  e:^palior. 

Ef^-PAR't'ET,  ri.     A  kind  of  sainfoin.  Mortiiarr. 

ES-PAR'TO,  It.  A  kind  of  ru.^h  in  Spnln,  of  which 
corjaie,  shoes,  basket",  &c.,  arc  made.  McCallodi. 

ES-PI-y'^CTAL,  (es-pesh'al,)  a.  [Vt.  .tpecial ;  L.  spccia- 
lis.frum  speeio,  to  see,  sprcirg,  kind.] 

Principal ;  chief;  particular ;  ad,  hi  an  especial  man- 
ner or  degree. 

ES-PE"CI.AL-LY,  a//r.  Principally;  chiefly;  particu- 
larly ;  in  nn  uncommon  degree  ;  in  reference  to  one 
person  or  thing  in  particular. 

F-'^-PE"(;iAI^NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  especial. 

ES'PIvRANCE,  n.     [Fr.,from  L.  irperoj  to  hoix:.] 
Uniw.     [JVot  Enjfluh.]  Stak. 

ES-PI'AL,  n.    [See  Bpt.J    A  spy  ;  the  act  of  cispving. 

ElyuU 

ES-PI'EI),  (es-plde',)  Pp.     Seen  ;  discovered. 

ESPI'EU,  a.    One  who  csiiies,  or  watches  like  a  B])y. 

llarmar. 

ES'PLNEL,  fl.    A  kind  of  niby.    [See  Spinki-] 

ES'PI-ON-AGE.Ces'iw-on-ajetfresV'-on-azh,)!!.  [Fr., 
fW>m  e^nofiner,  to  spy,  espwn,  a  Ppy-] 

The  practice  or  employmimt  of  spies  ;  the  practice 
of  watching  the  words  and  conduct  of  others,  and 

.  attempting  to  make  diMCoveri'w^as  spies  or  secret  em- 
issaries ;  the  practice  of  watching  others  without  be- 
ing sus[>ectcd,  and  giving  iiitclligence  of  discoverieii' 
made. 

ES-PLA-NADE',  n.  [Kr.  lU  ;  Pp.  esphviada;  It.  spia- 
nata;  from  L.  planu.i,  plain.] 

1.  In  furtifieation,  tile  glacis  <)f  the  coutiter^carp,  or 
the  sloping  of  the  para[kl  of  the  covered  way  toward 
the  country  ;  or  the  void  space  between  the  glacis  of 
a  citadel  and  the  i\tHi  houses  of  the  town. 

lirande.     Campbell. 

2.  In  trardenirtff,  a  grn^s-plat. 
ES-POIJB'AL,  (es-ixiux'al,)  a.     [See  Espouse.]     Used 

in  or  relating  to  the  act  of  espousing  or  betrothing. 

BacoJi. 
ES  POL'S'AL,  n.    The  act  of  esjiousine  or  bctnrfhitig. 

2.  Adoption  ;  protection.  l^d.  Orford. 

ES  P(Jirs'AL»,  TI.  pi.  The  act  of  contracting  or  affi- 
ancing a  man  and  woman  tu  eacli  other;  a  contract 
or  mutual  promise  of  marriage. 

1   rctnr-mlv-r  ihc^,  the  UndoGa  of  tlij  yuuth^  the  love  of  lliiuo 
•tpoutaU.  — Jcr.  U. 

E3-POU8E',  (es-ponx',)  v.  (.     [Fr.  epouMrr ;  IL  »pe»are ; 


ESS 

Port.  dc9pnsar ;  Sji.  desposar,  to  marry,  detppsar^e,  to  he 
betrothtd.  If  this  word  is  the  same  radically  us  the 
L.  spondeo,  uponsux,  the  letter  n  in  the  latter  must  be 
casual,  or  the  modern  languages  have  lost  the  letter. 
The  former  is  most  probable  ;  in  which  caso,  .tpondeo 
was  primarily  .spodco,  spasua.^ 

1.  To  betroth. 

Wheu  ax  hi>  nicitb^r  M.try  wiia  etpouted  lo  Jos^pli,  —  Matt.  1. 

2.  To  betnith  ;  to  promise  or  engage  in  marriage  by 
contract  in  writing,  or  by  some  pli^lgo  ;  as,  the  king 
expoused  his  daughter  to  a  foreign  prince.  Usually 
and  properly  followed  by  to,  rather  than  with. 

3.  To  marr}' ;  to  wed.  Shak.    MUloiu 

4.  To  unite  intimately  or  indissolubly. 

I  have  etj'oiiM'i  Toti  to  itnn  htuluml,  iKu  I  nuiy  prcsont  you  lu 
a  cli^utu  vu'j;;iii  Ui  Climt.  —  U  Uur.  xi. 

5.  To  embrace;  to  take  to  one's  self,  with  a  view 
to  maintain  ;  as,  to  espouse  tlie  quarrtil  of  another  \  to 
espoujie  a  cause.  Dryden. 

ES-POUS'i;D,  pp.  or  a.  Betrothed  ;  affianced  ;  prom- 
ised in  marriage  by  contract;  married  ;  united  iuii- 
matelv  ;  embniced. 

ES-POLrSE'ME.NT,  n.     Act  of  espousing. 

ES-POCS'ER,  n.  One  who  espouses;  one  who  de- 
fends the  cause  of  another. 

ES-POUS'I\G,  ppr,  Uetrothing;  promising  in  mar- 
riage by  covenant  \  marrying;  uniting  indiss'tlubly ; 
talking  part  in. 

ES-PRIT'  DE  CORPSy  (es-prC'do-kSr',)  [Fr.]  The 
spirit  of  the  body  or  society  ;  the  coininon  spirit  or 
disposition  formed  by  men  in  association. 

ES-PY',  r,  (.  [Fr.  cpiVr,  e,tpier:  Sp.  esjuar;  It.  spiare; 
D.  bc-fjiiedcn,  Irom  spirdCylK  spy;  G.  ^/loAcn,  to  spy; 
fiw.speia:  Di\n,  .vpeidcr ;  VV.  ^.'••jtiair,  and  yspeitAiaiOy 
from  y^aiUi.  paith.  (See  Spy.)  T|^o  radic:il  letters 
seem  lu  be  I'd  ;  if  not,  the  word  is  a  contraction  from 
the  root  of  L.  spccio,] 

I.  To  see  at  a  dist:ince  ;  to  have  the  first  sight  of 
a  thing  remote.  Seamen  espy  land,  as  Uicy  ap- 
proach it. 

9.  I'o  see  or  discover  something  intended  to  be 
hid,  or  ill  a  degrt.'e  conceahd,  and  not  very  visible; 
as,  to  rspy  a  man  in  u  crowd,  or  a  thief  iu  a  wood. 
3.  To  discover  unexpectedly. 


4.  To  insi>ect  narrowly  ;  to  examine  luid  make  dis- 
coveries. 

Mows  B^Tit  ino  to  ff«/>yout  the  Kuil,  and  I   bruuglil  him  word 
&giiiii.— Ju»ki.  xi*. 

ES-PY',  V.  L  To  look  narrowly;  to  look  about;  to 
watch. 

StHiid  hy  l)ic  wBjr  anil  *ip\/.  —  Jcr.  xlviil. 
[  This  word  is  often,  prommnced  Spy  ;  which  see.] 

ES-P?',  n.     A  spy  ;  a  scout. 

ES-PY'ING,  ppr.     Discovering  ;  seeing  first. 

ES'UULMAUX,  (es'kc-iniT,)  n.  A  nation  of  Indians 
inhabiting  llio  norlh-westtrn  parts  of  North  America. 

Kncye.  W;«. 

ES-aUTRE',  n,  [Fr.  ecnytrt  It.  aeudirre ;  Sp.eseud{roi 
Port,  fjicudeiro ;  from  L.  scatiun,  a  shield,  from  Gr. 
cr«vru(,a  hide,  of  which  shields  were  anciently  made, 
or  from  tlie  root  of  that  word,  Sax.  aceadan.  Sue 
Shade.] 

Properly,  a  shield-bearer  or  nrmor-bearer,  *cuf'/ff,* 
an  attendant  on  a  knight.  Ilenee,  in  modern  times, 
a  title  of  dignity  next  in  degree  below  a  knight.  In 
Englami,  this  title  is  eiven  to  the  younger  sons  of 
noblemen,  to  officers  or  the  king's  courts  mid  of  thn 
household,  to  counselors  at  law,  justices  of  the  peace 
while  in  commission,  sheriffs,  and  tnher  gentlemen. 
In  Vie  United  Sfafr.t,  the  title  ts  given  to  public  olfi- 
cers  of  all  degrees,  from  governors  down  to  justices 
and  ottorneys.  Indi't  d,  the  title,  in  nddit-ssing  let- 
ters, is  best()wed  on  any  tx-rson  at  pleasure,  and  con- 
tains no  dcHnite  description.  It  is  merely  an  cxpre»r 
sioii  of  respect. 

ESQUIRE',  r.  (.     To  attend  ;  lo  wait  on. 

ES-aUTR'/;i),  pp.    Attendeil ;  waited  on. 

ES  UlJIIl'ING,  piJT.    Attending,  as  nn  estpiire. 

£S-Qf//SSE',  (fs-krs' )  n.  [Fr.J  The  first  sKotch  of 
a  jiirture  or  modol  of  n  statue, 

ES-SAY',  V.  t.  [Fr.  fssayrr;  Norm,  esspyrr;  A,rm.  ccc- 
zara;  D.  zorken,  to  8ee"k  ;  bfzuckr.n,  vcriucken,  to  es- 
say ;  G.  nuchrri,  to  seek  ;  vrrsurhm,  to  essay  ;  Dan. 
forsHgrr;  tiw.  fi)r.-itSkiti ;  i^it.  ni-iaynr  ;  Port,  c/isaiar  ; 
It.  saggiarf,  o-fsafffriftre.  The  primary  word  is  .-ici-k, 
the  saine  as  L.  sft/uor.  (See  Seek.)  'I'Jie  radical  sense 
is,  to  press,  drive,  urge,  strain,  strive.  Cli.  pCK.  Chiss 
eg,  No.  -Itl.] 

1.  To  try  ;  to  attempt;  to  endeavor;  to  exert  one*a 
power  or  faculties,  or  to  make  an  effirt  to  peilorm 
any  thing. 

\^'hilu  I  tlu*  unexKniplcd  txak  «$m^.  Dlofkmort. 

9.  To  make  experiment  of. 

3.  To  try  the  value  and  pur;ty  of  nietnls.  In  this 
application,  the  word  is  nt)W  more  generalty  written 
AsfAT  ;  wiiich  see. 
ES'SaY,  n.  A  trial;  attempt;  endeavor;  an  effort 
made,  or  exertion  of  body  or  mind,  for  the  iw^rfurm- 
ance  of  any  thing.    We  say,  to  make  an  tsaay. 

Fruitlru  our  bopv,  thou|fi  pknu  our  «««aya.  IfmiA. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.— AN"CER,  VI"C!0US.— €  as  K;  0  as  J ;  •  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  Id  THia 


5ti 


i^ 


KSS 

3  la  LMmtiir*,  n  rniii|WMiiion  intenflt-il  in  prove  or 
tOttiiralo  a  panirtil.ir  c^utlj4'ct ;  Uitually  shorter  and 
ioM  meUiodical  aiid  tiniihed  tlmn  a  tty^tcm  ^  as,  nii 
«»Mi|P  on  Uie  life  ami  wriiiiigs  uf  Uoiiu-r ;  uu  tssay  an 
fossils ;  an  rjucajr  ca  cuiuuifrcc. 

3.  A  trial  or  expexinient ;  .is,  this  is  the  first  esaatf. 

4.  Trial  or  eX[H-riinent  to  prove  tiie  quuiilitia  of  a 
metal.     [In  this  soiis<',  see  Assat.J 

5.  First  ta^te  of  anv  thing.  Drydem* 
BB-fiAY'£D,  (es-sade',)  pp.    Attempted  ;  tried. 
BS-8AY'KKf  «.     One  who  wTiies  essays.      ^.Idiscn. 
ES-SAV'I.NG,  ppr.    Tr>-ing;    making  an  edort }    at- 
tempting. 

ES-SaY'1ST,  m.    A  writer  of  an  easy,  or  of  eanya. 

ES'SEXCE,  m.  [I*  essentia  ;  Fr.  fssmet ;  IL  mmmu  ; 
6a,  D»m(i» ;  from  L.  mm,  to  be  i  S w.  v4mmd« ;  Golh. 
iriwmrff,  from  wwait.  Sax.  immui,  to  be,  whence  mu. 
The  aeiue  of  tbe  verb  »,  to  set,  to  fix,  lo  be  perma- 
iieiiLl_ 

1.  That  wbicli  eoostitatee  the  paiticular  nature  of 
a  being  or  mbslaacc,  or  of  a  genus,  and  wbkh  dis- 
tinguishes it  horn  all  others.  Mr.  Locke  makes  a 
dlstincUon  between  namznal  essence  and  real  c^rance. 
Tbe  Mimtiiai  essence,  for  example,  of  gold,  is  Umt 
complex  Idea  expressed  by  ^U ;  tlie  real  es8t>nre  is 
the  conatiuition  of  its  infusible  parts,  on  which  its 
pn^MUties  depend,  which  is  unknown  lo  us. 

Tks  mmmet  of  God  beus  no  niatioo  (o  pUcr.    S.  D.  Or^n. 

5.  Formal  existence ;  that  which  makes  any  Uiing 
to  be  wbal  it  is  ;  or  rather,  the  peculiar  uatttre  of  a 
thing ;  tbe  reiy  substance  ;  as,  ihe  essence  of  Chris- 

3.  Existence  \  the  quality  of  buing.  [tiaaity. 

1  cdqU  hsw  raifneil  my  toj  cmom*.  AliMy. 

4.  A  being ;  aa  existent  person ;  as,  heavenly  a»- 
sescsf .  MiUom. 

&  Species  of  being.  Bsmm. 

6.  Constituent  8ub:>iance ;  as,  the  pare  ssmms  of  a 
spirit.  Jfiftm. 

[Locke's  reo/  essence,  su;n^] 

«.  Theprcdominantqualiliesorvirtuesof  any  plant 
or  drag,  extracted,  refined,  or  reelifif^  from  groMer 
matter  ;  or,  more  strictly,  a  volatile  or  essential  oil; 
as,  llie  tssfmcM  of  mint. 

8.  Perfume ;  odor  \  scent  \  or  the  volatile  matter 
constituting  perAimc. 

Hat  kC  (te  unpnmMd  c*Mncct  exhale.  P«f*. 

£3'S£NCB,  r.  (.    To  perfkime ;  to  scent. 
ES'HKXL'-i;D,  (es'senst,)  pp.    Perfumed  ;  as,  usenctd 

E.«-^kXE?'.  w.  ^   [Gr.  E«ffnM(-]    Amongfck*  Jrsjj,  a 

sect  remnrkable  for  tbeir  strictness  and  abt>tiut.-uce. 
ES-SCN'TI.AL,  a.     [L.  rtsssNsh.*  ] 

t.  Neceasary  to  the  constitution  or  existence  of  a 
thing.  Pieqr  and  good  works  are  easniiMl  to  tlie 
ChrwCian  character.  Pigdre  and  extension  are  sssen- 
JM<  properties  of  bodies. 


&  Important  in  tbe  highest  degree. 

3.  Pure ;  highly  lectified. 
>  R$M€alial  oUs^  are  such  as  are  obtained  from  f^ants 
chiefly  by  distillation  with  watt- r.    They  dissolve  in 
alcohol,  are  inflammable,  and  much  used  in  perfu- 
mery. Braitde. 

F^ential  ckaraelrr;  in  natural  kiitory^  that  single 
quality  or  ivoperty  which  ser^'t-a  to  distinguish  one 
genus,  species,  &c,  from  another. 

E^^EN'TIAL,  (es-aen'shal,)  a.  Existence;  being. 
[Little  used.]  Milton. 

3.  First  or  constituent  iffinciples  ;  as,  the  ea^entiaU 
of  religion. 
3.  "Hie  chief  point ;  that  which  is  most  important. 

ES-SE.\-TI-AL'I-TV,  i  n.     The  quality  of  being  cs- 

ES-SK.N'^TI.AL-NES:^,  |  sential ;  fir^t  or  constituent 
principles.  Stei/t 

ES-SE-\'TIAI^LV,  ade.  By  the  constitution  of  na- 
turt: ;  in  essence  ;  as,  minerals  and  plants  are  u»en- 
tialiif  ditrerent. 

1L  In  an  important  degree ;  in  effecL  Tbe  two 
statements  d'.ifer,  but  not  tssentiaUy. 

£S-S£.\'TIaT£,  r.  t.  To  become  of  the  same  essence. 

S.  Jonsoit, 

E3-SEX'TISTE,  r.  U  To  form  or  constitute  the  es- 
sence or  being  of.  Boyle. 

ES-SE.\'TlA -TED,  pp.   Formed  into  the  sameessence. 

ES-SE\'TlA-TIN'G,  ppr.  Forming  into  or  becoming 
of  the  same  essence. 

E3-SOIX',  «.  [Xorm.  cron,  excu«e  ;  Law  L.  ezonut^ 
mnmiM  ;  Old  Fr.  exonicr,  es-ionier,  to  excuM;.  Spclman 
deduces  the  wurd-from  ex  and  sein^,  care.  But  qu. 
This  word  is  sometimes  spelt  Esjoigx.] 

1.  An  excuse  ;  the  alleging  of  an  excuse  for  him 
who  is  summoned  to  appear  in  court  and  answer, 
and  who  neglects  to  appear  at  the  day.  In  Rn^land^ 
the  three  first  days  of  a  term  are  called  essoin-daysy 
as  three  days  are  allowed  fur  the  appearance  of  suit- 
ors. Blackstone.     CvteeL     Spelman. 

2.  Excuse;  exemption.  Spenser. 

3.  He  that  is  excused  for  non-appearance  in  court 
at  the  day  appointed.  Jofauon. 


EST 

KS-8t»lN',  f.  I.  To  uMow  an  excuse  for  non-np|>ear- 
nnrc  in  r^nirt ;  to  excuse  for  alisenre  Coird. 

ES-^(  »l\'Ki{,  n.  All  ntturnoy  who  bulhcicutly  excuses 
(he  absence  of  another. 

Ei^'SONITE,  M.    Cinn.'imon-Stone  ,  which  see, 

£S-TAB'L1SH,  V.  C  [Fr.  nablir  i  Sp.  BsOtblecrr;  Port. 
;  IL  stabUire  ,*  L,  stabUioi  Ueb.  3X>  or  3X9, 


Ch.  and  Syr.  id. ;  Ar.  *   -  ^'^  '  taaaba^  to  set,  fix,  estab- 
lish.   Class  Sb,  No.  37,  and  see  No.  35.    See  also  Ar. 

i_AjA  waCa&a,  Cb.  3n\  to  settle,  to  place,  to  dwell. 

Class  Db,  No.  53,  54.] 

1.  To  set  and  lix  firjhly  or  imalternbly }  to  settle 
permanently. 

I  wfl)  ^^^lfltil^  my  covonukt  with  bim  Ibr  ut  ereriMtin^  eor»- 
nmal,  — iico.  xvii. 

9.  To  found  pernianently  ;  to  erect  and  fix  or  sot- 
tie ;  as,  to  estabtish  a  cidony  or  an  empire. 

3.  To  enacl  or  decree  by  authority  and  for  per- 
manence ;  to  ordain  ;  to  appoint ;  as,  to  establish  laws, 
rejiculations,  institutions,  rules,  ordinances,  &,c. 

4.  To  settle  or  fix  iJermauenily  ;  as,  to  r^tablish 
one*s  st^If  in  buiiinosa ;  tbe  enemy  established  them- 
selves in  tbe  citadel. 

5.  To  make  firm  ;  to  confirm ;  to  ratify  what  has 
been  previously  set  or  made. 

X>o  wK  tbra  makf  void  Ihe  Liw  throiig^h  f.dth }    "By  no  meaai ; 
jea,  we  mIbMmA  ihe  Uw,  —  Rum.  iii. 

6.  To  settle  or  fix  what  is  wavering,  doubtful,  or 
weak ;  to  confirm. 

So  wrrv  the  churchn  ttlah^hed  In  the  futh. —  Acts  xrl. 
To  the  ?ntl  be  m«v  tataiAuK  jrour  heorta  unblamable  In  hoUnen. 
'—  1  ThcM.  ill. 

7.  To  confirm ;  to  fulfill ;  to  make  good. 

EimUM  \hf  vonl  to  thy  aervaoL  —  Pt.  cxU. 
S.  To  set  up  in  the  place  of  another,  and  confirm. 

Who  go  abDUt  to  tttabHah  their  own  riglitrutianna.  —  Rom.  x. 

ES-TAB'LISH-ED,  pp,  or  a.  Set ;  fixed  firmly  ;  found- 
ed ;  onlained  :  enacted  ;  ratified  ;  confirmed  :  set  np 
and  supported  by  the  state  \  as,  an  established  re- 
ligion. 

ES-TAB'LISH-ER,  a.  He  who  establishes,  ordains, 
or  confirms. 

ES-TAB'L!SII-I\G,  ppr.  Fixing  ;  settling  pemin- 
nenllyj    founding;    ratifying  j  confirming  j    ordain- 

ES-TAB'LISH-MENT,  n.    ^Fr.  etahVu>,emmt.] 

1.  The  act  of  establishing,  founding,  ratifying,  or 
ordaining. 
9.  Settlement ;  fixed  state.  Spenser. 

3.  Confirmation ;  ratification  of  what  has  been  set- 
lied  or  madi-.  Bacon. 

4.  Settled  regulation  ;  form  ;  ordinance  j  system  of 
laws  ;  Constitution  of  govenunent. 

Biinr  Id  ihai  MloUaAflwnJ  b;  which  all  men  abould  b«  coiiulned 
bi  duty.  Spender. 

5.  Fixed  or  stated  allowance  for  subsistence  \  in- 
come; salary 

Uia  excdieucy —  mighl  ^ndoallr  kaaCD  yo^  tidbliMhmerU. 

Swi/L 

6.  That  which  is  fixed  or  established  ;  as  a  perma- 
nent mililarj-  force,  a  fixed  garristtn,  a  local  govern- 
ment, an  acency,  a  factory,  ice.  The  king  has  estab- 
Uskments  lo  support  in  the  four  quarters  of  the  globe. 

Great  Britain. 

7.  A  place  of  residence  or  of  transacting  business. 

8.  That  form  of  religious  worship  which  is  t^stab- 
lished  and  supfKirted  by  the  state. 

9.  Settlement  or  final  rest. 

W«  Ki  up  our  hopci  and  etSabUakment  here.  Wakt 

ES-TA-CADEf^  n.  [Fr.  Sp.  estacada,  from  the  root  of 
stake.} 

A  dike  constructed  of  piles  in  the  sea,  a  river, 
or  a  morass,  to  check  the  approach  of  an  enemy. 

itri-FEVTE;  I  "•     [Sp.  "«./«<.  ,■  Fr.  ul^cte.] 
A  courier ;  an  express  of  any  kind. 

ES-TATE',  n.  [ Fr.  etat,  for  estat;  D.  staati  G.  stoat  ; 
Arm.  stad;  lU  stato  ;  Sp.  tstado ;  L.  status^  from  5to, 
to  stand.  The  roots  s(*,  std,  and  stgy  have  nearly 
the  same  signification,  to  set,  to  fix.  It  is  probable 
that  the  L.  sto  is  contracted  from  atady  as  it  forms 


steti.     See  Ar.  iXa:?*  Class  Sd,  No.  46,  and  Class 

Dd,  No.  2a,  23,  94.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense^  fixedness  ;  a  fixed  condition  ; 
now  gentrally  written  and  pronounced  State. 

Slie  C3At  us  ht'oillung  frjin  otir  lii^h  eataie.  Dryitn, 

2.  Condition  or  circumstances  of  any  person  or 
thin^,  tvliether  high  or  low.    Luke  i. 

3.  Rank ;  quality. 

Who  Kallt  not  Ireonl  of  the  gr«?ainew  of  your  attate  7    Sidrmf. 

4.  In  law,  the  interest,  or  quantity  of  interest,  a 
man  has  in  lands,  tenements,  or  other  eflTects.  £5- 
(rt/ra  are  real  or  personal.     Real  estate   consi:*t3   in 


EST 

lands  or  freeholds,  whicli  descend  to  heirs  ;  jirrstin.d 
cstnte  rouRi.-'ts  in  chattels  or  movubles,  which  gu  lo 
executors  and  administraturs.  There  are  al^  estates 
fur  life,  for  years,  at  will,  &.c. 

5.  Fortune  ;  ijossossiuns  ;  property  in  yenoral.  He 
is  a  man  of  a  great  estate.  He  left  his  enlate  unencum- 
bered. 

C.  The  general  business  or  intercsiof  government ; 
hence,  a  polilicai  body  ;  a  commonweallh  ;  a  repub- 
lic.    But  in  this  sense,  we  now  uae  State. 

7.  A  branch  of  the  body  politic.  In  Great  Britain^ 
the  estates  of  the  realm  are  the  king,  lords,  and  com- 
mons ;  or  rather  tlie  lords  and  commons. 

Kutalea  i  in  the  plural,  dominions  ;  possessions  of  a 
prince. 

2.  Orders  or  classes  of  men   in  society  or  govem- 
meut.     Herod  made  a  supper  for  his  chief  estates. 
Mark  vi. 
ES-TATE',  V.  t    To  settle  as  a  fortune.     [Litde  used.] 

2._To  establish.     [Little  used.]  [Shak. 

ES-TaT'EU,  ;;p.  or  a.     Pipssesain^i  an  estate.     SwifU 

ES-TEEM',  V.  t.     [Fr.  estimer;    It.  cstimare;    Sp.  and 

PurL  (wtonar;  Arm.  istimouty  Litimrinf  h.  (Csiimo  ;  Gr. 

eioTi^aoiiai  ;  cisand  ri/zau,  to  honor  or  esteem.   See 

Class  Dm,  No.  28.] 

1.  To  set  a  value  on,  whether  high  or  low;  to 
estimate ;  lo  value. 

Then  hr  forsook  Uod,  who  nutle  him,  and  ll^litly  eatamtd  lite 

roclt  of  tiin  JLilviition.  —  Dent,  xxxii. 
Thi7  llial  ileajjiae  me  ali Jl  bo  lightly  taUamad.  —  1  Sam.  'i. 

2.  To  prize  ;  to  set  a  high  value  on  ;  lo  regard  with 
reverence,  respect,  or  friendship.  When  our  minds 
are  not  biased,  we  always  eniecm  the  industrious,  tbe 
generous,  the  brave,  the  virtuous,  aud  the  learned. 

Will  he  ealeem  tliy  ricliet?  — Job  xxxvi. 

3.  To  hold  in  opinion ;  to  repute ;  to  think. 

One  man  esteemeljt  otic  day  atiove  ouotber  ;  another  tateemath 
every  djy  alike.  —  Rom.  xiv,  ^ 

4.  To  compare  in  value  ;  to  estimate  by  proportion. 
[Little  used.]  JJavies. 

ES-TEKM',  V.  L    To  consider  as  to  value.     Spenser. 

ES-TEE.M',  n.  Estimation  ;  opinion  or  judgment  of 
merit  or  demerit.  This  man  is  of  no  worth  in  my 
esteem. 

2.  iliffh  value  or  estimation  ;  great  rcfjard  ;  favora- 
ble opinion,  founded  on  supposed  worth. 

Buth  ihocr  pocla  lived  iu  much  atttem  wiih  ^oud  antl  holy  mfa 
ill  unlcrx.  Dryden, 

E?-TEEM'A-BLR,  a.    Worthy  of  esteem  ;  e.stimable. 
ES-TEEM'A'l), ;)/».  or  a.     Valued;  estimated;   hiyhly 

vahied   or  prized  on  account  of  worth  ;    thought; 

held  in  opinion. 
ES-TEE.M'ER,  n.     One  who  esteems  ;  one  who  sold  a 

high  value  on  any  thing. 

A  proud  tiletnier  of  Im  own  parta.  Lodea. 

ES-TEEM'L\G,  ppr.    Valuing;  estimating;  valuing 

hichlv  ;  prizing;  thinking;  deeming. 
ES-TH'E'i'ie,  a.    Pertaining  lo  the  science  of  taste. 
ES-THET'ie3,n.     [Gr.  a(aO,}TiKoi.] 

The  science  which  treats  of  the  beautiful,  or  of  the 
theorj-  of  taste.     [See  ^EsTHiiTics.] 
ES-TIF'KR-OUS,  a.     [L.  <Estas  and  fero.] 

Producing  heat. 
ES'TI-MA  BLE,  a.     [Fr.  ;  It.  estimetole.] 

1.  That  is  capable  of  being  estimated  or  valued ; 
aa,  estimable  damage.  Paley. 

2.  Valuable  ;  worth  a  great  price. 

A  pound  of  man's  flesli,  tajfpn  from  a  mao, 

li  not  90  erdnuible  or  profiuble.  Sfutk. 

3.  Worthy  of  esteem  or  respect;    deserving  our 

good  opinion  or  regard. 

A  lady  wiid  of  hT  two  companioM,  ibat  one  vraa  mor^  amiaUe, 
the  oih';r  more  esUmahle.  Temple. 

ES'TI-MA-BLE,  n.      That  which  is  worthy  of  regard. 

Brown. 
ES'TI-MA-BLE-NESS,  n.      The  quality  of  deserving 

esteem  or  regard.  R.  JV'ewtjn, 

ES'TI-MA-BLY,  ado.     In  an  estimable  manner. 
ES'TI-M.^TE,  u.  i.     [L.  iBstimo.     See  Esteem.] 

1.  To  judge  and  form  an  opinion  of  tlie  value  of; 
to  rale  by  judgment  or  opinion,  without  weighing  or 
meaisuring  either  value,  degree,  extent,  or  quantity. 
We  estimate  the  value  of  cloth  by  inspection,  or  the 
extent  of  a  piece  of  land,  or  tlie  distance  of  a  moun- 
Uin.  We  estimate  the  worth  of  a  friend  by  his 
known  qualities.  We  estiinate  the  merits  or  talents 
of  two  diflTi^rent  men  by  judgment.  We  estimate 
profit"*,  loss,  and  damage.     Hence, 

2.  To  compute ;  to  calculate  ;  to  reckon. 
ES'TI-MATE,  n.     A  valuing  or  rating  in  the  mind  ;  a 

judgment  or  opinion  of  the  value,  degree,  extent,  or 
quantity  of  any  thing,  without  ascertaining  it.  We 
form  estimates  of  the  expenses  of  a  war  ;  of  the  prob- 
able outfits  of  a  voyage  ;  of  the  compjirative  strength 
or  merits  of  two  men  ;  of  the  extent  of  a  kingdom  or 
its  population.  Hence,  estimate  may  be  equivalent 
to  calculation,  computation,  without  measuring  or 
weighing. 
9.  Value.  Sfiak. 

ES'TI-MA-TED,  yp.  or  a.  Valued  ;  rated  in  opinion 
or  judgment. 

ES'TI-Ma-TIXG.  ppr     Valuing;  rating;  forming  an 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.\T.  — METE,  PRBY.  — PI\E,  MARINE,  BIKD.  —  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK-  — 


EST 

opinion  or  judgment  of  tlie  value,  extent,  quantity, 
or  defn^e  of  wortli  of  any  object ;  calculating ;  com- 
ES-'J'I-MA'TIO\',  n.     [L.  a-stimaiio.]  [puting. 

1.  The  act  of  estimating. 

3.  Calculation  ;  computation  ;  an  opinion  or  judg- 
ment of  the  worth,  extent,  or  quantity  of  any  thing, 
formed  without  using  precise  data.  We  may  differ 
in  our  ejitimations  of  distance,  magnitude,  or  amount, 
and  no  lesa  in  our  e^ntation  of  monil  qualities. 
3.  Esteem  ;  regard  ;  favorable  opinion  ;  honor. 

ing  the   multitude,  and  honor  with 
Witdom, 

E9'TI-Ma-TIVE,  a.    Having  the  power  of  comparing 

and  adjusting  the  worth  or  preference.     [Little  used,] 

9,  Imaginative.  [Hale.    Boyle. 

ES'TI-MA-TOR,  n.     One  who  estimates  or  values. 

ES'TI-VAL,  a.     [L.  testivus,  from  astas.  summer.    See 
Heat.] 
Pertaining  to  summer,  or  continuing  for  the  snm- 

ES'T[-VaTE,  v.  i.    To  pass  the  summer.  [mer. 

ES-TI-VA'TION,  ?u  [h.  itstnyaUo,- rtom  iBstas,  sum- 
mer,  astivoj  to  pass  the  summer.] 

1.  The  act  of  passing  the  summer.  Bacon, 

2.  In  botantj,  the  disposition  of  the  petals  within 
the  floral  gem  or  bud:  I,  convolute ^  whea  the  pet- 
als are  rolled  together  like  a  scroll ;  9,  tmftrwwie, 
when  they  lie  over  each  other  like  tiles  on  a  roof; 
3,  condaplicatey  when  thtjy  are  doubled  together  at 
the  midrib;  4,  valrate,  when,  as  they  are  about  lo 
expand,  they  are  placed  like  the  glumes  in  grasses. 

MaHfn, 
ES-TOP',  F.  t     [Ft.  etouper,  to  stop.    See  Stop.] 
In  lawy  to  impede  or  bar,  by  one's  own  act. 

A  man  ihall  Klwa<ra  be  utopped  bjr  hi<  own  de*d,  or  not  prr- 
miltc^  to  AVer  or  prove  nnv  tliuif  in  contradiction  to  what 
be  boa  once  ■olemnlf  avowt^d.  Btackttone. 

ES'TO  PER-PETU'UM,\[l..]    May  it  be  perpet- 

ES'TO  PF:R  PET'q-jJ^      i      ual. 

ES-TOP'P£D,  (es-topl',)  pp.  Hindered  j  barred  ;  pre- 
cluded by  one's  own  act. 

ES-TOP'PEL,  n.  In  laWy  a  stop;  a  plea  in  bar, 
grounded  on  a  man's  own  act  or  deed,  which  cvfop,? 
or  precludes  him  from  averring  any  thing  lo  the  con- 
trary. 

If  a  tM»ot  tar  yfAn  levies  &  fine  to  another  pcnon,  it  ihall  work 
a«  ftn  estoppel  to  the  cognizor.  Binckttone, 

Er?-TOP'PING,  ppr.  Impeding ;  barring  by  one's  own 
act. 

ES-TO'VERS,  n.  pt.  [Norm,  estoffcr,  to  store,  stock, 
furnish  ;  estaffeures,  stores  ;  Fr.  etojcr^  lo  stuff.  Bee 
Stuff.] 

In  laiBj  necessaries  or  supplies  ;  a  reasonable  al- 
lowance out  of  lands  or  gotids  for  the  use  of  a  ten- 
ant ;  such  as  sustenance  of  a  f>.-lon  in  pri.-Km,  and  for 
his  family  during  his  imprisonment;  alimony  for  a 
woman  divorced,  out  of  her  husband's  estate.  Com- 
mon of  est-oversy  is  the  liberty  of  taking  the  necessar>' 
wood  fur  the  use  or  furniture  of  a  house  or  farm  fmm 
another's  estate.  In  Saxon,  it  is  expressed  by  bote^ 
whicl'  signified  more,  or  supply^  as,  house-bote,  plmo- 
boti'y  ttrr-botn^cart-botCi  &c.  Blackstoue. 

E.S-TRADE'  n,  [Fr.]  An  even  or  level  apace;  a 
level  and  slightly  raised  place  in  a  room.        Smart. 

ES-TRAM'A  CON,  (  son,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  sort  of  two- 
edged  sword  formerly  used. 

Ej^TRANCE',  B  (.     [Fr.  etranffer.     See  STRAjrr.E.] 

1.  To  keep  at  a  distance  ;  to  withdraw  ;  to  cease 
lo  frequent  and  be  familiar  with. 

limd  we  tttranged  ounelvea  from  them  In  thlon  IiKlifl<*mit. 

tJooker. 
I  thiM  tttrange  my  penon  from  her  bed.  DryUn. 

2.  To  alienate  ;  to  divert  from  ill  original  use  or 
possessor ;  to  apply  lo  a  purpose  foreign  from  its 
original  or  customary  one. 

Thej  h-ire  ettmnged  ihit  plMC  and  buml  incense  In  it  to  other 
ft»U.  —  Jcr.  xix. 

3.  To  alienate,  as  the  afTections  ;  to  turn  from 
kindness  to  indifference  or  malevolence. 

I  do  not  kaovr,  to  this  hour,  whiU  it  is  that  has  ettrangtd  htrn 
froo)  me.  Popt. 

4.  To  withdraw  ;  to  withhold. 


E.S-TRAN<5'K0,pn.  Withdrawn  ;  withheld  ;  alienated. 
~' ">.NF'*  ""  "   ■        . 

tranged.     _      _    _  Prynne. 


Et*-TRANG'ED-NE9S, 


The    state  of   being  es- 


ES-TRA\CE'MENT,  n.  Alienation;  a  keeping  at  a 
distance  ;  removal  ;  voluntary  abstraction  ;  aa,  an 
tMtrangfment  of  affection. 

An  utrangement  oTdealrea  from  bettsr  things,  SouA, 

ES-TRAN'O'IXG,  ppr.  Alienating;  withdrawing  i 
keeping  at  or  removing  to  a  distance. 

ES-TRA-PaDE',  n.     [Fr.  strappado.] 

The  action  of  a  horse,  who,  to  get  rid  of  his  rider, 
rises  before  and  at  the  same  time  Icrcks  furiously  with 
his  hind  legs.  Farrier*»  Did. 

ES-TRAY',  r.  i.    To  stray.     [.SeeSTRAT.] 

ES-TRAY',  n.  [Norm.  eMraytr^  probably  allied  to 
Mtratrgle  and  perhaps  from  the  root  of  W.  trag, 
bey end. J 

A  tame  beast,  as  a  horse,  ox,  or  sheep,  which  li 
found  wandering  or  without  an  owner ;  a  beast  sup- 


ETK 

posed  to  have  strayed  from  tlie  power  or  inclosure  of 
its  owner.     It  is  usually  written  Stray.  Blackstone. 

ES-TRkAT',  n,  [Norm,  estraite  or  estreiie,  from  1*. 
eztractum,  ertraho^  to  draw  out.] 

In  laiB,  a  true  copy  or  duplicate  of  an  original 
writing,  especially  of  amercements  or  penalties  set 
down  in  the  rolls  of  court  to  be  levied  by  the  bailiff, 
or  oilier  officer,  on  every  offender.    Coicel.     Encyc. 

ES-TRkAT',  r.  1.     To  extract;  to  copy.   Blackstone. 

ES-TKf:AT'ED,  pp.     Extracted  ;  copied. 

ES-TKi.:AT'I\(:;,  ppr.     Extracting  ;  copying. 

ES-TKSPE'MENT,  n.  [Norm,  estreper,  e6tripper,  to 
waste  ;  Eng.  to  strip.] 

In  law^  spoil ;  waste  ;  a  stripping  of  land  by  a  ten- 
ant, to  the  prejudice  of  the  owner.  Blackstone.   Cowet. 

ES''l'IlII>(iF    i   "'    "^'^^^  ostrich  ;  which  see.     [06s.] 
2.  In  commerce,  the  fine  down  of  the  ostrich,  lying 
immedialely  beneath  the  feathers.  McCulloch, 

ES'TU-A.NCE,  n.     [L.  (tstus.] 

Heat,     [^ot  in  use]  Brovm, 

ES'TU-A-RV,  71,  [L.  (Estuarium,  from  irstuo,io  boil 
or  foam,  wstus,  heat,  fury,  storm.] 

1.  An  arm  of  the  sea;  a  frith;  a  narrow  passage, 
or  the  mouth  of  a  river  or  lake,  where  the  tide  meets 
the  current,  or  llows  and  ebbs. 

2.  A  vapor  bath. 

ES'TU-A-RY,  a.  Belonging  to  or  formed  in  an  estua- 
rv  ;  as,  estuary  strata.  LyelL 

ES^TU-ATE,  D.  i.     [L.  irstuo,  to  boil.] 

To  boil ;  to  swell  and  rage  ;  to  be  agitated. 

ES-TU-A'TION,n,  A  boiling  ;  agitation;  commotion 
of  a  fluid.  Brawn.     Jv'orris. 

EST-URE',  n.     [L.  trstuo.] 

Violence ;  commotion.     [J^ot  used,]       Chapman, 

E-SO'RI-ENT,  a.     [L.  esurieiis,  esurio.] 

Inclined  to  cat ;  hungr>'.  Diet. 

ES'lJ-RINE,  (ezh'yu-rin,)  a.  Eating ;  corroding. 
[Little  use^]  fflsrman. 

E-TAT^  MA'JOR,  (a-ta'ma'zhor.)  Officers  and  sub- 
officers,  as  distinguished  from  their  troops;  also,  the 
superior  officers.  Diet,  de  Pj3c^ 

ET  C^TE-Rji,  [L.]  and  the  contraction  Etc.,  or 
&.C.,  denote  the  retit,  or  others  of  the  kind  ;  and  so  on  ; 
and  SI)  forth. 

ETCH  or  EU'DISH,  n.  Ground  from  which  a  crop 
has  been  taken.  Mortimer. 

ETCH,  V.  t.  [G.  etien^  D.  etsen^  to  eat.  See  Eat.] 
1.  To  produce  figures  or  designs  on  copper  or  other 
metallic  plates,  by  means  of  lines  or  strokes  first 
drawn,  and  then  eaten  or  corroded  by  aquafortis. 
The  plate  is  first  covered  with  a  proper  varnish  or 
ground,  which  is  capable  of  resisting  the  acid,  and 
the  ground  is  then  scored  or  scratched  by  a  needle  or 
similar  instrument,  in  the  places  where  the  lines  com- 
posing the  figure  or  design  are  intended  to  be  ;  the 
pinte  is  then  covered  with  nitric  acid,  which  corrodes 
or  eats  the  metal  in  the  lines  thus  laid  bare.  Hebert, 

3.  To  sketch  ;  to  delineate.  [JVbt  in  use.]   Locke. 
ETCH,  p.  i.     To  practice  etching. 

ETCH'£D,  (etcht,)  pp.  or  a.  Marked  and  corroded  by 
nitric  ucid. 

ETCH'ING,  ppr.  Marking  or  producing  a  design  on  a 
metallic  plate  with  aqual*>rtis. 

ETCH'INti,  n.    The  act  ur  art  of  etching  ;  a  mode  of 
engraving. 
a.  The  impression  taken  from  an  etched  plate. 

ETCH'ING-NEE'DLE,  ».  An  instniment  of  steel 
with  a  fine  point,  used  in  etching  for  tnicing  out- 
lines, Alc,  on  the  plate.  Brande. 

ET-E-OS'TIO,  n.      [Gr.  trtoi,  tnie,  and  artxoj,  a 
verse.] 
A  chronogram  in  at  ical  comiK>sition.      B,  Jonson. 

E-TERN',  a.  Eternal  ;  perpetual ;  endless.  [JYot 
used.  ]  Shak. 

E-TER'NAL,  a.  [Fr.  eternel ;  L.  aitemusy  composed 
of  trvum  and  tumus,  xvittmus.  Varro.  The  origin 
of  the  last  con^kment  iwrt  of  the  word  is  not  ob^ 
vious.  It  occurs  in  diatumus^  and  seems  to  de- 
note continuance.] 

1.  Wittiout  beginning  or  end  of  existence. 

Th?  eternal  Uod  it  thy  rt^»gn.  —  Dott,  ixxiii, 

2.  Without  beginning  of  existence. 

To  know  wh'•l)lt^r  then  Is  onj  real  being,  whose  dtmiion  has 
t*--^!!  eterfiol.  Locke. 

3.  Without  end  of  existence  or  duration ;  ever- 
lasting; endless  ;  immorUtl. 

That  ih>-y  may  niao  obtain  the  aaJralion  which  Is  In  Clirtit  Jesus, 

with  eternal  sf\uTy.-~'i  'i'iin.  ii. 
Wh.it  (hull  I  ilo,  lliit  1  niuy  lutve  eternal  life  }  —  Matt.  xix. 
Sufl-'rin^  thfl  wn^uiicc  ofetemai  firu.  —  Judo  7. 

4.  Pcrpctttal ;  ceaseless;  continued  without  inter- 
mission. 

And  firrs  $t0rnai  io  thj  temple  sliine.  Drt/den. 

5.  Unchangeable;  existing  at  all  times  without 
change  ;  as,  rU-mal  truth. 

E-TER'NAL,  n.     An  ap|)ellation  of  God. 

Hooker.     JUilton. 
E-TER'NAMRT,  n.     One   who   holds   the   past  ex- 
istence of  the  worid  to  be  inlinite.  Burnet. 
E-TER'NAI*-I/.E,  r.  u     To   make   eternal ;    to  give 
[We  now  use  ETBRnizK.]         [endless  duration  to. 
E-TER'NAL,-IX-KD,7i7»,     Made  eternal. 


ETII 

E-TER'NAUIZ-ING,  ppr.     Rendering  eternal. 
E-TER'NAL-LY,  adv.    Without  beginning  or  end  cil 
duration,  or  without  end  only. 

2.  Unchangeably  ;  invariably  ;  at  all  times. 

Th:it  which  is  morally  good  must  be  eternally  and  unfhanrap 
Uy  so.  South. 

3.  Perpetually  ;  witljput  intermission  ;  at  all  times 

When  western  gales  elMmally  retido,  Addieon. 

E-TER'NI-FI-£D,  pp.     Made  famous  ;  immortalized, 
E-TKR'NI-FY,  r.  t.     To  make  famous,  or  to  immor- 
talize.    fJVyf  in  use.] 
E-TER'NI-FT-ING,  ppr.     Makiijg  famous;    immor- 
E-TER'NI-TY,  n,     [L.  a:ternitas.]  [talizing. 

1.  Duration  or  continuance  without  beginning  or 
end. 

By  t<rp««in5  the  idea  of  any  length  of  duration,  with  the  endless 
nddition  of  number,  wr  come  bv  thu  fd<-a  of  elernihf.  Lockt. 
The  high  and  lolly  One,  who  iiihtiLiicth  eternity.  —  U.  IvU, 

Q.  The  state  or  time  which  begins  at  death. 

At  death  we  enter  on  eternity.  DvngkL 

We  speak  of  eternal  duration  preceding  the  present 
time.  God  has  existed  from  eternity.  We  also  speak 
of  endless  or  everlasting  duration  in  future,  and 
dating  from  present  time  or  the  present  state  of  things. 
Some  men  doubt  the  eterniry  vf  future  punishment, 
though  they  have  less  difficulty  in  admitting  the 
eternity  of  future  rewards. 
E-TER'NTZE,  r.  U  [Fr.  etemiser ;  Sp.  etcmizar;  It, 
etervare;  Low  L.  trterno.] 

1.  To  make  endless. 

2.  To  continue  the  existence  or  duration  of  indefi- 
nitely ;  to  perpetuate ;  as,  to  eternize  woe.    Milton, 

So  we  say,  to  eternize  fame  or  glory. 

3.  To  ratike  forever  famous  ;  to  tfumortulize  ;  as,to 
eternize  a  name ;  to  eternize  expKuts. 

E-TER'NTZ-KD,p;>.     Made  endless  ;  immortali^.ed. 
E-TER'M'/-ING,  ppr.     Giving  endless  duration  to; 

immortalizing. 
E-Te'SIAN,  (e-tS'zhan,)  a.    [L.  etctius  {  Gr.  erricrtos, 

from  £TOi^  a  year.  Qu.  Eth.  v/vUa  ,  owed,  or  aiocdj 
a  circuit  or  circle,  and  the  verb,  to  go  rtuind.] 

Stated  ;  blowing  at  slated  times  of  the  year  ;  pe- 
riodical. Etesian  winds  are  yearly  or  anniversary 
winds,  answering  to  the  monsoons  of  the  Eawt  In- 
dies. The  word  is  applied,  in  Greek  and  Roman 
writers,  to  the  periotlical  winds  in  the  Mediterranean, 
from  whatever  quarter  they  blow.  Encyc, 

E'THAL,  n.  [from  the  first  syllables  of  c/Arr  and  alcohol.] 
A  peculiar  oily  substance,  obtained  from  sperma- 
ceti. Prout. 

KTHE,  a.     Easy.     TObs.]  Chaucer. 

E'THEL,  a.     Noble.     [06a] 

E'THER,  71.  [h.a-tAeri  Gr.  atOrip,  aiOro,  to  burn,  to 
shine;  Eng.  weather:  Sax,  wader, lliG  air;  D.  weder; 
G-  wetter;  Sw.  vdder.] 

1.  A  thin,  subtile  matter,  much  finer  and  rarer  tUan 
air,  which,  some  philosophers  supiwse,  begins  from 
the  limits  of  the  atmosphere,  and  occupies  the  heav- 
enly space.  JVewton, 
There  fii;Uis  of  light  and  llqiild  elJter  flow.  Dryden. 

3.  In  chemistrTf,  a  very  light,  volatile,  and  inflam- 
mable fluid,  produced  by  the  distillation  of  alcohol, 
or  rectified  spirit  of  wine,  with  an  acid,  especially 
with  sulphuric  acid.  It  is  lighter  than  alcohol,  of  a 
strong,  sweet  smell,  susceptible  of  ^reai  e\|>ansion, 
and  of  a  pungent  taste.  It  is  so  volatile,  that  when 
shaken  it  is  dissipated  in  an  instant. 

Encyc,     Fonreroy. 
E-THK'RE-AL,  a.    Formed  of  ether;    conlnining  or 
filled  with  ether  ;  as,  ethereal  space  ;  ethereal  n-gions, 

Q.  Heavenly  ;  celestial ;  as,  ethereal  messenger. 

\  Consisting  of  ether  or  spirit. 


Vast  chain  of  Iflnff,  which  from  God  began, 
Natiirr^  elhermii,  human,  augcl,  man. 


Pope. 


E-THE-RE-AL'I-TY,  n.     The  state  or  condition  of 
being  etnercal. 

E-THk'RE-AL-IZE,  r.  t.    To  convert  into  ether,  or 

into  a  very  subtile  fluid.  Oood. 

2.  FijTurntivrln,  tti  render  ethereal  or  spiritual. 

E-TllE'RE-AL-IZ-f:l),  pp.  or  a.     Converted  into  ether 
or  a  very  subtile  fluid  ;  as,  an  ethcrealiied  and  incor- 
poreal t-uiistrato.  •  Qood, 
9.  Made  ethereal  or  spiritual. 

E-THi5'UE-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  celestial  or  heavenly 
nmnner. 

E-THE'RE-OUS,  a.     Formed  of  ether;  heavenly. 

MittoTU 

fi'THER-I-FORM,  a.    [ether  and  /otto.]    Having  the 
fctrni  of  cthur.  Prout. 

e'THER-INE,  71.   Carbureted  hydrogen,  so  called  from 
being  supposed  to  exist  in  ether.  P.  Cyc 

£'THER-IZE,  V.  L    To  convert  into  ether. 

Med.   Rrpos. 

K'THER-TZ-KD,  pp.    Converted  Into  ether. 

E'THEIt-IZ-L\G,  ppr.    Converting  into  ether, 

ETH'ie,         ia.     [L.  ethie.usi  Gr.  nUiKOi,  fmm  ;?0o(, 

ETH'IC-AL,  i      manners.] 

Relating  to  niannt-rs  ot-  morals  ,  treating  of  moral- 
ity ;  delivering  pri:cepta  of  morality  \  as,  elhic  di»- 
courses  or  epistles. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJxMTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8.— €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  B  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

*~  41  r 


ETY    • 

£l'U'ie-AL-L\%  4^0.    According  to  the  doctrines  of 

El'H'ies,  «.  The  doctrines  of  nrnmlity  or  «>ociaI 
nmiiiMn;  Itw  science  of  i»<>nil  philus4<|ihy,  wbicb 
Iftaclw  mea  their  duty,  uid  ibo  reasons  of  tu 

Ptilry.     Efcye, 
S.  A  frfsCem  of  moml  priuriplea  ;  a  svitrm  of  nilea 
Ibr  re|afatio(  the  acUuiis  and  niaunt:rs  of  uicu  in 
Mciety. 

E-THI^M-AN,  i  "■    A  native  of  Ethiopia. 

£*THl'OPS  .\tAR'Tr,iL :  black  oiydof  inm;  iron  to 
the  form  of  a  very  tim'  [wwdi-r. 

£*TH10PS  MLVKR-II.;  a  c^unbination  of  mercury 
and  sulphur,  of  a  black  Ci4or  ;  black  sulphuret  of 
m'^rrury.  TltMuoa.    AldM«#fi. 

ETH'MOID,        fa.    [Gr.  ^dai^f,  a  «iev«,  onA  ftdof. 

ETH-MOID'AL,  (     form.] 
ReM-mbhng  a  sieve, 
Ftkmout  km* ;  ft  bone  at  tbe  top  oC  Um  root  of  the 

ETH'WnCII,  a.    [Gr.  (9^^  and  apxt.] 
Tbe  gDvemor  ot  a  province  or  jiet^ple. 
RTir.Nie,         I  a.      [U   rdtHteus ;    Gr.  (driro;,   from 
BTH'Nie-AU  i     *(7..*(,  nation,  fttun  the  root  of  G. 

kmdf^  b^h,  woods,  whence  krcOun.  See  HxATHKn.] 
Heath': n ;    pa^an  ;  pt-riuining   to    the  Gentiles   or 

nations  nttt  rutiv(;rt:'d  to  Chriatiaoity  ;  o{^wfied  to 

Jrteuh  and  CAnstiaH, 
ETH'XIC,  «.     A  heathen  j  a  pagan. 
£TU'>il  CISM,  a.    Heathenism  j  pnganlsm  ;  idolatry. 

B.  Jomson. 
KTH-NnG'RA-PHER,  I  a.    One  who  cullivalea  elh- 
ETH-.NOI/O^IST,      i     nography;  one  who  tn-atJ 

of  ihe  diiTt  r-ai  natural  rac^^-s  and  families  of  men. 
ETH-NO  GRAPH'ie,         >  a.    [S*>e  Uie  noun.J    Per- 
ETH-NO  GKAPIl  le-AL,  j     taming  to  ethm.graphy. 
ETH-XCx;  RA  PHY,  >  a.      [Gr.    <t**-o$,    jpti^*;,   a«d 
ETH-NOI.TmiV,       j       X>j«s.l 

The  iiciencc  wbirn  treats  i/ the  diflbrent  natural 

races  and  families  of  men,  or  a  trealise  on  that  tKi- 

ence. 
ETH-O-LOC'IC-AL,  a.    [See  Etholoot.]    Treating 

of  ^hirs  or  inomlilv. 
E-TUOL'O-OIST,  N.'   One  who  writes  on  the  subject 

of  manni^rs  and  morality. 
E-THOL'O^jV,  k.    [Gr.  td-ii^  or  j?d</$,  manners,  mor- 

al«,  and  .Xo^oi,  di-^courae.] 
A  treaibw  on  morality,  or  the  science  of  ethic-s. 
OweM.     Lunitr. 
■'THYt*,  a.    (Gr.  aiOno  and   iXij.]     A  hyp<<li.Ufal 

radical  or  ba^  existing  in  ethtr  and  it^-*  c\unjMmnds. 

fi'TI-O-LATE,  a.  i.    t*^r.  0*^10,  to  shine.]     IOtoMmm. 

To  bscoQu  white  or  whiter;  to  be  whitened  by 

exrludiniE  iW  li^ht  of  the  sun,  hb  plantiL 
M.''l"-  r.  L    To  blancJi;  to  whiten  by  ex- 

r :  .'s  rays. 

J^''i  :  :>,  ;rp.  or  a.    Blanched  ;  whitened  by 

excIuJ:!.!.'  ihf  sun's  rays. 
E'TI-O-La -TI.NG,  ppr.      Blanching  ;    whitening   by 

excluding  tbf  ^un's  ravs. 
E-TI-O-hA'TlO.N,  n.    The  operation  of  being  blanch- 
ed, as  plants,  by  excluding  the  liiiht  of  ihe  s'tn. 

fhurcrvy.     iMrwin. 
In  ffanimimgj  the  rendering   plants  while,  crisp, 
and  tender,  by  excluding  the  action  of  light  from 
them.  Cyc 

E-TI-O-LOG'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  etiologj-. 

E-TI'OL'O-GY,  a.  [Gr.  aina,  cauw,  and  Xoymy  dis- 
course.] 

In  lUirfHMC,  that  branch  of  medical  science  which 
treats  of  the  causes  of  disease.  Quiney. 

ET-I-QUETTE',  (et-e-kel',)  n.  [Ft.  ettquette^  a  ticket ; 
\y.  tocfiiy  a  little  piece  or  slip,  froai  tocuiw,  to  cut  off, 
Eng.  to  ttoek.  OriffinaUif^  a  little  piece  of  pa[>er,  or  a 
mark  or  title,  a£xed  to  a  bag  or  bundle,  expressing 
its  conients,] 

■  Primmrdy^  an  account  of  ceremonies.  Hence,  in 
freeent  uMtjf^e,  fonni  of  cen^immy  or  decorum  ;  tbe 
forms  which  are  observed  toward  particular  persons, 
or  in  particular  places,  especially  in  courts,  levees, 
and  on  pub'ic  occasions.  From  tbe  original  sense  of 
Ihe  word,  it  may  be  inferred  that  it  was  forraeriy  the 
custom  to  deliver  cards  containing  orders  for  regu- 
latios  ct-rtmoiiie^^  on  ptililic  occasions. 

ET-Nit'AN,  «.  [from  .^no.]  Pertaining  to  Etna,  a 
volcanic  mountain  in  Sicjiv. 

ET'TKV  n.     A  giaJiL     [Obs.]  Beaum. 

ET'TLE,  r.  U    To  earn.     [Ao*  in  ««.]        Boucher. 

ET-t'I',  (ct-we',)    1 

ET-WKE',  >  n.    [Fr.  rtiri,  a  case.] 

ET-\VEE'-€.^SE, ) 

A  ca.««f  fnr  p<M:ket  instruments. 

ET-Y-MOL'O  GEB,  n.    An  etymologist     [Abe  in  <w«.] 

Ori^Uh. 

ET-Y-M0-^OG'I€^AL,  «.  [3ee  Ettmoloot.]  Per- 
taining to  etymology  or  tbe  deri^'ation  of  words ;  ac- 
cording to,  or  by  means  of,  etymcrfogy.  Locke. 

KT-Y-MO-LOG'ie-AL.-LY,  adv.  According  to  ety- 
mology. 

ET-Y-MO-LOG'T€-0\,  a.  A  treatise  in  which  the 
etymologies  of  words  are  traced,  as  \Vhit*;r*8  Ety- 
mologicon. 


EUL 

ET-Y-.MOI.'O-0lST,  n.    One  versed  in  etymology  or 
the  deduction  of  words  from  their  orif^iuals  j   one 
who  searches  into  Uie  original  of  words. 
ET-Y-MOL'O-xSrZE,  r.  i.    To  s,an  h  into  the  origin 
of  words;  to  deduce  words  from  their  simple  r(>i>ts. 

Eneyc 
ET-Y-MOL'O-OY,  n.    [Gr.  frv/ioj,  true,  and  X«,  05., 
discounif.] 

I.  That  part  of  j>hilnlngj-  which  explains  the  origin 
and  derivation  of  words,  with  a  view  to  ascertain 
their  radical  or  primary  signification. 

In  f^mmar,  t'tyniologj-  comjtrthends  the  various 
indectiims  and  in<tditications  of  words,  and  shows 
how  ilicy  art-  formed  fmin  their  simple  roots. 

2:  'ihe  dtductiou  of  words  from  their  originals ; 
tbe  analysis  of  compound  words  into  their  primi- 
tives. •<• 
ET'Y-.MOX,  a.    [Gr.  crifi-.i',  fh>m  j;rt'/iof,  true.] 

An  original  rot>t  or  primitive  word. 
EC'€HA-K1ST,  (yu'ka-tist,)  «.    [Gr.£"X'»f"S't«,  a  giv- 
ing of  thanks  ;  £)>,  well,  and  \'Voi^.  favor.] 

1.  The  sacrament  of  tlie  Lord's  8up{>or ;  the  solemn 
act  or  cremony  of  cominetnuraiing  the  death  of  our 
Redeemer,  in  the  use  of  bread  and  wine,  as  emblems 
of  his  tiesh  and  blood,  accompanied  with  appropriate 
prayers  and  liynins. 

2.  The  act  of  giving  thanks. 
EreHA-KIST'ie,         i  a.  Containing  expressions  of 
EU-€IIA-UIST'1C-AT.,  i      thanks.  Brown. 

Pertaining  to  the  Lord*s  supper. 
EO'CHLORE,  a,    [Gr.  £i',  well,  and  x\o}poi,  green.] 

In  mineralo^,  having  a  distinct  green  ciilur.  Moos. 
EU-€HLO'Rie,  (yu-klo'rik,)  a.    Of  a  distinct  green 
color. 

Euehtoric  ffos  f  the  same  as  EucHLoains.  Dary. 
ECeilLO-RIXE,  n.     [See  Chlorine.]     In  chemistry^ 

proioxvd  of  chlorine.  Dacy.     Ure. 

EU-CII»iL'0-GY,  (yu-kcrf'o-je,)  «.    [Gr.  ivxoXoytov: 
«c\fi,  i»myer  or  vow,  and  A  a)  '•(,  discourse.] 

A    fiirmulnry  of  prayers  ;   the  Greek    ritual,  in 
which  are  pmscribed  the  order  of  ceremonies,  sacra- 
ments, and  ordinances.  Kncyc. 
EOeilKO-ITE,  a.    JGr.  ct-xfioci,  beautiful  color.] 
A  mineral  of  a  light,  emerald-green  color,   trans- 
parent and  brittle. 
EO'€HY-MY,  (yu'ke-me,)  a.    [Gr.  ev^Vfttn.] 

A  good  stole  of  the  blood  and  other  fluids  of  the 
body. 
EU-€HY-SID'ER-ITE,  a.    A  mineral,  considered  as  a 

variety  of  augite.  PhUtips. 

EO'CLAHE,  n.    [Gr.  £v  and  «Aiib),  to  break ;  easily 
broken.] 

A  brittle  gem  of  the  ber>-l  family,  consisting  of 
silica,  alumina,  and  glucina.  It  occurs  in  light, 
green,  tranoparent  crj-stalii,  affording  a  brilliant  diag- 
onal cleavage.  It  comes  from  the  topaz  localities  in 
Brazil.  Dana. 

EC'eRA-SY,  a.    [Gr.  f»,  well,  and  xpaois,  tempcra- 
menL] 

In  Medicine^  suc-h  a  due  or  well-proportioned  mix- 
ture of  qualities  in  bodies,  as  to  constitute  health  or 
soundness.  Quincy.     Kncyc. 

EOC'TlC-.-VL,  0.    Containing  acts  of  thanksgiving. 

Mede. 
EC'DI-AI^TTE,  a.     [Gr   rr,  c^ily,  and  (JtaAutu,  to 
dissolve.] 

A  rose-red  or  brownb^h-red  mineral,  occurring  in 
neariy  o[»aque  co'stala.  It  consists  of  the  earth  zir- 
conia',  uiiit'-d  with  silica,  lime,  and  soda.  It  fuses 
ea'?ily  before  the  blowpipe.  Dana. 

EU-DI-OM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  cu^tof,  serene,  fu  and  (J(os, 
Jove,  air,  and  titTp"Vy  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  purity  of  the 
almoaphere,  or  rather  the  quantity  of  oxygun  con- 
tained in  any  given  bulk  of  clastic  fluid. 

Encyc.     Ure. 
EU-DI-O-MET'Rie,        )  a.      Pertaining  to  a  eudi- 
EU-l)I-0-MET'RI&AL,  j     ometer  ;  peiformed  or  as- 
certained by  a  eudiometer  j  as,  eudiometruuU  exper- 
iments or  results. 
EU-DI-OM'E  TRY,  n.    The  art  or  practice  of  aacei^ 
taining  the  purity  of  the  air  by  the  eudiometer. 

P.  Cyc 
EC'GE,  n.     .applause.     [JSTot  used,]  Hammoad, 

EC'GEN-Y,  n.     [Gr.  cuand  jti/.j.] 

Nobleness  of  birth, 
ECGII,  (yu,)  n.     A  tree.     [Pee  Yew.] 
EU-HAR-.MON'ie,  a.     [Gr.  rv,  well,  and  harmonic] 
Producing  harmony  or  concordant  sounds  ;  as,  the 
euhnrmonic  or;;an.  Liston, 

EO'KAI-BITE,  71.     [Gr.  crirat/)'.?,  opportune.] 

Cupreous  selcniuret  of  silver,  a  mineral  of  a  shin- 
ing lead-gray  color,  and  granular  structure. 

Cleavrlan/L 
EtJ-LOG'ie,         ;  a.      [See    Eclogt.]      Contiiining 
EU-LOG'TC-AL,  |       praise;   commendatory. 
EU-LOG'I€J-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  convey 

praise. 
EO'LO-GIST,  (yu'lo-Jist,)  n.  [See  EuLoor.]  One 
who  praises  and  commends  another  ;  one  who 
writes  or  speaks  in  commendation  of  another,  on 
account  of  bis  excellent  qualities,  exi^olts,  or  per- 
formances. 
EU-LO  GIST'IG,  a.    Commendatory  ;  full  of  praise. 


EUR 

EU-LO^rST'lC-AL-LY,  w/e.    With  coumiendation. 
EULd'Gl-UM,  tt.     A  eulogy. 

EC'LOGIZK,  (>a'lo-jTy.o,)   v.  t.     [Pee  Eui.ogt.]     To 
praise;  to  sp<*ak  or  write  in  rnmniendation  of  an- 
other ;  to  extol  in  spi-och  or  writing. 
EC'LO^IZ->^n,  pp.    Praised  ;  commended. 
EO'LO-GIZ-ING,    ppr.      Commending  ;    writing  or 

!»p*'aking  in  praise  of, 
EC'LO-GY,  n.     [Gr.  tuXoyia;  cv  and  Aojos-] 

Praise;  encomium;  panegyric;  a  siw^ecli  or  writ- 
ing in  commendation  of  a  person,  on  account  of  his 
valuable  qualities  or  services. 
EO'iN'O-MY,  n.     [Gr.  tvvitfiia  ;  cv  and  i-w/iof,  law.] 
Equal  law,  or  a  well-adjusted  constitution  of  gov- 
ernment. JHyorcL 
EC'NUeil,  (yQ'nuk,)  n.    [Gr.  cvcuvxof ;  evu/,  a  bed, 
and  £\(i),  to  keep.] 
A  male  of  the  human  speries  cawtrated. 
ECNUeil-ATE,  r.  U  To  make  a  eunuch  ;  to  castrate. 
EO'\rcH-A-TKD,  pp.     Made  n  eunuch. 
ECT'NUeil-A-TlNG,  ppr.     Making  a  eunuch. 
EP'NI^CII-ISM,  n.    The  state  of  being  a  eunuch. 
EU-OT'O-MOUS,  a.    [Gr.  fu,  well,  and  t£;ivw,  to 
cleave.] 

In  Hioierafo/Ty,  easily  cleavable.  Skcpard. 

EC'PA-TIIV,  (yii'pa-lhe,)  n.     [Gr.  eviraOeia.] 

Ridht  iV-eliiiff.  Harris. 

EU-PA-'J'OU'l-NA,  n.  A  supposed  alk;iloid  olitained 
from  Eupatorium  Cunnabinum,  or  hemp  agrimony. 
It  is  a  white  powder  having  a  peculiar  sharp,  bitter 
taste,  insoluble  in  water,  but  sohible  in  ether  and  al- 
cohol. It  combines  with  sulphuric  acid,  and  the  Bolt 
cr\'8talli7,es  in  silky  needles. 
EC'PA-TO-RY,  n.     [L.  eupatorium  ;  Gr.  cviraropiov.] 

The  plant  hemp  acrimony. 
EU-PEPSY,  (yu-pt-n'sc,)  n.    [Gr.  cvjtc%^ia ;  cv  and 
ircipiiy  concoction.] 
Good  concoction  in  the  stomach  ;  good  digestion. 
EU-PEP'TIt;,  o.     Having  5;o<id  digestion. 
EC'PHE-MISM,  (yu'fe-mizm,)  n.  [Gr.  cviprjpiffpni  ;  cf, 
well,  and  ipnfih  to  speak.] 

A  representation  of  good  qualities  ;  particularly  in 
rhetoric,  n  figure  in  which  a  harsh  or  indelicate  word 
or  expression  is  soflened,  or  rather  by  which  a  deli- 
cate word  or  expressirm  is  substituted  for  one  which 
ia  offensive  to  good  manners  or  to  delicate  ears. 

Jinh.     CampbeU. 
EU-PHE-MIS'TIC,  a.    Containing  euphemism;  ren- 
dering more  decent  or  delicate  in  expression. 
EU-PHON'iC,  ( a.      [.S«:e   Euph.j:<v.]     Apreealdo 

EU-PIION'l€-AL,  i      in  sound;  pleiwing  to  the  ear; 
OS,  euphonical  orthogriiphy.  Cotcbrovkc. 

Tiic  Gppcki  aiIopte«l  munf  chan^B  io  the  combination  of  bvII^- 
b\a,  to  render  Ibe'ir  laiigDajv  euphonic,  by  avakling  t\ich 
collisioaa.  E.  Porter. 

EU-PHO'NI-OUS,  a.    Agreeable  in  sound. 

EU-PHO'M-OUS-LY,  adv.    With  euphony  ;  harmo- 
niously. 

EO'PIIO-NISM,   n.     An    agreeable    combination   of 
sounds. 

EO'PHO-NTZE,  r.  (.    To  make  agreeable  in  sound. 

EOTHO-NY,  (yu'fo-ne,)  n.      [Gr.  tu^wi'iu ;  cv  and 
^Oi/ij,  voice.! 

An  agreeaule  sound  ;  an  easy,  smooth  enunciation 
of  sounds  ;  a  pronunciation  of  letters  and  syllables 
which  is  plojsing  to  the  ear. 

EU-PHOR'B!-A,  (yu-for'be-a,)  tu    [Gr.  cv(liop/3ta,  with 
a  different  signification.] 

In  botany,  spurge,  or  bastard  spurge,  a  genus  of 
plants  of  many  species,  mostly  shrubby,  herbaceous 
succulents,  some  of  them  armed  with  thorns.  Encyc 

EU-PHOR'BI-UM,   (yu-for'be-um,)  n.    [L.,  from  Gr. 
S       JOJ 
tv^op0iovt  At.  /,fc**J>J  forbion.] 

Jn  the  materia  medica,  an  inspissated  sap,  exuding 
from  an  African  plant.  It  has  a  shnrp^  biting  taste, 
and  is  vehemently  acrimonious,  indaming  and  ulcer- 
ating the  fauces.  Encyc. 
EP'pnf)-TTl)E,  n.  A  name  given,  by  the  French,  to 
the  nc-'regato  of  diallage  and  saussurite.  Clcaveland. 
EO'PHKA-SY,  ^yu'fra-se,)  n.     [Gr.  tv<l>na<Tia.] 

Eyebright,  the  popular  name  of  the  genus  of  plants 
Eupbrajsia,  called,  in  French,  casse-lunctte. 
EO'PHU-ISM,  n,     [Gr.  tvij)vr\s,  elegant.] 

An  affectation  of  excessive  elecance  and  refine- 
ment of  language  ;  high-flown  diction. 
EO'PHU-IST,  n,     [Gr.  iv^vm.] 

One  who  affects  cfceifslve  refinement  and  elegance 
of  language  ;  applitd  particularly  to  a  class  (tf  writ- 
ers, in  the  age  of  Elizabeth,  whose  unnatural  and 
high-flown  diction  is  ridiculed  in  Sir  Walter  Pcotfs 
Mctnastery,  in  the  character  of  Sir  Percie  t^haf^on. 
EU-PIlU-ItfT'ie,  a.     Belonging  to  theeuphuisls,  or  to 

euphuism. 
EU-RA'SIAN,  ?j,  or  a.  [A  contraction  of  European  and 
.Siian.] 

A  term  applied,  in  India,  to  children  born  of  Euro- 
pean parents  on  the  one  side,  and  Aaia^ics  on  the 
other. 
EU-KITUS,  n,     [Gr.  Frr^pi-noq ;  L.  Kwri/Jits.] 

A  strait ;  a  narrow  tract  of  water,  where  the  tide, 
or  a  current,  flows  and  reflows,  as  that  in  ^.reece, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.— PI.VE,  MARtXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.  - 


EVA 

bKween  F.iilKFa  anil  Attica,  or  Eulnna  and  Boeotia. 
It  is  sutnetiuies  used  for  a  struil  ur  frith  much  agita- 
tfd.  Burkt. 

EC'KITE,  «.  The  French  name  of  felspathic  granite, 
of  which  felspar  is  the  princip.i1  ingredient;  the 
white  stone  [weiss  atein]  of  Werner. 

EU-ROe'LY-DON,  n.  [Gr.  evoasj  wind,  and  KXvStoyy 
a  wave.] 

A  loinpestuons  wind,  such  as  drove  ashore,  on 
Malta,  the  ship  in  whicli  Fatil  was  sailing  tu  Italy. 
It  is  supposed  to  have  blown  from  an  easterly  point. 
^rts  x.wii.  Encyc 

Eu'ROPE,  ji.  [Bochart  suppost-s  this  word  to  be  com- 
piled of  HSM  iin,  white  face,  the  land  of  white  pt>o- 
ple,  as  distinguished  from  tlie  Kiliiopians,  black-faced 
people,  or  tawny  inhabitants  of  Asia  and  Africa.] 

The  great  quarter  of  the  earth  that  lies  between 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  Asia,  and  between  the  Med- 
iterranean Sea  and  the  North  Sea. 

EL'-RO-Pe'AX,  a.    Pertaining  to  Europe. 

ElMtO-PE'AN   B.     A  native  of  Europe. 

EC'Ur.S,  n.     [L.]     The  east  wind. 

EO'RYTH-MY,  (yu'rith-my,)  n.  [Gr.  ev  and  ^vO^toi, 
rytJimuSy  number  or  proportion.] 

In  aixhiWcture.y  paintings  and  sculpture,  ease,  majes- 
ty, and  elegance  of  the  parts  of  a  body,  arising  from 
just  jjroportions  in  the  coinpositttm.  Kneyc. 

EU-SIC'BI-AN,  n.  A  term  applied  to  the  followers  of 
Ehinehiiis,  of  Nicomedia,  who  was  a  friend  and  pro- 
tfctor  of  Arius. 

EU-STA'CHI-AIV,  a.  The  ettstarhian  tube,  is  a  slender 
pipe  affording  a  passagB  fur  the  air  from  a  cavity  in 
the  car  lo  tlie  back  part  of  the  muulli,  and  the  exter- 
nal air.  Paley. 

EC'STYLE,  n.     [Gr.  ev  and  r^'X-Jf,  a  column.] 

In  architeHure,  a  term  denoting  a  building  in  which 
the  columns  are  placed  at  the  most  convenient  dis- 
tances frctm  each  other,  the  interrohininiations  being 
just  two  diameters  and  a  quarter  of  the  culumn. 

Omilt, 

EO'TAX-V,  »i.     [Gr.  cvra^ia.] 

I'>t:ibl)shed  order.     [JVbe  useiLI  Jfatrrhouse. 

EU-TER'PE,  (yu-ter'pr-,)  n.  In  miftJioli>ffj/y  the  m\xse 
who  presides  over  wind-instnirnents, 

EIJTER'PE-AN,  a.  Relating  to  Euterpe;  a  term  of- 
ten given  to  music  clubs. 

EO'THA-NA-SY  or  EU-TIIAN'A-SY,  n.  [Gt.  ev9a~ 
ifarta  :  £v  and  dafarof,  death.] 

An  ea-'«y  death.  ^rbntknot. 

EtJ-TVeii'I-AN,  n.  A  term  applied  ^^  the  followere 
of  Eutifekuuy  who  held  that  the  divine  and  human 
natures  of  (*hrist,  after  their  union,  became  so  blend- 
ed togfjlher,  as  to  constitute  but  T>ne  nature.  They 
were  aUo  called  MonopHYSiTE*.  ./.  Murdock. 

EU-TYCH'I-A\-ISM,  (yu-tilt'c-an-izm,)  n.  The  doc- 
trine of  Eutychius. 

ECX'I.VE,  n.    The  sea  on  the  east  of  Europe;  the 

E-Va'CaTE,  r.  t.     [L.  ruco.]  [Black  Sea. 

To  empty.     [JVbt  in  aae.]  Jlarvcij. 

K  VAC'I;ANT,  o.     [L.  cracuans.} 
Ktiiptying;  freeing  from. 

K-VAClj-A.\T,  n.  A  medicine  which  procures  evac- 
uations, or  promotes  tlie  natural  secretions  and  ex- 
cretions. 

E-VAC'U-ATE,  r.  c  JI*.  eracuo;  e  and  vacuus,  from 
vaco,  to  empty.     See  Vacast.] 

1.  To  make  empty ;  to  free  from  any  thing  con- 
tained ;  as,  to  evacuau  the  church  Hooker. 

2.  To  tlirow  out ;  tn  eject ;  to  void  ;  lo  discharge  ; 
as,  to  eeacuate  dark-colored  matter  from  the  bowels. 
Hence, 

3.  To  empty ;  to  free  from  contents,  or  to  diminish 
the  quantity  contain''d  ;  as,  \n  etacaaU  the  bowels; 
to  enncuate  the  vessels  by  bleeding. 

4.  To  quit ;  to  withdraw  from  a  place.  The  Brit- 
ish army  evaauUed  the  city  of  New  York,  Nov.  25, 
1783, 

5.  To  make  void  ;  to  nullify ;  as,  to  epoeuate  a 
marriage,  or  any  contract. 

rin  tliia  seni*e,  Vacatk  is  now  genemlly  iised.J 

E-VAG'tJ-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.     Emptied  ;  cleared  ;  freed 

from  the  contents  ;  quitted,  as  by  an  army  or  garri 

wm  ;  ejected  :  discharged  ;  vacated. 

E-VAC'Cl-A-TlNG,  ppr.     Emptying;  making  void  or 

vacant;  withdrawing  frcni. 
E-VAC-U  A'TION,   n.    The  act  of  emptying  or  clear- 
ing of  the  contents  ;  the  act  of  withdrawing  from,  as 
an  army  or  garrison. 

2.  Discharges  by  stool  or  other  natiirnl  means;  a 
diminution  of  the  fluids  of  an  animal  body  by  cathar- 
tics, veneRrriion,  or  oth^r  means.  Quiftcy. 

3.  Abrdition;  nulliliration. 
E-VAC'U-A-TIVE,  a.     That  erarnates. 
E-V.\C'U-4-T0tt,  ?!.    One  that  makes  void. 

HammaniL 
RVADE',  p.  f.     [L.  evado;   e  and  rarfo,  to  go;   Sp. 
eoadir :  Fr.  rradrr.] 

1.  To  avoid  by  dexterity.  The  man  evaded  the 
Mow  aimed  at  bis  head. 

2.  To  avoid  or  escape  by  artifice  or  irtratagem ;  to 
#Ilp  away  ;  to  elude.     The  thief  eradrd  his  pursuers. 

3.  To  elude  by  subterfuge,  sophistry,  address,  or 
Ingenuity.  The  advocate  evades  an  argument  or  the 
force  of  an  argument. 


EVA 

4.  To  escape  as  imperceptible,  or  not  to  be  reached 
or  seized.  South, 

E-VaDE',  p.  i.  To  escape;  to  slip  away;  formerly 
and  properly  with  Jrom  ;  as,  to  evaUe  from  perils. 
But/rftm  is  now  seldom  used. 

2.  To  attempt  to  escape ;  to  practice  artifice  or 
sophistry,  for  the  purpose  of  eluding. 

:  not  u>  eonda  oiid  take  refu|;e  in  any 


TbP  miniitpri  of  Gixl   i 
■uch  wa;a. 


E-VSD'ED,p7).     Avoided;  eluded. 

E-VAD'ING,  ppr.  Escaping  ;  avoiding  ;  eluding  ; 
slipping:  away  from  daugtr,  pursuit,  or  attack. 

EV-A-G A'TION,  n.  [L.  evagatio^  coagor  i  eand  vagor^ 
to  wander.] 

The  act  of  wandering;  excursion;  a  roving  or 
rambling.  Ray. 

E-VAG-IN-A'TION,  «.  [«  and  vagina,]  The  act  of 
unsheathing. 

E'VAL,  a.     [Jj.  ffvum.} 

Relating  to  time  or  duration.     {J^ot  in  iwc] 

E-VAL-T^-A'TION,  ».  [Fr.]  Valuation;  apprizcment. 
\VsFle.-fs.'] 

EV-A-NEs'CE\CE,  n.  [L.  evancsccns,  from  evanr.tco; 
t  and  vane^coj  to  vanish,  from  vanu^.  vain,  empty. 
See  Vain.] 

1.  A  vanishing ;  a  gradual  departure  from  siglit  or 
possession,  either  by  removal  to  a  distance  or  by 
dissipation,  as  vapor. 

3.  The  state  of  being  liable  to  vanish  and  escape 
possession. 

EV-A-NES'CENT,  a.  Vanishing;  subject  to  vanish- 
ing; fleeting;  piissing  away;  liable  to  dissipation, 
like  vapor,  or  to  become  imperceptible.  The  pleas- 
ures and  joys  of  life  are  evanescent. 

EV-AN-ES'CENT-LY,  adc.    In  a  vanishing  manner. 

E-VA\'GEL,  n.     [L.  CfanffFUam,'{ 

The  go3|jel.     LM't  in  use.]  Ckaucrr. 

EV-AN-ge'LI-AN,  o.    Rendering  thanks  for  favors. 

Mitford, 

E-VAN-GEL'ie,  I  a.     [Imw  L.  erangcUca.Sj  from 

E-VAN-OEL'ie-AL,  j  evangelium^  the  gospel;  Gr. 
ivuyyeXtKOiy  from  cayfcXi'-vi  £11,  well,  good,  and 
a>'>tAAw,  to  announce,  Ir.  a^a^/<i,  to  tell,  to  speak,  Ar. 

JL»  kaula,  to  tell,  Class  GI,  No.  49,  or  Ch.  k'jS,  ^Ssk, 
to  call.  No.  .v..] 

1.  According  to  the  gospel ;  consonant  to  the  doc- 
trines and  precepts  of  the  gospel,  published  by  Christ 
and  his  npiu^tles ;  as,  ecangelical  righteousness,  obe- 
dience, or  piety. 

3.  Contained  in  the  gospel ;  as,  an  evangelical 
doctrine. 

3.  Sound  in  the  doctrines  of  the  gospel;  orthodox  ; 
as,  an  eranirelieal  preacher. 
E-VAN-Ci:LM€^AI^ISM,  n.    Adherence  to  evangel- 
ical doctrines. 
E-VAN-GEL'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  according 

to  the  gosixd. 
B-V  AN'<jEL-ISM,  n.    The  promulgation  of  the  gospel 

Bacon. 
E-VAN'GEl-IST,  n.     A  writer  of  the  hisior>*  or  doc- 
trines,  prrcepts,   actions,   life,    and    death,   of   our 
bless^'d  .Savior,  Jesus  Christ ;  as,  the  four  evangelists, 
Matthew,  Mark,  Luke,  and  John. 

2.  A  preacher  or  publit>her  of  the  gospel  of  Jesus 
Christ,  licensed  to  preach,  but  not  having  charge  of 
a  particular  church. 

E-VAN'GKI^I3T-A  RY  n.  A  selection  of  passages 
from  tlie  Gospels,  as  a  lesson  in  divine  service. 

Oreffory. 
E-VAN-GEI^I-ZA'TION.n.    The  act  of  evangelizing. 
E-VAN'GKI^IZE,  o.  U     [Low  L.  evamrflizo.] 

To  instruct  in  the  gospel :  to  preach  the  gospel  to, 
and  convert  to  a  t>elief  of  the  gos[>cl  ;  as,  to  evangel- 
ite  heathen  nations  ;  to  eoangeliie  the  world, 

Milntr.     Buchanan. 
E-VAN'GKL  IZE,  v,  l    To  preach  the  gospel, 
E-VAN'GEL-IZ-KD,  p;».  or  o.     Instructed  in  tho  gas- 
pel  ;  converted  lo  a  U:tief  of  the  gosiM-l,  or  to  Chris- 
tianity. 
E-VAN'GEL.rZ-ING,;7n-.    Instructing  in  the  doctrines 
and   precepts   of  the   gosiH.! ;    converting   to   Chris- 
tianity. 
E-VAN'GEL-Y,  n.    Good  tidings;  tho  gospel.    [JVot 

in  wte.]  Spejucr. 

E-VAN'TD,  a.     [U  eraniditJ>.     See  Vaix.] 

Faint ;  weak  ;  evanei^cent ;  liable  to  vanish  or  di»- 
appear  ;  as,  an  evanid  color  or  smell.     Bacon.     Knryc. 
E-VAN'ISH,  n.  i.     [L.  etane^co.     See  Vain.] 

To  vanish ;  to  disappear ;  to  escape  from  sight  or 
perception. 

[VArtisn  is  more  gencmlly  used.] 
E-VAN'ISII-MENT,  ».    A  vanishing;  disappearance. 

Burton. 
E-VAP'O  RA-BLE,  a.     [See  Evapobatb.]     That  may 
be  converted  into  vnpur,  and  pass  off  in  funn-s  ;  that 
may  be  dissifjated  by  evaponition.  (frnp. 

E-V.\P'0'RATE,r.  i.  [L.  evaparo ;  c  and  raj'or*?,  from 
ra;»«r,  which  see,] 

I.  To  pasa  off  in  vapor,  as  a  fluid  ;  to  escape  and 
be  dissipated,  either  in  visible  vapur,  nr  in  particles 
too  minute  to  be  visible.    Fluids,  when  heated,  oHen 


EVE 

evaporate  in  visible  steam  ;  but  water,  on  the  surface 
of  the  earth,  generally  evaporates  in  an  imj>erceptible 
manner. 

2.  To  escape  or  pass  off  without  effect ;  to  be  dis- 
sipated ;  to  be  wasted.  Arguments  evaporate  in 
words ;  the  spirit  of  a  writer  oflen  evaporates  m 
translating. 

E-VAP'O-RATE,  v.  t  To  convert  or  resolve  a  fluid 
into  vajwr,  wliich  is  specifically  lighter  than  the  air; 
to  dissipate  in  fumes,  steam,  or  minute  particles. 
Heat  etmporates  water  at  every  point  of  tt;mperature, 
from  32"  to  212^,  the  boiling  point  of  Fahrenheit;  a 
north-west  wind,  in  New  England,  evaporates  water, 
and  dries  the  earth,  more  rapidly  than  the  heat  atone 
of  a  summer's  day. 
2.  To  give  vent  to  ;  to  pour  out  in  words  or  sound. 

fVotton. 

EJ-VAP^O-RATE,  o.    Dispersed  in  vapors. 

E-VAP'0-UA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Converted  into  vapor  or 
steam,  and  dissipated;  dissipated  in  insensible  par- 
ticles, as  a  fluid. 

El-VAP'O-RA-TING,  ppr.  Resolving  into  vapor;  dis- 
sipating, as  a  fluid. 

E-VAP-O-RA'TION,  tu  The  conversion  of  a  flnid 
into  vapor  specifically  lighter  than  the  atmospheric 
air.  Evaporation  is  increased  by  heat,  and  is  followed 
by  cold.  It  is  now  generally  considered  as  a  solution 
in  the  atmosphere. 

2.  The  act  of  flying  off  in  fumes;  vent;  discharge. 

3.  In  pharmacy,  tlie  operation  of  drawing  ofl*  a 
porti»m  of  a  fluid  m  steam,  thut  ihi;  remainder  may 
be  of  a  greater  cimsistence,  or  more  concentrated. 

E-VAP'O-RA-TIVE,  a.     PeiLiiuing  to  or  producing 

evaporation, 
E-VAP-O-ROM'E-TER,  n.     [L,  evaporo^  and  Gr.  per- 
pov,  measure.] 

An  instrunii-nt  for  ascertaining  the  qunn'.ity  of  a 
fluid  evai>orated  in  a  given  time  ;  an  atmometer, 
Junrn.  of  Science. 
E^VA'SION,  (e-vu'/.hun,)  tl     [L.  cvasto,  from  evado, 
evasi.    See  Evade.] 

The  act  of  eluding  or  avoiding,  or  of  escaping, 
particularly  from  the  pressure  of  an  argument,  from 
an  accusation  or  charge,  from  an  interrogatory  and 
the  like;  excuse;  subterfuge;  equivocation;  artifice 
to  elude  ;  shift.  Evasion  of  a  direct  answer  weakens 
the  testimony  of  a  witness. 

Tlum  by  eoasiotii  thy  crime  uiicoTcr-^t  more.  AfUton, 

E-VA'SIVE,  a.  Using  evasion  or  artifice  to  avoid  ; 
•elusive;  shuttling;  equivocating. 

He  —  »n«wfre<t  evaaitu  of  the  sly  request.  Pope. 

2.  Containing  evasion  ;  artfully  contrived  to  elu<le 
a  question,  charge,  or  argument;  jis,  an  evasive  an- 
swer ;  an  ecosire  argument  or  reasoning. 

E-VA'SIVE-LY,  adv.  By  evasion  or  subterfuge  ;  ctu- 
sively  ;  in  a  manner  to  avoid  a  direct  reply  or  a 
charge. 

E-VA'SIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of  bciog 
evasive. 

KVE,  n,  Tho  consort  of  Adam,  and  mother  of  the 
human  race;  so  called  by  Adam,  because  she  was 
the  mother  of  all  living.  In  this  case,  the  word 
would. prop<;rly  belong  to  the  lleb.  n^n.  But  the 
Hebrew  name  is  n^n,  havuh  or  chnrah,  coinciding 
with  the  verb  lo  show,  to  dwcorrr,  and  Parkhurst 
hence  denominates  Eve  the  manife.ttrr.  In  the  Sep- 
tuagint,  EvCy  in  Gen,  iii.  20,  is  rendered  Zoiri,  life  ; 
but,  in  Gen,  iv,  1,  it  is  rendered  Euav,  Euan  or  Evan. 
The  reason  of  this  variation  is  not  obvious,  as  tlio 
Hebrew  is  the  same  in  both  passages.  In  Kuss.  Eve 
is  Even,  In  the  Chickasaw  language  of  America, 
a  wife  is  called  awah,  says  Adair. 

E-VEC'TIONj  71.     [L.  evcko,  to  carry  away.] 

1.  A  carrj  ing  out  or  away  ;  also,  a  lifting  or  extol- 
ling ;  exultation,  Prarson. 

2,  In  a.stronomy,  a  change  of  form  in  the  lunar 
orbit,  by  wliich  itseccentricity  is  sometimes  increased, 
and  sometimes  ditninislu'd.  Olmsted. 

KVE,  \n.     [Sax.   (T/m,  efcn;    H.  avond  i    G. 

£'V£N,  (e'vn,)  (  abend;  Sw.  a/>wn  ;  Dan.  a/Hcti  ,■  Ice. 
afftait,  Uu.  Ch,  N^sD,  from  nilD,  fanah,  to  turn,  to 
decline.  The  evening  is  the  decline  of  tlie  day,  or 
full  of  the  sun.] 

1.  The  decline  of  the  sun  :  the  latter  part  or  close 
of  the  day,  and  beginning  oi  the  night.  Eve  is  used 
chiefly  in  poetry.     In  prose,  we  generally  use  evening. 

Winter,  oft,  nt  «vt  reavimpB  t!iP  Ijrei-se.  Thomtion, 

They,  like  no  in.-vny  Alexanilen, 
H'lTC  in  these  p.iru  Irom  iiioni  till  tven  busht.  Shak, 

2.  Eve  is  us<mI,  also,  for  the  evening  before  a  holi- 
day ;  as,  Christmas  euc  Johnson, 

3.  Figuratively,  the  j«Tiod  just  preceding  some  im- 
portant Invent ;  as,  the  fvc  of  an  engagement. 

E'V£N-SONG,  (o'vn-,)  n,    A  song  for  the  evening;  a 

form  of  worship  for  the  evening.  Milton. 

2.  The  evening,  or  close  of  the  day.  Dnjden. 

E'Vi-JN-TIOE,  n.  [even  and  Sax,  fW,  time.]  Liter- 
aUyytho  time  of  evening;  that  is,  evening. 

IsHac  went  out  u>  mediLatc  In  Uis  field  at  the  'eo«n-&lt.  -~  Gen. 
ixir. 

[This  word  is  nearly  obsolete ;  tide  being  a  useless 

addition  to  even.] 


TONE,  BI/LL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS C  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  8  an  Z ;  CH  as  811 ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


413 


KVE 


KVE 


EVE 


£'V£N.  (S'vn,)  m.     [Sax.  </%»,-  D.  ncn;  G,  «*«h;  8w. 

t^^ia;   Pera.   A»-6  A«i«ii.    The  sense  is,  laid  or 

ptesnd  down,  level.] 

1.  Level ;  smooth ;  of  an  equal  surface ;  flat ;  not 
rough  or  waving-,  as,  an  ercn  tract  of  laud  ;  an  er«i 
country  ;  nn  even  surface. 

2.  L'niform  ;  equal  ;  calm  ;  not  easily  ruffled  or 
disuirbed,  elevatcii  or  d<-pr<':ji$cd  ;  as,  an  even  leinper. 

3.  Levtrl  n-ith  ;  ixirtUUI  to. 

Amd  ikUl  inj  itoe  mmi  wiih  Um  giwiad.  —  Luk*  xix. 

4.  Not  leaitins. 

Be  eouU  001  cutj  hto  hooon  cmr.  SKak. 

&  Equally  favorable ;  on  a  level  in  advantage ; 
fHir.  He  nwl  Ibe  enaaiy  on  mm  ground  ;  the  adro- 
cates  met  on  «r<a  pound  in  argument. 

&  Onring  nothing  on  either  side  ;  having  accounts 
balaaecd.     We  have  settled  accounts,  ana  now  are 

7.  Sttded;  balanced  ;  as,  our  accounts  are  srsm. 

&  Bqml :  as,  rem  numbers. 

ft.  OipahlB  oT  being  divided  into  two  equal  ports, 
w>llioiit  a  remainder ;  oppoaed  to  tdd.  4,  6,  B,  10, 
wesvMDomberiL  . 

Let  UiB  tell  n*  wfasttwr  Um  Doniber  of  ihe  sun  b  mm  or  odd. 

T^ytor. 

£'VI:N,  (?'vn,)  P.  L  To  make  even  w level ;  to  level ; 
to  lay  smooth. 

Tkb  wiU  «wa  Rll  famprnMn.  SMtyn. 

TiM  vnplsXenMMrMrfwiatfaeMl.  itaJegk, 

9.  To  place  in  an  equal  state,  as  to  obUgation,  or 
in  a  statf  in  which  nothing  is  due  on  cither  side  ;  to 
haUnre  arcount*:.  Shak, 

R'V*:N,  p.  I.     To  be  equal  to.     [^Vot  wed,]      Carrw. 

ft'VEN,  (e'vn,)  atlr.  Noting  n  level  or  equality,  or, 
emphatically,  a  like  mnnnLT  or  degree.  As  it  has 
been  done  to  you,  ecen  su  shall  it  be  done  to  others. 
Tboi^  art  a  »i>ldier  crrm  to  Cato*s  wishes;  that  is, 
your  qualities,  as  a  soldier,  are  equal  to  his  wishes. 

5.  Noting  ^tiality  or  sameness  of  time ;  hence, 
emph;itirally,  the  verj'  time.  I  knew  the  GuXm  ceea 
when  I  wnJie  to  you. 

3.  Noting,  emphaiically.  Identity  of  person. 
Aod  MmM  I,  cpm  I.  do  bciur  h  to>d  at  i 

0«a.rt. 

4.  Likewise ;  in  like  manlier. 

Hecv   mil  ttteii  nf«  and  m 

5.  So  much  as.  We  are  not  seea  eensible  of  the 
change. 

6.  Noting  the  application  of  something  to  that 
which  is  less  probalfly  included  in  the  phrase ;  or 
bringing  scNBething  wkbUi  a  description  which  is 
uneiprcted.  The  eoaunoo  people  are  addicted  to 
this  vice,  and  srcs  the  great  are  not  tne  from  iL    He 

•  Bade  several  discoveries  which  are  new  even  to  the 
learned. 

Here  also  we  see  the  sense  of  equality,  or  bringhig 
to  a  level.  So  in  these  [riira^es,  1  shall  erm  h-t  it  pass, 
I  shall  cpra  du  more,  we  observe  tJie  sense  of  bnng- 
ine  the  mind  or  will  to  a  level  with  wliat  is  to  be 

R-VeNE',  p.  i.     [l^  eeenio.]  [done. 

To  haptien.     [A"o(  in  itsc]  HetfWt, 

Pt'VKS'flO,  (6'vnd,)  pp.     .Made  even  or  level. 

fi'VKN-EIl,  (c'vn-er,)  a.    One  that  makes  even. 

E'VfTN-H  A  N IJ,  n.     Equality.  Bacon, 

E'V£N-H.\.VD-ED,  a.     Impartial ;  equitable  ;  just. 

Shak. 

E'VKN-KEEL.  A  ship  is  properiy  said  to  be  on 
erea-keH  when  she  draws  the  same  water  abaft  and 
forward.  The  lenn  is  sometimes  us^'d,  though  inac- 
curau-ly,  to  denote  that  she  is  not  inclined  to  either 
sidf ,  b«it*is  uprighL  Brandt. 

£'VA;N-I.\G,  (6'vn-ins,)  a.  [See  Ete,  Etex.]  The 
tatt'T  part  and  close  of  the  day,  and  the  beginning  of 
darkness  or  night ;  properly,  the  decline  or  fall  of  the 
day,  or  of  the  sua. 

The  ^ftmng  ond  ike  mnrBin;  ven  the  fint  d*^.  —  Gro.  L 

The  precise  time  when  erenimr  befiin^,  or  when  it 
entls,  IS  not  ascertained  by  us.'iee.  The  word  often 
tndudea  a  part  at  least  of  the  aAemoon,  and  indeed 
the  whole  afternoon  ;  as  in  the  phrase,  "  The  mom- 
tag  and  aemmg  service  of  the  Sabbath."  In  strict- 
ness, reoiia^  commences  at  the  setting  of  the  sun, 
and  continues  during  twilight ;  and  nt>Af  commences 
with  total  darkness.  But,  in  customary  language, 
the  awaia^  extends  to  bedtime,  whatever  that  time 
nuy  be.  llence  we  say,  to  spend  an  eceming  with  a 
frit-nd  :  an  eveminff  visiL 

'2.  The  decline  or  latter  part  of  life.  We  say,  the 
eeeninv  of  life,  or  of  one's  days. 

3.  The  decline  of  any  thing ;  as,  the  evemng  of 
glory. 

£'Vf:\-lNG,  (e'vn-ing,)  a.  Being  at  the  close  of  day  ; 
aA,  the  rrrxino-  Kichfice. 

E'V£\-ING-HV>LV, )  Cc'vn-ing)  a.    A  hymnorsong 

e'V/:N-rNG-SONG,   \      u%  be  sung  at  evening. 

E'V/:N-I.\G-STXR,  (e'vn-ing-)  a.  Hesperus  or  Ves- 
ppr  ;  Venus,  wht- n  visible  in  the  evening. 

E'V£.\-MI.\D'ED,  a.     Having  equanimity. 


»  the  rigtiiraua  aod  to  the  wicked.  —  E^ 


fi'VKN-LY,  (tt'vn-le,)  adv.  With  nn  even,  It'vel,  or 
smtKith  surface  ;  witliout  nmKbness,  eluvatiuus,  and 
depressions  ;  as,  thtnss  ecenly  spread. 

3.  Equally  -,  uniformly  ;  iu  an  equipoise ;  as,  tren/y 
balanced. 

3.  In  a  level  position  ;  horizontally. 

The  BUT^ue  of  the  ma  u  eotnly  iltitant  from  thtu  cnlrn  of  the 
•&nh.  IJrettuood. 

■    4.  Impartially  ;  without  bias  from  favor  or  enmity. 

Bacon. 
fi' VEN-.\ESS,  (e'vn-.*«e»s,)  a.  The  state  of  being  even, 
level,  or  smooth  ;  equality  of  surface. 

2.  Uniformity  ;  regularity  ;  as,  evrnnes.i  of  motion. 

3.  Freedttm  from  inclintition  to  either  side  ;  equal 
distance  fnmi  eitJier  extrt^me.  Hale. 

i.  Horizontal  jwsiiion  ;  levelness  of  surface  j  as, 
the  erenncs^  of  a  Iluid  :it  rest. 

5.  Impartiality  between  parties;  equal  respect. 

6.  Calmness;  equality  of  temper;  freedom  from 
perturfmtion  ;  a  state  of  mind  not  subject  to  elevation 
or  depression  ;  equanimity.  jiUerbunf. 

E-VENT',  a.  [L.  mentusj  evento  ;  e  and  rraic,  to  come ; 

Pr.  seeaenuat;  It  and  Sp.  eventof  Ar.    /.Li  faina. 
Class  Bn,  No.  91.] 

1.  That  which  comes,  arrives,  or  happens  j  that 
which  fhlls  out ;  any  incident,  good  or  bad. 

Then  u  oat  tv»nt 

ck«.  ix. 

2.  The  consequence  of  any  thing ;  the  issue  ;  con- 
clusion ;  end  ;  that  in  which  an  action,  operation,  or 
serie-s  of  operations  tenninates.  The  event  of  the 
campaign  was  to  bring  about  a  negutiatiou  for 
peac*. 

E- VE.NT'   r.  i.     To  break  fnrth.     [J^ot  iLted.] 

E-VENT'ER-ATE,  p.  l     [Kr.  eventreri  from  the  L.  e 
and  r«iiKp,  the  belly.] 
To  open  the  bowels ;  to  rip  open  3  to  disemboweL 

Brown, 

E-VENT'ER-A-TED,  pp.    Having  the  boweU  opened. 

E-VENT'ER-A-TING,  ppr.     Oi»ening  the  bowels. 

E-VENT'FJJL,  a.  [from  cvmt.]  Full  of  events  or 
incidents;  producing  numerous  or  great  changes, 
either  in  public  or  private  affairs  ;  o-t,  an  evcntftd 
period  of  nistor>-  ;  an  eventful  period  of  life. 

E-VEN'TI-LATE,  p.  u  To  winnow  ;  to  fan  ;  to  dis- 
cuss,    rtv-e  V'bstiuate.] 

E-VEN-TI-LA'TION,  n,     A  fanning  ;  discussion. 

fi-VENT'lJ-AL,  a.    [from  ecent.'\    Coming  or  happen- 
ing as  a  cimsequence  or  result  of  any  tiling  ;  conse- 
quential. 
2.  Final ;  terminating  ;  ultimate.  Burkt, 

Svtntnat  prmrioo  for  the  payrocnt  of  the  puUlc  arciiritifs. 

HamUlon, 

E-VENT-T7-AL'I-TY,  a.  Among  phrenoto<ristJt,  that 
organ  which  takes  txignizance  of  occurrences  or 
events.  Brande. 

E-VENT'tJ-AL-LV,  adv.  In  the  event  j  in  the  final 
re^nilt  or  issue. 

E-VENT'lT-ATE,  r.  i  To  issue  ;  to  come  to  an  end  ; 
to  close  ;  to  terminate.     IRare  in  Eng.]     J.  Lloyd. 

E-VENT'IT-A-TING,  ppr.     Issuing;  terminating. 

EVER,  adv.     [Sax.  «/«,  </«.] 

1.  At  any  time ;  at  any  period  or  point  of  time, 
past  or  future.  Have  you  ever  seen  the  city  of  Paris, 
or  shall  you  ever  see  it  i 

No  roan  ev^r  yet  hated  his  own  fle»h.  —  Eph.  T. 

2.  At  all  times;  always  ;  continually. 

Ue  thAll  ntr  love,  and  always  be 

The  auttj'Xt  of  mj  scorn  and  crturlty.  Dryden. 

He  will  ever  \k  [nindful  of  bb  coveaant.  —  Pa.  cxI. 
Boer  Hamin?,  and  i»»!*er  aWc  to  come  to  the  knowledge  of  the 
truth.  —  i  Tim.  iii. 

3.  Forever;  eternally;  to  perpetuity ;  during  ever- 
lasting continuance. 

Thi«  b  my  na.mt  forever.  —  Ex.  iiL 

In  a  more  laz  gense,  this  word  signifies  continually, 
for  an  indefinite  period. 

Ub  mail'^r  sImII  bore  bb  rAr  throug-h  with  as  awl,  and  be  ahajl 
■er*e  him /orewer.  —  Ex.  xxi. 

These  words  are  sometimes  repeated,  for  the  pake 
of  emphasis ;  forever  and  ever,  ot  forever  tiXxA  forever. 
Pope.     Shak. 

4.  Ever  and  anon;  ai  one  time  and  another  ;  now 
and  then.  Dryden. 

5.  In  any  degree.  No  man  is  ever  the  richer  or 
happier  for  injustice. 

Let  no  man  fear  ihat  crcatuir  €v*r  the  less,  because  he  ac**  the 
■poade  safe  fmm  hb  poison.  Hall. 

In  modem  ttsage,  this  word  is  used  for  never,  but 
very  improperly. 


And  all  Ih^  quenlion,  wning-Ii.'  e'er  bo  long, 
Is  only  Uiia,  if  tiod  Ivu  plaa:>i  him  wtun^. 


Pop*. 


This  ought  to  be,  ne^cr  so  long,  as  the  phrase  is  al- 
ways used  in  the  Anglo-Saxon,  and  in  our  version  of 
the  Scriptures,  that  is,  so  long  as  never^  so  long  as 
neper  before,  to  any  length  of  time  indefinitely.  Ask 
me  nerfTSomuch  dowry.  Charmers,  charming  n^rcr 
so  wisely.  These  are  the  genuine  English  phrases. 
Let  therh  charm  so  wisely  as  never  before. 


6.  A  word  of  enforcement  or  emphasis  ;  thus,  as 
soon  as  ever  he  had  done  it ;  els  tike  him  as  ever  he 
can  look. 

''  they  came  to  the 

[Or  is  a  misprint.  It  should  be  ere,  that  is,  btfore. 
See  Ere.] 

7.  In  poetry,  and  .■sometimes  in  prose,  ever  is  con- 
tracted into  c'ffr, 

Eoer,  in  composition,  signifies  always  or  contin- 
ually, without  intermission,  or  to  eternity. 

EV-ER-A€T'IVE,  a.     Active  at  all  times. 

EV-ER-IIUB'BLING.a.  [ever  and  bubbtimr.]  Con- 
tinualtv  boiling  or  bubbling.  Cra^ihaw. 

EV-ER-llURX'ING,  o.  [ever  and  burning.]  Burning 
continually,  or  without  intermission  ;  never  extinct; 
as,  an  ocer-buming  lamp ;  ever-burning  sulphur. 

Milt4>n. 

EV-ER-CHANG'IXG,  a.     Very  changoable. 

EV-ER-I)E-eAY'ING,  a.     Always  decaying. 

EV-ER-DOU'ING,  a.  [ever  and  during.]  Enduring 
forever  ;  continuing  without  end  j  as,  ever-during 
glory.  Ralegh. 

EV-ER-D?'ING,  a.    Always  dying. 

EV-ER-EX  PAND'ING,  a.    Always  expanding. 

EV-ER-GLADB,  ju  A  tract  of  land  covered  with 
water  and  grass, 

EVER-GREEN,  a.  [ever  Hnd  green.]  Always  green; 
verdant  throughout  the  year.  The  pine  is  un  ever- 
grren  tree. 

EV-ER-GUEEN,  n.  A  plant  that  retnins  its  verdure 
through  alt  the  seasons  ;  as,  a  garden  furnished  with 
evcrirrcens. 

EV-ER-G  ROWING,  a.    Always  growing. 

EV-ER-IIAST'ING,  a.     Always  hasting. 

EV-ER-HON'OR-/:D,(-on'urdOa.  [ever  and  honored.] 
Always  honored  j  ever  held  in  esteem  ;  as,  an  ever- 
honored  name.  Pnpe. 

EV-ER*LAST'ING,  a.  [ever  and  lasting.]  Lasting  or 
enduring  forever ;  eternal ;  existing  or  continuing 
without  end  ;  immortal. 

Thr  fvcrUuHng  God,  or  Jehofah.  —  Qcn.  xxi. 

Etmrlasling  f\rv  ;  etteriaeting  punbhrnciit.  —  Matt,  xviii.  xxv. 

2.  Perpetual  ;  continuing  indefinitely,  or  during 
the  present  state  of  things. 

1  will  prf.  iliotf,  and  thy  a^d  after  thee,  the  land  of  Canaan,  for 

an  toerloMting  pOMesifon.  — Gen.  xvii. 
The  tverituliug  lulu  or  inounlaliia.  GcjKtU.    TIabakkuk. 

3.  In  popular  usasrr.,  endless;  continual;  uninter- 
milted  i  as,  the  family  is  disturbed  with  everiaxting 
dispute!). 

EV-ER-LAPT'ING,  n.  Eternity;  eternal  duration, 
past  and  future. 

from  eoerlasting  to  everlasting  thou  art  God.  —  Ps.  xc 

2.  A  popular  name  of  certain  plants^  from  the  per- 
manence of  the  color  and  form  of  their  dry  flowers, 
as  the  American  cudweed,  of  the  genus  Onaphalium. 
Loudon.  Farm.  Encyc. 

EV-ER-LAST'ING-LY,flrfu.  Eternally  }  perpetually  ; 
continuallv-  Swifu 

EV-ER-LXST'ING-NES.S,  n.  Eternity;  endless  du- 
ration  ;  indefinite  duration.     {Little  used.]     Donne. 

EV-ER-LAST'ING-PP.A,  n.  A  plant  of  the  vetch 
kind,  a  species  of  Lathyrus. 

EV-ER-LIV'ING,  a.     [ever  and  living.]    Living  with- 
out end  ;    eternal ;  immortal  ;  having  eternal  exist- 
ence ;  as,  the  ever-living  God. 
2.  Continual ;  incessant  ;  unintermitted. 

EV-ER-MEM'0-RA-BLE,  a.  Worthy  to  be  always 
remembered. 

EV-ER-MORE',  adv.  lever  and  more.]  Always ; 
eternally. 

Religion  prrfTa  the  pleasures  which  flow  from  the  pr^-a^nce  of 
Cio.1  (or  tvermore.  TiUoUnn. 

2.  Always ;  at  all  times  ;  as,  evermore  guided  by 

truth. 
EV-ER-0'P£N,  (-6'pn,)  a.     [ever  and  open.]      Always 

open  ;  never  closed.  Taylor. 

EV-ER^PLlC  AS'IXG,  a.     [ever  and  pleasing.]     Always 

pleasing;  ever  giving  delight. 

The  eoer-p!caeing  Pimiela.  Sidney. 

EV-ER-RE-CUR'RING,  a.    Always  recurring. 
EV-ER  -RKST'LEi^S,  a.     Always  restless. 
EV-ER-RE-VeR'/:D,  a.    Always  revered. 
E-VER^E',  re-vers',)  v.  L     [L.  ei^er^us.] 

To  overtlirow  or  subvert.     [J^ot  jwcrf.l   Qlanville. 
E-VER'SrON,  71.     [L.  eversio.] 

An  overthrowing ;  destruction.  Taylor. 

Eversion  of  the  eyelids  ;  ectropium,  a  disease  in 
which  the  eyelids  are  turned  outward,  so  as  to 
expose  the  red  internal  tunic.  Ouod. 

EV-ER-SMTL'ING,  a.     Always  smiling. 
E-VERT',  7\  L     [L.  evertn  ;  e  and  verto,  to  turn.] 

To  overturn  ;  to  overthrow  ;  to  destroy.  [Little 
nsrd.]^  Ayliffc. 

E-VERT'ED,  pp.    Overturned. 
E-VERT'ING,  ppr.    Overthrowing. 
EV-ER-VER'DANT,  a.     Always  green.     Verplanck. 
EV-ER-WaK'I.NG,  a.      [rrrr   and    waking,]     Always 
EV-ER-WAHT'ING,  a.     Always  wasting.        [awake. 
EV-ER-WATCH'FI;L,a.     [ever  and   icatchful.]     Al- 
ways watching  or  vigilant ;  as,  ever-watchful  eyes. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  —  MeTE,  PRE V.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  B^QK.  — 


EVl 

EV^'ER-Y,  (t.  [Old  Ene.  ererirh.  CAffMcr.  It  h 
formed  from  ever,  Tho  Scal9  write  eterich  and 
ecerilk;  the  latter  ia  |]>e  Sax.  irfre  and  a-lc^  each. 
The  former  may  be  Mr,  cata,  addition,  «r  the  com- 
inon  terminatittn  ich^  ig,  like.J 

Each  individual  of  a  whole  collection  or  a0jrrejfate 
number.  The  word  includes  the  whole  number,  but 
*acb  separately  staled  or  con^idcn-d. 

Every  man  at  hi«  bert  stai-;  is  alioy-ihcr  »anity.  —  Pa,  xxxix. 

fcV'ER-Y-DAY,  a.  [every  and  day.]  Used  or  being 
every  day  ;  common ;  usual ;  as,  enery-day  wit ;  an 
erery-day  suit  of  clothes. 

F.V'ER-Y-WHfiRE,  adv.     [See  Where,  which  signi- 
fies place.] 
In  every  place;  in  all  places. 

EV-ER-YOU\G',  a,  [ever  and  youn^.]  Always 
young  or  fresh  ;  not  subject  to  old  age  or  decay  j 
undecaying. 

Joy»  ner-younf ,  ani>uz«(l  witii  paio  or  lear.  Pope. 

EVES'DROP.      Pee   Eavesdbop,  the   usual  spelling. 

kVES'DROP-PER,  tt.      One  who  stands   under  tlie 
eaves,  or  at  a  window,  or  door,  to  listen  privately  to 
what  is  said  in  the  house.     [See  Eavksdropper.] 
_vp>:/Tf_r:iTP    «    j.     [jvVf  «  iwc]     See  Invksti- 


EVI 


EXA 


E-VES'TI-GaTE, 


E-VT'HRATE.     [JVot  in  ilic]     See  Vibbatib. 
E-VICT',  r.  £.     [li.   evince f   evictuHii    e  and  vincoy  to 
conquer.] 

1.  To  dispossess  by  a  judicial  process,  or  course  of 
legal  proceedings  ;  to  recover  lauds  or  ti^ncments  by 
law, 

1/eiiber  jwuty  be  evieted  tw  iWeU  of  ibe  (rther"*  lille. 

Biacktlane, 

2.  To  take  away  by  sentence  of  law. 

King  Charles. 

3.  To  evince ;  to  prove.     [JVvt  used.]         Ckeynt, 
E-VICT'ED,  p^     Dispossessed  by  sentence  of  law  ; 

applied  to  persons.  Recovered  by  legal  process  \  ap- 
plied to  thingn. 

E-VieT'IX(V,  ppr.    Di-«possessing  by  course  of  law. 

E-Vie'TIOX,  n.  Di-^prtssession  by  judicial  sentence  ; 
Uie  recovery  of  lands  or  tinemi;nls  from  another's 
possession,  by  due  course  of  law. 

2.  Proof  ;  conclusive  evidence.  UEstrangt, 
EV'I-DENCE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  evidetUia^  from  mideoy 

to  see.     Class  Bd.] 

L  That  which  elucidates  and  enables  the  mind  to 
see  truth;  proof  arising  from  our  own  perceptions 
by  tlie  senses,  or  from  the  testimony  of  others,  or 
from  inductions  of  reason.  Our  senses*  furnish  rvt- 
deace  of  the  existence  of  matter,  of  solidity,  of  color, 
of  heat  and  cold,  of  a  difference  in  the  qualities  of 
bodies,  of  figure,  tec.  The  declarations  of  a  witness 
furai:ih  evidence  of  facts  to  a  court  and  jury  ;  and 
reasoning,  or  the  deductions  of  the  mind  from  facts 
or  arguments,  furnish  evidence,  of  truUi  or  falsehood. 

a.  Any  instrument  or  writiuit  which  contains  proof. 

I  d^-tivei^  tltn  endence  at  Uk  purvtuue  to  B^tmch.  — in,  xxxu. 
1  aubMchbctl  Um  toidettce  ittul  ceoleti  ju  —  Jcr.  xjuui. 

3.  A  witness ;  one  who  testifies  to  a  fact.  This 
sense  is  improper  and  inelegant,  though  conunon,and 
found  even  in  Johnson's  writinca. 

EV'I-I>ENCE,  V.  L  To  elucidate  ;  to  prove  ;  lo  make 
cU-ar  to  ilic  mind  ;  to  show  m  such  a  manner  tliat 
the  mind  rjin  apprch'-nd  the  truth,  or  in  a  manner  to 
convince  it.  The  te-^tiinony  of  two  wiintsses  is 
usually  sufficient  to  evuUnce  the  gnilt  of  an  olfender. 
The  works  of  creation  clearly  evidence  the  exi^itence 
of  an  infinite  first  cause.  Milton. 

EV'I-DE.\C-£D,  (ev'e-denst,)  pp.  Made  clear  to  the 
mind  ;  proved. 

EV'I-DE.\C-I\G,  ppr.     Proving  clearly  ;  manifesting. 

EV'I-DE.NT,  a.  Plain  ;  open  to  be  seen  ;  clear  to  the 
mi^ntal  eye  ;  apparent ;  manifest.  Tliu  figures  and 
colors  of  bod ieit  are  evident  to  the  senses  ;  tlit^ir  quali- 
ties may  be  made  evident  The  guilt  of  an  oflender 
can  not  always  be  made  evident, 

EV-I-DEN'TI/VL,  a.  AObrding  evidence;  clearly 
proving.  ScoU. 

EV'I-DE\T-LY,  a/ir.  Oearly;  obviously;  plamly  ; 
in  a  manner  to  be  seen  and  understood  ;  in  a  man- 
ner to  convince  the  mind  ;  ccrtiiinly  ;  manifiSily. 
The  evil  of  sin  may  be  evidently  proved  by  its  inis- 
■-hievous  efl!?jcts, 

i:  VIO-I-LA'TION,  7t.     [L.  eviffitatio.] 
A  waking  or  watching.     [Litiie  used.] 
"     " hiirel;   D. 


[Sa-T.  e/d,  yfet,  or  i 


euvdi 


E'V/L,  fS'vI,) 
G.  ♦**«  ;  Arm.  fall,  froalL  Q,u,  \V.  g^ieaet,  vile ;  In 
feaL  The  Irish  word  is  connected  with  feallaim,  to 
fad,  which  may  be  allied  to  fall.  Perhaps  this  is 
from  a  different  root      Uu.  ileb.  C'h  and  Syr.  "jij;,  to 

be  unjust  or  injurious,  to  defraud,  Ar.  ^Lc  to  de- 
cline, and  jLc  to  fall  on  or  invade  suddenly. 

I.  Having  bad  qoalit'es  of  a  natural  kind  ;  mis- 
chievous ;  navmg  nunkfkles  which  tend  to  injury,  or 
to  produce  mi«chi(T. 

Some  ««£  beut  h*<a  devniii^il  him.  —  Cea.  xxxvli. 

3.  Having  bad  qualities  of  a  moril  kind  ;  wicked  ; 


corrupt;    perverse;  wnrnj,* ;    as,   iu.-il   thoucht-';    evil 
deeds ;  evil  speaking ;  an  eril  generation.  Hrripture. 

3.  Unfortunate  ;  unhappy  ;  producing  sorrow,  dis- 
tress, injurj',  or  calamity;  as,  ecil  tidinfis;   evil  ar- 
_  rows  J  evil  days.  Hcriplure. 

E'V/L,  (6'vl,)  71.  Evil  is  natural  or  moral.  J^ataral 
evil  is  any  thing  which  produces  pain,  distress,  loss, 
or  calamity,  or  which  in  any  way  dii^turbs  the  pt-ace, 
inipairs  the  happiness,  or  destroys  Uie  perfection  of 
natunil  beings. 

Jfurat  evil  is  any  deviation  of  a  moral  agent  from 
the  rules  of  conduct  prescribed  to  him  by  God,  or  by 
legitimate  human  authority  ;  or  it  is  any  violation  of 
the  plain  principles  of  justice  and  rectitude. 

There  are  also  evils  called  cic'd^  which  affect  Inju- 
riously the  peace  or  pros[)erify  of  a  city  or  state  ;  and 
political  eviU,  which  injure  a  nation  in  its  public  ca- 
pacity. 

All  wickedness,  all  crimes,  all  violations  of  law 
and  right,  are  mitral  evils.  Dlsca-^ies  are  natural  evils^ 
but  they  otlcn  proct-ed  from  moral  evils. 

2.  Misfortune  ;  mischief;  injury. 
There  ehall  no  eoU  befiill  thee.  —  P».  xci. 

A  prudent  moD  lbrt-a.-eUi  liie  ed/,  anil   hhleUi  bimaelf.  —  Pror. 
xxii. 

3.  Depravity;  corruption  of  heart,  or  disposition  to 
conunit  wickedness;  malignity. 

The  heut  oTUk  •oiu  ofmea  i»  full  oCevU.  —  E^te«.  iz. 
_      4.  Malady  ;  as,  the  JtinjrV  evil  or  scrofula. 
K'V/L,  (e'vl,)  adv.     [Generally  contracted  to  III. J 

1.  Not  well ;  not  with  justice  or  propriety  ;  unsuit- 
ably. 

Eril  il  br^Mna  ihee.  Siak. 

2.  Not  virtuously  ;  not  innocently. 

3.  Not  happily  ;  unfortunately. 

It  wviii  evil  with  )ua  house.  DeuL 

4.  Injuriously ;  not  kindly. 

The  Eg^-ptiaiia  eoit  enu^atcd  ui,  Mid  ^fHictec]  m.  Deut. 

In  composition.  Evil,  denoting  something  bad  or 
wrong,  is  often  contracted  to  III- 
g'V/I^AF-FEGT'ED,  a.   Not  well  disijosed;  unkind; 

now  Ill-akj-ected. 
E'V/L-BOD'ING,  a.     Presaging  evil. 
£'V/L-DO'ER,  (e'vl-doo'er,)  n.     [evil  and  rfoer, from 
do.]    One  wbo  does  evil ;  one  who  commits  sin, 
crime,  or  any  moml  wrong. 

They  ipciLlt  ovil  agnitut  you  as  ttdt-doere.  —  1  PeL  II. 
£'V/I^EVE,  («'v!-i,)  n.     A  supposed  power  of  fasci- 
nating, of  bewitching,  or  otherwise  injuring,  hy  the 
eyes  or  looks.    The  belief  in  the  evil  eye  has  been  a 
prevalent  superstition  in  most  ages  and  countries. 

Encyc.  j9in. 
e'V/I^E?-FD,  (e'vl  Ide,)  a.     [eril  and  eye.]     Look- 
ing with  an  evU  eye,  or  with  envy,  jealousy,  or  bad 
design. 
£'V/L-FA'VOR-ED,  a.     [en7  and  favor.]     Having  a 
bad  countenance  or  external  appearance  ;  ill-fnvored. 

Bacon, 
S'V/L-FA'VOR-iJD-NESS,  n.     Deformity.       Deut. 
E'V/L-LY,  (p/c.     Not  well.    [LitUe  used.]    Bp.  Taylor. 
K'V/L-MTND'ED,  a.    [evil  and  mind.]     Having  evil 
dispositions  or  intentions;  disposed   to  mischief  or 
sin  ;  malicious  ;  malignant ;  wicked.     Slanderous  re- 
ports are  pro[tagated  by  evil-minded  persons.      [This 
word  ii  in  common  use.] 
E'V/L-NESS,  n.    Radnesa;  viciou.sncsB ;  malignity; 

as,  evil»ess  of  heart ;  the  evdness  of  sin. 
fi'V/I^O'MEN-£D,  o.    Attended  with  unfavorable 

omens. 
fi'V/L-OXE,  (5'vl-wun,)  n.     The  great  enemy  of 

Souls  ;  Hiittin, 
ft'V/L-SPKiAK'INa,   (e'vl-speek'ing,)  «,      [evil  and 

speak.]     ii'landcr;  defamation  ;  calumny  ;  censorious- 

ness.    I  Peu  ii. 
fi'V/I^WISH'ING,   a,      [evU  and   wUh.]     Wishing 

harm  to;  as,  an  eoif-anWAiwi;' mind.  Sidney. 

e'V/L-WORK'ER,(e'vl-wurk'er,)n.  [evU  unA  work.] 

One  who  does  wickedness.     Phil.  iii. 
E-VI\CE',  ^o-vins',)  v.  u     [L.  evineo,  to  vanquish,  to 

pn>V(!,  or  snow  ;  «  and  vineo,  to  conquer.] 

1.  To  show  in  a  clrar  manner;  to  prove  beyond 
any  reasomihle  doubt ;  to  manifest ;  to  makeevidenL 
Nothing  evinces  the  depravity  of  man  more  fully  than 
his  uinvilliiigness  to  b<-lievc  himself  depraved. 

2.  To  conquer.     [A"o(  in  use.] 
&V1NC'>;1),  (e-vinst',)  i*p.     Made  evident;  proved. 
E-V1NCE'MK\T,  n.     Act  of  evincing. 
E-VIN'CI-BLE,  a.     Cujiuble  of  proof;  demonstrable. 

JIaie. 
E-VIN'CI-nLV,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  demonstrate,  or 

force  conviction. 
E-VLV'CIVK,  a.    Tending  to  prove;  having  the  power 

t*j  d'-monstrate, 
£'V1-RaTE  or  EV'I  RATE,  v.  t.     [L.  vir,  eviratn.9.] 
To  emasculate.     LV«f  i«  uTf.j  Bp.  Jfall. 

EV-1-KA'T10_\    n.     Castration.  Cuckrrtm. 

E- VIS'CER-ATE,  v.  L     [L.  eviecero  ;  e  and  viscera,  the 
bowels.] 

To  embowel  or  disembowel ;  to  take  out  the  en- 
tnils  ;  to  search  the  bowrlH.         Johnson.     Griffith, 
E  VI.S'CER-A-TED,  pp.     Deprived  of  the  bowels. 
E-Vl.S'CER-X-TING,  ppr     Disemboweling, 


EV'I-'J'A-BLE,  a.     [L.  erituhiH.^.     .See  E^itatk.] 
That  may  be  shunned  ;  avoidable,     [titth  usM.] 

Ilooker. 
EV'I-TaTE,  r.  t,    [L.  evito ;  e  and  vito^  from  the  root 
of  void,  tride.] 

To  shun  ;  to  avoid  ;  to  escape.    [Little  v-^^ed.]   Shak. 
EV-I-TA'TION,  n.    An  avoiding  ;  a  shunning.     [Lit- 
tle used.]  Bacon, 
E-VTTE',  u.  t.    IL.  dL.ito.1 

To  shun.     rjVot  used.]  Drayton. 

EV-I-TER'NAL,  a.    [from  L.]     Of  duration  "indefi 

nitelv  long. 
EV-I-TER'XI-TY,  n.    Duration  indefinitely  long 
EV'O-CATE,  17.  (.    See  Evoke. 

Neptune  ia  a  deity  who  evocalee  thingi  Into  proBTe««cin. 

Paue.  IVana. 

EV-0-€A'TION,  n.    A  calling  or  bringing  from  con- 
cealment;  a  calling  forth.  Brown. 

2.  A  calling  from  one  tribunal  to  another. 

3.  Among  the  Romans,  a  calling  on  the  gods  of  a 
besieged  city  to  forsake  it  and  come  ovtr  li>  the  be- 
siegers ;  a  religious  ceremony  of  besieging  armies. 

Encyc. 
EV'O-CA-TOR,  n.     [L.]     One  wbo  calls  forth. 

JV.  A.  Rev. 
E-VOKE',  u.  U     [L.  evoco  ;  e  and  voco.  to  call.] 

1.  To  call  forth. 

2.  To  call  from  one  tribunal  to  another ;  to  remove. 

The  cause  wu  evoked  lo  Rome.  Jlunie. 

Called  forth. 


E-V6K'ED,  (e-v6kt',)  pp. 

E-VoK'I.NG,  ppr.     Calling  lonii. 

EV-O-LAT'ie.  a.     Apt  to  fly  away. 

EV-O-LA'TION,  n.     [L.  ei-olo ;  t  and  volo,  to  fly.] 
The  act  of  flying  away.  Bp.  Hall. 

EV'O-LUTE,  n.  In  ireometry,  a  curve  from  which  an- 
other curve,  called  the  involute  or  evolvent,  is  described 
by  the  end  of  a  thread  gradually  wound  upon  the 
former,  or  unwound  trotu  it.  IluUon,     P.  Cue 

EV-O-LO'TIONj  n.     [L.  evolutic] 

1.  The  act  of  unfolding  or  unrolling.  Bttyle. 

2.  A  series  of  things  unrolled  or  unfolded  ;  as-,  the 
evolution  of  ages.  Moore, 

3.  In  jTfometry,  the  unfi)lding  or  opening  of  a  curve, 
and  making  it  describe  an  evolvent  or  involute. 

lluUon. 

4.  In  arithmetic  and  algebra,  evolution  is  the  extrac- 
tion of  roots  ;  the  reverse  of  In^'olutign.  Barloic. 

5.  In  inUitary  tactics,  the  doubling  of  ranks  or  files, 
wheeling,  counlfrmurcliing,  or  othtr  motion  by  which 
the  disjwsition  of  troops  is  changed,  in  order  to  attack 
or  defend  with  more  advantage,  or  to  occupy  a  difier- 
ent  iM)st.  Encyc. 

EV-O-LO'TION-A-RY,  a.    Pertaining  to  evolution. 
E-VOLVE',  (e-volv',)  v.  t.     [L.  evoloo ;  c  and  volvu^  to 
roll,  Eng.  to  tcallow.] 

1.  To  unfold  J  to  open  and  expand. 

The  nnirnai  bouI  tuoner  ei>olvea  itaeir  to  iu  Tuli   orb  and  extent 
thmi  the  hunimi  ftuiil.  Hole, 

9.  To  throw  out ;  lo  emit.  Prior. 

E-VOLVE',  r.  i.     To  open  itself;  to  disclose  itself. 

Prior. 

E-VOL V'ED,  pp.  Unfolded  ;  opened ;  expanded ;  emit- 
ted. 

E-VOLV'E\T,  «.  In  geometry,  a  term  sometimes  used 
lo  denote  the  involute  or  curve  resulting  from  ihe  ev- 
olution of  Jinother  curve  culled  the  evolute.    Mutton 

E-VOLV'l.\G,  ppr.     Unfolding  ;  expanding  ;  emitting. 

E-VOLV  E'M  ENT,  n.  The  act  of  evolving  ;  the  sute 
of  being  evolved. 

EV-0-MI"TION,  (-mish'un,)  n.     A  vomiting.      Swift, 

E-VUL'GATE,  v.  L     To  piitihsh. 

E-VUL'GA-TED,  pp.     Puhli.-hed. 

E-VUL'GA-TING,  ftpr.     Making  public. 

EV-UL  GA'TION,  n.     A  divulging.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

E-VUL'SION,  n.     [L.  evuLsw,  from  evello  ;  e  and  velUfy 
to  pluck.] 
I'he  act  of  plucking  or  pulling  out  by  force. 

Brown. 

EWE,  (yu,)  V.  [Sax.  eoica,  eowe;  D.  ooi;  It.  ai^  or  oi ; 
8p.  obeja.     It  seems  to  be  the  L.  oris.] 

A  female  sheep ;  the  female  of  the  oviiTC  race  of 
animals. 

EW'ER,  (yare,)  n.     [Sax.  huer,  or  hwer.] 

A  kind  of  pitcher  with  a  wide  spout,  used  to  bring 
water  for  washing  the  hands.  Shak.     Pope. 

EVV'RY,  (yu'ry,)  h.  [from  etcrrt]  In  En^rluiui,  an  of- 
fice in  tiio  king's  household,  where  they  take  care  of 
the  linen  for  the  king's  tabic,  lay  the  cloth,  and  serve 
up  water  in  ewers  alter  dinner.  Diet. 

EX;  a  Latin  preposition  or  prefix,  Gr.  e^  or  ex,  signi- 
fying out  of,  out,  proceedinjr  from.  Hence,  in  compo- 
sition, il  signilles  sometimes  out  vf,  as  in  erhale,  ex- 
clude ;  sometimes  off,  from,  or  out,  as  inL.f7.'(cineto,to 
cut  off  or  out  ;  sometimes  beyond,  as  in  ezeese,  ex- 
ceed, eicrl.  In  some  words  it  is  merely  empliatical ; 
in  othrrw,  it  has  little  ciriTt  on  the  signification.  Ex, 
pn-fixed  to  names  of  otHce,  denotes  that  a  person  has 
hiJd  that  office,  but  has  resigned  it,  or  been  lelX  out, 
or  dismissed  ;  as,  ex-miniatcr. 

E.\-A-CEK'I1ATK,  v.  U  [L.  eiacerho,\o  irritate;  «c 
and  acerbo,  from  acerbus,  severe,  bitter,  harsh,  sour, 
G.  hf-rbe.     See  Habvest.] 

1.  To   irritate;    to  exasperate;  to   inflame  angry 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE.-'aN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  a*  K ;  O  aa  J ;  8  aa  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  In  THia 


41.^ 


ITS 


EX  A 

kiti^j  to  imbiucr}  to  tncreaao  malignant  qtiali- 

S.  To  increase  the  violeocc  of  a  dbeaae. 
EX-A-CERB.\-TED,  m.    Exasperated. 
EX-A-CER'UA  TING,  pyr.     Eiasperalin(r. 
EX-AC-ER-BA'TION,  «.    The  act  of  exasperating; 
tlie  irritatioQ  of  angry  or  malignimi  passions  or  quali- 
lien;  Incxeaseof  malignity. 

fi.  Anumg  pAynciafu,  a  periodical  increaM  ot  vlo- 
leoce  in  a  disease;. 

This  term  la  leArfcted  to  the  perlodioal  tncreaw  of 
Rtnittenl  and  continuous  feven,  wbere  there  ia  do 
abpotete  ceaiatiuD  of  Ute  ferer.  Cye. 

3L  Incfoftsed  aeverity :  aa,  TloleDt  tMrnomhaiioM*  of 
iraialimeBL    [  I7MiJ«ai.j  PaUji, 

-AC-ER-BBS>CRNCE,  a.     [L.  «Me«r*eice.1 
iDcreojie  t>f  trriiatiun  or  vfoleoee,  pankulaily  the 
Uicreaae  i>f  a  ft-vor  or  disease.  Danoin. 

EX-ACER-VA'TIOX,  a.    [U  «c«r«f;]    The  ma  of 

heaping  up.  DiA. 

EX-ACT',  (egx-akt'J  a.    [I*,  txmehia^  tnm  **ig«,  to 
drira ;  ex  and  e^,  Gr.  a>  w.  to  dhre,  arge,  or  proea.] 
I.  Cloaely  correct  or  f^ular ;  nice ;  accurate  ;  con- 
ftmied  to  rale ;  aa,  a  maa  nmt  in  bis  dealings. 

AS  lUm,  oad  «>  rute,  v«f«  faroaftii  kbovC  Foft. 

S.  Precise  ;  not  didferent  in  the  least.  This  is  the 
exact  sum  tir  amount,  or  the  asoct  time.  We  hare  an 
timet  model  for  imitation 

X  Methodical;  careful;  not  necligent;  correct; 
phsurrtng  atria  owthod,  ruh\  ur  order.  Ttiis  man  is 
very  e^met  in  keeping  hia  ac4:uunts. 

4  Punctual.  Ever)'  man  sbould  be  erad  in  pay- 
ing his  debu  when  due ;  he  should  be  eroct  in  attcnd- 
aace  on  appointments. 

5.  Strict.  We  sliould  be  ezatt  in  the  performance 
of  duties. 

The«sM 
gkdk 

EX- ACT',  (egx-akt'J  ct.  L  [U  aift  mmttmm ;  So.  <x»- 
gif;  It.  esigtrt ,-  Kr.  frigrr.    See  the  adjective.] 

L  To  force  or  compel  to  pny  or  yield  ;  to  doaand 
or  lequlrr  authcH-ttativcly ;  to  extort  by  NieaMS  of  au- 
or  without  pity  or  justice.  It  is  aa  oAnae  for 
to  ccaci  illegal  or  nnreaaonable  (bea.  It  is 
J  for  conquerors  to  exact  tribute  or  contiibu- 
tkm*  from  conquered  couotrica. 

%.  To  demand  of  righL  Princes  acae^iobedience  of 
their  subjects.  The  laws  of  God  tmU  obedience 
Ihwa  all  men. 

3.  To  demand  of  neeeaslty ;  to  enforce  a  yidd- 
bif  or  cunpliasoe  i  or  lo  enjoin  with  pressing  ur- 
gency 

Dutt, 
Aad  Juitim  lo  aij  fciter*!  wol,  csmI 
Tha  cn»l  jkKj.  Zhwiiam. 

£X-A€T',  r.  1.    To  practice  extortion. 

The  eacni7  •hBtl  n«t  csmi  apoa  lam.  —  Pk.  Ixsxix. 

EX-ACT'ED,  j^  Demanded  or  required  by  authority ; 
eKtort«-d. 

EX-AtTT'ER,  M.    One  wboexncts;  an  extortioner. 

EX-ACTT'I.NG,  wr.  Demanding  and  coini>ening  to 
pay  or  yield  unJ'jr  color  of  authority  ;  requiring  au- 
thoritntivcly  ;  demniiditi^  witlioiit  pity  or  Justice  ; 
extorting;  compv:lItng  by  ncct-ssiiy. 

EX-.\e'TIO.\,  (tcz-.ik'shiin,)  «.  The  act  of  demand- 
ing with  authi'rity,  .ind  compelling  to  pay  or  yield  ; 
autbontaiive  dt-maiiil  ;  a  levying  or  drawing  from 
by  force  ;  a  drivin;;  tu  compliance  ;  as,  the  ezuctiait  of 
tribute  or  of  obedience. 

3.  Extortion  ;  a  wresting  from  one  unjustly  ;  the 
taking  advantage  of  one^s  necessities,  to  compel 
him  to  pay  illegal  or  exorbitant  tribute,  fee«,  or 
re^'ards. 

Tkte  mw\j  jDur  MMdiMM  ftoM  my  people.  —  Eaek.  xlr. 
3.  That  which  is  exacted  ;  tribute  ;  fees,  rewards, 
or  contributions  demanded  or  lt:vied  with  severity  or 
injuMice.  Kings  may  be  enriched  by  ezoctioiu,  but 
their  power  is  weakened  by  the  con^Krqucut  disajflec- 
tion  of  their  subjects. 

EX-Aera-TL'DE,  a.     Exactneaa.    [LittU.  ustd.] 

£X-A€T*l,Y,  adc.  Precisely  accordiog  to  nile  or 
measure ;  ntcelv ;  accurately.  A  tcuuo  should  be 
csac<h|  fitted  to  the  mortise. 

2.  Precisely  according  to  fact.  The  story  exactly 
accords  with  the  fact  or  eveoL 

3.  Precisely  according  to  principle,  Junice,  or  right. 
BX-.AeT'XE8:?,  a.     Accumcy  ;  nicety;  precision  ;  as, 

to  make  experiments  with  tzactnfjfs. 

S.  Regularity;  careful  coufunuity  to  law  or  rules 
of  propriety  ;  as,  eLactiiess  uf  deportment. 

3.  Careful  observance  of  method  and  conformity  to 
truth  ;  as,  tatetness  in  accounts  or  business. 
EX-ACT'OR,  (egz-ak'Uir,)  n.     One  who  exacts;    an 
officer  who  ci^lects  tribute,  taxes,  or  customs. 

I  wis  make  Ifaine  officer*  pcAce,  -utd  thine  exaaora  ncbteoa^ 
ne^.— I«.tx. 

ft.  An  extortioner;  one  who  compels  another  to 
pay  more  than  is  k*gal  or  reajwnable  ;  one  who  de- 
mands something  without  pity  or  regard  lo  justice. 

3.  He  th^it  dtriiiands  by  authority  ;  as,  an  exactor  of 
oaths.  Bacon, 

A.  One  who  is  unreasonably  severe  in  his  injunc- 
tions or  demands.  Tiilotaon. 


EX  A 

EX-ACT'RESS,  n.  A  femaL-  who  exact?,  or  is  srvere 
in  her  injunrtiuns.  B.  Jvnjton, 

EX-Ae"(T-ATE,  V,  t.     [h.  rraevo.] 

To  whet  or  sharjien.     \.Yut  in  luc]        B.  Jonson. 

EX-AO -l.'-A  TU>.V,  a.     \\  hctiing  or  shariKiitny. 

EX-AO'GER-ATE,  v.  t.  [U  tsaggero  f  ex  and  aggero^ 
to  heap,  from  ai^ger^  a  heap.] 

1.  lo  heap  on;  to  acctmiiilatc.  /a  tJUs  tit«ra2  soiue, 
tl  u  ssUmi  usai ;  perhaps  never. 

%  To  higlitt-ii  ;    tl)  enlarge  beyond  the  truth ;    to 
amplify  ;  to  represent  as  greater  than  strict  truth  will 
warrunl.     A  friend  eia'* titrates  n  man's  virtue-s  ;    an 
enemy  rjaigfcrtUes  his  vices  or  faults. 
3.  In  poiHfiM^,  to  liiglititn  in  c^iloring  or  design. 

EX-AG'CEU-A-TEDjpp.  or  a.  Enlarged  bu-yund  the 
truth. 

EX-AO'OER-A-TING,  ppr.  Enlarging  or  amplifying 
beyond  ih(^  tnith. 

EX-AC;-<iER-ATION,  a.  A  heaping  together  ;  heap ; 
accumulation.     [IMtle  used.]  Hale. 

2.  in  rhetoric^  amplification ;  a  representation  of 
things  beyond  the  truth  ;  hy{>erboIical  representa- 
tion, wbeUtier  of  good  or  evil. 

3.  In  pahuingt  a  mctho«I  of  giving  a  representation 
of  things  too  strong  Cm  tlie  life. 

EX-A6'(jER-A-TO-UV,  a.    Containing  exaggeration. 
EX-AG'I-TATE,  r.  L     [L.  exagUo.] 

To  shake  ;  to  agitate  ;  to  reproach.  [Little  itsrd,  or 
objiolHe.]  ^rbutkitot. 

EX-AG'I-TA-TED,  pp.    Agitated. 
EX-AG-l-TA'TIOX,  n.    Agitation. 
EX-ALT',  (eg7.-awU',)  c.  L     [Ft.exalt^;  Pp.  eraltar; 
iL  esattart  i  Low  L.  tialto ;  tz  and  aUusy  high.] 
1.  To  raise  high  ;  to  elevate, 
i  To  elevate  in  power,  wealth,  rank,  or  dignity  ; 
as,  to  eratt  one  to  a  throne,  to  the  chief  magi^tmcy, 
to  a  bishopric 

3,  To  ele\'atu  with  joy  or  confidence ;  as,  to  be 
exalted  with  success  or  victor\'.  [We  now  use 
Elate.] 

4-  To  raise  with  pride  ;  to  make  undue  pretensions 
to  power,  rank,  or  eistimation  ;  to  elevate  too  high,  or 
above  others, 

lie  that  tsaiUA  hlmaelf  iIimU  be  ibued.  —  Luke  xiv.     Malt, 
xxiii. 

5.  To  elevate  in  estimation  and  praise ;  to  magni- 
fy i  to  praise ;  to  extoL 

Be  a  nqr  blber^  God.  and  I  will  ecoa  him.  — Ex.  xt. 

6.  To  raise,  as  the  voice ;  to  raise  in  opposition. 

S  J^J^<  XK 

7.  To  elevate  in  diction  or  sentiment  j  to  make 
sublime  ;  as,  exalud  simins. 

8.  In  pkjfsicsf  to  elevate;  to  purify;  to  subtilize; 
to  refine ;  as,  to  exait  the  juices  or  the  quulitius  of 
bodies. 

EX-ALT-X'TTOX,  a.    The  act  of  raising  high. 

a.  Elevation  to  power,  office,  rank,  dignity,  or  ex- 
cellence. 

3.  Elevated  state  ;  state  of  greatness  or  dignity. 

I  woixU-rpd  Ml  my  digbl,  uui  cbon^ 
To  thia  tugti  exalUUion.  AHllon. 

4.  In  pharmacy^  the  refinement  or  subtilizntion  of 
bodies,  or  their  qualities  and  virtues,  or  the  increase 
of  their  streii^h. 

5.  In  astrolugy,  the  dignity  of  a  planet,  in  which  its 
powers  are  increased.  Johnson. 

EX-ALT'ED,  pp.  or«.  Raised  to  a  lofty  hight ;  ele- 
vated ;  honored  with  ofhce  or  rank  ;  extolled  ;  mag- 
nified;  refined;  dignifitnl ;  sublime. 

Tune  nrvtT  tul>  to  tviuf  ercry  exalted  repuLUiQa  tD  &  atrict 
aerutlay.  Amee. 

EX-ALT'ED-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  elevated, 
a.  Conceited  dignity  or  greatness. 

EX-ALT'ER,  n.     One  who  exalc*  or  raises  to  dignity. 

EX-ALT'IXG,  ppr.  Elevating;  raising  to  an  eminent 
station;  praising;    extolling;    maguifyin}; ;  refining. 

EX-a'MEN,  (egz-a'men,)  n,  [L.  examcn,  the  tongue, 
needle,  or  beam  of  a  balance.  It  signifies,  also,  a 
swarm  of  bees.  Sp.  enxambre^  a  swarm  of  bees,  a 
crowd  ;  Port,  enxamt;  It.  sciamo ;  Ft.  essaivi.  From 
its  use  in  a  balance,  it  came  to  .signify  examination.] 
Examination;  disquisition;  inquiry.    [Little  tt^cd.] 

Brown. 

EX-AM'IN-A-ULE,  o.  [See  Examine.]  That  may  be 
examined  ;  proper  for  judicial  examination  or  in- 
quiry. S.  Courty  United  States. 

EX-A.M'IX-AN'T,  n.  One  who  is  to  be  examined. 
[JVot  Ugitimate.]  Pridcaux. 

EX-AM'IN-ATE,  n.     The  person  examined.  Bacon. 

EX-AM-IN-A'TION,  n.  [L.  cxaminatiu.  See  Ex*-- 
Mar*.] 

1.  The  act  of  examining;  a  careful  search  or  in- 
quiry, with  a  view  to  discover  truth  or  the  real  state 
of  i\i\j\gn\  careful  and  accurate  inspection  of  a  thing 
and  its  part^  \  as,  an  examination  of  a  house  or  a  ship. 
3.  Mental  inquiry  ;  disquisition  ;  careful  considera- 
tion of  the  circumstances  or  fucts  which  relate  to  a 
subject  or  question  ;  a  view  of  qualities  and  rela- 
tions, and  an  estimate  of  their  nature  and  impor- 
tance. 

3.  Trial  by  o  rule  or  law. 

4.  In  judicial  proceedings,   a  careful    inquiry  into 


EXA 

fnct»  by  tetitimony  ;  an  attempt  to  ai4cert:iin  truth  by 

inquiries  and  iuttrrogiitorios  ;  as,  ibc  exammiUiiin  C( 

a  witness,  or  itie  merits  of  a  cause. 

5.   In   seminaries  of  leurnine,  an   inquiry   into    the 

ncqui.sitions  of  the  students,  by  questioning  ihcm  in 

literature  and  the  sciences,  and  by  hearing  their  re- 

cilitls. 
C.  In  chrmLitry  and  other  seimees,  a  searching  ft>r 

the  nature   and  qualities  of  substances,  by   exprri- 

mcnts  ;  ttie  practice  or  application  of  the  ducinio^tic 

iirt. 
EX-AM'IN-A-TOR,  n     An  examiner.     [JVot  used.] 

Brown. 
EX-AM'INE,  (egx-am'in,)  t>.  U     [L.  cromiao,  from  cxa- 

men,] 

1.  J'o  inspect  cnref^illy,  with  a  view  to  discover 
truth  cir  the  real  state  of  a  thing  ;  as,  lo  examine  asliip 
to  know  whether  she  is  seaworthy,  or  a  house  to 
know  whether  repairs  are  wantfd. 

2.  To  search  or  inquire  into  facts  and  circum- 
stances by  interrogating  ;  as,  to  examine  a  witness. 

3.  To  bwk  into  tlie  state  of  a  subject ;  lo  view  in 
all  its  aspects  ;  to  weigh  arguments  and  compare  facts, 
with  a  view  to  form  a  correct  opinion  or  judgment. 
Let  us  examine  this  proposition  ;  let  us  examine  this 
subject  in  all  its  relations  and  biiarings  ;  let  us  exam- 
ine into  the  st-ite  of  this  question. 

4.  To  inquire  into  the  improvements  orqualifications 
of  students,  by  interrogatories,  proposing  pmblem;*,  or 
by  hearing  their  recitals  ;  as,  tu  examine  the  classes  in 
college  ;  to  examine  the  caiididat«;s  fur  a  degree,  or  for 
a  license  to  preach  or  to  practice  in  a  profession. 

5.  To  try  or  assay  by  experiments  i   as,  to  examine 

6.  To  try  by  a  rule  or  law.  [minerals. 

Examine  yourH*lve«  whether  ye  be  in  the  laith.  — 2  Cor.  xiii. 

7.  In  (reneral,  to  search  ;  to  scrutinize  ;  to  ex- 
plore, with  a  view  to  discover  truth  ;  as,  to  examine 
ourselves;  to  exdfRt'ne  the  extent  uf  human  knowl- 
edge. 

EX-A.M'IN  .ED,  (egz-am'ind,)  pp.  Inquired  into  ; 
searched  J  inspected;  interrogated;  tried  by  experi- 
ment. 

EX-AM'IN-ER,  n.  One  who  examines,  tries,  or  in- 
spects ;  one  who  interrogates  a  witness  or  an  of- 
fender. 

2.  In  chancery,  in  Great  Britain^  the  examiners  are 
two  officers  of  that  court,  who  examine,  on  oath,  the 
witnesses  for  the  parties.  Encyc. 

EX-AM'IN-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Inspecting  carefully; 
searching  or  inquiring  into  ;  interrogating  ;  trj'ing  or 
assaying  by  oxperiment. 

EX-AM'lN-ING,  a.  Having  power  to  examine;  ap- 
piiinted  to  examine  ;  as,  on  ctamining  comniiiiee. 

EX'AM-PLA-RY,  (eks-)a.   [Uom  example.]  Serving  for 
example  or  patit-rn  ;  proposed  for  imitation.    Hooker. 
[It  is  now  written  Exemplabj-.] 

EX-A.M'PLE,  (egz-ani'pl,)  n.  [L.  exemplum;  Fr.  «- 
empte ;  It.  escmpio ;  Sp.  excmplo.  Q,u.  from  ex  and 
the  root  of  s^hniiis^  Gr.  6/iuAos.l 

1.  A  pattern  ;  a  copy  ;  a  model ;  that  which  is  pro- 
posed to  be  imitated.  This  word,  when  applied  to 
matt^riat  things,  is  now  generally  written  Sample; 
as,  a  sample  of  cluth ;  but  example  is  sumetimes  used. 

Ralegh. 

2.  A  pattern,  in  morals  or  manners;  a  copy,  or 
model ;  that  which  is  pruposed  or  is  proper  to  be  imi- 
tated. 

I  ba*«  given  yon  an  example,  thnt  you  sliould  do  &•  I  tnre  done 

to  you.  —  Jolm  xiii. 
ExamplM  !■  our  prrsccpiur  befon:  we  can  leaxon.  Koliotk. 

3.  Precedent ;  a  former  Instance.  Bonaparte  fur- 
nished nmny  examples  of  successful  bravery. 

4.  Precedent  or  former  instiince,  in  a  bad  sense, 
intended  for  caution. 

liOtt  ftiiy  roan  h\l  afu-r  th'!  »ame  exampfe  of  unhelipf,  — Iteb.  ir. 
Suiiom  and  Goinormh  —  are  ■■'I  fonli  fur  an  exampU,  auttbrin^ 
ihc  Tcngi-anci;  of  cleru.xl  fire.  — Jude  7. 

5.  A  person  fit  to  be  proposed  for  a  pattern  ;  one 
whose  conduct  is  worthy  of  imitation. 

Be  thou  ail  examplt  of  the  bclie»ei».  —  I  Tiro.  It. 

6.  Precedent  whieli  disposes  lo  imitation.  Exam- 
ple has  more  elfect  tlian  precept. 

7.  Instance  serving  for  illustration  of  a  rule  or  pre- 
cept; or  a  particular  case  or  proposition  ilhistraling 
a  general  rule,  positiftn,  or  truth.  The  principles  of 
trigonnmctry,  and  the  rules  of  grammar,  arc  illus- 
trated by  example.-!. 

8.  In  /o^i'c,  or  rhetoric,  the  conclusion  of  one  sin- 
gular point  from  another;  an  induction  of  what  may 
happen  from  what  has  happ«^ned.  If  civil  war  has 
produced  calamities  of  a  particular  kind  in  one  in- 
stance, it  is  inferred  that  it  Will  produce  like  conse- 
quences in  oUier  cases.    This  is  an  example. 

Bailey.  Encye. 
EX-AM'PLE,  tJ.  U    To  exemplify;  to  set  an  example. 

[Al^f  n^fiL]  Shak. 

EX-AM'PLE-NESS,  a.    Having  no  example.     [J^oL 

iLsed,]  B.  Jottsoiu 

EX-AAI'PLEtt,  »i.    A  pattern;    now  Sampl.c  or  Sau- 

PLCR. 

EX-AN"GUI-OUS,  a.    Having  no  blood.    [JVotused.] 

[See  ExsAifOGious.] 
EX-AN"GU-LOUS,  a.    Having  no  corners. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MftTE,  PREY.  — PIXE,  MARLVE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK — 


416 


EXC 

EX-AX'[-MATE,  (e(rz-an'e  male,)  ii.  [L.  exanimatusy 
exanimo :  ex  and  atttma^  life.] 

Lifties? ;  spiritless ;  (li:iheartened ;  depressed  in 
spirits.  Tfiomson. 

BX-ANT-MATE,  v.  t.    To  dishearten  ;   to  discourage. 

EX-A\'I-.MA-TED,p;».     Dislieartened.  [Coles. 

EX-A\'I-MA-TL\G,  jtpr.     Discoamging. 

EX-AN-[-Ma'TIOX,  «.  Deprivation  of  life  orof  spir- 
itJ.     [Little  uged.] 

EX  j9JVr-M0.  [L]  LiteraUij,  from  tiie  mind;  sin- 
cerelv  ;  heartily. 

EX-A!^'I-MOUS',  a.    [L.  exanimis  ;  rx  snd  antma,  life.] 
Lifeless;  dead.     [Little  used.] 

EX-AN-THe'MA,  n.  ip/.  Exanthem'ata.  [Gr.,  from 
£j(ii'3-iw,  to  blossom  ;  f-l  and  a»'^<t,a  flower.] 

Among  ;>AHj-iciias.  eriipliun  ;  a  breaking  out;  pus- 
tules, petechia,  or  vibices  ;  any  efflorpscenc*  on  tlie 
skin,  as  in  measles,  smnll-p4>x,  scarlatina,  &c. 

This  term  is  now  limited,  by  systematic  nosolo- 
gi^t£,  to  such  eruptions  as  are  accomj^ianied  with  fe~ 
ver.  Oood. 

EX-AX-TnE-MAT'ir,      >  a,    Enipiive  :  efflorescent : 

EX-AN  THEM'A-TOCS,  (  noting  morbid  redness  of 
the  skin.  The  measles  is  an  exanthfmatous  disease. 
[Tooke  uses  Examhematic.] 

EX-A.NT'LATE,  r.  t.     [h.  ezanth.] 

To  draw  out ;  to  exhaust,     [Aw(  ttsefl.]       Boyle. 

EX-ANT-LA'TION,  h.  The  act  of  drawing  out ;  ex- 
haustion.    [JVot  used.]  Brown, 

EX-A-RA'TIOX,  V.     [L.  txaro  ;  ex  and  aro.\ 

The  act  of  writing.     [JVot  used.]  Diet, 

EX'ARCH,  (eksUrkJ  «.     [Gr.,  from  'ip\of,  a  chief.] 

1.  A  title  borne  by  the  viceroy:*  of  thr  Byzantine  em- 
perors in  the  provinces  of  Italy  and  Africa  ;  a^,  the 
exarch  of  Ravenna. 

2.  .K  title  assumed  for  a  lime  by  the  bishops  of 
Constantinople,  Antioch,  Ephe^us,  and  Cassarea^  as 
superiors  over  the  surrounding  metropolitans. 

3.  More  reeentluj  a  title  given  to  inspectors  of  the 
clerg>'  in  certain  districts,  commissioned  by  the  East- 
ern patriarchs.  J.  Murdock. 

EX-XReJI'ATE,  «.  The  office,  dignity,  or  adminis- 
tration of  an  exarch.  Taylor. 

EX-XR-Tie  ^-LA'TION,»i.  [exnnd  aHieulation.'^  Lux- 
ation ;  the  dislocation  of  a  joint.  Qmircw. 

EX-AS'PER-ATE,  (egz-)  r.  t  [L.  ezajrpero,  to  irritate, 
ex  and  aspero,  from  aypery  rough,  h:irsli.] 

1.  To  anger;  to  irritate  to  a  high  degree  ;  to  pro- 
voke to  rage;  to  enrage ;  to  excite  anger,  or  to  in- 
flame it  to  an  extreme  degree.  We  say,  to  exasperate 
8  person,  or  to  ex^uperati:  the  passion  of  anger  or  re- 
sentment. 

S.  To  aggravate  ;  to  tmbitter  ;  as,  to  exasperate  en- 
mity. 

3.  To  augment  violence  ;  to  increase  malignity  ;  to 
fixacerbate  ;  as,  to  ezasperaU  pain  or  a  part  inflamed. 

Bacon. 

EX-AS'PER-ATE,  a.  Provoked  ;  imbittored  ;  in- 
flamed. Shale 

EX-A.S'PER-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  IFighly  angered  or  irri- 
tated ;  provoked  ;  enraged  ;  imbittered  ;  increased 
in  violence. 

EX-AS'PER-A-TER,  n.  One  who  exasperates  or  in- 
flames anger,  enmity,  or  violence. 

EX-.\i5'PER-A-TI.\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Exciting  keen  re- 
sentment;  inflaming  anger;  irritatingj  increasing 
violence. 

EX-AS-PER-A'TION,  n.  Irritation ;  the  act  of  ex- 
citing violent  anger ;  provocation. 

2.  Extreme  degree  of  anger  ;  violent  passion. 

3.  Increase  of  violence  or  malignity  ;  exacerbation. 
EX-AUtJ'TOR  ATE,  i  r.  t.  [L.  ezaactoro  ;  ex  and 
EX-AU'THOR-ATE,  \     aitcton),  to  hire  or  bind,  from 

auctur^  autlior.l 
To  diKiuLsn  from  ser\'ice  ;  to  deprive  of  a  benefice. 

Jiyliffe. 

EX-AUe-TOR-A'TION,  J  n,      DiftmiKKion   frum    ser- 

EX-AU-TIIOR-A'TION,  i  vice;  deprivation;  deg- 
radation ;  the  removal  of  a  person  from  an  office  ur 
dignity  in  the  church.  -^yliffi, 

EX-AU'TUOR-IZE,  r.  (.    To  deprive  of  authority, 

Sei^en. 

EX-AU'THOR  TZ-ED,  pp.     r>eprived  of  authority. 

EX-At*'THOR-IZ-IN'G,  ppr.    Depriving  of  authority. 

EX-i;AL'CE-A-TED,  a.  fU  exeaicev,  to  pull  off  the 
shoes  ;  et,  and  calcnu^  a  »thoe.] 

Deprived  of  shoes ;  un^^hod  ;  barefooted. 

EX-€A.N'-DE9'CE\CE,  n.  [L.  excande^eentia^  ezcan- 
desco  i  ex  and  candesco^  caudeo^  to  glow  or  be  hot, 
from  caneo,  to  be  white,  to  shine.] 

1.  A  growing  hot;  or  a  white  ticnt ;  glowing  heat. 

2.  Heat  of  pasi>iou  j  viob^nt  anger;  or  a  growing 

EX  Ja.V-DES'CEXT,  a.     White  with  heat, 
EX-CA.N'-'lA'TlO.V,  B.     [I^  excantv,  but  with  an  op- 
posite signification.] 
Disencbantraent  by  a  countercharm.     [LiUte  lutd.] 
.    BaiUy. 
EX-CAR'NATE,  9.  I.    [L.  ez  and  caro^  flesh.] 

To  deprive  or  clear  of  flesh.  Ortw. 

EX-€AR'SA-TED,  pp.    Deprived  of  flesh. 
EX-€AR'.\A-TI.\G,  ppr.     Depriving  of  flesh. 
EX-€AR'M  FI-€ATE,  v.  u    To  cut  off  flesh. 
EX-eXH'.VI-FI-eA-TING,  ppr.    Cutting  oR"  flesh. 


EXC 

EX-CAR-M  FI-CA'TIOX,  n.  [L.  excarn\fico^  to  cut 
in  pieces,  from  euro,  flesh.] 

The  act  of  cutting  off  flesh,  or  of  depriving  of 
flesh.  Johnson. 

EX  CA-THE' DILa,  [L.]  Literally,  fnim  tlie  chair,  as 
of  authority  or  in<lnic!ion.  Hence,  with  authority 
or  dogmatism.  [The  Uitin  will  allow  of  cath'e-<lra 
or  ca-the'dra,  but  the  latter  is  most  common  in  Eng- 
lish.] 

EX'€A-VaTE,  v.  t.  [L.  encavo  ;  ex  and  cavo^  to  hol- 
low, cavus,  hollow.     See  Cave.1 

To  hollow;  to  cut,  scoop,  dig,  or  wear  out  the 
inner  part  of  any  thing,  and  make  it  hollow  ;  as,  to 
excacaU  a  ball ;  "to  rxrav-ite  the  earth  ;  to  excavate  the 
trunk  of  a  tree,  and  form  a  canoe. 

EX'CA-VA-TED,  pp.  or  a.     Hollowed  ;  made  hallow. 

EX'CA-VA-TIXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Making  hollow  ;  mak- 
ing or  capable  of  making  an  excavation  ;  as,  an  ex- 
cavating' machine. 

EX-CA-VA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  making  hollow,  by 
cutting,  wearing,  or  scooping  out  the  interior  sub- 
stance or  part  of  a  thing. 

2.  A  hollow  or  a  cavity  formed  by  removing  the 
interior  substance.  M:iny  animals  burrow  in  excaca- 
tions  of  their  own  forming. 

EX'C^-VA-TOR,  n.     One  who  excavates. 
2.  A  machine  for  excavating. 

EX-CE'CATE,  P.  (      TL,  eTorco.] 
To  make  blind      [JVot  used.] 

EX-CE-CA'TION,  n.    'Ihe  act  of  making  blind. 

itickardsoTi. 

EX-Cf.'DE.\T,  tt.     Excess.     [JSTot  authorized.] 

EX-CEED',  (eks-seed',)  v.  L  [L.  excedo  }  ex  and  eedo, 
to  pji^.} 

1.  To  pass  or  go  beyond  ;  to  proceed  beyond  any 
given  or  supposed  limit,  measure,  or  quantity,  or  be- 
yond any  thing  else ;  used  equally  in  a  physical  or 
moral  sense.  One  piece  of  cloth  exceeds  the  custom- 
ary length  or  breadth  ;  one  man  exceeds  another  in 
bulk,  stature,  or  weight  ;  one  offender  exceeds  an- 
other in  villainy. 

2.  To  surpass  ;  to  excel.  ITomer  exceeded  all  men 
in  epic  poetry.  Demosthenes  and  Cicero  exceeded 
their  cotemporaries  in  o.-alory. 

King  Sulomoii  «xcted»d  lUI  Ujc  kings  of  Ute  earth  Tor  ricbea  and 
(or  wuilum.  —  1  King*  x. 

EX-CEED',  V.  i.  To  go  too  far;  to  pass  the  proper 
bounds;  to  go  over  any  given  limit,  number,  or 
measure. 

Pony  «iripc«  may  he  give  liiin,  and  not  txceed.  —  D^ut.  xxv. 
2.  To  bear  the  greater  proportion  ;  to  be  more  or 
larger.  Dryden, 

[  This  verb  is  intransilirr  only  by  ellipsis.] 
EX-CEED' A-BLE,  a.    That  may  surmount  or  exceed. 

\Jll'\  ShertDood. 

EA-CEED'ED,  pp.     Excelled;  surpassed;  outdone. 
EX-CEED'ER,  n.     One  who  exceeds   or   passes   the 

bounds  (if  fitness.  Jifountagu. 

EX-CEED'fXG,  ;>;»•.  Going  beyond;  surpassing;  ex- 
celling ;  outdoing. 

2.  a.  Great  in  extent,  quantity,  or  duration ;  very 
extensive. 

Cttin  w^re  tuiU  an  ticnding  (jACe  of  time   befbra  th^  flnod. 
{ThtM  tens*  it  unu^uo^.]  liaitgk, 

3.  adv.  In  a  very  great  degree;  unusually  ;  as,  ex- 
ceeding rich. 

Th'  Grtio^i*-  w^rf  arCMding  powprfiil  by  wr^.  Ralagh, 

1  un  Uiy  ■hield,  and  tby  tirtttUng  frval  reward.  — Ccn.  xr. 

EX-CEEDMNG.  n.     Excess  •  superfluity.       Smollrtt. 
EX-CEED'L\G-IiY,  adv.     To  a  very  great  degree  ;  in 
a  degree  beyond  what  is  usual ;  greatly  ;  very  much. 

laaac  ircRiUeU  txea^dingly.  —  G«a.  xsvU. 

EX-CEED'IN'G-NESS,  n.     Greiitness  in  quantity,  ex- 
tent, or  dumtion.     [JVot  used,] 
EX-CEL',  (ek-sel',)  r,  t.      [U  exctUo^    the    root   of 

which,  cetJo,  is  not  in  use..   In  Ar.  ^U>  kaila^  sig- 

niflea  to  lift,  raise,  excel ;  also,  to  speak,  to  strike,  to 
beat.  So  we  use  beat  in  the  sense  of  surpass.  See 
Class  Gl,  No.  31  and  49.] 

1.  To  go  bi^yond  ;  to  exceed ;  to  surpass  in  good 
qualities  or  laudable  deeds  ;  to  outdo. 

KrrtUinf  (Hh-m,  tVie  w^w  grTAl ; 
Thou  gtfOKr  «tli.  mtiat  lh-w>  txc*L  Prior. 

Mtny  (l«ught  ra  hvn  tlooo  vinuoudtl/,  but  iLou  *xc§iU»l  Uania 
all.  —  Pniv,  xxx\. 

2.  To  exceed  or  go  beyond  in  bad  qualities  or 
deeds  ;  as,  to  excel  envy  it-'elf  in  mischief.       Spenser. 

3.  To  exceed  ;  to  surpass. 

EX  CEL',  p.  i.  To  have  good  qualities,  or  to  perform 
meritorious  actions,  in  an  unusual  degree;  to  be  em- 
inent, illu;4triou4,  or  distinguished. 

BIpm  Ihf  L.or\I,  je  hia  ang^ln,  Uml  frctl  in  ■(i*iiglh.  —  Pa.  oiiL 

We  say,  to  excel  in  mathematics  ;  to  excel  in  paint- 
ing ;  to  excel  in  lieroic  achieve uicntc. 
EX-CEL'L£D,  (ek-seld',)  pp.     Surpassed}  outdone; 
exceeded  in  good  qualities  or  laudable  achievements. 
EX'CEL-LE.N'CE,   (        rp      ^       r  »    .     i 

EX'CEL-I.E\.CV.  i  "•    l*^'"  *^'"  '*  excelte»t,a.] 

1.  The  8t«e  of  possessing  good  qualities  in  an  un- 


EXC 

usual  or  eminent  degree;  the  state  of  excelling  in 
any  thing. 

2.  Any  vnlualde  qualify;  any  thing  highly  lauda- 
ble, meritorious,  or  virtuous,  in  persons,  or  valuable 
and  esteenifd,  in  things.  Purity  of  lu-art,  u|)right- 
ness  of  triind,  sincerity,  virtue,  piety,  are  excellencies 
of  character  ;  symmetry  of  parts,  strength,  and 
beauty  are  excellmcies  of  body  ;  an  accurate  knowl- 
edge of  an  art  is  an  erceltenr.e  in  the  artisan  ;  sound- 
ness and  durability  are  f«c//fMci>jf  in  timber;  f.rtil- 
ity,  in  land  ;  elegance,  in  writing.  In  short,  what- 
ever contributes  to  exalt  man,  or  to  render  him 
esteemed  and  happy,  or  to  bK-t^s  society,  is  in  him  an 
excellence, 

3.  Dignity  ;  high  rank  in  the  seal?  of  beings.  An- 
gels are  beings  of  more  eirellencc  than  men;  nun  are 
beings  of  nmre  excellence  than  brutes. 

4.  A  title  of  honor  fornnrly  given  to  kings  and 
emperors,  now  given  to  emhassadors,  governor^*,  and 
other  persons,  below  the  rank  of  king^,  but  elt^vated 
above  the  conminn  classes  of  men. 

EX'CP:L-LKNT,  (ek'selltnt,)  a.  Beins  of  great  vir- 
tue or  worth  ;  eminent  or  (Uslinguisihed  for  what  is 
amiable,  valuable,  or  laiulable  ;  as,  an  excellent  mao 
or  citizen  ;  an  excrllent  judge  or  magistrate 

2.  Being  of  great  value  or  use,  applied  to  things; 
remarkable  for  goml  pr<i|H.Tties  :  as,  excellent  timber*, 
an  excellent  farm  ;  nu  ezceUent  horse  ;  excellent  fruit. 

3.  Distinguished  fur  superior  attainments;  as,  an 
excellent  artist. 

4.  Consummate  ;  complete  ;  in  an  ill  seiise. 

Eliiiiti-ih  »;i»  nn  sjrtUenl  hypocrit'-.  fiume. 

EX'CEL-LEXT  LY,  adc.  In  an  excellent  manner, 
well  in  a  high  degree;  in  an  eminent  degree ;  in  a 
manner  to  please  or  command  esteem,  or  to  be 
useful. 

EX-CEL'LING,  ppr.  Surpassing;  outdoing;  going 
beyond. 

EX-'CEL'srOR,n.  [h.]  More  lofty  ;  more  elevated  ; 
higher  j  the  motto  of  the  Slate  of  Xew  York. 

Lun^dlow. 

EX-CEX'TRie.     See  Ecckhtbic. 

EX-CEPT',  (ek-sepl',)  r.  t.  j^Fr.  excipter:  It.  recrttare; 
ft-om  L.  excipio;  ex  and  eupio,  to  take.    See  Cipriorf, 

CAl*TtfRE.] 

1.  To  lake  or  leave  out  of  any  number  specified  ; 
to  exclude  ;  a^a,  of  the  thirty  persons  present  and 
concerned  in  a  riot,  we  niu-^t  excrpt  two. 

2.  To  take  or  leave  out  any  particular  or  particu- 
lars from  a  general  description. 

Wln-n  h-  ■lith,  A'l  ihiniTH  in^  put  'inriT  him,  il  is  mnnir'-sl  that 
h  •  i»  ejctjiud  wliii  diJ   pill  uil  Umig*  iiiuliT  liini. —  1  tJor. 

EXCEPT',  r.  I.  To  object;  to  make  an  objection  or 
objections;  usually  followed  by  to;  sometimes  by 
against.  I  rrcrpt  to  a  witness,  or  to  his  testimony, 
on  account  of  his  interest  or  (jariialiiy. 

EXCEPT',  pp.  [ConlractL-d  from  excrpted.]  Taken 
out ;  not  included.  All  were  involved  in  this  affair, 
except  one  ;  that  is,  one  excepted,  the  case  absolute  or 
independent  clause.  Kxcept  ye  repent,  ye  shall  all 
likewise  jwrisli ;  that  is,  except  this  fiici',  that  ye  re- 
pent, or  this  fact  hiung  excepted,  removed,  taken 
away,  ye  shall  all  likewise  perij>h.  Or  errrpt  may 
be  considered  as  the  imperative  mode.  Kixcpt  thou, 
or  ye,  this  fact,  ye  siiall  all  likewise  perish.  Hence, 
except  is  equivalent  to  wtihout^  umci's,,  and  denotes 

EX  CEPT'ED-p/j.     See  Ex.  ept.  [i\clusion. 

EX-CEPT'ING,  ppr.  Taking  or  leaving  out  ;  ex- 
cluding. 

2.  This  word  is  also  used  in  the  sen^e  of  rxeeH,  as 
above  explained.  The  prisoners  wer»^  ;ill  eondeiuued, 
excepting  three.  This  is  an  anomalous  use  of  the 
word,  unless,  in  some  rases,  it  may  be  r''ferri.d  to  a 
pronoun.  Krceptrd  would  be  belter ;  three  excejiied  ; 
three  being  cxei'pled. 

EX-CKP'TI'JN,  (ek-sej>'shun,)  if.  The  art  of  exceyH- 
init,  or  excluduig  from  a  numbt-r  designated,  or  from 
a  description  ;  exclusion.  All  the  representatives 
voted  for  the  bill,  wiih  the  exception  of  five  ;  att  the 
land  is  in  tdlage,  with  ur>  excfptioa  of  two  ju'res. 

2.  Exclusion  from  what  is  comprehended  in  n  gen- 
eral rule  or  propusiiion. 

3.  That  which  is  excepted,  excluded,  nr  separiited, 
fVum  others  in  u  general  description;  tlie  puTson  or 
thing  sptTitied  as  di^tinct  or  not  included.  Almost 
every  gi^neral  rule  has  its  eicrptions. 

4.  An  obJ!rcti(iii ;  that  which  is  or  may  be  ofl'c;red 
in  opposition  to  n  rule,  pni[>osition,  s(;itemt.-nt,  or 
altegatUm  ;  witli  to:  sometimes  with  against.  lie 
made  some  exceptions  to  the  argument. 

5.  Objection,  with  dislike;  offense;  slight  anger 
or  resentment ;  with  at,  tn,  or  against^  and  couiinuuly 
used  with  take;  as,  to  take  ex^^eptwn  at  a  severe  re- 
mark ;  to  take  rscrption  to  what  was  said. 

Rodorl^,  Umh  IhuL  ukm  against  rn«  tin  tTCtptian.  Shak. 

But  it  is  more  generally  followed  by  at. 

(i.  In  law,  the  dental  of  what  is  alleged  and  con- 
sidered as  valid  by  the  oilier  jwrty,  either  in  point  of 
law  or  in  pleading  ;  or  an  allegntion  again>t  tiie  suf- 
ficiency of  an  answer.  In  law,  it  is  a  stop  or  slay 
to  an  action,  and  il  is  cither  dUatory  or  peremptory. 

Blackstone, 


TONE,  BliLL,  1;NITE.  — AN"GEK,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  u  K;  6  m  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  M  SH;  TH  a»  in  THIS. 
_  __  .  ^  .^  _ 


EXC 

7.  A  aavitif;  clause  in  n  writing. 
Bill  ^ut^twns.  in  /<iip,  is  a  ^lauinenl  of  ezcep- 
tkms  to  evidence,  filed  by  Uie  parly,  and  which  ihe 
judce  must  »ifn  or  seal. 
EX-CCT'TIO.N-A-BLE, «.    Liable  to  ohjectioo. 

Tikto  pniigft  I  louk  u^ptt  to  be  ilw  a>cMt  tsctptioraUa  tn  tlM 


EX-CEP'TION-AL,  c    Funuing  or  making  nn  excep- 
tion. /.iK/i. 

EX-CEP'TION-ER,  n.    One  who  oLjects.      MUtcu. 

EX-CEPTIOUS,  (ek-«ep'shu*,)  a,    I'eevish  ;  disputed 
or  MpL  to  cavil,  or  take  cjiccplions.    [LUUe  usf*L] 

duioA.    JStine* 

EX-CEP'TI0U3-XESS,  II.    Dispoftiiion  to  cavil. 

Barroie. 

EX-CEPraVE,  a.    lucluding  au  eiccpiiun  ;  as,  an 

ac^rtivt  preposition.  IfWCf. 

3.  Making  or  being  an  exception.  JUilton, 

EX-CEi*T'lXSS,  o.    Ouiilliug  .ill  exception.    LVot  in 

MM.}  SJuiii, 

EX-CEPT'OR,  a.    One  who  objects  or  makes  excvp- 
tions.  BuTHtL 

EX-CER'E-BROSE,  a.    Ilaiing  no  brains. 

EX-CERN',  e.  t.    [L.  etcmut :  tx  and  cerno^  Gr.  icptt'ai, 
toaeptfate.] 

To  Mparats  aod  emH  through  the  pores,  or  thmugh 
■mall  passage*  of  the  body ;  to  stmin  out ;  to  ex- 
crete ;  as,  fluids  are  tieerned  in  pi-rspiration.  Bacon. 

EX-CER.\'£1),  (eksernd,)  pp.     St  p:»ratej  ;  excreted ; 
emitted  ihruueh  the  c apillap"  vessels  of  the  body. 

EX-CERN'I.\G,  ppr.    Kinitting  tluough  the  soioU  pa»- 
•ages;  excreting. 


EX-CERP',  r.  (.     \\^tse*Tfo.\ 
To  pick  out.    \LittU  hm^J 


EX-CERPT',  r.  t,    [L.cz«erM;  »  and  e«rDo,  to  take.] 

To  select.     [.ViK  a^l  "^ 


darmmrd. 
Passages  extracted. 


r.X-CF.RP'T,»,n.pl.    [L. 
EX-CEKP'TIU.N,  a.     f L. 'ercwjrti*:j 

1.  A  picking  out;  a  gleaning;  adection.    [LUth 


,  That 


2.  That  which  is  selrcted  or  gleaned.    [liUU  mm*.] 

BmUgk, 
EX-CERP'TOR,  a.  A  picker  ;  a  culler.  Barnard. 
EX-CKRPT^S',  a./L    ExtracU  fnmi  authorv.    {ji  had 

EX-CESS',  (ek-ffcs'O  a-     [t*  treesrtu,  tntm  «w«de. 

8ee  EscKKD.] 

L  Liieralif^  that  which  tzetads  any  measure  or 
limit,  ut  w  hicb  cxeetds  something  else,  or  a  gning  be- 
yond a  just  line  or  |K)int.  Hence,  supertluity  ;  th.-it 
Which  is  beyond  necen^nity  or  w^ani^  ;  as,  au  ace^  of 
provistuoj  \  eicfss  uf  ligliL 

3.  That  n  hich  is  be}'t4>d  the  common  measure, 
proportioii,  or  due  quantit>- ;  as,  the  cue*i  of  a  limb ; 
the  txctu  of  bile  in  the  system. 

3.  Supers bundaiiGe  of  any  thing.  JWiPtoa. 

4.  Any  traBagreasion  of  due  lututji.      AtUrhmrf. 

5.  la  wt0r*U^  any  indulgence  of  appetite,  passion, 
orezertkm,  beyoad  the  rules  uf  Gud's  word,  or  be- 
yond any  rule  of  proprirt>' ;  intenipemnce  in  grutiA- 
calions  ^  as,  tier**  ih  eating  or  linnkine^  ezer^ss  of 
j(i)- ;  ezcMJi  of  grief  J  eiceju  o/i  love,  or  uf  anger  ;  er- 
tt^  of  tabor. 

6.  In  arilhmutic  nnd  gvometni^  that  by  which  one 
number  or  quantity  exceeds  another;  that  which 
remains  when  the  leaser  number  ur  quantity  is  taken 
from  the  grt-aler. 

EX-C'ESi?'IVE,  a.  Be)-ond  any  given  degree,  meas- 
ure, or  limit,  or  beyond  the  comnicn  measure  or  pro- 
portion i  as,  the  ezctiJiive  bulk  of  a  uiun ;  excessive 
latKir:  erc««juee  wa^es. 

3.  Beyond  the  established  laws  of  morality  and 
religion,  or  beyond  the  bounds  of  justice,  ^tness, 
pmpriety,  expedience,  or  utility  ;  as,  etcesMce  indul- 
fence  of  any  kind. 


Exctniwt  bail  •h*lJ  oo:  be  nqnind. 


Bill  nf  RiiKu. 


3.  Extravagant  ;  unreasonable.  His  expenditures 
of  money  were  ezeessire. 

4.  Vehement :  violent ;  as,  rzcts^e  passion. 
EX-t-'ESS'l VE-LY,  Oirfc.    In  an  extreme  degree;  be- 
yond measure;  exceedingly;  as,  cxct**%tAg  impa- 
tient: saceMtcg/v  grieved. 

&  VehMnentl'y ;  violently ;  as,  the  wind  blew  er- 

EX-CESS'IVE-XESS,  a.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
excessive ;  excess. 

EX-CHA.\'CEL-LOR.  m.  One  who  has  been  chan- 
cellor, but  has  left  tbe  ofTice. 

EXCHANGE',  (ek»-chinj  ,)  r.  r.  [Fr.  echangtrf 
Arm.  ecanch  ;  from  cAamger,  ctinch,  to  change.] 

1.  In  cMBaurrc,  to  eive  une  thin?  or  commodity  for 
another;  to  alienate  or  tran^ftfr  the  property  of  a 
thing,  and  receive,  in  compen.^ntit.n  tor  it,  Mimetbing 
of  supposed  equal  value;  to  biirttr;  and,  in  vulvar 
language,  to  swap;  to  truck.  It  differs  from  seii 
only  in  tbe  kind  of  compensation.  To  sell  is  to 
alienate  for  vwnry  :  to  ezeJuutge  is  to  alienate  qne 
commodity  for  another ;  as,  to  eztJuin^e  hones ;  to 
txchange  oxen  for  corn. 

2.  To  lay  aside,  quit,  or  resign,  one  thing,  state,  or 
condition,  and  lake  another  in  the  place  of  it ;  as,  to 
cichangt  a  crown  fur  a  cow  1 ;  to  exchange  a  throne 


EXC 

for  a  cell  or  a  hermitage  ;  to  exchange  a  life  of  ease 
fur  a  life  of  toil 

3.  To  give  and  receive  reciprocally;  to  give  and 
receive  in  compensation  the  smne  thing. 

BtciiAntt  f-Jr^vencM  vtiih  in«,  noUa  H«jalel,  Sfutk. 

A.  To  give  and  receive  the  like  thing;  a^j,  to  «- 
tkange  thoughts ;  tu  exchange  work ;  to  exdmnge 
tIow«  ;  to  fjchan^e  prisonrrs. 

It  hvis  vitk  bffL»re  the  person  receiving  the  thing 
given,  anJ  for  U  fore  the  equivalent.  Will  you  cz- 
cAan^rt  horses  with  md  AVill  you  exchange  your 
hor>r  for  mine? 
EX-CHAA'6E',  n.  In  cpwwercf,  the  act  of  giving  one 
tiling  or  comniodilj-  for  another;  bitrter ;  traffic  hy 
permutation,  in  which  Ihe  tiling  received  is  supposed 
to  be  equir^Uent  to  the  thing  given. 

Joa^ph  K^tve  ifarm  brraJ  in  tx^Mnft  for  horvM. — Ocn.  zlv^. 

Q,  Tbe  act  of  giving  up  or  resigning  one  thing  or 
state  for  another,  witttout  contract. 

3.  The  act  of  giving  and  receiving  reciprocjitly  ; 
M,  an  ercAoA^e  of  thoughts  ;  an  rxcAoMjrr  of  civilities. 

4.  Tbe  contract  liy  which  one  commodity  is  (raus- 
ferred  to  another  for  an  etiuivalent  comniomiy. 

5.  The  thing  given  in  return  for  something  re- 
ceived ;  or  the  thing  received  in  return  i\>i  what  is 
given. 

There's  mj  txc/Mngt.  Shak. 

In  ordinaty  business^  this  is  called  Change. 

6.  The  form  of  exchanging  one  debt  or  credit  for 
another;  or  the  receiving  or  paying  of  money  in  one 
place,  fur  an  equal  sum  in  another,  by  order,  draft, 
or  bill  of  exchange.  A  in  London  is  creditor  to  II 
in  New  York,  and  C  in  London  owes  D  in  New 
York  a  like  sum.  A  in  iKindon  draws  a  bill  of  ex- 
change on  U  in  .\cw  York  ;  C  in  London  purchases 
tbe  bill,  by  which  A  receives  hiiS  debt  due  from  U  in 
New  York.  C  transmits  the  bill  to  D  in  New  York, 
w  lio  receives  the  amount  from  B. 

BUh  ifj'  exchange y  drawn  on  persona  in  a  foreign 
counlrv.are  called  jWci^w  bills  of  exchange  ;  the  like 
bilU,  ((rawn  on  persons  in  different  [KirUi  or  cities  of 
tlie  tatnti  counfr>  ,  are  c-Uled  inland  hdU  of  exchange. 

A  bill  of  exchange  i*  a  mercantile  contract,  in 
which  four  persons  are  primarily  concerned. 

7.  In  aMrutUiis  iamguaft^  a  bill  drawn  for  money 
b  called  excka*g9y  iluSeaa  of  u  bill  uf  exchange, 

8.  The  ccartfc  «/  txtJuutge,  is  the  current  price  be- 
tween two  )ilaces,  which  is  above  or  below  pur,  or  at 
par.  Exchange  is  at  par,  when  a  bill  in  New  York, 
fur  the  p:iynieitt  of  one  hundred  pounds  sterling  in 
lA>ndi>n,  can  be  purchas(^d  fiir  one  hundred  [munds. 
if  it  can  1«'  purchased  for  less,  exchange  is  under  par. 
If  Ihe  ptirclio^tr  is  obliged  to  give  more,  exchange  is 
abore  par, 

9.  Ill  lav,  a  mutual  grant  of  equal  interests,  the  one 
in  considenitiun  uf  the  other.  Estates  exchanged 
niust  be  equal  in  quantity,  as  fee-simple  fur  fee-sim- 
ple. Blackstone. 

10.  The  ^ace  where  the  merchants,  brokers,  and 
bankers  of  a  city  meet  to  lnins;ict  business,  at  cer- 
tain hours  ;  often  C4>ntracted  into  Cha?ige. 

EX-CHAN<5E-A-BIL'I-TV,  a.  The  quality  or  slate 
of  being  exchangeable. 

Though  ibe  law  oujrhl  not  to  be   eontnv»ned  by  nn  eipiriB 
arucle  ^iniuuig  ii>e  tschangeabiiiU/  uTiucb  prboni. 

Wathington. 

EX-CHSNdE'A-BLE,  a.  That  maybe  exchanged; 
capable  of  t>cing  exchanged  ;  tit  or  proper  to  be  ex- 
changed. 

Tbe  officrn  capiiiTPd  with   BurgoTna  were  axdiangeabl^  wiihin 

th.?  ix)wer*oi'G*-n.  llnure,  /tJargfiall, 

Boole  tqlli  exchangeablt  for  gold  and  ul'or.  Hamaay. 

EX-CHANci'ED,(ek9-chanjd',)pp.  Given  or  received 
for  something  eli>e  ;  bartered. 

EX-CIIaNC'ER,  n.  One  who  exchanges;  one  who 
practices  exchange.     MaU.  xxv. 

EX-CHAXG'I.\ti,  ;»pr.  Giving  and  receiving  one  com- 
modity for  nn(»ther  ;  giving  and  receiving  mutually  ; 
laying  aside  or  relinquishing  one  thing  or  state  for 
another. 

EX-CHEa'L'ER,(efcs-chek'er,)n.  [Fr.  eekiquier,  check- 
er-work, a  chess-board.  See  Chess  and  Checker.] 
In  England,  an  ancient  court  of  record,  intended 
princip:illy  to  collect  and  superintend  the  king's 
debt^  and  duties  or  revenues,  and  so  called  from 
gcacchari'.m,  or  from  the  same  root,  denoting  a  check- 
ered cloth,  which  covers  the  t;ible.  It  coni^ists  of 
two  divisions;  the  receipt  of  the  exchequer,  (now 
Iriinsfirred  to  the  Bank  of  England,)  wiiich  manages 
ilie  royat  revenue  ;  and  the  judicial  part,  which  is 
divided  into  a  court  of  law  and  ti  court  of  equity. 
The  court  of  equity  is  held  in  the  exchequer  cham- 
bt-r,  before  the  lord  treasurer,  the  chancellor  of  Ihe 
exchequer,  tbe  cliief  baron,  and  three  inferior  barons. 
The  common  law  court  is  held  before  the  barons,  with- 
out the  treasurer  or  chancellor.  BlacJi^tone. 

Exchequer  bilLs ;  in  England,  bills  for  money,  or 
promissory  bills,  issued  from  the  exchequer  ;  a  ttpe- 
cies  of  paper  currency  t-miiied  under  the  authority 
of  the  govfrnmcnt,  and  bearing  inttrest. 

£X-CHEU'UElt,  p.  U  I'o  in^titllte  a  process  against  a 
person  in  the  Court  of  Exchequer.  P'SS^- 


EXC 

EX-CIIEU'UER-A'D,  pp.  Prtceeded  against  in  chan- 
cery. 

EX-CHECl'URR-ING,p/)r.    Instituting  process  against 

EX-CIl"l-EiNT,  n.    On^"  who  excepts.        [in  chancery. 

EX-CIS'A-BLE,  a.  Liable  or  subject  to  excise;  as^ 
cotTee  is  an  excisable  commodity. 

EX-CISE',  ;i.  [L.  excwu/a,  cut  off,  from  txcidoi  D. 
aecya ;  G.  acrifp.] 

An  inland  duly  or  impost,  laid  on  articles  produced 
and  consumed  in  a  country,  and  also  on  licenses  to 
deal  in  certain  conimodilici.  Formerly,  in  England, 
the  excise  cnibniced  some  imported  articles,  as  wine, 
&c.  ;  but  lliese  are  now  iranyfernMl  to  t!ie  cui^toms. 
Many  articles  arc  excised  at  the  inanufoctories,  as 
spirit  at  the  disttller>',  printed  .sil.ks  and  linens  at  the 
printer's,  tc.  Encye. 

EX-ClSE'-r.  L  To  lay  cr  impose  a  duly  on  articles 
prcKluced  and  consumed  in  a  country,  or  off  licenses ; 
to  levy  an  excise  on. 

EX  niS'£D, ;»;».     Charged  with  the  duty  of  excise. 

EX-CISIC'.M.\.\,  R.  An  oliicer  who  inspects  commodi- 
ties and  rates  the  excise  duty  on  them.       Johnsun. 

EX-t'lS'ING,  p/tr.     Imposing  the  duty  of  excise. 

EX-CIS'ION,  (ek-sizh'un,)  h.    [L.  exci^io.] 

1.  In  surgery,  a  cutting  out  or  cutting  off  any  part 
of  the  body  ;  exiiriKitioii ;  amputation. 

S.  The  cutting  off  of  a  [lerson,  or  nation,  as  a  judg- 
ment ;  extirpation  ;  destnirtion. 
3.  A  cutting  offfrom  the  church  ;  excommunication. 

The  rAbbiin  nrckoii  tlir«  kiiidi  ut  excision.  Enryc. 

EX-CT-TA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [from  excite]  The  quality 
of  being  ca[)ableof  excitement. 

2.  In  medicine.  (1.)  A  healthful  vital  suscepti- 
bility to  the  intluencc  of  natural,  medicinal,  and 
mechanical  agents,  and  the  [M)wer  of  responding 
in  a  normal  manner,  by  actions  merely,  in  contra- 
distinction Kom  sensations.  (2.)  This  term  is  also 
used  with  such  an  extension  of  its  signitication,  as 
to  comprehend  Ihe  power  of  responding  to  intluences, 
both  by  actions  and  sensations.  In  tJiis  acceptation 
it  is  exactly  equivalent  to  irritability  in  the  first  of  its 
medical  scnsfs,  which  see.  Tally. 

EX  CTT'.A-BLE,  fl.    Having  the  quality  of  being  (sus- 
ceptible of  excileinenl,  which  see. 
2.  Capable  of  being  excited,  or  roused  into  action. 

EX-CTT'ANT,  w.  In  mrdichie-,  an  agent,  which,  by 
its  inrluence  upon  the  living  solid,  produces  a  new 
condition  and  action  in  such  solid.  I'his  is  the  widest 
acceptition,  wider  indeed  than  that  of  medicine. 

2.  An  agent,  which  produces  a  quickly  diffused 
and  transient  increase  of  vital  energy  and  strength 
of  action  in  the  heart  and  arteries.  This  is  its  most 
limited  acceptation ;  and  in  this  sense  it  is  exactly 
equivalent  to  stimulate. 

Ity  different  authors,  this  word  is  used  in  very 
various  grades  of  extension  and  limitation  between 
these  two.  7'ully. 

EX-Crr'ATE,  r.  (.    To  excite.    [Ji'ot  in  v.te.]  Baevn. 

EX-CI-Ta'T10\,  n.  'i'he  act  of  exciting  or  pulling 
in  motion  ;  the  act  of  rousing  or  awaktning. 

Bacon.     fVatts. 
2.  In  medicine,  the  act  of  producing  excitement  ; 
the  excitement  produced. 

EX-CIT'A-TIVE,  o.  Having  power  to  excite,  w hich 
see.  Barroie. 

EX-CIT'A-TO-RY,  a.  Tending  to  excite  ;  containing 
excitement.  JHUler. 

EX-CITE',  (ek-slte',)  v.  t  [L.  cxcito ;  ex  and  eito,  to 
cite,  to  call  or  provoke. J 

1.  To  rouse ;  to  call  into  action  ;  to  animate  ;  to 
stir  up;  to  cause  to  act  that  which  is  dormant, 
stupid,  or  inactive  ;  as,  to  excitethe  spirits  or  courage. 

2.  To  raise  ;  to  create  ;  to  put  in  motion ;  as,  to 
excite  a  mutiny  or  insurrection. 

3.  To  rouse  ;  to  inflame  ;  as,  to  excite  the  passions. 

4.  In  medicine.  (1.)  To  producea  new  condititm  or 
action  in  the  living  solid.  This  is  the  most  extensive 
signification  of  this  term.  (9.)  To  produce  a  quick- 
ly diffused  nnd  transient  increase  of  vital  energy 
and  strength  of  action  in  the  heart  and  arteries. 
7'his  is  the  most  limited  acceptation  of  this  ti-rm  ; 
and  in  this  sense,  it  is  equivalent  to  stiimdatt. 
(3.)  To  produce  a  vitiated  and  abnomia.l  state  of 
the  actions,  or  sensations,  or  of  both  in  conjunction, 
either  upon  an  unhealthy  state  of  the  vital  suscepti- 
bilities, or  by  an  excessive  or  otherwise  improper  use 
or  application  of  some  agent.  In  this  acceptation, 
it  is  equivalent  to  irritate.  Tully. 

EX-CIT'EU,p/».  or  a.    Roused  ;  awakened  ;  animated  ; 

put  in  motion  :  stimulated  ;  inflamed. 
EX-CITE'MENT,  ».    The  act  of  exciting. 

2.  The  state  of  being  roused  into  action,  or  of  hav- 
ing increased  action. 

3.  Agitation  ;  a  state  of  being  roused  into  action  ; 
as,  an  excitement  of  the  people. 

4.  That  which  excites  or  rouses;  that  which  moves, 
stirs,  or  mduces  action  ;.  a  motive.  Shak. 

5.  In  medicine.    (I.)    Any  new  condition  or  action    I 
produced  by  the  influence  of  any  natural,  medirinal,    i 
or  mechanical  agent,  in  the  living  solid.     This  is 
the  most  extensive  signification.    {"2.)    A  pw^lernatu- 
ral  increase  of  vital  energy  and  strength  of  action 
in  the  neart  and  arteries.     This  is  the  most  limited 


FiTE,  F.\R,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  M.-VRLNE,  BIRD  —NOTE,  DOVE,  M0VE,W9LF,  ByoK.— 


EXC 

sense.  In  this  acci'ptatipn,  it  is  equivrUent  to  ;>-ttmu- 
hitioH  in  one  of  iis  senses.  (3.)  A  vitiated  and  ab- 
normal state  of  the  actions  or  sensations,  or  both  in 
Conjunction,  produced  by  n:itural,  niedicinal,  or  me- 
chanical agents,  eitlier  upon  a  healthy  state  of  the 
vital  susceptibilities,  or  by  an  exces.sive,  or  otherwise 
improper  use  or  application  of  natural,  medicinal, 
or  ni"chanical  agents.  In  this  sense,  it  is  equivalent 
to  imtutufn.  TitUtj. 

EX-CIT'ER,  a.     He   or  tiiat  which   eicites ;  he  thai 

puts  in  motion,  or  the  cause   which   awakens  and 

2.  In  medicine^  a  stimulant.  [moves. 

EX-CIT'ING,  ppr.  or  a,  Cailnig  or  rousing  into  action  ; 
prcxlucing  excitement. 

Exciting  cau.*pj,  in  vieJicine,  are  those  which  im- 
mediately produce  disease,  or  those  wliich  excite  the 
action  of  predi?ponent  causes.  Purr. 

EX-CTTn\G,  Ti,     Excitation.  HerberL 

EX-(.TT'IN'G-LV,  adr.     So  as  to  excite. 

EX-CITTVE,  n.    That  which  excites. 

EX-CTT'IVE,  a.    Tending  to  excite. 

EXCLAIM',  lu    Outcry;  clamor.  SiaJt, 

EX-eLAIM',  V.  i.  [I.,  fzdamo  ;  tz  and  danw^  to  cry 
out.     See  Claim,  Clamor.] 

1.  To  utter  the  voice  with  vehemence  ;  to  cry  out ; 
to  make  a  loud  outcry  in  words ;  as,  to  exclaim 
a^in«t  oppression;  to  exclaim  witii  wonder  or  as- 
tonishment ;  to  exctahn  with  joy. 

2.  To  declare  with  loud  vociferation. 

Th-U  ihut  yoa  do  txtlaim  you'll  go  widi  faim."  ShaJc. 

EX-€LAIM'ER,  n.  One  who  cries  out  with  vehe- 
mence ;  one  who  speaks  with  heal,  passion,  or  much 
noise ;  as,  an  erelainter  against  tyranny.    Jftterbury. 

EX -CLAIM'!  \G,  ppr.  Crying  out ;  vociferating  ; 
spcakini!  with  heal  or  passion. 

EX-eLA-MA'TION,n.     Outcry,  noisy  talk;  clamor; 
us,  exc.'amations  aj^inst  abuses  in  government. 
2.  Vehement  vociferation. 


Thij»  w31  1  drowM  your  tsdainoAont, 


ShaJc. 


3.  Eniphatical  utterance ;  a  vehement  extension 
or  el'-vation  of  voice  j  ecphonesia  ;  as,  O  dismal 
night ! 

4.  A  note  by  which  emphatical  utterance  or  outcry 
ts  marked  ;  tl'ius  ! 

5.  In  fframmar,  a  word  expressing  outcry;  an  in- 
trrjection  ;  a  word  expressing  some  passion,  as  won- 
der, fear,  or  prief. 

EXeLAM'A-TIVE,  a.     Containing  exclamation. 
EX-CLAM'A-TO-RY,  a.     Using  exclaiualion ;  as,  an 
txcluinatorti  speaker. 

2.  Conuiining  or  expressing  exclamation ;  as,  an 
frrlaiiuiturif  phrase. 
EX-CLCI)E',  F.  L     [h.  exdado  ;  ezand  ctaudajto  shut; 
Or.  xXtt^oijj^  xXitta.] 

Pri'periy,  lo  Ihrust  out  or  eject ;  but  used  as  synony- 
mous with  preclude. 

1.  To  thrust  out;  to  eject  ;  as,  to  exetaJe  young 
animals  from  tlie  womb  or  from  eggs. 

2.  To  binder  from  entering  or  admission  ;  to  sHtiI 
out;  as,  one  body  eielut/ry  nriothrr  frt>m  occupying 
the  same  space.  The  church  ought  to  extlude  im- 
moral men  from  the  communion. 

3.  To  debar  i  to  hinder  fntm  p:irt)ripalion  or  en- 
joyment. European  nations,  m  lime  of  j>eace,  exclude 
our  merchants  from  the  Cf^tmmercc  of  their  colonies. 
In  sfTiiie  of  the  States,  no  man  who  [wys  taxes  is 
excluded  from  Ute  privilege  of  voting  for  represent- 
atives. 

4.  To  acfejrt  ;  nut  lo  comprehend  or  include  in  a 
privilege,  grant,  proixfsition,  argument,  description, 
order,  fp4-cies,  genus,  &c.,  >ti  a  general  sense. 

EX-CLOD'EO,  pp.  or  a.  Thrust  uut;  shut  out;  hin- 
dered or  pmhibited  from  entrance  or  ailmissioii  ;  de- 
barred ;  not  included  or  cumprelien>led. 

EX-CLOD'L\G,  ppr.  Ejectuig;  hindering  from  en- 
tering ;  debarring  ;  not  compn-hendinij- 

EX-CLC'SIO.N,  (eks-klij'zliun,)  n.  The  art  of  ex- 
cluding, or  of  thrusting  out ;  ejection  ;  a«,  the  ex- 
elitgion  of  a  fetus. 

i.  Tho  act  of  denying  entrance  or  admission ;  m 
■butting  out. 

3.  The  act  of  debarring  from  jKirticipation  in  a 
privilege,  benefit,  use,  or  enjoyment.  Burnet, 

4.  Rejection ;  non-reception  or  admission,  in  a  gen- 
eral sense.  JiiUutoiu 

5.  Exception.  Bacon. 

6.  Ejection  ;  that  which  is  emitted  or  thrown  out. 
EX-€LC'«IO\.I.sr,  feks-klu'zhun-ist,)  n.     One  who 

Would  preclude  another  from  some  privilege.    Fox, 

E.\  CLO'tilVE,  a.     Having  the  power  of  preventing 

entrance  ;  as,  ezcliuiive  bars.  Jililti/n. 

2.  Debarring  from  participation  ;  possessed  and  en- 
joyed lo  the  exclusion  of  others  ;  as,  an  exclusive  priv- 
ilege. 

3.  Not  taking  Into  the  account ;  not  including  or 
comprehending  ;  as,  the  general  had  five  thousand 
Iroops,  rre/uRr«  of  artillery  and  cavalry.  He  sent  me 
all  the  numbers  from  76  to  04  exclu.nre;  Utal  is,  all 
ihe  numbers  between  78  and  94,  but  Iht-se  numbers, 
the  Arot  and  la.sl,  are  excepted,  or  not  included. 

EX-CLO'fitVE,  n.  One  of  a  colerie  who  exclude 
others. 


EXC 

EX-CLC'SIVE-LY,  mlv.  Without  admission  of  others 
to  participation  ;  with  the  exclusion  of  all  others;  asj 
lo  enjoy  a  privilege  exclunivcly. 

2.  Without  comprehension  in  an  account  ornum- 
ber ;  not  inclusively. 

EX-CLC'SIVE-\ESS,  n.     State  of  being  exclusive. 

EX-CLu'SIV-ISM,  lu     Act  or  practice  of  excluding. 

EX-CLu'SO-RV,  a.  Exclusive;  excluding;  able  to 
exelude.     [Little  used.]  H'tUnh, 

EX-COCT',  u.  (.     [L.  excactus.] 

'J'o  boil.     [A'ot  tn  use.]  Bacon. 

EX-€O0'I-T.\TE,  (eks-koj'e-tate,)  p.  t,     [L.  excojrito; 
ex  and  coffiso,  to  think.] 
To  invent;  to  strike  out  by  thinking;  to  contrive. 
Mure.     Hale. 

EX-eOG'I-TA-TED,  pp.  Contrived  ;  struck  out  in 
ihouaht. 

EX-CuO'I-TA-TING,  ppr.     Contriving. 

EX-COG-I-Ta'TIO\,  n.  Invention  ;  contrivance  ;  the 
act  of  devising  in  tl)e  thoughts. 

EX-COAI'Mlti-SA-RV',  n.  [ez  and  commissarv.]  A 
commissary  dismissed  from  olhce  ;  one  formorly  a 
couimissarv. 

EX-COM-MbXE',  r.  (.    To  exclude.     [Obs.]    Oayton. 

EX-eOM-MO'NI-CA-BLE,  fl.  [See  Excommumcatk.] 
Liable  or  deserving  lo  be  excommunicated.  Hooker. 

EX-CO.M-MO'M-CATE,  r.  t     [L.  ex  and  communico.] 
To  expel  from  communion  ;  lo  eject  from  the  com- 
munion of  the  church  by  an  ecclesiastical  sentence, 
and  deprive  of  spiritual  advantiges  ;  as,  to  excommu- 
nicate notorious  ofTenders. 

EX-CO-M-MCM-CATE,  n.  One  who  is  excommuni- 
cated. Carcw. 

EX  eOM-MO'Xr  CA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Expelled  or  sep- 
antted  from  communion  with  a  church,  and  a  partici- 
patiim  of  its  ordinances,  rights,  and  privilrg^s. 

EXCOM-M0'Ni-€A-TI\G,p/fr.  Exi^lling  from  the 
communion  of  a  church,  and  depriving  of  spiritual 
advantaj^es.  by  an  ecclesiastical  sentence  or  decree. 

EX-COM-MU-M-CA'TIO.V,  n.  The  act  of  ejecting 
from  a  church  ;  expulsion  from  Uie  communion  of  a 
church,  and  deprivation  of  its  rights,  privileges,  and 
advantages;  an  ecclesiastical  penalty  or  punishment 
intlicted  on  otlenders.  Excomnuinication  is  an  eccle- 
siastical interdict,  of  two  kinds,  the  leitser  and  the 
greater;  the  /M.*fr  excommunication  is  a  separation 
or  suspension  of  the  offender  from  partaking  of  the 
eiirharist;  ihc  greater  \^  an  absolute  separation  and 
exclusion  of  the  offender  from  the  church  and  all  its 
rights  and  advantages.  Encye, 

BX  COJV-CKS' SO^  [L.]  From  that  which  is  con- 
ceded. 

EX-C6'RI-ATE,  V.  f.  [Low  L.  excono ;  ex  and  coriunij 
skill,  hide.] 

To  day  ;  lo  strip  or  wear  off  the  skin  ;  lo  abrade  ; 
lo  gall ;  to  break  and  remove  the  cuticle  in  any  man- 
ner, as  by  rubbing,  beating,  or  by  the  action  of  acrid 
substances. 

EX-CO'RLA-TED,  pp.  Flayed;  galled;  stripped  of 
skin  or  the  cuticle  ;  ahmded. 

EX  CO'Rl-A-TING,f-y»r.  Flaying;  galling;  stripping 
of  the  cuticle. 

EX-CO  RI-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  flaying,  or  the  op- 
eration of  wearing  olT  the  skin  or  cuticle  ;  a  galling  ; 
abrasion  ;  the  slate  of  being  galled  or  stripiKid  of 
skin. 

2.  Plunder ;  the  act  of  strijiping  of  possessions. 
rJV..(  lued.]  Hovell. 

EX-COR-TrCA'TrOX,  n.     [L.  ex  and  cortex,  bark.] 
The  aci  of  stripping  ofT  bark.  Coze. 

EX'CRE-A-ltLE,  a.  That  may  be  discharged  by  spil- 
ling.    [fAUU  uMd,\ 

EX'CRE-ATE,  v.  L  [I*  eicreoy  exMreoy  to  hawk  and 
spit.] 

I'o  hawk  and  spit;  to  discharge  from  the  throat  by 
Iiawking  and  spitting. 

EX'CRE-A-TED,  pp.  Discharged  from  the  throat  by 
hawking  and  spitting. 

EX'eRE-A-T!.\(i,  pirr.  Discharging  from  the  throat 
by  hawking  and  spitting. 

EX-CRE-A'TION,  m.    A  spitting  out. 

EX'CRE-MENT,  n.  [L.  excrementum,  from  eietmo, 
excretus;  ex  and  crrnn,  to  separate,  Gr.  Kf)ipf->.] 

Mailer  excreted  and  ejected  ;  that  which  is  dis- 
charged from  the  animal  body  aflcr  digestion  ;  alvine 
discharges. 

EX-CRt^MEXT'AL,  a.  Excreted  or  ejected  by  the 
natural  passucs  of  the  body. 

EX  CRE-MEN-ri'TlAL,  (eks  kre  men-tlsh'al,)  a. 
Pertaminir  u>  or  consi-«ting  in  excrement  Fourcroy. 

EX-CllE-ME\-Ti"T10UH,  (eks-krc-men-lish'us,)  a. 
rerUiiiung  to  excrement ;  containing  excrement ;  con- 
sisting in  niatt'T  evacuated  or  proper  to  be  evacuated 
from  the  animal  bwly.  Bucuju     Harney. 

EX-CltES'CEN('E,  n.  [L.  excTt$een»^  from  excresco; 
ez  and  creaco^  to  grow.] 

I.  In  surffcry,  a  preternatural  protuberance  grow- 
ing on  any  pari  of  the  body,  as  a  wart  or  a  tubercle  ; 
asuperduous  part.  Encye. 

'i.  Any  prct<-rnalural  enlargement  of  a  pl.iiit,  like 
a  wart  or  tumor  ;  or  something  growing  out  from  a 
plant.  Brutlcy. 

3.  A  preternatural  produrti.in.  TiUUr. 
EX-CRE^'ctHiNT,  o.     Growing  out  of  something  else, 


EXC 

in  a  preternatural  manner;  superfluous;  aa  a  wart 
or  tumor. 

Exptitigv  the  whole  or  lop  ihe  fxcretcent  parts.  Pope. 

EX-CRETE',  V.  t,     [L.  excretus,  infra.] 

To  separate  and  throw  otT;  lo  discharge ;  as,  to  <z- 
Crete  urine. 
EX-CRET'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Passed  from  the  body  by  ex- 
cretion, 
EX-CRf.T'ING,  ppr.    Discharjriug  i  separating  by  the 

natural  ducts. 
EX-CRE'TION,  n.     [L.  excretio,  from  excerno,  lo  sepa- 
rate.] 

1.  The  throwing  off  of  efi'etc  or  no  longer  useful 
matter  from  tbe  animal  system.  Tully. 

9.  That  wliich  is  excreted  ;  fluids  separated  from 
the  body  by  tlie  glands,  and  called  ercremenU 

Bacon.     Quincy. 
EX'CRE-TIVE,  fl.     Having  the  power  of  separating 
and  ejecting  tluid  matter  from  the  body. 

Ercrelioe  faculty.  Harvey. 

EXTRE-Tii-RY,  a.     Ilavins  the  quality  of  excreting 

or  throwii.g  <  fTevcrenientitious  matter  by  the  glands. 

EX'CRE-TO-RV,  n.     A  little  duct  or  vessel,  destined 

lo  receive  secreted  fluids,  and  to  excrete  them  ;  also, 

a  secretory  vessel. 

Tbc  tTcretories  am  notltin*  b'lt  ■li'ti'lT  tWrm   of  the  arlerW, 
d'TiTiiig  f\n  appropmied  juicp  from  the  bloo«t.        Cheyne. 

EX-CRO'CIA-ULE,  a.  [Infra.]  Liable  to  torment. 
[Little  «->frf.] 

EX-CRO'CUTE,  r.  C  [U  exerucio ;  ex  and  crucio,  to 
torment,  from  crux,  a  cross.] 

To  torture  ;  to  torment ;  lo  inflict  most  severe  pain 
on  ;  as,  to  excruciate  the  heart  or  the  body.  Chapman. 

EX-CRO'CIA-TED,  pp.  Tortured  ;  racked  ;  tormented. 

EX-CRO'CIA-TING,  ppr.  Torturing  ;  tormenting  ; 
putting  to  most  severe  pain. 

3.  a.  Extremely  painful ;  distressing;  as,  excrucia- 
tiHtr  fears. 

E.X-€RLJ-CI-A'TION,  n.  Torture ;  extreme  pain  ;  vex- 
ation. Feltfiam. 

EX-CU-BA'TION,  n.  Tho  act  of  watching  all  night. 
VL'-UleusedA  Diet. 

EX-eUL'PA  BLE,  a.     That  may  be  exculpated 

EX-CCL'PATE,  r.  t.  [IL  scolpart ;  L.  ex  and  culpo,  to 
blame,  culpa,  fault.] 

To  clear  by  words  from  a  charge  or  imputation  of 
fault  or  guilt ;  to  excuse.  How  naturally  are  we  in- 
clined to  exculpate  ourselves,  and  throw  the  blame  on 
others  !  Eve  endeavored  to  exculpate  herself  for  eat- 
ing the  forbidden  fruit,  and  throw  the  blame  on  Ihe 
serpen! ;  Adam  attempted  to  exculpate  himself,  and 
throw  the  blame  on  Eve, 

EX-CUL'PA-TEI),  pp.  Cleared  by  words  from  the  im- 
putation of  fault  or  gtiilt. 

EX-CUL'PA-TING,  ppr.  Clearing  by  words  from  the 
charge  of  fault  or  crime. 

EX-eUI.rPA'TION,  H.  The  act  of  vindicating  from  a 
charge  of  fault  or  crime ;  excuse. 

EX-CLL'PA  TORY,  a.  Able  lo  clear  from  the  charge 
of  fault  or  guilt ;  excusing  ;  containing  excuse. 

Johnson, 

EX-CUR'RE.VT,  a.  In  botany,  a  term  used  in  describ- 
ing the  ramificatifm  of  a  body  whose  axis  remains 
always  in  the  center,  the  other  parts  being  regularljr 
disposed  round  it.  Lindiey. 

EX-CCR'SI0\,  (eks-kur'shun,)  ti.  [L.  excursion  tx- 
curso,  frniii  nirsiKi,  from  eurro,  to  run.] 

1.  A  rambling  ;  a  deviating  from  a  stated  or  settled 
path. 

Sh-  in  lovf  numlxTf  ■hort  txcurtinnt  Irica.  Pop*. 

2.  Progression  beyond  fixed  limits  ;  as,  the  rzcitr- 
aionjt  of  llie  seasons  into  the  extremes  of  heat  and 
cold.  Jirbuthnot. 

3.  Digression  ;  a  wandering  from  a  subject  or  main 
design.  Jitt4irbar\i. 

4.  An  exiieditinn  or  jfMirney  into  a  distant  pari; 
any  rambling  from  a  point  or  place,  and  return  to  the 
same  point  or  place. 

EX-CUR'SIVE,  a.  Rambling;  wandering;  devi- 
ating ;  as,  an  exxursive  fancy  or  imagination. 

EX-CUR'siVE-LY,  adv.    In  a  wandering  manner. 
_  Botnr.eJL 

EX-CUR'SIVE-NESa,  h.  The  act  of  wandering  or 
jiaKsing  usual  limits. 

EX-CUR' SUS,  n.  [L.]  LiteraUij,  digression,  A  dis- 
sertation containing  a  more  full  exiMisition  of  aomo 
iriiportanl  p'lint  or  topic  apix.-nded  lo  a  woik. 

EX-COS'A-ULE,  (eks-kilz'a  bl,)  a.  [."^ee  EtcOsE.] 
That  may  be  excuseil ;  parduimble  ;  as,  the  man  is 
excusable. 

2.  Admitting  of  excuse  or  justification  ;  aa,  an  «r- 
eujtable  action. 

E.X-CCS'A-RLE  XESS,  tu  The  state  of  being  ex- 
cusable ;  pardunableiioss ;  the  quality  of  admitting 
of  exrus!!.  Boyle. 

EX-CC'S'A-BLY,  ado.     Pardonably. 

EX-CtJ-SA'TlO\,  n.    Excuse  ;  apology.    [Little  used.] 

Bacon. 

EX-CU-SA'TOR,  n.  One  who  makes,  or  is  authorized 
lo  make,  an  excuse  or  carry  an  n\HAocy.         Hume. 

EX-CCS'A-TO-RY,  o.  Making  excuse;  ccmtaining 
excuse  or  apology  ;  apologeticol ;  as,  an  excusatory 
plea. 


TC.N'K,  BIJUm  unite.  — AN"GER,  VC'CIOUS.— C  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  »  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


EXE 

KX-CCSE',  ((*k$-)tuxe',)  r.  L  [L.  excuse  i  ex  and  mu- 
*tfr,  to  bialU'^     See  Caisb.] 

1.  To  pardon  ;  to  freti  frum  the  imputation  of  fault 
or  blamt.' ;  to  acquit  of  gutlu  We  tzcu^e  a  person, 
in  our  owu  minds,  when  we  Acquit  him  of  guill  or 
blaniu ;  or  we  excuse  htin  by  a  declaration  of  that 
acquittal. 

2.  To  pardon,  aa  a  fault ;  to  forgive  entirely,  or  lo 
admit  lo  be  little  censurable,  and  to  overlook.  We 
excuse  a  f:uiU  which  a^Imits  of  ap^I-'gy  or  extenu- 
ation ;  and  we  excuse  irregular  conduct,  when  eitra- 
brduiary  circumstances  appear  to  justify  iu 

3;  To  free  irom  an  obligalion  or  duty. 

I  pTdv  thee  iMve  n«  •Jwwjii.  —  l^ke  sit. 

4.  To  remit ;  not  10  exact ;  as,  to  txeiut  a  for- 
feitur«>.  Jit*****. 

&.  To  pardon  ,  to  admit  an  apology  for.  ^ 

EreitM  •om-  csiirll;  •traiits.  Pc>pt. 

6.  To  throw  off  an  Unputatiun  by  apology. 

Think  joa  ihu  we  «fntM  ouradvn  to  yog  i  —  i  Coi.  EtL 

7.  To  justify  ;  to  vindicate. 

Their  tfauofbu  accuaof  or  cbe  ovuMnf  one  luioUtcr.  —  Rom.  IL 

EX-CPSE',  n.      A  plea  offV-red  in  extenuation  of  a 
fault  or  irregular  deiKtrtmem  ;  ap«»logy.     Every  n)an 
has  an  »tcus«  to  uri'er  for  his  ntgk-ct  of  duly;  the 
debtor  makes  rxcastj  for  delay  of  [laynienL 
'2.  Tile  ail  tif  esrusinf;  ur  a|Nilo|!izing. 

3.  That  which  excuses  ;  thai  which  extt-nunt^  or 
jnstiiies  a  fault  His  inabdity  to  comply  with  Uie  re- 
quest, must  be  his  ereusr, 

EX-eCS'ED,  (eks-ku/d,)  pp.    AcquiUed  of  guilt  or 

foult :  forgiven  i  over)(x>ked. 
EX-COSE'LESS,  a.      Having  no  excuse  ;    that    for 

which  no  excuse  or  apology  can  be  offered. 
EX-CCS'EK,  a.     One  who  offers  excusc^s  or  pleads 

for  another, 
a.  One  who  excuses  or  foreives  nnuther. 
EX-eCS'ING,  ppr.    Acquitting  of  guilt  or  fault;  for- 

giring :  overlooking. 
EX-€USS',  r.  u     [L.  ricufL*u.-*.] 

To  shake  off^  also,  to  tteixe  and  detain  by  law. 

EX-eL'B'3l6?r.  (ekft-kush'un,)  a.    A  seizing  by  law. 

Ea-DI-RECtT'OR,  a.  One  who  bu  been,  but  u  no 
longer,  a  director. 

Xjrf^r;  [U]  LUmUt,^  k-t  him  depjirt;  leave  of 
absence  given  to  a  student  iu  the  English  universi- 
ties. If*>ok. 

EX'E-CRA-BLE,  a.     [L.  rzeerahah.     See  ETtCH*TK.] 
lle^iemng  to  be  curbed  ;  ver>'  hateful ;  detestable  j 
aboiiiinablf  ;  as,  an  erecmhU  wretch. 

EX  i:  ril  \  i:i,V,  a</c.    Cursedly;  detestably. 

EX  .  r.  L    [L.  at^eroT^  from  ex  and  Mcer,  the 

,  iif  which  is  to  separate.   Sec  Sacbed.] 

curse;  to  denounce  evil  asainst,  or  to 
iiuijrcaiit;  evil  on  ;  h^nce,  to  dettst  utterly  ;  to  ab- 
hor; to  aooniinate.  Temple. 

EX'E-CRA-TEO,  pp.  ca  a.  Cursed  ;  denounced;  im- 
precated 

ES'E^eRA-TIXG,  ppr.  CuTsing;  denoOncing;  im- 
precating. 

Ea-E-CRA'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  cursing  ;  a  curse 
pronounced  ;  imprecation  of  evil ;  utter  delectation 
expressed.  MUtaiu 

Oaae,  goalie  qiK«»,  th»e  extcnuiotiM.  iihnk. 

EX'E-€RA-TO-RY',  a.    A  formulary  of  execration. 
EX-E€T',  r.  u     [L.  dr««,  for  ciseco.]      [L.  Atldhotu 
To  cut  off  or  out ;  to  cut  away.     [Litiie  Uifed.] 

Harvey. 
EX-E€'TION*,  a.     A  cutting  off  or  out.     [Littie  iweJ.] 
EX'E-€OTE,  r.  t.     [Fr.  ezecuter;  IL  eseeitire ;  Sp.  ex- 
etutar ;    L.   eietfutn-^   for  exse^uor;    ex  and  sequor^  to 
follow.     See  Seek.! 

L  LUerali^,  to  follow  out  or  thrmigh.  Hence,  to 
perform ;  to  do  ;  to  effect ;  to  currj-  into  complete 
effect;  to  complete;  t*)  finish.  We  ejreeute  a  pur- 
po^,  a  plan,  design,  or  scheme  ;  we  execute  a  work 
nnderiaken.  that  is,  we  pursue  it  to  the  end. 

2.  To  perform ;  to  inrticl ;  as,  to  execute  judgment 
or  venceanc*.  Scrijfture. 

3.  To  carr>-  into  effect :  a?,  to  execute  law  or  ju!»tice 

4.  To  carry  into  effect  tlie  law,  or  the  judsmevit  or 
sentence  on  a  person  ;  to  inflict  capital  punishment 
on  :  to  put  to  death  ;  as,  to  execute  a  traitor. 

5.  To  kill.  Sh'jk. 

6.  To  complete,  as  a  lepil  inj*tnimfnt;  to  jKfrfonu 
wi)a,i  is  required  to  give  validity  to  a  writing,  as  by 
stgninff  and  sealing ;  as,  to  fj-ecute  a  deed  or  I  -Bse. 

EX  E-eCTE,  V.  L  To  pen'orm  the  propter  office;  to 
prrfiiire  an  f-ffecu 

EX'E-eC-'lED,  pp.  Done  ;  performt-d  ;  accomplished  ; 
carrif-d  into  effect ;  put  to  death. 

EX'E-CC-TER,  n.  One  who  performs  or  carries  into 
effi*ct.     [^ee  Executor.] 

EX'E-CC-TING,  ppr.  Doing;  performing;  finishing; 
accompli«hine  ;  inflicting;  carr\'ing  into  effect. 

EX-E^eO'TIOX,  »,  Performance  ;  the  act  of  com- 
pleting or  accomplishing. 

The  ext^'UenO'  of  the  Biib)rct  cutUnbupid  modi  to  tbc  happfnCM 
of  ihe  ueruOon.  ihyaen. 


EXE 

2.  In  UttPy  tlie  carr>iug  into  effect  a  sentence  or 
judgment  of  court ;  the  la^it  act  of  the  law  in  com- 
pieiing  the  process  by  which  justice  is  to  be  done,  by 
which  the  possession  of  laud  or  debt,  dani;ipt.s  or 
cosU,  is  obtained,  or  by  which  judicial  punishment 
id  inflicted. 

3.  The  inftmmenl,  warrant,  or  offirial  order,  by 
which  an  officer  is  empowered  to  carry  a  judement 
into  effoct.  An  et'cutioa  issues  from  the  clerk  of  a 
court,  and  is  l.vied  by  a  sheriff,  his  deputy,  or  a  con- 
stable, on  li)'?  estate,  rimmIs,  or  body  of  the  debtor. 

4.  The  act  of  si^ining  and  srnling  a  legal  instru- 
ment, or  giving  it  the  forms  required  to  render  it  a 
Vdlid  act ;  a»,  the  execution  of  a  deed. 

5.  The  last  act  of  the  law  in  the  punishment  of 
criminals;  capital  punishment;  death  indicted  ac- 
cording to  the  forms  of  law. 

ti.  Effect ;  something  done  or  accomplished.  Ev- 
ery shot  did  exceulion. 

7.  Dtrstruciion  ;  slaughter.  Sfiak. 
It  is  used  after  *io^  to  du  executioa ;  never  after 

wuike. 

8.  In  tJie  jinff  art.",  the  mode  of  i>erforming  a  work 
of  art,  and  tlie  dexterity  with  which  it  is  accom- 
plished, lirande. 

BX-E-€Cr'TIOX-ER,  «.  One  who  executes  ;  one  who 
carries  into  etl'ect  a  judgment  of  death  ;  one  who  in- 
flicts a  capital  punishment  in  pursuance  of  a  legal 
warrant,     h  is  chirfiu  used  in  thin  sense. 

2.  He  that  kills;  he  that  murders.  S!tak. 

3.  The  instrument  by  which  any  thing  is  per- 
form«Hl.  Crojihaui. 

EX-Ee'C-TlVE,  (egz-ek'u-tiv,)  a.  Having  tho  quality 
of  executing  or  performini;  ;  as,  executive  pawer  or 
authority  ;  aii  executive  officer.  Hence,  in  govern- 
m',;nt,  executive  is  used  in  distinction  from  legislative 
and  juUiciaL  The  body  that  deliberates  antf  enacts 
laws,  is  levuflatioe ;  the  body  that  jud^^s,  or  applies 
the  laws  to  p:irticular  cases,  is  judictiU;  the  body  or 
person  who  carries  the  laws  into  effect,  or  superin- 
tends the  enforcement  of  them,  is  executive. 

h  ii  of  Cie  nanir*  of  w»r  to  incruue  Uw  axacudr*  nl  tlis  erpen»e 
of  tlte  Irpkclkiire  auihuricy.  n\Ur<iHtt,  Hamilton, 

EX-Ee'i;-TIVE,  n.  The  officer,  whether  king,  presi- 
dent, or  other  chief  magistrate,  who  superintends 
the  execution  of  the  laws;  tlie  person  who  adminis- 
ters the  government ;  executive  power  or  authority 
in  gov^emment. 

Meo  most  <l<ratrotu  of  plao^  [ti  th^  ex^iitlve  |^ft,  will  not  expect 
to  be  gnUifioJ,  exocjA  by  tbcir  ■u)>pi>rl  of  Ibe  executive. 

J.  Quinci/. 

EX-EC'lJ-TI  VE-LY,  ad.  In  the  way  of  executing,  or 
perfonning. 

EX-EC  l^-TOR,  n.  Tlie  person  ap|>ointed  by  a  testa- 
tor to  execute  his  will,  or  to  see  it  carried  iuto  ef- 
fect. 

Executor  tn  his  eim  wronff^  is  one,  who,  without 
RUthority,  intermeddles  with  the  goo<ls  of  a  deceased 
person,  by  which  he  subjects  himself  to  the  trouble 
of  executorship,  without  the  profits  or  advantages. 

Blackstone. 

EX-EG-TI-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  executor; 
executive.  Blackstone. 

EX  EG' U -TOR- SHIP,  n.    The  office  of  an  executor. 

EX-Ee'U-TO-RY,  a.     Performing  official  duties. 

Burke. 
2.  In  /niP,  to  be  executed  or  carried  into  effect  in 
future;    lo  take  effect  on  a  future  contingency  ;  as, 
an  executory  devise  or  remainder.  Black.-itone. 

EX-Ee'U-TRE?JS,  (  n.     A  fomale  executor  ;  a  woman 

EX-Ee'l|-TRIX,  \  appointed  by  a  testator  to  exe- 
cute his  will,     r  The  latlrr  word  is  generalhf  used.] 

EX'E-DRA  or  EX-f'DRA,  n.     [Gr.  cP  and  zAa.i.]     A 
portico  or  vestibule  ;  als(>,  a  recess  of  a  building. 
Among  tlie  ttHctent9,a  small  rootn  for  conversation. 
Oloss.  of  Arck. 

EX-E-6e'SrS,  n.  fGr.  fffjyTjfftc,  from  ilnytofiai,  to 
explain,  from  i^  and  iiyi  •/•ai,  to  lead.] 

1.  Exposition  ;  explanation  ;  the  science  of  inter- 
pretation ;  particularly^  tnlerpietation  of  the  Holy 
Scriptures. 

EX'i^ETE,  (eks'e-jete,)  n.  One  skilled  in  exe- 
gesis. 

EX-E-dET'IC-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  exegesis;  ex- 
planatory ;  tending  to  unfold  or  illustrate  ;  exposi- 
tor\-.  Walker. 

EX-E-GET'ie-AL-I.Y,  adv.      By  way  of  explanation. 

EX-EM'PLAK,  (egz-em'plar,)  n.  [L.  See  Exam- 
ple.] 

1.  A  model,  original,  or  pattern,  to  be  copied  or  im- 
itated. 

2.  The  idea  or  imape  of  a  thing,  formed  in  the 
mind  of  an  artist,  by  which  he  conducts  his  work  ; 
the  ideal  model  which  lie  attempts  to  imitate. 

F.netjc 
EX'EM-PLA-RI-LY,  adr.  In  a  manner  to  deserve  imi- 
tation ;  in  a  worthy  or  excellent  manner. 

Sli£-  la  eiempla.Tibj  loyai.  Hotoetl. 

9.  In  a  manner  that  may  warn  others,  by  way  of 
terror ;  in  such  a  manner  that  others  may  be  cau- 
tioned to  avoid  an  evil ;  or  in  a  manner  intended  to 
warn  others. 

Soio"?  he  punished  exrmpUirilif  iu  tbia  worM.  Hakemll. 


EXE 

EX'EM  PL  V-RI..\?;H9,  fi.  Thestjteorquality  of  be- 
ing u  pattern  for  imitation. 

EX-EM-PLAR'I-TY,  n.  A  pattern  worthy  of  imita- 
titm. 

EX'EM-PLA-RY,  (eg/Zem-pler-ry,  a.  [from  exemplar.'] 
Serving  for  a  pattern  or  model  for  imitation  ;  worthy 
of  imitation.  The  Chrifiiian  should  be  exemplary  iu 
his  life,  as  well  as  correct  in  hie  doctrines. 

2.  S?uch  as  may  serve  fora  warnine  to  others  ;  such 
as  may  dt  ter  from  crimes  or  vices ;  as,  exemplary  j  us- 
tice ;  cxer/ip/fzrv  punishment. 

3.  Such  as  may  attract  n<iliccand  imitation. 

When  nny  duty  h\%  riU-ii  into  trrnrral  npfflpct,  the  mo«t  ffWbto 
Miti  cxeinptan/  pcrltirnmiicc  b  miuired.  Jiogert, 

4.  Illustrating.  Fuller. 
EX-EM-PLI-FI-CA'TION,  n.     [from  exmpllfy.] 

1.  The  ait  of  exemplifying  i  a  showing  or  illus- 
trating by  example. 

2.  A  copy  ;  a  transcript ;  an  attested  copy;  as,  an 
exemplification  of  a  deed,  or  of  Iettt;r8  patent 

EX-EM'PI,l-FT-frD,;jp,  Illustrated  by  example  or  copy. 

EX  EM'PLI-FT-ER,  a.  One  that  exemplifaes  by  fol- 
lowing a  pattern. 

EX-EM'PLI-FY,  (Ggz-em'ple-fl,)  v.  U  [from  exem- 
plar 1*  Low  L.  excrnpio ;  lU  csemplijicare ;  Sp.  exempli- 
Jicar.] 

1.  To  show  or  illiistrnte  by  example.  The  life  and 
conversation  of  our  Savior  excmplijied  his  doctrines 
and  precepts. 

2.  To  copy  ;  to  transcribe  ;  to  take  an  attested  copy. 

3.  To  prove  ur  show  by  an  attested  copy. 
EX-BM'PLI-FS-IXG,  ppr.     Illustrating  by  example  ; 

transcribing i    taking  :in  attested  copy;    proving  by 
an  attested  copy. 

EX-KM'PU  OnA'Tl'A,  (  grfi'she-a,)  [L.]  For  an 
example,  or  t'ur  ilie  sake  of  an  example. 

EX-EMPT',  (egz-eml',)  v.t.  [Fr.  exe.mpter  t  Sp.  ex- 
entar;  It.  esentare  i  from  L.  eximo,  exemptiis}  ex  and 
emo,  to  take.] 

Literally^  to  tako  out  or  from  ;  hence,  to  free,  or 
permit  to  be  fri:e,  from  any  charge,  burden,  re- 
straint, duty,  evil,  or  requisition,  to  which  others  are 
.  subject ;  lo  privilege  ;  to  grant  immimity  from.  Of- 
ficers and  students  of  colleges  are  ezcmpicU  from  mili- 
tary duty.  No  man  is  exemptid  frum  pain  and  suffer- 
ing. The  laws  of  God  exempt  no  man  from  the  obli- 
gation to  obedience. 

C'crwin  RW-fVH  ciRiined  lo  be  exempted  from  the  jnmdiction  of 
liKk  Ukiiupii.  Henry,  Hist.  Brit. 

EX-EMPT',  a.  Free  from  nny  service,  charge,  burden, 
tax,  duty,  evil,  orrequisitiun,  to  wliicholhers  are  sub- 
ject ;  not  subject ;  n<Jl  liable  to  ;  as,  lu  be  exempt  from 
military  duty,  or  from  a  poll  tax  ;  to  be  exempt  from 
pain  or  fear.  Peers  in  Great  Britain  are  exempt  from 
serving  on  inquests, 

2.  Free  by  privilege;  ns,  exempt  fVom  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  a  lord  or  of  a  court. 

3.  Free;  cb*ar  ;  not  included. 

4.  Cut  off  from.     [A'u(  used.]  Sfiak. 
EX-EMPT',  n.     One  who  is  exempted  or  freed  frum 

duty  \  one  not  subject. 

EX-EMPT'ED,  pp.  Freed  from  charge,  duty,  tax,  or 
evils,  to  which  others  are  subject;  privileged;  not 
sui)jected. 

EX-EMPT'I-BLE,  a.     Free  ;  privileged.    [JVut  in  vsc] 

EX-EMPT'ING,  ppr.  Freeing  from  charge,  duty,  tax, 
or  evil ;  granting  immunity  to. 

EX-EMP'TION,  (egz-em'shun,)  n.  The  act  of  ex- 
empting; the  stale  of  being  exempt. 

2.  Freedom  from  any  service,  charge,  burden,  tax, 
evil  or  requisition,  to  wiiich  others  are  subject ;  im- 
munity ;  privilege.  Many  ciiies  of  Europe  pur- 
chased or  obtained  exemptiims  from  feudal  servitude. 
No  man  can  claim  an  exemption  from  pain,  sorrow, 
or  death. 

EX-EMP-TI'^TIOU?,  (egz-em-tish'us,)  a.  Separable  ; 
that  may  be  taken  from.     [JV*o(  used,]  More. 

EX-EN'TER-ATE,  v.  L  [L.  exentero ;  ex  and  Gr. 
cii-^E^i'  i-jCntmils,] 

To  take  out  Ihe  bowels  or  entrails  ;  to  embowel. 

Brown. 

EX-EN-TER-A'TION,  rt.  The  act  of  taking  out  the 
bowels. 

EX~E>^UA'TUR,  It.  [L.]  A  written  recognition  of 
a  person  in  the  character  of  consul  or  commercial 
agent,  issued  by  the  governinent,  and  authorizing 
him  to  exercise  his  powers  in  the  country. 

EX-E'UUI-AL,  a.     [L.  exequialis.] 

Perlainins  to  funerals.  Pope. 

EX'E-CiU^lES,  (eks''e-quiz,1  n.  pi.  [L.  exequim,  from 
exequor,  th.'lt  is,  txsrquor,  to  follow.] 

FiiniirKl  rites  ;  the  ceremonies  of  burial ;  funeral 
procesf^inn.  Drydcn. 

EX-ER'CENT,  a.     [L.  eyercens.     See  ExEBcrsE.] 

Using;  practicing:  fullowing;  as,  a  calling  or  pro- 
fession.    [Utile  ti/ied.]  JJiiliJfi: 

EX'ER-Cr$-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  exercised,  used, 
employed,  or  exijried.  Z.  Hiei/t. 

F.X'ER-'CISE,  (eks'er-size,)  n.  ■  [L.  exercitium,  from 
excrcoi  ex  and  the  rotd  of  Gr.  ffj>oi,  Eng.  icprk;  Fr. 
exercice;  Sp.  exereieio ;  It.  esercizio.]  In  a  general 
sense,  any  kind  of  work,  labor,  or  exertion  of  body. 
Hence, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — Mf-TE,  Pr.EY.— PfXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.-NOTE,  D6VE,  MOVE,  WOI.F,  BOOK.- 
_ 


EXE 

1.  Use;  practice;  the  eTertijns  and  inovemcnls 
customary  in  the  perfurmance  of  business  ;  ns,  the 
exercise  of  an  art,  trade,  otpupation,  or  prof^'ssion. 

2.  Pnictice  ;  performance  ;  as,  the  exercise  of  re- 
ligion. 

3.  Use;  employment:  exertion:  as ^  the  exfreise of 
the  eyes,  or  of  the  senses,  or  of  any  jHiwer  of  body 
or  tnind. 

4.  Kxertion  of  the  hoiJy,  as  cundurive  to  health  ; 
action  ;  motion,  by  labor,  walking,  riding,  or  other 
exertion. 

The  w»e  for  cure  on  erercUt  dej«nd.  />rytlen. 

5.  Exertion  of  the  body  for  aninsomtnt,  or  for  in- 
■tructiun  ;  tne  habitual  use  of  the  limbs  for  acquiring 
an  art,  dexterity,  or  grace,  aa  in  fencjn-;,  daiicuig, 
ridnie;  or  the  exertion  of  the  muscles  for  invigora- 
ting ihe^wdy. 

6.  Exertion  of  the  body  and  mind,  or  faculties  for 
improvement,  as  in  oratory,  m  painting,  or  statuary. 

7.  Use  or  practice  to  acquire  skill;  preparatory 
practice.  Military  exrreisct  consist  in  using  arms, 
in  motions,  martlics,  and  evtiliitions.  Naval  ezercij/e 
consists  in  the  use  or  management  of  artillery,  and 
in  the  evolutions  of  fleeid. 

8.  Exertion  of  the  mind  ;  application  of  the  mental 
powers. 

9.  Task  i  that  which  is  appointed  for  one  to  per- 
form. JU'Uon, 

10.  Art  of  divine  worship.  Shak. 
U.  A  Itsson  or  example  tor  practice. 

EX'ER  CTSE,  r.,(.  [U  rcrreeu;  Ft.  exerccr ;  it.  eser- 
eert;  Sp.  txrrcer.     Seethe  noUn.] 

1.  Ina  ^rncralsense^Votnove  ;  to  exert  ;  to  cause  to 
act,  in  any  manner  ;  as,  to  eitrcue  the  body  or  the 
hands  ;  iociercise  the  mind,  the  powers  of  the  mind, 
the  reason  or  judgment. 

2.  To  use  ;  to  exert ;  as,  to  exercise  auiliority  or 
power. 

a.  To  use  for  improvement  and  skill ;  as,  to  extr- 
else  arms. 

•  4.  To  exert  one's  powers  or  strengtti ;  to  practice 
habitually  ;  as,  lo  exereut  one's  self  in  speaking  or 
111  u  sic. 

5.  To  practice  ;  lo  perform  the  duties  of;  as,  to  ex- 
ercise an  olfice. 

6.  To  train  to  use  ;  to  discipline  ;  to  cause  lo  per- 
form certain  acts,  as  preparatory  to  •ervice  ;  as,  to 
exercise  troops. 

7.  To  task ;  to  keep  employed  ;  to  use  etforts. 

Hemn  rto  I  exereite  mw-lf.  to  hire  »!w.iy>  »  eonici^nce  Toid 
or  <iitt«u«e  (owutl  Oud  ftiid  tuw«rd  uicu.  —  Acti  xuv. 

8.  To  uM  ;  to  employ. 

9.  To  busy;  to  keep  busy  in  action,  exertion,  or 
em  ploy  me  nL 

10.  To  pain  or  afflict ;  to  give  anxiety  to^  to  make 
nneasy. 

EX'ER  CTSE,  V.  i.  To  use  attion  or  exertion  :  as,  to 
exercwe  for  health  or  amuscmi-nt.     [KlUptieal.] 

EX'ER-CI»-/:D,  pp.  Exerted;  used  ;  tramed  ;  disci- 
I>lined  ;  accusUimed ;  made  skillful  by  use;  em- 
ployed ;  practiced  ;    pained  ;  afflicted  ;  rendered  un- 

F,X'ER-UT»-ER,  «.     One  who  exercises.  [easy. 

KX'ER-Cla-ING,  p}^.  Exerting;  using;  employing; 
training  ;  prarti«ing. 

EX-ER  C[-TA'TIO.\,  n.  {\*.  eifreitalio^  from  tztrew. 
tiee  ExEHCisE.] 

Exercise  ;  practice  ;  use.  Brown.     Felton. 

EX-ERGUE',  (egz-crg',)  n,    [Gr.  tf  and  toyov^  work.] 
In  numigmatie$^  the  place  on  a    medal  or  coin 
around  and  without  the  type  or  figure,  which   has 
generally  the  date  or  other  particular  inscripti«m. 

EXERT',  (eg»-ert',)  v.  f.  [  I>.  errro,  for  eT.^ero  i  ex.  and 
*«-o,  to  throw,  lo  thrust,  for  this  is  the  radical  sense 
of  irero.] 

1.  LiteraUff  to  tbnut  forth  ;  to  emit ;  to  push  out. 

£>ryden. 
Btte*  tbp  gcRW  <xrr1 
Tbeir  feeble  beads.  Phtltpa. 

[.An  ufiuual  application.'] 

2.  To  bnng  out ;  to  cause  to  come  forth  ;  to  pro- 
duce.    But  more  generally, 

3.  To  put  or  thrust  forth,  as  strrntrth,  f.rce,  or 
ability;  to  strain;  to  put  in  action;  lo  briiift  mto 
active  operation  ;  as,  to  eirrt  the  (Strength  of  tlie 
body  or  limbs;  to  exert  elToru ;  lo  exert  powers  or 
faculties  ;  lo  exn-t  the  mind. 

4.  To  put  forth  ;  lo  do  or  perform. 

Wlwn  ih**  win  haj  txerled  aa  ««  of  cnmrnand  9a  eny  fictil'T  of 

the  •otU.  Abuw. 

To  exert  one's  sri/t  Is  to  use  efTorts  ;  to  strive. 

EX-ERT'ED,  pp.  Thrusi  or  pujiied  forth ;  put  iu 
action. 

EX-ERT'IXG,  ppr.     Putting  forth  ;  putting  in  action. 

EXER'TION,  n.  The  act  of  exerting  or  straining; 
the  act  of  putting  into  motion  or  action ;  effort ;  a 
striving  or  struggling  ;  as,  an  ezeHion  of  strenplh  or 
power ;  an  exertutn  of  the  limbs,  of  the  mmd,  or  fac- 
ulties. The  ship  was  saved  by  great  exertions  of  the 
crew.  No  exerttong  will  suppress  a  vice  which  great 
men  mnntenancc. 

KX-EKT'I  VE,  a.     Exerting  ;  having  power  to  exert. 

EX-ERT'MENT,  n.    Exertion  ;  act  of  exerting. 


EXH 

EX-K'SIOX,  (egz-e'zhun,)  n.     [I*,    exesus,  exedo}  ex 
and  edo,  to  eat.] 
The  act  of  eating  out  or  through.     [LUtle  used.'] 

Broica. 
RX-ES'TU-ATE,  v.  i.    To  boil ;  to  be  agitated. 
EX-ES-TU-A'TION,  n.     [L.  exastuatio  ;  ex  and  <egtuo, 
to  boil.] 

A  boiling;   ebullition;  agitation  caused  by  heat; 
effervescence.  Bvyle, 


EX'F.-UJ^T  OM'JVES^  [L.]     All  go  out. 
EX-FO'LI-ATE,  V.  i.     [L.       "  ' 

leaf.] 


eifolio  i  ex  and  folium^  a 


In  surrrery,  to  separate  nn<!  come  off  in  acaleii,  as 

pieces  of  carious  hone.    In  mineralogy^  to  scale  off,  as 

the  lamins  of  a  mineral. 
EX-FO'LI-A-TED,  pp.     Separated  in  thin  scales,  as  a 

carious  bone. 
EX-F0'1>I-A-TING,  ppr.    Separating  and  coming  off 

in  scales. 
EX-FO-LI-A'TIOX,  n.    The  scaling  off  of  a  ttone  ;  the 

pmcess  of  separating,  as   pieces  of  unsound  bone 

frotri  the  sound  part ;  desquamation.  Coxe, 

EX-F6'LI-A-TIVE,  a.     Having  the  power  of  causing 

exfoliation  or  the  desquamation  of  a  bone. 
EX-FO'LI-A-TIVE,  n.    That  which  has  the  power  or 

quality  of  procuring  exfoliation.  Wiseman. 

EX-HAL' ABLE,   a.     [See  Exhale.]     That  may  be 

exhitled  or  evaporateo.  Boyle. 

EX-HA'LANT,  a.    Having  the  quality  of  exhaling  or 

evaporaiinj. 
EX-HA  LA'TION,  n.     [L.  exlialatio.     See  Exhale.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  exhaling,  or  sending  forth 
fluids  in  the  form  of  steam  or  vaiwr ;  evaporation. 

2.  That  which  is  exhaled  ;  that  which  is  emitted, 
or  which  rises  in  the  form  of  vapor  ;  fume  or  steam  ; 
effluvia.  Kxhiiintuins  are  visible  or  invisible.  Tlie 
eartli  is  often  dried  by  evjiporation,  without  visible 
Fthalations.  The  smell  of  fragrant  plants  is  caused 
by  invisible  ezhalatitnis. 

EX-HALE',  (egz-hiile',)  v.  t,  [L.  ezhalo ;  ez  and  halo^ 
lo  breathe,  u«  send  fiirth  vapor;  Ir.  gal^  gail,  vapor  ; 
ffaiiim,  to  evaponitc.] 

1,  To  Hend  out ;  to  emit ;  as  vapor,  or  minute  par- 
ticles of  a  fluid  or  otiier  substance.  The  rose  exhales 
a  fragrant  odor.  The  earth.  exAa^M  vapor.  Mar.-shes 
exhale  noxious  effluvia. 

2.  To  draw  out ;  lo  c^use  to  be  emitted  in  vapor 
or  minute  particles  ;  lo  evaporate.  The  sun  cxhides 
the  moisture  of  tlie  earth. 

EX-HAL' *:D,  pp.  Sent  out;  emitted,  as  vafwr; 
evaporated. 

EX-HA  LE'MENT,n.     Matter  exhaled  ;  vapor.  Brown. 

EX-HA'LENCE,  n.  The  act  of  e.\hjiling  ;  matter  ex- 
hnled. 

EX-HaL'ING,  ppr.  Sending  or  drawing  out  in  vapor 
or  effluvia. 

EX-HAL'ING,  a.  Serving  to  exhale,  pronroting  exha- 
lation ;  as,  exhaling  vessels  ;  an  eikaling  surface. 

EXHAUST',  (egz-hawst',)  v.  t.  [L.  exhaurio,  ezhaus- 
tum  ;  ex  and  hauria^  to  draw,  Gr.  auvut.] 

1.  To  draw  oul  or  drain  off  the  whole  of  any 
thing  ;  to  draw  oul,  till  nothing  of  the  matter  drawn 
is  lelt  We  exhaust  the  water  in  a  well,  by  drawing 
or  pumping;  the  water  of  a  marsh  is  exfiausted  by 
draining  ;  the  moisture  of  the  earth  is  exhausted  by 
evaporation. 

2.  To  empty  by  drawing  out  the  contents.  Vene- 
section may  exhaust  the  veins  and  arteries. 

3.  To  draw  out  or  to  use  and  expend  the  whole  ; 
lo  connume.  The  treasures  of  the  ufince  were  ex- 
hausted: his  means  or  his  resources  were  p/Au«,fecd. 
'i'he  ."trenglh  or  fertility  of  land  may  be  exhausted. 

4.  To  use  or  expand  the  whole  by  exertion  ;  as,  to 
ezftniist  the  8tren(!>h  or  spirits  ;  to  eiluiust  one's  pa- 
tience. Ilence,  Uus  phrase  is  equivalent  to  tirey 
irtar'/t  f'Jfi^ue. 

EX-HAUST',  a.     Drained  ;  exhausted.     {Little  used.] 

Burton. 

EX-HAUST'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Drawn  oul ;  drained  off; 
emptied  by  drawing,  draining,  or  evap«iration;  whol- 
ly used  or  expended  ;  consumed. 

EX-HAUST'ER,  n.  lie  or  tliat  which  exhausts  or 
draws  out. 

EX-Hj^I  ST'inLE,  a.  That  may  bo  exhausted  or 
draiiu'd  off. 

EX-HAUt^T'IXG,  ppr.  Drawing  oul;  draining  off; 
emptying  ;  using  or  expending  the  whole  ;  consum- 
iug-  .      ,  ^ 

9.  a.     Tending  to  exhaust ;  as,  MAa«.-if»nn- labor. 

EX-HAUS'TIO.\,  (e^z-hawst'yun,)  n.  The  act  of 
drnuing  out  or  draining  off;  the  act  of  emptying 
cumpU'iely  of  the  contents. 

2.  Tlie  slata  of  being  exhausted  or  emptied ;  the 
slate  of  beinir  dr-prived  of  sirengih  or  spirils. 

3.  In  niathemat'c*,  a  nn'th(>d  of  proving  the  equal- 
ity of  two  magnitudes  by  a  reductw  ad  absurduiHy  or 
showing  that  if  one  is  supposed  cither  crt'aler  or 
Ie«i8  thun  the  other,  there  will  arise  a  contradiction. 

Barlow. 
EX-I!ATTpT'IVE,  a.    Thai  exhausts. 
EX-HA  UHT'LEBS,  a.     Not  to  be  exhausted  ;  not  to 

be  wholly  drawn  off  or  emptied  ;  inexhaustible  ;  as, 

an  Frhnu-ille^s  fund  or  store. 
EX-HAU.S T^ENT,  lu     Exhaustion  ;  drain. 


EXIl 

EX-HAUST'URE, «.     Exhaustion. 
EX'HE-DRA  or  EX-Hk  DRA.    See  Exedra.  Cheat 
EX-HER'E-DATE,  v.  U     [Infra.]     To  disinherit 
EX-HER-E-DA'TION,  n.     [L.  ezhairedatioy  exliared^} 
ex  and  kipres,  an  heir. 

In  tJte  civil  lata,  a  disinheriting  ;  a  father's  exclud- 
ing a  child  from  inheriting  any  part  of  his  estate. 

Encyc. 
EX-HIB'IT,   (egz-hib'it,)  v.   U     [L.   exMbeo;    ex   and 
habeo^o  have  or  hold,  as  we  say,  to  hold  out  or  forOi.'\ 

1.  To  offer  or  present  to  view  ;  lo  present  for  in- 
spection ;  to  show  ;  as,  to  exhibit  paintings  or  other 
specimens  of  art ;  to  exhibit  papers  or  documents  in 
court. 

2.  To  show  ;  to  display  ;  to  manifest  publicly  ;  as, 
lo  exhibit  a  noble  example  of  bravery  or  generosity. 

3.  To  present ;  to  offer  publicly  or  officially  ;  as,  to 
exhibit  a  charge  of  high  treason. 

4.  To  administer,  as  medicines. 

EX^-HTB'IT,  n.  Any  paper  produced  or  presented  to  a 
court  or  to  auditors,  referees,  or  arbitrators,  as  a 
voucher,  or  in  proof  of  facts ;  a  voucher  or  document 
produced, 

2.  In  chancery^  a  deed  or  writing  produced  in 
court,  sworn  to  by  a  witness,  and  a  certificate  of 
the  oiilh  indorsed  on  it  by  the  examiner  or  com- 
missioner. Kneve. 

EX-HIB'IT-ED,  pp.  Offered  to  view;  presented  for 
inspectioti ;  shown  ;  displayed. 

EX-HIB'IT-ER,  n.  One  who  exhibits  ;  one  who  pre- 
sents a  petition  or  charge.  Shak. 

EX-HIU'IT-ING,  p^.  Offering  lo  view  ;  presenting; 
showing;  displavini;. 

EX-HI-Hl"T10N,'{eks  he-bish'un,)   n.     [L.  exhibitio.'] 

1.  The  act  of  exhibiting  for  inspection;  a  showing 
or  presenting  to  view  ;  display. 

2.  The  offering,  producing,  or  showing  of  titles, 
authorities,  or  pn[)ers  of  any  kind,  before  a  tribunal, 
in  proof  of  facts, 

3.  Public  show  ;  representation  of  feats  or  actions 
in  public;  di^^piay  of  oratory  in  public;  any  public 
show, 

4.  Allowance  of  meat  and  drink  ;  pension  ;  bene- 
faction settled  fnr  the  maintenance  of  scholars  in  the 
En(;ti^b  universities,  not  depending  on  the  founda- 
tiun.  Hwijl.     Bacon.     Eiicyc 

5.  Ilence,  gift  or  recompense,  as  lo  servants.  Shak* 
(».  In  vicdicme,  tlie  act  of  administering  a  remedy. 

EX-HI-Ur'TION-EU,  n.  In  English  untversities,  one 
who  has  a  pension  or  allowance,  granted  for  the  en- 
couragement of  learning, 

EX-HIB'IT-IVE,  (egz)  o.  Serving  for  exhibition; 
representative.  *  J^orri^. 

EX-UIU'IT-IVE-LY,  adv.    By  representation. 

H'aterland. 

EX-HIB'IT-0-RY,  a.  Exhibiting;  showing;  display- 
ing. 

EX-HIL'A-RANT,  a.  Exciting  jov,  mirth,  or  pleasure. 

EX-HIL'A-RANT,  h.    That  which  exhdarates. 

EX-HIL'A-UATE,  (egz-hil'a-rate,)  r.  (.  [L.  exhilara; 
ei  and  hilaro^  lo  make  merry,  At/«ri*,  tnerry,  jovial, 
Gr.  (Adois.] 

To  make  cheerftil  or  merry  ;  to  enliven  ;  lo  make 
glad  or  joyous ;  lo  gladden  ;  to  cheer.  Good  news 
exhilarates  the  mind,  as  good  wine  exhilarates  the  an- 
imal spirits. 

EX-HIL'A-KATE,  r.  i.  To  become  cheerful  or  joyous. 

fill  con. 

EX-HIL'A  RA  TED,  pp.  Enlivened  ;  animated  ; 
cheered  ;  gladdened  ;  made  joyous  or  jovial. 

EX-HIL'A  RATING,  ppr.  or  a.  Enlivening  ;  giving 
life  and  vigor  to  the  spirits  ;  cheering  ;  gladdening. 

EX-HIIi'A-RA-TING-LY,  udv.  In  an  exhilarating 
mnrmer. 

EX-HIL-A-RA'TION,  v.  The  act  of  enlivening  the 
spirits  ;  the  act  of  making  glad  or  chtierful. 

2.  The  state  of  being  enlivened  or  cheerful.  Ex- 
hihiration  usually  expresses  leiM  than  jcyor  7flirtA,  but 
it  mav  be  used  to  ex[»ress  both. 

EX-H0"RT',  (egz-horl',)  v.  U  [L.  exhortor  ;  ex  and  hor- 
tor,  to  encourage,  tn  embolden,  to  ciieer,  lo  advise ; 
It.  cfortare  :  Fr.  rrhorter:  Sp.  exhortar.  The  primary 
sense  seems  to  be,  to  excite,  or  to  give  strength,  spir- 
it, or  courage.] 

1.  To  incite  by  words  or  advice  ;  to  animate  or 
urge  by  arguments  to  a  good  deed  or  to  any  laudable 
conduct  or  cotirse  of  action. 

1  exhort  you  to  be  of  gooil  ciirri,  —  AeU  txtU. 

Youiiz  m'-ii  Ftlio  exhort   to  be  •obeMDimlni.     Exhort  wrriuiU 

lo  be  oLieiiifiit  w  ihcir  inotcr*.  —  Tiu  ii. 
5.  To  advise  ;  to  warn  ;  to  catitinn. 

3.  To  incite  or  stimulate  to  exertion.     Ooldsmith 
EX-HORT',  V.  i.  To  deliver  exhortation  ;  to  use  wordi 

or  arguments  to  incite  to  good  deeds. 

And  Willi  inniiy  olhT  wont*  did  he  tp»iify  witil  exhort.  —  AcU  U. 

EX  HORT-A'TION,  (eks-)  n.  The  act  or  practice  of 
exhorting  ;  the  act  of  inciting  to  laudabb-  deeds  ;  in- 
citeni'-nl  to  that  which  is  good  or  commendablo. 

2.  The  form  of  words  intended  to  Incite  and  en- 

3.  Advice  ;  counsel.  [courage. 
EX-MORT'A-TIVE,  (egz-)a.  Coulaining exhortation, 
EX-HORT'A-TO  RY,  a.    Tending  to  exhort  ,  nerving 

for  exhortation. 


TONE,  BCLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  a«  K ;  Cl  as  J ;  8  a«  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


EXI 

EX-IiORT'ED,  pp,     Iiicitt'd  by  words  to  (root!  ilefiis  ; 

ftniiiiiitfit  lo  a  lauiiable  cotirse  of  cmiduct ;  mlvlsed. 
EX-MOKT'ER,  n.  One  who  exhorts  or  encourapfa. 
EX-llOKT'l.NG,  ppr.  Inciting  to  giHid  (It>«il8  by  words 

or  :ueumeiit'« ;  encouncin?  ;  comisifliiig. 
EX-I I C MA-TED.  a.     I)i«interretl. 
£X-llU-MA'TIOi\,   N.     [Fr.,  Iruin  fihumn-^  tn  dig  out 
c^  Um   ground  ;    Si>.   ezAu/.-uu- ;    L.   ez  and   Ammiiu, 
fn^und.J 

1.  Th«  dicing  up  of  a  (lead  body  interred ;  the 
dbiinierring  ot  a  corpcte. 
tl  The  digging  up  of  nnv  thing  buried.  Qvldtmitk, 
EX-HCME',  v.U     [L.  «  and  kmmm*.^ 

To  dig  out  of  tlie  earth  wbat  haa  been  buried  :  lo 
dttinter.  MtmtaU. 

E\-HCM'£I>,  (exbQmd',)  ^.    DistnCwmL 
EX-HCM'I.N'O,  pjw.     Disinterring. 
EX-ie'CATE,  EX-IC-CA'TIO.N.     See  Exsiccatb. 
BX'I  dENCE,   ^  K.     [L.  ixigau,  fmin  txig»t  to  exact ; 
IbXM^^EN-CV,  s     n  and  4jv,  tu  drive.] 

1.  D<.-mand  i  urgency  ;  urgent  need  or  want.  We 
■peak  of  the  txigtmc*  of  the  case ;  the  eiigtmee  of  tlie 
timea,  or  of  buBineas. 

3.  Preaainf  neceaaity;  distress;  aoy  caaa  which 
ilwaarts  immediate  action,  supply,  or  ramedy.  A 
JKJWiap  adapts  bis  measures  to  bia  ezigemets.  In 
^tekpvwnt  eofvaey,  no  time  is  to  be  lost. 
HPl-OBNTf  ■•>  Presaing  business  ;  occasion  that 
calls  for  immediate  help.  [.Vot  iu«d.]  -{^ee  Exi- 
eaxcE-]  Hooker. 

Si,  In  latBy  a  writ  which  lies  where  the  dt  ft-ndant  is 
Dot  to  be  fuund,  or,  alter  a  rt-tuni  of  Hon  P.<t  (nrentms^ 
on  former  writs,  the  erigfrtt  or  eri^faeiAj  Jif  n  issues, 
which  requires  the  shend*  tn  cause  the  defendant  to 
be  prociaiuiea  or  tjatted^  in  five  county  courts  suc- 
cessively, to  render  him^ielf ;  and  if  he  docs  not,  he 
b  outlawed.  Blackstone. 

3.  End ;  extremity.     {.Vat  vw^d.)  Skak. 

EX'I-tiENT,  a.    Pres,siag;  requiring  immediate  aid  at 

artMm.  Burkt. 

EX"   "^  "V^  '?.,  «.    An  officer  in  the  Court  of  C«»m- 
ilngland,  who  makes  fxit  exigents  and 
I  ~.  in  cases  of  outlawry.  fiicyc. 

E\  1  ut  ui^L..  a.    [See  ExiGBNccj    That  may  be  ex- 
acted;  demandaUe;  rcqutrable. 
EX-I-iJC'I-TY,  II.     [L.  rTijruitas.] 

Smailne^;  •len«eme»s.     [^tAttle  utied.]       Bcgle. 
EX-IG'l^-OL'S,  (egz-if'yu-us,)  a.     [U  en^n$  \ 

Small  y   slender  \   minute  \   diminutive.      {^UstU 

EXILE,  (fpks'Tle,)  n.  [L.  ri'dium^  rnd  i  fx.  rxd;  IL 
tstito.  The  Word  is  probably  ciunpounded  of  ez  and 
a  root  in  SI,  &ignif)  iog  to  defmrt,  or  tu  cut  off,  to  sep- 
arate, or  to  thrust  away,  perhaps  L.  talio.] 

1.  Banishment ;  the  stale  of  being  expelled  from 
one*a  native  country  or  pUce  of  residence  by  author- 
ity, and  forbidden  to  return,  either  for  a  limited  time 
er  for  perpetuity. 

2.  An  abandonment  of  one*s  country*,  or  removal 
to  a  foreign  countr>'  for  residence,  Iliroiieh  fear,  di»- 

Gst,  or  resentmeut,  or  !\h'  any  cause  distinct  from 
:<incss,  IS  called  a  voltmtarii  fzile,  a<>  is  a]<au  a  sepa- 
iBtioa  from  one's  country  and  friends  by  distress  or 
Deeeasity. 

X  The  person  banished,  or  expelled  from  his  coun- 
try by  authority  ;  also,  one  who  ababdons  his  coun- 
try and  resides  in  another:  or  one  who  is  separated 
from  his  country'  and  friends  by  nece-:«sity. 
EX'ILE,  (eks'ilejo  t.  To  banish,  as  a  person  from  his 
cotititr>'  or  from  a  particular  jurisdiction,  by  author- 
i^-,  with  a  prohibition  of  return  ;  to  drive  away,  ex- 
pel, or  transport  fr>m  one's  country. 

2.  To  drive  from  one's  country  by  misfortune,  ne- 
cessity, or  distress. 

To  eziU  ome*t  v^f^  is  to  quit  one's  country  with  a 
view  not  to  return. 
EX'TLE,  (eka'Ile,)  a.     [L.  tzili3.\ 

.■^lender;  thin;  fine.  Bac«it. 

EX'TI--i:D,  (eks'ild,)  pp.  or  a.     Banished ;  expelled 

from  one's  countr>-  by  authority. 
KX'TIJ^-MEXT,  lu    BanUhinenr. 

EX'IL-ING,   ppr.     Banishing  i  eipellini;  from   one's 
countr)'  by  law,  edict,  or  sentence  ;  voluntarily  de- 
parting from  one*o  countrv,  and  residing  in  another. 
EX-I-LI"TION,  (eka-e-hsh'uD,}  «.    [U  eri/w,  for  w> 
mloOy  to  leap  ouL] 

.\  sudden  springing  or  leaping  out.     \I^Ule  used.^ 

Browiu 
EX-IL'I-TY,  (egz-il'e-ty,)  «.    JL.  exOittu.] 

^^lendemess  ;  fineness  ;  thinness. 
EX-IM'I-OL'S,  a.     f  L.  eximius.] 

E\ct-llent.     [Lit'le  ustd.]  Bmcon. 

KX-I\'.\-.\rrE,  c.  L     [L.  MWMio.1 

To  make  empty  ;  to  weaken.    [.Vo(  usedJ] 

Praraon. 
KC-IN-A-XI"TION,    II.     [L.  exinanitin^  from  erinoJiio, 
to  empty  or  evacuate  ;  ex  and  inanio,  to  empty,  tnanu, 
empty,  void.] 

.\n  emptying  or  evacuation  ;  hence,  privation  ; 
loss  ;  destitution.  [LiO/e  imsc^] 
EX-IST',  (egz-ist',)  V.  i.  [I*  existo:  rz  and  futo,  or 
mure  directly  from  Gr.  ir^,  irri/n,  to  set,  place,  or 
fix,  or  rati),  L.  »to,  to  stand,  Pp.  Port,  e^tar.  It.  sUtre, 
G.  suhen,  D.  ttaan,  Russ.  stoyu.     The  primary  sense 


EXO 

is  to  set,  tix,  or  be  fixed,  whence  the  sense  of  peniia- 
neijce,  continuance.] 

1.  To  l>e  ;  to  have  an  essence  or  real  being  ;  appli- 
cable to  mutter  or  body,  and  to  s^iiritaal  tubslniicr.'i.  A 
Supreme  Heiiig  and  first  cause  of  all  laher  beings 
must  have  erisud  from  eternity,  for  no  being  can 
have  created  himself. 

a.  To  live ;  to  have  life  or  nnimntioo.  Men  can 
not  exist  in  water,  nor  fishes  on  laml. 

3.  To  remain  ;  to  endure ;  to  continue  in  being. 
How  Ions  sliall  national  enmities  ezistl 
EX-I.*^T'E.\CE,  «.  The  state  of  hping  or  having  es- 
sence ;  as,  the  nt^tencaof  body  and  of  soul  in  union  ; 
the  separate  czistenct  of  the  soul  j  immortal  tzuunec ; 
tempoRi)  fxhtrncr, 

a.  Life  :  nnim:ition. 

3l  Contiiuieil  being;  duration:  roininuntion.  We 
speak  of  the  exisUnce  of  trouble^t,  or  culainittes,  or  uf 
happiness.  During  the  rzi^trnce  of  national  calami- 
ties, our  pious  ancestors  always  had  recourse  to 
pmyer  for  divine  aid. 
EX-I^T'ENT,  a.  Being;  having  being,  essence,  or 
existence. 

The  fiTM  mnti  mlnil  mn  fuim^  on  objrcta  which  ha*?  nn  mil 
brinf ,  u  il~  tbey  w«ra  Uulj  txitUnt.  />ryd<n. 

EX-IS-TE\'TIAL,  (egz-is-len'shal,)  a.    Having  exist- 
ence.    fA"(rt  used,]  Bp.  Barlow. 
EX-IST'|\G,  ppr.  or  a.    Having  existence,  being,  or 

life. 
EX-IS-TI-.MA'TIO.V,  n.     Esteem.     [Xot  used.] 
EX'IT,  n.     [I«,  the  third  person  of  creo,  to  go  out.] 
Litrralltfy  he  goes  out  or  departs.     Hence, 
1.  The  departure  of  a  player  from  the  8lat;o,  when 
he  has  performed  his  part.     'I'his  is  al**o  a  term  set  in 
a  play,  to  mark  the  time  of  an  actor's  quitting  the 
stage. 

9.  Any  departure  ;  the  act  of  quitting  the  stage  of 
action  or  of  life  ;  death  ;  decease.  Sa^fi, 

3.  A  way  of  departure  ;  passage  out  of  a  place. 

,  fVoodicard, 

4.  A  going  out :  departure.  OUmoilie. 
EX-!"TIAL,  (epz-ish'al,)      (  ^  ^T    ^n«i;,  1 
EX-I"TIOi;e!,  (egz-ish'us.)  i  «•  [l-  «nha/«.l 

Destructive  to  life.  Homilies, 

EX-LEG' IS-LA-TOR,  n.  One  who  has  been  a  legis- 
lator, but  is  not  at  present. 

EX-MAV'OR,  K.  One  who  has  been  mayor,  but  is  no 
longer  m  office. 

E.\-.MlN'lS-TE.tv,  «.  One  who  has  been  minister,  but 
is  not  In  office. 

EX  ME'RO  MO'TU,  TU]    Of  mere  good  pleasure,  a 

Shrase  occurring  in  charters,  grants,  &c. 
Jft:-CES-Sr-TA'TK,  [Lj     Of  necessity. 
EX'ODE,  «.     ^Gr.  tlooiuy.    See  Efonus.] 

In  (A«  Oreek  dramas  the  ctmchiding  part  of  a  play, 
or  the  part  which  comprehends  all  tlial  i.i  said  after 
the  last  interlude.  Anachiirsia, 

EX'O-DUS,  /         r^       J-   •         T      A  VI  1 

EX'O-DY      \  **     t     *  '*'*''''*  »  *(  *"*"  «''0S»  way.] 

1.  Departure  from  a  place;  particularly, the  depart- 
ure of  the  Israelites  from  Egypt  under  the  conduct 
of  Moses. 

2.  The  second  book  of  the  Old  Testament,  which 
gives  a  hisuiry  f}f  the  departure  of  the  Israelites  from 
Eopt. 

EX-OF-rr'CIAL,  Ceks-of-fish'al,)  a.  Proceeding  from 
office  orauthoritv. 

EX  OFf7"C/-0,'(eks-of-fi3h'e-o,)  [f^]  By  virtue  of 
office,  and  without  special  authority.  A  justice  of 
the  [leace  mav,  cz  o^cio,  talte  sureties  of  the  peace. 

EX'O-CEX,  n.     [Gr.  t^  and  ytvog.] 

In  botany,  a  plant  whose  stem  is  formed  by  succes- 
sive additions  to  the  outside  of  llie  wood.   Lindley. 

EX-OO'EN-OUS,  a.  Growing  by  successive  additions 
to  the  outside  of  the  wood.  Lindley. 

EX'O-GLO.SS,  n,     [Gr.  f  (w  and  >Xr.KT(Ta,  tongue.] 

The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  fishes  found  in  the 
American  seas,  whose  lower  jaw  is  trilobed,  and  the 
middle  lube  protruded  performs  the  otfice  of  a 
longue. 

EX-O-LeTE',  a.     [L.  exoletus.'] 

Worn  ;  faded  ;  obsolete.     \^LiUle  used,] 

EX-O  LO'TION,  n.  Laxalimi  of  the  nerves.  [Aot  in 
useA  Brown, 

EX-OLVE',  r.  U    To  loose.     [Aof  in  use.] 

EX-O.M'PHA-LOS,  n.     [Gr.  i^  and  oft-paXoi.] 
A  navel  ru[»ture. 

EX'ON,  n.  In  Ensl<ind,x\ie  commander  of  the  royal 
bodv-euard  -,  called  ezxm  of  tht  fumgehold.  Cull. 

EX-0'\'ER-ATE,  (egz-on'er-ate,)  v.  L  [L.  exonerof 
ez  and  onera,  to  load,  onus,  a  load.] 

1.  To  unload  ;  to  disburden, 

Th*  VMwIi  exonerate  thcinsclvo  into  tv  c«romoQ  JiicU      Ray, 
But  more  generally,  in  a  figurative  sense, 

2.  To  c:ist  off:  as  a  charge,  or  as  blame  resting  on 
one  ;  to  clear  of  somethins  tliut  lies  upon  the  diame- 
ter as  an  imputation  ;  us,  to  ezoaerate  one's  self  from 
blame,  or  from  the  charge  of  avarice. 

3.  To  cast  off,  as  an  oblifration,  di-.bt,  or  duty  ;  to 
discharge  of  re-^ponsibility  or  liability  ;  as.  a  surety  exr 
oneratfji  himself^  by  producing  a  man  in  court. 

EX-O.N'ER-A-TED,  pp.  Unloaded  ;  disburdened ;  freed 
from  a  charge,  imputation,  or  res ptmsibi lily. 


EXO 

EX-OX'ER-A-TING,  ppr.  Unloading  ;  disburdening ; 
freeing  from  any  charge  or  impuiaiiou. 

EX-ON-ER-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  disburdening  or 
discharging  -,  the  act  of  freeing  frtin  a  charge  or  im- 
putation. 

EX-ON'ER-A-TIVE,  a.  Freeing  from  a  burden  or  ob- 
ligation. 

EX-OPH'YL-LOUS,  a.     [Gr.  cf  and  .^'^A  »',  a  leaf.] 
Being  naked  or  not  shcatlu-d  m  another  leaf. 

EX-OP-TA'TION,  n.     Earnest  desire  or  wit^li. 

EX'O-RA-BLK,  (oks'o-ni-bl.)  a.     [L.  ezorabilis,  from 
exoro  ;  ez  and  oro,  to  pray.] 
That  may  be  moved  or  persuaded  by  entreaty. 

EX'0-RATE,  r.  (.    To  obtain  by  recpiest. 

EX-OR'KI-TA.\CE,  (egz-or'be-tans,)       i  ju    [U  exer- 

EXOR'Bl-TAN-CY,  (egz-or'be-tan-sy,)  j  6i(«»jt,from 
ex  and  nrhita,  the  track  of  a  wheel,  urbis,  an  orb.] 

Literallii,  a  going  beyond  or  without  life  track  or 
usual  limit.  Hence,  enormity  ;  extravagance;  a  de- 
viation from  rule  or  the  ordinary  limits  of  right  or 
propriety  ;  as,  the  ezorbttancies  of  the  tongue,  or  of 
deportment. 

The  rr»er«nce  of  my  prwMic*  mi\y  be  n  curb  to  your  rrorWion- 
cieM,  Drj/iien. 

EX-OR'BI-TANT,  a,    [L.  ezorbitans.] 

1.  LiteraUii,  departing  from  an  orbit  or  usnaUrack. 
Hence,  deviating  from  the  usual  course  ;  going  be- 
yond tlie  ap[)ointi'd  rules  or  esiablished.Iimits  of  right 
or  propriety;  hence,  excessive;  extravagant;  enor- 
mous. We  speak  of  exorbitant  apjielites  and  passions ; 
ezirrbiiant  demands  or  claims  ;  exorbitant  taxes. 

S.  Anomalous  ;  not  coniprehciided  in  a  sdtled  rule 
or  method. 


The  Jewswrre  uiured  wiUi  causes  exorUtant. 


Hook*r. 


EX-OR'RI-TANT-LY,  adv.    Enonnounlv  ;  excessively. 

EX-OR'BI-TATE,  r.  i.  To  go  beyond  the  usual  track 
or  orbit ;  to  deviate  from  the  usual  limit.     Bentley. 

EX'OR-ClSE,(eks'or-sIze,)  t.  t.  [Gr.  tfopKi;w,tu  ad- 
jure, from  bf}Ki\(>iy  lo  bind  by  oath,  from  6pxo{,  an 
oath.] 

1.  To  ndjdre  by  some  holy  name;  but  chiefly,  to 
exp^-l  evil  spirits  by  conjurations,  prajers,  and  cere- 
monies. To  esorcise  a  person,  is  to  expel  from  him 
the  evil  spirit  supposed  to  possess  him.  To  ezorcise 
a  demon  ur  evil  spirit,  is  to  cast  him  out  or  drive  him 
from  a  person  by  prayers  or  other  cf  remonies.  Eneye. 

2.  To  purify  from  unclean  spirits  by  adjurations 
and  ceremonies  ;  to  deliver  from  the  influence  of  ma- 
lignant spirits  or  demons  ;  as,  to  ezorcise  a  bed  or  a 
house. 

EX'OR-CTS-/^D,  pp.     Expelled  from  a  person  or  place 
by  conjuration^^  and  prayera;  freed  from  demons  in 
like  manner. 
EX'OR-CIS-ER,  n.     One  who  pretends  to  cast  out  evil 

spirits  by  adjurations  :ind  conjuration. 
EX'OR-Crs-ING,  ;»;jr.  Expelling  evil  spirits  by  prayers 

and  ceremonies. 
EX'OR-CISM,  n.     [L.  exorcismus ;  Gr.  tJoptciffAiof.] 
'J'lie  expulsion  of  evil  spirits  from  persons  or  places 
by  certain  udjunitions  and  ceremonies.    Eiorcispi  was 
common  among  the  Jews,  and  still  makes  a  part  of 
the  superstitions  of  some  churches.  Eneyc. 

EX'OR-CIST,  n.    One  who  pretends  to  expel  evil  spir- 
its by  ronjitration,  prayers,  and  ceremonies,  .^ctaxix. 
EX-OR'DI-AL,  (egz-)  a.     [Infra.1    Pertaining  to  the 

exordium  of  a  discourse  ;  introcluctory.        Brown, 
EX-OR'DI-UM,  n. ;  pi.  ExoRDifMs.     [L.,  from  ezordi- 
or:  ex  and  ordior,  to  begin.     See  Ohder.] 

Iti  oratory,  the  beginning  ;  the  introductory  part  of 
a  discourse,  which  prepares  the  audience  for  the  main 
subject ;  the  preface  or  proeniial  part  of  a  composition, 
'i'he  ezordium  maybe  fnrnial  and  deliberate,  or  abrupt 
and  vehement,  according  to  tlte  nature  of  the  subject 
and  occasion. 
EX-0-RHrz.E,  n.  pi     [Gr.  f,^  and  ^sa.] 

In  botany,  plants  whose   radicle  elongates  down- 
ward, directly  from  the  base  of  the  embryo.   Lindley. 
EX-O-RIII'ZOUS,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  exorrhizaj. 
BX-Oil-NA'TION,  n.     [Lt.  czomatioy  from  exorno;   ez 
and  crno,  to  adorn.] 
Ornament;  decoration  j  embellishment. 

Hcde,     Hooker, 
EX-ORT'IVE,  a.  [L.  ezortimis ;  ez  and  ortus,  a  rising.] 

Rising ;  relating  to  the  east. 
EX'Oi^MoSE,  n.    [Gr.  i^  and  toafini,  impulsion.] 
The  passage  of  gases,  vapors,  or  liquids,  through 
porous  media  from  within.  Brands, 

EX-OS'SA-TED,  a.     [Infra.]     Deprived  of  bones. 
EX-OS'SE-OUS,  a.     [L.  ex  and  ossa,  bones.] 

Without  bones  ;  destitute  of  bones ;  as,  txosseous 
animals.  Brotcn. 

EX'OS-TOME,  n.    [Gr.  c^w  and  pro^a.] 

Tiie  small  aperture  or  foramen  of  the  ovule  of  a 
plant.  Beck. 

EX-OS-TO'SIS,  It,    [Gr.  cj  and  ogtcov,  a  bone.] 

Any  protuberance  of  a  bone  which  is  not  natural ; 
an  excrescence,  or  morbid  enlargement  of  a  bone. 

Coze. 
Also,  in  botany,  a  disease  in  which  knots  are  formed 
upon  or  in  the  wood. 

EX-O-TER'ie-AL     "•    ^'^'-  tf""''."<'fi  exterior.] 

External ;  public ;  opposed  to  esoteric  or  secret.  The 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  1VH*T.  — METE,  PEBV.— PISE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BppK.- 


423 


EXP 

tzotfric  doctrines  of  tlie  ancieui  pliilusoplu-rs  were 
tliose  whicli  were  opt;nIy  piol'L-:i.sfd  anJ  luujiht.  The 
t^oteric  were  secret,  or  taught  only  to  a  few  chosen 
disciples.  Knfield.    Encyc, 

EX'O-TER-Y,  It.     What  ia  obvious  or  common. 

Search. 

EX-OT're,  (egz-ot'ik,)  a,  [Gr.  ifa)r(«>f,  from  c^w, 
without.] 

Foreign  ;  introduced  from  a  foreign  country  ;  not 
native;  extraneous ^  as,  an  exotic  plant;  an  Aa>Uc 
tenn  or  word. 

EX-OT'(e,  It.  A  plant,  sltrub,  or  tree,  not  native  j  a 
plant  introduced  t'rom  a  foreipn  country.     Jiddtson. 

'2.  A  word  of  foreign  origin  introduced  into  a  lan- 
E'i:iae. 

F.X-OT'I-CISM,  n.     Tlic  state  of  being  exotic. 

EX-PAND',  V.  t.  [L.  txp'tmlo  ;  ex  and  panda,  to  open, 
or  spread  ;  IL  spaudere,  to  pour  out ;  coinciding  witli 
Eng.  span,  D.  span,  spanntn^  Sw.  spdjiRa^  Dan.  sp<Bnr 


der. 


See  Ar.    •  L*  baina.  Class  Bn,  No.  3.   The  pri- 


mary sense  is,  tu  strain  or  stretch ;  and  this  seems  to 
be  the  iseuse  of  bend,  L.  pandas.] 

1.  To  open  j  to  spread;  as,  a  flower  erpandu  its 
leaves. 

9.  To  spread  ;  to  enlarge  a  surface  ;  to  diffuse  ;  as, 
a  stream  erfmnds  its  waters  over  a  plain. 

3.  To  dilate  ;  tn  enlarge  in  bulk  ;  to  distend  ;  as,  to 
erpatul  the  chest  by  inspiration  ;  heat  eipawLi  all  bod- 
ies ;  air  is  tzpanded  by  rarefaction. 

4.  To  enlarge  ;  to  extend  :  as,  to  expand  the  sphere 
of  henevi.lence  ;  to  expand  the  heart  or  affrctions. 

EX-P.\ND',  c.  i.  To  open  ;  to  spread.  Flowers  ti;)anJ 
in  spring. 

2.  To  dilate  ;  to  extend  tn  bnlk  or  surface.  Mtl.ils 
erpand  by  heat ;  a  lake  cxpatuU,  when  swelled  by 
rains. 

3.  To  enlarge ;  as,  the  heart  tipandi  with  joy. 
EX-PAXD'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Opened  ;  spread  ;  exU;nded  ; 

dilated;  enlarged;  diffused. 
EX  PA.ND'IN'G,  ppr,  or  a.     Opening  ;  spreading  j  ex- 

It-nding:  dilatinj; ;  diffusing. 
EX-PA.\SE',  (tks-pans',)  n,     [L.  eTpansum.] 

.\  spreading;  extent;  a  wide  extent  of  space  or 

body  i  as,  the  expaiue  of  heaven. 

The  «ii..>oth  espanM  of  crystal  lake*.  Pop*. 

CX  PAN.S-iniL'I-TY,   n.      [from   expanabU.]      The 

rr  :ii  itv   ..r  b-^ing  expanded;   capacity  of  extension 
:'  ■       ■  r  bulk  ;  as,  the  expanstbdiUi  of  nir. 
i:\  i'\  .-  1  IILK,  o.     f  Fr.,  from  expaHdA     Capable  of 
being  ei[>.inded  or  spn?ad  ;  capable  of  being  extend- 
ed, dilated,  or  diffused. 

B.kIw*»  are  uot  trpfintHjlt  hi  proportion  to  their  wtiglit.    Oreie, 

nX  PA.NS'I-BLE  .NESS,  n.     Expansibility. 

r,X  PANS'l-BLV,  aUc,     In  an  expan^ble  manner. 

EX  PA.VS'ILE.  o.     Capable  of  expanding,  or  of  being 

diht'd. 
EX-PAX'SIOV,  (eks-pon'shun,)  n.     TL.  ezpansio.] 

1.  The  act  >•(  exp.-inding  or  spreading  out. 

2.  The  slate  i«f  being  esjiaiided  ;  the  enlargement 
of  surface  or  buU  ;  diiar;ilion.  We  apply  expansion 
to  surfaee,  as  Ihe  expanawtt  of  a  sheet  or  of  a  lake, 
and  to  bulk,  xi  the  fxpatuum  of  fluid.^  or  metals  by 
beat ;  but  Uul  to  n  line  or  length  without  breadth. 

X  Extent;  ftjiace  to  wiiich  any  thing  is  enlarged  ; 
also,  pun-  sjiiicc  or  distance  between  remote  bodies. 

4.  ErilargL-uicnt ;  as,  the  expajuion  of  the  huart  or 
affections. 

b.  In  commtTce^  an  incrca«e  of  isjiues  of  bank 
nott-s. 

EX-PA\'^IOX-CL'RB,  n.  A  contrivance  to  counter- 
act expansion  and  coiilr.iclion  by  lieat,  as  in  chro- 
nometers. 

EX-PA-\S'IVE,  fl.  [Fr.]  Having  the  power  to  ex- 
pand, to  i|>rcajri,  or  to  ddate  ;  as,  the  exptin^oee  l\>rce 
of  Jieal  or  fire.  (h-tgory. 

a.  Having  the  cap(.f  ity  of  being  expanded  ;  us,  the 
expatutet  quality  of  air;  the  expuuaivt  atmusphere. 

ThoiHJtOttt 

a  Widely  extended  ;  as,  erpan-^ivr  benevtilmce. 

EX-PA.\S'1VE->£SS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ex- 
pan-«ive. 

EX  PAR'TE,  [L.]  On  one  part;  as,  rx  parte  evi- 
dence, that  which  is  brijught  forward  by  oue  Bid« 
only  ;  an  ex  parte  council,  one  which  assembles  at 
the  requejft  of  only  one  of  the  parties  in  dispiii*-. 

EX-PA'TIATE,  (eks  pa'ahale,)  v.  i.  [U  cxputtor :  ex 
and  spatun-,  tn  wander,  to  enlarge  in  discourse,  ^pa- 
IiHM,  spare,  probably  allttd  to  patco,  to  cpi-n.  Class 
Dd.J 

1.  To  move  at  large  ;  to  rove  withtiut  prescribed 
UmitA;  to  wander  in  »pac«i  without  restraint 

M-  >■■      ■    .  ■■,'i'<if«  In  t.'i^  iWi^^.  Papt. 

£r:  '-hia  K^ii^  ul  man.  Pu^. 

2.  To  enl  irse  or  writing;  to  >»*  copi- 
ous in  arsupii'Mi  >.r 'nsri.sMon.  On  imfnirt-ini  topics, 
the  omtor  think4  him-v^lf  nl  liberty  t<i  expatiate. 

EX  PA'TU-TINO,  ppr  Hoving  at  large  ;  moving  in 
s|mce  without  certain  limits  or  restraint;  enlarging 
In  diwourse  f»r  writing. 

EX-PA-TI-A'TIO\,  n.    Act  of  *  xpntiating. 


EXP 

EX  PA 'T I A  TOR.,  ii.  One  who  enlarges  or  lUupliflcs 
in  l:ini:uag(>, 

EX-PA'TIA-TO-UY,  a.     Expatiating. 

EX-PA'TRl-ATE  or  EX-PAT'RI-ATE,  r.  (.     [Fr.  ex- 
patrier;  li.  spatriare  i  fnun  L.  ex  and /itifna,  country.] 
In  a  grveral  sensc^  to  banish. 

To  expatriate  one^s  sc^f,  is  to  quit  one's  country,  re- 
nouncing citizensliip  and  allegiance  in  that  country, 
to  take  residence  and  become  u  citizen  in  another 
country.  The  right  to  expulriau  one's  self,  is  denied 
in  feudal  countries,  and  much  controverted  in  the 
United  Slates. 

EX-PA'TRI-A-TED  or  EX-PAT'KI-A-TED,  pp.  Uan- 
ishod;  removed  from  one's  native  countr>-,  with  re- 
nunci-ition  of  citizenship  and  allegiance. 

EX-Pa'TRI-A-TING  or  EX-PAT'RI-A-TING,  ppr. 
Banishing;  abandoning  one's  country,  vvitli  renun- 
ciation of  allegiance, 

EX-PA-TRI-A'TIO\orEX-PAT-Rr-A'TION,n.  Ban- 
ishment. More  generally,  the  forsaking  one's  own 
countrv-,  with  arenunciaiion  of  allegiance,  and  with 
the  view  of  becoming  a  permanent  resident  and  citi- 
zen in  another  cuunirv. 

EX-PE€T',  V.  t.  [h,  expeeto;  ex  and  specto,  to  look, 
that  is,  to  rencli  forward,  or  to  hx  the  eyes.] 

1.  To  wait  for. 

The  ffusnU, 
By  me  ciicampcd  on  yu[id>?r  hill,  txpect 
Tii'ir  motion.  Milton. 

[This  sense,  though  often  used  by  Gibbon,  seems 
to  be  obsolescent.] 

2.  To  liMik  for ;  to  have  a  previous  apprehension 
of  something  future,  whether  good  or  evil  ;  to  enter- 
tain nt  least  n  slight  belief  that  an  event  will  hap|»eii. 
We  expect  a  visit  that  1ms  been  promised  ;  we  expect 
money  will  be  paid  at  the  time  it  is  due,  tJiough  we 
are  often  disapjiointed. 

Expect,  in  its  legitimate  sense,  always  reft-rs  to  a 
future  event.  [The  common  phmse,  /  expect  it  was, 
in  as  vulgar  as  it  is  improper.] 

3.  To  ruiiuire  or  demand  ;  as,  payment  will  be  ex- 
peeled  when  the  note  falls  due.  fVhatcley. 

EXPECT',  r.  I.     To  wait ;  to  stay.  S,ind^s. 

EX-PECT'A-BLE,  a.  To  be  expected  ;  that  may  be 
expected. 

EX  PECT'ANCE,   )  n.    Theact  orst.ile  of  expecting; 

EX-PECT'AN-CY,  i     expectation.     Miltoiu    AAuA. 
9.  Something  expecU'd.  Skak. 

3-  Hope  ;  a  looking  fur  with  ploasuro.  ShaJc. 

EX-PE€T'AN-CY,  n.  In  laic,  a  state  of  waiting  or 
suspension.  An  estate  in  expcctatiey,  is  one  which 
is  to  take  effect  or  conunence  aAer  the  determination 
of  anotherVstate.  Estates  of  this  kind  iwe  remainders 
and  rcKersions.  A  remainder,  or  estate  in  remain- 
der, is  one  which  Is  limited  to  take  effect  and  be 
enjoyed  after  another  estate  is  determined.  'I'hus, 
wlien  a  grant  of  land  is  made  to  A  for  twenty  years, 
and,  after  the  determinatitui  of  tliat  term,  to  B  and 
his  heirs  forever,  A  is  tenant  for  years,  remainder  to 
B  in  fee.  In  this  case,  the  estate  of  B  is  in  erpec- 
tuncij,  that  is,  waiting  for  the  determination  of  the 
estate  for  years.  A  rrterreion  is  the  residue  of  an 
e^tjite  left  in  the  grantor,  to  commence  in  jmssession 
aRer  the  determination  of  a  {Ktrticutar  estate  granted 
out  by  him.  As,  when  A  leases  an  estate  to  B  for 
twenty  years,  after  the  determination  of  that  period, 
the  estate  rrrrria  to  the  lessor  ;  but,  during  the  term, 
the  estate  of  the  lessor  is  in  expeeUtncij,   BlacLitune. 

EX  PECT'A.NT,  a.    Waiting;  l.>oking  for.       Swifi. 
9.  ExpectttHt  estate,  one  which  is  sns|H>nded  till  the 
detcrtninatioti  of  a  jtarticular  estate.        Ulackitvne. 

EX-PECT'ANT,  n.  One  who  expects  ;  ono  who 
waits  in  ex|>ectation  ;  one  hehl  in  dependence  by  his 
belief  or  hniie  of  receiving  t^oine  good.  1'liose  who 
have  the  gill  of  offices  are  usually  surrounded  by  ex- 
pectants. 

EX-PECT-A'TION,  n.     [I.,  expeetatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  expecting  or  looking  forward  to  a 
future  event  with  at  least  some  rcas'-n  to  believe  the 
event  will  happen.  Expectation  differs  from  hope. 
Hope  originates  in  desire,  and  may  exist  with  little 
or  no  ground  of  belief  that  the  desired  event  will 
arrive.  EtpetttUion  is  founded  on  some  reasons 
which  render  the  event  probable,  /lope  is  directed 
to  some  go(rtl ;  expectation  is  directed  to  good  or  evil. 

Tli^  •  im>-  wrttbrK-M  of  iriiiiil  which  iiiditl^i  ftbvurtl  txpfxiationa, 
prmliica  p'dil.itic^  in  (ILaappiiintmcnt.  Jroing. 

9.  The  state  of  expecting,  either  wIU»  hope  or  fear. 

3.  Prospect  of  good  to  come. 

My  »on\,  wtiU  ihuu  only  on  Gut,  (ar  my  erptctation  is  from 
hiH..-P<.  Ixii. 

4.  The  object  of  expectation  ;  the  expected  .Mes- 
linh.  '  .-yjdton. 

5.  A  stile  or  qurilitirN  in  a  perwon  which  excite 
ex[»wtatutns  in  others  of  i»ome  fuiiire  excellence;  as, 
a  youth  of  eipfrlation.  Si'tneij.      Otiray. 

We  now  more  generally  *ay,  a  youth  of  promise. 

(5.  In  charters,  the  Value  nf  any  pri>si)ect  of  prize  or 
property  depending  upon  the  happening  of  some  un- 
rerlain  »v<-nt.  A  kuui  of  money,  to  be  (mid  when 
an  event  happens,  has  a  determinate  value  before 
thai  event  happens.  If  the  chances  of  receiving  or 
not  receiving  a  hundred  dollars,  when  an  event  ar- 


EXP 

rives,  ore  eiiual,  then,  before  the  arrival  of  the  event 
the  expectation  is  worth  half  the  money. 

Barlow.     Eiicye. 
Expectation  of  life :  in  annuities,  a  term  applied  to 
the  mean  i>r  average  duration  of  the  life  of  individ- 
uals, after  any  specified  age.  P.  Cyc. 

EX-PE€T'A-TiVE,  H.  That  which  is  expected.  lA^ot 
used.] 

EX-PECT'ER,  n.  One  who  expects  ;  one  who  waits 
for  something,  or  for  another  |>er3on.    Swift.    Sftak. 

EX-PE€T'I.\G,  ppr.  Waiting  or  looking  for  the  ar- 
rival of. 

EX-PEC T'lXG-LV,  adn.     In  a  state  of  expectation. 

EX-PEt;'TO-RANT,  a.  [See  Expectorate.]  Hav- 
ing the  qualilv  of  promoting  discharges  from  the  lungs. 

EX-PEe'TO-RAN'l',  H.  A  medicme  which  promotes 
discharges  from  the  lungs. 

EXPECTORATE,  v.  t.     [L.  expectoro  i  Sp.  erpecto- 

rar  ;  Fr.  expectorer ;  from  L.  cz  and  pcctits,  the  breasL] 

To  eject  from  the  trachea  or  lungs;  to  discharge 

phlegm  or  other  matter,  by  coughing,  hawking,  a  id 

spitting.  Coze, 

EX-PEC'TO-RA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Discharged  from  the 
lungs. 

EX-PEe'TO-RA-TING,  ppr.  Throwing  from  the 
lungs  by  hawking  and  spitting. 

EX-PEC-TO-RA'TIO.V,  n.  The  art  of  discharging 
phlegm  or  mucus  frtun  the  lungs,  by  coughing,  hawk- 
ing, and  spitting  ;  also,  the  matter  thus  disclmrged. 

Encyc. 

EX-PE€'TO-RA-TI  VE,  a.  Having  the  quality  <.>r  pro- 
moting expectoration. 

EX  PK'DK  ilER'CU-LEM,  [L.]  From  the  remain- 
ing foot  of  Hercules'  statue,  learn  the  size  of  his  en- 
tire person  ;  from  a  partial  extiibition,  learn  tlie  full 
extent  of  0  man's  powers  or  characteristic  excellences. 

EX-Pk'IH-ATE,  v.  U    To  exp/ditc.     UVot  in  use.] 

EX-Pi-:'DI-KNCE,  )  n.    [See  Speed,  Expedient,  and 

E.\-Pk'DI-EN-CV,  i       Expedite.] 

1.  Fitness  or  suilabU-riess  to  elfert  some  good  end 
or  the  purpose  intended  ;  propriety  under  the  jiarticu- 
lar  circum.stanres  of  the  case.  'I  tu*  practicability  of 
a  measure  is  often  obvious,  when  the  expedience  of  it 
is  questionable. 

2.  Exi>ediiion;  adventure.     [JVoi  note  uj^ed.]    SkaJc. 

3.  Expedition  ;  haste  ;   dispatch.     f-VwI  now  used,] 

Shak. 
EX-PE'DI-ENT,   (eks-pe'-dc-eut,)   a.      [L.  expediens; 
eipetlio,  to  hasten  ;  Eng.  speed i  Gr.  fnTivd'n,] 

1.  Literally,  hastening;  urging  forward.  Hence, 
tending  to  promote  the  object  proposed  ;  fit  or  suita- 
ble for  the  purpose  ;  proper  under  the  circumstances. 
Many  things  may  be  lawful,  which  are  not  expcdienL 

2.  Useful ;  profitahle. 

3._Q,uick  ;  expeditious.     [.Vue  u/^ed.']  Shak. 

EX-Pk'DI-ENT,  h.  'J'hat  which  serves  to  promote  or 
advance;  any  means  which  may  be  employed  to  ac- 
complish an  end.  Let  every  erpedient  he  employed 
to  effect  an  important  object,  nor  let  exertions  cease 
till  all  expedients  fail  of  producing  the  effect. 

2.  Shift  ;  means  devised  or  employed  in  an  cxi- 
gcny.  lyri/drn. 

EX-PE'DI-ENT-LY,  adv.    Fitly  ;    suitably  ;  conven- 
iently. 
2,  Hastily  ;  quickly.     [Obs.]  Shak, 

EX-PED'I-TATE,  v.t.     [t.  ex  and  pes,  foot.] 

In  theffn-r.-it  laws  of  Enffland,  to  cut  out  the  ballsor 
claws  nf  a  dog's  fore  feet,  for  tlie  preservation  of  the 
king's  game. 
EX  PED  I-TA'TIO.V,  n.     The  act  of  cutting  out  tlie 

balls  or  claws  of  a  dog's  fore  feeU  Encyc. 

EX'PE-DITE,  v.  L     [L.  exjicdio  ;    Sp.  expedir;    Fr.  ex- 
"'    t 
peMer;    It   siiedire ;    Ar.  iXi)  afido,  to   hasten,  or 

4XJ-  vafada,  to  send,  to  move  hastily,  to  be  suitable ; 

Eng.  speed.  F^pedio  iflcumpoun<i.  We  sec  the  same 
root  in  impedio,  to  hinder,  to  send  against,  to  move  in 
opposition.] 

1.  To  hasten  ;  to  quicken  ;  to  accelerate  motion  or 
progress.  'J'he  general  sent  orders  to  expeAiU  the 
march  of  the  army.  Artilicial  heal  may  expedite  tJie 
growth  of  planlH. 

2.  To  dispatch  ;  to  send  from. 

Such  charten  are  txptdittd  gi  ciium'.  Bttcon. 

X  To  hasten  by  rendering  easy.    Sec  Xo.  1. 
EX'PI-MlTTE,  a.     [U  cxpediliw.] 

1.  Q,uick  ;  speedy;  expeditious;  aft,  expedite  exe- 
cution.    [Little  used.]  Sandys, 

2.  Easy  ;  clear  of  impediments  ;  unencumbered  ; 
OB, to  make  away  plain  and  expedite.     lUnusual.] 

3.  Active;  nimble;  ready;  prompt.  [Ituuker. 

The  niorr  axpediu  will  be  ihe  soul  in  lu  ojwratioftfl.     (T/iui. 
fluoJ.)  'J'iiiuUon, 

A.  Liifht-armed.     [JVVe  used.]  Bacon. 

EX'PE-Uri'-El>,  pp.     Facilitated  ;    freed  from  impodl- 

ment. 
EX'PF--1)TTE-LY,  «/e.    Readily;  hastily;  speedily; 

promptly.  Orew. 

EX'PE-I)tT-I\G,  p/w.    Fariliuiling;  bastening. 


TCXE,  mjLI*,  UMTB.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8.— €  as  K;  6  as  J ;  9  us  Z ;  CH  aa  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


EXP 


-ii'un,)  H.     [L.  expeditio,'] 
-A  i  ilispatcti.    1  be  mou 


ES-l'EI)I"TIov 

1.  Haslc  .  -; 
U  cvnvcyfd  \\  I 

SL  The  march  oi  :iii  iiriny,  or  the  royageof «  fleet, 
lo  a  distant  plare,  for  hostile  purpusea  ;  as,  the  «zp»- 
tfiCmi  of  iho  French  to  Kgyptj  the  wyrfitign  of 
Xerxes  into  Greece. 

X  Any  enterprise,  undt'rtaking,  or  attempt  h^  a 
BUiul't*r  of  per^Hins ;  or  the  collective  body  which 
undertake)!.  We  say,  our  guvemment  aaot  an  eip*- 
dit^vit  to  the  Pacific  ;  the  rnxftUitian  has  arrivedr 

£X-PEDr'TI(J.\-A-RY,  c    Coiuialiag  In  aa  expedi- 
tion. 

EX-PE-DI  'Tiers, (ek?-pfr^ish'u«0«'  Quick;  hasty; 
speedy  ;  as,  an  erpfiiiuous  march. 

2.  Sjiiiblf  ;  aciivf;  swirt ;  acting  with  celerity; 
as,  an  nveditu^us  messenger  or  runner. 

EX-PE-DI'TIOIS-LV,  oJp.  Speedily;  hastily;  with 

celerttv  or  dispotdu 
EX-PHD'I  Tl  VK,  «.    Perfonninc  nitb  spe«d.     Bmeom, 
EX-PEL',  r.  c     [L.  eiprlia:  n  and  foUtf,  to  drive,  Gr. 
^aAAu;  It.  tsptUare;  W.fspeiiax-;  and  fn>iii  the  L. 
paiticiple,  Pr.  exjniXstT.    C'jaics  Bl.] 

1.  To  drive  or  force  out  froin  any  inclosed  place ; 
M,  lo  comJ  wind  from  the  stoinach,  or  air  from  a  bel- 
lows. [Tiu  woni  u  mpplUmhU  t»  mttif  fitres^  fk^aicol  or 
•wray 

%  To  drive  out ;  to  force  to  leave  ;  as,  to  expH  the 
bibabitaau  of  a  county  ;  to  exptl  wild  beasta  from  a 
forest. 

3.  To  eject ;  to  throw  out.  J>rfim, 
A.  To  banii^h  ;  to  exile.  Pop*, 
5.  To  reject ;  to  refuse.    [IMU  used.] 

And  vouU]  Tou  dm  poor  felkMrahip  trjitl  7  Bub.  T\il«, 

fi.  To  exclude ;  to  keep  out  or  off.  Shak. 

7.  la  eUitge  /ormmnml,  to  cutiiniand  to  leave  ;  to 
dissolve  the  coonectton  uf  a  studeot ;  to  iut4:nlict 
him  ttoni  further  conuectiun. 
EX-PCI^'LA-BLE,  a.   That  may  be  expelled  or  driven 
ouL 

Add  axpOiaiir  br  hmL,  Xtnaon. 

EX-PEL'LED,  (eks-peld',)  fp.  or  a.     Driven  out  or 

away  ;  forced  to  leave  ;  InjiiHhed  :  exiled  ;  excluded. 

EX-PEL/LER,  H.     lie  or  that  which  drives  out  or 

away. 

EX-PEL'UNG,  ffr.     Driving  out;   forcing   away; 

compelling  to  quit  or  depart;  banishing:  excluding. 

EX-PEN'D',  r.  f.    ['L.espenuoi  M  and  ^««£»,  to  Weigh ; 

Bp^   erfnuUr:    Fr.   ii/pr.t.trT^   ^m  L.  disprmJo ;    IL 

^tn4rrt :  properly,  to  ueigh  off;    hence,  to  lay  out] 

I.  Tu  lay  out ;    to  diT^bun^i ;    to  ^[>end  ;  to  deliver 

or  dh*tribttte,  either  in  payment  or  in  Jonations.    We 

'  money  for  food,  drink,  and  clothing.    We  a- 

\  a  little  in  chanty,  and  a  great  deal  in  idle 


3.  To  lajr  oat ;  to  use ;  Co  employ ;  to  consume ; 
ai,  to  cipsaid  tiaie  and  labor,  t  hope  the  time,  labor, 
and  raoaey  txftmdid  oa  this  book  wBI  not  be  wholly 
nttsemployed. 

a  To  use  and  eonranae  ;  as,  to  npend  hay  In  feed- 
ing caUle. 

A.  To  consume;  to  dissipate;  to  waste  ;  as,  the 
<m1  of  a  tanip  is  erpendfd  in  burning;   water  is  ex- 

rndeH  in  mechanical  operations. 
PE\D',  r.  u    To  be  laid  out,  used,  or  consumed. 

EX-PEN  D'£D,^p.  I^id  out ;  »<peut ;  disbursed ;  used  ; 
consumed. 

£X-PE\D'IN'G,  ppr.  Spending;  using;  employing  ; 
wast  in  ft. 

EX-PEN D'I-TT:RE,  h.  Tlie  act  of  expending  ;  a  lay- 
hag  out,  as  of  money  ;  disbursement.  A  corrupt  ad- 
minif^tntion  i.-;  known  by  eiiravagant  ezpemditures 
of  public  money. 

Kalkiaal  bwoas  and  MMfm£tan,  Pric*. 

9.  Moaejr  expended ;  expense 

The  RoripCa  mod  ci^ndlturu  of  lliii  ?x|iensi*«  cooctTy. 

HamUlon. 

EX-PEX3E',  (ex-pens',)  n.     [L.  rrpensnm.] 

1.  A  laying  out  or  expending  ;  iTie  dUbur^ing  of 
money,  or  the  emr>loyment  and  con^iuniption,  as  of 
time  or  labor.  Great  rnterpri:>es  are  accoinplished 
only  by  a  great  trpnse  cf  money?  time,  and  lal>or. 

2.  Jlonpy  expendrd  ;  cwx  :  charge  ;  that  wbJch  ia 
disbursed  in  payment  or  in  charity.  A  prudent  man 
Uir.ils  his  erjtnLges  by  his  income  The  rrpntars  of 
war  are  rarely  or  never  rc-imbursed  by  the  acquisi- 
tjiin  either  of  good?  or  territory. 

3.  That  whicli  is  itsed.  employed,  laid  out, or  con- 
sumed ;  as,  the  rrpense  of  time  or  labor. 

EX-PEXSETI;L,  a.    CosUy  ;  expensive.  {Little  iwed] 

Wvtton, 
EX-PEXSE'FVL-LY,  adr.     Ina  costly  manner  ;  with 

great  eTpensf*.  Wcertr. 

EX-PENSE'LESS,  «.     Without  cost  or  expense. 

MUltm. 
EX-PEXS'IVE,  a.    Costly;  requiring  much  expense; 
as,   an    erpensive  dress    or   equipage  ;    an    erpmsive 
family.    Vices  are  usually  more  expensive  than  vir- 
tues. 

9.  Given  to  expen«e ;  free  in  the  use  of  money ; 
extravagant ;  lavigh  ;  applied  to  persons.  Of  men, 
some  are  frugal  and  industrious;  others,  idle  and 
ej^CHgive,  Temple. 


EXP 

3.  Liberal ;  generous  in  the  di^t^ibnlio^  uf  \v%i\y- 
erty. 

1'hb  reqoiiTa  an  utiv*?,  crpciuHw,  iiiilv&vtjvable  p>o>ln(««. 

Spratt. 

EX-PEMS'IVE-LY,  adr.  With  great  expense;  at 
great  Ciist  or  charge,  Sic^ft. 

EX-PE\':?'IVE-XE3S,  ».  Costliness;  the  quality  of 
inrnrring  or  requiring  great  expenditures  of  inmiey. 
The  ezpen-tirffirsi?  of  war  Is  not  its  grentrst  evil. 

5.  Addictedness  to  expense  ;  extravagance ;  applied 
ta  pfrs*>ns. 

EX-PE'RI-ENCE,  a.  [L.  rrprrientia,  from  erperiury  to 
try;  ex  and  ant.  pcrior;  Gr.  rrfipit.),  to  attempt, 
whence  ptrate :  G.  er/ahren,  from  fithren,  to  move,  to 
go,  to  drive,  to  ferry;  I).  emMren,froui  raaren,  logo, 
to  move,  to  sail ;  t*w.  fitrfam^  fara  ;  Dun.  fotfarer^ 
farm  Sax. /uraa  ;  Goth,  fitrtin;  Kng.  to  fare.  TI>e 
I*  perieutum^  Eng.  perils  are  from  the  same  root.  We 
see  the  n>ot  of  these  words  i«,  to  go,to/(irf,to  drive, 
urge,  or  presw,  to  strain  or  stretch  forward.  See 
Class  Br,  .No.  3,  Ar.  No.  4,  10.  23.] 

1.  Trial,  or  a  series  of  •riJil'*  or  experiments! ;  ac- 
tive effort  or  attempt  to  do  or  to  prove  something,  or 
repeated  efforts.  A  man  attenii»ts  to  raise  wlieai  on 
moist  or  clayey  ground  ;  his  attempt  fails  of  auccesa  ; 
experience  proves  that  wheat  will  not  flourish  on  such 
a  soil.  He  repeats  the  trial,  and  his  experience  proves 
the  same  facu  A  single  trial  is  usually  denominated 
an  experiment ;  experience  may  be  a  series  of  trials,  or 
the  result  of  such  trials. 

2.  Observation  of  a  fart,  or  of  the  same  facts  or 
events  happtning  under  like  circunjsiances. 

3.  Trial  from  suffering  or  enjojment  ;  suffering 
itself;  the  use  of  the  senses  ;  as,  the  experience  wo 
have  of  pain  or  sickness.  VVe  know  the  effect  of 
light,  of  pinell,  or  of  taste,  by  experience.  We  learn 
the  instability  of  human  affairs  by  observation  or  by 
experience.  We  learn  the  value  of  integrity  by  expe- 
rience.   Hence, 

4.  Knowledge  derived  from  trials,  use,  practice,  or 
fmm  a  series  of  obser\-ationa. 

EX-P£'RI-ENCE,  r.  U  To  try  by  use,  by  suffering,  or 
by  ergoymenl.  Thus  we  all  experienee  i>ain,  sorrow, 
and  pleasure  ;  we  eijtfrience  good  and  evil ;  we  often 
txperience  a  change  of  siiitimenls  and  views. 

5.  To  know  by  practice  or  trial;  to  gain  knowl- 
edge or  f  kill  by  practice,  or  by  a  series  of  observa- 
tion.o. 

EX-F£'RI-EN-CED,  (eks-pC'ro-enst,)  pp.  Tried  ; 
useil  ;  practiced. 

2.  a.  Taught  by  practice  or  by  repeated  observa- 
tions ;  skilful  or  wise  by  means  of  trials,  use,  or  ob- 
servation ;   as,  an  experienced  aitist ;   an  experienced 

.    physician. 

EX-P£'RI-E\-CEB,  n.  One  who  makes  trials  or 
experiment-^. 

EX-P£'R1-E.\-CIXG,  ppr.  Slaking  trial ;  auflering  or 
entwine. 

EX-PER'I-MENT,  n.  [14.  experimenUm,  from  exprriorj 
as  in  Experience^  whicll  see.| 

A  triai;  an  act  or  uiM-ration  designed  to  discover 
some  unknown  truth,  principle,  or  effect,  or  to  es- 
tablish it  when  discovered.  It  differs  from  observa- 
fi&n,  which  is  merely  the  attentive  consideration  of 
things,  as  they  exist  in  nature.  Er;)m7/ien£*  in  chem- 
istry disclose  the  qualities  of  natural  bodies.  A  series 
of  experiments  proves  the  uniformity  of  the  laws  of 
matter.  It  is  not  always  safe  to  trust  to  a  single  ez- 
pcriment.  It  is  not  expedient  to  try  many  experiments 
in  legislation. 

A  poUltc.il  exprrirsiient  cnn  not  be    nuJe  in  a  liborBtory,  nor 
dctcrnuoed  io  a.  fe«'  bout*.  J.  Adamt, 

EX-PER'I-MEN"r,  r.  i.  To  make  trial  ;  to  make  an 
experiment ;  lo  operate  on  a  body  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  discover  some  unknown  fact,  or  to  establish  it 
when  known.  Philosopliers  experiment  on  natural 
bodies  for  the  discovery  of  their  qualities  and  combi- 
nations. 

2.  To  try  ;  to  search  by  trial. 

3.  To  experience.     [JV'ot  iwe*/.]  Locke. 
EX-PER'I-MENT,   r.   (.     To  try  ;  to  know  by  trial. 

[Liltle  used.]  Herbert, 

EX-PER-I-MENT'AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  experiment. 

2.  Known  by  experiment  or  trial ;  derived  from  ex- 
periment. 

ExperimentJil  knowledge  is  the  most  valuable,  be- 
cause it  is  most  certain,  and  most  safely  to  be 
trusted, 

3.  Built  on  experiments  ;  founded  on  trial  and  ob- 
servations, or  on  a  series  of  results,  the  effects  of 
operations  ;  as,  experimental  philosophy. 

4.  Taught  by  experience;  having  personal  expe- 
rience. • 

Admit  to  the  holy  cominimion  such  only  ss  profr««  and  appear 
\b  be  rpg^neriieti,  and  csperimettial  Chrutians. 

H.  Jiumphreyt, 

5.  Known  by  experience  ;  derived  from  experience ; 
as,  experimrntul  religion. 

EX-PER-I-MENT'AL-IST,  n.  One  who  makes  ex- 
periments. Burgess. 

EX-PEK-I-MENT'Al^LY,  adc.     By  experiment;   by 
trial ;  by  operation  and  observation  of  results. 
2.  By  experience  ;  by  suffering  or  enjoyment.     We 


EXP 

are  all  experimentally  acquiiintud  with  pain  and 
plenpurc. 

EX-Pl::U-l-MEVT'A-TIVE,  a.     Experimental. 

EX-PER'I-.MENT-ED,  pp.  Tried  ;  searched  out  by 
trial. 

EX-PER'I-MENT-ER,  n.  One  who  makes  experi- 
ments ;  one  skilled  in  experiments. 

EX-PKR'I-.ME.N'I'-LNG,  ppr.  Making  experiments  or 
trials. 

E3C-PI:R'I-MENT-KST,  «.  One  who  makes  experi- 
ments. [This  is  more  analogical  than  Expi:rime:vt- 
ALIST.l  Good. 

EXPF.k-IMFJ^'^TUM  CRtPCIS.  [L.1  Experiment 
of  the  cross  ;  a  test  of  the  severest  and  most  search- 
ing nature  ;  a  decisive  experiment. 

EX-I'EKT',  a.  [L.  rxpertusy  from  experior,  to  try. 
See  KxPKitiENCE.] 

1.  /'r«/»ffr/i/,  exj)erii'nced  ;  taught  by  use,  practice, 
or  experience  ;  hence,  skillful ;  well  instructed  ;  hav- 
ingfamiltar  knowledge  of;  nF,an  expert  philosopher. 
U.  Dextrous;  adroit;  ready;  prompt;  having  a 
facility  of  operntitin  or  performance  from  practice; 
as,  an  expert  opi^rator  In  surgery.  It  is  usually  fol- 
lowed by  in  ;  as,  rx/irrt  in  surgery  ;  expert  in  perform- 
ance on  a  musical  iiislrunient.  Pope  uses  expert  of 
arms,  but  impntprrly. 

EX-PERT',  v.  L     To  experience.  Spenser. 

EX  PERT',  7..     An  exiwrt  person.  Ed.  Rev, 

EX-PERT' LY,.a(/e.  In  a  skillful  or  dexffous manner  j 
adroitly  ;  with  readiness  and  accuracy. 

EX-PERT'NESS,  n.  Skill  derived  from  practice  ; 
readiness;  dexterity;  adroitness;  as,  expertness  in 
musical  performance  ;  expertness  in  war  or  in  sea- 
manship ;  expertness  in  reasoning. 

EX-PET'I-BLE,  a.     [  L.  cxpetibilu<.] 

That  may  be  wished  for;  desirable.      [JVot  used.] 

EX'P(-A  BLE,  a.     [U  expiabilis.    See  Expiate.] 

That  may  be  expiated  ;  that  mnv  be  atoned  for 
and  done  away ;  as,  an  expiable  offense  ;  expiable 
giiilt. 

EX'PI-aTE,  r.  (.  [li.  expio;  ez  and  pio,  to  worship, 
to  alone ;  piiw,  pious,  mild.  The  primary  sense  is 
probably  to  appease^  to  pacify,  to  allay  resentment, 
which  is  the  usual  sense  of  atone  in  most  languages 
which  I  have  examined.  Pio  is  probably  contracted 
from  7u>*(,  and  from  the  root  ofpaco,  the  radical  sense 
of  which  is  to  lay,  set,  or  fix  ;  the  primary  sense  of 
peace,  poj-.  Hence  the  sense  of  mild  in  pius.  But 
this  opinion  is  offered  only  as  probable.] 

1.  To  atone  for  ;  to  make  satisfaction  for;  to  ex- 
tinguish the  guilt  of  a  crime  by  subsequent  acts  of 
piety  or  worship,  by  whicli  the  obligation  lo  punish 
the  crime  is  c^mceled.  To  expiate  guilt  or  a  crime,  is 
to  [lerform  some  act  which  is  supposed  to  purify  tlie 
person  guilty  ;  or  some  act  which  is  accepted  by  the 
offended  party  as  satisfaction  for  the  injury;  that  is, 
some  act  by  which  his  wrath  is  appeased,  and  hia 
forgiveness  procured. 

2.  To  make  reparation  for ;  as,  to  expiate  an  Injury. 

Clarendon. 

3.  To  avert  the  threats  of  prodigies.        Johnson. 
EX'PI-A-TEf>,  pp.     Atoned  for;  done  away  by  satis- 
faction offered  and  accepted, 

EX'P1-A-T1i\G,  ppr.  Making  atonement  or  satisfac- 
tion for;  destroying  or  removing  guilt, and  canceling 
the  obligation  to  punish. 

EX-PI-A'TION,  n.     [L.  expiatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  atoning  for  a  crime  ;  the  act  of  mak- 
ing satisfaction  for  an  offense,  by  which  the  guilt  is 
donft  away,  and  the  obligation  of  the  offended  per- 
son to  punish  the  crime  is  canceled  ;  atonement; 
satisfaction.  Among  pagans  and  Jewn^  expiation  was 
made  chiefly  by  sacrifices,  or  washings,  and  purifi- 
cation. Among  ChristianSf  expiation  for  the  sins  of 
men  is  usually  considered  as  made  only  by  the  obedi- 
ence and  stifferings  of  Christ. 

2.  The  means  by  which  atonement  for  crimes  is 
made  ;  atonement  ;  as  sacrifices  ^ud  purification 
among  heathens,  and  the  obedience  and  death  of 
Christ  among  Christians. 

3.  Among  ancient  heathens,  an  act  by  which  the 
threats  of  prodigies  were  averted.  liatpeard. 

EX'PIA-TO-RY,   a.      Having    the    power    to    make 

atonement  or  expiation  ;  as,  an  expiatory  sacrifice. 
EX-PI-LA 'TION,  71.    [L.  expdatio,  from  expiloj  to  strip; 

crand  pilo,  to  peel.] 

A  stripping  ;  the  act  of  committing  waste  on  land, 

to  the  injury  of  an  heir;  waste.     [Little  nseil.] 

Fnller. 
EX-PTR'A-BI<E,  a,     [from  erpire,"]     That  may  expire  ; 

that  may  come  to  an  end. 
EX-PTR'ANT,  71.     One  expiring. 
EX-PI-Ra'TION,  n.     [I.,  expiratio^  from  eipiro.     Pee 

Expire.] 

1.  The  act  of  breathing  out,  or  forcing  the  air  from 
the  lungs.  Respiration  consists  of  expiration  and  in- 
spiration. 

2.  The  last  emission  of  breath  ;  death.    Rambler. 

3.  The  emission  of  volatile  matter  from  any  sulv- 
stance :  evaporation  ;  exhalation  ;  as,  the  expimtion 
of  warm  air  from  the  eartli. 

4.  Matter  expired  ;  exhalation  ;  vapor;  fume. 

Bacon. 

5.  Cessation  ;  close ;  end  ;  conclusion  ;  tenuma- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT M£TE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOU,  BQQK 

424  ~  " 


EXP 

tion  of  a  limiUrtl  time  ;  as,  the  expiration  of  a  month 
or  year  ;  the  expiration  of  a  term  uC  yeuns  ;  the  ex- 
piration of  a  tea^ ;  the  cxpirution  uf  a  coutract  or 
agreement. 

EX-PI'RA-TO-Ry,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  emission  or 
expiration  of  breatli  from  the  lungs.  H<ill. 

EX-PIRE'»  r.  t,  [I*  expiro,  for  ezspiro  i  cz  and  spiro^ 
to  breathe.] 

1.  To  breathe  out ;  to  throw  out  the  breath  from 
the  lungs  j  exposed  to  inspire.  We  expire  air  at  every 
breath. 

2.  To  exhale  j  to  emit  in  minute  particles,  as  a 
fluid  or  volatile  m.itter.  The  earth  expiree  a  damp 
or  warm  vapor  ;  the  body  expiree  fluid  matter  from 
the  pores  ;  planta  expire  odors. 

3.  To  conclude.     [Obs.] 

£X-PIRE',r.  1.  To  emit  the  last  breath,  as  an  animal; 
to  die  ;  to  breathe  the  last. 

2.  To  perish  ;  to  end  ;  to  fail  or  be  destroyed  ;  to 
come  to  nothing ;  to  be  frustrated.  With  tlic  loss  of 
battle  all  his  hopes  of  empire  expire^l. 

3.  To  fly  out  J  to  be  thrown  out  with  force.    [Rare.] 

The  pomierous  ball  expires.  thytUn. 

4.  To  come  to  an  end  ;  to  cease  ;  to  tenninate  ;  to 
close  or  conclude,  as  a  given  period.  A  lease  will 
expire  on  the  first  of  .May.  The  year  wynrr*  on 
Monday.  The  contract  will  expire  at  Michaelmas. 
The  days  had  not  erpireX 

WhPJi  forty  7«UB  had  expired.  —  Acu  rSL 

EX-PIR'iJD,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Expire, 

£X-PIil'IN'G,  ppr.  Breathing  out  air  from  the  lungs  ; 
emitting  fluid  or  volatile  matter;  exhaling;  breath- 
ing ttte  la.'^t  breath  ;  dyinc; ;  ending  ;  terminating. 

i.  d.  Dying;  pertaining  to  or  uttered  at  the  time 
of  dying ;  as,  txpiring  \vord»  ;  expiring  groans. 

J.  Lalhrop. 

EX-PIS-€A'TIOX,  n.     A  fishing.  Chapman, 

EX-PL'XI.\',  r.  (.  [L,  explano ;  ex  and  plan lu^  plain, 
open^  smooth;  sji.  explanari  It.  spuiiuxre.  £3ee 
Plais.] 

To  make  plain,  manifest,  or  intelligible ;  to  clear 
of  obscurity  ;  to  expound  ;  to  illut«tmie  by  discourse, 
or  by  notes.  The  fir^rt  business  of  a  preacher  is  to 
ezplain  his  text.  Notes  and  comments  are  intended 
to  explniH  the  Hcriptureii. 

EX-PLaL\',  r.  i.    To  give  explanations. 

EX-PLaI\'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  bt:  cleared  of  ob- 
scurity ;  capable  of  being  made  plain  tu  the  under- 
standing; capable  of  being  interpretid.         Brown. 

EX-PLAIX'ED,  refta-pUnd',)  pp.  Made  clear  or  obvi- 
Oils  to  the  uunersLandjug  ;  cleared  of  doubt,  ambi- 
giiily,  or  ribscurity  ;  cspounded  ;  illui-tnted. 

EX-PLaIX'ER,  n.  One  who  explains  ;  an  expositor ; 
a  commentator ;  an  interpreter.  llarrU. 

EX-PLA1\'I\G, p;»r.  or  a.  Expounding  ;  illustrating  ; 
interpreting;  opening  to  lliu  understanding;  clear- 
ing of  ob:^cunly. 

EX-PLA-\A  TIOX,  n.     [L.  eipUnatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  explaining,  expounding,  or  inter- 
preting ;  exposition  ;  )tiu.<itnitton  ;  intL-rpretaiion  ;  the 
act  of  clearing  from  obscurity  and  making  intelligi- 
ble ;  as,  the  explanation  of  a  paiii^tge  in  iscripture,  or 
of  B  contract  or  treaty. 

2.  The  sense  given  by  an  expounder  or  interpreter. 

3.  A  mutual  expoi^iliim  of  terms,  nieaninc,  or  mo- 
tives, with  a  view  to  adjust  a  oiHiiiidi-r-ititiiding,  and 
reconcile  differences.  Hence,  rf^-onciliation,  agree- 
ment, or  good  understanding  of  piirties  who  have 
been  at  variance.  The  jtarties  have  come  to  an  ex- 
vlanation, 

EX-PLAN'A-TO-Rr-XEPS,  «.    A  being  explanatory. 

EX-PLAX'.\-TO  RV,a.  .Serving  to  expt^iin  ;  contain- 
ing explanation  ;  as,  erplanatory  notes. 

EX-PLE'TIOX,  (cks-plu'shun,)  «.     [I*.  explrtio.J 
Accomplishment ;  fulfillment.    [Little  ujtcd.l 

Kiilinghfek. 

EX'PLE-TIVE,  a.      [Fr.  txpledf,  from   L.   expUoy  to 
fillj 
Pilling;  added  for  iflipply  or  ornament. 

EX'PLE-TIVE,  n.  In  language,  a  word  or  9>llable 
not  necessary  to  the  sense,  but  inserted  to  fill  a  va- 
cancy, or  for  orniuncnL  The  Greek  language  abounds 
with  rTpletivfM, 

EXTLE-TO-RV,  a.    Serving  to  fill. 

EX'PLI-€A-BLE,  a.      [L,  cxplicabilia.     See    Expli- 

CATlJ 

1.  Explainable  ;  that  may  be  unfolded  to  tlie  mind  ; 
that  may  be  made  intelligible.  Many  ditliculties  in 
old  authors  are  not  ezpltcahle. 

5.  Th:a  may  be  arcounted  for.  The  conduct  and 
measureif  of  the  admittistraiion  are  not  explicable  by 
the  uxual  rules  of  judging. 

EX'PLI  CATE,  P.  U  fli.  fxpUeo,  to  unfold  ;  m  and 
plito,Ko  fold;  Er.  expliqueri  Bp.  expUoar i  It.  gpi^ 
gare.] 

1.  To  unfold;  toexpand  ;  toopen.  "  They  erp/icai* 
the  leaves."  Blackmore. 

[In  tAu  aefue  the  loord  it  not  comnum,  and  hardly  ad- 
miasibU.  ] 

%  To  unfold  the  meaning  or  son^e  ;  to  explain  ;  to 
clear  of  difliculties  or  obscurity  ;  to  interpret. 

Tbt  Imc  «en«  of  hb  but  mxyr  ImxMjtX  vaOcitniXy  tspJictMd. 

Dryd*n. 


EXP 

EX'PLI-CA-TKl),  pp.     Unfolded  ;  oxplaiiud. 

EX'l'LI-€A-TlNG,/»;*r.  Unfolding;  explaining;  in- 
terpreting. 

EX-PL[-€A'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  opening  or  unfold- 
ing. 

2.  The  net  of  explaining  ;  explanation;  exposi- 
tion ;  interpretation  ;  as,  the  explication  of  thi;  para- 
bles of  our  Savior. 

3.  The  sense  given  by  an  expositor  or  interpreter. 

Johnson. 

EX'PLI-CA-TrVE,     ;  a.      Serving   to   unfold   or  ex- 

EX'PLI-GA-TO-RV,  i  plain  ;  lending  to  lay  open  to 
the  understanding.  tfatL-i. 

EX'PLI-€A-TOR,  n.  One  who  unfolds  or  explains; 
an  expounder. 

EX-PLIC'IT,  fefcs-plis'it,)  a.  [L.  explicitus,  part,  of 
explicoy  to  unfold.] 

Literally,  unfolded.  Hence,  plain  in  language  ; 
open  to  the  understanding;  clear;  nut  obscure  or  am- 
biguous ;  express,  not  merely  implied.  An  explicit 
proposition  or  declaration  is  that  in  which  the  words, 
nitlieircoinmunacceptiiiion,  express  the  true  meaning 
of  the  person  who  uttt^rs  them,  and  in  which  there 
is  no  ambiguity  or  disguise. 

2.  Plain;  open;  clear;  unreserved;  having  no 
disguised  meaning  or  reservation  ;  applied  to  perjons. 
Hi:  was  explicit  in  his  terms. 

EX'PLJC-IT,  C*itis'ple-sit.)  [L.]  A  word  formerly 
used  at  the  conclusion  of  books,  VkSjinls  is  now  used. 

EXPLICITLY,  adv.  Plainly  ;  expressly  ;  without 
duplicity  ;  without  disguise  or  reservation  of  niean- 

•  ing ;  not  by  inference  or  implication.  He  erpliciily 
avows  his  intention. 

EX-PLIC'1T-XESS,R.  Plainness  of  language  or  ex- 
pression; clearness;  direct  expression  of  ideas  or 
mlention,  without  reserve  or  ambiguity. 

EX-PLCDE',  V.  i.  [L.  erplodo;  ex  and  plaudo,  to  ut- 
ter a  burst  of  sound  ;  from  the  root  of  loud.'] 

Froperhjj  to  burst  forth,  as  souml ;  to  utter  a  report 
with  sudden  violence.  Hence,  to  burst  and  expand 
with  force  and  a  violent  report,  as  an  ehistic  fluid. 
We  say,  gunpowder  exphdes  on  the  application  of 
fire  ;  a  volcano  exploden;  a  meteor  exphdes. 

EX-PLODE',  V.  t.  To  decry  or  reject  with  noise;  to 
express  disapprobation  of,  with  noise  or  marks  of 
contempt ;  as,  to  explode  a  play  on  the  stage.    Hence, 

2.  To  reject  with  any  marks  of  disapprobation  or 
disdain  ;  to  treat  with  contempt,  and  drive  from  no- 
tice ;  to  drive  into  disrepute  ;  or,  m  gcneraly  to  con- 
demn ;  to  reject;  to  cry  down.  Astrology  is  now 
exploded. 

3.  To  drive  out  with  violence  and  noise.  [Little 
vsed.] 

Tbe  kinilled  powder  arplodad  the  bxll.  Blackrnor: 

EX-PLOD'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Burst  with  violence  ;  driven 
away  by  hisses  or  noise  ;  rejected  with  disapproba- 
tion or  contempt ;  condemned  ;  cried  down. 

EX-PLOD'ER,  B.  One  who  explodes;  a  hisser;  one 
who  rejerL-t. 

EX-PL6I*'ING,  ppr.  Bursting  and  expanding  with 
force  and  a  violent  reiwrt;  rejecting  with  nmrks  of 
disapprobation  or  contempt :  rejecting;  comlemning. 

EXPLOIT',  n.  [Fr.  exploit:  Norm,  exploit,  e^loit^ 
dispatch;  expleiter,  to  be  dispatched,  exercist?d,  or 
employed  ;  ploiij  disiKttch ;  Arm.  espied,  txplcdi^  ex- 
plet.] 

1.  A  deed  or  art ;  more  e-tpeeiaUyy  a  heroic  act ;  a 
deed  of  renown  ;  a  great  or  noble  nchie\'eiiient ;  bs, 
tlie  exploits  of  Alexander,  of  Cesar,  of  Washington. 
[ExrLoiTURc,  in  a  like  sense,  is  ntit  in  use.] 

2.  In  a  ludierotw  setue,  a  great  act  of  wickedness. 
EX-PLOIT',  r.  (.    To  achieve.    (A«(  in  use,]    Camden. 
EX-PLO'RATE,  r.  U    To  explore.     [Ao(  used.]     [See 

EXPLOBK.] 

EX-PLO-RX'TION,  «.  [See  Explore.]  The  act  of 
exploring  ;  clo«e  search  ;  strict  or  careful  examina- 
tion. Boyle. 

EX'PLO-RA-TOR,  n.  One  who  explores;  one  who 
Fcarches  or  examines  closely. 

EX-PLOR'A-TO-RY,  II.  Serving  to  explore  ;  search- 
ing; examining. 

EX  PLoRE',  r.  u  [L.  rrphro  ;  ezand  ploro,  to  cry  out, 
to  wail,  to  bawl.  The  compound  appears  to  con- 
vey a  very  difierrnt  sense  from  the  simple  verb  pluro  ; 
but  the  primary  sense  is,  to  stretch,  strain,  drive  ;  ap- 
plied to  the  voiee,  it  is  to  strain  or  preBs  out  sounds  or 
words  ;  applied  to  the  eyet^  it  is  to  stretch  or  reach, 
as  in  prying  curiosity.] 

I.  To  search  for  making  discovery  ;  to  view  with 
care;  to  examine  clost-ly  by  the  eye.  Moses  sent 
spies  to  explore  the  land  of  Canaan. 

Q.  To  search  by  any  nx-ans  ;  to  try  ;  as,  to  explore 
the  deep  by  a  plMtnmet  or  lead. 

3.  'J'o  search  or  pry  into;  to  scrutinize;  to  inquire 
with  care;  to  examine  closely  with  a  view  to  dis- 
cover truth  ;  as,  to  explore  the  depths  of  science. 

EX-PLCR'£D,  ;>;).ora.  Searched  ;  viewed  ;  examined 
closelv. 

EX-PLoRE'ME.NT,n      Search  ;  trial.     [Utile  u»ed.] 

Broiea. 

EX-PLOR'ER,  n.    One  who  explores. 

EX-Pl^C>R'lSQ,ppr.ot  a.  Searching;  viewing;  ex- 
amining with  care. 


EXP 

EX-PL6'ftIOX,  (cks -plo'zhiin,)  h.  [from  explode.]  A 
burstinp  with  noise  ;  a  bursting  or  sudden  expansion 
of  any  elastic  fluid,  with  force  and  a  loud  report;  as, 
the  explosion  of  powder. 

2.  The  discharge  of  a  piece  of  ordnance  with  a 
loud  report. 

3.  The  sudden  burft  of  sound  in  a  volcano,  &c. 
EX-PLO'SIVE,  a.     Driving  or  bursting  oiii  with  vio- 
lence and  noise  ;  causing  explosion  ;  as,  the  explosive 
force  of  gunpowder.  Wooduiard. 

EX-PLO'SIV'E  LY,  adv.    In  an  explosive  manner. 
EX-PO-Li-A'TION,  n.     [L.  expoliativ.] 

A  sjKiiling;  a  wasting.     [?ee  Spoliation.] 
EX-POL'ISH.  fur  Polish  ;  a  useless tcord. 
EX-Po'.\E\T,  n.     [L.  ezponens:  expono^  to  expose  or 
set  forth  ;  ex  and  pono,  to  place.] 

1.  In  alii-rbra,  the  exponent  or  index  of  a  power  is 
the  number  or  letter  which,  placed  above  a  ((iianiity 
at  the  right  hand,  denotes  how  often  that  qunnlitj' 
is  re(>eated  as  a  factor,  to  produce  the  power.  Thus 
o2  denotes  the  second  power  of  a.-  a-i  denotes  the 
fourth  power  of  a  :  a'  denotes  the  rth  [xiwer  of  o,  or 
a  repeated  as  a  factor  i  times.  A  fractional  exponent 
or  index  is  used  to  denote  the  root  of  a  quantity. 
Thus  a\  denotes  the  third  or  cube  root  of  a. 

Day^s  Al-rfbra.     Barlctt. 

2.  Exponent  of  a  ratio  :  a  term  or  phrase  sometimes 
used  to  denote  the  quotient  arising  when  the  antece- 
dent is  divided  by  the  consequent.  Thus  six  is  the 
exponent  of  the  ratio  of  thirty  to  jire.  But  some  math- 
ematicians, as  Kepler,  Halley,  &.c.,  consider  loga- 
rithms as  the  exponents  of  ratios.     Barlow.     Brande. 

3.  Figuratively^  one  that  stands  as  an  index  or 
representative  ;  as  the  leader  of  a  party  is  the  expo- 
nent  of  its  principles. 

EX-PO-XEX'TIAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  exponents. 

Expournliat  quantity  ;  in  algebra,  a  quantity  whose 
exponent  is  unknown  or  variiibl-'.  Jlutton. 

Exponential  eifualion  ;  an  equation  which  contains 
an  exponential  quantity.  Jlutton. 

Exponmiial  curre ;  a  curve  whose  nature  is  defined 
by  means  of  an  exponential  equation.  Jlutton. 

EX-l'GPE',  M,  A  pope  deposed,  or  dismissed  from 
office.  JtlcGavin. 

EX-PORT',  V.  t.  [L.  ejporto  ;  er  and  porto,  to  carry. 
Porto  sOL'iiis  allied  to  fcro,  and  Eng.  bear.  Class  Br.] 
To  carry  out ;  but  appropriately,  and  perhaps  ex- 
clusivehj,  to  convey  or  transp<,irt,  in  trathtr,  produce, 
and  goods  O'om  one  country  to  another,  or  from  one 
state  or  jurisdiction  to  another,  either  by  water  or 
land.  We  expoH  wares  and  merchandise  from  the 
United  States  to  Europe.  The  Northern  States  ex- 
port manufactures  to   South  Carolina  and  lieorfiia. 

,  Goods  are  expoj-tcd  froju  Persia  to  Syria  ami  Egjpt 
on  camels. 

EX'P5RT,  n.  A  commodity  nclunlly  conveyed  from 
one  country  or  state  to  another  in  tradic,  or  a  com- 
modity wliich4kmy  be  exjiorted  ;  used  diiefiy  in  the 
plural,  exports.  We  apply  the  word  to  goods  or  prod- 
uce actually  carried  abroad,  or  to  such  as  are  usu- 
ally exported  in  commerce. 

EX-POK  T'A-HLE,  a.     Tiiut  may  be  export.^d. 

EX-POR-TA'T10.\.  n.  'I'hc  act  of  exporting  ;  the  act 
of  conveying  goods  and  productions  from  one  coun- 
try or  state  to  another  in  the  course  of  commerce. 
A  countr>'  is  benefited  or  enriched  by  the  expurtatton 
of  its  surplus  productions. 

2.  1'he  act  of  carrying  out. 

EX-PORT'Kl),  pp.  or  a.  Curried  out  of  a  country  or 
state  in  tralBc. 

EX-PORT'ER,  n.  The  person  who  exports  ;  the  per- 
son who  ships  goods,  wares,  and  merchandise  of  any 
kind  to  a  foreign  country,  or  who  sends  tii<;m  to 
market  in  a  distant  country  or  state ;  opposed  to  im- 
porter. 

EX-PfiUT'lNG,  ppr.  Conveying  to  a  foreign  counir>', 
or  to  another  slate,  as  goods,  produce,  or  manufac- 
tures. 

EX'P0RT-TR;(DE,  n.  The  tmde  which  consists  in 
the  exportation  of  commodities. 

EX-POS'AL,  n.     Exposure.     [jV"*  in  nse.]         Sw^fl. 

EX-POSE',  (cks-p6ze',)  p.  U  [Fr.  exposer;  L.  erposi- 
(wm,  from  eipano  ;  ex  and  pono,  to  place  j  It.  esporrc, 
for  czpoHcre.  The  radical  sense  of /»o«o  is  to  set  or 
place,  or  rather  to  throw  or  thrust  down.  To  expose 
Is  to  set  or  throw  open,  or  to  thrust  forth.] 

1.  To  lay  open  ;  to  set  to  public  view  ;  to  disclose  ; 
to  uncover  or  draw  Oom  conc*-'aIment ;  as.  to  expose 
thf)  secret  artifices  of  a  court;  to  expose  a  plan  or  dev 
sign. 

9.  To  make  bare  ;  to  uncover  ;  to  remove  froip  any 
thing  that  which  guards  or  prolcpts  ;  as,  to  expose  tU<t 
head  or  the  breast  to  t^ie  nir. 

3.  To  n.'move  from  shelter ;  to  place  in  a  sittiajion 
to  be  affected  or  acted  on  ;  as,  to  expose  one's  acK  to 
violent  heat, 

4.  To  lay  open  to  attack,  by  any  means ;  as,  to  esc- 
pose  at|  nrqiy  or  garrison. 

5.  To  make  liable  ;  to  subject ;  as,  to  expose  one*s 
■elf  to  pain,  grief,  or  toil ;  to  expose  one's  self  to  in- 
sult. 

6.  To  put  tn  the  po\vcr  of;  its,  to  erpose  one's  self 
to  the  seas. 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  j  0  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


54 


4V5 


EXP 

7  To  lay  opea  to  eeoaurs,  ridicule,  or  contempL 

A  ftol  nlghl  OBW  t^Hmdrtioao  erpon.  Popt. 

8.  To  lay  open,  to  almost  nny  manner;  at,  tu  ez~ 
jwj«  one's  self  to  examination  or  scriiiiny. 

9.  To  put  in  dnn^r.     Ttie  coot]  euIUier  never 
shrinlu    firom    tzfitsmg   hinLself,   \%  beu     duty 
quires   it. 

10.  To  cast  ont  to  chance  ;  to  place  nbroad^  or  in  a 
situation  unprotected.  Some  niiiiona  er/xwe  tlieir 
cliildren. 

1 1.  To  lay  op^n  ;  to  nutke  public.  Be  careful  not 
nnnecessah'ly  to  txfote  the  faulUi  uf  a  neighbor. 

13.  To  ofltr  i  to  place  in  a  situntion  to  invite  pur- 
dtasera  ;  as,  to  expos*  goods  to  sale. 

13.  To  ofler  to  inspection  j  as,  to  ujmm  paJAtlngs 
in  a  mllery. 
KX-PO-SE',  (eks-po-aa'O  «,    [Pr.]     A  laying  open  ;  a 
formal  statement,  reci^,  or  t-Jipositiou  ;  «  uttUss 

EX-r6JS'£D,  ^.  oro.  Laid  open  ;  laid  barej  uncov- 
ered i  unprotected  ;  made  liable  to  attack ;  offered 
for  sale  ;  disclosed  ;  nude  public  ;  oflVred  to  view. 

BX-POS'£D-\£SS,  n.  A  state  of  being  exposed, 
0|«en  to  attack,  or  unimilected  ;  as,  an  tsfosediu*ji  to 
sin  or  temptition.  LdjeartU. 

KX-PCi*'ER,  «.    One  who  expo»>e9. 

KX-P^S'lNti,  ppr.  Lying  or  laying  open;  making 
bare  ;  putting  in  dauicer ;  diMbwing;  placing  in  any 
situation  without  prolrcUon ;  ofHrhng  to  inspection 
or  lo  sale. 

EX-PO-ar'TIOX,  (eks-po-xish'un,)  H.  A  laying  open; 
a  aeaing  to  public  view. 

9:  A  situation  in  which  a  thinz  i^  exposed  or  laid 
flfen,  or  in  which  it  has  an  unobi^tructfd  view,  or  in 
which  a  free  passage  to  it  is  open  :  as,  a  bouse  has 
an  easterly  apmaitwuy  an  exposilwH  to  the  south,  or  to 
A  aoiKhem  prospect.  The  tiposition  gives  a  free  ac- 
eaaa  to  the  air  or  to  the  sun's  rays,  ArkmtknU. 

3.  Explanation  ;  interpiMation  ;  a  laying  open  the 
aanse  or  meaning  of  an  author,  or  of  any  passage  in 
R  writing.  DrytUn. 

4»  A  work  containing  explanations  or  iuterprcta- 

tfOQS. 

EX-POS'I-TIVE,  «.    Explanator}- ;  laying  open. 

P«rMa. 
EX-PO»'I-TOR,  K.    [L.]    One  who  expounds  or  ex- 
(dains ;  an  interpreter.  Sotttk, 

9.  A  book  which  expounds  and  explains. 
£X-PO«'I-TO-Ky,  «.    Serving  to  eipUin  ;  tending  to 

Ulu«tmte.  JokMsom. 

MX  POST  FACTO,  [L.]  In  Urn,  done  after  an- 
other thing.  An  estate  granted  may  be  made  good 
hy  matter  u  pssC  Jmti»,  which  was  not  good  at  firsL 

An  a  pwt  Jmeu  tow.  In  erimiiuil  c««w,  consists  in 
declaring  an  act  penal  or  criininnl,  which  was  inno- 
cent wh^  done;  or  in  raisins  the  grade  of  an  of- 
fense, making  it  greater  than  it  was  when  com- 
mitted, or  increasing  the  puaishme^  after  ilie  com- 
mission of  the  oif<;n^;  tg-  in  aiiering  theo'nlrs  c^ 
evidence,  so  as  to  allow  dideren  or  li-ss  evidence  to 
convict  the  offender,  than  was  rt-quired  when  the 
offV-nse  was  commiued.  Srrg-eanU 

An  «3r  foatf^cto  law,  is  one  that  renders  an  act  \Mn~ 
labable  in  a  manner  in  which  ii  wan  not  punts^hable 
at  the  time  it  was  committed.  CwjicA,  Rrports. 

This  deHMition  is  distinguish'^r]  for  its  comprehen- 
•ive  brevity  aad  precii-ion.        KmCs  Commentaries. 

In  a  free  govrmmcnt,  no  person  can  bu  subjected 
lo  punishment  bv  an  ez  pv.tt  /aeti>  law. 
EX  POS'TL'-LATE,  r.  i.    [L.  erpostato ;  ex  and  pos- 
tnio,  to  require,  probably  from  the  root  of  posco.] 

To  rea&on  earnestly  with  a  person,  on  some  impro- 
priety of  his  conduct,  represeutini;  the  wrong  be  has 
none  or  intends,  and  urging  him  to  desist,  or  to  make 
redress ;  followed  by  teiL'u 

Tb-  CTnprroi'i  ^mbasulor  erpotuiUed  witli  (be  kin^,  thit  be 
faM  tmkm  tbe  league  vKh  tiic  cmpTwr.  //oymtfif. 

EX-POSnT7-X^T£,  v.  U    To  discuss:  to  examine. 

[JWrf  «ei] 
EX-POS'TL--LX-TING,   ppr.      Reasoning  or  urging 

aretiments  aifainst  any  improper  conduce 
EX-PO*-TU-LA'T[0\,  n.     Reasoning  with  a  person 

In  opposition  to  his  conduct ;  the  net  of  pressing  on 

a  person  reasoti<(  or  arpiments  ag'-iinst  the  iinpropri* 

•ty  of  his  conduct,  and  in  some  cases  demandmg  re- 

diess  or  urging  refonn.-uion. 
S.  In  rketoricj  am  address  containing  expostulation. 

Encyc, 
EX-POS*TC-LA-TOR,  k.    One  who  expostulates. 
EX-POS'TU-LA-TO-RV.o.  Containing  expostulaUon; 

as,  an  npcOmlatarf  address  or  debate. 
EX-PG'SQRE,  (eks-p5'zhur,)  «.     [from  expose.]    The 

act  of  exposing  or  laying  open. 

2.  The  state  of  being  laid  open  to  view,  to  danger, 
Of-  to  any  inconvenience ;  as,  exposure  to  observa- 
tion ;  expoiur*  lo  cold,  or  to  the  air ;  exposure  to  cen- 
sure. 

3.  The  situation  of  a  place  in  regard  to  points  of  i 
compass,  or  to  a  free  access  of  air  or  tight.  We  say,  I 
a  building,  or  a  garden,  or  a  wnll,  has  a  northern  or 
a  southern  exposure.  We  speak  of  its  exposure  or  I 
exposition  to  a  free  current  of  air,  or  to  the  access  of  I 
light. 


EXP 

EX-POUND',  p.  L     [U.  expono  ;  ex  and  pono,  to  scLj 

1.  To  explain  ;  to  lay  optn  tbe  meaning  ;  to  clear 
of  obscurity  ;  to  interpret  i  as,  to  expoanii  a  text  of 
Scripture  ;  to  expound  a  law. 

2.  To  lay  oi>cn  ;  to  examine;  as,  to  expound  the 
pocket.     r.Voe  ujetL]  Iladibras. 

EX-POUXD'ED,  Fp.  Explained i  laid  open;  inter- 
preted. 

EX-POUND'ER,  n.  An  explainer  j  one  who  inter- 
prt'ls  or  explains  the  mcaninp. 

EX-POCNU'ING,  ppr.  Explaining ;  laying  open  ; 
making  clrnr  lo  Iho  understanding  ;  interpreting. 

EX-PR  F.'FEeT,  m.  A  prefect  out  of  office  ;  one  who 
has  been  a  pr**ftfct,  and  in  so  no  longer. 

EX-PKES'1-DENT,  n.  One  who  has  been  a  presi- 
dent, but  is  no  longer  in  tli^  othce. 

EX- PRESS',  r.  L  [Sp.  expresar;  Port,  erpressar;  L. 
expressuiUy  exprimo  ;  <x  and  premoy  to  press.     See 

pRGSt.] 

1.  To  press  or  squeeze  out ;  to  force  out  by  press- 
ure ;  as,  to  express  tile  juice  of  grapes  or  of  apples. 

2.  To  utter ;  to  declare  in  words ;  to  spi-uk.  He 
tipitsMd  his  ideas  or  Ills  meaning  with  precision  j 
hb  views  were  exprt^tsed  in  very  intelligiblu  terms. 

3.  To  write  or  engrave;  to  represent  iu  written 
words  or  language.  The  covenants  in  the  deed  are 
Well  expressed, 

4.  To  represent;  toexhibitby  copy  or  resemblance. 

So  kids  and  wbel|«  their  lim  uiJ  dams  exprtaa.        Dryien. 

5.  To  represent  or  show  by  imitation  or  tbe  imita- 
tive arts  ;  tu  form  a  likeness ;  as  in  painting  or  sculp- 
ture. 

Eftch  skillful  artist  thall  trpntt  thy  form.  Smith. 

6.  To  show  or  make  known  ;  to  indicate.  A  down- 
cast eye  or  look  may  express  humility,  shame,  or 
giiilL 

7.  To  denote ;  to  designate. 

tIcMM  and  Aaron  Uxk  (bcae  men,  who  ore  tTprtattd  hj  tlirir 
name*.  ^  Num.  i. 

8.  To  extort;  to  elicit.     [Little  H.W.]   B.  Jonson. 
EX-PRESS',  a.    Plain  ;  clear  ;  expressed  ;  direct ;  not 

ambiguous.  We  are  informed  in  express  terms  or 
words  ;  Uie  terms  of  the  contract  are  exprejis. 

2.  Given  in  direct  terms  ;  not  implied  or  left  to  in- 
ference. This  is  the  express  covenant  or  agreement ; 
we  have  his  erprtss  ronwnt ;  we  have  an  express  law 
on  the  subject ;  express  warranty  ;  express  malice. 

3.  Copied ;  resembling ;  bearing  an  exact  repre- 
senLolion. 

Iln  t>ce  txprtSM.  Afitton. 

4.  Intended  or  sent  for  a  particular  purpose,  or  on 
n  particular  errand  ;  as,  to  send  a  messenger  express. 

EX-PRESS',  II,  A  messenger  or  vehicle  sent  on  a 
particular  errand  or  occasion  ;  tisirolty,  a  courier 
sent  lo  communicate  infonnation  of  an  important 
event,  or  to  deliver  imfKirtant  dis|intches.  It  is  a[>- 
plied,  also,  to  boats  or  vessels  sent  to  convey  jm[>or- 
tant  information.  Clarendon.     Dryden, 

2.  .\  message  sent.  King  Charles. 

3.  A  decl:iration  in  plain  terms.     [JV'cl  in  use,] 

4.  A  regular  conveyance  for  packages,  &c. 
EX-PRESS'i;U,  (eks-presi,)  pp.  or  a.    Squeezed  or 

forced  out,  as  juice  or  liquor;  utttred  in  words  ;  set 
down  in  writing  or  Utters;  declared;  represented; 
shown. 

EX-PRESS'I-BLE,  o.    That  may  be  expressed  ;  tliat 
may  be  uttered,  declared,  shown,  or  represented. 
%  That  may  be  squeezed  out. 

EX-PRESS'i\G,  ppr.  Forcing  out  by  pressure  ;  utter- 
inc;  declaring;  showing;  representing. 

EX-PRES'S10.\,(eks-presh'un,)n.  Tlie  act  of  express- 
ing ;  tlie  act  of  forcing  out  by  pressure,  as  juices  and 
oils  from  plants. 

2.  The  act  of  uttering,  declaring,  or  representing; 
utterance ;  declaration  :  representation ;  as,  an  ex- 
pression  of  the  public  will. 

3.  A  phrase,  or  mode  of  speech  ;  as,  an  old  expres- 
sion ;  an  odd  expression. 

4.  Id  rhetoriCj  elocution  ;  diction  ;  the  peculiar 
manner  of  utterance  suited  to  tbe  subject  and  sen- 
timent. 

No  ad^THiate  d>*«cripdon  can  br  giren  of  tbt  name  lev  wid  ev*r- 
varying  ehodM  i>(  exprtstion  which  reni  p-ithos  g'lvet  to  the 
take.  Porter's  Anaij/tis. 

5.  In  painting  and  sadpturey  a  natural  and  lively 
representation  of  the  subject ;  as,  the  expression  of 
the  eye,  of  the  countenance,  or  of  a  particular  action 
or  passion. 

6.  In  music,  the  tone,  grace,  or  modulation,  of  voice 
or  sound  suited  to  any  particular  subject ;  that  man- 
ner which  gives  life  and  reality  to  ideas  and  senti- 
ments. 

7.  Tktatrieal  expression,  is  a  distinct,  sonorous,  and 
pb-asing  pronunciation,  accompanied  witli  action 
suited  to  the  subject. 

6.  In  altrebra,  t]ie  representation  of  any  quantity 
by  its  appropriate  characters  or  siyiis. 

EX-PRES'SIO.\-LES^,  a.     Destitute  of  expression. 

EX-PRESS'lVE,  a.  Serving  to  express;  serving  to 
utter  or  represent ;  followed  by  of.  He  sent  a  letter 
couched  in  terms  expressive  of  his  gratitude. 


Each  *»rr«e  k  sirell*  txprettivt  of  ber  woe«. 


Ticktl. 


EXQ 

U.  Uf^prvsenting  with  force;  empliutical.    These 
Words  are  very  expressive. 
3.  Showihf:;  representing;  nn,  an  expressii^e  sif^. 

EX-PRE!:::>S'IVE-LY,  oi/y.  In  an  expressive  manner; 
clearly;  fully;  with  a  clear  representation. 

EX-PRESS'lVE-NESS,  n.  The  quidity  of  being  ex- 
pressive ;  the  power  of  expression  or  representation 
by  words. 

2.  The  jwwcr  or  force  of  represenution  ;  the  qual- 
ity of  presenting  a  subject  strongly  to  tiie  senses  or 
to  the  mind  ;  as,  the  expressive ntjis  of  the  eye,  or  of 
the  features,  or  of  sounds. 

EX-PRKS-SP  FO^  feks-pres-sS'vo,)  [It.]  With  ex- 
prpssion. 

EX -PRESS'LY,  adv.    In  direct  terms  ;  plainly. 

KX-PRESS'XESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  express. 

EX-PRESS'liRE,  n.  Expression  ;  utterance  ;  repre- 
sentation ;  mark  ;  impression.    [Liule  used.]   Shak. 

EX'l'RO-BItATE,  v.  t.  [Ij.  ezprobro  ;  ex  and  probrum^ 
deformity,  a  shameful  act.} 

To  iiphraid  ;  to  censure  as  reproachful ;  to  blame  ; 
to  rondeinn.  Broion. 

EX-PRO-BR.A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  charging  or  cen- 
suring reproachfully;  reproachful  accusation;  the 
act  of  upbraiding. 

No  n'.>«l  aiicli  boooU,  or  txprobra^ona  fiUM 

Of  cowardice,  Pkilipt. 

EX-PRO' BR A-TIVE,  a.  Upbraiding  ;  expressing  re- 
proach. Sir  .4.  Shrrley, 

EX  PRO-FES'SO,  [h.]     Professedly  ;  by  professU.n. 

EX-PRO'PRI-ATE,  r.  t.     [L.  ex  and  proprius,  own.] 
To  disengage  from  appropriation  ;  to  hold  no  longer 
as  one's  own  ;  to  give  up  a  claim  to  exclusive  prop 
ertv.  Boyle. 

EX-fRO-PRI-X'TION,  n.  The  act  of  discarding  ap- 
propriation, or  declining  to  hold  as  one's  own  ;  the 
surrender  of  a  claim  to  exclusive  property.   Walsli, 

EX-PCGN',  {(■ks-piine',)  r.  L  [L.  expug-no;  jx  and 
puefOf  to  figlit.] 

To  contjuer ;  to  take  by  assault.  Johnson, 

EX-PUG'NA-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  forced. 

EX--PUGNA'TION,  n.  Conquest;  the  act  of  taking 
by  as5)iiult.  Sandys. 

EX-PCGN'ER,  (eks-pQn'er,)  n.     One*  who  subdues. 

ShtT^eood. 

EX-PUI*SE',  (eks-puls',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  expuher,  from  L. 
expiilsus,  erpello  ;  ex  and  pello,  to  drive.] 

To  drive  out ;  lo  expel.     [Rare.]     Shak.    Beean. 

EX-PL'LS'ER,  n.     An  exjirlUr.  Cotitrarr. 

EX-PUL'SION,  n.     The  act  ofdriving  out  or  expel- 
lljig;  a  driving;  away  by  violence  ;  as,  the  eqtuUion 
(jf  the  thirty  tyrants  from  Athens,  or  of  Adam  from 
panidise. 
2.  The  state  of  bciiig  driven  out  or  away. 

EX-PUL'SIV'E,  a.  Having  the  jwwer  of  driving  out 
or  away  ;  st-rving  to  expel.  Wiseman. 

EX-PL^VC'TION,  n.  [See  Expusoe.]  The  act  of 
expunging;  the  act  of  blotting  out  or  erasing.  JlUton, 

EX-PUiNGE',  (eks-punj',)  r.  t.  [L.  rxpungo  j  tx  and 
pungfi,  to  thrust,  to  prick.] 

1,  To  blot  out,  as  with  a  f>en  ;  to  nib  out;  to  efface, 
as  words  ;  to  obliterate.  We  expunge  single  words 
or  whole  lines  or  sentences. 

9.  To  efface ;  to  strike  out ;  to  wipp  out  or  destroy  ; 
to  annihilate  ;  as,  to  expunge  an  otfense.       Samhjs. 
Erpunge  the  wtitjlf,  or  li>p  Ihe  cxcre»«nt  pirta.  Pope. 

EX-PUNG'i-'D,  pp.  Blotted  out ;  obliterated ;  de- 
stroyed. 

EX-PL'NG'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Blotting  out;  erasing;  ef- 
facing i  destmying. 

EX-PUi\6'ING,  n.  The  act  of  blotting  out  or  de- 
stroying. 

EX-Pl'R'GATE  or  EX'PUR-GATE,  v.  L  [L,  expnrffo ; 
ez  and  purgo,  to  cleanse.] 

To  purge ;  to  cleanse  ;  to  purify  from  any  thing 
noxious,  offensive,  or  erroneous.  Faber. 

EX-PUR'GA-TED  or  EX'PUR-GA-TED,  pp.  or  a. 
Purged  ;  cleansed  ;  purified. 

EX-PL'R'GA-TING  or  EX'PUR-GA-TING,  ppr.  Purg- 
ing; cleansing;  purifying. 

EX-PUK-GA'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  purging  or  cleans- 
ing; evacuation.  IViseman. 

2.  A  cleansing;  purification  from  any  thing  nox- 
ious, offen.-<ive,  sinful,  or  erroneous.  Brown. 

EX'PLIR-GA-TOR,  n.    One  who  expurgates  or  purifies. 
EX-PL'R-GA-TO'RI-OUS,  a.     That  expurgates  or  ex-   i 

punges.  *  Milton. 

EX-Pt'R'GA-TO-RY,  a.  Cleansing  ;  purifying ;  serv- 
ing to  purify  from  any  thing  noxious  or  errt)neou3  ; 
as,  the  expurgatory  index  of  Ihe  Roman  Catholics, 
which  directs  the  expunction  of  passages  of  authors 
contrary  to  their  creed  or  principles. 

Expitrgalory  uniiiimlirtrrKiotia.  Brown. 

EX-PURGE',  (eks-pun'O  v.  t.     [L.  exjntrgo.] 

To  purge  away.     [JVot  in  use,]  Milton. 

EX-aCTRE',  V.  t.     [L.  exquiro.] 

To  search  into  or  out.     [JVot  in  itse.]  Sandys. 

EX'UUI-SITE,  feks'kwezil,)  a,  [L.  exquisitus,  from 
exquiro  :  ex  ana  qiuxro,  to  seek.] 

Literally,  sought  out  or  searched  for  with  care  ; 
whence,  choice  ;  select.     Hence, 

1.  Nice  ;  exact ;  very  excellent ;  complete }  as,  a 
vase  of  exquisite  workmanship. 


FiTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT METE,  PR£Y.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BTRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  W(?LF,  BQQK.~ 


EXT 

9.  Nice ;  acriirate  ;  capable  of  nice  pefception ;  as, 
ezquisite  sensibility. 

3.  Nice;  accurate:  capableof  nice  discrimination ; 
as,  rijptUiu  judzment,  taste,  or  discernment. 

4.  Being  in  tlie  highest  degree  ;  extreme  ;  as,  to 
rt^lii^h  pleasure  in  an  erquisiu  degree.  So  we  say, 
txquisiu  pleasure  or  pain. 

The  moat  exrpunte  of  tiuituui  tatisfutiona  flows  trM-m  *n  approT- 
Ing  couscit.-t)cc.  J.  M.  Mtuon. 

5.  Vcr>-  sensibly  felt ;  as,  a  painful  and  exquisite 
impression  on  the  nerves,  Ckeyne. 

EX'UL'I-SITE,  (eks'kwe-zit,)  n.  One  dressed  with 
extreme  care  ;  a  fop.  Smart. 

EX'atJI-SrTE-LY,  odv.  Nicely;  accurately;  with 
great  perfection  i  a^  a  work  tiquisitely  finislied  \  ex- 
quisitely written. 

2,  With  keen  sensation  or  with  nice  perception. 
We  feel  pain  more  exquisUely  when  nothing  diverts 
our  attention  from  it. 

Wt  iee  more  ejKuuiteh/  wiUi  one  eye  shut.  Bacon. 

EX'QUI-SrTE-NESS,  n.  Nicety;  exactness;  accura- 
cy i  compli-teness ;  perfection ;  ss,  the  exqutsiteness 
of  workmanship. 

2.  Keenness  ;  sharpness  ;  extremity  ;  as,  the  tzqid- 
titfne.fs  of  pain  or  grief. 
EX-Ut'IS'I-JiVE,  a.     Curious;    eager  to   discover. 

f  A*o(  in  M«J 
EX-QCIS'I-TIVE-LY,    (u/r.      Curiously  ;    minutely. 

[.Vol  in  usf.]  Sidney. 

EX-REP-RE-SE\T'.\-TIVE,  it.    One  who  has  been 

formerly  a  representative,  but  is  no  longer  one. 
EX-9AN^'GL'l-OLJ£,  a.    [ll  exsangiua  ;  ez  and  san^is, 
blood,  j 

Destitute  of  blood,  or  rather  of  red  blood,  as  an 
animal.  Eneyc 

[ExiA!«GVl.fous  and  Exsa^guiiveol'S  are  also  stttae- 
times  ugetl.] 
EX-SCIND',  (eks-«ind',)  v.  t    [L,  extdndo.] 

To  cut  olf. 
EX-SCIMJ'ED,  pp.     Cut  off. 
EX-HCIM)'ING,  ppr.     Cutting  off. 
EX-SCKTHE',  p.  L     [L.  a^ertbo.) 

't'>-  f-i'V  ;  to  tratiMiribe.  fAot  in  use.]  B.  Jonson, 
r\  .^(  (tl  IT',  n.  A  copy  ;  a  tninscripL  [AW  used.} 
IW'^i-*:  KI>-'I'A-RY, ».    One  who  has  been  secretary, 

Idit  Li  nn  j4iiiKer  in  othce. 
EIX-i«Ee'  IION,  n.     [L.  tjseetio.} 

A  cutting  off,  or  a  cutting  out.  Dancin. 

£X-c>E\' A-TOK,  R.  One  who  has  been  a  senator,  but 

is  no  lunger  one. 
EXSBRT',        (a.    [h,  exsero ;  ez  imd  sera.    Bee  Ex- 
EX-SERT'ED,  i      eht.] 

Standing  out;  projecting  beyond  something  else; 
as,  stamens  expert.  Katon. 

A  sniaU  portkxi  ofUie  butt  edge  ot  Hat  alwil  exierUd.    Barnet. 

EX-8EET^ILE,  a.    That  may  be  thrust  out  or  protru- 
ded. Ftemtn/r, 
EX-t^ie'CA.NT,  a.     [See  Exstccate.]     Drying  ;  evap- 

omTicz  moi><ture  ;  nnving  the  quality  of  drying. 
EX-SieCATE  or  EX'SIC-CaTE,  c.  f.     [L.  ex^co; 
ez  and  ineeo,  to  dry.] 
To  dry ;  to  exhaust  or  evaporate  moisture. 

Broirn.     Mortimer. 
EX-SrceA-TED  or  EX'PIC-CA-TED.pp.or  a.  Dried. 
EX-filC'CA-TI.NG   or   EXJ^lt:  CA-TING,  ppr.  or  a. 

Drj'ing;   evajiorating  inoii^nirr'. 
EX-Sie  CA'TlON,  n.    The  act  or  operation  of  drjing; 

evatKimiion  of  muistur'? ;  dr}'nc!<s.  Brottn. 

EX-SIC'CA-TIVE,  a.     Tending  Ui  make  dry. 
EX-SPL*  r'TION,  (eks-pu-Uh'nn,)  n.    [L.«^«,  for 
e/j»3tui.] 

A  discharge  of  saliva  by  spitting.  Darwrin. 

EX-8TIP'C-LATE,  «.     [U  ei  and  xtipula,  straw.] 

In  bt'tany,  having  no  stipules.  MartfiL 

EX-SUCCOUS,  a,  [L.  exstuxus ;  ez  and  ntcciu, 
juir^.] 

]h    V'    •'' of  juiee  ;  dry.  Brown. 

;    •.      I   '        I'lN,  a.     [L.  exugOj  exsvgo^  to  suck  out; 

t  'f -mucking  out.  Boyle, 

l.\      ■     I :  ,    riON,  n.     [L.  eruflo,  for  fwurfo.] 

r'h^igraphy  teould  be  preferable y  but   ExUDA- 
I  I    •■        ■■■it  romman.'\ 
1.  '  iting:  a  discharge  nf  humors  or  moiniiire 

Li.  ![);tl  bodies  by  sweat  or  extiltaliun  through 

%  The  diitchnrge  of  Uic  Juices  of  a  plant,  moisture 
frx)in  the  earth,  Atc. 
EX-SUF-FLA'TION,  n     [I.,  ex  and  mffio,  to  blow.] 

1.  A  blowing  or  blast  from  beneath.    [Little  UAed.'\ 

2.  A  kind  of  etorcism.  Pulke. 
V.\  <\:y'Vi  M.ATE,  a.     Contemptible.     [JVb(  in  u^r.] 
V.         '       '   I  TATE,  V.  L     ri-  txsusrito.']            [Skuk. 

•-  \  to  excite.     [A'ct  ui>efi.'\ 
K  •.     I         )  TA'TION,  n.    A  stirring  up;  a  rousing. 

HatttftBelL 
f  ■■.       \  ■■■■   ::'.  n.     [I^  extans.] 

' 'ii'A  iT'i  exi«teoce.     [^ot  wied.]  Brown. 

EX 'TAN  CV,  It.  {\j.  f/.'rf/xw^,  rzta»5,  standing  outiOom 
tzMo  !  er  and  *tn,  to  slHnd.] 

1.  The  state  of  rising  atnive  others. 

2.  Farts  rising  above  the  rest ;  opposed  to  drpres- 
fiffn.     [lAttt4  u»*d,]  Boyle. 


EXT 

EX'TANT,  a.     [L.  exstans,  eztans,  supra.] 

1.  Standing  out  or  above  any  surface  ;  protruded. 

That  part  of  Uie  tt>eih  which  is  trlant  nbove  the  gtims.       Jtay. 
A  botiy  p-irtlj  imniened  in  a.  fluid  aiitl  piirUy  extant.    Bentity. 

2.  In  being;  now  subsisting ;  not  suppressed,  de- 
stroyed, or  lost,  A  part  only  of  the  history  of  Livy, 
and  of  the  writings  of  Cicero,  is  now  extant,  Socra- 
tes wrote  much,  but  none  of  bis  writings  are  extant. 
The  extant  works  of  orators  and  philosophers. 

Mitfordt 
EX'TA-SY,  EX-TAT'I€.     Pee  Ecstabt,  Ecstatic. 
EX-TEiM'-PO-K.^L,  o.    [L.  extemporalis ;  erand  tempvs, 
time.] 

1.  Made  or  uttered  at  the  moment,  without  pre- 
meditation ;  as.  Tin  ertemporal  discourse.       Wottoiu 

2.  Speaking  witliout  premeditation.      B.  Jonsoiu 
[Instetui  of  this  rcord.  Extemporaneous  aitd  Extem- 
porary are  nov  used.] 

EX-TEM'P0-1L\L-LY,  ado.    Without  premeditation. 

Shak. 

EX-TEM-PO-RA'NE-AX,  a.  [A-«(  used.]  See  Ettem- 
poram:ous. 

EX-TEM  PO-RA'NE-OUS,  c  [L.  extemporaneus ;  ex 
and  tempiis^  time.] 

Compost,  performed,  or  uttered,  at  the  time  the 
subject  occurs,  witliout  previous  study  ;  unpremedi- 
tated ;  as,  un  extemporaneous  address  ;  an  e-xtempora- 
neous  production  ;  an  extemporaneous  prescription. 

EX-'J'EM-PO-RA'NE-OL'S-LY,arfr.  Without  previous 
stud  v. 

EX-TEM-PO-RA'NE-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  unpremeditated. 

EX-TEM'PO-RA-RI-LY,arfp.  Without  previous  study. 

EX-TEMTO-RA-RY,  o.  [L.  ct  and  tanporariuSf  from 
tempus.,  timt:.] 

Composed,  performed,  or  uttered,  without  previous 
study  or  preparation.     [See  Extemporaneous.] 

EX-7'FJ^rPO-RK,  adr.  [L.  ex,  and  abl.  of  tempus,  time.] 

1.  Without  previous  study  or  meditation  ;  without 
preparation  ;  suddenly ;  as,  to  write  or  speak  extem- 
pore. 

2.  It  la  used  as  an  adjective^  improperly,  at  least 
without  necessity,  fur  Extemporaneous  ;  as,  an  ex- 
tertipore  dissertation.  Jiddison. 

EX-TEM'PO-Rl-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  unpre- 
meditalrd  ;  the  state  of  being  composed,  performed, 
or  ultf'rtd,  without  previous  study.  Johnson. 

EX-TEM'rO-RIZE,  r.  t.  To  speak  extempore;  to 
speak  without  previous  study  or  preparation.  To  ex- 
temporiie  well  requires  a  ready  mind,  well  fliniished 
with  knowledge. 

2.  To  discourse  without  notes  or  written  composi- 
tion. 

EX-TEiM'PO-RTZ-ER,  n.  One  who  speaks  without 
previous  study,  or  without  written  composition. 

EX-TEM'PO-RIZ-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Speaking  without 
previous  study  or  pre)>arution  by  writing. 

Ttie  txlsmporixing  faculty  ia  never  more  out  of  iu  rlrirr'-nt  than 
Ui  tbr  puljuu  South. 

EX-TEND',  r,  u  [L,  exUndo  }  ez  and  friu/o,  from  Gr. 
retyio^  L.  teneet ;  Fr.  etendre;  It.  stenderei  Sp.  exten- 
der; Ann.  astmma:  W.  estyXj  from  tynu,  to  pull,  or 
tjrn,  a  pull,  a  stretch.] 

1.  To  stretch  in  any  direction  ;  to  carrj'  for^vard,  or 
continue  in  length,  as  a  line  ;  to  spread  in  breadth  ; 
to  expand  or  dilate  in  size.  The  word  is  particularly 
applied  to  length  and  breadth.  We  extend  lines  in 
surveying  ;  we  extend  roads,  limits,  bounds;  we  exr 
teiui  nieUil  plal4;s  by  hammering. 

^.  'J'o  stretch ;  to  reach  forth  ;  as,  to  extend  the  arm 
or  hand. 

3.  To  spreml ;  to  expand  ;  to  enlarge  ;  to  widen  ; 
Bs,  to  extend  tlio  ca^jt'icities  or  iutelleetual  powers  ;  to 
extend  the  sphere  uf  usefulness  ;  to  extend  commerce. 

4.  To  continue  ;  to  prolong  ;  as,  to  extend  the  time 
of  payment ;  to  extend  the  seaS4>n  uf  trial. 

5.  'I'o  communicate  ;  to  bestow  on  ;  to  use  or  exer- 
cise toward. 

He  huh  >Mmd«f  merey  lo  me  bebra  the  king.  —  Eira  tU. 

6.  To  Impart ;  to  yield  or  give. 

1  will  extend  j^-'ivcc  to  hrr  like  a  rivrr,  —  U.  IxTl. 

7.  In  /ute,  to  value  lands  taken  by  a  writ  of  extent 
In  satisfaction  of  a  debt;  or  to  levy  on  lands,  as  an 
execution. 

The  espcutlfm  wna  Ariiv-rrd  to  Uia  ■hcrifT,  who  exUmleH  the 
aajno  uu  crrtiuti  n^al  eatulf.  MM^l^.  Rep. 

EX-TEND',  r.  i.  To  stretch  ;  to  reach  ;  to  be  contin- 
ued in  leriKth  or  brendih.  The  State  of  Massachu- 
m-tls  extends  west  tit  the  border  of  the  Slate  of  New 
York.  Connecticut  River  externh  from  Canada  to  the 
Bound.  Mow  far  will  yotir  argument  or  proposition 
extend  ?     l.H  our  charitie.-*  eiftml  to  the  heathen. 

EX-TEND'EI),  pp.  or  «.  Stretched  ;  spread  ;  expand- 
ed ;  enlarged  ;  bestowed  on  ;  cAmmunicated  ;  valued 
under  a  writ  of  extent,  or  extendi  facias;  levied. 

EX-l'END'ER,  H.  lie  or  that  which  extends  or 
Btrelches.  i 

EX-TEND'I  RLE,  a.  Capnbte  of  b«'lnc  extended  ; 
Ihnt  may  be  strcti^hed,  extended,  enlarged,  wid- 
ened, or  expandt-d. 

2.  That  may  t»e  taken  by  a  writ  of  extent  and  val- 
ued. 


EXT 

EX-TEND'ING,  ppr.  Stretching;  reaching;  contin- 
uing in  length  ;  spreading;  enlarging;  valuing. 

EX-TEND'LESS-NESS,  n.  Unlimited  cjtteusfou. 
jyVot  used.]  Hale. 

EX-TENS-I-DIL'I-TY,  n.  [from  extensible.]  The  ca- 
pacity of  being  extended,  or  of  suffuring  extension  ; 
as,  the  extensil/ility  of  a  fiber ;  or  of  a  plate  of  met- 
al. Oreio. 

EX-TENS'I-RLE,  a.     [from  L.  extensus.] 

That  may  be  extended  ;  capable  of  being  stretched 
in  lengtli  or  breadth  ;  susceptible  of  enlargement. 

Ifolder. 

EX-TENS'T-BLE-NESS,  n.    Extensibility,  which  see. 

EX-TKNS'ILE,  a.    Capable  of  being  extended. 

EX-TEN'SrON,  n.      [L.  ej^.ensio.] 

1.  The  act  of  extending  ;  a  etretching. 

2.  'I'he  state  of  being  extended  ;  enlargement  in 
breadtii,  or  continuation  of  length. 

3.  In  phdnsophv,  that  property  of  a  body  by  which 
it  occupies  a  portion  of  space. 

4.  In  mrreantih  lan£rutt^^e,  an  ertenswn  is  a  written 
engagement  on  the  part  of  a  creditor,  allowing  a  debt- 
or further  time  to  pay  a  debt, 

EX-TEN'SION-AL,  a.  Having  great  extent  [AW 
use-L]  More. 

EX-TENS'IVE,  a.     Wide  ;  large  ;  having  great  en- 
largement or  extent ;  as,  an  extn^sive  farm  ;  an  exten- 
sire  field  ;  an  extensire  lake  ;  an  extensive  sphere  of 
ope-ralions;  extatsive  benevolence. 
2.  That  mav  be  extended.     [.Xotnsed.]       Boyle, 

EX-TENS'IVE-LY,  ailc.  Widely  ;  largely  ;  to  a  great 
extent ;  as,  a  storv  is  extensively  circulated. 

EX-TENS'IVB-NESS,  n.  Wideness;  largeness;  ex- 
tent ;  as,  the  extrnsiveness  of  the  ocean. 

2.  Extent;  diffusiveness;  as^  ihc  extensiveness of ii 
man's  charities  or  benevolence. 

3.  Cajmcity  of  being  extended.    [Utile  used.]  Bay. 
EX-TE\S'OR,  n.    [L.]     In  anufomt/,  a  muscle  which 

serves  to  extend  or  straighten  any  part  of  the  body, 
as  an  arm  or  a  finger  ;  opposed  to  fiexor.  Coxe.     Cye, 

EX-TENT',  a.     Extended.  Spenser. 

EX-TENT',  n.  [L.  extentus.  It  Is  frequently  accent- 
ed on  the  first  syllable.] 

1.  Space  or  degree  to  which  a  tiling  is  extended  ; 
hence,  coin|>ass ;  bulk  ;  siRe ;  as,  a  great  extent  of 
cour)try,  or  of  body. 

2.  Length  ;  as,  an  extent  of  line. 

3.  Communication  ;  distribution. 

The  txteut  of  eqti»I  Jiiailcc.  Sfiak. 

4.  In  lajr,  a  writ  of  execution,  or  extatdi^fuciasy 
which  is  directed  to  the  sheriff  againnt  the  body, 
lands,  and  goods,  or  the  lands  only,  of  a  debtor  ; 
also,  the  act  of  the  sheriff  or  officer  upon  the  writ 
itself.  P.  Cyc. 

EX-TEN'U-ATE,  r.  (.  [L.  txtenuo  ;  ex  and  frniu),  to 
make  thin  ;  Sp.  extenuar  ;  It.  stenuare.     See  Thin.] 

1.  To  make  thin,  lean,  or  slender.  Sickness  ezien^ 
uates  the  body.  Encyc 

2.  To  lessen  ;  to  diminish,  as  a  crime  or  guilL 

But  fortuite  Uirce  tstenuatet  the  criina.  Drydtn, 

3.  To  lessen  in  representation ;  to  palliate  ;  opposed 
to  aggravate, 

4.  To  lessen  or  diminish  In  honor.    [^Little  used.] 

Mdton, 

5.  To  make  thin  or  rare  ;  opposed  to  condense,  [Ut- 
tie  used.]  Bacon, 

EX-TEN'r-ATE,  n.     Thin  ;  slender.     [J\^(  used.] 

EX-TEN'Ij-A-TEl»,  pp.  Made  thin,  lean,  or  slender; 
made  smaller;  U-ssened  ;  diminished  ;  palliated  ; 
made  rare. 

EX-TEN'y-A-TINO,  ppr.  or  a.  Making  thin  or  slen- 
der ;  lessening ;  diminishing  ;  (Hilliating  ;  making 
rare, 

EX-TEN-IT-A'TION,  iu  The  act  of  making  thin  ; 
the  process  of  growing  thin  or  lean  ;  the  losing  of 
flesh. 

2.  The  act  of  represenlinp  any  thing  as  less  wrong, 
faulty,  or  criminal,  than  it  is  in  fact ;  palliation  ;  op- 
posed to  aggraration ;  as,  the  extenuation  of  faults, 
mjuricH,  or  crimes. 

3.  Mitigation;  allcvinllon ;  as,  the  extenuation  of 
ptinishment.     [JVut  common.]  Mtcrbury, 

EX-TEN'II-A-T<JR,  v.     Ono  who  extenuates. 
EX-Tf.'RI-OR,   a.     [L.,  from  eitenm,  foreign;  Fr.  «a> 
tcn>«r;  \\..  tsteriort.] 

1.  External ;  outwanl ;  applied  to  the  outside  or 
outer  Biirl'ace  of  a  body,  and  opimsed  to  interior. 
We  speak  of  the  exterior  and  interior  surfaces  of  a 
concavo-convex  lens. 

2.  External  ;  on  the  outside,  with  reference  to  a 
person  ;  extrinsir.  We  speak  of  an  object  exterior 
to  a  man,  as  opiH)sed  to  tliat  which  Is  within,  or  in 
his  mind. 

3.  Foreign  ;  njlating  to  foreign  nations  ;  as,  the  ex- 
terior relations  uf  a  state  or  kingdom. 

EX-Te'KI-OR,  n.    The  outward  surface  ;  that  which 

is  external. 
2.  Outward  or  visible  deportment ;  appearance. 
EX-TE-RI-OR'I-TY,  n.    Suriace  ;  superficies. 
E.K-Te'RI-ORLY,  ado.     Outwardly  ;  externally.  [An 

ill-forwed  word.]  Sfiak. 

£X-T£'Rl-ORS,  n.  pi    The  outward  parts  of  a  thing. 

Shak, 


TONE,  BVt^  UNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8 C  u  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  «  &i  Z  ;  CH  as  SIl ;  TH  as  in  TiUB. 


427 


EXT 

2.  Ouiwanl  or  external  depnriment,  i.r  forms  and 
ceremonies;  v):itible  acta;  as-Uie  crlfrwrji  of  religion. 
EX-TERM'lX-iTfi,  r.  U  [U  ettermmo ;  ex  and  ter- 
vuMus,  limit.] 

UuraUg^  to  drive  from  within  the  limits  or  borders. 
Hence, 

1.  To  destroy  utterly ;  to  drive  away  ;  to  extirpate  ; 
as,  to  exterminate  a  colony,  a  tribe,  or  a  nation ;  to 
txterminate  inti.ibitants,  or  a  race  of  men. 

2.  Tu  eradicate  ;  to  root  out ;  to  extirpate  ;  as,  to 
txtermtHate  error,  heresy,  iulidelity,  or  atlieism  j  to 
etiermmate  vice. 

3.  'I'o  root  out,  as  plants ;  to  extirpate ;  as,  to  ex^ 
terminate  weeds. 

4.  In  ai^tbni,  to  taXe  away  ;  to  cause  to  disappear ; 
as,  to  eitcrminett  surds  or  unknown  quantities  from 
:iu  equation. 

EX-TKHM'LN'-.VTED,  fp.  or  a.  Utterly  driven  away 
or  d.-stniyed  ;  eradicated  ;  extirpated  \  taken  away. 

EX-TERM'I\-A-Tr.VG,  ppr.  or  a.  Driving  away  or 
tuL-tity  destroyinj; ;  eradicating  j  extirpating  j  taking 
sway. 

EX-TERM-I.y-A'TIO\,  n.  The  act  of  exterminating; 
li>t^  expulsion  or  dt^'<tniction  ;  eradication  ;  extirfKi- 
tioii;  excision;  as,  the  eiUnaiHation  of  inhabitanU 
or  tribes,  of  error  or  vice,  or  of  weeds  t'rom  a  field. 

2.  In  o^^rrAro,  a  taking  away  j  a  causing  to  dit>ap- 
penr,  as  of  unknown  quantities.from  an  equation. 

EX-TERM'IX-A-TOIl.  «.  He  or  that  which  exterm- 
inates. 

EX-TERM^X-.V  TORY,  a.  Serving  or  tending  to 
exierniinate.  Burke, 

EX-TERM'IXE,  v.  L    To  exterminate.    [A'ot  used.] 

EX-TERX',  a.     [U.  eitn-nvs.]  [Skak. 

I.  External ;  outward  ;  visible.  Shak, 

3.  Without  itself;  not  inherent ;  not  intrinsic.  ILit- 
tU  Hsfji.^  Digby. 

EX-TERX',  n.    A  pupil    in  a  seminary  who  lives 

witliout  its  wall^. 
EX-TER\'AL.a.  [L.ftrfn-j«iw;  \U  esterno  ;  ^t^  erterno,] 

1.  Outward  ;  exterior;  as,  the  CJ(fr«a/ surface  of  a 
body  ;  opposed  to  itaemaL 

2.  Outward;  not  intrinsic  ;  not  heinf  within;  as, 
txtenuU  objects  ;  eztrrnal  causes  or  e0ects. 

3.  Exterior ;  visible  j  apparent ;  as,  eztertud  de- 
portment. 

4.  Foreign;  relating  to  or  connected  with  foceiim 
nations  ;  i^,  exttriuU  trade  or  commerce  ;  the  exttrnai 
relations  of  a  slate  or  kingdom. 

K^ernal  taxes^  are  duties  or  imposts  laid  on  goods 
imported  into  a  country.  FederaJi^t, 

EX  TER-XAL'l-TY,ii.  "External  perception,  jf,  Smif*. 
EX-TERN' A  I^LY,  adv.     Outwardly;  on  the  outside. 

2.  In  appparancc  ;  visibly. 
EX-TERX'ALS,  m,  ^L    The  otilward  parts;  exterior 
fonn. 

Adun  WM  BO  >m  glotloai  la  Ub  crttraob :  ht  bnul  •  S-autiTul 
body,  u  well  M  ux  immortal  Bwut.  Soujt. 

2.  Outward  rites  and  ceremonies ;  visible  forms ; 
as,  the  externals  of  religion. 
EX-TER-Ra'.\E-OL'S,    o.       [L.    exterraneu,i ;    ex   and 
term,  a  land.] 

Foreign  ;  belonging  to  or  coming  from  abroad. 
EX-TER'S!0X,  ^eks-ter'shun,)   n.     [L.  exter.^io^  from 
extergeo  :  ex  anti  tergeo^  to  wipe.] 
The  act  of  wiping  or  rubbing  out. 
EX-TILL',  r.  i.     [  1^  en  illo ;  ex  and  slUlo,  to  drop.] 

To  drop  or  dJ-*till  from. 
EX-TIL  LA'TIO.V,   «.    The  act  of  distilling  from,  or 

falling  from  in  drop-*. 
EX-TILL'£D,  Ceks-lUd',1  pp.     DistiUed. 
EX-TI.M'i;-L.ATE.     rJVfl(  iunse.]     See  Stimulate. 
EX-TIM-U-La'TIO\.    See  STrMULATioN. 
EX-TlXet',  a.     [L.  exfiMttL'.     See  ExTirrcuisH,] 

1.  Extinguished  ;  put  out  ;  quenched  ;  as,  fire, 
light,  or  a  lamp,  is  ertinet. 

2.  Being  at  an  end;  having  no  survivor;  as,  a 
family  or  race  is  eztinct. 

a.  Being  at  an  end  ;  having  ceased.  The  enmity 
between  the  families  is  extinct. 

Mj  d»Ti  »re  extincL  —  Job  iviL 

4.  Being  at  an  end,  by  abolition  or  disuse  ;  having 
no  force ;  as,  the  law  is  ertinet. 
EX-TI.\eT',  e.  L   To  put  out ;  to  destrov.  [Improper.] 
EX-TL\e'TIOX,  n.      [h.  extmctxo.    See  Extinguish.] 

1.  The  act  of  putting  out  or  destroying  light  or 
fire,  by  quenching,  suifucation,  or  otherwise. 

2.  The  state  of  t>eing  extinguished,  quenched,  or 
suffocated  ;  as,  the  extinction  of  fire  or  of  a  candle. 

3.  Destttiction ;  excision  ;  as,  the  extinction  of  na- 
tions. 

4.  Destruction  ;  suppression  ;  a  putting  an  end  to  ; 
a«,  the  extinction  of  life,  or  of  a  family  ;  the  extinction 
offends,  jealousies,  or  enmiiy;ihe  eztinctioiioia  claim. 

EX-TIX"GL'ISH,  (eks-ting'gwish,  v.  L  [L.  extinguo  ; 
ex  and  gtingo^  sUnguo,  or  the  latter  mav  be  a  con- 
traction ;  Gr.  (rTi;w,  for  mtyn^Xo  prick,  that  is,  to 
Ihnist ;  or  more  directly  from'  tingo^  to  dip,  to  stain  ; 
b;ith  probably  allied  to'tango^  for  tago,  to  touch.  Fr. 
eteindre;  lU  egtinguerci  So.  exUnfruir.  See  Class  Oe, 
No.  19, 31,  40  ]  f  = 

I.  To  put  out;  to  quench:  to  suffocate;  to  de- 
stroy ;  as,  to  extingjtish  lire  or  flame. 


EXT 

2.  To  ih^stroy  ;  to  pill  an  end  to;  as,  to  ffztinguitth 
love  or  hatred  in  the  brea-st ;  lo  extinguish  dcsiire  or 
hope  ,  to  eitiHguish  a  claim  or  title. 

3.  To  obscure  by  superior  splendor,  Shuk, 

4.  To  put  an  end  to,  by  union  or  consolidation. 

[See  ExTt?fGUISHMC7(T.] 

EX-TIN"GCISII-A-BLE,a.  That  may  be  quenched, 
destroved,  or  suppressed. 

EX-Ti?^"GUISH-£n,  (eks  ting'gwisht,)  pp.  or  a.  Put 
out;  quenched;  stined  ;  suppressed;  destroved. 

EX-TI.\"GUI3H-ER,  n.  He  or  Uiat  which  extin- 
guishes. 

9.  A  hollow  conical  utensil  to  bo  put  on  a  candle 
or  lamp  to  extinguish  it. 

EX-TIN"GUISH-I-NG,;.;'r.  Putting  out ;  quenching; 
suppressing;  destroying. 

EX-TIX"G0ISII-ME.\T,  n.  The  act  of  putting  out  or 
quenching;    extinction  ;    nuppressiou  ;    destruction; 
as,  the  extinguishmrnt  of  fire  or  flame;  of  discord, 
enmity,  or  jealousy  ;  or  of  love  or  alTection. 
3.  Abotititm ;  nullification. 

Di»ine  hwi  of  Chr»tia»  clrtich  politj  mny  not  bo  alU^rnil  by 
t^HfuisKohettL  Hooker. 

3.  Extinction  ;  a  putting  an  end  to,  or  a  coming  to 
an  end  ;  termination  ;  as,  the  extinguishment  of  a 
race  or  tribe. 

4.  The  putting  an  end  to  a  right  or  estate,  by  con- 
solidation or  union. 

ir  my  iFitiuit  Tor  life  mnlcc*  a  leue  to  A  for  UIp,  rrinalndpr  to  B 
and  tii*  tvir«,  hthI  I  releue  to  A  ;  thia  r>-l>*iwe  opfniies  m 
KD  eittnguUhmtnt  of  mj  ri^t  to  tlw  revrniion.  BUicJcilone, 

EX-TIRP',  V.  t.    To  extirpate,    [JVot  luted.]    Spenser. 

EX-TIRP'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  De  eradicated.  Evelyn, 

EX-TIR'PSTE,  (eks-tur'pate,)  v  U  [U  extirpo ;  ex 
and  stirps,  root;  It.  estirpare.] 

1.  To  pull  or  pluck  up  by  the  roots ;  to  root  out ; 
to  eradicate  ;  to  destn»y  totally  ;  as,  to  extirpate  weeds 
or  noxious  plants  from  a  field. 

*2.  To  eradicate;  to  root  out;  to  destroy  wholly  ; 
as,  to  extirpate  error  or  heresy  ;  to  extirpate  a  sect, 

3.  In  surgery^  to  cut  out ;  to  cut  off;  to  eat  out ;  to 
remove  completely ;  as,  to  extirpate  a  wen. 

EX-TIR'PA-TED,  jrp.  or  a.  Plucked  up  by  the  roots  ; 
rooted  out ;  eradicated  ;  totally  destroyed. 

EX-TIR'PA-TING,  ppr.  Pulling  up  or  out  by  the  roots ; 
emdicaiing;  toliillv  dertnning. 

EX-TIR-Pa  TI().\,'n.  The  act  of  rooting  ont ;  eradi- 
cation ;  excision  ;  total  destniction  ;  ns,  the  extirpa- 
tion of  weeds  from  land  ;  the  extirpatian  of  evil  prin- 
ciples from  the  heart;  the  ntu^pation  of  a  race  of 
men  :  the  extirpation  of  heresy. 

EX'TIR-PA-TOR,  n.  One  who  roots  out  ;  a  de- 
stroyer. 

EX-TI-SPI"CI0L'S,  f-spish'us,)  a.  Augiirial ;  rela- 
ting to  the  inspection  of  entrails  in  order  to  prognos- 
tication. Brown, 

EX-TOL',  r.  t  [L.  extotlo  :  ex  and  tMlo,  to  raise  ;  Ch. 
S''^,  or  lleb.  and  Ch.  S»3.  Class  Dl,  No.  3,  18,  28.] 
To  raise  in  words  or  eulogy  ;  to  praise  ;  to  exalt  in 
commendation  ;  to  magnify.  We  extol  virtues,  noble 
exploits,  and  heroism.  Men  are  too  much  disposed 
to  extol  the  rich  and  despise  the  poor. 

Extol  htm  tbul  riJelh  upon  the  tieaTcna  i/y  hk  Dame  Jnh.  —  Pa. 
Ixriii. 

EX-TOL'LED,  feks-told',)  pp.  Exalted  in  commen- 
dation ;  pnisea  ;  magnified. 

EX-TOL'LER,  n.  One  who  praises  or  magnifies  ;  a 
praiser  or  magnifier. 

EX-TOL'LLVG,  p;/r.  Praising;  exalting  by  prai^  or 
commendation  ;  magnifying.  * 

EX-TORS'IVE,  a.  [See  Extoht.]  Serving  to  ex- 
tort ;  tending  to  draw  from  by  compulsion. 

EX-TORS'IVE-LV,  adv.  In  an  extorsive  manner; 
by  extorsion. 

EX-TORT',  r.  L  [L,  extortus,  from  extorqueo,  to  wrest 
from  ;  ex  and  torqiieo^  to  twist ;  Fr.  eitorquer.'] 

1.  To  draw  from  by  force  or  compulsion  ;  to  wrest 
or  wring  from  by  physical  force,  by  menace,  duress, 
violence,  authority,  or  by  any  illegal  means.  Con- 
querora  eztort  contributions  from  the  vanquished  ; 
tyrannical  [irinccs  citffrt  money  from  their  subjects; 
oificers  often  eztort  illegal  fees  ;  confessions  of  guilt 
are  extorted  by  the  rack.  A  promise  extorted  by  du- 
ress is  not  binding. 

2.  To  gain  by  violence  or  oppression.       Spenser. 
EX-TORT',  v.  L    To  practice  extortion. 

Spenser.     Davies. 

EX-TORT'ED,p;).  or  a.  Drawn  from  by  compulsion  ; 
wrested  from. 

EX-TORT'ER,  n.  One  who  extorts,  or  practices  ex- 
tortion. Camden. 

EX-TORT'ING,  ppr.  Wresting  from  by  force  or  un- 
due exercise  of  powr-r. 

EX-TOR'TION,  n.  The  act  of  extorting;  the  act  or 
practice  of  wresting'any  thingfrom  a  person  by  force, 
duress,  menaces,  authority,  or  by  any  undue  exer- 
cise of  power ;  illegal  exaction  ;  illegal  compulsion 
to  pay  money,  or  to  do  some  other  act.  Extortion  is 
an  oA'ense  punishable  at  common  law. 

2.  Force  or  illegal  compulsion  by  which  any  thing 
is  taken  from  a  person.  -Kir^  Charles. 

EX-TOR'TIOX-A-UY,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  implying 
extortion. 


EXT 

EX-TOR'TION-ATE,  i  a.      Oppressive  ;   containing 
EX-TOU'TION-OUS,  j       extortion. 
EX-TOR''l'IOiS'-ER,  ti.    One  who  practices  extortion. 

Ertortion^a  iholl  not  inherit  the  kingdom  of  God. —  I  Cor.  »i. 

EX-TOR'TIOUS,  o.    Oppressive  ;  violent  ;  unjust. 

EX'TRA  ;  a  Latin  preposition,  denoting  beyond  or 
excess.  It  is  sometimes  used  as  an  adjective  ;  as, 
extra  vjork^  extra  pay,  work  or  pay  beyond  what  is 
usual  or  agreed  on.  Sometimes  it  stands  by  itself 
as  a  noun,  through  the  omission  of  tlie  word  con- 
nected with  it ;  as,  to  dispatch  an  extra,  i.  e.,  an  extra 
stage-coach. 

EX-TRACT',  r.  t.  [L.  extractus,  from  extraho ;  ex  and 
trafio,  to  draw.  (See  Draw  and  Drag.)  Sp.  exiraer  j 
It.  estnxrre;  Fr.  estraire.] 

1.  To  draw  out ;  as,  to  extract  a  tooth. 

2.  To  draw  out,  as  the  juices  or  essence  of  a  sub- 
stance, by  distillation,  solution,  or  other  means  ;  as, 
to  extract  spirit  from  llie  juice  of  the  cane ;  to  extract 
salts  from  iishes. 

3.  To  take  out ;  to  take  from. 


Wiinmn  i«  her  n 
Ertracted, 


of  man 

MiUon. 

4.  To  lake  out  or  select  a  part  ;  to  take  a  passage 
or  passages  from  a  book  or  writing, 

I  have  extracted  froiti  the  paniplilet  a  few  notorioui  fiiUchoodi. 

Sur^/'t. 

5.  In  nrithmrtie  and  algebra,  to  extract  the  root  of  a 
number  or  quantity,  is  to  find  its  root. 

C.  In  a  general  ij:en^e,  to  draw  from  by  any  means 
or  operation. 
EX'TRACT,  n.    That  which  ia  extracted  or  drawn 
from  something. 

2.  In  literature,  a  passage  taken  from  a  hook  or 
writing.  Camden. 

3.  In  pharmaaj,  any  thing  drawn  from  a  substance, 
as  essences,  tinctures,  &.c. ;  or  a  solution  of  the  purer 
parts  of  a  mixed  body  inspissated,  by  distillation  or 
evaporation,  nearly  to  the  consistence  of  honey. 

Encyc.     Quincv. 
Any   substance    obtained   by   digesting  vegetahle 
substances    in    water   or   alcohol,  and    evaporating 
them  to  a  solid  consistence.  Brande. 

4.  An  inspissated,  expressed,  or  exuded  juice. 

.5.  In  chemistry,  a  peculiar  principle,  once  erroneous- 
ly supposed  to  form  tlie  basis  of  all  vegetable   ex- 
tracts ;  called  also  the  extractive  principle, 
(I.  Extraction  ;  descent.    [J^ot  now  used.]    South. 
EX -TRACT' ED,  pp.  or  a.     Drawn  or  taken  out. 
EX-TRACT'ING,  ppr.     Drawing  or  taking  out, 
EX/PRAC'ITON,  ».     [L.  cxtractio.] 

1.  TIic  act  of  drawing  out ;  aa,  the  extraction  of  a 
tooth  ;  the  extraction  of  a  bone  or  an  arrow  from  the 
body  ;  the  extraction  of  a  fetus  or  child  in  midwifery. 

2.  Descent;  lineage;  birth;  derivation  of  persons 
from  a  stock  or  family.  Hence,  the  stock  or  family 
from  wliich  one  has  descended.  We  say,  a  man  is 
of  a  noble  ertraction. 

3.  In  phartaacy,  the  operation  of  drawing  essences, 
tinctures,  &.C.,  from  a  substance.  Encyc 

4.  In  ariOuuctic  and  algehra,  the  extraction  of  roots 
is  the  operation  of  finding  the  root  of  a  given  num- 
ber or  quantity  ;  also,  the  method  or  rule  by  which 
the  operation  is  performed  :  evahition. 

EX-TRACT'IVE,  a.    That  is  or  may  be  extracted. 

Kirwan, 
EX-TRACT'IVE,  n.  The  same  as  Extract.  Parr. 
EX-TRACT'OR,  n.    In  midwifery,  a  forceps  or  instru 

ment  fur  extracting  children. 
EX-TRA-DIC'TION-A-RY,  a.     [L.  extra  and  dictio.] 
Consisting  not  in  words,  but  in  realities.      [wVof 
■used,]  Brown, 

EX-TRA-DI"TION,  (eks-tra-dish'un,)  n.     [Fr.,  from 
the  L.  ex  and  IradUio,  trado,  to  deliver.] 

Delivery  from  one  nation  to  another-    It  is  particu- 
larly applied  to  the  delivery,  by  one  nation  or  state  to 
another,  of  fugitives  from  justice,  in  pursuance  of  a 
treaty.     It  may  be  applied,  also,  to  other  cases,  in 
pursuance  of  law  or  constitution. 
EX-TRA'DOS,  n.     The  exterior  curve  of  an  arch. 
EX-TRA-DO'TAL,    a.  Not  belonfring  to  dower. 
EX-TRA-FO-LI-A'CEOUS,  (-shus,)  a     [L.  extra,  be- 
yond, and  folium,  a  leaf.] 

In  botany,  away  from  the  leaves,  or  inserted  in  a 
difiertnt  place  from  them  ;  as,  extrafoliaceoius  prickles. 

Loudon, 
EX-TRA-Ge'NE-OUS,  fl.     [L.  extra  and  genus,  kind.] 

Bell)n^,mg  to  another  kind. 
EX-TRA-JU-DI"C1AL,  f-ju-dish'al,)  a.     [extra,  with- 
out, and  judicial.] 

Out  of  the  proper  court,  or  the  ordinary  coiirse  of 
legal  procedure.  Encyc. 

EX-TRA  JLr-Dl"CIAL-Ly,  adv.     In  a  manner  out  of 

the  ordinary  course  of  legal  proceedings.      Ayliffe. 

EX-TRA-LIM'IT-A-RY,  a.     [extra  and  limit.]     Being 

beyond  the  limit  or  bounds  ;  as,  extralimitarti  land. 

Mitford. 
EX'TRA-MIS'SION,   (mish'un,)   a.     [L.    extra    and 
initio,  to  send.] 

A  sending  out ;  emission.  Brown. 

EX-TRA-MUi\'DA\E,  a.     [L.  extra  and  mundus,  the 
world.] 

Beyond  the  limit  of  the  material  world.     OlanviUe. 


^■ATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  —  METE,  PR£V.— riXE,  MARXXE,  DIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF.  BQQK.- 
—  .  "  — — - 


EXT 

EX-TR;('NE-0UP,  a.     [L.  eztraneus.] 

Foreign  ;  not  bdongiiip  lo  a  iliiii?;  existing  with- 
out ;  not  intrinsic ;  as,  lo  separate  gold  from  ertraHe- 
ous  matter. 

RelAtiun  it  nol  eontaiiwd  in  th*  real  txisttnoe  of  things,  but  i* 
eilrantous  and  lupcTUiduci^c!.  Ltockt, 

Extraneous  fossda  ;  organic  remains  ;  eiuvire  of 
organized  beings,  imbedded  in  tlie  strata  of  the 
earlb.  Cyc. 

EX-TUJl'NE-OUS-LY,  ode.  In  an  extraneous  man- 
ner. 

EX-TRA-OF-FF'CrAL,  (-of-fish'al,)  a.  Not  within 
the  liiiiita  of  official  dntx*. 

EX-TRAOR'DI-NA-RIES,  (cfts-tror'de-na-riz,)  n.  pU 
Things  which  exceed  the  usual  order,  kind,  or 
mi'thod.     [Rarthj  used  in  the  siusrular.A^ 

EX-TRAOR^DI-NA-RI-LY,  (eks-tror'de-na-ri-ly,)  ode, 

[See  ExTRA.ORDI?TART.] 

In  a  manner  out  of  tlie  ordinary  or  usual  method  ; 
beyond  the  common  course,  limits,  or  order ;  in  an 
uncommon  degree  ;  remarkably  i  particularly ;  emi- 
nently. 


EX-TRAOR'DI-NA-RI-XESS,     (cks-tror'-)    n.      Un- 

commnnness  ;  remarkableness. 
EX-TRAOR'DI-NA-RY,    (eks-trnr'de-na-ryO  a.     [L. 

ertraordittarius ;    ejlra  and   ordinaritDt^   usual,  from 

orrfo,  order.] 

1.  Beyond  or  out  of  the  common  order  or  method  ; 
nol  in  the  usual,  customary,  or  retrular  course;  not 
ordinary.  Eztraorduiary  eviia  require  txtraordinary 
remedies. 

2.  Exceeding  the  common  decree  or  measure  ; 
hence,  remarkal)le  ;  uncoiuinon  ;  rare  ;  wonderl\i] ; 
tts,  tlie  eitraordtnary  Uilents  of  Phakspeare ;  the  ei- 
traordinary  powers  of  Newlon  ;  an  edifice  of  extraor- 
dinary grandeur. 

3.  Special ;  particular ;  sent  for  a  special  purpose, 
or  on  a  particular  occasion ;  as,  an  ejtraariUnary 
courier  or  messenger ;  an  embassador  extraordinary; 
a  gazelle  extraordinary. 

EX-TRA-PA-RO'eHI-AL,  a.  [extra  and  paroehiaL] 
Not  within  the  limits  of  any  parish.  iilarJcstone. 

EX-TRA-PfIYS'I€-AL,  a.     Metaphysical.     iMicrence. 

EX-TRA-PRO-FES'SIO.\-AL.,  (-fus'h'un-al,)  a.  [ex- 
tra and  professional.] 

Foreign  to  a  profession  ;  not  within  the  ordinary 
limits  of  professional  duty  or  business. 

Motinti  woj  an  Kclestutk,  uid  cht»e  atuik-s  wtn  ertro'pro/tt' 
tionat.  it*d.  Rtpo*. 

EX-TRA-PRO-VIN'CtAL,  Cpro-vin'shal,)  a.  [extra 
and  promnciaL]  Nol  within  the  same  province  ;  not 
witiiin  ihe  jurisdiction  of  the  same  archbishop. 

^i/lij-e. 

EX.TRA-REG'T;-LAR,  a.  [extra  and  reguLir.]  Not 
romprehended  within  a  rule  or  rules,  Tatjhn: 

EX-TRA-TER-RI-TO'RI-AF.,  a.  Being  beyond  or 
without  the  hmits  of  a  territory'  or  particular  jurisdic- 
tion. Huntfr.      tV/ifotonU  Hep. 

EX -TRA-TROP'IC-AL,  a,  [extra  and  tropical.]  Be- 
yond the  tropics  ;  without  Uie  tropics,  north  or 
Bouth.  IVkineeU. 

EX-TRAITGHT' ;  old  pp.  of  Extb*ct.     [Ob^.] 

EX-TRAV'A-GANCR,   /  ».      [U   extra  and    ragawn 

EX-TRAV'A-GAiN-CY,  J  va-ror^  to  wander.  Bee 
Vaooe.] 

1.  iAteraltyyti  wandering  beyond  a  limit;  an  ex- 
cursion or  sally  from  the  usual  way,  course,  or  limit. 

Jfammond. 

2.  In  itritiniT  or  dineoume,  ft  going  beyond  the  limits 
of  flrici  truth  or  probability  ;  as,  extravagance  of  ex- 
pression or  description. 

3.  Excess  of  atfeclion,  pnssion,  or  npp'-lite  ;  m,  ez~ 
travagance  of  love,  anger,  hatred,  or  hnnj;er. 

4.  Excess  in  expendiliin-s  of  property;  the  ex 
pending  of  money  withoiit  ntcettstty,  or  beyond 
what  Is  reasonable  or  proper  ;  dwsipalion. 

Tlv  infwn-  of  three  tluliM  wra  not  euougii  W  riwlr  h-r  «j% 
trai-agantt,  Arhuthrict. 

5.  In  general,  any  excess  or  wandoring  from  pre- 
scribed limiUi  irregtilarity  ;  wildn^^ss;  as.  the  ez- 
fravaganee  of  imagination  ;  eztracagance  of  claims  or 
d'Mnands. 

EX-TRAV'A-GANT,  a.    TMeraUyj  wandering  beyond 
I       limits.  ^'^i*- 

2.  Exrcssive  ;  exceeding  due  bounds  ;  unreasona- 
ble. The  wishes,  demands,  desires,  and  passions  of 
men  are  often  extravagant, 

3.  Irregular ;  wild  ;  not  within  ordinar>'  limits  of 
tnith  or  probability,  or  f»ther  usual  bounds  ;  as,  ez- 
traragant  flights  of  fancy. 

Thff*    l«   •oniethinj     ooblj    wild    and     eilmvagnnl     in    jrvat 
r-tiiitan.  .t'Muori. 

4.  Exceeding  necessity  or  propriety ;  wasteful ; 
prodigal;  as,  extravagant  expenses;  an  extravagant 
mo<le  of  living. 

5.  PrfKligal ;  profuse  in  expenseji ;  as,  an  ftrfropo- 
gant  man. 

\h  tlwt  U  tTtravufiM  wi!I  qnlcWy  brcom*  poor,  »nd  pcvTwty 
will  i»nfcn:*  drppivUnfti*,  an-l  invilc  G<.-rT>i^iot\.       HaiiihUr. 

EX-TRAV'A-OANT, ».  One  who  is  confined  to  no 
general  rule.  I,' F^trange, 


EXT 

EX-TRAV'A-GAXT-LY,  ah.  In  an  extravagant 
manner;  wildly;  not  within  the  limits  of  truth  or 
probability.     Men  often  write  and  talk  eztravn irantly. 

2.  Unreasonably;  excessively.  It  is  prudjnl  not 
to  praise  or  censure  citravagantly. 

3.  In  a  manner  to  use  property  without  necessity 
or  propriety,  or  lo  no  good  purpose ;  expensively,  or 
profusely  to  an  unjustifiable  degree  ;  as,  to  live,  eat, 
drink,  or  dress  extraragantly. 

EX-TRAV'A-GANT-NESS,n.  Excess;  extravagance. 
[LiVle  ifwi.] 

EX-TRAV'A-GANTS,  n.  pi  In  church  history^  cer- 
tain decretal  epistles,  or  constitutions  of  the  popes, 
which  were  pulilishcd  after  the  Clementines,  and 
nol  at  first  arranged  and  digested  with  tlie  ottier 
papal  constitutions.  They  were  aitenvard  inserted 
in  the  body  of  the  canon  law.  Encyc. 

EX-TRAV-A-GAN'ZA.  n.  [It.]  A  musical  composi- 
tion, designed  to  produce  effect  by  its  wild  irregular- 
ity, SmaT-L 

EX-TRAV'A-GXTE,  r.  t.  To  wander  beyond  the 
limits.     IJi-'ot  u-ted.]  WarburUm. 

EX-TRAV-A-GA'TION,  n.  Excess;  a  wandering  be- 
yond limits,  SnwUett. 

EX-TRAV'A-SATE,  r.  U  To  let  out  of  the  proper 
vessels,  as  blood. 

EX-TRAV'A-SA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  [L.  eiira  and  vasa, 
vessels.] 

Forced  or  let  out  of  its  proper  vessels ;  as,  extravor 
sated  blood.  Arbuthnot. 

EX-TRAV'A-SA-TING,  ppr.  Escaping  from  the 
proper  vessels. 

EX-TRAV-.VSA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  forcing  or  let- 
ting out  of  its  proper  vessels  or  ducts,  as  a  fluid  ;  the 
state  of  being  forced  or  let  out  of  its  containing  ves- 
sels ;  efi'usion ;  as,  an  extravasation  of  blood  after  a 
rupture  of  the  vessels. 

EX-TRA-VAS'€U-LAR,  a.  Being  out  of  the  proper 
vessels.  Latnrence. 

EX-TRAV'E-XATE,  a.     [L.  extra  and  vena,  vein.l 
IjCt  out  of  the  veins.     [JVwt  in  use.]         Olantdle, 

EX-TRA-VER'SIOX,  n.  [L.  extra  and  rer*u»,  a  turn- 
ing.] 

Tlie  act  of  throwing  out ;  the  state  of  being  turned 
or  thrown  out.     [LitUe  used.]  Boyle. 

EX-TRkAT',  n.     Extraction.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

EX-TRf:ME',  a.     [L.  eztremim,  last.] 

1.  Outermost;  utmost;  furthest;  nt  the  utmost 
point,  edge,  or  border  ;  as,  the  extreme  verge  or  point 
of  a  thing. 

2.  Greatest;  most  violent;  utmost;  as,  extreme 
pain,  grief,  or  stitTering  ;  eitreme  \oy  or  pleasure. 

3.  I^ast ;  beyond  which  there  is  none;  as,  an  ci- 
treme  remedy. 

4.  Utmost ;  worst  or  best  that  can  exist  or  be  sup- 
posed ;  as,  an  extreme  case. 

ft.  Most  pressing;  as,  extreme  necessity. 

Extreme  unction^  among  the  Roman  Catholics,  is  the 
anointing  of  a  sick  person  with  oil,  when  affected 
with  some  mortal  dis<'ase,  and  usmilly  just  before 
death.  It  is  applied  to  the  eyes,  ears,  nostrils,  mouth, 
hands,  fi-et,  and  reins  of  penitenLs,  and  is  aiipposed 
lo  represent  the  grace  of  (iod  poured  into  the  soul. 

Eneye. 

Extreme  and  mean  proportion^  in  getrmetry,  is  when 
a  line  is  so  divided,  that  the  whole  line  is  to  the 
gn.-ater  segment  as  that  segment  is  to  the  less ;  or 
when  a  line  is  so  divided,  that  thr^  rectangle  under 
the  whole  line  aiut  the  lesser  segment  is  etpial  to  the 
Mpuin^  of  the  greater  segment.  Euclid. 

EX-TRkME',  n.  The  utmost  point  or  verge  of  a 
thing  ;  ttiat  part  which  terminates  a  body  ;  extremitv- 

2.  Utniosl  |H)inl ;  fiirtlies^t  degree  ;  as,  the  extremes 
of  heat  and  cold  ;  the  extremes  of  virtue  and  vice. 
Avuid  ezlremes.    Extremes  naturally  beget  each  other. 

TbT^  U  n  nainrvl    pn>jr"»«ion  from  Uio  txtrejne  of  nnnrchjr  to 
ill?  extrtint  of  tyraiin/.  Washington. 

3.  In  logic,  the  eitremesy  or  extreme  terms  of  a  syl- 
logism, are  the  predicate  and  subject  of  the  conclu- 
sion. Thus,  "  .Man  is  an  animal  ;  Peter  is  a  man, 
therefore  Peter  is  an  animal;*'  the  word  animal  is 
the  greater  extreme,  Peter  the  less  extreme,  and  man 
the  midtlle  term.  Encyc, 

4.  In  wwtAemofi&T,  the  extremes  are  the  first  and 
last  trrms  of  a  ■  proportion  ;  as,  when  three  magni- 
ludf»arfproi>ortional,the  rectangle  contained  by  the 
extremes  in  equal  to  the  square  of  the  mean.  Euclid. 

EX-TRf.ME'LESH,  a.  Having  no  extremes  or  uxtreni- 

itifs ;  infinite. 
EX-TRRME'LY,  adv.    In  the  utmost  degree :  to  the 

utmost  point.    It  is  extremely  hoi  or  cold ;  it  is  ex- 

tremcly  painful. 
2.  In  familiar  language,  very  much;  greatly 
EX-TREM'I-TY,  n.     [U  extrrmitas,] 

1.  The  uiinftst  jKiint  or  side  ;  the  verge  ;  the  point 
or  bonier  that  terminates  a  thing  ;  as,  the  extremities 
of  a  country. 

2.  A  term  applied  to  the  utmo-tt  parts.  The  ertrem- 
ities  of  the  l>ody,  in  painting  and  sculpture,  are  the 
head,  hands,  and  feet ;  but,  in  anatomy,  the  term  is 
applied  to  the  limbs  only.  Brande^ 

3.  The  utmost  |K>inI;  the  highest  or  furthest  de- 
gree ;    as,  the    eitremtty   ot  pain    of    suffering;    the 


EXU 

extremity  of  cruelty.     Even  charity  and  forbcaranc« 
may  be  carried  to  rztremiiy. 

-4.  Extreme  or  utmost  distresi,  Btrnits,  or  difficul- 
ties ;  as,  a  city  besieged  and  reduced  to  extremity. 

5.  'Ihe  utHHist  rigor  or  violence,  'i'be  Greeks  have 
endured  oppression  in  its  utmost  extremity, 

6.  The  most  aggravated  stale. 

Tiio  world  is  riiniiiiig  after  farce,  tlie  txtnrnUy  of  btd  poetrr. 

Dryden. 

EX'TRI-€.\-BLE,  a.  [Infra.]  That  can  be  extrica- 
ted. 

EX'TUI-GaTE,  v.  t.  [L.  extrieo.  The  primary  verb 
trico  is  not  in  tlie  Latin.  We  probably  see  its  affini- 
ties in  the  Greek  (ioi^,  Tnix^v,  hair,  or  a  bush  of 
hair,  from  interweaving,  entangling.  I  suspect  that 
rp£i?and  three  are  contracted  from  this  root;  three 
for  threg,  folded,  or  a  plexus.  The  same  word  occurs 
in  intricate  and  intrigue  :  Ft.  tricher,  lo  cheat ;  tricoter^ 
to  weave  :  Eiig.  tries ;  It.  trcccia^  a  lock  of  hair.  Class 
Rg,  No.  25.] 

1.  Property,  to  disentangle  ;  hence,  to  free  from 
difficulties  or  perplexities  ;  to  disembarrass;  as,  to  ex- 
tricate one  from  complicated  business,  from  trouble- 
some alliances,  or  other  connections;  to  extricate 
one's  self  from  debt. 

2.  To  send  out ;  lo  cause  to  be  emitted  or  evolved 
EX'TRieA-TED,  pp.     Disi-ntangted  ;  freed  from  dif- 
ficulties and  perplexities;  diseuibarrassed  ;  evolved. 

EX'TRI  eA-TING,  ppr.  Disentangling;  disembar- 
rassing; evolving, 

EX-TRl-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  disentangling  ;  a 
freeing  from  perplexities  ;  disentaniileraent. 

2.  The  act  of  sending  out  or  evolving;  as,  the  ex~ 
triratifn  of  heat  or  moisture  from  a  substance. 

EX-TRIN'sIe-AI,,  i^    [I'-  entrin^ccus.] 

External ;  outward  ;  not  contained  in  or  belonging 
to  a  boily.  >lere  matter  can  not  move  without  the 
impulse  of  an  extrinsie  agent.  It  is  opposed  to  in- 
trinsic. 

EX-TRlN'Sie-AL-LY,  adv.  From  without;  exter- 
nally. 

EX-TROR'SAT,,  a.     [L.  crtrorsum.) 

In  botany,  turned  from  the  axis  to  which  it  apper- 
tains, as  anthers  whose  line  of  dehiscence  is  toward 
the  petals. 

EX-TK!:eT',  r.  f,     [L.  extrvo,  extrurtus.'] 
To  build  ;  to  construct.     [JVbf  in  m.^'^.J 

EX-TRUG'TION,  n.     A  building.     [.Vo(  user!.'] 

EX-TR(J€T'IVE,  a.   Forming  into  a  structure.   Fulke, 

EX-TRU€T'OR,  Ti.  A  builder;  a  fabricator ;  a  con- 
triver.    \J^ot  used.] 

EX-TRODE',  I'.  (.  [L.  extnido :  ex  and  trudo,  to  thrust.] 

1,  To  thrust  out ;  to  urge,  force,  or  press  out ;  to 
expel ;  as,  to  extrude  a  fetus, 

2.  To  drive  away  ;  to  drive  off.  Woodward. 
EX-TRCD'EO,  pp.   "Thrust  out ;  driven  out  or  away  ; 

exfHrllfd. 

EX-'IROD'ING,  ppr.    Thnisting  out ;  expelling. 

EX-TK0'SION,(eks-tru'Khun,)  n.  The  act  of  thrust- 
ing or  throwing  out ;  a  driving  out ;  expulsion. 

EX-TCBKR-ANOE,   iit.      [L.   extuberans,    extubero } 

EX-TO'BKR-AN-CY,  i      ex  and  tuber,  a  putf.] 

1.  In  luedicine,  a  swelling  or  rising  of  the  fiesh  ;  a 
protuberant  parL  Eneyc, 

2.  A  k  nub  or  swelling  part  of  a  body.        Muxon. 
EX-TO'HKR-ANT,  a.    Swelled  ;  standing  out. 
EX-TO'HKR-ATE,  v.  i.     [1^  extubero.] 

To  swell.     [A''ot  in  use.] 
EX-TU-MES'CENCE,  n.     [L.  extumescens,  extumesco; 
ex  and  tumesco,  tumeo,  lo  swell.] 
A  swelling  or  rising,     [f.itileused.'] 
EX-U'BER-ANCE,  (egz-yu'lierans,)      \n,       fL    exu- 
EX  lI'ltER  AN-CY,(tgz-\Q'ber-nn  sy,)  \      berans,  exw 
bero  ;  ex  and   ubrro,  to  /"alien  ;  uber,  a  pap  or  breast, 
that  is,  a  swelling  or  mass.] 

1.  An  abundance  ;  an  overflowing  quantity  ;  rich- 
ness ;  as,  an  exuberance  of  fertility  or  fancy. 

2.  Superfluous  abundance;  luxuriance. 

3.  (Jvergrowth;  superfluous  shoots,  as  of  trees. 
EX-IJ'BER-ANT,    (egz-yu'ber-ant,)    a.      Abundant; 

plenteous;    rich;    as,  exuberant   fertility;   exuberant 
goodness. 

2.  Over-abundant ;  snpfrfluous  ;  luxuriant. 

3.  Pouring  forth  abundance;  producing  in  plenty; 
as,  eruhrrant  spring.  Thomson. 

EX-U'BER-ANT-EY,  adv.  Abundantly;  very  copi- 
ously ;  in  great  plenty  ;  to  a  su|>ertluous  degree.  The 
earth  has  pn)dueed  exuhrrantly. 

EX-IJ'BER-ATE,  v.  i,     [L.  etubero.] 

To  ah<jimd  ;  to  be  in  great  abundance.      [Rare.] 

EX-Ue'COUS.     See  Exsuccous. 

EX-T^-l);^'TION,  n.  [L.  exudo.]  A  sweating  ;  a  dis- 
charge of  humors  or  moisture  from  animal  bodies. 

2.  'i'he  discharge  of  the  juices  of  a  plant,  moist- 
tire  from  the  earth,  A:c. 

EX-TiI>E',  r.  t.  [Supra.]  To  discharge  the  nioisturo 
or  juices  of  a  living  body  through  the  pores  ;  also,  lo 
discharge  the  liquid  matter  of  a  plant  by  incisions. 

Our  (■jp'ttM  exitfiM  liirp^nline  in  ihe  g;re&tnt  nbrnnJanco.    Dtnght. 

(E«u'i>ATE  is  not  now  uned,] 
JUK',  r.  t.    To  flow  from  a  living  body  through 

the  pores,  or  by  a  natural  discharge,  as  juice. 


TONE,  BTJM.,  nxiTE.  — AN"OER,  VI"CIOUS €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  Cll  as  SII ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


EX-^D'EO,  ;>;».    Emined.  as  Juice. 
EX-UD'1.\G,  ppr.     Discharging,  as  juice. 
EX-LfL'CER-ATE,  r.  L     [L.exuteen>i  ex  and  utceroy 
to  ulcerate,  ulcus,  an  itlerr.] 

1.  To  cause  or  produce  an  ulcer  or  ulcers.  Encye. 

2.  To  afflict ;  to  corrode  ;  to  fret  or  anger.  Mttion. 
EX-UL'CER-A TE:,  v.  i.    To  become  an  ulcer  or  ulcer- 
ous *'«^ 

EX-LTL'CER-A-TED,  pp.  Affected  with  ulcers ;  hav- 
ing become  ulrerousi. 

EX-IJL'CEU-A-riNG,ppr.  Producing  ulcera  on  ;  Iret- 
tina:  becoming  ulcerous. 

EX-UL-CER-A'tiOiV,  n.     The  act  of  causing  ulcers 

on  a  b^Mjy,  or  Hie  process  of  becoming  ulcemus  ;  Uie 

begimiing  en>siiui  which  wears  away  the  subsuiice, 

and  forms  an  ulcer.  /jtcyc     Qutney, 

2.  A  freitirig;  exacerbation  ;  corrosion.     Hooker. 

EX-UL'CEK-A-TO-RY,  a.  Having  a  tendency  to  form 
ulcere. 

EX-L'LT',  (cg2-uU',)  r.  i.  [L.  ezulLt;  a  and  salte,  «- 
lio,  to  leap  ;  It.  r^ultart.] 

Prifperiif,  to  leap  for  joy  ;  hence,  to  rejoice  in  tn- 

~  nmpli ;  to  rejoice  exceedingly  at  success  or  vicloi>' ; 
to  be  glad  above  measure  ;  to  triumph.  It  is  natural 
to  man  to  ezult  at  the  success  of  his  schemes,  aud  lo 
erult  over  a  fallen  adversary. 

EX-UUT'ANCB,   /  n.     EmlUlion.     [.Vo(  «*erf.] 

E-\-L'LT'AX-CV,  i  Hammond. 

EX-ULT'ANT,  a.    Rejoicing  triumphantly.     JVore. 

EX-ULT-A'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  exulting  ;  lively  joy 
at  success  or  victory,  or  at  any  advantage  gained  ; 
great  gladness  ;  rapturous  delight ;  triumph.  EruU- 
aiion  usually  s|rrings  from  the  gratification  of  our  de- 
sire of  some  good  ;  particularly,  of  distinction  or  su- 
periority, or  of  that  which  confers  distinction.  It 
often  springs  from  the  gratification  of  pride  or  am- 
bition. But  exuitatioM  may  be  a  hvely  joy  springing 
liroin  laudnbl<^  causes. 

EX-CLT'LNG,  ppr,  or  a.  Rejoicing  greatly  or  in  tri- 
umph. 

EX-ULT'I.VG-LY,  ode.    In  a  triumphant  manner. 

EX-U.V'DATE,  V.  i.    To  overflow.     [,Yot  usaL] 

EX-UN-DA'TIOX,  n.  [U  enuwiatw,  from  eaatday  to 
overflow ;  «x  and  undt^  lo  rise  in  waves,  mmdoj  a 
wave.] 

An  overflowins  abundance.     [Little  used,]    Majf. 

EX-IIX"GL'-LA TE,  r.  (.     [L.  ex  and  umfuU.] 
To  pare  off  superfluous  pnrt-s  or  nails, 

EX-U\''GL'-LA-TE1),  pp.  Deprived  of  naiU  or  su- 
perfluous parts. 

EX  rx  'GU-La-TIXG,  ««-.    Paring  off,  as  nails,  Ac. 

EX  1;TER-A-HLE,  (  ya'pcr-a-W,)  a.  That  may  be 
uverc«jme  or  surpassed. 

EX-UTER-AXCE,  a.     Overb-ilance. 

EX-C'PER-ANT,  o.     Overcoming. 

EX-L'PER-.XTE,  r.L    ToexceJ ;  tosurmounL    [Obs.] 

EX- C  PER  A- TED,  pp.     Conquered  ;  eiccUed. 

EX  U'PER-A  TIXG,w"-.     Excelling. 

EX-l-PER-A'TlON,  a.     The  act  of  eicellinK, 

KX-CR'GE.\T,  a.  [For  Exit-aGssT.]  Arising.  [A"rt 
usfd.\ 

EX-L'S'Cr-TATE,  c.  L    [I*  eimMHo.)    To  rouse. 

EX-CSTIOX,  (eks-usl'yun.)  «.     [U  ezustm*.] 
The  act  or  operation  of  burning  up. 

EX -IC'VI-A-BLE,  o.  Capable  of  being  cast  or  thrown 
in  the  fonn  of  exuviae. 

EX-l^'VI-.E,  «.  pL  [U]  Cast  skins,  shells,  or  cover- 
ings, of  animals ;  any  parts  of  animals  which  are 
shed  or  cast  uiT,  as  ihe  skins  of  serpents  and  cater- 
pillars, the  shells  of  lobsters,  &c.  Encyc. 

!L  In  fwoUn,  the  fossil  shells  and  other  remains 
which  yniwMtt*  ha^'e  left  in  the  strata  of  the  earth. 

EX  FO'TOfJl^]  In  consequence  of  a  vow  ;  applied 
to  votive  off-rings,  as  of  a  picture  for  a  ciiapel,  &.c  j 
common  in  Ruman  Catholic  countries. 

EV,  in  otd  writerty  [Sax.  ig,]  signides  an  isle. 

ET'AS,  (I'as,)  a.     [Fr.  »m«;  silly.] 

A  young  hawk  just  taken  from  the  nest,  not  able 
to  prey  for  itself.  Hanmar.     Shak. 

ET'AS,  a.    Unfledged.    [AV  used.}  Spauor, 


Flhe  sixth  letter  of  the  English  alphabet,  is  a  labial 
y  articulation,  formed  by  pl;icine  the  upper  teeth 
on  the  under  lip,  and  accompanied  with  an  emission 
of  breath.  F  in  F^nglish  has  one  uniform  sound,  as  in 
falAer^aJlrr.  Its  kmdrt-d  letter  is  r,  which  is  chiefly 
disiinjiuished  from  /  by  being  more  vocal,  or  accom- 
panied with  more  sound,  as  may  be  perceived  by 
pronouncing  </,  ev.  Tliis  letter  mav  be  derived  from 
the  Orienial  i  ra«,  or  from  ■■]  pe  or'phe  ;  mo-^t  proba- 
**.!*  'J^/^rmer.  The  Latins  received  the  letter  from 
the  Eohans  m  Gree^,  who  wr-.te  it  in  the  form  of  a 
double  gamma,  F;  whence  it  has  been  called  a  di- 


EVAt^-MCi^-KET,  n,  A  young  unfiedgcd  male  hawk, 
of  the  musket  kind,  or  s|Kirrow  hawk.  Shak. 

EVE,  (I,)  a.  [Sax.  cajr,  eah  ;  Goth,  anffo  ;  D.  ooff ;  G. 
au^re  ;  Sw.  b" j-ii ;  Dan.  Oyf,  Russ.  nkv;  Sans,  akshi; 
L.'ocii/ii<,  a  diminutive,  whence  Pr.  aii,  fi\i.  ojo.  It. 
occAtti,  Port  olko.  The  originiil  word  must  have  been 
Off,  c^,  or  ha^  or  heg,  coinciding  with  c<f^.  The  old 
English  [tluril  was  n/cn,  or  eifne^^ 

I.  The  organ  of  sight  or  vision  ;  propf  riy,  the  globe 
oi  ball  movable  in  the  orbit.  The  eye  is  nearly  of  a 
spherical  fl^'ure,  and  coin|x«cd  of  cnnts  or  tunics. 
But  in  the  term  eyf  we  often  or  usually  include  the 
ball  and  the  parts  adjacent. 

U,  Si^iht ;  view;  ocular  knowledge;  as,  I  have  a 
man  now  in  my  eye.  In  this  sense,  the  plural  is 
more  generally  used. 

Bcfbrr  whow  eyta  J<riiw  Christ  hath  been  «TiiI<rnUy  aet  foith, 
cruciAnl  Ainoiif  yau,  —  Gai,  uL 

3.  Look  ;  countenance. 

I'll  U7  ftio  gny  i>  DM  tbo  mominr'*  <y».  Shak. 

4.  Front ;  face. 

U?r  abmll  jrou  bar  (IwprovvJ  to  )rotir  vy**.  Shak. 

5.  Direct  opposition  ;  as,  lo  sail  in  the  wind's  eye. 

6.  Aspect ;  rtrgard  ;  resjiect ;  view. 

Boolurllrra  nwntMn  with  mprct  the  nuUton  t\xy  har»  printed, 
U)d  cooaequentijr  tuve  oa  cyi  to  Utdr  own  mItmiIajpt. 

7.  Notice;  observation}  vigUanee;  wauh. 

After  Uib  Jralouay,  he  kt?pi  a  atnct  cyt  upon  him.   L*£«(ronf«. 

8.  View  of  the  mind  ;  opinion  formed  by  observa- 
tion or  contemplation. 

It  bath,  in  ttietr  eyt,  nn  gnM  affinlt;  with  th«  Ibnn  of  ihe-  c]iiin:)i 
of  Rotno.  h^okar. 

9.  Sight ;  view  ?  rithrr  in  a  JitercJ  or  jtjrurative  sense. 

10.  SoiiK-thIng  resembling  the  eye  in  form  ;  as,  the 
eye  of  a  peacork's  feather.  J\'etcton. 

II.  A  small  hole  or  aperture  ;  a  perforation  ;  as,  the 
eye  of  a  nee<lle. 

12.  A  small  catch  for  a  hook ;  as  we  say,  hooks 
and  eyes.  In  nearly  the  same  sense,  the  word  is  ap* 
plied  to  certain  loojis  or  rings  which  serve  us  fasten- 
ings fi>r  the  rining  of  ships. 

13.  The  bud  of  a  plant ;  a  shoot.  fncye. 

14.  A  small  shade  of  color.    \LittUm$ed.] 

Red,  wiih  Kaeytof  Uue,  nutkea  a  ;iurpl«.  BoyU. 

15.  The  power  of  perception. 

The  «yM  of  ^oar  audenUuuiotf  being  enllgbtraed.  —  Eph.  L 

16.  Oversight ;  inspection. 

The  ayt  of  the  maati^r  wUl  d<>  mora  work  than  both  hit  hands. 

The  eyes  of  a  ship,  zk  l^e  parts  which  lie  near  the 
hawse-holes,  particularly  in  llic  lower  apartmeiils. 

Mar.  Vict. 
To  set  the  eyes  on.  Is  to  see  ;  to  have  a  sight  of. 
To  Jind  favor  in  the  eye^,  is  to  be  gruciously  received 
and  treated. 
EYE,  n.    A  brood  ;  as,  an  eye  of  pheasants. 
EYE,  V.  L    To  fix  the  eye  on  ;  to  ItKtk  on  ;  to  view  ;  lo 
obsen'e  ;  particulariy,  t«  observe  or  watch  narrowly, 
or  witli  fixod  attention. 

Eye  oalure't  widka,  about  foil/  aa  it  flica.  Pope, 

EYE,  r.  t.    To  appear  ;  to  have  an  appearance.  Shak. 

EVE'-AT-TRACT'ING,  a.     Attracting  the  eyes. 

EYE'BALL,  n.     The  ball,  globe,  or  apple  of  the  eye. 

EYE'-IVkA.M,  n.     A  glance  of  the  eye.  S/iak. 

EYE'-BoLT,  71.  In  sAi;w,  a  bar  of  iron,  or  bolt,  with 
an  eye  at  one  end,  formed  to  be  driven  into  the  deck 
or  sides,  for  the  purpose  of  hooking  tackles  or  fasten- 
ing ropes  to  it.  TvUen. 

EYE'BRIGUT,  n.  The  popular  name  of  a  species  of 
Euphrasia,  it  was  formerly  much  used  as  a  remedy 
for  diseases  of  the  eye. 

EYE'-BRIGHT-EN-IXG,  n.    A  clearing  of  the  sight 

Milton. 

EYE'BROW,  «.  The  brow  or  hairy  arch  above  the 
eye. 

EY'£D,  (IdeO  PP'    Viewed  i  observed  ;  watched. 


F. 


gaittmA.  Tt  corresponds  in  power  to  the  Greek  ^>pAi, 
and  its  proper  name  is  tf. 

As  a  Latin  niuneral,  it  signifies  40,  and  with  a  dash 
over  the  top,^,  forty  thousand. 

In  the  civil  law^  two  of  these  letters  together,  Jf,  sig- 
nify the  pandects. 

In  English  criminal  laie,  this  letter  is  branded  on 
felons,  when  admitted  to  the  benefit  of  clergy  j  by 
Stat.  4  II.  VII.  c.  13. 

In  medical  prescriptions,  F.  stands  for  Jiat,  let  it  be 
made  ;  F.  S.  \,Jiat  secundum  artem^. 


FAB 

2.  a.    Having  eyes ;  used  in  composition ;  as,  a 
d\\\l-eved  man  ;  ox-eyed  Juno. 

EYE'-DROP,  n.     A  tear.  Siak. 

EYE'-FLAP,  n.    A  blinder  on  a  horse's  bridle. 

EYE'-GLA.\CE,  h.  A  glance  of  the  eye;  a  rapid 
look.  Spenser. 

EYE'-GLASS,  n.    A  glass  to  assist  the  sight ;  specta- 
cles. Shak. 
In  telescopes,  the  same  as  Evepiece,  which  see. 

EYE'-GLUT-TING,  n.     A  feasting  of  the  eyes, 

Sftenser. 

EYE'LASH,  n.    The  line  of  hairthat  edges  the  eyelid. 

Johnson. 

EYE'LESS,  (I'less,)  o.'  Wanthig  eyes;  destitute  of 
tiight.  Milton.     Jiddifion. 

EYK'LET,  )n.     [Fr.  aillet,  a  little  eye,  from 

EYE'LET-MOLE,  (      ail,  eye.] 

A  small  hole  or  perforntion,  to  receive  a  lace  or 
small  ro|»e  or  cord.     We  usually  say,  eyeUtrholc 

EYE'LI-AD,  n.     [Fr.  a-illade.\ 

A  glance  of  the  eye.  Shak. 

EYE'LII),  n.  TJie  cover  of  the  eye  ;  tliat  porliun  of 
inoviible  skin  with  which  nn  animal  covers  the  eye- 
ball, or  uncovers  it,  at  pleasure. 

EYE'-OF-FEND'L\G,  a.     That  hurts  the  eyes.    Shak. 

EYE'-PIkCE,  n.  In  a  telr.trope,  the  lens,  or  combi- 
nation of  lenses,  with  which  the  image  is  viewed, 
by  which  it  is  inagiiiried.  D.  Ohnsud. 

EYE'-PLkAS-L\i;,  a.     Pleasing  the  eye.       Davits. 

EY'ER,  (I'er,)  «.     One  who  eyes  another.      Oayton. 

EYE'-SALVE,  (I'siv,)  n.     Ointment  for  the  eye. 

Hcveiation. 

EYE'-SER-VANT,  n.  A  servant  who  attends  to  his 
duty  only  when  watched,  or  under  the  eye  of  his 
master  or  eni[>Ioyer. 

EYE'-SER-VICE,  n.  Service  performed  only  tinder 
ins[>ection  or  the  eye  of  an  employer. 

n-pl(?aaen ;   but  ia  aiiigleana  of 


Not  with    tye-tervict,  ni 
hrart,  I'lrariiij  liwO.  - 


EYE'-SIIOT,  n.    Sight ;  view  ;  glance  of  the  eye. 

I>ryden. 
EYE'SIGIIT,  n.    The  sight  of  the  eye  j  view;  obser^ 
vation.     Ps.  xviii. 

JkMfjihtis  BfU  tfaia  down  from  hla  own  VftngkL        WiUcine. 

2.  The  sense  of  seeing.     His  eyesight  fails. 
EYE'SoRE,  K.     Something  offensive  to  the  eye  or 

sight. 

Monifcai  w«i  an  ryttore  to  Llaninn.  Z,'Eatrange. 

EYE'-SPLICE,  TT.  In  seamen\i  lanj^ia^e,  a  sort  of  eye 
or  circle  funned  by  Bplicing  the  end  of  a  rope  ir.to  it- 
self. Totten. 

EYE'-SPOT-TED,  a.    Marked  with  spots  like  eyes. 

Spenser. 

EYE'-STrtXE,  Tt,  A  small,  calcareous  stone,  used  for 
taking  substances  from  between  the  lid  and  ball  of 
the  eve. 

EYE'-STRING,  n.  The  tendon  by  which  the  eye  is 
moved.  Shak. 

EYE'-TOOTH,  n.  A  tooth  under  Ihe  eye;  a  pointed 
tooth  in  the  upper  jaw  next  to  tiie  grindera,  called 
also  a  canine  tooth;  a  fang.  Ray. 

EYE'-WA-TER,  it.     A  niedicated  water  for  the  eyes- 

EYE'-WINK,  n.  A  wink  or  motion  of  the  eyelid  ;  a 
hint  or  token.  Shak. 

EYE'-WIT-NESS,  n.  One  who  sees  a  thing  done} 
one  who  hits  ocular  view  of  any  thing. 

We  wetv  eye-mtrutte»  of  hla  nmjcaty.  —  2  Pet,  1. 

EY'ING,  ppr.     Viewing;  watching;  observing. 

EY'OT,  (i'ot,)  n.     A  little  isle.  Blackstone. 

BYRE,  (are,)  ju     [Old  Fr.,  from  I^  Uer,] 

1.  Literally,  a  journey  or  circuit.  In  England,  the 
justices  in  eyre  were  itinerant  judges,  who  rode  the 
circuit  to  hold  courts  in  the  difl'erent  counties. 

3.  A  court  of  itinerant  justices.  Blackstone. 
fiY'RY,  (Ji're,)  n.     The  plac*j  where  birds  of  prey  con- 
struct their  nests  and  hatch.  It  is  written  also  Eraia. 
[See  Aerie.] 

The  cftglft  Mid  (he  aloric 
On  cliSa  and  cedv  topa  ibeir  eyritt  buHd.  MiUon, 


F  stands  also  for  fellote ;   F.  R.  S.  Fellow  of  the 
ROyal  Society. 

F,  or  fd,  in  music,  is  the  fourth  note  rising  in  this 
order  in  the  gamut,  do,  [or  u/,]  re,  mi,  fa.  It  denotes, 
also,  one  of  the  Greek  keys  in  music,  destined  for 
the  base. 
FA-BA'CEOUS,^fa-bi^hu8,)  o.  [Low  I.,  fabaceus, 
from  faba,  a  bean.] 

Having  the  nature  of  a  bean  ;  like  a  bean.    [LittJe 
used.] 
FA'Bl-A\,  a.     Delaying;  dilatory;  avoiding  battle,  In 
imitation   of   Quintus   Fabius   i^Iaiimus,   a  Roman 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK.- 


FAB 

general  who  conducted  niilitar)'  operations  agriinst 
Hannibal,  by  declining  to  ri:>k  a  battles  in  the  open 
field,  but  harassing  ibe  enemy  by  marches,  couutcr* 
murche:;,  and  auibuscades. 
FA'BLt:,  n.  [l^  faittda ;  Fr.  fable;  iL/avola;  Ir. 
fabhiil ;  Sp.  fabula^  from  the  Latin^  but  the  native 
Spanish  word  is  habla^  speech.  Qxk.  VV,  heha,  tu 
speak  ;  Gr.  sttoj.  The  radical  sense  is  that  which  is 
spuken  or  told.j 

1.  A  feigned  story  or  tale,  intended  to  in^trnct  or 
amuse ;  a  fictitious  narration  intended  to  enforce 
some  useful  truth  or  precept. 

JoLbam's  fdbie  of  ttie  Creea  ia  lUe  oldest  ezUot,  ajid  as  b^nutiful 
as  aiiy  mode  since.  Adduon. 

3.  Fiction  }  in  a  general  sense ;  as,  the  story  is  all 
a.  fable. 

'S.  An  idle  story  j  vicious  or  vulpar  fictions. 

But  refuse  profane  and  old  witm'  /ablet.  —  1  Tim.  Iv, 

4.  The  plot,  or  connected  series  of  events,  in  an 
epic  or  dramatic  poem. 

The  monvl  U  the  first  buaiftna  of  th«  poet ;  this  beinj  fbrnwHl,  he 
eoiiihves  aucti  &  devigii  or  /obit  a*  lo-ty  be  inusi  fuiutite  to 
the  iiionl.  I^rydan. 

5.  Falsehood  ;  a  softer  term  for  a  lie.      Addtaon, 
FX'BLE,  r.  i.    To  feign  ;  to  write  fiction. 

Vaio  DOW  the  tales  v\ach/ai>ling  poets  t*ll.  Prior. 

3.  To  tell  falsehoods  ;  as,  hefabUs  not.        SAak. 
F.t'BLE,  r.  L    To  feign  j   to  invent;   to  devise  and 
speak  of,  as  true  or  real. 

The  beU  thou  fahletu  MUlon. 

FA'BL£D,jro.     Feigned  ;  invented,  as  stories. 

2.  a.    Told  or  celebrated  in  fables. 

Hail./oi^d  grotto.  TUktl. 

FA'BLER,  n.    A  writer  of  fables  or  fictions  ;  a  dealer 
in  feigned  stories.  Johnson, 

F.\'BLING,  n.    The  act  of  making  fables.         Story. 

Fa'BLIXG,  ppr.OT  a.     Feigning  j  devising,  as  stories  ; 
writing  or  uttering  fal^e  stotien 

F.\B'RIt;,  tt.  {l^fabrUa^  a  frame,  from  fabcr^  a  work- 
man ;   Fr.  fabritfue.] 

1.  Tlie  structure  of  any  thing;  the  manner  in 
which  the  pans  of  a  thing  are  united  by  art  and  la- 
bor; workmanship;  texture.  This  is  cloth  of  a  beau- 
tiful A*''""* 

a.  The  frame  or  structure  of  a  building  ;  construc- 
tion. More  generally,  ttie  building  itself;  nu  edifice  ; 
a  bouse  ;  ,i  temple  ;  a  church,  a  bridge,  &,c.  The 
word  is  usually  applied  to  a  large  building. 

3.  Any  system  composed  of  connected  parts  ;  as, 
the  fabric  of  the  universe. 

4.  Cloth  manufactured. 

Silks  snd  other  fine/abrica  of  the  Eiut.  Htnry, 

FAB'Rie,  V.  u    To  frame;  to  build;  to  construct. 

[LitUe  usttLJ,  Philips. 

FAU'Rie-ATE,  r.  (.     [L./a6rw,  to  frame,  from /airr, 

BUpra.1 

1.  1o  frame;  to  build;  to  construct ;  to  form  a 
whole  by  connecting  its  parts;  as,  to  fabricate  a 
bridgt*  or  a  ship. 

2.  To  form  by  art  and  labor ;  to  manufacture ;  as, 
to  fa^rtcate  woolens. 

3.  To  invent  and  form  ;  to  forge ;  to  devise  false- 
ly i  aHj  to  fabricate  a  lie  or  story. 

Our  books  were  not  /abricaud  wuh  ut  MeaaimodjitiiM  to  pte- 
Vkiliii^  usages.  PaJe)f. 

4.  To  coin  ;  as,  to  fabriaUe  money.      [Untuuai.] 

Ifenrij,  HijfU 
FAB'RIC^A-TED,  pp.      Framed  ;  constnicled  ;  built ; 

mrmiifacttired  ;  invented;  devised  falsely;  forged. 
F-\B'KIC-A-TIXG,p;»r.  Framing  ;  constructing;  man- 
ufacturing ;  devising  falsely  ;  forging. 
FAB-R!C-A'TIO.\,  «,      The  act  of  framing  or  con- 
structing;   construction;    as,   the  fabrication   of   a 
bridge  or  of  a  church. 
'2.  1'he  act  of  manufacturing. 

3.  The  act  of  devising  fuUcIv  ;  forgery. 

4.  That  which  i^i  fibricated*;  a  falsehood.  The 
sturv  is  doubtless  a  fabrication. 

FAB'krC-A-TOR,  n.    One  that  constnicts  or  makes. 

FAB'RILE,  (fab'ril,)  o.     TL.  faimlU.] 
Pertaining  to  handcraiVs.     [J^Tot  uj*ed.'\ 

FAB'U-LI.ST,  n.    [from  fable,}    The  inventor  or  Tcri- 
ler  of  fables  Oarrick. 

FAH't^-LIZE,  V.  L    To  Invent,  compose,  or  relate  fa- 
bles. Faber. 

FAB'U-LIZ-KD,pp.    Related  in  fable. 

FABM'-LIZ-IN'G  ppr.   Composing  or  relating  In  fable, 

FAB-(;-LOS'I-TY,  B.     FobtilouKnesa  i   fullness  of  fa- 
bler.    [IMtlf  used.]  Abbot. 

PAU'U-LOUH,  a.     Feigned,  as  a  story  ;  devised;  fic- 
lilinm  ;  a*",  a  fabulous  story  j  a  fabulous  descriplion. 
3.  Related  in  fable  ;  descnbed  or  celebrated  in  fa- 
bles ;  invented  ;    nut  real ;  as<,  a  fabulous  iiero  j   the 
/o^u/ou^  exploit)*  of  Hercules. 

3.  The  fabulous  ago  of  Greece  and  Rome,  was  the 
early  age  of  thcise  (x>untries,  the  accounts  of  which 
are  mos*ily/'(*«/OTw,  or  in  which  the/a^u/ou.'' achieve- 
menu  of  their  heroes  were  performed  ;  called,  also, 
the  heroic  age. 

PAfl'lJ-UJCS-LV,  ade.  In  fable  or  action  ;  In  a  fabu- 
lous manner.  Brown, 


FAC 

FAB'l;-LOUS-XE;3S,  ti,      'J'he  quality  of  being  fubu- 

lotts  or  leigiied. 
FAB'UR-DEN,  n.     [Fr.  faux  bourdon.]     In  mujic,sim- 

ple  countertK)int. 
FA-CADE',  (fa-sado',)  ti,     [Fr.]      Front;   front  view 

or  elevation  of  an  edifice.  H'arton. 

FACE,  n.     [Fr.face;    iLfaccia;    Sp./ai  oi  Aai ;  Arm. 

facz  i  L./ueJM,  from  faciv,  to  make.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  the  surface  of  a  thing,  or  the 
aide  which  presents  itself  to  the  view  of  a  spectator; 
as,  the  face  of  the  earth  ;  tlie  face  of  the  waters^ 

2.  A  surface  of  a  thing  ;  a  term  applied  to  the 
bounding  planes  or  plane  surfaces  of  a  solid.  Thus,  a 
cube  or  die  has  six  faces,'  an  ocialiedron  lias  eight 
faces. 

3.  The  surface  of  the  fore  part  of  an  animal's  head, 
particularly  of  the  human  head  ;  the  visage. 

In  the  sweat  or  thr  /act  ihatl  thou  eat  bread.  —  Cien.iii, 
Juacph  bowed  hiiiiauU'  with  hn  /ac«  to  the  etuth.  .—Gen.  tlriiL 

4.  Countenance  ;  cast  of  features  ;  look;  air  of  the 
face. 

We  set  thf  hfXl/act  on  it  we  could.  Dryden. 

5.  The  front  of  a  thing ;  the  fore  part ;  the  flat  stir- 
face  that  presents  itself  first  to  view  ;  as,  the/oce  of 
0  houBe.     Kirk.  xli. 

C.  Visible  state  ;  appearance. 

This  would  produce  a  new/oev  of  ihiags  iu  Europe.    AdtUson. 

7.  Appearance ;   Idbk. 

Nor  he«»'-n,  nor  sea,  their  tormerfiict  retAJaed.  Wnllrr. 

His  dulopiM  hiu  the/a<*  of  protubiiii;.  Baker. 

8.  State  of  confrontation.  The  witnesses  were 
presented  fare  to  face. 

9.  Confidence  ;  boldness ;  impudence  ;  a  bold  front. 

He  has  thf /ace  to  ch^irge  others  with  faJse  atations.    T^ltotton. 

10.  Presence  ;  sight ;  as  in  the  phrases,  b^ore  the 
face,  in  the  face,  to  the  fact^from  the  fate 

11.  The  i>erson. 

1  hud  ito(  thou^t  to  are  ihj/act,  —  Geo.  xWlil. 

19.  In  Scripture,face  is  used  for  anger  or  favor. 

Hide  usfnmi  the/w»  of  him  Ihsl  sitieth  on  the  throne.  —  Re».Ti. 
Mjlce  nvj /act  tu  •him*  on  thy  lervAnt.  — F>.  zsxi. 
How  loug  wilt  tliou  hide  thy  /tu«  froiu  me  ^  —  Ps.  xiii. 

Hence,  to  seek  the  face,  that  is,  to  pray  to,  to  seek 
the  favor  of. 

To  set  the  face  against.,  is  to  oppose. 

To  accrjit  one*s  face,  is  to  show  him  favor  or  grant 
his  request.  So^  to  entreat  the  face,  is  to  ask  favor; 
but  these  phrases  are  nearly  obsolete. 

13.  A  distorted  form  of  the  face;  as  in  the  phrase, 
to  make  faces^  or  to  make  wry  faces. 

Face  to  face ;  when  both  parties  are  present ;  as,  to 
have  accusers  face  to  face.    Acts  xxv. 

a.  iNokedly;  without  the  inteq>osition  of  any  other 
body. 

Now  we  see  through  *  glass,  darkly  ;  but  Lhea  /act  to  /act.  — 
I  Cur.  xiii. 
FACE,  e.  t     To  meet  in  front ;  to  oppose  with  firm- 
ness ;  to  resist,  or  to  meet  fur  the  purpose  of  i^tupping 
or  opposing  ;  as,  to  face  an  enemy  in  the  field  uf  battle. 
Vti/act 
This  tempest,  and  deaerre  tlte  nune  of  king.  Dryrttn, 

2.  To  stand  opposite  to  ;  to  stand  with  the  face  or 
front  toward.  The  colleges  in  New  iluveu  face  the 
public  square. 

3.  'I'o  a>ver  with  additional  superficies  ;  to  cover 
in  front;  as,  a  fortification /of^d  with  marble;  to 
face  a  garment  with  silk. 

To  face  dutan  :   to  op(>i>se   boldly,  or    impudently. 
PACE,  V.  i.    To  carry  a  false  appt^arance  ;  to  play  the 
byptjcrite. 

To  lie,  to  /act,  to  forfe,  Itubberd't  Tatt. 

2.  To  turn  the  face  ;  as,  to  face  to  Uie  right  or  left. 
FACE'-CLOTII,  R.     [face  and  cloUu]    A  cloth   laid 

over  the  face  of  a  Curjtse.  Brande. 

FAC'£I>,  (finte.)  pp.    Covered  in  front 

2.  a.     In  composition^  denoting  the  kind  of  face; 

as,  futl-faced,  Ba'dvy. 

FACE'-GCARD.B.    A  kind  of  mask  to  defend  the 

face  and  eyes  from  accidents,  as  in  various  chemical 

and  mechanical  processes.  JleberU 

FACE'LES.S,  a.     Without  a  face. 
FACE'-PAINT-ER,   n.     A  t»ii»ter  of  portraits;    one 

who  dmwH  the  likeness  of  the  face. 
FACE'-^I'AINT-fNG,  71.    The  act  or  art  of  painting 

portraits.  I>ryden. 

FACET,  n.     [Fr.  faeette,  from  face  ;  8p.  faceta.] 

A   little  face  ;  a  small  mtrface  ;  as,  the  facets  of  a 
FA-CftTE',  o.    [Lt.facrtus.]  [diamond. 

Gay  ;  cheerful.     [JVwf  in  M.»r.]  Burton. 

PAC'ET-EI),  a.     Having   facets;  formed  into  facets. 
PA-CBTK'LV,   adv.    Sportively  ;  with    good    humor. 

[JVHf  H.ird.j  Burton. 

FA-CETE'*VES3,  n,    Wil;    pleasant  representation. 

[JVot  u.*fa.]  Hales. 

FACE' TI-J^j  (U-9i'Bh»^,)  ti,  pi.  [h.]   Witty  or  hu- 
morous writings  or  sayings  ;  witticisms. 
FA-Cfi'TIOUS,   {fa-8«'shus,)   a.     [Fr.  facetieux  ;  Sp. 

facecioso  f  It  faceto;  L«.  facetus  ;  or  facetiaj  pi.     Uu. 


Ar.  x<^^l  to  be  merry.] 


FAC 

1.  Merry ;  s|>ortivc  ;  jocular  ;  sprightly  with  wit 
and  pond  humiir  ;  as,  a/ucf£iotw  companion. 

2.  Witty  ;  full  of  pleasantry  ;  plajful  ;  exciting 
laughter  ;  as,  h  facetious  story  ;  h  facetious  reply. 

FA-CE'TIOUS-LV,  adv.  Merrily  ;  gayly  ;  wittily  { 
with  pleasantry. 

FA-C£'  1T0US-NES3,  ti.  Sportive  humor  ;  pleasant- 
ry ;  the  quality  of  exciting  laugliler  or  good  humor. 

FA^^IAL,  fta'shal,)  a.     [L.  fades,  face.] 

Periainmg  to  tlie  face;  as,  the /ucui/ artery,  vein, 
or  nerve. 

Facial  angle,  in  anatomy,  Is  the  angle  contained  by 
a  line  drawn  horixontally  from  the  ntiddle  of  tlie  ex- 
ternal entrance  of  the  ear  to  the  edge  of  the  nostrils, 
and  another  from  this  latter  point  to  the  superciliary 
ridge  of  the  frontal  bone,  serving  .to  luea^^iire  the 
elevation  of  the  forehead.  Ed.  Encye. 

FA'CIAL-LY,  adv.    In  a  facial  manner. 

FA'CIENT,  (-shent,)  n.  A  doer;  one  who  does  any 
thing,  g(x>d  or  bad. 

FACILE,  (fas'U,)  d.  [Fr.  faeiie ;  Sp.faeU;  h.facilis^ 
from  facto,  to  make.] 

1.  Properly^  easy  to  be  done  or  performed  ;  ea;? ; 
not  difiicuU;  performable  or  attainable  with  little 
labor. 

Order  — will  render  the  vroTi: /ttdlt  luid  delightful.      EoeJyn. 

2.  Easy  to  be  surmounted  or  removed  ;  ea^^ily  con- 
querable. 

The /too/*  gates  of  hell  loo  sll^htl^  hRrred.  MUcon. 

3.  Easy  of  access  or  converse;  mild;  courteous; 
not  haughty,  austere,  or  distant 

I  inenn  she  should  be  courteous,  /iuilt,  sweet.  B.  Jonton. 

4.  Pliant;  flexible;  easily  persuaded  to  good  or 
bad  ;  yielding  ;  ductile  to  a  fault 

Since  Adam,  and  his/od^  consort  Eve, 

Lost  Paratlisf,  deceived  by  me.  Milbm, 

FACILE-I.Y,  adv.     Easily.     [LittU  use4.]     IferberU 

FACILE-NESS,  n.     I-:asines9  to  be  persuaded. 

FA-CIL'1-TaTE,  r.  t.  [Ft.  fueiltter,  from  facilH4,  L. 
faeilitasj  from  facilis,  easy.] 

To  make  easy  or  less  difficult ;  to  fircc  from  difli- 
culty  or  impediment,  or  to  diminish  it ;  to  le^'sen  the 
labor  of.  Machinery  facUitaUs  ntaiiiial  labor  and  oi>- 
erations.  Pioneers  may  facilitate  the  inarch  of  an 
army. 

F.'V-CIL'I-TX-TED,  pp.     Made  easy  or  easier. 

FA-C1L'I-TA-Tlj\(i,  ppr.     Rendering  easy  or  easier. 

FA-CIL-I-TA'TION,  k.     The  act  of  making  ea^y. 

FA-CIIj'I-TIES,  n.  pi.  The  means  by  which  the 
performance  of  any  thing  is  rendered  ea.-*y  ;  conve- 
nient opportunities  or  advantages. 

FA-ClL'l-TV,7i.  [Ft.facUite  ;  L.faeilitas,Uomfaeilisj 
easy.l 

1.  Easiness  to  be  performed  ;  freedom  from  diffi- 
culty ;  ease.  He  performed  the  work  or  operation 
with  great /aciVifi/. 

Thuuph  facility  and  hope  of  suc«eis  might  invlle  some  other 
ciioice.  Baeon. 

2.  Ease  of  |)erformance  ;  readiness  proceeding  from 
skill  («r  use  ;  dexterity.  Practice  gives  a  wonderful 
facility  in  executing  works  of  art. 

3.  Pliancy;  ductility;  easiness  to  he  persuaded; 
readiness  of  compliance,  usually  in  a  bad  sense,  im- 
plying a  disposition  to  yield  to  solicitations  to  cvJI. 

It  Is  a  ffi^ftl  ^rror  to  take  /arility  for  gi>o*l  nature  :  tendrrness, 
wiUiout  di*i:n.-liun,  is  no  tx-ttt-r  than  a  more  panl(in>\tile  blly. 
L'  l£tlrnnge. 

4.  Easiness  of  access  ;  complaisance  ;  condescen- 
sion ;  affability. 

He  oflVrs  himKlf  to  the  rislu  ofa  friend  with/odUfy.      Soitth. 

FA'Cl.NG,  pffT.  [from  face.]  Fronting;  having  the 
face  toward  ;  opixwite. 

2.  Covering  the  fore  part. 

3.  Turning  the  face. 

FA'CING,  «.  A  covering  In  front  for  ornament  or  de- 
fense; as,  the  facing  of  a  fortification  or  of  a  gar- 
ment. 

FA'CING-I^Y,  adv.     In  a  fronting  position. 

FA-CIN'0-R()U.S, /I.     [L.ficittus.] 

Atrociously  wicked.     [Little  iLird.]  SHak. 

FA-CLN'O-ROUS-NESd,  n.  Exlremo  or  atrocious 
wickedness. 

FAC-SIM'l-l.R,  n.  [L.  facio,  to  make,  and  simiiisy 
like.     See  Himile.] 

An  exact  copy  or  likencfs,  as  of  handwriting. 

FACT,  n.  [I*,  factum,  from  facio,  to  make  or  do  ;  Fr. 
fait;  \Ufattoi  Sp.  hrcho.] 

1.  Any  thing  done,  or  Ihat  comes  to  pass  ;  an  act ; 
a  deed  ;  an  eftert  produced  or  achieved  ;  an  event 
Witnesses  are  intro<Iiiced  into  court  to  prove  a  fact. 
Fads  are  stubborn  things.  To  deny  a  fact  know- 
ingly is  to  lie. 
U,  Reality;  truth;  iif*,  in  fart.     So  we  say,  indeed. 

FACTION,  n.  [Fr.,  fnnn  L. /actio,  (rum  facio,  to  make 
or  do.] 

1,  A  party,  In  pfilitical  society,  rnmbtned  or  acting 
In  union,  in  opposition  to  the  prince,  government, 
or  state  ;  usual  y  applied  to  a  minority,  but  it  may  be 
applied  to  a  majority.  Hoiiii'tinies  a  state  in  divided 
inUy  faction.^  nearly  equal.  Rome  was  almost  always 
disturbed  by  factiuim.     Republics  are  proverbial  for 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  a  as  Z;  CH  as  BH ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


4SX 


FAC 

/ketiitnsy  and  faetioiu  in  monarchies  have  often  efTectcd 
revulutions. 

A  fartiW  forcnunut  pnduon  moo  Jkc6ortt  thui  kd  opprmlre 
OD0.  Amt0. 

9f  »  >tHiiMS  1  omlenitana  %  aombrr  of  ^tbnu,  whrUm 
amoondur  to  »  majohiy  or  nuuoriij'  of  th*  whol«,  wlio  luv 
aitiiMl  41M  kOua^mI  L7  iomf  coaunoo  impula^  %J  pMiiun,  or 
ot  intervM,  »d«ne  w  ihe  nghu  of  oUwr  ciiise"*,  or  lo  ihe 
pvciBKanit  and  unnvtnLtc  iiiterrsu  ofth^  comnxtitKr. 
*^  ^^    *  ftd«r«:M(,  AtefiMm. 

ft.  Tumult ;  discord  ;  dissension.  ClartmUm, 

3.  In  aiuiriU  history^  ao  appellation  iriven  lo  the 
difl^nt  troops  vr  coin[ianti-a  of  combatants  in  the 
Kames  of  the  circus.  BrmmU. 

FA€'TION-A-RY,  n.    A  party  man ;  one  of  a  fintlon. 

[UttUmMd.]  Skat, 

FAerriON-EB,  a.    one  of  a  faction.    [-Vut  jn  iwe.) 

FACmOX-IST,  M.    One  who  promotes  faction. 

MouniMgu, 

FACTIOUg,  (fak'shns.)  a.   [Fr./mctitux ;  L./aeUsMu] 

1.  GiTea  lo  fiuliott  ;  addicted  to  form  parties  ana 

nise   disstnsioDS,   In    oppiisition    to    eovemmenl  ; 

tubnlMiK ;  pnae  lo  clamor  agnin^t  public  measures 

er  men.    No  Male  is  flree  fh>m  fartitfiu  riiizena. 

9.  Pertaining  tu  faction  ;  prt»ct?edirig  from  faction  ; 
as, ./WcitfHS  tumults ;  factiovus  qunm*!'*.  Dr^drn, 

FA€'TIOUS-Ly.  ode.     lu  a  f:iciious  manner  :    by 
means   of  faction  \   in   a   turbulent  or  di:Mjrderly 
manner. 
FACTIOUS-yESS,  «.    Inclination  to  form  parties  in 
in  to  the  government,  or  to  the  public  in- 
disposition to  rlaiuor  and  raise  opposilioo  \ 
claaionHisness  fur  a  partv. 
FAe-TI"TIOUS,  (fak-tish'us,)  a.    [U  factiti^^  from 

Made  by  art,  in  distinction  from  what  is  produced 
by  nature';  artificial ;  as,  factitiams  cinnabar  \  /acti- 
Oous  stones  :  factitious  v.it 

FA€^Tr'TIOL*S-LV,  arfr,    fn  an  artificial  manner. 

FAC^IVB,  *.  Making ;  having  power  to  make. 
[J^at  msed.]  Bacon. 

FAe'TOR,«.    [U/orftfr;  Fr.fttetmri  lu/aiUrrt;  from 

1.  In  esmmnre^  an  ap*nt  emjJored  by  merchants^ 
residing  in  other  pJaces,  to  buy  and  sell,  and  to  ne- 
go^ale  bills  of  exchnngi-,  or  to  transact  other  busi- 
neos  on  tlk-ir  account. 

S.  An  a^trnt ;  a  substitute. 

Fmetar,  tn  ScoC&nirf,  is  sjiKmymoas  with  ttnrard 
in  EMgtiMiuL  Bntmlf. 

3.  In  aritkmutk  and  at^t^r^  a  term  appli<-d  to  the 
moltiplier  and  multiplicand,  from  the  multi]»ltcatiun 
of  which  proceeds  the  product, 
FAG'TOR-AtiE,  it.  The  allowance  given  to  a  factor 
by  his  employer,  as  a  compensation  lor  hi^  services  ; 
eaUed  atoo  a  csmsuxswk.  This  ts  sometimes  a  certain 
mm  or  me  by  the  caxk  or  package  ;  more  geuarally 
tl  is  a  certain  rale  per  cenL  of  the  value  of  U»e  goods 

Xarcha*ed  or  sc4d. 
€^TO'RI-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  factory  ;  consisl- 
iog  in  a  ^tun*.  BMeJkAmtau 

FACTOR-SUiP,  n.    A  factory,  or  the  business  of  a 

(actor.  SkfTWood, 

FAC'TO-RY,  n.  A  house  or  place  where  factors  re- 
side, to  transact  business  fvr  their  employers.  The 
Enelish  merchants  have  factories  in  the  East  Indies, 
Turkey,  Portugal,  Hamburg,  &c. 

S.  The  body  i^  &ctors  in  any  {dace  i  as,  a  chaplain 
to  a  British  factory.  Outkrif* 

3.  Contracted  from  mamnfaeUny,  a  building,  or  col- 
lection of  buildings,  appropriated'  to  the  manufacture 
of  goods  ;  the  place  where  workmen  are  employed 
in  febricating  goods,  wares,  or  uten^iU. 
FA€J-TOnrUM,  n.     [U,  do  ever)-  Uiing.]    A  person 

emuJoyed  to  do  all  kinds  of  work.  B.  Jonson. 

FAG'TtiRE,  a.    [Fr.]    The  art  or  manner  of  making. 

Bacon. 
FACyUL-TY,  a.    [Fr.  fa£ulU\  h.faeMltas,  from  fadOy 
to  make.] 

1.  That  power  of  the  mind  or  intellect  which  ena- 
bles it  to  receive,  revive,  or  modify  perceptions  ;  as, 
the  faculty  of  seeing,  of  hearine,  of  imaeining,  of 
maMmbering,  &e. ;  or,  in  general,  the  faailties  may 
bs  eafted  the  powers  or  capacities  of  the  mind.  Fae~ 
mlbt  »  properly  a  power  belonging  to  a  living  or  ani- 
mal body. 

2.  The  power  of  doinc  any  thing:  ability.  There 
is  nofMculttr  or  power  in  creatures,  which  can  rightly 
perform  iu  Unctions,  without  the  perpetual  aid  of 
the  Supreme  Bcin^.  Hooker. 

3.  The  power  of  perfuiming  any  action,  natural, 
▼ital,  or  animal. 

Tke  Ttel  Jbc«%  ii  that  br  vfancfa  lif-  b  prrwcrred.       Qvirtcr/. 

4.  Facility  of  performance ;  the  peculiar  skill  de- 
rived from  practice,  or  practice  aided  by  nature  ; 
habitual  skill  or  ability ;  dexterity ;  adroitness  ; 
knack.  One  man  has  a  remarkable  fandty  of  telling 
a  story;  another,  of  inventing  excuses  for  miscon- 
duct ;  a  third,  of  reasoning  ;  a  fourth,  of  preaching. 

5.  Personal  quality  ;  disposition  or  habit,  good  or  ill. 

6.  Power ;  authority.  [SfcoJk. 
Thit  I>iBieia 

H«lh  bmrm  hii  facttlJitw  ao  raeek.  Shak. 

[Hardly  legitimated] 


FAP 

7.  Mechanical  pitwer;  as,  tho/ucu^fj/  of  the  wedge. 
L\^t  used,  nor  If^itiwiile.]  flVkins. 

8.  Natural  virtue ;  elhcacy ;  as,  the  faculty  of  sim- 
ples. Milton, 

TA'tft  used,  nor  leff'itimttte.] 

9.  Privilege  ;  a  right  or  power  granted  to  n  person 
by  favor  or  indulgence,  to  do  what  by  law  he  may 
n-it  do  ;  as,  the /ucuJfy  of  niarr^'ing  without  the  bans 
being  lir^t  published,  or  uf  ordaining  a  deacon  under 
ago.  The  archbishop  of  Canlerburj'  has  a  court  of 
fatties,  for  granting  such  privileges  or  dispensations. 

Kiinje. 

10.  The  indl\iduals  constituting  a  scientific  pro- 
fession, or  a  branch  of  one,  taken  collectively ;  par- 
ticularlVi  the  medical  profession.  Smart. 

H.  In  eollfgeSjUie  masters  and  professors  of  the 
several  sciences.  Johnson. 

One  of  the  members  or  departments  of  a  univer- 
sity. In  most  universities,  there  are  fmir  faeultie.t  i 
of  arts,  including  humanity  and  philosuphy  ;  of  tlie- 
oiosy  :  of  medicine  ;  and  (»f  law.  Enct/e. 

In  jimrrica,  the  faevlty  of  a  college  or  nniversity 
consists  of  the  president,  professors,  and  tutors. 

The/aca%  of  adcocatrs,  in   Scotland^  is  a  respecta- 
ble body  rf  lawyers,  who  plead  in  all  causes  before 
the    courts    of   session,  justiciary,   and   exchequer. 
Their  president  is  styled  dean  of  the  faeulti/.  Kneye. 
FAC'UND,  a.    [L./fl<undi«,  supposed  to  be  from  the 
ro<»t  of  /or,  fariy  to  speak  ] 
KhiqueiiL 
FA-erXD'i-OUS,  a.     Eloquent ;  full  of  words. 
FA-eU\D'l-TY,  a.     [L  facundtta.*.] 
Eloquence  ;  readiness  of  spe^-ch. 
FAD'DLE,  V.  u    To  Uifle ;  tu  toy;  lo  play.    [A  loio 

tcord.  ] 

FADE,  o.    [Fr.]    Weak  ;  slight ;  faint.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

Berkeley. 
FADE,  o.  t.    [Fr./<*^i  insipid,  tasteless.    Uu.  L.  vado^ 

or  Ar.  OoLS  nafeeda,  to  vanish,  Syr.  to  fail,  to  err. 

See  Ows  Bd,  No.  48,  39,  4-1.] 

1.  To  lose  color ;  to  tenil  from  a  stronger  or  brighter 
color  to  a  more  faint  shade  of  the  same  color,  or  to 
lose  a  color  entirely.  A  ereen  leaf /(i4/r.!>,  and  becomes 
leas  frten  or  yellow ;  those  colors  are  deemed  the 
best  which  are  least  apt  tofi:de. 

!i.  To  wither,  as  a  f^nt ;  tt»  decay. 

T«  ■h&U  be  M  u)  oik.  «beM  leaf>torf<Clk.  — 1>.  1. 

3.  To  lose  strength  gradually ;  to  vanish. 

When  tbe  meniar;  b  vtak,  iiieaj  la  the  n>inU  quickly  fruit. 

Lockt. 
A.  To  kwe  luster ;  to  grow  dim, 

Th*  atan  ih*Il  /adt  away  AddUon, 

5.  To  decay  ;  to  perish  gradually 

\Tc  i»ll  lio/ndt  OS  a  lenf.  — 1«.  Ixir. 

An  inbeniAfice  thmi/aiUJi  nut  ttWAjr.  —  I  Pet.  L 

6.  To  decay ;  to  decline ;  to  become  poor  and  mis- 
aiable. 

Tin  Tkh  man  AaSl  fhde  dvar  In  hU  waya.  —  Janm  i. 

7.  To  lose  strength,  health,  or  vigor;  to  decline; 
to  grow  weaker.  South. 

8.  To  disappear  graduallv  ;  to  vanish. 

FADE.  t?.  U  To  cause  to  wither;  to  wear  away  ;  to 
deprive  of  freshness  or  vigor. 

No  wrint^r  coulJ  hblaurrb/orfe.  Dry  den. 

Thi*  i«  ■  mAn,  uld,  wnukled,  faded,  witlvTtxl.  iPuiJc, 

FAD'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Become  less  vivid,  as  color;  with- 
ered ;  decayed  ;  vanished. 

FADE'LESS,  a.     Unfading.  Coleridge. 

FAD(5E,  (faj.)  r.  i,  [Sax.  fiEgen,  gefegrn^  lo  unite,  to 
fit  together;  G.  f^ngen;  D.  voegen;  Aw.  foga  :  Dan. 
fuge^  a  seam  or  joint ;  W.  fag,  a  meeting  in  a  point. 
It  coincides  with  L.  panffo,  pegi^  ;"7">*,  Gr.  ff/i>  w, 
j:r}iVVfj}yh.figo.  See  p3n,  Class  Eg,  No.  33.  See, 
also,  No.  34,  35.    Of  this  word  fay  is  a  contraction. 1 

1.  To  suit;  to  fit;  to  come  close,  as  the  parts  of 
things  united.  Hence,  to  have  one  part  consistent 
with  another.  Shak. 

2.  To  agree  ;  to  live  in  amity.     [Ludicrous.] 

Hudibras 

3.  To  succeed  ;  to  hit.  VE.-,trange. 
[This  word  is  note  vulgar,  aiid  improper  171  elcgaiU 

trrithtg.] 
FAD'ING,  ppr.     [See  Fade.]     Losing  color;  becom- 
ing less  vivid  ;  decaying;  declining;  withering. 

2.  a.  Subject  to  decays  liable  to  lose  freshness  and 
vigor;  liable  to  perish;  not  durable;  transient;  as, 
&  fading  flower.  ^ 

FAD'iNG,  n.    Decay  ;  loss  or  color,  freshness,  or  vigor. 

Sherwood. 
FaO'ING-T-V,  adv.    In  a  fading  manner. 
FAD'ING-NESS,  TU    Decay;  liableness  lo  decay. 

Maunlagiu 
F.XD'Y,  a.    Wearing  away  ;  losing  color  or  strength. 

SJicnstoiu, 
F-E'CAL,  a.    See  Fbcal. 
FJE'Cr.»,  n.  pi.     [L.J      Excrement;   also,  FPttlings ; 

scdiirient  after  infusion  or  di.-stillation.  Q^uincy. 

FA'EK-Y,  a,  or  n.     Fairy,  which  see. 
F.\F'FEL,  r.  i.    To  stammer.     [JVot  in  ■use.']    Barret. 


FAI  _ 

FAG,  p.  t    To  beat ;  to  compel  to  drudge.    [Colloquial.] 

Smart. 

FAO,  n.  A  laborious  dnidge ;  a  drudge  for  another. 
Ill  the  English  schools,  this  term  is  applied  to  a  boy 
who  does  menial  services  for  anotlier  boy  of  a  liiiilior 
form  or  class.     [Colloquial.]        Grose.     Edgeworth, 

FAG,  r.  i.  rScoL/a.ft.  Qu.  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  aiB,  to  fail, 
to  languish.     See  Class  Bg,  No.  44,  60,  IG.] 

To  drudge ;  to  labor  to  weariness ;  to  become 
wear}'.  Jtich,  Diet, 

The  Italiana  began  to  fiiff.  Mackaruie. 

[Colloquial.] 
FAG,  n.    A  knot  or  coarse  part  in  cloth.    [JVot  in  vse.] 
FAG'-EXD',  71.     Ifag  and  end.    See  Fac.,  r.  i.  supra.] 

1.  The  end  ol^a  web  of  cloth,  generally  of  coarser 
materials.  Johnson. 

2.  The  refuse  or  meaner  part  of  any  thing.  Collier. 

3.  Among  seamen,  the  unlwinted  end  of  a  rope  ; 
hence,  to  be  faggeil,  or  fagged  out,  is  to  become  un- 
twisted and  loose.  TuUen. 

We  observe  thai  the  use  of  this  word  amouK  sea- 
men leads  U>  the  true  sense  of  the  verb,  as  well  as 
the  noun.  The  sense  is,  to  open  by  receding,  or  to 
yield  and  become  lax,  and  hence  weak. 

FAG'GI.NG,  n.  l^aborious  drudgery  ;  the  acting  as  a 
drudge  fur  another  at  an  English  scliool. 

FAG'OT,  n-  [W.fugod;  Gr.  (puKeXXn^;  connected 
with  W.  fag,  thai  which  unites  or  meets;  fagiadj 
a  gathering  round  a  point  ;  Scot,  faik,  to  fold,  lo 
grasp ; /t^Vc,  in  seamen's  language,  a  coil;  allied  to 
Sax.  fiegan,  gcfciran,  to  unite.  (See  Fadoe.)  The 
sense  is,  a  bundle  or  collection,  like  pack.] 

1.  A  bundle  of  slicks,  twigs,  or  small  branches  of 
trees,  used  tor  fuel,  or  for  raising  baiteries,  filling 
ditches,  and  other  purposes  in  fortification.  The 
French  use  fascine,  from  the  L.  fascis,  a  bundle  j  a 
term  now  adopted  in  English. 

2.  A  bundle  of  pieces  of  iron  for  re-raaiuifaclure. 

3.  A  person  hired  to  appear  at  musters  in  a  com- 
pany not  full,  and  hide  the  deficiency.  Encije. 

FAG'OT,  r.  t  To  tie  together ;  to  bind  in  a  bundle  ; 
lo  collect  promiscuously.  Th-ydeiu 

FAG'OT-El),  pp.    Bound  together;  lied  in  bundles. 

FAG'OT-I\G,  ppr.     Binding  together. 

FAH'LERZ,  It.  Gray  copper,  or  gray  copper  ore, 
called  by  Jameson  tetrahedral  copper  pyritis.  It  con- 
thins  copper,  antimony,  arsenic,  and  sulphur.  This 
mineral  is  easily  broken,  and  its  fracture  usually  un- 
even, but  sometimes  a  little  conchoidal.  It  is  lowid 
amorphous  and  in  regular  crystals. 

FXH'LUN-ITE,  n.    [from  Fa'hlun,  in  Sweden.] 

A  mineral  occurring  in  opaque,  brownish-green, 
six-sided  prisms,  transversely  foliated.  It  has  nearly 
the  composition  of  ioUle,  except  the  addition  of  13 
per  cent,  of  water,  and  is  supposed  to  proceed  from 
ttie  alteration  of  iolite.  The  chlorophyllite  is  a  similar 
mineral,  containing  about  4  per  cenl.  of  water. 

Dana, 

FAT-EJ^'CE',  (fi-yins',)  n.  [from  Facnza,  the  original 
place  of  manufacture.]  In  the  fine  arts,  imitation 
porcelain  ;  a  kind  of  fine  potier>-,  embellished  with 
pitintcd  designs.  Brande,     Encyc.  .4m. 

FAIL,  r.  i.  [FT.faiUir;  W.  facia,  or  pallu  and  aballu  ; 
Scot,  failye;  ll.  faUire;  &it.falir,faUar  ;  Port,  falhar  i 
L.  fullo  i  Ir.  feallam;  Gr.  0r,A£C),  ipriXoio,  whence 
oiiaXXcoi  D.feUeii,faalen;G.fehlen;  Sw./e/a;  Dan. 
fbjter  :  Arm.  fallaat,  fellel,  wht-nce  fallont,  wicked- 
ness, 'Eng.  felony.  It  seems  to  be  allied  to  fall,  fal- 
low, pale,  and  many  other  words.  See  Class  Bl,  No. 
6,7,8,  13,  18,21,28.1 

1.  To  become  deficient ;  to  be  insufficient ;  to 
cease  to  be  abundant  for  supply;  or  to  be  entirely 
wanting.  We  say,  in  a  dry  season,  the  springs  and 
streams  fail,  or  are  failing,  before  they  arc  entirely 
exhausted.  We  say,  also,  the  springs  failed,  wht-n 
Ih'^y  entirely  ceased  to  flow.  Crops /ui/  wliolly  or 
partially. 

2.  To  decay;  lo  decline  ;  to  sink;  to  be  dimin- 
ished. We  say  of  a  sick  person,  his  strength  fails 
daily. 

3.  To  decline;  to  decay;  to  sink;  to  become 
weaker ;  as,  the  patient  fails  every  hour. 

4.  To  be  extinct ;  to  cease  ;  lo  bo  entirely  want- 
ing ;  to  be  no  longer  produced. 

Help,  Lord,  for  the  eod\y  inan  ce-iwih  ;  for  tbe  faithful /oii  from 
among  the  chilcfreii  of  meu.—  Pi.  xii. 

5.  To  be  entirely  exhausted ;   to  be  wanting ;  to 

cease  from  supply. 

Money  /aiUd  in  tlie  land  of  Egypt.  —  Geo.  xlvii. 

6.  To  cease  ;  to  perish  ;  to  be  lost, 

I>«t  thr  rcinembranK  of  hi«  gritt  tXtoMld  JhU,  AddUon. 

7.  To  die. 

TUey  iball  M/ait  tojelher.  —la.  *ixi. 

8.  To  decay ;  to  decline  ;  as,  the  sight  fails  in  old 
age. 

9.  To  become  deficient  or  wanting  >  as,  the  heart 
or  the  courage  fails. 

10.  To  miss;  notlo  produce  the  e^ect.  The  ex- 
periment was  made  with  care,  but  failrd,  ox  failed  to 
produce  the  elfer.t,  or  failed  of  the  effect. 

11.  To  be  deficient  in  duty;  to  omit  or  neglect. 
The  debtor  faded  to  fulfill  his  promise. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PaBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK. - 
43:2  ~  ~^  ^  — 


FAI 

32.  To  miss  ;  to  niiscnrry  ;  to  be  frustrated  or  dis- 
appointud.  I'he  ent-iny  attacked  the  furt,  but  faded 
iu  his  design,  or  faiUd  of  success. 

13.  To  l^  neglected  ;  to  f;iil  short ;  not  to  be  exe- 
CDted.    The   promises  of  a   man  of  probity  seldom 

I  fail.  The  soul  or  tlie  spirit  fails^  when  a  person'  is 
discouraged.  The  eyes /«j7,  when  the  desires  and 
expectations  arc  lung  delayed,  and  the  person  is  dis- 
appointed. 

14.  To  become  insolvent  op  bankrupt.  When  mer- 
%hant3  and  traders  fail^  they  are  said  to  become  bank- 
rupL  When  other  nien/ut^,  they  are  said  to  become 
in^vent 

FAIL,  ti.  L  To  desert ;  to  disappoint ;  to  cease  or  to 
n:fglect  or  omit  to  afibrd  aid,  supply,  or  strength.  It 
is  said,  fortune  never /ai/*  the  brave.  Our  friends 
sometimes  fail  us,  when  we  most  need  them.  The 
aged  attempt  to  walk,  when  their  Wnihs  fail  them. 
In  bold  enterprises,  courage  should  never  fail  the 
hero. 

2.  To  omit ;  not  to  perform. 

The  invviiUve  God,  who  Dcver/ai:«  his  part.  Drydtn, 

3.  To  be  wanting  to. 

Thfre  ihall  uerer  /ail  tiiee  a.  man  on  llie  throne.  —  1  Kingi  &. 

[In  the  transitive  use  of  this  verb,  there  is  really 
an  ellipsis  of  from  or  to,  or  otiitr  word.    In  strictness, 
the  verb  is  not  transitive^  and  the  passive  participle 
is,  I  believe,  never  used.j 
FAIL,  n.    Omission  ;  non-performance. 

Ue  win  wiiJ]out/ati  driT«  out  from  before  you  the  Caiuuuutei.  — 
Jo*ti.  iti. 

3.  Miscarriage;  failure;  deficience;  want;  death. 
{In  this  sense  Utile  usedA 

FAlL'.\.N'CE,7i,     Fault;  failure.     [OK] 

FaIL'£D,  preU  and  pp.  of  P'ail.  Become  deficient; 
ceased. 

FaIL'ING,  jrpr.  or  a.  Becoming  deficient  or  insuffi- 
cient; becoming  weaker;  decaying;  declining; 
omitting;  not  executing  or  [lerforniing  ;  miscarrying; 
neglecting ;  wanting ;  becoming  bankrupt  or  insul- 
venl. 

FAIL'ING,  b.  The  act  of  failing  ;  deficiency  ;  imper- 
fection ;  la[)se  ;  fault.  Failiiig.i^  in  a  viorai  sense,  are 
minor  fault.-«,  proceeding  rather  from  weakness  of  in- 
tellect, or  from  carelessness,  than  from  bad  motives. 
But  the  word  is  oHen  abusively  applied  to  vices  of 
the  grosser  kind. 

2.  The  act  of  failing  or  becoming  insolvent. 
FAlL'INft-LY,  adv.     By  failing. 

FaIL'URE,  (fad'yur,)  ;u  A  failing  ;  deficience  ;  ces- 
sation of  supply,  or  total  defect;  as,  Ihe  fadure  of 
springs  or  streams  ;  failure  of  rain  ;  failure  of  crops. 
!2.  Omission  ;  non-performance  ;  as,  the  failure  of 
a  promise ;  a  man's  fadure  in  the  execution  of  a 
trust. 

3.  Decay,  or  defect  from  decay  ;  as,  the  faUure  of 
memory  or  of  sight. 

4.  A  breaking,  or  becoming  insolvent.  At  the  close 
of  a  war,  the  prices  of  commodities  fall,  and  inuu- 
mt'rable  ftidurts  succeed. 

5.  A  failing  ;  a  slight  fault.     [Little  used.'^ 
FaLV,  a-      [Sax.  fig'tn^  fiegan,  glad  ;   fagntan^  Goth. 

fairinoHf  to  rejoice;    &w.  fdgen.     Class  Bg,  No.  3, 
43,  77. 1 

Gtad;  pleased;  rejoiced.  But  the  appropriate  lenae 
of  the  word  is  glad,  or  pleased  to  do  something  under 
some  kind  of  necessity  ;  that  is,  glad  to  evade  evil  or 
secure  good.  I'hus,  says  I^icke,  **  The  learned  Ca»- 
taliu  was  fain  to  make  trenches  at  Basil,  to  ke«p  him- 
self from  starving.**  This  appropriation  of  the  word, 
which  is  modern,  led  Hr.  Johnson  into  a  mistake  in 
defining  the  word.  The  proper  signification  is  glad, 
joyful. 
FAIN,  adv.    Gladly  ;  with  Joy  or  pleasure. 

Uk  woulHybin  fW  out  of  hi*  hiin<l. — Job  xxvii. 

Ue  would /am  have  filled  hw  belly  wilh  hiittki.  —  LuIk  xr. 

FAIN.  r.  i.    To  wish  or  de!»ire.     [Awt  used.] 
FAIN'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Wishing  ;  desiring  fondly. 

la  hk  faining  eje.  SptnMtr, 

FAINT,  0.  [\r.  faint  f  a  weakening;  fann,  weak; 
/oMiUaw,  weakness,  mclinalinn  to  faint;  anAA/oijw, 
fainting;  Fr.  faineant^  idle,  sluggisjh.  This  word  is 
perhaps  allied  to  Fr.  funrr,  to  fade,  wither,  decay,  to 
make  bay,  /<'>'*i  I*-  ffnum ;  and  to  vaiuj  L.  vojuu, 

whence  to  rani**,  Ar.  .->J  A"'!  lo  vanisb,  to  fkil, 

Eng.  to  irane,  Sax./OTiiir,  musty.    Class  Bn,  No.  25.] 
1.  Weak  ;  languid  ;  inclined  to  swoon ;   as,  to  be 

r'^iiil- n  'I  fnint  by  excessive  evacuations. 

'.   W    :ik;    feeble;   languid;   exhausted ;  as, /oinf 

V.  .:ii  111, ::■)•■,  hunger,  or  ihirsL 
J.  Weak,   as    color ;     not   bright   or   vivid ;    not 

strong  ;  as,  a  faitU  color ;  a  fainl  red  or  blue  ;  a  faial 

light. 

4.  Feehle  ;  weak,  aa  sound  ;  not  loud  ;  as,  a  faint 
MHind  ;  a  faint  voice. 

5.  Imp«Tlcct ;  feeble;  not  striking;  as,  a /mn£  re- 
•emblance  or  imasc. 

6.  Cowardly  ;  timorous.  A  faint  heart  never  wins 
a  fair  lady. 


FAX 

7.  Feeble ;  nut  vigorous  ;  not  active  ;  as,  a  faint 
resistance;  a /a<H(  exertion. 

8.  Dejected ;  depressed  ;  dispirited. 

My  In-art  la /dint,  —  Lain,  l. 

FAINT,  tJ.  e.  To  lose  the  animal  Ainctlona  ;  to  lose 
strength  and  color,  and  become  senseless  and  mo- 
tionless ;  to  swoon  ;  sometimes  with  away.  He  faint- 
ed for  loss  of  blood. 

On  hcahng  the  honor  intcndt^d  her,  the  Jointed  aicay. 

Ouar'Uan, 

9.  To  become  feeble  ;  to  decline  or  fail  in  strength 
and  vigor ;  to  be  weak. 

If  I  Bend  ihem  away  lijilin^  to  their  own  hou*e»,  they  wUl  /ainl 
by  the  way.  —  Alark  vui. 

3.  To  sink  into  dejection  ;  to  lose  courage  or  spirit. 

Liet  not  your  hearts /ain(.  —  Dtful,  lit. 

If  tlioii  faint  ill  Uw  diiy  of  adventiiy,  thy  ctren^  ie  imall.  — 
Pro*,  xxiv. 

4,  To  decay  ;  to  disappear ;  to  vanish. 

Gilded  doutU,  while  we  gxw  on  Oiem,  faiiU  before  the  eye. 

Pope, 
FAINT,  r.(.    To  deject;  to  depress;  to  weaken.  [Un- 

vsaal.)  S/iak. 

FAINT-HEXRT'ED,  a.  Cowardly;  timorous;  de- 
jected ;  easily  depressed,  or  yielding  to  fear. 

Pear  not,  neither  be  fainthearted. —  Is.  va. 

FAINT-IIEART'ED-LY,  ode  In  a  cowardly  man- 
ner. 

FAINT-IIEART'ED-NESS,  n.  Cowardice;  timo- 
rousness  ;  want  of  courage. 

FAINT'LVG,  ppr.  or  a.  Falling  into  a  swoon  ;  fail- 
ing ;  losing  strength  or  courage  ;  becoming  feeble  or 
timid. 

FAINT'ING,  n.  A  temporary  loss  of  strength,  color, 
and  respiration;  syncope;  deliquium  ;  lei|K)thyiuy  ; 
a  swoon.  IVi^iemaa. 

FAINT'ISII,  a.     Slightly  faint. 

FAINT'ISH-NESS,  n.    A  slight  degree  of  faintness. 

jirbuthnot. 

FAINT'LING,  a.  Timorous;  feeble-minded.  [JVot 
used]  ArbuthnoU 

FAINT'LY,  adn.  In  a  feeble,  languid  manner  ;  with- 
out vigor  or  activity  ;  as,  to  attack  or  defend  faintly. 

2.  With  a  feeble  flame  ;  as,  a  torch  burns  faintly. 

3.  With  a  feeble  light ;  as,  the  candle  burns /ai«(/!/. 

4.  With  little  force  ;  as,  to  hrcniho  faintly. 

5.  Without  force  of  representation  ;  imperfectly  ; 
as,  to  describe  faintly  what  we  have  seen. 

G.  In  a  low  tone  ;  with  a  feeble  voice  ;  as,  to  speak 
faintly. 
7,  Without  spirit  or  courage  ;  timorously. 

lie  faifUlif  now  declines  tlic  f^lul  aliife.  Denham. 

FAINT'NESS,  «.  The  stale  of  being  faint ;  loss  of 
strenfrth,  color,  and  respiration. 

2.  Feebleness;  languor;  want  of  strength. 

Jlooker. 

3.  Inactivity  ;  want  of  vigor.  Spenser. 

4.  Feebleness,  as  of  color  or  light. 

5.  Feebleness  of  representation  ;  as,  faintness  of 
descriptiitn. 

6.  Feebleness  of  mind  ;  timorousnoss  ;  dejection  ; 
inesolutton. 

1  will  aend  m  Jbinttuee  into  their  beirta.  —  I<e».  xxvl. 

FAINTS,  n.  pi.  The  gross  fetid  oil  remaining  after 
distillation,  or  a  weak  spirituous  liquor  that  runs 
from  the  still  in  rectifying  the  low  wines  after  the 
proof  spirit  is  drawn  o/f;  also,  the  lost  runnings  of 
all  spirits  distilled  by  the  alembic. 

Kjicye.     Edwards,  W.  Ind. 

FAINT'Y,  a.     Weak  ;  feeble  ;  languid.  Drydcn. 

FAIR,  a.  [Sax. /(S^crf  Sw.  fager ;  Dan. /awcr.  If 
the  sense  is  primarily  to  open,  to  clear,  to  se|>arate, 
this  word  may  belong  to  the  root  of  Sw.  fdja^  Dan. 
fejer,  D.  veegen,  G.  fegen^  to  sweep,  scour,  furbish.] 

1.  Clear  ;  free  from  sjMjts  ;  free  from  a  dark  hue  ; 
white;  OS,  a  ^ir  skin  ;  a /air  complexion.     Hence, 

2.  Beautiful ;.  handsome  ;  properlyy  having  a  hand- 
some face. 

Thou  Mt  a/Ur  womui  to  look  upon.  —  Gen.  zlL 
Hence,  _ 

3.  Pleasing  to  the  eye;  handsome  of  beautiful  in 
general. 

Ttiua  wu  he  fair  In  hit  ^reKiticu,  lii  the  lenfrth  of  bis  hraocbet. 
—  Riek.  xxxi, 

4.  Clear ;  pure  ;  free  ft-om  feculence  or  extraneous 
matter  ;  as,  fair  water. 

5.  Clear;  not  cloudy  or  overcast ;  as,  jWr  weather; 
a  fair  sky. 

ti.  Favorable  ;  prost>rrons  ;  blowing  in  a  direction 
toward  the  place  of  dcHtination  ;  as,  a  fair  wind  at 
sea. 

7.  Open  ;  direct,  as  a  way  or  passage.  You  are  in 
a /dir  way  to  promotion.  Hence,  likdy  to  succeed. 
He  stands  as  fair  to  succeed  as  any  man. 

8.  Ojien  to  attack  or  atcess  ;  unobstructed  ;  as,  a 
fair  mark  ;  a  fair  butt ;  fair  in  sight ;  in  fair  sight ; 
a  fair  view. 

9.  Open ;  frank;  honesty  hence,  ecpial  ;  just; 
equitable.  My  friend  is  a  fur  man  :  his  offer  is /uir; 
his  propositions  are  fair  ond  honorable. 


FAl 

10.  Not  eficcted  by  insidious  or  unlawful  methods  ; 

not  foul. 

Hr  died  k  fair  and  natural  death.  Temyla 

11.  Frank  ;  candid  ;  not  sophistical  or  insidious 
as,  a  fair  disputauL 

12.  Honest ;  honorable  ;  mild  ;  opposed  to  insidi- 
ous and  compulsory  ;  as,  to  accomplish  a  thing  by 
fair  means. 

13.  Fraikk  ;  civil ;  pleasing;  not  harsh. 

When  fair  wortis  and  good  couniel  will  not  preY.-xil  on  ui,  we 
muki  be  I'righted  imo  our  duty.  L'Etirange. 

14.  Equitable  ;  just ;  merited. 

Ui«  doom  i«  fhir, 
That  diist  1  am,  ami  shall  to  diist  return.  MUton. 

15.  Liberal;  not  narrow;  as,  a/aiV  livelihood.  Carew, 

16.  Plain;  legible;  as,  the  letter  is  written  in  a 
^iV  hand, 

17.  Free  from  stain  or  blemish  ;  unspotted ;  un- 
tarnished ;  as,  a  fair  character  or  fame. 

18.  In  meraintilc  use,  middling ;  medium  ;-  as,  a 
fair  demand  ;  of  a  fair  quality. 

Fair,  adv.    Openly;  frankly;  civilly;  complaisantly. 

One  of  tin:  conip;tny  spoke  him/air,  L'Etlrange. 

2.  Candidly;   honestly;    equitably.     He  promised 

3.  Happily  ;  successfully.    ,  [/a**" 

Now /air  befall  thee.  Skak. 

4.  On  good  terms ;  as,  to  keep  fair  with  the  world  ; 
to  stand /uir  with  one's  companions. 

To  bid  fair,  is  to  be  likely,  or  to  have  a  fair  proa- 

Fair  and  sijiiare  ;  just  dealing;  honesty.  [peel. 

FAIR,  n.     Eiliptically,  a  fair  woman;  a  handsome  fe- 

7'he  fair ;   the  female  sex.  [male. 

2.  Faiinens  y  applied  t4>  tilings  or  persons.  [J^otrnvse.'] 
FAIR,  n.       [Fr.  foire  ;  W.  fair;  Arm.  foar,foer,  feur, 

or  for ;  L.  fifruin,  or  feritf.  The  It.  fera,  and  Sp. 
feria,  a  fair,  are  tlie  L./(ti>,  a  holiday,  a  day  exempt 
from  labor;  G.feier,  whence /(^lera,  to  rest  from  la- 
bor. U  fair  is  from  furum,  it  may  coincide  in  ori- 
gin with  Gr.  TiopEvoi,  ifiTr-jpcvo^tat,  to  trade,  whence 
c^TTiipiov,  emporium,  the  primary  sense  of  which  is 
to  pass.  In  Norman  French  we  find  fair  and  feire. 
\t  fair  is  from  fcritp,  it  is  so  called  from  being  held 
in  places  where  the  wakes  or  frasts  at  the  dedication 
of  churches  were  held,  or  from  the  feasts  them- 
selves. It  is  a  fact  that  Sundays  were  formerly  mar- 
ket days.] 

A  stated  market  in  a  particular  town  or  city ;  a 
stated  meeting  of  buyers  and  sellers  for  trade.  A 
fair  is  annual  or  more  frequent.  'Ihe  privilege  of 
holding  fairs  is  granted  by  the  king  or  suprenie 
power.  Among  the  most  celebrated  fairs  in  Eurttpe 
are  those  of  Franc-fort  and  Leipsic  in  Germany  ;  of 
Novi  in  the  Milanese  ;  of  Riga  and  Archangel  in 
Russia;  of  Lyons  and  St.  Germain  in  Fnmce.  In 
Great  Britain  many  towns  enjoy  this  privilege. 

Kncyc. 
In  the  United  States,  there  are  no  fairs  similar  to 
those  in  England  ;  at  Ica»t  I  know  of  none.  The 
ladies  sometimes  hold  fairs  for  the  sale  of  their  work 
for  charitable  purposi;s.  These  are  called,  in  Eng- 
land, Fancy-Faihs. 

FAIR'-HAIR-f.-D,  a.     Having  fair  hair. 

FAIR'-HAND,  a.    Having  a  fair  ap[>earance.    Shah. 

FA1R'H9Q»,  n.     Fairness  ;  beauty.  Fox. 

FAlR'I^G,  ?i.     A  present  given  at"a  fair.  Gay. 

FAIR'LY,   adv.     lleautifully ;     handsomely.      ILittle 
used.Y 

9.  C<»mmodiousIy ;  conveniently;  as,atown/fliWy 
situated  for  foreign  trade. 

3.  Frankly;  liouer^tly  ;  justly;  equitably;  without 
disguise,  fraud,  or  prttvaricaiitui.     The  question  was 

fairly  stated  and  argued.  Let  us  deal  fairly  with  all 
men. 

4.  OjH-nly  ;  ingenuously  ;  plainly.  Let  us  deal 
fairly  with  ourselves,  or  our  own  hearts, 

b.  Candidly. 

I  Interpret /oir/y  your  d<*»ign.  Dnjden. 

6.  Without  perversion  or  violence  ;  as,  an  infer- 
ence may  be  fairly  deduced  from  the  premises. 

7.  Without  blots ;  in  plain'  letters ;  plainly ;  legi- 
bly ;  as,  an  instrument  or  record  fatrly  written. 

8.  Completely  ;  without  deticicnce.  His  antag- 
onist fought  till  he  was  fairly  defeated. 

9.  Softly;  gently.  MUton. 
FAIR'NESS,  n.      Clearness;   freedom   from  spots  or 

blemishes  ;  whiteness ;  as,  the  fairness  of  skin  or 
complexion. 

2.  Clearness  ;  purity  ;  ns,  the  fairness  of  water. 

3.  Freedom  from  stain  or  blemish  ;  as,the/atm«w 
of  character  or  reputation. 

4.  Reauiy  ;  elegance  ;  as,  the  fairness  of  form. 

5.  Frankness  ;  candor ;  hence,  honesty  ;  ingenu- 
ousness ;  as,  fairness  in  trade. 

6.  Openness;  candor;  freedom  from  disguise,  in- 
sidiousnesH,  or  prevarication  ;  as,  the  fairness  of  an 
argument. 

7.  Equality  of  terms ;  equity;  as,  the  faimei,s  of 
a  contract. 

8.  Distinctness;  freedom  from  blots  or  obscurity  ; 
as,  the  fairness  of  hand-writing ;  the  fairness  of  a 
copy. 


TONE,  BULL,  liNITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS C  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  to  THIS. 


k 


5J> 


433 


FAl 

FAIR  -SEEM'ING,  «.     App^Bring  fair.         llfmans. 
FJIR'-SPOK'XN,  (-spSk'n,)  a.     Using  fair  speech; 
bland  j  civil ;  courteous ;  plausible. 

Aria»,  K>Ur-«/>ofe«n  nun.  Hocktr. 

FAIR'Y,  «.  [&  /*• ;  Ft.  /e«,  whence ^er,  to  eochant, 
fUrit^  a  /«r»  land;  It.  ^ifc  The  oricin  of  this 
word  it  noC  obvious,  and  the  radical  letters  are  un- 
certain. The  conjectures  of  Basier,  Jiimieaon,  and 
others,  throw  no  saii^faciorv  light  on  the  subject.] 

X.  A /ay;  an  imaginary  being  or  spirit,  suppoMd 
to  asmune  a  human  funu,  d«nc4!  in  meadows,  steal 
infants,  and  play  a  variety  of  pranks.  [See  Ei*  and 
Dkhok.}  ^-w^    Pm- 

SL  An  enchantress.  »«*- 

FAiry  rf  Us  wamti  an  imaginary  being  iQHMMed  to 
InhAbit  mines,  wandering  about  in  the  drifts  and 
chambers,  always  employed  in  cutting  ore,  turning 
Ibe  windlass,  ftx.,  yet  eActing  nothing.  The  Oer- 
maaa  believe  In  two  species  j  one  fierce  and  malevo- 
lent, t|M  other  fentle.  [See  Cobalt.I  Emtm, 
FAIR'V,'*.  Belonging  to  Ikiries  ;  as, /ivy  ^9Xk^  Skak. 
3.  Given  by  fairies  \  as,  /ury  money  or  favors. 

IhydxK,  Lock*. 
Airy  rimg  or  ctrcb ;  a  phenomenon  observed  in 
Adds,  vulgarly  svpposfd  to  be  caused  by  fairies  in 
their  dances.  This  circle  is  of  twu  kinds ;  one  abcmt 
seven  yards  in  diameter,  containing  a  round,  bare 
path,  a  foot  broad,  with  green  grass  in  the  middle  ; 
Ihe  other  of  different  size,  encompas^d  with  gnus 
greener  than  that  in  the  ntiddle.  Kncwc 

FJuR'V-LAND,  a.    The  imaginary  land  or  abode  of 

bines. 
FilR'V-LIKE,  0.    Imitating  the  manner  of  fhiries. 

SSak. 
FJIR'Y-STOXE,  M.    A  slonc  found  in  gravel  pits. 

The  fossil  ecbtntte,  abundant  in  chalk  pits,  Cfc 
FilTH,  n.  [W.  fvii  Arm.  friz:  L.  Juits;  It.  fitU; 
Port,  and  Sp./c;  Fr.  Ai;  Gr.»*r*«f  L.>&,to  trust; 
Gr.  T£i6(^,  to  iier?uade,to  draw  toward  any  thing,  to 
conciliate  ;  suVoftai.  to  believe,  to  obey.  In  the 
Greek  Leiicim  o?  Ilederic,  it  U  said,  the  primitive 
signification  of  Die  verb  is  to  bind  and  draw  or  toad, 
asx£i^a  signifies  a  rope  or  cable,  as  does  rctff^o. 
But  this  remark  is  a  little  incurrecL  The  sense  of 
Ihe  verb,  from  which  tliat  of  rope  and  binding  is  de- 
rived, Is  to  strain,  to  draw, and  thus  to  bind  or  make 
fast.  A  rope  (tr  cable  is  that  ti  hich  makes  fast.  Uu. 
Ueb.  Ch.  SjT.  Sam.  nC3.    Class  Bd,  No.  16.] 

1.  Belief;  the  assent  of  the  mind  to  the  truth  of 
what  is  dechired  by  another,  resting  on  his  authority 
and  veracity,  without  other  e\  iiiencc  ;  the  judgment 
that  what  anullier  states  or  testifies  is  the  truth.  I 
have  strong  faiik,  or  no  /litA,  in  the  testimony  of  a 
witness,  or  in  what  a  historian  nanatea. 

3.  The  assent  of  the  mind  to  the  truth  of  a  propo- 
sition advanced  by  another;  belief,  on  probable  evi- 
dence of  any  kind. 

3.  In  tkeeto^^  the  assent  of  the  nitnd  or  under- 
standing U)  tlie  truth  of  what  God  has  revealed.  Sim-  ; 
pie  bdief  sf  the  Scriptures,  of  the  being  and  perfec> 
tions  of  God,  and  of  the  existence,  cttaracter,  and 
doctrines  of  Christ,  founded  on  Die  testimony  of  the 
sacred  writers,  is  called  hiH^cal  or  spfculattre  faitk  ,• 
a  faith  little  distinsuished  from  the  belief  of  the  ex- 
istence and  achievements  of  Alexandi'r  or  of  C-esar. 

4.  F-ran^elical,  justifyiuff,  or  /facing  faiih^  is  the  as- 
sent of  the  mind  lu  llie  tnith  of  divine  revelation, 
on  the  authority  of  God's  testimony,  accompanied 
with  a  cordial  assent  of  the  will  or  approbation  of 
the  heart;  an  entire  confidence  or  trust  in  Gttd's 
character  and  declarations,  and  in  the  character 
and  doctrines  of  Christ,  with  an  unreserved  sur- 
render of  the  will  to  his  guidance,  and  dependence 
on  his  merits  for  salvation.  In  otlter  wurds,  Uiat 
firm  beUef  of  God's  testimony  and  of  the  truth  of 
the  gospel,  which  influences  the  will,  and  leads  to 
an  entire  reliance  on  Christ  for  salvation. 

Briar  iMMiAad  hjfidA.^Kam.  t. 

WISnk  JW*  it »  knpoBiMe  to  ptuK  Cod.  —  H'Ht.  xL 

Par«cWftIkbr./Wh,  uidDattv^MFtit.— SCor.  r. 

Wlih  tke  haan  mui  brSrvrUt  to  rigftuowaeas. — Rom.  x. 

Tte  /riA  of  Ae  goipH  ■  Unt  cnocwa  of  the  nund,  which  b 
oJbd  tiwt  or  omMmep,  fxxtdmA  Urmvri  the  tnonl  chkr- 
acitT  «f  Oodr  aad  (mitKateriy  of  tbe  Savior.  DmgkL 

fttilli  M  sa  iffrr^'T**TT*  nrrtflifl  fotilMftK*  in  tfae  lestiiiionj  at 
Ood.  J-  HatMi. 

PiMt  h  a  Snn,  corral  belief  In  tbe  Tnadt^  of  God,  iii  ivll  the 
dedaiadaaa  of  hia  wtird:  or  a  Tall  and  nffecbofnu  cooA- 
dea«e  id  tbe  eet%aiMj  at  tbow  lUnn  wtucb  God  bna  d«- 
efaured,  and  becaiae  be  to*  decland  Ubtrsi.        L.  Wood: 

5.  Tbe  object  of  belief;  a  doctrine  or  system  of 
dodrines  believed  ;  a  system  of  revealed  truths  re- 
ceived by  ChristianB. 

Tbc7  heard  ool^,  dM  be  who  pe»r«uted  <■  in  timet  put,  oov 
preacbetb  tbe  jWlh  wbicb  once  be  dcatmjcd.  —  Lnl.  i. 

6.  The  prcnnises  of  God,  or  his  truth  and  faitfaful- 

Sball  ibeir  UDbeOef  make  the  JbiA  of  God  witbout  effect .'  — 
BoouBL 

7.  An  (^n  profession  of  gospel  truth. 

Yonufiitii  k  spoken  of  throughout  the  whole  world.  —  Rom.  i. 

8.  A  persuasion  or  belief  of  the  lawfulness  of  things 
Indifferent 

Haat  tfaoQ  yiriA  7    Have  it  to  thy»-lf  brfcrr  God.  —  Rom.  xir. 


FAK 

9.  Faithfulness  ;  fidelity  ;  a  strict  adherence  to  du- 
t)'  and  fulfillment  of  promises. 

H«r  fuUng,  whflo  bcr/oiiA  to  me  nnalna, 

I  would  oouoeal.  Milton. 

ChiMreaio  whom  b  no^A. — Deut.  xxxil,   v 

10.  Word  or  honor  pledged ;  prt>mifie  given  ;  fidel- 
ity.    He  violated  his  plighted  faith. 

For  yiiti  (done 
1  broke  tar  faith  witu  iii)un>l  P^Iiunoii.  fhyden. 

11.  Sincerity  ;  honesty  ;  \'eracity  ;  faithfulness. 
We  ought.  In  good  /uitA,  to  fulfill  all  our  engage- 
ments. 

H.  Credibility  or  truth.    [VnusuaL] 

The.Anxk  of  the  foie^ing  namtire.  Mt^ford. 

FAITH,  rzclam.    A  colloquial  expression,  meaning  on 

my  faith  ;  in  truth  ;  verily. 
FAlTil'-BRfiACH,  a.    Breach  of  fidelity  ;  disloyalty  ; 

perfidy.  Shak. 

FAITH^i.T>,  (fatht,)  a.    Honest;  sincere.   [J^ot  used.] 

Shak. 
FAITH'FJJL,  a.     Firm  in  adherence  to  the  truth  and 

to  the  duties  of  religion. 

Be  thou  fait)^ul  to  death,  and  I  wiU  gire  thee  a  crown  of  life. 
—  Rer.  b. 

2.  Firmly  adhering  to  duty  ;  of  true  fidelity  ;  loy- 
al ;  true  to  allegiance  ;  as,  a  faithful  subject. 

3.  Constant  m  the  ;»erfonnanre  of  duties  or  ser- 
vices;  exact  in  attending  to  commands;  a^^  &  faith- 
ftd  ser^'ant. 

4.  Obser^'anl  of  compact,  treaties,  contracts,  vows, 
or  other  engapemcnt'* ;  true  to  one's  word.  A  gov- 
ernment should  \i*i  faithful  to  its  treaties ;  individuals, 
to  their  word. 

5.  True ;  exact ;  in  conformity  to  the  letter  and 
spirit ;  as,  a  faithful  eicculion  of  a  will. 

6.  True  to  the  marriage  covenant ;  a.s,  a  faithful 
wife  or  husband. 

7.  Conformable  to  truth  ;  as,  afaitJ^ful  narrative  or 


-epreaentation. 
8.   Coi 


LL: 


Constant  }   not  fickle ;  as,  a  ftut^ul   lover  or 
fHend. 

9.   True ;  worthy  of  belief.    2  Tim.  ii. 
rJirrn'F|jL-LY,  ode.     in  a  faithful  manner;  with 
good  faith. 

2.  With  strict  adherence  to  allegiance  and  duty  ; 
applifA  to  subjects. 

U.  Wuh  strict  observance  of  prouiises,  vows,  cov- 
enants, or  duties;  without  fiiiltire  of  performance; 
honestly  ;  exactly.  The  treaty  or  contract  wzsfuitU- 
fuUy  executed. 

4.  Sincerely  ;  with  strong  assurances,  lie  faitJif ally 
promised. 

6.  Honestly:  tnily  ;  without  defect,  fraud,  trick,  or 
ambigait>'.  The  battle  was  faithfully  described  or 
represented. 

They  auppoae  the  imlure  of  ihinp  to  be  faUh/uUy  iJfnifird  by 
their  ruin-.^.  South. 

6.  Confidently  ;  steadilv.  Shak. 
FAmrF!;L-NESS,n.     Fidelity;  loyalty;  firm  adhe- 
rence to  allegiance  and  dutj' ;  as,  \lie  faithfulness  of  a 
subject. 

2.  Tnith ;  veracity  ;  as,  tbe  faithfulness  of  God. 

3.  Strict  adherence  to  injunctions,  and  to  the  du- 
ties of  a  station  ;  as,  the  faithfulness  of  servmits  or 
ministers. 

4.  Strict  performance  of  promises,  vows,  or  cove- 
nants ;  constancy  in  alfection  ;  as,  the  faithfulness  of 
a  husband  or  wife. 

FAITII'IXSS,  a.  Without  belief  in  the  revealed  truths 
of  religion  ;  unbelieving. 

0  fruthltu*  ^neralJon.  —  Matt.  X»il. 

Q.  Not  believing  ;  not  giving  credit  to. 

3.  Nut  adhering  to  allegiance  or  duty  ;  disloyal ; 
perfidious  ;  treacherous  ;  as,  a  faithless  subject, 

4.  Not  true  to  a  master  or  employer ;  neglectful  i 
as,  a  faithlfus  ser\'ant. 

5.  Not  tnie  to  the  marriage  covenant ;  false ;  as,  a 
faitJdcss  husband  or  wife. 

fi.  Not  observant  of  promises 

7.  Deceptive. 

Yonder  /aithleit  pUantom.  Ooldtmith. 

FAITH'LESSPIjY,  adc.    In  a  faithless  manner. 
FAITH'LESS-NESS,  n     Unbelief  as  to  revealed  re- 
ligion 

2.  Perfidy  ;  treachery  ;  disloyalty,  as  in  subjects. 

3.  Violation  of  promises  or  covenants  ;  inconstan- 
cy, as  of  husband  or  wife. 

FAi'TOUR,  (fa'toor,)  n.    [Norm.,  from  L.  /octor.l 
An  evil-doer;  a  scoundrel ;  a  mean  fellow.    [06s.] 

Spender. 
FAKE,  «.  [Scot,  faiky  to  fold,  a  fold,  a  layer  or  stra- 
tum ;  perhaps  Sw.  riAa,  vickla^  to  fold  or  involve. 
The  sense  of  fold  may  be  to  lay,  to  fall,  or  to  set  or 
throw  together,  and  this  word  may  belong  to  Sai. 
faean^fe^an^  to  unite,  to  suit,  to  fadge,  that  is,  to  set 
or  lay  tocether.] 

One  of  the  circles  or  windines  of  a  cable  or  haw- 
ser, as  it  lies  in  a  coil ;  a  single  turn  or  coil.* 

Mar.  Diet. 
FA'KIR,  (fa'ker,)  }  n,      [This  word   signifies,   in 

FA-CiUlR',  (fi-keer',)  (      Arabic,    a    poor    man  ;    in 
Ethiopic,  an  interpreter.] 


FAL 

A  Mohammedan  monk  or  hermit  in  Indin  :  tlm 
same  as  drrrisr-  in  Turkey  and  Persia.  The  fakirs 
subject  themselves  to  severe  austerities  and  mortifi- 
cations. Some  of  them  condemn  them-selves  to  a 
sfamding  posture  all  their  lives,  supported  only  by  a 
stick  or  rope  under  their  armpits.  Some  mangle  their 
bodies  with  scourccs  or  knives.  Othera  wander  about 
in  companies,  telling  fortunes;  and  these  are  said  to 
be  arrant  villains.  Encyc 

FAL-CADE',  H.     fU/a/r,  a  sickle  or  scythe.] 

A  horse  is  said  to  make  a  faleade^  when  he  throws 
himself  on  his  haunches  two  or  three  times,  as  in 
very  quick  curvets;  that  is,  afalcade  is  a  bending 
ver\'  low.  JfarrLi. 

FAE'CaTE,      )  a.     [h.  faleatus,  from  falz.  a  sickle, 

FAL'CA-TED,  S      scythe,  or  rcaping-houk.j 

Hooked;  bent  tike  a  sickle  or  scythe;  an  epithet 
applied  to  the  new  moon.  Bailey. 

FAL-CA'TION,  n.  Crookedness;  a  bending  in  the 
form  of  a  sickle.  Brown. 

FAL'CHION,  (fawl'chun,)  n.  [Fr.  /aucAon,  from  L. 
^olr,  a  reapiuK-hiHjk.] 

A  short,  crooked  sword  ;  a  cimiter.  Dryden. 

F.\L'CI-FORJM,  a.  [L.  falx^  a  reaping-hook,  and 
form.] 

In  the  shape  of  a  sickle ;  resembling  a  reaping- 
hook. 

FAL'CO.V,  (fawk'n  or  fal'kon,)  n.  [Fr.  faucon;  It 
faleone ;  L.  Jaieo^  a  hawk  ;  W.  g^eal^^  a  cre.sled  one, 
a  lieron,  a  hawk,  that  wliich  rises  or  lowers.  The 
falcon  is  probably  so  named  from  its  curving  beak 
or  talons.] 

1.  A  hawk  ;  but  appropriately ^  a  hawk  trained  to 
sport,  as  in  falconry,  which  see.  It  is  said  that  this 
name  is,  by  siKirtsiuen,  given  to  the  female  alone; 
for  the  male  is  smaller,  weaker,  and  less  courageous, 
and  is  therefore  called  tercel,  or  tersel.  Encyc. 

This  term,  in  ornithology^  is  applied  to  a  division  of 
the  genus  Fnlco,  with  a  short,  hooked  beak,  and  very 
long  win<rs,  the  strongest  armed  and  most  courageous 
species,  and  therefore  used  in  falconry. 

Cuvier.    FA.  Encyc, 

2.  A  sort  of  cannon,  whose  diameter  at  the  bore  is 
five  inches  and  a  quarter,  and  carr>'ing  shot  of  two 
pounds  and  a  li;ilf.  Harris. 

FAL'CON-GEN'TIL,  n.  A  falcon  when  full  feath- 
ered and  completely  bred.  Booth. 

FAI/eON-ER,  (fawk'n-er  or  f:U'kon-er,)  n.  [Fr.  fau- 
Cijnnirr.] 

A  person  who  breeds  and  trains  hawks  for  taking 
wild  fowls  ;  one  who  follows  tbe  sport  of  fowling 
with  hawks.  Johnson. 

FAL'€0-\ET,  n.     [Fr.  faleonette.] 

A  small  cannon  or  piece  of  ordnance,  whose  diam- 
eter nt  the  !)ore  is  fiiur  inches  and  a  cpmrter,  and 
carrying  shot  of  one  pound  and  a  quarter.    Harris. 

FAL'eON-RY,  (fawk'n-ry  or  fal'kon-ry,)  n.  [Fr. 
fauconnerie,  from  L./(i/co,  a  hawk.] 

1.  Tbe  art  of  training  hawks  to  the  exercise  of 
hawking. 

2.  The  practice  of  taking  wild  fowls  by  means  of 
hawks. 

FALD'AGE,  (fnwld'aj,)  n.  [W.  fold,  a  fold;  Goth. 
faldan ;  Sax.  fealdan,  to  fold  ;  Law  L.  fut/Ia/rium.] 

In  England^  a  privilege  which  anciently  several 
lords  reserved  to  themselves  of  setting  up  folds  for 
sheep,  in  any  fields  within  their  manors,  the  better 
to  manure  them.  Harris. 

FALD'FEE,  n.  A  fee  or  composition  paid  anciently 
by  tenants  for  the  privilege  of  faldage.  Diet. 

FALD'ING,  n.  A  kind  of  coarse  cloth.  [Oft.?.]   Chaucer. 

FALn'IS-DO-RV,  n.     [Sax.  fald  and  sttnr.    .^sh.] 
The  throne  or  seat  of  a  bishop.     [JVot  in  use.] 

FALD'STOOL,  n.  [/aW,  or  fold,  and  stool.]  A  fold- 
ing-stool, or  portable  seat,  made  to  fold  up  in  the 
manner  of  a  camp-stool.  Formerly,  a  faldstool  was 
placed  in  the  choir  fur  a  bishop,  when  he  officiated  in 
any  but  his  own  cathedral  church.  Oloss.  of  .Architect. 

FA-LER'NI-A.\,  a.  Pertaining  to  Falernus,  in  Italy. 
As  a  noun,  the  wine  made  in  that  territory. 

FALL,c.  i.  ,■  preU  Fell  ;  pp.  FiLi-E.f.  [Sax./caWan  ;  G. 
fallen ;  D.  valttn  ;  Sw  falla ;  Dan.  falder  ;  allied  prob- 
ably to  L.  /u//o,  to  fail,  to  deceive,  Gr.  ai^nXXu);  Sp. 
hallary  to  find,  to  fall  on  ;  Fr.  affalcr,  to  lower.  See 
Class  Bl,  No.  18,  28,  43,  49,  53.  Fall  coincides  ex- 
actly with  the  Shemitic  7D3,  Ileb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Sam. 
to  fall.  Fail  agrees  hetter  with  the  Meb.  S^j,  and 
S^n ;  but  these  words  may  have  had  one  primitive 
niot,  the  sense  of  which  was  to  move,  to  recede,  to 
pas.><.  As  these  words  are  unquestionably  the  same 
in  the  Shemitic  and  Japhetic  languages,  they  afi'ord 
decisive  evidence  that  the  3,  or  first  letter  of  the 
Shemitic  words,  is  a  prefix.  The  Chaldee  sense  of 
^33  is  to  defile,  to  make  foul.  (See  Foul.)  The  same 

verb  in  Ar.  VaJ   vabala,  signifies  to  shoot,  to  drive, 

or  throw  an  arrow,  Gr.  /?aXX(,i.] 

1.  To  drop  from  a  higher  place ;  to  descend  by  the 
power  of  gravity  nlone.  Rain  falls  from  the  clouds  ; 
a  man  falls  from  his  horse;  ripe  fniita  fall  from  trees  ; 
an  ox  falls  into  a  pit. 

I  beheld  Satan  a>  lighlnin j  faH  from  beaven.  —  Luke  x. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL.  WH^T.  — MftTE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.  - 


4'M 


FAL 

2.  To  drop  from  an  erect  posture. 

I  /til  at  hia  feet  to  worahip  him.  —  Ket.  xix. 

3.  To  disembogue ;  to  pass  at  the  outlet ;  to  flow 
out  of  its  channel  into  a  pund,  lake,  or  sea,  as  a 
river.  The  Rhone  falis  into  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 
The  Danube  falU  into  the  Euxine.  The  Mississippi 
falls  into  the  Gulf  of  jMexico. 

4.  To  depart  from  the  faith,  or  from  rectitude  ;  to 
apostatize.     Adam  j^Z/  by  eating  the  forbidden  fruit. 

Labor  to  mm  into  that  mt,  lest  any  mau  fall  after  xia  tame 
exunpJc  of  unbelief.  —  lielj.  ir. 

5.  To  die,  particularly  by  violence. 

Ye  >ha]l  chaae  your  enenii^,  tmd  they  thail  fail  before  you  t^ 

tlie  iwonJ.  —  \yv.  xxtL 
A  tbou»iiii  ihaJl  /ail  ai  thy  lidc.  —  P<,  xci. 

6.  To  come  to  an  end  suddenly  j  to  vanish  ;  to 
perish. 

The  grcatiicsa  of  theae  lii*h  lord»  suddenly  fell  and  TaniahH , 

Dndta, 

7.  To  be  degraded  ;  to  sink  into  disrepute  or  dis- 
fmice  ;  to  be  plungetl  into  misery  ;  as,  to/aW  from  an 
elevated  station,  or  from  a  prosperous  state. 

6.  To  decline  in  power,  wealth,  or  glory ;  to  sink 
into  weakness;  to  be  given  up,  overthrown,  or 
mined.  Tiiis  is  the  renowned  Tyre  ;  but  oh,  how 
faUai! 

Heareo  and  mrth  aill  wimew, 
If  R'jme  miut/o^,  that  we  are  iimMX'iil.  Addison, 

9.  To  pass  into  a  worse  state  than  the  former ;  to 
come  ;  as,  to  fall  into  ditficukics  ;  to  fall  under  cen- 
sure or  imputation  ;  to  fall  into  ern>r  or  absurdity  ;  to 
/o/i  into  a  snare.  In  tiiese  and  similar  phrases,  the 
sense  of  suddenness,  accident,  or  ignorance  is  often 
implied,  but  not  always. 

10.  To  sink ;  to  be  lowered.  The  mercury  in  a 
thermometer  rises  and  f<iUs  with  the  increase  and 
diminution  of  heat.  The  water  of  a  river  rises  and 
falls.    The  tide  falls. 

11.  To  decrease;  to  be  diminished  in  weight  or 
value.  The  price  of  goods  falls  with  plenty  and 
rises  with  scarcity.  Ptiny  tells  us,  the  as  feU  troni  a 
pound  to  two  ounces  in  the  first  Punic  war. 

ArbuthnoU 

12.  To  sink  ;  not  to  amount  to  the  full. 

The  jTcatoeaaof  fiuancct  aiid  revenue  doth /oil  under  compnla- 
Uun.  Bacon. 

13.  To  be  rejected;  to  sink  into  disrepute. 

Thk  book  miul  ktand  or  /all  with  thee.  Lockt. 

14.  To  decline  from  violence  to  calmness,  from 
Intensity  to  remission,  'i'hc  wind  failsy  and  a  calm 
succeeds. 

Al  length  lier  fury  ft'.l.  DryiUn, 

15.  To  pass  into  a  new  stale  of  body  or  mind  ;  to 
become  ;  as,  to  fall  asleep  ;  to  fall  distracted  ;  to  fall 
Bick  ;  to  full  into  rage  or  jKission  j  to  full  in  love  ;  to 
fiiU  into  temptation. 

16.  To  sink  into  an  air  of  dejection,  discontent, 
anger,  sorrow,  or  shame ;  applied  to  the  countenance 
or  look. 

Cain  waa  Tery  wroth,  and  hto  countirn.inc  /iZ/.  — Gen.  Ir. 
I  have  obaervrd  of  liUe  Uiy  looks  are  /aiien,  Addi»«n, 

17.  To  happen  ;  to  befall ;  to  come. 

Since  tbia  fortune  /alU  to  you.  Skak. 

IS.  Tu  Uglil  on  ;  to  come  by  chance. 

The  Raman* /ril  on  thia  model  by  chane*.  Ste\/L 

19.  To  come  ;  to  rush  on  ;  to  assail. 

Vm  and  dread  shall  /all  on  them.  —  Kx.  xt. 
And  tttrftU  on  (Item  all.  —  Acu  xix. 

20.  To  come  ;  to  arrive. 

The  vernal  eqtiinos,  which  at  the  Nleene  eoiin»e)/*U  on  tlw  StK 
of  March,  /aUa  now  aUfut  ten  day*  •ouiuir.  HoUUr. 

21.  To  come  unexpectedly. 


22.  To  begin  with  haste,  ardor,  or  vehemence  ;  to 
rush  or  hurry  to.    They/«/l  to  blows. 

The  mixed  multitude /<fi  to  InsUn;.  —  Num.  xL 

23.  To  pass  or  be  transferred  by  chance,  lot,  dis- 
tribution. Inheritance,  or  otherwise,  as  possession  or 
property.  The  csUtte  or  the  province  fell  to  his 
brother.  The  kingdom  fell  into  the  hands  of  his 
rival.    A  large  estate  felt  to  his  heirs. 

24.  To  become  the  property  of;  to  belong  or  apper- 
tain to. 

If  to  h»r  thai*  prnn*  frfirtl-  frmr»/atl, 

[.ook  III  her  fiui/r,  and  you'll  Ivrg'-l  llvin  all.  Pope. 

25.  Tu  be  dropped  or  uttered  carelessly.  Borne 
expresMinns/W/ from  him.  An  unguarded  expression 
feu  from  his  lips.  Not  a  word  fell  from  him  on  tlte 
subjccL 

2fi.  To  sink;  to  Iminii^h  ;  to  become  feeble  or 
faint.  Our  hopes  and  fears  rise  and  fall  with  good 
or  ill  tniccefts. 

27.  To  be  brought  forth.  Take  care  of  lambs 
when  they  first  fall,  Mortimer. 

^.  To  issue  ;  to  terminate. 

tbt  ■litl,  Riy  (Uitz-htcr,  tlU  tltou  know^tt  tmw  llie  matter  will 
/a//.  — Rulhiii. 

TV  fall  aboard  of;  lo  reamen*)  Utngwxgr^  to  strike 


FAL 

against ;  applied  to  one  vessel  coming  into  collision 
with  another. 

To  fall  astern ;  in  seameiOs  tangv.ag'e^  to  move  or  be 
driven  backward  ;  to  recede.  A  ship  falls  astern  by 
tlie  force  of  a  current,  or  when  outsailed  by  anotJier. 

To  fall  away ;  to  lose  flesh ;  to  become  lean  or 
emaciated ;  to  pine. 

2.  To  renounce  or  desert  allegiance ;  to  revolt  or 
rebel. 

3.  To  renounce  or  desert  the  faith  ;  to  apostatize  ; 
to  sink  into  wickedness. 

These  fur  a  while  believe,  and  In  time  of  temptation  fail  aum/,  — 
Luke  viii. 

4.  To  perish  ;  to  be  ruined  ;  to  be  lost 

How  (an  the  soul — /all  auay  into  noUdii;  ?  Ad/lifon. 

5.  To  decline  gradually ;  to  fade ;  to  languish,  or 
become  faint. 

One  color  ^o^  aiaay  by  just  decree*,  and  another  ru^s  insena^ 
bly.  Addiion. 

To  fall  back ;  to  recede  ;  lo  give  way 

2.  To  fail  of  performing  a  promise  or  purpose  ;  not 
to  fulfill. 

To  fall  calm ;  to  cease  to  blow  ;  to  become  calm. 
To  fait  (Imen  ;  to  prostrate  one's  self  in  worship. 

All  nations  shall /oU  doton  iKfore  him.  —  Pa.  txaii. 

S.  To  sink  ;  to  come  to  the  ground. 

Doion/tll  (he  beauteous  youth.  Dryda/i. 

3.  To  bend  or  bow,  as  a  suppliant,     haiah  ilv. 

4.  To  sail  or  pass  toward  the  mouth  of  a  river  or 
other  outlet. 

To  fall  foul ;  to  attack  ;  to  make  an  assault. 

To  fall  from  :  to  recede  from  ;  to  depart ;  not  to  ad- 
here ;  as,  to  faU  from  an  agreement  or  engagement. 

2.  To  (lepart  from  allegiance  or  duty  ;  to  revolt. 

To  fall  in  ;  to  concur  ;  tu  agree  with.  The  measure 
falli  in  with  popular  opinion. 

2.  To  comply  ;  to  yield  to. 

You  will  And  it  dilTicull  to  persuade  learned  men  to  fall  in  with 
your  pruji^ta.  Addison. 

3.  To  come  in  ;  to  Join  ;  to  enter.  FaU  into  the 
ranks  ;  fall  in  on  the  right. 

To  fall  in  irifA ;  to  meet,  as  a  ship  ;  also,  to  discover 
or  come  near,  as  land. 

7*0  fall  off;  to  withdraw ;  to  separate  ;  to  be 
broken  or  detached.  Friends  fall  off  in  adversity. 
Love  cools,  frieiiiUhip/a//«  q^,  brothers  divide.  Shak. 

2.  To  perish  ;  to  die  away.  Words  fall  off  by 
disuse. 

3.  I'o  apostatize  ;  to  forsake;  to  withdraw  from  the 
faith,  or  from  allegiance  or  duty. 

Those  cnptive  thi^t/ell  tyf 
From  Uud  to  wunhip  calve*.  Milton. 

4.  To  forsake;  to  abandon.    Tfis  subscribers /c/i  ojf. 

5.  To  drop.     Fruiia  full  ojf  when  ripe, 

6.  To  depreciate  ;  to  dejiarl  from  former  excel- 
lence ;  to  become  less  valuable  or  interesting.  The 
magazine  or  the  review  falls  off;  it  hasfallejt  off. 

7.  In  tteamen's  language.,  to  deviate  or  trend  lo  the 
leeward  of  tlie  [Hiint  to  wliich  the  head  of  the  ship 
was  before  directed  ;  to  f;ill  lo  leeward.         Totten. 

Tof(dl  on  i  lo  begin  suddenly  and  eagerly. 

FhM  on,  and  try  the  appeiiie  lo  eat.  Drt/den. 

2.  To  begin  an  attack  ;  to  assault ;  to  assail. 

f\iU  on,  fail  on,  and  hear  htm  not.  Drydtn. 

3.  To  drop  on  ;  to  descend  on. 

To  fait  out ;  lo  quarrel ;  to  begin  to  contend. 

A  atiul  exasppTiiird  In  \\\%/aila  out 

WiUi  every  ihin^,  iu  frif^nd,  itaclf.  Addison. 

S.  To  happen  ;  to  befall  ;  tu  chance. 

There  /sU  out  a  bloody  quarrel  betwixt  the  froga  and  the  nilee. 
L'  Ettrangt. 

To  fall  over ;  to  revolt ;  to  desert  from  one  side  to 
anoUter. 

2.  To  fall  beyond.  Sliak. 

To  fall  gkort ;  to  be  dcficienL  The  com  fatU  short 
We  all  fall  short  in  dtity. 

To  fall  to  ;  to  begin  hastily  and  eagerly. 

F\tU  to,  with  eag^r  joy,  on  homely  food.  Dryden. 

2.  To  apply  one's  self  lo.  Ue  will  never  after  ftdl 
to  labor. 

Thpy  fell  to   raising   money,  under  pretense   of   the  relief  of 
lr':Uiid,  Clarendon. 

To  fall  under  ;  to  cnme  under,  or  within  the  limits 
of;  to  be  subjected  to.  They  fell  undrr  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  etiipenir. 

a.  To  come  under ;  to  become  the  subject  of. 
This  point  did  not  fall  under  the  cognizance  or  de- 
liberations of  the  court.  These  things  do  not  fall 
under  human  sight  or  observation. 

3.  To  come  within  ;  to  be  ranged  or  reckoned 
with.  These  substances  fall  uwler  a  dilferunt  class 
or  order. 

7*0  fall  upon  ;  lo  attack.     [See  To  fall  ok.] 
a.  To  attempt. 
I  do  not  htteiul  to/ofl  upon  nlte  dtst|u!sUious.  Iloldsr, 

3.  To  rush  against. 

Fall  primarily  denotes  descending  motion,  either 
in  a  perpendicular  or  Inclined  direction,  and  in  mdst 


FAL 

of  its  applications,  implies,  literally  or  fguratively, 
velocity,  haste,  siuhlenness,  or  violence.  lis  use  is  so 
various,andso  much  diversified  by  modifying  words, 
that  It  is  not  easy  tu  enumerate  its  senses  in  all  its 
applications. 
FALL,  V.  L  To  Jet  fall ;  to  drop.  And  full  thy  edge- 
less  sword,  t  am  willing  to  fait  this  argument. 
[This  application  is  obsolete.]  [Shak.     Dryden. 

2.  To  sink  ;  lo  depress ;  as,  lo  raise  or  fall  the 
voice. 

3.  To  diminish  ;  to  lessen  or  lower;  as,  to/oUtha 
price  of  commodities.     [Little  used,] 

4.  To  bring  forth  ;  as,  to  fall  lambs.  [Rare.]  Shak. 

5.  To  fell ;  to  cut  down  ;  as,  to  fall  a  tree. 

[This  use  is  provincial  in  Enifland,  and  occasion- 
ally occurs  in  America;  fell  Ki\i\  fall  being  probably 
from  a  common  root.] 
FALL,  TU  I'he  act  of  dropping  or  descending  from  a 
"higher  to  a  lower  place  by  gravity  ;  descent ;  as,  a 
fall  from  a  horse  or  from  the  yard  of  a  ship. 

2.  The  act  of  dropping  or  tumbling  frtun  an  erect 
posture.    lie  was  walking  on  ice,  and  had  a  falL 

3.  Death  ;  destruction  ;  overthrow. 

Our  btUers  li\d  a  gxvM/all  befon:  our  enemies,  Judith. 

4.  Ruin;  destruction. 

Tliey  conspire  thy  /all.  Denham. 

5.  Downfall ;  degrndation ;  loss  of  greatness  or 
office  ;  as,  the  fall  of  Cardinal  Wolsey. 

Behold  th«e  glorious  only  in  Uiy  fall.  Pop*. 

6.  Declension  of  greatness,  [^»ower,  or  dominion; 
ruin  ;  as,  the  fall  of  the  Roman  empire. 

7.  Diminution  ;  decrease  of  price  or  value  ;  depre- 
ciation ;  as,  tUe  fall  of  prices  ;  the  fall  of  rents  ;  the 
fall  of  interest. 

8.  Declination  of  sound ;  a  sinking  of  lone ;  ca- 
dence ;  as,  the  fall  of  the  voice  at  the  close  of  a  sen- 
tence. 

9.  Declivity ;  the  descent  of  land  or  a  hill ;  a 
slope.  Bacon. 

10.  Descent  of  water;  a  cascade;  a  cataract;  a 
nish  of  water  down  a  steep  place  ;  usually  in  the 
plural;  sometimes  in  the  singular:  as,  tUc  falls  of 
SMagara,  or  the  Mohawk  ;  the  full  of  tlie  Elousalonic 
at  Canaan.  Fait  is  applied  to  a  perjH-ndicular  de- 
scent, or  to  one  that  is  very  steep.  \Vhen  the  de- 
scent is  moderate,  we  name  it  rapids.  Custom,  how- 
ever, sometimes  deviates  from  this  rule,  and  tlie 
raptds  of  rivers  ore  called /a//*. 

U.  The  outlet  or  discharge  of  a  river  or  current  of 
water  into  the  ocean,  or  into  a  lake  or  pond  ;  as,  the 
fall  of  the  Po  into  the  Gulf  of  Venice.  .Addison. 

12.  Extent  of  descent  ;  the  distance  which  any 
thing  falls  ;  as,  tlie  water  of  a  pond  has  a  fall  of 
five  feet. 

13.  The  fall  of  the  leaf;  the  season  when  leaves 
fall  from  trees  ;  autumn.  [I/ants  and  Sussex,  Still 
used  in  America.] 

14.  That  wliich  falls  ;  a  falling  ;  as,  a  fall  of  rain 
or  snow. 

15.  The  act  of  felling  or  cutting  down  ;  as,  the  fall 
of  timber. 

Iflfc  Fallf  or  (A«  fall;  by  way  of  distinction,  the 
apostasy  ;  the  act  of  our  tlrst  parents  in  eating  the 
forbidden  fruit ;  also,  the  apostasy  of  the  rebellious 
angels. 

17.  Formerly.,  ix  kind  of  vail.  B,  Jonson. 

18.  in  seamen^ s  /(/n^uaj/f,  thnt  part  of  a  tackle  to 
which  the  power  is  applied  in  hoisting. 

R.  II.  Dana,  Jr. 

19.  In  Qreat  Britain,  n  term  applied  to  several 
measures,  liri(>ar,  superficial,  and  solid.  Cyc. 

FAL-LA'CIOU.S,  a.  [Fr.  fallucicuz;  h.  fallaj,  from 
fallo,  to  deceive.     See  Fail.] 

1.  Deceptive  ;  deceiving  ;  deceitful  ;  wearing  a 
false  appearance;  misleading  ;  producing  error  or 
mistake  ;  sophistical  ;  applied  to  things  only  ;  as,  a 
fallacious  orgumenl  or  proposition  ;  a  fallacious  ap- 
pearance. 

2.  Deceitful;  false;  not  well  founded;  producing 
disappointment ;  mocking  expectation  ;  as,  a  falla- 
cious hops. 

FAL-LA'CIOTJS-LY,  adv.  In  a  fallacious  manner; 
deceitfully;  sophistically ;  with  purpose  or  In  a  man- 
ner to  deceive. 

We  huve  seen  bow  /nlUiaously  the  author  has  staled  the  cntiae. 

Afldison, 

FAL-LA'CIOUS-NEPS,  n.     Tendency  to  deceive  or 

mislead  ;  inconclusiveness  ;  as,  the  faUaciommcss  oi 

an  orgumenl,  or  of  appearances. 
FAL'LA-CY,  n.     [l..faltacia.] 

1.  Deceptive  or  false  appearance ;  deceitfniness ; 

that  which  misleads  the  eye  or  the  mind.    Detect 

the  fallacy  of  the  argument. 

3.  Deception  ;  mistake.  This  api>carance  may  be 
all  a  fallacy. 

I'll  entertain  the  feTored/o/Zory.  Shak. 

3.  In  logie,  an  argument,  or  apparent  argument, 
which  professes  to  be  decisive  of  the  matlLT  iit  issue, 
while  in  reality  it  is  not  Brande. 

FAL'LAX,  n.     [L.]     Cavillation.        J9bp.  Cranmer. 

FALL' EN,  (fawl'u,)  yp.  or  a.  Dropped  ;  descended  ; 
degraded;  decreased;  mined. 


TtNE,  nUIX,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  Q«  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  «  as  Z  j  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


FAL 

FAU'UEX-CY,  n.     MistiKe.     [06*.] 

FALLXR,  «.     One  Uiat  fnlU 

FXL-U-HIL'I-TY,  n.    "•    -       '  •'^.    SeepALLinLE.] 

1.  Linbloneas  U>  di  ility  of  bt-ing  I'lil- 
lible  ;  micfrt;iinty  ;  ;i  mg  erroneous,  or 
of  leading  U>  niii^take  ,  ..-,  i..c  >i«i«^*/ily  of  an  argu-  , 
ment,  ul*  reasoning,  or  of  testimony. 

2.  Li-ihicnt- «  to  err^  or  to  be  deceived  in  one*8  own 
Judfcrtient  ^  as,  the/aliibUUff  of  men. 

FALLIBLE,  a.     [It.  faUibOe ;   Sp.  falibU;   from   L. 

jUio,  to  docrive.t 

1.  Liable  Ui  fail  or  mistake  ;  that  may  err  or  be  de- 

•eived  in  judgmenL    All  men  ore  faUihU, 

9.  Liable  to  error;  that  may  deceive.     Our  Judg- 

mentSt  our  faculties,  oui  opinions,  are  falUbU;  our 

b«>pe«  ve/aUMe, 
FAL'L[-BLY,  ode.    In  a  foUibla  manner. 
FALLING,  ppr.  or  «.    I>escendinf[ ;   droppinft ;  dis- 

enibfiguing  ;  apostatizing  j   declining  ;   decreasing  ; 

sinking  :  ctMuing. 
Fi^LL'tNG,        i  a.    An  indenting  or  bollow  }  op- 
F^LL'ING  IN,  )       posed  lo  rijMjf  or  promimtrnM, 
Faiti*fmMun  apoatasy.  [jtddison. 

FaJli»g  ffff    departure  from  the  line  or  course ; 

decleniuon. 
F^LL'LSG-SICK'XESS,  n,    Tbe  epflepoy  ;  a  disease 

n  wbtcli  tlie  patienK  suddenly  loMS  bis  senses  and 

foliar 
FA  LL'TNG-STAB,  k.    The  nme  u  Shooti  so-Stak, 

which  sec. 
FALL'ING-8T5XE,  n.    A  rtone  falling  from  the  al- 

niou>bere  ;  a  meteorite  ;  an  atimlite.  Cyc 

FAL-LO'PI-AN,a.     [from  Falli>piuj,]     A  term  np[>lied 

to  two  duels,  arising  from  the  womb,  usually  called 

tvbts. 
PAL'LOW,  a.     [S:tx,falnrf,faIu,oTffaIo:T).viuil;  G. 

fmlh,/klUi  Fr./B«re,  (or  f alee  :  L.  futrus;  qu.  A«/rit«, 

IbryWvss.    This  word  may  be  from  the  root  vi-faiL 

Atie;  BO  called  l>om  tbe  fatling  citlor  of  autumnal 

Mnves,  or  from  failure,  withering.    Hence,  also,  the 

venae  of  unoccupied,  applied  to  land,  which  in  9pan- 

1.  Pale  red,  or  pale  yellow  ;  as,  KjkBvtt  deer. 
%  Uasowed  ;  not  tilled  \  left  to  rest  after  a  year  or 
nore  of  UUa^  ;  as,/>iUuie  ground  ;  ^JUUno  field. 

Bn»k  up  your  ,/Wiim  frmmd.  —  Jer.  tv. 

3l  Left  unsowed  after  plowing.    The  word  la  ap- 
ptied  to  the  land  after  piowiag. 
4.  Ifnplowed;  uncultivalcHl.  7bofc«.     Skalu 

&,  UMocevpied  ;  neglected.    [JVoC  ta  mjt  ] 

La  Uk  cau«  lk>iio««.  HmOnu. 

FAL'LGW,  a.  Land  that  has  lain  a  year  or  more  un- 
tilled  or  unseeded.  It  is  alio  called  /oUoit,  when 
plowed  without  being  sowed. 

Tte  riMrtec  flf>UoM  b  a  bemtii  to  lud.  Morttmtr. 

&  Tbo  plowing  or  tilling  of  land,  witboat  sowing 
H,  for  ■  season.  Summer /o/itfie,  properly  conducted, 
iMfl  ever  been  found  a  sure  method  of  destroying 

fMOam^HaA  b  nadned  ttadac  utd 
Thr^UlM*  ci*e*  k  ft  teuer  likfa  lfc*a  eia  be  gtrea 

A  /rten  fitlUw,  in  fk^^sad.  Is  tbat  where  land  is 
rradered  mellow  and  clean  from  weeds,  by  means  of 
some  irrpen  crop,  as  turnips,  potatoes,  Jfcc  piic 

FAL'LOW,  r.  L    To  fade  ;  to  become  yellow.     [Oft*.] 

FAL'LCVV,  r.  L  To  plow,  harrow,  and  break  land 
without  seeding  it,  for  the  purpose  of  destroying 
wreds  and  inst-cts,  and  rendering  it  nit--Httw.  It  is 
found  for  the  intere^  of  the  farmer  to  faiioie  cold, 
stron*,  riavey  land. 

FAL'IX^W-CROP,  a.  Tbe  crop  taken  from  fallowed 
gn>u  n  d.  Sinciair. 

FAL  LOU'-DEER,ii.  [Sai./<iierf,paIeyellow.]  The 
CtrcHs  Datna,  or  Dojiux  vul^arisj  a  specii-s  smaller 
lh:m  the  !^tag,  and  most  common  in  England,  where 
it  is  almofit  doinejtticAtcd  in  the  parks.   Partinirtfin. 

TXL'L^W-EDy  (fil'IMe,;  p;*.  Plowed  and  borrowed 
for  a  se%>ion,  witliout  being  sown. 

YAL'LCVV-FINCH,  a.  A  small  bird,  tbe  (Buanthe  or 
wheat-ear. 

FAL'LOW-IXG,  ppr.  Plowing  and  harrowing  land 
without  sowing  iL 

PAL'LOW-IXG,  a-  Tbe  operation  of  plowing  and 
h^.rrowing  land  without  sowing  it.  Fallowing  ia 
found  to  contribute  to  the  destruction  of  snailis  and 
other  vermin.  &nciair. 

F.AL'LOW-IST,  a.  One  who  favors  tbe  practice  of 
faJluwing  land. 

Oa  ihls  sutij'^  a  oamXxowraj  hu  anaen  bgtycgo  two  wreta,  the 
JmiioiMMtM  aaAi^  »n!a-Jhliom»U.   [XlnuMuaL]     Sinciiar. 

FAL'LOW-NBSS,  a.      A   fallow  state  ;   barrenness  ; 

eTemp'ion  from  bearing  fruit.  Donne. 

FAL3'.^RY,ji.    [SeeFiUE.]    A  falsifier  of  evidence. 

f.Vaf  in  lurc]  Sheldon. 

FAL^E,  a.  [L.  falsus^  ixovafaUo,  to  deceive ;  ?p.falso ; 
It-  id. ;  Fr.  /okx,  fausse  i  Sax.  ftUse ;  D.  valscA ;  G. 
faltck ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  falak ,-  W.  fals ;  Ir.  falsa.  See 
Fau,  and  Faiu] 

I.  Xot  true  ;  not  conformable  to  fact ;  exprecsing 
what  is  contrary  to  that  which  exists,  is  done,  said, 
or  tbuught.      A  false  report  communicates  what  is 


FAL 

not  liijixo  or  »aid ;  a  foist  accuitation  imputes  to  a 
per!«on  what  ho  has  not  done  or  said  ;  a  faUe  wit- 
j\es»  teHtities  what  is  not  true  ;  a  false  opinion  is  not 
according  lo  truth  or  faru  The  word  is  applicable 
to  any  subject,  physical  or  moral. 

2.  Xot  well  founded  ;  as,  a  false  claim. 

3.  Not  mie  ;  nut  according  to  tlie  lawful  standard  j 
as,  tifalse  weight  or  mea^^uro. 

4.  Sub^ituted  for  another  ;  succedaneous  ;  suppos- 
ititious ;  ns,  tL  false  bottom. 

5.  Counterfeit  ;  forged  i  not  genuine ;  as,  false 
coin  :  a  false  bill  or  note. 

6.  Aot  solid  or  sound  ;  deceiving  expectations  ;  as, 
^ftdst  foundation.       • 

FStiai  Knd  alippciy  frountt.  i>yd<n. 

7.  Not  agreeable  to  rule  or  propriety  \  as,  fidse  con- 
struction in  langua^re. 

8.  Xot  honest  or  just;  not  fair  ;  as, /iiZxe  play. 

9.  Not  faithful  or  loyal;  treacherous;  perfidious; 
deceitful.  The  king's'  subjects  may  prove  false  to 
him.     ^*o  we  say,  ji  false  heart- 

10.  Unfatthfui ;  incon.ftant ;  as,  ^  false  friend;  a 
falsf  lover ;  faitf  to  proniise<4  and  vows  ;  the  husband 
and  wife  proved /a/j«  to  each  other. 

11.  Deceitful;  treacherous;  betraying  secrets. 

1^  Counterfeit  j  not  genuine  or  real ;  as,  a  false 
diamond. 

13.  HypocritirnI ;  feigned  ;  made  or  assumed  for 
the  purpose  of  deception  ;  1^9^  false  tears  ;  false  mod- 
esty ;  the  man  appears  in  falte  colors ;  the  advocate 
gave  the  subject  t\  false  coloring. 

False  fire;  composition  of  combustibles,  used  in 
vessels  of  war  to  make  signals  during  the  niKht. 

Totten. 
False  imprisoyiment ;  the  arrest  nnd  imprisonment 
of  a  person  without  warrant  or  cause,  or  contrary  to 
law;  or  the  unlatvful  detaining  of  a  t>erson  in  custody. 
FALi^E,  orfc.     Not  truly;  not  honestly  ;  falsely.    Shak. 
FALSE,  V.  L    To  violate  by  failure  of  veracity  ;  to 
cteceive.     [  0A«.]  Spenser. 

a  To  defeat ;  to  balk  ;  to  evade.    [  Obs.]    Spenser. 
FALSE'-FAC-£D,  (-fiLste,)  a.     Hypocritical. 
FALSE'-IIEXRT.  ia.    Hollow;  treacherous;  de- 

FJvLSE'-HEART'ED,  t      ceitful;  perfidious.     Bacon. 

[  Tkeformrr  is  not  iLsed,'\ 
FALSE'-HEAUT'EI>-NESS,a.  Perfldiousne>«;treach- 

er\'.  Stilliitg/Leet, 

FaLSZ'WQQD,  a.     [Jblse  and  hood.] 

1.  ContrarieW  or  inconformity  to  fact  or  truth  ;  flSj 
the  falsehood  of  a  rejMrt. 

3.  Want  of  truth  or  veracity;  a  lie;  an  untrue 
assertion. 

3.  Wiifit  of  honesty;  treachery;  deceltfulness ; 
perfidy.  Mtlton. 

But  falsehood  is  pn^perly  applied  to  things  only. 
[See  Falsktvkss.] 

4.  Counterfeit;  false  appearance  ;  imposture. 

MilUm. 

FALSE'-KEEL,  a.  The  timlier  used  below  the  innin 
keel,  to  serve  both  as  a  defense  and  an  aid  in  holding 
a  better  wind.  BramU. 

FAI^SE'LY,  arfr.  In  a  mnnner  contmry  to  iriiih  and 
fact ;  not  truly  ;  as,  to  speak  or  svmsn'faUtiy  ;  to  tes- 
tify falseh. 

2.  Treacherously  ;  perfidiously. 

SvcftrioniF  —  ihu  llKfu  will  not  deal /iiJMiy  with   me.  —  Gen. 
xxL 

3.  Erroneously  ;  bv  mistake.  SmaUrid<re. 
FALSE'NES8,  n.     \Vant  of  integrity  and    veracity, 

either  in  princljile  or  in  net ;  as,  the  falseness  of  a 
man's  h'-art,  or  his  falsnte-ss  to  his  word. 

3.   Duplicity;  deceit;  double  dealing.    Hammond. 

3.  Unfaithfulness;  treachery;  perfidy;  traitorous- 
ness. 

The  prince  b  in  no  danfrr  of  brinr  betray^  by  Mm  faltfrieai, 
or  ctiea^cl  by  tbe  avarice  of  luch  a  ■ervaat.  Rogert. 

FALS'ER,  n.     A  deceiver.  Spenser. 

FALSE'-ROOF,  n.     In  architecture,  that  part  between 

tiie  ceiling  of  the  upper  floor  and  the  covering  of  the 

roof.  OvbUl 

FAL-SETTE',  \  n.    [It]    Literally,  a  false  or  artificial 
FAL-SET'TO,  \      voice.  That  part  of  a  person's  voice 

which  lies  above  its  natural  compass. 
FJif.'ST  CRPMFJV,  [L.]     The  crime  of  forgery. 
FALS'I-FI-A-BLE,  a.     [from  falsifij.]     That  may  be 

falsified,  counterfeited,  or  comipted.  Johnson. 

FALS-I-FI-€A'T[ON,  n.     [Fr.,  fTom  falsifier.] 

1.  The  act  of  making  false  ;  a  counterfeiting;  the 
giving  to  a  thing  an  appearance  of  somethin<;  which 
it  is  not ;  as,  the  falsification  of  words.  Hooker. 

3.  Confutation.  Broome. 

FALS'I-FieA-TOR,  n.     A  falsifier.         Bp.  Morton. 

FALS'l-FI-ED,  pp.     Counterfeited. 

FALS'I-FI-ER,  a.  One  who  counterfeits,  or  gives  to 
a  thing  a  deceptive  appearance ;  or  one  who  makes 
false  coin.  Boyle. 

2.  One  who  inTcnta  falsehood  ;  a  liar.  L'E^trange. 

3.  One  who  proves  a  thing  to  be  false. 
FALS'I-FY,  V.  t.     [Ft.  faUifiery  from/ui*«.] 

1.  To  counterfeit ;  to  forge ;  to  make  something 
false,  or  in  imitation  of  that  which  ia  true ;  as,  to 
falsify  coin. 

The  Iriah  bardi  uan  tofitlti/y  e»rr7  thinp.  SpeiiMer, 


FAM 

2.  To  disprove ;  to  provo  to  be  false  ;  as,  to  falsify 
a  record. 

3.  To  violate;  to  break  by  falsehood  ;  as,  ia  falsify 
one*s  faith  or  word.  Sidney. 

4.  To  show  to  be  unsound,  insuflicient,  or  not 
proof.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

ilia  ample  shield  {t/aiti/kd,  Drydtn, 

FALS'I-F?,  V.  i.    To  tell  hcs  ;  to  violate  the  truth. 

h  ia  tinivpruiUy  uDlawfiil  lo  lie  and  falt\fy.  South. 

FALS'I-F?-IXG, p;»r.   Counterfeiting;  forging;  lying; 

proving  lo  be  false  ;  violating. 
FALS'I-TY,  n.     [L.  faLfitas.] 

1.  Contrariety  or  inconformity  to  truth  ;  the  qual- 
ity of  being  false. 

Prolkaljilily  iloci  not  male  any  aliRmlion,  either  in  the  tmlh  or 
/aisiiff  of  ihing^.  SouUi. 

2.  Falsehood  ;  a  lie  ;  a  false  assertion.  OlanviUe. 
[  This  sense  is  le^s  proper.] 

FAL'TER,  V.  i.  fSp. /n/for,  to  be  deficient,  from  falta, 
fault,  defect,  faiiin;;,  froni/o/ir,  to  fail, /u//a,  fault,  de- 
fect; PorL/oJfdr,  to  want,  to  miss;  from  h.fallOy  the 
primary  aennts  of  which  is  to  fall  short,  or  to  err,  to 
miss,  to  deviate.] 

1.  To  hesitate,  fail,  or  break,  in  the  utterance  of 
words;  to  apeak  with  a  broken  or  trembling  utter- 
ance ;  to  stammer.  His  tonpue  falters.  He  speiiks 
with  a  faltering  tongue.     He  falters  at  the  question. 

2.  To  fail,  tremble,  or  yield  in  exertion  ;  not  to  be 
firm  and  steady.     His  legs  fatter.  Wiseman. 

3.  To  fail  in  the  regular  exercise  of  the  understand- 
ing.    We  observe  idiots  to  falter.  Lorkc. 

FAL'TEK,  V.  U     To  sift.     [JVat  m  iw«.]       Mortimer. 

FAL'TER-L\G,  ppr,  or  a.  Hesitating  ;  speaking  with 
a  feeble,  broken,  trembling  utterance  ;  failing. 

FAL'TEU-ING,  n.     Feebleness ;  deficiency. 

KiUinghrek. 

FAL'TEE-ING-LY,  adv.  With  hesitation ;  with  a 
trembling,  broken  voice ;  with  diflicully  or  feeble- 
ness. 

FA'LUJ^y  n.  [Fr.]  A  French  provincial  name  for  cer- 
tain tertiary  strata  abounding  in  shells,  corresponding 
to  the  Norfolk  crag.  L-yell. 

FAMEjTt.  [L./ama:  Fr.fame:  Pp.  and  It. /amu  ;  Gr 
^(i/ia,  iptfin,  from  i/iadi,  to  speak.  I  suspect  this  root 
to  be  contracted  from  0iiyu  or  0aKa>,  Class  Bg.  tSce 
Ko,  48,  b"2,  and  Facui«d.] 

1.  Public  report  or  rumor 

The  fatnt  thereof  waa  henni  in   Pharnoli'a  bouae,  saying,  Jo- 
•rph'i  brethfco  are  cwme.  —  Gen.  xW. 

2.  Favorable  report ;  report  of  good  or  great  ac- 
tions; reiKirt  that  exalts  the  character ;  celebrity;  re- 
nown ;  as,  llie  fame  of  Howard  or  of  Washington  j 
the  fame  of  Solomon. 

And  tlie /tunc  of  Jesua  wcut  throughout  all  Syria.  —  Matt.  it. 

FAME,  r.  (.    To  make  famous.  B.  Jon.ton. 

2.  To  report.  Buck. 

FAM'KD,  a.     Much  talked  of;  renowned  ;  celebrated, 

distingiiislied  and  exalted  by  favorable  reports.    Aris- 

tides  was  famed  for  learnint*  and  wisdom,  and  Cicero 

for  eloquence. 

lie  it  famed  for  mUdnea,  pence,  nn<1  prayer.  Shak. 

FAME'-GIV-ING,  a.     Bestowing  fame. 
PAME'LESS,  a.     Without  renown.  Be^um. 

FaME'LESS-LY,  adv.     In  a  fametess  manner. 
FA-MIL'IAR,   (fa-mil'yar,)  a.     [L.  familiaris;  Fr.  fa- 

milier ;  Sp.  familiar;  from  Ij.  familia^  family,  which 

see.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  family  ;  domestic.  Pope. 

2.  Accustomed  by  frequent  converse  ;  well  ac- 
quainted with ;  intimate  ;  close  ;  as,  a  familiar  friend 
or  companion. 

3.  Afiable ;  not  formal  or  distant ;  easy  in  conver- 
sation. 

Be  Oiou /a j?u/£ar,  but  by  no  means  vulgar.  Stink. 

4.  Well  acquainted  with  ;  knowing  by  frequent 
use.     Be  familiar  with  the  Scriptures. 

5.  Well  known  ;  learnt  or  well  understood  by  fre- 
quent use.     Let  the  Scriptures  he  familiar  to  us. 

6.  Unceremonious  ;  free  ;  unconstrained  ;  ex<!y. 
The  emperor  conversed  with  the  gentleman  in  the 
most  familiar  manner. 

7.  Common  j  frequent  and  intimate.  By  familiar 
intercourse  strong  attachments  are  soon  formed. 

8.  Easy  ;  unconstmined  ;  not  formal.  His  letters 
are  written  in  a  familiar  style. 

He  iporls  ia  \ao*e,famUiar  ttraiiia.  Adttuon. 

9.  Intimate  in  an  unlawful  degree. 

A  poor  man  found  a  priMit  familiar  with  liis  wife.       Gtmden, 

Familiar  .spirit ;  a  demon  or  evil  spirit  supposed  lo 
attend  at  a  call. 
FA-MIL'IAR,  n.     An  intimate;   a  close  companion; 
one  long  acquainted  ;  one  accustomed  to  another  by 
free,  unreserved  converse. 

All  my/amiiwr*  wutched  fi>r  my  h.\l(Jn|^.  —  Jcr.  xx, 
9.  A  demon  or  evil  spirit  supposed  to  attend  at  a 
call.     But  in  general  we  say,  a  familiar  spirit.  Shak. 

3.  In  tJie  Court  of  Inquisition,  a  person  who  assists 
in  apprehending  and  imprisoning  the  accused. 

Kncyc. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WO^T.— MkTE,  PREV.— PINE,  MARtNE.  BIRD.— NOTE.  DOVE.  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 
-         _ 


FAM 

FA-.MIIx-IAR'I-TY,  ( fa-mil -yar'e-te,)  «.  Intimate  and 
frequent  cunverse,  ur  association  in  company.  The 
gentl.'men  lived  in  Temarka.h\e  familiarity.     Hence, 

SL  Easiness  of  conversation  j  afiability  ;  freedom 
from  ceremony. 

3.  intimacy;  intimate  acquaintance ;  unconstrained 
intercourse. 

FA-MIL'IAR-rZE,».  L  To  make  familiar  or  intimate; 
to  habituate ;  to  accustom  j  to  make  well  known  by 
praclire  or  converse;  as^  lo  familiarize  one's  self  to 
scenes  of  distress. 

2.  To  make  easy  by  practice  or  customary  use,  or 
by  intercourse. 

3.  To  bring  down  from  a  state  of  distant  superior- 
ity. 

T\k  ^niui  smiled  on  me  wich  t.  looV  of  c^mpKssion  luid  sffabU* 
ity  tlint /amiliarixtd  him  to  mj  ima.gina.uon.        Addison, 

FA-MIL'IAR-IZ-£D,  pp.  Accustomed  ;  habituated  ; 
made  familiar ;  made  easy  by  practice,  custom,  or 
use. 

FA-MIL'IAR-TZ-ING,  pjrr.  Accustoming ;  making  fa- 
miliar-, rendering  easy  by  practice,  custom,  or  use. 

FA->IiL'[AR-LY,  adv.     In  a  familiar  manner;  uncer- 
emoniously; without  constraint ;  without  formality. 
2,  Commonly;  frequently;  with  the  ease  and  un- 
concern that  arise  from  long  custom  or  acquaintance. 

FA-M'f-Li».M,  n.     The  tenets  of  the  Faniilists. 

FAM'I-LIST,  n.  [from  family.']  One  btlonging  to  the 
Family  of  Love,  a  short-lived  sect  in  the  reign  of  Uueen 
Elizabeth,  much  resembling  the  Quietists  in  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  church.  Murtiock. 

FAM-1-L.IST'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  familista.    Baxter. 

FA-JUfLLE',  (fi-nieel',)  n.     [Fr.  m  famille.] 

In  a  family  state  ;  domestically,  SwiJL 

[This  word  t*  never  used  wiUutut  en  before  itA 

F.AM'I-LV,  n.  [L.  and  Sp. /umiZwi;  Fr. /omiUe;  It, 
famiglia.  This  word  is  said  to  have  originally  signi- 
fied servants,  from  the  Celtic  famul ;  but  qu.] 

1.  The  collective  body  of  i)en*ons  who  live  in  one 
house,  and  under  one  head  or  manager ;  a  household, 
including  parents,  children,  and  servants,  and,  as  tbe 
case  may  be,  lodgers  or  boarders. 

2.  Those  who  descend  from  one  common  progeni- 
tor ;  a  tribe  or  race  ;  kindred  ;  lineage.  Thus  the  Is- 
raelites were  a  branch  of  Ihe  family  of  Abraham  ;  and 
the  descendants  of  Reuljen,  of  Manasseh,  &c.,  were 
called  thf;\Tfnnilie^.  The  whole  human  race  are  the 
fauiUy  of  Adam,  the  human  family. 

3.  Course  of  descent ;  genealogy ;  line  of  ances- 
tors. 

Go  and  complftia  th^  /amib/  U  young.  Pnp«. 

4.  Honorable  descent ;  noble  or  respectable  stock. 
He  is  a  man  of  family. 

5.  A  coIU-clion  or  union  of  nations  or  states. 

Tb©   *iMr«  of  Europe  were,  bj  ihe    preT&iling  mnxima  of  Its 
polkj,  cloapljr  united  in  one  famUtf.  £.  Bverttl. 

6.  In  popular  language^  an  order,  class,  or  genus  of 
animals,  or  of  other  natural  productions,  having 
somt-thing  in  common,  by  which  they  are  distin- 
guished from  others  ;  as,  qtiadnipeds  constitute  a 
family  of  animalii ;  and  we  speak  of  the  family  or 
faiailiea  of  plants. 

FAM'IXE,  n,  [Fx.  famine,  from /aim;  1,.  fames;  IL 
fame  ;  Sp.  fame  or  Aamftre  ;  Port,  j'wm*.] 

1.  .Scarcity  of  food  ;  dearth  ;  a  general  want  of  pro- 
visions sufficient  for  the  inhabitants  of  a  ct>untr>'  or 
besieged  place,  ^flmi-te*  are  less  frequent  than  for- 
merly. A  due  attention  to  agriculture  tends  to  pre- 
vent famine,  and  commerce  secures  a  country  from 
its  destructive  effects. 

Thrn  inu  t  famine  In  ih*  \nnA.  —  G<Tn.  xxrL 

2.  Want ;  destitution ;  as,  a  famine  of  the  word  of 
life. 

FAM'TSn,  V.  L  [Fr.  affnmer,  from  faim,  hunger,  L. 
fiunet ;  It.  a^>imire,  nff'imarr  ;  Sp.  hambrear.] 

1.  To  starve ;  to  kill  or  destroy  with  hunger.  Shak. 
S.  To  exhaust  the  strength  of,  by  hunger  or  thirst ; 

to  distress  with  hungir. 

Thr  pi»ini  of/nmifA«d  TanUlui  b-li  fwl.  Drydtn. 

3.  To  kill  h^  deprivation  or  denial  of  any  thing 
necessary  for  life.  MUUm. 

FAM'Il^H,  V.  i.    To  die  of  hunger.    More  generating 

2.  To  suffer  extreme  hunger  or  thirst ;  to  be  ex- 
faaufited  in  strrnglh,  or  to  come  near  to  perish  for 
want  of  food  or  drink. 

Ywi  M.r^  «1I  r"*>l»M  r»tt»«  to  dir  Uixn  tofamUh.  SHai. 

3.  To  be  distressed  with  want ;  to  come  near  to 
perish  by  destitution. 

TIm  Lorl  w  ill  not  >i)I[«r  the  rl|rhtco<M  to  famish.  —  Ptw.  x. 

FAM'ISH-KD,  (fiim'isht,)  pf.  or  a.  Starved  ;  exhaust- 
ed bv  want  of  sustenance. 

FAMfSH  ING,  ppr.  or  «.  Btarving  ;  kUlIng;  perish- 
ing hv  wnnl  of  food. 

FA.M'I.SII-MKNT,  «.  The  pain  of  extreme  hunger  or 
thif't-,  ertremt-  want  of  Ktistenance.  Haketeill. 

FAMOS'I  TV,  n.     Renown.  Diet. 

FA'MOI'H,  a.     [L.  famoaujt :  Ft.  famevx..     Pee  Fame.] 

I.  fvtfhmted  in  fame  or  public  rcpr'rt ;  renowned  j 

much  talked  of  and  pmised  ;  distinguishftd  in  story. 

Two  hurMrM  und  A(W  prince  of  Ihe  uaemblj,  famoae  \a  the 


eoQfnfattoD. 


um.  srU 


FAN 

It  is  followed  by  for.  One  man  is  famous  for  eru- 
dition ;  another  for  eloquence ;  and  another  for  mil- 
itary skill. 

3.  Sometimes  in  a  bad  sense;  as,  a ^niMt« coun- 
terfeiter ;  a  famous  pirate. 
FA'iMOUS-£D,  a.    Renowned.     {An  ill-formed  word.] 

Shak. 
Fi'MOUS-LY,  adv.  With  great  renown  or  celebration. 

Tttcit  this  l.ind  ti*^  famously  enriched 
With  politic  grave  ctmiwcl.  Shak, 

FA'MOUS-NESS,  Ti.    Renown;  great  fame;  celebrity. 

FAM'IJ-LaTE,  f.  i.     [L.  famula.]  [BoyU. 

To  serve.     [JVot  used,] 

FAN,  n.  [Sax.  fann  ;  Sw,  vanna  :  I),  ican  ;  G.  wanne  ; 
L.  vannus  i  Fr.  ran ;  Sp.  and  Port,  abano.  The 
word,  in  German  and  Swedish,  signifies  a  fan  and  a 
tub,  as  if  from  o[X!ning  or  spreading  ;  if  so,  it  seems 
to  be  allied  to  pane,  pannel.     Class  Hn.j 

1.  An  instrument  used  by  ladies  to  agitate  the 
air  and  cool  the  face  in  warm  weather.  It  is  made 
of  feathers,  or  of  thin  skin,  paper,  or  talfetn,  mountod 
on  sticks,  &,c.  ' 

2.  Something  in  the  form  of  a  wonTan's  fan  when 
spread,  as  a  peacock's  tail,  a  window,  &c. 

3.  An  instrument  for  winnowing  grain,  by  moving 
which  the  grain  is  thrown  up  and  agitated,  and  the 
clialT  is  sepjiratf  d  and  blow  n  away. 

4.  A  small  vane  or  sail,  used  to  keep  the  large 
sails  of  a  smock  windmill  always  in  the  direction  of 
the  wind.  Hebert. 

5.  Something  by  which  the  air  is  moved  ;  a  wing. 

t}ryden. 

6.  An  instrument  to  raise  the  fire  or  flame ;  as,  a 
fan  to  inflame  love.  Hooker. 

FAN,  r.  (.  To  cool  and  refresh,  by  moving  the  air 
with  a  fan  ;  to  blow  the  air  on  the  face  with  a  fan. 

2.  To  veutdate  ;  to  blow  on  ;  to  adect  by  air  put 
in  motion. 

The  fanning  wind  npon  her  boaom  blow* ; 

To  me«t  ihe/onnifi/  wiitd  th«  bu^om  nme.  Dryden. 

Calm  u  the  Uv&Ui  w  liich  fan*  oiir  caUcni  ^ore*.      OryiUn. 

3.  To  roove  as  with  a  fan  ^ 

The  idr  — fanTted  »-ith  plrnne*.  Milton, 

4.  To  winnow  ;  lo  ventilate  ;  to  separate  chaff 
from  grain  and  drive  it  away  by  a  current  oi  air ;  as, 
to  fan  wheat. 

FA-NAT'IG,  )  a.     [L.  fanaticus,  phanaticus^  from 

FA-NAT'IC-AL,  i  Gr,  tpatvufiatj  to  appear;  literal- 
ly, seeipg  visions.] 

Wild  and  extravagant  in  opinions,  particularly  in 
religious  opinions;  excessively  cnihusiasitic ;  pos- 
sessed by  a  kind  of  frenzy.  Hence  we  say,  fanatic 
zeal ;  fanatic  notions  or  opinions. 
FA-NAT'ie,  n.  A  person  atfected  by  excessive  en- 
thusiasm, particularly  on  religious  subjects ;  one 
who  indulges  wild  and  extravagant  notions  of  reli- 
gion, and  Sometimes  exhibits  strange  motions  and 
postures,  and  vehement  vociferation  in  religious 
worship.  Fanatics  sometimes  affect  to  be  inspired, 
or  to  have  intercourse  with  sui)erior  beings. 

Fartatiet  are  gorerned  nttber  by  ima^imtion  than  by  Jinli^mriit. 

SU>iot. 

FA-NAT'ie-AI^T,Y,  adr.     With  wild  enthusiasm. 

FA-.\AT'ie-AI^NEHS,  n.     Fanaticism. 

FA-\AT'I-CISM,  n.  Excesj-ive  enthusiasm;  wild 
and  extravagmt  notions  of  religion  ;  religions  frenzy. 

FA  \AT'I-Cr/E,  r.  L    To  make  fanatic.     {Rogers. 

FA-NAT'I-f'IZ-ATD,  pp.     Rendered  fanatic. 

FA-NAT'I-CIZ-I.\G,  ppr.     Rendering  fanatic. 

FAN'CI-W),  (fan'sid,)  op.  or  a.  [See  F*NrT.]  Tm- 
nuin«>d  ;  conceived  ;  liked.  Stephms, 

FA.V'CI-ER,  n.  One  who  fancies.  This  word  often 
occurs  in  composition,  as  bird-fancier,  dog-fancier^ 
rone-fancirr,  fcc,  denoting  one  who  has  a  taste  for 
the  things  8|H-cined.  and  who  keeps  them  for  sale. 

FAN'CI;FUL,  fl.  [Mee  Faitcv.]  Guided  by  the  im- 
agination, mlhi;r  than  by  reitson  and  exjwrience ; 
subject  to  the  influence  of  fancy  ;  whimsical ;  ap- 
plied to  persons.  A  fanciful  man  forms  visionary 
projects. 

2.  Dictitrd  by  the  imagination  :  full  of  wild  im- 
ages ;  chimericiil  \  whimsical ;  ideal ;  visionary  ; 
applied  to  things  i  as,  n  fanciful  scheme;  a  fanctfal 
tneory, 

FAN'CI-FJJL-I.Y,  ttrfo.  In  a  fanciful  manner ;  wild- 
ly ;  whimsically. 

2.  According  to  fancy. 
FAN'CI-FUI^NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  being  fanci- 
ful, or  innuenc«d  by  the  imagination,  rather  than  by 
reason  and  ex|icrienco;  the  habit  of  following  fancy  ; 
applied  to  pi-rsotts, 

3.  The  quality  of  being  dictated  by  imagination ; 
9ppUe4  to  Uungs. 

FAN'CV,  K.  [Contracted  from  fantasy.  L.  phanta.Ha, 
Gr.  (^•icraTiK,  from  •pavrai^o),  to  cause  lo  a[»pear,  to 
S4;em,  to  imagine,  from  ^'iii'<j,  to  show,  to  appear,  to 
shine.  The  primary  sonse  seems  to  be,  to  open,  or  to 

shoot  forth.    Ar.  .*,tj  ioina,  to  open,  to  appear ;  or 

_Jt5 /oana,  to  open  or  expand.  Class  Bn,  No.  3, 28.] 


FAN 

1.  The  faculty  by  which  the  mind  forms  images  or 
represent^itions  of  things  at  pleasure.  It  is  often 
used  OS  synonymous  witJi  imagination;  but  imagina- 
tion is  rather  the  power  of  combining  and  modifying 
our  conceptions.  SteysarU 

3.  An  opinion  or  notion. 

1  have  RlwavB  had  a  fancy,  ihM  leiumiu;  ml^t  he  mad*  a  plajr 
and  rccrcatiuii  to  chilJreii.  Locke. 

3.  Taste ;  conception. 

The  little  chnpcl  cnlb^d  the  Salutation  b  rerj  neat,  apid  built 
with  a  pretty  fancy.  Addison. 

4   Image ;  conception  ;  thought. 

How  now,  my  lord  I  why  do  yon  keep  alooe, 

Of  sorriest /a  ricM*  your  compuuioiit  nmking  i  Shak. 

5.  Inclination  ;  liking.  Take  that  which  suits 
your  fancy.     How  does  this  slr/ke  your  fancy  ? 

\i\»  fancy  l.iy  to  trarcliiigf.  L'Eatranga. 

6.  Love. 

Tell  me  where  Vk  fancy  bred.  SJuik. 

7.  Caprice ;  humor  ;  whim  ;  as,  an  odd  or  strange 
fancy. 

Tnie  wonh  ahnll  gain  me,  that  It  mar  bo  aaid, 

Di;»crt,  nol  fancy,  once  n  woman  led.  Dryden. 

8.  FaXsti  notion.  Baron, 

9.  Something  that  pleases  or  entertains  without 
real  use  or  value. 

London-pride  ia  a  pretty  fancy  for  honten.  Mordmer, 

FAN'CY,  r.  »'.  To  imagine  ;  to  figure  to  one's  self;  to 
believe  or  suppose  without  proof.  All  may  nut  be 
our  enemies  whom  we  fancy  to  be  so. 

If  our  acareh  has  rrached  no  farther  than  limile  and  metaphor, 
we  nther/oncy  than  kuow.  t.o<xe. 

FAN'CY,  r.  e.  To  form  a  conception  of;  to  portray  in 
the  mind  ;  to  imagine. 

He  whom  1  fancy,  but  can  ne'er  exprew.  Dryden. 

2.  To  like;  to  be  pleased  with,  particularly  on  ac- 
count of  external  ap[«arance  or  manners.  \Ve  fancy 
a  person  for  bt-autyand  accomplishment.  We  some- 
times fancy  a  lady  at  first  sight,  whom,  on  acquaint- 
ance, we  catinot  esteem. 

Fancy-stocks  i  among  frrvftprs,  stocks  which,  having 
no  determinate  value  from  any  fixed  probable  income, 
fluctuate  in  price  according  to  the  fancy  of  specula- 
tors. 

The  fancy ;  a  cant  name  for  sporting  characters. 
FAN'CY-BALL,  n.     A  ball  in  which  persons  appear 
in  fancy  dresses,  imitations  of  antique  costumes,  &.c. 
FAN'CY-FllAM-f;D,  a.     Created  by  the  fancy. 

CrashaiD. 
FAN  CY-FRBE,  a.    Free  from  the  power  of  love. 

Shak. 
FAN'CY-ING,  ppr.    Imagining;  conceiving;  liking. 
FAN'CY-MON"GER,  n.     One  who  deals  in  tricks  of 

imagination.  Sftak. 

FAN'CY-SK'K,  a.  One  whose  imagination  is  un- 
sound, or  wliusc  distemper  is  in  his  own  mind. 

L^Estranrre. 
FAND.  old  pret.  of  Fiifo.     [0&.t.]  Spenser, 

FAN-DAN'^GO,  n.     [Sp.]    A  lively  dance.  Sp,  DicL 
FANE,  n.     [L.fanum.] 

A  temple ;  a  place  consecrated  to  religion ;  a 
church  ;  used  in  poetry. 

from  men  thirir  ci>iea,  and  from  gtids  their/an«#.  Pop*. 

FAN'FARE,  n.  [Fr.]  A  flourish  of  trumpeU,  as 
in  coming  into  the  lists,  tc 

FAN'FA-RON,  n.  [Fr.  fanfaron;  Sp.  fanfarroni 
Port,  fiuifarram.] 

A  bully  ;  a  hector ;  a  swaggerer  ;  an  empty  boast- 
er ;  a  vain  pretender.  Drydrn. 

FAN-FAR-ON-ADE',  n.  A  swaggering;  vain  boast- 
ing ;  ostentation  ;  a  bluster.  SwifL 

FANG,  v.  t.  [i^rix.  fengan,  to  catch,  seize,  or  take,  to 
begin;  D.  vangrn;  G.  fangcnf  Dan.  fanger;  Sw. 
fanga.     See  Fl.tOER.] 

To  catch  ;  to  seize ;  to  lay  hold  ;  to  gripe ;  to 
clutch.     [Ohs.]  Shak. 

FANG,  n.     [Sax.  fang ;  I>.  r^ang  ;  G.  fang,  a  sei/ing.l 

1.  The  tusk  t)f  a  bojir  or  other  animal  by  which 
the  prey  is  seized  and  held  ;  a  [Minted  tooth.    Bacon. 

2.  A  claw  or  talon. 

3.  Any  shoot  or  other  thing  by  which  hold  is  taken. 

Th*"  protuberant/nng*  of  the  Vuca.  Evelyn. 

FANG'KD,  a.     Furnished  with  fangs,  tusks,  or  some- 
thing long  and  jKjinted  ;  as,  a  fanged  adder.  Skak. 
Clinrioii/rtn^*'/  with  acythea.  Philips. 

FAN"GLE,  (fang'gl,)  n.    [from  .='hx.  fengan.,io  begin.] 

A  new  attempt ;  a  trifling  ucheme.     [JVot  used.] 

FAN"GL/rn,  a.   Properly,  hp.^,\\n  ;  new  made;  hence, 

gaudy;   showy;    vainly  decorated.     [Seldom   used, 

except  with  neio.l     [See  New-Fanoled.]       Shak. 

FANG'I<ES.S,  a.    Having  no  fangs  or  tusks  ;  toothless  ; 

as,  a  fanglcss  lion. 
FAN"GOT,  71.    A  quantity  of  wares,  as  raw  silk,  fee, 
from  one  to  two  hundred  weight  and  three  quarters. 

DicU 
FAN'ION,  (fan'yon,)  n.     [Fr.,  from   Goth,  fana^  X* 
pannns,  fi.fahne.,  a  cloth,  a  flag,  a  banner.] 

in  arinieSf  a  small  flag  carried  with  the  baggage. 

Encyc, 


\ 


TOSE,  BJJLL,  IINITE.— AN"GER,  VI"C[0U8 €  a.  K;  0  a.  J ;  8  m  Z ;  CH  M  SHj  TH  m  In  THIS. 


FAR 

FAN'-LTtiHT,  *.    A  wimlow  in  form  of  an  o|*Pn  fan. 
FAN'-LIKE,  a.    ReMmbling  a  fan.  Jkirby. 

FAN'NfJD,  pp.  Blown  wiUi  a  fan  j  winnowed  i  ven- 
til:ite(l. 

favon!''  \  "•   t^^*  ■''"** '  *^*^-  ^"^^  '"P'*-^ 

A  sort  of  ornament  like  a  scarf,  worn  about  the 
left  anu  of  a  Ronton  Catholic  priest,  when  he  offici- 
ates. Z>ict. 
FAN'XEK,  «.    One  who  fans.                       Jeremiak. 
S.  A  contrivance  for  producing  a  current  of  air,  aa 
in  a  window,  tc                                      BucktMui^ 
FAN'NI.NG,  pfrr.     Blowing ;  veniilnlinc 
FAN'M.\G-.M A-rin.NE',  >  n.     A  machine  fur  eJean- 
FAN'MXG-MILL,             )      ing   seeds   from    chaff*, 

husks,  dirt,  &.C.  SroHd** 

FAN-TA'SI-A,  (fHn-ia'ie-a,)  n.    [Tu,  fancy.] 

A  fanciful  air  in  music,  not  rt^tricled  to  tbe  aerem 

Iaw9  of  Composition. 

FAS'TA-»lEl\a.   [(txmfimtKnf.tkncy.)   Filled  with 

fanri««orima^mitions;  whimsical.  [AolaM>6]  Skak, 

F.AN'TASM.  «.    [Gr.  ^avraufiOy  from  ^invw,  to  appear. 

Usu.illy  written  pH*?tT*5ii.] 

That  which  appears  to  the  tmaelnation ;  a  phan- 
tom ;  ^amelhing  not  real. 
PAXTAS'Tie,         I  a.      [Fr.  /antastiqiu :   It.  /anta*- 
FAN-TAS'Tie-.\L,  j     tUo;  fr«tm  Gr.  ^uvraaia,  vis- 
ion, fancy,  from  ^airt.-,  to  appear.] 

1.  Fanciful ;  produced  or  extstini!  only  in  imnpina- 
lion  ;  imaginary  ;  not  real ;  chmierical.  Soutk. 

2.  Having  the  nature  of  a  phantom;  apparent 
only.  SMak. 

X  I'nsteady  ;  irrepilar.  Pritrr. 

4.  Whimsical  ;  capricious  ;  fanciful  ;  indulging 
the  vasrarifs  of  imaemalion  ;  ad,  fantastic  minds  ;  a 

5.  Whimsical ;  odd.  [faiOaaie  mistress. 
FAN-TAS'Tie,  n.    A  whimsical  person.      Jachum. 
FAN-TAS'Tie-AI^LY,  oJc.    By  the  power  of  imagi- 
nation. 

9.  In  a  fantastic  manner;  capridoQaly;  unsteadily. 

Her  •crptrr  to  /onlM^f  fly  baa«e.  Aot. 

3.  \A*himsically  ;  in  compliance  witli  fiincy.  Ornt. 
FAN-TAS'Tie-AU\ESS,H.  Compliance  with  foncy  ; 

humorousness  ;   whtmsicalnead;  nareaaonahteness ; 
caprice.  MuMom. 

FA.N-TAS'Tie-XESS,  n.    The  same  as  FastaitIc- 

AL<(E9ft. 

FANTA-SY,  a.    Now  written  Fakct,  whkh  »e«. 

Is  oat  tbb  wmeOilnf  more  Una  /Mduy  7  Shak. 

FJiX-TOC'CPJ^it  (fan-to-cbe'ne,)  [lU]  •  Dramatic 
rrpresentations  in  which  pu[ipets  are  sulwlituted  in 
the  9r€>ne  for  human  perfonnera.         *        Sramde. 

FAN'TOM,  R.  IFr. /aftf^'Mf,  probably  contracted  from 
L.BAairfanM,  fromllie  Greek.    Bee  Fa5ct.] 

Something  Uiat  appears  to  the  imagination  ;  also, 
a  ftpectar ;  a  fboaC ;  an  apparition,  -^t  is  generally 
written  PHA!rroM,  which  see. 

FAX'TOM-€OR\,  m.    Uink  or  light  cotu.     Ortwe. 

F.AP.  a.     Fuddled.     [J^'U  U  tue.1  SAak. 

FA-aUIR'.    See  FAaia. 

FAR,  a.  [Sax.  fMtr^  fiar^  cr  fyr  ;  D.  rcr,  rerrt:  G. 
ferny  and  in  composition,  ver;  Sw.  jtrrrox ;  Dan. 
JUt%;  L^pvrro;  Gr.  woppu;  connected  with  rooo(,  a 
way,  a  passing,  iTOf>€vto,  noacvofiat^  to  pass  or  go, 
8ai.  faroiL,  Goth.  faroMy  G.  fakren^  D.  raorvK,  Dan. 
ftrcTj  Sw.  Jbro,  Eng.  to  fart.    Sec  Fa  be.] 

1.  Distant,  in  any  direction  ;  separated  by  a  wide 
space  from  the  place  where  one  is,  or  from  any  given 
place  remote. 

Tt^jMiliL  We  Aiv«onie  fnim  xfartomt^rr.  —  Josh.  ix. 

Tbe  kit^KMR  at  he^tta  ta  aa  a  maa  tiavt^itn^  iuto  »far  country. 

Tba  naliamjtar  aad  nau  eoDKod  In  Aotce.  Dtylen, 

%  FigmrmtiMlft  nrnota  (Vom  purpose ;  contnir>-  to  de- 
idgn  or  wishes ;  aa^arbe  it  from  roe  to  ju^ify  cruelty. 

3.  Remote  in  affection  or  obedience ;  at  enmity 
with  ;  alienated ;  i«  a  spiritual  sense, 

"Htef  Owl  mfar  frotaihee  •toll  perah. —  Pt.  IxxuL 

4.  More  or  most  distant  of  the  two ;  as,  the  far 
side  of  a  horse.  But  the  drivers  of  teams  in  New 
England  generally  use  off;  as,  tlie  ojf  side,  or  off 
h'>rw  or  oi. 

FAR,  orfr.  To  a  great  extent  or  distance  of  space  ;  as, 
the  far  extended  ocean  ;  we  are  separated  far  from 
each  otha 

Oal/  7«  itnU  pot  go  nrfjia-  avaj.  —  Ex.  rm, 
Q.  FigmrmtivHify  distantly  in  lime  from  any  point ; 
remotely.    He  pushed  bis  researches  ver>'  far  into 
antiquT^. 

3.  In  ntferrvratorief,  to  what  distance  or  extent. 
Boiv  far  will  such  reasoning  lead  us? 

4.  In  great  part ;  as,  the  day  vsfar  spent. 

5l  f  n  a  great  pnvoition  ;  by  many  degrees ;  very 
mtch. 

Whs  tan  %bA  a  vfrtoooa  vomao  f  for  brr  price  is  far  above 

n*fca.—  ftwr.  xzxi. 
fW  I  an  in  a  «nit  betwixt  two,  havfof  a  Irsire  to  depan,  and 

tobewithChriu,  wtuchb/iirbeucr.-  PhiL  L 

6.  To  a  certain  point,  degree,  or  distance.  This 
argument  i^  sound  and  logical,  as  far  o^  It  goes. 

An<wT  ibem 
How  far  forth  you  da  like  iheic  unicloa.  S7.ai. 


FAR 

By  far;  in  a  great  degree  ;  very  much. 
Frum  far  ,■  from  a  great  distance ;  l^om  a  remote 
place. 
Far  from  ;  at  a  great  distance ;  aa,  far  from  home  ; 
Far  nf;  at  a  great  distance.  [far  from  hope. 

They  lankd  bi  a  place  (bat  wai  /hr  qjf.  — 8  Sam.  xv. 

S.  To  a  great  distance. 

ho,  (ItMi  woutd  I  waiKlcr  for  tuT.  and  remain  in  the  wildemna. 
-Pa.  It.  ^ 

3.  fn  a  spiritmal  tense,  alienated  ;  at  enmity ;  In  a 
stale  of  ignorance  and  alienation. 

Y«,  wbo  w«iv  aomeiimca  far  ^ff,  are  made  nirb  bjr  the  Uood  of 
Chriat.  — HplbL 

Far  otkftr;  very  different.  Pope. 

FAR,  H.     [Sax. /jtA, /car*.     See  Farrow.] 

The  young  of  swine  ;  or  a  litter  of  pips.    [LocaL] 

l\sser. 
FAR'-A-BOUT',  «,    A  going  out  of  the  way.    [JsTot 

in  tute.]  Fulitr. 

FAR'-BRA.M'IXO,  a.    Sending  beams  to  a  distance. 
FAR'-nilOrgilT,  (bmwt,)  a.     Hnmglit  from  afar. 
KAR'-CXi^T,  0.     Cast  to  a  great  distance.         Mttre. 
FAR'-K.\-TF..\D'ED,  «.  Extended  to  a  great  distance. 
FAR'-FaM'KD,  a.    Widely  celebrated.  Pape^ 

FAR'-FETCH,   a.      A  deep-laid   stratagem.       [LittU 

used.]  Iludibras. 

FAR'-FETCH'ED,  (-felcht,)  a.  Brought  from  a  re- 
mote place. 

\VliQ«p?  p^iii  liaTc  parnwl  the  Jitr-fetehtd  ipoU.  MUton. 

5.  8tudiously  sought;  not  easily  or  naturally  de- 
duced or  introduced  ;  forced  ;  strainetL 

York  with  jUI  ha/nr'feutied  policy.  Sfiak, 

So  we  say,  far-feuked  arguments  ;  far-fetched 
rhymes ;  far^/ttekal  analogy.  [FAn-KEx,  the  same,  is 
not  used.] 

FA  R'-G  LANCING,  a.    Glancing  to  a  great  distance. 

FA  R'-l-9QK'l  \G,  a.  Looking  to  a  gre.it  diininnce.  jiUetu 

FAR'-i*IERC'l\G,  a.  Striking  or  penetrating  a  great 
way  ;  as,  a  far-piercing  eye.  Pope, 

FAR'-KC-SOCNI)'ING,  a.  Resounding  to  a  groat  dis- 
tant. 

FAR'-KCL'ING,  o.  Ruling  to  a  great  extent  of  country. 

FAR'-SEE'ING,  a.     Seeing  to  a  great  distance. 

FAR'-SHOOT'ING,  a.    Shooting  to  a  great  distance. 

Urmi  Jiirr,  he  taJ^l,  and  the  far-thoo^ng  god.  Drydtn. 

FAR'-STGIIT'ED,  a.    Seeing  to  a  great  distance. 
FAR'-SIGIIT'ED-NESS,  n.    The  power  of  seeing  far. 
FAR'-STKETCH-KD,  a.     Stretched  far. 
FAR'ANT-LY,  «.     Orderiy  ;  decenU 

2.  Comely  ;  handsome.     [J^''ot  uted,^  Ray. 

FARCE,(fAr5,)  c.  (.    [L./or««,  Fr./arcir.to  stuff",  Arm. 

1.  To  stuff;  to  fill  with  mingled  ingredients  or 
forced  meat.    [LittU  mm4.] 

The  ftnt  prindplea  of  religion  Aoold  not  be  farctft  wkb  achool 
Ixj«u1s  aiul  phvmie  tenets.  Sand^rBon. 

2.  To  extend ;  to  swell  out ;  as,  the  farced  title. 
[LittU  used.]  Shak. 

FARCE,  (furs,)  a.  [Fr./ar«;  It.  farsa;  Sp.  id.,-  from 
fiircio^  to  Miuff".  Literally,  seasoning,  stuffing,  or  mix- 
ture, like  the  stuffing  4tf  a  roasted  fowl ;  force-meau] 
A  dramatic  composition,  originally  exhibited  by 
charlatans  or  buffoons,  in  the  open  street,  for  the 
amusement  of  the  crowd,  but  now  introduced  upon 
the  stage.  It  is  written  without  regularity,  and 
filled  with  ludicrous  conceits.  The  dialogue  is  usu- 
ally low,  tht^  persons  of  inferior  rank,  and  the  fable 
or  action  trivial  or  ridiculous.  Encyc. 

F\irc*  \m  th.1t  in  poeti?  whkh  ^roteaque  Ea  in  a  picture :  the 
p^rsoiii  ami  aciiuut  uT  a  fare*  are  all  unaatumi,  and  ihe 
nuniien  talae.  ZJryden. 

FAR'CI-CAL,  o.  Belonging  to  a  farce;  appropriated 
to  farce. 

Tl»ry  drny  Ih*  charactcn  to  htfardcal,  because  ibey  are  actual- 
ly ill  iiAiure.  Cray. 

Q.  Droll  ;  ludtcrons  ;  ridiculous. 

3.  Illusory  ;  deceptive. 

FAR'C1-€AL-LV,  ode.  In  a  manner  suited  to  farce; 
hence,  ludicrously. 

FAR'CI-eAI,-\ES9,  n.     Quality  of  being  ludicrous. 

FAR'Cl-LITE,  jt.  [from/ar«.]  Piidding-Btone.  The 
calcareous  farcilUe,  called  amenla,  is  formed  of 
rounded  calcareous  pebbles,  agglutinated  by  a  calca- 
reous cement.     [Ofi^-.]  Kiriean,  QeoL 

FAR'CIM,  (  n.     In  farriery^  a  disease  of  the  absorb- 

FAR'CY,  S  ents,  affecting  the  skin  and  its  blood- 
vessels; allied  to  the  glanders.  Farm.  Encyc. 

.\  disease  of  horses,  sometimes  of  oxen,  of^  the 
nature  of  a  scabies  or  mnnge.  Encyc 

FAR'CING,  n.  Stuffing  composed  of  forced  meaU 

CareiB. 

FARC'TATE,  a.     [T^farettts,  stuffed,  from  fordo.] 
In    botaiiij,   stuffed;    crammed,   or  full;    without 
vncuities  ;  in  opi>osition  to  tubular  or  koUoto ;  as,  a 
farctaU  leaf,  stem,  or  pericarp.  Martyn. 

FARD,  r.  (.     [Fr.J     To  paint.    [J^otiued.]    Shen^tone. 

FAR'DEL,  n.  [IL  fardcllo  ;  Fr.  fardeau;  Sp.  fardel, 
fardo;  Arm.  JardeU;  probably  from  the  root  of  L. 
fero,  to  bear,  or  of  farctu,  to  stuff.] 

A  bundle  or  little  pack.  Shak. 

FAR'DEL,  r_  t.     To  make  up  in  bundles.        Fuller. 


FAR 

FAR'DING-HAG,  n.  The  first  stomach  of  a  cuw,  or 
other  niniinaiit  animal,  wliere  green  food  lies  until 
it  is  chewed  over  again.  G^ird. 

FARE,  c.  L  [Sax.  faran,  Golh.  /aran,  to  go  ;  D. 
vaarm  ;  G.  JaJiren  ;  Sw.  fara;  Dan,  farrr.  This 
Word  may  be  connected  in  origin  with  tlie  Heb.  Cli. 

Syr.  Som.  i3i?,  Ar.  j-*X  abara^  to  go,  to  pass ;  or  with 

jS )  afaray  to  pass,  or  pass  over,  which  seems  to  be 

radically  tlie  same  word  as   ^ju  nafara,  to  flee. 

This  coincides  with  the  Eth-  U/<^^  wafar,  to  go, 
to  pass,  Gr.  iroptuw,  Ir.  bara.  Class  Br,  No.  23,  37, 41.] 

1.  To  go ;  to  pass ;  to  move  forward  ;  to  travel. 

So  na  hit  f art*,  and  to  the  border  coinea 

Oii'Ava.  Afiiton. 

[In  tkis  literal  sense  the  word  is  not  in  common  u.-'t.] 
3.  To  be  in  any  state,  gm>d  or  bad  ;  to  be  attended 

with  any  circumstances  or  train  of  events,  fortunate 

or  unfortunate. 

Sa/ar-M  the  atag  amon;  the  ennred  hounda.  Dettttam. 

So  fared  the  liitight  U.-twctin  two  ioea.  Iludtbra*. 

He  fared  very  well ;  he  fared  very  ill.  Go  further 
and  fare  worse.  The  sense  is  taken  from  eoing, 
iiaving  a  certjiin  course  ;  hence,  being  subjected  to  a 
certain  train  of  incidents.  The  rich  man  fared 
sumptuously  every  day.  He  enjoyed  all  the  pleasure 
which  wealth  and  luxury  could  afford.     Luke  xvi. 

3.  To  feed  ;  to  be  entertained.  We  fared  well ; 
we  had  a  good  table,  and  courteous  treatment. 

4.  To  proceed  in  a  train  of  consequences,  good 
or  bad. 

So/oru  it  when  with  Lnilh  blscbood  contenda.  MUion, 

5.  To  happen  well  or  ill ;  with  if  impersonally.  We 
shall  see  how  it  will  fare  with  him. 

FARE,  n.  The  price  of  passage  or  going;  the  sum 
paid  or  due  for  conveyin;;  a  persun  by  land  or  wa- 
ter ;  as,  the  fart  for  crossing  a  river,  called,  also,  fer- 
riage i  the /ar«  for  conveyance  in  a  coach;  ftage- 
fare.  'i'lie  price  of  conveyance  over  the  ocean  is 
now  usually  called  the  passage.,  or  passage-money. 
Fare  is  never  used  for  the  price  of  conveying  goods; 
this  is  called  freight  or  transportation. 

2.  F(x>d ;  provisions  of  Ihe  table.  We  lived  on 
coarse  fare ;  or,  we  had  delicious  fare. 

3.  'J'he  person  conveyed  in  a  vehicle.  [JV«(  in  use 
in  the  United  State.-<.]  Drummond. 

FARE-WELL' ;  a  cumpound  of  fare.,  in  tlie  ini|ierative, 
and  leell.  Go  well ;  originally  applied  to  a  person  de- 
p;trting,  but  by  custom  now  applied  both  to  those  who 
depart  and  those  who  remain.  It  expresses  a  kind 
wish,  a  wish  of  liappiness  to  tiiose  who  leave,  or 
those  who  are  left. 

The  verb  and  adverb  are  often  separated  by  the 
pronoun  ;  fare  you  well ;  I  wish  yoti  a  happy  depart- 
ure ;  may  you  be  well  in  your  absence. 

It  is  sometimes  an  expression  of  separation  only. 
Farewell  the  year ;  farewell,  ye  sweet  groves  ;  that  is, 
1  take  my  leave  of  you. 
FARE-WELL',  n.    A  wish  of  hnppin*^ss  or  welfare  at 
parting;  the  jiarting  compliment ;  adieu. 
2.  Leave;  act  of  departure. 

And  l4kr"«  lier/oret»e/(  of  ihe  glorious  sun,  Stiak. 

B(.-fon;  1  tukc  my  /areioell  of  Uie  «uLijecl.  Addlton. 

FA-RI'XA,  n.     [L.  farina,  meal.] 

1.  In  botany,  tile  pollen,  fine  dust,  or  powder,  con- 
tained in  the  anthers  of  plants,  and  which  is  sup- 
posed to  fall  on  the  stigma,  and  fructify  the  plant. 

2.  The  flour  of  any  species  of  corn,  or  starchy  root, 
such  as  the  potato,  &.c.  l/re. 

3.  In  chemistry,  starch  or  fecula,  one  of  the  proxi- 
mate principles  of  vegetables. 

FAR-I-N.\'CEOUS,  a.     [from  L.  farina,  meal.] 

1.  Consisting  or  made  of  meal  or  flour  ;  as,  a  fari- 
naceous diet,  which  consists  of  the  meal  or  flour  of 
the  various  species  of  corn  or  grain. 

2.  Yielding  farina  or  flour  ;  as. /aWnaceotw  seeds. 

3.  Like  meal;  nic;ily ;  pertaining  to  meal;  as,  a 
farinacrotis  taste  or  emell. 

FAR'I-NOSE,  a.  In  natural  hi^try,  mealy  ;  covered 
with  a  sort  of  white,  scurfy  substance,  as  the  leaves 
of  some  poplars.  Lindley.     Humble, 

FAR'LIES,  n.  pi.     Unusual,  unexpected  things. 
[A'of  in  use.]  Cumberland  dialed. 

FARM,  n.  [Sax. /arma, /farm,  or  feorm,  food,  pro- 
visions, board,  a  meal,  a  dinner  or  supper,  hospitali- 
ty, substance,  goods,  use,  fruiL  Hence,  feormimi,  to 
supply  provisions,  to  entertain  ;  also,  to  purge,  or  pu- 
rify, to  expiate,  to  avail,  to  profit-  Arm.  fcrm,  or 
feurm  ;  in  ancient  laws,  frma  ;  Fr.  fenne,  a  farm,  or 
letting  to  farm,  whence  affermer,  to  hire  or  lease. 
The  sense  of  feorm  seems  to  be  corn  or  provisions,  in 
which  formerly  rents  were  paid.  The  radical  sense 
of  feorm,  provisions,  is  probably  produce,  issues,  from 
one  of  the  verbs  in  Br ;  produce  and  purification  both 
implying  separation,  a  throwing  off*  or  out.] 

].  A  tract  of  land  leased  on  rent  reserved;  ground 
let  to  a  tenant  on  condition  of  his  paying  a  certain 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.— PINE.  MARINE.  BIRD NOTE.  DOVE,  MOVE.  WQLF,  BQQK.- 

433  '  ~"  '         "  " 


FAR 

sum  annually,  or  othem'ise,  for  the  use  of  ii.  A  farm 
is  usually  such  a  portion  of  land  as  is  cultivated  by  one 
man,  and  includes  the  buildings  and  fences.  Rents 
were  formerly  paid  in  provisions,  or  the  produce  of 
land  ;  but  now  they  are  genenilly  paid  in  monoy. 

This  is.  the  aigjiification  of /(inn  in  Oreat  Britain^ 
where  most  of  the  land  is  leased  to  cultivators. 

2.  In  the  United  States^  a  portion  or  tract  of  land, 
consisting  usually  of  grass  land,  meadow,  pasture, 
tillage,  and  woodland,  cultivated  by  one  man,  and 
usually  owned  by  him  in  fee.  A  tike  tract  of  land 
under  lease  is  called  a  farm  ;  but  most  cultivators  are 
proprietors  of  the  land,  and  called  farmers. 

A  tract  of  new  land,  covered  with  forest,  if  in- 
tended to  be  cultivated  by  one  man  as  owner,  is  also 
called  a  farm.  A  man  goes  into  the  new  States,  or  into 
the  unsettled  country,  to  buy  a  farm,  that  is,  land  for 
a  farm. 

3.  The  state  of  land  leased  on  rent  reserved ;  a 
lease. 

It  is  ^TTMit  wilirulncu  in  landlorda  ta  make  any  longr/rtnn*  to 
their  tenaaU.  Sjitnter. 

FXRM,  r.  (.  To  lease,  as  land,  on  rent  reserved  ;  to 
let  to  a  tenant  on  condition  of  paying  rent. 

We  are  enforced  lojarm  our  roy^  realm.  ShaJt. 

[In  this  sense^  I  believej  the  vtord  is  not  used  in 
America.] 

2.  To  take  at  a  certain  rent  or  rate,  [^ot  used  in 
America.] 

3.  To  lease  or  let,  as  taxes  impost,  or  othpr  duties,  at 
acertain  sum  or  rale  per  cenU  It  is  customary,  in 
many  countries,  for  the  prince  or  government  to  farm 
the  revtruues,  the  tajces  or  rents,  tlie  imposts  and  excise, 
to  individuals,  who  are  to  collect  and  pay  them  tu  the 
government  at  a  certain  per  centage  or  rate  yk-r  cent. 

4.  To  take  or  hire  for  a  certain  rate  per  cenL 

5.  To  cultivate  land. 

To  farm  let,  or  let  to  /arm,  is  to  lease  on  rent, 
FXRM'-HOLJ^E,  n.    A  house  attached  to  a  farm,  and 

fur  the  residence  of  a  farmer. 
FARM'-OF-FICE,  n.      Farm-ojices  &Te  the  out  build- 
ings pertaining  to  a  farm. 
FXRM'-YXRD,  n.  The  yard  or  inclosure  attached  ton 
barn  ;  or  the  inclosure  surrounded  by  ihe  farm  build- 
ings. 
FXRM'ABLE,  a.    That  may  be  farmed.    Sherwood, 
FXRM'£D,  pp.      Leased  on  rent;    let  out  at  a  certain 

rate  or  price. 
FXRM'EK,  n.      In  Oreat  Britain,  a  tenant ;    a  lesFce  ; 
one  who  hires  and  cultivates  a  farm  ^  a  cultivator  of 
leased  ground. 

The  word  is  also  now  applied  to  one  who  cultivates 
his  own  land.  Smart. 

2.  One  who  takes  taxes,  customs,  excise,  or  other 
duties,  to  collect  for  a  certain  rate  per  cent. ;  as,  a 
farmer  of  the  revenues. 

3.  One  who  cultivates  a  farm  ;  a  husbandman  ; 
whether  a  tenant  or  the  proprietor.     United  State:/. 

4.  In  mining,  the  lord  of  the  field,  or  one  who  farms 
tli!^  lot  and  Cope  of  the  king.  Kneyc. 

FXKM'ER-45E.\'ER  AL,  «.  One  to  whom  the  right 
of  levying  certain  taxes,  in  a  particular  district,  was 
farmed  out,  under  the  former  French  monnrctiy,  for  a 
given  sum  paid  down.  Encyc.  Am. 

FARM'ER-Y,  «.  The  buildings  and  yards  neressary 
for  the  biitineM  of  a  fann.  F.ngiand. 

FXRM'ING,;r;rr.  or  a.  Letting  or  leasing  laud  on  rent 
reserved,  or  duties  and  imposts  at  a  certain  rate  per 

2.  Taking  on  leaae.  [cent. 

3.  Cultivating  land  \  carrying  on  the  business  of 
agriculture. 

FXRM'ING,)!.    The  businem  of  cultivating  land. 

FXR'MOST,  a.  [/ar  and  mosU]  Mocil  distint  or  re- 
mote. Dryden. 

FXR'NESS,  Ik     [from  far.]     Distance  ;  remoteness. 

FXR'O,  n,  A  species  of  game  at  cards,  in  which  n 
person  plays  againi^t  the  bank^  ke^it  by  tlie  proprietor 
of  the  table.     Originally  written  Phabao:i.    Hoyle. 

FXR'O-UANK,  ».  A  bank  or  establishnnmt  against 
which  persons  play  at  the  game  of  faro.         Ifoyle. 

FAR-RAG'IN-OUS,  a.  [L.  farrago^  a  raixturu,  from 
far.  meal.] 

ronned  of  varioui  materials  ;  mixed  ;  as,  a  far- 
raffinous  mountain.  Kinoan. 

FAR  RA'GO,n.     [L.,  from  far,  meal.] 

A  mass  composed  of  various  materials  confusedly 
mixed  ;  a  medley. 

FAR'RAN'O,  /  n.    Manner;  custom  ;  humor.  IF^eaL] 

FX'RA.ND,     t  Ch-oae. 

FAR-RE-X'T10?I.    See  ConFABR£*Tio!», 

PAR'RI-ER,  n.  [Fr.  frrrant ;  It.  ferraio  ;  Pp.  ha-ra- 
dor;  L.  ferrariuji,  from  frrram,  iron.  Fr.  ferrer ;  It. 
ferrare,  to  bind  with  Iron  ;  "  ferrare  un  cavnllo,"  to 
shoo  a  h(»rse.  Ferrum  is  probably  from  hardness  ; 
\V.  /(fr,  dense,  solid  ;  fer-u,  to  harden  or  congeal : 
feris,  steel.  A  farrier  is  literally  a  worker  in  iron.] 
1.  A  shoer  of  horses  ;  a  smith  who  ohoos  horses. 
3.  One   wba   professes  to    cure    the    diseases   of 

FAR'RI-ER,  V.  L    To  practice  as  a  farrier.       [horses. 

FAR'RIER-Y,  B.  The  art  of  preventing,  curing,  or 
mitigating  the  diseases  of  horses  and  cattle. 

Farm.  Eneyc 
[Tbif  \»  now  called  the  vtterinary  art.J 


FAS 

FAR'RoW,   n.      [Sax-   fearh,  fork;    D.  varkens   G. 

ferkel.] 

A  litter  of  pigs.  Sfiak. 

FAR'RoW,  r.  C  or  t.  To  bring  fortli  pigs.  [Used  of 
S'rine  onlv.]  Tusser. 

FAR'ROVV,  a.  [D.vaarej  "een  vanre  koe,"  a  dry 
cow  ;  Scol.  erry  cow.  Qa.  the  root  of  bare,  barren.] 
Not  producing  young  in  a  particular  season  or 
year  ;  applied  to  eoics  only.  If  a  cow  has  had  a  calf, 
but  fails  in  a  subsequent  year,  she  is  said  to  be  far- 
row, or  to  go  farrow.  Such  a  cow  may  give  milk 
throucli  the  year.  Forby.     J^ew  England. 

FAR'THER,  a.  comp.  [Sax.  farther,  from  forth,  from 
the  root  o{  faran,  to  go  j  D.  verder.  Farther  is  cor- 
rupt orthography.     The  genuine  word  is  F'urther.] 

1.  More  remote  ;  more  distant  than  something  else. 

Let  me  adil  ^  farther  truth.  Dryden. 

2.  Longer;  tending  to  a  greater  distance. 

Brfure  out  farther  way  tlie  fates  allow.  Dryden, 

FXR'THER,  adv.  At  or  to  a  greater  distance  ;  more  re- 
motely ;  beyond.  Let  us  rest  with  what  we  have, 
without  Iwiking/jrtAcr. 

2.  Moreover ;  by  way  of  progression  in  a  subjecL 
Farther,  let  us  consider  the  probable  event. 

FAR'THER,  V.  U  To  uromote;  to  advance;  to  help 
forwaril.     [Little  Msed.] 

FXRTIIEK-AXC'E,  n.  A  helping  forward;  promo- 
tion.    [Aof  used.] 

FAR'TIlER-MORE.oiD     Besides;  moreover.    [UoU 
used.] 
[Instead  of  the  last  three  words,  we  now  use 

FURTHKR,      Fl'BTHERANCE,      FuRTllERHURE,      whtcll 

•ee.l 
FXR'THEST,  a.  suprrL     [Sa,x.  feorrest ;  D.  versL     See 

Furthest.] 

MoKt  distant  or  remote  ;  as,  thc/arrAM(  degree. 
FXR'THEST,  adv.    At  or  to  the  greatest  dit^tance. 

[St'f  Furthest.] 
FAR'f  IIIXG,  H.     [i^nx.  fcarthung,  from  fcorth,  fourth, 

tromfeower,  four.] 

1.  The /jitrtA  of  a  penny ;  a  small  copper  coin  of 
Great  Britain,  being  the  fourth  of  a  penny  in  value. 
In  America,  we  have  no  coin  of  tlii.s  kind.  We, 
however,  use  the  word  to  denote  the  fourth  part  of  a 
penny  in  value  ;  but  the  penny  is  of  different  value 
from  tho  English  penny,  and  diOerent  in  difff^rent 
states.  It  is  becoming  obsolete  with  tlte  old  denom- 
inations of  money. 

2.  Farthings,  in  the  plural ;  copper  coin.        Qay. 

3,  Very  small  price  or  value.  It  is  not  worth  a 
farthing;  that  is,  it  is  of  very  little  worth,  or  worth 

4,  A  division  of  land.     [J^ot  noio  imcd.]     [nothing. 

Thirty  aert  irinkc    a /ntlAinj-Iiiiul ;    nine /arlAing^*  a  Cornish 
Hcre  ;  ami  luur  Curuiiih  acta  a  kiiight'i  Cce.  Carew. 

FAR'TIIIN"GXLE,  n.  [This  is  a  compound  word, 
but  it  is  not  eawy  to  analyze  it.  The  French  has 
vertugadm ;  the  tfp.  vfrdagadu ;  Port,  vcrdugada ; 
wliirh  do  not  well  correspond  with  the  English 
word.  The  Italian  has  guardinfante,  infant-guard  ; 
and  it  has  been  said  that  the  hiHip  jietticout  was  first 
worn  by  pregnant  women.] 

A  hi)op  petticoat ;  or  circles  of  hoops,  formed  of 
wtinlebone,  us;mI  to  extend  the  petticoat. 

FAR'THLNGS-WORTll,  (wurth,)  n.  As  much  as  is 
sold  for  a  farlliing  ArbaUtnot. 

FAS'Ces,  (fas'sc-/.,)  ii.  pi.  [Ufaseis,  W.  fasg,  a  bun- 
dle ;  /fWfw,  ft  band.     See  Class  Bz,  No.  24,  35,  60.] 

In  Roman  antniuity,  an  ax  tied  up  with  a  bundle  of 
rods,  and  borne  belore  the  Roman  magistrates  as  a 
badge  of  their  authority.  Dryden. 

F.\S'C'I-A,  (faah'e-4,)  n. ;  pL  Fa»cij!.  [L.,  a  band  or 
sash.] 

1.  A  band,  sash,  or  fillet.  In  architecture,  any  flat 
member  with  a  small  projecture.  as  the  band  of  an 
architrave.  Al.-«>,  in  britk  buil<lin^'s,  the  jutting  of 
the  bricks  tieyond  the  windows  in  tlie  several  stories 
excejit  the  highest.  Encyc 

2.  In  astronomy,  the  belt  of  a  planet. 

3.  In  surgery,  a  bandage,  roller,  or  ligature.     Parr. 

4.  In  anatomy,  a  tendinous  expansion  or  aponeu- 
rosis;  a  thin,  tendinous  covering  which  surrounds 
the  tnusctes  of  the  limbs,  and  binds  them  in  their 
places.  Parr.     Cyc. 

FAH'Cl-AL,  (f;u)h'e-al,)  a.     Belonging  to  the  fasces. 

FAS'CI-A-TEI),  (fash'e-i-ted,)  a.  Bound  with  a  fillet, 
nasi),  or  bandaee. 

FAS-Ci-A' TK^N,  (fash-e-a'shun,)  n.  Tho  act  or  man- 
ner of  binding  up  diseased  parts;  bandage.  fViseman, 

FASTl-CLE,  n.    [l..f>Licicula.i,  t'mm  fa ■rt.-',  a  bundle.] 

In  botany,  an  aggregate  of  iHstiuiaic  (lowers,  whose 

footstalks   or  (>edunclea  spring  irregularly  from   the 

top  of  tho  main  stem,  not  from  one  point,  but  from 

several.  D.  C.  Wdld. 

FAt*-Cie'II-LAR,  a.     {l^fasdcaUtrli.] 

United  in  a  bundle;  as,  a  fascicular  root,  a  root 
of  the  tuberous  kind,  with  tho  knobs  collected  in 
bundles,  as  in  I'lnonia.  Martyn. 

FAS-Cie'U-LAR-LV,  adv.     In  the  form  of  bundles. 

Kirwan. 

FAS-Cie'U-LATE,      )  o.    [from  "L.  fasciculus ,  supra.] 

FASCIe'I^LA-TED,S     Gi-owing     in     bundles     or 

FA8'CI-CL£D,  >     bunches     from     the    same 

point,  as  the  leavei  of  the  Larix  or  larch.  Martyn. 


FAS 

FAS-Cie'U-Ln'E,  n.  [Supra.]  A  variety  of  fibroua 
hornblende,  of  a  fascicular  structure.        Hitchcock. 

FAS-Cie'U-LUS,n.  [L.]  A  little  bundle;  a  fascicle; 
a  division  of  a  book  ;  a  no.segay. 

FAS'CI-NATE,  v.  t.     [h.faseino;  Gr.  0atTKatv(^.] 

1.  To  bewitch  ;  to  enchant ;  to  operate  on  by  some 
powerful  or  irresistible  influence ;  to  influence  the 
pa.isions  or  affections  in  an  incontrollable  manner. 

None  of  the  afl'.-ctioni  haTo  been  not«d  lo  fueinate  and  bf witch, 
but  love  and  eiivy.  Bacon, 

2.  To  charm  ;  to  captivate ;  to  excite  and  allure 
irresistibly  or  powerfully.  The  young  are  fascinated 
by  love  ;  female  beauty  fascinates  the  unguarded 
youth  ;  gaming  is  a.  fascinating  vice. 

FAS'CI-NA-TEi),  pp.  or  a.  Bewitched;  enchanted; 
charmed. 

.FAS'CI-NA-TING,  p;??-.  or  a.  Bewitching;  enchant- 
ing; charming;  captivating. 

FAS-CI-NA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  bewitching  or  en- 
chanting; enchantment;  witchcraft;  a  powerful  or 
irresistible  influence  on  the  affections  or  passions  ; 
unseen,  inexplicable  influence.  The  ancients  speak 
of  two  kinds  of  fascination ;  one  by  Uie  look  or  eye, 
the  other  by  words. 

The  Tiirits  huag  old  mgt  on  their  Wir«t  hor»e«,  (o  leeure  th«o 
B^  u  nat /(wcinadon.  Watlsr, 

FAS-CtNE',  ji.     [Fr.,  from  l^faseis,  a  bundle.] 

In  fortification,  a  fagot,  a  bundle  of  rods  or  small 
sticks  of  wood,  bound  ni  both  ends  and  in  the  mid- 
dle ;  used  in  raising  batteries,  in  filling  ditches,  in 
strengthening  ramparts,  and  making  parapets.  Some- 
times, being  (lipped  in  melted  pitch  or  tar,  they  are 
used  to  set  fire  to  the  enemy's  lodgments  or  otiier 
works.  Encyc. 

FAS'CIN-OUS,  a.     Caused  or  acting  by  witchcraft. 

Harvey. 
FASH,  r.  L     [Old  Tufascher.]     To  vex ;  to  lease. 

Walter  Scott, 
FASH'ION,  (fashion,)  n.     [Fr./nf<m  ;  Arm./ucftouaj 
Norm,  facian  ;  from  faire,  to  make  ;  L.  fado,  facies.] 
I.  The  make  or  mrm  of  any  thing  ;  the  state  of 
any  thing  with  regard  lo  its  external  appearance  ; 
shape  ;  as,  theyojfAiwH  of  the  ark,  or  of  the  tabernacle. 
Or  let  mt!  losr  {hi'fatMon  ofa  mun.  Shak. 

I'hf  ftuhion  ol  iiii  cuiiutcniiticti  wiia  alf^red.  —  Luke  ut. 

9.  Form  ;  model  to  be  imitated  ;  pattern. 

Kill?  Ahni  aent  to  UHjah  tlii;  priuat  the  fatkion  of  the  altar. — 
3  KiiigK  xvi, 

3.  The  form  of  a  garment ;  tho  cut  or  shape  of 
clothes  ;  as,  the  fashion  of  a  coat  or  of  a  bonnet. 
Hence, 

4.  Tlie  prevailing  mode  of  dress  or  ornnmont 
We  import  fashions  from  England,  as  the  English 
often  import  them  from  France.  VVhal  so  change- 
able ns  fashion  I 

5.  Mann^T;  sort;  way;  mode;  applied  to  actioiu 
or  bdtavior. 

Pluck  CtiMca  by  the  ileeTe, 
And  he  will,  after  hi*  aour  fathion,  Uli  you 
Wlut  huiU  pruccfdcd.  Shai, 

6.  Custom  ;  prevailing  mode  or  practice.  FasJiion 
is  an  Inexoruble  tymnt,  and  most  of  tho  world  its 
willing  slaves. 

It  waa  thefiuhion  of  the  a^  to  call  erery  thing  \n  queation, 

TUioUon. 

Few  enteipriaca  are  ao  bapeleia  aa  a  conteat  witli /luAtoti. 

liamblfr. 

7.  Genteel  life  or  good  breeding  ;  as,  men  of 
fashion. 

8.  Any  thing  worn.     [JVut  used.]  Shak. 

9.  Genteel  company. 

10.  Workmanshi|t.  Overbury. 
FASH'ION,  (fash'un,)  r.  U     fFr.fitfanner.]- 

1.  I'o  form  ;  to  give  shai^e  or  figure  Ui ;  to  mold. 

Hem  the  luiid  h»mmer/a«Aton«  female  (oya.  Cioy. 

Auron  foMhiontd  tlte  c:iir  with  a  g-ntviit^  iix>l.  —  Kxod.  xaxii. 
Shall  the  chty  i^iy  to  him  that  fathionem  it,  What  maicett  thou  t 

2.  To  fit ;  to  adapt ;  to  accommodate  ;  with  to. 
Lawi  oii^ht  to  be  fatMon^d  lo  the  mannera  and  condiiiona  of 

the  p'ople.  Hjj^nter. 

3.  To  make  according  to  the  rule  prescribed  by 
custom. 

Fhahioned  plain  aelli  for  more  than  Ita  wel^t.  Lacka. 

4.  To  for^e  or  counterfeit.     [.Vbt  %u<ed.]        Shak. 
FASH'ION-A-BLE,  a.    Made  Rcct>rding  to  the  prevail- 
ing form  or  mode  ;  as,  ti  fashionable  Atc*9. 

2.  Established  by  custom  or  use  ;  current ;  prevail- 
ing at  a  particidar  time  ;  as,  tho  fashionable  philoso- 
phy ;  fashionable  opinions. 

3.  Observant  of  the  fashion  or  customary  mode  ; 
dressing  or  behaving  according  to  the  prevailing 
fashion  ;  as,  a  fashionable  man.     Hence, 

4.  Genteel ;  well  bred  ;  as,  fashionable  company  or 
socictv. 

FASH'ION-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
fashionable  ;  modish  elegance  ;  such  apftearance  as 
is  according  to  the  prevailing  custom.  Locke. 

FASH'ION-A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  according  lo 
fashiiui,  custom,  or  prevailing  practice  ;  with  modish 
elegance  :  as,  to  dress  fashionably. 

FASH'ION-£D,  pp.  Made ;  formed  ;  shaped  ;  fitted  j 
adapted. 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  aji  K ;  0  as  J ;  0  as  Z ;  CH  as  RH ;  TM  a«  in  THIS. 


FAS 

PA9H'ION'-ER,  m.     Que  who  forms  or  {fives  shnpe  to. 
FA^U  lON-IXG,  ppr*     Furming;    giving  shape  to; 

iuing ;  adnptmg. 
FASH'ION-I^T,  R.    An  obsequious  follower  of  the 

moilr-i  aiui  fiishiona.  _  Diet. 

PAsi  s.  «,     HiiTing  no  fnshion. 

FA>  s    GER,  (ftifh'un-niung'ger.)  «.    One 

wi:  .    Tasbion  ;  a  fop. 

FAi^ll  ION-MO.\"G£R-1A'G,    «.      Behaving    like    a 

fiuhion-monger.  Shak. 

FItsiaom-piecet ;   in   ships,  the   hindmost   timbers 

which  tenuinate  the  breadth,  and  furm  the  shape 

of  the  stem.  '^ar.  DicL 

FAS'S.VTTE,  ■.    A  mineral,  a  variety  of  pyroxene, 

fuiiad  in  the  valley  of  Fassa,  in  tlie  TymX. 
FXST,a.     [Sax. /iHC,/wt;  Q^Jhst ;  D.  out;  8w.  and 

Dan. /ml;  from  pressing, binding.   Q»  p<**^  ..."iat  r 

losfaiijto  bind,  to  make  close  or  fast,  to  shut,  to  stop  ; 
It.  fiUadky  or  fa*,  a  stop.  See  Claw  Bz,  No.  34,  35, 
41.60.66,86.] 

1.  UUrcUft  set,  stopped,  fixed,  or  pressed  close. 
Hence,  close  j  tight  ;  as,  make  fttt  the  door  ;  take 
JksthoU. 

9l  Firm ;  immovable. 

Who,  by  Ui  atrrncth,  moethjkat  tl«s  moODtalBt.  —  F».  U*. 

Sl  Close ;  strong. 

Bnbbgff  ukd  OTHkwB  —  InrUnf  Id  wooik  M»d  Jktl  plmcM. 

Spmter. 

4.  Firmly  0xed  ;  closely  adhering:  as, to  stick yoKt 
In  mire ;  to  make  fast  a  n^ie. 

5.  Close,  as  sleep :  deep :  sound    as,  a  fiut  deep. 

Skat. 

6.  Firm  in  adherence  ;  as,  a  fast  firlend. 

Fkat  mmd  Isms  ;  variable  ;  inconstant ;  as,  to  plqr 

fkMMMdtott, 

FAST, «^.    Firmly;  immovably. 

W«  vID  tfad  thee  /ui,  ukS  ileUwn  dm  Into  OmIt  fauid.  — 

Ikst  hf,  otfut  heudt;  dose  or  near  ta 

f^«t  Ay  Ik*  tJuvne  atmqpAom  tuat  imUm.  Foft. 

FAST, «.    rW.  yist,  fast,  quick ;  ftaUf  to  haalen  ;  h. 


/tetss.  Uf  is  not  written  for  A,  as  in  Aoate,  (see 
Class  Ba.  No.  44,  45,  46,}  the  sense  is,  to  press,  dnve, 
nrie,  and  it  may  be  fVon  the  same  moc  as  the  pre- 


ceding  word,  with  a  diflcreut  application.] 

Bwul ;  moving  rapidly ;  quick  in  motion ;  as,  a 
fast  borse. 
FAST,  Site.  Swiftly ;  rapidly ;  with  quick  steps  or 
propesrion  ;  as,  to  run  fast ;  to  move  fast  through 
the  water,  as  a  ship ;  the  work  goes  on  fasL 
FAST,  V.  L  [Sax./««(aa,Golh./uc«i,tufaM.  to  keep, 
to  observe,  to  bold  ;  C^SuCes ;  U.  mjC,  firm  j  vastem, 
to  (list  i  Sw.  fustjt ;  ftx*m  the  same  root  as  /tut,  firm. 
The  sense  is,  lo  bold  or  stiMk] 

1.  To  absiun  from  food  beyond  the  usual  lime  ; 
to  omit  to  take  the  usual  meaU  fur  a  time  i  as,  to 
flut  a  day  or  a  week. 

JL  To  abstain  from  food  voluntarily,  for  the  morti- 
fication of  the  body  or  appetite,  or  as  a  token  of 
grief,  aonow,  and  afflictiitn. 

Tbsa  Mmjiut  and  weep  tat  ihe  ehil'1.  — 3  Sftm.  zU. 
Wbea  *«  /kat,  be  oot,  u  the  bTpocritM,  of  k  nd  cooalMmaee. 
—  Mail.  Ti. 

3.  To  abstain  firom  food  prtttially,  or  from  particu- 
lar kinds  of  food  ^  as,  the  Roman  Catholics  fast  in 
Lent. 
FAST,  M.  .Abstinence  from  food ;  properly,  a  total 
abstinence,  hut  it  is  used  al^o  for  an  abstinence 
from  particular  kinds  of  food  for  a  certain  time. 

Happ7  wrm  our  forc&tbns,  who  bndn  ibrii  fatu  with  hrito. 

Tiu/ior. 

SL  Voluntary  ab^nenee  from  food,  as  a  religious 
mCMrtification  or  humiliation  ;  either  toUl  or  partial 
abstinence  from  customar>  food,  with  a  view  to  mor- 
tify the  appetites,  or  to  expr&ss  grief  and  allliction  on 
account  of  some  calamity,  or  to  deprecate  an  ex- 
pected eviL 

3.  The  time  of  fiisting,  whether  a  day,  week,  or 
longer  time.  An  annual  fast  is  kept  in  New  Eng- 
land, usually  one  day  in  the  spring. 

TteTM  WM  DOW  ftlfe&d/  paau  —  ACU  xxrii. 

FAST,  a.  That  which  fastens  or  holds  ;  the  rope 
which  fallens  a  vessel  to  a  wharf,  Alc 

FAST'-DAY,  a.  The  day  on  which  fasting  is  ob- 
s«frved. 

FAST'ilN,  (fis'n,)  v.  L  [Sax.  fastnian  :  Sw.  fastna; 
D.  ocjtea;  Dan.  f^sUr:  Ir.  fostufodJi,  fostughim.j 

1.  To  fix  firmly ;  to  make  fast  or  close  ;  as,  to 
fasten  a  chain  to  the  feet,  or  to  foiteu  the  feet 
with  fetters. 

2.  To  lock,  bolt,  or  bar  \  to  secure  ;  as,  to  fasten  a 
door  or  window. 

3.  To  hold  together ;  lo  cement  or  lo  link  ;  to  unite 
closely  in  any  manner  and  by  any  means,  as  by 
cement,  hooks,  pins,  noiU,  cords,  itc 

4.  To  alfix  or  conjoin. 

Tbe  vorda  Whig  and  Tory  twTC  t««n  vnmrA  to  ibe  •wrfc*  <rf" 
nuny  auceemuoiu  of  paniea,  witJi  djaertnt  ideas  JiuUnM 
thcK.     {Sot  CDinmon.]  Smfu 


PAT 

5.  To  fix ;  to  impress. 

Thinlrinf ,  by  thb  fat*, 
To  JH»Un  tu  our  ihou^u  Uvoi  tticjr  l>aT»  courag*.  S^ak. 

6.  To  lay  on  with  strengtii. 

CoukI  be  Jhtte^  ■  lilow,  or  nuk«  t  thnm,  whra  not  I'lfifml  to 
approMh  ?  Dryden. 

FAST'£N.  e.  C  To  fastm  en,  is  to  fix  one's  self  j  to 
seize  ana  bold  on  ;  to  clinch. 

The  leech  wttl  hanUjr/aMrn  on  «  fiidu  JStoim. 

FAS'TEN-ED,  (flU'nd,)  pp.  Made  firm  or  fiwt;  fixed 
(irmly ;  impressed. 

FXS''r^:\-KR.  n.    One  that  makes  fast  or  firm. 

KAS'T/;\.I\G,  ppr.     Making  fast. 

FAS'T£.\-ING,  n.  Any  thing  tliat  binds  nnd  makes 
fvtPl ;  or  that  which  is  intended  fur  that  purpose, 

FAST'ER,  n.     One  who  absuiins  from  food. 

FAt'T'EK,  a.     More  rapid  \  swiUer. 
2.  a//r.     More  rapidly. 

FX.« T'EST,  a.     Mtwt  swift  or  rapid. 

FAST'EST,d»fr.     Most  swiftlv. 

FAST'-HAND-ED,fl.  Clusc-lianded  ;  covetous  ;  close- 
fisted  :  avaricious.  Bacon. 

F/iS'Tl,  [L.J  The  Roman  calendar,  which  gave  the 
days  for  festivals,  courts,  &c.,  correi^ponding  to  a 
modern  almanac. 

2.  The  fajli  annaUSf  were  records,  or  registers,  of 
important  events.  SmiUt*.f  Dut. 

FAS-TID-l-OSa-T Y,  s.    Fastidiousness.    [Jv'ot  used.] 

Swift. 

F AS-TID^I-OUS,  a.  [L.  fastidiosus,  from  fastidio^  to 
disdain,  from  fastus,  haughtiness.  See  lieb.  t^2. 
Class  Bz,  No.  2,  3,  10,  30.] 

1.  Disdainful  j  squeamish  ;  delicate  to  a  fault  : 
over  nice  ;  difficult  to  please  ;  as,  n  fastidious  mina 
or  taste. 

2.  Squeami'ih ;  rrjectinp  whot  is  common  or  not 
Ter>'  nice  ;  suited  with  difiiculty  ;  as,  a  fastidious 
appi'tile. 

FA.'^-TID'rOtTS-LY,  adv.  Disdainfully;  squeamish- 
ly ;  conteniptuoUfEly.  They  look  fa^tidioiLily  and 
npeak  disdainfully. 

FAS-TID'I  OL'S-NE.SS,  h.  Disdainfulness  ;  con- 
temptuousness  ;  squeamish ncss  of  mind,  taste,  or 
ap(M'tite. 

F.\S-TIG'I-ATE,      I  a.     [L./iw(i^/M.«,  pointed,  fh)m 

F.\S-TIG'I-A-TED,  \  fiutigio^  to  point,  fastigium^  a 
top  or  peak.] 

1.  In  bctoMjfj  ufastiffiatf  Stem  is  one  whose  branches 
are  of  an  equal  hicht.  P<-duncIes  amfajti^Ue  when 
tbey  elevate  the  frut-tificaliuns  in  a  bundi,  so  an  to 
be  equally  ht);h,  or  when  tht-y  Airm  an  even  surface 
at  the  top.  Martyru 

2.  Roofed  ;  narrowed  to  the  top. 
F.\S-TI6'I-UM,  n.    [L.]     The  summit,  apex,  or  ridge 

of  a  house  or  pediment.  Umes. 

FAST'ING,  ppr.     Abstaining  from  food. 
FA3T'ING,  n.    The  act  of  abstaining  from  food. 
FAST'IXG-DAV,  n.     A  day  of  fasting  ;  a  fast-day;  a 

day  of  religious  mortificutiitn  and  humiliation. 
FXST'LY,  adc.     Finnly  ;  surely. 
FAST'XESS,  n.     [Sax.  f^stfnes^e ;  from/a-;(.l 

1.  The  state  of  being  fast  and  firm  ;  firm  aaherence. 

2.  Strength ;  security. 

The  place*  o(  fculntti  ktp  laid  open.  Davit: 

3.  A  stronghold  ;  a  fortress,  or  fort ;  a  place  for- 
tified ;  a  castJe.  The  enemy  retired  to  their  fast- 
nesses. 

4.  Closeness ;  conciseness  of  style.     [J^ot  used.] 

.^scham. 
FAST'-RE-C£D'ING,  a.    Receding  rapidly. 

fVordswarth. 
FAST'-SINK'ING,  a.    Rapidly  sinking. 
PAS'TU-OUS,  o.     lL,fastuosus^  from  fastus,  haughti- 
ness.} 

Proud  :  haughty  ;  disdainfuL  Barrow, 

FAT,o.  [Sa\.fd:t/fett;  G.fcU;  D.veti  Sw.fet;  Dan. 
feed;  Basque,  bctea.] 

1.  Fleshy;  plump;  corpulent;  abounding  with  an 
oily  r,oucrt;te  substance,  as  an  animal  body  ;  the  cun- 
tmr^-  to  lean ;  as,  a/u£  man  ;  a  fat  ox. 

2.  Coarse ;  gross. 

Nay,  added  fat  poUmiona  of  our  own.  DryUn. 

3-  Dull  ;  heavy  ;  stupid ;  unteachable. 

Ma^k^  tix  heart  of  ihin  people  /al.  —  U.  vi. 

4.  Rich  ;  wealthy  ;  affluent. 

Tbne  are  terrible  alamu  to  pereona  grown  /at  aad  wealltiT. 

South, 

5.  Rich ;  producing  a  large  income  ;  as,  a  /or 
benefice. 

6.  Rich ;  fertile ;  as,  &  fat  soil ;  or  rich  ;  nourish- 
ing ;  as,  fat  paeture. 

7.  Abounding  in  spiritual  grace  and  comfort. 

They  (lb?  righieoiia)  aball  be  /al  and  flourishing,  —  Pi.  xcii. 

8.  Among  printers,  a  page  having  many  blank 
spaces  or  lines  is  called  fat. 

FAT,  n.  An  oily,  concrete  substance,  deposited  in  the 
cells  of  the  adipose  or  cellutar  membrane,  under  the 
skin,  and  in  various  other  parts  of  animal  bodies.  In 
most  part?  of  the  body,  fal  lies  immediately  under 
tht-  skin.  Fat  is  of  various  de^Tees  of  consistence, 
as  in  tallow,  lard,  and  oil.     It  has  been  recently  as- 


FAT 

certoined  to  consist  of  two  subittances,  stearin  nnd 
cftiin,  the  former  of  which  is  solid,  the  latter  liquid, 
at  common  temperatures,  and  on  the  difterenl  pro- 
portions of  which  its  degree  of  conRigtence  dt-pcnds. 
Ennic.  Braiide. 
9.  FigvratireJifj  thfi  best  or  richest  productions ;  as, 
to  live  on  the  fat  of  the  land. 

Abrl  brought  rf  llie  /al  of  hii  floCk.  — Gen.  W, 
FAT.  r.  e.     To  make  fat ;  to  fatten ;  to  make  plump 
anu  ficahy  with  abundant  food  ;  as,  to  fat  fowln  or 
sheep.  Locke.     Shak. 

FAT,  r.  I.     To  grow  fat,  plump,  and  fleshy. 


FAT,  i  n.     [Sax.  fa-t,  fat,  fet ;   D.  rat ;   G.  fuss ;    Sw. 

VAT,  \  fat :  Dan.  fad.  It  seems  to  be  connected 
with  D.  vattm,  G.  fasseiiy  Sw.  fatta,  Dan.  fatter,  lo 
hold.    Uu.  Gi.  TTifioj.] 

A  large  tub,  cistern,  or  vessel,  used  for  various  pur- 
poses, ott  by  brewers  to  run  their  wort  in,  by  tanners 
for  lioldmg  their  bark  and  hides,  &c.  It  is  ulso  a 
wooden  vessel  containing  a  quarter  or  ei^jht  bushels 
of  grain,  and  a  pan  for  contuiiiiug  water  in  salt- 
works, a  vessel  for  wine,  &.C. 

The  jUf*  «hall  oTerfiow  witti  wine  nnd  oil.  —  Joel  U. 

FAT,  71.  A  measure  of  capacity,  dilTering  in  dlflTerent 
commodities.  He.bert. 

Fa'TAL,  a.     [L.  fataVis.    See  Fate.] 

I.  Proceedrng  from  fate  or  destiny  ;  necessary ;  in- 
evitable. 

These  Uiinga  Kn/atal  and  neceu&ry.  U^UoUon, 

9.  Appointed  by  fate  or  destiny. 

It  Wfca/ftia/  to  the  king  to  fight  for  hU  money.  Bacon, 

[In  the  foregoing  senses  the  loord  is  note  UUh  used.] 

3.  Causing  death  or  destruction ;  deadly;  mortal; 
as,  a  fatal  wound  ;  a  fatal  disease. 

4.  Destructive  ;  calamitous  ;  as,  a  fatal  day ;  a  fa- 
tal event. 

FA'TAI^1SM,M.  The  doctrine  that  all  thinps  are  sub- 
ject to  fate,  or  that  they  lake  place  by  inevitalile  ne- 
cessity. Rii-ik. 

FA'TAi*-IST,  n.  One  who  maintains  that  all  things 
happen  by  iner'itable  necesjijiy.  tVattn 

FA-TAL'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  fiUalitS,  from  fate.] 

1.  A  fixed,  unnlltTible  course  of  things,  independ- 
ent uf  God  or  any  controlling  can.se;  an  invincible 
necessity  existing  in  things  themselves ;  a  doctrine 
of  the  Stoics.  South, 

2.  Decree  of  fate.  ATh^  Charles. 

3.  Tendency  to  danger,  or  to  some  great  or  hazard- 
ous event.  Brown. 

■1.  Mortality.  JIM/.  Rrpog, 

FA'TA1.-LY,  adv.     By  a  decree  of  fate  or  destiny  ;  by 

inevitable  necessity  or  determination.  Bmtley. 

2.  Mortally  ;  di-structivelv  ;  in  death  or  ruin.  This 
encounter  ended  fatally.     'TUe  prince  was  fatally  de- 

FA'TAL-NESS,  n.     Invincible  necessity.  [ceived. 

FA'TJi  M0R-OA'J>J-Ji,  n.  [It.l  A  remarkable  phe- 
nomenon, at  Reggio,  on  the  Hlraits  of  Messina,  in 
lUily,  in  which,  by  an  exlraonlinary  atmospheric  re- 
fractijn,  multiplied  images  of  the  objects  on  the  sur- 
rounding coasts  appear  in  the  air  over  the  surface  of 
th=  sea.  Brandt. 

F.^r'-BRAIN-M),  a.     Dull  of  apprehension.     Shak. 

FATE,  n.  [L.  fatum,  from  for,  fori,  to  speak,  whence 
fatits.  ] 

1.  Primarily,  a  decree  or  word  pronounced  by  God, 
or  a  fixed  sentence  by  which  the  order  of  things  is 
prescribed.  Hence,  inevitable  necessity  ;  destiny 
depending  on  a  superior  cause,  and  uncontrollable. 
According  to  the  Stoics,  every  event  is  determined 
by  fate. 

Npc<*Mlty  or  chnnM 
Appronfh  not  me  ;  and  wliiu  1  will  w/au,  Milton. 

9.  Event  predetermined  ;  lot ;  destiny.  It  is  our 
fate  to  meet  with  disappointments.  It  Is  the  fate  of 
mortals. 

Tell  me  what /ale*  nttrnd  the  duke  of  Suffolk.  Shak. 

3.  Final  event ;  death  ;  destruction. 

Yet  iiill  he  choae  (be  loiigint  wny  to  /au.  Drydsru 

The  whizung  arrow  tnxgt. 
And  bpaii  thy /ate,  Anlinoua,  on  ila  wingi.  Popt. 

4.  Cause  of  death.  Dryden  calls  an  arrow  a  feath- 
ered fate. 

Divine  fate;  the  order  or  determination  of  God  ; 
providence.  Kncyc 

FA  r'ED,  a.  Decreed  by  fate  ;  doomed  ;  destined.  He 
was  faUd  to  rule  over  a  factious  people. 

2.  Modeled  or  regulated  by  fate. 

Her  awkward  loTe  imleed  wm  o<ldly/atod.  i^rior. 

3.  Endued  with  any  quality  by  fate.         Dryden, 

4.  Invested  with  the  power  of  fatal  determination. 

The/atat  sky 
Gtrn  Ui  free  scope.  SkaJc. 

[Tht!  two  last  senses  are  hardly  legitimate  ] 
FATE'FJJL,  a.     Bearing  fatal  power ;  producing  fttal 
events. 

The  /au/ul  itcel.  J.  Bartou. 

FATE'FUL-LY,  adv.    In  a  fateful  manner. 
FATE'FljIrNESS,  n.     ^tate  of  being  fateful. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRfiV.  — PLNE.  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- 

440  '  *■  "  ; 


FAT 


FAT 


FAl'ES,  n.  pi.  In  mythology^  the  Destinies,  or  Parcm; 
goddesses  siippcsed  to  preside  over  the  birth  and  life 
of  men.  Tliey  were  three  iu  number,  CloHii>,  Lnch- 
eais,  and  Alroix.3.  Lcmpriere. 

FA  f HER,  H.  rSiix.  fxder^ffdcr  ;  G.  vatert  D.  vuittr  ; 
Ice.  Sw.  and  Dan.  }tuler ;  Gr.  irarijq ;  L.  pater;  Sp. 
padre,-  U.  padre  i  Port,  paj,  or  pay;  Fr.  f^rf,  by  coil- 

u  ^^ 
traction  ;  Pers.  jAj  padar;  Russ.  ftafia;  Sans,  and 
Bali,  pita  f    Zend,  fedre;   Syr.    (•Aq  Jafara.    This 

word  sienifies  the  beeeller,  from  the  verb,  Sw.  Jbdn, 
Dan.  fiiUrr,  to  beget,  to  /efd;  Goth.  foUyttn  ;  Sax,  /«- 
dan;  D.  coeiUn,  to  feed  ;  whence /wrf(iVr,  G.  funer, 
f^'tzern.  The  primary-  sense  is  obvi.)ijs.  See  Class 
lid,  No.  51,  55.  The  Golh.  qW«,  Ir.  aithir^  or  athair, 
Basque  aita,  may  be  from  the  satue  root  by  loss  of  ijie 
first  letler.l 

1.  iJe  who  begets  a  child  ;  in  L.  genilor^  or  genera^ 
tor, 

Thr/diher  of  a  fool  hslh  no  Joy.  —  Ptot.  xt'u. 
A  WLic  aoii  jnakeOi  a  gLul/oxAer.  —  Prov.  x, 

2.  The  first  ancestor;  the  progenitor  of  a  race  or 
family.  Adam  was  the  father  of  the  human  race. 
Abraham  was  the  fatkfr  of  the  Israelites. 

3.  The  appellation  of  an  old  man,  and  a  term  of 
respecL 

The  kinp  of  Israel  wiufl  to  Eli•lu^  My  JtiAtr,  ihaM  1  aroile 
Ujfrmf  — 2  King!  ri. 

The  servants  of  Xaanian  call  him  father.  2  Kings  v. 
Elderly  men  are  called /a(A(vs ;  as,  the /ai/i#r,v  of  a 
town  or  city.  In  Vie  cA«rrA,  men  venerable  for  age, 
learning,  and  piety,  ar,;  called  fathers^  or  rtceretuL 
fathers. 

4.  The  grandfather,  or  more  remote  ancestor.  Neb- 
iichadaezzar  is  called  the  father  of  Belshazxar, 
though  lie  was  his  grandfathtr.     Dan.  v. 

h.  One  who  feeds  and  support.*),  or  exercises  pater- 
nal care  over  another.  Gud  is  called  Ihs  FtUher  of  the 
fatherless.     Ps.  Ixviii. 

6.  He  who  creates,  invents,  makes,  or  compose*, 
any  thing ;  the  autlior,  former,  or  contriver ;  a  found- 
er, director,  or  instructor.  God,  a^  creator,  ia  the  Fa- 
tVr  of  all  men.  ^itAH  viii.  JalsU  wvia  the  futkrr  of 
such  aa  dwell  in  tents  ;  and  Jubal  of  musicians.  Oen, 
iv.  God  is  the  Futker  of  spirits  and  of  lights.  Ho- 
mer is  considered  as  the  /uiAerof  epic  poetry.  Wash- 
ington, as  a  defender  and  an  atfectionate  and  wise 
counselt*r,  is  called  the /oM/r  of  his  country.  And 
see  I  Chron.  ii.  51 ;  iv.  H  ;  ix.  33.  Salnn  is  called 
the  father  of  jii's  ;  he  introduced  sin,  and  instigates 
men  to  sin.  John  viii.  Abraham  is  railed  ihtf,ither 
of  believers ;  he  was  an  early  believer,  and  a  pattern 
of  faith  and  obedience.     Rom.  iv. 

7.  A  father-in-law.  So  lleli  is  called  tlie  father  of 
Joseph.    iMke  iii. 

8.  The  appellation  of  the  first  person  in  the  adora- 
ble Trinity. 

Gu  y<*,  ih'TPfoTf,  "incl  t^fwih  all  nntlotM,  twptitinc  Ui-m  In  ttic 
n*rn*  of  iJn-  Fmhtr,  uiJ  oi  iIk  »-in,  luni  ol  the  Uotf  SpWl. 
—  Mail  xxvtii,  "^ 

9.  The  title  given  to  dignitaries  of  the  church,  su- 
periors of  convents,  and  to  confdssors  in  the  Komun 
Catholic  church 

10.  Fathers,  in  the  plural ;  ancestors. 

I>aTi(I  iff  pi  with  hi* /al\ert.  —  1  Kinjri  &. 

11.  The  appellation  of  the  ecclesiastical  writers  of 
the  first  centuries,  as  Pi.lycarp,  Jeruint;,  6i.c. 

12.  The  title  of  tlie  senators  in  ancient  Rome :  as, 
conscript  faVirrj. 

jidapUce  faiJicr ;  he  who  adof>ts  the  children  of  an- 
other, and  acknowli-dges  them  as  his  own. 

Jv'atural  father ;  the  £|f  her  of  illegitimate  children. 

PuUUire  father;  one  u  lio  is  only  reputed  to  be  the 
ftither;  the  supposed  father. 
rX'THEE-I.N'-LAW',  n.  The  father  of  one's  husband 
or  wife ;  atid  a  man  who  marries  a  woman  who  has 
children  by  a  firmer  husband  is  called  the /uf/Mr-iii^ 
lowT,  or  step-father  of  those  children. 
FATHER,  o.  t.  To  adopt ;  to  take  the  child  of  anoth- 
er as  one's  own.  Shalu 

2.  To  adopt  any  thing  as  one's  own  j  to  profess  to 
be  the  author. 

M-n  of  Hi[ 
Ottta /ath»rad  wU-n  he  wriu  S>o{fl, 

3.  To  ascribe  or  charge  to  one  as  his  ofTsprinK  or 
production  \  with  on. 

Mf  oiuTW  wu  mndii  ti»«  of  hy  wrrfral  penona,  oim  of  wlwiii 
wa*  plvMiod  to /other  on  n«i  a  iww  att  of  {jroductluna. 

Sm/L 
PA'THER-:KD,  pp.     Adopted  ;  taken  as  one's  own; 
ascribed  to  one  as  the  author. 
2.  Having  had  a  father  of  particular  qualities. 

I  am  no  •(rongT  Own  my  a^x. 
Bring  •o/oiAerarf  aud  mi  hunUmUed.     [Unuaual.]     Sfiak, 

PATHER-HppD,  n.    The  state  of  b^ing  a  father,  or 
Uie  character  or  authority  of  a  father. 

We  might  hav;  Imd  ma  entire  noiiuo  of  tbb  fathtrhaed,  or 
tuhnt'y  auUwritjf.  Locka, 

FATHER  ING,  ppr.    Adopting;  taking  or  acknowl- 


FAU 


;  ascribing  to  the  father  or  uu- 


[See  Fatherly.]    The  qual- 
;  parental  kindness,  care,  and  ten- 


edging  as  one's  own 
thor. 

Fa'T11I:R-LAM),  h.  The  native  land  of  one's  fathers 
or  ancestors.  England  is  the  ftther-iand  of  llie  peo- 
ple of  New  Enshmd,  and  Persia  the  father-land  of 
the  Teutonic  imtioiid. 

FA'THKR-LASfl-Eit,  n.  A  salt-water  fish,  Cottus 
babalis,  alhed  to  the  river  bull-liead.  The  head  is 
large,  and  its  spines  funnidable.  It  is  found  on  the 
rocky  coasts  of  Britain,  and  near  Newfoundlind  and 
Greenland.  In  the  latter  country  it  is  a  great  article 
**^  ^'•«''-  Pcntiasit.     JnrdineU  J\rat.  Lib. 

FA'i(I£R-LESP,  a.  Destitute  of  a  living  falJier  ;  as. 
a  fiUh-rU-ss  child.  ' 

2.  Without  a  known  author. 

FA'T HER-LESS--\ESS,  n.  The  state  of  bcin«  with- 
out a  father. 

FA'TilER-LI-\ESS, 
ities  of  a  father 
derness. 

FAJIIER-LY,  a.     [father  and  ^iAr.]     Like  a  father  in 
affection   and   care;   tender;   paternal;   protecting; 
careful;  as, /aMeWy  care  or  nfteciion. 
2.  Pertaining  to  a  father. 

FA'THER-LY,  adn.     In  the  manner  of  a  father. 

Tlum  Adam,  fatherly  lUBpleased,       [.Vol  ;7ro;^r.l      MiHon. 

FA'THER-SHIP,  n.     The  stale  of  being  a  father. 

FATH'OM,  n.  \Sw%.  ftethem  ;  Ir.  fead  :  G.  ^fyrlen  ;  D. 
vadetn.  Uu.  Dan,  faen,  Tlie  German  word  signifies 
a  thread,  a  fathom,  and  probably  thread  or  line  is  the 
real  signification.] 

1.  A  meiLsure  of  length,  containing  six  feet,  the 
space  to  which  a  man  may  extend  his  arms  ;  used 
chicily  at  sea  for  measuring  tables,  cordage,  and  the 
depth  of  the  sea  in  sounding  by  a  line  and  lead. 

2.  Reach  ;  penetration ;  di-pi'h  of  Ihouglil  or  con- 
trivance. shaJi. 

FATH'OM,r.  u  To  encompass  with  the  arms  extend- 
ed or  encircling. 

2.  To  reach  ;  to  master;  to  comprehend. 

Iy.>(»vc  to  fathom  «uch  liigli  poinU  ua  Uieae.  IhytUn. 

3.  To  reach  in  depth  ;  to  sound  ;  to  try  the  depth. 

Our  deptlu  vbn/alhoma.  Pope. 

4.  To  penetrate  ;  to  find  the  bottom  or  extent.  I 
can  not  fathom  liis  design. 

FATH'O.M-A-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  fathomed. 

Rich.  Di 
FATII  OM  .ED,  pp.      Encompassed   with   the   ar 

reached  ;  comprehended. 
FATirOM-ER,  a.     One  who  fathoms. 
FAT H'OM-ING, /jpr.  Encomttassing  with   the  arms: 

reaching;  comprehending;  sounding;  i»eneiratiug. 
FATH'OM-LESS,  a.     That. of  which  lio  bottom  can  be 

found  ;  bottomless. 

2.  That  can  not  be  embraced  or  encompassed  with 
tlie  artns.  s;uik. 

3.  Not  to  be  penetrated  or  comprehended. 
FA-TID'ie-.AL,  a.     [L.  fatidieus;  futum  and  dico.) 

Having  power  to  foretell  future  events  ;  pmphet- 
'C-  HoieelU 

FA-TIF'ER-Oirs,  a.     [L.  fatifer ;  fatum  and  fero.] 

De.adty;  mortal;  destructive.  DicU 

FAT'I-GA-BLE,  a.     [See    Fatigue.]     That  may  be 

wt^aried  ;  easily  tired. 
FAT'I-GATE,  o.  t.     [U/afi>o.] 

To  weary  ;  to  tire.     [Little  used.] 
FAT'I-GATE,  a.     Weaned;  tired.     [Little  used.] 

FAT-I-GA'TION.  n.    Weariness.        JT.  Mouuia-fii 


FA-TXGUE',  (fa-teeg',)   n.      [Fr.  id.;  Atin.  fatidj ;  It. 
fatica  i  tfp.  fattga  .  from  Ufutiifo.     It  seems  to  be  ai- 


led to  L.  fatisco  ;  if  so,  the  sense  is,  a  yielding  or  re- 
laxing.] 
1.  We 
lassitude  or  extiaustion 


cariness  with  bodily  labor  or  menUil  exertion  ; 

of  sirrugth.     We  suflcr  fa- 

''i^M«^of  ihe  mind  as  well  as  of  the  body. 


2.  The  cause  of  weariness  ;  labor ;  toil ;  as,  the/o- 
tigues  of  war. 

3.  The  labors  of  military  men,  distinct  from  the  use 
of  arms  ;  as,  a  party  of  meu  on  fatiTue. 

FA-TIG  L-E',(fa-tecg\)  r.  U     [h.fatigo;  It.  fatteare; 
Sp.  fiittgar.] 

1.  To  tire ;  to  weary  with  labor  or  any  bodily  or 
mental  exertion  ;  to  harass  with  toil ;  to  exhaust  the 
strength  by  severe  or  lung-continued  exertion. 

2.  To  weary  by  importunity  ;  to  harass. 
F.A-TIGU'ED,  (fa-ieegd',)  p;i.  or  a.    Wearied;  tired: 

harassed. 
FA-TIGU'ING,  Cfatcpg'ing,)pnr.    Tiring;  wearying : 
•  harassing. 

2.  a.    Inducing  weariness  or  lassitude  ;   as,  fa- 

tiding  services  or  labors 
PA:*riL'0-QUIST,  n.     [L./afumand/c5Uor.] 

A  fortune-teller. 
•'■A-TIS'CEN'CE,  n.     [I*,  fattaeo,  to  open,  to  gape.] 
A  gaping  or  opening  ;  a  state  of  being  chinky. 
_._,  ,,.„    .„  Diet     Kirtcav. 

FAT'-KID-NEY-J^,  fl.  [fal  and  kidney.]    Fat;  gross; 

a  word  used  in  contempt.  Shak. 

FAT'LLNG,  «.      [from /a(.]      A  lamb,  kid,  or  other 

young  animal,  fattened  for  slaughtt-r  ;  a  fat  animal; 

applied  to  quadrupeds  whose  fiesh  is  tued  for  food. 
^^^^  David  lacriftcM  oicn  and  fatlingt.~%  Sum.  yi. 


VAT'LY,  adv.    Grossly;  greasily. 

FAT'NER,  Jt.     Thai  which  fattens;  that  wliich  gives 

fatness  or  richness  and  fertility.  J3rbat/tnot. 

FAT'NESS,  H.     [from  fat.]     The  quality  of  being  fat. 

plump,  or  full  ft'd  ;  corpulency  ;  fullness  of  flesh. 

Their  eyei  slaiid  oui  Vf'uh/atnea:  —  Pb.  laxiij, 

2.  Unctuous  or  greasy  matter.  Bacon, 

3.  Unctui>usness;sliniine3s;  applied  to  earth ;  ht:ncv 
richness;  fertility;  fruitfulness.  * 

God  give  (he*  of  (1^  dew  ofheaTcn,  and  ibe/atnegg  of  the  earth, 
ttiiU  plcniy  of  corn  and  wiue.^tiva,  ixrii. 

4.  That  which  gives  fertility 

Thy  ptiUij  drop  fatngga.  —  Pp,  Ixt. 

The  clouda  drop/afn«a>.  Pkitipg. 

5.  The  privileges  and  pleasures  of  religion  ;  abun- 
dant blessings. 

lyl  your  «ouI  delight  iuelf  In  fatnegg.  —  U.  Ir. 
FAT'TED,  pp,  or  a.     Made  fat. 

FAT'TEN,  (fut'n,)  r.  u  To  make  fat;  to  feed  for 
slaughter  ;  to  make  fleshy  or  plump  with  fat. 

2.  To  make  fertile  anil  fruitful;  to  enrich ;  as,  to 
fatten  land  ;  to  fatten  fields  with  blood.         Dryden 

3.  To  feed  grossly  ;  to  fill.  Di^jden. 
FAT'TKN,  (fat'n,)  v.  i.    To  grow  fat  or  corpulent  ;'to 

grow  plump,  tJiick,  or  fleshy  ;  to  be  pampered. 

And  villains /oKfn  with  the  lirave  man'.  Ubor.  OtiMv. 

1  i^ni  aud  woivt'b  slwll  in  the  ocean  brwd, 
1  he  whole  and  dolphin /an*,,  on  ihe  nwad.  QlanvUlt 

t  A 1 '  I  £.\-tK,  n.    See  FiTdEit.  rfle«hv 

FAT'TiC.\-I.\G,  Cfat'n-iiiR,)  ppr.     Making  fat     growl 

ine  fat ;  making  or  growing  rich  and  fruitful. 
FAT'TI-NESS,  „.    [from  fatty.]    The  state  of  being 

FAT  '1 ING,  ppr.     Making  fat. 

E'^-n'Si?"'  "^.Somewhat  fat.  Shmtood. 

t  A I  TY ,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  fat :  greasy  ;  as 
a  fatty  substance.  ArbiitJinol. 

FA-TO'^r-TY,  „.     [Fr.  fatuiU  :  L.  fatuitcf 

Weakness  or  imbecility  of  mind  ;  feebleness  of  in- 
tellect ;  foolishness.  JlrbatknoL 

FAT'U-OUS,  a.     {h.  fatuus.    Class  Bd,  No.  2,  G,  03.1 

1.  Feeble  in  mind  ;  weak  ;  silly  ;  stupid  ;  foolish. 
rt    ,  QlanvUle, 

2.  Imp  tent;  without  force  or  fire;  illusorj- ;  allud- 
ing to  the  ijrnis  fatiius. 

Thtnce  faltxoua  fire,  and  met«or»  tjike  their  birth.      DenlMm. 

FAT'.-WIT-TED,  a.  [fat  and  mil,]  Heavy  ;  dull  j 
stupid.  Skak 

FAU'BOURO,  (fS'boorg,)  n.  A  suburb  in  French  cit- 
ies; the  name  is  also  given  to  districts  now  within 
the  city,  but  which  were  fonnerly  suburbs  without  it, 
when  the  walls  were  less  extensive. 

FAU'CES,  n.  p(.  [L.]  The  posterior  part  of  the  mouth, 
terminated  by  the  pharynx  and  larijnx.  Branile. 

FAIJ'CET,  n.  \Fi.  fausatt,  probably  contracted  from 
faUeL\ 

A  pipe  to  be  inserted  in  a  cask  for  drawing  liquor, 
and  stopped  with  a  peg  or  spigot.  These  are  called 
lap  and  faucet, 

FAU'CHION.     See  Falchiov. 

FAU'FEl.,  n.  [Paid  to  be  Sanscrit.]  The  fruit  of  a 
s|)ecics  of  the  palm-tree. 

FAUGH,  (faw.)  Exclamation  of  contempt  or  abhor- 
rence. 

FAULT,  n.  [Fr.  fautr,  for  faulte  ;  Sp.  falta ;  Port.  id. : 
It.  faltu!  from  f,iH     See  Fiiu] 

1.  Praperhj,  an  erring  or  missing  ;  n  failing ;  hence, 
on  error  or  mistake  ;  a  blunder ;  a  defect ;  a  blemish  ; 
whatever  impairs  excellence  ;  appUtd  to  things. 

2.  In  morals  or  deportment^  any  error  or  defect ;  an 
llniierfection  ;  any  deviation  from  propriety  ;  a  slight 
otiense  ;  a  neglect  of  duty  or  propriety,  resulting  from 
Inattention  or  want  of  prudence,  rather  than  from 
design  to  injure  or  offend,  but  liable  to  censure  or  ob- 
jection. 

I  ilo  n-iTwmbcr  my  /aulti  tlii.  dny Gen.  xli. 

If*  man   be  tivcrL.iifn  in   it  /auU,  ye,  who  nre  iriritual,  realan 
.licit  a  one  in  the  .pint  of  moelinesi.  —  Gal.  ri. 

Fault  implies  wrong,  and  often  some  degre«  of 
criminality. 

3.  Defect ;  want ;  absence. 
Default.] 

I  ConW  tell  to  thee,  m  to   OHC  it  pi 
tociLiI  my  fri'H.i. 

4.  Pu7.zle  ;  difllculty. 
Among  sport.'rmen,  when  dogs  lose  the  scent,  they 

are  said  to  be  at  fault.  Jlence  the  phrase,  the  inquirer 
Is  at  fault, 

5.  In  mining,  a  disturbance  of  the  strata  which  in- 
terrupts the  miner's  operations,  and  puts  him  at  fault 
to  discover  where  the  vein  of  ore,  or  bed  of  coal,  has 
been  thrown  by  the  convulsions  of  nature.       Ure. 

To  find  fault ;  to  express  blame  ;  to  complain. 

Thou  wilt  My  then,  Why  doth  be  yci.  fitui  fauit  7  —  Rom.  ix. 
To  find  fault  ifith  ;    to  blame;    to  censure;    as,  to 
find  fault  v}iUt  tiu  Uvus,  or  With  a  neighbor's  con- 
duct. 
r^ULT,  ».i.    To  foil ;  to  be  wrong.     [Jfotused.] 

Spenser. 


[JVot  noa  used,]    [See 

lAC*  me,  for  fault  of  a  better, 
ShaJc. 


TONE,  BjJLh,  IjMTE— AN"GEB,  VI"CIOUS.-e  a.  K  ;  C  a.  J  ;  •  a.  Z ;  CH  M  8H  ;  TH  an  to  THIS. 


SG 


411 


FAV 

P^ULT,  r.  L    To  cbarire  with  a  fault ;  to  accuse. 

Put  trat  1  wBl  noi^ti/t  ihee,  OW  Song. 

FAVLT'ED,  pp.    Charged  with  a  fault ;  accused. 

FAt'LT'ER,  R.  An  offjndjr ;  one  who  commits  a 
^ault.  FairfitT. 

FAl'LT'-FTND'ER,  n.    One  who  censures  or  objects. 

FArLT'Fi;i.,o-     Full  of  f;iults  or  sins.  Sfuik. 

F^L'LT'i-LY,  arfr.  [frtun  /a«/!j.]  Dt-fWtively  ;  cr- 
nmeoHsIv  ;  imiHrft-c-ilv  ;  impropt'rtv;  wrongly. 

FAULT' I-'.NES:?,  «.  Jxww  fauUy.]  '  The  elate  of  be- 
ing fatilly,  defective,  or  errnneou*  ;  defecL 

§.  Badness;  vitiousne^'di  evil  dispoeition  j  u,  the 
/tmUiness  of  a  persiin. 

3.   DoIiniitit>ncv  ;  rtctuM  oflfcase*  HeolUr* 

FM 

FA  I  111  It ;    not  dcfi>clive  or 

iiii  i  ;    free  from  incorrect- 

ne-*s  .  perf'Ti ;  a',  a.  /ju-'f-V,*.*  poem  or  picture 

S.  Free  from  vice  or  iBiperwction  j  as,  a  Jkmldmg 
van. 

FAULT'LESSXT,  W«.    Withoat  being  guilty  of  a 

FAULTaJSSS-NBSS,  k.  Freedom  &om  ftiult8  or  de- 
fectn 

FAULT'Y,  «.  CSontaininc  (hulu,  Memisbe*,  or  d»- 
tects  i  drllMtive  ;  imparfcct ;  ns^  a  fauUf  cornpos- 
tion  or  book  ;  a  fnUti/  plan  or  design  ;  a  famkjf  pic- 
ture. 

fi.  Guilty  of  a  (hult,  or  of  Hiulta  ;  hence,  blamoble ; 
Worthy  of  censure. 

The  Un;  doOi  *pMk  tbia  iMaf  m  cm  wIid  k  Jkid^.  —8  Sun. 
sir. 

3.  WroniT :  erroneous ;  at,  n  fanttv  poiity,   Hdokir. 

4.  Defective ;  iuiptrrfect ;  bad  ;  as,  a  faulty  hel- 
net.  Ba^n. 

FAUX,K.     [L.faumus.] 

Aniung  the  Romamsy  B  kind  of  demigod,  or  rural 
deify,  called  also  tflram,  and  differing  little  from 
8at>'r.  I'be  fauns  are  represented  a^  half  gait  and 
half  man.  Eneyc, 

FJ^U'XA,  H.  [from  tlie  L.  faumi,  or  ntral  deitie* 
among  the  Romans.]  The  various  animab  belong- 
ing to  a  rounir)-  constitute  its  fauma.  LyrU, 

F^UN'IST,  m.  One  who  attends  lo  rural  diM|uisi- 
tion«  ;  a  nnturalisC  White. 

FAU'^FN,  *.    A  large  eet  Oka^ax. 

fCiUSSE'-BRArEy(aB'bni,)$i,  [Fr.]  A  small  mound 
of  earth  thrown  up  abnat  a  nmnart. 

FAU-TEUlL't  (fo-ieul',)  a.  [Fr.J  Ab  arm  chair ;  an 
msTchair. 

F^U'TOR,  M.  [U  See  Fatoe.]  A  favorer;  a  pat- 
no:  one  wbo  givea  countenance  or  support.  [Liei/c 
■jed.]  B.  ' 


P^UrTRESS,  a.    A  ftmale  favorer  ;  a  pationeaa. 

WAUX  PI\  (fft'pa',)  [Fr.]     A  false  step ;  a  mistake, 

or  vrrtMig  meaMre. 
FA-VIL'LOUS,  «L    [U  fimtU,  ashea.] 

I.  Consisting  c^  or  pertaining  lo  ashes.     £roira. 
SL  Resembling  ash^ 
Pi'VOR,  a.     [I*  Jaoor ;  Fr.  faveur :  Arm.  /«iwr  i  Sp. 
fioDort  It.  Jmort ;  from  L.  fat^to ;  U,  f abhor ;  favor; 
^iMrscai,  to  favor.] 

1.  Kiad   regard;   kindness;  countenance;  prc^i- 
tkios  aspect ;  friendly  disjiojition. 


i  wm.rj,  umI  hN  lorWj  tniod, 
Gvra  Um  dw  fev  and  fnqr  ot  mankind.  WaUtr. 

Th*  UofV/lnDr  k  u  do*  DO  the  ^naa.  —  Pfor.  x!z. 
G«d  nv*  MKfta  >War  and  viadma  in  tb«  agbi  of  Pbua^h.  — 

Inarfi.  4. 

Ihoor  ii  d«oellfal,  aod  beautr  b  rah). --Ftot.  xxxl. 

S.  Sopport ;  defense;  vindication;  or  disposition 
to  aid,  befKend,  support,  promote,  or  jui^ify.  To  be 
ta  faxfor  0/  a  measure,  is  to  have  a  diiiposition  or  in- 
clination to  support  it  or  carry  it  into  effecL  To  be 
ix  fitvor  0/ n  party,  is  to  be  disposed  or  inclined  to 
mppon  it,  to  justify  its  proceedings,  and  to  promote 
Rs  interest?. 

3.  A  kind  act  or  office  ;  kindness  done  or  grrtnted  ; 
benevolence  shown  by  word  or  deed  ;  any  act  of  grace 
or  good  will,  as  distihguijlied  from  act:«  of  justice  or 
remuneration.  To  pardon  the  guilty  is  a /iicor;  to 
puiiiab  them  is  an  act  of  justice. 

4  Lenity  ;  mildness  or  mitigation  of  punishmenL 

I  oodd  not  dbeom  the  Inkj  and/oaorofthkaeDteuc^-.    Stei/L 

5.  Leave  ;  good  will ;  a  yielding  or  concession  to 
aacHber;  pardon. 

Bat,  wHfa  jam  finer,  1  viU  tieat  it  bets.  Drydtn. 

ft.  1%eolijeetof  kind  regard;  the  person  or  thing 
fiifimd. 


All  tbna  Ilia  vmdroai  vorica,  but  duefir  man, 
BiadiiddO^and/iiMr.  ATtlion. 

7.  A  gift  or  present;  something  bestowed  as  an 
eridence  of  good  will  ;  a  token  of  love  ;  a  knot  of 
ribbons  ;  some'thing  worn  as  a  token  of  affection.  A 
mmrriafe^or,  is  a  bunch  or  knot  of  white  ribbons  or 
white  dowers  w^rn  at  weddings. 

Bacon.    SpeelaUr,    Skdk, 

8.  A  feature  ;  countenance,     f  Abi  tuad.]     Skak^ 

9.  Advantage  ;  convenience  afforded  for  success. 
The  enemy  appn -ached  under  facor  of  the  nighU 

10.  Fartialiiy  ;  bias.     A   challenge  to  the  favor,  in 


FAV 

Jaip,  is  the  challenge  of  a  jiirw  on  arronm  of  some 
suppofied  jKirtialityj  by  reast»n  of  favor,  or  malice, 
interest,  or  connection. 
FA' VOR,  r.  t.  To  regard  with  kindness  ;  to  supiwrt ; 
to  aid,  or  have  the  disposition  to  aid,  or  to  wish  suc- 
cess to  ;  to  be  propitious  to  ;  to  countenance  ;  to  be- 
friend ;  to  encoum^je.  To  faror  the  cause  of  a  party, 
may  be  merely  to  \vi$h  success  to  it,  or  it  may  signify 
to  give  it  aid  by  counsel,  or  by  active  exertitins. 
Sometimes  men  professedly  favor  one  party,  and  se- 
cretly /hvm-  nootber. 

T1i»  kmb,/b»or  th?«  noL  —  1  Sam.  xx\x, 

'Shot  ibalt  attae,  and  IwTe  mm;  on  Zion ;  for  Ibe  time  to  Jtioor 

tier,  jrcA,  tbe  art  time,  k  coiiie.  —  Pa.  eiL 
O  happ/  joaih  1  aDd/aaor«lortlMakt«a.  Poju. 

3.  To  aflbrd  advantages  for  success  ;  to  facilitate. 
A  weak  place  in  the  fort  fa€ore4  the  entrance  of  tlie 
enemy ;  the  darkness  of  the  night  favored  his  ap- 
proach.   A  fair  wind  farors  a  voyage.    * 

3.  To  resemble  in  features.  The  child  favors  bis 
iUUier. 

4.  To  ease  ;  to  spare.  A  man  in  walking  favors 
a  lame  Irg. 

FA'VOR-A-BLE,  o.  [L.  favorahais ;  Ft.  favorable  i 
Bp.  id, ;  It.  favtrrabUtj  or  facorevole.] 

1.  Kind  ;  propitious  ;  fViendly  ;  affectionate. 

li-nd  JhpombtM  ear  to  our  miu''«t.  J^tak, 

Uari,  tbou  tuai  bcca  /avorabit  lo  thjr  land.  —  Pi.  Ixxxt, 

2.  Palliative  ;  tender  ;  averse  to  censure. 

None  cau  hare  the  /avorabU  thoui^M 

That  to  (Skj  a  Ijrmii'a  will  they  laught.  Drydtn. 

3.  Conducive  to  ;  contributing  to  ;  tending  to  pro- 
mote. A  salubrious  climate  and  plenty  of  food  are 
farorable  to  population. 

4.  Convenient;  advantageous  ;  affording  means  to 
facilitate,  or  affording  facilities.  The  low  price  of  la- 
bor and  provisions  is  farm-able  to  the  success  of  man- 
ufactures. The  army  was  drawn  up  on  favorable 
ground.  The  ship  look  a  station  favorable  fur  at- 
tack. 

Tbe  place  waa/hvono&bforinakl&fteTica  of  men.     ClartmtUm. 

5.  Renutiful  ;  well-fovored.     [Ob$.]         Spejuer. 
FA'VOU.A.«LE-i\ESS,  a.      Kindness;    kind  dispo- 

liition  or  regard. 

2.  Convenience ;  suitableness ;  that  slate  which 
affords  advantages  for  success;  conducivenesd  ;  as, 
the  favorablrne^a  of  a  season  ftir  crops  ;  the  favora- 
blemeae  of  the  times  for  the  cultivation  of  the  sci- 
ences, 

FA'VOR-A-BLY,  arfe.  Kindly;  with  friendly  dispo- 
sitions; with  regard  or  affection  ;  with  an  inclina- 
Mnn  lo  favor  ;  as,  to  jiulge  or  tliink  foporably  of  a 
measure ;  to  think  favorably  of  those  we  love. 

FA'VOR-£D,  pp.  Countenanced:  supported;  aided; 
supplied  with  advantages ;  eased;  spared. 

2.  a.  Regarded  with  kindness;  as,  a  favortd 
fhead. 

3.  With  foell  or  ill  prefixed,  featured. 
Well-faoered  is  well-looking,  having  a  good  coun- 
tenance or  appearance  ;  (leshy  ;  plump;  handsome. 

ni-favorod  is  ill-looking,  having  an  ugly  appear- 
ance ;  lean.     See  Gm,  xxxix.  xli.  &.c. 

Weil -favoredly ;  with  a  good  appearance.  [Little 
used.] 

lU-favortdlv :  with  a  bad  appearance.    [IMlte  iwed.] 

FA'V0R-*:D-NESS,  w.     Appearance.  DeiU. 

FA'VOR-ER,  n.  One  who  favors;  one  who  reg-arda 
with  kindness  or  friendship;  a  well-wisher ;  one 
who  assists  or  promotes  success  or  prosperity. 

Hooker,     Shak. 

FA'VOR-ESS,  a.  A  female  who  favors  or  gives  coun- 
tenance. 

FA' VOR-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Regarding  with  friendly  dis- 
positions ;  countenancing;  wishing  well  to;  con- 
tributing to  success;  facilitating. 

FA'VOR-InG-LY,  ode.     By  favoring. 

FA'VOR-ITE,C-it,)n.  [Ft.  favori,  favorite;  It.  favorito.] 
A  person  or  thing  regarded  with  peculiar  favor, 
preference,  and  affection  ;  one  greatly  beloved. 
Sc\ect  favorites  from  among  the  discreel  and  virtu- 
ous ;  princes  are  often  misled,  and  sometimes  ru- 
ined, by /acpriita ;  Gavesion  and  the  Spensers,  the 
favorites  of  Edward  II.,  fell  a  sacrifice  to  pubiic  in- 
dignation. 

Fa'VOR-ITE,  a.  Regarded  with  particular  kindness, 
affection,  esteem,  or  preference  ;  as,  a.  favorite  walk  ; 
R  favorite  author  ;  u.favorite  child. 

FA'VOR-IT-ISM,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  favoring, 
or  giving  a  preference  to  one  over  another. 

2,  The  disposition  to  favor,  aid,  and  promote,  the 
interest  of  a  favorite,  or  of  one  person  or  family,  or 
of  one  class  of  men,  to  the  neglect  of  oljienr  having 
equal  claims, 

ll  hu  been  Buyg^tcd  that  the  proc-cda  of  the  rom^n  billa  — 
were  calculated  merctj'  to  indulge  a  gpirit  oC  /avarititm  Co 
the  Sank  of  Ihc  United  Stales.  Hamiiton. 

Which  conaderatioQ  tmijosc*  such  a  necetsitj  on  the  cruwn,  na 
hath,  iu  a  great  meoauie,  subdued  the  influence  ofjavoril' 
um.  Palty. 

3.  Exercise  of  power  by  favorites.  Burke. 
FA'VOR-LF-SS,  a.      Unfavored  ;    not  regarded    with 

favor ;  having  no  patronage  or  countenance. 
2.  Not  favoring  ;  unpropitious.  Spenser. 


FEA 

FA-V^SE',  a,    Iloney-combed  ;  like  the  section  of  a 

honey-comb.  Lindley. 

FAV'O-f^ITE,  n.    [L./api«,  a  honey-comb.] 

A  name  given  to  certain  fossil  corals,  having  a 
minute  prismatic  structure.  Damu 

FAWN,  71.     [Fr.  faon^  fawn.    Q.U.  W.  /ynu,  to  pro- 
duce.] 
A  young  deer ;  a  buck  or  doe  of  the  first  year. 
Bacon.     Pope. 
FAWN.  iJ,  I.     [Fr./aanner.] 

To  bring  forth  a  fawn. 
FAWN,  c.  t.     [^tix.fagenian.     Bee  Faii*.] 

1.  To  court  favor,  or  show  attachment  to,  by  frisk- 
ing about  one  ;  us,  a  dog  fawns  on  his  master. 

2.  To  soothe ;  to  flutter  meanly ;  to  blandish  ;  to 
court  servilely  ;  lo  cringe  and  bow  to  gain  favor  ;  as, 
a  fawning  favorite  or  minion. 

My  lore,  forbear  to  Jhian  upon  their  Erowsi.  £7uiJt. 

It  is  followed  by  on  or  upon. 

FAWN.  n.    A  servile  cringe  or  bow  ;  mean  flattery. 

FXWN'ER,  n.  One  who  fawns;  one  who  cringes 
and  'flatters  meanly. 

FAWN'ING,  p;»r.  or  o.  Courting  servilely  ;  flattering 
hy  cringing  and  meanness  ;  bringing  forth  a  fawn. 

FAWN'ING,  n.    Grtjss  flatterj'.  Shak, 

FA^VN'!NG-LY,  adv.  In  a  cringing,  servile  way; 
with  mean  flatterj-. 

FAX'£D,  (faxt,)  a.     [Sax.  feax,  hair.] 

Hairy.     [JVot  in  use.]  Camden. 

FAY.  n.     [Fr./ecJ 

A  fairy  ;  an  ell.  Milton.    Pope. 

FAY,  n.    Faith  ;  as,  by  my  fay.  Shak. 

FAY,  r.  (.     [Sax,  foigan;  Sw.  fogaj  D.  voegen.    See 
Fados.] 
To  fit ;  to  suit ;  to  unite  closely  with. 
[This  is  a  contraction  of  the  Teutonic  word,  and 
the  same  as  Fadgs,  which  see.    It  is  not  an  elegant 
word.] 

FAZ-ZO-LEV^  (fat-ao-let',)  n.  [It.]    A  handkerchief. 

Percival. 

FEA'BER-RY,  n.    A  goofteberry. 

FEAGUE,  (feeg,)  r.  U     [G.fegrn,'] 

To  beat  or  whip.     [JVo(  in  use.]         Buckingham, 

FE'AL,  a.     Faithful.     [Infra.] 

Fe'AL-TY,  n.  [Fr.  feal,  trusty,  contracted  from  L. 
fdelis;  iUfedelta;  Fr.  Jideliti;  Sp./c,  faith,  contracted 
from/(/etf  ,■  hence,  Jiel,  faithful ;  feldad,  fitlcliiy.] 

Fidelity  lo  a  lord  ;  faithful  adherence  of  a  tenant 
or  va^isal  to  the  miperior  of  whom  he  holds  his  lands ; 
loyalty.  Under  the  feudal  system  of  tenures,  every 
vassal  or  tenant  was  bound  to  be  true  and  faithful  to 
his  lord,  and  to  defend  him  against  all  his  enemies. 
This  obligution  was  called  his  fidelity,  or  fealty,  and 
an  oatli  of  fealty  was  required  to  be  taken  by  ail  ten- 
ants to  their  landlords.  The  tenont  was  called  a 
liege  man;  the  land,  a  liege  fee;  and  the  superior, 
liege  lord,     [See  Liege.] 

FeAR,  n.  [teee  the  verb.]  A  painful  emotion  or 
passicm  excited  by  an  expectation  of  evil,  or  the  ap- 
prehension of  impending  danger.  Fear  expresses 
less  apprehension  than  dread,  and  dread  less  ttinn 
terror  and  frighL  The  force  of  this  passion,  begin- 
ning with  the  most  moderate  degree,  may  he  thus 
expressed — fear,  dready  terror,  frii^ht.  Fear  is  ac- 
companied with  a  desire  to  avoid  or  ward  off  the 
expected  evil.  Fear  is  an  uneasiness  of  mind,  upon 
the  thought  of  future  evil  likely  to  befall  us,   JVatxs. 

Fear  is  (he  passion  of  our  nature  which  exdiei  lu  to  proride  for 
our  tecumy,  on  the  approach  of  evil.  Rogtri. 

9.  Anxiety ;  solicitude. 

The  principal  fear  wa»  for  the  holy  temple.  Maceahett. 

3.  The  cause  of  fear. 

Thy  aiigcl  becomes  a  /aor.  Shak. 

4.  The  oDject  of  fear.      • 

Except  the  God  of  Aliraham,  and  the  /tar  of  loaic,  had  been 
wiLh  me.  —  Gen.  xxxi. 

5.  Something  set  or  hung  up  to  terrify  wild  ani- 
mals, by  its  color  or  noise.     Is.  xxiv.     Jer.  ilviii. 

6.  In  Script  are,  fear  is  used  to  express  ajilial  or  a 
slavish  passion.  In  good  men,  the  fear  of  God  is  a 
holy  awe  or  reverence  of  God  and  his  laws,  which 
springs  from  a  just  view  and  real  love  of  the  divine 
character,  leading  the  subjects  of  it  to  hate  and  shun 
every  thing  that  can  offend  such  a  holy  being,  and 
inclining  them  to  aim  at  perfect  obedience.    I'his  is 

Jilial  f^ar. 

I  will  p(it  my /ear  in  theiihearta.  — Jer.  xxxil, 
Slaoish  fear  is  the  effect  or  consequence  of  guilt ; 
it  is  ttie  painful  apprehension  of  merited  punishmenL 
Rom.  viii. 

The  lore  rf  God  caateth  out  /ear.  —  1  John  It. 

7.  The  worship  of  God. 

I  will  ti^ach  yfju  the /ear  of  the  Lord.  —  P«.  xxxir. 

8.  The  law  and  word  of  God. 

The  year  of  the  I^rd  is  clean,  enduring  forercr.  —  Pa.  xlz. 

9.  Reverence;  respect;  due  regard. 

Render  W  all  their  dues ;  /ear  lo  whom  /ear.  —  Bom.  xiii, 

FeAR,  r.  t.  [Sax.  fxran,  aftrran,  to  impress  fear,  to 
terrify  ;  D.  vuaren,  to  put  in  fear,  to  disorder,  to  de- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRgY.— PTXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE.  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  JiQQK. 


FEA 

range  ;  L.  vereor.  In  Sax.  and  I>utchj  Ihe  verb  coin- 
cides in  elements  with  fare^  to  go  or  depart,  and  the 
sense  seems  to  be,  to  scare  or  drive  away.     Q,\l.  Syr. 

and  ^Vr.  Ju  nafara^  to  fl^  or  be  fearful.    See  Class 

Br,  No.  46,  33.] 

I  To  feel  a  painfnl  apprehension  of  some  impend- 
ing evil;  to  be  afraid  of;  to  consider  or  expect  with 
emotions  of  alarm  or  solicitude.  VVe  fear  the  ap- 
proach of  an  enemy  or  of  a  storm  ;  we  have  reason 
to  fear  the  punishment  of  our  sins, 

I  will/mr  BO  eril,  for  thau  urt  with  mc.  — Fi.  zzill. 

2.  To  reverence ;  to  have  a  reverential  awe ;  to 
venerate. 

Th«  do,  and  lire,  for  ! /ear  God.  —  Q<n.  xUl. 

3.  To  affright;  to  terrify;  to  drive  away  or  prevent 
approach  by  fear,  or  by  a  scarecrow. 

[This  seems  to  be  the  primary  meaning,  but  now 
obsolete.] 

We  must  not  mail" :»  scsn»crow  of  the  law 

Setting  U  up  \afear  ilio  birds  of  prey.  Shak. 

FeAR,  c.  L  To  be  in  apprehension  c(  evil ;  to  be 
afraid  ;  to  feel  anxiety  on  account  of  jume  expected 
eviL 

But  I  fear,  test  by  an^  menna,  as  the  <  eryfnX  bf fuil*<I  E»« 
throurh  liis  mUilty,  so  .vour  mind .  ahmild  be  corrupted 
from  we  sfmirficitj  that  u  in  Christ.  •  -  3  Cor.  xi. 

Aor  not,  Abram :  I  am  thy  liiklil  a  id  Ut/  exceeding  greal 
reward. —Gen.  xr. 

F£AR,  n.     [Sax./rt-a,  geferaJ] 

A  companion.  [^JVut  tn  use.\    [See  Peer.]    Spenser. 
F£AR'£D,  pp.     Apprehended '  /  expected  with  painful 

solicitude;  reverenced. 
Fe.\R'FI^'L,  a-     Atfected  by  fear;  feeling  pain  in  ex- 
pectation   of   evil  ;    appre)ien»ive   with   solicitude  ; 
ul'ratd.     I  am  fearful  of  the  consequences  of  rash 
conducL     Hence, 
3.  Timid  ;  timorous  ;  wanting  courage. 

Wbat  toaa  '»  then  that  ia  fearful  and  raint-heaited  F  —  Deut. 

XX. 

3.  Terrible;  impressing  fear ;  frightful;  dreadful. 


;  to  be  reverenced. 

i>»u  in  boItncsB,  fearful  in  praUes  i 

That  thou  m^jf-st  ir-ar  this  glorious  and  fearful  name,  jL'hoTah, 
tiiy  God.  —  Dent.  xx»ilL 

FEAR'FUi,-LV,  adv.    Timorously ;  in  fear. 

In  iijch  a  nighl 
Did  Thisbe  ftarfulli/  o'ertrip  the  dew.  Shak. 

Q.  Terribly ;  dreadfully ;  in  a  manner  to  impress 
terror. 

Th^ra  ia  a  diff,  whosr  high  and  bending  head 

\jOoV»  ftarfuliy  on  the  confined  deep.  Shak. 

3.  In  a  manner  to  impress  admiration  and  aston- 
ishment. 

1  taaftarfaVy  and  wonderfiJljr  miuJr.  —  Ps.  cxxxfs. 

F£AR'F(;Ij-\ES8,  n.    Ttnior<>uf>nes9 ;  timidity. 

2.  titale  of  being  afraid  ;  awe ;  dread. 

A  third  tiling  that  mak^s  a  government  despised,  iafaarjitintu 
at,  mad  noaa  oooiphaacca  with,  twkt  popular  ootatifjn. 

South, 

3.  Terror ;  alarm ;  apprehension  of  eviL 

F\ar/ulne*»  haUt  surpraed  the  hrpocritea.  —  Is.  xxxBJ. 
FEAR'LE.*^S,a.     FreefVnm  fear;  as, /earless  of  death  ; 

fearltxa  of  Consequences. 

3.  Bold  ;  courageous  ;  intrepid  ;  undaunted  ;  as,  a 

fearless  hero  j  %fearUti  foe. 
FeAU'LESS-LY,  adv.     Without  fear;   in  a  bold  or 

courageous   manner  ;    intrepidly.     Itmve  men  fear- 

lesjflg  expose    themselves   to  the  must  formidable 

danger?. 
FeAR'LES9-\ES.«,  ji.    Freedom  from  fear  ;  courage  ; 

boldness ;  intrepidity. 

He  gfl»e  instances  ot'an  invinctblr*  courage  and  fearletntft  in 
clAn«<T.  Clarandon. 

FEAR'NAIJOHT,  ffeer'nawt,)  ».  A  woolen  cloth  of 
ercat  tbirkne^fl ;  flreadnaught. 

PfcAiK  l-IUL'l-TY,  B,  [See  Feasible.]  The  quality 
of  being  rapabtfi  of  execution  ;  |inicticnhility.  Be- 
fore ivp  n^lopt  a  plan,  lets  us  considt^r  \Uffa:iihmty. 

FeAS'I-BLR,  (feea'e-bl.)  a.  [Fr.  faL'^ablr,  from  faire^ 
to  make  ;  L.facrre;  ll.  fallibUe;  Up.  factibU.] 

1.  That  may  be  done,  performed,  executed,  or  ef- 
fected ;  prarticalile.  We  say  a  thing  is /eanW«,  when 
it  can  be  effertiid  by  human  means  or  agency.  A 
thing  may  bn  pfissiblp,  but  not  feasible. 

2.  That  may  be  uw;d  or  tilled,  as  land.  B.  TrumbuU. 
Fi^AS'I-BLE,  R.      That   which    is   practicable;    that 

whirh  ran  he  performed  by  human  means. 
FF:A9'1  BLE-NESS,  n.     Feasibility;  practicability. 
FfiAS'I-BLY.  adr.     Practicably.  [Bp.  Hall. 

FE.AST,n.     fl*/r.»(icm,-  ¥t.f€te;  8p.Jiesta;  lUfesta; 

U.feasda;  D.feest;  G.  fr.it.] 

I.  A  sumptuous  repast  or  entertainment,  of  which 

a  number  of  guests  partake;  particularly,  a  rich  or 

splendid  public  entertainment. 

On  Phanoh't  blilbda/,  be  made  a  /m«(  to  aU  Us  serranU.  — 
Qma.  xl. 


FEA 

S.  A  rich  or  delicious  repast  or  meal ;  something 
delicious  to  the  palate. 

3.  A  ceremony  of  feasting  ;  joy  and  thanksgiving 
on  stated  days,  in  commemoration  of  some  great 
event,  or  in  honor  of  some  distinguished  personage  ; 
an  anniversary,  periodical,  or  stated  celebration  of 
some  event ;  a  festival ;  as  on  occasion  of  the  games 
in  Greece,  and  the  /awt  of  the  passover,  the  feast  of 
Pentecost,  and  the  feast  of  tabernacles  among  the 
Jews. 

4.  Something  delicious  and  entertaining  to  the 
mind  or  soul;  as,  the  dispensation  of  the  gospel  is 
called  ti  feast  of  fat  things.     Is.  xxv 

5.  That  which  deliglits  and  entertains. 

He  thai  is  of  a  merry  hcml  hiilh  a  contiituAl  feast.  —  Prov.  xr. 
In  the  English  Churchy  feasts  are  immovable  or  mora- 
ble ;  immovable,  when  they  always  occur  on  the 
same  day  of  the  year,  as  Christmas  day.  Sec. ;  and 
vKtvablr,  when  they  are  not  confined  to  the  same 
day  of  the  year,  as  Easter,  which  regulates  many 
others 
FeAST,  r.  L  To  eat  sumptuously ;  to  dine  or  sup  on 
rich  provisions;  particularly  in  large  companies, and 
on  public  festivals. 

And  hia  sons  went  nndfeaattd  in  their  houses.  —  Job  1. 

9.  To  be  highly  gratified  or  delighted. 
FEAST,  V.  t.     To  entertain  with  sumptuous  provis- 
ions ;  to  treat  at  the  table  magnificently  ;  as,  he  was 
feasted  by  the  king.  Hapcard, 

a.  To  delight ;  to  pamper;  to  gratify  luxuriously  j 
as,  to  feast  the  soul. 

Whose  t.iste  or  smell  can  blea  the /sostoi  sense.        Dryden. 

FEAST'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Entertained  sumptuously  ;  de- 

hghted. 
Fe.\ST'ER,  «.    One  who  fares  deliciously.    Taylor. 
2.  One  who  entertains  magnificently.      Johnson. 
FfiAST'FJJL,  a.     Festive  ;  joyful ;  as,  a  feastful  day 
or  friend.  MiiUm. 

2.  Sumptuous  ;  luxurious ;  as,  feastful  rites. 

Pope, 
FEAST' FtJT^LY,  adv.     Festively  ;  luxuriously. 
FeAST'ING,  ppr.     Eating  luxuriously  ;  faring  sump- 

2.  Delighting  ;  gratifying.  [tuously. 

3.  Entertaining  with  a  sumptuous  table. 
FeAST'ING,  n.     The  act  of  eating  luxuriously  ;  an 

entertainment. 

F£AST'-RITE,  ju  Custom  observed  in  entertain- 
ments. Philips. 

FeAT,  7t.  [Fr.fiati  lUfhtto;  It.  factum^  from  facio,  to 
perform.] 

1.  An  act,  a  deed  ;  an  exploit;  as,  a  bold  feat;  a 
noble  feat ;  featit  of  prowess. 

2.  In  a  subordinate  sense,  any  extraordinary  act  of 
strength,  skill,  or  cunning  ;  as,  feats  of  horseman- 
ship, or  of  dexterity  ;  a  trick. 

F£AT,  a.     Ready  ;  skillful ;  ingenious. 

Never  master  had  a  p.-xgo  —  ao  feat.     [06s.]  Shak. 

FEAT,  r.  t.    To  form  ;  to  fashion.     [Obs.]         Shak. 

FicAT'E-Ol'S,  a.     Neat;  dextrous. 

FeAT'E-OUS-LY,  a(/D.    Neatly  ;  dextrously.    [Obs.] 

Spenser, 

FEATH'ER,  (feth'er,)  n.  [Saz.fether;  G.feder;  D. 
vedtr;  Dsiii.  Jiar ;  Sw.  jteder  i  allied  jtrobably  to 
vTtfiovt  and  tieraXiv^  from  ircrai'),  to  open  or  ex- 
pand. Fbthbr,  according  to  ttie  etymology,  would 
be  the  beii*-r  spelling.] 

1.  .\  plume ;  a  gr^neral  name  of  the  covrring  of 
birds.  J'he  smaller  feathers  are  u^ed  for  tlie  filling 
of  beds ;  the  larger  ones,  called  quills,  ore  used  for 
ornaments  of  the  head,  for  writing  pens,  &.c.  The 
fcatht-r  consists  of  a  shaft  or  stem,  corneouB,  round, 
strong,  and  hollow  at  the  lower  part,  and  at  the 
up|K>r  part  filled  with  pith.  On  each  side  of  the 
shaft  are  the  vanes,  broad  on  one  side,  and  nar- 
row on  the  other,  consisting  of  thin  lamina.  The 
fbftthers  which  c^ver  the  body  are  called  the  plumage; 
the  featliprs  of  the  wings  are  adapted  to  digliL 

9.  Kind ;  nature ;  species ;  from  the  proverbial 
phrase,  "  Birds  of  a  /eoMer,"  thai  is,  of  the  same 
Bpecies.     [  Unusual  ] 

1  nm  not  of  thni  feaOitr  to  shake  off 

M>  Irieiid,  wltoa  lie  moat  iioliIb  iiie.  Shak. 

3.  An  ornament ;  an  empty  title. 

4.  On  a  horse,  a  sort  of  natural  frizz.ling  of  the 
hair,  which,  in  some  places,  riBCs  almve  the  lying 
hair,  and  there  makes  a  hgure  resembling  the  tip  of 
an  ear  of  wheat.  Far.  DicL 

ji  feather  in  the  cap,  is  an  honor,  or  mark  of  dis- 
tinction. 

To  be  in  high  feather ;  to  ap|)ear  in  high  spirits  and 
health,  like  birds  when  their  plumage  is  full,  after 
molting. 

To  show  the  vhite  feather  ;  to  give  indications  of 
cowardice  ;  a  nliniHe  borrowed  from  the  cockpit, 
where  a  white  feather  in  the  tail  of  a  cock  Is  con- 
sidered a  token  that  he  is  not  of  Uie  true  game- 
breed.  Grose. 
FEATH'ER,  v.  t.  To  dress  in  feathers ;  to  fit  with 
feathers,  or  to  cover  wUh  feotlier-t. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  cover  with  foliage  In  a  feathery 
manner.  Sir  fV.  Scott. 


FEB 

3.  To  tread,  as  a  cock.  Dryden, 

4.  To  enrich  ;  to  adorn ;  to  exalt. 

The  km^  cared  not  to  plume  hU  nobility  and   people,  (o  ftathar 
himiclf.  Bacon. 

To  feather  one^s  nest;  to  collect  wealth,  particularly 
from  emoluments  derived  from  agencies  for  others ; 
a  proverb  taken  from  birds  which  collect  feathers  for 
their  nests. 

FEATirER-BF.D,  K.  A  bed  filled  with  feaUiera ,  a 
soft  bed- 

FE.\TH'ER-BCiARD-ING,  n.  A  covering  of  boards 
in  which  the  edge  of  one  board  overlaps  another, 
like  the  feathers  o('  a  bird.  Loudon. 

FEAT li'EK-URIV-ER,  n.  One  who  beats  and  other- 
wise prepares  feathers  to  make  them  light  or  loose, 

FEATn'ER-/;D,  (fcth'erd,)  pp.  Covered  with  feath- 
ers ;  enriched. 

2.  fl.  Clothed  or  covered  with  feathers.  A  fowl 
or  bird  is  a  feathered  animal. 

Rise  from  the  groimd  like  fealhertd  Mercury.  Shak. 

3.  Fitted  or  furnished  with  feathers;  as,  a /aifA- 
cred  arrow. 

4.  Smoothed,  like  down  or  feathers.  Seott 

5.  Covered  with  things  growing  from  the  sub* 
stance  ;  as,  land  feathered  with  trees.  Coze, 

FEATH'ER-EDGE,  n.    An  edge  like  a  feather. 

A  board  tlm  h:w  one  edge  Ihinuer  tliivu   tlie  other,  is  caJlod/ioA. 
er-edge  siutf.  Moson. 

FE.ATH'ER-EDG-ZD,  a,  Hoving  one  edge  thinner 
than  the  other.  OailL 

FEATM'RR-FEW,  h.    A  corruption  of  Feter-few. 

FEATH'ER-GRASS,  n.  A  sjwcies  of  grass,  distin- 
guished by  its  feathered  beard.  Loudon. 

FEAT H'ER-liN'G,  ppr.    Covering  with  feathers. 

FEATIl'ER-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  feathers  ;  un- 
fledged. Hoiort. 

FEATii'ER-LY,  a.   Resembling  feathers.   [JVut  used.] 

Brown. 

FEATU'ER-SELL'ER,  n.  One  who  sells  feathers 
for  beds. 

FEATII'ER-Y,  (feth'er-e,)  a.  Clothed  or  covered 
with  feathers.  Mdton. 

2.  Having  the  appearance  of  feathers ;  pertaining 
to  or  resembling  feathers, 

FeAT'LY,  ado.  [from  feat.]  Neatly  ;  dextroitsly  j 
adroitly.     [Little  used.]  Shak.     Dryden, 

FeAT'NESS,  B.  [from/f(K.]  Dexterity;  adroitness; 
skillfulness.     [Little  used.^ 

FeAT'IJRE,  n.  [Norin./ai(ur«;  L./ac(«ra,a  making, 
fromyjjcio,  to  make  ;  lu  fattura.] 

1.  The  make,  form,  or  cast  of  any  part  of  the  face  ; 
any  single  lineament.  We  speak  of  large  features 
or  small /ca/ur«.s.  We  see  a  resemblance  in  the  feat- 
ures of  a  parent  and  of  a  child. 

2.  The  make  or  cast  of  the  face. 

Report  ihtfaalurt  of  Oclavia,  her  yean,  Shak. 

3.  The  fhshion  ;  the  make  ;  the  whole  turn  or  cast 
of  the  body. 

4.  The  make  or  form  of  any  part  of  the  surface  of 
a  thing,  as  of  a  country  or  landscape. 

5.  Lineament;  outline;  prominent  parts;  as,  the 
features  of  n  treaty. 

FeAT'UR /:n,  a.  "Having  features  or  good  features  ; 
resembling  in  features.  Shak. 

FeATT.RE-LESS,  (I.     Having  no  distinct  features. 

FeAZE,  v.  u     To  untwist  the  end  of  a  rope. 

FkAZ'KD,  (feeKd,)  pp.     Untwisted.         [Ainsioorth, 

FEAZ'IXG,  ppr.     Untwisting. 

FE-BRI€'U-LA,  ti.     [L.]     A  slight  fever. 

FE-BRie'l^-I.(^HE,  a.     AfTected  with  slight  fever. 

FE-BRie-i;-LOS'I-TY,  n.     Feverishness. 

FEB'RI-FA-CIE.NT,  (-fe-shent,)  a.  [Ufebria,  a  fever, 
and  facio,  to  make.] 

('ausing  f-ver.  Beddoes. 

FEB'KI-FA-CIENT,  n.    That  which  produces  fever. 

Beddoes. 

FE-BRIF'ie,  o.    [\..frbris,  fever,  XMAfacio,  to  make.] 
I'rodui'ing  fever  J  feverish. 

FEB  Kl-FO'GAL,  a.  [Infra.]  Having  the  quality  of 
mitigating  or  curing  tever.  [Not  in  use  among  phy- 
siei;ins,  but  only  among  unmedicat  men.]   Lindley, 

FEB'Ul  FUGK,  n.    ['L.fcbris,  fever,  and /u^ro,  to  drive 
away.] 
Any  medicine  that  mitigates  or  removes  fever. 

Encyc. 

FEB'Rl-FUGE,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  mitipnting 
or  subduing  fever ;  antifebrile,  .^rbuthnoU 

FE'BRILE  or  FEB'RILE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  febrilia^ 
from  fcbris,  fever] 

Pertaining  to  fever;  indicating  fever,  or  derived 
from  it ;  0.9,  febrile  symptoms  ;  ftbrile  action. 

FEB'RU-A-RY,  n.  [L.  Februarias  i  Fr.  Fevrier;  It. 
Febhraio  :  Sp.  Febrcro  ;  Ann.  Fevrer  ,■  Port.  Fevereiro  s 
It.  Fcabhra;  Rusa.  Phebral.  The  Latin  word  is  said 
to  be  named  from  februo,  to  purify  by  sacrifice,  and 
thus  to  signify  the  month  of  purification,  as  the  peo- 
ple werf-,  in  this  month,  purified  by  sacrifices  and 
oblations.  The  word  frbruo  ia  said  to  be  a  Sabine 
word,  connected  \\\t\i  fcrvco,  ferbeo,  to  boil,  as  boiling 
was  used  in  purifications.  Varro.     Ovid. 

This  practice  bears  a  resemblance  to  that  of  mak- 
ing atonement  among  the  Jews  ;  but  the  connection 


TCNE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 

— _  ___ 


FED 

bt'tn-ern  /— r<-o  ami  Fibruart/  is  doubtfUl.  The  W. 
fieemti,  Februarj'j  Arm.  k/ucrer.  Corn.  JUMvra/,  ia 
fruui  W.  firrrirr,  violencr  :  ilie  st-vere  month.] 

The  name  of  ihe  sectind  month  in  the  year,  intro- 
duced into  the  Roman  calend.ir  by  Nnma.  In  coin- 
mon  yean,  thia  month  conutins  *id  days  ;  in  Uie  his- 
•ettile  or  leap  year,  39  d.i\*s. 

FEB-RU-A'TIO\, «.    Purification.    [See  FxaatTAar.] 

SptnMr, 

FE'CAU  «•  [See  F.ccii.]  Contalnlnn  or  coiwisling 
oV  dregs,  lees,  sediment,  or  excrenienU 

Ffi'Ces,  M.  pt.     [L./rfciw.] 

1.  Dre^;  lees;  sedimenl;  the  matter  whkh  ■ub- 
■idea  in  cask?  of  liquor. 

2.  Excrement.  -         .MrhitJauL 
FETIAL,  (td'shrU,)  a.     [U/kdalis.) 

Pertainmi;  to  heralds  nnd  the  denunciation  of  war 

to  .in  enemy  ;  as,/«ta/  law.  KeiiL 

t^E'CtTy  n,  '  [I..J  he  made.]     A  word  inscribed  by 

artists  aller  their  names  on  %  work,  to  denote  Uie 

desiener :  as,  Guido  fiat. 
FECK'LESS,a.    SplriUea;  fiBeblfl;  weak.;  perhaps  a 

rurntption  uf  ErrscTLKst.     [ScwttitA.] 
FEC'i;-L.V,  a.    TiM  Kreea  mattar  of  plants;  chloro- 

phj  1.  Urt, 

3.  Surch  or  ftrtna  ;  called,  aim,  amvUaeeous  fffula. 
Tlu*  terra  is  applied  to  any  pulverulent  matter  ub- 

taiiii'd  iVutii  DL-inL-i  hv  siiiiiity  breaking  duwn  the  lex- 
t  I'ld  subsidence.     Hence 

it  Uie  green  fecula,  though 

(■:."  il  prxtperties.  Cyc 

FECrXKNCU,    (  -i.       ,1-.    J\fcttIrmUa,    from  fmeulA, 

FEC'l^-LEN-CY,  j    /«<•*,  /Irr,  drega.] 

1.  Muddiness  ;  foulness ;  the  qu^ity  of  being  foul 
with  extr:ineous  matter  ot  lees. 

a.  Lees  ;  sediment  ;  dregs  ;  or  mlher  the  sub- 
stances mixed  with  liquor,  or  floating  in  it,  which. 
when  separated  and  lying  at  the  bottom,  are  callea 
iMs  ^r*g*,  or  Mdimnd.  The  refining  or  fining  fit 
liqfMir  is  the  separation  of  it  from  its  jWutrncies, 

FE€*l^-LE\T,  a.  Foul  with  extraneous  or  impure 
substances  ;  muddy  ;  thick  ;  turhtd  ;  abouMing  n'ith 
sediment  or  exrrementitious  matter.  '  • 

Fe'€L\\D,  o.     [L./iTcajbiiu,  from  the  root  of  J^tmM,^ 
Fruitful  in  roildrcn  ;  prolific.  Orwu» 

FE'fUN-D.ATE,  r.  (.    To  make  fruitful  or  prolific 
a.  To  imprejrnata  ;  us,  the  pollen  of  flowers!^ 
enniiituj  tlir  ^ti^nia.  Anatkarn^  Trmts. 

Pfe'eU-N'  DA-TED,  pp.  Rendered  pfoIiSc  or  fniitf^  ; 
impreiniaied. 

PS'Ci :.N-DA-TL\G,  ^pr.  or  «.  Rendering  frul^l ; 
imi>n.*gn,itin2. 

FE-t-U.N'-DA'TiOX,  a.  The  art  of  making  fruitful  or 
pridific  ;  im|irfg nation. 

rE-€lJXD'!-FY,  e.  L    To  make  fruitful ;  to  fecundate. 

FE-€lj\D  l-tV,  a.     [U  /a-^iarfitof,] 

J.  Fruitfulneeat ;  ihe  quality  of  producing  fruit ; 
particularly  th-  ■•■■■' Tiiale  animals  of  produc- 
ing voting  :n  l'; 

2.  The  pow-  2  or  bringing  forth.  It 
Is  said  that  i;.*  ^  ....  v..  :K>me  plauls  rttain  their 
/eciuiJttjr  forty  years.  Ray. 

3.  Fertility  ;  the  power  of  bringiDg  forth  in  abitn- 
danee  ;  richness  iif  invention. 

FED,  jrrrt.  and  pp.  of  Fked,  which  see. 

FED'Ea-AL,  a.  [from  U  >Miu,  a  league,  allied,  per- 
haps, tn  Cng.  lOM,  Sax.  »tdtiian,  1m  vojt,  raUis,  vaJdory 
vudimoniim.  See  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  IS^y,  to  ;dcdge.  Class 
Bd,  So.  25.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  league  ^r  contract ;  derived  from 
an  agreement  or  covenant  between  paittea,  particu- 
larly between  nations. 

TbK  Rooauia,  coiUnr;  to  /td»rol  rifbt,  compiled  tbrzn  to  put 
with  Sardinia.  Orta. 

2.  Consistini  in  a  compact  between  parties,  partic- 
nlarty  and  chiefiy  between  states  or  nations ;  found- 
ed on  alliance  by  contract  or  mutual  agreement ;  as, 
n  ftdtnl  government,  tiuch  as  that  of  tlia  L'nited 


3.  Friendly  to   the    con^itution   of  the    United 
States.     [See  the  noun.l 
FED'ER-.AX,,  >  a.     An  appellation    in   .America, 

FED'ER-AL-IST,  \      giveu  to  the  frieuils  of  the  con- 
stitution of  the  United  Stales  at  Its  formation  and 
adoption,  and  to  the  ptditiral  party  ivhich  favored 
the  administration  of  President  Washington. 
F£0'ER-AL-UM,  a.  The  pnnciple^  of  Uie  Federalists. 

Morris. 
FED'ER-AL-EZE,  e.  f,  or  i.    To  unite  in  compact,  as 
diiferent  staler ;  to  confederate  for  political  purposes. 

Barlow. 
FED'ER-AL-IZ-ED,  pp.     United  in  compact. 
FED'ER-AI^IZ-ING,/»/w.    Confederating. 
FED'ER-A-RY,  *  a.     A   partner;   a   coafedenite  ;   an 
FED'A-RV,         \     accomplice.     [Aot  u^tiL]      Skak. 
FED'ER-.A TE,  a.     [L.  faiUratus.] 

Leagued  ;    united   by  c^m;iact,   as   soverei:inlies, 
st.-ite:!i,  or  nations ;  joined  in  coiift:dcracy ;  t^ffuiernU 
nations  or  pii\v>rs. 
FED-ER-A'TIOX,  a.    The  act  of  uniting  in  a  league. 

2.  A  league;  a  confederacy.  B^iu, 

FED'ER-A-Tl\'E,  a.    Uniting  ;  joining  in  a  league; 
forming  a  confederacy. 


FEE 

FED'I-TY,  ».     [L./tfdito*.] 

Turpitude  ;  vilenesa.     [ATit  in  useJ]  ffalL 

FEE,  n.  [Sax.  feoy /tok ;  D.  tee;  G.  riM;  8\v.  fa; 
Dnn./ire ;  Scot.  /«,  /ey,  or^^,  cattle  ;  L.  pecu,  pecus. 
From  tlie  use  of  cattle  in  transferring  proj>crty,  or 
from  barter  and  payments  in  cattle,  the  word  came 
to  signify  money  ;  it  signified,  also,  poods,  substance 
in  general.  The  word  belongs  to  Class  Dg,  but  the 
primary  sense  is  not  obvious.] 

A  reward  or  compensation  for  8er\'ices  ;  recom- 
pense, either  gratuitous,  or  established  by  law,  and 
claimed  of  right.  It  is  applied  particularly  to  the 
reward  of  profvssionul  services ;  as,  the  /cm  of  law- 
yers and  pliysicians  ;  the  fees  of  office ;  clerk's  fees  ; 
sherilT's/ffjj ;  marriage /cm,  fcc.  Many  of  these  are 
fixed  by  law  j  but  gmtuities  to  professional  men  are 
also  called  fees. 

FEE,  a.  [This  word  is  usually  deduced  from  Sax. 
/fo*,  cattle,  property,  and  fee,  a  reward.  This  is  a 
mistake.  Fee,  in  iuid,  is  a  cpntracttton  o(  femi  or 
.p>/,  or  from  the  same  source  j  lu  fede^  Sp.  /r,  faith, 
trust.  AVe,  a  reward,  from/roA,  is  a  Teutonic  word  ; 
but/e«,y)iiiJ,  fefy  are  words  wholly  unknown  to  the 
Teutonic  nations,  who  use,  as  synonymous  with 
Ihem,  the  word  whicli  in  English  is  loan.  This 
word  fee^  in  land  or  an  estate  in  trust,  was  first  ui^ed 
among  the  descendants  uf  the  nortiiem  conquerors 
of  Italy,  hut  il  originated  in  the  south  of  Europe. 
See  Fkud.] 

Primarilu,  a  loan  of  land,  an  estate  in  tnist,  granted 
by  a  prince  or  lord,  to  be  held  hy  the  grantee  on  con- 
dition of  personiil  service,  or  other  condition  ;  and, 
if  the  grantee  or  tenant  failed  to  perform  the  condi- 
tions, the  land  reverted  to  the  lord  or  donor,  called 
the  landtard,  or  tend  lord ^  the  lord  of  the  loan.  A  fee, 
then,  is  any  land  or  tenement  held  of  a  superior  on 
certain  conditions.  It  is  synonymous  with  fief  and 
feud.  All  the  land  in  England,  except  the  crown 
lanil.  Is  of  this  kind.  Fees  are  absolute  or  limited. 
An  Ahsalute  fee^oT  fetsimple,  is  land  which  a  man 
holds  to  himself  and  his  heirs  forever,  who  are  called 
tenants  in  fe^~^tmple,  [ienc«,  in  modern  times,  the 
term  fee  or  fee-simple  denotes  an  estate  of  inheritance  ; 
«ond,  in  America,  where  lands  are  not  gcnenilly  held 
■W  a  3\ip»fiiir,  a/c/,  ut  fee-^iaiple^  is  an  estate  in  which 
the  owner  has  the  whole  property,  without  any  con- 
ation annexed  to  the  tenure.  A  limited  fee,  is  an 
estate  limited  or  clogged  with  certain  conditions  ;  as, 

H^  guaiiAeft' itt  base  fee,  which  ceases  with  the  exist- 
ence of 'certain   umditions;    and   a   conditional  fee^ 
.'W)jich  is  limited  to  particular  heirs. 

Blackstone.     Eneyc. 
In  tMa  United  States,  an  estate  in  fte,  or  fee-simple, 
i^what  is  called  in  English  law  an  allodial  estate,  an 
estate  held  by  a  person   in  his  own  right,  and  de- 
'acendihle  to  the  heirs  in  general. 

PEE'-KXRM,  n.  [fee  and  farm.]  A  kind  of  tenure 
of  estates  witliout  homage,  fealty,  or  other  service, 
except  that  mentioned  in  the  leufi'mcnt,  which  ia 
usaally  the  full  rent.  The  nature  of  this  tenure  is, 
that  if  the  rent  is  in  arrear  or  unpaid  for  two  years, 
the  leoffor  and  his  heirs  may  have  an  action  for  the 
recoverv  of  the  lands.  Encye. 

FEE'->SIM'PLE.     See  Fee. 

FEE'-TaIL,  n.    An  estate  entailed  ;  a  conditional  fee. 

FEE,  r.  L    To  pay  a  fee  to  ;  to  reward.     Hence, 

2.  To  engage  in  one's  service  by  advancing  a  fee 
lawyer. 

Shak. 
Shak. 
FEE'BtE;  a."    {Fr.  foible:  ^p.  febU ;   Norm,  id.;   It. 
fievole.     I  know  not  the  origin  of  the  first  syllable.] 

1.  Weak  ;  destitute  of  much  physical  strength  ;  aa, 
infants  aire  ferble  at  their  birth. 

3.  Infirm  ;  sickly  ;  debilitated  by  disease. 

3.  Debilitated  by  age  or  decline  of  life. 

4.  Not  full  or  loud  ;  as,  a  feeble  voice  or  sound. 

5.  Wanting  force  or  vigor ;  as,  feeble  etTorts. 

6.  Not  bright  or  strong  ;  faint ;  imperfect ;  as,  fee- 
ble light ;  feeble  colors. 

7.  Not  strong  or  vigorous ;  as,  feeble  powers  of 
mind. 

8.  Not  vehement  or  rapid  ;  slow  ;  as, /reJ^e  motion. 
FEE'BLE,  r.  (.    To  weaken-     [JVot  iwcd.]     [See  Ek- 

FEE'BLE-MIND'ED,  a.  Weak  in  mind;  wanting 
firmness  or  constancy  ;  irresolute. 

Comfort  the  feeble-irunded.  —  1  Tliest.  T. 

FEE'BI.E-MTND'ED-NESS,  7*.  State  of  having  a 
feeble  mind. 

FEE'BLE-NESS,  n.  Weakness  of  body  or  mind,  from 
any  cause;  imbecility;  infirmity;  want  of  strength, 
physical  or  intellectual ;  as,  fcfhlenes.^  of  the  body  or 
limbs  ;  feebleness  of  the  mind  or  understanding. 

2.  Want  of  fullne:ss  or  loudness  ;  as,  feebleness  of 
voice. 

3.  Want  of  vigor  or  force ;  as,  feebleness  of  exer- 
lio  1  or  of  operation. 

4.  Defect  of  brightness  ;  as,  feebleness  of  light  or 
color. 

FEE'BLY,  adv.  Weakly  ;  without  strength  ;  as,  to 
move  feebly. 

Thy  g>eull?  mimbnt  Jiebly  creep.  Drydtn. 


'i.   La  engage  in  one's  service  i 
»r  surtjfof  money  to  ;  as,  to  fee  a  1 

3,  Tj)  hire  ;  to  bribe. 

4.  Xf*  ^'^^^P  '"  ''''■^* 


FEE 

FEED,  r.  (. ;  Drrt.  and  vp.  Fed.  [^nx.fedan;  Dan./a- 
der,S\\.fiiaa^  to  fred  and  to  beget;  Goth,  fodyan  :  D. 
voeden,  to  feed  ;  G.  fatter^  fodder ;  f"ttem,  to  fv-d  ; 
^orui.foder,  to  feed  and  to  dig,  uniting  with  feed  the 

L.  fodio  ;  Ar.  lb?  f<ila,  to  feed,  and  congressus  fuit 
cum  ffcmina,  soipius  concubuit.  Class  Bd,  No.  H. 
(See  Father.)  In  Russ.  petmju  is  to  nourish  ;  nnd  in 
W.  buytl  is  food,  and  binjta  to  eat;  Arm.  boeta;  Ir. 
fiadh,  food  ;  G.  wnd,  pasture.] 

1.  To  give  food  to  ;  as,  to  feed  an  infant ;  to  feed 
horses  and  oxen. 

2.  To  supply  with  provisions.  We  have  flour  and 
meat  enough  to  feed  the  army  a  month. 

3.  To  supply  ;  to  furnisii  with  any  thing  of  which 
there  is  constant  consumption,  waste,  or  use.  Springs 
feed  ponds,  lakes,  and  rivers  ;  ponds  and  streams /ced 
canals.     IVJills  are  fed  frou)  hoppers. 

4.  To  graze  ;  to  cause  to  be  cropped  by  feeding,  as 
herbage  by  cattle.  If  grain  is  too  forward  in  autumn, 
feed  il  with  sheep. 

Uiictf  ill  Uiree  yrnn  /e»d  jour  mowing  UntU.  Mortimer. 

5.  To  nourish ;  to  cherish ;  to  supply  with  nutri- 
ment ;  as,  to/crrf  hope  or  expectation  ;  to /eed  vanity. 

6.  To  keep  in  hope  or  expectation  ;  as,  to  feed  one 
with  hope. 

7.  To  supply  fuel ;  as,  to  feed  a  fire. 

8.  To  delight ;  to  supply  with  something  desirable ; 
to  entertain  ;  as,  to  feed  the  eye  with  the  beauties  of 
a  landscape. 

9.  To  give  food  or  fotlder  for  fattening ;  lo  fatten. 
The  old  county  of  Hampshire,  in  Massachusetts, 
feeds  a  great  number  of  cattle  for  slaughter.    * 

10.  To  supply  with  fo<.td,  and  to  lead,  guard,  and 
protect ;  a  scriptural  sense. 

He  %hMfeed  hii  fluck  like  a  thephenl.  —  l«ti.  xl. 
FEED,  r.  I,     To  take  food  ;  lo  eat.  Shak. 

2.  To  subsist  by  eating  ;  lo  prey.  Some  birds  feed 
on  seeds  and  berries,  others  on  fiesh. 

3.  To  pasture ;  to  graze ;  to  place  cattle  to  feed. 
Ez.  xxii. 

4.  To  grow  fat.  Johnson. 
FEED,  ?t.    That  which  is  eaten  ;  provender  ;  fodder  ; 

pasture  ;  applied  to  that  which  is  eaten  by  bea.^'ts,  not  to 
the  food  of  men.  The  hills  of  our  country  furnish  the 
best  feed  for  sheep. 

9.  A  certain  portion  or  allowance  of  provender 
given  to  a  horse,  cow,  Slc.  ;  as,  a  feed  of  corn  or 

3.  Meal,  or  act  of  eating.  [outs. 

For  such  plr'M'ire  till  ihnl  hour 
Al/etdoT  louiiUiD  never  hod  1  foutiil.  MUlon, 

FEED,  pp.  or  a.     Retained  by  a  fee. 

FEED'-PTPE,  n.  A  pipe  which  feeds  or  supplies  the 
boiler  of  a  steam-engine,  &c.,  with  water.   Heberi. 

FEED'ER,  n.  One  that  gives  food  or  supplies  nourish- 
ment 

2.  One  who  furnishes  incentives  ;  an  encourager. 

T^iC  feeder  of  my  rioLs.  Shak. 

3.  One  that  eats  or  subsists  ;  as,  small  birds  are 
feeders  on  grain  or  seeds. 

4.  One  that  fattens  cattle  for  slaughter.  {United 
States.] 

5.  A  fountain,  stream,  or  channel  that  supplies  a 
main  canal  with  water. 

Feeder  of  a  vein ;  in  mining,  a  short  cross  vein. 

Cyc. 

FEED'ING,  ppr.  Giving  food  or  nutriment ;  furnish- 
ing provisions  ;  eating  ;  taking  food  or  nourijibment ; 
grazing  ;  supplying  water  or  tliai  which  is  con^-tantly 
c(uisumed  ;  nourishing;  supplying  fuel  or  incentives. 

FEED'ING,  ji.     The  act  of  eating. 

2.  Thai  which  is  eaten  ;  pasture.    Drayton. 

FEE'ING,  ppr.    Retaining  by  a  fee. 

FEEL,  r.  (.  ,■  pret.  and  pp.  Felt,  [Sax.  felan,  fatlan, 
gefelan;  G.  fvhlen  ;  D.  voelen;  allied  probably  to  L. 
palpo.  Q,ii.  W.  pwyllaiB,  to  impel.  The  primary  sense 
is,  to  touch,  lo  pat,  to  strike  gently,  or  to  press,  as  is 
evident  from  the  L.  palpito,  and  other  derivatives  of 
palpo.  If  so,  tlie  word  seems  to  be  allied  to  L-  pcUo. 
See  Class  Bl,  No.  8.] 

1.  To  perceive  by  the  touch  ;  to  have  sensation  ex- 
cited by  contact  of  a  thing  with  the  body  or  limbs. 

Suffer  me  that  I  mny  feel  the  pillar*.  —  Jiidg'^  xri. 
Come  iifar,  1  pmy  thee,  thai  1  nmj  feel  dice,  my  ton.  —Gen, 
xxvii. 

2.  To  have  the  sense  of;  to  suffer  or  enjoy  ;  as,  lo 

feel  pain  ;  to  feel  pleasure. 

3.  To  experience  ;  lo  suffer, 

WhoM   k'-ewih  the  commandmeuta  ahall  feel  no  eril  tiling.  — 
i:cdeii.  viii. 

4.  To  be  affected  by  ;  to  perceive  mentally  ;  as,  lo 
feel  grief  or  woe. 

Wotild  I  liTi'l  n-^cr  tr«J  ihii  Kii^linh  earth, 

Oifett  ihc  flutrrie*  tliat  grow  ui»n  K.  Shai. 

5.  To  know  ;  to  be  acquainted  with  ;  to  have  a  real 
and  just  view  of. 

For  th'^n,  nnd  oot  till  then,  he /eft  himMiC  SJtak. 

6.  To  touch  ;  to  handle  ;  with  or  without  of.  Feci 
this  piece  of  silk,  or  feel  of  it. 

Tofedy  or  Ufed  oit/,  is  to  try  ;  to  sound  ;  to  search 


FATE,  FAR,  FALI^  WHAT.  — MkTE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


444 


FEl 

for ;  to  explore  j  as,  to  feel  oi  feel  out  one's  opiuioiis 
or  designs. 

To  feci  after ;  to  search  for ;  to  seek  to  find  ;  to  seek 
as  a  person  groping  in  Uie  dark. 

IT  haply  thej  migtit  feel  afUr  him,  and  find  him.  —  Acts  xvii, 

FEEL,  r.  i.  To  have  perception  by  the  touch,  or  by 
the  contact  of  any  substance  with  llie  body. 

9.  To  have  the  sensibility  or  the  passions  moved  or 
excited.    The  good  man  feds  for  the  woes  of  others. 
Mmi  who  fitla  for  oU  mankind,  Pupi. 

3.  To  give  perception  ;  to  excite  sensation. 

Blind  mea  aa;  b\^ek  feels  rough,  and  while  fe€l»  sroooth. 

Dryden. 

So  we  say,  a  thing  feeU  sod  or  bard,  or  A  feds  hot 
or  cold. 

4.  To  have  perception  mentally  ;  as,  to  /wi  hurt ; 
to  /ee/  grieved  ;  to  fed  unwilling. 

FEEL,  «.     The  sense  of  feeling. 

2.  The  perception  caused  by  the  touch.  The  dif- 
ference of  tumors  may  be  ascertained  by  the  feel. 
Argillaceous  stones  may  sometimes  be  known  by  the 
feel.     Mineralogists  speak  of  a  greasy /eei. 

[  This  tcord  la  chiefly  used  by  men  i^  scieuce  in  de~ 
scribing  material  objecisA 
FEKL'ER,  n.     One  who  feels. 

2.  One  of  the  palpi  of  insects.  The  feelers  of  in- 
sects are  usually  four  or  six,  and  situated  near  the 
mouth.  They  are  filiform,  and  ru-senible  articulated, 
movable  antennffi.  They  are  distinguished  from  an- 
tennie,  or  liorns,  by  being  short,  naked,  and  placed 
near  the  mouth.  They  are  used  in  searching  fur 
food.  Encyc. 

This  term  is  also  applied  to  the  antennie  of  insects 
and  moUiisks.  Paley. 

X  Figurativdy^  an  observation,  remark,  &.C.,  put 
forth  or  thrown  out,  as  if  casually,  in  order  to  ascer* 
tain  the  views  of  others. 
FEEL'LNG,  ppr.     Perceiving  by  the  touch;    having 
perception. 

2.  a.  Expressive  of  great  sen))ibility ;  affecting  j 
tending  to  excite  the  passions,  lie  made  a  feeling 
represt-ntatitin  of  his  wrongs.  He  spoke  wiXXi  feeUng 
eloquence. 

3.  Piwsessing  great  i^ensibility  ;  easily  affected  or 
moved  ;  as,  a  fediitg  man  ;  a  fe-eUng  heart. 

4.  Sensibly  or  deeply  nffected  ;  as,  I  hud  a  feeling 
sense  of  his  favors.  IThis  uat  is  not  analogically  bat 
enmmojiA 

FEEL'iNG,  n.  The  sense  of  touch  ;  (he  sense  by 
which  we  perceive  external  objects  which  coiae  in 
contact  with  the  body,  and  obtain  idt;aii  of  their  tan- 
gible qualities  ;  one  of  the  five  senses.  It  is  by  feel- 
ing we  know  that  a  body  is  hard  or  soft,  hot  or  cold, 
wet  or  dry,  rough  or  smooth. 

2.  Sensation  ;  the  effect  of  perception. 

The  a.pprebfn«io»  of  Ihr  gwxl 
<3\rp%  bot  Ihr  gp;at-r  feeling  to  LV  wown.  Shai. 

3.  Faculty  or  power  of  perce|it)on  ;  sensibility. 

Thfir  king,  out  of  a  princely  feeling,  was  ipiinn^  and    oinpat- 
•iouiLtc  lfiwa(\l  hui  auLjecU.  Bacon. 

4.  Nice  sensibility;  as,  a  man  of  feeling. 
A.  Excitement;  emotion. 

FEEL'ING-LV,  adv.     With  expression  of  great  sensi- 
bility ;  tenderly  ;  as,  to  Bj)eak  feelingly. 
2.  So  as  to  be  sensibly  felt. 

Th«e  an*  counfton, 
Thnt/Mtinf/y  prnuade  me  wtvu  I  ant.  Shai. 

FEE»E,  n.     A  race.     [JVot  in  use.]  Barret. 

FEET.  n. :  pL  of  Foot,     [.^ee  Foot.] 

FEET'LE-SH,  o.    Destitute  of  feet ;  as,  feeders  birds. 

Camden. 

FfilGN,  (fiine,)  r.  f.  [Fr.ftindre;  Sp.fngir;  lU  Jin- 
gere,  or  fgnerei  h.  Jingo  i  I),  veimen;  Arm. /einf a, 
fneha.  The  Latin  fornn  fctum^  JSctasy  whence  fi- 
gura,  Jtsrure.  Hence  it  agrees  with  \V'./«^air,  to  feign 
or  dissemble  ;  fug^  feint,  disgiiise  ;  also,  L-fiuwi.] 

1.  To  invent  or  imagine  ;  to  form  an  idea  or  con- 
ception of  something  nut  real. 

Tbere  are  n^hxh  Uiino  dotie  u  Ihnn  ■ar'tat,  tnrt  thoo  feigneit 
Uiein  out  of  thy  own  Iw^n,  —  Nrh.  »». 

2.  To  make  a  show  of;  to  pretend ;  to  assume  a 
false  appearance  ;  to  counterfeit. 

I  prnj  th*r,  fngn  tlijTMtf  to  Ije  a  mourner,  —3  Sam.  xlr. 
BtvtjeignM  langh.  Pope. 

3.  To  represent  Adsely ;  to  pretend ;  to  form  and 
relate  a  fictitious  tale. 

Th*  ^XtH 
Dill  feign  ih'il  Orpheui  drew  tr-M,  ilonr*,  and  ftoo<Ii.    Shik. 

4.  To  disKemble  ;  to  conceal.     [Obir.]       Spenser. 
FBIG.V'fin,   (fand,)  pp.   or  o.     Invented;    devised; 

imagined  ;  aKSumed. 

ri>IG.\'ED-LV,  ado.  lo  SctloD  ;  in  pretense  ;  not  re- 
ally. Bacon. 

f'ElGN'ED-XESS,  n.     Fiction  ;  pretense  ;  dereiL 

Ilarmar. 

FBIGN'ER,  (fan'er,)  n.  One  who  feigns;  an  in- 
ventor ;  R  deviser  of  fiction.  B.  Jonson. 

FBIG.N'ING,  ppr.  (m;tgining;  Inventing ;  pretend- 
ing   mriking  a  fahe  show. 

F^IGN'ING,  n.  A  false  appearance;  artful  con- 
trtvnnce  ;  deception.  B.  Jonson. 


1  A*o(  woet(.l 
FEL'AND-ERS.    See  FiLarfoERs. 


FEL 

FgIG\'I\G-LY,  adv.     With  false  appearance. 
FfilNT,  (finte,)  n.     [Fr.  feinte,  from  feindre.\ 

1.  An  assumed  or  false  ap^K^antnce  ;  a  pretense  of 
doing  something  not  intended  to  be  done. 

Courtley'B  letter  U  but  a  ftinl  to  get  ofT.  Spectator. 

3.  A  mock  attack ;  an  appearance  of  aiming  at 
one  part,  when  another  is  intended  lo  be  struck.  In 
fencing^  a  show  of  making  a  thrtisi  at  one  part,  to 
deceive  an  mitagonist,  when  the  intention  is  to 
strike  another  part.  Privr.    Encyc 

FEl.NT,  pp.   or  a.     Feigned;   counterfeit;   seeming. 

Locke, 
AinsiDorlk. 
FELD'SPXR,  ■)  B.  [G.  fdd,  field,  and  spar.  It  is 
FEL'SPAR,  [  written  by  some  authors  felspar^ 
FELD'SPATH,  f  which  is  roeksuar^  or  fcl  is  a  con- 
FEL'SPATH,  J  traction  of  fcld.  Spath,  in  Ger- 
man, signifies  spar.] 

A  mineral  occurring  in  crystals  and  crystalline 
masses,  somewhat  Vitreous  in  luster,  and  breaking 
rather  easily  in  two  directions,  with  smooth  sur- 
faces. The  colors  are  usually  white  or  flesh-red,  oc- 
cxsiunally  bluish  or  greenish.  It  consists  of  silica, 
alumina,  and  potash.  Feldspar  is  one  of  the  essen- 
tial constituents  of  granite,  gneiss,  mica-slate,  and 
p«">rphyry,  and  enters  into  the  constitution  of  nearly 
all  Volcanic  rocks. 

The  term  feldspar  family  is  applied  to  a  group  of 

allied  minerals,  including,  tiesidrH  common  feldspar, 

the  species  Alhite,  Anortltite,  Labradorite,  and  Ryac- 

nlite.  Dana. 

FELD-SPATiri€,      )  a.     Pertaining    to    feldspar,  or 

FELD-SPATH'OcjE,  \     consisting  of  iL 

Joum.  of  Science. 
FE-LIC'I-TATE,  v.  t.     [Fr.  feliciteri  Sp. /e/tcitory  It. 
fdicdare  ;  L.  fdicito,  from  fdix^  happy .j 

1.  To  make  very  happy. 

Whnl  a  ^lorinua    entertainment  and  plraanre  voiiM   fill  and 
ftiicitau  bis  cpirii,  if  he  cuuld  gnutp  ull  in  a  angle  »UTvy  I 

WatU. 
More  generally, 

2.  To  congratulate  ;  to  express  joy  or  pleasure  to. 
We  fdiciUUe  our  friends  on  the  acquisition  of  good, 
or  an  esca|»e  from  evil. 

FE-LIC'I-TATE,  .z.     Made  very  happy.  Shak. 

FE-LIC'I-TA-TED,  pp.    filade  very  happy;  congrat- 
nlated. 

FE  LIC'ITA-TING,  ppr.    Making  very  happy;  con- 
gratulating. 

FE-LKM-'l'A'TrON,  n.    Congratulation.  Dkt. 

FE-LIC'I-TOUS,  a.     Very  happy;  prosperous;    de- 
liflhtful.  Diet. 

FR-LIC'f-TOU3  LY,  flrfp.     Happily.  Diet. 

FE-LIC'I-TOUS-NESS,     n.      State  of    being   very 
happy. 

FE-LIC'I-TY,  n.     [L.  fdieitas,  from  felix,  happy.] 

1.  Happiness,  or  rather  great  happiness  ;  blessed- 
ness ;  hlissfulness  ;  appropriately^  the  joys  of  heaven. 

3.  Prosp<;riiy  ;  blestfing  ;  enjuyninni  uf  good. 

1'\ir:  feliciliee  of  her  wondThil  r>-ign  may  be  complete. 

AaeTbitr%/. 
Pemnlea  — who  conlH*  on  life  ita  fintti  feUcidi:  Ratvte, 

Ffi'LTNE,  o.    [L.  fdinusj  from  /ci«,  a  cat.    Qu.  fdl, 

fierce.] 
Prrtiining  to  cats,  or  lo  their  npeclea;  like  a  cat; 

noting  the  cat  kind  or  the  genus  Felis.     We  say,  the 

fdine  race  ;  fdine  rapacity. 
FELL,  pret.  of  F*LU 
FELL,  a.     rSax.  fdl ;  D.  frL] 

1.  Cniel ;  barbarotis  ;  inhuman. 

It  ■rvraed  fury,  diioofd,  madueM/a/l.  F)urfttx. 

2.  Fierce  ;  savage  ;  ravenous  ;  bloody. 

Mor^/«U  than  tlg^r*  on  the  l^byan  plain.  Pope. 

FELL,  n.     [Sax. /f«;  G.  fdl:   D.  vdf  L.  pdtts ;  Fr. 
peau  ;  prob-'ibly  from  peeling.] 

A  skin  t>r  hide  of  a  beast ;  used  chlefiy  in  rnmpo- 
FELL,  II.     [G.  flit.]  [sition,  as  iroolfdi 

I.  A  barren  or  stony  hill.     [Local.]  Gray. 

U.  A  field.  DrayUin. 

FELL,  n.     [Hat. /el/(f.]     Anger;  melancholy.  Spenser. 
FELL,  r.  (.     [0.  vellcn  :   G.  fallen  :  Hw.  fdlla  i  Dan. 
ftrhler  :  pmbably  from  the  root  of  fall.] 

To  cause   to   fall  ;   to   prostrate  ;  to  bring  to  the 

ground,  either  by  cutting,  as  to  fdl  trees,  or  by 

Rtriking,  as  to  fell  an  ox. 

FELL' Ah,  (fcid,)  pp.    Knocked  or  cut  down. 

FELL'EH,,?!.   One  who  hcwsor  knocks  down.    Is.  xiv. 

FEL-LIK'LU-Oi;s,  a,     [h.fd,  gall,  andjlao,  to  How.] 

Flowing  with  gall.  DicU 

TFA^L'iym.ppr.     Cutting  or  beating  to  the  ground. 
FEI,L'MO>J''GER,  Mnung'ger,)  n.    A  dealer  in  hides. 
FELL'NESS,  n.     [See  Fell,  cruel.]     Cruelty;  fierce 

barbarity  ;  rage.  Spenser. 

FEL'L<^E.    See  Fbllt. 

FEL'LOW,  n.     [Sax.  felaw;  Peat,  falmr^  from  folUw. 
In  an  old  author,  fdUneship  is  written  folowsMp,] 

1.  A  companion  ;  an  associate. 

AecKam. 
Dryden, 

2.  One  of  the  same  kind. 

A  ih^ph^fd   hart  ©w  fii»orile   doj;   h"  M   him  whh  hi«  own 
b^iiid,  and  look  naorr  c.vro  olhiin  '.h;in  of  hi*  feUoiai. 

L'i^etrnnfe. 


In  youth  1  h«i  twfiTc  feftow.  tike  myaetf. 
(^ich  tin  h\»f«Hav  (or  aaiialiincc  crUls. 


FEL 

3.  An  equal. 

Awalte,  O  aword,  afrainst  my  ■h^ph^nl,  and  anin^t  the  nuB 
that  ia  my  fellow,  aaith  Jchnvah  of  tiosia.  —  Zech.  sUi. 

4.  One  of  a  pair,  or  of  two  thin(;a  used  together, 
and  suited  to  each  other.  Of  a  paik  of  gloves,  we 
call  one  the  fellow  of  the  other. 

5.  One  equal  or  like  another.  Of  an  artist  we  say, 
this  man  has  not  liis/e/£ow,  that  is,  one  of  like  skill. 

6.  An  appellation  of  contempt ;  a  man  without 
good  breeding  or  worth;  an  ig.jobte  man;  as,  a 
mean  fdloto. 

Wonh  mokei  the  man,  and  want  of  It  th«  fellow.  Pope. 

7.  A  metnber  of  a  college  that  snares  its  revenues  ; 
or  a  member  of  any  incorporated  sticiety.    John^-iun. 

8.  A  member  of  a  corporation  ;  a  trustee. 

United  Sf/ites. 

FEL'LOW,  V,  t.  To  suit  with;  to  pair  with;  to 
match.     [Litde  nsed.]  S/iak. 

2.  In  composition,  fellow  denotes  community  of 
nature,  station,  or  employment. 

FEL'L5W-CIT'I-Z£N,  (-sit'e-zn,)  n.  A  citizen  of 
the  same  state  or  nation.    Eph.  ii. 

FEL'LoW-€OM'MOJN'-ER,«.  One  who  has  the  same 
right  of  common. 

2.  In  Cambridge^  England^  a  student  who  commons 
or  dines  with  the  fellowii. 

FEL'LOW-eOU^'ClL-OU,  n.  An  associate  in  coun- 
cil. ,      Shak. 

FEL'LOW-eOUN'TRY-MAN.  n.  One  of  the  same 
counti^'. 

[This  word  seems  unnecessar> ,  but  la  sometimes 
used  in  England,  and  often  in  America.    Ed.] 

FEL'LOW-CReAT'IJRE,  b.  One  of  the  same  race 
or  kind.  Thus  men  are  all  caK.^d  fellojo-creatures. 
Watts  uses  the  word  for  one  made  by  the  same  crea- 
tor. "Reason,  by  which  we  are  raised  above  our 
fdlow-crcature^^  the  brutes."  But  Vie  word  is  not  now 
luted  in  Uih  sense. 

FEL'LOW-FEEL'ING,  n.    Symp.^thy  ;  a  like  feeling. 
2.  Joint  interesL     [JVot  in  use.] 

FEL'LOW-HEIR,  (-ar,)  n.  A  co-heir,  or  joint-heir ; 
one  entitled  to  a  share  of  the  same  inheritance 

That  tlie  GetUil<-a  should  be  felloto-hrire.  —  Eph.  iil. 

FEL'LOW-HELP'ER,  n.  A  coadjutor  ;  one  who  con- 
curs or  aids  in  the  same  business.    3  John  viii. 

FEL'LOW-LA'ROR-ER,  n.  One  who  labors  in  the 
same  business  or  design. 

FF.L'LfiW-LIKE, )  a.     Like  a  companion  ;  compan- 

FEL'LOW-LV,       \     ionable  ;  on'  qual  terms.  Carew. 

FKL'LCW-MA1D'£N,  n.  A  maiden  who  is  an  asso- 
ciate. Sluik. 

FEL'LOW-MEM'BER,  n,  A  member  of  the  same 
body. 

FEL'LOW-MIN'L^TER,  n.  One  who  officiates  in 
the  same  ministry  or  calling.  Shak. 

FEL'LOW-PEER,  ti.  One  who  has  the  like  privileges 
of  nobility.  Shak. 

FEL'L6W-PRIS'0N-ER,  (priz'zn-er,)  n.  One  im- 
prisoned in  the  same  place.     Rom.  xvi. 

FEL'LOW-RAKE,  n.  An  associate  in  vice  and  prof- 
ligacy. Jirinstrong, 

FEL'LOW-SCHOL'AR,  n.     An  associate  in  studies. 

Shak. 

FEL'L(^W-SERV'ANT,  n.  One  who  has  the  same 
muster.  Milton. 

FEL'LCW-SHIP,  V.  Companionship;  society;  con- 
sort ;  mutual  association  uf  persons  on  equal  and 
friendly  terms  ;  familiar  intercourse. 

Have  no  ftUoathip  vidi  the  unfVuiirtil  works  of  dnrkive«a. — 

Ei>h.  ». 
Men  am  made  for  iMifty  and  mnitui[  feUovthip.         Calamy, 

2.  Association  ;  confederacy  ;  combination. 

Mo«t  of  th*?  other  ChristKn  princi  were  drawn  into  llw  fellow- 
skip  of  that  w;ir.     [  Unaeual.]  KnuUet. 

3.  Partnersliip  ;  joint  interest  ;  ns,  fellowship  in 
pain.  MUton. 

4.  Company  ;  a  state  of  being  together. 

Th*"  grr-nt  contf  nti'in  of  the  ara  and  ikica 

Piiruil  i»ir  feUnieiliip.  Shak. 

5.  I'reqiiency  of  intercourse. 

In  a  sront  town,  (ri'-iiils  are  •catt^rrd,  no  (hit  there  is  not  that 
jeilowe/ap  which  i«  in  ht»  nvightfovhooda.  Bacon. 

6.  Fitness  and  fimdness  for  festive  entertain- 
ments ;   with  good  prefixed. 

lie  Imd  hv  hi<  ^o<yf  felln-nehip  —  made  lumaelf  popniar  wtth  all 
the  o'lttctrii  uf  the  army.  Clarendon. 

7.  Communion;  intimate  familiarity.     1  John  i. 

8.  In  arUhmdic,  the  rule  by  which  profit  or  loss  is 
divided  among  those  who  are  to  bear  it,  in  propor- 
tion to  their  investments  or  interests  in  tite  transac- 
tion. P-  Cijc. 

0.  An  establishment  in  colleges,  for  the  inamte- 
nance  of  a  fellow. 

FEL'LOW-SOL'DIER,  C-aCrjer,)  b.  One  who  fights 
under  the  same  commander,  or  is  engaged  in  the 
same  service.  Officers  often  address  their  compan- 
ions in  arms  hyjhis  appellation. 

FEL'LOW-STReAM,  71.    A  stream  in  the  vicinity. 

Shenntone. 

FEL'LOW-STO'DEXT,  n.  One  who  studies  in  the 
same  cotnpany  or  class  with  another,  or  who  bt-longs 
to  the  same  school. 


TONE,  BI;LL,  tINITE.— AN"0ER,  VF'CIOUS. -€  as  K ;  <^  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


FEL 

FEL'Li^\V-SUB'JEeT,  n.    One  who  is  subject  lo  the 

same  eovernnienl  with  another.  Sirift. 

FEL'LoW-SL'F'FER-EK,  u.     One  who  shares  in  ihe 

same  evil,  or  partakes  of  the  same  suQerings  with 

anoihpi 
FEL'L6\V-TRAV'EL-ER,  n.    Ono  who  travel*  in 

company  with  another. 
FEL'LOW-WORK'ER,  (wurt'er,)  n.  One  employed 

in  the  same  uccupatiim. 
FEL'LOW-WRIT'ER,  «.  One  who  writes  at  the  same 

time.  AdHison. 

FEL'LY,  adv.    [See  Fkll,  cruel.]    Cruelly  ;  fiercely  ; 

barbarously.  ^mser, 

FEL'LY,  «.    [Sax.  JM^j  Oan.^^;  a  vdgti  G. 

Tbe  exterior  part  or  rim  of  a  wbee),  supported  by 
the  spokes. 

FS'LO  DE  $£,  [L.]  In  Jcw.ODewlK)  commits  felony 
by  suicide,  or  deliberately  dcAtrovs  his  own  life. 

FEL'ON,  m.  [Fr.ffUm:  Low  L."/.-/©;  Arm. /titan ; 
IL  fiilmi  or  ftkame,  a  thteC  I  accord  with  Spi.'Jman 
in  deducing  this  word  (torn  the  rant  o(faU^  the  origi- 
nal liitBification  Iwinf ,  a  vassal  who  faiM  iu  his 
fidelity  or  alle^anc«  to  his  lord,  and  committed  nn 
offlmse  by  which  he  foriVitod  his  fend.  Hence,  in 
French,  jUam  is  traiiorou:!,  n-bollious.    Sn  the  word 

•  is  ripkUned  and  doducfd  in  tire^ioire^s  Anuoric  Dir- 
tkiaary^  TIm  derivation  (rtnu  fte  and  loK^m  Spel- 
■aaiu  cofitod  by  Blackstone,  is  nunatural.] 

1.  ID  tew,  a  person  who  has  committed  felony. 
[See  Felokt.} 

3.  A  whitlow ;  a  painful  swelling  formed  in  tlie 
pertoeteum  at  the  end  of  the  finger.  IVumtan. 

Ffil('0^\  a.  Malifnant;  fierce;  malicious;  proceed- 
Im  froai  a  depraved  heart. 

Tftk*0tnoriuT«  u  vsO  fafayUonbau.  Pop*. 

a  TVaHorous;  disloyal. 

FE-l^&NI-OL'S,  a.  Malignant;  malicious:  indicating 
or  proceeding  from  a  depraved  heart  or  evil  purpose  ; 
villainous  ;  traitorous  ;  perndious  ;  as,  a  fdoniavui 
deed. 

3.  In  Unt,  proceeding  fmm  an  evil  heart  or  purpose  ; 
done  with  tjfie  deliberate  purpose  to  commit  a  crime  ; 
as,  ftUmitmt  homicide. 

FE-UVNI-OUS-LY,  cdv.  In  a  felonious  manner  ^ 
with  tb«  d^berate  intention  to  commit  a  crime. 
indictments  for  capital  offenses  must  state  the  fact 
to  be  dottft  jWwtomrfs. 

FEL'ON-OUS,  a.     Wicked  ;  felonious.  9prn»fr. 

FEL'O.\'-\V0RT,  a.    A  plant  of  the  xenus  Solanum. 
Fam.  of  PUtnU. 

FEL'ON- Y,  *.  [See  Fici.o:<.]  In  oMowa  lac,  any 
crime  which  incurs  ihe  fi>rf<:iture  of  lands  or  goods. 
Treason  was  fonneriy  comprised  under  the  name  of 
/afaay,  but  is  now  di^nguished  from  crimes  thus 
denooiiBated,  although  it  is  really  a  fitony.  All  of- 
finues  ponishable  with  death  arv  fcluni<^ :  and  so 
are  soma  crtmes  not  thu:*  punished,  as  suicide,  hom- 
icide by  chance-nedley,  or  in  self-defense,  and  petty 
lareeay.  Capital  puntshmt-nt,  therefore,  does  not 
necessarily  enter  into  the  true  idea  or  definititm  of 
ftlomy  ;  the  true  criterii>n  of  felony  bt-ing  forfeiture  of 
lands  or  goixls.  But  Ihe  idea  of  felony  has  been  so 
generally  connected  with  that  of  capilid  punishment, 
that  law  ami  usage  now  conlirm  ttint  connection. 
Thus,  if  a  statute  nmkcs  auy  nt  w  otTcnse  a  felony, 
It  is  understood  to  mean  a'crime  punishable  with 
death.  Blacksttme, 

FEL'SITE,  a.  [See  Fblospar.]  A  species  of  com- 
pact feldspar,  of  an  acure-blue  or  green  color,  found 
amcn7>t>ous,  associated  with  quartz  and  mica. 

FELV^PAR,  n.     See  Fbld*f\r.  [Kirman. 

FEL-SPATU'IC,  a.  PeKaining  to  or  composed  of  feU 
^nr. 

FELT,  wrtL  and  fp.  or  m.  from  Fexu 

FELT,  R.  [Sax.  fdi;  G.  JUz  :  D.  rdt ;  Fr.JhUre,  for 
feuitrt :  Arra./cilr,  or  feukr ;  iL  fettro.  This  may  be 
derived  naturally  from  the  root  of  jS/i,  or fttll^  to  stuff 
and  make  thick,  or  frnm  the  root  of  L.  pelUs,  Eng. 
feily  a  skirr,  from  plucking  or  stripping,  L.  veilo,  cci- 
Usj  Eng.  wooL     In  Ir.  /v/;,  W.  g^a-alU,  is  hair.} 

1.  A  doth  or  stuflT  made  of  wool,  or  wool  and  fur, 
fViUed  or  wrought  into  a  compact  substance  by  roll- 
ins  and  pressure,  with  lees  or  size.  Encyc 
>2.  A  hat  made  of  wool. 
a  Skin. 

wp  ue  aoond  or  not,  ne  that  tbe  felt  be 


FELT,  r.  t.    To  make  cloth  or  stuff  of  wool,  or  wool 

and  fur,  by  fulling.  Male, 

FELT'-HAT,  a.     A  hat  made  of  wool, 
FELT'EU,  pp.  or  a.     Worked  into  felu 
FELT'ER.  r.  L    To  clot  or  meet  together  like  felt. 
FELT'l.NG,  ppr.     Working  into  felt,  [Fairfax, 

FELT'ING,Ti.     Tbe  process  of  making  felL 
FELT'-MAK-ER,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  make 

felt. 
FE-LCeeA,  n.     [It. /f/«ca;  Ft.  fetoutfue ;  Sp./oi«ca.] 
A  boat  or  vessel,  with  oars  and  lateen  sails,  used 
in  the  Mediterranean.     It  has  this  peculiarity,  that 
the  brim  may  be  applied  to  the  head  or  stem,  as  oc- 
casion requires.  .War.  Diet    Eneye. 
FEL'WORT,  n,     A  plant,  a  species  of  Gentian. 


FEN 

Fii'MALE,  n.  [Fr.  femeiir  ;  L. /W.ir//<i ;  Arm.frmeUi 
Ft.  femmty  woman  j  Sans,  ra/ua,  vafnani^  a  woman. 
See  Fkmi-iijii:.] 

1.  Amotit:  antmals,  one  of  that  sex  which  conceives 
and  brinirs  forth  youn^;. 

■i.  Among  plants,  that  which  produces  fruit ;  that 
which  bears  the  pistil  and  receives  the  pollen  of  tlie 
male  tlowers. 
Ffi'MALE,  a.   Noting  the  sex  which  produces  young  j 
nut  in.-ilc  ;  an,  ^.female,  bee. 

'2.  Pertaining  to  females;  as,  a /flnu/s  hand  or 
heart ;  faaale  tenderness. 

To  the  grnentxM  ilraakm  of  «  fimatt  miiid  we  owe  the  diecor- 
eij  of  America.  B4iJenap, 

3.  Feminine  J  soft;  delicate;  weak. 
Female  rktfme.t ;  double  rhymes,  so  called  from  the 
Frt-nch,  in  which  language  they  end  in  e  ftminine. 

FE'MALE-FI.OW-ER,  n.  In  botany^  a  (lower  wliich 
is  furnished  with  the  pistil,  pointal,  or  female  or- 
gan-'<. 

Ff.'MALE-PLAXT,  n.  A  plant  which  produces  fe- 
male- flowers. 

Ffi'MALF^SCREW,  a.  The  spiral-threaded  cavity 
into  which  nnoilier  screw  turns.  Jv^hoLioru 

F£.V.l/i-:-COr>:ftr,  i  t*""*"*^*^"'^   j     married  wo- 
man, who  is  under  covert  of  her  baron  or  husband. 
FF^ME-SOLE',      i  .^^^    ..  ,  .  I  n.     [Fr.]    An  unmar- 
FE.yME-SO/1',  \  (fern-sole',)  j      ^A^  woman. 

Frmme-sole  merchtmt^  or  trader;  a  woman  Who  uses 
a  trade  alone,  or  without  her  husband. 
FEM-I-NAL'I-TY,  n.    The  female  nature.    Brown. 
FEM'I-.NATE,  (I.     Feminine.     [Aot  in  iwr.]      Ford, 
FEM'I-NINE,  a,      [Ft.  feminia;    l^  feminmus,   from 
femina,   woman.      The   first    sj'Ilabte   may    be,  and 
probably  is,  from  arentd,   or  womA,   by  tiie  use   of/ 
for  IT ;  the  b  not  being  radical.     The  last  part  of  the 
word  is  probably  from  many  quasi  fcmman,  womb- 
man.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  woman,  or  to  women,  or  to  fe- 
males ;  as,  the  feminine  sex. 

2.  Soft  i  tender ;  delicate. 

Iter  hpaveol;  fcnn 
Angvltc,  but  man  wA  «nd  fmidnine.  Alilton. 

3.  Effeminate ;  destitute  of  manly  qualities. 

Rategh, 

4.  In  Frmuaar, denoting  tbe  genderor  words  which 
signify  female^  or  the  terminations  of  such  words. 
\\  ords  are  said  to  be  of  the  feminint  gender,  when 
they  denote  females,  or  have  the  tenninations  proper 
to  express  females  in  any  given  language.  Thus,  in 
Latin,  daminu^f^  a  lord,  is  masculine  ;  but  domina  Is 
mtstress,  a  female. 

Milton  uses  fetAinine,  as  a  noun,  for  female. 
FEM'I-XINE-LY,  adr.  In  a  fr'mininc  manner. 
FE.\I'I-M.\-I«M,  n.  The  «|ualities  of  females. 
FE-.MLN'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  the  female  sex.  [AV>t 

used,  ]  Spenser. 

FE.M'I-NTZE,  r.  f.    To  make  womanish.    [JV>c  used,] 

More. 
FEM'O-RAL,    a.       [L.  femoraXi*^    from    femur^    the 
thigh.] 

Belonging  to  the  thigh  ;  as,  the  femoral  artery. 
FEN,  n.     [Sa-T.  /«,  or  fenn  ;    D.  veen  ;  Arm.  /enna,  to 
overflow  ;  W.  fynti^  to  abound,  to  produce  ;    hence, 
L.  fons^  Eng.  fountain.] 

Low  land  overflowed,  or  covered  wholly  or  par- 
tially with  water,  but  producing  sedge,  coarse  grass- 
es, or  other  lu^uatic  plants  ;  boggy  land  ;  a  moor  or 
marsh. 

A  lonf(  canal  the  muddj  ftn  diridea.  Additon. 

FEN'-BER-RY,  n.     A  kind  of  blackberry.      Skinner. 

FEN'-BORN,  a.     Born  or  produced  in  a  fen.    Milton. 

FEN'-GRESS,  n.     [Sax,  fen-cerst.] 
Cress  growing  m  fens. 

FEN'-€RICK-ET,  n.  [(hyllotalpa.]  An  insect  that 
digs  for  itself  a  little  hole  m  the  ground.    Johnson. 

FEN'-DUCK,  «.     A  species  of  wild  duck. 

FEX'-FOWL,  n.     Any  fowl  lliat  frequents  fens. 

FEN'-LAM),  w.    Marshy  land. 

FEN'-SUCK-f:D,  (-sukt,)  a.  Sucked  out  of  marshes  ; 
as,  fen-sucked  fogs.  SJiak. 

FEN'CE,  (f-^ns,)  n.  [See  Fes d.]  A  wall,  hedge,  ditch, 
bank,  or  line  of  posts  and  rails,  or  of  boards  or  pick- 
ets, intended  to  confine  beasts  from  straying,  and  to 
guard  a  field  from  being  entered  by  cattle,  or  from 
other  encroachments.  A  good  furmer  has  good  fences 
about  his  farm;  an  insufficient  fence  is  evidence  of 
bad  manaecmenU  Broken  windows  and  poor  fences 
are  evidences  of  idleness  or  poverty,  or  of  both. 

2.  A  guard  ;  any  thing  to  restrain  entrance  ;  that 
which  defends  from  attack,  approach,  or  injury  ;  se- 
curity ;  defense. 

A  fence  letwbct  i»  snii  the  rictor'a  wrath.  Addiron. 

3.  Fencing,  or  the  art  of  fencing;  defense.     Shak. 

4.  Skill  in  fencing,  or  defense.  Shak. 
Ring-fence  f  a  fence  which  encircles  a  whole  es- 
tate. 

FENCE,  (fens,)  v.  t.  To  inclose  with  a  hedge,  wall, 
or  any  thing  that  prevents  the  escape  or  entrance  of 
cattle  ;  to  secure  by  an  inclosure.  In  JVctc  En^land^ 
farmers,  fur  the   must   part,  fence  their   lands  with 


FED 

[>osts  and    rails,  or  with  stone  walls.     In  England^ 
lands  are  usually /r/iccd  witli  hedges  and  ditches. 
He  hmh  fenced  mj  wxy,  ihAt  I  din  not  pua.  — Job  xix, 
^  To  guard  ;  to  fortify. 

So  much  of  add^r'i  wiwlotn  I  have  leamt, 

To/<n«  my  car  agalnal  lliy  aorcerica.  Milton. 

FENCE,  r.  i.  To  practice  the  art  of  fencing ;  to  use  a 
sword  or  foil,  for  the  purpose  of  learning  the  art  of 
attack  and  defense.  To  fence  well,  is  deemed  a  use- 
ful acconiplislunpnt  for  mililarj'  gentlemen. 

a.  To  fight  and  defend  by  giving  and  avoiding 
blows  or  thrusts. 

Thcv  /tnct  and  pu»h,  and,  puahin^,  loiidty  roar ; 

Thrir  (Icwlupa  and  their  Mik-a  are  bathed  in  yor;.        Dryien. 

3.  To  raise  a  fence;  to  guard.    It  is  difficult  to 
fenct  against  unruly  cattle, 
FENC'KlJ,  (iVnst,)  pp.  or  a.      Inclosed  with  a  fence  ; 

guarded  ;  fortified. 
FENCE'F!;L,  (fens'ful,)  o.    Afllbrding  defense. 

Congreve, 
FENCE'LKSS,  (fena'less,)  a.    Without  a  fence;   un- 
iiicldsed  ;  unguarded. 
2.  Open  i  nut  inclosed  ;  oS,  the  fenceless  ocean. 

Rotoe. 
FENCE'-MONTII,  C-munth,)  n.  The  month  in  which 

hunting  in  any  f(jre.st  is  prohibited.  BuUokar. 

FENCER,  71.  One  xvho  fences  ;  one  who  leaches  or 
practices  the  art  of  fencing  with  sword  or  foil. 

Digbij. 
FE\'CI-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  defense. 

Spenser.    Addison. 
FEN'CI-BLES,  (-bl?.,)  n.  pi.   Soldiers  enlisted  for  the 
defence  of  the  country,  and   not  liable  to  be  scut 
abroad. 
FENCING,  ppr.      Inclosing  with  fence;    guarding; 

fortifying. 
FENCING,  It.    The  art  of  using  skillfully  a  sword  or 
foil  in  attack  or  defense ;  an  art  Uiuf;ht  in  schools. 
2.  The  materials  of  fence:)  for  farms. 

JVeTO  England. 
FENC'ING-MXS-TER,  «.      One  who  tenches  the  art 

of  attack  and  defense  with  sword  or  foil. 
FENCING-tfCIIOOL,  n.     A  school  in  which  the  art 

of  fencing  is  taught. 
FEND,  r.  L    ['I'he  root  of  drfejid  and  offend.    The  pri- 
mary sense  is,  to  fall  on,  or  to  strike,  to  repel.] 

To  keep  oft";  to  prevent  from  entering  ;  to  ward 
off;  to  shut  out. 

With  ftrn  beneath  to/end  the  biu^r  cold.  Drydtn, 

It  is  usually  followed  by  off;  as,  to  fend  off  blows. 

To  fend  off  a  boat  or  vc^ndy  is  to  prevent  its  running 

against  another,  or  against  a  wharf,  &rC.,  with  too 

much  violence. 

FEND,  r.  t.     To  act  in  opposition  ;  to  resist ;  to  parry  ; 

lo  shift  off.  Locke. 

FEND'EO,;>p.     Keptoff;  warded  off;  shutout. 
FEND'ER,  n.      That  which   defends;    a  utensil  em- 
ployed to  iiinder  coals  of  fire  from  rolling  forward  lo 
the  floor. 

2.  A  piece  of  timber,  old  rope  made  up  into  amass, 
or  other  thing  hung  over  the  side  of  a  vessel  to  pre- 
vent it  from  striking  or  rubbing  against  a  wharf; 
al:M),  to  preserve  a  small  vessel  from  being  injured  by 
a  large  one. 
FEND'  ING,  ppr.  Keeping  or  warding  off. 
FEN'ER-ATE,  v.  i.     [L.  fa-nero.] 

To  put  to  use  ;  to  lend  on  interest.     [JVo(  used.'\ 
FEN-ER-A'TION,  n.     The  act  of  lending  on  use;  or 

the  interest  or  gain  of  that  which  is  lent. 
FE-NES'TRAL,  a.      [L.  fenestralis,  from  fenestra^  a 
window.] 

Pertaining  to  a  window.  J^icholson. 

FE-.\ES'TKaTE,  a.  An  epithet  applied  to  transpa- 
rent spots  on  the  wings  of  some  insects. 
FE.N'NEL,  n.  [Sax.  fenol;  G.  fenchel  i  D.  venkel ; 
Sw.  fmkal;  Dan.  fenn ikel ;  W.fenig-yt;  Fr.ftMouil; 
Sp.  hiiwjo  ;  It.  finocchio  ;  Ir.  feaeul ;  L.  fttniculumf 
from  fanum,  I'ay.] 

A  plant   of  the  genus  F<Bnic)ilnm,  cultivated   in 
gardens,  for  the  agreeable  aromatic  flavor  of  its  steeds 
and  finely  divided  leaves. 
FEN'NEL-FLOW-ER,n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Ni- 
gel la. 
FEN 'NY,  a.     [from  fen.]     Boggy;  marshy;   moorish. 

Moron. 

2.  Growing  in  fens;  os,  fenny  brake.  Prior. 

3.  Inhabiting  marshv  ground  ;  as,  a  fenny  snake. 
FEN'NY-SToNES,  n.    'A  plant.  [Skak. 
FES'OW-ED,  a.     Corrupted  ;  decayed.     [Aw£  tnusc] 
FEN'U-<;REEK,  n.     [li./irnutn  ^aicum.} 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Trigonella,  allied  to  clover, 
and  sometimes  cultivated  for  its  seeds,  which  are 
used  by  farriers  in  cataplasms  and  fomentations. 

LoudoTU 

FEOD,  ffude,)  n.  A  feud.  So  written  by  Blackstone 
and  other  authors  ;  but  more  generally  Feud,  which 

FEO'DAL,  (fu'diU,)  a.     Feudal,  which  see.  [see. 

FEO-DAL'I-TY,  (fu-dal'e-ly,)  n.  Feudal  tenures  ;  the 
feudal  system.  Burke. 

FEO'DA-RY,  (fu'da-ry,^  n.  One  who  holds  landsof  a 
superior,  on  condition  of  suit  and  service.  [Littie 
u-ted.]     [See  FEfDAToay.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  —  PLNE,  MARtNE,  BTRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.  — 
_  ___ 


FER 

FEO'DA-T0-Ry..See  Fkldatort. 

FEOFF,  (ffir,)  V.  U  [Soxm.  fcffrc  i  Tr.  Jtc^,  from 
Jirf.  The  firel  sjllahle  is  the  lU  fede,  ?p.  fe,  con- 
Iracted  from  Jidts,  f-iith -J  the  last  syllable  I  am  not 
able  to  trace.] 

To  invest  with  a  fee  or  reud  ;  to  give  or  grant  to 
one  an)'  corporeal  licreditniiient.  The  compound  in- 
fc^tff"  is  more  generally  used. 

FEOFF,  n.     A  fit-f.     [See  Fief.] 

FEOF-FEE',  (ftf-fee',)  n.  A  peruon  who  is  infeoffed  ; 
that  is,  invested  with  a  fee  ur  corimrcal  heredita- 
ment. 

FEOF'FOR,  ;  ,- ^  ,  ( It.    One  who  iufeoffs  or  grants 

FEOF'FER,     ^"^"'^        a  fee. 

FEOFF'MENT,  (feff'ment,)  n.  [Law  h,  feoffamen- 
tiim.] 

The  gift  or  grant  of  a  fee  or  corporeal  heredita- 
mt-ni,  ad  land,  castles,  honors,  or  other  iminuvable 
thing;  a  grant  in  fee-simple  to  a  man  and  his  heirs 
furever.  When  in  writing,  it  is  called  a  deed  of  ftoff- 
menL  The  primary  sense  is,  the  grant  of  a  feud  or 
an  estate  in  trust.     [See  Feud.] 

FE-RA'CIOUS,  (fe-ri'shus,)  a.  [L.  ferax^  from  /cro, 
to  hcar.J 

Fruitiul;  producing  abundantly.  Thomson. 

FE-RAC'I-TY,  (fe-ris'e-ty,)  n.    [L.  feracitas.] 
Fruitfulness.     [Little  used,] 

FE'R^  JV.4-  TtPRXj  f  L.]     Wild ;  not  tamed,  or  not 

Fk'RAL,  a.     [L./«-a/w.]  ftauiable. 

Funereal ;  pertaining  to  funerals  j  mourniul. 

Burton. 


FEE  E,  It. 


fSai.  fera^  or  grfcra^  with  a  prefix,] 
A  mate  ur  companion  ;  sometimes,  a  husband 


wifd.     {OhsA 
FER'ETO  RV, 


Chancer. 
[L./frrtrw7n,  a  bier.] 
A  place  in  a  church  for  a  bier. 
FER'GU  ;?0.\-TTE,  ii.    An  ore,  of  a  brownish-black 
color,  consisting  of  columbic  acid  and  ytlria,  with 
some  oxyd  of  cerium  and  zirctmta.    It  was  brought 
from  Cape  Farewell,  Greenland.  Daiuu 

FE'Ri-AL,  a.     [L./eria/u-.] 

pL-rtaining  to  holidays.         Oregory,     Hich.  Diet. 
FE-RI-A'TIOX,  71.      [I^.  feriatio,   from  feria^  vacant 
days,  holidays  ;  G.  fcier,  whence  feiernj  to  rest  from 
labor,  to  keep  holiday,  D.  vicretu] 
The  act  of  keeping  holiday ;  cessation  from  work. 
FE'RIE,  (fe're,)  «..    A  holiday.      [Obs.]         [Brotcn. 
Fe'RINE,  a.     [Ij.  ferinuSy  frum /enw,  wild,  urobably 
from  the  root  of  fiax.  faraii,  to  go,  to  wander,  or  a 
verb  of  the  same  family.] 

Wild  ;  untamed  ;  Mivage.  XJons,  tigers,  wolves, 
and  bears,  are  ferim  beasts.  JIale. 

FP.'RI.VE-LY,  adv.     In  thq^  manner  of  wild  beasts. 
FK'Rr.VE  NE.SS,  n.     VVildness  ;  snvagenena.     Jlale* 
FEK'I-TY,  n.     [L.  feritas,  from  ferusj  wild.] 

Wilduess;  savagencss;  cruelty.  Woodicarrf. 

FERM,  n.     A  farm  or  rent  j  a  lodging-house.     [Obs.] 

fSee  Fabm.] 
FER'MENT,  n.     ["L.  fermeTUumj  from  ferveOj  to  boil. 
See  Febtetit.] 

1.  A  gentle  boiling;  or  the  hitamal  motion  of  the 
constituent  parts  of  a  fluid. 

Un.this  tejue  it  is  rarely  ustd.  .See  FEBME?*T\Tio!f.] 

2.  Intestine  motion  ;  beat  \  tumult ;  ni;ita.tion  ;  as, 
to  put  the  passions  in  a  ferment  i  the  9tat£  or  people 
are  in  a  fermttU. 

9iibUu«  and  cool  the/cnnral  ttikilat.  Jiogwrt. 

3.  That  which  causes  rerinentalion,as  yeast,  barm, 
or  fermenting  beer. 

FER-.MEXT',  V.  U  [Ji.  fermrnlo  i  Yt.  fcnnenttr ;  8p. 
ftrmentar :  It.  fermenlAre.] 

To  set  in  motion ;  to  excite  internal  emotion ;  to 
beat ;  to  raise  by  intestine  motion. 

Wbile  jtmtli /ermenU  the  blood.  Pope. 

FER-MEXT',  r.  i.  To  work  ;  to  eflfervefce  ;  to  be  in 
motion,  or  to  be  ezcttc-d  into  sensible  internal  motion, 
as  the  constituent  particles  of  an  animal  or  vcgt^table 
fluid.  To  the  vinous  fermentation  we  apply  the  term 
vsurk.  We  nay  thai  new  cider,  beer,  or  witio,  fer- 
mfntSy  or  works.  But  lurrA:  is  not  applied  to  the  other 
kindH  of  fermentation. 

FER-MENT-A-BIL'I-TV,  iu  Capability  of  being  fer- 
mf-nled. 

FER-.MENT'A-BLE.o.  Capable  of  fermentation  ;  thus, 
cider,  beer  of  all  kinds,  wine,  and  other  vegetable 
liuuorit,  are  fn-mentablr. 

FER-MENT'AL,  a.  Having  power  to  couse  fermenta- 
tbin.  Brojoa. 

FER-.MENT-A'TION,  n.     [U  frrmentutio.] 

The  sensible  internal  motiun  of  the  constituent  par- 
ticles of  animal  and  vi-grtable  substances,  occasioned 
by  a  certain  degree  of  heat  and  moisture,  and  accom- 
piinied  by  an  extrication  of  ga<i  and  lieal.  Ftrmenta- 
tion  is  followed  by  a  chan^  of  propertif^  in  the  sub- 
stjinces  fermented,  arising  from  new  combinations  of 
their  principles.  It  may  be  defined,  in  its  most  gen- 
eral sense,  any  spontan'-ouH  change  which  takes  place 
in  animal  or  vegetablr  substances  after  life  lias  ceased. 
It  ti)  of  thref  princlp-il  kinds  ;  vinous^  acetous^  and  pu- 
trrfiiciive.  The  term  in  also  applied  toother  processes, 
as  the  fianarif  fermentation,  or  the  raiding  of  bread  : 
but  it  18  limited  by  some  authors  to  the  vinous  and 
acetous  fermentations,  which  terminate  in  the  pro- 


FEH 

duction  cpf  alctihol  or  vinegiir.  Ferracutition  differs 
from  etferve scene e.  The  former  is  confined  to  ani- 
mal and  vegetable  substances  ;  the  latter  is  applicable 
to  mineral  substances.  The  former  is  spontaneous  j 
the  latter  produced  by  the  mixture  of  bodies. 

Knajc     Parr.     Thomson. 
FER-MENT'A-TIVE,  a.     Causing,  or  having  power 
to  cause,  fermentation  ;  as,  fermeiitatice  heal. 
2.  Consisting  in  fermentation ;  &s,frrmciitutive  pro- 

FER-MENT'A-TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  stale  of  being 
fi-rmeulaiive. 

FER-MENT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Worked ;  having  under- 
gone the  process  of  fermentation. 

FER-.ME\T'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Working;  effervescing. 

FKU'MiL-LET,  71.     A  buckle  or  clasp. 

FERN,  n.  [Sax.  fearn  ;  G.  farn-kraut ;  D.  vaaren.] 
The  popular  name  of  the  order  of  plants  called  Fil- 
ices,  which  have  their  friiclificatiou  on  tlie  back  of 
the  fronds  or  leaves.  The  ferns  constitute  the  first 
order  of  the  class  cntpUieamia^  in  the  sexual  system. 
They  delight  in  a  liuniid  suil,  and  often  grow  para- 
siliciUly  on  trees.  Loudon.     Partiufftiin. 

FERN'-OWL,  H.  The  European  goatsucker,  or  night- 
jar, a  bird  of  the  geims  Caprimulgus.  P.  Cyc. 

FERX'TI-GLES,  (-klz,)  h.  pL  Freckles  on  the  skin, 
resembling  the  seeds  of  fern.     [JVut  inudi  used.] 

FERN'Y,  a.    Abounding  or  overgrown  with  fern. 

BarreL 

FE-R5'CI0US,  (fe-rO'shus  )  a.  [Fr.feroce  :  Sp./ero:  ; 
It.  ftroct ;  lj.ferox  ;  allied  to  ferusy  wild, /era,  a  wild 
animal.] 

1.  Fierce  ;  savage  ;  wild  ;  indicating  cruelty  ;  as,  a 
ferocious  look,  countenance,  or  features. 

2.  Ravenous  ;  rapacious  ;  as,  a  ferocious  lion. 

3.  Fierce;  barbarous;  cniel ;  oBj/^mcVouj  savages. 
FE-R0'CIOU3-LY,  adv.     Fiercely  ;  with  savage  cru- 
elly. 

FE-Ro'CIOUS-NESS,  n.    Savage  fierceness ;  cmelty ; 
FE-ROC'I-TY,  n.     [h.  ferociuis.]  [ferocity. 

1.  Savage  wilduess  or  fierceness  ;  fliry  ;  cruelty  ; 
as,  tlie  ferocity  of  barbarians. 

2.  Fierceness  indicating  a  savage  heart ;  as,/(--roci- 
t\f  of  countenance. 

FER'RE-OUS,  a.     [L.  ferreus^  from  ftrrum,  iron,  Fr. 

frry  Sp.  Merro,  from  the  Celtic  ;  W.  /er,  solid  ;  ferUj 

to  concn-te.] 
Partaking  of  iron;  pertaining  to  iron;  like  iron; 

made  of  iron.  Brown. 

FER'RF-yr,7(.    [p.vrct:  Fr.  furH;  G.  frett,  or  frcttchen^ 

orfreUwif^ft;\V.  fared:  It.  f read;  Sp.  Aitryn  ;  U.fu- 

retto.     Fur  in  \V.  is  subtile,  iK'netrntiiig,  cunning.] 

1.  An  animal  of  the  Weasel  kind,  about  14  inches 
in  length,  of  a  pale  yellow  color,  with  red  eyes.  It 
ij  a  native  of  .Africa,  but  has  been  introduced  into 
Europe.  It  can  not,  however,  bear  cold,  and  can  not 
snbsi.st  even  in  France,  except  in  a  [»artially  domesti- 
cated state.  Ferrets  are  used  in  catrhing  rabbits,  to 
drive  them  out  of  their  holes.     Enmr-.     Partinjrlon. 

2.  A  kind  of  narrow  tape,  ma<ie  of  woolen,  some- 
times of  cotton  or  silk.  Encyc.  tff  iJom.  Econ. 

3.  Among  glass^nakers,  the  iron  used  to  try  the 
melted  matter,  to  see  if  it  is  fit  to  work,  and  to  make 
the  rings  at  tlie  moutlis  of  Ixittles.  Encyc. 

FER'RET,  r.  (.    To  drive  out  of  a  lurking-place,  as  a 

ferret  does  the  cony.  Johnson.     Jleylin. 

FER'RET-ED,  pp.    Driven  from  a  burrow  or  lurking- 
place. 
FER'RET-ER,  R.    One  that  hunts  another  in  his  pri- 
vate retreat. 
FKR'RET-ING,  ppr.     Driving  from  a  lurking  place. 
FEtt-RET'TO,  71.    l'op[HT  calcined  with  brimsitoiie  or 

white  vitriol,  used  to  col(»r  glass.  Hebert. 

FER'RI-ACE,  n.     [See  Fekhv.]     The  price  or  fare  to 
be  paid  at  a  ferry  ;  the  coui)H!nsation  estubli!*hed  or 
jmid  for  a»nveyanr«  ov«r  a  river  or  lake  in  a  boat. 
FER'UIC,  a.     Pertaining  to  or  extracted  from  irun. 

lAivoi.fier. 
FER-RI-€AL'CITE,  n,     [L.  /o-ruffi,  iron,  and  calXf 
lime.] 

A  species  of  calrnreona  earth  orlimestone  combined 
with  a  large  portion  of  iron,  from  7  to  14  per  cent. 

JCmean. 
FER'RI-KD,  (fer'rid,)  pp.    Carried  over  in  a  boat. 
FEB-RIP'ER-OUH,  a.     [t.  ferrum  and  fero.'j 

Produrjnjt  or  yielding  iron.  PhUUpa. 

FER'RI-LITE,  it.  [L.  ferrum,  iron,  and  Gr.  XiOos,  a 
stone.] 

Rowley  rogg  ;  a  variety  of  trap,  containing  iron  in 
the  St  lie  of  uxyd.  Kiriram. 

FKR-RO-CY'AN-ATE,  n.     A  compound  of  the  ferro- 

cyanic  acid  with  a  hasc. 
FER-RO-C7-.\N'IC,  a.     [L.  ferrum^  iron,  and  cyanic^ 
which  sec] 

Fcrro-ciinnir.  acid  :  proto-cynnid  of  ir'»n, 
FER-RO-CY'ANID,  n.     A  tompoiind  of  the  proto- 

cyanid  of  iron  with  some  other  cyanid.  Ure. 

FER  RO'CI-.Na-TKD,  a.     [Infra.]    Having  the  color 

or  properti'tt  of  tlie  ru«t  01  iron. 
FERRO'GI-NOLS,  o.    [L./m-u^o,  rust  of  iron,  from 
ferrum.  Iron.] 

1.  Partaking  of  iron  ;  containing  i>articles  of  iron. 
9.  Of  the  color  of  the  rust  or  oxyd  of  iron. 
[Ferrugiheoui  is  less  used.J 


FER 

FEli'KL'LE,  (fer'rjl  or  fer'rule,)  n.  [Sp.  birola^  a  ring 
or  cap  for  a  cane,] 

A  ring  of  metal  put  round  a  cone  or  other  thing  to 
strengthen  it. 

FER-KU.ML\-A'TI0N,  n.  [L.]  The  soldering  or 
uniting  of  nit^tals. 

FER'RY,  V.  L  [Sax.  feran,  ferian ;  G.fvhren;  Gr. 
0cpoj ;  Lufero  ;  allied  to  beur,  and  more  nearly  to  Sox. 
/ara«,  to  pass.  See  Bear  and  Fare,  and  Class  Br, 
No.  33,  35.J 

To  carry  or  transport  over  a  river,  strait,  or  other 
water,  in  a  boat.  We  ferry  men,  horses,  carriages, 
over  rivers,  for  a  moderate  fee  or  price,  called  fare  or 
ferriage. 

FER'RY,  V.  i.     To  pass  over  water  in  a  boat.  Milton. 

FER'RY,  7(.  A  boat  or  small  vessel  in  which  passen- 
gers and  goods  are  conveyed  over  rivers  or  other  nar- 
row waters  ;  sometimes  called  a  wherry,  [  This  appli- 
catiun  qftke  loord  is,  I  belie oe,  entirely  obsolete,  at  least 
in  .America.] 

2.  The  plaee  or  passage  where  boats  pass  over 
water  to  convey  passengers. 

3.  The  right  of  transpurting  passengers  over  a  lake 
or  btieam.  A  U  owns  the  ferry  at  Windsor.  [In 
JVeu}  England,  this  word  is  used  in  tlie  two  latter  senses.'\ 

FER'RY-BO.\T,  h,    A  boat  for  conveying  passengers 

over  streams  and  other  narrow  waters. 
FER'RY-ING,  ppr.     Carrying  over  in  a  boat, 
FER'RY-.MAN,  j*.    One  who  keeps  a  ferry,  and  tran»* 

ports  passengers  over  a  river. 
FER'TILE,  r-til,ja.    [Fr.  fertile  ;  Sp.  fcrtU  ;  lUfertilf, 

L.  fertilis,  from /fro,  to  bear.] 

1.  Fruitful;  rich;  producing  fruit  in  abundance; 
as,  fertile  land,  ground,  soil,  fields,  or  meadows. 
This  word,  in  America,  is  rarely  applied  to  trees,  or 
to  animals,  but  to  land.  It  formerly  had  of  before 
the  thing  produced  ;  as,  fertile  o/all  kinds  of  grain  ; 
but  in  is  now  used  ;  fertile  in  grain. 

2.  Rich  ;  having  abundant  resources  ;  prolific  ; 
productive;  inventive;  able  to  produce  abundantly ; 
as,  nfrrtUe  genius,  mind,  or  imagination. 

FER'TILE  LY,  adv.     Fruitfully. 
FER'TlLE-NEt?S.    SPe  FEBTiLiTr. 
FER-TIL'I-TY,  71.     [UfcrtUitas.] 

1.  Fruitfulness  ;  the  quality  of  producing  fruit  in 
abundance  ;  as,  the  fertility  of  land,  ground,  soil, 
fields,  and  meadows. 

2.  Ricliness ;  abundant  resources;  fertile  inven- 
tion ;  as,  the  fertility  of  genius,  of  fancy,  or  imagina- 
tion. 

FER'TIL-TZE,  r.  U  To  enrich ;  to  supply  with  the 
pabulum  of  plants  ;  to  make  fruitful  or  productive  ; 
as,  to  fertilize  land,  soil,  ground,  and  meadows. 
[FERTiLrTATE  is  not  used.] 

FER'TIL-IZ-£D,  pp.    Enriched  ;  rendered  fruitful. 

FER'TIL-IZ-ING.  ppr.  Enriching;  making  fruitful 
or  productive.  'I'he  Conueclicut  overdows  the  adja- 
cent meadows,  fertilizing  them  by  depositing  tine 
particles  of  earth  or  vegetable  substances. 

3.  a.  Enriching  ;  furnishing  the  nutriment  of 
plants. 

FER-U-LA'CEOUS,  a.     {L.ffrvla.] 

Pertaining  to  reeds  or  canes;   liaving  a  stalk  like 

a  reed  ;    or  resembling  the  Ferula  ;    as,  ffrulaeeoua 

plants.  Fourcroy. 

FER'ULE,  (fer'ril   or   fer'rulo,)   ji.     [h.  ferula,   from 

ferio,  to  strike,  or  from  the  use  of  stalks  of  the 

Ferula.] 

1.  A  little  wooden  pallet  or  slice,  used  to  punish 
children  in  srh(>ol,  by  striking  them  on  the  palm  of 
ttie  hand.     [Febular  is  not  used.] 

2.  Under  the  Eastern  empire,  the  ferula  was  the 
emperor's  scepter.  It  was  a  long  stem  or  shank, 
\vith  a  Hat,  square  head.  Encyc. 

FER'ULE,  (fer'ril  or  fer'rule,)  v.  t.    To  punish  with  a 

FER'UL-iJD,;'p.     Punished  with  a  ferule.         [ferule. 

KER'UL-ING,  ppr.    Puniwhing  with  a  ferule. 

FER'VEN-CY,  n.  [See  Fervekt.]  Heat  of  mind  ; 
ardor ;  eagerness.  Shak. 

2.  Pious  ardor }  animated  zeal ;  warmth  of  de- 
votion. 

FER' VENT,  a.    [L.  fervens,  from  fcrveoy  to  be  hot,  to 

boil,  to  glow;  Ar.  .U  /awro,  to  boil,  to  swell  with 

heat,  to  ferment.  Class  Br,  No.  30.  Ferveo  gives  the 
Spanish  herrir,  to  boil,  to  swarm  as  bees,  whose  mo- 
tions resemble  the  boiling  of  water.] 

1.  Hot;  boiling;  as,  a  fervent  summer;  fervent 
blood.  Spenser.     fVotton. 

2.  Hot  in  temper  ;  vehement. 

Th-iy  are/triwrtr  to  diiputr.  Hooker. 

3.  Ardent ;  very  warm  ;  earnest ;  excited  ;  ani- 
mated ;  glowing  ;  aUffrrvent  zeal ;  fervent  piety. 

fervent  in  »pirit.  — Rom.  xiL 

FER'VE\T-LY,rt-/r.   Earnestly;  eagerly;  vehement- 
ly; Willi  great  wnrmth. 
2.  With  pious  ardor;  with  earnest  zeal ;  ardently. 

Epaptirui  —  »alulelh  you,  laboring  ftrotntly  tut  you  la  piayert. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  ■■  K ;  d  aa  J  ;  »  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  ai  In  THIS. 


FET 

FER'VEXT  NESS,  w.    Fenvncv  ;  ardor;  zeal. 
FEllVE:S'CU.NT,  a.     Growing  huL 
FER'Vin,  a.     [L.  fervidmj.] 

1.  Very  hot ;  burning;  boiling;  as,  ,/>rrttf  hpat. 
a.  Very  warm  in  zeal ;  vehement ;  eager  ;  earnest ; 
an,  frrrtd  /cai. 

rEK*VIl>-LY,drfi».  Ver>*hotIy  ;  with  glowing  warmlh. 
FER'VID-NESS,  n.    Glowing  heat ;  ardor  of  mind  ; 

warm  zeal.  Bentiep. 

FER'VOR,  M.     [L.fhvor.] 

1-  Heat  or  warmth  ;  as,  the  fervr  of  a  summer's 

day. 
fi.  Heat  of  mind ;  ardor :  warm  or  animated  zeal 

and   enrne^tness  in  tiie  duticii  of  religion,  particu- 

larlv  in  praver. 
FE3'CE\-NtNE,  a.     Pertaining   to  Fescenninm,  ht 

Italv  ;  lict-ntitms.  KmnH. 

FGi$'CEN-NI\E,  H.    A  nuptial  song,  or  a  licentious 

snnx.  CariierifkL 

FES'€t'E,  m,     TPr.  /flu,  for/«(a,  a  straw  ;  1*  /udiea, 

a  atwot  or  stmlK  of  a  tree,  a  hmL] 

A  small  wire  used  tu  point  out  letters  to  children 

when  le<iniiBK  to  read.  Dryden,    Holder. 

FES'€OE,  V.  c.    To  assist  in  reading  by  a  fescue. 

Smart, 
FES'CCE-GRXSS,  m.    The  popular  name  of  the  Fes- 

tuea,  a  genus  of  grasses  containing  several  species 

of  importance  in  asriculture.  P.  Cgc    Let. 

FESfELS,  K.    A  kind  of  base  grain.  Ma^. 

FES^E,  (fesO  n.     [L.fiucia,  a  band.] 

InAJroMry,  a  band  or  girdle,  possessing  (be  third 

part  of  the  escutcheon ;  one  of  the  nine  honorable 

Ofdinaiies.  PeMcMam.     Enofc 

FESSE'-POINT,  «.    The  exact  canter  of  the  escutch- 
eon. JEnryc 
FES'SI-TUDE, «.    [L.]    Wearfnefs. 
FESTAL,  a.    [L./«<te«,  festiTe.    See  Fbait.] 
Pertaining  to  a  feaat :  Joyous :  cay ;  mirtbfut 

FESTAL-LY,  «*..    Joytmsir ;  mirthfuUy. 
FESTER,  r.  i.     [Qo.  L.  pr^tu,  pus,  or  p^staU.] 

To  rankle ;  to  cumipt ;  to  grow  virulent.  We  say 
cf  a  sore  or  wound,  it/esUrt.  * 

pjMiop  uid  unktndneM  wAj  gin  «  wouad  tbml  didO  U««d  and 
■mut;  bMUta  iRMcfaety  lhun«kMa/MSr.  Somih, 

FESTERING,  ppr.  or  «.    Rankling ;  gruwinf  riru- 

lent. 
IFESTER-MEXT,  n.    A  festering.  Ckalmer*. 

FESTI-NATE,  a.     [h./ttms,Jt^ftiitmiMM.] 

H.-i9tv  ;  hurried.     [J^'u  U  kst.]  SkaJu 

FES  TI-NATE-LY,  adv.    HastUy.  Skmk. 

FES-TI  NATION,  ».     Haste.     [JTot  msed,] 
FESTIVAL,  a.     [U  /wbriw,  from  /«(«*,  or  festum, 

or/iLsfi.     See  Fe*8t.] 
Fertaintnf  to  a  feast ;  jo)-ous  ;  mirthful ;  as,  a  /ss- 

twai  entertainment.  Jftttrhuty. 

FESTIVAL,  n.    The  time  of  feasting;  an  annirer- 

■af}'  day  of  joy,  ciril  or  religious. 

"nie  jaonung  miinpeU/Mlbai  pneUnwd.  MUHm. 

FF.STIVEj  a.     [i^/eMeus.] 

Pertaining  to  or  b.xoming  a  feast;  Joyous;  gay; 
mirthfuL 

Tlw  ftkd  ehde  roand  Ifann  jMd  their  tMth 

FESTIVE-LY,  ode.     In  a  festive  manner. 
FES-TI V  IT  V,  «.     [L.  fi^vUtu.] 

1.  PrtmarUy,  the  mirth  of  a  feast ;  hence,  joyfUl- 
iiefls ;  gayety  ;  social  joy  or  exhilaration  of  i^pirita  at 
an  entcrtainmcnL  Tairlor. 

2.  A  ftrstival.     [Jiot  in  use.  ]  Brotcn, 
FESTIV-OUS,  a.     PfrtAinintc  to  n  feast ;  joyou-*. 
FES-TOO.V,  «.    [Fr./eslon:  t^p.  irf. ;  li.fe^Unte;  prob- 
ably a  tie,  frum  the  root  of /<Lrt,  W./fA-c] 

Something  m  imitation  uf  a  garland  ch*  wreath.  In 
mrekUrcture  and  sculpttire^  an  ornament  of  carved 
work,  in  the  form  of  a  wreath  of  dowers,  fniita,  and 
leaves,  intermixes!  or  twi<itt-d  together.  It  i^  in  the 
form  of  a  stnn«  or  coll:ir,  sotnewhat  largpf>t  in  the 
middle,  where  it  falls  duwn  in  an  arch,  being  sus- 
pended by  the  end^^  the  extremities  of  which  often 
hanc  down  perpendicularly. 

Harris,     Emeyc     Brands. 

VES-TOOX^  e.  L  To  furm  in  festoons,  or  to  adorn 
with  fetftfkons. 

PES-TOON'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Made  into  festoons,  or 
adorned  with  them. 

FES-TOON'L\G,  ppr.  Making  into  festoons,  or 
adomine  with  them. 

FESTU-CIXE,  (-sin,)  a.     [h.  festuca.} 

Being  of  a  straw  color.  Broien. 

FESTCeoUS,  a.     Formed  of  straw.  Broien. 

FET, «,     [Fr. /oiL]     A  piece.     [.Vo(  used.] 

FET,  V.  C  or  t.    To  fetch  ;  to  come  to.     [^Tot  u-ted.] 
Tasser      SackeUles 

FfiTAL,  a.    [from  fetus.]    Pertaining  to  a  fetus. 

FETCH,  r.  U  [Sai.  feccan,  or  f&ecean,  I  have  not 
found  this  word  in  any  other  language.  Fet,  /ettan, 
must  be  a  different  word  or  a  corruption.] 

1.  To  go  and  bring,  or  simply  to  bring,  that  is,  to 
bear  a  thing  toward  or  to  a  person. 

We  wiD  lake  men  tofetA  tioujU  lor  the  jywfile.  — Judcea  ix. 
Go  10  ilK  flock,  Md/diA  me  fiom  tbeooe  two  kidi  of  (he  naU. 

— Gen.  xxviL 


FET 

In  the  latter  passapi?,  fetch  signifies  only  to  bring. 
2-  To  derive  ;  to  draw,  ns  fn>m  a  source. 

On,  TOW  ii^>blc«t  Ktij^Ii^), 
Whoee  biood  U/itaxtd  troiii  r^Utrn  of  war-proof.  Shak. 

[In  this  «»«,  the  use  is  neither  common  nor  degant.] 

3.  To  strike  at  a  distance.    [JVot  used.] 

Tbe  oondiliaoA  and  iinprovcnieuU  of  weapooa  are  ihn/elchitig 
wSm  off.  Sacon. 

4.  To  bring  back  ;  to  recall ;  to  bring  to  any  state. 
[JVW  ms*d,  or  mUgar,] 

la  cmrlU  we  an  tln-ir  gnml  and  audden  eflV-ct  ia  /ttchinf  meo 
afoin,  wbro  tbcj  aMrooii.  Bacon, 

5.  To  bring  or  draw  ;  as,  to  fetch  a  tiling  within  a 
certain  ctimpass. 

6.  To  make  ;  to  perform ;  as,  to  fetch  a  turn  ;  to 
fetch  a  leap  or  bouna.  Shuk. 

f)ttth  a  compKai  behind  ihem.  —  3  S&m.  t. 

7.  To  draw  ;  to  heave  ;  as,  to  fetch  a  sigh. 

.^ddiscTU 

8.  To  reach ;  to  attain  or  come  to ;  to  arrive  at. 

We  fttchmi  the  »jna'%  iale.  Chapman. 

9.  To  bring  ;  to  obtain  as  its  price.  Wheat  fetches 
only  75  cents  the  bushel.  A  commodity  is  worth 
what  it  will  fetch. 

To  fetch  out ;  to  bring  or  draw  out ;  to  cause  to  ap- 
pear. 

To  fetch  to  ;  to  restore  ;  to  revive,  ns  from  a  swoon. 

To  fetch  up;  to  bring  up;  to  cause  to  come  up  or 
forth. 

To  fetch  a  pump  ;  to  pour  water  into  it  to  mnke  it 
drew  water.  Mar.  Diet. 

FETCH,  V.  i.    To  move  or  turn  ;  as,  to  fetch  about. 

Shak. 

9.  Among  seomsa,  to  reach  or  attain  ;  as,  tit  fetch 
to  windward.  Totten. 

FETCH,  n.  A  stratagem,  by  which  a  thing  is  indi- 
rectly brought  to  pass,  or  by  which  one  thing  seems 
intended  and  another  is  done  ;  a  trick  ;  an  artifice  ; 
as,  a  ffUk  of  wiu  Sluik. 

Stnlght  cait  about  lo  ov^rrrach 

I'he  uiiwa(7  conqwrKir  wiih  a/«lcA.  lludihrtu. 

FETCH'ER,  Tu     One  that  brings. 

FETCH'INO,  ppr.  Bringing;  going  and  bringing; 
deriving;  drawing;  making;  reaching;  obtaining 
as  price. 

FETE,  ((ate,)  m.  [Ft.]  A  festival  holiday,  or  cele- 
bration nf  some  dav. 

FETE-CllAMPETRE' ,  ((at  sham-patr',)  n.  A  fes- 
ti^'al  or  enterta\nment  in  the  n|>en  air. 

FK'TICH,  (fee'tish,)  n.  An  object  selected  tempora- 
rily for  worship,  as  a  tree,  stone,  ice    [See  Feti- 

rHlSM.l 

FET'I-OHISM, }  n.    The  worship  of  idols  among  the 

FET'I-ClSMj  J  negroes  cf  Africa,  amon|;  whom 
frtieh  is  an  idul,  any  tree,  stone,  or  c^er  thing  wor- 
shiped. 

A  stupid  kind  of  idolatry,  such  an  that  of  the  Afri- 
can negroes,  which  consiais  in  piving  teiniiorary 
won^liip  to  any  material  object  which  tiie  fancy  may 
happen  to  select,  as  a  trtie,  a  stone,  a  p<ist,  an  animal, 
&c.  J.  Murdoch. 

FET'ID,  a.  [L.  fatidusj  from  fmUo,  to  have  an  iU 
scent.  I 

Hnvin:;  an  offensive  smell;  having  a  strong  or 
rancid  scent. 

Moet  piilir&cilotii  anwll  either /etwf  or  moldy.  Bacon. 

FET'ID-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  smelling  offen- 
sively ;  a  fetid  quality. 

FE-TIF'ER-OUri,  a.     [L.  fatifer;  /.rdw  and  fero,  to 
bear.] 
Producing  young,  as  animals. 

FET'LOCK,  H.  [foot,  or /erf,  and  lock.']  The  part  of 
the  leg  where  the  tufl  of  hair  grows  behind  the  pat- 
tern joint  in  horses.  Farm.  Eacyc. 

Fii'TOR,  n.     [L.  fator.] 

Any  strong,  offensive  smell;  stench.    Arbuthnot. 

FETTER,  n.  [Sax.  fetor,  from  foot,  feet,  aa  in  L.  ped- 
ica;  G.  fessel.     Chiefly  used  in  the  plural,  fetters.] 

1.  A  chain  for  tlie  feet ;  a  chain  IJy  which  an  ani- 
mal is  confined  by  the  foot,  either  made  fast  or  fixed, 
as  a  prisoner,  or  impeded  in  motion  and  hindered 
from  leaping,  as  a  horse  whose  fore  and  hind  feet 
are  confined  by  a  chain. 

The  FliiIi3Uo>?«  bodiid  S^moan  wilh  feUert  of  braas, — Judges 
zvi. 

3.  Any  thing  that  confines  or  restrains  from  mo- 
tion. 

Paaakma  too  &?rce  to  be  in  fettera  bound.  Dryden. 

FETTER,  V.  t.  To  put  on  fetters ;  lo  shackle  or  con- 
fine the  feet  with  a  chain. 

2.  To  bind  ;  to  enchain  ;  to  confine ;  to  restrain 
motion  ;  to  impose  restraints  on. 

FetUr  ttroiig  madneaa  in  a  aUken  thread.  Shak. 

FETTER -ED,  pp.  or  a.  Bound  or  confined  by  fet- 
ters ;  enchained.  Mnrston. 

In  zooh^n/,  applied  to  the  feet  of  animals,  when 
they  are  Btrelched  backward,  and  appear  unfit  fur 
walk  in?. 

FET'TER  LNG,  ppr.  Rinding  or  fastening  by  the 
feet  with  a  chain  ;  confining  ;  restraining  motion. 


FEU 

FETTER-LESS,  a     Free  from  fettera  or  restraint. 

Jilarston. 

FETTLE,  r.  U    To  repair.  Che^h.  Olo^surp. 

9.  'I'd  do  tritling  business.  Bp.  HJl. 

FETT'STKTX,  n.  [<ior.,  fal-stone.]  A  minerul  of  a 
greenish  or  bluish-gray  color,  or  flesh-red,  called  also 
clnolite.  Jiikui.     Jameson. 

Fli'TUS,  n.;  pi.  FETUSEf.     [L,  fatus.] 

The  young  of  viviparous  animals  in  the  womb, 
and  of  oviparous  animals  in  the  egg,  after  It  is  per- 
fectly formed,  before  which  time  it  is  called  tmltryo. 
A  young  animal  then  is  called  a  fetus,  from  the  time 
il3  pnrtiit  are  distinctly  formed,  till  its  birth.    Encvc 

FEOU,  (fude,)M.  [Sax  fahth,  or  fi£ffth,{TOmJigan,feon, 
to  hate.  Hence  aUo/oA,  a  foe,  and  from  the  participle 
fcund,  a  fiend  ;  U.  vyand,  G.  feind,  an  enemy  ;  G. 
fehd,  war,  quarrel  ;  Pw.  ftgd ;  Dan.  fejde.  In  Irish, 
fuatJt  is  haired,  abhorrence.     Class  Bg.J 

1.  Primarily,  a  deadly  quarrel ;  hatred  and  conten- 
tion that  were  to  be  terminated  only  by  death. 
Among  our  nide  ancestors,  these  quarrels,  though 
originating  in  tlie  murder  of  an  individual,  involved 
the  whole  tribe  or  family  of  the  injured  and  of  the 
aggressing  [larliea.     Hence,  in  modem  iisaffe, 

S.  A  contention  or  qimrrel ;  particularly,  an  invet- 
erate quarrel  between  fiimilies  or  parlies  in  a  state  ; 
the  discord  and  animosities  which  prevail  among  the 
citizens  of  a  state  or  city,  sometimes  accompanied 
with  civil  wiu-.  In  the  north  of  Great  Britain,  the 
wiird  is  still  used  in  its  orif^inal  sense ;  denoting  a 
combinatiun  of  kindred  to  revenge  the  death  of  any 
of  iheir  blood,  on  the  offender  and  all  his  race,  or 
any  other  great  enemy.  We  say,  it  is  the  policy  of 
our  enemies  to  raise'and  cherish  intestine  feud^. 

The  word  is  not  strictly  applicable  to  wars  between 
difl"erent  nations,  but  to  intestine  wars,  and  to  quar- 
reU  and  animosities  between  families  or  small  tribes. 

FECD,  n.  Usually  supposed  to  be  composed  Qf  the 
Teutonic  fee,  goods,  reward,  and  ead  or  odh,  W. 
eizaw,  possession,  property.  But  if  feuds  hud  been 
given  as  rewards  for  services,  that  con .-< id" oration 
would  have  vested  the  title  to  the  land  in  the  donee. 
Yet  feud  is  not  a  Teutimic  or  Gothic  word,  being 
found  aniung  none  of  the  northern  nations  of  Eu- 
ro[)e.  Tliis  word  originated  in  the  south  of  Europe, 
whether  in  Prance,  Spain,  or  Italy,  may  perhaps  be 
ascertained  by  writings  of  th£  middle  uRes,  which  I 
do  not  possess.  It  probably  originated  among  the 
Franks,  or  in  Lomhardy  or  Italy,  and  certainly  among 
men  who  studied  the  civil  law.  In  Italian,  a  feoffee 
is  called  fedc-commesjiano,  0  truRt-commissary  ;  fede- 
comme^ifio  is  a  feoft'ment,  a  trust -estate  ;  Hp.  Jideicomi- 
so,  a  feoffment.  These  words  are  ihe  fidci-commi^sa- 
rius,  Jiaei-eommissum,  of  the  Digest  and  Codex.  In 
Spanish,  fiado  signifies  security  given  fur  another,  or 
bail ;  alfado,  on  irusfc  ;  jiador,  one  who  trusts  ;  fcuda, 
a  fief,  fee,  or  feud  ;  Port,  id.  In  J\''orvian,  Jidz  de 
chevalera  signifies  knight's  fees.  Feud,  then,  with 
fee,  wliich  is  a  contraction  of  it,  is  a  word  formed 
from  the  l^.  fides.  It.  fede,ii[i^fe.  Norm. /ci,  faith, 
trust,  with  had,  state,  or  ead  or  odh,  estate  ;  and  a 
feud  i-s  an  estate  in  trust,  or  on  condition,  which  co- 
incides nearly  in  sense  with  the  northern  word,  G. 
lehen,  D,  leeni  @w.  Idn,  Dan.  lekn,  Eng.  loan.  From 
the  origin  of  this  word,  we  see  the  peculiar  propriety 
of  calling  the  donee  Jidclis,  and  his  obligation  to  his 
lord  fidditas,  whence  fealty.] 

A  fief;  a  fee  ;  a  right  to  lands  or  hereditaments 
held  in  trust,  or  on  the  t'^rms  of  performing  certain 
conditions  ;  the  right  which  a  vassal  or  tenant  has  to 
the  lands  or  other  immovable  thing  of  his  lord,  to  use 
the  same  and  take  the  profits  thereof  hereditarily, 
rendering  to  his  superior  such  duties  and  services  as 
belong  to  military  tenure,  &.c.,  the  property  of  the 
soil  always  remaining  in  liie  lord  or  superior. 

From  the  foregoing  explanation  of  the  origin  uf  the 
word,  result  very  naturally  the  definition  of  the  term, 
and  the  doctrine  of  furfeiture,  upon  no n -performance 
of  the  conditions  of  the  trust  or  loan. 

FECD'AL,  (f  ud'al,)  a.     [Sp.  feudal.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  feuds,  fiefs,  or  fees;  as,  feudal 
rights  or  services  :  feudal  tenures. 

2.  Consisting  of  feuds  or  fiefs  ;  embracing  tenures 
by  military  ser\'ices  ;  as,  the  feudal  system. 

FEOD'AL,  n.     Something  held  by  tenure. 

FEfjD'AL-ISM,  n.  The  feudal  system  ;  the  princtples 
and  constitution  of  feuds,  or  lands  held  by  military 
services.  fVhitaker. 

FECD-AL'I-TY,  rt.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
feudal ;  feudal  form  or  constitution.  Burke. 

FEOD-AL-I-ZaTION,  n.  The  act  of  reducing  to 
feudal  tenure. 

FECD'AI>-TZG,  v.  t.    To  reduce  to  a  feudal  tenure, 

FEOD'AI^IZ-£D,  pp.     Reduced  to  feudal  tenure. 

FECD'AL-IZ-ING,  ppr.     Reducing  to  a  feudal  form. 

FEfTD'A-RY,a.     Holding  land  of  a  superior. 

FECD'A-TA-RY,  n.     A  feudatory,  which  see. 

FEOD'A-TO-RY,  71.  [S^i.  fcudatorio  ;  Vort.  fnidatario.] 
A  tenant  or  vassal  who  holds  his  lands  of  a  supe- 
rior, on  condition  of  military  seri'ice  ;  the  tenant  of 
a  feud  or  fief.  BlacL^tone.     Encyc. 

FEU  DEJOIE,{fa'de-zhv.-'i',)  [fire  of  joy.]  A  French 
phrase  for  a  bonfire,  or  a  firing  of  guns  in  token  of 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  DQQK.- 


FIB 

FKCO'IST,  «.     A  writer  on  {ends.  Spelmaiu 

FEUIL'LXGE,  (ful'yizh,)  n.     [Fr.,  foliage.]     A  bunch 

or  row  of  leaves.  Jercas. 

FEC'ILLE-MORT,  (fu'il-mort,)   n.     [Fr.,  dead  leaf.] 

The  color  of  a  faded  leaf. 
FEO'TEK,  c.  £.    To  make  ready.    [JVut  in  use.l 

Spen-ser. 
FEO'TEE-ER,  n.    A  dog-keeper.    [J^ot  iwrd.] 

Malinger. 
Fe'VER,    n.     [Ft.,  ^*Pre,*    Sp.  Jiebre;   it.  febbre ;    h. 
febris,  supposed  to  be  so  written  by  transposition  for 
ferbis  or  fereisj  from  ferbeo^  Jerceo^  to  be  hot,   Ar. 

jli  fiLwra  or  fiura.    Class  Br,  Na  30.] 

1.  A  disease  characterized  by  an  accelerated  pulse, 
with  increase  of  h^'at,  impaired  functions,  diminished 
strength,  and  otlt-ii  witii  preternatural  thirst.  This 
order  of  diseases  is  called  by  Cullen  pyrexijy  Gr. 
TTi'iKjia.  Fevers  are  often  or  generally  preceded  by 
chilU  or  rigors,  called  the  coUl  stave  of  the  disease. 
Fevers  are  of  various  kinds  ;  but  the  principal  di- 
vision of  fevers  is  into  remitting  fevers,  which  sub- 
side or  abate  at  intervals  ;  intermiuing  fever-s,  which 
intermit  or  entirely  cease  at  intervals  ;  and  co;i- 
Unued  or  continual  fevers,  which  neither  remit  nor 
intermit. 

2.  Heat ;  agitation  ;  excitement  by  any  thing  that 
strongly  affects  the  passions.  This  news  has  given 
me  a  fever.  This  quarrel  has  set  my  blood  in  a 
fevrr. 

Fe'VER,  r.  (.    To  p'lt  in  a  fever.  Drvden 

FE'VER-eOOL-lNG,  a.    Allaying  febrile  Iieai 

Thomsmi, 

.  FP/VER-ET,  «.    A  alight  fever.     [Obs.]        Jiyl^ffk. 

^Fe'VER-FEW,  n.      [Sai.  feferfuge  ;    I*,  febrig  and 

A  plant  allied  to  Chamomile,  and  so  named  from 
mppo«ed  febrifuge  qualities.  The  common  feverfew 
grows  to  the  highi  of  two  or  three  feet,  with  com- 
pound, radiated,  white  flowers,  with  a  yellow  disc. 
Fk'  V'ER-ISH  ,  a.  Having  a  slight  fever ;  as,  the  patient 
is  fevrrvih. 

2.  Diseased  witli  fever  or  heat ;  fxB^  feverish  nature. 

Creech.. 

3.  Uncertain;  inconstant  j  fickle;  now  hot,  now 
ccJd. 

Wa  toa  uid  turn  &bo<it  onif<iteriMh  will.  Drydtn. 

4.  Hot ;  sultry ;  burning ;  as,  the  feverish  north. 

OryHeH. 
FE'VER-r.SH-LY,  adv.    In  a  feverish  manner. 
F£'VER-l5iH-NESS,  «,    The  state  of  being  feverish  ; 

a  ffliehi  febrile  affection. 
Ff.'VER-LY,  a.    Like  a  fever. 
FE'VER-ULTS,  a.      Affected  with  fever  or  ague. 

2.  Having  the  nature  of  fever.  [^Shak, 

A!!  feotTQUt  IrimU.  Milton. 

3.  Having  the  tendency  to  produce  fever  ;  a«,  a 
feeerottji  disposition  of  the  year.  [  Thia  word  is  little 
iwerfj  •  Bacon. 

FE'VER-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  feverish  manner.  [Lit- 
tle u-ted.]  Donne. 

rr:'VER-ROOT,  «.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Triosleura. 

F£'VER-SICK,  a.     [Sai.  /eferseoc]  * 

Diseased  with  fever.  Peete. 

F£'VER-SORE,  n.  The  popular  name  of  a  carious 
ulcer  or  necrosis.  Miner. 

Fe'VER-VV£AK'£\-/3),  (-wSk'nd,)  a.  Debilitated 
by  fever. 

FP.'VER-WEED,  n.    A  plant  of  th«  genus  Eryngium. 

Ff/VER-VVORT.     Hoe  Feveb-Root. 

FE-VER-Y,  a.     Aff.-cted  with  fever.  B.  .Tonson. 

FEW,  (fu,)  a.  [Sax.  /m,  or //■tttoa;  Dan. /ajfcj  Fr. 
pea. ;  Up.  and  ft.  poeo  ;  L.  paucL  The  aeases  of  fcie 
and  small  are  oHen  united.     Cl.iss  Bg.] 

Not  many  ;  small  in  number.  Party  U  the  mad- 
ness of  many  for  thr^  gain  of  a  fne;  but  feto  men,  in 
times  of  p.'uty,  regard  the  maxim. 

FEW'EL,  n.     Coinhu>tibl<;  matti^r.     [See  Fuel.] 

FEW'NE^iJ,  n.    Sm:Ulness  of  number;  paucity. 

£>ryden. 
2.  Paucity  of  words  ;  brevity.  [A''ot  used.]    Shak. 

FBV,  (fa,)  c.  L     [p.  BCegea.] 

To  cleanse  a  ditch  frtim  mtid.  Tusaer. 

F£V'^D,  pp.     Cleansed  from  mud  ;  applied  to  a  ditch. 

Fgy'ING,  ppr.     Clennsins  a  ditrh  from  mud. 

Ff  A'CRK.  (fe-a'kr,)  w.     A  French  h!u;kncy  coach. 

FI'A.VCE,  F.  (.    To  betroth,     [.-^'-e  Affiancb.] 

FI'ARS,  (fS'arz,)  n.  pi.  Thp  price  of  grains,  as  Axed, 
in  the  counties  of  Scotland,  by  the  respective  sheriffs 
and  a  jury.  Jamieaon, 

FT' AT,  n.     [L.,  from  fia.] 

Let  it  be  done  ;  a  decree  ;  a  command  to  do  some- 

FIB,  «.     [See  Fable.     Ir.  meabkra.]  [thing. 

A  lie  or  falsehood  ;  a  word  used  among  children 
and  the  vulgar,  as  a  »ofler  ex|ires»ion  than  lie. 

FIB,  n.  L     To  lie  ;  to  speak  falsely. 

FIB'BKR,  n.     One  who  telU  Ijes  or  fibs. 

FIB'BING,  ppr  Telling  fibs  ;  as  a  nouw,  the  telling 
of  fibs. 

FIBER, )  ».     [Fr.Jibre;  L.fibrai  Sp.  ketn-a.  JUrra  i  It. 

H'BRE   i      ^] 

I.  A  thread ;  a  fine,  slender  body  which  constl- 


Qui/io/. 


FID 

tutes  a  part  of  the  frame  of  aiiimtds.  Of  fibers, 
some  are  soft  and  flexible,  others  mure  bard  and 
elliptic.  Those  that  are  soft  are  hollow,  or  sponpy, 
and  full  of  little  cells,  as  the  nervous  and  fleshy. 
Some  are  so  small  as  scarcely  to  be  visible  ;  others 
are  larger,  and  appear  to  be  composed  of  still  smaller 
fibres.  These  fibers  constitute  the  substance  of  the 
bones,  cartilages,  ligaments,  membranes,  nerves, 
veins,  arteries,  and  muscles.  Q}dtiaj. 

2.  A  filament  or  slender  thread  in  plants  or  riiin- 
erals  ;  the  small,  slender  root  of  a  planL 

3.  Any  fine,  slender  thread. 

Ft'bR^I^"'  I  ^-    H«^'"e  fibers. 

FMIRE-LESS  !  «•    "avnig  no  fibers. 

FI'CRIL,  n.     (Fr.Jihraie.] 

A  small  fiber ;  the  branch  of  a  fiber  ;  a  very  slen- 
der thread.  Ckeyne. 

FI-BRIL  LOUS,  a.    Pertaining  to  fibers. 

Dr.  STinnifT. 

FT'BRIN',  71.  [See  Fiber.]  A  peculiar  organic  com- 
pound substance  found  in  animals  and  vt'getables. 
It  is  contained  in  the  clot  of  coaeulated  bhwd,  and 
constitutes  muscular  fiber.  Pure  fibrin  is  of  a  whitish 
color,  inodorous,  and  insoluble  in  cold  water ;  it  is 
a  solid  substance,  tough,  clastic,  and  compt>sed  of 
thready  fibers,  P.  Cye.     Ctraham. 

FT'BRIN'-OUS,  a.     Having  or  partaking  of  fibrin. 

FIB'RO-LITE,  n.     [from  L.  jfAr/i,  and  Gr.  \i$t  (.] 

A  fibrous  mineral  from  the  Carn:itic,  sup[K)sed  to 
be  identical  with  Bucholzite.  An  American  mineral 
so  called  is  nothing  but  Kyanite.  Dana. 

FI'BROUS,  a.  Composed  or  consisting  of  fibers;  as, 
&  fibrous  body  or  substance, 

2.  Containing  fibers.  In  mineralogy,  a  fibrous  frac- 
ture is  that  which  presents  fine  threads  or  slender 
lines,  either  straight  or  curvi^d,  p.iralid,  diverging, 
or  stellated,  like  the  rays  of  a  star.  Kinran. 

FIIl'LJ-LA,  n.     [h.]     The  outer  and  lesser  bone  of  the 
leg,  much  smaller  than  the  tibia, 
li.  A  clasp  or  buckle. 

FICK'LE,  a.  [Sixx.fieol!  but  it  seems  to  be  connected 
with  Tcweh'an,  Sw.  vackla,  to  waver,  from  the  root  of 
Ka^f ;  L.  vacillo  ;  Gr.  TTDiKiXoa  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  ii£), 
to  fail,  or  rather  Ueb.  p'^D,  to  stagger.  Class  Bg,  No. 
44,  GO.] 

1.  Wavering;  inconstant  ;  unstable  ;  of  a  change- 
able mind  ;  irresolute ;  nut  firm  in  opinion  or  pur- 
pose ;  capricious. 

Th<-y  know  hair  Jidele  common  lo^eri  «re.  Dryrtcn, 

S.  Not  fixed  orfirm  ;  liable  to  change  or  vicis^^itude  ; 
as,  a  fickle  state.  Milton. 

FIck'LE-NESS,  n.  A  wavering  ;  wavering  disposi- 
tion; inconstancy;  instability  ;  unsteadiness  in  opin- 
ion or  purpose  ;  as,  Uw  fickleness  of  lovers. 

2.  Instability  ;  changeableness  ;  as,  the  fickleness 
of  fortune. 

FICK'LY,  adv.    Without  firmness  or  steadiness. 

Suuthern, 
Ft'eO,  (fiS'ko,)  It.     [It.,  a.ffff.]     An   act  of  ctmtempt 
by  placing  the  thumb  between  two  of  the  fingers, 
expressing  a  fig  for  you.  Carcw. 

FICTILE,  a.     [L.  fictilii.,  from  fictus,  fingo,  to  feign.] 
Molded  into  form  by  art ;   manufactured  by  the 
potter. 

PtcHU  «aith  \m  more  fngik-  than  crude  rarth.  Bacon. 

FI€'TION,  It.    n^fictio,  frinnfingo,  to  feign.] 

1.  The  act  of  fi-ignine,  inventing,  or  imagining  ;  as, 
by  the  mere  fiction  of  the  mind.  StiUingfieet. 

2.  That  which  is  feigned,  invented,  or  imagined. 
The  story  is  a  fiction. 

8o  KJao  WM  the  fiction  gf  iho*^  roMen  uppW  k<^pt  by  i>  dramn, 
Ukcn  from  Utc  serpent  whk-h  tcmpit  d  Kvo.  fiaUgti, 

3.  Fiction;  in  tare,  an  assumption  made  of  what  is 
not  literally  true,  for  the  purpope  of  [Mtssing  more  rapid- 
ly over  those  parts  of  the  subject  which  are  not  dis- 
puted, and  arriving  at  the  points  really  at  issue,  Brande. 

FICTION  1ST,  n.     A  writer  of  fiction.    fVc^t.  Rev. 
FIC'TIOUS.for  Fictitious.     [JVot  u^ed.] 
FI€-TI"TIOUS,    (fik-tish'us,)   a.    [L.  JictUius,  from 
fingo.  to  felRn.] 

1.  reigned  ;  imaginary  ;  not  real. 

Tbe  hunuui  pcnoni  njv  aMficti6out  m  ibe  airy  ones.       Pop€. 

S.  Counterfeit ;  false  ;  not  genuine  ;  as,  fictitious 
fame.  Dryden. 

Fie-TF'TIOUa-LY,  adt}.  By  fiction  ;  falsely;  coun- 
terfeit ly. 

Fie-TI"TI0US-NES8,  h.    Feigned  representation. 

Broton. 

FI€'TrVE,  a.    Feigned.    [J^oi  twrf.] 

FIC'TOR,  n.  [L.]  An  artist  who  models  or  forms 
statues  and  reliefs  in  clay.  Elmes. 

FID,  n.  A  square  bar  of  wnod  or  Iron,  with  a  shoulder 
at  one  end,  lined  to  t^upixirt  the  topmast,  when 
erected  at  the  head  of  the  lower  mast.    Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A  pin  of  hard  wood  or  iron,  tapering  to  a  point, 
used  to  open  the  strands  of  a  rope  in  splicing. 

Mar.  Diet. 
FID'DLE.  (fid'dl.)  n.     [Q.  fiedel;   D.  vedet;    h.  fides, 
fidicula.j 

A  etriDged  Instrument  of  music ;  a  riolin. 


FIE 

FID'DLE,  V.  u    To  play  on  a  fiddle  or  violin. 

Theinisiocles   taS^l   tf  could   nut  fiiidie,  but  he  could   maks  m, 

»:n»\\   luWH  a  gn-nt  city.  Bacon. 

It  Ur-iiil  that  yirTvjid'Uefl  wUvn  Rome  wa»  in  flainea.     History. 

2.  To  trifle  ;  to  shift  the  hands  often  and  do  noth- 
ing, like  a  fellow  that  plays  on  a  nuuio. 

UocmI  cooks  can  not  ubiJe  %'hjit  ttiry  Ci\\\ Jbhlling  work.    St^fi. 
FID'DLE,  r.  t.    To  play  a  tune  on  a  fiddle. 
FID'DLE-FAD'DLE,  ru    A  trifle;   trifling  talk.     [JS 

low,  cant  word.]  Spectator. 

FID'DLE-FADTJLE,  o.     Trifling;  making  a  busUe 

about  nothing.     [Vulgar.] 
FID'DLER,  71.     One  who  plays  on  a  fiddle  or  violin. 
FID'DLE-STICK,  n.     The  bow  and  string  with  which 

a  fiddler  plays  on  a  violin. 
FID'DLI>-STRING,  n.    The  string  of  a  fiddle,  fast- 
ened at  the  ends,  and  elevated  in  the  middle  by  a 

bridge. 
FID'DLE-WOOD,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Citharex- 

ylon. 
FID'DLIXG,  ppr.  or  a.     Playing  on  a  fiddle  ;  trifling. 
FID'DLING,  B.    The  act  of  playing  on  a  fiddle. 

Bacon. 
FI-DE-JUS'SION,  C-jush'un,)  n,    Suretlship ;  the  act 

of  being  bound  as  surety  for  another. 
FI-DE-JUS'SOR,  n,    [L.]    A  surety ;  one  bound  for 

another.  Blackstone. 

FI-DEL'I-TY,  n.     [h.  fidelitas,  from  fides ,  faith,  fido, 

to  trust.     See  Faith.] 

1.  Faithfulness  ;   careful  and  exart  observance  of 

duty,   or  performance   of  obligations.      We   expect 

fidelity  In  a  public  minister,  in  an  agent  or  trustee,  in 

a  domestic  servant,  in  a  friend. 

The  b^it  •ocnrity  for  OiefirUliti/  of  men,  is  to  mnkp  Intprr^i  cola- 
diie  with  duty.  yederaJiiit,  Hamiitvn. 

9.  Firm  adherence  to  a  person  or  party  with  which 
one  is  united,  or  to  which  one  is  bound  ;  loyally  ;  as, 
the  jirfr/(fw  of  subjects  to  their  king  or  government; 
the  fidelity  of  a  tenant  or  licgo  to  his  lord. 

3.  Obat^rvance  of  the  marriage  covenant ;  as,  the 
fidelitu  of  a  husband  or  wife. 

4.  ilonesly  ;  veracity  ;  adherence  to  truth  ;  as,  the 
fid4ity  of  a  witness. 

FIUGE,      iv.i.     [Allied  probably  to^ci/c]    To  move 
FID^'ET,  \      one  way  and  the  other  ;  to  move  irregu- 
larly, or  in  fits  and  starts.     [.-9  low  word.]         SwifU 
FIDG'ET,  «.      Irregular  motion;  restlessness,     [fui- 

gar.] 
FIDG'ET- Y,  a.     Restless;  itneasv.     [Vulgar.] 
FI-D0'CIAL,  (fe-du'shal,)  a.     [from  L.  fiducia,  from 
fido,  to  triisf.] 

1.  Confident ;  undoubting  ;  firm  ;  as,  a  fiducial  re- 
liance on  the  promises  of  the  gospel. 

2.  Having  the  nature  of  a  trust ;  as,  fiducial  jwwer. 

Spclman. 
FT-DCCIAL-LY,  adv.    With  confidence  South. 

FI-DO'CIA-RY,  fl.     [lj.fiduciarius,  from  fido,  to  trust.] 

1.  Confident ;  steady  ;  uiuluubting  ;  unwavering  ; 
firm.  tVake. 

2.  Not  to  be  doubted  ;  as,  fiduciary  obedience. 

I/orrell. 

3.  Held  in  tnist.  Spelman, 
FI-DO'CIA-RV,  n.    One  who  holds  a  thing  in  trust; 

a  trustee. 

2.  One  who  deptmds  on  faith  for  salvation,  without 
works  ;  an  Antinoniian.  Hammond. 

FIE,  (f  I ;)  nn  exclamation  denoting  contem|)t  or  dis- 
like. [This  may  be  from  the  Saxon  verb  fian,  to 
hate,  llie  rotit  of  fiend.] 

FIEF,  (fecf,)  n.  [Fr.  fitf,  probably  a  compound  word, 
consisting  of /c,  faith,  and  a  word  I  do  not  under- 
stand.   See  Fee,  Feoff,  and  Feud.] 

A  fee ;  a  feud  ;  an  estntc  held  of  a  superior  on  con- 
dition of  military  service. 

FIfiLD,  (fecid,)  n.  [Hax,  frU :  G.  field  :  D.  veld ;  Sw. 
and  Dan.  felt ;  probably  level  land,  a  plain,  from  D. 
vellen,  to  fell,  to  lay  or  throw  down.] 

1.  A  piece  of  land  inclosed  fortillace  or  pasture; 
any  part  of  a  farm,  except  the  garden  and  appurte- 
nances of  the  mnnsitui ;  properly,  land  not  covered 
with  wood,  and  more  strictly  applicable  to  tillage 
land  than  to  mowing  land,  which  is  often  called 
meadow.  But  we  say,  the  master  of  the  house  is  in 
tlie^>W  with  his  laborers,  when  he  is  at  a  distance 
from  his  house  on  his  farm.  He  is  in  the  field,  plow- 
ing, sowing,  reaping,  or  making  hay. 
9.  Ground  not  inclosed.  Mortimer. 

3.  The  ground  where  a  battle  is  fought.  We  say, 
the  field  of  battle ;  these  veterans  are  excellent  sol- 
diers in  the  field, 

4.  A  battle  ;  action  in  the  field. 

What  though  0\^.  field  be  !o«t.  Milton. 

5.  To  keep  the  field,  is  to  keep  the  campaicn  open  ; 
to  live  in  tents,-orto  be  in  a  state  of  active  opera- 
tions. At  the  approach  of  cold  weather,  the  troops, 
unable  to  keep  t}it  field,  were  ordered  into  winter  qiiar- 

C.  A  wide  expanse.  [ters. 

A»k  of  yonder  aigfwKfieldi  above.  Pope. 

7.  Open  space  for  action  or  operation  ;  compass ; 
extent.    This  subject  opens  a  wide  field  for  contcm- 

8.  A  piece  or  tract  of  land.  [ptatmn. 

The  fitld  1  give  Ihec,  ami  Ibe  cii»c  that  Is  IhTfln.  —  Gf  ri.  zi  Hi. 


TONS,  BULL.  tJNITE.  — AN"GER.  vr'CIOUS — €  as  K;  0  as  J ;  g  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  In  THIS 


&7 


AM 


FIE 

9.  The  ground  or  blank  spnce  on  which  figtires  nre 
dniWD  ;  as,  the  jirW  or  ground  uf  a  picture.  Dryden. 

10.  In  kertidrjft  the  whole  surface  of  tJit)  shiuld,  or 
the  continent.  Enc^c. 

11.  In  SaiftMFt^JM  often  siguifiea  tlie  opeu  coun- 
try, groond  not  inooaed,  u  it  may  in  some  countries 
in  nwdera  times. 

13.  A  jEeU  i/  u» ;  a  large  body  of  floating  lea. 
IX  fUtii  of  rietCy  in  a  telacope  or  Mscnueapf,  is  the 
space  within  which  objects  are  viaible  when  the  in- 
strument is  adjusU'd  lo  its  focus.  Brtmdt, 

FlELD'-UAS-li>,  n.  A  plant.  [Apptied  to  varin» 
plants.] 

FI£LJ)'-6£D,  a.  A  bed  contrived  for  carrying  into  the 
field. 

Fiei.D'-BQQK,  n,  A  book  used  in  surve^'ing,  in 
which  are  strt  down  the  angles,  stations,  distances, 
&c  Barlow, 

FlfiLIV-COLr-ORS,  (-kul'lurz,)  n.  pi.  In  imt,  small 
flags  of  about  a  foot  and  a  half  square,  carried  along 
with  the  quartemiaster-geaenU,  for  marlting  out  the 
ground  fur  the  squadraa  and  bactalioBs.       Eneyc 

FXELD'-DAY,  n.  A  day  when  troops  are  drawn  out 
lor  instruction  in  field  exercises  and  erolutioos. 

FlfiLEy-DUCK,  n.  A  species  of  bustard,  nearly  as 
l&i|a  as  a  phaaaant ;  found  chiefly  in  France. 

nut.  <tf  A-ot  Hirt. 

FISUVED,  0.    Being  in  the  field  of  batUe  ;  encamped. 

Shak. 

FI&I.D'FARE,a.  [/c/ti  and  /ore,  wandering  in  the 
field.    8ax.  fiarfin,  to  go.l 

A  bird,  of  the  genus  Turdus,  or  thrush,  about  ten 
inches  in  length,  the  bead  ash-colored,  the  back  and 
greater  coverts  of  the  wtng^  of  a  fine,  deep  che^stnul, 
and  the  tail  black.  Th<»e  birds  pa^  the  summer  in 
the  northern  parts  of  Europe,  but  visit  Great  Britain 
in  winter.  Kncyc^     PariingUm, 

FIkLD'-MXR'SHAL,  a.  The  commander  of  an  army, 
a  military  officer  of  high  rank  in  France  and  Oema- 
ny,  and  the  highest  muitaiy  officer  in  Eni^and  except 
the  captain-ffeneraL 

FlELD'-MOti^K,  a.  A  name  given  lo  aeveral  species 
of  mice  that  live  in  the  field,  burrowing  in  banks,  Jtc 

JHvrtiswr. 

FI£LD'-OF'FI-CEIL,  a.  A  military  officer  above  Che 
rank  of  captain,  and  below  that  of  geoeiaJ,  as  a 
major,  lientenant-colond,  or  colooeL 

FIkLD'~P1£CE,  k.  a  smaU  cannon  which  is  carried 
ntnnp  with  armies,  and  used  in  the  field  of  battle. 

FiKLD'-PK£Ai;U'£R,  a.  One  who  preaches  in  the 
open  air.  Lav'metan, 

FIELD  -PU&ACH'IXG,  a.  A  preaching  in  the  field 
or  oix*n  air.  Iforfrartea. 

Flia<l>'-ROO.M,  a.    Open  space.    [Xoi  in  luc] 

Dragon. 

Fl£Liy-8P6RTS,  a.  pL  Divenions  of  the  field,  as 
shooting  and  hunting.  (^esterfiHd, 

Fl£LD'-i>TXFF,  a.  A  weapon  carried  by  gunners, 
about  the  length  of  a  halbt.rd,  with  a  eiiear  at  the 
end,  having  on  each  side  ears  Kcrewed  on,  like  the 
cock  of  a  matchlock,  where  the  gunners  screw  in 
lighted  matches,  when  thuy  are  on  command. 

Encfc 

Fl£LD'-yGL£,  a.    The  short-taUed  field-mouiie. 

Brandt, 

Fl£LD'-WORKS,  (-wurks,)  n.  pL  In  tA«  miliiary 
art^  works  thrown  up  by  an  army,  in  besieging  a 
fortress,  or  by  the  besieged,  to  defend  the  place. 

Eneyc 

FISUVY,  a.    Open,  like  a  field.    [Abt  in  use.] 

WuMiffK 

FI£ND,  (feend,)  a.  [Sax.  ffond,  Goth,  fianda^  from 
JuaHy/ean^JigaMy  to  hate  ;  G.fciudf  D.  vyand;  Sw.  and 
Dan.  fiendt.     See  Feud,  contention.] 

An  enemy,  in  the  worst  sense ;  an  implacable  or 
malicious  fu«  ;  the  devil  \  an  infemaJ  being. 

O  vmtun  !  womaut  I  wbea  U  ill  tt|T  miad 

la  brat,  nU  beU  cuot^im  do  fixiler jkwf.  Pop*. 

FIEXD'-FRAY'ING,  a.    Terrifying  fiends.      More. 
Fl£NI>'F(,'L,  a.     Full  of  evil  or  malignant  practices. 

Marlmcc 
FIEXD'FT.'I'-LY,  adr.    In  a  fiend-like  manner. 
FlF.\D'-HEART-ED,  a.    Having  the  heart  of  a  fiend. 
FIkXU'ISH,  a.    Like  a  fiend  ;  malicious. 
FIkXD'ISH  NESS,  ».     Maliciousness. 
FIkNO'-LTKC,  o.    Resembling  a  fiend  j  maliciously 

wicked  i  diaboIicaL 
FIERCE,  (feers,)  o.     [Fr./er;  lU fiero^  ferocf ;  Sp./«- 

rs,  feroz  ;  from  I*,  firtta^  ferozy  the  primary  sense  of 

which  is,  wild,  running,  rushing.] 

1-  Vehement ;  violent ;  furious  3  rushing;  impetn- 

oua  ;  as,  a  jierce  wind.  Watts. 

2.  i^avage ;  ravenous ;  easily  enraged  ;  as,  a  fierce 
lion. 

3.  Vehement  in  rage  ;  eager  of  mischief  j  as,  a.  fierce 
tyrant ;  a  monster  J^ce  for  blood. 

4.  Violent ;  outrageous  ;  not  to  be  restrained. 

Cui«ed  be  ibeir  ui^er,  for  h  wujkFce.  —  Geo.  xlix. 

&.  Passionate  :  angn- ;  furious. 

6.  Wild ;  staring ;  lerocious  j  as,  a  fierce  counte- 
nance. 

7.  Very  eager;  ardent;  vehement  j  ag,  a  mun fierce 
fir  his  party. 


FIG 

FIkRCK'LV,  adt\  ViuKntly  ;  furiously;  with  rage; 
as,  both  sides  fiereelif  fought, 

2.  With  a  wild  aspect ;  as,  to  look  fiercely. 

Bacon. 
Fl  £RCE'-MIND'£D,  a.    Vehement ;  of  a  furious  tem- 
per. Bp.  WiUon, 
FI^RCE'NGSS^  a.    Ferocity  j  savageness;  excessive 
violence  of  spirit. 

Tbo  (Idbel  ef  iMBt,  wtucb  pvwjIn-cvtMM  to  our  notun*.  Sw^ 
9.  Bagenieas  for  blood  ;  fury  ;  as,  the  fierceness  of 
a  lion  or  bear. 

S.  Sickness  to  attack ;  keenness  in  anger  and  re- 
aentmenL 

The  Oiwki  atv  atront;,  Kod  akHIful  to  thrlr  Mirni^, 

{Vr«  to  tbeir  ftkitl,  luid  to  xhekfitrctiuti  vkIkuii.  SlutJl, 

4.  Violence ;  outrageous  passion. 

Hb  pride  wid  brut&l  fitrt»nt»»  1  abhor.  Drydtn. 

5.  Vehemence  ;  fUry  ;  ImiieluosUy  ;  as,  the  fierce- 
ness of  a  tempest. 

FTE-Rl  FA'CI-AS,  (fl'e-n-fa'she-as,)  n.  [L.]  In 
fair,  a  judicial  writ  that  lies  fur  bim  who  has  recov- 
ertd  in  debt  or  damages,  commanding  the  sherifiT  to 
levy  the  same  on  Utc  goods  uf  him  agaiuU  whom  the 
rwovtTv  was  had.  CoweL 

FI'ER-I-XEStf,  «,  [See  Fiert,  Fiax.]  The  quality 
of  being  fier>' ;  heat ;  acrimony  ;  the  quality  of  a 
substance  tliat  excites  a  sensation  of  heat.     Boyle. 

*X  Heat  uf  temper ;  irritability ;  o^,  a  fifriness  of 
temper.  Addisoju 

FI'ER-V,  a.  rfrom  fire,]  Consisting  of  fire ;  as,  the 
fiery  gulf  of  Etna. 

Anifiery  UUowa  itdl  belov.  Walta. 

Q.  Hot,  like  fire  ;  as,  a  fiery  heart.  Shak. 

3.  Vehement ;  ardent;  very  active  ;  impetuous; 
as,  a  jfery  spirit. 

4.  Passionate';  easily  provoked ;  irritable. 

Tou  know  tbefitnf  quAllt;  of  the  duke.  S/iak. 

5.  Unrestrained  ;  fierce ;  as,  a  fiery  steed. 

6.  Healed  by  fire. 

Tbe  nroiU  which  ii  maile  jlrry.  Hooktr. 

7.  Like  fire  ;  bright ;  glaring ;  as,  a  fiery  appear- 
ance. 

FIFE,*.  [FT.fifre:  G.  p/eife.  It  is  radically  the  same 
as  pipe,  W.  pib,  Ir.  pift,  or  pip^  D.  py;»,  Dan.  pibe,  Sw. 
pipd,  coinciding  with  L.  pipioy  10  pip,  or  prep^  as  a 
chicken.  The  word  may  have  received  its  name 
from  a  hollow  stalk,  or  from  its  sound.] 

A  small  pipe  used  as  u  wind-instrument,  chiefly  in 
martial  mu^ic  with  drums. 
FTFE,  D.  u    To  play  o'Vi  a  fife. 
FIFE'-MA-JOR,  r.    The  chief  or  superintendent  of 

the  fifers  of  a  regimenL  Booth. 

FTF'ER,  n.    One  who  plays  on  a  fife. 
FIF  'T  EEX,  a.     [Sax-  MlT^] 

Five  and  ten. 
FIF'TEE.\T1I,  a.     [Sax.  fiftyntJuu] 

1.  The  ordinal  of  fifteen  ;  ihe  hf\h  after  the  tenth. 
S.  Containing  one  part  in  fifteen. 
FIF'TEEXTH,  n.     A  fifteenth  parU 

S.  An  ancient  tax  laid  on  towns,  boroughs,  &c., 
in  England,  being  one  fifteenth  part  of  what  each 
town,  ^c,  bad  been  valued  at;  or  it  was  a  fifteenth 
of  each  man's  personal  estate.  Buchanan. 

3.  In  miun'c,  the  double  octave. 
FIFTH,  fl,     [Saz.fifUi.     See  Five.] 

1.  The  ordinal  of  five  ;  the  next  to  the  fourth. 

2.  Eltiptically,  a  fifth  part ;  or  the  word  may  be 
cons)dert;d  as  a  noun ;  as,  to  give  a  fifth  or  two 
fifths. 

FIFTH,  n.  In  musicy  an  interval  consisting  of  three 
tones  and  a  semitone.  Encyc, 

FIFTH'LY,  adc.     In  the  fifth  place. 

FIFTH-M0N'AR€H-Y-MEN,  Ti.  pi.  A  fanatical  sect 
in  England,  who  considered  Cromwell  as  commenc- 
ing ihe  fifh  great  monarchy  of  the  worid,  during 
winch  Christ  should  reign  on  earth  a  thousand  years. 

Brande, 

FIF'TI-ETH,  a.  [Sax.  fifieogetha  ;  fify  five,  and  teo- 
gethay  tenth.] 

The  ordinal  of  fifty  :  as,  the  fiftieth  part  of  a  foot 
This  may  be  used  eltiptically  ;  as,  a  fiftieth  of  hia 
goods,  part  being  understood  ;  or,  in  this  case,  the 
word  may  be  treated  in  grammar  as  a  noun,  admit- 
ting a  plural ;  as,  two  fiftieths. 

FIF'TV,  a.      [Sax.  fiftig  ,■  fif  five,  and  Goth,  tig,  ten.] 
Five  tens  ;  five  times  ten  ;    as,  fijty  men.     It  may 
be  used  as  a  noun  in  the  plural. 

And  they  kU  down  by  fiftU:  —  Marlt  t1, 

FIG,  n.  [L.  feus ;  Sp.figo,  or  higo  ;  It.  fico ;  Ft.  figue; 
G.  feige  ;  D.  vyg:  Heb.  ■'JD  ;  Ch.  nin.] 

1.  The  fruit  of  the  fig-tree,  which  is  of  a  round 
or  oblong  shape,  and  a  dark-purplish  color,  with  the 
pulp  of  a  sweet  ta^^.  But  the  varieties  are  numer- 
ous; some  bt-'ing  blue,  others  red,  and  others  of  a 
dark-brown  color.  £ncyc 

2.  The  fig-tree.  Pope. 
FIG,  V.  t.    To  insult  with  ficoes,  or  contemptuous  mo- 
tions of  the  fingers,     [Little  used.]  Shak, 

2.  To  pat  something  useless  into  one*s  head.  [JV<rt 
usrd.  ]  L  ^Estrange. 

FIG'-AP-PLE,  71,     A  species  of  apple.  Johnson. 


FIG 

FIG'-GNAT,  (  nat,)  n.    An  insect  of  the  fly  kind. 

Johnson, 

FIG'-LEAF,  n.  The  leaf  of  a  fig-tree  ;  also,  a  thin 
covering,  iu  allusiuu  to  the  firtit  covering  of  Adam 
and  Eve. 

FIG-MAR'I-GOLD,  n.  The  Mescmbryanthemum,  a 
succulent  plant,  resembling  houseleck. 

Fanu  of  Plants,    JiiiUer, 

FIG'-PECK-ER,n.    [h.  fieeduia,] 
A  bird. 

FIG'-TREE,  71.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Ficus,  growing 
in  warm  climates,  and  valued  for  its  fVuiU  The  re- 
ceptacle is  conmion,  turbinated,  camous,  and  conni- 
vent,  inclosing  the  florets.  The  male  calyx  Is  tri- 
partite ;  no  corul ;  three  stamens.  The  female  calyx 
IS  quinquepartite;  no  corul ;  one  pistil ;  one  seed. 

£ncyc. 
To  dwell  under  tur  vine  and  fig-tree^  Is  to  live  in 
peace  and  safety.     1  Kings  iv. 

FIG'-WOUT,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Scrophularia. 

FIG'A-RY,  n.     A  frolic. 

FIG'A-RY,  for  Vaoahy,  is  not  English. 

FIGHT,  (file,)  V.  i. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Fought,  (fawt.) 
[Sax.  ftahtany  feohtan  ;  G.  fcehten ;  D.  vegten ;  Sw. 
fackta;   Van.fegtcri  U.  fchim.] 

1.  To  strive  or  contend  for  victory,  in  battle  or  in 
single  combat ;  to  attempt  to  defeat,  subdue,  or  de- 
stroy an  enemy,  either  by  blows  or  weapons  ;  to  con- 
tend in  arms. 

CoiQc  niid  tic  our  cnpLoin,  that  we  tmj  fight  with  the  chiltlren  uf 
Ammoii.      Judj^pi  xi. 

When  two  persons  or  parties  contend  in  person, 
fight  is  usually  followed  by  with.    But  when  we  speak 
of  carrying  on  tear  in  any  other  form,  we  may  say,  ^ 
to  fight  against. 

S&ul  took  the  ktu^dom  orer  Iirafl,  and  fought  agaitut  all  hit 

enenii'-a  on  evrry  ■tdc. -^I  Sum.  siv. 
tlazarl  king  of  Syria  wum  up,  and  fought  againil  Guth.  —  8 
King.  xii. 

It  is  treason  fur  a  man  to  join  an  enemy  to  fight 
against  his  country.     Hence, 

To  fight  against,  is  to  act  in  opposition ;  to  oppose  ; 
to  strive  to  conquer  or  resist. 

The  at&n  in  iiu:ir  coxtnn  foaghl  again$t  S\Men,  — Jud(^  t. 

S.  To  contend ;  to  strive ;  to  struggle  to  resist  or 
check. 
3.  To  net  as  a  soldier  Shak. 

FIGHT,  (file,)  V,  t.    To  carry  on  contention  ;  to  main- 
tain a  struggle  for  victory  over  enemies. 
1  hii»e  fotight  ft  goodjlght.  —  2  Tiin.  It. 

2.  To  contend  with  in  battle;  to  war  against. 
They  fought  the  enemy  in  two  pitched  battles.  'J'he 
captain  fought  the  frigate  seven  gla^^sea.  [Elliptical ; 
with  being  understood.] 

3.  To  cause  to  fight;  as,  to  jT^Af  cocks;  to  fight 
one's  ship. 

FIGHT,  (fite,)  71.  A  battle  ;  an  engagement ;  a  cont»ist 
in  arms;  a  struggle  for  victory,  eiOier  between  indi- 
viduals, or  b<;tween  armies,  nhips,  or  navies.  A  duel 
is  called  a  single  fight,  or  combat. 

2.  Something  to  .screen  the  cirmbatants  in  ships. 

up  with  yoarftghU  and  your  nettings  prepare.  Drydtn. 

FIGHT'ER,  n.     One  that  fights ;  a  combatant ;  a  war- 
rior. 
FIGHT'ING,  (fifing,)  ppr.     Contending  in   battle; 
striving  for  victorv  or  comiuest, 
S2.  a.  Uualified'for  war;  fit  for  battle. 

A  host  oUJighting  im-n.  — 2  Chroo.  xxtI. 

3.  Occupied  in  war  ;  being  the  scene  of  war  ;  as, 
a  fighting  field.  Pope. 

FIGHT'ING,  71.    Contention  ;  strife  ;  quarrel. 

Without  venfighdngt,  within  were  fi-ajn.  — 2  Cor.  vii. 

FIG'MENT,  71.      [L.  figmentum,  from  fingo,  to  feign,] 
An  invention  ;  a  fiction  ;  something  feigned  or  im- 
agined.     These  assertions   are  the  figments  of  idle 
brains.  Bp.  Lloyd. 

FIG'U-LATE,  a.      [L.  figulo,  to  fashion,  from  Jingo, 
or  rather  figo,  which  appears  to  be  the  root  uf  fingo.] 
Made  of  potter's  clay  ;    molded  ;  shaped.     [Little 
used.] 

FlG-li-RA-BIL'l-TY,  71.  The  quality  of  being  capable 
of  a  certain  fixed  or  stable  form. 

FIG'U-RA-BLE,  a.  [from  figure.]  Capable  of  being 
brought  to  a  certain  fixed  form  or  shape.  Thus,  lead 
is  fipirable,  but  water  is  not.  Baetrn. 

FlG'lJ-RAL,  a.  Represented  by  figure  or  delineation  ; 
as,  figural  resemblancf's.  Brotcn. 

Figural  numbers.     Sec  Figubate  Numbers. 

FTO' U-RAJ^T,  71. 771.    \  [Fr.]     One  who  dunces  at  the 

FIO'U-RAJ^TE,Tuf.\  opera,  not  singly,  but  in 
groups  or  figures. 

2.  An  accessory  character  on  the  stage,  who  ^^- 
■ures  in  its  scenes,  but  has  nothing  to  say.  Hence, 
applied  to  those  who  figure  in  any  scene,  without 
taking  a  prominent  part. 

FIG'U-RATE,  a.     [L.  figuratus.] 

1.  Of  a  certain  determinate  form. 
FI&dU  arc  all  figumu  and  det^rminav, ' 

are  not. 

2.  Resemblingany  thing  of  a  determinate  form  ;  as 

figurate  stones  ;  stones  or  fossils  resembling  shells. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 

455 


FIG 

3.  Figurative.     [JVot  used.] 

Figurate  counterpoint ;  hi  music^  that  wherein  there 
is  a  mixture  of  discords  with  concords.       Braiule. 

Ftgiiratf  dtscant ;  that  in  which  discords  are  con- 
cerned, though  not  so  much  as  concords.  It  may  be 
called  the  ornament  or  rhetorical  part  of  music,  con- 
taining ail  the  varieties  of  points,  figures,  syncopes, 
and  diversities  of  measure.  Harris. 

Pigiirate  numbers,  in  mathematics^  are  numbers 
formed  according  to  certain  laws,  and  having  pecu> 
liar  relations  to  ditforent  gt^ometrical  figures,  as,  tri- 
angles, squares,  [pentagons,  &c.  In  the  following  ex- 
ample, the  two  lower  lines  are  composed  of  JiguraU 
numbers :  — 

1,    2,    3,    4,  &.C. 
1,    3,    6,  10,  &c. 
1,    4,  10,  20,  &.C. 
FICtJ-RA-TED,  a.    Having  a  determinate  form. 

Potter. 
FIG'U-RATE-LY,  tuh.    In  a  figurate  manner. 
FIG-U-KA'TIOX,  Jt.    The  act  of  giving  figure  or  de- 
terminate form.  Bacon, 

2.  Detenu ination  to  a  certain  form.  Bacon. 

3.  Mixture  of  concords  and  discords  in  music. 

Oregory, 
FIG'TJ-RA-TIMi:,  o.     [Fr.  fiiiuratlf,  from  jiirure..} 

1.  Representing  something  else;  representing  by 
resemblance ;  typical. 

ThtB,  they  wUI  nj,  wu  JlguratiM,  iind  vrvcil  bf  Go'I'a  ap- 
poiatmcn:,  but  for  a  Unm.',  U>  tiuuiuW  out  the  true  ^><^>T  ^  * 
nwre  diviue  unciltj.  Hooker. 

2.  Representing  by  resemWanre  ;  not  literal  or 
direcL  A  figurative  expression  is  one  in  which  the 
words  are  used  in  a  sense  different  from  that  in 
wbicb  tbey  are  ordinarily  used ;  as, 

SkniIffT, 
Whoae  edge  b  ihaqfcr  thau  Uie  sword.  Shai. 

3.  Abounding  with  figures  of  speech  j  as,  a  de- 
scription ivi:h\v  Jijruratire. 

FIG'l[,UA-TlVE-LY,  a//r.  By  a  figure;  in  a  manner 
to  exhibit  ideas  by  rest  ni  hi  a  nee  ;  in  a  sense  different 
from  that  which  words  originally  imply.  Words  are 
used /jj-Krofrpf/w,  when  they  express  something  dif- 
ferent fn»m  their  n^tinl  meaning. 

FIG'U-RA-T!VE-.\ESa,  n.    State  of  being  figurative. 

riG'i;RE,  (fig'yur,)  n.  [fr.  figure;  h.  figura,  from 
figOf  to  fix  or  set ;  W.  jugyrj  from  fugiate^  to  feign. 
Sec  Fek;;*.] 

1.  The  form  of  any  thing,  as  expressed  by  the  out- 
line or  terminating  extremities.  Flowers  have  ex- 
quisite/yurcj.  A  triangle  is  a  figure  of  three  sides. 
A  square  is  a  figure  of  four  equal  sides  and  equal 
angles. 

2.  Shape  j  form  ;  person ;  as,  a  lady  of  elegant 
figttre. 

A  p>*l  fifurt,  or  person,  In  man  ox  woman,  gi***  cnHlJt  ■( 
fint  nvtClio  the  ctioic^  of  ciili-r.  liic/uiTrison. 

3.  Distinguished  appearance;  eminence;  distinc- 
tion ;  remarkable  character.  Ames  made  a.  figure  in 
congress;  Hamilton,  in  the  cabinet. 

4.  Appearance  of  any  kind ;  as,  an  ill  figure ;  a 
mean  figure. 

5.  Magnificence ;  splendor ;  as,  to  live  in  figure 
and  indulgence.  Law. 

6.  A  suitue ;  an  image ;  that  which  Is  formed  in 
resemblance  of  something  else ;  as,  the  figure  of  a 
man  in  planter. 

7.  Representation  in  painting;  thclinesand  colors 
which  rfpresent  an  animal,  particularly  a  jK-rson  ; 
as,  the  principal  figures  of  a  picture  ;  a  subordinate 
figure. 

8.  In  manufacturrsj  ft  design  or  representation 
wrought  on  dama-^k,  velvet,  and  other  stuffs. 

9.  In  logic,  the  form  of  a  syllogism  with  respect  to 
the  ordrr  or  di«posi[ion  of  the  middle  term.   fVottn. 

10.  In  arttAffiffic, a  character  denoting  a  number; 
a  digit ;  as,  2,  7,  9. 

11.  In  geometry,  n  diagram. 

12.  In  asfrologij,  the  horoscope  ;  the  diagram  of  the 
aspects  of  the  astrological  houses.  Shak* 

13.  In  t/teoUgy,  type  ;  refwcscntative. 

Who  WM  ihnfigurt  of  him  ih^t  «raa  to  come.  —  Rem.  t. 

14.  In  rhetoric,  a  mode  of  speaking  or  writing  in 
which  Words  ar(r  deflected  from  their  ordinary  signifi- 
cation, or  a  mmle  more  beautiful  and  emphatical  than 
U»e  ordinary  way  of  expressing  the  sense ;  the  lan- 
guage of  the  itiiaeinatirtti  nnd  passions;  as,  knowl- 
edge is  the  light  of  the  mind  ;  the  soul  mounts  on  the 
wings  of  faith ;  youth  is  the  morning  of  life.  In 
strictness,  the  change  of  a  word  is  a  trope^  and  any 
affertion  of  a  ■sentence  a  figure  f  but  these  terms  are 
often  confounded.  iMcke. 

\Ti.  In  grammar,  any  deviation  from  the  rules  of 
analogy  or  syntax. 

l»i.  In  dancing,  the  several  steps  which  the  dnnccr 
makes  in   order  and   cadence,  considered   as   they 
form  certain  figures  on  the  llmir. 
FIG'IJRK,  (ftg'yur,)  r.  £.    To  form  or  mold  into  any 
determinate}  shape 

Aeeepl  tbia  goblM,  raofti  with  fifrmtd  fold.  Dr^Atn. 

2.  To  show  by  corporeal  resemblance,  as  In  picture 
or  statuary. 


FIL 

3.  To  make  a  drawing  of;  as,  to  figure  a  plant,  a 
shell,  &c.     \^Used  chiffiy  in  Oie  natural  sciences,"] 

4.  To  cover  or  adorn  with  figures  or  images;  to 
mark  with  figures  ;  to  form  figures  in  by  art ;  as,  to 
figure  velvet  or  muslin. 

5.  To  diversify ;  to  variegate  with  adventitious 
forms  of  matter. 

6.  To  represent  by  a  typical  or  figurative  resem- 
blance. 

The  matter  of  the  »acram«)ta  figurtth  their  end.  H>ok«r. 

7.  To  imagine  ;  to  image  in  the  mind.      Temple. 

8.  To  prefigure  ;  to  foreshow.  Sftak. 

9.  To  form  figuratively ;  to  use  in  a  sense  not 
literal ;  as,  figured  expressions.     [Little  used.] 

10.  To  note  by  characters.  [Locke, 
A>  through  a  crystal  gla«  Hit  figured  houri  are  teen.    Lhyden. 

11.  In  music,  to  pass  several  notes  for  one  ;  to  form 
runnings  or  variations.  Encye. 

FIG'IJRE,  V.  i.  To  make  a  figure ;  to  be  distinguished. 
The  f^xwoy  figured  at  the  court  of  St,  Cloud. 

FIG'^RE-exST'ER,    )  n.    A  pretender  to  astrology. 

FIG'UKE-FLING'ER,  \       [Obs.] 

FIG'riUE-STONE,  n.  A  name  of  the  agalmatolite, 
or  bildtntein. 

FIG't;R-£l),   (fig'yurd,)  pp.     Represented  by  resem- 
blance ;   adorned  with  figures;   formed  into  a  de- 
terminate figure. 
2.  In  music,  free  and  florid. 

FIG'CK-ED,  a.     Adorned  with  figures. 

FIG'IIRE-HEAD,  n.  The  figure,  statue,  or  bust,  on 
the  projecting  part  of  the  head  of  a  ship.    Brandt. 

FIG'ljR-I\G,  n.     Act  jf  making  figures. 

FIG'IJR-ING,  ppr.  Forming  into  determinate  shape  ; 
representing  by  types  or  resemblances  ;  adorning 
with  figures  ;  making  a  distinguished  appearance. 

FI-La'CEOUS,  (fo-la'shus,)  a.     [h.  filum,  a  thread; 
Vt.file;  Si>,  Alb.] 
ConiiHised  or  consisting  of  threads.  Bacon, 

FIL'A-C'EU,  71.  [\onn,  fiticer,  from  file,  a  thread  or 
file,  L.filam,i^p.htlo.] 

An  oflicer  in  the  English  Court  of  Common  Pleas, 
so  called  from  filing  tlie  writs  on  which  he  makes 
process.  There  are  fourteen  of  them  in  tlieir  several 
divisions  and  counties.  They  make  out  all  original 
in-ocesses,  real,  personal  and  mixed.  Harris. 

FIL' A-MENT,  n.  [Fr.,  from  U-filamenta,  threads,  from 
filum.\ 

A  thread  ;  a  fiber.  In  anatomy  and  natural  history, 
a  fine  thread,  of  whieli  flesh,  nerves,  skin,  plants, 
roofs,  Slc,  and  niso  some  niinuntls,  are  composed. 
So  the  spider*s  web  is  composed  of  filaments.  The 
threadlike  |>art  of  the  stamens  of  plants  is  called 
the  filament. 

PIL-A-MENT'OUS,  a.  Like  a  thread  ;  consisting  of 
fine  filaments. 

FIL'AN-UERS,  n.  pL  [Fr.  filandrcs,  from  filum,  a 
thread.] 

A  disease  in  hawks,  consisting  of  filaments  of 
congulated  blood  ;  also,  small  wonns  wrapt  in  a  thin 
skin  or  net,  near  the  reins  of  a  hawk.  Encye. 

FIL'A-TO-RV,  tt.    ffrimi  L.filum,  a  thread.] 
A  machine  which  forms  or  spins  threads. 

TUa  manufactoTT  haa  Uiive  flitUoriet.  each  of  HO  T^r-U,  which 
are  laorod  (7  a  water-wheel,  and,  beaidcs,  a  aiiuUlJwntory 
Hime<l  by  men.  Tboi-e, 

FIL'A-TITRE.n.  /.if^rartf.adrnwingoqt  into  threads  ; 
hence,  the  reeling  of  silk  from  cocoon.-i. 

2.  A  reel  for  drawing  olf  silk  from  cocoons,  or  an 
esiabliRhincnt  ft>r  reeling. 

FIL'IJEKT,  n.  [!>.  anfllana,  with  which  the  first  syl- 
lable c«rre«|K)nds  ;  fil,  vel.] 

Tile  fruit  of  Ihc  cultivated  CortJJus  or  hazel  ;  an 
egg-shaped  nut,  containing  a  kernel,  that  has  a  mild, 
farinaceous,  oily  taste,  which  in  agreealile  to  the 
palate.  The  oil  is  said  to  be  little  inferior  to  the  oil 
of  almonds.  Kncyc. 

FILCH,  V.  L  [This  word,  like  pi{/>r,  is  probably 
from  the  root  of//e  or  peel,  to  strip  or  rub  ofl".  But  I 
know  not  from  what  source  we  have  received  it. 
In  8p.  peilizcar  is  to  pilfer,  fXBfiloutcr,  in  French,  is  to 
pick  the  [K»cket.] 

To  steal  something  of  little  value  ;  to  pilfer ;  to 
steal ;  to  pillage  ;  to  lake  wnmgfully  from  another. 

Fain  would  (h<>r  fUck  that  lUlle  food  awa^.  Dryden. 

But  he  UiatjbcMJ  frvm  ma  xnj  good  name, 

Hot«  irie  (/(hat  which  mA  rurich^  hiiii, 

Ami  irialiea  me  pour  indeed.  Shak, 

FTLCH'^D,  (filcht,)  pp.     Stolen  ;  taken  wrongfully 

from  another;  pilla!;ed  ;  pilfered. 
FILCH'ER,  n,    A  Uiief ;  one  who  is  guilty  of  petty 

theft. 
FILCH'INO,   ppr.     Stealing,   taking    from    another 

wrf>ngfnllv ;  pilfering. 
PILCH'I\G-LY,  adv.    By  pilfering;    In  a  thievish 

manner. 
FILE,  n.    f  Fr.  file,  n  row  ;  filet,  a  thread  ;  L.  filum  ; 

8p.  kilo  ;  Tort.  fiUi ;  It.  fila,  fito  :  Russ.  bid,  a  thread 

of  flax.     The  primnry  sense  is  probably  to  draw  out 

or  extend,  or  to  twist.     W.filliaw,  to  twist.] 

I.  A  thread,  string,  or  line  ;  particularly,  a  line  or 

wire  on  which   papers  are  strung  in   due  order  for 

preservation,  and  for  conveniently  finding  them  when 

wanted.     Documents  are  kept  on  file. 


FIL 

2.  The  whole  number  of  papers  strung  on  a  line 
or  wire ;  as,  a  JUe  of  writs.  A  file  is  a  record  ol 
court. 

3.  A  bundle  of  papers  tied  together,  with  the  title 
of  each  indorsed  ;  the  mode  of  arranging  and  keeping 
papers  being  changed,  icithvut  a  change  o/names. 

4.  A  roll,  list,  or  catalogue.  Sfiak.    Burke. 

5.  A  row  of  soldiers  ranged  one  behind  another, 
from  front  to  rear  ;  the  number  of  men  constituting 
the  depth  of  the  battalion  or  squadron. 

FILE,  V.  t.  To  string  ;  to  fasten,  as  papers,  on  a  line 
or  wire  for  preservation.  Declarations  and  affidavits 
must  be  filed.  An  original  writ  may  be  filed  after 
judgment. 

2.  To  arrange  or  insert  in  a  bundle,  as  papers,  in- 
dorsing the  title  on  each  paper.  This  is  now  the 
more  common  m^de  of  filing  papers  in  private  and  public 
ojjices. 

3.  To  present  or  exhibit  officially,  or  for  trial ;  as, 
to  file  a  bill  in  chancery. 

FILE,  V.  i.    To  march  in  a  file  or  line,  as  soldiers,  not 

abn^ast,  but  one  after  another. 
FILE,  7t.     [Sax.  feot :  D.  vyl;  G.  feile  ;  Sw.  and  Dan. 

fit,  a  file  ;  Russ.  pila^  a  saw ;  perhaps  connected  in 

origin  with  polish,  which  see.    Class  Bl,  No.  30,  32, 

33,4.5.] 
An  instniment  used  in  smoothing  and  polishing 

metals,  formed  of  iron  or  steel,  and  cut  in  little 

furrows. 
FILE,  I*,  t.     [Russ.  opilevaytt,  and  .<rpilicayu,  to  file.] 

1.  To  rub  and  smooth  with  a  file;  to  polish. 

2.  To  cut  as  with  a  file ;  to  wear  ofl"  or  away  by 
friction  ;  as,  to  file  otf  a  tooth 

3.  [from  dtfiU.]     To  foul  or  defile.    [JVot  used,] 

FTLE'-€UT'TER,  n.    A  maker  of  files.       Moxon. 

FIL'£D,  (fild,)  pp.  Placed  on  a  line  or  wire  ;  placed 
in  a  bundle  and  indorsed ;  smoothed  or  polished 
with  a  file. 

FILE'-FISH,  n-  A  name  given  to  certain  fishes  from 
their  skin  being  granulated  like  a  file.  They  are  in- 
termediate between  the  lH)ny  and  cartilaginous  fish- 
es, and  constitute  the  genus  Btdistes.      Partington. 

FILE'-L£AD'ER,  n.  The  soldier  placed  in  tiie  front 
of  a  file.  Ctjc. 

FIL'E-MOT,  n.     [Fr.  feuille^orte,  a  dead  leaf.] 

A  yellowish  brown  color ;  tlie  color  of  a  faded 
leaf.  Swift, 

FIL'EU,  n.  One  who  uses  a  file  in  smoothing  and 
[Ktlistiing. 

FIL'IAL,  (fil'yal,)  a.  [Fr.  filial;  \X.  fiUale  ;  By.filial; 
from  L.  fiiias,  a  son,  filia,  a  daughter,  Sp.  hijo,  Cop- 
tic/u/u,  Sans,  bala  or  bali.  It  agrees  in  elements 
with  /woi  and  pullus.  The  Welsh  has  hiliaw  and  ep- 
piliate,  to  bring  forth  ;  bil  and  eppU,  progeny.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  son  or  daughter;  becoming  a 
child  in  relation  to  his  parents,  filial  love  is  such 
an  aflection  as  a  child  naturally  bears  to  bis  parents. 
Filial  duty  or  obedience  is  such  duty  or  obedience  ai 
the  child  owes  to  his  parents. 

2.  Rearing  the  relation  of  a  son. 


Bprig»  of  tike  leaf  erpd  their  filial  heada. 


Prior. 


FIL'IAL-LY,  adv.     In  a  filial  manner 
FIL-l-A'TION,  Ti.    [Fr.,  from  L.  filius,  a.  son.] 

1.  The  relation  of  a  son  or  child  to  a  father  ;  cor- 
relative to  paternity.  Hale. 

2.  Ado|»tioii. 

3.  The  fixing  of  a  bastard  child  on  some  one  as 
itsfnUier;  affiliation.  SmarL 

FIL-IC'I-FOKM,  (-is'e-form,)  a.    Fern-shaped.  Smart 

FIL'ieoiD,  o.     (filiccs  and  ctSos.] 

In  botany,  fern-like  ;  having  the  form  of  ferns. 

FrL'I-COID,  n.     A  plant  resembling  ferns.    Lindley. 

FIL'LFOK.M,  a.     [L.  filum,  a  thread,  and  form.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  thread  or  filament;  slender 
nnd  of  equal  thickness  from  top  lo  bottom  ;  a's,  a.  fili- 
form style  or  peduncle.  Martyn. 

FIL'l-GRANE,  a.  [L.  ^/«m,  a  thread,  and  granum, 
a  grain.] 

I'he  original  word  fi)r  Fir,rniiEE,  which  see. 

FIL'I-GREE,  n,  A  kind  of  enrichment  on  gold  and 
silver,  wrought  delicately  in  the  manner  of  little 
threads  or  grains,  or  of  both  intermixed,       Hebcrt. 

FlL'I-GllKED,  a.  Ornamented  with  filigree.  For- 
merly si»elt  FiLioRANKD.  Tatlcr, 

FIL'ING,  jipr.  Placing  on  a  string  or  wire,  or  in  a 
bundle  of  papers;  presenting  for  trial ;  marching  in 
a  file  ;  smoothing  with  a  tile. 

FIL'INGS,  n.  pi.  Fragments  or  particles  rubbed  off 
by  the  act  of  filing  ;  as,  filings  of  iron. 

FlLL,v.t.  [Sax.  fyllan,grfillan;  D.vullen;  G.fiillen; 
Sw.  fylla ;  Dan.  fylder,  to  fill ;  Fr.  fouler,  to  fall,  lo 
tread,  that  is,  to  press,  to  crowd  ;  foule,  a  crowd  ;  Gr. 
iT'Avi,  irnXXiit ;  allied,  perhaps,  to  fold  nnd  feit;  Ir. 
fiUim ;  Gr.  ni^n^i  rrtX<(j,  to  stuff;  Ij.  pilus,  pileus. 
We  are  told  that  the  Gr.  iriXai'i,  to  approach,  signi- 
fied originally  to  thru:st  or  drive,  L.  pdlo,  nnd  con- 
tracted into  nXw't,  it  is  rendered  lo  fill,  and  T.\u"i  is 
full.  If  a  Vowel  was  originally  used  between  r  and 
A,  in  these  words,  they  coincide  with^W;  and  the 
L.  ple^,  (for  pdeoj)  in  all  its  compounds,  is  the  same 
word.  In  Russ.  polnei  is  full :  polnyu,  to  fill.  Sea 
Class  Bl,  No.  9,  11, 12,  15,  22,  30,  45,  47.] 


TONE,  BULL,  TINITE.-AN"OER,  Vr'CIOUS.-e  as  K;  C  as  J ;  8  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


451 


. FIL 

1.  PropfHyj  to  press  ;  to  crowd  ;  to  stuff.  Hence, 
to  put  or  pour  in,  till  the  tiling  will  hold  no  more  ; 
■3,  to  Jill  a  basket}  a  Untie,  a  vessel. 

Fill  the  w%UT-ix>ti   wilh  wiiUr;  und  ihey  JtUed  tbem  u>  thfl 
brim.  — Jvha  U. 

5.  To  Store ;  to  supply  with  abundance. 

Be  Truitful,  and  multipl/,  uid  JiU   lix  wmten  ia  tbe  aMW.  — 
Geo.  i. 

3.  To  cftuse  to  abound  }  to  make  universally  prev- 
alent 

Tb0  eaith  wimJUM  with  viulcoM.  —Geo.  ^ 

<  To  satisfy ;  to  content. 

Wbrncr  ilKxild  »■«  bnvr  k>  much  braid  to  iba  wiUoBon  »>  to 
jKavpTBUamutiiiadef  — Mao.  xt. 

5u  To  glut ;  to  surfeit. 

ThiTifa  ihAt  are  swtet  wid  &1  are  mom  jCfinf.  Bacon. 

6.  To  mnke  plump ;  as,  in  a  j^md  season  the  grain 
b  well  ^UfU.  In  the  suntiner  of  1810,  the  driest  and 
coldest  which  the  oldest  man  reuieinbered,  the  rye 
was  so  well  JiUe^  that  the  grain  prvtruded  beyond 
the  hua>k,  and  a  shock  yielaed  a  peck  more  ttian  in 
ciunmoa  yean. 

7.  To  press  and  dilate  on  oil  sides,  or  to  the  ex- 
tremities :  as,  the  sails  were  _^UrtL 

8.  To  supiJy  with  liquor  j  to  pour  into  i  BS,lo  fiU 
a  ploss  for  a  guest. 

9.  To  iiupply  with  an  incumbent ;  as,  to  f.ll  an 
office  or  vacancy.  HamUtoH 

10.  To  hold  ;  to  possess  and  perform  the  duties  of; 
to  officiate  in,  as  an  incuniboiil;  as,  a  km g  jiUs  a 
throne  ;  the  president  fiU*  the  otlice  of  chief  magis- 
irale  j  the  speaker  of  the  house  fiUs  the  chair. 

U.  In  seamams^y  to  brace  the  yards,  so  that  the 
wind  will  act  upon  the  after  surface  of  the  sails. 

Tvtten, 
To  fill  otd ;  to  extend  or  enlarge  to  the  desired 
To  fiU  up  ;  to  make  fulL  [limiL 

It  pouis  the  Uin  ^hhiJUU  up  all  (h*  ntind.  Pop** 

But  in  this  and  many  other  coses,  the  use  of  up 
weakens  the  furce  of  the  phrase. 

9.  To  occupy  ;  to  filL  Seek  lo  fiU  up  life  with 
useful  emiMLiyments. 

3.  To  till ;  to  occup}'  tbe  whole  extent  j  as,  to  jUi 

*V  *  £i^^"  space. 

4.  To  engage  or  employ ;  as,  to  jEZ/  n^  time. 

5.  To  cdmpleie  ;  as,  to  jCU  v  the  measure  of  sin. 

6.  1V>  com|»ete  ;  to  acoHnpUsh.  [MatL  xxiJL 
Aod^  ip  vtut  ii  boUnd  of  Um  affiutem  oTChriH.  —  C(4.  i. 

FILL,  D.  1.  To  fill  a  cup  or  glass  for  drinking  j  to 
give  to  drink. 

la  the  o^  vUeb  ite  bath  AIM*  j«  ID  her  doobte.  —  Bev.  zria. 

9.  To  grow  or  become  full.  Com  JiUa  well  in  a 
warm  seasoru    A  mill  pond  fiiU  during  the  night. 

3.  To  glut  ;  to  satiate. 

7*0  ^  irp :  to  grow  or  become  full.    The  channel 
of  the  river  jUls  up  with  sand  every  spring. 
FILL    n.    Pullucss ;  as  much  as  supplies  want;  as 
much  as  gives  complete  satisfaction.    Eat  and  drink 
to  the  >U.    Take  your  fill  of  joy. 

The  buwl  ritaH  yidd  ber  (ruii,  and  ye  atwll  tax.  your  JUl,  and 
dwell  tbnnin  in  aafety.  —  l^ev.  xxf. 

FIL'LA-GREP-    See  Fiughask. 

FILLE  Dt:  CWLVBRB,  (-sii4mT)r,)  [Fr.]  A  cham- 
ber-maid. 

F[LL'£D,  pp.    Made  full ;  supplied  with  abundance. 

FILLER,  n.  One  who  fills  ;  one  whose  employment 
is  to  fill  vessels. 

Tfaej  turp  Kx  difgeis  to  foaiJBUra,  u  ai  to  kewp  th«  filltrt 
alwajs  «t  work.  AJorbTner. 

fi.  That  which  fills  any  sjMice.  Dryden. 

3.  *>ne  that  supplies  ahunJantlv. 
FIL'LET,  n.     [Fr.  filet,  a  thread,  from  //«,  L.  fihim,'] 
1   A  little  band  to  tie  about  the  hair  of  the  head. 

A.  b-ti  ber  waiat,  xJiiUl  Uoda  her  bur.  Pope. 

%  The  fleshy  part  of  the  thigh  \  applitd  to  veai ; 
as,  a  fitUt  of  veal. 

3.  Meat  rolled  together  and  tied  round.        Siri/L 

4.  In  aTxJutf£turr^  a  little  square  member  or  orna- 
ment used  in  divers  places,  but  generally  as  a  corona 
over  a  greater  molding;  called  also  listeL  Al^o,  the 
broad,  lon^it^idinal  ridge  between  the  tlutiiigs  of  a 
Grecian  column,  except  the  Doric. 

5.  In  hftiUdnf^  a  kind  of  orle  or  bordure,  contain- 
ing only  the  third  or  fourth  part  of  the  breadth  of 
the  common  bordure.  It  nins  quite  round  near  the 
edge,  as  a  lace  over  a  cloak.  £«cmc 

6.  Among  paiutrrs  and  gildrrs,  a  little  rule  or  reg- 
let  of  leaf-gold,  drawn  over  certain  moldings,  or  on 
the  edges  of  frames,  panels,  ic,  especially  when 
painted  white,  by  way  of  enrichment.  Encyc 

7.  In  the  tnanegn,  the  lu'ins  of  a  horse,  beginning  at 
the  place  where  the  hinder  part  of  the  saddle  rests. 

K»cyc. 
FIL'LET,  V.  L    To  bind  with  a  fillet  or  little  band. 

2.  To  adorn  wilh  an  asimeal.    Ez.  xxxviii. 
FIL'LET-ED,  pp.     Bound  with  a  little  band. 
FIL'LET-IXG,  ppr.    Binding  with   a  little  band  or 
FIL'LI-BEG,  n,     [Gael.  filUadJir^e^.]  [fillet. 

A  little  plaid  ;  a  kilt  or  dress  reaching  neariy  to  the 
knees,  worn  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland. 


FIN 

FILL'I.NG.  ppr.    Making  full ;  supplying  abundantly  ; 

growing  full. 
FILL'LNG,  n.    A  making  full ;  supply. 

2.  The  woof  in  weavmg. 
FIL'LIP,  p,  L  [Probably  from  the  root  of  L.  orf/o,  like 
peUjW.fiL    See  FiLLT.] 

To  suike  wilh  the  nail  of  the  finger,  first  placed 
against  Uie  ball  of  the  thumb,  and  forced  from  that 
position  with  a  sudden  spring. 
FIL'LIP,  «.    A  jerk  of  the  finger  forced  suddenly 

from  the  thumb. 
FIL'LIP-ING,;)j/r.    Striking  with  the  nail  or  end  of 

the  finger. 
FIL'LY,  M.    p,V.  filaufft  from  jJI,  a  scud  ;  a  dart ;    co- 
inciding with  Fr.  fiUe,  h.  fiiia^  £ng. /ooi,  a  shoot, 
issue.! 
1.  A  female  or  mare  colt  j  a  young  mare. 
9.  A  wanton  girl.  Benum, 

FILM,  H,  [Sax.  film.  Q,u.  W.  fijUiait^  to  shade  or 
grow  over,  or  It.  vtlame^  a  vail,  a  film,  L.  veiamm, 
or  from  L.  pe/ii*.] 

A  thin  skin  ;  a  pellicle,  as  on  the  eye.     In  plants, 
it  denotes  tlie  thin  skin  which  stparatea  the  seeds  in 
pods. 
FILM,  V.  U    To  cover  with  a  tliin  skin  or  pellicle 

Shah. 
FIL:\I'I-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  filmy. 
FILM'V,  a.    Composed  of  thin  membranes  or  pelli- 
cles. 

\yh>y«:fiimy  conl  ahoirfj  blnJ  the  ■truggling  fly.         Dryden, 

FI'LCSK,  a.  In  zoology^  that  ends  in  a  thread-like 
process.  Braiule 

FIL'TER,  ».  [Ft.  filtre,  feutre  t  3p  fiitro  ;  It.  fcltro; 
properly,  felt,  fulled  wool,  lana  coacta,  lliis  being 
used  for  straining  liquors.] 

A  strainur  ;  a  piece  oi^  woolen  cloth,  paper,  or  other 
substance,  tlirough  whicli  liquors  are  (Ktssed  for  defe- 
cation. A  filter  may  be  made  in  the  form  of  a  hol- 
low inverted  cone,  or  by  a  twi!*t  of  thread  or  yam, 
being  wetted,  and  oneend  put  in  the  liquor,  and  t)ie 
other  sulfered  to  hang  out  below  the  surface  of  the 
liquor.     Porous  stone  is  often  used  as  a  filter. 

FIL'TER,  V,  U  To  purify  or  defecate  liquor,  by  pass- 
ing it  through  a  filter,  or  causing  it  to  pass  through 
a  porous  substance  ttint  retains  any  feculent  matter. 

FIL'TER,  V.  i.     To  percolate  :  to  pass  through  a  filter. 

FIL'TER,  n.     See  Philtkr. 

FIL'TER^JED,  pp.  at  a.  Strained ;  defecated  by  a  fil- 
ter. 

FIL'TER-ING,  ppr.    Straining  ;  defecating. 

FIL'TER-ING,  «.    The  act  of  passing  through  a  filter. 

FILTH,  R.  jfSai.  fylth,  from  /«V,  /«ia,  foul  ,■  D. 
vuUu.    See  Foul  and  DEriLE.j 

1.  Dirt;  any  foul  matter;  any  thing  that  soils  or 
defiles  ;  waste  matter  ;  nostiness. 

2.  Corru|>tion  ;  pollution  ;  any  thing  that  sullies  or 
defiles  the  moral  character. 

To  purify  the  aoul  &oni  tbe  droaa  tj\Afilth  of  sensual  dHl^hti. 

TiUoUon. 

FILTH'I-LY,    adt.      In  a   filthy    manner ;    foully ; 

grossly. 
FILTH'I-NESS,  II.    The  stale  of  being  filthy. 

2.  Foulness ;  dirtiness  ;  filth  ;  nastiness. 

Cany  forth  HKfillhinett  out  oT  the  holy  place.  —  2  Chron.  xxix. 

3.  Corruption  j  pollution  3  defilement  by  sin;  im- 
purity. 

Let  ui  cleanae  ouraclves  from  all  fiUhintxw  of  the  fleah  and  sinrit, 
perfecting  hulineu  in  the  fear  of  Gtxl.  —  2  Cor,  vii. 

FILTH'Y,  a.    Dirty  ;  foul ;  unclean  ;  nasty. 

2.  Polluted  J  defiled  by  sinful  practices  ;  morally 
impure. 

He  that  )xfilUiy,  let  hira  \3ii  filthy  still.  —  Rev.  xxiL 

3.  Obttined  by  base  and  dishonest  means ;  as,^£Ay 
lucre.     TiL  i. 

FIL'TRATE,  v.  L  [Sp.  filtrar ;  It.  filtrare :  Fr.  filtrer. 
See  Filter.] 

To  filter  ;  to  defecate,  as  liquor,  by  straining  or  per- 
coliilion. 

FIL'TRATE,  n.  The  liquid  which  has  been  passed 
tlirough  a  filter. 

FIL-TUa'TION,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  filtering; 
the  mechanical  separation  of  a  liquid  from  the  undis- 
solved particles  floating  in  it.  The  filtering  substance 
may  consist  of  any  porous  matter,  aa  porous  earthen- 
ware, unsized  paper,  sand,  &c,  Ure. 

FI.M'BLE-HEMP,  n.  [feTtmle-kemp.]  Light  summer 
hemp,  that  bears  no  seed.  .Mortimer. 

FIM'BRI-ATE,  a.     [L.  fimbria,  a  border  or  fringe.] 
In  botany,  fringed  ;  having  the  margin  bordered  by 
filiform  processes  thicker  than  hairs.  Lindley. 

FnrBRI-ATE,  V.  L    To  hem;  to  fringe.        Fuller. 

FIM'BRl-A-TED,  pp.     Hemmed  ;  fringed. 

FI.M'BRI-A-TED,  a.  In  Aero/i/ry,  ornamented  as  an 
ordinary,  wilh  a  narrow  border  or  hem  of  another 
tincture.  Eucyc 

FlM'BRI-A-TING,p;tr,    Hemming;  fringing, 

FIN,  n.  rSai.  finn ;  D.  vin ;  Sw.  fena ;  Dan.  finne; 
L.  pinna,  or  penna.  The  sense  is  probably  a  shoot, 
or  it  is  from  diminishing.     See  Fine.     Class  Bn.] 

The  fin  of  a  fish  consists  of  a  membrane  sup- 
ported by  rays,  or  little  bony  or  cartilaginous  ossi- 
cles.    The  fins  of  fish  serve  to  keep  their  bodies  up- 


FIN 

right,  and  to  prevent  wavering  or  vacillation.  The 
fins^  except  the  caudal,  do  not  assist  in  progressive 
motion,  the  tail  being  the  instrument  of  swiinuiing 

FIN,  V  u    To  carve  or  cut  up  a  chub. 

FL\^A-BLE,  a,     [See  Fine.]     That  admits  a  fine. 
2.  Subject  to  a  fine  or  penalty ;  as,  a  finable  portion 
or  oflfense. 

FI'NAL,  a.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  Jfnai  f  'L.finatis;  li- fintde. 
See  FiME.] 

1.  Pertaming  to  the  end  or  conclusion  ;  last ;  ul- 
timate ;  as,  the  final  issue  or  event  of  things  ;  filial 
hope ;  final  salvation. 

2.  Conclusive  ;  decisive ;  ultimate  ;  as,  a /na^  judg- 
ment. The  battle  of  Waterloo  was  final  to  the 
power  of  Bonaparte ;  it  brouyJit  the  contest  to  a 
final  issue. 

3.  Res[>ecting  the  end  or  object  lobe  gained;  re- 
specting the  purpose  or  ultimate  end  in  view.  The 
eflicient  cause  is  that  which  produces  the  event  or  ef- 
fect ;  theji;ia/  cause  is  that  for  the  sake  of  which 
any  thing  is  done. 

Ft-J^A'LE,  (fe-nU'Ia,)  n.  [It.l  The  last  note  or  end  of 
apiece  of  music. 

2.  The  last  performance  in  any  act  of  an  opera,  or 
that  which  closes  a  concert  ;  close  ;  termination. 

FI-NAL'I-TY,  n.     Final  state.  Baxter. 

FI'NAL-LY,  ado.    At  the  end  or  conclusion ;  ulti- 
mately ;    lastly.     The  cause  is  expensive,  but  we 
shall  finally  recover     The  contest  was  long,  but  the 
Romans  finally  conquered, 
2.  Completely  ;  beyond  recovery. 

The  enemy  was  _^i>aUy  ex  ten  11  in  ^tcd.  Daoitw, 

FI-NANCE',  (fe-nans',)  ti,  [Fr.  and  Nonn. /imHce  ; 
Ann.  financi,  fine,  subsidy.  Finance  is  from  fijte,  in 
the  sense  of  a  sum  of  money  jMiid  by  the  subject  to 
the  king  for  the  enjoyment  of  a  privilege  ;  a /euJaf 
sense.  Hence,  finance  was  originally  revenue  arising 
from  fines.     See  Fink.J 

Revenue ;  income  or  a  king  or  state.  Bacon. 

'I'lie  United  States,  near  the  close  of  the  revolu- 
tion, appointed  a  superintendent  of  finance, 

[ft  i>-  more  generally  used  in  Vie  plural.] 
FI-NAN'CES,  n.  pL    Revenue;    funds  in  the  public 
treasury,  or  accruing  to  it^    public  resources  of  mon- 
ey.   Th»  finances  of  the  kmgor  government  were  in 
a  low  condition.     The  finances  were  exhausted. 

2.  The  income  or  resources  of  individuals. 

IBut  the  word  is  most  properly  applicable  to  public 
revenue.] 
FI-NAN'CIAL,  ffe-nan'shal,)  a.     Pertaining  to  public 
revenue ;  as,  financial  concerns  or  operations. 

Anderson. 
FLNAN'CIAL-LY,  adv.  In  relation  to  finances  or  pub- 
lic revenue  ;  in  a  manner  to  produce  revenue. 

We  Bhould  be  careful  not  to  coiiBider  aa  fijtandally  efi'eciire 
exports  all  tbe  goods  and  produce  which  have  bern  aeiit 
abroad.  Waitb^ 

FIN-AN-CIeR',  (fin-an-seer'O  n,  [In  France,  a  re- 
ceiver or  fanner  of  the  public  revenues.] 

1.  An  officer  who  receives  and  manages  the  pub- 
lic revenues  ;  a  treasurer. 

9.  One  who  is  skilled  in  the  principles  or  system  of 
public  revenue ;  one  who  understands  the  mode  of 
raising  money  by  imposts,  excise,  or  taxes,  and  the 
economical  management  and  application  of  public 
money. 

3.  One  who  is  intrusted  wilh  the  collection  and 
management  of  the  revenues  of  a  corporation. 

4.  One  skilled  in  banking  operations. 
FT'NA-RY.     See  Finery.  DlcL 
FINCH,  n.     [Sax.  fine ;  G.  finli ;  D.  uinjt ;  It.  pincione ; 

W.  pine,  fine,  gay,  a  finch.] 

A  small  singing  bird.     But  finch  is  used  chiefly  in 
composition  ;  as,  diafiinch,  goldfinch.  These  lielong  to 
the  genus  Fringilla,  fLinn.)  or  family  Fringillidffi. 
FIND,  V.  U  ;  pret.   and  pp.  Found      [Sax.  findan  ;  G. 

finden;  D.  vinden,  or  vynen  ;  Sw.  finna  ;  Dan.  finder. 
This  word  coincides  -in  origin  wilh  the  L.  venio ;  but 
in  sense  with  invenio.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  come 
to,  to  rush,  to  fall  on,  to  meet,  to  set  on;  and  tbeSw. 

finna  is  rendered  not  only  by  invenire^  but  by  offen- 
dere.  So  in  Sp.  venir,  to  come,  and  to  assault  It  is 
probable,  therefore,  that  find  and  feud  are  from  one 

root,    Ar.    '  Li /auna,  to  come.    Class  Bn,  No.  21. 

See,  also.  No.  7,j 

1.  Literally,  lo  come  to;  to  meet;  hence,  to  dis- 
cover by  the  eye  ;  to  gain  first  sight  or  knowledge  of 
something  lost ;  to  recover  either  by  searching  for  it 
or  by  accident. 

Doth  she  not  lijhl  a  candle,  and  sw^-ep  the  houae,  and  spek 
(liti^ently,  tiQ  she  find  it  I   mid  when  ihe  balh  found  k.  — 

2.  To  meet ;  to  discover  something  not  before  seen 
or  known. 

He  saitli  to  him,  We  have  found  the  Mesaiah.  —  John  1. 

3.  To  obtain  by  seeking. 

Aak,  and  it  etuiU  be  given  you ;  tcelc,  and  ye  •hall  find.  —  Matt. 


4.  To  meet  with. 

In  wDodi  nnd  forcEta  thou  UTi  found. 


Omley, 


Fate,  Far,  fall,  WHAT MeTE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.- 


FIN 

5.  To  discover  or  know  by  experience. 

The  torritl  ion«  !■  now  found  halivdie,  Coutte^, 

6.  Tu  reach ;  to  anain  to  j  to  arrive  at. 

SimH  is  th«  ^^t  *^  narrow  ia  lhr>  wnj,  which  leadeUi  to  lift, 
Aud  few  ibere  be  tbatjbuj  it.  —  MxtX.  vii. 

7.  To  discover  by  study,  experiment,  or  trial.  Air 
and  water  are  found  to  be  com[>ound  substances. 
Alchemists  long  attempted  Iq  jutd  tiie  philosuplier's 
stone,  but  it  is  not  yet  fotutd. 

8.  To  gain  ;  to  have ;  as,  la  find  leisure  for  a  visit. 

9.  To  iHirceive  ;  to  observe  ;  to  learii.  I  found  his 
opinions  to  accord  with  my  own. 

10.  To  catch  i  to  detect. 

When  tint  fmnd  ia  &  lie,  bilk  to  him  of  it  u  a  ■tmn«>,  ition- 
KTotu  ibinj.  Ltidtt, 

In  this  sense,/nd  is  usually  followed  by  ouU 

11.  To  meet. 

In  ULa  ttieir  b>uinm  and  their  glory ,^rvf.  CowUy. 

12.  To  have  ;  to  experience  ;  to  enjoy. 

B-'hoM,  in  the  day  of  joaz  faM  jejind  pleasure.  —  U.  Iviii. 

13.  To  select  j  to  choose  ;  to  designate. 

1  hareybujvf  Divid  my  aerranl.  —  P».  Ixxxix. 

14.  To  discover  and  dedare  the  truth  of  di.<«puted 
farts  ;  to  come  to  a  conclusion,  and  decide  between 
panif^s,  as  a  jury  The  jurj-  find  a  verdict  for  the 
plainiitror  defendant;  they  find  the  accused  to  be 
guilty. 

15.  To  determine  and  declare  by  verdict.  The 
jur>-  have  found  a  large  sum  in  damages  for  the  plain- 
tiir. 

16.  To  establish  or  pronounce  charges  alleged  to 
be  inie.  The  grand  jury  huve  found  a  bill  against 
the  accused,  or  they^H<i  a  true  bill. 

17.  To  supply  ;  to  furnish.  Who  will  find  the 
money  or  provisions  for  this  expedition  ?  AVc  will 
find  ourselves  with  provisions  and  clothing.     Hence, 

Id.  To  supply  with  provisions.  He  pays  tlie  la- 
borer a  d»llar  a  day,  and  findg  him. 

19.  To  discover  or  gain  knuwledee  of  by  touching 
or  by  sounding.  We  first  sounded,  and  found  bot- 
tom at  the  depth  of  ninety-five  fathoms  on  the  Hole 
bank.  ^r,  W. 

To  fi'td  one^s  self;  to  be  ;  to  fare  in  regard  to  ease 
or  pain,  hfiilth  or  sickness.  Pray,  sir,  how  do  you 
find  yourseJf  this  niornmg .' 

To  find  in  ;  to  supply  ;  to  furnish  ;  to  provide.  He 
find^  his  nephew  in  money,  victuals,  and  cluthcs. 

To  find  out;  to  invent  j  to  discover  something  be* 
fore  unknown. 


3  To  unriddle  ;  to  solve  ;  as,  to  find  out  the  mean- 
ing of  a  parable  or  an  enigma. 

3.  To  discover;  to  obtain  knowledge  of  what  is 
hidden  ;  as,  tojfnd  oat  a  secret. 

4.  To  understand  -,  to  comprehend. 

Ckrm  thou  t7  atanbingfind  out  GcmI  !  —  Job  xi. 

5.  To  detect ;  to  discover ;  to  bring  to  light ;  as,  to 
find  out  a  thief  or  a  theft  j  to  find  out  a  trick. 

To  find  fault  with  :  to  blame  ;  Ut  censure. 
FTXD'ER.,  It.    One  who  meets  or  falls  on  any  thing  ; 
one  that  discovt-rs  what  is  lost  or  is  unknown  \  one 
who  discovers  by  searching,  or  by  accident. 

2.  In  astrontrmy,  a  smallt^r  telew.upe,  att:trhed  to  a 
l:irger  telescope,  for  Uie  purpose  of  finding  an  object 
more  faditv. 

FTNU'-FAI'LT.  n.    Accnsurer;  a  ca  viler.       Shak. 
FI\D-FALLT'I\G,  a.     Apt  to  censure  ;  cnptious. 

iVhUlock. 
FTVD'I.VO,  pfT.    Discovering. 
ri.\l)'I.\'G,  n.    Discoverj- ;  the  act  of  discovering. 

Q.  In  /aw,  the  return  of  a  jHr>'  to  a  bill  ;  a  verdict. 
FT.ND'LNGS,  ».  fU    The  tools,  together  with  thrad 
and  wax,  which  a  jf»umfyjnan  shoemaker  In  to  fur- 
nish in  liis  employment.  Smilh. 
KIN'DY,  a.     [Hai.  fin:U^,  heavy  ;  ffffindi^,  capacious  ; 
Dan.  fmidig^  strong,  euiphaticul,  nervous,  weighty, 
fmrn  fgnd^  fnrce,  energy,  emplixsiji,  strength  \  prob- 
ably from  crowding,  tension,  stn^tching,  from  find.\ 
Full  i  heavy  ;  or  firm,  solid,  substantial.     [OA*.] 
A  tolfi  MAy  and  ■  wlo'ly. 
Moke*  the  tmrii  ht  %iid^rvfy.                 Old  Prtn,     JunUit. 

FINR,  a.  [FT.fiUy  whence  finesse ;  Sp.  and  Port  fino, 
wUf.iice  fiaezn  ;  iL  fino^  whence  finezza ;  Dun.  fiin  i 
Hw.  fin;  (j.feia:  I),  ftjn ;  hence  to  rrfine.  The  Ir. 
haafitfiti  and  the  W.  /oin,  feinedy  signify  rising  to  a 

point,  u  a  con£.  Ar.  .  ^3)  (^faJutJ  to  diminish. 
aoM  Bn,  No.  29.] 

1.  .Small ;  tliin ;  slender;  minute  ;  of  very  small 
diameter  ;  as,  a  fine  thread  ;  fine  silk  }  a  fine  hair. 
We  say.  aNo,/ne  sand,  fine  particles. 

S.  Hubiile  ;  thin  ;  tenuous  ;  a.4,  fine  spirit«4  evapo- 
rate ;  a  finer  medium  opp<jsed  to  a  grosser.    Bacon. 

3.  Thin  \  keen  ;  smoothly  sliarp  ;  as,  the  fine  edge 
of  a  razor. 

4.  Made  o<  Ane  threads  3  not  coarse  ;  as,  jinc  Unen 
or  cambric. 

5.  Clear ;  pure ;  fVee  from  feculence  or  foreign 


FIN 

matter  \  as,  fine  gold  or  silver ;  wine  is  not  good  till 
fine. 

6.  Refined. 

Tbow  thin^  were  too  fins  to  be  fortunate,  and  ■uecr^d  in  aJl 
parts.  Bacon. 

7.  Nice;  delicate;  perceiving  or  discerning  minute 
beauties  or  deformities  ;  as,  a  fine  taste;  a  fine  sense. 

8.  Subtle}  artful;  dextrous.     [See  Finesse.] 

BacoTU 

9.  Subtle  ;  sly  ;  frandnlent.  Huhberd's  Tale, 

10.  Elegant ;  beautiful  in  thought. 

To  call  Uie  trumpet  by  the  iinme  of  the  metal  wai  jIn*.    Dryden. 

11.  Very  handsome;  beautiful  with  dignity.  The 
lady  has  a  fine  person,  or  a  fine  face. 

12.  Accomplished ;  elegant  in  manners.  He  was 
one  of  the  finest  gentlemen  of  his  age. 

13.  Acconipltshed  in  learning;  excellent;  as,  a 
fine  scholar. 

14.  Excellent;  superior;  brilliant  or  acute;  as,  a 
man  of  ^ne  genius. 

15.  Amiable ;  noble  ;  ingenuous ;  excellent ;  as,  a 
man  of  a  fitu  mind. 

16.  Showy  ;  splendid  ;  elegant ;  as,  a  range  of  fine 
buildings  ;  a  fine  house  or  garden  ;  a  fine  view. 

17.  Ironically^  worthy  of  contemptuous  notice  ; 
eminent  fur  bad  qualities. 

That  Kumr  knave,  Ford,  her  hitrfjand,  hw  the  finest  mad  d«"»il 
of  Wiilousy  iu  hiiik,  .Nlonter  Bruok,  lltaX  e«t;r  ^vumt^  irvi\zy, 

Shak. 

Fine  arts,  or  polite  arts,  are  the  arts  which  depend 
chiefly  on  the  latutrs  of  the  mind  or  imagination,  and 
whose  object  is  pleasure ;  as  poetry,  music,  painting, 
and  sculpture. 

The  uses  of  this  word  are  so  numerous  and  indef- 
inite, as  to  preclude  a  particular  definition  of  each. 
In  general,  ji/i«,  in  popular  languafrr^  expresses  what- 
ever is  excellent,  showy,  or  magnificent. 
FINE,  «.  [This  word  is  the  basis  of  finance^  but  I 
have  not  lound  it,  in  its  simple  form,  in  any  modern 
language^  except  the  English.  Junius  says  that  ^n, 
in  Ciinhric,  is  a  mulct,  andj^uio,  to  fine.  The  word 
seems  to  be  the  L.  finis^  and  the  application  of  it  to 
pecuniary  compensation  seems  to  have  proceeded 
from  its  feudiU  use,  in  the  transfer  of  lands,  in  which 
a  final  agreement  or  concord  was  made  between  the 
lord  and  his  vassal.  See  nsc  fanah.  Chiss  Bn,  No. 
23.] 

1.  In  affiudal  sense,  a  final  agreement  between  per- 
sons concerning  lands  or  rents,  or  between  the  lord 
and  his  vassal,  prescribing  the  conditions  on  which 
the  latter  should  huld  his  lands.  Spelman. 

2.  A  sum  of  money  paid  to  the  lord  by  his  tenant, 
for  permi»*sion  to  alienate  or  transfer  iiis  lands  to 
another.  This,  in  Enghind,  was  exacted  only  from 
the  king's  tenants  in  cnpite.  BluckHone. 

3.  A  sum  of  money  paid  by  way  of  penalty  for  an 
ofl^ense  ;  a  mulct ;  a  pecuniary  punishment.  Fines 
are  usually  prescribed  by  statute,  fur  the  several  vio- 
lati<ms  of  law ;  or  the  limit  is  prescribed,  beyond 
which  the  judge  cannot  impose  a  fine  for  a  particular 
oflensc. 

In  fine.     [Fr.  ef^n;  I*,  in  and  finis.]     In  the  end 
or  conclusion  ;  to  conclude  ;  to  sum  up  all. 
FINE,  V.  L     [See  Fiwe,  the  adjective/]     To  clarify; 
to  refine  ;  to  purify  ;  to  defecate  ;  to  free  from  fecu- 
lence or  foreign  matter ;  as,  to  fine  wine, 
r  T^Am  is  the  most  general  use  of  this  utord.] 

2.  To  purify,  as  a  metal ;  as,  to  fine  gold  or  silver. 
In  this  sense,  we  now  generally  use  rcfiae;  but  fiiu 
is  proper.    Job  xxviiL     Proo.  xvii. 

3.  To  make  less  coarse ;  as,  to  fine  grass.  [J^oi 
used,\  Mortimer. 

4.  I'd  deciinito ;  to  adorn.     [JV«f  in  use.\      Sliak. 
FI.NE,  r.  (.     [.Se«   Fiwe,  the   nounj     To  impose  on 

one  a  pecuniary  peiutlty,  ftir  an  otlense  or  breach  of 
law  ;  to  set  a  fine  on  by  judgment  of  a  cimrt  y  to  pun- 
ish by  fine,    'i'he  tres|i:LHsers  wero  fined  ten  dollars, 
and  imprlioned  a  month. 
2.  V.  i.  To  |Kiy  a  fine.     [JVwt  use.d,'\  Oldham. 

FIN'KD,  (flnd,);^/).     Kefined  ;  purified;  defecated. 
2.  Subject«^d  to  a  pt^runiary  |»enalty. 

FINE'ORAW,  V.  f.    [fine  and  rfraw.]    To  sew  up  a 
rent  witii  HO  much  nicety  that  it  is  nut  perceived. 

FI.N'E'DilA VV-ER,  n.     One  who  finedrawn.    [Jaknson. 

FINE'UKXW-INO,    n.       Rentering  ;    a   dextrous    or 
nice  sewing  up  the  rents  of  cloth  ur  stuffs.        Encyc. 

FI.\E'KIN"t;Elt-f,'D,  a.     Nice  in  workmanBhip;  dex- 
trous at  fine  work.  Joknson, 

FINE'-GRAIN-KD,  a.     Having  a  fine  grain. 

FINE'LESS,  0.    Endless;  boundless.      [J^otused.'] 

Shak. 

FTNR'LY,  adv.     In  minute  parts ;    as,  a  substance 
finely  pulverized. 

2.  To  a  thin  or  sharp  edge;  as,  an  instrument 
finely  sharpened. 

3.  Giiyly  ;  handsomely  ;  beautifully  ;  with  elegance 
and  taste.    Hhe  was  finely  attired. 

4.  With-elegance  or  beauty. 

Plutnrch  Myi,  very  fintty,  that  a  man  ahould  not  ntlow  himirif 


5.  With  advantage ;  very  favorably  ;  as,  a  house 
or  garden  fineltf  situated. 


FIN 

6.  Nicely  ;  delicately  ,  as,  a  Bluff  finely  wrought. 

7.  PuiKly  ;  coinpk'tcly.  Clarendon. 

8.  By  way  of  irony,  wretchedly  ;  in  a  manner  dc*. 
serving  of  contemptuous  notice.  He  is  finelj/  caught 
in  his  own  sniu'e. 

FINE'NESS,  n,     [Fr.  fijtesse ;  IL  finezza,] 

1.  Thinness;  small  ness  ;  slenderness  ;  as,  the  j!n«- 
ness  of  a  thread  or  silk.    Hence, 

3.  Consisting  of  fine  threads  ;  as,  fine  linen. 

3.  Small  ness  ;  minuteness;  as,  the/nencij  of  sand 
or  particles  ;  the  fineness  of  soil  or  mold. 

4.  Clearness;  purity;  freedom  from  foreign  mat- 
ter ;  as,  the  fineness  of  wine  or  other  liquor ;  the  fine- 
ness of  gold. 

5.  Nicenesa  ;  delicacy  ;  as,  the  fineness  of  taste. 

6.  Keenness;  sharpness  ;  thinness;  as,  the  fineness 
of  an  edge. 

7.  Elegance  ;  beauty ;  as,  fineness  of  person. 

8.  Capacity  for  delicate  or  refined  conceptions;  as, 
the  fineness  of  genius. 

9.  Show  ;  splendor  ;  gayety  of  appearance ;  ele- 
gance ;  as,  the  fineness  of  clothes  or  dress. 

10.  Clearness  ;  as,  the  fineness  of  complexion. 

11.  Subtilty;  artfulness;  ingenuity;  as,  the  jf  ae- 
ness  of  wit. 

12.  Smoothness.  Drayton. 
FIN'ER,  n.    One  who  refines  or  purifies.   Prov.  xxv.4. 

2.  a.  Comparative  gf  Fine. 

FIN'ER.- Y,  n.  Show;  splendor;  gnyety  of  colors  or 
appearance  ;  as,  the  finery  of  a  dress. 

2.  Showy  articles  of  dress ;  gay  clothes,  jewels, 
trinkets,  &.c. 

3.  In  iron  works,  a  furnace  where  cast  iron  is  con- 
verted into  malleable  iron.  Buchanan. 

FINE'-SPOK'£N,  (-sp6k'n,)  o.    Using  fine  phrases. 

Chesterfield. 
FINE'SPUN,  a.     Drawn  to  a  fine  thread ;   iiiiuute ; 

subtile. 
Ff-JVESSE',  (fe-ness',)  tu      [Fr.  finesse;    It.  finezza; 

Sp.  finezai  properly, //iCTies.*.] 
Artifice ;   stratagem ;   subtilty  of  contrivance  to 

gain  a  point. 
Fl-NE.SSE',  c.  i.    To  use  artifice  or  straugem. 
FI-NESS'ING,  ppr.    Practicing  artifice  to  accomplish  d 

purpose. 
FI  NESS'ING,  n.    The  practice  of  artifice. 
FINE'iJTiLLi,  V.  U     To  distill  spirit  from  molasses, 

treacle,  or  some  preparation  of  saccharine  matter. 

Encyc. 
FINE'STILI^ER,  n.     One  who  distills  spirit   from 

treacle  or  moliisses.  Encyc 

FINE'STILL-iNG,   n.      The    operation    of   distilling 

spirit  from  molasses  or  treacle.  Encyc. 

FI\'-FISII,  n.     A  species  of  slender  whale. 
FIN'-FQQT-ED,  a.     Having   palmated   feet,  or  feet 

with  toes  connected  by  a  membrane.  Broken. 

F1N"GER,  (fing'giir,)  n.     [^ax.finger^  from  fmgan,  to 

take  or  seize  ;  G.  Sw.  and    Dan.  finger ;  D.  vingcr. 

But  n  is  not  radical,  for  the  Goth,  is  figgrs.] 

1.  One  of  the  extreme  parts  of  the  hand,  a  smnll 
member  shooting  to  a  point.  The  fingers  have  joints 
which  [n'culiarly  fit  them  to  be  instruments  of  catch- 
ing, seizing,  and  holding.  When  we  speak  of  the 
fingers  generally,  we  include  the  thumb ;  as,  the  five 
fingers.  But  we  often  make  a  distinction.  The  ^n- 
gers  and  thumb  consist  of  fifteen  bones  ;  three  to 
each.  The  wt)rd  is  applied  to  some  otlicr  animals 
as  well  as  to  man. 

2.  A  certain  measure.  We  say,  a^n^w's  breadth, 
or  the  brcudtli  of  the  four  yiH^^cr*,  or  of  the  three 
fingers. 

S.  The  hand.  WaUer. 

Wlio  Icachf  th  my  Jingsra  to  fighL  —  P<.  exli*. 

4.  The  finger  or  fingers  of  Ond,  in  Scripture,  sig- 
nify his  iwwer,  strength,  or  operation. 

The  mn?ici.'tna  aoid  to  Pluraoh,  Thu  ia  tbft  fbtgtr  of  God.  — 
Kxod.  viii. 

5.  In  music^  ability;  skill  in  playing  on  a  keyed 
instniinent.    She  has  a  good  finger.  Buaby, 

FIN"GEU,  V.  U  To  handle  with  the  fingers  ;  to  touch 
lightly;  to  toy.  The  covetous  man  delights  tu  ^h- 
ger  money. 

2.  To  touch  or  take  thievishly  ;  to  pilfer.     South. 

3.  To  touch  an  instrument  of  music  ;  to  play  on 
an  instrument.  Shak. 

4.  To  jMirlbrm  work  with  the  fingers ;  to  execute 
delicate  work. 

.5.  To  handle  without  violnnce.  Bp.  Hall. 

FIN"GEIl,  V.  /.  To  dispose  the  fingers  aptly  in  play- 
ing on  an  instrument.  Biubif. 

FLV'GER-Bi^ARD,  n.  The  board  at  the  neck  of  a 
violin,  guitar,  or  the  like,  where  the  fingers  act  on 
the  strinj's.  Wood. 

FIN"GER  jyD,  (fing'gurd,)  pp.  Played  on  ;  handled  ; 
touched. 

2.  a.  Having  fingers.  In  botany^  digitate;  having 
tcafiets  like  fingers. 

FIN"GER-FEKN,  n.     A  plant,  asplenium.  Johnson. 

F1N"GER-GLX.SS,  n.  A  glass  containing  water  fur 
dipping  the  fingers  in  at  Uie  dinner-table. 

FIN"GER-ING,  ppr.    Handling  ;  touching  lightly. 

FIN"GER-ING,  n.  The  act  of  touching  lightly  or 
handling.  Orew, 


TONE,  BpLL,  UNITE.  — AN"CER,  Vl"CIOU8.— G  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  8H ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 
-         —  _- 


FIN 

3.  Tbe  manner  of  touching  an  instniment  of  mu- 
sic Shak. 
3.  n«'licate  work  made  willi  ihe  fiiigrrs.      Spriu^tr. 
FIN'"Gi;R-POtfT,   «.     A  poet  with  a  finger  puiutmg, 

fiV  din-ctine  pnsseugcnt  to  ilie  road. 
FIN"GEK-S11£IjI.,  M.    A  marine  shell  resembling  a 

finger.  Diet,  t^f  JVot.  7/wt. 

ri.N"GER-STO\E,  m.    A  fossil  resembling  an  arrow. 

Johiuon, 
FIN"GIX-FAN"QLE,  n.    A  trifle.    [  r»/«tr.l 

Fr^'"GR[-GO,  a.     A  plnnt  of  the  genus  Pi-ionia.     Tbe 

fruit  is  a  kind  of  bfrr>-  or  r^uin.    Lee,    JEd.  Emci/c. 
FIX'I-AL,  «.     [L.  .ft'rtiP,  to  rini.^li.] 

Tbe  knoC  or  bunch  oTfttlinf^.  or  flovrer,  that  forms 

the  upper  extremities  of  pinnacles  in  Gutbic  archi- 

teciurr;  sometimes,  the  pinn:ick-  itself.  Kimfs. 

FIN'I-CAl*,  a.     [from  >af.]     Nice;  spruce;  foppish; 

pmendine  to  great  nicety  or  superduous  elegance ; 

as,  a  jCtK'n^  fellow. 
S.  Affectedly  nice  or  showy  ;  as,  a  jCaico/  drvss. 
FIX'I-CAL-LV,  oWr.     Willi  great  nicety  or  s|iruce- 

ness  ;  foppishly. 
FK\'I-€AL-Xt:ss,  n.     Extreme  nicety  in  dress   or 

innnn<-rs;  fc^pisbness.  fyarburtun. 

FLN'I-KIX,  a.    Precipe  in  trifles  ;  idlv  busv.    SmarL 
FIX'LXU,  ppr.     [Sett  Fi?ia,   the  verb.]    'Clarifying; 

refining;    purifying;    defecating;    separaUng    from 

«xtraii<^ouA  matter. 

2.  [See  PirtE,  the  noun.]    Imposing  a  fine  or  pe- 
canianr  penalty. 

FIN'ING,  n.  "nie  process  of  refining  or  purifying; 
aipiitied  espacially  to  the  clarifying  of  wines,  mall 
liquors,  &C. 

a.  FuuMga ;  a  aolutiDn  of  gelatin,  naed  for  clari- 
fying. 

PIN'IXG-POT,  a.  A  vessel  in  which  metala  are  re- 
fined. 

Fl'XIt*.  a.    [1*1    An  end  ;  conclusion. 

FIN'lSrll,  r.  u  [Arm.  finicza:  Ft.  finir:  L.  diiic,  from 
finis^  an  end,  Ir.  fmin^  VV.  fau     Class  Bn,  S\».  23.] 

1.  Tu  arrive  at  the  end  of,  in    prrformnnce  ;    to 
coiupteCe  i  as,  to  Jtmiak  a  house  ;  to  jtauA  a  juuntey. 

Timi  IhB  haawm  sml  lfa>  eutb  w«r  jMjAad.  — Oea.  E. 

S.  To  make  perfect 

gpMa>to«»  takes  vpumtei7,ji«j4  nothinf.  Broonm. 

3.  To  bring  to  an  end ;  to  end ;  to  put  an  end  to. 

Sevcaly  wwfa  an  drKtiidned  on  dij  pMie,  Bad  on  Uij  boljr 
diy,  >»>■■*  a»  oaiMgwiaii,  mJ  laka  aa  and  i/«laB. — 


4.  To  perfect ;  to  accomplish  ;  to  polish  to  the  de- 
gree of  excellence  intendrd.  In  this  sense  it  is  fre- 
quently u«ed  in  the  panic  i[de  of  lite  perfect  tense  as 
an  adjL-ctire;.  It  is  a  jtmuktd  perfurmance ;  he  is  a 
jhtifkM  wholar. 

FlN'lSfl,  a.    Tbe  completion  of  a  work  of  art ;  that 
which  gires  it  perfection. 
2.  The  last  hnrd,  smooth  coat  of  plaster  on  a  wall. 

FDs"ISIl-f:i»,  (fin'isht,)  pp.  Completed  ;  ended  ; 
done  ;  [lerfected. 

2.  o.  Complete  ;  perfect ;  polished  to  the  hiphest 
degree  of  excellence  ;  as,  a  Jinuhed.  poem  ^  a  jinished 
education 

PIN'ISH  ER,  a.  One  who  finishes;  one  who  com- 
pletely performs.  Skak. 

2.  One  who  puts  an  end  to.  Hooka', 

3.  One  who  completes  or  perfects, 

Jcvo,  the  uitbor  uid  JbdaKer  of  ota  faiih.  —  Beb,  xii. 

PIX'ISH-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Comi^eting;  perfecting; 
bnnsinz  to  an  end. 

FIN'lSli-I.NG,  a.  Ccmipletion ;  completeness  ;  per- 
fection i  losst  polish  ;  -finish.  tVarburton. 

FIMTE,  a.  [L.  Jhutus^  from  finio,  to  finish,  from 
/utui^  limlL] 

Having  a  limit ;  limited  ;  bounded  ;  opposed  to  tn- 
Jimite:  as,  /mite  number  ;  ^6ntU  exigence  ;  applied  Uf 
lAu  l^f\  we  say,  a  ^nite  being,  JiniU  duration. 

FI'NtTE-LV,  adv.  Within  limits ;  to  a  certain  degree 
onlv.  StUlingiUeL 

FI'.SiTE-XESS,  a.  Limitation  ;  confinement  within 
certain  boundaries  ;  as,  the  JmiteMcss  of  our  natural 
power*.  • 

PIN'I-TL'DE,  a.     LimtLition.     [AVtuMdL]    Cheyne. 

FIN'LESS,  a.  [from  Jm.]  Destitute  of  fins ;  as,  ^it- 
Jew  Ash.  Skiik. 

FIN'-LIK£,  «.    Resembling  a  fin  ;  as,  a  Jin-like  oar. 

L>rydeH. 

FINN.  a.    A  native  of  Finland,  in  Europe. 

FIN'N£D,  o.  Having  broad  edges  on  either  side  ;  ap- 
plifd  to  a  plow.  Mortitiur. 

FIN'NI-KIN,  a.  A  sort  of  pigeon,  with  a  crest  some- 
what rciiembling  the  mane  of  a  hor^e. 

£>icL  of  J^aL  irisL 

FIN'XY,  a.  Furnished  with  fins;  as,  ^n«y  fish  ;  fin- 
ny tribes  ;  /aay  prey.  Dryden.     Pope. 

FI-N0'CHI-O,».     [lujSwcaio.] 
A  variety  of  fennet 

FI'NOS,  (fS'nte,)  m.  [Sp.]  Second  best  wool  from 
Menno  sbeep.  QnTdntr. 

FIN'S€aLE,  tt.    A  river-fish,  called  the  radA. 

Chambers. 

FIV-TO-ED,«.    [^a  and  toe.]    Palmiped  ;  palmaled ; 


FIR 

having  toes  connected  by  a  mi-mbnuie,  as  aquatic 
fowls. 

Ft-ORD',  n.     [Sw.]    An  inlet  from  the  sea  ;  a  bay. 

Dr.  Batrd. 

FI'O-RTN,  n.  A  species  of  creeping  bent-grass,  once 
supposeu  to  be  of  great  value  fur  green  winter-fod- 
der.   ,  PartinsfUfti. 

FIP'PLE,  (fip'pl,)  a.     [L.  fibula.] 

\  stopper,  OS  in  a  wiud-in^^trinnent  of  music.  [JVot 
u  use.]  Baeitn. 

FIR,  (fur,)  a.  [W.  Mr,  what  shoots  to  a  point,  a  fir-tree  ; 
8ax. /«r*-aMtdH,  fir-wood;  G./Shre;  Sw.  /uru-trd; 
Dan.  fyrr»-tr«e.  The  Dutch  coll  it  gparre-boom^  spar- 
tree.] 

The  name  of  several  species  of  the  genus  Abies, 
allied  to  the  pines,  and  \-aliied  for  their  timber,  as 
the  Sc(»tch  fir,  the  silver  fir,  spruce  fir.  hcmli>ck  fir, 

FIR'-TREE.     See  Fir.  [and  Orieniul  fir. 

FIRE,  »,  r8ai./yr;  G.  feuer ;  X).  ruar;  Dan.  and 
Sw.  fyr;  Gr.  wf,'.  Clu.  *Jk>piic,  pirti,  tlie  stin  ;  New 
Guinea,  fur.  The  milicitl  sense  of  fire  ts  usually,  to 
rush,  to  rage,  to  be  violently  agiktled  ;  and  if  tliis  is 
tlie  sense  of  jftVc,  it  coincides  with  L.  furo.  It  may 
be  frum  shining  or  cun^uming.  See  Class  Br,  No.  2, 
6,  9,  30.] 

1.  Heat  and  light  emanating  visibly,  p«rceptibly, 
and  simultaneously,  from  any  body  ;  caloric  ;  the  un- 
known cause  of  the  sensntion  of  heat,  and  of  the  re- 
trocession of  the  homogeneous  particles  of  bodies 
from  one  another,  producing;  expauttiun,  and  thus 
enlarging  all  their  dimensions  ;  one  of  the  causes 
of  magnetism,  as  evinced  by  Dr.  Hare's  calorimotor. 

SiUimaiu 
In  the  popular  aeceptntion  of  the  word,  fire  in  the  ef- 
fect of  combustion.  'I'he  combiititilile  body  ignited, 
or  heated  to  rednesw,  we  call.^re  ;  auti  when  ascend- 
ing in  a  stream  or  bttdy,  we  cjdl  it  flame.  A  piece  of 
charcoal,  in  combustion,  is  of  a  red  color,  and  very 
hot.  In  this  sLite  it  is  said  to  be  on  fire^  or  to  con- 
tain fire.  When  combustion  ceases,  it  loses  its  red- 
ness and  extreme  heat,  and  we  say,  the  firt  is  ex- 
tinct. 

2.  The  burning  of  fuel  on  a  hearth,  or  in  any  oth- 
er place.  We  kindle  a  fire  in  the  morning,  and  at 
night  we  rake  up  the  fire.  Anthracite  will  maintain 
fire  during  the  nigliL 

3.  The  burning  of  a  house  or  town  ;  a  conflagra- 
tion. Newbur^-purt  and  :*avanniih  haveautlered  im- 
mense losses  by  fire.  The  great  fire  in  Boston,  in 
1711,  consumed  a  large  part  of  tbe  town. 

4.  Light ;  luster ;  splendor. 

Suri,  hitlc7i»iirjfr«#/  Shak. 

5.  Torture  by  burning.  Prior. 

6.  The  instniment  of  punishment,  or  the  punish- 
ment tif  the  impenitent  in  another  state. 

Wlw  vnon^  us  sh.'vIMwfll  with  ihe  de<rouring>[r«  7 — la.  zzziiL 

7.  That  which  inflames  or  irritates  the  passions. 

Wtua  fir*  u  In  my  can  t  ShtUt. 

6.  Ardor  of  temjier ;  violence  of  passion. 

He  b^firt  in  hia  tr-mp^r.  AUtrbury. 

9.  Liveliness  of  imagination;  vigor  of  fancy  ;  in- 
tellectual activity ;  animation  ;  force  of  sentiment  or 
expression. 

A  nd  warm  the  crtde  witfa  a  poet'tfirt.  Pope. 

10.  The  passion  of  love ;  ardent  afibction. 

The  pxl  of  love  reiirf»  ; 
Dim  are  hb  torchea,  and  extloct  tu»fir«t.  Pope. 

11.  Ardor ;  heat ;  as,  the  fire  of  zeal  or  of  love. 

12.  Conibu!>tion  ;  tumult;  rage;  contention. 

13.  Trouble;  affliction. 

Whpti  ihou  w&lkeat  Ibrotigh  Uie  fire,  thou  abalt  not  be  burnt.  — 
la.  xlM. 

To  set  on  fire ;  to  kindle  ;  to  inflame  ;  to  excite  vi- 
olent action. 

St.  Jinthony's  fire;  a  disease,  marked  by  an  enip- 
tion  on  the  skin,  or  a  dilfused  inflammation,  with  fe- 
ver ;   the  erysipelas. 

Wild  fire;  an  artificial  or  factitious  fire,  which 
burns  even  under  water.  It  is  made  by  a  coni[)osi- 
tion  of  sulphur,  naphtha,  pitch,  gum,  aud  bitumen. 
It  is  called  also  Greek  fire.  Kneyc 

FIRE,  tJ.  L  To  set  on  fire;  to  kindle;  as,  to  >>«  a 
house  or  chimney  ;  to  fire  a  pile.  Dryden. 

2.  To  inflame  ;  to  irritate  the  passions  ;  as,  to  fire 
with  anger  or  revenge. 

3.  To  animate  j  to  give  life  or  spirit ;  as,  to  fire  the 
genius. 

4.  To  drive  by  fire.     [LitUe  used.']  Skak. 

5.  To  cause  to  explode  ;  to  discharge  ;  as,  to  fire  a 
musket  or  cannon. 

6.  To  cauterize  ;  a  term  in  farriery. 
FIKE,  V.  L     To  take  fire  ;  to  be  kindled. 

2.  To  be  irritated  or  inflamed  with  passion. 

3.  To  discharge  artillery  or  fire-arms.  They  ^red 
on  the  town. 

FTRE'-ARM8,  n.  pL  Arms  or  weapons  which  expel 
their  charge  by  the  combustion  of  powder,  as  pistols, 
muskets.  Sec. 

FIRK'-AR-ROW,  n.  A  small  iron  dart,  furnished  with 
a  match  impregnated  with  powder  and  sulphur,  used 
to  fire  the  sails  of  ships.  Encyc 


Fill 

FIliC'-HALL,  «.  .\  greniide  ;  a  ball  filled  with  powder 
or  other  couibiititit)U-s,  intendLtd  to  be  thrown  among 
eiifiiiief,  and  tu  injure  by  explosion. 

2.  .\  meteor  which  jiasses  rapidly  through  the  air 
and  displodes. 

FIRb:'-BAKE,  n.     In  old  writers^  a  beacon.  Cyc. 

FtftE'-BAU-REI^j  n.  A  hollow  cylinder,  filled  with 
various  kinds  ot  combustibles,  used  in  fire-shi[>e,  to 
couvev  the  fire  to  the  Mhruuds.  Kneyc. 

FIKE'-BAV-IN,  n.  A  bundle  of  brush-wood,  used  in 
firfships.  Enrtte, 

FIHty-BLAST,  n.  A  disease  of  plants  and  trees,  in 
wliich  they  npiK^nr  as  if  burnt  by  fire.  Cyc. 

FIKE'-BOARD,  n.  A  chimney-board,  used  to  close  a 
fireplaci;  in  summer. 

FIKE'-HOTE,  n.  An  allowance  of  fuel,  to  which  a 
tenant  is  entitled.  Kngtand. 

FIRE'BRAND,  n.    A  piece  of  wood  kindled  or  on  fire. 
2.  An  incendiary  ;  one  who  inflames  factions,  or 
causes  ctuitention  and  mitichief.  Bacon. 

FIRE'-BRICK,  n.  A  brick  that  will  sustain  intense 
heat  without  fusion. 

FIRE'-BRUSH,  n.  A  brush  used  to  sweep  the  hearth. 

Swft. 

FIRE'-BUCK-ET,  n.  A  bucket  to  convey  water  to 
engines  for  extinguishing  fire. 

FIRiy-CLAD,  a.     Clad  with  fire.  fTordfitorth. 

FIRE'-CLAY,  n.  A  kind  of  clay  that  will  sustain  in- 
tense heat,  used  in  making  fire-bricks.  Cyc. 

FIRK'-COCK,  n.  A  cock  or  spout  to  let  out  water  for 
extinguishing  fire. 

FIRli'-eOM'PA-NY,  (kum'pa-ny,)  n.  A  company  of 
men  for  managing  an  engine  to  extinguish  fires. 

FIRE'-€ROSS,  n.  Something  used  in  Scotland  as  a 
signal  to  take  arms  ;  the  ends  being  burnt  black,  and 
in  some  parts  smeurcil  with  blood.  JoKnaon. 

FIR'£D,  pp.  Set  on  fire ;  inflamed  ;  kindled  ;  anima- 
ted ;  irriUited. 

FIRE'-DAMP,  71.  The  explosive  carbureted  hydrogen 
of  coal-mines.     [See  Dami*.]  Ure. 

HRE'-URAKE,  n.    A  fiery  serpent. 

2.  An  igiiiii  fatuus.  Bcaum. 

FTRE'-EAT'ER,  n.     One  who  pretends  to  eat  fire. 
Hence, 
2.  A  cant  term  for  a  fighting  character,  or  duelist. 

FIllE'-EN'Gl.NE,  n.  An  engine  for  throwing  water 
lo  extinguish  fire  and  save  buildings. 

FIRE'-ES-GAPE',  n.  A  machine  fur  escaping  from 
the  upper  part  of  a  building  when  on  fire,         Cyc 

FIRE'-EV-KD,  C-Ide.)  a.    Having  a  fiery  eye. 

FIRI-y -FLAIR,  n.     A  specie;*  of  ray-fish  or  Raia. 

FIRl-y-FLY,  n.  A  name  commonly  given  to  winged, 
luminous  insects;  particularly  to  the  Elaternoctda- 
cos,  of  South  America,  which  emits  a  brilliant  liuht 
from  a  round,  glossy,  yellow  spot  on  each  side  uf  th« 
thorax,  and  from  other  parts  of  the  body.  Partinjruni. 

FIRE'-GUARD,  n.  A  IVamework  of  iron  wire,  to  be 
rtlaced  in  frout  of  a  fireplace. 

FTRE'-HOQK,  n.  A  large  hook  for  pulling  down 
buildings  In  conflagrations. 

FIRIi'-I'RONS,  (-i'urnz,)  n.  pi.  The  irons  belonging 
to  a  fireplace,  as  the  shovel,  tongs,  poker,  &.c. 

FIRK'LOCK,  n.  A  musket,  or  other  gun,  with  a  lock, 
which  is  discharged  by  striking  fire  with  flint  and 
steel. 

FIRE'MAN,  n.  A  man  whose  business  is  to  extinguish 
fires  in  towns,  &,c. 
2.  A  man  who  tends  the  fires  of  a  steam-engine,  &:c. 

FIRE'-MAS'TER,  n.  An  oflicer  of  artiUery,  who  su- 
perintends the  composition  of  fireworks. 

FIRE'-NEW,  (-nu,)  o.    Fresh  from  the  forge  ;  bright 

FIRE'-OF'FICE,  f-offis,)  n.  An  ofiice  for  makmg  in- 
surance against  fire. 

FIRK'-OR'DE-AL.     See  Ohdeau 

FlitE'-PAN,  n.  A  pan  for  holding  or  conveying  fire. 
Hiod.  xxvii. 

FIRE'PLACE,  n.  The  part  of  a  chimney  appropriated 
to  the  fire  ;  a  hearth. 

FIRE'-PLUG,  Ti.  A  plug  for  drawing  water  from  a 
pipe  to  extinguish  fire. 

FIRE'-POT,  n.  A  small  earthen  pf»t  filled  with  com- 
bustibles, used  in  militarj'  operations. 

FTRE'-PROOF,  o.     Proof  against  fire  ;  incombustible. 

FIRK'-aUENCH-ING,  a.     Extinguishing  fire.    K'rOy. 

FIR'ER,  71.  One  who  sets  fire  to  any  thing  ;  an  incen- 
diary. 

FIRE'-SHIP,  n.  A  vessel  filled  with  combustibles, 
and  furnished  with  grappling-irons,  to  liouk  and  set 
fire  to  an  enemy's  ships.  Encqc. 

FlRE'-SHOV'i-JL,  (-shuv'l,)  n.  A  shovel  or  instru- 
ment for  taking  up  or  removing  coals  of  fire. 

FIRE'SIDE,  n.  A  place  near  the  fire  or  hearth ;  home  ; 
domestic  life  or  retirement. 

FIRE'SIDE,  a.  Belonging  to  the  fireside  or  domestic 
circle.  Cumprr. 

FIRE'-STICK,  n.    A  lighted  stick  or  brand.  Dighy. 

FIRE'-STONE,  n.     Iron  pyrites.     [Obs.] 

2.  A  kind  of  freestone  which  bears  a  high  degree 
of  heat.  Cue. 

FTRK'WARD,         )    n.     An  oflicer  who  has  authority 

FIRE'WARD'^N,  j  to  direct  others  in  the  exlin- 
giiHhing  of  fires. 

FIRE'-WEED,  n.    An  American  plant,  Srneeio  hieraei- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.\T.  — METE,  PRfiY.  — n\E.  M.\RfNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 
454~ 


FIR 

foUus^  often  four  or  five  feel  high,  ver}-  troublt-'some 
in  and  around  spots  wliere  brushwood  has  been 
burnt-d.  Funn.  Enci/c. 

FlilE'-WING-ED,  0.     Having  fiery  wings.  Carlisle. 

FIKRMVOOD,  n.     Wood  fur  fuel. 

FiUE'-VV6UK,  (-wurk,)    n.      Usually  in  the  plural^ 

FlR£-n'ORKS. 

Preparations  of  gunpowder,  sulphur,  and  other  in- 
flammable materials,  used  for  making  explosions  in 
the  air,  on  occasions  of  public  rejoicing  ;  pyrotechni- 
cal  exhibitions.  This  word  is  applied  also  to  various 
cftmbustible  preparations  used  in  war. 

FIKE'-WORK-ER,  n.  An  officer  of  artillerj' subordi- 
naie  to  the  fire-master. 

Fliuy-WOR-SHIP,  71.  The  worship  of  fire,  which 
prevailed  chiefly  in  Persia,  among  those  called  Ghc- 
bers,  or  Gufbera.  Enciic.  .'Im, 

FIRK'-WOR-SHIP-ER,  n.    One  who  worshi|«  fire. 

FIR'ING,  ppr.  Setting  fire  to  ;  kindling;  animating; 
exciting  ;  inflaming  ;  discharging  fire-arms. 

FIR'IXG,  B.    The  act  of  discharging  fire-arms. 

2.  The  application  of  fire,  or  of  a  cautery. 

3.  Fuel  ;  fire- wood  or  coal.  Mttrtimer. 
FTR'ING-I'RON,  (-rum,)  n.    An  instniment  used  in 

farriery  to  discuss  swellings  and  knots.  Encyc. 

FIRK,  (furk,)  v.  L    To  beat;   to  whip;   to  chastise. 

[J^'ot  uicd.}  HudibroB. 

FIR'KIN,  (fur'kin,)  n.     [The  first  syllable  is  probably 

the  l>an.  firty  D.  rier,  four,  and  the  latter  as  in  Kil- 

DCRXIN.] 

A  measure  of  capacity,  being  the  fourth  part  of  a 
barrel.  It  is  nine  gallons  of  beer,  or  eight  gallons  of 
ale,  soap,  or  herrings.  In  Jimrrica,  the  firkin  is  rare- 
ly used,  except  for  butter  or  lard,  and  signifies  a  small 
vessel  or  cask,  of  indeterminate  size,  or  of  diff<-rent 
«iz«e,  regulated  by  the  statutes  of  ihedifiVn-nt  i^iatrs. 

PIR'LOT,  a.  A  dry  measure  used  in  Scotland.  Tile 
Linlithgow  wheat  firlot  is  tu  the  imperial  bui^hel  as 
998  Ui  1000  ;  the  Linlithgow  barley  firlot  is  to  the  im- 
perial busliel  as  145ti  to  1000.  McCuUock. 

FlRM,(furm,)a.  [lufirmus;  Fr.  firme :  Sp.  firme;  It 
fa-mo  ;  W.  jf]frT,  Tliis  Welsli  word  may  be  from  the 
Latin.  The  root  of  the  wwd  is  probably  Celtic  ;  VV. 
fer^  hard,  solid  ;/yr,  a  solid  ;/cr»t,  to  concrete  or  con- 
geal, to  fix,  to  freeze.    This  is  tlie  root  of  L.  ferruniy 

1.  Probably,  fixed  ;  hence,  applied  to  the  matter  of 
bodies,  it  signifies  closely  compressed  ;  compact ; 
hard  j  solid  ;  as,  firm  flesh  ;  firm  muscles ;  some  spe- 
cies of  wood  are  more  firm  than  others ;  a  cloth  of 
firm  tenure. 

2.  Fixed;  steady;  constant;  stable;  unshaken; 
not  easily  moved  ;  as,  a  firm,  believer ;  a  firm  friimd  ; 
a  firm  adh>'rent  or  supporter  ;  a  firm  man,  or  a  man 
Kii  firm  restdulion. 

3.  Solid;  uot  giving  way;  opposed  to  fiu'td;  as, 
firm  land. 

FIRM,  (fiirm,)  n.  A  partnership  or  house  ;  or  the  name 
ur  title  under  which  a  company  transact  business ;  as, 
the  firm  of  lIo[)e  it  Co. 

FIKM,(furm,)  t.  u     [l^firmo.] 

To  fix  ;  to  settle  ;  to  confirm  ;  to  establish. 


Anil  Jtfire  haAfimud  it  witb  ui  awful  nod. 


Drydan. 


[  ThtA  word  w  rartlif  usedy  ezcept  in  poetry.     In  proMt 
wt  Uite  Cor*FiRM.l 
FIRM'A-MEN T,  (fumi'a-ment,)  n.    [L.  firmttmetttttm, 
firom  firmuAy  firmo.^ 

The  region  of  the  air;  the  sky  or  heavens.  In 
Scripture,  the  word  denotes  an  expanse,  a  wide  ex- 
tent; fur  such  is  the  signification  of  the  Hebrew 
Word,  coinciding  with  r«^,  rfg^ion,  and  reach.  The 
original,  tiiercfore,  does  not  convey  the  sense  of  so- 
lidity, but  of  litrL-tching,  extension  ;  the  great  arch  or 
expanse  over  onr  hiads,  in  which  are  placed  the  at- 
miHphere  and  the  clouds,  and  in  which  the  stars  ap- 
pear to  be  placed,  and  ore  rtaUy  seen. 

And  God  wid,  L«l  Ihere  be  «  finrtamtnt  in  the  miil*t  of  the 
wntpTK,  Biul  let  it  -Ijvtde  tbe  wKten  from  the  wuten.  —  ijva. 
L«. 

And  Gwl  Mkl,  Let  then  be  li^ts  in  {hffirmamtnl.  —  Geu,  i.  14. 

FIRM-A-MENT'AL,  a.     Pt-rtaining  to  the  firmament ; 
celestial  ;  being  of  the  upper  ngion^.  Drtjden. 

FTR'MAN,  n.     An  Asiatic  word,  denoting  a  di'cree  or 
grant  of  privileges.     A  firman  given  to  a  Irav^-ler  is  a 
kind  fif  passport  insuring  to  him  protection  and  as- 
sistance, p.  Cijc 
[Oftm  pronounced  fir-maun'.] 

FIRM'£n,  (furmd,)pp.     Er*t;ibliahed  ;  confirmed. 

FIRM'-FQpT-ED,  a.     Having  firm  feet ;  standing 
firmly, 

PIRM'ING,  (fUrm'ing,)  ppr.     Settling;  making  firm 
and  stable. 

FIRM'I-TLTOE,  (furm'i-tude,)  iu    Strength;  solidity. 
JVV..(  m  i«e.l  Bp.  Hall. 

FniM'I-TV,Cfurm'i-ty,)n.    Strength;  firmneiw.  [JVot 
yt-*ed.  1  C*  iUttt^iDorth. 

PTR.M'LE3S,  (funn1ess,)a.  Detached  from  substance. 

Dgu  pwwon  Kill  the  firmlt$»  rnlod  control  i  Pop*. 

FTRM'LLER,  adw.     More  firmlv.  Milttm. 

FIRM'LV,  ffurm'Iy,)  adv.    Solidly;  compactly  ;  close- 
ly ,  a«,  porticles  of  matter  firmly  cohering. 
9.  Bteadily  ;  witb  constancy  or  fixedness;  immov- 


FIS 

ably;  steadfastly.  He  firmly  l>elieves  in  the  divine 
origin  of  tlie  Scriptures.  His  resolution  ia  firmly  fixed. 
He  firmly  adiii'res  to  his  party. 
FIR.M'NESS,  (t'tirm'ness,)  n.  Closeness  or  denseness 
of  texture  or  structure  ;  compactness;  hardness  ;  so- 
lidity ;  as,  ihe  firmne^fs  of  wood,  stone,  cloth,  or  other 
substance. 

2.  Stability;  strength;  as,  the  jErmnes«  of  a  tinion, 
or  of  a  confederacy. 

3.  Steadfastness;  constancy;  fixedness;  as,  the 
firmness  of  a  purpose  or  resolution  ;  the  firmness  of  a 
man,  or  of  his  courage  ;  firmness  of  mind  or  soul. 

4.  Certainty  ;  soundness ;  as,  the  firmriess  of  no- 
tions or  opinions. 

FIRST,  (furst,)  a.  [Sax.  first,  or  fyrst,  Sw.  fUrste, 
Dan,  f'orste,  first ;  G.  f^lrst,  D.  vorst,  Dan.  fyrste,  a 
prince,  that  is^  first  man.    It  is  thesujierlative  offure^ 

fffr,  before,  advanced,  that  is,  furest,  fyrcst.,  from  Sax. 

faran,  to  go,  or  a  root  of  the  same  family.  See  Far£ 
and  For.] 

1.  Advanced  before  or  further  than  any  other  in 
progression  ;  foremost  in  place  ;  as,  the  first  man  in 
a  marching  comi)any  or  troop  is  the  man  Uiat  precedes 
all  the  resL     Hence, 

2.  Preceding  all  others  in  the  order  of  time.  Adam 
was  the  first  man.  Cain  was  the  first  murderer. 
Monday  was  tile  first  day  of  January. 

3.  Preceding  all  others  in  numbers  or  a  progressive 
series  ;  the  ordinal  of  one  ;  as,  I  is  the  fir;it  number. 

4.  Preceding  all  others  in  rank,  dignity,  or  excel- 
lence. Demosthenes  was  the  first  orator  of  Greece. 
Burke  was  one  of  the  first  geniuses  of  his  age.  Give 
G«k1  the  first  place  in  your  afiections. 

FIRST,  (furst,)  adv.  Before  any  thing  else  in  the  order 
of  lime. 

Adjun  weiafirtt  fonned,  then  Cre.  —  1  Tim.  !1. 

3.  Before  all  others  in  place  or  progression.  Let 
the  officers  enter  the  gate  first 

3.  Befiire  any  thing  else  in  order  of  proceeding  or 
consideration.  First,  let  us  attend  to  the  examina- 
tion of  the  witnesses. 

4.  Before  atl  others  in  rank.  He  stands  or  ranks 
first  in  public  estimation. 

Jit  first ;  at  the  first ;  at  the  beginning  or  origin. 
Firgt  or  last ;  at  one  time  or  another  ;  at  the  begin- 
ning or  end. 

And  all  are  foob  and  loyenfirgt  or  ta$l.  Dn/den, 

F!RST-BE-GOT'  i  a.     First  produced  ;  the  eld- 

FlK.-^T-BE-(iOT'T£N,  (      est  of  children.     Milton. 
FIRST'-HOUN,  a.     First  brought  forth;   first  in  the 

order  of  nativity  ;  eldest ;  as,  the  first-born  son, 
3.  Most  excellent ;  must  distinguished  or  exalted. 

Christ  is  called  the  first-bom  of  every  creature.   Col.  i. 
FIRST'-BORN,  n.    The  eldest  child  ,  the  first  in  the 

order  of  birth. 
The  first-born  of  the  poor  are  the  most  wretched. 

Is.  xiv. 
The  first-hum  of  death  is  the  most  terrible  death. 

Job  xviit 
FTR.'^T-CRE-AT'ED,  a.    Created  before  any  other. 
FIRST'-FLOOR,  n.     In  England,  the  fl.Hir  or  tier  of 

apiirtmenta  next  above  the  grouud-fioor,  called,  in 

JS'itfriea.  the  steond  story. 
FIRST'-FRCIT,!!.*.      j  The  fruit  or  produce   first 
FIRST'-FROri'S.  a.  pi.  \      matured  and  collected  in 

any  season.     Of  these  the  Jews  made  an  oblation  to 

God^  as  an  acknowledgment  of  his  sovereign  do- 
minion. 

2.  The  first  profits  of  any  thing.  In  the  church  of 
F^ngland,  the  profits  of  every  spiritual  benefice  for  the 
first  year.  Encyc 

3.  The  first  or  eartiest  effect  of  any  thing,  in  a 
good  or  bad  sense  ;  as,  the  first-fruits  of  grace  in  the 
heart,  or  the  first-fraits  of  vice. 

FIRST'LING,  a.     First  produced;  ms^  firstling  males. 

DeuL  XV. 
FIRST'LIXG,  n.    The  first  produce  or  offspring  ;  ap- 
plied to  beastn  i  as,  the  firstlings  of  cattle, 

2.  The  thing  fintt  thought  or  done.     [fiTot  used.'\ 

Th^  y-rr  firatlitift  of  ntj  liea^rt  sliall  bo 

TlmfirMtUngt  ol  mjr  hiuiii.  ShaJc. 

FTRST-LY,  adv.     Imiirojierly  used  instead  of  first. 

FIRST-MOVER,  »i.  The  original  propelling  power, 
whether  natural  or  artificial. 

FIRST'-RATE,  a.     Of  the  highest  excellence;  pre- 
eminent ;  as,  a  first-rate  scholar  or  painter. 
2.  Being  of  the  largest  size  ;  as,  a  first-^ate  ship. 

FIRTH,  (ftirth,)  n.  A  narrow  passage  of  the  sea. 
[See  Frith.] 

FISC,  n.  \\..fiseus;  Fr.  fise;  Rp.  Jisco:  It,  id.  F'lscus, 
iA(<Tifos,  signifies  a  basket  or  hanaper,  probably  from 
the  twigs  which  comjKtsed  the  first  baskets,  Eng. 
ichisk.  rile  word  coincides  in  elements  with  basket^ 
and  L.  fascia,  twigs  being  the  primitive  bands,] 

'I'he  treasury  of  a  prince  or  state  ;  hence,  to  eo^tfis- 
eate  In  to  take  the  gmids  of  a  criminal  and  appropriate 
them  to  the  public  treasury. 

FISCAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  public  treasury  or  rev- 
enue. 

Tbe^col  nmogtmeaU  of  goytrameoU  Ham'UCon. 

FIS€'AL,  n.   Revenue;  the  income  of  a  prince  or  stale. 
2.  A  treasurer.  Hwinbume. 


FIS 

3.  In  Spain  and  Portugal,  the  king's  solicitor  ;  an- 
swering to  an  altonipy-geiieral. 

4.  In  Spain,  an  informer. 

FISH,  n.  [Sax  fisc;  D.  risch;  G.fisch;  Dan.  and  Sw, 
fisk ;  Sp.  jiez ;  It.  pesce .  Fr.  poissvn  :  verb,  ptcher,  pes- 
cher:  .\rm.  pesk ;  W .  ptisir ;  L.  pitcw ,'  Ir,  io^-^.  This 
animal  may  be  named  fro:n  its  rapid  motion.  In  W. 
fysg  is  hasty,  impetuous.] 

1.  An  animal  that  lives  in  water.  F^sh  is  a  general 
name  for  a  class  of  animals  subsisting  in  water,  which 
were  distributed  by  LinniEUs  into  six  orders.  They 
hrealhe  by  means  of  gills,  swim  by  the  aid  of  their  tail 
and  caudal  fins,  and  are  oviparous.  Some  of  them 
have  the  skeleton  bony,  and  others  cartilaginous. 
Most  of  the  former  have  the  opening  of  the  gills  closed 
by  a  peculiar  covering,  called  the  gill-lid ;  many  of  the 
latter  have  no  gilt-lid,  and  are  hence  said  to  breathe 
through  apertures.  Cetaceous  animals,  as  the  whale 
and  dolphin,  are,  in  popular  language,  ca!led  fishes, 
and  have  been  so  classed  by  some  naturalists;  but 
they  breathe  by  lungs,  and  are  viviparous,  like  quad- 
rupeds. The  term  jisA  has  been  also  extended  to  other 
aquatic  animals,  such  as  sI)ell-/^A,  lobsters,  &c.  We 
use  fish,  in  the  singular,  for  fishes  in  general,  or  the 
whole  race. 

2.  The  flesh  offish,  used  as  food.  But  we  usually 
apply  fie^h  to  land  animals. 

3.  A  counter,  used  in  various  games. 

FISH,  c.  i  To  attempt  to  catch  fish  ;  to  be  employed 
in  taking  fish,  by  any  means,  as  by  angling  or  draw- 
ing nets. 

2.  To  attempt  or  seek  to  obtain  by  artifice,  or  in- 
directly to  seek  to  draw  forth  ;  as,  to  fish  fur  compli- 
ments. 

FISH,  V.  t  To  search  by  raking  or  sweeping  ;  as,  to 
fish  the  Jakes  for  papers.  Swift. 

2.  In  seanuinship,  to  strengthen,  as  a  mast  or  yard, 
with  a  piece  of  timl>er.  JUar.  DicL 

3.  To  catch  ;  to  draw  out  or  up  ;  as,  U\  fish  up  a 
human  body  when  sunk  ;  to  fish  an  anchor. 

FlSi^,  R.  In  ships,  a  machine  to  hoist  and  draw  up 
the  flukes  of  an  anchor,  upon  the  gunwale.  Tottm. 
2.  A  long  piece  of  timber,  which  bellies  out  in  the 
form  of  a  fish,  and  is  used  to  strengthen  a  lower  matit 
or  a  yard  when  sprung  or  damaged.  Hence,  the 
terms  fisk-beamy  fish-back,  fi.'ik-bf.Uicd  rail,  are  applied 
to  a  beam  or  rail  which  bellies  out  on  the  under  side. 

Francis. 

FISH'-BASK-ET,  n.    A  basket  for  carrying  fish. 

FISH'ER,  tt.     One  who  is  employed  in  catching  fish. 
2.  A  carnivorous  quadruped  of  the  weasel  family  ; 
the  pekan.  Encyc.  .1m. 

FISH'ER-BO.YT,  n.  A  boat  employed  in  catching 
fi.sh. 

FISH'ER-MAN,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  catch 
fish. 

2.  A  ship  or  vessel  employed  in  the  business  of 
taking  fish,  as  in  the  cod  and  whale  fishery. 

FISII'ER-TOWN,  TU  A  town  inhabited  by  fishermen. 

Carcw. 

FISH'ER-Y,  n.    The  business  of  catching  fish. 

Addison, 
2.  A  place  for  catching  fish  with  nets  or  ho<iks,  as 
the  banks  of  Newfoundland,  the  coast  of  Englaiul  or 
Scotland,  or  on  the  banks  oi  rivers. 

FISH'FJjL,  a.  Abounding  with  fish ;  as,  a  fishful 
pond.  Came. 

FISH'GIG,  |n.    An  instrument  used  for  striking  fish 

FIZ'GIG,  i  at  sea,  consisting  of  a  staff  with  barbed 
prongs,  and  a  line  fastened  just  above  the  prongs. 

Mar.  Diet. 

FISH'-GLCE,  n,  A  name  sometimes  given  to  isin- 
glass. Booth, 

FISH'HOQK,  71.    A  hook  for  catching  fish. 

FISH'I-FY,  «.  t.    To  change  to  fish.    [Lok.]     Shak. 

FISH'I>'G,  ppr.  Attem[)ting  to  catch  fish  ;  searching; 
seeking  to  dniw  forth  by  artifice  ur  indirectly  ;  add- 
ing a  piece  of  timber  to  a  mast  or  spar  to  strength- 
en it. 

2.  0.  Used  or  employed  in  fishery,  or  by  fisher- 
men i  as,  fishing  boat  ;  fishing  tackle ;  fishing  vil- 
lage. 

FISII'ING,  n.    The  art  or  practice  of  catching  fish. 
2.  A*fif<hery.  Spenser. 

FISH'ING-FROG,  n.  A  voracious,  spintms-finned 
sea-fish,  having  a  very  large  head  ;  also  called  the 
anffler^  or  frog-fish.  It  belongs  to  the  genus  Lo- 
phiiis.  P.  Cyc. 

FISH'ING-PLACE,  n.  A  place  where  fishes  are 
caught  with  seines;  a  convenient  place  fur  fishing  ; 
a  fishery. 

FISH'-KET'TLE,  n.  A  kettle  made  long  for  Iwiling 
fish  whole. 

FISH'-LIKE,  fl.     Resembling  fish.  Sbak. 

FISH'-iMAR'KET,  n.  A  place  where  flsh  are  exposed 
for  sale. 

FISH'-Mf.AL,  n.  A  meal  of  fish  ;  diet  on  fish  ;  ab- 
stemious diet. 

FISir-JION"GER,  n.  A  seller  of  fish;  a  dealer  in 
fish. 

FISH'-PO.\D,  ft.  A  pond  in  which  fishes  are  bred 
and  kept. 

FISM'-ROO.M,  V.  An  npnrtmnnt  in  a  ship,  between 
the  art,^^r-hold  and  the  spirit-room.  Mur.  Diet. 


TCNE,  figLL,  VNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THia 


FIT 

FISH'-Sr^\K,  n.    A  spear  for  lakuig  fi&li  by  stabbing 

them. 
FISH'-TROW-EL,  m.    A  brood  knife,  commonly  of 

silver,  fur  cutting  up  fish  at  tnble. 
FISH'-WIFG,  M.    A  woman  ibal  cries  fisU  for  sale. 

Bfaum. 
FI8[I'-\V0M-AN,  lu    A  woman  wbo  aelb  fish. 
FISU'V,  a,     Consi^^ine  of  fish. 

^  Inhabited  by  fish  ;  as,  the  Jtgkf  flood.      Pope. 
3.  HsTing  the  qualities  of  fish ;  like  fish ;  ss,  i 
jCste  fans;  m  Jiskjf  taste  or  smell. 
FiaKl  «•  i-     [Su-  Jtegea.]    To  run  about.      CM/twfc 
FIS'SILE,  (-si!,)  a.    [L.  JLtsUis^  fromj£*«w,  divided, 
ttomjuidaj  to  spliLj 

That  may  be  split,  cleft,  or  divided,  in  the  directxui 
of  Uw  frain,  or  oif  natunu  joints 

Thb<f7M>IiiapdlliKU>ia«rtDM.  Mm*«. 

Frs-SIL'I-TY,  m.    The  quality  f^  being  cleaTmble. 

FiS'SIO.N,  (fish'un,)  n.     [L.  ^Uno.J 

A  breaking  up  into  ports. 
FIS-^IP'AR-ISM,  n.    A  mode  of  i«produclion,  in  eer^ 
tain  animab  and  vegetables,  which  break  spontane- 
ously into  minute  portions,  each  baring  a  separate 
existence  and  growth.  R'g't.    Dana. 

FIS-SIP'A-ROUS,  a.  [U  ^jaj,  from  jSaJo,  to  cut, 
and  /Mri«,  to  produced] 

Reproducing  by  spontaneous  subdivision  ;  an  epi- 
thet applied  to  certain  animals  and  vegetables,  of  the 
lower  orders,  which  spontaneously  divide  into  small 
portions,  eacn  of  whidi  baa  a  separate  existence  and 
krowih.  RogeL 

FIS'SI-PED,  a.    [L.  jCsrw,  divided,  and  ^er,  fooc] 

Having  separate  toes. 
PIS'SI-PGD,  a.    An  animal  whose  toes  are  separate, 

or  not  connected  by  a  membmne.  Brown, 

FIS~SI  ROS'TRAl^,  a.  [L.  jU^us,  cleft,  and  rostrum. 
beak.] 

In  mmUXologift  having  a  bill  with  a  very  wide 
gape  ;  a  term  applied  to  swallows,  goatsuckers,  ^lx^ 

Steauuom, 
FTS'St^E,  (fisb'ynrO  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  jEMicra,  from 
fimdOf  to  spliL] 

1.  A  cleA ;  a  narrow  chasm  made  by  the  parting 
of  any  substance  j  a  longitudinal  opening ;  as,  the 
JLuurt  of  a  rock. 

3.  In  «itr/-er]r,  a  crack  or  slit  in  a  bone,  either  trans- 
▼enely  or  lungitudinally,  by  means  of  external 
fiKte. 

3.  In  oiiatffiry,  a  deep,  narrow  stilcos,  or  depression, 
dividing  the  anterior  and  middle  lilies  of  Ibe  cere- 
brum ou  each  side.  Ctrre, 
FIS'SI;R£,  c.  l    To  cleave  j  to  divide;  to  crack  or 

fracture.  WiaemMm, 

FIS'aU&-£D,     (fish'ynrd,)    /p.      Cleft  ;    divided  ; 

craclred. 
FIST,  a.     [Sax.  ffH;  D.  ricwC;  G.  fxuH;  Ross,  pitut} 
Bohem.  bc^    Uu.  is  it  from  the  root  oTfut  7} 

The  hand  do^d  ;    the    hand  with   the     fingrra 
doubled  into  the  palm. 
FI3T,  r.  L    To  strike  with  the  firt.  DrySau 

■  2.  To  gripe  with  the  fist.    [IMHm  «sed.1       SiaJL 
FI5T'I€,  «.  A  word  used  colloquiaUv,  in  EmgiaMd^  for 

pmgUistic ;  as,  jCstte  exploits  ;  jE^tie  heroes. 
FIST'I-€UFFS,  n.  fL    [JUt  and  etif.]     Blows  or  a 

combat  with  the  fist ;  a  boxing.  Swift 

FIS'TI-NUT,  a.    A  pistachio  nuL 
FB'TU-LA,  a.    [L. ;  Eng.  wki^aU,] 

L  Pr^ptrUff  a  pipe  ;  a  wind -instrument  of  music  ; 
trigiiutUif,  a  reed. 
£  In  tmrgerfff  a  deep^  narrow,  sinuous  ulcer. 
KmImU  tackrymalis ;  a  fistula  of  the  lachnnial  sac, 
a  diikorder  accompanied  with  the  flowing  of  tears. 
Coze,     Sharp, 
FI8TU-LAR,  a.    Hollow,  like  a  pipe  or  reed. 
FI3'TU-L.^TE,  r.  i.    To  become  a  pipe  or  fistula. 
FISTU-LATE,   c.  L    To  make  hollow   like  a  pipe. 

[LittU  used.] 
FIS-TU-U'DAXS,  n.  pL     [U  JUtuIa,  a  pipe.] 

A  tribe  of  echinodermalous  animals,  hnvtng  an 
eloncat^d,  cylindrical,  tube-like  budv.  Brande. 

nSTL -LI-FORM,  a.  [Jigtuia  and  JTorm.]  Being  in 
round,  bullow  columns,  as  a  mineral. 

&ilmciilr  oAcD  oecanJUtm^orm,  fkilUpm. 

FISO'D-LOUS, «.  Having  tbe  form  or  nature  of  a  fis- 
tula ;  as,  a  JutuUms  ulcer.  WisemoM. 

^2.  HoUow,  like  a  pipe  or  reed.  LtTuiiev. 

FIT,  n.  [Uu.  W.  fiOiy  a  gliding  or  darting  motion. 
The  French  express  the  sense  of  this  word  by  bon- 
Cada,  fimiB  Amt,  the  prinuiry  sense  of  which  is  to 
sboot  or  poab  out.  It  seems  to  be  allied  to  L.  pe- 
Is,  trnpeta,  id  assault ;  or  to  Eng.  p«t,  and  primarily 
to  denote  a  rusbing  on  or  attack,  or  a  start.  See  Fit, 
suitable.] 

1.  The  invasion,  exacerbation,  or  paroxysm  of  a 
disease.  We  apply  the  word  to  the  return  of  an 
ague,  after  intemussion  :  as,  a  cold  fit.  We  a^qily 
it  to  the  first  attack,  or  to  the  return  of  other  diseases ; 
wa-t^jit^  the  gout  fir  stone  \  and,  in  general,  to  a 
disease  however  continued  ;  as,  a  jIt  of  sickness. 

3.  A  sudden  and  violent  attack  of  disorder,  in 
which  the  body  is  often  convulsed,  and  sometimes 
senseless ;  as,  a  ^t  of  apoplexy,  or  epilepsy  ;  hyster- 
ic/Cs. 


FIV 

3.  Any  short  return  after  intcrmii^sion  ;  a  turn  j  a 
period  or  interval.     Ue  moves  by  fiu  and  starts. 

Et  JUm  my  twellinK  yrief  »pp.-ii7».  AdihMon, 

4.  A  teinpornr)-  aflTection  or  attack  ;  as,  a  jSt  of  mel 
ancholy,  or  of  grief;  a  fit  of  pleasure. 

&.  Disordwj  distemiKHiture.  Shak. 

6.  [8ax.  jitt,  a  song.]    ^ncteiuiy,  a  song,  or  part  of 
a  song ;  a  strain  ;  a  canto.  Lt/e.    Johnson. 

7.  Thecloseand  easy  setting  of  an  article  of  dress; 
aa,  the  cent  has  an  excellent/f. 

FIT,  a.  [Flemish,  vittm  ;  C.  pass,  fit,  and  a  pnce; 
jNusm,  to  be  fit,  suitable,  right.  This  is  from  ttie 
root  of  Eng.  pass;  D.  pas,  lime,  season;  van  poj, 
fitting,  fit,  convenient;  Eng.  pat ;  Dan.  pasger,  to 
be  fit.     In  L.  competo,  wht-nce  compatible^  signifies, 

rporly,  to  meet  or  to  fall  on  ;  hence,  to  suit,  or 
fit,  from  peto.  This  is  probably  tJie  same  word. 
The  primary  sense  is,  to  come  to,  to  fall  on  :  hence, 
to  meet,  to  extend  to,  to  be  close,  to  suit.  To  cmne, 
or  faU^  is  the jHimary  sense  of  time  or  season,  as  in 
the  Dutch.  See  Claas  Bd,  Na  45,  tH,  and  Class  Bz. 
Na  Sa,  M.  70.] 
1.  Bailable ;  convenient ;  meet ;  becoming. 

!■  fcjK  to  Mj  to  R  kin?,  Tbnu  art  wkked  i  —  Jab  xxxir. 
Wi*>w,  xtbdiit  Tourmvca  u>  vour  huatmadB,  &a  it  iijit.  Id  the 
l-onL— Col.  Ui.  -»  .<  1 

9:  Qualified ;  as,  men  of  valor  jtt  for  war. 

No  nxin  hsrin^  pm  hit  hand  to  Um>  plow,  aod  looking  bock,  li 
^  for  ibe  kingiloin  of  God.  —  Luke  iz. 

FIT,  V.  L    To  adapt ;  to  suit ;  to  make  suitable. 

Tbo  anrpMMT—  RMikelh  k  out  wiih  «  Una ;  he  jIUeA  tt  with 


9.  To  accommodate  a  person  with  any  thing ;  as, 
the  tailor .>£c«  his  customer  with  a  coat.  The  original 
phrase  is,  he  fits  a  coat  to  his  customer.  But  the 
phrase  implies  also  furnishing,  providing  a  thing 
suitable  for  another. 

3.  To  prepare ;  to  put  in  order  for  ;  to  fUmish  with 
things  proper  or  necessary  ;  as,  to^  a  sliip/or  a  long 
voyage.    Fit  yourself /or  action  or  defense. 

i.  To  qualify  ;  to  [Hvpare  j  as,  to  /t  a  student  for 
college. 

7^  Jit  9ut ;  to  fUmtsh  ;  to  equip ;  to  supply  with 
necessaries  or  means  ;  as,  to  fit  out  a  privateer. 

TVjCc  up;  to  pre|tare  ;  to  furnish  with  things  suit- 
able ;  to  make  proper  for  the  reception  or  use  of  any 
person  ;  na,  to  fit  up  ti  house  for  a  guest. 
FIT,  e.  i.    To  be  proper  or  becoming. 

Norjitf  it  to  prolong  tlwfeMt.  Pop*. 

9.  To  suit  or  be  suitable  ;  to  be  adapted.    His  coat 
fiu  very  well.    But  this  is  an  eUtptical  phrase. 
FITCH,  «.     A  chick-pea. 

FITCU'ET,  i  n.  A  polecat ;  a  foumarL    [W.gwicyU 
FITCH'EW,  i       or  fwieyn.] 

FIT'FL'L,  a.     Varied  by  sudden  impulses.         Shak. 
FIT'LI-ER,  o.  or  adv.    More  fit  or  fitly. 
FIT'LI-EST,  a.     Most  fiU  Coleridge. 

FIT'LY,   ade.      Suitably  j    properly ;    with  propriety. 
A  maxim  fiti^  applied. 

2.  Cnmmodiously  ;  conveniently. 
FIT'ME.\7',  n.    Something    adapted    to    a   purpose. 

JTAVI  used,]  Sliak. 

FrT'NE^S,  n.     Suitableness  ;   adaptcdness  ;    adapta- 
tion ;  as,  l\xG  fitness  of  things  to  their  use. 

S.  Propriety  ;  meekness  ;  justness )  reasonableness ; 
as,  the  fitness  of  measures  or  laws. 

3.  Preparation ;  qualification  ;  as,  a  student's  fitr- 
ness  for  college 

4.  Convenience  ;  the  state  of  being  fit. 
FIT'TA-BLE,  a.     Suitable.     [Obs.]  Sherwood. 
FIT'TED.   pp.    Made  suitable;  adapted;   prepared; 

qualifiea. 
FIT'TER,  71.    One  who  makes  fit  or  suitable;  one 

who  adrtpts  ;  one  who  prepares. 
FIT'TING,  ppr.    Making  suitable;  adapting;  prepar- 
ing ;  qualifying;  providing  with. 
2.  a.     Fit  or  appropriate. 
Frr'TI\G-LY,  (Miu.     Suitably.  More. 

FITZ  [Norm./£C5,^ai,  or  Jlz,  a  son]  is  used  in  names, 

as  in  FUzherbert,  Fltzroy,  Carlovitz. 
FIVE,  a.    [Sax.  fif;  D.  vjif:  G.  /«»/;  Sw.  and  Dan. 

fern:  W. pumypump;  Arm.  pemp.] 

Four  and  one  added;   the  half  of  ten;    as,  five 

men  ;  fire  loaves.    IJke  other  adjectives,  it  is  often 

used  as  a  noun. 

Fiee  of  lh«n  were  vke,  and  fit>t  were  fooUih —  Matt.  rrr. 

FIVE'BXR,  )  a.    Having  five  bars;  as,  a  fiv^ 

FTVE'BAR-RKD,  \       barred  (;;Ue. 

FIVE'-CLEFT,  a.    Q.uinquefid  ;  divided  into  five  seg- 
ments. 

FTVE'-FIN"GER,  n.    A  species  of  cinquefoU. 

Mass.  Rep. 

FIVE'-FIN"GER-ED,  o.  Having  five  fingers,  or  parts 
resembling  fingers. 

FTVE'F6LD,  o.    In  fives;  consisting  of  five  in  one; 
five-double  ;  five  times  repealed. 

FTVE'-LkAF,  n.     Cinquefuil.  Drayton. 

FIVE'-LeAF-£D,  (-lecft,)a.    Havingflve  leaves;  as, 
five-lcafcd  rlovcr. 

FT  VE'-L6B-£D,  a,    Consistin  g  of  five  lobes. 

FIVE'-PART-jED,  a.     Divided  into  five  parts. 

FIV'ES,  n.     A  kind  of  play  with  a  ball  against  the  side 


FIX 

of  a  biiildiiig,  n^t^ontljling  liMinis  ;  so  named  because 
tliret'  fii'fs  oT fifteen  are  tounii'd  to  tbe  game.   SmarU 

FIVES,  ^   H.     A   dist^ase   of   horses,   resembling    the 

VIVE*,  j       slninples,  Kncyc. 

FIVE'-TOOTII-iCD,  (toothl,)  a.     Having  five  teeth. 

FTVE'-VALV-£JD,  a.     Having  five  valves.     Botany. 

FIX,  r.  e.  [  Fr.  fijcer ;  Sp.  fixar ;  It.  fissare ;  L.  fixus^ 
fig-o.    Class  Bg.] 

I.  To  make  stable  ;  to  set  or  establish  immovably. 
Tlie  universe  is  governed  by  fixed  laws. 

S.  To  set  or  place  pennammtly  ;  to  establish.  The 
prince  fized  his  residence  at  York.  The  seat  of  our 
government  ie  fixed  at  Washington,  in  the  District  of 
Columbia.     Some  men  liave  no  fixed  opinions. 

3.  To  make  fast ;  to  fasten  ;  tu  attach  firmly  ;  as, 
to^z  a  cord  or  line  to  a  hook. 

4.  To  set  or  place  steadily  ;  to  direct,  as  tlie  eye, 
without  moving  it ;  to  fastsn.  The  gentleman  fized 
hia  eyes  on  the  speaker,  and  addressed  him  with 
firmness. 

5.  To  set  or  direct  steadily,  without  wandering; 
as,  to  fix  the  attention.  The  jireacher/xe*  the  atten- 
tion of  his  audience,  or  the  hearers^  tlicir  attention 
on  the  preacher. 

6.  To  set  or  make  firm,  so  as  to  bear  a  high  degree 
of  heat  without  evaporating ;  to  deprive  of  volatility. 
Gold,  diamonds,  silver,  platina,  are  among  the  most 
fixed  bodies. 

7.  To  transfix  ;  topierce.     [Littleused.]     Sandys. 

8.  To  withhold  from  motion. 

9.  In  Jimerica,  to  put  in  order  ;  to  prepare  ;  to  ad- 
Just ;  to  sot  or  place  in  the  manner  desired  or  most 
suitable  ;  as,  to  fiz  clothes  or  dress  ;  to  fix  the  furni- 
ture of  a  room.  This  use  is  analogous  to  that  of  «t, 
in  the  phrase  to  set  a  razor. 

[This  very  common  Americanism  has  no  sanction 
in  English  usage.  There  is  a  use  of  the  word^x  as 
a  noun  for  *'  predicanu^t,"  as,  "  to  be  in  a  bad  fir," 
which  should  be  avoided  as  a  gross  vulgarism. — i;^.] 
FIX,  t).  i.  To  rest;  to  settle  or  remain  permaueutly ; 
to  cease  from  wandering. 

Your  klndnen  banlshn  joat  fear, 

Resolved  to^  forever  beru.  WaUer, 

3.  To  become  firm,  so  as  to  resist  volatilization. 
3.  To  cease  to  flow  or  be  fluid  ;  to  congeal ;  to  be- 
come hard  and  malleable,  as  a  metallic  substance. 

Bacon. 
To  fix  on-,  to  settle  the  opinion  or  resolution  on 
flJiy  thing;  to  determine  on.  The  contracting  par- 
ties have  fixed  oii  certain  leading  points.  The  It;gis- 
lature  jfxeti  on  VVetliersfield  as  the  place  fur  a  state 
prison. 
FIX'A-ltLEj  a.    That  may  be  fixed,  established,  or 

rrndvred  firm. 
FIX-a'I'IO.N,  fi.    The  act  of  fixing. 

3.  Stability;  firmness;  steadiness;  a  sta^e  of  be- 
ing established  ;  as,  fixation  in  matters  of  religion. 
Kins  Charles. 
3.  Residence  in  a  certain  place ;  or  a  place  of  resi- 
dence.    [Little  used.'] 

To  li^ht,  created  in  the  lint  day,  God  fare  no  certain  place  or 
jixaaun.  Ralegh. 

A.  That  firm  state  of  a  body  which  resists  evap- 
oration or  volatilization  by  heat;  as,  the  fixation  of 
gold  or  other  metals  Bacon.     Knctjc, 

5.  The  act  or  process  of  ceasing  to  be  fluid  and 
becoming  firm  ;  state  of  being  fixed.  QlanviUe. 

FIX' ED,  (likst,);?p.  or  a.  Settled  ;  established  ;  firm  ; 
fast  ;  stable. 

Fixed  air ;  an  invisible  and  permanently  elastic 
fluid,  heavier  than  common  air,  and  fatal  to  animal 
life,  produced  from  the  combustion  of  carbonaceous 
bodies,  as  wood  or  charcoal,  and  by  artificial  pro- 
cesses ;  called  also  aerial  acid,  cretaceous  acidy  and 
more  generally  carbonic  acid. 

Fixed  bodies,  are  those  which  can  not  be  volatilized 
or  separated  by  a  common  menstrutim,  without  great 
difficulty,  as  gold,  platinum,  lime,  &.c.         FrancU. 

Fixed  oils,  or  alkalies,  such  as  remain  in  a  permanent 
state,  and  are  not  readily  volatilized,  so  called  in  dia- 
tijiction  from  volatile  oils,  or  alkalies. 

Fixed  stars,  are  such   stars  as  always  retain  tbe 

same  apparent  position  and  distance  with  resi>ect  to 

each  otlier,  and  are  thus  distinjiuislied  from  planets 

and  comets,  which  are  revolving  bodies. 

FIX'ED-LY,  adv.    Firmly ;  in  a  settled  or  established 

manner;  steadfastly. 
FIX'ED-NESS,  n.    A  state  of  being  fixed  ;  stability  ; 
firmness ;  steadfastness ;  as,  a  fixedness  in  religion, 
or  politics ;  fixedness  of  opinion  on  any  subject. 

2.  1'he  state  of  a  body  which  resists  evaporation 
or  volatilization  by  heat ;  as,  the  fixedness  of  gold. 

3.  Firm  coherence  of  parts  ;  solidity.        Bcntley. 
FIX-ID'I-TY,  n.     Fixedness.     [JVot  used.]        Boyle. 
FIX'ING,  ppr.     Settling;  establishing. 
FIX'i-TY,  n.  .  Fixedness  ;    coherence   of  parts ;   that 

property  of  bodies  by  which  they  resist  dissipation 
by  heat.  A'ctcton. 

FIX'Tl^RE,  (fikst'yur,)  n.  That  which  is  fixed  or  at- 
tached to  something  as  a  permanent  appendage  ;  as, 
the  fixtures  of  a  pump;  the ^(urea  of  a  farm;  the 
fixtures  of  B  dwelling,  i.  e.,  the  articles  which  the 
tenant  cannot  legally  take  away,  when  he  removes 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  W^K.— 


FLA 

to  another  house.  This  is  a  modern  word,  though 
frequently  substituted  for  Fixuaji  in  new  editions  of 
old  Works.  Smart, 

FIX'l^RE,  n.  Position;  stable  pressure j  firmness. 
jjAUie  used.]  ShuJu 

F^'GIG,  n.    A  fish^^  ;  which  see. 

2.  A  gadding,  flirting  girl. 

3.  A  firework,  made  of  powder  rolled  up  in  a 
paper. 

FIZ'ZLE   (  *'  *■    '^°  mak«  a  hissing  sound. 

FLAB'UULV,  adv.     In  a  flabbv  manner. 

FLAB'BI-XESS,  n.  [See  Flabbt.]  A  soft,  flexible 
state  of  a  sub^itance,  which  renUtrs  it  easily  movable, 
and  yielding  to  pressure. 

FLAB'BV,  d.  [VV  lUif,  a  son,  lank,  limber  state; 
llibia,  flaccid,  lank  ;  Uipa,  flaccid,  lank,  flapping  ,■ 
lUpAu^  to  become  flabby,  to  droop ;  llipanu,  to  make 
glib  OT  smooth.  Flabby,  Jiap,  and  gUbj  appear  to  be 
from  the  same  root.] 

Soft;  yielding  to  the  touch,  and  easily  moved  or 
shaken ;  ea.sily  bent  ;  hanging  loose  by  its  own 
weight;  aSjfiabby  Aeah.  Swift. 

FLa'BKL,  n.     [L.JlabeUum.]     A  fan. 

FLA-BEL-'LATE,  a.     Having  the  form  of  a  fan- 

FLA-BEL'LI-FORM,  71.  [L.JIa*e//«?B,  a  little  fan, and 
/orm.) 

Having  the  form  of  a  fan  ;  fan-shaped.  Hltchtock. 

FLAe'CfO,  (flak'sid,)  a.  [L.  fiacddus,  from  fiacceo,,  to 
hang  down,  to /rt^ ;  t?p.  jLjxo  ,■  Port./roxo;  Ir.fiock; 
W.  UaCj  and  Uag^  slack,  sluggish,  tnx  ;  llaciaw^  to 
slacken, to  relax,  to  droop;  Uaca,3\op,  mud  ;  lUigiaut, 
to  flag,  to  lag,  to  skulk  ;  Ueigus,  flagging,  drooping, 
shiggi.sh,  slow.  We  see  th:>i  fiactid^fiag,,  slack,  slug- 
guhy  glote,  and  tag,  are  all  of  this  family.  See  Class 
lg,.N'o.  40,41,  42,  43.] 

&ol\  and  weak  ;  limber;  lax  ;  drooping  ;  hanging 
down  by  its  own  weight ;  yielding  to  pressure  for 
want  of  firmness  and  stilTness ;  asi,  n  flaccid  muscle  ; 
fatcid  flesh. 

FLACCID-LV,  adv.    In  a  flaccid  manner. 

FLAC'CID-NESS,  \  n.      Laxity  ;    liinlwmess  ;    waut 

FLAt^CID'I-Ty,    \     of  firmness  or  stiflnesji. 

Wtaenian. 

FLACK'ER,  B.  i.    To  flutter  as  a  bird.    \hocaU\ 

Orose. 

FLAG,  r.  i.  [W.  ItarHu,  or  VadatD,  to  relax,  to  droop ; 
U'gu,  to  flag  ;  L.  fl^tccto  :  Hp.  flaqutar  ;  Port,  fraqueiir, 
to  flag;  Ir.  Ug^  weak.  [.See  Flaccid.]  The  sense 
is,  primarily,  to  bend,  or  rathi'r  to  recede,  to  lag.] 

1.  To  hang  loose  without  stifl'ness  ;  to  bend  down, 
as  flexible  bodies  ;  to  be  loose  and  yielding  ;  ^s^  the 
flagging  sails.  Drydetu 

2.  To  grow  spiritless  or  dejpcted  ;  to  droop;  to 
grow  languid  ;  an,  the  spirits  flag. 

3.  To  grow  weak;  to  luiie  vigor ;  as,  tlie  strength 
fiag$, 

4.  To  become  dull  or  languid. 

The  ^Murea  of  ibo  lown  Lir^pn  toflag.  S/s\ft. 

FLAG,  V.  U  To  let  fall  into  feebleness  ;  to  suffer  to 
droop  i  as,  to  flag  the  wings.  Prior. 

FL.AG,  n.  [W.  tier  ;  Ir.  Uafff  u  broad,  flatstone  ;  allied, 
perhaps,  to  laij.] 

A  flat  Ktune  used  for  paving,  or  a  pavement  of  flat 
stones. 

FLAG,  V.  L    To  lay  with  flat  stones. 

The  tidf9  tad  Boor  were  ail  flagged  uitb  eiecllent  Rutrblv. 

^itdyt. 
FLAG,  n.     [W.  Waf ,  a  blade.] 

.^n  aquatic  plant,  with  a  bladed  leaf,  prnhably  an 
called  from  its  bending  ur  yielding  to  the  wind. 
FLAG,  n.      [G.  flagge ;    U.  rlag,  vlagge ;    linu.  flag  ; 
8w.  flagg;    allied,  proliably,  to  the  preceding  word, 
in  the  sense  of  brnding  or^preadinc] 

An  entign  or  colors  ;  a  cloth  on  which  are  usually 
painted  or  wrought  certain  figures,  and  borne  on  a 
Btafl*.  In  Vif  armif,  n  banner  by  wliich  one  regiment 
is  di<tingiiii4hed  fn>n)  another.  In  Vie  marine,  a  ban- 
ner or.Htand;ird  by  which  the  Khi|>s  of  one  nntinn  are 
dictinguii'hed  from  those  nf  another,  or  by  xvhich  an 
admiral  is  distinguished  from  other  shipsof  his  squad- 
ron. In  the  Britiifh  navy,  an  adniinil's  flag  i^  dis- 
played nt  the  main -top- gal  Uint-iiiaiit-head,  a  vice- 
admiral'a  at  the  fore -to|>- gallant- mast- head,  and  a 
rear  admiral's  at  the  mizzen-tup-galliiiit-ma»t-head. 

Til  strtke  or  lower  the  flag,  is  to  puH  it  down  upon 
the  cap,  in  k^iken  of  rcfjiect  or  submis.-tion.  To 
tuikr-  the  flag,  in  an  engagement,  is  the  sign  of  sur- 
rendering. 

To  hang  out  Oie  white  flag,  is  to  ask  quarter  :  or,  in 
some  cases,  to  nianifL-Kt  a  friendly  design.  1  he  red 
flag,  is  a  sign  of  defiance  or  battle. 

To  hang  the  flag  fiaJf  mmt  liigh,  is  a  token  or  signal 
of  mourning. 

Flag-oflicer  ;  the  commander  of  a  squadron. 

Flag-ahip  ;  the  ship  which  bears  the  commanding 
oflicer  of  a  squadron,  and  in  which  bis  flag  ia  di»- 
played. 

Flag-ttaffi  the  staff  that  elevates  the  flag. 

Encyc.     Mar,  Diet 
FLAG'BROOM,  n     A  broom  for  sweeping  flags. 

JuhnaoH, 
FI^G 'STONE,  n.    A  flat  stone  for  paremenL 


FLA 

FLAG'WOR.M,  (-wurm,j  n.  A  worm  or  grub  found 
among  flu^s  and  sedtfc.  fValtvn. 

A  httle  flute  ;   a  small  wind-instrument  of  music. 

More. 

FLA6'EL-LANT,  n.  [L.  flagellanSy  from  flageUo,  to 
flog.] 

One  who  whips  himself  in  religious  discipline. 
The  Flagellants  were  a  fanatical  sect  which  arose  in 
Italy  A.  D.  1260,  who  .maintained  that  flagellation 
was  of  equal  virtue  with  baptism  and  the  sacrament. 
They  walked  in  procession,  with  shoulders  bare,  and 
whipped  themselves  till  the  bkKMi  ran  down  their 
bodies,  to  obtain  the  mercy  of  God,  and  appease  his 
wr.ith  against  the  vices  of  jhe  age.  Encyc. 

FLAG'EL-LaTE, r. £.    To  whip;  to  scourge. 

FLAG-EL-LA'TIOX,  n.  [L.  Mgello,  to  beat  or  whip, 
to  flog,  from  flagelluvi,  n.  \\\\\\t,  scourge,  or  flail,  1). 
vlegel,  G.flegel,  Fr.  fiiau.     See  Flail  and   Flog.] 

A  beating  or  whipping;  a  flogging  ;  the  discipline 
of  the  !*courpe.  Oarth. 

FLAC'EO-LET,  (flaj'o-let,)  n.  [Fr.  flageolet,  from 
Li.  flatus,  by  corruption,  or  Gr.  7r\ayiav\os,  irXayioi, 
oblique,  and  ai',\  ■•.,  a  Hute.     Lunier.] 

A  small  wind-instrument  of  music,  with  a  mouth- 
piece at  one  end,  and  stops  tike  the  old  English  flute, 
sometimes  si^elled  flageteL  P.  Cyc 

FLAG'G^D,  (tlagd,)  pp.     Laid  with  flat  stones. 

FLAG'GI-NEdc!,  «.  Laxity;  limberaess;  want  of 
tension. 

FLAG'GIXG,  ppr.  OT  a.  Growing  weak;  drooping; 
laying  with  flat  stones. 

FLAG'GIN'G,  n.    The  act  of  laying  with  flagstones. 
2.  A  pavement  or  sidewalk  of  flagstones. 

FLAG'GV,  a.     Weak  ;  flexible  ;  limber ;  not  stifle 

jyrijden, 

2.  Weak  in  taste  ;  insipid  ;  as,  a  flaggy  apitic. 

3.  Abttimding  with  flags,  the  plant.  [Bacon. 
FLA-OI"TIOUS,  (rta-jish'iiH,)    a.       [L.  flagitium,   a 

scandalous    crime,    probably  from   the   root  of  fla- 
grant.] 

1.  Deeply  criminal ;  grossly  wicked  ;  villainous; 
atrocious ;  scandalous ;  as,  a  flagitious  action  or 
crime.  South. 

2.  Guilty  of  enormous  crimes ;  corrupt;  wicked; 
as,ajla/i(wuj.-  person.  Piype. 

3.  Marked  or  infrcted  with  scandalous  crimes  or 
vices  ;  as,  flagitious  times.  Pope, 

FLA-Gl"TIOCS-LY,  adv.  With  extreme  wicked- 
ness. 

FLA-Gl"TIOUS-NESS,  «.  Extreme  wickedness ;  vil- 
lainy. 

FLAG'OX,«.  [L.  lagena;  Gr.  Xa>ijroy;  It.eJagun; 
Fr.  flaeoH  ;  Sam.  Castel.  col.  3013.] 

A  vessel  with  a  narrow  mouth,  used  for  holding 
and  conveying  liquors. 

Stay  mr  with  flafor\$,  comfort  me  with  appW ;  Tor  I  un  nek 
wiih  love.  —  i^Mit,  ii. 

FLA'GRAN'CE,  n.    Notoriousness:  glaring  offense. 

Bp.  HalL 
FLA'GRAN'-CY,   n,     [See   FtAGRArtT.]      A  burning; 
great  heat;  inflammation.     [^Obs,] 

Lust  cauKth  ^flagranty  In  the  eyr*.  Bacon. 

S.  Excess ;    enormity ;    as,    the    flagraney    of   a 
crime. 
FLA'GRANT,  a.      [L.  flagrant,  from  flagro,  to  burn, 
Gr.  (fi^i)  (■>,  <ftXcyout.     In  D.  flakkcren  is  tu  blaze.] 
L  Burning;  ardent;  eager;  as, /a^ront  desires. 

Ifooker. 

2.  Glowing;  red;  flushed. 

Srte  Sappho  at  b-r  loiWi  gn*My  tusk, 

Ttafu  inauiuf  flagratU  u>  an  evcuiiig  muk.  Pope. 

3.  Red  ;  inflamed. 

Thp  beadle't  \-\ah  uiU  flagrant  on  their  back.  Prior. 

[The  /"regoing  sensea  are  unusual.] 

4.  Ftaiiiing  in  notice;  glaring;  notorious;  enor- 
mous ;  a.H,  a  flagrant  crime. 

FLA-aRA,VTE  BF.L'LO,  [L.]     The  war  raging. 
FlJi-OHA^CTF.  DF.-UCTO,  [U]     During  the  per- 

lieTratitiii  of  the  crime. 
FLA'GRANT-LY,  adv.     Ardently;  notoriously. 

H'arton* 
FLX'GRXTE,  r.  U     To  burn.    [Litae  used.] 

OreenhiO. 
FLA-GRA'TION,  b.    A  burning.    [Little  used.] 
FLAIL,)!.      [D.vtegfl;    G.flegcl;    h.  flngeUiim ;    Fr. 

flcau.     We  retain  the  originafverb  in  flog,  to  strike, 

to  lay  on,   L.  JIi^o,  whence  affiigo,  to  afilict;    Gr. 

irXrj}  'h  I"  P^itOt  1  stroke,  or  perhaps  from  the  sanic 

root  Jis  lick  and  lay.     See  Lick.] 
A  wooden    instrument  for  thrashing  or  beating 

grain  from  the  car  by  hand. 
FLAKE,  n.     [Sax.  flace  ;  D.  vlaak,  a  hurdle  for  wool ; 

r/oJt,  a  flock,  a  flake,  a  inft  ;    O.  flocke,  flage,  id.; 

Dan.  flok,  a  herd,  and  Uik,  a  lode  or  flock  of  woid  ;  L. 

flvecus ;    Gr.    ttX'ik'i,   irXoKOi ;    It.    flucco ;    Ir.  flocajf. 

Flake  and  fl/ick  are  doubtless  the  same  word,  varied 

in  orthography,  and   connected,   perhaps,   with  L. 

plico,  Gr.    irAtitM.    The  sense  is  a  complication,  a 

crowd,  or  a  lay.] 

2.  A  small  collectlnn  of  snow,  as  it  falls  from  the 

clouds  or  from  the  air;    a  litil«  bunch  or  cluster  of 

snowy  crystals,  such  as  fall  in  still,  moderate  weather. 

This  is  a  fl^dte,  lock,  or  flock  of  snow. 


FLA 


1 


2.  A  platform  of  hurdles,  or  small  sticks  made  fast 
or  interwoven,  supported  by  stanthimis,  on  which 
codfish  is  dried.  Massachusetts. 

3.  A  layer  or  stratum  ;  as,  a.^uA-c  of  flesh  or  laltow. 
Job  xli. 

4.  A  collection  or  little  particle  of  fire,  or  of  com- 
bustible matter  on  fire,  separated  and  flying  ofl*. 

5.  Any  scaly  matter  in  layers;  any  mass  cleaving 
oflT  in  scales. 

\lxiiiflaktt  of  Kurf.  ArLiiton. 

6.  A  sort  of  carnations  of  two  colors  only,  having 
large  stripes  going  through  tlie  leaves.  Encyc. 

White-flake,  in  painting.     See   Flakk-White. 

FLAKE,  r.  U     To  form  into  flakes.  Pupe. 

FLAKE,  r.  t.  To  break  or  separate  in  layers  ;  to  peel 
or  scale  off".     We  more  usually  say,  to  flake  ojf. 

FLAK'El),  (flakt.)  pp.     Formed  into  flakes. 

FLAKE-WHITE,  «.  A  name  often  given  to  the 
puret^t  white  lead.  Brande.     Ure, 

FLAK'I-NESS,  n.     The  state  of  being  flaky. 

FLaK'ING,  ppr.     Forming  into  flakes. 

FLaK'V,  a.  Consisting  of  flakes  or  locks;  consist- 
ing of  small,  loose  masses. 

2.  Lying  in  flakes;  consisting  of  layers,  or  cleav- 
ing oflT  in  layers. 

FLAM,  11.     [Ice.  flim ;  W.  Horn,  a  Icap.l 

A  freak  or  whim  ;  also,  a  falsehood  ;  a  lie  ;  an  il- 
lusory pretext ;  deception  ;  delusion. 

Uet  i tn mortal  izc it  And  conui^ned  over  n>  a  perpelua]  abiiie  and 
flam  upon  posterity.  Suuih. 

FLAM,  r.  t.    To  deceive  with  ftUsehood  ;  to  delude. 

South. 

FLAM'BEAU,  (flam'bo,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ^.imma, 
flame.] 

A  light  or  luminary  made  nf  thick  wicks  covered 
with  wax,  and  used  in  the  streets  at  night,  at  illumi- 
nations, and  in  processions.  Flambeaus  arc  made 
square,  and  usually  consist  of  four  wicks  or  branches, 
near  an  inch  thick,  and  about  three  feet  long,  com- 
posed of  coarse  hempen  yarn,  half  twisted.  Encijc. 

FLAME,  Ti,  [Ft.  flamme  ;  h^amma  ;  iLflammai  Sp. 
Uama  ;  D.  vlam  ;  G.  flamme.] 

1.  A  blaze;  burning  vapor  ;  vapor  in  combustion  ; 
or,  according  to  modern  chemistrj",  hj'drogeii,  or  any 
inflammable  gas,  in  a  i^tate  of  combustion,  and  natu- 
rally ascending  in  a  stream  from  burning  bodies, 
being  specifically  lighter  than  common  air. 

Aluminous  fl'uid  proceeding  from  burning  bodies, 
and  from  the  combustion  of  tlieir  volatile  particles. 
DicL  A'af,  Ifii'U 
9.  Fire  in  general.  Cotrley. 

3.  Heat  of  passion  ;  tumult;  combustion  ;  blaze  ; 
violent  contention.  One  jealous,  tattling  mischief- 
maker  will  set  a  whole  village  in  a  flame. 

4.  Ardor  of  temper  or  imagination  ;  brightness  of 
fancy  ;  vigor  of  thought. 

Gmftt  ur?  iheir  faulu,  and  gloiiom  !■  their^nw.  Waller. 

5.  Ardor  of  inclination  ;  warmth  of  affection. 

Sniit  with  Ih-  love  of  kindred  Rrl»  we  eamn, 

And  met  con^iutil,  iniiigliug/Iafnc  witiiflaine.  Pcpe. 

6.  The  passion  of  love  ;  ardent  love. 

M;  Iteatl'i  on/anr<.  Coielti^, 

7.  Rage  ;  violence  ;  as,  the  flames  nf  war. 

8.  One  beloved  ;  as,  she  wjis  my  first  flame. 
FLAME,  r.  t.     To  jnflanie  ;  to  excite.  Spensn-. 
FLAME,  V.  i.    To  blaze  ;  to  bum  In  vapor,  or  in  a  cur- 
rent :  to  burn  as  gas  emitted  from  bodies  in  combus- 

2.  To  fhiue  like  huruing  gait.  [lion. 

\n  flaming  yellow  bri^lit.  Prior. 

3.  To  break  out  in  violence  of  passion.     Beaum. 
FLAME'COL-OIt,  (kul  lur,)  n.    Bright  color,  as  that 

of  flame.  B  Jonson. 

FLAME'€0L-OR.ED,  (kul-Iiird,)  a.  Of  the  color  of 
flame  ;  of  a  !)ri2ht  yellow  coU»r.  SkaJi. 

FLAME'E?-^D,  (Ide,)  a.     Having  eyes  like  a  fliiine. 

FLAME'LEr*S,  a.  Destitute  of  flame;  without  in- 
cense. 

FLA'MEN,  w.  [I,.]  In  ancient  Rome,  a  priest  de- 
voted to  a  particittnr  god.  Originally  there  were 
three  priests  so  called  ;  the  Flamen  Dial'is^  conse- 
crated to  Jupiter  ;  Flamen  Martinlis,  sacred  to  .Mars  ; 
and  Flamen  QuirinoUs,  who  superintended  the  rites  of 
Quirlnu^or  Romulus. 
2.  A  priest.  Pope. 

FLAM'IN*;,  ppr.     Burning  in  flame. 

2.  a.  Bri^'ht  red.  Also,  violent ;  vehement ;  as,  a 
flaming  hriraiiguc. 

FLAM'ING,  n.     A  bursting  out  in  a  flame. 

FLAM'INt;-LY,  adv.  Most  brightly  ;  with  great  show 
or  velu'iiieuce. 

FLA-MIN"GO,  iu  [Sp.  and  Port,  flammeo^  from  L. 
flamma,  flame.] 

One  of  a  verypeculiar  genus  of  birds  called  by  nntu- 
ralii^ta  Phreiiicopterus.  The  beak  is  naked,  toothed, 
and  bent  as  if  broken  ;  the  neck  and  legs  are  very 
long  ;  the  feet  have  tlie  three  front  toes  p« mated  to 
the  end,  and  the  hind  one  extremely  short.  When 
in  full  plumage,  they  are  almost  entirely  red.  except 
the  quill  feathers.  They  are,  generally  spo.  king, 
birds  of  warm  climates  and  rich  places.     Partin/ton. 

PLA-.MI\'ie-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  Roman  flam.  n. 

Miltiin. 


rC.VE,  BJjLL,  KXITE.  — AN"GEa,  Vl"CIOUS C  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


FLA 

FLAM-MA  BLL'I-TY,  n.  The  qimlily  of  admiliing  tu 
be  act  un  fire,  or  enkindled  into  a  tlaine  or  bUze  ;  In- 
flaminntiititv.  Bn>inu 

FLAM'MA-U'LE,  a.    Capable  of  being  cnkindWd  into 

flanie. 
FLAM-MA'TION,  «.    The  act  of  setting  on  flame. 

Bromt. 
[The  three  last  words  are  little  used.     Instead  of 
tbeiit   are  used    the  compouuda  iNri-AUMAbLE,  Ix- 

rLAMVABIIlTT,  I^crLAMM^TIO!!.] 

FLAM'M&OUS,  a.    Consisting  of  flame  ;  like  flame. 


rLAM-MlF'EK-OCS,«.  [L.JIdJ«««and/rr»,tobring.] 

ProdticinK  tiame. 
FLAM-MIV'O-MOUS,  «.     [L.  jUmmm  and  »•••,  to 
vomit.] 
Vomiting  flamea,  as  a  volcano. 
FLXM'Y,  A.    [from  jUai«.]     Biasing;  burning;  as, 
JUmy  breath.  Si<!ney. 

±  Having  the  nature  of  flame ;  as,  Jtamy  matter. 

Baeun. 
3.  Having  the  color  of  flame-  Her^crU 

FLXNCII,  M.     In    nccAaxuM,   the    part  of  a   piece 

screwed  to  something  else. 
FLAN<«£.  n.    [On.  jiajj:,  or  Fr.  fmnge^  fringe,  or  Gr. 

A  raised  or  projecting  edge  or  rib  on  the  rtni  of  a 
wheel,  and  abo  on  the  nJXA  of  a  certain  kind  of  rail- 
way ;  used  in  sucAurry,  to  keep  the  bond  from  s)i[f- 
ping  oflT,  and  Co  pivvent  cars  from  running  otf  the 
rails. 
FI«ANK,  a.  [  Fr.  pate :  Sp.  and  Port.  jloaM ;  It.  JUaua ; 
G. jUjube  ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  jCaJiik ;  Gr.  Xaytov  ;  probably 
connected  with  laidt^  \V.  Uae,  Eng.jta^,  Gr.  ^a^aovg, 
and  BO  called  from  ita  laxity,  or  from  breudth.] 

1.  The  fleshy  or  muscular  part  of  the  side  of  an 
aniouU,  between  the  ribs  and  the  hip.    Hence, 

3.  The  side  of  an  army,  or  of  any  division  of  an 
anny,  as  of  a  brigade,  regiment,  or  battalion ;  the 
extreme  right  or  leO.  To  attack  an  enemy  m  Mnk, 
is  to  attack  them  on  the  side. 

3.  In  frrtificAULony  that  part  of  a  bastion  which 
reaches  from  the  curtain  to  the  face,  and  defends 
the  opposite  face,  the  flank,  and  the  curtain  ;  or  it  is 
a  line  drawn  from  the  extremity  of  the  face  toward 
the  mside  of  the  work.  Brande. 

4.  In  areJut£€ture,the  side  of  any  building.  Brumde, 
FI«AXK,  c.  L     [Fr.  JUmpur;  Sp.  jUa^nnzr.] 

1.  To  attack  the  side  or  flank  of  an  nrmy  or  body 
of  troops  :  or  to  place  troops  so  as  to  command  or  at- 
tack the  flank. 

9.  To  post  so  as  to  overlook  or  command  on  tlw 
side  ;  aa,  to  JUmk  a  passage.  Ihyde". 

X  To  secure  or  guard  on  the  side ;  a«,.^AaA«d  with 
roflu.  Drydeiu 

4.  To  turn  the  flank  ;  to  pass  round  the  aide. 
FLA.SK,  r.  L    To  border ;  to  touch.  ButUr, 

5.  To  be  posted  on  the  side. 

FLA\K'£.'D,  (tiankt,)  pp.    Attacked  on  the  side  ;  cov- 
ered or  commanded  on  the  Ilank. 
n^AXK'EB,  ».      A  fortiticaiion   projecting  so  as  to 
command  Uie  side  of  an  assailing  body. 

KnoiU.*,     Fairfax. 
FL.\NK'£R,  r.  L    To  defend  by  laltiral  fortifications. 

Hrrbrrt 

2.  To  attack  sideways.  F-cciifn. 
FLA.\K'ER-i:D,  pp.    Attacked  on  the  side  ;  defended 

by  lateral  works. 

FI*ANK'ER-I\G,  ppr.  Defenduig  by  lateral  works; 
attacking  sideways. 

FLANK'IA'G,  ppr.  Turning  the  flank;  attacking  on 
the  side,  or  commanding  on  the  flank. 

FLAN'NEL,  a.     [Fr.  JLiKflle:  D.  and  Dan.  JUnd;  G. 
JUmell:  \V.  gieUuten,  from   nir/an,  wool,  L.  /ana,  Fr. 
laiiu,  Ir.  tffajui.  Arm.  ^loan.\ 
A  soft,  na^^,  woolt^n  cloth,  of  loose  texture. 

FLAN'XEL-£D,  a.    Cover€«l  or  wrapped  in  flannel. 

FL.\P,  R.  [G.  lappeH  and  klappe ;  D.  lap  or  klap ;  Sw. 
lUa^  or  Cif^;  Dan.  klap  or  lap;  Sax.  lirppa,  a  tap: 
W.  Uaiy  a  stroke,  a  whippinz  ;  Uahiate^  to  slap  ;  L. 
alsfo,  a  slap.  There  is  a  numerous  family  of  words 
in  Lb,  which  spring  from  striking  with  someihine 
broad,  or  from  a  noun  denoting  sumething  flat  and 
tamsd.     It  seems  difficult  to  sejtarate  ftup  from  clap^ 

1.  Any  thing  bnmd  aiui  luubcr  that  bangs  loose,  or 
Is  easily  moved. 

A  caRilKetao«Jbtp  as  tfafl  opeoiBg  at  the  laTynz.        Brmen. 

We  say,  the  j^p  of  a  garment,  the  JLip  of  the  car, 
the  J^  of  a  bat. 

2.  The  motion  of  any  thing  broad  and  loose,  or  a 
stroke  with  it. 

3.  That  part  of  the  coat  behind  from  the  hips 
downward. 

4.  The  Jtops;  a  disease  in  the  lips  of  hontes. 
FL.\P,  V.  t.     To  beat  with  a  flap,        [Farrier'^  DieL 

Vet  I?t  laefAp  Uiii  bug  wnh  ^ded  wingi.  Pope. 

2.  To  move  someUiing  bread ;  as,  to  fiap  the 
wings. 

3.  To  let  fall,  as  the  brim  of  a  hat.  fTbls  sense 
seems  to  indicate  a  connection  with  lap.] 

FLAP,  r.  i.  To  move  as  wings,  or  as  something  broad 
or  loose. 


FLA 

"i.  To  fall,  as  ttie  brim  of  a  hat,  or  other  broad 
thing. 
FLAP'DRAG-OX,  n.    A  play  in  which  they  catch  rai- 
sins out  of  burning  brandy,  and,  extinguishing  them 
by  clo^in^  the  month,  eat  them. 
9.  The  thing  thus  caueht  and  eaten.  Johnson. 

FLAP'DKAG-O.V,  r.  t.  To  swallow  or  devour.  Shak. 
FLAP'EAR-O),  a.  Having  broad,  loose  ears.  Shak. 
FLAP'JACK,  II.    A  sort  of  broad  pancake.    Also,  an 

ap[)le-iMitT.  Shak.     Smart, 

FLAl"MOUTH-£D,  a.    Having  loose,  hanging  lips. 

Shak. 
FLAP'PED,  (tlapt,)  pp.  or  a.    Struck  with  something 
brttad  ;  let  down  ;  having  the  brim  fallen,  as  ixfiapptd 
FLAP'PER.  n.    He  or  that  which  flaps.  [hut. 

KLAP'PING,  ppr.  or  a.  Striking;  beating;  moving 
sor.iciJiing  bri»ad  ;  ^f^fiapping  wings  ;  the  ducks  run 
jIa/iviRf  and  fluttering.  VBstraHgr. 

FL.XkE,  V.  L  [If  this  word  is  not  contracted,  it  may 
be  allied  to  eUar^  giorty  ffforyi  Ij-  Jtoreo^  Eng.  Jloor^ 
the  primary  sense  of  which  is  to  open,  to  spreod, 
from  parting,  departing,  or  driving  apart.  But  in 
Norm.  JUthr  is  to  blow,  and  possibly  it  may  be  from 
L.  jlo,  or  It  may  be  contracted  from  G.  ftackem.] 

1.  To  waver  ;  to  flutter;  to  burn  with  an  unsteady 
light ;  as,  the  candle /ares,  that  i»,  the  light  wanders 
from  its  natural  course. 

*2.  To  fluKer  with  splendid  show  ;  to  be  loose  and 
waving,  as  a  showy  thing. 

With  ribtxMM  peadMatJIanng  1»ut  her  beiwL  Shak. 

3.  To  glitter  with  transient  luster. 

But  apeech  »lona 
Doth  vftoUi  liVe  Ajlaring  tltUig.  Btrbtrt. 

A.  To  glitter  with  painful  splendor. 

When  the  aun  begius  to  fitug 
Hit  JUtring  beunt.  hIiUon, 

5,  To  be  exposed  to  too  much  light 

I  can  Dot  aUjr 
Flaring  Id  Mntdune  all  the  daf.     [Q,uO  Prior. 

6.  To  open  or  spread  outward. 

FLXRE,  m.    An  unsteady,  broad,  offensive  light. 

SinarU 
FLXR'I  \G,  ppr.  or  a.    Burning  with  a  wavering  light ; 
fluttering  ;  glittering ;  showy. 

^  Opening ;  widening  outward  ;  as,  a  fiaring 
fireplace. 
FLAR'LNG-LY,  ado.  Flutleringlv  ;  showily. 
FLASH,  n.  [Ir.  lasair^  lasrach,  a  Hame,  n  flash  ;  lasadk, 
tasaimy  to  bum,  to  kindle  ;  Uos,  light ;  Uosam,  to  give 
light ;  altw,  loisgimy  Icsgadh^  to  bum  ;  loisi,  flame  ; 
Iton.  /yx,  light;  /yjer,  to  shine,  to  fflistn  or  frlutcr; 
Sw.  Uu^,  lysa,  id.  du.  G.  blitz,  a  glance ;  blUien,  to 
lighten,  tojftuA  ;  Russ.  bUsk,  bleschu,  id.  There  is  a 
numertius  class  of  words  in  Ls,  with  different  pre- 
fixes, that  denote  to  skine^  to  throw  light,  as  gloss^ 
Class,  giistfJt,  blush,  Jtusky  fiash,  luster,  &.c.  ;  but  per- 
aps  they  are  nut  all  of  one  family.  The  Welsh  has 
llatJtrUy  to  make  smooth  and  glossy,  to  polish,  to 
glitter  ;  Uetkrid,  a  gleam,  a  flash.  Bee  Class  Ld,  No. 
5,  and  Ls,  No.  25,  and  see  Flush.] 

1.  A  sudden  btirst  of  light ;  a  flood  of  light  instan- 
taneously appearing  and  disappearing;  oh,  a  flask  of 
lightning. 

3.  A  sudden  burst  of  flame  and  light;  an  instan 
taneous  blaze  ;  as,  the  flash  of  a  gun. 

3.  A  sudden  burst,  as  of  wit  or  merriment ;  as,  a 
flask  of  wit ;  a  flash  of  joy  or  mirth. 

Bia  coTTipauiotis   rccoltect   no   ioatAiice  of   prcniaiure  «'il,   no 
aUiUii^  seDtiment,  do  j!d«A  of  fajicj.  Wirt. 

4.  A  short,  transient  state. 

The  Persiana  ajwl  M.-tccdoniaus  had  il  for  tiflaeh.  Bacon. 

5.  A  body  of  water  driven  by  violence.     [Local.] 

Frgge. 

6.  A  little  pool.     Qu.  plasK     [LocaW] 

FLASH,  n.  The  slang  language  of  thieves,  robbers, 
&c.  Grose. 

FLASH'-HOUSE,  71.  A  place  where  thieves  and 
robbers.  Ate,  resort  and  de[H>8it  their  plunder.  Orose. 

FLASH,  r.  i.  To  break  forth,  as  a  sudden  flood  of 
light ;  to  burst  or  open  instantly  on  the  sight,  as 
splendor.  It  differs  from  glittery  fflistciiy  and  gleam, 
in  denoting  a  flood  or  wide  extent  of  light.  The 
latter  words  may  express  the  issuing  of  light  from  a 
small  object,  or  from  a  pencil  of  rays.  A  diamond 
may  glitter  or  glisten^  but  it  does  not  flash.  Flash 
differs  from  other  words,  also,  in  denoting  suddenness 
of  appearance  and  disappearance. 

2.  To  burst  or  break  forth  with  a  flood  of  flame 
and  light;  as,  the  powder ^-(Aed  in  the  pan.  Flash- 
ing differs  from  exploding  or  displodingy  in  not  being 
accompanied  with  a  loud  report. 

3.  To  burst  out  into  any  kind  of  violence. 


ETcry  hour 
HnfloMKet  mto  oae  ^roai  criine  or  other. 


Shak, 


4.  To  break  out,  as  a  sudden  expression  of  wit, 
merriment,  or  bright  thought.  FeUon. 

FLASH,  0.  U    To  strike  up  a  body  of  water  from  the 
surface.  Careie. 

He  TKviKly  flaahtd  Uie  wavea.  Spenter. 

[fn  this  sense  I  believe  this  vsord  is  not  used  in 
America.  ] 


FLA 

2.  To  strike  or  to  throw  like  a  burst  of  liglit ;  as, 
to  flash  conviction  on  the  mind. 

FLASH'ER,  >i.  a  man  of  more  appearance  of  wit 
than  reality.  DicL 

2.  A  rower.     [JVot  in  use,] 

FLASH'I-LY,  aWp.  With  empty  show;  with  a  sud- 
den glare  ;  without  solidity  of  wit  or  thought. 

FLASII'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Bursting  forth  as  a  flood  of 
liclit,  or  of  liame  and  liEht,  or  as  wit,  mirth,  or  joy. 

FLAairiNG,  n.     [Probably  from  Fr.  plague  or  flas^ur.'] 

In  architecture,  a  term  applied  to  pieces  of  lead,  or 

other  metal,  Ift  into  the  joints  of  a  wall,  so  as  to  lap 

over  the  gutters  and  prL'veut  the  plashing  of  rain  on 

the  interior  works.  Otrilt. 

FLASH'V,  a.  Showy,  but  empty  ;  da/.zling  for  a  mo- 
ment, but  not  solid  ;  as,  flashy  wit. 

2.  Showy;  gay;  as,  a  ^<MAy  dresa. 

3.  Insipid;  vajiid  ;  without  taste  or  spirit ;  as,  food 
or  drink. 

4.  Washy  ;  plashy.    [See  Plash.] 

FLXSK,  n.     [G.  flasehe:  i^w.'flaska:  Dan.  flaskr ;  D. 
flfs,flesch;  i^nx.flaxa;  Sp. and  Port. /ra^co;  It. flascoy 
vrfla.sco:  VV./a.fjtr,  a  basket.] 
i.  A  kind  of  bottle  ;  as,  a  flask  of  wine  or  oil. 

2,  A  vessel  for  powder. 

3.  A  bed  in  a  gun-csirriagc.  Bailty. 
FLASK'KT,  n.    A  vessel  in  which  viands  are  served 

up.  Pope.     Ray. 

2.  A  long,  shallow  basket.  Spenser. 

FLAT,  a.  [D.  plat:  G.  platl;  Dan.  fiadj  Sw.  fiat-, 
Yi.  plat ;  Arm.  bJad,  or  pladt ;  It.  puiUo ;  from  extend- 
ing or  laying.  Allied,  probably,  to  W.  Uc:,  UC'd,  Uyd} 
L.  latiu'i,  broad  ;  Gr.  irAaru;  ;  P'ng.  Hade.] 

1.  Having  an  even  surface,  without  risings  or  in- 
dentures, hills  or  valleys  ;  as,  flat  land. 

2.  Horizontal;  level  without  inclination;  as,  aJlaC 
roof;  or  with  a  moderate  inclination  or  slope  ;  forwe 
often  apply  the  word  to  the  roof  of  a  house  that  is 
not  steep,  though  inclined. 

3.  Prostrate;  lying  the  whole  length  on  the  ground. 
He  fell  or  lay  jlat  on  the  ground. 

4.  Not  elevated  or  erect ;  fallen. 

Cf^ap  to  fulniire,  ani]  beauty's  plumea 
Fall  flat.  Milton. 

5.  Level  with  the  ground ;  totally  fallen. 

Whnl  niina  kitigcioma,  aild  lay*  citipajlaf?  Millon, 

C.  In  paiiitingy  wanting  relief  or  prominence  of 
the  figures. 

7.  I'asteless  ;  stale  ;  vapid  ;  insipid  ;  dead  ;  as, 
fruit  flat  to  the  taste.  Philips. 

8.  Dull ;  unanimated  ;  frigid  ;  without  point  or 
ppirit ;  applied  to  discourses  and  compositions.  The 
Berinoii  was  very^i. 

!).  Depressed  ;  spiritless  ;  d'^jecled. 

I  fc;l  —  my  hop.-«  Mjiat.  Milton. 

10.  Unpleaaing;  not  affording  gratification.  How 
flat  and  insi|)id  ore  all  the  pleasures  of  this  life  ! 

11.  Peremptory  ;  absolute  ;  [Ktsitive  ;  downright. 
He  gave  the  petitioner  aflat  denial. 

Thna  r^pulaed,  our  final  hope 
la  JlaC  dcApaii.  MUtOn, 

12.  Not  sharp  or  shrill ;  not  acute ;  as,  a  flat  Bound. 

Bacon. 

13.  Low,  as  the  prices  of  goods ;  or  dull,  as  sales. 
FLAT,  71.     A  level  or  extended  plain.     In  America^  it 

is  applied  particularly  to  low  ground  or  meadow  that 
is  level ;  but  it  denotes  any  land  of  even  surface  and 
of  some  extent. 

2.  A  level  ground  lying  at  a  small  depth  under  the 
surface  of  water  ;  a  shoal ;  a  shallow  ;  a  strand  ;  a 
Band  bank  under  water. 

3.  The  broad  side  of  a  blade.  Dryden, 

4.  Depression  of  thought  or  language.      Dryden. 

5.  A  surface  without  relief  or  prominences. 

Bentley. 

6.  In  music,  a  mark  of  depression  in  sound  ;  thus, 
[[).]  A  flat  denotes  a  fall  or  depression  of  half  a 
lone. 

7.  A  boat,  broad  and  flat-bottomed.  A  flat-bottomed 
boat  is  constructed  for  conveying  passengers  or 
troops,  horses,  carriages,  and  baggage. 

8.  A  hat  made  of  straw  braid,  with  a  low  crown 
and  broad  brim. 

9.  A  story  or  loft  in  a  building.     [Scottish.] 

10.  One  who  is  easily  duped;  op^wsed  to  one  who 
is  sharp,     [yulgar.]  Rich.  DicL 

FLAT,  V.  t.     [Vr.pitir,  applatir.] 

1.  To  level ;  to  depress ;  to  lay  smooth  or  even  ;  to 
make  broad  and  smooth  ;  to  flatten.  Bacon. 

2.  To  make  vapid  or  tasteless.  Bacon. 

3.  To  make  dull  or  unanimated. 

FLAT,  r.  i     To  grow  flat ;  to  fall  to  an  even  surface. 

Temple. 

2.  To  become  insipid,.or  dull  and  unanimated. 

King  Charlfs, 

3.  In  music,  to  depress  the  voice  ;  to  render  a  sound 
less  sharp. 

FLAT'-BOT-TOM-Ji:D,  a.  Having  a  flat  bottom,  as  a 
boat,  or  a  moat  in  fortification. 

FLAT'-FISH,  71.  A  name  sometimes  applied  in  com- 
mon to  those  fishes  which  have  the  body  of  a  flattened 
fomi,  swim  on  the  side,  and  have  both  eyes  on  one 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MAIttNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


FLA 

side,  embracing  sucii  as  the  tloumler,  turbot,  hali- 
but, and  si)Ie.  It  is  particulnrly  applied,  in  and  near 
New  York,  to  a  small,  sall-wal'or  fish  of  the  flounder 
kind,  the  Platessa  plana  of  Mitchell,  which  is  es- 
teemed excellent  food. 

Partington.     Storrr^s  Mass.  Rep. 
FLAT'-I-RON,  M-urn,)  n.    An  iron  for  Bmoothine 

cloth. 
FLA'TIVE,  a.     [L.^(«*,  from  JU>,  to  blow.] 
Producing  wmd  ;   flaluleut.     [Aoi  in  use.] 

Brewer. 
FLAT'LOXG,  ado.    With  the  flat  side  downward  j 

not  edgewise.  Shak. 

Fl^AT'LV,  odp.      Horizontally;  without  inclination. 

2.  Evenly  ;  without  elevations  and  depressions. 

3.  Without  spirit ;  dully;  frigidly. 

4.  Peremptorily  ;  positively ;  downright. 

Hijtatly  refused  hi*  aid.  Sidney. 

FLAT'\ES3,  M.  Evenness  of  surface ;  levelness ; 
equality  of  surface.  . 

2.  Want  of  reliefer  prominence ;  as,  the  fiatness 
■  of  a  figure  in  sculpture.  Addison. 

3.  Deadness ;  vapidness ;  insipidity  ;  as,  the  fit- 
ness of  cider  or  beer.  Mortimer. 

4.  Dejection  of  fortune  ;  low  state. 

Tiicjialneta  of  my  mi»i;ry.  Shak. 

5.  Dejection  of  mind  ;  a  low  state  of  the  spirits; 
depression  ;  want  of  life.  Collier. 

6.  Dullness;  want  of  point ;  insipidity;   frigidity. 
Some  ot  HoinT'i  tiaruUton   harn  swelled  into  rtutinn,   utd 

otjien  lucik  '\aio  jUUMMt,  Pope. 

7.  Gravity  of  sound,  as  opposed  to  sharpness, 
acuteness,  ur  shrillness. 

FialnMMM  at  sound  — Joined  with  k  li&nhiicn.  Baco(*. 

FL.\T'-NOa-£D,  (nozd,)  a..  Having  a  fiat  nose. 

Burton. 
FLAT'-ROOF-£D,  f-rooft  )  o.    Having  a  flat  roof. 
FLAT'TED,  pp.      Made  flat ;    rendered  even  on  the 

surface  ;  also,  rendered  vapid  or  in-sipid. 
FLAT'TEN,  (tlat'n,)  v.  L     [Fr.  Jtatir,  from  Jlat] 

1.  To  make  flat ;  to  reduce  to  an  equal  or  even  sur- 
face ;  to  level. 

2.  To  beat  down  to  the  ground  ;  to  lay  flat, 

Mortimer. 

3.  To  make  vapid  or  insipid  ;  !o  render  stale. 

4.  To  depress  ;  to  deject,  as  the  spirits  ;  to  dispirit. 

5.  In  music,  to  depress,  as  the  voice ;  to  render 
less  acute  oi  sharp. 

To  fictten  a  sail,  in  marine  tanir^ua^e,  to  extend  a 
•ail  lengthwise  of  the  vessel,  so  that  iu  eflect  is  only 
lateraj  Brande. 

FLAT'T£\,  (flat'n,)  v.  u  To  grow  or  become  even 
on  the  surface. 

2.  To  become  dead,  stale,  vapid,  or  tasteless. 

3.  To  become  dull  or  spiritless. 

4.  In  musiCf  to  depress  the  voice ;  to  render  a  sound 
leas  sharp. 

FLAT' T£N-£:D,  (flat'nd.)  pp  or  a.    Made  flat. 

FLAT'T£N-I\G,  opr.    Making  flat. 

FLA T'TER,  n.  The  person  or  thing  by  which  any 
thing  is  flattened. 

FLAT'TER,  r.  L  [Fr.  Jlatier;  D.  vUijen;  Tent. 
fieUen;  Ice.  Jladra;  Van.  JlaUrrrr.  In  (r.  bladaire^ 
is  a  flatterer;  iteid,  a,  wheedling;  blaith  is  plain, 
smooth  ;  and  blath  is  praise.  FUxtter  may  be  from  the 
root  of  jiflf,  that  is,  to  make  smooth,  to  appea--ie,  to 
soothe  ;  but  the  Ir.  blath  would  seem  to  be  connected 
with  L.  plaudo.  Perhaps  fiat  and  pluudu  are  from 
one  root,  the  radical  sense  of  which  mutjt  be,  to  ex- 
tend, strain,  stretch.] 

1.  To  soothe  by  praise;  to  gratify  self-love  by 
praise  or  obsequiousness  ;  to  please  u  [wrson  by  ap- 
plause or  favorable  notice,  by  ri-s[HTtl'iil  atientitm,  or 
by  any  thing  that  exalts  him  in  his  own  cntimalion, 
or  confirms  his  gix>d  opinion  of  himself.  We  filter 
a  woman  when  we  praise  her  children. 


Sl  To  please;  to  gratify  ;  as,  to  Jitter  one's  vanity 
or  pride. 

3.  To  praise  falsely  ;  to  encourage  by  favorable 
notice;  as,  to  flatter  vices  or  'rimes. 

4.  To  encourage  by  favorable  representations  or  in- 
dications ;  as,  to  flaUer  hopcM.  We  are  fiattered  with 
the  prospect  of  peace. 

5.  To  raise  false  hopes  by  repnisen  tat  ions  not  well 
founded  ;  as,  to  fiatttr  one  with  a  prospect  of  sue- 
tcfk%  ;  xafiatur  a  patient  with  the  expectation  of  re- 
coveiy,  when  his  case  is  desperate. 

6.  To  please  ;  to  soothe. 

A  concert  of  rolees  —  maJie*  a  harmony  thul  Jtatttrt  thn  rara. 

I>ryfUn. 

7.  To  wheedle ;  to  coax ;  to  attempt  to  win  by 
blandishments,  praise,  or  enticements.  How  many 
young  and  credulous  persons  are  fiattered  out  of 
ilK-ir  innocence  and  their  property,  by  seducing  arts  I 

FL AT'TER-KD,  pp.  Hootlied  by  praise;  pleaiied  by 
f'Tnimfnitation  ;  gratifled  with  ho|tcs,  false  or  well 
fi.iiml»-d  ;  wheedled. 

FL\T'TER-ER,  n.  One  who  flatter* ;  a  fawner  ;  a 
wh-edler;  one  who  praises  another  with  a  view  to 


FLA 


FLE 


please  him,  to  gain  his  favor,  or  to  accomplish  some 
purpose. 

Whrn  I  f  II  him  he  half^/iKerert, 
He  says  he  does  ;  being  ilien  most  flattcirtl.  Shak. 

The  most  abject ^latifT  rr«  de^uerate  into  the  gn«te«t  trmnta. 

Addiaon. 
FLAT'TER-tNG,  ppr.    Gratifying  with  praise ;  pleas- 
ing by  applause  ;  wheedling;  coaxing. 

2.  o.  Pleasing  to  pride  or  vanity  ;  gratifying  to 
self-love ;  as,  a  fijittering  eulogy.  The  minister 
gives  a  fiattering  account  of  his  reception  at  court. 

3.  Pleasing;  favorable;  encouraging  hope.  We 
have  a  fiattering  prospect  of  an  abundant  harvest. 
The  symptoms  of  the  disease  are  flattering. 

4.  Practicing  adulation  ;  uttering  false  praise;  as, 
a  flAtterinir  tongue. 

FLAT'TER-ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  flattering  manner; 
in  a  manner  to  flatter. 
2.  In  a  manner  to  favor ;  with  partiality. 

_  Cumberland. 

FLAT'TER- Y,  n.     [Yt.  fiatterie.} 

\.  Falseprai.se;  commendation  bestowed  for  the 
piirpose  of  gaining  favor  and  Influence,  or  to  accom- 
plish some  purpose.  Direct  flMtery  consists  in  prais- 
ing a  person  himself;  indirect  jJottfri/  consists  in 
praising  a  person  through  his  works  or  his  connec- 
tions. 

Simple  priile  for  flattery  makes  demamis.  Pope. 

Just  pniise  is  only  a.  d-.-bi,  bmJlaUery  iu  &  pp.>scnt.       Rambler. 

2.  Adulation  ;  obsequiousness  ;  wheedling.   Rome. 

3.  Just  coinmendatioM  which  gnUifics  self-love. 
FLAT'TIXG,  n.     A  mode  of  painting,  in  which  the 

paint,  being  mixed  with  turpentine,  leaves  the  work 
flat^  or  without  gloss.  Brande. 

2.  A  method  of  preserving  gilding  unburnished,  by 
touching  it  with  size.  Knowles. 

FLAT'TISH,  a.  [fromjiat.]  Somewhat  flat;  ap- 
proaching to  flatness.  fVbodtcard. 

FLAT'lJ-LEN'CE.    ( u.     [See    Flatule:.t.]     Windi- 

FLAT'TJ-LEN-CY,  (  ness  in  the  stomach  ;  air  gen- 
erated in  a  weak  stomach  and  intestines  by  impcriect 
digestion,  occasioning  distention,  uneasiness,  pain, 
and  often  belchings.  Encyc, 

2.  Airness;  emptiness;  vanity.  Olanville. 

FLAT'l^-LENT,  a.  [\^  fiatulentus^  fiatus^  from  Jlo, 
to  blow.] 

1.  Windy  ;  nflected  with  air  generated  in  the 
stomach  and  intei^tines. 

2.  Turgid  with  air  ;  windy  ;  as,  a  fl^ulcnt  tumor. 

Q_uincy. 

3.  Generating,  or  apt  to  generate  wind  in  the  stom- 
ach.    Pea.H  are  a  flatatrnt  vegetable.  ArbutAnot. 

4.  Empty;  vain;  big  without  substance  or  reality  ; 
puff"y  ;  as,  a  flatulent  writer ;  flatulent  vanity. 

Orijden.     Olanville. 
FLAT'l^-LEXT-LY,  ado.     In  a  windy  manner  ;  emp- 
tily. 
FLAT-U-OS'I-TY,  n.    Windincss ;    fullness  of  air; 

flatulence.     [JVot  used.]  Bacon, 

FLAT'U-OUS,  a.     [L.  flatuosus.] 

Windy  ;  generating  wind.  PV«(  used.]  Bacon. 
FUa'TUS,  n.     [L.,  from  Jlo,  to  blow.] 

1.  A  breath  ;  a  puff"  of  wind.  Clarke. 

2.  Wind  generated  in  the  stomach  or  other  cavi- 
ties of  the  bfKly  ;  flatulence.  putney. 

FLAT'WrsE,  a.  or  adv.  [from  flaL]  With  the  flat 
side  downward,  or  next  to  another  object ;  not  edge- 
wise. Woodicard. 

FI-AU-\T,  r.  t.  ri  kntnv  xnA  whence  we  have  this 
word.  It  is  doubtlrsa  of  Celtic  origin,  from  the  root 
Ln,  bearing  the  sense  of  throwing  out,  or  spreading. 
Uu.  Scot,  flanter^  to  waver.     See  Flounck.] 

1.  To  throw  or  spread  out ;  to  flutter;  to  display 
ostentatiously  ;  as,  a  flaunting  show. 

Y(>»fiaurU  rUiuI  the  slreeu  In  your  ni-w  fill  chuHoi. 

Arbuthnot. 
One  flaunu  tn  rigm,  one  flutten  in  brucailc.  Pope. 

[This  correctly  expresses  the  author's  meaning, 
which  is,  that  the  proud  otten  attempt  to  make  a 
show  and  parade  of  their  importance,  even  in  pover- 
ty. Johnson's  remark  on  tlie  use  of  the  word  seems, 
therefore,  to  be  unfounded.] 

2.  To  carry  a  pert  or  simcy  appearance.  Boyle. 
FLAUNT,  n.  Any  thing  displayed  fur  show.  Shak. 
FLAU.\T'i\G,  ppr.  or  a.    Making  an  ostentatious 

display. 

FLAU\T'ING-LY.  adv.     In  a  flaunting  way. 

FLA-Vie'0-MOi;S,  a.     [L.flavus  and  coma.] 
Having  yellow  hair. 

FLA'VOR,  n.  [(iu.  Fr.  flairer,  tosmell ;  W.JI«iruiwj.] 
'l"he  quality  of  a  substance  which  afl'ects  the  taste 
or  smell  in  any  manner.  We  say,  the  wine  has  a 
fine  flavor,  or  a  disagreeable  fiavcr  ;  the  fniit  has  a 
bad  fiavor ;  a  rose  has  a  sweet  flavor.  The  word, 
then,  signifies  the  quality  which  is  tasted  or  smell; 
taste,  odor,  fragrance,  or  smell. 

FLA'VOR,  o.e.  To  communicate  nome  quality  to  a 
thing,  that  may  affect  the  taste  or  smell 


FLA'VOR-/:!), 


pp.  or  a.     Having  a  quality  that  afl^ecta 


the  sense  of  taitiing  or  smelling ;  as,  At^A-^c&reti  wine, 

having  the  quality  in  a  high  degree. 
FLA'VOR-ING,  ppr.    Giving  a  flavor  to. 
FLA'VOR-LESS,  a.     Without  flavor ;  tasteless;  har- 

mg  no  smell  or  taste.  Encyc 


FLa'VOR-OUS,  a.     Pleasant  to  tlie  taste  or  smell. 

Ih-yden. 

FLA'VOUS,  a.    [L.  flwus.]     Yellow.    [JSTot  used.] 

SmitJi. 

FLAW,  n.  [W.  flaa,  a  piece  rent,  a  splinter,  a  ray,  a 
dajt,  a  flaw  ;  flau,  a  spreading  out,  a  radiation  ;  fia,  a 
parting  from;  also^ffn,  a  splinter;  Jtof,  a  flying 
about ;  flogi,  to  dart  suddenly  ;  flij^iaw,  to  break  out 
abruptly.  The  Gr.  ipXauj  seems  to  be  contracted  from 
<pXa6tii  or  4'^aO(i}.] 

1.  A  breach  ;  a  crack  ;  a  defect  made  by  breaking 
or  splitting  ;  a  gap  or  fissure  ;  as,  a  flaw  in  a  scythe, 
knife,  or  razor  ;  a  flaw  in  a  china  dish,  or  in  a  glass } 
a  flaw  in  a  wall. 

2.  A  defect ;  a  fault ;  any  defect  made  by  vio(eP'*o, 
or  occasioned  by  neglect ;  as,  a  flaw  in  reputation  a 
flaw  in  a  will,  or  in  a  deed,  or  in  a  statute. 

3.  A  sudden  burst  of  wind  ;  a  sudden  gust  or 
blast  of  short  duration  ;  a  word  of  common  use  a-nong 
seamen.  [  This  proves  the  primary  sense  to  be,  to  burst, 
or  rush.] 

4.  A  sudden  burst  of  noise  and  disorder ;  a  tumult ; 
uproar. 

And  di'liij^s  of  Armies  from  ihe  town 

CUnie  ixiiiring  in  ;  i  heard  Uie  migUlyJiaui.  tirydeiu 

[In  this  sense,  not  used  in  the  United  States.] 

5.  A  sudden  commotion  of  mind.    [JVut  ustd.] 

Shak. 
FLAW,  V.  t    To  break  ;  to  crack. 

Thf  linurn  caldrons  wilh  t!ie  frosU  aJKjiawed.  Bryden. 

2.  To  break ;  to  violate  ;  as,  to  flaw  a  league. 

i  Utile  used.]  Shak, 

AW'ED,  (flawd,)  pp.    Broken  ;  cracked. 
FLAWING,  p;>r.     Breaking;  cracking, 
FLAWLESS,  a.    Without  cracks;  williout  defect. 

Boyle. 
FLAWN,  n.     [Sax.  jlota;  Fr.  JIan.] 

A  sort  of  flat  custfird  or  pie.     [  Obs.]  Tasstr. 

FLAW'TER,  c.  (.     To  scrape  or  pare  a  ekin.     [J^ot 

used.}  Jiinsieorth. 

FLAWY,  a.    Full  of  flaws  or  cracks;  broken;  de- 
fective ;  faulty. 
2.  Subject  to  sudden  gusts  of  wind. 
FLAX,  n.     [Sax.  fieaz,  flez ;  G.  fiachs  i  D.  vlas.    The 
elements  are  the  same  as  in  flaccid.] 

1.  A  plant  of  llie  genua  Linum,  consisting  of  a 
single  slender  stalk,  the  skin  or  harl  of  whicli  is  used 
for  making  thread  and  cloth,  called  linen,  cambric^ 
lawn,  lace,  &c.  The  skin  consists  of  fine  fibers, 
which  may  be  so  separated  as  to  be  spun  into  llireada 
as  fine  as  silk. 

9,  The  skin  or  fibrous  part  of  the  plant,  when 

broken  and  cleaned  by  liatcheling  or  combing. 
FLAX'-eOMB,  {-k6m,)«.    An  instrument  with  teeth, 

through  which  flax  is  drawn  for  se|>aratiiig  from  it 

the  tow  or  coarser  part  and  tlie  shives.     In  America, 

we  call  it  a  hauhel. 
FLAX'-DRESS-ER,  n.    One  who  breaks  and  swingles 

flax. 
FLAX'-DRESS-ING.n.    The  process  of  breaking  and 

swingling  flax. 
FLAX'-PLANT,  n.    The  Phormium,  a  plant  in  New 

Zentand  tliat  serves  the  inhabitants  for  flax. 
FLAX'-RAIS-ER,  n.     One  who  raises  flax. 
FLAX'-SEEI),  n.    The  seed  of  flax. 
FLAX'-WEED,  a.    A  planU 
FLAX'KN,   (-flaks'n,)  a.      Made   of  flax;  ^s,  fi^izen 

thread. 

2.  Resembling  flax;  of  the  color  of  flax;  fair, 
long,  and  flowing  ;  as,  flaxen  hair. 

PLAX'/:N-HAIR-*:D,  \a.    Having  hair  of  flaxen  col- 
FLAX'KN-HEAD'KD,  \      or.  Irving. 

FLAX'Y,  a.    Like  flax  ;  being  of  a  light  color ;  fair. 

Sandys. 
FLAY,  V.  U  [Sax.  flean ;  Dan.  fiaaer ;  Sw.fid ;  G.  fliihen } 

Gr.  ifiXottit,  ijtXot^G),  whence    ipXotos,  bark,    rind; 

pmbabty  a  contracted  word.] 

1.  To  skin  ;  to  strip  ofl*  the  skin  of  an  animal ;  as, 
to  ^M  an  ox. 

2.  To  take  ofl"  the  skin  or  surface  of  any  thing. 
[JV*o(  used.]  Swi/l, 

FLA  V'fJD,  pp.     Skinned  ;  stripped  of  the  skin. 

FLAY'ER,  n.     One  who  strips  off  the  skin, 

FLAY'ING,  ppr.     Stripping  off  the  skin. 

FLkA,  n.  [Sax.  JIm,'  G.  fioh;  D.vloo;  Scot.  JI<wA  ,•" 
Ice.  fioc;  from  Sax.  fleogan,  to  fly.  See  Flek  and 
Fly.] 

An  Insect  of  the  genus  Pulcx.  It  has  two  eyes 
and  six  feet;  the  feelers  arc  like  threads  ;  the  ros- 
trum is  inflected,  setaceous,  and  armed  with  a  sting. 
Tile  flea  is  remarkable  for  its  agility,  leaping  to  a 
surprising  distance,  and  its  bite  is  very  troublesome, 

FLfiA'BANE,  n.  A  name  given  to  various  planta, 
from  their  supposed  efficacy  in  driving  away  fleas. 
They  belong  to  the  genera  Conyza,  Erigeron,  and 
Pulicnria.  Loudon. 

FLEA'BITE,        |  n.     The  bite  of  a  flea,  or  the  red 

FLeA'BIT-ING,  \      spot  caused  by  the  bite. 

9.  A  trifling  wound  or  pain,  like  that  of  the  bite  o( 
a  flea.  Harvry. 

FLE  A'- BIT-TEN,  a.     Bitten  or  slung  by  a  flea. 
2.  Mean  ;  wonlilcss ;  of  low  birth  or  station. 

Cleaveland. 


TONE,  BJiLL,  tjKlTE— AX"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-C  u  K ;  0  m  J;  «  m  Z ;  CH  a.  8H ;  Til  m  in  THiS. 


45» 


FLE 

FLf.A'WORT,  (rtC'wurt,)  «.      An  herU  of  ihe  plan- 

Liin  kuid,  bearing  onuseous  mucUagiiious  seed9. 

Forsyth. 
TLRAK,  K.    A  lock.     [S«  Flake.] 
FLEAM,  «.     [0.  vlym  :  W.jlaim  ;  Ann.  ^nm  or,*fflij 

tbe  sling  of  a  bee,  a  sharp  point.    In  Welsh,  U$m  and 

21^  aiftnify  sharp,  penetrating.] 
In  /urrwry,  a  sharp  instrument,  used  for  opening 

vetn.4  fur  letting  blood. 
FLECK,         tv.L    [G.  Jl<c*,  a  spot ;  Jl«dfc«,  to  ipol ; 
FLECK'ER,  i       D.   r(«k,    eidk,  oidttea  ,'    8w.   JUuk^ 

To  tpot  i   to  streak  or  Btnpe  ;    to  vanegate ;    to 
dapple. 

Bach  JiMktd  wkh  wUw.  iha  tna  AiodiMi  slzmia.        Dryiuk. 

[These  wordi  are  obsolete,  or  used  only  In  poetry.] 
FLECK'KD,  (ftektO  jpy.  or  a.     Spotted;   variegated 

with  'iWrn  colora.  SMak. 

FLECTION,  n.     [UJUetia,] 

I'he  act  of  bending,  or  state  of  being  bent    [See 
I:«rLtcTto!«.] 
FLE€'TOR,  «.    A  flexor,  which  see. 
FLEO,  jrrtt.  and  n^  of  Flsk  ;  as,  truth  has  JUd, 
FLEDCE,   (rtej,)   a.      [G.Jt**gge;    D.   rlu^,   fledged. 
quick.  ninii>le ;  connected  with  G.JUegaiy  D.  vlUgen, 
Sax.  jiivfan,  to  fly.] 

Ftatfaered ;  Airouhed  with  feathers  or  wings ;  able 
to  fir. 

ir»  locki  bcfaiod, 
niHlitoa*  oa  Mi  ■hooUcn.jbrff*  with  wijofs, 
*       \aj  wmw^  touad.  AlUun. 

FLED6E,  V.  L    To  Airolsh  wHh  fentfaers  j  to  su^y 
with  the  feathers  necesttiy  for  flight 

Tlw  tink  ven  oot  yei  Jtadgti  eooucb  la  tUA  &>r  tbMmetrs. 

FLEDG'ED,  (flejd,)  pp.     Furnished  with  feathers  tat 

flirlit ;  covered  with  feathers. 
FLEIXSE'U.NG,  a.    A  young  bird  jost  fledged. 
FLEIHS'ING,  ppr.    Furnishing  with  feathers  for  flight. 
FLElMi'LN'G,  a.     A  eorering  of  feathers. 
FLEE,  t.  i.  i  prcL  Flkd.    [Sax.jl««Ji,jl«#a,JI«/a»,-  G. 


1.  To  ran  with  lapidity,  ai  flrora  danger;  to  at- 
tempt to  escape ;  to  hasten  fton  danger  ur  expected 
evU.    Tbe  aneny  jUd  at  tbe  first  fire. 

Ariv,  tah»  Ow  yMBC  dtiW  ud  hb  mtXkrr,  wd  ^  (mo  E^rpt. 

—  MmuB. 
a.  To  depart ;  to  leave ;  to  hasten  away. 

Raia  the  cferil,  umI  be  wHIjIm  fratn  you.  — Jjunn  Yw. 

3.  To  araid ;  to  ke^  at  a  distance  from.  Kite 
rumicalioa ;  fim  from  idulatry.    1  On*.  vL  10. 

TaJUa  ik«  futstion^  or  fiim  tkt  ^mgtian^  in  le^vdor 
tira,  is  said  of  a  legislator  who,  when  a  questiun  t*< 
In  be  put  tn  ilie  house*  leaves  his  seat,  to  a\-oid  the 
dtlemina  of  voting  against  fats  coascience,  or  giving 
,  an  unpupular  voca.  In  the  phrases  in  which  this 
verb  appears  to  be  transitive,  there  is  really  an 
dliMis. 

FLEECE,  a-  {Snx.jUos,fi^f,  first ;  I),  r^ie»  ;  G.Jliess; 
most  probably  from  sh^rin^  ur  stripping,  as  in  Dutch 
tbe  word  signilies  a  film  or  membiane,  as  well  zut  a 
JLetu,  The  verb  \jafi€tet  seems  to  favor  the  sense  uf 
stripping.  See  Class  U,  Na  S5,  3d,  30.  But  Uu. 
L.  reUufy  from  ee//e,  to  {duck  or  tear  off.  yarro. 
Bee  Class  Bl.  In  Riiss.,  volo»  is  hair  or  wool,  writ- 
ten, al3o,  rlas.  It  was  imibabty  tiie  practice  to  pluck 
off  wool,  before  it  was  the  practice  to  shear  iu] 
The  coat  of  wool  shorn  from  a  sheep  at  one  lime. 

FLEECE,  ».  U  To  shear  off  a  covering  or  growth  of 
wool. 

2.  To  stiip  of  money  or  property ;  to  take  from, 
by  severe  eiaclions,  under  color  of  law  or  justice,  or 
pretext  of  necessity,  or  by  virtue  of  authority.  Ar- 
bitrary princes  jCecDE  their  subjects ;  and  clients  com- 
plain that  they  are  aometiraes  JUeced  by  their  Uiw- 

This  word  is  rarely  or  never  n^ed  for  plundering 
is  war  by  a  licentious  soldier}',  but  is  properly  u.«ed 
to  express  a  stripping  by  contributions  levied  on  a 
cooquMed  peopltf. 

3.  To  Bpread  over  as  with  wool ;  to  make  whKe. 

T^ffsutm. 

FLEE'C£D,  (fleest,)  pp.  Stripped  by  severe  exac- 
tions. 

FLEE'C£D,  e.  Furnished  with  a  fleece  or  with 
fleecfts  ;  as,  a  sheep  is  well  ficeced. 

FLEECE'LESrf,  a.     Having  no  fleece. 

FLEE'CER,  a.  One  who  strips  or  takes  by  severe 
exactions, 

FLEE'Cl.\G,7>;>r.  Siripping  of  money  or  property  by 
severe  demands  of  fees,  taxes,  or  contribuiion3. 

FLEECY,  a.  Covered  with  wool ;  woolly ;  as,  a 
JUec^  flock.  Prior. 

a.  Resembling  wo(d  or  a  fleece;  soft  ;  complicated  ; 

.  MM.JUtcy  snow  ;  JLtsey  locks ;  JUecg  hosiery. 

FLEER,  r.  i.  [EJcaC  jlyre,  orjlryr,  to  make  wry  faces, 
to  leer,  to  look  surly  ;  Ice.  Jlyra.  In  D.,  gUitren  sig- 
nifles  to  leer,  to  peep;  Sw.  plira;  Dan.  pUreiuU^ 
ogling,  leering.  This  word  seems  to  be  Uer^  with  a 
prelix,  and  Uer  presents,  probably,  the  primary 
■ensej 

1.  To  deride ;  to  sneer ;  to  mock  ;  to  gibe ;  to  make 


FLE 

a  wry  fare  in  contempt,  or  to  grin  in  scorn ;  as,  to 
JUfT  and  flouL 

CoTfTPd  with  %n  irntk  faoe, 
T«  fi»*r  and  ■com  u  our  totennlty.  SAoi. 

a.  To  leer;  to  grin  with  an  air  of  civility.  Burion. 
FLEER,  r.  i.    To  mock  ;  to  flout  at.  Beaunu 

FLEECR,  It.  Derision  or  mocker}-,  expressed  by  words 
or  looks. 

And  mark  theJlMrw,  lh«>  (ibea,  ami  notaUe  ■conu.  ShaJc. 

3.  A  grin  of  civility. 

A  irea«heroua  Jlwr  on  tho  fac«  of  tiewfvvn.  South. 

FLEF.R'ER,  a.     A  mocker;  a  fowner. 

FLEER'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Deriding;  mocking;  coun- 
terlVitir.e  an  atr  of  civility. 

FLEER'ING-LY,  adc.    In  a  fleering  manner. 

FLEET,  ill  Eufflish  nanttu,  [Sax.jl<«t,]  denotes  ajlood, 
a  creek  or  inlet,  a  bav  or  estuary,  or  a  river ;  as 
in  Ftfet  Street,  J^orVt-fiete,  Fleet  yrUoju 

FLEET,  n.  [Sai.  Jiota,  JUct :  G.  Jlotte  ;  D.  vloot ;  Sw. 
JUfU  ;  D.JLttU  i  Fr.JUttU.  Fleet  and  float  seem  to  be 
allied  ;  but  whether  they  are  funned  from  the  root  of 
jCotf,  or  whether  the  last  consonant  la  radical,  is  not 
obvious.     See  Float.] 

A  navT'  or  squadron  of  ships  ;  a  number  of  ships 
in  company,  whether  ships  of  war  or  of  commerce. 
It  more  generally  signifies  ships  of  war. 

FLEET,  a.  [Ice.  fliotr:  Ir.  UatA,  swift  ;  Rtiss.  letnyu, 
to  fly;  Eng.  tojtle.  If  the  la^it  consonant  is  radical, 
this  word  seems  to  be  allied  to  D.  vlieden,  to  flee,  to 
fly,  and  possibly  to  the  Shemilic  oSc  ;  but  from  the 
Ethiupic  it  would  appear  that  the  latter  word  is  our 
split,  the  sense  being  to  divide  or  sefKintte.] 

1.  Swift  of  pace ;  moving  or  able  to  move  with 
rapidity  ;  nimble  ;  liglit  and  quick  in  motion,  or 
moving  with  lightness  and  celerity  ;  as,  ^fleet  horse 
or  dog. 

9.  Moving  with  velocity- 1  as,  flxet  winds. 

3.  Light ;  superficially  truitful ;  or  thin  ;  not  pene- 
liating  deep ;  as  soil.  Mi/rtimer. 

4.  Skiniiuilig  tlie  surface.  Mortimer. 
FLEET,  r.  L    To  flv  swiftly  ;  to  hasten  ;   to  flil  as  a 

light  subsunce.    ^o  fleet  omty,  la  to  vanish. 

Uow  aU  Um  otbrr  pMwnii>.jfaa f  ta  aix  1  Shak. 

Q.  'I'o  be  in  a  transient  state. 
3.  To  float. 
FLEET,  r.   L     To  skim  the  surface  ;  to  pass  over 
rapidly ;  as,  a  ship  that  fletls  the  gulf.  Spmser. 

S2.  To  pass  lightly,  or  in  mirth  and  joy  ;  as,  to  fl^et 
away  time.     [J^ot  uatd.^  Shak. 

3.  To  skim  UiiUc.     {LotaX  tn  Ent^UruL] 
The  verb  in  the  transitive  form  is  rarely  or  never 
used  in  America. 
FLEET'-FQ9T,  o.     Swifl  of  foot ;  running  or  able  to 

nin  with  rapidity.  Shak. 

FLEET'LN'G,  ppr.  Passing  rapidly,  flying  with  ve- 
locity. 

2.  a.  Transient ;  not  durable ;  as,  the  fleeting 
hours  or  moinetit?. 

FLEET'ING-DISH,  n.     A  skimming  bowl.     [LocaL^ 

FI.EET'I\G-LY,  ado.     In  a  fleeting  manner. 

FLEET'LY,  ado.  Rapidly  ;  lightly  and  nimbly ; 
swiftlv. 

FLEET'NESS,  n.  Swiftness  ;  rapidity  ;  velocity  ; 
celerity  ;  speed  ;  as,  the  fieetness  of  a  horse  or  deer. 

FLEM'ING,  n.  A  native  of  Flanders,  or  the  Low 
Countries  in  Europe. 

FLEM'ISH,  a.     Pertaining  to  Flanders. 

FLENSE,  r.  £.  To  cut  up  a  wliale  and  obtain  the  blub- 
ber. 

FLE.\S'I\G,  n.  The  act  of  cutting  up  a  whale  and 
obtaining  its  blubber. 

FLESH,  n.  [Sax.  JLec,  JIm,  or  flasc;  G.  fleisek  ;  D. 
rleeseh;  Da.n.  ftesk.  In  Danish,  the  word  signifies 
the  flesh  of  swine.  I  know  nut  the  primary  sense  ; 
it  may  be  soft.] 

1.  A  compound  substance  forming  a  large  part  of 
an  animal,  consisting  of  the  softer  solids,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  bones  and  the  fluids.  Under  the 
general  appellation  of  Jie^h,  we  include  the  muscles, 
fat,  glands,  &c.,  which  invest  the  bones  and  are 
covered  with  the  skin.  It  is  sometimes  restricted  to 
the  muscles. 

3.  Animal  food,  in  distinction  from  vegetable. 

FlMsh  without  brmg  qualiiitd  wtlh  acid<, 
d>:t. 

3.  The  body  of  beasts  and  birds  used  as  food,  dis- 
tinct troinjijih.  In  LetU^  the  Roman  Catholics  ab- 
stain froiujlesh^  but  eat  fish. 

4   The  body,  as  distinguished  from  the  soul. 

A(  if  thitJUsh,  which  vralla  about  our  life, 

Were  br&m  unprr^giiaUf:.  SJiak. 

5.  Animal  nature;  animals  of  all  kinds. 

The  end  of  all  JUth  ia  cocne  before  nie,  —  Gen.  tL 

6.  Men  in  general ;  mankind. 

My  aprit  shflll  not  always  lUive  with  man,  for  Ihat  he  alwU 
Jksh.  —  Gen.  ti. 

7.  Human  nature. 

The  Word  wa<  madejl««A,  and  dwelt  aiitoag  ua.  — John  u 

8.  Tenderness ;  human  feeling ;  as,  there  is  no 
fle^h  in  man's  obdurate  heart. 

Omper.     Ezek.  xixvL  26. 


FLE 

9.  Carnality  ;  coriwreul  appt^-tites. 

Fiistiiip  •ervpi  lo  inoitify  ihe  Jieth.  Smatridgt. 

Thejifh  luMrth  of  aiiw  the  tyutii.  —  Gal.  t. 

10.  .K  carnal  state ;  a  state  of  unrenewed  nature. 

Th<>y  that  are  in  IheJUth  can  not  plea«e  God.  —  Roro.  Tiii. 

11.  The  corruptible  body  uf  man,  or  corrupt  nature. 

F!eih  and  blood  can  not  Inberil  Uie  kingdom  of  God.  —  t  Cor. 
x*. 

19.  The  present  life;  the  stale  of  existence  in  this 
world. 

To  dbidB  in  the  fah  i«  mow  needful  for  you.  —  Phil,  1. 

i:i.  Legal  righteousness,  and  ceremonial  services, 

Wli:a  thnli  w<-  then  uy  that  AOnviinm,  our  f^itlmr  as  pertaining 
to  Uic/ctA,  tiath  found.'  —  Koni.  iv.    Gal.  iii. 

14.  Kindred  ;  stock  ;  family. 

Ul  ii  uur  brother,  hikI  o\irJleih.  —  Gen.  xxxvll. 

15.  In  botany,  the  soft,  pulpy  subs  Lin  ce  of  fruit; 
also,  that  part  uf  a  root,  fruit,  &.c.,  which  ia  fit  to 
be  eaten. 

One  flesh,  denotes  intimate  relation.  To  be  one 
flesh,  is  to  be  closely  united,  as  in  marriage.  Oen. 
ii.    Eph.  v. 

.^fier  the  flesh ;  according  to  outward  appearances. 
John  viii. :  — 

Or  according  to  the  common  powers  of  nature. 
Oal.  iv. :  — 

Or  according  to  sinful  Iur;ts  and  hiclinatiuns. 
Rom.  viii. 

An  arm  of  fie^h ;    human  strength  or  aid. 
FLESH,  V.  t.    To  initiate;  a  s|H>rtinan's  use  of  the 
word,  from  the  practice  of  training  hawks  and  dogs 
by  feeding  them  with  the  first  game  they  take,  or 
other  flesh. 

2.  To  harden  -,  to  .accuBtom  ;  to  establis^h  in  any 
practice,  as  dogs  by  often  feeding  on  any  thing. 
Men  Jl-vAcd  in  cruelty  ;  women  fleshed  in  malice. 

3.  To  glut  ;  to  satiate*.  [Sidjiey. 

The  wild  dog 
Shall  ^ih  hii  tovth  on  cvfry  iimoc^nL  Shak. 

FLESH'-BEOTH,  n.    Broth  made  by  boiling  flesh  in 

water. 
FLESH'-BRUSH,  a.    A  brush  for  exciting  action  in 

the  skin  by  friction. 
FLESH'-CLOG-GED,  a.    Encumbered  with  flesh. 
FLE3H'-eOL-OR,  (-kul-lur,)  n.    Tlie  color  of  fiesh; 

comalion. 
FLESH'-COL-OR-ED,  a.     Being  of  the  color  of  flesh. 
FLESH'-DI-ET,  n.     Food  consisting  of  flesh. 
FLESH'EI), pp. ora.    Initiated;  accustomed;  glutted. 

2.  a.  Fat;  fleshy. 

FLESH'-FL?, »(.  A  fly  that  feeds  on  flesh,  and  de- 
posits her  pcgn  in  it.  Ray. 

FLESH'-HQQK,  it.  A  hook  to  draw  flesh  from  a  pot 
or  caldron.     1  Sam,  ii. 

FLE-SH'I-ISESS,  n.  [from  fleshy.}  Abundance  of 
flesh  or  fat  in  animals  ;  plumpness  ;  corpulence  ; 
grossness. 

FLESH'ING,  ppT,  Initiating;  making  familiar; 
glutting. 

FLESH'LESS,  o.     Destitute  of  flesh  :  lean. 

FLESH'Ll-NESS,  n.     Carnal  passions  and  appetites. 

Sprnscr, 

FLESH'LING,  n.     A  person  devoted  to  carnal  things. 

FLESH'LY,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  rtesh  ;  corporeal. 

Deiihaja. 
a.  Carnal  ;  worldly  ;  lascivious. 

Abstain  fianifeahly  !u«U.  —  1  Pet.  ii. 

3.  Animal  ;  not  vegetable.  Dryden. 

4.  Human  ;  not  celestial  ;  not  spiritual  or  divine. 

V'.iin  iifjleihly  arm.  Milton. 

Flethiy  wudutn.  —  2  Cor.  i. 

FLESH'-MeAT,  n.  Animal  food  ;  the  flesh  of  ani- 
mals prepared  or  used  for  food.  Swift. 

FLESH'MEN'T,  n.  Eagerness  gained  by  a  successful 
initiation.  Shak. 

FLESH'-MON"GER,  (-inung'ger,)i».  One  who  deals 
in  flesh  ;  a  procurer  ;  a  pimp.    {LiuU  ustd.]    Shak, 

FLESH'-POT,  b.  A  vessel  in  which  flesh  is  couked  ; 
hence,  plenty  of  provisions.     Exod.  xvi. 

FLESH'aUAKE,  a.  A  tremblingof  the  flesh.  [Alrt 
uaed.\  B-  Joiutoa. 

FLESH' Y,  a.    Full  of  flesh  ;  plump  ;  musculuus. 

Tlie  lolc  of  his  foot  ujle$hy.  Hay. 

2.  Fat ;  gross  ;  corpulent;  as,  9^ fleshy  man. 

3.  Corporeal.  Ecctes. 

4.  Full  uf  pulp  ;  pulpous  ;  plump  ;  as  fruit. 

Bacon. 
FLET,  pp.  of  Fleet.    Skimmed.     [J^ot  n^ed.] 

Mortimer. 
FLETCH,  r.  L     [Fr./«Ae.] 

To  feather  an  arruw.  TFarburton. 

FLETCir/;i),  (flelcht,)  pp.     Feathered,  as  an  arrow. 
Fi^TCH'EK,  n.     [Fr.fleche,  It.  frecaa,  an  arrow.] 
An  arrow-maker  ;   a   manufacturer  of  bows   and 
arrows.     Hence  liie  name  of  Fletcher. 

But   the   u-se   of  tlie  word  as  an  appellaUve   has 
ceased  with  the  practice  of  archery. 
FLETCH'ING,  ppr.     Feathering. 
FLE-TIF'ER-OUS,  a,     [UjUlw  and  fero.] 
Producing  tears. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— MeTE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE.  MOVE.  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

460 


FLI 

FLETZ,  a.     [G.Ji^t:,  a  layer.] 

In  )(ei}io<rij,  a  term  applied  to  ihe  secondary  stratit, 
becauso  llicy  generally  occur  in  tlal  or  horizontal 
■  bcdii.  Braade. 

FLRUR  DE  LTS,  (fliir'de-l5',)  [Fr.,  flower  uf  Uie 
lily  ;  cornipteil,  in  English,  to  floiccr  de  lace.,'] 

1.  A  bearing  in  kcraldryf  representini;  a  lily,  eni- 

2.  In  botany^  the  iris.  [bluinatic  uf  royalty. 
FLEW,  (rtn,)  preL  of  Fly. 

Thi  jt'^picjlsia  upon  the  iiuU.  — 1  Sam.  xir. 

FLEW,  It.    The  large  chapiiof  a  deep-mouthed  hound. 

//anmer. 

FLEW'£D,  a.     Chapped  ;  mouthed  ;  deep-mouthed. 

FLEX,  r.  (.     [l^JUcto.jUzus.]  [Siiak. 

To  bend  ;  as,  a  mascie  fiezes  the  arm. 

FLEX-AX'[-MOUS,  a.  [from  L.]  Having  power  to 
change  the  mind.     [Jt'ot  used.]  H.noeU, 

FLEX'fD,  (flekat,)  pp.  or  o.  Bent;  as,  a  limb  in  a 
jifxtd  pi:»ition.  Hoaack, 

FLEX-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [See  Flktibi.e.]  The  quality 
of  admitting  to  be  bent;  pliancy;  liexibleness ;  as, 
the  fiexib'dity  of  rays  of  light.  J^ewton. 

2.  Easiness  to  be  persuaded  ;  the  quality  of  yield- 
ing to  arguments,  persuasion,  or  circum:itauces;  duc- 
tility of  mind,  readiness  to  comply;  facility;  as, 
JlezibdiUj  of  temper. 

FLEX'I-BLE,  a.  [L.  fiexibitii,  from  JUeto^  Jlfxi,  to 
bend,  Fi.Jlechirj  coinciding  Willi  G.^^/U('«,to  braid  ; 
D.  vle^ru  These  words  have  the  same  elements  as 
L.  ptieo-l 

1.  That  may  b6  bent;  capable  of  being  turned  or 
forced  from  a  straight  line  or  form  without  breakini^ ; 
pliant ;  yielding  to  pressure  ;  not  stitf;  as,  a  Jiexdtte 
rod  ;  a  jiexibU  plant. 

2.  Capable  of  yielding  to  entreaties,  arguments,  or 
other  moral  force  ;  that  may  be  persuaded  to  compli- 
ance ;  not  iuvincihly  rigid  or  ututinate ;  not  inexo- 
rable. 

Pbocioti  W3S  a  imtn  of  ^restX  MTciitjr,  and  do  wvf*  ftxihlt  tu 
the  wili  of  ll»e  people.  Bacon. 

It  often  denotes,  easy,  or  too  easy  to  yield  or  com- 
ply ;  wavering  ;  inconstant ;  not  lirm. 

3.  Ductile;  manageable;  trartablr^ ;  an,  the  tender 
and  fiexibU  minds  of  youth.  Ftezible  years,  or  time 
of  life  ;  the  time  when  the  mind  is  tractalih;. 

4.  That  may  be  turned  or  accommodated. 

This  wu  a  principle  monJUxiblt  to  tlK>ir  purpoce.      Rogeri, 
FLEX'I-BLE-NESS,«.   Possibility  to  be  bent  orturned 
from  a  straight  line  or  form  without  brtiaking  ;  easi- 
new  to  be  bent ;  pliantness;  pliancy;  flexibility. 

BfyU, 

5.  Facility  of  mind  ;  readiness  tu  comply  or  yield  ; 
obflet)itioU)>ness  ;  as,  Xhe  fiexiblears-a  of  a  courtier. 

3.  Ductility ;   manageableness  ;  tractableness  ;  as, 
the  Jltzib/emss  of  youth. 
FLEX'I-BLY,  ode.     In  a  flexible  manner. 
FLEX'ILE,  (rieks'il,)  a.     [l^fiezilis.] 

Pliant ;  pliable  ;  easily  bent ;  yielding  to  power,  im- 
pul-ie,  or  moral  force.  Thonuon. 

FLKX'I.VG,  ppr.     Bending. 
FLEX'IO.V,  (Ilcks'yun,)  n.     [L.  jUzio.] 

1.  1'he  act  of  bending. 

2.  A  bending  ;  a  part  bent ;  a  fold.  Bacon. 

3.  A  turn  ;  a  cast ;  as,  a  Jlezion  of  the  eye.  [riee 
IwFi.ECTio.1.]  Bacon. 

FLEX'OR,  n.     In  anatomy^  a  muscle  whodC  office  is  to 
bend  the  part  to  which  it  b<^longtt,  iu  oppuaition  to 
the  eitmnors. 
FLEX'U-OUS,  (flek'shu-us,)  )         ,,     (U™-^*  i 
FLEX'LT  OSE,  (rtek'shu-ose,)  ( '^     t^  Jl«ii«w.] 

1.  Winding  ;  having  turns  or  windings  ;  as,  a.JUz- 
uous  rivulet.  Digby. 

2.  Bending;  winding;  wavering;  not  steady  ;  as, 
a  fieZHous  llame.  Bacon. 

3.  In  botnntt,  bending  or  bent ;  changing  iU  direc^ 
tion  in  a  curve,  from  joint  to  joint,  from  bud  to  bud, 
or  from  flower  to  flower.  Martyn. 

FLEX'CRE,  ffleks'yur,)  n,     [L.  fiexura.] 

\.  A  winning  or  bending;  tlie  form  of  bending; 
Incurvation  ;  as,  the  JUzurc  of  n  joint. 

2.  The  act  of  bending.  Shak 

3.  The  part  bent ;  a  Joint  Sandys. 

4.  The  bending  of  the  body }  obsequious  or  servile 
crinse.  Shak. 

IXICK'ER,  r.  i.  [Sax.  pceerian  :  Scot.  Jleeker,  to 
q'liver  ;  D.  ftikkeren,  to  twinkle  ;  probably  a  diminu- 
tive from  the  root  of  Jly.] 

1.  To  flutter ;  to  flap  the  wings  without  flying  ;  to 
strike  rapidly  with  the  wings. 

And/iJctring  on  tier  Deat  maile  thort  eaaajrs  to  ting.    Drydsn. 

2.  To  waver,  fluctuate,  or  twinkle;  as,  the  light 
Jlickrrs  at  a  distance.  Burton. 

FLICK'EK-I.\G,  ppr.  Fluttering;  flapping  the  wings 
without  flight. 

2.  a.  Wavering;  fluctuating;  having  a  fluttering 
motion  ;  with  oniorous  motions  of  the  eye. 

Tbi?  Uir  t^vina  —  l«ok*  a  UuleJIicktring  afl^r  Tumus. 

/>ryrfcn. 

FMCK'ER-IN'O,  n.     A  fluttering  ;    short,  irregular 

1  !,if  K  Ki:  f\0-LV,  adv.     In  a  flickering  manner. 
Kl.it  khii. MOUSE,  n.     The  bau  B.  Jotuon. 


FLI 

FLI'ER,  n.     [See  Fly,     It  ought  to  be  Flysk.] 

1.  One  that  flies  or  flees. 

2.  A  runaway  ;  a  fugitive.  Shak. 

3.  A  part  of  a  machine  which,  by  moving  rapidly, 
equalizes  and  regulates  the  motion  of  the  whole;  as, 
the  filer  of  a  jack. 

FLIGHT,  (flite,)  n.  \^^x.fiiH;  G.fiag.JludU;  D. 
vlufft :  Dan.  jlugt ;  Sw.  Jtyc/a.    See  Flv.J 

1.  The  act  of  fleeing  ;  the  act  of  running  away,  to 
escape  danger  or  ex]>ected  evil ;  hasty  departure. 

Pny  ye  iltat  your Jiight  be  not  In  Ihe  winter.  —  MntL  xxi». 
To  put  tofii^ht^  to  turn  tojlight^  is  to  compel  to  run 
away  ;  to  force  to  escape. 

2.  The  act  of  flying  ;  a  passing  through  the  air  by 
the  help  of  wings  ;  volitation  ;  as,  the  flight  of  birds 
and  insects. 

3.  The  manner  of  flying.  Every  fowl  has  its  par- 
ticular ^i^A(  ,■  the  jlio-Af  of  the  eagle  is  high  ;  thejIi^At 
of  the  swallow  is  rapid,  with  sudden  turns. 

4.  Removal  from  place  to  place  by  flying. 

5.  A  flock  of  birds  flying  in  company  ;  as,  a  fiight 
of  pigeons  or  wild  geese. 

6.  A  number  of  beings  flying  or  moving  through 
the  air  together  ;  as,  a  flight  of  angels.  .UlUton. 

7.  A  number  of  things  passing  through  the  air  to- 
gether ;  a  volley  ;  as,  a  flight  of  arrows. 

8.  A  periodical  flying  of  birds  in  flocks;  as,  the 
spring  flighty  or  autumnal  flighty  of  ducks  or  pigeons. 

9.  In  Englandj  the  birds  produced  in  the  same 
season. 

10.  The  space  passed  by  flying. 

11.  A  mounting;  a  soaring;  lofty  elevation  and 
excursion ;  as,  a  flight  uf  imagination  or  fancy ;  a 
flight  of  ambition. 

12.  Excursion  ;  wondering  i  extravagant  sally ;  as, 
a  flight  of  fully.  Tillot^otu 

13.  The  pover  of  flying.  Shak. 

14.  In  certain  lead  works^  a  substance  that  flies  ofl* 
in  smoke.  Encyc. 

15.  Flights  are  the  husk  or  glume  of  oats. 
Flight  of  stairs ;  the  series  of  stairs  front  the  floor, 

or  from  one  platfonn  to  another. 
FLTGHT'ED,  a.     Taking  flight ;  flying. 
FLIGHT'I-LY,  ado.  In  a  wild  or  imaginative  manner. 
FLIGIIT'I-NESS,  (fllt'e-ness,)  n.     The  state  of  being 

flighty  ;  wildness  ;  slight  delirium. 
FLTG!ri''-SHOT,  ti.     The  distance  which  an  arrow 
FLIGHT'Y,  (flit'e,)  a.     Fleeting;  swift.  [flies. 

The  flighty  purpose  ncrer  is  o'ertook.  Shak. 

2.  Wild  ;  indulging  the  sallies  of  imagination. 

3.  Disordered  in  mind;  somewhat  delirious. 
FLIM'FLAM,  h.     flee,  flim.\ 

A  freak  ;  a  trick.  Beaum. 

FLIM'SI-LY,  adv.    In  a  flimsy  manner. 

FLIM'SI-NESS,  n.  State  or  quality  of  boing  flimsy  ; 
thin,  weak  texture;  weakness;  want  of  substance 
or  solidity. 

FLIM'SY,  a.  [W.  llymai,  having  a  fickle  motion  ; 
llymUy  to  make  sharp,  quick,  pungent.  Oujen.  But 
LIuyd  renders  Uymsi  vain,  weak.  The  word  is  re- 
tained by  the  common  people  in  New  England  in 
limsy,  weak,  limber,  easily  bending.  See  Class  Lm, 
Nii.  2,  5,  6.] 

1.  Weak  ;  feeble  ,  slight  j  vain  ;  without  strength 
or  solid  substance  ;  as,  a  flimny  pretext ;  a  flimsy  ex- 
cuse ;  flirnsy  objections.  Alilner. 

2.  Without  Htrengtii  or  force  ;  spiritless. 

Proud  of  a  vaal  cxtenl  of  J!imay  Iine».  Pope. 

3.  Thin  ;  of  loose  texture  ;  as,  flimsy  cloth  or  stufl*. 
[Little  ujied.] 

FLLVCH,  V.  i.  [I  have  not  found  this  word  in  any 
other  language  ;  but  the  sense  of  it  (Kcurs  in  blench  ; 
and  not  improbably  it  is  from  the  same  root,  witli  a 
diflerent  prefix.] 

1.  To  shrink  ;  to  withdraw  from  any  suflcring  or 
undertaking,  from  pain  or  danger  ;  to  f;ul  of  proceed- 
ing, or  of  performing  any  thing.  Nevet  flinch  from 
duty.     One  of  the  parties  flinched  from  the  combat. 

A  chilli,  bf  a  cotHtant  course  uf  kindnea*,  majr  be  acciiUomed  to 
Ijcar  rny  rou^b  uaage  wiiboul  flindting  or  cunipluitiin^. 

Locke. 

2.  To  fail.  Shak, 
FLI.VCH'ER,  n     One  who  flinches  or  fails. 
FLIN'CH'lNti,  ppr.     Failing  to  undertake,  perform,  or 

proceed;  shrinking;  withdrawing. 
FLIXCH'ING,  rt.    A  shrinking  or  drawing  under  pain 

or  difliciilty. 
FLI.\CH'L\G-LV,  arfn.     In  a  flinching  manner. 
FLIN'DERS,  n.  pi.     [D.  flcntrr,  a  splinter,  a  tatter.] 
Small   pieces  or  splinters  ;   fragments.     [Lucai   in 

England;  sometimeji  wted  in  America.] 

[This  eeejtig  to  be  Spliwtkb,  vithout  the  prefix.] 
FLI.VG,  v.  t. :  pret.  and  pp.  Flumo.      [Ir.  lingim,  to 

fling,  to  dart,  to  fly  off*,  to  skip.     If  n  is  not  radical, 

as  I  suppose,  this  may  be  the  W.  Uuciaiv^  to  fling,  to 

throw,  to  dart,  and  L.  lego^  lei^are.] 

1.  To  cast,  send,  or  throw  from  the  hand  ;  to  hurl ; 
as,  to  fling  a  stone  at  a  bird. 

ungi.         UTyteti. 

2.  To  dart ;  to  cilst  with  violence ;  to  send  forth, 
liku  Jove,  hia  Wghinm^Jiung.  PryUn. 


Tia  fat^  *i»Xflingt  Ih*-  ijiee ;  aixl  as  iV-^in 
Of  king*  niakr-a  pcu^uiU,  anil  of  pc.iaanu,  V 


FLI 

3.  To  send  forth  ;  to  emit ;  to  scatter. 

Every  beam  now  Inmiiml  ^i\on  Jiingt.  Popt. 

4.  To  throw  ;  to  drive  by  violence. 

5.  To  throw  to  tlie  ground ;  to  prostrate.  The 
wrestler  flung  his  antagonist. 

6.  To  bufllo ;  tu  defeat ;  as,  to  fling  a  party  in  lit- 
igation. 

To  fling  away  ;  to  reject ;  to  discard. 

Cromwell,  I  char^  ibev,fiing  atoay  ambition.  Shak. 

To  fling  down  ;  to  demolish  ;  to  ruin. 

2.  To  throw  to  the  ground. 

To  fling  off;  to  baffle  in  the  chase ;  to  defeat  ol 
prey.  Addison. 

To  fling  out ;  to  utter  ;  to  speak  ,  as,  to  fling  out 
hard  words  against  another. 

To  fling  in ;  to  throw  in  ;  to  make  an  allowance  or 
deduction,  or  not  to  charge  in  an  account.  In  set- 
tling accounts,  one  party  ^n^.«  in  a  small  sum,  or  a 
few  days'  work. 

To  fling  open  ;  to  throw  open  ;  to  open  suddenly 
or  with  violence  ;  as,  to  fling  open  a  door. 

To  fling  up  ;  to  relinquish  ;  to  abandon;  as,  to  fling 
vp  a  design. 
FLING,  r.  i.     To   flounce  ;  to  wince  ;  to  fly  into  vio- 
lent and  irregular  motions.    The  horse  began  to  kick 
and  fling, 

2.  To  cast  in  the  teeth  ;  to  utter  harsh  language; 
to  sneer  ;  to  upbraid.  The  scold  began  to  flout  and 
fiinj. 

To  fling  out ;  to  grow  unruly  or  outrageous,    Shak. 
FLING,  n.     A   throw;    a  flounce;    a  cast  from  the 
hand. 

2.  A  gibe  ;  a  sneer ;  a  sarcasm ;  a  severe  or  con- 
temptuous remark. 

I,  who  love  to  hare  xjlbig 

lioUi  at  aeiiiLto  house  anil Iciug.  .  StC!\fL 

FLIN'G'ER,  n.  One  who  flings ;  one  who  jeers. 
FUNG'ING,  ppr.  Throwing;  casting;  jeering. 
FLLN'T,  n.     [Sax.  flint ;  Sw.  fiinta.     In  Dan.  flint  is  a 

light   gun,   and  flint  is  called  flintsteen,   flint-stone. 

So,  also,    iu    German.      The   Dutch    and   Gentians 

call  it  also  flrestvne.      It  may  be  froiji    the   root  of 

^dcndor.] 

1.  In  natural  Autfon/,  a  sub-species  of  quartz,  of  a 
yellowish  or  bluish  gray,  or  grayish-black  color.  It 
IS  amorphous,  interspersed  in  other  stones,  or  in  nod- 
ules or  rounded  lumps.  Its  suifaceis  generally  un- 
even, and  covered  with  a  rind  or  crust,  eitlicr  calca- 
reous or  argillaceous.  It  is  very  hard,  strikes  fire 
with  steel,  and  is  an  ingredient  in  glass. 

Kirwan.     Enetjc. 

2.  A  piece  of  the  above-described  stone  used  in 
firearms  to  strike  fire. 

3.  Any  thing  proverbially  hard  ;  as,  a  heart  of  jlin^ 

Spensrr. 
PLINT'-GLASS,  n.  The  purest  and  mo?t  beautiful 
kind  of  glass,  distinguished  by  its  containing  oxyd 
of  lead,  to  which  it  owes  some  of  its  most  valuable 
qualities.  It  was  originally  made  of  pulverized  flints, 
whence  the  name.  Brande. 

FLINT'-HEXRT,         \  a.    Having  a  hard,  unfeeling 
FLINT'-IIEaRT-ED,  !      heart. 
FLINT'Y,  a.     Consisting  of  flint ;  as,  ?l  flinty  rock. 
3.  Like  flint ;  very  hard  ;  not  impressible  ;  as,  a 
flinty  heart. 

3.  Cruel;  unmerciful;  inexorable.  Shak. 

4.  Full  of  flinl-stunes  ;  as,  flintij  ground.  Bacon. 
FLINT' Y-SLATE,  lu  A  rock,  of  two  kinds,  the  com- 
mon and  the  Lydian  stone.  The  former  has  a  some- 
what slaty  sinictiire,  and  contains  about  75  per  canU 
of  silica,  'i'lie  latter  is  less  hard,  and  is  sometimes 
used  as  a  touchstone  for  gold  and  silver. 

P.  Cye.     Ure. 
FLIP,  n.     A  mixed  liquor  consisting  of  beer  and  spirit 

sweetened,  and  also  wanned  by  a  hot  iron. 
FLIP'-DOG,  n.    An  iron  used,  when  heated,  to  warm 

fli[). 
FLIP'-FLAP,   adv.  or  a.     Noting  the  repeated  stroke 

and  noise  of  something  broad  and  loose.  Ash. 

FLIP'PAN-CY,  n.    [See  Flippa.-*t.]    Smoothness  and 

rapidity  of  speech  ;  volubility  of  tongue;  fluency  of 

speech. 
FLIP'PANT,  a,     TW.  llipanu,  to  make  smooth  or  glib, 

from  llib^  Uipa,  flaccid,  soft,  limber  ;  allied  tu  flabby^ 

and  to  gfih^  and  probably  to  L.  labor^  to  slide  or  slip, 

and  to  liber,  free.     Class  Lb.] 

1.  Of  smooth,  fluent,  and  rapid  speech  ;  ppeaking 
with  ease  and    rapidity;  having  a  voluble  tongue; 

2.  Pert;  petulant;  waggish.  [talkative 

Away  vith  Jiippanl  epiIog*iei.  Thomtun. 

FLIP'PANT-LY,  adv.  Fluently  ;  with  ease  and  vol 
ubility  of  bjujccIi. 

FLIP'PANT-NESS,  n.  Fluency  of  speech  ;  volubility 
of  tongue  ;  fli[ipancy. 

[This  is  not  a  low,  vulgar  word,  but  well  author- 
ized and  peculiarly  expressive.] 

FLIP'PER,  n.  The  paddle  of  a  sea-tunle  ;  the  broad 
fln  of  a  fish. 

Fi^TRT,  C'l"rt,)  V.  U  [This  word  evidently  belongs  to 
the  root  of  V.  flvrco,  or  ploro,  signifying  to  throw, 
and  coinciding  with  blurL  Qu.  Sax.  fleardiaR^  to 
trifle.] 


TONE,  BJv'LL,  Ignite.  —  AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS C  aa  K;  0  as  J;  8  aa  Z;  CI!  oa  SH  ;  T!I  as  in  THIS. 


FLO 

I.  To  throw  with  a  jvrk  or  siidilen  efliirl  or  exer- 
tion. The  hoys  Jlirt  xkhIvt  in  eacli  other's  faces.  He 
JUrttd  a  jtIo%"e»  or  a  h.indtterrhirf. 

3.  To  toss  or  throw  :  to  move  suddenly  ;  as,  to  Jlirt 
a  fan. 
FLIRT,  r.  i.    To  jf*r  or  gibe  ;  to  throw  bantering  or 
•arcastic  words :  to  utter  cunteniptunus  tangua^» 
with  an  air  u(  disilain. 

SL  To  run  and  dart  about :  to  act  with  fiddine«s, 
or  from  a  desire  to  attract  notice;  to  phiy  at  court- 
ship ;  to  coquet ;  to  be  unsttaily  or  rtuttehng.  The 
firis  JUrt  aboQl  the  room  or  thy  street. 
FLIBT,  m.  A  sudden  jerk ;  a  quick  throw  or  cast;  a 
darting  motion. 

Is  Oiifuriiuf  tbe  iux  uv  went  lUtlejIirta  and  TftnukitM. 

3.  A  ycHing  girl  who  acu  with  giddiness,  or  playa 
at  courtship ;  a  pert  girl  i  a  coquette. 

HMinf  /trii  about  town  bul  s  dcMgn  to  cut  w  out  of 


vodd. 

FLIRT,  c    Pert ;  wanton.  Sft^it 

PLIRT-A'TION,  ».    A  llirting  ;  a  qukk,  sprighUy  mo- 
tion, 
d.  Plaving  at  courtship;  roquetr)'.  AdtOsoti. 

FLIRT'Eb,  w.    Thrown  with  a  sutlden  jerk. 

FLIRT'I-GIG,  *.    A  wanton,  piit  girl.  Grose. 

FLXRT'IXG,  pfT.  or  a.  ThM\\  iii;! ,  jerking  ;  tuauing ; 
darting  about ;  giddy;  cu(iuctti»h. 

FLIRT'LNG-LV,  odF.    In  a  dirting  manner. 

FLIT,  r. ».  [D.  chedm.  In  rty  or  Hte ;  Dan.^yder,  Sw. 
JLyla,  to  dow,  to  glide  away  ;  Dan.  jl^tter,  Sw.  jli/ftui, 
lo  renove  ;  Ice.  jliufMr,  swiA.  'i'liis  word  ctriiicide:) 
In  elemenu  Hith  IK-b.  Cl>.  Syr.  07&.  Ckiiis  Ld,  \o. 
43.  It  is  undoubtedly  from  the  same  root  as  JUet, 
which  aee.J 

1.  To  fly  away  with  a  rapid  motion  ;  to  dart  along; 
to  move  with  celerity  litruugh  ttiu  air.     We  say,  a 
bird  fiiU  away,  or  JlUs  in  air  ;  a  cloud  JUu  along. 
a.  To  rtultt'r  ;  to  rove  on  the  wing.  Dr^tn. 

X  To  remove  ;  to  mierata ;  to  pass  rapidly,  as  a 
light  substance,  fVora  tUK  ptaca  to  anolliffr. 

U  becuur  A  t«v-H«l  ofiiiiaa,  (hat  Ih*  nula  tt  raro,  drjiutiag 
mm  lie,  mjUt  out  uf  uoa  bwljr  into  kmm  other.    Hooktr. 

4.  In  Seattmrndf  to  mnovo  ftom  ocm  habitation  to 
•DOibec. 

5.  To  be  nnstable ;  to  be  easily  or  often  moved. 

And  ihe  (irt  aoui  xoJUxing  air  n^otj^nrd.  Drydm, 

FLIT,    «.      Nimble  ;   quick  ;   swift      [Oht.^      [See 

Flskt.] 
FLITCH,  R.    rPax.jUcee,- Pr.jCedU,anarrow,  acoacb- 

beam,  a  ftitcb  of  bacon.] 
The  side  of  a  hog  salted  and  cured.  I>rifdrm.  Svi/l. 
FLTTE,  r.  1.     [^a.x.  JUtan.] 

To  »caM  ;  to  quarrel.     [Lorttl.]  Oronf, 

FLITTED,  fp.     Removed;  Down  swiftly  ;  migrated. 
FLIT'TER,  c.  L    To  tlulier,  which  ih-c         Chatictr, 
FLIT'TER,  ».     A  rag  :  a  IMlcr.     [See  FaiTrea.] 
FLIT'TER-MOUSE,   n.     [JIU,  JUur,  and  momsr ;  G. 

JUdtrmam*.] 

A  bat ;  an  animal  that  bad  the  ftir  of  a  mouse, 

and    membranes    whicli     aivwer    the    purpose    of 

wins?,  and    enable  the  animal  to  sustain    ilaclf  In 

a  Hiittering  flight, 
FLIT'TI-.NESS,  lu  [from  JltL]    Unsteadiness;  levity  ; 

lightness.  Bp.  IfopkiH^. 

FLIT'TLNG,  ppr.  or  «.     Flying   rapidly;    tluileriug; 

mnvine  bv  starts. 
FLIT'TIXG,  a.    A  flying  with  lightness  and  celerity  ; 

a  fluttering. 

3.  A  removal  from  one  habitation  to  another.  [Scot- 
tish.] 
PLIT'TING-LY,  ailc.     In  a  flittin;:  manner. 
FLIT'TV,  *.     Cnstable;  fluiterina.  -Wore. 

FLIX,  a.    [Uu.  fcuin  Jlaz.]    Down  ;  fur.    [.V'oi  used.] 

Zhytlen. 
FLIX'WEED,  N.    The  Slnpabnttm  iwpkia  a  opecies  of 

water  creaaes,  growing  oii  walls  and  waste  grounds. 
FI«0,  X-     .^n  arrow.     [A'ot  in  tue.]  Chaucer. 

FLOAT,  (rt«e,)  «.    [8a.x.jli*i ;  G.Jtoxs  :  D.  viof,  vloot ; 

DoMujiode:  Sw.Jtotu;  Ft.JUtU;  f^jujtota;  iL  JlotUi 

Kuss/p/oL] 

1.  l^t  which  swims  or  is  borne  on  wa»?r  ;  as,  a 
Jb>(  of  weeds  and  rushes.  But  particularly^  a  b(»dy 
or  collection  of  timber,  boards,  or  planks,  fastened  to- 
gether and  conve)  ed  down  a  stream  ;  a  Tnft. 

[  Tike  tatter  teord  u  more  ffeneralii/  %sed  in  Uie  United 

2.  TTie  cork  or  quill  used  on  an  angling  line,  to 
support  it,  and  discover  the  bite  of  a  fi^h. 

Eneyc.      Walton, 

3.  The  act  of  flowing ;  flux  ;  flood  ;  the  primary 
aemstf  but  obsoUtf.  Iluukcr. 

4.  The  float-board  of  a  wheel,  which  sec. 

5.  A  quantity  of  earth,  eighteen  feet  square  and 
one  deep.  Mortimer, 

6.  [Fr.  jlm;  L.  Jluctus.]    A  wave 

7.  A  broad,  wooden  instrument,  shaped  like  a  trow- 
d,  with  which  msaona  float  over  and  smooth  the  plas- 
tering on  walls.  Buchanan. 

FLOAT,  V.  i.  [Sax.  Jteotan,  fiotcn  ;  O.  jUSgsen ;  D. 
vlooten^  rlotten;  Fr.  flatter-,  Dan.  flUder.  Either 
from  the  noun,  or  from  tbe  root  of  the  L.  Jiuo,  to 
flow.] 


FLO 

1.  To  be  borne  ur  sustained  on  iIik  surface  of  a 
fluid  ;  to  swim  ;  to  be  buoyed  up ;  not  to  sink  ;  not 
to  be  aground.  We  say,  the  water  is  so  iihaUuvv,  the 
ship  will  not  float. 

2.  To  move  or  be  conveyed  on  water ;  to  swim. 
The  mft  floats  down  the  river. 

TttfM  Uuueriiig  nighu,  Imdic  by  the  ■outhcni  bliiM, 
IJbKtUd.  Ihydtfi. 

3.  To  be  buoyed  up  and  moved  or  conveyed  in  a 
fluid,  as  in  air. 

TIk;  aurtch  Uieir  plume*  mydjloal  upoo  tha  wind.  Popt. 

4.  To  move  with  a  light,  irregular  course.    Clu. 

Locke. 
FLO.\T,  r.  t.    To  cause  to  pass  by  swimming  ;  to 
cause  to  be  conveyed    on  water.      The  tide  floated 
the  ship  into  the  harbor. 

5.  'i'o  flood  ;  to  inundate ;  to  overflow ;  to  cover 
witii  water. 

Pioud  PMtalui  floala  the  fruitful  lanJa.  Drydm. 

3.  In  pittsterinff^  to  nasa  over  and  level  the  surfhce 
of  a  wall  with  ajCool  aip|»ed  frequently  in  water. 
FLOAT'AGE,  n.    Any  Uiing  that  floau  on  the  water. 

Eaeyc. 
FLOAT'-HOARD,  a.     A  bt>ard  on  the  rim  of  an  nn- 
dersliot  water-wheel,  which  receives  the  impulse  of 
llie  strt^am  by  which  the  wheel  is  driven. 
FLOAT*  ED,  pp.  or  a.     Flooded;  overflowed  ;  leveled 

2.  Borne  on  water.  [with  a  fli>at. 
FLOAT' ER,  «.     One  ttiat  floats  or  swims.     Ewtden. 
Fl-OAT'ING,  ppr.  or  o.     Swimming;  conveying  on 

water  ;  overrlnwmg;  leveling;  witli  a  flixiL 

3.  Lying  flat  on  the  surface  of  Uie  water ;  as,  a 
floaiin^  leaf.  Marttra. 

3.  Circulating  ;  passing  ;  not  fixed  ;  as,  a  floating 
capital. 
FLoAT'ING-RRIDCE,  a.     A  bridge  consisting  of  logs 
or  timber  witli  a  At>or  of  plank,  impported  wholly  by 
the  water. 

2.  In  vdr,  a  kind  of  double  bridge,  the  upper  one 
projecting  beyond  the  lower  one,  and  cajxible  of  be- 
ing moved  forward  by  pulleys,  used  fur  carrying 
tntops  uver  narrow  moats  in  attacking  the  outworks 
of  a  fort. 

3.  A  large  steam  ferry-boat.     {Em;.]        Francis, 
FLOAT'LNG-ISL'AXD,  (tlo'ting-i'land,)  n.    A  sort  of 

ftiod  made  of  milk,  white  wine,  sugar,  and  eggs,  with 
mspberry  or  strawberry  maruialade,  jam,  ice. 

FLOAT'I.NG-LIGHT,  n.  A  substitute  for  a  light- 
house, being  the  hull  of  a  ship  mot>red  on  sunken 
rocks,  shoals,  &.c.,  with  a  light  displayed  aloft,  tc 
warn  mariners  of  their  danger. 

FLOAT'IXG-LY^  adv.     By  floating. 

Fl^AT'-STONE,  n.  Spongiform  quarlx,  a  mineral 
of  a  siKingy  texture,  uf  a  whiiish-gray  ciplor,  often 
with  a  tinge  of  yellow.  It  frequently  contains  a  nu- 
cleus of  common  flinU  CleaveianiL 

FLOAT' V,  a.  Buoyant;  swimming  ou  the  surface; 
light.  Ralegh. 

FLOe-CIL-LA'TIO.N,  n.  A  picking  of  l)ed-cluthcs  by 
a  sick  penion — au  alarming  symptom  in  acute  dis- 
eases. Brande. 

FLO€'eC-LEXCE,B.  [L./occuZi«,JI/)ect«.  See  Flock.] 
The  state  of  being  m  locks  or  fliKks  ;  adhesion  in 
small  flakes.  ,  Higgitts,  Med.  Rep. 

FLoe'eU-L£XT,a.  Coalescing  and  adhering  in  locks 
or  flakes. 

I  rnkj  the  liqiior  la  broken  tn  JtoccuUnct,  when  Uie  partlclr^  o( 
Imtnowiu  nutltfr,  aeiiwl  by  thuM  of  thr  litne,  and  co-nlca- 
aiig,  a]iii«*ar  lor^  mud  JloccuUnt.      Higgint,  Mtd,  Hep, 

FLOCK,  «.  [Sax.  fl^ce ;  h-floceus ;  G.fl^jcke  ;  D.  rlok ; 
Dan.  ftok  :  Sw.  ftuck^  a  crowd  ;  uUe-lock^  wool-lock  ; 
Gr.  ff>or;j,  v\')Koi  :  Russ.  ktok.  It  is  the  same  radi- 
cally as  fl4ike,  and,  applied  to  wool  or  hair,  we  write 
it  lock.    See  Flake.) 

1.  A  company  or  collection  ;  applied  to  sheep  and 
other  small  animals.  A  flock  of  sheep  answers  to  a 
hrrd  of  largt^r  cattle.  Hut  the  word  may  sometimes, 
perhaps,  be  applied  to  larger  beasts  ;  and,  in  the  p/u- 
ral,flMcks  may  incltide  all  kinds  of  domesticated  ani- 
mals. 

2.  A  company  or  collection  of  birds  of  any  kind, 
and,  wheTi  applied  to  birds  on  liie  wing,  a  flight ;  as, 
a  pick  of  wild  geese;  a  flock  of  ducks;  tl  flack  of 
blackbirds.  In  the  United  Slates,  flocks  of  wild 
pigeons  sometimes  darken  the  air. 

3.  A  body  or  crowd  of  people.  [Little  used.]  [(iu. 
Gr.  Awxnsj  a  troop.] 

4.  A  lock  of  wool  or  hair.  Also,  pieces  of  cloth 
cut  up  very  fine. 

FLOCK,  r.  L  To  gather  in  companies  or  crowds  ;  ap- 
plied to  men  or  other  animals.  People  flock  together. 
They  jlocJic  to  the  playhouse. 

'  PricnJa  daiiyjtock.  IhytUn. 

FLOCK'-BED,  n.     A  bed  filled  with  locks  of  coarse 

wool,  or  pieces  of  cloth  cut  up  fine. 
FLOCK'ING,p;w.    CoIIecimg  or  running  together  in 
FLOCK'LV,  ado.     In  a  body  or  flocks.  fa  crowd. 

FLOCK'Y,  a.     Abounding  with  flocks  or  locks. 
KLOCK'-PA'PER,  n.     A  kind  of  wall-paper  having 

raised   figures   resembling  cloth,  made  of  fl<jck,  or 

cloth  cut  up  very  fine,  and  attached  to  the  paper  by 

size  or  varnish. 


FLO 

FLOE,  «.    Among  aeajnen,  a  large  mass  of  floating  ice 

Fl.tETZ.    ."^ee  Fletz.  [in  the  ocean. 

FLOG,  r.  t.  [L.  fligo^  to  strike,  that  is,  to  lay  on  ;  L. 
^jTTMm,  fla^llum;  Eng.  flail;  Goth,  blijrgjeaii,  to 
strike  ;  Gr.  xXujfj,  TrXr?\  tj.  L.  plaira,  a  slroKe,  Eng. 
pla^rur.  We  have  lick,  which  is  probably  of  the  same 
family  ;  as  is  I),  slag,  G.  scMarr,  Eng.  slay.] 

To  beat  or  strike  with  a  rod  or  whip  ;  to  whip  ;  to 
lash  ;  to  chastise  with  repeated  blows  ;  a  colloquial 
word  J  applied  to  whipping  or  beating  for  punishment ; 
ns,  to  flo^  a  srhwilhoy  or  a  sailor. 

FLOG'Gfil),  (rlogd,)  pp.  Whipped  or  scourged  for 
punishment;  chasttsed. 

FLOG'iiliS'G,  ppr.  Whipping  for  punishment ;  chas- 
tising. 

FLOG'GING,  n.     A  whipping  for  punishment. 

FLOOD,  (ftud,)  n.  [Sax.  fiod  ,-  G.fiuthi  D.  vloedt  Sw. 
flod;  Dan.JIoJ;  from /c jr.] 

1.  A  great  flow  of  water  ;  a  body  of  movinj;  wa- 
ter;  jKirticularly,  a  body  of  water,  rising,  sweltinir, 
and  overflowing  land  not  usually  covered  witji  w'a- 
ter.  Thus  there  is  a  flood,  every  spring,  in  the  Con- 
necticut, which  inutulutes  the  adjacent  meadows. 
There  is  an  annual  flood  in  the  Nile  and  in  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

2.  The  flood,  by  wny  of  eminence  ;  the  deluge ;  the 
great  IrkIv  of  water  which  inundated  the  eartli  in 
the  days  of  Noah.  Before  the  flood,  men  lived  to  a 
great  age. 

3.  A  river;  a  sense  chiefly  poetical. 

4.  The  flowing  of  the  tide  ;  the  semi-diunial  swell 
or  rise  of  water  in  the  ocean  ;  opposed  to  Ebb.  The 
ship  entered  the  harbor  on  the  flood,  Hunce  flood- 
tide;  voung  Tlotwi ,-  hi^U  flood, 

5.  A  great  quantity  ;  an  inundation  ;  an  overflow- 
ing ;  abundance  ;  superabundance  ;  as,  a  flood  of 
bank  notes  ;  a  flood  of  paper  currency. 

ti.  A  great  body  or  stream  of  any  riuid  substance  ; 
as,  a  flood  of  light ;  a  flood  of  lava.     Hence,  flguror- 
lively,  n.  flood  of  vice. 
7.  Menstrual  discharge.  Harvey. 

FLOOD,  (flud,)  v.u  To  overflow;  to  inundate;  to 
deluge  i  as,  to  flood  a  meadow.  Jlortimer, 

FI^OOD'ED,  (rtud'ed,)  pp.    Overflowed  ;  inundated. 

FLOOD'GATE,  n.  A  gate  to  be  opened  for  letting  wa- 
ter flow  through,  or  to  be  shut  to  prevent  iL 

2.  An  ojHMiing  or  passage;  an  avenue  for  a  flood 
or  great  body. 

FL0OI)'ING,7>/>r.     Overflowing;  iYiundating. 

ELOOD'ING,  rt.  Any  preternatural  discharge  of  blotnl 
from  [he  uterus.  Ct/r. 

FLOOD'-MARK,  n.  The  mark  or  line  to  which  the 
tide  rises;  high -water-mark. 

FLOOR,  n.  'J'he  arm  of  an  anchor.  [See  Fllke,  the 
usual  orthography.] 

FLOOK'ING,  rt.  In  mining,  an  interruption  or  shift- 
ing of  a  lode  of  ore  by  a  cross  vein  or  fissure.  Kncvc. 

FI*0*)K'V,  a.     Furnished  with  flooks  or  flukes. 

FLOOR,  (dare.)  n.  [Sax.  ^or,  Jl^re  ;  D.  vloer ;  W. 
llairr,  and  clawr,  the  earth  or  ground  an  area,  or 
ground-plot,  a  floor;  Ir.  lar,  and  urlar;  Ba.-^qiie  or 
CnnL'ibnan, /urrfl  ;  Ann.  Icur,  flat  land,  or /for;  G. 
flar  a  field,  level  ground  or  floor.  In  early  ages,  the 
inhabitants  of  Europe  had  no  floor  in  their  huU  but 
the  ground.  The  sense  of  the  word  is,  probabiy,  that 
which  is  laid  or  spread.] 

1.  That  part  of  a  building  or  room  on  which  we 
walk  ;  the  bottom  or  lower  part,  consisting,  in  mod- 
ern houses,  of  boards,  planks,  or  pavement ;  as,  the 
floor  of  a  house,  rot»m,  ham,  stable,  or  outhouse. 

2.  A  platform  of  boards  or  planks  laid  on  timbers, 
as  in  a  bridge  ;  any  similar  platform. 

3.  A  story  in  a  building;  as,  the  first  ^or;  which, 
in  England,  is  tiie  one  next  above  the  ground-floor, 
called  in  America  the  second  story. 

4.  A  floor,  or  earthen  floor,  is  still  used  in  some 
kinds  of  business,  made  of  luoin,  or  of  lime,  sand, 
and  iron  dust,  as  in  malting.  Encyc. 

5.  Ttie  bottom  of  a  vessel  on  each  side  of  the  keel- 
son. Tutten. 

FLOOR,  r.  /.  To  lay  a  floor  ;  to  cover  timbers  with  a 
floor  ;*  to  furnish  with  a  floor;  as,  to  floor  a  liouse 
with  pine  hoards. 

2.  To  strike  down,  or  lay  level  with  the  floor  ;  as, 
to  floor  an  antagonist.  Grose. 

3.  Figurauvclijy  to  put  to  silence  by  some  decisive 
argument,  retort,  &.c.  Coieridire, 

FLoOR'-CLOTH,  it.  Oil-cloth,  or  painted  cloth,  for 
covering  floors. 

FIjOOK' EU,  pp.  Covered  with  boards,  plank,  or  pave- 
ment ;  furnished  with  a  floor  ;  struck  down. 

FLOOR'ING,  ppr.  Laying  a  floor;  furnishing  with  a 
floor  ;  striking  down. 

FLOOR'ING,  n.     A  platform  ;  the  bottom  of  a  room 
or  building;  pavement. 
2.  Materials  for  floors. 

FLOOR'LESS,  a.     Having  no  floor. 

F.LOOR'-T1M-BER»,  n.  pL  The  limbers  on  which  a 
floor  is  laid. 

FLOP,  V.  t.     [A  different  spelling  of  Flap.] 

1.  To  clap  or  strike  the  wings. 

2.  To  let  down  the  brim  of  a  hat. 

FLO'RA,  R.  [L.  See  Floral.]  In  antitptity,  the  god- 
dess of  flowers. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALI^  WB.^T.— METE,  PRfiY.— PINE,  RIARLVE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 


FLO 


FLO 


a.  In  modtm  usage^  a  catalogue  or  account  of  flow- 
ers or  plants. 

3.  The  trees  and  plants,  or  botany,  of  a  particular 
country. 
FLORAL,  a.     {'UJloralisy  from  fiod^  a  flower  ;  which 
Bee.]  . 

L  Containing  the  flower;  as,  a  floral  bud  ;  unme- 
diatcly  attending  the  flower ;  as,  a  JU^al  Unf. 

Jitartt/Tt. 

3.  Pertaining  to  Flora,  or  to  flowers ;  as,  'fioral 

eaincH  ;  Jlorid  play.  Prior. 

FL'  IK'EN,        )  «.     An  ancient  gold  coin,  of  Edward 

FLOH'EN'CE,  \      IIL,  of  six  shillings  sterling  value. 

FLOR'EN'CE,  n.     A  kind  of  cloth.  [Camden. 

a.  A  kind  of  wine  from  Florence,  in  Iiuly. 
FLOR'EN'-TIXE,  a.     A  native  of  Flurenco. 

•i.  A  kind  of  silk  cloth,  so  called. 
FLO-KES'CE.NC£,   lu     [L.  fiorcscensy  Jloresco.     See 
Fluwkk.] 

In  butany^  the  season  when  plants  expand  their 
llitwers.  ■Murtyn. 

FLO'RET,  n.     [Tx-JtmreUe:  It.  fioretto,'\ 

A  little  flower  ;  the  partial  or  separate  little  flower 
of  .in  aueregate  flower.  MaHyn, 

FLO'RIAOE,  n.     [Vr.Jiori,']     Bloom  ;  blossom. 

/.   Scutt, 
FLOR'ID,  a.     [U  fi.'Mdas.  from  fioreo^  to  flower.] 
\.  Literally^  rtower>- ;  covered  or  abounding  with 
flowers  ;  but  in  this  sense  little  used. 

S2.  Bright  in  color ;  flushed  with  red  ;  of  a  lively 
red  color  ;  as,  a  jtwrii  countenance  ;  a  jlorid  cheek. 

3.  Embellished  with  flowers  of  rhetoric  ;  enriched 
to  excess  with  figures  ;   splendid  j   brilliant ;   as,  a 
Jlorid  style  ;  iorid  eloquence. 
FLO-RID'I-TV,  ».    Freshness  or  brightness  of  color  ; 

floriducss.  Flayer-. 

FLOR'ID-LY,  adv.    In  a  florid  manner. 
FLOR'IU-NESS,  ju     Brightness  or  freshness  of  color 
or  complexion- 

2.  Vigor;  spirit.     {Unusual.']  FelUiam. 

3.  Embcllishmeul ;  brilliant  ornaments  ;  ambitious 
eleganre  ;  applifd  to  style.  Boyle. 

FLO  ttlF'ER-OUS.  a.     iUfiori/er,  from fios,  a  flower, 
and  fero,  to  b^ar.] 
IVulurinB  flowers. 
FLOR  1  FI-CA'TION,  n.    The  act,  process,  or  time  of 

ri'iwerinp.  Williams.     Journ.  of  Science, 

FLO'RIFURM,  a.     In  the  form  of  a  flower. 
FLOR'LV,  B,     [Fr.  fiorin  ;  It.  Jiarino.] 

A  coin,  originally  made  at  Florence.  The  name 
i^  given  to  dirterenl  coins  of  gold  or  silver,  and  of 
diflVrent  values  in  difierent  countries,  the  silver  flor- 
ins varying  from  U.  to  2«.  4d.  sterling,  or  from  2:J  to 
54  c»nU;  and  the  gold  florin  of  Hanover  being  val- 
ued at  (1*.  lid.  sterling,  it  is  also  used  as  a  money 
of  arroiinl.  Kelly. 

FLORIST,  n.     [Fr.  Jlcuristt.] 

1.  A  cultivator  of  flowers ;  one  skilled  in  flowers. 

T^komson. 
Q.  One  who  writes  a  flora,  or  an  account  of  plants. 

Enryc. 
FLOR'U-LENT,  a.    Flowery ;  blossoming.    [-Voi  in 

FLOS^eC-LAR,     » a.     [Infra.]     In   botany,  a   floscu- 

FLOS'eU-LOUS,  i  lous  flower  is  a  comjiound  flow- 
er, compu^d  entirely  of  floret'i  with  funnel  limped 
p^talit,  as  in  burdock,  thistle,  and  artichoke.  This  is 
tlie  term  used  by  Tourneforu  For  this  Linnaus 
U'led  tuhulous.  Mdne.     JUartyii. 

FLO.-i'eULE,  n.     [L.  fiosniliJ!.] 

In  botany,  a  partial  or  lesser  floret  of  an  aggregate 
flower.  MUne. 

FLOS  FF.R'Rl,H.  [L.,  flower  of  iron.]  A  mineral,  a 
variety  of  amgonite,  calletl  by  Jamenon,  after  Ilatiy, 
coralloidiU  arragonite.  It  occurs  in  little  cylinders, 
Ronielimos  divtrfging  and  endmg  in  a  point,  and 
sometimes  branched,  like  c<.ral.  lis  stntcture  is  fi- 
brous, and  the  surface,  which  is  smooth,  or  gitrnished 
with  little  cryntnl'.ine  p(tmt^,  is  often  very  white, 
with  a  silken  luster.  It  takes  this  name  from  its 
b'stns  often  found  in  cavities  in  veins  of  sparry  iron. 

FLOriH,  n.     [L.  Jto3.]  [CUandand, 

1.  A  downy  or  silken  substance  In  the  husks  of  cer- 
tain plants.  Tooke. 

2.  A  fluid  glass  floating  on  Iron  in  the  furnace, 
nroduced  by  the  vitrification  of  oxyds  and  cartJis. 

*^  Urt-. 

X  Untwisted  filaments  of  the  finest  silk,  used  in 
embroidering  on  «alin,  &,c 

FLOS  HI-FI  CA'TION,  n.  A  flowering;  expansion 
*,f  tlnwer*.     {.\ocel]  Med.  Hfpos. 

FLOSH'-riILK,  n.  Tne  name  given  to  the  pririions  of 
raveled  silk  broken  off"  in  the  filature  of  cocoons.  It 
is  cardr',d  and  spun  like  cotton  or  wool.  Ure. 

FLO'TA,  n.  [Hp.  ii^e*;  Fleet.]  A  fleet;  but  appro- 
pr>atfhjt  a  fleet  of  Spjinish  ships  whieh  formerly 
sailed  every  year  from  Cadi/,  to  Vfira  Cru/.,  in  Mex- 
ico, to  transport  to  Spain  the  productions  of  Spanish 
America. 

FL6T'.\CE,  ».    [Tr.  Jloua^r.] 

That  which  floats  on  tha  sea,  or  on  rivers.     [Little 
^j;td.  ]  CUambera. 

PU>  TA'TION.n.    The  art  of  floating. 

FLOTF.,  v.  L     To  «kiin.     {..Vuf  used  wr  tacal.)      Tuistr, 


FLO-TIL'L.\,  M.     [dim.  of  fiota.]     A  little  fleet,  or  [ 

fleet  of  small  vessels. 
FLOT'PAM,  (  Ji.     [from  float,]      Goods  lost  by  ship- 
FLOT'SON,   \      wreck,    and    floating    on    the    sea. 
When  such  goods  are  crust  on  shore  or  found,  the 
owner  being  unknown,  tliey  belong  to  the  king. 

Eiijrlifih  Law.     Blackstoue. 
FLOT'TJEN,  pp.     Skimmed.     [JVot  in  wje.l 
FLOUNCE,  (flouns,)  v.  u     [D.  phnssen.     See  Flocn- 

1.  To  throw  the  limbs  and  body  one  way  and  the 
other  ;  to  spring,  turn,  or  twist  with  sudden  eflfbrt  or 
violence  ;  to  struggle  as  a  horse  in  mire. 

You  neitlifr  fume,  nor  fret,  aoxflounct.  Swi/L 

2.  To  move  with  jerks  or  agitation. 
FLOUNCE,  V.  I.    To  deck  with  a  flounce;  as,  to 

flmtnre.  a  petticoat  or  frock.  Pvpe. 

FLOUNCE,  n.    A  sudden  jerking  motion  of  the  body. 
2.  A  narrow  piece  of  cloth  sewed  to  a  petticoat, 
frock,  or  gown,  with  the  lower  border  loose   and 
spreading. 
FLOUX'CiTD.  (fiounst,)  pp.     Decked  with  a  flounce. 
FLOIJN'CING,  ppr.     Decking  with  a  flounce. 
FLOUN'DER,  m.      [Sw.  ftundra;  G.  fliinder.] 

A  flat  fish  of  the  genus  Platessa^  allied  to  the  hali- 
but, and  generally  found  in  rivers  near  the  sea. 

Partington. 
FLOUN'DER,  v.  L    This  seems  to  be  allied  to  flaarU 
and  fliiiinci.] 

To  fling  the  limbs  and  body,  as  in  making  efforts 
to  move  ;  to  struggle  as  a  horse  in  the  mire  ;  to  roll, 
toss,  and  tumble.  Pope. 

FLOUN'DER-ING,  ppr.     Making  irregular  motions; 

struggling  with  violence. 
FLOUR,  n.     [originally,  flower;  Vx.  fleur ;    Sp.flon 
it.  flore  ;  L.  flos^  floriSy  from  floreo,  to  flourish.] 
i'he  edible  part  of  ground  com  or  grain  ;  meal. 

Johnson, 
In  the  United  StcUes,the  modern  practice  js  to  make 
a  distinction  between  Jlour  and  meal ;  the  word  flour 
being  more  usually  applied  to  the  finer  part  of  meal, 
gepamted  from  the  bran,  as  wheat  flour^  rje  flour. 
This  is  a  just  and  useful  distinction. 
FLOUR,  c.  t.     [iiii.  fiorear.] 

1.  To  grind  and  boll  ;  to  convert  into  flour. 
Wheat  used  formerly  to  be  sent  to  market ;  but  now 
great  quantities  of  it  are  floured  in  the  interior  coun- 

2.  To  sprinkle  with  flour.  (try. 
FLOUR'i-.'D,  pp.     Converted    into   flour;    sprinkled 

With  flour. 
FLOUR'ING,  ppr.    Converting  into  flour;  sprinkling 

with  flour. 
FLOUR'ING,  n.    The  business  of  converting  grain 

into  flour. 
FIX>UR'ISH,  fflur'ish,)  r.  i.     fL.  floreaeo^  from  floreo ; 

Fr.  flcurir,  fleurissant ;  Sp.  Jlorear ;  It.  fiorire.      The 

primary  sense  is,  to  open,  expand,  enlarge,  or  to  shoot 

out,  as  in  glory,  L.  ploro,  or  in  other  words  in  Lr.] 
L  To  thrive  ;   to  grow   luxuriantly  ;   to  increase 

and  enlarge,  as  a  healthy  growing  plant.     The  beech 

and  the  maple  flourish  best  in  a  deep,  rich,  and  moist 

loam. 
2.  To  be  prosperous;  to  increase  in  wealth   or 

honor. 

uid  floMri^,  xjvl  lh*t  hy  die 
t^eUon. 
Pi.  zcU 


B.\d  fwii  M  fntjiimlly  ni 

mcnna  of  th'-ir  wickf>iin'»». 
Wti'ii  lUl  liii  worker*  •ji  iiiiquitj'  Aoflounth. 

3.  To  grow  in  grace  and  in  good  works  ;  to  abound 
in  the  consolations  of  religion. 

Th'-  riKht^oiw  •h:ill/ouri#li  lilit-  the  pulm-tiM.  —  P».  xcil. 

4.  To  be  in  a  prosperous  stale  ;  In  grow  or  be  aug- 
mented. We  say  agriculture  flvurishea ;  commerce 
flourishes  ;  manufactures  flourish. 

5.  To  use  florid  language;  to  make  tt  display  of 
Agures  and  lofty  expressions ;  to  be  copious  and 
flowery. 

Tb"y  dilate  nn<\flourUh  long  on  \\V\t  Ind.l-ntJ.  W'alU. 

6.  To  make  bold  strokes  in  writing  ;  to  make 
large  and  irregular  lines  ;  as,  iuflourtj'h  with  the  pen. 

7.  To  move  or  play  in  bold  and  irregular  figures. 

Thu  itrcam,  *.ni\  tmo\img, /oitruhta  o\t  hi*  hcml.         Pop*. 

8.  In  mu.iic.  to  play  with  bold  and  irregular  notes, 
or  without  settled  form  ;  as,  to  flourish  on  an  organ 

9.  To  boast ;  to  vaunt ;  to  brag.  [or  violin. 
FLOUR'ISH,  (fiur'ish,)  v.  t.     To  adorn  with  flowers 

or  beauliful   figures,  either  natural   or   artificial ;  to 
ornament  with  any  thing  showy. 

2.  To  spread  out ;  lo  enlarge  into  figures.      Bacon. 

3.  To  move  in  bold  or  irregular  figures  ;  to  move 
In  circles  or  vibrations  by  way  of  show  or  triumph  ; 
lo  brandish  ;  as,  to  flourish  a  sword. 

4.  To  embellish  with  the  flowers  of  diction  ;  to 
adorn  with  rhetorical  flgnres  ;  to  grace  with  ostenU- 
lious  eloquence  ;  lo  set  off"  with  a  parade  of  words. 

Collier. 

5.  To  adorn  ;  to  embellish.  Shak, 
e.  To  mark  with  a  flourish  or  irregular  stroke. 

The  day  book  und  iiivetitory  book  thnll  \ji'  flourithtd. 

Frtnch  Com.  Co'U.     WoImK. 

FLOUR'ISII,  (flur'ish,)  ».    Beauty ;  showy  splendor. 

Thf-  Jlouruh  of  hi*  wher  youUi,  Cnuhaa. 


FLO 

2.  O.-^teutatious  embcllisliinenl ;  anibilioua  copious- 
ness, or  aiiiplifirjition  ;  parade  of  words  and  flgures 
show  ;  as,  a  flourish  of  rhetoric  ;  a  fl^uruh  of  wit 

He  livnla  ik'mU  Jloarttlteg  lii«  lung  harangue.  Drtfdr<% 

3.  Figures  formed  by  bold,  irregular  lines,  or  tan 
ciful  strttkes  of  the  pen  or  graver  ;  as,  tlie  floarisAn 
about  a  great  letter.  Jilore. 

4.  A   brandishing;   the  waving  of  a  weapon    or 
other  thing  ;  as,  the  flourish  of  a  sword- 

FLOUU'lSH-f.'D,       (tlur'isht,)      pp.  Embellished  ; 

adorned   with  bold  and   irregular   figures   or  lines ; 

brandished. 
FLOUR'ISH-ER,  (flur'ish-er,)  n.    One  who  flourishes  ; 

one  who  thrives  or  prospers. 

2.  One  who  brandishes. 

3.  One  who  adorn-i  with  fanciful  figures. 
FLOUR'ISH-ING,  (flur'ish-ing,)  ppr.  or  a.     Thriving; 

prosperous  ;  increasing  ;  making  a  show. 
FLOUR'ISH-ING-LY,     (flur'ish-ing-ly,)   adv.      With 

flouritihes  ;  ostentatiously. 
FLOUT,  V.  t.     [Scot,  flytey  to  scold  or  brawl ;    Sax. 

fiifan.] 

To  mock  or  insult ;  to  treat  with  contempt. 

V\\\\V\MJtouU  me.  Walton. 

llcJloitUd  ua  liownriglit.  Ulutk. 

FLOUT,  t>.  i.  To  practice  mocking ;  to  sneer ;  to  be- 
have with  contempt. 

Fleer  and  gibe,  and  laugh  aiid^out.  Shak. 

FLOUT,  n.     A  mock  ;  an  insult. 

FLOUT'ED,  pp.     Mocked;  treated  with  contempt. 

FLOUT'ER,  n.  One  who  flouts  and  flings  ;  a  mucker. 

FLOUT'ING,  ppr.     Mucking;  insulting;  fleering. 

FLOUT'lNG-LY,arfr.     Wilh  flouting;  insultingly. 

FLOW,  (flo.)  V.  i.  [Sax.  flowan :  D.  vlorijtn.  If  the 
last  radical  was  originally  a  dental,  this  word  coin- 
cides wilh  the  D.  rlteten^  G.  fliessen,  Sw.  flyta,  Dan. 
flyder,  lo  flow.  If  j?  was  the  last  radical,  flow  coin- 
cides with  the  L. /'O,  contracted  from /h^a,  for  it 
forms  fluri,  fiuetum.  In  one  case,  the  word  would 
agree  wilh  the  xootofbloWy  L.  flo  i  in  the  other,  wiiU 
the  root  of  fltf.] 

1.  To  move  along  an  inclined  plane,  or  on  descend- 
ing ground,  by  the  ojieration  of  gravity,  and  with  a 
continual  change  of  place  among  the  particles  or 
parts,  as  a  fluid.  A  sulid  body  descends  or  moves  in 
mass,  as  a  ball  or  a  wheel ;  but  in  the  flowing  of  li- 
quid substances,  and  others  consisting  of  very  fine 
particles,  there  is  a  constant  change  of  the  relative 
position  of  some  parts  of  the  substance,  as  is  the 
case  with  a  stream  of  water,  of  quicksilver,  and  of 
sand.  Particles  at  the  bottom  and  sides  of  the  stream, 
being  somewhat  checked  by  friction,  move  slower 
than  those  in  the  middle  and  near  the  surface  of  the 
current.  Rivers  jlo«»  from  springs  and  lakes;  tears 
flow  from  the  eyes. 

2.  To  melt ;  to  becpme  liquid. 
Thai   the   nvjuiiuiii*  might  jtow  down   at  tliy   prrfccnce.  —  li. 

3.  To  proceed  :  to  issue.  Evils  flow  from  different 
sources.  Wealth  floio.-t  from  industry  and  economy. 
All  our  blessings  flow  from  divine  bounty. 

4.  To  abound  ;  to  have  in  abundance. 

luntiinH  aliall  <lro|>  down  new  wine,  and  Um 
wilh  nilik. — Joel  lii. 

.1.  To  be  full ;  to  be  copious  j  as,  flowing  cups  or 
goblets. 

6.  To  glide  along  smoothly,  without  harshness  or 
asperity  ;  as,  a  flowing  period  ;  flowing  numbers. 

7.  To  be  smooth,  as  composition  or  utterance  The 
orator  has  a  flowing  tongue. 

Virgil  ia  •wcct  ii.ni\  floa-tng  in  hii  hexameter*.  Dryden. 

8.  To  hang  liwise  and  waving  ;  as,  a  flowing  man- 
tle ;  flowing  locks. 

The  i[H[>;rial  pur^i- Jloieing  in  hit  train.    Federaliri,  JfamUlon. 

9.  To  rise,  as  the  tide  ;  opposed  lo  ebb.  The  tide 
fliuca  twice  in  twenty-four  hours. 

10.  To  move  in  the  arteries  and  veins  of  the  body; 
to  circulate,  as  blood. 

11.  To  issue,  as  rays  or  beams  of  light.  Light 
flows  from  the  sun. 

12.  To  move  in  a  stream  as  air. 
FLoW,  P.  ^    To  cover  wilh  water  ;   to  overflow  ;   to 

Inundate.     The  low  grounds  along  the  river  are  an- 
nutilly  flowed. 
FLOW,  n.    A  stream  of  water  or  oilier  fiuid 
rent ;  as,  a  flow  of  water  ;  a  flow  of  blood. 

2.  A  current  of  water  with  a  swell  or  rise 
flovi  and  ebb  of  tides. 

3.  A  stream  of  any  thing ;  as,  a  flow  of  wealth  into 
the  country: 

4.  Abundance;  copiousness  with  action;  as,  a 
flow  of  spirits. 

.*>.  A  stream  of  diction,  denoting  abundance  <h 
words  at  command  and  facility  of  speaking  ;  volu- 
bility- .      , 

6.  Free  expression  or  communication  of  generous 
feelings  and  sentiments. 

The  fcut  of  rcMon,  and  itte  floa  of  loul. 
FLOW'fTD,  (flSde,)  pp.     Overflowed  ;  inundated. 
FLOWER,  71.     [Fx.Jleurf  Sp.^or;  \i.Jxore;  Basque, 


lu  that  day  tlin   ni 
hilU  ihall/ou) 


acur- 


,  as,  the 


TONii,  njJLL,  tiNITE.  — AN"GEa,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  om  K;  <i  mm  J i  9  m  Z;  CH  lU  SH  ;  TH  tut  In  THIS. 


4&'i 


FLO 

Ivpi ;  W.  JUr,  bluom  ;  Jluniic,  tu  bloom,  tu  bv  brigtit ; 
!<.  jLu,  JUnis,  a  flower ;  Jiorto^  to  blossom,  z^ee 
Flouiush.] 

1.  tn  frolaity.  thai  part  of  a  plant  which  contains 
the  organi  of  nucltfleatmn,  with  thotr  coverinir*.  A 
Bower,  when  complete,  consists  tif  a  calyx,  corol, 
Mainen,  and  pistil  ;  but  the  essential  parts  are  the 
stamen  and  pistil,  which  are  sutficicnt  to  constitute 
K  flower,  either  together  in  herniaphrudiie  flowers,  or 
■epoiate  in  male  and  t'emale  flowers. 

MartwH,    Mibu, 

9.  Id  ftfpn'ar  laKfeuagt.  a  hloMKun  or  flower  la  the 
flower-bud  of  a  plant,  when  the  petals  art  expand- 
ed; open  petals  being  considered  as  the  principal 
thing  in  constitutms  a  flower.  But  in  kotAny^  the 
petals  are  now  cunsiJered  as  a  finer  sort  of  cover- 
UE,  and  not  at  all  necessary  to  couatituta  a  flower. 

Mdme, 

3.  The  early  part  of  life,  or  rather  of  manhood ; 
the  prime;  youthful  rigor  ;  yuuUi ;  aa,  the  JUnotr  of 
age  or  of  life. 

4.  Tbo  best  or  Snest  part  of  a  thing  ;  the  mnst  ral- 
ttaJUe  part.  The  most  active  and  vieiirons  part  of  an 
army  sia  wltod  the  JiMrrr  «f  the  iroofis.  Young, 
▼iforons,  and  brave  men  arc  colbd  the  jleirer  uf  a 
nation.  Adduom, 

5.  The  finest  part ;  the  essence. 

Tbacbciea  uxl  jla««r  af  ail  things  proAuUe  th«  I^alni*  do  mot* 
brk47  omaam.  Hooktr. 

&  He  or  that  which  b  mo«t  di^tingnished  for  any 
thing  valu^ila.  We  say,  the  yttuth  are  the  JUnoer  of 
the  country. 

7.  The  finest  pan  of  grain  pulverized.  In  this 
■ease.  It  is  now  alwa>-s  written  fiour ;  which  see. 

Floitfrs^  pi.  •-  in  old  ckfmUtiy^  fine  particles  of  bod- 
tes,  especially  when  raisnl  by  fire  in  sublimation, 
aad  adhering' to  the  heads  of  Teasels  in  the  form  of  a 
powdt^  or  mealy  substance ;  a  tenn  equivalent  to 
amUhmate  ;  as,  the  JUnotrs  of  sulphur.  Crt. 

A  substance,  somewhat  similar,  formed  spontane- 
eosly.  Is  called  ^Jhrsscsacs. 

S.  In  rketffrie,  ttgures  aad  anmmmu  of  discourse 
or  composition. 

3.  Menstrual  diwhnrges. 
FliOW'ER.  r.  i.      Jfn»ni  the  noun.    The  correspond- 
fnf  word  in  L.  is  Jtttr€«,  Fr.  jC^anr,  II  /orirt^  Sp.  and 
Port,  fwfcer,  W.  finrmw.] 

1.  To  blossom  ;  ui  btt«m  ;  to  expand  the  petals,  h 
•  plaat.  In  New  England,  peach-trees  usually  jl#irer 
la  April,  and  apple-tn-ea  in  .May. 

SL  To  be  in  ihe  prime  and  spring  of  life  ;  to  flour- 
Mi;  to  be  youthful,  fresh,  and  vigorous. 

WhenJIomtrtd  tof  rmthful  spring.  5>rtwrr. 

31  To  froth ;  to  ferment  gently ;  to  mantle,  as  new 


The  beer  6BA^oiMr  m  !iit)p. 

4.  To  come  as  cream  from  the  surface.      MUtam, 
FLOWER,  r.  t    To  embellish  with  figures  of  flow- 
ers ;  to  adorn  wiib  imitated  flowers. 
FLOWER- A(^E,  n.    State  of  flowers;  flowers  in  gen- 
eral. 
FLOWER-BEXR'ING,  a.     Producing  flowers;. 
FLOWER-BLD,   s.     The  bud   which   produces  a 

flower. 
FLOWER-eROWN'ED,  a.    Crowned  with  flowers. 
PLOWER-DE-LCCE,  tu     [Fr.  Jieur  dt  Us,  flower  of 
the  lily.] 

In  Ao^uiy,  the  Iris,  a  genus  of  herbaceous  peren- 
'^  ttW  plaats;  called,  also,  Jlag-fiawtr,  zinA  sometimes 

written  fmeer-de-Ut.     The  species  are  numerous. 
FLOWER-£D,  fp.  or  a.    Expanded  into  flowers;  em- 
bellished with  figures  of  flowers. 
FLOWER-ET,  «.     [Fr.  finu-ette.\ 

A  small  flower  ;  a  floreL  Skuk.  MUton,  Drydau 
[In  btitanv  Florbt  is  sotelv  used.] 
FLO\V'ER-FEXCE,  ».  The  name  of  certain  plants. 
The  JUneer-femce  of  Barbadofs  is  of  the  genus  P»>in- 
ciana.  It  ba  tropical  letniminous  bush,  with  prickly 
branches,  and  8ho>v}'  yellow  or  red  flowers,  and  is 
cctfisidered  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  planu.  Its 
name  is  derived  from  its  having  been  sometimes  used 
for  hedges  in  the  West  Indies.  P.  Cyc. 

The  bastard  Jtoteer-fence  is  the  Adenanthera. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 
PLOWER-FpL,  «.    Abounding  with  flowers. 
FLOWER-GARDEN,  n.     A  garden  in  which  flow- 
ers are  chieflv  cultivated. 
FLOW'ER-CEN'TLE,  a.     A  plant,  the  amaranth. 
FLOWER-I-N'ESS,  n.     [from  Jtowny.]     The  sUle  of 
bemg  fiower>',  or  of  abounding  with  flowers, 
2.  Floridness  of  speech  ;  abundance  of  fignrea 
FLOWER-IXG,  p;»r.  or  a.      Blossoming;  blooming; 
expanding  the  petaU,  as  planU. 

Q-  Adorning  with  artificial  flowers,  or  figures  of 
blossoms. 
FLOWERING,  n.     The  season  when  plants  blos- 
som. 
2.  The  act  of  adorning  with  flowers. 
FLOW-ER-lN-WOV'fN,  a.    Adorned  with  flowers. 

Mdiotu 
FLOWER^KIR^TLuED,  (kurt'ld,)  a.     Dressed  with 
garland:^  of  flowers. 

Milton. 


FLU 

FLOWER-LESS,  a.     Ilnving  no  flowers.    Chaucer. 
a.  In  botany,  having  no  flowers  or  organs  of  fructJ- 
ficalion.  Lindlry. 

FLO\VER-LESS-NESS,  a.  State  or  quality  of  being 
without  flowers. 

FLOWER-STALK,  (-stawk,)n.  In  hotanv,  the  pe- 
duncle of  a  plant,  or  the  sleni  that  supports  the  flower 
or  fpictification. 

FLOWER-V,  tt.  Full  of  flowers:  abounding  with 
blossoms  ;  as,  a  fiowtrv  field.  Milton. 

9,  Adorned  with  artificial  flowers,  or  Uie  figures  of 
blo«om«. 

3.  Highly  embellished  with  figurative  language; 
florid  ;  rs,  a  ^oteeni  style. 

FLOWING,  ppr.     Moving  as  a  fluid  ;    issuing  ;    pro- 
ceeding; abounding;   smooth,  as  style  ;  inundating. 
12.  a.  Fluent ;  smooth,  as  style. 

FLOW'ING,  K.  The  act  of  running  or  moving  as  a 
fluid  ;  an  issuing ;  an  overflowing  ;  rise  of  water. 

FLOWING-LY,  ado.  With  volubility  ;  with  abun- 
dance. 

FLO  WING-XESS,  %.  Smoothness  of  diction  ;  stream 
of  diction.  J^chols. 

FLOWK, )  n.    t^ax.  M*^]     A  flat  fish,  much  like  the 

FLPKE,  \      common  flounder.  Carrtr. 

FL>CWN,  {kadJUdy)  In  the  following  phrases,  is  not 
good  English. 

H'fl*  t^TMon^vn.  Prior. 

Sotia  of  BtfluU,  /town  vhh  iiMoleoeo  and  wlae.        AtUlon, 

In  the  former  passage,  JltncH  is  used  as  the  partici- 
ple of  Jly  or  JUe^  both  intransitive  verbs,  and  the 
phrase  should  have  bi'en,  had  reason  fimtn  or  fled. 
In  tJie  latter  passage,  jivirii  is  used  fori^icN,  inflated, 
but  most  improperly.  Flown  is  the  participle  of  the 
perfect  or  past  tense  of  ^j/,  but  can  not  regularly  be 
used  in  a  passive  sense 

PLC'ATE,  a.  [from  Jfuvr,  which  see.]  In  cAemuCry, 
a  salt  once  suppostnl  to  be  formed  by  the  fluoric  acid 
combined  with  a  base  ;  a^,  Jluate  of  aluiuina  or  of 
s<Kln.     These  are  pn>perlvjI«ioruii,  which  see. 

FLUe'TU-ANT,  a.     [L.  fitictuans.    See  Fllctuatc] 
Moving  bke  a  wave  ;  wavering ;  unsteady. 

L'Ei^ranffe, 

FLUC'TU-.^TE,  r,  i.  [L.  Jluttuo,  frotti  Jtuctu-t,  a  wave, 
from  jfuo,  tojloip.] 

1.  To  move  as  a  wave  :  to  roll  hither  and  thither  ; 
to  wave  ;  as,  nfinctuating  field  of  air.      Blarkmvre, 

3.  To  float  backward  and  forward,  as  on  waves. 

3.  To  move  now  in  one  direction  and  now  In 
another  ;  to  be  wavering  or  unsteady.  Public  opin- 
ion often  ftuctvuUs  ;  men  often  fiuctuale  between 
diiferent  parties  and  opinions.     Hence, 

4.  To  be  irresolute  or  undetermined. 

A.  To  rise  and  fall ;  to  be  in  an  unsettled  state  ;  to 
experience  sudden  vicissitudex.  The  funds  or  the 
prices  of  slocks  Jtu^iuUe  with  the  events  of  the  day. 
FLUe'TU  A-TING,  ppr.  Wavering ;  rolling  as  a 
wave  :  moving  in  this  and  that  direction  ;  rising  and 
falling. 

2.  a.  irnsteady;  wavering  ;  changeable.  We  have 
little  confidence  in  JtwXuaiin^  opinions. 

FLUC-TU-A'TION,  n.     [L.Jiuctuatio.] 

I.  A  motion  like  that  of  waves ;  a  moving  in  this 
and  that  direction  ;  as,  \he  Jt actuations  of  the  sea. 

5.  .\  wavering ;  unsteadiness  ;  as,  Jluetuations  of 
opinion. 

3.  A  rising  and  falling  suddenly;  as,  fiuctuations 
of  priccR  or  of  the  funds. 

FLUD'ER,     }  n.    An  aquatic  fowl  of  the  diver  kind, 
FLUD'DER, )      nearly  as  large  as  a  iroo^. 

DtcL  ofJsTaU  TTisU 
FLOE,  n.     [Probably  contracted  frum^uni«,  L./uni«i, 
from/ufl.j 

A  passage  for  smoke  in  a  chimney,  leading  from 
the  fireplace  to  the  top  of  the  chimney,  or  into  anoth- 
er passage  :  as,  a  chimney  with  (our  fines. 
FLCE,  »t.     \G.fiaum;  L.  p/uma.] 

Light  down,  such  as  rises  from  beds,  cotton,  &c. ; 
soft  down  ;  fur  or  hair.  Tooke. 

FLU-EL'LEN,  n.     The  speedwell,  a  plant. 
FLC'ENCE,  for  Fluency,  is  not  used. 
FLO'EN-CY,  n.     [l^fiKens,  txomfiuo,  to  flow.] 

1.  The  quality  of  flowing,  applied  to  speech  or  lan- 
^a^e. ;  smoothness  j  freedom  from  harshness  ;  as, 
fiuency  of  numbers. 

2.  Readiness  of  utterance ;  facility  of  words ; 
volubility  ;  as,  fiuency  of  speech  ;  a  speaker  of  re- 
markable fiueneif, 

3.  Aftluence  ;  abundance.     [0&».]  Sandijs. 
FLC'ENT,  a,     [See  Flubncy.]     Liquid  ;  flowing. 

2.  Flowing  ;  passing.  [Bacon. 

MoticHi  being  Ajtuenl  ihlag,  Ray. 

3.  Ready  in  the  use  of  words;  voluble;  copious; 
having  words  at  command,  and  uttering  them  with 
facility  and  timoothnesg  ;  as,  a  fiuent  speaker. 

4.  Flowing;  voluble;  smooth;  as,  j1uen(  speech. 
PXCENT,  n.     A  stream;  a  current  of  water.     [Lit- 
tle used.]  PhiUptr. 

5.  In  analysis,  a  variable  quantity,  considered  as 
increasing  or  diminishing.  The  term  denotes  the 
same  thing  as  integral,  which  is  now  uped  in  its 
stead,  the  differential  and  inteirral  calculus  having  au- 
pcpiedcd  the  methods  of  fiuzions  and  fiuents.  Brande. 


FLU 

FLC'E.VT-LV,arfp.  With  ready  flow  ;  volubly  ;  with- 
out hesitation  or  obstniction  ;  as,  to  speak  fiaently. 

FLC'GKL-iMAN,  (flu'el-man,)  n.  [g.,  from  fiugel,  a 
wing.] 

In  German,  the  leader  of  a  file  ;  but,  with  us,  one 
who  stands  in  front  of  a  body  of  soldiers,  and  whose 
motions  in  the  manual  exercise  they  all  simultane- 
ously follow. 

FLC'ID,  a.     [V..fiaidus,  from  fiuo,  to  flow.] 

Having  particles  which  easily  move  and  change 
their  relative  (wsition  without  a  separation  of  Ilie 
mass,  and  which  easily  yield  to  pressure  ;  that  m:iy 
flow  ;  liquid  or  gasiMius.  Water,  spirit,  air,  are  fiuid 
substances  ;  all  bodies  may  be  rendered ^Mid  by  heat 
or  caloric. 

FLO'ID,  n.  A  body  whose  particles  move  easily 
among  themselves,  and  yield  to  the  least  force  im- 
pressed, and  which,  when  that  force  is  remove<l, 
recovers  its  previous  state.  Fluid  is  a  generic  term, 
comprehending  liquids  and  gases.  Water,  wind,  and 
steam,  arefiuids.  Olmsted. 

FLU-ID'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  capable  of 
flowing  ;  that  quality  of  bodies  which  renders  them 
impressible  to  the  slightest  force,  and  by  which  the 
particles  easily  move  or  change  their  relative  position 
without  a  separation  of  the  mass ;  a  liquid  or  gaseous 
state  ;  opposed  to  solidity.  Fluidity  is  tiie  effect  of 
heat. 

FLC'ID-.VESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  fluid  ;  fluidity, 
which  see. 

FLOKE,fi,  [Supposed  to  be  H.ploe/r,  G.  pfiug,  a  plow.] 
The  part  of  an  anchor  which  fx-Jtens  in  the  ground. 

FLCKE,    I  71.      A  species  of  flat-fish,   of  the   genus 

FLOWK,  (  Pltitessa,  much  like  the  common  floun- 
der. Partington. 

FLCKE'-WORM,  n.  A  small,  flat  worm,  often  found 
in  the  intestines  of  sheep  ;  called,  also,  gourd-worm, 
from  its  resemblance  to  the  seed  of  a  gourd. 

Farm.  Eneyc 

FLCME,  n.  [Sax.  fium,  a  stream  ;  L.  fiumcn,  from 
fiuo,  to  flow.] 

Literally,  a  flowing  ;  hence,  the  passage  or  channel 
for  the  water  th:tt  drives  a  mill-wheel. 

FLUM'xMER-Y,  n.  [W.  Utftary,  from  llymyr,  harsh, 
raw,  crude,  from  liym,  sharp,  severe.  In  Welsh,  a 
kind  of  food  made'  of  oatmeal  steeped  in  wattir, 
until  it  liiLi  turned  sour.    See  Lumber.] 

1.  A  sort  of  jelly  made  of  flour  or  meal ;  pap. 
Milk  CLnd  fiununtry  an  very  fit  for  chiltlrcii.  Locke. 

2.  In  vulgar  u.ve,  any  thing  insipid  or  nothing  to 
the  purpose  ;  flattery. 

FLUNG, prct.  and;>p.  of  Flimq. 

Sevcrtil  italuen  ttii'  Romant  themKivetfiang  iuto  the  rivr. 

AddiMon, 

FLUNK'Y,  n.  A  term  of  contempt  for  one  who  is 
mean  and  base-spirited  ;  perhaps  from  the  Scottish 
fiunkie,  a  livery  servant.  [Eng.]  From  this,  the 
term  fiunktiifm  has  been  formed.  I 

FLU-0-HO'UATE,  n.  A  compound  of  fluoboric  acid 
with  a  base. 

FLU-O-IlO'Kie,  a.  The  fluoboric  acid  or  gas  is  a 
compound  of  fluorine  and  boron;  also  called  fiaorid 
of  boron.  Davy, 

FLC'OR,  n.    [Low  L.,  from /«o,  to  flow.] 

1.  A  fluid  state.  A'cwton.       i 

2.  Menstrual  flux.     [ISttle  used  in  either  sense.]  ' 

3.  In  mineralogy,  fluorid  of  calcium,  usually  called 
fluor-spar.  It  commonly  occurs  massive,  but  crystal- 
lizes in  octahedrons,  which  are  frequently  changed 
into  cubes.  It  is  a  mineral  of  beautiful  colors,  and 
much  used  for  ornamental  vessels.  This  is  the  male- 
rial  of  which  the  original  myrrhine  vessels  of  the  an- 
cients were  made.  Dana.       < 

FLUOR'IC,  0.     Pertaining  to  fluor;  obtained  from  j 

fluor.  I 

FLC'OR-ID,  n.      A  compound    of  fluorine  with    a  j 
metallic  or  combtistible  base. 

FLCOR-LNE,  »i.     An  element  in  the  form  of  a  yellow-  ; 

ish-browu  gas,  with  the  odor  of  chlorine  and  burnt  '■ 

sugar  ;*onti  of  the   acidifying  and    basifying  prin-  I 

ci[>les.  I 

FLU-0-SIL'I-€ATE,  n.     [finor  and  silex.  or  silica.']  \ 

In  chemistry,  a  compound  of  tluosilicic  acid  with  j 

some  base.  , 

FLU-O-SLLIC'ie  ACID,  n.    An  acid  composed  of  j 
silicon  and  fluorine  ;  also  called  fiuorul  of  silicon. 

FLUR'R1-/:D,  (flur'rid,)  pp.    Put  in  agitation. 

FLUIt'KV,  n.     A  sudden  blast  or  gust,  or  a  light,  tem- 
porary breeze ;  as,  a  fiurry  of  wind.    /( is  nvver,  icith  j 
iw,  applied  to  a  storm  of  duration.  \ 

2.  A  sudden  shower  of  short  duration  ;  as,  a.  fiurry 
of  snow. 

3.  Violent  agitation  ;  commotion;  bustle:  hurry. 
FLUR'RY,  V.  t.    To  put  in  agitation ;  to  excite  or 

alarm.  Sicinbame, 

FLUK'RY-ING,  ppr-     Putting  in  agitation. 
FLUSH,  r.  i.     [G.  fliessen,  iinperf.  fl^ss,  to  flow  ;  D. 
vlietnt,  in   a  (fifterent  dialect.     It  coincides  in  ele- 
ments with  blufih,  blaze^  and  flask,] 

1.  To  flow  and  spread  suddenly  ;  to  rush  ;  as, 
blood  flushes  into  the  face. 

2.  To  come  in  ba&te  ;  to  start.  B.  Jonson. 


\ 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRgV.  — PTNE,  MARtNE,  fllRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  .MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- 


464 


FLU 

3.  To  appear  suddenly,  aa  redness  or  a  blush. 

A  l)lii»h  rcM  on  tVtcir  ctKeks, 
Southing  anj  r.uliiif  like  ihe  duuigfUil  ^Uy 
Of  colon  on  a  dolptun.  Percioal. 

4.  To  becume  Ruddcnij-  red;  to  glow;  as,  the 
cheeks  ^itsA. 

5.  To  be  gay^  splendid,  or  beauiiful. 

At  one*,  i\rr»yed 
In  aJI  the  colon  of  ibe  ^uthin^  ^■^'"'i 
The  i^BrdeD  gluws.  TTu>mmn, 

PLUSH,  r.  L  To  redden  guddenly ;  to  cause  the  blood 
to  nish  guddenly  into  the  face.  ^ 

SoTjlu*k  with  abaniR  the  pnuin^  rir^o'i  cheek.  Oag. 

2.  To  elite ;  to  elevate ;   to  excite  the  spirits  ;  to 
animntti  with  joy  ;  as,  to  Jtusk  wiih  victorj'. 
FLL'SH,  o.    Fre^li ;  full  of  vigor;  glowing;  bright. 
Finish  tu  May.  ^AoJfc. 

2.  Affluent;  abounding;  ^vell  furnished. 

Lorl  Slnit  wu  not  tcry  Jiuth  in  ready.  ArbuthnoU 

3.  Free  to  spend  ;  liberal ;  prodigal.  He  13  verj- 
jtash  with  bis  money.  ['/"Au  u  a  yopular  use  qf  Uu 
word  in  jimtriea.] 

4.  In  architecture,  even  or  level  in  respect  to  sur- 
face. OttUu 

A  Jlnsh  dixk^  in  tfamen^s  ianspiaire,  is  a  deck  with 
a  continued  floor  unbroken  fruin  stem  to  stern.  [Uu. 
Russ.  ploskei,  fljit.  The  sense  of  spreading  naturally 
results  from  thai  of  flowing.] 
FLUSH,  w.  A  sudden  (low  of  blood  to  the  face;  or, 
more  generally,  the  redness  of  face  which  proceeds 
from  such  an  afflux  of  blood.  Hectic  constitutions 
are  often  known  by  a  frtquent  Jtuj^k  in  Ihe  cheeks. 

2.  Sudden  impulse  or  excitement ;  sudden  glow ; 
B9,  a  jIu^A  of  joy. 

3.  Bloom;  growth;  abundance.  Ooldjimith. 

4.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  Jiux.]  A  run  of  cards  of  the  same 
suit. 

5.  A  term  for  a  number  of  ducks.  Spensfr. 
FLUSH'ED,  (flusbt,);;p.  orrt.     Overspread   or  tinged 

with  a  red  culor,  from  the  flowing  of  blood  to  the  face. 
VW  say,  the  iikin,  fac«,  or  cheek  i^fiiuhed. 

2.  Elated  ;  excited  ;  animatejl ;  as,  fi>u<!ied  with  Joy 
or  success.     Heated  or  excited  with  strong  drink. 

Sir  iV.  Temple. 
FLUSH'ER,  71.    The  lesser  butcher-bird.     Chambers. 
FLUSTI'ING,  ypr.     Overfapn:ading  with  red  ;  glowing. 
FI.LSH  I.VG,  ».     A  glow  of  red  in  the  face. 
rLUSin.XO-LV,  adr.     In  a  Hushing  miinner. 
FH.'.Sir\K::iS,  n.    Freshness.  Qaudm. 

FLUS'TKU,  V.   L    To   make  hot  and   rosy,  as  with 

drinking  ;  to  heat  ;  to  hurry  ;  to  agitate  ;  to  confuse. 
FLUH''i'£Ii,  r.  L     To  be  in  a  heat  or  bustle  ;  to  be  agi- 
tated. 
FLU:^'1TIt,  n.     Heat ;  glow  ;  agitation  j  confUsion  ; 

di«)rd*^r. 
FLV^'TERED,  pp.     Heated  wlih  liquorj  agitated; 

cnnfiis(;d. 
FLCTE,  n.     [Fr.  finite :  Arm.  fleut :  D.  Jtuit ;  G.  fHu  ; 

linn,  pijte  ;    i*p.^aiif4i ;    Port. /mufo  ;    It.  ^dufc  .-  L. 

fio,  fiutus,  to  blow,  or  L.  fluta,  a  lamprey,  with  the 

same  number  of  holes.] 

I.  A  small  wtnd-in:Ktniment ;    a  pipe  with  lateral 

holes  and  keys,  played  by  blowing  with  llje  mouth, 

and  by  stopping  and  opening  the  holes  with  the  fin- 

geni, 

3.  A  channel  in  a  column  or  pillnr ;  a  perpendicu- 
lar furrow  or  cavity,  cut  ajong  the  shaft  of  a  column 
or  pilasii-r  ;  so  called  fn)m  its  resemblance  to  a  flute. 
It  is  used  chiefly  in  the  Ionic  order;  sometimes  in 
the  Composite  and  Corinthian  ;  rarely  in  the  Doric 
and  Tuscan.     It  is  called  also  a  reed,  Encye. 

3.  A  similar  channel  in  the  muslin  of  a  lady*8  ruffle 
Is  called  a  fiute. 

4.  A  Inng  vesftel  or  boat,  with  flat  ribs  or  floor  lim- 
bers, round  behind,  and  swelled  in  the  middle,  [jf 
d\ferent  orthosrraphy  of  Float,  Flota.J  Eitcyc. 

Armed  en  Jlatr. ;  an  armi-d  ship,  with  her  guns  in 
part  taken  out,  as  when  used  as  a  transport,  is  said 
to  be  armed  en  Jlute.  Lunier. 

FLCTK,  r.  t.     To  play  on  a  flute,        *  Chaucer. 

FLOTK,  o.  L  To  form  flutes  or  channels  in  a  column  ; 
to  form  corresponding  ctiannds  in  the  muslin  of  a 
laily's  niflle. 

FliCT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Channeled ;  furrowed  ;  as  a  col- 
umn. 
2.  In  muric,  thin  ;  fine  ;  flutelike  ;  as,  fluted  notes. 

Bujiby. 

FLCT-ER,  n.    One  w  ho  plays  on  the  flute. 

FLOTE'-STOP,  B.  A  range  of  wooden  pipes  in  an 
nrgnn,  designed  to  imilnte  the  flute.  P.  Cye. 

I'LC'T'INO,  ppr.  Channeling;  forming  fhrrows ;  as 
in  a  Column. 

I-'I^C' T'lNG,  n.  A  channel  or  furrow  in  a  column,  oj 
III  the  musliti  of  a  lady's  ruffle  ;  fluted  work. 

FLCT'IST,  n.     A  performer  on  the  flute.         Busby. 

FI.UT'TER,p.  i.  [Sax.  Jloterim;  O.  flttdderen  ;  G.  flat- 
Urn.  Uu.  Pr.^«rr,  to  waver,  from^(,  a  wave.  It 
lit  noMible  that  the  word  is  contracted. 1 
i.  To- -  —       ^ 


.  To  move  or  fl;ip  the  wings  raj-idly, 
ing,  or  with  short  fligbbi ;  to  hover. 


rithout  fly- 


Kit    VAr> 


b  Mbrvrnd  h«r 


vT   ri'-il,  Jtutt^-elh  or^r  hr  jounj, 
ulnfi.  —  D"'rt.  xxxii. 


FLY 

9.  To  move  about  briskly,  irregularly,  or  with  great 
bustle  and  show,  without  consequence. 

No  r\g,  no  scrap  of  all  tlie  beau  or  w  it. 

Thai  once  so  Jiutlertd,  aiiil  ih^l  once  lo  writ.  Pope, 

3.  To  move  with  quick  viliraiicuis  or  undulations; 
as,  a  flattPTing  fan  ;  a  flattering  sail.  Pope. 

4.  To  be  in  agitation  ;  to  move  irregularly;  to  fluc- 
tuate ;  to  be  in  uncertainty. 

How  long-  wejfutored  on  the  winp  of'loubti'ul  tucces.   HoimI. 
ilis  thoughu  are  very  fluOning  ami  wniidvriuj;.  Wa.U». 

FLUT'TER,  V.  u    To  drive  in  disorder.     [Liftfe  used.] 

2.  To  hurry  the  mind  ;  to  agitate.  [Shak. 

3.  To  disorder  ;  to  throw  into  confusion. 
FLUT'TER,  H.     Quick  and  irregular  motion  ;  vibra- 
tion ;  undulation  ;  as,  the  flutter  of  a  lan.  JiddLmu. 

2.  Hurry  ;  tumult ;  agitation  of  the  mind. 

3.  Confusion  ;  disorder  ;  irregularity  in  position. 

FLUT'TER-ED,  pp.     Agitated  ;  cuiifus*.'d  ;  disordered. 

FLUT'TER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Flapping  the  wings  with- 
out flight,  or  with  short  fliglits;  hovering;  fluctua- 
ting ;  agitating  ;  throwing  into  confuiiiou. 

FLUT'TER-IiN'G,  n.     The  act  of  l}overing,  or  flapping 

the  wines  without  flicht ;  a  wavering ;  agitation. 
FLUT''J'ER-IXG-LV,  adr.     In  a  fluttering  manner. 
FLCT'Y,  a,    .Soft  and  clear  in  tone,  like  a  flute. 
FLO'VI-AL-IST,  T(.     One  who  explains   phenomena 

by  existing  streams.  Am.  Quart. 

FLU-VI-AT'ie,  /  a.     [L.  flitriatieus,   from  flucias.  a 
FLu'VI-AL,        j      river  ;/«e,  to  flow.] 

Belonging  to  rivers;  growing  or  livmg  in  streams 

or  ponds  ;  as,  a  fluciatic  plant. 
FLC'VI-A-TILE,  u.     [U fluviatdis.] 

Ilclongiug  lo  rivers  ;  existing  in  rivers  ;  as,  fluvia- 

tile  strata.  Lyeil. 

FLUX,  n.     [L.  fliixusi  Sp.  fluxo ;  Tt.fluzi  It.  flusso  ; 

from  L.  fluo,  fluzi.] 

1.  The  act  of  flowing  ;  the  motion  or  passing  of  a 
fluid. 

2.  Tlie  moving  or  passing  of  anv  thing  in  contin- 
ued succession.  Things  in  this  life  are  in  a  contin- 
ual fluz. 

3.  Any  flow  or  issue  of  matter.  In  meiUeiney  an 
extraordinary  issue  or  evacuation  from  the  bowels  or 
other  part ;  as,  the  hiuody  fluz  or  dysentery,  hepatic 

fluZj  &.C. 

4.  (u  hydro^aphij^  the  flow  of  the  tide.  The  ebb 
is  called  rrfiux 

5.  In  ekvmistry  and  tnetaHuryj/^  any  substance  or 
mixture  used  to  promote  the  fusion  of  metals  or  min- 
erals, as  alkalies,  borax,  liu-tar,  and  other  saline  mat- 
ter ;  or,  in  large  operations,  limeslono  or  fluor.  Al- 
kaline flu.\e3  are  either  thy  crude,  the  white,  or  the 
black  fluT.  JSrirJiahon, 

6.  Fusion  ;  a  liquid  state  from  the  operation  of 
heal.  ICnqfc 

7.  That  which  flows  or  is  d is*  barged. 

8.  Concourse;  coaduence.     [L'fUe  ugfd.]     Slutk. 
FLUX,  a.     Flowing;  moving;  maintained  by  a  coi 

Htant  succesiiion  of  parts  ;  incon^tiant;  variable.  [JVof 
icell  autAoriied.] 
FLUX,  B.  t.     To  melt ;  to  fuse  ;  to  make  fluid. 


2.  To  salivate.     [Little  used.]  SoutJu 

FLUX-A'TION,  n.     A  flowing  or  passing  awav,  and 
giving  place  to  others.  Lealie, 

FLUX'K'D,  (ttukst,)  pp.    Melted  ;  fused  ;  reduced  to  a 
flowing  stale, 

FLUX-I-BIL'I-TV,  rt.    The  quality  of  admitting  fu- 
sl<m. 

FLUX'I-BLE,  a.     [from  I*ow  L.]     Capable  of  being 
melted  or  fused,  us  a  mineral. 

FLUX-IL'I-TY,  n.     [Low  L.  fiitxais.] 

The  quality  of  admitting  fusion  ;  pofnibility  of  be- 
ing fused  or  liquefled.  Boyle. 

FLUX'ION,  (rtnk'shun,)  n.     [h,  fiazio.  {torn  fluo.  to 
flow.] 

1.  The  act  of  flowing. 

2.  The  matter  Iliat  flows.  JViseman. 

3.  In  matkematiea^  an  infinitely  small  quantity  ;  an 
increment ;  the  infinitely  sninll  inrrea-je  of  the  fluent 
or  flowing  quantity  ;  the  same  a»  DirpERErf ntL. 

Badry.      Brande. 

4.  FtuTions:  a  department  of  analysis.  It  is  the 
same  with  the  DiPr-EBENTiAL  and  I.>4teuhal  Cai:.cu- 
LL'i.     [Hee  Calciilc*.] 

FLUX'ION-AL,      la.      Pertaining  to  mathematical 
FLUX'ION-A  UY,  i      fluxions. 

FLUX'IO.\-IST,  It.    One  skilled  in  fluxions.  Berkeley, 
FLUX'IVE,   a.      Flowing;    wanting  soliditv.      [M)t 

u.sed.]  B.  Jonson. 

FLUX'IJRE.  (fluks'yurO  n,    A  flowing  or  fluid  matter. 

rjV«e  ui*fd.]  Draytnn, 

FLV,  V.  i.  i  pret.  Flew  ;  part.  Floww.     [Sax.  fleui/an  ; 

G.  fliegen  ;    I),  vliegea  ;    Hw.  fiyga  :  Dan.  fiyver.     In 

flaxon,  the  same  verb  signifies  to  fly  and  to  flee;  in 

German,  different  words  are  used.] 

1.  To  move  through  air  by  the  aid  of  wings,  as 
fowls, 

2.  To  pass  or  move  in  air  by  the  force  of  wind  or 
other  impul<ie  ;  as,  clouds  and  vajKirs  fly  before  the 
wind.  A  ball  flie^  from  a  cannon  ;  an  arrow  from  a 
bow. 


FLY 

3.  To  rise  in  air,  as  light  substances,  by  means  of  a 
current  of  air,  or  by  having  less  specific  gravity  than 
air,  as  smoke. 

Mnii  a  born  lo  trouble,  ns  the  ■parks /y  iipwanl.  —  Job  t. 

4.  To  move  or  pass  with  velocity  or  celerity,  either 
on  land  or  water.  He  JleMi  to  the  relief  of  his  dis- 
tressed friend.    The  ship^ic*  upon  the  tnain. 

5.  To  move  rapidly,  in  any  manner  ;  as,  a  top  jli«f 
about. 

6.  To  pass  away  ;  to  depart ;  with  the  idea  of  haste, 
swiftness,  or  escape.    The  bird  has  flown. 

7.  To  pass  rapidly,  as  time.  Swift  fly  the  fleeting 
hours. 

8.  To  part  suddenly,  or  with  violence ;  to  burst,  as 
a  bottle.  nicfi. 

9.  To  spring  by  an  elastic  force. 

10.  To  pass  swiftly,  as  rumor  or  report, 

11.  To  flee  ;  to  run  away  ;  to  aticuipt  to  escape  ;  to 
escape. 

VWfly  from  ihcpherdj,  floclti,  and  flower/  plaini.  Pope. 

12.  To  flutter  ;  to  vibrate  or  play ;  as  a  flag  in  the 
wind. 

To  fly  at;  to  spring  toward  ;  to  rush  on  ;  to  fall  on 

suddenly. 

A  hen  flies  at  a  dog  or  cat ;  a  dog  flies  at  a  man. 

To  fly  in  the  face ;  to  insult. 

2.  To  assail  ;  to  resist ;  to  set  at  defiance  ;  to  op- 
pose with  violence  ;  to  act  in  direct  opposition. 

To  fly  offi  to  separate,  or  depart  suddenly. 

2.  To  revolt. 

To  fly  opni ;  to  open  suddenly,  or  with  violence  ; 
as,  the  doors  flew  upen. 

To  fly  out  i  to  rush  out ;  aUo,  lo  burst  into  a  pas* 
slon. 

3.  To  break  out  into  license. 

3.  To  start  or  issue  with  violence  from  any  direc- 
tion. 

To  let  fly ;  to  discharge  ;  to  throw  or  drive  with 
violence  ;  as,  to  let  fly  a  shower  of  dartt^. 

2.  In  jteamartskip,  to  let  go  suddenly  and  entirely. 
Let  fly  the  sheets.  Totten, 

FLY,  V.  t.  [This  is  used  Cor  flee,  and  froin  is  under- 
stood after  y,  so  that  it  can  liardly  be  called  a  trans- 
itive verb.] 

1.  To  shun;  to  avoid;  to  decline ;  as,  to  fly  the 
sight  of  one  we  hate ;  that  is,  primarily,  to  flee 
from. 

Sleepjfi*»  the  wrclch.  Dryden. 

9.  To  quit  by  flight. 

3.  To  attack  by  a  bird  of  prey.  {J^Toi  used.]  Baccn. 

4.  To  cause  to  flojit  in  tlie  air. 

FLV,  n,  [Sux.  flev-zt ;  Sw.  fluffa  ;  Dan.,  flue  ;  G.  fliege ; 
D,  vlieff ;  fnim  the  verb  fleogan.  to  fly.] 

1.  In  it>iHo:Ty-,  ft  winged  insect  of  various  species, 
whose  di.stinguishing  characteristic  is  that  the  wings 
are  transparent.  By  this,  flies  are  distinguished  from 
t)cetles,  butterflies,  grass^hoppcrs,  &c.  Of  flies,  some 
have  two  wings,  and  others  fuur.  Kncyc, 

In  coinAon  language^  fly  is  the  house-fly,  of  the  ge- 
nus Musca. 

2.  In  mrchanics,  n  cross  with  leaden  weights  at  the 
ends,  or  a  lieavy  wht-el  at  right  angles  with  the  axis 
of  a  windlass,  jack,  or  other  machine.  The  use  of 
tliis  is,  to  regulate  and  equalize  the  motion  in  aU 
parts  of  thi;  rt^volutlon  of  tho  machine,  and  some- 
times to  collect  force  in  order  to  produce  a  very  great 
instantaneous  impression,  as  in  a  coining  pn^ss. 

Brande, 

3.  That  part  of  a  vane  which  points  and  shows 
which  way  the  wind  blows. 

4.  The  extent  of  an  en^ipn,  flag,  or  pendant  fVom 
the  stair  to  tiie  cod  that  flutters  loose  in  the  wind. 

Mar.  Diet. 

5.  A  light  carriage  fonned  for  rapid  motion. 

6.  Ill  priutinfT^  one  who  takes  tJie  sheets  from  the 
press  in  rnsfs  deinaiuling  expedition. 

FLV'BAiVE,  n.  A  herbaceous  plant  called  Catch-fly^ 
of  the  grnii4  Silene. 

FL5'-IllT-Ty!;N,  a.    Marked  by  the  bite  of  flies. 

Shak. 

FLVBLOW,  ".  t.  To  deposit  an  egg  in  any  thing, 
as  a  i\\  ;  to  taint  with  the  eggs  which  produce  mag- 
gots. 

Like  tLfly-hlowii  cake  of  Ullow.  Ste\ft, 

FLY'RLOU',  n.     The  egg  of  a  flv. 

FLY'BLOWN.pp.  or  a.     Tainted  with  maggots, 

FLt'UOAT,  n,     A  light,  swift  kind  of  boat,  used  on 

canals,  Budianan. 

2.  A  I.-irge,  flat-bottomed  Dutch  vessel.       Encyc. 

FLt'C  ATCflEK,  n.     One  that  bunts  flies. 

2.  In  zoblt'iry,  n  name  common  to  very  numerous 
sptrcies  of  birds,  forming  the  Linniean  genus  Mutci- 
ea/M,  and  having  a  bill  flatted  ai  the  hase,  almost  tri- 
anguhir,  nolclied  or  hooked  at  the  upper  mandible, 
and  br>s(-t  with  bristles.  These  birds  are  so  named 
because  they  feed  entirely  on  flies  and  other  winged 
in^*ects,  which  they  catrli  as  they  fly,  P.  Cyr. 

FI-?'ER,  H.  One  that  flies  or  flees';  usually  written 
flirr. 

2.  One  that  uses  wings. 

3.  The  fly  of  a  jack. 

4.  \n  architecture,  jx  term  applied  to  the  steps  in  a 


TCXE,  CI;LL,  i;MTE.-AN"CErf,  VI"CTOUS.-e  OS  K;  A  as  J;  a  as  Z;  CH  as  811;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


k 


46D 


POA 

flisht  of  attain  which  are  pamlld  tu  enrh  other. 
These  are  the  ordinar>'  Klaire,  as  ilisiin^ished  frwm 
winding  stain.  The  second  of  thesu  Jliers  stands 
pajnftlM  behind  the  flrrt,  the  third  bcliind  the  second, 
and  an  ace  said  to/ljf  off  from  one  another. 

B.  A  performer  in  Mextco,  who  flies  round  an  ele- 
Tat«d  post. 

6.  Fhtfrg;   itaM  part   of  n  spinninc  machine,  or 
wheel,  which,  with  a  rapid  motion,  spins  the  thread. 
FLT'-FIS!I,  r.  t.    To  anple  with  Aiva  for  bait. 
FLY'-FISH-1.\«,  M.     .\nBlmg  ;  the  art  or  practice  of 
angting  for  fish  with  llies,  natural  or  ariiticinl,  fur 
bait  fValt^u, 

FLY'-FLAP,  w.    Souidhing  to  drive  away  flies. 

Gutgmt, 

FLY'-HOX'EY-SUCK-IX,    (-hun'ne-«uk-l,)     n.      A 

plant,  the  Loalccra.    The  .African  Jijf-M0meif*utJU9  te 

Uw  Balleria.  >W  ^  PImMs. 

FLT'-8PECK,  a.    A  name  given  lo  the  excrementi- 

tioaa  ataina  of  iitaects,  chiefly  of  the  common  fl^. 
FLT'ING,  fpr.    Moving  in  air  by  means  of  wmga ; 
pawing  rai^dly ;  springing ;  burrting  *,  avoiding. 
St  a.  Floatiag ;  waving ;  an,  Jtyw/  colors. 
3.  «.  Moving ;  light,  and  suited  for  prompt  motion ; 

J^iui/  mIotv;  a  phraw  expressing  triumph. 

FLT'IXG,  a.  The  act  of  moving  in  tlie  air  with 
wines ;  flizht. 

FLT'IXG-XR  TIL'LE-RY,  «.  Artillt-ry  trained  to 
ver>' rapid  evoluttonx.  In  p.-uising  fmni  one  part  of 
the  Af!d  to  another,  the  men  spring  on  to  the  guns, 
which  are  drawn  hy  horst'3  at  lull  pallop. 

PliY'IXG-BKIDGE,  a.  A  means  used  by  armies  for 
crossing  rivers  in  rapid  movements.  It  is  sometimes 
abridge  supported  bv  pontoons  or  liglit  boats,  and 
sometimes  a  larg?,  Hut  bottomed  boat,  anchored  up 
stream,  which  ia  made  to  pass  like  a  ferty-boat  fVom 
one  side  of  a  river  to  tlie  other,  by  the  force  of  the 
current. 

FL?'ING-BrT'TRE3S,a.  A  contrivance  for  strength- 
ening the  nave  or  central  part  of  a  Gothic  building, 
when  it  rises  considerably  above  the  side  aisles  or 
winga  It  consists  of  a  kind  of  brace,  in  a  cun-ed 
Ibnn,  or  half  arch,  thrown  across  ftom  the  tops  of  the 
aide  aisle  buttresses  to  the  wall  of  the  nave,  prop- 
ping it  np,  and  preventing  it  from  spreading  out- 
ward under  the  prt*ssure  of  the  roof.  From  its  thus 
peuistng  Uirough  the  air,  over  the  roof  of  the  side 
aisles,  ii  has  its  name  of  JltfUg^mttress*        P.  Cfff. 

FLIT 'I.\G-CAMP,  II.  A  camp  or  body  of  troops  formed 
for  rapnl  mi'tion  from  one  place  to  anfMhcr. 

FLY'ING-FISH,  n.  A  name  common  to  those  ftsbes 
which  have  the  power  of  sustaining  tbemselvea  in 
the  air,  fur  a  certain  length  of  time,  by  moans  of 
their  long,  pectoral  tins. 

FLY'IXG-PAR'TY,  a.  In  militarif  ^ffhir$J  a  detach- 
ment of  men  employed  to  hover  about  an  enemy. 

FLY'ING-PIN'ION,  n.  The  part  of  a  clogc  having  a 
fly  or  fan,  by  which  it  gathers  air,  and  checks  the 
rapidity  of  tlie  chick's  motion,  when  the  weight  de- 
scentls  in  the  stnkine  part.  Ene^e. 

FLY'IXG-SUCIR'REL,  n.  .\  species  of  squirrel  hav- 
ing an  expansive  skin  on  each  side,  reaching  from 
the  fore  to  the  hind  legs,  by  which  it  is  borne  up  in 
I«tping. 

FLT'-Le.AF,  m.  A  blank  leaf  at  the  beginning  or 
end  of  a  book. 

FLY'-POW-DER,  n.  .An  imperfect  03t>-d  of  arsenic, 
which,  mixed  with  sugar  and  water,  is  used  to  kill 
flies.  Brandt. 

FLY'-RAIL,  a.  That  part  of  a  table  which  turns  out 
to  support  the  leaf. 

FLT'-SHOOT-ER,  a.    One  that  shoots  flie)'. 

FI*Y'-TRAP,  a.  In  bofaay,  a  species  of  sensitive 
plant,  called  Vatus**  Fly-trap^  the  Dwn^a  Muscipula  ; 
a  plant  that  has  the  power  of  seizing  insects,  that 
liphl  on  iL  Partinctva. 

FLV'-VVHEEL,  a.  A  wheel  in  machinery  thai  equal- 
izes its  ittoveroenta,  or  accumulates  power  for  a  ver>' 
great  itulaataneous  impression. 

FOAL,  a.  lBax.foU,f»U;  G.ftiUen;  D.  ceu/'-n.-  Dan. 
/HI:  Sw.yala;  Fr.pouUiM;  Arm.  pou//,  paJi,  or  luu- 
kuUi  W.  eJMwl!  Com.  «M,-  L.  puilus ;  Gr.  ruAo;,- 

Ch.  mV^B;  Ar.  Vx^  (*5/«iZa,  to  rise  or  to  set  as  the  sun, 

S  J 
to  bear  young,  and  \x^  Ut^Um^  pullus.  The  pri- 
mary flense  of  the  verb  is,  to  shoot,  to  cast  or  throw, 
to  faiL  The  same  verb,  in  Ileb.  and  Ch.,  signifies 
to  unite,  to  fasten;  in  Syr.,  to  /on/,  to  dejUt;  bt>th 
senses  from  that  of  puttine  or  throwing  on.  The 
verb  Wlongs,  probably,  to  the  root  of  Eng.  fall  and 
foul,  thai  is,  Sc:  with'a  different  prefix.  Foal  is  lit- 
erally a  shoot,  ifsue,  or  that  which  is  cast,  or  which 

£Ul9.'] 

The  young  of  the  equine  ^enus  of  quadrupeds, 
and  of  either  sex ;  a  colt  or  filly. 
FOAL.  r.  u    To  bring  forth  a  colt  or  filly;  lo  bring 
forth  young,  as  a  mare  or  a  she-ass. 


FOE 

FOAL,  r.  i.    To  bring  fortli  young,  as  a  marc  and  cer- 
tain other  beasts. 
FdAL'IUT,  n-     A  plant. 

FOAL'KD,  pp.    Disburdened  of  a  foal,  as  a  more. 
F0AL'F9gT,  n.     The  colt's-foot,  Tuasilogo. 
FOAL'l.NG,  ppr.    Bringing  forth  a  colt. 
FOAL'l.NG,  n.    The  act  of  bringing  forth  a  colt. 
FOAM,  »t.     [Sai.  /iTM,  fam  ;  G./uum,  foam  j  L.  J^mo^ 

to  ^moke,  to  foam.] 
Froth  :  spume  ;  the  substance  which  is  formed  on 

the  surface   of  liquors   by   fermentation   or  Violent 

agitation,  consis^ting  of  bubbles. 
FO  \M.  r.  i.    To  froth  ;  lo  gather  fonm.     The  billows 

foam,  a  horse /&arn«  at  Uie  mouth  when  violently 

heated. 
£L  To  bo  tn  a  rage  ;  to  be  violently  agitated. 
HeJbmm&A  uid  ^oabrth  u-iOi  hU  tMih.  —  Miuk  ix. 
FO.\M,  r.  U    To  throw  out  with  rage  or  violence; 

with  sat. 

F\taMint  out  their  own  iluune.  — JuJe  13. 

FOAM'-€REST-ED,  o.    Crested  with  foam. 
FOAM'KD,  pp.    Thrown  out  with  rage  or  violence. 
FOAM'I.NG,  ppr.  or  a.     Frothing;  fuming. 
FOAM'I.\G-LY,  adr.     Frothily. 
FOAM'LE^S,  a.     Having  no  foam. 
FOAM'Y,  0.    Covered  witli  foam  ;  frothy. 

Bebold  bow  high  the/oomy  lilloMra  ridv.  Dryltn, 

FOB.  a.    [Au.  G.fuppe,    I  have  not  found  the  word.] 

A  little  pocket  for  a  walch. 
FOB,  r.  (.     [G./oppen.] 

To  cheat ;  to  trick  ;  to  impose  on. 
To  fob  off;  to  shift  off  by  an  artifice  ;  to  put  aside ; 
to  delude  with  a  trick.     [A  loto  word.]  S/mk. 

FOB' BED,  (fobd,)  pp.    Cheated  ;  imposed  on. 
FOB'BING,  ppr.    Cheating;  imposing  on. 
FO'CAL,  tt.     Ifrom  I^/ocils.] 

Belonging  to  a  focus  ;  as,  a  focal  point. 
Focal  dUtance ;  in  optics,  the  distance  between  the 
center  of  a  convex  lens  or  concave  mirror  and  its 
focus,  or  the  point  into  which  the  rays  of  light  are 
coll  ected.  Brande. 

FO'CILE,  a.     [Fr.  f>cU^.-] 

The  greater  focile  is  the  ulna  or  tibia,  the  greater 
bone  of  the  lore  arm  or  leg.  The  lesser  tucilc  is  the 
radius  or  fibula,  the  lesser  bone  of  tlie  fitre  arm  or 
leg.  G/M.     IVisematu 

FOC-IL-LA'TION,  n.     [L.  foeillo.] 

Comfort ;  support. 
'TO'eUS,  a. ;  pL  Focuses  or  Foci.     [L.  /uciu>,  a  fire, 
the  hearth  ;   Sp.  ftuffo  ;   Port  fogo  ;  It.  fuoco  ;   Tt. 
feui  Arms/u.] 

1.  in  spticj,  a  point  in  which  any  number  of  rays 
of  light  meet,  after  being  redectud  or  refracted  ;  as, 
the  focus  of  a  lens.  liarlow.    JVeietun. 

2.  In  g-eometry  and  conic  sections^  a  term  applied  to 
certain  p^iiints  in  the  parabola,  ellipse,  and  hyperbola, 
where  rays  retiectcd  from  all  parts  of  these  curves 
concur  or  meet ;  1.  e.,  rays  issuing  from  a  luminous 
point  in  the  one  focus,  and  falhng  ujwn  all  points  of 
the  curves,  are  reflected  into  the  other  focus,  or  into 
the  line  directed  to  the  otiier  focus,  viz.,  into  the 
other  focus  in  the  ellipse  and  parabola,  and  directly 
from  it  in  the  hyperbola.  IfiUUiru 

3.  A  central  point ;  point  of  concentration. 
FOD'DER,  n.     fSax.  foddur,  or  fother;    G.  fatter;  D. 

voedcr;  Dan-joeder;  aw.foder;  from  the  rootof/e<d, 
the  sense  of  which  is,  to  thnist  in,  to  stuff.  Hence, 
in  German,  fuller  is  a  Uningy  as  well  as  fodder.'] 

i.  Food  or  dr>-  food  for  cattle,  horses,  and  sheep, 
as  hay,  straw,  and  other  kinds  of  vegetables.  The 
Word  is  never  applied  to  pasture. 

2.  In  minings  a  weight  by  which  lead  and  some 
other  metals  are  sold,  it  is  of  various  magnitudes, 
but  commonly  about  3100  lbs.  It  is  abo  written 
FoTHER,  Brnnde.     Urc, 

FOD'DER,  r.  U  To  feed  with  dr>'  food,  or  cut  grass, 
&c. :  to  furnish  with  hay,  straw,  oat.s,&:c.  Farmers 
fodder  their  cattle  twice  or  thrice  in  a  day. 

FOD'DER-£D,  pp.  Fed  with  dry  food,  or  cut  grass, 
straw,  tc. 

FOD'DER-ER,  n.     He  who  fodders  cattle. 

FOD'DER  1\G,  ppr.     Feeding  with  dry  food,  &c, 

FO'DI-E.VT,  a.     {Ufudio,  lo  dig.] 

Dip£;ing  ;  throwing  up  with  a  spade.     [LUUeused.] 

FOE,  (fo,)  rt.  [Sux.^rtA,  from  fean^f eon, _figan J  to  hale  ; 
the  participle  is  used  in  the  oliier  Teutonic  dialects. 
See  FiE-ND.] 

1.  An  enemy ;  one  who  entertains  personal  en- 
mity, hatred,  grudge,  or  malice,  against  another. 

A  man's  foe»  »liall  be  thoy  of  Im  own  household.  —  MkU.  x. 

2.  An  enemy  in  war  ;  one  of  a  nation  at  war  with 
another,  whether  he  entertains  enmity  against  the 
opposing  nation  or  not ;  an  adversar}'. 

I^lh^r  liir^c  yenrt'  Ikmine,  or  three  ntoiiUu  lo  be  destroyed  before 
thy  yo<».  —  I  Chron.  xjd. 

3.  Foe^  like  enemy,  in  the  singular,  is  used  to  de- 
note nn  opposing  army,  or  nation  at  war. 

4.  An  opponent ;  an  enemy  ;  one  who  opposes 
any  thing  in  principle  ;  an  ill-wisher  ;  as,  a/oe  lo  re- 
ligion ;  a  foe  to  virtue ;  a  foe  to  Ihe  measures  of  the 
administration. 

FOE,  T7.  (.     To  treat  as  an  enemy.     [Obs.]     Spenser. 


FOI 

FOE'-llppI),  n.     Enmity.     [J^otmuse.]        BedelL 
FOl'.'-I.lKE,  a.     Like  an  enemy.  Sandys. 

FOE'-.MAN,  H.    An  enemy  in  war.    [Obs.]    I^enser. 
FOET'I-CIDE,  (fet'e-side,)  n.     [L.  Mus  and  uedoj  to 

kill.] 
In  medical  jurisprttdenct,  the  act  by  which  criminal 

abortion  is  produced.     [ReccRt.]  Beck. 

FCE'TUS.     See  Fetus. 
FOG,  n.     [In   Sp.   roAo,  is  steam  ;   vahar,  to  exliale. 

In   Italian,  sfogo  is  exhalation  ;  sfogare,  to  exhale. 

In  Scot,  fag  is  moss.     In  Italian,  affogare  is  to  sutro- 
*cale,  Sp.  alioear.    The   sense  probably  is   thick,  or 

that  which  is  exhaled.] 

1.  A  dense  watery  vapor,  exhaled  from  the  earth, 
or  from  rivers,  lakes,  and  (dher  collections  of  water, 
or  generated  in  the  atmosphere  near  the  earth.  It 
differs  from  mint,  which  is 'rain  in  very  small  drops. 

2.  A  cloud  of  dust  or  smoke. 

FOG,        j   n.      [VV.  ficg,  long    dry   grass.      Johnson 

FOGGE,  (  quotes  a  forest  law  of  Scotland,  which 
mentions  fogagiam.  It  may  be  allied  to  Scot,  fog, 
moss.] 

After-grass  ;  a  second  growth  of  grass  ;  but  it  sig- 
nifies also  long  grass  that  remains  in  pastures  till 
winter.  Farm,  Kneye. 

Dead  grass,  remaining  on  land  during  winter,  is 
called,  in  A'no  Englaud,  the  old  tore. 

FOG,  r.  (.    To  overcast ;  to  darken. 

FOG,  P.  i.     [Fr.  vogue.] 

To  have  power.  MiUon. 

FOG'-BANK,  n.  At  sea,  an  appearance  in  hazy  weath- 
er sometimes  resembling  land  at  a  distance,  but  which 
vanishes  as  it  is  approached.  Mar.  Diet, 

FOG'GAGE,  n.  Rank  or  coarse  grass  not  mowed  or 
eaten  di)wn  in  suinmej'  or  autumn.     Farnu  Encyc. 

FOG'GI-LY,  adv.     With  fog;  darklv. 

FOG'GI-NESS,  n.  [from  foggy.]  The  slate  of  being 
fopgy  ;  a  state  of  the  air  filled  with  watery  exhalations. 

FOG'Gy,  a.  [from  fog.]  Filled  or  abounding  with 
fog  or  watery  cxhalaUons  ;  as,  a  foggy  atmosphere  ; 
9k  foggy  morning. 

2.  Cloudy  ;  misty  ;  damp  with  humid  vapors. 

3.  Producing  frequent  fogs  ;  as,  a  fogsy  climate. 

4.  Dull;  stupid;  clouded  in  understanding. 
FOH,  an  exclamation  of  abhorrence  or  contempt,  the 

same  as  poh  and  fy. 

FOI'ULE,  a.     Weak.     [^U  used.]  Herbert. 

FOI'BLE,  n.     [Fr,  fuibte,  weak.    See  Feeble.] 

A  particular  moral  weakness  ;  a  failing.  When 
wc  speak  of  a  man's  foible,  in  the  singular,  whidi  is 
also  called  his  weak  ««/<;,  we  refer  to  a  predominant 
failing.  We  use  also  tlie  plurnl,  foibles)  to  denote 
inonil  failings  or  defects.  Il  is  wise  in  every  man  to 
know  his  own  foibles. 

FOIL,  r.  (.  [In  Norm,  nfolee  is  rendered  crijipled  ; 
and  afoula,  (famaged,  wasted.  If  the  primarj-  or  true 
literal  sense  is  to  blunt,  this  word  may  be  from  the 
same  root  as  fovl ;  if  to  render  vain,  it  would  natu- 
rally he  allied  to  fail.] 
*  1.  To  frustrate  ;  to  defeat ;  to  render  vain  or  nuga- 
tory, as  an  effort  or  attempt.  The  enemy  attempted  to 
pais  the  river,  but  wan  faded.  He  foiled  his  adversaries. 

Ami  tjy  n.  mortal  man  at  length  nmfoUed.  Dryden. 

2.  To  blunt ;  to  dull. 

When  li^t-wliig<ed  toyi 
OffcAthercd  Cupid /oU.  Shak. 

3.  To  defeat ;  to  interrupt,  or  to  render  impercepti- 
ble ;  as,  to  foil  the  scent  in  a  chase.  Addison, 

FOIL,  n.  Defeat;  frustration;  the  failure  of  success 
when  on  the  point  of  being  secured  ;  miscarriage. 

rV)\th  nrrcr  won  a  atakc  with  greater  (oU, 

Nor  cW  WHS  fate  ao  near  a  /od.  DryJen. 

FOIL,  n.  [W.  fie^ul,  a  driving,  impulsion,  a  stroke,  a 
foU.] 

A  blunt  sword,  or  one  that  has  a  button  at  the  end 
covered  with  leather;  used  in  fencing. 

Isocnib-i   contended  with  a  foil   agntnsl  DeinoBthen'>B  with  a 
■  .vord.  Miljord. 

FOIL,n.  {Vr.feuiUe:  It.foglia;  TorLfolha;  Sp.hoJa; 
h,fol4u.m;  Gr.  0yAXoc.] 

1.  A  leaf  or  thin  plate  of  melal ;  as,  tinfoil,  See. 

2.  Among  jewelers,  a  thin  leaf  of  metal  placed  un- 
der precious  ^tone9,  lo  increase  their  brilliancy,  or  lo 
give  them  a  particular  color,  as  the  stone  appears  lo 
be  of  the  color  of  the  foiL     Hence, 

3.  Anything  of  another  color,  or  of  different  quali- 
ties, wliicli  serves  to  adorn,  or  set  off  another  thing 
lo  advantage. 

Hector  hiw  KfoU  to  v>t  him  off.  Broomt. 

4.  A  thin  coat  of  tin,  with  quicksilver,  laid  on  Ike 
back  of  a  looking-glass,  to  cause  reflection.  Enctje. 

5.  The  track  or  trail  of  game  when  pursued. 
FOIL'A-BLE,  a.     1'hal  may  be  foiled.         Cotgrave. 
FOlh'ED,  (foild,)  pp.     Frustrated  ;  defeated. 
FOIL'ER,  H.     Olio  who  frustrates  another,  and  gains 

an  advantage  himself. 

FOIL'LN'G,  ppr.  Defeating;  frustrating;  disappoint- 
ing of  success. 

FOIL'IXG,  n.  Among  hunters,  the  slight  mark  of  a 
passing  deer  on  the  grass.  Cfuifmers. 

FOIX,  r.  t,  [Fr.  poindre,  lo  sting,  to  dawn  ;  L.  pungo. 
The  sense  is,  lo  push,  thrust,  shoot.] 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T METE.  PREY.— PINE.  MARINE.  BIRD NOTE.  DOVE.  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK,— 


FOL 

1.  To  tlinisl  with  a  sword  or  spear.  Spenser. 

2.  To  prick  ;  to  sting.     [A"ot  in  une.] 

FOIX,  ft.    A  push  i  a  tbruBt  with  a  sword  or  spear. 

Robinjson. 
FOINTNG,  ppr.     Pushing ;  thrusting. 
FOI\'ING-LY,  adv.     In  a  pushing  manner. 
FOIS'ON,  (foiz'n,)  n.     [L.fasio.] 

Plenty  ;  abuntiance.     [-Yut  used."]  Tusser. 

FOIST,  c.  U  [Usually  supposed  to  be  from  Tt.faussery 
to  viohite,  literally,  to  falsify  ;  Norm,  faastr.  This 
is  douhtful.] 

To  insert  surreptitiously,  wrongfully,  or  without 
warrant. 

Leat  iiegH{eiue  or  panul'rtj  might  admit  or  /oi«(  in  abusea  utd 
eorrupuon.  Carea. 

FOIST,  n.    A  light  and  fasl-sailinR  ship.    \Obs.'] 
FOIST'ED,  pp.     Inserted  wrongfully.  {Beattm. 

FOIST'ER,  B.     One  who  inserts  without  authority. 
FOIST'I-iCD,  (foist'id,)  a.     Musty.     [See  Fusty.] 
FOIST'I-NESS,  «,     Fustiness,  w'hicb  see. 
TOl^T'lSGy  ppr.     Inserting  surreptitiously  or  without 
FOIST'Y,  a.     Fusty,  which  see.  [authority. 

FOLD,  lu     [Sax./oW./u/rfpf  W./oW  t  Ir./a),  a  fold,  a 

wall  or  hedge  ;  Dan./uW.     See  the  verb  to  Fold.] 
1.  A  pen  or  inclosure  for  sheep  ;  a  place  where  a 

flock  of  sheep  is  kept,  whether  in  t)ic  lield  or  under 

shelter. 
a.  A  flock  of  sheep.     Hence,  in  a  scriptural  sensCj 

the  church,  the  flock  of  the  Shepherd  of  Urael. 
Other  ftbeep  I  have,  which  iur  not  of  thii  fold.  — Jolin  x. 

3.  A  limit.     [JVot  in  use.]         , 

FOLD,  n.  [Sax.  feald :  Sw.  faU;  G.  falte;  Russ. 
phaUa  ;  but  the  same  word  as  the  preceding.] 

1.  The  doublingof  any  flexible  aubstance,as  cloth  ; 
complication  ;  a  plait ;  one  part  turned  or  bent  and 
laid  on  another  ;  as,  a  foUl  of  linen. 

2.  In  composition,  the  same  quantity  added  ;  as, 
two  fold,  four  fold,  ttn  fold,  that  is,  twice  as  much, 
four  times  as  much,  ten  times  as  much. 

FOLD,  V.  U  [Sax.  feahiaii ;  Goth,  faldan  ;  G.  faUen; 
Dan.  folder  j  Sw.  faUa  ;  Qu.  Heb.  Sb3,  Ch.  Sep,  to 
double.  Class  Bl,  No.  47,  51.  See  also  No.  iS.  The 
primary  sense  is,  to  fall,  ox  to  lay,  to  set,  throw,  or 
press  together.] 

t.  To  double  ;  to  lap  or  lay  in  plaits ;  as,  to  fold  a 
piec«  of  cloth. 

2.  To  double  and  insert  one  part  in  another  ;  as,  to 
fold  a  letter. 

3.  To  double  or  lay  together,  as  the  arms.  He 
folds  hia  arras  in  despair. 

4.  To  confine  sheep  in  a  fold. 

FOLD,  V.  L    To  close  over  another  of  the  Bamo  kind ; 

as,  the  leaves  of  the  door  fold. 
FOLD' AGE,  tt.    The  right  of  folding  sheep. 
FOLD'ED,  pp.     Doubled  ;  laid  in  plaits ;  complicated  ; 

kept  in  a  fold. 
FOLD'ER,  n.    An  instrument  used  in  folding  paper. 
I  a.  One  that  folds. 

FOLD'ING,  ppr.     Doubling;  laying  in   plaits;  ke4|t- 

inc  in  a  fold. 
2.  fl.    Doubling;  that  may  close  over  another,  or 

that  consists  of  leaves   which  may  close  one  over 

another  ;  as,  a  folding  door. 
FOLD'ING,  n.    A  fold  ;  a  doubling. 

2.  Among  fixrmrrs,  the  keeping  of  sheep  in  inclo- 

sures  on  arable  land,  &c. 
FOLD'ING-DOORS,  t-dorz,)  n.  pi.   Two  doors  which 

meet  in  the  middle,  and  either  elide  back  or  turn 

back  (>n  hinges,  leaving  a  communication  between 

the  two  apartments,  &.c. 
FOLD'LESS,  a.     Having  no  fold.  Mdman. 

FO-I.I-A'CEOIIS,  a.     [L.  foliaceu-t,  from  folium,  a 

leaf.    See  Foil-] 

I.  I^afy  ;  having  leaves  intermixed  with  flowers  ; 

R^,  a  foUaceous  spike.    Foliaceous  glands  arc  those 

situated  on  leaves. 
a.  Consisting  of  leaves  or  thin  lamintc ;  having 

the  form  of  a  leaf  or  plate  ;  as,  foUace4>us  spar. 

tVoodtDord. 
FO'LI-AGE,  n.     [Fr.  ffuillaee,  from  feutlle,  L.  folium, 

a  leaf;  lUfo^tiame;  Sp,  foliage.     See  Foii;] 

1.  Leaves  m  general ;  aa,  a  tree  of  beautiful  foli- 
age. 

2.  A  cluster  of  leaves,  flowers,  and  branches ; 
particularly,  the  representation  of  leaves,  flowers, 
and  branches,  in  architecture,  intended  to  ornament 
and  enrich  capitals,  friez-es,  pediments,  &.c. 

FO'LI-AGE,  c.  L  To  work  or  to  form  into  the  repre- 
sentation of  leaves.  Drummond. 

FO'LI-A-Gt'D,  d.    Furnished  with  foliage.   Shenstone. 

F6'LI-ATE,  V.  U  [L.  foliatas,  from  folium,  a  leaf, 
Gr.  *wAAo(..] 

1.  To  beat  into  a  leaf,  or  thin  plate  or  lamina. 

Bacon. 

2.  To  spread  over  with  a  thin  coat  of  tin  and 
nnicksilver,  &.c. ;  as,  to  foUaW  a  looking-glass. 

FO'LI-.ATE,  a.  In  botany,  leafy;  furnished  with 
leaves^  ;  at,  a  foliate  stalk.  Martyn.     Lee. 

FO'I-I-ATE,  n.  in  gemtetrv,  the  name  given  to  a 
curve  of  the  third  order,  defined  hy  the  equation 
/i  -^  ^::^  ary.  Bpande. 

FO'LI-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Spread  or  covered  with  a 
tiiin  plate  or  fbiL 


FOL 

2.  In  mineralogy,  consisting  of  {dates  or  thin  lay- 
ers ;  resembling  or  in  the  form  of  a  plate  ;  lamellar ; 
as,  a  foliated  fracture. 


Mlnendi  tha.t  conits*.  of  graJna,  nnd  are  ol  the  » 
>.re  caJ[^  granular!;  /oUaUd. 


c  ^me /otiatMd, 
Kinoan, 


FO'LI-A-TING,  ppr.     Covering  with  a  leaf  or  foil. 

FO-LI-A'TION,  Tt.  (L.  foliatio.]  In  botany,  the  leaf- 
ing of  plants;  vernation;  the  disposition  of  the 
nascent  leaves  within  the  bud.  Martyn. 

3.  The  act  of  beating  a  metal  into  a  thin  plate, 
leaf,  or  foil. 

3.  The  act  or  operation  of  spreading  foil  over  the 
back  side  of  a  mirror  or  looking-glass. 

FO'LI-A-Tl^RE,  n.    The  state  of  being  beaten  into 

FO'LI-ER,  n.    Goldsmith's  foil.  [foil. 

FO-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  folium,  leaf,  and  fero,  to 
bear.] 

Producing  leaves. 

FO'LI-O,  f(oMe-o  or  foryo,)7i.  [L.  /uh'um,  a  leaf,  in 
folio.] 

1.  A  book  of  the  largest  size,  formed  by  once 
doubling  a  sheet  of  paper. 

2.  Among  merchants,  a  page,  or  rather  both  Uie 
right  and  left  hand  pages  of  an  account-book,  ex- 
pressed by  the  same  figure.  Encyc 

FO'LLO,  a.  Pertaining  to  paper  folded  but  once,  or  to 
a  vohime  of  the  largest  size, 

FO'LI-OLE,  n.     [from  L.  folium,  a  leaf.] 

A  leatlet ;  one  of  the  single  leaves,  which  together 
constitute  a  compound  leaf.  Lee. 

Fo'LI-O-MORT,  a.     [L.  folium  mortuum.] 

Of  a  dark  yellow  color,  or  that  of  a  faded  leaf; 
fillemot.  Woodward. 

FO'LI-OUS,  a.     Leafy  ;  thin  ;  unsubstantial.    Brown. 
S.  In  botany,  having  leaves  inteimixed  with  the 
flowers. 

FOLK,  (foke,)n.  fSax.  folci  D.  t^olk;  G.  volk;  Sw. 
folck  ,■  Dan.  folk  ;  L.  vulipLs.  The  sense  is  a  crowd, 
from  collecting  or  presamg,  not  from  following,  but 
from  the  same  root,  as  to  follow  is  to  press  toward. 
It  may  be  allied  to  Sax.  fela,  G.  vid,  D.  veel,  Gr. 
iroXvi  and  n-oAAoi.  Originally  and  pro[)erly  it  had 
no  plural,  being  a  collective  noun;  but  in  modern 
use,  in  America,  it  has  lost  its  singular  number,  and 
we  hear  it  only  in  the  plural.  It  is  a  colloquial 
word,  not  admissible  into  elegant  style.] 

1.  People  in  general,  or  any  part  of  them  without 
distinction.  What  do  folks  say  respecting  the  war .' 
Men  love  to  talk  about  the  affairs  of  other  folks. 

2.  Certain  people,  discriminated  from  others;  as, 
o\d  folks  nnd  young  folks.  Children  sometimes  call 
their  parents  the  old  folks.  So  we  say,  sick  folks ; 
poor  folks ;  proud  folks. 

3.  In  Scripture,  the  singular  number  is  used  ;  as,  a 
few  sick  folk ;  impotent  folk.  Mark  vi.  John  v. 
[Old  version.] 

FOLK'LAND,  (fSke'land,)  n.     [Sax.  fohland.] 

In  English  law,  copyhold  land  ;  land  held  by  the 
common 'people,  at  the  will  of  the  lord.  Blackstone. 

FOLK'MOTE,  (fiSke'mote,)  n.  [Sax.  folemote,  folk 
meeting.] 

An  assembly  of  the  people,  or  of  bishops,  thanes, 
aldermen,  and  freemen,  to  consult  respecting  public 
affairs;  an  annual  convention  of  the  penple,  an- 
swering, in  some  measure,  to  a  modem  parliament; 
a  word  used  in  England  liefore  the  Norman  con- 
quest, alter  which  the  national  council  was  called  a 
parliament.  Somner.     Sprlman. 

But  some  authors  allege  that  the  f.dkmote  was  an 
inferior  meeting  or  court.  Spenser  uses  the  word 
for  a  mere  assemblage  of  pt^onle. 

FOL'Ll-CLE,  (ful'le-kl,)  n.  [L.  folUculus,  from  follis, 
a  bag  or  betlows.] 

1.  In  hotany,KT\  univalvular  perirnrp;  a  seed-ves- 
sel opening  on  one  side  longitudinally,  and  having 
the  seeds  loose  in  it.  Martyn. 

A  carpel  dehiscing  by  the  ventral  suture,  and 
having  no  dorsal  suture.  Lindley. 

2.  An  air  bag;  a  vessel  distended  with  air;  as  at 
the  root  in  Ctricularia,  and  on  the  leaves  in  Al- 
d  rovan  d  a.  Martyn. 

3.  A  little  bag  in  animal  bodies  ;  a  gland  ;  a  fold- 
ing ;  a  cavity.  Coxe. 

FOL-LIC'li-LATED,    o.      Having   follicular    seed- 

vessels. 
FOL-LI€'U-LOUS,  a.     Having  or  producing  follicles. 
FOL'LI-FI;l,o.    Full  of  folly.    [J^ot  used.]  ShensUme. 
FOL'LOW.   V.   t.     [Sax.   folgian,  flian,   fylgan ;    D. 

volgen;  G.  folgen;  Dan.  ftilger ;  Sw.  fUlja ;  Ir.  /ciZ- 

eanam.    The  sense  is,  to  urge  forward,  drive,  press. 

Class  Bl,  No.  14,  46.] 

1.  To  go  after  or  behind  :  to  walk,  ride,  or  move 
behind,  but  in  the  same  tiirectiun.  Soldiers  will 
usually  follow  a  brave  officer. 

2.  "to  pursue  ;  to  chase  ;  as  an  enemy,  or  as  game. 

3.  To  accom[Hiny  ;  to  attend  in  a  journey. 

Ami  It-tiekfth  nro*^,  nn'l  her  damscU,  ond   thej  rodfl  on  the 
caineU,  ami  fotloieed  Ihq  man.  — Ucn,  zzir, 

4.  To  accomptmy  ^  to  be  of  the  same  company  ;  to 
attend  fur  any  purftose.     Luke  v. 

5.  To  succeed  in  order  of  time  ;  to  come  after ; 
as,  a  storm  is  followed  by  a  calm. 

Bl;na  foUouAng  d^iu  lead  on  Um  mif^hty  yrtx.  Pop*. 


FOM 

6.  To  be  consequential ;  to  result  from,  as  effect 
from  a  cause.  Intemperance  is  often  foUowid  by 
disease  or  poverty,  or  by  both. 

7.  To  result  from,  as  an  inference  or  deduction. 
It  follows  from  these  facts  that  the  accused  is  guilty. 

8.  To  pursue  with  the  eye  ;  to  keep  the  eyes  fixed 
on  a  moving  body.  \\q  followed,  or  his  eye^  followed, 
the  ship,  till  it  was  beyond  sight. 

He  /Qliow«d  with  bii  eyei  the  fleelitig  ahode.  Dn/den. 

9.  To  imitate  ;  to  copy  ;  as,  to  follow  a  pattern  or 
model ;  to  follow  fashion. 

10.  'J'o  embrace  ;  to  adopt  and  maintain  ;  to  have 
or  entertain  like  opinions;  to  think  or  believe  like 
another;  as,  \o  follow  the  opinions  and  teiuts  of  a 
philosophic  sect ;  to  follow  Plato. 

n.  To  obey  ;  to  observe;  to  practice;  to  act  in 
conformity  to.  It  is  our  duty  to  follow  the  commands 
of  Christ.  Good  soldiers  follow  the  orders  of  their 
geneial ;  good  servants  follow  the  directions  of  their 
master. 

12.  To  pursue  as  an  object  of  desire  ;  to  endeavor 
to  obtain. 

FoUoio  peacft  with  all  men.  —  Heb.  xil. 

13.  To  use  ;  to  practice  ;  to  make  the  chief  busi- 
ness ;  as,  to  follow  the  trade  of  a  carpenter  ;  to  fol- 
low the  profession  of  law.  Forby. 

14.  To  adhere  to  ;  to  side  with. 

The  house  of  JuJaJi /oUo««i  David.  — 2  Sam.  ii. 

15.  To  adhere  to  ;  to  honor ;  to  worship  ;  to  serve. 

If  the  Lonl  l*  God,  foUoio  bun.  —  1  Kin^  xriil. 

16.  To  be  led  or  guided  by. 

Woe  to  the  fooliah  proplK'ta,  who  foUoa  their  own  ■jrfiit,  mnd 
bnve  seen  nothiug.  —  EieV.  xiii. 

17.  To  move  on  in  the  same  course  or  direction  ; 
to  be  guided  by  ;  as,  to  follow  a  track  or  course. 

FOL'LOW,  D.  i.    To  come  after  another. 

The  faminp  —  shall  fallow  clow  after  you.  —  Jer-  xlil. 

2.  To  attend  ;  to  accompany.  Shak. 

3.  To  be  posterior  in  time  ;  as,  following  ages. 

4.  To  be  consequential,  as  effect  to  cause.  From 
•uch  measures  great  mischiefs  must  follow. 

5.  To  result,  as  an  inference.  The  facts  may  be 
admitted,  but  the  inference  drawn  from  them  does 
not  folloie. 

To  follow  on;  to  continue  pursuit  or  endeavor;  to 
persevere. 

Th'^n  Bholl  we  know,  if  we  follow  on  to  know   tlie  Lcrd.— 
Hoxa  Ti. 

FOL'L0W-£D,  (fol'lode,)  pp.    Pursued  ;  succeeded  ; 

accompanied  ;    attended  ;    imitated  ;    obeyed  ;    oU^ 

scrvffd  ;  practiced  ;  adhered  to. 
FOL'LOW-ER,  n.     One  who  comes,  goes,  or  moves 

after  another,  in  the  same  course. 

2.  One  that  takes  another  as  his  guide  in  doctrines, 
opinions,  or  example  ;  one  who  receives  the  opinions, 
and  imitates  the  example,  of  another  ;  an  adherent ; 
an  imitator. 

Thftt  yr  be  not  *lothrti1,  bnt/ollotMr*  oTthem  who,  throuj^h  fiuih 
and  patience,  inherit  the  promi»ea.  —  Hefa.  vi. 

3.  One  who  obeys,  worships,  and  honors. 

B*-  ye  fallovtra  of  Goil,  na  dear  cliildren.  —  Eph.  T. 

4.  An  adherent;  a  disciple;  one  who  embraces  the 
flame  system  ;  as,  afollotecr  of  Plato. 

5.  An  attendant;  a  companion  ;  an  associate  or  a 
de|>endent.  The  Warrior  distributed  the  plunder 
among  bis  followers. 

No  fottowtr,  but  a  friend.  Poj>«. 

6.  One  under  the  command  of  another. 

Spenser.     Dnjden, 

7.  One  of  the  same  faction  or  party. 
FOL'LOW-ING,  ppr.  Coming  or  going  after  or  be- 
hind ;  pursuing;  attending;  imitating;  succeeding 
in  time  ;  resulting  from  as  an  effect  or  an  inference  ; 
adhering  to ;  ob<tying,  observing  ;  using,  practicing ; 
proceeding  in  the  same  course. 

FOL'LOW-ING,  a.     Being  next  after  ;  succeeding. 
FOL'L Y,  n.     [Fr.  folie,  from  fol,  fou  ;  Arm.  follez  ;  It. 
follia.     See  Foot-] 

1.  Weakness  of  intellect ;  imbecility  of  mind  ; 
want  of  understanding. 

A  fool  hyeth  open  hia  folly.  —  I'rov.  xiii. 

2.  A  weak  or  absurd  act  not  highly  criminal ;  an 
act  which  is  inconsistent  with  the  dictates  of  reason, 
or  with  the  ordinary  rules  of  prudence.  In  this 
sense  it  may  be  used  in  tlie  singular,  but  is  gfiierally 
in  the  plural.    Hence  we  speak  of  the /wUi«  of  youth. 

Whom  foil}/  pleaati,  or  whote/oZ?i««  plcax:.  Pop4. 

3.  An  absurd  act  which  is  highly  sinful  ;  any 
conduct  contrnry  to  the  laws  of  God  or  man ;  sin  ; 
scandalous  crimes;  that  which  violates  moral  pre- 
cepts and  dishonors  the  otfender.  Shechcm  wrought 
folly  in  Israel.  Achan  wroughl/o/Zi/  in  Israel.  Qcn. 
xxxiv.    Josh.  vii. 

4.  Criminal  weakness  ;  depravity  of  mind. 

Jii/i  itson. 
FO'MAL-IIAUT,  n.     A  sUr  of  the  first  magnitude,  in 
the  consteiintion   Piscis  Jlnstralis,  or  Southern  Fish. 
It  is  much  used  in  astronomical  measuremuntd. 

OlmsUd. 


TONE.  B|;LL,  ignite.  — AN"GER,  Vl"CIOU8 €  as  K ;  6  n«  J ;  •  as  Zj  CH  u  SH ;  TH  oa  in  THIS. 


FON 

Ft^MENT*,  F.  L  ru  /omrnto,  from  finfto.  to  warm  ; 
Tr./i'memUr;  iip.fomeiitar  ;  lt./4>''t^>i^rrr.J 

1.  To  aimly  wann  lotions  to  ;  to  br^he  wtih  warm 
medicalea  liqtton,  or  with  dannel  dipp<^^  in  warm 
water. 

&  To  chefWi  with  b«at ;   to  encourafe  icrowtb. 

[AX  Mf^]  MdtOH. 

3.  To  encourage  ;  to  abet ;  to  cherish  and  promuce 
bjr  excitemenu;  im  a  Ud  9mu€i  a*,  to  ffmtM  ill 
humore.  £»gcte. 

So  we  say,  to  fi*mimt  trouble*  or  diaturbaaoea  ;  Co 
fpment  intestine  broils. 
FO-MEXT-A'TION.  n.  The  act  of  upplyinit  warm 
liquors  to  a  part  oS  the  body,  by  means  of  tlanneU 
dipped  in  h<A  water  or  uedicattKl  deructions,  for  the 
purp<v>e  of  easing  pain,  by  relaxing  the  skin,  or  of 
discuasing  tumor*.  Kncfc.     Quiney. 

a.  TbeTolioo  applied, or  to  be  applied,  to  a  disea^d 
piut.  .frfriiXAjutC 

a.  Excitation  ;  Instintinn  ;  encouragcmt'nL 
FO-MG.\T'C0,  f/.    BaUied  with  warui   luUona  ;  cn- 

coorsAed. 
FO-MENT'EE,  a-    One  who  foments ;  one  who  en- 

couracra  or  inatigatea  ;  as,  a  ftrntrnter  of  wditiun. 
FO-MENT'I\G,  ffT.    Applying  wanu  lotiona. 

'i.  EDcmiraeing  ;  ab.-ttin:; :  pmnioting. 
POX,  «.     [Ch.-uicer,/«iiJM,  a  fooii  icc.fatmtJ] 

A  fool ;  an  idu*.     [06*.]  Spensrr. 

FOND,  a.  [Clmuccr,  fount,  a  focJ  ;  Scot./(»«j  to  play 
tke  foot ;  fMU,  to  fundle,  to  toy }  Ir.  /01U,  delight,  de- 

dee,  a  longing.  Qu.  Ar.  -i\  hToju,  which  signiAea 
Id  diminish,  to  impair  menial  powers,  to  nuke  fool- 
ish, to  be  destitute  of  reason ;  and  .^aJ  fiout  i*  to 

foiL  These  are  the  most  probable  alfiuities  I  have 
been  able  to  find.] 

1.  Foolish  :  silly  ;  weak  ;  indiscreet ;  imprudent 

Giuu  i  aw;  ncv«r  {aovc  tofomd 

To  txvd,  fbUk  oa  hb  ttalh  or  nMi\I.  S>ak. 

^bnrf  tfMMffiti  any  fall  uxo  Mioe  kOe  bnln.  DawM. 

S.  Foolishly  tender  and  loving ;  doting ;  weakly 
indulirent ;  ax,  a/omd  mother  or  wife.  ^ddixo*. 

3.  Much  pleased;  loving  anlenily  ;  delighted  with. 
A  child  is  j'-n.l  of  play  ;  a  gentleman  is  f^md  uf  his 
sports,  IT  'v-wal.     Ill  present  usage,/imii 

does  nx'-  weakness  or  folly. 

A,  R.  i  .  .     The  epicure  is  fond  of  hfgh- 

season^d  iVi 4.     Multitudes  of  men  are  too  fond  of 
■troof  drink. 
5w  Triflina;  valued  by  folly.    [IMfie  msfd.']  Skak. 
FOND,  r.  u    To  treat  with  gnat  iiidulgeace  or  tender- 
ness: to  caress;  to  cocker. 


The  Tjrrae  bu^  uid/oMia  tbM  on  brr  tc«ul.  Diyden. 

Fond  is  thus  used  by  the  poets  only.    We  now  use 

fndie. 
POND,  r.  t.    To  be  fond  of ;  to  be  in  luve  with ;  to 

dote  on.     [^LiXtU  njtd.]  SJiaJt. 

FOND'LG,  (fund'l,)  r.  t.     To  treat  with  tenderness  ; 

to  caress  ;  as,  a  n»neftmdlrs  a  cltild. 
POND'Lfin,  pp.    Treated  with  alfection  ;  caressed. 
FOND'LER,  H.     One  who  foiidlt-s. 
FONDXING,  ppr.    Caressing;  treating  with  tender- 

FOXiyUNG,  a.  A  person  or  thing  fondled  or  caressed. 

FOXD'LY,  sde.  Fotdishly ;  weakly  ;  imprudently  ; 
with  indiscreet  afTection. 

f^m&f  ve  tbiok  ve  mrriL  turner  th?n, 

W&ea  ve  bat  jwmw  ounelrea  tn  oiber  neo.  Pop*. 

S,  With  great  or  extneme  affection.    We  fondly 
embrace  those  who  are  dear  to  us. 
FON  [VN  ESS,  ».     Focdishneas;  weakneas;  want  of 
sen&e  or  jiidpnent.     [OA«.j    ^  Sjpnusr. 

2.  Foolish  tenderness. 

3.  Tender  pasnoa  ;  warm  affection. 

Ber/ewJiMW  lor  ft  coum  «&rt 

BefW  wbrfi  1  WM  btt  a  K^si.  Suift 

4.  Strong  inclination  or  propensity  ;  as,  a  fondness 
tag  vice  or  sin.  Hammond. 

5.  Strong  appetite  or  relish  ;  38,  fondnesji  foi  ^dent 
q>irit,  or  for  a  particular  kind  of  food. 

[It  is  now  used  ekufig  in  the  thru  latter  senxesJ] 
FCKY'DUSy  (fon'du,)  n.     [Fr.]     A  name  given  by  the 
French  to  a  particuLir  style  of  printing  calico,  paper- 
banpiugs,  &.C.,  in  which  the  colors,  like  those  of  the 
Tainbuw,  are  melted  or  graduated  into  each  other. 

Ure. 
FON'E.     PL  of  Fob.  Spenser. 

FONT,  n.  [Kr.  fonte;  Pp.  fumUt  It.  font£;  h.fans; 
W.  fynnon,  a  fimntain,  and  fyniaw,  to  produce,  to 
abound  :  allied  to  I*./iiiufo,  to  pour  ouc] 

.\  VdTze  ba-iin  or  stone  vessel  in  which  water  is 
contain^  for  bapCizing  children  or  other  persons  in 
the  church. 
FONT,  a.  {Tr.fonUj  from  fondre^  to  melt  or  cast ;  L. 
frnttdoy  to  pour  out ;  ti^p.  fnndir ;  lX.fondtTe  i  properly, 
a  casting.] 
A  complete  assortment  of  printing  types  of  one 


FOG 

size,  tnrltiJins  a  due  proportion  nf  nil  the  letters  in 
the  alphabet,  lar^e  and  small,  [mints,  accents,  and 
whatever  el^  is  neces».ir>-  for  printing  wiiJi  thai 
lett«r. 

FOXT'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  fount,  fountain, source, 
or  origin.  7Vaiw.  (f  Pausanias. 

FOXT'A-NEL,  n.  [from  the  Fr.]  An  issue  for  the 
discharge  of  hurnoni  from  the  IkmIv.  JftUL 

2.  A  v.icaucy  in  the  infant  cranium,  between  the 
fbontal  and  parietal  btmrs,  anil  also  between  the 
parietal  and  occipital,  at  the  iwu  extremities  of  tUe 
sagittal  suture.  Cije.     Parr. 

FO.NTANOE',  (fon-tanj',)  n.  [Fr,,  from  the  namf  of 
the  first  wearer.]  A  knot  of  ribbons  on  the  top  of  a 
headdress.  ,1ddison. 

FOOD, a.  [S&x.fMLfoda;  G.futtrr;  D.voedieli  Dan. 
foederi  Sw./tf<is,  from  feeding.     Sec  Feed.] 

1.  In  (t  trenerai  stHse,  whatever  i$  enten  by  animals 
for  nouriahmeat,  and  whatever  supplies  nutriment  to 
plants. 

2.  Meal ;  aliment ;  flesh  or  vegetables  eaten  for 
ftu>itaining  human  life ;  victuals;  provisions;  what- 
ever is  or  may  be  eaten  for  nourishment. 

y^fd  nw  wruh/<KKiconrr»ieut  fur  iii'*.  —  Prat,  zzx. 

3.  Whatever  supplies  nourishment  and  growth  to 
plants,  as  water,  carbonic  acid  pas,  &.c.  Manuring 
subsLnnces  funiii^h  plants  with  food. 

4.  Something  that  sustains,  nourishes,  and  aug- 
ments.    Flatter\'  is  the  fond  of  vanity. 

FOOD,  r.  t     To  feed.     f.V..f  in  use.]  BarreU 

FOOD'FIJL,  a.     Supplying  food  ;  full  of  food.   Dnfden. 

FOOiyLESS,  a.  Without  food ;  destitute  of  provis- 
ions :  barren.  Sandys. 

POOD*Y,  a.     Eatable  j  fit  for  food.     ^V^t  ttsed.] 

Chapman. 

FOOL,  a.  [Fr.  fol  fon;  It  /o//c,  mad,  foolish  ;  Ice. 
fol;  Arm.  foU:  W.  foiy  round,  blunt,  foolish,  vain  ; 
/W,  a  fool,  a  blunt  one,  a  stupid  one  ;  Russ.  phalia. 
It  would  neem,  from  the  Welsh,  that  the  primary 
sense  of  the  adjective  is,  thick,  blunt,  lumpish,  lleb. 
hen.] 

1.  One  who  is  destitute  of  reason,  or  the  common 
powers  of  understanding ;  an  idiot.  Some  persons 
are  bom  fo^ls^  and  are  called  natural  fooU ;  others 
may  become  fools  by  some  injury  done  to  the 
bmin. 

3.  In  e»mmtm  language^  a  person  who  fs  somewhat 
dellrient  in  intellect,  but  not  an  idiot;  or,  a  person 
who  acts  absurdly  ;  one  wht^  does  not  exercise  his 
reason ;  one  who  pursues  a  course  contrary  to  the 
dictates  of  wisdom. 


3.  In  ScWphtrs,  fool  Is  often  used  for  a  wicked  or 
depraved  person;  one  who  acts  contrary  to  sound 
wisdom  in  his  mora)  deportment ;  one  who  follows 
his  own  inclinations  who  prefers  trifling  and  leni- 
porary  pleasures  to  the  service  of  God  and  eternal 
happiness. 

The  fool  hath  taW  in  hk  h«it,  There  ia  do  God.  — Pb.  xir. 

4.  A  weak  Christian  ;  a  godly  person  who  has 
much  remaining  sin  and  unbelief. 


Also,  one  who  is  accounted  or  called  a  fool  by  un- 
godly men.     1  Cor.  iv.  10. 

5.  A  term  of  indignity  and  reproach. 

To  be  tboug-ht  knowing,  ya\i  must  finL  put  the  fool  opon  all 
mauikind.  Syrydzn, 

6.  A  buffoon ;  one  formerly  kept  by  ktn<!S,  and 
other  persons  of  rank,  as  a  jester  and  bntt  of  ridi- 
cule. He  was  dressed  fantastically  with  a  cap  hav- 
ing a  red  stripe  on  the  top,  called  a  eoxtomb ;  and  car- 
ried a  baicbte,  (marotie,)  which  was  a  short  stick  with 
a  head  carvea  on  the  end,  sometimes  surmuiintcd 
with  a  smnJI  bladder  filled  partly  with  pease,  gravel, 
&c,  which  he  used  as  a  weapon  of  offensive  sport. 

Kncyc,  Am. 
I  Kom,  although  their  drudge,  to  be  their /ooZ  or  JesUT.  Alv'tan. 
To  play  the  fool  i   to  act  the  buffoon;  to  jest;  to 
make-sport. 

2.  To  act  like  one  void  of  understand  in  p. 
To  put  the  fool  on  ;  to  imirose  on  ;  to  delude. 

To  make  a  fool  of;  to  frustrate  ;  to  defeat ;  to  dis- 
appoint. 
FOOL,  V.  i    To  trifle  ;  to  toy  ;  to  spend  time  in  idle- 
ness, sport,  or  mirth. 

It  this  a  time  kr  fooling?  Dryden, 

FOOL,  V.  t.    To  treat  with  contempt ;  to  disappoint ; 
to  defeat ;  to  frustrate  ;  to  deceive ;  to  impose  on. 

WheD  I  coiuider  lire,  'tis  all  a  cheat ; 

ToT,fooUd  with  hope,  men  favor  the  deceit.  Dryden, 

Q.  To  infatuate  ;  to  make  foolish.  Shak. 

3.  To  cheat ;  as,  to  faui  one  out  of  his  money. 

To  foot  away ;  to  spend  in  trifles,  idleness,  folly,  or 
without  advantage  ;  as,  to  fool  away  time. 

2.  To  spend  for  things  of  no  value  or  use  ;  to  ex- 
pend iraprovidently  ;  as,  to  fool  away  money. 
FOOL,  n.     A  compound  of  gooseberries  scalded  and 
crushed,   (fouUsj)   with   cream  ;    commonly   called 
gooscberrtj-fooL  GuUismiVi, 


FOO 

FUOL'-HEG-OKD,  a.     Idiot ical ;  absurd.  Shak. 

Fi)(.iL'-B^LD,  a.     Foolishly  bold.  Bale. 

FOOL'-ltORN,  a.     Foolish  from  the  birth.         Shak, 

P00L'A:D,  (foold,)  pp.  Disappointed;  defeated;  de- 
ceived ;  imposed  on. 

FOOL'ER-Y,  n.  The  practice  of  folly ;  habitual  folly  ; 
attention  to  trifles.  Shak. 

2.  An  act  of  folly  or  weakness.  Walts. 

3.  Object  of  folly.  Ralegh. 
FOOL'-HAP'PY,  a.   Lucky  without  judgment  or  con- 
trivance.                                                         Spenser 

FOOL'-IIXRTI'I-LY,  adv.     With  fool-hardiness. 

FOOL'-llXllU'I.N'KSS,  n.  Courage  without  sense  or 
judgment ;  mad  rashness.  Dryden. 

FOOL'-HXRD'IciE,  71.     Fool -hard  in  ess.    [JSTot  m  w»e.] 

Spen.^er. 

FOOL'nXRDY,  a.  [fool  nnd  hardtj.]  Daring  with- 
out jodprnenl ;  madly  rash  and  adventurous ;  fool- 
ishly bold.  Noieetl. 

FOOL'ING,  jtpr.  Defeating;  disappointing;  deceiving. 
3.  a.    .\ctin|r  like  a  fool. 

FOOL'ISH,  a.  Void  of  understanding  or  sound  judg- 
ment ;  weak  in  intellect ;  applied  to  general  chararJrr. 

2.  Unwise;  imprudent;  acting  without  judgment 
or  dificretion  In  particular  things. 

3.  Proceeding  from  folly,  or  marked  with  folly  ; 
silly  ;  vain  ;   trifling. 

Bui  foolish  qu"sUani  avoid.  —  2  Tim.  li. 

4.  Ridiculous ;  despicable. 

AfooViah  ft^irf  he  mint  m.ike.  Prior, 

5.  In  Scripture,  wicked  ;  sinful ;  acting  without 
regard  to  the  divine  law  and  glory,  or  to  one's  own 
eternal  happiness. 

OfoolUh  Galaiiivna.  —Gal.  til. 

6.  Proceeding  from  depravity;  sinful;  aa^  foolish 
Insts.     1  Tim,  vi. 

FOOL'ISH-LV,   adv.    Weakly  ;  without  understand- 
ing or  judgment ;  unwisely;  indiscreetly. 
2.  Wickedly  ;  sinfully. 

I  ba»«J  done  T^ry  foolithly.  —  2  Sam.  xiir.    "" 
FOOL'ISH-NESS,  n.     Folly  ;  want  of  understanding. 

2.  Foolish  practice  ;  want  of  wisdom  or  good  judg- 
ment. 

3.  In  a  scriptural  sense,  absurdity  ;  folly. 


The  nreachiiij  of  the  cro«  is  to  them  llivi.  p«mb  fooiishnttt.  -~ 

[Qyx.full  and  L.  scapus,  or  folio  and 


J" 

I  L'ur.  1, 

FOOL9'€AP,  n. 


shape.] 

A  kind  of  paper,  of  small  size,  usually  about  17 
inches  by  14. 

FOOL'S'-ER'RAND,  n.  The  pursuit  of  ^vhat  can  not 
be  foMlid.  South. 

FOOI/S'-PXRS'LEY,  n.  A  poisonous,  umhelliferous 
plant,  somewiml  resembling  parsley,  bot  having  a 
disagreeable,  nauseous  smell.  It  is  the  .Xthiua  cy- 
napiam  of  botanists.  P.  Cyc. 

FOOL'STONES,  n.     A  plant,  a  species  of  Orchis. 

*'OOL'TRAP,  71.     A  trap  to  catch  fools,  as  a  flytrap. 

Dnfden. 

FQpT,  n. ;  pi.  Fe  et.  [Sax.  /o*,  fet ;  D.  voet ;  G.  fuss ; 
t>w.  fott  hun.  fod;  Gr.  rr'ti>f,  Trtioa  L.  pes,  pedis; 
Sans,  pad ;  i^iam.  bat :  Fr.  pied,  pie  ;  Sp.  pie ;  Port. 
pe ;  It.  piedc,  pii ;  Copt,  bat,  fat.  Probably  this  word 
is  allied  to  ttie  Gr.  Trurf  to,  to  walk,  to  tread  ;  as  the 
W.  trotd,  foot,  is  to  the  Eng.  verb  to  tread.] 

I.  In  animal  bodies,  the  lower  extremity  of  the  leg  ; 
the  part  of  the  leg  which  treads  the  earth  in  standing 
or  walking,  and  by  which  the  animal  is  sustained 
and  enabled  to  step. 

9.  That  which  bears  some  resemblance  to  an  ani- 
mal's foot  in  shape  or  office  ;  ihe  lower  end  of  any 
thing  that  supports  a  body  ;  as,  the  foot  of  a  table. 

3.  The  lower  part ;  the  base  ;  as,  the  foot  of  a  col- 
umn, or  of  a  mountain. 

4.  The  lower  part ;  the  bottom  ;  as,  the  foot  of  an 
account ;  the  foot  of  a  sail. 

5.  Foundation  ;  condition  ;  state.  We  are  not  on 
the  samn  foot  with  our  fellow-citizens.  In  tl-s  sense, 
it  is  more  common,  in  America,  to  use  footing  ;  and 
in  this  sense  the  plural  is  not  used. 

6.  Plan  of  establishment ;  fundamental  principles. 
Our  constitution  may  hereafter  be  placed  on  a  better 

foot,     [fn  this  sense  the  plural  it  vot  u^ed.] 

7.  In  military  language,  soldiers  who  march  and 
flght  on  foot;  infantry,  as  distinguished  from  cavalr}\ 
[/»  this  sense  the  plural  is  not  used.] 

8.  A  meafiure  consisting  of  twelve  inches;  sup- 
posed to  be  taken  from  the  length  of  a  man's  foot.  A 
stpiare  foot  contains  144  square  inches;  n  cubic  foot 
contains  17:^  cubic  inche.s. 

9.  In  poetry,  a  certain  number  of  syllables,  consti- 
tuting part  of  a  verse,  as  the  iambus,  the  dactyl,  and 
the  sptiudee. 

10.  Step  ;  pace.  VEstrange. 

II.  Level;  par.     [OAa\]  Bacon. 
I'i.  'i'he  part  of  a  ttocking  or  boot  which  receives 

the  foot. 

By  foot,  or  rather,  on  foot,  by  walkinr; ;  as,  to  go  or 
pass  OR  foot ;  or  by  fording ;  as,  to  i>as:i  a  stream  on 
foot,     fSee  the  next  definition.] 

To  set  on  foot;  to  originate;  to  begin;  to  put  in 
motion  ;  OS,  to  set  on  foot  a  subscription.     Hence,  to 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL.  WIL\T.— MicTE,  PIlBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP.  B9<?K. 


FOO 

be  on  fuot^  is  lo  be  in  mottun^  action,  or  proci-ss  uf 
execution. 
FOOT,  p.  i.    To  dance ;  to  tread  to  measmre  or  mujiic 

to  skip.  lyryofii. 

2.  To  walk  ;  oppoJtcd  to  ride  or  j?y.  In  thia  stnse 
tbe  word  ia  commonly  followed  by  U. 

It  jou  31*  for  a  meny  )uibI,  I'll  tr7,  for  oner,  who  can  foot  it 
ronhckl.  Dryden, 

FQQT,  r.  C  To  kick  ;  to  strike  with  the  foot ;  to  spurn. 

Shak. 

2.  To  settle  ;  to  begin  to  fix.     {Little  ttsed.]  Shak. 

3.  To  tread  ;  as,  to  fuot  the  green.  TickeU. 

4.  To  add  the  numbers  in  a  column,  and  set  the 
sum  at  the  foot ;  as,  to  foot  an  account 

5.  To  seize  and  hold  with  the  foot.     [.Vof  ustd.] 

HerberU 

6.  To  add  or  make  a  foot ;  as,  Xofoot  a  stocking  or 
boot. 

FOOT'BALL,  «.  A  ball  consisting  of  an  inflated 
bladder,  cased  in  leather,  to  be  driven  by  the  fiwt. 

Waller. 

3.  The  sport  or  practice  of  kicking  the  football. 
JirbuXknoi. 
FOQT'-BAND,  n.     A  band  of  infanirv. 
FOQT'-BOV,  ju     a  menial ;  an  attendant  in  Iivpr\*. 

Umift. 
FQQT'-BREADTH,  (-bredth,)  n.    The  breadth  of  the 

ftN>t.     DfuU  ii. 
FpQT'-BRIDGE,  n.    A  narrow  bridge  for  foot  passen- 

pers.  Sidney. 

FppT'-eijOTH,  n.  A  snmpter  cloth,  or  housings  of 
a  horse,  used  by  the  gentry,  which  u=ually  covered 
his  whole  body  and  reached  down  to  his  heels. 

Shak. 

FQpT'-e|^SH-ION%  «.    A  cushion  for  the  feel. 

FpyT'EU,  pp.  Kicked  ;  trod  ;  summed  up  ;  furnished 
with  a  footf  as  a  stockin;;. 

FQQT'ED,  a.  Shaped  in  the  foot ;  as,  footed  like  a 
eoat.  Oreic. 

FQp'J'f  ALL,  n.    A  footstep. 

9.  A  trip  or  stumble.  Shak, 

F(X>'I"-FIGHT,  C-frie,)  n.  A  conflict  by  i»ep»on9  on 
tlxit,  in  opposition  to  a  fight  on  horseback.    Sidney. 

FOOT'GC.HRiJS,  (pSrdz,)  n.  pi.    Guards  of  infantry. 

F06r'IIALT,(-hawlt,)«.  A  disease  incident  to  sheep, 
and  tiaid  to  proceed  from  a  worm  wJiicli  enters  be- 
tween the  claws.  Encyr. 

FQQT'HOLD,  n.  That  which  sustains  the  feet  firmly, 
and  prevents  them  from  Bhpping  or  moving  ;  that  on 
which  one  may  tread  or  rest  securely.   L^E-^tran^e. 

TiT'lIOT,  adv.     Immediately  ;  a  tcvrd  borrowed  from 
ntinff.  Oower. 

FpQT'INO,  Dpr.      Dancing;  treading;  settling;  add- 

mg  a  new  foot, 
FQQT'INC;,  H.    Ground  for  the  foot ;  that  which  sus- 
tams;  firm  foundation  to  stand  on. 


2.  Support ;  root.  Dryden. 

3.  Hasis;  foundation.  Locke. 

4.  Place;  stable  position.  Dryden. 

5.  Permanent  settlement.  Let  not  these  eviU  gain 


6.  Tread  ;  step  ;  walk.  Milton. 

7.  Dance  ;  tread  to  measure.  SItak. 

8.  Pteps  ;  road  ;  track.     ]  Little  used. 1         Bacon. 

9.  State;  condition  ;  settlement     Place  both  par- 
ties on  an  equal  fuoUnj. 

10.  A  plain,  cotton  lace,  without  fimires. 

11.  In  architecture,  a  term  applied   to  tbe   broad 
fotindati'ins  of  a  wall.  Brande. 

FOOT'LEHS.  a.     Having  no  feet. 

F9O T'-LICK-ER,  n.    A  mean  flatterer ;  a  sycophant ; 

a  "fawner.  Shak. 

FQQT'&l AX,  R.    A  soldier  who  marches  and  fighu  on 

foot. 
2.  A  menial  servant ;  a  runner ;  a  servant  in  liv- 


F*55' 


T'MA.V-SniP,  n. 


FQQT'-MANTLE, 

clean,  in  riding. 
FpQT'-.MXRK,  n. 


The  art  or  faculty  of  a  runner. 

Ilaywurd. 

A  garment  to  keep  Uie  gown 


A  track  ;  mark  of  a  foot. 

Coleridge. 
FQQT'-MUFF,  n.    A  receptacle  for  the  feet,  lined  with 

fur,  Ac,  for  keeping  them  warm  in  winter. 
PpQT'-PACE,  n.     A  slow  step,  an  in  walkinir. 

Johiiion. 
9.  In  ajtight  of  stairs,  a  stair  broader  than  the  rest, 

OteilL 
PQOT'PAl).  n.     A  highwayman  or  robber  on  foot. 
r(V)T'-PAS-SE\  6ER,  n.     One  who  passes  011  foot, 

a-^  ov»T  a  bridge,  itc. 
F99T'-PATH,  n.    A  narrow  path  or  way  for  foot-pas- 

■"■risers  (miy. 
[  '  "  '  I'-PI  Ow        ) 

"  PI  Oudll   {^     A  kind  of  swing-plow. 
1  '     '  I  '-I'OST,  m.    A  post  or  messenger  that  travels  on 

i'liit.  Carew. 

F99T'PRL\T,  m.    The  impression  of  the  foot. 

fV.  Ireinp.     Moore. 
y<)fyV'-KfSVY,.  B.    The  rope  stretching  along  a  yard, 
upon  which  men  stand  when  reefing  or  furling  ;  for- 


FOR 

merly  called  a  horse.     Also,  that  part  of  the  bolt-rope 
to  which  the  lower  edge  of  a  sail  is  sewed. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.     Tottm. 

FQOT'ROT,  n.     An  ulcer  in  the  feet  of  sheep. 

F<X*  T'-ROLE,  n.  A  rule  or  measure  twelve  inches 
lone. 

FQQ  f '-SHACK-LES,  (-Iz,)  n.  pU  Shackles  for  the 
feet. 

FppT'-POL-DIER,  (-651-jer,)  n.  A  soldier  that  serves 
on  foot. 

FQQT'STALK,  (-stawk,)  n.  {foot  and  stalk.}  In 
butany,  a 'petiole  ;  a  partial  stem  supporting  the  leaf, 
or  connecting  it  with  the  stem  or  branch.  Some- 
times, but  rarely,  the  same  footstalk  supports  both 
the  leaf  and  fructification,  as  in  Turnera  i.nd  Hibis- 
cus. Marty  ti. 

FQQT'STALL,  (-stawl,)  h.     A  woman's  stirrup. 

•  Johnson. 

FOOT'STEP,  n.  A  track  ;  the  mark  or  impression  of 
the  f(Hit.  Locke. 

2.  Token;  mark;  visible  sign  of  a  course  pursued 
as,  the  footsteps  of  divine  Wisdom.  Bentley. 

Footsteps,  pU  ;  example  ;  as,  follow  the  footsteps  of 
good  men. 
0.  ^Vav  ;  course.     Ps.  Ixxvii. 

FQp T'STOOL,  H.  A  stool  for  the  feet ;  that  which 
supports  the  fi-et  of  one  when  sitting. 

To  make  enemies  a  footstool,  is  to  reduce  them  to 
entire  subjection.     Ps.  ex. 

FQpT'WA-LING,  n.  'i'he  inside  planks  or  lining  of 
a  vessel,  over  the  floor-timbers.  Totten. 

FppT'-WARM-ER,  a.   A  box  containing  a  tin  vessel, 
into  which  hot  water  is  put  for  warming  the  feet 
Eneyc.  of  Dom.  Econ. 

FOP,  n.  [Sp.  and  Port  g^iapo^  spruce,  gay,  affected, 
foppish,  afiectedly  nice  ;  also  in  Sp.,  stout,  bold,  from 
tbe  root  of  vapor^  rapid  ;  Spw  g-uapear,  to  brag.  The 
Latin  vappa,  a  sr>nseless  fellow,  is  evidently  f'rom  the 
same  root,  witli  the  sense  of  emptiness  or  lightness.] 
.'\  vain  man,  of  weak  tmderstanding  and  much  os- 
tentation ;  one  whose  ambition  is  to  gain  admiration 
by  showy  dress  and  jiertness  ;  a  gay,  trifling  man  ;  a 
coxcomb. 

FOP'OOO-DLE,  n.  An  insignificant  fellow.  {Vid^ar^ 
and  Jwt  used.]  HudibrOs. 

FOP'LL\G,n.     A  petty  fop.  Tickelt. 

FOP'PER-Y,  n.  Affectation  of  show  or  importance; 
showy  folly  ;  as,  the  foppery  of  dress  or  of  manners. 

2.  Folly ;  imi>ertinencc. 

Li-t  not  tlie  »uund  of  tltwlioiir  foppery  pnter 

Aly  K'ber  home.  Shak. 

3.  Foolery  ;  vain  or  idle  practice;  idle  affectation. 

Swifi. 
FOP'PISH,  a.     Vain  of  dress  ;  making  an  ostenfitious 
display  of  gay  clothing;  dressing  in  the  extreme  of 
fashion. 
2.  Vain;  trifling;  affected  in  manners. 
FOP'PISH-LY,  adt.     With  vain  ostentation  of  dress  ; 

in  a  trifling  or  affected  manner. 
FOP'PISH-\ESS,  n.      Vanity  and  extravagance  in 

dress ;  showy  vanity. 
FOR,  prep.  [Sax.  for  or  fore  ;  D.  roor,  for,  and  be- 
fore ;  G.  fiir  and  cor  ;  Sw.  fUr  ;  Dan.  for,  f'6r  :  Ir. 
far;  Fr.  pour  ,■  Sp.  and  Port  par,  para  :  It.  per^  which 
unites  for  and  L.  per,  and,  if  this  is  the  same  word, 
so  Is  the  Fr.  par.  Inileed,  far  seems  t<i  be  mdically 
the  same  word  ;  for  the  Germans  and  Dutch  use  ver, 
far,  in  composition,  in  the  same  manner,  and  in  the 
same  words,  as  the  Engli.<ih,  Danes,  and  Swedes,  use 
for.  Thus  Ger.  verbiHm,  D.  verbiedm,  Dan.  furbyder, 
Bw.  fiirhiuda,  are  all  tlie  same  word,  Kng.  to  forbid. 
The  French  use  par  as  we  use  /or,  in  pardnnner,  to 
pardon,  to  forgive,  It.  perdonare.  Arm.  par  and  pour, 

o^ 
in  composition  ;  Hindoo,  para ;  Pers.  yj  bar  or  ber, 

o    ^ 
and   wij  behr.     For  corresponds  in  sense  with  the 

L.  vro,  as  fore  does  with  prtt :  but  pro  and  pra  are 
probably  contracted  from  prod,  pnfd.  The  L.  por, 
m  composition,  as  in  porri^o,  is  probably  contracted 
from  purro,  Or.  iroftpi.t,  which  is  the  Eng.  far.  The 
Gr.  ffii'ifi,  and  probably  nrony  TTfoiiv,  are  from  the 
same  root  The  radicul  sense  of  for  is,  to  go,  to  pass, 
to  advance,  lo  reach  or  ctrrtch  ;  and  it  is  probably  al- 
lied to  the  Sax.  faran,  to  fare,  W.for,  a  \}HHS,fnriaic, 
to  travel,  Class  Br,  No.  23,  37,  41.  To  go  toward,  to 
fFi««(,  or  turn  to,  is  the  primar>-  sense  of /or,  in  two 
of  its  rao^t  conmion  uses  ;  one  implying  opposition, 
against ;  the  other,  a  favor  or  benejit ;  or  for  may  be 
from  fore,  hence  opposite.  To  sell  or  exchange  a  hat 
far  a  guinea,  is  to  set  or  pass  one  against  the  other  ; 
this  is  the  primary  sense  of  all  pre[K>sitions  which 
are  placeil  before  equivalents  in  sale  and  barter.  Ben- 
tft  nt  favor  is  expressed  by  moving  toicard  a  person, 
or  by  iidvancing  him.  This  present  is/or  my  friend  ; 
this  advii-e  for  l\U  instruction.  And  in  the  Old  Tes- 
tament, llie  /are  or  frtml  is  taken  for  favor.  For, 
in  some  phrases,  signifies  during,  that  is*,  paj^sing^ 
continuing  in  time.  I  will  lend  a  book  fur  a  day  or 
a  month.  In  composition,  for  is  used  to  give  a  neg- 
ative sense,  as  in  forbid,  which  is  forebid,  to  com- 


FOR 

mand  before,  that  is,  against;  and  in  funrive,  to  give 
back  or  away,  to  remit,  to  acxuX  back  "or  to  send 
away.] 

1.  Against;  in  the  place  of ;  as  a  substitute  or 
equivalent,  noting  equal  value,  or  satisfactory  com- 
pensation, either  in  barter  and  sale,  in  cuntmct,  or 
in  punishment.  "  And  Joseph  gave  them  bread  in 
exchange  for  horses,  and  for  flocks,  and  for  the  cat- 
tle of  the  herds  ;  "  that  is,  according  to  the  original, 
he  gave  them  bread  against  tiorses,  like  the  Gr.  ofrt, 
and  Fr.  eontre.     Qen.  ilvii.  17. 

B'ly  u«  «ncl  our  l»nil/or  bnr&d.  —  Gen.  xl»ii.  19. 

Aim!  if  any  muchJcf  lullow,  thfn  Ihou  «haU  gri»e  \\ti:  for  lifr,  eye 

for   eyp,  Uioth  for  looih,  hand  for  luud,  rwol/or  (uot.  — 

Ex»(l.  xxi. 
As  the  Son  of  man  came  not  to  be  ministered  unto,  but  to  minist'  r, 

and  to  ^ire  hia  life  a  raniotn  for  many. —  Matt.  xx.    See 

a!BO  M^rk  viii.  37.     Mail.  xn.  28. 

2.  In  the  place  of;  instead  of;  noting  substitution 
of  persons,  or  agency  of  one  in- the  place  of  another, 
with  equivalent  authority.  An  attorney  is  empow- 
ered to  act  for  his  principal.  Will  you  take  a  letter, 
and  deliver  it /ar  me  at  the  poat-office  ?  that  is,  in 
my  place,  or  for  my  benefit. 

3.  In  exchangeof;  noting  one  thing  takf-i>  :r  given 
in  place  of  another  ;  as,  to  quit  the  profession  of  law 
for  that  of  a  clergyman. 

4.  In  the  place'  of;  instead  of;  as,  to  translate  a 
poem  line  for  line. 

5.  In  the  character  of ;  noting  resemblance ;  a  sense 
derived  from  substitution,  or  standing  in  the  place  of, 
like  avTtdeos,  in  Greek. 

If  a  man  can  be  fully  MTJred  of  any  thing  for  a  triih,  wKhout 
having  examined,  what  it  tlicre  Uiat  be  may  not  emliraco 
for  iruih  ?  Locke. 

B'lll'rt  her  g<>for  an  unymieful  woman.  Philipt. 

I  lienr/or  certain,  anil  do  apeak  the  truth.  6'hak. 

He  quiff-red  wiUi  )iis  ftvi,  and  lay /or  dead.  Ihyiitju 

6.  Toward  ;  with  the  intention  of  going  to. 

We  aailcd  from  Peniyor  China  and  Jnpan.  Baton. 

We  sailed  directly /or  Genoa,  and  had  a  lair  wind.  Addison. 

So  we  say,  a  ship  is  bound  for  or  to  France. 

7.  In  advantage  of;  for  the  sake  of;  on  account 
of;  that  is,  toward,  noting  use,  boneflt,  or  pur|iose. 

An  ant  ie  a  wiae  creature /or  ii*i-lf.  Baeon. 

Shall  I  tliink  tl>e  world  waa  made /or  on*-, 
And  nn'ii  arw  born /or  kinga,  om  lieimta /or  intn, 
Not /or  pruf.'ciiun,  hiii  to  be  devoured  i  Drydan. 

8.  Conducive  to  ;  beneflcial  to  ;  in  favor  of. 

It  U/or  the  ffeneml  g-ood  of  human  B"ciety,  and  c<Jo»f^uently 
of  pajticiilar  pers»n>,  to  be  true  »nd  jual;  and  it  is  for 
mcn'i  health  to  be  temperate.  TUloUou. 

9.  Leading  or  inducing  to,  as  a  motive. 

There  is  a  natural,  immutable,  and  eternal  reason  for  that 
which  nc  call  virtue,  and  against  that  which  we  cafl  vice. 

ruiouon. 

10.  Noting  arrival,  meeting,  coming,  or  possession. 
Wait  iiatiently  for  an  expected  good.  Bo  in  tbe 
phrases  looking  for,  stalling  for. 

11.  Toward  the  obtaining  of;  in  order  to  the  ar- 
rival at  or  p*.ts8ession  of.  Atter  all  our  exertions,  we 
depend  on  divine  aid  fur  success. 

12.  Against;  in  opjH>.sition  to ;  with  a  tendency  to 
resist  and  destroy  ;  as,  a  remedy  for  the  headache  or 
toothache.  Alkalii's  are  good  for  the  heartburn. 
80  we  say,  to  provide  clothes  or  stores  for  winter,  or 
against  winter. 

13.  Against  or  on  account  of;  in  prevention  of. 

She  wrapped  him  close /or  Catching  cold.  Itichardaon. 

And, /or  the  time  ah-dl  nut  seem  leuious.  Shale. 

This  use  is  nearly  obsolete.  The  sense,  however, 
is  derived  from  meeting,  opiKwing,  as  in  No.  12. 

14.  Bec.au.se  ;  on  account  of;  by  reason  of.  Ho 
cried  out/"r  anguish.  I  can  not  go /or  want  of  time. 
For  this  cause,  1  can  not  believe  the  report 

That  which  we,  for  our  unworthlneas,  are  afrnid  to  crave,  our 
prayr-r  Is,  lliat  liod,  for  ilie  wunliiaeaa  ol  hia  Son,  wtutlil, 

notwiltuklamlinfT,  voiicliMf>  lo  grant,  JUouktr. 
ICilwitrd  and  Richard, 

Wllh  flery  eyes  apiirkling/or  very  wral'a, 

Are  at  our  backs.  A'ftre*. 

How  to  choose  do^ /or  scent  or  apeed.  Wiiiltr. 

J^r  as  much  as  it  is  a  rundainrntal  law.  Bacon. 

15.  With  respect  or  regard  lo  ;  on  the  part  of. 

It  was  young  counsel  for  the  persona,  and  viuknt  counsel  for 

the  njalirrs.  Bacoj*. 

Thus  much/or  the  tieginnjng  and  progniiii  of  tlie  ddurr. 

^urnsl. 

So  wo  say, /or  me, /or  myself,  or  ns/cr  me,  I  have 
no  anxiety,  b\il  fur  you  I  have  apprehensions;  all 
implying  toward  or  on  the  side  of. 

16.  Through  a  certain  sjwice  ;  during  a  certain 
time ;  as,  to  travel  for  three  days  ;  to  sail/or  seven 
weeks ;  he  holds  his  oflice  fcr  iify  ;  he  traveled  on 
sand  /or  ten  miles  togf^ther.  These  senses  seem  to 
imply  passing,  the  proper  sense  of  for. 

17.  In  quest  of;  in  order  to  oSiain  ;  ae,  to  search 
for  arguments  ;  to  recur  to  antiquity  for  examples. 
See  No.  11. 

18.  According  to;  as  far  as. 

Chnmiata  hnvr  nai  Iwen  ahir,  fnr  nuf-hl  )■  vitlfrnriy  known,  by 
Are  atuifO  In  scpirate  true  sulphur  from  aniiinony.     Boyle. 

19.  Noting  meeting,  coming  to|;.efhcr,  or  reception. 
I  am  ready /or  you  ;  that  is,  I  am  ready  to  meet  or 
receive  you 


TONE.  BJJLL,  TINITE AN"OER,  VI"CI0U8.  — €  as  K ;  C  a«  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  u  8H ;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


FOR 

SO.  Toward;  of  tendency  to ;  as,  an  iuclinatton 
/n>  drink. 

31.  In  favor  of;  on  the  part  or  side  of;  that  U, 
toivard  or  inclined  to.  One  is /or  a  free  government ; 
another  is/or  a  limited  monarchy. 

ArteMlek/or  poe6cmlJtmk«.  DtmAt. 

93.  With  a  view  to  obtain :  in  order  to  possess. 
'  He  writes  for  money^  or  for  fame  ;  that  is,  toward 
meelinSt  or  to  have  in  reitirn,  a»  a  reward, 

2.1.  Toward  ;  with  lendfiicy  to,  or  in  favor  of.  It 
is  fvr  his  honor  to  retire  frt»ni  office.  It  is /»r  our 
quirt  to  have  few  intimate-  connections. 

-H.  Notwithstanding;  apninsi  ;  in  opposition  to. 
The  fact  may  be  so,  for  any  thing  ihit  has  yet  ap- 
peared. The  task  is  (;real,  but  fur  all  llial,  I  shall 
not  be  deterred  fmm  uiidt-rtakiug  iu  This  U  a  dif- 
ferent ap^ication  of  the  sense  of  No.  1,  2,  3,  4. 
[/Ak  mm  sAvtuto.] 

Tte  wriHr  wffl  d*  «hU  tba  pIcMM^  »11  ms.     SpacL  No.  79. 

SS.  Tat  Vat  uae  of ;  to  be  UBed  in ;  that  is,  toward, 
aoliag  advaoUfa. 

Tb*  sftk  Ar  itolUiix  tR, 
The  Oiicr  faod/br  nrigi,  tlw  ya^mxfir  Um  miU.        Sp«n»»r. 

96.  In  recompeiiM  of;  In  return  oi. 


fV  peac*  at  hacBe.  andfgr  ibc  pvbtie  w««hfa, 

I  mno  to  orown  a  ootrl  for  Coor't  beahh.  Oryltm. 

rSee  No.  1.] 

97.  In  proportion  to;  or  rather,  looking  toward, 

rararding.    He  is  tall/rr  one  of  bis  years,  or  tall  for 

9&  By  OMUis  oC  [his  age. 


S9.  By  the  want  of. 

Tha  inhsbteuti  Mffend  ■evcrelr  both /or  xaorUoiM  vnA  diet. 

MarOuUL 

30.  F^  mjf  it/>  or  JimrC,  though  my  Mfe  were  to  be 
fiven  in  exchange,  or  as  the  price  of  purchase.  I 
can  not,/or  my  Vfe^  understand  the  man.    [No.  I.] 

31.  Ar  to,  denoting. purpose.  Forvna  anciently 
placed  before  the  infinitives  of  verbs,  and  the  use  is 
corrert,  but  now  obsolete,  except  in  vulgar  language. 
I  came  for  \o  see  you  ;  pour  cons  roir. 

FOR,  com.  The  word  by  which  a  reason  is  introduced 
of  something  before  advanced.  "That  ye  may  be 
the  children  of  your  Father  who  is  in  heaven  ;  for  he 
maketh  his  sun  to  rise  on  the  evil  and  on  the  good." 
In  such  sentences,  for  has  the  sense  of  breatney  by 
reasva  tkat^  as  in  No.  14;  with  this  difference,  that 
in  No.  14,  the  word  precedes  a  sint:le  noun,  and  here 
il  precedes  a  sentence  or  clause  ;  but  tite  phrase 
s-^ems  to  be  elliptical  — for  Uum  eaudt  or  rtasom^  wkick 
fvUoicsj  he  maketh  his  sun  to  rise,  4tc.  In  JZonhms 
liii,  t>,  we  find  the  word  in  both  its  apjilicationj  — 
**  Far,  for  this  cause  ye  pay  tribute  also  ;  **  the  first 
frr  ref'erTing  to  the  sentence  following ;  the  latter  to 
the  noun  comm. 

a.  Because ;  on  this  account  that ;  [nt>perly,  for 
dtmL 

F\rr  as  mut^  comitnnnAed,  fomsmueky  is  equivalent 
to,  in  reenrd  to  that,  in  consideration  of.  ForasmmtM 
as  the  thirst  is  intolerable,  the  patient  may  be  in- 
dulged in  a  little  drink. 

For  v^y.  Ft.,  pour  quoi^  [per  quod,  pro  yiw,]  be- 
cause ;  for  this  reason. 

FOR,  as  a  prefix  to  verbs,  has  usually  the  force  of  a 
negative  or  primitive,  denoting  against,  that  is,  bcforcy 
or  amy,  ostde. 

FOR'AtiE,  K.  [Fr.  fourrage  ;  Arm.  foumiek  :  It. 
foravgio;  ^\Kfomi;t:  Port,  forra  gem  ;  D.  voeraadgt. 
If  this  word  signifies  primarily  food  or  fodder,  it  is 
connected  with  W.  pori,  to  fd«d,  and  L.  voro.  But 
I  take  it  to  be  from  the  root  of  Sax. /amn,  to  go,  and 
primarily  to  signify  that  which  is  collected  in  wan- 
dering, roving,  excursion.  In  Port,  foragido  is  a 
Tagab<ind,  and  forrrjar  is  to  waste,  to  ravage.} 

1.  F^tod  of  any  kind  for  horses  and  cattle,  as  grass, 
pasture,  bay,  corn,  and  oats. 

SL  The  act  of  providing  forage. 

Col.  Mawbood  mwiplmw!  hfa/orayi  imtHofeai^.     MarghaU. 
VHieJoraft  ia  to  bo  msde  u  a  diataaee  from  Ute  camp.    Bneyc. 

3.  Search  for  provisions  ;  the  actof  feeding  abroad. 

Milton. 
FOR'AGE,  r.  i.     To  collect  food  for  horses  and  cattle, 
by  wandering  about  and  feeding  or  stripping  the 
country.  MarskalL 

2.  To  wander  far  ;  to  rove.    [Oft*.]  S4aJfc. 

3.  To  ravage  ;  to  feed  on  spoil.  Shak, 
FOR'.\GE,  c.  U    To  strip  of  pro^i^ions  for  horses,  &c 

Eneyc 

FOR'A^ER,  n.  One  that  goes  in  search  of  food  for 
horses  or  cattle. 

FOR'.\-CL\G,  ppr.  or  o.  Collecting  pmvisinns  for 
horses  and  cattle,  or  wandering  in  search  of  food  ; 
ravaging  ;  stripping.  The  general  sent  out  at  foraging 
party,  with  a  guard. 

FoR'A-6lNG,  n.  An  inroad  or  incursion  for  forage 
or  iilunder.  Bp.  Hall. 

FO-RA'.MEN,  n.  pL  Fo-aAn'i -.ia,  [L.]  A  little  open- 
ing ;  a  perforation. 

FO-RAM'IN-A-TED.  a.     Having  litUe  holea. 

BmcUand. 


FOR 

FO-RAM-IN'I-FER,  a.    One  of  the  fomminiiera. 

FO-RA.M-lN-IF'EK-A,  n.  pL  A  family  of  very  mi- 
nute shells,  consisting  of  one  or  more  series  of 
chambers  united  by  a  small  perforation  or  foramen. 

LvelL 

FO-RAM-IN-IF'ER-OUS,  o.  Pertaining  to  the  loram- 
inifera. 

PO-RAMTN-OUS,  a.  [U  foramen,  a  hole,  from  foro^ 
to  itfr«.] 

Full  of  holes  ;  perforated  in  many  places  ;  ponms. 

[Utile  used.]  Bacon. 

FOR-AS-.MUCII'.    In  coniidemtion  of;  because  that. 

[8ee  Foa.] 
FO'KAV,  M.     A  sudden  or  Irregular  excursion  in  a 

bonier  war. 
FOR-BAUE',  (for-bad',)  prri.  of  Foaaio. 
FOR.BA'f HE',  V.  L    To  bathe.    [Abl  in  km.} 

,  SaekviUe. 

FOR-BEAR',  ^for.bare',)  ».  i  ;  preU   Forbor£  ;  pp. 

FoRBoKifK.     [Sax.  forbteran  ;  for  and  bear.] 

1.  To  stop ;  to  cease  ;  to  hold  from  proceeding  ; 
na,  forbear  to  repeat  these  reproachful  words. 

S.  To  pause  ;  to  delay  ;  aa,forbear  a  while. 

3.  To  abstain  ;  to  omit  ;  to  hold  one's  self  from 
motion  or  entering  on  an  afiuir. 

Sltall  I  go  tigaioA  RaiDoUt  GUcmI  lo  Ij«u1<<.  or  fthall  1  forbear  J 
1  Kiii^  xxii. 

4.  To  refVise  ;  to  decline. 

Wbrthrr  ihcj  witl  hear,  or  whrther  xh/^y  will  forbear.  —  Ezek.  ii, 

5.  To  be  patient ;  to  restrain  from  action  or  vio- 
lence.   Prov.  ixv.  15. 

FORBEAR',  r.  L    To  avoid  voluntarily;  to  decline. 

fhrbear  hia  prMeiiec.  Shai. 

3.  To  abstain  from  ;  to  omit ;  to  avoid  doing. 
Learn  from  the  Scriptures  what  you  ought  to  do  and 
what  to  forbear. 

Ban  wo  Dot  pover  to  forbtar  worUng  f  —  1  Cor.  ix. 

2.  To  spare  ;  to  treat  with  indulgence  and  pa- 
tience. 

F^ffttaring  ooe  anotbei  In  love.  —  Eph.  \w, 

4.  To  withhold. 

fbrimr  thee  from  meddtLnr  with  Ood,  who  ia  «-tch  me,  UiM  be 
dr«U07  tbr«  not.  — 2Chron.  xxxv. 

FOR-BEAR'ANCE,  n.  The  act  of  avoiding,  shun- 
ning, or  omitting ;  either  the  cessation  or  intermission 
of  an  act  commenced,  or  a  withholding  from  begin- 
ning an  act.  Liberty  is  the  power  of  doing  or  for- 
bearing an  action,  according  ns  the  doing  or  forbear- 
oaoi  has  a  preference  in  tlie  mind.  The  forbearance 
oi  ein  is  followed  with  satisfaction  of  mind. 

3.  Command  of  temper  ;  restraint  of  passiona. 

UaTQ  a  ooniioent  forbtorana,  till  the  api;«d  or  bii  ng«  rofa 
•lowpT,  JUluii. 

3.  The  exercise  of  patience;  long  sufTering;  in- 
dulgence toward  thoetc  who  injure  us;  lenity;  delay 
of  resentment  or  punishment. 

thou  the  rkfaea  ot  hia  g-oodoe*,  and  forbearance, 
'-  ---?__  Runt.  ii. 


FOR-BEAR'ER,  a.     One  that  intermits  or  intercepts. 

'funser. 
FOR-BEAR'ING,  ppr.     Ceasing;  pausing;  withhold- 
ing from  action  ;  exercising  patience  and  indulgence. 

2.  a.  Patient;  long-suffering. 
FOR-BEAR'ING,  n.     A  ceasing  or  restraining  from 

action;  patience;  long-suffering. 
FOR-BEAR'L\G-LY,  adv.     In  a  forbearing,  patient 

manner. 
FOR-BII)',  V.  U:  preL  Fobbade  ;  pp.  Forbid,  Forbid- 

DiK.     [i^ax.  forbeodan  :    D.  verbiedat :   G.  verbieten  i 

Dan.  forbyder  ;  Sw.  fSrbiuda  ;  for  and  bid.] 
Litcraily,  to  bid  or  command  against.     Hence, 

1.  To  prohibit ;  to  interdict;  to  command  to  for- 
bear or  not  to  do.  The  laws  of  God  forbid  us  to 
swear.  Good  manners  also  forbid  us  to  use  profane 
language.  .All  servile  labor  and  idle  amusements  on 
the  Sabbath  are  forbidden. 

a.  To  command  not  to  enter  ;  as,  I  have  forbid 
him  my  house  or  presence.  This  phrase  seems  to  be 
elliptical ;  to  forbid  from  entering  or  approaching. 

3.  To  oppose;  to  hinder;  to  obstruct.  An  im- 
passable river  forbids  the  approach  of  the  army. 

A  blaic  of  ^lory  ihal/orfcid*  tiie  siyhL  Dn/den. 

4.  Toaccurse;  to  blast.     [06.'*.]  SJiak. 
FOR-BID',  F.  i.    To  utter  a  prohibition  ;  but  in  the  in- 
transitive form,  there  is  always  an  ellipsis.    I  would 
go,  but  my  sUte  of  health  forbids,  that  is,  forbids  me 
to  go,  or  my  going. 

FOR-BI D',  {  pp.  or  a.    Prohibited  ;  as,  the  forbid- 

FOR-BID'DfiN,  i      den  fruiL 

2.  Hindered  ;  obstructed. 
F0R-B1U'D.\NCE,  n.     Prohibition  ;  command  or  edict 

aeainsl  a  thing.     [Ltttle  used.]  Sfiak. 

FOR-BID'D£N-LV,  ado.     In  an  unlawful  manner. 

Shak. 

FOR-BID 'DEN- NESS,  n.     A  Btate  of  being  piohib- 
ited.     f-'Vw'  used.]  Boyle. 

FOR-BID'DER,  n.    He  or  that  which  forbids  or  enacts 
a  prohibition. 

FORBIDDING,  ppr.    Prohibiting;  hindering. 

2.  a.  Repelling  approach  ;  repulsive ;  raising  ab- 
horrence, aversion,  or  dislike  ;  disagreeable  ;  as,  a 


FOR 

forbidding  aspect ;  a  forbidding  formality  ;  a  forbid- 
ding air. 

FOR-BID'DING,  n.     Hinderanco  ;  opposition.  Skak. 

FOK-BID'DI.N'G-LY,  adv.     In  a  forbidding  manner. 

FOR-H<^ltt;',  prrt.  of  Forbear. 

FOR-HORNE',  pp.  of  FoBnEia. 

Few  cTft  ivpontm]  of  haritig  forborne  to  ipfak.        Rambier. 

FORCE,  71.  [Fr.  force;  It.  foria;  &it.  faerza ;  Port. 
/orfa ;  from  L.  firtis.  All  words  denotinK  force, 
power,  strength,  are  from  verbs  which  express  strain- 
nig,  or  driving,  rushing,  and  this  word  has  the  ele- 
ments of  Sa\.  farauy  and  L.  vireo.] 

1.  Strength;  active  power  ;  vigfir;  might;  energy 
that  may  be  exerted  ;  that  physical  property  in  a 
body  which  may  produce  action  or  motion  in  an- 
other iHidy,  or  may  counteract  such  action.  Ily  the 
force  of  tlie  muscles  we  raise  a  weight,  or  resist  an 
assault. 

2.  Momentum  ;  the  quantity  of  power  produced 
by  motion  or  the  action  of  one  body  on  another ;  as, 
the  force  of  a  cannon  ball. 

3.  That  which  causes  an  operation  or  moral  effect ; 
strength  ;  energy  ;  as,  the  force  of  tlie  mind,  will,  or 
understanding. 

4.  Violence  ;  power  exerted  against  will  or  con- 
sent ;  compulsory  power.  Let  conquerors  consider 
that  force  alone  can  keep  what  force  has  obtained. 

5.  Strength  ;  moral  power  to  convince  the  mind. 
There  is  great  force  in  an  argument. 

6.  Virtue  ;  efficacy.  No  presumplinn  or  hypothe- 
sis can  be  uf  force  enough  lo  overthrow  constant  ex- 
perience. 

7.  Validity;  power  to  bind  or  hold.  If  the  condi- 
tions of  a  covenant  are  nut  fulfilled,  the  cuninict  is 
of  no  farce.  A  testament  is  of  force  afiet  the  testator 
is  dead.     Heb.  ix.  17. 

8.  Strength  or  (rawer  for  war  ;  armament ;  troops  ; 
an  army  or  navy;  as,  a  military  or  naval  force; 
sometimes  in  the  plural;  as,  military  forces. 

9.  Destiny  ;  necessity  ;  compulsitm  ;  any  extrane- 
ous power  to  which  men  are  subject;  as,  the  force  of 
fate  or  of  divine  decrees, 

10.  Internal  power  ;  as,  the  force  of  liabit. 

11.  In  law,  any  unlawful  violence  to  person  or 
property.  This  is  simple,  when  no  other  crime  at- 
tends it,  OS  the  entering  into  another's  possession, 
without  committing  any  other  unlawful  act.  It  is 
compound,  when  some  other  violence  or  unlaw- 
ful act  is  committed.  The  law  also  implies  force, 
as  when  a  person  enters  a  house  or  inclosure  law- 
fully, but  afterward  does  an  unlawful  act.  In  this 
case,  the  law  supposes  the  first  entrance  to  be  for 
tlmt  purpose,  and  therefore  by  force. 

Phifstral  force,  is  the  force  of  material  bodies. 

Moral  force,  is  the  power  of  acting  on  the  reason  in 
judging  and  determining. 

Force,  in  mechanics,  is  any  thing  which  moves  or 
tends  to  move  a  boay.  The  pressure  of  bodies  at 
rest  is  called  a  force,  because  it  tends  to  produce  mo- 
tion. There  is  alc«)  the/crce  of  gravity  or  attraction, 
centrifugal]  and  centripetal /ffrc&j,  expansive /orce,&c. 

Olmsted. 
FORCE,  n,    A  water-fall,  so  called  from  its  violence  or 

power.     yCamberland.]  HoUoway. 

Force,  v.  t.  'I'o  compel ;  to  constrain  to  do  or  to  for- 
bear, by  the  exertion  of  a  power  not  resistible.  Men 
are/orcet/to  submit  to  conquerors;  masters /orce  their 
slaves  to  labor. 

2.  To  overpower  by  strength. 

1  ahould  have  forced  thee  soon  with  other  anru.  Milton. 

3.  To  impel ;  to  press  ;  to  drive ;  lo  draw  or  push 
by  main  strength  ;  a  sense  of  very  extensive  use  ;  as, 
to  force  along  a  wagon  or  a  ship  ;  lo  force  away  a 
man's  arms  ;  water /i/rcea  its  way  through  a  narrow 
channel ;  a  man  may  be  forced  out  of  his  possessions. 

4.  To  enforce  ;  lo  urge ;  to  press. 

F\yrcing  my  iirength,  and  fathering  to  the  shore.       Dryden. 

5.  To  compel  by  strength  of  evidence  ;  as,  to/orc« 
conviction  on  the  mind  ;  to/o»ceone  to  acknowledge 
the  truth  of  a  proposition. 

6.  To  obtain  by  force  ;  to  take  by  violence  ;  to  as- 
sault and  take  ;  to  storm  ;  as,  to  force  a  passage  ;  to 
force  a  town  or  forL 

7.  To  ravish  ;  to  violate  by  force,  as  a  female. 

8.  To  overstrain  ;  lo  distort ;  as,  a  forced  conceit. 

9.  To  cause  lo  produce  ripe  fruit  prematurely,  as  a 
tree  ;  or  to  cause  to  ripen  prematurely,  as  fruiL 

10.  To  man;  to  strengthen  by  soldiers;  lo  garri- 
son.   [Obs.]  Shak.     Ralegh. 

To  force  from  ;  to  wrest  from  ;  to  extorL 

To  force  out ;  to  drive  out ;  to  compel  to  issue  out 
or  to  leave  ;  also,  to  extort. 

To  force  wine,  is  to  fine  it  by  a  short  process,  or  in 
a  short  time. 

To  force  plants,  is  to  urge  the  growth  of  plants  by 
ariificial  heat. 

To  force  meat,  [Fr./arcir,  to  stutT,}  is  to  stuff  it. 
FORCE,  V.  i.     To  my  stress  on.     [06*.j         Cumtlen. 

2.  To  strive.     [Obs.]  Sper^ser. 

3.  To  use  violence.  Spenser. 
FOR'C/CD,  (forsl,)  pp.    Compelled  ;  impeUcd  ;  driven 

by  violence  ;  urged  ;  stormed  ;  ravi^iioil. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT SIeTE,  PREV.— PTNE,  M.\RtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE.  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- 

— 


FOR 

2.  a.  AlTected  ;    overstrained  ;    uniiaturul ;    as,   a 
forced  style. 
f6e'CEU-LY,   adv.     Violently;    constrainedly;   un- 

naiiirally.     [LiUie  iued.] 
FOU'CED-NESS,  iu     The  state  of  being  forced  ;  dis- 
tortion. 
FCftCE'FyL,  a.    Im|>elled  by  violence;  driven  with 
force  ;  acting  with  power. 

A^-iinst  the  iteed  he  threw 
liia  /orct/al  «peiu-.  Drylen, 

2.  Violent ;  impetuous. 
F6RCE'F[JULY,  ode.     Violently;  inipeluovisly, 
FoRCE'LESS,  a.     Having  little  or  no  force;  f.-chle ; 

impotent.  Shak. 

FORCE'-MeAT.ti.    [Fr./urrir,  to  stuff.]     In  cookery^ 
meat  chopped  fine  and  highly  seasoned,  either  servetl 
up  alone,  or  used  as  a  stuffing. 
FOR'CEPS,  n.    [L.]    Literally^  a  pair  of  pincers  or 
longs. 

In  surgery,  an  instrument  for  extracting  any  thing 
from  a  wound,  and  for  like  purposes.  Qwrnri/. 

A  pair  of  scissors  for  cutting  otf  or  dividing  the 
fleshy,  membranous  [Kirls  of  tin;  body.  Encyc. 

FOR'CER,  n.  He  or  that  whicli  forces,  drives,  or  con- 
strains. 

2.  The  solid  piston  of  a  pump  ;  the  instrument  by 
which  water  is  driven  up  a  pump.  IVilkuis. 

FOR'CI-BLE,  fl.  Powerful;  strong;  niigbiy  ;  as,  a 
punishment  forcible  to  bridle  sin.  Hooker. 

2.  Violent ;  impetuous  ;  driving  forward  with 
force  ;  as,  a  forcibie  stream. 

3.  Efficacious  ;  active  ;  powerful. 

Sveet  nnella  ue  mo»t/ordU<  to  <li7  luLstaocM,  when  broken. 

Bacon. 

4.  Powerful;  acting  with  force;  impressive;  as, 
forcible  words  or  arguments. 

5.  Containing  force  ;  acting  by  violence ;  as^  forci- 
ble means. 

6.  Done  by  force  ;  suffered  by  force.  The  abdica- 
tion of  James  his  advocates  hold  to  have  been 
forcible.  Swifi. 

7.  Valid;  binding;  obligatory.    [JVotused,] 

Johnson, 

8.  In  tatOffbrcUtle  entryy  18  an  actual,  violent  entry 
into  houses  or  lands. 

Forcible  detainer^  is  a  violent  withholding  of  the 
lands,  &c.,  of  another  from  his  possession. 

Forcible  abduction,  is  the  act  of  taking  away  wrong- 
Ailly,  as  a  child  without  t)ie  consent  of  (he  father,  a 
ward  without  the  consent  of  the  guardian,  or  any 
person  conirar\-  to  his  or  her  will.  Blackstoae. 

FfiR'CI  BLE-\£SS,  ».     Force;  violence. 
FOR'CI-III.V,  adv.     By  violence  or  force. 

2.  .Strongly;  powerfully;  wiUi  power  or  energy; 
impressively. 

The  encprt  offm  inch  eon>iil''Titl]oni   m  sre  ftt  to  work  veiy 
/orabk'y  on  our  bupcs  uiii  fi-an.  TYUoUon, 

3.  Impetuously;  violently;  with  great  strength: 
as,  a  stream  XMsinnz  forcibly  down  a  precipice. 

FCR'CING,  ppr.  or  a.  Compelling;  impelling;  driv- 
ing; storming;  ravishing. 

Q.  Causing  to  ripen  bt-fore  the  natural  season,  as 
fruit;  or  causing  to  produce  ripe  fruit  prcnuiturety, 
as  a  tree. 
3.  Fining  wine  by  a  speedy  process. 

FOR'CLVG,  n.  In  garileningy  the  art  of  raising  plants, 
flnwers,  and  fruits,  at  an  earlier  seOiwn  than  tlip  nat- 
ural one,  by  artificial  heat.  Cyc. 

2.  The  operation  of  fining  wines  by  a  speedy 
process. 

FoR'CI\G-PIT,  ju  A  pit  of  wood  or  masonry  sunk 
in  the  earth,  for  containing  the  fernieitiing  materials 
to  produce  bottorn-heal  in  forcing  ptaiiis.     Oardner. 

FOR'CIXG-PLIMP,  n.  A  kind  of  pump  Uj*ed  to  tlirnw 
water  to  a  distance.  Ii  has  a  solid  piston,  and  also  a 
side  tube,  thmugh  which  the  water  is  forced  by  the 
action  of  the  piston.  liarhanan. 

FOR'Cl-PATED,  a.  [from /orceyu*,]  Formed  like  a 
pair  of  pincers,  to  ujMsn  and  inclose  ;  an,  a  forcipated 
mouth.  Drrhaat. 

FOR-CI-PA'TION,  n.     A  pinching  with  pincers. 

FORD,  ji.  [Sai.  ford,  fyrd;  G.  fuH,  from  the  verb 
faran,  to  go  or  p;uiB,  or  its  roftt.] 

i.  A  place  in  a  river  or  tithcr  water,  where  it  may 
be  passed  by  man  or  beast  on  foot,  or  by  wading. 
S.  A  stream ;  a  current. 

Pcnnlt  my  jhoU  ta  [wm  the  St^gUn/orrf.  Drydan. 

FORD,  V,  U    To  pass  or  crow  a  river  or  other  water  by 

tr^'nding  or  walking  on  the  bottom ;  to  puss  through 

water  by  wading  ;  to  wade  through. 
Ff>RD'A-BI*E,  a.     That    may   be   waded   or  passed 

ihmtich  on  foot,  as  water. 
F^iRD'ED,  pp.     Passed  through  on  foot ;  waded. 
Ff)RD'ING,  ppr.     Wading;  passing  through  on  foot, 

as  water. 
FOR-DO',  o.  (.     [9^x.fordon  f  /«>r  and  do.} 

To  dtwtroy  ;  to  undo  ;  to  ruin  ;  to  weary.    [JWf  tn 

IMP.  J  Chaucer. 

FORE,  rt.     [Sax. /ore, /oroB ;    G.  rffr;   D.  voor ;    8w. 

for;  Dan.  fori   Hindoo,  para:   Ir.  for.    This  is  the 

•ame  word  in  origin  as  far,  from  the  root  of  Sax. 

faran,  to  go,  to  advance.] 


FOR 

1.  Properly,  advanced,  or  being  in  advance  of  some- 
thing in  motion  or  projrression  ;  as,  tiie  fore  end  of 
a  chain  carried  in  measuring  land  ;  the  fure  oxen  or 
horses  in  a  team. 

2.  Advanced  in  time  ;  coming  in  advance  of  some- 
thing; coming  first;  anterior;  preceding;  prior;  as, 
the  fore  part  of  the  last  century  ;  the  fore  part  of  the 
day,  week,  or  year. 

3.  Advanced  in  order  or  series ;  antecedent ;  as, 
the  fore  part  of  a  writing  or  bill. 

4.  Being  in  front  or  toward  the  face ;  opposed  to 
bark  or  behind  ;  as,  the  fore  part  of  a  garment. 

5.  Going  first;  usually  preceding  tha  other  part; 
as,  the  fore  part  of  a  ship,  or  of  a  coach. 

FoRE,  adv.     In  the  part  that  precedes  or  goes  first. 
In  seamen^s  language,  fore  and  aft  signifies  from 
one  end  of  the  vessel  to  the  other;  lengthwise  of  the 
vessel.  .  Totten.     R.  II.  Dana,  Jr. 

Fvre,  in  composition,  denotes,  for  the  most  part, 
priority  of  lime  ;  sometimes,  advance  in  place. 

[For  the  etymologies  of  the  compounds  of  fore, 
see  the  principal  word.] 

FORE-AD-MOX'ISH,  v.  U  To  admonish  beforehand, 
or  before  the  act  or  event. 

FORE-.VD-VISE',  r.  «.  To  advise  or  counsel  before 
the  lime  of  action,  or  before  the  event ;  to  pre-ad- 
monish.  Shak. 

FORE-AL-LECE',  (fore-al-lej',)  v.  t.  To  allege  or  cite 
before.  Fotherby. 

F5RE-AL-LEG'EIT,  pp.     Previously  alleged. 

FORE-AL-LEG'ING,  ppr.     Alleging  before. 

FoRE-AP-POINT',  r.  t.  To  sel,  order,  or  appoint, 
beforehand.  Sherwood. 

FORIi-AP-POINT'MENT,  n.  Previous  ap|)ointment ; 
preHsrdinatlon.  Sherwood. 

FoRE-XR.M',  r.  (.  To  arm  or  prepare  for  attack  or 
resistance  before  the  time  of  need.  South. 

FORE'ARM,  rt.  In  anatomy,  that  part  of  the  arm  be- 
tween tlie  elbow  and  the  wrist. 

FORE-AR.M'£.'D,  a.  Armed  beforehand;  as,  fore- 
warnetl,  fore-anned. 

FORE  BE-LIEF',  n.     Previous  belief. 

FORE-BODE',  r.  (,     To  foretell ;  to  prognosticate 

2.  To  foreknow  ;  to  be  prescient  of;  to  feel  a  se- 
cret sense  of  something  future;  as,  my  heart /ur«- 
bodes  a  sad  reverse. 

FOREBODE'MENT,  n.     A  presaging;  presagement. 

FORE-BOD' EK,  71.  One  who  forebodes  ;  a  progtiosii- 
cator  :  a  soothsayer.  V Estrange. 

2.  A  foreknower 

FORE-BOD'ING,  ppr.  Prognosticating;  foretcllmg ; 
foreknowing. 

FORE-BOD'IXG,  n.     Prognostication. 

FORE-BOD'LNG-LV,  adv.  in  a  prognosticating  man- 
ner. 

FORE'BRACE,n.  A  roiie  applied  to  the  fore  yard  arm, 
to  change  the  ptisition  of  the  foresail.      J\lar.  Diet. 

FORE-BY',prf/j.  [/wre  and  6i/.]  Near;  hard  by;  fast 
bv.     [Ofi.O  Spenser. 

FORE-CAST',  V.  U    To  foresee  ;  to  provide  against. 
It  M  wiMtoRi  to  /oTtcaMt  conar^iiiciicct.  L'ICttrange. 

2.  To  scheme  ;  to  plan  before  execution. 

Il«  ■linll/orKOfl  till  devic«i  n^iiitt  the  strong>ialH«.  —  Dan.  xl. 

3.  To  adjust,  contrive,  or  appoint,  beforehand. 

Tlw  time  »o  well /or«ai*t.  Dryden. 

FORE-GAST',  r.  i.  To  form  a  scheme  previously  ;  to 
contrive  beforehand. 

f\trtauling  bow  his  foe  be  might  sonojr,  iS'/MnMr. 

FORE'exST,  B.    Previous  contrivance  ;  foresight,  or 
the   antecedent    detennination  proceeding   fmm  it ; 
as,  a  man  of  little/orrca.**. 
FORE-CAST'ER,  n.    One  who  foresees  or  contrives 

l>efiirehand. 
FORE-CAST'ING,  ppr.  Contriving  previously. 
FORE'CAS-TLK,  (kas'sl,)  n.  'Itiat  part  of  the  up- 
per deck  of  a  vessel  forward  of  the  foremast,  or  for- 
ward of  the  aHer  fiart  of  the  fore  chanmls  ;  also,  in 
merchant  vesselsy  the  forward  |>art  of  the  vessel,  un- 
der the  deck,  where  the  sailors  live. 

R.  If.  Dana,  Jr. 
FORE-CHQS'£\,  (foro-ch5z'n,)fl.  Preelocted  ;  chosen 

beforehnrid, 
FORE-CIT'ED,  a.    Cited  or -quoted  before  or  above. 

.^rbuthnot, 
FORE-CLOSE/,  r.  t     To  shut  up;   to  preclude;  to 
stop ;  to  prevent. 

Thff  rmb.ir|^  with  Sptxin  fortcloiad  thi*  Iratl**.  Careu. 

Tn  foreclose  a  mortgager,  in  latf>,  is  to  cut  Ilim  off 
from  his  equity  of  redemption,  or  the  [Riw«'r  of  re- 
deeming the  mortgaged  premises,  by  a  Judgment  of 
court.  Blackstone. 

{To  foreclose  a  viortgage,  is  not  technically  correct, 
but  is  oflrn  Ui^ed.J 
FoRE-CLOS'A'D,  pp.     Prrvented;  precluded;  cut  ofT 

from  the  richi  of  redemption. 
FORE-CLOS'IXG,  ppr.     Precluding;  cutting  off  from 

the  right  of  redemption. 
FORE-CLOS'URE,  n.    Prevention. 

2.  The  acl  of  foteclo«ing,  or  depriving  a  mort- 
gager of  the  right  of  redeeming  a  mortgaged  estate. 

Blaekstone. 


FOR 

FORE-eON-CKlVE'.  p.  (.    To  preconceive.  Bacon. 

FORE-DATE',  r.  L     To  date  before  the  true  time. 

FORE-DAT'ED,/jy.     Dated  before  the  true  lime. 

FORE'DECK,  Tu  The  fore  part  of  a  deck,  or  of  a 
ship. 

FORE-DE-STGX',  (sine,)  v.  t.  To  plan  beforehand; 
to  intend  previously.  Chei/nc 

FORE-DE-SIGN'J^D,  pp.     Planned  beforehand. ' 

FORE-DE-SIGN'ING,  ppr.  Planning  or  intending 
previously, 

FORE-DE-TERM'mE,  r.  t.    To  decree  beforehand. 

Hopkins. 

FORE^-DE-TERM'IN-ED,  pp.    Previouslv  determined. 

FORE-DE-TERM'IN-ING,  ppr  Previously  determ 
ining. 

FORK-DOOM',  V.  L  To  doom  beforehand  ;  to  predes- 
tinate, 

Tliou  aitfortdoomed  to  view  the  Slyp-in  »tate.  Drydtn. 

FORE'DOOM,  n.    Previous  doom  or  sentence. 

FoRE'-D0OR,n.     The  door  in  the  front  of  a  house. 

FoRE-ELD'ER,  n.     An  ancestor. 

FORE'-END,  Ji,  The  end  which  precedes  ;  the  ante- 
rior part.  Bacon. 

FORE'FA-THER,  tu  An  ancestor;  one  who  precedes 
another  in  the  line  of  genealogy  in  any  degrre,  usu- 
ally in  a  remote  degree. 

FORE-FEEL'ING,  n.     Presentiment.        Blackwood. 

FORE-FEXD',  i-.t.     To  hinder;  to  fend  off;  to  avert; 
to  prevent  approach  ;  to  forbid  or  prohibit.  Dryden. 
2.  To  defend  ;  to  guard  ;  to  secure.  Shak. 

This  word,  like  the  l..arceo,  is  applied  to  the  thing 
assailing,  and  to  the  thing  assailed.  To  drive  back 
or  resist  that  which  assails,  is  to  hinder  its  approach, 
to  forbid  or  avert ;  and  this  act  defends  the  thing 
threatened  or  assailed. 

FORE-FEND'ED,  pp.     Hindered  ;  prevented. 

FORE-FEXD'ING, jjp-.     Hindering;  preventing. 

FOKE-FL\"GER,  f-fing'ger,)  n.  The  finger  next  to 
the  thuml> ;  the  inuex  ;  called  by  our  Saxon  ancestors 
the  shoot-finger,  from  its  use  in  archery. 

FORE-FLOW',  y.  (.    To  flow  before.  Dryden. 

FORE'-FQOT,  b.  One  of  the  anterior  feet  of  a  quad- 
ruiH^d  or  multiped. 

2.  A  hand,  in  contempt  Shak. 

3.  In  a  ship,  a  piece  ot^timber  which  terminates  tiie 
keel  at  the  fore-end,  connecting  it  witli  the  lower  end 
of  the  stem.  Tottcn. 

FORE'FROXT,  (-frunt,)  n.  The  foremost  part;  as, 
the  forefront  of  a  building  ;  the  forefront  of  the  bat- 
tle.    2  Sam.  xi.  15. 

FORE'-GAME,  n.    A  first  game;  first  plan.    Whidoek. 

FoRE-GO',  r.  (.  TSee  Go.]  To  forbear  to  possess  or 
enjoy  ;  voluntarily  to  avoid  the  enjoyment  of  good. 
Let  us  forego  the  pleasures  of  sense,  to  secure  im- 
mortal bliss, 

2.  To  give  up ;  to  renounce  ;  to  resign.  But  this 
word  is  usually  applied  to  things  not  possessed  or  en- 
joyed,  and  lehich  can  not  be  resigned. 

3.  To  lose. 

4.  To  go  before  ;  to  precede.     [Ois.]  Shak^ 
FORE-GO'ER,  n.    An  ancestor;  a  progenitor.    [JVot 

tisrd.]  Shak. 

2.  One  who  goes  before  another.  Daoies. 

3.  One  who  forbears  to  enjoy 
FORE-GO'IXG,  ppr.    Forbearing  to  have,  possess,  or 

enjoy. 

2.  a.    Preceding;  going  before,  in  time  or  place; 
antecedent ;  as,  a  foregoing  period  of  time  ;  a  fore- 
going clause  in  a  writing. 
FORE-GONE',  (-gawn',)  pp.  Forborne  to  be  possessed 
or  enjoyed.  Spenser. 

9.  Predetermined ;  made  up  beforehand  ;  as,  afore- 
eone  ('(mclusion.  Sliak. 

FORE'GROCXD,  n.    The  part  of  the  field  or  expanse 
of  a  picture  which  seems  to  lie  bi-fore  the  figures. 
Dryden.     Johnson. 
FORE-GUESS',  p.  U    To  conjecture.     [Sarf.] 

Shencood. 
FORE'HAXD,  JI.    The  part  of  a  horse  which  is  before 
the  rider. 
2.  'Jhe  chief  part.  Shak. 

FORE'HAXD,  a.    Done  sooner  than  is  regular. 

And  ao  extenuate  the  forehand  «lrt.  Shak. 

FORE'HAXD-ED,  a.  Early;  timely;  seasonable  ;  as, 
a  forehanded  care.  Taylor. 

2.  in  JJmerica,  In  good  circumstances  as  to  proper- 
ty ;  fffe  from  dehl  and  possessed  of  projK'riy  ;  as,  a 
^unhanded  farmnr. 

3.  Formed  in  the  fore  parts. 

A  ■ubst.'viiti.il,  triip-Lir'tl  brai.1,  bruvely /oreftoHrfcd.      Drydsn, 

PORE' HEAD,  (for'hed,  or  rather  for'ed,)  n.  The  part 
of  the  face  which  extends  from  the  hair  on  the  lop  of 
\.\\ct  head  to  the  eyes, 

2.  Impudence  ;  confidence  ;  assurance  ;  audacious- 
ness. Bp.  Hall.     Swift, 

FORE'HEAD-BiVLD,  a.  Bald  above  the  forehead 
Levit.  xiii.  41. 

FORR-IIkAR',  r.  i.     To  be  informed  before. 

FORE  HEXD',P.  e.     To  seize.    [M>t  in  use.]    Spenser 

FORE-HKW,  r.  (.    To  hew  or  cut  in  front.    SackoUU 

FORE  HEW  f:D,  (hade',)  ;»;».    Cut  in  front. 

FORE-HEW'IXG,  ppr.    Hewing  in  front. 


TONE,  BULL,  I'XITE.  — AN"OER,  VI"CI0U8.-  «  aa  K ;  6  as  J ;  «  as  Z;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


J 


FOtt 

FORE-HOLO'IXG,  m.  Predictions  ;  uiuinotis  ftuvbod- 
ings  ;  superetiUous  prognusticutiuns.     [.Yid  H^ni.J 

FOR  ■  Til  s&ip*y  K  breasi-hcmk  ;  a  piece  of 

III  ri^ss  the  stem,  in  unite  llu-  bows  and 

str-  lore  pan  of  U)e  ship.  Mar,  Diet, 

fori:  -HOilSE,  n.  The  horse  in  u  team  wUiclj  goes 
foremost. 

FOR'EIGX,  (for'inO  a.  [Fr.  funtim  ;  Norm,  fttrtan 
Sp.  for^Hto ;  from  the  roiH  uf  Sai.  JkroM^  to  go  or  de- 
port i  L.  fitris^  Joras,  Fr.  hors^  abroad.] 

I.  Belonifins  to  another  nation  or  cuuntr>- ;  alien  ; 
not  of  tht<  coniiir}-  in  which  one  resides ;  extraneous. 
AVe  call  ever}-  countrj'  forei^^n  which  is  not  4i'ithin 
the  jurisdiction  o(  our  own  government.  In  this 
9vn>e,  Scotland,  before  the  union,  was  foreign  to 
England  ;  and  Canada  is  now  forttgn  to  the  United 
8tates.  Mitrt  grnercUt/^  fortifn  is  afiplied  to  countries 
more  rt* m<tie  than  an  adjacent  ternt4tr>' ;  as,  n/ortifu 
roaket;  a  ^ret^a  prince.  In  tJu  (JtuUd  Suu^y  all 
tnutsatlantjc  countries  ar«  farwign, 

^  Productfd  In  a  distant  country  nr  jurisdiction ; 
eominf  fium  another  country ;  as,  forti^  ^ooJs ; 
§DP(Uof y«reifit  manufacture;  ^foreign  minister. 

3.  RwBolc ;  not  belunpng ;  noc  connvcted  \  witti  to 
or  frmm.  You  disseinble ;  ttae  sentiments  you  express 
•re  ftraifu  to  your  lieart.  This  design  ia  fvrtifn  fir»m 
my  tkoaghtH.  [  Th*  um  ^  from  is  ^^ertbit^  and  beat 
•nCiWizMf.] 

4.  Impertinent;  not  pertaining;  not  to  the  pur- 
pose. The  observatton  is  foreign  to  the  subject 
under  can«lderath>n. 

6,  £xcludL-d  j  nut  admitted  ;  held  at  a  distance. 

SSaJc. 
&  Extnaoons ;  adventitious  ^  not  native  or  natu- 
nL 

7.  In  law,  a  ftreign  mttaekment  is  an  attachment  of 
the  fooda  of  a  fuffvigner  within  a  city  or  liberty,  for 
tin  itirihction  of  a.  debt  due  frtmi  the  foreigner  to  a 
ettaxon ;  er  an  attachment  of  the  money  or  goods  of 
a  d^tur,  in  the  hands  of  another  person. 

A  fir*ign  bUl  ^  txAoMgty  is  a  bill  drawn  by  a  per- 
■oa  in  one  conntry  on  bis  correspoodent  or  agent  in 
another,  as  distinguished  from  an  Mload  Mf,  which 
Is  drawn  by  one  pRr^im  on  another  In  the  same  Juris- 
dirtina  or  country. 

>>ni/a  ^tos  .-  a  plea  or  objecsion  to  a  judge  as  in- 
oompeCent  to  try  the  qnei^ion,  on  the  ground  thai  It 
is  not  within  his  jimsdiction.  Recife 

FOR'EIGN'-BL'ILT,  (-biltj  a.  Built  in  a  foreien  coun- 
try. Jtfferfon. 

FOR'EIGN*-ER,  (for'in-er,)  s.  A  person  bi)ni  in  a  for- 
eign country,  or  without  the  countrv  or  jurisdiction 
of  which  one  speaks.  A  Spaniard  U  a /tfrn>nn- in 
France  and  England.  All  mrn  not  bom  in  tiie  Uni- 
ted States  are  to  tlu-m  frrtignen,  and  they  are  aliens 
till  naturalised.  A  natumtued  perMm  is  a  citizen; 
but  we  still  rail  him  a  ffrtigiur  Ajr  kirtk, 

F0R'E1GN-XE:ss,  (lor'in-aeas,)  a.  Remoteneas ;  want 
of  rtriation  ;  as,  the  forrignness  uf  a  subject  from  the 
nrnin  business 

FORE-IM-AG'IXE,  r.  u  To  conceive  or  fancy  beft^tfo 
priM.f,  or  liffinrhjnd. 

FoRE^IM-AG't.\-£l>,n..     Conceived  bcf-.re. 

FoBE-IM-AG'lN-ING,  ppr.     Imacintiig  beforehand. 

FORE-JUDGE',  (f&re-juj  Or.  (.  T.M>r«?Judge  ;  to  judge 
beforehand,  or  before  hearing  the  f.icts  and  proi>f. 

2  In  /<u0,  to  expel  froiu  a  court,  for  mal-pntctice  or 
non-appearance  When  an  attorn«>y  is  sued,  and 
called  to  appear  in  court,  if  he  decline.<>,  he  is  ftre- 
jmdfftd^  and  hiK  name  is  struck  from  the  rolls. 

F6KEJUnG'*;U,  pp.     Prejudged. 

F6RE-Jl'I>G'ING,  ppr.     Prejudging. 

FoRE-JUDG'MEM",  «.  Judgm;.'ut  previously  formed. 

Spe^itser, 

Fi^RE-KXOW',  (-no',)  r.  L  [See  Kwow.]  To  have 
previous  knowledge  of  j  to  foresee. 

win  wottld  the  nkosfas  of  mwa  /orahiaw  7  Drydtn. 

F«€  wImoi  be  did  /erttnom,  b*  aUu  did  pn^HRioAU!  to  Oe  mo- 
iiriBf  rt  lo  tte  Image  ol  hii  Soa.  ^  Rum.  Tui. 

FORE-KXOW.A-BLE,  a.     That  mav  be  foreknown. 
FORE-KNOWER,  «.     One  that  foreknows.       [More. 
F6RE-K.\0VV'I.\G,  ppr.     Knowing  beforeliand. 
FfSRE-K.NOWL'EDGE,  Cf.rc-noIVj,)  n.     Knowledge 
of  a  tiling  bcftire  it  happens  }  prescicDce. 

1  f  1  /(rrthnfie, 
fhrwkitomla^tw  tud  no  infltwiice  oa  Uieir  fault.         Alillon, 

F0RF.-KX6WX',  pp.     Known  beforehand. 

FOR'EL,  m.  A  kind  of  parctunent  for  the  cover  of 
bt»oki 

FORE'L.WD,  H.  A  promontory  or  cape;  a  point  of 
Land  extending  into  the  »ea  some  distance  fmm  the 
line  of  the  »b.)re  ;  a  head-hind ;  as,  the  North  and 
South  F  rffand  in  Kent,  in  England. 

•2.  In  f.-rtificauon^  a  piece  of  ground  between  the 
Wall  of  a  place  and  the  moat. 

r'ORE-LA  V,  c.  c    To  iay  wait  for  ;  to  entrap  by  am- 
bush. Brydm, 
i  To  contrive  antecedently.                      Johngon* 

FORE-LEAU'ER,  a.  One  who  leads  others  by  hiaex- 
amplo. 

FORE-LE.\D',  r.  t.    To  lend  or  give  beforehand. 

£jp«iuer. 


FOR 

j  FORE-LIFT',  r.  L    To  raise  aloft  any  anterior  part 
I       rOio-.j  Spenser. 

I  FORE'LOCK,  a.   The  lock  of  hair  that  grows  from  the 
I      forepart  of  the  head.     "  Take  lime  by  the  foreUck^" 
L  e.,  seize  an  opportunity  when  preMinted.     Stoi/t. 

■X  In  sra  laHgtiagc^  a  tiat  piece  of  iron  driven 
thmugh  Uie  end  oT  a  bolt,  to  retain  it  firmly  in  iu 
pl:"^.  ToUen. 

FOKE-lX?QK',  r.  L    To  look  beforehand  or  forward. 

Spmscr. 
FORE'.MA.\,  a.     The  first  or  chief  man  ;  particMlarl^, 
the  chief  man  of  a  jurj-,  who  acu  as  their  speakt'r. 

2.  Tlie  superintendent  in  a  print ing-ollice  or  other 
eRtablishm«-nI,  who  conducts  the  whole  work. 
FORE'.\IXST,  H.     The  mast  of  a  ship  or  other  vessel 
\W)iclt  is  placed  in  the  fore  part  or  forecastle,  and  car- 
ries Uio  foresail  and  fore-to]»!iait  yards.  Kncyc. 
j  F{^UE-MEA.NT',   (fore-ment',)  a.      Intended  befort!- 
1      hand.                                                                   Spftutr. 
F0RE-.ME.\'TION  .ED,  a.    Mentioned    before  ;  reci- 
ted or  written  in  a  former  part  of  the  same  writing 
or  discourse. 
FORE'MOST,  a.    First    in  place  i  most  advanced ; 
as,  the  foremost  troops  of  an  army. 

2.  First  in  dignity.     In  honor  iVb  held  the  foremost 
rank. 
F0RE'M(5TH-ER,  n,     A  female  ancestor.  Pruleauz, 
FORE'NA.ME,    n.      The     first    name    that    precedes 

another,  as  ImperaUir  Cipsar  Aueu>tus.  SeUen. 

FORE',VX.M-i.*U.  a.    Xanied  or  nominated  before. 
!2.  Mentioned   before  in  tlie  same  writing  or  di»- 
course. 
FORE'NOOX,  n.     The  former  part  of  the  day,  from 
the  morning  to  meridian,  or  noon.    >Ve  usually  call 
the  first  part  of  the  day,  from  the  dawn  to  the  time 
of  breakfast,  or  the  hour  of  business,  the  morHiag^ 
and  from  tliis  period  to  noon,  the  forenoon.     But  the 
limits  are  not  prtrcisely  defined  by  custom. 
FORE'-N'O'TICE,   n.    Notice  or  information  of  an 

event  before  it  happens.  Rymer, 

FO-RE.V'SAL,  a.    Forensic 

FO-RE.\'Sie,  a.  [from  L.  forensis,  from  forum,  a 
court,] 

Belonging  to  courts  of  Judicature  ;  used  in  courts 
or  legal  {woceedin^i ;  as,  a  forensic  term  i  forensic 
eloquence  or  disputes.  Locke.     tVatU. 

F0RE-OR-DAL\',  r.  L    To  ordain  or  appoint  before- 
hand ;    to  preordain  j  to  predestinate ;  to  predeter- 
mine. Hooker, 
F^RE  OR-n.Xr\'/:D,  pp.     Previously  ordained. 
F6RE-OR-DAL\'I\G,  ppr.    Preordaining. 
FORE-OR-Dl-NA'TIO.N,  n.     Previous  ordination  or 
appointmeut ;  predetermination  ;  predestination. 

JaeJuon, 
F6RETART.  n.    The  part  first  in  time  ;  as,  the  fvro- 
part  of  the  day  or  week. 

2.  The  port  most  advanced  in  place ;  the  anterior 
part ;  as,  the  farrpari  of  any  moving  body. 

3.  The  beginning  ;  as,  the  forepart  of  a  series. 
FOREPASS-i:D,  i  a.    Post  before  a  certain  time  j  as, 
FoRE'PAST,         i     /wrcpoil  sins,     [LilUe  used-] 

Hammond. 

FORE'-PLANE,  «.  In  earpentry  and  joinery,  the  first 
tdane  used  al^er  the  saw  and  axe.  Oiedt. 

F0RE-POS-SESS'i;D,  (iHw-sest',)  a.  Holding  for- 
merly iu  p(>s^'s»ion ;  also,  preoccupied ;  prepos< 
sessed  ;  preiing.'iged.  Sundertton. 

FoUE-PRIZE',  V.  U    To  prize  or  rate  beforehand. 

Hooker, 

FCRE-PRIZ'KO,  pp.    Prized  beforehand. 

FoRE-PKIZ'ING,  ppr.     Prizing  beforehand. 

FoRE'-PROM'IS-£D,(-prom'ist,)a.  Promised  before- 
Im.'id  ;  preonpaged. 

FoilE  UL'OT'ED,  a.  Cited  before  ;  quoted  in  a  fore- 
going part  of  the  work. 

FORERAN',  preL  of  Fohkhut*. 

F6SE'RANK,  n.     The  first  rank  ;  the  front.     Shak. 

FGRE-REACH'upon,  r.  (.  In  Jtavigatitniy  to  gain  or 
advance  upi>n  in  progression  or  motion.  Jilar.  Diet. 

FORE-REAU',  r.  L     To  signify   by  tokens.     [Obs.] 

Speiver. 

FORE-RfiAO'ING,  a.     Previous  penisal.  Ilale.i. 

FORE-RE-CIT'ED,  «,    Named  or  recited  before.  SAak. 

F0RE-RE-MEM'BER-1:D,  tt.  Called  to  mind  previ- 
ously. Jifounta'rtu 

FORE'RIGHT,  (-rite,)  fl,"  Ready;  forward;  quick. 

j\fas.siriger, 

FORE'RTGHT,  adc.     Right  forward  ;  oViward.  Beaum. 

FoRE-RL'N',  I".  U  To  advance  before  ;  to  come  be- 
fore as  an  earnest  of  something  to  follow  j  to  intro- 
duce as  a  harbinger. 

H^^yirvwrn/ottruns  th*  poofi  erent.  Shak. 

?.  To  precede  ;  to  have  Ihe  start  of.  Oraunt. 

FCRE-RUN'NER,  n.     A   messenger    sent    before  to 

give  notice  of  the  approach  of  others;  a  harbinger. 

Mj  elder  brothf-n,  mj /orerunntrt  CKme.  Drj/dtn. 

Q.  An  ancestor  or  predecessor.     [Obs.] 
3.  A  prognostic  ;  a  sign  foreshowing  something  to 
follow.     Certain  pains  in  the  head,  back,  and  limbs, 
are  the  forerunners  of  a  fever. 
FORE-RUN'NING,  ppr.    Running  before  ;  preceding. 
FORE'SAID,  (-sed,)  pp.  or  a.    Spoken  before.     [See 

ArOBESAID.l  I 


FOR 

FORE'SAIL,  n.     A  sail  extended  on  the  fore-yard, 

which  is  supported  by  the  foremast. 
FOKK-t^AY'.  r.  L    'J'o  predict ;  to  foretell.  Sktik. 

F5KE-SaY'ING,  «.     A  prediction.  Sherwood. 

FORE-SEE',  V.  t.    To  see  beforehand  ;  to  see  or  know 

an  event  before  it  happens;  to  have  prescience  of; 

to  foreknow. 

A  prudttiit  man  forttntk  the  erU  ami  bldctb  hlnuelf.  —  Vt.:i. 

xxii, 

F^^RE-SEE'tXG,  ppr.    Seeing  before  the  event. 

FORE-SEEN',  pp.     Seen  beforehand. 

FORE-SEER',  n.     One  who  foresees  or  foreknow?). 

FflRE-Sl~:lZE',  p.  (.     To  seize  beforehand. 

FCRE-SP.IZ'KD,  pp.     Seized  beforehand. 

FORE-SP.IZ'ING,  p//r.     Sei/.ing  beforehand. 

FORE-SIIAD'OW,  t).  t.  To  shadow  or  typity  before- 
hand. Drmteii. 

FOKE-SHAn'OW-ED,  pp.    Typified  before. 

FORf^^-^M  AD'OW-ING,  ppr.     Shadowing  beforehand. 

FORE-SIIAD'OW-JNG,  n.  The  act  of  shadowing 
beforehand  ;  anticipation. 

FORE-SHAME',  v.  U  To  shame  ;  to  bring  reproach 
on.  Shak. 

FORESHAM'/O),  pp.    Shamed  before. 

FORK-SIIAM'ING,  ppr.     Shaming  before. 

FORE-SHEW,  (-sho.)     See  Foreshow. 

FORE'SHIP,  n.     Tiie  fore  part  of  a  ship.     Acts  xxvli. 

F0RE-SHORT'£N,  v.  U  In  painting,  to  represent 
figures  aslliey  appear  to  the  eye  wheri  seen  obliquely. 
Thus,  a  carrtage-wheel,  when  viewed  obliquely,  ap- 
pears like  an  ellipse.  Human  figures  painted  on  a 
ceiling  are  sometimes  so  foreshortened,  that  the  toes 
appear  almost  to  touch  the  chin.  So,  also,  in  stand- 
ing near  a  lofty  building,  the  parts  above  are  fore- 
shortened, or  appear  shorter  to  the  eye  than  they  . 
really  are,  because  seen  obliquely  from  below.  ' 

Encye.  Jiin, 

FORE-SIIORT'£N-ING,  n.  The  represtnUiUon  or 
appearance  of  objects  when  viewed  obliquely.  [See 
Foreshorten.]  Dryden, 

FORE-SHOW,  «.  t  To  show  beforehand;  to  prog- 
nosticate. 

Nf  tt,  like  Aurora,  Sp<»ii»pr  row, 

Wliofcc  purple  bluslj  the  \\Ay  /oraahote:  Denham. 

2.  To  predict ;  to  foretell. 

3.  To  represent  beforehand,  or  before  it  comes. 
FORE-SHOWER,  n.     One  who  predicts.    [Hooker. 
FORE-SHOWING,  ppr.    Showing  before  ;  predicting. 
FORESHOWN',  pp.     Shown  beforehand;  predicted. 
FORE'-SHROUDS,  n.  pi.    The  shrouds  of  a  ship  at- 
tached to  the  foremast. 

FORE'SIDE,  H.  The  front  side;  also,  a  si>eciou9 
outside.  Speti,-fer.        \ 

FORE'SIGHT,  ju  Prescience;  foreknowledge;  prog- 
nostication ;  the  act  of  foreseeing.  Milton, 

2.  Provident  care  of  futurity  ;  foreknowledge   ac- 
companied with  prudence  in  guarding  against  evil. 

Spenser. 

FORE-SraHT'ED,  a.  Prudent  in  guarding  against 
evil ;  provident  dtr  the  future. 

F0RE-SIGHT'FJ;L,  a.  Prescient;  provident.  [Lit 
tie  used.]  Sidney. 

FORE^SIG'NI-F?,  r.  (.  To  signify  beforehand;  to 
biftoken  previously;  to  foreshow  ;  lo  typify.    Huoker, 

FORE'SKIN,  n.  The  skin  that  covers  the  glans 
penis  ;  tilt  prepuce. 

FORE'SKIRT,  n.  The  loose  and  pendulous  part  of  a 
coat  before.  Sfiak. 

FORE-SLACK',  v.  t  To  neglect  by  idleness.  [JVot 
u.if(L]  Spenser. 

FORE  SLOW,  r.  L  To  delay  ;  to  hinder ;  to  impede  ; 
to  obstruct     [JVot  used.] 

Nu  ■ir<^m,  no  wood,  no  niouuUin  could /ores tow 

Til -ir  hdsiy  pKM.  J^hirfax. 

9.  To  neglect ;  to  omit.     [JVot  used.]  Bacon. 

FORE-SLOW,  V.  L    To  be  dilatory  ;  to  loiter.     [JVot 

used.]  Shak. 

FORE-SPkAK',  it.  t.     To  foresay;  to  foreshow;  to 

foretell  or  predict.  Camden. 

2.  To  forbid.     [JVot  used.]  S-'uJc. 

3.  Tojiewilch.     [JVot  used.]  Drayton. 
F0RE-S1'E.AK'I.\G,  H,    A  prediction  j  also,  u  preface. 

[JVot  tmed.] 

FORE'SPEECH,  n.    A  preface.    [JVot  used.]  Shencood, 

Fc;RE-SPENT',  a.  Wasted  in  strength;  tired;  ex- 
hiiusted.  Siuxk. 

3.  P.ast ;  as,  life  forespenU     [Little  itscd.]     Spenser. 

FORE-SPOK'jEN,  a.     Previously  spoken. 

FORE-SPUR'RER,  n.  One  that  rides  before.  [JVot 
used.  ]  S.'iak, 

FOR'EST,  ft.  [It.  foresta;  Fr.  forH;  Arm.  foreat ; 
G.for^t;  Ir.  foraois,  foraighis ;  Norm,  fores  i  from 
the  same  root  as  I*  foris,  Fr.  Aor.»,  and  the  Sax. 
furan,  to  go,  lo  depart.  Hence,  the  It.  foresticre,  Sp. 
forastero,  signifies  strange,  foreign  ;  It.  forcstv,  wihl, 
savage  ;  Port,  forasteiro,  a  stranger.  'J'lii?  enuUlcs 
us  to  understand  the  radical  meaning  of  other  words 
wliich  signify  strange,  wild,  barbarous,  &.C.  Thc-y 
all  express  diijtance  from  cities  and  civilizatiim,  iiitJ 
are  from  roots  expressing  departure  or  wandering.] 

3.  An  extensive  wood,  or  a  large  tract  of  bnd  cov- 
ered with  trees.  In  .America,  the  word  is  usually  ap- 
plied to  a  wood  of  native  growth,  or  a  tract  of  wood- 


FATE.  FAR.  FALL,  WHAT.— M£TE,  PHBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BpQK.  — 


FOR 


FOR 


FOR 


land  which  has  never  been   cultivated.      It   difTcrs 
from  wuod  or  woods  clik-fly  in  extent.     We  read  of 
the  llercynian  forest^  in  Germany,  and  the  j'urest  of 
j  i       Andennes,  iu  France  or  Gaul. 

2.  In  /au;,  in  Great  Britain^  a  certain  territorv  of 
I         woody    grounds  and   pastures,   privileged    f,ir  wild 

bfa.-<l.s  and  fowls  of  forest,  chase,  and  w.irrcn,  to 
rest  and  abide  in,  under  the  protection  of  the  king, 
for  his  pleasure,  [/a  this  sense^  the  word  kiu  no  aypli- 
cutiini  in  ^merica.^ 

Ftirest  latc^ ;  laws  fur  governing  and  reflating 
fiTests,  and  preserving  game.  England. 

F'  iR'EriT,  p.  (.    To  cover  with  trees  or  wood." 

FcjRE'HTAFF,  It.  An  instrument  formerly  used  at 
sea,  for  taking  the  altitudes  of  heavenly  bodies.  It  ia 
now  su|«r^fded  by  the  sextant.  Brande. 

FOU'EST-AGE,  n.  An  ancient  service  paid  by  forest- 
ers to  the  king ;  also,  the  right  of  foresters. 

Knalandt 

FCRK-STALL',  r.  L  [See  Stau-]  To  anticipate; 
til  lake  beforehand. 

Why  n«rd  a  ttiAn  fortiiaU  his  dnle  of  griff, 

And  mil  Ui  ra^et  wiwt  bs  wuuld  mu«  avuij  ?  MUlon. 

Q.  To  hinder  by  preoccupation  or  prevention. 

I  will  not  forttlall  your  juJjiHimt  of  tiie  rest.  Pop: 

3.  In  laWy  to  buy  or  bargain  for  corn,  or  provisions 
of  any  kind,  before  they  arrive  at  the  market  or  fair, 
with  intent  to  sell  them  at  higher  prices.  This  is  a 
penal  offense.  EnctK. 

4.  To  deprive  by  something  prior     [-Vo(  in  «*>,] 

ShaJc. 
FORE^TALL'lTD,  Ttp.    Anticipated;  hindered;  yttr- 

rha.'wd  before  arrival  in  market. 
F6RE  STALL'ER,  n.     One  who  forestalls  ;  a  perron 
who  purchases  provisions  before  they  come  to  the 
fair  or  market,  with  a  view  to  raise  the  price.    Locke. 
FORE-?JTALI.'IXG,  ppr.     Anticipating  ;    hindering  ; 
buying  provisions  before  they  arrive  in  market,  witii 
jntt-nl  to  sell  them  at  higher  prjces. 
FoHE-STALIj'ING,  b.    Aniicipaiiun  ;  prevention  ;  the 
act  of  buying  provisions  before  thev  are  offered  in 
market,  with  intent  to  sell  iht-m  at  higher  pi  ices. 
foKE'STAV,  71.     In  a  ship^g  rig^ingj  a  large,  strong 
rope,  reaching  from  the  foremast  head  Uiward   the 
bowsprit  end,  to  support  the  mast.  Mar.  Did. 

FOKE'-STICK,  n.    The  front  stick  of  a  W)«hI  fire. 
F(JR'E?iT-BORX,  a.     Born  in  a  forest  or  wilderness. 

Rhak. 
FOR'EST-ED,  pp.    Covered  with  trees ;  wooded. 

Tooktu 
2.  a.     Overspread  with  a  forest.       S.  E.  DiciffhU 
FOU'EST-ER,  71.     In  En^tand,  an  officer  apjiointed  to 
watch  a  forc:!t,  preserve  the  game,  and  in^lUute  suits 
fur  trespriBses.  Encije. 

•Z  All  inhabitant  of  a  forest.  Shak. 

•.^.  A  for.-st-tree.  Evehjti. 

FOU'F.ST  1,\G,  ppr.     Covering  with  trees. 
FdUE'SWART,  j  a.      [See   ^^WBAT.^      Exhausted   by 
i-oRK'SWAT,     (      heal.     [Ob^.]  SUnry. 

I  oRE'-TACK-LE,  n.    The  tackle  on  the  foremast. 
1  T)RE'TA:?TE,  n.    A  taste  beforehand  ;  anticijKtlion. 

f  he  pl»;a-*ures  of  piety  are  a  foretaste  of  heavrii. 
Fr)KE-TA."5TE',  c.  £.     To  taste  before  possession;  to 
have   previous  enjoyment  or  experience   of  so^l(^- 
thing ;  to  anticipate. 
■3.  To  ta-^t*^  b'fure  another. 
F(^RE  TAriT'ED,  pp.     Tasted  beforehand,  or  before 

.■>n..th-r.  MiUan. 

I'  !;r.  T^ST'ER,  «.    One  that  tastes  beforehand,  or 

■  :   Tf  annthfT. 
roiti:  lAST  ING,  ppr.    Tasting  before. 
FoRh^TArGMT',  (tawt'.J  pp.    Ta.ichl  beforehand. 
loKETKACir,  r.  f.    To  teach  befi.rehami.  %eiw«r. 
F6KE-TELL',  r.  (.,-  pret.  and  pp.  F»jretci,o.    To  pre- 
dict ;  to  tell  before  an  event  happens  ;  to  prophesy. 
Mtltfti.     Ftipe.. 
2.  To  foretoken  ;  lo  foreshow.  Warton. 

FORE-TELL',  1. 1.    To  utter  prediction  or  prophecy, 

All  Ihc  prophft*  from  C.inmH,  an-l  Ou*^  thai  follow  aft.  r,  m 
tnanjr  «■  have  Bpoken,  hMxe  likewiae/orcIoU  ul'  \Xv^  iUy*. 
—  Acta  lii. 


FORE'-TOOTII,  n.;    pi.  Fore-Teeth.      One  of  the 

t-eih  in  the  fore  part  cf  the  mouth;  an  inci&or. 
FORE'TOP,  H.     Tlie  hair  on  the  fore  part  of  tlie  head, 

2.  That  part  of  a  woman's  head-dress  that  is  for- 
ward, or  the  top  of  a  [x^riwig. 

3.  In  ship.^,  the  platform  erected  at  the  head  of  the 
foremast  [/n  this  gaufc,  Uie  accent  on  the  two  syllables 
is  nearhi  cqitalA 

FORE-TOP'MAST,  n.    The  mast  erected  at  the  head 

of  the  foremast,  and  at  the  head  of  which  stands  tiie 

foretop-gallanl-niast. 
FOREVER,  adv.     At  all  times. 

2.  To  eternity  ;  through  endless  ages. 
FORF^VOUCH'JL'D,  (vuucht',)  pp.    Affirmed  before  ; 

formerly  told.  shak. 

FORE'WARD,  n.     The  van  ;  Uie  front.     1  Maccabees. 
FORE-WARN'',  ( tore- wan rn',)  v.  U     To  admonish  be- 

torehand. 

I  will/oreworrt  you  whom  ye  shall  fc:»r.  —  Luke  xiL 

2.  To  inf«>rm  previously  ;  to  give  previous  notice, 
^  Milton. 

3.  To  cntititm  beforehand.  Drydcn. 
Ff^RE-WAR.N'KD,  pp.      Admonished,  cautioned,  or 

informed  beftirehand. 

FORE-WARN'ING, /ijrr.  Previously  admonishing  or 
informing. 

FORE-WARN'ING,  n.  Previous  admonition,  caution, 
or  notice. 

'  "  -      »"  ■    -  -    gpgfig^^ 

Shak. 

,..---     Knol/es. 

FoRE'UoM-AN,  n.  A  woman  who  is  chief;  the 
head  woman.  Toiler 

FOKE-WORN',  pp.  [See  Wear.]  Worn  out ;  wast- 
ed or  oblitfraied  by  time  or  use.  Sidney. 

FOR'FEIT,  (for'fil,)  r,  L  [Fr.  forfaire,  forfait;  Low 
I.,  fori^aerrey  from  L.  foris,  out  or  abroad,  and  facioy 
to  make ;  Norm,  forface^  forfeit,  and  furjist.  for- 
feited.] 

To  lose  or  render  confiscable,  by  some  fault,  of- 
ft'nse,  or  crime  ;  to  lose  the  right  to  some  species  of 
property,  or  that  which  belongs  to  one;  lo  alienate 
the  right  lo  )>ossess  by  some  nt  gleet  or  crime ;  as,  to 
foTfcit  an  estate  by  a  breach  of  the  condition  of  ten- 
ure, or  by  treason.  By  the  ancient  laws  .f  England, 
a  man  forfeited  his  estate  by  neglecting  or  refusing 
to  fulfill  the  conditions  on  which  it  was  granted  to 
him,  or  by  a  breach  of  fealt\.  A  man  now  forfvits 
his  estate  by  committing  trea'son.  A  man  forfeits  his 
honor  or  reputation  by  a  breach  of  promise,  and  by 
any  criminal  or  disgraceful  art.  Statutes  detlare 
that  by  certain  acts  a  man  shall  firrfeit  a  certain  sum 
of  money.  Under  the  feudal  system,  the  right  to  the 
land /«r/«t«rf  vested  in  the  lord  or  superior.     In  mod- 


FfiKF^U'E.Vn',  v.L    To  go  before.  \Obs.'\ 
FfiRE'VVIND,  n.     A  favorable  wind. 
FORE  WISH',  r.  L     To  wi>h  beforehand. 


FORF^TELL'ER,  n.   One  who  predicta  or  propheoieij 

II  foreshower.  Boyle, 

I  <",KF^TELL'I\G,  ppr.     Predicting. 

'  .KE TELI.'I.NG,  n.     Prediction. 
J  '  ,HK -JIILVK',  c.  L    To  ihink  beforehand  ;  to  antici- 
pate in  the  mind. 

TIm  •mil  cSftvTf  man 
Pprp^tually  do«a/orriAtnJc  thy  &1I.  Shak, 

3.  To  contrive  beforehand.  Bp.  llalL 

:  "'ItE-'i'lll.NK',  r.  L    To  contrive  beforehand.    Smith. 
la:  THOUGHT',  (fbre-thawt',)pj-«t.  of  FoBBTHisR. 
;  OHK'THOL'GHT,   (ft-re'thawt,)  n.     A  thinking  be- 
(i>reh:iiid  ;  anlidpatinn  ;  prescience;  premeditation, 
■2.   Provident  care.  Blnckstane. 

I  oRE'-THOUGHT'FL'L,  a.     Having  forethought. 
i  '  )H  E  T6'K£N,  V.  L     Jo  foreshow  ;  to  preuignify  ;  lo 
proenoMticfite. 

"  -    protUflooi  riipu /orrto*#n  Wool,  DamaU 

f'  '•',  n.    Prognostic;  previous  sign. 

•■ '  V  EDjPp.     Foreshown.  [Sidney. 

Foil  I,  1 1 )  i\  A,N-I.NO,  ppr.     Prcsignifying. 
PORE-TOLD',  pp.     Predicted  ;  told  before. 


ern  times  the  right  to  things  fn-fcited  is  generally 
regulated  by  statutes  ;  it  is  vested  in  the  slate,  in  cor- 
porati(ms,  or  in  pntsecuiors  or  informt-rs,  or  jiarily  in 
the  sUiie  or  a  corporation  and  partly  in  an  individ- 
ual. The  duelist,  to  stxure  the  reputation  of  bravery, 
forfeits  the  esteem  of  good  mt-n  and  the  favor  of 
Heaven. 
FOR'FEIT,  (for'fil,)  n.  [Ft.  forfoit;  W.forfed;  Low 
L.  for^factura.  Originally,  and  still  in  French,  a 
tres|uui»^  transgression,  or  crime.  But  with  us,  the 
efl^ict  of  some  transgression  or  offense.] 

1.  That  which  it>  forfeited  or  lost,  or  the  right  to 
which  is  alien.-(ted  by  a  cnme,  orTeiise,  neglect  of 
duly,  or  breath  of  contract ;  hence,  a  fine  ;  a  mulct ; 
a  penalty.  He  that  murders  pays  the  furfed  of  his 
life.  When  a  statute  creates  a  penally  for  a  trans- 
gression, either  in  money  or  in  cor|Miral  punishment, 
the  oifc-nder,  who,  on  conviction,  pays  the  money  or 
suffers  the  puni:«hinent,  pays  the  forfeit. 

2.  Something  de|K>sited  and  redeemable  by  a  joc- 
ular fine  ;  whence  tiie  game  vf  forfeits. 

Ooldtmith.     Smart. 

3.  One  Whose  life  Is  forfeited,     [A'>t  used.]      Shak, 
FOR'FEIT,  ortrt.  a.     [Used  for  Fohkeited.]     Lost  or 

alienated  for  an  oneni 
seizure. 

Aiu)  hia  \oi\g  loili  were  /or/ait  for  a  look.  Dn/den. 

FOR'FEIT-A-BLE,  (foi'fit-a-bl,)  a.  Liable  lo  be  for- 
feited ;  subject  to  forfeiture. 

For  Ih-  ftitiirr^  uK-a  ih^ill  be  »uLiJ»nU  lo  ibr  itatutoi  of  mortraain, 
Am\/or/ntablt  like  the  Uiid*  UiciiufUM.  lilack»tont. 

FOR'FEIT-EI),  pp.  or  a.  Lost  or  alienated  by  an  of- 
fi-ns**,  crime,  or  breach  of  cmidilion. 

FOR'FEIT-ER,  n.  One  who  incurs  punishment  by 
forfeiting  hiK  bond.  Shak. 

FOR'FKIT-ING,  ppr.  Alienating  or  losing,  as  a  right, 
by  an  oflL-nse,  crime,  or  breach  of  condition. 

FOR'FEIT-I.IRE,  (ft.r'flt-yflre,)  n.  The  act  of  forfdl- 
ing;  the  losing  of  some  right,  privilege,  estate,  hon- 
or, office,  or  elfects,  by  an  offense,  crime,  breach  of 
condition,  or  other  act.  In  regard  to  proi>erty,  for- 
fritare  is  a  loss  of  the  right  to  possess,  but  not  gener- 
ally the  actual  possession,  which  is  to  be  transferred 
by  some  subsetjiienl  process.  In  the  feudal  system, 
a  forfeiture  of  lands  gave  him  in  reversion  or  remain- 
der a  right  to  enter. 

2.  That  which  is  forfeited  ;  an  estate  forfeited  ;  a 
fine  or  mulct.  The  prince  enriched  his  treaaurj'  by 
fines  and  forfeitures. 


ense  or  crime ;   liable  to  penal 


FOR'FEX,  a.     fL,]     A  pair  of  scissors.  Pope 

FOR-GaV'E',  pret.  of  Foboive,  which  see. 

FCROE,  n.     IFr.foro'e:  Sp.  Pori.^rju;  probably  from 

L.  ferru7n,  iron  ;  It.  ferriera,  a  forge  :  Port. /erraff nn, 

iron  work.] 

1.  A  furnace  in  which  iron  or  other  metal  is  heated 
and  hammered  into  form.  A  larger  forge  is  called 
with  us  iron-works.  Smaller  forges,  consisting  of  a 
bellows  so  placed  as  to  cast  a  stream  of  air  upon  ig- 
nited coals,  are  of  various  forms  and  uses.  Armies 
have  travtling/tfr^e^  for  repairing  gun-carriages,  Slc. 

2.  Any  place  where  any  thing  is  made  or  shaped. 

3.  The  act  of  beating  or  working  iron  or  steel ;  the 
manufacture  of  metalline  bodies. 

la  llie  gre;\tcr  bodin  thi/orge  wai  ea«jr,  Sacon. 

FORGE,  V.  t.    To  form  by  heating  and  hammering;  to 
beat  into  any  particular  shape,  as  a  metal. 

2.  To  make  by  any  means. 

Nam'*  thai   Oie  achooU  forged,  oml  put  biU   the   mo«Tth«  of 
Kliohira.  L<jdi€. 

3.  To  make  falsely ;  to  falsify  ;  to  counterfeit ;  to 
make  in  Hit-  likeness  of  sttmething  else  ;  as,  to  flr^e 
coin  ;  to  firrire  a  bill  of  exchange,  or  a  receipt. 

FoRG£D,  (forjd,)  pp.or'a.     Hammered:  beaten  into 

shape;  made;  counterfeited. 
FORg'ER,  n.     One  that  makes  or  forms. 
2.  One  n ho  counterfeits;  a  faleitier. 
FORG'ER-y,  n.    The  act  of  forging  or  working  metal 

llUo  shape.     [In  this  sense,  rarely  or  never  how  usejl.] 

2.  The  act  of  falsifying  ;  the  crime  of  counterfeit- 
ing ;  as,  ilie  forgery  of  coin,  or  of  bank  notes,  or  of 
a  bond.  Firrgcnj  may  consist  in  counterfeiting  a 
writing,  or  in  setting  a  false  name  to  it,  to  the  preju- 
dice of  another  person. 

3.  That  which  is  forged  or  counterfeited.  Certain 
letters,  purporting  lo  be  written  by  General  Washing- 
ton, during  the  revolution,  were  forgeries. 

FOR-(jET',  v.t.;  prrt.  Forgot,  [Fobgat,  oft*. ,]  pp. 
FoBooT,  Forgotten.  [Sax.  forgetan,  fortritan,  for- 
gytan:  G.  vergessen  ;  U,  vergeeten  f  Sw.fbrgata!  Uan. 
forgicttcr  ;  for  and  grt.] 

f.  To  lose  the  reinciuhrance  of;  to  let  go  from  the 
memory. 

BicM  the  !>oH,  O  my  lou!,  and  furgtt  not  all  hk  bpn.'fit«.— 

2,  To  slight ;  to  neglect. 

Can  B  woman  forget  hrr  KurJting  child  ?    Yea 
yet  will  1  uoxjorgel  line.—  U.  xlix. 

FOR-GET'F|]L,  a.  Apt  lo  forget;  eusilv  losing  the 
remembrance  of.  A  forgetful  man  should  use  hclja 
to  strt-ngihen  his  niernory. 

2.  Heedless;  careless;  neglectful;  inattentive. 

Be  nai  forgetful  to  cnl;rtiiii  Wraii^-rB.  —  Heb.  xiij. 

3.  Causing  to  foreet ;  inducing  oblivion  ;  oblivious ; 
as,  f4,rgetfnl  dmuclits.  Drydcn. 

FOR-GE'r'F[/L-I,V,  adv.     In  a  forg.-lfiii  maniu^r. 
FOR-GET'FIJL-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  losing  Ihe 

remembrance  or  rLirolleclion  of  a  thing  ;  or  raiher, 

the  tpiality  of  being  apt  lo  let  any  thing  shp  from  Uie 

mind. 
2.  Loss  of  remembrance  or  recollection  ;  a  ceasing 

to  n-member ;  oblivion. 


,  tht-y  111:1)-  forget, 


A  »w«-t  forgei/ulMf  of  human  c;ir<*. 


Pop*. 


3.  Neglect ;    negligence  ;  careless  omission  ;   inat- 
tention ;  as,  furgttfulncss  of  duty.  Hooker, 
FORG'E-TIVE,  a.     [from  forge.]     That  may  forge  or 

produce  ;  inventive.     [JVot  usett.]  S/mk. 

FOR  GET'-ME-NOT',  n.  A  small  herb,  of  the  genus 
MtjosotLt,  bearing  a  beanlifut  blue  fiower,  and  exten- 
sively ctmsidLTed  the  emblem  of  fidelity. 

Ennic.  ,^m. 
FOR-GET'TER,  n.    One  that  forgets  ;  a  heedless  per- 

son. 
FOR-GET'TING,  p7>r.     Losing  the  remembrance  of. 
FOR-GKT'TIiNG,  n.     Tlie  act  of  forgetting  ;  forgelful- 

ness ;  innttt>ntion. 
FOR-GET'TIXG-LV,  adv     By  forgetting  or  forgetftil- 

ness.  B.  Joiison, 

FdRd' ING,  ppr.     Hammering;  beating  into  shape; 

counterft^iting, 
FORCING,  71.    The  act  of  beating  into  shape;  the 

act  of  counlerfuiting. 
FOR-GIV'A-BLE,   a.     [See  Foroive.]     That  mav  he 

pardoned.  ShcncvotU 

FOR-GIVE',  (for-piv',)  v.  t. ;  pret.  Forgave  ;  pp  For- 
given, [for  and  give;  ^nx,  forgifan  ;  Gotli. /ruj/i- 
ban  ;  G.  vvrgebcn  ;  \).  rergceren  ;  unn.  for  giver ;  Hw. 
tdgifva.  The  sense  is,  to  givt!  from,  that  is,  awny,  as 
we  see  by  Ilie  Gothic /ru,  from.  The  English /«r, 
and  G.  and  D.  tc/,  are  the  same  word,  or  from  the 
same  root ;  ver  is  the  Eng.  far.  The  Swedish  (</  sig- 
nifies lo,  and  in  this  com[>oiind  it  signifies  toward  or 
back  ;  so  in  L.  remitlo.     Mee  Give.] 

1.  To  p.trdon  i  lo  remit,  as  an  offen<«e  or  debt ;  to 
overlook  an  offence,  and  treat  the  ofli-nder  as  nt.t 
guilty.  The  originiil  and  proper  phrase  is  lo  forgive 
the  ojbnse,  to  send  it  away,  to  n-ject  it,  that  is,  not  to 
impute  it,  [[Hit   it  to,]   the  offender.     But,  by  on  easy 


TtNE.  BULL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS.-€  m  K;  6  as  J ;  8  as  Z;  CH  as  8H;  T H  as  in  THIS. 


60 


473 


FOR 

tnaskioQ.  we  also  use  ihc  pbrase,  to  fargict  the  prr- 
s0»  oSboainK. 

^brgiw  OS  our  drtth  Lortfa  Praytr. 

U  j«  Jbrgha  QMi  ^ttt  trcaiMM*,  font  httneaij  i-'^tha  wUl 
aba  Jtrgim  you.  —  RluL  tL 

Ai  BiTitfM  oevw  fcnW  «  kvtir,  lo  tbcr  nerer  /orgiM  ui  In- 
jury; ^.  CAt/iOMM. 

It  U  to  be  noted  Uial  pardon^  like  forgive^  may  be 
followed  by  the  Daine  or  person,  nnd  by  tb«  odbnae  ; 
but  r€w*t  can  be  followed  by  ibe  ofleuae  only.  Wo 
forgive  or  pardon  llje  man,  but  we  do  not  rcMil  him. 

a.  To  remit,  aa  a  debt;  nne,  or  peniilty. 
FORGIVEN,  pp.     PiirJuiied;  remiUiHl. 
rOK-GlVE'NESS.  (iVr-giv'ness.)  n.    The  ad  of  for- 
givitte;  the  parJon  t>f  an  ollindcr,  by  which  he  is 
con^ititrred  a»«i  inab  d  as  not  guilty.    The  fargic*- 
acM  of  enemies  is  a  C'hri^tinn  duty. 

S.  The  pardon  or  renii-v-^ion  uf  au  offenwor  ciima; 
as,  the  /n-fWMMv  of  sin  or  of  injuries. 

3.  IHiiposftlon  to  pardon ;  wilUngnoM  to  forgiro 

And  ttJM  iWfifww  intenad« 

4.  Remteloil  of  •  debt,  fine,  or  penalty. 
FOR-GtVER,  m.    One  who  pardons  or  rruiita. 
POR-^iiV'lNG,  wr.     Pardoning;  rem.ltins. 

3.  «.  Di^poMd  to  fwgivc  ;  inclined  to  ovprKwk  of- 
fenses ;  mild  ;  mercifm  ;  conipaasionate  ;  a.-*,  a  for- 
finitf  temper. 

FOR-HAIL',  P.  t.    To  draw  or  distress.    [.Vot  aj«f.] 

SpcMer. 

PO-RlN'SE-€AL,  a.     TL.  fvriiuenu.] 
Foreien  ;  alien.     [Little  used.] 

FO-RIS-FA  MIL'IATE,  p.  i.  [L.  foru,  witboat,  and 
Jkmilui^  family.] 

To  renounce  a  legal  title  to  a  further  share  of  pa- 
ternal inheritance.  LiUraUy^  to  put  oue*^  self  out  of 
the  family.  E/.  t/  Oritieiim, 

FO-RlS-FA-Mltr-I-J'TIOX,  a.  When  a  child  has  r«- 
ceir^  a  portitm  of  his  father's  estate,  snd  renounces 
all  title  to  a  further  share,  his  act  is  called  fin-i.-ifamil- 
Mtira,  and  he  u  suid  to  be  /oru^fiunUiaUiL       £tteye. 

FORK,  «.  [tfai./<Tc  .-  D.  rork  i  W,Jorc;  Fr.  fvureke ; 
Arm.  fork  i  Sp.  korta;  Fort,  and  Iv/breat  L.  fur- 
ca.J 

1.  An  instrument  consisting  of  a  handle,  and  a 
blade  of  metal,  divided  into  two  or  more  puintd  or 
prong?,  used  fur  lifting  or  pitcliing  any  thing ;  as,  a 
ttMifvrk  for  feeding ;  a  fitckfurk  i  a  rfnaf/Wi,  iL€. 
Forks  are  aUo  made  uf  ivory,  wood,  or  cither  ma- 
teriaL 

5.  A  point;  as,  a  thunderbolt  with  three  forks. 
Sbaknieare  uses  it  fur  the  pi>int  of  an  arrow. 

X  Fbrks;  in  the  plund,  the  point  where  a  road 

parts  into  two  ;   and   the  point  where  a  river  di- 

videa,  or  rather,  where  two  rivers  meet  and  unite 

in  one  stream.    Each  branch  is  called  a  fork. 

FORK,  c.  i.    To  sbouc  into  blades,  as  corn.  Mortitaer. 

SL  To  divide  into  two  ^  as,  a  ruad  fork*. 
FORK,  r.  L    To  raise  or  pitch  with  a  fork,  as  hay. 
S.  To  dig  and  break  gruund  with  a  furk. 
Z.  To  m.-ike  ehup ;  to  pomL 
FORK'£I>,  (furkt,)  yp.    Eaiiicd,  pitched,  or  dug,  with 
a  fork. 

9.  a.    Opening  into  two  or  more  part«,  points,  or 
shoots  ;  as,  a  f'rktd  tuntpie  :  the  forked  lighining. 
3.  Having  two  or  murt;  ini^anin^s.    [JsTot  in  u^t.] 

B.  JvlLSOtU 

FORK'ED-LV,  o-fr.    In  a  forked  furm. 
FORK'EI>-^'E:^:^,  ji.    The  quality  uf  opening  into  two 

or  more  parn. 
FORK'^HEAD,  a.    The  point  of  an  arrow.     Spauer. 
FORK 'LESS,  a.     Having  no  fork. 
FORK'TaIL,  iu    a  salmon  in  his  fourth  year's  gron'th. 


>RK'\,   a.    Forked;  furcated;  opening  into  two  or 

more  iicut^,  sbuuta,  or  points ;  as,  a  forky  tongue. 

Pope, 
FOR-LA  Y',  ».  I.    To  lie  in  wait  'or ;  to  ambush  ;  as, 

a  thief  >&riay*  a  traveler.  DrytUiu 

FOR-LIE',  r.  i.;  preu  Forlav.    To  lie  before  or  In 

front  of.     [JlVt  usfd.]  apea^er. 

FOR-L0RE\a.    Forium.    [-Vat  in  use.] 
FO&-LORX',  a.    [Sax.  fvrU/retL,  from  farltoranj  to  send 

away,  to  relinquish,  to  dest^rt,  to  lo^  ;  Uuran^  to  past), 

lo  migrate  ;  D.  zerioortn  ;  Uan.  furlorm^  from  ftrio- 

Ttr^  Sw.  fdrtcra,  to  lose,     Claid  Lr.] 

I.  Deserted ;  dt^titute  ;  stripped  or  deprived  ;  for- 

■*ken.    Hence,  lost ;  helpless  ;  wretched  ;  solitary. 

Of  foETUDC  utd  of  hope  «!  oa»  forlo^-n.  Huhhtrd, 

To  [tT«  ft^^iin  in  (hoe  wild  vouia/or.orn.  Milton, 

Fur  ixn/orlom  aad  iMt  1  tmJ.  CotdunJh. 

a.  Taken  away.    [Ofo.] 

Wtieii  u  bigbi  hub  IU  of  li^it/orlom.  Sfitn^er, 

3.  Sm.i1I ;  despicable  ;  in  a  ludierouo  sense,  Shak. 
F0R-LOR\',  n.    A  lust,  forsaken,  solitary  person. 

Shak. 
FOR-LORN'-HOPE:,  ».  LU^rally^  a  desperate  case  ; 
hence,  in  military  affairs,  a  detachment  of  men  ap- 
pointed to  lead  in  an  assault,  tn  storm  acouutentcnrp, 
enter  a  breach,  or  perform  other  ser^'ice  attended  with 
uncommon  peril. 


FOR 

FOR-LORX'LY,  adc.    In  a  forlorn  manner.    Pollok. 

FOR-LOR.N'\ESH,  n.  Destitution ;  misery ;  a  forsak- 
en or  wretched  condition.  Boyle, 

FOR  LVE'.    Soe  Furlie. 

FORM,  n.  yi.,  jormai  Ft.  forme;  Gp,  firma^  horma; 
It,  forma;  U.f}irm;  D.  vorm;  Q.form;  Hw.  and 
UtOLfbrwu  The  root  of  this  word  is  not  certainly 
known.  The  primary  sense  is  probably  to  set,  to  fix, 
Co  fit.  The  D.  vormrn  is  rendered,  to  form,  to 
shape,  to  mold,  to  confirm ;  and  form  may  be  allied 
lo^Srm.] 

L  The  shape  or  external  appearance  of  a  body ; 
the  figure,  as  defined  by  lines  and  angles  ;  ihnt  man- 
ner of  being  peculiar  tn  each  body,  wjiich  exhibits  it 
to  the  eye  as  distinct  from  cverj- other  botly.  Thus 
we  speak  of  the/onn  of  a  circle,  the  form  of  a  square 
or  Ir^ngle,  a  circular  /orin,  the  furm  of  the  head,  or 
of  the  human  body,  a  handsome  fomty  an  ugty/vn/i, 
a  frightful  foroL 

Matter  is  tho  basts  or  substratum  of  hodies  ;  form 
Is  lite  particular  disposition  of  matter  in  each  body, 
which  diittinguidhes  its  appearance  from  that  of  every 
other  body. 

T}ie/or!n  o(  Us  tW^l^v  wm  clwnprj.  —  Pan.  lii. 
AUki  UiU  be  ftramml  in  uvrther  /orin  lu  twu  of  Uvm,  m»  they 
waJtT^l.  —  M&rk  xvL 

2.  Manner  of  arrazkging  particulars ;  disposition  of 
p:trticitlar  things  ;  as,  tifarm  of  words  or  expressions. 

3.  Model ;  dmught ;  pattern. 

liulJ  (jji  thf  /orsi  of  aound  wonia,  wliich  Ihou  hiiat  heard  of 
me.  —  2  1  iin.  i. 

4.  Beauty  ;  elegance ;  splendor  ;  dignity. 

He  bilb  iM  form  dot  comehnesa.  —  la.  113. 

5.  Regularity  ;  method ;  order  This  is  a  rough 
dmuglit  to  be  reduced  to  form. 

6.  External  appearance  without  the  essential  qual- 
ities ;  empty  show. 

lUring  the /arm  uf  rodUueM,  but  deojriug  the  power  tbenof.  — 
STim.  .0. 

7.  Stated  method ;  established  practice ;  ritual  or 
preecribed  mode;  as,  the  forms  of  public  worship; 
the  forms  of  judicial  proceeding  ;  furms  of  civility. 

&  Ceremony  ;  as,  it  \s  a  mere  matter  of  furm. 

0.  Determinate  shape. 

Ttie  eaxtli  wm  wiUtQut/vrM,  and  voinl.  —  Geo.  i. 

10.  Likeness ;  image. 

Who,  being  in  ih^/orm  of  Ood.  —  Phil.  ii. 

Ue  (uok  ou  hun  tiie  /urm  of  a  temuu  —  PbU.  U. 

11.  Manner;  sj-stem  ;  as,  n  form  of  government; 
a  monarchical  or  republican  form. 

1-2,  .Manner  of  arrangement ;  di!«position  of  compo- 
nent jKirts  ;  as,  the  interior  form  or  structure  of  the 
flesh  or  bones,  or  of  other  bodies. 

VX  A  lone  scat;  a  bench  without  a  back.   iJ'tU,i. 

[In  this  and  the  two  following  senses,  tlie  English 
pronunciation  is  firm.] 

14.  In  sekoolsj  a  doss ;  a  rank  <^  studenU. 

Ih-yden. 

15.  The  Bpat  or  bed  of  a  hure.  Prior. 

16.  A  mold  ;  something  to  give  shape,  or  on  which 
things  are  fashioned,  Kiuye. 

17*  In  prinUMfTy  an  assemblage  of  types,  composed 
and  arranged  in  order,  disposed  into  pages  or  col- 
umns, and  inclosed  and  locked  in  a  chase,  to  re- 
ceive itn  impresbitjii.  I'he  ouur  form  always  con- 
tains ilie  first  and  last  pagus,  tlie  inner  form  contains 
the  second  page. 

18.  Ki^fHiialform,  19  lliat  mode  of  existence  which 
constitutes  a  thing  what  it  is,  and  without  which  it 
could  not  exist.  Thus  water  and  light  have  eacii  its 
[articuUr  form  of  exist^-iice,  and  the  parts  of  wutcr 
being  decomposed,  it  ceases  to  be  water.  .Accidental 
form  is  not  necessary  to  the  existence  of  a  body. 
Earth  is  earth  still,  whatever  may  be  its  color. 
FOR.M,  F.  L     [L.  farmo.] 

1.  To  make  or  cause  to  exist  in  a  particular  man- 
ner. 

And  Ihr  I.ord  GuJ  formtd  nwui  of  the  iluit  of  the  gruuuJ.  — 
Gen.  ii. 

3.  To  shape ;  to  mold  or  fashion  into  a  particular 
shape  or  state  ;  as,  tofomi  an  image  of  stone  or  clay. 

3.  To  plan  ;  to  scheme  ;  to  modify.  Dnjdcn. 

4.  To  arrange  ;  to  combine  in  a  particular  manner  ; 
as,  tofortn  a  line  or  square  of  troops. 

5.  To  adjust ;  to  settle. 

Our  dillereucea  with  the  Roitiuiisu  aie  thua  formed  into  nn  lu- 
tere»l.  Lftcay  of  Piety. 

6.  To  contrive;  to  invent;  as,  to  furm  a  design  or 
scheme. 

7.  To  make  up  ;  to  frame  ;  to  settle  by  deductions 
of  reason ;  as,  to  form  an  opinion  or  judgment  ;  to 
form  an  estimate. 

8.  To  mold;  to  model  by  instruction  and  discipline  ; 
as,  to  form  the  mind  to  viriuous  habits  by  education. 

9.  To  combine  ;  to  unite  individuals  into  a  col- 
lective body  ;  as,  to ^tfrm  a  society  for  mi.ssioiis. 

10.  To  make;  to  erftablish.  The  subscribers  are 
farmed  by  law  into  a  corporation.  They  havefurmed 
regulations  for  their  government, 

U.  To  compile;  as,  to  furm  a  body  of  laws  or 
customs  ;  to  form  a  digest. 


FOR 

1-3.  To  constitute ;  to  make.  Duplicity  forms  no 
part  of  his  character.  These  fuels  form  a  safe  foun- 
dation for  our  concluKions.  The  senate  and  house 
of  representatives /cr'/i  the  legislative  body. 

13.  In  grammar,  to  make  by  derivation,  or  by 
affixes  or  prefixes.  L.  do,  in  the  preterit,  furms 
dedi. 

14.  To  enact ;  to  make  ;  to  ordain  ;  as,  to  form  a 
law  or  an  edict. 

FOR.M,  V.  i.    To  take  a  form. 

FORM'AL,  a.  According  to  form  ;  agreeable  to  cs- 
tublihhed  tnode  ;  regular;  methodical. 

"2.  t*trictly  ceremonious  ;  precise;  exact  to  affecta- 
tion  ;  as,  a  man  formal  in  his  dress,  his  gait,  or  de- 
port m.-nt. 

3.  Done  in  due  form,  or  with  solemnity  ;  express; 
according  lo  ngnlar  method  ;  not  incidental,  sud- 
den, or  irregular.  He  gave  his  formal  consent  to  the 
treaty, 

4.  Regular  ;  methodical ;  as,  the  formal  stars. 

WaUer. 

5.  Having  the  form  or  appearance  without  the  sub- 
stance or  essence  ;  external ;  na,  formal  duty  ;  formal 
worship. 

t).  Depending  on  customary  forms. 

Siill  111  coiictmini  your  viitfcnng'  sex  renuJns, 

Ur  Uiuiid  ill  forinai  or  iii  nraJ  duuna.  Pops. 

7.  Having  the  power  of  making  athing  what  it  is; 
constituent  ;  essential. 

Of  Irtten  Ihc  matrri.il  purl  la  breath  ntid  vuice ;  ihr  /omal  is 
CoiisiiiuUti  bf  Uie  niulioiiB  uiul  A^rurv  of  Uic  org:uia  ul  »(v>^h. 

HvUler. 

8.  Retaining  its  proper  and  essential  cliaracterit«tic; 
regular ;  proper. 

To  make  of  Lim  tiformai  man  agaio.  iSf.al:. 

F0RM'.\L.-18M,  n.  A  resting  tn  mere  external  forms 
of  religion. 

FOR.M'.AL-IST,  n.  One  who  observes  forms,  or  prac- 
tices external  ceremimiea.     More  generally, 

2.  One  who  rest*  in  external  religious  forms,  or 
observes  the  forms  of  worship,  without  possessing 
the  life  and  spiiil  of  religion.  A  grave  face  and  the 
regular  practice  of  ceremonies  have  oAen  gained  to 
wfurmai'ut  the  reputation  of  piety. 

FOR-M.\L'I-TY,  IU  The  practice  or  observance  of 
forms. 

f\KmaliiMt  of  rjttmordiiinry  iral  Rnd    p'ty  are  ne»Pr  more 
■luJictl  Aitd  tlabonitc  tli;vti  in  deHperale  dt-aigiiK. 

K.  Char  let, 

2.  Ceremony  ;  mere  conformity  to  customary  modes. 

Nor  WM  hi«  alicmtiince  on  diviiiL-  oITiC'a  a  tiiLitter  of  formtiiHy 
and  cuxluiii,  bui  of  con»cisi^'.e.  AlUrbury. 

3.  Establi-shed  order;  rule  of  proceeding;  mode; 
method;  as,  the  /yn/joiittca  of  judicial  process  ;/yr- 
riialities  of  law. 

4.  Order  ;  decorum  to  be  observed  ;  customary 
mode  of  hrhavior.  L^Estranjre. 

5.  Customary  mode  of  dress  ;  habit;  robe,  i'lc/ft. 

6.  External  ur'pcarance.  Qlancillc. 

7.  Essence;  the  ipmlity  which  constitutes  a  thiiig 
what  it  is. 

Tiui /ormaliig  of  tlie  vow  lici  in  tlic  promise  made  (o  ftiA. 

SlilUngJUeU 

6.  Tn  the  sekooU,  the  manner  in  which  a  thing  ic 
conceived  ;  or  a  manner  in  an  object,  importing  i 
relation  to  the  understanding,  by  which  it  may  b 
distinguished  from  another  object.  Thus  antjiialit 
and  r<Jioitiiltla  u.re  forinalit'us.  Kticyc 

FOR.M'AI^tZE,  V.  U    To  model.     [JVot  used.] 

iiuoker. 

FORM'ALr-IZE,  r.  t.  To  affect  formality.  [Utt 
iisrd.]  Hales. 

FOR.\rAL-IZ-/:D,  pp.     Modeled. 

FORM'AL-IZ-I.\G,^;»r.     Modeling. 

FORM'AL-LY,  adc.     According  lo  establJ.'^hed  fnmr 
rule,  order,  rite,  or  ceremony.    A  treaty   was  ecu- 
eluded  •AW^formalhj  ratilied  by  both  parties. 

2.  Ceremoniously;  stlfily  ;  precisiely  ;  as,tob6)Atif 
^\\A  formally  reserved. 

3.  In  open  appearance  ;  in  a  visible  and  appt.r«nt 
Stat:'. 

You  ami  your  follower*  do  atand  formally  iiTified  ag»jM<  ihe 
auLtiohzf.-d  guiilu^  of  live  church,  ajid  ttie  real  of  the  /tftie. 

4.  Essentially ;  characteristically. 

That  wliich  formally  nialcea  ttiia  [chantjr]  a  Chriati  ji    grve,  la 
l>ie  ipriii^  froui  which  it  flowa.  ifrPaUriilgt. 

FOR'MA  PAU> PER-IS,  [L.]  To  sue  in  forma  paw 
pwi.*,  is  to'bue  as  a  poor  man,  which  relieves  from 
co.«ts.  Bouvier. 

FOR'MATE,n.  [A  more  correct  term  than  Fohmiate  ; 
but  both  arc  used.]  A  salt  composed  of  formic  acid 
combined  with  any  base. 

FOR-MA'TION,  71.    [Fr.,  from  U  formatio.'] 

1.  The  act  of  forming  or  making  ;  the  act  of  cre- 
ating or  causing  to  exist ;  or,  more  generally,  the  op- 
eration of  bringing  things  together,  or  of  shaping 
and  giving  form  ;  as,  the  formation  oi  the  earth ;  tha 
formation  vf  a  .state  or  constitution. 

3.  Oenerjitiuu ;  production  ;  as,  the  formation  of 
ideas.  • 

3.  The  manner  in  which  a  thing  is  formed.  Ex- 
amine llie  peculiar  yijrrno/iow  of  the  heart. 


FITE,  FAR,  FALL,  WR^T METE,  PRfiV.— HAE,  M.\niNE,  BIRD.— J^OTE.  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


FOR 

4.  In  grammarythe  act  or  manner  of  forming  one 
wonl  from  another,  as  contrvlUr  from  control. 

5.  In  geology^  formation  may  signify  a  single  mass 
of  one  kiitd  of  rock,  mure  or  lesa  extensive,  or  a  col- 
lection of  mineral  substances,  formed  by  the  same 
Hgt-rit,  under  the  same  or  similar  circumstances;  or 
it  may  convey  the  idea,  that  certain  masses  or  col- 
lections of  mineraU  were  formed  not  only  hy  the 
same  agent,  but  also  during  the  same  geolosical 
epoch,  in  this  latter  sense  the  term  is  almost  al- 
ways employed.  Ckacelnnd. 

formation  is  that  cottection  or  assemblage  of  beds 
or  layers,  strata,  or  portions  of  earth,  or  minerals, 
which  seem  to  have  been  formed  at  the  same  epoch, 
and  to  have  the  same  general  characters  of  conipo- 
sition  and  lodgmt-nt.  dUu  -Va(.  HUt. 

FORM'A-TIVE,  a.  Giving  form;  having  the  power 
of  giving  fonn  ;  plastic ;  as,  the  forjmuive  arts. 

The  BiPiinrw  plant  can  not  be  rais''d  wiUtouC  >oeda,  by  anY/brwv 
aUve  power  re«kUng  in  the  soil.  Be'ntlty. 

9.  In  grammar^  serving  to  firm  ;  derivative;  not 
radical ;  as,  a  termination  merely /irmaf<rf. 

FORM'A-TIVE,  Ti,  In  <rrammar^  that  which  ser\'e8 
merely  to  give  form,  arid  is  no  part  of  the  radical. 

FORM'i:n,  pp.  Made;  shaped;  molded;  planned; 
arranp'.d  :  combined  ;  enacted  ;  constituted. 

FOR'.MIC-DOX,  n.  [forma  doni.]  In  Kmrlish  latr,  a 
writ  of  right  for  a  tenant  in  tail.  This  writ  has  now 
been  abolished.  f».  c^^, 

FOR.M'KR,n.     He  that  forms  ;  amaker;  an  author! 

FOR'MER,  a.  camp.  [Sax.  form,  forma,  but  it  is  ren- 
dered primus,  first.  The  Saxon  word  seems  to  be 
composed  offore  and  ma,  more  j  but  of  this  I  am  not 
confident.] 

1.  Before  in  time  ;  preceding  another  or  something 
else  in  order  of  time  ;  opposed  to  tatUr. 

Uer  famtr  h'whand,  who  •-'lU  her  nwar,  m^y  not  tekc  her 
npin  lo  be  hi*  wifc,  aft^r  l)iai  tbe  u  denied,  —  DeuU  xxir. 
The/«r»irr  and  the  latter  mio.  — Jer,  •*. 

I  2.  Past,  and  frequently  ancient,  long  past. 

j  Forinqniie,  I  pray  ti.ee,  of  the /orjiier  age.  — Job  riK. 

3.  Near  the  beginning  ;  preceding  j  as,  tJie  former 
pari  of  a  discourse  or  argiimenL 

4.  Mentioned  before  another. 

A  bad  author  <1e«erTet  belter  uaa(^  than  a  bad  ciWe ;  s  imn 
rna»  be  the  fontMr  mf-rely  throuc+i  ihe  minlnrtune  of  want 
QfUAgtwnl ;  but  ha  c*a  no:  be  ilie  latirr  without  both  Ih.it 
ilihI  an  ill  temper.  Popt, 

FOR'MER-LY,  arfr.  In  tirac  past,  either  in  time  im- 
mediately preceding,  or  at  any  indefinite  distance; 
of  old  ;  heretofore.  We  formrrly  imported  slaves 
from  Africa,  \alions /urmCT-/^  made  slaves  of  pris- 
oner^ taken  in  war. 
FORM'FJJI*,  a.  Ready  to  fonn;  creative  ;  imagina- 
„t've.  Thomaun, 

FOR'Mr-ATE,   n.    [from  U/unniai,  an  and 

A  salt  composed  of  the  formic  acid  and  a  base. 
[."^ee  FoRif  ATE.] 
FOR'.MI€,  a.     [X..  furmita,  an  ant.] 

Pertaining  to  ants;  as,  the  formic  acid,  an  acid 
obtained  originally  from  red  ants,  but  now  formed 
by  artificial  distillation. 
FOR-MI-CA'TtON.m     [L./ormte<rfw,from/or™M.  or 
formtca,  an  ant.] 

A  sensation  of  the  body  resembling  that  made  by 
(he  creeping  of  ants  on  the  skin. 
FOR'MI-DA-UI.E,  a.     {U  fonuidabilis,   from  formido, 
feiil.J  ' 

Exciting  fear  or  apprehension  ;  impressing  dread  ; 
adapted  to  excite  fear  and  drier  from  appnmch,  en- 
counter, or  undertaking.    It  expresses  less  than  ter- 
rible, terrifie,  tremendtnu,  korribU,  and  frighifuL 
Th-r  .^emrd  to  fear  thr/bmUoM*  tig*..  Dryftn 

1  aw^Il   my  pief*«  into  a  »olume,  and   make   it  /orrw/ttW* 
wbeu  y<.M  are  W  maay  pagfea  behind.  Drydtn. 

FOR'MI-DA-BLE-NE8S,  n.    The  quality  of  being  for- 

miflable,  or  adapted  to  excite  dread. 
Ff>R'.MJ-r)A-BLV,  adc.    In  a  manner  to  impress  fear. 
F<  >R'M[  r>I.,  r.  t.    To  order.     \Crarm  dinlecL] 
l-OKM'LESS,  a.     [from  form,]     Hhapeless ;   without 

a  dfjlcrminate  fonn ;  wanting  regularity  of  shape. 

FORMTT-LA,  n,     [I>.]     A  prescribed  form  ;  a  rule  or 

2.  In  mrdidm,  a  prcscri[rtion.  [model. 

3.  In  cAiircA  ajfair*,  a  confession  of  faith.    Encyc. 

4.  In  maihematien,  a  general  expression  for  resolv- 
ing certain  cafes  or  problems.  Cyc. 

it.  In  ehemvftrif,  a  tenn  applied  to  the  symbols  r(;[^ 
re«eniing  the  different  jtubstances.  [/rf. 

FURM'»;-IjA-RY,71.    [Fr./</rmit/atV»-,from  J.,  formula.] 
i.  A  book  containing  sMUid  and  pn-scribed  forms, 
a>»  nf  oathsf,  declarations,  prayers,  and  tlie  like ;  a 
borik  of  precedents.  Encye. 

'^.  Prescribed  form  ;  formula. 
Fr)RM't;-r.A-RV,  a.    Stated!  prescribed;  ritnal. 
FORM'ILE, )».     [Fr.]     A  set  or  prcsoribed   model; 

FORX'!Ia3?i^D,  !  ^n&f^''"'"''  from/^«i.,an 
Arrhfd  ;  raulled  like  nn  oven  orfnmaco.  /Inci/c 

FOR.VI-eATE,    r.    i.       [L.  fcrnU^,   frum   /or»ii,  a 
bnilneL) 
'IV.  ciimmit  lewdnem,  m  an  nnmtirried  man  or 


FOR 


FOR 


woman,  or  as 
woman. 


a  marrit'd  man  with  an  uomairied 


If  a  Brfthmiri  /lyrnicau  with  a  Nayr  womM,  he  .hall  not  thereb. 
lo..  h^i  caiuj.  At,  Rutardm. 

FORN-I-CS'TION,  7>.     [h.formatHc.] 

1.  Tlie  incontinence  or  lendnees  of  tinmarried 
persons,  male  or  female ;  also,  the  criminal  con- 
ViTsatictn  of  a  married  man  with  an  unmarried 
woman.  l^y.,  „f  Connecticut. 

2.  Adultery.    Matt.  v. 

3.  Incest.     1  Cor.  v. 

4.  Iilolatry  ;  a  forsajting  of  the  true  God,  and  wor- 
■hipin;  of  idols.    2  Ckrvn.  xxi.     fife.  xix. 

5.  An  arching  ;  the  forminc  of  a  vault. 
FOR.\'I-e.\-'rOR,  n.     An  unmarried  person,  male  or 

female,  who  has  criminal  conversation  with  the 
other  sex  ;  also,  a  married  man  who  has  sexual  com- 
merce with  an  unmarried  woman.  [See  Aoui-TERr.] 

2.  .\  lewd  person. 

3.  An  idolater. 
FORX'I  CA-TRESS,  n.    An  unmarried  female  piilty 

of  lewdness.  SA<it. 

FOR.PXSd',  F.  t.      To  go  by  ;   to  pass  unnoticed. 

„  [  O'-'-J       ,  Sjinuirr. 

FOR-PI.NE',  n.  1.    To  pine  or  ^vaste  away,     tobs.] 

„„„  „_,..  Spettser. 

FOR-Ra\',  r.  «.    To  ravage.    [Oba.]     [Q.a.  forage.] 

Spmstr, 

FUR-RAY',  n.    The  act  of  ravaging.    [See  Fobat.] 

FOR-6.\KE',  r.  ^  ,•  preL  Forsook  ;  pp.  Forsaken. 
[:^ax.fvrsacan,fors<rcaH:for,a  negative,  and  secan. 
to  seek.  (See  Seek.)  Sw.  fUraaka,  Dan.  forsager, 
G.  vcr.mgen,  D.  verzaakeny  to  deny,  to  renounce. 
See  Seek  and  Sat.] 

1.  To  quit  or  leave  entirely;  to  desert;  to  aban- 
don ;  u>  dejtart  from.  Friends  and  flatterers  forsake 
us  in  adversity. 

Fortakt  the  foolUh,  and  lire.  —  Ptot.  tx. 

SJ.  To  abandon  ;  to  renounce  ;  to  reject. 

If  Ida  ctuidn-n  for»ak«  my  Uw,  and  walk  not  \a  my  JiiilffmenU. 

—  Pi.  Ixxxia.  ■*     *• 

Ceaae  frum  anger,  and  fortakt  wn.(h.  —  Pa,  xxxrii. 

3.  To  leave;  to  withdraw  from  ;  to  fail.  In  anger, 
the  color  forsaken  tne  checks.  In  severe  trials,  let 
not  fortitude /ursoAe  you. 

4.  In  Scripture,  God  forsakrx  his  people,  when  he 
withdraws  his  aid,  or  the  light  of  his  countenance. 

lirowti, 
FOR-SXK'ER  71,     One  that  forsakes  or  deserts. 
FOR-SAK'/;.V,  fp.  or  o.     Deserted  i  ha  ;  abandoned. 
FOR-SAK'I.Vf;,  p;w.     Leaving  or  deserting. 
FOR  SAK'1.\G,  n.     The  act  of  deserting  :  dereliction. 
FOR-S.AY',  o.  t.    To  forbid  ;  to  renounce.    [OSs.] 

FOR-SLACK',  r.  J.     To  delay.     [Obs.]  Spm^Z'. 

FOR-SOOTH',  adv.      [Siix.  forsothe  i  for   and    aolk. 
true.] 
In  truth  ;  in  fact ;  certainly  ;  very  well. 

A  fit  mail,  /ortoolA,  to  govern  a  nalm  I  IlayteaH. 

[ft  is  generally  used  in  an  ironical  or  eonttmvtuous 
sense.\ 
FOI{8'fER,».     A  forester.     [06s.]  Cknucrr. 

FOR.SWEAR',  o.  f. ;  jrrrt.  Forswore  ;  pp.  Forswor(t. 
[Sax. /ffrsKaiWiin ;  Dan. /<rarirrer  ;  Sw.fHrsvttrai  O, 
versehwijren,  absehmireni  D.  nfzwecren.  See  Swear 
and  AffswER.] 

1.  To  reject  or  renounce  upon  oath.  Shak. 

2.  To  deny  upon  oath. 

Ltlfir  innocpnr».,  and  a.  i-rrnply  1«>M 

Ai  trmh,  how  luii-llj-  hr  /oriiMar.  Ihj  gold  r 


FORTH,  oi/K.  [Sax.  forth;  G.  fort!  D.  ooort;  from 
fore^for^faran^  to  gt>,  to  advance.] 

1.  Forward  ;  onward  in  time ;  in  .advance ;  as, 
fVom  that  Ain  forth;  from  that  t\me  forth. 

a.  Forward  in  place  or  order  ;  as,  one,  Hvo,  throe, 
and  so  forth. 

3.  Out;  abroad;  rioting  progression  or  advance 
from  a  state  of  confinement ;  as,  the  plants  in  .spring 
put  forth  leaves. 

WhPn  winter  past,  and  ■iimnn*r  icsrM  be^^ua, 

Invite,  tiifja/orlh  to  labor  in  th«  snn.  Drylfn. 

4.  Out ;  away  ;  beyond  the  boundary  of  a  place  ; 
as,  send  Mm  forth  of  France,    [f.itlie  us'crf.J 

5.  Out  into  public  view,  or  public  character.  Your 
country-  calls  you  forth  into  its  service. 

6.  Thorouehlv  ;  from  l)eginning  to  end.    [06.?.] 

7.  On  to  the  end.     [Obs.]  IShnk. 
FORTH,  prrp.     Out  of.  '' 

from  forth  thp  strr'-tii  of  Pomfrel.  .Sftot. 

SoincyortA  th-^ir  caUn«  pct-p,  Donn*. 

FORTH,  n.     [.So.  Goth,  fori.]     A  way. 
FORTH'e0.^f'l.^•G,  a.      [Sce  Come.)     Ready  to  ap- 
pear ;  making  appearance.     Let  the  prisoner  beforth- 

fomtnfr. 

FOUTIl'GO'IXa,  n.    A  going  forth,  or  utterance ;  a 

prnceeding  from.  Cfudma-i 

fAutiI'Go'I.NG.o.    Going  forth.  '-"^'«"->- 

FOR-TUL\K',  c.  t    Toreiientof.     [Mtinuse.] 

FORTH-IS'SU-I\G,  {-ish'shu-ing.)  a.  [SetT/.Ti.] 
Issumg  ,  coming  out ;  coming  forwarii  as  from  a 
roveit.  Pope, 

FORTH-RIGHT',  adv.  [See  Right.]  Straight  for- 
ward ;  in  h  straight  direction.    [Ois.l  Sidney. 

FORTH-RIGHT',,..     A«traight  path.    [06...]  Shak. 

FOUTH'VVARU,  o,;c.     Forwtud.  Hp.FLiluT. 

FORTHWITH',  orfc.     " - 

ly      


Dryden. 

To  fornetoT  orui's  self,  la  lo  swear  falsely  ;  to  per- 
jure one's  self. 

Tlioii  .halt  not/or.uiwir  Ihyttf, —  MitU.  .. 

FOR-S\VE*K',B.  i.  To  swear  falsely  ;  to  commit  per- 

FOR-S\\  EAR'ER,  n.    One  who  rejects  on  oath  ;  one 
who  is  (Perjured  ;  one  that  swears  a  false  oath. 

Ff)R-SVVEAR'l.\G,  ;»pr.    Denying  on  itath  ;  swearing 
falsely. 

FOR-SWO.N'K',  a.     [Sax.  tvincan,  to  lalior.] 

Overlabored.     [06s  J  Spenser. 

FOR  SWORE',  prct.  of  ^-oriwiar. 

Foil  KVVOR.\',pp.  ofFoBiwait.  Rennunccd  on  oath ; 
lierjiired. 

FOIl-SVVORX'NESS,  n.    The  alateof  being  forsworn. 

____,  Manning. 

FORT,  n.    [Fr.  fort;  It.  and  Port,  forte:  Sp.  fuMc; 
fuerza ;  L.  fortis,  strong.] 

1.  A  fortified  place;  usually,  asmall  fortified  place; 
a  place  surrounded  with  a  ditch,  rampart,  and  para- 
petj  or  with  palisades,  st4)ckades,  or  other  means  of 
defense  ;  also,  any  building  or  place  fortified  for  se- 
curity against  an  enemy  ;  a  castle. 
JJ.  A  strong  side ;  opposed  to  weak  side  or  foible. 

^L         '"'*''';  "•    ^  '""■"  ou'work  of  a  fortification. 
The  same  as  Fobtelaoe. 

FOR' TE,  (tur'ti,)  adv.    [It.]    A  direction  to  sing  or 
play  with  loudness  or  force. 

FORTE,  n.     [Fr.]    The  strong  point ;  that  art  or  de- 


partment in  which  one  excels. 
PORT'ED,  a.    Furnished  with  forts ;  guarded  by  forts. 

Sliak. 


[forth  and  urith.]    Immediat»- 
without  delay ;  directly. 

Iminrdiatcly  th-Tp  f^l!  from  hti  evfl.  B.  it  had  baen  icalca  J  and 
he  receiTeii  hia  aight  /oitAwilA.  —  Acu  ix. 

FOR'THY,  orfc.    [Sax.  forthi.] 

Therefore.     [w\o(  used.]  Spenser. 

FOR'TI-ETH,  a.    [See  Fortv.]    The  fourth  tenth: 

noting  the  niiuilier  next  after  the  thirtv-ninth. 
FOR'Tl-FI-A-liLE,  a.    That  may  be  fortified,    [tit- 

tlp  used.]  *■ 

FOR-TI-F'r-eA'TION,  n.    [See  Fort.ft.]    Tlie  act 

of  fortifying. 

2.  The  art  or  science  of  fortifying  places  to  defend 
them  against  an  enemy,  by  means  of  moats,  ramparts, 
parapets,  and  other  bulwarks.  Uneyc. 

3.  The  works  erected  to  defend  a  place  against  at- 
tack. 

4.  A  fortified  place  ;  n  fort;  a  castle. 

5.  Additional  strength. 
FOR'TI-FI  £l),;)p.  ora.     Made  strong  against  attacks, 
t  OR'Tl-FI-ER,  M.     One  who  erects  works  fiir  defense. 

2.  One  who  strengthens,  supports,  and  upholds  ; 
that  which  strengthens.  Sidneit 

roR'Tl-F?,  V.  U     [Fr.  fortifier ;  Sp.  fortifiear ;  It.  for- 
ti.ficare.] 

1.  In  o  general  .irnse,  to  add  to  the  strength  of;  as, 
to  fortify  wine  by  the  aitdition  of  bmndy.  [Recent.] 
9.  To  siirroiiird  with  a  wall,  ditch,  palisades,  or 
other  works,  with  a  view  to  defenil  against  the  at- 
tirks  of  an  enemv  ;  to  strengthen  and  secure  by 
forts,  batteries,  and  other  works  of  art;  as,  lo fortifn 
a  rity,  town,  or  harbor. 

3.  'J'o  strengthen  against  any  attack  ;  as,  to  fortify 
the  mind  against  any  sudden  calamity. 

4.  To  confirm;  to  add  strength  and  firmness  to; 
as,  to  fortify  an  opinion  or  resolution  ;  to  fortify  bojw 
or  desire. 

5.  To  furnish  with  strength  or  means  of  resisting 
force,  violence,  or  assault. 

FOR'TI-FV,  r.  I.     To  raise  strong  places.        Millon. 

rOR'TI-F?-ING,  ppr.   Making  strong  against  attacks. 

FOR'TI-LAGE,  Tu  A  little  fort;  a  blockhouse.  [AuJ 
"-*f^  J  Spenser. 

FORT'^I.N,  n  [Ft.]  A  little  fort;  a  field  fort;  a 
sconce.  Sliak. 

FOR-TIS'HIMO,  fit]  In  music,  a  direction  lo  sing 
Willi  the  inmost  slrtnigth  or  loudness. 

FOR'Tl  ThR  IJV  RK,  [L.]  Firmly  in  action  or  exe- 
cution. 

FOR'TI-TI  'PR,  n.  [I..  fortituJo,  from  forli.<,  strong.] 
That  sireiiglli  or  llrmness  of  mind  or  soul  which 
enables  a  person  to  encounter  danger  with  coolness 
and  courage,  or  to  bear  pain  or  adversity  without 
murmuring,  depression,  or  despondency.  Firrtitude  ! 
is  the  liasis  or  source  of  genuine  courage  or  intreiiid- 
ity  in  danger,  of  patience  in  suffering,  of  forbearance 
under  injuries,  and  of  magnanimity  in  all  comlitions 
of  life.  We  sometimes  confound  the  effect  Willi  the 
cause,  and  ust^  fortitude  as  synonymous  with  courage 
or  patience ;  but  courage  is  an  active  virtue  or  vice, 
and  patience  is  the  effect  nf  fortitude. 

JFWtitudt  ia  ihi  gnard  and  aupport  of  the  other  virtU'-a.    Lo-Jce. 
FORT'LET   n.     A  little  fort. 

FORT'NIGIIT,  (fon'nits,)  n.  [Contracted  from  four- 
teen  ntghts,  wir  ancestors  reckoning  time  by  nifjhts 
and  winters;  so,  ;i\iio,  secennightSy  sennight,  a  week. 


Lr-. 


^ONE^LL,  qyiTE. -  AX"GElt,  VI"CIOUg—  e  bi  K ,  <J  mi  J;  8  ai  Z;  CII  as  SH ;  TH  a.  In  THIS. 


lir;- 


FOR 

Non  dierum  niiiuemni,  ut  uos,  sfd  uoctiuiu  cumpu- 
Luit      Tacitu^.]  \ 

'J'lic  ^[KiCe  of  fourteen  days ;  two  weekJt 
FORT'MGHT-LY,  adv.     Ouce  in  a  furtnipht ;  at  in- 

(erv.ils  of  a  furtnigiit.  Kn^laHtL 

FOR'TKESS,  R.    [Ft.  forUresse ;  It. prtezia^  {rum  fort^ 
JorUy  strung;.] 

1.  Any  furtified  place ;  a  fort ;  a  cattle ;  a  stroni;- 
ll€»ld  i  a  place  of  defense  or  security.    The  Englisti 
have  a  »tn>ng  /ortreM  oa  Uie  ntrk  of  Gibraltar,  or 
Uial  rock  bi  ^/artress. 
5E.  DefonM  ;  safety  i  security. 

The  L.onl  b  ajr  rock  uul  laj  /arb^u.  — P«.  sTtU. 

FORTRESS,  BL  C     To  Aimiato  wiU  feme— ta;  to 

ennnl  .  lo  fortify.  Skak. 

Fc  !>.  (for'trest,)  «.     Defended  by  a  for- 

T  i  i  secured.  Spntj'cr, 

Fl'^  I  :>,  «.     rU /(n^vilM,  from  the  rool  uf 

/i*ri,  /i/rtf ,  yJrtMJM  ;  t  r.  furtuil ;  It.  and  Sp.  fortuito. 
The  primary  sense  is,  to  cunie,  lo  fait,  tu  Uappun. 
See  Fakc] 

Accidental ;  casual ;  happening  by  ch.ince  ;  cnmins 
or  oecurriDs  onexpecsedly,  or  without  any  known 
cauM.  We  apeak  of  /mkmittnu  events,  when  they 
occur  without  our  foreseeing  or  expecting  tht-m  ;  and 
of  a  fanmitmuM  concoiuBe  ofatoius^  when  we  suppose 
the  cuocoune  not  to  result  frvm  the  de^i|^  and  power 
of  a  conirulling  a^nL  But  an  event  can  not  be  in 
fact /wrtHiToMJi.     [S'.e  AcciDE-vTAL  and  CAaUAL.] 

FOR-TO'l-TOUij-LV,  adv.      Accidentally  i  casually; 
by  chance. 

FOR-TO'l-TOUS-XESS,  a.    The  quality  of  beinj  ac- 
cident il;  accident;  chance. 

POR-TO'I-TV,  n.     AccidenU 

FOR'Ti;-.NATK,(fort'yu-»ate»)«.   [L./«rt««««w.  See 

FuaTUKK.}  • 

1.  Coaiiog  by  good  luck  or  fiiroraMe  chance ;  briag- 
loc  KNDe  ttiwipflcled  good  j  »>  >  forUmaU  event ;  « 
fmriMmMt  concurrenco  of  circaouCancea  ;  a  /wrCaiMC* 
ticket  in  a  lonery. 

a.  Lucky ;  successful ;  receiving  some  unforeseen 
or  unexpected  good,  or  some  good  which  wa^  not  de- 
pendent on  one*s  own  skill  or  odorts ;  as,  a  fwUmau 
adventurer  m  a  lottery.  I  wu  moM /er^Mots  Uhu 
unexpectedly  to  meet  my  friend. 

3.  Succbxttful ;  happy  \  proaperoua ;  reeeiviDg  or  en- 
jojring  auaie  good  to  coDsequence  of  effurts,  but  where 
the  event  was  uncertain,  and  noK  abaolutely  in  one*s 
power.  The  brave  man  is  usually  forouuu.  We 
say,  a  fartMnau  compcuior  for  ji  fair  lady,  or  for  a 
crown. 

POR'Tl;  NATE  KY,  arfp.  Luckily ;  successfully  ;  hap- 
pilv  ,  by  good  fitftune,  or  favivahle  chance  or  issue. 

PORTl^-.N  ATE-.NESd,  a.    Good  luck ;  success  ;  hap- 
ten e^v  Sidnfif. 

FOR'TrXE,  (fiwt'yun,)  a.  [Fr.,  from  L./0r«ma;  Sp. 
and  It.  fmrtmma :  Arm.  /vrtMm ;  from  the  rooC  of  Sax. 
/pva,  to  go,  or  I*.  /(T»  or  ptvU,  So  in  D.  geheurtn^ 
to  happen,  to  fall,  from  the  root  of  Acor ;  f(Iear(ej*u, 
an  event.  We  find  the  same  W(ntl  in  tpportmMus^ 
{»^-partuMiu,)  seasonable.  The  primary  sense  ia  ao 
event,  that  which  cornea  or  befalls.  So  Fr.  krureuz^ 
ftota  keurt,  hour,  that  is,  time,  season,  and  L.  tetn- 
petlietu,  (See  Hoca  and  Time.)  The  Russ.  pm^^ 
lime,  »ea.«on,  is  of  this  family,  aud  fifrtune  is  closely  . 
allied  to  it.]  I 

1.  Prvperly^  chance ;  accident ;  luck  ;  the  arrival 
of  somt-tbmx  in  a  sudden  or  unexpected  manner. 
Hence  the  heathens  deified  chance,  and  consecrated 
temples  and  altars  lo  the  goddess.  Hence  the  mod- 
em u--*e  of  the  word,  for  a  power  supposed  to  distrib- 
ute the  lots  of  life  according  to  her  own  humor. 

Tkou^  /ortMoa'a  maliee  overthrw  ro j  k&u.  Sltak. 

S.  The  good  or  ill  that  befalls  man. 

hi  fmm  ^mjbrtmmg  of  Qttal  Britain  ties. 

3.  Success,  good  or  bad ;  event. 

Our  cqukl  erimei  rinll  equal /ortHW  gJTC. 

•4.  The  chance  of  life ;  means  of  living ;  wealth. 

Ua  tufarr  djiog.  be  wm  dn^en  lo  Loodou  lo  aedc  bm/brtiata. 

5.  Estate ;  posaeasioos ;  aa,  m  gentleman  of  small 

6.  A  large  estate  ;  great  wealth.  This  is  often  Uie 
sense  of  the  word  standing  alone  or  unqualified  ;  as, 
a  gentlrnian  or  lady  of  fortune.  To  the  ladies  we 
•ay,  Brware  of /oritfoe-hiinters. 

7.  The  portion  of  a  man  or  woman  j  generally,  of 
■  woman. 

&  Futurity  ;  future  state  or  events  ;  destiny.  The 
young  are  anxious  to  have  their  fortuue^  told. 

Ttiu,  vbo  lam'aybnwncf  in  thrtr  ben  md.  0>wl<y. 

FOR'Tl^.NE,  c.  L    To  make  fortunate.    [JVot  lutd.] 

Chaaeer, 

2.  To  dispose,  fortunately  or  not ;  also,  to  presage. 
[Oy*.]  Drtfdeiu 

FOR'Tl^NE,  r.  i.    To  befall ;  lo  faU  out ;  to  happen  i 
lo  come  casually  to  pass. 

It  Jfcrimiwl  Uw  Kunr  ni^t  that  ■  f^ulalian,  arrrinf  a  Titrfc  in 
Uie  camp,  arcredv  gAtm  Uie  walcluiKa  warning.     KnoUM. 

FOR'TCNF^BOpK,  a,      A  book  to  be  consulted  to 
discover  future  events.  Craskatt. 


DryUn. 


DryigH, 


FOR 

FOR'TCN-KD.  a.     Sup(ilicd  by  fortune.  SAak, 

FOR'TUNE-IIU.NT'EK,  n.  A  m:in  who  seeks  to 
marry  a  wumaji  with  a  large  portion,  with  a  view  to 
enrich  himself.  Adthtixn, 

FOR'Tl^."tE-HU.\T'L\0,  n.  The  seeking  of  a  for- 
tune by  marriage. 

FOR'Tt;\E-LESS,  o.  Luckless;  also,  destitute  of  a 
fortune  or  p4>rtion. 

FOU'Tl^N'E-TELL,  v.U  To  tell,  or  pretind  to  tell, 
the  future  events  of  one's  life ;  to  reveal  futurity. 

Shak, 

FOR'Ti;\E-TELL'ER,  ».  One  who  tells,  or  pretends 
to  foretell,  the  events  of  one*s  life  ;  an  iniposttir  who 
deceives  people,  by  pretending  to  a  knowledge  of  fu- 
ture events. 

FOR'T*:\E-TELL'TXG,  p;»r.  Tellins  the  future 
events  of  one*s  liA*. 

Ft^R'TT:NE-TELL'ING,  «,  The  act  or  practice  of 
foretelHng  tl»e  Aiture  fortune  or  events  of  one's  life, 
which  is  a  punishable  crime. 

FOR'Ti:.\-IZE,  r.  t  To  regulate  the  fortune  of.  [AVt 
tu  !««.]  Spen.icr. 

FOR'TY,  a.  [S:ix.  feowtrtig i  feower,  four,  and  tig, 
ten.    See  Poca.] 

1.  Four  times  ten. 

9.  An  indehuite  nnrober ;  a  colloquial  use.  A,  B, 
and  C,  and  foHy  mure.  Sanft. 

FO'RU.M,  ».  [L.  See  F*ia.1  In  fiomr,  a  public 
place,  where  causes  weie  juiiici:illy  tried,  and  ora- 
tions delivered  to  the  people;  also,  a  market-place. 
Hence, 

2.  A  tribunal ;  a  court ;  any  assembly  empowered 
to  he^r  and  decide  causes  ;  also,  jurisdiction. 

FOR-W^N'UKR,   r.  i.      To  wander  away;   to  rove 

wildly.     [Xut  u^ed,]  Spenser, 

FOR'WART),    adv.      [Sax.  forweard  ;  for,  firre^   and 

«M«rd,  turned,  L.  versus;  directed  to  the  fore  port.] 
Toward  a  part  or  place  before  or  in  front ;  onward  ; 

progreasively  ;  opposed  to  Backward.    Go  fortmrd  ; 

move  Jbntard.    lie  ran  backward  and  forward. 
In  a  skip^  foncard  denotes  toward  tlie  fore  part. 
FOR'WARl),  a.    N'ear  or  at  the  fore  part ;  in  advance 

of  something  else ;  as,  the  funcard  gun  in  a  ship, 

or  the  forward  ship  in  a  lloet ;  the  foncard  bone  m 

a  team. 

3.  Ready  ;  prompt ;  strongly  inclined. 

Oaij  thty  wwuld  iha(  ««  aboold  RPoeniber  ihe  poor ;  ihs  aaiiie 
vhiCB  1  alM  »aa  fmmmrd  le  do.  — Gal.  il. 

X  Ardent ;  eager ;  earnest ;  violent. 

Or  iMd  Ibe/onaarrf  jouih  to  noble  war.  Prior. 

A.  Bold ;  confident ;  less  reserved  or  modest  than 
is  proper  \  in  an  iLl  setue ;  as,  the  boy  is  too  forward 
for  his  years. 

5.  Adviuiced  beyond  tlie  usual  degree;  ad%'anced 
for  the  season.  The  grass  or  the  grain  is  forward^  or 
forward,  for  the  season  ;  we  have  a  forward  spring. 

6.  Quick  i  hasty  ;  too  re:uly.  Be  not  fontard  to 
speak  in  public  Prudence  directs  that  we  be  not 
too  forward  to  believe  current  reports. 

7.  Anterior ;  fore. 

Let  ua  take  Ihe  iiuunt  \>y  dtefoneord  lap.  SJiaJc. 

8.  Advanced  ;  not  behindhand.  Skak, 
FOB'WARU,  V.  L     To  advance  ;   to  help  onward  ;  to 

promote  ;  as,  to  foricard  a  g(H>d  design. 

2.  To  accelerate;  to  quicken;  lo  liasten  ;  as,  to 
foruard  the  growth  of  a  plant ;  to  forward  one  in 
improvcmenu 

3.  To  send  forward  ;  to  send  toward  the  place  of 
destination;  to  transmit;  as,  to  foricard  a  letter  or 
dispatches, 

FOR'WARD-ED,  pp.  Advanced  ;  promoted  ;  aided 
in  prepress  ;  quickened  ;  sent  onward  ;  transmitted. 

FOR'WARI>-Ell,  n,  lie  tliat  promotes,  or  advances 
in  progress. 

2.  One  who  sends  forward  or  transmits  goods ;  a 
for\vardini;  merchant.  America. 

FOR'WARii-l.N'G,  ppr.  or  a.  Advancing  ;  prumoting; 
aidiuK^  progress;  accelerating  in  growth;  sending 
onward  ;  tninsniitting. 

FOR'WARU-I.VG,  iu  TJie  act  or  employment  of  trans- 
milting  or  sending  forward  merchandise  and  other 
[troperty  for  others. 

FOR'WARD-LV,  adx>.     Eagerly  ;  hastily  ;  quickly. 

AUcrbary. 

FOR'WARD-NESS,  n.  Cheerful  readiness  ;  prompt- 
ness. It  expresses  more  than  wiUingnesa.  We  ad- 
mire the  foricardness  of  Chridtians  in  propagating  the 
gospel. 

2.  Eagerness ;  ardor.  It  is  sometimes  difficult  to 
restrain  the  forwardness  of  youth. 

3.  Boldness  ;  confidence  ;  assurance;  want  of  due 
reser\'e  or  modesty. 

Id  Frnftc*  it  it  usual  to  Wiip  children  into  company,  and  cher- 
ufi  in  ih>?in,  from  Uieir  inhikcy,  a  kind  of /oruJorrffw*j  mid 
BBBumnCe.  Additon. 

4.  .K  stale  of  advance  beyond  the  usual  degree ;  aa, 
the  forward nes.i  of  spring  or  of  corn. 

FOR-WASTE',  V.  U     To  waste  ;  to  desolate.     [JVoI  tn 

'w'-j  Spenser. 

FOR-WEA'RY,  v.  U    To  dispirit.     [JVot  in  u.^e,] 

Spenser. 
FOR-WEEP',  tJ.  i.    To  weep  much.  Cftauecr. 


FOS 

FOR'WORD,  (wurd,)  n.    [fare  and  word.]    A  promise. 

f  A'ot  in  iueA  Spenser. 

FOR-Z^J^'DO,   (fnn-san'do,)  [It.]     in  miwir,  directs 

that  notes  are  to  be  boldly  struck  and  continued. 
FOSSE,  n.     [Ft.  fosse;  &p.fusa:  L.  and  ll,  fossa  t  from 

fossus,fudio^  to  dig.     Cla;4s  lid.] 

1.  A  ditch  or  moat ;  a  tcord  used  in  fortification. 

2.  In  anatomy^  a  kind  of  cavity  in  a  bune,  with  a 
large  ii[H3nure.  Enctjc. 

FOS'Sll.,  a.  [Fr.  fossils;  Sp.  fositf  ll.  fossUef  L.  Jos- 
siits:  friim  fodio,fossusy  to  dig.] 

Dug  out  of  the  earth  ;  as,  fossU  coal  ;  fossil  Nilt. 
The  term  fossU  is  now  appropriated  to  those  organic 
substances  which  have  hi-couie  penetrated  by  earlhy 
or  metallic  particles,  and  are  found  iu  riK;ks  or  Mi>! 
earth.  Thus  we  say,  fossii  shells,  fossU  bonvsy  fossil 
wood.  Cltavelaiid. 

FOS'SIL,  n.     A  substance  dug  from  the  earth. 

Fussdy  among  mineraloifisU  and  gculogints^  is  now 
used  lo  de><ignate  the  petrified  forms  of  planls  and 
animals,  wiiich  occur  in  the  strata  conipusing  the 
surface  uf  our  gluhe.  It  is  also  sometimes  used  to 
denote  simple  and  compound  mineral  bodies,  such  as 
earths,  salts,  bitumens,  and  metals.  A  Cyc. 

F0S'8II*-C0  P.\L,  n.  Ilighgate  resin  ;  a  resinous 
subi^tiuice  found  in  perforating  the  bed  of  blue  clny 
at  Hiphgate,  near  t/judon.  It  appears  to  be  a  true 
vegetable  gum  or  resin,  partly  changed  by  remriiiiiiig 
in  the  earth.  Cijc.    Atkiii. 

FOS-SIL-IF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  fossilis  urni  fero.] 

Containing  fossil  or  organic  remains  ;  as^  fossil  fer- 
ous  rocks. 

FOS'SIL-IST,  JI.  One  who  studies  the  nature  and 
properties  of  fossils;  one  who  is  versed  in  llie  sci- 
ence of  fossils.  Black. 

FOS-SIL-1-ZA'TION,  Ti.  The  act  or  process  of  con- 
verting into  a  fossil  or  petrifaction.      Joum.  of  Sci. 

FOS'SIL-IZE,  V.  t.  To  convert  into  a  fossil  or  ptrtri- 
faclinn  ;  as,  to  fossilize  bones  or  wood.     Journ.  ifScu 

FOS'SIL-IZE,  V.  L  To  become  or  be  changed  into  a 
fossil  or  )>etri faction. 

FOS'SIL-IZ-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Converted  into  a  fossil  or 
petrifaction. 

FOS'SIL-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Changing  into  a  fossil  or  pet- 
rifaction. 

F0S-S1L'0-GY,  n.     [fossil,  and  Gr.  >oj  «j,  discourse.1 
A  discourse  or  treatise  on  fossils  ;  also,  the  science 
of  fossils^ 

FO.S-i*0'Ri':S,  n.  pi.  [U,  diggers.j  In  loiHofpj,  a  group 
of  insects  which  are  organized  for  excavating  cells 
in  earth  or  wood,  where  they  deposit  their  eggs,  with 
the  btKJies  of  other  insects,  for  the  support  of  the 
young  when  hatched. 

FOS-yft'RI-AL,  a.     Digging. 

FOS-SO'RI-AL,  M.  An  animal  which  digs  into  the 
earth  for  a  retreat  or  lodge,  and  whose  locomotive 
extremities  are  adapted  for  that  purpose. 

FOSri'ROAD,  i  n.  A  Roman  military  way  in  England, 

FOSS'WAY,  \  leading  from  Totnes,  through  Exe- 
ter, to  Uartcm  on  the  Humber;  so  called  from  the 
ditches  on  each  side.  Encyc 

FOS'SU-LATE,  a.     [L.  fossa.'] 

Having  trenches,  or  d<;pres8ions  like  trenches. 

FOS'TER,  V.  t.  fSax. /o;*lrta/i,  iroxn  foster,  a  nurse,  or 
food  ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  foster,  a  child,  one  fed  ;  Dan. 
fasirer^  to  nurse.  1  suspect  this  word  to  be  from/uorf, 
quasi  foodster,  for  this  is  the  D.  word  voedster,  a 
nurse,  from  voeden^  to  feed  ;  D.  voedsicrkeer^  a  foster- 
father.] 

1.  To  feed  ;  to  nourish  ;  to  support ;  to  bring  up. 


Some  t&y  llmt  rarcni  fotUr  forlom  chiMrea, 


Shak. 


2.  To  cherish  ;   to  forward ;    to  promote  growth. 

The  genial  warinih  of  spring  fosters  the  plants. 

3.  'I'o  cherish  ;  to  encounige ;  to  sustain  aud  pro- 
mote ;  as,  to  faster  passion  or  genius. 

FOS'TER,  r.  i.  To  be  nourished  or  trained  up  to- 
gether. Spenser. 

FO.S'TliR,  n.     A  forester.  Spenser. 

FOS'TER-AGE,  n.     The  charge  of  nursing.  Raleif/u 

FOS'TER-UKOTII'ER,  (-bruth'er,)  «.  A  male  nursed 
at  the  same  breast,  or  fed  by  the  same  nurse,  but  not 
the  oflsprini:  nf  the  same  parents, 

FOS'TER-CllILD,  n.  A  child  nursed  by  a  woman 
not  the  mother,  or  bred  by  a  man  nut  the  father. 

Addison. 

FOS'TER-DA.M,  n.  A  nurse;  one  that  porforins  the 
office  of  a  mother  by  giving  t'mjd  to  a  child.     Dnjden. 

FOa'TER-EARTH,  (-erth,)n.  Earth  by  which  a  plant 
is  nourished,  though  not  its  native  soil.         Phdips. 

FO&''VEK- KB,  pp.     Nourished;  cherished;  promoted. 

FOS'TER-ER,  ».  A  nurse  ;  one  that  feeds  and  nour- 
ishes in  the  place  of  parents.  Dacies. 

FOS'TER-FA'THER,  n.  One  who  takes  the  place  of 
a  father  in  f'*editig  and  educating  a  child.     Bacon. 

FOS'TER-ING,  ppr.  Nursing;  cherisiiing  ;  bringfng 
up. 

FOS'TER-ING,  a.    That  cherishes  and  encourages. 

FOS'TER-ING,  n  The  act  of  nursing,  nourishing, 
and  cherishing. 

2.  NounshnieiiL  Chaucer. 

FOS'TER-EING.  n.     A  ff.!«ter  child.  B.  Jotison. 

FOS'TER-ME.VT,  n.  Food  ;  nourishment,  f  JVV(  iwed.] 

FOS'TER-ilOTH'ER,  ( -rauth'er,)  «.     A  nurse. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  —  PL\E,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 
476"  ^^===^:^^=z:z^^z==:^ziiz^:=z:;i=:^  _^,  ___  __ 


FOU 

FOS'TER-XURSE,  n,     A  nurse.     [7"aaU)l4>g-ieaL] 

FOS'TER-SIS'TER,  n.  A  female  nursed  by  the  same 
person.  Sivi/t. 

FOS'TER-SO\,  C-sun,)  n.  Ono  fed  and  educated  like 
a  son,  thuugh  not  a  son  by  birth.  Dnfdert. 

FOS'TRESS,  «,  A  female  wl^j>  feeds  and  ch<*rishes; 
a  nurse.  B.  Joiison. 

FOTH'ER,  ».  {G.  fudery  a  tun  or  lond  :  D.  vorder ; 
Sax.  fotJter,  food,  fodder,  and  a  mass  of  lead,  from 
the  sense  of  stutlin^,  crowding.     See  Food  ] 

A  fodder  ;  a  weight  for  It-ad,  &.c.,  of  various  mag- 
nmides,  but  usually  about  2400  lbs.     [See  Fodder.] 

FO'FII'ER,  F.  L  [From  stuffing.  See  the  preceding 
word.] 

To  endeavor  to  stop  a  Ifak  in  the  bottom  ol  a  ship, 
while  afloat,  by  letting  down  a  sail  under  her  bottom 
by  its  corners,  and  putting  chopped  yarn,  oakum, 
wool,  cotton,  &c.,  between  it  and  the  ship's  sides. 
These  substances  are  sometimes  sucked  into  the 
cracks,  and  the  leak  stopped.  T<-Uen. 

FOTH'ER-ED,  pp.  Stopped,  as  a  leak  in  llie  bottom 
of  a  ship. 

FOTH'ER  r.VG,  ppr.     Stopping  leaks,  as  above. 

FOTH'ER-LXG,  n.  The  operation  of  slopping  leaks 
in  a  ship  as  above. 

Fr>I'-GXDE',  (  n.     [Fr.  foufftule ;  Sp.foffada;  from  L. 

FOL'-GASS',  \     /MU3.] 
11  In  the  art  of  icar,  a  little  mine,  charged  with  pow- 

der, and  covered  with  stones  or  earth  ;  sometimes  dug 
outside  of  the  works,  to  defend  them,  and  sometimes 
beneath,  to  destroy  them  by  explosion.  P.  Cyc 

FOUGHi',  (fawt,)  preL  and  pp.  of  Fight.  [See 
Fight.] 

FOCGHT'fiX,  (fawt'n.)     Fnr  Fought.     [Obs.] 

FOL'L,  fl.  [Sax./../,/«Mi,-  U.  vnU;  G.faul;  Dan.  fal. 
In  Ch.  with  a  prefix,  ^Di  nabail^  to  defile.  The  Syr. 
with  a  different  prefix,  '\  ?\  J  tafely  to  tlrjile.  It  co- 
incides in  elements  with /«y,  and  probably  the  pri- 
iuar>  sense  of  both  is,  to  put  or  thmw  on,  or  to  sturt', 
to  crowd.  See  the  si  gnili  cation  of  tliu  word  in  sea- 
men's language.] 

I.  Covered  with  or  conLiining  extnmeous  matter 
which  is  injurious,  noxious,  or  offensive  ;  filthy ; 
dirly;  not  clean  ;  as,  a /oui  cloth  ; /(;u/ hands  j  a/uu^ 
cliimney. 

My  bee  k  foul  with  wwpiny,  —  Job  xri, 

a.  Turbid  ;  thick  ;  muddy  j  as,  foul  water ;  a  foul 
Btreain. 

3.  Impure  ;  polluted  ;  as,  a  foul  mouth.       Shak. 

4.  Impure  ;  scurrilous ;  obscene  or  profane  ;  as,/ou/ 
words ;  foid  language. 

5.  Cloudy  and  stormy  ;  rainy  or  tempestuous;  as, 
foul  Weather. 

6.  Impure;  defiling;  as,  a /q»I  disease. 

7.  Wicked  ;  detestable  ;  abominable  i  as,  a  foul 
deed  i  a  fvul  spirit. 

Babylon  — Uie  hold  of  e'erj  foul  •[ririt.  —  Rrr.  x*iu. 

8.  Unfair;  not  honest;  not  lawful  or  according  to 
established  rules  or  customs  ;  Hs^foid  play. 

9.  Hateful ;  ugty  ;  loathsome. 

Hast  Ihod  fbrjrot 
Thc/oiti  witch  Syconii  t  Shak. 

10.  Disgraceful;  shameful;  as,  a/ou/ defcaL 
Wbo  fim  Kdiioed  tbem  to  th*t/cn4  rrvolt/  Afuton. 

II.  Coarse;  grooa. 

Tbey  uc  all  for  rank  and/oui  fcMliii^,  F)ttton, 

13.  Full  of  gross  humors  or  impurities. 


Vou  p^rtrifc  the  bmj/  of  our  kuig\!i>ni, 
ttovi  foul  il  ia. 


Shak. 


13.  Full  of  weeds  ;  as,  the  garden  is  very  fouL 

14.  Among  ««amm,  entangled  ;  hindered  from  mo- 
tion ;  opposed  to  clear :  as,  a  rf»pe  is  foul. 

15.  Citvered  with  weeds  or  barnacles  ;  as,  the  ship 
has  tkfoui  bottom. 

l)i.  Not  fair  ;  contrary ;  as,  a  fotU  wind. 
17.  Not  favorable  or  safe  fur  anchorage ;  danger- 
ous ;  as,  a  foal  road  or  bay. 

Tofallfuu.1,  is  to  msh  on  with  hat^te,  rough  force, 
and  unseas<mahle  vit»lence. 

'2.  To  run   against;   as,  the  ship  fell  foul  of  her 
consort. 

[Thew  latter  phrai*es  show  that  this  word  is  allied 
to  the  Fr./uK/cr,  Eng.  full,  the  sense  of  which  is  to 
press.] 
Foil,  r.  /.     [Sax.A^toii,  gffylaiu] 

To  make  filthy;  to  defile;  to  daub;  to  dirty;  to 
bemire  ;  to  soil ;  as,  to  foul  the  clothes  ;  to  foul  the 
f-\r.e  or  hands.     Eitk.  xxxiv.  18. 
FtJL'L'UER,  V.  u     To  emit  great  heaL     [JV'ot  uged.] 

Spenser. 
FOTIL'ED,  (fowld,)  pp.     Defiled  ;  dirtied. 
FOrTI/FAC-£D,  (-faste,)  a.     Having  an  ugly  or  hate- 

f'll  visage.  Shak. 

FOUl^-FEED'ING,  a.    Gross;  feeding  grossly.  Hall, 
F01;L'ING,  ppr.     Making  foul ;  defiling. 
FOUI/LY,  «di).     Filthily;  nastily;  hatefully;  Bcan- 
d.ilou«ly  ;  diagracefully  ;  shamefully. 

iybi*/l|r  wToufta  turn ;  do,  forgive  mc,  do.  Oay. 

Q.  Unfoirijr ;  not  honestly. 

Thoa  pUj'dM  mott/uvVy  for  tt.  Sfiak. 


FOU 

FOUL'.Mt_)L'TII-£l>,  a.  Using  language  scurrilous, 
opprobrious,  obscene,  or  profane;  uttering  abuse,  or 
profane  or  obscene  words;  accustomed  to  use  bad 
language. 

So /oulmouVitd  a  witneaa  never  appeared  in  any  cauv^. 

AddiMon. 

FOUf/.VESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  foul  or  filthy  ; 
filthiness  ;  defilement. 

a.  The  qtiality  or  state  of  containing  or  being  cov- 
ered with  any  thing  extraneous,  which  is  noxious  or 
offensive  ;  as,  the  foulness  of  a  cellar,  or  of  a  well  ; 
the  foulness  of  a  musket ;  the  foulness  of  a  ship's 
bottom, 

3.  Pollution  ;  impurity. 

Their  ta  iiot  so  chute  a  nalioa  as  this,  nor  so  free  from  all  pot- 
liitjon  oT/ouineta.  Bacon. 

4.  Hatefulness  ;  strociousness  ;  as,  the  foulness  of 
a  deed. 

5.  Ugliness ;  deformity. 

The/oii/iwss  of  the  Jtilt-nial  form  to  hide.  Dn/den, 

C.  Unfairness;  dishonesty;  want  of  candor. 
Piety  ia  pppo«-?tI  to  hypocrisy  and  iiiunccritv,  and  ail  f™I«*n''«i  or 

j'oulnes\  oi  iittr-iitioiis.  JIammottd, 

FOUL'-SPCK'£N,  a.     Slanderous.  Sfiak. 

2.  Using  profane,  scurrilous,  or  obscene  language. 
FOU'MART,  «.     [ticot.  foumane.     Q,a.  fvulm.utin.] 

The  polecat. 
FOUND,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Fiwd. 

I  ain/ound  by  ih^m  that  sought  nie  not.  — Is.  Ixv. 

3.  Supplied  with  food  or  board,  in  addition  to 
wages  ;  as,  a  laborer  is  hired  at  so  much  a  day,  and 
is  found. 

FOUND,  F.  t.  [I^fundo,  f undo  re  ;  Ft. fonder  ;  It./t>n- 
dare;  Sp.  fuiular :  Ir.  bua,  ^ttunip,  bottom,  stock,  ori- 
gin; bunadJiUj  bunait,  fouiidatioa.     If  h  is  radical  in 

foundy  as  I  suppose,  it  seems  to  be  the  Ar.  iJLi  bamt, 

Heb.  Ch.  naa  to  build,  that  is,  to  set,  found,  erect. 
Class  Bn,  No.  7.1 

1.  To  lay  the  basis  of  any  thing;  to  set,  or  place, 
as  on  something  solid  for  supjtorL 

h  ftU  not,  for  it  wiiMjbut¥ttd  on  a  roch.  —  Matt.  vii. 

2.  To  begin  and  build  ;  to  lay  the  foundation,  and 
raise  a  superstructure  ;  as,  to  found  a  city. 

3.  To  set  or  place;  to  establish,  as  on  something 
solid  or  durable  ;  as,  to/«u«d  a  government  on  prin- 
ciples of  liberty. 

4.  To  begin  to  form  or  lay  the  basis  ;  as,  to  found 
a  college  or  a  library.  Sometimes,  to  emlow  itt  equiv- 
alent to  found.] 

5.  To  give  birth  to;  to  originate  ;  as,  to  found  an 
art  or  a  family. 

6.  To  set;  to  nlace  ;  to  establit<h  on  a  basis.  Chris- 
tianity is  founilta  on  the  rock  of  ages  ;  dominion  is 
sometimes  founded  on  conquest,  sometimes  on  ctioice 
or  voluntary  consent, 

Powvr,  founded  on  contract,  can  descend  only  to  him  who  has 
tigtii  t>y  thst  conincL  Locke. 

7.  To  fix  firmly. 

I  had  elae  bt^n  petfi^t, 
Whole  na  tlic  marbttf , /uumiffi  as  Ute  rock.  Shak. 

FOU.VD,  r.  I.  [l^.  fundoy  fudi.fugum  :  Fx.fondre:  Sp. 
fundir^  or  Aunrfir ;  It.  fondere.  The  elements  are 
probably  Fd\  n.  being  adventitious.] 

To  cast  i  to  form  by  melting  a  metal,  and  potiring 
it  int-o  a  mold.  Milton, 

[This   verb   is    seldom   used,   but   the    derivative 
foundery  is  in  common  use.     For/<»unrf  we  use  east.] 
FOUN-DA'TlON,fi.     [l^fundatioi  Ft.  fundation  ;  from 
L.fundo.] 

1.  TTie  basis  of  an  edifice  ;  that  part  of  a  building 
or  structure  which  rests  on  the  ground  ;  usually  a 
wall  of  stone  which  sup[>orta  the  edifice. 

2.  The  act  of  fixing  the  basis.  Ticket. 

3.  The  basin  or  groundwork  of  any  thing ;  that 
on  which  any  thing  stands,  and  by  which  it  is  sup- 
ported. A  free  government  has  its  foundation  in  the 
choice  and  consent  of  the  people  to  be  governed  ; 
Christ  is  the  foundation  of  the  church. 

Behold,  I  lay,  in  Ziun,  Ibr  a  foundation,  a  stone  —  a  ptrcious  cor- 

iMr-stune.  —  la,  xaviiL 
Olb^r  foundation  ctn    no    man    lay  than    tliat    which    is  laid, 

which  ia  J'jsus  Christ.  —  I  Cut.  hi. 

4.  Original ;  rise  ;  as,  the  foundation  of  the  world. 

5.  Endowment ;  a  donation  or  legary  appropriated 
to  8up|K>rt  an  institution,  and  constituting  a  perma- 
nent fund,  usually  for  a  charitable  purpoi»e. 

6.  Establishment ;  settlement, 
F0UN-IIA'T1C»N-Ea.  n.     One  who  derives   support 

from  the  funds  or  foundation  of  a  college  or  great 

school.  Jaekaon.  [Rnjr.] 

FOUN-DA'TION-LES3,  a.    Having  no  foundation. 

Hammond. 
FOUN0'ED,p;..    Set;  fixed;  established  on  a  baais ; 

bei;nn  and  built. 
FOUNU'ER,  n.      One   that  fnunds,  establishes,  and 

erects ;  one  that  lays  a  foundation ;  as,  the  founder 

of  a  temple  or  city, 
2.  One  who  begins ;  an  author ;  one  from  whom 


FOU 

any  thing  originates  ;   as,  the  founder  of  a  sect  of 
philosophers;  the  founder  of  a  family  or  race. 

3.  One  who  enduws  ;  one  who  furnishes  a  perma- 
nent fund  for  the  support  of  an  institution;  as,  the 
founder  of  a  college  or  Imspital. 

4.  [Fr./owt/eur.j  A  caster  ;  one  who  casts  metals 
in  various  forms  ;  as,  a  founder  of  cannon,  bolls, 
hardware,  printing  types,  &c. 

5.  A  lameness  occasiioned  by  inflammation  within 
the  hoof  of  a  horse,  Bnchauan. 

FOUNU'ER,  V.  i.     [Fr-^nrfre,  to  melt,  to  fall.] 

1.  In  seamm*s  lanoTin^^e^  to  fill  or  be  filled  with 
water,  and  sink,  as  a  ship. 

2.  To  fail ;  to  miscarry.  Shak, 

3.  To  trip  ;  to  fall.  Chaucer. 
FOUND'ER,  V.  L     To  cause  internal  inflammation 

and  great  .soreness  in  the  feet  of  a  horse,  so  as  to  dis- 
able or  lame  him.  Encpe. 

FOUND'ER-£U,7jp.  ore.     Made  lame  in  the  feet  by 
inflammation  and  extreme  tenderness,  as  a  horse, 
2.  Slink  in  the  sea,  as  a  ship. 

FOUND'ER-OUS,  a.  Failing  ;  liable  to  sink  from  be- 
neath ;  ruinous;  as,  a/««nrfn-oits  road.  Burke. 

FOUND'ER-Y,  n.     [Fr.  fundcrie.) 

1.  The  art  of  casting  metals  mto  various  forms  for 
use  ;  the  casting  of  statues. 

2.  The  liouse  and  works  occupied  in  casting  met- 
als ;  as,  a  foundery  of  bells,  of  hollow  ware,  of  can- 
non, of  tyi)es,  &.C. 

FOUND'ING,  71.  The  art  of  casting  or  formmg  of 
melted  metal  any  article,  according  to  a  given  design 
or  pattern. 

FOUNU'Ll.VG,  n.  [from  foundyfnd.]  A  deserted  or 
ex[>osed  infant;  a  child  found  without  a  parent  or 
owner.  A  hospital  for  such  children  is  called  a 
foundUn<f  ho.'*pital. 

FOUND'RESS,  n.  A  female  founder;  a  woman  who 
founds  or  establishes,  or  who  endows  with  a  fund. 

FOUND'RY,  n.  A  building  occupied  for  casting  met- 
als.     [See  FOUPSDEBY.] 

FOU.VT,  i  n.     [h.fons:  Fr.  fontaine  ;  Sp.fucnte; 

FOUNT'ATN,  i  It.  /<mfc,  fontana  i  W,  fyutwn,  a 
fountain  or  source  ;  fyniaw,fynu,  to  produce',  to  gen- 
erate, to  abound  ; /tcH,  a  source,  breath,  puff; /w/tt, 
produce.] 

1.  A  spring,  or  source  of  water  ;  properiy,  a  spring 
or  issuing  of  water  from  the  earth.  This  word  ac- 
cords in  sense  with  tcell^  in  our  mother  tongue  ;  but 
we  now  distinguish  Ihcin,  applying  fountain  to  a 
natural  spring  of  water,  and  well  to  an  artificial  pit 
of  water,  issuing  from  the  interior  of  the  earth. 

2.  A  small  basin  (jf  springing  water.  Ttiyhr. 

3.  A  jet ;  a  spouting  of  water ;  an  artificial  spring. 

4.  The  head  or  source  of  a  river.  Dnjden. 

5.  Original ;  first  principle  or  cause  ;  the  source  of 
any  thing. 

Almighty  God,  Che/ountoin  of  all  yootluesa.    Common  Prayer, 

Fount  of  types.     See  For*T. 
FOUNT'AIN-IIEAD,    (fount'in  hed,)    ji.      Primary 

nource  ;  original ;  finst  principle.  Young. 

FOUNT'AIN-I.ESS,  a.    Having  no  fountain  ;  wanting 

a  spring. 

A  bnrrrn  desert, /ountoinZM*  and  dty.  Milton. 

FOUNT'AIN-TREE,  m     Tn  the  Canary  Isles,  a  tree 

w  hich  distils  water  from  its  leaves  in  sufficient  abun- 
dance for  the  inhabitants  near  it.  Enei/c. 

FOUXT'FUL,  a.     Full  of  springs  ;  as,  fountfal  Ida. 

FCUR,  a.  [^i\x.  f cower ;  G.rier,-  D.  vier  s  Hw.fyra; 
Vnn.fre.  I  suspect  tliis  word  to  be  contracted  from 
Goth./Wwor,  W.  peAlwar,  Arm.  pevar^  paler,  or  petor, 
peaar,  froui  which  L.  petorituWy  petorritum,  a  carriage 
with  four  wheels,  pe/orro^a.] 

Twice  two  ;  denoting  the  sum  of  two  and  two. 

FOURIIE,  (fmirb,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  tricking  fellow;  a 
cheat.     [JVof  English.}  Denham. 

F6UR'-EDG-i':D,  a.     Having  four  edges.  Smith. 

FCUR'FOLD,  a.  Four  double;  quadruple;  four  tiroes 
told  ;  as,  a  fourfold  division. 

He  shall  restore  Uie  lamb /our/oltf.  —  2  Sam.  xil. 
FOUR'FOLD,  n.     Four  times  as  much. 
FOUR'FOI.D,  V.  U  To  assess  in  a  fourfold  ratio.   [JVW 

authoriied.] 

F0UR'F0l6-ING,  n.  Making  four  double;  quad- 
rupling. Dteight. 

FC>VR'Fi)QT-FD,  a.  Quadruped;  having  four  feet; 
as  tlie  horse  and  the  ox. 

FCUR'1-ER-ISM,  n.  The  system  of  Charies  Fourier, 
a  Frenchman,  who  recommends  the  reorganization 
of  society  into  small  communities,  living  in  com- 
mon. 

FOUR'IER-ITE,  n.     One  who  favors  Fouriericm. 

FOUR'RIiiR,  H.    [Fr.]    A  harbinger.    [JVot  English,] 

Buck, 

FOUR'SeORE,  a.  [See  Score.]  Pourtimes  twenty  ; 
eighty.  It  is  used  elliptically  for  fourscore  years  ; 
as.  a  man  of  fourscore.  Temple. 

FOLfR'SUUARE,  a.  Having  four  sides  and  four 
angles  equal ;  quadrangular.  Ralegh. 

FOUR'TEEN,  a.     [foTtr  and  ten;  Sue. femeertyn.f 
Four  and  ten  ;  twice  seven. 

FOUR'TEENTH,  a.  The  ordinal  of  fourteen ;  the 
fourth  af^er  the  tentlt 


TONE,  BULL,  tINlTE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  a«  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  fill ;  TH  a«  la  THIS. 


FOY 

FOUK'TEKXTH,  m.  lu  miuic,  the  ocU%-e  of  tlu- 
sevenUi. 

FOURTH,  a.  The  ordinal  of  Tuur  ;  the  next  aAer  ttie 
third. 

FCl'KTII,  n,  tn  wnuie,  an  inteniU  comnnsed  €tf  two 
tunes  and  a  semitone.  Ttiis  is  callcu  tti«  perfect 
ftmrtJi.  Two  whole  toneit  ami  a  semitone  conipuse 
Itie  iiiminisJud  fourtk.  Three  Hill  tunes  compose  a 
triton^  or^^HrtJh  redHndant,  P.  Cue, 

FOLR  TH'IA',  adv.    In  the  fourth  place. 

Fd'H'WUEEL-irD,  a.  Ilavmg  or  running  on  four 
w  heel-*. 

FOl"TER,  (foo'ler,)  «.    A  despicable  fellow.    Brotket. 

FOf'TRA. «.    TFr.  AMfrcl    A  fi< ;  »  scoiT.    fOi*.] 

FOf'TV,  n.     [Fr-Z-Kfu.]    Despicable.  [Skak. 

FO'VE-O  LA-TED,  «.     [Low  L.  /octoto.] 

Having  litile  depn^ssums  or  pit&  SmUu 

PO-VIL'LA, «.     [L./>rw.] 

A  fine  subeCance,  iuipcfrceptible  to  the  naked  eye, 
emitted  from  the  pollen  of  llowt-r<.  .l/arfra. 

FOWL,  a.  rSnx.  A^'A  /«^^ :  CI.  and  D.  vogtl ;  Dan. 
/«/<  j  Sw./afd ;  frt>m  the  rool  of  the  I*.  /•'^»»/«/<', 
Gr.  ^tv}  cj,  and  sigiiiryin;  the^ytM^r  aKimai.] 

A  flying  or  w.nged  anitnAl  ;  thu  eeneric  nanw  of 
certain  animals  that  move  thmiigh  the  air  hy  tin-  nid 
of  wings.  Fowls  have  two  feet,  are  covered  with 
fcalht-rs,  and  have  wiiig^  for  tltcht.  Bird  is,  etynio- 
lo^trally,  a  young  fowl  or  chicken,  and  may  well  be 
apjilietl  III  the  smaller  species  of  fowl:*.  But  it  has 
umirped  the  pl.ice  of  /dc/,  and  is  now  commonly 
oaed  as  the  generic  term,  ttiuugU  this  is  not  in  ac- 
cordance wiib  its  etymolosy. 
f)ni)l  is  used  as  a  collective  noun.    We  dined  on 


Uti 


onrdK  BshoTlfae  Ka,  uid  over  tbe 


yM  of  the  air.— Ucn,  L 

Rill  this  Hse  in  America  ts  not  frequent  We  gen- 
entlly  use  the  plural, /<>id'^  I'hr  word  is  colloquially 
used  fur  poultry,  or  rather,  in  a  more  luuited  sense, 
fur  bamdour  fowls. 

FOWL,  r.  i.  To  catch  or  kill  wild  fowb  for  game  or 
food,  as  by  means  of  bird-hmo,  decoys,  nets,  and 
■nares,  or  by  pursuing  them  with  tuwks,  or  by 
shooting. 

FOWL'EB,  a.  A  sportsman  who  pursues  wild  fowls, 
or  takes  or  kills  them  for  food. 

FOWL'IXU,  ppr.    Pursuing  or  taking  wild  fowls. 

FOWI.'iNC.  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  catching  or 
-  or  birds  i  also,  falconry. 

F<  uCE,  a.     A  light  gua  for  shooting 

f 

FOX,  «.    [aax-/«;  O./Mchs;  D.  r#5.J 

1.  An  animal  of  the  genus  f'ulptj.  (Canu  of  Lin- 
BKUsJ  woh  a  straight  totl^ellowisu  vr  straw-col- 
oned  loir,  and  erect  rais.  This  animal  burrows  in 
the  eattli,  ia  remarkable  for  hia  cunning,  and  pre>'8 
on  luobs,  gaaae,  bsiw,  or  other  small  animals. 

S.  A  sly,  cunning  fdlow. 

9.  lu  <ssiw*s  iaa^iuire,  a  amall  strand  of  rope, 

Biade  by  twisting  seTcru  rope-yams  together :  used 

for  seizings  or  mats.  TeOau 

4.  Formrrlify  a  cant  eipression  for  a  sword.   Skak. 
FOX,  r.  L    To  intoxicate  ;  to  stupefy.    [A*o(  mstd.] 

Btnfte, 
3.  To  cover  the  feet  of  boots  with  new  leather  and 

new  sc^es.  jSmeriea, 

FOX,  p.  i.    To  turn  sour;  applied  to  beer  when  it 

suurs  in  fermenting.  Smart 

FOX'€iSE,  a.    The  skin  of  a  for.    [A"of  used.] 

L^  Edtrnnfff. 
FOX'-CHA3E,  a.    The  pursuit  of  a  fox  with  hounds. 
FOX'fJD,  (foxt,)  pp.  or  «.    I'urned  sour  in  fermenting, 

as  beer.  Bocih. 

FOX'EB^V, «.    Behavior  like  that  of  a  fox.    [Aoc  in 

mse.]  Chaucer. 

FOX'-£-V/L,  a,    A  kind  of  disease  in  which  the  hair 

faJU  off.  DicU 

FOX'-GLOVE,  a.  A  handsome  biennial  plant,  Z><>Ud^i* 

Purpurea^  whose  leaves  are  used  as  a  powerful  medi- 

cme,  both  as  a  sedative  and  diuretic      DtatgUson. 
FOX'HOLWD,  a.    A  hound  for  cliasing  foxes. 
FO.X'-HL'NT,  n-     The  chase  or  hunting  of  a  foi- 
FOX'-HL'XT-ER,  a.     One  who  hunU  or  pursues  foxes 

with  houndn. 
FO.\'-IIL'XT-I>'G,  a.    The  employment  of  hunting 

foxes. 
FOX'-HUVT-ING,  a.     Pertaining  to  or  engaged  in 

ih''  hiintmg  of  foxes.  HilL 

'   FOX'I:r?H,     I  a.    Resembling  a  fox  in  qualities;  cun- 
FOX'LIKE,  i      ning. 
FOX't^HIP,  lu    The  character  or  qualities  of  a  fox  ; 

cunning.  Sh/ik. 

FOX'TAIL,  a.    A  species  of  grass,  the  Alopecurus. 
FOX'-TR.\P,  a     A  uap,  or  a  gin  or  snare,  to  catch 

foxes. 
FOX'Y,  a.    Pertaining  to  foxes  ;  wily.     [AVt  used.] 

2.  An  epithet  applied  to  paintings,  when  the  shad- 
ows and  lower  tones  have  too  much  of  a  yellowish, 
rmI dish-brown  color.  Joctly*, 

FOY,  n.     [Ft.foi.] 

Faith.     fA'tft  wed.]  Spenser. 

FOY,  H.  [Teut.  fory.]  A  feast  given  by  one  who  is 
about  to  leave  a  place.  England's  Jests, 


FRA 

FOV'SON.    t>u-e  FoisoN. 

FRA'CAS,  n.    [Fr.]    An  uproar;  a  noisy  quarrel ;  a 


disturbance. 


Shak. 
letion  i  from  L. 


FR  \eT,  r.  (.     To  break.     [.Yvt  used.] 

FRAe'TION,  R.     [L.  /rttctiu  ;    Fr.  /ra. 
/ra*ffo%/ractus,  to  brrak.     [See  IUeak.1 

I.  The  act  of  bn-aking  or  slate  of  being  broken, 
especially  hy  violence.  Burnet. 

a.  In  ariikmciic  and  algebra^  a  broken  [xirt  of  an 
integral  or  integer;  any  division  of  a  whole  number 
or  unit,  as  |,  two  fifths,  ^,  one  fourth,  which  are 
called  vulvar  fnutions.  In  these,  the  fipiirc  above  the 
line  is  called  Ih*"  itHwcra/or,  and  the  figure  b^low  the 
line  the  denominatitr.  In  decimal  fraciions, the  denom- 
inator is  a  unit,  or  I,  with  i\s  many  ciphers  annexed 
as  the  numerator  ha.«  places.  They  are  cotninonly 
exprvsseil  by  writing  the  numerator  only  with  u  (Hiiut 
before  it,  by  which  it  is  separated  from  whole  nunv 
bers  ;  thus  ..">,  which  denotes  five  tenths,  -^^y,  or 
halfofaunit;  Ji5,thalls,-j2j^j,ora  fourth  part  of  a 
unit. 

FRAe'TION-AL,  a.  Belonging  lo  a  bmken  number  ; 
comprising  a  p.-irt  or  the  parts  of  aunif ;  aay/raclional 
numbers. 

FRAC'TIOCS,  (frak'shus,)  a.  Apt  to  break  out  into 
a  passiim  ;  ajU  to  quarrel;  cross  j  snappish  ^  as,  a 
fi-activHs  man. 

FRAe'TIOUd-LY,  adv.    Passionately  ;  snappishly. 

FRAC'TIOUS-XESS,  a,     .\  cross  or  sunppish  temper. 

FKAC'Tt^RE,  (frakl'yur,)  a.  [L.  fraciura.  See 
Bbbak.] 

1.  A  breach  in  any  body,  especially  a  breach 
causeil  by  violence  ;  u  nipture  of  a  solid  body. 

2.  In  .ntrgrry,  the  rupture  or  disruption  of  a  btme. 
A  fracture  is  simple  or  compound;  simple^  when  the 
bone  only  is  divided  ;  eovtpaund^  when  the  bone  is 
broken,  with  a  laceration  of  the  integuments. 

3.  lu  minfra/o/Vj  the  manner  in  wliich  a  mineral 
breaks,  and  by  which  its  texture  is  displayed  ;  as,  a 
etrmpcct/racture;  a  JUrraus  fracture  ;  foltaied^  striated^ 
or  conckoidal  fracture.  Sec  Kinean. 

FRACTURE,  p.  I.  To  break  ;  to  burst  asunder;  to 
cmck  ;  to  separate  continuous  parts ;  as,  U)  fracture  a 
bone;  U> fracture  the  skull.  li'iseman. 

FRA€'Tl^R-£D,  (fraktVurd,)  pp.  or  a.  Broken  ; 
cmcked. 

FRAC'TUR-ING,  ppr.  Creaking;  bursting  asunder; 
cracking 

FRAO'ILE,  (fraj'U,)  a.    [L.  MgOis,  from  frmgCt  lo 
break.} 
1.  Brittle  ;  easily  broken. 

The  lUlk  of  \tj  ii  tough,  and  aot/rsftl*.  Bacon. 

3.  Weak ;  liable  to  fail ;  easily  destroyed  ;  a«, 
fiwU  arms.  Milton. 

FRAG'ILB-LY,  adv.    So  as  to  be  easily  broken. 
F&A-GLL'I-TV,  n.    Brittleness ;  easiness  lo  be  broken. 

Bacoiu 
Q.  Weakness  ;  liableness  to  fail.  KnoUts. 

3.  Frailty  ;  tiableness  to  fault.  ffotton. 

FRAG'MEXT,  n.  [L.  fragmentum^  from  frangOj  to 
break.] 

1.  A  part  broken  off;  a  piece  separated  from  any 
thing  by  breaking. 


3.  A  part  separated  from  the  rest ;  an  imperfect 
part ;  as,  fragments  of  ancient  writings. 

3.  A  small,  detached  portion  ;  as,  fragments  of 
time.  Franklin. 

FRACMEXT-A-RY,  a.    Composed  of  fragments. 

•  .  Donne, 

FRAG'MEXT-ED,  a.     Broken  into  frapmonts. 
FKA'GUR,  n.     [L.     See  Rreak.J     A  loud  and  sudden 
sound;  the  report  of  any  thing  bursting;  a  loud, 
harsh  sound  ;  a  crash. 
2.  A  strong  or  sweet  scent.     [Obs.] 
FRA'GRANCE,    (  n.     [I*  fragrantia.  from  fragro.  to 
FaA'GH.\X-CY,  i     ^     ^ 

smell  strong.  Ar.  -^   ,1  ariga^  to  emit  or  diffuse  odor. 

The  Arabic  is  without  a  prefix,  and  Uie  word  belongs 
probably  to  the  great  fojnily  of  reacA,  stretch.] 

Sweetness  of  smell ;  that  quality  of  bodies  which 
affects  the  olfactory  nervea  with  an  agreeable  sensa- 
tion; pleasing  scent ;  grateful  odor. 

E»e  9^THTa.te  he  spies, 
Vailed  in  a  duud  at  fragranee.  MUton. 

'Vae  gobiet,  crowmwl, 
EmtbMl  aronuuic  /ragrancUi  aruund.  Popt. 

FRA'GRANT,  o.    Sweet  of  smell ;  odorous. 

Fragrant  Um  fenile  earth 
After  Kfl  filu>were.  Milton. 

FRA'GRANT-LY,  ado.     With  sweet  scent.   Jtrortimtr. 
FRAIL,  a.     [Supposed  lo  be  from    Ft.  frele^  iL  frale. 

Q,u.  L.  fragiliSy  or  from  a  different  rooL] 

I.  Weak  ;  infirm  ;  liable  to  fail  and  decay  ;  subject 

to  casualties;  easily  destroyed  ;  perishable;  not  firm 

or  durable. 

Thit  I  m»y  Irnow  Itow/raii  I  am,  —  Ps.  xxxls. 


FRA 

S.  Weak  in  mind  or  resolution  j  liable  to  error  or 
deception. 

Man  UyVMil  ami  pnnf  to  trQ.  Tay'or. 

3.  Weak  ;  easily  broken  or  overset ;  as,  a  fraU 
FRAIL,  n.     [Norm. /raJc]  [bark. 

1.  A  basket  made  of  rushes,  used  chiefly  for  con- 
taining figs  and  raisins. 
a.  A  rush  fur  weaving  baskets.  Johnsen, 

y.  A  certain  quantity  of  raistn^i,  about  75  pounds. 
FRAlL'LY,a</u.     Weakly  ;  infirmly.  [Eueur. 

FRAIL'XESS,  H.    Weakness  ;  infirmity  ;  as,  ihejrail- 

ne-^fs  of  the  body. 
FRAIL'TY,  n.      Weakness  of  resolution  ;  infinnily  ; 
liublencss  to  be  deceived  or  se4uced. 

IJo'l  knuwi  ouT/miJhf,  luid  piiic*  our  wcokncBi.  Loekt. 

9.  Frailness;  infirmity  of  body. 
X  Fault  proceeding  from  weakness  ;  f4(iblc  ;  sin  ol 
infirmity.     [/«  this  spiw?,  it  has  a  plural.] 
FHAIS'CHEUH,{fTk'sUiir,)n.   [Fr.]    Freshness  ;  cool- 
ness.    [JSTut  Knglt.-'h.]  Drydrn. 
FRAIsn,  ».     [^Fr.,  from  It.  fregio,  ornament,  frieze.] 
1.  In  ^»rei/ic<it^ofi,  a  defense  consislini;  of  pointed 
stakes  driven  into  the  ramparts,  in  a  horizontal  or  in- 
clined position.  P.  Cyc. 
9.  .\  pancake  with  bacon  in  it.  [OJ^.]    Johnson. 
FRAI«'£D,  a.     Fortifii-d  with  fraise. 
FRAM'A-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  framed. 
FRAME,  r.  U    [Sax. /rfjnman,  to  frame,  to  effect  or 
perform;  Arxn.  framma^  to  join;  D.raam^  a  frame, 
G.  rahm^  a  frame  and  cream  ;  Dan.  rame ;  Sw.  ram  ; 
Russ.  rami.     Uu.  Class  Rm,   \u.  ti.     In    Russ.  r« ma 
is  a  frame^  and  rawio,  the  shoulder,  L.  armus^  Eng. 
ar/n.l 

1.  To  fit  or  prepare  and  unite  several  parts  in  a 
regular  structure  or  enlire  thing;  to  fabricate  by  or- 
derly construction  ami  union  of  various  parts  ;  as,  to 
frame^a  house  or  other  Imilding. 

2.  To  fit  one  thing  lo  another ;  to  adjust ;  to  make 
suitable.  Abbot, 

3.  To  make  ;  to  compose  ;  as,  to  frame  a  law. 

For  ihoii  anfrnmed  uf  ihe  fimi  iriith  o(  Tnlor,  Shak. 

4.  To  regulate  ;  to  adjust ;  to  shape  ;  to  conform  ; 
as,  to /rame  our  lives  according  to  the  rules  of  the 
gospel. 

5.  To  form  and  digest  by  thought;  as,  to  franu 
ideas  in  the  mind. 

How   mail*  cxc-'IItiI  n«;«oii1n^  nn* /rimed  in  tlie   mtnd  of  S 
iiuLii  ul'  wit.lujii  nn.l  «t>iU>  in  a.  If  ngih  of  jre^ra  1       Watta, 

6.  To  contrive  ;  to  plan  ;  lo  devise  ;  as,  to  frame  a 
project  or  design. 

7.  To  invent ;  to  fabricate ;  in  a  bad  sense;  as,  to 
frame  n  stor}-  or  lie. 

FRAME,  r.  i.     To  contrive.    .Tndges  xii.  G. 

FRAME,  71.  The  limbers  of  an  edifice  fitted  and 
joined  in  the  form  proposed,  for  the  purpose  of  sup- 
porting the  covering ;  as,  Uie  frame  of  a  house,  barn, 
bridge,  or  ship. 

2.  Any  fiibric  or  Ftructure  composed  of  parts  uni- 
ted ;  as,  the  frame  of  an  ox  or  horse.  So  we  say,  the 
frame  of  the  heavenly  arch  ;  the  frame  of  the  world. 

llouker.      Tillotson. 

3.  Any  kind  of  cose  or  structure  made  for  admit- 
ting, inclosing,  or  supporting  things;  as,  the  yrawie 
of  u  window,  door,  picture,  or  ItKiking-glass. 

4.  Among  printers^  a  stand  lo  supjiort  the  cases  In 
which  the  tyi>e3  are  distributed. 

5.  Among  founders,  a  kind  of  ledge,  inclosing  a 
board,  which,  being  filled  with  wet  sand,  serves  as 
a  mold  for  castings.  Encye. 

6.  A  sort  of  loom  on  which  linen,  silk,  &.c.,  is 
stretched,  for  quilting  and  embroidering.        Encye. 

7.  Order;  regularity  ;  adjusted  series  or  composi- 
tion of  parts.  We  say,  a  person  is  out  of  frame ;  the 
mind  ia  not  in  a  good  frame. 

Your  ttnuiy  soul  preaerrps  her/ram*.  Sici/l. 

8.  Form;  scheme;  structure;  constitution;  sys- 
tem ;  as,  a  frame  of  guvernment. 

9.  Contrivance ;  projection. 


iohu  tb^  bavtartl, 
Whoae  ipiriCs  toil  in/ratn4  a'  vilUinie>. 


Shak. 


10.  Particular  state,  as  of  the  mind. 

11.  Shap*; ;  form;  proiwrtion.  Ilndihras. 
Lncf^-frame  ;  a  frame  or  machine  for  making  lare. 
Stocking-frame;   a  h»om  or  machine  for  making 

storkines,  with  silk,  woolen,  or  collon  thread. 

FRAM'ii-D,  pp.  or  a.  Filled  and  united  in  due  form  ; 
made  ;  composed  ;  devised  ;  adjusted. 

FRAM'ER,  n.  One  who  frames;  a  maker;  a  con- 
triver. 

FRAME'-WORK,  (-wurk,)  n.  The  same  as  Fbame  ; 
that  which  supports  or  incloses  any  thing  else. 

FRAM'IXG,  ppr.  Fitting  and  joining  in  due  construc- 
tion ;  making;  fabricating;  composing;  adjusting; 
inventinc  ;  contriving. 

FRAM'ING,  n.  The  act  of  constructing  a  frame  ;  the 
frame  thus  constructed. 

FRAM'POIiD,  a.  Peevish;  cross;  vexatious.  [Lov, 
and  not  in  uae.]  Siiak. 

FRAN€,  n,  A  silver  coin,  of  France,  of  the  value  of 
eighteen  c^nts  and  six  mills,  as  established  by  a  law 
of  Congress  in  1846. 


FATE,  FAR,  F.^LL,  WH.^T.— METE,  PRgY.— PIXE,  MARXXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.— 


FRA 


ruA 


FRA.\'CH1$E,  (fraii'chiz.)  n.  [Fr.,  from  fra>te,  frse  ; 
lUfr^tnchf-.za  ;  ftp.  and  Port,/ra/ioufai.     tjee  FaANK.l 

Properlij,  liberty  ;  freedom.     Hence, 

1.  A  [NirticuJar  privilege  or  right  granted  by  a  prince 
or  sovereign  to  an  individual,  or  to  a  number  of  jjcr- 
sons  :  as,  the  right  to  be  a  bodv  corporate  with  tier- 
peiual  succession ;  the  right  to  hold  a  court  leet,  or 
other  court;  to  have  waifs,  wrecks,  treasure-trove 
or  forfeitures.  So  the  right  to  vot«  for  povernors, 
senators,  and  representatives,  is  o,  franchise  belong- 
ing to  citizens,  and  odt  enjoyed  bv  aliens.  The  right 
to  e^tabhsh  a  bank  is  a  franckL^e. ' 

9.  Exemption  from  a  burden  or  duty  to  which 
others  are  subject. 

3.  The  district  or  jurisdiction  to  whicJi  a  particular 
privilege  extends  i  the  limiu  of  an  iinuiunily. 

Spenser 

4.  An  asylum  or  sanctuar>',  where  person^)  are  se- 
cure, from  arre&u 

C'hurchei  uiU  mooAiterie*  iu  Spain  zm^/ranchuta  for  criminals, 

Eita/c. 
FRA.N'CnrSE,  r.  (.     To  make  free;  ia/Es^RAr^ciiuK 

I*  mare  ^nicraHy  u^fed,  Sfuili, 

FRAX'CfUS-ED,  (fnn'chizd,)  pp.     Made  free. 
FRA\'CHISE-MENT,  (fran'chiz  imnt.J 
from  burden  or  r<;jjtriction  ;  freedom. 
Mnking  free, 
rtatning  to  the  Franks  or  French. 
FRA.\-CIS'eAi\,  a.     Belonging  to  the  order  of  St. 

Francis. 
FRA.V-(^IS'eAN,B.    A  monk  of  the  order  of  Pt.  Fran- 
cis, founded  in  1-209.     Tluy  are  called  also  Gray  Fri- 
ars and  Friarj  Minor, 

FRAS'CO'HS,  w.    A  species  of  partridge,  European 

and  Asiatic  ;  Die  Pcrdix  fmncolinus. 
FRAN-<5r  RIL'I-TV%  «.    The  state  or  nuality  of  being 
frnneil.le.  '  ^ 

FRAX'Gl  BLE  a.     [from  I,,  franco,  to  break.] 

That  may  be  broken  j  brittle;  fragile  j  eas>ily  bro- 

Boijle. 


FRE 


ruA.N"tiirs-i.Nr:,i,»r. 

FRAX'Cie,  a.    Ptrlain 


.     Rc'leade 


ken 

Liinine  rrfain  and  alinoii. 
FKA-V'IO.N,  (fran'yun,)  n.     A  paramour,  c.r  a  brxin 

cuiiip<iit)un.     [^"t  u-iedA  SpeH^er. 

FRA.\K,  a.     [Fr.  franc  ;  It.  and  Sp.  frmico  ;  G.  frank  ; 


[Fr.J    A  species  of  pastry, 'con- 
iidi  ;  alrfo,  a  perfume.   SiiiarL 


D.  eraxt.     aa.  Ai.    e.  fi  faraga,  to  free.    Class  Br, 

iVo.  3C,  or  Cla»5  Brc,  No.  5,  6,  7,  8.  Free  and  frank 
may  be  from  the  name  root  or  family ;  for  free  in 
S.iiou  is //-nra«,  coiiaidins  in  elements  with  kreak, 
and  Uic  nasal  sound  of  g  would  five  frank.  The 
French  fraiuhir  cives  llie  sense  of  breakin.r 


'  out  or 


rh  fratuhir  gives  llie  sense  of  bre'akin 
cter  Itmitj.  ' 

1.  Opin  ;  ingenuous  ;  candid  ;  free  in  utlerinc  real 
srntiuients  ;  not  reserved  ;  U:*inK  no  disguise.  Vuiiug 
piTSfins  are  u.-.ually  frank ;  old  persons  ate  more  re- 
served. 


2.  Open  ; 
br-art. 


mgenuous  ;   as. 


a  frank  disposition  or 
Bacon. 


U.  Liliernl ;  generous  ;  not  niggardly. 

f  Thtji  .lenjie  u  uout  rarr.  1 

4.  Free  ;  witiiout  conditions  or  compensation  :  as, 
a  frank  gilX, 

5._  Licentious  ;  unrestrained.  [A'at  h.«a/.]  Spemtrr. 
FR.-\.NK,  «.  An  anrieut  coin  of  Fnmee.  'i'he  value 
of  the  Kuid  franc  was  sumetliinc  more  tlian  tJi.'kt  of 
U»e  gold  crown.  The  silver  frinc  *v:is  iu  value  a 
third  of  the  gold  one.  The  gold  coin  is  no  longer  in 
circulation.  The  present  frank  (eoiniiionly  written 
franc)  is  a  silver  coin  of  the  value  uearly  of  nineteen 
Cents,  or  ten  pence  sl4;rliii2. 

a.  A  letter  which  is  exempted  from  postage :  or  the 
writing  which  renders  it  free. 

a.   A  sly  for  snine.     [JVrf  u.<ed.]  Shak. 

FRA.NK,  n.  A  name  given  bv  the  Turks,  Greeks,  and 
Arabs,  to  any  of  the  inh:ihi:anls  of  the  n  estetn  paru 
ol  Iluroiw,  Knglish,  French,  Italians,  i,c. 

2.  An  individual  belonging  to  a  powerful  German 
tribe,  called  the  fVanht,  who  coni|iiered  France. 
FKA.NK,  r.  u    To  exempt,  u  a  letter  from  the  charge 
of  postage. 

2.  To  shut  up  In  a  sty  or  frank.  [Jfut  i;.W.)    Skak. 

3.  To  feed  high  ;  to  cram  ;  to  fatten.     [wWt  UMaL] 
FRANK  AI,.MOI(;.NK',  (frank-al  inoin',)  a.     [frank, 

and  .Norm,  almoitrnr.i,  nInis.J 

Free  alms  ;  in  En^li^.'t  Ut'r,  a  tenure  l>y  which  a 
religious  corpftmtiun  holds  lauds  to  tlieni  and  ilieir 
siicresHors  forever,  on  condition  of  praying  for  the 
soul  of  the  donor.  BlacL-Une. 

FilA\K'-<;IH.SE,n.  A  liberty  nf  free  cliiise,  whereby 
p.'r*on»  having  lands  williin  the  compass  of  the  same 
are  prohibited  lo  cut  down  any  wood,  &.C.,  out  of  the 
view  of  the  forester.  CojeeJ. 

Frer-chiue,  is  the  liberty  of  keeping  beasts  of  chase 
or  roy;U  game  Iherein,  prolixled  even  from  the  owner 
of  the  land  himself,  with  a  power  of  liunting  them 

thereon.  BlarXtUlnt. 

FRA.\K'i;D,  (frankt,)p;i.  or  a.  Eiemptcd  from  post- 
age, 

FRA-VK'-FEE,  n.  Freehold  ;  a  bidding  of  lands  in  fee- 
simple,  Fjicve 

FRA.VK'-HEART'ED,  a.  Having  a  fr  ink  dist«)siti<",n. 


FKANK'-llKART'CD-.NLSS,  n.  The  stale  of  having 
a  Irank  heart. 

FKANK-l.V'CE.NSF.  or  FRANKT.V-CEXSE.  n.  r/™a* 
and  incriue.]  A  dry,  resinous  substance,  in  pieces  or 
ilrojw,  of  a  pale  yellowish  white  color,  of  a  bitterish, 
acrid  taslc,  and  verj'  indammable,  used  as  a  perfume. 

E5"?'^'?'''^'^'  '"'"'■  "'  "'    Eiempting  from  postage. 
f,!;  .  ■^.       •*"'' "•    '''•"=»«  of  eieniptins  from  postage. 
JRANKISH,  a.     Relating  to  tlie  Franks.     Versleein. 
1 11  A.\  K  -LAW,  n.    Free,  or  common  law  or  the  ben  ■ 

ent  a  person  has  by  it.  Kncve 

PR.\.\K'LIN,  II.    An  English  freeholder.    [Obs.] 

FR.INK'LIN-ITE,  n.  A  mineral  compound  of  iron, 
imc,  and  manganese,  found  in  i\'ew  Jersey,  and 
named  from  Dr.  Franklin.  Cleaveland. 

FRANK'Ly,  adr.  Openly  ;  freely  ;  ingenuously  ;  with- 
out reserve,  constraint,  or  disguise:  as,  lo  confess 
one's  faults /raTiA-.'y. 
2.  Liberally  ;  freely  ;  readily.    Luke  vii. 

FR.\.\K'-.MAa'RlA(5E,  ii.  A  tenure  in  tail  special  ; 
or  an  estate  of  inheritance  given  to  a  person,  together 
with  a  wife,  and  descendible  to  the  heirs  of  their  two 

T-,?°.'l.'-'',?  "^^^'-''t'"-  BIrtrt«toif, 

I  KA.NK'.NLSS,  a.  Plainness  of  speech  ;  candor;  free- 
dom in  communication  ;  openness  ;  ingenuousness. 
He  told  me  his  opinion  with  fratikne^t. 

2.  Fairness;  freedom  from  art  or  craft:  as,  frank- 
ness of  dealing. 

3.  Liberality  ;  bounteousness.    [r.ttlle  usrd.l 
FRA-NKTl-EDGE,  (-plej.)  n.     A  pte.lgo  or  surety  for 

the  giKKl  behavior  of  freemen.  AucienUv,  in  Kn-j'Sand 

a  numlicr  of  neighbors  who  were  bound  for* each 

other's  good  behavior.  Fnctic 

FRANK'-TE.\'E-.VIE.\T    «.    An  estate  of  freehold  : 

the  possiession  of  the  soil  by  a  freeman.  Blackslone. 
FR.\S'TIC,  a.     [L.  pkreneticusi  Gr.  •^.-irnnKi,  from 

v'.Dieiri!,  delirium  or  raving,  from  v^cl'',  mind,  the 

radical  sense  of  which  is,  to  rush,  to  drive  forward. 

So  animus  signitles  mind,  soul,  courage,  spirit ;  and 

anima  signities  soul,  wind,  breath.] 
L  Mad  i  raving ;   furious  ;   outrageous  ;  wild  and 

disorderly  j  distracted  \  as,  a  /raiij«  person  ;  franlic 

with  fear  or  grief. 
2.  Characterized  by  violence,  fiirv,  and  disorder; 

noisy  ;  mad  i  wild  ;  irregular;  as,  the  frantic  rites  of 

Bacchus. 
FRA.N'Tie-LY^ 
FRAN'Tie-AL-LY 


adv.    Madly  ;  distractedly  ;  out- 
rageously. 
FR  A.V'Tie-.NESS,  n.     Madness ;  fliry  of  passion  :  dis- 

Iniclion. 
FRAP.  V.  t.     In  seamtn^s  tan^ua^e,  to  draw  together, 
by  ropes  crossing  each  other,  wiih  a  view  to 'secure 
and  strengtlien  ;  as,  to  friip  a  tackle  or  vessel. 

FRAP'PKD,  (frapt,)  mj.     Crossed  and  drawn  together, 
f  R.AP'I'l.N'tJ,  ppr.    Crossing  and  drawin"  together. 
f  ii  A-TER'.N  A  L   a.     [Fr.  fraternel  1  L.  fraUrnus,  from 
frtUrr,  brother.] 

Brotherly  ;  (jertaining  to  brethren  ;  becoming  broth- 
ers ;  as,  fratcmat  love  or  all'ectiou  ;  a  fraUrnal  em- 
brace. 
FHA-TER'.VAI,-LV,  adr.    In  a  brotherly  manner, 
FH.\-TER'NI-TY,  a.     \U fratrm,l.u.] 

1.  The  statu  or  ipiahty  of  a  brother;  brotherhood. 
3.  A  bixly  of  men  associated  for  Iheir  cuninion  in- 
terest, business,  or  ple.asure  ;  a  company  ;  a  brotlier- 
hood  ;  a  society  ;  as,  the  fratrmilil  of  monks. 

3.  ."Men  of  the  same  class,  profession,  occup.alion 
or  chumcter. 

WiUi  whut  lenrw  of  rr«ii««  kiiaTei  iad  sou  will  ntcuk  of  their 
•mn/nurnit,.  g^^^ 

FRAT-ER-Nl-ZA'TIO.V,  a.  The  act  of  associating 
and  holding  fellowship  as  brelliren.  H  rl:e 

FRA-TEH'.NIZE,  t..  i.  Toassociate  or  hold  fellowship 
M  brolhers,  or  as  men  of  like  occu|>alioa  or  cliarac- 

FRAT'ER  \T7.  ER,  n.     One  who  fraternizes.  Burke. 

t  RAT'RI-CI  LI.\L,  a.     Pertaining  to  fratricide. 

FRAT'RI-CIDE,  n.  [L.  fratriculium  :  frater,  brother, 
and  c<r<f<i,  to  kill.] 

I.  The  crime  of  murdering  a  brother. 

3-  pno  who  murders  or  kills  a  brother.  L.  Jditi^on. 

FRAUD,  n.  [L. /raii«;  Fr.  Sp.  It.  and  Purt.  fraiute. 
I  his  agrees  in  elements  with  yai.  Iirird,  brril,  fraud, 
which  is  contracted  from  britf;den,  fraud,  guile,  dis- 
guise ;  and  brxf  coincides  with  brisue.  But  I  know 
not  that  these  words  are  connected  with  the  Latin 
fraus.^ 

Deceit;  deception;  trick;  artifice  by  which  the 
right  or  interest  of  another  is  injured ;  a  straL-igem 
intended  Ui  obtain  some  undue  atlvantage ;  an  at- 
tempt to  gain,  or  the  obtaining  of,  an  advantage  over 
niKrther  by  im|K>sitiou  or  iiiiiiiural  means,  particularly 
decepiicui  ill  conlracis,  or  bargain  and  sale,  either  bv 
Elating  falsehoods  or  suppressing  truth. 

If  ftu^M  n  tor-r'a  i<mJ  .lUTiit*, 
Who  uk>  If  fore-  w  fraud  otouunoa  tiu  ,-i,di  t  Pop*. 

FRAUD'FUL,  a.    Deceitful  in  making  bargains  ;  trick- 

Ish;  treacherous;  applied  Ik  persons.  SJmk. 

a.  Containing  fraud  or  deceit ;  applied  to  things. 

f>rydrn 


TONE,  BUI  L,  i;.\rTE.-A.V-GER,  VfCIOL-S.-C  M  K  ;  Cl  a.  J  ;  a  ..  Z ;  CH  a.  811;  TII  as  in  Tllla. 


FRALD'Il,L-LV,  aav.  Deceitfully;  with  iiitenlion 
to  deceive  and  gain  an  undue  advantage  :  tricki.<hly  ; 
treacherously;  by  stratagem. 

FRAUD'LE.Sa,  a.    Free  from  fraud. 

FRAUD'LE.SS-LY,  adv.    In  a  fraudless  manner. 

FRAL'D'LESS-.NESS,  n.     State  of  being  fraudless. 

FRAUD'I^LE.N'CE,    j  u.     Deceitfuliiess  ;  trickishness 

FRAtlD'lJ.LE.VCY,  j  in  making  bargains,  or  in  so- 
cial concerns.  Honkrr. 

FRAUI)'U-LE.\T,  o.  Deceitful  in  making  contracts ; 
Iriokisn  ;  applied  to  persons. 

S.  Containing  fraud  ;  founded  on  fraud  ;  proceed- 
ing from  fraud  ;  as,  a  fraudulent  bargain. 

3.  Deceitful ;  treacherous ;  obtained  or  performed 
by  artifice.  Milton. 

FRAUU'Ij-LENT-LY,  ode.  By  fraud  ;  by  deceit ;  by 
artifice  or  imposition. 

FRAUGHT,  (frawt.)  a.  [D.  vrast;  G.  fratH;  Dan. 
frairt  ;  Sw.  frackt.  A  different  orthography  of 
Freight,  which  see.] 

1.  Laden  ;  loaded  ;  charged ;  as,  a  vessel  richly 
fraui^hl.  Willi  goods  from  India.  [Tliis  sense  is  used 
in  poetry;  but  in  common  business  Fbeichtid  onto  is 
used,] 

2.  Filled  ;  stored  ;  full ;  as,  a  scheme  fraught  with 
mischiet  ;  the  Scriptures  arc  fraught  with  excellent 
precepts.  Hooker. 

FRAUGHT,  It.    A  freight ;  a  cargo.     IMit  nout  used.] 

FRAUGHT,  t>.  (,    To  load  ;  to  fill ;  to  crowd. "f  04s.] 

FRAUGHT' AOE,  a.    Loading  j  cargo.    [A'ot  lur^.j 

FR;^  Y,  B.^  [Ft.  fracas,  U.fracasso,  a  great  crash,  havoc, 
rum  ;  Fr.  fracasser,  II.  fracassare,  Ui  break  ;  coinci- 
ding with  X..fractura,  from franjfo.  Under  Ai-eair, 
this  is  referred  to  Fr.  effrauer,  lo  IViglil,  but  incorrect- 
ly, unless  Fbiuht  is  from  the  same  rixit.  In  the 
sense  of  rubbing,  fretting,  this  is  frcuii  the  h.  frieo, 
Hp.  frei/ar.  But  breali,  fright,  and  frico,  all  have  the 
same  radicals.] 

1.  A  broil,  quarrel,  or  violent  riot,  that  puts  men  in 
fear.  [This  is  the  vulgar  word  for  Aki-bav,  and  tile 
sense  seems  to  refer  the  word  to  Fr.  effraycr.] 

2.  A  conibal ;  a  battle  ;  idso,  a  single  combat  or 
duel.  p„j,^_ 

3.  .\  contest :  contention.  Milton. 

4.  A  rub  ;  a  fret  or  chafe  in  cloth ;  a  place  injured 
bv  rubbing.  y.„,;„. 

FRd \,v.t.    To  fright ;  to  terrify.    ro»j.] 

„„,,,  >*penser.    Bacon 

FR.^Y,  r.  (.    [Fr.  frayer,  L.  frico,  to  rub.] 
l.'To  rub ;  to  fret,  as  cloth  by  wearing. 
2.  To  rub  ;  as,  a  deer  frays  ills  head. 
FRAY'/;U.  pp.     Frightened;  rubbed;  worn. 
FR.jy'l.NO,  ;,;n-.    Friglueniug  ;  terrifying;  rubbing. 
FRA\'I.\G,  11.     Peel  of  a  deer's  horn.         B.  Jonsmi. 
FRICAK,  a.     [Ice. /rcAu.    Uu.  G. /rrcS,  bold,  saucy, 

petiil.int  ;  Dan.  frek,  id.  ;  .Scot,  frack,  active.      The 

English  word  does  not  accord  |Krfecllv  Willi  the  Ger. 

Dan.  and  Scot.    But  it  is  probably  from  the  root  of 

brcalt,  denoting  a  sudden  start.] 

1.  LiUraliii,  a  sudden  starting  or  change  of  place. 
Hence, 

2.  A  sudden  causeless  change  or  turn  of  the  mind ; 
a  wliiin  or  fancy  ;  a  capricious  prank. 

SJie  li  rr-Ml'-M  atvl  p..e¥Uli,  nml  wirtedni.i  in  a  frtnk  will  In- 
fc-iiillj'  cliiiiijju  hiT  ImbitnlJon.  SpectaU/r. 

FRi5.\K,  V.  t.    [from  tiie  same  root  as  the  preceding, 
to  break  i  W.  brye,  Ir.  breac.  speckled,  parti -colored  ; 
like  panl,  from  the  Heb.  "IID,  to  divide.] 
To  variegate ;  to  checker. 

/>«nied  witfi  m;ii,y  n  niinel*'!  hue.  Tkomson. 

FllF.AK'KD,  (froekt,)  pp.     Variegated  ;  checkered. 
Fllr.AK'ISll,  a.    Apt  to  change  the  mind  suddenly; 
whimsical ;  capricious. 

ll  inur  be  a  (jocsiiori,  wti'-Ui^r  tlw  »ife  or  the  womnn  wit.  the 
riion./»«i*tfA  of  the  Iwo.  L't^tlrange. 

FREAK'ISII-LY,  adv.     Capriciously;    with  sudden 
change  of  mind,  without  cause. 

FRliAK'ISH  NEdS,  n,     Capriciuusness ;  whimsicol- 
ness. 

FRftCK'LE,  (frek'l,)  71.  [from  the  same  root  m  freak  1 
W.  brye,  Ir.  breac,  spotted,  freckled  ;  VV.  Imira,  lo 
freckle  ;  from  breaking,  unless  by  a  change  of  "letters 
it  has  been  corrupted  from  G.  fieck,  D.  rlak,  or  vtek, 
Hw.  JUtrJi,  Dan.  flrk,  a  s|xil  ;  which  19  not  probable.] 
1.  A  spot,  of  a  yellowish  color,  in  the  skin,  partic- 
ularly on  the  face,  neck,  and  hands.  Freckles  may 
be  natural,  or  produced  by  the  action  of  the  sun  on 
the  skill,  or  from  the  jaundice. 
9.^  Any  small  spot  or  discoloration.  Keehjn. 

FRECK'LE,  V.  t.  oi  v.  i.    To  give  or  acquire  freckles, 

'Smorf. 

FRECK'LED,   Cfrek'ld,)   a.     Spotted;    having  small, 
yellowish  spots  on  tlie  skin  or  surface  ;  as,  a  freckui 
face  or  neck. 
2.  i^polted  ;  as,  a  freckled  cowslip.  Shnk. 

FRF.rK'LA.l)..\E.-4,S,   n.     The  sute  of  b"ing  freckled. 

FHE<:K'LE-FaC'£I),  (frek'lfaste,)  a.    Having  a  face 
full  of  freckles.  ifra.im. 

FRF.CK'LY,  a.      Full   of  freckles  ;    sprinkled    with 
spuL^, 


IT"! 


FttE 


PRE 


PRE 


FRED ;  Sax.  AiU,  Dui  ft^  Sw.  /nd,  G.  friede^  D. 
vrtede^  peace  ;  as  in  Predtric^  dominion  of  peace,  or 
rich  in  pence ;  Wlmfred^  victorious  peace.  Our  an- 
ci^tors  called  a  sanctuiin-  frr<Lftvle.  a  seat  of  peace. 

KREEi^  a.  [Sax.  frtff,  firtok,  free  ; /n>»«, /pmfo»,  to 
free  ;  G.  frei ;  IJ,  pry  ;  Dan.  fri  i  Sw.  fri ;  nil  con- 
Uacted  Crom  /rig,  wlucli  corresponds  with  Hub.  and 

Ch.  p-^fi, Syr.  fcOJ.^^,  Sam.  ^^3.  Ar.  OO  fanka, 

to  Wfok^to  separate,  to  divide,  to  free,  to  redeem,  &c. 
See  Frakk.] 
1 1  I.  Being  al  liberty ;  not  being  under  necessity  or 

'  rrstmint,  {ihy^ical  or  moraJ :  a  word  of  |;eiieral  a[>- 
idicatiun  to  the  body,  the  will  or  mind,  and  to  corpo- 
mtions. 

3.  (n  fvvfmmentt  not  enslaved  ;  not  in  a  stale  of 
Taasalage  or  dependtrnce  ;  subjfTt  only  to  fixed  taws, 
nade  1^  consent,  nnd  to  a  ri'pil.-ir  admintstratkui  of 
such  law«  ;  not  subject  to  the  arbitmry  will  of  a  sov- 
efeirn  or  lord ;  as,  a  Jrtt  state,  nnlion,  or  people. 

3,  Instiluied  by  a  tree  people,  or  by  consent  or 
clioire  of  thtwe  vbo  aie  to  be  subjects  and  secur- 
ing private  righu  and  privllefces  by  fixed  laws  and 
principles ;  not  arbitrary  or  despoiic  ;  as,  a  frt*  cou- 
■titution  or  Koveramenl. 

Tbnv  can  tr  na/iye  guvcmronil  wUhoot  s  demDcnfienl  bnndi 
in  Um  eoiMiituuoa.  J,   ' 


4.  Noc  imprisoned,  confined,  or  under  arrest;  as, 
the  prisoner  is  set  /rtt. 

5.  Unconstrained ;  unrestrained ;  not  under  com- 
pulsion or  ooptnil.  A  man  is  frre  to  pursue  his  own 
choice  ;  he  enjnys  fret  will. 

6.  N<.>t  cheuiically  combined  with  any  other  body  ; 
at  liberty  lo  escape  ;  as,  free  carlxniic  acid  pas. 

7.  Permitted  ;  allowed  ;  opf*n  j  not  appnipriated ; 
as,  places  of  honor  and  rontidence  are  frte  to  all ; 
We  Seldom  hear  of  a  commerce  perfectly  jfrer. 

6.  Nut  ob>-tnicted  ;  as,  the  water  has  a  .^-ee  pas- 
sage or  channel  i  the  house  is  open  to  a  free  current 
of  air. 

9.  Licentious ;  unrestrained.  The  reviewer  to  very 
fire  in  his  censures. 

10.  OiK-n  ;  candid ;  frank  ^ingenuous ;  unreserved ; 
■a,  we  had  a  free  coavenatioa  tt^ther. 

WtU  jwt  ixfrta  wkd  candkl  to  ytm  ftknl  t  Of  sy. 

11.  Liberal  in  expenses ;  not  pwvtmonloBa ;  as,  a 
>Vts  piuae  ;  a  man  is  frt*  to  give  to  all  useful  institu- 


19,  QntuiloQs;  not  gained  by  Importunity  or  pur- 
cbaae.  He  made  liim  a  free  offer  of  his  services. 
It  to  a  fret  gift.  Tbe  salvation  of  men  to  of  free 
grace. 

13.  0«ar  of  crime  or  offense ;  guiltless  j  innocent 

M/  hui^  we  F^tj,  tm  017  krvt  h/rm.  t>rfi€n, 

14.  Not  bavinf  feeling  or  suffering ;  clear ;  exempt ; 
with  frvm ;  as,  free  from  pain  01  disease ;  fr^tt  frtm 
remorse. 

1^  Not  encumbered  with  ;  Bs^frre  from  a  burden. 

16.  Open  to  all,  without  restriction  or  without  ex- 
peoae  \  as,  a  fret  school. 

17.  Invested  with  franchises ;  enjoying  certain 
tmmuoities  ;  with  of;  as,  a  man  free  ^  the  city  of 
liondon. 

18.  Possessing  without  vassalage  or  slavish  condi- 
tions ;  as,  free  of  his  farm.  Drydtn, 

19.  Libemted  from  the  government  or  control  of 
puents,  or  of  a  guardian  or  master.  A  son,  or  an 
apprentice,  when  of  age,  is  free, 

50.  Ready  ;  eager  ;  not  dull ;  acting  without  spur- 
ring or  whipping  ;  as,  a  free  horse. 

51.  Genteel ;  charming.  [-%')t  in  it*e.]  Chavfn: 
FREE,  V.  C  To  remove  from  a  Ihini;  any  encum- 
brance or  obstruction ;  to  diseng:tge  from  -,  to  rid  ; 
to  strip ;  to  dear ;  as,  t«  free  the  body  from  clothes  ; 
to  frm  the  feet  from  fetters  j  to  free  a  channel  from 
nnd. 

S.  To  set  at  liberty ;  to  rescue  or  releo^te  from  slav- 
er)', captivity,  or  confinement ;  to  loose  ;  the  pri^ner 
is  freed  from  arrest. 

3.  To  disentangle ;  to  disengage. 

4.  To  exempt. 

He  thai  »  drad  is/md  frora  iId. — Rom.  tL 

5.  To  manumii ;  to  release  from  bondage ;  as,  to 
fret  a  slave. 

&  To  clear  fnun  water,  as  a  ship,  by  pumping. 
7.  To  release  from  obligation  or  duty. 
To  freefromj  ix  free  ef^  is  to  rid  of,  by  removing  in 
any  manner. 
FREE-A'GEX-CY,  a.    The  state  of  acting  freely,  or 

without  necessity  or  constraint  of  the  wilL 
FREE^iJEXCH',  a.     A  widow*s  dower  in  a  copyhold 

Bliukstone. 
FREE'BOOT-ER,  n.    [D.  vrybuUcr  ;  G.fretbetUer.  See 
Booty.] 

One  who  wanders  about  for  plunder  j  a  robber  ;  a 
pillayer  ;  a  plunderer.  Bacon. 

FKEE'BOOT-L\G,  a.    Robbery  j  plunder ;  a  pillaging. 

Spender. 
FREE'BORN,  «.    Bom  free  ;  not  in  vassalage  ;  inher- 
iting liberty. 


FREE-OHAl*'EL,  n.  In  Kn^fiuu/,  n  chapel  founded 
by  the  king,  ami  not  subject  lo  the  juriddicliim  of  the 
ordm.iry.  The  king  muy  also  grant  licence  tu  a  sub- 
ject to  tound  such  a  chap<  1.  Coicrl. 

FRER'-CIT'V,    in,    A  name  given  to  certain  cities, 

FUEE'-TOW.N,  S  princifwlly  of  Germany,  which 
were  really  sin;ill  republics,  directly  connected  with 
the  Gonnan  empire  ;  and  hence  uften  Ciilled  imperial 
citie.*.  They  were  once  numerous,  but  are  now  re- 
duced to  fv>ur,  viz.,  Frdnkf.irt,  tlainhurgli,  Lubeck, 
and  Bremeu  ;  to  which  was  also  added  Cracow  in 
Poland.  Kacve.  jJm. 

FREE'-eOST,  a.  Without  expense  j  freetlom  from 
charges.  South. 

FREED,  pp.  or  a.  Set  at  liberty ;  loosed ;  delivered 
from  restraint  ;  cleared  of  hiiideraiice  or  obstruc- 
tion. 

FREE-DEN'i-ZE.V,  n.     A  citizen.  Jackson, 

FREE-DEN'I-Z£.\,  (-den'i-zn,)  r.  L    To  make  free, 

Bp.  UaU. 

FREED'MAN,  a.  A  man  who  has  been  a  slave  and 
is  manumitted. 

FREE'UC>.M,  M,  .\  state  of  exemption  from  the  power 
or  control  of  another  ;  liberty  ;  exemption  from  slav- 
ep',  servitude,  or  confinement.  Freedom  is  personal^ 
ciedy  political^  and  rc^Vioiw.     [See  Libcrtv.] 

S.  Particular  privilettcs;  franchise  j  immunity;  as, 
the  freedom  of  a  city. 

3.  Power  of  enjoying  franchises.  SiDtft. 

4.  Exemirtion  from  fate,  neces-^ity,  or  any  constraint 
in  consequence  of  predetermination  or  otherwise ; 
as,  the  frraiam  of  the  will. 

5.  Any  exemption  from  constraint  or  control. 

6.  Ease  or  facility  of  doing  any  tbinc;.  He  speaks 
or  acts  with  frefdonu 

7.  Frankness  ;  boldness.  He  addressed  his  audi- 
ence witll  frcedum, 

8.  Licen^  ;  improper  familiarity;  violation  of  the 
rules  of  d(M:orum  ;  with  a  plural.  Beware  of  what 
are  call^  innocent /r«</oinj». 

FREE-FISII'ER-Y,  «.  A  royal  franchise  or  exclusive 
pri^-ilese  of  fishing  in  o  public  river.  Kncuc. 

FREE'-F(MT-EI>,  a.  Kot  restrained  in  marching. 
r.Vot  ii.ffrf.1  Shak. 

FREE'-HEX  RT'ED,  (hiUt'ed,)  o.  [See  Hkart.J  Upen  j 
frank ;  unreserved. 
3.  Libeml ;  charitable  ;  generous. 

FREE'-IIEART'ED-LV,  adc.  Unreservedly  ;  liber- 
ally. 

FREE'-HEART'ED-NESS,  a.  Frankness  ;  openness 
of  heart;  libtrmlity.  Burnet. 

FREE'H(^1.D,  K.  That  land  or  tenement  which  is 
held  in  fee-simple,  fee-tail,  or  for  term  of  life.  It  is 
of  two  kinds  ;  in  deed,  ana  in  late.  The  first  is  the 
real  possession  of  such  land  or  tenement ;  the  last  is 
the  right  a  man  has  lo  such  land  or  tenement,  before 
his  entry  or  seizure.  Kng.  Law. 

Freehold  u  also  extended  to  such  ofCxcfa  as  a  man 
holds  in  fee  or  for  life.  It  is  also  token  iu  opposition 
lo  viHeiuLffe.  Enetje. 

In  the  1/mited  Siateji,  a  freehold  is  an  estate  which  a 
man  holds  in  his  own  right,  subject  to  no  superior, 
nor  to  conditions, 

FREE'110L<U-ER,  n.  One  who  owns  an  estate  in  fee- 
simple,  fee-tail,  or  for  life ;  the  possessor  of  a  free- 
hold. 

FREE'IXG,  ppr.  Delivering  from  restraint ;  releasing 
from  conliuement ;  removing  encuoibniuces  or  bin- 
derances  from  any  thing  ;  clearing. 

FREE'LV,  udv.  At  liberty  ;  without  vassalage,  slav- 
ery, or  dependence. 

a.  Witliout  restraint,  constraint,  or  compulsion  ; 
voluntarily.  To  render  a  moral  agent  accountable, 
he  must  act  freely. 

3.  Plentifully;  in  abundance;  as,  to  eat  or  drink 
frteltj. 

4.  Without  scruple  or  reserve  ;  as,  to  censure /reeiy 

5.  Without  im|>ediment  or  hinderance. 

Of  Kffnj  tire  of  the  jajdcn  Uiou  mtiymfrtely  i-*.u  —  Gren.  H. 

6.  Without  necessity,  or  compulsion  from  divine 
predetermination. 

Prttiy  iJi'-y  iLood  who  ttood,  aud  fell  wlio  fell.  Milton. 

7.  Without  obstruction  ;  largely  ;  copiously.  The 
patient  bled  freely. 

6.  Spontaneously  ;  without  constraint  or  persua- 
sion. 

9.  Uberally  ;  generously  ;  as,  to  give  freely  to  the 
poor. 

10.  Gratuitously  ;  of  free  will  or  grace,  without 
purchase  cr  consideration. 

Fretly  ye  hare  receired,  frttly  five.  — Matt,  x, 

FREE'-LIV-ER,  a.  One  who  eats  and  drinks  abun- 
dantly. 

FREE'-LIV-IXG,  n.  Full  gratificaUon  of  the  appe- 
tite. 

FREE'MAN,  n.  [free  and  man.']  One  who  enjoys 
liberty,  or  who  is  not  subject  to  the  will  of  another; 
ona  not  a  slave  or  vassal. 

2.  One  who  enjoys  or  is  entitled  to  a  franchise  or 
peculiar  priviletre  ;  as,  the  freemen  of  a  city  or  state. 

FREE'-MXR-TLN,  n.  When  a  cow  produces  twins, 
one  of  ihcm  a  male,  and  the  other  apparently  a  fe- 


ni:ile,  the  tatter  is  mo^t  generally  (but  iifit  invarialily) 
barren;  and.  on  dissection,  will  be  found  to  have  I 
some  of  tlie  orjinns  of  each  sex,  but  iieillier  pi^rfect. 
Such  an  animal  is  called,  by  ihe  English,  ufrte-mar- 
((«,  nnd  was  called,  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans, 
ro'o.i,  taura. 

FRKE'.MA-SON,  71,  One  of  an  ancient  and  secret  as- 
sociation or  fraternity,  said  to  have  bt^en  at  firt;t  com- 
fKwed  of  masons  or  builders  in  stone,  but  now  con- 
sisting of  |rtsoiis  who  Bfc  united  fur  social  enjoy- 
ment nnd  mutual  assistance. 

FREE'MA  SO.NMtY,  (ma-sn-ry,)  71.  That  which  be- 
lonirs  to  Ihe  fraternity  of  freemasons.  * 

FREE'-.MI.\D-ED,  a.     Not  perplexed  ;  free  from  care. 

Bacon. 

FREK'NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  fr*e, 
unconstrained,  uncunfincd,  unincumbered,  or  uiiub- 
Binicted. 

"2.  Openness  ;  unreservedness  ;  frankness  ;  ingen- 
uousness ;  candor  ;  us,  the  freeness  of  ft  confession. 

3.  Liberality;  generosity  ;  as,  frecitess  In  giving. 

Spratt. 

4.  Gratuitousness  ;  as,  the/»*er7i«5  of  divine  grace. 
FREE'-PoUT,  n.     A  name  given  to  certain  ports-on 

the  continent  of  Europe,  as  Genoa,  I^'ghorn,  tc, 
where  ships  of  till  nations  may  load  and  unload 
free  of  duty ;  but  if  the  articles  imported  are  car- 
ried into  llie  adjoining  country,  tJiey  pay  the  ordinary 
duties  at  the  gates  or  barriers.  DicL  tie  PAcad. 

In  the  West  Indies,  a  free-port  is  one  where  goods 
of  all  kinds  may  be  landed  from  foreign  ships,  on 
payment  of  the  ordinary  duties. 
FREE'-SeilOOL,  w.  A  school  supjwrted  by  funds, 
&r.,  in  which  pupils  are  taught  witliout  paying  for 
tuition. 

5.  A  school  open  to  admit  pupi!s  without  restric- 
tion. 

FREE'-SPOK-£N,  a.  Accustomed  to  speak  without 
reserve.  Bacon. 

FREE'-STATE.S,  n.  pi.  Thase  states  of  the  Union  in 
which  slavery  has  been  abolished  by  law. 

FREE'STONE,  n.  Any  species  of  stoiie  composed 
of  sand  or  grit,  so  called  because  it  is  easily  cut  or 
wrouclit. 

FRKIC'THIXK  ER,  n.  A  softer  name  for  a  deist;  an 
uiiUt-lievcr ;  one  who  discards  revelaiion. 

FRKE'THLVK-ING,  n.  Undue  boldness  of  specula- 
lion  ;  unbelief.  Berkeley. 

FREE'THI.N'K  LVG,  a.  Noting  undue  boldness  of 
s(K*culation  ;   skeptical. 

FREE'-TOXGUED,  (-tungd,)  a.  Speaking  without 
re'terve.  Bp.  Hall. 

FREE-WAR'REN,  n.  A  royal  franchise  or  exclusive 
rit;ht  of  kitting  beasts  and  fowls  of  warren  within 
certain  limits.  Encyc. 

FRKE-WILL',  n.  The  power  of  directing  our  "own 
actions  witliout  restraint  by  necessity  or  fate.  Locke. 
2.  Voluntariness  ;  8|tontaneousness. 

FREE'-WILL,  a.  Spontaneous;  as,  a /ree-tciW  offer- 
ing. 

FUEE'WILI.,-BAP'TIST,  n.  One,  belonging  to  a 
brancli  of  the  Baptist  denomination,  who  holds  to 
the  freedom  of  the  will  in  opposition  to  necessity. 

FREE'-WOM-AN,  n,     A  woman  not  a  slave. 

FREEZE,  r.  i. ;  pret.  Froze  :  pp.  Frozen  or  Frozk. 
[Sax.  fri/jmn  ;  D.  vriezen  ;  Dan.  fnjser  ;  Sw.  frysa. 
It  coincides  in  elements  with  D.  crtcirit,  to  fear, 
that  is,  to  shrink,  contract,  tremble,  shiver,  Fr. 
friser,  to  curl,  whence  frisson er^  to  shiver,  Sp. /ri- 
sar.  These  are  of  one  family,  unless  there  has 
been  a  change  of  letters.  The  Italian  has  fremo, 
for  friexe,  and  the  Gr.  (Aoio-Ttj,  had  for  its  radical 
letters  0p£f.  Tlicse  may  be  of  a  diffirrent  family. 
To  freeze  is  to  contract.  See  Class  Rd,  Rs,  No.  14, 
19,  2.5.     Qu.  Russ.  mrni,  frost.] 

1.  To  be  congealed  by  cold  ;  to  be  changed  from  a 
liquid  to  a  solid  state  by  the  abstmction  of  heat ;  to 
be  hardened  into  ice  or  a  like  solid  body.  Water 
freezes  at  the  temperature  of  ^  above  zero  by  Fahr- 
enheit's thermometer.  Alercury  freezes  at  40°  below 
zero. 

2.  To  be  of  that  degree  of  cold  at  which  water 
congeals.  Skak. 

3.  To  chill ;  to  stagnate,  or  to  retire  from  the  ex- 
treme vessels  ;  as,  the  blood /rcr:M  in  the  veins. 

4.  To  be  chilled  ;  to  shiver  with  cold. 

5.  To  die  by  means  of  cold.  We  say  a  man  Irenes 
to  death. 

FREEZE,  V.  U  To  congeal;  to  harden  into  ice;  to 
change  from  a  fluid  to  a  sfilid  form  by  cold  or  abstrac- 
tion of  heat.  This  weather  \\\\\  freeze  the  rivers  and 
lakes. 

2.  To  kill  by  cold  ;  but  we  often  add  the  words  to 
death.     This  air  \\\\\  freeze  you,  or  freeze  you  to  death. 

3.  To  chill ;  to  give  the  seiii>ation  of  cold  and  shiv- 
ering.    Tliis  horrid  tale  freezes  my  blood. 

FREEZE,  in  ardiitecture.     See  Frieze. 

FREEZ'ING,  ppr.    Congealing  ;  hardening  into  ice. 

FREEZaXG,  n.     The  process  or  slate  of  congelation. 

FREEZ'fNG-MIX'TliRE,  (mikst'yur,)  n.  A  mixture 
of  two  or  more  substances,  as  of  salt  and  snow,  but 
usually  of  a  solid  and  a  fluid,  which,  in  melting,  ab- 
sorb heat  from  contiguous  bodies,  and  thus  produce 
intense  cold. 


F.ATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— M£TE,  PRgV.  — PI.N'E,  MARLVE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BpQK.- 
4^0  ^~  ^"  *  "" 


FRE 

FREEZ'ING-POINT,  n.  Thai  poim  of  a  tliemmme- 
l(T  al  which  fluids  bejpn  to  freeze  ;  applied  particu- 
larly to  water,  whose  freizing-puijU  is  at  3^"  of  Fahr- 
L'lihcit^s  thermometer. 

FREIrtllT,  (friite,)  n.  [D.  vra^;  G.  fracht;  Sw. 
frachi  .■  Dan.  fragt ;  Fr.  frei  :  Port,  /rete  ;  Sp.  JUu  ; 
Ann.  freL  (See  Fraught.)  Qu.  from  the  root  of 
I*  fero ;  formedf  like  bri<rH,  from  the  Eihiopic  ba- 
rak.] 

1.  The  cargo,  or  any  part  of  the  cargo,  of  a  ship  ; 
lading  ;  that  which  is  carried  by  water.  The  freiir/U 
of  a  ship  consists  of  cotton  ;  the  ship  has  not  a  full 
freight  i  the  owners  have  advertised  for  freight ; 
freight  will  be  [>aid  for  by  tlie  ton. 

2.  Transportation  of  goods.  We  paid  four  dollars 
a  ton  for  the  freight  from  London  to  Barcelona. 

3.  The  hire  of  a  ship,  or  money  charged  or  paid  for 
the  transportation  of  goods.  After  paying/rfin'At  and 
charjifs,  the  prutit  is  tiiUing.  Freiuhtage  is  now 
but  little  used. 

FREIGHT,  (frate,)  r.  t.  To  load  with  goods,  as  a  ship 
or  vessel  of  any  kind,  for  tmnspnrting  them  from 
one  place  to  another.  We  freiirfUed  Uie  ship  for 
Amsterdam;  the  ship  wa,^  freighted  with  flour  for 
Havanna. 
2.  To  load  as  the  burden.  SJiak, 

FRglGHT'ED,  pp.     Lo;idfd,  as  a  ship  or  vessel. 

FRBIGIIT'ER,  (frdt'er,)  n.  One  who  loads  a  ship,  or 
one  who  charters  and  loads  a  ship. 

FRBIGHT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Irfxiding  or  carrying,  as  a 
ship  or  vessel. 

FRBIGHT'LE^S,  a.     De.-=titute  of  freight. 

FREIS'LE-BEX,  n.  A  mineral,  of  a  blue  or  bluish- 
fray  color,  brittle,  and  soft  to  the  touch.  CUaveland. 

FRE\,  B.     A  stranger.     [.V«(  used.}  Sprtuer. 

FRE.NCH,  a.     Pertaining  to  France  or  its  inhabitants. 

FRENCH,  n.  The  language  spoken  by  the  people  of 
France. 

FREXCH-BER'RY,  n.  The  same  as  Avigkos-Bebbt. 

Ure.    • 

FRENCH-CHALK,  (-chawk,)  n.  Scaly  Uilc,  a  variety 
of  indurated  tulc,  in  masses  composed  of  small 
scales ;  its  color  is  pearly-white  or  grayii^h.  It  is 
much  used  for  drawing  tines  on  cloth,  &c.  Cleareland. 

FRENCH-HORN',  n.  A  wind-instrument  of  music, 
made  of  metal. 

FRENCH'I-FI-£D,  (fide)  pp.  or  a.  Made  like  the 
French.  Burke. 

FRENCH'I-FV,  r.  f.  To  make  French ;  to  infect  with 
the  manner  of  the  French.  Camdea. 

FREXCH'-LIKE,  a.    Resembling  the  French. 

Bp.  HnlU 

FRENCH'MAN,  n.     A  man  of  the  French  nation. 

FRE-NET'IC.     See  Frantic  and  Phrenetic. 

FREN'ZI-CAL,  a.     Partaking  of  frenzy. 

FREN'ZIKD,  part.  a.     Affected  with  madness 

FREN'ZI-fcD-LV,  arfp.     Madly;  distractedly. 

FREN'ZY,  n.  [Vx.  frenetic  :  iLfrenesia. ;  from  L.  pkre- 
nitis,  Gr.  iftnevtT I i^  from  (poni',  mind,  which  is  from 
moving,  rushing.    See  FBAnxic] 

Madness;  distraction  ;  rage;  or  any  violent  agila* 
tlon  of  the  mind,  approaching  to  distraction. 

All  eUe  H  lovetiiig  frtnzy  tuiA  dbtritction.  Addison. 

FRE'anENCE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  frequentia.] 

A  crowd:  a  throng;  a  concourse;  an  assembly. 
[LitUe  ti-'ifd.]  Shak,     MUtun. 

FKE'CiCEN-CY,  n.  A  r«ftiim  or  occurrence  of  a  thing 
often  repeated  \t  short  intervals.  The  frequenaj  of 
CfiniM  abates  our  horror  at  the  commisi^ion  ;  the  fre- 
fi(«uyof  capital  punishuienis  tends  to  destroy  Uieir 
proper  effect 
2.  A  crowd  ;  a  throng.     [AVt  K*f'/.]     B.Juttaon. 

FRE'aUi;NT,  a.     [Fr.,  from  I^  frequens.] 

1.  Often  seen  or  done ;  often  happening  at  short 
intervals;  often  repeated  or  occurring.  VVe  made 
frtmeni  visitii  to  the  hospital. 

2.  I'sed  often  to  practice  any  thing.  He  was  fre- 
fuent  and  loud  in  his  declauMtions  against  the  revo- 
lution. 

3.  F'lill ;  crowded  ;  thronged.     [Aof  lued.]  Milton. 
FREQUENT',  r.  L     [h.  frnptento  ;  Fr.  frequenter.] 

I'o  viflit  often  ;  to  resort  to  often  or  habitually. 
The  man  whci  fret/tents  a  drani-shop,  an  ale-house, 
or  a  gamiiig-tuble,  la  in  tlis  road  to  poverty,  disgrace, 
and  rum. 

Hf /regvtnUH  thn  cnait  of  AnguMui.  DryHen. 

FRF>-aUENT'A-BLE,  a.     Accessible.     [Ao(  used.] 

Sidney. 
PRE-aUENT'A6E,  n.    The  practice  of  frequenting. 

Southeij. 
FRE-aUENT-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  frequenting. 
2.  The  habit  of  visiting  often.  [Chesterfield. 

FUE-aCENT'A  TIVE,  a-  [It.  frequmlativo  ;  Fr./r«- 
quentatjf.] 

In  irrammar^  denoting  the  frequent  repetition  of  an 
nftinn  ;  as,  a  fret^ttfntatitie  verb. 
FRE-aUENT'A-TIVE,  n.     A  verb  which  d.snotes  the 

frequent  occurrence  or  repetition  of  an  action. 
FRE  QUENT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Often  visited. 
FRE-aUENT'ER,  ft.    One  who  often  vialtt  or  resorts 

to  customarily. 
FRE-QUENT'INO,  ffr      Often  visiting  or  re«ort- 
inf  lo. 


FRE 

FRe'UUENT-LY,  adc.     Often  ;  many  times;  at  short 

intervals;  commonly. 
FRic'QUENT-NESS,  n.  Tliequality  of  being  frequent 

or  often  repealed. 
FRERE,  (frnre,)  n.     [Fr.]     A  brother. 
FRES'CADES,  n.  pL     Cool  walks  ;  shady  places. 
FRES'CO,  w.     [It.  fresco^  fresh.] 

1.  Coolness;  shade;  a  cool,  refreshing  state  of  the 
air;  duskiness.  Prior. 

2.  A  picture  not  drawn  in  glaring  light,  but  in 
dusk.  Pope. 

3.  A  method  of  painting  on  walls,  performed  with 
water-colors  on  fresh  plaster,  or  on  a  wall  laid  with 
morUu'  not  yet  drj'.  The  colors,  incorporating  with 
the  mortar,  and  drying  with  it,  become  very  durable. 
It  is  callt-d  fresco,  either  because  it  is  done  on  fresh 
plaster,  or  because  it  is  used  on  walls  and  buildings 
in  the  open  air.  Eiicyc, 

4.  A  cool  refreshing  liquor. 

FRESH,  a.  [Sax.  fersc:  r).verseh;  G.  frisch;  Dan. 
fcrsk  and  frisk ;  Sw  frisk ;  It.  fresco  ;  Sp.  and  Port. 
iti.:  Fr.  frais,  fraiche :  Arm.  fresg;  W. /res,  fresq. 
This  is  ntdically  the  same  word  us  frisky  and  it  coin- 
cides also  in  elements  with  brisk^  W.  brysg,  which 
is  from  rhtjs,  a  rushing,  extreme  ardencj',  Eng.  ritsA, 
which  gives  the  radical  sense,  though  it  may  not  be 
the  same  word.] 

1.  Moving  with  celerity;  brisk;  strong;  some- 
what vehement ;  as,  afresh  breeze  ;  fresh  wind  ;  the 
primary  sense. 

2.  Having  the  color  and  appearance  of  young,  thrifty 
plants  ;  lively  ;  not  impaired  or  faded  ;  as  when  we 
say,  the  fields  \ouk  fresh  and  green. 

3.  Having  the  appearance  of  a  healthy  youth  ; 
florid  ;  ruddy  ;  as,  a /r^jnA-colored  young  man. 

4.  New  ;  recently  grown;  vts, fresh  vegetables. 

5.  New  ;  recently  made  or  obtained.  We  have  a 
fresh  supply  of  goods  from  the  manufactory,  or  from 
India  ;  fre«h  ten ;  frrsh  raisins. 

G.  Not  impaired  by  time  ;  not  forgotten  or  oblit- 
erated. The  sior>'  is  fresh  in  my  mind;  the  ideas 
Bre  fresh  in  my  recollection. 

7.  Not  salt ;  oh,  fresh  water  ;  fresh  meat. 

6.  Recently  from  the  well  or  spring;  pure  and 
co«>l;  not  warm  or  vapid.  Bring  a  glass  ijt  fresh 
water. 

9.  In  a  state  like  that  of  recent  growth  or  recent- 
ness  ;  as,  to  preserve  (towers  and  fruit  fresh, 

Frtth  M  April,  «wcrt  a«  M;iy.  Careto. 

10.  Repaired  from  loss  or  diminution  ;  having  new 
vigor,     lie  roAVi  fresh  for  the  combat. 

11.  New  ;  that  has  lately  como  or  arrived  ;  aa,  fresh 
news ;  fresh  dispatches. 

12.  Sweet ;  in  a  g<wd  state  ;  not  stale. 

13.  Unpracticed  ;  unused  ;  not  before  employed  ; 
as,  a  fresh  hand  on  board  of  a  >:hip. 

Fresh  way;  the  increased  velocity  of  a  vessel. 

Tutten. 
FRESH,  H.     A  freshet.  Bccrrly^  Hist.  Virginia. 

FRESIi'BLOWN,  a.     Newly  blowti. 
FRESH'KN,  (fresh'n,)  c.  t.     Tu  make  fresh  ;  to  dulei- 
fy  ;  to  separate,  as  water  from  saline  particles  ;  to 
take  saJtness  from  any  thing  ;  as,  to  freshen  water, 
fish,  or  flesh. 

2.  To  refresh  ;  lo  revive.     [.Wit  used.]     Speiwer. 

3.  In  seamen*ii  language^  to  apply  new  service  to  a 
cable;  as,  io freshen  haws*-. 

FRESH'£N,  V.  i.    To   grow   fresh  ;    to   lose   salt  or 
sal  tn  ess. 
2.  To  grow  brisk  or  strong  ;  as,  the  wind  freshens. 

FRESirf:\.f:0,;/;i.  Depriveilof -^altness  ;  sweetened. 

FRESH'KN-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Making  or  growing  fresh  ; 
deprivini:  of  saltncsit  ;  sweetening. 

FRESH'ES,  n.  pi.  The  mingling  of  fresh  water  with 
salt  wat«T  in  rivers  or  bays,  or  the  increased  current 
of  an  ebb  tide  by  means  of  a  flood  of  fresli  water 
Mowing  toward  or  into  the  sea,  and  discoloring  the 
water.  Beverly.     Encyc. 

2.  A  flood;  an  overflowing;  an  inundation;  a 
freshet. 

FRESH'ET,  Ti.     A  fliwd  or  overflowing  of  a  river,  by 
means  of  heavy  rain:^,  or  melted   snow  ;  an  inunda- 
tion. JVtiC  England. 
2.   A  iitrenm  of  fresh  water.  Browne. 

FRESH'FARCE,  Ti.     In  /aw,  force  done  'Mthin  forty 

FRESH'  l^OK'ING,  a.     Appearing  fres.i.  [days. 

FRESH'LY,  adv.  Newly  ;  in  the  former  ataic  renewed  ; 
in  a  new  or  fre^h  state. 

2.  With  a  healthy  liK)k  ;  ruddily.  Shah. 

3.  Briitkly  ;  strongly. 

4.  Coolly. 

FRESH'MAN,  n. ;  pi.  Freshmen.  A  novico  ;  one  in 
tho  rudiments  of  knowledge. 

2.  In  fJAj^^nd,  a  student  during  his  first  year's  resi- 
dence at  the  university.  In  Jimerica,  one  who  be- 
longs to  the  youngest  of  the  four  classes  in  college, 
called  the  freshman  class. 

FRESH'MAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  freshman,  or  to  the 
class  cnUei\  frejihfnen. 

FRESH'MAN-SHIP   n.    The  state  of  a  freshman. 

PRESH'NESS,  ft.  Newness;  vigor;  spirit;  the  con- 
trary to  vapidness ;  as,  the  freshness  of  liquors  or 
odors. 


FRE 

2.  Vigor;  liveliness;  the  contniry  to  a  faded  state; 
as,  the  freshness  of  plants  or  of  green  fields. 

3.  Newness  of  strength;  renewed  vigor;  opposed 
to  loearine^ss  or  fatigue. 

The  Scots  h^U  tiie  adviinugv  buDi  fur  number  uid  freghnttt  at 
men.  Uayioard. 

4.  Coolness  ;  invigorating  quality  or  state. 

And  breaDie  lite  /rethttetB  of'llie  open  nlr.  Dryden. 

5.  Color  of  youth  and  health  ;  ruddiness. 

IJcr  cliet'kg  \ht\T  fretknt$M  low  and  wonled  grace.     Granville. 

6.  Freedom  from  saltness  ;  as,  the  freshness  /»f 
water  or  flesh. 

7.  A  new  or  recent  state  or  quality  ;  rawness. 

8.  Briskness,  as  of  wind. 
FRESH'-NEW,  a.     Unpmcticed.     [J^utu.ied.]     S/iaA-. 
FRESH'-WA-TER,  a.     Accustomed  to  saifon  fr.  sh- 

water  only,  or  in  tlie  coasting  trade  ;  as,  vl  fresh-water 

sailor. 
2.  Raw;  unskilled.  Kuolles. 

FRESH'-WA-TER-£:D,a,     Newly  watered;  supplied 

with  fresh  water. 
FRET,  V.  L     [Sw. /rd(a,  to  fret, to  corrode;  Fr.  froUer^ 

to  rub  ;  Arm.  froUi.     This  seems  to  be  allied  to  Goth. 

fretan  and  Sax.  fretan,  to  eut,  to  gnaw,  G.fressen^  D. 

vreeten,  which   may  be  formed   from  ttie  root  of  L. 

rodo,  rosi,  Sp.  rozar^  or  of  L.  rado,  to  scmpe.     To/r«( 

or  gnaw  gives  the  sense  of  nnevenness,  roughness, 

in  substances  ;  the  like  ap[>carunce  is  given  to  fluids 

by  agitation.] 

1.  I'o  rub;  to  wear  away  a  substance  by  friction  ; 
as,  to  fret  cloth  ;  to  fret  a  piece  of  gold  or  other 
metal.  J^Tetetoti. 

2.  To  corrode ;  to  gnaw  ;  to  eat  away  ;  as,  a  worm 
frets  the  planks  of  a  ship. 

3.  To  impair ;  to  wear  away. 

By  Harts, 
HhfrtlUd  riirtimos  give  him  Iio^k*  und  hn.!.  Shak. 

4.  To  furni  into  raised  work.  Milton. 

5.  To  variegate  ;  to  diversify. 


Yun  pr..y  lln--., 
Thil  fret  ihc  clouds,  3J«  mnsacui^n  ut  d-iy. 


Skai. 


G.  To  agitate  vioh-nlly.  Shak. 

7.  T<»  agitate  ;  to  disturb;  to  make  rough  ;  to  cause 
to  ripple  ;  as,  tofrrt  the  surface  of  water. 

8.  'i'o  tease  ;  to  irritate ;  to  vex  ;  lo  make  angry 

Fret  not  [hy».'iri)ecauBc  orovil<doc*T<.  — P*.  xxxvii. 

9.  To  wear  away  ;  to  chafe  ;  to  gait.    Let  not  a 
saddle  or  harness /ret  the  skin  of  your  horse. 

FRET,  p.  I.     To  be  worn  away  ;  to  be  corroded.    Any 
substance  will  in  time /ret  away  by  friction. 

2.  To  eat  or  wear  in  :  to  make  way  by  attrition  or 
corrosion. 

M.wiy  wh'-rtls  arvae,  and  frelled  one  into  nnolluT  with  grrsnl 
excori.itiiin. 


3.  To  be  agitated  ;  to  be  in  violent  commotion  ;  as, 
the  rancor  that^rettf  in  the  malignant  breast. 

4.  To  be  vexed  ;  to  be  chafed  or  irritated  ;  to  bo 
angr>' ;  to  utter  peevish  expressions. 

lie  frtU,  he  fkitiici,  h'  ■lorea,  hf  bUutijx  ihp  grounds.  Dryden. 

FRET,  n.  The  agitation  ol  the  surface  of  a  flui.l  by 
fermentition  or  other  cause;  a  ripplinji  on  the  sur- 
face of  water  ;  small  undulations  continually  re- 
peated. Addison. 

2.  Agitation  of  mind  ;  commotion  of  temper  ;  irri- 
tation ;  as,  ho  keeps  his  mind  in  a  continual  fret. 

Yc(  llwn  did  Dcniiia  Wfc  in  furioiu/re:,  Popt. 

3.  A  short  piece  of  wire  fixed  on  the  finger-board 
of  a  guitar,  &.c,,  which,  being  pressed  against  the 
8trin2^^,  varies  the  tone.  Bush\u 

4.  In  architfctarr,  an  ornament  consisting  of  small 
fillets  intersecting  each  other  at  right  angles. 

Oloss.  if  Arch. 

5.  In  heraldry,  a  bearing  composed  of  bars  crossed 
and  interlaced. 

FRE  T,  r.  t.  To  furnish  with  frets,  as  an  instrument 
of  music.  Ad.  Res. 

FRET,  n.     [h.fretum.]     A  frith,  which  see. 

FRET'FIJL,  a.  Disposed  to  fret ;  ill-humored  ;  peevish  ; 
angrv  ;  in  a  state  of  vexation  ;  as,  a  fretful  tt;mper. 

FRET'PCL-LY,  of/y.    Ei^evishly  ;  angrily. 

FRET'fQL-NESH,  n.^Peevislines8  ;  ill-lmnior;  dis- 
position to  fret  and  complain. 

FRETT,  H.  With  miners^  the  worn  side  of  the  bank 
of  a  river.  Eneyc. 

FRET'TED,  pp.  or  a.  Eaten  ;  corroded  ;  rubbed  or 
worn  away;  agitated;  vexed;  made  rough  on  tha 
surface  ;  variegated  ;  ornainenled  with  fretwork ; 
furnished  with  frets. 

FRET'TKN,  a.  Rubbed  ;  marked  ;  as,  pock-freften^ 
marked  with  the  sniall-pox. 

PRET'TKR,  71.     That  which  frets. 

FRET'TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Corroding  ;  wearing  a^vay  ; 
agitating;  vexing;  making  rough  on  the  surface; 
variecatinc 

FRET'TING,  n.  A  state  of  chafing  ;  vexation  j 
peevi?<hness. 

FRET' TY,  a.     Adorned  with  fretwork. 

FRE'TCM.n.  [L.]  A  strait,  or  armof  tlie  sen.    Ray. 

FRET'WORK,  (wurk,)  n.    Work  adorned  with  frets. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS 6  asKj  fiasJ;  «asZ;  CHas  SII;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


61 


4dl 


FRI 

FRI  A-BIL'I-TW     i  n.    [See  Friablx.]     The  qual- 
FRl'A  nLt:-NESS,  i       iiy  of   being    easily   broken, 

rntiiil'U'tlf  and  ivduced  to  powder.  L*>cke. 

rRI'A-BLE,  fl.     f  Ft.  friable;  U  friabilis^  from  /Wo,  to 

break   or   crumble.     Frio   is   probably  a   contracted 

Word.    Ch.  T^O  or  Ch.  Heb.  p"»fi,  to  break.] 
Kajily  crumbled  or  pulverized  ;  ea^iily  reduced  to 

powder.      Pumice    and    calcined    stones   arc   very 

fnMa. 
FRI'AR,  K.    [Fr.  frire^  a  brother,  contracted  from  I*. 

frcler.     See  Urother.! 

I.  A  brother  or  member  of  any  n'lipoui  order,  but 

npectatly  of  one  of  the  four  mendicant  onlers,  viz. 

(1.)  Minors,  <Irav  Fria«, or  Franciscans;  (2.)  Aurus- 

tines;  (a)  Dominicans, or  Black  Friars;  (4.)  White 

Friars  or  Carmelites. 
S.  In  a  retftncted  seoM,  a  monk  who  is  not  a 

priest  i  tboae  fHars  who  are  In  orders  being  called 

a.  In  vriniin^y  any  port  of  the  page  which  has  not 
Teeejve»f  ihe  ink. 
FKI'AR-LTKE,  a.    LJke  a  friar;  monastic;  unskilled 

bi  the  world.  KtcUes. 

FRI'AR-LY,  s.    Like  a  Oiar »  untau|}it  in  the  aflkirs 

of  life.  Boom. 

FRI'AR*S-eOWL,  N.    A  plant,  a  species  of  Anim, 
whh  a  flower  resembling  a  cowL 

JukHMn.     Fam,  of  Plants. 

FR7'AR*»-LAN'TERX,  «.  The  ignis  fatuus.  MiUoil 
FRI'AR-V,  ■.     A  monastery  ;  a  convent  of  friars. 

DugdttU. 
FRI'AR-T,  e.    Like  a  friar;  pcrtnining  to  friars, 
FRI-ATION,  n.    The  act  of  crumbling.         [Ouwln. 
F&SB'BLE,  a.     [L.fncoltu,  Ft.  fricole^  from  rubbing  ; 
ftun  mi,  if  b  IS  radical,  or  from  frteo^  if  the  b  repre- 
sents a  {Ktlatal  tetter,     if  b  in  radical,  the  word  ac- 
cords with  Dan.  nps^  trifles,  frivuluusnew.] 

Frivolous  ;  trilling  ;  silly.  Bril.  CriL 


FftlB'BLE, 

fellow. 
FRIB'BLE,  V.  i. 
FRIB'BLER,  a. 
FRI'BORG,  \ 
PRID'BURGH,  I 
F&IC'ACE, 


A    friV(4ous,  trifling,    contemptible 

To  trifle ;  iUjd,  to  totter.       TatJer, 
A  triller.  Spectator. 

m.    [free  and  htrg.]    The  same  as 

Fba  ?rK-rLSDcr.  Cowd. 

[See  FatcAUKK.]  Meat  sliced  and 
dressed  with  strong  sauce ;  also,  an  unguent  pre- 
parrd  by  frying  things  together.  [Oft*.]  B,Jmwfoiu 
FiUaJU^-DF^lU  (frik'an-do,)  a.  [Fr.]  A  ragout  or 
fricassee  of  veal.  The  term  is  ■omeUmea  Inmoperiy 
applied  to  stewed  beef  highly  seaeoned.  CWefey. 
FRie-AS«£E',  a.  [Fr. ;  IX.  fri^tta  i  Sp.  Jriemsfa  ; 
fon.fi'mtmMti;  from  Pr.  yWcsAser,  to  fry,  lU  friggrrt, 
fan./ngirf  Spt  frtirj  l^frigo,] 

A  slew  or  dish  of  food  made  by  cutting  chickens, 
nbblta,cr  other  small  animals,  into  pitces,  and  dress- 
ing them  in  a  fr>-iDg-pan,  or  a  tike  utensil.    King. 
FRie  A?-.*iF.E',  r.  £.     To  dress  in  fricassee. 
FRIC-A^-J^KKIt',  pp.  or  a.     Dressed  in  fricassee. 
FRIC-AS-SKE'IXG,  ppr.     Dressing  in  fricassee. 
FRI-CA'TION,  n.     [L-fricatio,  from  frico,  to  rub.] 

The  act  of  rubbing;  frictiim.  [LiUU  umU.]  Bacon. 
FRI€'TIO.\,s.    [Ufrictio:  Tt.  frtctivn  :  fntm  L.  friec, 
ID  rub,  IL /re/ore,  Sp  /w«r.] 

I.  The  act  of  rubbing  the  surface  of  one  body 
against  that  of  anotlier ;  attrition.  Many  bodies  by 
frt€tion  emit  light,  and  frictxoti  generates  or  evolves 
beat. 

3.  In  mtcJmnics,  the  efTect  of  rubbing,  or  the  re- 
aii^ance  which  a  moving  body  meets  with  from  the 
surface  on  which  it  moves.  Kncyc 

3.  In  RiAiifiite,  the  rubbing  of  the  body  with  the 
hand,  or  with  a  bru^b,  tlannel,  ii.c. ;  or  the  nibbing 
of  a  diseased  pari  with  oil,  unguent,  or  other  medica- 
ment. Eiuye. 
IRIC'TION-LESS,  0.    Having  no  friction. 
FKie'TIO.N'-WllEELS,  n.  pi.     In  mediastca,  wheels 
so  arranged  as  to  diminish  the  friction  of  machinery. 
FRI'DA Yj  a.     [Sai.  frig-d^g ;  G.  frettag ;  D.  vrydag ; 
fixxn  Fngga,  the  Venus  of  the  norih  ;  D.  trouw^  G. 
fram^  It.  fngt  a  woman.] 

The  sixth  day  of  the  week,  formeriy  consecrated 
FRIDGE,  c,  L    [Sai./n"a«i«.]  [to  Frigga. 

To  move  hastily.     [JSp'ot  u>  itse.]  JI 

FRID'-STOLE.     See  Faao. 


IlaUyvBdL 


FRr£D,  (fride,)  vp.m  a.  Dressed  in  a  frying-pan; 
heated  ;  agiratea. 

FRIEND,  (frend,)  n.  [Sax.  freond^  the  participle  of 
frfVHy  to  free,  to  love,  contracted  from  frigan ,  to  free  ; 
G.freundi  D.vriend;  Dan. frende;  Sw.Jriinile.  We 
•ee  the  radical  sense  is  to  free;  hence,  to  be  ready, 
willirtg,  or  cheerful,  joyous,  and  allied  perhaps  to 
JroUc} 

I.  One  who  is  attached  to  another  by  affection ; 
one  who  entertains  for  another  sentiments  of  esteem, 
respect,  and  aflVction,  which  lead  him  to  desire  his 
company,  and  to  seek  to  promote  his  happiness  and 
pro^erity  ;  opposed  to  ^  or  aumy, 

AMtmd  lotvth  mt  all  timeB.  — Pmr.  xrfi. 

Tben  h  a  fUtmi  that  Mkketb  doaei  tfaui  a  bratber.  —  Prov. 

9.  One  not  hostile  ;  opposed  to  an  enemjf  in  war. 

Sluik. 
3.  One  reconciled  aller  enmity.     Let  us  be  friends 
•gain. 


FRI 

4.  An  attendant ;  a  companion.  Dryden, 

5.  A  favorer  ;  one  \\  bo  is  propitioris  ;  as,  a  friend 
to  commerce  ;  a/rirati  to  puelry  ;  a  friend  to  charita- 
ble instittiiions. 

6.  .\  favorite.     Hushai  was  David's  friend. 

7.  A  term  (if  salutation;  a  familiar  compellation. 

/VirnJ,  how  uinMt  Uiou  in  liiihrr  f  —  M^tt,  xxli, 

So  Christ  calls  Judas  his  friend,  though  a  traitor. 
Mau.  XXV i. 

8.  Formerly  a  paramour. 

9.  One  of  the  religious  sect  fVequently  called 
(^takers 

10.  jj  friend  at  court;  one  who  has  sufficient  in- 
tert-st  to  serve  another.  Chaucer. 

FRIEND,  (tVend,)  v.  U    To  favor;    to  countenance; 

to  befriend ;  to  support  or  aid.     [But  we  now  use 

BaraiBitD.]  i^ak. 

FRIENiyED,  (frend'ed,)  pp.    FAvoied  ;  befriended. 
2.  a.     Inclined  to  love  ;  well-disposed.         Shak. 
FRIEND'ING,  (frend'ing,)  ppr.     Favoring. 
FItlEND'LESS,  (frvnd'less,)  a.     Destitute  of  friends; 

wanting  countenance  or  support :  forlorn.       Pope^ 
FRIENDLIKE,  (frend'like,)  a.     Having  the  disposi- 

tinns  of  a  friend. 
FRIEND'LI-NESS,  (frend'le-ness,)  n.     A  disposition 

to  friendship  ;  friendly  dispositions.  Sidney. 

•2.  Exertion  of  benevolence  or  kindness.  Taiilor. 

FRIE.ND'LY,  (frend'ly,)o.     Having  the  temper  and 

disposition  of  a  friend  ;  kind  ;   favorable  ;   disixjsed 

to  promote  the  good  of  another. 

Thou  10  ina|))nnd 
Be  good  kftdyi-tm^  itill,  nad  vfl  nlurn.  3/iriofl. 

2.  Dispused  to  peace.  Ptrpe. 
Si  Amicable.    We  are  on /n>]it//y  terms. 

4.  Not  hostile  ;  as,  ttfrieiidiy  power  or  state. 

5.  Favorable  ;  propitious  ;  saluUir>' ;  pmmoting  the 
go-od  of;  OS,  n  friendly  breirze  or  gale.  Excessive 
rains  are  not/rieiu/Zy  to  the  ripening  fruits.  Temper- 
ance is  frirudlif  to  longtrvity. 

FRIEND'LY,  ((Vend'ly,)  ado.  In  the  manner  of 
friend^;  nmicnblv.     (■\'ot  muck  u»ed,]  Shak. 

FRlEND'SHir,  (frend'sbip,)  k.  An  attachment  to  a 
person,  proceeding  from  intinmte  acquaintance,  and 
a  rt*('ipn>cation  of  kind  ulhces,  or  from  n  favorable 
opinion  of  Ihe  amiable  and  res)K-ct:ible  qualities  of 
his  mind.  Friendship  difTi-rs  from  benerolence^  which 
is  ei>od-will  to  mankind  in  general,  and  from  that 
l4irf  vvhitrli  springs  from  iiiiiiii:il  appetite.  True  frtpiid- 
stiip  IS  a  nobif  and  virtuous  atUichincnt,  sprinciu^ 
fruin  a  pure  source,  a  respect  for  worth  or  amiable 
qualities.  FtiLte  friendship  may  subsist  between  bad 
men,  as  between  thieves  and  pirates.  This  is  a  teiu- 
purar)'  attachment,  springing  from  interest,  and  may 
change  in  a  moment  to  enmity  and  rancor. 

Thm  can  ba  do  frtmdskip  wtlfaoul  coDfiilcDce,  aiitl  no  coiifi- 

•knoe  wlUwMt  im^rr'y.  Ramber. 

Tb-rf  b  Jink  friemdmlttp  iii  ihe  wortd.  Bacon. 

The  finl  btw  nifriendwp  u  ainectity.  Arwn. 

3.  Mutual  altacluncnt ;  intimacy. 

ir  not  In  friend^iip,  lrr«  at  least  in  peaM.  DryUn. 

3.  Favor ;  personal  kindness. 

Hti  frimntUhipt,  nill  lo  few  coiifin«d, 

Wen  &lwn}'t  uf  ibe  niidillin^  kind.  SmfL 

4.  Friendly  aid  ;  help ;  assistance.  Shak. 

5.  Conformity;  affinity;  correspondence  ;  aptness 
to  unite. 

We  know  those  colon  which  have  a  friendafup  for  each  other. 

[A»(  common,  and  hardly  le^timate.'] 
FRiF.ZE,  >  Cfreez,)M.  [Sp.  frisa,  freeze;  frisar,  to 
FRYZE,  (  raise  a  naponctoih,to/ri:i/e,-  Fr.  friser, 
to  curl  or  crisp,  to  shiver,  to  ruffle  ;  FoTUfnsar;  Arm. 
friaa.  Q.it.  Sp.  rizor,  to  crisp  or  curl,  to  frizzle  ;  Gr. 
fPfitaao},  to  shiver  or  tremble  with  fear,  whose  ele- 
ments are  Frg  or  Frk,  as  ap|>car9  by  ^^.pifw,  ^iukto^, 
0ioij.  If/rieie,  in  architecture,  is  the  same  word, 
which  seems  to  be  the  fiict,  we  have  evidence  that 
the  elements  are  Frg,  for  in  Italian, yHesc  is  fregio. 
The  primary  sense  is,  probably,  to  draw  or  contract.] 

1.  Properly,  the  nap  on  woolen  cloth  ;  hence,  a 
kind  of  coarse  woolen  cloth  or  stuff*,  with  a  nap  on 
one  side. 

2.  In  architecture,  that  part  of  the  entablature  of  a 
column  ."hicb  is  between  the  architrave  and  cornice. 
It  is  a  flat  member  or  face,  often  enriched  with 
figures  ^f  animals,  or  other  ornaments  of  sculpture, 
whence  its  name. 


e  or  fruze  with  bosiy  aciilpturcs  graven. 


MUlon. 


FRlKZ'fTD,  a.     Napped  ;  shaggy  with  nap  or  frieze. 

FRIeZE'LTKE,  a.     Resembling  frieze.  .Addison. 

FRIG'ATE,  n.  [Fr.  fregate  i  It.  fregata;  Sp.  and 
Port,  fragata;  Turkish, /or^a(a  ;  perhaps  Gr, /i0p(i«- 
TOi,  L.  aphractum,  an  open  ship  or  vessel,  for  in 
PortufTuese  it  signifies  a  boat  as  well  as  a  frigate. 
The  Greek  word  a'^toaxr  >i  signifies  not  fortified  ;  a 
and  <pn.taao}.  It  was  originally  a  vessel  without 
decks,  used  by  the  Rhodians.  The  frigate  was  origi- 
nally a  kind  of  vessel  used  In  the  Mediterranean, 
and  propelled  both  by  sails  and  by  oars.     Lunier.] 

1.  A  ship  of  war,  of  a  size  larger  than  a  corvette 
or  sloop  of  war,  and  less  than  a  ship  of  the  line 


FRI 

usually  it  lias  batteries  on  two  decks,  vis.,  the  spar 
d.'ck,  and  the  one  below  it,  or  main  derk,  on  whifli 
is  the  priiici|iat  force.     It  rates  usually  from  tvvenl>- 
eight  guns  up  to  forty-four. 
2.  Any  small  vessel  on  the  water.     [JVot  used.] 

Spenser. 

FRIG'ATE-BIRD,  n.  A  large  and  rapacious  tropical 
seti-fuwl,  with  very  long  wing>:,  allied  to  the  pelican. 
Its  general  color  is  black,  but  the  belly  of  the  female 
is  while.  It  belongs  to  the  genus  Tachypetcs  of  Vi- 
eillot.  P.  Cue. 

FRIG'ATK--BUU.T,  (bilt,)  a.  Built  like  a  frigate,  in 
having  a  s[»ar-dt'ck  over  the  gun-deck. 

FRIG-A-'l'OOX',  w.  A  Venetian  vessel,  with  a  square 
stern,  witliout  a  foremast,  having  only  a  mainmast 
and  mizzeiunast.  Kncyc. 

FKlG-E-FAe'TION,  n.     [L.  frigus,  cold,  and  facio, 
to  make.] 
The  act  uf  m:iking  cold.     [Little  used.]  Diet. 

FRIGHT,  (frlte,)  «.  [Dun.fnjgt;  i^w.fruchtan;  Sax. 
fyrhto,  fyrhtu,  fifrhtnin,  fright,  and  firhted,  frighted, 
frihtan,  to  frighten  ;  G.  furcht,  furchten  ;  D.  vrugten, 
to  fear  ;  Fr.  efrayer.  Uu.  Gr.  tPfJtai^o],  0r((oj,  to  fear, 
that  is,  to  shrink  or  shiver.    But  friglu,  or  the  Sax. 

fyrhto,  is  precisely  the  Ethiopic  participle  ^^U  r 

ferht,  from  o^^-ty)  ferah,  to  fear,  which  seems  to  ba 
Dllierl  to  L.  rereor.     Class  Br,  No.  33.] 

Sudden  and  violent  fear  ;  terror  ;  a  passion  excited 
by  the  sudden  appearance  of  danger.  It  expresses 
more  than /e^ir,  and  is  distinguished  from /rar  and 
dread  hy  its  sudden  invasion  and  temporary  exist- 
ence ;  fright  being  usually  of  sh<irt  duration,  whereas 
fear  ami  dreud  may  be  long  continued. 
FRIGHT.  ;  r.  t.      To  terrify  :  to  scare  ;  to  alarm 

FRIGHT' J^N,  \  suddenly  with  danger;  to  shock  sud- 
denly with  the  approach  of  evil ;  to  duunt ;  to  diU' 
may. 


Nor  exile  or  daii^r  cah  fright  a.  brave  spirit. 


Dryden. 


FRTGHT'ED,  )    pp.   or  a.     Terrified;   suddenly 

FRIGHT'KN-ED,   \        alarmed  with  danger. 

FRIGHT' /:\ING,  (frite'n-ing,)  ppr.  Terrifying  ,  sud- 
denlv  alarming  with  danger. 

FRTGI'IT'FIJL,  a.  Terrible  ;  dreadful ;  exciting  alarm  ; 
impressing  terror ;  as,  a  frightful  chasm  or  precipice  ', 
a  frightful  tempest 

FRKiirrTJil^LY,  adP.  Terribly;  dreadfully;  in  a 
manner  to  impress  terror  and  alarm  ;  horribly. 

2.  Very  disagreeably ;  shockingly.  She  looks/n'^Af- 
fiilly  lo-dav. 

FRKJHT'FijL-NKSS,  n.  The  quality  of  impressing 
terror. 

FRIGIIT'LESS,  a.    Free  from  fright. 

FRIG'ID,  (frij'id,)  a.  [L.  frigidus,  from  frigeo,  lo  be 
or  to  grow  cold  ;  ri^eo,  to  be  stift'  or  frozen  ;  Gr.  pi- 
ytf-i.  If  the  radical  sense  is,  to  be  stifi*,  the  root  coin- 
cides nearly  with  thatuf  right,  rectu,^,  or  with  that  of 
reach,  region,  which  is,  to  stretch,  that  is,  lo  draw  or 
contract.] 

1.  Cold;  wanting  heal  or  warmth;  as,  a  frigid 
climate. 

2.  Wanting  warmth  of  afl^ection  ;  unfeeling  ;  as,  a 
frigid  temper  or  constitution. 

3.  Wanting  natural  heat  or  vigor  sufficient  to  ex- 
cite the  generative  power  ;  imiwtent. 

4.  Dull ;  jejune  ;  unnniinated  ;  wanting  the  fire  of 
genius  or  fancy  ;  as,  a  friirid  style  ;  frig  d  rhymes. 

6.  Stiff;  formal ;  forbidding;   as,  a  frigid  look  or 
manner. 

(i.  Wanting  zeal ;  dull;  formal;  lifeless ;  as, /n'^id 
services. 
FRIG'ID  ZONE;  that  part  of  the  earth  which  lies 
between  the  polar  circle  and  the  pole.  It  extends 
about  33"  28'  from  each  pole. 
FRI-GID'I-TY,  n.  Coldness;  want  of  warmth.  But 
not  applied  to  the  air  or  weaUier. 

2.  Want  of  natural  heat,  life,  and  vigor  of  body  ; 
impotenry  ;  imbecility  ;  as,  the  frigidity  of  old  age. 

3.  Coldness  of  affiTition. 

4.  Dullness  ;  want  uf  animation  m  intellectual  fire ; 
as,  the  frigidity  of  sentiments  or  style. 

FUlG'tD-LV,  adc.    Coldly  ;  dully  ;  wilhout  affection. 
FRIG'ID- .NESS,  H.     Coldness;  dullness;  want  of  heat 

or  vigor;  want  of  affection.     [See  Frigiditt.I 
FRlG-O-RlF'ie,  a.     [Ft.  frigorifque  ;  h.  frigonfcus  i 
frigua,  cold,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

Causing  cold  ;  producing  or  generating  cold. 

F.ncye.     Quiney. 
FRII>L,  n.     [Infra.]     An  ediiing  of  fine  linen  tm  the 
bosum  of  a  shirt  or  otlier  similar  thing  ;  a  ruffle. 

Muaon. 
FRILL,  V.  i.     [Fr.  frileur,  chilly.     We  have  the  word 
in  trill,  D.  trtllen,  to  shake,  G.  trillem ;  all  with  a  dif- 
ferent prefix.    Class  Rl.] 

To  shake  ;  lo  quake  ;  to  shiver  as  with  cold ;  as, 
the  hawk  frUlg.  Eueye. 

FRIM,  a.     [Sax.  freom.] 

Flourishing.     [A*o(  in  use.]  Drayton. 

FRINGE,  (frinj,)  n.  [Fr.  frange  ;  It.  frcitgia  :  Sp.  and 
Port,  franja:  Arm-  frainch,  or  fiainch;  G.franse:  D, 
fraitje ;  Dan.  frynse.  It  seems  to  be  ft-om  L.  frango, 
to  hreak,  Sp.  frangir.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  M.VRXNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

_ 


FRI 

1.  An  ornanientnl  apfw'ndage  to  thf  borders  of  gar- 
ments or  furniture,  cunsisting  of  loose  threads. 

The  golden /rinfc  cVti  i-t  the  giunnd  on  (Ume.         Dryden, 

2.  Something  resembling  fringe ;  an  open,  broken 
t«>rder.  Mounta^, 

FRINGE,  e.  L    To  adorn  or  border  with  fringe  or  a 

looss  edcing. 
FR(\C£D,(frmjd,)  pp.  or  a.    Bordered  with  fringe. 
FKIXCE'LErfS,  a.     Having  no  fringe. 
FRI\OjE'-LIKE,  fl.     Resembling  fringe. 
FRI.\6E'-MAK-ER,  iu     One  who  makes  fringe. 
FRI\6E'-TREE,  «.     A  small  tree,  ChionanOiv^  fir- 
gviica^  growing  in  the  Southern  United  States,  and 
having  snow-white  flowers,  which  hang  down  like 
•"""ge.  Farm.Encyc. 

FRI\-<iIL-LA'CEOUS,  a.     [L.  fringiUa.] 

Pertaining  to  the  finches,  or  frinliillada. 
FRIXCING,  ppr.     Bordering  with  fringe. 
FRLN'O'V,  (u    Adorned  wiih  fringes.  Skak. 

FRIF'PER,         i  n.    [See  Frippebt.]    One  who  deals 
FRIP'J^ER-ER,  !      in  old  dothes. 

FKIP'PHR-Y,  n.  [Fr.  friperie,  from  friper,  to  fumble, 
to  ruffle,  to  wear  out,  to  waste ;  Arm./«;;a  or  Jlippa  ; 
Sp.  roperia,  nrpavfjerta,  from  n-pa,  cloUl,  stuff,  appar- 
el, which  seems  to  be  the  Eng.  robe  ;  PorL  roupa, 
clothes,  furniture  ;  farrapo,  a  rag  ;  perhaps  from  the 
r»x»l  of 'Eng.  ru6,  that  is,  to  wear,  to  use,  as  we  say, 
wearing  apparel,  for  lo  toear  is  to  rub.    See  Robe.] 

I.  Old  clothes  ;  cast  dresses  ;  clothes  thrown  aside, 
after  wearing.  Hence,  waste  matter ;  useless  things  ; 
trifles  ,  a.-!,  the  frippery  of  u  it.  £.  Jonson. 

a.  The  place  where  old  clothes  are  sold.       ShaJc. 
3.  The  trade  or  traffic  in  old  cloUies.  Eacac 

FRIP'PER-Y,  a.     Trifling;  contemptible.  Gray. 

hHU;gEUR'.  (fre-zur',)  n.     [Fr.,  from  friscr^  to  curi.l 

A  hair-dresser.  IVarton, 

FRISK,  r.  L  [D-d\\.  frisky  fresh,  new,  green,  fri-wt, 
lively,  gay,  vigorous  ;  jViiirr,  to  freshen,  to  renew  ; 
frijfkked^  citulness,  freshness,  briskness ;  Sw.  frisk ;  G. 
frvicK  fre^h,  brisk.  This  is  the  same  word  as  /rwA, 
but  from  the  Gutliic.  If  it  is  radically  the  same  as 
irwft,  it  is  VV.  bryji^^  sj»eedy,  nimble,  from  rAy.v,  a 
ru.<hia0.  But  this  is  doubtful.  In  some  languages, 
frrsh  IS  written  ffrsc,  verttdi,  as  if  from  the  root 
Br.     But  I  liiink  it  can  not  be  the  Clu  03-»b,  to  be 

ipi  to  spring  suddenly  one  way 


FUG 


FRO 


moved,  to  tremble.] 

1.  'I'd  leap  ;  t*.i  SK 

and  the  other. 

Thr  ftdi  fu-II  a  /ruHny  in  the  neU  VEstmnge. 

2.  To  dance,  skip,  and  gambol,  iu  frolic  and  gay- 
ety. 

The  frUHng  n 
Iu  vitiii  to  j'rUk 

FRIPK,  a. 
KRISK 


1  danced. 


Additon, 

Swift. 

Lively;  hrisk  ;  blilhe.  Hali. 

A  frolic  ;  a  fit  uf  wanton  payety.  Jvhnson, 


B.Jn 


FRISK'AL,  n.     A  leap  or  caper.     \jVcli 

B.  Jonson, 
FRISK'LR,  B.    One  who  leaps  or  dances  in  griyety : 
a  wanton  ;  an  inconstant  or  unsettLd  \-XTsim. 

Camden, 
FRFSK'ET,  n.    [Fr.  frUquHtt.     So  named  fmrn  the 
vilocily  or  (m\nvt\e.y  of  its  motion.     See  Faui.] 

In  prMmg,  the  ll|!ht  frame  in  which  a  sheet  of 
paper  IS  confined,  to  be  laid  un  the  form  for  Impres- 
sion. 

FRISK'I-LY,  arfr.    Gayly  ;  briskly. 

FRISK'I-.N E8S,  B,  Brisknc^  and  frequency  of  mt>- 
tion  ;  gayety  ;  liveliness ;  a  dancing  or  leaping  in 
frolic. 

FRIi^K'INO,  ;?pr.  (.eaping;  skipping;  dancing  about; 
moving  with  life  and  gayety 

FRIJ^K' V,  a.  Jumping  with  gayety  ;  frolicsome  ;  cav  ; 
lively. 

FRIT,  «.  [Fr.  frillt:  Sp.  fritat  It.  fritto,  fried,  from 
U  frUtiu^fri^o^  Kng.  to/r».] 

In  tfie  maMu/acture  af  ghiAit,  the  mailer  of  which 
glass  is  made,  after  it  has  been  calcined  or  baked  in 
«  furnace,  but  before  fusion.  It  is  a  composition  of 
silii  and  met.allic  alkali,  occasionally  with  other  in- 
gredients. 

FRITH,  ».  (L./rrt«iii;  Cr.  irooOjiif,  froni  Tfiur,.,  to 
pass  over,  or  ff-pruoj,  Bcrv/iu,  to  pa.-.«;  pro|ierly, 
a  passage,  a  narrow  channel  lli.it  is  passable  or 
pa.ssed.] 

I.  A  narrow  passage  of  the  sea ;  a  strait.  It  is 
u^ed  for  the  opening  of  a  river  into  the  sea  ;  as  the 
frltk  of  F.irth,  or  of  Clyde. 

■3.  A  kind  of  weir  for  catching  fish.  CaTtm 

rillTII,  n.     [VV. /WIA,  or /r,:.) 

1.  A  forinlt ;  a  Woody  place.  Drayton. 

2.  A  small  field  taken  out  of  a  common.  IVJmne. 
l^itt  lueil  in  Jlmn^caA 

;  CITH' 


Skdton. 


I'Y,  a.     Woody.     [.V«l  in  «..r.] 
1  illT'lU/.A-RV,  n.     l/ntilU.,  a  dice-b.)X.j 

The  popular  name  of  the  Crown  Imperial,  a  bul- 
bous flowermg  plant,  called  in  the  Sjianish  Diction- 
ary rlttckrred  lily.  Dc  Tllcin. 
FRIT'I-NA.V-c/,«.     [h.  fritinnio.] 

A  chirping,  or  creaking,  as  of  a  crickeL  [JVol  mtiL] 

FRIT'TER,n.    llt./ri««tt.;  Hp./ritiU(M,  plnralT'frora 
I> /rirfiu,  fried  ;  Dan. /W««.l 


1.  A  sm.all  pancake  of  fried  batter-  also,  a  small 
piece  of  meat  fried. 

2.  A  fragment ;  a  shred  ;  a  small  piece 

And  cut  whole  giant*  iiiu>/riU€ra.  Iludibnu. 

FRIT'TEK,  V.  u    To  cut  meat  into  small  pieces,  to  be 
fried. 
2.  To  break  into  small  pieces  or  fragments. 

Bn?itk  all  their  nerren,  aiid/ricer  all  Uteir  aenae.  Pope, 

Tofritlrr  away,  is  to  diminish  ;  to  pare  off;  to  I^ 
duce  to  nothing  by  taking  away  a  little  at  a  time. 

FRIT'TF.R-£D,  pp.    Cut  or  broken  to  pieces. 

FRIT'TER-ING,  ;>pr.  Cutting  or  breaking  into  small 
pieces. 

FRI-VOLT-TY,  n.  Acts  or  habits  of  trifling.  [See 
Fbivolousness.] 

FRIV'O-LOUS,  a,  [L.  fricolus,  from  the  root  of /no, 
to  break  into  small  pieces,  to  crumble  ;  Fr.  frivole  ,- 
Sp.  and  II,  frivoh.  We  observe  the  same  radical 
letters,  Rb,  Rv,  in  trivial,  trifle,  h,  tero,  trici,  to  ru4  or 
wear  out.     Class  Kb.] 

Slight ;  trifling ;  trivial ;  of  little  weight,  worth,  or 
importance;  not  worth  notice;  as,  a /riroiouj  argu- 
ment ;  a  frivolous  objection  or  pretext.  Swifi, 

FRI  V'0-LOUS-i,Y,  adv.     In  a  trifling  manner. 

FRIV'O-LOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  tri- 
fling, or  of  very  little  worth  or  importance  ;  want  of 
consequence. 

FRIZ,  c.  t.     [Sp. /risor ;  Fr. /rucr.    See  FaiEii:.] 

1.  To  curl ;  to  crisp;  to  form  into  small  curls  with 
a  crisping-pin. 

2.  To  form  the  nap  of  cloth  into  little  hard  burs, 
prominences,  or  knobs. 

FRIZ'Z£D,  pp.  or  a.  Curled  ;  formed  into  little  burs 
on  clolh. 

FRIZ'ZING,  ppr.  Curling ;  forming  little  hard  burs 
on  clotli. 

FRIZ'ZLE,  p.  t.    To  curl ;  to  crisp,  as  hair.         Oay, 

FItlZ'ZLAJD,  (friz'zld,)  pp.  or  a.    Curled  ;  crisped. 

FRIZ'ZLER,  a.     One  wlio  makes  short  curls. 

FRIZ'ZLIiS'C,  ppr.    Curling;  crisping. 

FRO,  adv.  [Sax.  fra  ;  Scut,  fra,  frat  i  Dan.  fra.  It 
denotes  departure  and  distance,  like  from,  of  which 
it  may  be  a  contraction.  In  some  languages,  it  is  a 
prefix,  having  the  force  of  a  negative.  Thus  in  Da- 
nish frabringer,  to  bring  from,  is  to  avert,  to  dispel  ; 
frakaUcr,  to  recall.  In  Colli,  bngyan  is  to  buy  ;  fra- 
biLgyan  is  to  sell,  that  is,  in  literal  English,  fromhay.\ 
From  ;  away  ;  back  or  liackward  ;  as  in  the  phrase, 
to  and  fro,  that  is,  to  and  from,  forward  or  toward 
and  backward,  hither  and  thitlier. 

FROCK,  n.  [Fr.  /rue;  Arm.  frocq;  G.  frazk;  Scot. 
frog,\ 

An  upper  coat,  or  an  outer  garment.  The  word  is 
now  used  for  a  loose  garment  or  shirt  worn  by  men 
over  their  other  clothes,  and  for  a  kind  of  gown,  open 
behind,  worn  by  females.  The  /ri;c<;  was  formerly  a 
garment  worn  by  monks.        Ingulphm,.    Spclman, 

FR0CK'-C<3AT,  n.  A  kind  of  slraiglrt-bodicd  coat, 
having  the  same  length  before  and  behind,  like  a 
siirtout,  but  shorter. 

FROCK'£D,  (frokl,)  a.     Clothed  in  a  ftock. 

FROCK'LESS,  a.     Destitute  of  a  frock. 
FROG,  It.     [Sax,  froga,frojrga;  Dan. /roc.     Qu.  fiom 
the  root  of  break,  as  L.  runo,  from  the  root  of  rend, 
from  its  broken  shape,  or  from  leaping,  or  its  fragor, 
or  hoar-se  voice.] 

1.  An  amphibious  animal  of  the  genus  Rana,  with 
four  feet,  a  naked  boily,  and  without  a  tail.  It  is  re- 
markable for  swimming  with  rapiilily,  and  for  taking 
large  leaps  on  land.    Frogs  lie  torpid  during  winter. 

Kncttc 

2.  In  farriny,  a  sort  of  tender  horn  that  groivs  in 
the  middle  of  the  sole  of  a  horse,  at  some  distance 
from  the  toe,  dividing  into  two  branches,  and  mn- 
ning  toward  the  heel  in  the  form  of  a  fork. 

Farrier^s  Diet, 
X  A  citmk-biilton,  swelled  in  the  middle. 
FROG'BIT,  n.     .\  plant,  the  llydrochari.s. 
FKOG'-FISII,  11.     'nie  fishing-frog,  which  see. 
FROG'-GRA.SS,  n.     A  plant. 

FROG'GY,  o.     Having  frogs.  Sherwood. 

JROG'-IIor-PER,  a.  A  small  insect,  living  on  plants, 
and  remarkable  for  ils  powers  of  leaping.  Its  larva; 
are  found  on  leaves,  inclosed  in  a  frothy  liquid,  and 
hence  called  eiukoo^ittle,  or  frog-spittle.  The  frog- 
happrr  belongs  to  the  Liniwan  genus  Cicada.  P.  Cye. 
FltOlSE,  H.     [Fr.  froitscr,  to  bruise.] 

A  kind  of  food  made  by  frying  bacon  inclosed  in  a 
pancake.  Cltalmers. 

FROI.MC,     la,     [G.  frUhlich;  froh,   glad,   and   lick, 
FROL'ICK.J      like;   D.  vrol„k:  Dan.  fro,  glad;  Sw. 
delig,  fr —  '  .J    '   '        ^  ..    .     . 


FROL'le, 
FROL'ICK, 


1.    A  wild  prank  ;  a  flight  of  levity,  tl 
gayety  and  mirth. 


He  would  be  at  l.ii/rojic  onca  ajain.  RotcomirKm. 

i.  A  scene  of  gayety  and  mirth,  as  in  dancing  or 
Pl"}'-     I  Thii  is  a  popular  use  of  the  word  in  Jmcrica.] 
FROL'le,     I  V.  i.   To  play  wild  pranks  ;  to  play  tricks 
FROL'ICK,  i      of  levity,  mirth,  and  gayety. 

The  buMJiiginsecta/roacin  Uie  air.  Atton. 

FROL'ie-FUL,  a.     Frolicsome. 
FROL'lCK-£D,  (frol'ikt,)  pret.  of  Faoiic. 
FROL'ICK-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Playing  pranks;   frolic- 
some. 
FROL'ie-LY,  ado     With  mirth  and  gayetj'.     [06«.] 

Beaum,  &•  FL 
FROL'ie-SOME,  a.    Full  of  gayety  and  mirth  ;  given 

to  pranks. 
FROL'l&SOME-LV,  adv.     With  wild  cavetv. 
FROL'IC-SOME-.NESS,  n,    Gayety  ;  w-iW  pranks. 
FRO.M,  prep.     [Sax.  f ram,  from;  Goth.  /ram.     In  Swe- 
dish. It  signines  before  or  forward,  but  its  sense  is, 
past  or  gone,  for  frdmlin^  is  a  stranger,  and  frilmga 
is,  to  go  out,  to  depart.    Dan./rem,  whence /■emmer, 
lo  forward,  to  proniote,/rfmme(;,strange,yT»»*oniiner, 
lo  come  forth  or  out ;  O.  fremd,  strange,  foreign  ;  D. 
rrcmiti,  id.     If  m  is  radical,  this  word  is  probably 
from  ihe  root  of  roam,  ramUe,  primarily  to  pass   to 
goj  *^      ' 

1  he  sense  of /rom  maybe  expressed  by  the  noun 
distance,  or  by  the  adjective  distant,  or  by  the  partici- 
ples, departing,  removing  to  a  distance.  Thus,  it  ia 
one  hundred  miles /rum  Boston  to  Hartford.  He  took 
his  sword  from  his  side.  Light  proceeds  from  the 
eun.  Water  issues  from  Ihe  earth  in  springs.  Sepa- 
rate the  coarse  wool  from  the  fine.  Men  have  all 
sprung  from  Adam.  Jleli  often  go /row  good  to  bad, 
and  from  bad  to  worse.  The  merit  of  an  action  de- 
pends on  the  principle  from  which  it  proceeds.  Men 
Judge  of  facts  from  personal  knowledge,  or  from  tes- 
timony. We  should  aim  to  judge  /ro»i  undeniable 
premises. 

The  sense  of  from  is  literal  or  figurative ;  but  it  Is 
uniformly  the  same. 

In  certain  phrases,  generally  or  always  elliptical, 
from  is  followed  by  certain  adverbs,  denoting  place 
region,  or  position,  indefinitely,  no  precise  point  being 
eipress(?d  ;  as. 
From  above  ;  from  the  upper  regions 
^Voni  afar;  from  a  distance. 
From  beneath ;  from  a  pliice  or  region  below 
From  below ;  from  a  lower  place. 
From  behind ;  from  a  place  or  position  in  the  rear. 
From  far;  from  a  distant  place. 
From  high  ;  from  on  high  ;  from  a  high  place,  from 
an  upper  region,  or  from  heaven. 

From  hence ;  from  this  place.     But  from  is  super- 
fluous before  hence ;  the  phrase,  however,  is  common. 
t^otn  thence;  from  that  place ; /rom  being  super- 
fluous. 

From  whence ;  from  which  place ;  from  being  super- 
fluous. 
From  where ;  from  which  place. 
From  within  ;  from  the  interior  or  inside. 
From  without ;  from  the  outside  ;  fyom  abroad. 
From  precedes  another  preposition,  followed  by  its 
proper  object  or  case. 

From  amidst ;  as,  from  amidst  the  w.aves. 
From  among :  as,  from  among  the  trees 
From  beneath;   as,  from  beneath  my  head. 
From  beyond;  &a,from  betjond  the  river. 
From  forth;  as,  from  forth  his  bridal  bower. 
Hut  this  is  an  inverted  order  of  the  words ; /orlA 
from  his  bower. 

From  off;  as,  from  off  Ihe  mercy-sent,  that  is  from 
the  top  or  surface. 

From  oat ;  as,  from  out  n  window,  that  is,  through 
an  opening,  or  from  the  inside. 


frUgdelig,  (rom  frilgd,  joy,  friigda,  to  exhilarate  ;  Ar. 

p"  j3  faracha,  to  be  glad,  to  rejoice.    Class  Brg,  No. 

6.    Probably  allied  to  free.] 

Gay  ;  merry  ;  full  of  levity ;  dancing,  playing,  or 
frisking  about ;  full  of  pranks. 

Th"/ro?ic  wind  ihjit  breaUi-a  tSe  »prinj:.  Milton. 

"  be  jjajr,  Utc/rolic,  and  the  loud.  Waller. 

[  This  ailjectioe  is  seldom  iLml,  ezeevl  in  poetry.    As 
a  noun  and  a  verb,  its  vse  is  common.] 


Fr.^m  otu  of,  is  an  ill  combination  of  words,  and 
not  to  be  used. 

From  under;  as,  from  under  the  bod, /rom  tttider  the 
ashes,  that  is,  from  beneath  or  the  lower  side. 

From  within;  as,  from  within  the  house,  tliat  is, 
from  the  inner  part  or  interior. 
FRO.M'WARD,  adv.     [Sax./ram  and  weard.] 

Away  from  ;  the  contrary  of  Toward. 
FRO\D,  n.     [L.frons,fronilis,    The  sense  is,  a  shoot, 
or  shouting  forward,  as  in  frons,froTitis.] 

In  botany,  a  term  which  Linnteus  applies  to  the 
stem  of  certain  plants,  as  the  ferns,  whose  stalk  and 
leaves  are  so  intimately  connected,  that  it  is  difllcult 
to  say  where  the  one  ends  and  the  otiier  begins. 
„  _  Milne. 

FRON-DA'TION,  a.     A  lopping  of  trees.         Ki:elvn. 
FUO.V-DESCE',  (fron-dess',)  v.  L    To  unfold  leaves, 

as  plants.  Staughton. 

FRO.\-DES'CENCE,  n.     [I.,  frondeseo,  from  froiu.j 

In  botany,  the  precise  time  of  the  year  and  month 

In  which  each  species  of  plants  unfolds  its  leaves. 

Jiliine.    Miirtjtn. 

FRON-niF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  from  and  fero,  to  bear.l 

Producing  fronds. 
FROND'OCS,  fl.     A  frojulous  flower  ia  one  which  is 
leafy,  one  xvhicli  produces  branches  charged  with 


TO.\E.  BULL.  IJXITE— AN"GER.  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K  ;  0  a,  J  ;  g  a,  Z  ;  C«  a,  SII ;  Til  as  In  THIS. 


4d:i 


FRO 

both  leaTBs  and  dowcra.     Instances  of  ttii-t  luxiiri- 
uice  MMnotimes  occur  in  the  ruse  and  anemune. 

MUne. 
FROXT,  (fmnl,)  n,    [  L.  /rt»ii»,  frontis ;  Fr.  froHt :  !*p. 
frmte,fronU;  i\.fi,/nU;  from  a   rool   sigiiif^ing,  Xo 
shout  forward,  to  project,  as  in  Gr.  Ltv^  iht*  nose,  W. 
Crvya  utd  rkon^  a  pike.     Class  Rn.j 

1.  Frvpfrlf^  the  forehead,  or  part  of  the  ftce  abora 
tbaeyes  ;  hence,  the  whole  face. 

OafroM  jH  ihwaW— ,  u>d  km  fnmm  cirniMnil  Prior, 

9.  The  forrhead  or  face,  as  expreKfiTO  of  the  tem- 
per or  dupoMUoQ  ;  as,  a  Ml/  Jr^mt^  oqulvalem  to 
boldnesa  or  impudence.  So  a  kardem*d  frmmt  is 
shameleasnesa. 

a.  The  r»n!  part  of  any  thine  ;  as,  the  fr«mt  of  a 
iKNise,  the  principal  HKe  or  side. 

4.  The  fore  part  or  van  of  an  army  or  a  body  of 
troops. 

Sw  Tbe  part  or  place  before  the  face,  or  opposed  to 
It,  or  lo  llto  tan  part  c^p  tliins-  He  stood  in  front  of 
his  troops.    Tbe  road  pa^i^es  in  fmnt  of  bis  house. 

&  The  moat  C(>n.«picuou:^  pan  i.'T  particular. 

7.   Imp^ldencei  as,  men  of /rust.  Taller, 

FKO.NT,  (frunt,)  p.  t.  To  oppose  face  to  face ;  to  op- 
pose directly. 

I  ilwll/VMf  ibM,  Ikl  MM  KUil^  flKNl. 

Woh  mU  my  vrimsB  ahmtt  rae.  Dryitn. 

SL  To  stand  oppoiwd  or  opposhe,  or  over  against 
any  thine ;  as,  his  house  /rvmL*  Ui?  clntrcli. 
FRONT,  (frUDt,)  r.  i.     To  sttnd  fi.rt'masL  Skak. 

3.  To  have  the  flice  or  front  toward  any  point  of 
compass. 
FRO.VT'AGB,  s.    The  front  part  of  an  edifice,  or  lot. 
FRO.VPAL,  s.    Dt^lon^ing  to  the  foa-hfa-l. 
FRO.\T'.\L,  M.     [L.  /rantaU;    Fr.  frouUd;   from  L. 

1.  In  meiJK-iM,  a  mcdicanicnl  or  prepamtion  to  be 
allied  to  the  forehead.  QuiJicy. 

§.  In  srcAixccfitrr,  a  liiUc  pediment  or  frontpicce, 
over  a  small  door  or  window.  £Ncyc. 

3.  In  Jnntk  ecrmvwcs,  a  frontlet  or  browbond, 
consisting  of  four  pieces  of  vclhini,  laid  on  leather, 
and  tied  round  ttie  forehead  in  the  synagogue  ;  each 
piece  containing  some  text  of  .Scripture.        Eiuyc 

FRON'T'A-TCD,  s.  Growing  broader  and  broader,  as 
a  leaf. 

PRO.NT'-BOX,  (fhint'boks,)  a.  Tbe  box  in  a  play- 
bouse  before  the  rcsC  Popt. 

FRO.VT'ED,  (frunt'cd.)  a.    Formed  with  a  fronL 

MdUnu 

FRONTIER',  (front-eer',)  a.  {Tt.  frmiUart ;  lu/rmt- 
tierti :  Sp.  frontm,] 

The  marches ;  the  border,  confine,  or  extreme  part 
of  a  country,  bordering  on  another  counir>' ;  that  is, 
the  part  furthest  adt'aneed,  or  the  part  that  fronts  an 
enemy,  or  which  an  invadmp  enemy  meeifl  in  front, 
or  which  fronts  another  country. 

FRONTIER',  a.  Lying  on  the  exterior  part  ;  border- 
ing ;  conit-nii incus  ;  as,  a  frotutrr  town. 

FRONT!  eR'KD,  o.     Guarded  on  the  frontiers. 

FRO.NT'ING,  ppr.     Opposing  face  to  face.     [Samstr. 

2.  a.  Standing  with  the  front  toward;  front  to 
front,  or  oppoe<iie. 

FRONT'ING-LV,  adc.  In  a  facing  position ;  oppos- 
ing! y. 

FRON-TIN-IAG'.   j  (tin-yak',)  n.  A  species  of  French 

FRON-TIG-NAG',  \  wine,  named  from  Frontignacy 
the  place  in  L:ingucdoc  where  it  is  produced. 

FRONTISPIECE,  a.  \l^  frontLspiau.m  i  frons  and 
sptcio,  to  view.] 

1.  In  anhitectHre,  the  principal  face  of  a  building ; 
the  face  that  direcUy  presents  itself  to  the  eye. 

2.  An  oniameniaJ  figure  or  engraving  fronting  the 
first  page  of  a  book,  or  at  the  beginning. 

FRONT'LESS,  ffnint'lesa,)  a.  Wanting  shame  or 
modesty  ;  not  diffident ;  as,  frwmtiesa  vice  ;  frantUss 
(latter^-.  Dryderu     Pope, 

FRONT'LET,  n.  [from  front,]  A  frontal  or  brow- 
band  ;  a  QUct  or  band  worn  on  the  forehead.  Deut. 
vi.  Hence,  Shakspeare  uses  it  to  denote  a  frowning 
brow. 

2.  In  emUJioio^,  the  margin  of  the  head,  behind 
the  bill,  of  birds,  generally  clothed  with  rigid  bris- 
tles. Brande, 

FRONT'-ROOM,  a.  A  room  or  apartment  in  the  fore 
part  of  a  house.  Moxoru 

FROPTISH,  a.    Feevish ;  fraward.     [Aat  in  ust.] 

ClaT-endoiu 

FRORE,  0.     [G.  froTj/rrfrore*  {  D.  rroor,  bevrooren.] 
.    Frozen  ;  frosty.     [.Vot  in  use.]  Mdton. 

FRORNE,  a.     Frozen.  Spenser. 

FRO'RY,  s.     Frozen.  Spensrr. 

2.  Covered  with  a  froth  resembling  hoar-frost.  [J^ot 
in  use.]  Fairfaz. 

FROST,  (froj>t  or  fraust,)  n.  [Sax.  frost ;  G.  Sw.  and 
Dan.  frost :  D.  twrst ;  from  freeze,  froze.  Qn.  Slav, 
su-at,  mroz,  id.] 

1.  Frozen  dew ;  also  called  Hoab-fbost,  or  Whitb- 
raosT. 

He  KaUemb  the  hoatr-frfMt  like  a^m.  —  P».  cxlrii. 

2.  The  act  of  freezing  ;  applied  chiefly  to  the  con- 
gelation of  water  ;  congelation  of  fluids. 

The  third  da7  comet    /ro4t,  «  killrngfrxttt.  Shak. 


FKO 

« 

3.  That  stile  or  tcinp"rntiire  of  the  air  which  oc- 
casion;^ freezing  or  the  concelatiun  of  wuttrr.     Encyc. 

4.  The  appearance  of  planlj)  tiparkling  with  icy 
cr>'atals.  Pvps. 

Black  frotit,  which  ia  much  more  ileslruclive  to 
vegetables  than  .ithUe  frost,  occurs  when  the  tem- 
perature of  the  air  itself  is  below  that  of  the  vege- 
tables, and  below  the  freezing  point,  in  which  case 
plants!  are  frttzcn  without  any  de)>osition  of  moisture 
upon  them.  Strictly  speaking,  no  frost  is  then  formed. 

Olm.-itciL 

FROST,  (frost  or  fraust,)  r.  t.     In  c^yokery,  to  cover  or 
sprinkle  with  a  composition  of   sugar,   resembling 
huar-frtist ;  as,  to  frost  cake. 
9.  To  cover  with  any  thing  resembling  hoar-frosL 

FROST'-HrT-T£.\,  (-in.)  a,  Kipped,  withered,  or  af- 
fected by  frost. 

FROST'-BOUND,  a.     Bound  or  confined  by  frost. 

PROST'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Covered  with  a  composition 
Itke  white-frost ;  covered  with  any  thing  resembling 
horir-frost  in  color  or  form. 

FROST' I-LY,  adc.     With  frost  or  excessive  cold. 

2.  Without  warmth  of  affection  ;  coldly. 
FROST'I-.VESS,   n.      The  sUle  or  quality  of  being 

fro-*tv  ;  freezing  cold. 

FROS'r'ING,  ppr*  Covering  with  something  resem- 
bling hoar-frost, 

FROST'ING,  n.  The  composition,  resembling  hoar- 
frost, used  to  cover  cake,  jcc 

FROST'LESS,  a.  Free  from  frost ;  as,  a  frosdess  win- 
ter. SxeifU 

FROST'-NAIL,  n.  A  nail  driven  into  a  horseshoe, 
to  prevent  the  horse  from  slipping  on  ice.  In  some 
of  the  United  Slates,  the  ends  of  the  shoe  are  point- 
ed for  tliis  purpose,  and  these  points  are  called 
Calks. 

FROST'-NIP-PEO,  C-nipt.)  a.    Nipped  by  frost. 

FROST'NLTMB-£D,  a.     Made  numb  by  frost. 

KROST'-WORK,  (wurk.J  n.  Work  resembling  hoar- 
frost on  sliruba,  Blackmore. 

FROST' Y,  0.  Producing  frost ;  having  power  to  con- 
geal water ;  as,  a  frosty  night ;  frostjf  weather. 

3.  Containing  frost ;  as,  the  grass  la  frosty. 

3L  Chill  ill  affection  ;  without  warmth  of  affection 
or  courage.  Johnson. 

4.  Resembling  hoar-frost ;  white  ;  gray-haired  ;  as, 
a  froatf  head.  Shak. 

FROTH,  (froth  or  frauth,)  n,  [Gr.  aippo^  {  Sw.  fmd- 
n.  It  is  allied  perhaps  to  G.  brausen,  to  roar,  fret, 
froth  j  Ir.  bruitkimy  to  boil ;  W.  brydtato,  to  heaL] 

1.  Spume  ;  foam  ;  tbe  bubbles  caused  in  liquors  by 
fermentation  or  agitation.  Baatn.     MiUon. 

2.  Any  empty,  senseless  show  of  wit  or  cUkquence. 

Johnson. 

3.  Light,  unsubsLantial  matter.  Titsser. 
FROTH,  F.  L  To  cause  to  foam.  Beaum.  4"  Ft. 
FROTH,  r.  i.    To  foam  ;  to  throw  up  spume  ;  to  throw 

out  foam  or  bubbles.     Beer  froths  in  fermentation. 

The  sea  froths  when  violently  agitated.     A  horse 

froths  at  the  mouth  when  heated. 
FROTH'I-LY',  adv.     With  foam  or  spume. 

2.  In  an  empty,  trilling  manner. 
FROTH'I-N'ESS,  n.    The  slate  of  being  frothy;  emp- 
tiness ;  senseless  matter. 
FROTU'ING,  ppr.     Foaminp. 
FROTH'LESS^  a.     Free  from  froth. 
FROTH'-SPIT,  n.  A  kind  of  while  froth  on  the  leaves 

of  plants ;  cuckoo-spil. 
FROTII'Y,  a.     Full  of  foam  or  froth,  or  consisting  of 

froth  or  light  bubbles. 
2.  Soft  ;  not  firm  or  solid.  Bacon. 

a  Vain  ;  light ;  empty  ;  unsubstanlial ;  as,  a  vain, 

frothu  speaker ;  a  frothy  harangue. 
FROUNCE,  n.     A  mass  of  pintples  in  the  palate  of  a 

horse  ;  also,  a  similar  disease  in  hawks.         Booth. 
FROUNCE,  r.  L     [Sp.  frttncir^  to  plail,  or  gather  the 

edge  of  cloth  into  plaits,  to  frizzle,  to  wrinkle;  Fr. 

froncer,  to  gather,  to  knil,  to  contract ;  Arm./ronf  ra. 

See  FRow-f.] 
To  gather  into  plaits  ;  to  form  wrinkles  ;  to  curl  or 

frizzle  the  hair  about  the  face. 


Not  thdied  aDtl/rounced  a«  sbe  was  wonL 


hmion. 


FROUNCE,  n.  A  wrinkle,  plait,  or  curl ;  an  ornament 

of  dress.  Beaum.  Sf  FL 

FROUN'CED,  (frounsl,)  pp.     Curled  ;  frizzled. 
FROUNCE'LESS,  a.     Having  no  plait  or  wrinkle. 

Chaucer. 
FROUN'CING,  j>pr.    Curiing  ;  crisping. 
FROU'ZY,  a.    Fetid  ;  musty  ;  rank  j  dim  ;  cloudy. 

Swifl. 
FROW,  n.     [G.  frau  ;  D.  vrouvi ;  Dan.  /rue] 

A  Dutch  or  German  woman.  [JV*oI  used.]  Beaum. 
FRO'WARD,    a.     [Sax. /ramicfard  ,■  jVnm,  or /ra,  and 
weard^  L.  versus^  turned  or  liwking  from.] 

Perverse;  that  is,  turning  from  with  aversion  or 
reluctance  ;  not  willing  to  yield  or  comply  with  what 
is  required  ;  unyielding  ;  ungovernable  ;  refractory  j 
disobedient ;  peevish  \  as,  a  froward  child. 

Tb<7  nrc  a  vtj  froieard  ^neratlon,  children  In  wliom  u  do 
laiLh,  —  DeUL  xxxii. 

FR5'W.\RD-LY,  adv.    Perversely  ;  in  a  peevish  man- 
ner. 


FRU 

FRO'WAUD  NiiSS  n.  Perverseness  ;  reluctance  to 
yi<-l(l  (tr  comply -,  disobedience;  peevishness.  South. 

FROVVER,  n.     A  sharp-edged  tool  to  cleave  lallis. 

Tu^ser. 

FROWN,  V.  i.  [Fr.  rrfrofmer,  properly,  to  knil  the 
brows.  Fro^nter,  the  primitive  word,  is  not  used.  It 
is  allied,  perha)ts,  to  frounce,  from  the  rool  Rn.l 

1.  7\i  express  displeasure  by  contracting  the  brow, 
and  lo<.iking  grim  or  surly;  to  look  stern  ;  followed 
by  OR  or  at;  as,  to  frown  on  a.  profligate  man,  or  to 
frovsn  at  his  vices. 

Ilrto(.>a  in  aniroatPtl  murUe  froton.  Pop*. 

2.  To  manifest  displeasure  in  any  manner.  When 
Providence  frowns  on  our  labors,  let  u»  be  humble 
and  submissive. 

3.  To  lower;  to  look  threatening. 

FROWN,   r.  I.     To  repel  by  expressing  displeasure  ; 

to  rebuke.     Frown  the  impudent  fellow  into  silunci:. 
FROWN,  n.   A  wrinkled  look,  particularly  expresi^ins 

dislike;  a  sour,  severe,  or  stern  look,  expressive  of 

displeasure 

His  front yel  threatens  «pii  liis  frovna  commjuid.  Prior. 

2.  Any  expression  of  displeasure  ;  as,  tbe  frowns 
of  Providence;  the  frowns  o{  fortune. 
FROWiN'lNG,  ppr.  or  a.    Knitting  the  brow  in  anger 
or  displeasure  ;   expressing  displeasure  by  a  surly, 
stern,  or  angry  look  ;  luvvering  ;  threatening. 
FROWN'ING-LY,  adv.     Sternly  ;  with  a  look  of  dis- 
pleasure. 
FROW'Y,  a.     [The  same  as  Faoozr  ;  perhaps  a  con- 
tracted word.] 

Musty  ;  rancid  ;  rank  ;  as,  frowy  butter.    Forby. 
FROWZY.     See  Frouzt. 
FROZ'£N,  pp.  or  a.  from  FnkiEZE.  Congealed  by  cold. 

2.  Cold ;  frosty  ;  chill ;  as,  the  frozen  climates  of 
the  north. 

3.  Chill  or  cold  in  affection.  Sidney. 

4.  Void  of  natural  ht;at  or  vigor.  Pope. 
FROZ'£N,   a.     Subject  to  frost,  or  to  long  and  severe 

fmst. 
FROZ'£N-NESS,  n.     A  state  of  being  frozen. 
F.  R.  S. ;  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.         {Oauden. 
FRUB'ISH,  for  Furbish,  is  not  used. 
FRUCT'ED,  a.     [L.  fractus,  fruit.] 

In  hrraUlnjy  bearing  fruit. 
FRUC-TES'CENCE,  «.     [from  L.  yi-ucdw,  fruit     Sec 
Friit.] 

In  botany,  the  precise  time  when  the  fruit  of  a 
plant  arrives  at  maturity,  and  its  seeds  arc  dis- 
persed ;  the  fruiting  season. 

Miln  e.     Jifartyn.     F.neyc. 
FRUe-TIF'ER-OUS,   a.     [L. /rucfu^,  fruit,  and /ero, 
to  bear.] 

Hearing  or  producing  fruit. 
FRUe  TI-KI-CA'TION,  «.     [See  Fructify.] 

1.  The  act  of  fructifying,  or  rendering  productive 
of  fruit;  fecunilation. 

9.  In  boUjny,  the  temporary  part  of  a  plant  appro- 
priated to  generation,  terminating  the  old  vegetable 
and  beginning  the  new.  It  consists  of  seven  parts, 
the  calyx  or  empalenient,  the  corol  or  petals,  the  sta- 
mens, and  the  pistil,  which  belong  to  the  flower,  the 
pericarp  and  seed,  which  pertain  to  the  fruit,  and 
the  receptacle  or  base,  on  which  the  other  parts  are 
seated.  The  receptacle  belongs  both  to  the  flower 
and  fruit.  Linnaus.     Milne. 

FRUe'Tl-FI-£D,  (fnik'te-fide,)  pp.    Rendered  fruit- 
ful or  productive. 
FRUC'TI-F?,  V.  U     [Low  L.  fructijico ;  Fr.  fructijier ; 
fructas,  fruit,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

To  make  fruitful;  to  render  productive;  to  fertil- 
ize ;  as,  to  fructify  the  earth.  ItoweU, 
FRUC'TI-F?,  V.  i.     To  bear  fruiL     [  UnusuaU 

Hooker* 
FRUe'TI-Ft-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Rendering  fruitful  or 

productive ;  fertilizing. 
FRU€-TU-A'TION,  n.    Produce ;  fruit.     [JV«(  used.] 

PownaU. 
FRUe'TU-OUS,  a.     [Fr.  fructueux.] 

Fruitful;  fertile;  also,  impregnating  with  fertility. 

Philips. 

FRUC'TU-OUS-LY,  ado.     Fruitfully  ;  fertilely. 

FRU€'TU-OUS-NESS,  n.     Fruiifulness ;  fertility. 

FRUe'TURE,  (frukt'yur,)  n.  Use  ;  fruition  ;  enjoy- 
ment.    [JV"o£  used.] 

FRO'GAL,  a.  [l^  frueralis;  Fr.  and  Sp. /ruij-u/ ;  said 
to  be  from  fraqes,  corn,  grain  of  any  kind.  Most 
probably  it  is  from  the  root  of /nwr,  for /m  *or,  to 
use,  to  take  the  profit  of,  which  coincides  in  ele- 
ments and  sense  with  G.  brauchen^  Sax.  brucan.  See 
Fruit.] 

Economical  in  the  use  or  appropriation  of  money, 
goods,  or  provisions,  of  any  kind  ;  saving  unnecessary 
expense,  either  of  money  or  of  any  thing  else  which 
is  to  be  used  or  consumed;  sparing;  nut  profuse, 
prodigal,  or  lavish.  We  ought  to  hs  frugal,  not  only 
in  the  expenditure  of  money  and  of  goods,  hut  in 
the  employment  of  lime.  It  is  followed  by  of  be- 
fore the  thing  saved  ;  tls,  frugal  o/ time.  It  is  not 
synonymous  with  parsimonious,  nor  with  tJinfty,  as 
now  used. 

FRU-GAL'I  TY,  n.  Prudent  economy  ;  good  husband- 
ry or  housewifery  ;  a  sparing  use  or  appropriation  of 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MAR^fNE,  BIRD.  —  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.- 


4«4 


FRU 


FRU 


FUG 


monej*  or  oimmodities ;  a  judiciuus  use  of  any  thing 
to  be  erpcnded  or  enipluy^d  ;  ihai  careful  manage- 
ment of  nmney  or  gtxxl*  which  expends  nothing  un- 
neccAsarily,  and  applies  what  i»  used  ttt  a  prutitable 
purpose  ;  that  use  in  whicii  nothing  Ik  waited.  It  is 
not  equivalent  to  parsimony^  the  latter  being  an  ex- 
cess of  frugality,  and  a  ftuli.  Fruj^ality  is  always  a 
virtue.  Nor  is  rt  synonymous  with  thrift,  in  its  prop- 
er sense  ;  for  thriji  is  the  effect  of  fnifpility. 

Without  frugaiity  none  can  become  ricU,  and  wilh  K  frw  would 
be  powr.  Johnton, 

2.  A  prudent  and  sparing  use  or  appropriation  of 
any  thing;  as,  frttgalUy  of  praise.  Dryden. 

FRO'GAL-LY,  adv.  With  economy;  with  good  nian- 
agL-rnont  ;  in  a  savmg  manner.  He  seldom  lives /ru- 
gallij  tlial  lives  by  chance. 

FRUCGIN,  ju  [Fr.  four^un.]  An  oven  fork;  the 
pole  with  which  the  ashes  in  the  oven  are  stirred. 

FRU-GIF'ER-OUS,  a.  lL.frugi/er ;  frugts,  corn,  and 
fero,  U\  bear.] 

Producing  fruit  or  com. 

FRU-OIV'O-ROUS,  a.  [L.  fniges^  com,  and  voro^  to 
eau] 

Feeding  on  fruits,  seeds,  or  corn,  as  birds  and  oth- 
er animal:!.  J^at,  iftsU 

FRCIT,  (frute,)  n.  [Fr. /nut;  It. /ratto ;  Sp. /nito ; 
fruui  L.  fructus ;  Arm.  frouezeny  or  froehrn  ;  D. 
rrMf  U  ;  G.  fnuM  ;  Dan-  fruift :  Sw.  frucht.  The 
Latin  word  is  the  participle  of  /raor,  contracted 
from  /rugor,  or  frucor,  to  use,  to  take  the  profit  of  ; 
allied,  perhaps,  to  Sax.  brucan,  bryceauy  G.  brauchen, 
to  uj^,  to  enjoy.     Class  Brg,  No.  6,  7.J 

I.  In  a  ffenerat  scnsf^  whatever  the  earth  produces 
for  the  nuunshment  of  animals,  or  for  clothing  or 
profiL  Among  ihc  fruiu  of  the  earth  are  included 
not  only  corn  of  all  kinds,  but  grdss,  cotton,  (tax, 
grapes,  and  all  cultivated  plant<>.  In  this  compre- 
hensive sense,  the  word  is  generally  used  in  the 
plural. 

9.  In  a  more  limited  stnse,  the  produce  of  a  tree,  or 
other  plant ;  the  last  production  for  the  propagation 
or  multiplication  of  its  kind  :  the  seed  of  plant:fi,  or 
the  part  that  contains  the  seeds,  as  wheal,  rye,  oats, 
apples,  quinces,  pears,  cherries,  acorns,  melonn,  fitc. 

3.  In  botany,  the  seed  of  a  plant,  or  the  seed  with 
the  pericarp. 

4.  Production  ;  that  which  is  produced. 

The  fruit  of  ibe  Spthl  la  Id  all  goodtxta,  and  righleuii»n»'M,  muI 
If uth.  —  Kph.  T. 

5.  The  produce  of  animals;  offspring;  young; 
as,  the  /htU  of  the  woinb,  ojf  the  loin?,  of  the 
bo^y.  Scripture. 

G.  Effect  or  consequence. 

Thejr  •hall  eat  ih-^/ruii  of  their  doinga.  —  Ii.  iii. 

7.  Advantage;  profit;  good  derived. 

What  /n«l  had  ye  th'n  in  thoae  thiiiga  wbereof  ye  are  now 
aahamcd  i  —  Rom.  *i. 


.  nr  consequence  J    in  an  ill 
sin  ;  the  fruiLi  of  iniempcr- 


8.    Production,  effect 

sense;  as,  the /riitte  of 

ance. 
FRCIT,  (frutp,)  e.  i.     To  produce  fruit.    Cke^terJifliL 
FilOIT'AOE^  (frut'aje,)  n.     [Fr.]     Fmii  colhciively  ; 

various  fruits.  Mittan. 

FRCIT'-BEAR-ER,  b.    That  which  produces  fruit. 
FRCIT  -BKARING,  a.     Producing  fruit;  having  the 

quality  of  bearing  fruit.  Mortimer, 

FRCIT'-BUI),  n.    The  bud  that  produces  fruit. 
FROIT'ER'ER,  n.    One  who  deals  in  fruit;  a  •eller 

of  fruits. 
FROIT'ER-Y,  Tu    [Vr.  fruarrie.'\ 

L  Fruit  collectively  taken.  PkUipt. 

2.  A  fmit-loft  ;  a  repfisitory  for  fruit.       Jokiuen, 
FROIT'FJJL,  a.     Very-  productive  ;  producing  fruit  in 

abundance ;  as,  fruitfid  soil ,  a  friut/ul  tree  ;  a  fruit- 
ful season. 

2.  Prolific;  bearing  children  ;  not  barren. 

'Bn  fruitful,  and  miilciply. — G*m.  i. 

3.  Plenteous  ;  abounding  in  any  thing.        P(Tpf. 

4.  Prf»ductive  of  any  thing  ;  fertile  ;  as,  fruitful  in 
expedients. 

5.  Producing  in  abundance  ;  generating;  asj/rut'z- 
fvl  in  crime*. 

FROIT'FyLfLY,  adv.  In  mich  a  manner  a«  to  be  pro- 
lific. Roacommon. 
2.  Flf-nteouflly  ;  abundantly.  Shak. 

FROI T'FJJI^NE3H,  n.  The  quality  of  producing  fruit 
in  abundance  ;  prt>diictivcne8s  ;  fertility  ;  as,  the 
fruitfulne.98  of  land. 

2.  Fecundity  ;  the  quality  of  being  prolific,  or  pro- 
ducing many  young;  applied  ta  animaU. 

3.  Productiveness  of  the  intellect ;  as,  the  fruitful- 
nrw  of  the  brain. 

4.  Exuberant  abundance.  B.  Jaiuon. 
FRCIT'-GROVE,   n.     A  grove  or  close  plantation  of 

fnii-trees. 
FRCIT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Bearing  fniit ;  pertaining  to 

fruit. 
FRCIT'ING,  a.     The  bearing  of  fruit. 
FRIJ-l"TIO.V,  (fru-ish'un,)  n.    [from  L.  fruor,  to  use 

or  enjoy.] 
Vwe^  accompanied  with  pleasure,  corporeal  w  In- 


tellectual ;   enjoyment  ■    the  pleasure  derived  from 
use  or  possession. 

If  tho  atniciion  ii  on  his  boly,  hia  appetites  are  weakfnei),  aiul 
c:ip;u:i(;  of  fruiiioM  deBtroyed.  Hogert. 

FRC'ITIVE,  fl.     Enjoying.  Boyle. 

FRCITXESS,  a.  Not  bearing  fruit ;  barren  ;  destitute 
of  fruit ;  as,  a  fruitless  plant.  Ralegh. 

a.  Productive  of  no  advantigeor  good  effect;  vain; 
idle;  useless;  unprofitable;  as,  a.  fruitless  attempt; 
a,  fruitless  controversy. 

3.  Having  no  offspring.  SkaJc 

FltCIT'LESS-LY,  adv,  [from  /rui7/f.«.]  Without 
any  valuable  effect;  idly;  vainly;  unprofitably. 

Dryden, 

FRuIT'LESS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  vain  or 
unprofitable. 

FROIT'-LOFT,  n.  A  place  for  the  preservation  of 
fruit. 

FROIT'-TIME,  71.    The  time  for  gathering  fruit. 

FRCIT'-TREE,  ;i.  A  tree  cultivated  for  its  fruit,  or  a 
tree  whose  principal  value  consists  in  the  fruit  it  pro- 
duces, as  the  cherry-tree,  apple-tree,  pear-tree.  The 
oak  and  Iteech  produce  valuable  fruit,  buuthe  fruit  is 
not  thfir  principal  value. 

FROIT'Y,  a.     Resembling  fniit.  Dickens. 

FRU-MEN-T.\X'EOUS,  (fru-men-ta'shus,)  a.  [L. 
frumcHtaceus.] 

1.  Made  of  wheat,  or  like  grain. 

3.  Resemblini!  wheat,  in  respect  to  leaves,  ears, 
fniil,  and  the  like.  Enajc 

FRUMEN-TA'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  JrumeHtarius,  from 
framrntiim,  corn.] 

Pcrtainins  to  wheat  or  erriin. 
FRU-.MEN-TA'TIUN,  n.     [U.  frumenUUio.} 

Among  the   Romans^  a  largess  of  grain  bestowed 
on  the  pet^ple,  to  quiet  them  when  uneasy  or  turbu- 
lent. Encyc. 
FRC'MEN-TY,  n.    fL-Znimenfum,  wheat  or  grain.] 

F<iod  made  of  wheat  boiled  in  milk. 
FRUMP,  n.     A  joke,  jeer,  or  flouL     [JV^t  usedA 

Bp.  HnU. 

2.  In  motlrrn  colloquial  usage,  a  crosa-tempered,  old- 
fashioned  female.  Smart. 

FRUMP,  r.(.     To  insult.     [Mjt  in  use.]    Beaum.  S;  FL 

FKUMP'ER,  It.     A  mocker.     [J^ot  used.] 

FRUMP'ISH,  a.  Old-fashioned  ;  ill-natured,  [Collo- 
quial,] Smart, 

FRUrill.r.  t.     [Tt.  froisser.\ 

To  bruise  ;  to  crush.     [Oba.]  Shak. 

FRUSM,  .1.     [G.frosch,  a  frog.] 

In  farriery,  a  sort  of  tender  horn  that  grows  in  the 
middle  of  the  sole  of  a  horse,  at  suine  ditftaiice  from 
the  t(»e,  dividing  into  two  branches,  and  running 
toward  the  heel  in  the  form  of  a  fork  ;  the  same  as 
fro^.  Farrirr^s  Diet. 

2.  A  discharge  of  a  fetid  or  ichorous  matter  from 
the  frog  of  a  horse*s  foot ;  aUo  called  thrush.     SmarL 

FRUS'TRA-BLE,  a.  [See  Frustrate.]  That  may 
be  frustrated  or  defeated. 

FRUS-TRA'.VK-OUH,  a.  [See  Frustrate.]  Vain; 
useless;  unprofitable.     [Little  used.]  More.    South. 

FRUS'TRATE,  r.  £.  fI^/ru*fro;  Fr.  frustrer ;  Sp. 
fmstrar;  allied,  probably,  to  Yv.froisser,  frrwcr,  Arm. 
brousta^frfuza,  t<t  break.     Class  Rd  or  Rs.] 

1.  /<if0raZ/v,  to  break  or  interrupt ;  hence,  to  defeat ; 
to  disappoint;  to  balk;  to  bring  to  nothing;  as,  to 
frustrate  a  plan,  design,  or  attempt ;  to  frustrate  the 
will  or  purpose. 

2.  To  disappoint  ;  applied  to  persons. 

3.  To  make  null ;  to  nullify ;  to  render  of  no  ef- 
fect ;  as,  to  frustrate  a  conveyance  or  dtied. 

FRUS'TRATE,  paH.  a.  Vain;  iiitffectual ;  useless; 
unprofitable  ;  null ;  void  ;  of  no  efiect. 

Hooker.     Dryden. 

FRUS'TRA-TED,  pp.  Defeated  ;  disappointed  ;  ren- 
dered vain  or  null. 

FRUS'TRA-TING,  ppr.  Defeating;  disappointing; 
making  vain  or  of  no  effect. 

FRUS-'J'RA'TION,«.  The  act  of  frustrating  ;  disap- 
pointment; defeat;  as,  the  frustration  of  one*3  at- 
tem{it  or  drsign.  South. 

FRUS'TRA-TI  VE,  a.    Tending  to  defeat ;  fallacious. 

Diet, 

FRUS'TRA-TO-RY,  a.  That  makes  void  ;  that  va- 
cates or  renders  null ;  as,  n  frustrat.ory  appeal. 

Jiuliffe. 

FRUR'TUM,  n.  [L.]  In  geometry,  the  part  of  a  solid 
next  the  base,  furnied  by  cutting  off  the  top;  or,  the 
part  of  any  stdid,  as  of  a  cone,  pyramid,  &.c.,  between 
two  planes,  which  may  be  either  parallel  or  iiylined 
to  each  other.  Brunde. 

FRU-TES'CE.VT,  o.     [Ufruter,  a  shrub.] 

In  botany,  from  herbaceous  becoming  shrubby  ;  as, 
n  friitesemt  stern.  Murtyiu 

FRO'TE.K,  n.  fl-.]  In  botany,  a  shrub  ;  a  plant  hav- 
ing a  W(Kidy,  durable  stem,  but  less  than  a  tree. 

MUne. 

FRC'TI-€ANT,  a.     Full  of  f<h<iots.  Evrlyrt. 

FRC'TI-CASE.  i  rr     *•    ,  i 

FRO'TI^COUS,  i  "•     l^^Jrutico:fus.] 

Shrub-like;   branching  like  a  shrub;   as,  a /ruti- 
eous  stem. 
FRU-Tie'U-LOSR,  a.    Branching  like  a  small  shrub. 


FRT,  V.  t.  [L.  fri^ro  ,■  Gr.  'fiovy.-y ;  Sp.  freir :  It.  frifr- 
grre  ,-  Port,  frigir  ;  Fr.  frire  ;  Ir.  frioehtalaim.  The 
sense  is  nearly  the  saute  as  in  ftoi7,  or  broU,  to  agitate, 
to  fret.] 

To  dress  with  fat  by  heating  or  roasting  in  a  pan 
over  a  fire  ;  to  c<.«>k  and  prejmre  for  eating  in  a  fry- 
ing-pan ;  as,  to  fry  meat  or  vegeiables. 
FRY,  r,  t.  'I'o  be  heated  and  agitated,  as  meat  in  a 
frying-pan ;  to  suffer  the  action  of  fire  or  extrorao 
heat. 
9.  To  ferment,  as  in  the  stomach.  Bae^n. 

3.  To  be  agitated  ;  to  boil.  DrvUen. 

FRY,  Ti.     [Fr./rat,  from  the  verb.] 

1.  A  swarm  or  crowd  of  little  fish  ;  so  called  frohi 
their  crowding,  tumbling,  and  agitation.  So  Sp. 
hervir,  to  swarm  or  be  crowded,  frttra  L.  fervee,  and 
vulgarly,  boiling  is  used  for  a  crowd.  MUton. 

2.  A  dish  of  any  thing  fried. 

3.  A  kind  of  sieve.     [JV*o(  used  in  .America.] 

Mortimer. 
FRY'ING,  ppr.    Dressing  in  a  frying.pan ;  heating; 

agitating. 
FRY'ING-PAN,  n.    A  pan  with  a  long  handle,  used 

for  frying  meat  and  vegetables, 
FUB,  n.     A  plump  young  person.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Stnartt 
FUB,  V.  t.     To  ptit  off ;  to  delay  ;  to  cheat.     [See  Fob.] 

Shak. 
FUB'BY,  a.    Plump;  chubby.  JVu-hols. 

FO'CA-TED   i  ***     [I«/"cafiw,  frofafuco,  to  stain. 

Painted  ;  disguised  with  paint  ;  also,  disguised 
with  false  show.  Johnson. 

F0'€OID,  n.     [See  Fucxji.] 

Fassil  sea-weed.  Hitchcock. 

FO'eOIO,  a.    Resembling  sea-weed. 

FU-COID'AL,  a.     Purtaining  to  or  resembling  fucoids. 

FCeUS,  n.  [L.  See  FKJcrt.]  A  paint ;  a  dye  ;  also, 
false  show.  B.  Jon-ton.     Sandys. 

2,  n^  Fuct.  In  botmny,  a  genus  of  Jilga,  or  sea- 
weeds ;  the  sea-wrack,  &c.  Kncyc, 

FUD'DRR  of  lead.     See  Fother  and  Fodder, 

FUD'DLE,  V.  L    To  make  drunk  ;  to  intoxicate. 

Thomson. 

FUD'DLE,  V.  L     To  drink  to  excess.        VEstrange. 

FUD'DL*;D,pp.    Drunk  ;  intoxicated. 

FUD'DLER,  n.     A  drunkard.  Baiter. 

FUD'DLING,  ppr.     Intoxicating  ;  drinking  to  excess. 

FUDCE,  TI.  A  made-up  story;  stuff;  nonsense;  an 
exclamation  of  contempt.  Qaldmnith. 

FO'EL,  n.  [from  Fr.  feu,  fire,  contracted  from  Sp. 
fucgo,  XUfuoco,  I../0C1W.] 

1.  Any  matter  which  servep  as  aliment  to  fire  ;  thai 
which  feeds  fire  ;  combustible  matter,  as  wood,  coal, 
peat,  &c. 

2.  Any  thing  that  serves  to  feed  or  increase  fiame, 
heat,  or  excitement. 

FO'EL,  r.  t.    To  feed  with  combustible  matter. 

NrrtT,  obi !  the  (Ircudfiil  iiaine, 

TXvxifuelt  thP  infernal  flame.  Cowley, 

2.  To  stf)re  with  fuel  or  firing.  Wotton. 

FO'EI--£D,  (fii'pld.)  pp.    Fed  with  combustible  mat- 
ter; stored  wilh  firing. 
FO'EL-ER,  n.     He  or  that  whirh  supplies  fuel.  Donne. 
FO'EL-ING,ppr.     Feeding  with  fuel ;  supplying  with 
FO'E-RO,  n.     [Sp.,  from  the  root  of  force.]  [fuel, 

1.  A  statute  ;  jurisdiction. 

2.  A  charter  of  privileges. 

FUFF,  r.  i.    To  puff.     [Ucal.]  Brockett, 

FUF'FY,  a.     Light;  puffv.     [LoeaL] 
FU-GA'CIOUS,  (fu-g:i'shus,)a.     [L./«^ai,from/B^, 

to  chase,  or  fugio,  to  floe.J 

Flying  or  flering  away  ;  volatile. 
FU-GA'CIOUS-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  flying  away ; 

volatilitv. 
FU-GAC'I-TV,  (fn  K^s'f-te,)  n»     [L.  fugax,  supra.] 

1.  Volatility  ;  the  quality  of  flying  away  ;  as,  the 
fagaeity  of  spirits.  Boyle. 

2.  Uncertainty  ;  instability.  Johnson. 
FOGM  or  FOII,  an  exclamation    expressing    abhor- 
rence. Dryden. 

FO'GI-TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  fugUif;  l^fugitivus^UomfagiOj 
to  flee,  Gr.  0c'p;-f.j.] 

1.  Volatile;  apt  to  flee  away  ;  readily  walled  by 
the  wind. 

The  more  tender  and  fUfUive  pttHa.  Woodienrd. 

2.  Not  tenable  ;  not  to  bo  held  or  detained  ;  readily 
escaping  ;  as,  a  fugitine  idea.  tjoeke, 

3.  Unstable  ;  unsteady  ;  fleeting  ;  not  fixed  or 
durable.  Johnson. 

4.  Fleeing  ;  running  from  danger  or  pursuit. 

Milton. 

5.  Fleeing  from  duty  ;  eloping  ;  escaping. 

Can  a  fugitive  dntigliirr  fnjoy  hpraelf,  wliile  her  pKrf>nta  are  In 
fani  Claruta. 

C.  Wandering;  vagabond  ;  as, a/u/ittD< physician. 

f Volt  on. 

7.   In  literature,  fugitirye  compositions  are  surh  as 

are  short  and  occasional,  written   in   haste  or  at  in- 

ter\'als,  and  considered  to  be  floettng  and  temporary. 

FO'GI-TIVE,  ».    One  who  (lees  from  hl.s  station  or 

duty  ;  a  deserter  ;  one  who  llevif  from  danger. 

Bacon,    Milton.  ^ 


TONE,  B;iLT>,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vl"CIOU8.  — €  as  K ;  C  us  J ;  S  as  Z;  Cl!  as  SH ;  Til  a«  in  THIS 

4a^ 


FUL 

2.  One  who  has  fled  or  deserttti,  and  lakt-n  rcfuj?; 
und^r  another  power,  or  one  who  has  fled  from  pun- 
ishinent.  Dri/iicn. 

3.  One  hard  to  be  caught  or  detained. 

Ot  catch  Uul  uiy/iifiHv*,  cUlcd  wiu  HarM. 

FC'GI-TIVE-LY,  ocfv.    In  a  Aigilive  manner 
F0'6ITIVE-NB:S9,  n.     Volatility  ;  fngacity  ;  an  apt- 
ness to  fly  away.  Boyt*. 
2:  Instability;  unsteadiness.                     JoAfuom. 
FCGLjE-MAN,     in,     [Q,  pifFibimim^  a   lil&-leader, 
FLC'GiiX-MAN,  j     from  MfA,  a  wing.] 

x:)Qe  who  takes  his  place  in  fVont  of  a  military 
band,  as  a  guide  to  tlie  suldifra  in  the  movements  of 
the  drill. 
FCOCE,  (fug,)  «-  [rr./u^r  ;  L.  Sp.  and  It./-^*.] 
In  music,  a  composition  in  wliich  the  diiTfrent  put« 
ftJIow  each  otiier,  each  repeating  the.-iubjectnla  cer- 
tain interval  above  or  below  ttie  prect^diiig  part. 

BramJe, 
FO'OUIST,  (fu'giat,)  a.    A  mosician  who  coiiipnsef 
futntes,  or  performs  them  extemporoneouslv.    Sushtf. 
FL'L'CI-BLG,    n.     [L.  /uieibUu.)      Which'  may    be 

propped  up.     [J^VC  in  m**,] 
FL'L'CIMCM\  R.      [l^ /mlaMentuMy  from /m/cio,  to 
prop.) 

A  prop ;  a  fulcnim ;  thai  on  which  a  balance  or 
lever  reate.    [Liaie  usfd.]  H'Jkitu. 

FCL'CRATE,  a,     [from  L./«ierK«,  a  prop.] 

1.  In  biftamify  a  fuUrau  stem  is  one  wtiooe  branches 
descend  to  ttie  earth,  as  in  Ficus.  Lte, 

3.  Furnished  witJi  fulrrtuns. 
FL'L'eRUM,  M. ;  pL  Fulcra  or  Fclcblmi.     [L.]     A 
prop  or  support. 

3.  In  mucksHieSy  that  by  which  a  lever  isisustaincd, 
or  the  point  about  which  it  moves. 

3;  In  botany,  a  term  apfilied,  in  the  plural,  to  all 
Ihfl  app««<Ug:efl  of  the  axis  of  a  plant,  except  the 
leaves  and  Howers ;  as  the  stipules,  bracts,  tendrils, 

FJJL-FILL',  c  U  [A  tautological  compound  of  /mil 
and  JiiU] 

1.  To  accom|dish  ;  toperfonn;  tocomjtlcie  :  to  an- 
swer, in  execution  or  event,  what  ba^  betrn  furrtold 
or  promiaed  ;  as,  to  fmifiU  a  proptoecy  or  prrdtction  ; 
to  ful^  a  proinisf>. 

S.  To  accomplish  wh^  was  intended  ;  to  answer 
a  design  by  execution. 

Htrre  Niiure  m«iim/u{^BM  in  dU  her  «iMtL  ASltaK, 

3.  To  accomplish  or  perform  what  was  desired  ;  to 
answer  any  desire  by  compliance  or  gnttiti cation. 

Be  will  fuifit  tbe  dcKn  of  thrm  Ihm  fnur  Um.  —  Pk.  cxJv. 

4.  To  perfbnn'wlul  is  required  i  to  answer  a  law 
by  obedience. 

Ifjre  /i>tW  tte  nrsl  bw  Ktonlinf  to  the  Scri|«ure,  TbtM  abak 
love  Ot;  nH^fabor  m  \hymeif,  yt  do  wdL  — J«isk>  tL 

5.  To  complece  in  time. 

fU>U  hpr  »wk.  —  Gm.  %xix. 
S.  In   genertU,   to  accom;^ish  ;    to  complete  ;    to 
carr)*  into  effect. 

FUb-FILL'£D,  pp.  Accomplished;  performed;  com- 
peted ;  executed. 

FI.UFILL'ER,  n.     One  that  fulfills  or  accomplishes. 

FIj'U-FlLL'ING,  ppr.  Accomplishing^  performing; 
completing. 

FL'L-FILL'MEXT, )  a.       Accomplishment  ;    comple- 

F^X-FILL'IXG,  \  tion  ;  as,  the  fulJUlmeiU  of 
prophecy. 

2.  Execution  ;  performance  ;  as,  the  faJfiUmmt  of 
a  promise. 

Ft;L  FRAUGHT,   (-frawt,)   a.      [fuU    and  fraught.] 

Full-stured.     [See  FuLL-FRAt*flHT.]  SML 

FUL'GEN-CY,  m,     FL.  fulgens,  from  fulgec,  to  shine. 

See  ErFL'LGKTTCE.J 

Brightness;  splendor;  glitter.  Diet. 

FUL'CENT,a.   Shining;  dazzling;  ezquisitelv bright. 

MJUnu 
FUL'6EXT-Lir,  o<ir.     Dazzlingly;  glitteringly. 
FUL'GID,  a.     [C  fulgidus^  from  falgeo,  to  shine.] 

Shining;  flittering;  dazzling.     [J^'ot  in  ustA 
FUL-GIiyi-TY,  n.     Splendor. 
FUL'GOR,  «.    [L.]    Splendor;  dazzling  brightness. 

U'itUe  used.]  Brovr>n.     More. 

FrL'GU-RAXT,  «.     Lightening     [-Vo(  used.] 
FLL'GU-RATE,  c.  i.     To  flash  as  lightning.     [^Vot 

used.]  Chambers. 

FL'L-GU-RATIOX,  m.  fL.  fulgvrado^  from  falgur, 
lightning.] 

1.  Lightning;  the  act  of  lightening.  {Little  ujed, 
or  not  at  aU.] 

2.  The  sudden  brightening  of  a  fused  globule  of 
gold  or  silver,  when  the  last  film  of  the  oxyd  of  lead 
or  copper  leaves  its  surface.  Brandt. 

FUL'GU-RITE,  n.  [L.  falrura.']  A  name  given  to 
vitrified  sand-tubes,  which  are  supposed  to  have 
been  produced  by  the  striking  of  lightning  on  sand. 

P.  Ci/c. 
FUL'GU-RY,  n.     Lightning.     [Obs.]  Cockfram. 

FCL'HAM,  H.     A  cant  word  for  false  dice.         Shak. 
FL-IJG-I-NOS'I-TY,   n.      [L.  fuligo,   soot,  probably 
from  the  root  of /oui.] 

Sootinesa  ;  matter  aepo6itr«i  by  smoke. 

Kinran.  Oeol. 


FUL 

FU-LIO'I-XOU?*,  (fu-lij'in-us,)  a.  [L.  fuUgineu*^ 
fuli^itiosHs^  ftotn/uligOf  soot.] 

1.  renaming  to  soot ;  sooty  ;  dark  ;  dusky. 

2.  Pertaining  to  smoke  ;  resembling  smoke  ;  dusky. 

Shenstonf. 
FU-LIG'I-XOUS-LY,  adv.    In  a  smoky  state;  by  be- 

mg  sooty. 
FC'LI-MART.     See  ForfifART. 

FJJLUo.  t^ax./nU:  Sw./uU;  G.voU;  Tt.volt  Goth. 
ftUds;  Dna.fuld:  W.jr-wa/u,  fullness.  Uu.  It.  vole, 
in  composition.     See  Fill  and  to  Fi-ll.] 

1.  Replete  ;  having  within  its  limits  all  that  it  can 
contain  ;  as,  a  vessel /W/  of  liquor. 

2.  Abounding  with  ;  having  a  large  quantity  or 
abundance  ;  as,  a  house /iJi  of  furniture;  life  is  full 
of  cares  and  perplexities. 

3.  Supplied ;  not  vacanL 

Ujid  the  throne  b*«n  full,  Utdr  nu«tiii^  would  not  Iwrc  be^n 
rr^ulir.  Biadcibtne. 

4.  Plump;  fat;  as,  a /WZ  body. 

5.  Saturated ;  sated. 

I  hxa/uti  of  (he  bumt-oCTcrinp  o(  ams,  —  Ii.  i, 

6.  Crowded,  with  regard  to  the  imagination  or 
memorj-. 

E»er7  one  b  fuU  ot  ihe  mfndf*  done  by  cold  bolhi  on  decayed 
«nd  weu  coiistitii lions.  Lockt. 

7.  Large  ;  entire ;  not  partial ;  that  fills  ;  as,  a  full 
meal. 

8.  Complete  ;  entire  ;  not  defective  or  partial ;  as, 
the  full  accomplishment  of  a  prophecy. 

9.  Complete  ;  entire  ;  without  abatement. 

It  came  to   pan,  at  the  end  of  two  fuU  yeui,  that  Plianoh 
drranictl.  —  Gt-n.  xli. 

10.  Conuining  the  whole  matter;  expressing  the 
whole  ;  as,  a.  full  narration  or  description. 

11.  Strong;  not  faint  or  attenuated ;  loud;  clear; 
distinct ;  as,  a  full  Vdice  or  sound. 

I'2.  Mature ;  perfect ;  as,  a  person  of  fuU  age. 

13.  Entire;  complete;  denoting  tlie  completion  of 
a  sentence  ;  as,  a  full  stop  or  point. 

14.  Spread  to  view  in  all  dimensions ;  as,  a  head 
drawn  with  a  fall  face.  ^ddisoji. 

15.  Exhibiting  the  whole  disk  or  surface  illumi- 
nated ;  as,  the  fuU  moofl. 

16.  .Abundant ;  plenteous ;  sufficient.  We  have  a 
fuU  supply  of  provisions  for  the  year. 

17.  Adequate ;  equal ;  as,  a  fitU  compensation  or 
reward  for  labor. 

18.  Well  fed. 

19.  Well  supplied  or  furnished  ;  abounding. 

SO.  Copious ;  ample.  The  speaker  or  Uie  writer 
was  full  tjpon  that  point.  Mitford. 

A  full  band,  in  musk,^  is  when  all  the  voices  and 
instniments  are  employed. 

A  fuil  organ,  is  when  all  or  most  of  the  stops  are 
out. 
FpLL,  n.    Complete  measure  ;  utmost  extent.    This 
instrument  answers  to  the  /uiz. 

a.  The  highest  state  or  degree. 


Tlie  aw&n'a  down  featber. 
That  atanda  open  the  awcll  at/uii  ofitde. 


Shak. 


3.  The  whole ;  the  total ;  in  the  phrase  al  full. 

S/tak. 

4.  The  state  of  satiety  ;  as,  fed  to  the  fuU. 

The  full  of  the  moon,  is  the  time  when  it  presents 
to  the   spectator  its  whole   face   illuminated,  as  it 
always  does  when  in  opposition  to  the  sun. 
FJJLL,  adv.     Quite;  to  the  same  degree;  without 
abatement  or  diminution. 

The  pan-n  !  profTtir  ahall  be/uU  u  food.  Drydtn. 

2.  With  the  whole  effect. 

The  diap^uoii  cioaing/uZI  In  man.  Drj/den. 

3.  Exactly. 


I-Wt  it)  the  center  of  the  aacred  wood. 


AddUon, 


A.  Directly  ;  as,  he  looked  him  full  in  the  face. 
It  is  placed  before  adjectives  and  adverbs  to  hight- 
en  or  strengthen  their  signification  ;  as,  full  sad. 

MUtoiu 

/iVU  wpH  ye  rejf^t  Ihe  commandment  of  God,  tlial  ye  may  Iteep 
your  own  traiUiion.  —Mark  vij. 

Full  is  prefixed  to  other  words,  chiefly  participles, 
to  express  utmost  extent  or  degree. 

FULL,  V.  t.  [Sax.  fullian  ;  L.  fullo  :  D.  vollen,  vrillen ; 
FT.fotder:  to  tread,  to  press,  to  full ;  foule,  a  crowd  ; 
It.  fvUa,  and  folta,  a  crowd  ;  foltii,  dense  ;  allied  to 
Eng./p//,  filter,  It,  feltro,  from  being  thick  or  fulled. 
Sax.  fetda,  many,  Gr.  toAA-i,  that  is,  a  crowd,  a 
thniTTC.  Fold  and  de^file  are  probiihly  of  the  same 
family.  As  the  French  fattier  sicnifies  to  tread  and 
to  full  cloth,  so  walker^  a  fuller,  is  from  the  root  of 
■walk.] 

To  thicken  cloth  in  a  mill.  This  is  the  primary 
sense;  but,  in  practice,  to  full  is  to  mill;  to  make 
compact ;  or  to  scour,  cleanse,  and  thicken,  fu  a  mill. 

FJJLL'-A'CORN -ED,  a.     Fed  to  the  full  with  acorns. 

SAak. 

FyL'LAlM,  71.  An  old  cant  word  for  false  dice,  named 
from  Fulham,  where  they  were  mnde.  Stiuirt, 

rjJLL'-BLOOM'£D,  a.     Having  perfect  bloom. 

Craahaw. 


FULL'-GROWN',  a.     Grown  to  full  size. 
FIJLL'-HEART'ED,  (hirt'ed,)  n.    Full  of  c 


FUL 

FJJLL'-IILOVVN,  a.    Fully  expanded,  as  a  blossom. 

Zfeiiham. 
2.  Fully  distended  with  wind.  Drgden. 

FJJLL'-nOT'TOM,  n.     A  wig  with  a  large  bottom. 
FULL'-BOT'TOM-£D,  a.    liaving  a  large  bottom,  as 

a  wig. 
FJJLL'-nUTT',  arfr.    Meeting  dlrectlyand  with  vio- 

lence.     [Ku/i'or.l  VF^transe, 

Fi;LL'-CnXRC.'Kl),  a.     Charged  to  fullness.    Sliak. 
FJJLL'-eRAM'Mi;D,  a.     Crammed  to  fullness. 

Marston, 
Ft;LL'-DRESS'£D,  (-drest,)  o.    Dressed  in  furm  or 

costume. 
FJJLL'-ORTVE',  a.     Driving  with  full  speed.   Chaucer, 
F!JLL'-KAR'£D,  a.     liaving  the  ears  or  headd  full  of 

grain.  Deuham. 

FJJLL'-ET'ED,  (-Ide,)  a.     Having  large,  prominent 

eyes. 
F(JLL'-FAC'£D,  (faste,)  a.     Having  a  broad  face. 
FyLL'-FED',  a.     Fed  to  fullness  ;  plump  with  fat. 
FtJLL'-FLE.SH'£D,    (-flesht,)   a.     Having  full  desh  ; 

corpulent.  Lamb. 

FULL'-FORM'^D,  a.     Having  full  form.  Colcnd^e. 
FJjLL'-FRiVUGHT',  (-frawt,)  a.    Laden  or  stored  to 

fullness.  Shak. 

FJJLL'-G0RG'£D,  o.    Over  fed  ;  a  term  of  hawking. 

Shak. 

MUton, 

courage  or 

confidence.  '  SJiak, 

FULL'-HOT',  a.     Heated  to  the  utmost.  Shak* 

2.  Q.uite  as  hot  as  it  ought  to  be. 
FI;LL'-LA'D£N,  a.     Laden  to  the  full. 
FULL.'-.MA\'NJ5D,   a.     Completely   furnished    with 

men. 
FlJLL'-MOUTH'£D,  a.  Having  a  full  or  strong  voice. 
FJjLL'-ORU'i:D,  o.     Having  the  orb  complete  or  fully 

illuminated,  as  the  moon  ;  like  the  full  moon. 

Addison,     Mason, 
FfJLL'-SPREAD',  (-spred,)  o.    Extended  to  the  ut- 
most. Dnjdcn. 
FlJLL'-STOM'AeH-£n),  (stura'akt,)  a.    Having  the 

stomach  crammed. 
FULL'-STUFF'£D,  (stuft,)  a.    Filled  to  the  utmost 

extent.  Drayton. 

FIJLL'-SUM'MED,  o.    Complete  in  all  its  parts. 

Jfowell. 
F[;LL'-WI\G'£D,  a.     Having  complete   wings,  or 

large,  strong  wings.  Shale. 

2.  Ready  for  flight ;  eager.  Beaum. 
FULL'AGE,  n.     Money  paid  for  fulling  cloth. 
Fi]LL'£D,   pp.  or  a.    Cleansed ;   thickened  ;    made 

dense  and  firm  in  a  mill. 

FIJLL'ER,  71.     One  whose  occupation  is  to  full  cloth. 

FJJLL'ER'S-EARTH,  C-erth,)  n.  A  variety  of  clay, 
compact,  but  friable,  unctuous  to  the  touch,  and  of 
various  colors,  usually  with  a  shade  of  green.  It  is 
useful  in  scouring  and  cleansing  cloth,  as  it  imbibes 
the  grease  and  oil  used  in  prejiaring  wool. 

Cleaveland.     Encyc. 

FULL'ER'S-THIS'TLE,  C-I,)  (  n.     Teasel,  a  plant  of 

FJJLL'ER'S-WEED,  \      the  genus  Dipsacus. 

The  btirs  are  used  in  dressing  cloth. 

FyLL'ER-Y,  7u  The  place  or  the  works  where  the 
fulling  of  cluth  is  carried  on. 

FJJLL'INGjppr.  Thickening  cloth  in  a  mill ;  making 
compact. 

FJJLL'LNG,  71.  The  art  or  practice  of  thickening 
cloth  and  making  it  compact  and  firm  in  a  mill,  at 
the  same  time  the  cloth  is  cleansed  of  oily  matter. 

FpLL'lNG-MILL,  n.  A  mill  for  fulling  cloth  by 
means  of  pestles  or  stampers,  which  beat  and  press  it 
to  a  close  or  compact  state  and  cleanse  it. 

FULL'.XESS,  n.  [from  fuU.]  The  state  of  being 
filled,  so  as  to  leave  no  part  vacant. 

9.  The  state  of  abounding  or  being  in  great  plenty  ; 
abundance. 

3.  Completeness  ;  the  state  of  a  thing  in  which 
nothing  is  wanted  ;  perfection. 

In  thy  presence  is  fuUnat  ol  Joy.  —  Pa.  xvl, 

4.  Repletion  ;  satiety  ;  as  from  intemperance. 

Taylor. 

5.  Repletion  of  vessels  :  aa,  fullness  of  blood. 

6.  Plenty  ;  wealth  ;  affluence.  Hhak. 

7.  Struggling  perturbation  ;  swelling  ;  as,  the  full- 

8.  Largeness  ;  extent.  t?!*^.'*  of  the  heart. 

Therr  wantixl  th<*/ij//neM  of  a  plot,  and  variety  orch;iract"rs,  to 
fonii  it  as  it  oiijht.  Drydeit, 

9.  Loudness  ;  force  of  sound,  such  as  fills  the  ear. 

Pope. 
FJJI/LV,  adc.     Completely  ;   entirely  ;    without  lack 
or  defect ;  in  a  manner  to  give  satisfaction  ;  to  the 
extent  desired  ;  as,  to  be  fully  persuaded  of  the  truth 
of  a  proposition. 

2.  Completely;  perfectly.   Things  partially  known 
in  this  life  will  be  hereafter /u//^  disclosed. 

Fully  committed ;  in  law,  committed  to  prison  for 
trial,  in  distinction  from  being  previously  detained 
f  )r  examination. 
FUI/MAR,  n.  A  sea  fowl,  the  Procellaria  Glarialis  of 
Linnaiu^,  which,  like  the  other  petrels,  jMjssesses  the 
singuliir  faculty  of  spouting  from  Its  bill  a  quantity 
of  pure  oil  agamst  its  adversary.     It  is  an  inhabitant 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL    WH^T.  — MkTE,  PREY,— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD N5TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 

4S6  *^~ 


FUM 

ot  northern,  especially  pular  regions,  and  feeds  on 
the  flesh  and  blubber  of  dead  whales  and  seals,  or 
other  offal.  It  is  valued  for  its  down,  teathers,  and 
oil.  P.  Cyc.     Partington. 

2.  The  foulemart  or  fulimart.     faee  Foumakt.] 

FUL'MI-XA.NT,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  fulminans,} 
Thundering. 

FUL'MI-.NATE,  V.  i.  [L.  fulmino,  from  /u/men,  thun- 
der, front  a  root  in  Bl,  which  signifies  to  tlirow  ur  to 
burst  forth.] 

1.  To  thunder.  Davics. 

2.  To  make  a  loud,  sudden  noise,  or  a  stidden, 
sharp  crack  ;  to  detonate  ;  ast,fulininati»ir  gold.  Boyle. 

3.  Tl.  is-fue  forth  ecclesiastical  censures,  as  if  with 
the  force  of  a  tlmnderholt.  Iferbert. 

FIJL'MI-NATE,  p.  (.  To  utter  or  send  out,  as  a  de- 
nunciation or  censure  ;  to  send  out,  as  a  menace  or 
censure  by  ecclesiastical  authority.  fVarburton. 

2.  To  cause  to  explode.  Sprat. 
FUL'MI-NATE,  n.     A   compound   of  fulminic  acid 

with  a  base  ;  as,  fulminate  of  mercury  ;  fulmiaate  of 
silver  ;  often  called  fulminating  mcrcurj"  and  silver. 
These  conipuuud^  detonate  or  explode  by  percussion, 
fVicti^n,  or  heat.  Fulminate  of  mercury  is  much  used 
in  percussion  caps. 
FUL'Mt-\A-TI\G,  ppr,  or  a.  Thundering;  crack- 
ling; exploding;   detonating. 

5.  Hurting  papal  denunciations,  menaces,  or  cen- 
sures. 

Fulminating  poirder :  a  detonating  compound  of  sul- 
phur, carbonate  of  potash,  and  niter.    [See  the  noun 
Fl'i.mi:«atkJ 
FUUM1-N.\'TI0N,  n.    A  thundering. 

3.  Denunciation  of  censure  or  threats,  as  by  papal 
authority. 

The /uiitiina^ona  fonn  the  Vaiicaii  were  lunied  into  rvlkul<;. 

2.  The  explosion  of  certain  cliemical  preparations  ; 
detonation.  Encye. 

FUL'MI-\A-TO-Ry,  a.    Thundering  ;  striking  terror. 

FCL'MINE,  V.  i.     To  thunder.         Spenser.     Milton. 

FUL'MINE,  V.  f.    To  shoot ;  to  dart  like  lightning. 

FUL-MIN'ie,  a.  Fulminic  acid,  in  chemistry,  is  an 
explosive  acid  composed  of  cyanogen  and  oxygen. 
[See  FuLMi.fATE,  n.l 

FUL'SOME,  a.     [Sax.  ful,  foul,  or  full.] 

Rank;  gross;  disgusting;  nauseous.  Formrrfy,, 
the  word  was  applied  to  things  which  disgust  the 
Seniles ;  as,  a  fulsome  cutfin,  a  faUome  siiitll,  and 
hence  to  things  lustful  or  obscene  ;  aa,  fulsome  ewen, 
KftUsotnt  epigram.  In  present  asafre,  the  tL-rni  ia  usual- 
ly confined  to  that  which  disgusts  by  excess  orgross- 
nesa  ;  as,  fuLnnne  flattery,  a  fulsome  compliment,  a 
fuUonu  artifice.  Coteper. 

It  seems,  then,  that  full  and  foul  are  radically  the 
same  word,  the  primary  sense  of  which  is  stuffed, 
crowded,  from  the  sense  of  ptitt^g  on,  or  in.  In 
present  usage^  the  compound  fuUome  takes  its  signifi- 
cation from  full^  in  the  sense  of  cloying  or  satiating  ; 
and  in  former  usage,  fulsome  takes  its  ivedominant 
sense  from  foulness, 

FUL  POMEi-LY,  adv.    Rankly  ;  nauseously. 

FUL's*6mE-NE3S,«.  Nauaeousnesfl ;  o/Tensive  gros»- 
neoe.  England. 

FUL'VID,  a.    See  Fultous,  which  is  generally  used. 

FITL'VOUS,  a.     [L.  fulcus.] 

Tawny  ;  dull  yellow,  with  a  mixture  of  icray  and 
brown.  LintUey. 

FU-Ma'DO,  n.    fL.  /rnniij,  smoke.] 

A  sm'oked  fish.  Carew. 

FCMAGE,  «.     [U  fumus.}     Hearth-money.      Diet. 

FO'MA-TO-EY,  «.    {l^  fatnaria  herba  i  Ft.fmmeUrre; 

ttom  fumuSf  smoke.]  [tort. 

A  plant  of  the  genus/umarui ;   also  written  Frsii- 

FU.M'BL.E,  r.  i.  [D.  fommfUn  ;  Dan.  famicr ;  Sw. 
famla.  properly,  to  slop,  stammer,  falter,  hesitate,  lo 
feel  along,  to  grope.] 

1.  To  ftel  or  grope  about ;  to  altempC  awkwardly. 

CutiUJarth. 

2.  To  grope  about  in  perplexity  ;  to  seek  awkward- 
ly ;  as,  to  fumbU  for  an  excuse.  Dryden. 

3.  To  handle  nmch  ;  to  play  childiKhly  ;  to  turn 
ovtx  and  over. 

1  K*w  lamfttmbU  vKh  Uk  thi^u,  anij  pl-ijr  wiih  ft>wrri.    ShaJc. 

FUM'BLE,  V.  u  To  manage  awkwardly  ;  to  crowd  or 
tumble  together.  Htuik. 

Ft'M'BLER,  n.  One  who  gropes  or  manages  awk- 
wardly. 

FI/.M'BLING,  ppr.  or  a.  Groping;  managing  awk- 
wardly. 

FIJM'BLLNG-LV,  adv.    In  an  awkward  manner. 

FOME,  n.     [U  fumuji,  Fr.  famie,  smoke,] 

1.  Smoke  ;  vapor  from  combustion,  as  from  burn- 
ing W(H>d  or  tobacco.  Bacon. 

2.  Vapor ;  volatile  matter  ascending  In  a  dense 
body.  IVoodward. 

3.  Exhalation  from  the  stomach  ;  as,  the  fumr^  of 
winp.  Dryden. 

4.  Rage;  heat;  as,  the /umM  of  passion.   tiouiK. 
a.  Any  thing  unsubstantial  or  fleeting.  Shak. 

6,  Idle  conceit ;  vain  imagination.  Baton. 
FOME,  V.  i.     {L./uno,  Fr. /umcr,  8p, /umar,  It. /«- 

mart,  to  smoke.] 


FUN 

1.  To  smoke  ;  to  throw  off  vapor,  as  in  combus- 
tion. 

Where  the  ^Iden  ftllnr /umed.  Miiion, 

2.  To  yield  vapor  or  visible  exhalations. 

Kilenua  \xy, 
Who»e  conttnnt  cup«  Xxy  fuming  to  hia  broio.      Roacomtnon. 

3.  To  pass  off  in  vapors. 

Their  paru  are  kept  from  fuming  away  by  their  fixity.    Cheyne. 

4.  To  be  in  a  mge  ;  to  be  hot  with  anger. 

lit;  freU,  he  /umet,  he  sUtrei,  he  stamps  die  ground,     Drydtn. 
FOME,  V.  t.     To  smoke  ;  to  dry  in  smoke       Carae. 

2.  To  perfume. 

She/umed  the  temple  with  an  odoroiu  flame.  Dryden. 

3.  To  disperse  or  drive  away  in  vapors. 

The  heat  will/unw  away  mo«t  of  the  Kent.  Mortinter. 

FOM'JED,  pp.     Smoked  ;  dried  in  smoke. 
FC'.ME'LESS,  a.     Free  from  fumes. 
FO'MET,  n.     The  dung  of  deer.  B.  Jonson. 

FU-.METTE',  7K     [Fr.]     The  stench  of  tainted  meat. 
FO'AUD,  a.     [L.  fumidus.]  [Sicift. 

Smoky  ;  vaporous.  Broiea. 

FU-.MID'I-TV,  n.     Smokiness. 
FU-.MIF'ER-OL'S,  a.     Producing  smoke. 
FC-MIF'U-GIST,  «.     [L.  fumiLs  and  fago.] 

He  or  that  which  drives  away  smoke  or  fumes. 
FO'Ml-GANT,  a.     Fuming. 

FO'.MI-GATE,  r,  (.       [L.  fumtgo ;    Fr.  fumiffer;  fVom 
fumus^  smoke.] 

1.  To  smoke  ;  to  perfume.  X>ryden, 

3.  To  apply  smoke  to  ;  to  expose  lo  smoke  or  gas  ; 
as,  in  chemistry,  or  in  medicine,  by  inhaling  it,  or  in 
cleansing  infected  apartments,  clothing,  &c. 
FO'MI-GA-TEL»,pp.     Smoked;  ex{ittsed  to  smoke. 
FC'iMI-G.^-TIXt;,  pirr.     Smoking  ;  applying  smoke  to. 
F0-.MI-GA'TlO\,  n.     [L.  fumigatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  smoking  or  applying  smoke  or  pas, 
as  in  chemistr>-  for  soflening  a  metal,  or  in  the  heal- 
ing art  by  inhaling  the  smoke  of  certain  substitnces. 
Exptxtoralion  is  often  assisted,  and  sometiEncs  ulcers 
of  the  lungs  healed,  by /Hmif-afion.  Fumigation  is 
also  used  in  cleansing  infected  rooms,  clothing,  &c. 

2.  Vapors  ;  scent  raised  by  fire. 

FC'MI-GA  TO-RV,  a.     Having  the  quality  of  cleans- 
Fr.M'I-LY,  adv.    Smokily.  [ing  by  smoke. 

FOM'IN'G,  ppr.   or  a.     Smoking;    emitting  vapon* ; 

raging ;  fretting. 
FrM'l.NG-LY,  adv.     Angrily;  in  a  rage.         Hooker. 
FOM'ISH,  a.     Smoky  ;  hot ;  choleric,     [lAoIc  used.] 
FO'Ml  TER,  n.     A  plant.     [See  FuMrToav.] 
FO'.MI-TO-RV,  n.     A  genus  of  plants,  Fumarixi.    The 
.eaves  of  the  Fremaria  officinalis,  or  common  fumito- 
ly,  are  of  a  bitter  taste,  and  are  sometimes  used  in 
disorders  of  the  skin.  Forsyth'. 

FO.M'OUS    ' 


FO.M'V, 


[  a.    Producing  fume ;  f\jll  of  vapor. 


From  dice  ami  wine  tl>e  yoiith  retired  lo  teit. 
And  puitMl  tlie/umy  ^od  I  rum  out  hii  breast. 


Dryden . 


FUPfl,  n.     [O.  leonne.] 

Sport  ;  vulgar  merriment.  A  low  word.  [Q,u.  Eth. 
^^P  tPdRi,  to  play.] 

FU-NAM'BU-LATE,  v.  t    To  walk  on  a  rope. 

FU-NA.M'BU-LA-TING.p;^.     Walking  on  a  rope. 

FU-NA.M'BU-LA-TO-RY,  a.     Performing  like  a  rope- 
dancer  ;  narrow,  like  the  walk  of  n  rope-da«rer. 
Brown.     Chambers. 

FU-NAM'BU-LIST,  n.    [L.  funis,  rope,  and  aiiUiulo,  to 
walk.] 
A  r<)j»e-walker  or  dancer. 

FU-NAM'BU-LO,      >  n.      [ L.  funambuIuM  ]      A  rope- 

Ft;-NAM'Bi;-LUS     t      dancer.  Bacon. 

FUN'€'T10\,  n.  fL. /(lacrw,  from  fungm;  to  perform.] 

1.  In  a  genrrtu  Mcnse,  the  doing,  executing,  or  per- 
forming of  ajiy  thing  ;  discharge  ;  performance  ;  as, 
the  funrtion  M  a  calling  or  otlice.     More  generally, 

2.  Office  or  employment,  or  any  duty  or  btisiness 
belonging  to  a  |mnicular  station  or  character,  or  re- 
quiretl  of  a  fHT^ton  in  ttiat  station  or  character.  Thus 
we  speak  of  tht*  functions  of  a  chancfllor,  judge,  or 
biHhop  ;  the  functions  itf  a  nnrent  or  guardian. 

3.  Trade}  (tccuimtion.     [f.rss  proper.] 

4.  'I'he  ollice  nf^  any  particular  part  of  animal  bod- 
lea  ;  the  peculiar  or  appropriate  action  of  a  member 
or  part  of^  the  body,  by  wtiirh  the  animal  economy  is 
carried  on.  Thus  we  spi^ak  of  llie  functions  of  the 
brain  and  nerves,  of  the  heart,  of  the  liver,  of  tlw 
muscles,  &,c. 

5.  Power;  faculty,  animal  or  intellectual. 

At  tJie  mind  upent,  and  ita/uncUoni  «pread.  Pope. 

C).  The  animal  or  vegetalAe functions  are,  the  motions, 
operatitms,  or  acts,  wliich  tlie  organs,  or  system  of 
organs,  are  fitted  by  nature  lo  perform  ;  the  proper 
anion  of  the  mechanism.  Did.  ofJVat.  IILft. 

7.  In  inutAematics,  the  function  of  a  variable  tfimn- 
tity,  is  any  algebraic  expression  into  which  that  quan- 
tity enlt.'rs.  A  quantity  is  said  to  be  a  function  of  two 
or  more  variablu  quantities,  when  its  value  depends 
on  them,  and  on  other  quantities  having  invariable 
^valUfs.  Cyr,     Barlow. 

FUN€J'TIO\-AL,  a.     Pertaining   to  functions;    per- 


FUN 

formed  by  the  functions  ;  as,  a  functiojial  Irregular! 
ty.     [See  Fi'itctioti.] 

FUNC'^riON-AL-LY,  ado.  By  means  of  the  func- 
tions. Lavfrenee^  Led. 

FUNC'TION-A-RY,  n.  One  who  holds  an  office  or 
trust;  as, a  public /unctiffjiary;  secular /u?tc/u'«fln>*. 

Walsh. 

FUJVCTUS  OF-FfCrO,  (-of-fish'e-o,)  [L.]  Hav- 
ing gone  through  with  an  ofilice  or  duty  ;  out  of  of- 
fice. 

FUND,  n.  [Fr.  fond;  Sp  fondo,  funda  ;  1,.  fundus, 
ground,  botloni,  foundation  ;  connected  with  L.>«m- 
du,  to  found,  tlie  sense  of  which  is  to  throw  down,  to 
set,  lo  lay  ;    Ir.  Aon,  or  ftun,  bottom ;    Heb.  Ch.  Syr. 

n33,  Ar,  LLj  bana,  to  build.    Class  Bn,  No.  7.     The 

h.  funda,  a  sling,  a  casting-net  or  purse,  It.  fenda,  is 
from  tlie  same  source.] 

1.  A  stock  oi  capital ;  a  sum  of  money  appropria- 
ted as  the  foundation  of  stmie  commercial  or  other 
operation,  undertaken  with  a  view  to  profit,  and  by 
means  of  which  expenses  and  credit  are  supported. 
Thus  the  capital  stock  of  a  banking  institution  is 
called  its  fund;  the  joint  stock  of  a  commercial  or 
manufacturing  house  constitutes  its  fund  or  funds; 
and  hence  the  word  is  applied  to  the  mtmey  which 
an  individual  may  possess,  or  the  means  he  can  em- 
ploy for  carr>-ing  on  any  enlerpriae  or  operation.  No 
pnident  man  undertakes  an  expensive  business 
without  funds. 

2.  Money  lent  to  government,  con.ftituting  a  na- 
tional debt ;  or  the  stock  of  a  national  debt.  Thus 
we  say,  a  man  is  interested  in  the /Kad^,  or  puWic 
/«/i(/s,  when  he  owns  the  stuck,  or  the  evidences  of 
the  public  debt;  and  the  funds  are  said  to  rise  or 
fall,  when  a  given  amount  of  that  debt  sells  for  more 
or  less  in  the  market, 

3.  Money  or  income  destined  to  the  payment  of 
the  interest  of  a  debt. 

4.  A  sinking  fund  is  a  stnn  of  money  appropriated 
to  the  purchase  of  the  public  stocks,  or  the  payment 
of  the  public  dt'ht. 

5.  Money  whose  income  is  set  apart  for  the  support 
of  some  permanent  object. 

G.  A  stock    or   capital  to  afford   supplies  of  any 
kind  ;  as,  a  fund  of  wisdom  or  gotxl  sense  ;  a  fund 
of  wit.     Hence, 
7.  Abundance  ;  ample  stock  or  store.  , 

FUND,  V.  t.  To  provide  and  appropriate  a  fund  or 
Ijermanenl  revenue  for  the  payment  of  the  interest 
of;  to  make  permanent  provision  of  resources  for 
discharging  the  annual  interest  of;  aii,  to/u»d  ex- 
chequer hills  or  government  notes  ;  to  fund  a  na- 
tional debt.  Bolingbroke.  JIamiltoii. 
2.  To  place  money  in  a  fund. 

FUND'-HOLD-ER,  tj.  One  who  has  property  in  the 
funds. 

FUN'D.\-MENT,  n.  [L.  fandamentum,  from  fundo, 
to  set.] 

1.  1  he  seat ;  the  lower  part  of  the  body,  or  of  the 
intcstinum  rectum,  Hume. 

2.  Foundation.     [JVo(  in  use.]  Chaucer. 
FUN-DA-MENT'AL.a.     Pertaining  to  the  foundation 

or  basis;  serving  for  the  foundation.  Hence,  es- 
sential; imptirtant ;  ns,  a  fundamental  tnith  or  prin> 
ciple  ;  a  fundamental  taw  ;  a  fundamental  sound  or 
chord  in  music. 

Fundamental  base ;  thaX  part,  in  musical  harmonyj 
which  sustains  the  chord  ;  in  the  natural  |K.sition  of 
the  chord,  tiic  lowest  part. 

FUN-DA  MENT'AL,  n.  A  leading  or  primary  princi- 
ple, rule,  law,  or  article,  which  serves  as  the  ground- 
work of  a  system  ;  essential  part ;  as,  the  fundamen- 
tali  of  the  Christian  faith. 

FUN-DA-MENT'AI^-LY,  atlv.  Primarily  ;  originally  ; 
essentially  ;  at  the  ftiundation.  All  power  is  funda- 
mentttlly  in  the  citixens  of  a  state. 

FUND'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Furnished  with  funds  Tor  regu- 
lar [Kiynictit  of  the  interest  of;  as,  funded  debt. 

FUNU'LNG,  ppr.  Providing  funds  for  the  itaymont  of 
the  interest  of. 

Funding  system :  a  scheme  of  finance  or  revenue 
by  which  provision  is  made  fur  paying  annual  inter- 
est on  a  public  debt. 

FUND'LKSS,  a.     Destitute  of  funds. 

PerUiinirig  to  funerals.  Brown, 

FC'NKR-AL,  n.     [It.  funernle ;  Fr.  faneraitles  ,  from 

h.  funus,  from  funule,  a  cord,  a  torch,  from  funis,  a 

rope  or  rjiord,  as  torches  were  made  of  cords,  and 

were  used  in  burials  among  the  Romans.!  , 

1.  Burial ;  tbe  ceremony  of  burying  a  dead  human 
body  ;  the  solemnization  of  interment ;  obsequies,       i 

2.  The  proccssiim  of  persons  attending  the  burial   | 
of  the  dead.  ope.        i 

3.  Burial ;  interment.  Dunham. 
FO'NER-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  burial ;  used  at  the  in- 
terment of  the  dead  ;    as,  funeral  rites,  honors,  or   < 
ceremoifles ;  a  funeral  torch  ;  funeral  feast  or  games  ; 
funeral  oration.                                      Kneye.     Ih-i/drn. 

FU-NER-A'TION,  n.  Sdemnizalion  of  a  ftinurai. 
[JVot  used.] 


TONE,  BJ;LL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8.  — C  as  K  ;  6  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  j  TU  as  in  THIS. 


FUR 

PU-N£'S£-AL,  «.    Suiting  a  fttoeral;  pertaining  to 

buriaL  SkaL 

9.  Park  :  dismal;  mournfVil.  Taylor. 

FU-XE'RE-AL-LY.  orfr.     Uisniallv  ;  mournfully. 

FC-N&?T\  a.    LanK-ntable.     [J^Vt  used.] 

FUX"GATE,  ».  ffrom  funfftu,\  A  compound  of 
fungic  acid  and  a  oaw.  0»xa. 

FUNGE,  a.  [l^  fimgus,]  A  blockbead ;  a  dott;  a 
fool.  Bmrtmu 

FUN'GI-A,  a.  A  genus  of  ccvals.  The  species  of 
coral  have  much  re>teuiblance  in  fhnn  to  a  rauahroom. 
They  are  circular  or  ellifitical,  and  eome  of  Ihem 
eighteen  inches  in  diameter.  i>raa. 

FUN'6l€,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  obtained  from  mush- 
rooms ;  as,  ftttgie  acid. 

FUN'6l-FORM,  a.  Ifmu*  and  finrn.]  In  miiurmt«~ 
ry,  having  a  termination  umilar  to  the  head  of  a 
runeus.  Pkil^. 

FL'.N'CIX,  «.  The  fleshy  part  of  mushrooms,  now 
considered  as  a  peculiar  vegetable  princijtie.    Cost. 

FUN'CITE,  a.    [from /aarai.]    A  kmd  of  foanl  coral. 

FUN-GIV'OR-OUS,  a.    (L  /mn^us  and  iwr».] 

Feedinx  on  mushrooms.  Kirkf. 

Fl7N"GOID,  a.  Having  ibe  appearance  of  a  mush- 
room. 

FUN"GOS'I-TY,  m.    Soft  eierescence. 

FtJX"GOL'S,  a.  [See  Ft-wcrs.]  Like  fungus  or  a 
mushroom;  excrescent;  spongy;  soft. 

3.  Growing  suddenly  ;  but  not  substantial  or  dura- 
ble. Hmrru. 

FUX"GrS,  ■. ;  y.  Fua'oi  or  Fi'!r"ou»-E».  [L.]  A  icmi 
applied  by  botanists  lo  a  large  natural  order  of  plants 
of  a  peculiar  organization  and  nuinner  of  growth, 
comprehending  mushrooms,  toadstool?,  the  niicrx>- 
pcopic  plants  which  furm  mold,  mildew,  smut,  Alc, 
The  Fmngi  constitute  one  division  of  the  Linna*an 
eb^s  CnffUgamiA,  The  word  is  also  applied  to  ex- 
crescences on  plants.  P.  Cw^    Emeje. 

5L  A  spongy  excrescence  In  animal  bodies,  as  proud 
flesh  formed  in  wounds.  Om. 

The  term  is  particularly  applied  to  any  morbid  ex- 
crescence, whether  in  wounds  or  arising  s|M)ntane- 
ouslv.  CW.     Cooprr. 

FO'Ni-€LE,  a.     [L./iniic»iMj,  dim.  of/utu,  a  cord.] 
A  small  cord  ;  a  small  ligature  ;  ■  fiber.  Muutm. 

FU-MC'i;-LAR,  a.  Consisting  of  a  smaU  cord  or 
fiber. 

FUNK,  a.  [Qu.  Aim.  /ncf,  Fr.  /aafs,  nud,  mtie, 
matter.] 

An  onensive  smell.     [Fa/for.] 

PUXK,  r.  c    To  envelop  with  an  offttakw^  omU. 

Jfia^. 

FCXK,  o.  i.    To  stink  tbroagh  fear.    [rMlgmr,] 

Epigram  on  J.  Burton. 

FUN'NEL,  a.  [W.fynilf  an  air-hole,  funnel,  or  chim- 
ney, fran  ytaa,  breath,  source,  connected  with  /oumI, 
srbKlisee. 

1.  A  pusage  or  avenue  for  ■  fluid  or  flowing  sub- 
stance, particularly  the  shaft  or  twdlow  channel  of  a 
chiumey,  thfL  dgh  which  snwke  ascends, 

a.  A  vessel  for  conveying  fluids  into  close  vessels; 
a  kind  of  inverted  hollow  cone  with  a  pipe ;  a  tun- 
nel. Ray. 

FfX'XElr-FORM,        *  a.     Having  the  form  of  a  fun- 

FUX'XEL-SHAP-£D,  t     nel,  or  inverted  hollow  cone. 
Fam.  of  PIomU. 

FCX'XY,  a.     [from /■«.]     Droll :  comical. 

FL'X'XV,  «.     A  light  boat. 

FUR,  ■-  [Fr.  fourrmrey  frMn  fonrrery  to  put  on,  to 
thrust  in,  to  stulf;  Sp.  eforrar;  Arm.  feura.  The 
sen^e  seems  lo  be,  to  stufl",  to  make  thick,  or  to 
put  on  and  thus  make  thick.  In  Welsh,  fer  is 
dense,  solid.] 

1.  The  short,  fine,  soft  hair  of  certain  animals, 
growing  tliick  on  tlie  skin,  and  distinguished  from 
the  bair,  which  is  longer  and  coarser.  Fur  is  one  of 
the  most  perfect  non-conductors  of  heat,  and  ser^'es 
tu  keep  animals  warm  in  cold  climates. 

3.  The  skins  of  certain  wild  animals  with  the  fur  ; 
peltry  ;  as,  a  cargo  of  furs. 

3.  Strips  of  skins  with  fur,  used  on  garments  for 
lining  or  for  ornament.  Garments  are  lined  or  faced 
with  fur. 

A.  Hair  in  general  :  a  loose  application  of  the  word. 

5.  A  coat  of  morbid  matter  collected  on  the  tongue 
in  persons  aflfected  with  fever. 

&  A  coot  or  crust  formed  on  the  interior  of  vessels 
by  matter  deposited  by  hard  water. 
FIIr,  m.    Pertaining  to  or  made  of  fur. 
PUR,  r.  L    To  line,  fa«e,  or  cover  witti  fur  ;  as,  ^furred 
robe, 

2.  To  cover  with  morbid  matter,  as  the  tongue. 

3.  In  arctftsctwr^,  to  nail  small  strips  of  board  nn 
joists,  rafters,  &c.,  in  order  to  make  a-level  surface 
ior  lathing,  boarding,  &.c.  GwUl. 

FUR'-WROUGHT,  (fur'rawt,)  a.     Made  of  fur.    Gay. 
FU-R.^'CIOUS,  «.     [L.  furaj,  from  furor,  to  Ptcal.j 
Given  to  theft;  inclined  to  steal ;  thievish.     [Z^uU 
vsett.] 
FU-RAC'I-TY,  a.     Thievishness.     [LittUused.] 
FUR'BE-LOW,  n.     [Fr.  It.  and  Sp./ii;*8Bi.] 

A  piece  of  Btufl*  plaited  and  puckered,  on  a  gown 
or  petticoat;  a  flounce;  the  plaited  border  of  a  petti- 
coat or  gown. 


FUR 

FL'R'UEI.OU,  r.  (.  To  put  a  ftirbelow  on;  lo  fur- 
nish with  an  ornamental  appendage  of  dress.   Prior. 

FVK'mihCiWEU,  pp.     Furnished  with  a  furbelow. 

FLR'UE-I.OVY-IXG,  par.    Adorning  with  a  furbelow. 

FLR'BISH,  v.L     [lUfvrbire;  Fr.fvurbtr.] 

To  rub  or  scour  to  brightness ;  to  polish ;  to  bur- 
nish ;  as,  to  furbish  a  sword  or  s^icar  ;  to /urfruA  aruis. 

FUR'BISII-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  furbished. 

Sherwood. 

FrR'BISI!-*:n,  (fur'bisht,)  pp.  Scoured  to  brightness  ; 
pulisliod  ;  burnished. 

FCk  lU?^il~£R,  8.  One  who  polishes  or  makes  bright 
by  rubbing;  one  who  cleans. 

FU*R'BlSli-IXG,p^r.     Rubbing  to  brightness  ;  polish- 

Forked  ;  branching  like  the  prongs  of  a  fork. 

Lee,  Botany. 
FUR-CA'TIOX,  a.    A  forking;  a  branching  like  the 

tines  of  a  fork.  Brotoa. 

FUR'DLE,  r.  L    [Fr.fardeau,  a  bundle.] 

To  draw  up  into  a  bundle.     [JVot  used.]     Broien. 
FUR'FUR,!*.  [L.]    Dandruff;  scurf;  scales  like  bran. 
FUR-FU-RA'CEOUS,  a.     [L.  furfuraeeus.] 

Scaly  :  branny  ;  scurfy  ;  like  bmn. 
FO'Rl-OUS,  a.     [U-furiosus  ;  iL  furioso  ;  Tt.furieuz. 
See  FusY.] 

1.  Rushing  with  impetuosity  ;  moving  with  vio- 
lence J  as,  nfurivus  stream  ;  a/uW^^u.*  wind  or  storm. 

2.  Raging ;  violent ;  transported  witli  passion  ;  as, 
a  furicus  animal. 

3.  Mad ;  phrenetic  ;  frantic. 
FC'RI-OUS-LV,  adv.      With    impetuous    motion    or 

agitation  ;  violently ;   vehemently  ;   as,  to  run  fari- 
oKsty  ;  to  attack  one  furiously. 
FC'RI-OUS-NESS, a.     Impetuous  motion  or  rttshiug  ; 

2.  Madness  ;  phrensy  ;  rage.         [violent  agitation. 
FURL,  r.  L     [Fr.  ferler;  Arm.  farlea  ;  Sp.  afcrrary  to 

grapple,  to  seize,  lo  furl ;  Pott,  ferrar.] 

To  draw  up;  to  wrap  or  roll  a  sail  close  to  the 
yard,  stay,  or  mast,  and  fasten  it  by  a  gasket  or  cord. 

Mar.  Dirt. 

FURL'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Wrapped  and  fastened  to  a 
yard.  &c. 

FURL'ING,  ppr.  Wrapping  or  rolling  and  fastening 
to  a  yard,  &c 

FUR'LONG,  n.  [Sax.  furlang;  far  or  fur^  and  long^ 
orfmrky  a  furrow,  the  length  of  a  furrow.] 

A  measure  of  length  ;  the  eighth  part  of  a  mile; 
forty  rods,  poles,  or  perches. 

FURO^UGH,  (fur'W,)  a.  [D.  vertof;  G.  urlatib ;  Dan. 
Vhsi.fvrlao  or  oriav ;  Sw.  erU^f;  compounded  of  the 
root  of  fare,  tojo,  and  /care,  permission.  (See  Fabk 
andLxATx.)   The  common  orthography, /uWifu^^A,  is 

-  comipt,as  the  last  s}ilable  exhibits  fiilse  radical  con- 
sonants.    Ibe  true  orthography  would  be/«r/wip.] 

Leave  of  absence  ;  a  word  used  only  in  military 
aflTairs.  Leave  or  license  given  by  a  commanding 
officer  to  an  officer  or  soldier  to  be  absent  from  ser- 
vice for  a  certain  time. 

FUB'LOCGH,  r.  U  To  furnish  with  a  furlough;  to 
grant  leave  of  absence  to  an  officer  or  soldier. 

FljR'LCL'GH-£D.  pp.     Having  a  furlough. 

FUR'ME.N-TY.     fee  Frumektt. 

FUR'NACE,  a.  [Vt.  foumaise,  foumeau  ;  JUfornaee; 
8p.  homo:  from  !».  /onwi,  fumus,  either  from  bum- 
ingy  or  the  settse  is  an  arch.] 

1.  A  place  where  a  vehement  fire  and  heat  may  be 
made  and  maintained,  for  melting  ores  or  mt^tals, 
&.C.  A  furnace  for  casting  cannon  and  other  large 
operations  is  inclosed  with  walls,  through  which  a 
current  of  air  is  blown  from  a  large  bellows. 

3.  A  smaller  apparatus,  in  which  fuel  is  burned  for 
culinary-  purposes, 

3.  In  Scripture,  a  place  of  cruel  bondage  and  afflic- 
tion.    Dent.  iv. 

4.  Grievous  afflictions  by  which  men  are  tried. 
Ezek.  xxiif 

5.  A  place  of  temporal  torment,    X>a7i.  iii 

6.  Hell ;  the  place  of  endless  torment.     JUatL  xiii, 
FUR'XACE,  V.  L     To  throvv  out  sparks  as  a  furnace. 
FUR'XI-MEXT,  n.     [Fr.  foumiment.]  [Shak. 

Furniture,     [^ot  in  use.]  Spetiser. 

FUR'XISH,  r.  L  [Fr.  foumir;  Arm.  foumi^ia;  It. 
fomire.  Tiiere  is  a  close  affinity,  in  sense  and  ele- 
ments, between  furnish,  (rarHish,  and  the  L.  orno, 
which  may  have  been  fomo  or  horno.  We  see  in 
/iirfoa^A,  above,  the  /  is  lost  in  three  of  the  languages, 
and  it  may  be  so  in  orno.  The  primary  sense  is,  to 
put  on,  or  to  set  on.] 

1.  To  supply  with  any  thing  wanted  or  necessary  ; 
as,  Xo  furnish  a  family  with  provisions;  to  furnish 
arms  f(»r  defense;  to  furnish  a  table;  to  furnish  a 
librar>' ;  to  furnish  one  with  money  or  implements. 

2.  To  supply;  to  store;  as,  to  furnish  the  mind 
with  ideas  ;  to  furnish  one  with  knowledge  or 
principles. 

3.  To  fit  up;  to  supply  with  the  prop('r  goods, 
vessels,  or  ornamental  appendages ;  as,  to  furnish  a 
house  or  a  roc>m. 

4.  To  equip  ;  to  Ht  for  an  expedition  ;  to  supply. 
FUR'.MSH-^D,  (furnisht,)  pp.  or  a.     Supplied  ;,  gar- 
nished ;  fitted  with  necessaries. 

FL'R'XI.SH-ER,  n.     One  who  supplies  or  fits  out. 


FUR 

Fr'R'NlSH-ING,  fiur.    Supplying;  fitting  ;  garnishing. 
Kl'R'.V  ISH-MEX'l ,  H.     A  supply  of  furniture  or  things 

necessary'. 
FUR'M-Tl/RE,   n.     [Fr.  fournitare  ;   It.  fvrnimetito  ; 

Artn.  fimr7iimand.] 

1.  Goods,  ve^^scls,  utensils,  and  other  appendages 
necessary  or  convenient  for  house-keeping  ;  what- 
ever is  added  to  the  interior  of  a  house  or  apartment, 
for  use  or  convenience  ;  chattels;  movables;  effects. 

2.  'I'he  necessary  ap[>endages  in  various  employ- 
ments or  arts  ;  as,  the/ur«t/Mrcof  a  printing  press,  &.c. 

3.  Api>endagC8  ;  that  which  is  added  for  use  or  or- 
nament;  as,  llie  earth  with  all  iis  furniture. 

4.  Equipage;  ornanxents  ;  decorations;  in  a  very 
general  sense, 

5.  In  music,  an  organ  with  mixed  notes,  some- 
times culled  mixture. 

FO'ROR,  n.     [L.]     Fury  ;  rage. 

FUR'RtD,  jtp.  or  a.    [See  Fun.]    Lined  or  ornamented 

with   fur;  thickened    by   the  addition  of  strips  of 

bogrd  ;  covered  with  fur. 
FUR'III-RR,  n.     A  dealer  in  furs  ;  one  who  makes  or 

selL  muffs,  tippets.  Ate. 
FrR'RI-KB-Y,  n.     Furs  in  general.  J'ooke. 

FUK'RIXG,  ppr.     Lining  or  ornamenting  with  fur; 

nailing  on  thin  strips  of  board  to  prepare  for  latfa- 

inc,  Slc. 
FUR'RING,  n.    The  nailing  of  thin  strips  of  board  in 

order  to  level  a  surface  fur  lathing,  boarding,  &.c. ; 

the  strips  thus  laid  on. 
FUR'ROW,  n.     [Sax.  fur  or  furh;   G,  furche;   Dan. 

furre  :  Sw. /ura.  Q,u.  Gr.  (ia^'iop,  to  plow.] 
1.  A  trench  in  the  earth  made  by  a  plow. 
S.  A  long,  narrow  trench  or  channel  in  wood  or 

metal  ;  a  groove. 

3.  A  tiotlow  made  by  wrinkles  in  the  face. 
FUR'ROW,  e.  t.     [Snx,  fyrian.) 

1.  To  cut  a  furrow  ;  to  make  furrows  in  ;  to  plow. 
S.  7*o  make  long,  narrow  cliannels  or  grooves  in. 

3.  I'o  cut ;  to  make  channels  in  ;  to  plow ;  as,  to 
furrow  the  deep. 

4.  'I'o  make  hollows  in  by  wrinkles.  Sorrow  ykr- 
roirs  the  brow. 

FUR'Rf)W-£D,  (fur'rade,)  pp.  or  a.      Marked  with 

fnrwiws. 
FUR'R6W-FAC-£n,    rfur'ro-f iiste,)    a.       Having    a 

wrinkled  or  furroweu  face.  B.  Jonsim. 

FUR'ROW-ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Marking  with  furrows. 
FUR'ROW-WEED,  n.     A   weed   growing  on  plowed 

land.  Shuk. 

FUR'RV,  a.    [from  far.]    Covered  with  fur  ;  dressed 

in  fur. 

2.  Consisting  of  fur  or  skins;  as,  furry  spoils. 

Driiden, 
FUR'THER,  a.     [B^TiX.  further,  comparative  oi  forth, 
from /for,  far ;  ytiran,to  go,  to  advance.] 

1.  More  or  most  distant ;  as,  the  farther  end  of  the 
field. 

2.  Additional.  We  have  a /urtAfr  reason  for  this 
opinion.     We  have  nothing/urtAer  to  suggest. 

VVh^it/urt/ier  nwil  lirtve  wc  of  wiUiewCB  ?  —  M.iU.  xxvi. 

FUR'THKR,  adt!.     To  a  greater  distance.      Ho  went 

further. 
FURTHER,    r.    (.     [^.ax.  fyrthrian;  G.  fordem  i    D. 
vordercn  :  Sw.  befordra  ;  Dan.  beffn-drer.] 

To  help  forward  ;  to  promote  ;  to  advance  onward  ; 
to  forward  ;  hence,  to  help  or  assibt. 

Thii  biiidi  Iher  Iheii  to  further  my  design.  Dryden. 

FURTHERANCE,  ii.  A  helping  fonvard ;  promo- 
tion ;  advancement. 

1   know    that  I  8h;ill  ftl<i<lp  ami  coirtlriyi"  with  you  all,  for  your 
furtherance  aiKl  joy  of  fiiilh.  —  Phil.  i. 

FUR'THER-A'D,  pp.     Promoted  ;  advanced, 
FUR'THER-ER,  n.     One  who  helps  to  advance;  a 

promoter. 

FI.'R'THER-ING,  7»pr.     Promoting;  advancing. 

FUR'THER -M6RE,  adv.  Moreover;  besides  ;  in  ad- 
dition to  what  has  been  said. 

FUR'THER-MCST,  a.     Most  remote. 

FUR'THEST,  a.  sup.  Most  distant,  either  in  time  or 
pi  are;. 

FURTHEST,  adv.    At  the  greatest  distance. 

FUR'TIVE,  a.  [L.  fuHious  ;  Fr,  furtif;  from  fur,  a 
lUief.  furor,  to  steal.] 

Stolen  ;  obtained  by  thef^.  Prior. 

FUR'TIVE-LY,  arfy.     Stealthily.  Lover. 

FP'RUN-CLE,  (fu'runk-l.)  n.  [L.  fiiruneulus  i  Fr. 
furoncle  ;  Sp.  hura  ;  from  L  furia,  furo.] 

A  superficial,  inflammatory  tumor,  deep  red,  hard, 
circumscribed,  acutely-tender  to  the  touch,  suppura- 
ting with  a  central  core,  commonly  called  a  boil. 

FC)'RY,n.  [1«  furor,  furia;  Fr.  fureur,  furie;  Sp. 
furia;  from  L,  faro,  ttt  rage  ;  W.  fityraw,  to  drive. 
Class  Br.J 

1.  A  violent  rushing;  impetuous  motion;  as,  the 
fury  of  the  winds. 

2.  Rage;  a  storm  of  anger ;  madness;  turbulence. 

I  do  oppo«e  my  palifnce  to  hU/ury.  Sfiak. 

3.  Enthusiasm  ;  heat  of  the  mind,  Druden, 

4.  In  mythology,  a  deity,  a  goddess  of  vengennce  ; 
hence,  a  stormy,  turbulent,  violent  woman.  Addison. 

FC'RV-LIKE,  a.     Raging;  furious  ;  violent.   Thomson 


FATE,  FAR,  PALL,  WH.\T.  — METE,  PRgY.  — PI.NE,  MARI.N'E,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 


40^ 


G 

FURZE,  n.     fSax.  fyrs  ;  probably  W.fcrz,  thick.] 

Gor>-e  ;  whin  ;  a  thorny  evergreen  shnib  with 
beautiful  yellow  flowers.  It  is  a  tMinnion  inhabit- 
ant of  the  plains  und  hills  of  Great  Britain.  It  is  Uie 
I'U'x  Europffus  of  iHitanists.  P.  Cijr. 

FURZ'Y,  a.     Overgrown  with  furze;  full  of  gorse. 

Oau. 

FC  SA-ROLE,  n.  [lU]  In  architecture^  a  moUling 
g.-rpra]Iy  placed  under  the  echinua  or  quarter-round 
of  columns  in  the  Doric,  Ionic,  and  Corinthian 
orders. 

FUS-GA'TION,  n.    A  darkening;  obscurity. 

FUS'CITE,  n.  A  mineral  of  a  grayish  or  ETReniaU- 
black  color,  found  in  Norway  Philipv. 

FUS'COCS,  a.     [Uftisctu.] 

Brown  ;  of  a  dark  color.  Raij. 

FCSE,  (fuze,)  r.  L     [I4.  funJn,  fusnm,  to  pour  out.J 
To  melt ;  to  liquefy  by  heat  j  to  render  fluid  j  to 
dissolve.  Chemistry. 

Fuse,  B.  i.  To  be  melted;  to  be  reduced  from  a 
solid  to  a  fluid  state  by  heat. 

FCSE,  ((uze,)  n.  A  tube  filled  with  comhustiblfi  mat- 
ter usfd  in  blasting,  or  in  discharging  a  shell,  &,c. 

FVS'E]),  (fuzd,)  pp.  or  a.     Melted  ;  liqtietled. 

FU-St:E',(fu-zee',)n.  [Fr.fiwee,fH.^eau:  U.fiixo;  Sp. 
*«.*«:  Port. /(WO ;  from  L./(fcfuji-,  a  spindle,  from /tt»u/o, 
/mJi,fu>!um.] 

The  cone  or  conical  part  of  a  watch  or  clock,  round 
which  is  wound  the  chain  or  cord. 

Kneyc.     Johnson. 

FU-8EE',  n.  [Fr.,  a  squib.]  A  small,  neat  musket  or 
firelock.     But  we  now  use  Fusil. 

2.  Fiuecjor/u.tp,  of  abomh  or  cninade  ;  asmallpipe 
filled  with  combustible  matter  by  which  fire  id  cum- 
municated  to  the  piiwdt-r  in  the  bomb  ;  but  as  the 
matter  burns  slowly,  time  is  (jivenj  before  the  charge 
takes  fire,  for  the  bomb  to  reach  it-^  destination.  A 
similar  fuse  is  used  in  blasting  rocks,  &.c. 

3.  The  track  of  a  buck. 

FL' SI-BIL'I-TVjTi.     [See  Fusible.]     TJie  qaality  of 
beiitz  fusible,  or  of  being  convertible  from  a  solid  to  a 
fluid  stite  by  heat. 
FC'SI-BLE,  o.     [Fr.,  from  Ufustts,  from  Anrffl.] 

That  niay  be  melted  or  liquefied.  The  earths  are 
found  to  hefusiile.  ^ 

Fusible  metal;  an  alloj'  of  eignt  parts  of  bismuth, 
five  of  leadj  and  three  of  tin,  which  melts  at  the 
iieat  of  boiling  water,  Ure, 

FO'SI-FORM,  0.     [h-fjims,  a  spindle,  and /onn.] 
Shaped  like  a  spindle  j  tliick,ta{>ering  at  each  end. 

LinfUKy. 
FC'SIL,  a.     [Fr.fu^iU  ;  L.  fusilia,  from  fiisus^  ftiudo.] 
I.  Capable  of  being  melted  or  rendered  fluid  by 
beat. 
3.  Running;  flowing,  as  a  liquid. 

Milton.     Philips. 
FO'SIL,  n.     [Fr.,  from  l..  fusiLt,  faiulo.] 

1.  A  light  musket  or  firehjck. 

2.  A  bearing  in  heraldry  of  a  rhomhoidal  figtire, 
named  from  its  shape,  which  resembles  that  of  a 
spindle.  Kncne. 

FU81LEER',  ■.    [from  fusil]    Properly^  a  soldier 


GAB 

armed  with  n  fusil ;  but  in  modern  times,  a  soldier 
armed  like  others  of  the  infantry,  and  distinguished 
by  wearing  a  cap  liko  a  grenadier,  but  somewhat 
FuS'I  \G,  ppr.  or  a.     Melting.  [shorter. 

FO'SION,  (fu'zhun,)  n.     [L.  fiisio;  Fr.  fusion;  from 
Ij.  f undo  Tjusum.] 

I.  The  act  or  operation  of  melting  or  rendering 
fluid  by  heat,  without  the  aid  of  a  solvent;  as,  the 
fusion  of  ico  or  of  metals. 

9.  The  state  of  being  melted  or  dissolved  by  heat ; 
n  state  of  fluidity  or  (lowing  in  consequence  of  heat ; 
as  metals  infusion. 

Watery  fusion;  the  meltnig  of  certain  crystals  by 

heat  in  their  own  water  of  crj'stallization.   Chemistry. 

FO'SOME,  a.     Handsome  j    neat;    notable.     [Local.] 

Grose. 
FUS?',  n.    [Allied,  perhaps,  to  Gr.  0uffaw,  to  blow  or 
pufl-.] 

A  tumult  J  a  bustle  ;  but  the  ipord  is  colloquial. 
FUS'SOCK,  n.    A  large,  gross  woman.     [Local.] 

Grose. 
FUS8'Y,  a.     Making  a  fuss.     [CollaqniaW] 
FUST,  n.     [Fr./^(;  VLfusta;  U  fastis,  viSX^fC.] 

The  shaft  of  a  column,  or  trunk  of  a  pilaster. 
FUST,  n.     [Fr./fit.]  [Gwat. 

A  strong,  musty  smell. 
FUST,  r.  1.     To  become  moldy ;  to  smell  ill.     Shak. 
FUST'En,  a.     Muldy  ;  ill  smelling. 
FUS'TET,  n.     [Fr. ;  Sp.  and  Vori.  fitstete.] 

The  woo«l  of  the  Rhus  cotinu.'*  or  Venice  sumach,  a 
shrub  of  Southern  Euro|)ft,  which  yields  a  fine  orange 
color,  but  not  durable  without  a  mordant.    P.  Cvc 
FUS'TIAN,(fust'yan,)n.    [Fr,  futaine;  Arm.  fustenn  : 
Sp.  fustan,  the  name  of  a  place.] 

1.  A  kind  of  coarse  twilled  cotton  stufl^.  Besides 
the  common  sort,  called  pillow,  it  embraces  corduroy, 
velveteen,  &.c.  Ure.     Kneyc  of  Dom.  F.con. 

a.  An  inflated  style  of  writing  ;  a  kind  of  writing 
in  which  high-sminding  words  are  used,  above  the 
dignity  of  the  thoughts  or  subject;  a  swelling  style; 
bombast. 

Pat&an  U  thoughu  and  wonis  III  oorted.  Drydcn. 

FUS'TIA.N,  (fust'yan,)  a.     Made  of  fustian. 

i2.  In  style^  swelling  above  the  dignity  of  the 
thoughts  or  subject ;  too  pompous ;  ridiculously 
tumid  J  liombastic  iJrytieiu 

FUS''I'IAN-IST,  n.    One  who  writes  bombasL 

Milton. 
FUS'Tie,  n.     [?[).fust£,  wood,  timber;  h.fustis.] 

The  wood  of  the  Madura  tinctoria  of  Don,  or  Moms 
tinctorin,  a  tree  growing  in  the  West  Indies,  and 
used  in  dyeing  yellow.  Tliis  is  the  old  fustic  of  the 
Knglitih  dyers;  their  young  fustic  is  fustctj  which 
see.  P.  Cyc. 

FUS-TI-GX'TION,  n.     [h.  fustigatio,  from  fusti^o,  to 
beat  with  a  cudgel,  from /lijifw,  a  stick  or  club.] 

Among  the  ancient  Romans^  a  punishment  by  beat- 
ing with  a  stick  or  club,  inflicted  on  freemr  n. 

Kncye. 
FUST-I-LA'RI-AN,  ».    A  low  fellow;  a  stinkard  ;  a 
scoundrel  Siiak. 


G  the  seventh  I«-tter,and  tliefiflh  articulntion,  of  tlie 
9  English  alphabet,  is  derived  to  us,  through  the 
Ivilin  and  Greek,  from  the  Assyrian  tangiiages  ;  it 
b»Mng  found  in  the  Chaldec,  Syrlac,  Hebrew,  Samar- 
itan, Phenician,  Elhiopic,  and  Anbic.  In  the  laller 
language,  it  is  calh-d  gumoxjim:  but  in  the  others, 
ftunel,  ffmnal,  or  jramai,  that  is,  camel^  from  its  shapn, 
which  resembles  the  neck  of  that  aniiiKtl,  at  least  in 
the  Chaldec  and  Hebrew,  It  is  the  third  h-iter  in  the 
C'hald'^e,  Sjriac,  Hebrew,  Samaritan,  and  Greek  ;  the 
tiPih  in  the  Arnbir,  and  the  twentir-ih  in  the  Ethio|>- 
ir.  'I'hf  Greek  V,  gamms,  i"  the  Chaldaic  i  inverted. 
Th'-  r-nrly  Latins  used  C  for  the  Greek  gamma,  and 
1'  :>••  to  hold  the  third  place  in  the  order  of 
'  .  the  place  which  gimel  holds  in  the  Ori- 
.L'-'s,  The  two  letier-t  are  primarily  pala- 
cii^,  niMi  -so  nearly  allied  in  sound  that  they  areeiLsily 
ronvcrtible  ;  and  they  have  been  reciprocally  used, 
rli.'  iin*-  f'lr  ilie  other.  But  in  Uir  Assyrian  languages, 

- '  had  two  sounds;  one  close,  as  we  pronounce 

■Iff  in  gtre,  good;  the  other  compound,  as  the 
\\  i,  *iT  as  eh  in  ehase.  In  the  Anibic,  this  letter 
,  ,  iii'  sound  of  the  English  j  or  dzh,  and  this  sound 
!i  Ins  in  many  English  words,  as  in  geuiusy  gem^ 
C'l^grr.  It  ret^ns  iiH  close  sound  in  all  cases  Iwfore 
",  («,  find  u  ;  hut  bcftire  e,  i,  and  1/,  its  sound  is  close 
'T  rotiiiKurnd,  as  custom  lixs  dictated,  and  Its  dirfer- 
eni  .■•iiunds  are  nf>t  reducible  to  rules.  It  is  silent  in 
-'flU"  witrds  Iwfore  »,  as  in  benign,  rimdigny  malign, 
campaign  :  bill  it  resumes  ili  sound  in  benignity  and 
viaiignifM.     G  is  mute  brfor*5  n  in  gnash^  gnaw  ;  it  is 


G. 


silent  also  in  many  words  when  united  wltli  A,  as  In 
bright,  might,  night,  nigh,  high.  The  Saxon  g  has  in 
many  words  been  softened  or  liquefied  into  y  or  tne  ; 
as  Sat.  dag,  gear,  Eng.  day,  ytar ;  Sax.  bugan,  Eng. 

to  how. 

Tht:  ('eltic  nations  had  a  peculiar  manner  of  be- 
ginning the  sound  of  u  or  10  with  the  articulation  g, 
or  rather  prefixing  this  articulatiim  to  that  vowel. 
Thus,  gunr-l  for  ward,  gwain  for  tpain,  guerre  fur  icar, 
gwell  for  tPF.lt.  Whether  this  g  has  been  added  by 
the  Celtic  rac^s,  or  whether  the  Teutonic  nations 
have  lost  it,  is  a  question  I  have  not  examined  with 
particular  attention. 

As  a  numeral,  O  was  anciently  used  to  denote  40'', 
and  with  a  dash  over  it,  O,  4(),()00.  As  an  abbreviti- 
tinn,  it  stands  for  Gaiua,  Gelliu,-,  &c.  In  jnusic,  it  is 
the  murk  of  the  treble  clef;  and,  from  its  being  placed 
at  the  head,  or  marking  the  first  sound  in  Guido's 
scale,  the  whole  scale  ttxik  the  name  Gamut,  from 
the  Greek  name  of  the  letter. 

GA,  In  Gothic,  is  a  prefix,  answering  to  ir«  in  Saxon 
and  other  Teutonic  languages.  It  sometimes  has  the 
force  of  the  Latin  cum  or  eon,  as  in  gawithan^  to  con- 
join. But  in  most  words  it  appears  to  have  no  use, 
and  in  modern  English  it  Is  entirely  lost.  Y-cleped,  in 
which  ge  is  changed  into  y,  is  the  last  word  in  which 
the  English  retained  this  prefix. 

GAB,  n.  [Scot,  gab,  Han.  gah,  the  mouth,  and  a  gap 
or  gaping;  Sw.  gap;  Russ.  giiba,  a  lip,  a  bay  or 
gulf,  the  mouth  of  a  river  ;  Ir.  cab,  the  mouth  ;  con- 
nected probably  with  gabble,  gibberish.  Sax.  gabban. 


GAB 

FUST'I-LUG,    I  n.    A  grosj,  fat,  unwieldy  person. 

FCST'I-LUCS,  i  Junius. 

FUST'I-NESS,  71.  A  fusty  state  or  quality;  an  ill 
smell  from  mcddinoss,  or  moLIiness  itself. 

FUST'Y,  a.  [See  Fusx.j  Moldy;  musty;  ill-smell- 
ing :  rank  ;  rancid.  ShaJi. 

FO'SITRE,  (zhur,)  n.    A  smelting.    [See  Fuse.] 

Fu'TILE,  a.  [Fr. ;  L./«(i£i>,  from  fuiio,  to  pour  out ; 
ejfutio, to  prate  or  babble;  Heb. and  Ch.  NQ3,tu  utter 
rashly  or  foolishly.    Class  Bd,  No.  2,  6,  I5.j 

1.  Talkative,  loquacious;  tattling.  (Obs.]    Bacon. 

2.  Trifling;  of  no  weight  or  imporlanco  ;  answer- 
ing no  valuable  purpose  ;  worthless. 

3.  Of  no  eflect. 
FO'TILE-LY,  adv.    In  a  futile  manner. 
FU-TIL'I-TY,  n.      Tiilkativeness  ;    loquaciousness  ; 

lo(iuacity.     [In  this  sense,  not  now  used.] 

2.  Triflingness;  unimportance;  want  of  weight 
or  eflect ;  as,  to  expose  ilio/utility  of  arguments. 

3.  The  quality  of  producing  no  valuable  elfect,  or 
of  coming  to  nothing  ;  as,  tlie  futility  of  measures  or 
schemes. 

FC'TII.rOUS,  a.    Worthless;  trifling.     [Xot  tised.] 
FUT'TOCK,  n.    [Un.  foot-hook.    It  is  more  probably 
co^rrupted  fmm^of-focA.] 

In* a  tihip,  the  f attacks  are  the  middle  timVs,  be- 
tween the  floor  and  Uie  upper  timbers,  or  the  timbers 
raised  over  tlie  keel,  which  form  the  breadth  of  the 
ship. 
F0'T1;RE,  Cfut'yur,)  a.     [l..futums;  Fr.  fufur.] 

1.  That  is  to  be  or  come  hereafter  ;  that  will  exist 
at  any  time  after  the  present,  indefinitely.  The  next 
moment  is  future  to  the  present. 

2.  The  future  tetise,  in  grammar,  is  the  modifica- 
tion of  a  verb  which  expresses  a  future  act  or  event. 

FO'TL^RE,  n.  Time  to  came;  a  time  subsequent  to 
the  present ;  as,  the  future  shall  he  as  the  present ;  in 
future ;  for  the  future.  In  such  phrases,  time  or  sea- 
son i«  implied, 

FO'TI.'RE-LV,  adv.     In  time  to  come.     [JVot  used.] 

FU-'J'U-R1"TI0N,  (fut-yu-rish'un,)  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing to  come  or  exist  hereafter.  South.     Stiles. 

FU-Tu'RI-TY,  n.    Future  time  ;  time  to  come. 

2.  Event  to  come. 

All  /uturitiet  are  Diiked  Ijefore  the  all-seeing  eye.  South . 

3.  The  state  of  being  yot  to  come,  or  to  come  here- 
after. 

FOZE,  n.    A  tube,  filled  with  combustible  matter,  for 

discharging  a  shell,  &.c.     [See  Fuse.] 
FUZZ,  V.  i.    To  tiy  ofl"  in  minute  particles. 
FVZfA,  n.    Fine,  light  particles  ;  loose,  volatile  ranltcr. 
FUZZ'BALL,  71.     A  kind  of  fungus  or  mushroom, 

which,  when  pressed,  bursts  and  scatters  a  fine  dust. 
2.  A  pufl". 
FUZ'ZLE,  V.  t.    To  intoxicate  Burton. 

FUZ'ZLED,  pp.     Intoxicated. 
FL'Z'ZV,    a.      Light   and   spongy.       [Craven    dtaleot. 

Written  also/wiyby  Brockett.] 
FY,  ezclam.    A  word  which  expresses  blame,  dislike, 

disapprobation,  abhorrence,  or  contempt. 

Py,  my  lord  ,/ylA  »oUller,  and  afraid  t  Shak. 


to  mock,  perhaps  to  make  mouths.  See  Gabble  and 
Gate.] 

The  mouth  ;  as  In  the  phrase,  the  gift  of  the  gab, 
that  is,  Uxiuaciousncss.     But  the  word  is  so  vulgar  as 
rarely  to  be  used. 
GAB,  0.  t.     [Sax.  gabban.] 

1.  To  talk  idly;  to  prate.  Chaucer. 

2.  To  impose  upon  ;  to  lie. 
GAB-AR-DiNE',   (gab-ar-deen',)   n.     [Sp.  gabardina; 

gaban,  a  great  coat  with  a  hood  and  close  sleeves  ; 
gabacM,  a  loose  garment ;  Port,  gabam,  a  frock  ;  It. 
gaimrdina ;  Fr,  gabam,] 

A  coarse  frock  or  loose  upper  gaimcnt;  a  mean 
dress.  Shak. 

G.AB'BLE,  V.  i.     [D.  gabbrren,  to  prate  ;  Sax.  gabban, 
to  jeer  or  deride  ;  Fr.  gaher,  id. ;  Eng.  to  gibe  ;  Sw. 
'  gahberi,  derision  ;  It.  gabbare,  to  deceive  ■,gabbn^  a 
Jeering.     These  may  all  bo  from  one  root.    Seo  Class 
Gb,  No.  7.] 

1.  To  prate  ;  totalkfast,ortotalk  without  meanmg. 


Such  a  rout,  Rnd  8<tch  a  nvlilil>>, 
Riui  to  hcnj  Jack  PiidUin^  gabhle. 


S-i-ift. 


S.  To  utter  inarticulate  sounds  with  rapidity  ;  an, 
gabbling  fowls.  Dryden. 

GAB'BLE,  n.    Loud  or  rapid  talk  without  meaning. 
_  Miftim. 

2.  Inarticniate  sounds  rapidly  uttered,  as  of  fowls. 

S'lak. 
GAB'BLER,  n.    A  prater;  a  noisy  talker;  one  that 
utters  inarticulate  sounds. 


TONE,  BJJLL.  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C10U8 — G  a*  K ;  6  aa  J ,  «  as  Z;  CH  aa  SH :  TH  as  In  THIS. 


69 


4S9 


GAF 

GAB'BLIN'G,  ppr.    I'niting  ;  chattering;  uttering  uii- 

ffieaniiii:  or  inarticulate  sounds. 
GAB'BLINti,  R.    Tbe  ninkiag  of  a  coufuseil  noide ; 

rapid,  indistinct  utterance.  Sfeetatar. 

QAH  UKO,  fi.    In  minertilofnif  the  name  given  by  the 

Itiliani  to  the  axKrceato  of  diallage  ana  saussurite. 

Il  is  Uw  §i^otid§  of  the  French,  and  the  wrrf«  di 

Q/rska  imT9  of  artisls  CUmcHvU. 

Ca'REU  ■•    [Fr.  gvMU ;  lU  goMia;  Sp.  gmktUi  Sax. 

gufcl,  or  ^<in^] 
A  tax,  inipiMt,  or  duty ;  usually,  an  exclsei. 

O.^'BEL-ER,  a.    A  collector  of  tbe  pabel  or  of  taxes. 

OABELd.E\  M.  [Pr.]  In  /Vomcs,  a  tax,  particulariy 
on  !-iilL  Brandt, 

GA'BI-OX,*.  [Pr.  id.;  lU  ^aMumc,  a  large  cage  ;  ^o*- 
biAy  a  cage ;  Sp.  ^wrum,  g^bitk^  a  basket.  In  Ir.  gm^ 
ham  signifies  to  take  or  hold  ;  W.  jfaroWs,  kt.] 

In  fifrt^femtiamy  a  bottow  cylinder,  of  wicker-work, 
rf^embting  a  Imsket,  but  having  no  bottom,  lilled 
with  eaxth,  and  serving  to  slicltcr  oien  front  an  ene- 
my's fir.--  P.  Cue. 

GABI^.VNXDE',  n.  A  parapet  hastily  fonned  by 
gabions.  p.  Cyc, 

GZ'BLE,  a.  [W.  gmtatty  a  hold  or  gmsp,  the  gable  of 
a  b(Nise ;  Fnmdm,  lo'  grasp,  hold,  urre:>t,  Ir.  gabkam. 
Qu.  a  f«M,  Ir.  /sMIoji,  a  fork.} 

The  trian«tilar  end  of  a  hnuiK  or  other  bnilding, 
from  Uie  conirce  or  eaves  to  the  top.  lu  .jwprica,  it 
is  utDiinlly  called  the  zoMe-md 

GA'BI.ET,  R.  A  small  ornamented  cable,  or  canopy, 
furmtMi  over  a  tabernacle,  nicl-e,  Sec.   filasa,  of  Arch. 

GA'BKI-ELr-TTES,  a.  pL  In  e^df^^itL^-tiral  hi»Lny,&  sect 
of  Anabaptists  in  Pumerania,  so  called  from  one  Ga- 
briel Schcrlinc. 

GA'BKO-XITK,  n.  A  variety  of  nepheline,  occurring 
in  massea  whose  structure  is  more  or  less  foliated,  or 
•aowitinies  compact.  Its  colon  are  gray,  bluish,  or 
cieenish-i^ytBnd  sometimes  red.  Ct«*veUtuL 

Oi' BY,  a.    A  sHIy,  foolish  parson.    [SeeGAwar.] 

G.\D,  R.  [Sox.  froj^  a  guad  «nd  a  wedge ;  Ir.  gadh,  a 
dart.] 

1.  A  sharp-pointed  rod,  or  pricking  instrument ;  a 
foad.     Hence, 
S.  The  point  of  a  spear  or  arrow-bead.         Skck, 
3.  A  wedi:e  or  ingot  uf  itttnj  or  iron.         Moxon, 
i,  A  punch  of  iron,  with  a  wooden  handle,  used 
by  miners  £itcyc 

Vp0»  the  gad ;  upon  tbe  spur  or  impulse  of  tbe  mo- 
menU  Skak. 

G.\D,  P.  C  [Ir.  gad^  a  stealing ;  properly,  a  roving,  as 
roh  is  connected  with  ror*- ;  gaduua^  to  steal.  It  co- 
incides with  tbe  Russ.  cAodi^a  going  or  passing  :  cAi>jM, 
to  so,  lo  pass,  to  march.  See  Class  Gd,  So  17,  Eth. 
and  \o.  Sa.1 

1.  To  walk  about ;  to  rove  or  lamble  idly,  or  witb- 
OQI  any  fixed  purpose. 

I  Nbntf  to 
BcdM 

S.  To  ramble  In  growth ;  aa,  tbe  gmddatg  vine. 

JUdton. 

GAD'A-BOUT,  a.  One  who  walks  about  without 
business.     [CaUoquiat.'] 

GAD'DER,  a.  A  rambler  ;  one  that  roves  about 
idly. 

GAD' DING,  ppr.    Rambling;  rovine;  walking  about. 

GAD'DING-LV,  (ufr.     In  a  roving,  idle  manner. 

GAD'PLY,  m.     [?;ax.  gad^  a  goad,  and  fig.] 

An  insect  of  the  genus  (E^trus,  which  stings  cat- 
tle, and  deposits  its  eggs  in  their  skin  j  colled  also 
the  kretzA. 

GA'DOID,  o.  or  B.    [L.  rodits,  cod.1 

A  terra  denoting  a  family  of  soh-6nned  fishes,  of 
"    the  onltT  of  Subbrachians,  or  those  having  ihe  ven 
trol  fins  below  or  in    advance  of  the  jiectoral,  of 
which  familv  the  cod  is  the  tvpe.  Brande. 

GAiyO-LlN-lTE,  ».  A  mineral,  so  called  from  Pro- 
fessor Gadolin,  usually  in  amorphous  masses  of  a 
Mackish  color,  and  havine  the  appearance  uf  vitreous 
lava,     it  contains  tbe  earth  called  ytlria.        Dana, 

GAI^'W^LL,  m.  A  migrator^-  aquatic  bird,  of  the  duck 
kind,  whose  desh  is  eicelient  food.  It  is  the  jlaas 
ttrfftrm  of  Linnaeus.  P.  Cyc 

GAE'Lie,  (ga'lik.)a.     [fmm  Oaet^  Oaul^  OaUia.] 

An  epithet  denttting  wh:it  belongs  tn  the  Gaels, 
tribes  of  Celtic  origin  inhabitmg  the  Highlands  of 
Scotland  ;  as,  the  Oaelie  language. 

GAELIC,  a.  The  langnagti  of  the  Highlanders  of 
Scotland. 

GAPP,  a.  [Ir.  gaf^  a  book ;  Sp.  and  Port,  gafa ;  Sbe- 
milic  ns3,  noj,  to  bend.] 

1.  A' light  spear  used  by  fishermen. 

2.  AscMt  of  boom  or  yard,  extending  the  upper  edge 
of  a  fore-and-aft  saiL     [Q.U.  Sax.  geafiej  a  [lole.] 

Brande. 
GAP'PER,  a.    [Qu.  Chal.  and  Heb.  i3i  gebar,  a  man, 
vtr ;  or  Sax.  geferCj  a  companion,  a  peer ;  or  Sw.  gvb- 
6e,  an  old  man.] 

A  word  of  respect  which  seems  to^ve  depenera- 
ted  into  a  term  of  familiarity  or  contempt,  when  ad- 
dressed to  an  aged  man  or  an  old  rustio.  [LUtU  u.<^«f.] 

Gay. 
GAF'FLE,  n.     [Sax.  geafiaa^  chops,  spurs  on  cocks.] 


OAI 

1.  .\n  artificial  spur  put  on  cocks  when  they  are  set 
to  lighL 

•i  A  steel  lever  to  bend  crossbows.      Ain^ttrorth. 
GAG,  r.  U      [\V.  crgiaw,  to  choke,  to  strangle,  from 
eigy  a  chokmg.     C^g  signifies  tlie  mouth,  »n  ojwn-, 
iue.] 

I.  To  stop  the  mouth  by  tlinisting  something  into 
the  throat,  so  as  to  hinder  3|H^nkirig.  JvhfLsun. 

9.  To  keck;   to  heave  with  nausea.     [In  Welsh, 
g»g  is  an  opening  or  dcH  3  gagenu^  tu  open,  cliap,  or 
g«pe-l 
GAG,  n.    Siunething  thrust  into  the  mouth  and  throat 

to  hinder  sjieaking. 
GAGE,  R.  [Fr.  ffoi'fy  a  pledge,  whence  gagrr,  to 
pledge;  c«jrn*fr,  tu  engage;  G.  vagen,  to  wafc,  to 
hazard  or  ri^k  ;  vage^  a  balance  ;  1).  vcaagen^  to  ven- 
ture, Sw.  raf-fl,  Eng.  to  wage.  Il  seems  to  be  allied 
lo  vuYi  veitrh,  'I'he  primary  sense  is,  lo  throw,  to 
lay,  or  deposit.  If  the  elements  are  Bg,  \Vg,  tbe 
on^iii:il  French  orthography  was  guage,] 

1.  ,\  pledge  or  pawn ;  something  laid  down  or 
given  as  a  security  fur  the  perfV>rm:uice  of  some  act. 
to  be  done  by  the  i>erson  deixisiling  the  thing,  ana 
which  is  to  be  forfeited  by  nun-fRTformance.  It  is 
used  of  a  movable  tliiug,  not  of  land  or  other  im- 
movable- 

Tfwre  I  Uirow  my  ftt^t.  ShaJt. 

3.  A  challenee  to  combat;  that  is, a  glove,  acnp,  a 
gauntlet,  or  the  like,  cast  on  the  ground  by  the  chal 
lenger,  and  taken  up  by  the  accepter  of  the  chal- 
lenge. Rncije. 

3.  A  raeasuif,  or  rule  of  measuring;  a  standard. 
[See  Gauge.]  Young. 

4.  The  number  of  feet  which  a  ship  sinks  in  tlie 
water. 

5.  .Among  hUer-ftntnders,  a  piece  of  Imrd  wood, 
variously  notchi-d,  ust^d  to  adjust  tbe  dimensions, 
slopes,  ^c,  of  the  various  sorts  of  letters.      Kncyc 

6.  An  instrument  in  joine^'  made  to  strike  a  line 
parallel  to  the  straight  liide  of  a  board.  Eacyc. 

7.  The  position  of  one  vessel  with  resjiert  to  an- 
other. The  woeatMcr^ragt  denotes  a  position  to  the 
windward}  and  tbe  lse-;a^<  a  {lositiou  tu  the  lee- 
ward. Totun. 

A  tUdiMg^gmg^i  a  tool  used  by  mathemnt.cal  in- 
strument makers,  for  measuring  and  setting  ulf  dis- 
tances. Encijc. 

Ruin-gage;  an  instrument  for  measuring  the  quan- 
tity of  water  whicli  falls  from  tlie  clouds  at  a  given 
place.  BruHiIe, 

Sea-gage;  an  instrument  for  finding  the  depth  of 
the  sea.  Encijc. 

Tid0-qage  ;  an  instrument  for  determining  the 
hight  of  the  tides.  Encuc. 

Wlud-gage;  an  instrument  for  measuring  the  force 
of  the  wind  on  any  given  surface.  Enctjc 

GAGE,  r.  L  To  pledge  ;  lo  pawn  ;  to  give  or  dtr[}<>sit 
as  a  pledge  or  security  fur  iiome  other  act  3  to  wage  or 
wager.     [  Oft*.]  Shak. 

2.  To  bind  by  pledge,  caution,  or  security ;  to  en- 
gage. ShaJu 

3.  To  measure  ;  lo  lake  or  ascertain  the  contents 
of  a  vessel,  cask,  or  ship  ;  written  also  Gauge. 

GSG'iTD,  pp.     Pledged  ;  measured. 

GAG'EH,  n.   One  who  gages  or  measures  tbe  contents. 

GAG'GER,  n.     One  that  gags. 

GAG'GLE,  (gag'g!,)  r.  i.    \li.  gaggdtn;  G.  gackem; 

coinciding  with  cackle.\ 
To  make  a  noi^e  like  a  goose.  Bacon, 

GAG'GLnVG,  n.     The  noise  of  geese. 
GAG'I.NG,  ;r;)r.     Pledging;  measuring  the  contents. 
GXIlSi'ITE,  n.     See  Automolite,  with  which  it  is 
GAI'F^TY,™.    SeeGAVKTir.  [identical. 

QMLLIARDE',   (yal-yiird',)   n.     [Fr.]     A  sprightly 

Italiiin  dance.  Brande. 

GAI'LY,  adc.     [from  trayy  and  better  written  Gavlt.] 

1.  Splt-ndidly  ;  with  finery  orshowiness. 

2.  Joyfully;  merrily. 

GAI\,  r.  t.  [Fr.  gagner ;  Arm.  gounit;  Sw.  /ragna; 
Sax.  gynan;  Sp^ganarf  Furt.  ganhar ;  Heb.  Ch.  and 

Syr.  n;p,  Ar.  \j3  Jtana,to  gain,  to  possess.  Class  Gn, 

No.  49,  50,  51.      The  radical  sense   is,  to  take,  or 
rather  to  extend  to,  lo  reach.] 

1.  To  obtain  by  industry  or  the  employment  of 
capital  i  to  get,  as  profit  or  advantage  ;  to  acquire. 
Any  industrious  person  may  gain  a  good  living  in 
America;  but  it  i.'^  Uss  dithcuU  to  gain  property  than 
it  is  lo  use  it  with  prudence.  Money  at  interest  may 
gain  five,  six,  or  seven  per  cenL 


2.  To  win  ;  lo  obtain  by  superiority  or  success ;  as, 
to  gain  a  battle  or  a  victory  ;  to  gain  a  prize  ;  to  gain 
a  cause  in  law. 

3.  To  obtain  ;  to  acquire  ;  to  procure  j  to  receive  ; 
as,  to  gain  favor;  lo  gain  reputation. 

For  fame  with  toil  we  gain,  but  lose  with  ense.  Popt. 

4.  To  obtain  an  increase  of  any  thing  ;  as,  to  gain 
time. 

5.  To  obtain  or  receive  any  thing,  good  or  bad  ;  as, 
to  frain  hann  and  loss.    Acts  xxvii. 


GAl 

G.  To  draw  into  any  interest  or  party ;  to  win  to 
one's  side  ;  to  conciliate. 

1*0  gmtiN  thv  (]uern  hikI  rain  tbe  cooit.  Drydtn, 

If  txr  kImII  hrar  Uieir,  iliuu  Di^t  gainid  thj  brother. —  Mait.  xvill. 

7.  To  obtain,  as  a  siiilur.  Milton, 

8.  To  reach  ;  to  attain  to ;  to  anive  at ;  as,  to  gain 
the  tup  of  a  mountain  ;  to  i^^ain  a  good  harbor. 

To  saiA  into ;  to  draw  or  persuade  to  juiit  in, 

lie  gained  I^pidus  into  lib  measures.  Middtflon. 

To  gain  over;  to  draw  to  another  party  or  intere-st; 
to  win  over. 

To  gain  ground  ;  to  advance  in  nny  undertaking  ; 
to  prevail  ;  to  acquire  strength  or  extent ;  to  in- 
C reuse. 

To  sain  the  wind,  in  sea  language,  is  .to  arrive  on 
the  windward  side  of  anuther  ship. 
G^IN,  V.  i.      To  have  advantage  or  profit;  to  grow 
rich  ;  to  advance  in  inter<!!«l  or  happiness. 


2.  To  encroach  ;  to  advance  on  ;  to  come  fnrward 
by  degrees ;  witli  on ;  as,  the  ocean  or  river  gains  on 
the  land. 

3.  To  advance  nearer;  to  gain  ground  on;  with 
on  ;  as,  a  fleet  horse  gainn  on  his  competitor. 

4.  To  get  ground  ;  lo  prevail  against,  or  have  the 
advantage. 

Tbe  English  have  not  only  gitintd  upon  the  Venerinna  in  the 
Iievant,  but  have  their  cIoUi  in  Venice  itself.         Additon. 

5.  To  obtain  influence  with. 

My  good  beltnvior  hnd  to  far  gtUned  on  the  emperor,  that  I  Vpui 
10  coiici'ive  hupea  of  liberty,  Sun/U 

GAIN,  n.     [Fr.  gain.] 

1.  Profit;  interest;  something  obtained  as  an  ad- 
vantage. 

Cut  what  thinn  were  rain  to  me,  those  I  couiiCi.-d  lots  for  Christ. 
-  Fl.ii.  iii. 

2.  Unlawful  advantage.    2  Cor.  xil. 

3.  Overplus  in  cupiputation  ;  any  tiling  opposed  to 

loSA. 

G.\1N,  It.     rVV.  gdn,  a  mortise  ;  ganu,  to  contain.] 

In  architecture,  a  beveling  shoulder;  a  lapping  of 
timbers,  or  tlic  cu«liat  is  made  for  receiving-  a  tim- 
ber. Encyc. 

GAIN.  II.     Handy;  dextrous.     [Obs."] 

GAIX'.VBLE,  a.    That  may  be  obtamed  or  reached. 

Sherieood, 

G.^IN'AGE,  v.  In  old  taws,  the  same  as  Wai.iage, 
that  is,  guainagc ;  the  horses,  oxen,  and  furniture,  of 
the  wain,  or  the  instruments  for  carrying  on  till^ige, 
which,  when  a  villain  was  amerced,  were  left  free. 
that  cultivation  might  not  be  interrupted.  The  word 
signifies  also  tlie  land  itself,  or  the  profit  made  by 
cultivation.  Encyc. 

GAIN'KD,  pp.  Obtained,  as  profit  or  advantage  ;  won ; 
drawn  over  to  a  party  ;  reached. 

GAIN'EK,  n.  One  that  gains  or  obtains  profit,  inter- 
est, or  advantage. 

GAIX'FJJL,  a.  Producing  profit  or  advantage  ;  profit- 
able ;  advantageous;  advancing  interest  or  happi- 
ness. 

2.  Lucrative;  productive  of  money;  adding  U  &>, 
wealth  or  estate. 

GA1N'F[,X-LY,  adv.  With  increase  of  wealth  ,  ^./oT- 
ilalily;  advantageously. 

GAIN'FyL-NEriS,  n.     Profit ;  advantage 

GAlN'GiV-lNG,  TU  [from  the  root  of  agairif  a  i/wl, 
and  give.     Pee  Gainsay.] 

A  misgiving;  a  giving  against  or  away.  fJVot 
vsed.]  ,         S^k. 

GAIN'ING,  ppr.  Obtaining  by  industry  or  activity; 
reaching ;  winning. 

GAIN'INGS,?!.  p/.  Acquisitions  made  by  laborer  suc- 
cessful enterprise. 

GALN'LESS,  a.  Not  producing  gain;  unprofitable; 
not  bringing  advantage.  Hammond. 

GaIN'LESS-NESS,  n.  Unprofitableness  ;  want  of  ad- 
vantage. Decay  of  Piety. 

GAlN'LY,(ufc.    Handily;  readily;  dextrously.    {Obs.] 

GAI\-SAY' or  GaIN'S^AY,  v.  U  [Sax.  gean,  or  on- 
rrean,  and  say,  Eng.  against;  Sw.  igen ;  Da.n.  gien^ 
tgiea.     See  AfJAiM,  Agaikst.J 

To  contradict;  to  oppose  in  words;  to  deny  or 
declare  not  to  be  Inie  what  another  says ;  to  contro- 
vert ;  to  dispute;  applied  to  persons,  or  to  proposi- 
tions, declarations,  or  facts. 

I  will  give  yon  a  mouth  and  wiiiiom,  which  ftli  your  adreresriet 

sliiUl  not  be  uUc  to  gain*ay  nor  hmO,.  —  Luke  wu. 

GATN-SAY'KD,  pp.     Contradicted  ;  denied. 
GAIN-SSY'ER,  «.     One   who   contradicts  or   denies 

what  is  alleced  ;  an  opposer.     TV.  i. 
GAIN-SAY'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Contradicting;  denying; 

opposing. 
GAIX-SaY'ING,  71.     Contradiction;  opposition. 
»GAINST,  (c^ist.)     See  Against. 
GAIN'STAND,"w.  t.     [Sax.  gean,  against,  and  stand.} 
To  with-*tand  ;  to  oppose  ;  to  resisL     [Ofi.f.] 

Sidnty. 
GAIN'STP.IVE,  r.  i.     [Sax.  ^ean,  and  strit^e.] 

To  make  resistance.     [Oh.^.'\  Spenser. 

GAIN'STRTVR,  r.  (.     'I'o  withstand.     [Oft*.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT M6TE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BpOK.— 


490 


GAL 

GAIK'ISH,  a.  [Q,u.  frotn  tiic  root  of  ^eur^  Sax.  s'''^^- 
wiaity  lu  pi^pire  ur  dre^s  ;  or  Scot,  sfi^ir^  a  slripe, 
whence  gairedy  gairte,  striped,  fitreakcd.  Id  Gr., 
J  avft-ii  Is  proud,  boastins.J 

1.  Gaudy;  showy;  fine;  affectedly  fine;  tawdry. 

Monstrous  hiu  and  gainsh  colon.  Aacham. 

2.  Extravagantly  gay ;  flighty 

rum-?   nnd  plory  traiiaport  a.  tCTJl  out  of  limiatif ;  U  makra  the 
mirvl  loose  aad  gfuriefi.  South. 

GXfR'tSH-LY,  aJu.    In  a  gaudy,  showy  manner. 
GAllt'ISH-NESS,  n.    Gaudiness  ;  finery;  affected  or 
ostentatious  show, 
a.  Flighty  or  extravagant  joy,  or  ostentation. 

Taylor. 
GaIT,  n.     [Tliis  word  is  probably  connected  with  go 
or  «-arf.] 

1.  A  eoing ;  a  walk  ;  a  march  ;  a  w^ay.     Spenser. 

2.  Manner  of  walking  or  stepping.  Every  man 
has  hi^  peculiar  gaiL 

GAIT'EI),  a.    In  compounds^  having  a  pftrticular  gait. 

GAI'TER,  n.     A  covering  of  clotli  for  the  leg. 

2.  A  kind  of  shoe,  consisting  chiefly  of  cloth,  and 
covering  the  ankles. 

G.^I'TER,  V.  u    To  dress  with  piters. 

GA'I*A,  n.  [Sp.  gala^  a  court  dress;  It.  gaia,  finery; 
Fr.  gala,  shiiw,  pomp.] 

A  j;ala  day  is  a  day  of  pomp,  show,  or  festivity, 
when  persons  appear  in  their  best  apparel. 

GA  LAt''TI.N,  n,  A  vegetable  substance,  obtained 
from  the  sap  of  the  OaUtctodctulron  utile,  or  cow~trce, 
of  8outh  America. 

GAL-AG-TO.M'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  vaAaicros,  gen.  of 
jaA.i,  milk,  and  mro'tr,  measure.] 

An  iiHiniment  for  ascertaining  llie  quality  of  milk  ; 
a  lactomet -r.  Ure. 

GAL-AC-T0PH'A-GI3T,  n.      [Gr.    yuAotrof,  milk, 
and  'tiay^y  to  eaL] 
One  who  eats  or  subsists  on  milk. 

GAL-Ae-TOPH'A-GOas,  a.    Feedine  on  milk. 

GAL-Ae-TOPH'OR-OUS,  a.    Producing  milk. 

G.\-LAe-TO-POI-ET'ie,  a.  or  n.  [Gr.  ya\a,  milk, 
and  7>eerLi,  to  produce.]  A  term  applied  to  sub- 
stances which  increase  trie  fiow  of  milk.     Brandt. 

GA-LAGE'   B.     [Sp.  galocha.     See  Galoche.] 

A  wooden  shoe.     [06.*.]  Spenser. 

GA-LAN"GA,  n.  A  plant ;  the  specific  name  of  a 
species  of  Kiempf<-ria,  and  also  uf  a  species  of  Alpi- 
nia,  conunonly  called,  in  Ensl.->h,  OaUingaL 

GALA.\"GAL,  H,  A  plant;  Uw-  Kimlish  name  both 
of  Ku-mpferia  Gal.-inga,  and  Alpinia  Galaiiga,  who^e 
root.i  have  a  hot,  spicy  txste. 

G.VL' ANT-LVE,  n.  A  dirih  of  veal,  chickens,  or  other 
white  meat,  freed  frutu  bouu^,  tied  up,  Uoiljd,  and 
served  cold.  Smart. 

OA-LA'TIANS,  ti.  pi.  Inhabitants  of  Galatia,  in  the 
Lesser  Asia,  said  to  be  descendants  of  the  GauU. 
[See  Paul's  epistle  to  tbciii.] 

G,\L'AX-V,  b.  FGr.  jaA  ({mc,  from  yiAa,  milk;  Ir. 
gf'O^  white  ;  W.  gal^  clear,  fair,  whence  gala£L\  the 
milky  way  ;  Gr.  KaXnj  fair.J 

1.  The  milky  way  ;  that  long,  white,  luminous 
track,  which  seems  to  cnc*impass  the  heavens  like  a 
girdle.  This  luminous  afipi.arance  is  found  by  the 
telescope  to  be  occasioned  by  a  multitude  of  stars,  so 
•mall  as  nut  to  be  distinguished  by  the  niiked  rye. 

EfiC}jc. 
S.  An  assemblage  of  splendid  persons^or  things. 

Bp.  Ifall. 

GAL'BA  NUM.  I  ».    [HelK  Tii^Sn,  and  in  Ch.  and  .^yr. 

GAL'BAN,  )  varied  in  orthography,  from  a'?n, 
to  milk.] 

I'll"  iii'ipisaated  sap  of  Galbanum  officinale,  an 
nnib;-llir-r(ius  plant.  It  comc^t  in  p^e-col<>red,  semi- 
Iransparorit,  sofl,  tenacious  niu^«ses,  of  different 
shad*  s,  from  white  to  brown.  It  has  a  strong,  un- 
pluaannt  amell,  with  a  bitterish,  warm  taste.  It  is 
unctuous  to  the  touch,  and  sol'tens  between  the  fin- 
gers. When  distilled  with  wator  or  spirit,  it  yields 
an  esscntidi  oil ;  and,  by  distillation  In  a  retort  with- 
out mixture,  it  yields  an  empyreumatic  oil  of  a  fine 
blue  color ;  but  this  is  changed,  in  the  air,  tu  a  purple. 

Parr. 

GALR,  n.  [In  Dan.,  gal  is  furious,  and  kulcr  is  to 
blow  ««,n>n;4j  ktUinfft  a  gentle  gait;,  fnun  the  n»ot  of 
caalaiui  <./>/>/.  In  fr.,  ffol  is  a  puff,  a  blast,  and  steam. 
T''e  Kense  is  ohvjous,] 

A  current  of  air ;  a  strong  wind,  ^he  »en!>e  of 
this  word  is  very  ind -finite.  The  jvoet."  use  it  in  the 
s*'n'«'  of  a  m^»-i»Hi-c  bren/.c  or  current  of  air;  as,  a 
grntte  sn)^     A  stronger  wind  is  called  nfresk  gale. 

In  Jie  language  of  seamen.:,  the  word  ^a/c,  unac- 
companied by  ah  epithet,  signifies  a  vehement  wind. 
a  ftorm,  or  tc-mpest.  They  say,  the  ship  carried 
away  her  topinx-<t  in  &  gale^  or  gale  of  wii'1;  the 
iihip  rixle  out  the  gale.  But  tlie  word  is  often  quali- 
fied ;  as,  a  hard  or  strong  gale,  a  violent  gale.  A  cur- 
rent of  Wind,  somewhat  If-ss  violent,  is  denominated 
^  "tiff  gale.  A  less  vehement  wind  is  called  ti  frr^sh 
gale,  which  is  a  wind  not  too  strong  for  a  ship  to 
carry  »mgle-reefed  top-sails,  when  close-hauled. 
When  the  wind  is  not  50  violent  but  that  a  ship  will 
carry  her  lo(>-8ail8  a-lrip,  or  full  spread,  it  is  called  a 
loom-gale.  Mar.  Diet.     Eacyc. 


GAL 

GA  LE,  TI.     A  plant  growing  in  bogs.  Smart. 

G.aLE,  r.  t.     In  aeamen^s  language,  to  sail,  or  sail  fast. 
GA'LE-A,  H.     [I*  galea,  a  helmet.] 

A  genus  of^sea  hedgehogs. 
GAL'E-AS,   n.    A    Venetian   galley,  large,  but  low 
built,  and  moved  both  by  oara  and  soils.    See  Gai>- 

L1A99. 

GA'LE-ATE.      )  a.     [L.  galeatus,  from  galea^  a  hel- 
GA'EE  A-TED,  )     meL] 

1.  Covered  as  with  a  helmet.  iVoodtoard. 

9.  In  botany^  having  a  fiower  like  a  helmet,  as  tlie 

monk's-hoftd. 
GA-LEE'TO,  n.    A  fish  of  the  genus  Blennins,  of  a 

greenish    color,    sometimes   variegated    with    blue 

transverse  lines,  and,  like  the  eel,  living  many  hours 

after^ being  taken  from  the  water. 
GA-Lk'NA,  tj.     [Gr.  joX»7fr?,  tranquillity,  so  named 

from  its  supposed  effects  In  mitigating  the  violence 

of  disease.] 

1.  Originally,  the  name  of  the  theriaca.       Parr. 
3.  Sulphuret  of  lead  ;   its  common  color  ia   that 

shining,  bluish  gray,  usually  called  lead  gray  ;  some- 
times it  is  nearly  steel  gray.  Its  streak  has  a  metal- 
lic luster,  but  its  fine  powder  is  nearly  black.  Its 
structure  is  commonly  foliated,  sometimes  granular 
or  compact,  and  sometimes  striated  or  fibrous.  It 
occurs  in  regular  crjstals,  or  more  fretpiently  mas- 
sive. Cleuvdand. 
GA-LEX'I€,  )  a.  Pertaining  to  or  containing  ga- 
GA-LEN'ieJ-AL,  j      lena.  Eneyc 

2.  [I'rom  Qalen,  the  physician.]  Relating  to  Galen 
or  his  principles  and  method  of  treating  diseases. 
The  galenic  remedies  consist  of  preparations  of  herbs 
and  roots,  by  infusion,  decoctioq,  &.c.  The  chemical 
remedies  consist  of  preparations  by  means  of  calcin- 
ation, digestion,  fermentation,  &c. 

GA'LE\-ISM,  n.     The  doctrines  of  Galen. 

GA'LEi\-IST,  n.  A  follower  of  Galen  in  the  prepa- 
ration of  medicine  and  modes  of  treating  dtsea.-je3 ; 
opposed  tn  the  chemists, 

GAL-E-Rie'U-I^TE,  a.    Covered  as  with  a  Iiat. 

Smart. 

GAL'ER-TTE,  n.     [L.  galerus,  a  hat  or  cap.] 
A  gtnnis  uf  ftissil  shells. 

GA-LIC'I-.\.V,  (ish'e-an,)  a.     Pertaining  to  Galicia. 

GAL-I-Lk'Ai\,  iu  a  native  or  inhabitant  of  Galilee, 
in  Judea.  Also,  one  of  n  sect  among  the  Jews,  who 
oppo^ied  it)e  payment  o(  tribute  to  tlie  Romans. 

GAL-(-L?~:'AN-tEL'E-SCOPE.     See  TELEseoPE. 

GAL'I-LEE.  n,  A  porch  or  chapel,  usually  at  the  west 
end  of  a  church.  OwilL 

GAL-I-MA'TIAS,  (-ma'sha,)  n      [Fr.  galimaiias.^ 
Nonsense,     [tiee  Gallimatia.]  .dddison. 

GAL'I-OT,(gare-ot,)  n.  [Fr.  guliote;  Sp.  galeota;  It. 
galcotta :  L.  galea.] 

1.  A  small  galley,  or  sort  of  brigantine,  built  for 
chase.  It  is  moved  both  by  sails  and  oars,  having 
one  mast,  and  sixteen  or  twenty  seats  for  rowers. 

DieL 

2.  Galif't,  or  gaVintt ;  a  Dutch  vessel,  carrying  a 
main  nuut  and  a  mi£7.cn-tnast,  and  a  large  gaff  main- 
sail. Mar.  Diet. 

GAL'I-POT,  n.  [3p.]  A  while  resin  or  re*inous  juice, 
which  (lows,  hy  iiicisitm,  from  the  pii'n-troe,  espe- 
cially the  maritime  pine. 

Sp.  Diet,     Foarcrtry.     Diet  J^at.  Hist. 
Galipot  incnists   the   wounds  of   fir  trees   during 
wintt^T.     It  consists  of  resin  and  o''.  Coie. 

GALL,  n.  [Hax.  ^m/Za  ,•  G.  galle  ;  D.  **l'.  Ufl^.  galtle; 
iiw.  galle  ;  Gr.  .x^Ai,  probably  fn*i,i  :-j  ;oior;  Sjix. 
gealetPf  yellow.     See  Yellow  anJ  \i(  4,.-  \ 

X.  In    the   animal   economy,   a     oittei,    bottle-green 

fluid,  scrreted   by  the  gall-blauder  on  the  underside 

uf  the  liver.    It  is  glutinous,  or  imp'Tf*";^'^  fluid,  like 

oil.  EHeyc    J^ichoUan. 

a.  Any  thing  extremely  bitter.  Onjden. 

3.  Rancor;  malignity.  Spetuer. 

4.  Anger;  bitterness  of  min<.  Prior. 
GALL'-BLAD-DEK,  TI.     A  small,  mcmbr.nous  sack, 

shaped  like  a  pear,  seated  on  the  under  side  of  the 
liver,  which  serretea  a  thickish  and  very  hitler  fluid, 
of  a  dark,  bottle-green  color,  called  gall.         TuUy. 

GALL'-SICK-NESS,  n.  A  remitting  bilious  fever  in 
the  Netherlands.  Parr. 

GALIZ-STONE,  n.  A  concretion  formed  In  the  gaU- 
bladder. 

Gj\LIj,  TI.  [L.  gatla;  Sax.  gealla;  Sp.  a^a'da;  \l.  gaUa.'\ 
A  hard,  round  excrescence,  on  a  kind  of  oak-tree, 
(the  Quercus  infectoria,)  in  certain  warm  climates, 
said  to  be  the  nest  of  an  insert  called  cynips.  It  is 
formed  from  the  tear  issuing  from  a  puncture  made 
by  the  insect,  and  gradually  increased  by  accessions 
of  fresh  matter,  till  it  forms  a  covering  to  the  eggs 
and  succeeding  insects.  Galls  are  used  in  making 
ink  ;  the  best  are  from  Aleppo.  Parr. 

a.  Gait  of  glass,  also  called  sandiver;  the  neutral 
salt  skimmed  off  from  llie  surface  of  melted  glass. 

Ure. 

G^LL,  V.  t.     [Fr.  galrr,  to  scratch  or  nib  ;  gale,  scab.] 
1.    To  fret  and  wear  away  hy  frirtinn  ;  to  excoriate  ; 
to  hurt  or  break  the  skin  by  rubbing;  as,  a  saddle 
galls  the  back  of  a  horse,  or  a  collar  hia  breast. 


Tymnl,  I  wpH  drsiTf  thy  galling  chain. 


Pope. 


GAL 

2.  To  impair ;  to  wear  away ;  as,  a  stream  gaha 
the  gmund.  Ray. 

3.  To  tea?e ;  to  fret ;  to  vex  ;  to  chagrin  ;  as,  to  be 
galled  by  sarcasm. 

4  To  wound;  to  break  the  surface  of  any  tiling 
by  rubbing ;  as,  to  gall  a  most  or  a  cable. 

5.  To  injure;  to  harass;  to  annoy.  The  troops 
were  galled  by  the  sliot  of  the  enemy. 

In  our  wnn  ngalnst  the  Frenthof  old,  we  used  to  gall  them 
with  our  long  bows,  at  a  ^atcr  dtsUnce  than  tln-r  could 
thoot  tlieir  amtwa.  Aji^tieon, 

6.  In  dyeing,  to  impregnate  with  a  decoction  of 
gnll-nuts.  Ure. 

GALL,  V.  u     To  fret ;  to  be  teased.  SJiak. 

GALL,  n.    A  wound  in  the  skin  by  rubbing. 

GAL'LANT,  a.  [Fr.  ^o/an/ ;  Sp.  ^a/aHt«.-  It.  W.  This 
word  is  from  the  root  of  the  W.'galla,  to  be  able,  to 
have  power;  Eng.  could;  L.  galliLs,  a  cock.  See 
Could,  Call,  and  Gala.  The  primary  sense  is  to 
stretcli,  strain,  or  reach  forward.] 

1.  Gay;  well-dressed;  showy;  si^endid ;  magnif- 
icent. 

NeiUiT  sJiall  gallant  ships  paw  ihrntby.  — la.  xxxjii, 
Tlie  gjy,  (Jie  wiac,  ibe  gailanX,  and  Ibo  grave.         WoUkt. 
[This  sense  is  obsolete.'] 

2.  Brave ;  high-spirited  ;  courageous ;  heroic ;  mag- 
nanimous ;  as,  a  gallant  youth  ;  a  gallaiU  officer. 

3.  Fine;  noble.  Shak. 

4.  Courtly;  civil;  polite  and  attentive  to  ladies; 
courteous.  Clarendon. 

GAL-LANT',  ti.  A  gay,  sprightly  man  ;  a  courth'  or 
fashionable  man.  Sfiak. 

2.  A  man  who  is  polite  and  attentive  to  ladies  ; 
one  who  attends  upon  ladies  at  parties,  or  to  places 
of  amusement. 

3.  A  wooer;  a  lover;  a  suitor. 

4.  In  an  ill  sense,  one  who  caresses  a  woman  for 
lewd  purposes. 

GAL-LANT',  v.  U    To  attend  or  wait  on,  as  a  lady. 
Q.  To  handle  with  grace  or  in  a  modish  tnauner ; 

as,  to  gallant  a  fan.  Connoisseur, 

G.'VL-LA\'i''ED,  pp.    Attended  or  waited  on,  as  a 

lady. 
GAL-LANT'ING, ppr.     Waited  on  by  a  gentleman. 
GAL'LANT-LY,  orfi7.    Gnyly  ;  splendidly. 

2.  Bnively  ;  nobly;  heroically;  generously;  as,  to 

fight  guUanlhi  i  to  defend  a  |ilaco  gallantly. 
GAL'LANT-NESS,  71,     Elegance  or  completeness  of 

an  acquired  qualification.  Ihnoill. 

GAL'LANT-RV,  h.     [Sp.  galatiteria;  Fr.  galanterir^] 

1.  Splendor  of  appearance  ;  show  ;  mapnificence  ; 
ostentatious  finery.     [Obsolete  or  obsolcscenL] 

tVallcr. 

2.  Bravery  ;  courageousness  ;  heroism  ;  intrepidi- 
ty.    The  troops  entered  the  fort  with  great  gallantry. 

3.  Nobleness  ;  generosity.  OlaiiviUe. 

4.  Civility  or  polite  attention  to  ladies. 

5.  Vicious  love  or  pretensiotis  to  love  ;  civilities 
paid  to  females  for  the  purpose  of  winning  favors; 
hence,  lewdness;  debauchery. 

GAL'LATE,  ri.  [from  ^alL]  A  salt  formed  by  the 
gallic  acid  combmed  with  a  base  Lavoisier. 

GAL'LK-ASS.    See  Galhass. 

GALL'iCD,  pp.  [See  Gall,  the  verb.]  Having  the 
skin  or  surface  worn  or  torn  by  wearing  or  rubbing  ; 
fretted  ;  teased  ;  injured  ;  vexed. 

GAL'LE-ON,  n.  [Sp.  galeon;  Port,  galcam;  IL  gale- 
one.    See  Gallev.] 

A  larite  ship,  with  three  or  four  decks,  formerly 
used  by  the  Spaniards  to  trans{>ort  to  Sp;iin  the  gold 
anil  silver  bullion  from  the  minus  of  Mexico  and 
Peru.  P.  Cyc. 

GAL'LER-Y,  tu  [Fr.galerie:  Sp.  and  Port,  galeria; 
It.  galleria;  Dan.  gatlrrie ;  G.  id.;  D.  gaUlcry;  Sw. 
gallcr-verck,  and  gall-rad.  Lunier  supposes  this 
word  to  be  from  the  root  of  G.  icallen,  to  walk.  But 
is  it  not  a  projection  ?     See  Gallamt.] 

1.  ill  architecture,  a  covered  part  of  a  building, 
commonly  in  the  wings,  used  as  an  ambulatory  or  a 
place  for  walking.  Eunjc. 

2.  An  ornamental  walk  or  apartment  in  gardens, 
formed  by  trees.  F.ncyc. 

3.  In  churches,  a  floor  elevated  on  columns,  and 
furnished  with  pews  or  seats,  usually  ranged  on  thn;e 
sides  of  the  edifice.  A  similar  structure  in  a  play- 
house. 

4.  h\  fortijication,  a  covered  walk  across  the  ditch 
of  a  town,  made  of  beams  covered  with  plaulcs  nnd 
loaded  with  earth.  Encyr. 

5.  In  a  mine,  a  narrow  passage  or  branch  of  the 
mine  carried  under  ground  to  a  work  designed  to  be 
blown  up.  F.neye. 

6.  In  a  ship,  a  frame,  like  a  balcony,  projecting 
from  the  stern  or  quarter  of  a  ship  of  war  or  nf  a 
large  merchantman.  That  part  at  the  stern  ia  called 
tlie  stern-gallery ;  that  at  the  quartern,  the  (ptartcr- 
gallery.  TutUn. 

7.  In  iJtefine  arts,  a  term  applied  to  a  collection  of 
works  in  rminting  or  sculpture.  Brande. 

GAI/LE-TTliE,  n.     G;iili(K)l.  Bacon.- 

GAL'LEY,  v.i  pi.  Galleys.  [Sp.  gatcra;  It.  gnlrra 
or  galea t  Vr.galire;  VoJt,  gold;  h.  galea.  The  Lat- 
in word  signifies  a  helmet,  the  top  of  a  nmsl,  and  a 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CI0US C  aa  K;  G  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;,  TH  oa  in  THIS 

— —  ^^ 


GAL 

gtiHc'v  ;  nnd  Ihe  name  of  this  vessel  seems  lo  have 
btvn  J'.riw'ii  from  the  head-piece,  or  kmU  of  baskct- 
\s  nr.     .'  M»  ■■jt-head.]  • 

.:-built  vessel,  with  one  ileck,  nnd  nav- 
i  ;iils  and  oars  ;   formerly  used  in   llie 

- J.U.     It  was  long  nnd  narrowband  car- 

ritj  iwo  in.uu  with  lateen  sails.  The  largest  sort  of 
pTiIleys,  employed  by  the  Venetians,  were  IC6  feet  in 
Wnirth,  with  M  oafs,  each  oar  managed  by  six  or 
seven  slaves.  -V'lr.  Diet.    P,  Cyc 

3.  A  plare  of  toil  and  mlserj*.  SiyfA. 

3.  A  light,  open  boat,  used  on  the  River  Tliames 
by  custum-bouse  otficers,  pross-gangs,  and  far  pleas- 
ure. Mar.  DicL 

4.  The  crok-room  or  kitchen  of  a  ship  of  war,  an- 
swering to  thti  caboose  of  m  mercbautman. 

Mar,  DicL 

5.  An  otlonr,  rovert>er»tory  fUmace,  with  a  row  of 
rt^ortd  whoM  uecks  protnida  through  lateral  open- 
in^^  ^'tcAolsoH. 

CAL'LEY,  in*    In  printintr^  a  frame  which  receives 
GAL'LY,     \     the  types  from  the  com)M)Sing-stick. 

GAC'tEY-FOIST,  n,     A  barRe  of  state.     HaknedL 
GAI/LkY-SL-XVE,  «.      A  person  condemned  fwr  a 

crime  to  work  at  tiie  oar  on  board  of  a  galley. 
GALLFLY,  N.    An  insect  tbal  punctures  plants,  and 

'occ-i-siiin:^  calls  ;  the  cynips.  Ennfc, 

GAL'I.IARD,  (-yard,)  «.  fFr.  gviilard^  from  rai,  K^y.J 

Gay  :  brisk  ;  active.     [0**7]  Chaucer. 

GAL'Ll  AKD,  n.     A  brisk,  gay  man  ;  also,  a  lively 

d^nce.     [See  GAtLLtARoc]  Bacon, 

GAL'LIAR.D-1SE,  r*.     Merriment}  excessive  pavety. 

[  ObsA  Brown. 

GAL'LIARD-XESS,  w.    Gayety.     [Oft^J       Oai^ion. 
GAL.'LI-A:?S,  «,    A  heavy,  low-built  v&isel,  with  two 

masts,  and  having  both  saiU  and  oars.  Shak. 

GAL'Lie,  a.    [from  Oaliia^  Gaul,  now  France.]     Per- 
taining to  Gaul  or  Fmnce. 
GAL'LIC,  a.    [from  jriU.]    Belonging  lo  galls  or  onk- 

apples  ;  derived  from  pills;  as,  the  foUie  acid. 
GAL'Lie-A.\,  a.     [U  OaUicus,  from  GaUia,  Ga'il.} 
Pertaining  to  Gaul  or  France  j  as,  the  OalUcait 
church  t»r  clergy. 
GAL'LI-CISM,  «.    [Pr.  gaUidMU,  from  OaBm^  GauL] 
A  mode  of  speech  peculiar  to  the  French  nation ; 
an  idiomatic  manner  of  using  words  in  the  French 
lantfiiage, 
GAL'LI-CrZC,  r.  t.     To  render  conformable  lo  Ibe 

French. iili.>m  or  language. 
GAl^LI-GA:^  KIX3,  a.  pL     [fXu,  C^gm  Vaacmtmrn, 
Gasci-n-hose.] 
Large,  open  hose ;  itserf  mt/y  U  Udiermu  tvneuage* 

PfuUps. 
GAL-LI-.UXTIA,  n.    Talk  without  meaning. 
GAL-LI-MAU'FRY,  n,     [Fr.  r^Umefrie.] 

L  A  bash ;  a  medley ;  a  hodge-iiodge.  [Little  used.] 

Spenser, 
3.  Any  inconsistent  or  ridiculous  medle}-.    Dryden. 
3.  A  woman.     [-Vol  in  use.]  Shak. 

[**  OalimunLfrt^^  a  hodge-podge  made  up  of  the  rem- 
nants and  s^rraps  of  the  larder.'' 

Oroae^s  Classind  Dieiionary  of  Ote  Vul^r  Tongue. 
"  Clear  and  easy  words  in  unintelligible  things  are 
mere  words  without  sense ;  and  things  which  are 
unintclligiMe,  though  expressed  witli  plain  and  easy 
words,  are  called  a  galemaufrev." 
j3n  impartiat  Jicevunt  of  the  Word  Mystery,  as  it  is 
tak'n  in  the  Holy  Scriptttre.  Lond.  1691,  4to.  p.  19. 
E.  H.  B.l 
GAL-LI-NA'CEOUS,  (gal-le-na'shus,)  a.    [L.  gaUin^^ 
ecM.i,  from  gailtHa,  a  ben,  saVus,  a  cock,  whose  name 
ii  from  crowing,  \V.  galx^  Ens.  to  call.] 

no^ignating  Itwit  order  of  birds  called  OaUin^y  in- 
cl'idiug  the  dotnestic  fowls  ot  those  of  the  pheasant 
kind. 

GoUinacrus  Lapis ;  a  glossy  substance  produced  by 
TnJcanic  fires;  the  lapij  obgidianus  of  the  ancients. 
A  kind  of  it,  brought  from  Peru,  id  of  a  bsniitiful 
black,  or  crow-color,  like  the  ffalUna^o.  Eacyc 

GAI*-Li'N.E,  a.  pL     [L.]     See  Galli!*aceoc3. 
GALI/ING,  n.     Act  of  galling  or  fretting  the  skin. 
GALL'I.N'G,  ppr.     [See  Gall,  tlie  verb.]     Fretting  the 
skin;  excoriating. 
2.  e.    Adapted  to  fret  or  chagrin  ;  vexing. 
GAL'LI-MP-PER,  n.     A  lar^e  musquito. 
GALL'-IN':?EC"r,  n.    A  name  commnn  to  a  family  of 

ro^scts,  including  the  cochineal  insect.        Brande. 
GAL'L.{-NL'L^,  n.     [L.  gaUhtulOf  dim.  of  gaUiRa,  a 
hen.] 

The  water-hen,  a  bird  allied  to  the  coot  and  rail, 
anJ  included  under  the  Linnxan  genus  Fulka. 
GAL'LI-OT,  \    a_„ 
CAL'LE-OT*  1    ^  Galiot 

GAL-LIP'O-Ll  Oil*,  ■,     An  inferior  kind  of  olive  oil, 
brought  from  Gallipoli,  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples. 

Buchanan, 
GALtrPOT,  B.     [D.  gleye,  potter's  clay,  and  pot.] 
A  small  pot  or  vessel,  painted  and  glazed,  used  by 
dntg^ist?  and  np^'iihecariea  for  containing  medicines. 
GAL-LIT  ZIN-iTE,  n.    Rutile,  an  ore  or  titanium. 

Ure. 
GALTjI-VAT,  n.    A  small  vesse!  used  on  the  Mala- 
lar  coast.  Cltnimers, 


GAL 

GALL'LESS,  o.  [UomgaU,\  Free  from  gall  or  bit- 
terness. 

GALL'-\'UT,  ».  An  excrescence  on  a  species  of  oak, 
used  in  dyeing,  making  mk,  ^c.     [See  Gall.J 

GAL'LOM,  R.  [iSp.  galou;  Law  L.  gaiona.  In  French, 
gaion  is  a  grocer's  box.    OKI  Fr.  jalon^  a  gallon.] 

A  measure  of  capacity  for  dry  or  liquid  things,  but 
usually  for  liquids,  containing  four  quarts.  Hut  the 
gallon  is  not,  in  all  cases,  of  uniform  contents  or  di- 
mensitms.  In  Ea^tand^  the  old  wine  gallon  con- 
tains 231  cubic  inches  ;  the  old  corn  gallon  contains 
SSd.^^  cubic  inches  ;  the  old  ale  galhm  contains  333 
eutiie  inches  ;  the  new  im[M>r>al  gallon,  as  settled  by 
tlie  act  of  George  IV.,  cuulains  10  pounds  avoirdu- 
pois of  distilled  water,  or  277 ^^^Aj.  cubic  inches. 

P.  Que 
GAI^LOON",  II,     [Fr.  galon;  Sp.  gaiom  It.  gaiione; 
Port,  i^tf/amj 

A  kmd  of  close  lace,  made  of  gold  or  silver,  or  of 
silk  only.  Tatler. 

GAl#-LOON'ED,  a.  Furnished  ot  adorned  with  gal- 
loon. 
GAI/LOP,  r.  i,  [Fr.  galoper  ;  Sp.  galopear  ,*  Port,  id, ; 
It.  gaUfppare ;  Arm.  ^alttuitat,  or  ffalompat:  G.  gatop- 
piren.  If  this  word  is  from  the  elements  Gl,  I  know 
not  the  origin  or  meaning  of  the  lust  constituent  part 
of  UiG  word.  I  suppose  it  to  be  formed  with  the  pre- 
fix ga  on  tcupj  G.  laufea^  D.  loopen^  geloopen.    See 

LfiApJ 

1.  To  move  or  run  with  leaps  or  bounds,  as  a  horse  ; 
to  run  or  move  with  speed. 

BtU  gallop  lively  down  ilio  wpitem  hUI.  Donne. 

2  To  ride  with  a  galloping  pace.    We  galloped  lo- 
waid  the  enemy. 
3.  To  move  very  fast ;  to  run  over. 

Such  mjierficial  kl«A  l*c  may  collect  in  gaUoping  orer  IC  Locke. 

G.^L'LOP,  «.  The  movement  or  pace  of  a  quadruped, 
particularly  of  a  horse,  by  springs,  reaches,  or  leaps. 
The  animal  lifts  his  fore  feet  nearly  at  the  same  time, 
and  as  these  descend  and  are  just  ready  to  touch  the 
CHMinil,  the  hind  feet  are  lifted  at  once.  The  gallop 
i^  the  ^Witte^  pace  uf  a  horse,  but  it  is  also  a  moder- 
ate pace,  al  the  pleasure  of  a  rider. 

GAL-I-OP-XDE',  a.  A  kind  of  dance,  and  also  a  kind 
of  music  a]»pro;triatc  to  the  dance. 

GALXOP-ER,  n.  A  horse  that  gallops;  also,  a  man 
Ul-u  gallops  or  makes  hoitte. 

2.  In  urtiTZprp,  a  carriage  on  which  very  small  guns 
are  convtyi^d.  It  has  shaAs,  so  as  to  be  drawn  with- 
out a  limbon,  and  it  may  serve  for  light  three  and  six 
pounders. 

G.U/LO-PIN,  n.    [Fr.]    A  servant  for  the  kitchen. 

ro6i] 

GAL'LOP-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Riding  or  moving  with  a 
GAL'LOW,  F.  t     [Sax.  anasliran.]  [gallop. 

To  fright  or  terrify.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

GAL'LO-\VAY,  ».  A  horse  or  species  of  horses,  of  a 
small  size,  first  bred  in  Galloway,  in  Scotland. 

Hawkesioorth, 
GAL'L0W-GLAS3,  n.    An  ancient  Irish  foot  soldier. 

Spenser. 
GAL'LOWS,  n.  sing. ;  pi.  Gallowses.    [Sax.  galgy  ge~ 
alga;  Goth,  galga;  G.  galgen  ;  D.  galg  :  Sw.  galge: 
Dan.  id.     Qallutps  is  in  the  singuhu*  number,  and 
should  be  preceded  by  a,  a  gallouis.} 

1.  An  imstniment  of  punishment  on  which  crimi- 
nals are  executed  by  hanging.  It  consists  of  two 
posts  and  a  cross-beam  on  the  top,  to  which  the 
criminal  is  suspended  by  a  rope  fastened  round  his 
neck. 

2.  A  wretch  that  deserves  the  gallows.  [JVwf  used.] 

Shak. 

3.  pL  A  pair  of  pantaloon  suspenders.  [CoVoquial,] 
GAL'I^VVS-FREE,  a.    Free  from  danger  of  the  gal- 
lows. Dryden. 

GAL'LOWS-TREE,  n.    The  tree  of  execution. 

Spcjiser. 

GALI.S,  n.  pi.  Wounds  or  excoriations  produced  by 
the  friction  of  harness.  Gardner. 

GALL'V,  a.     Like  gall ;  bitter  as  gall.  Cranmer. 

GAL'LY,  n.  [Port,  gal^^  a  galley,  and  a  printer's 
frame  ;  Fr.  gal'e.] 

A  printer's  frame,  on  which  types  from  the  com- 
posing-stick are  placed.     [Pee  Galley.]  .^ah. 

GAL'LY-WOR.M,  n.  An  insect  of  the  centiped  kind, 
of  several  species. 

GA-LOCHE',  rga-l6sh,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  Sp.  galocha,  a 
clog,  or  wooaen  shoe.] 

A  patten,  clog,  or  wooden  shoe,  or  a  shoe  to  be 
worn  over  another  shoe  to  keep  the  foot  dry.  It  is 
written  also  Galoshe. 

GALORE',  n.     [If.  gUire.] 

In  old  writers^  plenty  j  abundance.  Still  used  by 
seamen.  SmarL 

GAL'SOME,  (gawl'sum,)  a.  [from  ^aZL]  Angry;  ma- 
lignant.    [  Obs.]  Morton. 

GALT,  n.    A  stiff,  blue  marl,  of  the  chalk  formation. 

MuntrU. 

GAL-VAN'IC,  a.  Pertaining  lo  galvanism;  contain- 
ing or  exhibiting  iL 

GAL'VAN-ISM,  n.  [from  Oalvani^  of  Bologna,  the 
discoverer.] 


GAM 

Elcrirical  phenomena  in  which  the  electricity  is 
developed  without  tlie  aid  of  friction,  and  in  which 
a  cheiiiicaJ  action  lakes  place  between  certain  boiiiey. 
Kdin.  Kncyc. 
Galrani3m\^  heat,  light, electricity, and  magnetism, 
united   in  combination  or  in  siinultaneoiis  action  ; 
sometiuies  one,  nnd  sometimes  anottier  of  them  pre- 
dominating, and  thus  producing,  more  or  less,  all  the 
cflecls  of  each  — usual  means  of  excitement,  contact 
of  dissimilar  bodies,  especially  of  metals  and  fluids. 
Hare.     Silinnan* 

GAL'VAN-IST,  n.     One  versed  in  galvanism. 

GAL'VA.\-IZE,  r.  t.     'I'o  affect  with  galvanism. 

GAL'  VAN-IZ-KD,  pp.  or  a.  Affected  with  galvanism. 
Galvanized  iron;  a  name  given  to  .sheets  of  iron 
which  are  first  dipped  into  melted  zinc,  and  tlien 
into  melted  tin,  and  are  thus  prepared,  by  the  sup- 
posed galvanic  action  of  these  metals,  to  resist  oxy- 
dation.  Francis. 

GAL' VAN-IZ-ING,  ppr.    Affecting  with  galvanism. 

GAL-VAN  OL'O-OlSTj  n.  One  who  describes  the 
phenomena  of  galvanism. 

GAI^VAN-OL'0-GY,  71.  [^o/canisin,  and  Gr.  \'>yjs, 
di.5course.l 

A  treatise  on  galvanism,  or  a  description  of  its 
phenomena. 

GAL-VAN-OM'E-TER,  )n.     [galvanism,  nnd  Gr.  us- 

GAL-VAN'0-SeGI*E,     \      rfiuv,  measure.] 

An  instrument  or  apparatus  for  measuring  the 
force,  or  detecting  the  presence,  of  minute  quanti- 
ties of  galvanic  electricity.  Ure, 

GA'jMA  GRXtfS,  T^.  A  tall,  stout,  and  exceedinply  prc)- 
ductive  grass,  said  to  admit  of  being  cut  six  tunes  in 
n  season.  Farm.  Kncyc. 

GA-MASH'ES,  n.  pL  Short  spatterdaslies  similar  to 
gaiters.  Shdton. 

GAM-BA'D5ES,  ru  pi.     [It.  gamba,  the  leg.] 

Cases  of  leather,  formerly  used  to  defend  the  teg 
from  mud,  and  in  riding  on  horseback.      Holloway. 

GAM'BET,  n.  A  bird,  of  the  size  of  the  greenslmiik, 
found  in  tlie  Arctic  Sea,  and  in  Scandinavia  and  Ire- 
land. Pennant. 

GAM'UI-SON,  n.  [Fr.]  A  stuffed  doublet  worn  un- 
der armor.  Taone. 

GAAl'UIT,  a.  In  chess,a.  term  applied  to  a  game  which 
is  begim  by  moving  tiie  king's  or  queen's  pawn  two 
squares,  with  the  intention  of  moving  the  adjoining 
bL-ihop's  i>awn  two  squares  also,  thus  leaving  the 
first-moved,  or  gambit  pawn,  undefended,.      Smart. 

GAM'fJLE,  r.  t.  [from  game.]  To  play  or  game  for 
money  or  other  stake. 

GAM'IILE,  V.  U  To  gamble  away,  is  to  squander  by 
gaming. 


GAM'ULKD,  pret.  of  Gamble. 

GAMT.LER,  ».  One  who  games  or  plays  for  money 
or  other  slake.  Gamblers  often  or  usually  become 
cheats  and  knaves. 

GAM'ULING,  ppr.     Gaming  for  money. 

GAAI'BLING,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  gaming  for 
money. 

GA.M-UoGE',  n.  A  concrete  vegetable  juice,  or  in- 
spissated sap,  produced  by  the  Hcbradendron  Cain- 
bogioidea.  It  is  bnmght  in  orbicular  masses,  or  cy- 
lindrical rolls,  from  Cambodia,  Cambo<l]a,  or  Cambogia, 
in  Hie  E.ist  Indies,  whence  its  name.  It  is  of  a 
dense,  compact  texture,  and  of  a  beautiful  reddish- 
yellow.  It  is  used  chiefly  as  a  pigment.  Taken  in- 
ternally, it  is  a  strong  and  harsh  cathartic  and  emet- 
ic. .       JVic/wUon. 

GAM-HO'GI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  gamboge. 

GAM'UOL,  V.  L  [Fr.  gambiller,  to  wag  the  leg  or  kick, 
from  It.  gamba,  the  leg,  Fr.jambe,  Sp.  gamba.] 

1.  To  dance  and  skip  about  in  sport ;  to  frisk ;  to 
leap ;  to  play  in  frolic,  like  boys  and  lambs. 

Milton.     Dryden. 
9.  To  leap  ;  to  start.  S/iak. 

GAM'ROL,  «.  A  skipping  or  leaping  about  in  frolic;  a 
skip  ;  a  hop ;  a  leap ;  a  sportive  prank.        Dryden. 

GAM'BOL-LNG,  ppr.  Leaping  ;  frisking ;  playing 
pranks, 

GAM'BREL,  n.     [from  It.  gamba,  the  leg,] 

1.  The  hind  leg  of  a  horse.    Hence, 

2,  A  stick  crooked  like  a  horse's  leg,  used  by  butch- 
ers. Smart. 

A  curb-roof  is  calltd  a  gambrcl  roof. 

GAM'DRELjP.  t.     To  tie  by  the  leg.      Bmum.  ^  Ft. 

Game,  n.  [Ice.  gamam  Sax.  gamen,  a  jest,  sport;  go- 
mian,  to  jest ;  lo  sport ;  It.  giambarc,  to  jest  or  jeer  ; 
W.  camp,  a  feat,  a  game  ;  campiaw,  to  contend  in 
games.  The  latter  seems  to  unite  game  with  ca.-np, 
which  in  Saxon  and  other  northern  dialecU  signifies 
a  combat.] 

1.  Sport  of  any  kind.  Shak. 

2.  Jest;  opposed  lo  earnest;  as,  betwixt  earnest 
and  game.     [JVot  used.]  SpcTtser. 

3.  An  exercise  or  play  for  amusement  or  winning 
a  stake  ;  as,  a  game  of  cricket ;  a  frame  of  chess ;  a 
game  of  whist.  Some  games  depend  on  skill,  others 
on  hazard. 

4.  A  single  match  at  play,  jJddison 

5.  Advantage  in  play  ;  as,  to  play  the  game  into 
another's  hand. 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  Wn.\T.  — MeTE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 

4nu 


GAN 

(i.  Scheme  pursued  ;  measures  planned. 

Tlus  *f.-eins  ut  be  the  pn>«nt  gamt  of  that  crown.        Ttmplt. 

7.  Field  spurts  ;  ihe  cbase  ;  falconry,  &c. 

Shak.      Waller. 

8.  AninKiU  pursued  or  taken  iti  tlie  chase,  or  in  the 
sports  of  the  field  ;  animals  appropriated  in  England 

j       to  l*'pal  sptirUmen,  as  deer,  hares,  &:c 

I  9.  In  antiquity^  games  were    public    diversions  or 

j  contests  exhibited  as  spectacles  forllie  gnitificaiion  of 
the  people.     These  games  consi^ited  of  runiiinf;,  lea[)- 

I  infi,  wrestling,  riding,  &c.  Such  were  the  Olympic 
gamrs^  the  Pythian,  the  Isthmian,  the  Ncniean,  iStc, 
aiiKiQi^  tlie  Greeks  ;  and  among  the  Romans,  the  Apol- 
liii:iriiin,  the  Circensian,  the  Capitoline,  &.c.  Eiicijc. 

10.  Mocker^';  sport  j  derision  j   as,  to  make  game 
of  a  person. 
GaMEjP.  L     [Sax.  gamian.) 

1.  To  play  at  any  sport  or  diversion. 

2.  To  play  for  a  stake  or  prize  j  to  use  cards,  dice, 
billiards,  ur  other  instrument?,  according  to  certain 
rules,  with  a  view  to  win  money  or  other  thing  waged 
up4in  the  issue  of  the  contest. 

'X  To  pmclice  gaming. 
GaME'-COCK,  n.     Acock  bred  or  used  to  fit'lit ;  a 

cock  kept  for  barbarous  sport.  Locke. 

GAME'-EGG,  n.     An  egg  from  which  a  fighting  cock 

is  bred.  Qartk. 

GAME  FI;L,  a.     Full  of  game  or  games. 
GA.ME'KEEP-ER,  n.     One  who  has  the  care  of  game; 

one  who  is  authorized  to  preserve  beasts  of  the  chase, 
'      ur  animala  kept  for  sport.  BlackitoHC 

GAME'-LEti,  ».     A  lame  leg. 
GA  ME'LE^S,  a.     Destitute  of  game. 
GA.ME':jO.MK,  a.    Gay  ;  sportive;  playful ;  flrolicsome. 

Ttua  gojiutome  hunioi  of  chiliin-a.  Lock*. 

GAME'POME-I.Y,  adv.     Merrily  :  plaj-fully. 
GA.ME'SO>IE-.NE.SS,  n.    Sportiveness  ;  merriment. 
(;AMK'?-TER,  n.     [trame,  and  Sax.  sleora,  a  director.] 

1.  A  person  addicted  to  gaming;  one  who  is  ac< 
ctistoiacri  to  play  for  money  or  otiicr  stake  at  card^i. 
dice,  billiards,  and  the  like  ;  a  gambler  ;  one  skilled 
in  games.  AfUiiOfu 

It  ia  as  easy  to  b?  a  kclioUr  u  a  gamttter.  Harria. 

'2,  One  engagf'd  at  play.  Bacotu 

3.  A  merr>-,  frolicsome  person.    [JVoI  used.]     SAak. 

4.  A  prostittlt*'.     [JVut  in  u-te.]  Shak* 
GA^tVlSiif  ppr.    Pliiying;  jiporting;  phiying  for  money, 
GAM' I  NO,  w.    The  act  or  art  of  playing  any  game,  in 

a  contest  for  a  victory,  or  for  a  prize  or  stake. 

2.  Th5  practice  of  using  cards,  dice,  billiards,  and 
the  like,  according  to  certain  rules,  for  winning 
money,  &c. 

GAM'l.\G-HOUSE,n.  A  house  where  gaming  is  prac- 
ticed. BlackMont. 

GAM'IXG  TA  BLE,  n.  A  table  appropriated  to  gam- 
ing. 

GAM-M AR'O-LTTE,  n,  A  petrified  crawdsh,  or  other 
cru-itareuuri  nniinal. 

CAM'.MF.R,  n.  [Sw.  gammaly  Dan.  gammel^  old  ;  Sw. 
gumma,  nfx  old  woiiiaii.] 

The  rompcll:ition  of  an  old  woman,  answering  to 
gaffrr,  ajiplted  lu  an  old  man. 

G.\M'MO.\,  It.  [U.  ^amba  :  Fr-jaatbe,  a  leg ;  jamhon, 
a  l''g  of  h\i.coT\,jambe  bone.] 

1.  The  buittick  or  tlii^n  of  a  hog,  pickled  and 
sni'jked  or  dried  ;  a  ^mnk'-d  h:im. 

5.  A  gnni*))  calk-d  usually  Uackoahmoii,  which 

3.  An  impositiun  or  hoax.  [see. 
QAM'MON,  e.  u    To  make  bacou;  to  pickl«  and  dry 

In  Rmok-?. 

2.  To  fxsten  a  bowsprit  to  the  stem  of  a-dhip  by 
■evcral  turns  of  a  rope.  .Mar.  Dtet. 

GAM'MON,  r.  L  In  the  game  of  backgammon,  tlie  par- 
ly that,  by  fortiiniitc  throws  of  Ihe  dice,  or  by  itu|>o- 
rior  .^kill  iii  moving,  withdraws  all  his  men  from  the 
b<mrd,  before  hix  antagonist  ha>i  been  able  to  get  hia 
Di'-n  home  and  withdrawany  of  ihcm  from  his  table, 
gammnn-r  bi^  antagonist. 

9.  To  impose  on  a  person  by  making  him  believe 
fmpr>liible  <torie9  ;  to  hnnibng.  Ditktns. 

GA  M'.MOX  f.I),  pp.     See  the  verb. 

GAM'Mf^N  ING,;)>rt-.     Seethe  verb. 

0AM'MON'-L\G,  n.  The  hushing  by  which  Uie  bow- 
sprit of  a  vessel  \a  secured  to  the  »tcm. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr. 

OAM-OPET'AI^OUS,  a.  A  term  applied  to  the  corol 
of  a  flower,  when  the  petals  cohere  by  their  coniin- 
uuui  margins,  >^o  n»  to  form  a  lube.  Lindley. 

0AM-0-HEP'AI*-0U3,  o.  A  tenu  applied  to  the  calyx 
of  a  flower,  when  the  sepals  cohere,  by  their  conlin- 
uo<is  rdge»,  into  a  kind  of  tube  or  cup.        LimUey. 

*;AM'UT,  n,  [Sp,  gamma;  PorL  id. ;  Fr.  gamme ;  from 
the  Greek  lelter  so  named.] 

I.  A  scalj  on  which  notes  in  music  are  written  or 
printed,  consisting  of  lines  and  spaces,  which  are 
named  nHer  ihe  fir-it  seven  letters  of  the  alphabcL 

L'.  'Ihn  fir-;t  or  gravest  note  in  Guide's  scale  of  mu- 
flir,  the  modern  scale. 

GA\  ;  a  contraction  of  Bt:r>Ar>,  or  rather  the  original 
jiimpip  word.  Sax.  gynnan,  to  begin. 

GA.\l_"(l,  o.  (.     [It.  gancio,  a  hook.] 

To  drop  from  a  high  filace  on  sharp  stakes  or  hook*, 
85  the  Turks  do  malefarlon*,  by  way  of  punishment. 


GAN 

GANCH'ING,  n.  The  act  of  letting  one  fall  on  sharp 
stakes  or  hooks;  a  Turkish  punislimeiit  of  criminals. 

GAX'DER,  n.  [i^'ax.  gandra,  ganra  ;  Ir.  ganra.  In  Gi!r. 
and  D.  gans  is  a  goose ;  D.  ganserickya.  gander  ;  Gr. 
Xn^y  and  probably  L.  anser.  Pliny  says  Ihat,  in  Ger- 
many, the  small,  white  geese  were  called  gamtc. 
Lib.  10,  20.] 

The  male  of  the  goose. 

GANG,  V.  i.     [Sax.  gangan  ;  Goth,  gaggan-] 

To  go  ;  to  walk.     [Scottish.]  , 

GANG,  n.  [Sax.  gang ;  D.  Dan.  G.  gang ;  Sw.  gang, 
a  gi)ing,  a  [wce  or  gait,  a  way,  a  passage,  an  alley, 
an  avenue,  a  porch,  portico,  or  gallery  ;  G.  erzreicher 
gang,  and  Dan.  mineralisk  gang,  a  metallic  vein,  a 
streak  in  a  mine  ;  Goth,  go-gg,  away  or  street;  gag- 
gan,  to  go,  to  walk.] 

1.  Properly,  a  gomg  ;  hence,  a  number  going  in 
company  ;  hence,  a  company  or  a  number  of  |»ersons 
associated  for  a  particular  purpose;  as,  a  gang  of 
thieves. 

2.  In  seamen* 3  language,  vtAe\czi  number  of  a  ship's 
crew  npiKiinled  on  a  particular  service,  under  a  suit 
able  officer.  -Wir.  DicU 

3.  In  mining,  literally,  a  course  or  vein  ;  but  appro- 
priately, the  earthy,  stony,  saline,  or  combustible  sub- 
stance, which  contains  the  ore  of  metals,  or  is  only 
mingled  with  it,  without  being  chemically  combined. 
This  is  called  the  gang  or  matrix  of  the  ore.  It  dif- 
fers from  a  mijieruiiicr,  in  not  being  combined  with 
tlie  metal.  Cleareland. 

[  This  yoord,  in  the  latter  sense,  is  commonly,  biU  in  vi- 
olatioa  of  rtymology,  urrittcn  Gangoe.] 
GANG'BOARD,  n.     A  board  or  plank,  with  cleats  for 
steps,  used  for  walking  into  dr  out  of  a  bwtt. 

Falconer. 
9.  A  term  applied  to  planks  placed  within  or  with- 
out the  bulwarks  of  a  vessel's  waist,  for  the  sentinel 
to  walk  or  stand  on.  ToUen. 

G.\NG'-I)AYS,  n.  pi.    Days  of  perambulation. 
GANG'lIORN,  n.     A  flower.  jJijisworth, 

GAN"GLI-Ae,  a.     Relating  to  a  ganglion. 
GAN"GLl-ON,  (gang'gle-on,)  n.     [Gr.  yayy^iov.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  a  healthy  and  natural  enlargement 
occurring  somewhere  in  the  course  of  a  nerve.  There 
are  two  systems  of  nerves  which  have  ganglions  upon 
them.  First,  those  of  connnon  sensation,  whose  gan- 
glions are  near  to  the  origin  of  the  nerve  in  the  spinal 
cord.  Secondly,  tlie  great  sympathetic  nerve,  which 
has  various  ganglions  on  various  parts  of  it. 

2.  In  surgery,  an  encysted  tumor  situated  some- 
where on  a  tendon,  fi'rnied  by  the  elevation  of  the 
sheiith  of  the  tendon,  and  the  elTusinn  of  a  viscid 
fluid  into  it.  Tally. 

GAN"GLI-ON-A-RY,  a.    Composed  of  ganglions. 

GAN"GLI-ON'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  ganglion  ;  as, 
the  ganglionic  nerves  of  the  digestive  organs  ;  or  the 
ganfrlionic  nerves  of  common  sensatifm.  Prout. 

GAN''GRE-\aTE,  r.  L    To  produce  a  gangrene. 

GAN"GKE-NA-TE1),  pp.     Mortified.  [Broion. 

GAN"GRE-NA-TING.  p//r.     Mortifying. 

GAN"GHENE,  (gang'green,)  k.  [Fr.,  from  L.  gan- 
gnena  ;  (Jr.  j  -n  y  foiyt  t  Syr.  gangar.] 

A  mortification  of  living  Ilesh,  or  of  some  part  of  a 
living  animal  body. 

GAN"GRENE,  v.  L    To  mortify. 

GAN"GKENE,  ».  i.    To  become  mortified. 

GAN"GRkN-KI),  pp.     Mortified. 

GAN"GRf:-NES'CENT,  a.     Tending  to  mortification. 

GAN"GKKN-ING,pf»r.     Mortifying. 

GAN"GKE-NOUS,  a.  Mortified;  indicating  mortifi- 
cation of  living  llesh. 

GANGIIE,  (gang,)  ».     [G.  gang,  a  vein.] 

The  mineral  substance  which  incloses  any  metallic 
ore  in  the  vein.  Ure. 

[  The  proper  spelling  aouUl,  etjpnologically,  be  Gang, 
wAwA  Aer.] 

GANG'WAV,  n.  A  passage,  way,  or  avenue,  Into  or 
out  of  any  inclosed  place. 

2.  'i'he  part  of  a  vessel  on  the  spar-deck,  forming  a 
pajwagd  alttng  each  side,  from  the  quarter-deck  t<)  the 
forecastle;  m<)re  pntpcrly  termed  the  waist.  Tutten. 

To  bring  to  the  gangway,  in  tJie  dLicipline  of  akips^ 
is  to  punish  a  seaman  by  tying  him  up  and  Hogging 
him,  in  the  waist  or  at  the  gangway,  the  usual  place 
of  ptiiiisliment.  'J'olten. 

GANG'WEEK,  n.  Rogation  week,  when  processions 
are  made  to  luHtratc  or  survey  the  bounds  of  parish- 
es. Did. 

GAN'IL,  n.    A  kind  of  britlle  limentone.       Klnoan. 

GAN'NET,  n.     [Sax.  ganot.     See  Gander.] 

The  Solan  Go»>8e,  a  sea-fowl  allied  to  tne  pelican, 
and  belonging,  with  the  boohy,  to  the  genus  Sula, 
about  seven  jiounds  in  weight,  with  a  straight  bill, 
six  inches  long,  and  palinated  feet.  7'hese  ganncts 
frequent  the  northern  regions  of  both  continents  in 
summer,  and  feed  on  herrings  and  other  fish. 

Partington, 

GA'NOID,  I  a.    Pertaining  to  the  order  of  fishes 

GA-NOID'I-AN,  }      called  Oatwidians. 

GA-NOID'1-ANB,  «.  j/i.  [Gr.  yai'oSf  brightness,  and 
it6oi,  form.] 

An  order  of  fishe*,  having  angular  scales,  covered 
with  bright  enamel.  The  bony  pike  and  sturgeon 
bi^long  to  this  order  Jigassii. 


GAR 

GANT'LET,     I  n.    [The  last  syllable  is  from  the  'leii- 

GANT'LUPK,  (  tonic,  D.  loopen,  to  run.  The  first 
is  probably  fnun  gang,  a  passage.  The  German  has 
gassenlaafcr^  street-runner. J 

A  military  punishment  inflicted  on  cnmmals  for 
Bonie  heinous  offense.  It  is  executed  in  this  manner: 
Soldiers  are  arranged  in  two  rows,  face  to  face,  each 
armed  with  a  switch  or  instrument  of  punishment; 
between  these  n'ws,  the  otfender,  stripped  to  his 
waist,  is  compelled  to  pass  a  certain  number  of  times, 
and  each  man  gives  him  a  stroke.  A  similar  punish- 
ment is  used  on  board  of  ships.  Hence  this  word  is 
chiefly  used  in  the  phrase  to  run  Vie  gantlet,  or  gant- 
lope. Dnjfien.     Mar.  Diet. 

GAN'ZA,  n.     [Sp.  ganso,  a  goose.     See  Gandeb.] 

A  kind  of  wild  goose,  by  a  flock  of  which  a  virtu- 
oso was  fab[ed  to  be  carried  to  the  lunar  world. 

Jvknsoii.     Hadibras. 

GAOL,  n.  [Fr.  geOle  .*  Arm.  geol  or  jut :  W.  geol ;  Norm. 
geaule  ;  gcole,;  Sp.  joitlay  a  cage,  a  cell  ;  Port,  gaiola, 
Q».  Class  Gl,  No.  11,  3lj,  Ar.  As  the  pronunciation 
gole  accords  with  that  of  goal,  a  difl!"i-renl  word,  it 
would  be  convenient  to  write  this  word  uniformly 
Jail.] 

A  prison  ;  a  place  for  the  confinement  of  debtors 
and  criminals. 

GAOL,  V.  t     To  imprison  ;  to  confine  in  prison.  Bacon. 

GAOL'-DE-LIV'ER-Y,n.  A  judicial  process  for  clear- 
ing jails  of  criminals,  by  trial  and  condemnation  or 
acquittal. 

OaOL'ER,  71.  The  keeper  of  a  gaol  or  prisoner  j  a 
jailer. 

GAP,  n.  [See  Gape  and  Gab.  Gipsy,  geb,  Hindoo, 
gibahy  a  hole.] 

1.  An  opening  in  any  thing  made  by  breaking  or 
parting  ;  as,  a  gap  in  a  fence  or  wall. 

2.  A  breach. 


3.  Any  avenue  or  passage  ;  way  of  entrance  or  de- 
parture. Dry  den. 

4.  A  breach  ;  a  defect ;  a  flaw  ;  as,  a  gap  in  honor 
or  reputation.  SltaJ:,    Mure. 

5.  Any  opening,  interstice,  or  vacuity. 

A  Uiird  cnii  fill  ttic  gap  with  Inughin^.  Siei/t, 

6.  A  hiatus  ;  a  cliasm  ;  as,  a  gap  between  words. 

Pope. 
To  stop  a  gap  ;  to  secure  a  weak  point ;  to  repair  a 
defect. 

To  stand  in  the  gap ;  to  expose  one's  self  fur  the 
protection  of  something;   to  make  defense  against 
any  assailing  danger.     Kick.  xxii. 
GAPE,  (pronounced  gape  to  a  limited  extent  in  Eng- 
land,) V.  i      [Sux.  gcapan;  Sw.  gapa;  D.  gaapenj  G. 

gaffen;  Dan.  gabcr ;  Ar.  i^jLs.  jauAa,  to  split,  tear, 
or  cut  open.] 

1.  To  open  the  mouth  wide,  from  sleepiness,  drow- 


siness, or  dullness  ;  to  yawn. 
-    n\  ■  .    -      - 


Swift. 

2.  I'o  open  the  inoutli  for  food,  as  young  birds. 

Dnjden, 

3.  To  gape  for,  or  after;  to  desire  earnestly;  to 
crave ;  to  lo«jk  and  long  for  ;  as,  men  often  gape  af- 
ter court  favor. 

Tho  hungry  gravu  for  her  duo  tribute  gapet,  Dtnfiam. 

To  gape  at,  in  a  like  sense,  is  hardly  correct. 

4.  To  open  in  fissures  or  crevices ;  as,  a  gaping 
rock. 

Mr\7  thfit  gruund  gnpt  and  iwallow  me  &lin.  SkaJc. 

5.  To  have  a  hiatus ;  as,  one  vowel  gaping  on  on- 
other.  Dryden. 

6.  To  open  the  mouth  in  wonder  or  surprise  j  as, 
the  gnidng  fool ;  the  gaping  crowd. 

7.  To  utter  sound  with  op4;n  throat.     Roscommon. 
6.  To  opt!n  the  mouth  with  hope  or  expectation. 

Iludibras. 
9.  To  open  the  mouth  with  a  desire  to  injure  or 
devour. 

The;  bavc  gaped  upon  me  with  Itu-Lr  mouth.  —  Job  xvl. 
GAPE,  ».     A  gaping.  .Addison. 

2.  In  zodlogy,  the  width  of  the  mouth  when  opened, 
as  of  birds,  fishes,  &c. 

Tho  gapes;  a  disease  of  young  poultry,  attended 
with  much  gaping. 
GAP'ER,  n.     One  who  gapes  ;  a  yawncr. 

2.  One  who  ojicns  his  mouth  fur  woiidcrand  stares 
foolishly. 

3.  One  who  longs  or  craves,  CureiP. 

4.  A  fish  with  six  or  seven  bands  and  tail  undivid- 
ed. Pennant. 

GAP'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Opening  the  mouth  wide  from 
sleepiness,  dullness,  wonder,  or  admiration  ;  yawn- 
ing ;  opening  in  fissures  ;  craving. 
GAP'-TOOTII-^JD,  (lootht,)  a.      Having  interstices 

between  the  teeth.  Dryden. 

GAIl,  in  Saxon,  a  dart,  a  weapon  ;  as  in   Edgar,  or 
Eadgar,  a  happy  weaiwn  ;  Kthclgar,  noble  weapon. 
'  Gibson. 

This  maybe  the  Ch.  N^iUor  M'T^i,an  arrow,  a  dart; 
Sam.  an  arrow.] 
2.  Several  kinds  of  fish  are  known  by  thta  name. 


TONE,  BJTLL,  tlNl'J'E AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  a*  J ;  S  as  Z  j  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 

493^ 


GAR 

GAR,  r.  t.    To  cause  ;  to  mnkr.  Sptiuirr. 

GAR'A-GAY.  n.  A  rapacioiu  bird  of  Mexico,  of  the 
sixe  of  th*  kite.  Diet, 

OAR'AN-Cl.NK,  n.  An  extnirt  of  mnilder  by  means 
of  adiifauric  acid,  pKpnred  in  France.  Urf. 

GARB,*.  [Fr.  gmr^,  looks,  countenance;  lU  and  Sp. 
gmrh* ;  Nona,  fttrfo,  dollies,  draaa ;  Kuaa.  gtr*,  anna  j 
mmi  the  root  of  ^mt.  1 

1.  Dreaa ;  clothes ;  babit ;  aa,  tlw  ^«r*  of  a  clergy- 
man or  Judge. 
S.  Fa^ion,  or  mode  of  dress.  DotWm. 

3.  Exterior  appearance  ;  looks.  Shmk, 

4.  In  AeroMry,  a  sheaf  of  grain.    [Fr.  gtrU  i  Sp. 

GAR'BAGE.m.    [I  know  not  the  ccHnponent  parta  of 

this  word.] 
The  bowela  of  an  animal ;  reftiae  parta  «f  flaah } 

offlU.  SAdik.     Diwdim. 

6AR'BAG-£D,  «.    Stripped  of  the  bowela.    Skmrnttd, 
GXRB'ED,  a.     Dreewd  ;  habited. 
GAR'BEL,  «.  The  plank  next  the  keel  of  a  ship.  [See 

G  A  ftflo  *  ttfr-Sraa  A  K.  ] 
GAR'BI*E,  V.  L     [Sp.  g^rhiUar;  It.  cnArors,  crwdiart ; 

Fr.  erMtr ;  h.  enko^  erikelU,    Qu.  Ar.  \>>£  gnrba- 

la,  or  Ch.  S^-O,  Co  sift,  to  bolL    Claas  &b,  No«  30, 
34,46.] 

1.  fyppcHy,  to  sUt  or  bolt ;  to  separate  the  fine  or 
Taloable  parta  of  a  substance  from  the  coane  and 
i  parta,  or  tram  dro«  or  dirt ;   as,  to  garbU 


ft.  In  frmaU  «m^  ^^  pi^k  out  or  separate  such 
parts  from  a  wboR  an  may  aerre  a  purpuae  i  as,  to 

farUe  a  quotation.  D^/dmu    L»cke, 

R'BLfD,  ^  or  «.  Sifted ;  bolted ;  separated  ;  culled 
ovt,  to  aerve  a  porpoae ;  as,  a  gmrhUd  quotation. 
GAR'BLER,  a.    One  who  itarbfes,  sifts,  or  separates. 
A  gmriUr  of  ibices  is  an  odicer  oif  (reat  anliqui^  in 
London. 

S.  One  who  picks  out,  culls,  or  selecU,  to  lerre  a 
purpose,  as  in  making  qtiotatlona. 
GAR'BLES,  (-bla,)  a.  pL    The  dust,  aoO,  at  filth,  sev- 
ered fhrni  good  spices,  dni^,  &c.  Csrc 
GAR'BLINGfjvr.    Sifting;  sepaxntinf ;  sorting ;  cull- 
ing. 
GAR'BCARD,  a.    The  ^fcrAoard  WoaJL  in  a  akip,  is  the 
Ibst  plank  fastened  on  the  keel  on  Ibe  outside. 

BaiUf, 
Gsi  isai  rf  ifraat.  hi  a  «A^,  is  the   first  range  or 
streak  of  planka  laid  on  a  ship's  bottom  next  the 
keeL  TVusa. 

GAR'BOTL,  w.     [Old  Fr.  |wr«Milr  It.  gmrhmglioA 
Tumult ;  uproar.    [AV  aja^]  SlUk. 

GARD.    Sfc  Gc&ao  and  Wiao. 

GAR'  D/:N,  a.  [G.  garUit ;  W.  fortk ;  It.  fianluio ;  Sp. 
jantia ;  Fr.  id.;  Port,  mt^m;  Arm.  jarM,  jardin,  or 
gwdd.  The  first  sytlabte  is  the  Bajufimrd,  Goth. 
gmnUf  Kag.  yvid,  an  Ineloaed  plae«.  IIm  Saion  is 
eri^frtrd^  Dan.  itrUgwmrdj  Bw.  tfrUgw^y  wortyard,  an 
i'  ii'jrbs.     The  Irish  i?  ^otm/in, or ^parrAa; 

!  rikj  l^kcrtMs.  In  Slavonic,  ^parrf,  Russ. 

^^  s  a  town  or  city,  and  the  derivative  verb 

foriyo,  tu  incloae  with  a  bedgt*.  Ifence  Siuttgurd, 
WbV0grwdy  or  Mhnonrdui.  The  prininr>'  sense  ofgar- 
4nt  te  an  ineloaed  pl»ce,  and  inclusures  were  urigi- 
nally  made  with  hedges,  stakes,  or  palisades.  It  ia 
probable  that,  in  tiie  East,  and  in  Uie  pastoral  state, 
men  liad  little  or  nn  inclosed  land,  except  such  as 
was  fenced  for  the  protection  of  hertM  and  fruits,  and 
lurvtUaffss.    See  Coxe*s  i^Ms.  h.  4.J 

1.  A  piece  of  ground  a^^iropriated  to  the  cultiva- 
tioaof  bertw  or  plants,  fruitd  and  flowers,  usually 
near  a  mansion-house.  Land  appropriated  to  the 
laising  of  culinary  herbs  and  roots  for  domestic 
use,  is  oUlad  a  kitdu»-eardm ;  that  appropriated  to 
flowers  and  shrubs  is  called  ajbvcr-^urdeii ;  and  that 
to  fruits  is  called  a  Jrui^gardau  But  these  usee  are 
sometimes  blended. 

Si.  A  rich,  well-ciiltivaled  spnt  or  tract  of  co«nlr>' ; 
a  delightful  spot.  The  intervals  on  the  Uiver  Cun- 
neeticut  are  all  a  gardem.  Lumbardy  is  the  garden 
of  Italy. 

GAR'D£X,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  produced  in  a  garden, 

QAR'DiZN,  V.  t.  To  lay  out  or  tu  rultivaie  a  garden  \ 
to  prepare  ground,  to  plant  and  till  it,  for  the  purpose 
of  producing  plants,  shrttbs,  flowt^n,  and  fruits. 

GAR'D£N-£D,  pp.  Dressed  and  cultivaxed  as  a  gar- 
den. 

GAR'D£X-ER,  a.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  make, 
tend,  and  dress  a  garden. 

GAR'D£X-ING,  ppr.     Cultivating  or  tilling  a  garden. 

GAR'Di:\-I\G,  a.  The  art  of  laying  out  and  culli- 
vatine  card  ens  ;  horticulture.  Eneye. 

GARDEN-LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  a  garden.  Shdtey. 

GAR'DEX-MOLD,  a.  Mold,  or  rich,  mellow  earth, 
suitable  for  a  garden.  Mortimer. 

GAR'D/:X-PLOT,  a.  The  plot  or  plantation  of  a  gar- 
den. 

GAR'DEX-STUFF,  n.  Plants  growing  in  a  garden  ; 
ves^Iablps  for  the  table.     [•*  word  in  popular  UM.] 

GAR'DEX-TIL'LAGE,  a.  The  lUlagc  or  cultivation 
of  a  garden. 


GAR 

GAR'l)*-\-\VARE,  n.  The  produce  of  gardens.  (JW-t 
tM  u-xT.]  Mortimer. 

GAR'DON,*.    A  fish  of  the  f«ach  kind. 

GARE,  a.    Cooiae  wool  growing  on  Uie  li-gs  of  sheep. 

Diet. 

GAR'FISU,  I  n.    A  marine  fish.    In  .4ineTtra,the  mime 

GAR,  I     of  several   fishes  with  lunj;,  pointed, 

bony  snouts,  belonging  to  the  genera  Lepisosteiui  and 
Btlome.  Italdeman, 

GAR'GA-RISM,  «.  \\j.  gargitrismut  i  Gr.  j  up>a/ft^w, 
to  wash  the  mouth ;  allied  probably  to  gorge^  the 
throat.} 

A  garble  ;  any  liquid  preparation  used  to  wash  the 
mouui  and  throat,  tu  cure  intlamnialions  or  uIcitm, 
&c.  Kncyc. 

GAR'GA-RTZE,  r.  U  [Fr.  gargnnser ;  L.  gargariio  ,• 
Gr.  y«kp}noK(^tt>.^ 

To  wash  or  nnse  the  mouth  with  any  medicated 
liquor.  Bacon. 

GAR'GET,  a.  A  disease  in  the  udders  of  cows  \  also 
in  hoiA.  Farm.  Enrye. 

GAR'GiLjii.  A  distemper  in  geese,  which  stops  the 
head,  and  often  proves  fatal.  Kncvc 

GAR'Gl.E,  e.  t.  [Fr.  gargouiUery  to  paddle  or  dal'tble ; 
iL  gurgngUttrfj  to  murmur  ;  Eng.  to  gurgle}  D.  gor- 
geien ;  G.  gurgtln ;  allied  to  gorge^  gmrges.] 

I.  To  wash  the  throat  and   mouth  with  n  liquid 
preparation,  which  is  kept  from  descending  into  Uie 
stomach  by  a  gentle  expiratiuii  of  air. 
ft.  'i*o  warble i  to  play  in  the  throat,     [t/nnsval,] 

Halter. 

GAR'GLE,  a.  Any  liquid  preparation  for  washing  the 
mouth  and  throat.  ffun/wn. 

GAR'GLKD,;ip.    Washed,  as  the  throat, 

GAH'GLIXG,  ppr.     Washme,  as  the  throat. 

GAR'GLI.N'G,  n.  The  act  of  washing  Uie  throat  with 
a  garsle  or  liquid  preparation. 

GAR'GOL,  n.     A  distrm[»er  in  swine.  Mortimer, 

GAR'GOYLE,  a.     [Fr.  gargouilU.] 

The  spout  of  a  gutter,  incntient  buildingB^  frequent- 
ly representing  part  of  the  human  figure,  or  some  an- 
imal, with  the  wate^  issuing  from  the  mouth.  [  Obs.] 
It  is  also  spelt  GAauLa,  Gabovle,  Guroutle. 

GAR'ISH.    SeeGiiBisH.  {Olosf.  qf  Arch. 

GAR'LAND,  n,  [Fr.  ptirlande  ;  It.  gkirlanda  ;  Sp. 
gmirnmlda ;  Port,  grintuda  ;  Arm.  garlaiuei.  Thi^  word 
nas  been  referred  to  the  I^  gfmty  and  it  may  be  from 
the  same  root.  It  seems  to  denote  something  round 
or  twisted,  for  in  S[Kuiish  it  is  used  for  a  wreatii  of 
cordage  or  puddening.} 

1.  A  wreath  or  cliaplet  made  of  branches,  (lowers, 
feathers,  and  sometimes  of  precious  stones,  to  bo 
worn  on  the  head  like  a  crown.      Popr.    Encyc. 

S.  An  ornament  of  dowers,  fruits,  and  leaves,  in- 
termixed, anciently  used  at  the  gates  of  templets, 
where  feasts  and  solemn  rejoicings  were  held. 

OtcilU 

3.  The  top  ;  the  principal  thing,  or  thine  most 
prized.  lihak, 

4.  A  collection  of  little  printed  pieces.        Prraj. 

5.  In  akipsj  a  sort  of  bag,  of  network,  having  the 
mouth  extended  by  a  hoop,  used  by  sailors  to  keep 
provisions  in.  Totten. 

GAR'LAXD,  V.  (.     To  deck  with  a  garland.  B.  Jonson. 

GAR'LAND-ED,  pp.    Adorned  with  a  garland. 

GAR'LAXD-ING,  ppr.     Decking  with  a  garland. 

GAR'LAXD-LESS,  a.     Destitute  of  a  garland. 

GAR'LIG,  n.  [Sai.  garlec^  or  garleac;  gar^  a  dart  or 
lance,  in  Welsh  a  shank,  and  leac,  a  leek  ;  Ir.  gairli- 
og ;  W.  gartieg.  The  Germans  cull  it  knoblauek, 
knobleek  ;  D.  knofiook;  Gr.  itkoooSov.] 

A  plant,  of  the  genus  Allium,  having  a  bulbous 
root,  a  very  strong  smell,  and  an  acrid,  pungent  taste. 
Each  root  is  composed  of  several  lesser  bulbs,  called 
cloves  of  garlic,  inclosed  in  a  coimuon  membranous 
coat,  and  easily  separable.  Encyc 

GAR'Lie-EAT'ER,n.     A  low  fellow.  Skak. 

GAR'LICK-V,  a.    Like  or  containing  garlic 

GAR'Ll€-PEAR-TREE,  n.  A  Uee  in  Jamaica,  the 
Cr^eva,  bearing  a  fruit  which  baa  a  strong  scent  uf 
garlic.  Miller. 

GAR'MENT,  p.  [Norm,  gamament;  Old  Tx.  guarni- 
ment;  It.  guamimento,  furniture,  ornament;  from  the 
root  of  garnish^  and  denoting  what  is  put  on  or  fur- 
nished.] 

Any  article  of  clothing,  as  a  coat,  a  gown,  &.c. 
OarmentSj  in  the  plural,  denotes  clothing  in  general 


No  man  puttetb  a  piece  of  new  cloth  to  an  oM  gamvent.- 
MuU.ix. 

GARDNER,  n.     [Fr.  grenier;  Ir.  gttmeal;  Norm,  guer- 

m(T,  gamier.     See  Grain.] 

A  granary  ;  a  building  or  place  where  grain  is  stored 
for  preservation. 

GAR'XER,  r.  u    To  store  in  a  granary.  Shak. 

GAR'NER-£D,  p;».    Deposited  in  a  garner. 

GAR'XER-LNG,  7»pr.     Storing  in  a  garner. 

GAR'XET,  n.  [It.  grauato  ;  Fr.  grenat;  Sp.  granate ; 
L.  granatusj  from  granum,  or  granatum,  the  pome- 
granate.] 

1.  A  mineral,  usually  occurring  in  symmetrical, 
twelve-sided  crystals*,  (dodecahedrons,)  of  a  deep-red 
color.  There  are  also  green,  yellow,  brown,  and  black 


GAR 

vitrieties.  It  consists  of  silica,  alumina,  and  lime, 
with  more  or  less  uxyd  of  iron  or  manganese.  When 
transparent,  it  is  called  precious  garnet,  m\d  is  used 
OS  a  gem.  Other  varictiea  are,  mdanitt,  grossular, 
allochroii,  eolophonite,  I'he  last-mentioned  has  an 
emenild-green  color.  Garnet  is  a  very  common  min- 
eral iti  gneiss  and  mica>slate.  It  is  the  carbuncle  of 
the  ancients.  Dana. 

S.  In  ships,  a  sort  of  tackle  fixed  to  the  mainstay, 
nnd  used  to  hoist  in  and  out  the  cargo.  Totten. 

GAR'NISII,  r.  t.  [Fr.  gamir ;  Arm.  goami^a;  Sp. 
guamecer  i  It.  guarnirt,  gufmire  ;  Norm,  gamer, 
garnishrr,  to  warn,  to  summon.  TJje  latter  sense  is 
Htitl  used  in  law  language  ;  nnd  it  would  seem  tlial 
warn  and  garnish  are  from  the  same  root,  fur  warn, 
written  in  the  Celtic  manner,  would  be  guarn.]  ' 

1.  To  adorn  ;  to  decorate  with  appendages  ;  to  set 
off. 

All  tviiliin  wiUi  flowers  wai  gamiihtd.  Sptnter. 

ft.  In   cookery,  to  embellish  with  something  laid 
round  a  dii«h.  Sinart. 

3.  To  fit  with  fetters  ;  a  cant  term, 

4.  'i'o  furnish  ;  to  supply  ;  as,  a  fort  garnished  with 
tro<jps. 

5.  In  lauf,  to  warn  ;  to  give  notice.      [See  GiB- 


:(ISHEE.] 

iR'MSfl, 


GXR'MSfl.  B.     Ornament  J  something  added  for  em- 
bellishment ;  decoration. 


Mntlpr  nml  firure  they  produce ; 
For  gartiiaK  Uita,  Aiid  tliat  for  uae. 


Prior. 


S.  In  cookery,  something  round  a  dish  as  an  embel- 
lishment. Smart. 

3.  In  jaiU,  fetters  ;  a  cant  term. 

4.  Pensiuncala  carceraria ;  an  entrance-fee  demand- 
ed by  the  old  prisoners  of  one  Just  committed  to  jail. 

OrosC. 

GAR'MSri-/:D,  (gilr'nisht,)  pp.  Adorned  j  decora- 
ted ;  embellished. 

2.  Furnished. 

3.  Warnt^d  ;  notified. 

G.XR-NISH-EE',  n.  In  Mw,  one  In  whose  hands  the 
pro|»erIy  of  an  absconding  or  absent  debtor  is  at- 
tached, who  is  warned  or  notified  of  the  demand  or 
suit,  and  who  may  appear  and  defend  in  the  suit,  in 
the  place  of  the  princijml.    Bouvier.     Stat,  of  Conn. 

GAR'XI:3lI  IXG,  iu  That  which  garnishes;  orna- 
ment. 

GAR'NISH-ING,  ppr.  Adorning;  decorating;  warn 
ins. 

GAU'NISH-MENT,  n.    Ornament ;  embellishment. 

2.  Warning;  legal  notice  to  the  agent  or  attorney 
of  an  absconding  debtor,  to  appear  and  give  infor- 
mation to  the  court. 

3.  A  fee. 

GAR'XI-TITRR,  n.  Ornamental  appendages;  embel- 
lishment ;  furniture  j  dress.    Addison.   Bcaltie.    Qray. 

GA'ROUS,  a.     [L.  garum,  pickle.] 

Pertaining  to  garum;  resembling  pickle  made  of 
fitih.  Brown. 

GAR'RAN,  Jn.     [Ir.  garran  ;  Scot,  garron;   G.  gur~ 

GAR'ROX,  \      re] 

A  small  horse  ;  a  highland  horse ;  a  hack  ;  a  jade ; 
a  galloway.     [JVot  tuied  in  America.}  Temple.. 

GAR'RET,  n.  [Scot,^arr«(,  a  watch-tower,  the  top 
of  a  hill ;  garritoar,  a  watchman  on  the  battlements 
of  a  castle  ;  Fr.  gaerUe,  a  senlinel-btfx  ;  Sp.  guardil- 
la ;  Arm.  garid;  from  the  root  of  ward,  guard,  which 
see.} 

1.  That  part  of  a  house  which  is  on  the  upper 
floor,  immediately  under  the  roof. 

2.  Rotten  wood.  [Ao(  in  use.]  Bacon, 
GAR'RET-ED,  a.  Protected  by  turrets.  Carcw. 
GAR-RET-EER.',  n.  An  inhabitant  of  a  garret ;  a  poor 

author. 
GAR'RI-SON,  n.  [Fr.  gamison ;  Arm.  goamison ;  Sp. 
guaraicon,  a  garrison,  a  flounce,  furbelow,  or  trim- 
ming, the  setting  of  any  thing  in  gold  or  silver,  the 
guard  of  a  sword,  garniture,  ornament ;  It.  guemigi- 
one;  Port,  guarni^am;  D.  waarison.  The  French, 
English,  Armoric,  Spanish,  and  Italian  words  are 
from  garnish  ;  the  Dutch  is  from  waaren,  to  keep,  to 
guard,  Eng.  warren,  and  from  this  root  wc  have  icar- 
rant  and  guaranty,  as  well  as  guard  and  regard,  all 
from  one  source.     See  Warben.] 

1.  A  body  of  troops  stationed  m  a  fort  or  fortified 
town,  to  defend  it  against  an  enemy,  or  to  keep  tlie 
inhabitants  in  subjection. 

2.  A  fort,  castle,  or  fortified  town,  fiirnished  with 
troops  to  defend  it,  tValter. 

3.  The  state  of  being  placed  in  a  fortification  for 
its  defense  ;  as,  troops  laid  in  garrison.         Spenser. 

4.  It  is  sometimes  synonymous  with  winter  quar- 
ters. Brande. 

GAR'RI-SON,  r.  (.     To  place  troops  in  a  fortress  for 

its  defense ;  to  furnish  with  soldiers;  as,  to  garrison 

a  fort  or  town. 
2.  To  secure  or  defend  by  fortresses  manned  with 

troops  ;  as,  to  garrison  a  conquered  ter'ilorj'. 
GAR'RI-SOX-£D, pi>.     Furnished  with  troops  in  afurt 

for  difrnse. 
GAR'KI-SOX-IXG,  ;»/n-.    Furnishing  with  troops  in  a 

fortress  fur  defense. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIL\T.— MeTE,  PREY.  — FIXE,  MARKXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BQOK.- 


GAS 

QJiR-ROTE\  n,  [3p.]  A  mode  of  punUiiment  in 
Spain,  by  strangulation,  the  victim  being  placed 
on  a  stuul  with  a  pust  behind,  tu  which  is  atlixed 
an  iron  collar  with  a  screw  j  this  collar  is  made  to 
clasp  the  neck  of  the  criminal,  and  drawn  tighter 
by  means  of  Che  screw,  until  lifu  becomes  extinct. 

Borrow. 
GAR-RO'LI-TY,  ««     [L.  garruUtas,  from   earrio,  to 

prate;    Gr.  ^aot'oi,   yi/ovio;   It.  gairim;    VV.  gair,  a 

word.     Class  Gr,  No.  2,  9, 15,  49.] 
Talkativeness  ;  loquacity  ;  the  practice  or  habit  of 

talking  much  ;  a  babbling  or  tattling.  Ray. 

GAK'UU-LOUS,  a.     Talkative  ;  prating ;  as,  ^arridous 

old  age.  Thomson. 

•AR'RU-LOUS-LY,  adr.     In  a  talkative  manner. 
GAR'TER,Ti-     [Fr.jarretiere^  from  W.  gar.  Ami.  garry 

the  leg,  ham,  or  shank.] 

1.  A  string  or  band  used  to  tie  a  stocking  to  the 
leg. 

2.  The  badge  of  the  hiphest  order  of  knighthood, 
in  Great  Britain,  called  tJie  order  of  t'te  garter^  insti- 
tuted by  Edward  IK.  This  order  is  a  college  or  cor- 
poration.    Hence,  also,  the  order  itself. 

3.  The  principal  king  at  arms.  Johnsoit. 

4.  A  term  iu  keratdrtfj  signifying  the  half  of  a 
bfnd.  Kncyc. 

GAR'TER,  r.  t.    To  bind  with  a  garter. 

2.  To  invest  with  ihe  ordi-r  of  the  garter.    Warton. 
GXR'TER-£D,  pp.     Bound  with  a  garter. 
GAR'TER-FISli,   n.     A  fish  having  a  long,  depressed 
btxiy,  like  the  blade  of  a  sword  ;  the  Lepidopus. 

Did.  of  AfiL  HisL 
GXR'TER-TNG,  ppr.    Tying  with  a  garter. 
GAR'TER-SNAKE,  n.     Tlie  sthi>cd  snake,  acommon 
American  serpent,  the  Coluber  SirtalLsy  not  ptiisonous. 

Jlncijc.  Am. 
GARTH,  n.     [\V.  garz.     See  Garde-^.] 

1.  A  dam  or  wear  for  catching  tish. 

2.  A  close;  a  little  backside ;  a  yard  j  a  croft ;  a 
garden.     [A«(  ujied,] 

GA'RUM,  n.  A  sauce,  much  prized  by  the  ancients, 
made  of  the  pickled  gills,  or  other  preparations,  of 
fishes. 

GA.S,  M.  [Sax.  gasi,  G.  geist,  D.  gefJd^  spirit,  ghost. 
The  primary  sense  of  air,  wind,  spirit,  is,  to  flow,  to 
ruAh.  Hence,  this  word  may  be  allied  to  Ir.  gaisim, 
to  flow  ;  giutaim,  to  sl|i>ot  forth,  to  gusk;  gast,  a  bla»t 
ot' wind.  It  may  also  be  allied  to  yeast,  which  see.] 
in  chemhtnj,  a  permanently  elastic,  aeriform  fiuia, 
or  a  sub.stance  reduced  to  Uie  state  of  an  aeriform 
fluid  by  iu  p;.Tmanent  combination  with  caloric. 

Gases  are  Invisible  except  when  colored,  which 
happens  in  a  few  instances. 

GAS'eoX,  n.    A  native  of  Gascony,  in  France. 

GAS-€OX-ADE',  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gascon^  an  inhabitant 
of  Gasfony,  the  people  uf  which  are  noted  fur  boast- 
ing.] 

A  boast  or  boasting;  a  vaunt ;  a  bravado  ;  a  brag- 
ging. Sicift. 

GAd-€OX-ADE',  r.  t.  To  boast ;  to  brag ;  to  vaunt ; 
to  l)lu»-ter. 

GAS-€0\-AD'ER,  n.     A  great  boaster. 

GAS'E-OUS,  a.  In  the  form  of  gas  or  an  aeriform 
fluid. 

GASH,  n.  [I  know  not  through  what  channel  we 
have  received  this  word.  It  may  be  allied  to  c/iiseL 
8ee  Class  Gs,  No.  5,  6,  12,  28.] 

A  deep  and  long  cut ;  an  incision  of  considerable 
length,  particularly  in  flei^h.  Milton. 

GA^SII,  T.  L  To  make  s  gash,  or  long,  deep  incision  j 
Bpiihed  chiefly  tu  incisions  in  flesh. 

GA."^1I'/.'I),  (gasht,)  pp.  Cut  with  a  bmg,  d*;ep  incision. 

GASlI'KIjL,  a.     F'ull  of  gashes  ;  hideous. 

GASH'l.N'G,  ppr.     Cutting  long,  deep  incisions. 

GAS'-HOLI)  ER,  n.  A  vessel  fur  containing  and  pre- 
serving gas  ;  a  gasometer.  Ure. 

GA.S-[  FieA'TION,  n.  [See  Gabify.]  The  act  or 
prf»ceas  of  convertmg  into  gas.      ^ 

(i AS' I' 11- ED,  pp.    Cor.vt-rted  into  an  adrif<»nn  fluid. 

GAS'l-F?,  r.  t.     [gas  and  L.  faeio,  to  make.] 

Toconvi^rt  into  gas  or  an  aerifurm'fluid,  by  combi- 
nation with  caloric 

GArf'I-F?-ING,  ppr.     Converting  into  gas. 

GAS'KET,  71.     [Sp.  cnxeta.     See  C*»e.] 

A  flat,  plaited  cord  fastened  to  Ihe  sail-yard  of  a 
ship,  and  ust;d  to  furl  or  tie  the  sail  to  the  yard  ;  also, 
the  patted  hemp  ust;d  ft)r  packing  the  piston  of  the 
stf*nm-engine  and  its  purrips.  Brandt, 

GAS'KINS,  n.  p/.  Gallig:u^kins  ;  wide,  open  hose.  [See 

GAM.inASKtNS.]  SliOk. 

GAS'-LIGHT,  f-Iite,)  ».  Light  produced  by  the  com- 
bustion of  rarmireted-hydrngen  gas.  Gas-lights  are 
nxw  suhsiiiiii'-d  for  oil-lights,  in  illuminating  streets 
and  apnriments  in  houses. 
GAS'ME-TER,  n.  {gn.i  and  meter.]  A  machine  at- 
tai'lied  to  gaii-ivorks  and  to  gas-ptpt^s,  to  show  the  ex- 
n't  rpinritity  u<ted.  Ualdeman. 

GA*  OM'E  TER,  «.     [eas  and  Gr.  ptrptv.] 

In  r.h/i/ni^trtfy  an  in«truinent  or  apparatus,  intended 
to  measure,  collect,  preserve,  or  mix,  diflerent  gases. 

Coze. 
An  miitniment  for  measuring  thn  quantity  of  gas 
employed   In  an  experiment ;  also,  the  plare  where 
gas  IS  prepared  for  lighting  streets.     R.  S.  Jumcioa. 


GAT 

GAS-OSI'E-1'RY,  n.  The  science,  art,  or  practice,  of 
measuring  gases.  It  teaches,  also,  the  nature  and 
properties  of  these  elastic  fluids.  Caxe* 

GASP,  c.  i.  [£w.  gispa,  Dan.  gisptr,  to  gape,  to 
yawn.) 

1.  To  open  the  mouth  wide  in  catching  the  breath, 
or  in  laborious  respiration,  particularly  in  dying. 

Addison. 

2.  To  long  for,     [JVot  in  use.] 

GASP,  V.  t.  To  emit  breath  by  opening  wide  the 
mouth. 

And  wilh  short  ioha  he  gatpt  awny  bi»  breath.  Dryden. 

GASP,  n.  The  act  of  openmg  the  mouth  to  catch  the 
breath. 

2.  The  short  catch  of  the  breath  in  the  agonies  of 
death.  Addison. 

GASP'KD,  (gaspt,)  pp.  of  Gasp. 

GASP'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Opening  the  mouth  wide  for 
catching  the  breath. 

GASP'ING,   n.    The  opening  of  the  mouth  to  catch 
breatli. 
2.  Figaratirely,  strong  aspiration  or  desire. 

GAS'S  V,  a.  Full  of  gas  ;  hence,  inflated  ;  exhilarated. 
[Colloquial.] 

GAST,         iv.t.    To  make  aghast ;  to  frighten.  [JVot 

GAST'ER,  i      used.]  S/iak. 

GAST'NESS,  n.    Amazement:  fright.     [J^ot  used.] 

SfmJc. 

GAS'TRI€,  a.  [from  Gr.  yas-ijpt  the  belly  or  stom- 
ach.] 

Belonging  to  the  belly,  or  rather  to  the  stomach. 
The  gastric  juice,  or  liquor,  is  a  thin,  pellucid  fluid, 
pniduced  by  a  fieculiar  set  of  secretories  in  the  mu- 
cous membrane  of  the  stomach.  It  is  one  of  the 
agents  in  digestion.  Tuily. 

GAS-TllIL'O-aUIST,  n.  [Gr.  j  arflp,  belly,  and  L. 
loqaor,  to  speak.] 

Literally,  one  who  speaks  from  bis  belly  or  stom- 
ach; hence,  one  who  so  modifies  his  voice  that  it 
seems  to  come  from  anotlier  person  or  place.  Rcid, 

GAS-TRIL'O-aUY,  n.  A  speaking  that  appears  to 
proceed  from  the  belly. 

GAS-TRI'TIS,  n.  Chronic  inflammation  of  the  stom- 
ach. 

GAS'TRO-CkLE,  n.    [Gr.  yarn?,  the  stomach,  and 
KT\\>],  a  tumor.] 
A  hernia  of  the  stomach. 

GAS-TROL'O-GY,  n.     A  treatise  on  the  stomach. 

GAS'TRO-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  j  unp,  belly,  and  pav- 
reia,  divination.] 

1.  A  kind  of  divination,  among  the  ancients,  by 
means  of  words  seeming  to  be  uttered  from  the 
belly.  Brande. 

2.  Also,  a  species  of  divination  by  means  of  glasses 
or  other  round,  transparent  vessels,  in  the  center  of 
which  figures  appear  by  magic  art.  Brande. 

GAS''I'RO-No.\IE,      {  H.   One  who  loves  good  living; 

GASTRU\'0-MER,  \      an  epicure. 

G.\.S-TitO-NOM'l€,  a.     Pertaining  to  gastronomy. 

GAS-TRON'O-.MIST,  n.     One  who  likes  good  living. 

G.-VS-TRON'O-MY,  n.     \Gx.  j  arp^yi--] 
The  art  or  science  ot  good  eating. 

GAS'TRO-POD,  n.  [Gr.  >tis-'ip,  the  stomach,  and 
X  'fi(i,  f».*et.] 

An  animal  which  moves  by  a  fleshy  apparatus  un- 
der the  belly,  or  that  has  tiie  belly  and  foot  joined, 
as  in  the  slugs  Liinax  or  naked  snails.  BelL 

OAS-TROP'OU-OL'S,  a.  Having  the  belly  and  foot 
Jointed. 

GAS-TROR'A-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  jarfJp,  belly,  and  l)a(},ta, 
a  sowing  or  suture,] 

The  operation  of  sewing  up  wounds  of  the  abdo- 
men. Qiitncy. 

GA&-TROT'0-MY,  n.  [Gr.  yiirup,  belly,  and  rtpuoj, 
to  cut.] 

The  operation  of  cutting  into  or  opening  the  abdo- 
men. Kaeijc. 

GA.S'-VV'ORK.'',  n.  pL    A  place  where  gas  is  gmorated 

GAT,  preL  of  Get.  [for  lighting  cities. 

GATE,  ;i.  [Sax.  gate,  geat ',  Ir.  geata  i  Scut,  goit,  'i'he 
Goth,  gatwo,  Dan.  gade,  Sw.  gala,  (i.  gasse,  Sans. 
gttut,  is  a  way  or  streeL  In  li.  gat  is  a  gap  or 
channel.  If  the  radical  letters  are  Gd,  or  Gt,  it 
may  be  connected  with  gad,  to  go,  as  it  signifies 
a  [Kissage.  ] 

1.  A  large  door  which  gives  entrance  into  a  walled 
city,  a  castle,  a  temple,  p:iJace,  or  other  large  edifice. 
It  ditlers  from  door  chiefly  in  being  larger.  Oale  sig- 
nifies both  the  opf^ning  or  passage,  and  the  frame  of 
boards,  planks,  or  timber,  which  closes  the  passage. 

2.  A  frame  of  timber,  iron,  &c.,  which  opens  or 
closes  a  passage  into  any  court,  garden,  or  other  in- 
closed ground  ;  also,  the  passage. 

3.  Tlie  frame  which  shuts  or  stops  the  passage  of 
water  through  a  dam,  lock,  &c. 

4.  An  avenue;  an  opening  ;  a  way.        Knolhis. 
In  Scripture,  fifftiratioely,  power,  dominion.   "  Thy 

sei'd  shall  posseHs  ijie  gate  of  his  enemies  ;  "  that  is, 
towns  and  fortros-n-s.     Gen.  xxii. 

TUa  gates  of  kell,  i\te  the  |K>wer  and  dominion  of 
the  devil  and  hi«  tnstnimitnts.     Matt.  xvi. 

The  gates  of  death,  are  the  brink  of  the  grave. 
Ps.  ix. 


GAU 

GaT'ED,  a.    Having  gates.  Young 

GATE'LESS,  a.     Having  no  gate. 

GATE'-VBIN,  (vane,)  n.  The  vena  porta,  a  larg#« 
vein  which  conveys  the  blood  from  the  abdominal 
viscera  into  the  liver.  Bacon.    Hooper. 

GATE'WAY,  m.  A  way  through  the  gate  of  some  in- 
closure.  Mortimer. 

2.  A  structure  to  be  passed  at  the  entrance  of  the 
area  before  a  mansion.  Chalmers. 

GATH'ER,  v.  i.  [8a.x.  gaderian,  or  gatherian  ;  D.  gn- 
deren.  I  know  not  whether  the  first  syllable  is  a 
prefix  or  not.  The  Ch^  "nj  signifies,  to  iinbMie,  and 
Xo  gaVier  dates.  If  the  elements  are  primarily  Gd, 
the  word  coincides  with  G.  gatteni,  Ch.  ^iN,  to 
gather,  to  bind. J 

1.  To  bring  tQgelher ;  to  collect  a  number  of  sepa- 
rate things  into  one  place  or  into  one  aggregate  body. 

Oather  efinea  j  and  they  took  atont'3,  and  moitc  a  heap.  — Gen. 
xxxi. 

2.  To  get  in  harvest ;  to  reap  or  cut  and  bring  into 
barns  or  stores.     LevU.  xxv.  20. 

3.  To  pick  up ;  to  glean ;  to  get  in  small  parcels 

and  bring  together. 

Galhgr  out  Ihp  elonra.  —  Is.  Ixii. 

lie  iTHul  gather  up  monry  by  dcgrceB.  Locke. 

4.  To  pluck ;  to  collect  by  cropping,  picking,  or 

plucking. 

Do  men  gather  ^npea  from  tboriit,  or  figs  from  thiatles  ?  —  Mntt. 
vii. 

5.  To  assemble;  to  congregate  ;  to  bring  persons 
into  one  place.     Ezek.  xxii.  10. 

6.  To  collect  in  abundance ;  to  accumulate ;  to 


I  gathered  m«  kIbd  lilrer  and  j^Id,  and  the  pMuliar  tn>(uur«  of 
kings.  —  Ecdcs.  il, 

7.  To  select  and  take ;  to  separate  IVom  others  and 
bring  together. 

Sj.7e  ua,  0   Lord  our  God,   and  gather  us  from   among  the 
hciitiicii.  —  P*.  cvi. 

8.  To  sweep  together. 

The  kingiloni  of  hcnrpti  is  like  a  nH  that  wtu  cast  inlo  the  lea, 
and  gathered  of  ever^-  kind.  —  Mult.  xiii. 

9.  To  bring  into  one  body  or  interest. 

Yft  will  I  gather  othcn  to  him.  —  Is.  Ivt 

10.  To  draw  together  from  a  state  of  expansion  or 
dill'usion ;  to  contract. 


Gathering  Wis  dov/'mg  robe,  he  Bwmed  to  atand 
la  ttct  to  HpeuJt,  and  ^luceful  sUvtched  hit  haud. 


Pope. 
Dryden. 


11.  To  gaiu. 

lie  gfiQierg  g^round  upon  her  iu  the  chaM. 

1'3.  To  pucker  ;  to  plait. 

13.  To  deduce  by  inference  ;  to  collect  or  learn  by 
reasoning.  From  what  I  hear  I  gatJier  tliat  he  was 
present. 

Aflpr  lie  had  leen  the  vlaioD,  immediat'^ly  we  endmivorpd  to  gfo 
into  Mac«donm,  asaiircdly  gathering  that  Uic  Lord  liad 
cntlcfl  lis  to  prMicli  the  ffo«iiel  lo  them.  —  AcU  xvi. 

14.  To  coil,  as  a  serpent. 

To  gather  breath  :  to  have  respite.    [Obs.]  Spm.-ier. 
G.ATH'ER,   V.  i.     To  collect;  to  unite;  to  increase; 
to  be  condensed.    The  clouds  gather  in  the  west. 

2.  To  increase  ;  to  grow  larger  by  accretion  of  like 
matter. 

Tlieir  inow-ball  did  not  gather  ai  it  went.  Bacon. 

3.  To  assemble.    The  people  gather  fhst. 

4.  To  generate  pus  or  matttr.     [See  Gatherijco.] 
GATH'ER,  n.    A  plait  or  fold  in  cloth,  made  by  draw- 
ing. 

GAT H'ER-A-BLK,  a.    That  may  be  collected  ;  that 
may  be  deduced.     [Unusual.]  GodtBin, 

GATH'ER-A'l),  pp.  or  a.     Collected  ;  assembled;  con- 
tracted ,  plnited  ;  drawn  by  inference. 

GATH'ER  ER,   n.     One  who  gathers  or  collects;  one 
who  gets  in  a  crop. 

GATH'ER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Collecting;   assembling; 
dra^ving  together;  plaiting;  wrinkling. 

GATIl'Eit-ING,  n.    The  act  of  collecting  or  assem- 
bling. 
9.  ColWtion ;  a  crowd  ;  an  assembly. 

3.  Charitable  contribution.     1  Cor.  xvi. 

4.  A  tumor  suppurated  or  maturated;  a  collection 
of  pus  ;  an  abscess. 

GAT'TER-TREE,  n.     A  species  of  Comus  or  Come- 

lian  cherry.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

GAT'-ToOTII-iCD,  C-tootht  )   a. ,  Goat-tiwthed  ;  hav- 
ing a  lickerish  t{joth  ;  lustful,     [Obs.]         Chaucer, 
GAUD,  V.  i.     [h.  gaudeo,  to  rejoice.] 

To  exult ;  to  rejoice.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

GAUD,  n.     [L.  gaudium.] 

An  ornament;  something  worn  for  adorning  the 
person  ;  a  fine  thing.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

G^UD'ED,  o.  Adorned  with  trinkets  ;  colored.  [Obs.] 

Chaurrr.      Shak. 
GAUD'ER-Y,  71.     Finery  ;  fine  things  ;  ornaments. 
Bacon.     I>njdcn. 
GAUn'Fj;ri,  a.    Joyful;  showy. 
GAUD'I-LY,  adv.    Showily;  with  ostentation  of  fine 

dress.  ChitArie. 

GAUD'I-NESS,  n.    Sbowineaa  ;  tinsel  appranince  ; 

ostentatious  finery.  Whitlvck. 


TOr<K,  B;;LL,  ignite.  — an  "GER,  VI"CI0UH €  as  K;  6  BS  J;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  'i"H  as  in  THUS, 


my  pv 


GAV 

G^UiyLGSS,a.     Destitute  of  orn.-uncnL 
G^^UD'V,  «.    Showy  ;  splendid  :  g:vy. 

A  nkUadidm  1  MV,  with  fSMite  piUa 

OTpiiiiwt  phMW.  i>yilm. 

fi:  Ostentntlonsly  floe ;  gay  b^ond  the  simplicity 
oT  nature  or  good  taste. 

Costljr  Ihj  b»Ut  M  Ihr  purae  un  biir. 

But  tM.  expraawd  tu  bncjr ;  ricb,  uoc  gwtAf.  ShaJt. 

G AUD' Y,  n,    A  feast  or  fesli>'al  j  «  ici»^  i*  tke  uMiver- 

GACF'FER-ING,  n.  A  nwrfe  of  plaitinR  or  fluting 
ifxiUs,  &C.,  in  whicli  the  plaits  arc  wider  Uian  usual. 
Emcfc  lif  Dam.  Ec«n. 
G2UCK,  (irSje,)  r.  (.  \Tt.  jau^rr^  to  gage  ;  jaitgt^  a 
ineaduring-n>d  ;  Ann.  Mxja,  orhiHcAi,  tu  gage  j  jaucA,. 
a  rod.  It  is  supposed  by  J.  Thcunson,  that  this  is 
contracted  from  jaai^tt  Ihim  gauU, «  rod  ur  pole. 
Bulqu.] 

I.  To  BMamre  or  to  ucertain  thf^  contants  of  a 
csak  or  toimL  as  a  pipe,  puncheon,  boghead,  bar- 
rel, Ueree,  or  keg. 
&  TO  measure  In  respect  to  {vc^ioitioa. 

TV  f«iiu  tueely  t—»t^  OB  cwh  «i1b.  Dtrltam. 

GXUOE,  (g^,)  «>  A  measure;  a  standard  of  meas- 
ure.* MOJOH. 

5.  Measure;  dimensions.  Burke, 

3.  Tbe  number  of  feet  which  a  ship  sinks  in  the 
water. 

4.  Amonff  tttUr-fimnders^  a  pieci*  of  hard  wood  va- 
riously notched,  used  to  adjust  the  dimensions,  slopes, 
&c,  of  the  various  sorts  of  letters. 

6.  An  instrument.  In  wiaery,  made  to  strike  a  line 
parallel  to  theMraight  side  uf  a  board. 

Aai*-f*>^  •'   BO  instrument   for  measuring  the 
quantity  or  water  which  falls  from  the  clouds  at 
given  pitoa. 

'gmtgt ;  an  instrument  for  finding  the  depth  of 
tbeaea. 

fiUAif^aa^ ;  a  tool  used  by  mathematiral  instru- 
ment makers,  for  measuring  and  setting  otTdtstances, 
TSdt-gmufa;   an  instrument  fur  determining  the 
Idgbt  or  the  lidp& 

ffatd-fmuft ;    an  instrument  for  measuring  the 
force  of  the  wind  on  any  given  surface. 
[See  also  Gacb.] 
GXuCrE'A-BLE,  4.  That  may  be  i^ged  or  measured. 
GXVC'ED^  (^jd,)  »*•    Measured. 
GAITt^'ES,  a.     One  who  gauges;  an  officer  whose 

business  is  to  ascertain  tbe  contents  of  casks. 
GXUti'LN'G,  ppr.    Measuring  a  cask  ;  ascertaining  dl- 

ment^ions  or  proportions  of  quantity. 
GACCi'I.NC,  s.    Tbe  art  of  measuring  the  contents  or 

caparlttes  of  vesstrls  of  any  form.  Ed.  £i<«yc 

GAUCING-ROD,  n.    An  muniment  to  be  used  in 

nuasuring  the  contents  of  casks  or  vessels. 
G^UL,  a.     [L.  Ooilta.] 

A  name  of  ancient  Prance ;  also,  an  inhabitant  of 
GauL 
GAUL'ISH,  a.  Pertaining  to  ancient  Fnmce  or  Gaul. 
GJ^VUT^  tu  A  provincial  name,  in  the  ea^  uf  £i)g- 
nnd,  fur  a  series  of  beds  of  clay  and  marl,  the  geo- 
logical position  of  which  is  between  the  upper  and 
k>werjrref»n«aarf.  Lj/dL 

GkUST,  (gSnt,)  c.  [The  origin  is  uncertain.  Uu. 
Sax.  ftvoaiaa,  loaasaa,  to  wane.  In  W.  gwan  is 
weak,  poor.] 

Vacant ;  hollow  ;  empty,  as  an  animal  after  long 
fiistin|; ;  hence,  leiui ;  meager  ;  thin  ;  slender.  Shak. 
GAU.NT'LET,  a.     (Fr.  ganteUt,  fiota  ^oiU,  a  glove; 
lU  giiAtOo  i  u.  want ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  vante.  a  glove.] 

A  large,  iron  gluve,  with  fingers  covered  with  small 
iriates,  furmerty  wum  by  cavaliers,  armed  at  all 
points, 

n  limo  tJu  gaxm&et,  is  to  challenge ;  and 
To  take  up  Ou  gamuUrt,  is  to  accept  the  challenge. 
GXCNT'LET-ED,  a.    Wearing  a  gauntlet. 
GAUXT'LV,  giani'ly,)  adr.    Leanly  ;  meageriy. 
GAUZB,  a.    ^p.  gasa ;  Fr.  gaze  ;  Arm.  gauit.     Qu. 
lb  gmuape^  or  go*M^itm.] 

A  very  thin,  sligfat,  transparent  staff,  of  silk  or 
linen.  E*eyc. 

GAUZE'-LOOM,  ■.    A  loom  in  which  gauze  is  wove. 
GAL'Z'V,  a.     Like  gauze  ,  thin  as  gauze. 
GXVE,  ^e<.of  GiTE. 
GAVEL,  a.    In  iav,  tribute  ;  toll ;  cuatom.    [See  Ga- 

UKU] 

GAVEL,  a.  [Tr.javfUei  Port  gavela^  a  sheaf ;  W. 
gaixuiy  a  hold  or  ^rusp.] 

1.  A  small  parcel  of  wheat,  rye,  or  other  grain, 
laid  together  by  reapers,  consisting  of  two,  tlirt-e,  or 
more  handfuls.  Jfeie  England, 

2.  In  EMgtiutd,  a  provincial  word  for  ground. 

Eng.DicL 
GAVEL,  for  Gablb,  or  Gable-End.  [See  Gable.] 
GAV'EL-ET,  n.  .An  ancient  and  special  e«*<«!i/,  in 
Kent,  in  England,  where  the  custom  of  gavelkind 
continues,  by  which  tiie  tenant,  if  he  withdraws  his 
rent  and  services  due  to  his  lord,  forfeits  his  lands 
and  tenements.  Encye, 

3.  In  Loudon^  a  writ  nsed  in  the  hustings,  given  to 
lords  of  rents  in  the  citv.  Ritcye. 

GAVEL-iaND,  a.  [This  word  gavel  is  British.  In 
W.  gamut  signifies  a  hold,  a  grasp,  tenure  ;  garcul- 


GAZ 

ecntdyl,  the  hufd  or  tenure  of  a  familt/^  (not  the  kind 
of  tenure  ;)  gavaflu^  to  hold,  graKp,  nrn-si.  Ir.  geb- 
kaU^'gabktM^  tit  take  ;  ffaithaikinf,  gavelkind.  In  Ir. 
gabiiai  la  a  fork,  (H.  gahd^)  tinil  tht*  gn>in,  and  it  ex- 
presses the  cullutem)  branclit's  uf  u  fautily  ;  but  tlie 
Wi-lsli  np|>licatiun  is  nnwl  prub;il>1y  the  true  ont-.] 

A  tenure,  in  En^landy  by  wiuch  land  d^'scenditd 
from  the  fitthcr  to  all  hi:*  stms  in  e(|ii:il  jMirtiunM,  and 
tht'  land  of  a  brolhcr,  dying  without  issue,  de^centl- 
ed  e<iually  to  his  brotliers.  This  species  of  tenure 
proviiiled  in  England  bt-fore  the  Norman  conquest, 
in  many  |Kirtj4  of  the  kingJunt,  perl>a|M  in  the  whole 
realm  ;  but  iKUticularly  in  Kent,  where  it  still  exists. 
Selden.     Cotoel.    Black^tone.     Cijc. 

GAV'E-LOCK,  a,    [Sax.]     An  iron  crow. 

GA'VI-AL,  M.  A  species  of  crocotlilu,  having  a  long, 
slender  muzzle.  MaateU. 

GAV'I-LAN.  N.  A  species  of  hawk  in  thp  Philippine 
Isle»  ;  the  back  and  wings  yellow  ;  the  belly  white. 

G.AV'OT,  n.     [Fr.  garotte :  It.'  garotta.] 

A  kind  of  dance,  or  tune,  the  air  of  which  has 
two  brisk  and  livt-ly  stniin:^  in  roinnitxi  time,  cnrh 
of  which  is  played  twice  over.  The  tirst  has  iisuiilly 
four  or  eiglit  bar^,  and  the  secund  contains  eight, 
twelve,  or  more.  Encye. 

GA\V'BV,  a.     A  dunce.     [JVot  in  vse.] 

GAWK,  H.  [Sax.  g^e^  gf^iy  a  cnck(K) ;  G.  gaueh^  a 
cuckiHt,  and  a  fool,  an  undcdged  fop,  a  chough  ;  t?cot. 
gaukif,  gauktfj  a  fool  ;  D.  gek;  Sw.  gdck,  a  foot,  a 
BntTuim  ;  Dan.  girk^  a  jest,  ajoke.  It  seems  that  this 
word  is  mdically  one  with  jokCj  jufrgUy  which  see.] 
1.  A  cuckoo. 

3.  A  fool  ;  a  simpleton.  [In  both  senses,  it  is  re- 
tained in  Scotland.] 

GAWK'Y,  a.  Foolish;  awkward;  clumsy;  clown- 
ish. [In  this  sense  it  is  retained  in  vulg:ir  use  in 
America.] 

[Is  not  this  allied  to  the  Ft.  gauche^  left,  untoward, 
unhnnity,  Eng.  awky  awkward  ;  gauchir,  to  shrink 
back  or  turn  aside,  to  use  bhius,  to  double,  to 
dodge.'  7'his  verb  well  eipresscs  the  actions  of  a 
jester  or  buffoon.] 

GAWK'Y,  a.  A  tall,  awkward,  ungainly,  or  stupid 
Vellow. 

GAWN.  [Corrupted  for  gallon.]  A  small  tub  or 
fading  TMseL 

G^WN'TKEiS,  a.  A  wooden  frame  on  which  beer- 
casks  are  set. 

GAV,  a.  [Fr.  gai;  Arm.  gae:  It,  gaio^  gay.  In  Sp. 
gaya  is  a  stripe  of  different  colors  on  stnils  ;  gaytcro 
IS  gaudy ;  and  gayo  is  a  jay.  The  W.  has  ^fryf , 
gay,  nudy.  brave.  This  is  a  contracted  word,  but 
wbetBer  from  the  root  of  gaudy^  or  nut,  is  nut  ob- 
Tioos.    In  some  of  its  appticatiuns,  it  seems  allied 

1.  Merry  ;  airy  ;  jovial  ;  sportive  ;  frolicsome.  It 
denotes  more  life  and  animation  than  dteerfal. 

led,  hnd  rU  Uie  world  wa«  gny,  Pt^, 


2.  Fine  ;  showy  ;  ns,  a  gay  dress. 

3.  Inflamed  or  merry  with  liquor;  intoxicated;  a 
vulgar  use  of  the  vord  in  America. 

GAY,  a.     An  orn.iment.     [JVut  used.]       VEstrange. 
GAY'E-TY,  a,     [Fr.  gaiete ;  Fr.  gaiezia.] 

1.  Merriment ;  mirth  ;  airiness;  as,  a  company  full 
of  gayety. 

2.  Act  of  juvenile  pleasure  ;  the  gayeties  of  youth. 

3.  Finery  ;  show  ;  as,  the  gayety  of  dress. 
GAY'LY,  adv.    Merrily  ;  with  mirth  and  frolic. 

3.  Finely;  splendidly;  poni[iou:j|y  ;  as,  ladies  ^ay- 
ly  dressed  ;  a  flower  gayly  blooming.  Pope. 

GAY'LY-GILD'ED,  1.    Gilded  with  showy  finery. 

GAY' NESS,  ft.     Gayetv  ;  finery.  [Oray. 

GAY'SOME,  n.     Full  of  gayety.     [LitOe  used.) 

GAZE,  r.  i.  [0,11.  Or.  <tyai"n'ity  to  be  astonished,  and 
Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Sam.  nrn  ckazah,  to  see  or  look  ;  that 
is,  to  fix  the  eye  or  to  reach  with  the  eye.] 

To  fix  the  eyes  and  look  steadily  and  earnestly  ; 
to  look  with  eagerness  or  curiosity  ;  as  in  admiration, 
astonishment,  or  in  study. 

A  lorrr'a  cjei  will  gaze  an  eag'le  blind.  Shak, 

Ye  rocn  «  GaJilee,  why  wajiit  ye  gazing  op  into  heavt-n  /  — 
AcUi 

GAZE,  V.  U    To  view  with  fixed  attention. 

Aod  gaxad  awliile  the  ample  tky.  M'dlon. 

[It  is  little  used  as  a  transitive  verb.] 
GAZE,  n.     A  fixed  look  ;  a  look  of  eagerness,  wonder, 
or  admiration  ;  a  continued  look  of  attention. 

With  Bccrel  guxe, 
Or  open  iiditiifTiUoQ,  htni  behold.  MUlon. 

2.  The  object  gazed  on ;  that  which  causes  one  to 
gaze. 

Made  of  my  eaeana  the  Korn  and  gaze.  MUton. 

GAZE'FtJL,  a.  Looking  with  a  gaze;  looking  in- 
tently. Spenser. 

GAZE'HOUNT),n.  A  hound  that  pursues  by  the  sight 
rather  than  by  the  scent.  Encyc.    Johnson. 

GA-ZEL',        \   n.       [Fr.  gazelle  ;    Sp.    gazda  ;    Port. 

G.A-ZELLE',  i       gazella;  from  Uie  Arabic.    The  verb 

under  which  this  word  is  placed,  ^yc  gazala,  is 
rendered  to  remove,  withdraw,  retire,  or  be  separate.] 


GEL 

A  small,  swil\,  clegantly-fonned  species  of  ante- 
lope, celebrated  for  tho  luster  and  soft  expression  of 
its  eyes.  Brande 

GAZE'MENT,  n.     View.     [J^'ot  in  use.]         Spenser. 

GAZ'ER,  H.  One  who  gazes  ;  one  who  looks  steadily 
and  intently,  from  delight,  admlmtion,  or  study. 

Pope. 

GA-ZET',  n.    [It.  gaizetta.]    A  Venetian  halfpenny. 

JilassiHger. 

GA-ZETTE',  (ga-zet',)  n.  [It.  gazzetta  ;  Fr.  galeae. 
Oaizttta  is  said  to  have  been  a  Venetian  coin,  which 
was  the  price  of  the  first  newspaper ;  and  iience  the 
name.] 

A  newspaper;  a  sheet  or  half  sheet  of  paper  pub- 
lished periodically,  and  containing  an  account  oC 
transuclioiis  and  events  of  public  or  private  concern, 
which  are  deemed  imjiortunl  and  interesting.  The 
first  gazette  in  England  was  published  at  Oxford,  in 
Ui(55.  On  the  removal  of  the  court  to  London,  the 
title  was  changf^d  to  the  London  Gazette.  It  is  now 
th(*  official  newspaper,  and  publii^hed  on  Tuesdays 
and  Saturdays.  Encyc 

GAZETTE',  (ga-zet',)  v.  L  To  insert  in  a  gazette  ; 
to  announce  or  publish  in  a  gazette. 

GA-ZETT'El),  pp.     Published  in  a  gazette. 

GAZ-ET-TEER',  n.  A  writer  of  news,  or  an  officer 
apiKiinted  to  publish  news  by  authority.  Johnson. 
a.  The  title  of  a  iiL-W8i>aper. 
3.  A  luwk  contaiiiiiiga  brief  dea.cription  of  empires, 
kingdoms,  also  of  cities,  towns,  and  rivers,  in  a 
country,  or  in  the  whole  world,  alphabeticjJly  ar- 
niiiged  ;  a  book  of  topographical  descriptions. 

GAZ'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  [See  Gaze.]  Looking  with  fixed 
attention. 

GAZ'ING-STOCK,  n.  A  person  gazed  at  with  scorn 
or  abhorrence  ;  an  object  of  curioaity  or  contempt. 

Bp.  Nail. 

G.\-ZON',  (ga-zoon',)  n.  [Fr,,  turf.]  In  fortification, 
pieces  of  turf  used  to  line  parapets  and  the  faces  of 
works  raised  of  earth.  Brande. 

GE.     [Sax.]    A  particle  often  prefixed  to  Saxon  verbs, 

GkAL,  c.  i.     [Fr.jreleri  L.  gelo.]  [&c. 

To  congeal.     [Obs.] 

GE.AR,  n.  [Siix.  gearwiany  gijrian,  to  prepare  ;  gearw^ 
prepared,  prompt  ;  gearwa,  habit,  clothing,  apparatus  ; 
G.  gar,  1).  gaar,  dressed,  done,  r^ady  ;  perliaps  Sw. 
garfva,  to  tan.] 

1.  Apparatus;  whatever  is  prepared  ;  hence,  habit; 
dress  i  orniuiients. 

Arpiy  ihyiielf  in  her  irnjrt  gorgeoua  gear.  Spenser. 

2.  The  harness  or  furniture  of  beasts  of  draught; 
tackle, 

3.  The  same  as  Geariho,  which  see. 

4.  In  Scotland,  warlike  accoulerments;  also,  goods, 
riches.  Jumiesun. 

5.  Business  ;  matters.     [  Obs.]  Spenser. 

6.  By  seamen  pronounced  jmrs,  which  see. 
GEAR.  r.  L     To  dress  ;  to  put  on  gear;  to  harness 
GkAR'KD,  pp.    Dressed;  harnessed. 
GeAR'I.VG, ppr.     Dressing;  harnessing. 
GeAR'ING,  n.     Harness. 

2.  A  train  of  toothed  wheels  for  transmitting  mo- 
tion in  machinery.  HeberL 
GeA'SO.N,  (ge'zn,)  n.    Rare;  uncommon  ;  wonder- 
ful.    [  0*5.)                                                         Speriser. 
GeAT,  n.    [U.  gat     See  Gate.] 

The  hole  through  which  metal  runs  into  a  mold  in 
castings.  Muton. 

GECK,  n.     [G.  geek ;  Sw.  g'dck  ;  Dan.  giek.] 

A  dupe.     [O'    "■ 
GECK,  V.  t.     To 


gecK 

Obs.]  "  "       '      Shak. 

'o  cheat,  trick,  or  gull.     [Obs.] 

GECK'0, 71.  A  name  conmion  to  a  family  of  saurian 
reptiles  ;  a  nocturnal  lizard.  Partington. 

GEE,  i  A  word  used    by  teamsters,  directing  their 

JEE,  i  teams  to  pass  further  to  the  right,  or  from 
the  driver,  when  on  the  near  side ;  opposed  to  hoi  or 

GEE.SE,  lu  i  pi.  of  Goose.  [haio. 

GEEST,  n.  Alluvial  matter  on  the  surface  of  land, 
not  of  recent  origin.  Jameson. 

GE-HEN'NAjTK  [Gr,  j  ccvi/a,  from  the  Heb.  ge-hin- 
nam,  the  valley  ofilinnom,  in  which  was  1  ophet, 
where  the  Israelites  sacrificed  th-  ir  children  to  Mo- 
loch, and  \vhich  was  afterward  regarded  as  a  place 
of  abomination.    2  Kings  xxiii.  10. 

This  word  has  been  used  by  the  Jews  as  equiva- 
lent to  hell,  place  of  fire  or  torment  after  death, 
and  the  Greek  word  is  rendered  by  our  translators 
by  keU  and  hell-fre.     Mat.  xviii.  9  ;'  xxiii.  15. 

GeH'LEN-U'E,  (gc'lcn-Ue,)  n.  [from  OelUen,  the 
chemist.] 

A  mineral  of  a  grayish  color  and  resinous  luster, 
found  chiefly  at  ftlt.  Monzoni.  Its  primary  form  is  a 
right  square  prism. 

Ge'IX,  iu  [Gr.  J  ?;,  earth.]  In  chemistry,  the  same  as 
Humus,  which  see. 

GEL'A-BLE,  a.  [from  L,  gelu^  frost,  or  gelo^  to  con- 
geal.] 

That  may  or  can  be  congealed ;  capable  of  being 
converted  into  jelly. 

GEL'A-TIN,  n.  [It.  and  Sp.  gelatina,  from  L.  gelo,  to 
congeal,  to  freeze.] 

A  concrete  animal  substance,  transparent,  and 
soluble  slowly  in  cold  water,  but  rapidly  in  warm 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PIXE,  M.ARXNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK — 
496  ' 


GEM 

water.  With  tnnnin,  a  yellowiah-whke  precipitate 
is  Dirown  down  t'rom  a  solution  of  gelatin,  which 
forms  an  elastic,  adhesive  mass,  not  unlike  vegeta- 
ble gluten,  and  is  a  compound  of  tannin  and  gelatin. 

GEL'A-TI\.     See  Gklatisous.  [Parr. 

OE-IiAT'I-NSTE,  V.  i.  To  be  converted  into  gelatin, 
or  into  a  sul>stance  like  Jelly. 

Lapia  IaxuII,  if  caldned,  doct  not  tStrrewee,  but  gelatinaut  with 
the  miQcnU  ackii.  KirMin. 

GE-LAT'I-NATE»  v,  L  To  convert  into  gelatin,  or 
intu  a  substance  resembling  jelly. 

GE-LAT-I-Xa'TJO.V,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  con- 
verting or  being  turned  into  gelatin,  or  into  a  sub- 
stance like  jfllv.  Kirwan. 

6E-LAr'I-M-FORM,  a.     Having  the  form  of  gelatin. 
Mtd,  and  Surg.  Jaunty 

fiE-LAT'LN-IZE,  v.  L    The  same  aa  Gelatisate, 

Fleming. 

fiE-LAT-I-No'SA,  n.  pL  An  order  of  gelatinous  ani- 
mals. Cuvier. 

CE-LAT'I-NOUS,  a.  Of  the  nature  and  consistence 
of  gelatin  ;  resembling  jelly  j  viscous  ;  moderately 
stin  and  cohesive. 

GELD,  H.  [rfax.  gild}  Sw.  giUd;  Duu.gield;  G.  and 
D.  geld.] 

Money  ;  tribute ;  comptnsation.  Tliis  word  is 
obsolete  in  English,  but  it  occurs  in  old  la%^s  and 
law  hooks  in  composition  ;  as  in  Danegeld^  or  Dane- 
gtlt,  a  Mix  imposed  by  the  Danes  ;  Weregeld^  com- 
pensation fur  the  life  of  u  man,  &.c. 

GELO.tJ.  (.;  f»rrf.  Geldeo  or  Gelt  ;  pp.  Gelded  or 
Gelt.  [G.  geilen^  geUen  ;  Sw.  gOlla;  Dan.  gttder, 
to  geld,  and  to  cut  otf  the  gilu  uf  herrings  ;  Ir. 
eaiiUm^  to  geld,  to  lose,  to  destroy.     Q.a.  W.  colli,  to 

lose,  or  Eth.  lAl   gali,  lo  cut  off.] 

1.  To  castrate  ;  to  emasculate. 

2.  To  deprive  of  any  essential  part.  Shak. 

3.  To  deprive  of  any  thing  immodest  or  exception- 
able. Dryden, 

GELt'^^*  i  PP-    ^^^^^^^  i  emasculated. 

GELD'eR,  n.    One  who  castrates. 

GELD'ER-ROSE,  n.  [Uu.  from  Guelderland.']  A 
plant,  a  species  of  Viburnum,  bearing  large,  white 
balls  of  flowers ;  also  called  the  siiuicbuli-tree. 

GELD'ING, ///T.     Castrating.  [P.  Cyc 

GELU'ING,  «.    The  act  of  castrating. 

ii.  A  castrated  animal,  but  chietiv  a  horse. 

Get/ID,  a.  [L.  gflidusjfrom  gtlo^  to  free/A',  Fr.  geler. 
See  CuoL,  Cold.] 

Cold  ;  very  cold.  Thomson. 

GE-LID'I-TY,  n.    Extreme  cold. 

GEL'ID-LY,  ade.     Coldly. 

GEL'ID-NESS,  n.     Coldness. 

GEL'LY,  n,     [Fr.   geUe ;   Von.  gtlea;   Sp.  jalea;   L. 

ftlo^  gelattui.      It  is  now  more  generally   written 
BLLT.l 

1.  The  inspissated  juice  of  fruit  boiled  with  sugar. 

2.  A  viscous  or  glutinous  substance;  a  gluey  sub- 
stance, soft,  but  cohesive      [See  Jelly  ] 

GELT,  pp.  of  Geld. 

GELT,  n.    A  castrated   animal  ;    a    gelding.      [JVoe 

used.] 
CELT,  for  Gilt.    Tinsel,  or  gilt  surface.     LYot  used.] 
6EM,  n.     [L.  gemma;  IL  id.;  Syt.  yema:  Port,  gomo ; 

It.  ream;  G.Ktim;  D.  kietn.     The  sense  is  probably 

a  snoot    See  Cla^  Gm,  No.  5,  Ar.] 

1.  A  bud.  In  hotanyy  the  bud  or  compendium  of  a 
plant,  covered  with  scales  to  protect  the  rudiments 
from  the  cold  of  winter  and  other  injuries;  called 
the  hybernacle  or  winter  quarters  of  a  plants      Rncyc. 

3.  A  precious  fitunc  of  any  kind,  as  the  ruby, 
tojiaz,  emerald.  See. 

GEM,  V.  L  To  adorn  with  gems,  jewels,  or  precious 
stones. 

2.  To  bespangle  j  as,  foliage  gemmM  witli  dew- 

3.  To  enibetlisA  with  detached  beauties.        [drops. 

EDgLuid  U  ittidrled  and  gemmed  with  uatlea  and  pkUcra. 

Irving, 

GEM,  r.  i.    To  bud  ;  to  germinate.  Milton. 

GB-MX'RA,  n.    [Ch.  ^CJ,  to  finish.] 

The  second  part  of  the  Talmud,  or  the  commen- 
tary on  the  .Mishna. 
GE-MAR'IC,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  Gcmara.     Kneyc. 
GEM'-HOSd-KD,  a.     Bossed  with  gems.  jllAerstone. 
GEM'EL,  n.     [L.  gemellus.] 

A  pair  ;  a  tonn  in  heraldry.  Drayton. 

GEM-EULIP'AROUS,  o.    [L.  gemellus  and  pario.] 
Pmduring  twiP't.  DicL 

GEM'EL-RING,  n.    A  term  applied  to  rings  with  two 

or  more  links,  now  gimbal^  which  see. 
GEM'I-NATE,  V.  t.     [L.  gemino.] 

To  double,     [Litlle  used.] 
GBM'I-NA'TION,n.    A  doubling;  duplication;  repe- 
tition. BoyU. 
GB.vri-NI,  n.  pL    [L.J    Twins.    In  astronomy,  a  con- 
Htcllalinn  or  sign  of  the  zf>diac,  containing  the  two 
bright  stars  Castor  and  Pollux.                         Encyc 
GEM'I-NOUS,  ji.     [L.  geminus.]                       • 

Dout>le  ;  in  parrs.  Brown. 

GEM'I-W,  ».    [Supra.]    Twloi ;  a  pair;  a  couple. 

Shak, 


GEN 

GEM'MA-RY,  a.     [from  gem.]     Pertaining  to  gems  or 

jewels. 
GEM'MATE,  a.     Having  buds  ;  reproducing  by  buds. 
GEM-MA'TION,  H.     [L.  gemmatio,  from  gemma.] 

1.  In  frotanv,  hudding;  the  slate,  fonn,  or  construc- 
tion of  the  bud  of  plants,  of  the  leaves,  stipules, 
petioles,  or  scales.  JHurtyn. 

2.  The  process  of  reproduction  by  buds. 
GEM'M  ED,  pp.     Adorned  with  jewels  or  buds. 
GEM^ME-OUS,  a.     [L.  ganmeuy.] 

Pertaining  to  gems ;  of  the  nature  of  gems  ;  re- 
sembling gems. 

GEM-MIF'ER-OUS,  a.     Producing  buds. 

GF.M'.MI-NESS,  n.     Spruceness  ;  smartness. 

GEM'MLN'G,  ppr.     Adorning  with  jewels  or  buds. 

GE.M-MIP'A-ROUS,  a.  [L.  gemma,  a  bud,  OJid  pcrio, 
to  bear.] 

Producing  buds  ;  reproducing  by  buds  on  tlie  body 
which  mature  and  foil  ofl"  into  indeiK'ndent  animals, 
as  some  iwlyps.  Dana, 

GEM-JIOS'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  a  gem  or 
jewel, 

GEM'MULE,  n.     A  little  bud  or  gem.  Eaton, 

GEM-MU-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.     Itearing  gemmules. 

GEM'M  Y,  a.     Bright ;  glittering ;  full  of  gems, 
2.  Neat ;  spruce  ;  smart, 

GEMOTE',  n.  [Sax-]  A  meeting.  [Obs.]  [See 
Meet.] 

GEMS'BOK,  n.  The  name  given  to  a  species  of  the 
antelope.  J.  Barrow. 

GEX-DARME',  (zhan-dlrm',)  n.  In  France,  one  of 
the  gensd^annes,  a  select  body  of  troops,  destined  to 
watch  over  the  interior  public  safety. 

GEN-DAR'.MER-Y,  n.  [Supra.]  The  body  of  gen- 
d'armes.  Jlame. 

GEN'DER,  n.  [Fr.  genre;  Sp.  genero ;  It,  genere; 
from  \j,  genua,  from  geno,  gigiw,  Gr.  yeivaio,  >  tvoftai, 
to  beget,  or  to  be  born  ;  Ir.  gcinim ;  W.  ge»i,  to  be 
bom;  gonj  a  birth;  eenaw,  offspring;  Gr.  jcv'S, 
y  ocoj  ;  Eng.  kind.  From  the  same  root,  Gr.  }  vfrj^  a 
woman,  a  wife  ;  Sans,  genu,  a  wife,  jaiiL,  a  woman, 
and  genaga,  a  father.  We  have  begiji  from  the  same 
root.     See  Reoix  and  Cam.] 

1.  Properly,  kind  ;  sort.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

2.  A  sex,  male  or  female.     Hence, 

3.  In  grammar^  a  difference  in  words  to  express 
distinction  of  sex  ;  usually,  a  difference  of  termina- 
tion in  nouns,  adjectives,  and  participles,  to  express 
the  distinction  of  male  and  female.  But  although 
this  was  the  original  design  of  different  terminations, 
yet,  in  the  progress  of  language,  other  words,  having 
no  relation  to  one  sex  or  the  other,  came  to  have 
genders  assigned  titem  by  custom.  Words  express- 
ing males  are  said  to  be  of  the  maxculine  gender  ; 
those  expressing  females,  of  the  feminine  gender; 
and  in  some  languages,  words  expressing  things 
having  no  sex  are  of  tlie  neuter  or  neither  gender. 

GEN'DER,  v.  l    To  beget.    But  E.voendeb  is  more 

generally  used. 
GEN'DER,  ».  (.    To  copulate ;  to  breed.    Lev.  xii. 
GEN'-E-A-LOG'ie-AL,  a.     [from  genealogy.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  descent  of[w-'rs<ms  or  families; 
exhibiting  the  succession  of  families  from  a  pro- 
genitor ;  as,  a  geaealngieal  table. 

2.  According  to  the  descent  of  a  person  or  family 
from  an  ancestor ;  as,  genealogical  order. 

GEN-ErA-LOG'ie-AL-LY,  adv.     By  genealogy. 

GEN-E-AL'O-GIST,  n.  lie  who  traces  descents  of 
persons  or  families. 

GE.\-E-AL'0-GIZE,  p.  t.  To  relate  the  history  of  de- 
scents. Trans,  of  Paunanias. 

GEN-E-AL'0-GY,  n.  {\j.  ^mealogia;  Gt.yivcuXoyia; 
■ytvn^,  race,  and  Auyci$,  discourse ;  Sax.  ej^,  gccynd ; 
Eng.  kind.] 

1.  An  account  or  history  of  the  descent  of  a  per- 
son or  family  from  an  anct^stor  ;  cnumenition  of 
ancestors  and  their  children  iu  the  natural  order 
of  succession. 

S.  Pedigree  ;  lineage  ;  regul;ir  descent  of  a  person 
or  family  from  a  progenitor. 

GE\'E-RA.    See  Geno. 

GEiN'ER-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  engendered,  be- 
gotten,or  produced.  Bentley. 

GEN'ER-AL,  0.  [Fr.,  from  L.  geTteralisj  (lom  genus, 
a  kind.] 

1.  Properly^  relating  to  a  whole  genus  or  kind ; 
and  hence,  relating  to  a  whole  class  or  order.  Thus 
we  speak  of  n  general  law  of  the  animal  or  vegeta- 
ble economy.  This  word,  though  fnmi  gcniLt,  kind, 
is  used  lo  express  whatever  is  common  to  an  order, 
class,  kind,  sort,  or  species,  or  to  any  company  or 
association  of  individuals. 

2.  Comprehending  many  species  or  individuals; 
not  special  or  particular  ;  as,  it  is  not  logical  t4)  draw 
a  general  inference  or  conclusion  from  a  particular 
fact. 

3.  Lax  in  wi^nification  ;  not  restrained  or  limited 
to  a  particular  import ;  not  specific  ;  as,  a  loose  and 
general  expression. 

4.  Public;  common;  relating  to  or  comprehending 
tlic  whole  community  ;  as,  the  general  interest  or 
safety  of  a  nation. 

To  &U  gtn*nU  purpo«s,  we  have  unUonnlj'  bcfn  one  lyople. 
fWeraitat,  Jf.. 


GEN 

5.  Common  to  many  or  the  greatest  numl>cr ;  as, 
a  general  opinion  ;  a  general  custom. 
U.  Not  directed  to  a  single  ohject. 

If  ihi^  wni"  ihiii^  be  pf-eulurly  fvU,  Itwt  geii£ral  arcruon  wUl  be 
turned  iiiiu  a  particular  lialrcd  iLgtiiiiBi  it.  SjrraU. 

7.  Having  a  relation  to  all ;  common  to  the  whole. 
Adam,  our  general  sire.  ATiltoa. 

8.  In  law,  to  plead  the  general  iisue,  is  to  deny  at 
once  the  whole  indictment  or  declaration,  without 
offering  any  special  matter  to  evade  it.         Bouvier. 

9.  Extensive,  though  not  universal  ;  common  ; 
usual. 

This  word  is  prefixed  or  annexed  lo  words  to  ex- 
press the  extentof  their  application.  Thus  a  general 
oAseiiibly  is  an  assembly  of  a  whole  body,  in  fact  or 
by  representation.  In  Scotland,  it  is  the  whole  church 
Convened  by  its  representatives.  In  America,  a  legis- 
lature is  sometuues  called  a  general  assanbly  or  gen- 
eral court. 

In  logic,  a  general  term  Is  a  term  which  is  tlie  sign 
of  a  general  idea. 

An  attnrncy-general,  and  a  solicitor- general,  is  an 
oflicer  who  conducts  suits  and  prosecutions  for  Ute 
king,  or  for  a  nation  or  state,  and  whose  authority  is 
general  in  tlie  state  or  kingdom. 

A  vicar-general  has  authority  as  vicar  or  substitute 
over  a  whole  territory  or  jurisdiction. 

An  adjutant-general  assists  the  general  of  an  army, 
distributes  orders,  receive  returns,  &.c. 

The  word  general,  thus  annexed  lo  a  name  of  office, 
denotes  chief  or  suiierior;  as,  a  commissary-general, 
quartermaster-general. 

In  Oie  line,  a  gmeral  officer  is  one  who  commands 
an  army,  a  division,  or  a  brigade. 
GEN'ER-AL,  n.     The  whole  ;  the  total ;  that  which 
comprehends  all  or  the  chief  part ;  opposed  to  par- 
ticular. 

In  puticuinn  our  knowledge  bogini,  and  to  spreads  it»-'!r  liy  tXo- 

^ec«  lo  genernti.  Locke. 

k  hiMary  paiiit(.-r  p^ts  man  in  general,  JUynoide. 

2,  In  general ;  in  the  main  ;  for  the  most  part ;  not 
always  or  universally. 


3.  The  chief  commander  of  an  army.  But,  to  dis- 
tinguish this  otTicer  from  other  genemls,  he  is  often 
called  general 'in-chief.  The  officer  second  in  rank  is 
called  Lieutenant-general. 

4.  The  commander  of  a  division  of  on  army  or 
militia,  usually  called  a  major-generaL 

5.  The  commander  of  a  brigade,  called  a  brigadier- 
general. 

6.  A  particular  beat  of  dnim  or  march,  being  that 
which,  in  the  morning,  gives  notice  for  the  infantry 
to  bo  in  readiness  to  march.  Kneyc. 

7.  Tlie  chief  of  an  order  of  monks,  or  of  all  the 
bouses  or  congregations  established  under  the  same 
rule.  Encyc. 

8.  The  public  ;  the  interest  of  the  whole  ;  the  vul- 
gar.    [jVpH  in  use.]  Shak. 

GE.\-EU-AL-I3'SI-M0,  n.  [It.]  The  chief  command- 
er of  an  army  or  militarj*  lorce. 

2.  The  supreme  commander ;  sometimes  a  title  of 
honor  ;  as,  Alexander,  generalissimo  of  Greece. 

Btvwn. 
GEN-ER-AL'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  gcneraliti  ;  It.  gcneralitd,] 

1,  The  state  of  being  general ;  the  quality  of  in- 
cluding species  or  particulars.  Hooker. 

2.  The  main  body  ;  the  bulk ;  the  greatest  part ; 
as,  the  generality  of  a  nation,  or  of  mankind. 

.Addison. 

GEN-ER-AL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  making  gen- 
eral ;  the  act  of  reducing  particulars  to  generals  or  to 
their  genera. 

GEN'EK-AL-IZE,  v.  t.  To  extend  from  particulars  or 
species  to  genera,  or  to  whole  kinds  or  classes;  to 
make  general,  or  common  to  a  number;  as,  to  gener- 
alize a  remark. 

2.  To  reduce  particulars  to  generals,  or  to  their  ge- 
nus. Jif'fl- 

Cop*nilciii  generatiied  the  celestial  motions,  by  mcrelv  re f-  rrin  j 
tliern  to  the  moor  '•  inotlon.  Newton  genei-alized  tliem  still 
iiioiv,  iy  rcftrriiiff  thU  liut  to  the  inoiign  of  a  stone  through 
the  nlr.  I^ichoUon. 

GEN'ER-AUTZ-ED,  pp-  Ex-ended  to  generals;  re- 
duced to  a  genus. 

GEX'KR-AL-TZ-ING,  ppr.  Extcndiiig  to  generals; 
reducing  lo  genera. 

GEN'ER-AIj-LY,  adv.  In  general;  commonly  ;  ex- 
tensively, though  not  ■iniversnHy;  most  frequently, 
but  not  without  excepiions  A  hot  summer  generally 
follows  a  cold  winte  .  Men  arc  gencrafbj  more  din- 
posed  to  censure  l!.nn  to  praise,  as  they  generally 
fupjiose  it  easier  to  depress  excellence  in  others 
than  to  equal  or  surpass  it  by  elevating  thems-lvea. 
2.  In  the  main  ;  without  detail ;  In  the  whole  tak- 
en together. 

Oen^raU^  sprakin((,  they  li»c  Tcry  quietly.  Additon. 

GEN'Krv-AL-NESP,  n.  Wide  extent,  though  short  of 
'Miversaliiy  ;  frequency;  commonness,         Sidnni. 

GEN'ER-AL-SHIP,  n.  The  skill  and  conduct  of  a 
general  officer;  military  skill  in  a  commander,  cx- 


TONE,  BULL,  tJNITE,--AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K;  0  as  J;  8  as  Z;  CH  as  SU;  TH  M  in  THIS. 


(i3 


497 


GEN 

taibtted  in  the  judicious  orrangcmenta  of  troopi^,  or 
the  operations  of  war.      * 
OBN'KK-AL-TV,  m.    The  wbole;  the  lotalil).  i/u/c. 
C£N'ER-AN'r, ».    [L.  fnurmiu.] 

1.  Tke  power  that  genentes ;  the  power  or  princi- 
[4e  that  produce*.  OlanviUe^    A>y. 

S.  In  gtomttn/y  a  line,  sur^e.  or  solid,  generated, 
or  aoppOMd  to  be  generated,  by  the  motion  of  a  point, 
line,  or  sorftoe  Bor^ew. 

6KN'feR-XTE,  V.  L     [L.  grnero.    See  GK^osa.] 

I.  To  beget ;  to  procreate ;  to  propaeate ;  to  pro- 
dac«  a  being  similar  to  the  parenL  £very  animal 
gtmarmtn  hi»  own  apeclea. 

a.  To  produce  \  to  caiiM  to  be ;  Co  bring  Into  life ; 
aa,  great  whales  which  the  waters  fmurmtad.  Jtdtom. 

3L  To  cause ;  to  produce ;  to  form. 


tgtmtmii  «rhei«lfaM«hnoftlr«l«n. 

WWttrer  fttm*tM  a  quuitky  gT  food  chjte  ommi  Uk9«-tw  frn- 

In  annc,  any  given  sound  gaurata  wUh  itself  its 
(kctare  and  two  othM-  sounds  extremely  sharp,  viz., 
its  iiveinh  above  or  the  octave  of  its  dflh,  and  the 
sevpnleenth  above  Emcyc 

6E\'ER-A-TED,  fp.  Begotten  ,  engendered  j  pro- 
created ;  produced  ;  fonned. 

6EN'ER-X-TI\G,  f^.  or  a.  Begetting;  procreating; 
producing :  forming. 

6EN-ER-AT10\,  n,  Tlie  act  of  begetting;  procrea- 
tion, as  of  anitnab. 

2.  Production ;  formation  ;  as,  the  ^essroCiea  of 
sounds,  or  c^  curves  or  equations. 

3.  A  siniie  succeasioa  in  natural  descent,  as  the 
children  or  the  same  parents ;  hence,  an  age.  Thus 
we  say,  the  third,  the  fourth,  or  the  tenth  gentraxian. 
Ocn.  zv.  IG. 

4.  The  people  of  the  same  period,  or  living  at  the 
same  time. 

O  >HWrM  fcpd  jtaram  gtmrntiml  —Luke  U. 

5.  Genealogy ;  a  soriea  of  chltdien  or  descendants 
from  the  same  suiclt. 

T^  h  tt»  boat  rf  tbagtmHUlimt  rf  Adsaa.  — G«n.  t. 

6.  A  fkmily ;  a  ran.  Skak. 

7.  Progi-ny  ;  offspring.  Skak. 
6EN*'ER-A-TIVE,  a.   Having  th«  power  of  generating 

or  prop-ieating  iu  own  speciea.  RsUgk. 

iL  ilavmg  the  power  of  producing.  Bemut^, 

X  Prulific.  Beiil2cy. 

CENTER- A  TOR,  n.  He  or  that  which  begets,  causes, 
or  produces. 

3.  In  MK«ic  the  principal  sound  or  sounds  by  which 
others  are  produc4.>d.  Thus  the  lowest  O  for  the  tit-ble 
of  the  barpodchetd,  besides  iU  ocuve,  will  strike  an 
attentive  ear  with  VL;^  twelfth  above,  or  G  in  alt.,  and 
with  iu  sevente<»nth  above,  or  E  in  alt.  Hence  C  is 
called  tbelr  /sMrottfr,  the  6  and  £  iU  products  or 
bannoaka.  £itarc 

3.  A  vessel  in  which  steam  is  generated.    Perkins, 

CE-NER'IC,  >  0.     [IL  and  Sp.  gauriea;  Fr.  gnu- 

6E-NER'ie-AL,  i      riifue;  from  U.  genua.] 

Pertaining  to  a  ;enus  or  kind  ;  comprehending  the 
genus,  as  distinct  from  species,  or  from  another  ge- 
nua. A  gtmtric  dt^^rtption  is  a  description  of  a  ge- 
nus; %  generic  dilTerence  '\s  a  dilTerence  in  genus;  a 
gmmtrie  name  is  the  denomination  which  conipre- 
bends  ail  the  species,  as  of  animals,  plants,  or  fos- 
uls,  which  have  c.  ttain  essential  and  peculiar  char- 
acters in  common.  Thus  Cottis  is  the  generic  name 
of  animals  of  the  tog  kind  ;  FeJiSj  of  the  cat  kind  ; 
CerriLi,  of  the  deer  kind 

6B-NER'ie-AL.-LY,  adv.  With  regard  to  genus  ;  as, 
an  animal  ^Aui-icaly  distinct  from  another,  or  two 
animals  ^ajncsAv  t  Uied.  tVooduartL 

6E-\ER'ie-AL-XES) ",  a.  The  quality  of  being  ge- 
neric. 

CEN-ER-OSl-TY,  n,  [Fr.  generoMU;  L.  generositas, 
from  genuSj  race,  kin  1,  with  reference  to  birth,  blood, 
&mi1y.1 

1.  Toe  quality  of  Seing  generous ;  liberality  m 
priociide ;  a  disposiU  w  to  give  liberally  or  to  be- 
stow tavora ;  a  quality  of  the  heart  or  mind  opposed 
lo  meanness  or  parsimony. 

3.  Liberality  in  iKt ;  bounty. 

2.  NoUeoeas  of  soul ;  mafnanimity.  [7^u  is  tke 
■I  isiaiy  sense,  but  is  b«w  littU  ■m'-I 

6EN'ER-OUS,  «.  [L.  gaurosus  i  Fr.  genereux^  from 
gtnusy  birth,  extraction,  family.    See  Gex deb.} 

1.  PrisMnly,  being  of  honorable  birth  or  origin  ; 
bence,  noble ;  honorable ;  magnanimous  ;  applied  to 
fersams  i  as,  a  gem^mis  foe ;  a  genavus  critic. 

2.  Notde ;  honorable ;  mUsi  to  things ;  as,  a  gen- 
eroms  virtue;  genermis  boldness.  It  is  used,  also,  lo 
denote  like  qualities  in  irrational  animals  ;  as,  a  gen- 
erems  pack  of  bounds.  Addisoiu 

3.  Liberal ;  bountiful ;  munificent ;  free  to  give ; 
as,  a  generous  friend  ;  a  generous  father.    . 

4.  Strong ;  full  of  spirit ;  as,  generous  wine. 

BoyU.     Sttift 

5.  Full ;  overflowing ;  abundant ;  as,  a  generous 
cup  ;  a  generous  table. 

6.  Sprightly ;  courageous  ;  as,  a  generous  steed. 
GEX'ER-OUS-LY,  adv.     Honorably  ;  not  meanly. 

2.  Nobly,  magnanimously.  Dryden. 

3.  Liberally  ;  munificently. 


GEN 

GE.N'ER-OUS-XnsS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  gencr- 1 
vws  ;  maiiiianimity  ;  nobleness  of  mint]. 
3.  Lilifmliiy  ;  rounifir^-ncu  ;  generosity 

tiEN'K-SIS,    R.     [Gt,  ycvcaii,  from   yivuatt),  ytvoftai. 
Bee  Gs^DBR.] 
1.  The  act  of  producing. 

3.  Tlie  first  book  of  tlio  sacred  Scriptures  of  the 
Old  Testament,  containing  the  histor>'  of  the  crea- 
tion, of  the  apostasy  of  man,  of  the  deluge,  and  of 
the  finit  patriarchs,  to  the  death  of  Josepti.  In  the 
original  llebrew,  this  book  has  no  title  ;  the  present 
title  was  prefixed  to  it  by  tliose  who  translated  it  in- 
to Greek. 

3.  In  geemstrfj  the  formation  of  a  line,  plane,  or 
solid,  by  the  motion  of  a  point,  tine,  or  surface. 

Barlow. 

6EN'ET,  n.  [Fr.]  A  small-sized,  well-proportioned, 
Spanish  horse.  Johnson. 

3.  An  animal  allied  to  the  civet,  and  resembling 
the  polecat  in  appearance. 

GE-NET',       I  a.    A  name  given  to  cat-skins,  when 

GE-NETTE',  i  made  into  muffs  and  tippets,  aa  if 
thev  were  skins  of  the  genet.  Booth, 

Gli-NETH'LI-Ae,  n.     A  birthday  poem.        Brandt, 

6E\-ETH-LI'Ae-AL,  (  a.      [Gr.   yc»tOXiaKo<;,   from 

GE-XETII'LI-AC,  t       ytPi't^at,  to  be  born.] 

Pertaining  to  nativities,  as  calculated  by  aj*trologer8  ; 
showing  the  positions  of  the  stars  at  the  birth  of  any 
per*on.     r^*''^'  used.]  Howell. 

GE-NETH'Ll-Aes,  n.  Tho  science  of  calculating 
nativities,  or  predicting  the  future  events  of  life 
from  the  stars  which  preside  at  liie  birih  of  per- 
sons.    [Little  usfd.]  Johnson. 

6E-XETM-LI-.\Tae,  n.  He  who  calculates  nativi 
lies,     [Little  used.]  Drummond. 

6E-\ET'IC,  a.     [Gr.  ytwiaa.] 

Pertaining  to  the  origin  of  a  thing,  or  its  mode  of 
production.  T.  D.  IVoolsry. 

GENii'V.\,  n.  [Fr.  genrvrty  or  genievre^n.  juniper- 
berry  ;  IL  ginepra ;  Ann.  gmevra.  The  (Spanish 
word  is  Kffrrino,  and  the  tree  is  called  enebro^  Port, 
tiai^rv.] 

A  spirit  distilled  from  grain  or  malt,  with  the  ad- 
dition of  juniper-berries.  But  instead  of  these  ber- 
ries, the  spirit  isoAen  flavored  with  the  oil  of  turpen- 
tine. The  word  is  usually  contracted,  and  pronounced 
gin.  Emevc 

6E-NK'VA  BT'BLE,  n.  A  copy  of  the  Bible  in  Eng- 
lish, printed  at  Geneva,  first  in  15o0.  I'liis  copy  was 
in  common  use  in  England  till  the  ver^iim  made  by 
order  of  King  James  was  introduced,  and  it  was  laid 
asiiie  by  the  Calvinists  with  reluctance. 

6E-NE'VAN,  a.    Pertaining  lo  Geneva. 
3.  n.     An  inhabitant  of  Geneva. 

6E-NE'VAN-I*M,  n.     [from  aeneva^  where  Calvin 
resided.} 
Calvinism.  MoujUagu. 

6EN-E-VESE',  K.  sing,  and  pL    People  of  Geneva- 

GEN-E-VOIS',  (ihen-e-vwa',)  «.  pt.  People  of  Gene- 
va. Addison. 

G£'NI-AL,  0.  [L.  genialisy  from  gejiOj  gignOy  Gr.  yiv- 
vao),  ytv<iiiat.\ 

1.  Contributing  to  propagation  or  production  ;  that 
causes  to  produce. 

CreaiwT,  Veniw,  getttat  power  of  lote.  Dryden, 

2.  Gay  ;  merry.  Warton. 

3.  Enlivening;  contributing  to  life  and  cheerful- 
ness ;  supporting  life. 

Su  much  I  feel  my  genial  spirits  droop.  Milton. 

4.  Native  ;  natural.     [JVbt  usual.]  Brown. 
The  genial  gods,  in  pagan  antiquity,  were  supposed 

to  preside  over  generation,  aa  earth,  air,  fire,  and 

water.         

GE  NI-AL'I-TY,  ».    Gayety;  cheerfulness. 
6e'\I-AL-LY,   ode.     By  genius  or  nature  ;  naturally. 
lUtlU  used.]  Olaav'dle. 

2,  Gayly  ;  cheerfully.  Johnson. 

G^:'NI-AL-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  being  genial. 
GE-NIO'U-LaTE,  v.  t.    To  form  joints  or  knots. 

Coekeram. 
GE-.\I€'12-LATE,      )  a,     [L.  geniculatus,  from  genic- 
GE-NI€'l^-LA-TED,  (      ulum,  a  knot  or  joint,  from 
the  root  of  genu,  the  knee.     See  K.-cee.] 

Kneed  ;  knee-juinted  ;  having  joints  like  tlie  knee 
a  little  bent ;  as,  a  genictdated  stem  or  peduncle. 

Martyn. 
GE-NI€'lJ-LA-TrNG,  ppr.     Knotting;  jointing. 
GE-i\ie-U-LA'T10N,  n.      Knottiness;    the   state  of 

having  knots  or  joint*  like  a  knee.  Johnsoji. 

Ge'NIE,  (je'ne,)  n.    [Old   Fr.]     Disposition;  inclina- 
tion ;  turn  of  mind.     [Obsolete.'^ 
Ge'NI-I,  n.  pL    [L.]     A  sort  of  imaginary,  intermedi- 
ate beings  between  men  and  angels;  some  good  and 
some  bad.  Encyc. 

Ge'NI-O,  rt.     [It.,  from  L.  genius.^ 

A  roan  of  a  particular  turn  of  mind.  Toiler. 

GEX'I-TAL,  a.  [L.  genitalis,  from  the  root  of  gigno, 
Gr.  y£vya<-}^  to  beget.] 

Pertaining  to  generation  or  the  act  of  begetting. 
GEN'I-TAL8,   n.  pL    The  parts  of  an  animal  which 

are  the  immediate  instruments  of  generation. 
GEN'I-TLNG,  n.     [Fr.  janeton.] 

A  species  of  apple  that  ripens  very  early. 


GEN 

GEN'I-TIVE,  a.  or  a.  [L.  genitivusj  from  tlie  root  of 
gender.] 

In  grammar, a  term  applied  to  a  case  in  the  declen- 
sion of  nouns,  expressing  primarily  the  thing  from 
which  something  else  proceeds  ;  as,  Jitius  patrit,  thu 
son  of  a  father  ;  aqua  fontis,  the  water  of  a  fountain. 
But.  by  custom,  this  case  expresses  othzr  relations, 
particularly  iwssession  or  ownership  ;  as,  anvni  mag- 
Tii(M(/o,  greatness  of  mind,  greatness  possessed  by  or 
inherent  in  the  mind.  This  case  often  expresses, 
also,  that  which  proceeds  from  something  else;  as, 
pater  sevtnn  ftliorum,  the  father  of  seven  sons. 

pEN'I-TOR,  71.   One  who  procreates ;  a  sire  ;  a  father. 

Sheldoiu 

GEN'I-TIJRE,  n.    Generation ;  procreation ;  birth. 

Burton. 

GEN'IUS,  n. ;  ph  Geniuses.  [L.,  from  the  rool  of 
gigno,  Gr.  jcvraci,  to  beget.] 

1.  The  peculiar  structure  of  mind  which  is  given 
by  nature  to  an  individual,  or  that  disposition  or  bent 
of  mind  which  is  peculiar  to  every  man,  and  which 
qualifies  him  for  a  particular  employment ;  a  partic- 
ular natural  talent  or  aptitude  of  mind  for  a  particii- 
lai  study  or  course  of  life  ;  as,  a  genius  for  history, 
for  poetrj',  or  painting. 

2.  Strength  of  mind  ;  uncommon  powers  of  intel- 
lect ;  particularly,  the  power  of  invention.  In  this 
sense  we  say.  Homer  was  a  man  of  genius.     Hence, 

3.  A  man  endowed  with  uncommon  vigflt- of  mind  ; 
a  man  of  su)>erior  intellectual  faculties.  Shak^peare 
was  a  rare  genius.  Addison. 

4.,  Mental  powers  or  faculties.     [See  No.  2.] 
5.'Nature  ;  disposition  ;  peculiar  character  ;  as,  the 
genius  of  the  times. 

0£'.V/-C/S,  It.  f  pi.  Ge.mi  [t..]  Among  tJie  aneimts, 
a  g(K)d  or  evil  spirit,  or  demon,  supposed  to  preside 
over  B  man's  destiny  in  life;  that  is,  to  direct  his 
birlli  and  actions,  and  be  his-^uard  and  guide  ;  a  tu- 
telary deity  ;  the  ruling  and  protecting  power  of  men, 
places,  or  things.  This  seems  to  be  merely  a  perstm- 
ification  or  deification  of  the  particular  structure  or 
bent  of  mind  which  a  man  receives  from  nature, 
which  is  the  primary  signification  of  tlie  word. 

0£'JVI-US  LO'CT,    [L.]    The  presiding  divinity  of  a 

filace  ;  and  lience,  the  pervading  spirit  of  a  place  or 
n(*titution,^is  of  a  college,  &.c. 
GEN-O-eSE',  n.    An  inliabitant,  or  the  people  of  Ge- 
noa, in  Italy. 
GENT,  a.     Elegant;  pretty;  gentle.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 
GEN-TEEL',   a.     [Fr.  gentil;  It.  gentile;  Sp.  gent  it ; 
h.  gent'dis,  from  gens,  race,  stock,  family,  and  with 
the  sense  of  noble  or  at  least  respectable  birth,  as  we 
use  birth  and  family.] 

1.  Polite ;  well-bred ;  easy  and  graceful  in  man- 
ners or  behavior ;  having  the  manners  of  well-bred 
people  ;  as,  genteel  company  ;  genteel  guests. 

2.  Polite  ;  easy  and  graceful  ;  becoming  well-bred 
persons;  as,  ^c/i£cci  manners  or  behavior;  a  genteel 
address. 

3.  Graceful  in  mien  or  form  ;  elegant ;  as,  iho  lady 
has  a.  genteel  person. 

4.  Elegantly  dressed.  La7D. 

5.  Decorous  ;  refined  ;  free  from  any  thing  low  or 
vulgar;  :i3,  genteel  comedy.  Addison. 

GEN-TEEL'LY,  adv.  Politely  ;  gracefully  ;  elegant- 
ly ;  in  the  manner  of  well-bred  people. 

GEN-TEEL'NESS,  n.    Gracefulness  of  manners  or 
person;    elegance;    politeness.     We   speak   of   the 
genteelness  of  a  person,  or  of  his  dep«3rtment. 
2.  Unatities  befitting  a  person  of  rank.    Johnson. 

GEN'TI.-VN,  (jen'shan,)  n.  [L.  gentiana  j  Fr.  gentiant ; 

Ar. '  Ul^^  kanta.] 

The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  plants,  of  many 
species.  The  ofiichial  gentian  is  a  native  of  the 
mountainous  parts  of  Germany.  The  root,  the  on- 
ly part  used,  has  a  yellowish-hfown  color,  and  a  very 
bitter  taste,  and  is  used  as  an  ingredient  in  stomachic 
bitters.     It  is  sometimes  called  Felwort.     Encyc. 

GEN-TIAN-EL'LA,  n.     A  kind  of  blue  color. 

GEN'TIL,  n.     A  species  of  falcon  or  hawk. 

GEN'TILE,  n.  [L.  gentilis;  Fr.  gentil;  fJp.  gentdi 
from  L.  gens,  nation,  race;  applied  to  pagans.] 

In  the  Scriptures,  a  pagan;  a  worshiper  of  false 
gods ;  any  person  not  a  Jew  or  a  Christian  ;  a  hea- 
then. The  Hebrews  included  in  the  term  goim,  or  na- 
tions, all  the  tribes  of  men  who  had  not  received  ihe 
true  faith,  and  were  not  circumcised.  The  Christians 
translated  gvim  by  the  L.  gentes,  and  imitated  the 
Jews  in  giving  the  name  gentiles  to  all  nations  who 
were  not  Jews  or  Christiana.  In  civil  affairs,  the  de- 
nomination was  given  to  all  nations  who  were  not 
Romans.  Encyc. 

GEN'TILE,  a.     Pertaining  to  pagans  or  heathens. 

2.  In  grammar,  denoting  one's  race  or  country  ;  as, 
a  gentile  noun. 

OEN-TI-LESSE',  n.     Complaisance.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Hudibras. 

GEN'TIL-ISH,  a.     Heathenish  ;  pagan.  Mdton. 

GEN'TIL-lSM,n.  Heathenism;  paganism;  the  wor- 
ship of  false  gods,  StillingJUei, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH-^T.  — MeTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARLNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


GEN 

GEN-TI-U"TIAL,  Cjen-te-lish'al,)      T^!      [U  genti- 
GKX  TI-LI"TIOUS,  (jen-te-Usli'u3,)  \      lUttLs^    from 
gensA 

1.  Peculiar  to  a  people  ;  national.  Browiu 

2.  Hereditary;  entailed  on  a  family.  ^rbuthnoL, 
CE.\-TIL'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  s^cntilitd,  heathenism,     go  in 

Sp.  and  It.,  from  the  Latin  ;  but  we  take  the  sense 
from  iTfnteeL] 

1.  Politeness  of  manners;  easy,  graceful  behavior; 
the  manners  of  well-bred  people  ;  genteelness. 

3-  Gix>d  extraction;  dignity  of  birth.       Edward. 

3.  Gracefulness  of  mien.  Skak. 

4.  Gcntr>\     [JVot  in  use.]  Dat'tes. 

5.  Paganism  ;  heathenism.  [JVi)(  in  use.]  Iliwker. 
GEN'TIL-rZE,  V.  i.  To  live  like  a  heathen.  MilUnu 
*jE.\'TLE,  a.    [St-e  Genteel.]    Well-born  ;  of  a  good 

family  or  respectable  birth,  though  not  noble  ;  as,  the 
studies  of  noble  and  gentle  youth  ;  gentle  blood.  [  Obs,] 
Milton.     Pope. 

2.  Mild  ;  meek  ;  soft  ;  bland  ;  not  rou^h,  harsh,  or 
severe  ;  as,  a  trenlle  nature,  temper,  or  disposition  ;  a 
gentle  manner;  a  treaUe  address;  a  ^c«/ie  voice.  1 
TAfta*.  ii.    2  Tim.  ii. 

3.  Tame  ;  peaceable ;  not  wild,  turbulent,  or  refrac- 
tory ;  as,  a  gentle  horse  or  beast. 

4.  Southing  ;  pacific.  Davies. 

5.  Treating  with  mildness;  not  violent. 
A  gtnti*  lutid  nu.y  lent]  ihe  etepboxit  wiUi  a  hnir. 

Pernan  Rotary. 

tiEN'TLE,  II.    A  gentleman.     [Obs.)  Sfiak. 

2.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  maggots  or 
larve  of  the  flesh-tly,  and  of  some  other  flies. 

Brandc 

6EX'TLE,  V.  u  To  make  genteel ;  to  raise  from  the 
vulvar.     [Obs.]  SJutk. 

6E\'TLE:-F0LK,(-tl-fiike,)«.  [gentle  and  folk.]  Per- 
sons of  good  breeding  and  family.  It  is  now  used 
only  in  the  plural,  sentlcfolk^^  and  this  use  is  vulgar. 

CEN'TLE-HEART'ED,  a.  Having  a  kind  or  genUe 
di-^po-'ition. 

6E.\'TL.E-MA\,  B.  [gentU^  that  is,  geiiUd^  and  man. 
9o  in  Fr.  gentilhomme^  it,  gcnZUuomOy  Sp.  gentilhombrt. 
See  Ge?<teel.] 

1.  In  its  most  extensive  smse^  in  Oreat  Britain, 
every  man  above  the  rank  of  yeoman,  comprehend- 
ing nolik-men.  In  a  mure  limited  sense^  a  man  who, 
wit'iout  a  title,  bears  a  coal  of  arms,  or  whose  ances- 
tors have  been  freemen.  In  this  sense,  gentlemen 
hold  a  middle  rank  between  the  nubility  and  yeo- 
maniy. 

2.  in  tJte  United  States,  where  titles  and  distinc- 
tions of  rank  do  not  exist,  the  term  is  applied  to  men 
of  education  and  of  good  breeding,  of  cver>'  occupa- 
tion. Indeed,  this  is  also  the  popular  practice  in 
Great  Britain.    Hence, 

3.  A  man  of  good  breeding,  politeness,  and  civil 
manners,  as  distinguished  from  the  vulgar  and 
clnwntt^h. 

A  piowm&n  oa  liia  \tgi  k  bifher  than  a  gentUnian  on  hU  krwr*. 

Franklin. 

4.  A  term  of  complaisance.  In  the  plural,  the  ap- 
pellation by  whicli  men  are  addressed  in  popular 
asitemblies,  whatever  may  be  their  condition  or 
character. 

5.  In  Orrat  Britain,  the  servant  of  a  man  of  rank, 
who  attends  Ins  persnn.  AI--<o,  a  pn-fix  to  his  oflicial 
title  ;  «!»,  gentleman  ityArr,  one  who  walks  bcfitre  his 
masU-randtntrodure^tsIrangtrs  into  his  presence;  gen- 
(ientan  serrrr,  one  wbn  s«'rvf^  up  the  feast.   Camden. 

CEN'TLI■^MAN-eOM'.MO^-ER,  n.  The  highest 
elms  of  comuioiiers  at  Oxford  University. 

OEX'TLE-.MA.N'-PEN'SIONERS,  ir.  pL  In  Fn<rland 
a  band  of  forty  cetitieTiH-n,  wJiose  otfice  it  a*  to  attend 
the  king  to  and  from  the  royal  chafwl.      Buchanan. 

CKN'TLE  MAN. LIKE,  (   a.     Pertainine  to  or  becom- 

GEN'TLE-M  AN-LY,  \  inga  gentleman,  or  a  man 
of  good  family  and  breeding;  polite;  complaisant; 
as,  gentlemanltt  manneni. 

2.  hike  a  ninn  of  birth  and  good  breeding;  as,  a 
gmtJrmanltt  officer. 

OEN'TLE-MAN-LI-XESS,n.  Behavior  of  a  well-bred 
man.  Shrrtoond. 

ftK\'TI.E-MAN-.SIIIP,  n.     Qnatity  of  a  gentleman. 

CEN'TIJ:-\ES.S,».    LSee  gentle.]    Dignity  of  birth. 
[Little  used.] 
y.  Gentefinwhavior.     [Obs.] 

3.  i^oftness  of  manners  ;  mildness  of  temper  ; 
sweetness  of  disposition  ;  meekness. 

Ttie  fniit  of  ih"  Spirit  u  luve,  ]"y,  pciM,  tong-uiSterlng,  gentls. 
nt*t,  punln-f*,  fitith.  —  G;il.  ». 

4.  Kindness;  benevolence.     [Obs.]  Shale. 
a.  Tf-ndcrne-ss ;  ntild  treatment. 

fiE\'TLE..saiP,  n.     The  dep-.irlment  of  a  gentleman. 

{  OAjt,  ]  ^sr.kam. 

CR.V'TLE-WOM-AN,   b.       [genUe  and   nomati.]      A 

woman   of   good    family   or   of   good    breeding  ;    a 

woman  above  tlip  vulgar. 

2.  A  Woman  who  waits  about  the  person  of  one  of 
high  rank. 

3.  A  term  of  civility  to  a  fi;male,  sometimes  ironi- 
cal. Drydm. 

OE.N'TLE^WOM-AX-LIKE,  a.  Becoming  a  genUe- 
woman. 


GEO 

6EN'TLY,  adv.  Softly  ;  meekly  ;  mildly;  with  ten- 
derness. 

My  mirtn-M  genUy  chiiliTi  the  fault  [  made.  Z>ry*n. 

9.  Without  violence,  roughness,  or  asperity.  SkcOc 
GEN-TOO',  k.      [Port,  gentio,  a  gentile.] 

A  native  of  India  or  Hindoostan  ;  one  who  follows 
the  religion  of  the  Bramins.     [JVoi  used  in  India.] 

Encyc 
fiEN'TRY,  n.    Birth  ;  condition  ;  rank  by  birth. 

Shak. 

2.  People  of  education  and  good  breeding.  In 
Great  Britain,  the  chisses  of  peoi)le  between  the 
nobility  and  the  vulgar. 

3.  A  term  of  civility  ;  civility  :  complaisance. 
[Obs.] 

0;E-NU-FLE€'TION,  n.  [L.  genu,  the  knee,  and 
fiectio,  n  bending.] 

The  act  of  bending  the  knee,  particularly  in  wor- 
ship. Stdlingjleet. 

6EN'1^-INE,  a.  [L.  genuinus^  from  genus,  or  its  root. 
See  Gender.] 

Native  ;  belonging  to  the  original  stock  ;  hence, 
real;  natural;  true;  pure;  not  spurious,  false,  or 
adultcnitfd.  The  Gaels  are  suppwsed  to  be  genuine 
descendants  of  the  Celts.  Vices  and  crimes  are  the 
genuine  effects  of  depravity,  as  virtue  and  piety  are 
the  genuine  fruits  of  holiness.  It  is  supposotl  we 
have  the  o-mmrte  text  of  Homer. 

6EN'U-1  NE-L  Y,arfp.  Without  adulteration  or  foreign 
admixture  ;  naturally.  Boyle. 

GEN'U-INE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  native,  or 
of  the  true  original ;  hence,  freedom  from  adultera- 
tion or  foreign  admixture;  freedom  from  anything 
false  or  counterfeit ;  purity  ;  reality  ;  as,  the  ^f?m- 
incness  of  Livy's  History ;  the  genuineness  of  faith  or 
repentance. 

[Bishop  Watson,  in  his  Apology  for  the  Bible,  con- 
sidurs  authenticity  and  genuineness  to  be  quite  dis- 
tinct, the  former  referring  to  the  correctness  of  the 
facta  detailed,  and  the  latter  to  the  authorship  of  the 
book  containing  them;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  they 
are  used  by  Bitihop  Marsh  as  synonymous. — E.  H.  B.] 

CJK'NUS,  «. ;  p/.  Gem'eka.  (It  would  be  desiral/le  to 
anglicize  the  plural  into  gcnuse^.)  [L.  genus,  Gr. 
ycvf}!,  Ir.  gein,  offspring,  race,  or  family.  Sans,  jajia; 
hence,  kind,  sort.     See  Gender.] 

1.  In  logic,  that  which  has  several  species  under 
it ;  a  class  of  a  greater  extent  than  species  ;  a  uni- 
versal which  is  predicable  of  several  tilings  of  dif- 
ferent species.  Cyc. 

2.  In  natural  hl-itorti,  an  assemblage  of  species  pos- 
sessing certain  characters  in  common,  by  wtiicli  they 
are  distinguished  from  all  others.  It  is  subordinate 
to  class  and  order,  and  in  some  arrangements,  to 
tribe  and  family.  A  single  species,  possessing  cer- 
tain peculiar  characters,  which  belong  to  no  oth§r 
species,  may  also  constitute  a  genus ;  as  the  camel- 
opard  and  the  flamingo. 

3.  In  botany,  a  genus  consists  of  such  a  group  or 
assemblage  of  species  as  agree  both  structurally  and 
physiologically,  as  respecU  the  organs  of  fructification, 
reproduction,  or  perpetuation,  and  at  the  same  time 
have  a  gt-m-nil  resemblance  in  habit 

GE-O-CEN'TRie,        (  a.    [Gr.  >  t),  earth,  and  kw- 

GE-O-f'EN'TKICAL,  ]       rpot;  center.] 

A  term  denoting  the  position  of  a  celestial  object  as 
seen  from  the  eatth.  In  contradistinction  to  heliocfm- 
tric,  as  seen  fmm  the  sun.  Olmsted, 

GE-Oe'RO-NITE,  n.  [Gr.  j  ij,  earth,  and  K/jocoj, 
Saturn,  the  akhemistic  name  of  lead.] 

A  lead  gray  ore  of  antimony  and  lead.         Dana. 

Ge'ODK,  n.  [Gr.  yatMi\m,  earthy,  from  yaia  or  yi}, 
earth.     I'lin.  gaodes,  lib.  3(i,  19.] 

In  minrralogu,&  rounded  nodule  of  stone,  contain- 
ing a  small  cavity,  usually  lined  with  crystals,  though 
s<»mL'times  with  otiier  matter.  The  cavity  is  also 
called  a  grade.  Qeodes  freqiit-ntly  consiut  of  agate, 
chalrrdony.and  various  /.colites.  Dana. 

oio-nES'lC-AL    i**-     Geodetic.  Sedgirick. 

GE-OIJ'E-SY,  71.  [Or.  yi(t>5ataiai  ;  ^,  the  earth,  and 
iut'ii,  to  divide.] 

That  part  of  practical  geometry  which  has  for  its 
obj<'ct  the  determination  of  the  nuignitudc  and  figure 
either  of  the  whole  earth  or  of  any  given  portiim  of 
its  surface.  Brande. 

GE-0-l)ET'ie,         I   a.     Pertaining  to  geodesy  or  its 

GK-0-I)ET'IC-AL,  J       measurements. 

6E-0-l)IF'ER-0US,  a.  [gcode  and  L.fcro.]  Produc- 
ing fiPodcH. 

Gk'OG-NOST,  rt.  [See  Gaoarfoar.]  One  versed  in 
geocnosy ;  a  g'-ologiat. 

GIMk;  NOST'll*,         (  a.      Pertaining  to  a  knowl- 

Gl-:-()G  NOST'ie-AL,  j  edge  of  the  structure  of  the 
earth  ;  ceolo(tical. 

GE-OG'NO-SY,  n.  [Gr.  yn,  the  earth,  and  j'vwtris, 
knowledge.] 

That  part  of  natural  history  which  treats  of  the 
structure  of  the  earth.  It  is  the  science  of  the  sub- 
stances which  compose  the  earth  or  its  crust,  their 
structure,  position,  relative  situation,  and  properties. 

Cleaveland. 
[This  word  originated  among  the  German  mineral- 
ogists, and  iasyaonymotiB  with  GcoLoar.] 


GEO 

GE-0-G0N'I€,  a.     Pertaining  to  geogony,  or  the  fos-  t 

mation  of  the  earth.  Humboldt.       j 

GE-OG'0-NY,  n.    [Gr.  jtj,  the  earth,  and  yoc/;,  gen- 
eration.! ' 
The  doctrine  of  the  formation  of  the  earth. 
GE-OG'RA-PHER,  n.     [See  Geoorai-ht.]     One  who 
de.'?cribes  tliat  part  oflliis  globe  or  earth,  which  is 
exhibited  upon  the  surface,  as  the  continenU,  isles, 
oceans,  seas,  lakes,  rivers,  mountains,  countries,  &.c. 
One  who  is  versetl  in  geography,  or  one  who  com- 
piles a  treatise  on  the  subject. 
GE-0  GRAPH'IC,         (   a.     Relating  to  or  containing 
GE-O-GRAPH'ie-AI.,  i       a  description  of  the  terra- 
queous globe  ;  pertaining  to  geography. 
GE-O  GRAPH'I€-AL-LV,   adv.      In    a    geogrnphica,' 
manner;  according  to  the  usual  practice  of  describ- 
ing the  surface  of  tlie  earth. 
GE-OG'RA-PHY,  n.    [Gr.  > »;,  the  earth,  and  ypa07, 
description.] 

1.  Property,  a  description  of  the  earth  or  terrestrial 
globe,  particularly  of  tJie  divisions  of  its  surface, 
natural  and  artificial,  and  of  the  position  of  the  sev- 
eral countries,  kingdoms,  states,  cities,  &c.  As  a 
science,  geography  includes  the  doctrine  or  knowl- 
edge of  the  jL-itronomicnl  circles  or  divisions  of  the 
sphere,  by  which  the  relative  position  of  places  on  the 
globe  may  be  ascertained  ;  and  usually  treatises  of 
geography  contain  some  account  of  the  inhabitants 
of  the  earth,  of  their  government,  manners,  &,c., 
and  an  account  of  the  principal  animals,  plants,  and 
minerals. 

2.  A  book  containing  a  description  of  the  earth. 
GE-0-LOG'ie-AL,  a.      [See  Geolooy.J      Pertaining 

to  geology ;  relating  to  the  science  of  the  earth  or 
terraqueous  globe. 

GE-01/<3-GIST,    I  Ti.    One  versed  in  the  science  of 

GE-0-LO'Gl-AN,  \       geology. 

GE-OL'O-GT/.E,  r.  i.  To  study  geology;  to  make  ge- 
ological investigations. 

GE-OL'O-GY,  7i.  [Gr.  j/j,  the  earth,  and  Xojoj,  dis- 
course.] 

The  science  which  treats  of  the  structure  and 
mineral  constitution  of  tlie  globe,  and  the  causes  of 
its  physical  features.  Dana. 

The  science  of  the  compound  minerals  or  aggre- 
gate substances  which  compose  the  earth,  the  re- 
lations which  the  several  constituent  masses  bear  to 
each  other,  their  formation,  structure,  position,  and 
direction.  Clcavcland. 

GF:'0-MAN-CER,  n.  [See  Geomancy.]  One  who 
foretells  or  divines,  by  means  of  lines,  figures,  or 
points,  oil  the  ground  or  on  paper.  Encyc. 

Gi-:'0-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  j"j,  the  earth,  and /lairtm, 
divination.] 

A  kind  of  divination  by  means  of  figure  or  lines, 
formed  by  little  dots  or  points,  originally  on  the 
earth,  and  afterwards  on  paper.  Encyc. 

GEO-MAN'Tie,  a.     Pertaining  to  geomancy. 

GE-OM'E-TEIl,  n.    [Gr.  yiutfUTpng*   See  Geometry.] 
One  skilled   in    geometry.     [See   GKOMETRiciArr, 
which  is  generally  usetl.]  Walts. 

GE-OM'E-TRAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  geometry. 

GK  O-MET'Rie,  \  rr-.  i 

GE-0-MET'Rie'AL,i   "•     [Gt.  yeio^irpiKoi.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  geometry. 

2.  According  to  the  rules  or  principles  of  geometry  ; 
done  by  geometry. 

3.  Disposed  according  to  geometry. 

Ocometrical  rativ,  is  tliat  relation  between  quanti- 
ties which  is  expressed  by  the  quotient  of  ttie  one 
divided  by  the  other. 

Qcomeirical  proportion t'\s  an  equality  of  geometri- 
cal ratios. 

Quantities  are  in  geometrical  progression^  when 
they  increase  by  a  common  multiplier,  or  decrease 
bv  a  rounnon  divisor.  J.  Day. 

GE-O-MET'Rie-AL-LY,  adv.  According  to  the  rules 
or  lau's  of  geometry. 

GEOMETRICIAN,  (-trisli'an,)  n.  One  skilled  in 
geometry;  a  geometer.  Walts. 

GE  0MM:-TRIZE,  tt.  (.  To  net  according  to  the  laws 
of  gi'ometry  ;  to  perforin  geometrically.  Boyle. 

GE-<)M'E-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  yiwptTpiai  yijj  Uie  earUi, 
and  fUTpiv.  measure.] 

Originally  and  properly,  the  art  of  measuring  the 
earth,  or  any  distances  "or  dinirnstons  on  it.  But 
geometry  now  deiiolrs  the  science  of  magnitude  in 
gi-neral,  the  mensuration  of  lines,  surfaces,  solids, 
with  their  various  relatione.  Bailey.     Encyc. 

GE-O-PON'ie,         I  a.     [Gr,  J  rj, the  earth,  and  TTocof, 

GE-O-PON'ie-AL,  \       labor.] 

Pertaining  to  tillage  of  the  earth,  or  agriculture. 

GE-0  I'ON'ies,  n.  The  art  or  science  of  cultivating 
the  earth.  Evelyn. 

GE-0-RA'MA,  n.  [Gr.  j  ij,  the  earth,  and  binifiay 
view.] 

An  mstrumcnt  or  machine  which  exhibits  a  vt-ry 
complete  view  of  the  earth,  invented  in  Paris.  It  is 
a  hollow  sphere  of  forty  feet  diarrnlcr,  foruifd  by 
thirty-six  bars  of  iron  representing  the  pirallth  and 
meridians,  and  covered  with  a  bhii^^h  cloth,  intended 
to  represent  seas  and  lakes.  I'he  land,  mountains,  and 
rivers,  arc  painted  on  paiHTund  pasted  on  this  covet. 
Journ.  I'f  Science. 


TONE,  B(JLL,  UNITE.— AN"GEU,  V1"CI0US.— C  aa  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


GES 

CEORtiE,  ( joije^  M-     A  fissure  itf  8t.  GtKirge  on  bur^- 

back,  worn  by  knighu  of  ttaa  garter.  Skak. 

2.  A  brown  loaf.  X>rWeii. 

dEOR(:;E-N0'BLE,  n.     A  gold  coin  in  the  Ume  of 

Uenn-  VIIL,  of  the  valu«  of  6s.  &i.  sterling. 
dEOK  Oie,  tu    [Gr. /t:«aj>i«o{f  ruslic  i  ^i}  a.ad  toyovt 
labor.] 

A  ntnU  poom  ;  a  poetical  composition  on  the  sub- 

'>-•'  ■  •'  husbandry,  contAining  rules  for  cultivating 

I  a  poetical  drvss;  a«,  ihe  Ororgicsoi  Virgil. 

,         >  «.     Relating  to  the  doctrine  of  agrt- 

..  „    ..  ^iC-AL,  t     culture  and  rural  afl^ira. 

GKOK  Oi-UM  SI'DUS.  [U]   The  name  fini  given.  In 

honuf  of  tieofCQ  11 1.,  to  the  planet  Uranus,  which  see. 

OUfMri. 
6E-0P'C0-PY,  m.     [Gr.  >  i?  and  vKowtto,'\ 

Knowledge  of  the  eaitb,  ground,  or  soil,  obtained 
hv  in->[M>ction.  CAoM^ers. 

6&OT'IO,  a.    [Gr.  >i,  earth.] 

Belonging  tu  earth  ;  tenvsiriat 
6&'RAH ;   the  twonUetb  part  of  a  shekel,  or  nearly 

three  cents. 
6&  Rl'NI-UM,a.    [U,  ftom  Or.  ycpariov,  from  ytpa- 
vo(,  a  cnine.1 

Crane*s-biU,  a  genua  of  pl.iut5,  of  nnmerous  spe- 
ciev,  soote  of  which  are  cultivated  fur  Iheir  fragrance 
or  the  beauty  of  their  duwera. 
Gft'KE.Vr,  a.     [U  ftrrn*,] 

Bearing;  used  in  Viccoksbht. 
GER'FAL-eOX,  .jpf'faw-kn.)    See  GrsrjLLCo.f. 
OERM.K.     [L.  fFtrmem.] 

1.  In  boUtuff,  the  ovary  or  seed-bad  of  a  plant,  the 
radiment  of  fruit  yet  in  embryo.  It  is  the  bsjv  or  lower 
part  of  the  pistil,  which  in  the  procrem  of  vegetation 
swells  and  becomes  the  seed-vesseL  JVortya.   JUibu. 

a.  Origin  ;  first  principle ;  that  ftom  which  any 

thing  springs ;  as,  the  gam  of  civil  liber^,  or  of 

prosperity. 
6EB'MA.N,a.    [L.  ^miMinis, a  brother;  Fr./enMm.] 
J.  CtMisiQB  grrmoM  are  the  sons  or  daughters  or 

brothers  or  siiAers  ;  first  ooosiiis. 
S.  Belated.    [0*&]  Skak. 

GER'MAN,  A.    Belonging  to  Oennany. 
CER'MAN,  H.    A  native  of  Germany  i  and  by  eltip- 

pid,  the  German  language. 
GER'MAN-SIL'VER,  a.    An  alloy  or  mixture  of  100 

parl5uf copper, 60ofzioc,«iHl4)ofDickeL  (intkam. 
GeR-M  AN  PER,  a.    The  popular   name  of  several 

idunU,  OS  the  reck  gtrwrnmur,  of  the  genus  Veronica, 

and  the  Msnuni  and  waUr  gtrmMmdgrf  of  the  genus 

Tencrium. 
6£R-MAN'IC.  a.'   PcrtmlnliiK  to  Genmny;   as,  the 

Otrmmmie  body  or  confederacy. 
6KE'MAN-ISM,  n.    An  idtom  of  the  Qefman  language. 

GERM'EN.  n.  ;  pL  Gkrmk:«9.      Now  rootracted    to 

Gsaii,  wtiich  see.    [The  BpclltngGEHUi.ti  is  less  ac- 

cunte.1 
CERM'I.\-AL,  a.     [from  rmuH.    See  GesmJ     Pei^ 

tainine  tu  a  germ  or  M*ed-bud.  Med.  Ripos, 

GERM'IX-ANT,  o.    sprouting. 
GER!.*'IN  ,XTE,  V.  i.     [L.  gtrminoy  from  ^«nitni.] 
To  fiprout ;  to  bud  ;  to  shoot  j  to  begin  to  vefetate, 

as  a  plant  or  its  seed.  Bacon* 

Q£RM']N-AT£,  r.  u    To  cause  to  sprout.    [  CTntwiuit] 

Price, 
6ERM'IX-A-TIXG,   ppr.     Sprouting;    beginning  to 

vegetate. 
6ERM-iX-.\'TI0X,  «.    The  act  of  sprouting;  the  first 

beginning  of  vecelalion  in  a  seed  or  plant. 

2.  The  time  in  which  seeds  vegetate,  after  being 
planted  or  sown.  Martvn- 

GE-ROeOM'ie-AL,    a.       Pertaining    to    gerocbmy. 
iUtOe  *Md.\  Sadtk. 

6E-R0€'0-My,  a,    [Gr.  yiM.yv  and  to^no.] 

That  port  of  medicine  which  treats  ut  tlie  proper 
legtmen  for  old  people. 

GER'UXD,  a.     [L.  gerumdixm,  from  gero^  to  bear.] 

In  tJu  IaUxr  gmmmar^  a  kind  of  vertial  noun,  par- 
taking of  the  nature  of  a  [xiniriple.  Kncyc, 

OE-BL'ND'1-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  or  resembling  a 
(Trund. 

GES'LIXG,  for  Gotutya.  Xortk  a/ England. 

6BST,  n.     (L.  j-erfKiB,  from  ^rro,  to  carry,  to  do.] 

1.  A  deed, action,  or  achievement.     [Obi.] 

2.  Show;  represenLition.     [Obs.]  [Spensfr. 

3.  [Ft.  giU^  fvr  ffiMt£.  from  fcjfir,  to  lie.]  A  stage 
in  traveling ;  so  much  of  a  journey  as  is  made  with- 
oat  resting ;  or,  properly^  a  rest ;  a  f>top.    [  Obs.] 

Brovm. 

4.  A  roll  or  journal  of  the  several  dnys  and  stages 
prefixed  in  the  journeys  of  the  Englisjh'king**,  many 
(^whirh  are  extant  in  the  herald*9  office.   Hanmer. 

GES-Ta'TION,  a.     [L.  st^tutio^  from  gtro,  to  carry.] 

1.  The  act  of  carrjing  young  in  the  womb  from 
conception  to  delivery  ;  pregnancy.        Ray.     Coze. 

2.  The  act  of  wearing,  as  clothes  or  ornaments. 

Brown. 

3.  Exercise  in  which  one  is  borne  or  carried ^tis  on 
horaebark,  or  in  a  carriage,  without  the  t  xertion  of 
his  own  powers  ;  pa.«?ive  exercise.        Med.  Rrpos. 

1  GBS'TA-TO-RY,  a.     Pertaining  to  gestation  or  preg- 
nane)-. 
2.  That  may  be  carried  or  worn.  Broicn. 


GET 

GES'Tie,  a.     Pertaining  to  deeds ;  legendar>-. 

Oi'ldrmUh. 
2.  Relating  to  b^ily  motion,  as  in  the  dance. 

Sir  fV.  Scott. 
6ES-TI€'1|-LATE,  r.  i.     [L.  ^estUulor,  from  ge^tumy 
gcroy  to  bear  or  carry,  or  gestw.] 

To  make  gef^tures  or  motions,  as  in  spenkin;;:  to 
use  potiturrR.  IhrberU 

6ES-T1C'U-LATE,  v.  U    To  represent  by  gesture  ;  to 

act.  B.  Jonson. 

6ES-TI€'U-UA-TING,  ppr.    Making  gestures,  as  In 

speaking. 
GES-Tie-U-LA'TION.  n.     [U  gestievlatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  making  gestures  to  express  passion 
or  enforce  sentiments. 

2.  Gesture;  a  motion  of  the  body  or  limbs  in  speak- 
ing, or  in  representing  anion  or  passion,  and  enforc- 
ing arguments  and  sentiments. 

3.  Antic  tricks  %>t  motions. 
GE9-TI€'tJ-LA-T0R,  n.    One  that  shows  postures,  or 

makes  gestures. 
OES-Tie'U-LA-TO-RY,  a.    Representing  in  gestures. 

iVartoH. 
GES'TORj  a.    Ono  who  relates  the  ge.stes  or  achieve 

ments  of  distinguished  personages.  ^06s.]   Chaucer 
GES'TI;R-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  gesture. 
OES'TIJRE,  (jesl'yur,)  n.     [L.  gtstuSyirom  gero^io 

bear,  to  do  ;  Kr.  gestr.] 

1.  A  motion  of  the  body  or  limbs  expressive  of 
sentiment  or  passion  ;  any  action  or  posture  intended 
to  express  an  idea  or  a  passion,  or  to  enforce  an  argu- 
ment or  opinion.  It  consists  chiefly  in  tlie  actions  or 
movements  uf  the  hands  and  face,  and  should  be 
suited  to  the  subject.  Encyc. 

2.  Movement  of  the  body  or  limbs 

Gnoe  vu  ui  kB  hn-  tfi-^M,  hmvrn  in  ber  ejre. 

In  v^fTj  jrcMxre  di^mt;  aoul  love.  Milton. 

CES'Tl^RE,  V.  e.  To  accompany  with  gesture  or  ac- 
tion. Hooker.     IVottan. 

GES'Tl^R-JED,  pp.  Accompanied  witli  gesture  or 
action. 

GES'Tl'RE-LESS,  a.     Free  from  gestures. 

GES'TURE:-MEXT,  b.    Act  of  making  pestures. 

GES'Tl^R-IXG,  ppr.  Accompanying  with  gesture  or 
action. 

GET,  V.  U ;  preL  Got,  [Gat,  e&#.  ,■  ]  pp.  Got,  Gottkji. 
[Sax.  feteii,n(ait,  or  geatan,  to  Ret ;  agtjtan^  to  know 
or  understana;  angitoH,  andgUan^  to  mid,  to  under- 
stand. The  Danish  has /ffr^'rtffr,  to  forget,  but  gtet- 
ter  si|^ifies  to  guf^^^y  or  tu  suppose,  to  think ;  the 
Swedisli  also  has  fSrgata,  to  forget,  to  give  to  obliv- 
ion, ex  oiunu)  nicere.  The  simple  verb  gietirr^  g^^'^y 
coincide*  with  the  D.  gieten^  G.  gie:ssen,  to  ca^f,  tu 
pour  out,  to  found,  as  vessels  vf  metal,  t^ax.  ^eotan. 
To  gety  then,  is,  primarily,  toctlirow,  and  with  re- 
spect to  acquisition,  it  is  to  rush  on  and  seize.  The 
iLilian  has  cattare^  to  get;  raccattare,  to  regain,  to 
acquire.  <iu.  Sp.  reseatar.  Port,  resgatary  to  redeem, 
to  ransom.    See  Rescue.] 

1.  To  procure ;  Jo  obtain  ;  to  gain  possession  of, 
by  almost  any  means.  We  get  favor  by  kindness  ; 
we  get  wealth  by  industry  and  economy  ;  we  get 
land  by  purchase  ;  we  gei  praise  by  pood  conduct ; 
and  we  get  blame  by  doint;  injustice.  The  merchant 
should  get  a  profit  on  his  goods ;  the  laborer  should 
get  a  due  rew<ird  for  his  labor ;  mast  men  get  what 
tliey  can  for  their  goods  or  for  their  services.  Oct 
differs  from  aequire^  as  it  does  not  always  express 
permanence  or  possession,  which  is  the  appropriate 
sense  of  acquire.  We  get  a  book  or  a  loaf  of  bread 
by  borrowing,  we  do  not  acquire  it;  but  we  get  or 

2.  To  have.  [acquire  an  estate. 

Thou  hart  got  lh«  faee  of  a  man.  Herbert, 

This  is  a  most  common,  but  gross  abuse  of  this 
word.  V^'e  constantly  hear  it  said,  I  have  got  no 
com,  I  have  got  no  money,  she  has  got  a  fair  com- 
plexion, when  the  person  means  only,  I  have  no 
com,  I  have  no  money,  she  has  a  fair  complexion. 

3.  To  beget ;  to  procreate  ;  to  generate.      Locke. 

4.  To  learn  ;  as,  to  get  a  lesson. 

5.  To  prevail  on  ;  to  induce  ;  to  persuade. 

Tboii^  Uk  kin^  could  not  get  him  (o  engnge  in  a  life  of  biiit- 
ne««.  SpecttUor. 

[Tkis  is  not  elegant.] 

6.  To  procure  to  be.  We  could  not  get  the  work 
done.     [JV«(  degant.] 

To  get  off;  to  put  off;  to  take  or  pull  off;  as,  to 
get  Pjf  a  garment ;  also,  to  remove  ;  as,  to  get  off  a 
ship  from  shoats. 

2.  To  sell  ;  to  dispose  of;  as,  to  get  off  goods. 

To  get  on ;  to  put  on  ;  to  draw  or  pull  on  ;  as,  to 
get  on  a  coat ;  to  get  on  boots. 

To  get  in  ;  to  collect  and  shelter  ;  to  bring  under 
cover ;  as,  tu  get  in  corn. 

Toeet  out :  to  draw  forth  ;  as,  to  get  out  a  secret. 

2.  To  draw  out  ;  to  disengage. 

To  get  the  day;  to  win  ;  to  conquer ;  to  gain  the 
victory. 

To  get  together ;  to  collect ;  to  amass. 

To  get  over;  to  surmount;  to  conquer;  to  pass 
without  being  obstructed  ;  as,  to  get  over  diniculties ; 
also,  to  recover  ;  as,  to  get  over  sickness. 

To  get  above ;  to  surmount ;  to  surpass. 


GHO 

To  get  up ;  to  pre[>are  for  coming  before  the  public ; 
to  hring  forward. 

With  a  pronoun  following,  it  signifies  to  betake  ; 
to  remove  ;  to  go  ;  as,  get  you  to  bed ;  get  thee  out 
of  the  land.  But  this  mode  of  expression  can  hardly 
be  deemed  elepant. 
GET,  r.  i.  To  arrive  at  any  place  or  state  ;  followed 
by  some  modifying  word,  and  sometimes  implying 
difficulty  or  labor  ;  as, 

To  get  away^  or  away  from  ;  to  depart ;  to  quit  j  to 
lenvo  ;  or  to  disengage  one's  self  from. 

To  get  among ;  to  arrive  in  the  midst  of ;  to  be- 
come one  of  a  number. 

To  get  before  t  to  arrive  in  front,  or  more  forward. 

To  get  behind;  to  fall  in  the  rear  ;  to  lag. 

To  get  back  ;  to  arrive  at  the  place  from  which  one 
departed  ;  to  return. 

To  get  clear ;  to  disenpnpe  one*8  self;  to  be  released, 
as  from  confinement,  oblijration,  or  burden  ;  also,  to 
be  freed  from  danger  or  embarrassment. 

To  get  down ;  to  descend  ;  to  come  from  an  eleva- 
tion. 

To  get  home  ;  to  arrive  at  one's  dwelling. 

To  get  in  or  into;  to  arrive  within  an  inclosure,  or 
a  mixed  body  ;  to  pass  in  ;  to  insinuate  one's  self. 

To  get  loose  or  fi-ee  ;  tu  disengage  one's  self ;  to  be 
released  from  confinement. 

To  get  off;  to  escape  ,  to  depart ;  to  get  clear;  also, 
to  alight ;  to  descend  from. 

To  get  out ;  to  depart  from  an  inclosed  place,  or 
from  confinement;  to  escape  ;  to  free  one's  self  from 
embarrassment. 

7'o  get  along  ;  to  proceed  ;  to  advance. 

To  get  rid  of;  to  disengage  one's  self  from  ;  also, 
to  shift  off  ;  to  remove. 

To  get  together;  to  meet ;  to  assemble  ;  to  convene. 

To  get  up  ;  to  arise  ;  to  rise  from  a  bed  or  a  seat ; 
ats<i,  to  ai^cend  ;  to  climb. 

To  get  through ;  to  pass  through  and  reach  a  point 
beyond  any  thing  ;  also,  to  finish  ;  to  accomplish. 

To  get  quit  of;  to  get  rid  of;  to  shift  off,  or  to  dis- 
en(i!»gy  one's  self  from. 

7'u  get  forward ;  to  proceed  ;  to  advance ;  also,  to 
prnsi>er;  to  advance  in  wealth. 

To  get  near  ;  to  approach  within  a  small  distance. 

71:1  get  ahead  ;  to  advance  ;  to  prosper. 

To  get  oji ;  to  proceed  ;  to  advance. 

To  i(vt  a  mile  or  other  distance;  to  pass  over  it  in 
traveling. 

To  grt  at ;  to  reach  ;  to  make  way  to. 

7'y  get  asleep  ;  to  fall  asleep. 

To  get  drunk;  to  become  intoxicated. 

To  "get  between ;  to  arrive  between. 

To  get  to  ;  to  reach  ;  to  arrive. 
GET'TER,   71.     One  who  gets,  gains,  obtains,  or  ac- 

2.  One  who  begets  or  procreates.  [quires. 

GET'TING,   ppr.     Obtaining;    procuring;    gaining; 

winnint; ;  begetting. 
GET'TING,  71,    The  act  of  obtaining,  gaining,  or  ac- 
quiring; acquisition. 

Oct  wixlom;  nnd  wilb  all  thy  getting,  get  undcnrtanding.  - 

Pruv.  iv, 
2.  Gain  ;  profit.  Swift. 

GEWGAW,  n.  [au.  ^^X.ge-gafy  a  trifle, or  Fr.  johjom, 
a  playtl'iin;:,  or  from  the  root  of  ^aud   joy,  jewel.] 

A  showy  trifle  ;  a  pretty  thing  of  little  worth  ;  a 
toy;  a  bauble  ;  a  spendid  plaything. 

A  hctt»y  gewgaw,  called  a  crowTi.  Dryden. 

GEWGAW,  a.    Showy  without  value.  Law. 

GEY'SEft,  n.  [Icelandic,  raging  or  roaring.]  The 
name  of  certain  fountains  in  Iceland,  which  spout 
forth  boiling  water.  MantelL 

GHXST'FJiL,  a.  [See  Ghastly.]  Dreary  ;  dismal; 
fit  for  walking  ghosts.     [Oft^.l  Spenser. 

GHXST'FJJL-LY,  ado.     Frightfully.  Pope. 

GIIAST'LI-NESS,  n,  |  from  ghastly.]  Horror  of 
countenance  ;  a  deathlike  look  ;  resemblance  of  a 
ghost ;  paleness. 

GIIAST'IjY,  a.  rSax.  giuilic  Hum  gasi^  spirit,  G. 
geistj  D,  geest.  In  Sax  gast  is  both  a  gho.<'t  and  a 
guesty  both  from  the  same  radical  sense,  to  move,  to 
rush  ;  Ir.  gaisiin,  to  (low  ;  Eng.  gush^  g^t^f-] 

1.  I.ike  a  gliosi  in  appearance  ;  deaihlijte  ;  pale  ; 
dismal  ;  as,  a  ghastly  f;ice  ;  gho-^tly  smiles.  Mdton. 

2.  Horrible;  shocking;  dreadful. 

Miingletl  with  ghanUy  woiimli.  Milton, 

GITAST'NESS,  Ti,     Ghastliness.     [J^otvsed.]    Skak. 

GHAUT,  n.  [Ciu.  gate.]  In  the  East  Indies,  liternlly, 
a  pass  through  a  mountain  ;  hence,  also,  a  range  or 
chain  of  mountains. 

2.  Stairs  descending  to  a  river.  JiTalcom. 

GHk'BER,  and  GHe'BRE,  n.     See  Gueber. 

GHEE,  n.  In  the  East  Indies,  butter  clarified  by  boil- 
ing, and  thus  converted  into  a  kind  of  oil.  Mi^com. 

GHKR'KIX,  (gur'kin,)  n.     [G.  gurke,  a  cucumber.] 
A  sniail  pickled  cucumber.  Skinner. 

GUESS,  for  Guess.     [JVot  used.] 

GnnJ'EI-.-LINE,  (gib^e-lin,)  n.  One  of  a  faction  in 
Italy,  in  the  1.3th  century,  which  favored  the  Ger- 
man emperors,  and  opposed  the  Guelfs,  or  adherents 
of  the  popes.  Brande 

GIIOLE,  (gole,)    %.     An    imaginary  demon    among 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.,— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


GIB 

Ea-iiem  iiiitions,  who  was  supposed  Ui  prey  on   hu- 
nrui  hiidiea.     The  word  is  inure  properly  Ghoul, 
GHOST,  (gosl,)  Ji.     [Siix.  s^ast  i  G.  gcUi  ;  D.  ^cest ;  Ir. 
gtuda.     See  Ghastly.] 

1.  Spirit ;  the  soul  of  man.  Shak. 
In  this  soiae  seldom  lufd.     But  hence, 

a.  The  soul  of  a  deceased  person  ■,  tbo  soul  or  spirit 
soiKiriiu  from  the  body  ;  an  apparition. 

'i'lk.'  iiiig-hiy  ghoaU  ol  our  grt-at  Harrys  rose.  Drydtn. 

To  gice  up  t/ie  gliost^  is  to  die ;  to  yield  up  the 
bfulh  or  spirit  ;  to  expire.  Scripture. 

Thf  JMy  Ohoit^  is  the  third  person  in  the  adom- 
M-  Trinity.  Scripturt. 

UMiVT,  r.  i.    To  die  ;  to  expire.     [06.?.]        Sidnnj. 
GilodT,  V.  L    To  tauunt  with  an  apparition.     [Oi.v.] 

S/uik. 
G  ilOST'LESS,  a.    Without  life  or  spirit.    [JVof  med.] 

Sherwood. 
GIin^T'LTKE,  a.    Withered;  haviiig  sunken   eyes; 

L'hi-'<tly.  Sherwitod, 

GHo:?'l'"'U-NESS,    71.      Spiritual     tendency,      [tittle 

rf.*p//.l  .lohiijfoH. 

GliO^ST'LY,  a.    Spiritual ;   relating  to  the  soul ;  not 
carnal  or  seculair. 

Save  and  delbtiJ  ui  from  our  ghottly  Pnoniic*.   Conxmon  Prayer, 

2.  SpiritUiU  ;  having  a  character  from  religion  ;  as, 
a  shoMl^  father.  SItak. 

3.  P<:rtaining  to  apparitions.  Akenside. 
GIIOUL,  (g'«>i,)  lu     An  iniaginarv  evil  heing  among 

Ex^tern  nations,  which  preyed  on  human  bodies. 

r.  Mo(rre. 
CIAL-I.O-LI'NO,  71,     [It.  ffioito  ;  Eng.  yeihti}.] 

A  fine  yclluvv  pigment,  much  used  under  the  name 
of  A*a/>/c.s  yellow.  F.ncyc 

GIAM'BEUX,  (zhnm'bo,)  n,  -pi  {Pr.  jaaibe^  the  leg.] 
Greaves  ;  armor  for  the  legs.  [  06^.1  Spenser. 
GI'.W T,  ».  [Fr.  geanl;  Si>.  gigantei  It.  id.;  L.  gi- 
giu i  Gr.  yi}xiit  probably  from  j^r;,  the  earth,  and 
>ari)  or  }ii"'fiai.  The  word  originally  signified 
earth-born,  ttrrigtna.  The  ancients  believed  the 
fir:<t  irihabiunts  of  the  e.irth  to  be  produced  from 
the  ground,  and  to  be  of  enormous  size.] 

1.  A  man  of  extraordinary  bulk  and  stature. 
GiatOa  of  mightj  bone  and  buld  emprue.  MUton. 

2.  A  person  of  extraordinary  strength  or  powers, 
bodily  or  intellectual  The  judge  is  a  giant  in  hia 
pn>f'i"sion. 

Oiant*!t  Causneay;  a  vast  collection  of  basaltic  pil- 
lars in  the  county  of  Antrim,  in  Ireland.        Encije. 
Gl'A.NT,  a.     Like  a  giant ;  extraordinary  in   size  or 
strength  ;  as,  gianl  brothers  ;  a  giant  son. 

Dnidr.n.     Pope. 
Gr  ANT  ESS,  »i.     A  female  giant ;  a  feniale  of  extraor- 
dinary size  and  stature.  Shnk. 
GI'ANT-FEN'NEL,  71.     A  large,  coarse  looking  herb, 
of  the  genus    Ferula.      The   stalk   of  the  common 
species  waa   formerly  used  as  a  rod  to  punish  chil- 
dren.                                                                         Loudon, 
GI'A.N'T-TZE,  V.  L    To  play  the  giant.         Shcrwwd. 
6T'.\NT-KILL-iNG,  a.     Killing  or  destroying  giants. 

C»u>pKr. 
GI'AN'T-LIKE,  I  a.     Of  unnnual  size;   resembling  a 
GrANT-LY,      )     giant  in  bulk  or  stature ;  gigantic  ; 
huge.  South, 

[OntfTLT  is  nfrt  much  used.] 
CT'A.NT-RY.  n-    The  race  of  giants.    [lUtU  used.] 
fifANT-SHIP,  ju    The  stale,  quality,  or  characttT  of 
a  giaiiL 

Ilia  gianUhip  b  gone  lomnthM  creatftll'm.  MiUon. 

QMOUR^  (j*'wr,)   n.     [Infidel.]     A  name  given,  by 
Turks,  to  unbelievers  in   Muhammedauism,  and  cs- 
pucially  to  Christians. 
GIB,  n.     A  caU     [JVot  in  imc]  Skellan. 

GIB,  o.  i.    To  act  like  a  cat  j  to  caterwaul. 

Bmum.  fl'  Ft. 
GfltnE,  n.    An  old,  worn-ont  animal.     [A*uC  ujted.] 

Shnk. 
GIB'BED,  o.     Having  been  caterwauling.     [Ob.^.] 

J.  Bulwer. 
Gin'BER,  r.  i.     [See  Gabble.     It  is  prol»ably  ullied  to 
gahttle^  and  to  jabher.") 

To  speak  rapidly  and  inarticulately.     [JVwt  usnU] 

Shak. 
GIB'BER-ISII,  ».     [from  gibber.]     Rapid  and  inartic- 
ulate   talk  i     iininlettigible    language  ;    unmeaning 
wonlfi. 
OIH'KKR-ISII,  a.     Unmeaning,  as  worda.         Sirijt 
OIH'BET,  n.     [Fr.giba;  Arm.  gibd.\ 

1.  A  gallows  i  a  post  or  machine  m  ftirin  of  a  gal- 
lows, on  which  notorious  malffactorn  are  hanged  in 
chains,  and  on  which  their  bodies  are  tJUtfered  to  re- 
main, as  specticica  in  trrromn.  Sipift, 

2-  The  projecting  beam  of  a  crane,  on  which  the 
pulley  is  fixed.  Brande. 

CIIt'HET,  V.  t.    To  hang  and  expose  on  a  gibbet  or 
gnlltiws. 

2.  To  hang  or  expoRc  on  any  thing  going  traverse, 
a-  the  beam  of  a  gibbet.  Slink. 

GIH'HKT  EO,  jrp.     Hanged  and  ex[»osed  on  a  gibb»rr. 
(^ririlET-ING,  ppr.  Hangtngnndexpttsingon  a  gibbet. 
GlB'IUKK,n.    [Fr.l     Wild  fowl ;  game.    [J^.d  unrd.] 
GIB'-OOOM.    »ee  JiB-BooM.  [jldditon. 


GID 

Gin-Br)SE',  a.  [L.  gibba.]  Humjiod  ;  a  term  ap- 
plied to  a  surface  wliich  presents  one  or  more  large 
elevatitms.  Brande. 

GIB-BOS'I-TY,  71.  [Fr.  gibbosit6,  from  L.  gibbosiis. 
See  Gmnous.j 

Protuberance  j  a  round  or  swelling  prominence  ; 
convexity.  Jiny. 

GIB'BOUS,  a.  [L.  gibbus  ;  Fr.  gibbeux;  It.  gibboso  ; 
gp.  giboso ;  Gr.  iru^f^,  from  (cwnraj,  to  bend.  Class 
Gb,No.  1,2,3,4,  &.1 

1.  Swelling;  protubenint ;  convex.  The  moon  is 
gibbous  between  tlie  quarters  and  the  full  moon,  the 
enlightened  part  being  then  convex. 

Tl»e  lx>oe*  will  riae,  ami  make  a  gUAous  nicmher.     WUeinan. 

2.  Hunched  ;  hump-backed  ;  crook-backed. 

Broion. 

GIB'BOUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  gibbous  or  protuberant 
form.  Katon. 

GIB'BOUS-NESS,  n.  Protuberance;  a  round  prom- 
inence ;    convexity.      [This   word   is   preferable   to 

GlHHOSITV.] 

GIHBS'ITE,  n.  A  mineral  found  at  Richmond,  in 
Massachusetts,  and  namrd  in  honor  of  George  Gibbs, 
Es<i.,  president  of  the  American  Gf;ological  Society. 
It  occurs  in  irregular  sialaetical  masses,  which  pre- 
sent an  aggregation  of  elongated,  tuberous  branches, 
parallel  and  united.  Us  structure  is  fibrous,  the 
tiberii  radiating  from  an  axis.  Its  colors  are  a  dirty 
white,  greeni^ii  white,  and  grayish.  It  is  a  hydrate 
of  alumina. 

GIB'CAT,  n.     A  he-cat,  or  an  old  worn-out  cat.  Shak. 

OIBE,r.t.  [Sa\.  g'lbbau;  Fr.  gaber  ;  lU  gabbare.  (See 
Gabbli:.)  The  sense  is  probably  to  throw  or 
cast  at,  or  make  nioutlis.  But  See  Class  Gb,  No.  G7, 
79.1 

To  cast  reproaches  and  sneering  expressions;  to 
rail  at  ;  to  utter  taunting,  sarcastic  words;  to  Aout  ; 
to  fleer ;  to  scotf. 

Fleer  anil  gibe,  and  laiigti  and  fluut.  Sun/l. 

OIBE,  r.  (.  To  reproach  with  contemptuous  words  ; 
to  deride  ;  to  scotf  at ;  to  treat  with  sarcastic  reflec- 
tions ;  to  taunt. 

Draw  the  bcaiBts  lu  I  deacribc  them, 

From  Ihclr  feAtiircs,  wliilf  1  gibe  tln'm.  Swift 

tiTBE,  n, .  An  expression  of  censure  mingled  with 
o^mtempt ;  a  scoff  j  a  railing  ;  an  expression  of  sar- 
castic scorn. 


Mark  the  fleers,  ihc  gibe»,  and  the  notnMe  sconis, 
Tlial  dwell  in  every  repiun  of  Uis  f.ic«. 


Shak. 


GIB'ER,  n.  One  who  utters  reproachful,  censorious, 
and  c<intemptuous  expressions,  or  who  casts  cutting, 
sarcastic  reflections ;  one  who  derides  ;  a  scoffer. 

B.  Junson. 

GIB'ING,  ppr.  Uttering  reproachful,  contemptuous, 
and  censorious  words  ;  scoffing. 

6IB'K\G-LY,  adc.  With  censorious,  sarcastic,  and 
contem[>tuoUs  expressions;  scornfully.  Shak. 

GlB'I.KT,  a.     Made  of  giblets  ;  as,  a  giblct  pie. 

G IB' LETS,  71.  pi.  [Ciu.  Fr.  gibicr^  game,  or  Goth. 
gibla^  a  wing.     See  Gif.] 

Those  imrts  nf  a  goose,  or  other  fowl,  which  are 
cut  Dtf  or  taken  out  before  n>asting,  as  the  liead, 
feel,  pinion-*,  the  heart,  liver,  gizzard,  &c. ;  a  con- 
siderable article  in  rwikery  ;  as,  to  boil  or  stew  gib- 
Iru.  It  is  used  only  in  the  plural,  except  in  coniptn 
sition  ;  as,  a  giblrf-pi\ 

GIB'STAFF,  H.  A  staff  to  gauge  water  or  to  push  n 
boat ;  furmertij,  a  staff  used  in  fighting  beasts  on  the 
stace.  Vict. 

GII)'I)I-f;i),  (gid'did,)  pp.     .Made  to  reel. 

GID'DI  LY,  ado.  fSee  GiDov.]  With  the  head  seem- 
ing to  turn  or  reel. 

S.  Inconstantly  ;   unsteadily  ;  with    various  turn- 
ings ;  ftp,  to  rcwim  about  giddily.  Donne. 
:i.  Carelessly  ;  heedlessly  ;  rn-gligently.        Shak. 

GID'DI-NKSS,  H.  The  ftale  of  being  giddy  or  vertig- 
InouM  ;  vertigo;  a  sensation  of  reehng  or  whirling, 
when  the  body  loses  the  power  of  preserving  its 
balance  or  n  steady  altitude,  or  when  objects  at  rest 
np[)ear  to  reel,  Iremhle,  or  whirl;  a  swinnning  of 
the  head. 

2.  Inconstancy;  nnstradiness;  niutability.  Bacon, 

3.  Frtflic;  wantonness;  levity.     Donne.     SouUi. 
GID'DV,  a.     [Sax.  gidi^.     CIush  Gd.J 

1.  Vertiginous;  reeling;  whirling;  having  In  the 
head  a  sensation  of  a  circular  motion  or  swimming  ; 
or  having  lost  the  p<(Wer  of  preserving  the  balance 
of  the  body,  and  therefore  wavering  and  inclined  to 
full,  as  in  the  case  of  some  diseases,  and  of  drunk- 
enness. In  walking  on  timber  aloft,  or  looking 
down  a  precipice,  we  are  apt  to  be  giddy. 

2.  That  rendt-Ts  giddy  ;  that  inuuces  giddiness: 
as,  a  gtddy  higtil  ;'  11  giddy  precipice.  Prior. 

3.  Rotary;  whirling;  running  round  with  celerity, 
'I'lK  giddy  motion  of  the  whirling  mill.  Pop*. 

4.  Inconstant;  unstable;  changeable. 

Yon  nn-  im  giiidy  and  Tolaiile  am  ever.  Swift, 

5.  Ilecdb'ss  ;  thoughtless  ;  wild  ;  roving.  Rows. 
C  Tottering;  unfixed. 

A*  wc  li;i.vn  puciM  alonj 
Up«m  Ihr  girtdy  krotio^  ol  tite  liiitchcrt.  Shak. 


GIG 

7.  Intoxicated  ;  elated  to  thoughtlessness  ;  ren- 
dered wild  by  excitement  or  joy. 

Art  tlion  not  gi'ldy  with  tli--  r;u)iion  Uxi  f  Shak. 

GID'DV,  r.  i.     To  turn  quick.  Chapmaiu 

GID'DV,  r.  u    To  make  reeling  or  unsteady. 

Farindon. 

GID'DY-BRAIN-£D,  a.  Careless;  thoughtless ;  un- 
teady.  Otwaii. 

GID'DY-HEAD,  (-hed,)  tu  A  person  without  thought 
or  jndgn\ent. 

GID'UV-HEAD-ED,  a.  Heedless;  unsteady;  vola- 
tile ;  incautious.  Dovne. 

GIO'DV-PAC-i-JD,  (-past,)  a.     Moving  irregularly. 

Sluik. 

GTE  ;  a  contraction  of  Guide.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Chaucer. 

CIER'-kA-GLE,  (jer'-)  n.     [Uu.  D.  girr^  a  vulture.] 
A  bird  of  the  eagle  kind,  mentioned  in  Leviticus 
xi.  18. 

GIE'SECK-ITE,  n.  [from  Sir  C.  Qiesecke.]  A  min- 
eral occurring  in  six-sided  prisms,  having  a  greavy 
luster.  It  has  been  considered  identical  witii 
elaolite,  Dana. 

GIF,  r.  t.     [from  Sax.  gif^  from  gifan^  to  give.] 
The  old  but  true  spelling  of  If. 

GIFT,  71.  [from  give.]  A  present ;  any  thing  given 
or  bestowed  ;  any  tiling,  the  property  of  which  is 
vohnitarily  transferred  by  one  |>erson  to  another 
without  compensation  ;  a  donation.  It  is  applicable 
to  any  thing  movable  or  immovable. 

2.  The  art  of  giving  or  conferring.  Milton. 

3.  7'he  right  or  power  of  giving  or  bestowing. 
The  prince  has  the  gift  of  many  lucrative  oflicea. 

4.  An  offering  or  oblation. 

If  iliou  bring  U\y  g\ft  to  the  aUar.  —  Malt.  t. 

5.  A  reward. 

I<et  ii\y  gifu  bo  to  thyself.  —Daa.  ». 

6.  A  bribe ;  any  thing  given  to  cornipt  the  judg- 
ment. 

Neither  take  k  gift,  for  u  gift  doth  bliiid  llie  eyt*  of  the  wiae.  — 
Df-iii.  xvi. 

7.  Power ;  faculty  ;  some  quality  or  endowment 
conferred  by  the  Autlior  of  our  nature ;  as,  the  gijl  of 
wit ;  the  gift  of  ridicule.  Jiddtson. 

GIFT,  V.  t.  To  endow  with  any  power  or  faculty. 
GIFT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Endowed  by  nature  with  any 
power  or  faculty  ;  furnished  witli  any  particular  tal- 
ent. 
GIFT'ED-NESS,  7?.  The  state  of  being  gifted.  Echard. 
GIFT'ISG,  ppr.  Endowing  with  any  power  or  faculty. 
GIG,  c.  t.     [1j.  gigno.] 

].  To  engender.     [JVot  m  use.]  Drydcn. 

9.  To  tish  with  a  gig  or  fishgig, 
GIG,  71.     [It.  giga,  a  jig;  Fr.  gigne^  a  jig,  a  romp  ;  Sw. 
giga,  a  jewsharp  ;  Ice.  gigia,  a  fiddle.] 

The  radical  idea  seems  to  be  that  of  lively  moLion. 
Hence, 

1.  A  top  or  whirligig  ;  any  little  thing  that  Is 
whirled  round  in  play,  Locke 

2.  A  light  carriage^  with  one  pair  of  wheels,  drawn 
by  one  horse  ;  a  chair  or  chaise. 

3.  A  fiddle. 

4.  A  dart  or  harpoon.     [See  Fianoio.] 

5.  A  small  sliip's-boat,  designed  for  rapid  motion. 

6.  An  active,  pla>iul,  or  wanton  person. 

7.  Qigs,oT gig-machines,  are  rotatory  cylinders,  cov- 
ered with  wire  teeth  for  tea/.ting  woolen  cloth. 

Brande. 
CT-GAN-Tk'AN,  a.    lL.'giganttus.    See  Gukt.] 

Like  a  giant;  niignty.  More. 

GI-GAN'TIC,  a.     [L.  gigantictts.] 

1.  Of  extraordinary  size  ;  very  large;  huge;  like  a 
gianL     A  man  of  gigantic  stature. 

2.  Enormous;  very  creat  or  mighty;  as,  gigantic 
deeds  ;  gigantic  wickedness. 

[GioANTicAi.  and  G lOANTiws, /or  GioANTic,rare/y 
or  never  iwrii.] 
GI-GAN-TOL'O-GY,  n.     [Gr.  }t}act  »  g'-i'it,  '^"'I  >'- 
yoii  discourse.] 

An  account  or  description  of  giants. 
GI-GAN-TOM'A-eHY,a.  [Gr.  jij  uj,  giant,  and  ,i<i\,/, 
fight.] 
'J'be  fabulous  war  of  the  giants  ng:iinst  heaven. 
GIG'GI.E,  rt.     [Sax.  gragl :  Scot,  grck.] 

A  kind  of  laugh,  with  sliort  catches  of  the  voice  or 
breath. 
GIG'GLE,  V.  I.  [D.  glchgrfcn  ;  Snx.  geagli  a  laugh  or 
sneer,  and  gagol,  sporlivt-,  wanton  ;  It.  ghignare,  to 
simper,  ghignazzare,  to  laugh  or  grin.  In  Ir.  gigUut 
is  to  tickle  ;  Gr.  >  ty  y^ia-inq.] 

To  laugh  with  short  catches  of  the  breath  or  voice; 
to  laugh  in  a  silly,  puerile  manner ;  to  titter  ;  to  grin 
with  childish  levity  or  mirlh.  Oarrlck. 

GIG'GLER,  n.    One  that  gigs-'lffl  or  titters. 
GlG'GHSG^ppr.  or  a.    Laughing  with  short  catches; 

tittering. 
GIG'GLLNGjM.    The  act  of  laughing  with  short  catch- 
es ;  tittering. 
GIG'LET,  j  H.    [Sax.  gragl,  wanton  ;   Fr.  giguer,  to 
GIG'LOT,  j      romp,  to  frisk.    See  Gio.] 

A  wanton  ;  a  lascivious  girl.  Shak, 

GIG'LOT,  d.    Giddy  :  light ;  Inconstant;  wanton. 

Shak. 


TOiVE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUa  — €  as  K ;  0  aa  J ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH;  Til  aa  in  THIS. 

SftT 


_J 


GIL 

CIG'OT,  (ji|%)  "•  [^'1  In  eoakcnf,  a  term  applied 
to  a  \cs.  ot  tniutun. 

GIL'BKRT-IXE,  n.  One  of  a  religious  order,  so  nnnied 
fmiii  Gilbert,  lord  of  Seiupringhnm,  in  Lincoln^^hire, 
Enchind. 

GIL'BERT-IXE,  a.  Belongiog  to  the  monastic  order 
mentioned  above.  IVfcvcr. 

GILD,  F.  (. ;  frit,  and  pp.  Gildku  or  Gilt.  [Sax.  jft7- 
^ffM,  fftfUrnn^  ffrUan^  to  jKiy  a  debt,  to  gtU,  and  ^Id^ 
tribute,  tax,  toll ;  D.  and  G,  f^ftdy  money  ;  Dan.  gteld, 
a  debt ;  Sw.  ^^W.  To  gild  is  to  cover  with  gold  i  G. 
vrrffotden  ;  D.  vrrffutden  :  Dnn.  /"riryUhr  ;  Sw.  /tfr- 
gyfU ;  from  gold^  or  its  root,  Dan.  Mui,  Sw.  «/,  Sax. 
gealnc^  velluw,  connected  with  Ir.  /«/,  W.  golau, 
light,  bright.    Class  Gl,  .Vo.  fi,  7.] 

I.  To  overlay  with  gold,  either  in  leaf  or  powder, 
or  in  amalgam  "with  tjiiicksihvr  ;  to  oviTiipread  with 
a  tbiu  covciing  of  gold  y  as,  Uie  gilt  frame  of  n  mir- 
ror. £>c 

Dn-  tor  la  /libtf  dwriots  whrn  allrp, 

And  ton  cr  ombr^,  uitr  dpUh  Mirrivv.  Aip*. 

S.  To  cover  with  any  yellow  matter.  Shck, 

2L  To  aduru  with  luster  \  tu  render  brigbl. 

Na  KM>v  tht  riaiof  aun  ^iaII  fiii  ibe  moat.  Pop*. 

4   To  illuminate ;  to  brighten.  SotttJL 

I>^  oA  ponJ  tawnor,  mOd  wm)  f*j, 
Giid  tfar!  caM  cvaiiof  (rf  jmr  lU*.  TVimfrHU. 

5.  To  give  a  fair  and  agn-eabi*  rxtemal  appear- 
ance ;  to  rrctimmend  tu  favur  iind  reco(»ii(.ii  by  super- 
ficial dratnttion  ;  as,  to  ^iW  Hatit-n-  or  lalsehuod. 

GILD'ED,  pp.  or  «.  Overlaid  with  gold  leaf,  or  a  thin 
ct^tmsof  gi^ld  ;  illuminated. 

GILU'ER,  ■.  One  who  eild-4 ;  one  whose  occupation 
is  to  overlay  things  with  gold. 

a.  A  Dutch  coin,  of  tht"  value  of  twenty  stivers, 
about  38  cenu,  or  one  shilling  and  ninejience  ster- 
ling.    It  IS  u:<ually  written  Gl'ilokr. 

GII.D'IN'G,  ppr.  Overlaying  with  gold  ;  giving  a  fair 
external  appt-arance. 

Gn^D'IXG,  n.  The  art  w  practice  of  overlaying  things 
with  gold  leaf,  or  a  thin  rt^tating  of  gvild. 
3.  That  which  is  laid  on  in  overlaying  with  gold. 

GILL,  a.  [Sw.  ^fl;  Sp.  agniU^  a  gland  in  thr  tbrraU  ; 
a  gall-nut,  a  windgnll  on  a  horae,tlie  beak  of  a  shut- 
tle, and  the  gill  of  a  fish ;  Port.  /««fra,  or  gusrr*. 
Hence  it  would  9eem  that  jr*///  is  a  Eh4M>t  or  promi- 
nence, the  fringe-like  sub^tanrr,  nf>t  the  aperture. 
In  Danish,  jril,irr  signifies  to  grid,  and  to  cut  ot!"  the 
gills  of  herring?,  and  in  Scot,  gil  or  gut  is  a  crack  or 
fissure.} 

1.  The  organ  of  respiration  in  fishes,  consisting  of 
a  cartilaginous  or  bony  arrh,  attacln-d  to  the  bones  of 
the  head,  and  furnished  on  the  exterior  convex  side 
with  a  multitude  of  fiei<hy  leaver,  or  frm^ed  voku- 
lar  fibriU,  resembling  [>lunie5,  and  of  a  red  c^ilor  in  a 
healthy  state.  The  water  is  admitted  by  the  gill-open- 
ing, and  acts  upon  the  blood  as  it  circulates  in  the 
fifaffils.  Otber  animals  also  brealJie  by  gtlls,  as  frogs 
in  their  tadpole  stale,  lobsters,  Ac.  JEd,  Entfc, 

nrim  pafofiu  nmfbvdon  uodrr  wuur  t>f  dtp  giU».  Aay. 

S.  The  flap  that  hangs  below  the  beak  of  a  fowl  or 
bird.  Bacan, 

3.  The  flesh  on  the  lower  part  of  the  checks,  or 
under  the  chin.  Baatn.     SwijL 

A.  In  Enalandy  a  pair  of  wheels  and  a  frame  on 
which  timber  is  conveyed.     [LdicaL] 

5.  A  woody  glen  ;  a  place  between  steep  banks, 
and  a  ri\iilet  flowing  thniugh  it;  a  bmok.    [LikmL] 
GILL'-FLAP,  a,     A  membrane  attached  to  the  poste- 
rior edge  of  the  gill-ltd,  immediately  closing  the  gill- 
opcnin*. 
GILL'-FLIRT,  a.  A  sportive  or  wanton  girl  \  the  same 

as  Jill-Flibt. 
GILL'-LID,  n.    The  covering  of  the  pills. 
GILL'-O-PiTv'-ING,  B.  The  aperture  of  a  fish,  or  other 
animal,  by  which  water  is  admitted  to  the  gills. 

Ed.  ilneyr. 
GILL,  n.  [I^w  L.  ^ia,  ffillo^  or  fffUo,  a  drinktng- 
glasts,  a  gill.  This  word  baa  the  same  elementary 
letters  as  Gr.  yai-Ao(,  a  pail  or  bucket,  and  Eng.  ^at- 
Lnty  probably  from  one  of  the  roots  in  Gl,  which  sig- 
nify to  hold  or  contain.] 

A  measure  of  tapocity  containing  the  fourth  part 
of  a  pinL  £ncyc 

GILL,  n.    A  plant,  ground-ivy,  of  the  genus  Glechoraa. 

2.  Malt  liquor  medicated  wilh  ground-ivy. 
GILL,  n.     [In  Sw.  ffilja  signifies  tu  woo.] 

in  indicTOiiy  language,  &  female  ;  a  sportive  or  wan- 
ton girl,  from  OilltoH,  a  woman's  name.        Grose. 

Eiicb  JMk  Tilh  bu  OUl.  B.  Jomon. 

GILL'-BEaR-IN'G,  o.    PrT»ducing  gills. 
GILL'-HOUSE,  a.     A  place  where  the  liquor  gill  is 

sold.  Pope, 

GIL'LI-AN,  n.     AgirL    [Obs.]  Beaum.  ^- Ft 

GIL'LIE,  a.     A  boy  ;  a  page  or  menial.        IV.  SeoU. 
GIL'LYFLOW-ER,  a.     [Fr.  jfiroHcf,  girofiier.     The 

corresponding  word  in  Armorican  is  genoJUs  or  geno- 

The  name  of  certain  plants.  The  clove  gtUyfloteer 
tB-t>f  the  genus  Dianthus,  or  carnation-pink  ;  the 
aUKk  giilyjlower  is  of  the  genus  Mathiola ;  the  queen's 
giUvfiower  is  the  Hesperis.  Fam.  of  Plants. 


GIN 

GILSE,  n.    A  young  salmon. 

GILl',  pp.  or  a.  [from  gild,^  Overlaid  with  gold  leaf 
or  a  tJiin  coating  of  gold  \  illuminated  ;  adorned. 

GILT,  n.    Gold  laid  on  the  surface  uf  a  thing  ;  gilding. 

Shak. 
2.  In  England^  a  young  female  pig.  Cyc. 

GILT'-EDG-£D,  a.  Having  the  edge  covered  witli 
gold  leaf, 

G11.T'-HE.\D,  a.     [gUt  and  head.]     In  ichthyology^  a 

spinous-fiuned  fish,  \if  the  genus  Chrysophrisy  nlfied 

to  the  sea-bream  \  so  named  from  a  golden-yellow 

space  over  the  eyes.  I'arthnrton. 

-2.  A  bird.  IfakewUL 

GILT'-TAIL,  K.  A  worm  so  called  from  its  yellow 
tail.  Johnson. 

GIM,  a.  [Contracted  from  grmmy.l  Neat;  spruce  ; 
Well  dressed. 

GLM'BAL,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  two  brass  rings  by 
which  a  sea-compass  i^  suspended  in  its  box,  nnd  by 
means  of  which  the  card  is  ke[>t  in  a  horizontal  jiosi- 
tion,  notwiihstaiiding  the  rolling  of  the  ship.  IlebcrL 

GIM'CRA(^K,  w.  A  trivial  mechanism;  a  device;  a 
lov  ;  a  iirttty  thing.  Prior.    Jirbuthnot. 

GL^I'LET,  n.  [Fr.  gihelrt;  Ann.  fniymrlrd,  Oimlet 
seems  to  be  the  same  word  as  tcimble^  with  the  (.'eltic 
pronunciation,  guimble  ;  and  if  m  is  casual,  and  the 
primar>-  word  is  gibelet,  or  ptibflrt,  the  elements  of 
the  word  coincide  wilh  ifaMUy  guibblr,  and  with  the 
VV.  gvidy  a  serpentine  motion,  gwibiatOy  to  wander, 
to  move  in  a  circular  direction,  ^wifrer,  a  serpent,  a 
vipeTy  and  the  primary  sense  is,  to  turn.] 

A  borer;  a  smnll  instrument  wilh  a  pi>inted  screw 
at  the  end,  for  boring  holes  in  wood  by  turning.  It 
is  applied  only  to  small  instritmenls ;  a  large  instru- 
mrnl  of  the  like  kind  is  called  an  auger. 

GLM'LET,  r.  t.  In  seamen's  Ian gva if pyXo  turn  round 
an  anchor  by  the  stock  ;  a  motion  resembling  that  of 
the  turning  of  a  gimlet.  Mar.  Diet. 

GIM'LET-I\G,ppr.  Turning  as  an  anchor  round  the 
stock. 

GIM'LET-LVG,  a.  Act  of  turning  an  anchor  round 
bv  the  stock. 

GLM'MAL,  a.     [L.  gemellus.] 

Joined  work  wliose  parts  move  within  each  other, 
as  a  bridle  bit  or  interlocked  rings;  a  quaint  piece  of 
machinery.  Toone. 

GLM'MAL,  a.     [I>.  iremellus,  twins.] 

Consisting  of  links.  Shak. 

GIM'MER,  a.     Movement  or  maeliiner>-.     [Obs.] 

More. 

GIMP,  n.     [Fr.  guiprry  to  cover  or  whip  about  with 
silk  ;  Eng.  to  irAi/i.] 
A  kind  of  silk  twist  or  edging. 

GIMP,  a.     \\\.gicymp.] 

Smart ;  spnice  ;  trim  ;  nice,     [yot  tn  «»«.] 

Gl\,  a.  A  contraction  of  Oenecoy  a  distilled  spirit  fla- 
vored with  oil  of  juniper,  or  oil  of  turircntine.  [See 
Geneta.1 

Gin,  a.  [A  contraction  of  engine.]  A  machine  or  in- 
strument by  which  the  mechanical  iwwers  are  em- 
ployed in  aid  of  human  strength.  The  word  is 
applied  to  various  engines,  as  a  machine  for  driving 
piles,  another  for  raising  weiglits,  &.c. ;  and  a  ma- 
chine for  separating  the  seeds  from  cotton,  invented 
by  E.  Whitney,  is  called  a  cotton-gin.  It  is  also  the 
name  given  to  an  engine  of  torture,  and  to  a  pump 
moved  by  rotarj-  sails. 
S.  A  trap  ;  a  snare.  Mihon,     Shak. 

GIX,  tJ.  U  To  clear  cotton  of  its  seeds  by  a  machine 
which  separates  them  with  expedition. 

Trans,  of  Society  of  Arts. 
2.  To  catch  in  a  trap. 

GIN,  r.  i.     [Sax.  gyrnmn.] 
To  begin. 

GI\'-HC»USE,  a,    A  building  where  cotton  is  ginned. 

GIX'-SHOP,  n.     A  house  for  the  retail  of  gin. 

GING,  a.  The  same  as  Ga:*g,  or  body  of  persons  act- 
ing together.     [Ofrs] 

Then  ia  n  knot,  \  ging,  a  pack,  i»  coiwptnicy  against  me.  Sffiak. 

GIN'GER,  n.  [It.  gen gioTo  ;  Sp.  gengibre  ;  Port,  gen- 
0itre ;  Fr.  gingembre  ;  G.  ingbcr  ;  D.  gembcr  ;  Sw. 
ingefdra:  Dan.  ingrfcr;  L.  zinztbcr :  Gr.  !^i}yi0cpti  ; 
Arm.  zindibel,  or  gingehel :  Ar.  Pers.  and  Turk,  lingi- 
bil  ot  linjibil :  Syr.  and  Ch.  nearly  ihe  same.] 

A  plant^  or  the  root  of  Zingiber  officinale,  a  native 
of  Gingi  in  China.  The  roots  are  jointed,  and  the 
stalks  rise  two  or  three  feet,  with  narrow  leaves. 
The  flower  stems  arise  by  the  side  of  these,  imme- 
diately from  the  root,  naked,  and  ending  in  an  ob- 
long, scaly  spike.  The  dried  roots  are  used  for  various 
purposes,  in  the  kitchen  and  in  medicine.      Encyc. 

GLN'GER-BEER,  >  a.      Beer   impregnated   with   gin- 

Gl\'GER-POP,      \      ger. 

6IN'GER-BREAD,  n.  [ginser  and  bread.]  A  kind  of 
cake,  composed  of  flour,  with  an  admixture  of  but- 
ter, p';arlash,  and  gincer,  sweetened. 

dIX'GEK-BREAD-WOUK,  n.  Work  cut  or  carved  in 
various  fanciful  shapes,  as  an  ornament  to  buildings, 
&.C.  Grose. 

GIN'GER-WTNE,  n.     Wine  impregnated  with  ginger. 

GIN'GER-LY,  ado.     Nicely;  cautiously.     [J^ot  used.] 

Skekon. 

Gl\'GER-NESS,w.  Niceness ;  tenderness.  [J^Tot  used.] 


GIR 

GLNG'IIAM,  n.    A  kind  of  striped  cotton  cloth. 

GIN'GIXU/  ji.  In  fHiMirtiT,  the  lining  of  a  mine-shad 
with  stones  or  bricks  Otr  its  support,  called  steiningj 
or  .*(/ii'ni'rtir,  which  I  supiKtse  is  from  Sax,  *ton,  stone. 

GiN'Gl-VAL,  a.     [L.  gingiva,  the  gum.]  [Cye. 

Pertaining  to  the  gums.  IMder. 

GIN"(:LE,  i  V.  i.    [In  Pers.  langl  is  a  little  bell.    In 

JL\"GLE,  \  Ch.  and  Syr.  HJi  is  the  same.  Uu.  its 
alliance  to  chink  and  jangle.] 

1.  To  nmke  a  sharp,  clattering  sound  ;  to  ring,  as 
a  little  bell,  or  as  sin.ill  pieces  of  sonorous  meUil ,  as, 
ffingling  half|)elice.  Gay. 

2.  To  utter  affected  or  chiming  sounds  in  periods 
or  cadence.  Jokiison. 

GIN'TiLE,  tJ.  (.  To  shake  so  as  to  make  clattering 
sounds  in  quick  succession  ;  to  ring,  as  a  little  bell, 
or  as  small  coins.  » 

The  ln'Ib  abe  gingltd,  nnd  the  whiAtle  Uow.  Pope. 

GlN"GLE,  a.  A  shrill,  clattering  sound,  or  a  succes- 
Bion  of  sharp  sounds,  as  tho^e  made  by  a  little  bell 
or  by  small  coins. 

2.  Atfectation  in  the  sounds  of  periods,  in  reading 
or  speaking,  or  rather  chiming  sounds. 

GLN"GLKD,  pp.  Shaken  so  as  to  ring  or  make  a  clat- 
tering sound. 

GlN"GLL\G,  n.     Act  of  gingling,  as  bells. 

G1N"GLING,  ppr.  or  a.  Shaking  so  as  to  make  a 
clattering  sound. 

GIN"GLY-MOID,  a.    [Gr.  yiyyXvposy  a  hinge,  and  ii- 
d-'fy  form.] 
Pertaining  to  or  resemMing  a  ginglymus. 

GIN"GLY-MUS,  n.     [Gr.  j<>;^"/'«S-] 

In  anatomyy  a  species  of  articulation  resembling  a 
hinge.  That  sjH'cies  of  articulation  in  which  each 
bone  partly  receives,  and  is  partly  received  by,  the 
other,  so  as  to  admit  only  of  flexion  and  extension,  is 
called  ginglymus.  Parr, 

GIN'NKD,  pp.  Caught  in  a  trap  ;  cleared  of  its  seeds, 
as  cotton. 

GIN'NET,  n.     A  nag.     [See  JcNnET.] 

GiN'NING,  ppr.  Catching  in  a  trap;  clearing  cotton 
of  its  seeds. 

GlX'NlNG,  JI.  The  act  by  which  cotton  is  separated 
from  itH  seeds.  Ure^ 

GIN'SENG.  n.  [This  word  is  probably  Chinese,  and 
it  is  said  by  Grosier  to  signify  the  resemblance  of  a 
man,  or  man's  thigh.  He  observes,  also,  that  the 
root,  in  the  language  of  the  Iroquois,  is  called  garen- 
tofjufn,  which  sigriilics  legs  and  thighs  separated,  Gro~ 
sicr^s  China,  i.  534.] 

A  plant,  of  the  genus  Panax,  tlie  root  of  which  is 
in  great  demand  among  the  ('hinese.  It  is  found  in 
the  northern  parts  of  Asia  and  America,  and  is  an 
article  of  export  from  America  to  China.  It  has  a 
jointed,  fleshy  ta()er  root,  as  large  as  a  man's  finger, 
which,  when  dry,  is  of  a  yellowish-white  color,  with 
a  mucilaginous  sweetness  in  the  taste,  somewhat  re- 
setuhling  that  of  licorice,  accompanied  with  a  slight 
bitterness.  Encyc. 

GiP,  r.  t.     To  take  out  the  entrails  of  herrings.  Bailey. 

GIP'SIRE,  n,  A  kind  of  pouch  formerly  worn  at  the 
girdle.  Bulwer. 

GiP'SY,  n.  The  Gipsies  are  a  race  of  vagabonds 
which  infest  Europe,  Africa,  and  Asia,  strolling 
about,  and  subsisting  mostly  by  theft,  robbery,  and 
fortune-telling.  The  name  is  supposed  to  be  cor- 
rupted from  Egyptian,  as  they  were  thought  to  have 
come  from  Egypt.  But  their  language  indicates  that 
they  originated  in  Hindoostan.  OreUma/i. 

2.  A  reproachful  name  for  a  dark  complexion. 

Shak. 

3.  A  name  of  slight  reproach  to  a  woman,  some- 
times implying  artifice  or  cunning. 

A  slave  I  mil  lo  Clsr.i's  pyet: 

The  gipn/  knuwi  lier  power  and  flic*.  Prior. 

4.  The  language  of  the  gipsies. 

GIP'SY,  a.     Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  gipsies. 
GIP'SY-IS.M,  n.     TJie  arts  and  practices  of  gipsies  ;  de- 
ception ;  cheating  ;  flattery.                          OrtUman. 
2.  The  state  of  a  gipsy.  ^ 

GI-tlAFFE',  n.     [Sp.  ^iVo/a  ;  It.  girajfa;  Ar.  ^il  ,j, 

so  called  from  leaping,  or  the  extreme  length  of  its 

neck,  from  o  ,■   zarafa,  to  leap  on,  to  hasten.] 

The  cnmelopard,  an  African  quadruped,  whose  fore 
legs  are  much  longer  than  the  hinder  ones.  It  is  the 
Uillest  of  animals,  being  sonietinies  twenty  feet  frnin 
the  hoofs  to  the  top  of  the  head.  [See  Camei-upabo.J 

Partington. 
GIR'AN-DOLE,  n.     [It.  girandofa,  from  giro,  a  turn, 
and  andare.y  to  go.] 

A  chandelier  ;   a  large  kind  of  branched  candle- 
stick. 
GIR'A-SOLE, )  n.     [Fr.   and  Sp. ;    It.  grrmole;  giroy 
GIR'A-SOL,     \      L.  gyrusy  a  turn,  It.  girare,  to  turn, 
and  sole,  L.  soly  tile  sun.] 

1.  The  lumsoie,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Heliotro- 
pium. 

9.  A  mineral,  usually  milk-white,  bluish-white,  or 
sky-blue,  but  when  turned  toward  the  sun,  or  any 


FATE,  FAR,  F.\LL,  WH^T.  —  MeTE,  PREV.  — PINE,  MAUiNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVH,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BpQK.— 


GIR 

bri[;ht  light,  it  constantly  reflects  a  reddish  color  : 
hence  its  name.  It  somctioies  strongly  resembles  a 
translucid  jelly.  Clmveland. 

GIRD,  (gurd,)  a.  [Sax.  ff-eard^  or  gyrd,  or  gyrda^  a 
twi|r,  branch,  rod,  pole,  Ei\g.Q.yard;  G. g-urt,n  girth, 
a  girdle;  Dan.  ^ierde,  a  hedge,  a  rail.  This  word 
signifies,  primarily,  a  twig,  shoot,  or  branch  ;  hence, 
a  pole  or  stick  used  in  measuring.  In  measuring 
land,  among  our  Saxon  ancestors,  iho  ffip-d  seems  to 
have  been  a  certain  measure  like  our  rod,  perch,  or 
pole,  all  of  which  signify  the  same  thing,  a  branch 
or  shoot,  a  little  pole.  We  now  apply  the  word  yard 
to  a  measure  of  three  feet  in  length.  In  rude  ages, 
gyrdji,  shoots  of  trees,  were  used  for  binding  things 
lt>gflher,  whence  the  verb  to  gird.  (See  Withe.) 
Oyrds  were  also  used  fur  driving,  or  for  punishment, 
as  we  now  use  whips  ;  and  our  common  pcojile  use 
gird  for  a  severe  stroke  of  a  stick  or  whip.  See  Lye, 
under  Gtrd  and  \Vkal-»ttllino.] 

1.  A  twitch  or  pang;  a  sudden  spasm  which  re- 
Benililes  the  stroke  of  a  rod,  or  the  pressure  of  a 
band. 

2.  In  popular  language^  a  severe  stroke  of  a  stick 
or  wJiip. 

GtRD,  (giirri,)  r.  U;  prct.  and  pp.  Girded  or  Girt. 
[Snx.  gyrdan;  G.  giirten  ;  U.  garden;  Sw.  giorda^  to 
gird  or  surround  ;  Dan.  gierdtr,  to  hedge,  to  inclose. 
(See  the  noun.)  It  is  probahle  that  garden^  Ir.  ffort, 
is  from  the  same  root ;  originally,  an  inclosed  field, 
a  piece  of  ground  surroundt^rd  with  poles,  stakes,  and 
branches  ol  trees.  If  the  noun  is  the  primary  word, 
thf  sense  of  the  root  ia  to  shoot,  as  a  branch  ;  if  the 
verb  is  the  root,  the  sense  is  to  surround,  or  nither,  to 
bind  or  make  fast.  The  former  is  the  most  proba- 
ble.] 

1.  To  bind  by  surrounding  with  any  flexible  sub- 
stance, as  with  a  twig,  a  cord,  bandage,  or  cloth  ;  as, 
to  gird  the  loins  with  sackcloth. 

U.  To  make  fast  by  binding;  to  put  on;  usually 
with  on ;    as,  to  gird   on  a  harness  ;   to  gird   on  a 

3.  To  invest ;  to  surround.  [sword. 

The  Son  Mpppftrcd, 
Girl  wUh  omnipuUMice.  UUton, 

4.  To  clothe ;  to  dress ;  to  habit. 

I  girdtd  thee  kbout  with  fine  Unco.  —  Exek,  xvl. 

5.  To  Aimish  ;  to  equip. 

Oirdtd  with  iti.iky  wiles.  Milton. 

6.  To  surround ;  to  encircle ;  to  inclose ;  to  en- 
compass. 

TJi.?  Njjrian  vie, 
Oirt  with  the  River  Triti>n.  JV/lVon. 

7.  To  gibe  ;  to  reproach  severely  ;  to  lash.  Sfiak. 
GTRD,  r.  i.    To  gibe  ;   to  sneer  ;  to  break  a  scornful 

jest ;  to  utter  severe  sarcasms. 

M-*!!  of  all  Kifti  take  k  pri-je  to  gird  at  me.  ShaJt. 

GTKD'ED,  pp.    Bound  ;  surrounded  ;  invested  ;  put  on. 

GIRD'ER,  n.  !n  architecture^  the  principal  piece  of 
timber  in  a  flo<»r.  Its  end  is  usually  fastened  into 
the  summers  or  breast  summers,  and  the  JoUts  are 
frami-d  into  it  nt  one  end.  In  buildings  entirely  of 
timber,  the  giracr  is  fastened  by  tenons  into  Uie 
posts. 

2.  A  f^atirist  LUly. 
GXKD'ISG,  ppr.  Rinding;  surrounding:  investing. 
GTRD'LNG,  «.     A  covering.     /^.  iii. 

GXKD'I.E,  (giird'l,)  n.  [.-^ax.  gurdU.  gyrdl;  Sw,  iritr- 
del ;  G.  sT'rtd :  D.  ^-m-^c/.]  * 

1.  A  band  or  belt ;  Rometbing  drawn  round  the 
wail*!  of  a  person,  and  tied  or  buckled  ;  as,  a  girdU 
of  fine  linen  ;  a  leathern  girdle. 

2.  Inclosure ;  circumfereuce. 

Within  the  girdlt  at  lh*^•c  wnjlt.  ShaJe. 

3.  The  zodiac.  Bacon. 

4.  A  round  iron  plate  for  baking.    [Qu.  griddle.] 

Pegge. 

5.  Among  jeitelera,  the  line  which  encompasses 
the  stone,  parallel  to  the  horizon.  Cyc. 

GIRD'LE,  V.  u    To  bind  with  a  belt  or  sash;  to  gird. 

Skuk. 

3.  To  inclose  ;  to  environ  ;  to  shut  in.  Sfmk. 

3.  In  .America,  to  make  a  circular  incision,  like  a 

belt,  through  the  bark  and  alburnum  of  a  tree,  to 

kill  it.  JWiP  England.     Bclknitp.     Dwigkt, 

GIRD'LE-BELT,  n.     A  belt  that  encircles  the  waist. 

L>ryden. 
OIRD'LKD,  pp.     Bound  with  a  belt  or  sash. 
GTRD'LER,  b.    One  who  girdles;  a  maker  of  girdles. 

Bfaum. 
GTRD'LK-STEADj  (sted,)  a.    The  part  of  the  body 

whT*?  the  girdle  is  worn.  Ma.*on. 

GTRD'IJXG,  ppr.     Binding  with  a  belt ;  surrounding. 
GIHE,  It.     [L.  gyru-:] 

A  circle,  or  circular  motion.  [See  Gtre.] 
CTRL,  (giirl,)  n.  [The  oriein  of  this  word  is  not  ob- 
vious. It  is  most  probably  the  Low  L.  gerula,  a 
young  woman  employed  to  tend  children  ;  a  word 
U'ft  in  England  by  the  Romans.  It  is  said  that  the 
word  was  fcirmerly  us<d  for  both  sexes ;  be  it  so ; 
geruliu  was  also  used  for  a  chairman.] 

1.  A  female  child,  or  young  woman.  In  familiar 
language,  any  young,  unmarried  tvoman.    Dnjden. 

2.  Among  gportgtnen,  a  r(»«;huck  of  two  years  old. 


GIV 

GIRL'HQpD,  n.     The  state  of  a  girl.     [Little  used.] 

Miss  Seward. 
GTRL'ISII,  a.     Like  a  young  woman  or  child  ;  befit- 
ting a  girl. 
2.  Pertaining  to  the  youth  of  a  female.       Carew. 
GIRL'lSil-LV,  tulv.     In  the  manner  of  a  girl. 
GIRL'ISILNESS,  n.     Levity  ;  the  manners  of  a  girl. 
GIRiV,  V.  i.     A  corruption  of  Ghin.  SautA. 

GI-U0\D'IST,  M.     One  of  a  celebrated  political  party 

during  the  French  revolution. 
GIR'ROCK,  K.     A  species  of  gar-fish,  the  lacertus. 

Cyc. 
GIRT,  (gun,)  j»rc(.  and  pp.  of  Gird. 
GTRT,  p.  t.     To  gird  ;  to  surround.   Thomson.    Tooke. 
[This  verb,  if  derived  from  the  noun  girt^  may  be 
proper.] 
GIRT,     i  n.    The  band  or  strap  by  which  a  saddle  or 
GIRTH,  \      any  burden  {»n  a  horse's  back  is  made  fast, 
by  passing  under  his  belly. 

2.  A  circular  bandage.  Wiseman. 

3.  The  compass  measured  tfy  a  girth  or  inclosing 
bandage. 

H«'s  n  hwy,  Jolly  fellow,  that  liret  well,  at  least  three  ynrcU  in 
the  girf/i.  Addison. 

GTRT'ED,  pp.     Girded  ;  surrounded. 

GIRTH,  V.  L     To  bind  with  a  girth. 

GIUT'LVG,  ppr.     Girding'. 

GrsE,  (jize,)  P.  L     To  feed  or  pasture.     [See  Agist.] 

GIS'LE,  (ji^'Ii)  »•     A  pledge.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

GIST,  (jisi  or  jit ;  Smart  ami  Knowles  give  jwt,  Jame- 
son ji/.)  n.     [Kr.  gcsir^  to  lie  ;  gite^  a  lodgmg-place.] 
In  law,  the  main  point  of  a  question  ;  the  point  on 
which  nn  action  resis. 

GITII,  fi.    Guinea  jiepper 

GIT'TERN,  n.     [U  citAara.] 
A  guitar.     [See  Guitar.] 

GIT'TERN,  r.  L     To  play  on  a  gittem.  ^filton. 

QIUS'TO,  (jus'to,)  [It.]     In  musiCj  in  just,  equal,  or 
steady  time. 

GIVE,(gtv,)t!.(, ;  prrL  Gave  ;p;i.  Given.    [Sax.  £-i/a«, 

g<tfan  ;  Goth,  giban ;  G.  geben  ;  D.  geeven  i  Sw.  gtfva  ,■ 
an.  ^icrr.  Hence,  Sax.  gif,  Gnih.  iaoai  or  yabai^ 
now  coniractfd  into  if.  Chaucer  wrote  yeuc,  yave. 
(in.  Heb.  Cli.  Syr.  and  Sam.  ^n-*,  to  give.  See  Class 
Gb,  \o.  3,  2t>,  43.  The  sense  of  give  is  generally  to 
pass,  or  to  transfer,  that  is,  to  send  or  throw.] 

I.  To  bestow  ;  to  confer ;  to  pass  or  transfer  the 
title  or  properly  of  a  thing  to  anotlicr  person,  without 
an  etitiivalent  or  cumptmsation. 

Fur  g^iii^roiM  \i>T\i*  had  rntiir;r  give  than  pay.  Young. 

9.  To  transmit  from  himself  to  another  by  hand, 
s[>et;ch,  or  writing  ;  to  deliver. 

'I'lie  woman  whom  thou  fiivpat  to  be  with  mc,  she  gave  me  of 
ih-;  trer,  iukI  1  did  «U.  —  (wh.  iii. 

3.  To  impart ;  to  bestow 

Gii>«  iia  of  yuur  oil,  Tor  our  lampa  are  gotie  out.  —  Mfttt.  xxv. 

4.  To  coniiniiuicatc  ;  as,  to  give  an  oj)inion  ;  to 
give  counsel  or  advice  ;  to  give  notice 

5.  To  pass  or  deliver  the  pni[K:rIy  of  a  thing  to 
another  for  an  eipiivalent ;  to  pay.  We  give  the  Kill 
value  of  all  we  purchase.  A  dollar  is  given  fur  a 
day's  labor. 

Whit  tlinll  a  mnn  give  In  ^xcjuin"*  for  hb  •oiil  ?  —  Matt.  xtI. 

f).  To  yii'ld  ;  to  lend;  in  the  phrase  to  give  ear  ^ 
which  signifies  to  listen  ;  to  hear. 

7.  To  quit ;  in  the  phrase  to  give  place^  which  sig- 
nifies   to   withdraw,   or  retire    to   make    room   for 

8.  To  confer;  to  grant.  [another. 

Wlitti  will  Ihoii  giot  ini>,  weinj  I  go  chilillpn?  —  Gen.  xv. 

9.  To  expose  ;  to  yield  to  the  power  of. 

Giot  tu  the  waiilun  wind«  tlx-ir  flowing  h^r.  Dnjden. 

10.  To  grant ;  to  allow  ;  to  permit. 

It  is  giotn  TtiK  once  again  to  behold  my  rrii^nd.  Bou^e. 

II.  To  afTord  ;  to  supply  ;  to  furnish. 

Thon  niiMt  give  na  niau  Kuriltcoa  and  Uimt-ofTcringa.  —  Ex.  x. 

12.  To  em|X)wer;  tu  license  ;  to  commission. 

Tlvn  giu«  Utv  fii-mil  to  alKvl  the  aacrrd  wine.  Pop*. 

Hut  Ibis  and  similar  phrnses  are  probably  elliptical ; 
give,  for  give  jMiwi-r  or  license.  So  in  the  phrases 
give  me  to  uuderstind,  give  me  to  know,  give  the 
flowers  to  blow  ;  that  is,  to  give  power,  to  enable. 

13.  To  pay  or  render;  as,  to  give  praise,  applause, 
or  approbation. 

14.  To  render ;  to  pronounce  ;  as,  to  give  sentence 
or  judgment ;  to  give  the  word  of  command. 

1.1.  To  utter ;  to  vent ;  as,  to  give  a  shout. 

10.  To  produce  ;  to  show ;  to  exhibit  as  a  product 
or  result;  as,  the  number  of  men  divided  by  the 
number  of  shqw,  gives  four  hundred  to  each  ship. 

17.  To  cause  to  exist ;  to  excite  in  another ;  as,  to 
give  offense  or  umbrage  ;  to  gine  pleasure, 

18.  To  send  forth  ;  to  emit ;  as,  a  stone  gives  sparks 

Witll  BtfiCl. 

19.  To  addict ;  to  apply;  to  devote  one's  self,  fol- 
lowed by  the  reciprocal  pronoun.  The  soldiers  give 
themselves  to  plunder.  The  passive  participle  is 
much  used  in  this  sense  ;  as,  the  [leople  are  given  to 
luxury  and  jileasurc  ;  the  youth  la  given  to  study. 

Giet  ihyvir  wholly  to  ihem.  —  1  Tim.  it. 


TONE,  BJ;lL,  XJNITB.— AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8.-€  as  K;  0  as  J  j  »  as  ^j  CH  as  SHj  TH  as  in  THIS 


GIZ 

20.  To  resign  ;  to  yield  up;  often  followed  by  up. 

Who  say,  I  MIC  not,  tltouc  1  give  for  Io«l  JJerierL 

21.  To  pledge ;  as,  I  give  my  word  that  the  debt    1 
shall  be  paid. 

m.  To  present  for  taking  or  acceptance ;  as,  I  give 
}'ou  my  hand. 

23.  To  allow  or  admit  by  way  of  supposition. 

To  give  away;  to  alienate  the  title  or  property  of  a 
thing  ;  to  make  over  to  another ;  to  transfer. 

Whatioevcr  we  enjploy  in  cliiuitable  ukb  during  our  liin^,  k 
given  aioay  fron>  our»elvi.ii.  Atlerivry. 

To  give  back  ;  to  return  ;  to  restore.       Jitterbury. 

To  give  chase  ;  to  pursue.  Tvtten. 

To  give  fortli;  to  publish  ;  to  tell;  to  report  pub 
licly.  /lutjward. 

To  give  the  haiid;  to  yield  preeminence,  as  being 
subordinate  or  inferior.  Hooker. 

To  give  in ;  tu  allow  by  way  of  abatement  or  de- 
duction from  a  claim  ;  to  yield  what  may  be  justly 
demanded. 

To  give  over  ;  to  leave ;  to  quit  j  to  cease  j  to  aban- 
don ;  as,  to  give  over  a  pursuit 

2.  To  addict;  to  attach  to;  to  abandon. 

When  the  Bftbyloniani  had  given  themacWe*  over  lo  all  manner 
of  vice.  Grew. 

3.  To  despair  of  recovery  ;  to  believe  to  be  lost  or 
past  recovery.  The  physician  had  given  oi-er  the 
p:ttient,  or  given  the  patient  over  jSddison. 

4.  To  abandon.  Jililton. 

To  give  out ;  lo  utter  publicly ;  to  report ;  to  pro- 
claim ;  to  publish.  It  was  given  oui  that  parliament 
would  assemble  in  November. 

2.  To  issue  ;  to  send  forth  ;  to  publish. 

Tlio  night  WM  diirtinguiahed  by  the  ortlen  which  he  gave  out  to 
hia  army.  Addison. 

3.  To  show  ;  to  exhibit  in  false  appearance.    Shak. 

4.  To  send  out ;  to  emit ;  as,  a  substance  gives  out 
stean)  or  odors. 

To  give  up  ;  to  resign  ;  to  quit ;  to  yield  as  hope- 
less ;  as,  to  give  up  a  cause  ;  to  give  up  the  argument 

2.  To  surrender ;  as,  to  give  up  a  fortress  to  an 
enemy. 

3.  To  relinquish  ;  to  cede.  In  this  treaty,  the 
Spaniards  gave,  up  Louisiana. 

4.  To  abandon ;  as,  to  give  up  all  hope ;  they  are 
given  up  to  believe  a  lie. 

5.  To  deliver. 

And  Joab  gave  up  the  lum  of  the  number  ul  the  people  to  tlio 
king.  —  a  Sam.  xxlv. 

To  give  one's  self  up  ;  to  despair  of  one's  recovery ; 
to  conchide  to  be  lost 

2.  To  resign  or  devote. 

Let  lu  give  ourteloe*  wholly  up  to  Chriat  in  heart  and  desln'. 

Taylor. 

3.  To  addict;  to  abandon.  He  ^ar«  kiinseifup  to 
intemperance 

To  give  way ;  to  yield  ;  to  withdraw  to  make  room 
for.     Inferiors  should  give  way  to  superiors. 

2.  To  fail ;  to  yield  to  force  ;  to  break  or  fall.  The 
ice  gave  ipay,  and  the  horses  were  drowned  ;  tlie 
scalVolding  gave  way;  the  wheels  or  axletree  gave 
way. 

3.  To  recede  ;  to  make  room  for. 

4.  In  seamen's  language,  give  way  is  an  ordf  r  to  a 
boat's  crew  to  row  after  ceasing,  or  to  increase  their 
exertions.  ToUcn. 

GIVE,  (giv,)  V.  u  To  yield  to  pressure.  The  earth 
gives  under  the  fuel. 

2.  To  begin  to  melt ;  to  thaw ;  to  grow  soft,  so  as 
to  yield  to  pressure.  Bacon. 

3.  To  move  ;  to  recede. 

Now  bock  he  gives,  titon  rushes  on  nmnin. 

Daiiiet'e  CioU  War. 

To  give  in  ;  to  go  back  ;  to  give  way.     [JVot  in  use.] 
To  give  in  to ;  to  yield  assent ;  to  adopt 
Thia  coriaidTnlion  may  induce  r  traualator  to  give  in  to  thoae 
g^nifral  phraaes.  Pope. 

To  give  off;  to  cease ;  to  forbear.    [Little  u.ted.] 

Locke. 
To  give  on  ;  (o  nish  ;  to  fall  on.     [JVot  in  use.] 
To  give  out ;  to  publi^ih  ;  to  proclaim. 
2.  To  cease  from  exertion  ;   to  yield  ;   applied  to 
persons.     lie  labored  hard,  but  gave  out  at  last 
To  give  over;  to  cea.ie  ;  to  act  no  more  ;  to  desert. 

It  would  be  well  fur  nil  authoni.  if  they  knew  whvn  tu  give  ot*r, 
and  to  dnsial  from  nny  furtncr  purwnila  nfler  fnmc.  Aiidieon. 

GIVEN,  (giv'n,)  pp.  or  a.  Bestowed  ;  granted  ;  con- 
ferred ;  unparted  ;  admitted  nr  snjiposed. 

GIVER,  n.  One  who  gives  ;  a  donor;  a  bestower;  a 
grantor;  one  who  imparts  or  distributes. 

It  ia  (he  gioer,  and  not  tlie  gift,  Hut  engruMca  tlie  honrt  of  the 
ChriaUan.  KoUock. 

OIVES,  n.  pi.  [Ir.  geibhiony  from  ge'tbhim,  to  get  or 
hold.] 

I'Vtti'rs  or  shackles  for  the  feet.     [See  Gwks.] 
GIVING,  p;ir.     Bestowing;  conferring;    imparting; 

granting;  delivering. 
GI  VI\<;,  n.    The  act  of  conferring.  Pope. 

2.  An  alleging  of  what  ia  not  real.  &Uft 

GIZ'ZARD,  n.     [Vx.  gesier.] 


503 


GLA 

The  strongt  musculuus  stumacb  of  a  fowl. 

Ray,     Dryiien. 
To  fret  the  gizzard ;  to  harass ;  to  vex  one's  self, 
or  to  be  vexed.  Hadihraj, 

GLA'BRl-ATE,  v.  L     [T-  ir^abro.] 
To  iiiuke  smooth.    [AVl  it^ec^] 
GLAll  RI-TY,  n.     Smoothness.    {^Tot  used,] 
GLA'[lROUS,o.    [L.^fl&«-, allied  toEiig.^W     Class 
Lb,  No.  10,  24,  27,  34,  37.1 

:>mootli ;  having  a  surface  without  hairs  or  any 
unevennesa. 
GLX'CIAL,  (gla'shal,)  a.    [Ft.  glacial;  I*  gUcialis^ 
from  glacifs,  ice.] 

lev;  coiKistini!  of  ice ;  fn^en. 
OtacifU  pkenamena ;  Die  tiheiiomena  Which  accom 
paiiy  placit-rs. 
GLa'C[ATE,  p.  I.    To  turn  to  ice.  Diet. 

GLA-CI-A'TION.  (Ela-sbe-a'slmn,)  n.    [Supra.]    The 

act  of  freezing  ;  ice  formed.  Bnntn. 

GL.^'CIER,  (gU'seer,)  a.  [Fr.  gUciert,  an  ice-bouse, 
from  fla£t,  IL  gkiaedOy  ice.    ^e  Glacia.l.1 

A  field  or  iiiimeuse  mass  of  ice,  formed  in  deep 
but  elevated  valleys,  or  un  the  sides  of  the  Alps  or 
other  moontains.  TheM  maases  of  ice  extend  mnny 
miles  in  len(^  and  breadth,  and  remain  undissolved 
by  the  beat  of  summer.  Coze. 

QUder  cAe»r|r ;  the  theory  that  the  frigid  and  tem- 
perate zones  were  covered  with  ice  during  the  ice  pe- 
riod, and  that,  by  the  agency  of  this  ice,  during  its 
formation  and  dissolution,  the  loose  materials  on  the 
earth's  surface,  (kiiowu  as  dilutiuniy)  were  trunspurt- 
ed  and  arrumutated. 
GLA'CIOUS,  (gU'shus.)  a.  Like  ice  ;  icy.  flrwe*. 
GLA'CIS,  a.  [Fr.]  In  kuUJin^,  or  gardening^  an 
easy,  inseasible  slope.  This,  also,  is  the  sense  in 
geottiey.  Mlmeyc. 

3.  in  foHlJleatioHy  a  slopipg  bank  ;  that  mass  of 
earth  which  serves  as  a  parapt^  lo  the  covered  way, 
having  an  easy  slope  or  declivity  toward  the  cham- 
paign or  field.  E»eyc* 

GLA  D,  a.  [Sax.  gUd  or  giad ;  6w.  gUd  t  Dan.  glad  ; 
perhaps  L.  Utus,  without  a  prefix.  See  Class  Ld, 
No.  a,  Ai-.] 

1.  Pluaxed ;  affected  with  pleasure  or  modnrate  joy  j 
moderately  happy. 

A  wlae  aon  makcth  a  glad  tuher.  —  Prov.  x. 

It  i-4  usually  followed  by  of.    I  am  glad  of  an  op- 
portunity tt)  oblige  my  friend. 
It  is  Sometimes  followed  by  oC 

He  thu  i*  giad  At  c^AmitW  dull  not  b«  uuputd^ieJ. —  Frov. 
xvii. 

It  is  wvnetimes  followed  by  vitX, 

Ttw  Tro>n,  flttd  milk  «ght  ot  hoatOe  fakuxL  Ihyden. 

With,  aAer  glmd,  is  unusual,  and,  in  this  passage, 
Mt  woald  have  been  preferable. 
S.  Cheerful ;  Joyous. 

TVr  fa(<-«»^  thf^  king,  had  wa*-to  fbrlr  tCDl^  yartal  and  glad 
of  bemit.  —  1  Kiu^  rtiL 

3.'  Cheerful;  wearing  the  appearance  of  joy  j  as, 
a  glad  countenance. 

4.  Wearing  a  gay  appearance ;  showy  i  bright. 

Tte  wiklernMB  umI  ttie  Mliiuy  plafia  ihaU  be  ^ad  for  tbem.  — 

Is.  zxxr. 
dad  eTenitig'  and  gtad  n»m  crovnedlhe  fbanh  d^j,  AEiton, 

5.  Pleasing ;  exhilarating. 

Her  conv^natioo 
Mote  glad  to  ate  thaji  to  k  mLKr  moury  ia.  Sidiuy. 

&  Exprosing  gladness  or  joy  ;  exciting  joy. 

Buk  I  a  glad  voice  tbe  lonctj  deacrt  chcere.  Pope. 

GLAD,  V.  u  [The  pret  and  pp.  Gla.dded  is  not  used. 
See  Gladdek.] 

To  make  glad  ;  to  affect  with  pleasure  j  to  cheer  ; 
to  gladden  ;  to  exhilarate. 

£a£h  lihnkj  the  juice  that  gUsds  the  bcsjt  of  nuui.  Pope. 

GLAD'DEX,  (slad'n,)  c.  t  [Sax.  gtadian;  Dan.  glas- 
der ;  Sw.  ^/arfia.] 

To  make  glad  ;  to  cheer ;  to  please ;  to  exhilarate. 
The  news  of  peace  gladdens  our  hearts. 

Cterctoi  vill  erery  vben  gladden  \m  fje,  uhI  hymni  of  pnu« 
nbnie  upoo  hia  ear.  Daight. 

GhADIiES,  (ghid'n,)  v.  u  To  become  glad ;  to  re- 
joice. 

So  ihaD  your  eaaalij  em  gladden  at  the  aouud  of  your  Toic?. 
Adams's  Jnaugurai  Oration, 

GLAD'DEX-ED,  pp.     Made  glad  ;  cheered. 
GLAD'D£\-ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Cheering ;  exhilarating. 
GLAD'DER,  ».    One  that  makes  glad,  or  gives  joy. 

Dryden.. 
GLAD'DING,  ppr.     ftloking  glad;  cheering;  giving 

joy. 
GLADE,  m.     [Ice.  hhid.     On.] 

1.  An  opening  or  peutsage  made  through  a  wood  by 
lopping  off  the  branches  of  the  trees.  Loedllij,  in  the 
United  States,  a  natural  opening  or  open  place  in  a 
foresL 

There  !nCerspeiw>d  In  lawm  and  opening  e'adse.  Pope. 

2.  In  -V«c  England,  an  opening  in  the  ice  of  rivers 
or  lakes,  or  a  place  left  unfrozen. 

GLADE,  n      [U.  glad^  G?gLut^  smooth.] 

Smooth  ice.  JVine  Enghaid. 


GLA 

f*  F  A'Df  \    i 

HLK'  Diiil,' !  '^    E^"  «"'^''*-*»  a  sword.] 

Swonl  grass ;  the  general  name  of  plants  that  rise 
with  a  broad  blade,  like  sedge.  Junius, 

GLAO'FSJL,  a.     Full  of  gl:uln.-ss.     [Obs,'\     Speiuer. 
GLAD'FU'L-NESS,  a,    Joy  ;  gladness.     [Obs.] 

Spenser 
GLAD'I-ATE,  a.     [U  gtadius,  a  sword.] 

Sword-shaped  ;  resembling  tliu  form  of  a  sword  ; 
as  the  legume  of  a  planU  Martyn. 

GLAD'I-A-TOR,  n,     [L.,  from  irladius,  a  sword.j 

A  sword-player;  a  priKe-Iig liter.    The  gladmtors, 
in  Rome,  were  men  who  fought  in  Uie  arena,  fur  the 
entertainment  of  the  people. 
GLAO-l-.VTf)'RI-AL,  i  a.     Pertaining  to  gladiators, 
GLAD-I-A-T0'R1-A.\,  t      or  to  conibaw  for  Ihe  enter- 
tainment of  the  Roman  pe«|ile.  Up.  Rrynolds. 
GLAD'l-A-TO-HY,  a.    Relating  to  gludialurs. 

Up.  /"(irlcMjf. 
GLAD'r-.\-TlJttE,  n.    Sword-play  ;  fencing.    [A'-ot  in 

«M.J  Oai/ton. 

GLAD'I-OLE,  n.     [C  ghuUolus.  a  diigger.] 

A  plant,  the  sword-lily,  of^  the  genus  Gladiolus. 
The  waterglaiiale  Is  of  the  genus  Butonuis,  or  flow- 
enng  rush,  and  also  of  the  genus  Lobelia,  or  cardinal 
Hower.  Cye,     Faia.  tif  Plants. 

GLAU'LY,  adv.  [See  Glad.]  VVith  pleasure  ;  joyfuW 
ly  ;  cheerfully. 

The  common  people  hcArd  him  gladly.  —  Marie  xiL 

GLAD'NESS,  ju  [See  Glad.]  Joy,  or  n  moderate  de- 
gree c^  joy  audexhilaratiou  ;  pleasure  of  mind  ;  cheer- 
fulness. 

They  dij  pat  their  meat  with  gladness  and  wnfflenes*  of  lieart.  — 
Acts  ii. 

[Qladness  is  rarely  or  never  equivalent  to  mirth, 
mernmettty  gayetij^  and   triumph,  and  it   usually  ex- 
presses   less   than  deligkL      It  sometimes  expresses 
great  joy.     Esther  viii.  ix.l 
GLAU'SHIP,  n.     State  of  gladness.     [JVot  used.] 

Oower. 
GLAD'SOME,  (-sum,)  a.    Pleased  j  joyful ;  clmorful. 

Spenser. 
2.  Causing  joy,  pleasure,  or  cheerfulness  ;  having 
the  afH^carance  of  gayety  ;  pleasing. 

Of  opnatig  braven  ihey  King,  twd  gladsome  day  Prior. 

GLAD'SO.ME-LY,  ado  With  joy ;  with  pleasure  of 
mind. 

GLAD'gOME-XESS,  n.    Joy,  or  moderate  joy  ;  pleas- 
ure of  mind. 
9.  Showiness.  Johnson. 

GLAD'WIN,  n.    A  plant  tji  the  genus  Iris. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 

GLAIR,  n.  [Fr.  glaire.  In  Sax.  gla;re  Is  amber,  or 
any  thing  transpnrenL  This  coincides  with  VV.  eir- 
lur,  Eng,  elear^  Im  clams,  and  with  Eng.  glare,  and 
L.  gloria  i  perha^is  with  L.  glarca,  gravel,  or  pieces  of 
quart?:.] 

1.  The  white  of  an  egg.  It  is  used  as  a  varnish 
for  preserving  paintings.  Encye. 

2.  Any  viscous,  transparent  substance,  resembling 
the  white  of  an  egg. 

3.  A  kind  of  halberd.  Diet. 
GLAIR,  r.  u    To  smea,r  with  the  white  of  an  egg;  to 

varnish. 
GLaIR'^D,  pp.     Smeared  with  the  white  of  an  ecg. 
GLAIR'V,  a.     Like  glair,  or  partaking  of  its  qualities. 

FicttliHir. 

GLAIVE.     SeeGLAVE. 

GLA'JIOUR,  n.    Witchery,  or  a  charm  on  the  eyes, 

making  them  see  things  differently  from  what  they 

really  are.     [Scottish,'] 

It  had  much  of  glamour  niig^ht 
To  maJte  a  laJy  acorn  n  kiii<ht. 

ScoWs  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel, 

GLANCE,  7*.  [G.  glanz,  a  ray,  a  beam,  or  shoot,  of 
light,  splendor;  D.  gtaiis;  Dan.  glands -,  Sw.  fflans. 
The  primary  sense  is,  to  shoot,  to  throw,  to  dart.] 

1.  A  sudden  shoot  of  light  or  splendor.     Milton. 

2.  A  shoot  or  darting  of  sight ;  a  rapid  or  moment- 
ary view  or  cast;  a  snatcli  of  sight ;  as,  a  sudden 
glance  ;  a  glance  of  the  eye.  Dryden.      Watts. 

GLANCE,  V.  i.  To  shoot  or  dart  a  ray  of  light  or  splen- 
dor. 

Wheu  throu^  the  gloom  the  glancing  lightnings  fly.    Route. 

2.  To  fly  off  in  an  oblique  direction  ;  to  dart  aside. 
The  arrow  struck  the  shield  and  glanced.  So  we  say, 
a  elattcing  ball  or  shot. 

3.  To  io<)k  with  a  sudden,  rapid  cast  of  the  eye  ; 
to  snatch  a  momentary  or  hasty  view, 

Thi;n  sit  agpiiii,  and  li^h  and  glance.  Suckling. 

4.  To  hint ;  to  cast  a  word  or  reflection ;  as,  to 
glance  at  a  different  subject. 

5.  To  censure  by  oblique  hints.  Shak. 
GLANCE,  V.  L    To  shoot  or  dart  suddenly  or  oblique- 
ly i  to  cast  for  a  moment ;  as,  to  glance  the  eye. 

Shak, 
GLANCE,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  darker-colored,  me- 
tallic sulphurets.  Dana^ 
GLXNCE'-COAL,  7l  Anthracite  ;  a  mineral  composed 

chiefly  of  carbon.     [See  Anthracite.]  C?/c. 

GLAN'CED,  Cglanst,)  pp.    Shot  or  darted  suddenly. 


GLA 

GLXN'CING,  ppr.  Shooting;  darting;  casting  sud- 
denly ;  flying  off  obliquely. 

GLAN'CING-LY,  adv.  By  glancing  ;  in  a  glancing 
manner;  transiently.  Hakewdl. 

GLAND,  H.  [L.  gUiKs,  a  nut ;  glandula,  a  gland  ;  Fr. 
glundc,    Q.U.  Gr.  i^'tX'ivoi,  wtih  a  different  prefix.] 

1.  In  anatunnj,  a  suft,  fleshy  organ,  in  some  cases 
extremely  minute,  and  in  others  large  like  the  liver. 
There  are  two  classes  of  glnnds,  one  for  the  modifi- 
cation of  the  fluids  which  pass  through  them,  as  the 
mesenteric  and  lymphatic  glands  ;  and  the  other  for 
the  secretion  of  fluids  whicli  are  either  useful  in  the 
animal  economy,  or  require  to  be  rejected  from  the 
body.  Tully. 

2.  In  botany,  a  gland,  or  glandule,  ia  an  excretory 
or  secretory  duct  or  vessel  in  a  plant.  Glands  are 
found  on  the  leaves,  pctiolt^s,  i>edunclcs,  and  stipules. 

Martyn. 
GLAND'ER-ED,  o.  Affected  with  glanders.  Berkeley. 
GLAND'ERS,  n,  ["from  gland.]  In  farriery,  a  conta- 
gious and  vcr>'  aestructive  disease  of  tHe  mucous 
membriuie  in  horses,  .characterized  by  a  constant 
discharge  of  sticky  matter  from  the  nose,  and  an 
enlargement  and  indnrution  of  the  glands  beneatli 
and  within  the  lower  jaw.  Oardner. 

GLAN-DIF'ER-OUS,a.  [h.  glandifcr i  glaiis,  an  acorn, 
and  fero,  to  bear.] 

Hearing  acorns,  or  other  nuts;  producing  nuts  or 
mast.     The  beech   and    the  oak  are  glandiferous 
trees. 
GLAND'I-FORM,  a.     [L.  glans  and  forma,  form.] 
In  the  shape  of  a  gland,  or  nut;  resembling  a 
gland. 
GL.AND'Ii  LAR,  a.    Containing  glands  ;  consisting  of 
glands;  pertaining  to  glands. 

2.  In  botany,  covered  with  hairs  bearing  glands  on 
their  tips.  Lindley. 

GLAND-IJ-La'TION,  Ti.     In  botany,  the  situation  and 
structure  of  the  secretory  vessels  in  plants.  Martyii. 
OlanduliUion  r!"*iwM:la   th^   sccirtory  Tcs»eb,  which  are  riilier 
^iMitlules,  foUiclL-B,  ur  utrictea.  Lee. 

GLAND'ULE,  71.     [L.  glandula.] 

A  smalt  gland  or  si'creting  vessel, 
GLAND-IJ-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [h.  gUmdulaandfero^lo 
hear.] 

Bearing  glands.  Lee. 

GLAND-lf-LOS'I-TY,  n.  A  colleclion  of  glands.  [Lit- 
'  tie  used.]  Broion. 

GLAND'H-LOtlS,  a.     [L.  glandulosus,] 

Containing  glands ;  consisting  of  glands ;  pertain- 
ing to  glands  ;  resembling  glands. 
GLANS,  n.     [See  Gland.]     The  nut  of  the  penis;  an 

acorn  ;  a  pessary  ;  a  stnimous  swelling.  Coze. 

GLARE,  n.  [Dan.  glar.  Ice.  gler,  glass.  It  coincides 
with  clear,  glory,  gloir,  which  see.] 

1.  A  bright,  dazzling  light;  clear,  brilliant  luster 
or  splendor,  that  diizzles  the  eyes. 

The  frame  of  humUbed  slecl  that  cast  a  glare,  Dryden. 

2.  A  fierce,  piercing  look. 

About  ihom  round, 
A  lion  now  he  tUlks  wiih  fiery  glare.  Milton. 

3.  A  viscous,  transparent  substance.  [See  Glair.] 
GLARE,  V.  I.    To  shine  with  a  clear,  bright,  dazzling 

light ;  as,  glaring  light. 

The  cavern  glares  with  new  admitted  light.  Dryden. 

2.  To  look  with  fierce,  piercing  eyes. 

They  glared,  liljc  angry  Uona.  Dryden. 

3.  To  shine  with  excessive  luster;  to  be  ostenta- 
tiously splendid  ;  as,  a  glaring  dress.  Milton. 

She  glares  iii  balls,  front  boxes,  and  the  ting.  Pope, 

GLARE,  V.  U    To  shoot  a  dazzling  light. 

GLAR'ED,  pp.     Shot  with  a  fierce  or  dazzling  light. 

GLAR'E-OUS,  a.     [Fr.  glaircux.     See  Glair.] 

Resembling  the  white  of  an  egg  ;  viscous  and 
transparent  or  white. 

GLAR'I-NESS,        }  n.    A  dazzling  luster  or  brillian- 

GLaR'ING-NESS,  ]      cy. 

GLAR'ING,  ppr.  or  o.  Emitting  a  clear  and  brilliant 
ligiit  i  shining  with  dazzling  luster. 

2.  a.  Clear  ;  notorious  ;  open  and  bold  ;  barefaced  j 
as,  a  glaring-  crime. 

GLaR'ING-L  Y,  a(ic.     Openly;  clearly;  notoriously. 

GLaR'Y,  a.     Of  a  brilliant,  dazzling  luster. 

GLASS,  n,  [Sax.  gUes ;  Sw.  Dan.  G.  and  D.  glas;  so 
named  from  its  color  ;  W.glAs,  from  lias,  blue,  azure, 
green,  fresh,  pale  ;  glasu,  to  make  blue,  to  become 
green  or  verdant,  to  grow  pale,  to  dawn  ;  ^laslys, 
woad,  L.  glastum  ;  glcsid,  blueness.  Tacitus,  de 
Mor.  Ger.  45,  mentions  glesum,  amber  collected  in 
the  Baltic,  probably  the  same  word,  and  so  named 
from  its  clearness.  Greenness  is  usually  named 
from  vegetation  or  growing,  as  L.  vtridis,  from  vi- 
reo.] 

1.  A  hard,  brittle,  transparent,  factitious  substance, 
formed  by  fusing  sand  with  fixed  alkalies.     Enajc. 

A  definite  compound  of  silicic  acid  and  potassa  or 
soda.  Tlie  pure  silicates  of  potassa  and  soda  are 
soluble  in  water;  but  by  the  conjunction  of  a  silicate 
of  lime,  magnesia,  alumina,  or  any  other  earth,  it 
becomes  insoluble  in  water. 
In  chemistry,  a  substance  or  mixture,  earthy,  saline, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PRfiY.— PL\E,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 


504 


GLA 

or  metallic,  brought  by  fusion  to  lh«  slate  of  a  hard, 
brittle,  inuispart.-ut  injtss,  whoso  fracture  is  conchoid- 
al.  Aikitt. 

S.  A  Bmntl  drinkins-vesRel  of  glass. 

3.  A  mirror  ;  a  looking-gtass. 

A.  A  vessel  to  be  filled  with  sand  for  measuring 
time;  as,  an  hoiir-^'^t-v^. 

5.  'J'he  destined  time  of  man's  life.  His  glass  is 
run. 

6.  The  quantity  of  liquor  that  a  glass  vessel  con- 
tains.   Drink  a  glass  of  ivine  with  me. 

7.  A  vessel  that  shows  the  weight  of  the  air. 

TaUer. 

8.  A  lens  or  optical  instrument  through  which  an 
object  is  viewed  ;  aa,  an  optJc-^/ujs.  Milton. 

9.  The  time  which  a  glx<!s  runs,  or  in  which  it  is 
exhausted  of  sand.  The  j«ani^nV  tBotch-^ltiss  is  half 
an  hour.     We  say,  a  ship  fought  three  glasses. 

10.  Olassf^i,  in  the  plural ;  stpectacles. 

GLASS,  a.  Made  of  glassy  vitreousj  as,  a  s-Za^s  bot- 
tle. 

GLASS,  V.  t.    To  see,  as  in  a  glass.     [JVot  used] 

Si^nev. 
e.  To  case  in  glass.    [Little  vsrd,]  Skak 

3.  To  cover  with  glas-j ;  to  gla/.t".  Bimle, 

[In  the  latter  sense,  Glaze  is  generally  used.] 

GLArsS'-BLOVV-ER,  n.  One  whose  business  js  to 
blow  and  fashion  glass. 

GLASri'-COACH,  «.  In  England,  a  coach  superior  to 
a  hackney -coach,  hired  for  the  day,  or  any  short  pe- 
riod, as  a  private  carriage,  so  called  because  original- 
ly private  carriages  alone  had  glass  windows. 

Smart. 

GLASS'-FaC-KD,  (-fast,)  a.  Ry  n  glass-fattd  flatterer, 
in  Shakspoare,  ia  meant,  one  who  {jives  hack,  in  his 
looks,  the  looks  of  his  patron.  Johnson. 

GLA.SH'FIJL,  n.     As  much  as  a  glass  holds. 

GLAS.S'-FLIK-NACE,  n.  A  furnace  in  which  the  ma- 
t^TJalu  of  eta»s  are  melted.  Cyc 

GLASS'-GAZ-IXG,  a.  Addicted  to  viewing  one's  self 
in  a  glass  or  mirror  ;  finical.  rSAo^ 

GLAHS'-GKINU-EB,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
grind  and  p4>Ii5h  glass.  Boyle. 

GLAScj'-HOLISE,  n.    A  bouse  where  gtosa  is  made. 

Addison. 

QLASS'I-LY,  ado.    So  as  to  resemble  glass. 

GLASS'1-NES.-:^,  n.  The  ijuality  of  being  glassy  or 
smooth  ;  a  vitreous  appearance. 

GLA.SS'-LTKE,  a.     Rtsenibtjiig  glass. 

GLAt^S'-MA.V,  n.    One  who  sells  glass.  Swift 

GLAS:)'-aiET^L,  (-met-l,)  n.    Glass  in  Hision. 

Boyle. 

GLASS'-POT,  n.  A  vessel  used  for  melting  glass  in 
miinufarii  irie?".  Cyc. 

GLA.S.S'-WOKK,  C-wurk,)  n.     Manufacture  of  glass. 

GLASS'-WORK.i,  n.pL  The  place  or  buildings  where 
glans  is  made. 

GLA>*S'\VOIlT,  n,  A  plant,  the  popular  name  of 
some  xix'cios  of  Salicorni,i,  yielding  a  large  quantity 
of  soda,  wliich  is  used  in  the  nKinutacture  of  glat^s. 
The  jointi-d  glasswort,  Saticornia  heirt>aeea,  is  often 
eaten  at  a  salad,  or  pickle,  under  the  name  of  marsh- 
aamphire.  P.  Cye. 

GLASS'Y,  a.  Made  of  glass;  vitreous;  as,  a  glassy 
substance.  Bacon. 

2.  Resembling  glass  in  its  properties,  as  in  Kmooth- 
noss,  brittleness,  or  transparency  ;  as,  a  glassy 
stream  ;  a  glassy  surface  ;  the  glasin/  deep. 

Shak.     Dryden. 

GI.AS'TOX  BU-RY-THORN,  (glas'n-ber-ry-)  ».  A 
variety  of  the  common  hawthorn.  Loudon. 

GLAUB'EIMTE,  n.  A  wlightly  suInMe  mineral  cun- 
SLucing  of  sulphate  of  soda  and  sul|)h;ite  of  time.  It 
occurH  in  flattened,  oblique  crytttals,  somewhat  glassy 
in  appearance,  and  of  a  yellowish  or  grayish  color. 
This  mineral  baa  been  met  with  only  iu  salt-mines. 

Dana. 

GLATB'ER'S-SALT,  B.  [from  Glauber^  a  German 
chfinist,  who  discovered  it.] 

Siilphat*-  of  soda,  a  well-known  cath.artic. 

GL.\U-eO'MA,  It.  [Gr.J  A  disease  In  the  eye,  in 
which  the  crystalline  humor  becomes  of  a  bluish 
or  greenish  color,  and  its  transparency  is  dimin- 
ished. Eneye. 
An  opacity  of  the  vitreous  humor.  Hooper. 
According  to  Sharp,  the  irlaueotna  of  the  Greeks  is 
thf  same  a>«  the  r^taract;  and  according  to  8t.  Yves 
and  iilh-ra,  it  is  a  cataract  with  aiufiurosis.     Parr. 

Dimness  or  abolition  of  sight  from  opacity  of  the 
humors.  J.  M.  Good. 

*'  Otaaroma  consists  in  a  cliange  of  structure  in  the 
vitreous  humor." 

*'  Arthritic  inflammation  of  the  Internal  tttnfcs  of 
M.  ■  ve  (an  inl1ammati4in  rommrncing  in  parts  most 
'  '  ;in;il  t't  the  function  of  vition,  in  the  retina,  in 
Ui  Vitreous  humor,  and  probably  involving  the  cho- 
roid coat)  has  sometimes  been  called  acute  glaucoma^ 
this  tt-rm  being  derived  from  the  greenish  ap[»earance 
of  the  eye.  It  has  been  called  glaucoma  from  another 
•ymfitom,  which  takes  place  where,  without  any  en- 
Inrgenn-nt  of  the  vej'sfN,  without  any  very  severe 
p:iin  or  absolute  extinction  irf  vi.-iion  in  the  first  place, 
the  {rtipil  exhibits  the  same  grreniNh  discoloration,  a 
discoloration  which  obviously  dotrti  not  dejxtnd  on  a 


GLE 

change  in  the  crystalline  lens  ;  for  it  is  more  deeply 
sealed  ;  it  occupies  the  fimdus  of  the  eye,  and  you 
can  only  see  it  by  looking  at  it  when  you  are  stand- 
ing directly  l>cfore  the  patient,  nut  by  looking  at  the 
cj'e  sideways.  This  is  calletl  glaucoma  simply  ;  and 
it  appears  to  me  to  be  a  chrome  form  of  tlie  same  af- 
fection as  that  to  which  the  term  acute  glaucoma  is 
given.  This  chronic  form  of  glaucoma  is  important 
to  be  observed ;  for  it  is  liable  to  be  confounded  with 
cataract.*'*  Lawrence^  Lectures  on  Surgery. 

GLAU-€o'MA-TOU3,  a.  Having  the  nature  of  glau- 
coma. P.  Cyc. 

GLACeON-ITE,  n.  An  argillaceous  marl,  sometimes 
containing  a  mixture  of  green  sand.  Mantell. 

GLAU'eOLTH,  a.     [L.  glauetu^.] 

1.  Of  a  sea-green  color;  of  a  dull-green  passing  into 
grayish-blue.  Lindley. 

2.  In  botany,  covered  with  a  fine  bloom  of  tlie  color 
of  a  cabhage-Ieaf.  Lindley. 

GLAVE,  ju  [Fr.  glaive:  W.  £-?am,  a  billhook,  a  crook- 
ed sword,  a  cimeter  ;  Arm.  glaif.] 

A  broadsword ;  a  falchion.     [jVo(  used.] 

Pairfar.     Hudihras. 
GLAV'ER,  V.  i.     [W.  glavru^  to  (latter ;  glao,  some- 
thing smooth  or  shining;  U.  glaber^  Uevisy  or  /uArt- 
cus ;  Eng.  glib.] 

To  flatter  ;  to  wheedle.     [Little  used  and  vulgar.] 
L*Estrange. 
GLAV'ER-ER,  n.     A  flatterer,     [.^upra.] 
GLAY'.MORE,  n.     [Gael.  claidhamAand  more.] 

A  large,  two-handed  sword,  formerly  used  by  the 
Higlilanders.  Johnson, 

GLAZE,  V.  L  [from  glas-i.]  To  furnish  with  windows 
of  glass  j  as,  to  glaze  a  house. 

2.  To  incrust  with  a  vitreous  substance,  the  basis 
of  which  is  lead,  but  combined  with  silex,  [Hmrtashes, 
and  common  salt ;  as,  to  glaze  earthenware. 

3.  To  cover  with  anything  smooth  and  shining; 
or  to  render  the  exterior  of  a  thing  smooth,  bright, 
and  showy. 

Thou^  vi-fth  other  omamenli  bo  may  ftaxt  and  brandish  the 
w<«paii«.  Ort\e. 

4.  To  give  a  smooth  or  glassy  surfiice  ;  as,  to  glaze 
gunpowder  ;  to  nmke  glossy  ;  as,  to  glaze  cloth. 

GLAZE,  n.  The  vitreous  coating  or  glazing  of  pot- 
ter*s  ware.  Ure. 

GLAZ'ED,  j)f.  or  a.  Fumishcd  with  glass  wimlows  ; 
incrusied  with  a  substance  resembling  glass;  ren- 
dered smootli  and  shining. 

GLA'Zf;\,  a.    Resembling  glass.  WUlif. 

GL.A'Z/CX-JSD,  i>p.  or  a.     Glazed. 

GLA^ZIER,  (gla'zhur,)  n.  [from  glaze  or  glass.]  One 
whose  busiarss  is  to  set  window-glass,  or  to  fix  panes 
of  gloss  to  the  sashes  of  windows,  to  pictures,  &.c. 

Mozon* 

GLAZ'IXO,  ppr.     Furnishing  with  window-glass. 

2.  Crusting  with  a  vitreous  substance,  as  potter's 
ware. 

3.  Giving  a  smooth,  glossy,  shining  surface,  as  to 
cloth. 

GLAZ'ING,  It,  The  act  or  art  of  setting  glass  j  the  art 
of  crusting  with  a  vitreous  substance. 

3.  The  vitreous  substance  with  which  potter's 
ware  is  Incrusicd. 

3.  Any  factitious,  shining  exterior. 

4.  In  {Minting,  transjKireut,  or  semi-transparent, 
colors  passed  thinly  over  other  colui-s,  to  modify 
thf  effect  Jocelyn, 

GL^A.M,  n.  [Sai.  glcantj  or  glwm,  properly  a  shoot  of 
light,  coinciuing  with  glimmer,  gtimpne.  Ir.  loom,  (l»cr- 
baps  L.  Jlamnia.)  The  radical  sense  ■,  to  throw,  to 
shoot,  or  dart  ;  and  it  may  be  of  the  same  family  as 
eiamo,  damor,  a  shoot  of  the  voice,  and   W.  Uttmy  Ir. 

team,  a  leap,  Ar.  ic^J,  Class  Lm,  No.  8.] 

1.  A  shoot  of  light ;  a  beam  ;  a  ray  ;  a  small  stream 
of  light.  A  gleam  of  dawning  light ;  metaphorically, 
a  gUam  of  hope. 

3.  Brightness  ;  splendor. 

Id  the  el«*r  mitm  gleam  Uie  Bocka  ore  w«n.  Popt. 

OLHtAM,  e,  i.  To  shoot,  or  dart,  as  rays  of  light  At 
the  dawn,  light  glrainn  in  the  east. 

2.  To  shine  ;  to  cast  light.  Thomson. 

3.  To  flash  ;  to  spread  a  flood  of  light.  [Less  eonv- 
mon.] 

4.  Among  faleoners,  to  disgorge  filth,  as  a  hawk. 

Encye, 
GLRAM'ING,  ppr.    Shooting,  as  rays  of  light;  shin- 
GLRAM'IXG,  ».     A  8h(K»t  or  shotHing  of  light,     fing. 
GLkA.M'Y,  o.    Darting  beams  of  light;  casting  liglit 
In  rays. 


In  bmswn  artni,  that  CMt  n  gteamy  ny, 

Bwin  Utroiigti  the  Uiwn  the  wsrriur  txmdi  hb  wtiy. 


Pope. 


GLEAM,  tJ.  L     [Fr.  glancr,  to  glean  ;  glane^  a  handful 
or  cluster.     In  \V.  gliin  is  clean.] 

1.  To  gather  the  stalks  and  oars  of  grain  which 
reapers  leave  behind  them. 

Let  nm  nuw  ^^o  (o  tlie  fi^lO,  suil  glean  cxn  of  com.  —  BiiUi  U. 

2.  To  collect  things   thinly   scnttrrfld  ;  to   gather 
wh.1t  is  lefl    in  »;mall  parcels  or  numbers,  or  what 


GH 

U  found  in  detach-'d  parcels  ^  as,  to  glean  a  few  pas- 
sages from  an  author. 

Thfy  gleaned  of  them  in  tlie  highways  five  ihouaand  men.  — 

GL^AN,  V.  i.  To  gather  stalks  or  ears  of  grain  left  by 
reapers. 

Ami  she  wetit,  and  came  and  gleaned  in  tlie  field  afler  tlie 
riMpcrt.  —  Ruth  ii. 

GLkAN,  tu  A  collection  made  by  gleaning,  or  by 
gathering  here  and  there  a  little. 

The  gleant  of  yellow  thyme  distend  lii>  tliighs.  Ihyden. 

GLEAN'£;D,  pp.  Gathered  after  reapers ;  collected 
from  small,  detached  parcels  ;  as,  grain  gleaaed  from 
the  field. 

2.  Cleared  of  what  is  left ;  as,  the  field  is  gleaned. 

3.  Having  suffered  a  gleaning.  The  public  prints 
have  been  gleaned. 

GLkAN'ER,  71.    One  who  gathers  afler  reapers. 

2.  One  who  collects  detaclied  parts  or  numbers,  or 

w^io  gatln-rs  slowly  with  labor.  Locke. 

GLi<:AN'ING,  7>;*r.     Gntiicriiig  what  reapers  leave; 

cidlecting  in  small,  detached  parcels. 
GLi'iAN'lNG,  n.     The  act  of  gathering  after  reapers. 

^.  That  which  is  collected  by  gleaning. 
GLkHE,  n.     [L.  gleba,  a  clod  or  lump  of  earth  ;  Fr. 

glebe,  land,  ground  ;  probably  from  collecting,  as  in 

globe,  club.] 

1.  Turf;  soil;  ground. 

Till  th?  g\!\ii  summona  of  a  ffcnial  ntr 

UiitaixU  the  glebe.  Gar'Ji. 

2.  The  land  belonging  to  a  parish  church  or  eccle- 
siastical benefice.  Spelman.     Encyc. 

3.  A  crystal.     [06^,]  JirbutfmoL 

4.  Ainttng  miners,  a  piece  of  eartli  in  wliich  is  con- 
tai[ied  some  mineral  ore.  Encyc 

GLkHE'LESS,  a.    Without  a  glebe. 
GLr.ll'OaS,  a.     Gleby;  turfy.  Diet 

GM~»'Y,  a.     Turfy  ;  cloddv. 

GLSUE,  n.  [Sax.  glida,  from  glidan,  to  glide  ;  Sw. 
gUula.] 

1.  A  bird  of  the  rapacious  kind,  the  kite,  a  species 
of  Falco.  The  word  is  used  in  Ocut.  xiv.  13  ;  but 
tlie  same  Hebrew  word,  Lev.  xi.  14,  is  rendered  a 
vulture. 

2.  A  glowing  coal.     [Obs.]  Toone, 
GLKB,  n.    [Sax.  glie,  from  ghgf  gUgg^  sport,  music] 

1.  Joy;  ruL-rriment  ;  mirth;  gayety ;  particularly, 
the  mirth  enjoyed  at  a  feast.  Spcaser. 

2.  In  mitsict  a  composition  for  voices  in  three  or 
more  parts.  Brande. 

3.  ^rtcien//i/,  music  or  minstrelsy  generally.  [06s.] 
GLEEU,  n.     [Sax.  ^/erf.]  [Toone, 

A  Blowing  coal.     [Obs.]  Cfuiucer. 

GLKE'FJJL,  a.     Merry;  gay;  joyous.  SAaJlr. 

GLEEK,    n.      [See  Glee.]      Music,  or  a  musician. 

[Obs.]  Shak. 

9.  A  scofl";  a  game  at  cards.    [Obs.] 

GLEEK,  V.  i.    To  make  sport  of;  to  gibe  ;  to  sneer ;  to 

spf'iid  lime  idly.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

GLEE'MAN,  n.     Aujong  the  Saxons,  an  itinerant  min- 
strel or  musician.     [Obs.]  Brande. 
GLEEN,  V.  i.     [W.  glan,  clean,  pure,  holy,  bright; 
gleiniaiDj  to  purify,  to  brighten  ;  Ir.  glati.] 

To  shine  ;  to  glisten,     [^ot  used.]  Prior. 

GLEE'SOME,  (glee'sura,)  a.     Merry  ;  joyous.     [Obs.] 
GLEET,  n.     [l-rom  Sax.  gUdan,  to  glide,  or  hUjttrian, 
to  melt ;  Ice.  glat.] 

The  flux  of  a  thtn  humor  from  the  urethra  ;  a  thin 
Ichor  running  from  a  sore.  Encyc.     Wiseman. 

GLICET,  V,  ^  To  flow  in  a  thin,  limpid  humor;  to 
ooze.  Wiseman. 

2.  To  flow  slowly,  as  water.  Chcyne. 

GLEET'Y,  fl.     Ichorous;  thin;  limpid. 
GLEN,  n.     [W.  glyn,  a  valley  iu  which  a  river  flows, 
as  if  from  Vyn,  liquor,  water ;  Sax.  gleu  t  Ir.  glean.] 
A  valley;  a  dale  ;  a  depression  or  space  between 
GLF.'NE,  n.     [Gr.  >>ry.'//.]  [hilU. 

In  anatomy,  tlie  cavity  or  socket  nf  the  eye,  and 
the  pupil;  any  slight  depression  or  cavity  receiving 
a  bone  in  articulation.  Parr.     Cyc. 

GLk'NOID,  a.    A  term  applied  to  some  articulate  cav- 
ities of  b(uies.  Forsyth. 
GLEW.     See  Glue. 
GLI'A-DINE,  (gll'a-din,)  n.     [Gr.  y\tn,  glue.] 

A  peculiar  substance  obtained  from  gluten,  a  slight- 
ly transparent,  brittle  substance,  of  a  straw-yellow 
color,  having  a  slight  smell  similar  to  that  oi  honey- 
comb. Ure. 

Berzelius  has  decided  that  glJadine  is  nothing  but 
pure  gluten. 
GLIB,  fl.  [U.  glibbcren,  ghppen,  to  slide;  glihberig, 
glib,  slippery  ;  W.  llipyr  i  L.  glaber,  smootli ;  labor, 
to  slide.  'I'liis  word  contains  the  elements  of  slip. 
an.  L.  glubo,  Gr.  >A»0(J.     Class  Lb,  No.  27,  37.] 

1,  Smooth;  sliji[>ery ;  admitting  a  body  to  slide 
easily  on  the  surtafe  ;  as,  ice  is  glib. 

2.  Smooth;  voluble;  easily  moving;  as,  a  glib 
tongue. 

GLlIt,  n.  A  thick,  curled  bush  of  hair,  hanging  down 
over  tho  eyes.     [IVut  in  use.]  Spenser. 

GLIB,  V.  t.    To  castrate.  ^Uu.  to  make  smootli,  glubo^ 

yXvjit.}.]  Shiik. 

9.  To  make  smooth.  Bp.  Hall. 


TONE,  BULL,  TJNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


64 


505 


GUBXV,  «(e.  SmooUily  i  volubly  ;  as,  to  alide  ^lib- 
/y ;  to  speak  gliblff, 

GUB'NESSt  n.  Smoothness^  slipperiness  ;  as,  a  pol- 
ished, ice-Itke  ^libness.  Chapman, 

2.  Volubility  oftlie  tungiie.    Oav.  ofths  Tongue, 
GUCKES,  K.  »/.    Oeling  or  leering  looka.    B.  Jonaen. 
GLIDK,  c.  i.    [Sax.  f^M/ax  ;  G.  gUxttn ;  D.  rlifdat ;  Dan. 

glider.    Ou.  Pr./fijMr,  in  a  diflTerent  dldecU    It  bas 
the  eleinenU  of  slidt,  as  ^it*  lias  of  *lqt*] 

1.  To  flow  gently ;  to  more  without  noiae  or  vio- 
lence ;  AS  a  rivor. 

By  mst,  Ainong  ibf  iltntr  TiiiIrT*  gliSt 

Tbeiilvcr  MRMiMof  Jumlui'acfTattJ  Sood.  /births. 

S.  To  move  Bileutly  and  smoothly ;  to  pass  along 
without  appnn'nt  effort ;  as,  a  hawk  or  an  engle  fUd- 
imw  through  the  air. 

3.  To  move  or  pass  rapidly,  and  with  apparent 
ease  ;  as,  a  ship  flid»s  tliroufth  the  %vater. 

^  In  a  /eacrai  MMM,  to  move  or  slip  along  with 
ease,  as  on  a  smooth  surfire ;  or  to  poM  along  rap- 
idly, without  ai^iarent  cflurt,  and  without  obstruc- 
tion. 

GLIDE,  K.  The  art  or  manner  of  moving  smoothly, 
swiniy,  and  witlioul  labor  or  obstruction.         SMak. 

GLTO'ER,  s.     He  or  that  which  glides.  ^gnser. 

GlAli'lSti.  ppr.  Poking  alitng  gently  and  soioothly ; 
movine  rapidly,  or  with  ease. 

GLID'iNG-LY,  adv.  la  a  smooth,  flowing,  rapid  man- 
ner. 

GUFF,  a.    A  transient  glance, 
a.  A  sudden  TrtghL     f  ^c^Ui^A.] 

GUKE,  a.    [ii&x.  iH'g] 

A  sneer  ;  a  scolf ;  a  flout.  Slkak, 

GLIM,  a.    [gliwtmtr.]     A  light  or  candle.     TTiMtipjioK. 
[Still  MMri  rnmang  aadart ;  oj,  doust  the  glitus,  l.  c, 
putouiVu  UgkuS 

GLlM'MER.e.  i.  [6.  gUmmem^  rlimmem,  to  gleam,  to 
glimmer;  D.  gtimwum;  8w,  gUmimas  Dmn.  glimrtr; 
It.  Itwm^  flame.] 

1.  To  sboot  ucble  or  icaUered  rays  of  light ;  as, 
the  giimtmeriiLg  dawn  ;  a  gtimmarmg  lamp. 

WiMB  ntj  nanUMf  gBmmertd  oVr  tkv  d«l(«.  Pope. 

The  vm  yn  fUmtm^rt  vka  wne  ■tmka  (/  dny.  Shak. 

9.  To  shine  faintly ;  to  give  a  feeble  light. 

Mad  rmiing  ftimmgrwd  oo  th=  Uvn.  TVwMkwU. 

GLIM'MER,  a.    A  faint  light;  feeble,  acaUered  rays 

of  lighL 

2.  Sfc  Mica.  • 
GLIM'MER  ING,p;n-.  ors.    Shining  faintly  ;  shooting 

fet-blf,  watUTfd  rays  of  IirIiL 
GLIMMER  l.\G,  a.    A  faint  beaming  of  light 

2.  A  faint  view. 

GLIMPSE,  i.iUim.«,)  m.    [D.  glimp,  fnm  gtiaemtm,] 
L  A  weak,  faint  light. 

8«Ma  nte  room  bt  naiore, 
Omir  to  Mae,  ;«<  tautt  to  emtribuU 
bch  orb  «  giimpM  oT  fifhL  JCttoit. 

fi.  A  flash  of  light ;  is,  the  lightning's  gUaam, 

3.  Transient  luster. 

One  gUmpm  at  jiory  to  ray  iMue  gtn.  Dryien. 

4.  A  short,  transitory  view.  Ha  saw  at  a  gUmp*9 
the  design  of  the  enemy. 

5.  Short,  fleeting  enjoyment ;  as,  a  gUmpee  of  de- 
light. iVtor. 

6.  Exhibition  of  a  faint  resemblance.  Skak. 
GLIMPSE,  r.  i.  To  appear  by  glimpses.  Drayton. 
GLIS'S.A,  n.  A  fl»h  of  the  tunny  kind,  without  scales. 

DieU  J'TaL  Hist. 

GLIST,  «.  [(mm  glistiM.]  Glimmer  jinii^  [SeeGLfM- 
Mas/f 

GLIS'T£.N,  (-lis'n,)  r.  t.  [Sax.  glisnian  ;  G.  gleissen. 
This  Word  and  glitter  are  prubalily  diaJecticaJ  furms 
of  the  same  word.  In  Irish,  lasadAj  iasaintj  is  to 
bum,  to  light ;  Dan.  'y-rr,  Sw.  l^sa,  to  shine  ;  Russ. 
Mistagm.  In  W.  Itaikru  is  to  make  smooth  and  glos- 
sy, to  polish,  to  glitter.  Qm.  Heb.  vV>,  to  shiiie,  L. 
gUecOy  En^  /'"'''•] 
To  shine ;  to  sparkle  with  light ;  as,  the  glistening 


Tin  WSn*  cyts  ffidnMd  wiih  pleuure.  Ihckardeon. 

GLIS'T£.V-Je:D,  pp.     Shone  ;  sparkled. 

GLIS'T£N-LNG,  ppr.  or  a.  Shining ;  sparkling ;  emit- 
ting ravs  of  li^ht. 

GLISn^EH,  V.  i.  [See  Glistex.]  To  shine  j  to  be 
bright ;  to  sparkle  j  to  be  brillianL 

All  dm  gtuim  h  not  fokL  £Aab. 

GLIS'TER,  a.    Glitter  ;  luster. 

a.  See  Ci,T»TKa. 
GLIS'TER-IXG,ppr.  or  a.    Shining;  sparkling  with 

light. 
GLIS'TER-I.\G-LY,  adv.     With  shining  luster. 
CLIT'TER,  B.  i.      [Sax.  gUUnanf   Sw.  glitira.     See 

Gliste.x.] 

1.  To  shine;  to  sparkle  with  light;  to  gleam  j  to 
be  splendid  ;  as,  a  giitteriakg  swurd. 

The  firld  jm  gHOtrw  with  ihe  pomp  ot  w.  Dryden. 

2.  To  be  showy,  specious,  or  striking,  and  hence 
attractive  ;  as,  the  glitteHng  scenes  of  a  court. 

GLIT'TER,  n.     Brightness  ;  brilliancy  ;  splendor  ;  lus- 


ter;  as,  the  glitter  of  anus  i  the  gliuer  of  royal  equi- 
page ;  the  gutter  of  dress. 

GLIT'TER-AND,  ppr,  or  a.    Sparkling.    [Xot  in  ust  ] 

Chaucer, 

GLIT'TER-II5G,  ppr.  or  a.  Shining ;  splendid  ;  bril- 
liant. 

GLIT'TER-ING-LY,  adv.    With  sparkling  luster. 

GLOAM,  r.  i.     To  be  sullen.     [See  Glum.I 

GLOAMING,  n.    Twiligiit.     [WtiM.] 
a.  Sullenness;  melancholy.    {Obs.\ 

GLOAR,  r.  L     [D,  gUuren^  to  leer.] 
To  squint ;  to  stare.    [Obs.] 

GLOAT,  c.  i.     [Sw.  glatta^  to  peep.] 

To  look  steadfastly  ;  to  gazo  earnestly,  or  with  ea- 
gerness, Hotce. 

GLOAT'ED,prrf.  and  pp.  of  Gloat. 

GLOAT'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Gazing  witli  earnestness  ; 
huikinc  steadfastly. 

GLo'HARI>,  a.    A  glow-worm. 

GLO'B.ATE,      \         f.       ,  »  .      1 

GLO'ia-TED,!"-     [L.^^****"-] 

Iliiving  the  form  of  a  globe ;  spherical ;  spheroidal. 

GLOBE,  N.  [It.  globus;  Vt,  globe;  Sp.  and  lUjrtubo: 
Sax.  cleoiPj  cliteey  or  cliaw ;  Eng.  cleio,  (See  Cfi.Kw.) 
Russ.  kluAy  a  ball.] 

1.  A  round  or  spherical  solid  body;  a  ball;  a 
sphere  ;  a  body  whose  surface  is  in  every  part  equi- 
distant from  the  center. 

3.  The  earth ;  the  terraqueous  ball ;  bo  called, 
though  not  perfectly  spherical.  Locke. 

3.  An  artificial  sphere  of  metal,  paper,  or  other 
matter,  on  whose  convex  surface  is  drawn  a  map,  or 
representation  of  the  earth  or  uf  the  heavens.  That 
on  which  the  several  oceans,  seas,  continents,  isles, 
and  countries  of  thi'  earth,  are  represented,  is  called 
a  lerrtstritd  globe.  That  w  hich  exhitiits  a  dt  lineatiun 
of  the  consieUatiuns  in  the  heavens,  is  called  a  cclcs- 
tiat  globe. 

4.  A  body  of  soldiers  formed  into  a  cirrlc.  Milton. 
GLOBE,  r.  ^  To  gather  round  or  into  a  circle.  Mtlton. 
GLOBE'-AM'.VR.AXTM,  «.      A  plant  of  the   genus 

Oompkrena^  bearing  beautiful  heads  of  red  flowers. 

GLOBE'-AN'I-M.VL,  a.  A  species  of  animalcule,  of 
a  globular  form.  Encyc, 

GLoBE'-OAl-SY,  tu  A  plant  or  flower  of  the  genus 
Olobttiaria.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

GLOBE'-PISH,  n.  A  fish  of  a  globular  shape,  beUing- 
ine  to  the  genus  Diodon.  John^ion.     Partington. 

GI^BE'-FLOW-ER,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genua  Trol- 
lius,  bearing  handsome  globular  flowers.       P.  Cye. 

GLOBE'-RA-MJN'€L'-LUS,  n.  A  plant,  a  species  of 
hellebore  ;  Hdleborus  ranuneidinua ;  assigned  hy  some 
iKitrini.sLs  tu  Ihe  genus  TroUius.  Booth. 

GLOllE'-THlS'TLE,  (-this'sl,)  n,  A  jflant  of  the  ge- 
nus Eehinopn.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

GLOBOSE',  o.    (L.  giobostis,  from  globe.] 

Round  ;  spherical ;  globular.  Milton. 

GLOBOS'I-TY,  a.  The  quality  of  being  round  ;  sphe- 
ricity. Ray. 

GLO'BOUS,  a.     [L.  Mosus.] 

Round  ;  spherical.  Milton. 

GLOB'i;-LAR,  a.     [from  globe.]     Round;  spherical; 
having  the  form  of  a  ball  or  sphere ;  as,  globular  at- 
oms. Grew. 
Globular  chart.     See  Chart. 
Globular  projection.     See  Projection. 

GLOB-lJ-LA'Rl-A,  n.  The  natunil-history  name  of  a 
genus  of  plants,  the  species  of  wliich  grow  in  the 
temperate  and  warm  parts  of  Euro(>e. 

GLOB'i;-LAR-LY,  adv.  In  a  spherical  form  ;  spheri- 
callv. 

GLOB'C-LAft-XESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  globular. 

GLOB'l|Ui;,  n.  [Fr.  globule;  L.  globulusj  dim.  of^to- 
bas.] 

A  little  globe ;  a  small  particle  of  matter,  of  a  spher- 
ical form  ;  a  word  particularly  applied  to  the  red  par- 
ticles of  blood  which  swim  in  a  transparent  serum, 
and  may  be  discovered  by  the  microscope. 

Q^uiacy.     Arbuthnot.     Eneyc. 

HulstooM  haTe  opaque  globuUa  of  snow  io  linai  ccuU^r. 

AVteton. 

GLOB'lJ-LIN,  n.  A  substance  closely  allied  to  albu- 
men, and  forming  the  principal  constituent  of  the 
globules  of  blood.  Graham. 

2.  This  name  has  been  given  also  to  the  green 
globules  lying  among  the  celts  of  cellular  tissue,  and 
to  minute  vesicular  granules.  Braiide. 

GLOB'U-LOUS,    fl.      Round;    globular;   having  the 

form  of  a  small  sphere.  Boyle. 

GLOB'Y,  a.     Round  ;  orbicular.  Shencood, 

GLODE,  oldpreUof  Glide.      [Obs.] 
GLOME,  n.    [l^glomusy  a  ball;  Heb.  and  Ch.  dVj,  Ar. 


H 


Iam;na,  to  wind,  convolve,  or  collect  into  a  mass. 


Class  Lm,  No.  5,  11.     Q.u.  its  alliance  to  lump,  clumpj 
plumbum.] 

In  botavfjy  a  roundish  head  of  flowers.     Martyn. 
GLOM'ER-aTE,  r.  t.     [L.  glomero,  from  glomus^  su- 
pra.] 

To  gather  or  wind  into  a  ball ;  to  collect  into  a 
spherical  form  or  mass,  as  threads. 


GLOM'EK-ATE,  a.    Growing  in  massive  forms. 

A  glomerate  glandy  is  oue  which,  without  having 
any  cavity,  discharges  at  i»nce  into  a  duct. 
GLO.M'ER-A-'l'EU,  pp.     Gathered  into  a  ball  or  round 

mass. 
GLOM'ER-A-TIN'G,  ppr.    Collecting  or  winding  into 

a  ball  or  round  mass. 
GLOM-ER-A'TIO.\,  n.     [L.  glomtratio.] 

1.  The  act  of  gathering,  winding,  or  forming  into 
a  hall  ur  spherical  body. 
9.  A  I>odv  formed  into  a  ball.  Bacon. 

GLOM'EH-OUS,  o.     [U  glomerosus.] 

Gathered  iir  fonned  into  a  ball  or  round  mass.  [Qu. 
th*.'  use.] 
GLOOM,  n.     [Scot,  ghmn,  gloom,  a   frown.      In  D. 
lommer  in  a  shade,  and  loom  in  slow,  heavy,  dull.     In 
Sax.  glomun^r  is  twiliphi.] 

1.  Obscuiity  ,  partial  or  total  darkness  ;  thick 
shade  ;  a.-i,  the  gloom  of  a  forest,  or  the  gloom  of  mid- 
night. 

a.  Cloudiness  or  heaviness  of  mind  ;  melancholy  ; 
aspect  of  sorrow.  We  say,  the  mind  is  sunk  into 
gloom .'  a  gloom  overspreads  the  mind. 

3.  Darkness  of  prospect  or  aspect. 

4.  Sullenness. 

GLOOM,  r.  t.     To  shine  obscurely  or  imperfectly. 

2.  To  be  cloudy,  dark,  or  obscure.  [Spenser. 

3.  To  be  mel.incnoly  or  dejected.  GoUlsmith. 
GLOOM,  V.  ^     To  obscure;   to  fill  with  gloom;    to 

darken  ;  to  make  dismal.  Youn<r. 

GLOOM'ED,  «;».     Filled  with  gloom. 

GLOOM'I-LY,  ado.  [trum  gloomy.]  Obscurely  ;  dim- 
ly ;  darkly  ;  dismally. 

9.  With  melancholy  aspect ;  sullenly ;  not  clieer- 
fully.  Dnjden.     Thomson. 

GLOOM'I-yESS,  n.  Want  of  light ;  obscurity  ;  dark- 
ness ;  dismalness. 

2.  Want  of  cheerfulness;  cloudiness  of  look  ;  heav- 
iness of  mind  ;  rnelanciioly  ;  as,  to  involve  the  mind 
in  gloominess.  Addison. 

GLOOM'Y,  a.  [from  gloom.]  Obscure;  imperfectly 
illuminated  ;  or  dark  ;  dismal ;  as,  the  gloomy  celts  of 
a  convent ;  the  trloomy  shades  of  night. 

2.  Wearing  the  aspect  of  sorrow  ;  melancholy ; 
clouded;  dejected;  depressed;  heavy  of  heart;  as, 
a  gloomy  countenance  or  state  of  mind  ;  a  gloomy 
temper. 

3.  Of  a  dark  complexion.     [Little  used.]    Milton, 
GLOP'PEN,  r.  t.    To  surprise  or  astonish. 
GLORE,  n.     Fat.  [JVorth  of  En^lavd. 
GLO'RI-A  fJV  EX-CEL'SIS,  [L.]    Glory  in  the  high- 
est. 

QLO'RI-A   PA'TRT,    [L.]      la   the  Episcopal  service, 

praise  to  God  The  Father. 
GLO-RI-A'TION,  «.     [L.  gloriatio.] 

Boast ;  a  triun)phing.     [JVot  used.]      Richardson. 
GLO'RI-KD,  (plo'rid,)  a.     [See  Globy.]     Illustrious; 

honorable.    [JVut  used.]  Milton. 

GL0-RI-F1-€A'TI0N,  n.     [See  Glorify.]      The  act 

of  giving  glory,  or  of  ascribing  honors  to.     Taylor. 
2.  Exaltation  to  honor  and  dignity  ;  elevation  to 

glory;  as,  the  glorification  of  Christ  after  his  resur- 
rection. 
GLO'RI-FI-£D,  pp.  or  a.     Honored  ;  dignitied  ;  exalted 

to  plory. 
GLO'RI-F?,  V.  L     [Fr.  gUnifio";  l^.  gloria  and /acio, 

to  malce.] 
1.  To  pmise  ;  to  magnify  and  honor  in  worship ; 

to  ascriln;  honor  to,  in  thought  or  words.     Psalm 

Ixxxvi.  9. 

God  is  glorified,  when  auch  hU  excellency,  above  all  things,  li 
wJLb  due  (utimralion  acknowledg^il.  Hooker. 


9.  To  make  glorious  ;  to  exalt  to  glory,  or  to  celes- 
tial happiness. 

Whwin  he  Qualified,  them  he  Riao  glorified.  — Rom.  viil. 

Th«  God  of  our  fathen  baUi  glorified  hia  Son  Jesus.  —  Acta  HL 

3.  To  praise ;  to  honor ;  to  extol. 

WhomaocYer  they  find  to  be  moat  Ikentioua  of  life,  him  they  ael 
up  and  glorify.  '  Spenser, 

4.  To  procure  honor  or  praise  to.  Shak. 
GLO'RI-F?-ING,ppr.  Praising;  honoring  in  worship; 

exalting  to  glory ;  honoring;  extolling. 
GLO'RI-OUS,  a.     [Fr.  glorieuz;   L.  gloriosus.      See 
Glory.] 

1.  Illustrious;  of  exalted  excellence  and  splendor; 
resplendent  in  majesty  and  divine  attributes;  applied 
to  God.     Ex.  XV.  11. 

2.  Noble  ;  excellent ;  renowned;  celebrated  ;  illus- 
trious ;  very  honorable  ;  applied  to  men,  their  achieve- 
ments, titles,  &.C. 

Let  111  remember  we  are  Cnto's  friends, 

And  act  like  men  who  claim  that  glorioue  title.  AdiUson. 

3.  Boastful ;  self-exulting  ;  haughty  ;  ostentatious. 
J  065.]  Bacon. 

GLO'RI-OUS-LY,  adv.  Splendidly  ;  illustriously  ;  with 
great  renown  or  dignity. 

Sin'  ye  to  the  Lord,  for  be  halh  triumphed  gloriously.  — Ex.xt. 

GLO'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.    The  state  or  quality  of  being 

glorious. 
GLO'RY,  n.     [L.  gloria;  Fr.  gloire  ;  Sp.  and  It.  gloria; 
Ir.   irlair,   glory,  and   glor,  clear;    W.  eglnr,  clear, 
bright ;  Arm.  gloar,  glory.     It  coincides  with  clear. 


L. 


FATE,  PXR,  FALL,  WU*T.— METE,  PK6 V.  —  PI-VE,  11AEI.\E.  BIUD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.  — 


GLO 

and  the  primary  sense  seems  to  be,  to  open,  to  ex- 
pand, to  enlarge.  So  splendor  is  from  the  Celtic  ys- 
plan^  open,  clear,  plain,  L.  planus ;  bence,  bright, 
shining.  Olory,  then,  is  brightness,  splendor.  The 
L.  JLn-eo,  to  blossom,  to  Jlotoer,  to  Jlouriak^  is  probably 
of  the  same  family.] 

1.  Brightness  ;  luster  ;  splendor. 

The  mooa,  ieretie  in  glory,  mounia  Uie  sky.  Pope. 

For  be  rceeiifed  from  Gi»d  the  father  hona#  and  plory,  wlitn 
tbere  eaine  lucb  a  voice  to  him  Imn  the  excelleut  glory.  —3 
Pet.i. 
In  this  passage  of  Peter,  the  latter  word  ff-lory  re- 
fers to  the  visible  splendor  or  bright  cloud  that  over- 
shadowed Christ  at  his  trans-figuration.    Tlio  forniftr 
word  glory,  though  the  same  in  the  original,  is  to  be 
understood  in  a  rigurative  sense. 

2.  Splendor ;  magnificence. 

Sulomon,  in  all  his  glory,  wja  not  arrayed  like  one  of  tliete. — 
Mdtu  Ti. 

3.  Praise  ascribed  in  adoration  ;  honor. 

Glory  (o  Goil  in  Ibe  tiigbesl.  —  Luke  Li. 

4.  Honor  ;  praise  ;  fame  ;  renown  j  celebrity.  The 
nero  pants  for  glory  in  the  fii-Id.  It  was  the  glory  of 
Howard  to  relieve  the  wretched. 

5.  The  felicity  of  heaven  prepared  for  the  children 
of  God ;  celestial  bliss. 

Thou  tli-ilt  g^uide  m?  with  lbjcouiuc4,  and  aflerwani  rf^ccire  me 
V»  glory.  —  Pi.  Ixxiii. 

6.  Id  Seripturty  the  divine  presence  ;  or  the  ark, 
tbe  monifcstatiuii  of  it. 

The  glory  a  drpaited  from  Israel.  —  I  Sam.  [r. 

7.  The  divine  perfections  or  excellence. 

Tbe  hearena  declare  tbe  glory  of  Ood.  — Fa.  xix. 

8.  Honorable  representation  of  God.    I  Cor.  xi.8. 

9.  Distmguished  honor  or  ornament  ;  that  which 
honors  or  makes  renowned  >  that  of  which  one  may 
boast. 

Babylon,  the  glory  of  kiiii^ioRis.  —  la.  zUi. 

10.  Pride;  boastfulnessj  arrogance  j  as,  vain  ^iory. 

11.  Generous  pride.  Sidnfy. 
13.  In  paiVtR-r,  a  circle  of  rays,  surrounding  the 

beads  of  saints,  &c.,  and  especially  of  the  Savior. 
GLO'RY,  r.  i.     [h.  ^lorior,  from  ghria.]        [Brande. 
1.  To  eiult  with  joy  ;  lo  rejoice. 

Glory  ye  io  hi>  l»ly  name,  —  Pa.  ct.     1  CUron.  xvi. 

S.  To  boast ;  to  be  protid  of. 
No  ooe  should  glory  In  bi«  prntperity.  Richardson. 

GLO'RY-ING,  ppr.     Exulting  with  joy  ;  boasting. 
GLC'RY-ING,  n.    The  act  of  exulting  ;   exultation; 
boosting;  dis[)lay  of  pride. 

Yoor  glorying  U  not  good.  —  I  Cor.  r. 

GLO'RY-SMIT'TEX,  o.    Smitten  with  glory. 

CLOSE,  GLOS'ER.     See  Glozk.  {Coltridge.. 

GI-.OriS,  n.  [G.  glo.nse,  a  gloss  or  comment ;  glolien, 
to  gleam,  to  glimmer.  In  Sax.  glesan  signifies  to 
explain,  to  flatter,  to  gloze.  From  the  Gr.  jAwo-ufl, 
the  tongue,  and  a  strap,  Itic  L.  has  glos-'a  a  tongue, 
and  interpretation.  In  Heb.  uhi  signifies  to  shine, 
but  from  the  sease  of  smoothness ;  Syr.  -  ^  \   ^ 

galosh^  to  peel,  to  shave,  to  make  bald.  Whf^ther 
these  words  are  all  of  one  family,  let  the  reader 
Judge.  The  radical  sense  appears  to  be,  lo  open,  tn 
make  clear,  and  the  sense  of  tongve  is  probably  to 
extend.  If  the  first  letter  is  a  prefix,  tbe  other  tet- 
ters, Ls,  are  the  elements  of  Ir.  Uos,  light,  L.  lu^tro^ 
Kn^.  luster;  and  it  is  remarkable  that  in  Riiss.  to.-ik 
is  luster,  polish,  and  ItLtkaya  is  to  (latter.  The  Gr. 
J  AdirTfi,  In  the  Attic  dialect,  is  a  tongue,  and  in 
Swedish  and  German,  glatt^  Dan.  gtat,  D.  glad,  is 
smooth.  J 

1.  Rrightnens  or  luster  of  a  body  proceeding  from 
a  Fmooth  surface  ;  as,  the  gloss  of  silk  ;  cloth  is 
calendered  to  give  it  a  gloxg. 

3.  A  specious  appearance  or  representation  ;  exter- 
nal show  thifl  may  mislead  opinion. 

It  is  DO  pitrt  of  my  wmfi.  meftninjf  to  art  on  the  fare  of  this  c^iiao 
any  TaJieT  glo»4  than  the  nakf^d  iniih  dolh  alft^nl.    Hooker, 

3.  An  interpretation  artfully  specious.        Sidnny. 

4.  Interfiretation  ;  comment;  explanation;  remark 
intended  to  illustrate  a  subject. 

Att  thia,  wiihotii  a  gloat  or  comment, 

He  would  unriddle  in  a  momtrnt.  HwUhrru, 

Expljiiutif^  tlw  t^xC  in  short  glottet.  Baker. 

GT-OSfl,  r.  t  To^ive  a  superficial  luster  to;  to  make 
smooth  and  shinmg  ;  as,  to  gloss  cloth  by  the  calen- 
der ;  to  gloss  mahogany. 

2.  To  explain  ;  to  render  clear  and  evident  by 
comments  ;  to  illustrate. 

3.  To  give  a  specious  appeamnce  to;  to  render 
specious  and  plausible  ;  to  palliate  by  specious  repre- 
sentation. 

Tou  bare  (he  art  lo  gloat  the  foulest  cause.  PhUipt. 

GLOSS,  V.  i.    To  comment ;  to  write  or  make  explana- 
tory remarks  Dryttea. 
a.  To  make  sly  remarks.  Prior. 
GLOS^A'RI-AL,  a.     Containinz  explanation. 
GIX>SS'A-RIST,  a.    A  writer  of  glusaes  or  comments. 

TynohiU. 


GLO 

GLOSS' A-RY,n.     [Fr.  glo.tsaire;  Lttw  L.  glosnarium.] 
A  dictionary  or  vocabulary,  explaining  words  which 
are    obscure,   antiquated,   local,   &c. ;    such  as   Du 
Gangers  Olossainf ;  t*|>ehnnn's  Olossary. 

GLOS-SA'TOR,  n.     [Fr.  glossatcur.]     • 

A  writer  of  comments  ;  a  commentator.  [JV«t 
usfrf.J  •^yliffe. 

GLOSS'£D,  (glost,)  pp.  Made  smooth  and  shining  ; 
explained. 

GLOSS'ER,  n.     A  writer  of  glosses;  a  scholiast ;  a 
comnien'ator. 
2.  A  polisher  ;  one  who  gives  a  luster. 

GLOSS'I-LY,  ado.     In  n  glossy  manner. 

GLO;iS'I-NE?JS,  n.  [from  gloss-y.'\  The  luster  or 
brightness  of  a  smooth  fcurface.  Boyle. 

GLOSS'ING,  ppr.  Giving  luster  to;  polishing;  ex- 
plaining by  conunents  ;  giving  a  specious  appearance. 

GLOSS'IST,  n.    A  writer  of  comments.     [JVy(  i»  use.] 

Wilton. 

GLOSS'LY,  adc.     Like  gloss.  Cowley. 

GLOSS-OG'RA-PilER,  n.  [gloss  and  Gr.  jpa^w,  to 
write.] 

A  writer  of  a  glossary ;  a  commentator ;  a  scho- 
liast. Haytcard. 

GLOSS-O-GRAPH'ie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  glossog- 
raphv. 

GLOSS-OG'RA-PIIY,  n.  The  writingof  glossaries, or 
of  comments  for  illustrating  an  author. 

GLOSS-O  LOG'IG-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  glossology. 

GLOSS-OL't)  GIS T,  n.     {gloss  and  Gr.  \oyos.] 
One  who  defines  and  explains  terms. 

GLOSS-OL'0-GY,B.     [shssniiA  Gr.  >0}  05, discourse.] 
The  definition  and  explanation  of  terms. 

GLOSS'Y,  o.  Smooth  and  shining;  reflecting  luster 
from  a  smooth  surface;  higiily  polished;  as,  glossy 
silk  ;  a  gl0s»y  niven  ;  a  irlos^/  plum.  Dnjden. 

GLOTTAL,  o.     Pertaining  to  the  glottis. 

GLOT'TIS,  n.     [Gr.  >  Awrrn,  the  tongue.] 

The  narrow  opening  at  the  upper  part  of  the  trachea 
or  windpipe,  which,  hy  itsdilatation  and  contraction, 
contributes  to  the  modulation  of  the  voice. 

Encye.     Parr. 

GLOUT,  V.  X.  [Scot.]  To  pout;  to  look  sullen.  [JVyf 
used.']  Garth. 

GLOUT,  r.t.  To  view  attentively;  to  gloat.  [JVo( 
in  use.] 


GLOVE,   fgluv,)  ».      [Sax.   glof.      Qu.  VV.  golov,  a 
cover.    -J'*      "      "      -  •  " 

shoe.] 


cover.    The  G.,  D.,  Sw.,  and  Dan.,  call  it  a  haiid- 


A  cover  for  the   hand,  or  for  the  hand  and  arm, 

with  a  separate  sheath  for  each  finger.     The  latter 

circumstance  distinguishes  the  gloi^e  from  the  mittm. 

To   throw  the  glove,  with   our  ancestors,  was  to 

challenge  to  single  comLiat. 

GLOVE,  F.  f.    To  cover  with  a  glove.  Shak. 

GLOV'/^I),  (gluvd,)  pp.  or  a.     Covered  with  a  glove. 

GLOVER,  w.  One  whose  t>ccupation  is  to  make  and 
sell  gloves. 

GLOW,  r.  i.  [Sax.  glowan,  G.  gl*ihen  ;  D.  glorijm, 
Dan.  gUJUcr,  lo  glow,  lo  be  rtd  with  heat  ;  Dan. 
g&d,  gIoe,Snx,  gted,  D.  gloed,  G.  gtulh,  Sw.  glUd,  W. 
glo.  Corn,  glou.  Arm.  gUioucrij  a  live  coal ;  W.  gla  or 
glaiB,  a  shining  ;  gloyw,  bright ;  gloywi,  to  brighten, 
or  make  clear.] 

1.  To  shine  with  intense  heat;  or  perhaps  more 
correctly,  lo  shine  with  a  white  heat  ;  lo  exhibit 
incandescence.  Hence,  in  a  more  geueral  sense,  to 
shine  with  a  bright  luster. 

Glowa  in  (he  slan  and  Mucsoma  in  the  lieea.  Pope. 

9.  To  burn  with  vehement  heat. 

Tbe  scotching  fire  Uiat  in  tbHr  entrails  glo*^.  Additon. 

3.  To  feel  great  heat  of  body  ;  to  be  hot. 

I>id  not  III*  tf-mplfrs  gloio 
In  tbe  same  inllry  winds  snd  acurctiiiig  Ixala  t  Addiaon. 

A.  To  exhibit  a  strong,  bright  color  ;  to  be  red. 
Clad  in  a  fuwn  that  glotea  with  Tyri»n  rays,  DryUn. 

Fair  i'leas  fl<»w, 
Stitke  In  tbe  skeCch,  or  in  the  picture  glow.  Pope. 

5.  To  be  bright  or  red  with  heat  or  animation,  or 
with  blushes  ;  as,  glotPing  cheeks. 

6.  To  feel  the  lienl  of  passion  ;  to  be  ardent ;  to  be 
animated,  as  by  intense  love,  zeal,  anger,  &,c.  We 
say,  the  heart  glows  with  love  or  zeal ;  the  glowing 
breast. 

When  n"ftl  tirlue  fifs  the  ttomng  bnrd.  Lewia. 

If  yon  hnve  never  gtotred  t/'\\\t  gTntimde  lo  the  Author  of  the 

Christian  rcrcUtion,  you  know  nothing  of  Chri»tiiiniiy, 

Buckminat£r, 

7.  To  bum  with  Intense  heat ;  to  rage,  as  pas- 
sion. 

With  pride  it  mnunts,  and  with  revenge  It  gloat.        Dryden, 
GLOW,  V.  t.     To   make   hot  so  as  to  shine.     [JVot 

used.]  Shak. 

GLOVV,  B.    Shining  heat,  or  white  heat. 

3.  Rrighliicss  of  color;  redness;  as,  the  glow  of 
health  in  the  cheeks. 


A  waving  glow  his  Monmy  beds  dl^jJny, 
Bluibing  iu  briglu  diveisiiies  of  day. 


Pope. 


3.  Vehemence  of  passion. 
GLOVV'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Shining  with  intense  heal, 
white  with  heat. 
2.  Burning  with  vehement  heat. 


GLU 

3.  Exhibiting  a  bright  color;  red;  as,  a  glowing 
color ;  glowing  cheeks. 

4.  Ardent ;  vehement ;  animalet!  >  as,  glotcing 
zeal. 

6.  Inflamed;  as,  a  glowing  breast. 
GLOW'ING-LY,  adr.    With   great  brightness  ;  with 

ardent  heat  or  passion. 
GLoW'-WORM,  C-wurm,)  n.  The  female  of  the 
Lampyris  noctiluca^  an  insect  of  the  order  of  Colrop- 
tcra.  It  is  without  wings,  and  resembles  a  caterpil- 
lar. It  emits  a  shining  green  light  from  the  extrem- 
ity of  the  abdomen.  'J'hc  male  is  winged,  and  flies 
about  in  the  evening,  when  it  is  attracted  by  tl»e  litrht 
of  the  female.  Encyc. 

GLOZE,  f.  1".     [Sax.  glcsan.     SeeGLos*.] 

To  flatter;  lo  wheedle;  to  fawn;  that  is,  to 
smooth,  or  to  talk  smoothly. 

So  glozed  the  tempter,  and  his  proem  tuucd.  IHllton. 

A  false,  gtoxitig  junuulc.  South. 

GLOZE,  n.     Flattery  ;  adulation,  Sliak. 

2.  Specious  show  ;  gloss.  [J^otxtscd.]   [Sec  Gloss.] 

Sidney, 
GLOZ'ER,  n.     A  flatterer.  Otfford. 

GLOZE  oner,  t?.  u    To  palliate  by  specious  exposition. 
GLOZ'ING,  p;w.     Flattering  ;  wheedling. 
GLOZ'ING,  n.    S|>ecious  representation. 
GLO'COSE,  n.     [Gr,   yAvntrf,  sweet.]      A  sugar  ob- 
tained  from    grapes,   honey,  and    most   acid  fruits, 
which  is  less  sweet  than  that  of  the  sugar-cane. 

Qrakam. 
GLU  CI'NA,  n.     [Gr.   y'yvKVi.]     More  propcriy  Glt- 

CTNA. 

The  only  oxyd   of  the  metal  glucinum.    It  is  a 

white  powder,  without  taste  or  (Klor,  and  insoluble 

in  water.    The  salts  of  glucina  have  a  sweet  taste, 

and  hence  its  name. 

GLU-CT'NUM,  n.     [Gr,  >  At.«u?.]     More  propcriy  Gly- 

CTMUM. 

The  name  of  a  metal,  which  appears  in  the  form 
of  a  grayish  black  powder,  and  acquires  a  dark 
metallic  Iriater  by  burnishing.  It  may  be  exposeil 
to  air  and  moisture,  or  be  boiled  In  water  witliout 
oxydation. 

GLC  E,  (gia,)  n.  [Fr.  glu;  W.  glyd;  Arm.  ghid;  Ir. 
ghjdh,  gliu,  gfeten  ;  L.  gluten  i  Gr.  yXm;  Russ.  klci. 
See  Class  Ld,  No.  8,  9,  10.] 

A  tenacious,  viscid  matter,  which  serves  as  a  cem- 
ent to  unite  other  substances.  It  is  extracted  from 
Ihe  skins,  parings,  &c,,  of  animals,  as  of  oxen, 
calves,  orsheei»,  by  boiling  them  to  a  jelly. 

GLOE,  V.  t.     [Fr.frluer.]  [Encyc.     Parr. 

1.  To  join  with  glue  or  a  viscous  sul)siance.  Cab- 
inet-makers glue  topetiier  some  parts  of  furniture. 

2.  To  unite  ;  to  hold  topeiher.  J'%"fwton. 
[This  word  is  now  seldom  used   in   a  ^figurative 

sense.  The  phrases^  to  glue  friends  together,  vices 
glue  us  to  low  pursuits  or  pleasures,  found  in  writers 
of  the  last  century,  are  not  now  used,  or  are  deemed 
inelecant.] 

GLPE'-noiL  ER,  n.  [glue  and  boil.]  One  whose 
ocrnpation  is  to  make  glue. 

GLC'KIJ,  (gliide,)p/i.     United  or  cemented  with  g'ue. 

GI.tJ'ER,  n.     One  who  cements  with  glue, 

GLO'KY,  a.     Vi:4cous;  glutinous. 

GLO'EY-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  being  gluey. 

GLv'lNO, ppr,    Omenting  with  glue. 

GIjC'ISH,  a.     Having  the  nature  of  glue.    Sherwood. 

GLUM,  a.     [Scot,  gloum,  a  frown.] 
Frowning;  sullen.     [CuUoquial.] 

GLUM,  n,     Sutlenness  ;  and,  as  a  verb,  to  look  sullen. 

iJVot  in  use.] 
UM,  r.  i.    [from  gloom.]    To  look  sourly;  to  be 
sour  of  countenance.     [Obs.] 

GLU^MA'CEOUS,  a.  Having  glumes  ;  consisting  of 
glumes.  Barton, 

GLO.ME,  n.  [L.  glumaj  fVom  glubo^  to  bark  or  peel,  or 
Gr.  >A«<fiw.] 

In  botany,  the  calyx  or  corol  of  grain  and  grasses, 
formed  of  valves,  embracing  the  seed,  often  termi- 
nated by  tlic  arista  or  beard,  the  husk  or  chafl*  of 
grain.  MUnc.    Martyn. 

GLUM'MY,  a.     Dark  ;  gloomy  ;  dismal. 

GLO'MOUS,  a.  A  glumous  flower  is  a  kind  of  ag- 
gregate flower,  having  a  filiform  receptacle,  with  a 
common  glume  at  the  base.  Martyn. 

GLUT,  V.  i.  [L.  glutio  !  Fr.  engloutir  ;  Russ.  glotayti, 
to  swallow  ;  W.  glwth,  a  glutton  ;  glythu,io  gorman- 
dize ;  from  Ihcth,  a  swallow,  greediness  ;  It.  ghiottn. 
Low  L.  gluto^  a  glutton ;  Heb.  Ch.  tty'?.     (See  Ar. 

JbJLcO  Class  Ld,  No.  17.  The  sense  is  to  crowd, 
to  stulf.J 

1.  To  swallow,  or  to  swallow  greedily  ;  to  gorge. 

Milton. 

2.  To  cloy  ;  to  fill  beyond  suflicioncy  ;  to  sate  ;  lo 
disgust ;  as,  to  glut  the  appetites.  Denham. 

3.  To  feast  or  delight  even  to  satiety. 

His  faithful  heart,  a  hloody  snr.rifice, 

Torn  from  his  breast,  to  gtui  Uio  tyrant's  eyes.  Drylen. 

4.  To  flII  or  furnish  beyond  sufficiency  ;  as,  to  glut 
the  market. 

5.  To  saturate.  Boyle, 


TONE,  BWLI*.  tINITE.- AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.-€  ns  K ;  O  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

____  .  ^^ 


GLY 

GLUT^    That  which  is  swallowed.  ^         Milton. 
9.  Plenty  even  to  loathing. 
Ba  ■ImII  ftod  bionlf  mhinMr.  eras  ia  Um  veiy  /fMl  of  bt»  de< 

Ufbta.  £*£a<n>fva. 

A  ffw  at  Mu47  Mtd  RtinmcnL  i^V>«. 

3.  Bfora  than  enea^  j  superabundance. 

S,  JonaOHm 

A,  Any  thing  that  filla  or  obstructs  the  passage. 

Woodward, 
5.  A  large  woodea  wedge.  AV»  RngUtmd. 

GLO'T&AL, «.    [Gr.  ^Aovroc,  nates.] 

The  gtMUal  mrUr^y  is  a  branch  of  the  hypoiiaslric 
or  inl^nal  iliac  axtecy,  which  supplies  the  gluteal 
muscles.  One.    Ibofm: 

The  glut&d  wntadtft  ^"^  three  large  muscles  on 
each  side,  which  make  up  the  fleshy  part  of  Uie  but- 
tocks. Parr. 
GLO' TEX,  «.  [L.  See  Gluk.]  A  tough,  elastic  sub- 
stance, of  a  grayish  color,  which  becomes  brown  and 
brittle  by  dr>'ing  ;  fuunil  in  the  flour  of  whc:it  nnd 
other  grain.  It  contributes  much  to  tlio  nutritive 
qn^jly  of  flour,  and  eives  trnacity  to  its  paste.  A 
ibaOar  fubstance  is  umnd  iu  the  juices  of  certain 
plnak  Brandt, 
GLOTE-US,  «.    The  large,  thick  muscle  on  which 

we  sit. 
GLC'TIN  ATE,  ».  t.    To  unite  with  glue ;  to  cement. 

BaOtv. 
GIX'TIV-X-TEn,  jtp.    United  with  glue. 
GLC'TIN-A-TING,  ppr.     Uniting  with  elue. 
GLU-TIN-A'TION,  a.    The  act  of  uniting  with  glue. 

Bailey. 
GLO'TIN-A-TIVE,  a.    Having  the  quality  of  cement- 

ine ;  tcnarious^ 
GLU-TIN-OS'I-TY,  a.    The  quality  of  being  gluUn 

o«s  ;  visrmi<tness. 
GLC'TIN-OUS,  o.    [L.  glutiHosns.] 

L  Viseottaj  riacid  ;  tenacious;  harini;  the  quality 
cS  glue;  reaembUng  glue.    Starch  is  ijlutinous, 

2.  In  frftaxy,  besmeared  with  a  slippery  moisture  ; 
as,  a  ^utinans  leaf.  ^arfya. 

GLC'TIN  OL'S.\ES3,  m.    Viscosity;  viscidity;  the 

quality  of  glue ;  tenacity.  Chntne. 

GI.UT'TED,  pp.    Cloyed  :  filled  beyond  sufficiency. 
GLUT'TON,  (glut'n,)  a.    [Low  L.  gUUo ;  Fr.  gtouUm. 
Sec  Gun-.  J 
1.  One  who  indulges  to  excess  in  eating. 
SL  One  eager  of  any  thing  to  excess. 

OlwOoms  In  BUitila,  wwrton  to  deamj.  Otumvifti. 

3.  In  tadUfff  the  Gulo  vulgaris,  found  in  the  north 
of  Europe  and  Siberia.  It  grows  to  the  l<nirth  of 
three  feet,  but  has  short  legs  and  moves  »luwly.  It 
is  a  carnivorous  animal,  and,  in  order  to  cat^h  its 
prey,  it  climbs  a  tree,  nnd  fmrn  that  darts  down  ujion 
a  deer  or  other  anim.il.  It  is  named  from  its  vora- 
cious appetite.  i>K<.  JVkc  HisL 

Its  Toraci^  has  been  ridiculously  exaggeralML 


GLUT'TON-TZE,  r.  i.    To  eat  to  excess  ;  to  eat 
ciovsly ;  to  indulge  the  appetite  to  excess  ;  to  He  lux- 
urioits.  'Pnuu.  af  OrtUmaju 

GLin  'TOX-UKE,  0.    Like  a  glutton  ;  greedy. 

GLUT'T0\-OUS,  >   a.    Gi%en   to  eices-sive   eating; 

GLUT'TON-ISH,  ]  indulging  the  appeUte  for  food 
to  excess ;  as,  a  giuttffjwuM  age.  RaUgk. 

3.  Consisting  m  excMsive  eating  j  as,  ^-iuUenouM 
^.elifht.  Milton. 

GLUT'TOX-OUS-LY,  a^c.  With  the  voracity  of  a 
gliiltiin  ;  with  excessive  eating. 

GLUT'TON-Y,  n.    Excess  in  eating;  extravagant  in- 
dulgence of  the  appetite  for  food. 
&  Laxory  of  the  table. 

3.  Voracity  of  appetite.  Bneyc 

GLYC'E-RIX,  a.    [Gr.  j  >o*v$,  sweet.] 

A  sweet  stibstance  that  forms  the  basis  of  fatty 
matter ;  a  transparent  liquid,  without  color  or  smell, 
of  a  sinipy  consistence.  Urc 

Denoting  a  kind  of  verse  in  Greek  and  I^atin 
poelr>-,  consisting  of  three  feet,  a  spondee,  a  cho- 
riamb, and  a  pyrrhic  ;  as,  gtycoaic  measure. 

Johnson. 

GLY-CYR'RHI-ZIN,  n.  [Gr.  >  Xl•<^5,  sweet,  and^i;?, 
a  rouC]  A  peculiar  saccharine  matter  obtained  from 
the  root  at  the  Otyc^rrlUza  glabra,  or  common 
liquwice.  Brande. 

GLYX.    See  Gles. 

GLYPH,  (glif,)  a-    [Gr.  vXr^Tj,  from  j  Xf^fo,  to  carve.] 
In  aculfOtre  and  artkitatmrt^  a  notch,  canal,  chan- 
nel, or  cavity,  intended  as  an  ornament,  and  usually 
perpendicular.  Chambrrs, 

GLYPII'IG,  n.  A  picture  or  figure  by  which  a  Word 
is  implied.     [See  UtaaoGLTrHic.} 

GLYP'TIG,  0.     In  nuneralogy,  figured. 

GLYPTies,  n.  [supra.]  The  art  of  engraving  fig- 
ures on  precious  stones. 

GLYP'TO  DOX,  a.  [Gr.  >Xi>jrToy,  engraved,  and 
6i5or?,  tooth.] 

An  extinct  quadruped  of  the  Armadillo  fiiniily,  of 
the  size  of  an  ox,  covered  with  scales,  and  having 
Anted  teeth.  MmuU.     Brande. 


GNO 

GLYP-TO-GRAPll'ie,  a.     [Gr.  >  Arn-r.jf  and  ypa^u}.^ 
Describing  the  methods  of  engraving  on  pn^cious 
stoned. 
GLYP-TOG'R.\-PlIY,  a.     [Supra.]     A  descripUon  of 
the  art  of  engraving  on  precious  stones. 

BrUiah  Critic. 
GL\T-TO-TnE'eA,  n.    [Gr.  >Xu0w  nnd  0'i\v-]    A 
building  or  room  for  the  preservation  of  works  of 
sculpture.  Brande. 

GXAH,  (nAr,)      |   v.u     [Sax.  gnj/mm^  gnomian ;  Dan. 
GNAUL,  (n'irl,)  I       knurrm  Sw.  Anarra;  D.  gnorreiij 
knorren  :  G.  ^lutrrcn,  Anorren.] 
To  growl ;  to  murmur ;  to  snarl. 

And  woI<r«i  an  gimrtutg  whkb  dtmU  gaa.w  thee  Ant.     StuUc. 

[G.fAR  is  nearly  obsolete.] 
GXXRL'ED,  (nirld,)  a.     Knotty;   full  of  knots;  n», 

the  gnarled  oak.  Shak. 

GXAILL'Y,  a.    Knotty  ;  full  of  knots  ;  as,  the  gnarly 

oak.  Rich.  DicL 

GXASH,  (na-sh,)  r.  U    [Dan.  ibtosfter  ,•  Bw.  gnissla  and 

knuttra.     Gu.   D.  Anertsn,  G.  Jbitrrjcikeii,  to  gnash, 

and  It.  ganaMia^  the  jaw. ] 
To  strike  the  teeth  together,  as  in  anger  or  pain  ; 

88,  tornask  the  teeth  in  rage.  Zhyden. 

GNASH,  (nasli,)  e.  i.    To  grind  the  teeth. 

He  khftU  fmuh  with  his  tocth  snd  melt  away.  —  Pa.  cxQ. 

3.  To  rage  even  to  collision  with  the  teeth  i  to 
growU 

Tbej  gitaJt«d  eo  me  with  Ibeir  tertb.  —  I^.  xxxr. 
GXASH'ING,  (nash'ing,)  ppr.    Striking  the  tectli  to- 
gether, as  in  anper,  rage,  or  pain. 
GNASII'IXG,  (nash'ing,)  k.    A  grinding  or  striking  of 
the  teeth  in  rage  or  anguish. 

Then  shnll  be  wc-cpJu^  nnd  gnashing  of  teeth.  —  MkU.  viil. 

GNASH'IXG-LY,  adv.    With  gnashing. 
GXAT,  (nat,)  n.     [Sax.  gtur-t.    Uu.  Gr.  wwifut//.] 

1.  A  name  applied  to  several  insects,  of  the  genus 
Culex.  Their  mouth  is  formed  by  a  flexible  sheath, 
inclosing  bristles  pointed  hke  stings.  The  sting  is  a 
tube  containmg  five  or  six  spiculx  of  exquisite  fine- 
ness, dentnted  or  edged.  The  most  troublesome  of 
this  genus  is  tlie  nmsqiieto.  Kneyc     CjfC 

3.  Any  tiling  proverbially  smaU. 

Te  Uind  gukVs,  who  Vlnin  at  a  gwU,  and  swallow  a  cunri.  — 
MaU.  xxiii. 

ONAT'-FLOW-ER,  a.    A  flower,  called  also  Bbe- 

Flo  w  c  R.  Johnson. 

GXA.THOX'ie,  (na)         )  a.     [L.  gnatho.  a  flaltcr- 
GXA-T!IOX'ie-AL,  (na-)  \     er.J 

Flattering  ;  deceitful.     [JVut  m  iwe.] 
GXAT'-SN.\P-PER,  n.    A  tird  that  catches  gnats. 

Niikcttill. 
GXAT' -WORM,  (nat'wurm,)  n.  A  small  water  insect, 

produced  by  a  gnat,  and  which,  after  its  several 

changes,  is  tran^fonned  into  a  gnat ;  the  larva  of  a 

gnat.  Cye. 

GNAW,  (naw,)   p.  U     f Pax.  gjuigan ;  G.   nagm ;    D. 

kiwagen  ;  Sw.  gnaga ;  VV.  ciioi ;  Gr.  (ff ho',  to  scrape  ; 

Ir.  CRO^A,   cruioi,   consumption ;   cnuighj  a   maggot ; 

enaoidhtm^  to  gnaw,  to  consume] 

1.  To  bite  ofi"  by  little  and  little  :  to  bite  or  scrape 

off  with  the  fore  teeth  ;    to  wear  away  by  biting. 

The  rats  gnatc  a  board  or  planlt  ;  a  worm  gnaics  tlie 

wood  of  a  tree  or  the  plank  of  a  ship. 
3,  To  eat  by  biting  otf  small  portions  of  food  with 

3.  To  bite  in  agony  or  rage.  [the  fore  teeth. 

Tbey  gitawad  their  lon^uci  for  pain.  —  Her.  zrL 

4.  To  waste  ;  to  fret ;  to  corrode. 

5.  To  pick  with  the  teeth. 

Hii  lion<^  dean  picked ;  his  ^srj  bones  th'^y  gnaio,     Dryden. 

GXAW,  (naw,)  v.  i.    To  use  the  teeth  in  biting. 

I  mi^t  well,  like  ihe  spaiii<:l,  gfiaw  upon  the  chain  that  li"a  me. 

Sidnm/. 

GXAW'ED,  (nawd,)  pp.  or  a.    Bit ;  corroded. 

GXAW'ER,  (naw'er,)  n.  lie  or  tliat  which  gnaws  or 
corrodes. 

GXAW'IXG,  (naw'ing,)  ]rpr.  or  a.  Biting  off"  by  little 
and  little  ;  corroding  ;  eating  by  slow  degrees. 

GXET.SS,  (nice,)  n.  [tiu.  Dan.  gaister,  Sw.  gnistas^  to 
sparkle.] 

In  mineralogy^  a  species  of  aggregated  rock,  com- 
posed of  quartz,  feldspar,  and  njica,  of  a  structure 
more  or  less  distinctly  slaty.  The  layers,  whether 
straight  or  curved^  are  frequently  thick,  but  often 
vary  considerably  in  the  same  specimen.  It  passes 
on  one  side  into  granite,  from  which  it  difi*cr8  in  its 
slaty  structure,  and  on  the  other  into  mica-slate.  It 
is, rich  in  metallic  ores.  Kinean.     Cleaveland. 

Gneiss  often  contains  hornblende.  The  only  dif- 
ference between  thia  and  granite  consists  in  the 
stnititied  and  slaty  disposition  of  gneiss.  Hitchcock. 

GNEIS'SOID,  a.  Having  some  of  the  characteris- 
tics of  gneiss  ;  applied  to  rocks  of  an  intermediate 
character  between  granite  and  gneiss,  or  mica-slate 
and  gneiss. 

GXEIS'SOSE,  a.  Having  the  general  structure  of 
gneiss.  Lyell. 

GNOFF,  (nof,)  n.     A  miser.     [J^ot  in  use.]   Chaucer. 

GXoME,  (nome,)  n.     [Gr.  yvMnn-] 

1.  An  imaginary  being,  supposed  by  thp  cabalists 


GO 

to  inlialiit  the  inner  paris  of  the  earth,  and  to  be  tlie 
guardian  of  mines,  gtiarrio^,  &.c  Encyc. 

2.  A  brief  n-fieciion  or  maxim.     fJVoi  used.] 
GNOM'ie,  (nom'ik,)  i  ^     ,„,  , 

GNO.M'ie-AL,(nom'ikaI,)i'*-     ^*^'  ^"•'f'l-i 

Sententious ;  uttering  or  containing  maxims,  or 
striking  detached  thuugtits  ;  as,  ^07nte  poetry,  like 
the  book  of  Proverbs.     [Little  used.] 

GX0-MO-L06ne^AL,  \  "*   Pertaining  to  gnomology. 

GNO-MOL'O-CV,  (no  mol'o-jy,)  n.  [Gr.  jkoj/i/j,  a 
maxim  or  sentence,  and  A»^o$,  discourse.] 

A  collection  uf  maxims,  grave  sentences,  or  reflec- 
tions.    [IMtle  used.]  Mdton. 

GXO'AIOX,  (no'mon,)  n.  [Gr.  yvw^wc,  an  index, 
from  the  root  of  ^ii'(<jtk«i,  to  know.] 

1.  In  ditding,thc  style  or  pin,  which  by  its  shadow 
shows  the  tiour  of  the  day.  Tlie  line  whosu  shadow 
shows  the  time  is  parallel  to  the  axis  of  Uie  earth. 

Brande. 

2.  In  astronomy^  a  stjle  or  column  erected  perjH-n- 
dicular  to  the  horizon,  fur  making  astronomical  ob- 
servations, lu  princi|>al  u»<e  was  to  find  tlie  alti- 
tude of  the  sun  by  measuring  the  leuf^h  of  its 
shadow.  Brande. 

3.  7'he  gnomon  of  a  globe,  is  the  index  of  tlie  liour- 
circle,  Encyc. 

4.  In  gewnelry^  tile  part  of  a  parallelopraui  which 
rcniaiuH  wtun  one  of  tlie  parallelograms  about  its 
diagonal  is  removed.  Brande. 

GXO-MOX'ie,         \  a.    Pertaining  to  the  art  of  dial- 

GXO-MON'ie-AL,  i      ing.  Chunbers. 

Onomimic  projection.     See  Projection. 

GXO-MOX'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  According  to  the  princi- 
ples of  the  cnomonic  projection.  P.  Cyc. 

GXO-MOiN'lCS,  n.  The  art  or  science  of  dialing,  or 
of  constructing  dials  to  show  the  hour  of  the  day  by 
the  shadow  of  a  gnomon. 

GX0-M0\-(jL'0-6v,  n.    A  treatise  on  dialing. 

GXOS'TI€,  (nos'lik,)  n.  [L.  giionticus  ;  Gr.  >  ;  car'^'Of , 
from  ytvoiSK'itt  to  know.] 

The  Gnostics  were  a  sect  of  philosophers  tli.it 
arose  in  the  first  ages  of  Christianity,  who  pretend-;d 
tliey  were  tlie  only  men  who  had  a  true  knowledge 
of  the  (!^liristian  religion.  They  formed  for  them- 
selves a  sy!«teui  of  theology,  agreeable  to  ttie  philos- 
ophy of  Pytnagoras  and  Plato,  to  which  thiy  ac- 
commodated tlieir  interpretations  of  Scripture.  They 
held  that  all  natures,  intetligil>te,  intellectual,  and 
material,  are  derived  by  sncw-asive  emanations  from 
tlu?  infinite  fountain  of  Deity.  1'hese  emanutions 
they  called  ttous,  aiove^.  These  doctrines  were  d&: 
rived  from  the  Oriental  philosophy.    Encyc.    Exficld. 

GNOS'Tie,  (nos'tik,)  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Gnostics 
or  their  doctrines. 

GXOS'TI-CISM,  (nos'te-flizm,)  ti.  The  doilriiiea, 
principles,  or  system  of  ptiilosophy  taught  by  iliu 
Gnostics.  Eufcld. 

GNC,(na,)n.  The  Catoblepas  Gnu,  a  ruminant  mam- 
mal of  the  tribe  Bovidte,  inhabiting  Southern  Africa, 
whose  form  partakes  of  tliut  of  the  horse,  the  ox, 
and  the  deer. 

2.  'i'lie  draft  iron  attached  to  the  end  of  a  plow 
beam,  (clevis,  rievy.)     [ImcoL] 

GO,  V.  L  ;  preL  We>t  ;  pp.  Gone.  Went  belongs  to 
the  root  Sax.  wendan^  a  different  word.  [Sax.  gan ; 
G.  gchen  ;  Dan.  gancr ;  Sw.  ga  ;  D.  gaan  ;  Basque, 
gan.  I'his  is  probably  a  contracted  word,  but  the 
original  is  obscure.  In  Goth,  gaggan^  to  go,  seems 
to  be  the  Enp.  gang  ,■  and  gad  may  belong  to  a  differ- 
ent family.  The  primary  sense  is  to  pass,  and  either 
to  go  or  come.  Sax.  ga  farth^  go  forth  ;  ga  hither^ 
come  hither  ;  her  g^th,  he  comes.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense^  to  move  ;  to  pass  ;  to  proceed 
from  one  place,  state,  or  station,  to  another;  op|)os<'d 
to  rcAting.  A  mill  goes  by  water  or  by  steam  ;  a  ship 
goes  at  the  rate  of  five  knots  an  hour ;  a  clock  goes 
fast  or  slow  ;  a  horse  goes  lame ;  a  fowl  or  a  hull 
goes  with  velocity  tlirouglt  the  air.     § 

Tlie  mounient  go  aLwut  the  sireeta,  —  Ecclrg.  xU, 

2.  To  walk  ;  to  move  on  the  feet,  or  step  by  step. 
The  child  begins  to  go  alone  at  a  year  old. 

You  know  tiiat  love 
Will  creep  in  service  where  il  cuiinot  go.  Skak. 

3.  To  walk  leisurely ;  not  to  run. 

Thou  mnst  run  lo  him;  for  thou  haat  staid  to  long  ih&l  going 
will  scarce  *;rve  Hie  turn.  Sliak. 

4.  To  travel ;  to  journey  by  land  or  water.  I  must 
go  to  Boston  ;  he  has  gone  to  Philadelphia  ;  the  min- 
ister is  going  to  France, 

5.  To  depart ;  to  move  from  a  place ;  opposed  to 
come.  The  mail  goM  and  comes  every  day,  or  twice 
a  week. 

I  will  lt;l  you  go,  thRl  ye  may  sMrifice.  —  Ex,  wVu. 

6.  To  proceed  ;  to  pass. 

And  BO  tlie  j-^st  goes  round.  Dnjden. 

7.  To  move  ;  to  pass  in  any  manner  or  to  any  eml ; 
as,  to  jrn  to  bed  ;  to  go  to  dinner;  to  go  to  war. 

8.  To  move  or  pass  customarily  from  place  to  place, 
denoting  custom  or  practice.  The  child  goe^  to 
school ;  a  ship  goes  regularly  to  London  ;  we  go  to 
church. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PRgY.  — PIXE,  MARtXE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BpQK. 


GO 

9.  To  proceed  from  one  state  or  opinion  t*j  another; 
tuchani'e.  He  gven  from  one  opinion  to  another; 
his  estate  is  ^oin^  to  ruin. 

10.  To  proceed  in  mental  operations  ;  to  advance  ; 
to  penetrate.  We  can  g-o  but  a  very  little  way  in 
developing  the  causes  of  things. 

11.  To  proceed  or  advance  in  accomplishing  an 
end.  This  sum  will  not  go  far  toward  (til  payment 
of  the  debt, 

12.  To  apply ;  to  be  applicable,  *The  argument 
goes  to  this  point  only  ;  it  goes  to  prove  too  much. 

13.  To  apply  one's  self. 

Seeing  himself  confronted  hj-  so  many,  like  a  tctoIi;:©  orator,  he 
teettt  not  to  denial,  but  lo  ]u«ify  hia  cruel  faleehood.  iHdney. 

14.  To  have  recourse  to ;  as,  to  go  to  law. 

15.  To  be  about  to  do  ;  as,  I  was  goinsf  to  say  ;  I 
am  going  to  begin  harvest.  [This  use  is  chiefly  con- 
fined lo  the  participle.] 

10.  To  pass  j  to  be  accounted  in  value.  All  this 
gorg  for  nothing  ;  Ihis  coin  goes  for  a  crown. 

17.  To  circulate;  to  pass  in  report.  The  story 
goeji 

18.  To  pass ;  to  be  received  ;  to  be  accounted  or 
understood  to  b^ 

I  fur  an  dM  man  in  the  dnyt  of 


GOA 


GOD 


And  tttf  man  tcenl  among  i 
S;»ul.  —  1  Sam.  xy». 


19.  To  move,  or  be  in  motion,  as  a  machine.  fSee 
No.  l.f  *■ 

20.  To  move,  as  a  fluid  ;  to  flow. 

The  god  I  am,  whoae  yellow  watpr  flows 

Arotiiut  thne  Ikldi,  aiiii  laUeiu  aa  il  goet, 

T'djer  my  name.  Dryden. 

21.  To  have  a  tendency. 

Against  rifht  muon  all  yotir  couna^li  go.  Drydgn. 

22.  To  be  in  compact  or  partnership. 

Tbcy  -warn  to  go  etjuai  ahan?*  in  U>e  booty.  L'Eatrange. 

23.  To  be  guided  or  regulated  ;  to  proceed  by  s(»me 
principle  or  rule.  We  are  to  ^o  bv  the  rules  of  law, 
or  according  to  the  precepts  of  Scripture. 

We  are  to  yo  by  anoUicr  meature.  Sprat. 

24.  To  be  pregnant.  The  ft'males  of  different  ani- 
mals go  some  a  longer,  some  a  shorter  time. 

25.  To  [KLfs;  to  be  alienated  in  payment  or  ex- 
change. If  our  exports  are  of  less  value  than  our 
iuipnrts,  our  money  must  go  to  pay  the  balance. 

2*i.  Tu  be  l(K>sed  or  released  ;  lo  be  freed  from  re- 
Gtraint.     Let  me  go;  let  gu  the  hand. 

27.  To  be  expt-nded.  His  rstatc  goes  or  has  gone 
for  iipirituous  liquors.     [See  No.  24.] 

*.  To  extend  ;  to  reach.  The  line  gopji  from  one 
end  to  the  otiier.  His  land  goes  to  the  bank  of  the 
Hudson. 

29.  To  extend  or  lead  in  any  direction.  This  road 
goe^  to  Albany. 

:f().  To  proceed  ;  to  extend.  This  argument  goeji 
f:ir  toward  [iroving  the  pwint ;  it  ^om  a  gn,'at  way 
toward  establishing  the  innocence  of  the  accused. 

31.  To  have  e.Tect ;  lo  extend  in  effect;  to  avail; 
to  be  of  force  or  value.  Money  goe^  further  now 
thfin  it  did  during  the  war. 

32.  To  extend  in  meaning  or  purport. 

Uk  Kioofoua  czprewooa  go  no  funter  than  rutue  mny  nltow. 

Dryden. 

[In  the  Hire*  last  examples,  the  sense  of  ^o  depends 

on  fnr^farlhrr,  further.] 

:J3.  To  have  a  currency  or  tiae,  as  custom,  opinion, 
or  manners. 

I  think,  aa  the  world  gO€»,  he  waa  a  piod  aoit  of  man  '•nongh. 

Arbutknot. 

31.  To  contribute;  to  conduce;  to  concur;  to  be 
an  ingredient ;  with  to  or  into.  The  substances 
which  go  into  this  composition  ;  many  qualifications 
go  to  make  up  the  well-bred  man. 

35.  To  proceed ;  to  be  carried  on.  The  busfncss 
goes  on  well. 

36.  To  pnM^ed  to  final  issue ;  to  tcrininate :  to 


to  at- 


Araton. 


sure  ;  also,  to  leave  the  rifjht  course  ;  to  dejHirt  from 
law  or  rule  ;  to  sin  ;  to  transgres.^. 

To  go  ajtay  ;  to  depiirt  ;  in  go  to  a  distance. 

Togo  bt-ttcecn;   to  interpose;   to  mediate; 
tempt  to  reconcile  or  to  adju.st  differences. 

To  go  by ;  to  pass  nt-ar  ami  beyond. 

2i  To  pass  away  unnoiictrd  ;  to  omit. 

3-  To  find  or  get  in  the  conclusion. 

In  arffiiment  with  men,  a  wuntan  ever 

Ooei  by  the  worse,  wlwieTer  be  licr  ciuse. 
\\  phrase  now  little  used.] 
To  go  down;  to  d<:scend  in  any  manner. 

2.  To  fail ;  to  come  lo  nothing. 

3.  To  be  swallowed  or  received,  not  rejected.  The 
doctrine  of  the  divine  rifrht  of  kings  will  not  go  down 
in  this  i>eriod  of  the  world. 

To  go/or  nothiitiT ;  to  have  no  meaning  or  efficacy. 

To  go  forth ;  to  issue  or  depart  out  of  a  place. 

To  go  forward ;  to  advance. 

To  go  hard  with  ;  to  be  in  danger  of  a  fatal  Issue  ; 
to  have  dilficulty  to  escape. 

7V>  go  in  ;  to  enttT. 

To  go  in  to ;  to  ha\'e  sexual  commerce  with. 

.  Scripture. 

To  go  in  and  out :  to  do  the  business  of  life. 

2.  To  go  freely;  to  be  at  liberty.     John  x. 

To  go  (if:  to  depart  to  a  distance  ;  to  leave  a  place 
or  station. 

2.  To  die  :  to  decease. 

3.  To  be  di^cliarged,  as  fire-arms  ;  to  explode. 
To  go  OH  ;  to  prt>ceed  ;  to  advance  forward. 

9.  To  be  put  on,  as  a  garment.  The  coat  will  not 
go  on. 

To  go  out ;  to  issue  forth  ;  to  depart  from. 

2.  To  go  on  an  e.\pedilinn,  Shak. 

3.  To  become  extinct,  as  light  or  life;  to  expire, 
A  candle  goe^s  out;  fire  goeg  out. 


And  jifc  iUflf  goea  out  at  thy  diaplciaure,  AddUon. 

4.  To  become  public.  This  story  goes  out  to  the 
world. 

To  go  orer:  lo  read  ;  to  peruse  ;  to  study. 

2.  To  examine  ;  to  view  or  review  ;  as,  to  f'o  over 
ail  account. 

If  we  go  oper  the  laws  of  Chrwli unity.  7^/o(#on. 

3.  To  think  over  j  to  proceed  or  pass  in  mental 
operation. 

4.  To  change  sides ;  to  pass  from  one  parly  to 
another. 

5.  To  revolt. 

6.  I'o  pass  from  one  side  to  the  other,  as  of  a  river. 
To  go  through ;  to  pass  in  a  substance ;  as,  to  go 

throHirh  water. 

2.  To  execute  ;  to  accomplish  ;  to  perform  thor- 
oughly ;  to  finish  ;  as,  to  go  Oirough  an  operation. 

3.  To  suffer;  to  bear;  to  undergo;  to  sustain  to 
the  end  ;  as,  to  go  through  a  long  sickness ;  to  go 
through  an  operation. 

To  go  through  with;  to  execute  effectually. 
To  go  under }  to  be  talked  of  or  known,  as  by  a 
title  or  name  ;  as,  to  go  under  the  name  of  reformers. 
To  go  up  ;  to  ascend  ;  to  rise. 

To  go  upon ;  to  proceed  as  on  a  foundation  ;  to  lake 
as  a  principle  sup^Mscd  or  settled ;  as,  to  ro  upon  a 
sumKwition. 

jf"  ^'^  '  *°  accompany  ;  to  pass  with  others. 
2.  To  side  with  ;  *    '     '  " 


2.  Any  starting  post.  Miiton. 

3.  llie  end  or  fin;a  purpose ;  the  end  to  which  a 
design  UMids,  or  wiiich  a  person  aims  to  reach  or  ac- 
complish. 

E:tcli  InitiTidtial  aeL-ka  a  aeTcral  goat.  Pope. 

GOAR.  Ti.    More  usually  Gore,  which  see. 

GOARaSH,  a.     Patched;  mean.     [Oij.l 

:r.*  .m  ^^  Beaum.  &■  Ft. 

GOAT,  Tt.     [Sax,   ga^t;   D.  geit;  G.    geiss ;    Sw.  get; 
Dan.  gedrbtik^  a  he-goat ;  Russ.  kozaZ] 

An  animal  or  quadruped  of  the  genus  Cnpra.     The 
horns  are  hollow,  turned  upward,  erect,  and  scabrous. 
Gnats  are  nearly  of  the  size  of  sheep,  but  stronger, 
less  timid,  and  more  agile.    They  delight  to  frequl-nt   : 
rocks  and  mountains,  and  subsist  on  scanty,  coarse    ' 
food.     The  milk  of  the  goat  is  sweet,  nourishing     ' 
and  medicinal,  and  the  flesh  furnishes  provisions  to    i 
the  inhabitants  of  countries  where  they  abound  I 

GoAT'-UHaF'ER,  n.    An  insect,  a  kind  of  beetle. 

GO,\T'FISH,  n.     A  fish  of  the  Mediterranean,  Balt-te3 

capriscHx.  Booth. 

GOAT'lIKRD,  n.    One  whose  occupation  is  to  lend 

rk'^x^n^M  i>  v..  Spenser. 

OOA  1  ibH,  a.    Rcsemblmg  a  goat  in  any  quality  ;  of 
a  rank  smell.  ^    jy^^ 

2.  Lustful.  Shak. 

GOAT'ISH-LY,   ado.     In  the  manner  of  a  gtKit ;  lust- 
fully. "       ' 

GoAT'ieH-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  goatish  ; 
lustfulness.  ' 

GOAT-MA  R'JO-RAM,  n.    Goat-beard. 

GOAT'-MILK-ER 


au.  Ueb.  3^,  a 


succeed. 

Whether  the  eauM  got»  for  me  or  araiiut  roe,  you  muK  pay  me 
Um  irward.  Wtau. 

37.  To  proceed  In  a  train,  or  in  consequences. 

How  goea  the  nt^t,  tioy  ?  ^lak. 

38.  To  fare ;  to  be  in  a  good  or  ill  itate.  How- 
gof^  it,  comrade  ? 

39.  To  have  a  tendency  or  effect ;  to  operate. 

Thwe  earn  go  to  abow  that  the  court  will  Tary  the  conftnietion 
fd  inalruincnta,  Mcua.  lUporta. 

To  go  about ;  to  set  one's  self  to  a  business ;  to  at- 
tempt ;  to  endeavor. 

TVy  oerer  go  about  to  hide  or  paUiale  their  rlcea.  SwIJl. 

2.  In  seamen^  language,  to  tack ;  to  turn  the  bead 
of  a  ship. 

To  go  abroad ;  to  walk  o«t  of  a  house. 

2.  To  be  uttered,  disclosed,  or  published. 

To  go  against ;  to  invade  ;  to  march  to  attack. 

2.  To  be  m  oppffsitif.n  ;  to  be  disagreeable. 

To  go  aside  ;  lo  withdraw  ;  tu  retire  into  a  private 
vituation. 

2,  To  err  ;  to  deviate  from  the  right  way. 

To  go  astray;  to  wander  ;  to  break  from  an  xncUy- 


,  to  be  in  party  or  design  with. 
To  go  iU  witJi ;  to  have  ill  fortune  ;  not  to  prosper. 
To  go  trrli  icith  ;  to  have  gtXMl  fortune  ;  to  prosper. 
To  go  Without  i  to  be  or  remain  destiiule. 
Qo  to ;  come,  move,  begin  ;  a  phrase  of  ezhortation ; 
also  a  phrase  of  scornful  exhortation. 
G6'-BE-T\V'EEN,   n.     [go   and    between,]     An    Inter- 
poser  ;  one  who  transacts  business  between  parlies. 
_,.,  „_  Sliak. 

GO'-UY,  n.     Igo  and  by.]     Evasion  ;  escape  by  arti- 
fi*^-  ^  ,  Collier. 

2.  A  passing  without  notice ;  a  thrusting  away  j  a 
shifting  off;  as,  to  give  a  projKisal  the  go-by. 
GO'-eXR'I',  «.  [go  and  cart.]  A  machine  with 
wheels,  in  which  children  learn  lo  walk  without 
danger  of  falling. 
GOAD,  n.  [Sax.  gud  a  goad  ;  Sw.  gadd,  a  sting ;  Scot. 
gad^  a  goad,  a  rod,  the  point  of  a  spear;  It.  gath, 
jToiA,  a  goad  ;  W.^ofA,  a  push.  The  sense  is,  a  shoot 
a  [htint.j 

A  pointed  instrument  used  to  stimulate  a  beast  lo 
move  faster. 
GOAD,  V.  L     To  prick  ;  to  drive  with  a  goad. 

2.  To  incite;  to  stimulate;  to  instigate;  to  urge 
forward,  or  to  rouse  by  anv  thing  pungent,  severe, 
irritating,  or  inflanting.  Ho  was  goaded  by  sarcastic 
remarks  or  by  abuse  ;  goaded  by  desire  or  other 
passion. 
GOAD'ED,pj.. 

gated. 
GOAD'ING,  ppr.    Pricking  ;  driving  with  a  goad  :  in 

citing;  urging  oi;  rousing. 
GOAL,  n.     [Vt.  gaute,  a  long  pole;  W.  gwyal.  Arm. 
goaiain,  a  sUiff.]  s    s     t 

1.  The  point  set  to 
they  run;  the  mark 

Pan  cirli  thf-fr  firry  avxilm,  or  ahuo  Uie  goai 

^'^  rapKl  whotk.  Milton. 


Pricked  ;  pushed  on  by  a  goad ;  insti- 


bounrt  a  race,  and  to  which 


,         A  kind  of  bird,  so  called  from 
bemg  supposed  to  suck  goals  ;  the  goat-sucker. 

GOAT'S'BiiARD,  n.    In  botany,  a  plant  of  the  genus 

Tragoimgon. 
GOAt'SKIN,  n.    The  skin  of  a  g.Kit.  Pope. 

<^'>AT|S'-ROE,  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Galega. 
GOAT'S'-STONES,  n.     The  greater  goaOs-stones  is 

Ihe  Patyrrum  ;  the  lesser^  the  Orchis. 
GOAT'S'-THORN,  n.     A  plant  of  Ihe  genus  Astrae- 

alus.  * 

GOAT'-SIJCK-ER,  n.     In  ornithology,  a  bird  of  the 

genus  Capnmulgus,  so  culled  from  the  opinion  that 

It  would  suck  goats.     It  is  called,  also,  li\e  fcrn-oicL 

In  Bailey,  it  is  called  a  goat-mUker. 
GOB,  71.     [Fr.  gobe ;  W.  gob,  a  heap. 

hill,  a  boss  ;  Ch.  n^j  geba,  to  raise.' 
A  lillle  mass  or  collecUou ;  a  mouthful.    [j1  low 

GOB'B£T,7i.     [Fr.  s-f^ftfi,  supra.J  ^ 

_  A  small  piece  ;  a  moulhful ;  a  lump. 

Shak,    .Addison, 
GOB  BET,  r.  (.    To  swallow  in  mo^es  or  mouthfuls 
^[■?,(?»^,Jf*^rf-]  VK^trunge. 

GOB'BET-LY,  flrfr.     In  pieces.  Haloet. 

GUB'BING,  n.  In  mining,  the  refuse  thrown  back 
into  the  excavations  remaining  after  the  removal  of 
the  coal.  Brande. 

GOB'RLE,  V.  t,     [Fr.  gober,  to  swallow.] 

To  swallow  in  large  pieces;  to  swallow  hastily. 

r^r^nint  ^  PrWrt".       SwlfU 

GOB'BLE,  «.  I.    To  make  a  noise  in  the  throat,  as  a 

turkey.  /^wr^ 

GOB'BLKD,  pp.    Swallowed  hastily. 
GOB'BLER,  II.     One  who  swallows  in  haste;  a  greedy 
eater;  a  gormandizer. 
2.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  turkey-cock. 
GOIt'BLING,  ppr.    Swallowing  hastily. 

2.  Making  a  noise  like  n  turkey. 

GOB'ELIN,  a.     A  term  applied  to  a  species  of  rich 

tapestry  in  France.     The  tenn  is  derived  from  Gilles 

(Jobdtns,  a  celebrated  dyer  in  the  reign  of  Francis  1. 

£>ict.  de  V^cad. 

GOBLET,  n.      [Fr.  gobclct;   Arm.  gob  or  eobeled; 

lleb.  r^J.]  *  ' 

A  kind  of  cup  or  drinking  vessel  without  a  handle. 

We  love  not  loadni  boiinis  and  gohUU  crowned.         Denhain. 

GOB'LIN,  n.  [Fr.  gobelin;  G.  kobold,  a  goblin;  D. 
kabouteryh  boy,  an  elf;  kaboHter-mannctje,  a  goblin* 
Ann.  gobylin;  W.  eoblyn,  a  knocker,  a  Ibimiper,  a 
pecker,  a  fiend  ;  cobiaw,  to  knock  :  from  cob,  a  ton  a 
thump.]  ' 

1.  An  evil  spirit;  a  walking  spirit;  a  frightful 
phantom. 

To  whom  the  gob!in,  full  of  wrath,  rr'plicd.  Mi'tan. 

2.  A  fairy  ;  an  elf.  Shak. 
GO'BY,  n.     A  name  given  to  certain  spinous-finned 

fishes,  allied  to  the  blenny,  and  forming  the  genua 
Gobius.  They  are  mostly  small  sea-fishes,  and  can 
live  for  some  time  out  of  the  water. 

„^^  r  Jardine^s  Kat.  Lib. 

GOD,  71.    [Sax.  god;  G.  goU:  D.  god;  Sw.  and  Dan. 

gudi  Golh.  goth  or  gutA  ;  Pers.  l^X^  goda  or  choda  ; 
Hindoo,  khoda,  eodam.  As  this  word  and  good  are 
written  exactly  alike  in  Saxun,  il  b:is  been  infrrred 
that  God  was  named  from  his  goodness.  But  tJio 
correspc.nding  words  in  most  of  the  other  languages 
are  not  the  same,  and  I  believe  no  instance  can  bo 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.-AN^^GER,  VI"CI0U8.-e  as  K  ;  C  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


noi) 


GOD 

found  of  a  name  ^ven  to  the  Stiprvme  Rcine  from 
lht>  nttribiite  of  gMxlness.  It  is  pmbnbly  an  idea  too 
rriDote  from  the  rude  conceptions  of  men  in  early 
ages.  Except  the  word  Jekovak^  I  have  found  Uie 
nuiM  ot  the  Supreme  Being  to  be  usually  taken  from 
his  rapreniacy  or  power,  and  to  be  equivalent  to  lord 
or  ruler,  from  some  root  si^ifying  to  press  or  exert 
force.  Now,  in  the  present  case,  we  have  evidence 
that  Ibis  is  the  sense  of  this  word ;  for,  in  Persic, 
£odit  is  rendered  domitttLs^  pmssetaar,  priMctpt.  as  is  a 
aerivative  of  the  same  word.  See  Cast  Lsx.  col. 
931.] 

1.  The  Supreme  Being ;  Jehovah  ;  the  eternal  and 
laGnite  Spirit,  the  Creator,  and  the  Sovereign  of  the 
tJoiverse. 

GWi»«qpiril:  lad  tbey  IfaM  wonlrip  blm  mwt  wonhlp  hbn  la 
ifWt  Mid  la  iPHh.  —  J«te  IT. 

9.  A  ftlse  god  J  a  beatbea  deity ;  an  MoL 

rWr  Mt  ttai  yadi  of  tto  ImorfMk  —  Jndfta  «!. 
3.  A  pnnce ;  a  ruler ;  a  magiatraie  or  Judge ;  an 
ingeL    Thoa  shaK  not  revile  the  g»dsy  nor  curse  the 
tuler  of  thy  people.    Exed.  xxii.    Pt.  xcvii. 

iOods  here  is  a  bad  translation.] 
.  Any  person  orihing exalted  too  much  in  estima- 
tion, or  deified  and  honored  as  the  chief  good. 

Wbw  f^  ti  tbeb  beHf.  —  PhB.  fiL 

GOD,v.C    To  deify.    [Jfot  used.1  SJuk. 

GOIVCHTLD,  n.  (gvd  and  ckild.}  One  for  whom  a 
peiaon  becomes  sponsor  at  baptism,  and  promises  to 
see  educated  as  a  Cbrislian. 

GOD'DAUGHTER,  (-daw-tcr,)  n.  [ged  and  daugh- 
ter.] A  ft^male  fur  whom  one  becomes  qtonaor  at 
baptism.     [See  Godfathbiu] 

60IVDESS,  R.  A  female  deity  ;  a  heathen  deity  of 
the  female  sex. 

When  ibe  daagter  at  Jufter  prawMad  benalf  mmaar  k  erowd 
flf  MriinMt,  Ac  »M  dMHgnMwd  Iff  iNf  gnserul  ■Muie 


charmis  or  excelleaee. 

GOD'OESS-UKK,  «.     SeMmbtt&(  t  goddess. 

Pope, 

GOD'FX-TIIER,  m.    [Sax.  fod  and  ftder.    The  Sax- 
ons used,  al.-co,  g^dtAb,  good  relation.] 

A  man  who  becomes  i^nsor  fur  a  child  at  bapc{»m, 
in  the  English  and  Roman  Catholic  churches  ;  who 
BsaJies  himself  a  surety  for  the  child,  that  he  will 
"ftxsake  the  devil  and  all  his  works,  nnd  constantly 
believe  God*s  holy  wwd,  and  obediently  keep  his 
command  inents. " 

[Bingham  maintains  that,  during  the  fwir  first  cen- 
turies, there  was  but  one  spunsiir  for  a  child,  aad 
thm  one  the  parent,  or  some  person  who  had  the 
charge  of  it.  Afterward,  the  number  of  sponsors 
was  increased,  and  the  parc:uts  excluded  from  the 
office.  MurdocJt.] 

GOD'FX-THER,  e.  t    To  act  as  godfather;  to  Uke 
under  one*s  fostering  care.  Burke. 

GOO'HEAD,    (god'hed,)    k.     [god    and    Sax.    kade^ 
state.] 

1.  Godship ;  deity;  divinity;  divine  nature  or  es- 
sence ;  applUd  to  the  trtu  Oody  and  to  keatken  deities. 

Mdtoiu     Prior. 
a.  A  deity  in  person  ;  a  god  or  goddess.  Drydetk, 
GOD'UESS,  a.     Having  no  re\*erence  fur  God  ;  impi- 
ous ;  ungodly  ;  irreligious  ;  wicked.  Hooker. 

2.  Atheistical ;  having  no  belief  in  the  existence 
of  God.  MUtott. 

GOD'LESS-LY,  ade.    Irreverently  ;  atheistically. 
GOD'LESS-NESS,  x.    The  state  of  being  inipimis  or 

irreligious.  Bp.  HalL 

GOD'LTKE,  s.     Resembling  God  ;  divine. 

2.  Resembling  a  deity,  o£, heathen  divinity, 

3.  Of  superior  exctiUence;  as,  godlike  virtue;  a 
Hike  pnnce. 


rodi. 
GOD  I 


D'LIKE-MilSd,  n.    The  state  of  being  godlike. 
GOiyU-LY,  «to       Piously  ;    rigbteoiisly. 

II,    IVharton. 
GOD'LT-NESS,   n.     [from   godiv.]      Piety  ;    belief  in 
God,  and  reverence  fur  hi^  character  and  laws. 

2.  A  religious  life  ;  a  canful  ob5er\'ance  of  the 
laws  of  God,  and  perfuminuce  of  religious  duties, 
proceeding  from  love  and  reverence  for  tlie  divine 
diaracter  and  conunanda  ;  Christian  obedience. 

CTodSfWM  ii  pro6uUc  uota  kU  ttiingi,  —  1  Tim.  )▼. 

3.  Revelation ;  the  system  of  Christianity. 


GOD'LIXG,  %.  A  little  deity  ;  a  dhninutive  god  ;  as, 
a  puny  gadUng.  Dryden. 

GOIVLY,  a.  [oodUke.l  Pious  ;  reverencing  Gud,  and 
his  character  and  laws. 

2.  Living  in  obedience  to  God*s  commands,  from 
a  principle  of  love  to  him  and  reverence  of  his  char- 
acter and  precepts  ;  religious ;  righteous  ;  as,  a  godly 
person. 

3.  Pious ;  conformed  to  God's  law ;  as,  a  go^y 
life. 

GOD'l*Y,  adx.    Piously  ;  righteously. 

Al  dwt  vin  five  godly  in  Chrut  Jesus  atwU  vuScr  penectitioa.  — 


GOI 

GOD'LY-HEAD,  (hed,)  ».  [Sax.  god^  good,  and 
head.] 

GoodnesR.     [O64.]  Spenser. 

GOD'MOTH-ER,  (-muth'er,)  n.  [godand  motAcr.]  A 
woman  who  becomes  sponsor  for  a  child  in  baptism. 
fSee  GopFATHKR.] 

G6-DOWN',ii.  In  the  East  /nrfiftr,  a  comiptlon  of  the 
Malay  word  godongy  a  warehouse.  Smart. 

GO-DROO.V,  n.    [Fr.  godron,  a  ruffle  or  puff.] 

In  oreAiCeetHrr,  a  kind  of  inverted  Muting  or  bend- 
ing fbr  ornament.  Elmes. 

GOU'SEND,  It.  Something  sent  by  God  ;  an  unexpect- 
ed acquisition  or  piece  of  good  fortune. 

QOD'SHIP,  R.  Deity ;  divinity  ;  the  rank  or  character 
of  a  god. 

O'er  bilk  kftd  dales  t}x4r  godthipe  CAme.  Prior. 

GOD'SMITH,  «.    A  maker  of  idols.  Dryden. 

GOD'SON,  (-sun,)  n.    [Sax.  godsunu.] 

One  for  whom  another  lias  been  sponsor  at  the 
font. 

GOO'SPEED,  n.  Good  speed,  that  is,  success.  2 
John  10. 

GOD»«'-PEN-NY,  n.    An  earnest-penny. 

Beaum,  Sf  Ft. 

GOD'WARD,  aJr.    Toward  God.  [An  iU-furmed  tcord.] 

GOD'WIT,  s.    [Ice.  god  and  veide.\ 

A  name  common  to  a  genus  of  oirds,  the  Limosa, 
having  lone  legs  and  long,  flexible  bills.  The  Itlack- 
tailed  Godwit,  in  its  summer  plumape,  has  the  feath- 
ers on  the  head,  neck,  and  back,  of  a  light  reddish- 
brown,  those  on  the  belly  white,  and  tlie  tail  is 
regularly  barred  with  black  and  white.  This  bird 
frequents  fens  and  the  banks  of  rivers,  and  its  flesh 
Is  esteemed  a  great  delicacy.  Partinjrton. 

GOD'YELI),    i  adv.     [Supposed  to  be  contracted  from 

GOU'YIELD,  S      ffood,  or  god,  and  skidd.] 

A  tenn  of  thanks.    [Obs.]  Shak. 

GO'EL,  a.     [Sax.  gfalew.] 

Yellow.     [06.f.]  TVuer. 

GO'EN,  part.  prft.  of  Go,  formerly  so  written. 

GO'ER,  n.  [m»m  go.]  One  Uiat  goes;  a  runner  or 
walker ;  one  that  has  a  gait,  got>d  or  bad.     Wuttan. 

2.  One  that  transacts  business  between  parties  ;  in 
an  ill  sense.  Shak. 

3.  A  fooL  Chapman. 

4.  A  term  applied  to  a  horse ;  as,  a  good  goeri  a 
safe  fforr.     [  Unusual  in  the  Uiuted  State*.] 

G6'E-TY,  «,     [Gr.  >  unTWi.]  [Beaum.  ic  Fl. 

Invocation  of  evil  spiriu.     [JsTot  in  use.]  UalluvieU. 
GOFF,  n.     [Uu.  W.  gv/oly  contracted,  a  word  com- 
posed of  go  and  /3/,  foolish  ;  or  Fr.  gojfe ;  or  a  con- 
traction of  D.  Aotf,  a  club.] 

A  fuoiiab  clown;   also,  a  game.      [OA5.]     [See 
Golf.] 
GOFF'ISH,  0.     Foolish  ;  stupid.     [Obs.]       Chaucer. 
GOG,  H.    [W.  gogf  activity,  rapidity ;  probably  allied 

Beaum.  4"  ^■ 
to  shun  ;  gn, 
;fter,  coinciding  with 


to  gig.    See  Acoo.] 
Haste; 


ardent  desire  to  go. 


GOG'GLE,  fgog'l,)  r.  t.     [\V.  go^elu,  to  shun  ;  go,  a 

Erefix,  and  j^Wu,  from  cW,  a  alie         --;--;ji--  --..- 
^  cela  ;  or  from  gog.] 


To  strain  or  roll  Uie  eyes. 

And  viuk  uui  goggU  lilte  mit  owl. 


HudibrOM, 


GOG'GLE,  a.     Having  full  eyes  ;  staring.      B.  Jonson. 
GOG'GLE,  It.     A  strained  or  affected   rolling  of  the 
eye. 

GOG'GLED,  a.     Prominent;  staring,  as  the  eye. 

Herbert. 
GOG'GLE-E?E,  ti.     A  rolling  or  staring  eye. 

B.  Jonson, 
GOG'GLE-ET-ED,  (gog'I-Ide,)  a.     Having  prominent, 

distorted,  or  rolling  eyes.  .^sckam, 

GOG'GLES,  (gog'clz,)  ;i.  pi.     [W,  gogelu,  to  Ehelter. 
See  Goggle,  the  verb.] 

L  In  surgery,  instruments  used  to  cure  squinting, 
or  the  distortion  of  the  eyes  which  occasions  it. 

Eucye. 

2.  Cylindrical  tubes,  in  which  are  fixed  glasses  for 
defending  the  eyes  from  cold,  dust,  &c.,  and  some- 
times with  colored  glasses,  to  abate  the  intensity  of 
light. 

3.  Blinds  for  horses  that  are  apt  to  take  fright. 
GO'ING,  ppr.     [from  ^0.]     Moving;  walking;  travel- 
ing; turnin?  ;  rolling;  flying;  sailing,  &c. 

GO'ING,  n,    'J'he  act  of  moving  in  any  manner. 
3.  The  act  of  walking.  Shak. 

3.  Departure.  Milton. 

4.  Pregnancy.  Orevi. 

5.  Procedure  ;  way  ;  course  of  life ;  behavior  ;  de- 
portment ;  used  chiefly  in  the  plural. 

Hie  ejf^  M^  on  the  ways  of  man,  and  he  seeth  nJI  hU  gatnga.  — 
Job  xxiir. 

6.  Procedure ;  course  of  providential  agency  or 
government. 

They  ha»o  K^'n  thy  goingi,  0  God  ;  evfn  the  goinga  of  ray  God, 
my  King)  in  the  sanctuary.  —  Pb,  Ixviii, 

Going  out,   )    in    Scripture,  utmost    extremity   or 
Ooings  out,  i        limit;  the  point  where  an  extend- 
ed body  terminates.    J^um.  xxiiv.  5,  9. 
2.  Departure  or  journeying.    JV'um.  xjixiiL 

GOl'TER,  >^      fp^   „«s,„i 

GOI'TRE;}"-    iFr.fi-oitrfi.] 


GOL 

The  bronehocele  ;  a  cellulose  or  cystose  tumor,  the 
cells  oval,  currant-sized,  or  grape-sized,  containing 
a  serous  fluid  ;  sonictinu's  their  contents  are  caseous. 
It  is  seated  in  the  thyroid  gland,  and  appears  on  the 
anterior  part  of  the  neck.  The  same  disease  affects 
the  testes  and  the  female  breasts,  but  in  these  situa- 
tions is  not  called  bronehocele.  Cellular  sarcoma  is 
a  name  applicable  to  the  disease  In  all  locations. 

The  inliuUUntj  of  Ihli  part  of  the  VhIsIs  arc  lubjecl  to  eoiUra. 
Coxe,  Sieiix. 

GOI'TRKi^^'  I  **•    Affected  with  goiter. 
GOI'Tudus,  a,     [Fr.  goUreux.] 

I,  IVrlaining  to  the  goiter;  partaking  of  the  na- 
ture of  bronehocele. 
3.  Affected  with  bronehocele.    Jounu  qf  Science. 
Let  me  not  bo  under»tood  tu  Iniiuutitlng  that  tlie  Inkibicurits  in 
generAl  lire  either  ^oitrou<  or  IdloU.  Coie,  SioUz. 

GO'LA,n.     [lU;  h.  gula.] 

In  architecture,  the  same  as  Ctmatium  or  Ctma. 

GOLD.  n.  [Sax.  gold;  G,  gold;  D.  goud,  a  contracted 
wortl  ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  guld,  from  gul,  guul,  yellow. 
Hence  the  original  pronunciation  goold,  still  retained 
by  some  people.  The  Dan.  guul  is  in  Sax.  gealan, 
whence  our  yellotc,  that  is,  primarily,  bright,  from 
the  Celtic,  W.  gatel,  galau,  gole,  light,  splendor  ; 

Gaelic  geal,  bright ;  Ar.  ^^^  cgaUit  to  be  clear  or 
bright.    Class  Gl,  No.  7.] 

1.  A  precious  metal  of  a  bright  yellow  color,  and 
the  most  ductile  and  malleable  of  all  the  metals.  It 
is  the  heaviest  metal  except  platinum,  and,  being  a 
very  dense,  fixed  substance,  and  not  liable  to  be  in- 
jured by  air,  it  is  well  fitted  to  be  used  as  coin,  or  a 
representative  of  couinioditics  in  commerce.  Its 
ductility  and  malleability  render  it  the  most  suitable 
metal  for  gildine.  It  is  often  found  native  in  solid 
masses,  as  in  Hungary  and  Peru  ;  though  generally 
in  combination  with  silver,  copper,  or  iron.  Encyc. 

%  Money. 

For  mo  ilie  gold  cf  France  did  not  ■educe.  SliaJi. 

3.  Something  pleasing  or  valuable;  as,  a  heart  of 
gold.  Shak. 

4.  A  bright  yellow  color ;  as,  a  flower  edged  with 
goUi. 

5.  Riches  ;  wealth. 

Odd  of  phasure  ;  a  plant  of  the  genus  Camelina, 
bearing  yellow  flowers,  sometimes  cultivated  for  the 
oil  of  its  seed^. 
GOLD,  fl.     Made  of  gold;  consisting  of  gold  ;   as,  a 
old  chain, 

occupation  is  to  beat 
or  foliate  gold  for  gilding.  Boyle. 

Ooldbcaicr^s  skin;  the  intestines  of  an  ox,  which 
goldbeaters  lay  between  the  leaves  of  the  metal  while 
they  beat  it,  whereby  the  membrane  is  reduced  very 
thin,  and  made  fit  to  be  applied  to  cuts  and  fresh 
Wounds.  Quincy. 

GOLD'BkAT-ING,  n.  The  art  or  process  of  reducing 
gold  to  extremely  thin  leaves,  by  beating  with  a 
hammer.  Urr. 

GfiLD'iiqUND,  a.     Encompassed  with  gold.     ShrJc. 

GOLD  Coast,  n.  In  geography,  the  coast  of  Africa 
where  gold  is  found ;  being  a  part  of  the  coast  of 
Guinea. 

GOLD'-DUST,  n.    Gold  in  very  fine  particles. 

GOLD'£N,  (gold'n,)  a.  Made  of  gold;  consisting  of 
gold. 

2.  Bright;  shining;  splendid;  aa,  the  golden  sun. 

Reclining  soft  on  mnny  a  golden  cloud.  Rove. 

3.  Yellow  ;  of  a  gold  color;  as,  a  golden  harvest ; 
golden  fruit. 

4.  Excellent;  most  valuable ;  as,  the  golden  rule. 

IVatts. 

5.  Happy ;  pure ;  as,  the  golden  age,  the  fabulous 
age  of  primeval  simplicity  and  purity  of  manners  in 
rural  employments. 

6.  Preeminently  favorable  or  auspicious;  asj  golden 
opinions.  Shak. 

Let  not  »lip  the  golden  opportunity.  Uamillon. 

Oolden  number ;  in  chronology,  a  number  showing 
the  year  of  the  moon's  cycle. 

Golden  rule ;  in  arithmetic,  the  rule  of  three,  or 
rule  of  proportion. 

GOLD'i^N'-CLUB,  n.  An  aquatic  plant,  bearing  yel- 
low flowers. 

GOLD'£N-eUPS,  «.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Ranun- 
culus. 

G0LD'£N-E1?E,  Cgold'n-I,)  n.     A  species  of  duck. 

GOLD'i=:-\  FLEECE,  n.  In  myUtolosT/,  the  fleece  of 
gold  taken  from  the  ram  that  bore  Phryxus  through 
the  air  to  Colchis,  and  in  quest  of  which  Jason  un- 
dertook the  Argonautic  expedition.  Ed,  Encyc. 

G0LD'/:.\-LOOK-li\G,  a.     Appearing  like  gold. 

GoLD'/JN-LCKG'WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Hieracium. 

GOLD'f;N-LY,  adv.  Splendidly ;  delightfully.  [JVot 
utcd.]  Shak. 

G6LD0=:N-MSID'£N-IUIR,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Poly  trie  hum. 


gold  chain. 
G0L1)'BF:AT-JCN,  (-bet'n,)  a.     Gilded.     ILitUe  used.] 
GOLD'BSAT-ERjTi.     One  whose  occupation  is  tobcai 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PRgY.  — PIXE,  M.\RTf-VE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


510 


GON 


GOO 


Galore,] 

GOI.T'SHUT,  B.  A  imall  ingut  of  gold  ;  in  Japan,  of 
•  liver,  nerving  f„r  money.  Smart 

Oy.M,  ».     (8ai.  gi£m ,  Goth,  matia.'t 
A  man.    [0»».] 

OQM'AN,  n.  [Probably  from  giiod  man.]  A  husband  ; 
o  muter  of  a  family.     [  t>»<.  | 

GO.Vl-PHrA-SrS,  ».     [Gr.  >,„.;;o<,  nnall.] 

A  diKiue  of  the  tcclh,  when  tliey  loosen  and  fall 
out  of  their  sockets.  Brande 

OO.M.PHO'.SI.S,  ,.  [Cr.]  The  immovable  articu'la- 
tion  of  the  teeth  with  the  jaw-bone  like  a  nail  in  a 
board. 

GO-MO'TI,  n.  A  fibrous  aulwtance,  resembling  horse- 
hair, obtained  from  a  kind  of  palm  tree,  (Horassnn 
f  oiaaJiu,)  of  the  Indian  isl.ands,  and  used  for  makine 

G(p.N'DO-LA,  n.  [It.  id.;  I'r.  gondiilt;  Arm.  eondo- 
Mwn.J  • 

1.  A  Hat-bottomed  pleasure-boat,  very  long  and 
narrow,  used  at  Venice,  in  Italy,  on  the  canals. 
11  IS  painted  black,  and  has  a  small  cabin  furnished 
with  black  curtains.  A  Konilola  of  middle  size  is 
about  thirty  feet  long  and  four  broad,  terminating 
at  each  end  in  a  sharp  pfiinl  or  p<ak  rining  t<i  the 
hight  of  a  man.  It  is  usually  rowed  by  two  men 
called  ^mlaUeri,  who  prop.;l  the  boat  by  pushing  the 
ooni.  The  gondola  i«  oliio  used  in  other  parts  of  Ita- 
ly  for  a  poasage  boat.  Bncyc. 


GOLD'KN-MOUSE'EAR,  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus 

Hieracium. 
GOLD'£N-ROD,  n.    A  tall,  coarse-looking  herb,  bear- 
ing yellow  flowers  ;  a  name  common  to  plants  of  the 
gelms  Solidago.  Purti/.rtun. 

GOLD'A-.N-ROD'-TREE,  a,     A  shrub  of  the  Canary 

I.sles,  of  the  genus  Bosea.  Loudon. 

GOI.D'BN-SAxM'PIIIRE,  n.     A  plant,  the  Inula  crith- 

mi/olia.  i^g 

GOLD'£N-SAX'l-FHAGE,i..     A  plant,  the  Chrys'os- 

plenium. 
G6LD'fc-.V-TIlIS'TLE,  (gGld'n-lhis'l,)  n.    A  plant  of 

the  genus  Scolymua,  bearing  yellow  flowers. 
GOLO'fi.\-TRESS-iD,  a.     Having  tresses  like  gold. 
GoLD'A".N-UI.\G-iD,  a.     Having  wings  like  gold. 
GOLD'FINCH,  a.     [Snx.  ffol^/inc.]  ^ 

The  Frin^ata  cardueiis,  a  beautiful  singing-bird.  Bo 
named  from  the  color  of  its  wings. 
Gf)l,D'-FI\D-ER,  n.     One  who  finds  gold  :  one  who 

empties  jiikes.  S„,yj. 

Gf)LD'-Fl.-J|I,        I  a.     A  fish  of  the  genus  Cyprinus, 
GoLD'£.\-FISH,  i      of   the    size   of   a   pilchard,   so 
named  from  its  bright  color.     These  fishes  are  bred 
by  the  Chinese,  in  small  ponds,  in  basins  or  porcelain 
vessi-ls,  and  kept  for  ornament. 
CfiLD'HA.M-.MER,  n.     A  kind  of  bird.  Zlicf. 

G5LD'-H1LT-ED,  a.     Having  a  golden  hilt. 
G6LD'L\G,  B.     A  sort  of  apple.  DUU 

G6LD'-LACE,  n.     A  lace  wrought  with  gold. 
GOLD'-LAC-£D,  (liste,)  a.  Trimmed  with  gold  l.ice. 
GoLD'-LEAF,  «.    Gold  foliated  or  beaten  into  a  thin 

leaf. 
GOLD'LE.1.-?,  0.    Destitute  of  gold. 
GrtLD'.NEY,  a.     A  fish,  the  gilthcad.  DicU 

GoLD'-PLKAS^UKE,  n.  [For  Goi.D-or-Pi.a»><;Ri.l  A 

plant  of  the  genus  Camelina. 
GOLD'-PROOF,   a.    Proof  against  bribery  or  tempta- 
tion by  money.  Bmtun.  tf  Ft. 
GOLD'-SIZE,   n.     .\  size  or  glue  for  burnishing  gild- 

'"B*  Kticye. 

GOLD'S.VIITH,  n.    An  artisan  \vho  manufactures  ves- 
sels and  ornaments  of  gold  and  silver. 

a.  A  banker ;  one  who  manages  the  pecuniary 
concerns  of  others.  OoUtsmWui  were  formerly  bank- 
ers in  England,  but  in  America  the  practice  does  not 
exist,  nor  is  the  word  used  in  this  sense. 
•'OLD'-S TICK,  n.  A  colonel  of  a  regiment  of  Eng- 
lish lifeguards,  who  attends  his  sovereign  on  state 
occasions. 
GOLD'-THREAD,  (thrcd,)  a.  A  thread  formed  of 
flatted  gold  laid  over  a  thread  of  sUk,  by  twisting 
It  with  a  wheel  and  iron  bobbins.  Urc. 

2.  A  small,  evergreen  plant,  Coptis  trifolia  ;  so 
called  from  its  fibrous,  yellow  roou.  UnitrJ  Stjites. 
(iOLD'-WIRE,  If.  Wire  made  of  gold  j  usuaUtt,  silver 
wire  gilded,  or  wire  made  from  an  ingot  of  silver, 
superficially  covered  ivith  gold,  and  drawn  through 
small,  round  holes.  [/re.     IfcJtert. 

GOLD'V-LOCKS,  a.     A  name  given  to  certain  plants 

of  the  genera  Chrysocoma  and  Gnaplialiuni. 
GOLF,   a.     [O.  kotf,  a  club  or  bat ;  Dan.  totr,  the  butt 
end  of  a  gun-stock.] 

A  game  with  a  small  ball  and  a  bat  or  club  crooked 
at  the  lovyer  end,  in  which  he  who  drives  the  ball 
into  a  series  of  small  holes  In  the  ground  with  tlie 
fewest  strokes  is  the  winner.  SlruU. 

OOI.L,  B.    (Gr.  ;  idAoi.,  a  cavity,  and  the  hollow  of 
the  hand.     Qu.  is  this  the  Celtic  form  of  nola  1] 
Hands  j  paws ;  claws.    [Ao(  .'a  uje,  or  local.] 

GO-LOE'-SIIOE,  (go-lo'shoo,)  b.  [Arm.  goU,  or'^Ui, 

to  cover.]  B      »      a      » 

An  over-shoe  ;  a  ahoe  worn  over  another  to  keep 

the  foot  ilry.  *^ 

GO-1,ORE',  B.      Plenty;    ahund.ance.     [Obs.]     [See 


2.  A  fliu-bottomed  boat  fur  carrying  produce,  ic. 
„_„  _„  ,  ,_„,  .  Unictd  .luiles. 

ou.-\-ui)-LiiEK',  n.    A  man  who  rows  a  gondola. 
GONE,    (pronounced  nearly  gawn.)  pp.  of  Go.      De- 
parted. 

It  wa.  lolJ  Solomon  Ihiil  Shlniti  lud  yon.  from  Jerusxlem  to 
Lialti.  —  1  Kingd  ii. 

2.  Advanced  ;  forward  in  progress  ;  with  far,  far- 
Uut,  or  further;  as,  a  man  far  gonr.  in  intemperance. 

d.  Kuined  i  undone.  Exert  yourselve.',  or  we  are 
gone. 

4.  Past ;  as,  these  happy  days  are  gone ;  sometimes 
with  bij.     Those  times  are  gone  by. 

5.  Lost, 
When  h-^  maatere  »w  that  the  hope  of  Uieir  gnin*  wm  ^n«.  _ 

6.  Departed  from  life  ;  deceased  ;  dead. 
rnvIpA'tVw'  I"-,  L?""/"""",  Chaucer  ;    Fr.  govfa- 
GON'FA-NOJJ,  j      Ion  ;  Sax,  gulhfaaa,  war-flagf  com- 
posed of  guUi,  war,  Ir.  calli  or  cad,  W,  cad,  and  Sax. 

/ana,  Goth,  fana,  L.  ;>anBiu,  cloth  ;  in  Sax.  a  flap.] 

An  ensign  or  .standard  ;  colors.     [OS*.]     MUlon. 

'^'^^,-/'yi''J!^-lER',     n.      A  chief   stundard-bearer. 

GONG,  a,     [Sa.l.  ganrr.] 

I.  A  privy  or  Jakes,     [Obs.-j  Chauor. 

■i.  A  I  hinese  instrument  made  of  an  alloy  of  cop- 
per and  tin,  of  a  circular  form,  producing,  when 
struck,  a  very  loud  and  Iharsh  sound, 
GO-NI-OM'E-TER,  n.    [Gr.  y^,;a,  angle,  and  ptrpou, 
measure.]  r    r     t 

An  instniment  for  measuring  solid  angles,  as  the 
angles  of  crystals,  tc,  or  the  inclination  of  planes. 

o  «     »■  ^^ 

Ktjircung  gonwvitttr;  an  instrument  for  measuring 
the  angles  of  cr>stals  by  reflection.  Wollaston. 

GO-NI-0-MET'Rie-AL,o.  Pertaining  to  a  goniome- 
ter. Gomomctrical  lines  are  used  for  measuring  the 
quantity  of  angles.  Chambers 

G(j-M-O.M'E-TaY,  B.  The  art  of  measuring  ^Ui 
angles.  " 

GON-OR-R»i5'A,  n.  [Gr.  j^«v.-$,  semen,  and  /ffu,  to 
ilow.j  ' 

A  specific,  contagious  inflammation  of  the  male 
urethra,  or  the  female  vagina,  attended,  from  its  ear- 
ly stages,  with  a  profuse  secretion  of  much  mucus 
lulenningled  with  a  little  pus.  This  secretion  con- 
tains tile  contagion  of  tho  disease.  The  disease  is 
not  a  real  gtmorrluia,  but  a  ureUir'ttin,  or  elytritis. 
GOQD,  a.  [Sax.  god,  or  good ;  Goth,  goda,  gods, ' goth ; 
G.  gal;  D.  ^o<id;  Sw.  and   Dan.  god;  Gr.  a)aUos; 

Pcrs.  i_^.s.  egod.  In  Russ.  godnei,  fit,  suitable,  seems 
to  be  the  same  word.  The  primary  sense  is  strong 
from  extending,  advancing,  whence  free,  large 
abundant  fit,  and  particularly,  strong,  firm,  valid,' 
(like  valid,  from  oalto  ;  worth,  virlae,  from  vireo; 
Sax.  duguth,  virtue,  from  dugan,  to  be  strong.)  In 
the  pliiu.se  a  good  deal,  we  observe  the  sense  of  ex- 
tending ;  in  the  phrases  a  ,iroo<;  title,  a  medicine  good 
lor  a  disease,  we  observe  the  sense  of  strong,  eflica- 

dous.  Ar.  il^  gaitda,  to  be  libeml  or  copioua,  to 
overflow,  to  be  good,  to  bocome  bettor  or  more  Ann. 

See  also  1 A^  gada,  to  be  useful,  profitable,  or  con- 
venient. This  word  good  has  not  tho  comparative 
and  superlative  degrees  of  comparison  ;  but  instead 
of  them,  better  and  best,  from  anuther  root,  are  used 
Class  Gd,  No.  3,  8.] 

1.  Valid  ;  legally  firm;  not  weak  or  defective- 
having  strength  adequate  to  its  support  :  as,  a  good 
title  ;  a  good  deed  ;  a  goo<l  ( laim. 

a.  Valid  ;  sound  ;  not  weak,  false,  or  fallacious  ■ 
as,  a  good  argument. 

3.  Complete,  or  sufficiently  perfect,  in  its  kind  ■ 
having  the  physical  qualities  liest  adapted  to  its  de- 
sign and  use  ;  opixwed  to  bad,  imperfeet,  corrupted, 
impaired.  We  say,  good  timber,  good  cloth,  ngood 
•oil,  a  good  color.  * 

And  Go.1  .»,,„,,  i|,l„5  U.M  1„  had  made,  and  k-lrold.  It  wa 
^ery  gooa — Cicu.  i.  ' 

4.  Having  moral  qualities  best  adapted  to  its  design 
and  use,  or  the  qualities  which  God's  law  requires  • 

nn'^ZZ'  ;  TH'  '•■  r''iei""»  ■•  VpHed  to  persons,  and 
opposed  to  bad,  vicious,  mUked,  evil. 

^"f^Sor"i""  *"  *  '"^  "™'  ""^  "''"'''  "'"  *™  •"  ""•• 

5.  Conformable  to  tho  moral  law;  virtuous;  ap. 
plied  to  actions.  *^ 

In  allthing.  .howing  Ihy«!lf  .  p,tiom  of  food  »ork..  —  TIL  ii. 

0.  Proper;  fit  ;  cimvenient ;  seasonable;  well 
ad.apted  to  the  end.  It  wa,  ^' good  time  ti  com- 
mence operations.  He  arrived  in  i-ood  lime, 
happine'sr""""'  ""-f"' i  "Pedlent  i  conducive  to 

It  U  not  food  that  the  man  .Iiould  bo  alone.  —  Gen.  H. 

TW.  fr?,',',"i'„  T'''"'  '  ""Mnrptwl  i  undamaged. 
Thu  fruit  will  keep  good  the  whole  year 


GOO 


9.  ^u  liable  to  the  taste  or  to  health  ;  wholesome; 
salubrious  1  palatable;  not  disagreeable  or  noxious; 
as,  fruit  good  to  eat ;  a  tree  good  for  food.     Oeii  ii 

10.  Suited  lu  produce  a  salutary  efl-ect;  adapted  to 
abate  or  cure  ;  medicinal ;  salutary  ;  beneficial ;  as 
fresh  vegetables  are  good  for  scorbutic  diseases 

11.  Suited  to  strengthen  or  assist  the  healthful 
functions  ;  as,  a  little  wine  is  good  for  a  weak 
stomach. 

12.  Pleasant  to  the  taste  ;  as,  a  good  apple. 

My  aon,  eat  thou  honey,  became  it  ia  good,  and  Uic  hoiiey-comb, 
winch  13  BWeet  lo  Ihy  taate.  —  Proy.  xaiv. 

13.  Full ;  complete. 

The  Proleilaut  aubjecu  of  die  ablcy  make  up  a  rood  thirf  of  its 
P"'!''"-  Addiion. 

14.  Useful ;  valuable  ;  having  qualities  of  a  ten- 
dency to  produce  a  good  eflect. 

AU  quality,  ih.-u  is  good  for  any  Uiiny,  Is  originally  (bunded  on 
'""'■  Collier. 

15.  Etpial ;  adequate ;  competent  His  security  is 
^oorf  for  the  auiounl  of  the  debt ;  applied  to  oersons 
able  to  fulfill  contracts.  '    i  r  e 

Antonio  ia  a  good  man.  Shale. 

16.  Favorable ;  convenient  for  anv  purpose ;  as  a 
good  stand  for  business  ;  a  good  slation  for  a  camp. 

17.  Convenient;  suitable;  safe;  as,  a  s-ooti  harbor 
for  ships. 

18.  Well  qualified  ;  able  ;  skillful ;  or  performini 
duties  with  skill  and  fidelity ;  as,  a  food  prince  ■  I 
'°,„  commander  ;  a  good  officer ;  a  good  physician. 

19.  Ready ;  dextrous. 

Tho»!  are  geoerdly  good  at  Batleiing  wbo  are  good  for  nothinj 
""■  Soudi. 

20.  Kind  ;  benevolent;  aflTectionate ;  as.  a  rood 
father  ;  good  will.  * 

21.  Kind  ;  aflectionate  ;  faithful ;  as,  a  good  friend 

22.  Promotive  of  happiness ;  pleasant ;  agreeable  i 
cheering;  gratifying.  ' 

Behold,  how  good  and  how  pleiwant  it  is  for  brethren  to  dweB 
to^etlier  in  unity,  —  P»,  cxxxiil. 

23.  Pleasant  or  prosperous  ;  as,  good  morrow,  sir ; 
good  morning. 

21.  Honorable  ;  fair  ;  unblemished  ;  unimaeached  ; 
as,  a  man  of  good  fame  or  report. 

A  goo'l  luune  is  b-  iter  than  precious  ointment Eccles.  Til. 

25.  Cheerful ;  favorable  to  happiness.  Be  of  good 
comfort.  * 

2G.  Great  or  considerable  ;  not  small  nor  very  great  ■ 
as,  3  good  while  ago;  he  is  a  good  way  ofl",  or  at  a 
good  distance  ;  ho  has  a  good  deal  of  leisure  ;  I  li.ad  a 
good  share  of  the  trouble.  Here  we  see  the  primary 
tense  of  eztemling,  advancing. 

27.  Elegant ;  iiolite  ;  as,  good  breeding. 

23.  Real ;  serious  ;  not  feigned. 

Love  not  in  goo'l  eanieal.  Shak. 

29.  Kind  ;  favorable  ;  benevolent ;  humane. 

The  men  were  very  gooit  to  u< I  8am.  xxv. 

30.  Benevolent ;  merciful ;  gracious. 

Truly^tlml  j"  joo"!  to  Israel,  c»en  to  lucli  as  are  of  a  clean  lieait. 

31.  Seasonable  ;  commendable  ;  proper. 

Why  trouWe  ye  ita  woman,  for  she  hath  wrought  •  »ood  work 
on  me.  — M.ul.  axvl.  ^         aw"  wura 

^  Pleasant ;  cheerful ;  festive. 

We  come  ill  a  good  day 1  S.am.  XXT. 

3.1.  Com[>anionuble  ;  social ;  merry. 

It  U  well  known  that  Sir  no-cr  had  been  a  good  f.-llmy  In  his 
y^'^o-  ArliudtnoL 

34.  nrave  ;  in  familiar  language.  You  aro  a  food 
felliiw.  ° 

3R.  In  the  phrases,  the  f ooii  man,  applied  to  the 
master  of  the  house,  and  good  woman,  applied  to  the 

mistress,  ijroorf  s etiines  ex|iresaes  a  niotlerate  degree 

of  respect,  and  sometimes  slight  contempt.  Among 
the  first  settlers  of  New  England,  it  was  used  as  a 
title  instead  of  Mr. ;  as,  Goodman  Jones;  Ooodman 
Wells. 

30.  The  phrase  good  mill  is  equivalent  to  benevo- 
lence ;  but  it  signifies  also  an  earnest  desire,  a  hearty 
wish,  entire  willingness  or  fervent  zeal  ;  as,  we  en- 
tered into  the  service  with  a  goodwiU;  he  laid  on 
stripes  with  a  good  will. 

37.  Comely  ;  handsome ;  well-formed ;  as,  a  nood 
person  or  shape.  * 

38.  Mild;  pleasant;  expressing  benignity  or  other 
estimable  qualities ;  as,  a  good  countenance. 

39.  Mild;  calm;  not  irritable  or  fractious;  as  a 
good  temptir.  ' 

40.  Kind;  friendly;  humane;  as,  a  ™od  he,irl  or 
disposition. 

Good  advice ;  wise  and  prudent  counsel. 

Good  heed  ;  great  care  ;  due  caution. 

In  good  sooth  ;  in  good  truth  ;  in  reality.     \Obs  1 

I  o  make  good;  to  perform;  to  fulfill;  as,  to  »iii« 
^ood  one's  word  or  promise;  Uiat  is,  to  make  it  en- 
tire or  nnbrxiken. 

2.  To  confirm  or  establish  ;  to  prove;  to  verify  ■ 
as,  to  Biu/M  good  a  charge  or  accusation. 

3.  1  o  '      •   -•   ■ 


JTNE.  BIJLl,  UNITE.- AN»GER.  Vl»C10UB-e  a.  It ,  0  ..  ,  =  ,  as  Z .  r» 


loss. 


supply  deficiency;  to  make  up  a  defect  or 
1  will  make  good  what  is  wanting. 


«•  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


M 


GOO 

4.  To  indemnify  ;  to  give  an  equivalent  for  dam- 
Mfoa,    If  yuu  suffer  lust>,  1  will  rruike  it  tfood  to  you. 

&.  To  maintain  ;  to  cury  into  etfect  j  as,  to  make 
gtod  aratnat. 

71»  wtmmi  gtdi  to  be  firm  or  valid.  Hia  word  or 
ptomliat  Momd*  g9od. 

Tb  think  ftifiyt»9t$  goad,  )bU>  be  pleased  or  satis- 
fied ;  to  think  to  be  expedieaL 

If  TV  thimk  good,  ([fveine  my  prio*. — Zcch.  zL 
jf«  good  as ;  equally  ;  no  better  thnn  ;  the  same  as. 
We  say,  one  is  as  good  as  dead.    Heb.  xi. 

Jia  good  as  his  tpord ;  equaling  in  fullillmcnt  what 
was  promised  ;  performing  to  the  extent. 
GQQD,  «.  That  which  contributes  to  diminish  or  re- 
move pain,  or  to  increase  happini-**3  or  prosperity ; 
benefit ;  advantage  ;  opposed  to  rrit  or  miserv.  The 
medicine  will  do  neither  good  nor  harm.  It  ao(M  ny 
heart  good  to  see  you  so  happy. 

Thete  u»  mui;  ibal  my,  Who  will  ■bow  ua  utj  goodt  —  V%, 

5.  Welfare  j  prosperity ;  advancement  of  interest 
or  happiness.    He  labored  for  tho  good  of  the  state. 

TW  good  of  Okt  whole  boauamiHf  cm  faa  pmnolHl  only  hj  ad* 
madi^  lb*  good  gf  toA  of  the  aaaoben  eonipaaii^  k. 

S.  Bfrirttoal  adranta^  or  improvement;  as,  the 
fsW  of  aoQia. 

4.  Earnest  i  not  jest 

Tha  good  WOTMUi  DCTCT  cfiod  after  ttik,  till  ilw  cunr  (o  die  for 
foerf  oad  aU.  L'Eatrangt. 

The  phrase  for  food  and  all,  sij^nifies,  finally  ;  to 
close  the  whole  business ;  for  the  last  time. 

5.  Moral  works ;  actions  which  arc  ju-^t  and  in 
conformity  to  the  moral  law  or  divine  precepts. 

Depart  from  eTQ,  an<i  Ao  good.  —  Pk.  xxxir. 

6.  Moml  qualities;  virtue;  righteousness.  I  find 
nagood  In  this  man. 

7;  The  best  fruits ;  richness  ;  abundance. 

I  will  girs  jou  lite  good  at  the  Uad.  —  Gf  a.  xlr. 

f),  V.  e.    To  manure.    [Mot  in  use,]  Bali, 

jD,  ado,   JU  good;  as  well ;  with  equal  advantage, 
lad  yon  not  a»  good  go  with  me  ?    lu  Anteriea,  we 

aewnnas  nse  giodt,  the  Gothic  wivd.    Had  you  not 

as  goods  ^l 
In  repass,  good  signifies  well ;  right ;  it  is  satinfac- 

tory  ;  I  am  ntisficd.    I  will  be  with  you  to-morrow ; 

answer,  Ooody  very  good.    So  we  use  weU,  from  the 

root  of  L.  rtt/M,  to  be  strong. 
GQQD'-BREED'ING,  n.    Polite  mnnners,  formed  by 

a  good  education  ;  a  polite  education. 
GQQD'-BT' ;  farewell.    See  Br. 
GQOD-eO.\-DI"TION  KD,  a.   Being  in  a  good  state ; 

fiaving  good  qualities  or  favorable  symptoms. 

Skmy. 
GOQD-DAV,  m.  or  intnj,     A  term  of  salutation  at 

meeting  nr  parting;  farewell. 
G^QI>'-FE1.'L0W,  n.    A  boon  companion. 

J  This  is  kardin  to  be  admitted  as  a  compound  teord.] 
GOOD'-PEL'LOVV,  c.  L  To  make  a  boon  companion ; 

to  besot.     [LitlU  usrd.] 
GQOD'-FEL'LOW-SHfP,  n.     Mem-  societv. 
GQQD-FRT'DAV,   «.     A  fast,  in  memory  of  our  Sa- 
vior** sulferini!!*,  kept  on  the  Friday  of  passion  week. 
GOpD-UO'MOR,  n.     A  cheerful   temper  or  sute  of 

mmd. 
GOOD-HO'MOR-KD,  a.     Being  of  a  cheerful  temper. 
GOOIVH0'MOR-£D-LY,  ado.    With  a  cheerful  tem- 
per ;  in  a  cheerful  way. 
GOODXI-EK,  a.     More  excellent. 
GOOD  LI-EST.  a.     Most  good  or  eirellent. 
GOgi>-.MA.N'NER»,  lupi.    Propriety  of  behavior;  po- 

iit>-ness ;  deconim. 
GOpI>-MOR'R6W,  R.  or  inlnj.    A  term  of  salutation ; 

good-morning. 
G0OD-\A'TI;rE,  a.   Natural  mildness  and  kindness 

of^  disposition. 
GOOD-.\a'TI;R-£:D,  a.    NaturrUly  mild  in  temper; 

n^>t  easily  pmvitked. 
G00D'-^A'TI;R-£D-LY,  ode.  WiUj  mildness  of  tem- 


per. 
GQQD 


^'D-NTGHT',  «.  or  inttrj.  A  form  of  salutation  in 
jparting  for  the  night. 

GQQD'-XOW.    An  exclamation  of  wonder  or  sur- 
prise. Zhyden. 
2.  An  exclatnation  of  entreaty.  [JVot  used,]  Shak. 

GOOD-SENSE,  n.    Sound  jud^-menU 

GgOD'-SPEED,  ».   Good  success;  an  old  form  of  wish- 
ing guccts*.    [See  Sf  EED.] 

GOOD'-WTFE,  n.    The  mistress  of  a  family.    Burton. 

GOQD-WILL',  n.     Benevolence. 

2.  in  iaw,  the  good-tciU.  of  an  establishment  is  its 
facilities  for  Intde  or  business,  and  is  the  t^ubject  of 
bargain  and  sale.  Brande, 

GQpD-WOM'A.V,  B.    The  mistress  of  a  f;uuily  ;  ap- 
plied to  persons  in  the  lower  \v;ilks  of  life. 

GQQD'DEX,  for  Saxon  good-dagen^  good-day ;  a  kind 
wish  or  saluU-Uion.     [Obs.] 

GOOD'LES.^,  a.     Havms  no  goods.  [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

GQOD'Li  NESS,  n.    [from  goodly.]     Beauty  of  form ; 
grace ;  elegance 

Her  goodlUiett  »-u  full  of  hajinoax  to  )u  ejem. 

GpQD'LY,  adv.     Excellently. 


Sidney. 


GOO 

GQQD'LY,  a.  Being  of  a  handsome  form  ;  beautiful  ; 
fEiacefiU  ;  as,  a  goodlj/  jiersou  ;  goodly  raiment ;  ffvodly 
houses.  sk,ik. 

2.  Pleasant ,  agreeable  ;  dosinible  ;  as,  goodly  Awys. 

Sbak, 

3.  Bulky;  swelling;  ofiTcctedly  turgid.    I  Obs.] 

GQQD'hY-UBAD,  a.    Goodness ;  grace.   [Aof  m  ^c.] 

Spetiser, 
GQQD'MAN.  a.     A  familiar  appellation  of  civility ; 
sometimes  used  ironically. 

Whh  jov,  goodMian  boj,  if  70a  pleHK.  Shak. 

2.  A  rustic  term  of  compliment ;  as,  old  goodman 
Dobson.  StPsft. 

3.  A  familiar  appellation  of  a  husband;  also,  the 
master  of  a  family.     Prov.  vii.    Matt.  xxiv. 

G9PD'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  l»eing  good  ;  the  phys- 
ical qualities  which  constitute  value,  excellence,  or 
perfection  ;  &s,  the  goodness  of  timber ;  the  goodness 
of  a  soil. 

S.  The  moral  qualities  which  constitute  Christian 
excellence ;  moral  virtue  ;  religion. 

Th»  Irak  of  tlwr  Spirit  la  low,  Joy,  peaw,  lonMufieiuir,  gentle- 
ne■^  goodncta,  luUi.  —  ud.  v. 

3.  Kindness  ;  benevolence;  benignity  of  heart; 
but  more  generaUy,  acts  tif  kindness  ;  charity  ;  hu- 
manity exercised.  I  shall  remember  his  goodness  to 
me  with  gratitude. 

4.  Kiudnes:!;  benevolence  of  nature  ;  mercy. 

The  Ix)nl  God  — aliunilaiit  in  goodneat  and  tnith.  — Ex.  xxiIt, 

5.  Kindness  ;  favor  shown;  acts  of  benevolence, 
compassion,  or  mercy. 

Jethro  rrjoiced  fur  all  the  goodruti  which  Jehotoh  had  done  to 
Unvl.— Ex.  xviii. 

GQQDS,  a.  pi    MoVables ;  household  furniture. 

2.  Personal  or  movable  estate,  as  horses,  cattle, 
utensils,  &.C. 

3.  Wares;  merchandise;  commodities  bought  and 
sold  by  merchants  and  traders, 

GOQO'SIIIP,  11,     Favor ;  grace.     [A\>t  in  use.] 
QQD'Y,  n.     [On.  good^otfe,]     A  low  term  of  civility 
or  sport  ;  as,  jfoody  Dobson.  Swi/L     Oay. 

GOpD'Y-aaiP,  II.  The  state  or  quality  of  a  goody. 
{iMdieroas.]  lludibras. 

GyQG'INGS,  n.  pL  In  seajnni*s  language,  clamps  of 
iron  bolted  on  the  stern-post  of  a  ship,  whereon  to 
hang  the  rudder;  now  written  Gcdgeoxs. 

Mar,  DicL 

GOOM,  «.    [Sax.  guma,  Goth,  guma,  a  man.  J 

A  man  recently  married,  or  who  is  attending  his 
proposed  8[x>use  for  the  pur{>ose  of  marriage ;  used  in 
c<Hnposition,  as  iu  bridegoom.  It  has  been  corrupted 
into  Groom. 

GOO-ROC,  n.    A  spiritual  guide  among  the  Hindoos. 

Malcom. 

GOOS'AN-DER,  n.  A  migratory  waterfowl,  of  the 
genus  Mergus,  the  dun  diver  or  plunger  ;  called  also 
mer^an^er. 

GOOSE,  (goos.)  tt.,-  p/.  Geche.  [Bnx.gos;  Sw.  gas ; 
Dan.  gaas ;   Arm.  goas  ;  W.  gwyi ;   Russ.  gus ;  Ir. 

o  ^ 
gedhy  or  geadk;  Pers.  \\Ji  kaz.    The  G.  and  D.  is 

ganSf  but  whether  the  same  word  or  not,  let  the 
reader  judge.  The  Cli.  fK  or  KnK,  and  the  corre- 
sponding Arabic  and  Syriac  words,  may  possiblybe 
the  same  word,  the  Europeans  prefixing  g  in  the 
Celtic  manner.] 

1.  A  well-known  aquatic  fowl,  of  the  genus  Anser. 
but  the  domestic  goose  lives  cliiefly  on  land,  and 
feeds  on  grass.  The  soft  featJiers  are  used  for  beds, 
and  the  quills  for  pens.  The  wild  goose  is  migra- 
tory. 

A  green  goose,  in  cookery,  is  one  under  four  months 
old. 

2.  A  tailor's  smoothing-iron,  so  called  from  its  han- 
dle, which  resembles  the  neck  of  a  goose. 

3.  A  silly  creature.  Rick.  D'lcL 
GOOSE'BER-RY,  (goos'ber-r>0  «•     [In  Ger.  krdusel- 

beere,  from  kraus,  crisp ;  D.  kruisbes,  from  kruis,  a 
cross;  L.  grossiUa  :  W.  grwys,  from  rhieys,  luxuriant. 
The  English  word  is  undoubtedly  corrupted  from 
crossberry,  grossbtrry,  or  gorscberry^  a  name  taken 
from  the  roughness  of  the  shrub.  See  Cross  and 
Gboss.] 

The  fruit  of  a  shrub,  and  the  shrub  itself,  the  Ri- 
bes  grossularia.  The  shrub  is  armed  with  spines. 
Of  the  fruit  there  are  several  varieties. 

The  SouOi  .American  gooseberry  belongs  to  the  ge- 
nus Melastoma,  and  the  IVest  Indian  gooseberry  to  the 
genus  Cactus.  Lee. 

GOOSE'BER-Ry-FOOL,  n.  A  compound  made  of 
gooseberries,  scalded  and  pounded  (foules),  witii 
cream.  OoldsmUh. 

GOOSE'eAP,  (goos'kap,)  n.     A  silly  person. 

Bedum.  Sf  FL     Johnson, 

GOOSE'FQQT,  (goos'foot,)  n.  A  plant,  the  Chenopo- 
dium. 

GOOSR'GRXSS,  Cgoos'griUs,)  n.  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Galium.  .\lso,  th^-  name  of  certain  plants  of  the 
genera  Potentillaand  Asperugo. 

GOO.S'E'NECK,  (goos'nek,)  n.     In  a  ship^  a  piece  of 


GOR 


iron  bent  like  the  neck  of  a  goose,  and  lilted  on  the 
end  uf  a  boom,  yard,  &:c.  Totten, 

GOOSE'-UL'ILL,  (gous'kwill,)  n.  Tho  large  feather 
or  quill  of  a  goose ;  or  a  p(in  made  with  it. 

GOOS'E-UV,  71.     A  jtlace  for  geese. 

GOOSE'TOXGUE,  (goos'tuug,)  n.  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Achillea. 

GOOSE'WING,  (goos'wing,)  n.   In  stamen's  language^ 

a  sail  set  on  a  Ikwui  on  the  lee-side  of  a  ship  ;  also,  a 

term  applied  to  the  clews  or  lower  comers  of  a  ship's 

main-sail  or  fore-sail,  when  the  middle  part  is  furled. 

Kncyc.     Mar,  Diet. 

GO'PHER,  n.  The  French  popular  name  (Gaufres^  of 
two  species  of  Diplosloina,  as  is  su[)iKised,  rodent 
quadrupeds,  found  in  the  Mississippi  VnlU^  and  on 
the  Missouri,  about  the  size  of  a  sijuirrel.  They  bur- 
row in  the  earth,  throwing  up  hillocks  twelve  or 
eighteen  inrhes  high.  They  are  very  mischievous  in 
cornfields  and  gardens.  Peek's  Oaiettcer. 

G0'1*HEK,  n.  [Heb.]  A  sjK'cies  of  wood  used  in  the 
construction  ol  the  ark,  in  Noah's  day.  But  whether 
cypress,  pine,  or  other  wood,  is  a  poUit  not  settled. 

GOP'PISH,  o.     Proud  ;  pettish.     LN-ot  in  use,]     Hay. 

GOR'-BEI/LI-/JD,  (bel'lid.)  a.    llig-liellied.     Stiak. 

GOR'-BEL-LY,  n.  [In  W.  gor  siguifies  avvellcd,  ex- 
treme, over.] 

A  prominent  belly.     [JVot  in  use] 

GORGE,  n.     [Norm.  Fr.  gors,] 

A  pool  01  water  to  keep  fish  in ;  a  wear.  [JVot 
used.] 

GOR'-eOCK,  n.  The  moor-cock,  red-grouse,  or  red- 
game  ;  R  bird  of  the  p;illiri!ireons  kind.    JCd.  Kiicye, 

GOR'-CROW,  n.     The  carrion-cmw.  Juh».ion. 

GORD,  n.     An  instrunient  of  gaming  ;  a  sort  of  dice. 

Smart, 

GOR'DI-AN,  a.     Intricate.     [See  the  next  word.] 

Qordian  knot.,  in  antiquity,  a  knot  in  the  leather  or 
harness  of  Gordius,  a  king  of  Phrygia,  so  very  intri- 
cate that  there  was  no  finding  where  it  began  or  end- 
ed. An  oracle  declared  that  he  who  should  untie 
this  knot  should  be  master  of  Asia.  Alexander, 
fearing  tliat  his  inability  to  untie  it  should  prove  an 
ill  augury,  ctit  it  asnntler  with  his  aword.  Hence,  in 
modern  langua<re^  a  Ciordian  knot  is  an  inextricable 
dithculty  ;  and  incut  the  Gurdiun  knot,  is  to  remove 
a  dilhculty  by  bold  or  unusual  measures. 

Enryc.     LempHere, 

GCRE,  n.  [Sax.  gor,  gore,  mud ;  VV,  gor  f  Ir.  cear, 
blood,  and  red  ;  Gr.  i\tjju;  from  issuing.] 

1.  Blood;  but  etneraily,  thick  or  clotted  blood; 
blood  that  after  etfu^ion  becomes  inspissated.  Milton. 

2.  Dirt;  mud.     [Unusual.]  Bp.  Fiskcr. 
GCRE,  n.     [Scjjt.  i^urey  or  gair ;  Ice.  geir ;  D.  geer.] 

1.  A  wedge-shaped  or  trianguhir  piece  of  cloth 
sewed  into  a  garment,  to  widen  it  in  any  part. 

Chaucer. 

2.  A  slip  or  triangular  piece  of  land.  Cowei. 

3.  In  heraldry,  an  aliatement  denoting  a  coward. 
It  consists  of  two  arch  lines,  meeting  in  an  acute 
angle  in  the  middle  of  the  fess  point,  Encye. 

GCRE,  V.  U  [W.  gyru,  to  thrust;  Gipsy,  goro,  a  dag- 
ger. See  Heb.  "»N3.  Class  Gr,  No.  30,  35,  3ti,  53, 
57,  &c.] 

1.  To  stab  ;  to  pierce  ;  to  penetrate  with  a  pointed 
instrument,  as  a  spear.  Dryden. 

2.  To  pierce  with  the  point  of  a  horn. 

If  KD  OX  gore  a.  man  or  a  woman.  —  £x ,  xzl. 

3.  To  cut  in  a  triangular  form ;  to  piece  with  a 
gore. 

GOR'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Stabbed  ;  pierced  with  a  pointed 
instrument ;  cut  in  the  form  of  a  gore  ;  pieced  with 
a  gore. 

GORGE,  (gorj,)  n,  [Fr.  gorge;  It.  gorrra^  gorgia;  Sp. 
^oTja,  the  throat,  and  gonra^  a  whirlpool;  gorgear, 
to  warble  ;  G.  gur^el,  whence  gargle;  L.  ^ur<rejf.] 

1.  The  throat ;  the  gullrt ;  the  canal  ol  the  neck 
by  which  food  passes  to  the  stomach. 

2.  A  narrow  passage  between  hilts  or  mountains. 

3.  In  arcAi^crdirff,  a  concave  molding;  the  same  as 
Cavetto,  which  see.  Oieilt. 

4.  In  fortification,  the  entrance  into  a  bastion  or 
other  outwork.  Brande. 

5.  That  which  is  gorged  or  swallowed,  especially 
by  a  hawk  or  oiher  fowl.  Shak. 

GORGE,  (gorj,)  r.  t.  To  swallow  ;  especially,  to  swal- 
low with  greediness,  or  in  large  moulhfuls  or  quan- 
tities.    Hence, 

2.  To  glut ;  to  fill  the  throat  or  stomach  ;  to  sa- 
tiate. 

Tl^  giant  gorged  with  fleah.  Addiaon. 

GORGE,  V.  i.     To  feed.  Mdton. 

GORG'/JI),  (gorjd,)  pp.     Swallowed  ;  glutted. 
GORG'JEU,  a.     Having  a  gorge  or  throat.  Shak. 

2.  In  heraldry,  bearing  a  crown  or  the  like  about 

the  neck.  Eneye. 

GOR'GEOU3,  (gor'jus,)  a.    Showy;  fine ;  splendid  ; 

glittering  with  gay  colors. 

WiUi  gorgeou»  wing*,  (he  nmrkg  of  •overcign  tway.  Dryden. 
A  gorgeoua  roU;. —  Luko  xxiiU 

GOR'GEOUS-LY,  adv.  With  showy  magnificence; 
splendidly ;  finely.  The  prince  was  gorgevusly  ar- 
layed. 


FATE,  FAR.  PALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— J^OTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.- 
^—  _  __ 


GOS 


GOU 


GOR'GEOUS-i\ESS,  m    Shuw  of  dress  or  ornament: 

splendor  of  raiint-nU 
GOR'GET,  (gor'jet,)  m,     [Fr.  gortrette^  from  norffe.] 

1.  A  piece  of  armor  fur  deft-nding  tlie  Hiroat  or 
neck  ;  a  kind  of  breastplate  like  a  half  moon. 

£hcuc.      Chalmers. 

2.  A  pendent  metallic  ornament,  worn  by  officers 
when  on  duly.     [En^.]  CampbeWs  Mil.  Diet. 

3.  Fvrmerly,  a.  ruff  worn  by  females. 

4.  In  surgery,  gorget,  or  gorgeret,  is  a  cutting  in- 
strument used  in  lithotomy  ;  alio,  a  concave  or  can- 
nulated  conductor,  called  a  blunt  gorget. 

Cyc.     Encyc. 
G0RG'I\G,j5w.    SwaUowing;  eating  greedily ;  glut- 
ting. 
GOR'GON,  n.     [Gr]     A  fabled  monster,  of  terrific  as- 
pect, the  sight  of  which  turned  the  behold-r  to  stone. 
The   poets  represent  the  Gorgons   as   three  sisters, 
Sthenu^   Euruale,  and  Medusa  ;    but  authors   are   not 
agreed  in  the  description  of  Ihern. 
2.  Any  thing  very  ugly  or  horrid.  Milton. 

GOR'GON,  a.     Like  a  gorgon ;  very  ugly  or  terrific: 

as,  a  fiw^wi  face.  Dryden. 

GOR-GO'NE-AN,  )  a.     Like  a  gorgon  ;  pcrtaii'iing  to 
GOR-Go'XI-AN,    \      gorgons.  Milton. 

GUR-GO-NE'IA,  ».  pi.  In  architectural  sculpture^  masks 
carved  in  iriiitation  of  the  gorgon's  or  Medusa's  head  ; 
used  as  key-stones.  Etmes. 

G0R-G6'N1-A,  n.  A  family  of  flexible  coral -zoophytes, 
growing  in  the  form  of  shrubs,  twigs,  and  reticulate 
fronds.     The  branches  consist  of  a  horny  axis,  sur- 
rounded by  a  semi-calcareous  crust.     The  p*iIy[K,  ag- 
gregated together,  constitute  the  crust,  and  by  sccre- 
lions  from  their  bases,  which  are  directed   inward, 
Ihey  form  the  axis.    The  species  are  often  brij:hl-col- 
ored,  and  among  them  is  the  aea-fan  of  the  West  In- 
dies. £>a„a^ 
GOR'-HE\,  n.    The  female  of  the  gor-cock. 
GOR ' I NQ^ ;;;»-.     [from  gore.]     SLibbing;  piercing. 
G6R'I\G,  n.     A  pricking;  puncture.             Dryden. 
GOR'WAND,         in.     [Fr.  guumand,  from   VV.  gor- 
GOR'MAiND-ER,  J    man/,  plenitude, exuberance  ;  gm-. 
extreme  ;  gormoz,  exc^^ss.] 

A  greedy  or  ravenous  eater  ;  a  glutton. 
GOR'MA.XD.  a.     Gluttonous:  voracious. 
GOR'MAND  I?M,  n.     Glutlonry. 
GOR'M.AND-IZE,  v.  L    To  eat  greediU*;  to  swallow 

voraciously.  '  sfiak, 

GOE'MAND-IZ-ER,  n.    A  greedy,  voracious  eoter. 

Cleatrtand. 
GOR'MAND-IZ-ING,  ppr.  om.    Ealing  Bretdily  and 

VtTaciously. 
GOU'MA.\D-rZ-I\G,  «.    The  act  or  habit  of  eating 
greedily  and  voraciously. 

CORS.S,  i  '•^"''''>  j      ,aa,  or  O.  krat:<m,  to  scratch.] 
Kurie.orwhin.nlliick,  prickly  shrub,  of  llic  genus 
Ulcl^  bearini;  yellow  flow  era  In  winter.     Johnson. 
GOR'Y,  o.     [from  gore.]     Covered  with  congealed  or 
dotted  blood  j  as,  pory  locks.  Shak. 

2.  Bloody  ;  murderous.  Shak. 

GOS'IIAWK,  lu     [Sax.  soahafix,  gooschawk.] 

A  voracious  bird  of  tlie  hawk  kind,  larger  than  the 
common  buz7.ard.  but  of  a  more  slender  sliafie.  The 
general  c<ilor  of  the  plumage  Is  a  deep  brown ;  the 
breast  and  belly  white.  Diet.  JVot  Iliat. 

OOa'LINC,  «.    [Sni.  gos,  goose,  and  bng.] 
I.  A  young  goose ;  a  goose  not  lull  grown. 
S.  A  calkin  on  nut-tn^es  and  pines. 

Baitry.  Johnson, 
GOS  PEL,  «,  [Sax.  ffodspcU ;  pod,  good,  and  flpeU,  his- 
tory, relation,  narration,  word,  speech,  tliat  which  is 
uttered,  announced,  sent,  or  communicated  ;  answer- 
ing to  the  Gr.  Lva)yc\ioi',  i..  ecangttium,  a  good  or 
joyful  meSiWge.J 

1.  .\  revelation  of  the  grace  of  God  to  fallen  man 
through  a  mediator,  including  tlie  whole  scheme  of 
salvation,  as  revealed  by  Christ  and  his  apostles. 
This  gospel  is  said  to  have  been  preached  Ui  Abra- 
ham by  the  promise,  "  In  thee  shall  all  nations  be 
blessed."     Oat.  iii.  8. 

it  is  called  (he  gotprl  of  God.     Ilim.  i.  1. 
It  is  calli:d  the  go^cl  of  Christ.     Rom.  i.  Ifi. 
It  is  called  the  gatpel  of  salvation.  .Eph.  i.  13. 
a.  A  history  or  narrative  of  the  birth,  life,  actions, 
dtTitli,  n-surreition,  ascension,  and  doctrines,  of  Je- 
sus Christ  i  as,  tlie  goypd  according  to  the  evauKelist 
.Mallhew. 


GOV 


*'9?,'.''^'"'^'''  "•  *•    1"  '"""  according  to  the  cosikI. 

t'i''*;,    .  Milton. 

2.  J  o  mslruct  in  the  gospel ;  lo  evangelize  :  as,  to 

Fo.sTiciijs  the  savages.     [Obs.]  Rnole 

Gfiss.n.    A  kind  of  lowVurzi  " 


or  gorse. 


SJmk. 


GOS'SA-.MER,  n.     [L.  gonsipmm,  cotton, 

A  fine,  filmy  substance,  like  cobwebs,  floatin"  in 
the  air,  m  calm,  clear  weather,  especially  in  nuluinn 
It  IS  seen  in  stubble-fields,  and  on  furze  or  low  bush- 
es, and  is  probably  formed  by  a  species  of  spider. 

GOS  SA-MER-y,  o.     Like  gossamer  ;  flimsy  ;  unsub- 

fA5-='!n'         re  .  .„  Pursuits  of  LiUruturc. 

UOft  !Ml ,  II.  [bai.  godsibb;  god,  good,  and  sib,  or  sibi, 
peace,  adoption,  and  relation ;  a  Saxon  name  of  a 
sponsor  at  baptism.] 

1.  A  sponsor ;  one  who  answers  for  a  child  in  ban- 
tisin.     [Ofc.J  Shak.     Davies. 

2.  A  tippling  companion. 

And  ■ometimes  lurk  I  in  n  goitip'g  bowl.  Shai. 

3.  One  who  nms  from  house  to  house,  tattling  and 
telling  news;  an  idle  tatller.  Dnjdn. 

f  This  is  the  sense  in  which  the  vord  is  now  used  1 

4.  A  friend  or  neiehbor.    [Obs.] 

5.  Mere  tattle  ;  idle  talk. 
COS'SIP,  V.  L    To  prate  ;  to  chat ;  to  talk  much.  Shak, 

2.  7  o  be  a  pot-conipnnion.  Shak, 

3.  To  nm  about  and  tattle  ;  to  lell  idle  tales. 
GOS'SIP-ING,  ppr.  or  o.    Prating ;  chatting  ;  running 
f',!  ■',"!,t'",'JS  '"  P'""^"  ""''  '■■""'"g  ;  containing  gossip. 
00»  MP-ING,  n.     A  prating  ;  a  running  about  to  col- 
lect tales  and  tattle. 

GOS'SIP-LIKE,  a.     Resembling  a  gossip. 

GOS'SIP-RED,  n.  Compatemity  ;  s|iirilual  affinity,  for 
which  a  juror  miglit  be  challenged.     Mt  used.) 

GOS-SOON',  n.    [Fr.  gargoii,  corrupted.]     [Davies. 
.\  boy  ;  a  sc'vant.     [J^ot  in  use.) 

GOP'TI.NG,  n      An  herb'.  M,su>orth. 

1.0 1 ,  ,»■«.  of  Get.  1  he  old  preterit  Gat,  (pronounced 
got,)  IS  nearly  obsolete. 

COT  and  GOT'TEN,  pp.  of  Get. 

S?  J,'''  "•  ^  »■»'>''  passage ;  a  channel  for  water.  Grose. 

GO]  II,  n.  One  of  an  ancient  and  distinguished  tribe  or 
nation  which  inhabited  Scandinavia,  now  Sweden 
and  Norway,  whose  language  is  now  retained  in 
those  countries,  and  a  large  portion  of  it  is  found  in 
English. 

2.  One  rude  or  uncivilized  ;  a  barbarian.    .Addison. 
■        3-  A  "'de,_  ignorant  pi^rson.  Chesterfield. 
Go  1  llA.'M-IST,  n,     A  wiseacre  ;  a  person  defic'ienl  in 

wisdom  ;  so  called  from  Gotham,  in  Nottinghamshire 
noted  for  some  pleasant  blunders.  Up.  Morton. 

G0'T1I.'\.M-ITE,  n.  A  term  sjiorlively  applied  to  the 
inhabitants  of  New  York. 

GOTIl'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Goths ;  as,  GolAic  cus- 
toms ;  Gothic  barbarity. 

a.  Denoting  a  style  of  architecture  with  high  and 
sliarplj'-pointed  arches,  clustered  columns,  &.c. 

3.  Kude ;  ancienL 
■1.  Barbarous. 

GOTIl'ie,  n.    'I'he  language  of  the  Golhs. 
GOTII'I-CISM,  n.     Rudeness  of  manners  ;  barbarolls- 

2.  A  Gothic  lUioni.  [ness 

3.  Conformity  to  Uie  Gothic  style  of  building. 
GOl  ll'ICIZE,  V.  t.    To  make  Gothic;  to  bring  back 


to  barliarisni. 


Slrutt. 


thumb 
.America. 


.1.  Divinity  ;  theology.  MUlon. 

-I     \ny  general  doctrine.  Jlurke. 

!  I.,  I.    Accordant  with  the  gospel;  as,  gospel 

mness.  Warbarlon. 

■ ! .  I .,  ».  (.    To  instnict  in  the  gospel ;  or  to  fill 
with  sentimenla  of  religion.  Sliah. 

COS'PElriSD,  pp.     Evangelized  ;  instructed  in  the 

gospel. 
GOS'PKI^ER,  «.     An  evangelist ;  also,  a  follower  of 
VViclif,  the  first  Englishman  who  attempted  a  refor- 
mation of  religion.    [-Vwt  much  used.]  Rove. 
2.  lie  who  reads  the  gospel  at  the  altar. 
COS'PEL-GOH'SIP,  n.     One  who  is  ovcrzoalous,  in 
running  about  among  his  neighbors  to  lecture  on  re- 
■  suhjecU.                                                    .iddism. 

I--I.\'0,  pfr.    Instructing  in  the  gospel. 


GOTiri-crZ-£D,  ;^.    Made  Gotilc ;  brought  LaciTto 

barbarism. 
J?i^.7!?'  (B^ ',""•'    A  phrase  of  exhortation:   come; 

GOLCE,  (gowj  ;  la  most  English  authorities,  gooj  ;)  n. 
[Fr.  gouge:  Arm.  rotiich.] 
A  semicircular  chisel,  used  to  cut  holes,  channels 
r.,?'.,'!??'"'''  '"  *''"°''  "'  """"•  Moron. 

L   h  <S°"J')  "•  '•    "'"f  "^nnp  01"  with  a  gouge. 
X.    lo  force  out  the  eye  of  a  person  with  the  tin 
fff  tintti^r ;  a  barbarous  practice^  jjm, 

^li\S,f'i'r,  '"''■     ^''^"<'P«■'^  ""'.  0"  "illl  a  gouge. 
OOI.G  I.NG,  n.    The  act  of  scooping  out  with  a  gouge, 

or  forcing  out  the  eye  with  the  thumb  and  flncer. 

[wee  Ooi'oE.] 
Grtll'JEKUS,  n.    The  venereal  disease.  Shak. 

(.1)  J'l.AND,  n.     A  plant  or  llowcr.  B.  Jonson. 

OOU-LXRD'S'  EX''rRACT,  n.    [So  called  from  the 

inventor.]     A  saturiled  solution  of  the  Irisacetnte  of 

lend,  used  as  a  remedy  for  inflammation.  Vre. 

OOIIRD,  n.     [Fr.  coio-ire:  D.  i<iuu>uc<-</c.     Qu.  the  root 

of  gherkin.] 

A  plant  and  its  fruit,  of  the  genus  Lecenaria    The 
r-.^iT,',',;?,'?,'."'"""'"  "**''  ■"'"■  "  I''!-'':'"  0'  ''"'  "  '"""'■• 

l>OL  liu  l-NhsS,  n.    A  swelling  on  a  horse's  lee  after 

njiiiirney.  y^^.  fj^^^ 

Cf)IJI(D'-IREE,  n.     A  tree,  the  Crcsrenlia,  or  Ca'la- 

e^k'i'l','.!^""^  '"  ""'  ^^"^  '"""I''"-        ■*"""«■  o/J-lants, 

GOhltl)'y,„,    Swelled  in  the  legs. 

OOUR'MAJVD,  (goor'mand,)  n.     [Pr.l    A  greedy  or 

raven-ins  cater  ;  a  glutton.     I.See  Gobjund.I 
COIIIt'NET,n.     A  fish.    See'Cu.NET  '' 

GOU'I',  n.    (Kr.  gouiu,  a  drop,  the  gout,  the  disease 

being  considered  as  a  defluxlon  ;  It.  gotta ;  Sp.  goUt  ; 


1.  In  Ki-dicine,  a  chronic  disease,  occurring  by  par- 
oxj-sms;  the  paroxysms  exacerbating  and  remittlnc. 
It  consists  essentially  in  a  perfectly  specific  and  pe- 
culiar topical  iiiflainmatiou,  having  its  regular  seat 
in  tlie  largest  joint  of  the  great  toe;  and  an  equally 
specific  and  (leculiar  constitutional  febrile  affection. 
I  he  irregular  forms  of  this  disease  are  too  numerous 
"  n  'a°  ™''""'''  f"f  specification  in  this  place.    Tally. 

2.  A  clot  or  coagulation  ;  as,  "on  the  blade  of  the 
dudgeon  |r<,„(a  of  blood."     [.Pfoluse-d.]  Sliak, 

GOUT',  (goo,)  n.     [Ft.,  from  L.  gustos,  taste.l 

Taste  ;  relish. 
GOUT'I-LY,  adv.     In  a  gouty  manner. 
GOUT'I-NESS,  n.     The  state  of  being  subject  to  the 
gout ;  gouty  afleclions. 

SSEJili  J)'°'",'  "■     ^  ■''''"'>  the'Egopodium. 

GOU  I  'Y,  a.  Diseased  with  the  gout,  or  subject  to  tho 
gout ;  as,  a  gouty  person ;  a  gouty  joint :  a  goutn  con- 
stitution. ^     .      » 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  gout ;  as,  gouty  matter. 

-    a      ,1  J     L  Blackmore. 

^Ki-x,  .    '  ""BSy  ;  !"•■  giuty  land.     [A'ot  in  use.] 

crXn^^'y:  ^  '"?"''  .^'^"''■]  [Spenser.^ 

GOVERN,  (guv'em,)  c.  (.  f Fr.  gouvemer ;  Sp.  ™Sci-. 
JKir ;  It.  govcmare ;  L.  guherno.  The  L.  guterno  ieems 
to  be  a  compound.] 

1.  To  direct  and  control,  as  the  actions  or  con- 
duct of  men,  either  by  established  laws  or  by  arbitra- 
ry- will ;  to  regulate  by  authority  ;  to  keep  within  the 
limits  prescribed  by  law  or  sovereign  w-ill.  Thus  in 
free  states  men  are  governed  by  the  constitution  and 
laws ;  in  despotic  states,  men  are  governed  by  the 
edicts  or  coniuiands  of  a  monarch.  Every  man  should 
govern  w-ell  his  own  family. 

.1  ^  ^'o  "'gul^'e  ;  to  influence  ;  to  direct.  This  is 
the  chief  pi.int  by  which  he  is  to  e- ei-mi  all  his  coun- 
sels and  actions. 

3.  To  control ;  to  restrain  ;  to  keep  in  due  subjec- 
tion ;  as,  to  govern  the  passions  or  temper. 

4.  To  direct;  to  steer;  to  regulate  tlie  course  or 
motion  of  a  ship.  The  helm  or  the  helmsman  gov- 
erns the  ship.  * 

5.  In  grammar,  to  require  to  be  in  a  particular 
case ;  as,  a  verb  transitive  governs  a  word  in  the 
accusative  case  ;  or  to  require  a  pinicular  case  ;  as, 
a  verb  governs  the  accusative  case. 

GOVERN,  v._       - 
the  law 


Ir.  guta ;  L.  gutta. 
firm  in  the  fe-eu] 


au. 


Peri,  i  ••  ,S  kol,  hot,  in- 


To  exercise  authority  ;  to  administer 
I  he  chief  magistrate  should  govern  with 
lln|iartiality.  '• 

2.  To  maintain  the  superiority ;  to  have  the  con- 

GOV'ERN-A-IiLE,  (guv'em-a-bl,)  a.  That^ma™be 
governed,  or  subjected  to  authority  ;  controllable  ; 
manageable;  obedient  ;  submissive  to  law-  or  rule. 

GOV'ERN-ANCE,  n.  Government;  exercise  rf  au- 
thority ;  direction  ;  control;  manaseinent,  either  of 
a  public  oflicer  or  of  a  private  guardian  or  tutor. 

GOVERN-ANTE,,,.     [Vr.  gouve^'ZeT     ""^- 
A  lady  who  has  the  care  and  nianagenicnt  of 
young  females  j  a  governess. 

GOV'KRN-KU,  pp.  Directed  ;  regulated  by  authority  ; 
controlled  ;  mannged  ;  induenced  ;  restniined. 

GOV'ERN-Kt?S,  n.  A  fomalo  invested  with  authority 
lo  control  and  direct  j  a  tutoress  ;  an  instructress  ;  n 
woman  who  Uim  tho  care  of  instructing  aiul  directine 
young  htdies,  *" 

G0V'1-:rN-I.\G,  ppr.  Directing;  controlling;  regu- 
lating by  laws  or  odiclsj  inimaging:  intluencinc: 
restraining. 

2.  a.  Holding  the  superiority;  prevalent;  as,  a 
governing  wind  ;  a  goccntiiig  putty  in  a  state. 

Fidcrnli.st,  Jay. 

3.  Directing;  controlling;  as,  a  gwcminfr  w.^Xwq. 
GOV'KRX-MKNT,  n.     Direction  ;  regulation.     These 

precepts  will  serve  for  the  ^'oucrnmrniuf  our  conduct. 

2.  Control ;  restraint.  Men  are  apt  to  neglect  the 
govcTument  of  their  teini>cr  and  ]jassiuna. 

3.  The  exercise  of  authority  ;  direction  and  re- 
straint exercised  over  the  actions  of  men  in  commu- 
nities, societies,  or  states  ;  the  admiuistniiion  of  pub- 
lic adiiirs,  according  to  established  constitution,  laws 
and  usages,  or  by  arbitrary-  edicts.  Prussia  rose  to 
importance  tinder  tho  garernmcnt  of  Frederic  II. 

4.  The  exercise  of  aiithorily  Ity  a  parent  or  house- 
hold. Chihlren  are  often  ruined  by  a  neglect  of 
government  in  parents. 

Let  family  government  b<>  like  llmt   of  our  heavenly  Ruber 
niilJ,  gctiUc,  uud  afIl-ctio[iiL(£.  KoUock,   * 

5.  The  system  of  polity  in  a  state;  that  form  of 
fundainenUil  rules  and  principles  by  which  a  nation 
or  stale  is  governed,  or  by  which  individual  mem- 
bers of  a  body  politic  are  to  regulate  their  social  ac- 
tions ;  a  constitution, either  written  or  unwritten,  by 
which  the  rights  and  duties  of  citizens  and  public 
officers  are  prescribed  and  defined ;  as,  a  monarchical 
government^  or  a  republican  gooernment. 

n  gooemmtntr,  tlu«  foiinrieft  on  the  nntiimj  RiithoritT  of 

p'oplo  aluiiP,  witJiuut  tlto  pn-tenie  of  mlnicio  or  niya- 

*   »  t'"''*''  »n  '""^r  of  tbf;  hgliU  of  niao- 


.  Adajr.^. 


TONE,  BPLL.  IjNlTE.-AN"GEn,  Vi»C10l;8— €  a.  K ,  C  a,  J  ;  g  a.  Z  ;  CII  as  SIl ; 


£5 


Til  OS  in  THIS. 
CTT" 


GRA 

6.  An  empire,  kinpdum,  or  sUite  ;  any  torritory 
over  which  ihe  riglii  of  favereignly  is  extiinlt;d. 

7.  The  rifilii  of  goveniinR  or  adininisloring  ihe 
laws.  The  king  of  England  vested  Ihe  government 
of  lrf]:utd  in  ihe  lurd  hLnilennnt. 

8.  The  persons  or  council  which  administer  Ihe 
laws  of  a  kingdom  or  slate  ;  executive  power. 

9.  Mauageableness  i  compliance;  obsequiousness. 

10.  Regularity  of  behavior.     [JVU  in  use.]     Shak. 

11.  Management  of  the  limbs  or  body.     [AW  « 

12.  In  orarnnwr,  the  influence  of  a  word  in  rDfard 
to  construction,  as  when  established  usa^  requires 
that  one  word  should  cause  another  to  be  m  a  pcutic- 
«lar  rase  or  mode. 

GOV-ERN'-MENT'AL,a.  Pertaining  to  government; 
made  by  government.  Hamiitau. 

G0V'ER\-OR,  (guv'em-ur,)  n.  He  that  guverns, 
rules,  or  directs;  one  invested  with  supreme. au- 
thority. The  Creator  is  the  rightful  goctrmar  of  all 
his  creatures. 

S:  Oae  who  is  invested  with  supreme  authcwity  to 
adminiattf  or  enfivce  the  laws  ;  the  supreme  execu- 
tive magtstrata  of  a  state,  community,  corporation, 
or  post.  Thus,  in  .\merica,  each  staU  has  its  gav- 
«ra«r.    Canada  has  its  gwermor. 

3.  A  tutor ;  one  who  uas  the  care  of  a  young  man } 
one  who  instructs  him  and  forms  his  manners. 

4.  A  pilot ;  one  who  steers  a  ship.    Jamu  lii. 

5.  One  pojBessing  delegated  authority.  Josepli  was 
gocermor  over  the  land  of  Eg>  pU  Obadiah  was  goo- 
emvr  over  Ahab's  house.  Damascus  had  a  goctrnor 
under  Areias  tlie  king. 

C.  In  mechanics^  a  pair  of  hea^-y  balls  connected 
with  macbinen-,  designed  to  equalize  speed. 

GOV'Ett-\-Ott-S'Hll»,  n.    The  office  of  a  governor. 

GOW AN,  M.    A  plant,  a  species  of  Belli*  or  daisy. 

GOWK,  cL    To  stupefy.     lOis.]  B,  Jonson. 

GOWK.    SccGaw^.  [Faau  iff  PloMtt. 

GOWL,  c.  t.    [Ice.  goeUi.']    To  howl.  HTuiUijft, 

GO  W.N,  n.  [W.  gvn ;  Ir.  oTmmi ;  iL  gnmA.  This  is 
prvbably  Ihe  «.ir»  aojof  Hi^-sychius,  and  the  /mmcim 
of  Varro ;  a  garment  somewhat  like  the  aagum  or 
sack,  said  to  be  of  IVrsian  origin,  and  among  rude 
notions  perhaiis  made  of  skins,  (W.  ciMWsgi*,)  and 
afterward  of  wool ;  a  kind  of  shag  or  frieze.  Ch. 
K2:u,  mentioned  J^^es  iv.  18,  and  2  JTia^s  viit  15. 
See  Varro  dt  Ling.  Lot.  lib.  4.  Bodiart.  d«  Pkan. 
Col.  lib.  1,  cap.  42,  and  CIuv.  AnL  Orrm.  lib.  1.] 

1.  A  woman's  upper  garment.  Pepe. 

2.  A  Kins,  U>05e  up[»er  garment  or  robe,  worn  by 
profesaionai  men,  as  divines,  lawyers,  students,  &C, 
who  are  called  nun  t^f  tkt  gown,  or  g9Wxmen*  It  is 
made  aC  any  kind  of  cloth  worn  over  ordinary 
duUies,  and  hangs  down  to  the  ankles,  or  nearly 
ao.  Enofc 

3.  A  long,  loose  u[^r  garment,  worn  in  sick- 


ness, &x. 
4.Th 


he  dress  of  peace,  or  the  civil  magistracy  ; 
etdant  arma  togtn. 

Be  M*n  dcpond,  sad  ana*  to  fOvM  OAda  yidd.      Drj^tn. 

GOWN'ED,  a.    Dressed  in  a  gown.  Dryden. 

GOWX'MAN,    >  m.    One  whose  professional  habit  is 
GOWNS'M.'VN,  t     a  gown,  as  a  divine  or  lawyer,and 
particularly  a  member  of  an  English  university. 

The  fOwnntan  learned.  Pope, 

2.  One  devoted  to  the  arts  of  peace.  Roire. 

GOWT.      I  H.     A  sluice  in  embankments  acain>:l  the 
GO-OllT, )      sea,  for  letting  out  the  land  waters, 

when  the  tide  is  out,  and  preventing  the  ingress  of 

salt-water.  Francis. 

GOZ'ZARD,)!.    [A  corruption  of  ^e«A<r(L]  One  who 

attends  geese.     [Fulgar.] 
GRABy  n.    .K  sudden  grasp  or  seizure.    [  Fulgar.] 
2.  A  vessel  used  on  the  Malabar  coa.st,  having  two 

or  three  masts.  DicL 

GRAB,  V.  £.     [Dan.  greb^  a  grasp ;  grihery  to  gripe  ; 

Bw.  grabba,  to  grasp ;   gripa^  to  gnpe  ;  \V.  grab^  a 

duster.] 
To  seize  ;  to  gripe  suddenly.     [VulgarJ] 
GRAB'B*:D,  (grabd,)pp.     Seized  suddenly. 
GRAB'BIXG,  fpr.     Seizing  suddenly. 
GRAU'BLE,   r.   i.     [dim.   of  grab  i  D.   grabhelen:  G. 

gntbein;  allied   to  grvpe^  grorel^  and  grapple:  Arm. 

tcraba  :  Eng.  scrabble;  allied  to  rub,  or  L.  rflpio,or  to 

both.] 

1.  To  grope  ;  to  feel  with  the  hands.    .^rbtttAnoL 

2.  To  lie  prostrate  on  the  belly  ;  to  sprawl. 

jiinsuxfrth, 
GRAB'BLIXG,  ppr.  Groping ;  feeling  along  ;  sprawl- 
ing. 
GRACE,  n.  [Fr.  graa ;  It.  graiia ;  ?p.  gracia ;  Ir. 
griL<a  ;  from  the  L.  gratut,  which  is  furmed  on  the 
Celtic  ;  W.  rhady  grace,  a  Wessing,  a  gratuity.  It 
coincides  in  origin  with  Fr.  gre  :  'Eng.  agree,  con gru- 
#iw,  an  d  ready.  The  primary  sense  of  gralas  is  free, 
ready,  quick,  witlins,  prom;»l,  from  advancing. 
CUuw  Rd.     See  GRAoi.] 

1.  Favor  ;    good-will  ;    kindnew  ;    disposition    to 
oblige  another;  as,  a  grant  made  as  an  act  of  grace. 

Or  each,  or  all,  may  wia  &  UAj'%  eraee.  Dryden. 

S.  jSppropriatdy^Xhe  free,  unnteriled  love  ai>d  favor 


GRA 

of  God,  the  spring  and  source  of  all  the  bencAts  men 
receive  from  him. 

And  if  br  grace,  then  It  ii  no  raon  of  works.  — Rom.  xl, 

3.  Favorable  influence  of  God  ;  divine  Influence 
or  the  influence  of  the  Spirit,  tn  renewing  the  heart 
and  restraining  from  sin. 

My  frace  ia  aufficii-nt  fur  thee.  —  3  Cor.  xil. 

4.  The  application  of  Christ's  righteousness  to  the 
sinner. 

Wtv^K  dn  aboundnl,  grace  dul  much  more  abound.  —  Rom.  r. 

5.  A  state  of  reconciliation  to  Go<I.     Rom.  v,  2. 

6.  Virtuous  or  religious  nflTtclion  or  disiKwititm,  as 
a  liberal  dii^iKksition,  faith,  meekness,  hnniility,  pa> 
tience,  &.c.,  proceeding  from  divine  influence. 

7.  Spiritual  in^ruction,  improvement,  and  ediQca- 
lion.    Kph.  iv.  99. 

8.  A)>ostIeship,  or  the  qualifications  of  an  apostle. 
Epk.  iii.  8. 

9.  Eternal  life  ;  final  saU*alion.    1  Pet,  L  13. 

10.  The  gospel. 

Recrirs  doC  the  grtue  of  God  la  rala.  — 8  Cor.  vl. 

11.  Favor;  mercy;  pardon. 

B»w  and  sue  for  grace 

Wiih  •□ppliant  knee.  Millon, 

12.  Favor  conferred. 

I  ihould  therefore  eUeeia  U  ■.  gntt  f^ivor  aod  gmce.      Prior, 

13.  Privilege. 

To  few  gieai  JujHtertmputa  Ihb  grace.  Ihyten. 

14.  That  in  manner,  deportment,  or  language, 
which  renders  it  appropriate  and  agreeable ;  siiiui- 
bleness;  elegance  or  ea.se  with  aimmpriate  dignity. 
We  say,  a  speaker  delivers  liis  adilross  with  grace; 
a  man  performs  his  part  with  grace, 

Orace  »"m  in  :vll  h*T  iti-pa.  MUton, 

tier  purple  habil  hlc  wiUi  >Ltch  n  grace 

On  bcr  aiuooth  thouldrrm.  Dn/den, 

15.  Natural  or  acquired  excellence ;  any  endow- 
ment that  recommendii  the  possessor  to  others  ;  as, 
Iht!  gmces  of  wit  and  h'arning.  ftooker. 

16.  Beauty  ;  embfllishmtnt;  in  general,  whatever 
adorns  and  recommends  to  favor  i  sometime^,  a  sin- 
gle beauty. 

1  (KM  their  form  mnd  errry  channinp  grace.  Dryden. 

17.  Beauty  deified  ;  among  pagans^  a  gfiddess. 
Tlie  Orae*s  were  three  in  number,  AgUiin,  7%a/ui, 
and  Eupkrosyne^  tlie  constant  attendants  of  Venus. 

djtMlpl'W'tf 
Tbe  Lorn  ddigtited,  and  the  Graeet  played.  Prior. 

18.  Virtue  physical ;  as,  the  ^ac«  of  plants.  [JVot 
used.]  Shak. 

19.  The  title  of  a  duke  or  an  archbishop,  ami  for- 
tnerly  of  the  kingof  England,  meaning  your  ^rtioi'/ne^A 
or  eUwuney.  His  grace  tbe  duke  of  York.  Vour 
gnc€  will  please  to  accept  my  tlianks. 

SO.  A  sliort  prayer  before  or  alter  meat ;  a  blessing 
asked,  or  thanks  rendered. 

21.  In  mv^icy  graces  are  ornamental  notes  attached 
to  principal  ones.  Brande. 

22.  In  English  nniversitiesy  an  act,  vote,  or  decree, 
of  the  government  of  the  institution. 

Day  o/grau;  in  (Aeoto^,  time  of  probation,  when 
an  oner  is  made  to  sinners. 

Days  of  grace  ;  in  commerce,  the  days  immediately 
following  tlic  day  when  a  bill  or  note  becomes  due, 
which  days  are  allowed  to  the  debtor  or  payer  to 
make  payment  in.  In  Oreal  Britain  and  the  United 
States,  the  days  of  gnice  are  three,  but  in  other  coun- 
tries more,  the  usages  of  merchants  being  diffcrunL 
GRACE,  V.  t.  To  adorn  J  to  decorate;  to  embellish 
and  dignify. 

Great  Juve  and  Pbabaa  graced  till  noble  line.  Pope, 

And  hail,  ye  f-Ar,  of  ercry  chnrni  posn'i-ued, 

Who  grace  ihia  riain^  empire  of  t]ie  wtsi.        />.  Humphrey. 

2.  To  dignify  or  raise  by  an  act  of  favor  ;  to  honor. 

He  miotic,  at,  his  pleajure,  grace  or  diagmce  whom  be  woDld  ui 
court.  Knollee. 

3.  To  favor  ;  to  honor.  Dnjden. 

4.  To  supply  with  heavenly  grace.         Bp,  Hall. 
GRACE'-€UP,  n.     The  cup  or  health  drank   after 

grace.  Prior, 

GRACED,  (grast,)  pp.    Adorned  j  embellished  ;  ex- 
alted ;  dignified;  honored. 

2.  a.     Beautiful ;  graceful.   [JV"o(  in  use,]  Sidney, 

3,  Virtuous;  regular ;  chaste.    [JVotiniwe.]  Shak, 
GRA'CES,  n.  pL     In  heathen  mythology,  three  beautiful 

sisters,  who  attended  Venus. 

2.  A  play  with  a  hoop  and  rods,  designed  to  pro- 
mole  grace  of  motion. 

3.  In  music,  ornamental  notes  attached  to  principal 
ones. 

4.  Oood graces  ;  favor,  friendship.  [See  also  Gbace.] 
GRACE'-SAV-ER,  n.     One  who  says  grace. 
GRACE'FIJL,  a.     Beautiful   with   dignity  ;    elegant; 

agreeable' in  appearance,  with  an  expression  of  dig- 
nity or  elevation  of  mind  or  m:tnncr;  used  particu- 
larly of  iriolion,  looks,  ami  speech  ;  as,  a  gracrful 
walk  ;  a  trracefiil  deportment ;  a  graceful  speaker  ;  a 
graee/ut  air. 

High  o'er  the  rest  in  arms  the  graceful  Tuniua  rode.  Dryden, 


GRA 

GRACE'FtJL-LY,  odo.  With  a  pleasinft  dignity  ; 
elegantly  ;  with  a  natural  ease  and  propriety  ;  us,  to 
walk  or  speak  gracrfaUy. 

GRACE'FJJt^NESS,  «.  Elegance  of  manner  or  de- 
purtnient ;  beauty  with  dignity  in  manner,  motion, 
or  countenance.  Gracefulness  consists  in  the  niitn- 
ml  ease  and  propriety  of  an  action,  accompanied 
with  a  countenance  expressive  of  dignity  or  eleva- 
tion of  mind.  Happy  is  the  man  who  can  add  tlie 
gracefulness  of  ease  to  the  dignity  of  merit. 

GRACE'LESS,  (t.    Void  of  grace;  unregenerate  ;  un- 
sanctified. 
9.  Corrupt;  depraved;  profligate. 

GRACE'LESS-LV,  adv.    Without  grace. 

GRACE'LE??S-NEt5S,  n.  Destitution  of  grace  ;  prnfli- 
gacv*  Dr.  Favour. 

GHAC'ILE,  (gras'il,)  )   ^      ..     ^««/.«  i 

ORACq-LE.ST,  (gras'e-lcnt,)  1  ""     l^  iT'^^^'] 
Slender.     [JVvt  in  use.] 

GRA-CIL'l-TY,  n.     Slenilemess.     [JVbt  ia  use.} 

GRA'CIOUS,  (gra'shus,)  a.  [Fr.  gracieaz;  L.  gra- 
iiosus.] 

1.  Favornble  ;  kind  ;  friendly  ;  as,  the  envoy  met 
with  a  gracious  reception. 

2.  Favorable;  kind;  benevolent;  mere  iftil ;  dis- 
posed to  forgive  olfenses  and  impart  unmerited  bless- 
ings. 


3.  Favorable;  expressing  kindness  and  favor. 

All  bote  him  witnees,  nnd  wondered  at  the  gracioue  wunta  which 
proctedcd  out  of  his  mouth.  —  Luke  W. 

4.  Proceeding  from  divine  grace;  as,  a  person  in 
a  gracious  state. 

5.  Acceptable ;  favored. 

He  mad^  ««  gradoae  before  llie  klnji  of  Penia.     [lAUle  tued.\ 
1  tijfdnu. 

6.  Renewed  or  sanctified  by  grace ;  a%  graeious 
afi^jctions. 

7.  Virtuous  ;  good.  Shak. 

8.  Excellent;  graceful  ;  becoming.     [Ofts.] 

I/voker,     Camden. 
GRA'CIOUS-LY,a(fp.  Kindlv  ;  fivorably;  inafriend- 
ly  manner;  with  kind  condescension. 

Uia  testimony  be  gradoueJy  conlkmed.  Orylen. 

9.  In  a  pleasing  manner. 
GR.A'CIOUS-NESS,  lu    Kind  coadescension. 

Clarendon. 

2.  Possession  of  graces  or  good  qualities. 

Bp.  BarloiD. 

3.  Pleasing  manner.  Johnson. 

4.  Mercifulness.  Sandys. 
GRACK'LE,  (grak'l,)  n.    [L.  ^rrdcu/iw,  dim.  of  (Inth. 

krage,  a   crow.     (See  Cnow.)     Varro's  deduction  of 
this  word  from  grez  is  an  error.] 

One  of  a  gunus  of  birds,  the  Gracula,  of  which  the 
crow-blackhird  is  a  species. 
GRA-DA'TION,  n.     [L.  gradatio  ;  Fr.  gradation.     See 
Grade.] 

1.  A  series  of  ascending  steps  or  degrees,  or  a  pro- 
ceeding step  by  step  ;  hence,  progress  from  one 
degree  or  state  to  another;  a  regular  advance  from 
step  to  step.  We  observe  a  gradation  in  the  progress 
of  society  from  a  rude  to  a  civilized  life.  Men  may 
arrive  by  several  gradations  to  llie  most  horrid  im- 
piety. 

2.  A  degree  in  any  order  or  series  ;  we  observe  a 
gradation  in  the  scale  of  being,  from  brute  to  man, 
from  man  to  angels. 

3.  Order  ;  series  ;  rcgulnr  process  by  degrees  or 
steps  ;  as,  a  gradation  in  argunicni  or  description. 

4.  In  paiiuing,  the  gradual  blending  of  one  tint 
with  another.  Brande. 

5.  In  vinsic,  a  diatonic  ascending  or  descending 
succession  of  chords.  Brande. 

GRA-DA'TION-AL,  a.     According  to  grn(Iati<)n. 

Lawrence. 

GRA-DA'TION-£D,  a.     Formed  by  gradation. 

JVeic  Jin.  Reg. 

GRAD'A-TO-RY,  a.     Proceeding  step  by  step.  Seward. 

GRAD'A-TO-RY,  n.  Steps  from  the  cloisters  into  the 
church.  JUmtirurlh. 

GRADE,  n.  [Fr.  grade;  Pp.  nnd  It.  grado ;  Port. 
grao  ;  from  L.  grtulus,  a  step  ;  gradior,  to  step,  to  go  ; 
G.  grad ;  D.  grand;  Dan.  and  Sw.  grad,  a  step  or 
degree  ;  W.  gr&z,  a  step,  degree,  rank,  from  rh&z,  a 
going  forward  or  advance,  Arm.  radd.  It  may  be 
from  a  common  root  with  W.  rhujcd,  way,  course, 
route  ;  rhodiaw,  to  walk  about  ;  rhod,  a  wheel,  L.  rota. 
We  observe  by  the  WeUh  that  the  first  letter  ^  is  a 
prefix,  and  the  root  of  the  word  then  is  RiL  We  ob- 
serve further,  that  the  L.  gradior  forms  gren/nis,  by  a 
common  change  of  d  to  «,  or  as  it  is  jn  Welsh  i,  [th.] 
Now,  if  «•  is  a  prefix,  then  grcssiis  [re^sus]  coincides 
with  Ihe'Sw.  rcsa,  Dan.  reper,  O.  rcisen^  d.  rciicu, to 
go,  to  travel,  to  journey  ;  D,  reis,  a  journey,  or 
voyage.  In  Sw.  and  Dan.  the  verbs  signify  not  only 
to  travel,  but  to  raise.  V^'hether  the  latier  word, 
raise,  is  of  the  same  family,  may  be  doubtful  ;  but 
the  others  appear  to  belong  to  one  radix,  cointiding 

with  the  Syr.  jiJ  radah,  to  go,  to  walk;  Ch.  n'>\  to 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WU/^T.— M£TE,  PR£Y.  — PI\E,  MARiNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


GRA 

open,  expand,  flow,  instruct,  Ilcb.  to  desci-nd.  A 
step,  then,  is  a  stretch,  a  reach  of  the  fooL  Class  Rd, 
KiK  1,2.26.] 

1.  A  degree  or  rank  in  order  or  dignity,  civil,  mili- 
tary, or  ecclesiastical. 

Sir  ff.  ScotU     J.  M.  Mason,     Walsh, 
While  qu«ation9,  periwla,  and  f  rodM,  and  privileges  are  never 
DDce  Cbrmally  discuucd,  i^.  AKUer. 

2.  A  step  or  de^ee  in  any  ascending  series ;  as, 
crimes  of  every  grade. 

Vfluia  we  come  to  exainioe  the  intermediate  gmdea, 

S.  S.  SmiOt. 

3.  A  degree  of  ascent  or  descent  in  a  road. 

C.  States. 
GRSDE,  r.  t    To  reduce  the  line  of  a  canal  or  road 
tu  such  levels,  or  degrees  of  Inclination,  as  prepare 
it  fiir  being  used.  U.  SLites. 

GRAD'ED,  pp.    Reduced  to  a  proper  dfgrce  of  ascent. 
GRaUE  LV,  a.     Decent;  orderly.     [Local.] 
GRAnE'LY,  ode.    Decently  ;  orderly.     [LocaLI 
GRA'DI-EXT,  a.     [L.  ^radiens,  e^radior.] 

1.  Moving  by  steps ;  walking  ;  as,  gradient  au- 
tomata. fyUkins. 

2.  Rising  nr  descending  by  regular  degrees  of  in- 
clin:aion  ;  as,  the  irratlient.  line  of  a  railroad. 

GRa'DI-ENT,  n.  The  degree  of  ascent  or  descent  in 
a  railruad.  England. 

GRAD'ING,  ppr.  Reducing  to  a  proper  degree  of 
ascent. 

GR.\D'1.VG,  n.  The  net  of  reducing  the  line  of  a 
canal  or  road  to  such  levels  or  degrees  of  inclination, 
as  prepare  it  for  bi'ing  used.  U.  States. 

GRAD'U-AL,  (grid  yu-al.)  a.  [Fr.  graduely  from 
^ade.] 

1.  Proceeding  by  steps  or  degrees  ;  advancing  step 
by  step ;  passing  from  one  step  to  another;  regular 
and  slow  ;  a.",  a  gradual  increase  of  knowledge  ;  a 
gradual  increase  of  light  tn  tfie  morning  is  favorable 
lo  the  eyes. 

2.  Proceeding  by  degn^es  in  a  descenJing  line  or 
progress  ;  as,  a  gradual  decline. 

GRAl>'l^-AL,  n.     An  order  of  stepi^.  Dryden. 

S.  A  gratl  \  an  ancient  l>ook  of  hymns  and  prayers, 
so  called  because  some  of  the  anthenia  were  chant- 
ed on  the  slf\ts  (^a*lus)  of  Ih'^  pulpit.  Hook. 
GRAD-U-AL'I-TY,   ».      Regular   progression.      [JWt 

«*«/.]  Brown. 

GRAD'lI-AL-LY,  adv.     By  degrees  ;  step  by  step ;  reg- 
ularly ;  slowly.    At  ever.ing,  ilie  light  vanishes  grad- 
2.  Ill  degree.     {J^ot  used.]  [ually. 

Uiunaa  RUkxi  doili  not  only  gm/luaHy,  but  ■pecifically  difier 
fhrni  the  laiibiAic  rrawiii  of  t)ruir^«.  Gt€io. 

GRAD'I^-ATE,  (grad'yu-ale,)  c  t.  [It.  graduare;  Sp. 
graduar  ;  Fr.  gradaer;  from  L.  gradtL*,  a  degree.] 

1.  To  honor  with  a  degn-e  or  diploma,  In  a  college 
or  university  ;  lo  confer  a  degree  on  ;  as,  to  graduate 
»  maf:ti!r  of  arts.  Carrw.     fyoU<m. 

2.  To  divide  any  epacc  into  small,  regular  inter- 
Talii.  Thus  the  liniti  of  a  circular  instninient  is  grad- 
uated into  d('{:rees  atid  niiuutrs;  a  biirouieler  is  grad- 
uated into  inches  and  {larts  i>f  an  inch.         Olmsted. 

3.  To  fonn  shades  or"  nice  dirti;re«rj.*s. 

4.  To  raise  to  a  higher  |Uace  in  ttic  scale  of  met- 
als. Buyle, 

5.  To  advance  by  degrees  ;  to  improve. 

Djm  advance  aivl  f  nutuolr  Ihc^  eolon  with  aolu.      Brovn. 

6.  To  temper;  to  prepare. 

DiMMea  oH^italin^  In  Ut«  Dtmoaf^kere  ad  excIusivlT  on  tmdiei 
gnAuaUd  to  rccffivQ  thrir  impraaionB.  MtA.  Hepos. 

7.  To  mark  degrees  or  differences  of  any  kind  ;  as, 
to  graduate  punishment.  Diipaneeati. 

8.  In  diemi.itriff  to  bring  fluids  lo  a  certain  degree 
of  consist»'ncy. 

GRAD'U-ATE,  ».  i.  To  receive  a  degree  from  a  col- 
lege or  university. 

2.  To  pa-w  by  degrees  ;  to  change  gradually,  Hand- 
stone  which  graiiuates  into  gnet^.  Carndtan  some- 
times grailaiites  into  quartz.  Kirwan, 

GRAD'lJ-ATE,  a.  One  who  has  received  a  degree  in 
a  college  or  university,  or  from  some  professional  in- 
CiiriMirated  society. 

GRAII'I^-^  TED,  pp.  or  a.  Honored  witli  a  degree  or 
diploma  from  some  b^irncd  sucitriy  or  college. 

2.  Marked  with  degrr-us  or  regular  intervals;  lein- 
pered. 

GRAD'l^-ATE-SniP,  7u    The  stale  of  a  graduate. 

Milton. 

GRAD'X|-A-TIXG,  pjrr.  Honoring  with  a  degree; 
marking  wiih  degrees. 

GRAD-I^-A'TIOX,  n.  Regular  progression  by  succes- 
sion of  degrees. 

2.  Improvement;  eialtation  of  qiinliiics.  Brown. 

3.  The  act  of  conferring  or  receiving  acadi^mical 
degrees.  Chartrr  of  Dartmouth  CoUej^e. 

i.  A  division  of  any  stmce  into  small  regular  inter- 
vals ;  aXj  the  graduattort  of  a  barometer  or  thermom- 
eter. 

5.  The  proce«^of  bringing  a  liquid  to  a  certain  con- 
si«t»'ncf  by  ♦■va|K  trail  on.  Parke. 

ORAD'U-A-TOR,  n.  An  instrument  for  dividing  any 
line,  right  or  curve,  into  small,  regubr  intervals. 

Jeurn.  vf  Science. 


GRA 

GRA'DUS,  n.     [L.J     A  dictionarv  of  prosody. 

GRAFF,  71.     [See  Gbavk.]     A  ditch  or  moat. 

GRAFF,  for  Graft.     [Obs.]  [Clarendon. 

GRAF'FElt,  n.  In  laiOy  a  notarj-  or  scrivener.  Bouvier. 

GRAFT,  71.  [Fr.  greffc;  Arm.  id.;  Ir.  grafckur i  D. 
grijfel;  from  the  root  of  grave,  engrave,  Gr.  ypaipo), 
L.  scribo,  the  sense  of  which  is  to  scrape  or  to  dig. 
In  Scot,  graif  signifies  to  biirj',  to  inter.  The  sense 
of  graji  is  that  which  is  inserted.     See  Grave.] 

A  small  shoot  or  clon  of  a  tree  inserted  in  another 
tree,  as  the  stock  which  is  to  support  and  nourish  it. 
These  unite  and  become  one  tree,  but  the  graft  de- 
termines the  kind  of  fruit. 

GRAFT,  V.  L     [Fr.  grcffer.] 

1.  To  insert  a  cion  or  shoot,  or  a  small  cutting  of 
it,  into  another  tree.  Dryden, 

2.  To  propagate  by  insertion  or  inoculation.  Dryden, 

3.  To  insert  in  a  btHly  to  which  it  did  not  originally 
belons.     Rom,  \\.  17. 

4.  To  impregnate  with  a  foreign  branch.      Shak, 

5.  To  join  one  thing  to  another  so  as  to  receive 
support  from  it. 

And  graft  my  love  immortal  on  thy  feme.  Pop*. 

GRA  FT,  p.  i.  To  practice  Uie  insertion  of  foreign  ciona 
on  a  stock. 

GRAFT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Inserted  on  a  foreign  stock. 

GRXFT'ER,  n.  One  who  inserts  cions  on  foreign 
stocks,  or  propagates  fruit  by  ingrafting. 

GRAFT'ING,  ppr.    Inserting  cions  on  different  stocks, 
JsTotc.  —  The  tme  original  orthography  of  this  word 
is  Graff  ;   but  Graft  has  superseded  the  original 
word,  as  it  has  in  the  compound  Ingraft. 

GRAFT'ING,  n.    The  act  of  inserting  gratis  or  cions. 

GRAIL,  n.     lL.rradaale.] 

A  book  of  ofnces  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church  ;  a 
gradual,  fVarton. 

GRAIL,  n.    [Fr  ^5/f,  hail.] 

Small  particles  of  any  kind.  Spenser, 

GRAIN,  n.  [Fr.  grainy  l,.granumf  Sp.  and  It,  gra- 
no  ;  G.  gran ;  D.  graan ;  Ir.  gran,  corn ;  VV.  graun, 
graen^  gronijn,  a  tittle  pebbTe  or  gravel-stone,  Ir. 
grean^  Arm.  gruan,  which  seems  to  be  the  Eng. 
ground  ;  Russ.  gran,  grain,  and  a  comer,  a  boundary. 
In  Scot,  grain  is  the  branch  of  a  tree,  the  stem  or 
stalk  of  a  plant,  the  branch  of  a  river,  the  prong  of  a 
fork.  In  Sw.  grya  is  grain  ;  grann,  fine;  gren,  a 
branch  ;  and  grdns,  boundary.  Dan.  gran,  a  grain, 
a  pine-tree ;  grandy  a  grain,  nn  atom  ;  green,  a  branch, 
a  sprig ;  grmndse,  a  boundary ;  G,  gran,  D.  graan, 
grain  ;  G.  granze,  D.  grens,  a  border.] 

1.  Any  small,  hard  moss ;  as,  a  grain  of  sand  or 
gravel.     Hence, 

9.  A  single  seed  or  hard  seed  of  a  plant,  particu- 
larly of  those  kinds  whose  seeds  are  used  for  food  of 
man  or  beasu  This  is  usually  inclosed  in  a  proper 
shell,  or  covered  with  a  husk,  and  contains  the  em- 
bryo of  a  new  plant.     Hence, 

3,  Orain,  without  a  definitive,  signifies  com  in 
general,  or  the  fruit  of  certain  plants  which  consti- 
tutes the  chief  food  of  man  and  beast,  as  wheat,  rye, 
barley,  oats,  and  maize. 

4,  A  minute  particle, 

5,  A  small  weight,  or  the  smallest  weight  ordina- 
rily used,  being  the  twentieth  part  of  a  scruple,  in 
apothecaries'  weight,  and  the  twenty-fourth  of  a  pen- 
nyweight troy. 

6,  A  component  part  of  stones  and  metals, 

7,  The  veins  or  fibers  (if  wood,  or  other  fibrous 
substince;  tlie  direction  of  the  fibers;  whence,  cro*s- 
grained,  and  against  the  grain,  used  figuratively  to 
denote,  against  the  natural  teniper  or  feelings.  [See 
No.  13.] 

6.  The  body  or  substance  of  wood  as  modified  by 
the  fibers, 

Ilnrd  box,  and  linden  of  a  aofter  grain,  DryrUn. 

9.  A  rough  or  fibrous  texture  on  the  outside  of  the 
skin  of  animals. 

10.  The  body  or  substance  of  a  thing,  considered 
with  respect  to  the  size,  form,  or  direction,  of  the 
eon^iluent  particles  ;  as,  stonrs  of  a  fine  grain, 

iVuodtrnrd, 
The  tooth  of  a  aea-hone  contains  a  cnntW  gmin.       Brown. 

l\.  Any  thing  proverbially  small  ;  a  very  small 
particle  or  portion  ;  as,  a  grain  of  wit  or  of  common 
sense. 

Ncglpcl  not  lo  make  uae  of  any  grtdn  of  pnce.    Hammond. 

12.  Dye  or  tincture. 

All  In  a  roba  of  dariimt  grain.  RTifton. 

13.  The  heart  or  temper;  as,  brothers  not  united 
In  grain,  Nayward, 

14.  The  form  of  the  surface  of  any  thing,  with  re- 
spect to  smoothness  or  roughness ;  slate  of  the  grit 
of  any  body  coniimsed  of  grains  ;  as,  sandstone  of  a 
fine  grain. 

l^.  A  line,  prong,  or  spike,  Ray. 

A  grain  of  uHownnee ;  a  small  allowance  or  indul- 
gence ;  a  small  jxirlion  to  bo  remitted  ;  something 
above  or  below  just  weight.  tfatJs. 

To  dye  in  grain,  is  to  dye  in  the  raw  material,  as 
wool  or  silk  before  it  is  manufactured. 
GRAIN,  r,i.    To  yield  fruit.     [Obs.]  Oower. 

GRAIN  or  GRANE,  for  Ghoaw.     [J^ot  in  use.] 


[L,  graUatorius.] 


GRA 

GRAIN,!;.  (.    To  paint  in  imitation  of  the  grain  of 

wood. 
2.  To  form  into  grains,  as  powder. 
GRAIN'KD,  a.     Rough  ;  made  less  smooth.       SkaJc. 
9.  Dyed  in  grain  ;  ingrained.  Brown, 

GRSI\'i;U,  (grand,)  pp.  or  a.     Painted  in  imitation  of 

the  grain  or  libers  of  wood ;  formed  into  grains  ; 

rouiiliened. 
GRAIN'ER,  n.  A  lixivium  obtained  by  infusing  pigeon's 

dung  in  water,  used  by  tanners  to  give  fiexibility  to 

skins.  Ure. 

2.  One  who  paints  in  imitation  of  the  groin  of 

wood. 
GRAIN'ING,  Ji.     Indentation.  Leake. 

2.  A  fish  of  the  dace  kind.  Diet.  JVat,  Hist. 

GRAIN'ING,  ppr.    Painting  in  imitation  of  the  grain 

of  wood  ;  forming  into  gniins. 
GRaIN'ING,  n.     A  kind  of  painting  in  imitation  of 

the  grjjin  or  fibers  of  wood. 
GRAIN'-MO  TH,  n.    An  insect  whose  larves,  or  grubs, 

devour  grain  in  the  storehouse. 
GRAINS,  rt.  ;;/.    The  husks  or  remains  of  malt  after 

brewing,  or  of  any  grain  after  distillation. 

Grains  of  paradise  ;  a  very  pungent  Indian  spice, 

the  seeds  of  a  species  of  Amomutn. 
GRAIX'-STXFF,  n.  A  quarter-staff. 
GRAIN'Y,  a.    Full  of  grains  or  corn  ;  full  of  kernels. 

Johnson. 
GRAITH,  V.  U  To  prepare.  [See  Greith  and  Readt.! 
GRAL'L.E,  n.  pL     [L.]     VVading-birds,     [See  Gral- 

LIC.] 

GRAL'LA-TO-RY, 

GRAl^LA-TO'RI-AL, 

A  term  denoting  birds  which  are  waders,  having 
long,  naked  legs. 

GRAL'Lie,  a.     [L,  grallit,  stilts,  crutches.] 

Stilted  ;  an  epithet  given  to  an  order  of  birds  hav- 
ing long  legs,  naked  above  the  knees,  which  fit  them 
•for  wading  in  water. 

GRAM,  a.     [Sax.  gra,n  ;  Sw.  gram,  angry ;  Dan.  front, 
envious,  grudging.] 
Angry.     [Ob^.^ 

GRAM,  ^  n.  [I- r.^fromme,  from  Gr.  ypii/i^fi,  whence 

QIL^.MME,  \  ypappaptov,  the  twenty-fourth  part  of 
an  ounce.] 

in  the  new  system  of  French  wri^Ats  the  unity  of 
weifihts.  It  is  the  weiylit  of  a  quantity  of  distilled 
water  equal  to  a  cubic  centimetre,  or  18  grams 
T  JO'tiu"  ^''*-'"'^''i  ^^  ^^  pnids  de  marc,  equal  to  15.434 
grains  troy,  or  -r^j'^^j  dram  avoirdupois.       Lunier. 

[It  would  be  desirable  to  haae  this  word  Gram  angli- 
cized.] 

GUA.\rA-RYE,  n.     The  art  of  necromancy. 

fValUr  Scott, 

GRA-MER'CY,  [for  Fr.  grand-mcrci,  great  thanks.] 
An  interjection  formerly  used  to  express  thankful- 
ness, with  surprise,  Spenser. 

GRA-MIN'IvAL,     )  a.     [L.  gramineas,  from  gramen, 

GRA-MIN'E-OUS,  (      gniss.f 

Grassy  ;  like  or  pertaining  to  gross.  Gramineous 
plants  are  those  which  have  simple  leaves,  a  Jointed 
stem,  a  husky  calyx,  termed  ^/uHif,  and  a  single  seed. 
TJiis  description,  however,  includes  several  sorts  of 
corn,  as  well  as  grass,  Milne. 

GRAM-IN-I-FO'LI-OUS,  a.  Bearing  leaves  like  grass. 

GRAM-IN-IV'O-ROUS,  a,  [L.  gramen,  grass,  and 
vora,  to  eat.] 

Feeding  or  subsisting  on  grass.  The  ox  and  all 
the  Iwviuo  genus  of  quadrupeds  are  graminivorous 
animals  ;  so  also  the  horse  or  equine  genus. 

GRAM'MAH,  H.  [Vr.  grammaire;  h.  gramjnaticn ;  Gr. 
yiyttipaTtKn,  from  ypapjtay  a  letter,  from  ypaijiu,  to 
write.     See  Grave.] 

1.  In  practice,  the  art  of  speaking  or  writing  a  lan- 
guage with  propriety  or  correctness,  acconling  to  es- 
tablished usage. 

As  a  science^  grammar  treats  of  tlie  natural  connec- 
tion between  ideas  and  words,  and  develops  tlie  prin- 
ciples which  are  common  to  alt  languages. 

2.  A  system  of  general  principles  and  of  particular 
rules  for  speaking  or  writing  a  language ;  or  a  digest- 
ed compilation  of  customary  forms  of  speech  in  a 
nntion  ;  also,  a  book  containing  such  principles  and 
rules. 

3.  Propriety  of  speech.  To  write  grammar,  we 
m'irJt  write  according  to  the  practice  of  good  writers 
and  speakers. 

["  Orammar  is  a  term  borrowed  from  the  Greek, 
and  used  with  little  variation  by  the  Latins,  French, 
Kiiglish,  &.C. ;  but  the  Welsh  are  under  no  necessity 
of  borrowing  from  others,  while  they  have  so  signiU- 
cant  a  term  of  their  own  as  Uytkyrcg." 

The  Rev,  John  ff^altcrs'a  Dijis.  on  the  Welsh  Lan- 
guage Cowbridge,  1771,  8vo.  p.  ^3.  —  E.  II.  11.] 

GRA.M'MAR,  v.  i.  To  discourse  according  to  the  rules 
of  trnimumr.     [Ob^.] 

GUAM'MAR,  a.  Helonging  to  or  contained  in  gram- 
mrir  ;  as,  a  grnrnmar  rule. 

GRAM'MAR  I.H.SS,  a.     Destitute  of  grammar. 

GRAM'MAR-SCIIOOL,  n.  A  school  in  which  the 
learned  languages  are  taught  Hy  learned  languages 
we  usually  mean  the  Latin  and  Grtrek ;  but  others 
may  be  included. 


TONE.  BULL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-€  as  K  j  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SU ;  TH  a«  in  THIS. 


GRA 

GRAM-MA'UI-AN,  «,    One  versed  in  crainumr,  or  the 
construction  of  languages  ;  a  philulugist. 
'2.  One  who  tencbes  grammar. 

GRAM-SlAT'ie,         ia.    [Fr.]    Belonging  to  gram- 

GRAM-MAT'IC-AL,  ]      iwu  ;  as,  a  >rrammaticcU  rule. 
a.  Acc4iniing  to  the  rules  of  grammar.     We  say^  a 
sentence  is  nut  fronunattcai ,-  the  construction  is  not 
irrammitticaL 

GRAM-.MAT'I6>AL-LY,  adv.  According  to  the  prin- 
ciples and  rules  of  grammar ;  as,  to  write  or  8peak 
srammatically. 

GttA.M-MAT'ie  AL-NESS,  «.  auality  of  bring  gnim- 
m.iticnl,  or  according  to  the  rules  of  gnimniar. 

0RAM-MAT'ie-A8-tEK,  n.  [L.]  A  low  gramraa- 
rinn;  a  pretender  to  a  knowletfge  of  grammar;  a 
pedant.  Pettif. 

GRAM-.\IAT'I*CIZE,  e.  C    To  render  giunmaticoL 

Jok*30tl. 

GRA,M-MAT'I-CTZ-£D.  pjt.    Rendered  grammatical. 

GRA.M'>iA-TIST,  a.  A  pretender  to  a  knowledge  of 
grant  nrtr.  H.  "DtHfke, 

GRAM'-MA-TTTE.     See  Tremolite. 

OH-iMMK     See  Gram. 

GRAM  TLB,  a.    A  crab-fish. 

GRAM'l'US,  R.  [Fr.  graMp«U«!  grandpoissonj  con- 
irartfd.     Spetmati.'] 

A  ft-ihof  the  cetaceous  order,  and  genus  Delphinus. 
This  fi.-'h  grows  to  Ihf  length  of  twenty-five  feet,  and 
is  n'markably  thick  in  prt>|K)rtion  to  its  lengtlu  The 
nuse  is  Hat,  and  turns  up  at  the  end.  It  h:is  thirty 
teeth  in  each  jaw.  The  sp<jut-tiole  is  on  the  top  of 
the  neck.  The  color  of  the  hack  is  black  ;  the  belly 
ii*  of  a  snowy  whiteness  ;  and  on  each  shoulder  is  a 
large  white  S)K)t.  This  fish  is  remarkably  vom- 
ciuiis. 

GRA-NADE',  GRA-Nl'DO.     See  Gbexads. 

GRAN-A-l)IL'LA,  n,  [Sp.]  A  plant ;  the  fruit  of  the 
Passijltira  t/uaUran^ittttrtJi,  which  is  sometimes  as  large 
as  a  child's  head,  and  is  much  esteemed  in  tropical 
.countries  as  a  pleasant  dessert  fruiL  P.  Cyc 

GRAX'A-RV.  n.     [L.  groHorixmy  (torn  gramumf  grain  ; 

A  storehouse  or  repository  of  grain  after  It  is 
thrashed  ;  a  corn-house. 
GRAN'ATE,  n.      LTsually  written  Garret,  which  see. 
GRA.V'A-TITE.     See  Gbenatite. 
GRA.Nl),  a.     [Fr.  grand;  Sp.  and  It.  sranttf,  L.  frran- 
dis:  Norm,  fframt.     If  «  is  casual,  this  word  comcides 
with  greaU    But  most  probably  it  belongs  to  the  class 
Rn.     J'he  sense  is,  to  extend,  to  advance  ;  hence  it 
signifies,  old.  advanced  in  age,  as  well  as  great.] 

1.  Great ;  btit  moatly  in  a  ,Affuratict  sense  i  lllu^rl- 
ous  ;  liigh  in  power  or  dignity  ;  as,  a  grand  lord. 

RaUgk.- 
3:  Great ;  splendid  ;  magnificent ;  as,  a  grand  de- 
sign ;  a  griuid  p.-irade ;  a  grand  view  or  prospect 

3.  Gre:it ;  principal ;  chief;  as,  "  Satan,  our  grand 
foe."  MiUon. 

4.  Noble;  sublime;  lofty  i  conceived  orexjwessed 
with  great  dignity  ;  as,  a  grand  conception. 

In  geirenil,  we  apply  the  epithet  grand  to  that 
which  is  great  and  elevated,  or  which  elevates  and 
expands  our  ideas.  The  ocean,  the  sky,  a  lofty  tow- 
er, are  grand  obJL-cts.  But  to  constitute  a  tiling  grand, 
it  seems  necessary'  that  it  should  be  distinguished  by 
some  degree  of  beauty.  lUem.  of  Criticism. 

5.  Old  ;  more  advanced  ;  as  in  grandfather,  grand- 
motMer,  that  is,  old-father  ;  and  to  correspond  with 
this  relation  we  use  grandson,  granddaagbier.,  grand- 
child. 

GRAN'DAM,  n.     [grand  aud  dame.]     Grandmother. 

Skak. 
a.  An  old  woman.  Drijden. 

GRAXD'CHILD,  n,  A  son's  or  daughter's  child;  a 
child  in  tlie  second  degree  of  descenU 

GRAND'DAUGH-TER,  (-daw-ler,)  n.  The  daughter 
of  a  son  or  daughter. 

GRAN-UEE',  n.     [Sp.  grande.] 

A  nobleman  ;  a  man  of  elevated  rank  or  station. 
In  Spain,  a  nobleman  of  the  first  rank,  who  has  the 
king's  leave  to  be  covered  in  his  presence.    Encuc. 

GRA\-DEE'SHIP,  a.  The  rank  or  estate  of  a  gran- 
dee. Swinburne. 

GRAN'D'EST,  a.    Most  grand. 

GRAND'EUR,  (grand'yur,)  «.     [Fr.,  from  grand.] 

1.  In  a  general  sensf^  greatness  ;  that  quality,  or 
combination  of  qualities,  in  an  object,  which  elevates 
or  expands  the  mind,  and  excites  pleasurable  emo- 
tions in  him  who  views  or  contemplates  it.  Thus 
the  extent  and  uniformity  of  suffice  in  the  ocean 
constitute  rrrandear;  as  do  the  extent,  the  elevation, 
and  the  concave  appearance  or  vault  of  the  sky.  So 
we  speak  of  the  grandeur  of  a  large  and  well-propor- 
tioned edifice,  of  an  extensive  range  of  lofty  moun- 
tains, of  a  large  cataract,  of  a  pyramid,  &.c. 

2.  Splendor  of  appearance  ;  slate;  magnificence; 
as,  the  grandeur  of  a  court,  of  a  procession,  ice. 

3.  Elevation  of  thouglit,  sentiment,  or  expression. 
We  speak  of  the  grandeur  of  conceptions,  and  of 
style,  or  diction. 

4.  Elevation  of  m;2n,  or  air  and  deportment. 
GR.VN-DEV'I-TY,  n.    Great  age.     [J^-ui  used.] 
GRA\-De'VOUS,  a.     Of  greai  ase.     [-Vo(  used.] 
GRAND'FA-TIIER,  n.    A  father's  or  inother's  father  ; 


GRA 

the  next  degree  above  the  father  or  mother  in  lineal 
ascent. 

GRAN-l»IF'l€,  a.    Making  great. 

GRA.V-DIL'O-UUEXCE,  n.  Lofty  speaking;  lofty 
ex  pressions.  More. 

GRAX-DlL'O-aUENT,  a.     [L.  grandOaquens.] 
Pompous;  bombastic 

GRAX-DIL'O-aUOUS,  a.     [U  grandUoqvu8 !  grttndis 
and  liMjuvr,  to  speak.] 
S[»enkine  in  a  lofty  sivle. 

GRAN'DI-NOUS,  a.     [U  grando.] 

Consisting  of  Ijail.  Diet. 

GRAND'I-TY,  «,  Greatness ;  magnificence.  [JsTot 
used.]  Camden, 

GRAND-JO'ROR,  B.  One  of  a  grand  jury.  In  Con- 
necticut^ an  informing  olficer. 

GRA.ND-JO'RV,  a.  [grand  and  jury.]  A  jury  whose 
duty  is  to  examine  into  the  grounds  of  accusation 
against  oifenders,  ami,  if  they  see  just  cause,  then  to 
find  bills  of  indictment  against  them,  to  be  presented 
to  the  court. 

GRAXD'LY,  ado.  In  a  lofty  manner;  splendidly; 
subltmelv. 

GRA.N'D'MOTfl-EU,  (-muth-er,)  b.  The  mother  of 
one's  father  or  mother. 

GRAND-NEPH'EVV,  n.  The  grandson  of  a  brother  or 
sister. 

GRAN'D'N'E.S3,  a.  Grandeur;  greatness  with  beauty  ; 
magnificence.  Wollaston. 

GR.-\\D'MECE,  C-nees,)  n.  The  granddaughter  of  a 
brother  or  sister. 

GRANI>-SElG.\'10R,  (-seen'yur,)  n.  The  sovereign 
or  sultan  of  Turkey. 

GRA.ND'SIRE,  n.    A  grandfather. 

2.  In  poetry  and  Htetorie,  any  ancestor. 

Drtjden.     Pope. 

GRAXD'SON,  (-sun,)  n.  The  son  of  a  son  or  daugh- 
ter. 

GRAND- VIZ'IER,  (-vizh'yer,)  n.  The  chief  minister 
of  the  Turkish  empire  ;  the  same  as  Vizier. 

GRANOE,  (granje,)  n.  [Fr.  grange,  a  barn  ;  grangier^ 
a  farmer ;  Sp.  grangear,  to  cultivate ;  grangero,  a 
farmer;  Ir.  grainseaeh,  a  grange;  Scot.  ^oji^«,  the 
buildings  belonging  to  a  corn-farm,  originally  a  place 
where  the  rents  and  tithes,  paid  in  grain  to  religious 
houses,  were  deposited  ;  from  gratiuin,  grain.] 
A  farm,  with  the  buildings,  stables,  Alc 

Jililtoa.     Skak. 

GRA-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L,  granum,  grain,  and /ero, 
to  bear.] 
Bearing  seeds  like  grains.  •  ffumbU, 

GRAN'I-FORAI,  a.    Formed  like  grains  of  corn. 

Loudon. 

GRAN'I-LITE,  n,  [See  GaAwixE.]  Indeterminate 
granite;  granite  that  contains  more  than  three  con- 
stituent parts.     [Obs.]  Kiriean. 

GRAN'ITE,  (grau'it,)  h.  [Fr.  granit }  1%.  granito^ 
grained.] 

In  gfology,  an  aggregate  rock,  composed  of  the 
minerals  quartz,  feldspar,  and  mica,  or  at  least  of  two 
of  these  minerals,  confusedly  crystallized  together. 
The  texture  is  more  or  less  finely  granular.  The 
grains  vary  in  size  from  that  of  a  pin's  head  to  a 
mass  of  two  or  three  feet ;  hut  usually  the  Inrget't 
size  is  that  of  a  niiL  The  color  of  granite  is  greatly 
diversified  by  the  different  colors  and  proportions  of 
the  component  parts,  and  in  general  these  stones  are 
very  hard.  The  most  common  colors  are  gray,  gray- 
ish-white, and  flesh-red.     DicL  J^at.  Hi-^t,     Kirwan, 

GRAN'I-TEL,  ti.  [dim.  of  granite.]  A  binary  aggre- 
gate of  minerals ;  a  granitic  compouad  containing 
two  constituent  parts,  as  quartz  and  feldspar,  or 
quartz  and  short  or  hornblend.     [Obs.]     Kirwan. 

Italian  workmen  give  this  name  to  a  variety  of  gray 
granite  consisting  of  small  grains.  Diet.  J^aL  Hist. 

GRA-NIT'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  granite  ;  like  granite  ; 

■    having  the  nature  of  granite  ;  as,  granitic  texture. 
2.  Consisting  of  granite  ;  as,  granitic  mountains. 

GRA-NIT-J-FI-€a' TION,  n.  The  art  or  process  of  be- 
ing formed  into  granite.  Humble, 

GIIA-NIT'I-FOR.M,  a.  Resembling  granite  in  struct- 
ure or  shape.  Humble. 

GRAN'I-TIN,  n.  An  aggregate  of  three  species  of 
minerals,  some  of  which  differ  from  the  species 
which  compose  granite,  as  quartz,  feldspar,  and 
jade  or  shorl.     [Oi.«.]  Kirwan. 

GRAN'I-TOID,  a.     Resembling  granite. 

GRA-NIV'O-ROUS,  a.  [L.  granu/n,  grain,  and  voro, 
to  eat.] 

Eating  giain  ;  feeding  or  subsisting  on  seeds  ;  as, 
granirorous  birds.  Brown, 

GRAN'NA.M,  (  n.     [For  Grandam.]     A  grandmother. 

GRAN'NY,      i       [Vulgar.]  B.  Jonsun. 

GRANT,  r.  L  [Norm,  grantcr,  to  grant,  to  promise,  or 
agree.  I  have  not  found  this  word  in  any  other  lan- 
guage. Perhaps  n  is  not  radical,  for  in  some  ancient 
charters  it  is  written  graL  "  Oratamtis  el  conccdi- 
mus.^^     Spetman.] 

1.  To  admit  as  true  what  is  not  proved  ;  to  allow  ; 
to  yield  i  to  concede.  VVe  take  that  for  granted  which 
is  supposed  to  be  true. 

Grant  that  the  fiiica  have  firmed  by  ihpir  decroe.        Dryden. 

2.  To  give  ;  to  bestow  or  confer  on  without  com- 


^     GRA 

pensation,  particularly  in  answer  to  prayer  or  re- 
quest. 

Thou  hnM  granted  me  lifr  nnd  foror.  — Job  x. 

Gixl  granud  him  thnt  whicli  he  requcBtcd. —  I  Chroo.  \r. 

3.  To  transfer  the  title  of  a  thing  to  another,  for  a 
good  or  valuable  consideration  ;  to  convey  by  deed 
or  writing.  The  legislature  have  granted  all  the  new 
land. 

Grant  me  the  place  of  lliia  threshing-floor.  —  1  Chron.  xxi. 

GRXNT,  n.  The  act  of  granting  ;  a  bestowing  or  con- 
ferring. 

2.  The  thing  granted  or  bestowed  ;  a  gift  ;  a  boon. 

3.  In  law,  a  conveyance,  in  writing,  of  such  Ihirigs 
as  can  not  pass  or  be  transferred  by  word  only,  as 
land,  rents,  reversions,  tithes,  &c 

A  grant  is  an  expculwl  contmcU  Z.  Sicifl 

4.  Concession  ;  admission  of  something  as  true 

Dnjden 

5.  The  thing  conveyed  by  deed  or  patent. 
GRANT'.\-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  granted  or  con- 
veyed. 

GRXNT'ED,  pp.  Admitted  as  true;  conceded  ;  yield- 
ed :  bestowed  ;  conveyed. 

GRXNT-EE',  n.  The  person  to  whom  a  conveyance 
is  made. 

GRANT'ER,  n.     In  a  general  sense^  one  who  grants. 

GRXNT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Admitting;  conceding;  be- 
stowing; conveying. 

GRXNT'OR,  71.  In  Zauf,  the  person  who  grants  ;  one 
who  conveys  land,  rents,  &c. 

GRAN'U-LA-RY,  \  ***     t^rom  L.  granum,  grain.] 

1.  Consisting  of  grains  ;  as,  a  granular  substance. 
3.  Resembling  grains  ;  as,  a  stone  of  granular  ap- 
pearance. 
GHAN'U-LAR-LY,  adv.    In  a  granular  form. 
G?.'iN'tT-LATE,  «.  e.     [Fr.   granuler,   from   L.  gror- 
num.] 

1.  To  form  into  grains  or  small  masses ;  as,  to^ran- 
vlate  powder  or  sugar. 

2.  To  raise  in  small  asperities ;  to  moke  rough  on 
the  surface.  Kaif. 

GRAN'U-LATE,  v.  i.  To  collect  or  be  formed  into 
grains;  as,  cane-juice  ^anu/fltes  into  sugar;  melted 
metals  granulate  when  poured'  into  water. 

GRAN'TJ-LATE,  a.    Having  numerous  small  eleva- 
tions, like  shagreen.  Brands. 
2.  Consisting  of  or  resembling  grains. 

GRAN'lJ-LA-TED,  pp.    Formed  mto  grains. 

2.  a.  Consisting  of  grains;  having  the  form  of 
grains. 

GRAN'U-LA-TING,  ppr.     Forming  into  grains. 

GRAN-li-LA'TtON,n.  The  act  of  forming  into  grains; 
as,  the  granulation  of  powder  and  sugar.  The  gran- 
ulation of  metallic  substances  i^  performed  by  pour- 
ing the  melted  substances  slowly  into  water,  usually 
IhrouRh  a  colander  perforated  with  holes.  Ore. 

2.  In  physiologii,  granulations  are  smalt,  grain-like 
protuberances,  which  form  on  the  surface  of  ulcers 
and  in  suppurating  sores,  and  which  serve  to  fill  up 
the  cavity  and  unite  the  sides.  The  process  of  doing 
this  is  called  granulation.  Tulty.- 

GRAN'ULE,  n.     [Sp.  granillo,  from  L.  granum.] 
A  little  grain  ;  a  small  particle. 

GRAN'U-LOUS,  a.  Full  of  grains  ;  abounding  with 
granular  substances. 

GRaI'E,  n.  [This  word  is  from  the  root  of  grab,  gripe, 
and  signifies  primarily  a  cluster  or  bunch  ;  Fr.  grappe 
de  raisin,  a  bunch  of  grapes ;  W.  grab,  a  cluster,  a 
grape  (  grabin,  a  clasping ;  It.  grappa,  a  grappling ; 
groppo,  a  cluster,  a  bunch  of  grapes.] 

1.  Properly,  a  cluster  of  the  fruit  of  the  vine  ;  but 
with  us,  a  single  berry  of  the  vine  ;  the  fmit  from 
which  wine  is  made  by  expression  and  fermentation. 

2.  In  the  manege,  grapes  signifies  mangy  tumors  on 
the  legs  of  a  horse. 

GR.APE'-n?'A-CINTII,  n.  A  plant  or  flower,  a  spe- 
cies of  Ilyacinthus  or  Muscari. 

GRAPE'LESS,  a.  Wanting  the  strength  and  flavor  of 
the  grape.  Jenyns. 

GRaP'ER-Y,  n.  A  building  or  inclosure  used  for  the 
rearing  of  grapes. 

GRaPE'-SHOT,  n.  A  cluster  of  small  shot,  confined 
in  a  canvas  bag,  foniiing  a  kind  of  cylinder,  whose 
diameter  is  eijiial  to  that  of  the  ball  adapted  to  the 
cannon.  Brande. 

GRaPE'-SToXE,  n.     The  stone  or  seed  of  the  grape. 

GK.aPE'-VINE,  n.    The  vine  which  yields  the  gra|)e. 

GRAPH'IC,  )  a.    [L-  grapkicus;  Gr.  y (iaipiKOi,  from 

GRAPH'ie-AL,  j      >,oa<;.w,  to  write.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  art  of  writing  or  delineating. 

2.  Well  delineated.  Bacon. 

3.  Describing  with  accuracy, 

Oraphic  granite  ;  a  variety  of  granite,  composed  of 
feldspar  and  quartz  so  arranged  as  to  bear  a  remote 
resemblance  to  oriental  characters.  Dana. 

GRAPH'ie-AL-LY,  adv.     With  good  delineation  ;  in 

a  picturesque  manner.  Brown. 

GRAPH'ITE,  n.     [Gr.  ypa<p(,i,  to  write.] 

Carburet  of  iron,  a  substance  used  for  pencils, 
commonly  called  Black-lead,  or  Plumbago. 

Clcaveland. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK 


GRA 

GRAPH'O-LITE,  n.  [Supra.]  A  species  of  slate, 
pruper  for  writinB  on. 

GKAPH-OM'E-TEK,  n.  [Gr.  ypa<pu)j  to  describe,  and 
ItcTpot/y  measure.! 

A  niathenialical  instnimcnt,  called  also  a  semicircle^ 
whose  use  is  to  observe  any  angle  whose  vertex  is  at 
the  center  of  the  instnimeni  in  any  plane,  and  to  find 
how  many  degrees  it  contains.  Enajc. 

GRAPH-O-MKT'Rie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  ascer- 
tainod  by  a  graphometer. 

GRAPXKNE,  i  "-     i^'- P-'^PPi'^     See  Grapple.] 

A  small  anchor,  fitted  with  four  or  five  flukes  or 

claws,  used  to  hold  boats  or  small  vessels,     Tatten, 
GR.\P'PLE,  (grap'pl,)  v.  t.     [Goth. /rreipan,  to  gripe  ; 

G.  ^reifen ;    D.  grypen ;    Dan.  griber ;   Sw.    grabba. 

g-ripa;    It,  grappare  i  W,  crapeaw.     See  Grape  ana 

Gripe.] 

1.  To  seize ;  to  lay  fast  hold  on,  either  with  the 
bands  or  with  hooks.  VVe  say,  a  man  grapples  liis 
antagonist,  or  a  ship  grapples  another  ship, 

2.  To  fasten  ;  to  lix,  as  the  mind  or  heart,  [J^ot 
in  tise.\  Shak. 

GRAP'PLB,  v.  u  To  seize  ;  to  contend  in  close  fight, 
as  wrestlers.  MUtaiu    Addison. 

To  grapple  with;  to  contend  with;  to  struggle 
again«t  with  boldness.  Skak. 

GRAP'PLB,  R.  A  seizing;  close  bug  in  contest ;  the 
wrestler's  bold.  Milton. 

2.  Close  fight.  Shak, 

3.  A  hook  or  iron  inatmmcnt  by  which  one  ship 
fastens  on  another,  Dryden. 

GRAP'PLED,  pp.     Seized;  laid  fast  hold  on. 
GRAPTLE-ME.\T,  n.     A   grappling;   close   fight  or 

embrace. 
GRAP'PUNG,  ppr.     Laying  fast  bold  on. 
GR.\P'PLI.VG-I'RONS,   «,  pL     Irons  used  as  instm- 
roents  of  grappling   and    holding   fast   a  vessel    or 
Bonie  other  object. 
GRAP'TO-LITE,  n.     [Gr.  j  pan-roj  and  XfOos.] 

A  fossil  Boopbyte,  navine  the  appearance  of  writ- 
ing or  sculpture,  fuiuid  in  the  Silurian  shales. 

Brande, 
GR.\F'Y,  a.    Like  grapes;  full  of  cluslera  of  grapes. 

Addison. 
3.  Made  of  grapes.  Oay. 

GRASP,  p.  t.     [It.  ^a.'tpfire.] 

1.  Toseizeand  hold  by  clasping  or  embracing  with 
the  fioeers  or  arms.  We  say,  to  ^asp  with  the  hand, 
or  with  the  arms. 

2.  To  catch  ;  to  seize  ;  to  lay  hold  of;  to  take  pos- 
session of.  Kings  ofleu  gra^  mure  than  they  can 
bold. 

GRASP,  r.  t.    To  catch  or  seize  ;  to  gripe,     Dnjden, 
a.  To  struggle  ;  to  strive.     {J^ot  in  use.} 

3.  To  encroach.  Dryden. 
To  grasp  at ;  to  catch  at ;  to  try  to  seize.    Aleian- 

dcr  gragped  at  universal  empire. 

GRA?^P,   n.    The  gripe  or  seizure  of  the  band-    This 
seems  to  be  its  proper  sense  ;  but  it  denotes  also  a 
seizure  by  embrace,  or  infolding  in  the  arms. 
S.  Possession ;  bold. 

3.  Reach  of  the  arms  ;  and  figuratively^  the  power 
of  seizing,  Bonaparte  scemt-d  to  think  he  had  the 
Russian  empire  within  his  grasp. 

GRASP'A-BLE,  o.    That  can  be  grasped. 

GRASP'£D,  (crSspt,)  pp.  Seized  with  the  bands  or 
arms  ;  embraced  ;  held  ;  possessed. 

GRASP'ER,  n.  One  whb  grasps  or  seizes  ;  one  who 
cnlches  at ;  one  who  holds. 

GRASP'IN'G,  ppr.  or  a.  Seizing;  embracing;  catch- 
ing ;  holding 

GRA.SP'ING-LY,  adv.    In  an  eager,  grasping  m^^ncr. 

GRAS.*!,  n.  [Sax,  grms^  ^*«i  or  grtrd;  Gnth.  groi  ;  G. 
and  D.  gnu  ;  Sw.  grds  ;  Dan.  gr^j.  In  G.  rafen  is 
turf,  sod,  and  cerrastatj^  to  overgrow  with  grass ; 
hence,  g  may  be  a  prefix.  Orajta  may  be  allied  to 
Gr.  (ijodjcrij,  ir/jnffris,  jf)«oT(S.] 

1.  In  common  usage,  ht  rhnge  ;  the  iilants  which 
constitute  the  too-l  of  cattle  and  other  beasts. 

2.  In  botany,  a  plant  having  simple  leaves,  a  stem 
generally  jointed  anrl  tnbiil:u-,  a  liu^^ky  calyx,  calhd 
^/«in«,  and  the  seed  single.  This  definition  includes 
wheat,  rye,  oats,  barley.  Sec,  and  excludes  clover 
and  some  other  f^ants  which  are  commonly  called 
by  the  name  o(  grass.  The  grasses  form  a  numerous 
fainily  of  (rianls.  hlneyc 

a  rasa  of  Parnassus ;  a  plant  growing  in  wel  ground, 
of  the  genus  Parnassia. 
GRASS,  V.  L    To  cover  with  grass  or  with  turf. 
GRASS,  V.  i.    To  breed  grass  ;    to  be  covered  with 

grass.  Tusser, 

CRAS-SA'TION,  n,    [L.  jrro-t.wrio,] 

A  wandering  about.     UAtiie  used."] 
GRASS'-BI.aDR,  n,     A  blade  of  grass. 
GRAHS'-tiREEN,  a.     Green  with  grass.     SkenstoHC. 

a.  Dark-green,  like  the  color  of  grass. 
GRASS'-CRoWN,  a.     Overgrown  with  grass. 

TKamsmi. 
GRASS'HOP-PER,  «.     [grass  and   hnpA     An   insect 

that  livps  among  grass,  a  spfCies  lyGrvlliis, 
GRASS'I  NESS,  n.      [from  graisij.]     The  state  of 

sboundini;  with  prass ;   a  gras<y  »tatc. 
GRASS'LE.^9,  a.     Di-slitutft  of  gra«s. 


GRA 

GRASS'-PLOT,   n.    A  plat  or  level  spot  covered  with 

grass. 
GRASS'POL-Y,  n.    A  plant,  a  species  of  Lythrum  or 

willow-wort. 
GRASS'VETCH,  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Lathyrus. 
GRASS'\VR.\CK,  (-rak,)  n.     A  plant,  the  Zostera. 
GRASS'Y,  a.     Covered  with  grass;  abounding  with 

grass.  Spenser. 

2.  Resembling  grass ;  green. 
GRATE,  n.  [It  grata,  L.  crates,  a  grate,  a  Imrdle.  Q,u. 

its  alliance  to  the  verb,  to  grate.] 

1.  A  work  or  frame,  composed  of  parallel  or  cross 
bars,  with  interstices  ;  a  kind  of  Inltice-work,  such 
83  is  used  in  the  windows  of  prisons  and  cloisters. 

2,  An  instrument  or  frame  of  iron  bars  for  holding 
coals,  used  as  fuel,  in  houses,  stores,  shops,  &c. 

GRATE,  V.  t.  To  furnisli  with  grates;  to  make  fast 
with  cross-bars. 

GRATE,  r.  (.  [Fr.  gratter.  It,  grattare,  to  scratch  ; 
Dan,  gryttcr,  to  grate,  to  break  ;  Sp.  gricta,  a  scratch, 
a  crevice;  W.  rJtathu,  to  rub  oflT,  to  strip,  to  clear; 
rkathcll,  a  rasp.  See  the  Sheniitic  1^3,  ain,  nin, 
and  n-ip.  Class  Rd,  No.  38,  58,  03,  81.  If  g-  is  a 
prefix,  this  word  coincides  with  L.  rado.     See  Cry.) 

1.  To  nib,  as  a  body  with  a  rough  surface  against 
another  body  ;  to  rub  one  thing  against  anuilier,  so 
as  to  produce  a  harsh  sound  ;  as  to  grate  the  teelh, 

2.  To  wear  away  in  small  particles,  by  rubbing 
with  any  thing  rough  or  indented  ;  as,  to  /^rate  a 
nutmeg. 

3.  To  offend  ;  to  fret ;  to  rex  ;  to  irritate  ;  to  mor- 
tify ;  as,  faarsh  words  grate  the  heart ;  they  are  ffrat- 
ing  to  the  feelings  ;  liarsh  sounds  grate  the  ear. 

4.  To  make  a  harsh  sound  by  rubbing  or  the  fric- 
tion of  rough  bodies,  Milton. 

GRATE,  p.  £.  To  nib  hard,  so  as  to  olTend  ;  to  offend 
by  oppression  or  im[>ortunity. 

Thia  grated  harder  upon  th«  liearta  or  men.  South, 

2.  To  make  a  barsh  sound  by  the  friction  of  rough 
bodies.  Hooker. 

GRATE,  o,     [h.  p-attts.'] 

Agreeable,     pVot  in  use.'\ 
GRAT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Rubbed  harshly  ;   worn  off  by 
rubbing. 
2.  Furnished  with  a  grate  ;  as,  grated  windows. 
GRATE' FJJL,  a.     [from  L.  gratits.    See  Grace,] 

1.  Having  a  due  sense  of  b«-iiefits  \  kindly  disposed 
toward  one  from  whom  a  favor  baa  been  riceived  ; 
willing  to  acknowledge  and  repay  benefits;  as,  a 
grateful  licart. 

2.  Agreeable;  pleasing;  acceptable;  gratifying; 
as,  a  grateful  present ;  a  graltful  offering. 

3.  Pleasing  to  the  taste  ;  delicious  ;  affording  pleas- 
ure ;  as,  food  or  drink  grateful  to  the  appetite. 

Now  ifolilen  fruils  on  lo:i<lr^  bnnch'^  ■)iin?, 

Aaii  graU/ul  diutcra  swdl  with  DmkU  of  wino.  Pope. 

GHATE'FJJL-LY,  adv.  With  a  due  sense  of  benefits 
or  favors  ;  in  a  manner  that  dis[>oses  to  kindness,  in 
return  fur  favors.    The  gift  was  gratefully  received. 

5.  In  a  pleasing  manner.  Study  continually  fur- 
ni^ies  something  new,  which  may  strike  the  imagi- 
nation gratefnUv. 

GRATE'KlJI^iVESS,  ji.  The  quality  of  being  grate- 
ful ;  gratitude. 

2.  Theqnality  of  being  agreeable  or  pleasant  to  the 
mind  or  to  the  taste. 

GRAT'ER,  rt.  [.See  Grate.]  An  Instmmcnt  or  uten- 
sil with  a  rough,  indented  surface,  fur  rubbing  off 
email  particles  of  a  body  ;  as,  a  grater  for  nutmegs. 

GRA-Tie-t.!-LA'TION,  n.  'I'he  division  of  a  det^ign 
or  dm  ft  into  s«)unres,  fur  the  purpose  of  reducing  it 
U\  smaller  dimensions.  GicUL 

GRAT-I  FI-Ca'TION,  n.  [U  erat{fieaiio,  from  grati- 
ficor;  gratus  and  facia,  to  make.} 

1,  The  act  of  pleasing,  either  the  mind,  the  taste, 
or  the  appetite.  We  s{N>ak  of  the  gratification  of  the 
taste  or  the  palate,  of  the  ap|>eiite8,  of  the  senses,  of 
the  desires,  of  the  mind,  soul,  or  heart. 

2.  That  which  affords  ptf-asure;  satisfaction;  de- 
light. It  is  not  easy  to  renounce  gratijic aliens  to 
which  we  are  ncrustomed. 

.3.  Reward  ;  recomjieiise.  Morton, 

GRATM-FI-£D,  (fide,)  pp.  or  a.     Pleased  ;  indulged 

ncrnrding  to  desire. 
GRAT'l-FI-ER,  n.    One  who  gnitifies  or  pleases. 
GR.\T'I-F7,   V.  L     [L.  gratijicor i   gratus^  agreeable, 

and  facio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  please  ;  to  give  pleasure  to;  to  indulge;  as, 
to  grat.fy  the  taste,  the  appetite,  the  senses,  the  de- 
sires, the  mind,  &lz. 

2.  To  delight ;  to  please  ;  to  humor  ;  to  soothe ;  to 
satisfy  ;  to  indulge  to  satisfaction. 

For  who  would  (lie  to  /nUi/y  a  fu6  f  Dr^fden. 

3.  To  requite  ;  lo  recompense. 
CRAT'I-F?-1NG,  ppr.    Pleasing;  indulging  to  Batis- 

fartion. 
2.  a.     Giving  pleasure;   affording  satisfaction. 
GRAT'INO,  ppr.     [See  Grate]      Rubbing;  wearing 
off  in  particbs. 

2.    a.     Frciiing;    irriliiting ;    harsh;    as,  grating 
sound**,  or  a  grating  redection. 
GRAT'INO,  n,    [See  Grate.]    A  harsh  sound  or  rub- 
bing. 


GRA 

2.  A  partition  of  bars,  or  lattice-work  of  wood  or 
iron  ;  as,  the  grating  of  a  prison  or  convent. 

3.  An  open  cover  for  the  hatches  of  a  ship,  resem- 
bling lattice-work  ;  commonly  ttsed  in  Vie  plural, 

GKAT'ING-LY,  adv.  Harshly  ;  offensively ;  in  a  man- 
ner to  irritate. 

GRA'TIS,  adv.  [L.]  For  nothing;  freely;  without 
recompense;  as,  to  give  a  thing  gratis;  lo  perform 
service  gratis. 

GRAT'l-T'll DE,  n.  [L.  gratitudoy  from  gratus,  pleas- 
ing.    See  Grace.] 

An  emotion  of  trie  heart,  excited  by  a  favor  or  l>en- 
efit  received;  a  sentiment  of  kindness  or  good-wil! 
toward  a  benefactor ;  thankfulness.  Gratitude  is  an 
acreeable  emotion,  consisting  in,  or  accompanied 
with,  good-will  to  a  benefactor,  and  *  disposition 
to  make  a  suitable  return  of  benefits  or  services, 
or,  when  no  return  can  be  made,  with  a  desire  to 
see  the  benefactor  prosperous  and  happy.  Grati- 
tude is  a  virtue  of  the  highest  excellence,  as  it  tin- 
plies  a  fueling  and  generous  heart,  and  a  proper 
sense  of  duty, 

Tl|p  tove  of  God  is  the  subllinesl  gratitadt.  Foley. 

GRA-TC'I-TOUS,  a.  [h,  gratuitus,  from  gratus;  Fr. 
gratuit;  It.  grataito.     See  Grace.] 

1.  Free  ;  voluntary  ;  not  required  by  justice  ;  granW 
ed  without  claim  or  merit. 

We  niisuike  Uie  gratuiknu  blessings  of  He«Ten  for  the  fruits  of 
our  own  iuduKU-jr.  L'Ettrangt, 

2.  Asserted  or  taken  without  proof;  ns^  a  gratui- 
tous argument  or  atbrmation. 

GRA-TO'I-TOUS-LV,  adv.  Freely  ;  voluntarily  ; 
without  claim  or  merit ;  witliout  an  equivalent  or 
compensation  ;  as,  labor  or  services  gratuitously  be- 
stowed. 

2.  Without  proof;  as,  a  principle  gratuitously  as- 
sumed. 

GRA-TO'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  gratviti^  from  gratuit,  from 
gratus.'\ 

1.  A  free  gift ;  a  present ;  a  donation  ;  that  which 
is  given  without  a  compensation  or  equivalent. 

2.  Something  given  in  return  for  a  favor;  an  ac- 
knowledgment. 

GRAT'TJ-LATB,  v.  L  [L.  gratulor,  from  gratus,  pleas- 
ing, gmteful ;  Russ.,  with  the  prefix  na,  nagrada, 
recompense  ;  nagrajdayu,  to  gratify,  to  reward.  See 
Grace.] 

1,  To  express  joy  or  pleasure  to  a  person,  on  ac- 
count of  his  success,  or  the  reception  of  sotne  giw)d ; 
to  salute  with  declarations  of  joy  ;  to  cungratulute. 
[  Tke  latter  word  is  more  generally  used.] 

To  gratulaU  tlie  gcutle  priiicca  there.  Sktik, 

2,  To  wish  or  express  joy  to,  Shak. 

3,  To  declare  joy  for ;  to  mention  with  joy. 

B.  Jonson. 
GRAT'lJ-LX-TED,  pp.    Addressed  with  expressions 

of  jov. 
GRAT'1|-LA-TING,  ppr.  Addressing  with  expressions 

of  joy,  on  account  of  some  good  received 
GRAT-U-LA'TION,  n.     [L.  gratulatio.] 

An  addrRss  or  expressitm  of  joy  to  a  person,  on  ac- 
count of  suiue  good  received  by  him  ;  congratnlation, 
1  slinll  turn  my  wishes  into  gratula&orxt .  South. 

GRAT'II-LA-TO-RY,  n.  [L.  gratulatio.]  An  address 
or  expression  of  joy  to  a  i>erson,  on  account  of  some 
good  received  by  him  ;  congratulation. 

GRAT'lj-LA-TO-RY,  a.  Expressing  gratulation  ;  con- 
gratulatory. 

GRA-VA'MEN,  n.  [L.]  In  /aw,  the  grievance  com- 
plained of;  the  substantial  cause  of  the  action.  Bouvier. 

GRAVE,  a  final  syllable,  is  a  grove.  Sax.  graf;  or  it  is 
an  officer,  G.  graf. 

GRAVE,  r.  t. ;  prrt.  Grated  ;  pp.  Graten  or  Grated. 
[Fr.  graver;  Sp.  grabar ;  Sax.  grafan,  G.  grabcn  ;  D. 
graaren;  Dan.  graver;  Sw,  grafva;  Arm.  engrnfft, 
engravi;  \t.  grafadh,  grafaim  ;  W.  cni'/i;ir,  from  rAitj  ; 
Gr.  ypatfit^,  to  write  ;  originally  all  writing  was  grav- 
ing ;  Eng.  to  scrape ;  Ch.  and  Syr,  S'l^,  lo  plow.  See 
Class  Rb,  No.  30.] 

1.  To  carve  or  rut  letters  or  figtires  on  stone  or 
other  hard  substance,  with  a  cliisel  or  edged  tool  ;  to 
engrave.    [  The  latter  word  is  now  more  generally  used.] 

Thou  Shalt  Uke  two  onyx-stones,  mid  grav  fin  Uwm  the  nunies 
of  iho  chiklrcii  of  lamel.  —  Kx.  xxnii. 

2.  To  curve ;  lo  form  or  shape  by  cutting  wjth  a 
chisel ;  as,  to  grave  an  image. 

Thou  ihiilt  not  midte  to  ihee  any  graoen  imajr. —  Ex,  xx, 

3.  To  clean  a  ship's  bottom  by  burning  off  filth, 
grass,  or  other  foreign  matter,  and  payiirg  it  over  with 
pitch. 

4.  To  entomb.     [  Unusual.]  Sfiak. 
GRAVE,  V.  i.    'I'o  carve  ;  to  write  or  delineate  on  hard 

substances;  to  practice  engraving. 
GRAVE,  n.     [Sax.  gra^f;  G.  grab;  D.  and  Sw.  graf; 
Dan.  grav;  Russ.  grab,  a  ditch,  a  trench,  a  grave- 
L.  serohs.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  The  ditch,  pit,  or  excavated  plac^,  in  which  a 
dend  human  body  is  deposited  ;  n  place  for  the  corpse 

2.  A  tomb.  [of  a  human  being  ;  a  sepulclier. 

3.  Any  place  where  the  dead  are  rei>osited  ;  a 
place  of  great  slaughter  or  mortality.     Flanders  was 


TONE,  BULL,  tIMTE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOU«i  — C  an  K  ;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z;  CH  as  8H ;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


GRA 

formorly  tbe  grave  of  English  armies  ;  Russia  pruvcd 
to  be  UwfTSMof  the  French  uriny  under  Ilunniiartc  ; 
Ihe  tn^ical  dimates  are  Uie  grace  of  AiUL-rican  sea- 
men and  of  Bhtiiih  soldiers, 

4.  In  a  figurative  sease^  death  or  destriiclion. 

5.  Oraves ;  in  the  piuraly  sediment  of  melted  tallow. 

BroMiU. 

CRAVE'-€LOT>,  «.    Clod  of  a  grave. 

GRAVE'-€LOTHES,  n.  pL  The  clothes  or  dress  In 
which  the  dead  are  interred. 

GRX\'E'-DIG-GER,  n.  One  whose  occupation  Is  to 
dig  crave*. 

GRAVE'-LOOK-IXG, «.    Appearing  grave. 

GRAVE'  Maker,*,    a  grave-digger.  Sksk. 

GRAVE'-ROB-ItER,  II.    One  who  robs  a  grave. 

GRAVE'-KOB-liING,  «.    A  mbbing  of  the  grave. 

GRAVE't-TOXE,  ».  A  stone  laid  over  a  grave,  or 
erccitrd  near  it,  as  a  monument  to  preserve  the  mem* 
orv  vf  the  dead. 

GR.tVE'VXRD,  n.  A  yard  or  iockmue  Ant  the  inter- 
ment of  the  dead. 

GRAVEI,a.  [Fr.  Sp.«nd  IL  nvw;  Arm. /renu;  from 
L.  gruvuiy  heavy,  wbeucu  L.  graven  and  aggraeoy  to 

mggrmoau.     Hence  grirf^  which  see.    Ar.  ^  'y*^ 

ftmis,  to  overlond,  to  [n^ess,  to  grieve.  Class  Rb, 
Nu.  30.]    Prop«riify  pa's^ing,  heax-y.     Mence, 

I.  in  Mwie,  low  ;  depressed  ;  sitlemn  ;  opposed  to 
«Acr^,  eeiilc,  or  high .-  as,  a  grace  tone  or  sound. 
Sometimes  grmBt  denotes  slow. 

SL  Solemn  ;  sober ;  serious ;  opposed  to  gaig^  '<VA<, 
or  jsrial ;  u,  a  man  of  a  grm>€  deportment  j  a  grave 
cbarmeter. 

Z  MMa  on  MKM  •Hijl  m  BOW  { 

"  ~  n  oome  roIUnf  en.  Prior. 


3.  Plain ;  not  gay ;  not  showy  or  tawdr>' ;  as,  a 
/rare  suit  of  ckAbes. 

4.  Being  of  weight ;  of  a  serious  cliaracter ;  as,  a 
grave  writer. 

5.  Important ;  momenloas ;  having  a  seiions  and 
interesting  iniporL  Lord  ISdtnu    KemL, 

GRAVED,  pp.    [See  the  verb.]    Carved  ;  engraved  ; 

rlrnned,  as  a  ship^ 
GRAVEL,  a.     [Fr.  graveUe^  grarirr;  Arm.  grtveB,  or 

mmgti-grmtieDy  stone-cmvet :   G.  grebrr  Momd^  coarse 

sand;  D.  graveeL     Probably  frum  rubbing,  grating. 

See  GuvB,  the  verb.] 

1.  Small  stoneis,  or  fragments  of  stone,  or  very 
small  pc-bt>b'^,  lar;;iT  tinn  the  particles  of  sand,  but 
oAen  inlenuixfd  with  th^-in. 

5.  In  mattdiu,  a  disease  produced  by  small,  calcu- 
liHts  cimcretioua  in  the  kidneys  ami  bladder.     Cjre. 
GRAVEL,  o.  t.    To  cover  wiili  gravel  j  as,  tu  graed 
a  walk. 

9.  To  stick  in  the  sand.  CamJen. 

3.  To  puczle  ;  to  stop ;  to  erobartasa.  Prior. 

4.  To  hart  the  foot  of  a  hi>rse,  by  gravel  lodged 
under  the  shoe. 

GRAVEL-ED,    pp.    or    a.      Covered    with    gravel; 

ptn[>ped  ;  embarrassed  ;  injured  by  erav**l. 
GRA VE'LESSj  a.     [from  grave.]     \Viiiiout  a  grave  or 

tomb;  unbnned.  Shak. 

GKAVEL-I\G,  ppr.    Covering  with  gravel;  cmbar< 

rasping;  hurting  the  feet,  as  of  a  hon^. 
GRAV'EL-LNG,  n.    The  act  of  covering  with  pravel. 
GRAVEL-LY,  a.      [from  gravel.]     Abounding  with 

gravel ;  consisting  of  gravel ;  as,  a  grartUy  «oil  or 

Kind. 
GRAVEL-U'ALK,  (wawk,)  n.     A   walk   or  alley 

covered  with  i^racc/,  which  makes  a  hard  and  dry 

bottom  ;  used  la  gardens  and  mail^. 
GRA  VE'LY,  adr.    [from  grave.]    In  a  grave,  solemn 

manner  ;  soberly  ;  seriously. 

The  qureo  of  leammg  fracc'y  sinQt'm.  Swi/L 

5.  Witliout  gaudiness  or  show ;  as,  to  be  dressed 
grarrlv. 

GRX-VE-ME\'T£,  [(t.]  In  imrnc,  with  a  depressed 
tone  :  sok-mnly.     [see  Gbatb.J 

GRAVE'.NESSj'a.  Seriousness;  solemnity;  sobriety 
of  behavior  ;  gravity  of  manners  or  discourse. 

Denhanu 

GRA'VE-0-LEN'CE,  n.     [L.  gmri^  and  oleo.] 
A  strong  and  offensire  smell. 

GRA'VE-O-LENT,  a.     Having  a  strong  odor. 

GRAVER,  n.  [See  Gsats.]  One  who  carves  or  en- 
graves ;  one  whose  profession  is  to  cut  lettera  or 
figures  in  stone,  &c. ;  a  sculptor. 

2.  An  engraving  tool;  an  instrument  for  graving 
on  hard  wbstances. 

GRA  VER,  a.  cMsp.     More  grave. 

GRAVEST,  a.  saperL     Most  grave. 

GRAVID,  a.     [L.  graridus,  from  gravis^  heavy.] 

Pregnant;  being  with  child.  HtrherU 

GRAV'ID-A-TED,  a.     Made  pregnant;  big.     (A"of  in 

uae.  ]  Barrow, 

GRAV-ID-A'TION,  a.     Pregnancy.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Pearson, 

CR.WID'I-TY,  m.    Pregnancy.    [-Vot  in  use,] 

ArbathnoL 

GKA-VIM'E-TER,  «.     f L.  gravis,  and  Gr.  jucrp.i'.] 
An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  s|>ecific  gravity 
of  bodies,  solid  or  liquid. 


GRxV 

GRAVING, ppr.  Engraving;  carving;  cutting  figures 
on  stone,  copper,  or  other  hard  sub.s[ance. 

GRAVING,  n.  'ihe  act  of  cutting  ligures  in  hard 
substances. 

2.  Carved  work. 

3.  The  act  of  cleaning  a  ship's  bottom. 

A.  Figuratively,  impression,  as  on  the  heart. 

GRAVITATE,  v.  i,  [Sp.  gruvitar ;  Fr.  graviten 
from  L.  graritas^  fn>m  frrarLf,  heavy.] 

To  be  attracted  according  to  the  law  of  gravitation. 
A  body  is  said  to  graritate,  wlicn  it  tends  toward 
another  body  in  accordance  ivitli  the  law  of  grav- 
itation. 

GR.\VI-TX-TI\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Being  attracted,  or 
tending  t^iward  another  body  according  to  the  law 
of  gravitation. 

GRAV-I-TA'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  tending  to  the  cen- 
ter, or  of  being  drawn  toward  something. 

2.  In  maturai  phUosopkv^  the  tendency  of  alt  matter 
in  the  universe  toward  all  other  matter.  Every  body 
or  portion  of  matter  attracts  and  is  nttmcted  directly 
as  its  quantity  of  matter,  and  inversely  as  the  square 
of  its  distance  from  the  attracting  body.      Olmsted. 

GRA  VI-TV,  n.  [Fr.  grarite  ;  i?p.  gravidad ;  L.  grav- 
Has,  fn>m  fi-aris,  heavy.     See  Grate.] 

1.  Wciglit ;  heaviness. 

2.  In  natural  philosophy^  the  tendency  of  a  mass  of 
matter  toward  its  central  body  ;  particularly^  the  ten- 
dency of  a  body  toward  the  center  of  Ihe  earth  ;  ter- 
restrial gravitation.     Weight  is  the  measure  of  gravity. 

Olmsted. 

The  futw  of  gravittf  In  a  body  b  In  dinct  proportloa  to  in  quan- 
tiiy  oi  nt^Uer.  Anon, 

3.  ^ecific  gravity  ;  the  weight  of  a  body  comiwrrd 
with  another  of  the  same  biillf,  taken  as  a  standard. 
Water  is  the  standard  for  solids  and  liquids,  conunon 
air  for  gases.  Thus  the  exact  weight  of  a  cubic  inch 
of  gold,  compared  with  that  of  a  cubic  inch  of  water, 
is  allied  its  specific  gravtty.  Olmsted. 

4.  Seriousness  ;  sobriety  (^manners  ;  solemnity  of 
deportment  or  character 

Grrat  C»lo  there,  for  framtg  trnowned.  Drydtn. 

5.  Weight ;  enormity  ;  atroclousncss  ;  as,  the  fnn*- 
tCy  of  an  injury.     [A'Vt  it.<c^.]  Hooker. 

6.  In  musiCy  lowness  of  sound. 

GRA'VY,  n.  The  fat  and  other  liquid  matter  that 
drips  from  flesh  in  roastine,  or  when  roasted  or 
baktMl,  or  a  mixture  of  that  juice  with  flour. 

GRAY,  a.  [Sax.  grig,  gneg  ;  G,  grau;  D.  /rraauw ; 
Dan.  ffraae;  Sw.  gra  ;  It.  grisrio  ;  Ii^  gre.  This  is 
prob.ioly  To'ititoiy  Orxcus,  Greek,  Oraii^  the  name 
given  to  the  Greeks,  on  account  of  their  fair  com- 
plexion compared  with  the  Asiatics  and  Africans. 
(See  EuBOFE.) 

^opKVt  S*  av  KijTfti  rpaiai  rcK€  KaXXtvaprfovs^ 
Cx  ycvcrrjs  KoXtaf  rai  6r]  Voaiai  K-iXtovatv. 

Hesiod.  Thfog.  270. 
"  Keto  bore  to  Phorcus  tlie  Grnia?  witli  fair  cheeks. 
white  from  their  birth,  and  hence  tlit-y  were  calleii 
OraiaJ'^  The  Greek  word  j/j  ii.i  is  rendered  an  old 
woman,  and,  in  this  passage  of  Hesiod.  is  supposed 
to  mean  certain  deities.  The  probability  is,  that  it 
is  applied  to  an  old  woman,  because  she  is  gray. 
But  the  fable  of  Hesiod  is  easily  explained  by  sup- 
posing the  author  to  have  had  in  his  mind  some  im- 
perfect account  of  the  origin  of  the  Greeks.] 

1.  White,  with  a  mixture  of  black. 

ThftK  tT"^  ^'>''  <'""  cole   rria^  be  olao  produced  by  mixing 
wliil'i  Antt  blacks.  Seiolon, 

2.  White ;  hoary ;  as,  eray  hair.  We  apply  the 
word  to  hair  tJiat  is  partially  or  wholly  white. 

3.  Dark  ;  of  a  mixed  color ;  of  the  color  of  ashes  ; 
as,  gray  eyes  ;  the  grtfy-eyed  morn.       Oay.     Shak. 

4.  Old  ;  mature  ;  as,  gray  experience.  Ames. 
GRAY,  71.     A  gray  color.                                        Parnelt. 

2,  An  animal  of  a  gray  color,  as  a  horse,  a  badger, 
and  a  kind  of  salmon.  Smart. 

GRAY'-BeARD,  n.     An  old  man.  Shak. 

GRAY'-EV-£D,  fgra'ide,)  a.     Having  gray  eyes. 

GRAY'FLV,  n.     The  tnim[>et-flv.  Milton. 

GRAY'-HAIR-J;D,  a.     Having  grav  hair. 

GRAV'-HEAD-ED,  (gra'lied-ed,)  a.  Having  a  gray 
hrad  or  gray  hair. 

GRAY'HOUND,    n,      [Sax.    grighund.      See    Gret- 

HOU?*D.l 

GRAY'ISH,  o.    Somewhat  gray;  gray  in  a  moderate 

degree. 
GRAY'LING,  n.     A  fish  of  Ihe  genus  Sal  mo,  called, 

also,  umber,  a  voracious  fish,  al)ont  sixteen  or  eiqh- 
teen  inches  in  length,  of  a  more  eli-cant  figure  than 
the  trout ;  the  back  and  sides  are  of  a  silvery-gray 
color.  It  is  found  in  clear,  rapid  streams  in  the  north 
of  Europe,  and  is  excellent  food.      Diet.  JV'at.  Hist, 

GRAY  MAKE.  "  The  gray  mare  is  the  tH;tter  horse," 
—  said  of  a  woman  who  rules  her  husband.     Orose. 

GRAY'iNESri,  n.    The  quality  of  being  gray. 

S'tertpood. 

GR.^Y'SToXE,  n.  A  grayish  or  greenish  compact 
rock,  composed  of  ft^Idspar  and  augite,  and  allied  to 
basalt. 

GRAY'WACKE,  (-wak,)  n,     [G.  grantoaclce.] 

In  geology,  a  cOnglmnenite  or  grit-rock,  consisting 


GRE 

C)f  rounded  pebbles  and  sand  firmly  united  together. 
The  name  is  applied  only  to  certain  rocks  below  the 
coral  series,  and  d('[H)sits  of  shale  are  sometimes  in- 
cluded under  this  designation,  along  with  the  con- 
glonH^rate.  Dana. 

GRAZE,  V.  L  \^nx.  grasian  ;  G.grasen;  D.  graazm  ; 
from  grass,  or  from  the  root  of  L.  roilu,  rasi,  or  rudo, 
rosi ;  Sp.  roiar,  Port,  ro^ar^  to  rub  against,  to  graze. 
Ill  Russ.,  grizu,  or  grezu,  signifies  to  bite,  to  gnaw.] 

1.  To  rub  or  touch  ligbtty  in  passing  ;  to  bnisti 
lightly  the  surface  of  a  thing  in  passing  ;  aa,  the  bul- 
let grazed  the  wall  or  the  earth. 

2.  To  feed  or  supply  cattle  with  grass;  to  furnish 
pasture  for  ;  as,  the  farmer  grazes  large  herds  of 
cattle. 

3.  To  feed  on  ;  to  eat  from  the  ground,  aa  growing 
herbage. 

The  latiiba  with  wolres  «lial!  graze  llie  Tei\lni>t  mend.     Popa. 

4.  To  trnd  grazing  cattle  ;  as,  Jacob  grazed  La- 
han's  sheep.  Shak, 

GRAZE,  ».  i.  To  eat  grass  ;  to  feed  on  growing  herb- 
age ;  as  cattle  graze  on  llie  meadows. 

2.  To  supply  grass  ;  as,  the  ground  wilt  not  graze 
well.  Baeoa, 

3.  To  move  on  devouring.  Bacon. 
GRAZ'EI),  pp.    Touclicd  liyhtly  by  a  passing  body; 

brushed. 

2.  Fed  by  growing  grass ;  as,  cattle  are  grazed. 

3.  Eaten,  as  growing  lierbage  ;  as,  tlie  fields  were 
grazed, 

GRA/.'ER,  n.  One  that  grazes  or  feeds  on  growing 
herbage.  Philipy. 

GRa'ZIER,  (gra'zhur.)  n.  One  who  pastures  cattle, 
and  rears  them  for  market.  Bacon, 

GRAZMNG,  ppr.    Touching  lightly,  as  a  moving  body. 

2.  Feeding  on  growing  herbage  ;  as,  ^aiiM^,' cattle. 

3.  a.  Supplying  pasture  ;  as,  a  ^a:i/i^  Qirm. 
GRAZ'ING,  n.     A  pasture. 

ORAZI-C'SO,  (grat-se-6'so,)  [It.]  In  music,  grace- 
ful, smooth,  and  elegant. 

GRi^ASE,  n,  [Fr.  graisse;  It.  grasso ;  Sp.  grasa, 
grease;  Port,  graia,  grease  for  wheels,  and  a  dis- 
temper in  a  horse  when  his  fat  is  mtlled  by  exces- 
sive action.     Port.  Diet.] 

1.  Animal  fat  in  a  soft  state ;  oily  or  unctuous  mat- 
ter of  any  kind,  as  tallow,  lard  ;  but  particularly  the 
fatty  matter  of  land  animals,  as  distinguished  from 
the  oily  matter  of  marine  animals. 

2.  An  infiammation  of  the  heels  of  a  horse,  which 
suspends  the  ordinary  greasy  secretion  of  Ihe  part. 
and  which  produces  dryness  and  scurfiness,  fulloweu 
by  cracks,  ulceration,  and  fungous  excrescences. 

GRI'.ASE,  (greez,)  v.  t.    To  smear,  anoint,  or  daub, 

with  grease  or  faX. 
2.  To  bribe ;  to  corrupt  with  presents.     [JVbt  ele- 

ga^ft-]  Dr^-.lrn. 

GRK.AS'ED,  pp.     Smeared  with  oily  matter;  bribed. 
GReA9'I-LV,  (ufy.    With  grease  or  an  appearance  of 

it :  grossly. 
GRJCAS'I-JVESS,  a.    The  slate  of  being  greasy  ;  oili- 

n<-s8  ;  uncttmusness.  Boyle. 

GHkAS'LNG,  ppr.    Smearing  with  fat  or  oily  matter; 

bribing. 
GReAS'Y,  (greez'y,)  fl.     Oily;  fat;  unctuous. 

2.  Pmeared  or  defiled  with  grfiase. 

3.  Like  grease  or  oil ;  smooth  ;  as,  a  fossil  that  has 
a  greasy  feel. 

4.  Fat  of  body;  bulliy.     \  Little  tised,]  Shak. 

5.  Gross;  indelicate;  indecent.  Marston, 
GREAT,  o.     [Sax.  great;  I>.  groot ;  G.  grons  ;  Norm. 

gres  ;  IL  grosso  ;  Sp.  grue.fo  ;  PorL  grosso  ;  Fr.  gras ; 
Arm.  gro^z ;  and  probably  L.  crassas.  Great  and 
gross  are  the  same  word  dialcctically  varied  in  or- 
thogmpliy.     See  Class  Rd,  No.  59,  23,  79.] 

1.  Large  in  bulk  or  dimensions ;  a  term  of  com- 
parison, denoting  more  magnitude  or  extension  than 
somethmg  else,  or  beyond  what  is  usual ;  as,  a  great 
body  ;  a  great  house  ;  a  great  farm. 

2.  Being  of  extended  If  nglh  or  breadth  ;  as,  a^eai 
distance  ;  a  great  lake. 

3.  Large  in  number;  as,  a  great  many  ;  a  great 
multitude. 

4.  Expressing  a  large,  extensive,  or  unusual,  de- 
gree of  any  thing ;  as,  great  fear ;  great  hive  ;  great 
strength;  great  wealth;  great  iwwer;  great  influ- 
ence ;  great  folly. 

5.  Long  continued  ;  as,  a  great  while. 

6.  Important;  weighty;  as,  a  great  argument;  a 
great  truth  ;  a  great  event ;  a  thing  of  no  great  con- 
sequence ;  it  is  no  great  matter. 

7.  Chief;  princiijal ;  as,  the  ^cff(  seal  of  England. 

8.  Chief;  of  vast  power  and  excellence  ;  supreme; 
illustrious  ;  as,  the  great  God  ;  the  great  Cn*ator. 

9.  Vast ;  extensive ;  wonderful ;  admirable. 
Great  are  thy  wwrics,  Jchcivah,  lUillon, 

10.  Possessing  large  or  strong  powers  of  mind  ;  as, 
a  great  genius. 

11.  Having  made  extensive  or  unusual  acquisitions 
of  science  or  knowledge  ;  as,  a  great  phdosopher  or 
botanist ;  a  great  scholar. 

12.  Distinguished  by  rank,  office,  or  power;  ele- 
vated ;  eminent;  as,  &  great  lord  ;  the  great  men  of 
the  nation  ;  the  great  ^^ogul ;  Alexander  tlie  Great. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT M£TE,  PRgY.— PINE,  MARINE,  lilUD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- 


GRE 

13.  Dignified  in  aspect,  mien,  or  manner. 

jlatiiUt  Ihe  crowd  ilie  waUiS  ur^nc-ly  ip'eat.  Dryden, 

14.  Magnanimous;  generous;  of  elevated  senti- 
ments; high-minded.     He  has  o  oreiit  soul. 

15.  Rich  ;  8uni[)tuuu3  ;  magnificent.  He  dii^ained 
not  to  appear  at  great  tables  ;  a  great  feast  or  enter- 
tainment. 

16.  Vast ;  sublime  ;  as,  a  great  conception  or  idea. 

17.  Dignified  ;  noble. 

Nothing  can  be  great  which  ia  not  ligfaU  RambUr. 

18.  Swelling  ;  proud  ;  as,  he  was  not  disheartened 
by  great  looks. 

19.  Chief;  principal;  much  traveled;  fts,  a  grc4it 
road.  The  ocean  is  called  the  gre^it  highway  of 
nations. 

20.  Pregnant  -,  teeming  ;  as,  great  with  young. 

21.  Hard  ;  difficult.  It  is  no  frcaf  matter  to  live  in 
peac«  with  meek  people. 

23.  Familiar;  intimate      [VulgarJ] 

23.  Distinguished  by  extraordinar>'  events,  or  unu- 
sual importance.     Jude  C. 

24.  Denoting  consanguinity  one  degree  more  re- 
mote, in  the  a.-jcending  or  descending  line  ;  as  great 
grandfather,  the  father  of  a  grandfather;  zreat  great 
graii'UathtT,  the  father  of  a  great  grandfather,  and 
so  on  itidefinitely ;  and  gretU^  grandson,  ^r«at  great 
grandson,  &.c. 

^.  Supt^-rior ;  pretiminent  j  as,  great  chamberlain  ; 
grent  marshal. 

The  sense  of  great  ts  to  be  understood  by  the  things 
it  is  intended  to  qualify.  Orcat  \mn  or  wrath  is  vio 
lent  p:iin  or  wrath  ;  great  love  ia  ardent  love ;  great 
peace  is  entire  peace  ;  a  great  name  is  extensive  re- 
nown ;  a  great  evil  or  sin  is  a  sin  of  deep  malig- 
nity, &c. 

GREAT,  n.    The  whole  ;  the  gross  ;  the  lumpor  mass ; 
as,  a  carpenter  contracts  to  build  a  ship  by  the  grroL 
2.  People  of  rank  or  distinction.     The  poor  envy 
the  irreaty  and  the  great  de^^pise  the  poor, 

C:RK.\T'-BEI^LI-£D,  a.     Pregnant;  teeming.  Shak, 

<;Rt:.\T'-C6AT,  n.     An  overcoat. 

GREaT'-COAT-ED,  o.     Wearing  a  great  coat. 

(iKEAr'K.N,  V.  L    To  enlarge.     [06s.]  Ralegh. 

GREAT'£N',   r.  C      To  increase ;    to   becoma   large. 

GREaT'ER,  a.  Larger;  more  extensive  or  wonderful. 
GREAT' K-S'I',  a.  Larixesst ;  miisiext«^n-<ive  or  imp<«riant. 
GREAT'-HEART'£D,a.     High-spirited  ;  nndrjected  ; 

noble.  Clareiuiun. 

GUEAT'LY,  adv.    In  a  great  degree  ;  much. 

I  wtll  grtatiy  inuliipl;  thy  mtrrow,  — Geo.  iii. 

2.  Nobty  ;  illustriously. 

By  «  high  f.Uf,  Ok>u  greatly  dklrt  expire.  Dryden. 

3.  Magnanimously  ;  generously  ;  bravely.  He 
greatly  scorned  to  turn  his  back  on  his  foe.  He 
greatly  spumed  the  otfcred  bmm. 

GRE.XT'XE.SS,  n.  IjirgencciS  of  bulk,  dimensions, 
number,  or  quantity  ;  as,  the  greatness  of  a  mountuln, 
of  an  edifice,  of  a  multitude,  or  of  a  sum  of  money. 
With  reference  to  solid  bodies,  however,  we  more 
g.merally  use  balk,  ««-;,  ertent,  or  magnitude^  than 
greatnrjisi  as,  the  bulJc  ut  gilt  of  the  body  :  the  eitmt 
of  the  ocean  ;  the  mngnitade  oi  \he  sun  or  of  the  earth. 

2.  Large  amount ;  extent ;  as,  tlie  grcatntis  of  a 
reward. 

3.  High  degree  ;  as,  the  greatnens  of  virtue  or  vice. 

4.  \\\g\\  rank  or  place  ;  elevation  ;  dignity  ;  dis- 
tinction ;  emioence ;  power;  command. 

P^nw-cll,  a  long  ramw^ll,  lo  aU  my  greatneaa.  Shak, 

5.  Swelling  pride  ;  aflected  state. 

'  It  b  not  oT  pride  or  grtatnetg  ihsi  be  comelh  not  abrMfd  your 
•liipa.  Bacon. 

C.  Magnanimity,  elevation  of  sentiment ;  ttoble- 
ness  ;  as,  greatness  of  mind. 

Virtue  k  the  only  wIW  baak  of  gmattut:  Ramhitr. 

7.  yirength  or  extent  of  intellectual  facuUies  ;  as, 
the  greatness  of  gimius. 

8.  Large  extent  or  variety ;  as,  the  greatness  of  a 
niiri'»  acquisitions. 

1).  Grandeur;  pomp;  magnificence. 

Ortatnei*  with  Timon  dwHli  in  >uch  a  drtiight, 

Ai  Iffin^  all  Brodi^iiag  tufun  yuur  tliuuj^hL  Popt. 

10.  Force;  intensity;  as,  the  greatness  of  sound, 
of  pa;*.-!i(>n,  heat,  ice 
GREAT  f^KAL,  n.    The  principal  seal  of  a  kingdom, 

ai.iti',  i-c. 
GUeAV'E,  forGROTB  and  Groote.    [See  Grotb  and 

G  Koo  »  K . J  S,7e«.>*w. 

GRkAVES,  (grcevz,)  »i.  pi.      [Port,   and   Sp.  grevas. 
In  Fr.  greve  is  the  calf  of  the  leg.] 
J.  Armor  for  the  legs  ;  a  sort  of  boots.   1  Sam.  xvil. 
2.  OreaveSf  or  graves;  the  sediment  of  melted  tal- 
li>w.  Brande. 

GKkRE,  h.     .\  name  commnn  to  numeroi*"  8j«:cies  of 
w<'b-f(Kjied  birds  with  short  wing;*,  an(-  *'  rv  expert 
at  diving,     'i'hey  constitute   Ihu   genus  ndticepa  of 
I^tham,  or  part  of  the  Linn.'ean  grnus  Colymbus. 
PaHington,     P.  Cifc. 
';'M~'''T  W,  (grS'shan,)  a.     Prrinining  lo  Greece. 

■  \,  n.    A  native  of  Greece.    Also,  a  Jew  who 
d  Greek.    jJcts  v\. 


GRE 

?.  One  well  versed  in  the  Greek  language. 
GRF/CrAN-rrUE.     t^eeGREEK-FiRx. 
GRK'CIS.M,  n.     [L.  griEcismu-:] 

_An  idiom  of  the  Greek  language.  Addison. 

GRe'CTZE,  v.  t.     To  render  Grecian. 

2.  To  translate  into  Greek. 
GRf.'CTZE,  I  v.  i.      To  speak  the  Greek  lan- 

GRe'CLA.VTZE,  I       guage. 
GRk'CVA'KD,  (grCs'Izd,)  pp.     Rendered  Greek. 
GRe'CIZ-LN'G,  ppr.    Rendering  Greek. 
GREE,  T».     [Fr.  gre.     See  Agkee.] 

J.  Good-will.     [04;*.]  Spenser. 

2.  Step  or  stair;  rank  ;  degree.  [See  Degree.] 
[Obs.]  Speruer. 

GREE,  r.  t.    To  agree.     [Obs.]     [See  Aoree.] 
GREECE,  n.     [W.  grAz ;  L.  gressus.     It  is  the  plural 
of  Gree,  a  step,  and  is  sometimes  written  Grice,  or 
GnisE.] 

.\  flight  of  steps.     [Ofis.]  Bacon. 

GREED,  n.     Greediness.     [Obs.]  Graham. 

GREED'LLY,   ode.      [See   Greedy.]     With   a   keen 
appetite  for  food  or  orink  ;  voraciously  ;    ravenous- 
ly ;  as,  to  eat  or  swallow  iTcrdily. 
2.  With  keen  or  ardent  desire  ;  eagerly.    Jude  11. 
GREFiD'I-NESS,  n.     Keenness  of  appetite  for  food  or 
drink  ;  ravenousncss  ;  voracity. 

F^x  in  ■tctiUh,  wolf  in  grttdintta.  Shak. 

2.  Ardent  desire. 
GREED' Y,  a.     [Sax.  grxdig ;  D.  greet Ig ;  Goth,  gre- 
dag.*,  from  gredon^  to  hunger.     It  agrees  in  elements 
with  L.  gradioTj  and  probably  signifies  reaching  fiir- 
ward.l 

1.  Having  a  keen  appetite  for  food  or  drink  ;  rav- 
enous ;  Voracious;  very  hungry;  followed  by  </; 
as,  a  lion  that  is  greedu  of  his  prey.     Ps.  xvii. 

2.  Having  a  kt-en  desire  of  any  thing ;  eager  to 
obtain  ;  as,  greedy  of  gain. 

GREED'Y-GUT,  k.  A  glutton  ;  a  devourer  ;  a  bt^Ily- 
pod.     [rulgar.j  Tvdd. 

GREEK,  a.     Pertaining  to  Greece.     [See  Ghav.] 

GREEK,  Ti.     A  native  of  Greece. 
2.  The  language  of  Greece. 

GREEK'ESS,  n.     A  female  Greek.  Taxjtor. 

GREEK'-FIRE,  n.  A  ettmbusiihle  composition  which 
burns  under  water,  the  consiiiuenLs  of  which  are 
supposed  to  be  asphalt,  with  niter  and  sulphur. 

Ure. 

GREEK'ISH,  a.    Peculiar  to  Greece.  Milton. 

GREEK'LING,  n.  A  little  Greek,  or  one  of  small 
esteem  or  pretensions.  B.  Joason. 

GREEK'-ROSE,*H.     The  flower  campion. 

GREEN,  a.  [Sax.  grene;  G.  grtin;  D.  groen  ;  Dan. 
griin;  Sw.  groni  Heb.  pJJi,  to  grow,  to  flouriail. 
Class  Rn,  No.  7.] 

1.  Proper/y,  growing,  flourishing, as  plants;  hence, 
of  the  color  of  herbage  and  [ilants  when  growing,  a 
color  comjiosed  of  blue  and  yellow  rays,  one  of  llie 
origiimt  prismatic  colors  ;  verdant. 

2.  New  ;  fresh  ;  recent;  as,  a  green  wound. 

Tho  gretntMt  usiirpntion.  Burkt. 

3.  Fresh  ;  flourishing  ;  undecaycd  ;  as,  green  old 
age. 

4.  Containing  its  natural  juices  ;  not  dry;  not  sea- 
soned ;  as,  green  W(«Mi  ;  green  timber. 

5.  Not  rousted  ;  half  raw. 

We  Miy  the  meAt  is  green,  when  h.iir  ronUeil.  WaOs, 

[Rarely,  if  ever,  used  tn  Americ.i,] 
U.  Unripe  ;  immature  ;  not  arrived  to  perfection  ; 
as,  green  frulL     Hence, 

7.  Immature  in  age  ;  young;  iuex|)erienced  ;  raw; 
as,  green  in  age  or  judgment. 

8.  I'alc  i  sickly  ;  wan  ;  of  a  greenish  pale  color. 

Siiak. 
In  conkeni,  a  goose  is  said  to  be  grern  until  it  is 
more  than  lltur  months  old.  Kncyc,  Dom.  Kcon. 

GREEN,  n.  The  culur  of  growing  plants  ;  a  color 
com[Mjsed  of  blue  and  vlIIow  rays,  wlnrh,  mixed  in 
different  pro|x>rti(tns,  exhibit  a  variety  of  shades  ;  as, 
apple  greenj  meadow  grecn^  leek  green^  &lc. 

2.  A  grassy  plain  or  plat ;  n  piece  of  ground  covered 
with  virrdant  herbage. 

OVt  Uie  Miiuoth  pnanii'lpd  green.  MUtan. 

3.  Fresh  leaves  or  branches  of  trees  or  other  plants  f 
wreaths  ;  usually  in  the  plural, 

Tho  Irngrmi  greene  I  iwek,  my  bruwa  to  hind.        Dryden. 

4.  The  leaves  and  stems  of  young  plants  used  in 
cookery  or  dressed  for  food  in  the  spring  ;  in  the 
plural. 

In  Ih.it*>ri  trsunn,  wh<>n  d^wcndiny  »liowert 

C^Il  fonli  ihfi  greene,  and  w«ke  Uir  rlwii(j  ftowcra.  Pope. 

GREEN,  V.  t.  To  make  green.  This  is  used  by 
Thomson  and  by  Barlow,  hut  is  not  an  elegant 
word,  and  indeed  is  hardly  legitimate,  in  the  sense  in 
which  these  writers  use  it.  "  Spring  greens  the 
year."  "  Cod  gTM«ij  the  proves."  'I'he  only  legiti- 
mate sense  of  this  verb,  if  used,  would  he,  to  dye 
green,  or  to  change  to  a  prem  cohir.  A  plant  grow- 
ing in  a  dark  room  is  yellow  ;  let  this  plant  be  car- 
ried into  the  open  air,  and  the  rays  of  the  sun  will 
green  it.  This  use  would  correspond  with  the  use  of 
ichiten^  blacken^  retiden. 


GRE 

GREEXaiROOM,  ;  a     i      .    r  .v  r-         . 

GREriVWi-'EO     i  "*     A  P'^"' of  the  genus  Genista. 

GREEN'CLO'l'H,  n.  A  board  or  court  of  justice  held 
in  the  counting-house  of  the  British  king's  house- 
hold, composed  of  the  lord  steward  and  the  ollicers 
under  him.  This  court  has  the  charge  and  cogni- 
zance of  all  matters  of  justice  in  the  king's  house- 
hold,  with  power  to  correct  ofi*enders  and  keep  the 
peace  of  the  verge,  or  jurisdiction  of  the  court-royal, 
which  extends  every  way  two  hundred  yanls  from 
the  gate  of  the  palace.  Johnson.     Eiiexie. 

GREEN'-eOL-OK-£D,  (-kul-urd,)  a.     PiUe  ;  sickly. 

GREEX'-CROP,  ju  A  crop  of  green  vegetables,  such 
as  artificial  grasses,  turnips,  &,c.,  consumed  on  a 
farm  in  their  unripe  state.  Farm.  Encyc, 

GREEN'-EARTH,  n.  A  species  of  earth  or  mineral, 
so  called  ;  the  mountain  great  of  artists.  Vre. 

GUEE\'/':D,  fgrSnd,)  pp.     Made  green. 

GREE\'ER-Y,  M.    Green  plants  ;  verdure. 

GREEN'-EY-SD,  (-Ide,)  a.  Having  green  eyes  ;  as, 
irrren-njed  jealousy.  Shak. 

GReEN'FINCH,  7U  A  bird;  also  called  green  gross- 
beak. 

GREEN'FISH,  n.     A  fish  so  called.  Atns, 

GREEN'GAGE,n.     A  species  of  plum. 

GREEN'-GR5-CER,  n.  A  retailer  of  vegetables  or 
fruits  in  their  fresh  or  green  state. 

GREJ'L\'HAIR-i^D,  a.     Having  green  locks  or  hair. 

GREEN'-HAND,  n.     One  raw  and  inexperienced. 

OREEN'MOpD,  n.     A  state  of  greenness.    Chaucer. 

GREEN'HORX,  TI.     A  raw  youth.  Jf.  Irving. 

GREEN'-HOUSE,?!.  A  house  in  which  tender  plants 
arc  sheltered  from  the  weather,  and  preserved  green 
during  the  winter  or  cohl  weather. 

GREEN'ING,  w.    a  well-known  sort  of  apple. 

GREEX'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  green;  having  a  tinge  of 
green  ;  as,  a  greenish  yellow.  JWmfon. 

GREEN'IS1I-NES.S,  n.     The  quality  of  being  greenish. 

GREEN'LY,  adv.  With  a  green  color  ;  newly  ; 
ffi'slilv  ;  immaturetv.  —  a.     Of  a  green  color. 

GREEN'-MAN'TL£;D,  a.     Covered  with  green. 

GREE.V'NESS,  w.  The  quality  of  being  green  ; 
viridity  ;  as,  the  greenness  of  grass  or  of  a  meadow. 

2.  Immaturity  ;  unripimess  ;  in  a  literal  or  figurative 
sense:   as,  the  grr-enness  of  fruit,  or  of  youth. 

3.  Freshness  ;  vigor.  South, 

4.  Newness. 

GREEN'OCK-ITE,  n.  [from  Lord  Greenock.]  A  na- 
tive suljihuret  of  cadmium,  presenting  a  honey-yellow 
or  orange-yellow  color. 

GREEN'-ROOM,  n.  The  name  given  to  the  retiring- 
room  of  play-actors  in  a  theater. 

GREENS,  n.  pL  The  leaves  of  various  plants,  as 
spinacli,  &c.,  boiled  in  their  green  state  for  food. 
[See  Grekm.]^  Encyc.  of  Dom,  Econ. 

GREEX'-SAND,  n.  A  term  applied  to  beds  of  sand, 
sandstone,  or  limestone,  belonging  to  the  Cretaceous 
Period  ;  so  called  because  green  earth,  or  chlorite, 
isordinarily,thou;^h  not  always, scattered  throughout 
the  sjindstnnc,  limestone,  &.c.  Lyell. 

GREEX'-SICK-NESS,  n.  A  disease  of  females, 
charact(!rized  by  pale,  lurid  complexion,  languor, 
lisilcssnesH,  (U-pravi-d  appetite  and  digestion,  and  a 
morbid  rouilition  of  the  calamimial  excretion. 

GREEN'-SICK-NESS-£D,  (-sik'nest,)  a.  Having  a 
sickly  taste.  Bishop  Rundte. 

GREEN'-SNAKE,  n.  Two  small  species  of  snakejt, 
not  [Kiisonous,  of  the  genus  Coluber,  are  known  by 
this  name  in  the  United  States. 

GREEN'-STALL,  n.  A  stall  on  which  greens  are 
exposed  to  sale. 

GREEN'STOXE,  n.  [So  called  from  a  tinge  of  groen 
in  the  color.] 

A  rock  of  the  trap  formation,  consisting  of  horn- 
blende and  feldspar  in  the  state  of  grains  or  small 
crjMtals.  Ure. 

GREEX'-SWARD,  n.     Turf  green  with  grass. 

GREEX'-VIT'RI-OL,  n.  A  popular  nante  for  the 
sul|ih;ite  of  iron. 

GREEX'-WEED,  n.     Dyer's  weed. 

GREEX'VV001),a.  A  wood  when  green, as  In  summer. 

GREEN'VV(^O0,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  greenwood  ;  as, 
a  grcenttioud' !ih:ule.  Dryden. 

CREE'J',  r.  t.  [Sax.  gretan,  grrttan,  to  salute,  to  ex- 
claim, to  cr>-  out,  to  bid  farewell,  to  approach,  to 
touch  ;  G.  grtisacn ;  D.  groetenj  to  greet ;  Sax.  gra- 
daa,  to  cry  ;  Goth,  greitan,  Sw.  grata,  Dan.  criedfr, 
to  wee|) ;  It.  gridare ;  Sp.  and  Port,  gritar  ;  W.  gry- 
dioHy  grydiau,  to  shout,  to  scream, or  shriek,  to  wad, 
to  n)aKe  a  vehement,  rough  noise ;  perhaps  L,  rudo. 
to  bray,  to  roar.     See  Cliiss  Rd,  No.  7,  19,  43,  70, 7.').] 

1.  'i'u  address  with  expressions  of  kind  wishes; 
to  salute  in  kindness  and  respecL 

My  loni,  the  mayor  of  Londuu  co'itci  to  greet  you.         rSAoi. 

2.  To  address  at  meeting ;  to  address  In  any  man- 
ner. Shak. 

3.  To  congratulate. 

4.  I'o  pay  compliments  at  a  distance  ;  to  send  kind 
wishes  to.     CoL  iv.    2  Tim.  iv. 

5.  To  meet  and  address  with  kindness;  or  to  ex* 
press  kind  wishes  accompanied  with  an  embrace. 
1  Theji.1,  V. 

6.  To  meet  Shak. 


TCNE,  BJJI-X^  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  aa  K;  d  as  J;  »  as  Z ;  CH  as  BH ;  7n  as  in  THIS. 


GRI 

GREET,  r.  t.    To  meet  and  solute. 

Tbrr*  gimt  In  defie*  u  Ifae  doftd  ue  voot, 
AnU  ilM-p  in  pe«ce.  jSot. 

2.  To  weep  ;  written  by  Spenser  Greit.     [  Obs,] 

GREET  ED,  ;>p.     Addressed  with  kind  wishes;  com- 

GREET'ER,  b.    One  who  greets.  [pltineiited. 

GREET'LNO,  mr.  Addressing  with  kind  wishes  or 
expressions  of  Joy  j  complimenting  ;  cunj^raiubtitig  ; 
akhitinc. 

GREET'IXG,  K.  Expression  of  kindrn'ss  or  joy  ;  kiI- 
iitatiiin  St  meeting  ;  compliment  addresased  frum  ont- 

GREEZE,  H.     rU  ffrtssus.)  [abstmU 

A  step,  or  dight  of  sieps^  ^Ois.]     [See  Gscsec] 

GREF'FI-EU,  ».  [Fr.]  [SeeGsAPT.]  A  registmr,  or 
recorder.  ■*>•  W'*^'- 

GRS'GAL,  «.    [U  ^tr.] 

PtTtaining  to  a  flock.  Dic^ 

GRE-GA'R!-AN',  a.  [See  Grxoabiocs.]  Belonging 
(o  the  herd  or  common  sort.  Ilaietil. 

GRE-GA'Rl-OUS,  «.  [L.  grtgariiu,  from  jrw,  s 
herd.] 

Having  the  liabit  of  asaemMing  or  living  in  n  flock 
or  berd ;  noC  babitoally  sidiiAry  or  living  aluiir. 
Qdtle  and  sheep  are  grt^tiriotu  animals.  .Many 
speciet  of  birds  are  grt^wma,  Rapttcioud  aniuuUs 
are  genenlly  natgrtgangut. 

GRE^A'RI-OU8-LT,  attc  In  a.  flock  or  herd ;  in  a 
company. 

GRE-GA'RI-OUS-XESS,  «.  The  state  or  quality  of 
hviue  in  flocks  or  lu'rds. 

GREG'G^E,  s.     \  short  jacket. 

GRE-GO  Rl-A.\,  o.  D»; noting  what  belongs  to  Greg- 
ory.  The  Ortgorian  colt^ndar  is  the  reguhiiiun  of 
the  year  accord  ins  to  the  reformation  introduced  by 
Pope  Gregur>-  XIIL,  in  1582.  The  OregorUn  year 
Is  tlie  year  as  now  reckoned  according  tu  the  Ortgo- 
fisa  calendar.  Thns,  ever>- year  which  ts  divismie 
by  4,  cicepi  those  divisible  b\-  100  and  not  by  400, 
has  3Sis  days ;  all  other  years  have  3G5  days. 

OrtgtriMM  ekaniy  is  choral  music,  according  to  the 
eigl^t  celebrated  church  modes,  as  arranged  by  Pope 
Gregory  I.  PvrUr, 

OrtgormM  teU^copt ;  a  form  of  the  reflecting  leles- 
Gope,  !to  named  frxim  its  inventt^r^  Pn>f.  James  Greg- 
ory', of  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  In  this  telescope 
the  light,  priicivdlng  from  a  he.^v^  nly  body,  is  collected 
by  a  large  concave  mirror,  and  ftirms  an  image  in 
Uie  focus  of  a  small  reflt^ior,  which  transmits  the 
light  back  thriMigb  an  opening  in  the  center  of  the 
large  mirror,  where  it  f  >rms  a  second  image,  which 
is  nugnified  by  the  eye-glass.  OlmsUd. 

OR£n',  r.  L     [Goth.  grtUuJt,^ 

To  lament.    [tJ*^]  Renter, 

GRRlTil,  r.  c    [Sax.  gercadia»,  to  prepare }  ge  and 
krmde-,  ready.] 
To  make  ready.    [  Otut.]  Chmuter, 

GRP.rril,  a.    Goods  j  furniture.     [Oks.]       Chmmctr. 

GRK'MI-.\L,  a.     rU  gremitim.^ 

Belonging  tu  the  lap  or  bosom.  DkL 

GRC-.N'aDE',  s.  [Sp.  frssddo.  It,  grmuta,  Fr.  gre- 
mmdr^  a  ptuusgranate,  or  ffrmim&i  op^e.1 

In  CA«  art  of  tear,  a  liolkiw  hall  or  shell  of  iron^  or 
other  metalf  abntit  two  inches  and  a  half  in  diameter, 
to  be  filled  with  puwdcr,  wliicb  is  tu  \h:  fired  by 
means  of  a  fuse*-,  and  thrown  by  hand  amung  en- 
emies. This,  bursting  into  many  pieces,  does  great 
tnjur>',  an  t  is  particularly  iist-ful  in  annoying  an  en- 
emy in  trenches  and  other  Ii>d«menls.  Encyc 

GRENADIER',  «.  [from  Fr.  grenade,  ^p.eranaJa, 
a  pomt-grm:it(^tree  ;  so  called,  it  is  said,  uom  tlie 
cap  worn,  which  resembled  tiie  flowers  of  thai  tree  ; 
or,  as  otueri  alli^se,  so  caJied  fVom  carrying  and 
tltmwing  hand  grenades.  The  latter  is  tlie  opinion 
of  Lunier.] 

1.  A  fiH'l-soUlier,  wearing  a  high  cap.  Oremadi«r» 
are  usually  tall,  active  soldiers,  distingtiisbcd  from 
others  chiefly  by  th:-ir  dre:^  and  anus ;  a  company 
of  tb'  lu  is  usually  attached  to  each  b.ittalion. 

2.  A  fowl  f  Huid  in  Ansola,  in  Africa.       [Encyc 
GR&\.\T'I-FOUM,  a.    Biing  in  the  form  of  grena- 

tite.        Otbbs. 

GREX'A-TTTE,  ».    SLiurotide  or  !=tnnroIite,  a  mineral 
of  a  dark,  reddish  brown.     It  occurs  imbedded   in 
mica  slate,   and   in    talc,  and  is  infusible  by  the 
blowpipe.     It  is  also  called  jn-istaatie  garnrt.   Cyc, 
GRES-SO'RI-AL,  «.     IxxerHithehgy^  having  three  toes 
of  the  feet  fom-ard,  two  of  them  atnnected,  and  one 
behind. 
GREW,  prrL  of  Gsow. 
GRgY.    8ee  Gkat. 
GRgY'HOUXD,  n.     [Sax.  grighund.^ 

\  tall,  fleet  dog,  kept  for  the  chose. 
GRICE,  R.    A  little  pig. 

2.  A  rtisbl  of  steps.     [See  Gbeece.]     B.  Jojison. 
GRID'DLE,  n.     IW.  grtuUU^  from  grediate,  to  heat, 
singe,  scorch.] 

A  pan,  broad  and  shallow,  for  baking  cakes. 
GRIDE,    r.  L     [\t.  gridare :  Sp.  ^riMr ;  Port.  id. ,"  Fr. 
crier  ;  Eng.  to  cry  ;  Sax.  grauian  ;  Dan.  grttder  ;  Sw. 
grdia.     See  Gscet.] 

To  grate,  or  to  cut  with  a  grating  sound  ;  to  cut ; 
to  penetrate  or  pierce  harshly  ;  as,  the  griding  sword. 

Mdton, 
That  thmugfa  tai  thigh  tbe  mortal  tu^X  did  gridt.      Speiuer. 


GRI 

GRID'E-LIN,  n.     [Fr.  gris  de  fin,  flax  gray.] 

A  color  mixed  of  white  and  red,  or  a  gniy  violet. 

Oryihn. 
GRID'ING,  ppr.     Grating;   cutting  with  a  grating 

sound. 
GRID'I-RON,  Mum,)  n.     [W.  grrdiaw  ;  U.  grfodam, 
to  heal,  scorcli,  roast,  and  iron.    See  Griddle.] 

A  gmted  utensil  for  broiling  flesh  and  flsh  over 
roals. 
GRID'I-ROX-PEXD'II-LUM,  s.  See  Pexdclum. 
GRIP.F,  (gref,J  n.  [D.  grirf^  hurt ;  Fr.  griff,  and  frrt- 
rw,  til  oppress  ;  Sp.  agrario ;  Nonn.  grit^f,  grrf,  greve ; 
It,  grari.-f.  See  Grave  and  .Aggravate.  The  sense 
is,  pre-^-iure  or  oppression.] 

I.  The  p:iin  of  mind  produced  by  loss,  misfortune, 
injury,  or  evils  of  any  kind  ;  sorrow  ;  regreL  We 
experience  grir/  wlun  we  lose  a  friend,  when  we 
incur  l«-is,  wht-n  we  consider  ourselves  injured,  and 
by  sympathy,  we  feel  gritfa.1  the  misfortunes  of  otli- 
ers. 

S.  Tlie  pain  of  mind  ivcasioned  by  our  own  tnis- 
conduct ;  8orn>w  or  rejrret  that  we  hnve  done  wrong ; 
pain  arconuKinying  repinlance.  We  feel  grief  wUen 
we  have  offend-  d  or  injured  a  friend,  and  the  con- 
sciousness of  having  (JlVnded  tlie  Supreme  Being, 
tillt^  the  penitent  heart  with  the  mos-t  tHiignant  gri^. 
3.  Cause  of  sorrow  ;  that  which  afflicts. 

WliWi  WCT¥  K  sritf  ormiiiii  unto  Icarvc  anil  to  Rcbckali,  — Geti. 
A  foutiBli  aut)  w  .1  trit/  lo  hia  Ijlher.  —  Frov.  xeii.  [xxt'w 

GRIP.F'FI;L,  a.     Full  of  grief  or  sorrow.    Saekcilte. 

GRIP.F'-IM-IUT'TER-£D,  a.     Imbittered  by  grief. 

GRIPF'I.ESS,  a.     Without  grief.  JIuloet. 

GRIkF'-SHOT,  a.     Pierced  with  grief.  Shak. 

GRIkV'A-ULE,  a.     I-imcnlable.     [06.*.]        Ooicer. 

GRIEV'.WCE,  H.  [fVom  grit/.]  That  which  causes 
grief  or  uneasiness ;  that  whicn  burdens,  oppresses, 
or  injures,  implying  a  sense  of  wrong  done,  or  a  con- 
tinued injur>',  and  therefore  applied  only  to  the  elTi^ts 
of  humaH  conduct ;  never  to  providential  evils.  The 
oppressed  subject  has  llie  right  to  petition  for  a  re- 
dress of  grievantes. 

GRI£V£,  e.  U  [D.  giitren;  Fr.  greter^  to  oppress  ; 
Sp.  agraciar^  agravar ;  lU  graeare  {  L.  gravo,  from 
gravis.    See  Gratk.] 

1.  To  give  pain  of  mind  to ;  to  afflict ;  to  wound 
the  feelings.  Nothing  grievtJi  a  parent  like  the  con- 
duct of  a  profligate  child. 

S.  To  afllict ;  to  iullict  pain  on. 

Fur  Ik  dotk  not  ftfflia  wiUsigljr,  nor  frwM  die  children  al  men. 
—  LcLfD.  iG. 

3.  To  make  aorrowful ;  to  excite  regret  In. 

4.  To  offend  ;  to  dispkiase  ;  to  provoke. 

GHm*  not  Ute  Uoiy  Spirit  of  God.  —  Cph.  It. 

GBIE\T,  r.  i.  To  feel  pain  of  mind  or  heart ;  to  be 
in  pain  on  account  of  an  evil ;  to  sorrow  ;  to  mourn. 
We  grieve  at  the  loss  of  friends  or  property.  We 
grieve  at  the  misfortunes  of  others.  We  grieve  for 
our  own  mistbrtunes,  follies,  and  vices,  as  well  as 
for  those  of  our  children.  It  is  followed  by  at  or 
far^ 

GRiKV'fD,  pp.  or  a.  Pained;  afllicted ;  suffering 
sorrow. 

GRIf.V'ER,  n.    Ue  or  that  which  grie**es. 

GRIEVING,  ;i^.  or  a.    Giving  pain  ;  afflicting. 

2.  Sorrowing;  exercised  with  grief;  mourning. 
GRIeV'I.\G-LY,  odp.     In  sorrow;  sorrowfully.  S/tak. 
GRIkVOUS,  a.     [from  grieve^  or  grief.]     Heavy  ;  op- 
pressive ;  burdensome  ;  as,  a  /rrjeroi/j  toad  of  taxes. 

2.  Afllictive  ;  painful ;  hard  to  be  borne. 


3.  Causing  grief  or  sorrow. 

Ttae  thin*  w:tj  vprj*  grievoua  in  AbraJiom'*  sight,  becauK  of  hi> 
•oil. — Uvn,  xxL 

4.  Distressing. 

The  fiimine  wm  rerj  grievatf  in  the  land.  — Gen.  xU. 

5.  Great ;  atrocious. 

Bocaiue  their  biii  U  verj  grievout.  —  Gen.  xviii. 

6.  Expressing  great  uneasiness ;  as,  a  grievous  com- 
plaint. 

7.  Provoking;   offensive;  tending  to  irritate;  as, 
.    grievous  words.     Prov.  iv. 

8.  Hurtful;    destructive;    causing  mischief;   as, 
grirroun  wolves,     jiets  XX. 

GRIEV'OU6-LY,  adv.     With  pain;   painfully;  with 
great  pain  or  distress  ;  as,  to  be  grievously  afHicted. 

2.  With  discontent,  ill-will,  or  grief.        KnoUe.8. 

3.  Calamitously;    miserably;   greatly;  with  great 
uneasiness,  distress,  or  grief. 

4.  Atrociously  ;  as,  to  sin  or  oflend  grievously. 
GRIkV'OUS-NESS,  n.     Oppressiveness;  weight  that 

gives  pain  or  distress  ;  as,  the  grievousness  of  a  bur- 
di-n. 

2.  Pain;   affliction;    cal:imity ;   distress;   as,  the 
griecousness  of  sickness,  war,  or  famine. 

3.  Greatness,   enormity;   atrociousness ;   as,   the 
grierousitesg  of  sin  or  offenses. 

GRIF'Fl.X,    {n.    [l-r.irnJan;iip.grifo:lt.gnfo^grif- 
GRIF'FON,  i     fo7ic  ;  G.  grcif;  Dan.  grif;  D.  griffioen ; 

L.  grttps^  gryphus ;  Gr.  j  {ivtp  i  W.  grufj  fierce,  bold, 

a  griffin.] 


GRI 

In  the  natuTfd  history  of  the  aHctfHt.'*,  an  imaginary 
nnirnat,  said  to  be  gOTieraled  bi-Iweeii  the  lion  and 
the  eaf'Ie.  It  is  represented  with  four  legs,  wings, 
and  a  beak,  the  Uftper  part  resembling  an  eagle,  and 
the  lower  part  a  lion.  This  animal  was  sup()osed  to 
watch  over  mines  of  gold  and  hidden  treasures,  and 
was  consecrated  to  the  sun.  The  fl{jure  of  the  grif- 
fin is  st?en  on  ancient  medals,  and  is  still  borne  in 
coat-armor.  It  is  also  an  ornament  of  Greek  archi- 
teclure.  Eneye. 

GKIF'FIN-LIKE,  a.     Resembling  a  grifHn. 

GRIG,  n.     A  small  eel ;  the  sand-eel. 

2.  A  merry  creature,  from  lively  motions,  like 
those  of  the  eel.  Stv^/t 

3.  Health.     [Obs.] 
GRILL,  V.  U     [Fr.  grilUr.'] 

1.  To  broil. 

2.  To  torment,  as  if  by  broiling. 

GRILL,  a.    Causing  terror  or  shaking  witli  cold.  [  Obs.] 

Chaucer. 

GRIL-LADE',  n.  [Fr.]  Broiled  meat,  or  something 
broiled. 

GRIL'LA6E,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  sleepers  and 
cn»:s-t)eauis  on  tvhich  some  erections  are  carried  up, 
as  piers  on  marshy  soils,  &.c.  Buchanan. 

GRILL'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Broiled  ;  tormented. 

GRILL'ING,  ppr.     Broiling;  tormenting. 

GRIL'LV,  «.  (.     To  harass.  [Aoi  in  «,«.]     Ifudibras. 

GRIM,  a.  [Sax,  grimy  fierce,  rough,  ferocious  ;  gram^ 
raging,  f\Jry  ;  gremian^  to  provoke  ;  D.  gram^  angry  ; 
grimmen.,  to  growl;  griviviigy  grim;  grvnimen,  to 
grumble  ;  G.  gritnm,  furious,  grim;  grimmen^  lo  rage  ; 
gram,  grief,  sorrow  ;  Dan.  grim,  stern,  grim,  peevish  ; 
gram,  grudging,  hating,  peevish  ;  W.  grcmiaw,  to 
gnash,  to  snarl,  from  rhem.  whence  rhemialt  to  mut< 
tor.  Ilcnce  Fr.  grimace.  These  words  belong  prob- 
ably to  the  root  of  L.  fremo,  which  has  a  ditlercnt 
prefix,  Gr.  0pipo.i,  Eng.  grumble^  rumble^  It.  grim, 
war.     See  Class  Rni,  No.  11,  13.] 

1.  Fierce  ;  ferocious  ;  impressing  terror  ;  frightful; 
horrible  ;  as,  a  grim  look ;  a  grim  face ;  grim  war. 

M'dton.    Addison. 

2.  Ugly  ;  ilMooking.  Shak. 

3.  Sour;  crabbed;  peevish;  surly. 
GRLM'-FAC-£D,  (fiste,)  a.    Haviiig  a  stem  counte- 
nance. 

GRIM'-GRIN-NING,  a.  Grinning  with  a  fierce  coun- 
tLiiance.  Shak. 

GR1M'-VIS-AG-£D,  (-viz-ajd,)  a.    Grim-faced. 

GRI-MACE',  n.  [Fr.,  from  grim,  or  its  root ;  Sp.  gri- 
maio.] 

1.  A  distortion  of  the  countenance,  from  habit,  af- 
fectation, or  insolence.  Spectator. 

2.  An  air  of  aflect.itinn.  OranviUe. 
["  Half  the  French  words  used  aflectedly  by  Me- 

lanllia,  in  Drj-den's  Marriage  d-la-Mode,  an  iiinova- 
tioDS  in  our  language,  nre  now  in  common  use  :  cha- 
grittj  doubie-eniendre,  cdaireuiaement,  ernbarra.t,  e/pii- 
votjuCy  faible,  grimace,  nuivetCy  ridicule.  All  these 
words,  which  she  learns  by  heart  to  use  occasion- 
ally, nre  now  in  common  use." 

D'Israeli,  Curiosities  of  Literature,  Second  SerieSy 
2d  ed.  vol.  i.  p.  3'J5.  — E.  H.  B.] 
GRI-MAC'£D,    (gre-maat',)  a.     Distorted;    having  a 

crablied  look. 
GRI-MAL'KI\,  71.     [Qu.  Fr.  grisy  gray,  and  malkin.] 
The  name  of  an  old  cat.  Philips. 

GRIME,  n.  [Ice.  grymcy  Sax.  Arum,  BOOt ;  Ralihinic, 
0113,  soot.     Class  Rm,  No.  21.] 

Foul  matter;  dirt;  sullying  blackness,  deeply  in- 
sinuated. Shalt.     H'uodward, 
GRIME,  V.  L    To  sully  or  soil  deeply  ;  to  dirt.  Shak. 
GRIM'LY,  a.    Having  a  hideous  or  stern  look. 

Bcaum.  ^  Ft. 
GRIM'LY,  adv.    Fiercely  ;  ferociously  ;  with  a  look  of 
fury  or  ferocity.  Addison. 

2.  Sourly;  sullenly.  Shak. 

GRIM'NESS,  TU    Fierceness  of  look  ;  sternness  ;  crab- 
bed ness. 
GRI'MY,  a.     Full  of  grime  ;  foul. 
GRIN,    v.i.     [Sax.  grimiian;  G.  greincn,  grins  m  ;  D, 
gryncn,  gririzcn ;    Sw.  grina  ;  Dan.   grincr.     In   W. 
ysgymwg  is  a  grin  or  snarl,  and  ysgorn,  scorn.] 

1.  To  set  the  teeth  together  and  opt;n   the  lips,  or 
to  open  the  mouth  and  withdraw  the  lips  from  the 
teeth,  so  as  to  show  them,  as  in  laughter  or  »corn. 
FooU  grin  on  fotAs.  Yuung, 

9.  To  fix  the  teeth,  as  in  anguish. 
GRIN,  71.    The  act  of  closing  the  leuth  and  showing 
them,  or  of  withdrawing  tlie  lips  and  showing  the 
teeth.  JidUl-ion.     iVaU.^. 

GRIN,  n.     A  snare  or  trap.     [JV"wt  rn  use.]     Chaucer. 
GRIN,  V.  L     To  express  by  grinning. 

grinned  horribly  a  gh.ifidy  •inile.  MUlon, 

GRIN*  ,  v.U;  preL  and  pp.  Groukd.  [Sax.  grindan. 
Thi  vurd,  if  n  is  radical,  may  be  allied  to  read;  if 
not,  it  coincides  with  p-ate.  See  Chiss  Rn,  No.  9, 
to  make  smooth,  as  mollis  in  L,  allied  to  mo/o.j 

I.  To  break  and  reduce  to  fine  particles  or  jwiwder 
by  friction  ;  to  comminute  by  attrition  ;  to  triturate. 
Take  the  millsioncs  ami  grirji  mcul.  —  Is.  xlvii. 
We  say,  to  grind  meal;  hut  this   is  an  elliptical 
phrase.    The  true  phrase  is,  lo  grind  corn  to  meal* 


FATE,  FAR,  FiVLL,  WU^T.  — MeTE,  PRfiV.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

520 


GRI 

2.  To  break  and  reduce  to  siunll  pieces  by  tlie  ti;.'lli. 

3.  To  sharpen  by  nibbing  or  friction  ;  to  wVar  off 
the  substance  of  a  niet;Ulic  inslrumotil,  and  reduce 
it  to  a  shrirp  edge  by  the  friciion  of  a  stone ;  a-?,  to 
^ind  an  a.x  or  scythe. 

4.  To  make  smot)th  ;  to  polish  by  friction:  as,  to 
grind  glas?. 

5.  To  rub  one  against  another, 

lUtiJi  lound*,  and  Uie  grinriirt^  of  one  «lnrn»  agaiitrt  nnwher, 
Ill-lie  a  •lii»i:riiig  w  Jjorrur  in  Uie  Uxljr  and  »^-[  ilie  i<-.-lli  oq 

6.  To  oppress  by  severe  exaction's ;  to  afflict  cruel- 
ly :  to  harass ;  as,  to  ^ind  the  faces  of  the  poor. 
Is.  iii. 

7.  To  criHh  in  pieces;  to  niin.    MaH,  xxi. 

8.  To  grate  ;  a.-?,  ^rindin^  pain.-*.  Dntden. 
GUTXD,   V.  i.     To  perform  the  operation  of  grinding; 

lo  move  a  ni:II.  Miltim. 

2.  To  be  movf'd  or  mbhed  toffether,  as  in  tlie  ot>- 
eralton  of  griiidin?;  as,  the  Ending  jnws.    Roire. 

3.  To  be  [intiind  or  pulverized  by  friction.  Com 
will  not  jrriad  weJ!  before  it  is  dry. 

■1.  To  be  polished  and  made  smooth  by  friction. 
Ghis;^  ^intis  fini(H3th. 

5.  To  be  stiarpened  by  grinding.    Steel  erirtda  to  a 
fine  edffe, 
GUi.N'D'ER,  It.    One  that  frrinds,  or  moves  a  miM. 
ii.  The  instrument  of  grindinp.  PhUipft. 

3.  A  tooth  that  grinds  or  chews  food;  a  double- 
tooth  :  a  jaw-toolh. 

4.  The  teeth  in  geneml.  Dryden. 
GRT.VD'IXG,  ppr,  or  a,    R.ducing  to  powder  bv  fric- 
tion ;  triturating  ;  levigating;  chewing. 

2,  Making  sharp  ;  making  smooth  or  ptdishine  by 
friction. 


GRO 


GRO 


;  al- 


^.  Oppr-'i.-Jing. 

<;i:T\;f  INi;,  „.    The  act  of  reducing  to  powder 
<■_.   ■!  ^t^rcH'ning  or  poHshing. 

OKiMj  .SiO-NC,  n.  A  flat,  circular  stone  used  for 
grinding  or  sharpening  tools.  Oriudle^tone,  used  by 
old  writers,  is  obsolete. 

GRIN'NER,  n,  [SeeGairr.]    One  that  grin-?.  .>?(/./.'.*on. 

GRIX'MN'G,  ppr.  or  a.  Closing  the  teeth  and  shnw- 
ine  them,  as  in  laughter  :  a  shuwiuc  of  ilie  teeth. 

GBI\'\I\G-LV,  flrfp.    With  a  crinning  laugh. 

GRIP,  B.     The  griffin.    [JVottHujc]  Shah. 

GRIP,  n.     [Dan.  jrrcb  :  G.  ip-iff.     See  Gripe.] 

A  grasp  ;  a  holding  fa>l.    [  Oh.wttie  or  vj.mr^ 

GRIP,  n.     [D.  frro^p:  P:ix.^rvn.]  '       ^ 

A  small  diicb  or  furrow.    LVot  uted  in  .America,] 

GRIP,  r.  (.    Tp  trench  ;  to  dram.     [J\'.,t  u^rd,] 

GRIPE,  V.  t.  [Sax.  gripan  ;  Goth,  rrreipan  ,■  D.  gntprn  ; 
G.  greifen  ;  Bw.  gripa;  Dau.  gribcr ;  Fr.  grippcr ; 
Arm.  scraba,  BCrapein ;  \V*.  ortiA,  a  cluster,  a  gr:ij)e ; 
;rrabin,  a  cla^iping  ;  grabiitiatp,  to  graiiple,  to  scram- 
ble. Qu.  8ans.  jrrrprpan.  These  words  may  be  al- 
lied in  origin  to  L.  rapio.] 

1.  To  seize  ;  to  grasp ;  lo  catch  with  the  hand,  and 
to  cla*ip  cJiiscIy  with  the  fingers. 

2.  To  hold  fast;  to  hold  with  the  Angers  clostily 
pressed. 

3.  To  seize  and  bold  fast  in  the  arms  ;  to  embrace 
closely. 

4.  T.)  cKwe  the  fingers  ;  to  clutch.  Pope, 
.■>.  Til  pinch  ;  to  pn-ss  ;  to  com[fress. 

6.  To  give  pain  to  the  bowels,  as  if  by  pressure  or 
contraction. 

7.  To  pinch  ;  to  straiten  ;  to  distress  :  as,  irripine 
poverty.  '      » e    *■    « 

GRIPE,  r.  i.  Ti)  seize  or  catch  by  pinching;  to  get 
money  by  hard  bargains  or  mean  exactions :  as,  a 
gripin's  miser. 

2.  To  feel  the  c  .lie.  Locke. 

3.  To  bring  her  bead  I.  o  close  tn  the  wind,  as  a 
^  "hip.  ij.  //.  f)a„a,  Jr. 
GRIPE,  n.    Gnisp;  s<'izurc;  fast  bold  with  the  hand 

or  paw,  or  willi  ihe  amur.  S/toA.     Dnjdfn. 

2.  Squeeze  ;  pressure.  Dnjde.n. 

3.  Oi^resslitn  ;  cruel  exarlic.ns.  Skak^ 

4.  AtHiction;  pinching  distress;  as,  the  gr'tpa  of 
poverty. 

5.  In  geamen'a  languaz^-,  'he  fore-fof.t,  or  piece  of 
timber  which  terminates  the  keel  at  the  fore  end, 

TotUn. 

6.  OripM;  in  thg  plural^  pain  in  the  intesttULS  of 
the  character  of  that  which  accompanies  a  lax.  This 
sort  of  pain  in  the  intestines  is  technically  called  tvr- 
mina, 

7.  Oripts  ;  in  aeameu^s  lanirua^re,  an  assemblage  of 
r.tpf«»,  dead-eyes,  and  hooks,  fastened  tu  ring-iiolts 
in  the  deck,  to  secure  the  boats.  TotXen. 

GRIPE'FUL,  a.     Disixwed  to  eripe. 

ORIP'ER,  n.  One  who  gri[>*.'9;  an  oppressor:  an  ex- 
tort ionrr. 

GRTP'LVG,  ppr.  or  a.  Grasping;  seizing;  holding 
fa-*!;  pmcMing;  nppre'»'«trig  ;  distressing  the  bowels. 

ORTP'fN'G,  n.  A  pinching  (»r  grasp;  a  peculiar  pain 
of  the  int^sitnet,  aw  in  a  lax  or  c  .lie. 

ii.  It)  sranun^i  lanfran^rt^  the  iriclinntinn  of  a  ship 
to  nin  to  the  windward  «»f  her  course.    Mar.  DicL 

GRIP  L\G-LY,  orfc.  Witli  a  pecu:iar  pain  in  the  In- 
testines 


GRIP'PLE,  fl.    [from  nTi;(e.]     Griping;  greedy;  cove- 
tous ;  unfeetinir.    [Obs.]  Speitser. 
0.  Grasping  f;ist;  tenacious.     rOfts.l         Siieiufer. 
GRIP'PLE-NEPS,  n.     dvetousness.  [045.1  »;..  Hull. 
GUI*,  (grCz,)  n.    [Fr.  grL^,  gray.] 

A  kind  of  fur,  Chaucer 

GRIS'AM-UER;    used,  by  Milton,  for   Amhbhgris. 

[pb*.] 
GUl.SE,  71.     A  step,  or  scale  of  steps,    [h.  gressit.t,  Sw. 
resa.    See  Greece.]    [Obs.]  S/iak. 

2.  A  9Witu\    [Oi*.] 
ORIJ^ETTE',   Cgre-zet',)    n.     [Fr.]     A   tnidcsman's 

/-,r;'^?^7-vT**^"^''^'''^-  E*^"*  "■"'■''•J  «'"•««• 

tjRlt.KLN,n.  [Scet^EisE.]  The  spine  of  a  hog.  fAVt 
in  us/:)  *■ 

GRIS'LI-NES?,  n.  Quality  of  being  grisly,  or  horri- 
'^*'^-  Sidnnj. 

GRIS'LY,  (griz'iy,)  a.  [Sax.  s-rUlic  ;  G.  nrns.*,  ^m--^- 
tich,  and  sraus ;  W.  ecnjs^  dire,  sliocking,  that  causes 
to  sun,  from  rhys,  a  rushing  ;  Sax.  a-rriaan.  to  shud- 
der.] 

Frightful;  horrible;  tt-rrible ;  as,  ^khj  locks;  a 
grimly  countenance  ;  a  jrw/i/  face  ;  a  grisly  spt'ctor. 
aiiali.     Milton.     Ih-ijdau 
Orithj  bear.     See  Grizzly. 

GRI'SON,  H.  A  South  American  animal,  of  the  glut- 
ton kind,  a  little  larger  than  a  we.-wel.  Parlin.rtvn. 

GRI'SCN'S,  (gre'zunz,)  n.  pL  Inhabitants  of  the  east- 
ern Swiss  Alps. 

GRIST,  n.  [Sax.  ^rU,  Eth.  (h/,R  tJiarat.^,  to  grind, 
coinciding  with  Ileb.  and  Ch.  Y^n.  Class  Rd,  i\o. 
CO,  58,  &c]  ' 

1.  PnipeHy,  that  which  is  ground;  hence,  corn 
ground  ;  but  in  cummoa  u.^a^/-,  it  signifit-s,  corn  for 
grinding,  or  that  which  is  ground  at  one  tiuie ;  as 
much  gmin  as  is  carried  to  tlic  mill  at  one  time,  or 
the  meal  it  prtKluce;:}. 

G-l  grist  to  tlip  mill  lo  hare  plenty  [a  noip.  TWht. 

2.  Supply  ;  provision.  Sieift. 

3.  Profit  ;  gain  ;  [as  in  Latin  emofumrntum,  fnun 
mold,  to  grind  i]  in  the  phrase,  it  brings  grist  lo  the 
mill. 

GRIS'TLE,  (gris'I,)  n.  [Sax.  ^iV/c  ,■  perhaps  the  L. 
cartd^  in  c^rtilaffo  ;  cart/7  f.-r  rratil.  UU.  Gr.  ku.jrx- 
/JOs,  «->firf'iM^,  strong,  or  Ir.  crislivn,  sinews.] 

A  cariilaire  ;  a  smooth,  solid,  ela.^tic  substance,  in 
animal  In. dies,  chielly  in  thosi*  parts  where  a  small, 
easy  motion  is  retpiired,  as  in  the  nose,  ears,  larynx, 
trach'^i,  and  sttrnum.  It  covers  the  ends  of  all 
bones  which  are  united  by  movable  articulations. 

Q,uinrii. 

GRIST'LV,  a.  Consisting  of  gristle  ;  like  gristle  ;  car- 
tilagini»U9  ;  as,  the  gristly  rays  of  tins  connected  by 
membranes.  iiay. 

GRIST'-MILL,  n.    A  mill  for  grinding  grain. 

GRIT,  n,  [Sax.  a-reot,  or  gn/t,  gnittaf  G.  grtes,  grit  ; 
griitzc,  groats ;  D.  ^tm/,  ifru/f/^,  and  ^uis  i  l>an.  ijrru^, 
or  s-rifd;  Sw.  griu,  probably  allied  to  irratr :  Han. 
gryttcr,  to  bruise  or  grate  ;  \V.  grat,  grad^  the  latter 
iVom  rAurf,  a  cast,  or  driving  forward.] 

1.  The  cijarse  part  of  meal. 

2.  Oats  hulled,  or  coarsely  ground;  written  also 

G  BO  ATS. 

3.  Sand  or  gravi-I ;  rough,  hard  particles. 

4.  A  hard  sandstone  ;  atouo  composed  of  particles 
of  sand  agylutinated. 

GRITII,  n.     Agreement.     [Ayt  tn  use.]  Chaucer. 

GRIT'ROCK,     t  a      r^  »,      < 

GRIT'STANE.  j  ^*^«  ^"^'^  ^°-  ^^ 
GRIT'TI-NP^SS,  71.     The  quality  of  containing  grit,  or 

consisting  of  grit,  sand,  or  small,  bard,  rough   imrti- 

cles  of  (-tone. 
GRIT'TV,  a.     Containing  >nnd  or  grit ;  consisthig  of 

grit ;  full  of  hard  particles;  sandy, 
ORIZ'EMN.     HreGRiDELirf. 
GRIZ'ZLE,  n.     [Fr.  Sp,  and  Port.  gr!s,  gray.] 

Gmy  ;  a  gray  color  ;  a  mixture  of  white  and  black. 

Hhak. 

n  r   '^''^■^•'  "•    ^""^y  i  •'fa  mixed  color.     Oen.  xxxi. 
GRIZ'ZLY,  a.    Somewhat  gray.  Bacon, 

Orizihj  bear  ;  a  tart't;  and  ferocious  bear  of  V\'»;stern 

North  .\merica.  the  Ursus  feroz  of  Lewis  and  Clark. 
GROAN,    V.  i.     [Sax.  granian^  grunan;  VV.  grwnnn; 

L.  grannio;  Fr.  grander;  Siugrumr:  It.  grugnirci 


^f-  ^  ranna,  Ilch.  and  Cli.  in,  to  cry  out,to  groan  ; 

L.  rann^  a  frog.     Class  Rn,  No.  4.] 

1.  To  breathe  with  a  deep,  murmuring  sound;  to 
utter  n  mournful  voice,  as  in  pain  or  sorrow, 

Por  wp,  tliat  nn;  In  this  labcmacji:,  do  groan,  Uioff  twnlenej. 

2  Cur.  ».  >       •         .        s 

9.  To  sigh  ;  to  be  oppressed  or  nfllicted  ;  or  to  com- 
plain  of  oppression.      A   nation   groans  under   the 
weight  of  Lixes, 
GRGAN,  II.    A  deep,  mournful  sound,  uttered  in  [»ain, 
8(jrrow,  or  anguish. 

2.  Any  low,  rumbling  sound ;  as,  the  groans  of 
rfiaring  wind.  shak. 

GRQAN'FI/L,a.    Sad  ;  inducing  groans.      Spraser. 
GROA.V'ING,  ppr.  or  a.      Uttering  a  low,  mournful 
sound. 


GKoAN'ING,  «.     'I'lio  act  of  groaning;  lamentation  j 

complaint ;  a  deep  sound  uttered  in  i«tin  or  sorrow, 

1  hiire  h-'onl  the  groaniii  g  of  ilic  children  of  Urn-'-l . Ex.  »I. 

2.  In  JiuntJitg^  the  cry  or  noise  of  the  buck. 

GROAT,  (gniwt,)  w.  [D.  groot,  G.  grot,  that  is,  grrat, 
a  jfre^it  piece  or  coin  ;  so  called  because  bpfL)re  tiiis 
piece  was  coined  by  Edward  III.,  the  English  had  no 
silver  coin  larger  tlian  a  penny.] 

1.  An   English  momy  of  account,  equal  to  four 

2.  A  proverbial  name  for  a  small  sum.  [pence. 
GROATS,  (grawts,)  ».  ;,fj»fSee  GniT.]   Oats  tliut  have 

the  hulls  taken  off. 
GROATS'-VVORTH,  (grawts'wurth,)  n.    The  value 

of  a  groat.  Sherwood. 

GRo'CER,  M.  [This  is  usually  considered  as  formed 
fntm  gro.-s,  but  in  other  languages,  the  corresponding 
word  is  from  the  name  of  plants,  herbs,  or  spices  ; 
D.  kruidenirr,  from  kriiid,  an  liorb,  wort,  spices  ;  vnirz- 
krdrnrr^  a  dt;aler  In  wort;',  herbs,  or  spices ;  Sw.  krydd- 
krdmare.  Tlie  French,  ii)iauish,  and  Portuguese,  use 
words  formed  from  the  name  of  spice,  and  the  Ital- 
ian is  from  the  sjitnc  word  as  drug.  It  would  seem, 
then,  that  a  grocer^  whatever  may  be  the  origin  of  the 
name,  was  originally  a  seller  of  spices  and  other  vc- 
eUibles.] 

A  trader  who  deals  in  tea,  sugar,  spices,  coffee 
liquors,  fruits,  &c. 
ClvO'CER-Y,  n.    The  commodities  sold  bv  grocer^.    It 
is  used  in  the  singular  in  England,  in 'the  plural  in 
the  United  Slates. 
2.  A  grocer's  store.  United  States. 

GROG,  n.  A  mixture  of  spirit  and  water  not  sweet- 
ened. 
GROG'-BLOS-SOM,  n.  A  rum-bud  ;  a  redness  on  the 
nose  or  face  of  men  wlio  drink  ardent  spirits  to  ex- 
cess ;  a  defonnity  that  marks  the  beastly  vice  of  in- 
temperance.  Jimeriea. 

GROG'-DRLNK-ER,    n.      One   addicted   to   drinking 

grog. 
GUOG'GY,   fl.     A   groggy   horse,   is   one   that  b<*ar8 
wholly  on  his  heels  ni  trotting.  Cye. 

2.  In  luil gar  language,  liim  :  intoxicated. 
GROG'RAM,  )         ,,. 
GROG'RAX,  j  "•     L"*  grossagrana,  gross  grain.] 

A  kind  of  stuff  made  of  silk  and  mohair. 
GROO'SHOP,   ».     In  Jfmerica,  a  shop  where  grog  and 
other  spirituous  li(|uors  are  retailed.    Groogkuv  lias   I 
also  boon  Ut-ed  of  late. 
GROIN,  n.    [Ire.  and  Gi'th,  ^ciB.    Chalmers.    But  I 
do  not  find  ttiis  in  Lye.] 

1.  The  dt  pressed  part  of  the  human  body  between 
the  helly  and  the  thigh. 

2.  Among  builders,  the  angular  curve  made  by  the 
inlcrsf.'ction  of  two  semi-cylinders  or  arches.    Enaic 

3.  [Ft.  groin;  Gr.  /it..]  The  snout  or  nose  of  a 
swine.  Chaucer. 

GROIN,  P.  I,     To  groan.     [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

GR(7lN't"D,  a.     Having  an  angular  curve  made  by  the 

intersection  of  two  semi-cylinders  or  arches;  as,  a 

groined  arch  ;  a  groined  ceihng. 
GROM'ET,      )  n.      [Ann.  gromm,  a  curb,  Fr.  gour- 
GROM'MET,  \      mette.]       *  '  '6 

Amongsca»/ieM,  a  ring  formed  of  a  strand  of  rope 

laid  round,  used  fur  various  purposes.  Tottm. 

GRO.M'WELL,  >  n.     A  plunl  of  the  genus  Lithosper- 
GRO.M'IL,  i      HUini.     'i'ho    Qcnaaa   Oromwcll    is 

the  Stellera.  ^o  ^  fam.  qf  PlanU, 

GROOSI,  n.    [Pcr«.  Lojii.  ^rtrma,  a  keeper  of  horses. 

Clw.  Flemish  or  old  D.  grom,  a  boy.] 

1.  A  boy  or  young  man  ;  a  waiter ;  n  servant. 

2.  A  man  or  boy  w  bo  has  the  cliarge  of  horses  ; 
one  who  takes  care  of  horses  or  the  stalde, 

3.  In  Eiigliindy  a  title  of  several  ollicera  of  the 
royal  bousehuld,  chiefly  in  the  lord  chamberlain's 
dejtarlment ;  us,  the  ^r«i»«i  of  the  chamber  ;  ft-oohi  of 
the  stole  or  robes.  Brandr. 

GROOM,  71.  [Sax.  and  Goth,  guma,  a  man.]  A  man 
recently  marri*-d,  or  one  who  is  attending  his  pro- 
pos<'d  spouse  In  order  to  be  nmrricd  ;  used  in  compo- 
sition, as  in  bridegroomj  which  see.  [This  is  a  pal- 
pable mistake  for  ^o»f«.J 

GROOM,  V.  t.    'i'o  take  care  of  horses. 

GROO.M'INc;,  n.     Tlic  care  and  feeding  of  horses. 

GROOM'-POR'TI:R,  n.  An  ollicer  in  the  household 
of  th  •  king  of  England,  who  succeeded  the  niastir 
of  revels,  and  gave  direction  as  t()  sports.     Fosbruke. 

GROOVE,  (groov,)  n.  [Ice.  groof\  Sw.  gropi  but  it 
is  merely  a  variation  of  graoe.  See  Guave  and 
Gnii'.l 

1,  A  furrow,  channel,  or  long  hollow  cut  by  a  tool. 
Among  joiHcrs,  a  channel  in  the  edge  of  a  molding, 
style,  or  rail. 

2.  Among  miners^  a  shall  or  pit  sunk  into  the 
earth. 

GROOVE,  V.  t,     [Sw.  grdpa.] 

To  cut  a  channel  with  an  edged  tool ;  to  furrow. 
CliOOW  EVt,  pp.     Channeled;  cut  with  griwwes. 
GROOVER,  H.     A  miner.     [Local.]  UoUoway. 

GUOOV'LN't;,  ppr.    Cutting  in  channels. 
GROi'E,  V.   u     [Sax.  gropian^  grapian;    G.   grabhrUy 
greifen;  W  grypcn,  grabbelen ;  VfaXX.  gribcr,\.o  gripe, 


TONE,  Bt;LL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  Vr^CI0C;8.-€  as  K ;  6  m  J  j  a  as  Z ;  Cll  as  SII  j  TH  as  In  THI& 


6C 


r»y| 


GRO 


GRO 


T< 


to  grope  ;  Sw.  *Tm*U»  Dan.  ^ublrr,  to  search. 
Knae  is,  to  feel  or  hi  caicli  with  the  hand.] 

L  To  feel  alone ;  to  search  or  uiteinpl  to  find  in 
the  dark,  or  a*  a  Hind  pnaoci,  by  feeling. 

Wa  grvma  for  tl»  ««1I  tike  the  Ulud.  -  It.  lix. 

Tbt  djmif  twKrnr  k**m  the  wwpinc  chilOfro  of  enoiulkr  l» 
frvpt  •  lkU»  loncer  •monf  tho  miKne*  mkI  wnMMUiira  oT 
•  wwttUy  tiib.  fl«t«ta#a«r. 

a.  To  aeek  Mindly  in  intellectunl  darknew,  with- 
out a  certain  eiiiile  or  moans  of  knowledge. 
GRCtPE,  r.  f.    To  senrrh  by  feeling  in  the  dark.    We 
gropfd  oiir  way  at  midni^u 


t»A  Suvphoa,  nuikiM,  nertr  n 
Tlw  botlMa  af  Iha  fma  to  grvf» 


Sfi/L 


GROP'iTD,  {pfipt,)  rp.    Felt  in  ttaa  dark. 

GROP'ER,  ■■.  One  who  gri^iee ;  one  who  feel*  his 
wny  in  the  dark,  or  learcbea  by  feeling. 

GRCP'ING,  p^.  Feeling  for  aomeUiing  in  darkness ; 
searching  by  feeling. 

GRCP'ING-LY,  adr.    In  a  groping  manner. 

QROS^  grd.)  [Fr.]  Tbic^ ;  strung;  a  word  uaed  in 
many  compouihl  words  for  silk  goods ;  as,  froa 
4a  Jny  or  JVk|»(cr,  gv$  dA  7V«n,  JcL,  all  strong  fab- 
rIeiL  £acyc.  -Mwu 

GRfSS'SCAK,  n.    A  bird.    See  GaostasAK. 

GROSS,*.  [Fr.  frM.-lt-and  Port,  ^tmm  :  Sp.  fnuM. 
grmttrti  l^crmBmu;  a  dialectical  variation  of  grmL] 

1.  Thick  ;  bulky  ;  patticulariy  applied  to  animals  ; 
fyl ;  corpulent ;  as,  a  gr»*g  man  ;  a  #r«M  body. 

a.  CoATse  i  rude ;  vou^ ;  not  delicate ;  as,  grvts 
srulplure.  WotUn. 

3.  Coane,  ta  a  Jigitrmtict  aenae ;  rough  ;  mean  ; 
mmriUmimrifft  Tulnr ;  obscene  j  indelicate  \  as,  grass 
lan^ase ;  ^roM  jests. 

4.  Thick;  larfs;  oppoaed  tojEasf  as,  wood  or 
ati^n.-  of  a  grass  grain. 

5.  Impure  ;  unrHlned  ;  as,  gr***  sensuality. 

6w  Great ;  palpable ;  as,  *  ^r««s  mistake  ;  grosa  in- 
Justke. 

7.  Coarse ;  large ;  not  delicate ;  as,  jrrsM  features. 

8.  Thick  ;  dense ;  ooK  attenuated ;  not  refined  or 
pure ;  as,  a  /rsw  medium  of  aigllt ;  gr—s  air ;  fnu* 
dements.  0ec«a.     Pops. 

9.  Unseemly  ;  enormous  ;  shameAil  \  great ;  aa, 
grmu  comiptions :  gr^ss  ricea. 

la  Stupid  i  dulL 

IVnbaariUapllHtasrrpMSSrCMlMBS;  MUlM. 

11.  \^nMle;  eottee;  aa,  the  /rsM  inm,  or  gnss 

amount,  as  oppoaed  to  a  aom  consisting  of  separate 
or  specified  paita. 
GRO:^^,  n.    The  mala  body  ;  the  chief  part ;  the  bulk  ; 
the  mass  :   as,  the  grma  o(  the  pet^ita.     [We  now 
nae  Bcle.]  ^Mrfuva. 

9:  The  number  of  twelve  dozen ;  twelve  times 
twelve ;  aa,  a  gross  of  boltlt^  It  never  has  the 
ptaial  torn.    We  say,jhr«  groxs  or  r/a  grogs. 

fm  As  grsss,  m  grMSy  In  'he  bulk,  or  the  whole  un- 
divided ;  all  parts  taken  together. 

JBf  tks  grsssy  in  a  like  sensp. 

Chrsm  wsigH,  is  the  weight  of  roerrhnndifle  or 
goods,  with  the  dust  and  dro9«,  th^  bn^!,  c.-isk,  che^t, 
Ax.f  in  which  thry  nre  ront  lined,  r>r  which  nn  al- 
lowance is  lu  be  ninde  of  tare  luxt  iret.  Thiii  bi-iiig 
deducted,  the  remainder,  or  rt-al  weight,  i^  dfn<  nit- 
nated  arax  or  met  u  eiglit.  Oross  w<i^kt  was  abolished 
in  Connecticut  hy  statute,  .May,  I&37. 

In  Eniriisk  fo»,  a  riHaiA  im  trrofts,  was  one  who  did 
not  iR-longtoihe  land,  but  immediately  t"  the  per- 
son I  f  the  lord,  and  wa»  tniii^ft-rnthle  by  deed,  like 
chattels,  from  one  owner  to  anutlier.       BlacJcitane. 

JMroiPao*  in  gross:  an  adv"W!«on  se|»arated  fmra 
the  property  of  a  manor,  and  annexed  to  ihe  person 
of  its  owner.  BlacJistoue. 

Omhwm  us  gross^  i^  common  annexed  to  a  man's 
peraoa.  and  not  ajjpiirtt.- n:\nt  to  Kind.      Blaekstone. 
GkOSS'BSAK.  n.     A  sinpinz  bird  of  several  species, 
allied  to  the  finches  and  linnet*.     The  bill  is  convex 
above,  and  very  thick  at  the  base,  from  which  cir- 
cumstance it  takes  its  namt^.  P.  Cjfc 
GR5S$'EST,  a.     Coarsest ;  rudest ;  most  indelicate. 
GR6SS'-UE.\D-£D,  a.    Having  a  thick  skull ;  stupid. 

MUton, 
GViGSS'l^YyOdv.      In  bulky  or  large  parts;  coarsely. 
This  matter  Is  grosA^  pulverized. 

2.  Greatly  ;  {lalpably  ;  enormously  ;  as,  this  atfair 
has  been  grossly  misrepresented. 

3.  Greatly  ;  shamefully  ;  as,  grossly  criminal. 

4.  Coar)»eIy;  wiUiout  retinetiit-nt  or  delicacy;  as, 

5.  Without  art  or  $kill.     [lanpiiage  grosjflti  vulgar. 
GRGSS'NESS,  H.  Thickm»;  bulkmess;  corpulence; 

fatness  ;  applied  to  sninui/  bodies. 

3.  Thickness;  spiaaitude  ;  density;  as,  the  gross- 
mesa  of  vapors. 

3.  Coarseneas  ;  rudeness ;  want  of  refinement  or 
delicacy  ;  vnlgarlty  ;  as,  the  grosssess  of  language  ; 
the  ^Tvcra'ss  of  wtt. 

Afafaor  the  iwiiiidi  grosaimaa  Iba  ddigte  to  vound  th«  f^r  of 
dcQeaej.  Dieighl. 

^  Greatness ;  enormity  ;  as,  the  grosatttss  of  vice. 
GROSS'Ija.AR,  a.     Pertaining  to  or  resembling  a 

gooseberry  ;  us,  grossular  garnet. 
GROSS'U-LAR,  a.    A  species  of  garnet  of  a  green 

color.    [Supra.] 


^  a.  [Fr. -Tpf/fj   It.^tvt£a;    S|k  am 
, )      grata  ;   O.  and  Pan.  groUt ;    D. 


and  Port. 
grot  • 


GROT, 

GROT^TO,  i      fi 

Sax.  grut.     Qrvtta  is  nt't  U5;'d 

1.  A  lar«e  cave;  a  suhterranet>us  cavern;  and, 
primarily,  a  iintuml  cave  or  rent  in  the  eartli,  or  such 
as  is  foriued  by  a  current  of  water,  i  r  an  earthquake. 

Prior.     Drydcn. 
3.  An  artificial,  ornamented  cave  fur  coolness  and 
refk'''shinent.  Pope. 

GROTE.^arR',  (Kr>-tr'<'k',)fl,      [Ft,  grotr.'^qtte  ;    Sp. 
and  Port,  grutesco  ;  It.  grvttfsca;  from  grotio.] 

Wildly  formed;  whimsical;  extnivugant ;  iT  ir- 
regular furms  and  pn>)Mirtiuns ;  ludicrous;  antic. 
The  term  is  derived  frunt  th*  figures  found  in  the 
mhterraneous  apartments  (^mM/'M)  in  the  ancient  ru- 
ins at  Rume,  and  is  hence  applied  to  pieces  of  sculp- 
ture and  (Kittiting,  and  t  >  natural  scenery  ;  as,  gro- 
UMfnf  ttatnliiig;  g-rotcjt^e  dfsi^n.  Dryden. 

GRO-TF^UUE',  (gro-tesk',)  a.     Whimsical  figures  or 
scenery. 

2.  Artificial  grntio-work.  Brtmdt, 
GRO-TESUUF.'LY,  adv.    In  a  fantastical  manner. 
GRO-TESUL'K'.N'ESt*,  n.     Stale  of  being  grotesque. 
GROL'.ND,  n.    [Sax.  grund;  G.  Dan.  and  Sw.  grund  ; 

D.  gromd;  U.»»s.  grunt,  I'll  is  word  maybe  the  Ir. 
«Tuui,  ground,  txittom  nf  a  river  or  lake,  from  grean^ 
'v.  froeaa,  gravel.  [SeeGRAir*.]  It  seems,  primari- 
ly, to  denote  the  gravelly  bottom  of  a  river  or  lake, 
(»r  of  the  sea,  which  sh.'Ws  the  appnipriute  sense  of 
the  verb  to  ground^  as  used  by  seamen.] 

The  -urface  of  land  or  upper  part  of  the  earth, 
without  reference  to  the  materials  which  coiu'Kise  it. 
We  apply  ground  to  soil,  sand,  or  gravel,  indilferent- 
ly,  but  never  a!>pty  it  to  tlie  w  hole  mass  of  tlie  earth 
or  globe,  n  r  to  any  portion  of  it  wlien  removed.  We 
never  say  a  ^hovel  full  or  a  K>.id  of  ground.  We  soy 
under  grt  und^  hut  not  under  airth ;  and  we  speak  of 
the  globe  8^  divided  into /am/  and  vain-,  not  into 
groumd  and  water.  Vet  ground,  eartkj  and  tandy  are 
often  used  synonymously.  We  say,  the  pruduce  or 
fruits  of  tite  ground,  of  the  earth,  or  of  land.  The 
water  overfiows  tlie  lom  ground,  or  the  low  land. 

Them  wm  not  «  (n&n  to  till  th«  ground.  —  G^n.  U. 

Tlie  gntutd  ahail  g;t*e  tu  ineirMw,  —  Z.-ch.  Tiii. 

The  we  wn  nU>ng  un  t!»e  ground.  —  HxoU.  iz. 

3.  Region  ;  territory  ;  as,  Egyptian  ground ;  Brit- 
ish ground  i  heavenly  grmmd.  Milton. 

3.  Land  ;  estate ;  poaseasion 

Thjr  next  demga  Is  od  thy  neighbor*!  grounds.       fhydan. 

4.  The  surface  of  the  esrth,  or  a  door  or  pavemenL 

DagDf)  hftd  fiiDea  on  hia  bee  to  the  ^toiuhI.  —  I  Sum.  r. 

5.  Fonndatinn  ;  that  which  sup|N)rts  any  thing. 
This  argument  stands  on  defen«ihle  ;«roun</.'  Hence, 

6.  Fundamental  cause  ;  primary  reason,  or  orici- 
nol  principle.  He  state!  tlie  grounda  of  his  complninL 

MAlOof  hipfwaow  the  groumi  of  hk  unhappiiWM.     Stdney. 

7.  First  principles ;  as,  the  grounds  of  religion. 

Milton. 

8.  In  paintimg,  that  which  is  fimt  put  on  ;  the  sur- 
face on  which  a  figure  or  object  is  represented  ;  that 
surface  or  siihstance  which  retains  the  original  <-i>lor, 
and  to  which  the  other  colors  are  applied  to  make 
the  representation  ;  as,  criuison  on  a  white  ground. 

Encye. 

9.  In  manufactures,  the  pnncip.ll  coliT,  to  which 
others  are  considered  as  nmainental.        JlakeaulU 

10.  Grounds  :  plunti,  the  bottom  of  liquors  ;  dregs  ; 
lees;  f.-ces ;  as,  coflTtse  groaaiLt ;  the  grounds  of 
strong  beer. 

The  term  grounds  is  also  used  in  architecture ^Xo  de- 
note pieces  of  wo  d,  llu>h  with  the  plas'erin:;,  to 
which  mt>]dinss,  t£.c.,  are  atta  lied.  Brands. 

11.  The  plain  song;  the  tune  on  which  descant< 
are  raised. 

On  tK<t  ground  I'll  l.iiild  n  holy  (Lacant.  Shnk. 

VL  In  etching,  a  guiumnus  composition  spread  over 
the  surface  •  f  the  metal  tu  be  itched, to  prevent  the 
nitric  acid  from  eating,  except  where  the  ground  is 
opened  with  the  piiint  of  a  needle.  Encye. 

13.  Field  or  phice  of  action.  He  fought  with  fury, 
and  would  not  quit  the  grovnd. 

I'l.  In  muj-ic,  Ihe  nauie  given  to  a  composition  in 
which  the  base,  consisting  of  a  f-w  bars  of  independ- 
ent notes,  is  continually  repeated  to  a  continually 
varyins  melodv.  Busby. 

15.  The  foil  to  set  a  thing ofl^.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

16    Ftirmerty,  the  pit  of  a  playhouse.      B.Jonnon. 

To  gain  ground ;  to  advance ;  to  proceed  forward 
in  corifiict ;  as,  an  army  in  battle  gains  ground. 
Hence,  to  obtain  an  advantage  ;  to  have  some  suc- 
cess ;  as,  the  army  gains  ground  on  the  enemy. 
Jience, 

2.  To  gain  credit ;  to  prevail ;  to  become  more  gen- 
eral or  extensive ;  as,  the  opinion  gains  ground. 

To  lose  ground ;  to  retire  ;  to  retreat ;  to  withdraw 
from  the  position  taken.  Hence,  to  lose  advantage. 
Hence, 

2.  To  lose  credit;  to  decline;  to  become  less  in 
force  or  extent. 

To  give  ground ;  to  recede  ;  to  yield  advanta;!^. 

To  get  ground,  and  to  gather  ground,  are  seldom 
used. 


GRO 

GROUND,  r.  t.    To  lay  or  set  .m  the  ground. 

2.  To  found  ;  to  fix  or  set,  as  on  a  foundation, 
cause,  reoflon,  or  principle  ;  as,  arguments  grounded 
on  reason  ;  faith  grounded  on  scriptural  evidence, 

3.  To  settle  in  first  principles  ;  to  fix  firmly. 

Beiag  rootei]  uitl  gmutuUd  in  lOTe.  —  Eph.  u\. 

GHOUNn,  r.  i.  To  run  apround  ;  to  strike  the  Iwttora 
and  remain  fixed  ;  as,  the  ship  gruundtd  in  two  fatli- 
oms  of  water. 

GKOUNI), ;wff.  and  pp.  or  a.  from  Grikd. 

GKOUND'AOE,  n.  A  tax  [mid  by  a  ship  fnr  the 
ground  or  spitce  it  ocrupies  while  in  port.      Bnuricr. 

GIUIUND'-AN"GLING,  n.  Fishing  without  a  tl.wl, 
with  a  weight  placed  a  few  inrties  from  the  hook. 

GKOUND'-ASH,  «.  A  sapling  uf  ash  ;  a  youne  shoot 
from  tlie  stump  of  nn  ash.  'Mortimer. 

GROUND'-UAIT,  n.  Bait  consisting  of  halls  of  boiled 
barley,  fee,  dropped  to  the  bottom  of  the  water  to 
collect  together  tlie  fish.  W>ilton. 

GROUND-CIIER'KY,  n.  An  American  weed  {physrji- 
lis  viscQsa)  having  an  inflated  calyx,  or  seed-pod.  . 

GKOUND'ED,  ;>;>.     Laid  in  the  ground  ;  run  aground. 

GROLT.ND'ED-I.V,  o//p.     l.'pon  firm  prinriples. 

GROUND'-FL6()R,  n.  The  first  or  low.-r  llot.r  of  a 
house.  But  the  English  call  the  second  door  from 
the  ground  the  first  fliior. 

GKOUND'-FOKM,  n.  \n  grammar,  the  basis  of  a 
word,  to  which  the  other  parts  are  added  in  d'clen- 
sion  or  conjugation.  It  is  sometimes,  but  not  always, 
the  same  as  the  rtwt.  Oibhs. 

GROUND'-HOG,  «.  [ground  ^w^  hog.}  The  jHipiilar 
name  of  the  .\im-rican  Arctomys,  or  marmot,  usually 
called,  in  Mew  England,  woodchiuk. 

GROUXD'-I-VV,  n.  A  well-known  plant,  the  Gle- 
choma  hcdrracea:  called,  also,  aJehoofnutl  gdl, 

GROUNU'LEi^S,  n.  Wanting  ground  or  foundation  ; 
wanting  cause  or  reason  for  supixirt ;  as,  groundlvs.i 
fear. 

9.  Not  anthorlKed  ;  false;  ns,  &  groundless  rep4)rl 
or  assertion. 

GKOUND'I.ESS-LV,  ado.  Without  reason  or  cause  ; 
without  authority  for  support.  Boyle. 

GROUND'LEtliS-NESS,  n.  Want  of  just  cause,  rea- 
son, or  authority  for  support.  Tdlot-ion. 

GRC»L'ND'LL\G.  n.  A  fish  that  keeps  at  the  bottom 
of  the  water,  Shak. 

2.  Anciently,  one  who  stood  in  the  pit  of  the  thea- 
ter, which  was  literally  on  the  ground,  having  neither 
floor  nor  benches.  Toone. 

GROUNIJ'LV,  (k/p.  Upon  principles  ;  solidly.  Ascham, 
[A  bad  word,  and.not  used.'\ 

GROUND'-NEST,  n.     A  nest  on  the  ground. 

GROUND'-NUT,  n.  The  fruit  of  the  Araehis  hypo^ata, 
called  also  pra-nul,  a  native  of  South  .\nierica.  [See 
als*  Eabth-Nut.] 

2.  A  leguminous,  twining  plant,  Apio.i  tuberosa, 
prttducing  clustersof  dark-purple  flowers,  and  having 
a  root  tuberous  and  pleasant  to  the  taste. 

Dewey^s  Mans.  Rep. 

GROUND' -^AK,  n.     A  sapling  of  oak.       Mortimer. 

GROUND'-PT.\E,  n.  A  plant,  a  species  of  Teucrium 
or  germander,  said  to  be  so  called  from  its  resinous 
smell.  Entye.     Hill. 

GROUND'-PLATE,  n.  In  architecture,  the  ground- 
plates  are  the  outermost  pieces  of  timber  lying  on  or 
near  the  ground,  framed  into  one  another  with  mor- 
tisos  and  tenons.  Harris. 

GROUiVD'-PLOT,  n.    The  ground  on  which  a  budd- 
ing is  placed. 
2.  The  ichnography  of  a  building.  Johnson. 

GROUND'-RENT,  71.  ftent  paid  for  the  privilege  of 
building  on  amtther  man's  land.  Johnson. 

GROUND  -ROOM,  n.  A  room  on  the  ground  ;  a  low- 
er room.  Taller. 

GROUND'SEL,  ».  A  plant  of  the  genus  Senecio,  of 
several  species. 

GROUND'SEL,    (  n.      [rrround  and    Sax.  still,  basis, 

GROUND'SILL,  \  allied  probably  to  L.  sella,  that 
which  is  set.     Sec  Sill.] 

The  timber  of  a  buildmg  which  lies  next  to  the 
ground,  commonly  called  asUl. 

GROUNU'-SWELL,  n.  A  swell  and  heaving  of  the 
sea,  with  great  power  from  beneath,  while  the  sur- 
face is  not  agitated  by  any  existing  tempest. 

GROUND'-TACK-LE,  (tak-l,)  n.  In  skips,  a  general 
term  for  every  thing  necessary  to  secure  a  ve^-sel  at 
anchor.  To/ten. 

GROUND'-WORK,  ti.  The  work  which  forms  tlw 
foundation  or  support  of  any  thing  ;  the  basis  ;  the 
fundamentals. 

2.  The  ground  ;  tliat  to  which  the  rest  are  addition- 
al, jyrythn. 
X  First  principle  ;  original  reason.  Dryden. 

GROUP,  n.  [It.  froppo,  a  knot,  a  bunch  ;  Fr.  groupe  ; 
Sp.  griipo.  It  is  radically  the  same  word  as  croup, 
crupper,  rump  ;  W.  grab,  a  cluster,  a  grape.] 

1.  A  cluster,  crowd,  or  throng  ;  an  assemblage, 
either  of  persons  or  things  ;  a  number  collected  with- 
out any  regular  form  or  arrangement ;  as,  a  group  of 
men  or  of  trees ;  a  group  of  isles. 

2.  In  painting  and  sculptv.re.,  an  assemblage  of  two 
or  more  fieures  of  men,  beasts,  or  other  things,  which 
have  some  relation  to  each  otner. 


FSTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT MKTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQI^F,  BOOK.— 

^00 


GRO 

GROrP.  V.  L     [Fr.  ffrouper.] 

To  form  a  group  ;  to  bring  or  place  together  in  a 
cluster  or  knot ;  to  form  an  assemblage. 

The  iliiiiculu  ii*«  in  drawin*  nid  iluposing,  or,  as  Ihfi  minter* 
icrm  it,  m  graufong  suii  a  mulliunle  of  diflcrcnt  oW-cU. 

GROUP' ED,  (groopl,)  jfp.  or  a.    Formed  or  placed  in  a 

crowd. 
GROUP'ING,  ppr.    Bringing  together  in  a  cluster  or 

a-^sf  mblage. 
GKOUP'ING,  H.     The  art  of  composing  or  combining 

the  objects  of  a  picture  or  piece  of  sculpture.     Cyc. 
(J     J  J 
GROUSE,  (groas,)  n.     [Pers.  (*«* j^  khoros^    gros, 

a  cock.] 

A  h-ath-cock,  or  cock  of  tlie  wood,  a  bird  of  the 
genus  Teirao.  The  name  is  given  to  seveml  species, 
highly  prized  for  food,  such  as  the  black  gnme,  the 
rt;d  game,  the  ptarmigan,  tJie  ruffed  grouse,  Atc. 

GROL'SK,  B.  i.    To  seek  or  shoot  grourse. 

GROUS'LN'G,  ppr.    Shooting  grouse. 

GROUT,  B.     [rfax.  ^«t.    See  Groat.] 

1.  Coarse  meal ;  pollard. 

2.  A  kind  of  wild  apple.  Johnson. 

3.  A  thin,  coarse  mortar,  used  for  pouring  into  the 
joinu  of  masonry  and  brickwork.  The  ti  rm  ia  also 
applied  to  a  finer  mattrial,  used  in  finishing  tlie  best 
celling:!.  Qioilt.    Braade. 

4.  I>ee-3  ;  that  which  purges  off.  fVarnrr. 

5.  Wort  of  the  last  running.  Holloirajj, 
GROUT'ING,  h.    The  process  of  filling  in  or  linii^hing 

with  grnuu  OictU. 

2.  The  grout  thus  filled  in. 
GRf^UT'.NOL.     Si-e  Gbowthkad. 

GR6VE,  R.  [Sax.  ^af,  graf,  a  ifrare^  a  cave,  a  ^rovr  ; 
Goth,  e^roba  ;  from  cutting  an  avenue,  or  from  the  re- 
semblance of  an  avenue  to  a  channel.! 

I.  In  gardenings  a  small  wood  or  cluster  of  trees 
with  a  shaded  avenue,  or  a  wood  iniper\'iiiiis  to 
the  rays  of  the  sun.  A  grove  is  either  open  or  close  ; 
open  when  consisting  of  large  trees  whose  branches 
■bade  the  ground  t>elow  ;  close  when  consisting  of 
trees  and  uuderwo«»d,  which  defend  the  avenues  from 
the  rays  of  the  sun  and  frun»  vitiU^nt  winds.  Encyc. 
a.  A  wood  vi  small  extent.  In  America^  the  word 
U  applied  to  a  wi^tod  of  natural  growth  In  the  fi'ld,  as 
well  as  to  planted  trees  in  a  garden  ;  but  tmly  to  a 
wood  of  small  extent,  and  niA  to  a  foresL 

3.  Something  resembhog  a  wood,  or  treea  in  a 
wood. 

Txll  groMt  of  masU  arose  Ui  hrauteous  priile.  TrumbuU. 

GEOV'£L,  (grov'l,)  v.  i.  [Ice.  in-upo  ;  Chaucer,  tfroff\ 
flat  on  the  ground  or  face  ;  Scot,  on  groufe  ,-  allied  to 
grope,  w\i\t:\i  see.] 

1.  To  creep  on  the  earth,  or  with  the  face  to  the 
ground  ;  to  lie  prune,  or  move  with  the  bo<ly  pros- 
trate on  the  earth  ;  to  act  in  a  prostrate  posture. 

IJAVf  on  aiwl  grovel  on  thy  ftc*.  ShaJt. 

To  ere-  p  *!nt  grooet  on  the  ground.  MUlon, 

2.  To  be  low  Of  mean  ;  as,  griweiing  sense  ;  ffrore/- 
inir  thoughts.  Dryaen.     ^ddiion. 

GROVEL  ER,  ».  One  who  grovels  ;  an  abject  wretch. 

GR0V'£L-I\G,  ppr.  Creeping  ;  moving  on  the  ground. 
2.  a.     Mean:  without  dignity  or  elevation. 

GR^V'Y,  fl.  Pertaining  to  a  prove  ;  fn-qiienting  groves. 

GROW,  V.  %.;  pret.  Grew  ;  pp.  Gbowk.  [Sax.  jn-ovan; 
D.  gro€yen  ;  Dan.  groer:  Sw.  gro^  a  contracted  word  ; 
W.  erotiato^erylhuy  to  grow,  to  swell.  This  la  prob- 
ably the  same  \vord  as  L.  crfsco^  Russ.  rtutH^rostu,  a 
dialectical  variation  of  crodk  or  grodh.  The  French 
cro^trly  and  Eng.  iaerease,  retain  the  final  conso- 
nant, j 

1.  To  enlarge  in  bulk  or  stature,  by  a  natural,  im- 
perceptible addition  of  matter,  through  diicU  and  se- 
creting organs,  as  animal  and  vegpUthle  bodies  ;  to 
vegetate  as  plants,  or  to  be  augmenUrd  by  natural 
prrwesH,  as  animah.  Thus,  a  [jJant  gmwa  from  a 
■eed  to  a  shrub  or  tree,  and  a  human  being  grotoa 
firom  a  fetus  to  a  man. 

H«  cniiKth  ihR  grua  to  grow  for  cattle.  —  Pa.  dr. 

2.  To  be  produced  by  vegetation  ;  as,  wheat  grows 
In  mort  parts  of  tl»e  world  ;  rice  grvics  only  in  warm 
cllmatea. 

3.  To  inrrease ,  to  be  augmented  ;  to  wax  ;  as,  a 
body  grouia  larger  by  inflation  or  distention  ;  Intem- 
perance is  a  groioing  evil. 

4.  To  advance  ;  to  improve  ;  to  make  progress  ;  as, 
to  groio  in  grace,  in  knowledge,  in  piety.  The  young 

.  nian  is  growing  in  reputation. 

5.  To  advance  ;  to  extend.  His  reputation  is  grow- 
ing. 

ti.  To  come  by  degrees  ;  to  become ;  to  reach  any 
state;  u,  he  grows  more  skillful,  or  more  prudent. 
Let  not  vice  grtrta  to  a  habit,  or  into  a  habit. 

7,  To  come  forward  ;  to  advance.  [Ji'at  mnch  tisfd.] 

Winter  bepn  to  grow  t:\Ml  on,  KnoUf. 

8.  To  be  changed  from  one  state  to  another;  to 
become  :  as,  to  groio  (Kile ;  to  grow  poor ;  to  grvtt 
rirh. 

'.K  To  proceed,  as  from  a  cause  or  reason.  Lax 
m.irals  may  /ruff  from  errors  in  opinion. 


GRU 

10.  To  accrue  ;  to  come. 

Why  ihoulil  dam.i^  gro>e  to  the  hurt  of  the  kingi  ?  — Ezm  i». 

U.  To  swell  i  to  increase  ;  as,  tlie  wind  grew  to  a 
tempest. 

To  grow  oia  of;  to  issue  from,  as  plants  from  the 
soil,  or  as  u  branch  from  the  main  stem. 

Ttu-ae  wara  bare  grown  out  of  coRiinerciiil  concilerattons. 

Federalist,  Hamilton. 

To  grow  up ;  to  arrive  at  manhood,  or  to  advance 
to  full  stature  or  maturity. 

To  grow  up  ;  i  to  close  and  adhere  ;  to  become 

-  To  grow  tugetker ,'  (  united  by  growth,  as  flesh  or 
the  bark  of  a  tree  silvered. 

Grew  signifies,  properly,  to  slioot  out,  to  enlarge  ; 
but  it  is  often  used  to  denote  a  passing  from  one  state 
to  another,  and  from  greater  to  less. 

M;irrujje9  grow  lew  fr-'quent.  Foley. 

[To  grow  /fws,  is  an  abuse  of  this  word  ;  the  phrase 
should  be,  to  become  Ic-is.] 

GROW,  V.  L  To  cause  to  grow  ;  to  produce  ;  to  raise  ; 
as,  a  farmer  grows  large  quantities  of  wheat.  [This 
is  a  mtxlem,  agricultural  use  of  groio^  but  prevalent 
in  Great  Britain,  and  the  British  use  begins  to  be 
imitated  in  America.  Until  within  a  few  years,  we 
never  heard  orou  used  as  a  transitive  verb  in  New 
Encland,  and  tlie  ear  revolts  at  the  practice.! 

GROWER,    n.      One   who   grows  ;    Uiat   which   in- 
creases. 
2.  Ill  Kngtish  iw«,  one  who  raises  or  produces. 

GROWING, ;>;»r.  or  a.  Increasing;  advancing  in  size 
or  extent;  becoming;  accniing;  swelling;  thriving. 

GROWL,  r.  i.  [Gt.  ynvWnt  a  grunting  ;  Flemish,  grol- 
Un.  Juntas.     D.  kroUen^  to  caterwaul.] 

To  murmur  or  snarl,  as  a  dog;  to  utter  an  angrj-, 
gnimbling  sound.  Gay. 

GROWL,  V.  t.     To  express  i)y  growling.       Theuidutu 

GKOWL,  71.     The  murmur  of  a  cross  dog. 

GKOWL'KR,  n.     A  snarling  cur;  a  grumbler. 

GROWL'LN't*,  ppr.  or  a.    Gnimbline  ;  snarling. 

GROWL'ING,  a.     Tlio  act  of  grumbling  or  snarling. 

GUOWL'ING-LV,  adv.     In  a  grumbling;  manner. 

GROWN,  pp.  oro.  from  Grow.  Advanced  ;  increased 
in  growth. 

2.  Having  arrived  at  full  size  or  stature;  as,  a 
groicn  Wuliian.  Locke. 

Grown  over;  covered  by  the  growth  of  any  tiling; 

GROWSE,  V.  i.     [Sax.  agrisan.]  [overgrown. 

To  shiver  ;  to  nave  chills.     {JVut  user!.]         Ray. 

GROWTH,  n.  The  gradual  increase  of  animal  and 
veeetible  Imdies;  tlie  process  of  springing  from  a 
germ,  seed,  or  root,  and  proceeding  to  full  size,  by 
Die  adilition  of  matter,  thnmgh  ducts  and  secretory 
vessels.  In  plantf^  vegetation.  We  speak  of  slow 
growth,  and  rapid  growth ;  of  early  growth,  late 
growth,  and  full  growth. 

3.  Pn)duct ;  produce  ;  that  which  has  grown  ;  as, 
a  fine  growth  of  w<t(td. 

3.  Production  ;  any  thing  produced  ;  as,  a  poem  of 
English  growth,  Drydcn, 

4.  Increase  in  number,  bulk,  or  frequency. 

Johntion. 

5.  Increase  in  extent  or  prevalence  j  as,  the  growth 
of  trade  ;  the  growth  of  vice. 

6.  Ad\'ancfment ;  progress ;  improvement ;  as, 
growth  in  grace  or  pi<"ly. 

GROWT'HEAD,  /  n.     [Probably  sttosk,  or  great-head.\ 
GROWT'NOL,     i     A  kind  of  fish.  Am^witrth. 

2.  A  lazy  person  ;  a  lubber.  [06*.]  Tus.*er. 
GRUB,  F.  i.  [Goth,  graban.  See  Grwe.  The  prima- 
ry sense  is  probably  to  rub,  to  rake,  Kcrape,  or  scratch, 
as  wild  animals  dig  by  scratching.  Riiss.  grcbu,  to 
rake,  to  row  ;  greben,  a  comb  ;  grab,  a  grave  ;  grob- 
lia.m  ditch.] 

To  dig  ;  to  be  occupied  in  digging. 

GRUB,  r.  t.  To  dig  ;  mostly  followed  by  up.  To  grub 
up,  is  to  dig  up  by  the  roots  with  an  instrument ;  to 
root  out  by  digging,  t>r  throwing  out  the  soil ;  as,  to 
grub  up  trees,  rU!*lR*a,  or  sedge. 

GRUB,  n.  [from  the  verb.]  A  name  given  to  any 
fleshy,  dingy-colon-d  larva,  whetlK-r  proeet'ding  from 
the  eggs  of  a  beetle,  inotli,  or  other  insert.  It  has 
sometnnC'4  been  confined  to  ttie  larvie  of  beetles  and 
weevils.  Pa  rl  ingto  n. 

3.  A  short,  thick  man  ;  a  dwarf,  in  contempt. 

Carcw. 
GRUB'-AX,  n.     A  tf«>l  used  in  grubbing  up  routs,  &c. 
GRUB'BER,  n.     One  who  griilw. 

3.  An    instrument  for  digging    up   the    roots  of 

treirs.   &.C. 
GRUB'BINiJ,  ppr.     Digging  tip  by  the  roots. 
GRUII'BLNG,  «.     Operation  of  digging  up  shrubs,  Atc, 

bv  the  roots. 
GRIJB'BINCJ-HOK,  n.    An  instrument  for  digging  up 

trees,  shrubs,  Slc,  by  the  rraits  ;  a  mattock  ;   called 

also  a  grab~at. 
GRUB'BLE.  tj.  i.      [G.  grtibcln.     See  Gbovel   and 

GflAtlRLf:.] 

To  ffcl  in  the  dark  ;  to  grovel.     [Rure.]  Zhnjden. 

GRUB'S'I'RKKT,  n.  or  a.     Originally,  the  name  of  a 

^treet  near  Moorfi^^lds,  in  I^ondon,  much  inhabited  by 

mean  writifH  ;  hence  applied  to  mean  writings  ;  as, 

a  Grubttrcet  JHieni.  Johnson. 

[The  street  is  now  called  Milton  street.     SinarL] 


GRU 

GRUDGE,  r.  (.  [W.  grwg,  a  broken,  rumbling  noise  ; 
grwgtt^,  a  murmur,  and,  as  a  verb,  to  murmur; 
grwga^u,  to  grumble  ;  from  the  root  of  rhwciaw,  to 
grunt,  or  gninible  ;  rhw^,  a  grunt,  what  is  rough; 
L.  riigio ;  Scot,  gruch,  to  grudge,  to  repine ;  Gr. 
ypvZ^M.  We  see  the  primary  sense  is,  to  grumble, 
and  this  from  the  root  of  rough.^ 
,  L  To  be  discontented  at  anotlier*s  enjoyments  or 
advantages  ;  to  envy  one  the  possession  or  happiness 
which  we  desire  for  ourselves. 

'TU  not  in  thee 
To  grudge  my  plcRsun-B,  loxia  off  my  Iraiii,  Shak. 

I  liave  otU'n  lieani  the  Prt;*byic riant  a.iy,  Uicy  did  rot  gruttge  ua 
our  cmpluyiiionu.  Sw[jt. 

It  is  followed  by  two  objects,  but  probably  by  el- 
lipsis ;  as,  grudge  us,  for  grudge  to  us. 
Q.  To  give  or  take  unwillingly. 

Nor  grwfge  my  colil  cniltr.tci-s  In  tlio  gnivc.  Dryden. 

Th'-y   liive    grwigeit   iIkw    CJininlniiiotia,  which  have  act  our 

couiiUy  at  Uto  tii'mi  of  nil  ttie  guvunimcnta  of  £urorM*. 

Aadieon, 
GRUDGE,  V.  u    To  murtflur ;  to  repine  ;  to  complain  ; 
as,  to  grutlge  or  complain  of  injustice.  Hooker. 

%  To  be  unwilling  or  reluctant.  Grudge  not  to 
ser>'e  your  countrj-. 

3.  To  be  envious. 

Grudge  not  one  aa^ainst  anuthrr.  —  JtutK*  V. 

4.  To  «  ish  in  secret.     [J\'ot  wtrd,  nor  proper.'] 

5.  To  feel  com|uinction  ;  to  grieve.     [JV*«(  in  use.] 
GRUDGE,  V.    Sullen  mnIicc,or  malevolence  ;  ill-will  j 

secret  enmity  ;  hatred  ;  as,  an  old  grudge, 

Bt  Jonsoiu 

2.  Unwillingness  to  benefit. 

3.  Remorse  of  conscience.     [06*.] 
GRUDG'EONS,  (grudj'uti?.,)  n.p/.  Coarse  meal.    [A-'ot 

in  useA  Beaum.  4"  /■'/. 

GRUDG'ER,  n,     Onethat  gnidges  ;  a  murmurer. 
GRUDG'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Envying;  being  uneasy  at 

an  ither's  possessii  n  of  something  which  we  have  a 

desire  to  )>osscss.        • 
GRUDG'ING,  H.      Uneasiness  at  the  possession  of 

something  by  another. 

2.  Reluctance  ;  also,  a  secret  wish  or  desire. 

l^ryden. 
He  had  a  grudging  Mill  to  be  a  knave.     [0&>.)  Dryden. 

3.  A  symptom  of  disease,     [JV«t  in  a.**;.]     Jackson. 
GRUDG'iS'G-LY,  adv.     Unwillingly;  withrehntunce 

or  discontent  ;  as,  to  give  grudgingly. 
GRO'KL,  M.     [Fr.  grunu  ;  W.gruaQ 

A  kind  of  light  food  made  by  boiling  meal  in  wa- 
ter. It  is  usually  made  of  the  meal  of  oats  or  maize. 
GRUFF,n.     [D.^q/*,-  G.  grab  ;  Dau.giav;  Sw.grqf; 
W.  gruf,  a  grilhn,  one  tierce  and  'bold.  1 

Of  a  rough  or  stern  manner,  voice,  or  counte- 
nance ;  sour  ;  surly  ;  severe  j  rugged  j  barsh. 

Addison. 
GRUFF'LY,    adv.       Roughly ;     atemly ;    ruggedly  ; 
harshly. 

Anil  grujiy  lookeil  tlw  grnJ.  Dryden. 

GRUFF'NESS,  n.  Roughness  of  countenance,  of 
manner,  or  voice  ;  sternness. 

GRU.M,a.  [Dan.  grum,  cruel,  fierce,  peevish;  Sw, 
gryin,  id.  ;  Dan.  grnnmer,  to  mourn  ;  W.  grtom, 
growling,  surly  ;  grymian,  to  grumble.] 

1.  Morose;  severe  of  cuuntenance  ;  sour;  surly 

Jirbittknot. 
3.  Low  ;  deep  in  the  throat ;  guttural ;  rumbling 
as,  a  grttm  voice. 
GRU.M'BI^E,  V.  t.      [D.  grommelen,   grommen;    Sax 
grymctan  i  {tt\n.  gremmer  i  Tt.  groinmetpr  ;  W.grymi- 
al,  to  gnimbie  ;    Russ,  grom,  a  loud   noise,  thunder  ; 
grrinlyu,  X>*  make  a  loud   noise,  to  thunder;    Arm. 
grommMlat:  Ir.  cruim,   thunder;    probably  from  the 
root  of  rumble;  Ileb.  Cli,  Syr.  D7^,to  roar,  murmur, 
tliiind<^r  ;    Sax.  reomi^in,  rlicmmau,  to  scream.     Class 
Rm,  No.  H,  Kt.] 

L  To  murninr  with  discontent ;  to  utter  a  low 
voice  by  way  of  complaint. 

l,"Av:irr,  not  using  linlf  hi*  ilof^, 

8uil  gnitithlai  that  he  hoa  no  more.  Prior. 

2.  To  growl ;  to  snarl ;  as,  a  lion  grumbling  over 
his  prey. 

3  To  nmible  ;  to  roar ;  to  make  a  harsh  and  heavy 
sound  ;  as,  grumbling  tiiunder  ;  a  grumbling  storm. 
[In  this  sense,  Rumri.e  is  generally  used.] 

GKU.M'BLER,  n.  One  who  grumbles  or  murmurs; 
one  who  complain^ ;  a  discontented  man.       SwifL 

GRUM'BLING,  ppr.  or*/.  Murmuring  through  discon- 
tent;  rumbling;  growling. 

GUUM'nLING,n,  A  murmuring  through  discontent; 
a  rumbling. 

GRUM'BLING-LY,  adn.  With  grumbling,  or  com- 
plaint. 

GROME,  71.  [Yr.grumcaui  L.  grumua;  It.  and  Sp. 
grumo.'\ 

A  thick,  viscid  consistence  of  a  fluid  }  b  clot,  as  of 
himul,  &c. 

GRUM'LV,  ado.  Morosely;  with  a  sullen  counte- 
nance. 

GRO'MOUS,  a.  Thick  ;  concreted  ;  clotted  ;  as,  gru- 
mous  blood. 

3.  In  botany,  in  the  form  of  little  clustered  gmins. 

Lindlty. 


TONE,  Bf.'LL,  I;MTE.  — AN"GER,  VT'CIOUS C  as  K  ,  G  as  J  ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  8H ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


523 


QUA 


GUA 


GRC'.MOUS-SESS,  ».    A  tuta  cf  being  clotlwl  or 

concrelPd,  IFwcwan. 

GRl'MP'Y,  0.    Sartyj   dissatisSed.      [Local  in  BHf- 

Imd-l  Foriy. 

GRUND'SEU    8m  G«ornD§«l.  Milton. 

GRUNT,  r.  i.    [Out.  fnrmUr .-  G.  rntnzen  :   Sal.  ffn- 

mam;    Ft.  groffnrr  t  Am.  grvmtal ;    L.fptumioi    Pp. 

grmiUr;  IL  frufiura;    See  Ueb.  Cb.  Sam.  IJ->,  Ar. 


UJ 


raHnO}  to  cry  out,  to  niunnur-  Class  Riii  No.  4.] 


'o  murmur  like  a  hog  j  to  utter  a  short  gnmii,  or  a 

d*-«*n,  pitturil  sound.  S»ift     SMak. 

GRUNT,  «.    A  deep,  KUtliiml  sound,  aj  of  a  no«. 
GRUNt'eR,  b.    One  that  pninta.  [ Dryrfm, 

2.  A  fi^h  of  the  gurnard   kind,  bo  called  from  the 

psctiliiir  n  lise  wliich  it  mnkea.        VicU  J^'aL  liisL 
GRI'NT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     LUtering  the  murmuring  or 

Enttun*!  sound  of  swine  or  oth;r  animftl;^ 
GRrNT'IXO,  «.    The  piUur.-.!  sound  uf  swino  and 

oihcr  anhnnK 
GKt'NT'lNG-LY,  arfp.    With  cninting  or  mnrmurt. 
Okl'NT'LK.  r.  i.    To  erunt     [J^vt  much  used.} 
G1H.VST'hlSG.H.    A  youne  hug. 
GilUTCH.ftir  Gbudgk,  is  uuw  vulgar,  and  not  to  he 
GUV,  II.    (Or.>«r.l  l««<^tl- 

1.  A  me«.<ure  containing  one  tenth  uf  a  line.  iMcke. 

2.  Any  thing  very  small,  or  of  lilUe  \~iiue.  [Rarf.] 
GRYPII  ITK,  n.    [I*  i^rvpJutt.*;  Gr.  yovroj,  h-oked. 

Cniw.-*t'.ne,  an  oblong  fossil  Fhvll,  nam«w  :il  the 
head,  nud  widertuvvard  tin-  p-Mr-niity,  wht-re  ii  ends 
in  71  ciniilnr  iimh  ;  tire  head  or  bsak  is  very  hooked. 

GUA-CUX'UO-BIRD,  *.  A  noclurnaJ  bird  of  St.ulh 
America,  of  the  genus  Sieaiomia.  U  fscd«  on  h:ird 
fniil*,  an.i  is  vain-  .1  f,  r  ils  f:U.  lIumMdL 

GL'AlA  '  ^  "^  Thenarocofagenus 

of  pla.  Ill  of  the  «pecieaG.  offici- 

nale, p.  ;  1  rifcr,  or  fox  leood;  a  tree 

{iroducLd  in  iirfcs  of  America.    The 

wood  is  ver\  '  •»■»,  and  reginoua.    The 

resin  of  this  i  tt^*  called  euuu^ia  of  a 

greenisli  cast,  aii>l  tnncli  i:-o-d  in  medicine.   Enetfc 

pUA'N A,  n.  A  p[>t'cJcs  of  lizard,  found  in  H*  warmer 
parts  of  America. 

GUAKX'CO,  «-  The  Auchenia  Hurtnaea,  a  ^itecir* 
of  the  gonus  uf  ruminant  mununiUt-  which  the  Li- 
ma bjluiif*.  It  inhabits  tlic  Andis,  and  is  dumesti- 
cated.    Ii  i'  allie<l  to  the  cnmil. 

GUA-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.    Viilditig  puann.  Urf. 

GUA'NO.  n.  A  subslancc  fmnd  on  some  parts  of  the 
SouUi  Ami-ricnn  and  .Vfrican  ct»asta,  whirh  are  fre- 
quented by  Fca-fiuvls,  and  couip«.'sed  chietty  of  their 
excrtniLiit;  used  as  a  manure.  Ure. 

Gl'A'RA,  K.  A  bird  of  Hrar.:!,  the  Tantalus  rubo', 
ab.>Hl  lbs  size  of  a  spoonbill.  When  first  hatchtd, 
it  IS  black  ;  it  afterward  changes  to  gray,  and  then 
to  vivid  red.  Dirt.  o/.Vot  IliA 

GUAR-AX-TEE',  (gar-an-tee',)  a.  [Fr.  o-oj-anf ;  Sp. 
gwntia;  Arm.  gitirend  ;  tr,  bnrrauta  :  \\.  ftraranL] 
1.  An  undrrtaVng  or  engngement,  by  a  third  per- 
son or  party,  that  the  stipulations  uf  a  treaty  phill  be 
obsen't;d  by  the  conlmciing  parlu-js  or  by  niie  of  tlu-m ; 
an  undertakinz  that  the  cngag 'in!»nt  or  prr>nii5C  of 
another  shall  be  perfonntd.  We  say,  a  clause  of 
gvftrantee  in  a  treaty.  IfitmUtvn. 

9.  One  who  hinds  himself  tti  see  the  slipiilali'ms 
of  another  performed.  [GcAXiiTTEK  is  becoming  the 
prevalt-nt  spelling.] 

GUAR-.\X-TEE',  (par-«n-tee',)  r.  L  [Fr.  garaiitir; 
IL  g^arratirt:  Arm.  goaranti:  \V.  ^iraron(.i,  frorn 
^Vffr,  secure,  smooth,  or  rather  from  sKwra,  to  fend, 
to  fence,  the  root  of  ftiard,  iliat  is,  in  drive  off,  to 
hold  off,  to  stop ;  D.  lea.jrni,  lo  preserve,  to  indr-m- 
ntfy;  Sax.  wa-m>u,  to  defend  ;  Eng.  to, loard,  allied 
to  i«nT«a,  &C.    See  \Vahra?«t.] 

1.  To  warrant ;  lo  make  sure  ;  lo  undprtnkp  or  en- 
gage tint  another  person  shall  perform  what  he  hns 
stiptilated  ;  lo  oblige  one's  self  to  see  that  another's 
engagements  are  performed ;  to  secure  the  perfurui- 
anoe  of;  as,  to  gMaroHtee  the  execution  of  a  Irr-aly. 

MttdL'Ofu    Ilamillon. 

2.  To  undertake  to  secure  to  anniher,  at  all  events, 
as  daims,  rights,  or  possessions.  [Thus,  in  the 
trenty  of  1778,  France  ffuarantettl  to  the  United 
Slates  their  literty,  aovereignty,  and  ind-'pendenre, 
and  tlieir  posseacions  i  and  the  Unitr-d  states  guar- 
mHead  to  France  its  possessions  in  America. 

The  Oaind  Saks  A*II  gttaniKte*  lo  errrr  Si  if  in  thr  [Jnion  & 
icpt^iicut  form  et  gowantohal.  ContL  <iS  Uniud  Suuc*. 

3.  To  indemnify;  to  save  harmless.  [See  Guar- 
a:.tt.1 

GUAR-AX-TEED'  \  _     ir^^„.^^ 

GUAR'AN-TIED,    \^-    ^^  arranted. 

GUAR-AN-TEE'IXG,ppr.    Warranting. 

GUAU'A.N-TOR,  (sar'an-ior,)  n.  A  warrantor;  one 
who  engages  lo  see  that  tlie  stipulations  of  another 
are  performed  ;  aUo,  one  who  engages  lo  secure 
another  in  any  right  or  possesition. 

GUAR'AN-TY,  (gnr'an-iy,)  r.  U     [Fr.  garanih-.l    To 

warrant ;  to  make  sure  ;  loundf>rtake  or  engage  that 

anoliier  person  phnll  perform  what  helias  stipulated. 

2-  To  undertake  tn  secure  t»i  anniher,  at  all  tvents. 

3.  To  indemnify  ;  to  save  hannless. 


GUAR'AN-TY,  (enr'an-ty,)  n.  [Fr.  garaHt:  Sp.  {th- 
rcjit/a.]  An  undiriaking  or  engagement  by  a  third 
person  or  p;iriy.  thai  the  st>pul:iiinU(<  of  covenant 
sh.all  be  obsened  by  the  contracting  parties  or  by  one 
of  them. 

a  One  who  binds  himself  to  see  the  clipulalions 
of  another  performed.     [Wrillen  also  Guatiantkk.] 

GUARD,  Cgard,)r.r.  [Tugarder;  Sp.  and  Port,  iruar- 
dari  iL  gttantarfy  to  Keep,  pfL-Rcrve,  defend  ;  aUo,  to 
look,  lo  behold  ;  Rasqne,  sortli;  W  .  gitara^  to  fend 
or  guard,  lo  fence,  to  play.  The  primary  sense  is,  to 
strike,  strike  back,  re|K'l,"  beat  down,  or  to  turn  back 
or  stop;  hence,  lo  keep  or  defend,  as  by  repelling 
assault  or  danger.  The  sense  of  seeing,  lookiiiir,  is 
secondary,  fh>m  the  st'nse  of  fruarrlinir,  and  wo  re- 
lain  a  similar  application  of  the  nycti  of  this  word  in 
betrarf :  or  il  is  from  the  sense  of  reaching,  or  cast- 
ing the  eye,  or  fn>m  luniing  the  head,  'I'his  is  the 
English  to  ward.  In  W.,  giear  is  secure,  mild,  )>la- 
cid,  that  is,  set,  fixed,  held.  It  seems  to  lie  allied  to 
G.  imAr,  ime,  L.  rrnts;  «paAr«,  to  keep,  to  l;»sl,  lo 
hold  out ;  ftfieaAren,  to  keep  or  preserve ;  bcwahrcii, 
to  verify,  to  conrtnn  ;  D.  toaar,  true  ;  vaaren^  to  keep, 
preserve,  indemnify  ;  ttiitwanJe,  a  warren,  and  guar- 
antee; traarhony  n  garrison  ;  Dan.  rarr,  wary,  vigi- 
lant, walrhing;  Eng.  irarf,  aiearei  Dan.  rtprfcr,  to 
inmnlj  defend,  maintain  ;  rare,  a  guard,  or  walcli, 
trares,  merchandise  ;  vttrer,  lo  keep,  last,  endure  ; 
Sw.  rara,  lo  watch,  and  to  be,  to  exist ;  Dan.  vterrr, 
lo  bo ;  Sax.  w«ria.f,  werian^  lo  giinrd,  to  defend,  lo  be 
team.  The  sense  of  eri-'tintr  implies  extension  or 
continnauce.     ^e  Regard  and  Kewaro.] 

1.  To  secure  against  injury,  loss,  or  attack  ;  lo  pro- 
tect ;  !n  defend  ;  to  keep  in  sjifety.  We  guard  a  cuy 
by  walls  and  forts ;  n  harhor  is  mtarded  by  ship-*, 
boom^,  or  batteries  ;  inniKence  should  be  guarded  by 
prudence  and  piety  ;  let  ohsen'alion  and  experience 
guard  us  against  u-niptalnms  to  vice. 

2.  To  secure  against  objections  or  ihc  attacks  of 
malevolence. 

Iluincr  hu  guardmi  ertry  cimimatanep  with  nntkn.     Bnomt. 

3.  To  accompany  and  protect;  to  accomtmny  for 
protectinn  ;  as,  lo  guard  a  gi-neral  on  a  journey  j  to 
guard  tlie  baggape  of  an  army. 

4.  To  aderu  with  lists,  laces,  or  ornaments.    [Obs.] 

Smk, 
.V  To  gird  ;  to  fasten  by  hinding.         S.  Jmisviu 
GUARD,  c.  i.    To  waleh  hy  wa*'  of  caution  or  defense  ; 
lo  be  cautious  ;  lo  be  in  a  state  of  defense  or  safety. 
Guard  against  mistakes,  or  against  temptations. 
GUARD,*.    [Ft.gardei  Sp.guardai  lUgaardtai  Eng. 
leard.] 

1.  Defense ;  preservation  or  security  against  In- 
jur>',  loss,  or  attack. 

a.  That  which  secures  against  attack  or  iiijur>-; 
that  wiiich  defends.  Modesty  is  the  guard  of  inno- 
cence. 

3.  A  man  or  iKxly  of  men  occupied  in  preserving  a 
person  or  place  frum  attack  or  injury;  he  or  they 
whose  business  is  tn  defend,  or  to  prevent  attack  or 
surprise.  Kings  have  their  guards  lo  secure  their 
pt^rsons.  Joseph  was  sold  to  Totiphar,  a  captain  of 
Pbarauh's  guard. 

4.  A  slate  of  caution  or  vigilance;  or  the  act  of 
observing  what  parses,  in  order  lo  prevent  surprise 
or  attack  ;  care  ;  attention  ;  watch  ;  heed.  Be  on 
ytwr  p-Kiirrf;  temerity  puts  a  man  off  his  ^uard. 

5.  Tli;il  which  secures  against  objections  or  cen- 
sure ;  caution  of  expression. 

Tl^y  have  expp-M«l  tltcmMlvca  with  u  few  guards  and  re- 
aUiclioiM  as  I.  AtLerbktry. 

6.  Part  of  the  hilt  of  a  sword,  which  protecU  the 

7.  In  fenei»z>  a  posture  of  defense.  [hand. 

8.  An  ornamental  lace,  hem,  or  border.     {Obs.} 
Advanced  guard:  I  m    vtilitary    affair.'*,   a  body     of 
yon  guard  I  \      troops,   either  horse  or   foot, 

that  march  before  an  army  or  division,  to  prevent 
surprise,  or  give  notice  of  danger. 

Hear  gaanl;  a  body  of  troops  that  march  in  the 
rear  of  an  army  or  division,  for  its  protection. 

Ufe  guard  ;  a  body  of  seltjct  troui»a,  whose  duty  is 
to  defend  the  person  of  a  prince  or  other  officer. 

The  guards  of  a  .neanihoal  arc  a  widening  of  the 
deck  by  a  framework  of  strung  timbers,  which  curve 
out  on  each  side  to  the  waler-wheel,  and  protect  it 
and  the  shaft  against  collision  with  whaifs  and  other 
iioals. 

GnARD'-Bf'AT,  n.  A  boat  appointed  to  row  the 
rounds  among  ships  of  war  in  a  harbor,  lo  observe 
that  their  officers  kt^p  a  gorni  lonk-out.    Mar.  Did. 

GUARD'-CHa.M-BER,7i.    Aguard-room.    1  ICingsxW. 

GUXRD'-ROO.M,  n.  A  room  for  the  accominodatiun 
of  guards. 

GUAKD'-.'^niP,  71.  A  veFsel  of  war  appointed  to  su- 
perintend the  marine  affairs  in  a  harbor  or  river,  and 
also,  in  the  English  service,  lo  receive  impressed 
seaiiien. 

GUARD'A-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  protected, 

GI. ARO'AGE,  n.     Wardship.     [ Ob.*.]  Shak. 

'  GUARa'AiNT,  a.     Acting  as  guardian.     [06s.] 

2.  in  hTuldrtfj  having  llie  face  turned  toward  the 
spectator. 

GUARD'AXT,  n.     A  guardian.  Skak. 


GUE 

GUARD  ED,  ;'p.     Defended;  protected;  accompanied 
by  a  guard  ;  provided  with  means  of  defense. 

2.  1.  (-'nnliuus;  cifcumspect.  lie  was  guarded  in 
Ills  cxjiressions. 

3,  Framed  or  uttered  with  caution  ;  as,  his  expres- 
sioni  were  guarded. 

GUARU'KD  LY,  ailv.    With  circumspection. 
GUARD'KD-XESS,  tj.     Cautitm  ;  circumspection. 
GUARl^KR,  n.     One  that  guards. 
GUXUD'FUL,  a.     Wary  ;  cautious. 
GlIARD'I-AN,  n.      [from  guard  i    Fr.  gardienj    Sp. 
guardtan,] 

1.  A  warden  ;  one  who  guards,  preserves,  or  se- 
cures ;  one  to  whom  any  thing  is  committed  fur 
preser\*ation  from  injury. 

2.  In  tair,  one  wlio  is  chosen  or  appointed  to  take 
charge  of  the  estate  and  education  of  an  oiphan  who 
is  a  niiiior,  or  of  any  person  who  is  not  of  sufficient 
di-5cretit>n  lo  nianape  his  own  conct ms.  The  person 
couimiiled  lo  the  c^ire  of  a  guardian  is  called  his  ward. 

OuanH'iH  oflftespirituttUties;  the  jH'rson  to  whom 

the  spiritual  jurisdiction  of  a  diocese  is  intrusted, 

durin;;  tlif  vacancy  of  the  sec. 

GUARDi-AN,  fl.     Protecting;  performing  the  office 

of  a  pri>lertor  ;  as,  a  guardian  angel  ;  guardian  care. 

GUARU'I-AX-ESS,  n.     A  female  guardian.     [JVot  in 

Ii**-.]  Beaunu  4'  ^'- 

GUAi(D'I-AX-i5IirP,  n.     The  office  of  a  guardian; 

prot'-'Ction  ;  care  ;  watch. 
GUXRD'IXG,  p/»r.    Dufonding;  protecting;  securing; 

attending  for  prot-.Ttion. 
GUARD'I.ES.^,  a.    Without  a  guard  or  defense. 
GUARD'SIIIP,  «.     Care;  protection.     [LiUle  u.<<ed.] 
GUa'KISII,  (ga'rishj)  b.  L     [Fr.  gucrir.]  [Sioijl. 

To  heal.     [Oft.v.]  S/ienser. 

GUA'VA,  gwi'vi,)  M,  An  American  tree,  and  its  fruit, 
uflhe  g;nMs  Psidiinn.  Two  species  are  well  known, 
the  P.  jytfrifrruiH^  or  white  guava,  and  P.  powifcrum^  or 
red  guava.  The  fruit  or  berry  is  hirge  and  oval-shaped, 
like  a  [KHiK'granale,  which  it  resembles  in  its  aslrin- 
gttil  quality.  The  pulp  is  of  an  agreeable  flavor, 
and  uf  liii;i  f;uit  is  made  a  delicious  jelly.  Encyc. 
GO'BER-XATE,  v.  U     [I«  gttberno.] 

'l\i  Kuvern.     [jYut  luinL] 
GU-BER-J:A'TI0\,  h.    [L.  gabcrnatio.  See  Govern.] 

G«jvernuu'nt ;  rule;  directitm.     [Rare.]      H'atts. 
GP'BKR-.N.'V-TIVE,  a.    GuVerning.  Chaucer, 

GU-BEli-NA-TG'UI-AL,  a.     [L.  gubcr/iator.] 
Perl-lining  to  government,  or  lo  a  governor. 
[Soiiifiiiitrs  u.tcil  ill  jimerica.] 
GUD'OEnN,  (?ud'jun,)  h.     [Fr.  goujmi.] 

1.  A  small,  fresli-water  fish,  of  the  genus  Cypri- 
nus,  a  fish  easily  caught ;  and  hence, 
fi.  A  pf^rson  easily  cheated  or  insnared.       Swi/L 

3.  A  bait;  allurement;  something  to  be  caught  to 
a  man's  disadvantage.  Hhak. 

4.  An  inm  pii.  on  which  a  wlieel  or  shaft  of  a  ma- 
chine turns.  In  a  sAip,  a  claiiip  on  whicli  the  rudder 
lunis.  Hebert.     Totten. 

Sea-ptdgcun  i  the  black  goby  or  rock-fish. 

The  name  given  hy  the  Mohammedans  to  the  Per- 
sian fire-worshi|K;rs.  'Die  Guebers  inhabit  the  south- 
ern [Kirts  of  Persia,  are  poor,  and  miserably  oppressed 
by  their  Mohammedan  lords.  In  India,  they  arc 
called  Paiiske--.  Murdoch. 

GUEI/DER-ROSE,  (gel'der-)  n.     See  Geldkr-Koss. 

GUELF,     (  (ywdf,)  II.    The  Guc!/*,  so  called  from  the 

GUKLPII,  i  name  of  a  family,  composed  a  faction 
formerly  in  Italy,  opposed  to  the  Glnbtlnies../.  jSt/ams. 

GUER'DOX,  (ger'doii,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  the  same  root 
as  rcusardy  Norm.  rt^:rarde.] 

A  rt-'ward  ;  requital ;  recompense  ;  in  a  good  or  bad 
snis'-.     [Uirf.]  Spenser.     Miltvn. 

GUER'DOX,  r.  t.    To  reward.     [06^.]      B.  Jviison. 

Gi;EIl'D()\-A-BLE,-fl.     Worthy  of  reward.    Hack. 

GIJER'I)0N-/:D,  pp.     Rewarded. 

GUKR'l»n.\-Li:;?:S  a.     Unrecompensed.    [Obs.] 

GLER-RIL'LA,  («wer-ril'la,)n.ora.  [Sp., little  war.] 
A  term  applied  to  an  irregular  modeof  carrjing  on 
war,  by  the  ccmatant  attacks  of  independent  bands. 
It  w.'is  adopted  in  the  north  of  £>pain  during  the  Pen- 
in.^ular  war.  The  term  is,  for  the  most  part,  used 
adjertively. 

GUEfjd,  (ges,)  V.  t,  [D.  gisnen  ;  Sw.  gissa  ;  Jr.  gra- 
som ;  Dan.  gietter.  It  coincides  with  cast,  like  Die 
Tj.  conjicio  ;  for  in  Danish,  ^ieUer  is  to  guess,  and  giet- 
hiius^  IS  a  casting-house  or  foundery,  gyder^  lo  pour 
out.  ileiice  we  see  that  this  is  the  G.  gies.ten,  to 
prmr,  cast,  or  found,  Eiig.  to  gush,     in  Russ.  gadayu 

is  to  guess,  and  kitlayu,  to  cast.  Ar.  fc\^=^  chazai,  to 

divine  fir  guess.  Class  Gs,  No.  31.  See  rdso  Class 
Gd.  The  sense  is,  lo  co*-*,  that  is,  to  throw  Uigcther 
circumstances,  or  to  cast  forwanl  in  mind.] 

1.  To  conjecture  ;  lo  form  an  opinion  without  cer- 
tain principles  or  means  of  knowledge  ;  to  judge  at 
random,  either  of  a  present  unknown  fact,  or  uf  a 
future  fact. 

Kim,  if  thou  cimsl,  t!ic  hanlor  reason  gutst.  Pope. 

2.  To  judge  or  form  an  opinion  from  some  reasons 


Fate,  FAR,  FALL.  WHAT YETE,  PREY.  — PINE.  MARINE.  BIRD.  — NOTE.  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


524 


GUI 

iliat  render  a  thine  prob:ibte,  bttt  fail  short  of  suf- 
ficiem  evidence.  From  diirtit  circuuisMnces  or  oc- 
casional exprest-ions,  we  s'u^s  an  auttior's  meaning. 

3.  To  hit  upon  by  accident.  I^iekc, 

4.  To  suppose  ;  lo  think  ;  lo  be  inclined  to  btliave. 
Yaur  own  people  have  infontieJ  j-ou,  I  gue»»,  by  this  time, 

Mi<U!elpn. 

GUESS,  V.  i.  To  conjecture;  to  judg^  at  random. 
VVc  do  not  know  which  road  to  take,  but  we  must 
i^ue.fs  at  it. 

GL'ESS,  n.  Conjecture  ;  judgment  without  any  cer- 
tain evidence  or  grounds. 


GUI 


GUL 


111.  art'B  like  pbjiic,  bul  a  h-ippy  ^ittst. 


Dry^en. 


CI'ESS'ED,  (gest,)  pp.    Conjpctured  ;  divincil. 

Oi'Et^S'ER,  ».  One  who  guessis  ;  a  coiijccturiT ;  one 
«  111!  judges  or  gives  an  opinion  witbuul  ixrtain  means 
of  kiinwin!».  '  Pope. 

GUE~S'I.\G,  ppr.  Conjfcturini ;  judging  without 
ct-rn:n  f\Tdence  or'gronndj  of  opinion. 

r:i;r.-^t='I.\G,  n.    Tlie  forming  of  conjt-ctnrea. 

Cl'KSS'lNr.-LV,  adr.     By  vvny  nf  conjecture.  Shalt. 

!;i;K5S-R6PI-;.     See  Guest-Roi-e. 

Gt'E.-^:>'-\VORK,n.  W^ork  pc-rformed  at  hazard  or  by 
mere  conjecture. 

GUKST,  (gest,)  m.  jrS.ai.  gcst :  G.  and  n.  gasi ;  Dan. 
e'lest ;  tf \v.  fra£t ;  W.  ffv^st,  a  going  out,  a  vUit^  an 
inn,  n  lodsjing  ;  also,  to  visit,  to  be  a  guext ;  ffw.f,  a 
going;  Rius.  y.wf,  a  guesL  'I'liis  is  the  I.itin  rf>i'to, 
Kng.  ririt,  with  the  Celtic  prefix.  Sec  tiweu's  lyekh 
Oictionarri.) 

1.  .\  stranger ;  one  who  comes  from  a  distance, 
and  takes  lodgings  at  a  pl.ace,  either  for  a  nisht  or 
for  a  longer  lime.  Siriitni. 

2.  A  visitor;  a  stranger  or  fUend  entertained  in 
the  house  or  at  the  table  of  another,  whether  by  in- 
vitation or  otherwise. 

The  we<t'ling  wa«  fiiniUlirJ  wiUi  fueau.  —  Jtut.  xxX 

GUEST'-CUA.M-CER,  tt.  An  ajKirlinent  appropriated 
to  the  entertainment  of  giiest.«.    Mark  xiv. 

GUEST'-IilTE,  1..    Office  due  to  a  guest.  C'liipman. 

GL'E.ST'-ItfiPE,  I  «.    .K  nipe  to  tow  « ith,  i,r  to  make 

Ci;E.-i.S'-l!oI'E,  !      fast  a  lunt.  .irur.  D,cU 

GL'EST'W  I?E,  adc.    In  the  manner  of  a  guest. 

GITG'GLE.    .See  GiaoLE. 

Gi;iIR,  (cur,)  n.  A  lo<jse,  earthy  deposit  fn>m  wat>'r, 
found  m  the  cavities  or  elefl.i  of  rocks,  mostly  white, 
but  soinetlmos  red  ur  yellow,  from  a  mixtuie  of  clay 
or  Of  her.  MchJton.     CImvclaiuL 

':i;ir)'A-m.E,  a.  That  may  b-  guided  or  governed  by 
.•^O'lns-I.  Sprat. 

<.LID'.\Gr.,  n.  [See  Guide.]  Tlie  reward  given  to  a 
euide  for  s-.-rviccs.    [l.liar  [/.,r,,'.] 

lillD'A.NCE,  n.  [SeeGtiuE.]  The  art  of  guiding  ; 
dir^'ctJon  ;  government ;  a  leading.  !^ubInit  to  the 
^uifla'ice  of  age  and  wl.-Jdom. 

GLIDE,  (gide,)  c.  (.  [Fr.  guUcr;  It.  guUnrr ;  Sp. 
;r«i.ir,  to  guide  ;  gitm,  a  guide,  and,  in  seamen's 
laug'lage,  a  guy;  Port.  id.  See  Class  Gd,  No  17, 
53.]  ' 

1.  To  lend  or  dir-ct  in  a  way;  to  conduct  in  a 
course  or  path  ;  as,  to  eu  de  an  etieniv  or  a  traveler, 
who  is  noC  acquainted  with  the  road  or  course. 

The  mcell  will  he  f\t'uU  iu  juiljraeiit P«.  xxr. 

2.  To  direct ;  to  order. 

Hr  will  gvvie  hi.  ii/lal(¥  with  ilifcirtion.  —  Pi.  ciii. 

3.  To  influence;  lo  give  direction  to.  Men  are 
guhtrd  by  their  interest,  or  supposed  interest. 

4.  'i'o  instruct  and  direct.  Let  parents  guUit  their 
ehjldn-n  u>  virtue,  dignity,  and  happiness. 

direct ;  t«  regulate  and  manage ;  to  superin- 


to  p,ay  something  toward  the  charge  and  support  of 
the  company.]  ' 

In  Kit'sUind^  a  society,  fraternity,  or  comiMtnv  as- 
aociuted  for  some  purpose,  p,Trticularlv  for  carrving 
on  commerce.  The  nierciiiint-o-ui/Ji  of  our  ane»'stors 
answer  to  our  modern  corjximtinns.  They  were  li- 
censed by  the  king,  and  governed  by  laws  and  orders 

^.of  ";;;'!;<;)';"•      ,.  cowt\.  E^cyc 

t^tJIIjli'l.R.     s>ee  Gilder. 

GUILD'-IIALL,  (gild'hawl,)  n.  The  hall  ivhere  a 
guild  or  corporation  usually  assemble  ;  the  great 
court  of  judicature  in  London. 
GUILE,  (glle,)  n.  [Qu.  Old  Frencll  euilli;  or  !rUU.  It 
may  be  the  Celtic  form  of  Eng.  wile.  Sco  Ethiopic. 
Cast.  col.  533.]  "^    ' 

Craft;  cunning;  artifice;  duplicity;  deceit;  tiju- 
ally  m  a  bad  sense. 

We  nviT,  with  more  .iiccewful  hope,  irKiIre 
To  w.,B.-  lot  fciw  or  f  uile  e,^„„l  „„,.  An.'ton. 

n-'hold  an  Israelite  iinlt.etl,  in  whom  i.  no  guU*.  — John  i. 
SKU'SlJ^;.!.-     To  disguise  craftily.     [04.,.]    Spmsrr. 
UIJII.L  i-^'L,  o.     Cunning;  criftv  ;  artful;  wiiy;de- 
ceilful ;  insidious  ;  as,  a  ^ni/r/ii/ person. 
3.  Treacherous  ;  deceitful.  Shak. 

3.  Intended  to  deceive  ;  as,  fuilrfitt  words. 
GUTI.E'FfJI^LY,  ade.     Artfully  ;  insidiously  ;  treadi- 

<■""'■''>••  Miltail 

GUILE'FJ;L-NESS,  b.     Deceit;  8eci«  treachery. 
_j„.     ,  Sherwood, 

GIJILE  LES-S,  a.    Free  from  guile  or  deceit ;  artless ; 

frank  ;  sMicen;;  honest. 
GlILE'Li;.-;.-;-LV7ii,/r. 
GUILE'LESS-.NESS,   i 

guile. 
GUIL'ER,  n.    One  who  betrays  into  danger  by  insid- 
ious art.^.     [A-ot  used.}  Spenser 
GUIL'LE-.m6T,   (gll'le-mot,)    n,      [from   the   VVcish 
^wilau}^^  whirling  about.] 

A  water-fowl,  of  the  genus  Vria,  allied  to  the  Pen- 
gums,  .Auks,  and  Divers.  It  is  found  in  the  northern 
parts  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  Amrrica.  p.  Cije, 

GUIf/LE-V.AT,  n.     A  vat  for  fermenting  liquors. 
aUir^r.OCIIK\  (gil-losh',)   n.     [Fr.]     In  architecture, 
an  ornainint  in  the  form  of  two  or  more  b,ands  or 
strings  twisting  over  each  other  in  a  continued  so- 
""-''•  Oieill. 

GUIL'LO-TI.VE,  (gillo-leen,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  the  name 
of  the  inventor.'' 


to  punishment;  not  innocent.    U  may  tie  followed 
by  of;  as,  to  be  guUtij  of  theft  or  arson. 

Nor  he,  nor  you,  were  •ui.'ri,  of  Ihe  .Irife.  Drydtn. 

9.  Wicked  ;  corrupt;  sinful;  ax,  a  guilty  world. 
3.  Conscious.  B.  j„,„„„. 

In  Scripture,  to  be  guilty  of  death,  is  to  have  com- 
mitted a  crime  which  deserves  death.    Matt.  xxui. 

To  be  guiltti  of  tlie  body  ami  blood  of  Christ,  is  to  be 
Chargeable  with  the  crime  of  cnicifying  Christ  afresh 
and  olfering  indignity  to  his  person  anil  righteous- 
ness, repre.sented  by  the  symbols  of  ilie  Lord's  suii- 
per.    1  Cor.  li.  ' 

GUI.M'BARD,  n.  A  musical  iustruniciit,  the  jewshiirp. 
„,.,,,,_,    ,  ,   ,       ,        ...  Maunder. 

OCIN'EA,  (gin'ny,)  n.  [from  Ouineo,  in  Africa,  which 
abounds  with  gold.] 

Formerly,  a  gold  coin  of  Great  Britain,  of  the  value 

of  twenty-one  shillings  sterling,  equal  to  £l.ti6S. 

American  money.  ** 

GULN'EA  eOR.N,  n.     Tlio  great  or  Indian  millet, 

{Sorghum  vulgare.)  p   n,.^ 

GUIN?^EA-DR(5p-I>BR,  n.    One  who  cheats  by  drop- 
ping guineas.  "^         *^ 

r  lilv'p  A'fi'i'.^S"^'  i  "■  ■'■'"=  •^'«'"''''<"  meleagris,  a  fowl 
'■""*  E-V."'^'*'  r  '  "'""'  giillinaceous  order,  a  na- 
tive of  Africa.    It  is  larger  than  the  common  domes. 


Arlle^'sly  ;  honestly. 
Simplicity;  freedom  from 


.1).  Ti 
tend. 


I  will  Oist  die  younrer  women  mwrv,  benr  children,  tui'l  ruid* 
dw  boius.  — fftm.*.  * 

f:  ITDE,  a.     [Fr.  guide  ;  It.  guiila  :  Pp.  guia.'] 

1.  A  p-rson  who  leads  or  directs  another  in  his 
way  or  course ;  a  conductor.  The  army  followed 
the  guide.  The  traveler  may  be  deceived  by  his 
guide. 

2.  One  who  directs  anollicr  in  his  conduct  or  course 
of  life. 

fie  will  be  oar  guifU,  eeen  Hnta  H^Mh.  —  P».  xlviii. 

3.  A  diitrtor;  a  regulator;  that  which  leads  or 
'    I-  '  i(  Is.     Experieiiee  is  one  of  our  best  giiidcji. 

pp.     Led  ;  conducted  ;  directed  in  the  Wav  ; 


'  ti-d  and  dirorti-d. 
1.ES.S,   o.    Destitute  of  a  guide 


wanting  a 

'  ■  J>rijden, 

-I'OJ^T,  n.    A  post  at  the  forks  of  a  road,  for 
(If  '  ling  travelers  Ihe  w.ay. 

'   ID'ER,  It.     A  guide  ;  one  w  r.o  guides  or  directs. 

South, 
•■'in'lNG,   ppr.     Leading;    col.'ucling;    directing; 

-op  Tinteliding. 
'^1  ruo.N,  (gi'don,)  »     [Fr.]    The  silk  standard  of  a 
I'-giuient  of  dmgoons,  or  light  drairsms.     It  is  broad 
at  one  extreme,  and  almost  jwint'-d  at  the  other. 

Campbell's  Mil.  Diet. 
(iUILD,  (gild,)  n.    [Sinj.  geld,  gield,  gU.l,  „r  gold;  D. 
gdd;  G.  gilile;  so  called,  It  is  said,  fniii  geljaa,  giU 
dan,  lo  pay,  because  each  metnh«-r  of  the  society  was 


An  engine  or  machine  for  beheading  persons  at  a 
stroke. 

GUIL'LOnXE,  (gil'lo-toen,)  v.  t.  To  behead  with 
the  guillotine. 

GUIL'LO-Tl(N-£D,  pp.  Beheaded  at  a  stroke  by  a 
guillotine. 

GUI  L'LO-TIN-I.VG,  ppr.     Beheading  by  a  guillotine. 

t»IJILLS,  ji.     A  plant,  the  corn  marigold. 

GUILT,  (gilt,)  n.  [Sa.t.  gylt,  a  crime,  and  a  debt,con- 
n-cted  with  gytdun,  to  pay,  or  It  is  from  the  root  of 
I),  and  C.sehuld,  Unn.skyld,  a  debt,  fault,  guilt.  (Sec 
Shall,  Should.)  If  the  word  is  from  gUdan,  gnldan, 
to  p.ay,  it  ilenotes  a  debt  contracted  by  an  olfehse,  a 
flue,  and  thence  came  the  present  signification.] 

I.  Criminality ;  that  slat.-  of  a  moral  agent  which 
results  from  his  actual  commission  of  a  crime  or  of- 
fense, knowing  it  to  be  a  crime,  or  violation  of  law. 
I  o  constitute  guilt,  there  must  lie  a  moral  agent  en- 
joying freedom  of  will,  and  capable  of  distinguishing 
lietween  right  and  wrong,  anil  a  wilful  or  intentional 
violation  of  a  known  law  or  rule  of  duty.  The  guilt 
of  a  person  exists  as  soon  as  the  crime  is  committed ; 
but  to  evince  it  to  others,  it  must  be  provt^d  by  con- 
fession, or  conviction  in  due  course  of  law.  Guilt 
rimders  a  person  a  debtor  to  the  law,  as  it  binds  him 
to  pay  a  [snalty  in  money  or  suirering.  Guilt,  there- 
fore, implies  both  criminality  and  liableness  to  pun- 
ishment. Guilt  may  procetid  either  from  a  positive 
act,  or  breach  of  law,  or  from  voluntary  neglect  of 
known  duty. 

'i  Criminality,  In  a  political  or  civil  view ;  expo- 
sure to  forfeiture  or  other  Jienally. 

A  wMp  incur.  guUl  Ijy  the  violation  of  a  blockade.        Kent. 
3.  Crime  ;  offense.  ShaA 

I;!'!l''!'!Ii'I)^''''"-  ""'">'•  [-V"""'*]      Shak, 

UI.ILI  l-l,\,ado.    la  a  m.inner  to  incur  guilt;  not 

innocently.  g,^^_ 

GUILT'1-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  guiltv  ;  wick- 
criminality ;  guilt.  'siilneij. 

Free  from  guilt,  crime,  or  offense  ; 


iae  of 
luaun. 


Milton. 


edness 
GUILT'LESS,  a. 
innuccnL 

■I'h. 


2.  Not  produced  by  the  slaughter  of  animals. 

Bin  rroin  tie-  nionnuin'i  Tnuev  diln, 
A  gtiilUets  feii.t  1  bring. 


Ooldtmilh, 

SIIIMm'I::?''-'-^'  "''''•     "'""""t  guilt ;  Inimeenlly. 

I.UILI   L1-,.S8.NES.S,   n.      Innocence;    freedom  from 
guilt  or  cnine.  Sidnai, 

9.y,[['Z','.?'^'^'  "■     Diseased  In  consequence  of  guilt. 

GUJLT'y,(Bilt'y,)».     [i^nx,  gyltig.]  IBeaum. 

i.  Crimmrt  ;  having  knowingly  committed  a  rrime       .,„,,o „  cros. 

or  ollense,  or  having  violat.d  a  law  by  an  overt  act    GULL'-CATCH-ER 
or  by  neglect,  and  l.y  that  act  or  neglect  bjiiig  liable  |      or  entraps  silly  peon 


tic  hen  and  has  a  kind  of  colored  fleshy  horn  on 
each  side  of  the  head.    Its  color  is  a  dark  grav,  beau- 

„}!','i"y  variegated  with  small,  white  spots,     iiuiic 

GUL\'E.\-PEI"PER,  n,  A  pl.^nt,  a  species  of  X,»- 
miim  or  Capsicum,  The  fruit  of  some  species  is  used 
for  pickle.s. 

GUIN'EA-PIG,  n.  In  zoology,  a  quadruped  of  the  ge- 
nus Cavia  or  Cavy,  a  native  of  Brazil.  It  is  about 
seven  inches  in  length,  and  of  a  white  color,  varie- 
gated with  spots  of  orange  and  black. 

GIJL\'1-AD.     See  Gwiniad. 

GUISE,  (gize,)  n,  [Fr.  guise  ;  It.  guisa,  way,  manner  • 
Arni.^nw,  gii,  XV.  gurei,  order,  sliaiw;  Sax.  wise; 
tng.  J0I.1C  (  G.  vieise  i  D.  guizen,  to  beguile.] 

1.  External  appearance  ;  dress  ;  g,arb.  Hi- appeared 
in  the  ™«e  of  a  shepherd.  The  liyiwcrite  wears  the 
guise  of  religion. 

Th.<l  love  which  ii  wnho.it  illml.nuhtion  wra™  not  the  ™ 
mo,lvm  hhenhly.  j  j,,  j^^^ 

2.  Manner  j  mien  ;  cast  or  behavior. 

By  th'-ir  guise 
JnBt  men  ttity  seem. 

3.  Custom ;  mode ;  practice. 

The  •wnin  rei-lierf,  It  never  wiu  our  £ul»e, 
1  u  Blight  the  (xior,  or  iinghl  humane  (leipiw).  Pope, 

GUIS'ER,  (gl'xer,)  n.     A  person  in  disguise  ;  a  nium- 

iiicr  who  goes  about  at  Christinas.  Enrlaiid 

GUIT-AR',  (git-ur',)  a  [Fr.  gu.tare ,  It.  cl^taZ%n. 
and  Port,  gmtarra  ;  L.  eitharii ;  Gr.  .iSuon  1 

A  stringed  instrument  of  music.  In  England  and 
the  United  States  used  chiefly  by  ladies,  but  in  Spain 
and  Itidy  much  used  by  men.  Encye 

GCi'L  A,  )n.    An  ogee,  or  wavy  member  in  a  building  ; 
Go  LA,  (      tlie  cymatiiim. 

rn'i'iiVvn   ''«"'!''""S  >"  the  throat.  p.  Cue, 

GO  LAU.MD,  71.    An  aquatic  fowl,  of  a  si/.c  between  a 
duck  and  a  goose,  the  breast  and  belly  white,  tlie 
head  mallard  green.    It  inhabits  Iceland.    Pennant. 
Gl;LCil,  II.     [D.  gnlng,  greetly.] 
oiTw.?!""""  '  a,»»''>ll"Wing  or  devouring.  [J^ot  used.^ 
j:nrri ',"•-',■     Jo^jnl'o'v  greedily.     [JVo(  a^erf.] 
OOLES,  (gulz,)n.     [Fr. /TUfulM,  red.] 

In  heraldry,  a  term  denoting  red,  intended  perhaps 
,^ 1. 1 'f.'"'''*''"''^"'"'''"''' ""''"■■"'''"> '"''ardihood.  F.ndie 
GUI.f,  n,     [Ft,  golfe;  It  Sp.  and  Port,  golfo ;  Arin. 
golf;  0.  golf;  Gr.  KoAirof.] 

1.  A  recess  in  the  ocean  from  the  general  line  of 
the  shore  into  the  land,  or  a  tract  of  water  extendiii" 
from  the  ocean  or  a  sea  into  the  land,  between  two 
points  or  promontories;  a  large  bay  ;  as,  the  gulf  of 
Mexico;  the  gulf  of  Venice;  the  gulf  of  Finland 
A  gulf  and  a  bay  dilferonly  in  extent.  We  apply  ban 
to  a  large  or  small  recess  of  the  sea,  as,  the  bay  of 
Biscay,  the  bay  of  Fundy  ;  but  gulf  is  applied  only  to 
a  large  extent  of  water. 

2.  An  abyss ;  a  deep  place  in  tile  earth  ;  as,  the 

gill!  of  Avernus.  Spaisrr. 

J.  A  whirlpool ;  an  absorbing  eddy.         Spenser. 

4.  Any  thing  iusatiahlc.  Shitlt 

GULF'-lN-DENT'ED,<i.  Indented  with  gulfs  or  bays. 

GULF'y,  a.    Full  of  whirlpools  or  gulfs;  as,  a  itkVi/ 
sea.  '      ^     h    J. 

GULL,  t>.  u     [D.  *iJ/rii;  Old  Fr.  guiUer ;  allied  proba- 
bly to  cully.] 

To  deceive  ;  to  cheat ;  to  mislead  by  deception  :  to 
trick  ;  to  defraud.  ' 

The  vulgar,  gulleri  into  lebellion,  ermed. 


TONE,  BJJIX,  IJNITR.. 


Dryden. 
GULL,  n.     A  cheating  or  cheat;  trick  ;  fraud.  Shalt. 
2.  One  easily  cheated.  ShaJc 

CULL,  a.     [W.gmylan;  Cam.  guUnn.] 

A  well-linown   web-footed    sea-fowl,   with    long 
belonging  to  the  genus  Larus.    There  arc  nu 
mcrous  specws.  _  Partington. 

...         ■  ,  a  man  who  cheats 

entraps  silly  people.  Shak. 


wing 


GUM 

Gl^LL'ED,  pp.     Cheated  ;  deceived  ;  defrauded. 
Gl'LL'KR,  n.    A  cbeot ;  an  impostor. 
GCLI-'ER-Y,  n.    Cheat.     [J\'ut  xised.]  Burton. 

GUL'LET,  m.  [Fr.  rvula^  gouU>U  Croni  1*.  ffula  i  Russ. 
chailo :  Sans.  ffoUul 

1.  The  passage  in  the  neck  of  an  animal  by  which 
food  and  liquor  are  t»ken  into  the  stomach  ;  the  esoph- 
agus. 

2.  A  rtream  or  lake.     [JS^ot  usrd.]  IJntUn. 
GUI^H-BIL'I-TY,  n.    Unsuspecting  credulity.  [^  Itne 

wnl.]  John  Fouler, 

crL'Ll-BLE,  a.    Easily  gulled.     [Lnt-] 
GVL'Ll-EDy  (gul'Iid.) jip.  or  o.    Having  a  boUow  wom 

bv  water. 
Cr'LL'ING,  ppr.    Cheating;  defrauding. 
GULL'ISH»  0.     Foolish;  stupid.     [.VW  in  v*e.] 
GULI*'ISIi-NES3,  H.    Foolishness  i  stupidity,     [^ot 

in  »j»f,l 

OITL'LV,  «.    A  channel  or  hollow  wom  In  the  earth 

by  a  CTinrnt  of  water.         -VHc  Eitgland.    Mitford, 

a.  A  large  knife.     [S«ifCi«A.]  Waiter  Scott, 

GULXY,  c.  L  To  wear  a  hoUow  channel  in  the  earth. 

America, 
GUL'LY,  e.  i.    To  run  with  noise.     [.V.-f  in  vse.] 
GUL'LY-HOLE,  «.    An  oiH-nine  whtTn  pittt-rs  empty 
their  contents  into  the  subttT raucous  sewer. 

JukHsun. 
GrL'l^Y-ING,  ppr.    Wearing  a  hollow  chnnml  in  tlie 

pRrtb. 
GU-LOS'I-TY,  H.    [I*  ipilesusj  from  ^//i,  the  gul- 
let.] 

Greediness ;  roncity ;  exoeasiTe  appetite  fur  fond. 
{LitUs  used.]  Brmcn. 

GULP,  V.  L     [D.  fvJpk»  i  Dan.  ^Iper.) 

To  swallow  eageriy,  or  in  large  draughts     Oaii, 
7b  fulp  mp ;  (o  throw  up  from  Itie  tiiront  or  stom- 
ach ;  to  disgorge. 
GULP,  X.    A  swallow,  or  as  much  as  is  swallowed  at 
once. 

3.  A  disgorging. 

GULP'£D,  (gulpCJfTi.    Swallowed  eagerly. 

GITLPH.    See  Gulf. 

GU-M.  ■.    [Sax.  fmma.    See  the  next  word.] 

The  bard,  fleshy  subsUnce  of  the  jiwa  which  In- 
vests tbfl  teeth. 

6UU,  u.  [Sax.  gima ;  L.  gvmmi ;  D.  fom  ;  Sp.  eoma ; 
lU  fMima;  Fr.  gomme ;  Gr.  ic-titpt;  Etua.  kmaied. 
Bee  Class  Gm,  No.  1-),  39.] 

1,  The  concrete  mucilage  of  vegetables  :  a  concrete 
Juice  which  exudes  through  the  bark  of  Iret's,  and 
thickens  on  the  fiurface.  It  is  stiluble  in  water,  to 
which  it  gi^'es  a  viscous  and  adhesive  quality.  It  is 
Insoluble  in  alcohol,  and  coagulates  in  weak  acids. 
\Vhcn  dr>-,  it  is  transparent  and  brittle,  not  easily 
pulvehx4^,  and  of  an  insipid  or  stishtly  saccharine 
taste.  Gum  differs  from  resin  in  several  particulars, 
but  custom  has  inaccurately  given  the  name  of  gum 
to  several  re^^ins  and  gum-resins,  as  gum-copal,  guui> 
•andarach,  cum-ammoniar,  and  others.  The  ime 
gums  are  firum-arabic,  giim-?onegal,  gum-tragacanth, 
and  the  gums  of  the  peach,  [dum,and  cherry  trees, 
&c.  MiekoUom.     Hooper. 

3.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Nyasa,  called,  also,  black 
gMm  and  sour  gum. 

Omm~tUutie^  or  £2asiic-^inHj  [eaoKtehove,]  is  a  well 
known  substance,  obtained  from  a  tree  in  America 
by  iDcisioR.  It  is  a  white  juice,  whieh,  when  dry, 
iMSMnes  very  tough  and  elastic,  and  is  used  for  bot- 
Ura,  surgical  instruments,  for  overshoes,  &.c.  This 
substance  is  also  much  used  for  various  other  pur- 
poses, being  perfectly  impermeable  to  water. 

^''icholiOTU     Encyc 
GUM,  V.  L    To  smear  with  gum. 

2.  To  unite  by  a  viscous  substance. 
GUM-AR'A-BI€,  n.     A  gum  which   flows  from  the 

AcAcia,  in  ,\rabia,  Egvpt,  &.c. 

GUM'-BOIL,  n.    A  boil  on  the  gum. 

GU.M-RES'IN,  n.  [See  Rcsii*.J  A  name  given  to 
certain  inspissated  saps.  A  juice  of  plants,  consist- 
ing of  resin  and  various  other  substances,  which 
have  been  taken  for  a  gummy  sub^nance.  The  gum- 
resins  do  not  flow  naturally  from  plants,  but  are 
mostly  extracted  by  incision,  in  the  form  of  white, 
yellow,  or  red  emulsive  fluids,  which  dry  and  con- 
solidate. The  most  important  species  are  otibanum, 
^Ibanum,  scammony,  gamboge,  euphorbiuin,  asafet- 
ida,  al.>es,  myrrh,  and  ammoniac.  Fourcroy. 

GUM—'^EN'E-GAL,  n.  A  gum  resembling  gum-arabic, 
brought  from  the  countrj'  of  the  River  Senegal,  in  Af- 
rica. 

GUM-TRAG'A-€ANTH,  n.  The  gum  of  a  thorny 
shrub  of  that  name,  in  Crete,  Asia,  and  Greece. 

Ejicve. 

GUM'-TREE,  n.  The  populrtr  name  of  the  black  gum, 
of  the  genus  N'yssa,  one  of  the  largest  trees  of  the 
Sout'iem  States.  It  bears  a  small  blue  fruit,  which  is 
the  favorite  food  of  the  opossum.  Most  of  the  large 
trees  become  hollow,  and  hence  gum-tree  is  the  term 
to  denote  a  hollow  tree,  in  many  of  the  Southern 
States.  Bee-hive-s  are  ^lensively  made  from  por- 
tions of  these  hollow  trunks ;  and  hence,  in  many 
places,  A««-£Tinihas  become  the  terra  to  denote  a  bee- 
fa  iven, 

GUM'BO,  n.    A  dish  of  f  ^  macie  of  young  capsules 


GUN 

of  ocra,  with  salt  and  pepper,  stewed  and  served 

with  melted  buitrr. 
GUM'I^AC,  «.    'i'he  resinous  produce  of  an  insert 

wliicli   deposits  its  eggs  on  the  branches  of  a  tre« 

callc'd  bthar,\n  Assam,  a  countrj'  borderiuEon  Thibet, 

and  elsewhere  in  Asia.     [See  Lac]        Js''ickolson. 
GU.M-MIF'ER-OUS,  a.     Producing  gum. 
GU.M'.MI-NESS,  tt.     The  state  or  quality  of  being 

gummy ;  viscousness. 
2.  Accumulation  of  gum.  Wvtnnan. 

GUM-MOS'I-TY,  H.     Tite  nature  of  pun  ;   gurnmi- 

ness  ;  a  viscous  or  adhesive  quality.  Floyer. 

GUM'MUUS.  a.     Of  the  nature  or  quality  of  gum  ; 

viscous ;  aahestve.  Woodward. 

GUM'MY^  a.    Consisting  of  gum ;   of  the  nature  of 

gum;  viscous;  adhesive.  Ralegh. 

2.  Productive  of  gum.  MUtpn. 

3.  Covered  with  gum  or  viscous  matter.  DrifHe*. 
GUMP,  »■     [I>an.  and  Sw.  ^luini,  the  rump  of  a  fowl.] 

A  foolish  person;  a  dolt,     [riti^vr.]     Holloway, 

GUMP'1'U).N*,  (gump'shun,)  It.  [Sax.  gyvutUy  care; 
gymaiiy  t(i  obser\'e,  or  be  careful.] 

Capacity  ;  shrewdness  ;  address.     [  yulgar.] 

SmarL     Forby, 

GUN,  n.     [W.  gien  ;  Com.  pin.\ 

An  instrument  consisting  of  a  barrel,  or  tube  of 
iron,  or  other  metal,  .ixed  in  a  stock,  from  which 
balls,  shot,  or  t)ther  diradly  weapons  are  discharged 
hy  the  explosion  of  gunpowder.  The  larger  species 
of  guns  are  called  cannon  :  and  tiie  smaller  spe- 
cies are  called  muskets^  carbines,  foieling-piecest  &-C. 
But  one  species  of  fire-arms,  the  pistui,  is  never 
called  a  guH. 

GUN,  r.  i.     To  shoot.     [  Obs.] 

GUN'-BAR-REL,  w.    The  barrel  or  lube  of  a  gun. 

GUN'-BOAT,  n.  A  boat  or  small  vessel  filled  to  carry 
a  cannon  in  the  bow  or  amidships.  ToUen, 

GUN'-CAR-RIAGE,  ^-kar  rtj,)  n.  A  wheel  carriage 
for  beariiiK  and  movmg  cannon. 

GUN'-COT-TON,  w.  A  highly  explosive  substance 
obtained  by  soaking  cotton,  or  any  vegetable  fiber, 
in  nitric  and  sulphuric  acids,  and  then  leaving  it  to 
dry.    It  is  used  as  a  substitute  lor  gunpowdi-r. 

L>ana. 

GUN'N.\6E,  It.  The  number  of  guns  In  a  ship  of 
war. 

GUN'-FIRE,  ».  In  milUary  affairs,  the  hour  at  which 
the  morniug  or  evening  gun  is  fired. 

CatnpbtWa  Mil  Diet 

GUN'NEL.     See  Gunwali:. 

GUN'NER,  n.  One  skilled  in  the  use  of  puis  ;  a  can- 
nonier  ;  on  officer  appointed  to  manage  nrlilh-ry.  In 
the  lury,  a  warrant  officer,  having  charge  of  nil  the 
ordnance  of  a  vesseL  Tottrn. 

GUN'NER-Y,  K.  The  science  of  artillery  ;  the  art  of 
managing  cannon.  CampbcWit  Mil.  DicL 

GUN'N'ING,  n.  The  act  of  bunting  or  shooting  game 
with  a  gun. 

lu  tbe  earlier  tlmra,  (be  art  of  gunning  waa  but  little  practic/'d. 

GUN'NY,  n.  [Bengal.]  A  coarse  sackcloth  manufac- 
tured in  Bengal,  of  which  bags  are  maic  fur  con- 
taining salt  and  other  articles.  Brantle. 

GUN'PO\V-DER,  71.  A  com[>osition  of  sailpeter,  sul- 
phur, and  charcoal,  mixed  and  reduced  to  a  fine  pow- 
der, then  granulated  and  dried.  It  is  used  in  artil- 
lery,  in  shooting  game,  in  blasting  rocks,  &.c. 

GUN 'ROOM,  n.  In  ships,  an  apartment  occupied  as  a 
mess-room  by  the  commissioned  officers.      Totteiu 

GUN'SHOT,  n.  The  distance  of  the  point-blank 
range  of  a  cannon-shot.  Tottau 

GUN'SHOT,  a.  Made  by  the  shot  of  a  gun ;  as,  a 
gunshot  wound. 

GUX'SMITH,  n.  A  maker  of  small  arms;  one 
whose  occupation  is  to  make  or  repair  small  fire- 
arms. 

GUN'SMITH-ER-Y,  n.  The  business  of  a  gunsmith  ; 
the  art  of  making  small  fire-arms. 

GUN'STICK,  n,  A  rammer,  or  ramrod  ;  a  stick  or 
rod  to  ram  down  the  charge  of  a  musket,  &.c. 

GUN'STOCK,  n.  The  stock  or  wood  in  which  the 
barrel  of  a  gun  is  fixed. 

GUN'ST6NE,  n.  A  stone  used  for  the  shot  of  can- 
non. Before  the  invention  of  iron  balls,  stones  were 
used  for  shot.  Shak, 

GUN'-TACK-LE,  (-tak'l,)  n.  A  gun-tackle  purchase,  in 
seamen't  language,  is  composed  of  two  single  blocks 
and  a  fall.  Totlen, 

GUN'TER'8  CH.\iN,  n.  [from  Edmund  Ounter,  the 
inventor. ]^  Tbe  chain  commonly  used  for  measuring 
land.  It  IS  four  rods  or  GO  feet  long,  and  is  divided 
into  100  links. 

GUN'TER'S  LINE,  n.  A  logarithmic  line  on  Gunter's 
scale,  used  for  performing  the  multiplication  and  di- 
vision of  numbers  mechanicallv. 

GUN'TER'S  SCALE,  n.  A  large  plane  scale  having 
various  lines  of  numbers  engraved  on  it,  by  means 
of  which  questions  in  practical  geometry'  and  arith- 
metic are  resolved  with  the  nid  of  a  pair  of  com- 
passes. Brande. 

GUiN'VVALE,  /  n.    The  uppor  edce  of  a  ship's  sidR  ; 

GUN'NEL,  \  the  Tipperinust  wale  of  a  ship,  or 
that  piece  of  timber  which  reaches  on  either  side 
from  the  quarter-deck  to  the  forecastle,  being   the 


GUT 

up|H>rmost  bend  which  finishes  the  upper  works  of 
the  hull.  Mar,  Vict,     Encyc, 

GURGE,  n.     [L.  gurges ;  It.  gorgo.] 

A  whirIinK.ll.     [Little  used.]  Milton. 

GUROE.  ».  (.    To  swallow,     [jVot  in  use,] 

GUK'.GEON,  n.  The  coarscir  part  of  meal  separated 
from  the  bran.     [J^'ot  used.]  IlolUnjihed. 

GUK'GLE,  r.  t.  [It.  gorgojrliare,  from  gorga,  the 
throat,  gorgo,  a  whirlpool,  L.  gurges.  See  (■arglb, 
which  seems  to  b**  of  the  same  family  ;  or  the  same 
word  differently  applied.] 

To  run  as  liquor  with  a  purling  noise ;  to  nm  or 
flow  in  a  broken,  irregular,  noisy  current,  as  water 
from  a  bottle,  or  a  small  stream  on  a  stony  bottom. 

Pure  gurgling  rilla  Uie  loiidy  dnai-rt  truce.  Yvung. 

GUR'GLING,  p;/r.  Running  or  flowing  with  a  purl- 
ing sound. 

GUR'GLING,  n.  A  running  with  a  broken,  noisy 
curnni. 

GUR'HOF-ITE,  n,  A  subvnrirty  of  magncsian  car- 
bonate of  lime,  funnd  near  Gurhof,  in  L<iwer  Afts- 
tria.  It  is  snow-white,  and  has  a  dull,  slightly 
ronchoidal,  or  even  fracture.  Clcaveland. 

GUR'N  ARU,  \  n,     [Ir.  guirnead  ;  W.  pen-gemyn.  Corn. 

GUR'NET.    \     pen-gam,  horn-head,  or  ir4)n-head.] 
A   sea-fish  of  several  8[>t.'rres,  some  of  which  are 
highly  esteemed  for  food.     They  belong  to  the  Lin- 
na.'nu   genus  Trigla.     The  head   is  luricatcd  with 
rough  lines,  or  bony  jtlates. 

ji.fh.     Enntc.  of  Dom.  Econ. 

GUR'NET,  V.  A  kind  of  fi.sh  that  abounds  on  the 
south  const  of  Devonshire,  in  England. 

GUR'R.XIl,  n.  A  kind  of  plain,  coarse  Indian  mus- 
lin. 

GUSlI,ct.  [Ir. gaisim ;  G.  gieaseui  or  D.  gudsen^  or 
kissen.     See  Guess.] 

1.  To  issue  with  violence  and  rapidity,  as  a  fluid  : 
to  rush  forth  as  a  fluid  from  conliuement ;  as,  blooa 
gushes  from  a  vein  in  venesection. 

Behnli),  hr  amotfl  the  rock,  llinl  the  wAU-n  gttahtd  out. —  Pa. 
IxxvVa. 

9.  IV  flow  copiously.    Tears  gushed  from  her  eyes. 
GUSII.r.  U    To  emit  in  copious  effusion. 

The  g^tpin;  wouml  gushed  out  a  crimaou  flood.     [l/nu»ual.\ 

Drydtn. 

GUSH,  n.  A  sudden  and  \1oIent  issue  of  a  fluid  from 
an  IucIosimI  place;  nn  emission  of  liquor  in  a  large 
quantity  and  with  force  ;  tht!  fluid  thus  emitted. 

Harvey. 

GUSH'IN'G, /inr.  or  a.    Rushing  forth  with  violence, 

as  a  fluid  ;  flowing  copiously  ;  as,  gushing  waters. 

9.  Emitting  copiously  ;  us,  gushing  pyca.     Pope, 

GUiSH'INO,  n.     A  rut^hing  forili  with  violence, 

GUSH'ING-LY,  adv.     In  a  gushing  manner. 

GUS'SET,  R.  [Kr.  gousset,  a  fob,  a  bracket,  a  gusset, 
as  if  from  goussc,  a  cod,  husk,  or  shell.  But  in  W. 
ewi/sed  is  a  gore  or  gusset,  from  em/s,  a  furrow.] 

A  small  piece  of  cloth  inserted  in  a  garment,  for 
the  purpose  of  strengthening  or  enlarging  sume  part. 

GUST,  iu  [1»  gu^tu.<.  It.  .''p.  gusto^  Fr.  goUt,  taste  ; 
L.  gusto,  G.  kosten,  \V.  ^icacthu,  to  taste  ;  Gr.  ^£«'.', 
a  contracted  word,  for  it  has  }&i>tri£,  taste;  W. 
cwaeth,  id.] 

1.  Taste  ;  lasting,  or  the  sense  of  tasting.  More 
getierally,  the  pb;asure  of  tasting  ;  relish.  TUlotson, 

2.  'Sensual  enjuyment 

Wh?rr;  love  is  duty  <m  the  (einale  siilf, 

Oa  tlieira,  mere  acnsiiai  fuaf,  and  aungiit  with  aurly  pri<t«. 

Dryden. 

3.  Pleasure  ;  amusement ;  gratification. 

Destroy  all  creatures  for  thy  eport  or  f  t«t.  Pope, 

4.  Turn  of  fancy;  intellectual  taste 

A  choice  of  it  may  be  made  according  to  the  grtat  and  nutaner  of 
the  andeuia.  Dryden, 

[Taste  is  now  generally  used.] 
GUST,  tj.  t.     To  taste ;  to  have  a  relish.     \ Little  used,] 
GUST,  n.     [Dan.  gust;  Ir.  iiaoth,  wind  ;  W.  cieyth,  a 
puff,  a  blast  of  wind  ;  allied  perhaps  to  gush.] 

1.  A  sudden  squall  ;  a  violent  blast  of  wind  ;  a 
sudden  rushing  or  driving  of  the  wind,  of  short 
duration.  Dryden,     .Addison. 

9.  A  sudden,  violent  burst  of  passion.        Bacon. 
GUST'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  tasted  ;  tastable. 

Harvnj. 
9.  Pleasant  to  the  taste.     [Little  used.]     Derham. 
GUST-a'TION,  n.     The  act  of  tasting.     [Little  used.] 

Brown. 
GUST'A-TO-RY,  a.     Pertaining  to  gust  or  taste. 
GUST'FIJL,  a.     Tasteful ;  well-tasted  ;  that  relishes. 
GUSTT^L-NESS,  n.     Relish;   pleasantness  to  the 

taste.  Barrow, 

GUST'LESS,  a.     Tasteless.  Brown. 

GUST'O,  n.  [It.  and  Sp.  See  Guar.]  Relish  ;  that 
which  excites  pleasant  sensations  in  the  palate  or 
tongue.  Derhain. 

9.  Intellectual  taste.     [Little  used,]  Dryden. 

GUST'Y,  a.  Subject  to  sudden  blasts  of  wind ;  stormy  ; 
tempestuous. 

One  upon  a  mw  nnfl  ^usty  ditr, 
Thtf  trxmbkd  Tit«T  dialing  wjUi  his  shores.  i>'hak. 

GUT,  n.     [G.  kuttrl ;  Ch.  nhn^p  kudo,] 

I.  The   intestinal   canal  of  an  animal  ;  a  pipe  or 


F.\TE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARIXE,  BIRH.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 
__       _  _ 


H 

tube  ertf-nding,  with  many  ciKumvolution?,  from 
the  pylorus  to  the  vent.  This  pipe  is  composed  of 
three  coats,  and  is  attached  to  the  body  by  a  mem- 
brane called  the  mesentery.  This  canal  is  of  different 
sizes  ii>  dilTerent  parts,  and  takes  different  names. 
The  thin  and  small  parts  are  called  the  duodenum,  the 
i/('ii'.i,  and  the  jejunum  ;  the  large  and  thick  parts  are 
rall'.-d  the  caecum,  the  eolon^  and  the  rectum.  By  this 
pi|>t',  the  undigested  and  unabsorbed  parts  of  food 
nrf  conveyed  from  the  stomach  and  discharged. 
'Jhis  word  in  the  plural  is  applied  to  the  whole  mass 
formed  by  its  natural  convuiutions  in  the  abdomen. 

2.  The  stomach  j  the  receptacle  of  food.    [Loie.] 

iJrvdejL, 

3.  Gluttony  ;  love  of  gormandizing.    [Loie.] 

HakewilL 
GUT,  p.  L     To  take  out  the  bowels  ;  to  eviscerate. 
3.  To  plunder  of  contents  i  as,  the  mob  mttiedtbe 
house.  Dniden. 

OUT'TA  SE-RE'J\rj9j  [L.]     In  mwiicine,  amaurosis  j 

blindness  occasioned  by  a  palsied  retina. 
GUT'TA-TED,    a.      [L.    ffutia.]      Besprinkled    witli 
drops. 

"  "of  the  bowels ;  eviscerated  ; 


%  from  ffoutff,  a  drop;  Pp. 
.  gotera,  a  jrutter  ;  from  L. 
ts  a  dropper,  that  which 


GL'T'TED,  pp.     Depri\ 

deprived  of  contepb'. 
GUT'TER,  iu     [Fr.  gnt^ 

and  Port,  pota,  a  drop  -, 

guttOy  a  drop.     A  gub 

catches  drops.] 

1.  A  channel  for  catc.tinir  and  conveying  off  the 
water  which  collects  on  tiie  roof  at  tJie  eaves  of  a 
building. 

2.  A  channel  or  passage  fur  water;  a  hollow  in  the 
earth  for  conveying  water  ;  and,  in  popular  usagCy  a 
channel  wonx  in  the  earth  by  a  current  of  wat^-r. 

GUT'TER,  r.  U     To  cut  or  form  into  small  hollows. 
Shak.     Druden. 
UUT'TER,  V.  i.    To  be  hollowed  or  chan.nel-'d.' 

2.  To  run  in  drops  or  hollows,  as  a  candle. 
GT;T'TER-£D,p;>.     Formed  into  small  hollows. 
GUT'TKR-JNG,  ppr.     Fonning  into  small   hollows; 

running  in  hollows. 
GOT'TKRING,  n.     A  forming  Into  hollows. 
GUT'TI-FER,  n.     [U  guita  and  fero.] 

In  botany,  a  plant  that  exudes  gum  or  resin. 
OUT-TIF'ER-OUS,  a.    Yielding  gum  or  resinous  sul^ 

stances. 
GUT'TLE,  V.  t.    To  swallow.    [.Yot  used.] 

V  E.<trangt. 
GUT'TLE,  r.  i.    To  swallow  greedily.     {Xot  used.] 
GITT'TLER,  n.     A  greedy  eater. 
GUT'TU-LOUS,  a.     [from  L.  guttata,  a  little  drop.] 
In   the  from  of  a  Kmoll  drop,  or  of  small  drops. 
[LitUe  ustdA  Brown. 

GUT'TUR-AL, 
IhroaL] 

Pertaining  to  the  thrait ;  formed  in  the  throat  \  as, 
a  guttural  letter  or  sound  ;  a  guttural  voice. 
GUT'Tl^R-AL,  n.    A  letter  pronounced  in  the  throat ; 

a*  the  Greek  y, 
GUT'TUR-AL-LY,  ode.    In  a  guttural  manner;  in 

the  throat. 
GUT'TUR-AL-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  being  gut- 
tural. 
GUT'TUR-INE,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  throat    [J^ot  in 

HJte.]  Ray. 

GUTTY,  0.    [from  L.  gutla,  a  drop.] 

In  keraldryt  charged  or  sprinkled  with  drops. 

En  cue. 
GUT'WORT,  n.     A  plant  globularia  alypumy  a  violent 

purgative. 
GUV,  (gl,)  n.    [Sp.  and  Port  fitut,  from  guiar,  to 
gutde.     See  Gve.J 

In  marine  ajfitirg,  a  rope  attached  to  any  thing  to 
steady  it,  and  bear  it  one  way  and  another  in  hoist- 
ing or  lowering.  R.  II.  Dana,  Jr. 
GUZ'ZLE,  (guz'l,)  r.  u  [Probably  allied  to  Arm, 
gautancq^  the  throat  In  Italian,  gozio  is  the  crop  of 
a  bird.] 


[Fr.  guttural,  from  L.  guttur,  the 


nifl  the  eighth  letter  of  the  English  alphabet  It 
is  properly  the  representative  of  the  Chaldee, 
Hyriac,  and  Hebrew  n^  which  is  the  eighth  letter  in 
tliose  alphabets.  Its  form  is  thesame  as  the  Greek  H, 
eta.  It  is  not  strictly  a  vowel.  nor  an  ariirulation, 
but  the  mark  of  a  stronger  breathing  than  that  which 
precedes  the  utterance  of  any  other  letter.  »t  is  pro- 
nounced with  an  eupiration  of  breath,  which,  pre- 
ceding a  vowel,  is  p<rrreptible  by  the  ear  at  a  cunsid- 
enible  distance.  Thu«  kam  and  arm,  hear  and  ear, 
k'at  and  eai,Mie  distinguished  at  almost  anydlMtanre 
at  which  the  voice  can  be  heard.  H  in  a  letter  4ui 
genrris,  but  ftff  useful  io  fiimiing  and  distinguishing 
word*  B9  any  ocfaer. 


II 

To  swallow  liijuor  greedily ;  to  drink  much ;  to 

drink  frequently 

Wcll-«^a«oned  bow!«  Die  g'ostip'a  spirit  nuse, 
Wlio,  whkle  kite  gutzlti,  chau  the  doctor's  praise. 

RoKommon. 

GUZ'ZLE,  V.  t.    To  swallow  much  or  often  ;  to  swal- 
low with  immoderate  gust 

Still  guxxlirg  must  or  wine.  Dryden. 

GUZ'ZLE,  n.     An  insatiable  thing  or  person. 
GIT'Z'ZLKD,  pp.    Swallowed  often.  [Marston. 

GUZ'ZLER,  71.    One  who  guzzles  j  an  immoderate 

drinker. 
GUZ'ZLING,  ppr.    Swallowing  with  immoderate  gust 
GVVIN'IAD,  n.     [W.  gmcn,  gtpyn,  white.]     A  fiah  of 

the  salmon  kina,  shaped  like  the  herring,  and  often 

called  the  Jresh-water  hcrriiiff. 
GVBE,  (jibe,)  n.     A  sneer.     [See  Gibe.1 
GTUE,  r.  L     In  seamen's  lanifuage,  to  shirt  a  boom  of  a 


IIAA 


fore-and-aft  sail  from  one  side  of  a  vessel  to  the 
other.  ToUen. 

GYB'ING,  ppr.  Shifting  a  boom  from  one  side  of  a 
vessel  to  the  other. 

GYE,  r.  ?.     To  guide,     [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

GYM-NA'SI-ARCH,  «.     [Gr.  yvfivafT(ov  and  ap\v-l 
An  Athenian  officer  who  provided  the  oil  ami  other 
necessaries  for  the  gymnasia  at  his  own  expense. 

Brande. 

GVM-NJ^'SLUM,  n.  [Gr.  jvfivaaiov^  from  jr/jfoj, 
naked.] 

1.  A  place  where  athletic  exercises  are  performed  ; 
originally,  in  Greece,  by  persons  naked. 

3.  A  school  for  the  higher  branches  of  literature 
and  science. 

GV.M'NAST,  (jim'nast,)  n.  One  who  teaches  or 
learns  gymnastic  exercises. 

GY.M-NAS'TIG,a.  [L*.  gymnastieits  ;  Gr.  yVfivnartKoi^ 
from  y"ftta^<-<,  to  exercise,  from  >  vftvn^,  naked  ;  tlie 
ancients  being  naked  in  their  exercises.] 

Pertaining  to  athletic  exercises  of  the  body,  in- 
tended for  health,  defense,  or  diversion,  as  running, 
leaping,  wrestling,  throwing  the  discus,  the  javelin, 
or  the  hoop,  playing  with  baits.  Sec.  The  modern 
gymnastic  exercises  are  intended  chiefly  for  the  pres- 
prvation  and  promotion  of  health. 

GYM-NAS'TIO,  n.     Athletic  exercise. 

GYM-NAS'Tie-AI^LY,  adv.  In  agymnaslic  manner  ; 
athleticaltv.  Brotcn. 

GYM-NAS'i'ieS,  n.  The  gymnastic  art;  the  art  of 
performing  athletic  exercises. 

GVM'NIC,  ( jini'nik,)  a.     [Gr.  yvitviKn^;  1,.  gymniats.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  athletic  exercises  of  the  body. 

2.  Pt^rforming  athletic  exercises.  Milton, 
GY.vi'Xie,  n.  Athletic  exercises.  Burton, 
GYM-NOS'O-PMIST,  n.      [Gr.  yvpvos,  naked,  and 

aucfunTrti,  a  philosopher.] 

A  philosopher  of  India^  so  called  from  his  going 
with  bare  feet,  or  with  little  clothing.  The  Gym- 
nosoptiists  in  India  lived  in  the  woods  and  on  moun- 
tains, subsisting  on  wild  pmducliims  of  the  earth. 
They  never  drank  wine,  nor  married.  Some  of  them 
traveled  about,  and  pnicticed  physic.  They  be- 
lieved in  the  immortality  and  transmigration  of  the 
Bonl.  They  placed  the  chief  happiness  of  man  in  a 
contempt  of  the  goods  of  fortune,  and  of  the  pleasures 
of  sense.  Knetie. 

OYM-NOS'O-PHY,  n.  [Supra.]  The  doctrines  of  the 
Gvmnosophists.  Good. 

GYM'NO-SPERM,  n.  [Gr.  yv^'voi,  naked,  and  cnrcp/ia, 
•eed.l 

In  hotAny,  a  plant  that  beara  naked  seeds. 

GYM-NO-SPER.M'OUS,  a.  [Supra.]  Having  naked 
seeds,  or  s(%ds  not  Inclosed  in  a  capsule  or  other  ves- 

GYM'NOTE,  n.     [from  Gr.]     A  naked  person.       [sel. 

GYM-NO'TUS,  n.  [xti^v^t  and  vMroi.]  A  genus  of 
South  American  fresh-water  fishes,  including  the 
electric  eel.  P.  Cye. 

GYN,  r.t    To  begin.    [Obt.] 

GY-N'AN'DRI-A,  n.  [Gr.  yvftt,  a  female,  and  avrtpy  a 
male.] 


H. 


In  our  mother  tongue,  the  Anglo-Saxon,  and  other 
Trulonic  dialects,  h  sometimes  represents  the  U  c, 
and  the  Gr.  « /  as  in  horn,  L.  comu,  Gr.  xtfiaf  ;  hide, 
G.  haul,  Hw.  hud,  li.  hnidy  Dan.  hud^  L.  eutia  f  Sax. 
hiinian,  h.  elino,Gt.  KXiv.*,tol<:^n  ;  L.  cWd^  to  conceal, 
Sax.A«^tt,  G.  hehlen,  Uan.  ha:ler.  In  Latin,  A  sosne- 
tiines  represents  the  Greek  v  !  ^  '"  halo,  Gr.  xuA"(''  • 
kio,  \ft(.>.  In  the  niotlem  European  languages,  it 
represents  other  guttural  letters. 

In  English,  h  is  sometimes  mute,  as  in  honor, 
honest ;  aI>»o  when  united  with  g,  as  in  right, 
Jight,  brought.  In  which,  yrhat,  who,  whom,  anil 
some  otlitT  words  in  which  it  follows  w,  it  is  pro- 
nounced before  it,  kwich,  kwat,  Slc.     As  a  numeral 


In  file  Linmtan  system  of  botany,  a  class  of  plants 
whose  stamens  grow  out  of,  or  are  united  with,  thw 
pistil.  Edin.  Eneyc. 

6Y-NAN'DRI-A\,  )  a.    Having  stamens  inserted  in 

Oy-NAiN'UROUS,  ]     the  pistil. 

GYN'AR-eil  Y,  (jin'ar-ke,)  ji.    ^Gr.  yt/v^,  woman,  and 

apxri,  rule,] 
Government  by  a  female.  Chesterfield. 

GYN-E-eoe'RA-t^Y,  n.  [Gr.  yvvatKOKparta.]  Pet- 
ticoat government ;  female  power. 

GYN-g'CIAN,  a.    Relating  to  women. 

GYN-E-0€'RA.CY,  n.    [Gr.  yvvn  and  KpaTo^.] 

Government  over  which  a  woman  may  rule  or  pre- 
side. Selden. 

GYN'O-PHORE,  n.    [Gr.  >  vvn  and  <popc(.>.] 

The  pedicel  on  which  stands  the  ovary  in  certain 
flowers,  as  in  the  pas.s  ion -flower.  Lindley. 

GYP,  n.  [Said  to  be  a  sportive  application  of  ;  vip,  a 
vulture.]  A  cant  tcr«  for  a  servant  at  Cambridge, 
Englnnu,  as  scout  is  used  at  Oxford.  Smart 

GYP'SE-OUS,  6.  [See  Gvpsum.]  Of  the  nature  of 
gj'psuin  ;  partaking  of  the  qualities  of  gypsum  ;  re- 
sembling gvpsum  :  containing  gvpsum. 

GYP'SY,     >'        ^ 

GYP'SeV,  jet-^Girsv. 

GYP-SIF'ER-OUS,  a.     Containing  gypsum. 
GYP'SUM,M.  lh.,l'iomGi,jyvipoii  Ch.  D^A^Ji  and  Dca, 


to  overspread  with  plaster;  Ar.       ^^wyiA  ■>  gibsi- 
non.]  "     " 

Sulphate  of  lime,  containing  21  per  cent,  of  water. 
It  often  occurs  in  transparent  crystals,  or  crystalline 
masses-,  easily  splitting  into  plates,  and  is  then  called 
Selenite.  There  are  compact  and  earthy  varieties  of 
various  colors.  Wlien  white,  flne-{3rained,  and  trans- 
lucent, it  Constitutes  alabaster.  Gypsum  burnt  to 
drive  off  the  water,  and  ground  up,  forms  Plaster  of 
Paris.  Dana. 

GY'RAL,a.  [See  Gvbe.]  Wliirling;  moving  in  a  cir- 
cular form. 

GY'KATE,  a.  In  botany,  winding  or  going  round,  as 
in  a  circle.  Lindlnj. 

GY'RATE,  ».  L  To  revolve  round  a  central  point,  as 
a  tornado.  Redjield. 

6Y-R.\'TI0N,  n,     [l..  gyratio.     See  G the.] 

A  turning  or  whirling  round  ;  a  circular  motion. 

G7'RA-T0-RY,  a.    Moving  in  a  circle.         {J\''eu)ton. 

G5UE,  n.     [L.  gyrus;  Gr.  j  jppnj.     Class  Gr.] 

A  circular  motion,  or  a  circle  described  by  a  mov- 
ing body  ;  a  turn. 

Quick  aiid  more  quick  he  ipitii  in  gtddj  gyrtt.       Dryden. 

G?RE,  V.  t.     To  turn  round.  Bishop  Hall, 

GYR'KD,  a.     Falling  in  rings.  Shak. 

GYR'FAL-eON,  CJer'faw-kn,)  n.     [Fr.  grrfault.     This 
is  said  to  be  in  Latin  hierofaho,  from  Gr.  uo"?,  sa- 
cred, and  faleo^  and  so  named  from  the  veneration  of 
the  Egj'ptians  for  hawks.     Cuvier.] 
A  spt'cief  of  Faico,  or  hawk. 

GY-R(.>G'ONITE,  H.  The  fossil  seed  of  the  chara,  a 
plant  found  in  ponds  and  ditches;  once  suptiosed  to 
he  shells.  Lyrll, 

GYR  O'MA,  V.     [Gr.]     A  turning  round.  Smith, 

GYR'O-.MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  jif^oj,  a  circuit,  and  (lav- 
Titii,  divination.] 

A  kind  of  divination  performed  by  walking  round 
in  a  circle  or  ring.  Cyc. 

GY'RON,  n.  In  heraldry,  an  ordinary  consisting  of 
two  lines  from  several  parts  of  the  escutcheon,  meet- 
ing in  the  fesse  point.  Ash. 

G?'ROSE,  a.    Turned  round  like  a  crook.     Launder. 

GYVE,  (jive,)  M,     [W.^crMn;  Ir.  geibheal,  or  geibion  } 
from  holding  or  making  fast     SecGATEL.] 
Gyres  are  fetters  or  shackles  for  the  legs. 

Gyve*  and  thr  mill  had  l«m»^l  th?c.  Milton. 

GYVE,  V.  t.    To  fetter  ;  to  shackle  j  to  chain. 
G?V';!;D,  (jlvd,)7tp.     Fettered. 
GYVING,  ppr.    Putting  on  gyves. 


in  Latin,  H  denotes  SOO,  and  witli  a  dash  over  it,  H, 

200,000. 

As  an  abbreviation,  in  I^tin,  II.  stands  for  Aomo, 
h^rres,  flora,  tc. 

HA  ;  an  exclamation,  denoting  surprise,  joy,  or  grief. 
With  the  first  or  long  sound  of  a,  it  id  used  us  a  ques- 
tion, and  is  equivalent  to  "What  do  you  say.'" 
When  rri)eated,  ha,  ha,  it  is  an  expresniun  of  laugh- 
ter, or  sometimes  it  is  e<iuiv:ilent  to  "  Well !  it  is  so." 

IIXAF,  n.  The  term  used  to  denote  the  fishing  of  cod, 
ling,  and  tuKk,  in  the  Shetland  Isles.         Jamieaon, 

IIAAK,  (iKlke,)  n.    A  fi-th,  the  hake.  Ash. 

IIA-XR'KIKS,  n.  Capillary  pyritca  in  very  delicate 
acicular  crystals.  Brande. 


TONE,  BIJLI.,  IIMTB.  — AN"OEH,  VI"CI0US.  — C  as  K ;  Ci  as  J }  «  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


11 AB 

BJ'BEJtS  COR'PUS,  [L.,  have  tlie  bwly.]    A  nril 

for  delivering  a  person  from  false  iiuprUonmcnt,  or 

for  removing  a  persoa  from  one  court  to  auoiheri&c. 

Cawei. 
IMBIL\^DUM,  n.     [I*]     The  wcond  jxirt  of  a  dt-ed 

or  conveyance,  (from  its    conimcncing    with  ihis 

word,)  ihf  fir^i  bt'iiig  Uie  preiiiities. 
HAU'iilK-DASM-ER,   h.     [K'rha|w  from   G.   habf,  D, 

Adr«,   goi>d3,   and   G.   tauschoHy  to  barter,   to  truck. 

If  iit.t,  I  c.in  sivv  no  accouni  of  its  origin.] 

A  (tt  IK-r  of  ^mall  wartrs ;   c<»nlined,  at  present,  to 

ril'lK-ns,  lap'.'R,  pin.^,  netdlfs,  nnd  thread.       Smttrt. 
[.4  tntrti  little  k^,  vr  m-t  at  aU^  in  tk*  United  StaUs."] 
HAB'EK-OASlI-Ell-V,  n.    'lUc  goods*  aud  wai«a  sold 

by  a  ImlH-rdasher. 
IIAB'£K-L>I.\£,  (hab'er-deen,)  n.    A  dried  mlt  cod. 

HA-BER'CB-ON,  m.  [Pr.  kmUrjrto*:  Norm,  tuubtri- 
«m ;  Arm.  ka^rtf^iu  It  has^^n  wriuen,  alao,  ka- 
b*rg*y  kau^erit  itc.  O.  kaUhrrg*  t  hmU^  th«  neck,  and 
ktrrtHy  to  save  or  defend  ;  II.  VA^ergv.] 

-A  coat  of  mail  or  armor  t.t  deft-nd  the  neck  and 
breast.  It  is  tfhrmed  of  little  iron  rings  united,  nnd 
descendins  from  the  neck  to  the  middle  of  Uie  body. 

Kmcye. 
nAB'Il.E,  «.     Pit ;  proper.     [Aot  in  ust,]      Spenser. 
HA-BIL'1-MENT,  n.     [Fr.  futbUiemenl,   from  kabUUr, 
to  clothe,  frum  L.  kabto^  to  hare.] 

A  garment ;  clothing  ;  usually  m  Uie  plural^  habiU- 

wumtj',  drnoling  garments,  clothing,  or  dress  in  gcn- 

HA-BIL'I-TATE.  r.  (.     [Ft.  kabUiUr.]  [enil. 

To  (jualifv.     (jVot  itwil  Bacotu 

HA-BIL'I-l'ATE,  a.    Qualified  or  entitled.    Bacon, 
HA-BIb-I-TA'TlON,  iL    Oualification.    [Abt  ia  km.] 

Bacou» 
HA-BIL'I-TY.    See  Abiutt. 

UAB'ir,   H.      [Fr.  ka^U;    Sp.   kabita;    It.   afriT^;    L. 

kabittis,  from  kabeo^  to  have,  to  hold.     See  Hate.] 

L  Garb  j  dress ;  clothes  or  garments  in  generaL 


Tkwv  u«,  mmmg  Iks  Mabm,  wrenl  of  Venia, 


in  iSbPM 


Sl  a  coat  worn  by  ladies  over  other  garments. 

9l  8Vale  of  any  thing,  implying  some  continuance 
or  permaaeBCe ;  temperament,  or  particular  state  of 
a  body,  formed  by  nature  or  induced  by  extraneous 
circumstance* ;  as,  a  costive  or  lax  habit  of  body ; 
a  sanguine  Jtakit 

4.  A  di^iposition  or  condition  of  the  mind  or  body, 
a  tendency  or  aptitude  for  the  performance  of  certain 
actions,  acquired  by  custom,  or  a  frequent  repetition 
of  the  same  arL  IlabU  u  that  which  is  held  or  re- 
tained, the  effect  of  custom  or  frequent  repetition. 
Hence  we  speak  of  gpcKl  kabUs  and  bad  kmbiU.  Fre- 
quent drinking  of  spirits  leads  to  a  kahU  of  intem- 
perance. We  should  endeavor  to  correct  evil  lutAits 
by  a  change  of  practice.  A  great  point  in  the  educa- 
tion of  children,  in  to  prevent  the  formation  of  trad 

i/oAtC  Iff  plants:  the  general  form  or  appearance,  or 
the  Conformity  of  plants  of  the  same  kind  in  struc- 
ture and  growth.  Martyn, 
HAB'rr,  o.  c.    To  dress ;  to  cloUie  ;  to  array. 

Thrj  haUitd  ibeaiaeWt*  like  cuiul  deities.  Dryden. 

ITAB'IT,  r.  f.    To  dwell :  to  inhablL     [Obs.]  Chaaeer. 

HAB-IT-A  BII/I-TV,  B.     HabiUibloness,    Backland, 

HAB'I T-A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  habiUibUij,  from 
AoAifo,  to  dwell.j 

'i'hai  nny  be  inhabited  or  dwelt  in  ;  capable  of  sus- 
taining human  beings ;  as,  the  habitubU  world  \ 
some  climates  are  scarcely  habitable, 

HAB'IT-A-BLE-NESS,  «.  Capacity  of  being  inhab- 
ited. More.     Riiij. 

HAB'IT-A-BLY,  ado.  In  such  a  manner  iis  to  be  hab- 
itable. Fur^-yth. 

HAB'IT-A-eLE,  a.  A  dwelling ;  also,  a  niche  for  a 
statue.    [A'ot  xsedJl 

HAB'IT-ANCE,  a.  Dwelling ;  abode  ;  residence. 
fJV*oI  lunp  iised,^  Spenser. 

HAB'IT-AX-CV,  a.  Legal  settlement  or  inlnbitancy. 
r?ee  IsHABiTANcr.J  Belknap. 

HAB'IT-AXT,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  habitang.] 

An  inhabitant ;  a  dweller ;  a  resident ;  one  who 
has  a  permanent  abode  in  a  place.     Milton.     Pope. 

HAB'IT-AT,  n.  [L.]  Habitation  ;  the  natural  abode 
or  locality  of  an  nnunal,  plant,  &c.  Smart. 

IL\B-!T-a''TIOX,  w.  [L.  habitalio^  from  habUo,  to 
dwell,  from  kaheo,  to  bold,  or,  as  we  say  in  English, 
to  keep.] 

1.  Act  of  inhabiting  ;  state  of  dwelling.    Denham. 

2.  Place  of  abode  ;  a  settled  dwelling  ;  a  mansion  ; 
a  house  or  other  place  in  which  man  or  any  animal 
dwells.  The  stars  may  be  the  habitations  of  numer- 
ous races  of  beings. 

The  Lord  bieaeth  the  babtt&tioo  of  Hv-  JiW.  —  Piw.  iu. 

HAB'IT-A-TOR,  a,    [L.]    A  dweller;  an  inhabitant. 

FAVf  used.]  Br-'Ton. 

nAB'IT-ED,  pp.  or  a.     Clothed;   dressed,     lie  was 

habited  like  a  shepherd. 

2.  Accustomed.     UiTot  usual.] 
HA-BIT'lI-AL,  a.     [Fr.  halntuel,  from  kahlL] 


IIAC 

I.  Formed  or  acquired  by  babii,  frequent  use,  or 
custom. 

An  u  propcrij  an  kabituai  ItnowimlgQ  of  certain  nil-*i  nnti 
luiLxiiik*.  Soulfi. 

S.  Custonuiry  ;  according  to  habit;  aft,  the  habitual 
practice  of  sin  ;  the  habituul  exercise  of  holy  affec- 
tions. 

It  m  the  il>»Unjr<iijhinp  mark  of  luMtual  picly  to  be  pmtr'rul  for 
tlm  niori  Cu4iiniuii  tik-ntin^.  Buekittiitttrr. 

It.  Formed  by  rciK-ated  impressions  ;  rendered  pt-r- 
manent  by  continued  causes  ;  as,  an  habitual  color  of 
the  skin.  S.  Ji.  Smith. 

IIA-BIT'lT-AL  LY,  aitv.  By  habit;  rustomarily  ;  by 
fretjuent  practice  or  use ;  as,  habituailg^nolMic ;  ha- 
bitualttt  kind  and  benevolent. 

IIA-BIT'II-AL-NESS,  n.     Uunlilv  of  b?inp  habitual. 

H.\-BIT'li-ATt,  F.  t,     [Fr.  habiiurr,  from  habit.] 

1.  To  accuflttm  ;  to  make  familiar  by  frfijuent  use 
or  practice,  flcn  may  habitutite  themselves  to  the 
taste  of  oil  or  tobacco;  they  habituate  theinsi'lves  to 
vice ;  let  us  Aw/'ituof^^urselvcs  and  our  children  to 
the  exercise  of  chamyT 

9.  To  settle  as  an  inhabitant  in  a  place.    TcmpU, 
HA-BIT'U-A TE,  b.    Inveterate  by  custom. 

Hammond. 

2.  Fonncd  by  habit.  Temple. 
IIA-BIT'lJ-A-TliD,  pp.     Accustomed  ;  made  familiar 

by  use. 

llA-BIT'l^-A-TlXGjppr.  Accustoming ;  makingeasy 
and  familiar  by  practice. 

IIA-BIT-lJ-A'TiOX,  n.  The  state  of  being  habitu- 
ated. 

UAB'1-TUDE,  B,    [Fr.,  from  I^  hahitiulo,  from  hahitits.] 

1.  Relation;  respect;  state  with  regard  to  some* 
tiling  else.     ILitiU  useiL]  Hale.     South. 

2.  Frequent  intercuurae  ;  familiarity.     [Wot  iwua/.] 
To  writ/r  w>-ll,  one  muat  baw  fnx|ucut  Kabiludta  with  (he  Uu 

comp&Hjr.  Dryden. 

3.  Cualumary  manner  or  mode  of  life;  reiwtilion 
of  tbtt  aame  acts ;  as,  tlie  habitudes  of  fowls  or  in- 
■eels.  Goldsmith, 

4.  Custom  ;  habit.  Dryden.     Prior. 
UA'BLE,  a.     [L.  habilis.]     Fit;  proper.     [See  Able.] 

Spenser. 
BAB'NAB,  adc.     [hap  n«  hap^  let  it  haptien  or  not.] 
At  random ;  by  chance  ;  without  order  or  rule. 

Htidibras. 
HAB'RO-XEME,  a.     [Gr.  A/?/jof,  delicate,  and  »7)/ja, 
a  thtc^^ad.] 

In  mineralogyj  having  the  form  of  fine  threads. 

HACI'EJ^DA^'n.    [Sp.j    An  isolated  furm  or  farra- 

hoiii^e.  StfpheM. 


HACK,  r.  L  [Sax.  haccan;  D.  hakkenf  G.  haeken ; 
Dan.  kakker;  Sw.  haeka;  Fr.  hacher^  from  which  we 
have  JkoMk  and  hatchet^  and,  from  the  same  root, 
katehdt  Arm.  kakha;  VV.  hacinWy  to  back;  hag,  a 
gash  ;  and  haggle  is  of  the  same  family,  as  are  hew 
and  hoe.     Clans  Cg.] 

1.  To  cut  irregularly  and  into  small  pieces  ;  to 
notch;  to  mangle  by  repeated  strokes  of  a  cutting 
instrument. 

2.  To  speak  with  stops  or  catches ;  to  speak  with 
hesitation.  Shak. 

H.ACK,  B.     A  notch  ;  a  cut.  Shak. 

HACK,  71.    A  horse  kept  for  hire  ;  a  borsa  much  used 

in  draitsht,  or  in  hard  service;  a  worn-out  horse; 

any  thing  exposed  to  hire,  or  used  in  common. 

2.  A  coach  or  other  carriage  kept  for  hire.  [From 
hackney  i  used  in  America.  ] 

3.  Hesitating  or  faltering  speech.  More. 

4.  A  writer  employed  in  the  drudgery  and  details 
of  book-making. 

5.  A  rack  fur  feeding  cattle.    [Local,] 

HACK,  0.  Hired;  much  used  or  worn,  like  a  hired 
horse.  Waliefield, 

HACK,  r.  t.  To  be  exposed  or  offered  to  common  use 
for  hire  ;  to  turn  prostitute.  Hanmer. 

2.  To  cough;  to  make  an  effort  to  raise  phlegm. 
rSee  Hawk.] 

IIACK'BER-Ry,  7U  An  American  tree,  Celtis  crassifo- 
lia,  with  a  tall,  straight  trunk,  and  grayish,  unbroken 
back,  covered  with  asperities  unequally  distributed 
over  the  surface.  Farm.  Encyc.     Encyc.  Am. 

H  ACK'i-.'D,  (hakt,)  pp.     Chopped  ;  mangled  ;  coughed. 

ilACK'E-RY,  «.  A  street  cart  in  Bengal,  drawn  by 
oxen.  Malcom. 

HACK'ING,  p/w.    Chopping  into  small  pieces;  man- 
gling; mauling;  coughing  in  a  broken  manner. 
9.  fl.  Short  and  interrupted  ;  as,  a  fiacking  cough. 

HACK'LE,  (hak'I,)  v.  L  fG.  hechdn ;  U.  hekelen. 
This  is  a  dialectical  variation  of  hatchel,  hctchcL] 

1.  To  separate  the  coarse  part  of  tlax  or  hemp  from 
the  fine,  by  drawing  it  through  the  teeth  of  a  hackle 
or  hati'hel. 

9.  To  tear  asunder.  Burke, 

HACK'LE,  (hak'I,)  n.     An  instrument  with  teeih  for 

separating  the  cojirse  part  of  flax  or  liemp  from  the 

fine;    a   hatchel.      [The  latter  word  is  used   in   the 

United  SUilc.-<.] 

2.  Raw  silk  ;  any  flimsy  substance  unspun. 

Johnson.      IValton. 
3."  A  fly  for  angling,  dressed  with  ft:athers  or  silk. 

Ckalmers. 


HAG 

HACK'LY,  a,  [from  hack.]  Rough  j  broken,  aa  if 
hacked. 

In  mineralogy,  having  fine,  sliorl,  and  i*hnrp  points 
on  the  surface  ;  as,  a  hac.khj  fracture.        ClfavelamL 

II.\CK'MA-TACK,  n.  The  |Mniuhir  nanw  of  tlie 
American  larch,  Lariz  Amcriearta,  a.  very  large  tree, 
and  much  prized  fur  timb^'r.       Brotene^s  Sijt.  Am, 

HACK'NKY,  n.  [Fr.  ha<fue»ee,  a  pacing  horse;  Fp. 
hacaneUf  a  nag  somewhat  larger  than  a  pony  ;  Aaca, 
a  l«»ny ;  Port,  hacunea  or  acu/iea,  a  choice  pad,  or 
ambling  nag;  It.  cJiinea.] 

1.  A  pad  ;  a  nag  ;  a  pony.  Chaucer. 

2.  A  liurse  kept  fur  hire ;  a  horse  much  used  ;  also, 
a  lady's  pony. 

3.  A  conch  or  other  carriage  kept  for  hire,  and  often 
ex[>oRed  in  the  streets  of  cities.  'J'he  word  is  some- 
times contracted  to  hack. 

4.  Any  thing  much  used  or  used  in  common ;  a 
hirelinc;  a  prostitute. 

IIACK'iVEY,  o.  Let  out  fur  hire  ;  devoted  to  common 
use  ;  as,  a  Iiackneit-coach. 

2.  Prostitute  ;  vicious  for  hire,  Roscommon. 

3.  Much  used  ;  common  ;  trite  ;  as,  a  hackney  au- 
thor or  remark. 

HACK'XEY,  F.  L    To  use  much;  to  practice  in  one 

thing  ;  to  make  trite. 

2.  To  carry  in  a  hackney  coacli.  Covper, 

HACK'NEY-CoACH,  h.     A  coach  for  hire  in  cities, 

Commonly  at  sinmis  in  the  street. 
HACK'NEY-eCACH'MAN,  n.    A  man  who  drives  a 

hackney  coach. 
HACK'.\EY-£U,  (hak'nid,)  pp.  or  a.     Used  much  or 

in  common  ;  worn  out. 
2.  Practiced ;  accustomed. 


lie  u  Ion|^  hackneyed  iti  the  wayi  of  men. 


Shak. 


HACK'NEY-ING,  npr.     Using  much  ;  accustoming. 

HACK'\1'iY-MAN,  n.  A  man  who  lets  horses  and 
carria^-es  for  hire.  Barret. 

HACK'rf'PER,  w.  A  bully ;  a  ruflian  or  assassin. 
[06.-.]  Bp.HaU. 

HAC'UIJE-TON,  n.     [Fr.  hoqueton.] 

A  stuffi'd  jacket  formerly  worn  under  armor,  some- 
times made  of  leather.     [JVy(  ^iscd.]  Spenser. 

HAD,  pret,  and  pp.  of  Have  ;  contracted  from  teax. 
haftl^  that  is,  liaced  ;  as,  I  had\  I  have  had.  In  the 
phrasf!,  "  i  /lad  bftter  go,"  it  is  supposed  that  had  is 
used  forwouW;  **I'd  better  go."  The  sense  of  the 
phrase  is,  "  it  would  be  better  fur  me  to  go." 

HA1)-I-\VIST',  a  proverbial  expression  —  O  that  I  had 
kiwwn .'  Tuftd. 

HAU'DER,  n.     [G.  Acirfc.] 

Heath.     [JV*o£  in  use.]     [See  Heath.] 

HAD'DOCK,  n,  [Ir.  codug.  The  Ijrst  syllable  seems 
to  be  cod  or  gadas,  and  the  last,  the  termination,  as 
Ui  bullock.] 

A  sea-fi:4h  of  the  genus  Gadus  or  cod.  It  has  a 
long  body,  the  up[)er  part  of  a  dusky  brown  color, 
and  the  belly  of  a  silvery  hue  ;  the  lateral  line  is 
black.  This  fish  breeds  in  immense  numbers  in  the 
northern  seas,  and  constitutes  a  considerable  article 
of  food.  Partington. 

HADE,  71.  Among  miners,  the  steep  descent  of  a  shiift ; 
also,  the  di'sccnt  of  a  hill.  Jh-arjton. 

S.  In  iriiningy  the  inclination  or  deviation  from  the 
vertical  of  any  mineral  vein.  Ure. 

HA'DES,  n.  [Gr.  it6nSt  qu.  a  negative,  and  ctrfw,  to 
see.l 

The  region  of  the  dead  ;  the  invisible  world,  or  the 
grave. 

HADJ,  n.  [Ar.]  The  pilgrimage  to  Mecca  and  Medi- 
na, performed  by  Mohammedans. 

H^C-Ck'I-TY,  n.     [from  L.  Aar,  this.] 

A  word  used  by  the  schoolmen  to  denote  the  es- 
sence of  individuality.  Smart. 

HAF'KLE,  t),  L  To  speak  unintelligibly;  to  prevari- 
cate, 

HAFT,  rt.  [Sax.  A<r/?,  a  haft,  and  ha-flnn,  to  seize  ;  G. 
heft ;  \).  heft ;  Dan.  hefte  ;  from  the  root  of  have,  or  of 
L.  capio,  W.  hajiaie,  to  snatch.] 

A  handle;  that  part  of  an  instrument  or  vessel 
which  is  taken  into  the  hand,  and  by  which  it  is 
held  and  used.  It  is  used  ciiietly  for  the  part  of  a 
knife,  sword,  or  dagger,  by  which  it  is  held  ;  the 
hilt. 

HAFT,  r.  t.     To  set  in  a  haft  ;  to  furnish  with  a  han- 

HAFT'EIt,  n.     [VV.  hajiaw,  to  catch.]  [die. 

Acaviler;  a  wrangler.     [J^otinuse.]        Barret. 

HAG,  rt.  [In  Sax.  h»rgesse  is  a  witch,  fury,  or  goblin, 
answering  to  the  //eco^e  of  mythology.  In  \V.  hagyr, 
ugly,  is  from  hag,  a  gash,  from  the  root  of  hack.  In 
Russ.  ega  is  a  foolish  old  woman,  a  sorceress.  See 
Haggabd.] 

1.  An  ugly  old  woman ;  as,  an  old  hag  of  three- 
score. Dryden. 

2.  A  witch  ;  a  sorceress  ;  an  enchantress.    Shak. 

3.  A  fury  ;  a  she-monster.  Crashaw. 

4.  A  cartilacinous  fish,  the  Oastrobi'anchiis,  (Mi/ri- 
ne  glutinosa  of  Linntcus,)  which  enters  other  fishrs 
and  devours  them.  It  ia  about  five  or  six  inches 
long,  and  resembles  a  small  eel.  It  is  allied  to  the 
lamprey.  Cyc. 

5.  ApiK-arances  of  light  and  fire  on  horses'  manes, 
or  men's  hair,  were  formerly  called  hags.     Blount. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PIN'E,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BpOK.- 


HAl 

flAt;,  ".  t.    To  harass  ;  to  lomient.  Butler. 

•2.    I.)  tire  ;  lo  wearj-  with  vexation. 
HAG'-BOK.N%  a.     Bom  of  a  hug  or  witch.  Skak. 

HAG'GARD,  a.  [G.  ka^er,  lean;  VV.  hag^  a  gash; 
ktuciau:,  lo  back.     See  TIack.] 

1.  Llurally^  having  a  ragged  look,  as  if  hacked  or 
gashed.  Hence,  lean ;  meager  ;  rough;  having  eyes 
Mink  in  their  orbits  ;  ugly. 

2.  Wild  or  intractable  ;  disposed  lo  break  away 
from  duty,  like  a  haggard  or  refractory  hawk. 

tf  I  do  prove  h-^r  haggard, 
Thoiteh  th«t  hptje«e«  were  rajr  dear  hr?(vrtiTrJtig», 
I'd  whutUe  t»rr  off,  and  let  her  dowD  the  winil, 
To  prey  at  (ortune.  Sbak. 

HAG'GARD,  n.  [See  Hag.  This  and  the  other  de- 
rivittives  of  hag  ought  to  be  written  with  a  single  g.] 

1.  An  untrained  or  refractory  hawk,  which  often 
broke  away  or  flew  off.  PurtingtoTu 

Hence, 

2.  Figuratively,  any  thing  wild  and  intractable. 

S/tak. 

3.  A  hag.  OarUi. 
HAG'GARD,  n.     [Sax.  haga^  a  little  field,  and  giord^  a 

yard.] 
HAG'G.\RD-LY,  ado.    In  a  haggard  or  ugly  manner  ; 
with  deformity.  Drt/dcH, 

A  stack-yard.  HuwelL 

HAG'GED,  a.     Lean  ;  ugly  ;  like  a  hag.  Gray. 

HAG'GESS,  \  n.     [from  hack.]     A  pndiling  containing 
HAG'GISS,   \    the  entrails  of  a  sht-epur  lariib,  rhoppr-d 
with  fine  herbs  and  suet,  highly  seasoned  with  lei-ks 
and  spice.8,  and  boiled  in  the  maw.  Perry. 

HAG'GISH,  a.     Of  the  nature  of  a  hag;  dcfonncd  ; 

ugly  ;  horrid.  Shak. 

HAG'GISH-LV,  adr.     In  the  manner  of  a  hag. 
HAG'GLE,  r.  L    [W.  *aj»-,  a  gash  or  cut.    It  is  a  di- 
minutive from  the  root  of  hack.) 

To  cut  into  small  pieces  ;  to  notch  or  cut  in  an  tin- 
skillful  manner ;  lo  make  rough  by  cutting  ;  to  man- 
gle ;  a.s,  a  boy  haggles  a  stick  of  wood. J 
SiiiTulk  flrai  <tied,  aixl  Vurk,  »[)  haggled  u't, 
Coiixr*  to  )u')i  wbcre  iii  ^ire  hi.-  Uy  Mi*te--p«?iL  Stiak. 

IIAG'GI.C,  V.  u  To  be  dJtTicuIt  in  bargaining;  to  hes- 
itate and  cavil.     [^*^  Hi»f)i.E.] 

UAG'GLfD,  pp.  Cut  irregularly  into  notches  ;  made 
rough  by  cutting  ;  mangled. 

HAG'GIXR,  n.     One  who  iKiggles. 

Q.  One  who  cavils,  hesitates,  and  makes  ditTicuIty 
in  bargaining. 

UAG'GLINGj  ppr.  or  a.  Hacking;  mangling;  cavil- 
ing and  hesitating  in  bargaining. 

HAG'GLIN'G,  n.  The  act  of  hesitating  and  making 
ditiicultv  in  bargaining. 

HA'CI  AR-CHV,  lu     [Gr.  (ijiff^and  ■io\ri,] 

The  sacred  govemment ;  government  of  holy  or- 
den>  of  men.  Soutkru. 

HA^I  OG'RA-PHA,  «.  pi.  [L.,  from  Gr.  A><Mt,  holy, 
and  >  .'Q  'iri,  a  writing.] 

LiUraHy^  sacred  writings  ;  the  last  of  the  three 
Jewish  divisions  of  the  Old  Textamenl.  The  Jews 
divide  the  tx^ika  of  the  Scriptures  into  ihrw-  parts: 
the  law,  whirh  is  contained  m  (h^-  fxrai  tive  books  of 
the  Old  Testament  ;  the  Prophets,  or  Nevim  ;  and 
the  Cetuvim,  i»r  writings,  by  way  of  eminence.  TJie 
latter  claM  is  culled  by  the  Greeks  /lagingrapka,  com 

[irehending  the  btH>ks  of  I'sjilrns,  Pruverb-*,  Jnb,  Dan- 
el,  Ezra,  Neh'-niiah,  Rittli,  E.-'th^-r,  Chnmicles,  Can- 
ticles, lamentations,  and  EcclesListes. 

2.  In  tA<  Human  CaUwUe  churchy  the  lives  of  the 
saints.  Brandt.. 

HX-OI-OG'RA-PHAL,  a.  Pertaining  lo  the  hagiogra- 
pha,  wtiirh  w;e. 

HA  OI-OG'RA  PHER,  n.  One  of  the  writers  of  ihc 
hneiugrapha. 

HA-6l-OG'RA  PMY,  ti.    See  HAnioRSArfiA. 

HA-GI-OL'0-Gl.<r,  n.  One  who  writes  or  treats  of 
the  sacred  writings. 

HA  Gl-f»L'0  GV,  n.  The  history  or  description  of  the 
sarred  writings.  (^uart.  Rev. 

HAG'-RID-D£N,  a.     Afflicted  with  the  nightmare. 

Chri/ne, 

HAG'-SEED,  n.    The  descendant  of  a  hag.       s'liak, 

UAG'SHIP,  R.    The  state  or  title  of  a  hag  or  witcli. 

Middle  ton. 

HACUE'BUT,  (hag'but.)    See  AaqtrcRusE. 

HAH  ;  an  eiclamation  expressing  surprise  or  elTort. 

HA-HA',  a.  A  fence  or  bank  sunk  between  slupis,  or 
a  ditch  not  seen  tdl  close  upon  it.  VV)il|»ole  (lerives 
it  from  an  expression  of  surprise  at  finding  a  sudden 
ch''''k  to  progress  in  a  walk  —  ka!  ha! 

IIAIK,  n.  A  large  piece  of  woolen  or  cotton  cloth 
worn  by  Arabs  over  the  tunic,  but  under  the  bur- 
niM«e,     [Spelt  also  HrxE.] 

li.UI..  n.  [Sax.  h.rgrl,  or  kagrl ;  G.  D.  Dan.  and  S^v. 
hn-/el :  so  called  from  its  rough,  broken  form,  from  the 
ro  't  (if  hofk,  hagfflr.'^ 

Mofture  pr*;cipitated  from  the  atmosphere  in  the 
form  of  ic*.  The  concretions  of  ice  are  usually  more 
or  less  spherical,  constituting  kaiLitonr*^  but  some> 
limes  consist  of  plates  or  luminic,  or  of  agglomerated 
masses.  Olmsted. 

H  A  n<,  r.  t.  Topour  down  masses  of  ice  or  frozen  vapors. 

HAIL,  V.  L    To  pour  down  in  the  manner  of  liail. 


HAI 

HAIL,  a.  [Sax.  ktilj  whole,  sound;  A'sZ,  liealth ;  G. 
heit,  D.  and  Dan.  heel^  Sw.  A«/,  Gr.  ovAoj,  whole.  See 
Heal.] 

Sound  ;  whole  ;  healthy  ;  not  impaired  by  disease  ; 
as,  a  hail  body  ;  haU  corn.  [In  this  sense  it  is  usually 
Written  Hale.] 

HAIL,  an  exclamation,  or  rather  a  verb  in  the  impera- 
tive mode,  being  the  adjective  kail  used  as  a  verb. 
Hail,  be  well ;  be  in  health  ;  health  to  you  ;  a  term 
of  salutation  equivalent  to  L.  salvCy  salvctc 

Bad,  hail,  brave  fiicnd.  Shai, 

HAIL,  71.  A  wish  of  health  ;  a  salutation.  This  word 
is  sometimes  used  as  a  nouu  ;  as,  "  the  angel  hail  be- 
stowed." Milton. 

HAIL,  V.  t.  [from  the  same  root  as  eall^  L.  calo,  Gr. 
(ciiAfw.     See  Call  and  Heal.] 

To  call ;  to  call  to  a  person  at  a  distance,  to  arrest 
his  attention.  It  is  properly  used  in  any  case  where 
the  person  accosted  is  distant,  but  is  appropriately 
used  by  seamen,  ffoo,  or  hoi,  the  ship  ahoay,  is  the 
usual  manner  of  hailing  a  ship  ;  to  which  the  answer 
is,  hollva,  or  hollo.  'Ihen  follow  the  usual  questions, 
Whence  came  ye  ?  Where  are  you  bound  ?  Slc. 

HAtL'A'I),  pp.     Called  to  fn>m  a  distance  ;  accosted. 

HAIL'-FEL-L^W,  n.    An  intimate  companion. 

HaIL'LXG,  p;»-.     Saluting;  calling  to  from  a  distance. 
9.  Pouing  down  hail, 

HAIL'SHOT,  «.  Small  shot  which  scatter  like  hail- 
stones.   JA"'(  u-j-erf. )  JIayipard. 

HAIL'STONE,  n.  A  single  mass  of  ice  falling  from 
a  cloud.  Dryden. 

HAIL'Y,  o.    Consisting  of  hail ;  as,  kaily  showers. 

Pttpe. 

HAIR,  n.  [Sax.  httr ;  G.  hoar ;  D.  kair ;  Sw.  bar ;  Dan. 
kaar.] 

J.  A  small  filament  issuing  from  the  skin  of  an  an- 
imal, and  from  a  bulbous  root.  Each  titament  con- 
tains a  tube  or  hollow  within,  occupied  by  a  pulp  or 
pith,  which  is  intended  for  its  nutrition,  and  extends 
only  to  that  part  which  is  in  a  state  of  growth.  Cije. 
When  AtJir  means  a  single  filament,  it  has  a  plural, 
hairA. 

2.  The  collection  or  mass  of  filaments  growing 
from  lb  skin  of  an  animal,  and  forming  an  integu- 
ment or  covering  ;  as,  the  hair  of  the  head.  Hair  is 
the  common  covering  of  many  beasts.  When  the 
filaments  are  ver>'  fine  and  short,  the  collection  of 
Ihem  is  call..d  fur.  fVonl,  nUo,  is  a  kind  of  hair. 
When  Aair  signifies  a  collection  of  these  animal  fil- 
anu-nls,  it  has  no  plural. 

3.  Any  thing  very  small  or  fine  ;  or  a  ver>'  small 
distance: ;  the  breadth  of  a  hair.  He  judgcs-to  a  hair, 
that  is,  very  exactly.  Drydai. 

4.  A  trifling  value.     It  is  not  worth  a  hair. 

5.  Course  ;  order  ;  gmin  ;  the  hair  falling  in  a  cer- 
Lain  direction.    [JVot  used.] 

You  go  ajainat  the  hair  of  your  prof'^MJon,  Shak. 

6.  Long,  straight,  and  distinct  filaments  on  the 
surface  of  planu ;  a  species  of  down  or  pube*icence. 

Martyn. 

HA[R'KEI>L,  fu  A  plant,  a  species  of  hyacinth  ;  the 
hircbrll.  Sarnrt. 

HAIK'-IIRAIN-KD.    See  IlARE-BR*ir»EP. 

HAIR'-HKEADTH.  (-bredth,)  n.  [Sec  BnEAOTH.] 
The  diaineti-r  ^^T  breadtli  of  a  hair;  a  very  small  dis- 
tance ;  sotnotimes,  drfimtely,  the  4Sth  [lart  of  an 
inch. 

SorAi  hundred  chna^n  men  Irft-hnnilM  :  every  oiic  could  *Jitig 
abmet  to  k  AAir-frrwuilA.  — Judgxia  sx. 

It  is  used  ns  an  adjective  ;  as,  a  hair-brradth  esrape. 
But,  in  A>f/)  England,  it  is  generally  hair^a  brrndth. 

HAIR'-BRCSH,  n.     A  brush  for  smtH.thing  the  hair. 

HAIR'eLOTII,  n.  Stuff  or  cb.ih  made  of  hair,  or  in 
part  with  hair.  In  military  affairs,  pieces  of  this 
cloth  are  ust^d  for  co\'erinp  the  powder  in  wagons,  or 
on  batteries,  or  for  covering  charged  bombs,  &,e.. 

HAIR'KD.  (I.     Having  hair.  [£/icyc. 

HAIR'-liCNG,  a.     Hanging  by  a  hair.  Young. 

HAIR'l-NKSS.n.  [fn.m  Aairy.]  The  stale  of  abound- 
ing or  being  covered  with  hair.  .Johnson. 

HAIR'LACE,  n,  A  fillet  for  tying  up  the  hair  of  the 
head.  Swifi, 

IIAIU'LES.S,  a.  Destitute  of  hair;  bald  ;  as,  hairless 
scal|H.  S/iak. 

HAIR'-LTN'E,  n,    A  line  made  of  hair. 

HAIR'-NEE-DLE,  /  H.     A  pin  used  in  dressing  the 

HAIR'-PIN  j      hair. 

HAIR'-PEN-CIL,  n.  A  brush  or  pencil  made  of  very 
fine  hair  for  painting.  Ure. 

HAIK'-POW-DEU,  n.  A  fine  powder  of  flour  for 
sprinkling  the  hair  of  the  head. 

HAIR'-SALT,  n.     [Aaflr-^a/i,  Wemer.J 

A  variety  of  native  Epsom  salt.  Also,  a  compound 
of  the  sulphatir-  of  nmgiiesia  and  iron.  Dana. 

HAIR'-SPLIT  TIXG,  a.  Making  very  minute  dis- 
lin*  tioiot  in  ri'Osoning.  Rubinson. 

H.UR'-^SPLrr-TI\<;,  «.  The  act  or  practice  of  mak- 
ing ininvte  distinctions  in  reasoning. 

HAIR'-WORM,  n.  A  genus  of  worms,  (prrmc',)  called 
fiirr^yiujir,  resembling  a  long  hair;  a  filifurm  animal 
found  in  (rcsh  water  or  in  the  earth.  There  are  sev- 
eral species.  Entye. 


HAL 

HAIR'Y,  (/.  [from  hair.]  Overgrown  with  hair;  cov- 
ered with  hair;  abounding  witli  hair. 

Ea:tu,  my  brolh^r,  is  *.  hairy  man.  — Gen.  xxvii. 

9.  Consisting  of  hair;  as,  hairy  honors.    Dryderu 
3.  Resembling  hair ;  of  the  nature  of  hair. 

HAKE,  iu  A  kind  of  sea-fish  of  the  cod  family,  the 
Merluceius  vulgarii,  in  shape  somewhat  resembling 
the  pike.  It  IS  often  salted  and  dried,  but  is  not 
very  much  esteemed  as  food.      Jardme's  JVat.  Lik. 

HAKE,  r.  i.     To  sneak  ;  to  go  about  idly.         Orose. 

HAK'OT,  71.     A  fish.  Jiinswortk. 

HAL,  in  some  names,  signifies  hall. 

HAL'BERD,  n.  [Fr.  hallebarde  :  G.  heUrborde  :  D.  hel- 
Itbaard;  It.  atabarda  or  labardo ;  Sp.  Port.  u/aAurJa  ; 
Russ.  berdish,  a  halherd  or  battle-ax,  a  [wie-ax.  The 
etymolog}'  is  not  settled.  It  seems  anciently  to  have 
been  a  battle-nx  fixed  to  a  long  pole,  and  in  Gothic, 
hilde  is  battle.] 

A  militarj-  weapon,  consisting  of  a  pole  or  shaft  of 
Wood,  with  a  head  armed  with  a  steel  |«)int,  with  a 
cross  piece  of  steel,  flat  and  pointt-d  at  both  ends,  or 
with  a  cutting  edge  at  one  end,  and  a  bent  point  at 
the  other.  It  is  carried  by  sergeants  of  foot  and  "dra- 
goons. Eitcyc. 

HAL-BERD-IkR',  (hol-berd-eer',)  n.  One  who  is 
armed  with  a  halberd.  Bacon. 

H^>L'BER1>-S11AF-£D,  (-shapt,)  a.  Having  the  shape 
of  a  halberd. 

n.'\L'CV-0,\,(harse-on,)  n.  [L.  halcyon^  Gr.  ayfruwi-, 
a  kingfisher,  from  oAs,  the  sea,  and  wn.-,  to  con- 
ceive, from  breeding  among  reeds  by  the  sea.  Min-in.] 
The  name  anciently  given  to  the  king-fisher,  oth- 
erwise called  aUedii ;  a  bird  that  was  said  to  lay  her 
eggs  in  nests,  on  rocks  near  the  sea,  during  the  calm 
weather  about  the  winter  solstice.     Hence, 

HAL'CY-ON,  a.  Calm  ;  quiet ;  peaceful ;  undisturbed  ; 
happy.  Hulnjon  duys  were  seven  days  before  and  as 
many  after  ilie  wiiiter  solstice,  when  the  weather 
was  calm.  Hence,  by  halcyon  days  are  now  under- 
stood days  of  iieace  and  tranquillitv. 

H.\L-CY-6'M-Ai\,  a.     Halcyon;  calm.         Sheldon. 

ilALE,  a.  [Sax.  hal.  svund,  wiiole.  See  Hail  and 
Heal.] 

Sound;  entire;  healthy;  robust;  not  impaired; 
as,  a  hale  body. 

HALE,  n.     Welfare.     [JVo(  in  iise.)  Spenser. 

HALE  or  HALE,  r.  L     [.Sw.  halai  Fr.  hafn-.] 

To  pull  or  draw  with  force  ;  to  drag.  This  is  now 
more  generally  written  and  pronounced  baulf  tvhtcb 
see. 

HALF,  (hlf,)  Tf. ;  pi.  Halves,  (hdvz.)  [Sax.  half  or 
heal/:  Goth,  balbs  ;  D.  halj';  Sw.  half;  Dan.  halo  ;  G. 
halb.] 

One  part  of  a  thing  which  is  divided  into  two 
eqtial  parts,  either  in  fart  or  in  contemplation  ;  a  moi- 
ety ;  as,  half  a  pound  ;  ftalf  a  trad  of  land  ;  ha{f  an 
orange;  A<j// the  miseries  or  pleasures  of  life.  It  is 
applieit  to  quantity,  number,  length,  and  every  thing 
susceptible;  of  division.  In  practice,  of  is  often  or 
usually  omitted  after  half.  VVe  say,  Ao^a  pound; 
Ao//a  mile  ;  A«(/the  nuiuber. 

llai/  ttie  iTibery  of  life.  AtUliion. 

HXLI*  (haf,)  c.  U     To  divide  into  halves.      [See 

Halve. 1 
HALF,  oih.    In  part,  or  in  an  equal  i>art  or  degree. 

Bajf  loth  iind  half  c<iiiai^iitii>g.  Dryrten. 

In  composition^  half  denotes  an  equal  part ;  or,  tn- 
dffinitelif^  a  part,  and  hence,  iin|>erfecL 
HALF'-BLOOU,  (huriiliitl,)  «.  Relation  between  per- 
sons born  of  the  same  father  or  of  the  same  mother, 
but  not  of  both  ;  as,  a  brother  or  sister  of  the  half- 
bli'od.  The  Word  is  sometimes  used  as  an  adjective. 
HALF'-BI^OOD'LU,  a.  Mean;  degenerate.  [LiUle 
used.]  S/iak. 

2.  Woceeding  from  a  male  and  female,  each  of  full 

blood,    but    of    dilferent   breeds  ;    as,    a   half  blooded 

HALF'-BRED,  a.     Hiilf  bl<K>ded.  [sheep. 

lUI.I '-BREED,  rt.     Half-blooded. 

HALK-BROTH'EU,  (luf-,)  n.     A  brother  by  one  pa- 

;ip  not  wholly  put  ofl!',  or  faintly 
moved.  Shak. 

HALF'-CASTE,  n.  In  India,  one  born  of  a  Hindoo 
parent  on  the  one  side,  and  of  a  European  on  the 
othir. 

IULF'-f;OCK,  n.  When  the  cock  of  a  gun  is  re- 
tained by  the  first  notch,  the  gun  is  said  to  he  Tit  half- 
cock.  Booth. 

HALF'-DE.^D,  (ded,)  a.  Almost  dead;  nearly  ex- 
hausted. * 

IIALF'£N,  a.  Wanting  half  its  due  qualities.  [JVut 
used.]  Spenser. 

HALF^EN-DEAL,  adv.    [Teut.  halfdecl.]     Nearly  half. 

Spenser. 

HALF'ER,  n.    One  that  possesses  half  only. 
2.  A  male  fallow  deer  gelded. 

IIALF'-FAC'^D,  (-laste,)  a.  Showing  only  part  of 
tlifi  face.  Shak. 

HALF'-IIATCILKD,  (-hatcht,)  a.  Imperfectly 
hu  'Ited  ;   as,  ftalf-hatcked  eggs.  Qay. 

HALf  -HEARD,  (-herd,)  a.  Imperfectly  heard;  not 
heard  to  the  end. 

^(]d  IcAve  halfht9rd  thfl  meluiAhrly  UUc.  Pop*. 


rent,  but  not  by  l>ulii. 
HALF'-CAP,  n.     A  ca 


TCNE,  BULL,  T^NITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS e  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  «  M  Z;  ClI  a«  SH;  TH  as  In  THItJ. 


67 


j20 


HAL 

HALF'-HOL'I-DAV,  n.     A  half  of  a  day  given  to 

rhildrrn  in  schcKiIs  for  recreation, 
HXLF'-LEARN-£D,  (lernd.)  a.    ImperfecUy  learned. 

Sout^. 

HALP'-LOST,  a.     Nearly  last.  Miltan. 

HXl.F-.M.XKK.  B.     Acoin;  a  noble.  Of  6*.  8d.  sterling. 

HXLF'-WOON,  n.  Tlie  nn>un  at  the  quarters,  wheu 
toalf  itK  dii*k  appears  illuniinitted. 

2.  Any  thing  in  ilie  shnpe  of  a  half  moon.  In  far- 
tifieation\  an  tmtvvtirk  comiKwed  of  two  faces,  forming 
a  client  nnple,  whose  gorge  is  in  the  form  of  a  ere*- 
cent  or  lialf-inoun.  E»c^ 

HXLF'-NOTE,  a.  In  mutie,  a  minim,  being  half  a 
semi  breve, 

HALF'-PART,  w.     An  eqnal  part.  Shak. 

HALF'-PAY,  n.  Half  the  amount  of  wages  or  salary ; 
as,  an  officer  retires  on  half-pa^.  [It  is  reduced,  but 
selduni  literally  half  the  amount.     Smart.] 

IIALF'-PAY,  a.  Receiving  or  entitled  to  half-pay  ;  as, 
a  kalf-pttm  olficer. 

HALF'-PfiN-.NV,  (hnp'pen-ny  or  ha'pen-ny,)  a.  A 
co|iper  coin  of  the  value  uf  lutlf  a  penny  ;  also,  the 
value  of  half  a  penny.    It  is  used  in  the  plural. 

ffa  ehM«  Car  h^-p»mia.  J>r||rim. 

[This  coin  is  not  current  In  .\merica.] 

HALF'-PKN-NY.  o.  Of  the  price  or  value  of  half  a 
peiinv  ;  as,  a  kalf-pn»v  Inaf.  Shak. 

HAI*F''-PEN-NY-\VORTH,  n.  The  value  of  a  half- 
penny. 

HALP-PIKE,  a.    A  short  pike  carried  by  officer*. 

7'flr/rr, 
3   A  short  pike  used  In  boarding;  ships.  Mar,  Diet, 

HXI.F'-rt.NT,  n.  The  half  of  a  pint  or  fourth  of  a 
quart.  Fopt, 

HALF'-READ,  (-red,)  a.  Superficially  Informed  by 
reading.  Drydtn, 

HALF'-ROUND,  n.     A  semicircular  molding.  GwilU 

HALF'-SseUOL  AR,  m.    One  imperfectly  learned. 

Watts. 

HALF'-SeAS-O'VER  ;  a  low  expression,  denoting 
balf-dnink. 

HALF'-SMIFT,  a.  In  playing  the  violin,  a  move  of 
the  hand  a  little  way  upward  on  the  neck  of  the  in- 
^tniment.  to  reach  a  hich  note. 

HALF-PTGIIT'El),  (hir<lt'ed,)a.  Seeing  imperfect- 
ly :  having  weak  discemtnent.  Bueom. 

HALF'-SIS'TER,  «.  A  sister  by  one  parent,  but  not 
bv  both. 

HALF-SPHi^RE,  a.    Hemi^ifaere.  B.  Jenson. 

HALF'-i«TAKV-A:i>,  o.     Alm'»st  starred. 

HALF'-STRAKN  £D,  a.     Half-bred  ;  imperfect. 

thydm. 

HALP'-^WORD,  rhUfsard,)  a.  Within  half  the 
length  of  a  sword;  close  fight.  SA«fc. 

HALF'-WAY,  adv.  In  the  middle;  at  lialf  the  dis- 
tance. QranviUt, 

HALP'-\VA  Y,  a.  Equally  distant  from  the  extreoiM ; 
as,  a  kaJf-wmf  house. 

HALF'-WIT,  a.  A  foolish  person;  a  dolt :  a  block- 
head. DnfJem, 

HALF'-VVIT-TED.o.  Weak  in  Intellect;  siUy  ;  fool- 
ish. Swi/L 

HAl.F'-YP.AR-LY,  a.    Two  in  a  year;  semi-aanual. 

HALF'-V£AR-LY,  air.  Twice  in  a  year;  semi-an- 
nunlly. 

IIAL'I-BUT,  n.  A  flth  of  the  genus  Hippoglossus, 
and  family  Pleuronectidie.  This  fish  has  a  compressed 
b<Mly,  one  side  resembling  the  back,  tlie  other  the 
belly,  and  both  eyes  on  tlie  same  side  of  the  head. 
It  prows  to  a  great  si7.e  ;  stime  to  the  weight  of  300 
or  500  pounds.  It  forms  ait  article  of  fiK>d,  and  some 
parts  of  the  body  are  fat,  tender,  and  delicious.  I'his 
ft^h,  like  other  tiat  fish,  swims  on  its  side,  and  hence 
the  name  of  the  family.  Jardine'a  .YaU  Lib. 

BLAL'I-lKi.M,  n.     [Sax.  kaligdomc:  Aa/y  and  dom,^ 
Adjiinilion  hy  what  is  holy.     [ObsJ]         Spenser. 

HAL'I-MAS."5,  «.     [Sax.  halif,  holy,  and  mam.] 
Thf  feast  of  All  Suiils  ;  Hallowmas. 

HALMNG  or  HAL'ING.     See  HiiLiso. 

IL^-LIT'l^-OUS',  a.     [U  kalitus,  hreatlu] 

Like  breath  ;  vaporous.    {Ofr:^.]  Boyle, 

HALL,  a.  [Sax.  heal:  D.  hal  or  zaal ;  G  saul ;  Sw. 
and  Dan.  as/ ;  Pr.  salU;  \U  and  Sp.  «a/a;  L.  aula-, 
6r.  auAq;  Sans,  maimi  CopL  aait;  Turk.  awU',  Qu. 


Heb.  SnK,  a  lent,  .\r.  V^i  to  marrj',  and  to  begin 

housekeeping,  or  Heb.  Ch.  and  Syr.  S^ti,  a  palace. 
Uu.  are  thrse  all^of  one  family.'    See  Salt.] 

t.  In  arcJiiteetmrt,  a  large  room  at  the  entrance  of 
a  house  or  palace.  In  the  houses  of  ministers  of 
stale,  magistrates,  tc,  it  is  the  |>lace  where  they 
pvn  andit;nce  and  dispatch  business.  Encyc. 

2  An  edifice  in  which  courts  of  justice  are  held  ; 
as,  Westminster  HaU^  which  was  ori{;inally  a  royal 
palace  ;  the  kings  of  England  formerly  holdingttaeir 
parliaments  and  courts  of  judicature  in  their  own 
dwellings,  as  is  still  the  practice  in  Spnin.     Enajc. 

3.  A  mnnor-hoiue,  so  called  because  in  them 
courts  wt-rr-  former.y  held.  Addifon. 

4.  A  college,  or  large  edifice,  belonging  to  a  colle- 
giate institution. 


HAL 

5.  A  rtKim  for  a  corporation  or  public  assembly ; 
as,  a  lown-hall  \  Faneuil  Ihdl^  in  Boston,  &.c. 

0.  A  collegiate  body  in  the  universities  nf  Oxford 

and  Cambridge.  Prtdtaur, 

HAULE-l.C'IAH,  )  (hal-le-lu'ytt  )  n.     [Hrh.  T^^y^'^ry, 

HAI^-LE-LCJ  AH,  \      praise  ye  Jah  or  Jrhovah,  from 

S'7n,  to  praise,  that  is,  to  throw,  or  raise  the  voice, 

to  utter  a  loud  sound.  Ar.  \£i  luiUa  or  ealla^  to  ap- 
pear ;  to  begin  to  shine,  as  the  new  moon ;  to  ex- 
claim ;  to  exult ;  to  sing;  t<)  rejoice  ;  to  praise  or 
worship  God.  Gr.  fAcXm,  a  shout  in  battle.  It  co- 
incides in  elements  with  hairly  L.  ulaloA 

Praise  ye  Jehovah  ;  give  praise  to  (loti ;  a  word 
used  in  simes  of  praise,  or  a  term  of  rejoicing  in 
solemn  ascriptions  of  thanksgiving  to  God.  It  is 
used  as  a  noun,  or  as  an  exchimaiiun. 

[This  word  is  improperly  written  with  j,  in  con- 
formity with  the  German  and  other  continental  lan- 
guages, in  which  j  has  the  sound  of  y.  Hut  to  pro- 
nounce the  word  with  the  English  souiid  of  j  destroys 
its  beauty.  The  like  mistake  of  the  sound  of  j  in  Jc- 
A>'raA,  Jiirdan^  Josrph,  has  pervt-rted  the  true  pnmun- 
ciation,  which  was  Yehotah^  Yordan,  Yoseph.  This 
per\'ersion  must  now  be  submitted  to,  but  in  HaUclu- 
iah  it  (tught  not  to  be  toltrated.] 

HAI/LIARD,  J  (hal'yard,)    n.     [from  Aa/e,  haul.]     A 

IIAL'YARD,  )  term  applied  to  ropes  or  tackles  for 
hoisting  or  lowering  yards  or  sails.    Brandt.     Tutten, 

HAL'LI-ER,  n.  A  particular  kind  of  net  for  catching 
birds.  Encyc. 

HAL-LOO',  V,  i,  [This  seems  to  belong  to  the  family 
of  euU  ;  Fr.  Aoier.] 

I'o  cry  out ;  to  exclaim  with  a  loud  voice  ;  to  call 
to  by  name,  or  by  the  word  halloo. 

CouiiUj  lolki  hallooed  xQtl  hooted  after  me.  Sidney. 

HAL-LOO',  v.t    To  encourage  with  shouts. 

Old  John  hallooet  bis  huuiKk  aguo.  Prior. 

2.  To  chase  with  shouts.  Shak. 

3.  To  call  or  shout  to.  Shak, 
[This  verb  is  regular,  and  pronounced  with  the  ac- 
cent on  the  first  syllable.] 

HAIf-L(!>0';  an  exclamation,  used  as  a  call  to  Invite 
attention. 

HAL-LOO'IXG,  ppr.    Cning  out, 

HAI^LOO'ING,  n.     A  loud  outcry.  Smart. 

H.\L'l40\V,  V.  L  [Pax.  haliican  or  kaleian,  to  conse- 
crate, to  sancn.ify,  from  hiUi-r  or  hot^,noly\  from  Aa/, 
sound,  safe,  whole  ;  G.  heUi^en^  from  tieilig^  Ix'lyi 
heil,  nholc;  keileUy  to  heal  ;  D.  heiligtity  from  heilig, 
holy,  heil,  safely,  happiness;  Dan.  hetlifrrr,  from 
hrtU^y  holy  ;  heel,  whole,  entire  ;  Sw.  kel^a,  from 
keii>^,  holy.  (See  Holy.)  It  c<>incide5  in  origin  with 
held,  and  L.  culteo,  to  be  able.] 

I.  To  make  holy  ;  to  consecrate  ;  to  set  apart  for 
lioly  or  religious  use.    Ez,  xxviii.  xxix.    1  Kings  viii. 
SC  To  devote  to  iHily  or  religious  exercises ;  to  treat 
as  sacred. 

HaUom  \he  SaUath  Any,  to  do  no  n-orlc  therein.  —  Jer.  zrit 

3.  To  reverence  ;  to  honor  as  sacred. 

Halloiaed  be  thy  name.  Lord'w  Prayer. 

HAI/LOW-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Consecrated  to  a  sacred 
use,  or  to  religious  exercises ;  treated  as  sacred  ; 
reverenred. 

HAl.'LOW-EEX,  n.  The  evening  preceding  All 
Hallows  or  All  Saints*  day.     [ScuUi^A.j 

H.AL'LCW-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Setting  ajiart  for  sacred 
purposes  ;  consecrating  ;  devoting  to  religious  exer- 
cises ;  rev»''encing. 

HAL'LOW-iViAS,  n.  [See  Mass.]  The  feast  of  All 
Souls.  '  SJiak. 

IIAL-LO'CIN-ATE,  r.  i.     [L.  HxiUiumoT.] 
To  stumble  or  blunder. 

IIAL-L0-CIN-A'TIOi\,  n.  [L.  hailucinatio^  from  hal- 
lucinor^  to  blunder.] 

1.  Error ;  delusion  ;  mistake.    [Little  used.] 

.Addison. 

2.  In  medicine,  faulty  sense  (dysastkesia)  or  errone- 
ous imagination.  Halluciualions  of  the  senses  arise 
from  stime  defect  in  the  organs  of  sense,  or  from 
some  unusual  circumstances  attending  the  object,  as 
when  it  is  seen  by  moonlight ;  and  they  are  some- 
times symptoms  of  general  disease,  as  in  fevers. 
Maniacal  hail ucinations  arise  from  some  imaginary  or 
mistaken  idea.  Similar  hallucinations  occur  in 
revcni.  Darwin,     Parr. 

IIAL-LO'CIN-A-TO-RY,  a.     Partaking  of  hallucina- 
tion. 
II^L.M,  (hawm,)  n.     [Sax.  healm;  L.  culvrns.] 
Straw.    [See  H&um.] 
S    - 
HA'LO,  n,    [Ar.  ^L£>  haulon.    The  verb  signifies  to 

frighten,  and  to  adorn  with  necklaces.] 

A  name  given  to  the  circular  or  elliptical  appear- 
ances surrounding  the  sun,  moon,  or  other  celestial 
biidy.  Haltis  occur  sometimes  singly,  sometimes  in 
concentric  or  intersecting  curves,  \vhich  are  usually 
more  or  less  diversified  in  color.  Olmsted. 


HAM 

H.^L'O-^EN,  H.  [Gr.  dXj,  salt,  and  yevyaoi,  to  gen- 
erate.] 

A  substance  which,  by  combination  with  a  metal, 
forms  a  Iniloid  salt.  Dana. 

HA-LOG'EN-OUS,  a.    Having  the  nature  of  halogen. 

Ha'LOID,  a.     [Gr.  liAf,  salt,  and  ei^<(,  form.] 

Resembling  a  salt.  In  chemLitry,  the  term  haloid 
salt  is  applied  to  binary  compounds  containing 
chlorine,  iodine,  and  the  allied  elements.  Common 
saltj  which  is  a  chlnrid  of  sodium,  is  a  haloid  salt. 

HALSE,  (hawls,)  H.     [Sax.  haLi.]  [Berzeliiu. 

The  neck  or  tliroat.     [OAj*.]  Spen.ier. 

HALSE,  V.  i.  To  embrace  about  the  neck  ;  to  adjure  ; 
til  greet.     [Obs.] 

HAL'SEN-ING,  a.  Sounding  harshly  in  the  throat  or 
tongue.     [  Obtt.]  QtrctB. 

HALS'ER,  (haws'er,)  n.  [Sax.  hals,  G.  D.  Dan.  and 
Sw.  Aaii,  the  neck ;  and  qu.  Sax.  sal,  a  rope  or 
strap.] 

A  large  rope  of  a  size  between  tlie  cable  and  the 
tow-line.     [See  IIawseb.] 

HALT,  r.  i-  [Sax.  heall,  halt,  lame  ;  Aco/iian,lo  limp  ; 
(a.  haltya  hold,  stop,  halt ;  haltcn^  to  hold  ;  Sw.  halt, 
halta ,-  Dan.  halt,  halter  ;  from  the  ro»it  of  hold.'] 

1.  To  stopin  walking  ;  to  hold.  In  military  affairs, 
the  true  sense  is  retained,  to  stop  in  a  march.  The 
army  halted  at  noon. 

2.  To  limp  ;  that  is,  to  stop  with  lameness. 

3.  To  hesitate  ;  to  stand  in  doubt  whether  to  pro- 
ceed, or  what  to  da 

IIow  long  halt  ye  between  two  opitiioui }  —  1  Kiiigi  xvuL 

4.  To  fail ;  to  falter  ;  as,  a  hailing  sonnet.    Shak. 
HALT,  V.  t.     To  stop  ;  to  cause  to  cease  marching  ;  a 

iHilitarij  term.     The  general  halted  his  troops  for  re- 
freshment. IVaahington. 
HALT,  a.     [Sax.  healt.'l 
"  Lame  ;  that  is,  holding  or  stopping  in  walking. 


HALT,  n.    A  stopping;    a  stop  in  marching.    The 
troops  made  a  halt  at  the  bridge. 
2.  The  act  of  limping. 
HALT'ED,  pp.     Stopped. 
HALT'ER,  n.    One  who  halts  or  limps. 
HALT'ER,  n.     [«.  halter,  n  holder.     See  Halt.] 

1.  A  rope  or  strap  and  head-stall  for  leading  or 
confining  a  horse. 

2.  A  roi>e  for  hanging  malefactors. 

3.  A  strong  cord  or  string. 

HALT'ER,  V.  L    To  put  a  halter  on  ;  as,  to  halter  a 
liorse. 
2.  To  catch  and  hold,  or  to  bind  witli  a  rope  or  cord. 
HALT'ER-A'D,  pp.     Caufjlit  or  bound  with  a  rope. 
HALT'ER-ING,  ppr.     Putting  a  halter  on  ;  catching; 

l)inding. 
HALT'INO,  n.    The  act  of  stopping  or  faltering. 
HALT'ING,  ppr.  OT  a.     Shipping  ;  limping. 
HALT'ING-LY,  adv.     With  Iniiping  ;  sh.wly. 
HALVE,  (hSv,)  ». «.     [from  half]     To  divide  into  two 

equal  parts  ;  as,  to  htdce  an  apple. 
HALV'£D,  (havd,)  a.      In    butavy,    hemispherical; 

covering  one  side  ;  placed  on  one  side. 
HALV'f.N'G,  ppr.     Dividing  into  two  equal  parts. 
HALVES,  (hivz,)  n. ;  pi.  of  Half.     Two  equal  parts 
of  a  thing. 

To  cry  halves,  is  to  claim  an  equal  share. 
To  o-o  halves,  is  to  have  an  equal  share. 
HALVING,  (liilv'ing,)  pjtr.     Dividing  into  two  equal 
HAL'YARU.     See  Halliard.  [parts. 

HAM,  [Sax.  Aam,]  a  h()ut;e,is  our  modern  word  AuTn*!,G. 
heim.  It  is  used  in  hamlet,  and  in  the  names  of  places, 
as  in  fValtham,  wood-linuse,  wait,  a  wood,  and  ham, 
a  house,  [not  Wal-tham,  as  it  is  often  pronounced,] 
Bnrkinrr-ham,  J^ottin-r-hamf  fVrent-ham,  Dar-hamyScc. 
HA.M,«.     [Sax. /«im.] 

L  The  inner  or  hind  part  of  the  knee  ;  the  inner  an- 
gle of  llie  joint  which  unites  the  thigh  and  the  leg 
of  an  animal.     Hence, 

2.  The  thigh  of  a  beast,  particularly  of  a  hog, 
whether  salted  and  cured  or  not.  But  the  word  is 
more  generally  undersifM>d  to  mean  the  thigh  of  a 
hng  salted  and  dried  in  smoke. 
HAM'A-DRV-AD,  n.  [Gr.  I'lpu,  together,  and  6pvi,  a 
tree.] 

A  wood-nymph,  feigned  to  live  and  die  with  the 
tree  to  which  it  was  aitach'd.  Spectator. 

IlA'MATE,  a.     [L.  hantatus.] 

Hooked  ;  entangled.  Berkeley. 

Ha'Ma-TED,   a.     [L.  haiiiatus,   from  hama,  a  hook  ; 
Celtic  and  Pers.  cam,  crooked.] 
Hooked  or  set  with  hooks.  Swift 

HAM'Bl^E,  «.  (.     [Sax.  hamelan.] 

To  hamstring.     [JVot  vsed.) 
HAMES,  n.  pi.     [G.  kummet :   Russ.  ekomvt,  a  collar; 
but  it  seems  to  be  the  Scot,  ha'uns.     In  Sw.  hdmma  is 
to  strip,  or  rcstram.] 

A  kind  of  collar  for  a  draught  horse,  consisting  of 
two  bending  pii-ces  of  wood  or  bows,  and  these 
placed  on  curving  pads  or  stuffed  leather,  made  to 
conform  to  the  shape  of  the  neck. 
HaME'SU('K-/:N,  n.  In  Scottinh  law,  the  violent 
seeking  and  invasi>.n  of  a  person  in  his  own  house. 

Bouvier. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.— PLVE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. — 


HAM 

HA'MITE,  n.  The  fossil  rt- mains  of  a  curved  shell; 
an  '•xiinct  species  of  cephalopods.  Mantell. 

HASI'LET,  H.  [Sa.T.  Aam,  a  house  ;  Fr.  hammtt ;  Arm. 
kamell,  or  Kamm.    See  Home.  J 

A  small  village ;  a  little  cluster  of  houses  in  the 
country. 

Tliia  word  seems  originally  to  have  signified  the 
seat  of  a  freeliolder,  comprehending  tiie  mansion- 
house  and  adjacent  buildings.  It  now  denotes  a 
small  collection  of  houses  in  the  counlr>',  in  distinc- 
tion from  a  city,  a  large  town,  or  townshiit. 

Tlie  country  wasbed  awd  ihe  haniUU  liuniwl.  Dryden. 

HAM'LET-ED,  a.  Accustomed  to  a  hamlel,  or  to  a 
country  life.  FcUkam. 

HA.M'MER,  Tu  [Sax.  AamfT  ;  D.  hamer ;  G.  and  Dan. 
hammer:  Sw.  hammare :  probably. the  beater.] 

1.  An  instrument  for  driving  nails,  beating  metals, 
and  Ibe  like.  It  consists  of  an  iron  head,  fixed  cross- 
wise to  a  handle.  Hammers  are  of  various  sizes  j  a 
large  hammer  used  by  smiths  is  called  a  Medge. 

2.  A  piece  of  steel  covering  the  pan  of  a  musket 
lock.  CampbeWs  Mil.  DieU 

HA.\rMER,  V.  u  To  beat  with  a  hummer;  as,loAam- 
nur  iron  or  steel. 

2.  To  form  or  forge  with  a  hammer ;  to  shape  by 
beating. 

3.  To  work  in  the  mind  ;  to  contrive  by  intellectu- 
al labor  i  usually  with  out ;  as,  to  hammer  out  a 
scheme. 

IIAM'MER,  V.  i.  To  work  ;  to  be  busy  ;  to  labor  in 
contrivance. 

2.  To  be  working,  or  in  agitation. 
HAM'MER-A-BLE,  a.      That  may  be  shaped   by  a 

hammer.  Shfneood. 

HAM'MER-BeAM,  n.  In  Gothic  arehitf^t  are  ^  abeam 
acting  as  a  tie  at  the  feet  of  a  pair  of  principal  raf- 
t«rK.  but  not  extending  so  as  to  connect  the  opposite 
sides.  OttilU 

UAM'MER-CLOTH.  ».  The  cloth  which  covers  a 
coach-box,  so  called  from  tlie  old  practice  of  carrying 
a  hammer,  nails,  &,c,  in  a  little  pocket  hid  by  this 
cloth.  Ptngt. 

HA.M'MER-£D,  pp.  or  a.     Beaten  with  a  hammer. 

HAM'MER-ER,  n.  One  who  works  with  a  hammer. 

HA.\rMER~HARD,n.  Iron  or  steel  hardened  by  ham- 
mering. Mozon. 

HAM'MER-I\G,  ppr.  Beating  with  a  hammer  ;  work- 
ing }   contriving. 

HAM'MER-ING,  n.  The  act  of  beating  with  a  ham- 
mer. 

HAM'MER-MAN,  n.  One  who  heals  or  works  witha 
h:immer. 

HA.M'MER-WORT,  n.     An  herb.  Chalmfrs. 

IIAM'MOCK,  B.  [Sp.  hamaea;  Fori.  maca.  A  word 
of  Indian  origin;  for  Columbus,  in  the  Narrative  of 
his  fir*t  Voyage,  says,  "A  great  many  Indians  in 
canoes  came  to  the  ship  to-day  for  ilie  purjtnse  of 
bartering  their  cotton,  and  hamacas^  or  nets,  in  which 
they  sl»*ep."] 

A  kind  of  banging  bed,  susjwnded  between  trees 
or  pr»ts,  or  by  hooks.  It  consists  of  a  piece  of  hemp- 
en cloth  about  six  feet  lung  and  three  feet  wide,  g»th- 
ered  at  the  ends,  and  suspended  by  cords.  It  forms 
a  bed,  or  a  receptacle  for  a  bed,  on  board  of  sliips. 
Encyc.     Mar.  Diet. 

fIAM-MO-€HR?'SOS,  «.    TGr.  a^,t»i  and  tu'^qq^.] 
A  stone  with  spsngtes  of  gold  color. 

UA'MOUS.  a.  [L.  hamtu,  a  hook;  CelUc,  earn, 
crooked.! 

H'toked  ;  having  the  end  booked  or  curved  ;  a  una 
ofbutttny.  Lee,     Martyn. 

HA.M'l'ER,  n.  [Contracted  from  Ajinaprr,  or  from  Aan«l 
panmer.] 

1.  A  large  basket  for  conveying  things  to  mar- 
ket, ^c 
9.  Fetters,  or  some  instrument  that  shackles. 

ff.  Browne. 
[This  signlfiration,  and  that  of  the  verb  following, 
indicate  that  this  w«nl  \a  fnnii  haniiper^  and  that  the 
latl«r  is  from  the  sense  of  interweaving  twiga.l 

HAM'PER,  y.L  [See  the  noun.]  To  shackle;  toen- 
tnncle  i  hence,  to  impede  iu  motion  or  progress,  or  to 
render  progress  difhculL 

A  lt>/n  hatnfitr^  In  *  iivL  L'Bttraugt. 

Tbey  hnmptr  uid  eiiU>iig1«  o<ir  loula,  and  tiiiider  ih'-ir  flight 
iipwaiU.  TiilotJon, 

5.  To  tnsnare;  to  inveigle;  to  catch  with  allnre- 
raents.  Shnk. 

3.  To  tangle  ;  to  rendrr  complicated.     Blackmort. 

4.  Tfi  perplex  ;  to  embarrass. 

nAM'PER-^D,p;».  Shackled;  entangled;  Insnared  ; 
ptTpl<^<i-d. 

HAM'PER-IXG,  ppr.  Shackling;  entangling;  per- 
pk-xing, 

IIA.M'.'^TER,  n.     [G.  Aamx/^r,-  Ru-»s.  ekomiak.] 

A  species  f.f  rat,  the  Ma.i  rrirrtu.1  of  Lmn;eu5i,  or 
German  m.-trmot.  Tiiis  nit  it*  of  the  size  of  the  wa- 
ter rat.  but  in  of  a  browner  ci.lor,  and  ilM  b.lly  and 
legs  nf  a  dirty  y»lbiw.  It  h  rnimrkabli  f..r  two'bags, 
like  Ihiwe  of  a  babfxin .  on  each  !»iile  of  the  Jaw,  rm-  I 
der  the  skin,  in  which  it  ronvpys  grain,  [»en«,  and  ' 
actfms  to  its  wintf-r  re-^idonep.     Eneyc    Gi>tiLt:niik.      \ 


HAN 


HAN 


UAM'STRING,  n.    The  tendons  of  the  ham. 

Wisemaru. 

HAM'STRLXG,  r.  U;  prp(.  and  p/».  Hamstbuso,  or 
Hamstringed.  To  cut  the  tendons  of  the  ham, and 
thus  to  lame  or  disable.  Dryden. 

HAM'STRING-ING,  ppr.  Cutting  the  tendons  of  the 
ham,  and  thus  disabling. 

HAMSTRUNG,;)/).  Disabled  by  having  the  tendons 
of  the  ham  cut. 

HAN.  for  Have,  in  the  plural.  Spenser. 

HAN'A-PER,  71.  [.Norm,  kanap,  a  cup,  a  hamper; 
Sax.  A/i<£7),  G.  Ttnp/,  D.  n^p,  Fr.  hanap^  Ann.  hanaff.  It. 
naypOf  a  bowl  or  cup.  These  seem  to  be  all  the  same 
word,  yet  I  see  not  how  a  cup  and  a  basket  should 
have  the  same  name,  unless  the  vessel  was  originally 
made  of  bark,  and  so  tight  as  to  hold  liquors.] 

The  hanaper  was  used  in  early  days,  by  the  kings 
of  England,  for  holding  and  carrying  with  them  their 
money,  as  they  journeyed  from  place  to  place.  It 
was  a  kind  of  basket,  like  the  Jiscus,  and  hence  came 
to  be  considered  as  the  king's  treasury.  Hence,  the 
clerk  or  warden  of  the  hanaper,  is  an  officer  who  re- 
ceive the  fees  due  to  the  king  for  seals  of  charters, 
patents,  commissions,  and  writs.  There  is  also  an 
oflicer  who  is  contruller  of  the  hanaper.  This  word, 
therefore,  answered  to  the  modern  excltequer. 

Spdman, 

HANCE,  HALW'CE,  for  Ewhance.     {Obs.}     See  Et»- 

HAIfCE. 

HAN'CES,  n.  pi.     [L.  anaa,\ 

1.  In  architeHurCy  the  ends  of  elliptical  arches, 
which  are  the  arches  of  smaller  circles  than  the 
scheme  or  middle  part  of  the  arch.  Harris. 

2.  In  a  ship,  falls  of  the  fife-rails  placed  on  balus- 
ters on  the  poop  and  quarter-deck  down  to  the  gang- 
way. Harris. 

HA.VD,  B.  [i^nx.  hand,  hand;  G.  and  V.  hand  ;  Dan. 
haand ;  Sw.  hand.  This  word  may  be  connected  in 
origin  with  Sax.  hrntan,  to  fullow,  to  take,  or  seize, 
Gr.  xai'^uvw,  L.  kendo,  in  prehendo  ;  but  from  its  de- 
rivatives, handy,  handsome,  it  would  appear  to  pro- 
ceed fromaniot  signifying  tobeslmng,  right,  straight, 
which  would  give  the  sense  of  fitness  and  of  beauty. 
Chaucer  has  hende,  hendy,  civil,  courteous.] 

1.  In  man,  the  extremity  of  the  arm,  consisting  of 
the  palm  and  fingers,  connected  with  the  arm  at  the 
wrist ;  the  part  wirh  which  we  hold  and  use  any  in- 
strument. 

2.  In  falamry,  the  fmit  of  a  hawk  ;  and  in  tfte  ma- 
nege, the  fore  (vwit  of  a  hurse. 

3.  A  nteasure  of  four  inches;  a  palm;  applied 
ehiejiy  to  horses ;  as,  a  horse  14  hands  high. 

4.  Side  ;  part ;  right  or  left  ;  as,  on  the  one  hand 
or  the  other.  This  is  admitted  on  all  hands,  that  is, 
on  all  sides,  or  by  all  parties.  So,  to  be  on  the  mend- 
ing hand,  is  to  be  on  the  side  of  recovery  from  ill- 
ness. 

5.  Act;  deed;  performance;  external  action  ;  that 
is,  the  effect  for  ttie  cause,  the  hand  being  the  instru- 
ment of  action. 

Thou  nwcM  Uie  conlruIicUon  between  toy  heart  and  hand. 

King  Charla. 
C.  Power  of  performance  ;  skill. 

A  rririid  of  mine  \\am  a  very  Hue  hand  on  the  TJolUi,     AddUon. 
lie  hud  a  iniiut  to  try  hia  hand  at  a  HpKCtattor.  AildtMon. 

7.  Power  of  making  or  producing. 

An  io(riIi(«nt  being  cuitiin;  out  of  tiie  hands  oflnSnltr  p>^cc- 
Uoo.  CAeync. 

6.  Mannerof  actingor  performance ;  as,  hechanged 
his  hand.  Dryden. 

9.  Agency  ;  part  in  performing  or  executing.  Pun- 
b<h  every  man  who  had  a  hand  in  the  mischief.  We 
see  the  hand  of  GckJ  in  this  event, 

10.  Conveyance  ;  agency  in  transmitting. 

11.  Possession  ;  pi>wer.  The  estate  is  in  the  hands 
of  the  owner.     The  pa|>eni  are  in  my  hand/i. 

12.  The  cards  held  at  a  game  ;  hence,  a  game. 

13.  An  index,  or  that  which  performs  the  olfice  of 
the  hand,  or  of  a  finger,  in  pointing  ;  as,  the  ImnU  of 
a  clock  ;  Iht;  hour-A^fK^,  and  the  m\iuitv/uind. 

14.  A  fiersun  ;  an  agent ;  a  man  employed  in  agen- 
cy or  service.    The  mason  employs  twenty  h/ind.i. 

15.  Form  of  writing  ;  style  of  penmanship;  as,  a 
good  hawl;  a  bad  hand;  a  fine  hand. 

1(1.  Agency  ;  service  ;  ministry.    Ex.  iv    Lev.  viii. 

17  Rate  ;  price ;  conditions  ;  as,  «  bought  at  a  dear 
hand."*     [Obs.]  Bacon. 

IH.  I  n  Scripture,  the  hand  of  God,  ia  his  eternal  pur- 
pose and  executive  power.    Jicts  iv. 

19.  The  providential  bounty  of  God.     Ps.  civ. 

2().  The  p<iwer  of  God  exerted  in  judgments  or 
mercies,  in  punishing  or  defending.  Judges  n.  Ps. 
xxxii. 

21.  The  Spirit  of  God  ;  divine  influence.  1  Kings 
xviii, 

aa.  The  favor  of  God,  or  tiis  support.  JWA.  ii. 
LuJie  i. 

^t  hand  ;  near  ;  cither  present  and  within  reach,  or 
not  far  distant. 

Vwir  tiwatMixl  »  nt  hand ;   I  Jwar  lila  tnimfrL  ShaJc. 

2.  Near  in  time  ;  not  distant. 

Thp  dijr  of  Christ  b  at  hand.  —  3  TSpb.  U. 

By  hand;  with  the  hands,  in  distinction  fVora  the 


inslruiiicntaliiy  of  tools,  engines,  or  animals  ;  as,  to 
weed  a  garden  by  hand ;  to  lift,  draw,  or  carry  by 
hand. 

In  hand;  present  payment;  in  respect  to  Iho  re- 
ceiver. 

Receiving  in  hand  one  ycar'i  Iribitte.  KnoUra. 

2.  In  the  state  of  execution.  I  have  a  great  work 
in  hand. 

At  my  hand,  at  his  hand.  Set.,  denote  from  the  per- 
son or  being. 

Sluill  we  rfcrivc  good  a(  ihe  hand  of  Qod,  aiid  ahall  we  not  re- 
ceive evil  .'—J„l)  ii. 

On  hand ;  in  present  possession ;  as,  he  has  a  sup- 
ply of  goods  on  hand, 
2.  Under  one's  care  or  management. 

Jupiter  hiul  a  fnmi  on  hi*  handt.  L'Eatravqt. 

Offhand;  without  delay,  hesitation,  or  ditliciilty  ; 
immediately  ;  dc'.\trously  ;  without  previous  prepara- 
tion. 

Out  of  hand;  ready  payment,  with  regard  to  the 
payer. 

Let  not  the  wngo  of  any  man  Liny  wiili  thee  ;  but  give  it  him 
OwJ  o/  hand.  Ibfril. 

2.  At  once  :  directly. 

To  his  hand,  to  my  hand,  &,c. ;  in  readiness ;  already 
prepared  ;  ready  to  be  received. 

Tlie  work  ii  mail-j  to  hu  handt.  iMcke. 

Under  his  hand,  under  her  hand,  &.C. ;  with  tlie  prop- 
er writing  or  signature  of  the  name.  This  deed  is 
executed  under  the  hand  and  seal  of  the  owner. 

Hand  orer  head :  ne-'ligcnily  ;  rashly  ;  without  see- 
ing whnt  one  does.     [Littltf  nsed.^  Bacon. 

Hand  over  hand ;  by  passing  the  hands  alternately 
one  before  or  above  another  ;  a>»,  to  climb  hand  over 
hand:  also,  rapidly;  as,  to  come  up  with  a  chase 
hand  over  hand ;  used  by  seamen.  Mar.  Diet. 

Hand  to  hand;  in  rli»se  union  ;  close  fiplit.   Dryden. 

But  from  hand  to  hand,  is,  from  one  person  to  an- 
other. 

Hand  in  hand  ;  in  union  ;  conjointly  ;  unitedly. 

Swifi. 

To  join  fiand  in  hand,  is,  to  unite  eflbrts  and  act  in 
concert. 

Hand  in  hand;  fit;  pat;  suitable.  Shak. 

Hand  to  mouth.  To  live  from  hand  to  mouth,  is  to 
obtain  food  and  other  necessaries,  as  want  recpiires, 
without  making  previous  provision,  or  having  an 
abundant  previoiw  supply. 

To  bear  in  hand ;  to  keep  in  expectation  ;  to  elude. 
[JVot  u^ed.]  SkaJt. 

To  bear  a  hand  ;  to  hasten  ;  a  scaman^s  phrase. 

Tot  ten. 

To  lend  a  hand  ;  to  give  assistance.  R.  H.  Dana,  Jr, 

Tu  be  hand  and  glove  ;  to  be  intimate  and  familiar, 
as  friends  or  associates. 

To  set  the  hand  to ;  to  engage  in  ;  to  undertake. 


To  take  in  hand;  to  attempt ;  to  undertake.  Luke  i. 

Al.-<o,  to  seize  and  deal  with. 

To  have  a  hand  in  ;  to  be  concerned  in  ;  to  have  a 
part  or  concern  in  doing  ;  to  have  an  agency  in. 

South. 

To  put  the  last  hand,  or  finishing  hand,  to ;  to  com- 
plete ;  to  perfect ;  to  make  the  last  corrections,  or 
give  the  nnal  polish. 

To  change  hands;  to  change  sides;  to  shift;  to 
change  owners.  Butler. 

Hand,  in  the  sense  of  rale,  price,  tenns,  conditions, 
as  used  by  Bacon,  Taylor,  ice,  is  obsolete  ;  as,  "  to 
buy  at  a  dear  hand;**  "accept  the  mjstery,but  at 
no  hand  wrusi  it  by  pride  or  ignorance."  So  in  the 
sense  of  advj^ntage,  gfin,  8U|k.rioriiy,  as  used  by 
Hayward ;  and  in  that  ot  com|>elitiun,  content,  as 
used  by  ShakHj>eare. 

To  get  hand,  to  gain  infiiience,  is  obsolete. 

A  heavy  tiaml ;  severity  or  ojipression. 

A  light  hand  ;  gentleness  ;  moderation. 

A  strict  hand;  severe  discipline;  rigorous  govern- 
ment. 

Jlands  off;  a  vulgar  phrase  for  keep  off,  forbear. 

7'o  pour  water  an  the  /lands,  in  the  phraseology  of 
the  Scriptures,  is  to  serve  or  minister  to.   2  Kings  iii. 

To  uKish  ike  hands ;  to  profess  innocence.  MatL 
ixvii. 

To  kufs  the  hand,  imports  adoration.    Job  xxxl. 

To  Ivan  on  the  hand,  imports  familiarity.  2  Kings  v. 

To  strike  hands;  to  make  a  contract,  or  to  become 
surety  for  another's  debt  or  good  behavior.  Prov. 
jcvii. 

Putting  the  hand  under  the  thigh,  was  an  ancient 
ceremony  used  in  swearing. 

To  give  the  hand,  is  to  make  a  covenant  with  one, 
or  to  unite  with  him  in  denien.     2  Kings  x. 

The  stretching  out  of  t/ie  hand,  denotes  an  exertion 
of  power.    But, 

The  stretching  out  of  the  hand  f4>  God,  imports  earn- 
est prayer  or  solemn  dedication  of  one's  self  to  him. 
Ps.  Ixviii.  and  cxliii. 

The  lifting  of  the  hand,  was  used  In  afllmmtion  and 
swearing,  and  iu  prayer  hnpurted  a  solemn  wishing 
of  blessings  from  Gotl.     Qrn.  xiv.     Let.  xix. 


TONE,  nm.L,  lINrrE.-AN''GER,  VI"CIQUS.-C  as  R ;  0  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


HAN 

To  lift  Xkt  hand  ttgaiitst  a  jtuperior ;  tu  rebel.   *2  Saau 

XX. 

To  put  forth  tks  ka»d  agmxmst  one;  to  kill  liim.  1 
Sen.  XXIV. 

To  piU  oiu*$  kmmd  to  €  ntighborU  gaods ;  to  steal 
them.     £x.  xxli. 

To  lay  hands  on  in  anger;  to  assault,  or  seize,  or  lo 
unite.     £z.  xxiv.    Is.  x\. 

To  lay  the  hand  on  Vte  mouthy  imports  sileiicr.  Job  xl. 

The  tuying  vn  (ff  hands^  was  alw  n  CPlvinony  used 
In  coiiiiecraiing  one  lo  orRcf.    .Wm.  xxvii.  1  7'im.  tv. 

It  \va^  also  used  in  lilcssing  piT«t»lts.     Mark  x. 

Huiing  the  hand  in  Lie  b*K*cm^  denotes  idleness  ;  in- 
activity"; sliiCjisJiness.     Pnt.  xix. 

The  dapping  of  hands^  denotea  Joy  and  rejokini;. 
But,  in  some  insiunc*?^,  contrmpi  ur  derifiou,  or  joy 
at  the  calamilirs  of  others.     P^.  xlvii.     F.xek.  xxv. 

A  station  ai  the  right  hand  is  honoraliU',  and  de- 
notes favor,  approbation,  or  honor.  .'V  i^tatiun  on  the 
t^  hand  te  I«w  honumlilc.    .Uo».  xx. 

0«d*3  standing  at  the  right  haua  cj  men,  imports  his 
re^nnl  for  theni,  and  his  R-ndiness  to  defend  and  as- 
siiiit  them.     Ps.  xvL 

Satus*s  standing  at  the  right  hand  of  new,  imports 
bis  readinew  to  accuse  them^ftf  to  hinder  or  torment 
them.    Zech,  itL 

Cleaii  kmnds^  denotes  innocence  and  a  hiamcless 
and  holy  life.    Ps.  xxiv. 

^  Madt  hoMdy  denuteii  idleness ;  cardenneas :  vloth. 
Prw,  X- 

Th»  right  ksmd,  denotes  power;  rtrength.  Ex.  xv. 
HAND,  e.  t.  To  give  or  tmnsmit  with  the  hand.  Hand 
me  a  book. 

a.  To  lead,  guide,  and  lift  with  the  hand  i  to  con- 
duct. Loeke, 

3.  To  manage  ;  as,  I  hand  my  oar.  Prior* 

4.  To  seize  ;  to  by  hands  on.  [A'»(  used.]    ShoA. 
&.  In  smmoMship^  to  furl :  to  wrap  or  roll  a  sail  close 

to  the  >-ard,  stay,  or  ntast,  and  fasten  It  with  gaskets. 

Mar.  Diet. 
Tokmiddoient  lo  irnnsinit  in  mccession,  as  from 
flitber  to  son,  or  from  predecessor  to  succeasor.    Fa- 
bles are  handed  datcn  from  tize  to  age. 
HAND,  V.  i  To  go  hand  in  hand  ;  to  coiiperate.  [Obs.'] 

Masaxuger. 
HAND'-BALL,  n.    .\n  ancient  game  with  a  ball. 

Brandr. 
HA.Vt>'-BAR-RO\V,  n.     A  bamiw  or  vehicle  borne 
by  the  hands  of  men,  and  without  a  wheel. 

Mirriimer. 
HAND'-BASK-ET,  m.    A  amall  or  puruble  l..-wkeL 

Mortimer. 
HAND'-BGLL,   n,    A  small  bell  rung  by  the  linnd  ;  a 

lable-lMll.  Bacon. 

H.\XD'-B1,^VV,  n.  [hand  and  How.]    .\  blow  or  stroke 

with  the  h-ind. 
HA.\I)'-HOOK,  B,    A  book  for  the  hand  ;  a  manual; 

applied  frfqtientty  to  a  piide-book  for  Iravtlors. 
HAND'-BfiW  «.  A  bow  managed  by  the  hand. 
HANDBREADTH,  ^b^edth,)  «.    A  space  equal  to  the 

breadih  of  the  liana  ;  a  (lalm.     fir.  xxv. 
HAND'-CLOTM,  «.     A  handkerchief. 
HAND'CRAFT,  n.     [^ax.  handcnrf^.] 

1.  Manual  occufKitiun  ;  wurk  [H-rfonnM  by  the 
hand .  Jiddijttin.     Ilii  na  rr. 

5.  A  man  who  obtains  his  living  by  manual  labor; 
one  skilled  in  s*.me  mechanical  art.  Dryden. 

[TTiis  tcord  is  (uica//u  spdl    IIa^dicbakt  ;    but  the 

pryerable  ypetlmg   vould  be  JlANDCRAt'T,  m   occ^rrd- 

ojue  wpith  the  Saxon.'* 
HA.\D'€RAFTS-MA\,  n.    A  man  skilled  or  employed 

in  manual  occupation  ;  a  manufacturer.  6V{/t. 

HAND'CL'FF,  h.     [Sax.  hatuieopse.] 

A  name  eivcn  to  manacles,  cnnsistin;;  of  iron  rings 

for  ihtr  wrists,  and  a  connecting  chain  lo  contine  the 

hand:!. 
HAND'erFF,  r.  L  To  manacle  ;  lo  confine  the  bands 

Willi  handnifrs. 
IIAND'eCFF  £D,  (kuft,)  pp.    Manacled;  confined 

ly\  Irindcmfs. 
H  \XirKO,;ip.    Given  or  innsmilted  by  the  bands; 

ci>fn]iirti-d ;  furlrd. 
HAMtKU,  a.     Willi  hands  joined.  .yrdton. 

2.  In  eompo:fitiirH ;  a^,  ripht-handfdj  most  dextrous 
or  strung  with  the  rigtit  band ;  having  the  right  band 
most  ablV  and  ready. 

Lr/l'handed :  having  the  left  hand  most  strong  and 
convenient  for  pnnctpal  use. 

HAXD'ER,  a.    One  who  hands  or  transmits;  a  con- 
veyer in  succession.  Dryden. 

HAS'D'FXS T,  It.     Hold  ;  custody  ;  power  of  confining 
or  k-eping.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

H.WD'FAsT,  tt.    Fast  by  contract ;  betrothed  by  join- 
ing hands.     [Pee  the  verb.] 

HAN  D'FX  ST,  r.  L     [Sax.  hamifiestan.] 

To  pledge ;  to  betroth  by  joining  hands,  in  order 
lo  coliabitation,  before  the  celebrution  of  marriage. 

JaniiiLioTu 

H.\ND'FAST-tNG,n.    A  kind  of  betrothing  by  join- 
in?  hands,  in  order  to  cohabitation,  before  marriage. 

HAND'-FET-TER,  a.    A  fetter  for  the  hand  ;  a  nian- 
aclf  Sheneood. 

HAND'FIJL,  n.    As  much  as  the  hand  will  grasp  or 
contain  Addison. 


HAN 

2.  .As  much  as  the  arms  will  embrace. 

3.  .A  pniin  ;  four  inches.     [Ofta.]  Bacon. 

4.  A  smalt  quantity  ur  numb  r.    A  ham{fiJ  of  men. 

Clarendon. 

5.  As  much  as  can  be  done  ;  fbll  enu»loyment. 

Ralesh. 
In  America,  the  phrase  is,  he  has  his  hamU  fidL 

n.\M>'-GAl--LOP,  H.  .\  slow  and  ea«R  gaUop,  in 
which  the  hand  presses  the  bridle,  to  hinoer  increase 
of  speed.  Juhiuion. 

II.A.ND'RIASS,  n.  In  gardening^  a  glass  used  for 
placing  over,  protecting,  and  forwarding,  various 
(rfaiits  in  winter.  Ci/e. 

HAMV-GRE-NAUE',  n.  A  grenade  to  be  thrown  by 
the  hand. 

HAND'GRiPE,  n.  [hand  and  c^'pe.]  A  griiw  or  seiz- 
ure and  pressnre  with  the  hand.  tludibras. 

IIAND'-GUN,  K.    A  gun  lo  be  used  by  the  hand. 

Camden. 

HAND'ieR.iiFT,  «.     [Sax.  handcnrfi.] 

1.  .Manual  occupation  ;  work  performed  by  the 
hand.  Addisvn.     Harmer. 

3.  \  man  who  obtains  his  living  by  manual  Labor  ; 
one  skilled  in  simie  mechanical  art.  Dryden. 

[See  Ha^dcrakt.1 
HAND'I  €RAFTS-MAN,  n.     A  man  skilled  or  cm- 
ployed  in  manual  occupation  ;  a  manufacturer.  Sw\fU 
[See  Handcbaft.J 
HANIVI-LY,  adP.    [See  Hasdt.]    With  dexterity  or 
skill  i  dextrously  ;  adroitly. 

2.  With  ease  or  convenience. 
HAND'1-NESS,  n.     The  ease  of  |>erfornmnce  derived 

from  practice  ;  dexterity  ;  adroitness.     Chestcrjicld. 
H.WU'I.NG,  ppr.     Giving  wiili  the  hand. 
HAND'I -WORK,  n.     [.A  comtption  o( handwork,] 

Work  done  by  the  hands.     [Ob.<.] 
HAND'KEH  CHIEF,  (hankVr-chif,)  n.  [hand  and  Jkci- 

chi^f.     See  IvERCHier.} 

1.  A  piece  of  cloih,  usually  silk  or  linen,  carried 
about  the  person  for  the  pur[K>se  of  cleaning  tlie  Hice 
or  bands,  as  occasion  requires. 

2.  A  piece  of  clolh  to  be  worn  about  the  neck,  nnd 
Bonietimes  called  a  neckerchitf. 

HAND'-LAN"GU.\GE,  (lang'gwaje,)  n.  The  art  of 
conversing  by  Uie  hands.     [A^jt  in  use. 

HAND'LE,  r.  U  [G.  hundein,  D.  hamU'A^  Sw.  hanttta, 
Dan.  handler^  lo  treat,  to  trade,  tu  negotiate.  Itut  In 
English  it  has  not  the  latter  signification.  The  word 
is  formed  from  hand,  as  manasre  from  L.  manus.] 

1.  Tu  touch  ;  to  feel  with  tlie  hand  ;  lo  use  or  hold 
with  the  hand. 

The  hoili(-a  w«  ilnil;  hatuVe  —  himtcr  the  Hppro«cb  of  the  pnn  of 
our  bamla  MaX  pr«a«  llvi».  liockt. 

3.  To  manage  ;  lo  use  ;  to  wield. 

Ttwt  fellow  handles  a  bow  like  a  cruw-kMp4r.  Shak. 

3.  To  make  familiar  by  frequent  touching. 

T\\K  Lrmien  In  FlAnden  —  haniUt  their  colu  six  inoiUhs  rvcry 
rcAT.  Temp'.t. 

A.  To  treat ;  to  discourse  on  ;  to  discuss  ;  to  use  or 
manage  in  writing  or  speaking.  The  author  handled 
the  subject  with  address.  The  speaker  handled  tlie 
arguments  to  the  best  advantage. 

5.  To  use  ;  lo  deal  with  ;  to  practice. 

They  ihM.  handU  the  Uw  knew  n>e  nut.  —  Jcr.  &. 

6.  To  treat ;  lo  use  well  or  ill. 

How  wpitihou  handttd  1  Shak, 

7.  To  manage  ;  to  practice  on  ;  to  transact  with. 

You  shiill  Kf!  huw  1  will  handle  her.  Shak. 

HAND'LE,  n.     [Sax.     Q.u.  L.  ansa^  Norm,  hanser.] 
I.  That  part  of  a  vessel  or  instrument  which  is 
held  in  the  hand  when  used,  as  the  haft  of  a  sword, 
the  bail  of  a  kettle,  &c. 

C  1'hat  of  which  use  is  made  ;  the  instrument  of 
effecting  a  purpose.  South. 

HAND'LE-A-BLE,  (hand'l-a-bl,)  a.  That  may  be  han- 
dled. Sheneood. 
H.AND'-LEAD,  (-led,)  n.     A  small  lead  for  sounding. 
H.AND'LKD,p;*.    Touched;  treated;  managed. 
HAND'LESS,  a.     Wilh.mt  a  hand.  Shak. 
IIAND'LING,  ppr.  Touching  ;  feeling ;  treating ;  man- 
aging. 
HAND'LIXG,  n.     A  touching  or  use  by  Ihe  hand  ;  a 

Iri-aiinp  in  discussion. 
HAND'-LOO.M,  M.    A  weaver's  loom  worked  by  the 

hand. 
HAXU'.MaID,  \  n.     A  maid  that  waits  at  hand  ;  a 

HAND'MaID-£N,  S      female  servant  or  attendant. 

Scripture. 
HAND'MILL,  n.    A  mill  worked  by  the  hand. 

Dryden. 
HAND'RAIL,  71.    A  rail  supported  by  balusters,  &c., 

as  in  staircases.  •  OwUt. 

HAND'SAILS,  n.  pt.    Sails  managed  by  the  hand. 

Temple. 
HAND'SAW,  Tt.     A  saw  to  be  used  with  the  hand. 
In  the  proverb,  "  not  to  know  a  hawk  from  a  kandr- 
saw,"  denoting  great  ignorance,  handsaw  is  a  corrup- 
tion of  heronshaw,  i.  e.,  the  heron,  which  see. 

Todd's  Shak. 
HAND'SCREW,  (-skru,)   rt.     An   engine   for  mising 

heavv  limbers  or  weights  ;  a  jack. 
HAND'SEL,  71.     [Dan.  handsel;  Sax.  handsclen,  from 


HAN 

handsyltuny  to  deliver  into  the  hand.    See  Sale  and 
Sell.  J 

1.  The  first  act  of  using  any  thing ;  the  fir-st  sale. 

Ehiot. 

2.  An  earnest;  money  lor  the  first  sale.  [LUtle 
u--^ed.]  Hooker. 

HAND'SEL,  V.  U  To  use  or  do  any  thing  the  first 
time.  Dnjden. 

HAND'SEL-KD,  pp.     Used  or  done  for  the  first  lime. 

H.-\NU'SOME,  (hand'«ura,)a.  [D.Aa/frfioam,  soft,  lim- 
ber, lractat)Ie  ;  luind  and  zatim,,  together.  7Mam,  or 
saain,  wo  see  in  assemble.  'VUe  sense  of  docility  is 
taken  from  A«7irf,  as  in  G.  brhandeln^  D.  behandclen,  to 
handle,  to  manage.  The  Dutch  sense  of  soft,  lim- 
ber, is  probably  from  the  sense  of  easily  managed  or 
handled.] 

1.  /^rtT^cr/jf,  dextrous  ;  ready;  convenient. 

Fur  n  thirf  it  is  id  handsome,  ha  it  may  teem  it  wu  lint  in. 
vr^nlwd  fur  him.  Spottier. 

This  sense  is  either  from  the  original  meaning  of 
haitdy  or  from  the  use  of  the  hand,  or  rather  of  the 
right  hand.  In  this  sense  the  word  is  still  used.  \\\' 
say  of  a  well-fought  combat  and  victory,  it  is  a  hand- 
some affair,  an  affair  well  performed,  done  w*ith  dex- 
terity or  skill.     [See  Handt.] 

S.  Moderately  beautiful,  as  the  person  or  other 
thing;  well  made;  having  symmetry  of  parts ;  well 
formed,  ft  expresses  less  than  beautiftd  or  elegant ; 
as,  a  handsome  woman  or  man  ;  she  has  a  handsome 
person  or  face.  So  we  say,  a  handsome  house  ;  a  hand- 
some type. 

3.  Gnicefiil  in  manner;  marked  with  propriety  and 
ease  ;  as,  a  Itandsome  address. 

4.  Ample  ;  large  ;  as,  a  handsome  fortune. 

5.  Neat ;  correct ;  moderately  elegant ;  as,  a  hand- 
some style  or  composition. 

G.  Libenil ;  cenerous  ;  as,  a  handsome  present. 
'J'he  applications  of  this  word,  in  popular  language, 
are  various  and  soniewliat  indefinile.  In  general, 
when  applied  lo  things,  il  imports  that  the  form  is 
agreeable  to  the  eye,  or  to  just  taste  ;  and  when  ap- 
plied to  manner,  it  conveys  the  idea  of  suitableness, 
or  propriety  with  grace. 

HAND'SOME,  as  a  ttrb^  to  render  neat  or  beautiftil,  is 
not  an  authorized  word.  Donne. 

HAND'SOME-LV,  oiiD.  Dextrously;  cleverly  ;  with 
skill.  Spenser. 

2.  Gracefully  ;  with  propriety  nnd  ease. 

3.  Neatly  ;  with  duo  synmietry  or  proportions  ;  as, 
n  thing  is  handsomely  made  or  finished. 

4.  With  a  degree  of  beauty  ;  as,  a  room  handsomely 
furnished  or  ornamented. 

5.  Amply  ;  generously;  liberally.  She  is  handsomer- 
ly  endowed. 

HAND'SO.VIE-NESS,  n.  A  moderate  degree  of  beauty 
or  elegance ;  as,  the  handsomeness  of  the  person  or  of 
an  edifice. 

2.  Grace  ;  gracefulness  ;  ease  and  propriety  in  man- 
ner. 

H.\ND'SOM-ER,  a.  eomp.     More  handsome. 

HAND'SOM-EST,  a.  superl.     .Most  handsome, 

HAND'SPIKE,  n.  A  bar,  usually  of  wood,  used  with 
the  hand  as  a  lever,  for  various  purposes,  as  in  rais- 
ing weigtits,  heaving  about  a  windlass,  &.c. 

HAND'S'I'AFF,  n. ;  pL  Handstaffs.  A  javelin.  £z. 
xxxix. 

HAND'STROKE,  n.  [AaTid  and  strokej  A  blow  or 
stroke  given  by  the  hand.  Beauvu  4'  fl. 

HAND' VICE,  71.  A  small  vice  used  by  hand,  or  for 
small  work.  Mozon. 

HAND'WEAP-ON,  (-wep'n,)  n.  Any  weapon  to  be 
wielded  bv  the  hand.    AVm.  xxxv. 

HAND'-WfNG-rD,  a.  A  literal  translation  into  Eng- 
lish of  the  technical  term  cheiropterous,  a  term  in  nat- 
ural history  used  in  application  lo  the  family  of  bats. 

Kirby. 

HAND'WORK,  n.     Work  done  by  the  hands.     [Obs.] 

IIAND'WUIT-ING,  71.  The  cast  or  form  of  writing 
peculiar  to  each  hand  or  person.  Shak. 

2.  Any  writing. 

HAND'Y,  a.  [D.  handig^  hehendig  ;  Dan.  hendig  i 
from  hand.] 

1.  Performed  by  the  hand. 

They  c-tnie  to  handy  blowi.     [0&«.]  KnolUa. 

2.  Dextrous  ;  ready  ;  adroit ;  skillful ;  skilled  to 
use  the  hands  with  ease  in  iH:rformance  ;  applied  to 
persons.  He  is  handy  with  the  saw  or  Ihe  plane. 
Each  is  handy  in  his  way.  Dryden. 

3.  Ingenious;  performing  with  skill  and  readiness. 

4.  Ready  to  the  hand  ;  near.  My  books  are  very 
handy. 

5.  Convenient ;  suited  to  the  use  of  the  hand. 

6.  Near;  that  maybe  used  without  difficulty  or  go- 
ing to  a  distance.  We  have  a  spring  or  pasture  that  is 
handy.  IluUoiray. 

H.\Nr>'Y-DAN-DY,  n.  A  play  among  children  in 
which  something  is  shaken  between  two  hands, 
and  then  a  guess  is  made  in  which  hand  it  is  re- 
tained. 'Todd. 

HAND'Y-GRIPE,  n.    Seizure  by  the  hand. 

Hudibras. 

HAND'Y-STROKE,  n.     A  blow  inflicted  by  the  hand. 

HA^G,  V.  U;  preU  and  pp.  Hakged  or  Hung.     [Sax 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL.  WH.>T.— MeTE,  PRgV.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK-- 

5^~  __ 


HAN 

kangan ;  Sw.  hdng-a ;  Dan.  btenger  ;  G.  anu   D.   Ati.i- 

fr^«  \V.  **<«^i(jn,  tohang:  Aoni/,a  hanging,  or  dang- 
irig;  kone,  a  shake,  a  wagging;  hancairjln  shake, 
wnp,  stagger,  to  waver.  The  latter  seems  to  be  the 
priinarj-  sense.] 

1.  To  suispend  ;  to  fasten  to  aome  fixed  object 
above,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  swing  or  move ;  as, 
to  hnng  a  thief.  Pharaoh  hanged  the  chief  baker. 
Hence, 

2.  To  pm  to  death  by  suspending  by  the  neck. 
iUny  m-n  woujd  rebel  mthT  thin  be  ruincti ;  but  ih<'y  would 

rAUicr  not  rebel  than  be  hanged,  Amet. 

3  To  place  without  any  solid  support  or  founda- 
tion. 

He  hangeth  the  earth  upon  nothing.  — Jub  xxxvi, 

4.  To  fix  in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  movable  j  as, 
to  Adflrt-  a  door  or  grate  on  hooks  or  by  bult:^. 

5.  To  cover  or  furnish  by  any  thing  suspended  or 
fastened  to  the  walls ;  as,  to  hung  an  ajjaniucnt  with 
curtains  or  with  pictures. 

Hang  be  the  heavfna  whh  Wack.  Shak. 

And  hung  thy  boly  roofs  wiih  «.iva^  spnjla.  Vryilen. 

Toban^eiU;  to  suspend  in  open  view  ;  to  display; 
to  exhibit  to  notice  ;  as,  to  hang  out  false  colors. 

a.  To  hang  abroad  ;  to  suspi^nd  in  the  open  air. 

TohangduKin;  to  let  fill  below  the  proper  situa- 
tion ;  to  bend  down  ;  to  decline  ;  as,  to  ftang  down 
the  head,  and  elliptically,  to  haug  the  head. 

To  hanff  up  ;  to  suspend  ;  to  place  ou  something 
fixed  on  high. 

2.  To  suspend;  to  keep  or  suffer  to  remain  un- 
decided ;  as,  to  hang  up  a  question  in  debate. 

To  haH[T  fire ;  in  the  military  art,  is  to  be  slow  in 

communicaling,  as  fire  in  the  pan  of  a  gun  to  the 

charge. 

IIA.NG,  c.  i.    To  be  su'fipended  ;    to  be  sustained  by 

somethingabove,soasioswing  or  bo  movable  below. 

2.  To  dangle  ;  to  be  loose  and  flowing  below. 

3.  To  bend  fonvard  or  downward  ;  to  lean  or  in- 
cline. Mddison, 

Hk  neek  obliqael;  o'er  hn  shoulder  hung.  Pop*. 

4.  To  float ;  to  play. 

Ani)  fail  ihtj»e  •ayirig*  from  Ihat  gentle  tongiie, 

Where  d»il  speech  and  wfl  penuaiiuii  hunf.  Prior. 

5.  To  be  supported  by  something  raised  above  the 
ground  ;  as,  a  kan^ing  garden  on  the  top  of  a  house. 

6.  To  depend  ;  to  rest  on  someihiiig  fur  support. 
This  question  hanga  on  a  single  point. 

7.  To  rest  on  by  embracing;  to  cling  to;  as,  to 
hang  on  the  neck  of  a  person. 

Two  infant!  hanging  on  her  neck.  Peacham. 

8.  To  hover;  to  impend  ;  with  over.  View  the 
dangers  that  hang  over  the  country. 

9.  To  be  delayed  ;  to  linger. 

A  noMe  Btruke  he  lifted  hi^h, 
Whicli  hung  D'A.  AJUton. 

10.  To  incline ;  to  have  a  steep  declivity ;  as, 
bangijtir  grounds.  JHortimer. 

11.  To  be  executed  by  the  halter. 

Sir  Biilwun  hanga.  Pom. 

To  hang  OR,  or  upon ;  to  adhere  to,  often  as  some- 
thing troublesome  and  unwelcome. 

A  cheerful  vmpet  duMpatn  the  «pp«heiuioM  which  hang  on 
Ui*  umoroofc  Aiii*uB. 

5.  To  be  suspended  in  fited  attention  and  interest. 

Thourh  Wondering  wm.\trt  hung  on  &.1  be  ipoke, 

The  d'lb  intMt  bJil  him  maater  of  the  J.jke.  Pop*. 

3.  To  adhere  obstinatt^ly  ;  to  be  importunate. 

4.  To  rest;  to  reside;  to  continue,  as  sleep  on  the 
eyelid*.  s/uik, 

b.  To  be  dependent  on. 

liow  Wftch'-ll 
U  thai  poot  man  Uial  HangM  on  prince'  Uton  I  Shak. 

6.  ln»eamen*»  lttnguage,to  hold  fast  williout  belay- 
ing ;  to  pull  forcibly. 

To  hang  uper;  to  cxtcnil  or  pfojert  from  nlwve. 
7T»  hang  in  doubt ;  to  be  in  suspense,  or  in  a  state  of 
itncertainty. 

Thy  lifr  ihAlI  hnng  in  dautri  Wijn  thee.  —  Deut.  xxriij. 
To  hang  together  ;  to  be  closely  united  ;  to  cling. 
la  tbe  eotmnon  caiwe  wb  are  all  of  «  piece  ;  wo  hang  to^rOier. 

Lhyden. 

9.  To  be  Just  united,  so  as  barely  to  hold  togrtlier. 

To  hang  (m,  or  upon  ,■  to  drag ;  to  b6  incommo- 
diously joined. 

I^e  hangt  upon  me,  and  becomet  a  bartleri.  Addiaen. 

To  hang  to ;  to  adhpre  closely  ;  to  clinff. 
HA\0  n.  A  sharp  dcrlivity.  fCoaoquial.] 
MAM«'BIRD,n.     A  name  familiarly  given  in  America 

Ui  the  Baltimore  oriole,  from  the  peculiar  constniction 

of  iLi  nest,  which  is  suspended  from  the  limb  of  a 

tr»'o. 
MANG'BV,  B.    A  deprndent,  in  contempt.         fiait. 
IIANG'OOO,  n.     A  term  of  reproach  for  one  of  a  base 

and  dvcmtlcd  character,  as  if  fit  only  to  be  the  hang- 

mir.  of  dog.a. 
IIAXG'^D,  pp.    Suspended;   put  to  death  by  being 

suspended  by  tbe  neck. 


IIAP 


HAR 


HAiNG'ER,  H.     That  by  which  a  thing  is  suspended. 

2.  ,\  short,  broad   swurd,  incurvaled   toward   the 
PO*"'-  SmoUHU 

3.  One  that  hangs,  or  causes  to  be  hanged. 

.Aubrey. 
HANG'ER-ON,  n.     One  who  besets  another  impor- 
tunatflvin  soliciting  favors. 

2.  A  dpvendent ;  one  wlio  eats  and  drinks  without 
payment  swift. 

HANG'ING,  ppr.     Suspending  to  something  above. 

2.  Being  suspended  ;  dangling;  swinging. 

3.  a.    Foreboding  death  by  the  halter. 

What  a.  hanging  lace  I  Dryden. 

4.  Requiring  punishment  by  the  halter;  as,  a  Aan^- 
„"'^"'«"er.  Johnsoiu 
HAi\G'ING,Ti.     A  term  applied  to  hnings  for  rot^ms 

of  arras,  tapestry,  pa|>er,  <tc.  Qicilt. 

No  purple  hangings  cloihc  the  pal.-u^  walls,  Dryden. 

3.  Deatli  by  the  halter ;  as,  hard  words  or  hanging. 

r.  Pope, 

3.  Display  ;  exhibition.  Addi-ion. 

HAXG'ING-tSlDE,  n.      In   minings  the  overhanging 

side  of  an  inclined  or  hading  vem.  Cyc 

II  \i\G'lNr^SLEEVKS,   n.  pi.      Strips   of  the   same 

stuff  with  the  gown,  hanging  down  the  back  from 

the  shoulders.     [Obs.]  Halifax. 

HANG'.MAN,  n.     One  who  hangs  another  ;  a  public 

executioner  ;  also,  a  term  of  reproach. 
HA\G'\AIL,  n.   A  small  piece  or  sliver  of  skin  which 

hangs  froni  tJie  root  of  a  finger-nail.  Hollowaij. 

HAN'G'NEST,  n.     The   name  of  certain   species  of 

birds,  which  build  nests  susptmded  from  the  branches 

of  trees,  such  as  ilie  Baltimore  oriole  or  red-bird  ; 

also,  the  nesi  so  suspended. 
HANK,  n.    [Dan.  haitk,  a  handle,  a  hook,  a  tack,  a 

chisp ;  Sw.  hank^  a  hand.] 

1.  A  name  giv.-n  to  two  or  more  skeins  of  thread 
or  silk  lied  together.  Brande. 

2.  In  sAi/».v,  a  name  given  to  rings  of  wood,  tc, 
fixed  on  stays,  to  confine  the  sails  when  hoisted. 

o     .  Tiitten, 

3.  A  rope  or  withy  for  fastening  a  gate.    [Local.] 
HA\K,  r,  t.     To  form  into  hanks. 
HA.N'K'ER,  V.  i.     [D.   huukn-en.     The   corresponding 

word  ill  Danish  is  higer,  and  probably  n  is  casual.] 

1.  To  long  for  with  a  keen  appetite  and  uneasiness  ; 
in  a  literal  .leiise  ;  as,  to  hanker  far  fruit,  or  after  fruit. 

2.  To  have  a  vehement  desire  of  stHneihiiig,  ac- 
companied with  uneasiness  ;  as,  to  hanker  after  the 
diversions  of  the  town.  Addison. 

It  is  usually  followed  by  ajler.  It  is  a  familiar,  but 
not  a  low  word. 

HA.NK'EIMNG,  ppr.  or  a.  Longing  for  with  keen 
ap|)«'tite  or  ardent  desire. 

IIAXK'ER-ING,  n.  A  keen  appetite  that  causes  un- 
easiness till  it  is  gratified  ;  vehement  desire  to  possess 

IIA.NK'EU-ING-LY,  arfo.     Longingly.  for  enjoy 

IIA.NK'LE,  (hank'l,)  d.  u     [See   Hank.]     To  twist. 


[JV"h(  III  uaeA 
HAN'SAR" 


ARD,  rt.  A  merchant  of  one  of  the  Hanse 
Towns.  McCtdtoch, 

IIAiN-Sh-AT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Hanse  Towns, 
or  to  their  confederacy. 

H.VNSE  TOWN'S.  Hanse  signifies  a  society;  Goth. 
kanaa,  a  nmltiludc.  The  Hanst  Towns,  in  Orrmany, 
were  certain  commercial  cities  wliich  associated  fur 
the  protection  of  commerce  as  eariv  as  the  twelfth 
century.  To  this  confederacy  acceded  certain  com- 
mercial cities  in  Holland,  England,  France,  Sp-iin, 
and  Italy,  until  they  amounted  to  seventy-two;  and 
for  centuries  this  confederacy  commanded  the  re- 
spect and  defied  the  power  of  kings.  It  has  now 
ceased  to  exist,  and  its  remnants,  Lubeck,  Hamburg, 
llrcmcn,  and  Frankfort,  are  called  fVee  Cities. 


rtr«*m  Encyc.  Am. 

Haa»T;  a  vulgar  contmction  of  Hate  mot  or  Has 
NOT ;  as,  I  Aa/tV,  he  han^t,  we  Aan'I. 

IIAP,  n.  [W.  hap,  or  hab,  luck,  chance,  fortune,  that 
is,  that  which  falls,  or  a  coming  suddenly.  This 
seems  to  be  allied  to  Fr.  happer,  to  snap  or  catch  ;  I>. 
happen ;  Nortn.  hopper,  to  seize ;  VV.  hajsaic,  to 
snatch.  In  Sp.  habcr  signifies  to  have,  to  happen  or 
befall,  to  take.  These  verbs  seem  to  unite  in  one 
radix,  and  all  coincide  with  L.  eapio.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  fall  or  to  rush ;  hence,  to  rush  on  and 
seize.] 

1.  That  which  comes  suddenly  or  unexpectedly: 
chance  ;   fortune  ;    accident ;    casuiU    event. 
C'HAncB  and  Casual.] 

Whfiher  iirt  l[  wm  or  IteedlcM  hap. 

Curwwl  hn  good  htijiM,  luid  cnntA  be  they  ilmt  build 

TtiPif  hiipri  on  hapt.  Sidney. 

2.  Misfortune. 
[But  this  word  Is  obsolete,  or  obsolescent,  except  in 

coinpctunds  and  derivatives.] 
HAP,  r.  i.     To  happen  ;  to  befall ;  to  come  by  chance. 
»  k  «   .V.  «,  .  Spenser.     Bacon. 

HAP-lfAZ'ARD,  71.    [ThU  is  tautological.    See  Hai- 

Aao.j 
Chance ;  accldenL 

We  take  our  principle  at  hap-hatard,  on  tnirt.  Locke. 

HAP'LESS,  a.  Luckless;  unfortunate:  unlucky; 
unhappy  ;  as,  haptens  youth  ;  hapUss  maid.    Dryden. 


[See 
Spenser. 


H.XP'LY,  adv.     By  chance  ;  i>erhap8  ;  it  may  be. 

Lett  haply  ye  be  found  to  figlu  againti  Uod.  •— Acu  r. 
2.  By  aceident ;  casually.  Milton, 

HAP'PKN,  (hap'n,)  v.  i.  [W.  hapiaio,  to  happen,  to 
have  luck.  (See  Hap.)  Sw.Acip;w,  to  be  surprised  or 
amazed.] 

1.  To  come  by  chance  ;    to  come  without  one's 
previous  expectation  ;  to  fall  out 

There  »hal!  no  evil  happen  to  the  )ust.  — Prov,  xii. 

2.  To  come;  to  befall. 

They  t.-»lki:d  together  of  all  those  thln=:a  whieli  had  happened.  — 
Luke  xxiv. 

3.  To  light;  to  fall  or  come  unexpectedly. 

I  hare  happened  on  lonie  other  accounu  rclaiiiij  to  mort.t?i(i"«. 

Orauitt. 
HAP'PKX-ING.  jrpr.     Coming  or  falling  ;  befalling. 
HAP'PI-LY,  adv.     [Sec   Happy.]     By  good   fortune: 
fortunately;  luckily;  with  success. 

Pr-'fcrred  \>y  contiucsl,  happily  o'crthrown.  WaHer. 

2.  In  a  Imppy  state;   in  a  state  of  felicity.    He 
lived  happily  with  his  consorL 

3.  With  address  or  dexterity  j  gracefully  ;  in  a 
manner  to  insure  success. 


Pope. 


Pormwi  by  thy  converse,  happily  to  steer 
Prom  grave  to  g'.iy.  from  lively  to  aevcre. 

4.  By  chance.  [See  Haplv.] 
HAP'PI-NESS,  n,  [from  happy.]  The  agreeable  sen- 
sations which  spring  from  the  enjoyment  of  good  ; 
that  state  of  a  being  in  which  his  desires  are  grati- 
fied by  the  enjoyment  of  phasure  without  pain  ;  fe- 
licity ;  but  happiness  usually  expresses  less  than  fe- 
licity, and  felicity  less  than  bli.fs.  Happiness  is  com- 
parative. To  a  person  distressed  with  pain,  relief 
from  that  pain  alTords  happiness  ;  in  other  ca.-jes,  we 
give  the  name  happiness  to  pt)sitive  pleasure  or  an 
excitement  of  ugreealde  sensations.  Happiness  there- 
fore admits  of  indefinite  degrees  of  increase  in  en- 
joyment, or  gratification  ()f  dcsin^s.  Perfect  happi- 
ness, or  pleasure  unalloyed  with  pain,  is  not  attaina- 
ble in  this  life. 

2.  G<»od  luck  ;  good  fortune.  Johnson. 

3.  Fortuitous  elegance;  unstudied  grace. 

Por  ihcHi'a  u  hapf^ttetg,  oa  well  as  care.  Pope. 

HAP'PY,  a.      [from  An;*,-  W.  hapuji,  properly  lucky, 
fortunate,  receiving  good   from  something  that  falls 
or  comes  to  one  unexpectedly,  or  by  an  event  that  is 
not  within  control.     Ser  Hour.] 
1.  Lucky  ;  fortunate  ;  successful. 

ChemfcitJ  iuive  been  more  happy  in  fiiidinj  experiineTita  than 
llie  uuses  of  them.  B<jyl; 

So  WO  say,  a  happy  thought ;  a  happy  expedient. 

9.  Being  in  the  enjoyment  of  agreeable  sensations 
from  the  possession  of  good  ;  enjoying  pleasure  from 
the  gratification  of  appetites  or  desires.  Tlie  pleas- 
urable sensations  derived  from  the  gratification  of 
sensual  appelitcs  render  a  pers»m  tem|K»rarily  happy; 
but  he  only  can  be  esteemed  really  mid  pL-rmanenlly 
htippy,  who  enjoys  jMjace  of  mind  in  the  favor  of 
God.  To  be  m  any  degree  happy,  we  must  be  free 
from  pain  Imth  of  body  and  of'mind;  to  be  very 
happy,  we  must  be  in  the  enjoyment  of  lively  sensa- 
tions of  plejisure,  either  of  body  or  mind. 

liapptf  am  1,  tor  the  daughters  will  call  me  hlewd.  —  Gen.  xxx, 

Ue    found    hiinifll    happittl    in   cominutiicatjiiff    haui>in'«s  to 

olhrn.  •  „-irt 

3.  Prosjierous  ;  having  secure  possession  of  good. 

Hnppy  in  tha  people  whose  God  a  Jehovah.  —  Pi.  exiir. 

4.  That  sntiplies  pleasure ;  that  furnishes  enjoy 
ment ;  agreeable  ;  applied  to  things ;  as,  a  happy  con 
d  it  ion. 

5.  Dextrous  ;  ready  ;  able. 

One  geiiUt-miui  U  happy  at  a  reply,  another  vx&U  in  a  rrjottider. 

Suiiri, 

6.  Blessed  ;  enjoying  the  presence  and  favor  of 
God,  in  a  future  life. 

7.  Ilannonintis ;  living  in  concnrd  ;  enjoying  the 
pleasures  of  friendship  ;  as,  a  luippy  family, 

8    Propitious  ;  favorable.  Shak. 

HAP'PY-MaK-JNG,  rt.  Making  happy.  Milton. 
HAdCE'BUT,  (hak'but,)  ?i.    An  arqiiebuse  or  hand- 

P"n.  Brande. 

HA-RANGUE',  (ha-rang',)n.     [Fr.  Jiarangue;  Sp.  and 

Port,   arenga;    It.  aringa  ;    Arm.   harencg ;  from  the 

root  of  ring,  to  sound,  Sax.  hringnn.] 

1.  A  speech  addressed  to  an  assembly  or  an  army  ; 
a  popular  oration  ;  a  public  addrt-ss.  This  word 
seems  to  imply  loudness  or  declamnlion,  and  is 
therefore  appropriated  gencmlly  to  an  address  made 
to  a  popular  assembly  or  to  an  army,  and  not  Iti  a 
sermon,  or  to  an  argument  at  the  bar  of  a  court,  or  to 
a  speech  in  a  dolibcrative  council,  unless  in  con- 
tempt. 

2.  Declamation ;  a  noisy,  pomjKins,  or  irregular 
address, 

HARANGUE',  (ha-rang',)  o.  i.  To  make  an  address 
or  speech  to  a  large  assembly  ;  to  make  a  noisy 
speech. 

HARANGUE',  (ha-rang',)  p.  (.  To  address  by  ora- 
tion ;  as,  the  general  harangued  the  trooiis. 

HA-UANG'U/:D,  pp.     Addressed  by  oration. 


TONE,  BtJLL,  tINITE.-AN"OER.  Vr'CIOUS.-C  aa  K ;  d  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


533 


HAR 

HA-R ANCrE'FJ.'L,  a.    Full  of  haranRue. 
HA-RANtl'l'ER,  (hn-rang'er,)  ■-   An  orator  ;  one  who 

aildrt-sses  iin  assemMy  or  army  ;  a  miijiy  dectiiinier. 
UA-RA.XG'riNG, jipr.    Declaiming ;  addressing  wiih 

noisy  elnqiieuce. 
HAR'XSS,  V.  L     [Pr.  karasser,     On.  Ir.  arasam.] 

1.  To  weary ;  to  fatigue  to  excess  ;  to  tire  with 
bodily  labor  i  as,  to  harass  an  army  by  a  long  march. 

Bacon. 
S.  To  weary  with  Importunity,  care,  or  perplexity ; 
to  ttftae ;  to  iierplex. 

N»twra  oppfOMd  and  hansatd  oat  with  nn.  AMUom, 

3.  To  waste  or  deaolate.     [0&*.]  Hammond. 

HAR' ASS,    n.      Waste  ;    disturbance  ;    devastation. 
'  I  ...I.  ■ -v-fM  MitUm. 

"11,  (har'ast,)  pp.    Wearied  ;  tired  ;  teased. 
i.Hj  m.     One  who   harasses  or  teases;  a 


iiAK  Af^S-lNG,^^.'or«.    Tiring;  fatigiitiig^  teasing. 

H\K'BI.\-1jGR,n.  [See  HAanoa.  Harittnger  is  pn>p. 
eriy  a  penon  who  goes  to  provide  Aar6vr  or  lodgings 
for  those  tint  follow.] 

I.  In  Emglgrkdy  an  officer  of  the  king's  hotisehold, 
who  rides  a  day's  journey  before  the  court  when 
traveling,  to  provide  lodgings  and  other  accommoda- 
tionii.  £Nftfc 

9.  A  forerunner;  a  iweeuraor;  that  which  precedes 
and  gives  notice  of  the  eipecled  arrival  of  something 
rise. 

HAR'0I\-6Ea-£D,  a.    Preceded  by  a  harbinger. 

HAR'BOR,  It.  [Sax.  ktr^-btrn^  the  station  of  an 
army  ;  D.  kerbrrg^  an  inn ;  I>an.  Sw.  and  G.  htr- 
h-erfft ;  Pr.  am^trgt ;  Sp.  and  Port.  mlktrgHt .-  It.  ttl- 
htrfm.  The  first  syllable,  in  the  Teutonic  dialects, 
signifies  an  army,  or  a  troop,  a  cmwd  ;  the  last  sylla- 
ble is  frerf ,  kurf,  a  town,  or  castle,  or  fnini  bn-^en^ 
to  save.  But  in  the  Celtic  dialects,  the  first  syllable, 
«/,  is  probably  difi^erent  from  that  of  tbe  other  dia- 
lects.] 

1.  A  lodging ;  a  place  of  entertainment  and  rest. 

Par  te-ter  u  »  thwMMid  doon  Itaey  knocked.  DrydriL 

3.  A  port  or  haven  for  ships  ;  a  bay  or  inlet  of  tbe 
sea,  in  which  f^hipes  can  moor,  and  be  sheltered  from 
the  fuf)-  of  winds  and  a  hea\-y  »ea ;  any  navigable 
water  Miiere  ships  ran  ride  in  safety. 

3.  An  a.«ylum ;  a  shelter ;  a  place  of  aafeCy  from 
storms  or  danger. 
IIXR'BOR,  r.  L    To  shelter;  to  aecore ;  to  aecrele; 
as,  to  harbor  a  thieC 

2.  I'o  entertain  ;  to  permit  to  lodge,  resK,  or  re^de  ; 
as,  to  kar^^  malice  or  revenge.  Bar^tr  nota  Hiooght 
of  revenue. 

HXR'ROR,  r.  i.  Tn  lodge  or  abide  for  a  Ume  ;  to  re- 
ceive entertain  menu 

TfaM  oi^  kt't  harbor  beic  Id  Tack.  Asi. 

2.  To  take  Abetter. 

HAR'BOR-AGE,  n.  Shelter  >  entertainment.  [AW 
used.]  Skak. 

H\R'BOR-ED,  pp.     Entertainfid  ;  sheltered. 

HAR'BOR-ER,  n.  One  who  entertains  or  shelters  an- 
c»lher. 

HXR  BOR-I\G,ppr.     Entertaining;  sheltering. 

HAR'BOR-LESS,  a.  Without  a  harbor;  destitute  of 
shrlt'jr  or  a  li>dgine. 

HXR'BOR-MAS'TER,  a-  An  officer  who  has  charge 
of  the  moorins;  of  ship?,  and  executes  the  regnlntions 
resperlm"  harbors.  -%>ir  York. 

IIXR'BOR-OUGII,  (hUr^ur-rd,)  K.  A  harbor  or  lodg- 
ing. 

HXR'BOR-OUS,  A.     Hospitable.     [JVot  in  nsf.'] 

HXRD,  a.  [Sax.  ktard  ;  Goth.  kardtL;  U.  hard;  G. 
hart:  Dan.  hoard;  Sw.  kanL  The  primar>'  sense  is, 
Ittesst-d.] 

I.  Firm  ;  s(did  ;  compact ;  not  easily  penetrated,  or 
aeparated  into  parts  :  not  yietdiiig  to  pressure  ;  applied 
to  material  bodieii,  and  opposed  to  sufl ;  as,  hard  wood ; 
hard  fle«h  ;  a  hard  apple. 

3.  Difficult ;  not  easy  to  the  intellect. 

In  which  uv  wnw  ttainf*  korrf  10  b»  und<>ntood.  —  9  PeL  B. 
Tbe  itard  CKuws  tber  brougfat  lo  Moms.  —  £x.  zriii. 

3.  Difficult  of  accomplishment  ;  not  easy  to  be 
done  or  executed.  A  hard  task ;  a  disease  hard  to 
cure. 

U  MIT  ttunf  too  herd  for  th«  Lord  i  —  Geo.  xviS. 

4.  Pull  of  difficulties  or  obstacles;  not  ea<iy  to  be 
traveled  ;  as,  a  hard  way.  Milion. 

5.  Pamful ;  difficult ;  distressing. 

Racbrl  trav>;lrd,  mnd  abe  bad  hard  labor.  —  On.  zssr, 

6.  Laborious;  fatiguing;  attended  with  difficulty 
or  pain,  or  both ;  as,  hard  work  or  labor  ;  hard  duty ; 
hard  service. 

7.  Oppressive  ;  rigorous ;  severe ;  cruel ;  as,  hard 
bondage  ;  a  hard  master.     JO,  i.     li.  xiv. 

8.  Unfeeling ;  insensible  ;  not  easily  moved  by  pity  ; 
not  su^eptible  of  kindness,  mercy,  or  other  tender 
affections  ;  as,  a  hard  heart. 

9.  Severe  ;  harsh  ;  rough  ;  abusive. 

Have  jrou  jiTPti  him  any  hard  wonla  of  Uw-  i  Shah. 

10.  Unfavorable;  unkind;  irapljnng  blame  of  an- 
other; as,  hard  thoughts. 

II.  Severe  ;  rigorous -.  oppressive.    The  enemy  was 


HAR 

compelled  to  submit  to  hard  terras.  8o  we  say,  a  hard 
bargain;  Airrf/ conditions 

VX  Unreasonable  ;  unjust.  It  is  hard  to  punish  a 
man  for  speculative  opinions.     It  is  a  hard  case. 

13.  Severe;  piiicliitig  with  cold;  rigorous;  tem- 
pestuous ;  as,  a  hard  winter  ;  hard  weather. 

14.  Power(\il ;  forcitile;  urging;  pres8ifl|  close  on. 

The  fU^  wu  too  knnt  Tor  the  bone.  ^^tOvngt. 

Tbe  iliBpuUiii  wai  tix)  hard  t»r  tua  mtUgooist.  Atwn, 

15.  AuiStere  ;  rough  ;  acid;  sour  ;  as  liquors.  The 
cider  is  hard. 

Iti.  Harsh  ;  stiff;  forced  ;  constrained  ;  unnatural. 

Others  —  tiuke  Um  figures  harder  Ihui  tbe  muUo  ItK-lf. 

Ihydan, 
His  dfeOoa  li  hard,  his  fifuivs  loe  bold  Drydm, 

17.  Not  plentiful;  not  prosperous;  pressing;  dis- 
tressing ;  as,  hard  tin>es,  when  markets  are  bad,  and 
money  of  course  scarce. 

Id.  Avaricious ;  difficult  in  making  bargains ;  close. 
JUatL  XXV. 

19.  Hough  ;  of  coarse  features  ;  as,  a  lurd  face  or 
countenance. 

^.  Austere  ;  severe  ;  rigorous. 

21.  Rude  ;  unpolished  or  unintelligible. 

A  prople  of  hard  \*ng»»^,  —  Etek.  lit. 
S3.  Coarse  ;  unpalatable  or  scanty  ;  as,  hard  fhre. 
Hard  imtfr,  is  that  which  contains  some  mineral 
substance  that  decomposes  soap,  and  thus  renders  it 
unflt  for  washing. 
UXRD,  adv.     Close;  near;  as  in  the  phrase  hard  by. 
In  this  phrase  the  word  retains  its  original  sense  of 
pressed,  or  pressing.    So  in  It.  pressoy  Fr.  pr^jj,  from 
I*,  pregsus. 

2.  With  pressure;  with  urgency;  hence,  diligent- 
ly ;  laboriously ;  earnestly  ;  vehemently  ;  importu- 
nately ;  as,  to  work  hard  for  a  living. 

AaJ  pnijetl  so  hard  hi  mercy  from  tl^e  prince.  Drydm. 

3.  With  difficulty  ;  as,  the  vehicle  moves  hard, 

4.  Uneasily  ;  vexatiously.  Slutk. 

5.  Closely  ;  so  as  to  raise  difficulties. 

The  quMttna  b  hard  set.  Brown, 

6.  Fast ;  nimbly  ;  rapidly  ;  vehemently  ;  as,  to  run 
hardy  that  is,  with  pressure  or  urgency. 

7.  Violently  ;  with  great  force  .  tempestuously  ;  as, 
the  wind  blows  hardj  or  it  blows  hard. 

8.  With  violence;  with  a  copious  descent  of  wa- 
ter ;  as,  it  rains  hard. 

9.  With  force  ;  as,  to  press  hard, 

Hard-a  lee .  in  seamcn^s  lanffuaffe,  an  order  to  put 
the  helm  close  to  the  lee-side  of  the  ship,  to  tnck  or 
keep  her  head  to  the  wind  ;  also,  ttiat  sittinlion  of  the 
helm.  Mar.  Diet. 

Hard-Oriteathrr ;  an  order  to  put  tbe  helm  close  to 
the  weather  or  windward  side  of  the  ship ;  also,  that 
position  of  the  helm. 

Hard-a-part;  an  order  to  put  the  hetni  close  to  the 
larboard  side  of  a  ship. 

Hard-OrMarboard  i  an  order  to  put  the  helm  cloee  to 
the  Htarboard  side  of  a  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

HXRD'BeAM,  b.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Cnrpinus,  so 
called  from  its  compact,  hornv  texture  ;  hornbeam. 

HXRD'-BE-SET'T1.\G,  a.  Closely  besetting  or  be- 
sieging. Milton. 

HXRU'BOUND,  a.  Costive;  fast  or  tight;  as,  hard- 
bound brains.  Pope. 

HXRD'-DRINK'ER,  n.     One  who  drinks  to  excess. 

HARD'-DRI.N'K'ING,  n.     Drinking  to  excess. 

UXRD'-EAR.\-£D,  (-emd,)  a.  Earned  with  toil  and 
difficultv.  Burke. 

HXRD'EN,  (hard'n,)r.(.  To  make  hard  or  more  hard  ; 
to  make  firm  or  compact ;  to  indurate  ;  as,  to  harden 
iron  or  steel  ;  lo  hariUn  clay. 

2.  To  conlirm  in  effrontery;  to  make  impudent; 
as,  to  harden  the  face. 

3.  To  make  obstinate,  unyielding,  or  refractory ; 
as,  to  harden  the  neck,     Jer.  xix. 

4.  To  confirm  in  wickedne^ss,  opposition,  or  enmi- 
ty ;  to  make  obdurate. 

Wbj  then  do  re  harden  your  hearts,  aa  PhaToob  and  (lie  Eg7I^ 
lians  hardened  their  he&rts  i  —  1  Sam.  ri. 

So  God  is  said  to  harden  the  heart,  when  he  with- 
draws the  influences  of  his  Spirit  from  men,  and 
leaves  them  to  pursue  their  own  corrupt  inclinations. 

5.  To  make  insensible  or  unfeeling;  as,  to  harden 
one  against  impressions  of  pity  or  tenderness. 

6.  To  make  firm  ;  to  endure  with  constancy. 

1  would  harden  mysfjlf  in  sorrow.  —Job  ri.  • 

7.  To  inure ;  to  render  firm,  or  less  liable  lo  injury, 
by  exposure  or  use  ;  as,  to  harden  to  a  climate  or  to 
labor. 

HXRD'£N,  (hard'n,)  e.  i.  To  become  hard  or  more 
hard  ;  In  acquire  solidity,  or  more  (compactness.  Mor- 
tar hardens  by  drying. 

2.  To  become  unfeeling. 

3.  To  become  inured. 

4.  To  indurate,  as  flesh. 

HXRD'£N-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Made  hard,  or  more  hard 
or  compact;  made  unfeeling;  made  obstinate  ;  con- 
firmed in  error  or  vice. 

HXRD'KN-ER,  n.  He  or  that  which  makes  hard,  or 
more  firmand  compact. 


HAR 

|]ARD'/.'\-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Making  hard  or  more  com- 
pact;  malving  obdurate  or  unfeeling;  confirming; 
beronnn^  more  hard. 

HXRD'KN-ING,  n.  The  giving  a  greater  degree  of 
hnrdiu'.ss  to  bodies  than  they  had  before.        JCncye, 

lUKD'ER,  0.    More  hard. 

HARD'EST,  o.     Most  hard. 

bX  R  D'-FA- VOR-£D,  a.  Having  coarse  features ;  harsh 
of  Countenance.  Dryden. 

IlARD'-FA-VOR-fiD-NESS,  n  Coarseness  of  fea- 
tures. 

HARD'-FEAT-l^R-ED,  a.    Having  coarse  features. 

Smollett. 

HARD'-FIST-ED,  a.    Having  hard  or  strong  hands, 
as  a  laborer 
2.  Close-fisled  ;  covetous.  HalL 

HXRD'-FOUGHT,  (fawt,)  a.  Vigorously  contested  ; 
aa,  a  hard-fought  battle. 

HXRD'-OOT-TKN,  a.     Obtained  with  difficulty. 

HARD'-HA.ND-ED,  o.  Having  hard  hands,  aa  a  la- 
borer. Skak. 

HARO'HEAD,  (bed,)  n.  Clash  or  collision  of  head? 
in  contest.  Dryden 

HARD'-HEXRT'ED,  (-hart'ed,)  fl.  Cruel;  pitiless; 
merciless;  unfeeling;  inhuman;  inexorable. 

Shak.     Dryden. 

HARD'-HEXRT'ED-LY,  adv.  In  a  hard-hearted  man- 
ner. 

HAKD'-HEART'ED-NES9,n.  Want  of  feeling  or  ten- 
derness ;  cruelty  ;  inhumanity.  Souih. 

nXRD'1-EST,  a.     Most  hardy.  Barter. 

HARD'l-HQOD,  Tu  [See  Habdt  and  Hooo.l  Bold- 
ness, unileo  with  firmness  and  constancy  or  mind  ; 
dauntless  bravery  ;  intrepidity.  Miltvn. 

It  IS  Uw  sooeiy  of  mimoers  woicb  p»e8  har^hood  to  iniqiiJty. 
BuckmittsUr, 
Hakdihead  and  Hardimettt,  in  the  sense  of  hard- 
ihood, are  obsolete.  Spenser.     Fairfax. 

HARD'I-LY,  adv.     With  great  boldness  ;  stoutly 

Scott. 
2.  With  hardship ;  not  tenderly.  Goldsmith. 

HARD'I-NESS,  n.     [Fr.  hardiesse.     See  Hardy.] 

1.  Boldness;  firm  courage;  intrepidity  ;  stoutness  ; 
bravery  ;  applied  to  the  mind,  it  is  synonymous  with 
hardihood. 

2.  Firmness  of  body  derived  from  laborious  exer- 
cises. 

3.  Hardship;  fatigue.     [OAs.]  Spenser, 

4.  Excess  of  confidence  ;  assurance  ;  effrontery 
HARD'-LA'BOR-£D,  a.     Wrought  with  severe  labor; 

elaborate  ;  studied  ;  as,  a  hard-labored  poetn.    Swift. 
HARD'LY,  adv.    [See  Hard.]    With  difficulty;  with 
great  labor. 

Recorerin^  hardly  what  be  lost  before.  Dryden. 

2.  Scarcely  ;  barely  ;  almost  not. 

Hardly  ilia]]  you  find  any  one  so  bad,  but  he  deures  the  crrdit 
oT^U^iiig  tliotigtit  good.  South. 

3.  Not  quite,  or  wholly.  The  object  is  so  distant 
we  can  hardly  see  it.  Tlie  veal  is  hardly  done.  The 
writing  is  Aar(2/t/ completed. 

4.  Grudgingly  ;  as  an  injury.  Shak. 

5.  Severely;  unfavorably;  aa,  to  think  hardly  of 
public  measures. 

6.  Rigorously  ;  oppressively.  The  prisoners  were 
hardly  used  or  treated.  JSddison.     SwifL 

7.  Unwelcoraely ;  harshly. 

Such  infomiatioQ  comes  very  hardly  and  harshly  to  a  grown 
man.  L(xJce. 

8.  Coarsely  ;  roughly  ;  not  soflly. 

Heaven  was  }vt  cAnopy,  bore  earth  her  bed ; 

So  hardly  lodged.  Dryden. 

HARD'-MOUTH-ED,  a.  Not  sensible  to  the  bit;  not 
easily  governed  ;  as,  a  hard-mouthed  Iiorse.     Dryden. 

HARD'NESS,  n.  [See  Hard.]  Firmness;  close 
union  of  the  component  parts;  compactness;  solid- 
ity ;  the  quality  of  bodies  which  resists  impression  or 
the  separation  of  their  particles  ;  opposed  to  softness 
and  fiuiflity. 

2.  Dilhculiy  to  be  understood.  Shak. 

3.  Difficulty  to  be  executed  or  accomplished  ;  as, 
the  hardness  of  an  enterprise.  Sidney. 

4.  Scarcity;  penury  ;  difficulty  of  obtaining  mon- 
ey ;  as,  the  hardness  of  the  times.  SwifL 

5.  Obduracy ;  impenitence ;  confirmed  state  of 
wickedness;  as,  hardness  of  heart. 

6.  Coarseness  of  features  ;  harshness  of  look  ;  as, 
hardnr.-ia  of  favor.  Ray. 

7.  Severity  of  cold  ;  rigor;  as,  the  Aurd/tcs*  of  win- 
ter. 

8.  Cruelty  of  temper  ;  savagenesa  ;  harshness. 

The  blame 
M.iy  hang  upon  yoiir  hardneet.  Shak. 

9.  SlifTness;  harshness;  roughness;  as,  the  ^rd- 
nesses  of  sculpture.  Drydciu 

10.  Closeness  ;  niggardliness  ;  stinginess. 

Johnson. 
H.  Hardship  ;  severe  labor,  trials,  or  sufferings. 
Kmlure  hardnete  u  a  good  soldier  of  Jesus  Chrisi.  — 2  Tim.  u. 

12.  A  quality  in  some  kinds  of  water  which  unfits 
it  for  washing.     [See  Hard.] 
HARn'NIB-B£D,  (nibd,)  a.    Having  a  hard  nib  or 

point. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  Wli^T METE,  PREV.— PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BpOK.- 

534 


HAR 

HA  R' DOCK,  n.     Probably  fioardcek,  dock  with  wditish 

leaves.  S/iak. 

HAKO  PAN.    See  Pah,  No.  4. 
ilARDS,  n-  pi.    The  refuse  or  coarse  part  of  flai ; 

lOU'. 

lURD'SHIP^n.    Toil;  fatigue;  severe  labor  or  want; 

whatever  oppresses  the  body. 
2.  Injury  ;  oppression  ;  injustice.  Swift. 

HARD'-VI»-AfrED,  a.    Having  coarse  features  ;  of  a 

harsh  countenance.  Burke. 

HARD' WARE,    lu      A   genemi    name   for  ail    wares 

made  of  iron  or  other  metal,  as  pots,  kettles,  saws, 

knives,  &c. 
HARD'YVaRE-MAX,  7L     A  maker  or  seller  of  hard- 
wares. Sicift, 
IIARD'-WON,  a.    Won  with  difficulty.  Scott. 
IIARD'-WORK-ING,  a.     Laboring  hard. 
JIARD'Y,  a.      [Fr.hardi:   Sorm.  hardif :  Arm.  Aarrfii, 

hardih  ;    It.  ardirt^  to  dare,  and   boldness,  assurance. 

The  sense  is,  shooting,  or  advancing  forward.] 

1.  Bold  ;  brave ;  stout ;  daring  ;  resohite  ;  intrepid. 
Who  \s  hardy  enough  to  encounter  contempt? 

2.  Strong;  finn  ;  compact. 


3.  Confident;  full  of  assurance ;  impudent;  stub- 
burn  to  excess. 

4.  Inured  to  fatigue;  rendered  firm  by  exercise,  as 
a  vetiTun  soldier. 

HARD'Y,  n.     An  iron-smilh's  tool. 

HAR,  HARE,  HERE,  in  composition,  signify  an  army. 
Sax.  Act-c,  G.  keer,  D.  A*rr.  So  Harold  is  a  genenil  of 
an  anny  ;  Jlerwin,  a  victorious  army.  So  in  Greek, 
Siraiocles,    from   orparo^y    and    Poleinarcbus,  from 

HARE,  n.    [Sax.  hura;  Dan.  and  Sw.  hare.] 

1.  A  quadruped  of  the  genus  Lepiis  with  long 
ears,  a  short  tail,  soft  hair,  and  a  divided  upper  lip. 
It  is  a  timid  animal,  often  hunted  for  sport,  or  for  its 
flesh,  which  is  excellent  food.  It  moves  swiftly  by 
leaps,  and  is  remarkable  for  its  fecundity. 

2.  A  constellation  situated  directly  under  Orion. 

P.  Cyc. 

HARE,  r.  U.  [Norm.  Aarer,  Aarier,  to  stir  up,  or  pro- 
voke.] 

To  fright,  or  to  excite,  tease,  and  harass,  or  worry. 
[JVlrf  iwfJ.l     [See  Harbt.]  Locke. 

hXrB'UELL,  R.  A  plant  of  the  genua  Hyacinthus, 
witli  campanifonn  or  bell-shaped  dowers. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 

HARE'-BRAIN-ED.  a.  [luire  and  frroin,]  Wild  ;  gid- 
dy ;  voltitile  ;  heeoless.  Bacon. 

HARE'FOOT,  n.     A  bird  ;  a  plant.  jiinsworth. 

HARE'-IU!aRT'ED,  (-hirt'ed,)  a.  Timorous;  easily 
frightened.  Ainsworth. 

HAHE'-HOUND,  n.    A  hound  for  hunting  hares. 

Chalmers. 

HARE-HUNTER,  n.  Ooe  who  hunts,  or  is  used  to 
hunting  hares.  Popt. 

HARE'-HUNT-ING,  n.    The  hunting  of  hares. 

SomervUle. 

HARE'LIP,  n.  A  fissure  or  perpendiculnr  division  of 
one  or  both  lips,  but  more  contmonly  the  upper  one, 
like  tlint  of  a  hare.  fVisematu 

HARE'LIP-PAD,  (lipt,)  a.    Having  a  harelip. 

HARE'MINT,  a.     A  plant.  Ainsaorth. 

HARE'PIPE,  n.    A  snare  for  catching  hares. 

Stat.  James  I. 

HARE'S'-f.AR,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Bupleunim. 
The  Bastard  Ifare*s  Ear  is  of  the  genus  Phyllis. 

HARE'S'-LET-TIICE,  {-lei-tis,)  «.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Honrhus. 

HARE'WORT,  n.     A  planU 


HAR'EM,  a.     [Ar. 


C>^ 


harama^  to  prohibit,  drive 


off,  or  deny  access.] 

Thf  division  allotted  to  females  in  the  larger  dwell- 

in2-h'tu«'s  of  the  East.  Smart. 

HA-KEN'Cl-FOR.M,    a,      [See    HERtiiwo.]      Shaped 

like  a  b'-rnng.  Dui.J^ai.  HL/L 

JlAR'I'COr,  (harVko,)  n.    [Fr.  from  Or.  a^^UAOs-] 

1.  A  kind  of  ragout  of  meat  and  roots. 

Chesterfitild. 

2.  The  kidney-bean. 

HAR'I-ER,  n.     [frnm  Aare.])     A  dog  for  hunting  hares. 
[This  spelling  is  now  disused.    Suuirt.^    [^ee  Har- 

HARI-OI.A'TION,  n.     [I-  hariotalto.] 

Prognostication  ;  soothsaying. 
HAR'IBH,  a.     Like  a  hare. 

HAKK,  r.  i.     [Ciintracted  from  Iiearken^  which  see.] 
To  listen  ;  to  lend  the  ear.  .S/iaJfc.     Hudibras. 

[This  word  is  rarely  or  never  used,  except  in  the 
ImpL-mtive  mo<lc,  hark,  that  is,  listen,  hear.] 
HARL,  B.     The  skin  of  flax;  the  filaments  of  flax,  or 
hemp. 
9.  A  filamentous  substince.  Mortimer. 

HAR'LBai/IN.  (har'le-kin,)  n.  fFr.  harhquin^nhnf- 
fiK>T\  \  It.  arlrcr.hino ;  Hp.  arlequm ;  Arm.  harlopn^ 
furlutjin,  a  juggh-r.  I  know  not  the  origin  of  this 
word.  It  haf*  b:fcn  HUgge«te4l  that  the  last  compo- 
nent part  of  the  word  is  from  the  Gothic,  Sw.  Uea, 


IIAR 

to  play,  and  a  story  is  told  about  a  comedian  who 
frequented  the  house  of  M.  de  Hurley  ;  but  I  place  no 
reliance  on  these  suggestions.] 

A  butFoon,  dressed  in  p;irty -colored  clothes,  who 
plays  tricks,  like  a  merrj-undrew,  to  divert  the 
populace.  This  cliaracter  was  first  introduced  into 
Italian  comedy,  but  is  now  a  standing  chtLracter  in 
Englisli^ntomime  entertainments.  Encye. 


[Bom 


ml  i(i3(i,  iliiunliTPd  liiy 


Dugoi^ii  Apollo  c(i.inj(«d  lu  Hartetjuin. 

lk>ileau'B  Art  oj  Poetry  ;   BnglUk  Trantladon  of 
hi»  iVorki,  l.ond.  17U,  vol.  i.  p.  b9.  —  E.  H.  B.] 

HAR'LE-aUIN,  V.  i.  To  play  the  droll;  to  make 
spnrt  bv  placing  ludicrous  tncks. 

HXR'LE-(iUI\-ADE',  n.     Exhibitions  of  harlequins. 

HAR'LOCK,  n.     A  plant.  Drayton. 

HAR'LOT,  M.  [W.  hcrlatod^  a  stripling;  herludes^  a 
hoiden  ;  a  word  coiniwsed  of  her,  a  push,  or  chal- 
lenge, and  llatpd^  a  lail.  This  word  was  formerly  ap- 
plied to  males,  as  well  as  females. 

A  stunlie  knrlot —  Ih^U  was  hrr  hostca  man.     Oiauctr,  ThUt. 
He  wu«  a  ^ntil  Itarlot  uiul  a  kiiid.  Ibm, 

The  word  originally  signified  a  bold  stripling,  or  a 
hoiden.  But  the  W.  llawd  signifies  nttt  only  a  lady 
tliat  is,  a  shoot,  or  growing  youth,  but  as  an  udjec- 
Ijve,  tending  forward,  craving,  leiod.     See  Lewd.] 

1.  A  woman  who  prostitutes  her  body  fur  hire;  a 
prostitute  ;  a  common  woman.  Dryden, 

2.  In  Scripturcy  one  who  forsakes  the  true  God  and 
Worships  idols.     Is.  i.. 

3.  A  servant ;  a  rogue  ;  a  cheat.     [O65.]       Fox. 
HAR'LOT,  a.     Wanton  ;  lewd  ;  low  ;  base.       SSiak. 
HAR'LOT,  V.  X,     To  practice  lewdness.  Milton. 
HAK'LOT-RY,  n.     I'he  trade  or  practice  of  prostitu- 
tion ;  habitual  or  customary  lewdness;  prostitution. 

Dn/den. 
HARM,  n.     [Sax.  hearm  or  harm.     In  G.  the  word  sig- 
nifies grief,  sorrow.] 

1.  Injury;  hurt;  damage;  detriment ;  misfortune. 

Do  t!iy«elf  no  harm.  —  AcU  xv\. 

He  •ti.ill   tn^krr  amentia  Tor  the  harm  be  baUi  duue  in  the  lioljr 
Uiiug.  —  i^v.  V. 

a.  Moral  wrong;  evil;  mischief;  wickedness;  a 
popular  sense  of  the  word. 

HARM,  r.  t.     To  hurl ;  to  injure  ;  to  damage  ;  to  im- 
pair soundness  of  body,  eiUier  animal  or  vegetable. 
Waller.     Ran, 

HAR-MAT'TAN,  m  A  hot  dry  wind  from  the  interior 
of  Africa,  which  destroys  vegetntion.  It  corresponds 
to  the  samiel  or  simoom  of  Anibia,  ice.  Encyc.  JSmer, 

HARM'ED,  ;*/).     Injured;  hurt;  damaged. 

HAU'MEL,  «.     The  wild  African  rue. 

HARM'FJJL,  a.  Hurtful;  injurious;  noxious;  detri- 
mental ;  mischievous. 

The  earth  brought  Torth  fruit  and  food  for  man,  without  any  mix- 
lure  of  hann/ul  quality.  Ralegh. 

HARM'FUL-LY,  ado.    Hurifully;   injuriously;  with 

damage.  .^scham. 

HARM'FJJL-NESS,  ».     Hurtfulness  ;  noxiousness. 
HARM'LNG,  ;>;fr.     Hurting;  injuring. 
HARM'LESS,  a.     Not  hurtful  or  injurious  ;  innoxious. 
Ceremonies  are  harmless  in  theuiselves.        Hooker. 

U.  Unhurt ;   undamaged ;  uninjured  ;  as,  to  give 
bond  to  save  anotlier  harmless. 
3.  Innocent ;  not  guilty. 

Who  b  holy,  harmJ4M»,  unilefiled.   aepanite   from  kinnen.  — 
Heb.  *U. 

HAUM'LESS-LY,  adv.  Innocently  ;  without  fault  or 
crime;  as,  to  pans  the  lime  harmlessly  in  recreations. 

2.  Without  hurt  or  damage. 

Biillcta  fall  haa^mietaly  inlo  wood  or  fcdlhen.    Decay  of  Piety, 

HARM'LESS-NES3,  Tu  The  quality  of  being  innox- 
ious ;  freedom  from  a  tendency  to  injure. 

2.  Inncjcence. 

HAR-MO\'I€,  Jo.      [See   Habmohy.]      Relating 

HAR-MON'IC-AL,  (     to  narmony  or  music  ;  as,  har- 

moRual  use.  Bacon. 

3.  Concordant ;  musical ;  consonant ;  as,  harmonic 
sounds. 

Harmonic  twnn^  of  WHkt,  hom,  and  brau.  Pope. 

Tlip  biiiia  of  nil  narmotiU  lyM^in.  Encyc. 

The  luirmonic  elcincuU  art  the  ihiro  iniallCTl  wncortti. 

Eflin.  Encyc. 

3.  An  epithet  npplied  to  the  accessary  sounds 
which  acconijiany  the  predominant  and  apparently 
simple  tone  of  any  chord  or  string. 

Harmonic  triad;  in  music,  the  common  chord  ;  the 
chord  of  a  note  with  its  third  and  fifth.        Brandts 

Hiirmoiuenl  mean  ;  in  arithmetic  and  alffrbra,  a  term 
used  to  express  certain  relations  of  numbers  and 
quantities,  which  bear  an  analogy  to  musical  conso- 
nances. 

HoT-monical  proportion  ;  in  arithmetic  and  algebra. 
Stre  Pbuportion. 

Harmonical  series  or  profrression  ;  a  series  of  num- 
bers surh  that  any  three  consecutive  terms  are  in 
harmonical  proportion.  Brande. 

HAR-M(jN'1-CA,  B.  A  musical  instrument  invented 
by  IJr,  Franklin,  in  which  the  t(mea  are  produced  by 
friction  against  the  edges  of  a  series  of  hemispherical 
glasses.  Hcbert. 

HAR-MON'I€-AL-LY,  adv.    Musically. 


HAR 

HAR-MON'ICS,    n.      Harmonious    sounds ;    conso- 
nances. 

2.  'I'he  doctrine  or  science  of  musical  sounds. 

Dr.  R.  Smith. 

3.  Derivative  sounds,  generated  with  predominant 
sounds,  and  produced  by  subordinate  vibrations  of  a 
chord  01  string,  when  its  whole  length  vibrates. 
These  shorter  vibrations  produce  more  acute  sounds, 
and  are  called  aente  harvionics. 

4.  Grave  harmonics,  are  low  sounds  which  accom- 
pany every  perfect  consonance  of  two  sounds. 

Ediii.  Encyc 
HAR-MO'NI-OUS,  a.     Adapted  to  each  other  ;  having 
the  )>arts  proportioned  to  each  other  ;  symmetrical. 
God  hath  m-\ile  the  iuLuUt-ctual  worid  harmonioua  and  t>-aiitjful 
wiihuiit  us.  Locke. 

2.  Concordant ;  consonant ;  sj-mphonious  ;  musi- 
cal. Harmonious  sounds  are  sucli  as  accord,  and  are 
agreeable  to  the  ear, 

3.  Agreeing  ;  living  in  peace  and  friendship ;  a»,  a 
Jiarmonious  family  or  society. 

HAR-MO'NI  OUS-LY,  adv.    With  just  adapUtion  and 
pro|»ortion  of  parts  to  each  other. 

Dislnnces,  niotioiia,  and  qunnliti^s  of  matter  AormonJOiMfy  ad* 
Jii«i;!ii  in  this  great  variety  of  our  lystcin.  Benuey. 

2.  With  accordance  of  sounds ;  musically  ;  in  con- 
cord. 

3.  In  agreement ;  in  peace  and  friendship. 
HAR-.M6'Nl-OUS-NES3,  «.    Proportion  and  adapta- 
tion of  parts ;  musicalness. 

2.  AgreenuMit ;  concord. 
HAR-MON'I-PHON,  n.     [Gr.  hopovia  and  t^wt-fj.] 

.\  inusirnl  instrument  whose  sound  is  produced 
by  llie  vibration  of  thin  metallic  plates.  The  air 
which  acts  on  these  vibrating  substances  is  blown 
by  the  mouth  through  an  elastic  tube.  It  is  played 
with  keys  like  a  piano-forle. 
HAR'MO-NIST,  n.  A  musician  j  a  composer  of 
music. 

2,  One    who  brings  together  corresponding  pas- 
sages, as  of  the  four  Gospels,  to  show  their  agree- 
ment. 
HAR'MO-NIZE,  ti.  t.    To  be  in  concord;  to  agree  in 
sounds. 

2.  To  agree ;  to  be  in  peace  and  friendship,  as 
individuals  or  families. 

3.  To  agree  in  sense  or  purport ;  as,  the  arguments 
harmonize  ;  the  facts  stated  by  dilferent  witnesses 
harmonize. 

HAR'MOMZE,  v.  u    To  adjust  in  fit  proportions,  to 

cause  to  agree. 
2.  To  make  musical  ;  to  combine  according  to 

the  laws  of  counterpoint 
HAR'MO-NIZ-KD,  ;<p.  or  a.     Made  to  be  accordant. 
HAR'MO-\TZ-ER,  n.      One  that  brings  together  or 

2.  In  wusicy  a  practical  harmonist.  [reconciles. 
HAR-MO-NTZ-ING,  ppr.     Causing  to  agree. 
HAR'MO-MZ-LNG,  a.     Being  in  accordance;   bring- 

imi  to  an  agreement, 
HAR-MO-NO.\1'E-TER,  n.    [Gr.  hppovia  and  pCTnov.l 

An  instrument  or  monochord  for  measuring  ihe 
harmonic  relations  of  sounds. 
HAR'MO-NY,  71.  [L.  harmmiia;  Gr.  Aofjovta,  a  set- 
ling  together,  a  closure  or  seam,  agreement,  concert, 
from  a/((ij,  to  fit  or  adapt,  to  square  ;  Sp.  armmiia  ;  IL 
iil. :  Fr.  karmonie.  If  the  Greek  o/io)  is  a  coiiiracted 
word  for  KupDy  which  is  probable,  it  may  be  the 
French  earrer,  ei/uarrir,] 

1.  The  just  adaptation  of  parts  to  each  other,  in 
any  system  or  composition  of  things,  intended  to 
form  a  connected  whole  ;  as,  the  harmony  of  the  uni- 
verse. 

JVjiiiilily  and  corn^pondcnce  are  the  Cauac*  of  Aarmony.  Bacon. 

All  iliac'ird,  harmony  not  tintlvtMootl.  Pope. 

9.  Just  proiMirtlon  of  sound  ;  consonance  ;  musical 
concord  ;  the  accordance  of  two  or  more  intervals  or 
BoiwuN,  or  that  union  of  different  sounds  which 
pleases  the  car ;  or  a  succession  of  such  sounds, 
called  chords, 

Tirn  (honvind  harps,  that  tuned 
Angvlic  hamtoniet.  Alillon, 

3.  Concord  ;  agreement;  accordance  In  facts;  as, 
the  harmony  of  the  Gospels. 

4.  Concord  or  agreement  in  views,  sentiments,  or 
mnnner^,  interests,  Scr..  ;  ^ood  corresjiondence  ; 
peace  and  friendship.    The  citi/.ens  live  in  harmony. 

5.  The  agreement  or  consistency  of  different  his- 
tories of  the  same  events ;  as,  the  harmony  of  the 
Gospels. 

t).  A  literary  work  which  brings  together  parallel 
passaiies  of  historians  resperting  the  same  events, 
and  shows  tlieir  agreement  or  consistency. 

.Natural  harmany,  in  rnusic,  consists  of  the  har- 
monic triad,  or  common  chord.  Jlrtifieial  harmony^  is 
a  mixture  of  concords  and  discords.  Figured  har- 
monyy  is  wheu  one  or  more  of  the  parts  move,  during 
the  continuance  of  a  chord,  ihnnigh  certain  noies 
which  do  not  form  any  of  the  constituent  part.^  of 
that  chc>rd.  Busby. 

Perfect  harmomjy  implies  the  use  of  untempered 
Cf'ncords  only.  Tcmperr-d  luirmonyy  Is  when  the  notes 
aje  varied  by  tcmpuraimml.     [See  Temperaui:.-«t.] 

Harmony  of  the  spheres.     See  MtJitc.  \^Encyc. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNiTE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS C  as  K  j  6  as  J  ;  B  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

535" 


HAR 

HXR'MOST,  n.  [Or.  liu/ior'^'i  f'W'W  aoaoaff,,^^  to  reg- 
ulate. 1 

In  mtarnt  OreeeCj  a  Spartan  governor,  repilntor, 
or  prefect.  MiJford. 

nXR'MO-TOME,  n,  [Gr.  hpftost  a  joint,  and  Tifivuy 
tocut.1 

In  mtnertttogy^  cross-stone,  or  staurolite,  called 
nine  pvntmidieit  itctite.     ["See  Cboss-Stom:.] 

HAR'NfcSS,  «.  |\V.  harnaes,  from  horn,  that  Is, 
closely  fitted  ;  Ft-  kamoLt;  Arm.  kanif-i :  IL  arnesf  . 
Sp.  OTHts  :  Port,  anwi ;  U.  kamas  :  G.  karniseA ;  S\v, 
hmrnesk  ;  Dan.  AarnisA.  The  i>riniary  s«  nse  is,  to  fit, 
prepare^  or  put  on;  and  in  different  languages,  it 
st|;niiies  not  only  harness,  but  furniture  and  ulen 
ails,] 

1.  Armor ;  the  whole  nccoutermenis  or  etjiiipments 
of  a  knisht  or  horseman  ;  ortgiHoUti^  perliai)s,  defen 
eife  anui>r,  but  in  a  mure  modern  and  enlarged 
sense,  tlie  furniture  of  a  milttar>'  man,  defensive  or 
c^<<nstve,  as  a  casque,  cuirass,  helmet,  girdle,  sword, 
buckler,  ^c. 

2.  The  furniture  of  a  draught  horse,  whether  for 
a  wagon,  coach,  gig,  chaise,  4ic. ;  called,  in  some  tif 
the  American  Slates,  Uu-kle  or  UxekliNg^  with  which, 
in  its  primary  sense,  it  is  synonymous.       Drydca. 

llAR'NESS,  e.  L  To  dress  in  armor;  to  equip  with 
armor  for  war,  as  a  borseman. 

ifenwMrf  io  nicx^  Mc«l.  Raw*. 

S.  To  put  on  the  fiimiture  of  a  horse  for  draught. 

BamsM  the  honok  — Jcr.  sl*i- 

3.  To  di-fend ;  to  equip,  or  furnish  for  defense.  1 
Ma£e.  iv. 

HXR'NESS-ED,  (liir'nesi,)  f^.  or  a.  Equipped  with 
armor ;  furni:ihed  with  the  dress  fur  draught ;  de- 
fended. 

HAR'XESS-ER,  a.  One  who  puts  on  the  haniess  of  a 
horse.  Sheneood. 

HXR'NBSS-IXG,  ppr.  Putting  on  armor  or  furniture 
for  draught. 

H.\R\S,  a.p/.     Brain!!.  Or&se, 

HARP,  n.  [Sax.  luarpa;  G.  karft;  D.  harp;  Sw. 
harpa ;  Dau.  harpc ;  Ft.  harpe ,-  IL  Sp.  and  Port. 
01710.] 

1.  An  instrument  of  music  of  the  stringed  kind,  of 
a  triangular  figure,  held  upright,  and  commonly 
toadied  with  the  fingers.  £jicye.    Johms»m* 

2.  A  constellation,  Lyra^  or  the  Lyre.        P.  Cyc 
HARP,  p.  i.    To  play  on  the  harp. 

I  beanl  Uk  toke  at  \iai\ci^  harping  •with  tbtir  turpi Rer, 

3.  To  dwell  on  tediously  orvexaiiously,  in  speak- 
ing or  writing.  '- 

Henema 
Pmud  and  dUiunral,  hmrying  «a  vlut  1  an  — 
Not  vhat  he  knew  I  vaj.  Shah. 

3.  To  toudi,  as  a  passion  ;  to  affect.  Skak. 

HARP'ER,  ■.     A  player  on  the  harp^ 

IIARP'ING,  ffr.  Playing  on  a  harp ;  dwelling  on  con- 
tinually. 

UAUP'ING,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  harp  j  as,  harping 
tiymphonies.  MiUom. 

HARP'ING,  H.    A  continual  dwelling  on. 

Mjtdn^  infinite  merriment  by  JkorptN^a  upon  old  tfaemr*. 

Irving,    I 

HARP'IXG,  II. ;  pL  HARFtTfos.  In  ship.9^  harpings  B.Tf 
the  ftire  parts  of  the  wales,  which  encompass  the 
bow  of  the  ship,  and  are  fastened  to  the  stem.  Their 
use  is  to  strengthen  the  ship,  in  the  place  where  she 
sustains  the  greatest  shock  in  plunging  into  the  sea. 

Totten. 
Cat-harjnnirs  are  ropes  which  serve  to  brace  in  the 
rigging,  to  tighten  it,  and  to  give  a  greater  sweep  to 
the  vnrds.  Tutten. 

HARP'I-N'G-I-RON,  (-I-om,)  n.  A  harpoon,  which 
sev. 

HARP'IST,  ■.    A  harper.  Brown, 

HAR-POOX',  n.  [Ft.  harpom  Pp.  arpon:  Port,  arpam^ 
arpeo  ;  It.  arplone  :  G.  harpune  ;  D.  harpoen  ;  from  Fr. 
harper,  to  grapple  ;  Sp.  arpary  to  claw  ;  Gr.  d/.ir'i^u, 
from  (iprat.',  to  seize  with  the  claws;  probably  L. 
rapio,  by  transposition  of  leiiers.     Class  Rb.] 

A  harping-irun  ;  a  spear  or  javelin,  used  to  strike 
whales  fur  killing  them.  It  consists  of  along  shank, 
with  a  broad,  flat,  triangular  head,  sliarpenf-d  at  both 
edges  for  penetrating  the  whole  with  facility.  It  is 
generally  thrown  bv  band. 

HARPOON'',  r.  L  to  strike,  catch,  or  kiU  with  ahar- 
p«.>on. 

Tbe  beluga  ia  ombIIj  caoglil  la  nett,  bm  b  Kuoelimea  har- 
pOOnSd.  PennanL 

HXR-POON"£D,  pp.  Struck,  caught,  or  killed  with  a 
hnrpoon. 

HAR-POON'ER,    I  n.   One  who  uses  a  harpoon;  the 

HAR-PO-.\EER',  \  man  in  a  whale-boat  who  throws 
the  harpoon. 

HXR-POOX'IN'G,  ppr.    Piriking  with  a  harpoon. 

HARP'SieHORD,  n.  [karp  and  chord.]  An  instru- 
ment of  music  with  strings  of  wire,  played  by  the 
fingers,  by  means  of  keys.  The  striking  of  these 
keys  moves  certain  little  jacks,  which  move  a  double 
row  of  cords  or  strings,  stretched  over  four  bridges 
on  the  table  of  the  instrument.  Encyc. 


IIAR 

HAU'PY,  ».  [Fr.harpic;  It.  Sp.  and  Port,  arpia  ;  L. 
harpyiai  Gr.  Ufurjia^  fk>m  the  nxil  of  «ifiTa^w,  to 
seize,  or  claw.] 

1.  in  antiquity,  the  harpi^  were  fabulous  winged 
monsters,  ravenous  and  nlthy,  having  the  face  of  a 
woman,  and  the  body  vi  a  vulture,  with  tluir  feet 
and  fingeni  nnnm!  with  sharj*  claws.  They  were 
three  in  number,  Acllo,  Ocyf^>ete,  and  Ce|Ap.  They 
were  sent  by  Juno  to  plunder  the  table vn^hineus. 
They  are  represented  as  rajwcious  and  filthy  ani- 
mals. Lemprirre. 

2.  The  largest  of  the  eagle  tribe  ;  the  llarpyia 
destructor,  inhabiting  .Mexico  and  Brazil. 

3.  Any  rapacious  or  ravenous  animal  j  an  extor- 
tioner ;  a  plunderer. 

HXR'UnE-BrSE.    See  Ar<h.'kbuse. 

I1AR-R.\-TEEN',  «.    A  kmd  of  stuff  or  cloth. 

Sfienstone, 

IIAR'RI-eO,  n.  A  dish  of  vegetables,  as  beans.  [See 
Haricot.] 

IIAR'Rl-DAN,  n.  [Fr,  *ar««ae,  a  jade,  or  worn-out 
horse.    See  Haee,  the  verb.] 

\  di*caved  strumpet.  SwifL 

HAR'KI-/:i>,  (har'rid.)  pp.     Stripped  ;  harassed. 

IIAR'RI-EK,  N.  A  kind  of  hound  for  hunting  hares, 
having  an  acute  sense  of  i^melling.  [The  original 
spelling  Harier  is  disused.     Smart] 

HAR'RoW,  n.  [Sw.  harf,  Dan.  harre,  a  harrow,  D. 
harky  G.  harke^  a  rake,  is  probably  the  same  word,  al- 
lied to  Sw.  harja,  Van.  hcrger.  Sax.  hcrgtan,  to  rav- 
age, or  lay  waste.] 

An  instrument  of  agriculture,  formed  of  pieces  of 
timber  sometimes  crossing  each  other,  and  set  with 
iron  or  wooden  teetli.  It  is  drawn  over  plowed  land 
to  level  it  and  break  the  clods,  and  to  cover  seed 
when  sown. 

IL\R'R<^VV',  r.  f.     [Sw.  harfva;  Dan.  harver.'\ 

1.  To  draw  a  harrow  over,  for  the  purpose  of 
breaking  clods  and  leveling  the  surface,  or  for  cov- 
ering seed  sown  ;  as,  to  harrow  land  or  ground. 

£L  To  break  or  tear  with  a  harrow. 

Will  he  harrot»  Uw  rallfys  allrr  lh«t? — Job  xxxix. 

3.  To  tear  ;  to  lacerate  ;  to  torment. 

I  coiilJ  a  uUe  iiiifoltl,  whote  li^tctt  ward 

Would  Aattow  up  th/  aoul.  Shak, 

4.  To  pillage  ;  to  strip;  to  lay  waste  by  violence. 

5.  To  disturb;  to  agitate.     {Obs.]  Shak. 
HAR'ROW,  [Old  Fr.  harau.]   An  exclamation  of  sud- 
den distress ;  help;  halloo.                             SpcitJicr. 

HAR'RO\V-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Broken  or  smoothed  by  a 

harrow. 
HAR'ROW-ER,  n.    One  who  harrows. 

2.  A  hawk. 

HAR'ROW-ING,  ppr.    Breaking  or  levelling  with  a 

9.  o.  Tormenting  :  lacerating.  Tharrow. 

H.^R'ROVV-ING,  n.    The  act  or  process  of  using  a 

harri'W. 
HAR'RY,  p.  f.   [Sax.  hergian,  to  strip  ;  hynciaiij  to  up- 
braid ;  or  VV.  rterira,  to  rove  for  plunder,  to  scout; 
her,  a  push.] 

1.  To  strip  ;  to  pillage.     [See  Harrow.] 
9.  To  harass  ;  to  agitate  ;  to  tease,  Shak. 

HAR'RY,  tJ.  i.    To  m^e  a  predatory  incursion.  [OA.^.] 

Beaum.  4*  Fl. 
HXRSH,  a.     [G.harsch;    Scot,  b^rsfc    In  Dun.  Itarsk, 
Sw.  hdrskt  is  rank,  rancid.] 

1.  Rough  to  the  touch  ;  rugged  ;  grating  ;  as,  harsh 
sand  ;  harsh  cloth  ;  opposed  to  smooth.  Boyle. 

2.  Sour  ;  rough  to  the  taste  ;  as,  harsh  fruit. 

3.  Rough  to  tlie  ear;  grating;  discordant;  jar- 
ring ;  as,  a  harsh  sound  ;  harsh  notes ;  a  harsh  voice. 

JJnjdcn. 

4.  Austere  ;  crabbed  ;  morose ;  peevish.  Civiliza- 
tion softens  the  harsh  temper  or  nature  of  man. 

5.  Rough  ;  rude  ;  abusive ;  as,  harsh  words ;  a 
harsh  reflection. 

6.  Rigorous  ;  severe. 

Though  harsh  the  precept,  yet  the  preaclier  chsrraed.  Lh-ydtn. 
HXRSn'LY,  adv.     Roughly  ;  in  a  harsh  manner. 

2.  Sourly  ;  austerely. 

3.  Severely;  morosely;  crabbedly  ;  as,  to  speaker 
answer  hars/dy. 

4.  Roughly  ;  rudely  ;  with  violence  ;  as,  to  treat  a 
person  harshly.  Addison. 

5.  Roughly  ;  with  a  grating  sound  ;  unpleasantly. 

U  would  Eoiind  harshly  in  her  ears,  Shak. 

HARSn'N'ESS,  n.  Roughness  to  the  touch  ;  opposed 
to  softness  and  smoothness. 

2.  Sourness ;  austereness ;  as,  the  harshness  of 
fruit. 

3.  Roughness  to  the  ear ;  as,  the  harshnessof  sound, 
or  of  a  voice,  or  of  verse. 

'Tis  not  enough  no  harthne»t  gitPt  oflense, 

Tbe  sound  iiiual  seem  aii  echo  10  the  aense.  Pope. 

4.  Roughness  of  temper;  moroseness ;  crabbed- 
ness  ;  peevishness.  Shak, 

5.  Roughness  in  manner  or  words  ;  severity  j  as, 
the  harshness  of  reproof. 

H\S'LETy'S    "•     [IccAos^o.     Qu.] 

The  heart,  liver,  lights,  &,c.,  of  a  hog. 


HAR 

IIXHT,  n.  [Sax.  heort;  Dan.  and  Sw.hiort;  G.hirsch; 
I),  hfrt.] 

A  stag,  or  male  deer ;  an  animal  of  the  cervine  ge- 
nus, 

HART'BEEST,  n.  A  species  of  the  antelope,  the 
Caama,  the  most  common  of  the  large  antelopes  in- 
habiting ihe  plains  of  South  Africa.  P.  Cyc 

HXK'i'-UOY'AL,  «.     A  plonU 

HARTS'HORN,  n.  The  horn  of  the  hart  or  male 
deer.  Hartshorn  sfiacings,  originally  taken  from 
the  horns  of  stags,  or  harts,  which  are  a  species  of 
bone,  are  now  obtained  chiefly  by  planing  down  Ihe 
bones  of  calves.  They  aflbrd  a  nutritious  and  speed- 
ily-formed jt^Ily.  Ilcbert. 

Salt  of  hartshorn,  or  Volatile  salts  :  an  impure  s<ilid 
carbonate  of  ammonia,  obtained  by  the  destructive 
distillation  of  hartshorn,  or  any  kind  of  bone. 

Brands. 
Spirit  of  hartshorn  ;  an  imptire  solution  of  carbonate 
of  ammonia,  obtained  by  the  distillation  of  bones, 
hoofs,  horns,  or  other  refuse  of  the  slaughter-house. 

Hfbrrt. 
Hartshorn  plantain  ;  an  annual  species  of  plantain. 
Platita<ro  cnroHopus;  called,  also,  buckshorn.        Booth. 

IIARTS^TONGUE.  (-tung,)  n.  [See  Tonoue.]  A 
comjnon  British  fern,  the  Scolopendrium  officinarum  of 
Smith  ;  also,  a  West  Indian  fern,  the  pohjpoilium  phyl- 
litidis  of  Linna:us.  Partinirton, 

HART'VVORT,  71.  The  name  of  certain  umbelliferous 
plants  of  the  genera  Seseli,  Tordyliuni,  and  Bupleu- 
rum. 

HAR'UM  SGAR'U.M,  a.  Wild;  precipitate;  giddy; 
rash.     [C'>l!i>quial.'\  Smart, 

HA-RUS'PICE,  n.  [L.  haruspex,  from  specio,  to  view.] 
In  Roman  history,  a  person  who  pretended  to  for- 
tell  future  events  by  inspecting  the  entrails  of  beasts 
sacrificed,  or  watching  the  circumstances  attending 
their  slaughter,  or  their  manner  of  burning  and  the 
ascent  of  the  smoke.  Kncpc.     .3dam, 

HA-RUS'PI-CY,  n.  Divination  by  tiie  inspection  of 
victims. 

HAR' VEST,  n.  [Sax.  htrrfcst,  karfest^  harvest,  au- 
tumn ;  G.  herbst ;  D.  hcrfsL  This  word  signifies 
avtumn,  and  primarily  had  no  reference  to  the  col- 
lection of  the  fruits  of  the  earth  ;  but,  in  German, 
hcrbstzrit  is  harvest  time.  It  seems  to  be  formed 
from  the  G.  herbe,  harsh,  keen,  tart,  acerb,  L.  acerbus, 
and  primarily  it  refers  to  the  cold,  chilly  weather  in 
autumn,  in  the  north  of  Europe.  This  being  the 
time  when  crops  are  collected  in  northern  climates, 
the  word  came  to  signify  harvest.] 

1.  The  season  of  reaping  and  gathering  in  corn  or 
other  crops.  It  especially  refers  to  the  time  of  col- 
lecting corn  or  grain,  which  is  the  chief  food  of  men, 
as  wheat  and  rje.  In  Egypt  and  Syria,  the  wheat 
harvest  is  in  April  and  May  ;  in  the  south  of  Europe 
and  of  the  United  States,  in  June  ;  in  the  Northern 
States  of  America,  in  July  ;  and  in  the  north  of  Eu- 
rope, in  August  and  September.  In  the  United 
States,  the  harvest  of  maize  is  mostly  in  October. 

2.  The  ripe  corn  or  grain  collected  and  secured  in 
barns  or  stacks.    I'he  harvest  this  year  is  abundant. 

3.  The  product  of  labor ;  fruit  or  fruits. 

Let  U8  Ibe  harvest  of  our  labor  eaU  Dryden. 

4.  Fruit  or  fruits  ;  effects  ;  consequences.  He  that 
sows  iniquity  will  reap  a  harvest  of  woe. 

5.  In  Scripture,  harvest  signifies,  figuratively,  the 
proper  season  for  business. 

He   that  stecpeth  la  Harvest  ia  a  son  that  causeth  sliamo.  — 
Prov.  X. 

Also,  a  people  whose  sins  have  ripened  them  for 
judgment.    Jod  iii. 

Also,  the  end  of  the  world.    Matt  xiii. 
Also,  a  seasonable  time  for  instructing  men  in  the 
gosfiel.    Matt.  ix. 
HXR'VEST,  V.  t.    To  reap  or  gather  ripe  corn  and 

other  fruits  for  the  use  of  man  and  beasL 
HAR' VEST-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Reaped  and  collected,  as 

ripe  corn  and  fruits. 
H.\R'VEST-ER,  n.    A  reaper;  a  laborer  in  gathering 

grain. 
HAR' VEST-FLY,  n.     A  name  applied  to  several  large 
insects  of  the  cicada  group,  popularly  called  locusts. 
The  males  of  several  species  are  remarkable  for  their 
loud,  buzzing  noise. 
HAR'VEST-IIOAiE,  tu    The  time  of  harvest. 

Z>rydnu 

2.  The  song  sung  by  reapers  at  the  feast  made  at 
the  gathering  of  corn,  or  the  feast  itself.      Dryden. 

3.  The  opportunity  of  gathering  treasure.    Shak. 
HAR'VEST-ING,  n.     Operation  of  reaping  and  col- 
lecting, as  ripe  grain. 

HAR'VEST-ING,  ppr.  Reaping  and  collecting,  as  ripe 
corn  and  other  fruits. 

HAR'VEST-LORD,  n.  The  head-reaper  at  tbe  bar- 
vest.  Tussa: 

HAR'VEST-MAN,  n.     A  laborer  in  harvest. 

HAR'VEST-MOON,  n.  The  moon  near  the  full, 
about  the  time  of  the  autunmal  equinox,  when,  by 
reason  of  the  small  angle  of  the  eel ii  tic  and  moon's 
orbit  with  the  horizon,  it  rises  neany  at  the  same 
hour  for  several  days.  The  name  ia  given,  because 
this  is,  in  England,  the  period  of  harvest.     Olmsted. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  —MeTE,  PRgY.  — PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


HAS 


HAT 


IIXR' VEST-MOUSE,  n.  A  vei>-  small  European 
Kjierie?  of  Ihe  field-mouse,  ihe  Mas  mesjioriu.-*,  which 
builda  its  nest  on  the  stems  of  wheat  or  other  phmts. 

Partington, 

HAR  VEST-QUEEN,  n.  An  image  representing  Ce- 
res, formerly  carried  about  on  the  last  day  of'harvest. 

HAS.     The  third  person  singular  of  the  verb  Have, 

H.^SE,  V.  t.     To  urge,  drive,  harass.     BootA.     [i^liil 
used  among  sailors.     R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.     See  HArE.l 
1 1    HASH.  P.  K     [Fr.  Aacher ;  Ami.  haicka  ;  Eng.  to  had. 
See  Hack.] 

To  rhop  into  small  pieces  ;  to  mince  and  mix  ;  aj, 
lo  hash  meal.  Oarth. 

HASH,  n.  Minced  meat,  or  a  dish  of  meat  and  vege- 
tables chopped  into  small  pieces  and  mixed. 

HASH'£D,  (Iiasht,)  pp.  or  a.  Cut  up  into  sjnail  pieces, 
as  meaL 

H  ASK,  n.    A  case  made  of  rushes  or  flags.    [JVot  vsed.] 

HAS'LET.     SeeH.KS..ET.  *'"""■■ 

HASP,  n.     [Sax.  haps:  G.  kaspe,  a  hinge  ;  Dan.  hasp. 

Sw.  haspe.     We  probably  have  the  word  from  the 

Danes.] 

1.  A  clasp  that  passes  over  a  staple  to  be  fastened 
by  a  padlock.  Mortimer. 

2.  A  spindle  to  wind  thread  or  silk  on.  {Load,} 
HXSP,  V.  L  To  shut  or  fasten  with  a  hasp.  Oarth. 
HAS'SOCK,   n.     [\V.  Awor.     Uu.   from  A^*«-,  s'?dge, 

rushes.  It  signihes,  in  Scottish,  a  besom,  any  thing 
bushy,  and  a  turf  of  jKiat  moss  u-sed  as  a  seaL  The 
sense  is,  therefore,  the  same  as  that  of  mat,  a  collec- 
tion or  mass.] 

A  thick  mat  or  bass  on  which  persons  knoi'I  in 
church.  j^tUtu^un. 

And  kofvt  ind  hanocka  are  well  ni^h  divorced.        Coirptr. 

HAST,  Ihe  second  person  singular  of  Have;  I  have, 
thou  hast,  contracted  from  harest.     It  is  Utfed  only 
in  the  solemn  stvle. 
HAS'TATE,      f  '      rr    V 

HAS''I'A-TED   \  "•     L^  ha^tattts,  from  hasta,  a  spear.] 
In  botantf,  spear-shaped  ;  resembling  the  head  of  a 
halberd  ;  triangular,  hollowed  at  the  ba.<e  and  on  the 
sides,  with  the  angles  spreading  j  as,  a  hastate  leaf. 
Marttjn.     Lee. 
HASTE,  n.     [G.  Sw.  and   Dan.  hast;    D.  haast:   Fr. 
hfttf.,  for  hasu;  Atm.hast;  from  hurrying,  pressine, 
driving.    See  Heat.]  -^     6»k  &} 

I.  Celerity  of  motion  ;  speed  ;  swiftness  ;  dis- 
patch ;  expedition  ;  applied  only  lo  voluntary  beings, 
as  men  and  other  aniuiiUs;  never  to  other  bodies. 
We  never  say,  a  ball  flies  with  haste. 

Tic  kiii^'i  tHufneu  required  Haste.  —  I  Sam,  ixi. 

a.  Sudden  excitement  of  passion  ;  quickness:  pre- 
cipitance ;  vehemence. 


HAU 


3.  Irritable  ;  easily  excited  to  wmth  ;  passionate. 

He  that  is  hatty  of  spirit  cXMltclh  folly.  —  Prov.  xi». 
„  ,  };.  '^'"■'>'  "P"  ;  fui'Wilrd  ;  as,  hashj  fruit,     h.  x.xviii. 
HAS  I  'Y-P(JD'DING,  n.    A  pudding  made  of  ti.e  meal 

of  mai/.e  moistened  with  waur  and   bailed,  or  of 

milk  and  Jour  boiled. 
HAT,  ji.     gPx.  lutt:  G.  hut;  D.  hr,cd;  Dan. 

katt!    \V.  kcd  or  hrt.     The  word  sisiiifles 

and,  in  German,  Jimrrr-Kut  is  a  thimble. 


halt  Svi. 
a  cover, 

.  -  The  nri- 

niary  sense  is  probably  to  ward  off,  or  defend.] 

1.  A  covering  for  tlie  head,  made  of  various  mate- 
rials, and  worn  by  men  or  women  for  defendiiij;  the 
head  from  rain  or  heal,  or  for  ornament.     Hats  for 
men  are  usually  made  of  fur  or  wool,  and  formed 
vvith  a  crown  and  brim.    Hats  for  females  are  made 
of  stfaw  or  grass  braid,  and  various  other  matirial 
Of  these,  the  evcr-varyiui;  forms  admit  of  no  descrii)- 
tlon  tli,at  can  long  be  correct. 
9.  The  dignity  of  a  cardinal. 
IIAT'A-BLE,  a.     [from  hate]     That  may  he  hated  : 

"d',""'-  Shcrmotul. 

'J-Vr-B.\."JD,  n.    A  hand  round  the  crown  of  a  hat. 
J]-^.*,  -BOX,    i  n.    A  box  for  a  hat.    But  a  case  for  a 
HAT'-e.?t<E,  (      lady's  li.-u  is  called  a  hand-box. 
HAT  '-ilRirsil,  71.     A  soft  brush  for  hat.s. 
HATCH,   17.  (.     [G.  lucktii,  aiishcckra,  Dan.  Artitn-,  to 
hatch.     This  word  seems  to  he  connected  with  G. 
hrek,  Dan.  kMie,  Sw.  hack,  a  hed^e,  Dan.  luk,  a  fence 
01  pales  i  and  the  hatches,  of  a  ship  are  doubtless  of 
the  same  family.     The  sense  probably  is,  to  thrust 
out,  to  drive  olf,  whence  in  Sw.  id^m,  "a  hedge,  is  al- 
so protection  ;  Itdgna,  to  hedge,  to  guard.     To  hattk 
IS  to  exclude.] 

1.  To  produce  young  from  eggs  by  incubation,  or 
by  artillcial  heat.  lu  Egjpt  chickens  are  hatched  by 
artificial  beat. 

The  jMrtriHjff  iiUilli  on  egg«  and  hat^ieth  thpm  not  — Jer.  xvii. 

2.  To  contrive  or  plot ;  to  form  bv  meditation,  and 
bring  into  being  ;  lo  originate  and  produce  in  sih^nce  ; 
a.«,  to  fci/cA  mischief ;  to  JaJcA  heresy.  Uaokcr. 

HATCH,  r.  U     [Fr.  hacker,  to  hack.] 

1.  To  cross  with  lines,  in  drawing  and  engravin", 
in  a  peculiar  manner  called  ILiToHisu,  which  see."^ 


my  lai§u.  All  men  iir?  lian.  —  Pi.  cxvi. 

3.  The  stau^  of  being  urged  or  pressed  by  businesf : 

nsy  I  am  in  great  haste. 

HA.«TK,  (hast,)  I  0.  (.     [G.  hai^ten  :  D.  haastin  ;  Sw. 

UAST'iS.V,  (has'hj)  j      hasta  i  Dan.  hasten  Fr.  hatrr.] 

To  press ;  to  drive  or  urge  forward  ;  to  pii.sh  on  ; 

In  precipitate ;  to  accelerate  movement :  lo  expedite  : 

lo  hurry. 

I  .-oulil  tuuun  my  ncipe  from  die  windy  rtonn.  —  P..  r». 
IH.«TE,      1  V.  i.    To  move  with  celerity  ;  to  bo  rapid 
HA^T'A'.V,  {      in  motion  ;  to  be  speedy  or  quick. 
They  were  troubled,  otiil  hasud  nway.  —  P.,  xlviti. 

[I'J^Z??.' !  "*•      Gloved    rapidly;    accelerated: 

HAST'/.N-KD,  j      urged  with  speed. 
HA31*'f:.\-ER,  n.     One  that  hasteiH  or  urges  fiirward. 
!!'5'"'I!'V!  Ifl^-     Urging  f.irw.ard  ;  pushing  on  : 

IU.ST'B.\.ING,  j     proceeding  rapidly. 

TltiH  «JUe  1.  tuultrnftg  u  niin,  in  which  no  diffetrnce  U  made 
bnween  (nodudlmd  men.  AntinJu7<tt.    Enfitld. 

HAST'l-LV,  adt.      [See    Hajtt.1      In  haste;    with 
i|i.jcd  or  quickness  ;  speedily  ;  nimbly. 

Ualfelotbed,  liaif  naked,  haiiHy  retire.  Dryden. 

2.  Rashly  ;  precipikitely  ;  without  due  reflection. 

We  haatily  eiif  tgi'tl  in  the  *-.-ir.  Swi/L 

3.  Passionately;  under  sudden  excitement  of  pas- 
sitm. 

IIA.-<'I''I-NESS,  n.    Haste  ;  speed  ;  quickness  or  celei>- 

ity  in  motion  or  action,  as  of  animals. 
3.  Rashness  ;  heedless  eagerness  ;    precipitation. 

Our  hasUnas  to  engage  in  the  war  caused   deep 

regret. 
.1.  IrriLabilily ;  susceptibility  of  anger,  warmth,  or 

trtnp'T. 
HA.SI'1.\0-PEAR,  71.     An  early  pear,  called,  also, 

irreen  ekissel.  F.nnje. 

HA.'<r'I.NO«,  71.  pL     [from  hasty.']     Peas   that  come 

..  "".'?'•  .  _  Miirtimer. 

H-WT'IVE,  a.    [Fr.  h&tif,  from  haste.] 

Forward  ;  early ;  as  fruit.    [JVot  much  useA.] 

BAST'y,  0.    Quick;  speedy;  ex|ieditious ;  opposed  lo 
.lorn. 

Be  not  ha.t^  In  |rn  oiit  of  hia  aighl.  —  Ecctea.  riil. 

a.  Eager ;  pieeipitale ;  rash ;  opposed  lo  deliberate. 

MMm  llna  a  tnao  Uml  la  ftiuly  in  hi.  wonia  ?    Tbeitj  la  mun 
Iwfnafa'-- 


I  tnao  tbm  la  lliuly  in  hi.  wonla  I 
■  fool  ll»n  of  kin.  —  Prov.  zxia. 


Thoae  hatching  strolcua  of  the  pencil.  Dryden, 

H.\ICH,ti.i.     To  produce  young;  to  bring  the  young 
to  maturity.    Eggs  will  not  hatch  without  a  due  de- 
gree and  continuance  of  heat. 
H.yj'CH,  n.    A  brood  ;  as  many  chickens  as  are  pro- 
duced at  once,  or  by  one  incubation. 
a.  The  act  of  exclusion  from  the  egg. 
3.  Disclosure;  discovery.  Shaft. 

HATCH,  71.  [Sax.  &sca;  D.  hck,  a  railing,  gate,  ic. 
See  Hedob  and  Hatch,  supra.] 

1.  The  opening  in  a  ship's  deck,  or  the  passage 
from  one  deck  lo  nnolher,  the  name  of  the  grate  it- 
self being  used  for  the  o|icning  ;  tills  is  more  properly 
callell  the  Hatshwat.  Mar.  DicL 

2.  A  half  door,  or  door  with  an  opening  over  it. 
**''•   „.      ^  Jokmon.     Slutk. 

3.  FItsidgates.  Encve.    AmsworUi. 

4.  In  Cnrntcalt,  Eag.,  openings  into  mines,  or  in 
search  of  them.  Encyc. 

.">.  HaUhes,  pi. ;  the  coverings  placed  over  thii  hatch- 
»■">;"•  ,  7-oafn. 

lobe  under  the  hatehe.i ;  to  be  confined  below  ;  to 
be  in  distrt^ss,  depression,  or  slavery.  Locke 

IIATCirEI,,  n.  [G.  hechrl,  D.  hekel,  Dan.  hejrle,  s'lv. 
hdrkia,  whence  the  common  pronunciation  'm  Amer- 
ica, hrtchet.     In  Slav,  hakel  is  a  rake.J 

An  iiislriiment  formed  with  long,  iron  teeth  set  ii 
a  board,  for  cleansing  flax  or  hemp  from  the  tow- 
hards,  or  coarse  part.  The  haukel  is  a  large  siiecies 
of  comb. 

HATCH'EL,  V.  L     To  draw  flax  or  hemp  through  the 

teeth  of  a  halrhel,  fur  separating  the  coarse  pari  and 

broken  pieces  of  the  stalk  from  the  fine,  flbn>iis  parts. 

2.  To  tease  or  vex  by  sarcasms  or  reproaches  ;  a 

vtilfrar  use  of  tlie  word. 

HA'1'CH'EL-£I),  y;i.  or  a.  Cleansed  by  a  hatchel : 
combed.  ' 

HATCH'EL-ER, 

HATCH'EI^INC 
a  hatchel. 

HATCIl'ER,  a. 


n.    One  who  uses  a  hatchel. 

,  ppr.    Drawing  through  the  teeth  of 

One  that  hatches,  or  contrives  a  plot. 

HATCll'ET,  71.     [O.  hacke;  Dan.  hakke;   TT."^he; 
from  hack,  which  see.] 

A  small  ax  with  a  sjiort  handle,  to  bo  used  with 
one  Jiand. 

To  take  up  the  hatchet,  a  phrase  borrowed  from  the 
n.ative8  of  America,  is  to  make  war. 
7""  '""T  ""  '""c*",  is  to  make  ptmce. 
HAT  ClI'EI'-FACE,  n.    A  sharp,  prominent  face,  like 

lh<-  edge  of  a  hatchet.  Dryden. 

HATCU'E-TINE,  n.     A  subsl.ance  of  the  hardness  of 

»<in  tallow,  of  a  yellowish-white  or  greenish-yellow 

M  V'  .'.';•. r"^^?.'.?.''  '!'.  ■'*"""'  ^•■'''"'-  CUnoelaud. 

H,\  I C  I'E  I  -SIIAP-«D,  (-Bhapt,)  a.  Having  the  shape 
of  a  hatchet.  ^ 

H.vruH'l.NG,  11.    Act  of  producing  young  by  incuba- 


HAi'CII'IXG,  n.  A  mode  of  execution  in  engraving, 
drawing,  and  miniature  painting,  in  which  the  eftecl 
IS  produced  by  courses  of  lines  crossing  each  oth'-r  at 
angles  more  or  less  acute.  jocelm. 

WATCH'l}it;,^pr.     Producing  young  from  eggs. 

HATCII'ME.Vl'^.  [Corrupted  from  ackieerment.]  An 
armorial  esciitclfeon  of  a  dead  person,  placed  in  front 
of  tJic  house,  on  a  hearse  at  funerals,  or  in  a  church. 

H.ATCII'WAY,  n.  In  sAtp.i,  a  square  or  oblong  open- 
ing in  the  deck,  afibrding  a  passage  from  one  tiuck 
to  another,  or  into  the  hold  or  lower  apartuient.s. 

HATE,  V.  t.  [Sax.  hatlan,  to  hate,  and  to  heat ;  Goth. 
hutijan ;  G.  hasseii ;  D.  Itaatcn  i  Sw.  Iiata  ;  Dan.  hader  j 
L.  odi,  for  Ao«/i.  In  all  the  languages  except  the  Sax- 
on,/eiie  and  Acat  arc  distiiiijiiislied  ill  orthography  ; 
but  the  elements  of  the  wortfare  tlie  same,  and  (irub- 
alily  Ihey  arc  rtdically  one  word,  denoting,  to  stir,  lo 
irritate,  to  rouse.] 

1.  To  dislike  greatly  ;  to  have  a  great  aversion  to. 
It  expresses  less  than  abhor,  detest,  and  abominate,  tin- 
less  pronounced  with  peculiar  empliasis. 

How  img  triil/oo/ahiite  knowlwlsf.. f  —  Pmr  i 

BieMin)  are  yc  when  nw-n  ahull  Iflre  yon.  —  I.uke  tI 

Ibo  Honinn  tyr.tul  wa.  cono-nled  to  U:  »a!erf,  IT  be  was  bin 

2.  In  Scripture,  it  signifies,  to  love  less, 
'f  ""y  "'^»  ,c«mc  to  me,  and  hate  not  niitver  iind  moUier,  Ac.  — 
He  lliat  Buof^th  the  rod  haleth  hit  ton Pror.  liil. 

!!-TP'  "•    ''^'''"  ••i'lil"'  "'  aversion  ;  hatred.  Crorfsn. 

HaI 'I.D,  pp.  or  a.    Greatly  disliked. 

HATE'F[JL,  a.    Odious  ;  exciting  great  dislike,  .aver- 
sion, or  disgust.    All  sill  is  hateful  in  the  siglit  of  God 
and  of  g(M»d  men. 
2.  That  feels  hatred  ;  malignant ;  malevolent. 

/ltd  woiw  than  death,  to  view  Willi  hateful  eyea 

His  rinU'a  con^oe.t.  '  Drflm. 

HATE'FJJL-LV,  adr.     Odiously  ;  with  great  dislike. 

.,,.^;,¥.i','l'""'"">';  maliciously.    Ezek.  \xiii. 

HATE'K(J[,-NESS,  n.  Odiousness  ;  the  quality  of 
being  hatelul,  or  of  exciting  aversion  or  disgust. 

HAl'ER,  n.    One  that  hales. 

An  enemy  to  ao<l,  and  a  Anier  of  all  good.  Brojrn, 

HAT'ING,  ppr.  Disliking  extremely ;  entertaining  a 
great  aversion  for. 

H.\T'LE.SS,  n.     Having  no  hat. 

Ha''1'RED,  71.  Great  dislike  or  aversion  ;  hate;  en- 
mity. Hatred  is  an  aversion  to  evil,  antl  may  spring 
from  utter  disapprobation,  as  the  hatred  of  vice  or 
meanness  ;  or  It  may  spring  from  offenses  or  injuries 
done  by  fillow-men,  or  from  envy  or  jealousy,  in 
which  case  it  is  usually  accompanied  with  malevo- 
buce  or  malignity.  Extreme  hatred  is  abliorrenco  or 
detestation. 

HAT'TEU,  a.  [from  Aat.]  Covered  with  a  hat ;  wear- 
ing a  hat. 

HAT'TER,  r.  (.    To  harass.     \.Volinitae.]    Dniden. 

H.Vr'TEK,  a.     [from  Au».]     A  maker  of  tats.    ^ 

IIAI'T1-.SIIERTFF,  n.  An  irrevocable  order  which 
comes  immodiately  from  the  grand  seignior. 

.. Encyc  Ain. 

HAT'TLE,  a.     Wild  ;  skittish.     ILocat.] 

HAT'TOCK,a.     [Erse,  oUoct.J  ' 

A  shock  of  corn.     [.Yot  in  «sc.] 

HAU'HERK,  n.  A  coal  of  mail  without  sleeves, 
formed  of  steel   rings   Interwoven.      [oi«.l      [See 

llAllKaOEDX.]  ^f?r.:t7 

HJVn  PA^'.<lttUSJS'Q,UIS,    [U]    Not  with  equiJ 

pace  or  rapiility. 
IIAI'Gll,    haw,')  II.     A  low-lying  meadow.    [.«!co«i»A.] 
HAU(;HT,   (hawl,)  a.     [tin.   Fr.  A«a(,  or  the  root  of 

tile  English  AiVA.     If  it  is  from  the  French  A.iul,  the 

ortliogiaphy  is  corrupt,  for  haat  is  from  the  Latin  al- 

(«-.-,  that  is,  haitus,  changed  to  hauU] 

High;  elevated;  hence,  proud ;  insolent.     [Oba.] 
Spenser.     ShaJt. 
HAtJOII'TI-ER,  a.     lilore  haughty  or  disdainful. 
HAL'GU  T1-E.ST,  o.     Mo.«t  haughty.  Borrow. 

HAUGH'Tl-l.Y,  (haw'te-ly,)  lulv.     [Seo  Ha«oHT  and 

Hauohtv.]     Proudly  ;  arrogantly  ;  with  contempt  or 

disdain  ;  as,  to  spealc  or  behave  Itauiflttily. 

Her  heavenly  lijnn  too  haughtily  ahe  prized.  Dryden. 

HAU(;irTI-.NE.SS,  (haw'te-ness,)  n.  The  quality  of 
being  haughty  ;  pride  mingled  with  some  degree  of 
contempt  for  others  ;  arrogance. 

I  will  Uy  lnw  tlie  haughtineMt  of  the  terrible.  —  Ii.  xlil. 
HAUGH'TY,  (haw'ty,)  a.     [from  haught,  Fr.  haul.)       ' 

1.  Proud  and  disdainful ;  having  a  high  opiiiitui  of 
one's  self,  with  some  contempt  for  others  ;  lofty  and   ' 
arrogant ;  supercilious,  j 

Hia  wife  wiu  a  woinan  of  a  haughty  and  Imperioiia  n^Inr-. 

Clarendon.       I 
A  haughty  spint  jfoeth  before  a  fall.  —  Prov.  xvl.  t 

2.  Proceeding  from  excessive  pride,  or  pride  mill-  f 
gled  with  contempt ;  manifesting  pride  and  disdain  ;  i 
as,  a  hau^htt/  air  or  walk. 

3.  Proud  and  imperious  ;  as,  a  haughtj/  nation.  { 

4.  Lofty  ;  bold  ;  of  high  hazard  ;  as,  a  haughty  en-  i 
terprise.     [Obs.J                                                   Sprnsrf.  i 

HAUL,   0.  t.     [Fr.  holer  I   Arm.  hata  !   Sp.  Aoine ,  D.   | 


TONE,  BULL.  tj.MTB— AN"GEa.  Vl"CIOU8.-e  as  K ;  0  «|J  ;  8  a,  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  a.  In  THIS. 


a> 


037 


HAV 

kaalfTu  It  is  sumetimes  written  Ad/«,  but  haiU  is 
pretVmbte,  as  au  reprcsenU  the  bRWid  sound  vf  a,] 
1.  To  pull  ur  draw  with  force  ;  to  drag  ;  as,  to  Auul 
a  heavy  body  a)<Hig  on  the  ground  ;  to  hant  a  boat  on 
sbure.  HmU  is  equivalent  to  dra^^  and  differs  some- 
times from  puU  aod  drdto,  in  expressing  more  force 
and  Inbor.  It  is  mucli  used  by  M^men  ;  as,  Co  kaui 
down  the  sails  ;  haul  in  the  boom^Aa»ii  aft,  &c. 
3.  T(i  drag  ;  to  compel  lo  eo. 

When  applied  to  ptrsous,  haul  implies  compulsion 
or  nidt^ness,  or  both. 

To  haul  Ou  tPiMt^  in  seamansidp^  is  to  turn  the  head 
of  llie  ship  nearer  to  the  point  from  which  the  wind 
blows,  by  aminglne  the  sail*<  more  (*lrquely,  bracing 
the  yards  more  forward,  hauling  tlie  wheels  more 
aft,  ate  •^'ir.  DicU 

H^UL,  n.    A  pulling  with  force  ;  a  violent  pull. 

ThomjfOH, 
3.  A  draft  of  a  net ;  as,  to  catch  a  hundred  fish  at 
a  haul. 
HAl'L'frD,  (hnwld,)  yp.    Pulled  with  force  j  dragged  ; 

compelled  to  move. 
iIt\LJL'IX(i,  ppr.     Drawing   by    force  or  violence; 

draeging. 
HAULM,  t  (hawTO.)  tu  [Sax.  kfaltn;  G.  D.  Sw.  and 
UXUM,  I  Dan.  katm  :  fr.  ckaume ;  U  etUmtu,  the 
stalk  of  com.  The  sense  is  probably  tliat  which  is 
set,  or  a  shool.  It  seems  (o  be  the  \V.  eeioVy  a  stem 
or  stalk,  whence  eoUauut^  a  ctdmmMA 

1.  I'he  stem  or  stalk  of  grain,  of  all  kinds,  or  of 
pease,  beans,  bops,  &.C. 
a.  Strmw  ;  the  drv  stalks  of  com,  tc,  in  general. 
HAUNCH,  B.     [Fr.  kanduf  Amu  haiHchi  Sp.  IL  and 
Port.  mncM.] 

1.  The  nip ;  that  part  of  the  body  of  man  and  of 
quadrupeds  which  lies  between  tlie'iast  ribs  and  the 
thigh.  Enciic 

a.  The  rear  ;  the  iiind  part.    [.Yot  used.]      Shak. 
HAl.T\Cir£D,  rhincht,)  pp.  or  a.     Having  haunches. 
HAUNT,  ».  L     [Ft.  hanUr ;  Arm.  kojatiH  or  hcnti.] 

1.  To  frt^uent  -y  to  resort  to  much  or  often,  or  to 
be  much  about ;  to  visit  customarily. 

Cd^atiAl  Veam  ha«MC»  tdaln'i  glow*.  Pop*. 

9.  To  coote  to  frequently  ;  to  intrude  on  ;  to  trouble 
with  frequent  visits  ;  to  ftjlow  importunately. 

Toa  wTung  ine,  m.  th>ts  siUl  lo  hAuM  mf  bouae.  Skak. 

Tbuae  cuva  clut  hAnnl  Uk  court  uuj  uwa.  Sw^p, 

3.  It  is  particularly  applied  to  specters  or  appari- 
tions, which  are  represented  by  fear  and  credulity  as 
fkrquenling  or  inhabiting  old,  decayed,  and  deserted 
liuusea. 

Totil  vpiriu  kAMiU  my  n«tlRg<-ptMe.  F\urfaa. 

HAU?rr,  e.  L.  To  be  much  about ;  to  visit  or  be  pres- 
ent often. 

IVf  chuxvd  dm  not  to  Wautf  about  mj  door.  SSak. 

HAUNT,  ti.  A  place  to  which  one  frequently  resorts. 
Tavems  are  oftfn  the  kammU  of  tipplers.  A  den  is 
the  hauHl  of  wild  beasts. 

a.  I'he  habit  or  custom  of  resorting  to  a  place. 
[Atfl  ■.*rJ.]  Jirbnthnot. 

X  Custom;  practice.     [0j^«.]  CAoitccr. 

HAUNT'GD,  pp.  or  a.  Frequently  visited  or  resorted 
to,  e!(pecially  by  apparitions. 

2.  Tnmbled  by  m-quent  visits. 

HAUNT'BK,  M.      One    who   frequents   a   particular 

place,  or  is  often  about  iu 
HAUNT'ING,    ppr.       Frequenting;    visiting    often; 

trtiublinc  with  frequent  visits. 
HAC:S'MA\N-rrE,  n.     [from  M.  Hausmaitn.'\      One 

i^  the  ores  c^  manganese,  having  a  brownish -black 

color.  Dana. 

HAU3T,  n.     [Sax.  Air<trta.] 

A  drv  cough,     r  Obs.\  Ray. 

HAUS'TEL-LATE,  a.    Provided  with  a  baustellum 

or  sucker,  as  certain  insects. 
HAUT'BOY,  (he'boy,)  a-     [Fr.  hautj  hish,  and  hois, 

wood,  ur  a  shooL} 

1.  A  wind  insiniment,  somewhat  resembling  a 
fltite,  but  widcnins  toward  tlic  luittom,  and  sounded 
thnritsh  a  rt^d.  The  treble  is  two  feet  long.  The 
tenor  goe:!i  a  lifth  lowt-r,  when  blown  open.  It  has 
only  trichi  holes ;  but  the  base,  which  is  five  feet 
long,  h:is  eleven.  Enc^c. 

2.  A  -Mjrt  o{  strawberrj'.  [The  name  belongs  to 
the  -"trawtJerrA*.] 

HAUTEUR',  (ho4ure',  or  ho-tiur',)  n.    [Fr.]     Pride  ; 

hatiehtiness  ;  haughlv  manner  or  spirit. 
fljjf/?'  fJdCrr,  (ho-goo',)   [Fi.]    High  relish  or  taste. 

3.  Hish  seastining. 

HAU'VXE,  (how'in.J  n.  A  mineral,  named  from  the 
French  mineralogist  Ilaily,  occurring  in  grainn  or  small 
masKea,  and  also  in  groups  of  minute,  shining  crys- 
tals. Its  color  is  blue,  of  various  shades.  It  is 
found  imbedded  in  volcanic  rocks,  basalt,  clink- 
stone, tc  Clmvdand. 

HAVE,  (hav,)  v.  t, ;  preL.  and  pp.  Hid.  Indie,  present, 
I  Aove,  thou  hast,  he  has ;  we,  ye,  they  havt.  [Sax. 
AoAfran;  Goth,  hahan;  G.  baben ;  D.  htbben;  Sw. 
hafca;  Dan.  Atfcer;  l^  habeo ;  Sp-AoAo-;  Port.  Aarpr; 
It.  avert ;  Fr.  avoir ;  \V.  Aajfair,  to  snatch  or  seize 
hastily,  and  hapiato,  to  hapfien.  The  Spanish  haber 
unites  hare  with  happen ;  haber,  to  have  or  possess, 


HAV 

to  take,  to  happen  or  befall  The  primary  sonie,  then, 
is,  to  f:ill  on,  or  to  ntsh  on  and  seize.  See  IlArrcrf 
ClHsa  Gb,  No.  74,  79.] 

1.  To  possess  ;  to  h(dd  in  possession  or  power. 

Ilov  Tiasty  loavn  horn  t«  }    MiU.  xt. 

lie  Mxak  nthMcd  much  kad  rothiitg  uvrr.  —  Ex.  xvL 

1  Aam  a nLerite  to  m;  priest.  —  Judg<c»  xvU. 

To  hope  and  to  hold ;  terms  in  a  d^A^  of  convey- 
ance.' 

2.  To  posse-ss,  as  something  that  is  connected 
with,  or  belongs  to,  one. 

Hoot  yv  a  Cuber?      Have  ye  ftnothor  brother  f  —  Gen.  xliii. 

luni  xlir. 
Shepp  thiit  hav*  no  •hPiArrr!.  —  1  K'tnga  xxli. 

3.  To  marry;  to  take  for  a  wife  or  husband. 

Id  the  rf«iim^on,  u'tuw  wife  ahaJl  ako  be  of  Uu?  aeren  t   for 
\hey  all  had  Uer.  —  M.nt.  xili. 

4.  To  hold  ;  to  regard.  Thus,  to  have  in  honor, 
is,  to  hold  in  esteem  ;  to  esteem  ;  to  honor. 

To  hare  in  derision  or  contempt ;  to  hold  in  derision 
or  contempt ;  to  deride  ;  to  despise. 

5.  To  maintiiin  ;  to  hold  in  opinion. 

8ometinw«  th^  will  home  tbera  U  be  the  nMural  be&t ;  nmrtimM 
th-7  Mill  iap€  tbea  tu  be  the  quAlitiea  ol  Uw  UogiUe  j>atim. 

Bacon, 

6.  To  be  urged  by  necessity  or  obligation ;  to  be 
under  necessity,  or  i'mprlled  by  duty.  1  hare  to  visit 
twenty  patients  every  day.  Wo  hai:e  to  strive 
against  temptations.  We  have  lo  encounter  strong 
prejudices.  The  nation  has  to  jmy  the  interest  uf  an 
immense  debt. 

7.  To  seize  and  hold;  to  catch.  The  hound  has 
him.  [  The  ortg-oial,  but  noio  a  vulgar  use  nf  the 
werd.] 

6.  To  contiiin.  The  work  has  many  beauties  and 
many  faults. 

9.  To  gain  ;  to  procure  :  to  receive  ;  to  obtain  ;  to 
purchase.  1  had  this  cloth  very  cheap.  He  has  a 
guinea  a  month.    He  has  high  wages  for  his  ser\'ices. 

10.  To  bring  forth,  to  produce,  as  a  child. 
Had  roMer,  denotes  wish  or  preference. 

I  had  rather  be  a  tloork'^Ty'r  in  tli^  houao  ofmy  God,  than  dwell 
in  t)te  tf uu  of  wickpdnpM.  —  Pa,  Uxxiv, 

Is  not  this  phrase  a  corruption  nf  tcotdd  rather  7 

To  have  after ;  to  pursue,  [A'at  much  used,  nor  cIa- 
gamU]  Sfiak. 

To  hare  awav ;  to  remove  ;  to  take  away.     Tusser. 

To  have  at ,-  to  encounter  ;  to  assail ;  as,  to  have  at 
him  ;  to  have  ai  you.     [Let.''Uimatej  but  vuljfor.] 

To  enter  into  competition  with ;  to  make  trial 
with.  Skak. 

Have  with  you,  la,  have  one  with  you  ;  let  us  go  to- 
gether. SAak. 

To  hare  in  ;  lo  contain. 

7b  have  on ;  to  wear ;  to  carry',  as  raiment  or 
weapons. 

He  aaw  a  man  who  had  noC  on  a  wedJing  garment.  —  Mntt. 
xxiL 

To  have  out ;  to  c^use  to  depart.    Q  Sam.  xiii. 

To  have  a  care ;  tu  take  care  ;  to*  be  on  the  guard, 
or  to  guard. 

Tb  have  pleasure  :  to  enjoy. 

To  have  poia ;  to  suffer. 

To  have  sorroiv  ;  To  be  grieved  or  afflicted. 

With  would  and  should. 

He  would  have  ;  he  desires  to  have,  or  he  requires. 

Ht  should  have;  he  ougllt  to  have. 

But  the  various  u?e3  of  have  in  such  phrases,  and 
its  uses  as  an  auxiliary  verb,  are  fully  explained  in 
grammars.  As  an  auxiliary,  it  assists  in  forming 
the  perfect  tense  ;  a^,  I  have  formed,  thou  liast  formed, 
he  hath  or  has  formed,  we  have  fijrnietl ;  and  the 
prior-pa«t  tense  ;  as,  I  had  seen,  thou  hadst  seen,  he 
had  seen. 

['*  To  have  and  to  be.  The  distinction  is  marked 
in  a  beautiful  sentiment  of  a  German  poet  —  Ha.^ 
thou  any  thing?  Share  it  with  mo,  and  I  will  pay 
thee  the  worth  of  it  .^rt  thou  any  thing  ?  O,  then, 
let  us  exchange  souls." 

Dr.  Southey'a  Omniana,  i.  237.  —  E.  H.  B.] 
HAVE'LESS,  (hav'less,)  a.     Having  little  or  nothing. 

iJiTot  in  use.]  Gower. 

'V£N,  (ha'vn,)  TU  [Sax.  htefan  ;  D.  haven  ;  Dan. 
futvn  ;  Fr.  h&vre  ;  Arm.  haffn  ;  G.  ha/en  ;  from  haber, 
a  Gaulish  word,  signifying  the  mouth  of  a  river, 
says  Luriier.  But  in  Welsh,  hav  is  summer,  and 
havyn  is  a  flat,  extended,  still  place,  and  a  haven.] 

1.  A  harbor;  a  port ;  a  bay,  recess,  or  inlet  of  the 
sea,  or  the  mouth  of  a  river  which  affords  good  an- 
chorage and  a  safe  station  fur  ships  ;  any  place  in 
which  ships  can  be  sheltered  by  the  land  from  the 
force  of  tempests  and  a  violent  sea. 

2.  A  f^heller  ;  an  asylum  ;  a  place  of  safety.    Shak. 
RX'VES'ER,  n.     The  overseer  of  a  port;  a  harbor- 

mastf-r.     [J^'ot  used.]  Carew. 

HAVER,  n.     One  \«ho  has  or  possesses;  a  possessor  ; 

a  holder.     {Little  used.]  Shak. 

HAVER,  n.     [G.  hafer;  D.  haver;  perhaps  L.  avena.] 
Oats ;  a  word  of  local  use  in  the  nortli  of  Eng- 
land ;  as,  kaverbread,  oaten  bread.  Johnson. 
HAVER-SACK,  n.     [Fr.  havre-sac] 

A  soldier's  iinapsack. 
HAVING,  ppr.    [from  have.]    Possessing  ;  holding  in 


HAW 

power  or  possession;  containing;  gaining;  receiv- 
ing ;  taking. 
H.\V'ING,  n     Possession  ;  goods;  estate.  Shak. 

2.  The  act  or  state  of  possessing.  Sidney, 
HAV'IOR,  n.  Conduct;  maimers.  Spenser. 
UAVOe,   n.     [W.  havog^  a  spreading  about,  waste, 

devastation  ;  navoi^i,  lo  commit  waste,  to  devasifiic  ; 
supposed  to  be  from  /tav,  a  spreading.  But  qu.  Ir. 
arvach,  havoc] 

Waste ;  devastation  ;  wide  and  general  destruc- 
tion. 

Vc  ^oi\t  1   wh\t  havoc  dopa  amljilioa  make 

AmotiG:  yuitr  workii  I  Addiaon, 

Ab  lur  Siiiil,  he  titmlc  havoc  ofth'^  church.  —  Acta  viii. 

HAV'oe,  V.  t.    To  waste  ;  to  destroy  ;  to'  lay  waste 

To  wastQ  nnJ  havoc  yonder  worlil.  Milton. 

HAVOe,  erclam.     [Sax.  hafoe,  a  hawk.] 

Orijrinalli/,  a  term  of  excitement  in  hunting,  but 
afterward,  a  war-cr>-  and  the  signal  for  indiscriminate 
slaughter.  Toone. 

Dii  not  err  Havoc  wh'-n  you  aliouM  but  hunt 
.    Wiih  mixl'-*!  warmnu  ShaJc. 

Ciy  havoci  and  let  allp  thA  do^  of  war.  Shak. 

HAW,  n.  [Sax.  hatg,  hag,  G.  hecky  D.  haag^  heg,  Dan. 
hek,  hekke,  a  hedge.] 

1.  The  berry  and  seed  of  the  hawthorn,  that  is, 
hedge-tlwm.  Bacon. 

9.  [Sax.  ha-ra.]  A  small  piece  of  ground  adjoining 
a  house ;  a  smaU  field  ;  properly,  an  inclosed  piece  <tf 
land,  from  hed-re,  like  garden,  which  also  signifiua  an 
inclo!»ure.     [Dan.  hauge,  a  garden.] 

3.  In  farriery,  an  excrescence,  resembling  a  gristle, 
growing  under  tlic  nctlier  eyelid  and  eye  of  a  horse. 

Kiinjc. 

4.  A  dab'.     [Obs.]  Cluxucer. 
.').  A  liL'sitation  or  intermission  of  speech. 

HAW,  r.  i.  [Corrupted  from  hawk,  or  hadi.]  To  stop, 
in  speaking,  with  a  haw,  or  to  sjR^uk  with  interrup- 
tion and  hesitation  ;  as,  to  hem  and  liaw. 

L*  Estrantre. 

UAW'FINCII,  n.  A  bird,  a  European  species  of  gross- 
beak. 

HAW-HAW,  n.  [Duplication  of  haw,  a  hedge.]  A 
fence  or  bank  that  interrupts  an  alley  or  walk,  sunk 
between  slopes,  and  not  perceived  till  approarhed. 
[See  Haha.]  Ckalmerx. 

HAWING,  ppr.  or  n.  Speaking  with  a  haw,  or  with 
Hesitation. 

HAWK,  TJ.  [Sax.  hafoe:  D.  havik;  G.  habieht;  Sw. 
hHk;  Dan.  hiJgy  hHug ;  W.  hebog^  named  from  heb^ 
utterance.] 

A  name  conmion  to  numerous  species  of  birds, 
nearly  allied  to  the  falcons,  having  a  crooked  beak 
furnished  with  a  cere  at  tlie  base,  a  cloven  tongue, 
and  the  head  thick  set  with  feathers.  Most  of  the 
spt^cies  are  rapacious,  feeding  on  birds  or  other  small 
animals.  Hawks  were  formerly  trained  for  sport  or 
catching  small  birds. 

HAWK,  V.  i.  To  ciitch,  or  attempt  to  catch,  birds  by 
means  of  hawks  trained  for  the  purpose, and  let  loose 
on  the  prey  ;  to  practice  falconry. 

He  thnt  hauki  nt  l»rki  oiiil  apiirrowa.  LoeJce, 

A  lalcuiiur  Henry  ia,  when  Kionia  hawk*.  Prior, 

2.  To  fly  at ;  to  attack  on  the  wing  ;  with  at. 

I'o  hawk  at  flies.  Lhyden. 

HAWK,  V.  I.  [W.  hogi ;  Scot,  hawirh.  Qu.  Chal.  n>D, 
bind  keck,  and  eovirlu     See  Class  Gk,  No.  5,  29,  3(».] 

To  make  an  effort  to  force  up  phlegm  with  noise  ; 
as,  to  hawk  and  spit.  Shalt.     Harvey. 

To  hawk  up,  transitively  ;  as,  to  /uiwft  up  phlegm. 
HAWK,  71.    An  effort  to  force  up  phlegm  from  the 

throat,  accompanied  with  noise. 
HAWK,  B.  (.      rau.  G.  Itockcn,  to  take  on  the  back  ; 
hbcken,  to  higgle ;  hfScker,  a  huckster ;  or  the  root  of 
L.  audio,  auction,  a  sale  by  outcry.    The  root  of  the 
latter  pntbabty  signified,  to  cry  out.] 

To  cry  ;  to  offer  for  sale  by  outcry  in  the  street,  or 
to  sell  by  outcry  ;  as,  to  hawk  goods  or  pamphlets. 
HAWKE,  n.     Among  plasterers^  a  small  board,  with  a 
handle  on  Uie  under  side,  to  hold  mortar. 

Buckavan. 
H\\\K' EX),   (hawkt,)  pp.     Offered  for  sale  by  outcry 
in  the  street. 

2.  a.     Crooked  ;  curving,  like  a  hawk's  bill. 
HAWK'ER,  n.     One  who  offers  goods  for  sale  by  out- 
cry in  the  street ,  a  pcdiller.  Swift, 

9.  A  falconer.     [Sax.  hafcfrr.] 

HAWK'-EV-£D,  (-Ide,)  a.  Having  a  keen  eye  ;  dis- 
cerning. 

HAWK'-HEAD-ED,  (-hed-ed,)  a.  Having  a  head  like 
that  of  a  hawk.  Dr.  Warren. 

HAWK'ING,  ppr.     Catching  wild  birds  by  hawks. 
"  9.  Making  an  effort  to  discharge  phlegm. 

3.  Offering  for  eale  in  the  street  bv  outcry. 
HAWK'ING,  n.      The  exercise  of  taking  wild  fowls 

by  means  of  hawks. 
9.  Making  an  effort  to  discharge  phlegm. 
3.  Offering  for  sale  in  the  streets  by  outcry. 
If  AWK'-MOTH,   Ti.     A  very  large  moth,  or  butterfly, 
which  moves  from  flower  to  flower  with  great  rapid- 
ity and  a  loud,  humming  sound. 
IIAWK'-NOS-£D,  a.     Having  an  aquiline  nose. 

Farrand. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  VTHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 
o3S 


HAZ 

HA  WX'-WEED,  n.  The  vulgnr  nam^  of  several  spe- 
cies ol*  phtiits,  of  the  genera  Jlieraciuin,  Cre|ti3,  Hy- 
aoeris,  and  Andrj'ala. 

HAWSE,  (hawz,)  n.  [See  Halser.]  The  situation 
of  the  cables  befure  a  vessel's  stem,  when  moored 
with  two  anchors  from  the  bows,  one  on  the  star- 
board, the  other  on  the  larboard  bow  ;  as,  the  ship 
ha.'*  a  clear  hawse,  or  a  foul  luttrse.  A  foal  hawse,  la 
when  the  cables  cross  each  other  or  are  twisted  to- 
gether. Mar.  Diet, 

The  word  is  a!?o  sometimes  used  to  denote  the  lit- 
tle distance  ahead  of  the  vessel ;  as,  to  anchor  in  our 
haase. 

HA VVSE'-FIOLE,  n.  A  cylindrical  hole  in  the  bow  of 
a  ship,  through  which  a  "cable  pa--*ses. 

HAVVSE'-PIECE,  n.  One  of  the  foremost  timbers  of 
a  ship,  through  which  the  hawse-hole  is  cut. 

HAVVS'ER,   w^     [See  Halskb.]     A  small  cable-,  era 
large  rope,  in  size  between  a  cable  nntl  a  tow-tine. 
J\Iar.  Diet.     Encyc, 

HAWSES.     See  Hawse-Mole. 

HAWTHORN,  n.  [Sax.  heeg-thom,  hidgo-tliorn  ;  Sw. 
ha-^orn ;  Dan.  hagetorn ;  G.  hagalorii ;  D.  bnage- 
doorit.'\ 

A  shrub  or  tree  which  bears  the  Atiir,  of  the  genus 
Crataegus;  the  white-thorn.  The  Imwthtirn  is  much 
used  ft»r  hedges,  and  for  standards  in  gardfus.  It 
grows  naturally  in  all  parts  of  Europe.        Encyc. 

HAVV'TllORN-FL5,  n.     An  insect  so  called. 

Jl'uUon. 

HAY,  w.  [Sax.  ke^,  hig :  G.  hta ;  D.  hooi ;  Dan.  /loe  ,• 
Hyt.  Ail.] 

Grass  cut  and  dried  for  fodder  ;  (jrass  pr'^parod  for 
preservation.     Make  Adv  while  the  sun  shines. 
To  dance  the  Ima  ;  to  dance  in  a  ring.  Donne. 

HAY,  p.  £.     [G.  hruen.] 

To  dry  or  cure  grass  fur  preservation. 

HAY,7i.     [Pax.  Affi'.] 

1.  A  hedge.     (OhsA  Chiater. 

2.  A  net  whicn  inciuaes  the  Imtint  of  an  animal. 

Itartner. 

HAY,  P.  t    To  lay  snares  for  rabbits.  IIuheL 

HAY'-Bi>TE,  B.  Hedge-bote.  In  E»«-?wA /nw,  an  al- 
lowance of  wood  to  a  tenant  fur  repairinc  hedpes  or 
fenrea.  '    BlacksUme. 

HAVeOCK,  7L  A  conical  pile  or  heap  of  hay,  in  the 
fierd. 

FIAV'DfT.V-TTE,  n.  A  mineral  resembling  chahasite, 
and  perhaps  identical  with  it.  It  occurs  near  Haiti- 
more,  in  p:ile,yenowish-brovvu  crystals,  where  it  was 
discovered  by  Dr.  Haydcn. 

HAVING.  B.     Haymaking  ;  the  getting  in  of  hnv. 

Benum.  ^■' Fl. 

HA  Y'-KNTFE,  (nife,)  n.  A  sharp  instrument  used  in 
cutting  hav  out  of  a  stack  or  mow.  / 

H  A  Y'-LOF'T,  n.  A  loft  or  scaiiuld  for  hay,  particular- 
ly in  a  harn. 

UXY'MAK-ER,  n.  One  who  cuts  and  dries  grass  for 
fodd»r. 

HA  V'MAK-ING,  ti.  The  business  of  culling  grass  and 
runne  it  for  fodder. 

HAY'MAR-KET,  n.     A  place  for  the  sale  of  hay. 

HaY'.MOVV,  n.  A  mow  or  mass  of  hay  laid  up  in  a 
bam  for  preservation. 

HAY'RICK,  n.  A  rick  of  hay;  usually,  a  long  pile 
for  preservation  in  the  opf-n  air. 

HAY'STACK,  n.  A  stack  or  large  ronlral  pile  of  hay 
ill  ihe  op**!!  air,  laid  up  for  preservation. 

IIAV'-STALK,  n.     A  stalk  of  hay. 

lUY'THOKxV,  ft.     Hawthorn.  ScotJ, 

liAY'W.ARD,  B.  [Fr.  AaiVliedgc,  and  irard,  hedge- 
ward.] 

A  person  formerly  appointed  to  guard  the  hedges, 
and  hence  to  keep  cattk-  fn>m  doing  ttieiii  injury.  In 
A>«i  England,  the  haijirard  is  a  t<twn  oltici-r,  whose 
duty  is  to  impound  cattle,  and  [Kirtictilarly  f«wine, 
which  are  found  running  at  large  in  the  highways, 
Contrary  to  law. 

HAZ'ARn,  n.  [Ft.  ^uuard  ;  probably  fi-om  the  root  of 
L.  ea.tu.il,  a  fair,  and  anl,  the  common  termination. 
Hut  qii.  the  word  in  Italian  is  aziania  ] 

I.  Chance  ;  accident ;  casualty  ;  a  fortuitous  event ; 
that  which  falls  or  comes  suddenly  or  unexpectedly, 
til"  cause  of  which  is  unknown,  or  whose  operation 
is  unforeseen  or  unexpected. 


I  will  ttiuid  tin  hazard  oflhe  rtie. 


Shak. 


9.  ganger  ;  peril ;  risk.  He  encountered  the  enemy 
nt  the  hazard  of  his  reputation  and  life. 

M'  n  ,irr>  \i-t\  on  from  one  Aa.gt  of  life  to  another,  in  n  eomlilion 
of  l)i»  iRtiiost  kasard.  Rogft, 

3.  A  game  at  dice.  Swift. 

To  run  the  hazard;  to  risk  ;  to  take  the  chance  ;  to 
do   or  jjeglect  to   do   something,  when   the   conse- 
(jiipnffs  are  not  foreseen,  and  not  within  the  pow- 
<-r«  of  calculation. 
HAZ'ARD,  V.  t.     [Fr.  ko-tarder.] 

I.  To  expose  to  chance ;  lo  put  in  danger  of  loss 
or  injury ;  to  venture  ;  to  risk ;  as,  to  hazard  life  to 
»nvti  a  friend  ;  to  hazard  an  estate  on  the  throw  of  a 
d!e  ;  to  hatard  salvation  for  temporal  pleasure. 


HEA 

9.  To  venture  to  incur,  or  bring  on  ;  as,  to  hazard 
the  loss  uf  reputation. 
HAZ'ARD,  p.  (".     To  try  the  chance  ;  to  adventure;  to 
run  the  risk  or  danger. 

P,-\iiBe  a  (hiy  at  two  before  you  ha::ard.  Shak, 

HAZ'ARD-^BLK,  a.  That  is  liable  to  hazard  or 
chance.  Broiciu 

HAZ'ARD-ED,  pp.  Put  at  risk  or  in  danger;  ven- 
tured. 

HAZ'ARD-ER,  n.   One  who  ventures  or  puts  at  stake. 

HAZ'ARD-ING,  ppr.  Exposing  to  danger  or  peril; 
venturing  to  bring  on. 

IIAZ'ARD-OL'S,  «.  Dangerous;  that  exposes  to  peril 
or  danger  of  loss  or  evil ;  as,  a  haiardous  attempt  or 
experiment. 

HAZ'ARD-OUS-LY,  adv.  With  danger  of  loss  or  evil ; 
with  peril. 

HAZ'ARD-OCS-NES3,  n.  State  of  being  attended 
with  danger. 

H.\Z'ARD-RV,  n.    Rashness;  temerity.     [Obs.] 

Spenser. 
5.  Gaining  in  general.     [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

HAZE,  «.  [The  primary  sense  of  this  word  is  proba- 
bly, to  mix,  or  to  turn,  stir,  and  make  thick.] 

Vapor  which  renders  the  air  thick,  but  not  as 
damp  as  in  foggy  weather. 

H.5ZE,  r.  u  To  be  hazy,  or  thick  with  haze.  [.^  lo- 
cal wttrd.'l  Ray. 

HAZE,  V.  U  [See  Hasg.]  To  urge,  drive,  harass,"  es- 
pecially with  labor  ;  used  among  sailurs. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Jr. 

H.\'Zf!L.  (ha'zl,)  n.  [Sax.  hasrl,  a  hat,  or  cap;  hasty 
hazel;  hasl-nuta,  -hazet-nilt;  G.  hascl :  D.  hazelaar  ; 
Dan.  luissel,  ha.<icliiifd :  i->w.  hasseL  By  the  Saxon, 
it  appears  that  the  word  signifies  a  cap,  and  the  name 
of  the  nut,  a  cap-nut.] 

A  shrub,  of  the  genus  Cor>-hi3,  bearing  a  nut  con- 
taining a  kernel  of  a  mild  farinaceous  taste.     F.ncye. 

HA'ZKL,  (hu'zl,)a.  Pertaining  to  the  hazel,  or  like  it ; 
of  a  hght-brnwn  color  like  the  )iai^el-nut. 

HA'ZKL-EARTH,(hi'zI-erih,)n.   A  kind  of  red  loam. 

HA'ZKL-NUT,  n.     The  nut  or  fruit  of  the  hazel. 

HA'ZKL-LY,  a.  Of  the  color  of  the  hazel-nnt ;  of  a 
light  brown.  Mortimer.     Eneyc. 

HA'ZI  NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  hazy. 

HA'ZY,  a.  [See  Haze.]  Thick  with  vapor,  but  not 
as  damp  as  in  foggy  weather ;  as,  haty  weather ;  the 
hazy  north.  Thomson.     Tutten. 

HE,  pronoun  of  the  third  person  ;  nom.  Af ;  pt)S3.  Aw  f 
obj.  him.  [Sax.  mas.  Ar.-  fiun.  A*:**;  Titnit.  Ait,  now 
contracted  to  it,  L.  id,  for  hid.  It  seems  to  be  n  con- 
tracted word^  fur  the  h.  is  hie,  and  the  Saxon  accusa- 
tive is  sometimes  lug.  In  English  it  has  no  plural, 
but  it  has  in  8axoii  Ai,  tjiey.] 

I,  A  pronoun,  a  substitute  for  the  third  person, 
masculine  gender,  rcprcst:nting  the  man  or  male  per- 
son named  before. 

Thy  Uc^re  •hill  be  to  thy  hu«tnn(I,  and  A«  shall  nila  over  thw. 

—  Gfii.  iu. 
Thou   stult   te.\i  Johuvnh   Uiy  God  ^  hvn  sh^Jt  tbuu  arrve. — 

I>:iit.  X. 

9.  It  often  has  reference  to  a  person  that  is  named 
in  thesiibse<|uent  part  of  thesentetice.  //«is  the  man, 

3.  He  is  often  used  without  refrrence  to  any  par- 
ticular person,  and  may  be  referred  to  any  person  in- 
definittly  that  answers  the  description.  It  is  then 
synonymous  with  any  man. 

Ht  that  walketli  with  wiac  nx'ii  thai!  be  whe.  —  Prov.  xlil. 

4.  He,  when  a  substitute  for  man,  in  its  genernl 
sense,  expressing  mankind,  is  of  common  gender,  rep- 
resenting, like  its  antectMh^nt,  the  whole  human  race. 

My  ipir.t  aluiH  nut  nlw^tya  atrlve  wtdl  man,  fur  tliat  h«  aUo  U 
ffi-ih.  — Gen.  *i. 

5.  Man  ;  a  male. 

I  aUnU  to  aiuw^r  Ihrfi,  or  any  ha  Ih-;  prQiKVat  of  thy  (ort.  Shak. 

(n  this  u^e  of  A«-,  in  the  ludicrous  style,  the  word 
has  no  variation  of  case.  In  the  forcgtunc  «*'ntencH, 
ht  is  in  the  objective  case,  or  position,  and  the  word 
is  to  be  considerr-d  as  a  noun. 

6.  Ht  (9  sometime*  pr*  tixed  to  the  names  of  ani- 
mals to  designat<-  the  male  kind  ;  as,  a  h'-gaat,  a  he- 
bear.  In  such  cases,  Ar  is  to  be  consiilered  as  an  ad- 
j''ctive,  or  the  two  words  as  forming  a  compound. 

HEAD,  (hed,)  n.  [Sax.  kenfod,  hrfrd,  heafd ;  D.  hoofd; 
Dan.  /uuird:  Sw.  hufvuii :  G.  liaupt.  This  word  is  a 
participle  of  the  Hax.  heafan,  hrfan,  to  heane.,  pret.  haf, 
Inive  ;  O.  ArArn,  hnb,  Ate.  Htufud^  heaved,  the  ele- 
vated part,  the  top.     Class  Gb.j 

1.  The  uppermost  part  of  the  human  body,  or  the 
foremost  mirt  of  the  body  of  prone  and  creeping  an- 
imals. 'Ibis  part  of  the  human  body  contains  the 
organs  of  hearinj!,  seeing,  tasting,  and  smelling;  it 
contains  aI.*o  the  brain,  which  is  supposed  to  be  the 
seat  of  the  intelhrctual  powers,  and  of  Hcnsation. 
Hence  th;;  head  is  the  chief  or  most  important  part, 
and  is  used  for  the  whole  jjerson,  in  the  phrase.  Let 
the  evil  fall  on  my  head. 

9.  An  animal;  an  individual;  as,  the  tax  was 
raised  hy  a  certain  rile  per  heaii.  And  we  use  the 
(lingular  number  to  express  many.  The  herd  con- 
tains twenty  head  of  oxen, 

Tliiny  thouBiti'l  ftmrf  of  twliip.  A'tdUon. 


HEA 

3.  A  chief;  a  principal  person  :  a  leader;  a  com- 
mander ;  one  wlio  has  the  first  mnk  or  place,  and  to 
whom  others  art^  subordinate  ;  as,  the  head  of  an  ar- 
my ;  the  head  of  a  sect  or  i)arty.     Eph.  v. 

4.  The  first  place  ;  the  place  of  honor,  or  of  com 
mand.  The  lord  mayor  sat  at  Uie  Ararf  of  the  la!)Ie. 
The  general  marched  at  the  head  of  his  troops. 

5.  Countenance;  presence;  in  the  phrases,  to  hid3 
the  head,  to  show  the  head. 

G,  Understanding;  faculties  of  the  mind;  some* 
times  in  a  ludicrous  sense ;  as,  a  man  has  a  good 
Afad,  or  a  strong  head.  These  men  laid  their  heaas 
together  to  form  the  ijcheme.  A'ever  trouble  your 
head  about  this  affair.  So  we  say,  to  beat  the  head ; 
to  break  the  head;  that  is,  to  study  hard,  to  exercise 
the  understanding  or  ment;d  faculties. 

7.  Face  ;  front ;  fore  part. 

The  ravishers  turn  h^id,  the  fight  reiiewa,  [UnuM^*al.\  Dryden. 

8.  Resistance ;  successful  opposition  ;  in  the  phrase, 
to  make  head  against;  that  is,  to  advance,  or  resist 
with  success. 

9.  Spontaneous  will  or  resolution  ;  in  the  phrases, 
of  his  own  head,  on  their  own  head.  But  of  is  more 
usual  than  on. 

10.  State  of  a  deer's  horns  by  which  his  age  Is 
known,  'i'he  buck  is  called,  the  fifth  year,  a  buck  of 
the  fi|-st  head.  Shuk. 

11.  'J'he  top  of  a  thing,  especially  when  larger 
than  the  rest  of  the  thing  ;  as,  the  head  of  a  sfjpar  ; 
tlie  head  of  a  cabbage  ;  the  head  of  a  nail ,  the  head 
of  a  mast, 

12.  The  fore  part  of  a  thing,  as  the  head  of  a  ship, 
which  includes  the  1h>ws  on  both  sides  ;  also,  the  or- 
namental ligure  or  image  erected  on  or'before  the 
stem  of  a  ship,  Kneyc. 

13.  The  blade  or  cutting  part  of  an  ax,  distinct 
from  the  helve. 

14.  A  ripunded  mass  of  foam  which  rises  on  a  pot 
of  beer,  &c.  Jilortimer, 

15.  The  upper  part  of  a  bed  or  bedstead, 
la  The  brain. 

Th(^y  turn  their  htadt  to  Imitate  (ha  auo.  Pope. 

17.  The  dress  of  the  head ;  as,  a  laced  head.  [  Un- 
usual.'} ,  Swift. 

Id.  The  principal  source  of  a  stream  ;  as,  the  head 
of  the  Nile. 

19.  Altitude  of  water  in  ponds,  as  applicable  to 
the  driving  of  mill-wheels.  Tlie  mill  has  a  good 
head  of  water. 

90.  Topic  of  discourse ;  chief  point  or  subject ;  a 
summary  ;  as,  the  heads  of  a  discourse  or  treatise. 

91.  Crisis  ;  pilch  ;  hight.  The  disease  has  grown 
to  such  a  head  as  to  threaten  life. 

29.  Influence;  force;  strength;  pitch.    The  sedi- 
tion got  to  such  a  head  as  not  to  be  easily  qiit  Med. 
2;t.  Body;  conflux.     fOA:;.]  ShaJc.     Spenser. 

94.  Power  ;  armed  force. 

My  lonl,  my  lonl,  itw  l-Ycnch  huve  gathered  head.         Shak. 

95.  Liberty;  freedom  from  restraint;  as,  to  give 
a  horse  the  head.     Hence, 

20.  License  ;  freedom  from  check,  control,  or  re- 
straint.    Children  should  nut  have  their  heads. 


Hfhai 


South, 


a  long  given  ht*  unnily  ptuaiona  the  head. 

27.  The  hair  of  the  head  ;  as,  a  head  of  hair. 

98,  i'lie  top  of  corn  or  other  plant ;  the  part  on 
which  the  seed  grows. 

21).  1'be  ftu\,  or  the  boards  that  form  the  end  ;  as, 
the  head  of  a  cask. 

3').  The  part  most  remote  from  the  mouth  or  open 
ing  into  the  sea;  as,  the  head  of  a  bay,  gulf,  or 
creek. 

31.  The  maturated  part  of  an  ulceror  boil ;  hence, 
to  come  to  a  hra  ',  is  lo  sup|iurale. 

Ucail  ana  ears :  a  phrase  denoting  the  whole  per- 
son, especially  when  referring  to  immersion.  He 
plunged  head  and  ears  into  the  water.  He  was  head 
and  cars  in  debt,  Ihat  is,  completely  overwhelmed. 

Hraii  and  shoulders';  by  force;  violently;  as,  to 
drag  one  head  and  sliouidcrs. 

They  bring  In  every  flgun  of  apeeeh,  h»ad  and  thouidert. 

Fillon. 

Head  or  tail,  or  neither  hcJid  ilth-  tail  t  a  phrase  de- 
noting uncertaintv  ;  not  rrdiicibb-to  certainly,  Burke. 

He  Oil,  n/t  an  ntfj.  or  in  com[H)siiion,  chief ;  princi- 
pal ;  as,  a  firnd  wnrkmnn. 

By  the   head,   in    seamen^s    language.,  denotes    the 
state  of  a  shij)  laden  loo  deeply  at  the  fore-fud. 
HEAD,  (hed,)  r.  t.     To  lead  ;  to  ilirt-ct ;  to  art  as  lead- 
er lo  ;  as,  to  Ararfan  army  ;  to  head  an  exjiedition  ;  to 
head  a  riot. 

9.  To  behead  ;  to  decapitate.     [(Jnpwwff/.]     Shok. 

3.  To  form  a  bead  to  ;  to  tit  or  furnish  with  a  head  ; 
as,  to  head  a  nail. 

4.  To  cut  off"  the  head  ;  to  lop  ;  lu*,  lo  head  trees. 

5.  To  go  in  front  of;  to  get  into  the  front  in  order 
to  stop  ;  as,  to  head  a  drove  of  cattle.  Hence,  fTii- 
rativeJji,  lo  hcatl  n  i>erson,  is  to  check  or  restrain  him. 

G.  'fo  8«t  on  the  head  ;  as,  to  hrjul  a  cask. 
7.  To  oppose  ;  lo  veer  round,  and  bbiw  in  opposi 
tion  to  the  course  of  a  ship ;  as,  the  wind  heaiis  us. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IGNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"C(OUS — e  as  K;  0  ai  J ;  8  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH  j  TH  as  in  THIS. 


HE  A 

HEAD,  (bed,)  v  L    To  originate  j  to  spring  i  to  bave 
itti  source^  as  a  river. 


2.  To  be  directed  ;  as,  how  does  the  ship  head  7 

3.  To  fonu  a  head  ;  as,  the  cabbages  head  curly. 
HRAD'ACHE,  (Iietl'ake,)  n.     Pain  in  the  head. 
HEAD'KAND,  (hed'band,)  n.     A    fillet;  a  band  for 

the  head ;  also,  tlie  band  at  eucb  end  of  a  book. 
/-■'.  iii.    . 

HEAD'BOR-OUGH,  (hed'bur-ro,)  «,  /«  England,  fur- 
meriy,  the  chief  of  a  frank  pledpe,  tithing,  or  decen- 
nar>-,  consisting  often  families;  called,  in  some 
rmiiilies,  bitr^-kolder,  that  is,  bontu^h^s  ddnr^  and 
r^itint'tiines  tithingmaM.  BUckstone, 

IIEAD'-URESS,   (hed'dress,)  n.      The  dress   of  the 
head  ;  the  covering  or  ornaments  of  a  woman's  head. 
Pvpe,    jiddi^ti. 
2.  Tbe  crest  or  tuft  of  featben  on  a  fowlV  laad. 

HEAD'ED,  fhed'ed,)  pp.  Led  ;  directed  ;  furnished 
with  a  head  ;  having  a  top.  This  is  used  in  compo- 
sition as  an  adjective  ;  as,  clear  headrd,  Xoag-htaded^ 
thxck'hradcd.  Sec, 

HEAD'ER,  (hed'er.)  n.    One  who  heads  nails  or  pins. 

2.  One  who  leads  a  mob  or  party. 

3.  A  brick  or  stone  laid  with  its  shorter  face  or 
bead  in  the  surface  of  the  wait.  OicdL 

HEAD'FXST',  (bed'ftsi',)  «.  A  rope  at  the  hejid  of  a 
ship  to  fasten  it  to  a  wharf  or  otb^.'r  fixed  objt-cL 

Ti'Uen. 

IIEAD'-FIRST',  (h.d'fuist',)  ode.  With  the  bead 
fon-in>e<L 

HEAD'-CXR-GLE.  (hed'gir  gl,)  n.  A  disease  of  cat- 
tle. Mortimer. 

HEAD'-GfiAR,  (bed'geer,)  n.  Covering  or  ornament 
of  the  head.  Burion. 

HEAD't-LY,  (hcd'e-Iy,)  adr.     Ra«!hlv  ;  h.istilv. 

IlEAD'l-NESS,  (iit'd'e-nei;s,)«.  (See  Heady.']  Rash- 
ness ;  precipit:ttion  ;  a  dti|Kwition  to  rush  forivard 
without  dne  deliberation  or  prud'.'ncc.  ^ttutr. 

a.  t^tnbbomness ;  obstinacy. 

ilEAU'I.NU,  (hfd'ing,)  n.    That  which  stands  at  the 
head  i  title  ;  as,  the  keadtMp  of  a  pnper. 
iL  Materials  for  thi>  heads  of  caskk 

nE.\I)'LA.\0,  rhed'land,)  n.  A  cape  ;  a  promnntoiy } 
a  iKitnt  of  Itna  |Jrujecting  from  the  shore  into  the  sea, 
or  olh-r  expanse  of  waler. 

2.  A  ru!;:e  <»r  sirip  of  unplowcd  land  at  the  ends 
of  fiimui  -.  ,  "  nee. 

IlEAD'l.r.  a.    narjng  no  bead;  behead- 

ed ;  ns,  :i  , . .  neck,  or  carcase.    SpemMr, 

2.  niwiitiiie  ui  a  niir-f  or  leader.  RaUgk. 

3.  Destitute  of  understanding  or  prudence  ;  rash  ; 
obstinate.  Spriuer. 

HEAIKLOXG,  (hedlong,)  adu.    With  the  head  foro- 

m<Mt ;  an,  to  fall  kradlonf.  Dryden. 

2.  Ra:>h)y  ;  precipitately  ;  without  deliberation. 

iie  hunm  KtatL^txg  ta  hit  fAte.  XtryUn. 

3.  Hastily-,  without  delay  or  respite. 
HEAD'LONG,  (hed'tong,}  a.    &te^p  ;  prccipttons. 

Mdton. 
a.  Rash  ;  precipitate  ;  as,  JuadlonT  follv. 

HEAn'-I.UG-G£D,  a.     Dragged  bv  the  head.    Shak. 

IIEAD'-M.XIX.  n.  The  main  ditch  by  which  wnitr  is 
drawn  from  a  river.  &c.,  for  irrigation,  to  be  distrib- 
uted ibrnii^h  smaller  channels.  l^udoju 

HEAD'-MAN,  (hed'man,)  n.     A  chief;  a  le;id(r. 

UEAD'MOl.D-SHOT,  n.  A  disease  In  children,  in 
which  tbe  sutures  of  the  skull,  usually  the  coronal, 
ride,  thru  is,  when  their  edges  shoot  over  one  anoth- 
er, and  are  so  close  locked  as  to  compress  tiie  brain, 
often  occa&«r>r.ing  convulsions  and  di-ath.       F.ncyc. 

HEAD'-Mi5N-EY|  (bed'mun-ny,)  n.    A  capitation-tai. 

Mdtan. 

IIEAD'MOST,  (hed'mSst,)  a.  Most  advanced;  most 
forward  ;  tirsi  in  a  line  or  order  of  progression ;  as, 
the  headmost  ship  in  a  fleet. 

HEAir-PA>',  tbed'pan,)  a.    The  brain-pan.     [Xot  in 

KSftJ 

HEAD'-PENCE,  (hed>nsO  a.     A  poll-tax.     [ObsA 
UEAD'-PieCE,  (hcd'pCse,)  «.    Armor  for  the  head  ;  a 

helmet ;  a  morion.  Si-inry.     Dryden. 

a.  Understanding;  force  of  mind.    [JVoi  common.] 

Prideaui. 
HEAD'-QUART'ERS,  h.  pi.    The  qnarttrs  or  place 

of  residence  of  the  cmimand-n-Jn-chief  of  an  army. 
a.  Th?  residence  of  any  chief,  or  place  from  wliich 

ord'prs  ar-  i-^sueJ. 
HEAD'-ROPE,  fhed'n':pe,)  a.    That  part  of  a  l^ol^rope 

wbifb  is  sewed  to  the  upper  edge  or  head  of  the  prin- 

cijial  sails.  Totv-tu 

HEL\I>'-SAIL,  (hed'sal",)  n.    The  general  name  f..r  all 

tluise  sails  of  a  vessel  which  are  set  forward  of  the 

fnrpma-4.  TatUn. 

HEAD'-SgA,  (hed'soe,)  n.    Waves  that  meet  the  head 

*if  a  ship,  nr  n.ll  against  her  course.  TvUm. 

liEAD'-SlUKE,  (Ucd'shake,)  n.     A  significanl  shake 

of  the  head.  shak 

HEAiysniP,  (hed'ship,)  a.    Authority  ;  chief  place. 

HEAD8'MAN,{bcd?.  tnan,)».  One  that  cuts  off  heads: 
an  executioner.    {UaiL^ai.]  Dryden. 


IIEA 

IIEAD'i^PRING,  (hed'spting,)  n.  Fountiiin  ;  source; 
origin. 

IIEAO'STALI.,  (heil'siawl,)  n.  That  part  of  a  bridle 
wliich  cn't'ompass^'s  the  head. 

HEAD'-STOXE,  (hed'stfine,)  n.    The  principal  ^tone 
in  a  foundation  ;  the  chiff  or  corner  stone.    Fsahna. 
2.  The  stone  at  the  luad  uf  a  grave. 

HEAD'STKONO,  (hed'stnmg,)  a.  Vinlfnlj  obstinate  j 
ungovernable  ;  resolute  tu  run  his  own  way  ;  bunt  on 
pursuing  his  own  will ;  not  easily  restrained. 

Nuw  l.t  ihe  headttrong  Iwy  my  will  controi.  £hyd*n. 

a.  Directed  by  ungovernable  will,  or  proceeding 
(Vom  obstinacy  ;  as,  a  htadatron^  course.      Dryden. 

H£.\D'fiTUONG-NESS,  a.    Obstinacy.     [-Vdt  im  use.] 

OayOin. 

HEAD'-TTRE,  (bed'IIre,)  n.  Dress  or  attire  lor  tlie 
he;itl.     1  E-^'drus  iii. 

HEAD'WAV,  (hed'wa,)  n.  The  mrtion  of  an  advanc- 
ing ship.  A  ship  makes  headteujf,  when  hhe  »d- 
vanccs,  as  from  a  state  of  rest. 

HEAD'-\VL\D,  (hed'wind,)  n.  A  wind  tliat  Wows  ir 
a  direction  op[K>site  to  the  ship's  course. 

HEAD'-WOUK,  n.     Mental  or  intellectual  labor, 
a.  An  ornament  fur  the  kuy-stoue  of  an  arch. 

OwitU 

IIEAD'-WfiRK'MAN,  n.  The  chief  workman  of  a 
IKirty  ;  a  foreman  in  a  manufactory.  Swi/L 

HEAU'Y,  (hed'y,)  a,  [See  Head.]  Rash  ;  hasty  ;  pre- 
ci[iiuite  ;  violent ;  disposed  to  rush  forward  in  an  en- 
terprise without  thought  or  deliberation  ;  hurried  on 
by  will  or  passion  ;  ungovernable. 

All  thf  taltta  miuireiJ,  ii  lo  be  ktady,  lo  be  Tlolent  on  one  uile 
or  the  oihrr.  nmple. 

2.  Apt  to  affect  the  head  ;  intlaining  ;  intoxicating  ; 
strong ;  as,  spirituous  liquors.  Champagne  is  a  heatty 
wine. 

3.  Violent ;  impetuous  ;  as,  a  heady  current.  [JVu( 
usual]  ShaJt. 

HfiAL,  F.  U  [Sax.  A^/an,  hflan,  ffehelan^  to  heal,  and 
to  conceal,  U.  eelo  ;  Goth,  haduan^  to  heal  ;  G.  heilen ; 
D.  keelen  ;  Sw.  htla  ;  Dan.  heder:  fn»m  hal,  hrU^  hrel^ 
h/t,  whole,  sound,  allied  to  A«>W  and  htdy.  Ik-b.  Ss, 
SS^,  Ch.  Hh~t  to  be  whole  or  entire,  n//.  The  prima- 
ry sense  of  the  root  is,  to  press,  strain,  extend  ;  hence, 
to  Ao/d,  to  shut,  inclose,  conceal,  to  emlimce  the  whole. 
To  heal  is  to  make  tchtde,  halr^  sound,  and  to  conceal 
is  to  hold,  or  keep  close.] 

1.  To  cure  of  a  disease  or  wound,  and  restore  to 
•nundncss.  or  to  that  state  of  body  in  wliich  tbe  nat 
ural  functions  are  regularly  performed ;  as,  to  hf^ 
the  sick. 

Speak,  and  my  nmnt  thcill  he  ktaJrd.  —  MftU.  tUI. 

2.  To  cure ;  to  remove  or  subdue  ;  as,  to  heal  a  dis- 
ease. 

3.  To  cause  to  cicatrize  ;  as,  to  heat  a  sore  or 
wound. 

4.  To  restore  to  soundness ;  as,  to  heal  a  wounded 
limb. 

5.  To  restore  purity  to ;  to  remove  feculence  or  for- 
eign matter. 

Th'i«  a-iiih  the  Ix)rd,  I  hare  heated  th',-te  w&lpn.  — 2  Kings  ii. 

6.  To  remove,  as  differences  or  dissension  ;  to  rec- 
oncile, as  parties  at  variance  ;  as,  to  heal  a  breach  or 
diffen:nce. 

7.  In  Scrifiture^  to  forgive;  to  cure  njoral  disease, 
and  restore  soundness. 

I  will  htal  their  Lackstiiling.  —  Iloa,  xiv. 

8.  To  purify  from  corruptions,  redress  grievances, 
and  restore  to  prosperity.    Jer.  xiv. 

9.  To  cover,  as  a  roof  with  tiles,  slate,  lead,  &.c. 
[^Pax.  hclan,]  Encyc. 

Heal,  ».  i.  To  grow  sound  ;  to  return  to  a  sound 
state  ;  as,  the  linib  heaii,  or  the  wound  heals :  some- 
tjnies  with  up  <»r  wn- :  it  will  heal  up  or  ye/ry. 

HkAL'A-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  healed.     Sherwood. 

HicALOS,  n.  pL  The  harness  for  guiding  the  warp- 
thri-ads  in  a  loom.  (Jre. 

llKAWKD^pp.     Restored  to  a  sound  state. 

Hf.AL'ER,  n.  He  or  that  which  cures,  or  restores  to 
soundness. 

HkAL'ING,  ppr.     Curing  ;  restoring  to  a  sound  state. 
_  a.  fl.    Tendinsr  to  cure  ;  mild  ;  mollifying. 

HeAIj'ING,  b.     The  act  or  process  by  which  a  cure  is 
effected. 
a.  The  act  of  covering.     [  Obs.] 

HkAL'1\(;-LY,  ado.     So  as  to  cure. 

HEALTH,  (h.'lth,)  n.  [from  fical.]  That  state  of  an 
animal  or  living  body, -in  which  the  parts  are  sound, 
W'jll  or2;ini7,("d  and  disposed,  and  in  which  they  all 
perform  freely  their  natural  functions.  In  this  state, 
the  animal  feels  no  pain.  This  word  is  also  adapted 
to  plants. 

Tho'ijh  health  may  b»  enjoyed  withmtt  jntirm!'*,  It  caii  not  \k 
aportnl  with  witlimit  U«m,  i>r  r>'s;aiii.il  by  cuiir.if", 

I3iickmiTi£Ur. 

2.  Sound  Slate  of  the  mind  ;  natural  vigor  of  fac- 
ulties. Bacoji. 

3.  Sound  state  of  the  mind,  in  a  moral  .tense  ;  puri- 
ty ;  goodness. 

'I'fai  p^  ic  no  health  in  "s.  Common  Prayer, 

4.  Salvation  or  divine  favor,  or  grace  which  cheers 
God's  people.     Ps.  xliii. 


HEA 

5.  Wish  of  henltli  and  luippiness;  used  in  drinking. 
**  Come  ti»ve  and  luaWt  to  all ;  "  an  elliptical  phrase, 
fur,  I  wi>li  health  to  you. 
HEALTH'FIJL,  (helth'ful,)  a.  Reing  in  a  sound  nnte, 
as  a  living  or  <»rganize(l  being;  having  the  parts  or 
organs  entire,  and  their  functions  in  a  free,  active, 
and  undisturbed  o|M'ration ;  free  from  disease.  We 
speak  of  a  healthful  body,  a  healthful  person,  a  health- 
ful plant. 

a.  Serving  to  promote  health  ;  wholesome ;  salu- 
brious; as,  a  hcaitJifui  air  or  climate;  a  healtitful 
diet. 

3.  Indicating  health  or  soundness ;  as,  a  healthful 
condition 
I  4.  Salutary  ;  promoting  spiritual  health. 

I  Common  Prayer, 

5.  Well-disposed ;  favorable. 
'  A  hfaii\ful  f  AT  to  hau,     [Unuwunt.]  Shak. 

I  MEALTH-FUL  LY,  ado.     In  health  ;  wholesomely. 
I  U2.ALTH'FyL-NESS,  n.     A  state  of  being  well ;   a 
state  in  whicn  the  parts  of  a  living  body  are  stiund, 
and  regularly  perform  their  functions. 

2.  Wholesonienesa  ;    salubrity ;    state  or  qualities 
that  promote  hcallh  ;  as,  the  kealthfalness  of  the  air, 
or  of  climate,  or  of  diet,  or  of  exercises. 
HEALTHM-LV,  flt/r.  [See  Health.]  Without  disease. 
HEALTH'I-.NESS,  n.    Tlie  state  of  health;   sound- 
ness ;  freedom  from  disease;  as,  the  healthiness  uf  an 
animal  or  plant. 
HEALTHXERS,  (hellh-,)  a.     Infirm  ;  sickly. 

2.  Not  conducive  to  health.     [Little  used.]    Taylor. 
HEALTH'LKSS-XE.^S,  n.     State  uf  being  healthless. 
HEALTH'.SOME,  (helth'sum,)  a.     Wiiolesonie.    Shak. 
HEALTH'V,  a.     Hcing   in  a  sound  sUite  ;   enjoying 
health ;  hulu  ;  Sound ;  as,  a  healthy  body  or  consti- 
tution. 

2.  Conducive  to  health  ;  wholesome  ;  salubrious  ; 
as,  a  kealtliy  exercise  ;  a  healtJiy  climate  ;  healthy  rec- 
reations. I^ieke. 

Hk.\.>1,  n.  In  beasts,  the  satne  as  aflcr-birth  in 
women-  '  Juhnson. 

HEAP,  n.  [S;ix.  Arop,  heap;  D.  hoop;  G.  haufe;  Sw. 
hop  ;  Dan.  hub ;  Kuss.  kupa  ;  W.  cub,  a  heap,  what  is 
put  together,  a  bundle,  a  cube.  See  Class  Gh,  No.  I, 
2,  3,  4,  5.1 

I.  A  pile  or  mass;  a  collection  of  things  laid  in  a 
body,  so  ;l3  to  form  an  elevation  ;  as,  a  heap  of  earth 
or  stones. 

Huge  heape  ol  slirin  nroiind  me  Uxly  ri«.  Dryden. 

a.  A  crowd  ;  a  throng  ;  a  cluster;  applied  to  living 
persons. 

{Inelegant,  and  not  in  use.]  Bacon,    Dryden. 

3.  A  mass  of  ruins. 

Thou  h.nM  nuule  of  a  city  s  henp.  —  Is.  xxv. 
HEAP,  r.  L     [Sax.  hcapian;  Sw.  hopa;  G.  Itdufem  D. 
hoopen.] 

1.  To  throw  or  lay  in  a  heap ;  to  pile  ;  as,  to  heap 
stones  ;  often  with  vp  ;  as,  to  heap  vp  earth  ;  or  with 
on  t  as,  to  heap  on  wood  or  coal. 

2.  To  amass  ;  to  accumulate  ;  to  lay  up;  to  collfci 
in  groat  quantity  ;  with  «p  ;  as,  to  heap  up  treasures. 

Though  the  wicked  heap  up  silrer  us  tlie  dusi,  — Jub  xxvil. 

3.  To  add  something  else,  in  large  quantities. 

Shtik. 

4.  To  pile;  to  add  till  the  mass  takes  a  roundish 
form,  or  till  it  rises  above  the  measure ;  as,  to  heap 
any  thing  in  measuring. 

HEAP'£D,  (heept,)  pp.  Piled;  amassed;  accumu- 
lat(-d. 

HeAP'ER,  n.     One  who  heaps,  piles,  or  amasses. 

H  kAP' I  i^G,  ppr.     Piling;  collecting  into  a  mass. 

HeAP'Y,  a.     Lying  in  heaps  ;  as,  hcapy  rubbish. 

Oay. 

HEAR,  V.  t. ;  prei.  and  pp.  Heard,  but  more  correctly 
Heared.  [Sax.  heoran,  hyran  ;  G.  liHren  ;  D.  huuren  ,■ 
Dan.  hiirer ;  Sw.  hUra.  It  seems  to  be  from  ear,  L. 
nuris,  or  from  the  same  root.  So  L.  audio  seems  to  l»e 
connected  with  Gr.  ov^.  The  sense  is  probably,  to  lend 
the  ear.  to  turn  or  incline  tbe  ear,  and  ear  is  probably 
a  shoot  or  extremity.] 

1.  To  perceive  by  the  ear;  to  feel  an  impression  of 
sound  by  the  proper  organs  ;  as,  to  hear  soimd  ;  to 
Awir  a  voice  ;  to  hear  words. 

2.  To  give  audience  or  allowance  to  speak. 

He  vnt  fur  Paul  and  heard  hini  concerning  the  faith  in  Chmi.  — 
Acu  xnJT. 

3.  ,To  attend  ;  to  listen  ;  to  obey. 

To-Uay,  if  ye  will  hear  his  voice,  harden  not  your  Iv.-vrl,  —  Pi. 
xc». 

4.  To  attend  favorably ;  to  regard. 

They  think   they  ahall   be  h^ard  for  their  much   spciLking. — 
M.iit.  vi. 

5.  To  grant  an  answer  to  prayer. 

I  love  the  I.onl,  bfC'tiiw  he  h;ilh  heard  my  voio»,  —  Ps,  cxvl. 

6.  To  attend  to  the  facts,  evidence,  and  arguments, 
in  a  cause  between  parties  ;  to  try  in  a  court  of  law 
or  equity.  The  cause  was  heard  and  determined  at 
Ihe  last  terra  ;  or,  it  was  hrard  at  the  last  term,  and 
will  be  determined  at  the  next.     So  2  Sam.  xv. 

7.  To  acknowledge  a  title  ;  a  Latin  phrase. 

Hitnr'sl  thou  nibmiiaive.  but  k  lowly  hinh.  Prior, 


FSTK,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT METIS,  PItBY.  — I'LNli,  MAIllNE,  BIUO.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  JIOVE,  VVQLF,  BQpK.— 

540 


IlEA 

8.  To  be  a  hearer  of ;  to  sit  under  the  preaching  of ; 
a?,  what  minister  du  you  hearl  [^A  colloquial  u^e  qjf 
the  wi/ni.] 

9.  To  iearn. 

I  spr  tit  to  tlie  wurld  iboM  Uun«^  which  I  have  lieard  of  him.  — 
John  viti. 

10.  To  approve  and  embrace. 

Thf  V  spFAk   of  the   world,  and   the  world   hearoh  them.  —  1 

Jubn  iv. 
To  hear  a  bird  sing;  to  receive  private  coniniunica- 
tion.  SktiM. 

HkAR,  p.  i.  To  enjoy  the  sense  or  faculty  of  perceiv- 
ing sound.     He  is  deaf,  he  can  not  hrar. 

Q.  To  listen  j   to   hearken  j   to  attend.     He  hears 
with  solicittide. 
3.  To  be  told  ;  to  receive  by  report, 
1  hear  ihtTc  arc  tliviaiona  anMiig  you,  and  I  partly  believe  It,  — 
1  Cor.  JtL 

HCARD^  (herd,)  pret.  and  pp.  of  Heab.    Perceived  by 

the  ear. 
HeAR'ER,  n.    One  who  hears;  one  who  r'tends  to 

what  is  orally  delivered  by  another;  an  aut  tor ;  one 

of  an  audience. 
HkAR'I.NG,  pjn:     Perceiving  by  the  ear,  as  t  und. 

2.  Listening  to;  attending  to  ;  obeying;  ■  bserving 
what  is  comniunded. 

3.  Attending  to  witnesses  or  advocates  in  a  judi- 
cial trial ;  trying. 

HkAR'IXG^  b.  The  faculty  or  sense  by  which  sound 
is  |j<;rc<'ive(  . 

a.  Andienc ;  attention  to  what  is  delivered  ;  op- 
portunity to  be  heard.  1  waited  on  the  luiniatur,  but 
could  nut  obtain  a  hearing. 

3.  Judici:d  trial ;  attention  t4:>  the  facts,  testimony, 
and  arguments,  in  a  cause  between  parties,  witli  a 
view  to  a  just  deci.sion. 

4.  I'he  act  of  perceiving  sound  i  sensation  or  per- 
ception of  sound. 

1  h-tTC  hrard  of  th>-e  by  the  hearing  of  Ok  ear.  —  Jot)  xlii. 
Anil  (o  ibe  oiti'-n  h':  «ud  in  my  /uaring.  —  Ezck.  ix. 

5.  Reach  of  the  ear;  extent  within  which  sound 
may  b«'  heard.     He  was  not  within  hearing. 

nE.\'RK'£N,  (hirk'n,)  r.  t.  [Sax.  hcurcnian,  hjrcnian ; 
G.  hurrkni.] 

1.  To  li^i'-n  ;  to  lend  the  ear ;  to  attend  to  what  is 
uttered,  with  eagerness  or  curiosity. 

Tb«  tiiriea  kenrken,  and  thvfr  aiiakea  uncuri.  DrytUn. 

9.  To  attend ;  to  regard ;  to  give  hoed  to  what  is 
uttt^red  i  to  observe  or  obey. 

Hearktn,  0   Uriel,  ui  tli^  M-ktutea  and  the  JudgmcnU  which  I 
tMch  yi'U.  —  I>;iit-  i». 

3.  To  listen  ;  to  attend  ;  to  grant  or  comply  with. 

Hearktn  Uk>ii  to  Uie  vuppltcation  of  thy  icnraiit.  —  I  Kings  viii. 

HEARK'KN,  {hark'n,)  v.  £.     To  hear  by  listening. 

[LiUli:  iL-trtl.] 

MEARK'/'JN  W),  (hark'nd,)pp.    Heard  by  listening. 

HflARK't'X-ER,  (hirk'n  tr,)  n.  A  listener;  one  who 
hrarkpns. 

HKAUK'AN-IXG,  (hirk'n-ing,)  ppr.  Listening;  at- 
t--iiilmjr ;  ob-terviug. 

HKAR'SAL,  for  Reheariau     [JVot  in  tme.]  Spmser. 

HkAR'^JIY,  n.  [Hear  and  ftinj.]  Report;  rumor; 
f;tme ;  common  talk.  He  athriiis  without  any  au- 
thority except  hrarsay :  the  account  we  have  depends 
on  hrar^ay.  It  is  sometimes  used  as  an  adjective  ;  as, 
hfttrsaif  evidence. 

IlKARSK,  (her^e,)  n.  [See  FIehse.]  A  temporary 
mimuni'-.-nt  set  over  a  grave,    [Oft.*.]  Skak. 

2  An  ornnmi-nted  car  in  which  the  bodies  of  the 
prr-at  wi'rc  carried  to  the, cemetery.     [Obs.]     Hence, 

X  A  carriage  for  conveying  the  dead  to  the  grave. 
[See  Herse.] 

4.  A  hind  m  the  second  year  of  her  age.   Knajc. 
HE ARSJE,  (herae,)  o.  L    Tu  inclose  in  a  liearse  ;  to 

bury.  Hhak. 

HEAR.'iE'-eLOTH.  (!ier«e'kloth,)  n.  A  pall ;  a  cluth 
til  c<ivor  a  hearse.  Sam/rr.<on. 

nBARSE'-LTKE,(her«c'lIke,)«.   Suitable  to  a  funeral. 

HEART,  (hirt,)n.  [Sax.Acort;  G.  Aeri ;  1).  haH:  Sw. 
htrrta;  lh\n.  kierte  ;  Gr.Kanim:  iii\iiB.  herrl/i.  1  kn<iw 
not  the  primary  senso,  nor  whether  it  is  from  the  root 
of  «:'!)',  L.  cor,  cordis,  and  allied  to  Eng.  corr,  or 
named  from  motion,  pulsation.] 

1.  A  muscular  vi»cuji,  which  is  the  primary  organ 
(if  ih  bloodV  motion  in  an  animal  bi)dy,  sitnalod  in 
ilie  thorax.  From  tliis  organ  all  the  arteries  arise, 
and  in  it  alt  the  veins  terminate.  Ky  its  alternate 
dilatation  and  contraction,  the  blood  is  received  from 
tlir;  veins,  and  returned  through  the  arteries,  liy 
whii-h  means  the  circulation  is  carried  un,  and  \\\c 
preserved. 

•3.  The  inner  part  of  any  thing  ;  the  middle  part  or 
inl'  riiT  ;  as,  ilie  heart  of  a  country-,  kitit;dom,  or  em- 
pin-  ;  tlif  heart  of  a  town  ;  the  heart  of  a  tree. 
;i.  That  which  has  the  nhape  or  form  of  a  heart. 

4.  The  chief  (rart ;  the  vital  part ;  the  vigorous  or 
efficarious  part.  Bacon. 

5,  'I'he  seat  of  the  aflertions  and  passions,  as  of 
Invp,  Joy,  grief,  enmitv,  courage,  plea.-*ure,  &c. 

The  krari  Is  deceitml  above  ail  things.  Every  im- 
agination of  the  tliniiKhts  of  the  hrart  is  evil  rontin- 


HEA 

uatly.  We  read  of  an  honest  and  good  heart.,  and  an 
evil  heartui  unbelief,  a  willing  heart.,  a  ht;avy  heart, 
sorrow  of  hearty  a  hard  heart,  a  proud  heart,  a  pure 
heart.  The  heart  faints  in  aiiversiiy,  or  uniler  dis- 
courageme.nt,  tliat  is,  courage  fails ;  the  heart  is  de- 
ceived, enlarged,  reproved,  lif\ed  up,  fixed,  estab- 
lished, moved,  &.c.  Scripture. 

6.  By  a  metonymy,  heart  is  used  for  an  affection  or 
passion,  and  particularly  for  love. 

The  king's  Aeorl  wiia  toward  Ab»;doiii,  —  2  Sam.  xiv. 

7.  The  seat  of  the  undcrr:tandinR  ;  as,  an  under- 
standing fieart.  We  read  of  men  wise  in  heart,  and 
sluw  of  heart.  Scripture. 

8.  The  seat  of  the  will ;  hence,  secret  purjHJses,  in- 
tentions, or  de-signri.  Tliere  are  many  devices  in  a 
man's  heart.  The  heart  of  kings  is  unsearchable. 
The  Lord  tries  and  searches  the  hrart.  David  had  it 
in  his  heart  to  build  a  house  uf  rust  for  the  ark. 

Scripture. 
Sometimes  heart  is  used  for  tiie  will,  or  determined 
pur|>ose. 


9.  Person;  character;  used  with  respect  to  courage 
or  kindness. 

Chceriy,  tny  keartt.  SKak. 

10.  Courage ;   spirit ;    as,  to  take   heart  i  to   give 
heart  i  to  recover  heart.     Sjjenscr.     Tcmph.     Milton. 

11.  Secret  thoughts  ;  recesses  of  tlie  miud. 

Mick.il  aaw  king  David  leaping  and  dancing  befiire  the  Lord, 
and  abe  denpiaed  him  in  licr  heari.  — 3  &un.  vj. 

12.  Disposition  of  mind. 

He  had  a  heart  to  do  wll.  Sidney. 

13.  Secret  meaning  ;  real  intention. 

And  then  ahow  you  the  heart  of  my  mfaaage.  Shak. 

14.  Conscience,  or  sense  of  good  or  ill. 

Every  man's  heart  and  conaclciica -~ dolh  either  like  or  disaK 
low  iu  Hooker. 

15.  Strength  ;  power  of  producing;  vigor;  fertility. 
Keep  the  land  in  heart. 

That  the  iprnt  earth  may  gather  heart  a^.dn,  Dryden, 

16.  The  utmost  degree. 


Thia  g;iy  chann  —  hatli  beguiled  ms 
To  the  very  heart  of  loaa. 


Shak. 


To  get  or  learn  by  heart ;  to  commit  to  memory  ;  to 
learn  so  perfectly  as  to  be  able  to  repeat  witimut  a 
copy. 

To  take  to  heart;  to  be  much  affected  ;  also,  to  be 
zealous,  ardent,  or  solicitous,  about  a  tiling  ;  to  have 
concern. 

To  lay  to  heart,  la  used  nearly  in  the  sense  of  the 
foregoing. 

To  set  the  heart  on;  to  fix  the  desires  on  ;  to  be 
very  desirous  of  obtaining  or  keeping  ;  to  be  very 
fond  of. 

To  set  the  heaH  at  reM  ;  to  make  one's  self  quiet ;  to 
be  tranquil  or  easy  in  mind. 

To  Jiiid  in  the  heart ;  to  bo  witling  or  disposed. 
IJltid  it  in  rny  heart  to  luk  your  pardon.  Sidney. 

For  my  heart ;  for  tenderness  or  aflfcction.  I  could 
not  for  my  heart  refuse  his  reiiuit^t. 

Or  this  phrase  may  signify,  fur  my  life  ;  if  my  life 
was  at  stake. 

I  could  not  get  \an\for  my  henrt  \n  do  It.  Shak. 

7T>  irprak  to  one"*!!  heart;  in  Scripture,  to  speak  kind- 
ly to  ;  to  comfttrl ;  to  encourage. 

To  have  in  the  heart  f  to  purixj^u ;  tu  have  design  or 
Intention. 

A  hard  heart;  cruelty  ;  want  of  sensihility. 
HEART,  r.  u    To  encourage.     [Awf  inuch  uvz-f/.] 

Prideaux. 
HEART'-^CHE,  (hart'ake,)?!.      Sorrow;  anguish  of 

mind.  "*  Shak. 

HKART'-AF-FECT'ING,  a.     Am-ciing  the  heart. 
HEAKT'-AL-LCR'I.\G,  a.     Suited  to  allure  the  afTec- 

tions.  ParnrH. 

HEART'  AP-PALL'L\G,  a.  Dismaying  the  heart. 
HEART'-RREaK,  n.    Overwhelming  sorrow  or  flrief. 

Shak. 
HEART'-BREAK-ER,  n.     A  ladyN  curl  ;  a  love-liK-k. 
HKART'-1JRE.^K.IN«,  a.     Breaking  the  heart ;  over- 

pftwrinc  with  irrief  or  sorrow.  Sp/^'/rr. 

HEART'-HREAK-1\G,  n.     Overpowering- grief ;  deep 

affliction.  jrakewilt. 

HEART'-KRED,  a.  Bred  in  the  heart.  Cra^haw. 
HEART'-BRf)K->;\,  o.  Deeply  allhcted  or  grieved. 
HEART'-ltUft-I-£»,  (-ber'rid,)  a.     Deeply  immersed. 

Younir. 
nEART'-BURN,n,     Cardialgy:  a  disease  or  affection 
of  the  stomach,  attended  with  a  sensation  of  heat 
aiul  UIlcasine^:s. 
IIEART'-BURN-£D,  a.    Having  the  heart  inflamed. 

SJiak. 
nEART'-BURN-ING,a.    Causing  discontent. 

Mtddlcton. 
HEART'-nURN-ING,  n.     Heart-burn,  which  see. 

9.  Discontent ;  secret  enmity.  Swift, 

HEAR*i''-CHILL-£D,   (hiUt'child,)    a.      Having   the 

heart  chilled.  Shenstone. 


11 EA 

HEART'-€OJV-9CM'ING,    o.      Destroying    peace    of 

mind. 

HEART'-COR-RtlD'IXG,  a.     Preying  on  the  heart. 

HEXRT'-DkAR,  o.     Sincerely  beloved.  Shak. 

HEART'-DEKP,  a.     Rooted  in  the  heart.      Herbert. 

HEART'-DlS-eOlTR'AG-ING,  a.  [See  Colraoe.I 
Depressing  tlie  spirits.  Smith. 

HEART'-EASE,  n.     Quiet;  tranquillity  of  mind. 

Shah. 

HEART'-EAS-ING,  a.    Giving  quiet  to  the  mind. 

Miltov. 

HEART'-f.AT-ING,  a.    Preying  on  the  heart.  Burton, 

HEART'-EN-LIV'KN-ING,  a.     Enlivening  the  hearU 

HEART'-EX-PANDTNG,  o.  Enlarging  the  heart; 
opiMiing  the  feelings.  Thomson. 

HEART'-FELT,  a.  Deeply  felt;  deeply  affecting, 
either  as  joy  or  sorrow. 

HEART'-GRfF.F,  n.     Affliction  of  the  heart.     Milton. 

HEART'-GRIND-ING,  a.     Grinding  the  heart. 

Mrs.  Butler. 

HEART'-llARD-EN-i'D,  a.  OlMiurale  ;  impenitent; 
u  nfeeling.  Harmer. 

HEABT'-HARD-£N-IXG,  a.  Rendering  cruel  or  ob- 
durate. Shak. 

HEART'-HEAV'l-NESS,  (-bev'enes,)  n.  Depression 
of  spirits.  Shak. 

HEART'-HU.M-BLED,  a.     Humbled  in  heart,   Moore. 

HEART  I-ER,  a.     .More  heartv- 

HEART'I-EST,  a.     Most  hearty. 

HEART'LET,  n.     A  litlle  heart. 

HEART'-OF-FEND'ING,  a.    Wounding  the  heart. 

Shak. 

HEXRT'-PAIN-ING.  a.     Giving  pain  to  the  heart. 

HEAUT'-PkA,  h.    a  plant,  heart-seed,  which  see. 

Maier. 

HEART'-PIkRC-IXG,  a.     Piercinc  the  heart. 

HEART'-PO'RI-FV-hNG,  a.     I'urifving  the  henrt. 

HEART'-aUELL-ING,  a.     Conquering  the  afleclion. 

Spender. 

HEART'-RE\D-IXG,rt.  Breaking  the  hejirt ;  over- 
powering with  anguish  ;  deeply  afflictive.    Waller. 

HEART'-RIS-LN'G,  n.  A  rising  of  the  heart;  oppo- 
sition. 

HEART'-ROB-BING,  o.    Depriving  of  thought ;   ec- 
static. Spenser. 
9.  Stealing  the  heart  ;  winning.  Spen^^rr. 

HEART'S'-HLOOD,  f  ,  vi,  ,1  ^  1  »•    ^'^e  blood  of  the 

m:AR'J''-BL0OD,      i  l-Diua. » J     j^^art  ;  life  ;  essence. 

Shak. 

HEART'S'-RASE,  n.  A  plant ;  a  species  of  Viola  or 
violet ;  nI.-*o,  a  sixxies  of  Pidyi^onum. 

HEART'-SEARCH-ING,  (serch-ing,)  a.  Searching 
the  secret  tlioughts  and  purpostrs.  » 

HEART'-riEEU,  n.  A  climliing  plant,  of  the  genus  Cnr- 
dicspermium,  having  round  seeds  which  are  marked 
with  n  sptit  like  a  heart.  lAtudon. 

HEAHT'-SHiP-KD,  a.    Having  the  shape  of  a  heart. 

HEART'-SK^K,  a.  Sick  at  heart;  pained  in  mind; 
deeply  afflicted  or  depre-ssed. 

HEAKT'-SICK'£N-ING,  a.    Sickening  the  heart. 

E.  KvcretA 

HEART'SOME,  a.  Merry;  cheerful;  livelv.  [&#^ 
tiih..] 

HEA  RT'-SORE,  n.    That  which  pains  the  heart. 

Spe,n!irr, 

HEART'-S6RE,  a.     Deeply  wounded.  Shak. 

IIEART'-HOR'ROW-ING,  a.  Sorrowing  deeply  m 
heart.  Shak. 

HEART'-STTR-RING,  a.     Movingthe  heart. 

HEAUT'-yTRIKE,  v.  U     To  affect  at  heart. 

B.  Joiisim. 

HEART'-PTRING,  71.  A  hypothetical  nerve  or  ten- 
don, su|)[K)sed  to  brace  and  sustain  the  henrt. 

Shak.     Taylor. 

HEART'-STRUCK,  o.    Driven  to  the  heart;  infixed 
in  the  mind. 
9.  Shocked  with  fear;  dismayed.  Miltnn. 

HEART'-SWELL-ING,  a.     Rankling  in  the  heart. 

Spcn  ner. 

HE^RT'-TIIRILL-ING,  a.    Thrilling  the  henrt. 

nr;\RT'-TOIlCH-ING,  a.     Affecting  the  heart. 

IJEART'-WHEEL,  n.  The  name  of  a  well-known 
mechanical  contrivance,  fan  elliptical  wheel  for  cmi- 
verting  a  circular  motion  into  an  alternating  rectilin- 
ear one,)  common  in  cotton-mill^.  Brandr. 

HEART'-WHoLE,  (-hSle,)  a.     [See  Whole.]      Not 
airected  with  love;  not  in  love,  or  not  deeply  af- 
fected. 
9.  Having  unbroken  spirits,  or  good  courage. 

nEART'-Wf,K)U,  n.  The  hard,  central  part  of  the 
trunk  of  a  tree,  differing  in  color  from  the  ouUr  lay- 
ers. Brande.     lAndlrtf. 

HEART'-WOUND-EI),  a-.  Wotmded  with  love  or 
grief;  deeply  affected  with  some  passion.         Pop*. 

HEAKT'-W(.>IJND-IN(;,a.   Piercing  with  grief.  H-.pe. 

HEART'KD,  a.     7'aken  to  heart.     [JVn(!  used.]     Shak. 
9.  Composed  of  hearts.     [JVot  used.]  Shuk. 

3.  Laid  up  in  the  heart.  Shak. 

This  word  is  chiefly  used  in  composition;  as,liard- 
hrartrd,  iMni-hrartcd,  utout-hearted,  Jk.*;. 

HEART'£N,  (hUrt'n,)  v.  t.  To  encourage  ;  to  animate  ; 
to  incite  or  stimulate  courage.  Sidnnj. 

9.  'lo  restore  fertility  or  strength  to  ;  as,  to  heartrn 
land.     [Little  u^-ed.]  May. 


TCNE,  DULL,  liMTE.  — AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  «  aa  Z ;  CH  a*  SII ;  TH  as  in  TJIIB. 


IlEA 

HEXRT'KX-KR,   Chlrt'n-*r,)   n.      He  or  ih:\t  wliich 

civt-s  courage  or  animation.  Jiroaii. 

HKXKTH^  (tunbi  hfrth  is  sanctioned  by  na  recent 

ortlK>cpi:;t  0   n.     [Sax.  htorth;   G.  heni;  Dan.  haard ; 

B\v.  hard.      Q.U.   iU  ciinneetion   with   cartAj   wludi 

mu^^t  iiave  lM*en  the  priiniiive  htartM,'' 

1.  A  pavement  or  tluor  of  brick  ur  stone  in  a  chim- 
ney, on  whirh  a  fire  is  made,  and  from  which  tiiure 
is  a  pnasage  for  the  smoke  to  ascend. 

2.  F^^ntivfly,  the  boui^e  itself,  as  the  nbode  of 
comfort  to  As  inmates  and  of  hospitality  to  strangera. 

Smart. 
HEXRTM'->rO\-EY,  t  n,    A  tax  on  hearths. 
HEARTII'-I'KX-XY,  |  Bladutmu, 

HKAKTH'-ST6N'E,  a.     Stone  forming  Uie  hearth; 

fireside. 
fl£AKT'I-LY.  Wp.    [from  AAtri-ir.]     From  Uie  heart  i 

with  aU  the  heart  j  with  sincerity  ;  reaUy. 

I  JUartfy  larpr«  Oianu  SSaJt. 

S.  With  teal  j  aoively ;  ▼iganwsly.  He  Jtearttiy 
auMed  the  princA 

3.  With  eaceraMa ;  fre^y ;  larp»ly ;  as,  to  eat 
Aaartily. 

nEAR'rt-NBSS,  ih    Binrerity;  zeal;  ardor;   eam- 
3.  Eagernera  of  appetiu^  [estness. 

BGART'L£SS,«.    Without  courage ;  spiritlesa ;  faint- 
hearud. 

UtarUtm  \bey  fiwgttt,  umI  quktrd  kkmi  thtir  froond.   Dryi&n, 

S.  Without  feeling  or  affection. 
HEXRT'L&SS^LY,  aUr.    Without  courage  or  spirit; 
family  ;  timidly  ;  feebly. 
±  Without  fe<elii)g  or  atTtxtion. 
HE.\RT'LE.-^S-.\ES:^,  «.    Want  of  courage  or  spirit ; 
d."j  ctiun  of  mind  ;  feebleness.  Bp.  HaU, 

•1.  De^tiiiitiim  of  feeling  or  aObction. 
HEXRT'YjO.  Having  the  heart  en naged  in  any  thing  ; 
sincere  ;  warm  ;  zealous;  as,  to  be  hearty  in  support 
of  government. 

2.  Proceeding  from  the  heart ;  siacere;  warm;  as, 
a  heart}/  welcome. 

3.  Being  full  of  health  ;  sound  ;  strong ;  healthy ; 
as,  a  h/arty  man. 

4.  Strong  ;  durable ;  as,  htarty  Umber.  {J^'ot  uaed 
im^imrnca.]  IVaUon. 

5.  Having  a  keen  appetite;  eating  much;  as,  a 
Aasrf  jr  eater. 

6.  SirooE  :  nourishing  ;  as,  heartv  food. 
HEXRT'Y-UALE,  a.    Good  for  Uie  heart. .  [Ofrs.] 

Stpauer* 
H£AT,  a.     [Sax.  Aetf,  k^;  D.  lutUi  G.  hUzt;    Bw, 
hcttii :  D.  he44  i  L.  ««(iu,  fur  A«tfiu,  or  c^atttu.    See 
the  verb,] 

I.  Heal,  as  a  cause  of  sensotkm,  is  considered  by 
some  to  be  the  reiMilt  of  the  vibration  of  elastic  media, 
by  mheni  as  a  subtile  fluid,  coolained  in  a  greater 
or  les«  degree  in  all  U>die:*.  In  moiiern.chemistnf^  it 
is  callt^  coitfrtc  It  expands  all  bodies  in  dilfcmnt 
pruportioDS,  and  is  the  cause  of  fluidity  and  evapora- 
11011.  A  certain  degree  of  it  is  al^  c«senti:il  to  ani- 
m^  and  vegetable  life  Heat  is  Uttntty  when  so 
combined  with  other  matter  as  not  to  be  perc-ptible. 
It  is  seajtbU,  when  it  is  evolved  and  perceptible. 

LaroiiUr.      Encyc. 

3.  Heat,  as  a  sensation,  is  the  eifect  pn>duced  on 
the  sentient  organs  of  animals,  by  the  pa:s8age  of 
caloric,  disengaged  from  sunruundni^  bodjc-s,  to  the 
(vgan^  When  we  touch  or  approach  a  hitt  body, 
the  caloric  or  heat  passes /rpm  that  body  to  our  organs 
of  feeling,  and  gives  the  sensation  vC  heat.  On  the 
contrary,  when  we  touch  a  cold  body,  the  caloric 
po^fs  from  tlie  band  to  that  body,  and  causes  a  seii- 
satiim  of  cold.  LacoUter. 

JV^rfT.  — This  theory  of  heat  seems  not  to  be  fully 
settled. 

3.  Hot  air  ;  hot  weather ;  as,  the  heat  of  the  trop- 
ical climates. 

4.  Any  accumulation  or  concentmlion  of  the  mat- 
ter of  heat  or  caloric  ;  as,  the  heat  of  the  body  ;  the 
heal  of  a  furnace ;  a  red  heat ;  a  white  heat ;  a  weld- 
ing imil. 

5.  The  greatest  accumulation  of  heat,  or  the  time 
of  such  accumulation  ;  as,  in  the  heat  of  the  day. 

6.  The  state  of  being  once  heated  or  hoL  Give 
the  iron  another  heat. 

7.  A  violent  action  un intermitted  ;  a  single  eflbrt. 

MuiT  causes  an  reouind  for  re&criuneiU  benreca  ibe  heais. 

Oryden. 

8.  A  sin^  effort  in  running  ;  a  course  at  a  race. 
Bector  won  at  the  first  heoL 

9.  Redness  of  the  face  ;  flush.  Addison. 

10.  Animal  excitement;  vii^ent  action  or  agita- 
tion of  the  system.     The  lM3dy  is  all  in  a  A«ct. 

II.  Utmost  violence;  rage;  vehemence;  as,  the 
Ami  of  battle. 

1*2.  Violence  ;  ardor  ;  as,  the  heat  of  party. 

13.  Agitation  of  mind  ;  inflammation  or  excite- 
ment ;  exasperation  ;  as,  the  heat  of  passion. 

14.  Ardor ;  fervency ;  animation  in  thought  or 
discourse. 

WiUiali  the  ttirngtb  aitd  htat  of  eloquence.  Adilison' 

15.  Fermentation. 

HEAT,  e.  L    [Sax.  Aofan,  to  call,  to  order,  command, 


HEA 

or  promise ;  gehatan^  to  call,  to  promise,  to  grow 
warm  ;  hataa,  to  heat,  to  cotninand,  tu  call  ;  geJuitun^ 
to  promise;  htagiy  order,  command;  bch^ss^  a  vow; 
behataa,  to  vow  ;  onh^etan^  to  heat,  to  inflams  ;  hatiaUy 
to  heat,  to  be  hut,  to  boll,  to  hatr. ;  A*£t,  heaty  heat ; 
haty  hot;  haUy  hatred,  hate;  \..  oiUy  owu^,  for  Acr/i, 
hosus  t  Goth,  hattjany  to  hate  ;  hailau,  gahaitan,  to  call, 
to  command,  to  vow  or  promUe  ;  G.  heiss,  hut ; 
Aeur^M,  to  call  ;  htUzen^  to  heat ;  hitzty  heat,  urdor, 
vehemence  ;  geheisSy  command  ;  rerheissen.,  to  prom- 
ise ;  AoM,  hate  ;  hassen,  to  hate  ;  U.  heet^  hot,  eager, 
hasty:  iliu«,heat,  AteteM,  to  heat,  to  name  or  call,  to 
be  called,  to  command  ;  Aoat,  bate  ;  hacten,  to  hate  ; 
vcnUCtSN,  lo  inflame  ;  Sw.  ket^  hot ;  kctta^  heat,  nns- 
skm  ;  Astta,  to  be  hot,  to  glow  ;  heta,  to  be  called  or 
named  ;  Aot,  hate,  hatred  ;  hata,  tu  hate  ;  Dun.  heed^ 
hot;  Astfe,  heat,  ardor;  AMcr,  to  heat,  to  be  culled  or 
named  ;  Aa<f,  hate  ;  hader^  to  hate.  With  these 
words  coincides  the  I*.  ««(«-*,  for  hsstusy  heat,  tide, 
Gr.  ii(d(i>,  lo  burn,  and  the  English  haste  and  hoiat 
arc  probably  of  the  same  family.  The  primary  and 
litem)  sense  of  all  these  words  is,  to  stir,  to  roiiee,  to 
raise,  to  agitate,  from  the  action  of  driving,  urging, 
stimulating,  whence  !*w.  hetsay  Dan.  hedaer^  to  ex- 
cite, to  set  on  dogs.  See  Cla-ss  Gd,  No.  39,  and  oth- 
ers. It  may  be  further  addetl,  that  in  W.  eds  is 
hatred,  a  corf/*,  from  the  sense  of  separating  j  casau^ 
to  hate  ;  and  if  this  is  of  the  same  family,  it  unites 
castle  with  the  rirt'troing  words.  In  those  words  we 
see  tlie  sense  of  repulsion.] 

I.  To  make  hot ;  to  communicate  heat  to,  or  cause 
to  be  hot ;  as^to  heat  an  oven  or  a  furnace  ;  to  heat 
iron. 

3.  To  make  feverish  ;  as,  to  htat  the  blood. 

3.  To  warm  with  passion  or  desire;  to  excite;  to 
rouse  into  action. 

A  noble  cinuln(ii>n  A«itt  your  brrajt.    •  IhyeUn. 

A.  To  agitate  the  blood  and  spirits  with  action ;  to 
excite  animal  oction.  Ihyden.. 

H£.\T,  r.  i.  To  prow  warm  or  hot  by  fermentation, 
or  extrication  of  latent  heat.  Green  hay  heal/i  in  a 
mow,  and  green  corn  in  a  bin. 

a.  To  grow  warm  or  hot.  The  iron  or  the  Water 
h^att  slowly. 

HEAT,  fur  Heated,  used  by  Fhakppeare  and  Ren  Jon- 
sun,  is  still  sometimes  u^ted,  and  pronounced  Act; 
but  it  }H  nut  elcganL 

HEAT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Made  hot ;   inflamed  ;  exaspcr- 

HeAT'ER,  h.    He  or  that  which  heals.  [ated. 

S.  A  mass  of  iron  which  is  lieated  and  inclosed  in 
a  box  or  casR  In  order  to  heal  or  keep  something 
hot ;  as,  a  cofllfee-A«ater. 

H£ATH,  n.  [Sax.  A«<A ;  D.  and  G.  heide ;  Dan.  hede  ; 
8w.  hsd;  Scot,  hmddifr ;  W.  eitioTj  connected  with 
diiaWy  to  take  to,  or  posse.^  ;  the  clinging  plant.] 

1.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Erica,  of  many  species, 
bearing  beautiful  flowers.  It  is  a  shrub  which  Is 
used  in  Great  Hritain  for  brooms,  thatch,  beds  for 
the  poor,  and  for  healing  ovens.  Its  leaves  are 
small,  and  continue  green  all  the  year.  It  is  called 
also  l.tna.  Mdlcr.     P.  Cite. 

2.  A  place  overcrown  with  heath.  Temple. 

3.  A  place  overgrown  with  shrubs  of  any  kind. 
_  Bacon, 

HkATII'-CLAD,  a.  Clothed  or  crowned  with  heath. 
IlKATir-€OCK,  j  «.  A  large  bird  which  frequents 
HeATH'-GaME,  J      heaths,  a  species  of  grouse. 

Carew. 
HEATH'-PkA,  n.    A  species  of  bitter  yetch,  Orobus. 

Juh nnon. 
HeATH'-POUT,  n.  A  bird,  the  same  as  the  heath-cock. 

K'}.  Enajc. 
HkATH'-ROSE,  n.    A  plant.  JlutswortA. 

llEA'TIIi;X,  (he'lhn,)  n.  [Sax.  ha;then;  G.  heidty 
heath,  and  a  heathen  or  pagan  ;  D.  heidcn  ;  Dan. 
and  Sw.  hednin^;  Gr.  ttfcoj;  from  heaUt,  that  is,  one 
who  lives  in"  tJie  country  or  woods,  as  pa^art  from 
pa/rusy  a  village.] 

1.  A  pagan;  a  Gentile;  one  who  worships  idols, 
or  is  unacquainted  with  the  true  Gml.  In  the  Scrip- 
turtSy  the  word  seems  to  comprehend  all  nations  ex- 
cef)t  the  Jews  or  Israelites,  as  they  were  all  strangers 
to  the  true  religion,  and  all  addicted  to  idolatry.  The 
Word  may  now  be  apphed,  |>erhaps,  to  all  nations, 
except  to  Christians  and  Mohammedans. 

Heathen,  without  the  plural  termination,  is  used 
plurally  or  collectively,  for  Gentiles  or  heathen  na- 
tions. 

Atk  of  me,  and  I  will  give  thee  (he  heathen  for  Uiine  inheritance. 

—  P«.  ii. 
Heathen,  however,  bos  a  plural,  expressing  two  or 
more  individuals. 

If  titcti  hare  miB'^n  to  tie  k^alhent  in  Japan.  Locke. 

The  f>rec«f>l«  anti  example*  of  the  anuctit  hsalheriM.     Additon. 

9.  A  rude,  illiterate,  barbarous  person. 
HEA'TH£N,a.    Gentile;  pagan;  as,  aA«a(Afn  author. 

.Addison. 
HeA'THEX-DOM,  n.    That  part  of  Uie  world  where 

heathenism  prevails.  Irving. 

HeA'T HKN-ISH,  a.  Belonging  to  Gentiles  or  pagans  ; 
as,  heathenish  rites. 

2.  Rude;  illiterate;  wild;  uncivilized. 

3.  Barbarous  ;  savage ;  cruel ;  rapacious.    SpeTtser. 


HEA 

HEA'THEX-ISII-LY,  adv.  After  the  mannei  of  hca- 
tUt-n-*. 

HkA'TIIKX-IHII  \ES3,  n.  The  state  of  being  hea- 
then, or  like  h 'atiieus. 

HEA'TIirX  IS.M,  n.  Gcntilism  ;  paganism  ;  Igno- 
rance of  the  true  God  ;  idolatry  ;  the  rites  or  system 
of  religion  of  n  pagan  nation.  Jlamuiond. 

0.  Hudeneps  ;  barbarism  ;  ignorance. 
IlEA'THi;N-IZE,  u.  *.    To  render  heathen  or  hea- 
thenish. Firmin, 

II[cA'TtI£:N-TZ-/:D,  pp.  Rendered  heathen  or  hea- 
thenish. 

HKA'TII/?.V-r/-l\G,p/»r.     Rendering  heathenish. 

HF:A'THf;.N-NKSS   n.     Stale  of  being  heathens. 

HEATIl'Elt,  (heili'er.  This  is  the  only  pronuncia- 
tion in  Scotland.)  n.     Heath. 

IIEATH'EK-bEl.LS,  (hetli'er-belz,)  n,  pi.  The  blos- 
soms of  the  heather.  Burns. 

HEATH'EH-V,  (licth-,)  a.  Heathy;  abounding  in 
hcaUi'T.  Mrs.  Hemuius. 

HeA  THY,  a.  [from  heath.]  Full  of  heath  ;  abound- 
ing with  heath  ;  a-f,  heathy  land.  Mortimer. 

HeAT'IXG,  ppr.  Making  warm  or  hot;  inflaming; 
rousing  tlie  passions  ;  exasperating. 

2.  a.  Tending  to  impart  heat  to  ;  promoting 
warmth  or  heat;  e.i:citing  action  ;  stimulating;  a», 
heating  medicines  or  applicatitms. 

HeAT'TXG-LY,  ado.    So  iis  lo  impart  heat  to. 
He.\T'LE;SS,  a.    Destitute  of  heat;  cold. 

Bmum.  4"  FL 
HEAVE,  (heev,)  c.  t{  pret.  Heaved,  or  Hove;  pp. 

Heaved,   Hove,   formerly   Hove:^.       [Sax.   heafan, 

hefan,  heofan  f  Goth,  hafijani  Sw.  hdfva;  D.  hejin  ; 

G.   heben;    Dan.   homer,   to   heave;    Gr.   jcui/i£a>,  lo 

breathe;  d-oTwoj,  id.     Class  Gb.] 

1.  To  lift  ;  to  raise  ;  lo  move  upward. 

So  •treichctl  out  \ivge  in  len^  Uie  atdi  fieod  Uy, 

Chitln«Ml  oa  the  Immmg  l&ke.  nor  ever  bcoce 

IIu  risen,  ur  heaped  his  heau.  I>EUon. 

S.  To  cause  lo  swell. 

The  ^iiwrinsf  finny  awanni 
That  heave  our  friths  &nd  crowd  upon  our  iliores.     fiojnson, 

3.  To  raise  or  force  from  the  breast ;  as,  to  heave  a 
sigh  or  groan,  which  is  accompanied  with  a  swelling 
or  expansion  of  the  ihurux. 

4.  Tu  raise;  tu  elevate;  wilh  high, 

Oats  heaved  on  Mgh.  Shak. 

5.  TopirtT;  to  elate.  Hayward. 

6.  To  throw  ;  tocabt;  to  send;  a.s,to  Acjceastune. 
This  is  a  comniuu  use  of  the  word  in  popular  lan- 
guage, and  among  seamen  ;  as,  to  heave  the  lejid. 

7.  To  raise  forcibly,  by  turning  a  windlass ;  with 
up  ;  as,  to  heave  up  the  anchor.    Hence, 

8.  To  turn  a  windlass  or  capstan  with  bars  or 
levers.     Hence  the  order,  lo  heave  away. 

To  heave  ahead ;  to  force  a  vessel  ahead  by  any 
means,  when  not  under  sail.  Totlen. 

To  l^ave  astern  ;  to  cause  to  recede  ;  to  draw  back. 

To  heace  down  j  to  throw  or  lay  down  un  une  side  ; 
to  careen. 

To  heave  out ;  to  throw  out.  With  seamen,  to  loose 
or  unfurl  a  sail,  particilarty  the  stay-sails. 

To  heave  in  stays ;  in  tacking,  to  put  a  vessel  on 
the  otljer  tack.  Totten. 

To  heave  short  i  to  draw  so  much  of  a  cable  into 
the  ship,  as  that  t^he  is  ulmoi^t  perpendicularly  above 
the  anchor. 

Tu  tieave  a  straiji;  to  work  at  the  windlass  witli 
unusual  exertion. 

To  heave  taught;  lo  turn  a  capstan,  &.C.,  till  the 
rope  becomes  strained.     [See  Taught  and  Tioht.] 

To  heave  to  ;  lo  bring  the  ship's  head  to  the  wind, 
and  stop  her  motion. 

To  heave  up  i  to  relinquish  ;  [so  In  tArou  up ;]  as, 
to  heave  up  a  design,     f  Fulgar.] 
HeAVE,  (heev,)  r.  L    To  swell, distend,  or  dilate  ;  as, 
a  horse  heaves  in  pajiling.     Hence. 

2.  To  pant ;  to  breathe  with  labor  or  pain  ;  as,  he 
heaves  for  breath.  Drydcn. 

3.  To  keck  ;  to  make  an  effort  to  vomit. 

4.  Tu  rise  in  billows,  as  the  sea ;  lo  swell. 

5.  To  rise  ;  to  bi.-  lifted  ;  as,  a  ship  heaves. 

6.  To  rise  or  swell,  as  the  earth  at  the  breaking  up 
of  frost. 

7'o  heuve  in  sight;  to  appear;  to  make  its  first  ap- 
pearance ;  as,  a  sliip  at  sea,  or  as  a  distant  ubjuct 
approaching  or  being  approached. 

We  observe  that  this  verb  has  often  the  sense  of 
raisin*;  or  rising  in  an  arch  or  circular  form,  as  in 
tlirowing  and  in  distention,  and  frum  tliis  sense  is 
derived  its  application  to  the  apparent  arch  over  our 
heads,  heaven. 
He  AVE,  (heev,)  tu  Arising  or  swell ;  an  exertion  or 
effort  upward. 

None  could  gn^m  whi^lher  the  next  keaoe  of  the  earthquake 
wouIJ  setUc  ot  swdllow   tliem.  Diyden. 

2.  A  rising  swell,  or  distention,  as  of  the  breast. 

These  proTound  heavee.  Shak. 

3.  An  effort  to  vomit. 

4.  An  effort  to  rise.  Iludibras. 
H£AV'£D,  pp.    Lifted;  Bwelled  ;   panted;  tried  lo 

vomit. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARTtNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQpK.— 


HEA 

HEAV'£N,  (hev'n,)  n.  [Sax.  heafen^  hefca,  heo/cn^ 
from  Ar^/uit,  to  heave,  and  signifying  elevated  or 
arched.] 

1.  Tlie  region  or  expanse  which  surrounds  the 
earth,  and  which  appears  above  and  around  us,  like 
an  immense  arch  or  vault,  in  which  are  seen  the 
8un,  moon,  and  stars. 

2.  Among  Chri^tiajts,  the  part  of  space  in  which 
the  omnipresent  Jehovah  is  supposed  to  niXord  more 
sinsible  manifestations  of  his  glory.  Hence,  this  is 
called  tlie  habitation  of  God,  and  is  represented  as 
the  residence  of  angels  and  blessed  spirits.  VeuL 
XX  vi. 

The  tanailietl  beait  loves  htavtn  tor  iu  pui^T,  «ii'I  God  for  his 
giioiliirM.  Buchiiiitsler. 

3.  Among  pagans,  the  residence  of  the  celestial 
gods. 

4.  The  sky  or  air  ;  the  region  of  the  atmosphere  ; 
or  an  elevated  place  ;  m  a  very  imlefiniie  sen^e.  I'hus 
we  speak  of  a  numniain  reaching  to  heacen  ;  the 
ftjw\^  vl'  hracen :  the  clouds  of  heaven;  bail  or  rain 
from  heaven.     Jir.  ix.     Job  xxxv. 

'i'bf'a  dtie»  utr  walled  lo  Afacen.—  Dcwt.  i. 

5.  The  Hebrews  ackiM)WIedg;-d  three  heavens;  the 
air  or  aiiriiil  heavens;  the  finnanient  in  which  the 
stars  are  suppofw^-d  to  be  i-lacid  ;  and  the  heaven  of 
heavens,  or  third  heaven,  the  residence  of  Jehovah. 

Broken, 

6.  Modem  philosophers  divide  the  cTpanse  above 
and  around  the  earth  into  two  parts,  the  atmosphere 
or  aerial  heaven,  and  the  ethertal  heaven  beyond 
the  n^gion  of  the  air,  in  which  tliere  is  supposed  to 
be  a  thin,  unresijling  medium,  call'.'d  rtAw.    Eneyc. 

7.  'ilie  :?upreme  Power ;  the  Sovereign  of  heaven; 
Cod  ;  as,  prophets  sent  by  Heaven. 

I  ha*e  tinned  iigwnm  ileaetn.  —  LiAe  st. 
Shun  Ui'*  tiTipioua  pruf^KiucM  wliich  Kotla  ftt  Ibe  bittitutlont  of 
Bnunn..  '  Dmghi. 

8.  The  pagan  deities;  celestials. 

An<)  iliow  tho  heavens  man  ]ttst.  Shak. 

9.  Election ;  sublimity. 

O  for  K  rouae  or  firv,  thnt  vould  uccnil 

Th«  bri^ittal  heaven  of  inreiiiion.  Shnk, 

10.  Supreme  felicity  ;  great  happiness. 

11.  The  angeU.    Job  iv.  15. 

12.  Dislingui-ihed  clor>-.     />•.  xiv.  12. 
UEAV'£N-AS-PIR'iNG,  a.    Aspiring  to  heaven. 

Akenside. 
nEAV'£:N-BAXasn -ED,    C-bJin'i'**il>)  «•     Banished 

fn-m  heaven.  Milton. 

HEAV'£N-BE-GOT',  a.    Begot  by  a  celestial  being. 

Dryden. 
irEAV'KN-BORX,  a.    Bom  from  heaven  ;  native  of 

heaven,  or  of  the  ct;lestial  regions;  as,  heaven-bom 

sisters.  Pope. 

HEAV'£N-BREn,   a.      Produced    or   cultivated    in 

heaven  ;  as,  Itenrenbred  |h>et5y.  Shak. 

HEAV'KX-RRIGHT,  a.     Bright  as  heaven. 
IIEAV'KN-BUILT,  (-bill,)  a.     Built  by  the  agency  or 

favor  of  the  gods  ;  as,  a  heaven-built  wall.        Pope. 
IIE.\V'KN-DAR-I.\G,a.    Off.  ring  defiance  to  Heaven, 

or  to  the  divine  will  and  commands. 
HEAVA'-N-DI-RECT'ED,  a.     Pointing  to  the   eky ; 

as,  a  hearen-tlirfcted  spire.  Ptrpe. 

2.  Taught  or  directed  by  the  celestial  powers ;  as, 

heavca-dirrctrd  hands.  '  Pope. 

HEA  V'KN-EX-ALT'ED,  a.     Exalted  to  heaven. 
HEAV'^N-FALL'KN,  a.    Fallen  from  heaven  ;  hav- 

ing  revolted  from  God.  Milioru 

HEAV'KN-GLFT-ED,  0.     Bestowed  by  Heaven. 

Milton. 
HRAV'KN-GTV-KM,  a.   Given  hv  Heaven.    Verplanck. 
HKAV'KN-Gi:in  ED,  a.     Divinely  guided.   Mdtfm. 
HEAV'£N-1.\-SPIR'£D,  a.     Inspired  by  Heaven. 

>  Milton. 

HEAVKN-IN-STRUCT'ED,  a.    Taught  by  Heaven. 

Crashaw. 
HEAV'EN-TZE,    (hev'n-ize,)  v.  L    To   render    like 

Heaven.     [ifiiatitMorized.]  Bp.  Hidl. 

HEAV'A?J-KISS'I.NG,  a.    Touching,  as  it  were,  the 

sky.  Shak. 

HEAV'KV-LI-NEPS,  n.     [from  heavenly.]     Piipreme 

excellence.  Davies. 

HEAV'/JX-LOV-£D,(-luvd,)a.     Beloved  by  Heaven. 

Milton. 
HEAV'£N-LY,  a.    Pertaining  to   heaven  ;  celestial  ; 

as,  heavenly  regions  ;  heavenly  bliss. 

2.  Resembling  heaven  ;  supremely  excellent;  as, 
a  heavenly  lyre  ;  a  heaveidy  temper. 

Tlie  iovc  of  hoafirn  maltha  one  heavenly.  Sidney/. 

n.  Inhabiting  heaven  ;  as,  a  heavenly  race  ;   the 
heavenly  throng. 
I1EAV'£N-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  resembling  that  of 
heaven. 

Wber«  h»a»eiily,  peniive  ContnnplMion  dvetll.  Pop€, 

3.  By  the  Influence  or  agency  of  Heaven. 

Our  heavenly  piiid&d  Kxil  ■hull  climh.  Milton. 

HEAV'£N-LY-MIND'ED,  a.  Having  the  affections 
placed  on  heaven,  and  on  spiritual  things 

MUner. 


HKA 

nEAV'iX-LY-MTXD'ED-NESS,  n.  The  sUite  of 
having  the  alTections  placed  on  heavenly  things  and 
spiritu:d  objects,  Mdner. 

HEAV'£X-PttO-TE€T'ED,  a.  Protected  by  divine 
power. 

HEAV'£N-SA-LCT'ING,  a.    Touching  the  sky. 

Crashaw. 

nEAV'£N-VVARD,  adv.    Toward  heaven.       Prior. 

HEAV'£N-WAR'R1NG,  a.  Warring  against  Heaven. 

Milton. 

HEAVE'-OF-FER-ING,  n.  Among  the  Jews,  an  of- 
fering or  oblation  made  to  God  ;  so  called  because  it 
was  to  be  heaved  or  elevated.  J^unu  xv.  and  xviii. 
The  same  as  wave-offering. 

HeAV'ER,  n.  One  who  heaves  or  lifts.  Among  sea- 
men, a  staff  for  a  lever. 

He  A  YES,  (heevz,)  n.  A  disease  of  horses,  character- 
ized by  difficult  and  laborious  respiration. 

HEAV'I-ER,  (hev'e-er,)  a.     More  heavy. 

HEAV'I-E.ST,  (hev'e-est,)  a.     Most  heavy. 

HEAV'I-LY,  (hev'e-ly,)  ado.  [from  heainj.]  With 
great  weight ;  as,  to  bear  heavdy  on  a  thing  ;  to  be 
heavily  loaded. 

2.  With  great  weight  of  grief;  grievously;  afflict- 
ively.  When  calamities  fall  heavily  on  the  Christian, 
he  finds  consolation  in  Christ. 

3.  Sorrowfully  ;  with  grief. 


I  came  liliher  to  mnspoit  ihe  Udiiigi, 
Which  1  have  heaoUy  Ivme. 


Shak. 


4.  With  an  air  of  sorrow  or  dejection. 

Why  looka  your  gruec  >o  heavily  to-day  ?  Shak. 

5.  With  weight ;  oppressively.  Taxes  sometimes 
bear  heavily  on  the  people. 

6.  Slowly  and  laboriously ;  with  difliculty  ;  as,  to 
move  heavily. 

So  titi^y  drove  them  keanUy.  —  Ex.  xir. 
HE.WI-NESS,  (hev'e-ness,)  n.     Weight ;  pnnderous- 
ness  ;  gravity  ;  the  quality  of  being  heavy  ;  as,  tlie 
heaviness  of  a  body. 

5.  Badness  ;  sorrow  ;  dejection  of  mind  ;  depression 
of  spirits. 

fknmneit  in  th'*  )v^A  of  man  nmkf  th  It  stoop.  —  ProT.  xH. 
Yc  grrM}y  rejuiop,  thonerh  now  Tor  s  Kason  ye  are  iu  keavwset, 
[hrou^li  inanilolil  te'inpuuons.  —  t  PeU  i. 

3.  Sluggishness  ;  torpidness  ;  dullness  of  spirit ; 
languidness  ;  languor;  l^sirude. 

Whnl  mpana  ihli  keaoinese  ilmt  liiin^  njjon  me  t       Addison. 

4.  VYeight;  burden;  oppression;  as,  the  heaviness 
of  taxes. 

5.«  That  which  it  requires  great  strength  to  move 
or  overcome  ;  that  which  creates  labor  and  dithculty ; 
as,  the  heaciTtesn  of  a  draughL 

6.  Thickness  ;  moistness ;  deepness  ;  as,  the  heav- 
iness of  ground  or  soil. 

7.  Thickness;  moist  n  ess  ;  as  of  air. 
HEAVING,  p;>r.  or  a.'   Lifting;  swelling;  throwing 

panting  ;  making  an  effort  to  vomit. 

Hn.W'l.NG,  n.     A  rising  or  swell;  a  panting. 

Addison.     Shak. 

HEAV'I-SO-ME,  (hev'e-sum,)  a.    Dull ;  dark  ;  drowsy. 
[Local.] 

HEAVY,  (hev'y,)  a.     [Sax.  heafi^^  hefg,  that  is,  lift- 
like,  lifted  with  labor,  from  hcafan,  to  heave.] 

1.  Weighty  ;  ponderous  ;  having  great  weight  ; 
tending  strongly  to  the  center  of  attraction  ;  contrary 
to  light :  applied  to  malcriid  bodies  ;  as,  a  heavy  stone  ; 
a  hravy  load. 

2.  Sad  ;  sorrowful ;  dejected  ;  depressed  in  mind. 

A  li^t  wife  mnlcrra  a  heatry  tiiuUind.  Shai, 

So  u  he  that  aui^Ui  auti^  to  a  heavy  heart.  —  Pruv.  xxv. 

3.  Grievous;  afflictive;  depressing  to  the  spirits; 
as,  heai'y  news  ;  a  heavy  calamity. 

4.  Burdeuijome  ;  oppressive  ;  as,  kem^  taxes. 

Mnkc  thy  frtther'i  kency  yoke  —  li^ !iut.  —  1  Kiiigi  xiL 

5.  Wanting  life  and  animation  ;  dull. 

My  heavy  rjf%,  ymt  aay,  confcn 

A  hcfUi  to  love  and  gnci  iiicimud.  Prior, 

6.  Drowsy ;  dull. 

Their  eyci  wpre  heavy.  —  MaU.  xxvi,     Luke  is. 

7.  Wanting  Fpirit  or  animation  ;  destitute  nf  life  or 
rapidity  of  sentiment;  dull;  as,  a  heavy  writer;  a 
heary  style. 

8.  Wanting  activity  or  vivacity  ;  indolent. 

But  of  a  heavy,  dull,  drgcnenie  mind.  Dryden. 

9.  Slow  ;  sluggish.     He  walks  with  n  heavy  gait. 

10.  Burdensome;  tedious;  as,  Atrarp  hours.  Time 
lies  hfiavy  on  hitn  \vho  has  no  employment. 

11.  Loaded;  encumbered;  burdened. 

He  found  liU  fnfn  hsavy,  snd  laden  with  booty.  Baeon. 

12.  Lying  with  weiuht  on  the  stomach  ;  not  easily 
digested  ;  as,  oily  food  is  heavy  to  the  stomach.    ^ 

13.  Moist;  deep;  soft;  miry;  as,  heavy  land;  a 
heavy  soil.  We  apply  heavy  to  soft  loamy,  or  clayey 
land,  which  makes  the  draught  of  a  plow  or  wagon 
difficult  and  laborious.    So  we  say,  a  heavy  road. 

14.  Oifficult  ;  laborious;  as,  a  heavy  draught. 

15.  Weary;  supported  with  pain  or  difficulty. 

And  Uc^  fiaoda  of  Mows  were  heavy.  —  Kx.  xvii. 


HEC 

It).  Inflicting  severe  evils,  punishments,  or  Judg- 
ments. 

The  hand  of  the  Lord  waa  heavy  on  tfaem  of  Aabdod.  —  1  Sam.  t. 

17.  Burdensome  ;  occasioning  great  care. 

This  tbin^  is  too  heavy  lor  thee.  —  Ex.  xviii. 

18.  Dull ;  not  hearing  ;  inattentive. 

Neither  his  ear  heavy,  tliat  he  can  not  hear.  —  h.  Ibt. 

19.  Large,  as  billows ;  swelling  and  rolling  with 
great  force  ;  as,  a  heavy  sea. 

20.  Large  in  amount;  as,  a  heavy  expense  ;  a  heavy 
debt. 

21.  Thick  ;  dense  ;  black  ;  as,  a  heavy  cloud. 

22.  Yiolerit ;  tempestuous  ;  as,  a  heavy  wind  or  gale. 

23.  Large ;  abundant ;  as,  a  heavy  full  of  snow  or 
rain. 

24.  Great ;  violent ;  forcible ;  as,  a  heavy  fire  of 
cannon  or  small  arms. 

25.  Not  raised  by  leaven  or  fermentation  ;  not 
light ;  clammy  ;  as,  heavy  bread. 

26.  Reipiiring  much  labor  or  much  expense  ;  as,  a 
heavy  undertaking. 

27.  Loud  ;  as,  heavy  thunder. 

Heavy  metal,  in  mditary  affairs^  signifies  large  guns, 
carrying  balls  of  a  large  size,  or  it  is  applied  to  large 
balls  themselves. 

HE.-VV'Y,  (hev'y,)  ath?.  With  great  weight;  used  in 
composition. 

HEAVY,  (hev'y,)  v.  t.  To  make  hea^■y.  [JVut  m 
use.]  Wickliffe. 

HEAV'Y-BROW-ED,  a.    Having  heavy  brows. 

HEAVY  HAND-ED,  a.  Clumsy;  not  active  or  dex- 
trous. 

HEAV  Y-HEAD-ED,  a.  Having  a  heax-y  or  dull  head. 

HEAY'Y-LAD'£,\,  a.     Laden  witn  a  heavy  burden. 

HEAVY-SPXR,  n.  [See  BARyxA.]  A  heavy,  sparry 
mineral,  but  little  harder  than  calc-spar  and  sulphu- 
ric acid. 

HeA'ZY,  a.     [Ice.  hoese.'] 

Hoarse  ;  wheezing.    [^Lacal.'] 

HEB'DO-MAD,  n.     [Gr.  t^6opaSj  seven  days,  from 
tTrra,  seven  ;  L.  hebdomada.] 
A  week  ;  a  period  of  seven  days.    [J^ot  used.] 

Broicn. 

HEB-DOM'ADAL,      j  a-  Weekly ;  consisting  of  sev- 

HEB-DOM'AD-A-RY,  ]  en  days,  or  occurring  every 
seven  days.  Broini. 

HEB-DOM'AD-A-RY,  n.  A  member  of  a  chapter  or 
convent,  whose  week  it  Is  to  orticiate  in  the  choir, 
rehearse  ilie  anthems  and  prayers,  antl  perform  other 
services,  which,  on  extraordinary  occasions,  are  per- 
formed by  tlie  superiors. 

HEIt-DO-MAT'ie-AL,  a.    Weekly.        Bp.  Morton. 

HEB'EN,  n.     Ebony.  Spr.n.srr, 

HEB'E-TATE,  v.  t.  [L.  hcbcto,  from  hebes,  dull,  blunt, 
heavy.! 

To  uull ;  to  blunt ;  to  stupefy  ;  as,  to  hebetate  the 
intellectual  faculties.  ArbvthnoU 

HEB'E-TA-TED,  pp.     Made  blunt,  dull,  or  stupid. 

HEB'E-TA-TING,;j;ir.  Rendering  blunt,  dull,  or  stu- 
pid. 

HEIl-E-TA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  making  blunt,  dull, 
or  stupid. 
2.  The  state  of  being  dulled. 

HEIt'ETE,  a.     Dull  ;  stupid.     [Ohs.] 

HEB'E-TUDE,  n.     [L.  hebctuduJ\ 

Dullness;  stupidity.  JTarrey. 

HE-BKa'IC,  a.  [fmm  Uebrnv.]  Pertaining  to  the 
Hebrews;  desigTiating  the  language  of  tlie  Hebrews. 

HE-HRA'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  After  the  manner  of  the 
Hebrew  language  ;  from  riglit  to  left.  Swi/L 

HE'BRA-ISM,  n.  A  Hebrew  idiom;  a  peculiar  ex- 
pression or  manner  of  speaking  in  the  Hebrew  Ian- 
gnace. 

IlK'BRA-IST,  n.  One  versed  in  the  Hebrew  language 
and  learnin?. 

He  BRA-IST'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling  He- 
brew. 

HE'IiilA-IZF,,  t?.  e.  To  convert  into  the  Hebrew  id- 
iom  ;  to  make  Hebrew.  ./.  P.  Smith. 

IIE'BRA-IZE,  r.  i.  To  speak  Hebrew,  or  to  conform 
to  the  Hebrews. 

HE'URA  IZ-£D,pp.  Converted  into  the  Hebrew  id- 
iom. 

HE'BREW,  (hC'bm,)  n.  flleb.  "(3J7  £Afr,  either  a 
jiroper  name,  or  a  name  denoting  passage,  pilgrim- 
age, or  coming  from  beyond  the  Euphrates.] 

1.  One  of  the  descendants  of  Eber,  or  ileber ;  but 
particularly,  a  descendant  of  Jacob,  who  was  a  de- 
scendant of  Eber ;  an  Israelite  ;  a  Jew. 

2.  'I'he  Hebrew  language. 

IlE'ItREW,  n.  Pertaining  to  the  Hebrews;  as,  the 
Hfhrrw  latiKunge  or  riles. 

Hk'BREW-KSS,  n.     An  Israelilish  woman. 

HIMlltI"CIA\,  (he-brish'an,)  n.  One  skilled  in  tWfc 
Hrbrew  language.     {Less  proper.]     [See  Herraist.] 

HE-BRID'I-AN,  n.  Pertaining  to  the  isles  culled  Heb- 
rides, west  of  Scotland.  Johnson, 

HEC'A-TOMB,  (hek'a-toom,)  n.  [L.  heeatmnbe;  Gr. 
U'lropf)') ;  iKOTov,  a  hundred,  ana  /?oii(,  an  ux.] 

In  antiquity^  a  sacrifice  of  a  hundn  d  oxen  or 
beasts  of  the  same  kind,  and,  it  is  said,  ut  a  hundred 
allar.=,  and  by  a  hundred  priests.  F.ncyc. 


TONE,  BULL,  tiNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI'^CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


HED 

Hence,  sonirtiiiies  iad^Hitelg^  any  sacritlce  of  a 
larpf  u<unt>fr  of  viciim3.  Brande. 

HECK,  R      [:^^e   Hatch.]     An  en^ne  or  in^truineut 
far  catching:  li^li  ;  lu,  a  saluion  heck.         Chambers. 

2.  A  rack  fur  tiulUing  fodder  for  catUc.     [LoeaL] 

Ray. 

3.  A  bend  in  a  stream.     [G.  «*e,  a  corner.] 

4.  A  hatch  or  latcii  of  a  door,     [i-oc^l     Oroae. 
flECK'LE,  (hek'l.)  p.  t.    A  different  orthoeraphy  of 

HaCKLK,  or  H&TCHEU 

HKCTAREy  n,      [Gr.   iKarovt  a  hundred,  and    L. 
«refl.l 

A  French  measure  containing  a  hundred  areSy  or 
ten  thousand  square  metrtSy  or  nearly  two  and  a  half 
English  acres.  Lunwr. 

HEC'Tie,         )  o-     [Or.  Iktiko^^   from   tin,   habit  of 
HEt'I'ie-AL,  \     btniy,  from  €\ w,  to  have.] 

1.  Habitual ;  pertaining  to  hectic 

2.  Affected  with  hectic  feven;  u,  a  keetU  pa- 
tienu 

No  &«cttf  atudent  mm  tfae  gnrtir  maid.  7>»fior. 

/HEeTie.  a.  An  exacerbating  and  remitting  fever,  with 
stages  of  chilliness,  heat,  and  sweat,  variously  inter- 
nixed;  exacerbation,  chiefly  in  the  evening;  the 
sweats  moctly  in  ilie  nigtit ;  piil:ic  weak ;  urine  with 
a  natant,  furfuraceou^  cloud.  Tally. 

HBeTIC-AL-LV,  a^'r.     Constitutionally.    Johnsotu 
HEG'TO-GRAM,         \  a.  [Gr.  t«ar«^,  a  hundred,  and 
UECTO-OR^.\tME,\      yoi^^u*  »  pram.] 

In  the  Frenrh  aj-stem  of  weights  and  measures,  a 
weight  containing  a  hundred  gnunmts^  or  about  3^ 
ounces  avoirdupois.  Lunirr. 

HECTOLITER,  >  a.     [Gr.   Unroi ,  a   hundred,  and 
HECTOLITRE^  \     A.r^a,  a  iK.und.] 

A  French  measure  of  capacity  for  liquid;^,  contain- 
ing a  hundred  liirtsi  equal  to  a  tenth  of  a  cubic 
wutn,  nniif  9B{  gallons  of  wine  measure,  or  £23  im- 
perial gallons.  As  a  dr>-  measure,  it  Is  called  a  «tfur, 
and  contains  10  deadurta^  or  about  3^  Winches- 
ter bushels.  Lttnier.  McCulhch. 
HEe-TO.M'E-TER,  )  a.  [Gr.  i«ar.f,  a  hundred,  and 
SEOTO-ME-TRE,  \      ittrouv,  mrasure.l 

A  French  measure  equal  to  a  hundred  metrtai  the 
mttre  being  the  unit  of  lineal  measure.  It  is  equiva^ 
lent  nearly  to  33d  English  feet.  Lumur. 

HECTOR,  a.  [from  Hectur^  tb«  ion  of  Priam,  a 
brave  Trojan  warrior.] 

1.  A  bully  ;  a  blu!«tering,  turbulent,  noisy  fellow. 

2.  One  who  least-s  or  vexes. 

HEG'TOR,  r.  L  To  threaten  ;  to  bully  j  to  treat  with 
insolence.  Dr^dem^ 

a.  To  tease  ;  lo  vex  ;  to  torment  by  words. 
HEe'TOR,  V.  i.    To  play  the  bully  ;  to  bluster  ;  to  be 

turbulent,  or  insolent.  8»ifL 

HECTOR  j;:D,  pp.  Bullied  :  teosod. 
UECTOKI.NG.ji^rr.  Bullying;  blustering;  vexing. 
["  The  epithet  of  a  keetoring  fellow  is  a  more  fa- 
miliar instance  of  a  participle  Mmilnrly  formed, 
though  strangely  distorted  in  its  use  to  express  a 
meaning  almost  the  opposite  of  iu  original.  The 
Btetar  oT  Uoiiief  aniles,  we  know, 

'  Tbe  nildeit  aoknnna  wUh  Ibe  fannst  mItuL* 

The  sole  bulwark  of  Troy,  he  reveres  the  opinion  of 
her  citizens;  armed,  and  hastening  to  tbe  battle,  he 
stops  to  caress  his  infant,  and  to  soothe  the  afflic- 
tions of  its  mother ;  tc»  his  briUhcr^s  faults  ^e  is  in- 
dulgent ;  and  Helen  herself  witnesses,  ovqf  his  grave, 
tliat  she  had  never  heard  fmm  him  one  accent  of  un- 
kindness,  or  ceased  to  be  protected  from  the  re- 
proach of  others  by  his  mild  speech  and  kindly  dis- 
positions : 

"LH  T*  a>-art>^pos6i'ij,  V(i!  atX^  ayvaoXi  tTCtcai." 
M\igm  Metriem,  an  unpublished  work  by  Lord 
Grenville,  1824.  p.  86.  —  E.  H.  B.] 

HEe'TOR-!«M,  a.  The  disposition  or  practice  of  a 
factor:  a  bullying.  C4.  Relig.  AppeaL 

HEe'TOR-LY,  a.    Blustering;  insolent.       Barrow. 

HED'DLES,  (hed'dlz,)  a.  p*.  The  harness  for  piiding 
the  warp  threads  in  a  loom.  BtLchatutn. 

HED'EX-BERG-ITE,  n.  [from  Htdenberg^  who  first 
analyzed  iL] 

A  dark,  or  nearly  black,  cleavable  variety  of  au- 
gite,  semi-metallic  in  appearance,  containing  a  large 
proportion  of  oivd  of  iron.  Dana. 

HED-E-Ra'CEOUS,  (^'shus.)  a.   [I*,  hederaceus^  from 
hedera,  ivy ;  \V.  eizd»,  ivy,  from  holding,  clinging  ; 
stzaow,  to  possess.    See  Hbatu.] 
\.  Pertaining  to  ivy. 

3.  Producing  ivy. 

H£D'E-R.\L,  o.    Composed  of  ivy ;  belonging  to  ivy. 

Bailey. 
HED-E-RIF'ER-OUS,  o.    [L.  kedera,  iv}',  and  fcro,  to 
•tear.] 

Producing  ivy. 
HEDGE,  (bej,)  n.      [Sax.  \ege^  ketifr^  hair,  h^^ge ;  G. 
keek  ;    D.  ke^,  haag  ,■    Dan.  kdike^  or  hck  ;    Sw.  Ad?w, 
hedge,  [notection;    Fr.  haisi  VV.  cac.     Hence  Eng. 

S    ^ 
hiuOy   and  Hague  in  Holland.      Ar.  ^^i-L^  Asu^on, 
a  species  of  thorny  plant.] 


IIEE 

Properly,a  thicket  of  thorn-bushes,  or  other  shrubs, 
or  small  trees ;  hut  appropriately,  such  a  iliicket  plant- 
ed round  a  field  to  ft^nce  it,  ut  in  rows,  to  separate 
the  parts  of  a  garden. 

Hedge^  prefixed  to  another  word,  or  in  composi- 
tion, denotes  something  mean,  as,  a  Aet/^f^r-priest,  a 
AeJ^s-press,  aAsi^s-vicar,  that  is,  born  in  ur  th.-tnnging' 
to  Uie  hedges  or  woods,  low,  outlandish.  [JVut  iLsed 
in  Jimerica.) 
HEDGE,  (hej,)  r.  L  To  inclose  with  a  hedge;  to 
fence  with  a  thicket  of  shrubs  or  small  trees ;  to 
separate  by  a  hedge  ;  as,  to  kedge  a  field  or  garden. 

a.  To  obstnict  with  a  hedge,  or  tu  obstruct  in  any 
manner. 

I  will  htdgt  op  thjr  iny  vIUi  thorns.  —  EIcm.  U. 

3.  To  surround  fur  defense ;  to  fortify. 

En^Uml  htdgtei  in  with  ibc  main.  Shak. 

4.  To  inclose  for  preventing  escape. 

TkU  it  a  Uw  lo  htd^  in  the  cuckow.  Loot*. 

Dryden,  Swift,  and  Shakspeare,  have  written 
Hkdge  for  Edge,  to  edge  in,  but  impro|)erly. 

5.  To  guard,  or  pnttect ;  as,  to  hedge  one's  bets,  that 
is,  after  Inving  bet  on  one  side,  to  bet  also  on  the 
other  side,  thus  guarding  one's  self  again^  great 
loss,  whatever  may  be  the  result.  Smart. 

HEDGE,  (hej,)  v.  i.  To  hide,  as  in  a  hedge  ;  to  hide  ; 
to  skulk.  SAak. 

2.  To  bet  on  both  sides.     [t*ee  No.  5,  above.] 
HEDGB'-ItlLL,       )  n.    A  cutting  hook  used  in  dress- 
HEDG'1.\G-H1LL,  \      ing  hedges. 
HEOGE'-BORN,  a.     Of  low  birth,  aa  if  born  in  the 

wihmIs  ;  outlandish  ;  obscure.  Shak. 

HEDGE'-BOTE,  n.    Wood  for  repairing  hedges. 

Bladi^tone, 

HEDGE'-CREEP-ER,  a.  One  who  skulks  under  hedges 
for  bad  purposes. 

HEUGE-FO  MI-TO-RV,  lu     A  planL        .ainsKorth. 

HEDGE'HOG,  n,  A  qundnnwd  of  the  gt-nua  Erina- 
ceus.  The  common  hedgehog  has  round  ears,  and 
crestt-d  nostrils;  his  b«>dy  is  about  nine  inches  long, 
and  the  upper  part  ismvcred  with  prickles,  or  spines, 
and  the  under  part  with  hair.  Wlicn  nitacked,  this 
animal  erects  his  prickles,  and  rolls  himself  into  a 
round  form,  which  presents  the  points  of  the  pric- 
kles, on  all  sides,  to  an  assailant. 

Edin.  Eneyc     Partington. 
9.  A  term  of  reproach.  Shak. 

3.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Mcdicago,  or  snail-trefuil. 
The  pods  are  shajK'd  like  a  snail,  downy,  and  armed 
with  a  few  short  spines.  Lottdon, 

4.  The  globe-fish.  ^sh. 

This  fij^h  beluncs  to  the  genus  Diodon.  It  is  cov- 
ered with  long  spines,  and  has  the  powerof  inflating 
its  body,  whence  the  name  globe-Jifh.     [Fr.  orbe..] 

Cuvier. 
The  sea-hedgehog  is  the  ecAinu.*,  a  genus  of 
zoiiphytes,  generally  of  a  nearly  spheroidal  or  oval 
forin.and  covered  with  movable  spines.  [See  Echi- 
nus.] Cti  cier.  Cijc. 
HEDGE'HOG-THIS'TLJ:,  (-this'l,)  «.  A  plant,  the 
Cactus.                                                               }>'um.  of  Plants, 

HEDGE'-HYS-SOP,  n.  A  bitter  herb  of  Uie  genus 
Gmtiola. 

HEDGE'LESS,  a.     Having  no  hedge. 

HEE)GE'-MUS-TARD,  n,  A  plant  of  the  genus  Erj-si- 
muni. 

HEDGE'-NET-TLE,  «.  An  herb,  or  undcrshnib,  of 
the  genus  Stachys,  whose  flowers  grow  in  spikes. 
The  shrubby  hedge-nettle  is  of  the  genus  Prasium. 

HEDGE'-NCTE,  n.  A  term  of  contempt  for  low  writ- 
ing. Lhrijden. 

HEDGE'PIG,  n.    A  young  hedgehog.  Shak. 

HEDGE'-RoU*,  n.  A  row  or  series  of  ehrubs,  or 
trees,  planted  for  inclosure,  or  separation  of  fields. 

Milton. 

UEDGE'-SPAR-ROW,  n.  A  European  bird  of  the 
Linna^an  genus  Motacilia,  frequenting  hedi^es  ;  distin- 
guished from  tbe  sparrow  that  builds  in  thatch. 

Encye.     Johnnon, 

HEDGE'-STaKE,  re.     A  stake  to  supi>ort  a  hedge. 

HEDGE'-WRIT-ER,  n.  A  Grub-street  writer,  or  low 
author.  Swijl, 

HEDG'ER,  n.     One  who  makes  hedges. 

HEDG'ING,  ppr.  Inclosing  with  a  hedge  ;  obstruct- 
ing ;  confining;  betting  on  both  sides. 

HEDG'ING-BILL,  n,  A  bill  or  hook  like  a  sickle,  for 
pruning  hedges. 

HE-DON'ie,  a.     [Gr.  h^'ivn,  pleasure.] 

Pertaining  to  pleasure.  The  Hedonic  sect,  in  an- 
tiquity, was  one  that  placed  the  highest  happiness  in 
pleasure.    This  was  called  the  Cyrenaic  sect. 

He'DV-PHANE,  Ti,  [Gr.  qdus,  sweet,  and  (^uivoj,  to 
appear.  ] 

A  white  or  grayish  mineral,  of  an  adamantine  lus- 
ter, consisting  of  oxyd  of  lead,  and  lime,  combined 
with  the  arsenic  and  phosphoric  acids,  and  some  chlo- 
rine. Dana, 

HEED,  V.  t.  [Sax.  kedan:  G.  kitten  ;  D.  hoedan;  Gr. 
KTjAcoii  Sp.  and  Port,  cuirfar.] 

To  mind  ;  to  regard  with  care;  to  take  notice  of; 
to  attend  to  ;  to  observe. 

With  pliNisure  Ar^i  the  muaicbn  heed*.  Dryden. 


HEG 

HEED,  n.    Care  ;  attention. 

Will)  waixoii  keed  and  guldj  cunning-.  Milton, 

2.  Caution  ;  care  ;  watch  for  danger  ;  notice  ;  cir- 
cumspection ;  Usually  preceded  by  take.  Take  heed 
of  evil  company  ;  take  heed  to  your  ways. 

Aiiiftwi  took  no  htcd  to  the  iword  that  wai  lo  Joab'a  hand.  —  3 
SAni.  XX. 

3.  Notice  ;  observation  ;  regard  ;  attention  ;  often 
preceded  by  gice, 

Tht  prpiicher  gave  ^ood  h*td.  —  l-^cclea.  xii. 

N'ilhiT  giiH  ke»d  to  tiiltlPB.  —  I  Tim,  1. 

Thcn;tbre  we  ought  tu  gioe  the  more  carncMt  hetd.  —  Ilcb.  ii. 

4.  Serioustfess  ;  a  steady  look. 

A  hted 
Waa  In  Uift  connbL-nancQ.     [f/niMuoi.]  ShaJc. 

HEED,  V.  %.     To  mind  ;  to  consider.  Warton. 

HEKD'ED,///!.     Noticed;  observed;  regarded. 

HEED'FijL,  a.     Attentive;  observing;  giving  heed; 

as,  lirrUftil  of  advice.  Pope. 

3.  Watchful  ;  cautious;  circumspect;  wary. 

HEED'FJ;L-LY,  arfr.      Attentively;   carefully;    cau- 
tiously.    Listen  hceUfully  to  good  advice. 
2.  Wiitch fully. 

HEED'FJJL-NESS,  n.  Attention ;  caution  ;  vigi- 
lance ;  circutusfiection  ;  care  to  guard  against  dan- 
ger, or  to  perrorm  duty. 

HEEI)'!  LY,  fl.^P.    Cautiously;  vigilantly.        DieU 

HEED'I-.NErfS,  n.     Attention;  caution. 

ilEED'LE.SS,  a.  Inatteuiive  ;  careless;  negligent  of 
the  inraus  of  safety  ;  ttiougjltlesd  ;  regardless;  un- 
observing.  We  say,  heedlMs  children  ;  heedless  of 
danger  or  surprise. 

The  heeiileai  lorer  dot^  not  know 

Whose  eyes  they  are  Utat  wound  him  mt.  Waller. 

HEED'LESS-LY,  ttrfP.  Carelessly;  negligently;  In- 
attentively ;  without  care  or  circumspection.    Brown. 

HEEU'LE.SS-NESS,  n.  Inattention  ;  can^lessness  ; 
thoughtlessness ;  negligence.  Locke. 

HEEL,  n.  [Sax.  hel,  lula ;  D.  hid;  Sw.  kdi ;  Dan. 
hiel;  L.  calz,     Q.U.  its  alliance  to  Gr.  xnt^n,  a  tumor.] 

1.  The  hind  part  of  the  foot,  particularly  of  man  ; 
but  it  is  applied,  also,  to  the  corresponding  part  of  the 
feet  of  quadrupeds. 

2.  The  whole  foot. 

'Die  BUg  Tfcn\U  hii  ilreiiglh,  hi«  speed, 

llu  winded  A<e^«.  Denham. 

3.  The  hind  part  of  a  shoe,  either  for  man  or  beast. 

4.  The  part  of  a  stocking  intended  for  the  heel. 
To  be  out  at  the  heels,  is  to  have  on  stockings  that 

are  worn  out ;  hence,  Jiguratively,  to  be  in  bad  con- 
dition. 

5.  Komelhing  shnijcd  like  the  human  heel ;  a  pro- 
tuberance or  knob.  Mortimer. 

6.  The  latter  part ;  as,  a  bill  was  introduced  into 
the  legislature  at  the  heel  of  the  session. 

7.  A  spur. 

Tliia  hunw  Tindcratand*  the  heel  well.  Encye. 

B,  The  after  end  of  a  ship's  keel ;  the  lower  end 
of  the  siernpost  to  which  it  is  connected  ;  also,  the 
lower  end  of  a  mast. 

To  be  at  the  hccLi ;  to  pursue  closely ;  to  follow 
hard  ;  also,  to  attend  closely. 

Hungry  want  is  at  my  heel*.  Oitxiy. 

To  skpK  the  Jieels  ;  to  flee  ;  to  run  from. 
To  take  to  tlte  heels ;  to  flee ;  to  betake  to  flight. 
To  lay  by  Uie  heels ;  to  fetter;  to  shackle  ;  to  con- 
fine. Addison. 
To  have  the  heels  of;  to  outrun. 
JVVcA  and  heels :  the  whole  length  of  the  bodv. 
HEEL,  V,  i.     To  dance.  Shak. 
IIEKL,  r.  (.     To  arm  a  cock.                            Johitson. 

2.  To  add  a  heel  to  ;  as,  to  heel  a  shoe. 
HEEL,  V.  i.    [Sax.  hyldan,  to, lean  or  Incline  ;  D.  kd- 
leii ;  Dan.  kelder;  Sw.  halla,  to  tilt.] 

To  incline;  to  loan,  as  a  ship;  as,  the  ship  heels 
a-port,  or  a-starboard.  Encye. 

HEEL'KD,  pp.     Supplied  with  a  heel. 
HEEL'ER,  fl.     A  cock  that  strikes  well  with  his  heels. 
HEEL'ING,  ppr.     Supplying  with  a  heel. 
HEEL'-PlECE,  n.     Armor  for  the  heels.     Chesterfield. 

2.  A  piece  of  leather  on  the  heel  of  a  shoe. 
HEEL'-TAP,  71.     [heel  and   tap,^     A  small   piece  of 

leather  f^r  the  heel  of  a  shoe. 
HEP^L'-TAP,  V.  L    To  add  a  piece  of  leather  to  the 

he<'l  of  a  shoe. 
HEFT,  ».     [Sax.  Iwfe,  from  hefan,  to  heave,  to  lift.] 

1.  Heaving  ;  effort. 

He  cmcks  hia  g^r^c,  his  Bid>*s, 

WiUi  viuleiit  /ic/W.     (Nol  uaed.\  Shak. 

2.  Weight ;  ponderousness.  [This  use  is  common 
in  [Kipular  language  in  America.  And  we  sometimes 
hear  it  used  as  a  verb  as,  to  hefl,  to  lift  for  the  pur- 
pose of  feeling  or  judging  of  the  weight.  Provincial 
in  England.     See  HaUoway.) 

3.  [D.  heft,]     A  handle  ;  a  haft.     [JVbt  used.] 

^  fValler. 

HEFT'ED.  a.    Heaved  ;  expressing  agitation.  Shak. 

HE-GE-MO\'I€-AL,  \  **     ^^''  'J^^MO»'»««•J 

Principal;  ruling;  predominant.  Fotherhy. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— KOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BQQK.- 


Si4 


HEI 


[Ar.,  froni^.:^V^  hajara,  to  remove, 


HE-GI'RA,  T 

to  desert.] 

In  cJiroiuibifrii,  an  epoch  among  the  Mohammedan?, 
from  wliich  tliiy  compute  time.  The  event  which 
gave  rise  to  it  was  ijio  flirrlit  of  .Mohammed  fir.m 
Mecca  ;  from  which  tlie  magistrates,  fearing  his  im- 
postures might  raise  a  sedition,  e.Tpe)led  him,  July 
16,  \.  D.  623,  under  the  reign  of  the  emperor  llerac- 

,,^"'^-  Harris.     Kiicuc. 

IIEIF'ER,  (hcfer,)  n.     [SaJC.  he^fre,  hcuhfore,  hc>ifon. 
Uu.  lli'b.  n*^c.] 
A  young  cow.  Popt. 

HEIUH'-IIO,  (hi'h5;)  an  eiclamalion  expressing 
some  dei^ee  of  languor  or  uneasiness.  Dryden  has 
uspd  it  for  the  voice  of  exultation. 

II?,i!^.',F'  \  fhite  1  I  "•     t*='^-  Aco^*",   healha,  hOAe, 

IJIOHl,  j^  '' \  heoUu,  hethe,  hUitA,  hyhUie,  con- 
Iracteil  or  changed  from  hmgtiie,  or  hi;clh,  or  kigk- 
tAf ,-  G.  AoAc,  htiheit ;  D.  hoagU,  Sw.  I^irlict,  hugd ; 
Dan.  hojde,  luijhed.  This  word  is  formedfrom  AcuA, 
4wA,  A*//f,  now  high ;  and,  as  the  orthography  is  un- 
settled, I  shiml.l  prefer  to  form  it  regularly  frum  the 
present  Cngliah  word  high,  and  write  it  Ai.MJ,  as  was 
formerly  done  by  distinguished  writers.]  " 

J.  Klevation  above  the  ground  ;  any  indefinite  dis- 
tance above  t!ie  earth.  The  eagle  Hies  at  u  great 
tM<j  or  highth. 

a.  The  altitude  of  an  object ;  the  distance  which 
any  thing  rises  above  its  foot,  basis,  or  foundation  ; 
as,  the  Ai^At  or  highth  of  a  tower  or  steeple. 

3.  Elevation  of  a  star,  or  other  celestial  luminary, 
above  the  horizon. 

4.  Degree  of  latitude  either  north  or  south.  In  this 
application,  the  distance  from  the  equator  is  consid- 
ered as  elecatUin.  Latitudes  are  higher  as  they  ap- 
proach the  pole.  Jahjiaoh. 

Guinm  lifttb  u»  llwt  north  lea,  in  the  fame  kight  u  Peni  to  the 
•"""••  AilM. 

5.  Distance  of  one  thing  above  another. 

6.  An  eminence ;  a  summit ;  an  elevated  pan  of 
any  tiling. 

7.  A  hill  or  mountain ;  any  elevated  ground  as, 
the  highlg  of  Dorchester. 

8.  Elevation  of  rank;  station  of  dignity  or 
office. 

By  him  that  r»i»^i  me  tA  tbb  careful  hig'it.  ShaJc. 

9.  Elevation  in  eicellence  of  any  kind,  as  in  pow- 
er, learning,  arts. 

10.  Elevation  in  fame  or  reputation. 

11.  Utmost  degree  in  extent  or  violence;  as,  the 
highth  or  Ai>A(  of  a  fever,  of  passion,  of  madness,  of 
folly,  of  happiness,  of  good-breeding.  So  we  say, 
the  Ai^At  of  a  lemfwst. 

19.  utmost  exertion. 

I  «h,ill  now  put  you  to  the  hig\t  of  your  broclinff.  Skni. 

13.  Advance  ;  degree ;  progress  toward  perfection 
or  elevation  ;  gpeaking  comparatieety. 

Social  flulWaie  coiricd  to  a  greater  JU jAj  —  by  the  pritifipl.-a  of 
our  rei.eiou.  AM,im. 

»T.XC,HTEK 
III<;llT'E«, 
sense. 

2.  To  advance  in  progress  toward  a  better  state ; 
to  improve  ;  to  meliorate  ;  to  increase  in  excellence 
or  good  qualities  ;  as,  to  highten  virttie  ;  to  hiahten 
Uio  beauties  of  description,  or  of  poetry. 

3.  To  aggravate  ;  to  advance  toward  a  worse  state- 
to  augment  in  violence. 

Fon-li^n  italca  hare  enUeaToRd  to  liifhun  our  coufiBtfnn. 

^'tituoft. 

4.  To  increase ;  as,  to  highten  our  relish  for  Intcl- 
liMixual  pleasure. 

.*>.  In  pluming,  to  lAake  prominent  by  touches  of 
light  or  brilliant  colors,  as  contrasud  with  the  shad 
"'*■"•  Braiuie. 

Il{i!S!;:^5^-J('m'nd.,!'-^.t;«^^il{.;-; 

vanci-d  ;  Improved  ;  aggravaUid  :  increased. 

iieii;ht'k.\-er,  i      „     ..    L  ■  . 

HI';iri*'f\-KR       I"'     *Jne  that  heightens. 

!IIi!li'^:';J^^^^(("''n>ng,)j;.-;Ji,,  naming. 

ing;  improving;  Increasing;  aggravalinir. 
IIKIi;llT'/;.N-I.V(;,  l  ,.,„     .       ^  to.     The  act  of  ele 

of  exrellenc*; ;  improvement.  Drndcn. 

2.  .Aggravation  ;  augmentation. 
IIEI.V'OUS,   (ha'nus,)   a.     [Ft.   hnineux,  from    hainr 
hatred.    <tu.  (Jr.  a,i-f.    The  sp.;lling  Hai^ou.  woulli 
accord  belt.;r  with  the  etymology  of  this  word.] 

Praperl),  hateful ;  odious.  Hence,  great ;  enor- 
mous ;  aggravated  ;  as,  a  heinoiu  sin  or  crime. 

HBIN'OU8-LY,  adu.  Hatefully  ;  abominably  j  enor- 
mously. 

H8IN'Otr8-NE.«.S,  «.  Odioiisness  ;  enormity  ;  tm,  the 
keinoiuHess  of  theft,  or  robbery,  or  of  any  crime. 

,,_,„     ,-      ,  ,  ,  Juhnaon. 

"6'«.  («re,)  n.  [Norm.  Aicr,  Aere  ,  Arm  A«tr  A/ier; 
Sw.  hertflero ;  Port.  Aeri/eire  ;  Fr.  henlier ;  It.'  trei/e  ; 


fhlt'n  1  <)  "•  '•     '''"  "''"  h'g'ier;  but 
*^   }      not  often  lueii  hi  ihis  tiUral 


HEL 

L.  hteres,  hertdui,  from  the  verb,  Elh.  ®4n  loaros, 

Hcb.  V\^,  At.  >Ij  jj  varata,  to  become  an  heir,  to 

inlierit.  The  priuiaty  sense  is,  to  seize,  or  to  rush  on 
and  take,  or  to  expel  and  dispossess  others,  and  take 
tlleir  projierty,  according  to  the  practice  of  rude  n.i- 
tioiis.  We  oliserve,  in  the  Hebrew  and  Elhii>pic,  Uie 
last  consonant  is  a  sibilant,  as  in  the  Latin  nomina- 
tive i  but  Uie  oblique  cases  in  the  Latin  correspotjd 
with  the  Arabic  word,  wiiose  tinal  consonant  is  a 
dental.  This  word  may  be  connected  witii  tlie  Gr 
aioco),  to  take.    See  Class  Rd,  No.  51,  50,  (iS.] 

1.  The  man  who  succeeds,  or  is  to  succeed,  an- 
other in  Uie  possession  of  lands,  tenements,  and 
hereditaments,  by  descent ;  the  man  on  wliom  tlie 
law  casts  an  esute  of  inheritance  by  the  deatli  of  the 
ancestor  or  former  possessor ;  or  the  niau  in  wliotii 
the  title  to  an  estate  of  inlieritance  is  vested  by  'the 
operation  of  law,  on  the  death  of  a  furiner  owner. 

V\'e  give  the  title  to  a  person  who  is  to  inherit 
after  the  death  of  un  ancestor,  and  during  his  life 
as  well  as  to  the  person  who  has  actually  come  iiittj 
possession.  A  man's  children  are  his  heim.  In 
most  monarchies,  the  king's  eldest  son  is  hvir  to  Ilie 
throne  i  and  a  nobleman's  eldest  son  is  Aeir  to  his 
title.  I 

Lo,  one  bora  in  my  house  ia  my  heir.  —  Gen.  xv. 

a.  One  who  inherits  or  takes  from  an  ancestor. 
The  son  is  often  A«i>  to  the  disease  or  to  the  miseries 
of  the  fatlier. 

3.  One  who  succeeds  to  the  estate  of  a  former  pos- 
sessor.   Jcr.  xlix.     .Mic.  j. 

4.  One  who  is  entitled  to  possess.  In  Seriptitrr 
saints  are  called  Aeir..  of  the  promise,  hcira  of  right- 
eousness, heirs  of  salvation,  &c.,  by  virtue  of  the 
death  of  Christ,  or  of  God's  gracious  promises. 

HfclK,  (are,)  e.l.  To  inherit;  to  take  possession  of 
an  estate  of  inheritance,  al^r  the  deatli  of  the  an- 
'^'"'""■-  Driiden 

IlElR-AP-rj5R'E\T,  n.  The  man  who,  during  the 
life  of  his  ancestor,  is  entitled  to  succeed  to  his  es- 
tate or  crown. 

IltlR'DO.M,  (ire'dum,)  n.    Succession  by  Inheritance. 

BBIR'ES.'!,  (ar'es.i,)  a.  A  female  heir ;  a  fem.ale  that 
inheriu,  or  is  entitled  to  inheril,  au  csute ;  an  in- 
heritrix. 

HBIIi'Ll>S,  (are'lcss,)  n.     Destitute  of  an  heir. 

HfclK'-LOO.M,  (.ire'lo.,111,)  „.  [Adr  and  Sa.\.  fcma, 
gdmna,  andlotrum,  utensils,  vess..Is.] 

Any  furniture,  movable,  or  pe.-.^ml  chatl  -I,  tvliirh 
by  law  dt!scends  to  the  heir  with  the  li.sise  or  fre  ■- 
liulil,  .-IS  tables,  cupboiu-ds,  bedsteads,  tc. 

H6IR'-I'RE  SU.\1P'TIVE,  n.  One  wh.ifV?  th^^an- 
cestor  should  die  imnieiliatcly,  would  be  heir,  bin 
whose  right  of  inheritance  ueiy  ho  defeated  by  any 
contingency,  as  by  the  birth  of  a  nearer  relative. 

HfilR'SIIir,  (ire'ship,)  n.  The  state,  charactoT'or 
ptivUoges  01  an  heir;  right  of  inheriting. 

n      ti         .  ■  Ji'hHSOn. 

i.  Hrirship  movables  I  in  Scallanil,  tile  best  of  cer- 
tain kinds  of  movables  which  the  heir  is  entitled  to 
take,  besides  the  heritable  estate.  Knnu-. 

HELD,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Holu.     A  court  wns  held  in 
Westminster  Hall.    At  a  council  held  un  the  Brsl  of 
January. 
IIELE,  r.  (.     [L.cr/,..]     To  hiile.     lObs.]        Ovvser. 
[  rills  is  thu  iiias,,nic  hal  or  had,  to  uinuat,  which 
Is  igiiorantly  supjiosed  to  be  hail,  to  salute.] 

S5IJ^■^J;'.■    I"-,1't  *'^"««»;    Fr.  htliurpie:   from 

lll^LI'AtAL,  I      Gr.  i)»o  ;,  the  sun  ;  W.  Aun/.] 

Lmerging  from  the  light  of  the  sun,  or  passing 
nto  It.  The  heliacal  rising  of  a  star,  is  when,  after 
being  in  conjunction  with  it  and  invisible,  it  emerges 
from  the  light  so  as  to  he  visible  in  the  morning  be- 
fore sun-rising.  f)n  the  contrary,  the  heliacii  sitting 
of  a  slur,  IS  win  II  the  sun  approaches  so  near  as  to 

iiE'V'lf.ii  invisible  by  its  superior  Siilendor.     Kticye. 

111-.-1J  At,-AL-LV,  adt.  A  star  rises  hcliacaUu,  when 
It  emerges  from  the  sun's  light,  so  as  to  be  visible. 
[See  the  preceding  word.] 

IlEL'l-t)AL,  a.     [Gr.  tAi(,  a  scroll,  or  spiral  hotly.] 
."spiral ;  winding ;  coiled  in  a  spiral  form. 

HEL'I-CITE  II.  [SeeHtuT.]  FossU  remains  0^116 
lieli.ic,  n  fllicll. 

"forn'i.]'^'""'  "■    '"'■  ^*'^'  "  "'■"'i°S.  "n-l  '■'i'S. 

In  i'«"rartry,  an  epithet ofji  curve  which  arises  from 
the  siipi««ition  that  the  axis  of  the  common  parab- 
ola is  bent  round  into  the  periphery  of  a  circle,  and 
IS  a  line  then  passing  through  the  extremities  of  the 
orilinales,  which  now  converge  toward  the  center  of 
the  said  circle.    This  curve  is  also  called  the  para. 

uv,f,T,'.t  .  Brmldr. 

JILL  I-tON  n.  A  mountain  in  Roeotii,  in  Greece, 
from  which  llowed  a  fountain.  The  Greeks  placed 
here  the  residence  of  the  .Mus<;s. 


HEL 


TONE,  BULL.  tIMTE.-AN'>CER,  Vl"CI0U3.-e  ..  K,  0  as  J,  .  a.  Z ,  CH  a.  SH ;  TH  .,  1„  "CHia 


!! -Ir!",?^'^'"'*'"*'  "•    Pertaining  to  Helicon. 
HE  LirsG,  n.     [from  he!r,  obs.  ;  L.  eelo.] 

The  covering  of  the  roof  of  a  building;  written 
also  H1U.1K0.     rjVot  used  in  the  United  Stales.} 
HE-LI-0-GE.N'Tftie,  (a.     [FnAriiocnttwie;  Gr. 

UE-LI-O  CE-V'Tlue-AL,  j     .'iLt,  the  sun,  and  «►- 
r,.oi',  center.] 

IIMocrnlrie  place  1  the  position  of  a  heavenly  bodv 

as  seen  from  the  sun.  ' 

Ildioccutric  longitude ;  the  distance  of  a  heavenly 

body  from  the  vernal  equinox,  as  seen  from  the  sun 

and  measured  on  the  ecliptic. 

Iltliacentric  latitmle;  tlie  distance  of  a  heavenly 
body  from  the  ecliptic,  as  seen  from  the  sun,  and 
iiiea.sured  on  a  secondary  to  the  ecliptic.     Olmsted. 
IlE-Lt-O-GRAPH'le,  a.    Pertaining  to  heliogranhv. 
I1E.L1-0G'K.\-Pliy,  B.    [Gr.  a.ot  and  >pXl    '^ 
T  lie  art  of  liiing  images  of  objects  by  the  camera 
obscura. 

['Ihis  n.ame  is  preferable  to  that  of  DiouERRio- 
TVPE,  which  see.] 
UE-Ll-OL'A-TER,  n.     [Gr.  Wios,  the  sun,  and  \a~ 
rpfvw,  to  worship.] 

IlE-Ll.OL'A-TRy,    n.      [Gr.    i,\ios,    the    sun,    and 
AariKoi,  service,  worship.] 

tit.  V,":~.Z1\fi}l'^  "I'  """.  a  branch  of  Sabianism. 

HL-LI-OM'E-TEfi,   ,1.      [Gr.   4Aios,    the    sun,   and 
pET'iCLi,  to  measure.] 

A  kind  of  micrometer  for  measuring  with  exact- 
ness tlie  apparent  diameter  of  the  sun  ;  used  alio  to 
measure  utiy  sm.Tll  celestial  space,  as  the  diameter  of 
the  moon,  planets,  Sec.  Brande 

IlE'LI-OSeOPE,  n.     [Gr.  jAioj,  the  sun,  and  ir,o„£a,, 
to  view.]  * 

A  sort  of  tidescrtpe  fitted  for  viewing  the  sun  with- 
out pain  or  injury  to  the  eves,  as  w  hen  made  with 
colored  glasses,  or  glasses  blackened  with  smoke. 

IIE'LI-0-.STAT,  ti.    [Gr.  i^Xtof,  the  sun,  and  fa?'i] 
An  instrument  by  which  a  sunbeam  may  be  intro- 
duced into  a  dark  room,  and,  by  means  of  clock- 
work, kept  steadily  in.  JSrajiiie 

IiryLI-O-TROPE,  n.    [Gr.  «iof,  the  sun,  and  rotiu, 
to  turn  ;  Tpotri/,  a  turning.] 

1.  Among  lAe  ancients,  an  instrument  or  machine 
for  showing  when  the  sun  arrived  at  the  tropics  and 
the  equinoctial  line.  Encyc. 

2.  The  popular  name  of  certain  species  of  plants 
behtnging  lo  the  genus  heliolropium. 

3.  .\  mineral,  a  subspecies  of  rhomboidal  quartz, 
of  a  deep-green  color,  iieculiarijr  pleasant  to  the  eye. 
It  is  usually  variegated  with  blood-red  or  yellowish 
dots,  and  is  more  or  less  traiKslucent.  Before  the 
blow|ii|s.:,  it  loses  its  color.  It  is  generally  supposed 
to  be  chalcedony,  colored  by  green  earth  or  chlorite. 

.  Cleavcland.     Ure. 

HEi^i-srin-R'ic,      )      .,  ,.      J    ,     , 

IlEL-I-SPHER'if-AL,  \  "■     \-'"''^  """  sphere.] 

Spiral.  The  hdispherical  line  is  the  rlioinh  line  in 
navigation,  so  culled  because,  on  the  globe,  it  winds 
round  the  pole  .spirally,  coming  nearer  and  nearer 
to  it,  liiit  never  tmninating  in  it.  Barlow. 

HE'Ll.X,  n. :  pi.  Hel'i-cej.     [Gr.  tXi(,  a  winding.] 

1.  A  spiral  line,  as  of  wire  in  a  coil ;  a  circumvo- 
lution ;  a  H  iiiding,  or  something  that  is  spiral ;  as,  a 
winding  staircase  in  architecture,  or  a  caulicule  or 
little  volute  under  the  flowers  of  the  Corimhian  cap- 
ital. In  anatomy,  the  whole  circuit  or  extent  of  the 
auricle,  or  external  border  of  tlio  ear.  Brande. 

2.  In  zoUlogy,  the  snail-shell. 
HELL,  71.     [Sax.  heU,  hdle  1  G.  hHUe;  D.  hrl,  hdle; 

Sw.  hcleete  :  Dan.  hrliiedc.     (Xu.  hole,  a  deep  place, 
or  from  Sax.  hdan,  to  cover.] 

1.  The  place  or  state  of  punishment  for  the  wicked 
after  death.    Matt.  x.    Lake  xii. 

Bin  ia  A«;i  U-juti,  na  re!ig:ion  ia  hoaren  anticipated.    /.  Lalhrop. 

2.  The  plarx!  of  the  dead,  or  of  souls  after  death  ; 
the  lower  regions,  or  the  grave  ;  called  In  Hebrew 
sAeof,  and  by  the  Greeks  hades,     Ps.  xvi.     Jon.  ii. 

3.  The  pains  of  hell ;  uunporal  death,  or  agonies 
that  dying  persons  feel,  or  which  bring  to  the  brink 
of  the  grave,     Ps.  xvlil, 

4.  The  gales  of  hell;  the  power  and  policy  of  Satan 
and  his  in.ilruinent.s.    Matt.  xvi. 

5.  The  infernal  powers. 

While  Suul  and  hell  croued  hia  atrong  fata  hi  ralii.      Coi^tcy, 

6.  The  place  nt  a  running  play  to  which  are  car- 
ried those  who  are  caught.  Sidney. 

7.  A  place  into  which  a  tailor  throws  his  shreils, 
or  a  printer  his  broken  tyfie.  Hudibran. 

8.  A  dungeon  or  prison.     [06s.] 

9.  A  gambling-house. 
HELL'-IJEMD-ER,  n.    A  name  given  to  the  largo 

North  American  salamander. 
HELL'-IILACK,  a.     Hlack  as  hell.  X-uik 

HELL'-IUUIN,  a.     Rorn  in  hell. 
HELh'-DREn,  a.    Produced  in  hell.  Spenser 

IIKI.L'-IIKKVV-KD,  (-brade,)  o.    Prop.-ired  In  hell. 

IIELL'-BROTil,  n.    A  composition  for  infernal  pur- 

P*'ses.  .SViivA- 

IIELL'-CAT,  n.     A  witch  ;  a  hag.  MddUtou. 


60 


S4.'> 


IIEL 

HELL'-€ON-FOUXD'ING,a.     DcfeatinR  the  infenml 

powen.  Beaum.  ^  Fi. 

HEL*L'-DOOM-rD,  a.    Doomed  or  consigned  to  hell. 

JltatoH, 
HELL'-GOV-ERN-ED,  a.    Directed  by  hell.    SMak, 
HBLL'-IIAG,  n.     A  hag  of  hell. 
IIEKL'-H.\T-ED,  a.     Abhorred  as  hell.  Shak. 

JIELL'-MAUNT-KD,  a.     Uaiinled  by  the  dcviL 

Diyden. 
HELL'-HOQND.  ».    A  dog  of  bell ;  an  ngonl  of  hell. 

Drydetu    Miiton. 
HEIX'-KTTE,  Ji-    A  kite  of  an  iofernal  breed. 

SftoJt 
HEL-LAN-OD'I€,  ■-    [Cr.  iW^y  and  (!tlrl^] 

En  andemZ  Orefcfj  a  Judge  of  the  games,  exercises, 
or  cttoibato,  who  decided  to  which  of  Uie  candidates 
Ibo  prlxes  belunged.1 
HBL'LE-BORE,  n,  [U  kelUkorua  ;  Gr.  i\\r$opoi.] 
The  name  of  seTenU  plants  of  different  genera,  tlie 
mo»t  Important  of  which  are  the  black  hellebore, 
ChriMm:i9  rose,  or  Christmas  Aower,  of  the  genus 
RelletKirus,  and  ibe  white  beUebore,  of  the  genus  Ver- 
airum.  Both  are  acrid  and  poisonous,  and  are  used 
In  nit-dirine  as  evacuaols  and  alteratives.  Ore 

HEl/I.E  BO-RISM,  M.  A  medicinal  preparation  of 
helli-bttre.  fiirrand. 

Pertaining    to    the    Hellenes,    or    inhabitants    of 
Grerre   so  called  from    Hellas,  iu  Greece,  or  from 
Hellen. 
HELXKN-ISM,  a.     [Gr.  i>Xwtff/i'J.] 

A  phrase  in  Uie  tdiom,  genius,  or  coostniction  of 
the  Greek  language.  Addison, 

HEL'LEN-IST,  m.     [Gr.  nXrjytrrti.] 

1.  A  Grecian  Jew  ;  a  Jew  who  used  the  Greek 
language.  QampbtlL    £iicyc 

2.  One  skilled  in  the  Greek  language. 
HEU-LE.\-IST'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  Uie   Hellenists. 

Tb«  HeUaustic  language  was  the  Greek  spoken  or 
used  by  the  Jews  who  lived  in  EgypC  and  other 
eooDtries,  wbcve  the  Greek  language  pcevnUed. 

CampbOU 

HEL-l.EN-IST'l€>-AI*-LY,  adv.  Accordiug  to  the 
Hellenistic  dialecU  Qrtgmy, 

HEL'LEN-IZE,  p.  i.    To  use  the  Greek  language. 

Uamntond* 

HEL'LEft-PONT,  «.  A  narrow  rtrait  between  Eu- 
rope and  Asia,  now  called  the  P^rdautUe* ;  a  part 
of  the  passage  between  tbe  Euxine  and  the  Egean 
Sea. 

HELr-LES  PONTtXE,  o.  Pertaining  to  tbe  Helles- 
pijnU  Mttford. 

IIEL'LI-ER,  K.  A  tiler,  or  slater.  [See  Hat.K.] 
f^A'df  im  JIM,  ] 

HELL'ISH,  a.     Pertaining  to  hell.  Sidney. 

Q.  Like  bell  in  qualities  j   infernal ;  maligmint ; 
wtrk»*d  ;  detestable.  South. 

HELL'ISfl-T.V,  ode.  Inf.-mally;  with  extreme  ma- 
lienitv  ;  w  tkedly  ;  di-teslably.  Bp.  BarlviD. 

HELT/TSIl  NESS,  n.  The  qualities  of  bell,  or  of  its  in< 
babitaiiU  :    extreme  wickedness,  malignity,  or  im- 


piety. 
HEL"   ■ 


__:LL'\VARD,  orfp.     Toward  hell.  Pope, 

ilELL'Y,  a.     Havinp  the  qinilities  of  hell,    ^arierjfon. 

HELM,  a  termination,  dt-noies  dt-fense  j  as  in  Sigkelm, 

victorious  defense.     [See  IIelmst.] 
HELM,  «.     [Sax.  heima  ;  G.  hdmj  a  Ac/m,  and  a  kelvet 
D.  and  Dan,  hdm  ;    Sw.  kielm;    calieit,  in  some  dia- 
lects, kebmstnek,  which  mu:iit  be  the  tiller  uuly  3  prob- 
ably fmm  the  nx>l  of  hold.] 

1.  The  instrument  by  which  a  ship  is  rteered,  con- 
sisting of  a  nidder,  a  tiller,  and,  in  large  vesseU,  a 
wheeL     [See  Rudder.]  .War.  Diet 

9.  Station  of  government ;  the  place  of  direction 
or  management ;  as,  to  be  at  the  helm  in  the  admin- 
btratioD. 
HELM.  V.  L    To  steer ;  to  guide ;  to  direct.    {Little 

b.  To  cover  with  a  hemlet.  Mdton. 

hIlmIeT,!--    t*"*"-.    6een.u..] 

\.  Defensive  armor  fir  the  head  ;  a  hsad-piece  ;  a 
morion.  The  ht:linet  is  worn  by  horsemen  to  defend 
the  head  against  the  broadsword. 

2.  The  part  of  a  coat  of  arms  that  bears  the  crest. 

Joktiiion. 

3.  Tbe  upper  part  of  a  retort.  Boyle. 

.    4.  In  hotAayy  Uie  hooded  upper-lip  of  some  dow- 
ers. P.  Cyc 
HELM'AGE,  n.    Guidance. 

HELM'ET-ED  (  **    f*""*****®^  '^***»  *  helmet. 
UEL^MLV'THie,  a.     [Gr.  iXatvi,  a  worm.] 

Relating  to  worms  ;  expelling  worra5. 
HEL-MIN'TU1€,  n.    A  medicine  for  expelling  worms. 

Coxe. 
HEI^MtX-THO-LOG're,         I  a.   [See  Helmikthol- 
HEL-ML\-THO.LOCl€-.\L,  i      ocr.]    Pertainingto 

worms  or  vermes,  or  to  their  history. 
HEL-MIN-THOL'O-GIST,  ji.    One  who  is  versed  in 

the  niitural  history  of  vermes  or  worms. 
HEL-MLV-TH0L'O-GY,ii.  [Gr.  tA/iii-f,  a  worm,  and 

Xof.Sj  discourse^] 


HEL 

'I'he  scinice  or  knowknlge  of  vcriiiea  or  worms; 
llic.  description  and  natural  history  of  vermes  or 
worms.  1^  Ed.  Encyc 

HELM'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  a  hemlet.       Barlow. 
2.  Without  a  helm. 

HELMS'.MAN,  n.    The  man  at  the  helm. 

HELM'WI.N'D,  H.  A  wind  iu  the  mountainous  parts 
of  Ent:Iand,  so  called.  Burn. 

Hk'LUT,  n.     A  slave  in  ancient  Sparta, 

HK'LuriSM, )».  Slavery;  the  condition  of  the  He- 
lots, slaves  in  SpartJi.  Strphens. 

H£'LOT-RY,  n.    The  collective  body  of  the  Helots. 
T.  B.  MacauUit. 

HELP,  r.  L;  a  regular  verb;  the  old  past  ton^e  and 
participle,  holp  and  kofpen^  being  obsolete.  [W. 
kelpu  I  Sax.  JMpoM,  h^lpaa;  G.  hrlfen ;  D.  helpen; 
Sw.  kielpa;  Dan.  kielper  ;  Goth,  htlpan.] 

1.  To  aid;  to  assist;  to  lend  strmtrth  or  means 
toward  eflecting  a  purpose  ;  as,  to  help  a  man  in  his 
work  ;  to  heip  another  in  raising  a  building  ;  to  help 
one  to  |)ay  his  debts  ;  to  heip  the  memory,  or  llie  un- 
derstanding. 

2.  To  o^tiist ;  to  succor ;  to  lend  means  of  deliver- 
ance ;  as,  to  help  one  in  distress ;  to  help  one  out  of 
prison. 

3.  To  relieve ;  to  cure,  or  to  mitigate  pain  or  dis- 
ease. 

Help  and  «uc  th^m,  but  hjr  no  meoai  beroonn  tbem.     l^eke. 
The  true  calAmua  hMipt  «  oou|;h.  Ocrard, 

Sometimes  with  ^i  as,  to  help  one  0/  blindnerSH. 

Sluik. 

4.  To  remedy  ;  to  change  for  the  better, 

CesM  10  bnwM  for  wtuit  lliou  caiut  nut  help.  S7iak. 

5.  To  prevent ;  to  hinder.  The  evil  approaches, 
and  who  can  help  it  ? 

6.  To  forbear  ;  to  avoid. 

1  eitn  not  ht!p  reinarkirtg  the  rcKtulJancc  bctwcra  bim  and  our 
auUior.  Pop*. 

To  heipfontard;  to  advant*  by  assistance. 
To  help  on  ,•  to  forward  ;  to  promote  by  aid. 
To  heip  out :  to  aid  in  delivering  from  difficulty,  or 
to  aid  in  completing  a  design. 

Tbe  cod  of  leuuinr  end  of  li^t 

WouU  want  a  gtMrtiitiut-ir  Ui  hs!p  him  OuL  Su^fL 

To  kelp  over  ;  to  enable  to  surmount ;  as,  to  help 
one  over  a  difficulty. 

7T»  kelp  offi  to  remove  by  help;  as,  tohelp  ojf  time. 
[  UmtuuoL]  Locke. 

To  kelp  to;  to  supply  with  ;  to  furnish  with. 

Whom  tiff  would  ktip  la  a  kia^dom. —  I  Maccabocs. 

Also,  to  present  to  at  tab^e ;  as,  to  kelp  one  to  a 
glass  of  wine. 
HELP,  V.  i.    To  lend  n\d ;  to  contribute  strength  or 
means. 

A  g<:n<-iTnia  prtranu  AWp«  lo  perauade,  aa  well  aa  an  afTM-able 
f«TiOR.  Oar  tit. 

To  help  out ;  to  lend  aid  ;  to  bring  a  supply. 
HELP,  «.     [W.  help.] 

1.  Aid  ;  assistance  ;  strength  or  means  f^iniished 
toward  proumting  an  object,  or  deliverance  from  dif- 
ficulty or  distress. 

Gi>R  ■»  heip  from  troulilc  ;  (br  wain  is  the  fulp  of  tnan.  —  Pb.  Ix. 

9.  That  which  pives  assistance;  he  or  that  which 
contributes  to  advance  a  purpose. 

Vimv  is  :i  frietii)  aiul  n  http  to  nitnre.  South. 

Gixl  '»  a  very  pnti^til  htlp  in  tiinc  of  (rouble.—  Pa.  xlvi. 

3.  Remedy  ;  relief.  The  evil  is  done  ;  there  is  no 
help  for  it.  I'here  is  no  help  for  the  man ;  his  disease 
is  incunible. 

4.  A  hired  man  or  woman  ;  a  servant. 

United  States. 
HELP' ED,  (hclpt,)  pp.     Aided  ;  assisted  ;  relieved. 
HELP'KK,  71.     One  that  heli>8,  aidzi,  or  assistii;  an  as- 
sistant ;  an  auxiliary. 
3.  One  that  furnishes  or  administers  a  remedy. 

Cotri[>xs>ion  —  n  uflputiniei  a  helper  of  evils.  More. 

3.  One  that  supplies  with  any  thing  wanted; 
with  to. 

A  h^per  to  a  Iiiishiand,  ."^lak. 

4.  A  supcrnumenfT}*  servant.  SwiJU 
HELP'PyL,   a.     That  gives  aid  or  assistance  ;   that 

furnishes  meauM  of  promoting  an  object ;  useful. 

2.  Wholesome;  s;dutary  ;  as,  Ae//»/ui  medicines. 

Balegh. 
HELP'FSJL-NESS,  n.    Assistance;  usefulness. 

Vililton. 
HELP'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Assisting  ;  aiding  ;  support- 
ins. 
HELP'LESS,  a.  Without  help  in  one's  self;  desti- 
tute of  the  power  or  means  to  succor  or  relieve  one*s 
self.  A  person  is  rendered  helpless  by  weakness,  or 
want  of  means.     An  infant  is  helpless. 

2.  Destitute  of  support  or  assistance. 

Ilow  ahoU  1  then  yout  kelpletM  fume  defend  t  Pope. 

3.  Admitting  no  help;  irremediable.    [JiTot  iised.] 

4.  Unsupplitd  ;  destitute.  [Spetuer. 
//eI;>>H  of  all  that  human  wiinta  require.  [Notuttd.]  DryiMn. 

HELP'LEPS-LY,  adv.     Without  succor.  Ki'K 

HELP'LESS-NESS,  n.     Want  of  strength  or  ahilily  ; 


HEM 

inability  ;  want  of  means  in  one's  eclf  to  obtain 
relief  in  trouble,  or  to  accomplish  one's  purposes  or 
desires. 

U  ia  tiie  tend'^ncy  of  aickneaa  to  rrduce  oar  exlmvngiuit  f  IP 
eatimalioii,  by  exhittitiiis  our  aotlbu-y  htlpUiarutr. 

BuckmwtUr. 

HELP'MATE,  >  n.    An  assistant;  a  helper;  a  coin- 
HELP'MEET,  \     jpanion. 

HEL'TER-SKEL'TER;  cant  words  denoting  hurry 
and   confusion,      [yulffar.]      Uu.    L.   hilariter  anil 

eelerittr,  or  Ch.  o"?",  Ar.  hIl-C  to  mix. 

HELVE,  (helv,)  n.     [Sax.  hef/,-  G.  helm,  a  helve  and  a 
helm  ;  prubably  from  the  root  of  hold.] 
TJie  handle  of  an  ax  or  hatchet.  Johnson. 

HELVE,  (helv,)  r.  (.    To  furnish  %vith  a  helve,  a!« 

HELVED,  pp.    Fitted  with  a  helve.  [an  ax. 

HEL-VET'ie,  a.  [Sax.  Hiefelden,  the  Helvetii,  Uu. 
hill-men,  or  high  nill-men.] 

Pi-rtainin;;  to  the  Helvetii,  the  inhabitants  of  ilio 
AIjw,  now  Switzerland,  or  to  the  modern  si;iti;s  and 
inh:ihitants  of  the  Alpine  regions;  as,  the  Uelcctic 
confederacy  ;  Helvetic  slates. 

HEL'VIX,  IU    [fYum  Gr  i,\t  >?,  the  sun  ] 

A  miuer.'il,  uf  a  yellowish  color,  occurring  in  rcgu- 
Inr  tetrahedrons,  with  truncated  iui{;le8.   Cleavcland. 

HELV'LNG,  ppr.    Furnishing  with  a  helve,  as  an  ax. 

HEM  ;  an  excl.Tniation  whose  utterance  is  a  sort  of 
voluntary  half  cough,  loud  or  subdued,  as  the  emo- 
tion may  suggest.  Smart. 

HEM,  n.     [Sax.  kfm  ;  W.  hem  ;  Russ.  kaima.] 
"    I.  The  border  of  a  garment,  doubled  and  sewed 
to  strcngtlien  it  and  prevent  tho   raveling  of  tho 
threads. 

2.  Edge  ;  border.    MatL  ix. 

3.  A  particular  sound  of  the  human  voice,  ex- 
pressed by  the  word  Arm. 

HEM,  V.  t.    I'o  form  a  hent  or  border  ;  to  fold  and  sew 
down  the  edge  of  cloih  to  strengthen  it. 
2.  To  border ;  to  edge. 

Ali  the  Bkirt  nbout 
Wna  hemmed  with  gulden  frinjfe,  ^fpenter. 

To  hem  in  {  to  inclose  and  confine  ;  to  Rurround  ; 
to  environ.    The  trooiis  were  hemmed  in  by  the  ene- 
my.   Sometimes,  perhaps,  Co  hem  about  or  round  may 
be  used  in  a  like  sense. 
HEM,  V.  i.     [D.  hemmrn.] 

To  mak(!  the  «ound  expressed  by  the  word  hem, 
HEM'A-€HATE,  ?t      [Gr.  ui;io,  blood,  and    axar^c, 
agatf!.] 

A  species  of  apate,  of  a  hlood  color.  Encyc 

HEM-A-DYN-A-MOM'E-TEK,  n.  [Gr.  al/ja,  hlood, 
and  dy7tam07nctcr,  whictl  see.] 

A  contrivance  for  ascertaining  tlie  pressure  of  tho 
blood  in  the  arteries, 
HEM-E-STAT'i€-AL,    a.       [Gr.    ai/za,    blood,    and 
ffnirotcf.] 
Relating  to  the  weight  of  the  blood. 
IIEM'A-TLN,  V.     [Gr.  a'lfi.t,  blood.] 

The  coloring  principle  of  logwood,  of  a  red  color 
and  bitieriwh  taste.  Chevreul. 

HEM'A-TTTE,  n.  [Gr.  (il^mrirJif,  from  af/^.i,  blood.] 
Red  hr.matiie  is  a  variety  of  the  epecular  ore  of 
iron.  BruWH  hematite,  the  hydrated  oxyd  of  iron. 
The  name  hematite  is  now  mostly  restricted  to  the 
latter  ore.  The  word  alludes  to  tl)e  red  or  brownish- 
red  color  of  the  mineral  when  rubbed  or  powdered. 
Roth  of  these  ores  are  used  extensively  in  the  ijiiin- 
ufacture  of  iron.  Dana. 

HEM-A-TIT'I€,  a.    Pertaining  to  hematite,  or  resem- 
bling it ;  composed  of  or  containing  hematite. 
HE.M'A-TOCELE,  tu    [Gr.  a'lpa.  Wood,  and  fc-fjAr/,  a 
tumor.] 

A  tumnr  filled  with  blood. 
HEM-A  TC'SIN,  n.  -  One  of  the  proximate  principles 

of  the  blood,  containing;  its  red  cohkring-matter. 
HEM-A-Tr)'PIS,  n.     A  morbid  quantity  of  blood. 
HEM-E-RO -CAP'TIST,    n.      [Gr.    /j/iEpa,    day,    and 
fSuTTTU),  to  wash.] 

One  of  a  sect  among  tlie  Jews,  who  bathed  every 
day.  Fidke. 

HE.MT,  in  composition,  from  the  Gr.  ^/iio-wj,  siguifiea 

half,  lilte  dcmi  and  semi. 
HEM'LCRA-NY,  n.    [Gr.  ^/(jtrij,  half,  and  xpaviov, 
the  skull.] 
A  pain  that  affixts  only  one  side  of  the  head. 
nEM'LC?-€LE,  (-si-kl,)  iu     [Gr.  i,fiiKVK>Ji.] 

A  half  circle  ;  more  generally  called  a  semicircle. 
HEM-I-DI'ToNE,  n.    In  Oreck  mitsic,  tlie  lesser  third. 

[See  Dkmi-Ditone.]  Bushy. 

HEM-LHE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  ?ipiovt  half,  and  tooa, 
face.] 

In  mineralogy,  a  term  applied  to  a  crystal  with  half 
of  the  similar  edges  or  an^^lus  similarly  replaced. 

Daua. 
HEM'I-NA,  n.     [L.]     In  Roman  antiquity,  a  measure 
containing  half  a  sexl'ary,  and  according  to  Arbuth- 
not,  about  half  a  pint  Enpli^^h  wine-measure.  Encyc 
2.  In  medicine,  a   measure    equal    to   about    ten 
ounces.  Quincy. 

HEM-I-PLk'GLA,  )   n.     [Gr.  r;/iicw?, half, and  ffAr/)>j, 
HEM'I-PI.E-GY,     \        a    stroke,    from    nXiiaau),    to 
.-trike.  ] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PKEY.  — PINE,  MARL\E.  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

_  _ 


HEN 

A  palsy  that  affects  one  half  of  the  body  ;  a  par- 
alytic alil-ction  on  one  side  of  tlie  human  fiaine. 

Encvc. 
nEM-I-PRI8-MAT'I€,  a.     Half  prismatic 
iir^MIP'TER,  n.  )        [Gr.    hutav^y    half,    nnd 

HE->nP'TER-A,  n.  pi]    nrepii'^  a  wine.] 

Tenns  applied  to  insects  with  the  upper  winps,  or 
wing-covtTs,  usually  half  coriaceous  and  half  mem- 
branaceous, and  incumbent  on  each  other ;  as  the 
rimcx. 
Ul^-MIP'TER-AL,     I  a.      Having  the    upper   winp^ 
HK  MIP'TER-OUS,  \      half  coriaceous  and  halfmein- 

hranaceous. 
IIEM'I-SPHERE,  n.     [Gr.  fifiKrpatoiov.'l 

1.  A  half  sphere;  one  half  of  n  spli'^re  or  globe, 
wlum  divided  by  a  plane  passing  through  its  ctntec. 
Particularly^  one  half  the  mundane  sphere.  The 
eqiiator  divides  the  sphere  into  two  equal  parts. 
'J'hat  on  the  north  is  called  the  norViem  hcmisphrre  ; 
the  other,  the  jout^em.  So  the  horizon  diviiU-s  the 
sphere  into  the  umtrr  and  (ok a-  hemispheres.  Hemi- 
sphere is  also  used  for  a  map  or  projectin|(  of  half  the 
tern;.''trial  or  celestial  sphere,  and  is  then  often  called 
pVi  liip'iere. 

-2.  A  imp  or  projection  of  half  the  tcrre=trir\I  plobe. 
HE\I-(-?^PHER'l€,  i  a.     Containins  half  a  sphere 

HBM-I  SPHEK'ie-AL,  \      oiglobe;  as^  a  hemispherij: 

tiaure  or  furm  ;  a  hemi^kerieal  body. 
IIi:.\l-Io^PHER'UI.E,  n.     A  half  spherule. 
HEM'IS-Tieil,  (hem'e-stik,)  n.     [Gr.  ^^m'o-t'X""'-] 
Half  a  poetic  verse,  or  a  verse  not  compLled. 

jyryden,     Kncyc. 
HE-.MIS'TieH-AL,  Che-mis'tik-al,)  a.     P. naming  to 

a  hemistirh  ;  denoting  a  division  of  the  verse. 
HEM'I-TON'E,  ».     [Gr,  ^^ir-.n  .i-.l  [fTarton, 

A  half  tone  in  music  ;  now  called  a  ScMiTorvE. 
HEM'I-TROPE,  a.     [Gr.   Vtffus,   half,  and   r^jo;:;;,  a 
luminc.] 

Half  turned  ;  a  hemitrope  erytrtal  is  one  in  which 
one  segment  it  turned  through  half  the  circumference 
of  a  circle.  The  word  is  used  also  as  a  nuun.  IfaUy, 
HEM'LOCK,  n.  [Sax.  kemleac:  the  latter  syllable  ts 
the  same  as  leek.  (in.  is  it  not  a  border-plant,  a  plant 
growing  in  hedges  ?  ] 

1.  A  plant  of  the  g.-nns  Conium,  whose  leaves  nnd 
root  are  poisonotts.    [i^ee,  also,  \Vateb-Hemlock.] 

2.  A  North  American  tree,  of  tlie  genua  .\bie3  or 
Fir,  an  evrgreen. 

3.  A  poison,  an  infusion  or  decoction  of  the  p«ii- 
sonous  jdant.    [See  Cicuta.] 

Populitr  IHTljr  mt^hi  then  tnvp  r«cniirvl  (h^  jnil'>liljl(j  rrpronch 
of  <l'-cr^i)i«  lo  the  Kime  citopiw  lb'-  hemlock  oti  <»)•>  dnj, 
■ntl  M.\tiie*  on  the  ivxl.  fTttUraJitt,  Mathtm. 

HEM'^IKD,  pp.  or  a.  Bordered  ;  edged;  folded  and 
sewi'd  dnwn  at  the  edge. 

HE.M'MEL,  ».     [Dan.  hemmrlirr^  r\mf.\ 
A  shed  or  hovel  f^r  catlle.     [LncaJ.] 

HEM'.MI\G,  ppr.  Bordering;  folding  and  sewing 
dnwn  at  Ihf^  edge  of  the  cloth. 

HE-MOP'TY-.SI.s J  n,    [Gr.  a?/.a,  blood,  and  irruffij* 

HE-MOP'TO-E,      (       a  spittmg.] 
A  spitting  of  blood. 

HE.M'OR-RHA(5E,  n.  [Gr.  ait>op^a}ia;  a(;ja,blood, 
and  ^11}  n-r-t,  to  burst,] 

Any  dischiirge  of  blood  from  vesseli  drstined  to 
rontain  iL  The  anrients  confined  the  wonl  to  a 
discharge  of  blood  from  the  nose  ;  but  in  modmt 
iLie,  it  IS  applied  to  a  flux  from  the  nose,  lungs,  in- 
te'*tine«,  &c.  Knene. 

nE.M-OR.RHAG'?€,  (raj'ik,)  a.  Pertaining  to  a  llux 
of  bIo'>d  ;  consisiiug  in  hemorrhage. 

HEM-OR-RMOID'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  hemor- 
rhoids ;  ns,  the  hemorrhaidaJ  vessels, 

2.  Consisting  in  a  flux  of  blood  from  the  vessels  of 
the  nnus. 

HKM'OR-RHOins,  tt.  [Gr.  aI;iop^oi{;  ai/ia,  blood, 
and  ^>n.,  a  flowing.] 

A  dischnrge  uf  htf>od  from  the  vessels  of  the  anus  ; 
the  piles;  in  Scripl-ire,  »meri>ds 

The  term  Is  also  applied  to  tumors  formed  by  a 
morbid  dilatation  of  the  hemorrhoKlal  veins.  When 
Ihcy  do  not  discharge  Nootl,  they  are  railed  blind 
pilM  i  when  they  occasionally  emit  bbKul,  hleedmjr  or 
itpm  pUrg,  Cijc*     Parr, 

HEMP.  n.  {Sa.x,  henrp  ;  G.hanf;  D.  kfimrp  or  kennip  ; 
fi'W.  kiimpa;  Dan.  hamp;  Fr.  eh/inrrt  ;  j\rm.  eannb  { 
Ir.  cannaib,  cnaib;  Ij.  cannnhiA ;  Ht.  Kni-i'a'i.f  t  Hp. 
en^'imo ;  It.  canapa  ;  Ru^i*.  konnpel.  It  is  found  in  the 
Arabic.    See  Clnws  Nb,  No.  :20,  ai.] 

1.  A  (ibrrius  plant,  of  the  genus  Cannabis,  whose 
■kin  or  bark  is  used  for  cloth  and  cotdnge.  Hence, 
atnetu,  the  cttarsc,  strong  cloth  used  for  sails. 

2.  The  skin  or  rind  of  the  plant,  prepared  for  spin- 
ning. I^urge  quantities  of  hemp  are  exported  from 
RitiMla. 

HKMP-AG'RI-MO-NY,  n.    A  plant,  a  Bpccica  of  Eu- 

pn  tori  tun. 
HEMP'£N,  (hemp'n,)  a.  Made  of  hemp ;  as,  a  hempen 

cord 
HEMP-  -NET-TLE,  n.     An  annual  plant  of  the  genus 

Galeopars,  wlio.*e  flower  has  a  grotesque  flgure. 

Loudon. 
HEMP'V,  a.     Like  hemp.     [Unusual.]  UoweSL 

HEN,  a.     [Sax.   Ant,  henne;    G.  hrnne :    T).  hen;  Sw. 


HEP 

hUna:  Dan.  luine.  In  Goth,  kana^  Sax.  han,  hnna,  is 
a  cork  j  G.  hahtt ;  D.  kaan.  In  Sw.  and  Dan.  kanc  ia 
a  c(H-k,  the  male  of  a  fowl,  and  fuin  is  Ac,  the  per- 
sonal pronoun.] 

The  female  of  any  kind  of  fowl ;  but  it  is  particu- 
larly applied  to  llie  female  of  the  ilomfstic  fowl  of 
the  gallinacecus  kind,  or,  as  sometimes  called,  the 
bftrii'door  fovit.. 

HEN'BANE,  n.  \km  and  6anc.]  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus llyoscyamus,  of  several  species.  The  roots, 
leaves,  and  seeds,  are  poisonous.  Evcyc. 

HEN'BIT,  H.  A  name  common  to  several  plants; 
tilso  called  Dead-nettle,  or  Speedwell,  which  see. 

HEX'-COOP,  71.     A  ct>op  or  cage  for  fowls. 

HEN'-DKIV'ER,  n.     A  kind  of  hawk.  mdton. 

HEX'-IIXRM,  in.     A  species  of  buzzard,  Falco 

HEN'-HAH-RI-ER,  j  ganeus  of  Linna-us.  It  de- 
rives its  English  name  from  its  persecutions  in  the 
poultry  yard.  Eili7t.  Encye. 

HEN'-HEXRT-ED,  a.    Cowardly;   timid;  dastardly. 

HEN'-HOIJSE,  Ti.     A  house  or  shelter  for  fowl?. 

[I  EX'-PECK-KD,  C-pL-kt,)  a.    Governed  by  the  wife. 

HEX'-ROOST,  «.  A  place  where  poultry  rest  at 
night.  Add'vson. 

IIEXS'FEET,  II.     A  plant,  hedge  fumitory.     Johnson. 

ilEXCE,  (hens,)  ado.  [Sax.  hcoaa ;  Scot,  hyne  i  G. 
hitt.] 

1.  From  this  place. 

An»^,  Irt  lu  (fo  htnct.  —  John  xit. 

1  will  wild  ttic«;  far  htnct  to  the  liendk*,—  AcU  xxn. 

2.  From  this  time;  in  the  future;  as,  a  week 
heiiM  :  a  year  hence, 

3.  Frtim  thiscatiseor  reason,  noting  a  consequence, 
inference,  or  deduction  from  somolhing  just  before 
■laud. 

Htnrt,  p^rh.1^,  U  h,  that  Sulomoii  calU  the  frar  of  th"  Lord  the 
bepiuiing  vTwbilom.  TiltoUon, 

It  sometimes  denotes  an  inference,  or  consequence, 
resulting  from  something  that  follows. 

Whence  com^  wnra  »ttil   fiffhlin^  among  you  I    Come  tht-y  not 
A*ncff,  even  Ironi  your  lu»t«7  —  JamtB  iv. 

4.  From  this  source,  or  original. 

Alt  othur  (mt*  borrowpj  hence.  SuckHng. 

Hcnct  signifies /rtmi  t/iis,  nnd  /rom,  before  hence,  is 
not  strictly  correct.  But  from  kcnce  is  so  well  estab- 
lished by  cut^toni.  that  it  iiiuy  nut  be  practicable  to 
correct  the  use  o(  t!ie  phrase. 

Hence  is  used  elliplically  and  imperatively,  for  £"o 
hence;  depart  hence;  away;  bc^oiie. 

Jitnc*  with  your  litlh  onca.  Shak. 

Hence,  as  a  verb,  lo  send  off",  as  used  by  Sidney,  is 
improper. 
HE.NCE-FORTH',  (hcus-fonh',)  ndv.    Fro.-r.  this  time 
forward. 

I  n'ViT  from  l!iy  »Me  hcnc/orth  will  rtmy.  Afi/ftin. 

HENCE-FOR'VVARD,   (hens-for'ward),   ade.      From 

llii<  tiini;  forward  ;  henceforth.         Shnk.     Drydeiu 
HENCII'MAX  /  n.     (Sax.  Ai/ic,  a  servant.] 
HENClI'ilOY,  i      A  pago  ;  a  acrvanU     [Obs.] 

Shak.     Dryden 
HEND,  \  V.  t.     [Sax.  hentanA 

HE.Xr,  \     To  St  i/e  ;  to  la>  fudd  on  ;  looccupy.  [Ofit.] 
The  pn-teril  of  Hekd  is  also  Hest.  [i'AaA. 

HEXD.  or  HEX  IVY,  a.     Gentle.     [Oha.]       Chaucer. 
HEX  DEC'A-GOX,     lu       [Gr.    l^Aiku,    eleven,    and 
)  oil  1(1,  an  angle.] 

In  geometry^  a  piano  flgure  of  eleven  sides  nnd  as 
many  angles.  •  Ene^c. 

HE.\-DEe-A-8VI^LABae,  a.     Pertaining  to  a' line 

of  eleven  syllables. 
HEN-DEe-A-SYL'LA-BLE,    ».       [Gr.    hitxa    nnd 

A  metrical  line  of  eleven  syllables.  Warton. 

HEX-DI'A-DYS,  h.     [L.,  from  Gr.  iv  Sia  ouuti,  one 
by  two.] 
In  grammar,  a  figure  in  which  the  same  idea  is 

{jresenti'd  by  two  words  or  phnises. 
iX'NA,  n.  [Arubic.J  A  deciduous,  tropical  tree, or 
qhrul),  of  the  genua  Lawsonia.  Also,  a  paste  made 
of  its  pounded  leaves,  and  much  used  by  tlie  Egyi>- 
lians  and  Asiatics  for  dyeing  their  nails,  &.c.,  of 
an  orange  hue.  It  is  also  used  by  the  men  for 
dyeing  their  beards,  the  ornngo  color  being  after- 
ward Chang'-  d  to  a  deep  black,  by  the  application  of 
in<IigM.  Loudun.     Partin<rton.     P.  Cvr„ 

HEI',  n.     The  fruit  of  the  wild  dog-rose.     [See  Hip.] 
HK'PAK,  tj.     [Ij.  hrpor,  the  liver  ;  Gr.  j'jir.i/i  ] 

A  cotnbitialion  of  sulphur  with  an  alkali,  or  rather 
with  ll)c  metallic  base  of  an  alkali,  was  formerly 
calb!d  by  chemists  hcptir  sulpfiurii,  liver  of  sulphur, 
from  its  br»KVvii-red  colur.  The  term  has  been 
applied  to  nil  combinations  of  alkali,  or  earth,  with 
sulphur,  or  phosphorus.  JVichohon. 

The  hepars  are,  by  modern  chemists,  called  sulphu- 
rets.  Foureroy. 

HR-PAT'ie,  »a.       ri..    hfpntirns;    Gr     i)iT.tTtKos, 

HE-PAT'It;-AI.,  i      from  .'ira.-,  the  liver.] 

Pertaining  to  the   liver  ;    as,  hrpatic  gall ;   hepatic 

pain  ;  A<ymf(c  artery  ;  hepatic  f\ux.    Qutncy.  ^rbutknot. 

Hepatic  air,  or  //-u^,  is  a  fetid  vapor,  or  elastic  fluid, 

emitted  from  romhiiialions  of  sul|iliiir  with  alkalies, 

carlh.i,  Qnd  nutals.  jYiclwUt?n.     Enajc. 


HER 

This  species  of  air  is  now  called  sulphureted  by- 
drotrrn  iras.  Ftyurcroy. 

Hepiitic  mercurial  ore,   or   hepatic  cinnabar.      See 

ClSVABAR. 

HEP'A-TITK,  n.     \   gem,  or  mineral,  that  takes  its 
name  front  the  liver.     PItn.  1.  37,  11. 

Hrpatite  is  a  name  given  to  the  fetid  sulphate  of 
bar>"ta.  It  sometimes  occurs  in  globular  masses,  a:id 
is  either  compact,  or  of  a  foliated  structure.  By 
friction,  or  the  applicjitiim  of  heat,  it  exhales  a  fcU 
id  odor,  like  that  of  sulphureted  hydrogen. 

Clcavetand. 
HEP-A-TI-ZA'TION,  n.     The  act  of  iniprcgimting 
with  sulphureted  hydrogen  gas. 

2.  Conversion  into  a  substance  resembling  the  liv- 
er. Duitirliion. 
HEP'A-TIZE,  V.  L    To  impregnate  with  sulphureted 
hydrogen  gas. 
2.  To  fill  with  blood  or  plastic  matter.    Dun^rlison. 
HEP'A-TIZ-£D,  pp.  or  a.     Impregnated  or  combined 
with  sulphureted  hydrogen  gas;    gorged  with  blood, 
or  plastic  matter. 

On  tbe  right  of  the  river  were  two  wells  of  hepatixed  water. 

Barrow. 
HEP-A-TOS'€0-PY,  n.      [Gr.    ;,Tra/i,  the   liver,  and 
dfOTfO),  to  view.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  divination  by  inspecting  the 
liver  of  animals.  Eiicyc 

HEP'PEN,  a.     [Sax.  h<rrlic.1 

Neat;  fit ;  comfortable.  Grose. 

HEP'TA  CHORD,  (kord,)  n.  [Gr,  iirra,  seven,  and 
\op6rt,  chord.] 

A  system  of  seven  sounds.  In  ancient  poctrij, 
verses  sung  or  played  on  seven  chords  or  diflereiit 
notes.  In  this  sense  the  word  was  applied  to  tlie 
lyre,  when  it  had  but  seven  strings.  One  of  the  in- 
tervals is  also  called  a  heptachord^  as  containing  the 
same  numln-r  of  degrees  between  the  extremes.  Encyc. 
HEP'TADE,  n.  The  sum  or  number  of  seven. 
HEP'TA-GLOT,  n.  [Gr.  £jrro,  seven,  and  jAwrra, 
language.] 

A  book  of  seven  languages. 
IIEr'TA-GON,  n.    [Gr.  irrni,  seven,  and  >tii»'i<a,  an 
anjile.] 

Ill  geometry^  a  plane  figure  consisting  of  seven 
sides  mid  as  many  angles. 

In  fortification^  a  place  that  has  seven  bastions  for 
defense.  Bncye. 

HEP-TAG'ON-AL,  a.  Having  seven  angles  or  sides. 
Hcpt-afronnl  numbers ;  in  arilkmetic^a  sort  of  polygonal 
numbers,  wherein  the  difference  of  the  terms  of  the 
corresponding  arithmetical  progression  is  5.  One  of 
the  [iroperties  of  these  numbers  is,  that  if  they  are 
multiplied  by  40,  nnd  9  is  added  to  the  product,  the 
sum  will  be  a  square  number.  Brande. 

HEP-TA-GYN'I-A,  Ti,     [Gr.  ^nrn,  seven,  and  j  uri;,  a 
femaie.] 
In  botany,  an  order  of  plants  having  seven  styles. 

Linnams. 
HEP-TA-GY\'I-AN,  (  o.     In    botany,   having    seven 
HEP-TAG'YN-OUS.  \      slvles. 
HEP-TA-He'DRON,  ti.    A  solid  flgure  with  seven 

sides. 
HEP-TA-HEX  A  IIE'DRAL,   a.      [Gr.    irrra,  seven, 
and  hriahedraL] 

Presenting  seven  ranges  of  faces  one  above  an- 
other, each  range  containing  six  faces.  C'cai^eland. 
HEl'-TAM'E-REDE,  n.    [Gr.  iirra,  seven,  and  /'cptf, 
part.] 
That  which  divides  into  seven  parts.     .4.  Smith. 
HEP-TAN'DRI-A,  n,    [Gr.  iirro,  seven,  nnd  ujrj/),  a 


male.] 
hi  Si 


vtany^  a  class  of  plants  having  seven  stamens. 
Liimaius. 


HEP-TAN'DRI-AN,  Havimr  seven  stamens 

HEP-TAN'DROUS    !  '^    ""vrng  seven  stamens. 

HEP-'I'A.N"GU-LAR,  a.     [Gr.  iffra,  seven,  nnd  angu- 
UirA 

linving  seven  ancles. 

HEP-TAPII'Yh-1.0(JS,  a.      [Gr,    ^Trra,   seven,  and 
i^i-^X-iv,  a  leaf.] 

(laving  sf'ven  leaves. 

HEP-TAReil'ie,  o.    Denoting  a  sevenfold  govern- 
ment, ffarton. 

HEP'TAltriMST,  j  TI.    A  ruler  of  one  division  of  a 

HEP'TAKGM,  j      heptarchy.  tyarton. 

HEP'TA R€II-Y,    Ji.     [Or.   inra,    seven,   and    apxvt 
rule.] 

A  government  by  Hcven  p«?rsons,  or  tlie  country 
governed  by  seven  pi*rsons.  But  the  word  ia  usually 
applied  lo  England,  whtn  under  the  government  of 
seven  kings,  or  divided  into  seven  kingdoms  ;  as,  the 
Saxon  hrptarchy,  \\  hich  romprehended  Ihe  whole  of 
Enylatid.  wlnri  nubjeclto  sevi-n  independent  princes, 
'i'liese  petty  kingdoms  were  those  of  Kent,  tbe  South 
Saxtms,  iSussex,]  West  Saxons,  East  Saxons,  [Es- 
sex,] the  East  Angles,  Mercia,  and  Northumberland. 
Hut.  of  En  ft} -md. 

HEP'TA-TKCCH,  C-tQke,j  n.     [Gr.  iffra,  seven,  nnd 
rti'Y"S»  book.] 
The  first  seven  books  of  the  Old  Testnmenl, 

HEP'-TREE,  TI.    The  wild  dog-iosu,  a  sjnuies  uf  Ho- 
ca,  the  Rosa  canina. 

HEll,  (bur  i)  an  adjective,  oi  pronominal   artjertive, 


I 


TONE,  BULL,  tJNITE.  —  AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUB.—  C  M  K;  d  aa  J ;  »  a»  Z ;  CH  !u  8H  ;  'f  II  od  In  Tlllif 


&47 


HER 

of  the  ihird  person.  [S,ix.  hirty  sinp.,  hrarti,  pi.,  tU^ 
possessive  case  ofke^  kco  ;  but  luore  properly,  ap  ad- 
jective, like  Uie  L.  suus.'] 

I.  Relongins  to  a  iVniale  ;  as,  hrr  face  ;  her  ht-nd. 

&  It  is  used  before  neuter  nouns  in  pexsunifica- 
tkm. 

Wbdom^  wsM  an  wtyt  of  plc«MoinMB,  ud  all  Air  ftJim  an 
I«uo.  — Prov.  iii. 

Jfer  is  also  used  as  a  pronotin,  or  sub<^{ttite  for  a 
female,  in  Uie  objective  case,  after  a  verb  or  prepo- 
siliun. 

nva  also  lobar  hutfaand  with  *«r,  and  he  did  eat. — Gvn. 


Bn-s  is  prfniarily  the  ohjective  nr  genitivs  case,  de- 
noting aomethinfc  that  belongs  to  a  female.  But  it 
otaada  u  a  substitute  in  the  nominative  or  objective 
cai«. 

And  what  Ui  fcitaite  wanted,  Aarr  oouk)  mend.  DryJtn, 

Hem  her*  ^t\ad»ft3t  kerf ortum*;  butitmuM  bo  con- 
sidered as  the  nomtnative  to  Miiirf  numd.  I  will  take 
baclE  my  own  book,  and  give  you  kera.  Here  herjt  is 
the  otyeci  after  riea 
HBR'ALD,  «.  [Pr.  kerml,  for  krrmuU;  Arm.  ArmU,  or 
kmrod ;  Sp.  ktrMo  i  Port.  armOa ;  IL  mralJo ;  G.  kf~ 
raid;  W.  kerod^^ embemadiu  and  herald,  from  he- 
raaJ,  a  defiance  or  challenge,  A«riait>,  to  branili«li,  to 
thn-aten,  Oom  A^r,  a  push,  a  motion  of  defiance,  a 
cbaUenge.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  send,  thrust,  or 
drire.] 

I.  An  officer  wboae  business  was  to  denounce  or 
pfDcloim  war,  Co  challenge  to  battle,  to  pnxlaim 
pfocr,  and  to  bear  messages  ts%xa  the  commander 
of  an  army.    Hence, 

3.  A  proclaimer ;  a  publistaef';  as,  the  herald  of  an- 
othf  r*3  fame. 

3.  A  forerunner  ;  a  precursor ;  a  harbinger. 

It  vaatbr  lart,  thelUraidof  ibeiDom.  SItak, 

4.  An  officer  in  Great  Britain,  whone  husines^t  is  to 
marshal,  order,  and  condiiri,  roj-nl  cavalcades,  cer- 
emonies at  ron>iiulinns,  mynl  mairiajtcs,  installations, 
creations  of  dukes  and  other  nobles,  embassies^  fu- 
neral pmcessions,  declarations  of  war,  pr(»c tarnations 
of  peaee,  &c  ;  also,  to  rrcord  and  blaxon  tlie  arms 
of  the  nobility  and  gentr}',  and  to  regulate  abuses 
therein.  Eneyc 

5.  Formerly  anfdied,  by  the  French,  to  a  minstreL 
BER'Af.n,  r.  e.    To  introduce,  as  hv  a  herald.   Skak. 
HER'AL1»-E:D,  pp.    Introduced,  as  by  a  herald. 
HER-AL'DI€,  a.    Pertaining  to  heralds  or  heraldry; 

ns,  heraldic  delineations.  Warlon, 

HER-AL'Die-AL-LV,  adv.    In  a  hfraldic  manner. 

HER'ALD-ING,  ppr.     Inlrtwlucini:,  a*  by  a  herild. 

HER'AI.n  RY,a.  The  art  or  .itnre  of  a  herald.  Her- 
aldry is  the  art,  i>rdriicc,  at  science,  nf  reconlinc  gen- 
ealogies, and  hl:i7.onin!^  arms  or  ensigns  nrmorial.  It 
also  teaches  whatever  relates  to  the  marshaling  of 
cavalcades,  processions,  and  nth^r  public  c«:rcm(>nies. 

Rneyc 

IIER'ALD-RHIP,  ».    Tlie  office  of  a  h-^rald.  SFiden. 

HERB,  (erb,)  n.  [L.  hrrbn;  Fr.  hrrbe ;  It,  erbiKi  Sp. 
yerha:  Port.  erpa.  Qn.  tr.  forba^  glebe,  that  is,fotjd, 
pa.'^ture,  subsistence  ;  Gr.  fprSu.] 

1.  A  plant  or  vegetable  with  a  soft  or  succulent 
stalk  or  stem,  whtcb  dies  to  the  rtxit  every  yt^ar,  and 
is  tJius  distinguished  from  a  tre«  and  a  :$hnib,  which 
tiave  ligneous,  or  hard,  woody  stems. 

Milne,     Martyn. 

2.  In  the  Unn^an  hotany^  that  part  of  a  vef^etnble 
which  sprinss  from  tlie  root  and  is  terminated  by  the 
fnctificatiun,  inrliidin*;  the  stem  or  >'t:ilk,  the  leaves, 
the  fulcra  or  props,  and  the  hibumarle. 

.1/UAe.    Martyn, 
The  word  kerb  comprehends  all  the  grasses,  and 
numerous  planU  used  for  cuhnai)'  purposeSL 

HERB-€HRIST'0  PHER,  n.  An  herb,  JtetMx  spirata^ 
whoejc  root  is  used  in  nervous  diseases.  Partington. 

HERB-ROBERT,  a.  A  plant,  a  species  of  Gera- 
nium. 

HER-BA'CEOUS,  (her-bi'shus,)  «.  [U  Acrftoceiw.] 
Pertaining  to  herbs  \  having  the  nature  of  an  herb. 
^rbaceeua  plants  are  such  as  perish  annually  down 
to  Uie  rocrf  ;  soft,  sticruleut  veeeiables.  So,  a  kerba~ 
ctams  stem  is  one  which  is  soft,  not  woody.  Jlerba- 
eeousy  applied  to  animals  by  Derham,  is  not  author- 
ized.    rSee  llEBBiroRorB.] 

UERB'A&E,  (erb'aj  or  herb'nj,)  a.     [Fr.,  from  hrrbe,] 

1.  Herbs  culleclivcly ;  grass ;  pasture  ;  green  food 
lor  beasLs. 

The  inAwoK  of  tnie  r>»gMm  k  inn<l,  aoft,  and  now^l'w,  nnd 
oonsiMil   a>  titviiexrat  uf  the  rtcniii|;  ilw  on  ih^  fiidcr 

SL  In  /otr,  the  liberty  or  nght  of  pasture  in  the  for- 
est or  frotinds  of  another  man.  F.nctjc 

HP.KU'AG-ED,  a.    Cove-red  with  pra.'w.       Thvmson. 

HERB'AL,  (herbal,)  n.  A  book  that  contains  the 
names  and  descriptions  of  ptanl-s,  or  the  classes,  gen- 
era, species,  and  qualities  of  vt'g»;taIdos,       Bacon. 

2.  A  hortiis  siccus,  or  dry  jntrden  ;  a  collection  of 
nr^imens  of  plants,  dried  and  preserved.     Encyc 

flERR'AI.,  a.     Pertaining  to  herhi 
IIERB'AI^IST,  n.    A  per^m  skilled  in  plants;  pne 
who  makes  collecliotis  of  plants. 


HER 

HEKBAR,  i».     An  herb.     [OA.«.l  Spenser. 

HERB'AR-IST,  n.     A  herbulist.     [Little  used.] 

Derham.     UoyJe. 
HER-BA'RI-UM,  n. ;  pi  IlEnnABtrMs.   A  collertiun  of 

plants  carefully  dried  and  nrcser\-ed.    Med.  Hepos. 
a.   A  book  or  other  contrivance  fur  thus  pr<?s*T\'ing 
IlERirA-UrZE.     See  Mehbobizk.  [p'^'its. 

IIEUU'A-RY,  n.     A  garden  of  plants.  jyartoti. 

HERB'E-LET,  n.    A  small  herb.  S/uik. 

HERB'ER,  n.    fWmertVt  an  arbor.     [See  HEanAar.] 
HERB-ES'CEXT,fl.     (U  herbeseens.] 

Growing  into  herbs. 
HERB'ID,  o.    [U  herbUusA 

Covered  with  herbs.     [Little  tL^-e'l] 
IIERB-IF'ER-OU?,  o.     Hearinc  herbs. 
HKRB'IST,  »,    One  skilled  in  herbs. 
HERH-lV'u-RA,  n.  pf.    In  science^  animals  subsisting 

on  herbs  or  vepetables. 
IIEKB-IV'O-KOUS,  a.     [U  herba  and  voro,  to  eat.] 
Ealing  herbs  ;   Fubsisting  on  herbaceous  plants  ; 

feeding  on  vegetables.     The  ox  and  Uie  horse  are 

krrbirtrroiu  animals. 
HKRB'LESS,  (erb-)  a.     Peslitute  of  herbs.   JTarton. 
HEKB'0-RI?T.     See  Hbhbalist.  Hav. 

HERB-0-RI-ZA'T10\,   (herb-)   n.     [from   herborize.] 

The  act  of  seeking  plants  in  the  field  ;  bouinical  re- 
search. 
2.  The  figure  of  plants  in  mineral  substances.  [See 

AnBoRtZATio^f.j  Diet.  A'a^  Hist. 

IIERB'O-RIZE,  r.  f.    To  search  for  plants,  or  to  seek 

new  species  of  plants,  with  a  view  to  ascertain  their 

characters,  and  to  class  them. 

lie  ktrborixtd  ns  h«  traTfled,  and  rnriclicU  the  Flora  Su<^ica 
with  new  diaeoTcriea.  TiMk: 

HERB'O-RIZE,  r.  U  To  figure ;  to  form  the  figures 
of  plants  in  minerals.     [See  Arborixe.]  Fonrcrnv. 

HERBO-RIZ-iH),  pp.  or  a.  Figtired  ;  containing  the 
figure  of  a  plant  >  as  a  mineral  body. 

Daut>?iUon  h-tj  afaowD  that  herhoriztd  itonr*  contflln  vrrr  fine 
moMM.  /Vurcroy. 

HERB'O-RIZ-IXG,  vpr.    Searching  for  plants. 

2,  Forming  the  figures  of  plants  in  minerals, 
HER'BOR-^UGH,  (her'bur-ro,)  n.     [Ger.  herbrrg.'] 
Place  of  temporary  residence,  especialtv  for  troops. 
h.  Jonson. 
HERB'OUS,  a.     [L.  ktrboaus.] 

Abounding  with  herbs. 
HERB'-VVO.M-AN,  a.     A  woman  thai  sells  herbs. 
UERB'Y,  a.   Having  the  nature  of  herbs.  [Little  uaetL] 

Bacon. 
HER-CP'LE  AN,  a.     [from  Hercules.     See  Club  of 
Hercl'les.] 

1.  Ver>'  ^reat,  difficult,  or  dangerous;  such  as  it 
would  retpiire  the  stren::th  or  courage  of  Hercules 
to  encounter  or  accomplish ;  as,  Herculean  labor  or 
task. 

S.  Having  extraordinary  strength  and  size;  za^Her- 
evlean  limbs. 
X  Of  extraordinary'  strcneth,  force,  or  power. 
IIER'eU-LKS,  n.     A  hero  of  antiquity,  cclt^brated  for 
bis  strength. 

2.  A  constellation  in  tlie  noribem  hemisphere,  near 
Lvra.  P.  Ore 

HER-CYX'I-AN,  a.  [from  Hercipiia ;  G.  Aon,  resin.} 
Denotins  an  extensive  forest  in  Germany,  the  re- 
mains of  which  are  now  in  Swabia. 

HERD,  n.  [Sax.  Aerrf,  hennl ;  G.  hfrrle;  Sw.  and  Dan. 
hiord:  Basque,  anJi.  Words  of  this  kind  have  for 
their  primar>'  sense,  col'ection,  a.'jseniblace.  So  in 
Saxon,  here  is  an  anny.  It  may  be  from  driving,  W. 
gyr^  or  hir.] 

1.  A  collection  or  assemblage  ;  applied  to  beapts 
when  feeding  or  driven  together.  We  say,  a  herd  of 
horses,  oten,  catUe,  camels,  elephants,  bucks,  hart*", 
and.  In  Scripture,  a  herd  of  swine.  But  we  say,  a 
JlocJc  of  sheep,  gtvats,  or  birds  A  number  of  cattle 
going  to  market  is  called  a  drove. 

2.  A  company  of  men  or  people,  in  contempt  or 
detestation  ;  a  crowd  ;  a  rabble  ;  as,  a  vulpar  herd. 

HERD,  n.     [Sax.  hyrd;  G.  hirt;  Sw.  herde:  Dan.  hyrde, 

or  hvre ;  from  the"  same  root  as  the  preceding,  that  is, 

the  holder  or  keeper.] 

A  keeper  of  cattle  ;  used  by  Spenser,  and  still  used 

in  Scotland,  but  in  English  now  seldom  or  never  used, 

except  in  amii»osition  ;  as,  a  shepherd^  a  goatherd,  a 

gwincherd. 
HERD,  V.  u    To  unite  or  associate,  as  beasts  ;  to  feed 

or  run  in  collections.     Most  kinds  of  beasts  manifest 

a  dispasition  to  herd. 

2.  To  associate ;  to  unite  in  companies  customa- 
rily. 

3.  To  associate ;  to  become  one  of  a  number  or 
party.  fVaUh. 

HERD,  r.  t.    To  form  or  put  into  a  herd.  B.  Jvnson. 
HERD'ER,  n.     A  herdsman. 

IIER'DER-ITE,  n.     [from  Herder,  who  discovered  it.] 
A  niin'-tal  which  occurs  in  Saxony,  in  crystals  im- 
beddvd  in  Huor.  Brande, 

HERDE?>S,  H.     A  shephenless.     [Ohs.]        Chaucer. 
HERD'GROOM,  n.    A  keeper  of  a  herd.     [  Ohs.] 

Spenser. 
HERD'IXG,  ppr.    Associating  in  companies. 
HEHD*'-GRX:?S,  n.    A  name  given  to  various  grasses 


HER 

which  are  hiphly  esti-'enied  for  hay,  [wirticularly  Tim- 
otliy,  (Phlcuni  frrateuge,)  Fox  Tail,  {.^Ivpecurus  pra- 
fcM.'<(.<,)  nn:i  lUd  Ttip,  (,?i'Tl>,^f^>  rM'.iraris.) 

HERD*'.MA.N,  u.    A  keeper  of  herds  ;  one  employed 
in  tending  tierds  uf  cattle. 

2.  Formerhjy  the  owner  of  a  herd.  [Fannrrly  spelt 
Hehdman.]  IStdiuy. 

Iir.KE,  adv.    [Goth,  her;  Pax.  her;  G.  and  D.  hier;  Sw. 
hdr;  Dan.  her.     It  denotes,  this  place.] 

1.  In  this  place  ;  in  the  place  where  the  speaker  ft 
present ;  opposed  to  tJicre.  Behold,  here  am  I.  Lodge 
here  this  night.     Build  here  seven  altars.     Scriptare. 

2.  In  the  present  life  or  state. 

Thua  Bhnll  you  be  h;vppjr  here,  and  more  h.-vppy  licTe^iftpr, 

Bacon. 

•  3.  It  is  used  in  making  an  offer  or  attempt. 

Tlien  here'a  for  eiiriic-«t.  Dryden. 

A.  In  drinking  health. 

liere't  to  iJiee,  Dick.  Coiclty. 

It  is  neither  here  nor  there;  it  is  neither  in  this  place 
nor  in  that^  neither  in  one  place  nor  in  anutlier. 

Here  and  there  ;  in  one  place  and  another ;  in  a  dis- 
p'Tjied  manner  or  condition  ;  thinly  ;  or  irregularly. 
HkRE'A-BOUT,      i  [comp.,  here  and  about.]    About 
HkUE'A-BOHTS,    \      this  place.  Jlddiwn. 

HkRE-AFT'ER,  fconip.  here  and  after.]    In  time  to 
come  ;  in  some  future  linie- 
2.  In  a  future  state. 
HERE-AFT'ER,  n.     A  future  state. 

TU  Hearen  iletlf  ihat  poinu  out  a  hereafur,  Addi$on, 

HERE-AT',  [comp.  here  and  aL]    At  this.    He  was 

offended  hereiU,  that  is,  at  this  saying,  this  fact,  &.c. 
IIkRE-B?',  [comp.  here  and  by.]     By  this. 

Hertbtf  wc  became  acquaiuh^  with  the  imtuir  of  thin^.  M'alU. 
HERE-IN',  [comp.  Acre  and  in.]     In  this. 

Herein  U  my  Fattier  glorilieJ,  ihat  ye  bear  much  friuL  —  Juhn 
xr. 

HERE-IN'TO,  [comp.  here  and  into.]    Into  this. 

Honker. 
HERE-OF',(hecr-or,)  [comp.  here  and  of.]    Of  this; 
from  this. 

I/ert(^f  come%  It  that  Prince  Harry  it  Toliant.  SJuik. 

IIERE-ON',  fcomp.  here  and  on.]     On  this.     Brmcn. 

HERE-OUT',  [couip.  here  and  out]     Out  of  this  place. 
_  Spenser. 

Ht*.RE-TO'  >  [comp.  hire  and  unto  or  to.]     To  this. 

HERE-UN-TO',i  Hooker. 

Iir:Rl'>TO-F0RE',  [comp.  here  and  tafore.]     In  times 
before  the  present;  formerly.  Sidney. 

HERE-UP-ON',  [comp.  here  and  upon.]    On  this. 

HkKIC-WITH',  [ccmip.  here  and  icith.]  With  this. 
Most  of  the  compounds,  of  here  and  a  prejKisition, 
are  obsolete  or  obsolescent,  or  at  least  are  deemetl 
inelegant.  But  hereafter  ami  heretofore  are  in  i-legant 
rise.  Herein  and  hereby  are  frequently  used  In  tlie 
present  version  of  the  Scriptures,  and  ought  not,  per- 
haps, lu  he  discarded.  Indeed,  some  of  these  words 
seem  to  be  almost  indispensable  in  technical  law 
language. 

HE-RRD'IT-A-BEE,o.    [from  the  root  of  Af-tr;  L.  A^- 
reditojs,] 

That  may  be  inherited.  [J^ut  much  used.]  [See  In- 
heritable.] Locke. 

HF^RED'IT-A-1 
descent. 


.-BLY,  adv.    By  inheritance ;  by  right  of 


Thi?  one- house- owncn  iK]ong  herediUiAJy  to  no  prirats  p^reoiia. 
Tooke,  liugg.     Encyc. 

HER-E-DIT'A-MENT,  n.  [L.  htsres.  h^edium.  See 
Heir.] 

Any  species  of  property  that  may  be  inherited  ; 
lands,  tenements,  any  thing  corporeal  or  incorporeal, 
real,  )>ersoital,  or  mixed,  that  may  descend  to  an  heir. 

Blackstone. 
A  corporeal  hereditament  is  visible  and  laufflble  ; 
an  incorporrtU  hereditament  is  an  ideal  ritibt,  existing 
in  contemplation  of  law,  issuing  out  of  liubstantial 
cx^>r[Kireal  pro|M'rty. 
HE-RED'IT-A-RI-LY,  adv.    Ey  inheritance;  by  de- 
scent from  an  ancestor.  Pope. 
IIE-RED'IT-A-RY,  a.     [Fr.  hereditaire ;  It.  eredUario 
See  IIeir.1 

1.  That  has  descended  from  an  ancestor.  He  is  in 
possession  of  a  large  hereditary  estate. 

2.  That  may  descend  from  an  ancestor  to  an  heir ; 
descendible  to  an  heir  at  law.  The  crown  of  tircat 
Britain  is  hereditary. 

3.  That  is  or  may  be  transmitted  from  a  parent  to 
a  child  ;  as,  hereditary  pride  ;  hereditary  bniveiy  ;  hc~ 
redttary  disejise. 

HER'E-MlT,  n.     A  hermit.     [Obs.]  Bp.  H,dl. 

HER-E-Mrr'l€-AL,  a.  [See  Hermit.  It  t^hould 
rather  be  written  Hebmitical.]  Solitary;  secluded 
fri'in  society.  Pope, 

HER'E-SI-XReil  or  HB-RE'8I-AR€H,  n-     [Gr.  ai-u- 
(Tij,  heresy,  and  npxof,  chief.] 
A  leader  in  heresy ;  the  chief  of  a  sect  of  heretics. 
StUlingJlceL 
HER'E-SI-ARen-Y,  n.     Chief  heresy. 
HER-E-SI-OG'RA-PHER,n.  [Gr.  utpftrtf  and  ypa0w.] 
One  who  writes  on  heresies. 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WII^T.— METE,  PR^V.  — PIXE,  HARtXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE.  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.- 


HER 

nER-E-SI-OG'RA-PHY,  n,    A  m-atise  on  heresy. 
HEK'K-SY,  n.     [Gr.  tilocatg,  from  iij^tfj,  to  take,  to 
huld  ;  L.  kctrcjfts  :  Ft.  heresie.] 

1.  A  fnndamenlal  error  in  religion,  or  nn  error  of 
opinion  ^specting  some  fundamental  doctrine  of  re- 
ligion. But  in  countries  where  there  is  an  established 
church,  an  opinion  is  deemed  heresy  when  it  differs 
from  that  of  the  church.  The  Scriptures  being  the 
standard  of  faith,  any  opinion  that  is  repupnaiit  to 
its  doctrines  is  heresy  ;  but  as  men  differ  in  the  inler- 
preiatiun  of  Scripture,  an  opinion  deemed  herrtical  by 
one  body  of  Christians  may  be  deemed  orthodox  by 
another.  In  Scripture  and  primitive  usage,  heresy 
niuant  merely  sect,  parti/,  or  the  doctrines  of  a  sect, 
as  we  now  use  denomination,  or  persuasion,  implying 
no  reproach. 

2.  Ilerc-ty,  in  /a»,  is  an  offense  against  Christiani- 
ty, consisting  in  a  deitial  of  some  of  its  essential 
ductrines,  publicly  avowed,  and  obstinately  n;ain- 
taitied.  Blackstone, 

3.  An  untenable  or  unsound  opinion  or  doctrine  in 
polities.  Swift. 

HER  B-Tie,  M.  [Gr.  alptTiKOi;  IL  eretico;  Fr.  kere- 
ti'jue.] 

1.  A  person  under  any  religion,  but  particularly 
the  Christian,  who  holds  and  teaches  opinions  repug- 
nant to  the  established  faith,  or  that  which  is  made 
the  standard  of  orthodoxy.  In  strictness,  among 
thristians,  a  person  who  holds  and  avows  nligious 
opinions  contrary  to  the  doctrines  of  Scripture,  the 
only  rule  of  faith  and  practice. 

2.  Any  one  who  maiutains  erroneous  opinions. 

Shak. 

IIE-RET'IG-AL,  a.  Containing  heresy  ;  contrary  to 
the  estabhshed  faith,  or  to  the  true  faith. 

HE-RET'IC-.AL-LY,  ode.  In  a  hcrttical  manner; 
with  heresy. 

HE  RET'ie-ATE,  r.  L    To  decide  to  be  heresy. 

HER'E-TOG,     I  n.    [Snx.  hereto^.  Aw*-,  an  army,  and 

HER'E-TOGH,  J  teochc,a  leader,  from  teogatt.  Icon, 
to  lead,  L.  dtico,  dux,  Eng.  to  tug.] 

Am<mg  our  Saxon  ancestors,  the  leader  or  com- 
mander of  an  army,  or  the  commander  of  the  militia 
in  a  county  or  district.  This  officer  was  elected  by 
tlie  people  in  folkmote. 

HER'l-OT,  n.  [S:ix.  keregcat;  here,  army,  and  geat, 
tribute,  supply,  from  prolan,  to  flow,  to  render.] 

In  English,  law,  a  tribute  or  fine  payable  to  thi'  lord 
of  the  fee  on  the  decease  of  tJie  owner,  landholder,  or 
vassal.  Originally,  this  tribute  consisted  of  military 
furniture,  or  of  horses  and  arms,  a«  appears  by  the 
laws  of  Canut*^,  C.  69.  But  as  defined  by  mcKiern 
■  wrilern,  a  heriot  is  a  customarj-  tribute  of  goods  and 
.chattels,  payable  to  the  lord  of  the  fee  on  the  decease 
of  the  ttwner  of  the  land  ,  or  a  render  of  the  best 
bfa-«t,  or  other  movables,  to  the  lord,  on  the  death  of 
the  tenant.  Heriols  were  of  two  sorts  ;  heriot  ser- 
rice,  whirti  was  due  by  reservation  in  a  grant  or  tease 
of  lands  ;  and  heriat  custom,  which  depended  solely 
ofi  immt^morial  usage.     H'Ukins.  Spclnum,  Blackstone, 

IIER'I-OT-A-BLE,  a.  Subject  to  the  payment  of  a 
hfriot.  Burn. 

irER'IS-SO.V,  «.  [Fr.,  a  hedgehog,  from  herUser,  to 
bristle,  to  stand  out  as  hair.] 

In  fortijication,  a  beam  or  bar  armed  with  iron 
spikes  piiinied  outward,  and  turning  on  a  pivot,  used 
In  block  up  a  pasiVige.  Encijc 

UER'IT-A-nLn,  a.     [from  the  root  of  heir,  L.  hares.] 
1.  Capable  of  inheriting  or  taking  by  descent. 

"By  thr  caiton  Uw  thi*  •on  »hull  br  Irgitiamie  and  herUa^: 

Halt. 

3.  That  may  be  inherited.    [This  is  the  frae  sense.'] 
3.  Annexed  to  est.iles  of  inheritance.    In  Smfji  law, 

heritable  rights  are  all  rights  that  affect  lands  or  other 
immovables.  Eneyc.     Bfarkstone. 

IIER'IT-AGE,  n.     [Fr  ,  from  the  root  of  hrir.] 

1.  Inlierilance  ;  an  estate  that  passes  from  an  an- 
cejrior  to  an  heir  by  descent  or  course  of  law  ;  that 
which  is  inherited.  In  Scots  law,  it  sometimes  signi- 
fies immovable  estate,  in  distinction  from  movable. 

9.  In  Scripture,  the  sainti  or  people  of  (Jod  are 
Called  hii  heritage,  tut  being  claimed  by  him,  and  the 
ribjects  of  his  spfrcial  care.     1  Pet.  v. 

IIER'IT-OR^  n.  In  ScoUand,  a  proprietor  or  Imdhold- 
«T  in  a  p.-iri«h.  Jnmieson. 

nER-MAI'II-RO-Di5'I-TY,  B.     Hermaphrodism. 

B.  Jonsan. 

nRR-MAPH'RO-DISM,       )  n.    [Infra.]    The  union 

IIHR-MAPir'RO-DIT-ISM, )  of  the  two  sexes  in  the 
nninr  individual.  Diet.  ^at.  Hist. 

HEK-MAPH'RO-DITE.  (maf'ro-dlte,)  n.  [Fr.,  from 
Gr.  i.o,<a;.pu&iroi;  ' E,y^»3i,  Mercury,  and  A^iJO'Wrrj, 
Venu».] 

1.  An  animal  or  human  being  having  the  parts  of 
gcneraiion  both  of  male  and  female.  Ennjc. 

2.  In  botany,  a  flower  that  contains  both  the  sta- 
men and  the  pi-aiil,  or  the  male  and  female  organs  of 
generation,  within  the  same  calyx,  or  on  the  same 
rp€ept.icl  ■■.  Marfyn.     Enaje. 

3.  A  plant  that  has  only  hermaphrodite  flowers. 

Mnrtyn. 
HER  MAPII'ROnTTE,  a.     Desi^nfiting  both  sexes  in 
ilie  same  animal,  flower,  nr  plant. 


IIER 

'  Among  jtni7'>r.^,  a  hermaphrodite  brig,  is  one  that  is 
square-rigg'.'d  forward,  aud  schooner-rigged  aft. 

Tt'tten. 

nER-MAPH-RO-DIT'I€,         )  a.     Partaking  of  both 

HER-MAPH-RO-DlT'te-AL,  \      sexes.  Broton, 

HER-MAPlI-RO-DIT'ie-AL-LY,  ado.  AOer  the  man- 
ner of  hermaphrodites. 

HEK-.Mt^\EC'Tie,         I  a.     [Gr.  ipfin^cvTiK-t?,  from 

HER-ME-NEO'TIG-AL,  i  £p/i?jf£V{,  an  interpreter, 
from  "iHtfiT;,  Mercury.] 

Interpreting  ;  explaining  ;  unfolding  the  significa- 
tion ;  as,  hcrmcncutic  theology,  the  art  of  expounding 
the  Scriptures.  Bloomfield.     Etteyc. 

IIER-.ME-NEO'Tie-AL-LY,  adv.  According  to  the 
true  art  of  interprethig  words.  Jtf.  Stuart. 

HER-ME-NEO'TieS,  n.  The  science  of  interpreta- 
tion, or  of  finding  the  meaning  <>f  an  author's  wvirds 
and  phrases,  and  of  explaining  it  to  others;  par- 
ticularly applied  to  the  interpretation  of  the  Scrip- 
tures. 

IIER'MF;S,  n.     [Gr.  'Eoh^js,  Mercur>-.] 

In  nrcheoloi^y,  a  name  given  to  rough,  quadrangu- 
lar stones  or  pillars,  having  a  head  sculptured  on  the 
t<ip,  witlnmt  arms  or  body.  Such  stones  were  placed 
by  the  Greeks  in  front  of  buildings,  and  used  by  the 
Ronmns  as  boundaries  or  landmiu'ks.  As  they  origi- 
nally bore  the  head  of  Hennes  or  Mercury,  they  have 
been  called  by  his  name,  even  when  surmounted  by 
the  heads  of  other  deities,  &c.  Smithes  DieL 

HER-MET'ie,  (  o.     [Fr.  hermrtUpte  ;  Sp.  h^rmetico  ; 

HER-MET'ie-AL,  \  from  Gr.  E.^.^;,  Mercury,  the 
fabled  inventor  of  chemistry.] 

1.  Designating  chemistry';  chemical;  as,  the  her- 
metic arL 

2.  Designating  that  species  of  philosophy  which 
pretends  to  solve  and  explain  all  the  phenomena  of 
nature  from  the  three  chemical  principles,  salt,  sul- 
phur, and  mercury  ;  as,  the  hermrtie  philosophy. 

3.  Designating  the  system  which  explains  the 
causes  of  diseases  and  the  operations  of  medicine, 
on  the  principl(*8  of  the  hermetical  philosophy,  and 
particularly  on  the  system  of  an  alkali  and  acid  ;  as, 
hermetical  physic  or  medicine.  Encyc. 

4.  Perfectly  close,  so  that  no  air,  gas,  or  ppirit,  can 
escape  ;  as,  a  hermetic  seal.  The  hermetic  seal  is 
formed  by  heating  the  neck  of  a  vessel  till  it  is  soil, 
and  then  twisting  it,  till  the  aperture  or  passage  is 
acctiralely  closed.  Encyc. 

Hermetic  books  ,-  books  of  the  Egj'ptians,  which 
treat  of  astrology.  Bryant. 

Books  which  treat  of  universal  principles,  of  the 
nature  and  orders  of  celestial  beings,  of  medicine, 
and  other  topics.  Enfield. 

FIER-MET'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  According  to  the  hermet- 
ic art  ;  chemically  j  closely  ;  accurately  ;  as,  a  vessel 
hermrtieally  scaled  or  clost^I. 

HER'MIT,  n.  [Fr.  her  mite,  ertnite;  Sp.  ermitano ;  It. 
rremUa;  Gr.  £"frj'irr(,  from  c^/i'ts,  solitary,  desti- 
tute. Perhaps  from  the  Shemitic  Din,  to  cut  oflTfrom 

*  society,  to  expel,  or  to  be  separated.    Class  Rm.    Bee 

Il&REM.] 

1,  A  person  who  retires  from  society  and  lives  in 
solitude  ;  a  recluse  ;  an  anchoret.  The  word  is  usu- 
ally applied  to  a  person  who  lives  in  solitude,  disen- 
gaged from  tile  cares  and  int<-mipttons  of  society, 
for  the  purpose  of  religious  contemplation  and  devo- 
tion. 

2.  A  beadsman  ;  one  bound  to  pray  for  another, 

Shtik. 
HER'MIT-A6E,  n.    The  habifition  of  a  hermit;  a 
house  or  hut  with  its  appendages,  in  a  solitary  place, 
where  a  hermit  dwells.  Milton. 

2.  A  cell  in  a  recluse  place,  but  annexed  U)  an  ab- 
\>cy.  Encyc. 

3.  A  kind  of  wine.    ' 

HER'MIT-A  RY,  n.  A  cell  for  the  hcmiitii  annexed 
to  some  alfhey.  Huicili. 

HER'MIT-ESS.  n,     A  female  hermit.       />rujnm„ml. 

HEK-MIT'ie-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  hermit,  or  to  re- 
tired life. 
2.  Suited  to  a  hermit.  Coventry. 

HER-MO-DAC'TYL,  n.  [Or.  "Rofirn,  Mercury,  and 
^axrv'Kn^,  a  finger;  Mercury's  fiager.] 

In  the  materia  meMca,  a  root  brought  from  Turkey. 
It  is  in  the  shape  of  a  heart  flattened,  of  a  white  col- 
or, compact,  but  easy  to  be  cut  or  pulverized,  of  a 
viscous,  sweetish  taste,  with  a  ulight  degree  of  acri- 
mtmy.  Some  suppose  it  to  he  the  root  of  the  Colrhi- 
cum  variegattim;  others,  the  rtwit  of  the  Iris  tubero- 
sa.  It  was  anci(;nlly  in  great  rtr|»nift  as  a  cathartic  ; 
but  that  which  is  now  furnished  has  liiile  or  no  ca- 
thartic (piality.  Encyc. 

HER-MO-Gk'NI-ANS,  n.  pi.  A  sect  of  ancient  here- 
tics, BO  called  from  their  leader,  Hermoirmrs,  who 
lived  near  the  close  of  the  second  century.  He 
held  miuier  to  be  the  fountain  of  all  evil,  and  that 
souls  are  formed  of  corrupt  matter.  Encyc. 

HERN,  n.     A  heron,  which  see, 

HEKN'HII.L,  Tt.     A  plant. 

IIER'M-A,  n.  [Gr.  ii.ita,ttom  £^rr)(,a  Fhooting  forth, 
a  brancii.] 

In  surgery,  a  protrusion  of  some  organ  of  the  ab- 
dornr-n  through  an  interstice  in  its  parietes ;  pro- 
ducing a  son  and  slightly  elastic  tumor. 


HER 

ilER'XI-.\L,  a.     Pertaining  to,  or   connected  with 

hernia. 

HER.X'SHAW,  n.     A  beronshaw  or  heron.     [Ohs.] 
_  Spenser. 

HE'RO,  n.  [L.  hcros,  Gr.  ft.owf,  a  demigod.  It  coin- 
cides in  element  with  Ir.  carr,  noble,  grand,  a 
champion,  and  with  the  G.  Awr,  D.  hecr,  lord,  mas 
ter.] 

1.  A  man  of  distinguished  valor,  intrepidity,  or 
enterprise  in  danger  ;  as,  a  hero  in  anns.      Cvwley. 

2.  A  great,  illustrinue,  or  extraordinary  person; 
as,  a  heru  in  learning.     [^Little  used.] 

3.  In  a  poem,  or  romance,  the  principal  personage, 
or  the  person  who  has  the  principal  share  in  the 
transactions  related  ;  as  Achilles  in  the  Iliad,  Ulys- 
ses in  the  Odyssey,  and  /Eneas  in  the  ililneid. 

4.  In  pagan  mythology,  a  hero  was  an  illustrious 
person,  mortal  indeed,  but  supposed  by  the  populace 
to  p;irtake  of  immortality,  and  after  his  death  to  be 
plitced  amonc  the  gods.  Encyc. 

HE-Ro'DI  AXS,  n.  pi.  .  A  sect  among  the  Jews, 
which  took  this  name  from  Herod;  but  authors  arc 
not  agreed  as  to  their  peculiar  notions. 

HE-Ro'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  hero  or  heroes  j  as,  he- 
roic valor. 

2.  Becoming  a  hero;  bold;  daring;  illustrious; 
as,  heroic  action  ;  fuToic  enterprises. 

3.  Brave;  intrepid;  nhignanimous;  enterprising; 
illustrious  fur  valor;  as,  Hector,  the  heroic  sou  of 
Priam  ;  a  heroic  race. 

4.  Productive  of  heroes  ;  ns,  a  heroic  line  in  pcdi- 
^  gree. 

5.  Reciting  the  achievements  of  heroes ;  as,  a  A«- 
roic  poem. 

6.  Used  in  heroic  poetry  or  hexameter  ;  as,  kcroic 
verse  ;  a  heroic  foot. 

Heroic  age  :  the  age  when  the  heroes,  or  those 
called  the  children  of  the  gods,  are  supposed  lo  have 
lived. 

HE-RO'ie-AL,  a.    The  same  as  Heboic.  [Littieused.] 

HE-Ro'I€!-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a  hero; 
with  valor  ;  bravely  ;  courageously ;  intrepidly.  The 
wall  was  heroirnlhj  defended. 

HE-RO-I-eOM'lC,  a.  [See  Heuo  and  Comic.]  Ctm- 
sisting  of  the  heroic  and  the  ludicrous ;  denoting  the 
high  burlesque  ;  as,  a  heroi-comic  poem. 

HER'0-INR,  (hor'oin,)  n.     [Fr.  heroine,  from  hero.] 
A  female  hero;a  woman  of  a  bravo  spirit.   [Ueoo- 
ES9  is  not  in  use.J  Dryden. 

HER'0-ISM,  n.     [I-'r.  hrroisme.] 

'J'he  qualities  of  a  hero  ;  bravery  ;  courage  ;  intre- 
pidity ;  particularly  in  war.  Br-ymne. 

HER'ON,  m.  [Fr.]  A  water  fowl  of  the  genus  .\r- 
dt-a,  with  long  legs,  wings,  and  neck,  a  great  de- 
vourer  of  fish. 

IIER'ON-RY,  n.    A  place  where  herons  breed. 

Dcrham. 

HER'ON-SHAW,  n.     A  heron.  Pennunt. 

HE-RO-OIVd  GIST,  n.     One  who  treats  of  heroes. 

Hl-.'RO-SHIP,  n.     The  character  of  a  hero.    Cowpcr. 

HER'PES,  n.    [Gr.  tfiwni,  from  I'-no},  to  creep.] 

Te^rs  ;  an  eruption  of  the  skin  ;  erysipelas  ; 
ringworm,  &c.  This  disease  takes  various  names, 
according  lo  its  form  or  Uie  part  alfecti^d. 

Coze.     Encyc. 
A  term  applied  to  several  cutaneous  eruptions,  from 
their  tendency  to  spread  or  creep  from  one  part  of 
the  skin  to  another.  Cyc. 

An  eruption  of  vesicles  in  small  distinct  clu.sters, 
accompttnied  with  itching  or  tingling  ;  including  the 
shingles,  ringworm,  &.c.  Good. 

HER-PET'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  herpes  or  cutane- 
ous eruptions;  resembling  the  her|>es,  or  parUiking 
of  its  nature  ;  as.  herpetic  eruptions,  Darwiiu 

HER  PE T-O-LOG'IC,         )  <i.      Pertaining  Ut  herpe- 

HER-PET-O-LOG'IC-AL,  j      tology, 

IIER-PE-TOL'O-GIST,  n.  A  jiersim  versed  in  hcr- 
pelology,  or  the  natural  history  of  reptiles. 

HEll-PE-TOL'O-GY,  «.  [Gr.  Ifirtcroi,  a  reptile,  Xi- 
yof,  discourse.] 

A  dcscriirtion  of  reptiles;  the  natural  history  of 
reptiles,  including  ovii)arous  quadrupeds,  as  the  croc- 
odile, frog,  and  tortoise,  and  serpents.  The  history 
of  the  latter  is  called  ophiology. 

IIER'RING,  n.  [Sax.  htfring ;  Fr.  hareng;  Arm. 
harincq  ;  G.  hering  ;  I),  haring  ;  It.  aringa ;  Sp. 
arenqiie ;  Port,  id.] 

A  lish  of  the  genus  Clupoa.  Herrings,  when  Ihey 
migrate,  move  in  vast  ehoals,  and  it  is  said  that  the 
name  is  fornied  from  the  Teutonic  Acre,  Kcer,  an 
army  or  multitude.  They  come  from  hi^'h  northern 
latitudes  in  the  spring,  and  visit  the  shores  of  Europe 
and  America,  wJiero  they  are  taken  and  salted  in 
great  quantities. 

HEK'RrXG-FISirER-Y,  n.  The  fishing  for  her- 
rings, which  constitutes  an  imp<irtant  branch  of  busi- 
ness with  the  English,  Dutcli,  and  Americans. 

HERR\'HUT-ER,  n.  [Ger.]  One  of  a  sect  estab- 
lished l)y  Nicholas  Lewis,  count  of  Ziitj^cndorf ; 
called  n\Mi  Mortirians. 

HERS,  (hurz,)  pron.  fern,  poesessivet  as,  this  house 
is  her.-i,  that  is,  this  is  the  house  of  her.  Hut  perhaiM 
it  Winilil  be  mi)re  correct  to  consider  hers  as  a  substi- 
tute for  the  noun  and  adjective,  in  the  nominative 


TONE.  RI/LL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  m  K;  0  as  J ;  «  aa  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


HET 

case.    Of  the  two  houses,  hers  Is  Uic  beat ;  l!iat  is, 
'krr  house  is  the  bi-isl. 
HER'SAL,  K.     Rehearsal.     [Obs.]  Spensrr. 

UER'SClIEL,  (her'shcl,)  r.     A  planet  discovered  by 

Dr.   Hcrschel,  iu  1781,  first  called  Oeorffium  Sw/iw, 

and  now,  Onniua, 
HERSE,  (hera,)  n.    [Ft.  Act-sc,  a  harrow,  a  portculli*. 

[mibably  from  cro9»-work  ;  radically  the  e&mc  word 

as  Harrow,  whicb  see.] 

1.  In  /QrHfieatioH,  a  lattice  or  portcullis  in  the  form 
of  a  harrow,  set  with  iron  spikes.  It  is  hung  by  a 
rope  fastened  to  a  moulinet,  and  when  a  gale  is 
broken,  it  is  let  down  to  obflrucl  the  parage.  It  is 
called  also  a  samtsin  or  cataract^  and  when  it  con- 
Bisis  of  straight  stakes  without  cross-pieces,  it  la 
called  org^ies. 

Jtrrfte  IS  also  a  barrow,  useil  for  a  chc^*a>ix-de-fn3e, 
and  laid  in  the  vray  or  in  breaches,  with  the  points 
up,  to  obstruct  or  incommode  the  march  uf  an  en- 
emy. £»cifc. 

2;  A  carriage  for  bearing  corpses  to  the  grave ; 
now  speJt  Heamb.  It  ia  a  frame  only,  or  a  box, 
bume  on  wheels;. 

3.  A  tempurar}-  monument  set  over  a  grave.  [  Ob- 
aoUuA  n^emer, 

A,  A  rebearsal ;  "  the  hdy  Jkrr5«,"  rehearsal  of 
prayers.     [  Obs. }  Sj^enstr, 

HERSE.  (hers.)  r.  u    To  put  on  or  In  a  hersf. 

2.  To  carr>-  to  the  grave.  f  S*<i*.     Chapman. 
HERSELF',  pron.    {hrr  and  s^/.\     This  denotes  a 

female,  the  subjwi  of  discourse  Dt-fore  mentioned, 
and  is  either  in  the  noininaiive  or  oSjective  case.  In 
the  nominatire,  it  usually  follofrs  shr^  and  is  added 
for  the  sake  of  emphasis,  or  eniphaticol  distinction  ; 
as,  she  kfrse^  will  bear  the  Maine. 

Tbs  daurluer  of  Plunob  «un«   dowu   to  voab    htrt^f.  — 
EimCO. 

9.  Haring  the  command  of  herself;  mistress  of 
her  rational  powers,  judgment,  or  temper.  The  wo- 
man was  deranged,  but  she  is  now  ktrse^f  again. 
She  has  coine  to  herself. 

3.  1  n  her  true  character ;  as,  the  woman  acts  like 
herM^. 

QERSE'LTKK,  (hersltke,)  a.  Funereal  j  suitable  to 
funerals.  Bacon* 

HERS'IL-LOX,  n,  [Fr.,  from  hersf.]  In  the  mUitary 
art,  a  plonk  or. beam,  whos^  sides  are  set  with  spikes 
or  nails,  to  incommode  and  retard  the  march  of  an 
enemy  ;  a  berse.  Bmnde, 

HE&'Y,e.C.    [Sax.*«naa.l 

To  regard  as  holy.    [  Oo«.]  Spenser, 

HES'I-TAN-CY,  *.  [See  Hksitats.I  A  doubling; 
littriilJtf^  a  topping  of  tlie  mind  ;  a  pausing  to  con- 
sider ;  dubiousness ;  suspense. 

Tfae  nMOMofaij  ksmmmty  about  iht  kiria—  Bayk. 

HE9'I-TANT,  c  QesUating ;  pausing ;  wanting  vol- 
ability  of  speech. 

HES'I-TAN'T-LY,  adr.    With  hesitancy  or  doubC. 

HES'l-TATH,  V.  i.  [L.  kasUo ;  Fr. A&ri(cr;  bom  hmgi, 
pret.  of  L.  AtfTM,  to  hang.] 

1.  To  stop  or  pause  respecting  derision  or  ylion  ; 
to  be  doubtful  as  to  fact,  principle,  or  dctenniiiation  ; 
to  be  in  suspense  or  uncertainty  ;  as,  he  herniated 
whether  lo  accept  the  offer  or  noL  U'e  often  hesitate 
what  judgment  lo  furm. 

It  is  never  transitive,  unless  by  poetic  license. 

Juat  hint  «  (liult,  uid  iutilaU  dulikB.  Pops. 

9.  To  stammer ;  to  stop  in  speaking. 

HE»'I-TA-TED,pp.     Stopped;  paused;  doubted. 

HES'I-Ta-TI^iG,  ppr,  or  a.  Doubting ;  pausing ;  stam- 
miTing. 

HES'1-Ta-TI.\G-LY,  adr.     With  hesitation  or  doubt. 

HES-l-TA'TION,  n,  A  pausing  or  delay  in  forming 
an  opinion  or  commencing  action;  doubt;  suspen- 
sion of  opinion  or  decision,  from  uncertainty  what 
Is  proper  to  be  decided.  When  evidence  is  clear,  we 
may  decide  without  hesttatioTi. 

2.  A  stopping  in  speech  ;  intermission  between 
words :  stammering.  SwifL 

HES-P£'RI-AX,  a.    ^L.  hesperiw^,  western,  from  hea- 
perusy  rtspcTy  the  evening  star,  Venus,  Gr.  ianipoiJ] 
Western  :  situated  at  the  wein. 
HES-Pe'RI-AN,  a.    An  inhabitant  of  a  we<!tem  coun- 
try. J.  Bartow, 
HES'SIAX,  (hesh'an,)  a.    Relating  to  Hesse,  in  Ger- 
many. 
HES'SIAN-FLY,  n.    [So  called  from  the  opinion  that 
it  was  brought  into  .America  by  the  Hessian  troops, 
during  the  revolution.] 

A  small,  two-winged  fly  or  midge,  nearly  black, 
veiy  destructive  to  young  wheat.  Il  is  tlie  Ccddo- 
mwia  deOrmetor  of  Say.  E.  C.  Herrick. 

HE3T,  n.  [Sax.  k^ese ;  G.  ffeheL«Sy  a  command  ;  heis- 
««,  to  call,  lo  bid  ;  D.  heeten.     See  Heat.] 

Command;  precept;  injunction;  order,       Shak. 
[Now  obsolete,  but  it  is  retained  in  the  compound, 

hfhfsL] 
HES-TtR\'AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  yesterday.   Smart. 
HES'Y-€HAST,  m.     [Gr.  »]ffii\«s.] 

A  quiet  St.  Bib.  Repository. 

HET'E-RAR  eilY.  n.   [Gr.  irc/^,  another,  and  apxty 


rule  1 
The  government  of  an  alien. 


Bp.HaH 


HET 

HET  E-RO-CIR'e.\L,  a.  [Gr.  tro-.s,  and  jcinx  (.] 
An  epkliet  ap|ili--d  to  fislies  which  have  the  upper 
fork  of  the  tail  longer  than  llie  lower.         .^gassh. 

HET'E-RO-CLITE,  s.  \Gf.  irtp-KXirov  ;  tTtpvi,  an- 
other, or  d'tferent,  ana  kAit-us,  from  xAau,  to  in- 
cline, to  lean.] 

1.  In  ^mmmar.  a  word  which  is  irregular  or  anom- 
alous eiihflr  in  declension  or  coujueation,  or  which 
deviates  fVom  ordinary  forms  of  inflection  in  words 
of  a  like  kind.  It  is  particularly  applied  to  nouns 
irregular  in  declension. 

2.  Any  Uiing  or  person  deviating  from  common 
forms.  Johnson. 

HET'E  RO-CLTTE,  )  a.    Irregular ;  anomalous  ; 

HET-K-RO-eLIT'ie,  }  deviating  from  ordinary 
HET-E-RO-eLIT'l€>-AL,  )  forms  or  rules.  Broicn. 
HET-E-UOe'Li-TOUS,  a.  Heteroclilic.  [^ri•t  in  use.] 
HET'E-RO-DOX,  a.  [Gr.  trtptii^  another,  different, 
and  6  (<i,  opinion.} 

1.  Ill  theolofry,  heretical ;  contrar>'  to  the  faith  and 
ditclrines  of  tlie  true  church  ;  or,  more  precisely,  con- 
trary- lo  the  real  doctrines  of  the  Scriptures ;  as,  a 
hrtrrodoz  opinion  ;  op|>osed  to  Obthodux. 

S.  Repugnant  to  the  doctrines  or  tenets  of  any  es- 
tablished church. 

3.  Holding  opinions  n^pugnant  to  the  dtKtrlnrs  of 
the  Scriptures;  as,  a  hcleroduz  divini^;  or  holding 
opinions  contrary  lo  those  of  an  established  church. 

HET'E-RU-DOX-LY,  nrfe.    In  a  heUrodox  manner. 

HET'E  RO-OOX-.NESS,  n.    Stale  of  being  heterodox. 

UET'E-RO-i>0X-Y',  n.  Heresy;  an  opinion  or  doc- 
trine contrary  to  the  doctrines  of  the  Scriptures,  or 
contrary  to  itiose  of  an  established  churcli. 

HET-E-R()G'A-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  trtpyj,  different,  and 
/  jti..i,  marriage.] 

In  hotany,  having  different  essential  parts  of  fnic- 
tification. 

HET'E-RO-GP.\E,  a.    [Oba.]     [See  the  next  word.] 

HET-E-RO^K'NE-AL,    ia.     [Gr.  ir^/jfif,  other,  and 

HET-E-R0.Gi?.'NE-OUS,i      ,£^o(,  kind.] 

Of  a  different  kind  or  nature  ;  unlike  or  dissimilar 
in  kind;  oppos'.>d  to  Homoge:(bous. 

Tbe  light  whum  ny%  nif  nil  nlike  Rfnncibli;,  I  caII  timple, 
boiiio^-n'-ul,  luiij  ■iaiiW ;  ami  th.u  whuae  ni_v>  arc  ■u'lrue 
.  more  n-rr\ii!nH«  Utan  othen,  I  ail  coinpuuiiU,  httertigeneaif 
lUiil  dlBHiniUl.  JS'ttelon. 


HeteroveneoHS  nouns,  are  such  as  are  of  diffrent 
genders  in  the  singular  and  plural  numlH^Ts  ;  us,  hie 
ItcuSf  of  tbe  masculine  gender  In  the  singular,  and 
hi  tod  and  hoc  loco,  both  masculine  and  neuter  in  ttic 
pluraL  Hoe  ettlum,  neuter  in  Uie  singular;  At  cali, 
ma:w:uline  iu  the  plural. 

Heterofrrneous  quantities^  in  mathematiesy  are  such 
as  are  incapable  of  being  compared  together  in  re- 
spect to  magnitude.  Brandt, 

Heterogeneous  surdSf  are  such  as  have  diff.'rent 
radical  signs.  Barlow. 

HET-E-RO-OE-N£'I-TY,  n.     Opposition  of  nature: 

contmrieiy  or  dissimilitude  of  qualities,    [//i/wnw^rf.] 

2.  Di.ssiinilar  part ;  something  of  a  different  kind. 

Boyle. 

HET-E-RO  Gk'NE-OUS-NESS,  n.  Diff-rence  of  na- 
ture and  quality;  dissimilitude  or  contrariety  in 
kind,  nature,  or  qualities. 

HET-E-RO-PATH'ie,  a.     The  same  as  Allopathic. 

HET-E-ROPH'VIr-LOUS,  o.  [Gr.  trepoiy  diverse, 
and  0vAAji,  leaf.] 

Having  leaves  different  from  the  regular  form.  A 
heterophyllous  violet  is  one  which  has  leaves  not 
analogous  to  the  leaves  of  other  violets. 

HET'E-RO-POD,  n.  One  of  an  order  of  molluscous 
animals,  whose  foot  is  compressed  into  a  vertical, 
muscular  lamina,  serving  for  a  fin. 

HET-E-ROP'TieS,  n.     [See  Optics.]     False  optics. 

Spectator. 

HET-E-ROS'CIAN,  n.  [Gr.  iTCpos,  other,  and  (taio, 
shadow.] 

Those  inhabitints  of  the  earth  are  called  heteros- 
ciansj  whose  shadows  fall  one  way  only.  Such  are 
those  who  live  between  the  tropics  and  the  polar  cir- 
cles. The  shadows  of  those  who  live  north  of  the 
tropic  of  Cancer  fall  northward  ;  those  of  the  inhab- 
itants south  of  tifc  tropic  of  Capricorn  fall  south- 
ward ;  whereas  the  shadows  of  those  who  dwell  be- 
tween the  tropics  fall  sometimes  to  the  north  and 
sometimes  to  the  south. 

HET-E-ROS'CIAN,  a.  Having  the  shadow  fall  one 
way  only.  Orcn-orij. 

HET'E-RO-STTE,  n.  A  mineral,  of  a  greenish-gray 
or  bluish  color,  becoming  violet  on  exposure,  and 
consisting  of  phosphoric  acid,  and  the  oxyds  of  iron 
and  manganese.  Dana. 

HET-E-ROT'O-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  irepos,  another,  and 
Ttjfvui^  to  cleave.] 

Having  a  different  cleavage  ;  applied  to  a  species 
of  the  feldspar  family,  because  the  cleavage  differs 
from  that  of  common  feldspar.  Dana. 

HET  E-ROT'RO-PAL,     /         r^     ,  .  -, 

HET-tVROT'RO-POUS,  \  '^  [Gr-  trepoi  and  tpcttus.] 
In  botany,  when  the  micropyle  is  at  neither  end  of 
the  seed,  the  embrj-o  will  be  neither  erect  nor  in- 
verted, but  will  be  in  n  more  or  less  oblique  direction 
with  respect  to  the  seed,  and  is  then  said  to  be  hcte- 
rotrupouSf  or  heterotropaL  Lindley. 


HEX 

HET'MA.N,  n.     A  Cossnrk  commander-in-chief. 

HEO'LANDITE,  n.  [from  AI.  Ihuland.]  A  mineral 
of  the  zeolite  family,  occurring  in  amygdaJt.id,  in 
ptsarly,  foliated  niiisses,  and  also  crj-stallized  in 
rhomhoidal  prii^nts,  with  the  basal  plane  pearly.  It 
consists  of  silica,  alumina,  and  lime,  with  about  15 
I»er  cent,  of  water.  Dana. 

HEVY,  (his,)  V.  t.  ;  pret.  Hewed  ;  pp.  Hewed  or 
Hewn.  {^ax.  hcatcian  ;  G.  kauen ;  V.  houwen;  Sw. 
AK^Tifa;  Dan.  hugger.  In  Sw.,  hugg  is  a  cut,  a 
slash;  Dan.  Ah^',  a  beating,  a  striking;  so  that  the 
primary  sense  is  to  strike,  to  drive  wiUi  the  hand. 
See  Hoe.] 

1.  Te  cut  with  an  ax,  or  other  like  instrument,  for 
the  purpose  uf  making  an  even  surface  or  side  ;  as, 
to  heu)  timber. 

2.  To  chop ;  to  cut ;  to  hack  ;  as,  to  hew  in  pieces. 

3.  To  cut  with  a  cliisel ;  lo  make  smooth  ;  as,  to 
heiD  stone. 

4.  To  form  or  shape  with  an  edged  Instrument; 
with  out ;  as,  to  heio  out  a  sepulcher.    Is.  rxii. 

5.  To  form  Taboriously. 

I  iiuw  p.i«  my  (lays,  not  «iii>lioiit  nor  i-JIc.  rithT  potiahin?  old 

Works  Uiau  luaing  out  tiuw  oucs.     [Unutiiai.]        Pope. 
To  hew  down  ;  to  cut  down  ;  to  fell  by  cutting. 
To  hew  off;  to  cut  off;  to  separate  by  a  cutting  in- 
strument. 
HEW,  n.     Destruction  by  cutting  down.         Spenser. 

2.  Color.     [See  Hl-e.] 
HKW KT)y  pp.  or  a.     Cut  and  made  smooth  or  even; 
chopped  ;  hacked  ;  shaped  by  cutting  or  by  a  chisel. 
HEW'ER,  n.     One  who  hews  wood  or  stone. 
HEWING,  ppr.     Culling  and  making  smooth  or  even; 

chopping;  hacking;  forming  by  the  cliisel. 
HEWN,  (hune,)  pp.  or  a.     The  same  as  Hewed. 
HEX'A-CIIORD,  It.     [Gr.  if,  six,  and  x"^*?'/,  a  chord.] 
In  ancient  music,  an  imperfect  chord  called  a  sijih. 
Also,  an  instrument  of  six  chords  or  strings,  and  a 
scale  or  system  of  six  sounds.  Rousseau. 

HEX-A-DAC'TYI^OUS,  a.     [Gr.  i(  and  iuKTvUi.] 

Having  six  lingers  or  toes. 
HEX'ADE,  n.     [^(Jr.  i(,  six.] 

A  series  of  six  numbers.  Med.  Rrpoa. 

HEX'A-GON,  n.     [Gr.  i.(,  six,  and  ywcta,  an  imgle.] 
In   geometry,  a  plane  figure  of  six  sides  and  six 
angles.     If  the  sides  and  angles  are  equal,  it  is  a  reg- 
ular herafTon.     The  cells  of  honey-comb  are  hexa- 
gons, and   it  is  remarkable   that   bees   instinctively 
form  their  cells  of  this  figure,  which  fills  any  given 
space  without  any  interstice  or  loss  of  room. 
HEX-AG'ON-AL,  a.     Having  six  sides  and  six  angles. 
HEX-AG'ON-Y,  for  Hexagon,  is  not  used. 
HEX-A-GVN'I-A,7i.    [Gr.  tj',  six,  and  j-u«/r;,  a  female.]  ' 
In  botany,  an  order  of  plants  having  six  styles. 

Linnmus. 

HEx'aG'YN-OUs'  I  '^'     ^"  l>otany,  having  six  styles. 
HEX-A-IIP.'DRALla.     Of  tlie  figureofa  hexaliedron  ; 

having  six  equal  sides. 
HEX-A-Iiic'DRON,  n.    [Gr.  tf,six,  and  iSpa^  a  base 
or  seat.] 

A  regular,  solid  body  of  six  sides  ;  a  cube. 
HEX-A-HE'ME-RON,n.    [Gr.  i(,six,  and  t;.£,oa,  day.] 
1.  The  term  of  six  days.  Good. 

S.  TJie  history  of  the  six  days'  work  of  creation, 
as  contained  in  the  first  chapter  of  Genesis.  Many 
of  the  learned  fathers  wrote  commentaries  on  this 
lHstor>',  giving  their  views  of  the  created  universe. 

JUiirdoek. 
HEX-AM'E-TER,  n.    [Gr.  i^,  six,  and  pirpoi',  meas- 
ure.] 

In  ancient  poetry y  a  verse  of  six  feet,  the  first  fior 
of  which  may  be  either  dactyls  or  spondees  the  fifih 
must  regularly  be  a  dactyl,  and  the  sixth  always  a 
spondee.  In  this  species  of  verse  are  composed  the 
Iliad  of  Homer  and  the  ^neid  of  Virgil. 

£>iiia  00  I  lojlr  |  o*  ocu  \  lot  a  \  verta  Un  \  ebal.  VirgU. 

HEX-AM'E-TER,  a.    Having  six  metrical  feet. 
IIEX-A  MET'Rie,  )  a.     Consisting  of  six  metric-al 

HEX-A-MET'Rie-AL,J      feet.  iVarton. 

HEX-Ai\'UKI-A,  n.     [Gr.  if,  six,  and  av?jp,  male.] 
In  botany,  a  class  of  plants  having  six  i^tamens. 

LimuEus. 

HEX-AN"GIJ-LAR,  a.     [Gr.  c^,  six,  and  angular.] 

Having  six  angles  or  corners. 
HEX-A-PET'AL-OUS,  o.     [Gr.  if,  six,  and  KcraXov, 
a  leaf,  a  petal.] 

Having  six  petals  or  flower-leaves. 
HEX-APITYL-LOUS,  a.     [Gr.  tj,  six,  and  (pvXXoi',  a 
leaf.] 

Having  six  leaves. 
HEX'A-PLA,n.     [Gr.  1.1  and  -iTrX'-w.]     A  collection  of 
the  Holy  Scriptures  in  six  languages,  applied  partic- 
ularly to  the  collection  published  by  Origen,  in  tlie 
third  century.  Encyc.  .^m. 

HEX'A-PLAR,  a.    [Gr.  i(,  six,  and  ^ttAoo),  lo  unfold.] 

Sextu|ih^;  containing  six  Columns  ;  from  hezapla. 
HEX'A-POn,  a.     [Gr.  t(,  sij,  and  irovf,  nc^oj,  L.  pes, 
pedis,  the  fiK>t.J 
Having  six  leet. 
HEX'A-POD,  n.    [Gr.  if  and  ruvf.] 


F.aTE,  far,  fall,  WH.\T.— MkTE,  prey.— PL\E,  marine,  bird.— note,  dove,  move,  VV01.F,  nOQK.- 


5&0 


HID 

1.  An  insect  having  six  feet. 
'i  A  fathom.    [JVot  in  use.] 
nr.X'A-STIt'H,  (-stik,)  n.     [Gr.  if,  six,  and  t^Xou  a 
vers-.'.] 

A  ptiem  consisting  of  six  verses.    Johnson.    Weever. 
HEX' A-STTLE,  n.     [Gr.  i;:,  six,  and  rvXoSy  a  col- 
umn.] 

A  building  with  six  columns  in  front.         Enctf. 
IIEX-Oe-TA-HE'URON,  ju     |Gr.  if,  six,  ovtw, eight, 
and  iifOy  face.] 

A  solid  contained  under  forty -eight  equal,  iriangu- 
Inr  faces.  Dana. 

HBV,  (ha  ;)  an  e:^clamation  of  joy  or  mutual  exliorta- 

tion,  the  contrarv  to  the  I*,  hei.  *Prior. 

n£V'DAV,  (ha'da,)  exdam.  [Uu.  highway  }  An  ex- 
pression of  frolic  and  exultation,  and  sometimes  of 
w.indiT.  Shak. 

HgY'D.^V,  B.     A  frolic  ;  wildness.  Shak. 

Ht-Y'DK-GUY,  n.  [Ferha[«  from  heyday  and  p-iii.vr.] 
.■V  kind  of  dance  J  a  country  dance  or  round.     [Oi.v.j 

Spciiaer. 
»T-A'TION,  n,     [L.  hio,  to  (mp'>.] 

The  net  of  gaping.     [A'^f  «.•./■'/.] 
HI-S'TL'S,  n.,  fL.,  fruni   Aio,  to  open   or  gape,   Gr, 
Xrt').] 

1.  An  opening  ;  an  aperttire  ;  a  gap ;  a  chasm. 

2.  In  grammar^  tht*  cniiciirrfiict-  of  two  vowfls  in 
two  successive  sylhh!n.><  (t  word-',  occasioning  a 
hardness  in  the  pro  mine  iittiun.  Pope. 

3.  A  defect  \  a  chasnt  in  a  manuscript,  where  some 
part  is  Kwt  or  effaced.  Encyc. 

HI-ilER'NA-eLE,  n.  [I*  hiberHocula^  winter-quar- 
ters.] 

1.  In  botany^  the  winttT-qiiart-rs  of  a  plant ;  that 
is,  a  bulb  or  a  bud,  in  whirh  (he  embryo  of  a  future 
phinl  is  inclosed  by  a  scaly  covering,  and  protected 
from  injuries  during  winler.  B.irtoiu    Jlartijiu 

9.  The  winter-lodge  of  a  wild  animal. 
HI-UER'NAL,  tt.     iU  kOierajts.] 

Ilrlongin;.'  or  relating  to  winter.  Brown. 

HI'IiER-XATE,  r.  i.     [L  hibemo  :  It.  vrrnare.] 

To  winter ;  to  pass  the  season  of  winter  in  close 

quarters  or  in  seclusion,  as  birds  or  beasts.    Darwin. 
IirHEIt-,\A-TI.\G,  ppr.ora.     Passin;i  the  winter  in 

close  quarters. 
ni-BER-iNA'TIOiV,  v.    The  pa<»sins  of  winter  in  a 

cloiie  lodge,  as  beasts  and   fowls  that  retire  in  cold 

weather.  Darwin. 

HT-KEK'Nl-AN,  a.     Pertaining  to  Hibernia,  now  Ire- 
HI  REU'\r-A.\,  «.     A  native  of  Ireland.  [land. 

HI  HKR'M-CISM,       iv.    An  idiivm  or  mode  of  speech 
nr  hKR'M-AN  ISM,  j      pcculi.irlo  the  Iri^h.    Todd. 
■HI-KER'.\'0-<.'.EL'Tie,  n.     The  native  language  of 

the  Irish  ;  the  Giielic 
Ilie'Cirs  DOC'TIUS.     [au.  L.  Mc  esl  dontis.]      A 

cant  word  fi.r  n  juggler.  Hudibras. 

IIIC'COL'GH,  (hik'up,)  n.    [Dan.  hik  or  hilJten:  Sw. 

hiekii;    D.   AiA,   kikken ;   Fr.   hoquet;   W.   i^,   iffian ; 

Arm.  hiai.     The  English  is  a  compound  of  hie  and 

eou'^h  ;  and  hie  may  be  allied  to  hitch,  to  catcti.] 
(.  onvulsive  catch  of  the  respinitory  muscles,  with 

sonorous  inspiration  ;  repeated  at  short  intervals. 

Gfod. 
Hie'eOUGll,  (hik'up,)  r.  i.     To  have   convulsive 

cnich  of  some  of  the  respiratory  muscles. 
lire  JA 'CF.T,[ L.J     Here  I ics. 
HICK'O-RY,  B.    Several  American  trees  of  the  genus 

Carya  are  tto  called.     They  are  sometimes  called 

itainut,  but  not  very  correctly.     Its  nut  is  called 

kirkorunuL 

niCKT P  ;  a  spelling  sometimes  given  to  Hiccodoh. 

A  small  species  of  woodpecker. 
HID,  (  pp.  of  Hide.     Concealed:  placed  in  se- 

niUDJEN,!      crecy. 

2.  a.  Secret;  not  seen  or  known. 

3.  -Mysterious  ;  diHicult  to  be  known. 

HID' ACE,  n.  [from  hide,  a  quantity  of  land.]  An 
extraordinary  lax  fonnf  rly  paid  to  the  kings  of  Eng- 
land for  every  hide  of  land. 

HI  D-^UOO^  Tu  [Sp.]  In  5p«in,  a  nobleman  of  the 
lowest  class.  Drande. 

niD'Df^N'-LY,  adv.    In  a  hidden  or  secret  manner. 

IITOE,  r.  (.;  pret.  IIio  ;  pp.  Hid,  IIidoett.  [Sax.  Ay- 
daa ;  \V.  cuziaw  {  Arm.  cuza,  or  ciulilijo,  or  kytko  ; 
Corn,  kitha  ;  Russ.  kutayu  ;  Gr.  kh  ()<•>.  In  Sw., 
hifdila,  Dan.  hytu^  is  a  hut;  and  the  Sw.  hxjda,furhij- 
(fa,  Dan, /^rAurr,  to  sheathe  a  ship,  seem  to  be  the 
same  wftrd.  Hood,  as  well  as  hut,  niny  belong  to  this 
rooU    Hue  Class  Gd,  No.  26.  31,43,  55.] 

1.  To  conceal  ;  to  withhold  or  wuhdraw  from 
BiKhi ;  tu  place  in  any  state  or  position  in  which  the 
vii.-w  is  intercepted  from  the  object.  The  interven- 
tion of  the  moon  between  the  earth  and  the  sun 
kidts  the  latter  from  our  sight.  I'be  people  in  Tur- 
key hide  their  grain  in  the  earth.  No  human  being 
can  hide  his  crimes  or  bis  neglect  of  duty  from  his 
Maker, 
a.  To  conceal  from  knowledge ;  to  keep  secret. 

IVfArt  to  the  moiinbiina ;  hkrit  jroiinelvc*  tber*  (hne  d*Tm.  — 

Tell   me  now  wtuil  Uiou  liai*!  iXoxva —)ti/la  It  not  Grom  me. — 
Jo4h.  rii. 


HIE 

3.  In  Scripture,  not  to  confess  or  disclose ;  or  to  ex- 
cuse and  extenuate. 


4.  To  protect ;  to  keep  in  safety. 

hi  the  time  of  U^aUe  be  shall  kidt  ine  in 'bis  paTillon.  —  Ps. 
XXV  ii. 

To  hitle  Vie  face  from  ;  to  overlook  ;  to  pardon. 

Jlile  thy  face  from  my  sins.  —  Ps.  Ii. 
To  hide  the  face ;  to  withdraw  spiritual  presence, 
BupiK)rt,  and  consolation. 

Thou  iliilsi  hid«  tiiyface,  and  I  wa>  troubled.  —  Pb.  xtx. 
To  hide  owe's  self;  to  put  one's  self  in  a  condition 
to  be  safe  ;  to  secure  protection. 

The  pniJent  man  forevectta  the  evil  rmd  kideth  himtelf.  —  Prov. 

HIDE,  V.  i.  To  lie  concealed  ;  to  keep  one's  self  out 
of  view  ;  to  he  withdrawn  from  sight. 

Brcil  to  disgtri*c,  in  public  'lU  you  hvle.  Pope. 

irtde-and-seeJc ;  a  play  of  children,  in  which  some 
hide  themselves,  and  another  seeks  them.  Oallicer. 
HIDE,  n.  [According  to  Lye,  Sax.  Diet.,  under  weal- 
attjUin:!,  llii.s  word  signified  originally  a  station,  cov- 
ered place,  or  place  of  refuge  for  besiegers  against 
the  attacks  of  the  besieged.     Ciu.] 

In  the  ancient  laws  of  Enr^land^  a  certain  portion  of 
land,  the  quantity  of  which,  however,  is  not  well 
ascertained.  Some  authors  consider  it  as  the  quan- 
tity that  could  be  tilled  with  one  plow;  others,  as 
much  as  would  maintain  a  family.  Some  suppose  it 
to  be  UO,  some  80,  and  others  100  acres. 

Spelman.     Encye- 
HIDE,  71.     [Sax.  Ai/rf,  Ayrfe  ;  G.haut;  D.  Aui^;  Sw.  and 
Dan.  had;  L.  cutis;  Gr.  nctj;,  k'.x^ioi'  ;  either  a  peel, 
from  stripping,  separating,  or  a  cover.] 

1.  The  skin  of  an  animal,  cither  raw  or  dressed  ; 
more  generally  applied  to  tlie  undressed  skins  of  the 
larger  domestic  animals,  as  oxen,  horses,  &.c. 

9.  The  human  skin,  in  contempt.  Dryden. 

mnET.OUND.a.  An  animal  is  AH/rAounrf,  when  his 
skin  sticks  so  closely  to  his  ribs  and  back  as  not  to 
be  easily  loosened  or  raised.  Far.  DicL 

Trees  are  said  to  be  hidebound,  when  the  bark  is  so 
close  ur  firm  that  it  impedes  \\\>^  growth.         Bacon. 

2.  Harsh  ;  untractable.     [JVot  usetL]       Iludibras. 

3.  Niggardly  ;  penurious,     f  JYot  u,sw/.]     JJinsworth, 
HID'E-OUS,  a.     [Fr.  hideax;  Norm,  hidoiis,  from  hide, 

fright,  dread. 1 

1.  Frightful  to  the  sight ;  dreadful ;  shocking  to  the 
eye  ;  applied  to  deformity :  as,  a  hideouj  monster ;  a 
hideous  spectacle  ;  hiileous  looks.        Shak.     Dryden. 

2.  SiKtcking  to  the  ear ;  exciting  terror  ;  as,  a  hid- 
eous noise.  ff'urdicard. 

3.  Detestable.  Spenser. 
HID'E-Ol'S-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  frighten  ;  dread- 
fully ;  slinckinplv.  Shak. 

Hn)'E-OUS-M;SS,n.    Frightfulnesstothccyc;  drcad- 

fuIne?Jrt  ;  horrihli'ni'ss. 
HID'EK,  /I.    [from  hidcj    One  who  hides  or  conceals. 
Hin'IN(j,  ppr.    C(»ncealmg  ;  covering  or  withdrawing 

from  view  ;  korpini:  close  or  secret. 
HID'ING,  n.    Concealment.     Ilab.  iii, 

2.  \Vithdrawn;ent ;  a  withholdiog  ;  as,  the  Atr/in^f 
of  G<m1's  face.  Mdmr. 

3.  A  beating.     [Vulfrar.]  Smart. 

HTD'IXG-PLACE,  n.     A  place  of  concealment. 

HIE,  V.  i.  [Sax.  higan,  higiaa,  to  hasten,  to  urge  for- 
ward, to  press,  to  endeavor ;  also,  hiegan  and  higgan, 
lu  be  urgent,  to  strive.] 

1.  I'o  hasten  ;  to  move  or  run  wiUi  haste  ;  to  go  in 
haste  ;  a  word  cKieJly  used  in  poetry. 
^        The  youth,  muniiiig  to  his  niUtrru,  hiet.  Dryden. 

9.  With  the  reciprocal  pronoun  ;  as,  hie  thee  home. 
IITE,  n.     Hawte  ;  diliceure.     [Oft*.]  Chaucer. 

HI'E-RARCH,  n.     [iir.  'iro'ip\r)i,  q.  d.  h  Tuiv  Upuiv  ap- 
X'-Cja  nil'T  in  sat  red  things.] 
One  who  rules  or  has  authority  In  sacred  things. 

Saicer. 
HT'E-R.\RCH-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  hierarch. 

Milfon. 
IIT-E-RXReH'IC-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  n  hierarchy. 
nrE-RAIieH-ie-AL  I.Y,  adv.     AOer  the  manner  of 

a  hi'Tirrhv. 
HT'E  RXKC'M  I3:M,  n.    Principles  of  a  hierarchy. 
HT'E-RAHeil-Y,  n.     [Gr.  I  /-fioxi'..] 

1.  Dominion  or  authority  in  sacred  things.    Suicer. 

2.  The  pers(uiH  who  have  the  excltisive  dircrtiim 
of  things  s.'icred  ;  used  e.fpfir.iaily  of  a  body  of  clerKy 
of  different  ranks  or  ordiTS  ;  but  applicable  to  all  who 
claim  to  be  a  holy  order  of  men,  with ^an  exclusive 
right  to  minister  in  htdy  things.  Murdoch. 

3.  The  celrntial  Mfrarch'j,  in  the  irritinir.i  of  pseudo- 
Dionysius,  enihrnced  Christ  a-s  its  head,  and  the  va- 
rious orders  of  angels  as  hi«  niinist<Ting  spirits. 

Murdoch. 
HT-E-RAT'ie,    a.      [Gr.  IrpartK's,  sacerdotal,  from 
tt^-js,  sacred.] 

1.  Consecrated  to  sacred  uses  ;  sacerdotal ;  pert-lin- 
ing to  priests.  Biis.^ell. 

2.  A  term  applied  to  a  mnde  of  ancient  Egyptian 
writing,  chiefly  used  in  papyri^  con'iidered  as  a  rapid 


HIG 

mode  of  writing  hieroglyphics,  and  being  the  sacer- 
dotal character,  as  the  demotic  was  that  of  the  penpl* 

P.  C'jc. 
HI-E-ROe'RA-CY,  n.     [Gr.  hpa  and  Kpartt.^.] 

Government  by  ecclesiastics.  Jefferson. 

HT'E-RO  GLYPH,        ;  n.  [Gr.iVpoj,  sacred,  and  vAv- 
HI-E-RO-GLYPH'ie,  (      </^a>,  to  carve.] 

1.  Literally,  a  sacred  character  ;  applied  to  a  spe- 
cies of  writiiig  first  practiced  by  the  ancient  Egyptian 
priests,  often  called  picture-writing,  which  expressed 
a  series  of  ideas  by  representations  of  visible  objects. 
According  to  Chaniiiollion,  the  Eg>;ptian  hieroglyph- 
ics consist  of  three  dilfercnt  sjiecies  of  characters: 
1.  The  hieroglyphic,  properly  so  called,  in  which  the 
object  is  represented  by  a  picture,  cither  entire  or  in 
an  abridged  form.  2.  Symbolical,  in  which  an  idea 
is  expressed  by  some  visible  object  which  represents 
it ;  as  adoration  by  a  censer  containing  incense.  3. 
Phonetic  characters,  in  which  the  sign  represents  not 
a  visible  object,  but  a  sound.  Brandc. 

nr-E  RO-GLYPH'i€,  )a.     Emblematic;   exprcss- 

HT-E-RO-GLYPH'ie-AL,  i  ivc  of  some  meaning  by 
characters,  pictures,  or  figures  ;  as,  hieroglyphic  wri- 
ting ;  a  Aicroirfif/^Aic  obelisk. 

nr-E-RO-GLYPfl'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  Emblematically; 
by  characters  or  pictures  expressive  of  facts  or  mnnil 
qualities.  The  Mexicans  wrote  history  hieroglyphic- 
ally. 

HI-fi-RO-GLYPH'IST,  n.  One  versed  in  hieroglyph- 
ics. Oliddon. 

HT'E-RO-GUABl,  n.  [Gr.  lepoj,  sacred,  and  ypap.pa, 
letter,] 

A  sp(!cies  of  sacred  writing. 

HI-E-RO-GRAM-MAT'ie,  a.  [Gr.  Upo^,  sacred,  and 
)'i:aitfia,  letter.] 

Denoting  a  kind  of  writing  in  sacred  or  sacerdotal 
characters,  used  only  by  the  priests  in  Egypt. 

fVarburton. 

HI-E-RO-GRAM'MA-TIST,  n.  Literally,  a  sacred 
writer;  an  Egyotian  priest  whose  duty  was  to  deci- 
pher hieroglyphics,  and  preside  over  the  religious  ser- 
vices. Brande. 

HT-F^RO-GRAPH'ie,         )a.      Pertaining  to  sacred 

HI  ERO-GRAPH'ie-AL,  j      writing. 

HrE-RUG'RA-PHY,  n.  '[Gr.  Upo%,  holy,  and  ypa^ai, 
to  write  ;  }i>'i'^ri,  a  writing.] 
Sacred  writing.     [Little  iLird.] 

HI  fMlO-L')G'lC,         I  a.    Pertaining  to  hierolog>'. 

HI-E-RO-LOG'ie-AL,  j  GlidJoa. 

HI-E  ROL'0-GIST,  n.     One  versed  in  hierology. 

HI-E-ROI/O-GY.  n,    [Gr.  Ieoos  and  Xny^.] 

Literally,  a  discourse  on  sacred  things  ;  particularly, 
the  science  which  treats  of  the  ancient  writings  and 
inscriptions  of  the  Egyptians,  or  a  treatise  on  tliat 
science. 

IlI'E-RO-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  Upoi^  sacred,  and  pav 
Ttia,  divination.] 

Divination  by  observing  the  various  things  ofIi?red 
in  sacrifice.  Eacyc. 

HI-E-ROM-NE'SION,  n.  [Gr.  Upoi,  sacred,  and  pirj- 
piiiv,  preserving  memory.] 

In  ancient  Orecce,  the  most  honorable  of  the  two 
classes  of  representatives  which  composed  the  Am- 
phictyonic  council.  The  word  sometimes  occur.-*', 
also,  as  applied  to  priests  or  magistrates,  in  some  of 
the  Grecian  states.  Sinit}i*s  Diet. 

IirE-RO-PHANT  or  IirER'O-PHANT,  n.  [Gr.  Uou- 
ffiairm  ;  lipoi,  sacred,  and  ^ui  w,  to  show.] 

A  priest ;  one  who  teaches  the  mysteries  and  du- 
ties of  religion.  Hale. 

H^E-RO-PUA^T'IC,  a.  Relating  to  hierophants  ; 
sHcred. 

HIG'GLE.  V.  i.  [In  Dan.  hyhler  signifies  to  flatter, 
fawn,  disguise,  or  play  the  hypocrite  ;  Sw.  htfckla,  id. 
In  Welsh,  hiciaw  is  to  snap,  to  catch  suddenly,  to 
trick,  as  if  allied  to  hitch,  'I'his  word  may  be  from 
the  same  root  as  L.  cueio.    See  Huckster.] 

L  Tu  carry  provisions  about  and  offer  them  for 
sale. 

2.  To  chaffer  ;  to  he  tedious  and  nice  in  making  a 
bargain. 

It  Bfpi"!  an  l^nonvnt  niinrt,  where  we  Ilitc  wronged,  to  higglt 
mill  d<«l^'  in  the  nmt-n.li.  lifiie. 

niG'GLF^DY-PIG'GLE-DY,  adv.     In  confusion;  a 

hw  word, 
HIG'GLER,  n.    One  who  carries  about  provisions  for 

sak'. 
2.  One  who  is  tedious  nnd  nice  in  bargaining. 
HIG'GLING,  V.     The  employment  of  a  higgler;  the 

art  of  bi'liig  tedious  and  nice  in  bargaining. 
HIGH,  (hi,)  a.     [Sax.  AsaA,  hig,  hch,  or  hih;  G.  hoch ; 

D.  Iwog ;  Sw.  hiig:  Dan.  hoj ;  San.  nchchah.    TheVY. 

ue,  ueel,  may  be  the  same  word,  with  the  loss  of  the 

first  lett.  r  ] 

1.  Extending  to  a  great  distance  above  the  surface 
of  the  earth  ;  elevated ;  lofty  ;  of  great  altitude  ;  as, 
a  high  nmuntain  ;  a  At^A  tower. 

2.  Rising,  or  having  risen,  or  being,  far  above  the 
earth;  elevated;  lofty;  as,  a  Ai^M  flight;  the  clouds 
are  Ai^A  in  the  atmosphere. 

3.  Eli'valed  above  the  horizon  ;  lui,  how  Ai^A  is  the 
sun  .'    It  is  an  hour  Ai^A. 

4.  Raised  nhove  any  object. 

High  o'rr  th'-ir  licii-U  r  inoldcring  ruck  la  plnwd.        Dryden. 


TONE,  BULL,  I;NITE._AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS.-€  aa  K;  6  a«  J;   a  as  Z;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


HIG 

Sw  Exalted  in  nature  or  dignity. 

I'lekighett  Lcullj  ofilwaL>jI.  Baxtrr. 

6.  EU>\'nted  in  rank,  condition,  or  oAice.  We  speak 
of  kigk  and  low  ;  of  a  higk  utllce  ;  kigk  rank  ;  hij^h 
Btatiuii ;  a  ki^k  courL 

7.  Possessinji  or  governed  by  honorable  pride ;  no- 
ble ;  exalted;  magnanimous;  dignified;  as,  a  man 

6.  Exalted  Id  exct^lteuce  or  extent,    [of  Ai/A  mind. 

Bolonwm  Bred  at  «mae,  nor  mimed  t^joDd 

Uifhar  ilrwipi  Umn  to  eujo;  bis  wtaXo,  AIUIoh. 

9.  Difficult ;  abstntse. 

Thry  iDMt  (o  be*x,  uul  maawtr  tuch  Mgk  tluD^  SItai. 

10.  Boastful ;  ostentatious. 

Hk  lincei,  after  alt  the  MfA  diaoounes,  unountiod  ntJly  but  to 
•iftoMM  bundnd  fooC  C^Mlon. 

11.  Airogut ;  proad ;  loAy ;  loud. 

Th*  KwrniMr  Mada  UiMdf  nmy  wkh  Ui  MjA  uid  tlimtenfn|r 
KoCiMC*>  Cbr«fufo«. 

15L  Loud ;  bakHeraoM ;  threateniiig  or  angry.  The 
putiM  had  Tery  kigk  words. 

13.  Yioimt ;  mtren ;  oppreasire. 

Wbn  Ifan*  KppmKlh  oo  dther  tide  a  high  hand,  violent  prne- 
cutioo,  ftc.  Baevn, 

14.  Public  ;  powerful ;  triumphant ;  glorious  ;  or 
under  divine  protection. 

n*  oUUna  of  l«stf  w«ot  out  of  Ecrpi  wkh  a  kigk  hand.  - 
Ck.  xtv. 

15.  Noble;  illustrious;  honorable;  as,  a  man  of 
kigk  birth. 

16.  Expressive  of  pride  and  haughtiness ;  as,  hig^h 

17.  Powerful ;  mighty.  [Iook.s.    li,  z. 

SttDitf  b  thy  band,  high  b  thj  right  hand.  —  Ps.  txKxix. 

IS.  ftaaessed  of  supreme  power,  dominion,  or  ex- 
cellence. 

Thoa,  Locd,  art  kigk  kbort  all  the  rarth.  —  Ps.  zctB. 

19.  Great ;  important ;  solemn ;  held  in  renora- 
tSon. 

rord.atSatibalbda7WMaiUfftday.— John  xix. 

Sa  Vifdent;  rushing  with  vohxKy;  tempestuous; 
as,  a  kirk  wind. 

SIL  Tiimnlluous;  turbulent;  inOamcd;  riolenl ; 
as,  kifk  passions. 

32.  Full ;  complete,    li  is  kiffk  time  to  retire. 

It  it  high  lime  to  awake  bum  alccp.  —  Rom.  lid. 

93.  Raided  ;  accompanied  by,  or  proceeding  frran, 
(treat  excitement  of  the  feelingj  ;  as,  kigk  pleasure  of 
biKly  or  mind. 

34.  Rirh  ;  luxurious ;  weU-eeasooed ;  as,  ki^k  fare ; 
Ugk  Uviiig  ;  kigk  sauces.  MiUmu    Joeon. 

S5.  Strung  ;  vivid  ;  deep ;  na,  a  kigk  color. 

96.  IK-.ir  i  of  a  great  price,  or  greater  price  than 
usual ;  ail,  to  purchase  at  a  kigk  rate ;  goods  are 

37.  Remote  from  the  equator  north  or  south ;  as,  a 
ki^  latitude. 

38.  Remote  in  past  time ;  early  in  former  time ;  as, 
JU^  anlltiuily. 

90.  Extreme  ;  intense  ;  as,  a  AiVA  heau 
3(lL  Loud  ;  a-s,  a  Ai>A  sKMind.     But  m»re  s^eneraU^^ 
31.  in  mmAcy  acute ;  sharp  ;  as,  a  ki^k  note ;  a  kigk 
Toice  ;  opposed  to  low  or  trrave. 
•Oa.  Much  raised ;  as,  hltrk  ru-lief,  [alto  relietoJ] 

33.  Far  adi'anced  in  art  or  science ;  aj,  kigk  at- 
tainments. 

34.  Great;  capital;  committed  against  the  king, 
sovereicn,  or  state;  as,  hi^h  treason,  di:Jtinguishi;d 
from  peUy  treason,  which  is  cummittrd  against  a 
mx^ter  or  otlier  superior, 

;i5.  Great;  exalted;  as,  a  lugk  opinion  of  one's 
integrity. 

High  and  dry :  applied  to  the  situation  of  a  vessel 
when  agnnind  above  water  mark.  ToUea. 

Hiiik  church  and  low  ckarck ;  in  Great  Britain^  a 
disthiction  inirtwiuced  after  the  revolution.  I'he  high 
church  were  supposed  to  favor  the  papists,  or  at  K-ast 
to  #u(^>ort  the  high  claims  to  prerogative  which  were 
mniniained  by  the  Stuarts.  The  low  church  enter- 
tiined  more  mL>derate  notions,  manifested  great  en- 
mity to  poperj*,  and  were  inclined  to  circumscribe 
the  nn-al  prerogatives.  This  distinction  is  now  less 
marked,  but  not  wholly  obliterated. 

Higk  day^  kigk  noon:  the  tluit:  when  the  sun  is  in 
the  meridian. 

ifi>A  Duttk,  is  the  German  language,  as  distin- 
guished from  Low  Dutch  or  Belgic,  or  the  cultivated 
German,  as  opposed  to  the  vulgar  dialects. 
HIGH,  adc.     Alofl;  to  a  great  altitude;  as,  towering 

2.  Eminently;  greatly.  [Ai^A. 

HesT-^ii  and  earth 
Shall  high  extol  li^  pniaa.  Milton. 

3.  With  deep  thought ;  profoundly. 

He  reasooed  higk.  MUton, 

4.  Powerfully.  Mdton. 
niGil,  n.    An  elevated  place  ;  superior  region  ;  as,  on 

Ai^A  ,■  from  on  Ai^A. 
Oit  AifA  ;  aloud.     \Obs.\  Spenser. 

2.  Aloft. 
HIGH'-AIM-ZD,  o.    Having  grand  or  lofty  designs. 

Crashaw. 


HIG 


HIGH'-ARC4I-£D,    (-SLrchl,)    a. 
arches. 


Having    elevated 
Mail. 
HIGH-AS-PTR'IXG,  a.      Having   elevated    views  ; 

aiininc  at  elevated  objects.  Bp.  Hall. 

HTGII'-ULRST,  a.     Supremely  happy.  MiUon. 

HIGH'-HLOVVN,  a.    Swellt-d  much  with  wind;  in- 
flated, as  with  pride  or  conceit.  Shak. 
HlGU'-UOIi;*,  a.     Being  of  noble  birth  or  extraction. 

Rowe. 
HIGH'-BRED,  a.    Bred  in  hich  life.  Biirvn. 

HIGH'-BROW-£D,  a.     Having  hidi  brows.   Moorr. 
HIGH'-BUILT,  (hl'bm,)a.  Of  lofty  structure.   Milton. 
2.  Covered  with  lofty  buihliiiga. 

The  higk-buiU  elephant  hu  Cixallc  rear*.  Cretch. 

HIGH'-CHURCH,  «.  An  epithet  applied  to  those  in 
the  episcopal  church,  who  attach  the  higliest  iiniKtr- 
tance  to  episcopacy,  so  om  to  question  or  deny  the 
validity  of  rileu  and  ordinances,  performed  by  tliose 
who  have  not  been  episcttjKiUy  iirdained. 

HIGII'-CHURCU'IS.M,  h.  The  principles  of  the  high- 
church  party. 

HIGH'-CHURCH'MAN,  n.  One  who  holds  high 
church  principles. 

HIGU'-eLTMIJ-ING,  (hrkllm-ing,)  a.    Climbing  to  a 
great  hight. 
2.  Diriicult  to  be  ascended  Mdton. 

lITGH'-C0L-OR-£D,(hI'ltuMurd,)a.  Having  a  strong, 
deep,  or  glaring  color.  Fluyer, 

a.  V'ivid  ;  strong  or  forcible  in  representati(tn  ;  as, 
a  kigk-cqlnred  description. 

HIGir-eON'STA-BLE,n.  A  police  officer  In  some 
cities.  _  Bouvier. 

HIGU'-€URL-ING,  a.    Rising  high  in  curls. 

M.  Bruce. 

HTGH'-DA  V,  a.     Fine  ;  befitting  a  holiday.       SAoA. 

HIGU'-DE-^IGN'ING,  a.     Forming  great  BCh.-mes. 

Vruden, 

HIGH'-EM-BOW'SD,  o.    Having  lofty  arches. 

M'tUon. 

HTGH'-E.\-GE.\'DER-ED,  o.  Engendered  aloft,  or 
in  the  air.  SJuik. 

HIGH'-FED,  a.     Pampered  ;  fed  hixuriously.    Mdton, 

HlGH'-FLN'ISH-liD,  (-fin'isht,)  a.  Finished  com- 
pletflv. 

HlGH'-FLAM-IXG,  a.  Throwing  flame  to  a  great 
hight.  Pope. 

BIGH'-FLA-V0R-1:D,  a.     Having  n  high  flav<.r. 

HIGH'-FLI-ER,  n.  One  that  carries  his  opinions  to 
extravagance.  SwifL 

HIGH'-FLOWN,  a.  Elevated;  swelled;  proud;  as 
kigk-JlotDtt  hofies.  Drii/mm. 

2.  Turgid  ;  swelled  ;  extravagant;  as,  a  kigh-Jloicni 
hvperbi>le,  L^  Estrange. 

H1GU'-FLUSH-£D,  (hrflusht,) a.    Much  elated. 

Young. 

HIGH'-FLV-ING,  o.  Extravagant  in  claims  or  opin- 
ions ;  as,  kiffk-figingy  arbitrary  kings.  Dniden. 

HTGH'-GAZ-1.\G,  o.     Looking  upward.  Mure. 

HIGM'-GMiNG,  a.     Moving  rapidly.        MasMngcr. 

HIGH'-GROVVN,  a.  Jiaving  Uie  crop  considerably 
grown. 

HlGH'-HA\D-ED,  a.  Overbearing;  oppressive;  vio- 
lent. 

HIGH'-nEAP-/:D,  (hi'heent,)  o.    Covered  with  high 

piles  ;  as,  a  kigk-keaped  table.  Pupe. 

2.  Raised  in  high  piles.  Pope. 

HIGH'-HEART-ED,  a.     Full  of  rotimge.       Beaum. 

HIGM'-HEEI^fiD,  a.     Having  hlgJi  li.-.'Is.         Smft. 

HIGH'-MUNG.a.     Hung  aloft;  elevated.     Drydau 

HIGH'-LIV-£D,  a.    Pertaining  to  high  life. 

OoUhmith. 

HIGH'-MXSS,  71.  Among  Roman  Catholics,  that  mass 
which  is  read  before  the  high  altar  on  Sundays, 
ft-ast-davs,  and  great  occisions.  Encyc.  Jim. 

HTGH'-MET-TL£D,  a.  Having  high  spirit ;  ardent ; 
full  of  fire  ;  as,  a  kigh-mcttled  steed. 

HIGU'-MI.\D-ED,  a.     Proud  ;  arrogant. 

Be  not  high-mindtd,  but  ft-ar.  —  Rum.  x't. 

2.  Having  honorable  pride;   magnanimous;   op- 
posed to  mean. 

IHGH'-MLM)  En  NESS,  n.  State  of  being  high- 
minded. 

HIGH'-PLACE,  n.  In  Scripture^  an  eminence  or 
mound  on  which  sacritices  were  ofiered.  Before 
the  temple  was  built  in  Jerusalem,  sacrilices  were 
offered  to  Jehovah  by  his  worshipers,  on  Ai^A 
placci ;  but  afterward  such  mounds  were  devoted 
to  idolatrous  sacrifices. 

HIGH'-PLAC-£D,  (-plast,)  a.  Elevated  in  situation 
or  rank.  Shak. 

HIGH'-PREPS'T;RE,  a.     See  STEAM-ENomE- 

HIGH'-rKIi:.ST,  n.     A  chief  priest.  Scripture. 

HIGH'-PKlKriT'SHIP,  n.     Office  of  a  high-priesU 

HIGH'-PKIi\'-Cl-PL£D,  a.  Extravagant  in  notions 
of  politics.  Swift. 

HIGH'-PROOF,  a.  Highly  rectified;  very  strongly 
alcoholic;  as,  Ai^A-ztroo/i^pirits. 

HIGH'-RaIS-£D,  a.  Elevated;  raised  aloft.  Dnjden. 
2.  Raised  with  great  expectations  or  conceptions. 

Milton. 

HIGH'-Ri-:ACH-L\G,  a.    Reaching  to  a  great  hight. 

2.  Reaching  tipward,  Mdton. 

3.  Ambitious;  aspiring.  Sltak, 


IIIG 

nT(;il'-KRAR-£D,  a.-  Raised  high;    of  lofty  struc- 
ture. Shak. 
HIGH'-RED,  0.    Having  a  strong  red  color;  deejdy 

red.  Boxjle. 

HIGH'-RE-PENT'ED,  a.    Deeply  repented.    [Jll.] 

Shak. 

HIGH'-RE-80LV'£D,  a.     Very  resolute. 

'At.  Andron. 

HTGH'-ROAD,  «.  A  higliwny  ;  a  much  frefpiented 
road. 

niGll'-ROPES,  n.  pi.  A  person  is  said  to  be  on  his 
high  rifpffi  when  he  is  greatly  elevated  or  excited,  es- 
periallv  bv  passion.  Gro.ie. 

HIGIl'*RObF-£D,  (hl'rooft,)  a.  Having  a  lofty  or 
sharp  roof.  MUtoiu 

HrGli'-SSA'SON-£D,  a.  Enriched  with  spices  or 
other  seasoning. 

HTGH'-.Si"iAT-ED, a.  Fixed  on  high;  seated  in  an 
elevated  place.  Milton. 

HIGH'-SIGHT-ED,  a.     Always  looking  upward. 

Sfmk. 

HIGH'-SOUL-£n,  a.     Having  a  high  spirit.  Evcrrtt. 

HlGH'-SO[JND-ING,  a.  Pompous;  noisy;  ostenta- 
tious ;  as,  kiffhsounding  words  or  titles. 

HTG1I'-SP(R'IT-E[),  a.    Full  of  spirif  or  natural  fire  ; 
easily  irritated  ;  irascible. 
2.  Full  <»f  spirit ;  bold  ;  daring. 

HIGH'-SrOM'A€H-£D,  (slum'akd.)  a.  Having  a 
lofty  8|)irit ;  proud  ;  obstinate.  SA<jA. 

H1GH'-SVVELL-£D,  a.    Swelled  to  a  great  hight. 

HIGH'-SWELL-ING,  o.  Swelling  greatly;  inlhited  ; 
boastful. 

HIGH'-HWOLN,  a.    Greatly  swelled.  Shcdc. 

HIGH'-TA-PER,  /t.    A  plant  of  the  genua  Verbascum. 
Fam.  of  Plant.-!. 

HIGH'-TAST-ED,  a.  Having  a  strong  relish  ;  piquant. 

Denhain. 

HTGH'-TIME,  a.  auite  time  ;  full  time  for  the  occa- 
sion, or  the  time  when  any  thiag  is  to  be  done. 

HIGH'-T^\-£D,  a.     High  in  sound. 

HrGH'-TOW-ER-£D,  a.  Having  lofty  towers.  Mrton. 

HIGH'-VIC-£U,  (-vl:>t,)  a.     Enormously  wicked. 

Sh^ik. 

HIGH'-WA'TER,  n.  The  utmost  flow  or  greatest  ele- 
vation of'  liie  tide  ;  also,  the  time  of  such  elevation. 

HIGH'-WA'TER-MARK,  n.  The  line  made  on  the 
shore  by  the  tide  at  its  utmost  hight.        Mar.  DicL 

HIGH'-VVROUGHT,  (rawl,)  a.  Wrought  with  ex- 
quisite art  or  skill  ;  accurately  finished.  Pope. 

2.  Inflamed  to  a  high  degree;  as,  higK-wrougkt 
pnssioii. 

I!T<rH'F.K,  a.  comp.     More  high.  ~ 

IIKJM'EST,  a.  supcrt.     Most  high. 

IirGH'GATE  RES'IN.     See  Fossil  Copal. 

HIGII'L.WD,  n.  Elevated  land;  a  mountainous  re- 
gion. 

Hiirhlands  of  Scotland  ;  mountainous  regions  inhab- 
ited by  the  descendants  of  the  ancient  Celts,  who 
ret'iin  their  primitive  language. 

Highlands  on  the  Hudson,  sixty  mites  from  New 
Ydrk.  These  afford  moat  sublime  and  nunantic 
scenery,  and  here  is  West  Point,  a  fortified  post 
during  the  revolution,  and  now  the  seat  of  one  of 
the  best  military  schools  of  the  age. 

HIGH'LAND-ER,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  the  moun- 
tains ;  as,  the  Highlanders  of  Scotland. 

HTGII'LAND-ISH,  a.  Denoting  high  or  mountainous 
land.  Drummotid. 

HTGII'LY,  (hl'ly,)  adc.    With  elevation  in  place. 

2.  In  a  great  degree.  We  are  highly  favored.  Ex- 
ercise is  hii^hly  requisite  to  health. 

3.  Proudly  ;  arrogantly  ;  ambitiously.  Shak. 

4.  With  elevation  of  mind  or  opinion  ;  with  great 
estiinalion;  as,  to  think  highly  of  one's  perform- 
ances. 

HTGH'MOST,  a.     Highest.     [JVbt  tu^ed,}  SJiak. 

HIGH'\ESS,  (hi'ness,)  n.  Elevation  above  the  sur- 
face; loftiness;  altitude;  hight. 

2.  Dignity ;  elevation  in  rank,  character,  or  pnwer. 

3.  Excellence  ;  value.  HowelU 

4.  Violence  ;  as,  the  highness  of  wind. 

5.  Great  amount ;  as,  the  highness  of  price. 

6.  Acutenesa  ;  as,  the  highness  of  a  note  or  voice. 

7.  Intcnseness,  as  of  heal. 

8.  A  title  of  honor  given  to  princes  or  other  men 
of  rank. 

HIGHT,  (hite,)  n.  [See  Heioht.]  Elevation  ;  altir 
tude  ;  loftiness, 

[It  is  very  desirable  that  this  noun  should  be  thus 
regularly  formed  from  the  adjective  high,  as  was  for- 
merly done  by  distinguished  writers. 

IFigkt,  nanted,  called,  promised,  commanded,  &r,, 
(sometimes  written  Hote,)  is  a  corruption  from  Sax. 
hatan.  It  is  ohsolete.    [See  Heat.]    Chaucer.  Spenser. 

HIGHT'KN-ER,  n.     One  that  hightens. 

HIGH'WAV,  n.  A  public  road;  a  way  open  to  all 
passengers  ;  so  called,  either  because  it  is  a  great  or 
public  road,  or  because  the  earth  was  raised  to  ftirm 
a  dry  path.  Highways  open  a  communication  from 
one  city  or  town  to  another.^ 
2.  Course  ;  road  ;  train  of  action.  Child. 

HTGH'WAV-MAN,  n.  One  who  robs  on  the  public 
road,  or  lurks  in  the  highway  for  the  purpose  of 
robbing. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARYNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.— 


HIN 

HII/A  Rate  is  not  in  use.    See  Exhilabate. 

HI-La'RI-OUS,  a.     Mirthful;  merry. 

UI-LAR'I-TY,  n.      [L.  hUaritas;    Gr.  lAdoo;,  joyful, 

nierrj".    If  r  is  radical,  tliis  cannol  be  from  iAaw,  lo 

be  propitious.] 
A  pleasumble  excitemont  of  tlie  animal  spirits  ; 

mirth  ;   merriment ;    gnyety.      Udariiy   diflcrs   from 

jt/y;  tiie  latter,  excited  by  good  news  or  prosperity, 

isj  an  aiTection  of  the  mind  ;  tlio  furmLr,  by  social 

pleasure,  drinking,  &c.,  which  rousu  the    animal 

spirits. 
IIIL'A-RY-TERM,    n.      The    term    of  courts,    &c., 

which  begins  about  the  time  of  the  festival  of  St. 

Hilary",  or  near  tlie  middle  of  January.      En<^land. 
lULU,  [G.  and  D.  AWJ,  Dan.  hddt,  a  hero,]  is  ^cL^ined 

in  names ;  as,  Ilildebert,  a  bright  hero  ;  Mat/iitd^  Ma- 

tilJa,  a  heroic  lady. 
HILU'ING,  w.     [Qu.  Pa^.  AyWa«,  to  decline,  or  AyWe- 

iciv,  destitute  of  alfcciion.] 

A  mean,  sorry,  paltry  man  or  woman.     [Ofr*-] 
IITLE.     See  IIillm.  [ShaJi. 

HILL,  n.     [SaX-    kill  or   ktjl;    1,.   colUs ;   perhaps    Gr. 

K'.Xv.     It  cannot  be  tlie  G.  Ait^c/,  D.  Acure^,  unless 

contracted.] 

1.  A  natural  elevation  of  land,  or  a  mass  of  earth 
riding  above  the  commtm  level  of  the  surrounding 
land  ;  an  eminence.  A  hill  is  less  than  a  mountain, 
but  of  no  definite  magnitude,  and  is  sometimes  a[>- 
plicd  to  a  mountain.  Jerusalem  is  seated  on  two 
hills.     Rome  stood  on  seven  fuUs. 

a.  A  cluster  of  plants,  and  the  earth  raised  about 
them  ;  as,  a  kill  of  mair.e  or  piitiloc-!.  United  States. 
HILL,  r.  r.  To  raise  earth  about  plants;  to  raise  a 
little  mass  of  earth.  Farmers  in  New  England  hiU 
their  maize  in  July.  Hdling  is  generally  the  tliird 
hoeing. 

2.  To  cover.     [Qbs.]     fSax.  helm  ;  L.  cflo.] 
HFLL'^TD,  pp.  or  o.     Raised  into  hills  ;  having  nills. 
IIILL'I-\1-::>S,  n.  The  state  of  being  billy.    RictuDict. 
HII-L'IN'G, /<;>r.     RaLsing  into  bills. 

HiLL'IXG,  n.     A  covt-ring.     [Oft?.] 

a  The  act  of  raiding  the  earth  around  plants. 
HILL'OCK,  M.     A  small  hill.  MiUun.     Dnjdea. 

HILL'-SIDE,  n.    The  side  or  declivity  of  a  liilt. 
HILL'-TOP,  It.    The  top  of  a  hill.  [J,  Burlote. 

HILL'V,    a.       Abounding    with     hills  j    as,    a    killy 

country. 
HILT,  H.     [Sax.  kilt,  the  AoW,  from  healdnn,  to  hold.] 
The  handle  of  any  thing  j  but  chietly  applied  to 
tlie  handle  of  a  swnrd. 
inLT'EU,  a.     Having  a  hilt. 
HI'LU.M,  n.     fL. ;  V\'.  htl,  a  particle,  issue.] 

The  eye  of  a  beau  or  other  seed  ;  the  mark  or  scar 
of  the  umbilical  cord,  by  which  the  seed  adheres  to 
the  plat^nta.  Martyn. 

CIM,   pron.     The  objective  case  of  he,  L.   eum,   an- 
cicBtly  eia  or  tin. 

Him  tii\t  is  we^  In  thi?  fuilli  rpclro.  —  Rom.  sir. 
Him  and  hU  were  formerly  used  for  nouns  of  the 
neuter  gt-ndcr,  but  the  practice  is  obsolete. 
HIM-SELF',  pron,     [him  and  self.]     In  the  nomina- 
tive or  objective  case. 

L  He;  hut  himself  is  more  emphatlcal,  or  more 
expressive  of  distinct  personality  than  he. 

With  ■tiann-  rPmrmt*T»,  whilr  ftimjfj/wa«  one 

Of  th^  Kunf  luttl,  kimsel/  Um  tiunc  hul  duiie.  Denham, 

2.  WTien  fumxplf  \s  adrled  to  A«,  or  to  a  noun,  it 
expresses  diBcnmination  of  person  with  particular 
emphasis. 

B'll  he  iiimtflf  murn'^  from  the  qitrnTi-^.  — JiiHipi  lU. 
Zim  Ood  fuiru^lf  \>  wiui  ut  fur  our  c.ijitiiti.  —  2  Cnrun.  xiil. 

3.  When  used  as  the  reciprocal  pronoun,  it  is  not 
usually  emphatical. 

DavUI  hH  him«e;/ln  the  Mil.  —  I  Sixra.  xx. 

4.  It  was  fonnerly  used  as  a  substitute  for  neuter 
nouns ;  as,  high  as  heaven  himself.  [  T^'  "^^  ^  ^^^ 
improper.] 

5  It  is  inmetimcs  seimrated  from  he  ;  aa  he  could 
not  go  himself^  for  he  himself  could  not  go. 

(j.  Himself  is  used  lo  expre!<s  the  proper  character 
or  natural  temper  and  disposition  of  a  person,  after 
or  in  opposition  to  wandering  of  mind,  Irretrularity, 
or  itfvious  c<mduct,  from  derangement,  passion,  or 
oxiran'-ous  influence.  We  say,  a  man  has  como  to 
himaelf,  aflcr  delirious  or  extravagant  behavior.  Let 
the  man  alone  ;  let  him  act  himself. 

Bff  kimstlf;  alone;  unaccompanied;  sequestered. 
He  !ilt:i  or  studies  by  himseJf. 

Ah^b  wnt  on*  way  by  himse'f,  and  Olxidl.'Ji  went  anollier  way 
by  kynatlf.  —  1  Kingpi  xvtii. 

ni\.  n.     [Heh.  p.] 

A  Hebrew  measure  of  liquids,  said  by  Jo^jcphus  lo 
be  double  the  Greek  xo(j$,  and  therefore  about  six 
(|ii:irts  Ciiglitih  meai'Ure.  Ocscnius. 

HT.N'D,  n.     [Sax.  hinde ;   G.  and  D.  hinde ;    Hw.  and 
Dan.  hind;  allied  perhaps  t()  han,  hen.    See  He.-(.] 
'I'he  female  of  the  red  deer  or  stag. 
HIND,  n.     [Han.  hiae;  Hcot.  hync] 

I.  A  domestic  ;  a  servant.     [OAi  ]  Skah. 

Q.  A  peasant ;  a  ni-^tic  ;  a  coutitryman  ;  a  swain  ; 
a  boor;  or  a  husbandman*!  servant.    [I^nglish.] 

Encye. 


ltIN» 

HIND,  fl.  [Sax.  hyndan^  h'lndan  ;  G.  hiatan  ;  D.  hinder. 
Ueriv.  camp.  IIi.-vuER,  mtperl.  HiMiMOST.I 

Backward;  pertaining  to  the  part  which  follows ; 
in  opposition  to  the  fore  part ;  as,  the  hijid  let's  of  a 
quadruped  ;  the  hind  toes  ;  tlie  hiiid  shoes  of  u  horse  ; 
the  hind  part  of  an  animal. 

HI.VD'EER  RY,  n.  Tiie  wild  fruit  of  a  species  of 
Riibus,  allied  to  the  raspberry.  Buvth. 

III.VD'EIl,  a.  f  CO  III  p.  of  Hind,  That  is  in  a  position 
conlnuy  to  that  of  the  bead  or  fi)re  part ;  designating 
the  part  which  fcllu^vs  ;  as,  tbo  hinder  part  of  a 
wagon  ;  the  hinder  port  of  a  ship,  or  the  stern,  ^cts 
XXV  ii. 

HIN'UER,  r.  t  [Sax,  henan^  hynaity  hindrian;  G. 
hinderui  D.  hijtdcrtn  ;  Sw.  hindra;  Dan.  hindrer; 
from  hind,  hyn.  The  Saxon  verbs  h^naii,  hynun^  sig- 
nify to  oppress,  as  well  as  to  hinder,  and  hcan  is  low, 
humble,  poor.  Qu.  L.  cunctor,  or  Gr,  oKvcoi  fur  uki- 
M(j.    See  Class  Gn,  No.  4,  14,  41.] 

L  To  stop;  to  interrupt;  lo  obstruct;  to  impede 
or  prevent  from  moving  forward  by  any  means.  It 
is  applicable  to  any  subject,  physical,  moral,  or  intel- 
lectual. 

Them  that  were  ptitering  in,  yc  hindered.  —  Luke  xl. 

2.  To  retard  ;  to  check  in  progression  or  motion  ; 
to  obstruct  for  a  time,  or  to  render  slow  in  motion. 
Cold  weather  hindtrs  the  growth  of  plants,  or  hinders 
them  from  coming  to  maturity  in  due  season.  Let 
no  obstacle  hinder  daily  improvement. 

3.  To  prevent,  in  a  general  sense  i  as,  what  hinders 
our  having  that  right  ? 

What  hituUri  younger  brolhera,  being  fntbcn  of  faniilW,  IVom 
Itnvtti^  the  Kune  right  i  Locke. 

HIN'DER,  V.  L  To  interpose_ obstacles  or  impedi- 
ments. 

Thi«  ub](x:tion  KimUrt  not  but  tliat  the  beruic  action  of  some  coin- 
niamter  itmy  be  writlfn,  liri/cUn. 

HrN'DER-ANCE,  )  n.     The  act  of  impeding  or  re- 
HIN'DRANCE,      j     straining  motion. 

3.  Impediment ;  that  which  stopd  progression  or 
advance;  obstruction. 

He  must  remove  all  thcKC  hinderancei  out  of  the  wny. 

Aturbury. 

HIN'DER-ED,  pp.    Stopped;    impeded;   obatructed ; 

retarded. 
HIN'DER-ER,   n.    One  who  stops  or  retards;   that 

which  hinders. 
HIN'DER-I.VG,  ppr.     Stopping  ;    impeding ;   obstnict- 

ing  ;  retarding. 
HI\D'ER-LING,  n.     A  paltry,  worthless,  degenerate 

animal. 
HTND'KR-MOST,fl.    That  which  is  behind  allothers; 

the  last.     [But  we  now  use  Hindmost.] 
niXD'MOST,  a.    The  last ;   that  is  in  the  rear  of  all 

others. 

He   nv>t  tliee  in  ilie  way,  ami  araote  tho  hindmost  of  ilieo. — 

Di:llt.  XXV. 

HIN'DOO,  i  TU     An  aboriginal  of  Hindoostan,  or  Hin- 
HIN'DU,     \      dosLin.  The  language  of  the  Hindoosis 

called  HindiiO'iUincc. 
HIN'DOO-ISM,  /  n.    The   doctrines  nnd   rites  of  the 
IHN'DU-IS.M,     \      Hindoos  ;  the  system  of  religious 

principles  among  the  Hindoos. 
HL\  1)00-STA\'EE,  a.  or  n.    A  term  applied  to  the 

HindiH)s  or  their  language. 
HINGE,  (hinj,)  v.  [TW\a  w»)rd  appears  to  be  connectfil 

with  Aarj^,   and    witli  anirlo,   the    verb ;   G.   angel, 

a  hook,  or  hinge;  D.  hcn^zel,  a  hinge,  a  handle.] 
L  The  hook  or  joint  un  which  a  door,  gate,  jcc, 

turns. 

Tb"  gwtP  ■rlfuppor'd  wiilu, 
On  gulJrn  hinges  turniug.  Milton. 

2.  That  on  which  any  thing  depends  or  turns ;  a 
governing  principle,  rule,  or  point.  This  argument 
was  Wic  hinsre.  on  which  the  question  turned. 

3.  A  cardinal  point,  as  east,  west,  north,  or  south. 
[Little  used.]  Creech. 

To  be.  off  the  hinges,  is  to  be  in  a  state  of  disorder 
or  irregularity.  Tdlutson. 

HINGE,  V.  t.     To  furnish  with  hinges. 

2.  To  bend  like  a  hince.     [Little  M.trrf.]         Shak. 
HINGE,  V.    L     To  stand,  depend,  or   turn,  as  on  a 

hinge.     The  question  hinges  on  this  single  point. 
HING'EI),  (htnjd,)  pp.     i'laced  on  a  hinge. 
HING'ING,  (hirj'ing,)  ppr.     Depending  ;  turning. 
HIN'NI-ATE,  iv.i.     [L,  hinnio.]     To  neigh. 
HIN'NV,  S  B.  Jon  son. 

IIIN'NV,  n.    The  produce  of  a  stallion  and  a  she-ass. 

Booth. 
HINT,   V.  t.     [It.  eenno,  a  nod,  or  hint ;  accennare,  to 
nod,  or  beckon.] 

To  bring  to  inJnd  by  a  slight  mention  or  remote 
allusion  ;  to  allude  to  ;  to  Kuggecul  by  a  slight  intima- 
tion. 

Juat  Aim  a  fiiult,  aiid  hcaitalc  dislilie.  Pope. 

HINT,  P.  i.  To  hint  at,  is  to  allude  to;  to  mention 
flishlly. 

HINTj/i.  A  distant  allusion  ;  slight  mention  ;  intima- 
tion ;  insinuation  ;  a  word  or  two  intended  to  give 
notice,  or  reminil  one  of  something,  without  a  full 
declaration  or  explanation. 

3.  Suggestion. 


HIK 

3.  Occasion  ;  as,  our  hint  of  woe  Is  common ;  it 

was  my  hint  to  si>eak.    \Obs.^     [Jlay  not  this  word 

be  from  hrnt,  (bentan,)  lo  seize,  or  lay  hold  of,  and 

ihufi  denote  that  which  is  to  be  laid  hold  of  as  an  or- 

casiuii,  an  iniimation,  &.c. .'  Ed.} 
HINT'ED,  ;>/>.     Alludt'd  to;  mentioned  slightly. 
HINT'ING,  ;*/fr.    Alluding  to;  mentioning  slightly 
HINT'I.\G-LY,  adc.    In  a  hinting  manner;  suggoiit 

ingly. 
HIP,  H.       [Siix.  hipii,  hype,  hy]>p  ;    G.  liilfie  ;    D.   heup; 

.S\v.  haft;   Dan,  hofte^     It  coincides  with  heap.  Sax. 

hype,  and  probably  signifies  a  mass,  or  lump.] 
The   projecting  part  of  an  anim;il  formed  by  the 

haunch  bone;  tlie  haunch,  or  the  tlesh  tliat  covers 

the  bono  and  the  adjacent  parts ;  the  joint  of  the 

thigh. 

To  have  on  the  hip ;  to  have  the  advantage  over 

one  ;    a  low  phrase,  borrowed  probably   from  torfisi- 

Lars. 

To  smite  hip  and  thigh ;  completely  to  overthrow  or 

defeat.     Judges  xv. 
HIP,  V.  t.    To  sprain  or  dislocate  the  hip. 

MOP  (  "•    "^''^  ^"^"'^  *'^  **^^  dog-rose,  or  wild  brier.  ' 

HlP,'Hn"P/;D,  HIP'PISH      See  Hyp. 

HiP'HALT.fl.  [hip  and  hitU.]  Lame;  limping.  [Obs.] 

Oower, 

HIP'P£D-ROOF,  (hipi'roof,)77.  A  roof  whose  ends 
slant  back  at  the  same  angle  with  the  adjacent 
sides;  also  called  Hip-roof.  Qwill. 

HIP'PO-CAMP,  n.  [Gr.  IniruKapiTOS ;  hnoSjA  horse, 
and  mi/irrroj,  to  bend.] 

A  name  given  to  the  sea-horse  Broiene. 

HIP^P0-CEN'TAUR,7i.  [Gx-ln^oKivravoG,; ;  Irir-.f, 
a  horse,  klvteu),  to  spur,  and  tuvoo^,  a  bull.] 

In  ancient  fable,  a  supposed  monster,  half  man  and 
half  horse.  The  kippocentaur  differed  from  the  cen- 
taur in  this,  that  the  latter  rode  on  an  ox,  and  the 
former  on  a  horse,  as  the  name  imports.  Encyc. 

HIP'PO-€RAS,  H.  [Fr.,  quasi  wine  of  injtpocrates.] 
A  medicinal  drink,  composed  of  w*ino  with  an  in- 
fusion of  spices  and  other  ingredients;  used  as  a 
cordial.  Ttiat  directed  by  the  late  London  Dispensa- 
tory, is  to  be  made  of  cloves,  ginger,  cinnamon,  and 
nutmegs,  beat  and  infused  in  canary  with  sugar;  to 
the  infusion,  milk,  a  lemon,  and  some  slips  of  rose- 
mary are  to  be  added,  and  the  whole  strained  through 
tiannct.  Encyc. 

HIP-PO€'RATi-S'  SLEEVE,  n.  A  kind  of  bag, 
made  by  uniting  the  opposite  angles  of  a  square 
piece  of  flannel,  used  fur  straining  simps  and  de- 
coctions. Q^uincy. 

HIP-PO-eRAT'I€  FACE,  n.  [I-,  fades  hipiweratica.] 
Pale,  sunken,  and  ct>ntracted  features,  considered  as 
a  fatal  svin[>tom  in  diseases.  Parr. 

HIP-POC'UA-TISM,  n.  The  philosophy  of  Hipiwo- 
nites,  as  it  regards  medicine.  Chambers, 

HIP'PO-DAAIE,  n,    A  sea-horse.  Spen.s-er. 

IHP'PO-DROME,  n.  [Gr.  iJrn-.uS/jo/io? ;  r7rff«s,a  horse, 
and  ')o"tioi,  a  course,  from  6pipio,  to  run.] 

.Anciently,  a  circus,  or  place  in  wliich  horse-races 
and  chariot-races  were  performed,  and  liorses  exer- 
cised.    The  term  is  still  in  use.  Braiule. 

HIP'PO-GRIFF,  n.  [Kr.  hippogriffr,  from  Gr.  i.-:;r(.s,  a 
horse,  and  j.oi'i/',  a  griffin.] 

A  fiibnlous  animal  or  monster,  half  liorse  and  half 
gritfin  i  a  winged  horse.  Johnson.    MilLc.n. 

HIP-rO-PA-TIIOL'O-GY,  n.  The  science  of  veteri- 
nary medicine;  the  pathology  of  the  horse. 

HIP-POPH'A-GOUS,  0.  Feeding  on  horses,  as  the 
Tartars. 

HIP-POPH'A-GY,  n.    [Gr.  iTrrrtif,  a  horse,  and  ipayui. 
tt»  eat.] 
The  act  or  practice  of  feeiling  on  horses. 

(^nart.  Rcri. 

HIP-PO-POT'A-MU3,  n.  [Gr.  Unoi,  a  horse,  and 
itiTipiii,  a  river.] 

A  pachydi-rmatoiis  mamm.al  allied  to  Iho  elejihant, 
having  a  thick  and  square  hetnl,  a  very  large  muzzle, 
small  eyes  and  ears,  thick  and  heavy  bo<ly,  short 
legs  termirial.;d  by  four  toes,  a  short  tail,  two  ventral 
dugs,  Rkin  without  hair,  except  at  the  extremity  of 
the  tail.  It  inhabits  nearly  the  whole  of  Africa. 
There  nre  supposed  to  be  two  species.  He  has  been 
found  of  the  length  of  seventeen  feet.  He  delights 
in  the  water,  but  feeds  on  herbage  on  land. 

HIP-PO'RIC  ACID,  n.  [Gr.  \nnoq,  horse,  and  o^^oov, 
urine.]  An  acid  allied  to  benzoic  acid,  obtained  from 
the  urine  of  horses,  Slc.  Brande. 

HIP'PU-KITE,  TT.  An  extinct  bivalve  molhisk  of  the 
genus  Hippiirites,  occurring  in  the  chatk  fonnntion. 

Bra  n  de. 

niP'ROOF,n.  [Aip  and  roo/.]  The  same  with  Hipped- 
RooF,  which  see. 

HIP'SHOT,  a.  [A(p' and  ahot.]  Having  the  hip  dis- 
locatr'd.  L*  Estrange. 

HlP'WOItT,  n.     A  plant. 

Hilt,  pron.  In  old  English,  Her  ;  sometimes  used  for 
(be  phinil  Their. 

HIR'Cie  ACID,  n.  An  acid  produced  by  the  snpnni- 
liciition  of  hircin,  Vre. 

HTR'CIN,  V.  [L.  AircK*,  a  goat.]  A  liquid,  .'atiy  mat- 
ter, obtaiiud  from  muttoa  suet,  and  giving  it  a  pecu- 
liar rank  smell.  Brande. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE — AN"GEtt,  VI"CIOUS €  aa  K;  d  oa  J  ;  8  aa  Z ;  CU  au  SH }  TH  as  in  THIS. 


TO 


■^GiT 


HIS 

HIRE,  V.  L    [Sax.  AyrM  ;  D.  kuaren ;  Sw.  hyra ;  Dan. 

hyrert    W.  kunawi   Ch.  Syr.  Sam,  ^iN,  Ar.    r^l 
a^ar,  to  hire,  Clasa  Gr,  No,  10.] 

1.  To  procure  from  anotlicr  person,  nnd  fur  tempo- 
rary use,  at  a  certain  price,  or  tor  a  stipulated  or  rea- 
sonable etjuivaleiit ;  aa,  to  hirt  a  farm  f(ir  a  year ;  to 
Jkir«  a  horse  for  a  day  ;  to  hire  money  at  legal  interest. 

2.  To  engage  in  service  for  a  s'lipnlaiid  reward  ; 
to  contract  with  for  a  compensation  ;  as,  to  Air*  a 
servant  for  a  yearj  to  hire  laborer.-)  by  the  day  or 
month. 

3.  To  bribe ;  to  engage  in  immonil  or  illegal  service 
for  a  rewant. 

To  hire  out  vnt^s  self;  to  let ;  to  engage  one^  ser- 
vice to  another  (or  a  reward. 

Tbiry  h«f«  hind  otri  iummlmat  tor  bimA.  —  1  Sam.  3. 

7b  Atrt,  or  ta  Aan  mU;  lo  let ;  to  lease ;  to  grant 
the  temporary  uae  of  a  thing  fur  a  compeusaiion. 
He  has  kirrd  out  bia  bouse  or  his  farm. 
niRE,  a.    [Sax.  hjfre.    Qu.  con  the  tir.  KcpSof  be  of 
this  family?  ] 

1.  The  pnce,  reward,  or  compensation  paid  or 
contracted  lo  be  given  fur  the  teiuporar>-  use  of  any 
lliiuff. 

fL  Wages ;  the  reward  or  recompense  paid  for  per- 


Tbe  laborer  b  wmthj  of  hb  hirt.  —  Luke  x. 

3.  Reward  for  base  or  illegal  service  ;  a  bribe. 
HtR' EDfjrp.  or  a.     Procured  or  taken  for  use,  at  a  stip- 
ulated  or  reasonable  price  ;  as,  a  hiretl  Iknn. 

S.  Employed  in  service  for  a  compensation  ;  aa,  a 
hired  man  ;  a  hired  servant. 
HIRE'LESS,  o.    Without  hire. 

BIRE'LLN'G,  n.    Ona  who  is  hired,  or  who  serves  for 

wages. 

2.  A  mercenary  ;  a  proittitute.  Pope. 

HTRE'LIN'G,  a.    Serving  for  wages;  venal;  murce- 

uar}' ;  employed  for  money  or  other  compensation. 

A  tetHoam  atw 
Of  hirtUng  mmiran*.  Drydm. 

HT'RGN, «.    A  stnimpeL    [Obs.]     TodtPs  Shakspi>are. 

BIR'ER,  ti.  One  that  hires;  one  that  procures  the 
use  of  any  thing  for  a  oompeBsatkin  ;  one  who  em- 
ploys persons  for  wages,  or  coDtracts  with  persons 
for  service. 

HTR'IXG,  pjw.    Proctiring  the  use  of  for  a  compen^i- 

HIR-SCTE',  a.     f  L.  ka-sat^.     <Xa.  hair.]  [turn. 

1.  Uair>' ;  rough  with  hair  ^  shaggy  j  set  with 
tarisUes. 

9.  In  hotmmf,  H  to  aewty  STnonjnnniis  with  fti^ptV/, 
bni  it  denotes  having  more  hairs  or  bristles,  and  lesd 
Ftiff.  Martyn. 

IllR-SCTE'XESS,  m.     Hairiness.  BuHon. 

BIS,  (hiz,)  pn>n.  posststict  of  He.  [Sax.  gen.  hys^  and 
AsP9«,  male.] 

1.  Of  him.  Thus  in  Alfrctl's  Oro^iius,  "  Sume  for 
his  e^t  ne  dvrstan.**  Some  for  fear  of  him  durst  not ; 
literally^  for  Aw  o»w,  for  awe  of  him.  Lib.  3,  8.  In 
this  instance.  Aw  dv^es  not  express  what  belongs  to 
Uie  antecedent  of  Ai«,  (Philip,)  but  the  fear  which 
others  entertained  of  him. 

2.  The  present  useofAi^is  as  a  pronominal  ad- 
jective, in  any  case  indifferently,  corresponding  to 
the  L-  suiLs.  Thus,  tell  Juhn  A*.*  papers  are  reiidy.  I 
will  deliver  Aw  papers  lo  Aw  messenger.  He  may 
take  Aw  son's  books.  When  the-  noun  is  omitted. 
Aw  stands  as  its  substitute,  either  in  the  nominative 
or  objective  case.  Tell  John  this  book  is  Aw.  He 
may  t;ike  mine,  and  I  will  take  /li-;. 

3.  Hit  was  Ibniierly  used  for  iisj  but  improperly, 
and  the  use  has  ceased. 

4.  It  was  fom>erly  used  as  a  sien  of  the  posses- 
sive. The  man  Aw  ground,  for  the  man^s  ground. 
This  use  has  also  ceased. 

5.  His  is  still  used  as  a  substitute  for  a  noun,  pre- 
ceded by  of;  as,  all  ye  saints  of  his  ,■  ye  ministers  of 
his.  Scripture. 

Hi9«ELr  is  no  longer  used. 
HIS'rX-GER-TTE,  a.     A  soa,  black,  iron  ore,  nearly 

earthy,  consisting  of  silica  and  iron, with  20  per  cent. 

of  water.  Dana. 

HISK,  r.  i.    To  breathe  with  difficultv. 
BIS'PID,  a.     [L.  Awpi</(M.]  [*\'yrllA  of  En^lavd. 

1.  Rough  with  bristles  or  minute  spines  ;  bristly. 

2.  In  botany,  having  strong  hairs  or  bristles  ;  beset 
with  stiff  bristles.  Martyn. 

HIS.S,  r.  i.     [Sax.  kijsion^  hisaxn^  hispan,  hij-^pan.] 

I.  To  make  a  sound  by  driving  the  breath  between 
the  tonsue  and  the  upper  teeth  ;  to  give  a  strong  as- 
piration, resembling  the  noise  made  by  a  serpent  and 
some  other  animals,  or  that  of  water  thrown  on  hot 
iron.    Hissing  is  an  expression  of  contempL 

The  iDercluLaU  mmoag  ihe  peopI«  ibalt  hist  aX  thee.  —  Ciek. 
xzvii. 

S.  To  express  contempt  or  disapprobation  by  hiss- 
ing. 

3.  To  whiz,  as  an  arrow  or  other  thing  in  rapid 
flight. 

HISS,  V.  t.  To  condemn  by  hissing ;  to  explode.  The 
spectators  hissed  him  off  the  stage. 


HIS 

S.  To  procure  hisses  or  disgrace. 

Tli-tt  uTni)  liuur'a  age  t]uili  hUs  Itte  •pe;i)ier,  S^ai. 

HISS,  a.  The  sound  made  by  proi>elling  tite  breath 
between  the  tongue  and  upper  teeth  ;  the  noise  of  a 
serpent,  a  goose,  &c. 

ile  hitt  for  hiat  rrtwrnml.  MiHon, 

9.  An  expression  of  contempt  or  disapprobation, 
iisi-d  in  places  of  public  exhibition. 
HISS'a;D,  (hist,)  pp.    Expressed  contempt  by  hissing. 
IilSS'l.\(J,  ppr,  or  0.    Making  or  resembling  the  noise 

of  serpents. 
IHSS'INO,   n.    A  hissing  sound  ;   an  expression  of 
scorn  )>r  contempt. 

2.  The  occasion  of  contempt ;  the  object  of  scorn 
and  derision. 

1  will  Rutt«  Ukb  dty  dakalnte,  so*!  a  hitting.  —  Jpr.  xix. 

HISS'I.\U-LY,  adv.    Witli  a  whistling  sound. 

Shf-rtoooil. 
HIST,  exdam.     [Dan.  hysL     In  Welsh,  hust  is  a  low, 
buzzitig  sound.] 

A  word  commanding  silence ;  equivalent  to  AiwA, 
be  silent. 
HIS-TO'RI-AL,  0.     Historical.     [Ofts.]  Chaucer. 

HIS-TO'ftl-AN,  n.  [Fr.  historiea;  L,  histiiriciu  j  It. 
isUtrieo.    See  IIisTonr.] 

A  writer  or  compiler  of  history  ;  one  who  collects 
and  relates  facts  and  events  in  writing,  particularly 
respecting  nations.  Ilumu  is  called  an  elegant  Aw- 
torian. 

Hl'-^TOlt'If' \I.  ( ***     [L.  AisfDrtcuj ;  Fr.  AisiiJriflac.] 

1.  Containing  history,  or  the  relation  of  facts ;  as, 
a  historical  poem ;  the  kislorie  page  ;  kisturie  brass. 

Pope. 

2.  Pertaining  to  history  ;  as,  historic  care  or  tidelily. 

3.  Contained  in  history  j  deduced  from  history  ; 
as,  historical  evidence. 

4.  Representing  history  ;  as,  a  historical  chart. 
irtstorical  painting :  that  highest  bnmch  of  the  art 

which  can  etubody  a  stor>'  in  one  picture,  and  invent 
it  with  the  warmth  of  poetry.  SmarL 

Historical  sense,  is  that  meaning  of  a  passage  which 
is  deduceil  frt>ni  the  circumstances  of  time,  place, 
&c.,  under  which  it  was  written  ;  the  primary  sense, 
AS  opfKisfd  to  any  secondary  or  remoter  one. 
HIS-7<)R'ie-AL-LY,arfo.  In  the  manner  of  history; 
according  to  history ;  by  way  of  narration. 

The  G«>p'b  decUtr;  hittorieally  aonMhSng  wUeh  oar  Lord  Jratu 
CbnM  iliil,  Mfoke,  or  suiten.il.  Hooker, 

HIS'TO-RI-f:D,  (his'to-rid,)  a.    Recording  in  history. 

HIS-TO'RI-ER,  ri.    A  historian.     [Obs.} 

HIS-TOIt'I-FT,  r.  (.  To  relate  ;  to  record  in  history. 
[JVot  used,]  Sidneii. 

HIS-TO-RI-OG'RA-PHEa.n.  [Gr.  laropta,  history, 
and  >u'i0a>,  to  write.] 

A  historian  ;  a  writer  of  history;  particularly,  a 
professed  historian  ,  an  officer  employed  to  write  tlie 
histnr>'  of  a  prince  or  state ;  as,  tlie  historiographer  of 
his  Pritannic  majesty. 

HIS-TO-RI-OG'RA-PHV,  ti.  The  art  or  employment 
of  a  historian. 

HIS-TO-RI-OL'O-GY,  n.  A  discourse  on  history',  or 
the  knowledge  of  history.     [JVot  in  use.] 

HI3'T0-RY,  «.  [Gr.  iVr-.pia  ,-  L.  Sp.  and  Port,  kistoria; 
It.  istoria ;  Fr.  histoire  ;  Ir.  sdair,  stair ;  Sax.  stair, 
stcr,  prob.ibIy  from  the  Latin;  W.  ysdori,  history, 
matter  of  record,  what  is  of  concern  or  in  mind, 
from,  ysdater,  an  object  of  care  or  concern,  from 
dawr^  to  care,  to  be  concerned,  to  regard.  The 
Greek  lartoo  signifies  knowing,  learned,  and  i^^Topscii 
is  rendered  to  inquire,  to  explore,  to  learn  by  in>ipec- 
tion  or  inquiry.  This  would  seem  to  be  connected 
with  W.  ystyriaw,  to  consider,  to  regard  or  take  no- 
tice. HisTORT  and  Storv  are  the  same  woid  dif- 
ferently written.] 

1.  An  account  of  facts,  particularly  of  facts  re- 
specting nations  or  states ;  a  narration  of  events  in 
the  order  in  which  they  happt-ned,  with  their  causes 
atid  effects.  History  ditfurs  frum  annals,  jinnals  re- 
late simply  the  facts  and  events  of  each  year,  in 
strict  chronological  order,  without  any  observations 
of  the  annalist.  History  regards  less  strictly  the  ar- 
rangement of  events  under  each  year,  and  admits 
the  observations  of  the  writer.  This  distinction, 
however,  is  not  always  rej^arded  with  strictness. 

History  is  of  different  kinds,  or  treats  of  different 
subjects ;  as,  a  history  of  government,  or  political 
history;  histoid  of  the  Christian  church,  or  ecclesias- 
tical history;  history  of  war  and  conquests,  or  mili- 
tary history;  histm-y  of  law;  history  of  commerce; 
history  of  the  crusades,  &c.  In  these  and  similar 
examples,  history  is  written  narrative  or  relation. 
What  is  the  history  of  nations,  but  a  narrative  of  the 
follies,  crimes,  and  miseries  of  man  i 

2.  Narration  ;  verbal  relation  of  facts  or  events ; 
story.  We  listen  with  pleasure  lo  the  soldier  or  the 
seaman,  giving  a  history  of  his  adventures. 

What  historiea  of  (oil  coiiM  1  declare  !  Pope. 

3.  Knowledge  of  facts  and  events. 

Hlitory  —  U  peceasary  to  (!ivin'-B.  Wattt. 

4.  Description;  an  account  of  things  that  exitl; 


HIT 

as,  natural  history,  which  comprehends  a  description 
of  the  works  of'  nature,  particularly  of  animals, 
plants,  and  minerals  ;  a  history  of  animals,  or  zoolo 
gy  ;  a  history  of  plants. 

5.  An  account  of  the  origin,  life,  and  actions  of  an 
Individual  person.  We  say,  we  have  a  concise  his- 
tory of  the  prisoner  in  the  testimony  off^^rod  to  the 
court. 

A  formal  written  account  of  an  individual's  life, 
is  raited  liiootiAi'iiv. 

HIS'TO-RY-PlKCE,  ».  A  representation  of  any  real 
event  in  painting,  which  exhibits  the  actors,' their 
Rctiuiis,  anil  the  attending  events  to  the  eye,  by  fig- 
ures drawn  to  the  life. 

HIS'THI-0.\,  n.     A  player.     [JVot  in  use.]        Pope. 

HIS-TKI-ON'ie,  )a.      [L,  hLitrioiiicas^  frum  Aw- 

mS-TUI-ON'lC-AL,  i  trio,  a  buffoon,  an  actor,  or 
Btageiplayer.] 

Pcitnining  to  a  stage-player ;  belonging  to  staga- 
pluying;  belittingatiieater;  theatrical;  pantomimic. 

Jtihnson, 

HIS-TRl-ON'ie  AL-LY,  ado.  In  the  manner  of  a 
stage-player  ;  theatricaMv. 

iU.S'TRI-0-MSM,  n.  The  acts  or  practice  of  buf- 
foons or  pantomimes  ;  stage-playing.  Sowthcy. 

HIT,  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Hit.  fSw.  AiVta,  Pan.  Ai/tw, 
to  tind,  to  meet,  that  is,  to  come  to,  to  come  or  fall 
on.     This  wurd  illustrates  the  siyuification  of  Find.] 

1.  To  strike  or  touch,  either  with  ur  without  force. 
We  Ai(  a  thing  with  the  finger,  or  with  ilu  head;  a 
cannon  ball  hits  a  nmst,  or  a  wall. 

2.  To  strike  or  touch  a  mark  with  any  thing  di- 
rected to  that  object ;  not  to  miss. 

The  arclK'ra  Ail  liiiti.  —  I  Sam.  xxx'i. 

3.  To  reach  ;  to  attain  to. 

Biala  learning  tuiiL-u,  and  thdr  ciHleavora  to  hit  the  not*?s  ri^^lit. 

4.  To  suit;  to  be  conformable. 

M'-lanclioly, 
Whose  s^iMlj  viKiffc  is  too  Irifht 
'I'o  hit  Ute  si-iiae  ol  Tiuni'Ui  aight.  Rrillon. 

5.  To  strike  ;  to  touch  proi>erly  ;  to  offer  the  right 
baiU 

There  3«ou  hit  him  — Uial  urgiimenl  iictct  laJh  wiib  him. 

Dryden. 

To  hit  off;  to  strike  out ;  to  determine  luckily. 

2.  To  represent  or  describe  exactly.        [Temple. 
To  hit  oitt ;  to  perform  by  good  luck.     [Little  used.] 

Spenser. 
HIT,  V.  i.    To  strike  ;  to  meet  or  come  in  contact ;  to 
clash ;  followed  by  against  or  on. 

IdxKVwt  be  mert*  exleiuion,  how  can  they  move  and  hit  one 

againtl  aiifitlii^T.  Locke, 

Co[pii»ci'>s,  incjiin^  with  or  hitting  on  those   lj|»di'>3,  Lx-conie 

coitjoiiiied  wiih  Ihoiii.  Woodu)ard. 

9.  To  meet  or  fall  on  by  good  luck ;  to  succeed  by 
accident ;  not  to  miss. 

And  oft'uhin 
Wlicn  hupc  is  coldest,  a.nd  diipiur  iiioBt  fits.  Shak. 

3.  To  strike  or  reach  the  intended  point;  to  suc- 
ceed. 

And  millions  miss  for  one  that  hita.  Sv>^t. 

To  hit  on,  or  upon  ;  to  light  on  ;  to  come  to  or  fall 
on  by  chance  ;  to  meet  or  find,  as  by  accident. 

None  of  them  hit  upon  the  art.  AdtSton. 

HIT,  n.  A  striking  against ;  the  collision  of  one 
body  against  another ;  the  stroke  or  blow  tjmt  touches 
any  thing. 

So  he  Ihe  famed  Cilician  fpiic<*r  pr.iiBPd, 

And  al  euch  hit  with  woiid<-r  Huums  umaied.  Dryden. 

2.  A  chance  ;  a  casual  event ;  as,  a  lucky  hit. 

3.  A  lucky  chance  ;  a  fortunate  event.     Uryden, 

4.  A  term  in  backgammon.  Three  hits  are  equal 
to  a  gam  man. 

5.  A  striking  expression  or  turn  of  thought,  which 
seems  to  be  peculiarly  applicable,  or  to  hit  the  point. 

HITCH,  V.  I.  [Ar.  ^iTU*.  haika,  to  hitch  along;  W. 
heeiaiiy  to  halt,  hop,  or  limp,  or  hictaw,  to  snap,  to 
catch  suddenly.     Both  may  b«  of  one  family.] 

1.  To  mov8  by  jerks,  or  with  stops ;  as,  in  collo- 
quial language,  to  hitch  along. 

W)ioe''"r  oiJends,  at  sunie  unliicliy  time 

Slid<»  in  a  ver».',  or  hUchea  iu  a  rhyme.  Pope, 

2.  To  become  entangled  ;  to  be  caught  or  hookc/d. 

South. 

3.  To  hit  the  legs  together  in  going,  as  horses. 
[JVbt  used  in  the  United  States.] 

4.  To  hop  ;  to  spring  on  one  leg.  [ImcoI.]   Grose, 

5.  To  move  or  walk.  Grone. 
HITCH,  V.  t.    To  hook ;  to  catch  by  a  hook ;  as,  to 

hitch  a  bridle. 

a.  To  fasten  by  hitching  ;  as,  to  hitch  a  horse  by  a 
bridle,  or  to  AilcA  him  to  a  post.  JVew  Enirlantl. 

HITCH,  n.  A  catch  ;  any  thing  that  holds,  as  a  hook  ; 
an  impediment. 

9.  The  act  of  catching,  as  on  a  hook,  &c. 

3.  In  seamcn^s  langua-re,  a  knot  or  noose  in  a  rope 
for  fastening  it  to  a  ring  or  other  object ;  as,  a  clove 
AtfcA,  a  timber  hiuh,  &c.  Mar.  Diet 

4.  A  stop  or  sudden  halt  in  walking  or  moving. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  FRgY.  — PIiNE,  MARl^E,  BIRO. —  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK. 


HO  A 

HlTCH'£D,(hitcht,)f»p.     Caught;  hooked;  fastened. 
HITCH'KL,  o.  u      To  batciicl.      [^VU    used.]      [See 

Hatchki-J 
HITCH'EXG, /fpr.     Hooking;  fastening. 
HITCH'IXG,  M.    A  fastening,  as  witii  a  string  or  strap 

lo  a  ring!,  hook,  or  other  fixture. 
Hff  HE,  n.     [rfa.i.  fii,t}t.] 

A   pori    or   eui.-iil   haven ;    as  in  Queeythithe  and 

Lainbh'ahe,  now  Lambeth.     [^EngUsh.'] 
HITH'ER,  adv.     fgax.  hither  or  hider  ;  Goth,   hidrei 

Dan.  hid;  Sw.  hiu] 

1.  To  this  place  ;  used  with  verbs  signifying  mo- 
tion ;  as,  to  come  hither;  to  proceed  hither ;  to  bring 
htt'ter. 

2.  Hither  and  thither ;  to  this  plnce  and  that. 

3.  To  this  point ;  to  this  argtinient  or  topic  ;  to  this 
end.     \_Liltle  uaexl^  and  not  to  be  encouraged.] 

HiL\er  \ 

HITH'ER,  a.     Nearest;  toward  the  person  speaking  ; 

ar>,  on  tlie  hither  side  of  a  hill ;  the  kitJier  end  uf  the 

building. 
HITH'ER-MOST,  a.    Nearest  on  this  side.        Hale. 
HITH'ER-TO,  [comp   hiiJier  and  to.}     To  this  time; 

yeL 

Tbe  Lorrt  hath  He*E?d  me  AilAerlo.  —  Josh.  xtu. 

2.  In  any  time,  or  every  time  till  uow  ;  in  time 
preceding  the  presenL 

Mop;  ainplr  vpint  than  hitherto  waa  vmit.  Spenttr, 

3.  To  this  place  ;  to  a  prescribed  limit. 

Huherto  ■luUt  tliou  conK,  but  no  fuitJtcr.  —  Job  xxxviii. 
HITH'ER-WARD,   [comp.   hither  and   leard.]      This 
way ;  toward  this  place. 

A  piitsKiiit  uitd  migtity  power- 
la  marcliiu^  kitkerunrd  in  prood  amy.  Shak. 

HIT'TING,  ppr.    Striking. 

UTVE,  n.  [Sax.  hyfe :  Eih.  ^<S^  kafo.  Class  Gb,  Na 
68.  In  \V.  cyf  is  the  stem  or  stock  of  a  tree,  and 
eiifrneenifn  is  a  bee-hive.  So  in  G.  birnemstoeft,  Sw. 
bistockyhce-aivck.  The  hive  of  wild  bees  is  a  hollow 
tree.] 

1.  A  box,  chest,  or  kind  of  basket  for  the  reception 
and  habitaliiin  of  a  swarm  uf  honey-bees.  It  is 
made  of  boards,  straw,  or  other  nuilerials. 

2.  A  swarm  of  bees  ;  or  the  bees  inhabiting  a 
hive.  Shak. 

3.  A  company  or  society  together,  or  closely  con- 
nected.    [U'lus'ital.]  Stcijt 

inVE,  r.  t.  To  C4)!lect  into  a  hive  ;  to  cause  to  enter 
a  hive  ;  as,  to  luce  bees.  Drudpn.     Mortiwrr. 

2.  To  contain  ,  to  receive,  as  a  habitation,  or  place 
of  deposiL 

Wlterc  nit  del!cio<M  awei-ti  arc  t\io»i.  Clenvetand. 

HIVH,  tj.  i.  To  take  shelter  or  Ifjdgings  together;  to 
reside  in  a  collective  body.  Pope, 

HIVKD,  yp.     Ijidffed  in  a  hive  or  shelter. 

HTV'KR,  n.     One  that  coU-'Cts  bees  into  a  hive. 

HIVING,  ppr.     Colleclint;  into  a  hive.      {Mortimer. 

HIVES,  n.     [Scot.     Uu.  heave.} 

A  disease,  the  croup,  or  eynandu  trachealig ;  rat- 
tles. 

9  A  popular  name  of  an  crui^tive  di:)case,  allied  to 
the  chicken-pox.  Buchanan. 

HrZZ,  P.  i.    To  hi'ss.  Shak. 

HI/.Z'ING,  H.     A  iiissing  or  hii*s.  May. 

110,  eiclam.  A  word  used  by  teamsters,  to  stop  their 
teams.  It  has  been  used  as  a  noun,  for  stop,  moder- 
ation, bounds. 

Tli'-rr  b  no  ho  with  th»m.  Dtkker.     Grttn. 

[TIlis  word  is  pronounced  also  wW,  or  AwO.] 
HOA, !  "*'<"«-     [I-eA^.] 

A  rail  to  excite  attention,  or  to  give  notice  of  ap- 
proacb. 

Wlnl  n<rt«-  (hriT,  koJ  ShfUt. 

hoa  t  who'a  wiiluii  t  Shnk. 

HOAR,  a,  [Sax.  har;  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Ar.  "tin, 
while.] 

1.  White  ;  as,  hoar  frnrt  ;  kfxir  cliffs.      Thomtion. 

2.  Gray  ;  white  with  age ;  hoary  ;  as,  a  matron 
grave  and  hoar.  Spender, 

3.  Musty;  moldy.  \  Ohttolrte.]  Spen.ier, 
HOAR,  n.  Hoariness  ;  antifpiity.  Burke. 
HoAR,  V.  i.    To  become  moldy  or  musty.    lIMtle 

W.vcrf.j 

HOAIV-FROST,  n.    The  white  particles  formed  by 

the  rnngeljlinn  of  dfiw. 
HOARD,  n.    [Sax.  hard,  from  gathering,  hiding,  or 

dcprwiting.] 

A  store,  stock,  or  large  quantity  of  any  thing  nc- 

cumulat/-d  or  laid  up;  a  hirld'-n  stock  ;  a  treasure  ; 

as,  a   hoard  of  provisions   fur   winti-r;   a   hoard  of 

money.  Shak.     fVoodward. 

2.  A  fence  inclosing  a  house  and  materials  while 

builders  are  at  work,     [  F.ikj.]  Smart 

HOARD,  V.  L     To  collfct  and  lay  up  a  large  quantity 

of  any  thing ;  to  amass  and  dnpfisit  in  S(tcri;t ;  to 

strife  secretly  ;  as,  lo  httard  gmjn  or  provisions  ;  to 

hoard  silver  and  gidd.  Drydcn, 

It  \»  sometimes  followed  by  v;>,  but  without  use  ; 

as,  to  hoard  up  pravi.<<iuns. 


HOH 

HOARD,  r.  t,  'J'o  cuileci  ana  toru  &  OoarU  .  u;  .ay 
up  store. 

Nor  cat?cl  lo  hoard  for  those  whom  he  did  breed,        iSpenter. 

HOARD'KD,  pp.  or  a.     Collected  and  laid  up  in  store. 
HoAKD'ER,  lu     One  who  lays  up  in  store  ;  one  who 

accuinuhitcs  and  keeps  in  secret. 
HoARD'lN<;,  ppr.     Laying  up  in  store. 

2.  a.  Instinctively  collecting  and  laying  up  pro- 
visions for  winter;  as,  the  squirrel  is  a  hoarding 
animal. 

HOARD'ING,  71.    A  laying  up  in  store. 

H0AR'/:D,  a.     Moldy  ;  musty.     [JVot  in  use.] 

IlOAR'llOUND,  n.  The  name  of  several  plants  of 
dilTerent  genera.  The  common  hoarhound  is  the 
Marrubium  rulgare.  It  has  a  bitter  taste,  and  is 
used  us  a  tonic  Encyc. 

HOAR'I-NESS,  n,  [from  hoanj.]  The  state  of  being 
white,  whitish,  or  gray;  as,  the  hoartaess  of  tlie  hair 
or  head  of  old  men. 

HOARSE,  (hers,)  a.  [Syr.  ^IOLa*  kars,  to  be  rough  or 
hoarse.] 

1.  Having  a  harsh,  rough,  grating  voice,  as  when 
affected  wjtii  a  cold. 

3.  Rough  ;  grating  ;  discordant ;  as  the  voice,  or 
as  any  sound.  W'e  say,  the  hoarse  mven ;  the  h*iarse 
res<iunding  sliore.  Dn;den. 

HOARSE'-tiOUND-ING,  a.  Making  a  rough,  grating 
sound.  JiUen. 

HOARSE'LY,  ado.  With  a  rough,  harsh,  grating 
voice  or  sound.  jyrt/dm. 

HOARSE'NESS,  n.  Harshness  or  roughness  of  voice 
or  sound  ;  preternaturid  asjierity  of  voice. 

.^rbuthnot. 

HOAR'STO.NE,  n.  [Arm.  Aar:,  a  bound  or  limit. 
*'  In  numy  parts  of  Great  Britain  are  to  be  seen  cer- 
tain upright,  rude  pillars,  or  massive  blocks  of  stone, 
which  in  England  are  cdled  A-'ur»f(i;iRs,or  by  a  name 
of  neariy  the  same  sound,  with  all  the  gradations  of 
dialectical  variety.  Their  n,>peUation  in  Scotland  is 
the  hare-.ffane."] 

A  landmark  ;  a  stone  dt;signating  the  bounds  of  an 
estate. 

HOAR'Y,  a.  [See  Hoar.]  White  or  whitish  ;  as,  the 
huary  willows.  Addison. 

2.  While  or  gray  with  age;  as,  hoary  hairs;  a 
hoary  head. 

Ilevcrcnce  ihe  hoary  heiid.  DwighU 

3.  Moldy  ;  mossy.  Knowles. 
A.  In  butuny,  grayish-white,  caused  by  verj-  short, 

,  dense  hairs  covering  tlic  suriace.  Lindley. 

HOAX,  n.     rSax.  hucse^  or  hacr^  contempt,  irony,  de- 
rision ;  or  W.  hoeed,  cheat,  deceit,  jujigle,  trick.] 
Something  done  fur  deception  or  mockery  ;  a  trick 


played  off  in  sport. 
HOA"  *■      • 


AX,  V.  u  To  deceive;  to  play  a  trick  upon  for 
sptjrt,  or  witliout  m.ilicc.  [Ji  colloquial  wordy  but  not 
eletrartt.] 

HOAX'f-D,  (hskst,)  pp.     Deceived;    played  a  trick 
U|H)n  for  sport. 

HOAX'ER,  n.    One  who  hoaxes  or  deceives.    [Collo- 
qtiial.]  Smart, 

HoAX'ING,  ppr.    Deceiving;  tricking,  without  mal- 
ice. 

Hon,  i  n.     [Dan.  Aoft,  a  heap;  or  W.  hob,  that  which 

HUB,  S      swellrt.] 

The  nave  ot  a  wheel ;  a  solid  piece  of  timber  in 
which  the  spokes  are  inserted.  Washinfftan. 

HOR,  n.     The  flat  jiari  of  a  pnite  at  the  side,  where 
things  are  placed  to  be  kept  warm  Smart. 

HOB,  K.     A  clown  ;  a  fairy. 

HOB  OR  NOB.     See  II.jbnob. 

HOB'BISM,  fu  The  principles  of  the  skeptical  Thomas 
Hobbes.  Skelton. 

HOB'HIST,  n.     A  follower  of  Hobbes,  the  skeptic. 

HOB'Bl<E,(hob'bl,)  v    L     [W.  hobeln,  lo  hop,  lo  hobble. 
See  Hop.] 

1.  'J'o  walk  lamety,  bearing  chiefly  on  one  leg;  to 
limp;  to  walk  with  a  hitch  or  hup,  or  with  crutches. 

Thr  friar  wm  hoibling  Uvc  taiiw  way  (W).  DryUrt. 

2.  To  walk  awkwardly,  as  when  the  feet  are  en- 
cumbered with  a  clog,  or  with  fitters. 

3.  To  move  roughly  or  irregularly,  as  verse. 


Whil"  Tfi'i  l*1iii|.iHc  tntDia  r^hiiarie, 
Shi'  hohbiia  ill  iUu;niiit(i  vur»e. 


Prior. 


HOn'BI-K,  P.  C     To  perplex.     [JVo(  in  use.] 
HOB'IJLE,  n.     An  un<«pial,  halting  gait;   an  encum- 
bered, awkward  step. 

He  h:ii  n  AoMte  In  hi»  g^it.  S\cift. 

9.  DlfHruIty  ;  perplexity.  Rich.  Dirt. 

nOB'BT-K-DE-HOV,  n.     A  stripling;   a  cant   phrase 

for  a  boy  b'.tween  (nurteen  and  twenty-one.  Swtft. 

HOn'BLFR,  n.     One  thai  hobbles. 

ilOB'BLER,  n.     [from  hobby.]     One  who  by  his  tenure 

was  to  maintain  a  hohby  fur  military  service ;  or  one 

who  served  a^*  a  soldier  on  a  hobby  with  light  armor. 

Encyc.      Davies. 

HOrCBLING,  ppr.  or  a.    Walking  wilh  a  hailing  or 

int'Truptcd  sti-p, 
HOB'BLING-I.Y,  odv.    With  a  limping  or  interrupted 

step. 


HOD 

UOB'BV,  n.  rW.A«&c/,  what  stops  or  starts  suddenly; 
Arm.  hvherelli  Fr.  hobcreau.] 

A  species  of  falcon,  Fako  subbutes.  It  is  extremely 
active,  and  was  formerly  trained  fur  hawkinffc 

Jardiw}. 
HOB'BY,  n.    [Norm.  Fr.  liobyn,  and  allied  to  the  pre- 
ceding.] 

1.  A  strong,  active  horse,  of  a  middle  size,  sa^d  to 
have  been  originally  from  Ireland  ;  a  nag  ;  a  pacing- 
horse  ;  a  garran.  Johnson.     Encyc. 

2.  A  stick,  or  figure  of  a  horse,  on  which  boys 
ride. 

3.  Any  favorite  object ;  that  which  a  person  pur- 
sues with  zeal  or  delight. 

4.  A  stupid  fellow. 

HOB'BY-HURSE,  n.  A  hobby  ;  a  wooden  horse  on 
which  boys  ride.     [Tauto!o</ical.] 

2.  A  ciiaracter  in  the  old  May-games.        Douce. 

3.  A  stupid  or  foolish  person.  Shak. 

4.  The  favorilr  object  of  pursuit. 
HOB-BV-HOltS'ie-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  or  having  a 

hubby-horse ;  eccentric.  Sterne. 

HOB  IJY-HORSae-AL-LY,a^/r.  Whimsically.  Sterne. 
HOB-GOB-UN,  tt.     [Probably  W.  A«A,  hop,  and  gob- 
lin ] 

A  fairy  ;  a  frightful  ap|)arition. 
HOB'I-LER,  «.     A  feudal  tenant  bound  to  serve  as  a 
ligiit  hon>entan  or  bowman  ;  the  same  as  Hubbler. 

Brande. 
Ho'BIT,  V.     [Sp.  hobus;  G.  haubUze.] 

A  small  niuriar,  or  siiort  gun  fur  throwing  bombs. 
[See  MovviTZKB,  tiie  common  orthography.] 
HOB'L.KE,  u.     Clowni.>;h  ;  bi>orish.  Qjtgrave. 

HOB'NAIL,  n.     [G.  hufnagrl,  hoof-nail.] 

1.  A  nail  with  a  tliick,  strong  head,  such  as  is  used 
for  shoeing  horses.  Shai:, 

2.  A  clownish  person,  in  contempt.  Milton. 
HOB'NAIL-£D,  a.     Set  with  hobnails  ;  rough. 

Dryden. 

HOB'NOB,  ado.  [Q.U.  Sax.  luibban,  nabban,  have,  not 
have.] 

Take  or  not  take  ;  a  familiar  invitation  to  recipro- 
cal drinking.  Shak. 

IIOI{-O-MC)K'K0,   n.     Among  American   Indiana,   an 

Ho'ltOY.     See  Hautboy.  [evil  spirit. 

HOB'SON'S  t'llOIUE  ;  a  vulgar  proverbial  expression 
denoting  a  choice  without  an  alternative  ;  the  thing 
offered  or  nothing.  It  is  said  to  have  had  its  origin 
in  the  name  uf  a  person  at  Cambridge,  England, 
named  iMKion,  who  let  horses,  and  obliged  every 
customer  to  take  in  his  turn  that  horse  which  stood 
n'*xt  the  stal»Ie-door.  Encyc.  Jim. 

HOCIv,  n.     [Sax.  hoh.     See  HauoH.] 

1.  The  joint  of  ant  animal  between  the  knee  and 
the  fetlock.  Johiisim. 

2.  A  part  of  the  thigh. 
„  ~    ■ 

HOCK'LE,  [      by  culling  the  tendons  of  tlie  ham.l 


HOCK,  n.  [from  Ilochheim,  in  Germany.]  A  higlily- 
esteemed  sort  of  Rhenish  wine,  of  a  liglit-yellowish 
color.  •  Mtirtimcr. 

HOCK'A-MORE,  n.    A  Rhenish  wine.     [See  Hoce.] 

Ifadibras. 

HOCK'D.^Y,  ;  n.     High  day;   a  day  of  f.asting  and 

HOKE'DAY,  i  mirth,  formi-riy  held  in  England  the 
scc<iud  Tuesday  after  Ea-iter,  to  cummemurato  tiie 
destruction  of  tile  Danes  in  the  lime  uf  Eihelred. 

Encyc. 

HOCK'f.D.  (hokt,)  pp.  Hamstrung  ;  disabled  by  cut- 
ting the  tendons  of  the  ham. 

HOCK'EY,  n.     [G.  hoch.  Sax.  keak,  high.     Qu.] 

1.  Harvest-home.     [Aot  used.] 

S.  A  game  at  Itall  played  wilh  a  club  curved  at  the 
bottom.     It  seems  to  be  tiic  same  with  Hawkey,  as 
described  by  Holjowuy. 
HOCK'HERB,  (erb,)  «.     A  plant,  the  mallows. 

Jiinsworth. 
HOCK'LE,  (hok'l,)  v.  L    To  hamstring.      JIanmcr. 

2.  To  mow.  Mason. 
HO'eUS-Po'CUS,  n,    [W.  hoced,  a  cheat  or  trick,  and 

perhaps  biog  or  pwca,  a  hobgoblin.) 

A  juggler;  a  juggler's  trick  ;  a  cheat  used  by  con- 
jurers. Nudibras. 
HO'CUS-PO'eUS,  V.  t.    To  cheat.          ^Estrange. 
HOD,  Ti.     [Fr.  hotte.] 

A  kinri  of  tray  fur  carrying  mortar  and  brick,  used 
in  bricklaying.     It  is  filled  with  a  handle,  and  borne 
on  tl(«  shoulder. 
nOD'D/':N-GRAY,  n.    Cloth  made  of  wool  in  its  nat- 
ural state,  without  being  dved.     [Sc«ffi.>iA.] 
nOD'DY-DOD'DV,  u.  An  awkward  or  fuohsh  person. 

r  Obs.]  B.  Joiuon. 

IlODGi=l-PODfiE,    )  n.     [Qu.  Fr.  hocher,  lo  shake,  or 
HOTCH'-Pfri'CH,  I      hiichij,  minced  meal.] 

A  mixed  mass  ;  a  medley  of  ingredients.  [  Vulgar.] 
[See  HuTCHroT.] 
HO-DI-ERN'AL,  a.     [L.  hodiemuSf  from  hodie,  hoc  die 
this  day.] 
Of  this  day  ;  belonging  to  the  present  day. 
HOD'.MAN,  K.    A  man  who  carries  a  hod  ;  a  mason ^s 

lender. 
HOD'MAN-DOD,  n.      A  shell  fl^b,  otherwise  called 
dodman.  Bacttn. 

2.  A  shell-snail. 


TONE,  BUIX,  lINrra-AN"GEB,  VI"CI0U8.-C  a-  K ;  0  as  J ;  »  a*  Z ;  CH  a«  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


HOI 

n^K.,  (hSO  It.  [G.  A<t»0:  S\v.  backa,  nnd  this  \a  the 
D:in.  hakke^  G.  WAy,  a  mattock  ;  Fr.  houe.  It  seems 
tht:;  is  from  the  root  of  hack  nnd  Artr  :  Sax.  Afairmn  r 
D.  heaven  ;  G.  Jb/trjtni}  Sw.  Aadta,  Dan.  AoJUEeT}  to 
chop,  to  hack,  to  hew  ;  Fr.  Aua^r.] 

A  fanner's  instrument  for  riittmg  np  weeds  and 
looftening  the  eurth  in  fit-hia  nnd  pirden^.  It  i»  in 
shape  something  like  an  ndz,  bcin<;  a  plate  of  inin, 
with  an  eye  for  a  handle,  which  is  set  at  an  acut« 
angle  with  the  plata. 

nOE,  r.  L    To  cut,  diff,  scmpp,  or  clean  %vith  a  hoe  ; 
aa,  to  hoe  the  earth  in  a  pirdcn  ;  to  hoe  the  beds. 
9.  To  clear  from  weeds ;  as,  to  hoe  mair.e  ;  to  A^'f 

Hf^E,  r.  t.    To  use  a  •"•*■.  [cabtwpes. 

II0£I>,  (h6de,)p;).  Citared  from  weeds,  or  loosened  by 
the  hoe. 

lI0E'I\G,;i7»r.    Cutting,  wmpinff,  or  digging  with  a 
9.  Clt.'nring  of  weeds  with  a  hoc.  [\u*e, 

HOE'ING,  H.  The  act  of  scrai>ing  or  digging  with  a 
hoe, 

nOTJJL,  a.    [Sax-  kohfuU^  kogfiM;  hoga^  care,  and 

CorefUI.     rObs.] 
HOG,  H.     [Vv.  Atrf,  a  hog,  a  push  or  thnist ;   Arm. 
koucJt :  probably  so  namc^d  from  his  snout,  or  fVoni 
rooUns  ;  Sp^  hodco^  the  snout  of  a  bea^l ;  koeicar^  to 
roi>t.] 

1.  A  swine  ;  a  general  name  of  that  species  of  an- 
imal. 

2.  In  Engtaniy  a  castrated  sheep  of  a  year  old. 

3.  A  bullock  of  a  year  old.  ^sk, 

4.  A  brutal  fcILnv  ;  one  who  i»  mean  and  tilth}'. 

5.  Among  seamf»^  a  sort  of  scrubbing-brooni  for 
scraping  a  ship's  btittom  under  woter.         TvtUn. 

HOG,  V.  t.     To  tscrape  a  ship's  boitoTn  under  water. 

2.  [G.  hoeteti.]    To  carrj'  on  the  back.    [Local,] 

Orosf- 

3.  To  cut  the  hair  short  \  as,  to  kog  the  mane  of  a 
hnrse.  Smart. 

HOG,  r.  L  To  bend,  so  as  to  resemble  in  some  degree 
a  hog's  back  ;  as,  a  ship  hogs  in  laiineliing. 

nOG'eOTE,  B,  [Ao/  and  cote.]  A  shed  or  house  for 
swine  :  a  stv.  Mvrtimer* 

HOG'GfrD,  (hogd,)  pp.     Scmped  under  water. 

3.  Curving  3  having  the  ends  lower  than  thp  mid- 
dle. i-:ji»'i. 

HOG'GER-EL,  «.    A  shpep  of  the  second  year.  ^.^h. 

UOG'GET.'b.    [Nonn.  */./-•?,] 

1.  A  sheep  two  years  old.  Skhtntr. 

2.  A  cult  uf  a  year  old,  called  also  kog<oU-.  [t,o- 
eal.']  Orate. 

3.  A  young  boar  of  the  second  year.  Cj/c. 
nOG'GlXG,  ppr.    Srmping  undf'r  water. 
UOG'GISM,  a.    Having  the  qualities  <if  a  hog;  brutish  ; 

einlluntius;  filihv  ;  mean;  selfish. 

nOG'GI?=ll  KY,  'aJc.  In  a  brutish,  gluttonons,  or 
fiUhv  minner. 

HOC'GISH-NESS,  n.  HmtishneAS;  voracious  gr^-di- 
ness  in  eating ;  ^beastly  tilthincss ;  mean  selfish- 
ness. 

HOGH,  (h5,)«.     [See  Hioii.]    AhilijacIifT     [Obs.] 

Sperucr. 

HOCHERD,  B,    [hog  and  herd.]    A  keeper  of  swine. 

Broirnr. 

HO'GO,  n.  [Comipted  from  haitt  ^out,]  High  flavor  ; 
strong  went,     [See  Hact  Goct.] 

HOG'PEX,  «.     [ho^r  nnd  pen.]     A  hogTity. 

HOG'-PLI.Vtl,  n.  A  tropical  tree  of  the  genus  Ppon- 
dias,  with  fniit  somewhat  resembling  plums,  but 
ctiiefly  entpn  by  hi»g^  B>M>th.     iMudon. 

HOG'-RING-ER,  «.  One  whose  business  is  to  put 
rin^  in  the  snouts  of  swine. 

HOG'S'-BEAN,  n.  [A  m-re  iran-slation  of  the  Gr. 
*Y'»(rrpn;»o;.]  A  plant,  llyoscyamus  niger,  and  other 
species  of  the  genus  Ilyoscyaums  ;  henbnne. 

JiinsiDorth. 

HOG'S'-FEX-XEL,  «.  A  plant  of  Uie  genus  Peuced- 
annm. 

HOG'S'-MUSH  ROOMS,  %.     A  plant.      Amsworih. 

HOGS  HEAD,  (liogz'hed,)  a.  [D.  othoofd;  G.  ozhoft: 
Dan.  ozekoved :  Sw.  orhafeud;  that  is,  oxbead.  The 
English  orthography  is  grossly  corrupt.] 

1.  A  measure  of  capacity,  containing  03  wine  gal- 
lons, or  about  52^  imperuil  gallons.  I'heold  ale  hoes- 
head  contained  54  ale  gallons,  or  nearly  .^5  imperial 
gallons.  JIc  Calloch. 

2.  In  Jimrriai^  this  name  is  often  given  to  a  butt,  a 
cask  containing  from  110  to  120  wine  gallons  ;  as,  a 
koirshea'l  of  spirit  or  molasses. 

3.  A  large  cask  of  indefinite  contents.       Bacon, 
HOG'-SKIX,  «,    Tanned  leather  made  of  the  skins  of 

swine. 
HQG'STEER,  ■.    A  wild  boar  of  three  years  old. 

fJWt  in  use.] 

h6g'STT,  n. 
ho»s. 

HOG'WASH,  n.  [ko!^  and  wash,]  Swill  ;  the  refuse 
mitters  of  a  kitchen  or  brewerv,  or  like  matter  for 
swme.  '  .^rbutAnoL 

HCHL'SPATH,  n.  [G.]  The  mineral  otherwise 
called  madty  and  chiajtotUe. 

HOI'DAW,  n.  [\V.  hoeden,  a  flirt,  a  wanton,  a  co- 
quet.] 


[hov  and  sty.]    A  pen  or  Inclosure  for 


noL 

1.  A  nifte,  bold  girl ;  a  romp. 

3.  A  rude,  bold  ninn.  [A'ct  used  in  the  United 
States.]  Milton. 

ilOVUESj^    Rude;  bdd;  inelegant;  rustic. 

Younf^. 
HOl'DKX,  p.  i.    To  romp  nidely  or  indecently.   SwifL 
IIOl'DKN-IIOOn,  n.     gtate  of  being  a  hoiden. 
HuI'DKN'-ISIl,  a.     Having  the  manm-rs  of  a  hoiden. 
HOIST,  r.  (.     [Originally  hol^e;  but  corrupted  perhaps 
beyond  remedy.     G.kisscn;    Xi.hygse.Hi    Sw.  hutsa; 
Dan.  Awfcr,-    Fr.  issrr;    Arm.  rf:a,-    Sp.  iiar;    Port. 
icar.     This  apgicnrs  by  the  German  to  bo  radically 
tlie  same  word  as  heat;  which  see.] 

1.  I'o  raise  ;  to  lift. 

We'll  quickly  KtAst  Diike  Humplirey  from  hw  wrtA.        Shak. 
In  pnptilar  la»ffua:re^  it  is  n  word  of  general  appli- 
cation.    But  the  Word  has  two  a|>propr)ate  uses,  one 
by  seamen,  and  the  lUher  by  milkmaids,  viz. 

2.  To  raise,  to  lift  or  bear  upw;u-d  by  means  of 
tackle  ;  and  to  dniw  up  or  raise,  as  a  sail  along  tho 
m.i-t  or  stnys,  ur  as  a  tlag,  thou^'h  by  a  single  block 
only.    JIjL'i  (be  niain-sail.    Hoist  tlic  ting. 

Mar.  Diet, 

3.  To  lift  and  move  the  leg  backward  ;  a  word  of 
command  used  by  milkmaids  to  cows,  when  they 
wish  them  to  lift  and  .>et  back  the  right  tog. 

HO  I.ST.  M.  \n  marine  taniruas^e,  the  perpendicular  inglit 
of  a  rt;i2  or  sail,  as  opposed  toihe/y,or  breadth  from 
the  siaifio  the  outer  eii'je.  Kncyc 

HOIST'ED.  pp.     Raised  ;  lifted  ;  drawn  up. 
HOIST'IXG,;»pr.     Raising  ;  lifting. 
HOIT,  r.  1      [led.  hauta.]     To  leap  ;  to  caper. 

Beaitm.  4"  FL 
HOI'TV  TOI'TV  ;  an  exclamation  denoting  surprise 
or  disapprobation  with  some  degree  of  contempt. 
Hoity  toi!yl  wh.U  hate  I  to  do  wiih  dn'oini?  CongrcM, 

[Ou.  Ice.  hauty^  to  leap.] 
HOL'CAD,  H.     [Gr.  fXs.>.\  i.] 

In  ancient  Greece^  a  large  snip  of  burden.  Mitfttrd. 
HOLD,  r.  (. :  prrt.  Held  ;  pp.  Held.  Holden  is  obsolete 
in  elegant  writing.  [Sax.  kealdan;  G.  haitcn ;  D. 
koudeHj  I  suppressed;  Sw.  hulla:  Dan.  holder;  Gr. 
iroiX  i.(-»,  to  hold,  or  restntin  ;  Heb.  "jo,  to  hold  or  cim- 
lain  i  Ch.  and  Syr.  to  measure,  that  is,  to  limit ;  nS^, 
to  confine,  restrain,  or  shut  up;    Ch.  Syr.  id;  At. 

j\:£^  lo  keep,  guard,  or  preserve  ;  Ch.  h^H,  to  take, 
also,  to  eat,  to  ro.ar,  tothunder.  [See  CallJ  The  pri- 
marv  sense  is,  to  press,  to  strain.  Class  Gl,  No.  18, 
32,  .-k;,  -IJ.] 

1.  To  !«!op ;  toronfine:  to  restrain  from  escape; 
to  keep  f.tsi :  to  retain.  It  rarely  or  never  signifies 
the  fir>t  net  nf  seizing  or  filling  on.  but  the  net  of  re- 
toinuitr  a  thing  when  seized  or  confined.  To  /7to.>7>, 
is  to  Svize,  or  to  keep  Hist  in  the  hand  ;  hold  coin- 
cids-*  with  eroMp  in  the  latter  sense,  but  nt»t  in  the 
fiiriner.  We  kuld  a  h(»rse  by  means  of  a  bridle.  An 
anchor  hold*  a  ship  in  her  station. 

2.  To  embrace  and  confine,  with  bearing  or  lift- 
inc  We  hold  an  orange  in  the  hand,  or  a  child  in 
the  arms. 

3.  To  connect ;  to  keep  from  separation. 

Til-  loopa  heLi  one  curtain  to  another.  —  Kxotl.  xxxtI. 


4.  To  maintain,  as  an  opinion.  He  holds  Uie  doc- 
trine of  justification  by  free  grace. 

5.  To  consider;  to  regard  ;  to  think  ;  to  judge, 
that  is,  lo  have  in  tlie  mind. 

I  hold  him  I'lit  a  Tool.  Shak. 

Thf  I^Tii  will  not  hold  him  giiilt!'>si,  that  taketh  his  u.imc  in 
Tain.  —  Exoil.  XI. 

6.  To  contain,  or  to  have  capacity  to  receive  and 
contain.  Here  is  an  empty  basket  that  holds  two 
bu.-^hel.-*.  This  empty  cask  holds  thirty  gallons.  The 
church  hoUls  two  thousand  peo[Je. 

7.  To  retain  within  itrself;  to  keep  from  running 
or  flowing  out.  A  vessel  with  holes  in  its  bottom 
will  not  hold  fluids. 


8.  To  defend ;  to  keep  possession  ;  to  maintain. 

With  what  nrnu 
Wp  m^an  lo  hold  what  nncienily  we  cl.iini 
Of  Piupire.  MUlon. 

9.  To  have  ;  as,  Xokold  a  place,  ofiire,  or  title. 

10.  To  have  or  possess  by  title;  as,  he  held  his 
lauds  of  the  king.  The  estate  is  held  by  copy  of 
court-roll. 

11.  To  refrain  ;  to  stop ;  to  restrain  ;  to  withhold. 
ifyW  your  laughter.     Hold  your  tongue. 

Death  I  what  do'rt  ?    O,  hold  thy  blow,  Crashato, 

12.  To  keep  ;  as,  hold  your  peace. 

13.  To  fix;  to  confine;  to  compel  to  observe  or 
fulfil  ;  as,  lo  hold  one  to  his  promise. 

14.  To  confine;  to  restrain  from  motion. 


15.  To  confine  ;  to  bind  ;  in  a  legal  or  moral  sense. 
He  is  held  to  perform  his  covenants. 

16.  To  maintain  ;  to  retain  ;  to  continue. 

Em  Mill  he  held  iris  pnrpose  to  Jr-pwl,  Dryffn, 


MiUon. 
to  prosecute  or  car- 


IIOL 

17.  To  keep  in  continuance  or  practice. 

And  Nijriil  Hnil  Chaoc,  nnc^aton  ut  Nulun?,  hold 
Ktcrufd  rtiinrchy. 

18.  To  continue ;    to  keep : 
ry  on. 

S^ml-tiinp  snd  hnrvcBt,  licul  and  hoary  froat, 

Shall  hold  their  coti»c.  AfUlon, 

19.  To  have  in  session  :  as,  to  hold  a  court  or  par- 
liament ;  to  hold  a  coutictl. 

SO.  1'u  celebrate;  to  solemnize;  as,  to  hold  a 
feast. 

21.  To  maintain  ;  to  sustiiin  ;  to  have  in  use  or  ex- 
ercise ;  as,  to  huld  an  arnuiiient  or  debate. 

^2^  To  sustain  ;  to  support. 

Thy  right  hand  Btmll  Hold  me.—  Pi.  cxxxlx. 

23.  To  carry  ;  to  wield. 

They  all  hold  iwoivls,  being  expeO  in  war.  —  Cant.  iU. 

24.  To  maintain  ;  to  observe  in  practice. 

Yc  hold  the  tradkioni  of  men.  —  Mark  vii. 

2.1.  To  last ;  to  endure.  The  provisions  will  field 
us,  till  we  arrive  in  port.  So  we  say,  the  provisions 
will  Itist  us  ;  but  the  (ihrase  is  elliptical  for  will  hold 
or  last/wr  us,  the  verb  being  ititransitive. 

To  huld  forth  ;  to  oflier  ;  to  exhibit ;  to  propose. 

Ob»epre  the  cnnnectioii  of  idea*  in  the  proposittoua  which  booki 
hald/orih  unil  prru^nd  to  teach.  Locke. 

2.  To  reach  forth  ;  to  put  forward  to  view    Chnjne. 

To  hold  in ;  to  restrain  ;  to  curb ;  to  govern  by  the 
bridle.  Swifi. 

2.  To  restrain  in  general ;  to  check  ;  to  repress. 

Jtooker, 

To  hold  off;  to  keep  at  a  distance.  Pojie. 

To  hold  on  i  to  continue  or  proceed  in  ;  as,  to  hold 
en  a  course. 

To  hold  out ;  to  extend  ;  to  stretch  forth. 

Tl*e  king  held  out  to  Estlier  the  golden  ■wptcr.  —  Esther  ▼. 

2.  To  propose  j  lo  oflV^r. 

Fortinie  hittd*  out  ihoac  lo  yon  ns  rewardi.  S.  Jonaon. 

3.  To  continue  to  do  or  sulfer. 

He  c:iii  not  long  hold  out  th'-se  p^ngs.     [Not  uted,]       Shah, 

To  hold  over ;  to  remain  in  after  one's  term  has  ex- 
pired. 

To  hold  up  :  to  raise  ;  ns,  hold  up  your  head. 

2.  To  su.stain  ;  to  support. 

lie  holda  hiniK-'lf  itp  io  virtue.  Sidney, 

3.  To  retain ;  to  v/iUiMold. 

4.  To  olfer  :  to  exliibiU  He  held  up  to  view  the 
prospect  of  gain. 

5.  To  sustain  ;  to  keep  from  falling. 

To  hold  onc^s  own  ;  to  keep  good  one's  present  con- 
dition ;  not  to  fall  off,  or  to  lose  ground.  In  seamen\i 
language^  a  ship  holds  her  own:,  when  she  sails  as  fa:>t 
as  another  ship,  or  keeps  her  course. 

To  hold,  is  used  by  the  Irish,  for  to  lay,  as  a  bet,  to 
wager.  I  hold  a  crown,  or  a  dollar;  but  tliis  is  a 
vulgar  use  of  the  word. 
HOLD,  r.  t.  To  be  true;  not  to  fail ;  to  stand,  as  a 
fact  or  truth.  This  is  a  sound  argument  in  niany 
cases,  but  docs  not  hold  in  the  case  imder  consid.r- 
ation. 

The  nile  holda  in  hinds  as  well  as  in  other  ihiiigs.  Locke. 

In  this  application,  we  often  say,  to  hold  true,  to 
hold  good.  The  argument  holds  good  in  both  cases. 
This  holds  true  in  most  cases. 

2.  To  continue  unbroken  or  unsubdued. 

Onr  force  by  land  Iwih  nobly  held.     \LUllt  ««ed.]  ^«*. 

3.  To  last  i  to  endure.  Bacon. 
We  now  say,  to  hold  out. 

4.  To  continue. 

While  our  obedience  holds.  Milton. 

R.  To  be  fa-st ;  to  be- firm  ;  not  to  give  way,  or  part. 
The  rope  is  strong;  I  believe  it  will  hold.  The  an- 
chor holds  well. 

6.  To  refrain. 

III!!  d-iiitiil-iw  h'-art  would  fain  hate  held 

From  weeping.  Drydeit. 

7.  To  Stick  or  adherft.    The  plaster  will  not  hvld. 
To  hold  forth  ;  to  speak  in  ptiblic  ;  to  harangue  ;  to 

prench  :  to  [iroclaim.  L^Pstrangr. . 

To  hold  in;  to  restrain  one's  self.  He  was  tempted 
to  laugh  ;  he  ronld  hardly  hold  in. 

9.  To  coitinue  in  good  luck.     [Unusiial.]  SjBtft. 

To  hold  off;  to  keep  at  a  distance ;  to  avoid  con- 
ncrti(m. 

To  hold  of;  to  be  dependent  on;  to  derive  title 
from. 

My  crown  Is  absolute,  nnd  holda  o/none,  Dryfen, 

To  hold  on ;  to  continue  ;  not  to  be  interrupted. 

Th=:  trade  ht/ft  on  raany  year*.  Sio{fl. 

2.  To  keep  fist  hold  ;  to  cling  to. 

3.  To  prnc<cd  in  a  course.    Job  xvii. 

To  hold  out:  to  lant ;  to  endure  ;  to  continue.  A 
ronsum[)Iive  constitution  may  AnW  out  a  few  years. 
He  will  accomplish  the  work  if  his  strength  Iwils 
onL 

9.  \ot  to  yield  ;  not  to  surrender  ;  not  to  be  sub- 
dued.   The  garrison  still  held  oat. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALI^  WHAT.  — METE,  PUfiY.-  PINF,,  MARINE,  BTRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.— 
_ 


_  HOL 

To  hold  to;  to  cling  or  cleave  to  ;  to  adhere. 

Elje  he  will  hoU  to  the  one,  md  d?spuo  ihe  otlier.  —  ^latt.  ti. 

To  hold  under,  or  from ;  to  liave  title  from  ;  as,  pet- 
ty barons  holdinir  under  the  greater  biirons. 

To  hold  loitA  ;  Lo  adhere  to  ;  to  side  with  ;  to  stand 
up  for. 

To  hold  plow ;  to  direct  or  steer  a  plow  by  tlie  Imnd 
in  til  In  go. 

71?  hold  totretker ;  to  be  joined  j  not  to  separate ;  to 
remain  in  iin.ion.  Dryden.     Uicke. 

To  hold  up ;  to  support  one's  self  j  aa,  to  IwUi  up 
under  misfortunes. 

2.  To  cease  mining  :  to  cease,  as  falling  weather  ; 
used  ini|>ersunnUy.     It  holds  up  :  it  will  A^W  up. 

3.  To  continue  the  same  speed  ;  to  run  or  move  as 
fa-'^t.  Collier, 

But  we  now  say,  to  keep  up. 

To  htild  a  wager  i  to  lay,  lo  stake,  or  to  hazard,  a 
"■nstT.  SiPiji. 

HoMy  used  imperatively,  signifies  stop ;  cease  ;  for- 
I' -ar  ;  be  still. 
IIoLD,  n.  A  grasp  with  the  hand  ;  an  emhrac*^  with 
the  arms  ;  any  act  or  exer:4>n  of  the  strength  or  limb: 
which  keeps  a  thing  fast  and  prevents  escape.  Keep 
your  AiiW  ;  never  quit  your  hold. 

it  is  much  used  after  the  verbs  to  take,  and  to  lay: 
to  tnke  hotdy  or  to  laij  Iwld,  Is  to  seize.  It  is  iisi'd  in  a 
literal  sense  ;  as,  tu  take  hold  with  the  hantl:^,  with 
the  arms,  or  with  the  teeth  ;  or  in  a  fignrativf  sense. 

Somiw  >>inlt  lake  hold  on  tltc  iiih^Nunu  or  Pdloxtiiia,  —  Kx.  xv. 

"Dike  laM  hold  uf  iiitfrvctiuu.  —  Pruv.  iv, 

M;  auul  took  hold  on  Mw.  Afdimn, 

3.  Poniething  whicli  may  be  seized  for  support ; 
that  which  siippfirts. 

ITa  m^ii  ix  upon  k  high  place,  wtlhout  a  good  hold,  hr  ta  rratly 
lo  fall.  Bacon. 

3.  Tower  of  keeping. 

On  ynur  '*^^t  now 
My  hold  of  ihii  nrw  kiiig.{om  all  <kpcnda.  fiSillon. 

4.  Power  of  seizing. 

Tbr  law  haih  yri  nnothfr  hold  on  you.  S'loi. 

5.  A  prison  }  a  place  of  confinement. 

Tbcy  laid  huida  on  Uwm,  aud  piil  Uieio  in  hold  till  Uie  next  day. 
—  Acts  iv. 

6.  Custody  ;  safe  keeping. 

King  Richapl,  he  if  in  the  mijrhty  hc^d 

Of  Bolidglwwkc,  ^  Skak. 

7.  Power  or  influence  operating  on  the  mind  ;  ad- 
vantage llial  may  be  employed  in  directing  or  per- 
suading another,  or  in  governing  his  conduct. 

F'-ai  —  \jy  wtucli  Uuil  and  hia  lawt  Ukc  lh»!  ■ur'?Bt  haUf  "f  m, 

TVloUon. 
Gl»e«  fortune  no  more  hold  ufhim  than  k  nreraaajy.     Dryien, 

8.  Lurking-place  ;  a  place  of  security  ;  as,  the  hoU 
of  a  wild  beast. 

9.  A  fortified  place  j  a  fort ;  a  castle  j  often  colled 
a  xtran:!  hold.     Jer.  li. 

I".  The  whole  Interior  cavity  of  a  ship,  briween 
the  floor  and  the  lower  deck.'  In  a  vessel  of  one 
deck,  the  whole  interior  spice  fniin  the  kepI  or  floor 
to  the  deck.  That  part  cjf  the  hold  which  lies  abaft 
Ihe  main-mast,  is  called  the  afler-hold;  that  part  ini- 
medralely  before  the  niatn-ntast,  the  maia-huld ;  that 
partatiout  the  forf-halchway,  lUe  fore-hold.  Mar.  Diet. 

II.  In  mtotic,  a  murk  direc'.ine  Ihe  performer  lo  rest 
on  the  note  over  which  it  is  placed.  It  is  called  also 
A  JUti/te. 

HOLD'BACK, K.    Check;  hinderance;  resimint, 

Ifommond, 
2.  The  iron  in  the  thill  of  a  wheel  carriage,  lo 
which  a  part  of  ihe  harufss  is  attached,  in  order  to 
enibl'-  the  animal  to  h(dd  back  the  carriage. 
IIOI-D'KR,  TU    One  who  holds  or  grasps  in  his  Iiand, 
or  embraces  with  his  arms. 

2.  A  tenant ;  one  who  holds  land  under  another. 

Carcw. 

3.  Pomelhing  by  which  a  thing  is  hi-KI. 

4.  One  who  owns  or  po««scsses  j  as,  a  /wWer  of  stock 
or  shares  in  a  joint  concern. 

5.  In  «Ai/>j»,  one  who  is  employed  in  the  hold. 

Mar.  Diet, 
HOLD'ER-FORTH',  n.     A  haranguer;  a  preacher. 

Jlitdiltras, 
IIALD'FXST,  n.     A  general   name  of  various  contri- 
vances for  securing  and  holding  things  in  their  place, 
as  a  long,  flal-headed  nail,  a  cutch,  a  hook,  fcr. 

Jlrbert 
nf^LD'ING,  ppT.     Stopping;  confining;  restraining; 

keeping;  retaining;  adhering;  maintaining,  &:c. 
HOLD'I\G,  n.    A  tenure;  a  farm  held  of  a  supt^rior. 

Cnrew. 

2.  The  burden  nr  chorus  of  a  song.  Shak. 

3.  Hold:  influence;  power  over.  Burke. 
HOLE,  n.     [Sax.  kol ;  G.  hUhlt ;  D.  hot ;  Dan.  A<  hule ; 

Sw.hal;  Baaquo,  chUoa;  Gr.  roiAij,  KotXts.    Qii. 

Ileb.  Sn,  or  Ar.  ^V^i  khala.    Class  GI,  No.  20,  23.] 

I,  A  hollow  place  or  cavity  in  any  solid  body,  of 
any  shapf  or  dim'*nsions,  natural  or  artificial.  It  may 
dlt^^r  from  a  rent  or  fi.'tsiire  in  being  wider.  A  tuili ; 
n  den  ;  n  cave  fir  cavern  fn  Ihe  earth  ;  an  excavation 


II OL 

in  a  rock  or  tree  ;  a  pit,  &.c.     Is.  xU  Ezek.  viii.   JVoA. 
ij.    Matt.  viii. 

2.  A  perforation  ;  an  aperture ;  an  opening  in  or 
throuuh  a  solid  botly,  left  in  tho  work  or  made  by 
an  instrument. 

J.lioi.!4   took  a  chest,  and  bored  a  hoU  in  the  lid  of  it.— 2 
KingTj  xii. 

3.  A  mean  habitation  ;  a  narrow  or  dark  lodging. 

Drydnt. 
A.  An  opening  or  means  of  escape  ;  a  subtt-rfuge  ; 
in  the  vulgar  phrase,  he  has  a  hole  to  creep  t>ut  at. 

.^nn-holc  ;  the  arm-pit ;  tlie  cavily  under  the  shoul- 
der of  a  [rt-rson.  Bacon. 
2.  An  opening  in  a  garment  for  the  arm. 
MoLE,  V.  i.    To  go  into  a  hole.                    B.  Jciison. 
Hole,   p.  l     To  cut,  dig,  or  make  a  hole  or  holes  in  ; 
as,  to  hule  a  post  for  the  iuserlion  of  rails  or  bars. 
2.  To  drive  into  a  bag,  as  in  billiards. 
HOL'I-BUT.     See  Hautht. 
IIOL'I-UA.M,  n.     [holy  and  dame.]      Blessed  lady,  an 

ancient  oath.  }fanmer. 

nOL'I-DAY,  n.  A  day  set  apart  for  commemorating 
some  important  event  in  history  ;  a  fc-stival. 

2.  A  day  of  joy  and  gaycty. 

3.  A  day  of  exempiion  from  labor ;  a  day  of  amuse- 
ment.     [See  IIOLYDAY.] 

HOL'I-DaY,  o,     PtTlniinng  to  a  festival ;  gay, 
IIO'LJ-Ly,  adc.    [from  holy.]     Piously  ;  with  sanctity. 
2.  Sacredly  ;   inviolably  ;  without  breach.     [lAUle 
u.ted,]  Slwk.     Sidtteij. 

IIO'LI-XESS,  It.  [from  holy.]  The  slate  of  being  ho- 
ly ;  purily  or  integrity  of  uioral  characler;  freedom 
from  sin  ;  sanctity,  .applied  to  the  Supreme  Beings 
hvHness  denotes  perfect  purity  or  integrity  of  uioml 
character,  one  of  his  essential  attributes. 

Wlio  ia  like  ih*^,  ^lorioua  in  hoUneta  ?  —  Exod.  xr, 

2.  .Applied  to  human  6^mn-.«,  holiness  ts  purity  of 
hf-art  or  dispositions;  sanelifiqd  nlfeclions ;  piety; 
moral  goodness,  hut  not  perf<:ct. 

\V>  tet:  piety  and  holitigia  ridiculed  oa  moroae  Binptlarities. 

Hogera. 

3.  Sacredness;  the  PLale  of  any  thing  hallowed, 
or  consecrated  to  God  or  to  hid  worsliip;  applied  to 
cfiurekes  or  intt-ples. 

4.  That  which  is  separated  to  the  service  of  God. 

lirael  wm  holineti  unto  tlie  bonl,  —  Jcr.  ii, 

5.  A  title  of  Ihe  pop*',  and  formcriy  of  the  Greek 
emperors.  Rncye. 

II6L'liNU-AX,  n.    A  narrow  ax  for  cutting  holes  in 

[XisU. 
nOL-LAA',|  exeJam.     A  word  used  in  calling.    Among 
HOI^LO',    )      seamen^  it  is   the  answer  to  one  that 

hails,  equivalent  lo,  "  I  hear,  and  am  ready."     It  is 

al«o  written  Hull\. 
HOL'LO,  f  (holMoor  hoM3',)i?.  t.   [f*nx.  oktowan.']  To 
HOL'LA,  S      call  out  or  exclaim.     [See  Halloo.j 
HOL'LAXD,  n.      Tine  linen   first  manufactured   in 

Holland. 
HOL'LA.VD  ER,  m     A  native  of  Holland. 
HOL'LAXD-ISH,  a.     Like  Holland. 
HOL'LA NDS,  n.     (Jin  made  in  Holland. 
HOL'LEX.    See  Holi.v. 
HOL'LOW,  a.      [Sax.   hoi  j    G.  hchi;    D.   hoi;    Sw. 

haJig- :  Dan.  ktded  ;  Ann.  goullo^  at  AouUUj  emptied. 

See  Hole.] 

1.  Contaming  an  emply  space,  natural  or  artificial, 
williin  a  S4did  substance  ;  not  mdid  ;  as,  a  hollow 
tree  ;  n  hollow  rock  ;  a  holloa  sphere. 

Hollow  with  Uianli  ahali  thou  make  It.  —  Exod.  zxrfl. 

2.  Sunk  deep  in  Ihe  orbit;  as,  a  hollow  eye. 

3.  De"p  ;  low  ;  resembling  sound  reverberated  from 
a  cavity,  or  designating  such  a  sound ;  us,  a  hnlhw 
roar.  Dryden. 

4.  Not  sincere  or  faithful;  false;  deceitful;  not 
sound  j  as,  a  hollow  heart ;  a  hollow  friend. 

Milton.     Shak. 
UOL'LCW,  n.     A  cavily,  natural  or  artificial ;    any 
depression  of  surface  in  a  body;  concavity;  as,  the 
hollow  of  the  hand. 

2.  A  place  excavated  ;  as,  the  hollow  of  a  tree. 

3.  A  cave  or  cavern ;  a  den  i  a  hole  ;  a  broad,  open 
space  in  any  tiling.  Sliak.    Prior. 

4.  A  pit.  Jjddi.ion. 

5.  fJiien  space  of  any  thing;  agroove;  aclmnnel; 
a  canal.  jSddUon. 

HOL'LOW,  V.  t.     [Pax.  hoUan.] 

To  make  hollow,  as  by  digging,  cuUin/j,  or  en- 
graving; lo  excavate. 

Tre-ra  nwlcty  hollotMit  did  the  wave*  •ui(:iin.  Dryden. 

HOL'LOW  or  HOI^LOW,  r.  C  To  shout.  [See 
Hot,i,A  and  Hollo.]         Dnjden.     Arldiiton.     Smart. 

nOL'LftW,  ade.  He  carried  it  hollow,  or  he  beat  all 
hnlhw;  that  is,  he  beat  all  his  compelilors  without 
difliculty.     ^Cfitlofiuial.]  Grose. 

HOL'LA\V-f,[),  pp.  or  a.     Made  hollow  ;  excavated. 

nOL'Lri\V-EY-f:n,  ride,)  a.     Having  sunkrn  eves. 

HOL'LfiVV-nEAKT-ED,  a.  Insincere  ;  diceitfiil  ; 
not  sound  and  true ;  of  practice  or  senlimenl  difl'er- 
enl  from  profession.  Bvtlrr. 

IIOL'LOVV  ING,  ppr.     Making  hollow  ;  excavating. 


IIOL 


nOL'LfJW-LY,  (k/p.     Insincerely;  deceitfully.     Shak 

HOL'LOW-NE.SS,  n.      The  smte  of   being   hollow, 

cavily;  dfprts.-<ioii  of  surface ;  excavation.  Bacoiu 

2.  Insincerity;  deceitfulness ;  treachery.    SuutJu 

HOL'LCW-KOOT,  H.  A  plant,  tul»erous*  moschatel, 
or  inglorious,  con-stitiiiinsi  ihe  genus  Adoxa  ;  n  low 
plant,  whose  leaves  and  flowt-rs  smell  like  musk  ; 
hence  il  is  sometunes  called  musk-eroirfoot.    Encvc 

HOL'LOW-^PAR,  n.  The  mineral  called,  also,  chias- 
tolite, 

nOL'LoW-Sau;(RE,  n.  A  body  of  foot  soldiers 
drawn  up  to  receive  the  charge  of  cavalry,  having 
an  empty  space  in  the  middle  to  receive  the  otficers, 
artillery-men,  &c.,  and  protected  on  all  sidis  by  a  line 
of  b;iyonels. 

HOL'LY,  n.  [Pax.  holegn;  D.  hulst:  pcriiaps  L.  i7cr, 
for  hilex.  In-VVeJsh,  the  corresjionding  word  is  celyn^ 
from  the  root  of  celu.,  to  conce;U,  L.  celo.  The  i/ex, 
in  S\v.,  is  called  iron  oak.] 

The  liolni-trec,  of  the  genus  Ilex,  of  several  spe- 
cies. The  common  holly  grows  from  20  to  30  f;ret 
high;  the  stem,  by  age,  becomes  large,  and  is  cov- 
ered with  a  grayish,  smooth  bark,  and  set  with 
bninches  which  form  a  sort  of  cone.  The  leaves  are 
oblong  oval,  of  a  lucid  green  on  the  upper  surface, 
but  pale  on  the  under  surface  ;  the  edges  are  indent- 
ed and  waved,  with  sharp  thorns  terminating  tach  of 
the  points.  The  flowers  grow  in  clusters,  oud  are 
succeeded  by  roundish  berries,  which  turn  lo  a  beau- 
tiful red  about  Michaelmas.  This  tree  is  a  beautiful 
evergreen.  Kncyc, 

2.  The  holm  oak,  Quereiu  i/er,  on  evergreen  oak  ; 
often  called  holly-oak.  p.  Cue.     Brande. 

Knee-holly;  a  plant,  the  butcher's  broom,  of  the 
genus  Ruscus. 

Sea-holly;  a  plant  of  tlie  genus  Erj-ngium. 

HOL'LY-HOCK,  n.     [i=^^.^.  hulihoc.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Althn?a,  bearing  flowers  of 
various  colors.     Il  is  called,  also,  rose-mallow. 

HOL'LY-RoSE,  n.     A  scentless  plant.  SmarL 

HOLM,  B.    The  evergreen  oak;  ihe  Uei. 

2.  An  islet,  or  river  isle. 

3.  A  low,  rial  tract  of  rich  land  on  the  banks  of  a 
river.  Cyc. 

HOLMTTE,  n.  A  variety  of  carbonate  of  lime;  so 
called  from  Mr.  Hohue,  who  analyzed  il.    [Obsolete.] 

Cleaveland. 
HOL'O-CAUST,  n,     [Gr.  h\n,  whole,  and  Kavurou 
burnt,  from  *(nw,  lo  burn.]  • 

A  burnt  sacrifice  or  ollering,  the  whole  of  which 
was  consumed  by  fire  ;  a  species  of  sacrifice  in  use 
among  Ujo  Jews  and  some  pagan  nations. 

Ray.  .^Encye. 
HOL'O-GRAPH,  n.     [Gr.  6Ais,  whole,  anil  ypa>plirio 
write.] 

A  di-ed  or  testament  written  wholly  by  Ihe  grantor's 
or  testator's  own  hand.  ICncyr. 

HOL-O-GRAPll'ie,  a.    VYritten  wholly  by  the  grantor 

or  testator  himself. 
HOL-O-Hk'ORAL,  o.     [Gr.  oA-jf,  whole,  and  ISpa, 
face.] 

In  mineralogy,  a  term  applied  to  a  crj'ftat  with  all 
the  similar  edges  or  angles  simil;u-|y  replaced. 

Dana. 
HO-LOM'E-TER,  n.    [Gr.  6X«s,  alt,  and  /icrpctj,  to 
measure.] 

An  instnimont  for  taking  all  kinds  of  measures, 
both  on  the  earth  and  iu  the  heavens ;  a  pantomcler. 

IleberL 
IICLP,  HOLP'i:N,  the  antiquated  prct.  and  pp.  of 

llKLf. 

nCL'STER,  n,  [Sax.  hrolstrr,  a  hiding-place  or  re- 
cess ;  Port,  coldre ;  fnnn  holding,  or  concealing,  L. 
celoy  Sax.  helan.] 

A  leathern  case  for  a  pistol,  carried  by  a  horseman 
nt  the  fori;  part  of  his  saddle. 

H6L'STER-£D,  a.  Bearing  holsters;  as,  a  ftoUtcred 
sleed.  Biiron. 

Hf)I/r,  n.  [Sax.  holt,  Ir.  en'dUe,  W.  ccllt,  a  vvooil,  from 
Ihe  rtwl  of  Sax.  helan,  L,  celo,  VV.  eela,  to  hide,  to 
keep  close  ;  a  word  retained  in  names.] 

A  wo<»d  or  wootlland  ;  obiulete,  except  in  poetry. 
Draifton,     Browne, 

nO'LV,  a.  [Sax.  luili^;  G.  and  D.  hciliff }  Sw.  hcUg; 
Dan.  hdlig ;  from  Iho  ro()i  of  heal,  hold,  whole,  ami 
all;  i^ax.hoL  G.  heiU  D.  heel,  Sw.  hrl,  Dan.  heel, 
wholJ.  See  Heal  and  Hold,  and  Class  GI,  No.  31, 
35,  42.  The  sense  is  whole,  entire,  complete,  sotmd, 
unimpaired.] 

1.  Properly,  whtde,  entire,  or  perfect,  in  a  moral 
sense.  Hence,  pure  in  hearty  temper,  or  dispositions  ; 
free  from  sin  and  sinful  ailections.  Applied  to  the 
Supreme  Being,  holy  signifies  perfectly  pure,  immac- 
ulate, and  complete,  in  moral  character;  and  man  is 
in(>re  or  less  hohf,  as  his  heart  is  more  or  less  sancti- 
fied, or  purified  from  evil  dispositions.  \Ve  call  a 
man  holy,  when  his  heart  is  conformed  in  some  de- 
gree tt>  the  imago  of  God,  and  his  life  is  regulat(.>d 
by  the  divine  pn^cepts.  llt-uce,  holy  is  used  as  nearly 
synonymous  with  good,  pious,  godly. 

Be  yc  holy ;  for  I  am  holy.  —  1  Pet.  I. 
?.  Hallowed  ;  conwcratt-d  or  set  apart  to  a  sacred 
use,  or  lo  the  service  or  worship  of  God;  a  sense 


E.  BULL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  V!"CIOU8 — €  as  K;  A  w  J:  «  w  Z ;  Clf  as  SH  }  TH  w  in  THIS, 


tNl7 


HOM 


frequent  in  Scripture  ;  as,  the  holy  Sahbath  ;  holy 
oil;  hoi ^  vessvU ;  a  holy  nation;  tlte  holy  teinplu  ;  a 
holy  priesthood. 

3.  Proceeding  from  pious  principles,  or  directed  to 
pious  purposes  ;  ns,  holv  zenl. 

4.  Perfectly  just  and  good  ;  as,  the  holy  law  of 
Ood. 

5.  Sacred  ;  as,  a  holn  witness.  Rhak. 
Holy  of  holier ;  in  Scnptiirf,  the  innermost  H|rart- 

nient  of  the  Jewish  tahtrnac;e  or  templf ,  wherv  Hie 
«rk  waa  kept,  and  where  no  person  entered,  except 
the  hich  priest  once  a  year. 

Holy  Ohast,  or  Holv  Spirit ;  the  divine  Spirit ;  the 
third  person  in  the  'rriniiy  ;  the  Snnctifier  of  souls 

H.-la  tear;  a  war  underMken  to  n'scue  tlie  Holy 
L'lnJ,  the  ancient  Judea,  from  the  mfidils  ;  a  cru- 
sade ;  an  expedition  carru  d  on  l»y  Thrirfians  asainsi 
the  Samcens,  in  the  eU-venth,  twelfth,  and  thirteenth 
cenuiries  ;  a  war  carricil  on  in  a  most  unttoly  manner. 

Hi^'LY-GROSS  DXV,  n.  The  fourteenth  of  Septem- 
ber, observed  ns  a  festival,  in  memory  of  the  exalta- 
tion of  our  Saviof'a  cross.  Brande, 

HO'LV-CRO-EL,  c    Cruel  from  excess  of  holiness. 

Shak, 

HO'I-V-PJY,  «.  A  relipi«i'is  feDfival :  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  a  festival  of  any  kind,  for  which  IIomdat  is 
the  mure  appropriate  term. 

HO'KV-OP'FICE,  n.     A  name  for  the  Inquisition. 

HO'LV-O.NE,  (wun.)  a.  An  ap|):-l)ation  of  the  Su- 
prvme  Bein»,  by  way  of  emph:i5is. 

2.  An  appellation  »f  Christ,     Is.  xliii. 

3.  One  separated  to  the  ser\'ice  of  God.  Dcat, 
xxxiii. 

HOLY-ROOD,  n.  The  cross  or  crucifix,  particularly 
one  phiced  in  Roman  Catholic  churches,  over  the  en- 
trance of  the  chancel. 

[As  applied  to  the  palace  in  PMinUirgh,  the  word 
is  pronounced  kol'y-rootU     Smart.] 

HO'LY-ROOD  DAY,  «.  A  festival  obsi-rvcd  on  the 
fourteenth  of  September,  in  mcuiorj-.  of  the  exalta- 
tion of  our  Savior*s  cross.  Brawit, 

UO'LY-STONE,  n.  A  stone  used  by  seamen  for 
cleaning  the  decks  of  ship4 ;  so  called  in  dcri^iion,  it 
is  said,  from  the  disl.kc  of  seamen  to  use  it.    ToCten. 

HoXY-SToNE,  r.  L  To  scrub  tlie  d.,-ck  of  a  vessel 
with  a  stone  used  by  scamrn  for  this  purpose. 

HO'LY-THIS-TLE,  (this'l,)  «.     A  idant  of  the  gfr- 
nus  Centaurea. 
The  biffed  thistle,  Ceatnurea  bmedicta.  Cue. 

HO'LY-THl'RS'DA  Y,  n.  The  day  on  which  the  as- 
cension of  our  Savii»r  is  coniiuenionucd,  ten  days  be- 
fore Whitsuntide.  Jaknion, 

H5'LY-4Y  A-TER,  n.  In  the  Orrek  and  Rothah  Catholic 
ckurcheSf  water  which  has  been  consecrated  by  the 
pries;t  tu  !)prinkie  the  faithful,  and  things  used  for 
holv  purposes. 

HC'IA'-WEEK,  m.  The  week  before  Easter,  in  which 
the  passion  of  our  Savior  is  commemonited.  JokoMn. 

HO'LY-VVRiT,  (-rit,)  tu    The  sacred  Scriptures. 

HOM'A^E,  n.  [Pr.  Aontma^  ;  Sp.  komenaffe  ;  iLemag- 
gio;  frttm  L.,  homo,  man.] 

1.  In  feud4il  law,  the  submission,  loyalty,  and  ser- 
vice which  a  tenant  promised  to  his  lord  or  superior, 
When  first  admitted  to  the  land  whicli  he  held  of 
him  in  fee ;  or  rather  the  act  of  the  tenant  in  making 
this  submis^sion,  or  being  invested  with  the  fee.  'J'he 
ceremony  of  doing  Koma^t  was  thus  performed.  The 
tenant,  being  ungirt  and  uncovered,  kneeled  and 
held  up  btith  his  hands  between  those  of  the  lord, 
who  sat  before  him,  and  there  professed  that  "  he  did 
become  his  man,  from  that  day  forth,  of  life,  and  limb, 
and  earthly  bon<H',"  and  then  received  a  kiss  from 
his  lord.  Blackstone, 

2.  Obeittance  j  respect  paid  by  external  action. 
Go,  f  i»,  with  homagt  yon  pnpcKl  nctun  mecL  DrytUn. 

3.  Reverence  directed  to  the  Supreme  Being  ;  rev- 
erential worship :  devout  affection. 

H0.M'AGE,  f.  u  To  pay  respect  to  by  external  action  j 
to  eive  reverence  to ;  to  profess  fealty. 

HOM'AGE-A-BLE,  a.    Subject  to  homage.    Hincrll. 

HOM'A-CER,  a.  One  who  does  hoiuitge,  or  holds 
land  of  another  by  homage.  Bacon. 

HOM'BERG'S  PY-ROPH'O-RUS.  An  inflammable 
composition  whose  essential  ingredient  is  sulphuret 
of  potassium  in  a  sutte  of  minute  division.  Turner. 

noME,  n.  [Sax.  kam;  G.  and  D.  keim;  Sw.  hem: 
Dan.  hiem  ;  Gr.  Koifirj ;  properly,  a  boui^e,  a  clo^e 
place,  or  place  of  rest.  Hence  hamlet.  Ft.  hameau. 
Arm.  hamdL  The  primarj-  sense  is  probably  to  in- 
close, to  cover,  or  to  make  fasL  Uerivalivt-s  in  G. 
D.  Sw.  and  Dan.  signify  secret,  close ;  and  we  say, 
to  bring  homt  argtmients,  that  is,  press  them  close  ; 
to  drive  home  a  nail,  &c.  If  the  ta!dical  sense  is  close, 

it  may  be  from  the  same  root  as  Ar.  t^'+J    kamaiy  to 

cover.  See  CHBMHTRv.and  Class  Gm,  Na  7,  9,  2D, 
23.] 

1.  A  dwelling- house  ;  the  house  or  place  in  which 
one  resides.     He  was  not  at  home. 

r  Then  the  diaciplet  went  ftway  iigaia  to  ihctr  own  home.  —  John 

XX. 

HoTM  '»  thi?  swrrd  refu^  of  our  life  Dryden. 


II OM 

2.  Onf*s  own  countn.".  I»i*t  niVairsat  home  be  welt 
nianagt  d  hy  the  administration. 

3.  The  place  of  constant  residence  ;  the  seat. 

Klaiuln.1,  by  p**my,  nwde  tJie  home  of  wdr.  Prior. 

4.  The  grave  ;  deatli  ;  or  a  future  state. 

Man  gur-th  tu  his  Ion;  AofM.  —  Ecclo».  xii, 

5.  The  present  suite  of  existence. 

WbUst  w  kiT  K(  hcfnc  in  the  UkI/,  we  uv  kbaeiu  rrom  the  Lont. 
—  2  Cur.  X. 

Jit  komt  i  at  one's  own  house,  or  lodgings. 
T»  btat  komt ;  to  be  conversant  with  what  la  fa- 
miliar. 
HOME,  (I.     Pertaining  to  one's  dwelling  or  country  ; 
domestic  ;  as,  home  manufactures. 
3.  Close  ;  severe ;  poigimnt ;  as^  n  home  thrust. 
HOME,  adv..    [This  is  merely  e;liptical,  to  being  omit- 
ted.] 

1.  To  one's  own  habitation  ;  ns  in  the  phrases,  go 
heme.,  cowc  home,  bring  hcwe,  carry  home. 

2.  To  one's  own  countrj*.  Home  is  opjwsed  to 
ofrrooW,  or  in  a  foreign  country.  My  brother  will  re- 
turn home  in  the  first  ship  from  India. 

3.  Close  i  cktsely  ;  to  the  point ;  as,  this  consider- 
ation comes  home  to  our  interest,  that  \»,  it  nearly  af- 
fects iL     Drive  the  nail  komt,  that  is,  drive  it  close. 

To  haul  homf\iie  top-sail  sheets,  in  te<une»^s  Uin- 
guage,  is  to  draw  the  bottom  of  tlie  top-sail  dose  to 
the  yard-arm  by  means  of  the  sheets. 

An  anchor  is  said  to  conio  home,  nhen  it  loosens 
fVom  the  ground  by  the  violence  of  the  wind  or  cur- 
rent, &.r,  ' 
H0A1E'-D0R\,  a.     Native  ;  natural.  Donm. 

2.  Domestic  ;  not  I'oreign.  Pope. 
HOME'-BOL^ND,  a.     See  HoMEWAno-nourfD. 
HOME'-BUED,  a.  Native  i  natunl ;  as,  home-bred  lusts. 

Hammond. 
9:  Domestic ;  originating  at  home ;  not  foreign ; 
as,  Aonf«^^r^  evil.  Sjtenser. 

3.  Plain ;  rude  ;  artless  ^  uncultivated  ;  not  polished 
by  travel. 

Only  lo  tne  two  home-hrtd  youthi  belong.  DrytUn. 

nOME'-BUILT,  (bill,)  a.    Built  in  our  own  country. 

Jefferson, 

HOME'-DRIV'EN,  a.     Driven    home,  as   a  blow  i 
driven  closely. 

HOME'-OWELL'IXG,  a.    Dwelling  at  home. 

HOME'-FELT,  a.    Felt  in  one's  own  brcasti  inward  j 
private;  as,  A«ine-/c/i  joys  or  delight. 

Jtldtoit.     Pope. 

HOME'-KEEP-ING,  a.      Staying  at  home;  not  gad- 
ding. Sliak. 

HOME'IXPS,  a.     Destitute  of  a  home, 

HCME'I.l-ER,  a.  eomp.     More  hom';ly. 

HCME'LI-EST,  a.  suprrL     Most  homely. 

MOME'LI-LY   oJp.     Kiidely  ;  im-lcgantly. 

HOME'LI-NESS,  K.    [from  hoiHcJy.]     Flninnessof  fea- 
tures ;  want  of  beauty.    It  e^jvesses  less  than  Uo- 

U II  ESS. 

3.  Rudeness;  coarseness;  aa,  the  houtdiness  of 
dress,  or  i>f  sentiments.  Adlison. 

HOME-LOT,  71.    An  inclosure  on  or  near  which  tlie 

mansiim-hotise  stands.     {America.] 
HO.ME'LY,  a.     [from  home.]      Originally,  belonging  to 
hunie ;    domestic ;    hence,   of  plain    features ;    not 
handsonie  ;    as,  a   homely  face.      It    expresses   less 
tlian  Ugly. 

Let  time,  which  makes  you  komeb/,  make  you  wise. 
3.  Plain  ;  like  tliat  which  is  made  for  common  do- 
mestic use;  rude;   coarse;  not  fine,  or  elegant;  as, 
a  homely  garment ;  a  homely  house  ;  homely  fare. 


Pope. 

HOME'LY,  orfo.   Plainly;  rudely;  coarsely;  ^a, home- 
ly dressed.     [LittU.  used.] 
HOME'LYN,  n.    A  species  of  fish. 
H6ME'-MAUE,  a.  Made  at  home  ;  being  of  domestic 

manufacture;  made  either  in  private  families,  or  in 

one's  own  countr>'.  Locke. 

HO-ME-O-PATH'IC,  a.    Pertaining  or  belonging  to 

homeopathy. 
HO-ME-O-PATH'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  the  method  of 

lionn.-opatiiv. 
HO-ME-OP'A-TFIIST,  n.     A  believer  in  homeopatliy. 
nO..\lE-OI"A-TIlY,    71.       [Or.    biiatowaOeia  j    bytoiui, 

like,  and  -naOn^,  affection.] 

Tlie  doctrine  or  theory  of  curing  diseases  with 

very  minute  doses  of  medicine,  by  producing  in  the 

patient  afl'iictions  similar  to  those  of  the  disease. 

MaL  and  Sura:  Joum, 
HO'MER,     I  n.     A  Hebrew  measure  containing,  as  a 
CHO'MER, )      liquid  measure,  ten  batAs^  and  as  a  dry 

measure,  ten  eph?.hs.  Oesenius. 

HO-.MER'ie,  tt.     Pertaining  to  Homer,  the  great  poet 

of  Greece,  or  to  bis   poetry  ;   resembling   Homer's 

vers**. 
HO-ME'SICK,  a.    Depressed  in  spirits,  or  grieved  at  a 

separation  from  home. 
HOME'SICK-NESS,  n.     In  medicine,  nostalgia,  grief, 

or  depression  of  spirits,  occasioned  by  a  aeparation 

from  cpno's  home  or  country. 
HOME'-SPkAK-ING,  n.     Forcible    and    efficacious 

speaking.  MiUon. 


IIOM 

HOME'SPUN,  a.  Spun  or  wrought  at  iiome;  of  do- 
mestic manufacture..  Sic\ft, 

2.  Not  made  in  foreign  countries.  Jiddiaon. 

3.  Plain  ;  coarse;  rude  ;  homely  ;  not  elegant ;  as, 
a  homespun  English  proverb  ;  a  homespun  author. 

Ih-yden.     Addiaon. 
HOME'SPUN,  tt.    Cloth  made  at  home;  as,  he  was 
dressed  in  homespun. 
2.  A  coarse, unjKilished,  rustic  person.  Shak. 

HOME'STALL,  >  n.  The  place  of  a  mansion-house  ; 
HOME'S'l'i'.AD,  i     the  inclosure  or  ground  immedi- 
ately conneclrd  with  the  mansion.  Uryden 

2.  Native  seat;  original  station,  or  place  of  resi- 
dence. 

We  cnn  trace  Ibem  buck  to  a  homeiUad  on  Uic  Riven  Vulfa  luid 

Ural.  tSioke, 

[In  the  United  States,  Homestead  is  the  word  used.] 
HOME'WARD,  adv.     [Sax.Aamand  wcard.] 

Toward  home  ;  toward  one's  habitation,  or  toward 
one's  native  country.  Sidney.     Milton, 

HOME'WAKD-BOUND,  a.  Bound  or  directing  the 
course  homeward,  or  to  one's  native  land  ;  as,  the 
homeward-bound  fleet.  We  spoke  a  brig  homctoard- 
bound.  ^ 

HOM'I-CI-DAL,  fl.    [from  homk,ide.]     Pertaining  to 

homicide  ;  murderous  ;  bloody. 
HOM'I-CIDE,  n.  [Fr.,  froni  L,  homicidium;  tomo,  man, 
and  ca-do,  to  strike,  to  kill.] 

1.  The  killing  of  one  man  or  human  beiijg  by  an- 
other. Homicide  is  of  three  kinds — justifiable,  ex- 
cusable, and  felonious ;  justijiable,  when  it  proceeds 
from  unavoidable  necessity,  without  an  intention  to 
kill,  and  without  negligence  ;  excjt9able,\\\wi\  it  hap- 
pens from  misadventure,  or  in  self-defense  ffvlouimis^ 
when  it  proceeds  from  malice,  or  is  done  in  the  pros- 
ecution of  some  unlawful  act,  or  in  a  sudden  pas- 
sion. Homicide  committed  with  premeditated  mal- 
ice, is  murder.  Suic'de,  also,  or  self-murder,  is 
felonious  homicide.  Homicide  comprelieiids  murder 
and  manslaughter.  BUukstone. 

2.  A  person  who  kills  another  ;  a  manslayer. 

Dniden. 
HOM-I-LET'I€,         j  a.  [Gr.  hpii\r\TtKOi,  from  ^ptUui. 
HOM  I-LET'IC-AL,  \      to  converse  in  company  } 

1.  Pertaining  to  familiar  intercourse;  social;  con- 
versable ;  companionable,     [/dare.]  Altcrbury. 

2.  Pertaining  to  homiletics. 
HOM-I-LET'ieS.  B.     The  science  which  teaches  the 

))rinciples  of  auapting  tlie  discourses  of  the  pulpit 
to  the  spiritual  benefit  of  the  hearers.  It  is  a  part  of 
practical  theology.  K.  T.  FUch. 

HOM'1-LIST,  n.  One  that  preaches  to  a  congregation, 

Beaum.  4"  Ft. 

H0M1-I.Y,  n.  [Ft.  hometie;  Sp.  homilia;  It.  omdia; 
Gr.  bmXtii,  from  bfuXcto,  to  converse  in  company, 
bpt'^ui,  a  company  or  assembly.] 

A  discourse  or  sermon  read  or  pronounced  to  an 
audience. 

The  Book  of  Homilies,  in  the  English  church,  is  a  col- 
lection of  plain  sermons,  which  was  prepared  at  the 
time  of  the  Rt^formation,  to  be  preached  by  those  of 
the  inferior  clergy  who  were  not  qualified  to  compose 
disctjurses  themselves. 

HOM'I-NY,  n.  [Indian.]  In  America,  maize  hulled 
and  broken,  but  coarse,  prepared  for  food  by  being 
mixed  with  water  and  boiled,  Adair, 

HOM'MOCK,  71.  [I  suppose  this  to  be  an  Indian 
word.] 

A  iiillork,  or  small  eminence  of  a  conical  form, 
sometimes  covered  with  trees.      Bartram.    Eneyc 

n0M-O-CE\'TRie,  a.     [Gr.  bjiog  and  *£»/rpoc.] 
Having  the  same  center. 

HO-MOG'A-MOUS,  o.  [Gr.  bfios,  the  same,  and  ya- 
{ius,  marriage.] 

In  botany,  having  the  same  essential  parts  of  fruc- 
tification. 

HO-MO-Ge'NE-AL,     \a.     \Ft.  homo  gene ',  Gr.  hpoyt- 

HO-MO-Gk'NE-OUS,  j  fni  ;  bp.oi,  the  same,  and 
yiv^i,  kind.] 

Of  the  same  kind  or  nature  ;  consisting  of  similar 
parts,  or  of  elements  of  the  like  nature.  Thus  wo 
say,  homogeneoKs  particles,  elements,  or  principles ; 
homogeneous  bodies. 

HO-M0-Gr:'NE-AI#-NES3,  \  words  not  to  be  eneour- 

HO-MO-GE-Nk'I-TY  ;  \      aged,  equivalent  to 

HO-MO-GE'NE-OUS-NESS,  n.  Sameness  of  kind  or 
nature. 

HOM'O-GE-NY,  n.  Joint  nature.  Bacon. 

HOM-OI-OP'TO-TON,  n,  \i',t.  bftoioij  like,  and  tttco- 
Toi,  falling.] 

A  figure  in  rhetoric,  in  which  the  several  parts  of 
a  sentence  end  with  the  same  case,  or  a  tense  of  like 
sound. 

HO-MOI-OU'SI-AN,  n,  or  a.  [Gr.  hpotovirioi  ;  bpotof, 
similar,  and  outki,  being.] 

In  church  history,  a  term  applied,  in  the  fourth  cen- 
turj,to  those  Arians,  whii  held  that  the  Son  was  like 
the  Father  in  esspnce,  but  not  the  same.       Brande. 

HO-MOL'O-GATE,  v,  U  [It.  omologare  ;  Fr.  honiolo- 
gucr ;  Gr.  o^"Ai'>(c<j ;  bpi'ij  the  same,  and  Af^  to,  to 
speak.] 

To  approve  ;  to  allow.        Wheaton'^a  Rep.  vol.  iv. 

HO-MO-LOG'IC-AU  a.  Pertaining  to  homology;  hav- 
ing a  structural  alhnity.  Dana* 


Fate,  far,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE.  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  EQQK.— 


558 


HON 

llO-ilOL'O-GOUS,  a.  [Gr.  buos,  the  same,  and  Xw- 
>-■■(,  proportion.] 

Having  Ibe  same  ratio  or  proportion.  In  jr^eomrtry. 
It  13  applied  to  those  sxdva  of  similar  figiiroij  which, 
being  opj»osite  to  etjua]  and  corresponding  angl-w,  are 
proponional  to  each  other.  Bmndc. 

The  funnologous  terms  of  a  proportion  are  eiiher 
the  two  antecedents  or  the  two  ctmseqiient*.  J,  Day. 
nO-M0L'O-<5V,  JL  In  pbt/sicul  science,  affinity  dei^nu- 
ing  on  structure,  and  not  merely  on  similarity  of  form 
or  !ise.  Dana. 

IIOM'O-.W,  n.     Pec  HoMiXT. 
IIOM'0-NVM,  B.     [Gr.  hn  s  and  'tpo/zq.] 

A  term  applied  to  wcmts  which  are  the  same  in 
sound,  but  dilfcr  in  &ignLtii.-ation  j  as  the  noun  bear 
anil  the  verb  to  bear.  Brande. 

IIO-MO\' V-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  hniavvfioi ;  6/ios,  the  same, 
and  .ivnntj  name.] 

EquivLtcal ;  ambtfruous ;  that  has  different  sienifi- 

catiiins,  or  may  be  applied  to  different  ihinjis.   Watts. 

II(J-MoN'Y-MOL'jS-L\',  ado.  In  an  equivocal  manner. 

HarrU, 
HO-MO.N'Y-MY,  n.     [Gr.  h^wvvfiin.    See  supra.] 
Ambicutty ;     equivocation.      Sameness     between 
word^  which  differ  m  fiignltication  j  ambiguity. 

JlhfitPJl. 

irO-MO-OU'3I-A.V,  «.  or  fl.  [Gr.  bn'ovatos ;  6;/of,the 
sHiiie,  and  uktui,  beiii^.] 

In  chnrch  kistariff  a  term  applied,  in  the  fourth  cen- 
tury, lit  [iiose  who  maiiitainL-d  that  the  Sim  had  the 
uriMif  essence  with  the  Father  i  op|iu.-H:d  to  Humoiou- 
81  AS.  Brande. 

HOM'O  PHONE,  n.     [Fr.,  frnm  Gr.  d//o<  and  ./.r  u  >:,] 
A  letter  or  character  expressing  a  like  sound  wtth 
another.  Oliddnti. 

IlU-.MOril'O-XOUS,  o-  [Gr.  o^-;,  the  sime,  and 
ip<i>fi],  tone.] 

Reing  of  the  same  pitch;  in  unison;  expressing 
the  same  siHLnd  or  lelltT. 
IIO-MOI'H'O-NY,  It.    [Gr.  o>ios,  the  same,  and  ipuvn, 
suuniL] 

Hameness  of  sound.    Among  the  Greeks,  n  kind  of 
nniijic  p'jrformed  iu  unison,  in  opi>osition  to  Antiph- 
oMr. 
HO-.M0T'0-N0U8,  o.  [Gr.  &/j»j,  the  same,  and  rJKwf , 
tone.] 

Equable ;  of  the  same  tenor ;  applied  to  diseaje^ 
whicJt  iuice  a  uniform  tenor  qfrLte^  atale^  or  declension. 

(^iiincjf. 
IIO-MOT'RO-PAL,  a.    [Gr.  i/ioj ,  the  same,  and  rp^jr-j, 
a  turning.] 

In  butanijj  a  term  used  in  dMrribJng  the  direction 
of  bodies,  to  deni>te  any  (Uie  having  the  same  direc- 
tion as  the  body  tu  which  it  belon^'s,  but  not  being 
«fraiglil.  Brande. 

HONE,  n.  [Sw.  km,  A  hone;  9nx.  harmn^  to  stone. 
The  word  is  fuund  in  tiie  Greek  aK-n-n:  and  in  two 
dialL-cts  of  the  Biirnmn  empire,  Ai'i,Aer/i,  signifies  a 
sUfiie.    .^ifuU.  RcteurduSy  5,  '2^     VVe  fmd  ttie  word 

also  in  the  Syriac  LLOJ  okanoj  a  hone,  coticula,  La- 
pin  Lydius.     Ca.il.  Jfrpt.  213.] 
A  rifone  of  a  fine  grit,  uwd  for  sharpening  In^tni- 

menttf  that  rt^iuire  a  fine  edge,  and  particularly  fur 

setting  razors. 
[V\'e  never,  [  believe,  call  a  hone  a  lehrtft/me.    The 

lalt<?T  is  a  stone  of  coarse  grit.     Pee  the  word.] 
HONK,  V.  t    To  rub  and  nhaqicn  on  a  hone  ;  as,  to 

koHf!  a  raM>r. 
HONE,  «.  i.     [Cln.  W.  kawn,  eager.] 

'I'o  pine  ;  tti  long.     [Oba.] 
ll^^'Fli,  pp.    Shar|>ened  on  a  hone. 
HONE'WOKT,  n.    An  umbelliferous  plant  of  the  ge- 

nuM  Si<Min. 
HON'EST,  (on'esl,)  o.     [Fr.  HonnHe,  for  honeste;  Sp. 

and  I'ori.  honato  ;  It.  onatto  ;  from  L.  Jumeslus,  from 

honos,  Aoniir.] 

1.  I'prighii  just ;  fair  in  dealing  with  othf^rs  ;  free 
f^om  trickishness  and  fraud  ;  acting  and  having  the 
dispoMitinn  to  act  at  all  times  arcording  to  justice  or 
correct  moral  principles  ;  ajrpUed  to  persons. 

An  h'/ri**t  niiin'«  thf  niit>U-at  work  of  fiod.  Pope. 

Ad  hotittt  L'hfaicijii  1«4V>^  Iii«  jnii'-ut,  wtiiMi  be  cnn  Cinirtbute 
nu  (uUi't  to  hia  li^alth.  Ttrnplt, 

2.  Fair ;  just ;  equitable  ;  free  from  fraud  ;  as,  an 
honest  trin^action  ;  an  honest  transfer  of  property. 

3  Frarik  ;  sincere;  unreserved  ;  according  to  truth  ; 
M,  an  hunegt  confession. 

4.  .Sincere  ;  pnx:ceding  from  pure  or  just  princi- 
ples, or  directed  to  a  good  olyrtt ;  as,  an  honest  inqui- 
ry after  truth  ;  an  homvt  endeavor ;  honest  views  or 

5.  Fair;  gmid  ;  unlmpeached.  [motives. 

Bedi  anvf)  men  of  honetl  report.  —  AcU  vi. 

6.  Decent ;  twaorable,  or  suitable. 

t-rovilv  Uiiajp  lionft  In  tbe  il^t oTatlnien.  — Rom.  xU. 

7.  Cha-fte;  faithful. 

Wire*  inajr  be  tnvrrj,  unci  y«  honett  too.  ShaJc. 

With  reference  to  this  last  sense,  a  man  who  mar- 
ries his  foncubine  is  still  said  to  make  nn  hnncH 
Mrftman  of  her.  Smart. 

HON'KST,  (oo'esl,)  v.  t  To  adorn  ;  to  grace.  [A-yf 
lued.]  Sandxjt.      \ 


HON 

IIO\-ES-TA'T10N,ft.  Adornment;  t^race.  JA^«  used.] 

IION'EST-LY,  (on'est-ly,)  ade.  Uprightly  ,  justly  ; 
with  integrity  and  liiirness;  as,  a  contract  AcHMtfy. 
made. 

2.  With  frank  sincerity  j  without  fraud  ordisgiiise  ; 
according  to  truth  i  as,  to  confess  honestly  one's  real 
design. 

3.  By  tipright  means  ;  with  upright  conduct ;  as,  to 
live  hotiestiy. 

4.  Chastely;  with  conjugal  loyally  and  fidelity'. 
HON'ES-TY,  (on'es-ty,)  it.     [Fr.  honHCtcic  i  Ij.  hvacs' 

tas.] 

1.  In  principle,  an  uphirht  disposition  ;  moral  recti- 
tude of  heart;  a  disposition  to  conform  to  justice  aTid 
correct  moral  principles,  in  all  social  tr.insactions. 
Infacty  upright  conduct ;  an  actual  conformity  to  Jus- 
tice and  inond  rectitude. 

Honesty  is  chiedy  applicable  to  social  transactions, 
or  mutual  dealings  in  the  exchange  of  properly. 

2.  Fairness :  candor ;  truth ;  a:^,  the  honesty  of  a 
narrative.        '  IVardlaio. 

3.  Frank  sincerity.  Shak. 

4.  A  flowering  he.rb  of  the  genus  I.unaria. 
HON'EY,  (hun'y,)  «•     [3ax.  hunig  ,■  G.  honig  ;   D.  ho- 

nig,  honing;  Sw.  hantng  ;  Dun.  honning.] 

1.  A  sweet  juice  collected  by  bees  from  the  flowers 
of  plants,  and  deposited  in  cells  of  the  comb  in  hives. 
Honey,  when  pure,  is  of  a  moderate  consistence,  of  a 
whitish  color,  tinged  with  yellow,  sweet  lo  the  taste, 
of  an  agreeable  smell,  soluble  in  water,  and  becom- 
ing vinous  by  fermentation.  In  medicine,  it  is  useful 
as  a  detergent  and  aperient,  it  consists  chiefly  of 
sugar,  mucUage,  and  an  acid.  Encye.     Ure. 

U.  i^weetness;  lusciousness. 

Th-  king  hnlh  fonml, 
The  /luriey  uTbu  Uu^ua^,  STiaJc. 

3.  A  word  of  tenderness ;  swct^tness ;  sweet  one. 

Drydea. 
This  word  is  sometimes  used  adjectively  ;  as,  the 
music  of  his  honetj  vows. 
HON'KY,  V.  i.     To  Lilk  fondly.    [Litde  used.]     Sliak. 
HON'EY,  V.  e.    To  sweeten. 
HON'EY-n.VG,  n.    The  receptacle  for  honey  in  n  hon- 

cv-bee.  Orete. 

HON'EY-eOMR,  (hun'y-k5me,)  n.  A  substance  of  a 
firm,  close  texture,  formed  l>y  bees  into  hexagonal 
cells  fur  reptjsitories  of  honey,  and  for  the  eggs  which 
produce  their  yo'ing. 

2.  A  casting  of  iron  or  other  metal  which  has  cells 
like  a  honevcoiuh. 

HON'EY-eOMB-A:D,  (kOmd,)  a.  Having  little  flaws 
or  cells.  fViseman. 

HON'EY-DEW,  (du,)  ».  A  sweet,  sacciiarine  sub- 
stance, found  on  the  leaves  of  trees  and  other  plants 
in  small  drop?,  like  dew.  Two  substances  have  been 
called  by  this  name :  one  secrett^-d  from  the  plants, 
and  the  other  deptisited  hy  a  small  insect,  called  the 
aplus^  or  vine-frelter.  Ueea  and  ants  are  said  to  be 
fund  of  honey-ilew.  Enryc. 

HuN'EY-/nj,  (hun'nid,)  a.  Covered  with  honey.  Mdton. 
2.  Sweet ;  as,  honeyed  wonls.  Mdtvn.     Shak. 

HON'EY-FLOW-ER,  n.  An  evergreen  shrub,  of  the 
genus  Muli.anthu8,  a  native  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Ihtpv.  Loudon. 

HON'EY-GNAT,  (-nat,)  n.     An  in-^ect.    ./titutworth. 

HON'EY-OUTDE,  n.  A  sjK'cies  of  Cuckoo,  of  the  ge- 
nus Indicator,  found  in  Africa,  which,  by  us  motions 
and  cries,  conducts  |>ersons  to  hivcs  of  wild  honey. 

P.  Cyc. 

HON'EY-HXR-VEST,  n.  Honcv  collected.   Dnidrn. 

HON'EY-LESS,  a.     Destitute  of  honey.  Shak. 

UON'EV-LO  CIJ.ST,  n.  A  North-Aniertcan  tree,  the 
OleUiLicliM  triaainthiut,  armed  with  thorns,  and  having 
Wood  resembling  that  of  the  locust.  It  has  some- 
times, (hough  ernmeously,  been  culled  the  tJiree- 
thornfd  arncia.  Enciic.  .^in. 

HOX'EY-MOON,     I  n.    The  first  month  after  mar- 

HON'EY-MONTH,  j     riage.  .^ddijion. 

H0N'EY-MOUTH-£D,  a.    Soft  or  smooth  in  siwech. 

S/iak. 

HON'EY-STALK,  (hun'y-stawk,)  n.    Clover-flower. 

HON'EY-8TONE.     See  Mkllite.  [Mason. 

HON'EY-.SIJCK  I,E,  n.  The  jHipular  name  of  some 
species  of  a  genus  of  plants,  the  Lonicera  or  Capri- 
folium,  one  of  which  is  called  wondbiue.  They  are 
celebrated  for  the  beauty  and  fragrance  of  their  flow- 
ers. 

HON'EY-.'»UCK'L£D,  (-suk'ld,)  a.  Covered  witb 
honeysuckles. 

HON'EY-SWEET,  p.     Sweet  as  honey.       Chaucer. 

H0N'EY-TONGU-£D,  (tungd,)  a.  Using  soft  speech. 

Shak. 

HON'EY-WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Cerinthe, 
whose  flowers  are  very  attractive  to  hi^es.    Loudon. 

HONG,  n.  The  Chinese  name  of  large  factories  at 
Canton,  where  each  nation  has  a  separate  hong. 
Hence,  a  honff  merchant  is  a  Chinese  who  is  author- 
izpil  to  trade  with  these  hong«i.  Buchtman. 

nO'Jsri  SUIT  q,Ui  MJH.  Y  PEJ^SE,  [Fr.]  Bhame 
bf  tn  htm  that  evil  thinks. 

HON'I  f;n,  (hun'nid,)     [PL]     See  Honeted. 


HON 

HON'OR,  (on'ur,)  it      JL.  honor,  honos;  Fr-  h^nnear : 
tfp.   Jwnur ;    Port,  hoitri :    U.   onore :    Arm.    enor :    It 
oiiifir.] 
1.  The  esteem  due  or  paid  to  wortli »  high  etitima 


9.  A  testimony  of  esteem  ;  any  expression  of  re- 
spect or  of  iiigh  estimation  by  words  or  actions;  as, 
the  honors  of  war  ;  mditary  honors  ;  funeral  Itonors; 
civil  honfTs. 

3.  Dignity;  exalted  rank  or  place ;  distinction. 

]  have  ^vpn  th<?''  riches  anil  hortor.  —  I  Kitigi  lii. 
Thtiii  itrt  cIoth>-d  u'iDi  honor  aitU  malesljr.  — Pv.  civ. 
Iq  iluing'  a  gotxl  ittiu^,  liierc  U  boib  honor  ami  ptessure. 

fraixklin. 

4.  Reverence;  veneration;  or  any  act  by  which 
reverence  and  submission  are  expressed,  as  worship 
paid  to  the  Supreme  Being. 

5.  Ueputation  ;  good  name  ;  as,  his  honor  is  unsul- 
lied. 

G.  True  nobleness  of  mind;  magnanimity;  digni- 
fied respect  for  character,  springing  from  probity, 
princijile,  or  moral  rectitude  ;  a  distinguishing  trait  in 
Vie  character  of  good  men. 

7.  An  assumed  appearance  of  nobleness  ;  scorn  of 
meanness,  springing  from  the  fear  of  reproach,  with- 
out regard  to  principle  ;  as,  shall  1  violate  my  trust? 
Forbid  it,  honor. 

8.  Any  particular  virtue  much  valued,  as  braverj 
in  men,  and  chastity  in  females.  Shak. 

9.  Dignity  of  mten  j  noble  appearance. 

Godlike  frrct,  wUh  native  honor  clad.  Milton. 

10.  That  which  honors;  he  or  that  which  confers 
dignity  ;  as,  tlic  chancellor  is  an  honor  to  his  profes- 
sion. 

11.  Privileges  of  rank  or  birth  ;  in  tke  plural. 

Reaiorc  itie  to  in;  honor$.  Shak. 

Vi.  Civilities  paid. 

Thpii  hi-tv  K  8t;»vp,  or,  If  yow  will,  t  lord. 

To  ilo  ihe  honor  t,  ami  to  give  tbe  wanl.  Pope. 

13.  That  which  adnrns ;  ornament ;  decoration. 

The  lire  Ihcn  shook  tlie  honora  of  hJd  lieail.  Dryden. 

14.  A  noble  kind  of  seignory  or  lordship,  held  of 
tJie  king  i«  capite.  Encyc. 

Honors;  in  games,  the  four  highest  cards,  the  ace, 
king,  queen,  and  jack. 

Honors  of  war ;  distinctions  granted  to  a  vanquished 
enemy,  as  of  marching  out  from  a  camp  or  intrench- 
nients  with  all  the  insignia  of  military  etiquette. 
Also,  the  compliments  [wid  to  great  personages  when 
they  ap|>ear  b-fnre  an  armed  body  of  men  ;  likewise, 
such  as  are  paid  lo  the  remains  of  a  deceased  oflicer. 
Encye.  Am. 

On  or  upon  my  honor ;  words  accompanying  a  dec- 
laration which  pledge  one's  honor  or  reputation  for 
the  truth  of  iL  The  members  of  tlie  house  of  lords, 
in  Grirut  Britain,  are  not  under  oath,  but  give  their 
opinions  on  their  honor. 

Laws  of  honor,  among  persons  of  fashion,  signify 
certain  roles  by  which  their  social  intercourse  is  reg- 
ulated, and  which  are  founded  on  a  regard  lo  repu- 
t'ltion  These  laws  require  a  punctilious  attention 
to  decorum  in  external  defHirtment,  but  admit  of  tlie 
foulest  violations  of  moral  duty.  Paley. 

Court  of  honor ;  a  court  of  ciiivalry  ;  a  court  of  civil 
and  criminal  jurisdiction,  having  power  to  redress 
injuries  of  honor,  and  to  hold  pleas  resjiecting  mat- 
ters of  arms  and  deeds  of  war.  Encyc. 
HON'OR,  (on'ur,)  r.  i.  [\j.honoro;  Fr.  hvnorer;  Sp. 
hanrar ;  It.  onorare.] 

1.  To  revere ;  to  respect;  to  treat  with  deference 
and  submission,  and  perform  relative  duties  to. 

Honor  lliy  father  ami  ihy  motlicr.  —  Kx.  nx. 

2.  To  reverence ;  to  manifest  the  highest  venera- 
tion for,  in  Words  and  actii>iis  ;  to  entertain  the  most 
exalted  thoughts  of;  to  worship  ;  to  adoro. 

Tlint  all  n>eri  alitnild  honor  tlie  S<in,  even  u  (bey  honor  the 
FniJier.— John  ». 

3.  To  dignify  ;  lt>  raise  to  distinction  or  notice;  to 
elevate  in  rank  or  station  ;  to  exalt.  Men  arc  some- 
times honored  with  titles  and  olfices  which  they  do 
not  merit. 


4.  To  glorify  ;  lo  render  illustrious. 

1  will  be  honored  upon  Pbamoh,  oinl  upon  all  bu  tioat. —  Ex. 

kiv. 

5.  To  treat  with  due  rivility.  and  respect  in  the  or- 
dinary intercourse  of  life.  The  trtxipa  honored  the 
governor  with  a  salute. 

G.  In  commerce.,  to  accept  and  p:ty  when  due  ;  as,  to 
honor  a  hill  of  exchange. 
HON'OR-A'BLE,  a.     [L.  honorabilis  ;  Fr.  honorable.] 
1.  Holding  a  distinguished  rank  in  society  ;  illus- 
trious or  noblt!. 

Sbecli'-in  wna  more  honorabU  thaa  all  the  bouae  of  hk  fithnr. — 

G<-ii.  nTxiv. 
Mftiiv  of  Lbc'tn  bfili'-vcd ;  iilio  of  honorabU  women  who  were 
Grci'ki  —  iiol  n  It-w.  —  Acta  zviJ. 

S,  Possessing  a  high  mind  ;  actuated  hy  principles 


TONE,  B(;LI^  QNITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.-€  a.  K;  0  as  Jj  a  as  Zj  CH  aa  SHj  TH  as  la  THIS. 


HOO 

of  honor,  or  a  scrupulous  regard  to  probity,  reoitude, 
or  repiitution.     lie  id  an  honorable  man. 

3.  (.'untVrring  hunur,  or  procured  by  noble  deeds  ; 
as,  honarabU  wounds.  Drydm. 

4.  Consistent  witb  honor  or  reputation.  It  is  not 
hoaor(U)U  to  oppress  the  weak,  or  to  ia^ult  the  iiiin- 
quislied. 

5.  Respected  i  worthy  of  raepect ;  regTirded  with 
esteem. 

Manlttfe  ii  AonomM  in  all.  —  Ueb.  xul. 

6.  Perfonned  or  accompanied  with  ninrlis  of  hon- 
or, or  with  testimonies  of  esteem  ;  as,  on  kvtiorable 
buri:i), 

7.  Proceeding  from  an  upright  and  laudable  cause, 
or  directed  to  a  just  and  proper  end  ;  not  base  ;  not 
reproachful ;  as,  an  kon«rnble  motive.  T^'othing  can 
be  hononMe  which  is  Immoral. 

8.  Not  to  be  di^raced. 
Lei  ber  (kaoend  ;  nj  duafaen  m  XomnU*.  Shak. 

9.  Honest;  without  hypocrisy  or  deceit;  fair.  His 
intentions  appear  to  be  AiwMwMa. 

10.  An  epithet  of  reepeci  or  distinction ;  as,  the 
h^narabte  senate  ;  tike  knMvhU  gentleman. 

1 1.  Becoming  men  of  rank  and  character,  or  suited 
to  sappoit  oiea  in  a  station  of  dignity ;  as,  an  htmor- 
«W«  salary.  Onutitution  tf  Mtum^^Mtu. 

HO.\'OR-A-BLE-N*ES3,    (i.n'ui^»-bl-ne*w,)    a.      The 

state  of  being  liunorable  ;  eminence;  distinction. 
S.  Conformity  to  the  princi|ilt^  of  honor,  probity, 

or  moral  rectitude  ;  foimeas  ;  fplUd  to  dupoaUivm  or 

to  e^mdtuL 
HON'OR-A-BLT,  aWo.    With  tokens  of  honor  or  re- 

qiecL    Tbe  man  was  honcrabty  rt;ceived  at  court. 

2.  UagnaninuMialy ;  generously  ;  with  u  n"ble  spirit 
or  purpose.  Tbe  prince  koiuntiblw  inier^Hjsed  to  pre- 
vent a  rupture  between  the  natiutis. 

3.  Reputably  ;  without  reproactu 

Why  (Qd  1  aot  moic  konanhb/  aurrc  f  DryUn. 

HOR-OR-A'RI-UM,  i  a,     A  term  applied,  in  Europe^  to 
HON'OR-A-RY,        \      the  ricompense  o^cred  to  pro- 
feasors  in  universities,  and  to  medical  or  other  pro- 
fessional geuUemen  for  their  services.     It  is  nearly 
equiN-oIrnt  to  Fee,  with  the  additional  idua  of  being 

§ven  homaria  coajo,  as  a  ttJien  of  respect.   Brandt, 
N'OR-A-RT,  a.     Conferring  honor,  or  intended 
merdy  to  confer  bonor ;  as,  an  koitorarg  degree ;  an 
kvmarmrii  crown. 

S:  PUaeasing  a  title  or  place  without  performing 
Mrvioea  or  raceivtng  a  reward ;  as,  an  honorary  mem- 
ber of  aaociety. 

HON'OR-£D,  (un'urd,)  pp.  or  a.  Respected ;  revered  ; 
reverenced;  elevated  to  rank  or  olfico;  dignilied; 
exalted  ;  glorified  ;  accepted  and  paid,  as  a  bill  of 
Mclian-r. 

HOX'OR-KR,  a.    One  tliat  honors  ;  one  that  reveres, 
reverences,  or  regards  h  ith  respect. 
2.  One  who  exalts,  or  who  confers  honors. 

HON'OR-ING,  a.    Tlie  act  of  giving  honor. 

IIOX'OR-I\G,  ;7>r,  Rtn|>eriin2  highly  ;  reverencing; 
exalting;  dignifying;  conferring  marlts  of  e»-t«em; 
accepting  and  paying,  ns  a  bill. 

HON'OR-LESS,  (on'ur-Iess,)  a.  Destitute  of  honor; 
not  honored.  H'arburtan. 

nOQD,  in  composition^  [Sax.  AaJ,  hade,  G.  heU^  D.  Arid, 
Sw.  het,  Dan.  *«/,  as  m  manliood,  ehUdhood,]  denotes 
■tate  or  fixedness,  hence  quality  ot  characU'r,  from 
■ome  root  5iignifying  to  set,  Sax.  'hadi4in,  to  ordain.  It 
Is  equivalent  to  the  termination  ncss  in  English,  and 
las  in  Latin ;  as  goodntss^  G.  gutheit ;  brotherhood^  I- 
froternUas, 

UOQD,  a.  rSajL  hod;  W.  hod.  Ou.  from  the  root  of 
kut  or  Aide.] 

1.  A  covering  for  the  head,  used  by  females,  and 
deeper  than  a  bunneL 

2.  A  covering  for  the  head  and  shoulders,  used  by 
monks;  a  cowl. 

3.  A  covering  for  a  bawk*8  bead  or  eyes,  used  in 
folconry. 

4.  Any  thing  to  be  dran-n  over  the  head  to  cover  it. 

5.  An  ornamental  fold  that  hangs  down  the  back 
of  a  graduate  to  mark  his  degree  Johnson, 

6.  A  low,  wooden  pttrch  over  the  ladder  which 
leads  to  the  steerage  of  a  ship  ;  the  upper  part  of  a 
nlley-chimney  ;  the  cover  of  a  pump.    Mar.  DieL 

HQQD,  r.  L  To  dress  in  a  hood  or  cowl ;  to  put  on  a 
Dood. 


HOC 


The  fmr  hoodtdf  and  Uw  munarcfa  crovoed.  Pope, 

2.  To  cover ;  to  Wind. 

I'D  hood  my  evea.  Shak. 

3.  To  cover. 

Aod  hoed  the  Sames.  DryiUn. 

^9SP'^^'PP-  °^  °*    Covered  with  a  hood;  blinded. 
uAA^'"**^'  ^^^'    *^o^*^ring  with  a  hood. 
gVQ^'l-ESS,  a.    Having  uo  hood. 

^P^^*^-'^'"^^^^'^'  *-  -^  Pl^y  '"  "-hich  a  person 
blinded  is  to  catch  another,  and  tcD  his  name ;  blind 
mnn*B-hufr.  \^^^ 

HQQD'WINK,  V.  L     {hood  and  irmJLl     To  blind  by 
covering  the  eyes.  ^  ' 

^*  *^'  '"Und  aiul  koodaink  hhn.  Shak. 


Q.  To  cover ;  to  hide. 

Por  ih*  priin  I'll  bnny  tliee  la, 
8b:til  hooduAttk  UJa  iiUMtinnoe.  Skak. 

a  To  deceive  by  external  appcarancea  or  disguise  ; 
to  impofte  tui.  Sidney. 

HQOU'WIXK  KD,  (-winkt,)  pp.    Blinded  ;  deceived. 

noOl>'\VL\K-I\G,  ppr.  Blinding  the  eyes ;  cover- 
ing; hiding;  deceiving. 

HOOF,  R.  rsax.  htff;  G.  huf;  D.  horf:  Dnn.  hov  :  Sw. 
Ay/>  a  hoof,  and  a  measure.     Class  (Jh,  No.  31.] 

1.  The  horny  subHtance  that  covers  or  teninnates 
the  feet  of  certain  animals,  as  horses,  oxen,  8he;p, 
gont^,  deer,  ic. 

2.  An  animal ;  a  bca^t. 

Ik  tudnot  ftHDgle  haqfKtl^y  kin.1  (o  •laiiglncr.   H'a-Awi^tori. 

HOOF,  r.  u    To  walk  as  catUe.     [ Little  «*«/.] 

tViUiain  SeotL 

HOOF'-BOUND,  a.  A  horse  is  said  to  be  hovf-bvund 
when  he  has  a  pain  in  the  fore  feet,  occasioned  by 
the  dr>-ness  and  contniriion  of  the  horn  of  the  quar- 
ters, which  straitens  tlie  quarltrs  of  the  heels,  and 
often  makes  him  tame.  i^ar,  DicL 

HOOF'iJD,  (hooft,)  a.    Furnished  with  hoofs. 

Or&U  ibe  hoqfed  qua'lnipedj  the  bone  li  Ute  most  benutif'il. 

HOOF'I<ESS,  a.     Destitute  of  hoofs. 
HOOF'-TREAI),  h.     ThL-  tread  of  a  hoof;  a  track. 
HOQK,  «.     [Sax.  hoc;  D.  haak  ;  G.  haken ;  Sw.  bake; 

iMn.  hage  :  VV.  hwg ;  Ikb.  nan  ;  Ch.  on.     Class  Cg. 

No.  ':^,  23,  24.1  * 

1.  A  niece  of  iron,  or  other  metal,  bent  into  a  Curve 

for  catching,  holding,  and  sustaining  any  thing  ;  as, 

a  hook  for  cairhing  lish ;  a  lentei-hook ;  a  chimney- 

houk  :  a  \Mi-kook^  &.C. 

a.  A  snare  ;  a  trap.  SAoJt. 

3.  [VV.  A«>c,  a  scythe.]  A  curving  instrument  for 
cutting  grasd  or  grain ;  a  sickle ;  an  instrument  for 
CUUing  or  lopping.  Mortimer.     Pope, 

4.  That  p:irt  of  a  hinge  which  is  fixed  or  inserted 
in  a  i»o^t ;  whence  the  phrase,  to  be  off"  the  houks,  to 
be  unhinged,  to  he  disturbed  or  disordered.     Sicift. 

5.  A  forked  timber  in  a  ship,  placed  on  the  keel. 

6.  A  catch  ;  an  advantage.     [Fulmar.] 

7.  In  husbandry,  a  lield  sown  two  years  running. 
[/."eo/.]  .'iimncorth. 

By  hook  nnd  by  crook;  one  way  or  other ;  by  any 
means,  direct  or  indirect.  Ihydni. 

HOQK,  r.  (.    To  catch  with  a  h<xik  ;  as,  to  hook  a  fish. 

2.  To  seize  and  draw,  as  with  a  hook  Shak. 

3.  To  fasten  with  a  hook. 

4.  To  entrap  ;  Uy  insnarC. 

5.  To  draw  by  force  or  artifice.  JVorris. 
To  hook  on  :  to  apply  a  hook. 

HOCHv,  r.  i.     To  bend  ;  to  be  curving. 

UOOK'AH,  n.    A  Turkish  pipe,  in  which  the  smoke 

of  tobacco  is  made  to  pass  through  water  for  the  sake 

of  cooling  it. 
HQOK'£D,  (h^vk'ed  or  ho^kt,)  a.    Bent  into  the  form 

of  a  hook ;  curvatcd.    Tlie  claws  of  a  beast  are 

hooked, 

2.  Bent ;  currated  ;  aquiline ;  as,  a  hooked  nose. 

BroiCii. 

HOOK'ED,  Ch99ltt,)  pp.  Caught  with  a  hook  ;  fastened 

with  a  hook. 
HOOK'ED-NESS,  n.     A  state  of  being  bent  like  a 

hook. 
IIQOK'IXO,  ppr.    Catching  with  a  book;  fastening 

with  a  hook. 
HQOK'-rsoS-ED,  a.    Having  a  curvatcd  or  aquiline 

"«^-  Shak. 

HOOK'Y,  a.    Full  of  hooks ;  pertaining  to  hooks. 
HOOP,  n.     [D.  hucpy  hoepct.] 

1.  A  band  of  wood  or  meUil  used  to  confine  the 
staves  of  casks,  tubs,  &c.,  or  for  other  similar  pur- 
poses. Wooden  lioops  are  usually  made  by  splitting 
an  oak  or  hickory  sapling  into  two  jiarts  ;  but  some- 
times they  are  made  of  thin  splints,  and  of  other  spe- 
cies of  wood. 

i  A  piece  of  whalebone,  in  the  form  of  a  circle  or 
ellipsis,  used  formerly  by  females  to  extend  their  pet- 
ticoats ;  a  farthingale.  Swifi. 

3.  Something  resembling  a  hoop;  a  ring;  anything 
circular.  Addison. 

HQOP,  r.  L  To  bind  or  fasten  with  hoops;  as,  to  hoop 
a  barrel  or  puncheon. 

2.  To  clasp  ;  to  encircle  ;  to  surround. 

Sha/c.     Otpw. 

HOOP,  p.  i.  [Sax.  heafan,  keofan,  to  howl,  to  lament, 
to  weep;  also,  hiceopan^  to  ichip,  to  locep,  to  howl,  to 
wkoop  ;  ilie  latter  is  written  also  teeopan,  wepan,  to 
Vfeep ;  Goth,  wojujan,  to  whoop.  The  Sax.  heafian 
seems  to  be  connected  with  heave,  and  the  sense  is 
probably  to  raise  or  throw  the  voice.  Whether  kcoji- 
an  and  hiceopan  are  radically  the  same  word,  is  not 
certain  ;  most  probably  they  are,  and  whnop  and  iceep 
are  evidently  the  same.  Weeping^  in  rude  ages,  is 
by  howling,  or  liuid  outcries.  Sue  Whoop,  thu  same 
word  diff't;renlly  written.] 

To  shout ;  to  utter  a  loud  cry,  or  a  particular  sound 
by  way  of  call  or  pursuit. 

HOOP,  p.  t.     To  drive  with  a  shout  or  outcry.  Shak. 
2.  To  cill  by  a  shout  or  hoop. 


HOP 

HOOP,  n.    A  sliout ;  also,  [Sw.  hof,]  a  meofruK,  equal 
to  a  peck. 
9.  Tlie  hoopoe. 

HQOP'KU,  (hwpt,)  pp.     Fastened  with  hoops. 

HQQP'ER,  «,  One  who  houps  cask*)  or  tubs;  a 
cooper. 

HQQP'l.NG,  ppr.    Fastening  with  hoops. 
2.  Crj'ingout;  shouting. 

IIOOP'ING-COUGH,  n,  A  cough  in  which  the  pa- 
tient hoojis,  or  whoops,  with  a  deep  inspiration  of 
briMih. 

HOOP'oE,  jn.     [Fr.   huppe^  the  luwjwe,  and  a  tuft; 

IIOOP'DO,  \       huppi,  tufted  ;  or  L.  upupa,  rpops;  Gr. 

A  bird  of  the  genus  Upupa,  whose  head  is  adorned 
with  a  beautiful  crest,  which  it  can  erect  or  depress 
at  pleasure.  Enate. 

nQQP'-POLE,  n.  A  small  young  tree  cut  for  making 
hoops. 

HOO'SIKR,  (hoo'zber.)  a.  A  term  applied  to  the  citi- 
zen:^ of  tlie  state  of  Indiana.  United  fiuites. 

HOOT,  V.  i.  r  VV.  hwd^  or  Awf,  a  taking  off,  off;  away  ; 
hwtiaip,  to  lake  off,  to  push  away,  to  hoot ;  and  udaw, 
to  huwl  or  yell ;  Fr.  Aucr,  a  contracted  word  ;  hence, 
hue,  in  hue  and  cry.] 

1.  To  cry  out  or  shout  in  contempt. 

M.itroiis  ami  girlt  tliall  hool  »t  thoe  no  mon.  OtyUiu 

2.  To  cry  as  an  owl. 

Tbi-  claiiiorouB  owl,  iliat  ni^itlj'  Tioou.  pryden. 

HOOT,  V.  t.    To  drive  with  cries  or  shouts  uttered  in 

conlfuipt. 

PiLTlriilge  flii(l  h!a  clan  may  hoot  me  for  a.  chcnt.  Sw\ft, 

HOOT,  n.     A  cry  or  shout  in  contempt.       Olanmlle. 
HOOT'El),  pp.    Driven  with  shouts  of  contempt. 
HOOT'ING, /)/ir.     Shouting  in  contempt. 
HOO'l''ING,  n.     A  shouting  in  contempt. 

2.  The  cry  of  an  owl. 
HOOVE,      I  n.    A  disease  in  cattle  consisting  In  tlic 
HOOV'KN,  J     excessive  infiuiion  of  the  stomach  by 
gus,  ordinarily  caused  by  eating  too  much  green  food. 

Gardner. 
HOP,  P.  i.     [Sax.  hoppan ;  G.  hhipfen  ;  D.  httppeien  ;  Sw. 
hoppa;    Dan.  hopper;    V/.  hobiiUy  to  hop,  to  hobble. 
It  has  the  eh-nients  of  caper.] 

1.  'i"u  leap,  or  spring  on  one  leg ;  applied  to  persons. 

2.  To  leap  ;  to  spring  forward  by  leaps  ;  to  skip,  as 
birds. 

Hopping  from  ipniy  to  aprny.  thyden, 

3.  To  walk  Jarne  ;  to  limp  ;  to  halt. 
[We  generally  use  Hobhle.] 

4.  To  m()Ve  by  leaps  or  starts,  as  the  blood  in  the 
veins.     [JVo(  used.]  Spenser. 

5.  To  spring  ;  to  leap  ;  to  frisk  about. 

6.  To  dance.  Chaucer. 
HOP,  71.    A  leap  on  one  leg;  a  leap;   a  jump;  a 

spring. 
^.  A  dance.     [Colloquial.] 
HOP-O'-MV-THUMB,  a.    A  verj'  diminutive  person. 

[Fulgar.]  Orose. 

HOP,  n.    [D.  hop ;  G.  hop/en ;  probably  hoop,  from  wind- 

A  plant  constituting  the  genus  Huinulus.  The 
stalk  or  vine,  which  grows  to  a  great  length,  is  weak, 
and  requires  to  be  supported.  In  growing,  it  climbs 
or  winds  round  a  pole  or  other  support.  This  plant 
is  of  great  importance  in  brewing,  as  it  tends  to  pre- 
serve malt  liquors,  and  renders  them  more  salubri- 
ous. Encyc. 

HOP,  r.  t.     To  impregnate  with  hops.         Mortimer. 

HOP'-BI.VD,  n.  The  stalk  or  vine  on  which  hops 
prow.  Blackstone. 

HoP'OAST,  V.    In  Kent,  a  kiln  for  drying  hops. 

HOP'-PICK-RR,  n.     One  That  picks  hops. 

HOP'-Pr)LE,  n.  A  pole  used  to  support  hops.    Tiisser. 

HOP'-VINE,  n.     Tiie.stalk  of  imps. 

HOP'-VAllD,         *  rt.  A  lield  or  inclosure  where  hops 

HOP'-GAR-DEiV,  \      are  raised. 

HOPE,/!.  [Sax.  Aoym;  D.  huop ;  Sw.  hopp;  V>nn.haab; 
G.  ftoj/'iiunir.  Clu.  L.  cupio.  Class  Gb.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  extend,  to  reach  forward.] 

1.  A  desire  of  some  good,  accoini>anied  with  at 
least  a  slight  expectaticm  of  obtaining  it,  or  a  belief 
that  it  is  niitainaltle.  Hope  differs  from  wish  and  de- 
sire in  this,  that  it  implies  .some  expectation  of  ob- 
taining the  good  desiriid,  or  the  possibility  of  possess- 
ing iL  //«pe,  therefore,  always  gives  pleasure  or 
joy  ;  whereas  wwA  and  desire  may  produce,  or  be  ac- 
companied with,  pain  and  anxiety. 

The  liypocrite'i  hope  >lut!l  pehiili.  —  Jub  viii. 

He  wwhetl,  but  1101  with  /.o/w.  Afl'ron. 

Swi.tt  hope  I  kinit  cli'-^i !  Crttghaio. 

He  Uut  liv'.a  upoi)  hope  will  die  tiislmg.  i'\anklin, 

2.  Confidence  in  a  future  event ;  the  highest  de- 
gree of  well-fuunded  exi>ectation  of  good  ;  as,  a  hope 
founded  on  God's  gracious  promises;  a  scriptural 
sense.  A  well-founded  scriptural  hope  is,  in  our  re- 
ligion, the  source  of  ineffable  happiness. 

3.  That  which  gives  hope;  he  or  that  which  fur- 
nishes ground  of  expectation,  or  promises  desired 
good.    I'he  h.q>e  of  Israel  is  the  Messiah. 

The  I-ord  will  b^  thi*  hope  of  hU  ly-ople.  —  Jool  ill. 

4.  An  opinion  or  belief  not  amountingto  certainly, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  \VH.\T.— MkTE,  PREY — FIXE.  MARX.VE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BpOK.  • 


5(>.J 


UOR 

bnt  grdunded  on  substantial  evidence.    Tbe  Chris- 
tian indulges  a  hope  that  his  sins  are  pardoned. 
Hope,  r.  i.     [Sax.  hoptam    G.  hofea;    D.  hoopea,  to 
ho(»e^nd  to  heap;  Dan.  haaber;  Sw.  heppas.] 

1.  To  chf  rish  a  desire  of  good,  witli  some  expecta- 
tion of  obtaining  it,  or  a  belief  that  it  is  obtainable. 

Hope  for  good  tatctm.  Tliyto* 

Be  tober  «od  kop€  u>  ihe  end.  —  1  Pet.  1. 

Uvpe  buniblj  then,  with  trrmblia^  pinioas  •o&r,  Popt. 

2.  To  place  confidence  in  ;  to  trust  in  with  confi- 
dent expectation  of  good. 

Why  Hit  Ujou  c-i«l  down,  O  my  »omI,  ind  why  nil  ihou  diaqureted 
wkihtn  me  .'     Hop*  ttiou  iit  God.  —  Pa.  xiii. 

HOPE,  B.  (.    To  desire  with  expectation  of  good,  or  a 
belief  that  it  may  be  obtained.      But  as  a  transitive 
verb,  it  is  seldom  used,  and  the  phrases  in  which  it 
is  HO  used  are  elliptical,  fur  being  understood. 
So  itdnda  the  Thncian  herdcmaii  with  his  app:u, 
Full  in  the  g-*p,  ami  kopet  the  hunted  bear.  DryrUn. 

HOPE,  n.    A  sloping  plain  between  ridges  of  moun- 
tains,    [^ot  i«  use.]  ^insicorL/i. 

HOP'KD,  fh5pt,)  pp.     Desired  with  expectation. 

HOPE'-DE^SERT'ED,  o.   Deserted  by  hope  ;  hopeless. 

HOFE'FUL,  a.     Having  qualities  which  excite  hope  ; 
promising  or  giving  ground  to  expect  good  or  success; 
as,  a  hi)p*fui  youth  ;  a  hopeful  prospect. 
2.  Full  of  hope  or  desire,  with  expectation. 


1  vu  kopt/ul  the  Bvcetm  of  your  firat  altt-mpta  woiil<J  ^ncouragv 
you  to  Uk  trial  of  more  nice  and  dkBcuit  ezpchiiK-nu. 

Boylt. 

HOPE'Fyif-LY,  ado.  In  a  manner  to  raise  hope;  in 
a  way  promising  good.  He  prosecutes  his  scheme 
kopefnHij. 

2.  In  a  manner  to  produce  a  favorable  opinion 
respecting  some  good  at  tlie  present  tiuiL'.  The  young 
man  i.->  hopefully  pious. 

X  With  hope  ,  with  ground  to  expect. 

HOPE'FV,'l^NES.S,  n.  Promise  of  good;  ground  to 
expect  what  is  desirablt^.  IVotton. 

HOPE'LESS,  o.  Destitute  of  hope ;  having  no  expec- 
tation of  that  which  is  desirable  ;  despairing. 

1  va  A  v,i}it\a.n,  rrv'nJiru.  hopetttt.  ShaJc. 

3.  Giving  no  ground  of  hope  or  expectation  of 
good  ;  promising  nothing  desirable;  desp^rrate  ;  as,  a 
koprltAA  condition. 

HOPE'LESS-LV,  adf}.     Without  hope.   Beaum.  ^  Fl. 
HOPE'LESS-\ES:?,  n.     A  state  of  being  desperate,  or 

ntfontiug  no  hope. 
HOP'ER,  II.     One  that  hopes.  Shak. 

HOP'IXO,  ppr.      Mavinw  hupe ;   indulging  desire   of 

good,  with  Ihc  ex^Kctalion  of  obtaining  it,  or  a  be- 

2.  Confiding  in.  [Hef  that  it  is  obtainable. 

HOP'ING-LV,  adv.     With  hope  or  desire  of  good,  and 

expecutitm  of  obtaining  it.  Hmamond. 

HOP' LITE,  n.     [Gr.  'on^^Tt}i,  from  6t>oi',  a  wpa(K)n.] 
In  ancient  Oreecf,  a  heavy-armed  soldier.     Mitford. 
HOP' PKD,  (hopt, );»;;.     Leaped  on  one  U-g;  dancjid. 

2.  Impregnated  with  hops. 
HOP'PER,  ».     [See  Hop.]    One  who  hops,  or  leaps 

on  one  leg. 

2.  Property^  a  wooden  trough  or  shoe  through 
which  grain  passes  into  a  mill;  so  named  from  its 
moving  or  shakmg.  Bui  we  give  the  name  to  a  box 
or  frame  of  boards,  which  receives  til'.'  grain  before 
H  paMea  into  the  trough  ;  also,  toa  similar  box  which 
receives  mpples  for  conductmg  them  into  a  mill,  and 
to  oDe  which  supplies  fuel  to  a  furnace,  &.c. 

3.  A  vessel  in  which  seed-corn  is  carried  for  sow- 
ing. Encye. 

HOP'PER-BOy,  n.  In  mj7Zi,  a  rake  moving  in  a  circle 
to  draw  the  meal  over  an  opening  in  the  floor, 
through  which  it  falls. 

HOPPERS,  a.  A  play  in  which  persons  hop  or  leap 
on  one  leg  ;  hopscotch,  which  see.  Juhntton. 

HOP'PING,  ppr.      Leaping   on   one   leg;    springing; 

2.  Impregnating  with  hops.        [frisking;  dancing. 
HOP'PLN'G,  R.    A  leaping  on  one  leg;  a  springing, 

frisking,  or  dancing. 

3.  A  gathering  of  hops.  Smart. 
HOP'PLE,  r.  r.     To  tie  the  feet  near  together,  to  pro- 
vent  leaping  ;  ns,  to  lutpple  an  unruly  horf=e.  UoUoway. 

HOP'PLES,  (plz,)  n.  ol.  Fetters  for  horses  or  other 
animals  when  turned  out  to  graze.  Brande. 

HOP'PO,  a.  In  China,  a  collector;  an  overseer  of 
commerce.  Malcom. 

HOP'riCOTCH,  n.  A  play  among  boys.  The  word 
icoieh  refers  to  lines  which  are  tcoichcd  or  traced  on 
the  ground,  over  which  the  player  can  pass  only  by 
hopping.  Toone. 

HO'RAL,  a.    [L.  hora,  an  hoar.    See  llocn.] 

Relating  to  an  hour,  or  to  hours.  Prior. 

HO'RAL-LY,  adv.     Hourly.     [JVo(  in  use.] 

IIO'RA-RV,  o.  [L.  horariua;  Fr.  hcraire;  from  L, 
hvra,  hour.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  an  hour;  noting  the  hours;  as, 
tbe  horary  cirrlc.  Kncyc, 

2.  Continuing  an  hour.  Broten. 
HORDE,  n.     [D.  horde,  a  clan,  and  a  hurdle  ;  G.  horde, 

a  clan,  and  a  pen  or  fold.    This  seems  to  be  the  Sax. 
kMrd,  a  herd.] 

A  company  of  wandering  people,  dwelling  in  tents 
or  wagons,  and  migrating  from  place  to  place,  for  the 


HOR 

sake  of  pasturage,   plunder,   &.c.      Such   are   some 

tribes  of  the  Tartan?  in  the  north  of  Asia.    A  horde 

usually  consists  of  fifty  or  sixty  tents. 

Encyc.    Mltford. 
nOR'DE-IX,   n.     A   substance  analogous  to   starch, 

found  in  barley. 
HORE'HOU.N'D,  n.  [Sax.  Acra-Aitne,  white  hune.]    See 

HOARHOUrfD.] 

HO-Rt'ZON,n.  [Gr.  hpt^iov^  from  hpt^o^,  to  bound, 
6fJ05,  a  limit ;  Fr.  horizon;  Sp.  horizontc;  It.  orizontf. 
This  word  was  formerly  pronounced  hor'izon,  like 
or'ison,  which  is  in  accordance  with  the  regular 
analogy  of  English  words.] 

1.  A  circle  touching  the  earth  at  the  place  of  the 
spectator,  and  boundi;d  by  the  line  in  which  the  earth 
and  skies  seem  to  meet.  This  is  called  the  sensible 
horizon, 

2.  The  great  circle  which  divides  the  earth  into 
upper  and  lower  hemispheres,  and  separates  the  vis- 
ible heavens  from  the  invisible.  This  is  called  the 
rational  horizon.  The  sensibk  horizon  is  parallel  to  the 
rational,  but  is  distant  from  it  by  the  seuii-diameler  of 
the  earth,  or  nearly  4000  miles.  Olinsted. 

HOR-I-ZO.\'TAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  horizon,  or 
relating  to  it. 

2.  Parallel  to  the  horizon ;  on  a  level ;  as,  a  tiori- 
lontal  line  or  surface. 

3.  Near  the  horizon  ;  as,  horizontal,  misty  air. 

Milton. 
HOR-I-ZO\'T.\L-LY,  adv.     In  a  direction  parallel  to 
the  horizon  ;  on  a  level ;  as,  a  ball  carried  horizon- 
tally. 
HOR-I-ZON-TAL'I-TV,  n.    The  slate  of  being  hori- 
zontal. Kirican. 
HORN,  n.     [Sax.  Aom  ;  G.  Sw.  and  Dan.  himt :  Goth. 
Haiirn ;   D.  hoorn  ;   Sw.  horn,  a  corner ;  W.  corn,  a 
horn,  cornel,  a  corner  ;  L.  cornu  ;  Sp.  cuerno  ;  It.  and 
Port,  Ctfrno;  Fr.  come;  llvb.  Ch.  Syr.  Eth.  Ar.  pp. 
The  sense  is,  a  shoot,  a  projection.  Class  Rn,  No.  15.] 
1.  A  hard  substance  growing  on  the  heads  nf  cer- 
tain animals,  and  particularly  on  cloven-foot(;il  quad- 
rupeds ;  usually  projecting  to  some  length,  and  ter- 
minating in  a  point.     Horns  arc  generally  bent  or 
curving,  and   those    of   some    animals    are    spiral. 
They  serve   ffir  weapons  of  offL'nse   and   duf-nse. 
The  substance  of  horns  is  gelatinous,  :jiU  in  Papin's 
digester  it  may  be  converted  into  jellj'.  Encijc. 

Ilorn  is  an  animal  substance,  chiefly  membranous, 
consisting  of  coagulated  albumen,  witli  a  little  gelatin 
and  plmsphate  ot^  lime.  Ure. 

The  Iiurns  of  deer  possess  exactly  the  propt-rlies  of 

bone,  and  are  composed  of  the   same  constituents, 

only  tlie  proportion  of  cartilage  is  greater.     Tiioiaaon. 

%  A  wind  instrument  of  music,  made  of  horn  ;  a 

trumpet     Such  were  used  by  the  Israt^lites. 

'X  In  modern  ttmes^  a.  wind  instrument  of  music, 
made  of  mt-tal. 

4.  An  extremity  of  the  moon,  when  it  is  waxing 
or  watiing,  and  for:iiing  a  crescent  Dnjden. 

b.  The  feeler  or  anteima  of  an  insect 

6.  The  feeler  of  a  snail,  which  may  be  withdrawn  ; 
hence,  Ka  pull  or  draw  in  Uie  horns,  is  to  repress  one's 
ardor,  or  to  restrain  prid;?.  Juknson. 

7.  A  drinking  cup;  liorns  being  used  anciently  for 
cu|>s.  Hence,  m  culgur  language,  to  take  a  horn,  to 
drink. 

8.  A  winding  stream.  Dryden. 

9.  Ilornsj  in  the-  plural,  Is  used  to  characterize  a 
cuckold.     He  wears  the  horns. 

10.  In  Scripture,  horn  is  a  symbol  of  strength  or 
power. 

IV  horn  of  Moab  U  cut  off.  —  Jcr.  xW.'i. 

Horn  is  also  an  emblem  of  glory,  honor,  dignity. 

My  horn  U  ex.\Iied  in  tbe  fjord.  —  I  Sam.  11. 

In  Daniel,  horn  represents  a  kingdom  or  state. 

HORN,  It.  i.    To  cuckold.  B.  Jonson. 

HORN'BRAK,  n.     A  fish.     [See  Hornfish.] 

HORN'BkAM,  n.     [See  Beam.]     The  popular  name 
of  one  or  two  species  of  a  genus  nf  trees,  the  Car- 
pinuj,  having  Wood  of  a  horny  toughn;;ss  and  Jiard- 
ness,  used  for  various  Implements  of  lnir<baiwlry. 
Farm.  Encyc. 

HORN'BII.L,  n.  A  larg**,  voracious  bird,  of  the  genus 
Buceros,  which  has  a  flat,  bony  forehRad,  with  two 
horns;  a  native  of  tlie  East  Indifs,  There  arc  many 
species  in  India  and  Africa,  distinguished  in  general 
bv  a  lame  bill  with  one  or  t^vo  liorn^. 

HORNBLENDE,  n.  {G.  horn  und  bUnde.]  A  com- 
mon mineral,  occurring  massive  or  in  prismatic  crys- 
tals, and  of  various  colors,  from  white,  through  green 
shades,  to  black.  The  crystals  are  sometimes  short, 
but  generally  very  long  and  slender,  blade-like  or 
mere  fibers.  The  black  variety  is  r.aWe  A  J  lor  nblende ; 
the  green,  .Sctinotite  i  the  white,  TranolUe,  or  li'kite 
hornblende  :  the  fibrous,  Jisbestus, 

This  mineral  consists  essentially  of  silica  combined 
tvith  magnesia,  limr,  or  iron. 

HORN'BLENDE-SCIUST.  (^jhlst,)  n.  A  hornblende 
rork  of  nrhi^tose  stiucture.  Dana, 

HORN-BLEND'IC,  o.  Composed  chiefly  of  horn- 
blende. PercivaVs  Oeol. 

HOK.\'BLOW-ER,n.    One  that  blows  a  horn. 

HORN'BQQK,  n.    The  first  book  of  children,  or  that 


HOR 

in  which  ^hey  learn  their  letters  and  rudiments;  so 
called  from  its  cover  of  horn.     [Auto  little  a.-'fd.] 

Ucke. 

HORN'-BUG,  n.  A  kind  of  beetle  of  a  dark,  unhoga^ 
nv  color.  Varm.  Etietic, 

HORN'-DIS-TEM'PER,  n.  A  disease  of  caitle',  af- 
fecting tlie  internal  substance  of  the  horn.     Encyc 

HOKN'£D,  a.     Furnished  with  horns  ;  as,  horned  cat- 
tle. 
2.  Shaped  like  a  crescent,  or  the  new  morn. 

JiliUonm 

HORN'ED  HORSE,  n.    The  Gnu,  which  see. 

HORN'ED-NESS,  n.    The  appearance  of  horns. 

HORN'ER,n.  One  who  works  or  deals  in  horn.  Oreto. 
2.  One  who  winds  or  blows  the  horn.    Shi^rwood. 

HORN'ET,  n.  [Sax.  hyrnet,  hymete;  G.  horni^s:  D. 
horzd.] 

An  insect  of  the  genus  Vespa  or  wasp,  the  Vespa 
crabro.  It  is  much  larger  and  stronger  than  the 
wasp,  and  its  sting  gives  severe  pain.  This  insect 
constructs  a  nest  of  leaves,  or  other  substances, 
which  resemble  brown  paper  of  a  light  color.  This 
is  attached  to  the  branches  of  trees,  and  often  of  the 
size  of  a  half  peck  measure. 

HORN'FISH,  n.  The  giu-  fish  or  sea-needle,  of  the  old 
genus  F^iiT.  Encyc. 

HORN'FQOT,  a.     Having  a  hoof;  hoofed.     HakewilL 

HORN'I-F^^,  r.  t.  To  bestt>w  horns  upon.  [JVut  med, 
orvitiirar.]  Bcaum.  ^-  Fl. 

HORN'ING,  n.  Appearance  of  the  mnon  when  in- 
creasing, or  in  the  form  of  a  crescent.        Gregory. 

2.  In  Scnttish  late,  letters  of  horning  Rxe.  a  process 
agninst  a  debtor  requiring  the  debt  to  be  paid  with- 
in a  limited  time,  in  default  of  which  the  debtor  in- 
curs n  charge  of  rebellion.  IV.  Scott.     Brande. 

HORN'ISH,  fl.    Somewhat  like  horn  ;  hard.     Sandys. 

HORX'1-TO,  rt.     [Ufornare,  Sp.  lionio.] 
An  oven. 

HOR\'-LEAD,  (-led,)  n.    Chlorid  nf  lead. 

HORN'LESS,  a.     Having  no  horns.    Journ.  of  Science 

HORN'-MAD,  fl.     Mad  from  cuckoldom.  Shak. 

HOR\'-Ma1<-RR,  «.     A  maker  of  cuckolds.    Shak. 

IIORN'-MER'€U-RV,  ».     Chi. .rid  of  niercurv. 

HORN'OWL,  n.  A  species  of  owl,  so  called  from  two 
tuft)'  of  ft'iithers  on  ils  head,  like  horns,  .^tnsworlh 

HORN'PIPE,  n.  An  instrument  of  music  in  Wales, 
consisting  of  a  wot>den  pipii  with  horns  at  the  ends, 
one  to  collect  the  wind  blown  from  tlie  mouth,  the 
other  to  carry  off  the  situnds  us  modulated  by  the 
performer.     [VV.  pib-corn,]  Encyc. 

2.  A  lively  air  or  tune  of  tri[de  time,  with  six 
crotchets  in  a  bar;  four  to  the  descending  beat,  and 
two  to  the  ascending.  Encyc. 

3.  A  characteristic  British  dance.  Smart. 
HORN'-SHa V-L\GS,  71.  pi.    Scrapings  or  raspings  of 

the  horns  of  deer.  B.  JoTUon. 

HORN'-SIL-VER,  n.     Chlorid  of  silver. 

HORN'SLATE,  n.     A  grnv,  silicious  stone.     Kirtean, 

HORN'SPOON,  n.     A  sptwn  made  of  horn. 

HORN'STO.NE,  n.  A  silicious  stone,  a  subspecies  of 
quartz.  It  is  divided  by  Jameson  into  splintery, 
conchl»idal,and  wood-stone.     [See  Chkrt.] 

HORN'WORK,  n.  In  fortificntton,  an  outwork  com- 
posed uf  two  denii-b;istions  Joined  by  a  curtain. 

Brands. 

HORN'WRACK,  (rak,)  n.  A  species  of  coralline. 
[See  CoRALLoiD.J 

HORN'Y,  a.    Consisting  of  horn,  or  horns.    Mdton, 

2.  Resembling  horn. 

3.  Hard  ;  callous.  Drydn. 
HO-ROG'RA-PIIY,  n.      [Gr.  wna,  hour,  and  >/3u0a), 

to  write,  j  o.i(/.»;,  a  description.] 
L  An  account  of  hours. 

2.  Tlie  art  of  constructing  dials.  Cye. 

HOR'0-LOGE,  71.  [Fr.  horloge;  h.  htiroto^ium  i  Gr. 
w.j'iA'j'ioc  ,•   tjf)'t,  liour,  and  Aej  f.i,  to  tell.] 

An  instrument  that  indicates  the  hour  of  the  di\y. 
But  Chronomeier  is  now  generally  used. 
HOR-O-LOG'IC-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  horologe,  or 

to  horology. 
HOR-0-LO-GI-OG'RA-PHER,  n.    A  maker  of  clocks 

or  dials. 
H0R-O-LO-6l-0-GRAPH'ie,   a.      Pertaining  to   the 

art  of  dialiUL'.  Chambers^ 

HOR-O-LO-GI-OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  wo<i,  hour,  Xo>  s, 
discourse,  and  ynaiin*  d  ewer  ml  ion.] 

An  account  of  instruments  that  show  the  hour  <if 
the  day  ;  al»'<i,  of  the  art  of  constructing  dials.   UitU 
H0-R0L'0-6Y,   n.     [Gr.  iV^jA /jito  ;   lii^a^  hour,  and 
A£v  ',  to  indicate.     See  Horologe.] 

That  branch  of  mathematics  which  treats  of  the 
principles  and  construction  of  machines  for  meas- 
uring and  indicating  portions'  of  time,  as  clocks, 
walchC!.,  i.c.  Edin.  Encye. 

HOR-O  MET'Rie-AL,   a,       [from    horometry.]       Be- 
longing to  horomeiry,  or  to  Ihe  menaurcment  of  lime 
by  hours  and  subordinate  divisions.       .^siaL  Res. 
HO-KOM'E-TRY,  n.      [Gr.  ^^u,  hour,  and  wcr,  oc, 
measure.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  measuring  time  by  hours  and 
subordinate  divisions. 
HOR'O-SGOPE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  Gr.  u>o->fti(onoi i  u»/>a, 
hour,  and  (t<  -ridi,  to  view,  or  consider.] 
1.  In  astroloffij,  a  scheme  or  figure  of  the  twelve 


TONE,  BJJLL,  t;NITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CI0US C  as  K  j  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  bb  8H  ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


I 


Tl 


-1^. 


HOR 


bouae^t  <"  twelve  sicns  of  the  zodiac,  in  which  is 
iimrked  the  dis|M«iiu>n  of  the  hc.ivens  at  a  given 
lini,-,  iind  t»v  whicli  asirulnsers  formerly  told  the  for- 
tunes of  pt^rsons,  »cci.>rilii)K  to  Uie  iKaition^  uf  ihe 
stars  til  the  lime  of  their  birth.  Encyc 

9.  The  (leRree  or  iHiiiii  of  the  heavens  arising 
above  the  eiwtern  [loini  of  the  horizon  at  nn>  uiven 
time  when  a  prediction  is  to  be  made  of  a  future 
event.  ^     hneyc. 

HO-KOS'CO-PY,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  predicting 
fttl.ire  events  by  the  disposition  of  the  stara  and 

HOrt'RKXT,  a.     [L.  horreM.     Pee  Honaoi..] 

Bristled  ;    standing  erect  as  bristles ;  pointing  out- 

With  hrigtrt  einUaaonry  »nd  horrtHl  mrvoM.  RfutoiK 

HOR'RI-HLK,  o.     [Uhorribilis.    See  Horrob.] 

RKCitin^,  or  tending  to  excite,  horror  ;  dreadful ; 
terrible  ;  shocking  ;  hideous ;  as,  a  k4trrtbl<  figure  or 
tight ;  a  kumbU  story. 

A  iliititvun  korribtM  on  fttl  sUm  round.  AfL'lDit. 

H0R'RI-BI*E-XES3,  «.  The  slate  or  qualities  that 
may  excite  horror  ;  dreadfulness  \  terribleness  ;  hid- 
eoii!<nrA*(. 

HOR'RI-BLY,  tfrfr.  Tn  a  manner  to  excite  horror; 
drwidfully  i  terribly;  as,  karrihli/  loudj  korribty 
afnid. 

IIOR'RIO,  a.     [U  kffrridus.     Bee  Hoaaoa.] 

1.  That  Hoes  or  may  excite  hofTiw;  droad^il ;  hid- 
eoi»;  ^litK-lcmg,  as,  a  Atfrrirf  spectacle  or  sight ;  hor- 
rid syiiitnthy.  Milton. 
3.  Rough  ;  rugged.    [  TTom  ia  tJu  Uter^  tatd  primary 

Horrvi  whh  f^m,  Hoil  IntnuM  whh  ihom.  Drf^n, 

3.  Shucking;  very  lOTrnsive  ;  «  coUofidal  Mttu*. 

Pope. 
I10R'RfI>-LV,  oWf.    In  a  manner  to  excite  bcNmN-; 

drcadrullv  .  slwckinfilv. 
UOK'RlliS'F.<S  «.    The  qualities  that  do  or  may  ex- 
cite b<HTor  ,  hidetMijtneits ,  enormity.        MamMomd. 
HOK-KI P'le,  a.     [U  k^rrifiois,] 

Cnuitmi;  hurmr.  T^krmtfoa. 

ROR'RUPT-fU,  (hor're  (tde,)^jiw  ore    Made  horrible ; 

Kinit'k  with  lioaor. 
HOB'RI-FV,  r.  t.  ■  [ L.  A«rr«r  and /ono.} 
To  make  horrible ;  to  atrike  with  horror. 

E.  Irving. 
HOR-RIP-I-LXTIOX,  n.     A  bristling  of  the  hair  of 

Ihe  hc-nd  or  body,  resulting  from  disease  or  terrvr. 

HOR-RIS'O  NOOS,    a.      [L.    tunrUomm*  i    iunrto,   to 

ghakr,  and  soniui,  sound.) 

Soun-tmg  dreadfully  ;  uttering  a  terrible  sound. 

HOK'ROR,  N.    [L.,  fnun  kcrreo,  to  shake,  or8hiver,or 

to  set  up  th"  bridles,  to  be  rough.] 

1.  A  ^hakint!,  tdiiverine,  or  ^huddr-ring,  as  in  the 
cold  At  whirh  precedrs  a  fever.  This  aeue  is  usually 
■ccomiMUiicd  wiijincontractionof  the  skin  into  small 
wrinkles,  giving  it  a  kind  of  roughni/^^s. 

9.  An  excessive  degree  of  fear,  or  a  painful  emo- 
tion which  in  ikes  a  person  treniMe  ;  terror  ^  a  shud- 
dering with  ft^r^  but  afipropriali  ly,  terror,  or  a  sen- 
aalion  approoctiing  K,  accorapanied  with  haln-d  ur 
detestation.  Hvrror  i»  ottiea  a  passion  compounded 
of  fear  and  batr«d  or  disgust.  The  recital  of  a 
bloody  deed  fills  us  wiUi  komr, 

AAarrwoT^nu  AtfkneasHlfNi  AbruB. — Qf^vt, 

Arrar  iKUhukni  botd  ea  iae,bBMaK  itf  ttewkbed  dwttenlie 
thy  kw.  —  Pl  esix. 

3.  Tlini  wbicli  may  excite  horror  or  dread ;  gloom ; 
drearine«i^ 

And  brcfUhi  a  hrcrwnCT  htrrv  eo  lit*  woods.  Popt. 

4.  Dre.idful  thoaghta. 

5.  Dtstressmg  scenes ;  bb,  the  horrors  of  war  or 
fomlne. 

The  hoTTtn-s ;  a  remit  of  habits  of  in^^hriation  ;  a 
etate  of  extreme  bodily  and  mental  agitation,  occi- 
Bioned  by  a  withdrawment  uf  the  customary  stim- 
ulus. 

HOR'ROR-fTTRICK'EN,  a.    ftrack  with  horror. 

HORS  DE  COMBAT,  (hof-de-kom-bi',)  [Fr.] 
Out  of  the  combat ;  disablied  to  licbt. 

HORSE,  Ji.  [Sax.  hors:  G.  tum  i  D.  ros ;  Fr.rosse; 
It.  rozza.'] 

1.  A  species  of  quadrupeds  of  the  genus  Eqnns, 
having  six  erect  and  |jarallel  fore-teelh  in  the  upper 
jaw,  and  six  sumewhnt  prominent  in  the  under  jaw  ; 
the  dog-teeth  are  solitar>,  and  the  feet  consist  of  an 
undivided  hoof.  The  horse  is  a  beautiful  animal, 
and  of  pri-;ii  use  for  draught,  or  conveyance  on  his 
bark.  Horse,  in  Knslish,  is  of  c<nnmon  gender,  and 
may  comprehend  the'  male  and  feniaJe. 

2.  A  ronsteltalion.  Crteeh. 

a.  Cavalry  ;  a  body  of  troops  serving  on  horse- 
hack.  In  thi«  sense,  it  has  no  plural  termination.  We 
say,  a  thousand  A*>r.« ;  a  regiment  of  horse. 

4.  A  machine  by  which  wmething  is  supported  ; 
usually,  a  wooden  frame  with  lees.  Various  ma- 
chines used  in  the  ans  are  thus  called.  Evcye, 

5.  A  wooden  machine  on  which  soldier?  ride  bv 
way  of  punishmeni ;  sometimes  called  a  timber^aare. 

Jahnson. 

6.  In    seamni's  Ungvacr,   a    fixit-rope    extending 


HOR 

from  the  middle  of  a  yard  to  iL<i  extremity,  to  sup- 
port the  sailors  while  they  loose,  ret'f,  or  furl  the 
sails  ;  alw,  a  thick   rope  exteniled  near  the  maiat  for 
hoi^^ting  :i  yard  or  extending  ti  sail  on  it.        Tuttea. 
To  take  horse;  to  set  out  to  ridu  on  horseback. 

2.  To  be  covered,  as  a  mare.  [jliUUson. 
HORi^E.  r.  C     To  mount  on  a  tiorse. 

3.  To  take  or  carry  on  the  hack. 

The  kopper,  horring  n  (i*T.  ButUr. 

3.  To  ride  or  sit  on  any  thing  astride  ;  as,  ridges 
horstd.  Shak. 

4.  To  cover  a  mare,  as  the  male.  Mortimrr, 
HORSE,  c.  I.  To  pet  un  ht)rsclMCk.  Shelton. 
HORSE'BACK,  (hors'bak,)  m.    The  state  of  being  on 

a  horse  ;  the  posture  of  riding  tm  a  horse. 

I  Miw  them  Baluie  ou  horMback,  Skak, 

UORSE'-BfiAN,  n.    A  small  Ivan  usually  given  to 

horvs.  Morttmer. 

HOR:?E'-BLOCK,  n.     A  block  or  stage   that  assists 

persons  in  mounting  and  dismounting  from  a  horse. 
HOR:?E'-B0AT,  n.     A  boat  used  in  conveying  horses 

over  a  river  or  other  water. 

2.  A  boat  moved  by  horses ;  a  species  of  ferry- 
boat. 
IIORSE'-BOY,  n.    A  boy  employed  in  dressing  and 

tending  horses;  a  stahle-bov.  ATwoZ/t*. 

HOR8E'-BRCAK-ER,  n.     One  whose  employment  is 

to  break  horses,  or  to  teach  them  to  draw  or  carry*. 

CrfecJu 
HORSE'-CHEST'\UT,  a.     A  large  nut,  the  fruil  of 

a  species  of  ^tsculus ;  or  the  tree  that  produces  it, 

The  tree  is  much  cultivated  for  shade. 
HORSE'-ei.OTH,  n.     A  cloth  to  cover  a  horse. 
HORSE'-C^L'RS'ER,  n.     One  that  runs  horses,  or 

keeps  horses  for  the  race.  Johnson, 

2.  A  dealer  in  horseii.  H'Lieman. 

HORSE'-GRAH,  «.     A  crustaceous  fish.   Amsiri*rth. 
HORSE'-COeLTM-BER,  n.     A  large  green  cucumber. 

Mortimer. 
HORSE'-DkAL-BR,  a.    One  who    buys    and    sells 

horses. 
HORSE'-DREXCH,  n.     A  dose  of  physic  for  a  horse. 
HORSE'-DUNO,  n.     The  dung  of  horses.        {Shak, 
HORSE'-E.M-iMET,  n.     A  t^fwcies  of  large  ant. 
HOR!SE'-FAC-£D,  (-fiste,)  o.     Having  a  long,  coarse 

f:ice. 
HORSE'-FLESH,  n.    The  flesh  of  a  horse.     Bacon. 
HORSE'-FL?,  n.     A  large  flv  that  stings  horses. 
HORSE'-FQpT,  n.     A  plant,  called  also  Coltsfoot. 

JUnsworth, 
HORSE'-GUARDS,  n.   pi.    A  body  of  caval.-y    for 

guards. 
HORSE'-HAIR,  a.    The  hair  of  horses. 
HOKSE'-llOE,n.    A  boe  for  cleaning  afield  by  means 

of  horses. 
HORSE'-JOCK-EY,  n.    A  dealer  in  the  purchase  and 

sale  of  horses. 
HOR8E'-KEEP-ER,  n.    One  who  keeps  or  takes  care 

of  horses. 
HORSE'-K.NAVE,  (-nave,)  iu    A  groom.    \Obs.] 

Cliaucer, 
HORSE'-KNOPS,  (hors'nops,)  a.  pL    Heads  of  knop- 

weed.  Grose. 

HORBE'-LXUGH,  (-mf,)  a.     A  loud,  boisterous  laugh. 

Pope. 
HORPE'-LEECH,  n.     A  large  leech.     [See  Leech.] 

9.   A  farrier.  .^htsworth. 

BORJ^E'-LIT-TER,  n,    A  carriage    hung   on    poles 

which  are  borne  by  and  between  two  horses. 

Milion. 
HORSE'-LOAD,  n.    A  load  for  a  horse. 
UORSE'LV,  a.    Applied  to  a  horse,  as  nuiTii^  is  to  a 

man. 
HORSE'M.^N,  B.    A  rider  on  horseback.     .Addison. 

2,  A  man  skilled  in  riding.  Dryilen, 

3.  A  soldier  who  serves  on  horseback.  Hayicard. 
HORSE'MA.\-SMIP,  n.    The  act  of  riding,  and  of 

training  and  ni.inaging  horses.  Pope, 

HOBSE'-MAR-TEN,  «.    A  kind  of  large  bee. 

.Ainaworth. 
HORSE'MATCH,  n.     A  bird.  Ainsworth. 

UORSE'-MEAT,  n.    Food  for  horses  j  provender. 

Bacon. 
HORPE'-MILL,  n.    A  mill  turned  by  a  horse. 
HOR:^E'-MIL'LI-.VER,  n.     [Aor^eand  mi/Zmer.]     One 

who    supplies   ribbons    and    other   decorations  for 

horse?.  Smart. 

HOR^E'-MI\T,  n,     \  species  of  large  mint. 
HORPE'-MUS-CLE,  (-mus'l,)  n.     A  large  muscle  or 

sheJI-fish.  Bacon. 

HORSE'-PATH,  n.    A  path  for  horses,  as  bv  canals. 
HOK.SE'-PLAY,  a.     Rough,  nigged  play.      Dryden. 
HORSE'-POND,  n.     A  pond  fur  watering  horses. 
HORSE'-POW-ER,  n.    The  power  of  a  horse  ;  or  its 

equivalent,  which  has  been  estimated,  by  Mr.  Walt, 

as  a  power  which  will  raise  32,000  ibs.  avoirdupois 

one  f«K>t  hiph  per  minute.  Ure. 

HORSE'-PL'RS'LANE,  n.     A  plant   of  the    genus 

Tr  in  nth  em  a. 
HORSE'-RACE,  n.    A  race  by  horses ;  a  match  of 

hor-es  in  nmning. 
HOKPE'-RAC-lNG,n.    The  practice  or  act  of  running 

hor-TS.  • 


HOS 

HORSE-RADM8H,».  A  plant  of  the  genus  Cochlearia, 
a  sptcies  of  scurvy -grass,  having  a  root  of  a  pungent  1 

ta-iti-.  I 

HOR^^E'SimE.  (fthoo,)  n.  A  sho"  for  horses,  consist- 
ing of  a  plate  of  iron  of  a  circular  form. 
2.  Any  thing  .shaped  like  a  horseshoe. 

HORSE'SHOE-HEAD,  (-shoo  h*-d,)  n.  A  disease  of 
infants,  in  which  the  sutures  of  the  skull  are  loo 
open;  oppust*d  to  Heapmold-shut. 

HORSE'SII^E-ING,  n.  The  act  or  employment  of 
shoeing  horses. 

HOK.SE'-8'rr:AUER,  J  »     .     i        r  x. 

HORSE'-THIkF,         j  "*    A  stealer  of  horse*. 

HORSK'-STkAL-ING,  n.     The  stealing  of  a  horse  or 

HORSE'-STING-ER,  »i.     The  dragon-ilv.        [hoiws. 

HOR.SE'-TAIL,n.  A  plant  <.f  the  genus  Equiselum. 
allied  to  the  ferns.  The  shrubby  horsetail  is  of  the 
genus  Ephedra.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

2.  A  Turkish  standard.  Commanders  are  distin- 
guished by  the  number  of  horae-taih  carried  before 
them,  or  planted  in  front  of  their  tents.  Thus,  ihe 
Bullan  has  seven,  the  grand-vizier  five,  and  the 
pashavvs  three,  two,  or  one.  Encyc.  Am. 

HORSE'-TO.VGUE,  (-tung,)  tu  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Rusrus. 

HOKSE'-VETCH,  i  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus 

HORSE'SHOE-VETCH,  j        Hippocrepis. 

HORiSE'-WAY,   i  n.    A  way  or  road  in  which  horses 

HORSE'-ROAD,  S       may  travel. 

HOit.^pyWHlP,  n.  A  whip  for  driving  or  striking  horses. 

HORSE'WHlP.r.  t.  To  lasJi  ;  to  strike  with  a  horse- 
whip. 

HORSE'WIIIP.PKD,  pp.     Struck  with  a  horsewhip. 

HORSE'WIIIP-PING,  ppr.  Lashing  or  beating  with 
a  horsewhip. 

HORSE'VVIHP-PING,™.   A  sinking  with  a  horsewhip. 

HORSE'WOM-AN,  n.  A  woman  who  rides  on  horse- 
back. 

HORSE'-VVORM,  n.  A  worm  that  infests  horses  ;  a 
boti. 

HOR-TA'TIOX,  71.  [L.  hortatio,  from  hortor,  to  exhort.] 
The  net  of  exhorting,  or  giving  advice  ;  exhorta- 
tion ;  advice  intended  to  encourage.    [But  Exhurta 
TioN  w  irenerally  used.] 

HOR'TA-TIVE,  a.    Giving  exhortation  ;  advisory. 

HOR'TA-TIVE,  n.  Exhortation;  a  precept  civeu  to 
incite  or  encourage.  Bacon. 

HOR'TA-TO-RY,  a.  Giving  exhortation  or  advice  ; 
encouraging  ;  inciting  ;  as,  a  hortatory  speech. 

HOR-TE.\'SIAL,  (-shal,)  a.     [L.  hoHeiuns.] 

Fit  for  a  garden.     [JsTot  used.]  Kvelyn 

HOR'TI-€UL-TOR,  n.  [L.  hortus,  a  garden,'^ and 
cultor,  a  tiller.] 

One  who  cultivates  a  garden. 

HOR-TI-CUL'TliR  AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  culture 
of  gardens. 

UOR'TI-eUL-Tt,^RE,  n.  [L.  hortus,  a  garden,  and 
cultura,  culture,  from  colo,  to  till.] 

The  cultivation  of  a  garden ;  or  the  art  of  culti- 
vattng  gardens. 

HOR-TI-CUL'TIJR-IST,  n.  One  who  is  skilled  in 
the  art  of  cultivating  gardens. 

HOR'TU-LAN,  a,     [L.  hortulanus.] 

Belonging  to  a  garden  ;  as,  a  kortutan  calendar. 

Kvrhin. 

HOR'TUS  are'€L'S,  n.  [L.]  Literally,  a  dry  garden  . 
an  appcllaticm  given  to  a  collection  of  specinnns  of 
plants,  carefully  dried  and  preserved.  The  t-ld  name 
of  Herbarium.  Encyc. 

HORT'YARI),  H,    An  orchard  ;  which  see. 

HO-SAN'NA,  n.     [Heb.,  save,  I  beseech  you.] 

An  exclamation  of  praise  to  God,  or  an  invocation 
of  blessings.  In  the  Hebrew  ceremonies,  it  was  a 
prayer  rehearsed  on  the  several  days  of  the  feast  of 
tabernacles,  in  which  this  word  was  often  repeated. 

HOSE,  n.  ,■  pi.  Hose,  (hoze,)  formerly  Hosen,  (bo'zn.) 
[Sax.  hos,  a  heel,  a  thorn,  or  iwig,  and  hose;  G. 
nose;  D.  kous ;  VV.  hos,  hosan,froin  Awj<,  a  rnver- 
iop,  a  housing;  Fr.  chausse;  U.  asan.  The  W»'I:«h 
unites  Ihis  word  with  house.  The  hose,  or  honan,  was 
a  garment  covering  the  legs  and  thighs,  like  the 
modern  long  Irowsers.  Henco,  in  G.  hosen-gurt^  a 
hose-2'irf,  is  a  waist-band ;  and  hosen -trdiffr,  liose- 
aupporter,  or  shoulder-strap,  indicates  that  the  hose 
was  sustained,  as  breeches  and  pantaloons  now  are, 
by  susijendfTs  or  braces.] 

1.  Breeches  or  trowstrs.  Shall. 

2.  Stockings ;  covering  for  the  legs.  This  word, 
in  merr.antile  vse,  is  synommoiis  with  atAtckings^ 
though  originally  a  very  diff;r<'nt  garment. 

3.  A  flexIMe  pipe,  generally  madf  of  leuthf'r,  used 
with  enginea,  fur  conveying  water  to  extincuitih 
fires,  &c. 

HO'SIER,  (ho'zhur,)  n.    One  who  deals  in  stockings 

and  pocks,  &.c. 
H0'?1ER-Y,  (hO'zhur-y,)  n.    Stockings  in  general  ; 

sock?. 
HOS'PKCE,   (hos'peeB.)  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  ho.^pitium.'] 

A  term  applied  to  convents  in  some  of  the  jtasscs  of 

the  Alps,  for  the  entertainment  of  travelers. 
HOSTI-T.-^-BLE,  o.      [L.   ho.^pitalis,    from   hospes,  a 

guest ;  IL  ospitalc  and  n.-paabile.     lto.^es  is  frnin  the 

Celtic;  W.  osb,  a  stranger   nr  wanderer,  a  guest; 

Arm.  osb,  o.fp,  hospyd.     See  Host.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.^T.  — METE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARtXE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


HOS 


HOT 


1.  Receiving  ami  entcrtailiins;  strangers  Hitll  kind- 
ness and  wilhuut  reward  ;  kind  to  slnin;:»r3  and 
piesU;  disiKised  to  Ireal  guests  Willi  generous  kind- 
ness ;  as,  n  haitpitabU  man. 

2.  Pniceedina  from  or  indicating  kindness  to  quests ; 
manifesting  generosity  ;  as,  a  fuspUatile  table  ;  hos- 
pibibtt  rites.  Drydai. 

3.  Inviting  to  strangers  ;  offering  kind  reception  ; 
iudicuting  hos[>itatity. 

Ti>  wlyr-  von  taper  eli«i»  the  Tale,  , 

With  ktfpiuibit  TAJ.  <7oW*iTiUA. 

HOS'PI-TA-BLY,  adc.     With  kindness  to  strangers 
or  miests  ;  wiUl  generous  and  liberal  entertainment. 
Prior.     Sieift. 

llOS'PI-TA6E,  «.     Hospilalilv.     [04».]         S/ieiterr. 

IIOS'PI-TAL,  a.     [Fr.  kipital,  for  hospital  i  L.  kotpi- 
Uilw^  supra.] 

1.  .\  building  appropriated  for  the  reception  of 
sick,  infino.and  helpless  paupers,  who  are  supported 
and  nursed  bv  charity ;  also,  a  liouse  for  tiie  recep- 
tion of  insane  persons,  whether  paupers  or  not,  or 
for  seamen,  soldiers,  foundlings,  &c.,  who  are  stip- 
pi>rted  by  the  public,  or  by  private  charity,  or  for  iu- 
fect<;d  persons,  tc. 

2.  A  ulace  fur  shelter  or  entertainmenL     \Obs.\ 

Spenser 
HOS'PI-T.\L,  a.     Hospitable.    [Mit  tti  use.]  lUwell. 
IIOS'PI-TAL-EK,  ».     ffroMi  huspital.]     Properlu,  one 
residing  in  a  lioapiul  for  the  pilriswe  of  riceivmg 
the   ptKtr   and    strangers.      The   ho'piUlers  were    an 
order  of  knights  who  built  a  hospital  at  Jerusalem 
for  pilgrims.     They  were  called  knt^rliU  of  St.  Jokn^ 
and  are  the  same  as  the  kM;'lila  of  Malta.       Eacfc. 
HOS-ri-T.\L'l-TY,  n.     [Kr.  IwspitiUue  i    L.  Iwspitalt- 
tas;W.ysbyd.    See  HoariT*Bi.E.] 

The  act  or  practice  of  receiving  and  entertaining 
strangers  or  pufsts  nithout  reward,  or  with  kind 
aod  generous  liberality. 

A  ti»hup (in'«t  IK-  gi*-"!!  10  tiorpilaJili/ 1  Tim.  " 

HoapUaiiOl  1  h;>v«  lou"ii  *•  liuifeiMl        '  '  '"  "' 


1.  Belonging  to  a  ptiblic  enemy  ;  desiguatiiig  en- 
mity, piirt<cu/ar/y  public  enmity,  or  a  sl;ite  of  war; 
Inimical ;  as,  a  iutstilt  baud  or  army  ;  a  hositit  force  j 
hostile  intention!^. 

2.  Possessed  by  a  public  enemy  ;  as,  a  hostile  coun- 


try. 


Kent. 


tbc  Ctce  of  mitn. 

Ledyard, 

HOS'PI-TATE,  r.  i.     [L.  i/l^itor.] 

To  reside  or  lodge  under  the  roof  of  another. 
r.V..l  u-.rrfi  ,      drew. 

IIO.S'PI  Mate,  v.  U    To  lodge  a  person.     [^Vul  ustd.\ 

IIOr^'PO-DXR,  w.  A  governor  appointed  by  the  Turk- 
ish p.irte  over  Ihe  t'hnslian  provinces  id'  .Moldavia 
and  Wallaciiia.  Since  18J9,  ihe  appointment  is  for 
I  if.*.  Bra  rule. 

HO.-*T,  ».  [Fr.  h:ir,  for  huste  :  It.  osU  :  Sp.  hucipal  i 
Port,  hosptde:  and  L.  hustis,  a  stranger,  an  enemy, 
pnihably  of  Ih-  same  family.  (See  Hoihtable.) 
The  ncnse  is,  a  stranger  or  foreigner,  that  is,  a  wan- 
derer or  traveler,  from  some  root  signifying  to  wan- 
der, to  go  or  pass,  or  to  visit.    See  Class  Gs,  No.  5,  |  uox'-ni/>'OD-EU 

ed  ;  irritible. 


l*.  16-1 
1.  One  who  entertains  another  at  his  own  bouse, 

witliout  reward. 

Hscier  iicf  tr 


3.  Pertaining  to  or  expressing  private  enmity  or 
opposition  ;  .as,  luistilt  to  sudden  change. 

HOS'TILE-LY,  adr.     In  a  lio.<tile  manner. 

HOS-TIL'l-TY,  n.  [Fr.  hostUile ;  L.  hostilUas,  from 
Aostis,  an  enemy.] 

1.  riie  state  ol  war  between  nations  or  states ; 
the  actions  of  an  open  enemy  ;  aggression  ;  attacks 
of  an  enemy.  These  secret  enmities  broke  out  in 
hostilities. 

Hos&  i(y  t»'itiff  th'W  I'lBpendert  with  Fr.ulca.  Ilf.yvard. 

We  liave  earned  ou  eTea  our  hoaalidts  with  humaniiy. 

AtUrbury- 

2.  Private  eninitv  ;  a  sense  less  proper. 
HOS'TIL-IZE,  t.  t.  "To  make  an  enemy.  [Little  usni.] 
HOST'ING,  B.    [from  iust,  an  army.]     An  encounter; 

a  battle.     [fJltte  used.]  JUdton. 

2.  A  muster  or  review.     [Ofr*.]  Spenser. 

nOS'TLER.  (hos'ler  or  os'ler,)  n.     [from  Fr.  hOteUer, 
an  innkeeper.    See  Hotsl.] 
The  person  who  has  the  care  of  horses  at  an  inn. 
IIOST'LESS,  a.     Inhospitable.     [JVot  in  ""'•] 
HOST'RY,  a.     A  suable  for  horses.  thn/den. 

2.  A  lodging-house.  Howell. 

HOT,  a.  [Sax.  hat :  G.  heiss  ;  D.  heet ;  Sw.  het ;  Dan. 
heed.    See  IInT.j 

1.  Having  sensible  heat ;  opposed  to  eohl ;  as,  a  not 
stove  or  (ire  ;  a  hot  cloth  ;  hot  liquors.  Hut  expresses 
more  than  ipflnri. 

2.  Ardent  in  temper  ;  easily  excited  or  exasper- 
ated ;  vehemenu 

AchiUra  ia  i.npalicnt,  Aol,  anJ  revengeful.  Ihydsn. 

3.  Violent;  furious;  as,  a  Aot  engagement  or  as- 
sault. Dr^dcn. 

4.  Eager;  animated  ;  brisk;  keen;  as,  a  »el  pur- 
suit, or  a  person  hot  in  a  pursuit. 

5.  Lustful ,  lewd.  Shak. 

6.  .\crid;  biting;  stimulating;  pungent;  as,  iot 
as  mustard  or  pvppvr.  -  „.    , 

HOT,  IIOTE.IIO'TE.N,^'.    Called  ;  named.     [Obs.] 

Oower. 
HOT'BED,  n.  In  gardeninir^  a  bed  of  earth  and 
horsedung,  or  tanner's  bark,  covered  with  gbass  to 
defend  it  from  the  cold  air,  intended  for  raising  early 
plants,  or  for  nourishing  exotic  plants  of  warm  cli- 
mates, which  will  not  thrive  in  cool  or  temperate 
_ij.^  Farm.  Encyc. 

2.  A  place  which  favors  rapid  growth  or  develop- 
ment ;  as,  a  hotbed  of  sedition. 

Having  hot  blood  ;  high  spirit- 


ruined  gueau  or  fuMU  with  long  aiieechea. 
futiiry. 

2.  One  Who  entertains  another  at  his  house  for 
reward  ;  an  innkeeper;  a  landlord. 

3.  .\  guest ;  one  who  is  entertained  at  the  house 
of  another.  The  innkeejier  says  >•(  Ihe  traveler,  he 
h.a»  a  gtKid  host,  and  the  traveler  says  of  his  landlord, 
he  has  a  kind  ho.<t.     [See  Gitsi.]  '-'"'!'.;,• 

HOST,  ».  [I.  hattis,  a  stranger,  an  enemy.  Ihe 
sense  is  pnibably  transferred  from  a  single  foe  to  an 
trtny  of  foes.]  ,    j-  a   r 

1.  An  army;  a  number  of  men  cmboaied  for 
war. 

2.  Any  great  number  or  multitude. 

Hi^ST,  n.  [I*,  hostia.  a  victim  or  s.-u:rifice,  from  kostis, 
an  enemy;  Fr.  bostie:  ap|>lied  to  the  Savior,  who 
was  offered  for  the  sins  of  men.] 

In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  the  sacrifice  of  the 
m:i«<,  or  the  ctuisecrated  wafer,  representing  the 
body  of  Christ,  or,  as  the  Roman  Catholics  allege, 
transubstantiated  into  his  own  body  and  blootl. 

Brande. 
To  lodge  at  an  inn ;  to  take  up  enler- 
ILiale  <ue<L]  Shah. 

To  give  entertainment  to.    [JVot  used.] 
Spenser. 

HOS'T.\CE,  «.  [Fr.  Stage,  for  ostage ;  It.  ostwrmo  ; 
Arm.  oslaich  ;  G.  geissel  I  VV.  gioystyl,  a  pledge, 
pawn,  snrttty,  hostage.] 

A  ptrrstm  delivered  to  an  enemy  or  hostile  power, 
as  a  pledge  to  secure  the  [s'rformance  of  the  condi- 
tions of  a  treaty  or  stipulations  of  any  ki  nl,  and  on 
the  |»:rforiiiance  of  which  the  person  is  u<  be  re- 
Iriasid.  Baron.    ^U^rbury. 

HOS  TKL  Er|  n.     An  innkeeper.  Booth, 

HflHT'KSS,  II.     A  femnli;  host;  a  woman  who  enter- 

lains*  eucrtii  n!  her  hoii!**?.  Dryden, 

2.  A  woiHHn  who  kfwfm  an  Inn.  Temple. 

H6»T'KS8-SIIIP,  II.    The  character  or  businRss  of  a 

hoMtt'>«<*.  Sfuik. 

IIOS'TIB,  (hoB'ie,)  n.    [U  hostia.)    The  conwcrated 

WitUf.  BurmL 

IlOt*'TILE»  Choft'til.)  a.  [L.  hostilisy  from  hotttij  an 
enemy,  that  U,  a  foreigner.] 


HOST,  r.  i. 

tniniiienL 

IIO:?T.  c.  L 


HOT'-BRA[X-KD,  a.  Ardent  in  tpmper  ;  violent; 
nr^U  ,  prfci|iitate  ;  n^.  hvt-brained  yi>»th.       Dnidcn. 

HO'I'CIi'PO'i',  n.  [Fr.  hoehrpot,  from  hocher^  to  shake, 
and  pmbutily  poty  a  pol  or  dish.] 

i.  Properly.,  a  mingled  raosa  i  a  mixture  of  ingre- 
dient'*. Bacon.     Camden. 

2.  In  late,  a  mixing  of  lands.  Thus  lands  given 
in  frank-marriaKe  lo  one  daughter,  Bhalt,  after  the 
dealli  of  the  ancestor,  be  blended  with  thtr  lands  de- 
Bcendiiin:  to  her  and  to  her  distern  from  the  same  an- 
ccniuty  and  then  be  divided  in  e<iual  portions  to  all 
th)*  dauKhter*.  Blachitunr, 

HOTCH'POTCII.     See  Hi^ooepodci:  and  IIutchpot, 

HOT'-eO\  K-LKS,(-kok'lz,)n.  pL  [Qu.  Fr.  Aaate* 
eoquiUea,  L*gh  Hhdls.] 

A  pl.iy  1 '  which  one  covers  his  eye?*,  and  pnesses 
who  strikei  him,  or  bin  liand  placed  behind  him. 

(fay. 
IIO-TEiy,  n.     [Fr.  h6tel,  for  hostel^  a  palace  or  Uwell- 
inK-hotme  of  a  prince  or  lord.] 

1.  A  house  f"r  enterlainme  glrangers  or  travelers. 
It  was  r.rmerly  a  hou^e  for  Renieel  «tnmgera  or 
lodKenf,  hilt  the  name  is  now  given  to  any  inn. 

2.  In  France.,  a  patact;  or  dwelling  of  persons  of 
rank  or  wealth.  . 

HO-TEL'   rnKt/*,  (fl-tel'de-ii',!     [Fr.]     A  hospital. 

HOT'-FLCE,  n.  An  npartnienl  healed  by  stoves  or 
Hteam-pti>e«,  In  which  padded  and  printed  caiicoen 
nrn  dried.  ^'■'■ 

IIOT'-HEAD-ED,  a.  Of  ardent  passions  ;  vehemt-nt  j 
violent;  rwh.  ^rbuthnot. 

HQT'IIOUSE,  n.  A  house  knpt  warm  to  nht-lter  ten- 
der plants  and  shnibs  from  the  cold  air  ;  a  place  In 
which  the  plants  of  warmer  climate*  may  be  reared, 
and  fruits  ripened. 

2.  A  iKignio,  or  place  lo  sweat  and  cup  in.  Shak, 

3.  A  brothel.  B.  Jon^on. 
IIOT'LY,  aJr.     [from  An(.]     With  heat. 

2.  Ardently  ;  vehemently  ;  violently  ;  as,  a  stag 
holly  piirjined. 

3.  Lustfittly.  Drtjden, 
HOT'-MOUTII-En,  a.     IleadatPond  ;  ungovernable. 

Thnt  hal-mouihMA  b«nxl  that  besn  ogaliut  th*?  curb.      Drydtn. 

HOT'NESS.  Ti.    Sensible  heat  beyond  a  moderate  de- 
gree of  warmth. 
2.  Violence;  vehemence;  fury. 


HOU 

HOT'-PRESS-EO,  (-prest,)  a.  Pressed  while  heat  is 
appli.d,  for  tlie  purpose  of  givina  a  smooth  and 
gl.jssy  surf.ice. 
HOT'-PRESS-ING,  a.  The  applicatitm  of  heat  in  con- 
junction with  mechanical  pressure,  for  the  purjKise 
of  giving  a  smooth  and  glossy  surface,  as  lo  paper, 
linen,  &.C.  ,  . 

HOT'-SPIK'IT-ED,  a.     Having  a  flcrj- spirit.     Innng. 
IIOT'SPUR,  a.     [hot  and  spur.]    A  inau  violent,  pas- 
sionate, heady,  rash,  or  precipitate.  Shah. 
2,  .\  kind  of  p:-a  of  early  growth. 
IIOT'SPUR,  a.     Violent ;  imiietuous.              Spenser. 
HOT'SPUR-RED,  (hot'spurd,)  a.     Vehement ;  rash  ; 

headv  ;  headstrong.  Peoeham. 

IIOT'TEN-TOT,  n.     One  belonging  to  a  Soillli  Alrl- 
can  tribe,  formerly  esteemed  the  most  degraded  of 
the  human  race. 
2-  A  savage,  brutal  man. 
HOT'T£.\-T0T-CHER'liy,?L    A  plant.    [SeeCHSB- 

RV  I  Chamhers, 

HOTT'EST,  a.     Most  hot. 

HOT'-VVALL,  a.     In   gardening,  a  wall  constructed 

with  tlues  for  the  conducting  offbeat,  for  securing  or 

hastening  the  growth  of  fruit-trees.  Brande. 

HOU'D.Ml,  li.     A  seat  to  be  fixed  on  a  camel's  back. 

HOUGH,  (hok,)  n.    [Sax.  hoh,  the  heel  or  the  bough  , 

G.  haeke,  D.  hak,  a  lieel,  a  hoe.] 

1.  The  lower  part  of  the  thigh  ;  the  ham  ;  the 
joint  of  the  hind  leg  of  a  beast  that  connects  the 
thigh  with  the  leg.  Encye. 

2.  An  adz  ;  a  hoe.     rA*oe  in  u.st.]         SlilUngJUet. 
UOUGH.  (hok,)  r.  t.    To  hamstring ;   to  disable  by 

cutting  the  sinews  of  the  ham. 
2.  To  cut  with  a  hoe.     [Obs.] 

HOUOH'ED,  (hokt,)  pp.  Hamstrung;  disabled  by 
cutting  the  sinews  of  the  ham. 

HOU'LET,  n.     An  owl.     [See  Howlit.] 

HOUI.T.     See  Holt. 

HOUND,  n.  [Sax.  hnnd:  (i.  Sw.  Dan.  and  Scot. 
hund  :  D.  kond ;  L.  canis  i  Gr.  »rewi',  KVvoi ;  Fr.  cAiea  ,- 
It.  caac] 

A  generic  name  of  the  dog  ;  but  In  English  it  Is 
confined  lo  a  particular  breed  or  varirty,  used  in  the 
chase.     It  has  long,  smmith,  pendulous  ears. 

HOUND,  r.  I.     To  set  on  the  chase.  BramhaU. 

2.  To  hunt ;  to  chase.  L'Estran^e. 

HOU.ND'FISH,  n.  A  name  of  certain  lislies  .  t  the 
shark  family.  The  smooth  houniltish,  or  smooth 
shark,  is  the  Mastelas  lucis,  which  grows  to  the 
length  of  three  or  four  tea,  and  is  esteemed  delicate 
food  among  the  Hebrides.  Janltne's  A"ix.  Ub. 

HOU.N'DS,  n.pl.  In  «Mmm'»l«ni.'un if,  the  projecting 
parts  of  the  head  of  a  mast,  serving  aa  shoulders  for 
the  top  or  treslh'-trees  to  rest  on.  Totte-n. 

HOUNU'«'-T0NGUE,  (tiing,)  n.  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Cynoglossum,  so  called  from  the  shape  of  its 
loaves.  PartiiLgtan. 

HOUND'-TREE,  n.     A  kind  of  tree.         Auiaicvrth. 
HOUP.     See  Hoopoo.  , 

HOUR,  (our,)  n.  [L.  and  Sp.  hora:  Gr.  lo/jo  ;  It.  ora: 
Fr.  kenre  ;  Arm.  hear;  W.  awr  ;  Ir.  iwiir ;  G.  aAr ;  D. 
uur.  The  primary  sense  is,  time  or  season,  occasion, 
from  a  root  which  signifies  to  come,  lo  happen.  In 
fall,  lo  rush  or  drive.  Hence  the  Fr.  4e»i-  signifies 
luck,  good  fortune,  and  heureiii,  lucky,  fortunate, 
happy,  that  is,  seasonable.  So  in  L.  trmpestiviis^ 
from  Innpus.  (See  Timl.)  But  luinr,  hora,  alter"  ard 
came  to  signify  a  certain  isirtioii  or  division  of  tlio 
day.     This  has  been  dilfereiit  in  dilferent  nations.] 

1.  A  apace  of  time  eipial  Ui  one  twellty-foiirlli  part 
of  the  natural  ilay.  An  hour  answers  to  lifleen  de- 
grees of  the  eilliator.  It  consists  of  sixty  minutes, 
each  minute  of  sixty  seconds,  &c 

2.  Time  ;  a  [inrticular  lime  ;  as,  the  hour  of  death. 

Jesu.  initti,  Woinao,  my  hour  ia  not  yrt  «imc.  —  John  il. 

3.  The  time  marked  or  indicated  by  a  chronome- 
ter, clock,  or  watch  ;  the  particular  time  of  the  lay. 
What  Is  the  Aour  7  At  what  4"ur  shall  we  meet  I  I 
will  be  Willi  you  at  an  early  hoar. 

Oood  hour,  signifies  early  or  seasonably.  You 
have  arrived  at  a  good  hour. 

To  keep  mod  hoitra;  to  ho  at  home  in  gmsl  season  ; 
not  to  be  abroad  late,  or  at  the  usiiid  hours  of  retiring 

to  re^t.  .      ,     r, 

Uaurs !  in  (As  plural,  certain  prayers  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  church,  to  be  repeated  at  stated  times  of 
the  day,  as  matins  and  vespi'rs.  F.neijc. 

In  mvlholoiry,  the  //our..,  {llorai,)  were  divinities, 
regarded  either  as  the  goddesses  of  the  seasons  or  of 
the  hours  of  the  day.  Brande. 

HOUR'-CIR-ei.E,  (our'sur-kl,)  a.  In  astronomy,  a  me- 
riilian  ;  so  called  because  Ihe  arcs  of  the  eipiutor,  in- 
tercepted between  the  meridians,  arc  used  as  ineas- 
urc-s  of  time.  Olm.tttd. 

HOIJR'-GLXSS,  (nur'gliss,)  n.  A  chronomiter  that 
measures  intervals  of  time  by  the  running  of  sand 
from  one  glass  vessel  to  another,  through  a  small  a|i 
ertiire.  The  quantity  of  sand  may  bo  so  propor- 
tioned as  to  measure  an  hour,  a  half  hour,  or  a 
quarter. 
2.  Space  of  time.  Bac4m. 

HOUR'-HAND,  n.  The  hand  or  pointed  pin  which 
shows  the  hour  on  a  chronometer. 


TONE,  BJjLL,  t;NITE.— AN"GER,  VVCIOUS — €  a<  K  ;  0  as  J ;  9  m  Z ;  CH  a.  8H ;  TH  as  in  THI3 

' — ' '   ■  '  ler 


HOU 

IIOL'R'I,  t^hour'e,)  m.  AiUuug  t/ia  JiiokammedaHs^  a 
liyiupti  lit  imnidise.  Juhtmvn. 

HOl.'K'I.Y,  (uur'ly,)  a.  Happening  cr  done  cverj* 
hour  i  occurring  hour  by  liour ;  frequeni ;  often  re- 
pfated. 

Ot«rrve  ihe  wwiing  mooo  widi  hourly  vi«w.  Drydtn. 

a.  Continual. 

We  nni«  live  in  hourfy  rxprctation  of  haYinj  the  Iroop*  i«adltd. 

HOUR'LY,  (our'^y.)  f^^-  ^^^'J'  *'**"^»  ftequenUy; 
cuDtinunlly. 

Grew  wM  their  ttrifi-,  which  Aour.'y  *"  reocwwl.  Dryinu 
nOUR'-PLATE,  (onr'iilaie,)  n.     The  (ilate  of  a  cUkK 

or  olhrr  liuiepiuce  on  w  hich  tJie  hours  are  marked  ; 

Ihe  dial.  ,       .    ,      ^     f"*^'.' 

IIOL'S'ACE,  b.      [from  *.iwf.]      A  foe   for  keeping 

ptMxN  in  n  house.     f-V.tt  in  iwe.]  Chambers. 

HOUSK,  (hous,)  ».     [Sajc.  Atw  f  Golh.  Sw.  and  Scot. 

kiu :  G.  kaus:  P.  Amw;  Dan.  A«w.«;  L.  cosa  ;   It.  Pj». 

and  Port,  easa :  \V.  Air^,  a  covering  or  bou^iig.     if 

\ho  primary  sense  u  a  covering,  lliia  word  may  be 

referred  to  Heb.  Cb.  Syr.  no3,  Ar.  ^  -*=^  fawo, 
to  put  on,  to  cover.  Class  Gs,  No.  57.  It  corre- 
sponds lo  cot,  in  a  dilfcrent  dialect.] 

In  a  ^^raerii' «^«^ft '"i  building  or  shed  intended  or 
used  as  a  tiahitntion  or  i^helter  for  anininl;^  of  any 
kind  ;  but  appropruiitty^  a  hiiilding  or  edifice  for  the 
habitation  of  man;  a  dwelling-plac-e,  niajision,  ot 
abode  for  any  of  tbe  bunian  itpecies.  It  luay  be  of 
any  sise,  and  roinpoaed  of  any  materials  whatever 
—  wood,  stonof  brick,  &c. 

2.  An  edifice  or  building  appropriated  (o  the  wor- 
ship of  God ;  a  temple ;  a  church  ;  a«,  the  Acnuc  of 
God. 

3.  A  monaatery ;  a  college ;  as,  a  religioiu  Amim. 

4.  The  manner  of  living;  the  table.  Ue  keeps  a 
good  Aoiue,  or  a  miserahle  mm^ 

5.  In  ^strotofiif  tbe  station  of  a  planet  in  tbe  heav- 
ens, or  the  twelilb  part  of  tbe  heavens. 

JokmMin.     Eacyc 

6.  A  family  of  ancestors;  descendants  and  kin- 
dred ;  a  race  of  persons  from  tbe  same  stock ;  a 
tribe.  It  particularly  denotes  a  noble  fiunUy  or  an 
illustrious  ruce ;  as,  tbe  MmuM  of  Austria ;  the  keuse 
of  Hanover.  So,  in  Senftmrt^  tbe  Asius  m  Israel,  or 
of  Judub. 

Two  flf »  \imm  lew  ftfeiekaa&nd.  i>rsilcii. 

7.  One  of  tbe  estntes  of  a  kingdom  asaembled  in 
parliament  or  legislature;  a  bmly  of  men  unit4'd  in 
their  legislative  capacity,  and  holding  tlieir  place  by 
right  or  by  election.  Thus  wo  say,  the  kciutt  of 
lords  or  peers  of  Great  Britain  ;  the  house  of  eom- 
mnos ;  the  k0itM  of  representatives.  In  most  of  the 
United  States,  the  legislatures  consist  of  two  kousts, 
tbe  senate,  and  the  house  of  representatives  or  dele- 
gates. 

■  ;i  of  a  legislative  body;  the  number 
of  ■    -5  assembled  who  are  con^itiiution- 

all\  :  lo  enact  laws.     Hence  we  say,  there 

is  a  KUiUciciit  number  of  representatives  present  to 
form  a  ksujif. 

9.  In  wureaMtUe  affairs,  a  firm  or  commercial  es- 
tablishment, as  the  kffu*€  of  Baring  &  Brutiiers. 

10.  In  Seripture,  those  who  dwell  in  a  bouse  and 
compose  a  ftmily  ;  a  household. 

Cornditis  wu  x  ckrout  maa,  vd  Wnd  God  vilh  all  hia  Aoum. 
—  Acu  X. 

11.  Wealth  ;  estate. 

Ye  devoar  widow**  kotutt.  —  M&u.  xxuL 

12.  Tlie  grave ;  as,  ibe  kmu*  appointed  for  all  Itv- 
ine.    Job  xxx. 

j;i.  Household  afl^Urs ;  domestic  concerns. 

8et  ttiy  fcottM  in  onW.  —  t  Kin^  xx. 
H.  I'he  body  ;   tlie  residence  of  the  soul  in  this 
world  :  as,  our  earthly  house.    2  Ctrr.  v. 

15.  The  church  among  the  Jews. 

MoKs  wu  tuihfnl  in  all  hi>  house.  — Ueh.  uL 

16.  A  pUice  of  residence.  £gypt  is  called  the 
kamse  of  bondage.     Ex,  xtii. 

17.  A  squarr,  or  division  on  a  che5s-lK>ard.    Eneyc. 
Honat  of,ctrreciioH  ;  a  jirison  for  tile  punishment  of 

idle  and  disorderly  persons,  vagrants,  trc«p.'issers,  &c. 

Bratidc, 
HOUSE,  (houz,)  r,  U    [Sw.  Ayso.] 

1.  To  cover  from  the  inclemencies  of  the  weather ; 
to  shelter  ;  lo  pruU.-ct  by  covering  ;  as,  to  Auiue  wood  ; 
to  house  farming  utensils  ;  to  house  cattle. 

2.  To  admit  lo  residence  ;  tu  harbor. 

P&Iladiiu  wlahM  him  to  haute  all  tbe  Hdota.  S&dnty. 

3.  To  deposit  and  cover,  as  in  the  grave.     Sandys. 

4.  To  drive  to  a  shelter.  Shak. 
HOUSE,  (houz,)  r.  i.    To  take  shelter  or  lodgings  j  to 

keep  abode  ;  to  reside. 

T«  house  with  dutaien  and  with  dealh.  A6*ton. 

2.  To  have  an  astrological  station  in  the  heavens. 

Where  S.it.im  hou*ea.  Dn/den, 

HOUSE'-BOAT,  (huus'boai,)  «.     A  covered  boat. 


HOU 

HOUSE'HfiTE,  (houa'bole,)  ii.  [house  and  Sox.  bot^ 
supply.} 

In  latfy  a  sudicient  allowance  of  wood  to  repair 
the  lioui^e  and  riiipply  fuel. 

HOUSE'-HKEAK-EU,  (hous'brak-cr,)  n.  One  who 
breaks,  opcuH,  and  t;nirni  a  house  hy  day  with  a  fe- 
lonious intent,  ur  one  who  breaks  or  o|K-ns  n  house, 
and  sttnis  tlien>frutii  by  dayliuht.  BUiekstone. 

HOUtfE'-UREAK-ING,  (huus'linlk-inp,)  »,  The 
breaking,  or  o|i(.-ning  and  entering  of  a  house  by 
d:i}light,  witli  the  intent  to  cuniniit  a  ftluiiy,  or  tt» 
steal  or  rob.  The  same  crime  committed  at  night  is 
burglary.  BlacXstone, 

HOUSE'-DOG,  n.    A  dog  kept  lo  guard  the  house. 

.iddison. 

HOrs'ED,  (houzd,)  pp.     Put  undercover  ;  sheltered. 

HOUtfE'HOLD,  (hous'hold,)  n.  Thiwe  who  dwell  un- 
der the  siune  roof  and  comi>ose  a  family  ;  those  who 
belong  to  a  family. 

I  kti^djiM  alao  the  hausehold  urSteph&iiua.  —  1  Cor.  i. 

2.  Family  life  ;  domestic  management        Shak. 

HOUSE'HCi-l*,  a.  Belon^'ing  to  the  house  and  fami- 
ly ;  domestic  ;  as,  household  furniture  ;  household  of- 
fitirs. 

HOUSE'MoLD  BREAD,  (bred,)  n.  Common  bread, 
or  not  of  the  fiiit^I  quality. 

HOUtfE'IIOI.D  EK,ii.  The  master  or  chief  of  a  fami- 
ly; one  who  kerjis  house  with  his  family.  .Matt. 
xiii. 

noUSE'H^LD-STUFF,  n  The  furniture  of  a  house  ; 
the  vessels,  utensils,  and  gooils  of  a  family.      Bacon, 

HOCSE'KEKP-ER,  n.  One  who  occupies  a  house 
with  hi:t  family  ;  a  man  or  woman  who  maintains  a 
fantily  state  in  a  house;  a  householder;  the  master 
or  mistress  of  a  fanidy.  Locke. 

2.  A  female  servant  who  has  the  chief  care  of  the 
fhmilf ,  and  superintends  the  other  servants.      Sfcifu 

3.  One  who  lives  in  plenty.     [JV«(  in  use.]  Wotton. 
A.  One  who  keeps  much  at  home.    {J^'ot  %tsed.] 

SJiak. 
5.  A  buuse-flec     [J^ot  tuted.]  Shak. 

HOUSE'KEEP  ING,  a.     Domestic  ;  used  in  a  family  ; 
as,  kinijirkfntittir  Commodities.     [Little  ii.-;ed,]     Carew. 
HOUSE'KEl'p-fNG,  n.    The  family  state  in  a  dwell- 
ing ;  care  of  domestic  concerns. 

2.  Hospitality ;  a  plentiful  and  hospitable  table. 
[Obit.]  Sh^tk. 

HOUS'EL,  (hoiiz'el,)  n.     [Sax.   husel.     Lye  supjioses 
this  to  be  from  Gotli.  ANn«a,  a  victim.] 
The  eucharist ;  tbe  sacred  bread. 
HOUS'EI.,  v.  L     [Sax.  huMiam.} 

To  (live  or  receive  the  cucharist.     [Oftj.]    Chaucer. 
HOUSE'-LAMB,  n.    A  laiub  kept  in  a  house  for  fat- 
ting. 
HOUtfE'LEEK,  «.     [See  Lkee.J     A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Sempervivuin,  which  Is  uiuntl  on  the  tops  of 
houses.      The   lesser  kouseicek    is  of  the   goiius  Se- 
dum. 
HOUSE'LESS,  a.     Destitute   of  a   house  or  habita- 
tion ;  as,  the  houseless  child  of  want.        Qoldsmdk. 
%  Destitute  of  shelter. 
HOUSE'LINE,  I K.       Among    seamen^    a    small    line 
HOUS'ING,        \      formed    of  three   strands,  smaller 

than  rope-yarn,  used  fur  seizings,  4cc.  TutUfu 

IIOL':?E'-.MAtU,  n.  A  female  servant  employed  to  keep 

a  house  clean,  4lc 
HOUSE'-PIG-EON,  n.     A  tame  pigeon.       Oregonj. 
HOU:?E'-RAiS-£R,  n.     One  who  erects  a  house. 

WotlOTU 

HOUSE'-ROOM,  n.    Room  or  place  in  a  house. 

Drydtn. 
HOUSE'-SNAIL,  n.     A  particular  kind  of  snail. 

DirU 

HOUSE'-WARM-ING,  (hous'warm-ing,)n.  A  feast  or 

merr>--making   at   the  time   a  family  enters  a  new 

house.  Johnson. 

HOUSE'WIFE,  n.     [house  andwi/e,-   contracted  into 

kustD\fe^  hussy.']     I'liu  mistress  of  a  family.     Pope. 

2.  A  female  economist ;  a  good  manager. 

Dryden.     Addison. 

3.  One  skilled  in  female  business.  Jiddisvn. 

4.  A  little  case  or  bag  for  articles  of  female  work  ; 
{proh.  huz'zrf.)  Shelton. 

HOUSE'WIFE-LY,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  mistress  of 
a  family. 

2.  Taken  from  housewifery,  or  domestic  affairs ; 
as,  a  hniLtrviferu  metaphor.  Blackalone. 

HOUSE'VVIFE-rtY,  n.     The  business  of  the  mistress 
of  a  family  ;    t'einale  business  in  the  economy  of  a 
family  ;  feimtle  management  of  domestic  concerns. 
Temple.     Taylor. 
HOUPE'WRTGIIT,  (hous'rite,)  n.     An  architect  who 

builds  houses.  Fotkerby. 

HOUS'ING,  ppr.    Depositing  in  a  house;  covermg; 
sheltering. 
2.  Warped  ;  crooked,  as  a  brick. 
HOUS'ING,  n.     [Fr.  luiusse :  W.  krcs,  a  covering.] 

1.  Cover  or  cloth  over  or  under  a  horse's  saddle,  used 
originally  to  keep  olf  dirt,  and  afterwards  as  an  or- 
namentitl  or  mililar}- appendage;  a  saddle-cloth  ;  a 
horse-cloth. 

2.  Horses,  tiken  roUectively.     [Obs.] 

3.  [See    HOL-SELINE.] 


HOW 

4.  In  architecture^  thespiice  taken  out  of  one  solid, 
to  admit  the  insertion  of  another.  Brande. 

Also,  a  niche  for  a  statue.  Gloss,  of  Archil. 

HOUS'LING,  a.  [See  Houscu]  Sacramental ;  n^, 
houslinfT  lire,  used  in  the  ceremony  of  marrinse. 
[06^.1  Spettser. 

HOUSs,  n.     A  covering.     [See  HoDaiwc]  Dryden. 
HOVE  ;  pre(.  of  Heave. 
HOVEL,  n.     [Sax.  hof.  hofe,  n  house,  a  cave.] 

1  An  open  shed  for  sheltering  cattle,  protecting 
produce,  &c.,  from  the  weather.  Brandt. 

2.  A  cottage  ;  a  mean  house.  * 

HOVEL,  r.  u  To  put  in  a  hovel ;  to  shelter. 
HOVEL  .KD,  pp.  Put  in  a  hovel ;  sheltered. 
HOVf.'N,  pp.  of  Heate. 

HOVER,  (huv'er,)  r.  i.  [\V.  hoviaie^  to  hang  over,  to 
fluctuate,  to  hover.] 

1.  To  flap  the  winga,  as  a  fowl  ;  to  hang  over  or 
about,  tluttering  or  flapping  tlie  wings,  witli  short,  ir- 
regular flights. 

Grtat  fli^lita  of  blrda  an  hovering  about  the  briclgr,  and  aoulijif 
on  it,  Adiliton. 

2.  To  hang  over  or  around,  with  irregular  mo- 
tions. 

A  hovering  mUt  c&me  awimmin^  o'er  his  tight.  Dry^n. 

3.  To  stand  in  suspense  or  expectation.  Spenser. 

4.  To  wander  about  from  place  to  place  in  the  neigh- 
borhood ;  to  move  back  and  forth  ;  as,  an  army  hfv- 
ering  on  our  borders  ;  a  ship  hovering  on  our  coast. 

Cranch's  Rep. 
HOVER,  n.     A  protection  or  shelter  by  hanging  over. 

HOVER-GROUND,  n.    Light  ground.  Ray. 

HOVER-ING,  ppr.     Flapping   the   wings ;   hanging 
over  or  oround  ;  moving  with  short,  irregular  flights. 
HOV'ER-ING-LY,  adv.     In  a  hovering  manner. 
HOW,  adv,     [Sax.  hu ;  D.  hoe.] 

1.  In  what  manner.    I  know  not  how  to  answer. 


2.  To  what  degree  or  extent.  How  long  shall  we 
Bufter  these  indignities?  How  much  better  is  wis- 
dom than  gold  ! 


3.  For  what  reason  ;  from  what  cause. 

liou  now,  mir  lo»e,  why  b  your  cheek  lo  pale  t  S3tak. 

4.  By  what  means.  How  can  this  effect  be  pro- 
duced i 

5.  In  what  state. 

//our,  null  with  what  repronch  ahull  1  returo  I  Dryden. 

6.  It  is  used  in  a  sense  marking  proportion;  as, 
how  much  less ;  how  much  more. 

B<^hul|J,  )ir  P'Uirth  no  truM  in  hii  acrvanta  —  Aou  much  leaa  in 
Uiein  ihiit  (iwrll  In  hoti«ei  o(  clny  I  —  Jolj  ir. 

By  hoie  much  thry  wotiKl  diiiiiiiUh  thp  preaent  extent  of  thea^n, 
ao  much  tttcy  would  Impair  the  Icrtllity,  and  fouiitAhii,  ami 
riren  of  the  enrth.  Btnltty, 

7.  It  is  much  used  in  exclamation. 

Hoie  are  the  mighty  fttllen  I  — S  San.  L 

8.  In  some  popular  phrases,  how  is  superfluous  or 

inelegant. 

Thick  ctou'la  put  ua  In  aome  hope  of  land ;  knowing  hoie  (bat 
purt  iif  (he  Suuih  Sea  waa  uui;rly  unknown*  Bacon, 

HOW'BE,  attv.    Nevertheless.     [  Obs.]  Sprnser. 

HOW-Bic'IT,  adv.     [how,  be,  and  it.]     Be  it  as  it  may  ; 

nevertheless  ;  notwithstanding ;  yet ;  but ;  however. 
HOW'DY,  n.    A  midwife.     [Local.]  Orose. 

HOW  D'YE  ;  how  do  you  ?  how  is  your  Iteallh  ? 
HOW'-EVER,  adv.     [how  and   tner.]      In   whatever 

manner  or  degree  ;  as,  however  good  or  bad  the  style 

2.  At  all  events  ;  at  least.  [may  be. 
Our  chief  end  is  U>  be  freed  Iruin  all,  if  It  may  be,  hoicever  from 

Uie  grealfst  cTila,  'J'Utoleon. 

3.  Nevertheless;  notwithstanding;  yet.  I  shall 
not  oppose  your  design  ;  I  can  not,  however,  approve 
of  it. 

You  might,  koioe'er,  huve  took  a  binr  way.  Dryden. 

how'itI-er,  i  "•  [®P-  '"*■"'■  •'•  ^'■"'''"■J 

A  kind  of  mortar  or  short  gun,  mounted  on  a  field 
carriage,  and  used  for  throwing  shells.  The  differ- 
ence between  a  mortar  and  a  howitz  is,  that  the 
trunnions  of  a  mortar  are  at  the  end,  but  those  of  a 
howitz  are  at  the  middle.  Encye. 

HOW'KER,  n.  A  Dutch  vessel  with  two  masts,  a 
main  and  a  mizzen-mast ;  also  a  flshing-bftat  with 
one  mast,  used  on  the  coast  of  Ireland.  Mar.  Diet. 
HOWL,  V.  i.  fD.  huilen;  G.  heutcn :  Sw.yla:  Dan. 
hylcr;  Sp.  aullar ;  X*.  ululo  ;  Gr.  nA/iw  ;  Corn,  hoalea. 
Q\\.  W.  wyltiw :  Arm.  guela,  or  iala  :  Ir.  guilim  ;  It. 
guaiolare.     The  latter  coincide  with  wail  and  ye'J.] 

1.  To  cry  as  adogor  wolf ;  to  utter  a  particular  kind 
of  loud,  protracted,  and  mournful  sound.  We  say, 
the  dog  howls  i  the  wolf  howls.     Hence, 

S.  I'o  utter  a  loud,  mournful  sound,  expressive  of 
distress ;  to  wail. 

If  oat  ye,  for  the  day  of  iho  Lord  la  at  hand.  — h.  xUi. 
Ye  rich  men,  *e*p  and  hotel.  — Jwmea  t. 


3.  To  roar,  as  a  tempest. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— M£TE,  PREY-  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.- 

~  _____ 


HUE 


HUL 


flOWL,  r.  t.    To  utter  or  speak  with  oi:tcry. 

Go  —  hoi^  il  out  ;n  dr;*r>ru.  Philip*. 

IIOWX,  ».    The  crj-  of  a  dog  or  wolf,  or  other  like 

SQiinil. 
2.  The  cry  of  a  humnn  being  in  horror  or  anguish. 
nOWL'£D»  pp.      Uttered  with   outcry,  as  a  dog  or 

wolf.  ♦ 

HOWL'ET,  n.     [Fr.  haloUti  from  owl.^ 

An  owl. 
HOWL'ING,  ppr.     Uttering  the  cry  of  a  dog  or  wolf  j 

titttfnns^a  loud  cry  nf  distress. 
HOWL'ING,  a.    Filled  with  howls,  or  howling  beasts ; 

dreary. 

Innumrral'lf  artifice  and  •tnWgpmi  nre  «ted  in  llw  futvting 
«ilJrnif«  Kiul  ill  the  great  deep,  ihat  can  nerer  cotrw  to  our 
kiiowl.ilge.  Addiaon. 

HOWL'ING,  H.    The  act  of  howling;  a  loud  outcry 

or  iM  iitrnful  Aound. 
HOW'SO,  (i//ir.  [Abbreviation  of  Aow5on7w.]  AlthouRh. 

Daniel. 
HOW-.SO-EV'ER,  aL.\     [Aow,  so,  and  ever.'] 

1.  In  what  nianr,  r  soever.  Raleirh. 

2.  Althnugh.  Shak, 
[For  this  word,  However  is  generally  used.] 

ilOX,  e.  L  To  hough ;  to  hamstring.  [.Yot  luted.] 
[See  Hoi'OH.]  Sh^ik. 

HUY,  H.  A  small  vessel,  usually  rigged  as  a  sloop, 
and  employed  in  conveying  passengers  and  goods 
from  place  lo  place  on  the  sea-coast,  or  in  transport- 
ing goods  to  and  from  a  ship  in  a  road  or  bay. 

Eneye.     Mar.  Diet. 

HOV  ;  an  exclamation,  of  no  dffiuite  meaning. 

HUB,  n.  [EJee  Hob.]  The  nave  of  a  wheel,  [.See 
Nave.] 

Uft  to  the  hub  ;  to  a  great  extent ;  deeply  involved  ; 
an,  a  mau  ia  in  debt  up  to  tlie  hub. 

HUU'IIUK,  n.  A  great  noise  of  m;iny  confused  voices  j 
a  tumult ;  uproar;  hot.  Spenser.     Clarendon. 

HUll-BUU-BOO',  n.     A  howling.  Smart. 

HUCK,  P.  i.     To  haggle  in  trading.     [^Tot  in  use.] 

IIUCK,  n.    The  name  of  a  German  river  trout.   Diet. 

HUCK'A-BACK,  n.  A  kind  of  tint;n  with  rai^ted 
figures  on  it,  used  for  table-cloths  and  towels. 

HUCK'LE,  n.     [Infra.]     The  hip,  that  is,  a  hunch. 

HU(;K'I-E-BACK-£D,  (huk'l-bakl,)  a.  [G.  AocAcr,  a 
bunch,  :tnd  biuk.] 

Having  round  shoulders, 

UUCK'LE-BER-RY,  (hukT-,)  n.  The  berry  called, 
also,  Whortlcrerrt. 

HUCK'LR-BONE,  (huk'l-,)  n.     [G.  hUeker^  a  bunch.] 
The  hip  bone. 

HUCK'STER,  «.  [G.  A3c*e,  hSektr;  Dan.  hbkker.  It 
seems  lo  be  from  Aac/tm,  to  take  on  the  back,  and  lo 
signify  primarily  a  peddler,  one  that  carries  goods  on 
hilt  back.] 

1.  A  retailer  of  small  articles,  of  provisions, 
nuts,  4cc. 

2.  A  mean,  Irickish  fellow.  Ilab.  Tale. 
HUCK'STER,  r.  i.    To  deal   in  small  articles,  or  in 

petty  bargains,  Swijl. 

HUCK'STER-AOE,  n.    The  business  of  a  huckster  ; 

■  dealing.  MUtoa. 

HUCK'STRE-SS,  7t.     A  female  peddler. 
HUU,  n.    The  shell  or  hull  of  a  nut.     [Local.]    Orose. 
HUU'DLE,  c.  I,     [In  Get.,  Aurf«/n  signifies  to  bungle. 

It  miiy  be  allied  tu  AuC,  Aii/e,  or  euddU.] 

1.  To  crowd  ;  to  press  together  promiscuously, 
without  order  or  regularity.  We  say  of  a  throng  of 
people,  they  huddle  together. 

2.  To  move  in  a  promiM!unus  throng  without  or- 
der;  to  press  or  hur^  in  disorder.  The  people  hud- 
dle along,  or  huddle  into  the  house. 

HUD'DLE,  r.  (.  To  put  on  in  haste  and  disorder;  as, 
■he  huddled  on  her  clothes. 

2.  To  cover  in  haste  or  carelessly.  Edwards. 

3.  To  perform  in  haste  and  disorder.         Dnjilen. 

A.  To  throw  together  in  confusion  ;  to  crowd  to- 
gether without  regard  to  order;  as,  lo  huddle  propo- 
fiitinns  logfther.  Ij>cke. 

HUD'DLE,  n.  A  crowd;  a  number  of  persons  or 
things  crowded  together  without  order  or  regularity  ; 
tumult ;  confusion.  Qlanville.     Locke. 

HUO'DLf-T),  pp.     Crowded  together  without  order. 

HUD'DLER,  n.  One  who  throws  things  into  confu- 
sion ;  a  bungler. 

HUD'DLING,  ppr.  Crowding  or  throwing  together  in 
disorder;  putting  on  carelessly. 

HU-Dl-BRA.S'Tie,  o.  Similar  in  style  to  lludibras, 
or  doggerel  poetry. 

HCE,  (hQ,)  n.     [Sax.  hiewe,  hiw,  color,  form,  image, 

beauty  ;  Aitcian,  to  form,  lo  feign,  to  simulate.     This 

may  be  conlricted  ;  for  in  Sw.  kt/ckla^  Dan.  hykler,  is 

to  play  the  hypocrite.     Perhaps  A«ir  is  of  tbu  family.] 

Color;  tint;  dye. 

Flowen  of  til  hue.  AiiUon. 

HOE*  in  the  phrase  hue  and  cry,  signifies  a  shouting  or 
vocifi-ration.  In  taw,  a  hue  and  cry  is  the  pursuit  of 
a  felon  or  offender,  with  loud  outcries  or  clamor  to 
give  an  ajann.  Hue  \a  a  contracted  word.  Norm.  Au^, 
Fr.  Alter  or  AiurAer,  Dan.  Aui,  or,  more  probably,  it  is 
from  the  same  root  as  hoot. 

HO'KD,  (hade,)  a.     Having  a  color. 

HOE'LESS,  a.     Destitute  of  color. 


HC'ER,  n.  One  whose  busineiis  is  to  cry  out  or  give 
an  ularm.     f-AV  in  W'V.]  Careiv. 

HUFF.  It.  [Sp.  chi(fa,  an  empty  boast;  chufar,  to  hec- 
tor, to  bully  ;  Sw.  yfrasy  yj'ta  *|V.  This  word  coin- 
cides in  elements  with  kracr,  hoce,  Dan.  hovner,  to 
swell ;  but  il  may  be  a  different  word.  See  Class 
Gb,  No.  4.  31.] 

1.  A  swell  of  sudden  anger  or  arrogance. 


A  SpRiiiard  waa  womierfull?  upon  the  Aujf  ciboui  hi*  « 

L'Ealrange. 

2.  A  boaster ;  one  swelled  with  a  false  opinion  of 
his  own  value  or  imtiortance. 

Lewd,  <lialIon--hrain'**1  huj^a  malce  athi-um  and  contempt  of  re- 
lijpon  the  Ladgu  of  wU.  South, 

HUFF,  f.  (.     To  swell ;  to  enlarge  ;  to  puff  up.   Orevs. 
2.  To  hector ;  to  bully  ;  to  treat  with  insolence  and 
arrogance  ;  to  chide  or  rebuke  with  insolence. 
HUFP,  r.  i.    To  swell ;  to  dilate  or  enlarge  ;  as,  the 
bread  /tuffs. 

2.  To  bluster  ;  to  swell  with  auger,  pride,  or  arro- 
gance ;  to  storm. 

Thii  nrropant  conceit  mn<lc  them  Aii^at  tlie  doctrine  of  r**p^ot- 

oncc.  .S'outA. 

A  hujing,  iltininj,  flfiilfring,  cringing  cownnl.  Otway. 

HUFF'KD,  (hurt,)  pp.     Swelled  ;  puffed  up. 
HUFF'ER,  n.     A  bnlly  ;  a  swaggerer  ;  a  blusterer, 
HUFF'I-NESS.iu   Petulance;  the  sLite  of  being  puffed 


up. 


lludibras. 


HUFF'ING,  p/w.     Swelling;  puffing  up;  blustering. 

HUFF'ING,  I*.     Petulance;  huffiness. 

HUFF'ISH,a.     Arrogant;  insolent;  hectoring. 

HUFF'ISH-LY,  adv.    With  arrogance  or  blustering. 

HUFF'ISH-NESS,  n.  Arrogance;  petulancci  noisy 
bluster. 

HUFF'Y,  a.     Swelled  or  swelling  ;  petulanL 

HUG,  I'.  (.  [Dan.  heger^  to  hug,  lo  cherish,  Sw.  hug- 
na  :  Dan.  hager^  to  sit  squnl  on  the  tail.  The  latter 
seems  lo  be  the  G.  hoekni,  to  sit  squat,  to  keep  close, 
D.  hukken.  The  sense  is  to  press,  and  this  word  may 
be  allied  to  hed^e.] 

1.  To  press  clotte  in  an  embrace. 

And  hugged  me  in  hit  armi.  Shak. 

2.  To  embrace  closely;  to  hold  fast ;  to  treat  with 
fondness. 

Wc  hug  dctormiUei  If  they  bear  our  naiM*.  GlanvUle. 

3.  To  congratulate;  followed  by  a  reciprocal  pro- 
noun ;  as,  to  hug  one's  self.  Smart. 

4.  To  gripe  in  wrestling  or  scuffling. 

5.  In  seamen'* /oM^uas'c,  to  keep  close  to;  as,toAa^ 
the  land  ;  to  hug  the  wind.  Totten. 

HUG,  H.     A  close  embrace.  Qay. 

2.  A  particular  gripe  in  wrestling  or  scuffling. 

HOGE,  a.  [This  word  seems  to  belong  to  the  family 
of  Ai^'A,  D.  hoogy  G.  AocA.  If  so,  the  primary  sense 
is,  to  swell  or  rise.     If  not,  I  know  not  its  origin.] 

1.  Very  large  or  great ;  enormous  ;  applied  to  bulk 
or  sixe  ;  as,  a  huge  mountain  ;  a  huge  ox. 

2.  It  is  improperiy  applied  to  space  and  distance, 
in  the  sense  of  great,  vast,  immense  ;  as,  a  huge 
space  ;  a  huge  difference.  This  ia  inelegant,  or 
rather  vulgar. 

3.  In  evUiMjaial  language,  very  great;  enormous; 
as,  a  huge  feeder.  Shak. 

HOGE'-BEL'LI-ED,  a.    Having  a  very  large  belly. 

MUton. 
HCGK'-BUILT,  (bilt,)  o.    Built  to  a  huge  size. 
HCOE'LY,    adv.      Very  greatly  ;   enormously  ;    im- 
mensely. 

Dwth  It  not  flow  M  hugely  as  the  wr  F  Shai, 

H06E'NESS,  n.     Enonnous  bulk   or  largeness;  as, 

the  hugeneea  of  a  mountain  or  of  an  eleptiani. 
\\\]iVC,f'.V),vp.     Closely  embraced  ;  held  fast. 
HUG'GEIl-MUG'GER,  ».     [Hugger  coni^ns  the  ele- 
ments of  hug  and  hedgr,  and  mugger  those  of  s^noke^ 
W.  miBg,  and  of  smuggle.] 

In  hugger-mugger,  Aenotea  in  privacy  or  secrecy, 
an(i  the  word,  adverbially  used,  denotes  secretly, 
[It  is  a  ioic,  cant  iDord.]  Ilolloway. 

HUG'GING,    ppr.      Pressing  or    embracing    closely ; 

fondling. 
H€'GI;E-N0T,  (hu'ge-not,)  n.     [The  origin  of  this 
word  is  uncertain.     It  is  coiijortured  to  be  a  corrup- 
tion of  G.  eidgeiutseen,  confederates  ;  eid,  oath,  and 
genose^  consort.] 

A  name  formerly  given  to  a  Protestant  in  France, 
HO'GUE-NOT-ISM,  n.     The  religion  of  the  Hugue- 
nots in  France.  Sherwood. 
HO'GV,  a.    [from  huge.]    Vast  in  size.    [JVot  used.] 

Zh-yden. 
HUt'SIIER,  (hwfi'sher,)  n.     [Fr.  huissier.] 

An  usher.    [Obs.]    [SeoUsHBa.]        B.  JonsoTU 
HOKE,  n,     [W.hug.] 

A  cloak  ;  a  hyke.  Bacon. 

HULCH,  n.    A  bunch  or  hump.     [Abf  used.] 

HULCH'V,  n.     Much  swelling  ;  gibbous.     [JVot  used.] 

HULK,  R.     [D.  hulk;  Sax.  hule^  a  cottage  or  lodge,  a 

vessel ;  Dan.  AoWr,  a  hoy  ;  Sw.  hidk.    Qu.  Gr.  oA^nj.] 

1.  The  body  of  a  ship,  or  decked  vessel  of  any 

kind  ;  but  the  word  Is  applied  only  to  the  body  of  an 

old  ship  or  vessel  which  is  laid  by  as  unfit  for  scr- 


Th"*  «li>udy  meMiengi^r  turni  me  hi«  buck, 
And  kumt. 


Shak. 


HUM 

vice.     A  sheer-hulk  is  an  old  ship  fitted  with  t.r.  ap- 
paratus to  tix  or  take  out  the  masts  of  a  ship. 

Encur.     J\Ior    Die*. 
2.  Any  thingbulky  orunwieldy.    [J<^ot  used  ]  Shak. 
The  hulks  ;  in  England,  old  or  dismasted  ships,  for- 
merly used  as  prisons. 
HULK,  D,  (.    To  take  out  the  entrails;  as,  to  hulk  a 

hare.     [Little  used.]  j9in,morth. 

HULK'Y,  a.     Bulky  ;  unwieldy.     [Aot  used.] 
HULL,  n.     [Sax.  hul,  the  cover  of  a  nut ;  G.  hvlse :  D 
hulse;  W.  Aft(,  a  cover;  huliaw,  to  cover,  lo  deck,  G. 
hiilen.     See  Hulk.] 

1.  The  outer  covering  of  any  thing,  particularly  of  a 
nut  or  of  grain.    Johnson  says,  the  Aui/ of  a  nut  cov-  | 
ers  the  shell. 

2.  The  frame  or  body  of  a  vessel,  exclusive  of  her 
masts,  yards,  sails,  and  rigging.  Totten. 

To  lie  a  hull,  in  seamenK^  lanpiage,  is  to  lie  as  a  ship 
without  any  sail  uptui  her,  ana  her  helm  lashed  a-lne. 

En  eye 
To  strike,  a  hull,  in  a  storm,  is  to  take  in  the  sails, 
and  lash  the  helm  on  Uie  lee-side  of  a  ship. 

Encyc. 
Hull  dotcn,  expresses  that  the  hull  of  the  ship  is 
concealed  by  ilie  convexity  of  the  sea. 
HULL,  V.  t.     To  strip  off  or  separate  the  hull  or  hulls ; 
as,  to  hull  grain. 

2.  To  pierce  the  hull  of  a  ship  with  a   cannon 
ball. 
HULL,  V.  i.    To  float  or  drive  on  the  water,  like  the 

hull  of  a  ship,  without  sails.  JUiltou. 

UV  LL' ED,  pp.  or  a.     Stripped  off,  as  the  hulls  of  seed. 
Hulled  corn   or  grain  ;   corn  or  gniin   boiled   in  a 
weak  lye,  so  that  the   hull  or  coat  separates,  or  is 
easily  separated,  from  the  kernel. 
HULL'ING,p;»r.     Stripping  off  the  hull. 
HULL'Y,  a.     Having  husks  or  |hxIi»;  siliquous. 
HUL'VER,  ».   Holly,  an  evergreen  shrub,  or  tree.  [D. 

hulst.]  Tttsser. 

HU.M,  r.  I.     [G.  hummen;  D.  hommelen.] 

1.  To  utter  the  sound  of  bees  ;  to  buzz. 

2.  To  make  an  inarticulate,  buzzing  sound. 


3.  To  pause  in  speaking,  and  make  an  audible 
noise,  like  the  humming  of  bees. 

He  hummed  and  hawed.  Hudibra*. 

4.  To  make  a  dull,  heavy  noise  like  a  drone. 

Still  hu:nming  on  tJieir  dro*-»y  cour»c  iliey  toolt.  Pope. 

5.  To  applaud.     [Obs.] 

HUM,  V.  t.    To  sing  in  a  low  voice  ;  as,  to  Aura  a  tunc. 
2.  To  cause  to  hum  ;  lo  impcise  on.     [Vulgar.]     , 
HUM,  V.    The  noise  of  bees  or  insects. 

2.  A  low,  confused  noise,  as  of  crowds ;  as,  the 
busy  hum  of  men.  Miltun. 

3.  Any  low,  dull  noise.  Pope. 

4.  A  low,  inarticulate  sound,  uttered  by  a  speaker 
in  a  pause  ;  as,  hums  and  haws.        Shak.     Dryden. 

5.  An  exi)res8ion  of  applause.  Spectator. 
C.  An  imposition  in  jest.     \  Vulgar.]  Smart. 

HUM,  eicUim.  A  sound  with  a  pause  implying  doubt 
and  deliberation.  Pope. 

HCM  AN,  a.  [L,  humanus  ;  Fr.  hitmain  ;  Sp.  humano  ; 
\Uumano.  lam  not  certain  which  arc  the  radical 
letters  of  this  word,  but  am  inclined  to  believe  them 
to  be  Mn  ;  that  the  first  syllable  is  a  prefix  ;  thai  ho- 
mo in  LtUin  is  contracted,  the  n  being  dropped  in  the 
nominative,  nnd  restored  in  the  oblique  cat«cs  ;  hence 
kmno,  and  Ihe  Gothic  and  Sax.  guma,  a  man,  may  be 
the  same  word  ;  but  this  is  doubtful.  If  Mn  are  the 
elements,  this  word  is  from  the  root  of  man,  or  rath- 
er is  formed  on  the  TeuU»nic  word.  Ileb.  po  fi>rm, 
species.  The  corresptmding  word  in  G.  is  mensclttich^ 
(manlike,)   D.  meHschelyk.     See  Man.] 

J.  Belonging  to  man  or  mankind  ;  pertaining  o* 
relating  to  the  race  of  man  ;  as,  a  human  voice  ;  An 
mail  shape  ;  huinan  nature  ;  Auman  knowledge  ;  At* 
man  life. 

2.  Having  the  qualities  of  a  man.  Swift 

3.  Profane  ;  not  sacred  or  divine  ;  as,  a  human  au 
thor.     [JSi~ot  in  use.]  Brown. 

HO'MAN-ATE,  a.    Endued  with  humanity.    [Ohs.] 

Cranmer. 
HU-MANE',  a.  [Supra.]  Having  the.feelings  and 
dispositions  pto\>er  to  man  ;  having  tenderness,  com- 
passion, and  a  disposition  to  treat  others  with  kind- 
ness ;  particularly  in  relieving  them  when  in  distress, 
or  in  captivity,  when  they  are  helpless  or  defense- 
less ;  kind  i  benevolent. 

2.  Inclined  to  treat  the  lower  orders  of  animals 
with  tenderness. 
HU-MANE'LY,  adv.    With  kindness,  tenderness,  or 
compassion;  as,  the  prisoners  were  treated  humanely. 
2.  In  a  humane  manner  ;  with  kmd  feelings. 
HU-MANE'NESS,  n.     Tenderness.  ScotL 

HO'MAN-IST,  n.    One  who  pursues  the  study  of  the 
hutnanities,  (lUera  humaniores,)  or   poUle    literature; 
a  term   usea   in  various  European   universilits,  es- 
pecially the  Scottish.  Brande, 
2.  One  versed  in  the  knowledge  of  human  nature. 
Shafi^nbury, 
HU-MAN-1-TX'RI-AN,  n.    [L.  Ajiman«*,  humanitas.] 


TONE,  B(;LL,  tJNITE,— AN"GER,  VI"CI0US €  a«  K;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


HUM 

Oiie  wlut  denies  the  drvttiity  uf  Clirist,  and  bi;Iit;vea 
lihii  tn  Itc  »  mere  iiinn. 
IIU-AI  A.\-!  TA  RI-AN-ISM,  n.     The  doctrine  of  the 

httiiniilttrinris. 
HU-.^1A\'1-TY,  w.     [I^  hamuiiitas  :  Fr.  kumaniti.] 

I  The  peculitir  iKiiure  of  UKin,  by  wliich  lie  is  dis- 
ttni*ui'*hed  fnmi  oCiier  beings.  I'tius  Christ,  by  his 
incnriiiitinn,  w:iit  invested  with  humanity. 

'2.  .Mmiktitd  collectively  ;  the  hiinmii  rare. 

If  Ik  U  *ble  lo  unUe  Uww  knuU,  be  u  «b)e  to  te«ch  »11  Aumairf^. 

It  is  a  ilelx  we  owe  to  Aurnanify.  ^-  -S-  *'""'*• 

3.  The  kind  feelings,  dispositions,  and  sympnthies 
of  mrtn,bv  which  he  is  distinguished  from  the  low- 
er i-rders"  of  .immals ;  kindness;  benevolence ;  es- 
iMThillv,  a  di.spwisition  to  relieve  persons  in  distre^^s, 
and  to"  treat  wiiti  tenderness  !ho!«e  who  are  helpless 
and  defmsele*"  ;  opposed  to  CRt'ELTT. 

4.  A  di:»(»o^itiun  to  treat  the  lower  orders  of  animals 
with  i:>Ndi.-rness,  or  at  lea^t  to  give  them  no  unneces- 
«ar\'  [Kun. 

5",  The  exercise  of  kindness  ;  acts  of  tenderness. 
G.  Philoloiry  ;  gnimnialical  studies-  Jukrusan. 

Ha>mitiueK^  in  the  jduril,  signifies  grammar,  rheto- 
ric, the  Lalni  and  Greek  lansnages,  and  poetr>' ;  for 
teachin;!  which  there  areprofcsiMrsin  tlie  universities 
uf  Scotland.  Encyc 

nC-MAN  l-ZATION,  «.    The  act  of  humanizing. 
IlC-MAN-r/E,  r.  t.     To  soften;  to  render  humane; 
te  subline  dispositions  tu  cruelty,  and  render  suscepti- 
ble if  kuid  feeling^i. 

Wu  it  uw  buMwa  of  aukpc  to  tiawaiiif  oar  natum  ? 

AMjsn.     Wilhtrapoon. 

HC'MA\-T2-ED,  ff,  Softmed  in  feeling;  rendered 
humane. 

HC'MAN-IZ-1\G,  fpr.  or  a.  Softening;  subduing 
rniel  dispocsitiont!. 

HC'MA.N'-KTN'D,  «.  The  race  of  man  ;  mankind  ;  the 
human  specie*.  Pope. 

HC'MAN-LY,  adr.    After  the  manner  of  men  ;  ac- 
corditis  tu  the  opinion;!  or  knowledge  of  men.     The 
prvstftit  pn^pects,  kumaiU^  speaking,  promts  a  hap- 
py issue, 
a.  Kindly;  humanely.    {OhsA  Pope. 

HU-M.^'TIO.\,ii.    Intenneou    [AVvMd:] 

Ht'M'BtRD,  {  K.    A  very  small  bird  of  tlie  ge- 

UI;M'.MI.NG-B1RD,  i  nus  Truchilus,  so  called  from 
the  sound  of  its  wings  in  Highu  The  ro«tnim  is 
subulite,  filiform,  and  longer  than  the  head  ;  the 
titngiie  is  filiform  and  tubutous.  It  never  lights  to 
take  fiM>d,  but  feeds  while  on  the  wing. 

HUM'BLE,  A.  [Pr.kumhU:  L.  AMniVi^ ;  supposed  to 
be  fn>m  ktunus^  the  earth,  or  its  xwA.] 

1.  Low  ;  opposed  to  Hicih  or  Lorrr. 

Th;  kwmUt  ntat  built  on  we  Knaond.  Cbirf«y. 

5.  Low  ;  o|^M»ed  to  Loptt  or  Gkxat  ;  mean ;  not 
magnificent ;  u,  a  kmmMe  coOage. 

A  hum/kit  iQof,  wkI  an  ob«ui«  retnat.  Arwn. 

3.  Lowly  i  modest ;  meek  ;  submissive  ;  opposed  to 
PsocD,  IIaioktt,  Arrogant,  or  Assi-mixg.  In  an 
tvattgelical  sttiat^  having  a  low  opinion  of  one's  self, 
anda  deep  sense  ufunwonhiness  in  the  sight  of  Gud. 

God  mtecth  tte  pawtMi,  but   gireth  gnae  to   tbe  kuinhU. — 

WkfaMN  ft  *«aiUt  inibUian  of  tfa»  dMiM  Author  vt  oar  t<le«Mt 
icN^aii,«caM  MMr  ban  lo  bB  •  ku«7  nuwn. 
ira«U«*M>'«  arealmr  AMrtts  or  Lttttr,  Jmt  19,  1763. 

HUM'RLE.  V.  L  To  bring  down  ;  to  reduce  to  a  low 
stale.  This  victory  kumUai  the  pride  of  Ritme.  The 
power  of  Rome  was  kumbted^  but  not  subdued. 

2.  To  crush  ;  to  break  ;  lo  subdue.  The  battle  of 
Waterloo  humhlrd  the  power  of  Bonaparte. 

3.  To  mortify,  or  make  ashamed  ;  as,  one  may  be 
kmmbUd  without  having  tnie  humility. 

4.  To  make  humbltfor  lowly  in  mind  ;  lnaba<ieihe 
pride  of;  to  reduce  arrogance  and  self-dependence; 
lo  give  a  low  opinion  of  one's  moral  worth  ;  to  make 
meek  and  submissive  to  the  divine  will ;  Vie  ecan 
gelical  sense. 

HmmbU  foan^Tn  owScr  tbc  iragHtj  hand  of  God,  lli--a  hs  may 

ttaix  TOO.  —  I  Pet.  V. 
Badtiab  UnUarf  tunelf  far  Uw  pnde  of  bia  beut.  — 2  Cbroo. 

zxxiL 

5.  To  make  to  condescend.  He  humbles  himself  to 
speak  to  thf^n. 

6.  To  bring  down  ;  lo  lower ;  lo  reduce. 

TIk  hi^A  mountaina  rmj  be  humhUd  into  vaJleya.  HakewOl. 

7.  To  deprive  of  chastity.     Deut.  xxi. 

To  humble  one^s  self;  to  repent ;  lo  afflict  one*s  self 
for  sin  ;  to  make  contrite. 
.HUM'BLE-BEE,   n.      [G.hKmmet;    D.hommel:    Dan. 
kumjnei ;    Sw.  humla  ;   from  hum.      It  is  often  called 
bitmblfhee^  L.  bombus,  a  buzzing.] 

A  bee  of  a  large  species,  that  draws  its  food  chiefly 
from  clover  flowers. 
HUM'BLEU,  pp.  or  a.    Made  low;  abased;  rendered 

mL-ek  and  submissive  ;  penitent, 
HL.M'lJLE^MOUTH-£D,  a.     Mild;  meek  ;  raodert. 

IiyM'BLE-NESS.  „.    The  state  of  being  hni^or 

11 L  M'BLE-PLANT,  „.    A  species  of  sensitiv..  pl-Tnt. 

Mirrtimrr. 


HUM 

HIT.M'BLEU,  ».     He  or  that  wliich  humbles;  he  that 
reduccrt  pride  or  murtities. 

UM'BL/^^*  i  "■  P^    Entrails  of  a  deer.    Joltnson. 
HUM'BL^sa,  n.     [Old  Fr.  humbles^e.]     Humbleness  ; 

h*.imi!tty.  Sfrnser. 

HUM'BLt\G,  ppr.     Abasing;  crushing;  siiliduing. 

2,  a.  Adai>ted  to  nlmse  pride  and  self-dependi-nce. 
HUM'BLING,  H.  Humiliation  ;  abatement  of  pride. 
HVSVULY, adv.     In  a  humble  manner  ;  with  modest 

subniissi  veil  ess  ;  with  huniilily. 

H'lpf  hwTibly  then  ;  vviUi  tirmhUne  pinioin  soar; 

Wuii  ilie  gnjLi  triLcttcr,  lie^lh,  aiufboii  iidurc.  Pop*. 

Q.  In  a  low  state  or  condition  ;  without  elevation. 
HUM'BOLDT-LNE,  n.    [from  HumboidL]      A  native 

oxalate  of  iron. 
HU.M'BOLDT-TTE,    n.      [from  HuatboUL]     A   rare 

minenil,  a  variety  of  datholite. 
HUM'BL'G,  n.    An  imposition  under  fair  pretenses  ;  a 

pt-nmn  who  thus  imposes.    [.4  low  tcurd.] 
HUM'BUG,  V.  (.    To  deceive;  to  impose  on.     [Jl  low 

wirrd.'] 
HUM'BlJG-GJ5:D,pp,    Imposed  on;  deceived. 
HUM'BUG-GER-V.  n.    The  practice  of  imiKisition. 
HUM'DRUM,  a.     [Q,u.  hum  and  lirone,  or  VV.  (rom, 

heavy.] 

Dull  ;  stupid.  .Addison.     Hudtbras. 

nCJM'DRUM,  ».     A  stupid  fellow  ;  a  drone. 
HU-MECT',  J  c.  f.     [L.  humecio,  from  Aumeo,  to 

HU-MECT'ATE,  \      be  moist ;  Fr.  hamecter.] 
To  moisten  ;  lo  wet ;  to  water,     [tittle  used.] 

Brown.     Howell. 
HU-MECT-.^'TrOV,  n.    The  act  of  moistening,  wet- 
ting, or  watering.     [LitUe  used.]  Bacoti. 
HU-MEGT'IVE,  a.     Having  the  power  to  moisten. 
HO'MER-AL,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L-  humrrus^  the  shoulder.] 
Belonging  to  the  shoulder  ;  as,  the  humeral  artery. 
HUM'HU.M,  «.    A  kind  of  plain,  course  India  cloth, 

made  of  cotton. 
HP'Mie  .\C'm,  n.    An  acid  formed  from  humus  by 

the  action  of  an  alkali.  Cooieti. 

HU-MI-€U-B.4'TIOiN,  n.    [L.  humus,  the  griHind,  and 

cubOf  to  lie..] 

A  lying  on  the  ground.  [Little  used.]  BramhalL 
HO'MID,  a.     [L.  kumidus,  uoni  Aui/ieo,  lo  be  moist; 

Fr.  humide.] 

1.  Moist ;  damp  ;  containing  sensible  moisture  ; 
as,  a  Aumid  air  or  atmosptiere. 

2.  Somewhat  wet  or  watery  ;  as,  humid  earth. 
HU-MID'I-TV,  n.     Moisture;  dampness;  a  moderate 

degree  of  wetness,  wtiich  is  perceptible  to  the  eye  or 
touch,  occasioned  by  the  absurptiim  of  a  fluid,  or  its 
adherence  to  the  surface  of  a  body.  When  a  cloth 
has  imbibed  any  fluid  to  such  a  dc-gree  that  it  can  be 
felt,  we  call  it  humid  ;  but  when  no  humidity  is  jier- 
ceptible,  we  say  it  is  dry.  Quicksilver  communi- 
cates no  humidity  to  our  hands  or  clothes,  fur  it  does 
not  adhere  to  them  ;  but  it  will  adhere  to  gold,  tin, 
and  lead,  and  render  them  humid  and  soft  to  Uie 
touch. 

2.  Moisture  in  the  form  of  visible  vapor,  or  per- 
ceptible in  the  air. 

HC'MID-\E8.'',  71.     Humidity. 

HU-MIL'1-ATE,  V.  U     [L.  kumUio  ;  Fr.  humilier.] 

To  humble;  to  lower  in  condition;  to  depress; 
as,  humiliated  slaves.  Eaton. 

HU-MIL'I-A-TED,    pp.      Humbled;  depressed;    de- 
graded. 

HU-M1L'I-A-TI\G,  ppr.    Humbling  ;  depressing. 
2.   a.    Abating   pride ;    reducing    self-confidence ; 
mortifying.  Boswell. 

IIU-MIL-I-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  humbling;   the 
state  of  being  humbled. 

2.  Descent  from  an  elevated  state  or  rank  to  one 
that  i.1  low  or  humble. 

The  former  wsa  a  humlHation  of  delt; ;  the  latter,  a  humilia&on 
of  manliood.  Hooker, 

3.  The  act  of  abasing  pride  ;  or  the  state  of  being 
reduced  lo  lowliness  of  mind,  meekness,  penitence, 
and  submission. 

The  docuine  be  preached  waa  KuTnilUuion  and  repeatance. 

StffifU 

4.  Abasement  of  pride  ;  mortification... 
HU-MIL'l-TV,  n.      [L.  hnmilitas ;  Fr.  humUiti.     See 

Humble.] 

1.  In  ethics,  freedom  from  pride  and  arrogance  ; 
humbleness  of  mind;  a  modest  estimate  of  one's 
owir\vorth.  In  theulofry^  humility  com^ists  in  lowli- 
ness of  mind,  a  deep  sense  of  one's  own  unworthi- 
ness  in  the  sight  i>f  God,  self-alia^ement,  penitence 
for  sin,  and  submission  to  the  divine  will. 

IWure  honor  ta  humility.  —  Prov.  «». 

S(.'rrin^  the  Lonl  witJt  all  httmiiti^  of  mjad, .— Acts  zz. 

2.  Act  of  submission. 

WiUi  theK  humilicie$  thi^j  tatufied  the  young  long.     Davits. 
HC'MliN,  n.     See  Humus. 
HO'MITE,  n.     A  red  Vesuvian  mineral,  occurring  in 

minute  complex  crystals.     It  was  named  from  Sir 

David  Hume.  Dana. 

HUM'MER,  R.     [from  Aiiin.]     One  that  hums  ;  an  ap- 

pl.'iudcr.  Atiigwtrrth. 

Hl7.M'MtNG,  ppr.  or  a.      Making  a  low  buzzing  or 

murniuri'ig. 


IIDM 

HU.M'MING,  H.  The  sound  of  bees;  a  low,  murmur- 
ing sound. 

HUM'MING-ALE,  n.     Sprightly  ale.  Dryden. 

HU.M'MING-HTKD,  7i.  IIk-  smnllest  of  birds,' of  the 
genus  Truchilus.     [See  Humbihd.] 

HUM'MOCK,  w.  A  solid  mass  of  turf  considenibly 
elevated  above  tli%  surrounding  eurtli.     [See  Hoh- 

MOCR.l 

HUiM'MlIMS,  n.  pL  [Persian.]  Baths  or  places  for 
sweating. 

HO'MUR,  «.  [L.,  from  humeoy  to  be  moist ;  ^ns-  ama, 
moist.  The  pronunciation  yumor  is  odiously  vul- 
gar-] 

1.  Moisture  ;  but  the  word  is  chiefly  used  to  ex- 
press the  moisture  or  fluids  of  animal  bodies  ;  as, 
the  humors  of  the  eye.  But  more  generally  the  word 
is  used  to  express  a  fluid  in  its  morbid' or  vjtiut^id 
state.  Hence,  in  popular  speech,  we  often  hestr  it 
said,  the  bloi>d  is  full  of  hutaors.  But  tlie  expression 
is  not  technical,  nor  correct. 

j9qneotts  kttmin- of  the  eye:  a  •ransparent  fluid,  oc- 
cupying the  sjKice  between  th  crystalline  lens  and 
the  cornea,  both  before  and  bel.  nd  the  pupil. 

CrysUUiine  humoroT  lens;  a  small, iranspjirent, solid 
body,  of  a  softish  consistence,  i»ccupying  a  middle 
position  in  tlie  eye,  between  the  aqueous  and  vitre- 
ous humors,  and  directly  behind  the  pupil.  It  is  of 
a  lenticular  form,  or  with  double  convex  surfaces, 
and  is  the  principal  instrument  in  refracting  the  ruys 
of  light,  so  as  to  form  an  image  on  the  return. 

Viirruas  humor  of  the  rye  ;  a  fluid  contained  in  the 
minute  ceils  of  a  transparent  membrane,  occupying 
the  greater  part  of  the  cavity  of  the  eye,  and  all  the 
space  beiweeu  the  crystalline  and  the  retina. 

fVistar, 

2.  A  disease  of  the  skin  ;  cutaneous  eruptions. 

Ficldinjsr. 

3.  Turn  of  mind  ;  temper;  disposition,  or  rather  a 
peculiarity  of  disposition  often  temporary  ,  so  called 
because  the  temper  of  mind  has  been  supgwsed  to 
degiend  on  the  fluids  of  the  body.  Hence  we  say, 
good  hinnor  ;  melancholy  humor  ;  peevish  humor, 
Sucli  humors^  when  temporary,  we  call  freaks^ 
whiinjt,  caprice.  Thus  a  person  characterized  by 
good  nature  may  have  a  fit  of  ill  humor  t  and  an  ill- 
natured  person  may  have  a  fit  of  nood  humtrr.  So 
we  say,  it  was  the  humor  of  the  man  at  the  time  ;  it 
was  the  Aumor  of  the  multitude. 

4.  That  quality  of  the  imagination  which  gives  to 
ideas  a  wild  or  fantastic  tuni,  and  lends  to  excite 
laughter  or  mirtn  by  ludicrous  images  or  representa- 
tions. Humor  is  less  poignant  and  brilliant  rhan  wii  f 
hence  it  is  always  agreeable.  Wit,  directed  against 
folly,  often  ofiends  by  its  severity  ;  humor  makes  a 
man  ashamed  "f  his  follies,  without  exciting  nis  re- 
sentment. Humor  may  be  employed  solely  to  niise 
mirth  and  render  conversation  pleasant,  or  it  may 
contain  a  delicate  kind  of  satire. 

5.  Petulance  ;  peevishness  ;  better  expressed  by  ill 
humor. 


6.  A  trick  ;  a  pmctice  or  habit. 

1  like  uoi  Uw  humor  of  lydig.  Sfutk. 

HCMOR,  V.  t.  To  gr.ilify  by  yielding  to  particular  in- 
clination, humor,  wish,  or  desire  :  to  indulge  by  com- 
pliance. We  sometimes  Amhk/t  children  to  their  in- 
jury or  niin.  The  sick,  the  infirm,  and  the  aged 
often  reqtiire  to  be  humored. 

2.  To  suit;  to  indulge;  to  favor  by  imposing  no 
restraint,  and  rather  contributing  to  promote  by  oc- 
casional aids.  We  say,  an  actor  humors  his  part,  or 
the  piece. 

U  u  my  part  to  invent,  and  that  of  Uie  mualclana  to  humor  that 
iuveiitioii,  Oryden. 

HO'MOR-AL,  o.     Pertaining  to,  or  proceeding  from, 

the  humors  ;  as,  a  humoral  fever.  Harcey. 

Humoral  patholorry  ;  that  pathology,  or  doctrine  of 

the  nature  of  diseases,  which  attributes  all  morbid 

phenomena  to  the  disordered  condition  of  the  fluids 

or  humors.  Cyc. 

HO'MOR-AL-ISM,  tu     Stale  of  being  humonil. 

CeddweU. 
2.  The  doctrine  that  diseases  have  their  seat  in 

the  humors. 
HO'MOR-AL-IST,  n.     One  who  favors  the  humoral 

pathology. 
H0'MOR-ii;D,  pp.    Indulged  ;  favored. 
HO'MOR-ING,  ppr      Indulging  a  particular  wish  or 

propensity;  favoring;  contributing  to  aid  by  falling 

into  a  design  or  course. 
HG'MOR-IS.M,  n.     The  state  of  the  humors. 
HO'MOR-IST,  7t.     One  who  conducts  himself  by  his 

own  inclination,  or  bent  of  mind  ;  one  who  gratifies 

bis  own  himior. 

The  humorisl  m  on"  that  b  grwttly  pleriMil  or  grrntij  dwplpMB»d 
with  4i[tle  thitiEs;  his  ai:tioiis  Kldom  dinxtcd  by  llir  r-iison 
and  n:nure  of  thinga  WaUa. 

2.  One  that  indulges  humor  in  speaking  or  wri- 
ting; one  who  has  a  playful  fancy  or  genius.  [See 
Hi'MoR,  No.  4.] 

3.  One  who  has  odd  conceits;  also,  a  wag;  a 
droll.  HaU.     Bodley. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT METE,  PRgY.  — PTNE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BQQK.  — 

66G  " 


HUN 

HC'MOR-LESS,  fl.     Desiituttf  of  hiiiiitir. 

UO'MOR-OUS,  a.  Cuiilniriin^  humor:  full  of  wild 
orfitnciful  images  ;  adaptett  to  excite  lan^liter  ,  jocu- 
lar ;  ail,  a  hHHiorous  eijsny  ;  a  hitnurrouji  $lor>'. 

a.  Huviug  the  ptnver  to  speak  or  write  in  the  style 
of  hiiuior,  fanciful;  playful;  exciting  laughter;  as, 
a  humorous  muii  or  authur. 

3.  Subject  to  be  governed  hy  humor  or  caprice  ; 
irregular;  capricious;  whimsical. 

I  an.  known  to  !>#■  «  hvmorout  puricinn.  Shak. 

Ro>Tg<i  M  1  siorni,  and  hainorou*  oi  llie  wind.  Drydeit. 

4.  Moist  ;■  humid.     [JSTvl  in  use.]  Drnnton. 
HCMOR-OUS-LV,  adv.     With  a  wild   or  crotesque 

combination  of  ideas  ;  in  a  mnnner  to  excite  laugh- 
ter or  mirlh  ;  pleasantly  ;  jocosely.  Addison  de- 
scribes humorously  the  manual  exercise  of  ladies' 
t&na. 

2.  Capriciously  j  whimsically  ;  in  conformity  with 
one's  humor. 

W«^  rvtoI»fi  by  halrw,  rashiy  aiid  humorotuly.  Calamif, 

HC'MOR-OUS-NESS,  n.    The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing humorous  ;  oddness  of  conceit ;  jocularity. 
2.  Fickleness;  capriciousness. 
X  Peevishness  ;  petulance.  Ooodman. 

HO'MOR-?fOME,  (-sum,)  a.  Peevish  ;  petulant ;  in- 
fluenced by  the  humor  of  the  moment. 

The  commonm  do  dol  &bet  ktuaortome,  fncUons  uma.     Burba. 

2.  Odd  ;  humorous  ;  adapted  to  excite  laughter. 

Swift 

HCMOR-SOME-LY,  arfr.     Peevishly;  petulantly. 

2.  Oddly  ;  humorously.  [Johtuon. 
HU.MP,  n.     [h.umf>o.] 

The  protuberance  formed  by  a  crooked  back;  fts, 
a  camel  with  one  kump,  or  two  humps. 

HUMP'BACK.  R.     A  crooked  back  ;  high  shoulders. 
SL  A  humpt>acked  person.  {Tatlcr. 

HL'MP'B.ACK-£D,(-bakt,)«.    Having  a  crooked  back. 

HO'MUS,  n.  [L.,  ground.]  A  pulvenilenl  brown 
stib-itance  formed  by  the  action  of  :iir  on  solid  ani- 
mill  or  vegetable  matter.  It  is  a  valuable  constituent 
of  soils.  Graham. 

HUXCH,  ».  [3ee  the  verb.]  A  bump;  a  protuber- 
ance ;  OS,  the  hunch  of  a  camel. 

3.  A  lump ;  a  thick  piece  ;  as,  a  kuneh  of  bread  ; 
■  word  in  common  vulgar  use  in  JSTew  England. 

3.  A  push  or  jerk  with  the  fiat  or  elbow. 

HUNCH,  r.  f.  I'o  push  with  tlie  elbow ;  to  push  or 
thrust  with  a  sudden  jerk. 

a.  To  push  out  in  a  protuberance ;  to  crook  the 
back.  Dn/den. 

HL'.NX'H'BACK,  n.     A  humpback. 

HUNCH'BACK-fiD,  (bakt,)  a.  Having  a  crooked 
back.  L^Rftrange.     Dryden. 

Hir\CH'£D,  (huncht,)  pp.  Pushed  or  thrust  with 
the  fist  or  elbow. 

HtlNCH'ING,  pp.     Pushing  with  the  fist  or  elbow. 

HI'.ND'RED,  a.  fSax.  huiul  or  hundred;  Goth,  hand; 
I),  hondrrd;  G,  nundert ;  Sw.  hundra  ;  Dan.  kitndre, 
hundred  :  L.  centum  :  VV.  cant,  a  circle,  the  hoop  of  a 
wheel,  the  rim  of  any  thing,  a  complete  circle  or 
series,  a  hundred  ;  Corn,  can:  .■  Arm.  oi'iC  .'  It.  ceantr. 
Lye,  in  his  Saxon  and  Gothic  Dictionary,  sueeests 
that  thts  word  hund  is  a  mere  termination  of  the 
Gothic  word  for  ten  ;  taUtun-taUiund,  ten  limes  ten. 
•but  this  can  not  be  true,  for  the  word  is  found  in  the 
Celtic  as  well  as  Gothic  dialects,  and  in  the  Arabic 

JOi^  hand.  Class  On,  No.  63  ;  at  least,  this  is  proba- 
bly tlie  same  word.  The  Welsh  language  exhibits 
the  tnie  !>ense  of  the  word,  which  is  a  circle,  a  com- 
plet<"  seritts.  Hence  W.  cantrro,  a  divi»«iou  of  a 
counly,  or  circuit,  a  canton,  a  hundred.  (.See  Can- 
Tun.)  The  word  signifies  a  circuit,  and  the  senate  of 
kundrrJ  is  secondary.  I'he  eenturui  of  the  Romans, 
and  the  hundred,  a  division  of  a  county  in  England, 
might  have  been  merely  a  dicision,  and  nut  an  exact 
kundrul  in  number.] 

Denoting  the  product  of  ten  multiplied  by  ten,  or 
the  number  of  ten  ttmei^  ten  ;  as,  a  hundred  men. 

HUN  I)' RED,  R.    A  collection,  bod^',  or  sum,  consisting 

often  times  ten  individuals  or  units  ;  the  nuniber  lOU. 

2.  A  divifion  or  part  of  a  county  in  England,  sup- 

po!<ed  to  huveorif;inal)y  contamed  a /lufu/rci/ families, 

pr  a  hundred  warriors,  or  a  hundred  manors. 

[But  as  the  word  denotes  primarily  n  circuit  or 
ditJLiitin,  it  is  not  certain  tliat  Alfred's  divisions  had 
any  refrrence  to  that  number.] 

IIUNU'RED-eOURT,  ».  In  England^  a.  court  held 
fitr  nil  the  intiabiUitits  of  a  hundred.        RUclLsione. 

IIUNU'RED-ER,  n.     In  Enffland,  a  man  who  may  b« 
of  a  jury  In  any  controversy  respecting  land  within 
the  hnndn-d  to  which  he  belong:'. 
2.  One  having  the  juri^^diction  of  a  hundred. 

ITUND'RKDTH,  a.     The  ordinal  of  a  hundred. 

IIUNG,  t^rt.  and  pp.  of  Hano. 

HUNO'-BKBF,  n.  The  flet^hy  part  of  beef  slightly 
sali''d  and  hung  up  t«  dry  ;  dried  b.?ef. 

BUN  OARY-VVj^'TER,  n.  A  distdled  wal«t  pre- 
prin-il  fri.tn  the  tnp-  of  flowerM  of  rojiemary ,  so 
calljd  from  a  i|ueeu  of  fiun;{ary,  fur  whutte  u^e  it 
was  first  made.  Encpe. 


HUN 

HUN"GER,  n.  [Sax.  hunger,  G.Dan,  and  Sw.  Amu- 
grr,  D.  hunger,  Goth,  huhrus,  hunger  ;  Sax.  hunerian, 
hingrian,  Gi»tli.  huggryan,  to  hunger.  It  appears 
from  the  Gothic  that  n  is  nut  radical  ;  the  root, 
then,  is  Ifg.] 

1.  .An  uneasy  sensation  occasioned  by  the  want  of 
food  ;  a  craving  of  food  by  tlie  stomach  ;  craving 
appt^ite.  Hunger  is  not  merely  want  of  food,  for  per- 
sons when  sick  may  abstain  long  from  eating  with* 
out  hun<rrr  or  an  ap[)etite  for  food.  Hunger,  there- 
fore, is  the  pain  or  uneasiness  of  the  stomach  of  a 
healthy  person,  when  too  long  destitute  of  food. 

2.  Any  strong  or  eager  desire. 

Por  hunger  of  iwy  gulil  I  die.  Dryden. 

HUN"GER,  V.  i.  To  feel  the  pain  or  uneasiness 
which  is  occasioned  by  lung  abstinence  frum  food  ; 
to  crave  food. 

2.  To  desire  with  great  eagerness  ;  to  long  for. 
BInved  nrp  tbe;  Ui&(  kungtr  xnd  tliint  &I'ier  rig^hteoasnns. — 
MalL  T. 

HUN"GER,  V.  t.    To  famish.     [JVot  in  use.'] 

HUN"GER-BI'r,  i  a.  Pained,  pinched, or  weak- 

HUN"GER-B[T-Tf:N,  \       ened  by  hun^rer.  MUton. 

HUN"GKR-/:D,  pp.  or  a.  Pinched  by  want  of  food  ; 
hungn,'. 

HU.\"GER-ING. ppr.  Feeling  the  uneasiness  of  want 
of  food  ;  desiring  eagerly  ;  longing  for  ;  craving. 

HU.\"GER-LY,  a.  Hungry  ;  wanting  food  or  nour- 
ishment. Shak. 

IIU.N"GER-LY,  adv  With  keen  appetite.  [Litde 
used.]  ShaJc. 

HUN"GER-STARV-FD,  n.  Starved  with  hunger  ; 
pinched  by  want  of  food.  Shak.     Dnjdm. 

HUN"GER-STUNG,  a.     Sfung  by  hunger.     Drake. 

HUN"GR£D,  a.  Hungry;  pinched  by  want  of  food. 
[Obs.]  Bacon. 

HDN"GRI-LYj  adv.  [from  hungry.]  With  keen  ap- 
petite ;  voraciously. 

Whrn  on  hanh  acomi  hungrily  tfap;  fed.  Dryitn. 

HUN"GRY,  o.  Having  a  keen  appetite  ;  feeling  pain 
or  uneasiness  from  want  of  food.  Eat  only  when 
you  are  hungry. 

2.  Having  an  eager  desire. 

3.  Lean  ;  emaciated,  as  if  reduced  by  hunger. 

Couiut  haa  k  \em\  &nd  hungry  looic.  Shak. 

4.  Not  rich  or  fertile ;  poor ;  barren  ;  requiring 
substances  to  enrich  itself;  as,  a  hungry  soil;  a 
hungry  gmvel.  Mortimer. 

HUNKS,  n.  A  covetous,  sordid  man;  a  miser;  a 
nigpard.  Dryden. 

HUNS,  «.  pi     [L.  Hunni.] 

The  Scythians,  who  conquered  Pannonia,  and  gave 
it  its  present  name,  Hungary. 

HUNT,  r.  t.  [Sax.  huntian.  This  word  does  not  ap- 
pear in  tlie  cognate  languages.  See  Class  Gn,  No. 
G7.] 

1.  To  chase  wild  animals,  particularly  quadrupeds, 
for  the  piirix)se  of  catching  lliem  for  food,  or  for  the 
diversion  of  sportsmen  ;  to  pursue  with  hounds  for 
Inking,  as  game  ;  as,  to  hunt  a  stag  or  a  hare. 

2.  To  go  in  search  of,  for  the  purpose  of  shooting; 
a«,  to  hunt  wolves,  bears,  squirrels,  or  partridges. 
This  is  the  common  use  of  the  word  in  America.  It 
includes  fowling  by  shtmting. 

3.  Tu  pursue  ;  to  follow  closely. 

£vll  iliAil  Aunt  ttie  viulnit  mi\n  lii  orenlirow  him.  —  Pa.  CxI. 

4.  To  use,  direct,  or  manage  hounds  in  the  chase. 

He  AunU  n  fock  ol  do^  AdiUton, 

To  hunt  ou/,  up,  or  after ;  to  seek  ;  to  search  out. 

Locke. 
To  hunt  from  ;  to  pursue  and  drive  out  or  away. 
To  hunt  d'iipn  :  to  depress  ;  to  bear  down  hy  perse- 
cution or  violence. 
HUNT,  r.  i.     To  follow  the  rhasc.     Oen.  xxvii. 

2.  To  sf-ek  wild  anuiiaN-  for  game,  or  for  killing 
Ihem  by  shooting  wlien  noxious;  with  for;  as,  to 
hunt  for  bears  or  wolves ;  to  Awn/  for  quails,  or  frr 
ducks. 

3,  To  seek  by  close  pursuit ;  to  search  ;  with  for. 

The  mlnlteiwtt  wiUAuni/or  the  prcoioui  life.  — Pro».  vi. 

To  hunt  counter;  to  trace  the  scent  backward  in 
hunting;  to  go  buck  on  one's  steps.     \_Obs.]     Shak. 
To  run  counter  is  still  used. 
HUNT,  n.    A  chase  of   wild  animals  for  niching 
them. 

2.  A  huntsman.     [JVo(  in  use.]  Chaucer. 

3.  A  pack  of  hounds.  Dnjden. 

4.  Pursuit;  chase.  Shuk. 

5.  A  seeking  of  wild  animals  of  any  kind  for 
game  ;  ns,  a  hunt  for  squirrels. 

0.  An  associaliuti  (»f  huntsmen  ;  as,  the  Caledonian 
hunt. 

HUNT-COt:NT'ER,n.  A  dog  that  runs  back  on  the 
sci;nt,  anil  hence  is  ^vorthless.  Shak. 

HU.NT'KI),  p/».  or  tt.     Chased;  pursued;  sought. 

IIUN'I'T.R,  n.  One  who  pursues  wild  anin>iils  with  a 
view  to  take  thern,  either  for  sjnirt  tir  for  food. 

2.  A  dog  that  scents  gam-j,  or  is  etujiloyed  in  the 
ch:tse. 

3.  A  horso  used  in  the  chase. 


HUR 

HU.NT'ING,  ppr.  Chasing  for  seizure  ;  ptunsumg ; 
seeking;  searching. 

HUiNT'ING,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  pursuing  wild 
animals,  for  catching  or  killing  them.  Hunting  was 
originally  practiced  by  men  for  the  puriKmc  of  pro- 
curing food  as  it  still  is  by  uncivilized  nation".  But, 
amuDg  civilized  men,  it  is  practiced  mostly  for  exer 
cise  or  diversion,  or  for  the  destruction  of  twxioufc 
animals,  as  in  America. 
2.  A  pursuit ;  a  seeking. 

HUNT'ING-HORN,  n.  A  bugle;  a  horn  used  to 
cheer  tliL!  hounds  in  pursuit  of  game. 

HUNT'ING-HORSE,  (  n.    A  horse  used  in  hunting. 

HUNT'ING-NAG,       i  Butler. 

HUNT'ING-SkAT,  n.  A  temporary  residence  for  Uie 
pur(H>se  of  hunting.  Grai/. 

HUNT'RESS,  71.  A  female  that  hunU,  or  follows  the 
chase      Diana  is  called  the  kuntre^^s. 

HUNTS'MAN,  n.  One  who  hunts,  or  who  practice! 
hunting.  Waller. 

2.  The  Eervant  whose  office  it  is  to  manage  the 
chase.  VKulrange. 

HUNTS'MAN-SHIP,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  hunt- 
ing, or  the  qualifirations  of  a  hunter.  Donne. 

HUR'DE.N,  o.     [Madeof/iur(/»-,  hards,  or  coarse  flax.] 
A  coarse  kind  of  linen,     [/.ocal  or  obs.]    Shenstone. 

HUR'DLE,  n.  [i^ax.  hyrdel ;  G.  hitrde,  a  hurdle,  a 
fold  or  pen  ;  D.  horde^  a  hurdle,  a  horde.  The  ele- 
ments of  tliis  word  are  the  same  as  of  the  L.  crates, 
Hrd,  Crd.  It  coincides,  also,  with  herd,  denoting 
closeness,  pressure,  holding.] 

1.  A  texture  of  twigs,  osiers,  or  sticks  ;  a  crate  of 
various  forms,  according  to  its  destiiuition. 

2.  In  England,  a  sled  or  crate  on  which  criminals 
were  drawn  to  the  place  of  execution.  In  this  sense, 
it  is  not  used  in  America.  Bacon. 

3.  In  fortification,  a  collection  of  twtgs  or  sticks 
interwoven  closely,  and  sustained  by  long  stakes.  It 
is  made  in  the  figure  of  a  long  square,  five  or  six 
feet  by  three  and  a  half.  Hurdles  serve  to  render 
works  firm,  or  to  cover  traverses  and  hidpwents  for 
the  defense  of  workmen  against  fireworks  or  stones. 

Encyc. 

4.  In  husbandni,  a  movable  frame  of  split  timber  or 
sticks  wattled  together,  serving  for  gates,  indosures, 
fee.     It  is  Boraetiuies  made  of  iron.     Farm.  Encyc. 

HUR'DLE,  7J.  (.  To  make  up,  hedge,  cover,  or  close, 
with  hurdles.  Seward. 

HURDS,  n.  The  coarse  part  of  flax  or  hemp.  [See 
Hards.] 

HUR'DY-GUR'DY,  n.  A  stringed  instrument  of  mu- 
sic, whose  sounds  are  produced  hy  the  friction  of  a 
wlieel,  and  regulated  by  the  fingers.  Porter. 

HURL,  V.  t.  [Arm.  harlua,  I'his  may  be  a  different 
spelling  of  whirl.] 

1.  To  throw  with  violence;  to  drive  with  great 
force  ;  as,  to  hurl  a  stone. 

And  7iurl  thrni  headlong  Lo  their  fleet  and  main.  PojH. 

2.  To  utter  with  vehemence  ;  as,  to  AuWont  vows, 
[JVot  in  use.]  Sprnaer. 

3.  To  play  at  a  kind  of  game.  Carew. 
HURL,  r.  t.    To  move  rapidly  ;  to  whirl.     [Rare] 

J'Aotnsvn. 
HURL,  n.    The  act  of  throwing  with  violence. 

2.  Tumult;  riot;  ctunmotion.  KnoUes, 

HURL'BAT,  n.    A  whirl-bat ;  an  old  kind  of  weapon. 

Jiin^fWorlh. 

HURL'OCNE,  n.  In  a  hone,  a  bone  near  the  middle 
of  the  buttock.  Encyc. 

HURL'KD,pp.    Thrown  with  violence. 

HURL'ER,  ri.  One  who  hurls,  or  who  plays  at  hurl- 
ing. Carev. 

HURL'ING,  ppr.  Throwing  with  force;  ploying  at 
hurling. 

HURL'WIND,  Ti.     A  whirlwind,  which  see.  Sandys. 

HUR'LY,  i  n.     [Russ.  burhjti,  to  bn  noisy  nr 

HUR'LY-BUR'LY,  \      turbulent;  Dan.  hnrt  om  burl, 
tnpsy-turvy;  Fr.  /turhi-burlu,  inconsiderately.] 
Tumult;  bustle;  confusion.  Shak. 

HIJR-KA,'      icTclnm.      [Sw,  hvrra.      The    Welsh  has 

hIjR-RAH',  (      cwara,  i>lay,  sport;    but  the  Swedish 
appears  to  be  the  English  word. J 
A  shout  of  joy  or  exultation. 

HUR'RI-€ANE,  n.  [Sp.  huracan,  for  furacan,  from 
the  h.furio,  furo,  lo  rage  ;  Port,  furaftim  ;  It.  oraga- 
no  i  Fr.  ouragan  :  D.  orkaan  ;  G.  I)an.  and  Sw.  urcun. 
I  know  not  the  origin  nor  the  significution  of  the  last 
syllable.] 

A  violent  storm,  distinguished  liy  the  vehemence 
of  the  wind  and  its  sudden  chan;r*;s.  A  hurricane  on 
the  water  is  called  a  gale;  on  tlie  land,  a  timiado. 

Olmsted, 
Hurricane  drek :  a  name  given  to  the  upper  deck  of 
steamboats,  which,  frum  its  higlit.  is  liable  to  be  in- 
jured by  sudden  and  violent  winds. 

HUR'RI-KD,  (hur'rid,)  pp.  or  n.  [from  hurry.]  Hast- 
ened  ;  urged  or  impelled  to  rapid  motion  or  vigorous 
action. 

HUR'RLjED-LY,  arfiJ.     In  a  hurried  manner. 

Bnttring. 

HUR'RI-KD-NEBS,  n.     State  of  being  hurm-d.  Smtt, 

FIUR'RI-ER,  n.     One  who  hurries,  urges,  or  impt;Is. 

HUR'RY,  V.  t.    [This  word  is  evidently  from  the  mot 


TONE,  BJJl'L,  UNITE.— AN"OER,  VI"CIOUa.— €  aj  K :  O  ai  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII;  TH  aa  in  TinS. 


HUS 


aCl^cmrro;  Vr.amrir;  Sw.l^ra;  \V,  gijrUyXoAriVBt 
impeli  IhruBl,  run,  ride,  press  forward.     Soe  Ar. 

<5v,>  jo«".  and  , Life  ftaum,  to  go  round,  to  hast- 
en.   Class  Gr,  No,  7,  32,  36.] 

1.  To  hasten  ,■  to  impel  to  greater  speed ;  to  drive 
or  press  forward  with  more  rapidity  ;  to  urge  to  net 
or  proceed  with  more  celerity  ;  as,  to  hurry  the  work- 
men or  the  work.  Our  business  kumes  us.  ihe 
weather  is  hot  and  the  load  heavy  ;  we  can  not  safe- 
ly  kurry  the  horses. 

2.  To  drive  or  impel  with  violence. 

Iinp*luou«  luM  hurrUi  him  on  »  »u4r  t^  c»»in«l  ^^^^ 

3.  To  urge  or  drive  with  precipitation  and  confti- 
sion  ;  for  confusion  is  often  caused  by  hurrj-. 

Ami  wildauuucmcntAurri**  up»H*!  dc»D 

The  lt;dc  o  umber  of  your  iluubtTil  frieotl*.  Shot. 

To  kurry  away :  to  drive  or  carry  away  in  haste. 
HCR'RY,  v.i.     To  move  or  act  with  haste  ;  to  proceed 
with  celerity  or  precipitation.    The  business  is  ur- 
cent ;  let  us  hmrrif. 
HUR'RY,  n.    A  driving  or  pressing  forward  in  motion 
or  business. 

3.  Pressure  ;  urgency  to  baste.  We  can  not  wait 
long:  we  are  in  a  kurry, 

3.  Precipitation  that  occasions  disorder  or  conlu- 
aioB. 

Ub 


4.  Tamalt ;  basUe ;  commotion. 

Andxtioa  nitn  &  turault  in  the  aoul,  kiid  puti  U  into  ft  violent 
kurry  of  IhDOsfat.  Adi&ton, 

IIITR'RY-I.NG,   fpr.     Driving   or  urging   to  greater 

speed  ;  precipitatinc. 
HL'R'RV-IXG,  a.    The  urging  to  greater  speed;  ra- 

p'diiv  of  motion. 
aUR'RV-LNG-LV,  adv.    In  a  hurr)  in?  manner. 
UUR'RY-SKUR'RY,  atbo.    Confusedly;  in  a  bustle. 

[JVW  im  Mfcl  Oray. 

HURST,*.     [Sax.  *i»«f  rr  Jkwrrt.] 

A  wood  or  grove  i  a  won!  found  in  many  names, 

as  in  HaiUJkmr^ 
HURT,  r.  (. ;  pret.  and  j>P'  H^Rt.    [Sax.  kyrt^  wound- 

ed  ;  It.  Hrtoi^*,  Fr.  keurtrr^  to  strike  or  dxsh  against ; 

W.  kyrzioK^  to  push,  thrust,  or  drive,  to  assault ;  to 

butt :  Arm.  kemrda.] 
J.  To  bruise ;  to  give  pain  by  a  contusion,  pre«- 

•ure,  or  any  violence  lo  the  body.    We  kurt  tbe  body 

by  a  severe  blow,  or  by  tight  cloltaes,*and  tbe  feet  by 

fetters.     Ps.  cv. 
3.  To  wound  ;  to  injure  or  impair  the  sound  state 

of  the  body,  aa  by  incision  or  fracture. 

3.  To  harm  ;  to  damage ;  to  injure  by  occasioning 
loss.    We  hurt  a  man  by  destroying  his  property. 

4.  To  injure  by  diminution  ;   to  impair.    A  man 
karU  his  estaie  by  extravagance. 

5w  To  injure  by  reducing  in  quality  ;  to  impair  tbe 
strength,  purity,  or  beauty  of. 

Hun  i»ot  the  wine  and  the  oil.  —  ReT.  tL 

6.  To  harm  ;  to  injure  ;  to  damage,  in  general. 

7.  To  wound  ;  to  injure  ;  to  give  pam  to ;  as,  to 
kttrt  the  feelings. 

HURT,  K.  A  wound  ;  a  bruise  ;  any  thing  that  gives 
pain  to  the  body. 

Th«  paini  of  dcknesi  and  fturt*.  Lock*. 

2.  In  a  general  «n*f,  whatever  injures  or  harms. 

I  havr   Blaiii  k  man  to  tnj  wounding,  Kud  a  young  man  to  my 
hurt  — Gen.  i». 

3.  Injury ;  loss. 

Why  should  damagv  ffrow  to  the  hurl  of  the  Idng»  *  —  Erra  W. 

nURT'ER,  a.    One  who  hurts  or  does  harm. 

HURT'ERS,n,pi.  Pieces  of  wood  at  the  lower  end  of 
a  platform,  to  prevent  the  wheels  of  gun-carriages 
fmui  injuring  the  pnrapeL 

HURTTIX,  a.  Injurious;  mischievous;  occasion- 
ing loss  or  destruction  ;  tending  to  impair  or  destroy. 
Negligence  is  kurtful  to  property;  intemperance  is 
hurtful  to  health. 

HURT'FIL-LY,  adv.    Injuriously;  mischievously. 

HURT'FK'L-NESS,  n.  Jnjuriousness  ;  tendency  to 
ocrasion  loss  or  destruction  ;  mischievousness. 

HURTLE,  (hur'tl,)  o.  i.     [from  hurU]     To  clash  or 
run  against ;  to  jostle  ;  to  skirmish ;  to  meet  in  sliock 
and  encounter;  to  wheel  suddenly.     [A'ot  note  tused.] 
Spender.     Shak. 

HURTLE,  r.  t     To  move  with  violence  or  impetuos- 
ity.    [06*.]  Spender. 
9.  To  push  forcibly  ;  to  whirl. 

HUR'TLE-BER-RV,  n.     A  whortleberry,  which  see. 

HUR'TLES,  i  lu  pi.     A   name  of   horses  among  the 

HIJR'TELS,  i      Ilizhlanders  in  Scotland. 

HURT'LESS,  a.     Harmless;  innocent;   doing  no  in- 
jury ;  innoxious ;  as,  hurtless  blow:;.  Dryden, 
2.  Receiving  no  injurv. 

HURT'LESS-LY,  odr.    Without  harm.    [Little  ttsed.] 

Sidney. 

HURT'LES3-NESS,  m.    Freedom  from  any  harmful 

Sitalrty.     [LitUeused.]  Johnson. 

S'B AND,  n.  [Sax.  kusbonda ,-  Attv,  house,  and  buend^ 


IIUS 

a  farmer  or  cultivator,  or  an  inhabitant,  from  byan,  to 
itilinbit  or  till,  contracted  froui  Au^'ian ,-  Dan.  haus- 
bonde ;  Sw.  husbonde ;  Sw.  bysriria,  L»an.  byirgrry  to 
build  ;  D.  boatcen^  G.  Murn,  to  build,  to  till,  to  plow, 
or  cultivate;  G.  hauer^  a  builder,  a  cotinirytn;in,  a 
clown,  a  rustic,  a  6(Htr ;  D.  fruur,  the  last  coinpoufiit 
part  of  nf(>AAor.  Band^  bond^  in  litis  wt-rdj  is  Ihc  par- 
ticiple of  Auoii,  byan^  that  is,  buend,  occupying,  tilling, 
and  hasband  is  the  farmer  or  inhabitant  of  ilie  hous;.' ; 
in  Scottish,  a  farmer;  thence  the  sense  of  liusbandrj-. 
It  had  no  relation,  primarily,  to  marriage  ;  but  among 
the  common  people,  a  woman  calls  her  cnnsorl  vty 
niiiif,  and  the  man  calls  his  wife  my  trcman,  as  in 
Hebrew  ;  and  in  this  instance  tlie  fanner  or  occupier 
of  the  house,  or  the  builder,  was  called  my  fanner  i 
or  by  some  other  means,  husband  came  to  denote  tiie 
consort  of  tbe  female  head  of  the  family.] 

1.  A  man  contracted  or  joined  to  a  woman  by  mar- 
riage. A  man  to  whom  a  woman  is  beirdhed,  as 
well  as  one  actually  united  by  marriage,  is  called  a 
kusband.     Lev.  xix.     DevLt.  xxii. 

S.  In  seamen's  lanj^nag*^  tbe  owner  of  a  ship  who 
manages  its  concerns  in  person.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  The  male  of  animals  of  a  lower  order.    Dryden. 

4.  An  economist;  a  good  manager;  a  man  who 
knows  and  practices  the  methods  of  frugality  and 
profit.  In  this  aense,  the  word  is  modifled  by  an  ep- 
ithet; as,  n  good  husband  i  a  had  hmband. 

Davies,     Collin: 
[But  in  Ameriea^  this  application  of  the  word  is  little 
or  nvt  at  all  used.] 

5.  A  farmer ;  a  cultivator ;  a  tiller  of  the  ground. 

Baro  n.     l)ryden. 
[/n  this  sense  it  is  not  used  in  America;  we  always 

use   HU9BANDMA.N.1 

HUS'BANO,  r.  t.  To  direct  and  manage  with  frugal- 
it)-,  in  expending  any  thing  ;  to  use  or  employ  in  the 
manner  best  suited  to  produce  the  greatest  e^cct ;  to 
use  with  economy.  We  say,  a  man  husbands  his  es- 
tate, bis  means,  or  his  tune 

lie  la  tonadoua  bow  ill  he  baa  hutbandtd  Ui«  gica.1  deposit  of  hit 
CreitWr.  NambUr. 

S.  To  till ;  to  cultivate  with  good  management. 

Baron. 
3.  To  supply  with  a  huvltand.  {little  ustd.}     Shak. 

HUS'BAND-.\-BLE,  a.  Alanugeablu  with  ectuiomy. 
r//M  Sherwood. 

HUS'BAND-ED,  pp.  Used  or  managed  with  economy  ; 
well  managed. 

HUS'B.\ND-ING,H""«  Using  or  managing  with  fru- 
gality. 

HUS'BAND-ING,  n.  The  laying  up  or  economizing  ; 
frugal  nianagcnu'nt. 

HUSBAND-LESS,  a.     Destitute  of  a  husband.    Shak. 

HUS'BAND-LY,  a.     Frugal ;  thrifty,     [Ltule  iised.] 

Tusser. 

HUS'BAND-MAN,  n.  A  farmer  ;  a  cultivator  or  tiller 
of  the  ground  ;  one  who  labors  in  tillnge.  In  Amer- 
ica, where  nun  geiH-rally  own  the  land  on  which 
they  labor,  the  proprietor  of  a  f:irm  is  also  a  laborer 
or  husbandman  ;  but  the  word  includes  the  lessee 
and  the  owner. 

2.  The  master  of  a  family.  [•S'ot  in  use  in  .Ameri- 
ca.] Chaucer. 

HUS'BAND-RY,  n.  The  business  of  a  farmer,  com- 
prehending agriculture  or  tillage  of  the  ground,  the 
raising,  managing, and  fattening  of  cattle  and  other 
domestic  animals,  the  management  of  the  dairy,  and 
whatever  the  land  produces. 

2.  Frugality  ;  dimiesiic  economy  ;  pood  manage- 
ment ;  thrift.  Rut  in  this  sense,  we  generally  prefix 
good;  as,  good  husbandry.  SiPi/i. 

3.  Care  of  domestic  affairs,  usually  with  good. 

SKak. 
HUSH,  a.     [G.kusch;  Dan.  hys,  kysU    In  W.  h6i  is 

peace  ;  Acim,  to  make  peace  ;  cws  is  rest,  sleep  ;  and 

hust  is  a  low,  buzzing  sound  ;  Heb.  ns'n,  to  be  silent. 

Class  Gs,  No.  40.] 
Silent;  still;   quiet;   as,  they  arc  hush  as  death. 

This  adjective   never  precedes  the   noun   which   it 

qualifies,  except  in  the  compound  hush-money. 
HUSH,  o.  f.    To  still ;  to  silence  ;  to  calm  ;  to  make 

quiet ;  to  repress  noise  ;  as,  tu  hash  the  nois}'  crowd  ; 

the  winds  were  hushed. 

My  tuii^s  ah.ll!  kutk  agnin  this  conn  of  war.  Shak. 

2.  To  appease;  to  allay  ;  to  calm,  as  commotion  or 

agital^on. 

^  Wi'l  thou,  theu, 

Huth  my  c;trra?  Otway, 

HUSH,  V.  1.    To  be  still ;  to  be  sjlf-nt.  Spenser. 

HUSH ;  imperative  of  the  verb,  used  as  an  exclama- 
lion  ;  be  still ;  be  silent  or  quiet ;  make  no  noise. 
To  hush  up ;  to  suppress ;  to  keep  concealed. 

'nUi  mAtlsr  ia  hushed  up.  Pop*. 

gUSn'£D,  (husht,)  pp.    Stilled  ;  silenced  j  calmed. 
USH'ING,  p/jr.     Silencing;  calming. 
HUSH'-MON-EY,  (-m«n-y,)  n.     A  bribe  to  secure  si- 
lence ;  money  paid  to  hinder  information  or  disclo- 
sure of  facts.  Swift. 
HUSK,  n.     [Ciu.  W.  gwisg.  Corn,  quesk,  a  cover ;  or  It. 
guscio,  bark  or  shell ;  Sp.  and  Port,  casca,  husks  of 
grapes,  bark.     It  signifies,  probably,  a  cover  or  a 
peel.] 


IIUZ 

The  externa!  covering  of  certain  fruits  or  seeds  of 
plants.  It  is  the  calyx  of  the  flower  or  glume  of  corn 
ami  gmsses,  formed  of  valves  embracing  the  seed. 
'i'he  husks  of  the  small  gniins,  when  sefnrated,  are 
called  chaff;  but  in  America  we  apply  the  word 
chielly  to  the  covering  of  the  ears  or  seeds  of  maize, 
which  is  never  denominated  chaff.  It  is  sometimes 
used  in  England  for  the  rind,  skin,  or  hull  of  seeds. 

HUSK,  r.  t.  To  strip  off  the  external  integument  or 
covering  of  the  fruits  or  seeds  of  plants  ;  as,  to  husk 
maize. 

HUSK'£D,  (huskt,)  pp.    Stripped  of  its  husks. 
2.  a.    Covered  with  a  husk. 

HUSK'I-LY,  aJr.     Dryly;  roughly, 

HUSK'I-NESS,  n.  The  stale  of  being  dry  and  rough, 
like  a  husk. 

2.  Kigurativelyt  roughness  of  sound ;  as,  huskiness 
of  voice. 

HUSK'ING,  ppr.     Stripping  ofl^  husks. 

HUSK'ING,  M.  The  act  of  stripping  off  husks.  In 
New  England,  the  practice  of  farmers  is  to  invite 
their  neighbors  to  assist  thcin  in  stripping  their 
maize,  in  autumnal  evenings,  and  this  is  called  a 
kasking. 

HUSK'Y,  a.  Abounding  with  husks ;  consisting  of 
husks.  Drydeiu 

2.  Resembling  husks ;  dry;  rough. 

3.  Rough,  as  sound  ;  harsh  ;  whizzing. 
HO'SO,  n.  A  chondroplerjgious  fish  with  free  branchift?, 

belonging  to  the  genus  Acipi-nser.  It  is  frequently 
found  to  exceed  twelve  and  fifteen  feet  in  lengtli,  and 
to  weigh  more  than  twelve  hundred  [wuniU.  'I'he 
finest  isinglass  is  made  from  its  uatator>'  bladder.  It 
inhabits  the  Danube  and  the  rivers  of  Russia.  The 
sturgeon  belongs  to  the  same  genus. 

HUS-SAR',  (huz-jtir',)  n.  [Tartar,  iwicor,  cavalry  j 
Sans,  uswu,  a  horse.     Thomson.] 

A  mounted  soluier  or  horseman  in  German  caval- 
ry*. The  hussars  are  the  natitinat  cavalry  of  Hungary 
and  Croatia.  Their  regimentals  are  a  fur  cap  udorni-d 
with  a  feather,  a  doublet,  a  pair  of  breeches  to  which 
the  stockings  ute  fastened,  and  a  pair  of  red  or  yel- 
low boots.  Their  arms  are  a  saber,  a  carbine,  ouil 
pistols.  Hussars  now  form  u  part  of  the  French  aud 
English  cavalry.  Encijc. 

HUSS'ITE,  H.  A  follower  of  John  Htisa,  the  Bohe- 
mian reformer,  who  was  burnt  alive  in  1415. 

HUS'SY,  n.     [Cimtracted  from  Auaif{/'c,  housewife.] 
1.  A  had  or  worthless  woman.     It  is  used  also  lu- 
dicrously in  slight  disapprobation  or  contempt.    Go, 
hussy ^  go. 
9.  An  economist;  a  thrifty  woman.  Tasscr. 

HUS'TINGS,  n.  pi.  [Sax.  kustinge;  supposed  to  be 
composed  of  hus^  house,  and  things  cause,  suit ;  the 
house  of  trials.] 

1.  A  court  hijld  in  Guildhall,  in  London,  before  the 
lord  mayor  and  aldermen  of  tiie  city  ;  the  supreme 
court  or  council  of  the  city.  In  this  court  are  elfcl- 
ed  the  aldermen  and  the  four  members  of  parliament. 

2.  The  place  where  an  election  of  a  member  of 
parliament  is  held.  Burke. 

HUS'TLE,  (hus'I,)  V.  t.     [D.  hutseUn^  lo  shake;  Sw. 
hutla,  to  shuffle.] 
To  shake  together  in  confusion  ;  lo  push  or  crowd. 

HUS'TLED,  (hua'ld,)  pp.     Shaken  together. 

HUS'TLING,  ppr.     Shaking  together. 

IIUS'WIFE,  (huz'zif,)  H.    A  worthless  woman  ;  a  bad 

manager.     [See  Ht'ssv.]  Sliak. 

2.  A  female  economist :  a  thrifty  woman.    Shak. 

IIUS'WIFE,  (huz'zif,)  v.  t.  To  manage  wiiii  economy 
and  frugality.  Dryden. 

HUS'WIFE-RY,(huz'zif-ry,)n.  The  business  of  man- 
aging the  concerns  of  a  fimily  by  a  female  ;  female 
management,  good  or  bad  Tu.-i/ier. 

HUT,  n.  [G.  hittf.:  D.  hut:  Oan.  hytte;  Fr.  hntte ;  per- 
haps a  dialectical  orthography  of  Sax.  hus,  house,  and 
cot;  W.  act.] 

A  small  house,  hovel,  or  cabin  ;  a  mean  lodge  or 
dwelling;  a  cottage.  It  is  particularly  applied  to  log- 
houses  erected  for  tnxjps  in  winter. 

HUT,  V.  t.  To  place  in  huts,  as  troops  encamped  in 
winter  quarters.  Marshall,     SnioUett. 

HUT,  V.  i.    To  take  lodgings  in  huts. 


The  Iroopa  kuiud  for  the  winter. 


Pickering. 


HUTCH,  V.     [Fr.  hjirhe  ;  Sp.  hucha ;  Sax.  hwcrcea.] 
1.  A  chest  or  box  ;  a  corn  chest  or  bm  ;   a  case  for 
rabbits.  Mortimer. 

9.  A  rat-trap. 

HUTCH,  p,  C    To  hoard,  as  in  a  chest,  MUton. 

HUTCH'kD,  (hutcht,)  pp.    Deposited  in  n  chest. 

HUTCH'ING,  ppr.     Depositing  in  a  hutch. 

HUTCH-IN-So'M-AN,  n.    A  follower  of  the  opinions 
of  John  Hutchinson,  of  Yorkshire,  England. 

HUT'TED,p;».     Lodged  in  huts.  Mitford. 

HUT'TI.NG,7»/jr.    Placing  in  huts  ;  taking  lodgings  in 
huts. 

HUX,  V.  t.    To  fish  for  pike  with  books  and  lines  fast- 
ened to  floating  bladders.  Ennjc. 

HUZZ,  V.  i.     To  buzz.     [^Tot  in  use.]  Barret. 

HJJZ-ZX',  n.     A  shout  of  joy.    The  word  chiefly  used    i 
is  our  native  word,  Hurrah,  which  see.  I 

HJJZ-ZX',  V.  i.    To  utter  a  loud  shout  of  joy,  or  an  ac- 
clamation in  joy  or  praise. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T.^METE,  PRfiY,  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- 


HYD 

HJJZ-ZA.',  r.  ^  To  receive  or  attcud  wiili  shoiitrt  of 
jov.  Jiddist'it 

t!j;Z-ZX'ED,(hu2-2a(l'0  pp  Uttered  in  shauta  of  joy. 
9.  Received  with  shouts  of  joy. 

Ht^'Z-ZX'lNG,p;rt-.  Shuuting  with  joyj  reccivingwith 
shouts  of  joy. 

IIUZ-ZA'IXG,  n.  A  shouting  with  joy;  a  receiving 
with  shouts  of  joy. 

n?'A-(.'I\TH,  n.     [L.  hyacinaius;  Gr.  iniKiv^o^.] 

1.  In  botany,  the  popular  name  of  some  spt^cies  of 
a  genus  of  plants.  The  Oriental  hyacinth  lias  a 
liir^e,  purplish,  bulbous  root,  from  wliich  spring  sev- 
eral narrow,  erect  leaves  ;  the  flower  stalk  is  upright 
and  succulent,  and  adorned  witli  many  bell-shaped 
flowers,  united  in  a  large  pyramidical  spike,  of  dif- 
ferent ailors  in  the  varklies.  Encyc. 

2.  In  mineralogy,  a  red  variety  of  zircon,  some- 
times used  as  a  gem.     [See  Zikcow.J  Dana. 

IIY-A-CI\TH'L\E,  a.     Made  of  hyacinth  ;  consisting 

of  hyacinth  ;  resembling  hyacinth.  Millon. 

HVA-DES,  /  n,p?.  [Gr.  iiuJtSjfroni  rw,  to  rain;  vLTOi^ 
HV'ADS,      \      rain.] 

In  astronomvy  a  cluster  of  five  stars  in  the  DuU'u 
face,  supposed  by  the  ancients  to  bring  rain. 

Branile. 
nt'A-M\E,  a.     [Gr.  va>n">f,  from  I'aXif,  glass.] 
Gl:L*sy  ;  resembling  glass ;  consisting  of  glass. 
lI?'A-LrTE,  rt.     [Gr.  fi^iA-j.]  [Mdton. 

A  i>ellucid  variety  of  opal,  looking  like  colorless 
zuni  or  resin.     It  is  also  called  Mnller^s  glass.  Dana. 
Hy'A-LOID,  a.    [Gx.  vaUi  and  '((^o(.] 

A  term  applied  to  transparent  membranes,  es- 
pecially that  which  invests  the  vitreous  humor  of 
the  eye. 

So^Spp'vin^iJ'^*    ^See   Hibkrsacle,  IIiBERr^.TE, 

HY'BRID,  or  HYB'RID,  Tt.    [Gr.  t>?,ois,  injury,  force, 

rape ;    L.  hybrida.'] 
A  mongrel ;  an  animal  or  plant  produced   from 

the  mixture  of  two  species.  Lee.    Murtija. 

HY'BRID,  >  a.      Mongrel;    produced    from    the 

HYB'RID-OUS,  I      mixture  of  two  species. 
H?'nRID-l8.\l,    i  n.     State  of  being  the  otT^pring  of 
HY-BRID'I-TV,  t      two  species. 
HY'DAGE,  n.    In  /ate,  a  tax  on  lands,  at  a  certain  rate 

bv  the  hide.  Blackstone. 

HY'D'A-TID,  ju    An  intestinal  worm  of  the  genua 

Kvdatis,  which  see. 
HYf)'A-TIS,  n.     [Gr.  I'darif,  from  v^utp,  wnri  r.] 

In  natural  history,  the  name  of  a  genus  ( f  Entozo^, 

or  intestinal  worms,  found  in  various  textures  and 

caviiies  of  the   ttuman   body;  indeed   in  all,  (as  is 

said,)  except  the  cavity  of  the  alimentary  canal. 
IIY'DRA,  n.     [L.  hydra;  Gr.  iJ>a,  from  i^wo,  water.] 

1.  A  water  serpent.  In  fabulous  hiitory,  a  serpent 
or  monster  in  tiie  lake  or  marsh  of  Lerna,  in  Pel- 
oponnesus, represented  as  having  many  heads,  one 
of  which,  bcin2  cut  of^vas  immediately  succeeded 
by  anuih'^T,  unless  the  wound  w.ts  cauterized.  Her- 
cules killed  this  monster  by  applying  firebrand^  to 
the  wounds,  as  he  rutotf  the  liead-f.  Hence  we  give 
the  name  to  a  multitude  of  evils,  or  to  a  cause  of 
nuiltifariuiis  evils. 

2.  The  name  of  a  genus  of  minute  frei^h-woter 
polyps.  Dana. 

3.  A  southern  constellation  of  great  length. 

P.  Cyc 
B?  DRAC'ID,  (-dms'sid,)  n.    [Gr.  i6up^  water,  and 
acul.] 

An  acid  whose  base  is  hydrogen. 
H?'DRA-*;fJGUE,(h5'dra-gog,)n.  [wi^pij  w>ocf  Ut^n^ 
water,  and  ay(>>)  i,  a  leading  or  drawing,  from  ii>w,  to 
lead  or  drive.] 

A  medicine  llial  occasions  a  discharge  of  watery 
humors. 
In gentral,\\iei  stronger  cathartics  are  hydragogucs. 
Qttmrjr.     Enq/c 
n?-DRAX'GE-A,  n,    [Gr.  tJwp,  water,  and  ayyctovt 
a  vessel.] 

1.  A  plant  which  grows  In  the  water,  and  bears  a 
beautiful  flower.  Its  capsule  has  been  compared  to 
a  cup.  De  Thett^  Gloss.  Boian. 

9.  The  name  of  a  genua  of  plants. 
H?'DRANT,  a.    [Gr.  itS/vaiyoj,  to  irrigate,  from  vii^Pf 
water.] 

A  pipe  or  machine  with  suitable  valves  and  a  spout 
by  which  water  is  raised  and  discharged   from  the 
main  conduit  of  an  aqueduct. 
II?-r)RXR'GIL-UTE,   n.      [Gr.   i<Jw/?*  water,   and 
u.>>i>Aoc,  clay.] 

A  mineral,  called  also  JVavcUUe, 
HY-DRAR'GO-eilLC'RID,n.    A  compound  blchlorid 
of    mercury   (ct>rrosive    sublimate)    with    another 
rhlond.  BrantU. 

II?-DUXR'6Y-RUM,  n.    [Gi.  h6<^p  and  apyvptm:} 

Quicksilver. 
n?'DRATE,  H.    [Gr.  Jr!wo,  water.] 

In  chemigtry,  a  compound,  in  definite  proportions, 
of  a  nittalhc  oxyd  with  water.  Vre. 

A  hydrate,  is  a  substance  which  has  formed  so  in- 
timate a  union  with  water  as  to  solidify  it,  and  ren- 
der It  a  component  part.  Slaked  lime  is  a  hytlrate  of 
liine.  Parke. 


HYD 

II?'nRX  TED,  a.     Formed  into  a  hydrate. 

HY  llRArL'ie,  \  a.     [Fr.  hydra ulique  i  t..kydrau^ 

HV-DRAUL'ie-AL,  \  licus;  Gr.  ilpavXii,Vin  instru- 
ment of  music  plajed  by  water;  {n^wp,  water,  and 
ai>Aof,  a  pipe.] 
Pertaining  to  hydraulics,  or  to  fluids  in  motion. 
Hydraulic  lime;  a  species  of  lime  which,  when 
formed  into  mortar,  hardens  in  water;  used  for  ce- 
mentinji  under  watir.  Journ.  of  Science. 

IIV-IlRAlTL'ie  IMIESS.     See  IIvorostatic  Press. 

H?-I)RAIJL'ie  RAM.     See  Ram. 

HV-DRAUL'IC-ON,  w.  An  ancient  musical  instru- 
ment acted  upon  by  water ;  a  water  organ. 

H?-DRAUL'ieS,  n.  T^iat  branch  of  the  science  of 
hy d roc [yn amies  which  treats  of  fluids  considered  as 
in  motion.  Ed.  Encyc 

Ilt-DRE\-TER'0-CELE,  n.  [Gr.  iJwp,  water, 
ci-TEfiiv,  intestine,  and  *ff;Afj,  a  tumor.] 

A  hernial  tnniur,  whose  contents  are  intestine,  with 
the  addition  of  water. 

HY'DKI-AI),  Ti.  In  inytliolti^^  the  name  of  a  kind  of 
wal'T  nvnutlis. 

HYU'Itl-6-DATE,  n.  A  supposed  salt  formed  by  the 
hydriodtc  acid  with  a  base.  More  correctly,  Iodohy- 
DRATE.  De  Claubry. 

HVit-KI-OD'ie,  a.  [kydrotren  and  iodine.]  A  term 
dfnoljn^  a  j>eculiar  acid,  produced  by  the  combina- 
tion i)f  livdrojien  and  ioitine.     Better,  Iodohydbic. 

IlY-DRO-ilRo'.Mie,  a.  Com[)05ed  of  hydrogen  and 
bruniine.     Miire  curreclly  Bromohvdric. 

n?-URO-eXR'llO\,  n.  A  term  applied  by  chemists 
to  compound^  of  hydro<;en  and  carbon.        Brands. 

HV-DROeAR'BOX-ATE,  n.  [Gr.  vSoto^  water,  or 
rather  hydroqrn,  and  L.  carbo,  a  coal.] 

Carbureted  hydrogen  gas,  or  heavy  inflammable 
air.  Aikiiu 

IIY-DROexR'BU-RET,  n.     Carbureted  hydrogen. 

Henry. 

HT'DRO-CkLE,  n.  [Gr.  iSoaKrjXni  uJwp,  water,  and 
«ijA/j,  a  tumor.] 

A  dropsy  of  the  vaginal  tunic  of  the  spermatic 
cord. 

HS-DRO-CEPIl'A-LUS,  n.      [Gr.  vSu^p,  water,  and 
Kii'itXrif  the  head.] 
Dropsy  of  the  head. 

HV-ORO  CHLORATE,  n.  A  supposed  compound 
of  hydntrhlunc  acid  and  a  base  ;  furmeriy  called  a 
muriate.  More  correctly,  Chlorohtdrate.  The  hy- 
tiriichlorutcs  are  really  cidori/h.        Jonrn.  of  Science. 

IIT-DKO-eHLO'IlIC,  a.     [hydrofren  and  ektoric] 

ilydrttchloric  acid  is  muriatic  acid,  a  compound  of 
chlorin  and  hydrogen  gas.  More  correctly,  Chloro- 
HVDRtc.  Brande. 

HT-DRO-C?'A-NATE,  n.  A  supposed  compound  of 
hydrticyanic  acid  with  a  base.  More  correctly,  Cvan- 

OHVOBaTE. 

HV-I>RO-UV-AN'ie,  a.  [Gr.  vJwp,  water,  or  rather 
hydroiren,  and  «tiiai"»i,  blue.] 

A  lerni  applied  to  an  acid  whose  base  is  hydrogen, 
and  its  acidifying  principle  cyanogen  ;  more  correct- 
ly, CvAXOHYuRic.  This  aciu  is  one  of  fuur  or  five 
ditfcrent  cumpounds  that  have  been  called  prussie 
acid. 

IIS'-IHtO-DY-XAM'ie,o.     [lidcjp,  water,  and  (Jiiva/iij, 
ptiwer,  force.] 
Pertaining  to  the  force  or  pressure  of  water. 

HT-DKOnY-XAM'ieH,  n.  That  branch  of  natural 
philosophy  which  treats  of  the  pmperties  and  rela- 
tions of  water  and  other  fluids,  whether  in  motion  or 
at  rest.  It  comprehends  buth  hydrostatic-^  and  hy- 
dniulirs.  Fd.  Enr.m. 

IIYOHO-FLCATE,  7?.  A  supposed  compound  of  hy- 
drofluoric acid  and  a  base.     Better,  Fluohtdrate. 

IIV-DRO-FLU-OR'ie,  a.  [Gr.  vbojp,  water,  and 
fiuor.] 

Consisting  of  fluorin  and  hydrogen.  Tlie  hydro- 
fluoric acid  IS  obtained  by  distilling  a  mixturi^  of  one 
p.'irt  of  the  purest  flunr  spar  in  fine  powder,  with  two 
of  sulpiiuric  acid.    More  correctly,  Fluohydric. 

Bra  tide. 

H?'DRO-GEX,  n.  [Gr.  tUmp,  water,  and  jevf.i'-i,  to 
geu'-nle  ;  so  called  as  being  considered  the  generator 
of  water.] 

In  chemistrij,  a  gas  which  conatitntcs  one  of  the  el- 
ements of  water,  of  which  it  constiliiics  one  ninth 
part,  and  ojtygen  eight  ninths.  Hydrogen  gas  is  an 
aeriform  fluid,  the  liKhlcst  body  known,  and,  though 
extremely  inflammable  itself,  it  extinguishes  burning 
hodif-s,  and  is  fatal  to  animal  life.  Its  specific  gravi- 
ty is  (),0(i94,  that  of  air  being  I.Of).  In  consequence 
of  its  extreme  tightness,  it  is  employed  for  filling  air- 
balloons.  jMnoisier.     Brande. 

HV'URO-GEN-ATE,  v.  L  To  combine  hydrogen  with 
any  thlnj:. 

H7'ni{0-GEN-A-TED,pp.  or  a.  In  combination  with 
hydrogen. 

HY'DRO-GEN  IZE,  v.  U  To  combine  with  hydro- 
gen. 

U^'DRO-dF.S-XZ-EO  pp.    Combined  with  hydroeen. 

HY'DRO-GBN'-IZ-JNO,  ppr.  Combining  with  hydio- 
pen. 

HV-l>ROG'E-NOUS,  a.     Pertaining  to  hydrogen. 

HV-I)ROG'RA-PHER,  n.  [See  HrDnoimAFHY.]  One 
who  draws  majn  or  the  sea,  lakes,  or  other  waters. 


IIYD 

with  the  adjacent  shores  ;  one  who  describes  tlie  sea 
or  other  waters.  Boyle. 

H?-DRO-GRAPH're,         |  a.     Relating  to  or  contain- 

HV-DRO-GRAPH'ie-AL,  (  ing  a  description  of  the 
sea,  sea-coast,  isles,  shoals,  depth  of  water,  &.c.,  or  of 
a  lake. 

II?-DROG'RA-rHY,  n.  [Gr.  Wwp,  water,  and  ypa>pwj 
to  describe;  yoaiprtf  description.] 

Tlte  art  of  me;isuring  and  describinii  the  sea,  lakes, 
rivers,  and  other  waters  ;  or  the  art  of  forming  charts, 
exhibiting  a  representation  of  the  sea-coast,  gulfs, 
bays,  isles,  promontories,  channels,  soundings,  fitc. 

H?-OROG'lI-RET,  n.  A  comjwund  of  hydrogen  with 
a  base  ;  a  hvdrurot.     [Little  used.] 

Ht'DRO-LITE,  iu  [Gr.  uJcjp,  water,  and  XiOoij  a 
stone.] 

A  mineral  whose  crystals  are  described  as  six-sided 
prisms,  terminated  by  low,  six-sided  pyramids,  with 
truncated  summits.  Cleavcland. 

HY-DRO-LOG  IC-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  hydrologv. 

H?-DROL'0-GY,  iu  [Gr.  udtop,  water,  and  Aujof, 
discourse.] 

The  science  of  water,  Its  properties,  phenomena, 
and  laws. 

HV'DRO-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  t^wp,  water,  and  paircia, 
divination.] 

A  method  of  divination  or  prediction  of  events  by 
water,  invented,  according  to  Varro,  by  tlie  Persians, 
and  practiced  bv  the  Romans.  Eneye. 

Hy-DRO-MAi\'Tie,  a.  Pertaining  to  divination  by 
water. 

H?'DRO-MEL,  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  il^cjf,  water,  and 
pfAf,  h(mey.] 

A  liquor  consisting  of  honey  diluted  in  water.  Be- 
fore fermentation,  it  is  called  simple  hydromel;  after 
fermentation,  it  is  called  vinoHi<  hydrovtel,  or  mead. 

HY-DROM'E-TER,  n.  [See  Hvurometry.]  An  in- 
strument for  drieriuinmp  tlie  sjiecific  gravities  of 
liquids,  and  thence  the  strength  of  spirituous  liquors, 
these  being  inversely  as  their  specific  gravities. 

Brande. 

HV-DRO-MET'Rie,         )  a.    Pertaining  to  a  hvdrom- 

HY-URO-MEP'RIC-AL,  J     eter,  or  to  the  determina- 
tion of  the  sjKjcific  gravity  of  fluids. 
2.  Made  bv  a  hydrometer. 

H?-DROiM'E-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  vdiopy  water,  and  pcrpuv^ 
measure] 

The  art  of  determining  the  specific  gravity  of  li- 
quids, and  iht-nce  the  strength  of  spirituous  liquors. 

HV-DRO-PATIl'lC.  a.     Pertaining  to  hydropalliy. 

HY-DKOr'A-TJIlST,  n.  One  who  practices  hydropa- 
ihv. 

HY-HROP'.VTUY,  V.     [Gr.  ih^p  and  ffaO,?.] 

The  water-cure,  a  mode  of  treating  diseases,  by  the 
copious  and  frequent  use  of  pure  water,  both  inter- 
nntlv  and  (rxlernally. 

HV'DKO-PHANE,  a.  [Gr.  Wtjp,  water,  and  ^aii/w, 
to  show.] 

In  mineraloiry,  a  variety  of  opal  made  transparent 
by  immersion  in  water.  KinBon. 

HY  I>ROPH'A-N0US,  a.  Made  transparent  by  im- 
mersion in  water.  Kirwan. 

HV-DROPH'I-Dl:?,  ti.  pi     [Gr.  v6c>p  and  o0iv.] 

A  term  applied  to  that  section  of  the  Ophidians 
whicti  inrliiibs  the  water-snake.  Brande. 

HY-I>RO-Pnf)'BI-A,  (  n.     [Gr.  v(!w«,  water,  and  0o- 

HY'nRO-PllO-BV,     i      0ioii,i,,  to  fear.] 

A  prctcrnatunil  dread  of  water  ;  a  symptom  of  ca- 
nine inailness,  or  the  disease  itself,  which  is  thus 
denominated.  This  dread  of  water  sometimes  takes 
place  in  violent  inflammations  of  the  stomach,  and 
in  hvsteric  fits.  Encyc 

HY-DRO-PHOBTe,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  dread  of  water, 
or  canine  madness.  Mrd.  Repos. 

HV'DRO-PHYTE,  n.  [Gr.  Uwp,  water,  and  ^vtuv,  a 
plant.] 

An  nquatic  plant.  Bell. 

HV-DROP'ie,         (  a.     [L.  hydrops ;  Gr.  udpa)!//,  drop- 

HV-DROP'ie-AL,  j      sy,  i^u^n^  water.] 

J.  Dropsical ;  diseased  with  extravasated  water. 

2.  Containing  water  ;  caused  by  extravasated  wa- 
ter; as,  a  hydropic  swelling. 

3.  Resembling  dropsy. 

Every  ln«  l>  a  kiml  of  hydropic  di»lemper,  unci  th^  more  wo 
(Irinlt  th'^  inori:  wu  thM  mint.  TiUaUon. 

H?-DRO-PNEU-MAT'ie,  C-n>i-'nat'ik,)  a.  [Gr.  Wco, 
water,  and  n-ftti/iurt^oj,  inflated, from  irttupa,  breath, 
spirit.] 

An  epithet  given  to  a  ves.sel  of  water  used  to  col- 
lect gtsos  in  chemical  experiments.  Sitliman. 

HY'DROP-SY.     See  Dropsy. 

I1?'DR0-SALT,  n.  A  salt  supposed  to  be  formed  by 
a  hydracid'  and  a  base. 

HY'DRO-SeOPE,  n.  [Gr.  Idwp^  water,  an'I  (rwon-cw, 
to  view.] 

A  kind  of  water-clock,  or  Instrument  used  ancient- 
ly for  measuring  time,  consisting  of  a  cylindrical  tiilio. 
conical  at  tlie  bottom,  perforated  at  the  vertex,  and 
the  whole  tube  graduated.  Encyc. 

HV-DRO-STAT'IC,         )  a.     [Gr.  vfow,  water,   and 

nY-DRO-STAT'l€;-AL,  j  crarticost  static,  standing, 
or  settling.] 

Relating  to  the  science  of  weighing  fluids,  or  hy- 
drostatics 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  —  AN"GEU,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K;  6  as  J ;  8  as  Z;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


7i 


569 


Oixr. 


IIYL 

^fdrostatie  ftoloxrc ;  a  balnnce  for  weighing  stib- 
etanres  in  water,  for  the  purpwm  uf  osccrtuiniiig  their 
sprcillc  pnvities.  Brandt. 

IfydrwUitU:  prtss ;  B  inac.i.ne  for  obtaining  an  enor- 
mous pressure  through  the  medium  uf  water. 

1^V-I>R0-STAT'I€^AI^LY,  aJr.  According  to  hydro- 
statics, or  to  hydrostatic  principtt-s.  Bendnj. 

HV-URO-STAT'ieS,  lu  Hydn^tatia^  Is  thnt  bmnrh  of 
the  science  of  hydnwlynamics  which  treats  of  the 
properties  of  fluids  at  rtjst.  Ed-  E^cyc. 

HY-UKO-SUL'PHATE,  a.    The  same  as  Utdrosul- 

PHt'BBT. 

HY-DRO-SULTHU-RET,  n.  [hydrogrn  and  sulpkurct.] 
A  combination  of  snipbureted  hydrogen  with  an 

earth,  atkali,  or  rnrtalhc  oxyd. 
HY-I>RO-SfL'IMILr-RET-E0,  a.  Combined  with  sul- 

phuretcd  hvdroEfn. 
B1?-l>R0-SL^l^PHC'Rie  acid  is  called  also  kydrotkUm- 

ic  acid,  or  gulpMitrrted  kydrvrm, 
HY-DRO-THO'RAX,  a.    [Gr.  W«p,  water,  and  5w- 

paf.] 

Dmp!7  In  the  chesL 
HT-nROT'l€,  «.    [Gr.  Wwo,  walcr-j 

Call-ins  n  discharge  of  water. 
HT-DROT'IC,  a.    A  medicine  that  purees  ofT  water 

or  phlfctn.  .IrbmtiMuU 

HY-DROX-AN'TIIATE,  a.  [Gr.  b(Jw/.  water,  and 
^a»Boi,  yellow.] 

indkfmidrif,  a  compound  of  hydroxanlhic  acid  with 
a  bane.  [  Scarf ^w  luttL] 
HT-DROX-AX'Trtie,  a.  A  term  used  to  denote  a 
»ew  acid,  formed  by  the  action  of  alkalies  on  the 
deuui«ulphure(  of  carbi>n.  It  is  called  also  carho- 
rulpk  r%c  acid.     [Rarrly  u.ttd.]  Jtmry. 

HVDROXYD,  n.     [Gr.  vruu    water,  and  oxyJ.] 

A  metallic  oxyd  combmetl  with  water ;  a  metallic 
hydrate.  Parkt,     Cote, 

HT'DRU-RET,  K.    A  compound  of  bydnifen  destitute 

of  acidity. 
HT'nRL'8,  a.    rCr.  »Vb,  water.] 

A  waler^nake ;  alao,  a  new  cnnstellallon  of  the 
MMithern  bemispbcire,  nt-ar  the  Aouth  pole.    P,  C^c 
HY-CM  AL,  a.    [L.  Aiwa*,  winter ;  Sana.  AiaM,  cold  j 
Slav.  tiMo.] 
Belonging  to  winter ;  done  in  winter. 
BT'E-MA1%  V,  i.    To  winter  at  a  place.    [JVM  n 

Ht  E-MATION.  a.    [L.  Aim/.,  to  winter.] 

The  paating  or  spending  of  a  winter  in  a  particular 
place. 

HV'EMS,  a.   [!>.]  Winter.  .  Shak. 

HT-i5'.N'A,  a.     [U  Waa;  Gr.  taiva.) 

A  (juodniped  of  the  genus  Can»,  having  amall, 
nakt-d  ear?,  four  toes  on  each  ft»ol,  a  straight-JoinU'd 
till,  and  erect  hair  on  the  n^k  ;  an  inhabitant  of 
A-:iat!C  Turkey,  Syria,  Persia,  and  Rarharv.  It  is  a 
solitar>-  aninml,  and  feeds  on  flesh  ;  it  pr.y's  on  flocks 
and  herds,  and  will  op-  n  graves  to  obtain  food.  It 
is  a  fierce,  cruel,  and  untamable  animal,  and  is 
sometiinrs  cilled  the  tiger^wolf.  Stiaks|>eare  writes 
thi-  wi.rd  Ayea. 

HV  Oi=:'IA\,  a.  Relating  to  Hygeia,  the  goddess  of 
ht-alth. 

nV  Gl-ET'XA,  \a.     Health,  or  the  art  or  science  of 

II^-GI  EI'NE,  S     preserving  health.  That  departintnt 

HV-GI-IiXE',  J  of  medicine  which  treats  of  the  pres- 
ervation of  heaiti). 

HV  Gl-EX'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  health. 

HS-GROL'U-CY,  a.     [Gr.  »'.»pot  and  Aojof.] 
The  doctrine  of  the  fluids  of  the  bt>dy. 

BT-GROM'E^-TER,  a.  [Gr.  ii>,>.^i,  moist,  and  ptrpov, 
measure.] 

An  tnstniment  for  measuring  the  degree  of  moist- 
ure of  the  atmosphere.  Ejicw. 

H?-GRO-MET  Rl€.         i  a.     Pertaining  to  hygriime- 

HV-GRO-MET'Rie-.A,L.  i  tij- ;  made  by  or  according 
to  the  hygrometer. 

Q.  Readily  absorbing  and  retaining  nuisture,  as 
potash.  BruHiie. 

HYGROM'E-TRY,it.  The  art  of  measuring  the  moist- 
nre  of  the  air. 

Ht'GRO-SeOPE,  a.  [Gr.  I'jo.f,  moist,  and  tt-toTcw, 
to  view.] 

The  same  as  HTaaoKXTsa.  The  latter  is  now 
chiefly  used. 

HV-GRO-SCOP'ie,  «,  Pertaining  to  the  hygroscope  ; 
having  the  property  of  readily  imbibing  moisture 
from  (he  atmf><ephfre.  JJdatM. 

HT-GRO-STAT'ieS,  a,  [Gr.  ij/>oj,  moist,  and  ara- 
n  ■:■!.] 

The  science  of  comparing  degrees  of  moisture. 
[06*.]  Evdru 

HyKB,  a.  [Ar.]  A  loose  .Arabian  garmenL  [See 
Jaik.]  Parkk^st, 

Hv-LXR'€iIIG-.\L,  a,  [Gr.  i>ij,  matter,  and  upxij 
rule.] 

„„  Pf«=>»ling  over  maUer.  HaUiwdL 

nY-I^-O-SAU'RUS,  n.  [Gr.  £Xat«j,  belonging  to 
wood,  and  ctq'  o  $,  a  lizard.J 

An  extinct  animal,  which  blended  the  ost<wlogy  of 
the  crocodile  with  that  of  the  Iixard  ;  found  in  the 
wealden  formation,  Eoglaod.     [.Soiuelinies  written 


kiiU£4>sauTA 


HYP 

IIT'LO-IST,  a.   One  who  believes  matter  to  be  God, 
HV'LO-THE-ISM,   n.      [Gr.    vArj,  matter,  and  Oiwj, 
God.] 

The  doctrine  or  belief  thnt  matter  is  God,  or  that 
there  is  no  God,  except  matter  and  the  universe. 
UY-I.O-Zfi'lC,  a      [Gr,  I'A^,  matter,  and  ;w7j,  life.] 
One  who  holds  matter  to  be  animated.       Clarke 
HV-I.O-Zfi'ie,  «,    Pertaining  to  hyluzoism. 
II?-U>-ZO'iSM,  n,    [Gr.  vA„,  matter,  and  v-'T.  lif<'.J 
The  doctrine  that  matter  possesses  a  spt^cicit  of  lile. 

Cudworth, 
HV-LO-ZO'IST,  a.    One  who  holds  that  mntur  and 
ev;-rj-  particle  of  it  has  a  species  of  lift!  or  animation. 
HY.M,  N.    A  bloodhound;  a  mistake  in  tran>icriptii>n 

for  htvt,  Shak.     Smart. 

HY'MV.N,  It.  [U,  from  Gr.  f^j/r,  niembrana,  pellic- 
ula, hymen.] 

1.  In  ancient  mytholo<ry^  a  (hbulous  deiJy,  the  son 

of  Bacchus  and  Venus,  supiHtsed  (o  preside  over  niar- 

S!.  In  anatsmuy  the  virginal  membmne.  [riaiies. 

3.  In  botaatj,  the  tine  pellicle  which  incloses  a 

flower  in  tin;  bud. 

HV-.MEX-R'  \X  I  °'    ""^"^'"'"K  to  marriage.    Pope. 
HY-MEXrVAL' ^  . 

HV-.ME\-P'  VN  I  "*        marriage  song.         Mutan, 
HT-MEX'OP-TER,  a.  *   [Gr.  I'^^rji',  a  membrane, 

UY-MEN  OP'TE-RA,  a.  pL  \      and  vrtpo^,  a  winp.] 
In  entoinolo^^  terms  applied  to  insects,  having  four 
membrnuoiis  wings,  and  the  tail  of  the  female  nuwUy 
nrmed  with  a  sling,  of  which  the  bee  is  an  exam[ile. 
HY-MEXOP'TER-AI.,    (  a.     Having  four  membra- 
HV-MKN-OP'TER-OL'8,  \      nous  wings. 
HYMX,(him.)rt.     [UAywrnw;  Gr.  iV»"'( ."  Eng.  A«m.] 
A  song  or  ode  in  honor  of  (>od,  and,  among  {lagans, 
fn  honor  of  some  deity.    A  hymn  among  Christians 
is  a  Plii»rt  poem,  comjiosed  for  religious  si'rvice,  or  a 
song  of  joy  and  praiite  to  God.    The  word  primarily 
expresses  the  tune,  but  it  is  u*ed  for  the  ode  or  poem. 

Ami  when  Ihej  luul  Ming  a  Aymn,  they  weol  out  to  itto  Muuiit 

oT  Olfw*.  —  MiitL  xx«i. 
jtdmaoMhiii;  one  another  in  pcalmt  xaA  hymns.  —  Col.  iS. 

HYMX,  (him,)  r.  u  To  praise  in  song ;  to  wor^*hip  by 
singing  hynms.  MilUm. 

3.  To  sin^ ;  to  celebrate  in  song.  They  AyrHH  their 
Maker's  praise. 

HYMX,  (him,)  c.  i.    To  sing  in  praise  or  adoration. 

.MtU»n. 

HYMX' /H),  pp.    Sung;  praised;  celebrated  in  song. 

HYM'XIC.  tt.     Relating  to  liymns.  Dohm. 

HYMX'IXG,  ppr.    Praising  in  song;  singing. 

HYMX'IXG,  «.     The  singing  of  hvmns. 

HYM-XOL'O-GIST,  a.  A  composer  of  hymns.  Bmby. 

HY.M-XOL'O-GY,  a.     [Gr.  invoi  and  Aajoj.] 

A  collection  of  hymns.  Mede, 

HY'»JID,  a.    A  terra  denoting  a  bone  of  the  tongue. 

HY-OS-C?'A  MIX,      \  n.    An  alkaloid  obtained  from 

H V-OS-CV-.\M'I-XA,  >     Hvoscyamus  niger,  and  con- 

HY-OS-CV'A-MA,  )  fiidered  to  be  new  and  pecu- 
liar. I'homson  suppose-i  that  it  is  identical  with 
Atropina  or  Daturina  :  but  the  efllects  of  Hya«cya- 
mus  dilfc-r  too  much  from  Airopa  and  Datura,  to  allow 
any  probability  to  Thomson's  hypothesis. 

HYP,n.  [.^  contraction  of  hypodiondrias.]  A  disease; 
depression  of  spirits. 

HYP,  r.  u  To  make  melancholy;  to  depress  the 
spirit-*.  Sptctator, 

HY-P^E'THRAL,  a.  [Gr.  tro,  under,  and  aiy^;/j,  the 
air.] 

In  architecture^  a  term  applied  to  a  building  or  tem- 
ple without  a  roof.  Gwilt. 

HY-PAL'LA-GE,  (hip-pal'Ia-jy,)  n,  [Gr.  viraXXayrj, 
change,  from  iitaWaaciti  i  vvo  and  uAXaoffo),  to 
change.] 

la  grammar,  a  figure  consisting  of  a  mutual  change 
ef  cases.  Thus,  io  Virgil,  dare  dassibtu  austro.i,  for 
dare  classes  austris.  llypallage  is  a  species  of  hyper- 
baton. 

HY-P.\S'PIST,  (hip-)  n.  [Gr.  vTraoTnnTrji }  vjto  and 
ao-Ti,-,  a  shield.] 

A  soldier  in  tiie  armies  of  Greece,  armed  in  a  par- 
ticular manner.  Mitford. 

HY'PER  [Gr.  6t£.o,  Eng.  orrrj  is  used  in  com[>osition 
to  denote  excess,  or  something  over  or  beyond. 
2.  n.     A  hypercritic.     [A'o(  tised.'[  Prior. 

HY-PER-AS'PIST,  «.  [Gr.  v-nioatnTtarTm  vncp  and 
ocTi;,  a  shield.] 

.\  defender.  ChiUingTcortk.    Milner. 

HY-PER-BAT'ie,  a.     Transposed;  inverted. 

HY-PEli'BA-TOX,  n.  [Gr.  wr£,o^,iror,  from  iizto- 
/^niKo,  to  transgress,  or  go  beyond.] 

In  grammar,  a  figurative  construction,  inverting 
the  natural  and  proper  order  of  words  and  sentences. 
The  species  are  the  anastrophe,  the  h>steron-proie- 
ron,  the  hypallage,  the  synchysia,  the  tmesis,  the 
parenthesis,  and  the  proper  hyperbaton,  which  last 
is  a  long  retention  of  the  verb  which  completes  the 
sentence.  Encyc 

HY-PER'BO-LA,  a.  [Gr-  vrtp,  over,  beyond,  and 
Z^aAXfj,  to  throw.] 

In  geometry,  a  curve  formed  by  a  section  of  a  cone, 
when  the  cutting-plane  makes  a  cnatcr  angle  with 
th-'  base  than  the  side  of  the  tone  makes.    JVcbber, 

H5-PER'BO-LE,    n,      {Ft.   hyperbole;   Gr.  vrir,;io)^r}. 


HYP 

excess,  from  v)rcp,7(iXAfc>,  to  throw  beyond,  to  ex- 
ceed.] 

In  rketorie,  a  figure  of  speech  which  exprt  ages 
much  more  or  less  than  the  truth,  or  which  repre- 
sents things  much  greater  or  less,  better  or  worse, 
than  they  really  are.  An  object  uncommon  in  size, 
cither  gre.ut  or  small,  strikes  us  with  surprise,  and 
this  emotion  produces  a  momentary  conviction  that 
the  object  is  greater  or  less  than  it  is  in  reality.  The 
same  effect  attends  flgurative  grandeur  or  litDcness  ; 
and  hence  the  use  of  the  hyperbole,  which  expresses 
this  nnmientary  conviction.  The  following  are  in- 
stances of  the  use  of  this  figure. 

lie  w«»  ovrnft  uf  a  piece  uf  ffn>uinl  not  larger  Ihan  a  L*c*^e- 

n.oi.m.i  \nu-r.  Longiuua. 

ll  K  nnn  c^n  luimher  llv  <]i»t  oX  Uie  earth,  then  sluUl  ihj  vcol 
aUo  br  nmntr-ml.  —  iioii.  liil. 

I|j»>  ftrtuiu,  aluiiiie  pubat 

Sjilen.  TiryC 

Hr  WM  go  g-.iini[,  Uw  »ae  ofa  (bgelel  waa  a  mruwion  for  lii..i. 

ShaJe. 

HV-PEH-BOL'ir,         \a.      Belonging   to  the   hvp,T- 
IIY-PEK  BOI/ie-AL,  j     bola;  having  the  nature  of 
tlie  hyperbola. 

2.  Relating  to  or  containing  hyperbole  ;  exaggent- 
ing  or  diminishing  beyond  the  fact ;  exceeding  the 
truth  ;  as,  a  hyperbolical  expression. 

Uuperbidic  fpace :   in  geometry,  the  area  c(»mpre- 
henited  brtween  tlie  curve  of  a  hyperbola  and  a 
douldc  ordinate. 
HY-PER-BOLIC-AI^LY,  adv.    In  the  form  of  a  hy- 
perbola. 

2.  With  exaggeration  ;  in  a  manner  to  express 
more  or  less  than  the  trutli. 

Sc>llx  —  U  hyjift boiieaUy  deia-ilied  bj  Homer  aa  inacc^-uilit''. 

Broome. 
HY-PER-BOL'I-FORM.  a.     [hyprrbola  and  form.] 
Having  the  form,  or  nearly  the  fonn,  of  a  hvper- 
*inlu.  Johmion. 

HY-PER'BO-LISM,  n.    The  use  of  hyperbole. 

Jeffcrsotu 
H?-PER'nO-I.IPT,  n.    One  who  uses  hyperboles. 
HV-PER'BO-UZE,  c.  i.     To  speak  or  write  with  ex- 

ngfi-'ralion.  Mountwru. 

HY-PER'BO-LIZE,  r.  (.    To  exaggerate  or  extenuate. 

Potherby. 
IIY-PER'BO-LOID,  n.      [hyperbola,  and    Gr.    uSi'S^ 
fonn.] 

A  hyperbolic  conoid  ;  a  solid  formed  by  the  revi  lu- 
tion  of  a  hyperbola  about  its  axis.  Ed.  F.iicyc. 

U9-PER-Bo'RE-AX,  a.  [L.  hypcrboreus ;  Gr.  iTrtp- 
/?uo£'jS ;  iWr/f,  beyond,  and  jSopcui,  the  north.] 

1.  Northern ;  belonging  to  or  inhabiting  a  region 
very  far  north  ;  most  northern. 

2.  Very  cold  ;  frigid. 

HY  PER-BO'RE-AN,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  th-^  most 
northern  region  of  the  earth.  The  ancients  gave 
this  denomination  to  the  people  and  places  to  the 
northward  of  the  Scylhi^s,  people  and  regions  of 
which  they  had  little  or  no  knowledge.  The  hyper- 
boreans, then,  are  the  Laplanders,  the  Sanioiedes, 
and  the  Russians  near  the  White  Sea. 

HY-PER-€X  R'BU-RET-ED,  a.  Snpercarhuretod  ; 
having  the  largest  proportion  of  carbon.     Silliman. 

HY-PER-CAT-A-LEC'Tie,  a.  [Gr.  vTEpKara^riKTt- 
Koi  i  vTcp  and  JcaraAfj^tf,  termination.] 

A  kypercatalectie  verse,  in  Greek  and  Latin  poetry, 
is  a  verse  which  has  a  sjllable  or  two  beyond  the 
regular  and  just  measure.  Bailey.   ' Encyc 

HY-PER-CRIT'ie,  TU  [Fr.  kypereritique ;  Gr.  tTcp, 
beyond,  and  Kfitrixo^,  critical.     See  Cbitic] 

One  who  is  critical  beyond  measure  or  reason  ;  an 
over-rieid  critic  ;  a  captious  censor.  Drydnu 

HYPER-eRIT'ie,         {a.    Over-critical;  critical  be- 

HV-PER-CRIT'ie-AL,  i  yond  use  or  reason;  ani- 
madverting on  faults  with  unjust  severity  ;  as,  a 
hypercritical  reader.  Sieifi. 

2.  Excessively  nice  or  exact ;  as,  a  hyprrcritical 
punctilio.  Evclun. 

n?-PER  C'RIT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  hypercritical 
fnanner. 

HY-PER-eRIT'I-CISM,  a.  Excessive  rigor  of  criti- 
cism. Med.  Rrpos.     Bailey 

HV-PER-Dfj'LI-A,  a.  [Gr.  iirto,  beyond,  and  ajvAity, 
service.] 

Super-service  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  per- 
fornx'd  to  the  Virgin  Mary.  Usher. 

HY-PEIt'I  €0X,  71.    John's  wort.  Sttikdv. 

H?-Pi-:'RI-OX,  n.  A  name  of  Apollo,  the  god  of  day, 
wlio  was  distinguished  fur  his  beauty. 

Sti  rxivllent  a  kin? ;  that  wai  U>  thta, 
Hyperion  Lo  a  Kti/r.  SfuA. 

[Pnmounced  Hyperl'cn  in  the  classics.] 
HY-PER'ME-TER,  n,     [Gr.  irrco,  beyond,  and  ;ir- 
rpoi ,  measure.j 

Any  thing  greater  than  the  ordinary  standard  of 
measure.  jlddiM-n. 

A  verse  is  called  a  hypermeter,  when  it  contains  a 
syllable  more  than  th--  ordinary  measure.  When 
this  is  the  case,  the  following  line  begins  with  a 
vowel,  and  the  redundant  gyllable  of  the  former  line 
blends  with  the  first  of  the'  following,  and  they  art 
read  as  one  sylliihl.-. 
IIY-PER-MET'Rie-AL,  a.  Exceeding  the  commoa 
measure  ;  having  a  redundant  syllable.      Rambler. 


PATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREY.— FIXE,  MAUIXE,  BIRD.  — N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 
^0  =^::=====  — 


HYP 

HV-PER-OR'THO-DOX-Y,  tu  Oiihodoxy  indulged 
In  excels.  Dick, 

HV-rEK-OX'VD,  n.     [Gr.  v^io  and  oTyd.] 

That  which  has  an  excess  of  oxygcD ;  a  super- 
uxvd. 

H  S'-i'KR-OX'Y-GEN-A-TED.  (  a.     \Gv.  Uca,  beyond, 

I!Y  PKR-OX'Y-GE.N-IZ-ED,   (       and  oxygenaUd^    or 

cjiiper-saturated  with  oxygen.     [Ofts.] 

JMrtotn,     Med.  Repos. 
Hir-PER-OX-Y-MO'RI-ATE,  «.    The  same  as  Chlo- 
rate.    [Obit.] 
HT-PER  UX-Y-MU-RI-AT'IC,  a.     The  h7jperozymuri- 

i2tic  acid  is  ihe  chloric  acid.     [Ol/s.] 
IIVrER-PHYS'IC-AL,,  a.     Supernatural. 
HV-PER-SAR-eO'SIri.  n.      [Gr.  vrnp,  beyond,    and 
aa-i,  rtfsh.1 

Prtnid  or  fungous  fledh. 
HY'PER-.STK.NK,     in.     [So  warned  from  its  difficult 
H?'PEU-ST11EXE,  t       frunsibiKty.      Gr.    vtt.o    and 

A  mineral,  Labrador  hornblt-nde,  or  schillerspar. 

It^  color  is  between  grayish  and  greenish-black,  but 

nearly  copper-red  on  the  cleavatie.  Kiriean.    PAilUps. 

It  IS  a  foliated  variety  of  either  augite  or  hurne- 

blende.  Dana. 

HY-PER-STUEN'ie,  a.    Composed  of  or  coutaining 

liypersthene. 
US  PERTilYR'I-0.\.  It.    [Gr.  vrtp  and   Ovoiuv,  a 
door.] 

Tliat  part  of  the  architrave,  in  huiUing^  which  is 
over  a  diior  or  window. 
HY-PER-TROPH'ie,         \a.     Producing  or  lending 
HV-PER-TROPH'IC-AL,  \      to  produce  hypertrophy. 
Ht-PER'TKO-PriY,  n.     [Gr.  vmo  and  r,o„,;,r,.] 

In  mfdiciHe,  tlie  enlargement  of  a  piirt  of  the  body 
from  vxcvs-i  of  nourishment.  P.  Cyc. 

H^'PHEN,  n.     fGr.  ii>}>(v^  under  one,  or  to  one.] 

A  mark  or  short  line  made  b^'tween  two  words  to 
fihow  that  they  form  a  com|>uund  word,  or  are  to  be 
connected;  as  in  pre-occupicd  ;  jjce-icarcd ;  iidc-aiand. 
In  tcrittH^  and  printings  the  hyphen  is  used  to  con- 
nect the  syl):ibles  of  a  divldeif  word,  and  is  placrd 
after  the  syllable  that  closes  a  line,  denoting  the  con- 
nection of  that  syllable,  or  part  of  a  wurd,  with  tlie 
tir'^t  syllable  of  the  next  line. 
HYP-.NOT'ie,  a.     [Gr.  i't*^,*,  sleep.] 

ilaving  Ihe  quality  of  producing  Mieep  ;  tending  to 

froducf  sleep  ;  soporific.  Brcwn. 

P-\OT'I€',  n.  A  nudicine  thai  produces  or  tends 
to  jtrodnce  sleep  ;  nn  opiate ;  a  sopjrinc. 
HY'PO;  a  Greek  prei»osition,  t'ls-y,  under,  beneath; 
iLs^d  it  compositwn.  Thus,  hjifnidalphnric  arid  l;i  an 
acid  containing  less  oxygen  than  sulphuric  arid. 
IIY-POU'O  LE,  B,  [Gr.  u;rn,  under,  and  p'aAAoi,  to 
ca-'t.] 

In  rhetoric,  a  figure  in  which  sevenil  things  are 
iDcntiuo'-d  that  seem  to  make  agaiiitsi  the  arj^irment, 
or  in  favor  of  tlie  opjiusite  side,  and  each  of  them  is 
rtrfiiled  in  order.  JCucyc. 

HYP'ueALJJT,  n.  [Gr.  iiroKavirrjv  f  tvo  and  xaiut 
til  burn.] 

1.  Among  the  OrerkM  and  Romans,  a  subterra- 
neous place  where  was  a  furnace  to  heat  batliif. 

±  Among  the  madcriut,  the  place  where  a  lire  is 
kept  to  Winn  a  stove  or  a  hothouse.  £hchc. 

HYP  t)  €Hf)S'iniK9,n.  pL  i     «       ,, 
HYP-O-CHOVDRY,...  \    8««  HvrocHoifDiiiA. 

UYP-0-€IU»N'URI-.\,  ji.  [Gr.,  from  iffo  and  x'*-- 
Cfj''i,  a  cartilage.] 

1.  In  nnntumtf,  the  sides  of  Ihe  belly  under  thecar- 
tiliscs  cif  the  spTinoiis  ribs;  the  spaces  on  each  side 
of  the  epigastric  region.  Cote.     Encyc. 

2.  HytKichoiulrinc  comptaiiit<<,  being  a  combina- 
tion of  melanehidia  and  dyspepsia,  consisting  in 
gljomy  ideas  of  life,  dejected  spirits,  and  inilisixisi- 
Cinn  to  attivity.  The  true  name  of  Uiis  disea.-ie  is 
HyporMu^OHiAiiis.  Tiitlrr. 

HYP-O-eM0\'DR!-Ae,  (I.  Pertaining  to  the  hypo- 
chi'iidria,  or  the  pirts  of  the  body  so  called  ;  as,  tlie 
ktjpocluindriac  region. 

>2.  AITected  by  a  di^caRr,  attended  with  debility, 
depresviftn  of  spirit^,  or  uuiancholy. 

3.  Prodiirine  nr-lanrholy,  or  low  spirits. 
HYP-0€flO.\'URI-A€,   n.      A   pf-rson  affected  With 

debilitv,  lowness  of  .spirits,  fir  lii<-lanc|ioly. 
Hyp-0-t;ilON-DRI'A€-AL,  a.    The  same  as  Ilrpo- 

(.HOXDHIAe. 

HYP  O-CHON  DRT'Ae-AL-LY.  adv.  In  a  depressed 
or  melancholy  manner. 

HYP-O-CMON-DRI'A-CISM,  n.  A  disease  character- 
ized by  languor  or  debility,  depression  of  spirit ^^  or 
mcl:in(.holv,  with  dyspepsy.  D-inrin. 

IiyPO-€H<i.\-DRI'A-SKS,  n.     Ilypochondriacism. 

liV  PO-CI.ST'IS,  It.  [Gr.  wffojcKjns,  sub  cisto,  under 
the  cii<lus.] 

An  inspissated  jnice  obtained  from  the  Cfjtinus 
Hijpocutta.  The  juice  is  exprrissed  from  the  unripe 
fruit  and  evaporated  to  the  consistence  of  an  exinict, 
formed  into  cakes  an<l  dried  in  the  sun.  It  is  an  as- 
tringent, useful  in  diarrheas  and  hemorrhageii. 

Elneyc 


HYP 

Ht-PO-CRA-TER'I-FORM,  a.     [Gr.  iiro,  under,  Koa- 
Tt).-',  a  nip,  and  form.} 

Tubular  below,  but  suddenly  expanding  into  a  flat 
border  at  top  j  applied  to  a  nionopetalous  corol. 

BigelinD. 
HY-POe'RI  SY,   (hip-pok'rB-sy,)  n.     [Fr.  kypocrisie; 
L.  hgpocrisis ;    Gr.   vnototati,   simulation;    vnoiijjt- 
vu/idf,  to  feign  ;   vti  and  v^it'oi,  to  sepanite.] 

I.  Simulation;  a  feigning  to  be  what  one  is  not; 
or  dissimulation,  n  conc4;alnient  of  one's  real  charac- 
ter or  motives.  More  generally,  hyfwcrisy  is  simula- 
tion, or  the  assuming  of  a  false  appearance  of  virtue 
or  religion  ;  a  deceitful  show  of  a  good  character,  in 
morals  or  religion  ;  a  counterfeiting  of  religion. 


9.  Simulation  ;  deceitful  appearance  ;  false  pre- 
tense. 

Ifypamsy  is  the  nect-asary  bunleo  of  villainy.  Hambier. 

IIYP'O-eRITK,  n.     [Ft.  /nrpccrite  ,-  Gr.  viroKpiTr,g.] 
1.  One  who  feigns  to  be  wliat  he  is  n:it ;  one  who 
has  the  form  of  godliness  without  the  ptiwer,  or  who 
assumes  an  appearance  tf  piety  and  virtue,  when  he 
is  destitute  of  true  religion. 

And  Uie  kypocriu't  hope  »h.".ll  perbh.  — Job  »iU. 

S.  A  dissembler  ;  one  who  assumes  a  false  appear- 
ance. , 

Fair  hypoerile,  yoH  ieek  to  chral  in  rain.  Drydfn. 

IIYP-O  CRIT'IC,  \  a,    Simulating  ;  counterfeiting 

IIYP-O-CRIT'IC-AE,  J  a  religious  character  ;  assum- 
ing a  false  an4^  deceitful  api>earance ;  applied  to 
persons. 

3.  Dissembling  ;  concealing  one's  real  character  or 
motives. 

3.  PriMreeding  from  hypocrisy,  or  marking  hytwcri- 
i^y  ;  as,  a  htijiocritical  face  or  look. 
HYP  OeRli'IC-AI^LY,  adc.  With  simulation  ; 
with  a  false  appearance  of  what  is  good  ;  fiilaely  ; 
without  sincerity. 
HY-PO  GAS'TKliC,  a.  [Gr.  vt-j,  under,  and  yatrr/jo, 
the  belly.] 

1.  Relating  to  the  htrpo^tuitriumy  or  middle  part  of 
the  lower  region  of  the  b.-lly. 

3.  All  ap|>ellation  given  to  the  internal  branch  of 
the  iliac  nrt*'rv.  F.ticyc. 

HY-PO-GAS'TRO-CELE,  n.     [Gr.  v-!ro)aor}Hovj  and 
kijXt,,  a  tumor.] 
A  hernia  through  the  walla  of  the  lower  belly. 

Coxe. 
HYP'O-GEXE,  a.     [Gr.  vrro  and  yiv^int.] 

A  term  applied  to  ro<-kH  not  t'ormed  on  the  surface 
of  the  earth,  but  thrust  up  from  beluw,  as  granite, 
gneiss,  &,c.  I.ijetl. 

IIV-PO-OG'UM,  n.  [Gr.  117:0,  under,  and  yata  oryn, 
the  earth.] 

A  name  given  by  ancient  nrchilecls  to  all  the  parts 
of  a  building  which  were  under  ground,  as  the  eel- 
l;!r,  &.C.  Gteilt. 

IIYP'O  GYN,  n.     A  hypogynous  plant. 
HY-POG'Y-.NOUS,  iu    [Gr.  vjto,  under,  and  j  urij,  a 
female.] 

In  botany^  growing  from  below  the  base  of  the 
ovarv.  lAndlcy. 

pf 


HY-PO-NI'TROUS  ACID,  n.  An  arid  comiwwd  ol 
nitrogen  and  o.xygrn,  but  containing  less  oxygen 
than  nitrous  acid.  It  is  composed  of  three  equiva- 
lents of  oxveen  and  one  of  nitrogen.  Silliman. 

II?-PO-PiU>'S'PHrrE,  n.  a  comiwund  of  hypophos- 
phomus  acid  and  a  salifiiible  biu<e. 

HY-PO-PIIOri'PIIOR-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  i-tu  and  phospho- 
rouji.] 

The  hypophosphorous  arid  contains  less  oxygen 
than  the  phosphorous,  and  is  obtained  from  the 
phosphuret  of  bar>'tuni.  It  is  a  Inptid  which  may 
bs  concentrated  by  eva|Kjnition,  till  it  bectunes  vis- 
cid. It  lias  a  Very  s^mr  taale,  reddens  vegetable 
blues,  and  does  not  crystallize.  Ure. 

HY-P^'PI-UM,  n.  [Gr.  vitd,  under,  and  nvoy,  pus, 
because  there  is  pus  und'-r  the  cornea.J 

An  effusion  of  pus  iyto  the  anterior  chamber  of 
the  eye,  or  that  cavity  which  contains  the  inpieoiis 
humor.  It  is  always  a  mere  sequel  of  an  inllamina- 
tion. 

HY-POS'TA-gI3,  n,  [I*  ht/postasi* ;  Fr.  hypostase; 
Gr.  {it  nrrno'is,  from  vr,it,  and  imrtt't,  to  stand.] 

Proprrlii,  subsiHtence  or  substance.  Hence  it  Is 
used  to  denote  distinct  substance,  or  subsistence  of 
the  Father,  l^on,  and  Holy  .spirit,  in  the  Gttdhead, 
called  by  the  Greek  Christians  three  hijpo^tasrji. 
The  Lntins  more  generally  used  prrsona  to  exjiress 
the  »en-!e  <if  hyp  ^stasis,  and  this  is  ihe  modern  prac- 
tice.    We  say,  the  Godhead  consists  of  three  ;>cr- 

HV-PO-STAT'IC,         \   a.      Relating  to  hypostasis: 
UY-PO-8TAT'IC-AL,  i      constitutive. 

I^t  out  Cnni^nii'*  warn  mf-n  not  io  lutMcnlA-  lo  lli«  (^rnnd  doc* 
iriv  iif  the  cheinUta,  tKHchtn^  Oi'-ir  thive  hyj/o^hUtcal  prind- 
[i)«»,  till  til  7  have  &  litdc  exumincd  il.  Boyle. 

2.  Personal,  or  distinctly  personal ;  or  constituting 
a  distinct  substance.  Pearson.      '. 


HYT 

HY-PO-STAT'I€-AI^LY,  ado      Personally. 

HY-PO-SL'L'PHATE,  w.  Acompound  of  iiypoaulphu- 
ric  acid  and  a  base. 

HV-PO.SL'L'PHlTE,  n.  A  compound  of  liyposulphur- 
ous  acid  and  a  satiliable  base. 

HY-PO-tfL'I..-PHC'RIt',  a  Hyposulphuric  acid  is  an 
acid  combination  of  sulphur  and  oxygen,  interme- 
diate between  sulphurous  and  sulphuric  acid.   Urc. 

HY-PO-SUL'PHUR-OUS,  a.  Hypo^sufphuroua  acid  is 
an  acid  containing  less  oxygen  tlian  sulphurous  acid. 
This  acid  is  known  only  in  combination  with  salilia 
ble  bases.  Ure.     Henry. 

HY-POT'E-NCSE.  n.  [Gr.  virorcivovcay  part,  of  vtio 
Titu(o,  to  subtend.] 

In  ireiimctrjj,  the  subtense  or  longest  sidf  of  aright- 
angled  triangle,  or  the  line  that  subtends  the  right 
angle.  Encyc. 

HY-POTH'E-eATE,  v.  t.  [L.  hypotheea,  a  pledge  j 
Gr.  v-!T<,OriKt!,  from  vTTuTiOi,pty  to  put  under,  to  sup 
pose.] 

I.  To  pledge,  and,  pnrperly,  to  pledge  the  keel  of 
a  ship,  that  is,  the  ship  itself,  as  security  for  the  re- 
payment of  money  borrowed  lo  carry  on  a  voyage. 
In  this  case,  the  lender  liazards  the  loss  of  his  money 
by  the  loss  (»f  the  ship;  but  if  the  ship  returns  saf>!, 
he  receives  his  principal,  with  the  premium  or  inter- 
est agreed  on,  though  it  may  exceed  the  legal  rate  of 
interest,  BUick.ftoitc.     Part:, 

9.  To  pledge,  in  general,  for  the  security  of  a  cred- 
itor, as  gtHids,  stocks,  &,c.  Park. 

HY-POTH'E-Ca-TED,  pp.  Pledged  as  security  for 
money  borrowed. 

HY-PUTH  E-CA-TIXG,  ppr.     Pledging  as  security. 

HY-POTH-E-GA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  pledging,  as 
a  security  fur  debt,  without  parting  with  the  innne- 
diate  possession,  differing  in  this  last  particular  from 
the  siinjile  pledge.  Brande, 

HY-PDTH'E-CA-TOR,  w.  One  who  pledges  a  ship  or 
other  pro[)erty  us  security  for  the  repayment  of  money 
borrowed.  Judgr  .hhiuiun, 

HY-POTll'E  NCSE,  n.     Hypotenuse,  which  see. 

HY-POTH'E-SIS,  n.  [L.,  t'rom  Gr.  vwi'0i<7ii,  a  suppo- 
sition ;  vnortOnin,  to  supiM>se  ;  utto  and  rtUnni.] 

1.  A  su[)position  ;  a  proposition  or  principle  which 
is  supposed  or  taken  for  gninted,  in  order  lo  draw  a 
conclusion  or  inference  for  proof  of  the  point  in 
question  ;  something  not  proved,  but  assunu^d  for 
the-pur|iose  of  argument.  Eneyc. 

2.  A  system  or  theory  imagined  or  assumed  to  ac- 
count for  what  is  not  understood.  Encyc. 

HY-PO-'l'HET'ie,         [a.     Including  a  supposition; 

HY-PO-THET'IG-AL,  (  conditional ;  assumed  with- 
out proof  for  the  purpose  of  reasoning  and  deducing 
proof.  Walts. 

HY-PU-THET'IC-AL  BAP'TISM      See  Baptism. 

HY-PO-THET'lC;-AL-LY,  ode.  By  way  of  snpposl- 
tion  ;  conditionally. 

HY-PO-TYP-O'SIH,  It.  [Gr.]  In  rhetoric,  imagery ;  a 
description  of  things  in  strong  or  lively  colors. 

HYP'P/:i>,  (hipl,)/>/i.     Made  iiii-lancboly. 

HYP'PlJ^M,  a.    Affected  with  hyjKichondria. 

HYRSE,  (hirs,)  n.     [G,  hirxe.] 
Millet. 

HYR^T,  B.     A  wood.     [See  Hurst.] 

H V'lSO.N,  n.     A  species  of  green  tea  from  China. 

HYS'SOP,  (hl'znp  or  his'sup,)  n.  [L.  kijg^npus;  Gr. 
iaa'-ijsoi.    It  would  be  well  to  write  this  word  Hr- 

•Ol'.] 

A  plant,  Hyssopus  officinalis.  The  leaves  have  an 
aromatic  smell,  and  a  warm,  pungent  taste.  Some- 
thing Ciilled  hyssop  was  much  used  by  tite  Jews  in 
purifications.  Encyc. 

HYS-TEK'ie,  \  a.     [Fr.  hysteri/pie;  Gr.  ItrrtpiKOf, 

HYS-TER'ie-AI.,  S      from  vorfja,  the  womb.] 

Disordered  in  the  region  of  the  womb ;  troubled 
with  fits  or  nervous  affections. 

HYS-TER'I€S,  t  n.    A  disease  characterized  by  con- 

HYS-Tf/Rl-A,  i  vul>;ivp  strupcling,  alternately  re- 
mitting and  exacerbating;  rumbling  in  the  bowels; 
sense  of  suffocation  ;  drowsiness  ;  urine  copious  and 
Itinpid  ;  temper  fickle.  Good, 

HYS-TER'0-CELE,  n.    [Gr,  uffTcp  1,  the  womb,  and 
K;?Af;,  a  tumor.] 
A  sfwcies  of  hernia  containing  the  womb.  Coze, 

HYS-TER-OL'O-GY,  n.     [Gr.  uo nui-^s  and  Xojo?.] 
In  rhetoric,  a  figure  by  which  the  ordinar}-  conrra 
of  thought  is  inverted  in  expression,  and  the  last  put 
first ;  called  also  hystrron-proteron. 

HYS'TER-ON-PR()T'ER-ON,  n.  [Gr.  varcpov,  last, 
and  niiiiT£p"f,  firt't.] 

In  grammar, a  figure  in  which  t!ie  wrrd  thai  should 
follow  comes  first ;  as,  valet  atque  vivit,  "  he  is  well 
and  lives."  Hence  the  word  is  sometimes  uned  to 
denote  an  anachronism,  or  the  )iutiing  of  a  later  liia- 
torical  event  before  an  earlier  one.  Enajc.  Jim. 

HY8-TER-0T'0-MY,  it.  [Gr.  vartija,  the  uterus,  and 
TOtiri,  a  cutting.] 

In  gurgery,  the  Cesarean  section  ;  the  op*!ration  of  1 
rutting  into  the  uterus,  for  taking  out  a  fetus  which  i 
ran  not  be  excluded  by  the  u.-iual  nieans. 

HY'fHE,  71.     A  port.     [t*ee  Hithi;.] 


TONE,  ByLL,  UNITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS,-€  w  K;  6  mm  : ;  S  u  Zj  CH  as  8H  j  TH  a«  in  THI8. 


571 


IBE 


I  is  ibe  nintli  lelter,  and  ihe  third  vo^'^el,  of  ilie  Eng- 
lish alphabet.  We  rect>ive  it,  through  tlie  I^in 
and  Grei'k,  fmiii  llie  8h<'milic  jo(i,je^  ur  yr,  in  Grct-k 
laira,  whritce  our  Kti;rlish  word  jui.  This  vowel  iti 
Krviich,  and  in  ina'<t  European  languages,  has  tlie 
lone,  fine  sound,  which  we  express  bv  e  in  we,  or  ee 
in  srtHy  meek.  This  sound  we  retain  in  some  funicn 
wiinls  which  arc  naturalized  in  our  lanRiiugu,  ixn  in 
mackw*,  intri^e.  But  in  most  Riiglish  words  this 
lung  stuinti  is  shortcniM],  as  in  holiness,  pi'Xjr,  fti/l  i  in 
which  Word*  ilic  ^oitnd  of  i  coincides  with  that  of 
y  in  htjpocritr,  and  at  tiie  end  of  words  in  unaccented 
8>IluMe^,  as  in  haty^  glory.  It  is  this  s' urt  sound  of 
the  French  and  ItaJian  i  which  we  hear  in  the  pro- 
nunciati  n  of  been,  which  we  pronounce  bitu  AAer 
/,  this  letter  Itas  sometimes  the  liquid  sound  of  y,  as 
VBimiUiOHy  pronounced  mdyon,  I'liis sound  corresponds 
with  that  of  the  Ikbrews,  as  in  Jnsfpk,  which  in  Syria 
i%  pronounct;d  Yesrph,  and  with  the  sound  uf  Lie  Ger- 
man j,  as  in  w,^«iAr,  that  is,  yj,  yoAr. 

The  sounti  o(  i  I0112,  as  injine,  Ai«*/,  ariff,  is  diph- 
thongal ;  it  begins  with  a  sound  apprcKicliing  to  that 
of  brtiad  a,  but  it  is  not  exactly  the  same,  as  the  or- 
gans are  not  opened  to  Uie  s;ime  exit-nl,  and  tliere- 
fore  the  sound  begins  a  little  above  that  of  aw.  The 
sound,  if  ctuitinurd,  clusj.-s  with  one  Uutt  nearly  :i[>- 
pruaches  to  that  of  e  lung.  This  sound  can  be  learned 
only  by  the  ear. 

'1  his  letter  enters  into  sereral  digraphs,  as  in  /a»i, 
JieU^  sfize^fci^n,  vaiM^/ritiui :  and  with  0  in  oU,  join, 
coin,  it  hel|)^  to  form  a  pri>|>rr  diphttiong. 

No  Bugli^h  word  ends  witli  1 ;  but  when  the  sound 
of  the  iKter  occurs  at  the  end  of  a  word,  it  is  ex- 
pressed by  y  .•  aUa/t,  boMdutij  and  a  few  other  words 
of  foreign  origin,  arc  the  only  exceptions. 

As  a  aumeral,  I  signifies  one,  and  stands  for  as 
many  units  as  it  is  rept^^teil  in  times,  as  II,  two,  lit, 
Ihri-e,  &.C-  Wlien  it  stands  b^fort  V  or  A,  it  sub- 
tracts its;-ir,  and  the  nuinemis  denote  one  less  than 
Ihe  V  OT  the  X.  Thus  IV  expresses  /*nw,  one  less 
than  Vj.ifr^  :  I\  stinds  for  niiu^  one  less  than  X,  ten. 
Rut  when  it  is  pl»ccd  aftrr  V  or  X,  it  denotes  the  ad- 
dition of  a  unit,  or  w  many  units  as  the  leiter  is 
repfaieil  in  times.  Thus  Vl  is  Jirf  and  one,  or  siz  ; 
and  XI  is  tern  and  oar,  or  eicccn  i  VIII  stands  fur  jSre 
and  tJuxe,  or  ei^ht^  &.C. 

Aiuong  tMe  ancient  RomamSy  K")  stood  for  500  ;  CI.O, 
for  1000;  IJO,  for  MtW ;  CCIOO,  for  10,000;  lOOJ, 
for  50,000  ;  and  CCCIJJJ,  fur  100,000. 

I,  formerly  prefixt-d  to  some  English  words,  as  in 
ibaUty  is  a  conir.iction  of  ttie  Saxon  prefix  gt ,-  and 
more  generally  this  was  written  y. 
T,  prom  [Snx.  ie ;  Goth,  and  I>.  ik;  G.  ich;  Pw.ja^i 
Dan.  jeff  :  Gr.  ej  &> ;  I*,  e^o  ;  Port,  fu  ;  Sp.  yo  ,-  It.  io  ; 
Fr.je;  Sans.  a^ra;A.  In  Armnric  me  is  the  nomina- 
tive ;  so  VV.  mi,  Fr.  met,  llmdoo,  me.  Either  «»o  is 
contracted  from  mrgo^  or  /and  nu  are  from  diScrcnt 
roots.  It  is  certain  that  me  is  contracted  fmni  me^  or 
nriV.     See  Me.] 

The  pronoun  of  the  first  person  ;  the  word  whirli 
expressirs  oruj's  srlf,  or  tliat  by  wliich  a  speaker  or 
writer  denotes  himself.  It  is  only  the  nominative 
case  of  the  pronoun  ;  in  the  obj'.-ctive  case  we  use 
MA     /  ain  attai.-hed  to  study  ;  study  delights  mr. 

We  often  hear,  in  popular  language,  the  phrase  if 
It  me,  which  is  now  considered  to  be  ungrammatical, 
ftw  it  is  I.  But  the  phrase  may  have  come  down  to 
us  from  the  use  of  the  Welsh  nu,  or  from  the  Frencli 
use  €>f  the  phrase  c'crf  moL 

In  rJtf  plunUy  we  use  ice  and  iu,  which  appear  to 
be  wnrd^  radically  distinct  frt>m  I. 

Johnson  observes  th;it  ^'hak^'^tcare  uses  /  fur  ay  or 
ye«.    Jn  this  be  is  not  followed,  and  the  use  is  incor- 
rect. 
T-.\M'BIC  M.     [Fr.  iambiqiui  L.  iambtcasf  Gr.  ta^i^i- 

Peruiining  to  the  iambus,  a  poetic  foot  consisting 
of  two  5\  llablcs,  a  short  one  followed  by  a  long  one. 

T-AM'Rie'   (  rr      ■       L  r'  /3       1 

l-AM'BL'S  1**     ^      iambus;  Gr.  iti/i/i  jj.] 

In  poetry,  a  foot  consisting  of  two  syllables,  the 
first  short  and  the  last  long,  as  iti  delitwia.  The  fol- 
lowing line  consists  wholly  of  iambic  feet : 

He  acanu  { the  loroe  |  thii  J.in»  |  bta  fa  1  rj  itay. 

T-AM'BIC-AL-LY,  adv.     After  the  manner  of  iambics. 

I-AM'Bies,  n,  pi.  Verses  comjwsed  of  short  and  long 
syllables  alternate4y.  Jtneientlyy  certiiill  songs  or  sal- 
ires,  supposed  to  have  given  birth  to  ancient  com- 
edy. 

I-A-TRO-LEP'Tie,  a.     [Gr.  larnni  and  aUt<poi.\ 
'1  hat  which  cures  by  anointing. 


I'BEX,  n,    rU]    A  species  of  Capra,  or  goat,  inhabit- 
\lp8,  Pyrenees.  Apennines,  &c.    The  male 


ing  the  Al[ 


ICE 


I. 


U  red-brown  in  summer,  and  gray-brown  in  winter. 
The  feuiale  is  earthy-brown  and  asliy.  The  young 
is  gray.  The  horns  of  the  male  are  flat,  and  bent 
backward,  with  two  longttudin:il  ridges  at  Die  sides, 
crossed  by  numerous  tr.insv«r;K^  knots.  The  horns 
of  the  female  are  short,  more  erect,  with  tliree  or 
four  knots  in  front. 

The  JE^ti^iuiy  or  wild  goat  of  the  mountains  of 
Persia,  appears  to  be  the  stock  of  the  lame  goat. 
The  Ibez  is  a  distinct  species.  Caviar. 

IB'IO  ;  a  contraction  of  ibidm. 

IB-T'DEM,  [L.]     In  tlio  same  place. 

I'BIS,  n.  [Gr.  and  U]  A  gcuus  of  grallatory  birds, 
one  of  whose  most  remarkable  s(M;cies  is  the  Ibis 
n^ligiosa  of  Cuvier.  'i'his  is  found  throughout  Africa. 
It  was  reared  in  Ihe  temples  of  ancient  Ee>'pt,  with 
a  degree  of  res(jecl  bordering  on  adonitton.  ibis 
nilira,  another  species,  is  found  in  aJ  llie  hot  {urts 
of  America. 

I-GA'RI-AN,  0.  [from  Icarus,  the  son  of  Diedahis, 
wlKi  tied  on  wings  to  e3ca[>e  the  resentment  of  .Minos  ; 
but  his  flight,  being  loo  liiiih,  was  fatal  to  him,  as  the 
sun  melted  the  wax  that  ceinenttid  his  wings.J 

Adventurous  in  flight ;  soaring  too  high  for  safety, 
like  Icarus. 

IC£,  R.  [Sax.  is,  i^a ;  G.  eis ;  D.  ys  ;  Dan.  its ;  Sw. 
and  Ice.  i.*;  Ir.  fwisr.  The  true  orthography  would 
be  ue.  The  priinar>*  sense  is  doubtless  to  set,  tu  fix, 
to  congeal,  or  harden.  It  may  b^'  allied  to  the  G. 
eisen,  iron  ;  perhaps  also  to  I>.  os,  a  hone.] 

1.  Water  or  other  fluid  congc^ited,  or  in  a  solid 
statf; ;  a  Solid,  transparent,  brittle  substance,  formed 
by  the  congi^lation  of  a  fluid,  by  means  of  the  ab- 
straction of  the  heat  necessary  to  preserve  its  fluidity, 
or,  to  use  common  language,  congealed  by  cold. 

2.  Concreted  sugar. 

To  break  tke  ice,  is  to  make  the  first  opening  tt> 
anyattt-mpt;  to  remove  the  first  obstructions  ur  dif- 
ficulties ■  to  open  the  way.  Sbttk, 
ICE,  V.  L    To  cover  with  ice  ;  to  convert  into  ice. 

FlcUher, 

2.  To  cover  with  concreted  sugar;  to  frost. 

3.  To  chUI ;  to  freeze.  [Puller. 
TCE'BERG,  n.    [ice  and  G.  btrg,  a  hill.] 

A  hill  or  mouutiin  of  ice,  or  a  vast  body  of  ice 
floating  on  the  ocean. 

This  term  is  applied  to  such  elevated  masses  as 
exist  in  the  valleys  of  the  frigid  zones ;  to  those 
which  are  found  on  the  surface  of  fixed  ice  ;  and  to 
ice  of  great  thicknt^ss  and  hight  in  a  floating  state. 
These  lofty  floating  masses  are  sometimes  detached 
from  the  icebergs  on  shore,  and  sometimes  formed 
at  a  distitnce  from  any  land.  They  are  found  in 
both  the  frigid  zones,  and  arc  sometimes  carried 
toward  the  equator  as  low  as  40\  Kd,  Kiicyc 

rCE'-UTRD,  n.     A  bird  of  Greenland. 

ICE'BUXK,  n.  A  name  given  by  seamen  to  a  bright 
a|>pearauce  near  the  horizon,  occasioned  by  the  ice, 
ami  observed  before  the  ice  itself  is  seen.      Encyc. 

TCfe'-IlOAT,  n,  A  strong  boat,  commonly  propelled 
by  steam,  used  to  break  a  passage  through  ice. 

2.  A  boat  for  sailing  on  the  surface  of  ice  ;  much 
used  in  Holland.  IfeberU 

ICE'-BOIjND,  a.  In  seamen's  lan^Kao-f,  totally  sur- 
rounded with  ice,  so  as  to  be  incapable  uf  advancing. 

Jlar,  Diet, 

ICE'-BUILT,  (bill,)  a.    Composed  of  ice. 

2.  L(jad<-d  with  ice.  Oray. 

ICE'-CUEAM,  n.  Cream  flavored  and  congealed  by  a 
freezing  mixture.  Sometimes,  instead  of  cream,  the 
materials  of  a  cust:inl  arg  used. 

ICE'-FALLS,  n.  pi.  Falls  com|iosed  of  ice.    Coleridge. 

ICE'-Fl^CE,  n.     A  large  mass  of  floating  ice. 

ICE'-GL.aZ-£D,  o.     Glazed  or  incru:iled  with  ice. 

Colcridife. 

ICE'-HOUSE,  71.  [ice  and  house  ]  A  repository  for 
the  preservation  of  ice  during  warm  weather;  a  pit 
with  a  drain  for  conveying  off  the  water  of  the  ice 
when  dissolved,  and  usually  covered  with  a  roof. 

ICE'-ISLE,  (ise'Ile,)  n,  [ice  and  i^ie.j  A  vast  body 
of  floating  ice,  such  as  is  often  seen  m  the  Atlantic, 
ofl'the  banks  of  Newfoundland.  J.  Sarloio, 

When  flat  and  extending  beyond  the  reach  of 
sight,  it  is  called /rW  ice ;  when  smaller,  but  of  very 
large  dimensions,  it  is  called  a  Jloei  when  lofty,  an 
icfber<r.  There  are  numcmus  other  terms  for  the 
diflercnt  appt^arances  of  floating  ice.       Kd.  Encyc. 

TCE'LAXD-ER,  n.     A  native  of  Iceland. 

ICE-LA\I)'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  Iceland  ;  and  as  a 
noun,  the  language  of  the  Icelanders. 

ICE'LAiN'D-.MO.S.'S,  n,  A  kind  of  lichen  common  in 
mountainous  di!;tricts  of  Europe.  It  is  a  tonic  and 
nutritive. 

ICE'LAND-SPXR,  B.     Calcareous  spar,  in  laminated 


ICl 


masses,  easily  divisible  into  rhombs,  perfectly  Rlmilar 
to  the  primitive  rhomb.  CleavelantL 

rCE'-PLAIM,  Ti.     A  plain  of  ice.  Colendffe. 

ICE'-PLANT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Meseuibryan- 
theiuum,  sprinkled  with  pellucid,  glittering,  watery 
vesicles.  Enciic. 

ICE'SPXR,  n.  A  variety  of  feldspar,  the  crystals  of 
which  resemble  ice.  Jaine.ion, 

ICE'-TONGS,  n.  pi.    Large  iron  nippers  for  handling 

ten  DtE.V,  (eeh  deen,)  TO.]  LilenOly,  /  scree ;  the 
niotttt  of  the  Prince  of  \\  ales.  Brandr. 

leU-.NEO'.MOX,  H.  [L.,  from  the  Gr.  cxv^vfuoi.,  from 
t\v(.\><o,  to  follow  the  steps,  ix''"?,  a  footstep  ;  a  fol- 
lower of  the  crocodile.] 

An  animal  of  the  genus  VJverra,  or  Mangusta. 
Its  body  is  dotted  equally  all  over  ;  dirty  yellow  and 
slate  color,  each  hair  being  annulated  alteriuildy 
with  these  tints  ;  paws  and  muzzle  black  ;  tail  long 
and  terminated  by  n  diverging  tuft.  It  inhabits  Egypt 
and  feeds  on  the  eggs  of  the  crocodile,  mice,  and  jiII 
sorts  of  small  animals.  It  is  domesticated.  Its 
native  name  is  J^Tcms. 

Ichneumon  fiy ;  a  genus  of  flies,  of  the  order  Ily- 
menoptera,  containing  several  thousand  species. 
The  abdomtm  is  generally  petiolated,  or  joined  In 
the  body  by  a  pedicle.  These  animals  are  great  de- 
stroyers of  i'ater[)illars,  plant-lice,  and  other  insects, 
as  the  ichneumon  is  01  the  eggs  and  young  of  the 
crocodile.  Encyc. 

ley-NEfJ-MOXT-DAN,  a.  Relating  to  the  ichncu- 
monidic,  a  family  of  predaceous  insects. 

leil-NO-GKAPH'ie,         \   a.      [See   IcHWooRAPHr.T 

len-NO-GRAPII'IC-AL,  I  Pertaining  to  ichnogru'- 
phy  ;  describing  a  ground-plot. 

leil-.N'OG'RA-FHV,  «.  [Gr.  ix^aq,  a  footstep,  and 
J  pa^ii,',  to  describe.] 

In  dratoinfT,  a  plan ;  a  horizontal  section  of  a 
building  or  other  object,  showing  its  true  dimensions 
according  to  a  geometric  scale.  HebcrU 

I'cnOR,  n.     [Gr.  i^w//.] 

1.  A  thin,  watery  humor,  like  serum  or  whey. 

2.  CoI(»rIess  matter  flowing  from  an  ulcer. 
I'€IIOR-OUS,  fl.     Like  ichor;  thin;  watery;  serous. 
leil'TIIV-O-eOL,         ;  n.     [Gr.  (xfJus,  a  fi«h,  and 
ieiI'TIIY-0-€OL-LA,  ]       koIU,  glue.] 

Fisli-glue  ;  isinglass  j  a  glue  prepared  from  the 
sounds  of  fish.  Tooke. 

leil  TIIY-O-DOR'U-LTTE,  n.  [Gr.  txOvi,  a  fish, 
6'xiv,  a  spear,  and  XiOog,  stone.] 

The  fossil  dtirsal  spine  of  certain  fishes.  Humble. 
len-TEIY-OG'RA-PHY,  n.     [Gr.  ixOvs  and  ypa,{,(o.] 

A  treatise  on  fishes. 
leil'TIIY-OID,  a.     [Gr.  ixOvi,  fish,  and  ciSos,  form.] 
A  term  applied  to  eauriana  having  many  of  the 
characters  of  a  fish.  P.  Cyc. 

ICH'THY-O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  ix^vf,  a  fish,  and  Aiffos, 
a  stone.] 

Fossil  fish  ;  or  the  figure  or  impression  of  a  fish  in 
rock.  Hitchcock, 

ieiI-THY-0-LOG'I€-AL,  a.      Pertaining  to  ichthy- 
ology. 
leil-TIlY-OL'O-GlST,  n,    [See  Ichthyology.]    One 

versed  in  ichthyology. 
I€H-TnY-OL'0-GY,n.    [Gr.  ix^wf ,  a  fish,  and  Xojoj, 
discourse.] 

The  science  of  fishfes,  or  that  partof  zoUlogy  which 
treats  of  fishes,  their  stmcture,  form,  and  classifica- 
tion, their  habits,  uses,  &.c.     Encyc.     Edin.  Encyc. 
ICH'TIIY-O-.MAN-OY,  ti.    Divination  by  the  beads 

of  fishes. 
leil-TIIY-OPH'A-GlST,  n.    [Gr.  ix^wE,  a  fish,  and 
(^rflvM,  to  eat.] 

6ne  who  eats  or  subsists  on  fish. 
ICII-TIIY-OPII'A-GOUS,  a.     [Gr.   ix»vf,  fish,  and 

(Pay,),  to  eat.] 

Kitting  or  subsisting  on  fish.  D^JinvUle. 

ieiI-TIIV-OPIi'A-6Y,  n.    [Supra.]    The  practice  of 

eating  fish. 
leil-TIlY-OPn  THAL'MITE,  n.     [Gr.  ix^vf,  a  fish, 
and  nijiO.iXp  'S,  an  eye.] 

Fish-pye-stone.     [See  Afophtllite.] 
I€H-TlIY-0-SAU'RUS,  n.     [Gr.  ix^^S,  a  fish,   and 
anvuoiy  a  lizard.] 

The  fish-lizard,  an  extinct  marine  animal,  whose 
fossil  remains  are  found  in  England  and  other  coun- 
tries, and  whose  skeleton  combines  in  its  structure 
the  characteristics  of  a  fish  with  those  of  a  crocodile. 
[Sometimes  written  Ichthyosaur.]  Burkland. 

leil-THY-o'SIS,  n.    [Gr.]    A  roughness  of  the  skin, 

which  becomes  thick,  hard,  and  scaly. 
I'CI-CLE,  (i'sik-kl,)  n.     [Sax.  ices-^ecel^  D,  ysktgel, 
ice-cone.    Kegel  is  a  wme  or  ninepin.l 

A    pendent  conical   mass   of  ice,   formed  by  the 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII..\T.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BQpK.— 


^ IDE 

freezing  of  water  or  other  fluid  aa  it  flows   down 
an  inclined  plane,  or  collects  in  drojis  und  is  sus- 
pended.    In  the  north  of  En-^lnnd,  it  is  calli;d  ickle^ 
I'CI-NESS,  «.    The  slate  of  being  icy,  or  of  being 
very  cold. 
•2.  The  state  of  generating  ice. 
I'CINO,  ppr.    Covering  with  ice.  Byron 

S2.  Covering  with  concreted  sugar. 
I'CI.N'G,  71.     A  covering  of  concreted  sugar. 
I'CON,  n.     [Gr.  cijctx)*-,  an  imag'^,  from  eiKU),  to  resem- 
ble.] 
An  image  or  representation.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Brown.     HaketeilL 
I'CON-ISM,  n.    [Gr.]     A  figure  or  representation. 

Jfore. 
I-eON'O-CLASM,  n.    Tlie  act  of  breaking  or  destroy- 

inic  iniagt'.s,  as  of  idolaters. 
I-€ON'0-€LAST,    n.      [Fr.    iconoclasU ;     Gr.    etKcoi; 
an  image,  and  xAiio-n/;,  a  breaker,  from  aXou),  to 
break.] 

A  breaker  or  destroyer  of  imniies  ;  n  name  which 
Roman  Catholics  give  to  those  who  reject  the  use  of 
iiiia;:<s  in  religions  worship.  Euafc. 

r-CnN-O-CLAST'ie,  a.    Breaking  images. 
I-CON-OG'KA-PHY,  n.     [Gr.  £(«wi,  an   image,  and 
ypat><-'y  to  describe.] 

The  description  of   images    or    ancient    statues, 
bu5t»,  ssemi-busts,  paintings  in  fresco,  mosaic  works, 
and  ancient  pioces  of  miniature. 
I-eoX-OL'A-TER,  n.    [Gr.  ncoji',  an  image,  and  \a- 
rpfwi,  a  servant.! 

One  that  worsnips  hnages  ;  a  name  given  to  the 
Roman  Catholics. 
I-CON-OL'O-Gy,  It.    [Gr.  ct*a>f,  an  image,  and  Xoyo^^ 
a  discourse.] 

The  doctrme  of  images  or  emblematical  repreMnt- 
attons.  Johnson, 

I-eO-SA-HE'I)R.\L,  a.  [Gr.  fccyat,  twenty,  and  Uput 
licat,  basis.] 

Havinir  twenty  equal  sides  or  faces. 
I-€0-SA-HF;'t>RdN,  n.     [Supra.]     A  swlid  of  twenty 
equal  sides  or  faces. 

In  geometry,  a  regular  solid,  consisting  of  twenty 
equal  and  similar  trian<;tilar  pyramids  whose  vertices 
meet  in  the  center  of  a  sphere  supposed"  to  circum- 
Kribe  it.  Ettcyc     EnJieUL 

I-€0-^A.\'DRI-A,ii.p/.[Gr.  ciKoaiy  twenty,  and  air/,o, 
a  male.] 

In  botany^  a  class  of  plants  having  twenty  or  more 
stamens  iii.^ertrd  in  thecalvx.  Linrnrus. 

irO-SAN'ORI-AN,  J  a.    Pertaining    to   the    class  of 
l-€0-SAiV'DROUS,  j       plants    Icosandria  ;      having 

twt  Illy  or  more  stantcns  inserted  in  the  calyx. 
IG-1'ER'IC,  /  o.     [U  icicricuSf  from  icterus^  jaun- 

l€-TER'ie-AL,  j      dicc.J 

1.  Afffcted  with  ihe  jaundice. 

2.  GiMid  in  the  cure  uf  the  jaundice. 
le-TER'lC,  n.     A  remedy  for  the  jaundice.       Swift. 

!c'tEI?I-T()US^'  i  "•     t^  «(^i«,  jaundice.] 

Yellow;  having  the  color  of  the  skin  wlien  it  is 

aflV-cted  hy  the  jaundice. 
T'CV,  a.     [from  ice.]     Abounding  with  ico;  as,  th«  icy 

regions  of  the  north. 

3.  Cold  ;  frosty  ;  as,  icy  chains.  SMak. 
Z.  Made  of  ice. 

4.  Resembling  ice ;  chilling. 

Rcligiun  Isjra  not  Art  ley  band  on  the  true  }oj»  of  life, 

Bitclcminsler. 

5.  Cold  ;  frigid  ;  destitute  of  aflTection  or  pasfiion. 

.SAflft. 

fi,  Indrflerenl ;  nnaffccted  ;  backward.        SAak. 
I'CY-I'EARL-£D,  (-perid,)  o.    Studded  with  spangles 

of  ice.  Mtlton. 

I'D  ;  conlnirtpd  from  Iwmild  or  I  had. 
ID. ;  contracted  from  idem. 

I-DR'A,  n.    [U  ideai  Fr.  idie;  Gr.  i^ia,  from  ttdw,  to 
see,  \t,  vulro.\ 

1.  /U(<rroy/w,  that  which  is  seen;  hence,  form,  im- 
nee,  model  of  any  thing  in  the  mind ;  that  which  is 
held  or  comprehended  by  the  understanding  or  intel- 
lectual faculties. 

I  have  Ufr-d  the  word  irfea,  to  express  whatever  is 
meant  by  phantasm,  notion,  species,  or  whatever  it 
is  which  tlic  mind  can  be  employed  about  in  think- 
in;;.  Locke. 

VVhatever  the  mind  perceives  in  itself,  or  is  the 
lmm''diate  object  of  perception,  thought,  or  under- 
standing, that  I  call  an  idea,  Locke. 

The  attention  of  the  understanding  to  the  objects 
acting  on  it,  hy  which  it  becomes  scnniblc  of  tlic  im- 
pressions they  makR,  is  called  by  logicians  percep- 
tion ;  and  the  nniices  themselves,  as  they  exist  in  the 
mind,  as  the  materials  of  thinking  and  knowledge, 
are  distinguished  by  the  name  of  Uras. 

Eiicyc.f  art.  Loirie. 

An  idea  is  the  reflex  perception  of  objects,  after  the 
original  {K-rception  or  impre^tsion  has  been  felt  by  the 
mind.  Ennje. 

In  popvtar  tan/ruatre,  itlea  fltgnifles  the  same  thing 
as  conceptions  apprehension^  notinn.  To  have  an 
u/ra  of  any  thing  is  to  conceive  it.  fn  philoaaphical 
uje,  it  does  not  signify  that  act  of  the  mind  which 


IDE 

we  call  thought  or  conception^  but  some  object  of 
thought.  Arid. 

According  to  modern  writers  on  mental  pliilosophy, 
an  idea,  is  the  ubject  of  ihoupht,  or  the  notice  wiiich 
the  mind  takes  of  its  perceptions, 

Darwin  uses  idea  for  a  notion  of  external  things 
which  our  organs  bring  us  acquainted  with  originally  ; 
and  he  defines  it,  a  contraction,  motion,  or  configura- 
tion of  the  fibers  which  constitute  the  immediate  or< 
gan  of  sense  ;  synonymous  with  whfch  he  sometimes 
ust^s  sensual  motion^  in  contradistinction  to  inugcidar 
motion.  Ztion. 

2.  In  popular  use^  idea  sipiifies  notion,  conception, 
thought,  opinion,  and  even  purpose  or  intention. 

Burke. 

3.  Image  in  the  mind. 

Iler  BWiTi  idea  waiultrec!  through  hia  thou^hu.  Fbirfrix. 

[^  bad  use  of  the  word.] 

4.  An  opinion  ;  a  prop;>sition.  These  decisions  are 
incompatible  with  the  iJea^  that  tlie  principles  are  de- 
rived from  the  civil  law. 

I-Dt:'ALi,   a.     Existing  in  idea ;  intellectual;  mental; 
as,  idcai  knowledge. 


2.  Visionary  ;  existing  m  fancy  or  imagination  on- 
ly ;  as,  ideal  good. 

3.  That  considers  ideas  as  images,  phantasms,  or 
forms  in  the  mind  ;  as,  the  ideal  theory  or  philoso- 
phy. 

T-De'A-LE3S,  o.     [idea  and  less.]     Destitute  of  ideas. 

MUin. 

I-Di:'AI>-!SM,  n.  The  system  or  theory  that  makes 
every  thing  to  consi!^t  in  ideas,  and  denies  the  exist- 
ence of  material  bodies.  Walsh, 

I-De'AL-IST,  n.  One  who  holds  the  doctrine  of  ide- 
alism. 

I-DE-AL'I-TY,  n.  A  lively  imagination,  united  to  a 
love  of  the  beautiful,  forming,  in  its  higher  exercises, 
one  of  the  chief  constituents  of  creative  geiihis  in 
poetry  and  the  fine  arts.  Combe. 

M>E-AL-I-/A'T!ON,  n.    The  act  of  forming  in  idea. 

I-Dk'AL  IZE,  V.  i.    To  form  ideas. 

1-L>E'AI^LY,  adv.     Intellectually  ;  mentally  ;  in  idea. 

Brown, 

I-Dk'.^TE,  r.  L  To  form  in  ideaj  to  fancy.  [JVwt  in 
u-te.]  Donne, 

rOBM,    ri^]    The  same. 

T-DKN'TfC,  a.     Identical,  which  see.     [Rarely  used.] 

I-DEX'Tie-AL,  a.  [Fr.  identique;  Sp.  identicof  from 
L.  t'/em,  the  same.] 

The  same  ;  not  different ;  as,  the  identical  person  ; 
the  identical  pro|H>sitiun.  We  found  on  the  thief  the 
identical  cwmIs  that  were  lost. 

r-DK.\'TI€-AL-LY,  adv.     With  sameness. 

I-DE.N'Tie-AL-NESS,  n.     Sameness. 

I-DEN-TI-FI-Ca'TION,  n.  The  act  of  making  or 
proving  to  be  the  same. 

I-UE.\'TI-FI-£D,  pp.  Ascertained  or  made  to  be  tlie 
same. 

T-DE.\'TI-F?,  t>.  U  [L.  t/irm,  the  same,  and  fucio^  to 
make.] 

1.  To  ascertain  or  prove  to  be  the  same.  The  own- 
er of  the  goods  found  them  in  the  possession  of  the 
thief,  and  identified  them. 

2.  To  make  to  be  the  same;  to  unite  or  combine 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  make  one  interest,  purpose, 
or  intention;  to  treat  as  having  the  same  use  ;  to 
consider  aa  the  same  in  elTuct. 

Paul  hM  iilentiAtti  Ow  two  ontirwixy*,  elrcumcWon  ami  InptUm, 
■nil  thiM,  byil<fmunatrstiitf;  that  llv-y  Imyt  one  mid  ihr  •nnie 
tiar  dihI  ineMiiiig ,  Ik  li-u  rxiiiUuxl  Ui  our  vi-w  (hf  vcrj 
wi.K  ..Ml  uf  Uo-r.  CO',  t..!  111.  J.  M.  MaMOn. 

That  iiTidy  iii  fact  idtntified  SjKun  willi  lln?  fcpiililie;m  guwcrii- 
nwrtt  of  Pnnce,  \ry  a  »irtiMl  ark  now  tr<  lenient  of  iiini'iivlifif-il 
viuMlagc  aitd  by  apecil^c  altmilutiom  of  itncoTi'linujMl  rio 
fcmar.  liriUih  Dtciamtian,  Jan.  1(*05. 

Evrry  precantkni  k  takeo  ki  ic/erH^/y  Uio  iotervaU  o*"  t!if  [woplp, 
ami  of  the  nilcra.  lint/ttny, 

I-DEN'Tl-FV,  V.  i.  To  become  the  same  j  to  coalesce 
in  interest,  purpose,  use,  effect,  &.c 

An  enli^lfn»-d  aplf-intT^t,  which,  wh''n  wHI  unil'-rstoocl,  tSi^ 
tril  »a  will  itUni^fy  with  an  Jnlcmt  more  enlar^'il  iitxl 
piiWic  Burke. 

I-DEN'TI-FV-ING,  ppr.  Ascertaining  or  proving  to 
be  the  same. 

2.  Making  the  same  In  Interest,  purpose,  use,  efR- 
cacv,  *tr. 
I-DEN'TI-TY,  n.     [Fr.  identify.] 

Pamoness,  as  tiistinguished  from  similitude  and 
diversity.  We  speak  of  the  identity  of  goods  found, 
the  identity  of  persons,  or  of  persoiifil  idnititij. 

Locke.     South, 
IDE  O  GRAPII'TC,         1         rj  a  f-  .     i 

ID-E-O-GRAPinC-AL,  j  "•     i"^'^  ^"*^  ^'-  )f^«'^'^-J 
Representing  ideas  independently  of  sounds,  as 
the   digit    9,  which  to   an    Englishman    r*'riresents 
ninf,  and  to  a  Frenchman  ncuf.  Brnnde. 

ID  E-O-LOG'ie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  ideology. 
ID-E-OI/O-ftlST,  Tt.  One  who  treats  of  ideas. 
ID-E-OL'O-OY,  n.     Udra  and  Or.  Ao)  -.(.] 

1.  A  treatise  on  ideas,  or  the  doctrine  of  ide:i9,  or 
the  operations  of  the  understanding.  Jefferson  .,\v.^Sn. 

2,  The  science  of  mind.  Stnrart, 


lUl 

IDES,  71.  pi.  [L.  idiut.  Uu.  tlie  Iletrurian  tduo^  to  di- 
vide, the  root  of  icide^  dinde^  individual.  The  ety- 
mology is  not  ascertained.] 

in  the  auciait  Roman  calendar,  the  fifteenth  day  of 
March,  May,  July,  and  October,  and  the  thirteenth 
day  of  the  other  nitrnths.  Eight  days  in  each  month 
ollen  pass  by  this  name,  but  only  one  strictly  receives 
it,  the  others  being  called  the  day  before  the  u/m, 
the  third  from  the  ides,  and  so  on,  backward,  to  the 
eighth  from  the  ides.  Encyc.    Brands. 

ID  EST.     [U]     That  is. 

LD-I-Oe  KA-SY,n.  [Gr.  ojiof,  proper,  peculiar  to  one's 
self,  and  v/)acri$,  mixture,  temperament,  from  Kcpa<a, 
Kifiavvv^i,  to  mix.] 

Peculi:irity  of  constitution  ;  that  temperament,  or 
stale  of  consthutiun,  which  is  peculiar  to  a  person. 

Id'i-O-CUAT'Ic'aL  i  "*    P*^culiar  in  constitution 
ID'I-O-CY,  n.     [Gr.  'X^yrcin.    See  Idiot.] 

a  defect  of  understanding  ;  properly,  a  natural  de 
feet. 

Idiocy  and  lunacy  excuse  from  the  guilt  of  crime.  Encyc. 

ID-T-O-E-LEe'TRie,  a.  [Gr.  ihoQ,  separate  from 
others',  p^'culiar  to  one's  s(^f,  and  electric] 

Electric  per  se,oT  containing  electricity  in  its  natu- 
ral slate.  Gregory. 

ID'I-OM,n.  [Fr.  idiome;  L.  tdioma,  from  Gr.  i6iojia, 
from  (dioy,  proper,  or  peculiar  to  one's  self.  The 
root  of  tdtuy  is  that  of  divide,  Iletrurian  iduo,  Eng 

ttiaoiB,  wide,  Ar.   ^Xj  badda,  to  separate.     Class  Bd, 
No.  1.] 

1.  A  mode  of  expression  peculiar  to  a  language ; 
peculiarity  of  expressit)n  or  phraseology.  In  this 
sense  it  is  used  in  the  plural  to  denote  forms  of 
s|>eech  or  phraseology  peculiar  to  a  nation  or  lan- 
guage. 

Anil  to  ]iiai  idiomt  fix  our  doubtful  ipeech.  Prior. 

2.  The  genius  or  peculiar  cast  of  a  language. 

He  fnlloweJ  thr  I^ntin  Inn  jiwg?,  but  did  not  comply  with  lh« 
idiom  of  oun.  Dryden. 

3.  Dialect. 

ID-I-O-MAT'ie,         )  a,    Peculiarto  a  language;  per- 

ID-I-O-MAT'IC-.AIj,  i  taining  to  the  particular  gen- 
ius or  modes  of  expression  which  belong  to  a  lan- 
guage ;  as,  an  idiovtatie  phrase. 

ID-I  0-MAT'ie-AL-LY,(uiw.  According  to  the  idiom 
of  a  languaee. 

ID-I-O-PATII'IC,  a,  [See  Idiopatht.]  Pertaining 
to  or  indicating  a  disease  not  preceded  and  occasioned 
by  any  other  disease  ;  opposed  to  Symptomatic. 

ID-I-O  PATH'I€-AL-LY,  fl^/u.  In  the  manner  of  an 
idiopathic  disease;  not  symptomatically. 

ID-I-OP'A-TMY,  n.  [Gr.  kJioj,  protwr,  peculiar,  and 
naiios,  suffering,  tlisease,  from  n-uffxt'S  to  suffer.] 

1.  A  morbid  state  or  condition  not  preceded  and 
occasioned  by  afty  other  disease. 

2.  Peculiar  affection.  More, 
ID-I-O-RE-PUE'SI  VE,  a.    Repulsive  by  itself ;  aa,  the 

uliorcpnLiive  power  of  heat. 

ID-I-O-SYN'CRA-SY,  n.  [Gr.  tiJiof,  proper,  ciF^jWith, 
and  *()aa(f,  teniperameut.] 

A  peculiarity  of  constitution  and  susceptibility  oc- 
"casioning  certain  peculiarities  of  effect  from  the  im- 
press of  extnmeous  inffuences  or  agencies.  Synon- 
ymous with  lDiocuA»y. 

ID-I-O-SYN-CR.AT'IC,  a.  Of  peculiar  temper  or  dis- 
position. 

ID'l-OT,  n.  [L.  idiota;  Gr.  idtwrjjf,  private,  vulgar, 
imskilled,  fn<ui  ti)ioi,  peculiar,  that  is,  sepamte,  sim- 
ple ;  Sp.  und  It.  idiota  ;  Fr.  idiot.    See  Idiom.] 

1.  A  natural  fool,  or  foot  from  his  birtli ;  a  human 
being  in  form,  but  destitute  of  reason,  or  the  ordina- 
ry intellectual  powers  of  man. 

A  pfMon  who  hn«  undi-nitandtnj  enough  to  measure  a  yard  of 
cloth,  niiiiiU'r  twenty  corrcClJy,  V-X  liie  day*  of  the  wtsrlt, 
&:,,  u  Dot  Bu  idiot  \n  the  fye  ol  the  law.  Encye. 

2.  A  f(^>olish  person  ;  one  unwise, 

["  A  Collection  of  picturesque  leords,  found  among 
our  ancient  writers,  would  consiitutt^n  precious  sup- 
plement to  the  history  of  our  language.  Far  more 
expressive  than  our  term  of  eiecutioncr  is  their  sol- 
emn one  of  the  de^tlisman  ;  —  than  our  wa^nftonrf  their 
Bcatterling  ;  —  than  our  idiot  or  lunatic  Wunr  moonling  ; 
a  word  which,  Mr.  Gifflird  observes,  should  not  have 
bt-en  suff'tTed  to  grow  ohsdiete,*' 
D^Isracli,  Curiosities  of  Literature.,  2d  series, 

2d  edit.  vol.  i.  p.  407.  —  E,  11.  IJ.] 
[See  I:«Mo;Bt<T.] 

ID'I  n'i'-CY,  n.    State  of  being  an  idiot. 

ID-I-OT'IC,        i  a.      Like  an  idiot;    foolish;   sot- 

ID-r-OT'lC-AL,  (       tish. 

IIM-OT'ie-ALr-LY,  adv.  After  the  manner  of  an 
idiot. 

II)-I-OT'I-€ON,  n.  [Gr.]  A  dictionary  of  a  particu- 
lar dialect,  or  of  the  words  and  phrases  peculiar  to 
one  (»!irt  of  a  country.  Hrande. 

ID'I-OT-ISH,  o.  Like  an  Idiot ;  partaking  of  idiocy  ; 
fiKili^ih.  Foley. 

ID'1-OT-ISM,  n.    [Fr.  tWiotLraie;  It.  and  B^,  idiotismo ; 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VC'CIOUS €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  R  as  Z ;  ClI  aa  SII ;  TH  as  In  THia 


SV73 


IDO 

Gr.  i^i<itTi(ru0(,  a  fonn  of  speech  taken  from  tbo  vul- 
gar, from  trivi.] 

1.  An  uiinax ;  a  peculiaity  of  expression  ;  a  mode 
of  expression  peculiar  to  a  Inntntnge ;  a  peculiarity 
in  the  structure  of  words  and  phrases. 

SchoUra  ■omHimrt  gxre  tcnninntloiis  Ami  fcfiofUmt,  wiitil'I^  to 
Ux-ir  DUJve  tu)(ui4^,  lo  worvb  aewlr  iufeutnl.        Halt, 

2.  Idiocv.  Beddots^  Htj^fia, 
But  it  would  be  well  to  restrain  this  won!  to  its 

proper  signification,  and  keep  iduicy  and  idiotism  dts- 
tiiirt. 
ID'I-OT-IZE,  r  i.  To  iH'Come  stupid.  Prrs.  letters. 
I'DLE,  (Tdl.)  a.  [Sax.  idel^  ydd^  vain,  empty  ;  G.  eiM, 
mere,  pure,  idle,  frivolous ;  D.  yrfW,  vain,  empty,  idle  j 
Dan.  and  Sw.  idtl.  mere,  pure,  unmixed.  See 
Addle.     Class  Dl,  No.  tl.  It?,  'ii.  29.] 

J.  Not  employed  ;  unoccupied  with  business  ;  in- 
active ;  doing  nothing. 

Whjr  •tand  yv  brrc  all  tlr«  daj'  idlt  J  —  MatU  xx. 

To  U*  idit,  !•  (o  be  TiciuuB.  Aam&trr. 

9.  Slothf^il ;  given  to  rest  and  ease ;  averse  lo  la- 
bor or  employment ;  lazy  ;  as,  an  idU  man  ;  an  idle 
fellow. 

.1.  Alfording  leimre ;  vacant;  not  occupied;  as, 
iJlt  time  i  idle  hours. 

4.  Remaining  unused;  unemployed;  applied  to 
tiiit^s ;  as,  my  sword  or  spear  is  idle. 

5.  Useltssa ;  vain  ;  iiieOoctual ;  as,  idle  rage. 

Don  iMr  UU  w«apot»  droippod.  AliUon, 

6.  Unfruitful ;  barren  ;  not  productive  of  good. 

Of  mntRa  ntt  and  idi*  deteiU.  ^ak. 

idU  woMl*.     \Obm.\  SSak. 

7.  Trifling ;  vain ;  of  no  importance ;  as,  an  idle 
Mtory  ;  an  uUe  reason  ;  idle  arguments. 

Hooker.     Dryden.     StctJU 

8.  Unprofitable ;  not  tending  to  edidcaiion. 

Erenr  idU  word  thnt  men  shill  sp«aA,  Uv>y  Miaill  gire  an  BACOtmt 
therauf  in  Uk  d*/  of  JuJgiiMrnt.  —  AUu.  xiL 

Me  dirTers  from  lazy  :  the  latter  implying  constitu- 
tional or  hnhitual  aversion  or  initi^^jKisition  to  labor  or 
action,  sJuggishnefw ;  whereas  idlr^  in  it«  proper  senile, 
dentXes  merely  unemployed.  An  industrious  man 
may  be  idU^  but  he  can  not  be  la-.y. 

I'DLE,  o.  i.  To  lose  or  spend  time  in  inaction,  or 
without  being  employed  in  busine^j. 

TV  idle  awvf ;  m  a  tram^iUve  settse^  to  epend  in 
idleness  :  as,  to  idle  aimn  time. 

I'DLE-HEAD-ED,  (I'dl-bed-ed,)a.  {OU  and  AeiuL] 
Fwlish  ;  unreasotnble.  Carao. 

3.  Delirious ;  iufatuated.    [^LitiXe  v^l 

VEstransre. 
I'DLE-XESS,  a.    Abstinence  (torn  labor  or  employ- 
ment ;  the  state  of  a  person  wbo  is  unemployed  in 
labur,  or  unoccupied  in  business;  the  state  of  doing 
nottiing.    Idleness  is  the  parent  of  vice. 

Tfanu^  tbr  idUntM  of  Uie  hands  Uw  buue  droppflh  tUnHU^. 

2.  Aversion  to  tabor;  reluctance  to  be  employed, 
or  lo  exertion   either  of  body  or  mind ;  laziness ; 

.  riotb  ;  sluggishness.  This  is  propi^rly  la-.iness ;  but 
idleness  is  often  the  efTc-ct  of  laziness,  and  sometimes 
this  word  may  be  used  for  it. 

3.  Unimportance  ;  trivialness. 

A  pel  </  ifilenet»,  S!uik. 

4.  Inefficacy  ;  uselessness.     [Little  n^ied.'] 

5.  Barrenness;  worthlessness.     [Little  used.) 

6.  Emptiness;  foolislniess;  infatuation;  as,  idle- 
ness of  brain.     [Little,  used.]  Bacon. 

I'DLE-Pa-TED,  a.     Idle-headed :    stupid.     Overburtf. 
I'DLER,  n.     One  who  does  nothing  ;  one  who  spends 

his  time  in  inaction,  or  without  being  engaged  in 

business. 

2.  A  lazy  per?on  ;  a  sluggard.  flu/c^A, 
I'DLES-BY,  (i'dlz-be,)  n.    An  idle  or  lazv  person, 

UTot  used.]  ff'/tiUock. 

VultlSGj  ppTs    Spending  in  idlen-;ss  or  inaction. 

I'DLY,  mdtL    In  an  idle  manner ;  without  employ- 
ment. 
^  I.AziIy ;  sluggishly. 

3.  Foolidhly  ;  uselessly ;  in  a  trifling  way. 

A  d>aSng  tp&i  Uhf  b;  s  fool,  truj  be  Lived  by  &  vus^i  p^non. 

4.  Carelesdy  ;  without  attention.  Prior. 

5.  Vainly  ;  ineflectually  ;  as,  to  reason  idly  against 
Inith. 

ID'O-t^RASE,  «.  [Gr.  ijcd,  form,  ani  Kpnais^  mix- 
ture ;  a  mixed  figure.] 

A  mineral,  occurring  either  in  massive  or  in  modi- 
fied ^uare  prisms,  presenting  a  handsome  brown  or 
bruwnii;h-yeilow  color.  It  cnnsist^^  essentially  of  sil- 
ica, alumina,  and  lime.  It  is  the  yesucian  of  Wer- 
ner.    Cifprine  is  the  name  of  a  rose-red  variety. 

Dana. 
T'DOL,  a.    [Fr.  idoU  :    It.  and  ?p.  idolo ;    1>.  idolum  ; 
Gr.  cirwXii',  from  tt^^s,  form,  or  ri/^w,  to  see.] 

1.  An  image,  form,  or  represenLition,  usually  of  a 
man  or  other  animal,  consecrate^l  as  an  object  of 
worship;  n  pagan  dtity.  IdoLs  are  usually  statues  or 
images,  carved  out  of  wood  or  stone,  or  formed  of 
metals,  particularly  silver  or  gold. 

Tb«  gwU  of  tbe  nafioRS  »re  idaU.  —  P»i  Te»i. 


IF 

S.  All  image. 

NiT  I'vor  iioi  t^tiKxi  lu  much  alW".,  Dryd^n. 

X  A  person  loved  and  honored  to  adoration.  The 
prince  wtts  the  idol  of  the  |)copIu. 

4.  Any  thing  on  which  we  set  our  afferlions ;  that 
lo  which  we  indulge  an  excessive  and  sinful  attach- 
ment. 

I.itiV  chilttren,  kv^p  to«t»"1ti-«  from  Wo'«.  —  1  John  ». 
All  iJa!  a  nny  tluiig  whicli  tuurpa  Ute  plnce  of  Uixi  hi  ihr  heftrta 
(if  Ilia  r^uonal  crralurca.  S.  HhUer. 

5.  A  representation.     [JCot  in  use,]  Speiuer. 
I-DOL'A-TER,   n.      [Fr.   idoUUre;   L.  idotolatra  ;  Gr. 

cnJuAo-Vurpnf,    See  Idolatry.] 

1.  A  worshiper  of  idols  ;  one  who  pays  divine 
honors  to  images,  statues,  or  representations  of  any 
thing  made  by  hands;  one  who  wur»liips  as  a  de- 
ity that  whicl)  is  not  God  ;  a  pagan. 

9.  .\n  adorer  ;  a  great  admirer.  Ifiird, 

I-nOL'A-TUESS,  n.     A  female  worshiper  of  idols. 

I-DO-LAT'Rie-AL,  a.    Tending  to  idolatrj-. 

I-DOL'A-TUIZE, !'.  i.    To  worship  idols. 

I-DOL'.\-TRIZE.  r.  U    To  adore  ;  U'  worship. 

.^instcarth. 

T-DOI/A-TRTZ-fm,  jrp.    Worshiped  ;  adored. 

I-DOI/A-TUTZ-ING,  ppr.    Adoring;  worshiping. 

I-DOL'A-TROU3,  a.  Pertaining  to  Idolatry  ;  partak- 
ing of  the  nature  of  idolatry,  or  of  the  worship  of 
false  gods ;  consisting  in  the  worship  of  iduU ;  as, 
idolatrous  wor.>hip. 

2.  Consisting  in  or  partaking  of  an  cxressivc  at- 
tachment or  Fcverencti  ;  as,  an  idulnf.rous  veneration 
for  antiqiittv. 

I-DOL'A-TRbUS-LV,  adv.    In  an  idolatrous  manner ; 

with  excessive  reverence.  Hooker. 

I-DOL'A-TRV,  Ti.     fFr.  idolatrie;    L.  idololatria:  Gr. 

ftSio^ohiTftsta  ;  etdoXiot'f  idol,  and  *(»rocutij,  to  wor- 

Bhip  or  serve.] 

1.  The  wurship  of  idols,  imnges,  or  any  tiling 
made  by  hands,  or  whirh  is  not  God. 

Idolatry  is  of  two  kinds  ;  the  worfhip  of  images, 
Dtniues,  pictures,  &c.,  made  by  hands;  and  iJie  wor- 
ship of  the  heavenly  bodies,  the  sun,  moon,  and 
stars,  or  of  demons,  angels,  men,  and  animals. 

Kitcyc. 

2.  Excessive  attachment  or  veneration  for  any 
thing,  or  that  which  borders  on  adoration. 

I'DOh-ieil,  (I.     Idolatrous.  JlWfoa. 

X'DOL-ISM,  n.    The  worship  of  idols.     [Litilc  used.] 

Milton. 

T'DOI#-IST,  n.  A  worshiper  of  images ;  a  poetical 
teord.  Milton. 

T'DOL-rZE,  r.  (.  To  love  to  excess  ;  to  love  or  reve- 
rence to  adoration  ;  as,  to  idolize  gold  or  wealth  ;  to 
idolize  cliildien ;  to  tdoiiie  a  virtuous  magistrate  or  a 
hero. 

I'DOIrIZ-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Loved  or  reverenced  to  ado- 
ration. 

I'DOL-IZ-ER,  M.  One  who  idolizes  or  loves  to  rever- 
ence. 

I'D(U^TZ-ING,  ppr.  Loving  or  revering  to  an  excess 
bordering  on  adoration. 

T'D(  >I>-OL'S   a.     Idolatrous. 

I-DO'NE-OUS,  a.      [L.   idoneus  ;   probably   from  the 
root  of  Gr.  ^wajiaif  to  be  strong,  able,  or  sufficient.] 
Fit ;    suitable  ;    proper ;    convenient ;    adequate. 
[Little  Hsed,]  Boyle. 

ID'RI-A-LIN,  n.  A  bituminous  substance  obtained 
from  the  quicksilver  mines  uf  Idria.  Brande^ 

I'DYL,  n.  [L.  idylliam}  Gr.  cidv^^Xiov;  supposed  to 
be  from  «<d'jf,  form.] 

A  short  poem  ;  properly,  a  short  pastoral  poem  ;  as, 
the  ithjls  of  Theocritus. 

/.  K.  stands  for  L.  id  e.^t,  that  is, 

lE'LAND,  or  rather  I'LAND,  n.  [G.  and  D.  eiland; 
Sax.  eaiondy  ie gland ;  composed  of  ie^  ca,  water,  Fr. 
MK,  contracted  from  L.  o^ka,  and  land.  TJiis  is  the 
genuine  English  word,  always  used  in  discourse, 
though  in  spelling  it  has  been  changed  into  island^ 
an  absurd  compound  of  Fr.  iste  and  land^  which  sig- 
nifies land-ia-ieater  land,  or  rather  ieland-land.  Mit- 
furd  writes  this  word  ilandi  and  in  the  Bishops'  Bi- 
ble it  was  always  written  Hand  or  yland;  but  it  is 
probably  too  late  to  hoi>e  for  any  general  return  to 
the  true  spelling. 

1.  A  portion  of  land  surrounded  by  water,  as 
Bermuda,  Barbadoes,  Cuba,  Great  Britain,  Borneo. 

2.  A  large  mass  of  floating  ice. 

IF,  r.  t.  Imperative,  contracted  from  Sax.  ^if,  from 
ffi/any  Goth,  ffibait,  to  give.  It  introduces  a  condi- 
tional sentence.     It   is  a  verb,  without  a  specilicd 

'  nominative.  In  like  manner  we  use  grants  admitf 
suppose.  Re^iUarty,  if  should  be  followed,  as  it  was 
furmerly,  by  the  substitute  or  pronoun  that,  referring 
t'l  the  succeeding  sentence  or  proposition.  If  Viat 
John  ^liatl  arrive  in  season,  I  will  send  him  with  a 
message.  But  ikut  is  now  omitted,  and  the  subse- 
quent sentence,  proposition,  or  affirmation,  may  be 
consi  lered  as  the  object  of  the  verb.  Oire  John 
shall  arrive;  grant,  suppose.,  admit  that  he  shall  ar- 
rive, I  will  send  him  with  a  message,  'i'hc  sense  of 
ifyOTffiDe^in  this  use,  is  grant,  admit,  cause  to  be, 
let  the  fact  be,  let  ihe  thing  take  place.  //",  then,  is 
equival<-nt  1 1  grant,  allme,    admit.      "  If  thou   wilt, 


IGN 

thou  canst  make  nie  whole,"   that  is,  thou  canst 

uuilii'  ino  whi'le,  gire  the  fact,  that  thou  wilt. 

^'  thou  Alt  lliu  >Suii  ol  iiod,  command  Uiat  lbe>e  atoaea  Lie  mivdo 
bn'iid.  —  MnU,  xiv, 

2..\Vhether  or  not. 

Uncertain  \^by  i\ig\itry  urcha&tf.  Drydsn, 

So  in  French,  soit  que,  let  il  be  that. 
rFAITII',  adv      [Abbreviation  of  in  faitk.]     indeed  ; 

truly.  sia*. 

IG-A  SC'Rie  ACID,  n.  An  acid  found  c.  'Moined 
with  strychnine  in  nux  vomica  and  St.  Igiutius's 
bean.  Brande. 

IG-\A'RO,«,  [It,]  A  term  formerly  used  for  blockhead. 
IG'NE-OUS,  a.      [L.   ifpieus,  from  ignis^  fire.   Sans. 
agkni  or  agnis,  or  agnih.     Bengal,  aag.,  ogin,  Slav. 
og-n.] 

I.  J^ertaining  to  or  consisting  of  fire;  as,  igneous 
pjirticles  einiltt^d  from  burning  wood. 
"2.  f'ontaining  fire  ;  having  the  nature  of  fire. 

3.  Kesuiiibliiig  lire  ;  as,  an  i^TieoM*  appearance. 

4.  In  geolngti,  proceeding  from  the  action  of  lire  ; 
as,  lavas  and  basalt  are  igneous  rocks.  Dana. 

IG-NES'CENT,  a.     [L.  ignesceas,  ignesco,  {torn  ignis, 

fire.] 
Emittinc  spnrks  of  fire  when  struck  with  steel ; 

scintillating;  as,  ignesce nt  sionvs.  Fonrrroy. 

IG-NES'CE\T,  n.    A  stone  or  mineral  that  gives  out 

sjiarks  when  struck  with  steel  or  iron. 

Manjr  o(h«rr  atonra,  beaidca  ttiia  cliu  of  igneictnt*,  produce  & 
rral  •cinlilhlioii  wh-ii  airuck  Lk^ainat  alocl.  Fourcroy, 

IG-\IF'ER-OUS,  n.     Producing  fire. 

IG'Nl-FI  /:D,  f-flde,)  up.     Formed  into  fire. 

IG-NIF'LU-OUS,  a.     [L.  ign\fluus.] 

Flowing  with  fire.  Cockeram. 

IG'NI-FV,  V.  f,     [L.  ignij  and  facio.] 

To  form  into  tire.  StuJido. 

IG'NI-F?-LNG,  pitr.     Forming  into  fire. 

IG-MG'E-NOU.S,  a.     [U  iptis  and  Gr.  ycwaco.] 

Produced  by  fire.  It  is  sup|»osed  a  part  of  the 
crust  of  the  earth  is  igntgenous 

IG-NIP'0-TENT,  a.  [l^  ignis,  fire,  and  potcns,  \ow. 
erful.] 

Presiding  over  fire,  Vulcan  is  called  the  power 
iirnipoteHL,  Pope. 

IG'.MS  FAT-TT-US,  n.  ;  p/.  Ignes  Fatui.  [L.]  A 
meteor  or  light  tliat  appears  in  the  night,  over  marshy 
grounds,  supposed  to  be  occasioned  by  the  decmnpu- 
sition  of  animal  or  vegetable  substanc<?s,  or  by  sume 
inflammable  gas  ;  vulgarly  called  fViU-with-the-ittsp, 
and  Jack-tnith-a-lantem.  Ed.  ilncyc, 

IG-MTE',  r.  (.     [L.  ignis,  fire.] 

1.  To  kindle  or  ait  on  fire. 

2.  Mnrt  generally,  to  communicate  fire  to,  or  to 
render  luminous  or  red  by  heat;  as,  to  i^«i/c  char- 
coal or  iron.  Anthracite  is  i^nute^  with  more  difli- 
ctilty  than  bituminous  coal. 

IG-MTE',  V.  I.   To  lake  fire  ;  to  become  red  with  heat. 
IG-NIT'tD,  pp.  or  a.     Set  nn  fire. 

2.  Rendered  red  or  luminous  by  heat  or  fire. 
IG-NIT'l-HLE,  a.     Capable  i*f  being  ignited. 
IG-NIT'ING,  ppr.     Setting  on  fire  ;    becoming  red 
with  heaL 
2.  Conimunicating  fire  to  ;  heating  to  redness. 
IG-Ni"TION,  (ig-nish'un,)  iu    The  act  of  kindling, 
or  setting  i  n  hre. 

2.  The  act  or  operation  of  communicating  fire  or 
heat,  till  the  substance'  becomes  red  or  luminous. 

3.  The  state  of  buiug  kindled';  more  generally,  the 
state  of  being  heated  to  redness  or  luminousness. 

4.  Calcination, 

IG-NIV'O-MOUS,  a.  [h.  ignicomus,  ignisj  fire,  and 
vomu,  to  voiniL] 

Vomiting  fire  ;  as,  an  ignivomous  mountain,  a  vol- 
cano. Durham. 
IG-NO-BIL'I-TY,  rt.    Ignobleness.    [JVit  in  use.] 

Ball. 
IG-Xo'BLE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L,  ignohUis ;  in  and  nobilis 
See  Noble.] 

1.  Of  low  birth  or  family;  not  noble;  not  illus- 
trious. 

2.  Mean  ;  worthless  ;  as,  an  ignoble  plant, 

3.  Base;  not  honorable,  elevaledj  or  generous; 
applied  to  feelings  and  actions  ;  as,  an  ignoble  motive. 

IG-NO'BLE-NESS,  n.    Want  of  dignity  ;  meanness. 

.Siiisworth, 
IG-No'BLY,  adv.    Of  low  family  or  birth  ;  as,  igno- 
bly born. 

2.  Meanly  ;  dishonorably ;  reproachfully  ;  disgrace- 
fully ;  basely.     The  troops  ignobly  fly. 
IG-N6-MIN'I-0US,  a.     [L.  ignominiosus.    See  lono- 

MINT.] 

1.  Incurring  disgrace ;  cowardly ;  of  mean  char- 
acter. 

Th-'n  with  pule  fear  aurprtacd, 
n-d  ignominiout.  MUlon. 

2.  Ver>' shameful ;  reproachful;  dishonorable;  in- 
famous. To  be  hanged  for  a  crime  is  ignominious. 
Whipp!?ig,  cropping,  and  branding  are  ignominious 
punislinifnts. 

3.  Despiciible  ;  worthy  of  contempt ;  as,  an  I'lrno- 
minioHj:  projector.  Sitifl. 

IG-NO-MIN'I-OCS-LV,  adv.  Meanly;  disgracefully  ; 
shamefully. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRgV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


s:^ 


ILL 

IG'NO-MIN-Y,  n.  [L.  iguominia  ;  in  and  nomen, 
ngaiuat  name  or  repuiation  ;  Fr.  iVnommie.1 

Public  (lisgmce  under  the  iinputution  of  disbonora- 
ble  motives  or  conduct  j  shame  ;  reproach  i  dishon- 
or; infamy. 

Their  ff^nrrali  have  been  nx^eiTpJ  with  honor  &Aer  iheir  deli-at ; 

juuis  wiOi  igH9ntim/  Ajter  Ujiiqui-su  Addison, 

Tire  begiiw  in  luUukc,  and  ends  in  igfiominy,  RarrMer, 

IG'NO-MY,  n.    An  abbreviation  of  ignomivy.    Shale, 
IG-NO-Ra'MUS,  n.     [L.,  we  are  igiionint ;   from  ig- 
ntrro.] 

I.  The  indorsement  which  a  ^rand  jury  make  on 
a  bill  presented  to  them  fur  in'iuiry,  when  there  is 
not  evidence  to  supfjort  the  charges,  on  which  nil  pro- 
ceedings are  stopped,  and  the  accused  person  is  dis- 
chart;ed. 

S.  An  ignorant  person  ;  &  vain  pretender  to  knowl- 
edge, SoulJt. 
IG'NO-RANCE,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  iffiun-antia ;  i^norOf 
nut  to   know;   ignarus,   ignorant;    in  and  gnarus^ 
knowing.] 

1.  Want,  absence,  or  destitution  of  knowledge; 
the  negative  state  of  the  mind  which  lias  not  been 
instructed  in  arts,  literature,  or  science,  or  lias  not 
been  informed  of  facts.  Ignorance  may  be  general, 
or  it  may  be  limited  to  piirticutar  subjects.  Iirno- 
ranee  of  the  law  does  not  excuse  a  man  for  violating 
iL     Ignorance  of  facts  is  often  venial. 

ignomnoe  a  ^p-kr^VAt:  to  error.  Jefferton. 

Q,  Itpi^ranetf^  in  the  plural,  is  used  sometimes  for 
omissions  or  mistakes ;  but  the  use  is  uncommon, 
and  not  to  be  encouraged. 
IG'-N'O-RANT,  a.  [L.  itptoranfi.']  Destitute  of  knowl- 
edge ;  uninstructed  or  uninformed',  untaught;  un- 
enlightened. A  man  mav  be  igtwrant  of  the  law,  or 
of  any  art  or  science,  he  may  be  ignorant  of  his 
own  rights,  or  of  the  rights  of  others. 

3.  Unknown;  undiscovered;  a  poetical  use;  as, 
ignorant  concealment.  Shak. 

3.  Unacquainted  with. 

Ignorant  of  guilt,  1  fear  not  chanM.  Drydtn. 

4.  Unskitlfulty  made  or  done.     [JVot  legitimate.'] 

Poor  ignorant  \»\Ain.  Shak, 

IG'NO-RANT,  n.  A  person  untaught  or  uninformed  ; 
one  unlettered  or  unskilled. 

Uid  I  (or  thb  l;ik«  paiita  to  Xermh 

Our  valou*  igHorants  va  preacli  }  DenJuun. 

IG'\0-RANT-LV,iK/c.  Without  knowledge,  instruc- 
tion, or  information. 

Wbnm  tborT-fiire  ye  ignoranllj/  Torahip,  him  decluic  I  to  jou.  — 
Acu  Kvii. 

9.  Unskillfully  ;  inexpertly.    A  man  may  mistake 
blunders  for  beauties,  and  ignoraiUly  admire  them. 
IGNORE',  v.L     To  be  ignorant  of.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Bmjle. 

5.  In  law,  the  gmnd  jury  are  paid  to  ignore  a  bill, 
when  they  do  not  find  the  evidence  such  as  to  in- 
duce them  to  make  a  presentment.  Brande. 

IG-NOS'CI-BLE,   a.      [L.    ignoacibUi^.]     Pardonable. 

[JVo?  uMtL] 
IG-NOTE',  a.     [L.  ignotua.]     Unknown.     [J^ot  it*rrf.] 
IG-UA'NA,  (wa'na,)  n.     A  genus  of  saurian  reptiles. 
3.  The    Iguana   tuhercutala,  the  common   Iguana 

of  South  America,  whose  flesh  is  eaten  and  eiiteemed 

dehcious. 
IG-UA'NO-DON,  n.     An  extinct  saurian  reptile.    The 

fossil  remains  of  this  animal  found  in  Titgate  foreBi, 

and  at  .Maidstone  in  England,  indicate  the  animal  to 

be  sixty,  seventy,  or  more  feet  in  length.    MauUiL 
ILB ;  so  written  by  Pope  for  ati«,  a  walk  or  alley  in  a 

church  or  public  building.    [.ATutin uje.j 

2.  An  ear  of  corn.     {J^ot  used.]  Ain-twortk. 
IL'E-US^,  n.    fGr.  lArof  ]     The  technical  specific  name 

of    common  colic,  both   in  ancient    and    modem 
times. 

2.  Intestinal  intussusception,  from  the  hypothesis 
that  this  stale  always  exists  in  common  colic. 

I'LEX,  n.  [L.1  In  botany^  the  generic  name  of  the 
Holly  tree.  Also,  the  Quercus  Ilex,  or  great  scarlet 
oak. 

IL'I'AC,  a.  [L.  iliaeusy  from  t/ta,  the  flank,  or  small 
intestinett  ;  Gr.  n\n,>y  to  wind.] 

Pertaining  to  the  lower  bowels,  or  to  the  ileum. 
The  iliac  pa-sion  is  a  bad  f()rm  of  ileus  or  conmion 
colic,  in  which  there  is  inversion  of  the  peristaltic 
action  of  the  upper  part  of  the  small  inter^tines. 

II/I-AI),  71.  [from  IliiLm^  Jlion,  Troy.J  An  epic  po- 
em, com|»oscd  by  Homer,  in  twenty-ftmr  books.  The 
subject  of  this  poem  is  the  wrath  of  Achiilcw;  in 
describing  which,  the  poet  exhibits  the  miserable  ef- 
fects of  disunion  and  public  dissensions.  Ili-nce  the 
phrase  liitu  malorumj  an  Iliad  of  woes  or  calamities, 
a  world  of  disasters.  Cicero. 

ILK,  a.     [.Sax.  eU,  each.]     The  same  ;  each.     Spnisrr. 
in  Scottish^  the  phrase  of  that  iZJ^  denotes  that  a  per- 
son's surname  and  title  are  the  same,  as,  Grant  of 
thai  ilky  i.  e..  Grant  of  Grant.  Jamiegon. 

ILL,  a.     [Supposed  to  be  contracted  from  enil^  Sax. 
vftl :  but  this  is  doubtful.     It  is  in  Swedish  ilUy  t^nd 
Dan.  ilile.] 
1.  Bad  or  eTil,  in  a  general  sense ;  contraiy  to  good, 


ILL 

physical  or  moral ;  applied  to  things;  evil ;  wicked  ; 
wrong  ;  iniquitous  ;  as,  his  ways  are  ill;  he  sets  an 
ill  example. 

S.  Producing  evil  or  misfortune ;  as,  an  ill  star  or 
planet. 

3.  Bad  ;  evil ;  unfortunate ;  as,  an  ill  end  ;  an  HI 
ftite. 

4.  Unhealthy  ;  insalubriotia ;  as,  an  iU  air  or  cli- 
mate. 

5.  Cross;  crabbed;  surly;  peevish;  as,  )7i  nature  ; 
ill  temper. 

C.  Diseased  ;  disordered  ;  sick  or  indisposed  ;  np- 
ptied  to  persons  ;  as,  the  man  is  illj  he  has  been  ill  a 
long  time  ;  he  is  ill  of  a  fever. 

7.  Diseased  ;  impaired  ;  as,  an  HI  state  of  health. 

8.  Discordant;  harsh;  disagreeable;  as,  an  ill 
sound. 

a.  Homely;  ugly;  as,  iZZ  looks,  or  an  i7/  counte- 
nance. 

10.  Unfavorable ;  suspicious ;  as  when  we  say, 
this  alTair  bears  an  ill  look  or  aspect. 

11.  Kude  ;  unpolished;  as,  ill  breeding;  iU  man- 
ners. 

12.  Not  proper;  not  regular  or  legitimate;  as,  an 
i// expression  in  grammar. 

ILL,  n.    Wickedness;  depravity;  evil. 

Slrong'  virtue,  like  strong  nalurCj  rtruejlt*  •till, 

Exerts  it»'lf,  and  tlicn  titruwi  ott  thi.-  ui.  Dryden. 

2.  Misfortune  ;  calamity  ;  evil ;  disease  ;  pain  ; 
whatever  annoys  or  impairs  happiness,  or  prevents 
success. 


Who  can  all  •rnae  of  othrra'  ilU  neap* 
Is  ttui  a  bruu)  at  best  in  human  ihapo. 


Tate. 


ILL,  adv.  Not  well ;  not  rightly  or  perfectly.  He  is 
ill  at  ease. 

2.  Not  easily ;  with  pain  or  difliculty.    He  is  ill 
able  to  sustain  the  burden. 

IU  bran  the  vx  (he  youthful  lovm'  rntr, 

Wheiijuat  approiichiii;  to  the  nup(l-U  »ute.  DnjOen. 

lUy  is  sometimes  but  erroneously  used  for  ill. 

ILL,  prefixed  to  participles  of  the  present  tense,  and 
denoting  evil  or  wrong,  may  be  ctmsidt-red  as  a  noun 
governed  by  the  participle,  or  as  making  a  part  of  a 
compound  word  ;  as,  an  ill-meaning  man,  an  ill-de- 
signing man,  an  ill-boding  hour;  that  is,  a  man 
meaning  ill,  an  hour  bodmg  ill.  It  is  more  conso- 
nant, however,  to  the  genius  of  our  language,  to 
treat  these  and  similar  words  as  compounds.  In 
some  cases,  as  before  the  participles  of  iniransiiive 
verbs,  ill  must  be  considered  as  a  i«rt  of  the  com- 
pound, as  in  ill-looking.  When  used  before  the  per- 
fect participle,  ill  is  to  be  considered  as  an  adverb, 
or  modifying  word,  or  to  be  treated  as  a  part  of  the 
compound  ;  as  in  ill-bred^  ill-governed,  ill-fated,  ill- 
ftwirred,,  ill-formed,  ill-minded.  In  these,  and  all  snni- 
lar  connections,  it  might  be  well  to  unite  the  two 
words  in  a  compound  by  a  hyphen.  As  iU  may  be 
prefixed  to  ahmwt  any  participle,  it  is  needleso  to  at- 
tempt to  collect  a  list  of  such  words  fur  insertion. 

//,  prefixed  to  words  beginning  with  /,  stands  for 
in,  as  used  in  the  I>atin  language,  and  usually  de- 
notes a  negation  of  the  Hensc  of  the  simple  word  ;  as, 
illegal,  not  legal ;  or  it  denotes  to  or  o/i,  and  merely 
augments  or  enforces  the  sense,  as  in  illuminate. 

lI^LAIt'ILE,  a.  [See  Labile.]  Not  liable  to  fall  or 
err;  Infallible.     [JVot  used.]  Cheyne. 

IL-LA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  not  being  liable 
to  err,  fall,  or  apostatize.     [JV«>(  uaed.\  Chryne. 

IL-LAC'ER-A-BLE,a.  [See  Lacbratb.]  Thai  can 
not  be  torn  or  rent. 

II^LAC'RY  MA-BLE,  a.  [L.  Ulacnjmabms.]  Inca- 
pable of  weeping. 

IL-LAPSE',  (il-laps',)«.  [9ee  Lapsb.]  A  sliding  in; 
an  immission  or  entrance  of  one  thing  into  another. 

Aurrt*. 
2.  A  falling  on  ;  a  sudden  attack.  Thomson. 

IL-LAti'UE-ATE,  (il-lak'we-ate,)  r.  U  [L.  illaqueo; 
in  and  Ux/uro,  to  insnare  ;  laqueus,  n  snare.] 

'J*o  inrinnre;   to  entrap;   to  entangle;  to  catch. 
[LiUle  u.frrf.]  More. 

II^LAU'UE-X-TED,  pp.    Insnared. 

IL-LAU-UE-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  insnarlng;  a 
catching  or  entrapping.     [Little  used.]  Brown. 

2.  A  snare. 

ILL'-AR-RANrt'En,  a.     Not  well  arranged. 

ILL'-AS-SORT'ED,  a.     Nnl  well  assorted. 

IL-LA'TION,  n.  [L.iIlatio;  in  and  talio,  a  hearing; 
tatiis,  from  fero.] 

An  inference  from  premises;   a  conclusion;  de- 
duction.    [LiUle  tued.]  iMcke. 

IL'LA-TIVE,  a.  [See  Ill4tio!».]  Relating  to  illa- 
tion ;  that  may  be  inferred  ;  as,  an  illative  conse- 
quence. 

2.  That  denotes  an  inference;  as,  an  illativf  word 
or  particle,  as  then  and  therefore.  H'alts. 

IL'LA-TIVE,  »u  That  which  denotes  illation  or  in- 
ference. Bp.  IlalL 

IL'LA-TIVE-LY,  adv.     By  Inference. 

Bp.  Richardsnn. 

IL-LAUD'A-BLE,  a.     [Sec  Laudable.]     Nt.t  lauda- 
ble;   not  worthy  of  approbation  or  commendation; 
as,  an  UlaudabU  motive  or  act. 
2.  Worthy  of  censure  or  dispraise. 


ILL 

IL-L^UU'A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  unworthy  of 
praise  ;  without  deservhig  |ii*5,:se.  Broome. 

ILL'-BAL'A\C-£D,  C-bal'anst,)a.  Not  weU  balanced. 

ILL'-BLOOD,  n.     Resentuiout ;  enmity. 

Quart.  Rer>. 

ILL'-BRED,  a.    Not  well  bred  :  unpolite. 

ILL'-^BKEED'INti,  R.  Want  of  good  breeding;  un 
politeness. 

ILL'-eON-CERT'ED,  \         ^  .  „„„  „„  ,^„^j 

lLL'-eON-TRIV'£D      "'    ^^t  well  contrived. 

ILL-eON-Dl"T10N-£D,  (-Hon-dish'und,)  a.  [Sec 
CosoiTioN.l     Being  in  bad  order  or  state. 

ILL'-eON-DUGT'En,  a.     Badly  conducted. 

lLL'-€ON-f<rD'EU-£;D,  a.     Not  well  considered. 

1LL'-DE-FIX'/:I),  a.    Not  well  defined. 

ILL'-nE-»ERV'/;D,  a.     Not  well  deserved 

lLL'-Ui:-VIS'£r),  a.    Not  well  devised. 

ILL'-DrRF.CT'ED,  a.     Not  well  directed. 

ILL'-DIS  roS'/:i),  a.     Not  well  disposed. 

IL-LK'CE-I!ROUS,n.     [L.  iUecebrosius.] 

Alluring;  fuil  of  alhiremenL  ElyoU 

IL-Lk'GAL,  fl.  [See  Legal.]  Not  legal ;  unlawful ; 
contrary  to  law;  illicit;  as,  an  illegal  act;  illegal 
trade. 

IL-LE-GAL'I-TY,  n.  Contrariety  to  law  ;  unlawful- 
ness ;  as,  the  illegality  of  trespass,  or  of  false  impris- 
on inent. 

IL-Le'GAL  TZE,  V.  U    To  render  unlawful. 

IL-Lf,'GAL-IZ-£D,  }tp.    Rendered  unlawful. 

1L-Le'GALLY,  a</«.  In  a  manner  contrary  to  law; 
unlawfully ;  as,  a  man  illegally  imprisoned. 

Blackstone. 

IL-Lk'GAI^NESS  n.    Hlegidity. 

IL-LEC-LBIL'LTY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  illegi- 
ble. 

IL-LEG'l-BLE,  a.  [See  Leo/blf..]  That  can  not  ba 
read  ;  obscure  or  defaced  so  that  the  words  can  not 
be  known.  It  is  a  disgnice  to  a  gentleman  to  write 
an  illegible  hand.  The  manuscripts  found  in  the  ru 
ins  of  Herculaneum  are  mosUy  illegible. 

II^LEC'I-BLE-NESS,  n.     State  of  being  illegible. 

II^LECJ'I-ULY,  adv.  In  a  manner  not  to  be  read  ■ 
as,  8  letter  written  Ulegiblu. 

IL-LE-6IT'I-MA-CY,  n.  [See  Lboitimate.]  The 
slate  of  being  born  out  of  wedlock  ;  the  state  of  bas- 
tardy. Blackst4tne. 

2.  The  state  of  being  not  genuine,  or  of  legiti- 
mate origin. 

IL-LE-GIT'I-MATE,!!.  [See  Lboitimate.]  Unlaw- 
fully begotten  ;  born  out  of  wedlock  ;  spurious ;  as, 
an  illeeHimate  son  or  daughter. 

2.  Unlawful ;  contrary  to  law. 

3.  Nt)t  legitimately  deduced ;  illogical;  as,  an  i/fe- 
gitimate  inferpiice. 

4.  Not  authorized  by  good  usage  ;  as,  an  illegiti- 
mate word. 

IL-LE-(5[T'I-MaTE,o.  l  To  render  illegitimate  ;  to 
prove  to  he  born  out  of  wedlock  ;  to  bastardize. 

h^oUon. 
IL-LE-OIT'I-MA-TED,   pp.      Rendered  illegitimate; 

proved  to  have  iM^en  born  out  of  wedlock. 
IL-LE-OIT'I-MATE-LY,  adv.    Not  in  wedlock;  with- 
out nuihority. 
IL-LE-CIT  I-MA'TION,  B.    The  slate  of  one  not  born 
in  wedlock.  Bacon. 

2.  Want  of  genuineness.  Martin. 

ILL'-E-aUIP'PKD,  (kwipt',)  a.     Not  well  equipped. 
IL-LEV'I-A-BLE,  a.     [in^  not,  and  Fr.  lever,  to  raise 
or  levy.] 

That  ran  not  be  levied  or  collected.  Hale. 

ILL'-FAC-t'D,  (fiste,)  a.      Having  an  ugly  face. 

IlaU. 
ILL'-FA-TED,  a.     Unfortunate. 

ILL'-FA'VOR-f:i),  a.  [ill  and  favored.]  Ugly;  01- 
looking;  wanting  beauty;  deformed. 

lU/avored  ami  kan-Qeibed.  —Gen.  ztL 

ILL'-FA'VOR-JED-LY,wfi).    With  deformity. 

9.  Roughly  ;  rudely.  JloweU. 

ILL'-FA'VOR -ED-NESS,  n.     Ugliness  ;  deformity. 

ILL'-FIT-TED,  a.     Not  well  fitted. 

ILL'-FORM-Ell,  a.     Not  well  formed. 

n.l.'-FHAM-Kl),  a.     Not  well  framed. 

ILL'-FUR'NISH-/;d,  (-fur'nlsht,)  a.  Not  well  fur- 
nished. 

ILL'-IIAR'IT-ED,  a.     Not  well  habited 

IL-LIB'ER-AL,  a.  [See  Liberal.]  Not  liberal ;  not 
free  or  generous. 

2.  Not  noble;  not  ingenuous;  not  catholic;  of  a 
contracted  mind.  Cold  in  charity  ;  in  religion,  i7/t^- 
eral.  K.  Charles. 

3.  Not  candid  ;  uncharitable  In  judging. 

4.  Not  generous ;  not  munificent ;  sparine  of  gifts. 

H^'oodirard, 

5.  Not  becoming  a  well  bred  man.  llnrrig. 

6.  Not  pure;  not  well  authorized  or  elegant ;  as, 
illibrral  words  in  I^atin.     [Vmisual.]     Chcsterfdd. 

II^LIB-ER-AL'I-TY,  ».     Narrowness  of  mind  ;   con- 
tractedness  ;  meannt^ss  ;  want  of  catholic  opinions. 
2.  Parsimony;  want  of  munificence.  Bacon. 

IL-LIB'ER-AL-IZE,  v.  L     To  make  illiberal. 

JVcifl  .^nn.  Reg. 
IULIB'ER-AI^I7,-f:D,  pp.    Made  illiberar. 
II^LIB'ER-AI^IZ-ING,  ppr     Making  illiberal. 


TtNE,  BI;LL,  qMTE.  — AN"GER.  VI'TIOUS.  — €  M  K;  0  as  J;  B  oi  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TR  as  in  THIS. 


ILL 

IL-LIB'ER-AL^LV,  oJr.   Ungenerously  j  uncandidly  ; 
uncliaritably  ;  disingenuously. 
'2,  Parsimoniously. 

IL-LICIT,  (iMis'sit,)  fi.     [L.  iUicitiis;   in  and  licitus^ 
from  ticeo^  to  permit.] 

Not  permitted  or  allowed  ;  prohibited  ;  unlawful  ; 
RS,  an  iilirit  trade  ;  Ulicit  intercourse  or  connection. 

lU-LIC'IT-LY,  adv.     Unlawftillv. 

ILrLlC'IT-.NESS,  n.     Unlawfulness. 

ILrI>rC'IT-OUS,  a.     Unlawful. 

IL-LIGHT'£N,  p.  t      [See  Light,  Liohtkx.1      To 
enliiihten.    [J^ot  in  use.}  RaUgk. 

ILL'-IM-AG'L\  £0,  «.    Not  well  imagmed. 

IL-LIM'IT-A-BLE,    a.      [in,   not,   and    /mit,  or   L. 
Umes.l 

Tliat  can  n<rt  be  limited  or  bounded  ;  as,  the  iUim- 
itable  void.  Thomson. 

IL-LIM'IT-A-BLY,  adc.    Without  poasibility  of  be- 
ing bounded. 
3.  Without  limits. 

IL-LJ.M-IT-A'TIO.V,  n.    The  sute  of  being  illimit- 
able. 

IL-I.IM'IT-ED,  tu    [Fr.  UlimiU ;  in  and  L.  /*m«,  a 
limit.] 

Unbounded  ;  not  limited  ;  interminable.   Bp.  IfalL 

IL-LIM'IT-ED-NESS,  n.    Bound lesaneita  ;  tiie  stateof 
being  without  limits  or  restriction. 

Tbe  absotutraecs  aad  USmittdnMM  of  hu  conunb^on  was  much 
spulLeii  at,  Ciartndon, 

ILL'-IN-FORM'£D,  a.    Not  well  informed. 
IL-LI-NI"TION,fiI-le-ni9h'un,)  k.  [L.  iUinitus,  minio, 

to  anoint ;  in  and  lino,  to  besmear.] 
A  tiiin  crust  of  some  extraneous  substance  formed 

on  minerals. 


It  b  wmetinm  ditjjfuiMd  bj  a  tiua  cn»t  or  iilirt^ion  of  block 
DoogaiteJe.  Kirwan, 

S.  A  rubbing  in  of  an  ointment  or  liniment. 

IL-LIT'ER-A-CY,  n.  [from  UiiUraU.]  The  state  of 
being  untaught  or  unlearned  ;  want  of  a  knowledge 
of  letters  ;  ignorance.  Eneyc 

IL-LIT'ER-AU,  a.     Sot  literal. 

IL-LIT'EK-ATE,  a.  [L.  iUUcratas ;  in  and  liuratm; 
from  lilera^  a  letter.] 

Unlettered  ;  ignorant  of  letters  or  books ;  un- 
taught ;  unlearned  ;  uninstructed  in  science  ;  as,  an 
iUittrate  man,  nation,  or  tribe.  WoUon, 

IL-LIT  ER-ATE-.\E8S,  n.  Want  of  learning;  igno- 
rance of  letters,  books,  or  science.  Boyle, 

IL-LIT'ER-A-TI;re,  ».  Want  of  learning.  (UtOe 
usedSl  jSylife. 

VLU-JUDO-ED,  fl.    Not  well  judged. 

ILL'-LtV-i;D,  a.  Leading  a  wicked  life.  [LUtU 
used.]  Bp.  BulL 

ILL'-IX)OK-I\G,  a.     Having  a  bad  look. 

ILL'-MaS'\-ED,  fl.    Not  well  furnished  with  men 

ILL'-MkAX'ING,  a.     Meaning  ill  or  evil. 

ILL'-M0I>'EL-£D,  o.     Badly  modeled. 

ILL'-Na'TI;RE,  n.  [HI  and  nature.]  Crossness; 
crabbedness  ;  habitual  bod  temper,  or  want  of  kind- 
ness ;  f factiousness.  South. 

rLL'-NA'Ti;R-£D,   a.    Cross;    crabbed;    surly;    in- 
tractable;   of  liabitiial  bad  temper;    peevish;    frac- 
tious.   An  iU-natured  person  may  disturb  the  harmo- 
ny of  a  whole  parish. 
2,  That  indicates  ill-nature. 

The  iU-niUured  task  rtfu»9,  Addison. 

.     3.  Intractable;    not   yielding   to  culture;    as,  ill- 
natured  land.     IJ^'ot  legitimate.]  Philips. 
ILL'-NA'TLiR-£D-LY,  adr.    In  a  peevish  or  froward 

manner;  cn>3sly  ;  tinkindlv. 
ILL'-Na'TUR-£D-XESS,  It.    Crossness  ;   want  of  a 

kind  disposition. 
ILL'NESS,  ».   [from  iU.]    Badness;  unfavorableneas  ; 
as,  the  Utness  of  the  weather.     [.Yot  used.]     Locke. 

2.  Disease  ;  indisposition  ;  malady  ;  disorder  of 
health ;  sickness,  lie  has  recovered  from  his  ill- 
ntss. 

3.  Wickedness;  iniquity;  wrong  moral  conduct. 

S}:ak. 

IL-L06'ie-AL,a.  [See  Logical.]  Ignorant  or  neg- 
ligent of  the  rules  of  logic  or  correct  reasoning ;  as, 
an  ilioffical  dispiitanL 

2.  Contrar>'  to  the  rules  of  logic  or  sound  reason- 
ing ;  as,  an  Ulagical  inference. 

IL-LOG'IG-AL-LY,  adc.  In  a  manner  contrarj-  to  the 
rules  of  correct  reasoning. 

IL-LOG'ie-AL-NESS,  n.  Contrariety  to  sound  reason- 
ing. Hammond. 

ILL'-o'MEN-£D,  a.     Having  unlucky  omens.  A~eele. 

ILL'-riEC-£D,  (-peest,)a.     Nut  well  pieced.  Burke, 

ILL'-PRO-POR'TION  £0,0.     Not  well  proportioned. 

ILL'-PRO-VTD'ED,  a.     Not  well  provided. 

ILL'-RE-aUTT'ED,  a.    Not  well  requited. 

ILL'-SORT'ED,  a.     Not  well  sorted. 

ILL'-SORT'ING,  o.    Not  well  sorting. 

ILL'-STAR-R£D,a.  [iU  aiid  star.]  Fated  to  be  unfor- 
tunate. Beddoes. 

ILL'-ST6R-ED,  a.     Not  well  stored. 

ILL'-SUP-PRESS'£D,  (presi',)  a.  Not  fully  sup- 
pressed. 

ILL'-TEM'PER-£D,  a.  Of  bad  temper;  morose; 
crabbed  ;  sour ;  peevish  ;  fretful.  I 


ILL 

ILL'-TIME',  c.  t.    To  do  or  attempt  at  an  unsuitable 

time. 
rLL'-TIM-£D,  a.    Done  or  said  at  an  unsuitable  time. 
ILL'-TRAIN-£D,  o.    Not  well  trainea  or  disciplined. 

Mi(ford. 
ILL'-TURN,  II.    An  unkind  or  injurious  act. 

2.  A  slight  atturk  of  illness.     (Fajniliar.]  America. 
IL-LODE',  V.  L     [L.  illudoi  in  and  tudv^  to  play.  [See 

Lt'DICROUS.] 

To  play  upon  by  artifice  ;  to  deceive  ;  to  mock  ;  to 

excite  hope  and  disap|)oint  it. 
IL-LOD'ED,  pp.     Deceived  ;  mocked. 
IL-LC'DTNG,  ppr.     Playing  on  by  artifice  ;  deceiving. 
IL-LCME',       iv.t.     [i'T.  iiluminer;    L.  iUumitio ;    tn 
IL-LO'iMINE,  i      and  lurnuitf,  to  enlighten,  from /uin«n, 

lighL     See  Lumipcol's.] 

1.  To  illuminate  ;  to  enlighten  ;  to  throw  or  spread 
light  on  ;  to  make  light  or  bright.  Jililton. 

[These  vords  are  used  chirjly  in  poetry.] 

2.  To  enlighten,  as  the  mind  j  to  cause  to  under- 
stand. 

3.  To  brighten  ;  to  adorn. 

The  nioiii.Liiri'i  brow, 
Illumed  with  tiaiit  golil.  TTtonuon. 

IL-LP'MIN-ANT,  n.  That  which  illuminates  or  af- 
fords light.  Boyle. 

LL-Lt)'ML\-ATE,  v.  t  [Sec  Ilm-me.]  To  enlighien  ; 
to  throw  light  on ;  to  supply  with  light.  [This  word 
is  used  in  poetry  or  ftrnse.] 

2.  To  adorn  with  festal  lamps  or  bonfires. 

3.  To  enlighten  intellectually  with  knowledge  or 
grace.    Heb.  x. 

4.  To  adorn  with  ornamented  letters,  or  with  pic- 
tures, portraits,  and  other  paintings;  as, to  illuminate 
manuscripts  or  books,  according  to  ancient  prac- 
tice, Encyc. 

5.  To  illustrate ;  to  throw  light  on,  as  on  obscure 
subjects.  JVaUs. 

n^LC'MIN-ATE,  a.    Enlightened.  Bp.  Hall. 

IL-LO'MIN-ATE,  n.  One  of  a  sect  of  herclits,  pre- 
tending  to  possess  extraordinary  liglit  and  knowl- 
edge. 

IL-LC'MIN-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  EnliEhtened  ;  rendered 
light  or  luminous ;  illustrated ;  adorned  with  orna- 
mented lettt^rs  and  pictures,  as  books. 

IL-LU-Ml.\-A'n,  n-p/.  I    A   church   term,  anciently 

1L-L0-Mli\-EE',  It.  I       applied    to    persons   who 

bad  received  baptism  ;  in  wiiich  ceremony  they  re- 
ceived a  lighted  taper,  as  a  s>nibol  of  the  faith  and 
grace  they  had  received  by  that  sacrament.  Kncyc. 

2.  The  name  of  a  sect  of  iieretics,  who  sprung  up 
in  Spain  about  the  year  1575,  and  who  nl^erward  ap- 
peared in  France.  Their  principal  doctrine  was, 
that,  by  means  of  a  sublime  ntanner  of  prayer,  they 
bad  attained  to  so  perfect  a  state  as  to  have  no  need 
of  ordinances,  sacraments,  and  good  works. 

Encye. 

3.  The  name  given  to  certain  associations  of  men 
in  modern  Europe,  who  were  said  to  have  combined 
to  overthrow  the  existing  religious  institutiuns,  and 
substitute  reason,  by  which  they  expected  to  raise 
men  and  society  to  perfection.  It  has  been  denied, 
however,  that  this  was  their  object.  Robison. 

IL-LCMIN-A-TING,  ppr.  Enlightening;  rendering 
luminous  or  bright ;  illustrating ;  adorning  with  or- 
namented letters  and  pictures. 

IL-LC'MLV-A-TING,  n.  The  act,  practice,  or  art,  of 
adorning  manuscripts  and  books  with  ornamented 
letters  and  paintings. 

IL-LU-MIN-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  illuminating  or 
rendering  luminous ;  the  act  of  supplying  with 
light. 

2.  The  act  of  rendering  a  house  or  a  town  light, 
by  placing  lights  at  the  windows,  or  in  elevated  sit- 
uations, as  a  manifestation  of  joy;  or  the  stale  of 
being  thus  rendered  light. 

3.  That  which  gives  light. 

The  8un  —  »  an  Ulumina^on  created.  Ralegh. 

A.  Brightness  ;  splendor. 

5.  Infusion  of  intellectual  light;  an  eiiliglitening 
of  the  understanding  by  knowledge,  or  the  mind  by 
spiritual  light. 

6.  The  act,  art,  or  practice,  of  adorning  manu- 
scripts and  books  with  ornamented  letters  and  pic- 
tures. Encyc. 

7.  A  manuscript  or  book  thus  adorned.  Fosbroke. 

8.  Inspiration  ;  the  special  communication  of 
knowledge  to  tlie  mind  by  the  Supreme  Being. 

Hyinni  aiiii  psaluis  —  are  fr.inwci  by  medilation  lieforehand,  or 
by  prophfucal  iltuminadon  are  iuapired.  Hooker. 

IL-LO'MIN-A-TIVE,  a.     [Fr.  illamimitif.] 

Having  the  power  of  giving  light.  Digiy. 

It^Lt)'MlN-A-TOR,  rt.  He  or  that  which  illuminates 
or  gives  light. 

2.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  decorate  manu- 
scripts and  books  witli  ornamented  letters,  or  with 
pictures,  portraits,  and  drawings  of  any  kind.  This 
practice  began  among  the  Romans,  and  was  contin- 
ued during  the  middle  ages.  The  manuscripts  con- 
taining portraits,  pictures,  and  emblematic  figures, 
form  a  valuable  part  of  tlie  riches  preserved  in  the 
principal  liliraries  in  Europe.  Hebert.    Encyc. 

From  this  word,  by  contraction,  is  formed  Lim.xer. 


IL-LO'SIVE-LY,  adc.    By  moans  of  a  fal 
IL-LO'SIVE-NESS,  w.     Deception  ;  false 


IMA 

IL-Lr'MIN-Kn,/;/).     Itlnminnted  ;  made  light. 

IL-IX'MI.\-lNG,;/;;r.     Rendering  light ;  illuminating. 

1L-L0'.MI\-IS.M,  n.    The  principles  of  the  lIlQminati. 

IL-LC'MIN-IZE,  V.  t.  To  iultlate  into  the  doctrines 
or  principles  of  the  Illuminati.  jj/rt.  Revieto. 

IL-LO'-VIN'-IZA'D,  pp.  Initiated  into  the  doctrines, 
&c.,  of  the  [llrimiuati. 

ILLu'iMIX-IZ  IN  G,  ppr.  Initiating  into  the  doctrines, 
Ate,  of  the  llhirninali. 

IL-LO'»U)\,  (il-IQ'zhun,)  n.  [Fr.  iUusion;  L,  iUusio  ; 
from  illudo,  to  illude..] 

Deceptive  appearance ;  false  show,  by  which  a 
person  is  or  may  be  deceived,  or  his  expectations  dis- 
appointed ;  mockery. 

Yp  K.fl  illutioiit,  (ipar  dccella,  urue  I  Pope. 

IL-LP'STONMST,  n.     One  given  to  illusion. 
IL-LO'SIVE,  a.    Deceiving  by  false  show  j  deceitful ; 
false. 

While  the  fond  soul, 
Wrapt  In  guy  vluuiiB  of  unreal  tiliM, 
Bull  p.'uiiut  Ui'  iilusiot  form.  Thornton. 

false  show, 
ise  show.    ..^sA. 
IL-LC'SO-RY,    a.       [Fr.    illusoire,    from    L.    iUusus, 
iUudo.] 

Deceiving  or  intending  to  deceive  by  false  appear- 
ances ;  fallacious.     His  otfers  were  illusory. 
IL-LUS'TRaTE,  v.  t.     [Fr.  iUustrer ;   L.  illustro  t  in 
and  hutro,  to  illuminate.    See  Luster.] 

1.  To  make  clear,  bright,  or  luminous. 

2.  To  brighten  with  honor;  to  make  distinguished, 

MiiUtT  lo  rue  oT  glory  I  whom  their  hate 

tUuttratet.  Milton. 

3.  To  brighten  ;  to  make  glorious,  or  to  display  the 
glory  of;  as,  to  illustrate  the  perfections  of  God. 

4.  To  explain  or  elucidate;  to  make  clear,  intelli- 
gible, or  obvious,  what  is  dark  or  obscure  ;  as,  to 
illustrate  a  pass:»ge  of  Scripture  by  comments,  or  of  a 
profane  author  by  a  glos.s. 

5.  To  explain  and  adorn  by  means  of  pictures, 
drawings,  &c. 

IL-LUS'TRA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Made  bright  or  glo- 
rious. 

2   Explained;  elucidated;  made  clear  to  the  un- 
derstanding. 
3.  Explained  by  pictures,  &:c. 

IL-LUS'TRA-TING,  ppr.  Making  bright  or  glorious  ; 
rendering  distinguished  ;  elucidating  ;  explaining  by 
pictures,  &.c 

IL-LUS-TRA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  rendering  bright 
or  glorious. 

2.  Explanation  ;  elucidation  ;  a  rendering  clear 
what  is  obscure  or  abstruse.  Locke. 

3.  An  engraving  or  picture  designed  to  illustrate. 
IL-LUS'TRA-TIVE,  a.     Having  the  quality  of  eluci- 
dating and  making  clear  what  is  obscure;  as,  an 
argument  or  simile  illustrative  of  the  subject. 

Broipn. 
2.  Having  the  quality  of  rendering  glorious,  or  of 
displaying  glory. 
IL-LUS'TUA-TIVE-LY,  adv.     By  way  of  illustration 

or  elucidation.  Brown. 

IL'LUS-TRA-TOR,  n.     One  who  illustrates  or  makes 

clear. 
ri^LUS'TRA-TO-RY,  a.     Serving  to  illustrtite. 
IL-LUS'TRI-OUS,  fl.     [Fr.  illnstre;  L.  iiiustris.] 

1.  Conspicuous  ;  distingtiishcd  by  the  reputation 
of  greatness  or  renown  ;  eminent ;  as,  an  illustrious 
general  or  magistrate  ;  an  illustrious  prince. 

2.  Conspicuous  ;  renowned  ;  conferring  honor  ; 
as,  illustrious  actions. 

3.  Glorious ;  as,  an  illustrious  display  of  the  divine 
perfection?. 

4.  A  title  of  honor. 
IL-LUS'TRI-OUS-LY,  adv.     Conspicuously;  nobly; 

eminently  ;  with  dignity  or  distinction. 

2.  Gloriously;  in  a  way  to  manifest  glory.  The 
redemption  of  man  displays  illustriously  the  justice 
as  well  as  the  benevolence  of  God. 

IL-LUS'TRI-OUS-NESS,  n.  Eminence  of  character  ; 
greatness;  grandeur;  glory. 

IL-LUX-T]'RI-OUS,  a.     PJtrt  luxurious.  Drury. 

ILL'-WILL',  Ti.     Enmity;  malevolence. 

ILL'-WILL'ER,  71,    One  who  wishes  ill  to  another. 

ILL'-WoRN,  a.     Not  well  worn. 

IL'LY,  ado.  A  word  sometimes  used,  though  improp- 
erly, for  III. 

IL'MEN-ITE,  n.  A  black,  metallic  mineral,  consisting 
of  titanic  acid  and  oxyd  of  iron.  Dana. 

I'M,  contracted  from  lam. 

IM,  in  composition,  is  usually  the  representative  of  the 
Latin  in  ;  n  being  changed  to  m,  for  the  sake  of  easy 
utterance,  before  a  labial,  as  in  imbibe,  immense,  im.- 
partial.  We  use  the  same  prefix  in  compounds  not 
of  Latin  origin,  as  in  imbank,  imbitttr.  For  4m,  the 
French  write  em,  which  we  also  use  in  words  bor- 
rowed from  their  language. 

IM'A6E,  71.  [Fr.  image;  L.  imago;  Sp.  imagen ;  It. 
ima^e,  immagine;  Jr.  iomaigh.] 

1.  A  representation  or  similitude  of  any  person  or 
thing  formed  of  a  material  substance  ;  as,  an  iTfia^* 
wrought  out  of  stone,  wood,  or  wax. 

Wliose  UI  this  imase  and  Biiperacription  ?  —  Matt.  xxH, 


FATE.  FAR,  FALL,  VYHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK,- 

576 


IMA 

2.  A  statue. 

3.  An  idol ;  the  representation  of  any  person  or 
tliine  that  U  an  object  of  worship.  The  second  cora- 
mandment  furbids  the  worship  of  images. 

4.  The  likeness  of  any  thing  on  canvas  j  a  pic- 
ture ;  a  resemblance  painted. 

5.  Any  copy,  representation,  or  likeness.  The 
child  is  the  image  of  its  mother. 

6.  Semblance  ;  show  ;  appearance. 

Ttio  fjc  of  liungi  &  friglitlijl  image  bc.ira.  Dryden. 

7.  An  Idea;  a  representation  of  any  thing  to  the 
mind  \  a  conception  ;  a  picture  drawn  by  fancy. 

Can  we  conceive 
Image  of  au^t  deli^iful,  aull,  or  great  f  Prior. 

8.  In  rArtortc,  a  lively  description  of  any  thing  in 
discourse,  which  presents  a  kind  of  picture  to  the 
mind.  Encye. 

9.  tn  opticsj  the  figure  of  any  object,  made  by  rays 
of  light  proceeding  from  the  several  points  of  it. 
Thus  a  mirror  reflects  the  ima^e  of  a  p?rsnn  standing 
before  it,  as  does  water  iu  a  vessel  or  stream,  when 
undisturbed. 

IM'AGB,  r.  f.    To  represent  or  form  an  image  of;  as, 
mountains  imaged  in  the  peaceful  lake. 

2,  'to  form  a  likeness  in  the  mind  by  the  fancy  or 
recollection. 

jliid  imagt  charmi  he  muai  beholJ  no  more.  Pope, 

IM'AGE-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  imaged. 
IM'A(j-£0,  pp.    Formed  intu  an  image  ;  copied  by  the 

imagination. 
IM'A6E-LKS3,  a.     Having  no  image.  SheUey. 

IM'AGK  KV,  (im'aj-ry,)  n.     Sensible  representations, 

pictures,  statues. 

Kith  carriiie*,  ponrallum,  and  magery.  Dryden. 

2.  Show ;  appearance. 

What  can  Uiy  imagery  a.nj  »omiw  mra»  f  Prior. 

3.  Forms  of  the  fancy ;  false  ideas ;  imaginary 
phantasms. 

The  imagery  of  a  meUncholk  fancy.  ^flerfrury. 

4.  Representations  in  writing  or  speaking ;  lively 
descnptiims,  which  impress  the  images  of  things  on 
the  mind  ;  figures  in  discourse. 

1  wiab  iheje  ma/  be  in  thia  puein  any  iosLince  of  p>od  imagery, 

Oryden. 

5.  ^orm  ;  make. 

IM'AGIi-WOR'^^illP,  n.     The  worship  of  images; 

idolatry. 
ni-AlS'I.N-A-nLE,   a.      [Fr.      See  Imaoise.]      That 

may  or  can  be  imagined  or  conceived.    This  point  is 

proved  with  all  imairinable  clearness. 
IM-AG'IN-A-BLV,  ado.     In  an  imaginable  manner. 
IM-AG'IN-A.NT,  a.      Imagining;    conceiving.      [JV*o( 

tM«iV.]  Bacon. 

IM  AO'IN-A-RV,  a.    Existing  only  in  Imagination  or 

fancy  ;  visionary  ;  fancied  ;  not  real. 

Imaginary  ills  and  foncietl  torlurca.  AddUun. 

Imaginary  tpuintittj ;  a  name  given  to  certain  ex- 
pre?sii>n9  that  ari:<e  in  various  algehraical  and  irigo- 
uumetrical  o|ierations,  to  which  no  value,  either  ra- 
tional or  irrational,  can  be  assigned.  Barlaw. 
IM-.\G  IN-A'TION,  n-  [L.  imagiiuitio;  Fr.  ii«a^/w- 
tun*.] 

1.  The  power  or  faculty  of  the  mind  by  which  it 
ronceivi^fl  and  forms  ideas  uf  things  communicated 
to  it  by  th'i  orcanif  of  sense.  Encyc 

Im'ijtnatiua  l  understand  to  be  the  representation 
of  an  individual  thoitghl.  Bacon. 

Our  simple  apprebeu-^ion  of  cor|>oreal  obji.-cts,  if 
presonl,  is  gcase  ;  if  absent,  is  imagination,  [concep- 
tion. J  .  QlanvUU. 

liiuiginattoa,  in  its  proper  sense,  signifies  a  lively 
con<:i-|>t)im  of  objects  uf  night.  It  is  distinguished 
from  ciiitctpiuin  as  a  p:irt  from  a  whole.  Reid. 

Tlie  buiiiness  of  conception  is  to  present  us  with  an 
exact  transcript  of  what  we  have  fult  or  purcetved. 
Dut  we  have  also  a  power  uf  moditjing  our  conct;[>- 
tiuns,  by  combining  the  parts  of  diutifcnt  ones  su  us 
to  fonu  new  wholes  of  our  own  creation.  1  shall 
emplijy  the  word  mia^inatiijn  to  express  this  power. 
I  appreh'-nd  this  to  be  the  proper  sense  of  the  word, 
if  imagination  l)e  the  pnwct  which  gives  birth  to  the 
productions  of  the  p<»t;l  and  the  puinU;r.       Stewart. 

We  would  define  iinai'ination  t »  be  tlie  will  work- 
ing on  the  materials  uf  memory  ;  not  satisfied  with 
following  the  order  pnscribed  by  nature,  or  suggest- 
ed by  accident,  it  .selects  the  parts  of  diiferciit  con- 
ceptions, or  objects  of  memory,  tu  furni  a  whole, 
mure  pleasing,  more  tumble,  or  more  awful,  than 
has  rvcr  been  pri;senled  in  the  ordinary  couriw  of  na- 
ture. '■^^-  Enujc 

The  two  latter  definitions  give  the  true  sense  of 
the  word,  ns  ni>w  understood. 

2.  r'onception  i  image  in  the  mind  ;  idea. 
Bomriipn'^i  r^spair  dirtwrna  nil  h'-r  imagination*.         Sidney. 
Hw  tmaginaoont  were  oAcn  as  )uat  u   ihcjr  were  bold  and 

Krodg.  Denni*. 

3.  Contrivuicej  ■cheme  fornaed  in  the  mind ;  de- 
Tiee. 

Tbou  hut  •ecu  aC  (brir  Tesgeaaee,  and  all  (iietr  imaginationt 
afntitat  me.  —  Lam.  IM, 


I-MA  m",      )  71. 
I-MAU.M'   5     r( 
I'MXN,       >     A 


1MB 

4.  Conceit ;  an  unsolid  or  fanciful  opinion. 

We  BT»  apl  (0  Uiink  ihnt  >p:tc><,  in  itself,  ia  RCtimlly  toiindlru ;  to 
which  imagincUion  Uie  idea  oftixice  ofiueli  Icada  ua. 

Locke. 

5.  First  motion  or  purpose  of  the  mind.     Oen,  vi. 
IM-AC'IN-A-TI  VE,  a.     [Fr.  imaginatif.] 

1.  That  forms  imaginations.  Taylor, 

3.  Full  of  imaginations  ;  fantastic.  Bacon. 

["  Milton  had  a  highly  inuigiuatit-e^  Ciwlev  a  very 
fanciful  mind."  &  T.  Cohridge,  Btug.  Lit.'\.  88.— 
E.  H.  D.] 

[See  Imagination.] 
IM-AG'IN-A-TIVE-NESS,  n.     Btate  of  being  imagin- 
ative. 
IM-AG'INE,  r.  t.     [Fr.  imajrtncr ;   Sp.  imagiiiar ;   L. 
imaginor,  from  ima^o,  image.] 

1.  To  form  a  notion  or  idea  in  the  mind  ;  tu  fancy. 
We  can  ima^^inc  the  figure  of  a  horse's  head  united 
to  a  human  body. 

[t/i  tki^  .^ense,  Fancy  is  the  more  proper  vord.'] 

2.  To  form  iileas  or  representations  in  the  miml, 
by  nuulifyingand  combining  our  conceptions.  Steipurt. 

3.  To  contrive  iu  purpose ;  to  scheme ;  to  device. 

I^ow-  long  w  ill  jre  imagine  tniachief  ngAiikst  a  man  ?  —  T».  Izii. 

IM-AG'IN'K,  f.  i.  To  conceive  ;  to  have  a  notion  or 
idea.  I  can  not  imagine  how  this  should  have  hap- 
pened. 

ni-AG'I\-KI),  pp.  or  a  Formed  in  the  mind  ;  fan- 
cied :  contrived. 

IM-AG'I.V-ER,  n.  One  who  forms  ideas;  one  who 
contrives.  Bacon. 

IM'AG-IiNG,  n.     The  forming  of  an  image.   Carfisle. 

IM'AG-ING, /»pr.  Forming  into  an  image;  depicting 
by  the  imiiginaiion. 

I51-AG'IN-liNG,n.  The  act  of  forming  images  or  ideas. 

Chanrunir. 

IM-AG'IN-ING,  ppr.  Forming  ideas  in  the  mind  ;  de- 
visin". 

I-MA  M',  )  71.  A  minister  or  priest  who  iicrforms  the 
regular  service  of  the  mosque  among  the 
Mohnmmedans. 
2.  A  Mohammedan  prinre  who  unites  in  hi?  person 
supreme  spiritual  and  tem|>oral  power;  as, the  imaum 
of  Muscat. 

IM-BALM',  I.M-RXR'GO,  IM-K.^RK',  IM-BASE'.  See 
Embalm,  Embaroo,  KMitAnit,  Emrase. 

IM-BAN',  ('.  (.  [in  and  bun.]  To  excommunicate,  in  a 
civil  si'nse  ;  to  cut  ofl^  from  the  rights  of  man,  or  ex- 
clu<le  from  thecummon  privileges  of  humanity.  [J^'ol 
teelj  anthorizeiL]  J,  liarh-w. 

IM-BA.ND',  r.  U  [in.  and  band.]  To  form  into  a  band 
or  bands. 

Een".UIi  full  ■ails  imbaniUd  uaIjoii*  ri»o.  J.  Bariow. 

IM-BAN'D'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Formed  into  a  band  or  bands. 

IM-BANK',  r.  (.  [in  and  bank.]  To  inclose  with  a 
bank  ;  to  defend  by  banks,  mounds,  or  dikes. 

IM-BANK'EI),  (im-bankt' ,);»;».  Inclosed  or  defended 
with  a  bank. 

IM-BANK'KN'G, /lyir.  Inclosing  or  surrounding  with  a 
bank. 

IM-BAXK'MENT,  n.  Tho  acl  of  surrounding  or  de- 
fending with  a  bank. 

2.  Inrlosure  by  a  bank  :  the  banks  or  mounds  of 
earth  that  are  raised  to  defend  a  place,  especially 
against  floods. 

I.M-BAN'NEU-£T),  a.    Furnished  with  banners. 

IM-BARN',  V.  L    To  deposit  in  a  barn.    [AVr  a-ted,] 

Herbert. 

IM-BAS'TARD-IZE,r.e.  To  render  degenerate.  [Obs.] 

MiUun. 

IM-BaTIIE',  f.  1.     [in  and  bathe.]    To  bathe  all  over. 

Anil  gaw  her  10  hT  ilniJ^Krra  to  iit^atht 

Iu  in^titnzd  Uvcr»  tlruweil  m  itit  a»|iliodd.  AJUton,  Comui,  r.  337. 

["  The  Word  iMRATHCtKCurs  in  our  author's  Rf/wr- 

mationi  — '  Methinka  a  sovereign  and  reviving  joy 
must  needs  rush  into  the  Ikikoui  of  him  that  reads  or 
hi'ars ;  and  the  sweet  odor  of  the  reluruiug  gospel 
imbathc  his  sotil  with  the  fragrance  of  hi;aven.'  (Prose 
fVvrkt^,  vol.  i.  p.  'J.)  What  was  eiilhuhijistn  in  most 
of  the  puritanical  writers  was  pi>etrv  in  Miliim."  T. 
tVarUiHy  Minor  Poeins  of  Milton^  p.  230.  —  K.  H.  B.] 

IM-BAf(l';';i),pp.     Bathed  all  ovt-r. 

IM-B^AI>',  V.  u  [in  and  bead,]  Tu  fasten  with  a 
bead. 

Tin:  itronr,  Wght  Itajron"!  imbetuted  tvat.  J.  Barlow. 

IM-BEAD'KI),  pp.     Fastened  with  a  bead. 
IM-BkAI)'1N0,  ppr.     Fastening  with  a  bead. 
I.M'BE-CILK,  (im'bc!-fiil  w  im-he-seel'J  it.     [U.imbecU- 

lis;  Fr.  imhreile.    This  seems  to  be  a  compound  word, 

of  which  tho  primitive,  bee,  is  not  now  to  be  found 

or  recognized.] 
Weak  ;  feeble  ;  destitute  of  strength,  either  of  body 

cr  of  miiul ;  impotent.  Bai-roto. 

IM'BE-CILE,  (im'be-sil  or  im-be-scci',)  n.    One  desti- 

tut'  of  stn-ngih,  either  of  body  or  mind. 
IM'BE-CILE,  r.L     To  weaken.     [Obs.]     Bp.  Taiflor. 
IM-BE-CIL'I-TATE,  r.  L     To  weakt-n  ;  to  renderfce- 

ble.  jj.  iViUon. 

IM-BE-CIL'I-TY,  ti.     [L.  imbeeillitas  ;  Fr.  iinhecilliti.] 
I.  Want   of    strength  ;    weakness  ;    feebleness  of 

body  or  of  mind.     Wo  speak  of  the  imbecility  of  the 

body  or  of  the  intellect,  when  either  does  not  possess 


1MB 

the  vigor  that  usually  belongs  to  men,  and  which 
is  necessarj'  to  a  due  performance  of  its  functions. 
This  may  be  natural,  or  induced  by  violence  or  dis- 
ease. 

2.  Impotence  of  males  ;  inability  to  procreate  chil- 
dren. 

IM-BED',  V  L  [m  and  bed.]  To  sink  or  lay  in  a  bed  ; 
to  place  in  a  mass  of  earth,  sand,  or  other  substance, 
Ho  as  to  be  partly  inclosed. 

IM-BEl)'DED,  pp.  or  a.  Laid  or  inclosed,  as  in  a  bed 
or  inas.s  of  surrounding  matter. 

IM-BE1)'D!XG,  ppr.    Laying,  as  in  a  bed. 

IM-UEL'Lie,  a,     [L.  in  and  bdlicus.] 

\ot  warlike  rr  martial.     [Little  vsedA       Junius, 

IM-BENCII'ING,  n.  [in  and  benck.]  A  raised  work 
like  a  bench.  ParkhursU 

IMBIBE',  V.  L  [L.  ijnbibo  ;  in  and  bibo,  to  drink  ;  Fr. 
imbihrr.  ] 

1,  To  drink  in  ;  to  absorb ;  ns,  a  dry  or  por  us  body 
imbibes  a  fluid  ;  a  sponge  imbibes  moisture. 

2,  T.I  receive  or  admit  into  the  mind  and  retain  ; 
as,  to  imbibe  principles  ;  to  imbibe  errors,  hnhtbin^  tn 
the  mind,  always  implies  retention,  at  least  for  a  time, 

3,  To  imbue,  as  used  by  Newton ;  but  he  has  not 
been  fcllowed. 

IM-BTB'A'D,  pp.  Drank  in,  as  a  fluid;  absorbed;  re- 
ceived int )  the  mind  and  retained. 

IM-IilH'ER,  n.     He  or  that  which  imbibes. 

IM-BIB'IXG,  ppr  Drinking  in;  absorbing;  receiving 
and  retaining. 

IM-UI-UI"TION,  (bish'un,)  n.    The  act  of  imbibing. 

Bacon, 

LM-BIT'TER,  v.  U     [in  and  bitter.]     To  make  bitter. 

2.  To  nnike  unhappy  or  grievous  ;  to  render  dis- 
tri'ssing.  The  sins  of  youth  oUen  imbitter  old  age. 
Grief  imbitter.^  our  enjoyments. 

3.  To  exasperate;  to  make  more  severe,  jKupnant, 
or  painful.  The  sorrows  of  true  penitence  are  imbit- 
tered  by  a  sense  of  our  ingratitude  to  our  Ahnighty 
Benefactor. 

4.  To  exasperate  ;  to  render  more  violent  or  malig- 
nant ;  as,  to  iH(Ai/(ffr enmity,  anger,  rage,  passion,  &c. 

IM-BIT'TER-£n,  pp.  or  a.  Made  unhappy  or  painful ; 

exasperated. 
IM-BIT'TER-ER,  n.    Thai  which  makes  bitter. 

Johnson. 
IM-BIT'TER-IiVG,  ppr.     Rendering  unhappy  or   dia- 

tn:ssing  ;  exasperating. 
\^\-\\0\y\'E\i,pp.  or  a.    [S^ee  Embodt.]    Formed  into 
IM-BOD'Y.     See  Emhodt.  [a  b  dy. 

IM-B'  flL',  r..  i.     To  etfervcsce  ;  to  rage.        Spenser. 
IM-BoLD'£.V,    See  Embolde:*. 
IM-BOR'DER,  V.  t.     [in  and  border.]    To  furnish  or 

inclose  with  a  border  :  to  adorn  witn  a  border. 
2.  To  termituile  ;  to  hound.  Milton, 

IM-BOR'DER-KD,  pp.  Furnished,  inclosed,  or  adorned 

with  a  bonier;  houiuk-d. 
IM-BOR'DER-ING,    ppr.      Furnishing,   inclosing,   or 

adorning  with  a  border  ;  bounding. 
IM-BOSK',  V,  t.     [It.  imboscare.     See  Bi'SH,] 

To  conceal,  as  in  bushes  ;  to  hide.  Milton. 

IM-BOSK',  V.  i.    To  lie  concealed.  Milfon. 

IM-HO'SOM,  V.  t,     [in  and  bosonu]     To  hold  in  the 

bosom  ;  to  cover  fondly  with  the  folds  of  one's  gar- 
ment. 

2.  To  hold  in  nearness  or  intimacy. 

The  f'jitnfr  itifinii", 
liy  whom  in  Hiat  inibosoined  a^t  tlie  Son.  Milton. 

3.  To  admit  to  the  heart  or  affection  ;  to  caress. 

But  glnd  d'-iirr<,  his  lute  imbosoined  giirat.  Sidney, 

A.  To  Inclose  in  the  midst ;  to  surround. 

Vin;ig''a  imboimned  njft  In  trcca.  Thomton. 

5.  To  inclose  in  the  midst;  to  cover;  as,  pearls 
rmbosnmed  in  the  deep. 

IM-B0'S0M-^:D,  pp.  or  a.  Held  in  tiie  bosom  or  to 
tlie  breast;  caressed;  surrounded  in  the  nridst ;  in- 
closed ;  covered. 

I.M-BO'SOM-I\<J,  ppr.  Holdinp  in  the  bosom  ;  caress- 
ing; holding  to  tiie  brta^t;  iuLlosing  or  covering  in 
the  mid-'t. 

IM-HOL'NI)',  V.  t.  [in  and  boiunL]  To  inclose  in  lim- 
its ;  to  shut  in.     [Little  used.]  Sfiak. 

LM-BOW,  r,  t.  [in  and  iww.J  To  arch  ;  to  vault ; 
a.A,  an  iuihi'xnnl  roof.  Milton. 

2.  To  nuike  of  a  circular  form  ;  as,  imbowed  win- 
dows. Bacon. 

IM-BOVV'A'D,  pp.  or  a.  Arched ;  vaulted ;  made  of 
a  circular  form. 

IM-BOW'KR.     See  EMnoWER. 

lM-Bf)WINO,;';)r,  Arching;  vaulting;  making  ofa 
circular  form. 

IM-BOW'MEN'I'  w.     Anarch;  a  vault  Bacon. 

IM-Bf)X',  r.  t.    To  inclose  in  a  h6x. 

IM-Bf)X'f:D,  (iui-boksi',)  pp.     Inclosed  in  a  box. 

LM-IIOX'I  NO,  ppr.     Inclosing  in  a  box. 

IM-IJIIAN"GLE,  n.  (.    To  ent;inKle.  Iludibras. 

IM-BRE1>',  pp.    Generated  within. 

IM-BREED',  r.  t.    To  generate  within  ;  to  Inbrced. 

lM-BREED'lN(;,;j;)r.    Generating  within. 

I.M'BIU  €ATE,      I  a.      [L.   imbricatus^   imbricOy   from    { 

IM'BRieA-TEn,  (      imbrrTj  a  tile.] 

I.  Bent  and  hollowed  like  a  roof  or  gutter  tUe. 


TtXE,  BI;LL,  TIMTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — C  m  K;  G  as  J ;  fl  u  Z;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


73 


577 


IMI 

Sl  In  botanf^  lyinp  over  each  oiher  in  regular  order, 
like  tiles  on  a  roof,  as  tht?  scales  on  the  cup  of  some 
acorn!) ;  overlapping  each  nih^T  p-inilUIIy  at  the  niar- 
ems,  without  oiiv  involution,  as  leaves  in  the  bnil. 

Lindtnt. 
IM-BRI-GA'TION,  n.    A  concave  imienlure,  like  that 

of  lilts;  tiling.  Derkam. 

IM-BROOL'IO,  (im-brfil'yo,)  ii.    [It.]    In  t*«  drama, 

an  tniricate,  complic-ate'd  plot. 
IM-BROWN',  r.  L    [in  and  frryiw.]    To  make  brown  i 
todrirkeii;  to  obscure, 
a.  To  darken  Ihe  color  of;  to  make  dirty. 
The  (iwt  gtwA  blick  that  wm  with  ilin  imbnwtitd,  Go)/. 

3.  To  tan  ;  to  darken  the  completion. 
IM-BRO\V.\'/:D,pf».  Made  brown  :  diirkened  ;  tinned. 
IM-BRO\VN'I\(>,  ppr.     R;indering  brown ;  darken- 
ing :  tanning. 
IM-URCE',  (ini-bru',)  r.  f.     [Gr.  cf'^lorx^i^  to  molsien  ; 
ci-  Rnd  //'if^u'.     Hence  it  ii  allied  to  embrocate^  and 
Sp.  9«K«vsr,  to  intoiicatc.    Se«  EssiBTTf  Bbook, 
and  RAiTf.] 

1.  To  wet  or  moisten ;  to  soak  \  to  drench  in  a 
fluiJ,  chiefly  in  blood. 

Wbo«e  nrrov's  in  my  (•lood  thrtr  vinri  vrhnu.  Sbtid^. 

I.i>dtH  pitj-*  the  olVintT*, 
Ttuu  would  jm6m«  Uarir  fLuiJa  iii  Ouo'b  livoA.  Adduon. 

9.  To  |iour  out  OT  distil.     [Ohs,]  Spenser, 

IM-BRPflJ,  pp.     Wet;  moistened;  drenched. 
IM-BRCIXn,  p;»r.    Wetting;  nioistf*ning;  drenching. 
IM-BRC'MK.\T,  R.    The  act  of  imbruing. 
I.M-BRCTH',  r.  (.    [in  and  hrutf.]    To  degrade  to  the 
state  of  a  brute ;  U\  reduce  lu  brutality. 

Ami  mix  wiOi  br>fii.it  tiirce 
Tbii  cwenca  u  inouiwie  itnd  iiwtmM.  MUlon. 


m-BROTB%  0.  i.    To  sink  to  the  stat«  of  a  brute. 

Tb«  Kxtl  iffowt  doued  ^  eoiiUi^ian, 

Imixytut  auil  tM6rulu.  Iii]  »!»  qiiiw  \omi 

Tim  iliviiie  propenj  ol  her  &m  iKn%g,     MStan'9  Cbmu*,  ▼.  468. 

Thus,  also^  Satan  speaks  of  the  debasement  nnd 
corruption  of  his  original  divine  essence. 

Tttia  eHrnc/- 10  incantaH  uid  im&nUt, 

Ttut  ui  th«  !iif*u  uTdn:,*  &.<>pln%l.  Parad,  Latt,  9,  16SL 

IM-BROT'ED,  pp.    Degraded  to  bniti«ni.  , 

IM-BROT'l.N'G,  mr.     Reducing  to  bruti^thness. 
IM-BCE',  (im-ba\}  r.  c.    [L.  imlms ;  i«  and  Ihe  root 

of  Eng.  buck ;  to  buck  cloth,  that  is,  to  dip,  drench, 

or  steep,  in  water.] 
1.  To  tinge  deeply ;  to  dye ;  as,  to  imbue  cloth. 

9  To  tinctnre  deeply  ;  to  cause  to  imbibe  ;  as,  to 

imfme  the  minds  vf  youth  with  gooil  principles 
IM-BP'EI),  (im-bude'.)  pp.     Tineed  ;  dyed  ;  tinctured. 
IM-BC'ING,  ppr.   Tinging;  dveing  i  tincturini; deeply. 
I.M-BC'ME\T,  ft.     A  deep  tincture. 
I.M-BITRSE',  (im-biirs',)  r.  l    [See  Brssa.]   To  supply 

mimev,  or  to  »tock  with  money,    [^ot  used.] 
IM-BURSE'ME.NT,  n.    The  act  of  supplying  money. 

-2.  Munev  laid  up  in  ntock. 
IM-BC'TIOX,  «.     Act  of  imbuing.  Lee. 

I.M-I-TA  BIL'I-TY,   n.       [See    Imitablb,   Imitatb.] 

The  qiialttv  of  being  imitable.  J^'orris. 

I.\U1-TA-BL£,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.   hnitabiJis.     See  Fmi- 

tatkJ 

1.  That  may  be  imitated  or  copied.  Let  us  follow 
our  Savior  in  all  his  imitable  conduct  nnd  traits  of 
character.  There  are  some  works  of  the  ancients 
that  are  hardly  imitable.  The  dignified  style  of 
John^'^n  is  scarcely  imitable. 

2.  Worthy  of  imitation. 

IM'I-TATE,  F.  L  [Fr.,  imitrr;  Sp.  and  Port,  imitar; 
IL  imiUire  :  L.  imittfr ;  allied,  perliaps,  to  Gr.  bpog, 
similar,  eq>tal.] 

!.  To  fi>now  in  manners ;  to  copy  in  form,  color, 
or  quality.  We  imitate  another  in  dress  or  manners ; 
we  iMttau  a  statue,  a  painting,  a  sound,  an  action, 
when  we  make  or  do  that  which  resembles  iL  \Ve 
should  seek  the  b;L-gt  models  to  itnitnte :  and,  in  mor- 
als »nd  piety,  it  is  our  dtity  to  imitate  the  example  of 
our  Savior.  But,  ns  we  can  not  always  make  an  ex- 
act itjiuilititde  '  f  the  original,  hence, 

2.  To  attempt  or  endeavor  to  ropy  or  resemble  ; 
as,  to  imitate  the  colore  of  the  rainbow,  or  any  of  the 
beaiiiipjs  of  nature.  Cicero  appears  to  have  imitated 
the  Greek  orators. 

3.  To  counterfeit. 

•hintn;  nrorl  to  vitld. 

Lhyden. 

-1.  To  pursue  the  course  of  a  composition,  so  as  to 
n«e  like  images  and  examples.  Jobneort.     Oay. 

IM'I  T.VTED,  pp.  or  a.     Followed  ;  copied. 

IM'I-TA-TI\G,ppr.     Following  in  manner;  copyitig. 

I.M-I-Ta'T10\,  a.  [Fr.^from  L.  iatitatio;  iniitor,  to  im- 
itate.] 

1.  The  act  of  following  in  manner,  or  of  copying 
in  form ;  the  act  of  making  the  similitude  of  any 
thing,  or  of  aiiempcing  a  resemblance.  By  the  imita- 
tion of  bad  men  or  of  evil  examples,  we  are  apt  to 
contract  vicious  habits.  In  the  imitUwn  of  natural 
forms  and  colors,  we  are  often  unsuccsssful.  Imita- 
tion in  music,  says  Rousseau,  is  a  r.-iteration  of  the 
same  air,  or  of  one  which  is  similar,  in  several  pan?, 


IMM 

where  it  Is  n-pcMcd  by  one  after  the  other,  either  in 
unison  or  ixt  the  distance  of  a  fourth,  a  fifth,  a  third, 
or  any  interval  whatever,  tmilatiaa  in  oratvryy  is  an 
endeavor  to  resemble  a  speaker  or  «'riter  in  the  qual- 
ities which  we  prupost  to  ourstlves  as  jtatterns. 

Encye. 

2.  That  which  is  made  or  proiluoed  its  a  copy; 
likeness ;  resemblance.  We  say,  a  thing  is  a  true 
imitation  of  nature. 

3.  A  method  01'  translating,  in  which  modern  ex- 
amples and  itlustralious  are  used  for  ancient,  or  do- 
mestic ftir  funicn,  or  in  which  the  translator  not  only 
varies  the  words  nnd  sense,  but  forsakes  them  as  he 
sees  occasion.  Johnson.     Drydeit. 

IM'l-TA  TIV'F.,  a.    Inclined  to  follow  in  manner  j  as, 
man  is  an  imiiatire  being. 

2.  Aiming  at  resemblance ;  that  is  uoed  in  the 
business  of  forming  resemblances.  Painting  is  an 
imitative  art. 

3.  Formed  after  a  model,  pattern,  or  original. 


Thb  templ^,  lt»  in  form,  »iih  rqii«l  grace. 


Drydtn. 


Imitatire  music,  is  that  which  is  intended  to  resem- 
ble some  natural  operation,  the  passions  and  the  like. 

Sasby. 
IM'I-TA-TIVE-LY,  adv.    In  an  imitative  manner." 
IM'I-TA-TOR,  «.    One  that  follows  in  manners  or  de- 
portment. 

*2.  One  that  copies,  or  attempts  to  make  tt)e  resem- 
blance of  any  thing. 
IM'I-TA-T0Il-5HIP,  n.    The  office  or  state  of  an  imi- 
tator. JlIar.<fon, 
IM-MAC'l^-LATE,  a.     [L.  immaeulatus ;  in  and  mac- 
ula, a  spot.] 

1.  Sp«>Uesg ;  pure;  unstained;  undefiled  ;  without 
blemish  ;  as,  itttmaeutate  reputation  ;  immaculate 
thouglits.  Our  Savior  has  set  us  an  example  of  an 
immaciUate  lift?  and  conversnlittn. 

S.  Pure;  limpid;  not  tinged  with  impure  matter ; 
05,  an  immacuUite  fmintain.  *  Shak 

Immaculate  conceptitfn.  The  doctrine  of  the  immac- 
ulate coacfption,  as  held  in  the  Koinan  Catholic 
church,  is  the  doctrine  that  the  Virgin  Mary  was 
born  without  original  sin.  Ifook. 

IM-MA€'r-L.\TE-LV,  adv.    With  sfmiless  purity. 
LM-MAe'C-hATE-XESS,  n.    Spotless  purity. 
IM-MAIL'£U,  a.     Wearing  mail  or  armor.    Browne. 
I.M-MAL'LE-A-BLE,o.     [mand  malleable.]     Not  mal- 
leable ;  that  can  not  be  extended  by  hammering. 

Med.  Rrpea. 
IM-MAN'A-€LE,   r.    U     [in  and   manaclf.]      To  put 
manacles  on  ;  to  fetter  or  contine ;  to  restrain  from 
free  action.  MUton, 

IM-MA.N'A-€LEn,pp.     Fettered  ;  confinL'd. 
IM-MA\'A-CLING,p;/r.     F'eitering;  conlining. 
IM-MA-NA'TION,  n.     A  tlowing  or  cntehnfj  in. 
I.M-.MA.\E',  a.     [L.  immanis.]  [Good. 

Vast;  huge;  very  great.     [Little  used.] 
IM-MA\E'LY,a£/p.     Monstrously;  cruelly.    Milton. 
I.M'MA-NEN-CV,  n.     Internal  dwelling.       Pearson. 
IM'MA-NEA'T,    a.      [L.    in    and   manens,   maneo,  to 
abide.] 

Inherent;  intrinsic;  internal.  South. 

IM-MAN'I-TY,  n.     [L.  immanitas.] 

Barbarity  ;  savageness.  Shak, 

IM-MAN'C-EL,   n.     [Heb.]      God  with  us;   a  name 

fiven  to  thn  Savior.    Matt.  i.  23. 
-MXR-CES'SI-BLE,    ».      [L.   in   and   mareesco,   to 
fade.] 

Unfading.  Diet. 

1M-MAR'TI,\L,  (im-mir'shal,)  a.     [in   and   vianiaL] 

Not  martial ;  not  warlike.  Chapman. 

IM-MASK',  p.  t.     \in  and  mask.]     To  cover,  as  with  a 

mask  ;  to  disguise.  Shak. 

IM-MASK'jED,  (im-mlskt',)  pp.    Covered  ;  masked. 
lM-MASK'l\G,ppr.     Covering;  disfjuising. 
IM-MATCH'A-BLE,  a.     That  can  not  be  matched  ; 

peerless. 
IM-MA-TE'RI-AL,  a.     [Fr.  immateriel ;  in  and  mate- 
rial.] 

1.  Incorporeal;  not  material  ;  not  consisting  of 
matter;  as,  tmina£eriu^  spirits.  I'be  mind  or  soul  is 
immaterial. 

2.  Unimportant;  without  weight;  nut  material; 
of  no  essential  consequence. 

Melmoth.     .dikin.     JTayleii,    Rufflicad. 

IM-MA-TE'RI-AI^ISM,  n.  The  dtictfine  of  the  ex- 
istence or  state  of  immaterial  substances  or  spiritual 
beings. 

I.M-MA  Te'RI-AL-IST,i».  One  who  professes  imma- 
teriality. SwifL 

IM-MA-TE-RI-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  im- 
material, or  not  consisting  of  matter  ;  destitution  of 
matter;  as,  the  immaterialitij  of  the  soul. 

IM-MA-Tk'UI-AL-IZ-£D,  a.  Rendered  or  made  im- 
material. OlanviUe. 

IM-MA-TS'RI-AL-LY,  adv.     In  a  manner  not  de- 
pending on  matter. 
2.  In  a  manner  unimportant. 

IM-M.VT£'R1-AL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  im- 
material^ immateriality. 

IM-MA-Te'RI-ATE,  n.  Not  consisting  of  matter; 
incorporeal ;  imuiaterial.     [Little  lused.]  Bacon, 


IMM 

IM-MA-TCRE',      )   a.      [L.   immalurus  ;  tn  and   ma- 
1M-MA-TCH'£1),  i        turus.] 

1  Nut  mature  or  ripe  ;  unripe  ;  that  has  not  ar- 
rived to  a  perfect  state  ;  applied  tofruiu 

2.  Not  perlect ;  not  brought  to  a  complete  stale; 
as,  immature  plans  or  counsels 

3.  Hasty  ;  too  early  ;  that  comes  before  the  natural 
time.  Taylor. 

[In  this  sense.  Premature  is  generally  used.] 
IM-MA-TCRE'LV,  adv.     Too  soiin  ;    luifore  ripeness 

or  completicm  ;  before  the  natural  time. 
IM-MA-'lTRK'XI-lSS,  i  n.      Unrijieness  ;    incompli-te- 
IM-MA-TO'RI-TV,      I      ness;  the  sLite  of  a  thing 

which  has  not  arrived  to  perfection. 
IM-.ME-A-BlL'1-TV,  n.     [L.  in  and  meo,  to  pass.] 
Want  of  power  to  pass.  ArbuthnoL 

The  proper  sense  i^,  the  quality  of  not  being  per- 
meable, or  nui  allording  a  passage  through  the  [Ktres. 

[Ltttic  used.] 
IM-ME\S'UK-.V-BLE,  (im-mezh'ur-a-bl,)  o.     [in  and 

m'a.v»rc.] 
'I'hal  tan  not  be  measured  ;  immense  ;  indefinitely 

extensive  ;  as,  an  immeasurable  distance  or  space  ;  an 

immraf-iirable  abyss.  Milton.     Jlddi.-^on. 

IM-.\IEAS'1;R-A-BLE-NESS,   «,     The  state  of  being 

incapahlftof  measure  or  measurement. 
I.\J-SIEAS':;R-A-BLV,  adv.    To  an  extent  not  to  bo 

measured  ;  immensely  ;  beyond  all  measure.  Milton-, 
IiM-MEA»'t^R-jKD,  a.     Exceeding  common  measure. 
IM-MK-CHAN'IC  AL,  a.     [in  and  mechanical.]     Not 

consonant  to  Ihe  laws  of  mechanics.     [Obs.] 

Chryne. 
IM-ME-€nAX'I€-AL-LY,  adv.    Inconsistently  with 

the  laws  of  mechanics. 
IM-Mf.'DI-A-CY,   II.      [from   immediate.]      Power   of 

aclirig  without  dependence.  ShaJc. 

IM-Me'DI-ATE,  a.     [Fr.  immcdiat;  It.  immediato i  L 

in  and  mediiis,  midille.J 

1.  Proximate;  acting  without  a  medium,  or  with- 
out the  intervention  of  another  cause  or  means  ;  pro- 
ducing its  efl"ect  by  its  own  direct  agency.  An  im- 
mediate  cause  is  that  which  is  exerted  directly  in 
producing  its  elfect,  in  opposition  to  a  mediate  cause, 
or  one  more  remote. 

2.  Not  acting  by  jtecond  causes  ;  as,  the  immediate 
will  of  God.  .abbot. 

3.  Instant;  present;  without  the  intervention  of 
time.  We  inubt  have  an  immediate  supply  of  bread  ; 
immediate  duty.  * 

tmmftinU  Bre  my  ii'Wtlt.  Shak. 

DcoUi  —  iiitUctcil  —  ly  an  imrTxediate  »iroVe.  JWi.'(on. 

IM-MlT:'0I-ATE-LY,  adv.  Without  the  intervention 
of  any  other  cause  or  event ;  opposed  to  Mediately. 

The  Ui-n^C'r,  wbfthT  sco-pt'-d  imtntdiattly  by  himitlf,  or  weeA- 
aitly  bjr  liii  agviU,  vi-ati  in  him  Uie  propeny.  Anun. 

2.  Instantly;  at  the  present  time;  without  delay, 
or  Ihp  inlerventi(m  of  time. 

And  J  fija  pul  ti-'idi  hii  haiui,  iiml  loiichfii  him,  nying,  T  will ;  be 
lii"ii  Co  nil.  Aiiti  tmm«riiaK/y  hia  Kpruay  wot  cleaiued. — 
Mrtit.  v'ii. 

IM-5IE'DI-ATE-NES3,  n.     Presence  with  regard  to 

time. 
2.  Exemption  from  second  or  intervening  causes. 
IM-.MED'I-CA-HLE,   a.       [L.    immedicabdis ;    in    and 
•medicabilis,  from  medico^  to  heal.] 

Not  tr)  be  he;iled  ;  incurable.  Milton. 

IM-MK  LO'Dl-OUS,  a.     Not  melodious.      Drummond. 
IM-iMEM'O-UA-BLE,    a.      [L.   immemorabilis ;  in  and 
memorabilia.     See  .Mkmorv.J 
Not  to  be  remembered ;  not  worth  remembering. 

Johnson. 
IM-.ME-MO'RI-AL,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  in  and  memor^ 
m,emoria.] 

Beyond  memory  ;  an  epithet  given  to  time  or  du- 
ration, &c,,  whose  beginning  is  not  remembered,  or 
can  not  be  traced  and  ascertained  ;  as,  ivhj-n  it  is 
said  a  man  has  p^.ssessed  an  estate  in  fee  from  time 
immemorial,  or  time  out  of  mind.  Such  possession 
constitutes  prescription,  or  prescriptive  right.  So  we 
Pi)eak  of  immemorial  use,  custom,  or  practice.  In 
Kn^land,  a  thing  is  said  to  be  immemorial,  when  it 
commenced  before  the  reign  of  Edward  II. 
IM-ME-MO'RI-AL-LY,  ode.     Beyond  memory. 

Brntley. 
IM-MENPE'.  o.     [Fr.,  from  L.  immen^sus ;  in  and  men- 
sus,  metior,  to  measure.] 

1.  Unlimited  ;  unbounded  ;  infinite. 

O  goodiifw  infinitt;  [   goodness  immtnitt  Milton. 

2.  Vast  in  extent ;  very  great ;  as,  an  immense  dis- 
tance. 

3.  Huge  in  bulk  ;  very  large  ;  as,  the  immense  body 
of  Jupiter. 

IM-MENSE'LY,  adv.  Infinitely;  without  limits  or 
2.  Vastly  ;  very  greatly.  [measure. 

IM-MENSE'NESS,  n.  Unbounded  extent  or  great- 
ness. 

IM-MENS'I-TY,  n.  Unlimited  extension  ;  an  extent 
not  to  be  measured  ;  infinity. 

Bj  ihr  power  we  find  in  ourarlve*  of  rrpeatin^,  aa  ofien  u  we 
will,  KDj  idea  of  ipk^e,  we  gel  Uie  Klem  of  tmmmnsitu. 

2.  Vasfncss  in  extent  or  bulk  ;  creatness. 
I.M-MEN-SU-RA-BIIVI-TY,  n.     [from  immensurable.] 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WIJAT  —  MiiTE,  EfifiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQ<?K.— 


IMM 

The  quality  of  not  being  capable  of  measure;  im- 
pussioiliiy  lo  be  mL-asurcU. 
IM-MEN'SU-RA-BLE,   a.      [L.   m  ami   mensurabUis^ 
from  mntiura^  measure  ;  mensvs,  mettor.] 

Not  to  be  measured ;  immeasurable. 

The  Uw  ornaiure  —  «  Wnn  ofimmetuurabie  extent.      Ward. 

IM-MF.N'SL'-RATE,  a.     Unmeasured.     fV.Mouvta^. 
I.M-MEK6E',  (im-merj',)  r.  L     [L.  immergo  ;  in  and 
mprj/«,  to  plunge.] 

1.  'I'o  phtrig©  mto  or  under  a  fluid.  [See  Im- 
merse, wliicli  is  generally  used.] 

2.  r.  I.  To  disappearby entering  into  any  medium, 
as  into  the  light  of  the  sun,  or  the  shadow  uf  the 
earth. 

IM-.MERG'ED,  Cim-merjd',)  pp.     PhinR''d  into. 
I  M  -MHRO'ING,  ppr.     Entering  or  plunging  into. 
IM-MEK'IT,  H.     Want  of  worth.     [.Vut  used.] 
l.M-MER'LT-ED,  a.     Unmerited.     [JVot  used.] 
l.M-.MER'IT-OUS,  a.     Undeserving.     [JVot  iwfrf.l 

Miuon. 
I.M-MERSE',  (im-mers',)  v.  t.     [h.  immersusy  from  ini- 
mervo  ;  in  and  mergo^  to  piling*;.] 

1.  To  put  under  water  or  other  fluid  ;  to  plunge; 
to  dtp. 

•2.  To  sink  or  cover  dc^p  ;  to  cover  wholly  ;  an,  to 
be  immer.<eet  in  a  wood.  Ornden. 

3.  To  phinge  ;  to  overwhelm  ;  to  involve ;  to  en- 
gage deeply ;  a?,  lo  hnmn-.<«  in  business  or  cares. 

U  b  intpoantilc  ^>r  a  nimi  (o  hjvc  n  \\ie\j  hOf  in  nnotlier  life, 
BntJ  f  •!(  be  Akc^J  immerted  iu  Uie  enJtiyuiCnt  of  this. 

AtUrhtiry, 

IM-MER.SE',  a.     Buried  ;  covered  ;  nunk  deep. 

I.M-MER.S'/:!),  (im-merst',)  pp.  Fut  into  a  fluid; 
phitiged  ;  deeply  enpraged  ;  C(mce:iled  hy  entering 
into  any  medium,  as  into  the  light  of  the  sun,  ur  the 
?lia(l<nv  of  Hie  earth. 

IM-MKKS  I.\(J,  ppr.  Plunging  into  a  fluid  ;  dipping; 
'ivrrwh'liniiig  ;  deeply  engaging, 

IMMEK'^IO.X,  n.    The  act  of  piittini?  into  a  fluid  be- 
low the  surface;  the  act  of  ptun~ing  into  a  Iluid 
till  covered. 
S.  The  state  of  sinking  into  a  fluid. 

3.  The  state  of  being  ovpL-rwhclm^I  or  d-eply 
engaged  ;  as,  an  immtrvion  in  the  utfair^  of  life. 

Jitterbunj. 

4.  In  agronomy,  the  disappearance  of  a  crlestinl 
boily  bv  enieiing  into  any  nudiuin,  as  into  the 
light  of  the  »un,  or  llie  >h;idiiw  cf  the  eaith,  o[>- 
posed  to  Emersion.  Ofm.^lrd. 

IM-MESir,  r.  u  [in  and  mesh.']  To  entangl.*  iu  the 
meshes  of  a  net,  or  in  n  web.  Oliserve  whethtr  the 
fly  IB  roni;^i'tely  imme.-iiied.  The  spider  used  his 
elTtrtt  to  tmfne.sk  the  Ncorpion.  Guldsmit'i. 

IM-ME.Sir/;i),(iui-mc3lit',)pp.    Euungled  in  uieshe^ 

or  W'll;;. 

IMM  E^FI'INO,  ppr.     Entangling  in  meshes  or  webs. 
1  M-ME-TlHiO'ie-AL.  a.     [tn   and   mctJiodieuL     See 

Mi:th'>o.] 

Having  no  metliod  ;  xvithout  systematic  arrange^ 

nicnt ;  wilboul  order  or  regularity  ;  confused. 

IM-ME-THOD'ie-AL-LY,   <w/c.      Without    order    or 

rt'giilar)tv  ;  irn-gularlv. 
IM-ME-THOD'ie-AL-NE.S.^,   n.     Want   of   method; 

confusiim. 
liI'MMJUA.NT,  n.     A  perstin   that    removes   into  a 

country  for  the  purpiise  r»f  (vrrmanent  residence. 
IM'.MI-GRA'i'E,  r.  ».     [1*.  itnmijrroi  in  and   mi;fTUf  lo 

mignite.] 
'i'o  remove  into  a  country  for  tlie  purjKxe  of  per- 

m:in<-nt  re-idencc.     [Sc-e  Emk.rate.]         Briknap. 
IM-.MI-fiRA'TI<>.\,  n.     The  px^sing  or  n-nioving  mto 

a  country  r>r  the  purpose  of  perinair-ni  res^d^'nco. 
IM'MI-.NENCE,  n.     [L.  immincntuiy  imminea^  tu  hang 

over.] 

Prttpn-hr,  a  hanging  over,  but  used  by  8hakspeare 

for  itnp^nding  evil  or  danger.     I  Little,  n-ieil.] 
I5I'.MI-\ENT,  d.    [L. 'fArMr'i/'f).«,trom  i/nmineu,  to  hang 

over  ;  in  and  minor,  to  threalt-ii.     See  .Me>(ace.] 
LittralUj,   shooting  over;    hence,  hanging  over; 

imp<^nding  \    threatening  ;    n*^r  ;    appearing    as    if 

about  tn  fall  on  \    uned  o/  erih ;   n^,  inimiiiettt  dan- 
ger; i>nmt/t/-/it  Judgments,  evils,  ur  death. 

Jluuktr.     Milton. 
IM'Ml  NEXT-LV,  ade.     Impendingly  ;  threateningly. 
n!-MIN"OLE,  V.  t.     [in  and  iitingtc.]    To  iniugle  -,  to 

mix  ;  to  unit*^  with  numb  rs.  TAoinjiun. 

IM  MI.\"f;Li.;i).  pp.     .Mix'd;  mingled. 
I  M-MIN"fiLING,  ppr.     Mixing;  mingling. 
IM-MI-.\C'TK)\,  n.     [L,  imminutiuf  imminuo  ;  in  and 

miniiif,  to  lessen.! 

A  lessening:  (f'>minution  ;  decrease.  Jtaij. 

ni  MIi*-CI-Hir/l-TY,n.     [L.  immLiceoi  i/iand  r/iwceo, 

to  mix.} 
Incapacity  of  being  mixed. 
I.M  MIM'CI-BLE,  a-     [in  and  mucible.]     Not  capable 

of  bfMug  mixed.  Jlrd.  Jtepos. 

I.VI-MIS'SIO.N,   (im-misb'un.)   n.      [U  immiajiOf   im- 

mitto;  in  and  mittv,  to  tend.] 
The  act  of  sending  or  thrusting  in;  ftijcction ; 

contrary  to  Rmissiotc, 
IM-Mll*',  e.  I.    [L.  immitto ;  in  and  mi'tfo,  to  nend.1 
To  wnd  in  ;  to  inject.  Oreenhul. 


IMM 

IM-.MIT'I-GA-BLE,  fl.     [in  and  mitigate]     That  can 

not  be  mitig!ited  or  appeased.  Ilarrin. 

IM-.MIT'IGA-BLY,  adv.     in  an  immitigable  mauatr. 
[M-MIT'TED,  pp.     Sent  in  ;  injected. 
IM-MIT'TING,  ppr.     Sending  in  ;  injecting. 
IM-MIX',  r.  t.     [ill  and  mix.]     'I'o  mix  ;  to  mingle. 
I.M01IX'A-BLE,  a.    Not  capable  of  being  mixed. 

iVilkins. 
IM-MIX'ED, 
IM-MIXT' 


Unmixed. 


Herbert. 


IM-MI.X'IXG,m»-.     .Mingling. 

IM-.MO  BIL'I  TY,  n.     fFr.  immobility;  L.  immobilitiMy 
from  immobilis;  in  ana  f/ioiitt.*,  from  mocM,  to  move.] 
Unmovableness ;  fixedness  in  place  or  state;  re- 
gistance  to  motion.  ArbuthnoL 

IM-.^IOD'ER-A-CY,  n.     Excess.  Brown. 

IM-MOD'ER-ATE,  a.  [L.  immodtratiis ;  in  and  mod- 
traliLs.     See  .Moderate.] 

Exceeding  just  or  usual  bounds;  not  confined  to 
suitable  limits  ;  excessive;  extravagant;  unreasona- 
ble ;  as,  immoderate  demands ;  immi>derate  passions, 
cares,  or  grief. 

IM-MOD'ER-ATE-LY,  adv.  Excessively  ;  to  an  un- 
due degree  ;  unreasonably  ;  as,  to  weep  immoder- 
ateliu 

IJl-.MOD'ER-ATE-NESS,  n.      Excess  ;  extravagantie. 

Shelf ord. 

IMMOD-ER-A'TION,  n.  Excess;  want  of  modera- 
tion. Hammond. 

IM-MOD'EST,  a,  FFr.  immode.'ite:  L.  immode^tm  ;  in 
and  modtiftusy  modest.    See  the  latter.] 

1.  Literally,  not  limited  to  due  bounds.  Hence, 
in  a  general  «mj;e,  immoderate ;  exorbitant;  unrea- 
sonable ;  arrogant. 

2.  ^ppropritUelijt  wanting  in  the  reserve  or  restraint 
which  decency  reipiires ;  wanting  in  decency  and 
delicacy.  It  is  immudct  to  treat  superiors  with  the 
fiuiilinrily  that  is  customary  among  equals. 

3.  Wanting  in  cltostity;  unchaste;  lewd;  as,  an 
itnmude^-'t  female. 

4.  Impure;  indelicate;  as,  an  immot/Mt  thought. 

5.  Objieene  ;  as,  an  imnwdesl  word.  [Dnjden. 
IM-MOD'EST-LY,  ti'ir.     Without  duo  reserve;  iiide- 

cenlly  ;  UTU-hoitely  ;  obscenelv. 
I51-M(.iI)'ES-TY,  «.     [L.  immode^tia.] 

1.  Want  of  nnnlesty  i  indecency;  uncha^tlty, 

2.  W;iul  of  delicacv  or  decent  reserve. 
IM'MO-LATE,  B.U     [i^r.  imtnule.r:  L.  imnwlo,  to  sac- 
rifice ;  in  uitd  mrlu,  itteal  sprinkled  with  salt,  which 
wa^  thrown  on  the  bend  of  the  victim.] 

1.  Tu  sacrifice  ;  to  kill,  as  a  victim  uflered  in  sac- 
riflce.  Bvijle. 

S.  To  olTcr  in  sacrifice. 

N^w  i'liinolate  tbr  k>i){uea  anit  mix  Ui?  wine.  Pope, 

IM'MO-LA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Sacriticed  ;  offered  in  sac- 
rifice. 

Krom  Ovr  tMiie  altar  on  which  ih"  tni.TlI  txwt  shjfl  b^  immofa- 
ted,  wilt  rue  Ut^  sh.uIm  of  ■■tcrilicc^i  (iU.-n/,  uiil  d>-i|kjii4iil 
ni'i*t  be  the  Urc;i>ll'iil  aiicccwor.  U.  7Vacy, 

I.M'MO-LA-TlNO,  ppr.  Sacrificing;  offering,  as  a 
vtetiin. 

I.>I-MU-LA'TIO\,  n.     The  act  of  sacrificing.  Brvton. 
•2.  A  sacrifice  otTcred. 

IM'MO-L.\-T(>R,  w.     One  who  offers  in  sacrifice. 

I.M-MOl'U',  v.L     To  Hxild  into  shape;  to  form. 

Fietrhrr. 

IM-MALD'ED,  pp.     Molded  into  nhape. 

1M~M6L1)'J\G,  ppr.     M.'Iding  into  shape. 

IM-.\ir)'MK.\  r,  a.     Trifling.     [JVy(  Enjiiuh.]     Rhak. 

IM-MO -MENT'OUS,  a.     Uniinporiant.  Seward. 

l.\l-MOR'AL,  a.  [in  and  moral.]  Inconsistent  with 
morU  rectitude  ;  contrary  ^t  the  moral  or  diviii'>  law  ; 
wicked  ;  unjust ;  dishonest';  vicious.  Every  action 
is  immoral  which  cimiraveni-s  any  divine  precept,  or 
which  is  contrary  to  the  duties  which  men  owe  to 
each  i>thi!r. 

a.  Wicked  or  unju-'t  in  practice  ;  vicious;  dishon- 
est; as,  an  immoral  man.  Every  man  who  violates 
a  divine  law  or  a  social  duly  is  imrmrral :  but  we  par- 
ticularly apply  the  term  tu  a  pen*on  who  habitually 
\')ol.ites  the  lawii. 

IM-M(>-RAli'!-TV*,  n.  Any  act  or  practice  which 
contravenes  the  divine  commands  or  the  s<>cial  duties. 
Injuiitice,  dishonesty,  fraud,  slander,  pr(>fanfness, 
gurniiig,  intem(tcrance,  lewdness,  are  immoralities. 
All  crimes  are  immoralities ;  but  crime  expriMaes 
more  tiinri  immorality, 

IM-MOR'ALLY,  o//».  Wickedly;  viciously;  in  vio- 
lation of  law  or  duty. 

IM-.\I0-RK";'ER.0U8,  a.     [Low  L.  i^m&rign;] 

Rude  ;  uncivil.  Slackhouse. 

IM-MO-RlCi'ER-OUS-NESS,  n.  Rudeness;  disoUe- 
di.-nee.  Bp.  'Patilor. 

IM-Mull'TAL,  a.     [U  immortally.     S^-e  Mortai',.] 

1.  Having  no  principle  of  altrraliun  or  corruption  ; 
exempt  from  death  ;  Imving  life  or  being  that  shall 
never  end  ;  as,  an  immortal  soul. 

VaUt  litr  King  ttirndl,  iramortal,  invfall'lr,  tlie  onlj  wUc  God, 
be  ivinur  «»'!  g!"ry  Iijp.'*it.  —  I  Tim.  i. 

2,  Connected  with,  or  terminating  in  immortality  ; 
never  to  ceoae  ;  as,  imnwrtal  hopes,  desires,  &c. 

I  bare 

tmmorlal  luiiglHjrs  in  nic.  8hnk. 


IMM 

3.  Perpetual ;  having  unlimited  existence.  A  cor- 
poration is  called  an  immortal  being. 

4.  Destined  to  live  in  all  ages  of  this  world  ;  im- 
perishablt; :  as,  i.'fimoreo/ fame.  'So  Homer  is  called 
the  imimirtal  bard. 

IM-MOR'TAL,  ».     One  who  is  exempt  from  death.    , 
IM-MOR  TAL'I-TY,  n.     The   quality  vf  never  cea* 
ing  to  live  or  exist ;  exemption  from  deatli  and  anni- 
hilation ;  life  destined  to  endure  without  end  ;  as, 
the  immortality  o(  the  human  soul. 

Jeaud  Chrisi,  wha  hAih  abolislinl  U'>^ith,  ami  h.Vh  brought  life  and 
vnmortaiity  to  li^lit  ilitungli  ihi*  gutpul.  —  'i  Tim.  i. 

2.  Exemption  from  oblivion. 

3.  Perpetuity  ;  existence  not  limited ;  as,  the  im- 
mortality of  a  cormiration.  J.  Marshall. 

IM-MOR-TAL-I-ZA'TION,  n.     The  act  of  immor- 

tali/inir. 
IM-MOR'T.\L-IZE,  r.  L     [Fr.  immortalizer  j  Sp.  im- 
mortalizar,] 

1.  To  render  immortal ;  to  make  perpetual ;  to 
cause  to  live  or  exist  while  the  world  shiill  endure. 
The  Ili:id  has  immortaliied  the  name  of  Homer. 

Alexander  li.\J  no  Ilotiier  to  imirwrtaJizt  hia  j^iiiltv  ii:iiii», 

T.  IMief. 

2.  To  exempt  from  oblivion  ;  to  make  [)erpL-iual. 
IM-MOR'TAL-IZE,  o.  (.     To  butome  immortal.    [JVot 

in  itgr.]  Pope. 

IM-MOR'TAL-IZ-£I),pp.  Rendered  immortal  or  per- 
petual. 

IM-MOR'TAL-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Making  iramortal  or  per- 
petual. 

IM-MOR'TAL-LY,/irfc.  With  endless  existence  ;  with 
exemption  fTniii  death. 

IM-MOK-TI-FI-eA'TIOX,  n.  [in  and  mort(t!cation.] 
Want  of  subjection    f  the  passiou''.       Bp.  Pmihir. 

IM-MOV-A-Bll.'l-TY,  7(.  Steadfastness  thai  can  not 
be  moved  <tr  r^haken. 

IM-MOV'.-\-l{LE,  «.     [\n  TiwA  movable.]     That  ran  not 

be  moved  from  its  place  ;  as, an  immoeaft/efoundatiuu. 

2.  Not  to  be   moved  from  a  purpose  ;   steadfast ; 

fixed  ;  that  can  not  be  induced  to  change  or  alter  ;  as, 

a  ni;m  who  remains  immovable.. 

H.  That  can  not  be  altered  or  shaken  ;  unalterable  ; 
unchangeable  ;  as,  an  im»H(iiv(WepurjK>seor  re*iolution. 

4.  Tliat  can  not  be  aflT.-cted  or  moved  ;  not  impres- 
sible ;  not  susceptible  of  compassion  ur  tend.'r  feel- 
ings; unfeeling.  Dnjden. 

5.  Fixed  ;  not  liable  to  be  removed  ;  permanent  in 
place  ;  as,  immovable  estate.       Blackstone..     ^ifliffe. 

(•■.  Not  to  be  shaken  or  agitated. 

IM-MOV'A-LLE-KEriS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  im- 
movr.lile. 

IM-MOV'A-HLES,(-blz,)n.p/.  In  ^aw,  the  opposite  of 
Movables;  things  which  can  not  be  IjgnUy  taken 
away,  in  Icnvmg  a  house,  farm,  &.c.  Biwricr. 

IM-MCY'.A  ULY,  ade.  In  a  manner  not  to  be  moved 
fn-.m  its  place  or  purpose  ;  or  in  a  manner  not  ttt  be 
shaken  ;  unalterably  ;  uuchanirealdy.  Immovably  firm 
to  their  duty  ;  irhmorabhf  fixed  or  eslablislied.  % 

IM-.MUNI)',  a.     [L,  immundiis.] 

Unclean.  Burton. 

IM-MUN-Dlf"|-TY,  n.     Uncleanness.       Mouutagn, 

I.M-,M0'N1-TY,  n.  [Fr.  immunitc;  L.  iminunila.^,  from 
immunise  free,  exempt;  in  and  munuj,  charge,  oflice, 
duty.] 

1.  rr.-erlom  or  exemption  from  ohligalion.  To''bo 
exempted  fn>ni  observing  the  riles  or  duties  of  the 
ciiurch,  is  an  immunity. 

2.  Exemption  fViim  any  charge,  duty,  (tflice,  tax, 
or  imposition  ;  a  particular  privilege  ;  as,  tho  immnut- 
tie-f  of  the  free  cities  of  Gcriiiany  ;  the  irnmiuiities  of 
the  clergy. 

X  Freedom  ;  as,  an  imrnHnitij  from  error.  Drydrn^ 
IM  MORE',  V.  t.  [.Norm.  cfUMurrcr,  to  wall  in;  Sw. 
mrnMm,  L.  in  and  mumn,  a  wall.] 

1.  Tu  inclose  wittiin  walls  ;  to  shut  up  ;  to  confine  ; 
B",  to  immnre  nuns  iu  cloisters.  The  student  immurc4 
himself  voluntarily. 

'2.  To  wall ;  to  surround  wit^  walls. 

I.;«ini.ich'ia  imtnurtd  il  with  «  WkU.     [Not  U4uai.\     Stirufyg. 

3.  To  iniprisnn.  Denham, 
IM-MTRF/.  ;i,    A  wall ;  an  lnrlo9ur«.    [J^ot  «.«//.} 
IM-Mf  R'a;1»,  pp.    Confined  within  walls.         [Shak. 
IM-MPK'ING,  ppr.     Confining  within  walls. 
IM-MO'Sie-AL,  a.     [in  and   ittu^itaU     Nut  musical; 

inbarmottiutis  ;  not  accordant ;  har^li.  Baron,  Broicn. 

IM-MU-TA-UIL'I-TY,  n.  [Ft.  iwibutnbilit^  :  \..  immu- 
tabHiUu* ;  in  and  mutnbilis,  mutable,  from  muto,  to 
change.  ] 

Unchangeableness  ;  the  quality  that  render*  change 
or  altemtion  impossible  ;  iuvariubleness.  hnintUabU- 
ity  is  an  attribute  of  God. 

IM-MO'TA-BIiR,a.    [L.  immui^ibilis  i  in  and  miUabiH-t.] 
Uncliangealile  ;  invariable  ;  untdterable  ;  not  capa- 
ble or  susceptible  of  change. 

Ttwl  by  two  iwmwWA.'i  iliinga,  in  wh'ch  it  wni  ]mp™»»n>l-  Tor 
(fOtl  10  ti>;,  W<r  irii|^til  twre  MTon%  cmisolnlion.  —  Hrb.  vi. 

IM-MC'TACLE-NESS,  n.      Unchaiigeable»es»  ;  iiR- 

mutability. 
IM-MO'T.\-BLY,  ailv.     Unchangeably  ;  urtaltrrahly  ; 

invariably  ;  In  a  mnoncr  that  admits  of  no  change. 

Boyle. 


TONE,  B!;LL,  TJXITE,— AN"0ER,  VI"C!0US.  — e  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CII  as  SHj  TH  as  in  THIS. 

-=— ^.=^—  — _    -  .  .      ,^  ^^ 


IMP 

IM-MC'TATE,  a.     [L.  immiitatus.^ 

l'iirIi:inE'Ml.  Let. 

IM-MU  Ta'TIOX,  h.     [L.  hiwntmio.] 

t'hTtnee;  alleration.  More, 

I.M-.\!C*1'K'»  V.  u     To  ctiaiige  or  alter.  Salketd. 

IMP,  tt.     [VV.  imp^  a  shoot  or  cion^  Sw.  ym;i,  Dan. 
y«W,  id.] 

I.  A  Bon  ;  offspring;  progeny.    [O&j.] 


The  lendT  imp  vom  wrraued. 
A  latt  of  Hie,  oit  imp  ofSame. 


Fhii 


irfits, 

9.  A  siiballcrn  or  puny  devil.      Hooker,    Milton. 

f**  Imp,  an  addition  to  a  bee-hive  ;  also,  one  length 
of  hfiir  twilled,  as  f  )nning  pan  of  a  fi^hing-iine." 
J.  T.  Brockettj  Glossary  of  AVrtA  Country  H'urJSf  2d 
edit.  p.  Ifrl.— E.  H.  B.I 
I.MP,  r.  r.  [W.  impmie,  G.  impfM^  Sw.  ympa,  Sax.  im- 
^/i.  Dun.  ymper,  10  ingrall ;  D.  e«(,  a  graft  ;  enUit,  to 
ingraft.] 

1.  To  craft.  Cffttucfr, 

Q.  To  Itnjtthen  i  to  extend  or  enlar:*e  by  sonicthini; 
inserted  or  added ;  a  term  originally  used  by  filcon- 
ers,  who  repair  a  hawk's  wing  by  adding  feathers. 

Imp  mil  OUT  iiwifin^  CQ*uitry\  brok'?n  uinfr^  Shak, 

Tli*-  f.tls^  tunih  disptiiy* 
n«r  Irokfni  league  u>  imp  hi>r  »-T]>eij(  nin^  MUton, 

[This  verb  is,  I  believe ^  used  only  in  portrn,] 
[in/aleoHry^  to  imp  a  fi-aih^r  in  a  hawk's  wiRg,  Is 
to  add  a  new  piece  to  a  mutilated  stump,  from  the 
Sax.  imparl^  to  ingraft.  Sppiuier.] 

IM-J'A  GA  RLE,  a,     [L.  in  and  paeo,  to  npptase.] 

Not  to  bf  appeased  or  qiiiuitd.  Spetijier, 

IM-PA'CABLY,  adc.    In  a  manner  not  admitting  of 

being  appeased. 
IM-P.\eT',  r.  L    [L,  impaauSf  from  impingo;  in  and 
pangoy  to  drive.] 

To  drive  close;  to  press  or  drive  firmly  together. 

t^'oi'ilifa  rU. 

IMTACT,  n.    Touch  ;  impression.  Dancin. 

2-  Iq  lUftAanic.!,  the  single  instantaneous  blow  or 
stroke  communicated  from  one  body  in  mi>Iion  to 
anollier  t  iiher  in  motion  or  at  rest.  Bariov>. 

IM-PACT'ED,fp.  Driven  hard  ;  made  cl*>*e  by  driv- 
ing. H'imdicttri}, 

IM-PAGT'I.VG,  Tpr.    Driving  or  pressing  f  l»i<f. 

IM-PAIXT',  F.  L    To  paint  ^  to  adum  with  colors. 

SAak. 

IM-PAINT'ED, pp.    Ornamented  with  colore. 

I.M  PACXT'ING,  «»r.    Adorning  with  cnlir.^ 

IM-PXIR',  r.  L  [r  r.  empirer  ;  >p,  empmrar  ;  Pnrt,  em- 
pciarttr^  from  pewr^  Worse,  Sp,  peer,  Fr.  ;/rrf,  fmm  L. 
p^or.} 

1.  To  make  worse  ;  to  diminish  in  quantity,  value, 
or  excellence.  An  estiite  y  iinpaimi  by  cMrivaganre 
or  neglect.  The  profiigTile  impair.*  his  eviate  and  his 
reputation.     Imprudence  iiapnir^  «  nun's  uscfulnr^s. 

2.  To  Ifssen  in  power;  to  weaken  ;  to  enfei-ble. 
The  constitution  is  impairrd  by  internfieraure,  by  in- 
firmity, and  by  age.  The  ft-rre  of  evid-ncc  mny  be 
impiiirai  by  tile  suspicion  of  int^rrsi  in  the  witne>^ 

IM-PAIR',  r.  i.    To  be  lessened  or  wum  ouL     [LUtle 

uMdA  Spender. 

IM'PAiR,  a.     [L.  tmpar^  unequal.] 

1.  Cnsuilable.    [ObsJ]  Shak. 

2,  In  cnf-ttaiiegraphVi  a  term  applied,  by  IliiUy,  lo 
cry^als  whose  sides  and  sumniiu  have  ntit  the  same 
nun)ber  of  faces-    [Di^u.^ed.] 

IM-PAIR',  )  n.    Diniinurion  :  decrease  ;  injnrv, 

IM-PAIR'.ME.\T,  \      [^rot  W.W.J  Broir.,. 

IM-PAIR'£1J,  pp.  or  a.  Diminished  ;  injured  ;  weak- 
ened. 

IM-PIIR'ER,  H     He  or  that  which  impair^. 

IVarburton. 

IM-PAIR'I\G,p;»r.  Making  worse;  lessening;  injur- 
ing; enfeebling. 

IM-PAL'A-TA-BLE,  a.     Unpalatable.     [Litde  used,] 

IM-PALE',  r.  (.    [L.  in  and  pahiSy  a  pole,  a  sLikc] 

1.  To  fii  on  a  slake ;  to  put  to  death  by  fixing  on 
an  upright,  sharp  staXe.     [See  Empale.1 

2.  To  inclose  with  stakes,  posts,  or  palisades. 

3.  In  heraldry,  to  join  two  coats  of  anns  pale-wise. 

Encyt. 
IM-PALE'MENT,ii,  The  act  of  inclosing  or  surround- 
ing with  ^Likes.     [Rare,]  .MCUm 

2.  A  punishment  formerly  used  by  the  Turks  and 
other  nations,  which  consisted  in  thrusting  a  slake 
through  the  fundament  into  the  body,  and  thus  Ifuv- 
ing  the  victim  to  a  linsering  death.  *  Brande, 

3.  In  hrraldry^  the  division  of  a  shield  pnle-wifte. 
IM-PAL'LID,  r.  i.    To  make  pallid  or  pale.     [A'ut  in 

«"'-!  Felthanu 

IM-PALM',  (iro-piin',)  v.  U     [\^  m  and  palma,  the 

hand.] 

Ti.  grTLop ;  lo  Like  in  the  hand.  J.  Barhm. 

IM-PAL-P.\-BIL'I  TY,  n.     The  quality  of  not  being 

palliable  ur  perceptible  by  the  touch.  Jortiiu 

I.M-PA1.'PA-BLE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  in  and  palpo,  to 

foel.     See  Pali-aple.T 

1.  Not  lo  be  fell ;  that  can  not  be  perreived  bv  the 

touch  ;  a.<«,  an  impaipabU  powder,  whose  ^ns.  are  go 

minute   that  tlR-y  can  not  be  disiingiiished  by  the 

senses,  particularly  bv  feeling.  Encyc 

f  *f  u*.  ^li  y^V^  °'  ^^"^'  Warton. 

IM-PAL  PA  BLY,  ado.    In  a  manner  not  to  be  felt. 


IMJP 

IM-PAL'SI^D,  (-poI'zid,)p;>.    Struck  with  patsy. 

IM  PAI/SV,  (pol'se,)  r.  e.  [m  and  puUij.]  To  strike 
with  lalsv  ;  lo  paralyze  ;  lo  d«>ndi'n. 

IM  P.VL'SV-ING,  ppr.    Affeciing  with  paNy, 

IM'PA-.NATE,  a.     [L.  in  and  panis,  bread.] 

EmlKMiied  in  bread.  Cranmer. 

IM'PA-NATE,  p.  t    To  embody  with  bread. 

IVatcrland. 

IM'PA-N.VTED,;y.     Embodied  in  bread. 

IM'PA-NA-TING, ppr.    Embodying  in  bread. 

IM-P.\-.\A'TION,  n.  The  supiK)S(d  nal  presence  and 
union  of  Christ's  material  lK«ly  niul  blood  with  iho 
substance  of  bread,  in  the  eucharist.  Ru()ert  of 
DiiytK,  in  the  twelrth  century,  proposed  this  modi- 
fication of  the  doctrine  of  irnnsubstatHiation.  He 
supposed  the  Messiah  assumes  the  bread  in  the  eu- 
charin,  just  as  he  assumed  hurnrin  nature  ut  his  in- 
carnation, i.  e.,  by  a  union  of  ilie  two  natures,  with- 
out any  change  of  eillier.  Lut!itr*s  doctrine  of  con- 
fubsfantiatiun  was  understood,  by  both  Papists  and 
the  Reforiuf  d,  to  be  the  same  with  impaltation. 

MurJock, 

I.M-PAX'NEL,  tj.  L  [in  and  panel.}  To  write  or  enter 
the  names  of  a  jury  in  a  livt,  or  on  a  piece  of  parch- 
nitnt,  called  a  pinel;  to  form,  complete,  or  enroll  a 
list  III"  jurors  in  a  court  of  justici-. 

IM-PAN'NEL-KD,  pp.  Having  the  names  entered  In 
a  iian''l ;  furmed,  as  a  jur>'. 

IM-PA.\'\EL-IXG,  ppr.  Writing  tlie  names  on  a  pan- 
el ;  forming,  as  a  jury* 

IM-PAR'A-DISE,  r.  (.  [It.  imparadisare ;  in  and  para- 
dL>e.] 

To  piit  in  a  place  of  supreme  felicity  ;  to  make  per- 
fectly happy. 

I.MPAR'A-I)IS-M>,  pp.  Placed  in  a  condition  rcaem- 
hlina  ch.1t  of  paradise  ;  m:idc  iM-rfectly  happy. 

IV-PAR'A-DIS-!NG,  ppr.     Making  i>effectlv  happy. 

IM-PAR'AULEI^iTD,  a.     Unparalleled.     [IVot  used.] 

Sumrt. 

I.M  PAR-.V8YL-LAB'ie,  a.     [L.  in,  par^  and  .■'i/lluba.] 

N'ut  consisting  of  an  equal  number  of  syllables. 

An  impani.tvUabic  noun  is  one  which  has  nut  the 

«ame  number  of  syllables  in  all  Ihe  cases  ;  as,  lapis, 

Inpiditi  mens,  mentis.  Bryant. 

1M-PAR'D0.\-A-DLE,  a.    Unpardonable.        &.iiM. 

LM-PAR'I-TY,  n.     Un  and  parity;  I*  par^  equal.] 

1.  Ineipiality;  dispriiportion.  Bacon. 

2.  Oddne^-s  ;  imlivisibility  into  equal  parts.  Brutcn, 

3.  Ditr^-rence  of  degree,  rank,  or  excellence. 

Sancrojt 

I.M-PXRK',  r.  t.  [in  and  purfr.]  To  inclose  for  a  park  ; 
to  make  a  park  by  inclosure ;  to  sever  from  a  com- 
inr.n.  Johitnon, 

IM-PARK'KD,  (imparkl',) pp.    Confin<'d  in  a  park. 

1. M-PA RK 'I. \G,  ppr.     Inclosing  in  a  park. 

IM-PAKL',  e.  i.  [Nurni.  empertert  ut  and  Fr.  parler, 
to  :*pe;ik.l 

To  liold  mutual  discourse  ;  approprialety^  in  lau^,  to 
have  licifuse  to  scUle  a  lawsuit  amicably  ;  to  have  de- 
lay for  mutual  adjustment.  Blackstone. 

IM-PAKL' ANCE,  ri.  Properly,  leave  for  nmtual  dis- 
course ;  appropriately,  in  lava^  the  license  or  privilege 
of  a  defendant,  granted  on  motion,  to  have  delay  of 
trial,  tt>  see  if  he  can  settle  the  matter  amicably  by 
tilkins  with  the  plaintitf,  and  thus  to  determine 
wlial  answer  he  shall  make  to  the  plaintiff's  action. 
Hence, 

2.  The  continuance  of  a  cause  till  anr>ther  day,  or 
from  day  to  day.  iHacJcttorte, 

IM-PAR-SON'-EE',  a.  A  parson  imparsouee^  is  a  prtrsun 
pn-st^nled,  instituted,  and  inducted  into  a  rectory, 
and  in  full  pussrssion.  LlacL-itone. 

IM-PAKT',  V.  L.  [L.  imperti^rr;  m  and  partio,  to  di- 
vide ;  from  parsy  a  part.] 

1.  To  give,  grant,  or  communicate;  to  bestow  on 
another  a  share  or  portion  of  something;  as,  to  impart 
a  portion  of  pmvisions  to  the  poor. 

2.  \v\  a  wider  sense,  B\m\>\y  to  bestow  on  another; 
U>  grant ;  to  give ;  to  confer  ;  as,  to  impart  honor  or 
favor. 

3.  To  communicate  the  knowledge  of  something  ; 
to  make  known  ;  to  show  by  words  or  tokens. 


Gf  ntV  lady, 
When  fim  I  dW  impart  my  lore  to  you. 


ShaJc. 


IM-PXRT'AN'CE,  n.  Communication  of  a  share  ;  grant. 
IM-PART-A'TION,  n.     The  act  of  imp.irting  or  con- 

ft-rrinc.     [A'bt  much  lucd,]  Oiauticey. 

IM-P.^RT'ED,  pp.  or  a.      Communicated;    granted; 

conferred. 
IM-PART'ER,  n.    One  that  imparts. 
IM-PAii'TlAL,  (im-pir'shal,)  a.     [in  and  partial,  from 

part,  lj.  par^.] 

1.  i\(A  p;irtial :  not  biased  in  favor  of  one  party 
more  than  another;  inditrerent ;  unprejudiced;  dis- 
interested ;  as,  an  impflrt/a/ judge  or  arbitrator. 

2.  Not  favoring  one  i^irty  more  than  another;  equi- 
table; just;  as,  an  impartial  judgment  or  decision; 
an  impartial  opinion. 

IM-PAR'TIAL-IST,  n.  One  who  is  impartial.  [LittU 
n.-'fd.]  Boyle. 

IM-PAR-TIAL'I-TY,  (im-par-share-ty,)  n.  Indiffer- 
ence of  opinion  or  judgment ;  freedom  from  bias  in 
f  ivor  of  one  sidt:  or  party  more  than  another  ;  disin- 


IMP 

terestfdues.i.    Impartiality  it  indispensable  to  an  up- 
right jud^c. 

)2.  Kfiuitablencss  ;  justice  ;  as,  the  impartialilxj  of  a 
dfcision. 

IM  PXR'TIAL-LY,  adv.  Without  bias  of  judgment  ; 
without  prejudice  ;  without  inclination  to  favi.r  one 
parly  or  side  nmre  than  another  ;  equitably  ;  justlv. 

LM-PART-MIIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  not  being 
subject  lo  partition. 

2.  'J'lie  quality  of  being  capable  of  being  commu- 
nicated. 

IM-PAR  T'l-BI.E,  a.     [Sp.  impartible  ;  in  and  partih!*-,) 

1.  Not  pnitible  or  subject  to  partition  ;  ns,  an  im- 
partible estate.  Black.^ton': 

2.  ffroni  impart.]  That  may  be  imparted,  con- 
ferred, bestowed,  or  connnunicated.  Uijrbii. 

IM-PART'ING,  ppr.  Communicating;  granting ;  bo 
stowing. 

IM-PAR'1''ME\T,  ».  The  act  of  imparting  ;  the  com- 
munication of  knowledge  ;  disclosure.  Shah. 

IM-PAtfS  A-BLE,  a.     [in  and  pa^sabh.     See  Pass.] 
That  can  not  be  passed  ;  not  admitting  a  passage; 
OS,  an  impassable  road,  mountain,  or  gulf. 

Milton.     Temple. 

IM-I*XSS'A-IJLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  iui- 
passaMe. 

IM  PXSi:<'A-BLY,  adu.  In  a  manner  or  degree  that 
prL'veiits  parsing,  or  the  power  of  passing. 

IM-PAS-Sl-BIL'I-TY,      I  n,      [from  impassible.-]     Ex- 

IM-PAS'SI-RLE  NES.S,  \  emiHiou  from  pain  or  suf- 
fering; insusceptibility  of  injury  from  external  things. 

Ih-iidcn. 
lAI-PAS'SI-BLE,  a.    [Fr.  impassible  ,*  Bp.  impasibte ;  L. 
impa.tsibilis,  from  passus^  ptitior,  to  sullVr.] 

Incapable  of  pain,  passion,  or  suffering  ;  that  can 
n.  t  be  affected  with  pain  or  uneasiness,  Wliatever 
is  destitute  of  sensation  is  impassible. 

Though  nnlc^il  nntl  impasuble,  depart.  Dryden. 

IM-PAS'3ION,  (im-pa.'^h'un,)  v.  t.     [in  and  passirm.] 

To  move  or  affect  strongly  with  |Kission. 
IM-PA.s'SlON-A-BI.E,  a.      Easily  excited  lo  ang.vr  ; 

su-:c<piihle  of  strong  emoiion. 
IM-PAS'SIO.N  ATE,  v.  t.    To  affect  powerfully.  More. 
IM-PAS'SIO.V-ATE,  0.     Strongly  affected. 

2.  Without  iwission  or  feeling.  Bnrton. 

IM-PAS'.SION-KD,  (-pash'und,3  a.  Actuated  or  agi- 
tated by  passion. 

Tb"  Urnptcr,  all  iinpaseioned,  Uius  b^gan.  MUton. 

2.  Animated  ;  excited  ;  having  the  feelings 
warmed  ;  as,  an  impassioned  orator. 

D.  Animated;  expressive  of  passion  or  ardor;  as, 
an  impassioned  discourse, 

IM-PAS'SIVE,  a.     [L.  in  and  pasms,  potior,  to  suffer.] 
Not  susceptible  of  pain  or  suffering;  as,  the  im- 
pa.^sire  air  ;  impassive  ice.  Dnjdm.     Pope. 

IM-PAS'PIVE  LY,  adv.  Without  sensibility  to  pain 
or  suffering. 

IM-PAS'.SIVE-NESS,  n.  The  staie  of  being  insuscep- 
tible of  pain.  MvuntaiTu.. 

IM-PAS-SIV'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  insuscep- 
tible of  feelinc,  pain,  or  suffering.    Pausanias.  Tran-i. 

IM-PAS-TA'TION,  ».  [hi  and  paste.]  A  union  or 
mixture  of  different  substances  by  means  of  cem.'^nts 
which  are  capable  of  resisting  the  action  of  fire  or 
nir._  Brunde. 

IM-PaSTE',  v.  f.     [Fr.  empdter:  in  and  p^tc,  paste.] 

1.  To  knead  ;  lo  make  into  p;iste. 

2.  In  painting,  lo  lay  on  colors  thick  and  bold. 
IM-PAST'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Concreted,  as  into  paste. 

Shak. 
2.  Pasted  over;  covered  with  paste,  or  with  thick 
paint. 
IM-PASTTNG,  ppr.    Making  into  paste. 
IM-PAT'I-BLE,  a.     [L.  impatibilis.) 

Irjtolurable  ;  that  can  not  be  borne. 
I.M-PA'TIENCE,  n.     [Fr.  ;   L.  impatientia,  frr.m  impa- 
tiens;  in  and  patior^  to  suffer.] 

Uneasiness  under  pain  or  suffering;  the  not  en- 
during pain  with  composure;  restlessness  occasioned 
by  suffering  positive  evil,  or  the  absence  of  exi>ected 
good.  Impatience  is  not  rairr,  nor  absolute  inabdity  to 
bear  pain  ;  but  it  implies  want  of  fortitude,  or  of  its 
exercise.  It  usually  springs  from  irritability  of  tein- 
LM-PA'TIENT,  a      [L.  impatiens.]  [per. 

1.  Uneasy  or  fretful  under  suffering;  not  bearing 
pain  with  composure  ;  not  enduring  evil  without  fret-. 
f:ilne»3,  uneasiness,  and  a  desire  or  effort  to  get  rid 

I  f  the  evil.  Young  men  are  impatient  of  restraint. 
We  are  all  apt  to  be  impatient  under  wrings  ,  hut  it 
is  a  Christian  duty  not  to  be  impatient  in  sickness,  (»r 
under  any  afflictive  dispensation  of  Providence. 

2.  Not  suffering  quietly  ;  not  enduring. 
IVme,  impatient  of  cxirf-men,  ti'^cny* 

Nui  iiiofp  by  riivy  iha.ii  rxc<*u  of  pr.iiac.  Pope. 

3.  Hasty;  eager;  not  enduring  delay.  The  n;/pa- 
tietit  man  will  not  wail  for  iiifi>rmitti<in  ;  he  often 
acts  with  prcc!ii}lancc.  Be  not  impatient  f  r  the  re- 
turn of  spring., 

4.  Not  to  be  Some;  rh^  impatient  ^mnrt.      Spenser. 
This  word  is  followed  by  qf,  at,  fur,  or  under.     We 

are  impatient  of  restraint,  or  of  wrongs  ;  impatiejit  at 
the  delay  of  expected  pood  ;  impatient  for  the  return 
of  a  friend,  or  for  the  arrival  of  the  mail  ;  impatient 


FATE,  FAR,  F-^LL,  WH^T.  — U£TE,  PREY.  — PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. - 


£>.0 


IMP 

under  evils  of  any  kind.  The  proper  use  <if  these 
particles  can  be  iearnl  only  !»y  practice  or  observa- 
tion. 

I.M-PA'TIENT,  n.  One  who  is  restless  under  suffer- 
ing.    [Unujiual.] 

IM-PA'TIEXT-LV,  adv.  With  uneasiness  or  restless- 
ness ;  as,  to  hear  disappointint.'nt  impatiently. 

2.  With  eager  deaire  caut^ing  um-asiness  ;   as,  to 
wait  impatiently  for  the  arrival  of  one's  friend. 

3.  Passionately  ;  ardently.  Clareii/ion, 
IM-P.Vr-RON-I-ZA'TION,  n.     Absolute  seignory  or 

|ii;<«i'Ssioii.  Cot/rrave. 

IM-l'AT'RO-\-IZE,  V.  L     [Fr.  impatronifter.] 

To  gain  to  one's  self  tiie  power  of  any  seignory. 

Bacon. 

IM-PAWM',  r.  L  [in  and  pawn.]  To  pawn  j  to  pledge  ; 
lu  d.-|Kislt  as  i^eciiriiv.  SfiaJc. 

]M-V\\yS'ED,pp.     Pledged. 

I  M-P/^WN'LNG,  jj;w.     Pledginz. 

IM  PkACII',  r.  L  [Fr.  empichfr:  Arm.  ampeich^  am- 
pfcheiiii  Port,  and  Sp.  empadiar ;  It.  impaceiare ;  to 
liiiider,  to  stop.  It  sign>Hes  al^o,  in  Pnrtiiguese,  to 
surfeit,  to  overload,  to  glut.    It  belongs  to  the  family 


of  pack ;  I>.  pango^  foetus  ;  Ar. 


^ 


bakkoy  to  press 


nr  compress.  Class  Bg,  No.  18,  20,  61.  The  literal 
sen-if  (if  impeach  is,  to  thrust,  or  send  against ,  hence, 
to  hinder,  to  stop.] 

1.  To  hinder;  to  impede.  This  sense  is  found  in 
our  early  writers. 

'I'tv-M  uitgncious  pniOice*  oT  \m  aoiu  tliJ  impeach  his  Jouriie/ 

lu  i)k  Hot;  l.^id.  Davits. 

A  tlefluxioo  on  my  throai  unpeaehed  my  .cxrance.       llowelt, 

[TJiLt  applieotian  of  the  vmrU  is  t  ifSoUte,] 

2.  To  accuse  ;  to  charge  with  a  crime  or  niisde- 
mcaikor  ;  but  appropriatrhiy  to  exiiibit  charzes  of  niaU 
administration  against  a  public  officer  before  a  compe- 
tent tribunal,  that  is,  to  send  or  put  on,  to  load.  The 
Word  is  now  restricted  to  accusations  made  by  au- 
thority;  as,  to  impeach  a  judge.  [See  Imfeach- 
mentJ 

3.  To  charge  with  impropriety  ;  t*i  call  in  question  ; 
as,  to  impeach  one's  motives  or  conduct. 

4.  To  rail  to  account ;  to  charge  as  answeralile. 
IM  Pf:  \CH',  n.     Hinderance.     [Obs.]  Shak. 
iM-PP:ACH'A-ItI*E,a.     Liable  to  accusation  ;  charge- 
abb-  with  a  crime  ;  accusable ;  censurable. 

iL  Liable  to  be  called  in  question;  accountable. 
UwDcn  o<  landi  in  fpc-«imr>Ie  are  nol  imptadiabl*  for  wnBie. 

2.  Sun/i. 

IM-PKACd'ED,  (im-|>eecht',)  pp.     Hindered.     [Obs.] 
2.  Accused  ;  charged  with  a  crime,  misdemeanor, 
or  wrong ;  censured. 

The  Tint    (loiH«  to  tail  may  commit  waste  without  Mn^  im- 
ptnurhtd.  Z.  tiw\}'U 

IM-PkACH'ER,  ru    An  accuser  by  authority;    one 

who  calN  in  ()uesiion. 
IM-PitACH'LVG,  ppr.     Hindering.     [Ob.i.] 

'2.  Accusm«  by  authority  ;   calling  in  question  the 

purity  or  rectitude  of  conduct  or  motives. 
l.^!-PKAC^'ME^*T,   n.      Hinderance;     impediment: 

slop;  obstruction.     [ 0*.-t.]  Spenser.     Sfiak, 

2.  An  accusation  or  clKirge  brought  againpt  a  pub- 
lic officer  for  maladministration  in  his  oHice.  In 
Gri-at  Britain,  it  is  llie  privilege  or  right  of  ihe  hotise 
of  coiiimnns  to  impeach,  and  the  riuht  of  the  hiiuse 
of  lordH  tn  tr>-  and  determine  im[)eaclimi-nL-4.  In  the 
UintTfi  States,  it  is  the  riiiht  of  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives tt>  im|»each,  and  of  the  senate  lo  try  and 
d  t..'rm>ne  iinpi-achments.  In  Great  Britain,  ilie 
house  of  p<?ors,  and  in  the  L'nited  HtaicB,  the  sen- 
ate of  the  United  Stales,  and  the  senates  in  the  sev- 
en) slates,  are  (he  high  courts  of  impeachmeuU 

3.  The  act  of  impeaching. 

4.  Censure;  accusation;  a  calling  in  question  the 
purity  of  motives  or  the  rectitude  of  conduct,  &.r. 
This  declaration  is  no  impeachment  of  his  motives  or 
of  hi^  judgment. 

5.  The  act  of  calling  to  account,  as  fnr  waste. 

0.  The  stale  of  being  liable  to  account,  as  for 
waste. 
IM-PBARL',  (im  perl'.jB.e.     [in  an^  pearl.]     To  form 
in  the,  resemblance  of  pearls. 

Dirw-(lrop«  which  the  sun 
ImpearU  on  er.'ry  Icif,  and  '"rerj-  flower.  Atlllon. 

2.  To  decorate  with  pearls,  or  with  things  resem- 
bling: pearls. 

Th-  i!ew»  gf  the  morning  impenrt  pvm?  thorn,  Digf»J. 

IM-PEARL'£D,  pp.    Formed  in  the  resemblance  of 

P'^arts. 
IM-PKARL'LNG,  pp.     Forming  in  the  resemblance  of 

pfitrl-  :  decorating  with  pearls. 
IM-PKCeA  niL'l-TY,  >  n.     [See  Imprccarle.]  The 
IMPKCeAX  CY,  \      quality  of  tiot  being  liahle 

III  Kin  ;  exemptitin  from  sin,  error,  or  offense.     Pupe. 
IM-PEC'€A-BLE,  a.     (.Sp.   imprcnhle;    Vt.  impeccable i 

in  and  Sp.  ptcabUy  Fr.  peccable,  from  L.  pecco,  to  err, 

til  Hia.l 
Not  liable  to  sin  ;  nol  subject  lo  sin  ;  exempt  from 

the  possibility  of  sinning.    No  mere  man  is  imprcca- 

ble. 


IMP 

IM-PkUE',  c.  (.  [Sp.  ivipedir;  It.  impedire  ;  L.  impe- 
dioi  siipiKised  to  be  cuinjKiunded  of  in  and  pedes^ 
feet,  to  catch  or  entangle  tlie  feet.] 

I'o  hinder  ;  to  stop  in  progress ;  to  obstruct ;  as,  to 
impeilr  the  progress  of  troops. 

IM-PkD'ED, /jp.     Hindered;  stopped;  obstnicted. 

1.M-P£'I)I-11LE,  a.     That  may  be  ini|»eded. 

lM-PRI)'[-iME.\T,  n.     [L.  impeinmehlum.] 

1.  That  which  hinders  progress  or  motion ;  liin- 
derance  ;  obstruction  ;  oU^tacle  ;  applicable  to  every 
subject,  pkfi^-ical  or  inoraL  Bad  roads  are  impediments 
in  marching  and  traveling.  IdUness  and  dissipation 
are  im pcdifnenLi  to  improvement.  The  cares  of  life 
are  impediments  to  the  progress  of  vital  religion. 

2.  That  which  prevents  distinct  articulation  ;  as, 
an  impediment  in  speech. 

IM-PED'I-.MENT,  v.  t.    To  impede.     [J^Tut  in  use.] 

£p.  ReijnoUU: 
[M-PED-I-MENT'AL,  a.     Hindering  ;  obstructing. 

•  Mttunta^a. 

IM-PkD'IN'O.  ppr.    Hindering  ;  stopping  ;  obstmcting. 
IM'PE-mTE,  a.     Hindered.  Taylor. 

LM'PK-DirE,  V.  t.    To  impede.     [J^ot  in  use.] 
LM-PE-I)["T10N,  (iie-dish'un,)  n.    A  hindering. 

Baxter. 
IM-PED'I-TIVE,  a.     Causing  hinderance.    Sanderson. 
LM-PEL',  p.  (.     [Sp.  impeler  ,■  It.  impellerci  L.  impello  i 
JM  and  prllo,  to  drive.] 

To  drive  or  urge  furward  ;  to  press  on  ;  to  excite 
to  action,  or  to  move  forward,  by  the  application  of 
physical  force,  or  mt)ril  su;tsion,  or  necessity.  A 
ball  is  imprlied  by  the  force  of  powder  ;  a  ship  is  im- 
pelled by  wind  ;  a  man  may  be  impelled  by  hunger  or 
a  regard  to  his  safely  ;  motives  of  pol.cy  or  of  safety 
impel  nations  to  confederate. 


IMP 

LM-PEX'I-TENT,  n.    One  who  does  not  repent ;  a 

hardened  sinner. 

IM-PEN'I-TENT-LY,  adv.  Without  repentance  oi 
contrition  for  sin  ;  obdurately. 

IM-PEN'NATE,  a.  or  n.  [L.  in  and  penna.]  A  term 
applied  to  swimming  birds,  as  penguins,  character- 
ized by  sh>  rt  wings  covered  with  feathers  resem- 
bling scales.  Brande, 

IM-PEN'Ni-'l),  pp.    Inclosed  in  a  narrow  place. 

IM-PEN'NING,  ppr.     Inclosing  in  a  narrow  place. 

IM-PEN'NOUS,a.  [inand  penMaii,*.]  Having  no  wings. 

IM-PkO'PLE,  (im-pee'pl,)  v.  t.  To  form  mto  a  ci»m- 
miinitv.     [See  People.]  Beaum.  <5-  Fl. 

IM-PKd'PL^D,  pp.     Formed  into  a  coniinunily. 

I.M-PkO'PLING,  ppr.     Fonning  into  a  community. 

LM'PE-RANT,  a.     [L.  impcro.] 

Commanding.  Baxter. 

LM'PE-RATE,  a.    [L.  imperalits,  impero,  to  command.] 
Dune  by  impulse  or  direction  of  the  mind.    [Avt 
used.]  South.     Hale. 

IM-PElt'A-TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  impcratif;  L.  imptrativus, 
from  iutpero,  to  command.     See  Empire.] 

1.  Commanding  ;  authoritative  ;  expressive  of 
conmiand  ;  cimtatning  positive  command,  as  distin- 
guished from  Advisoet,  or  Di8i;retio."*art.  The  or- 
ders are  imperative. 

2.  In  grammavy  the  imperative  mode  of  a  verb  is 
that  w  Inch  expresses  command,  entreaty,  advice,  or 


The  •ur^  tj.xpeUed  tn«  on  a  cragj^rv  coasL 
Anii  fc-viTil  ntcn  impel  lo  »i:»i.Ti>l  fmla, 


Fopt. 

Pope. 


IM-PEL'L^l),  (im-peld',)  pp.  Driven  forward  ;  urged 
on  ;  moved  Iw  any  force  or  power,  physical  or  moral. 

IM-PEL'LENT,  a.     Having  the  quality  of  ini|«;lling. 

LM-PEIi'LENT,  n.  A  power  or  force  that  drives  for- 
ward ;  moiive  4)r  impulsive  power.  GluHville. 

IM-PEL'LER,  B.     He  or  that  which  impels. 

I.M  PEIi'LING,  ppr.  or  a.  Driving  forward;  nrging; 
pi'i'ssing. 

IM-PEi\ ',  I',  t,  [in  and  pen.]  To  pen  ;  to  shut  or  in- 
close in  a  narrow  placo.  Felikam. 

IM-1'E\D',  r.  i.  [L.  impendeo ;  in  and  pendeo,  to 
hang.] 

1.  To  liang  over  ;  to  be  suspended  above  ;  to  threat- 
en.    A  dark  cloud  impends  over  the  land. 

D'-atruciion  Biire  o'er  ull  your  h'-.aiU  ivipenda.  Pope. 

2.  To  be  near ;  to  be  approaching  and  ready  to 

fall  on. 

ll  cxprcM'-a  our  dcp  sen«e  of  Qod'i  impending  wmth. 

Stiiairidge. 
Nor  bear  advic"»  of  impending  foe«.  Pope. 

IM-PEXD'ENCE.   \n.      The   state  of  hanging  over ; 
IM-PE.\D'EX-C\  ,  \      near  approach  ;  a  menacing  at- 
titude, Hammond, 
IM-PE\D'EXT,  a.     Hangingover  ;  imminent ;  threat- 
ening ;  pressing  cbisely  ;  as,  an  impendent  evil.  Jfale. 
IM-PEXD'L\G,  ppr,  or  a.     Hanging  over  j  approach- 
ing near  ;  ilireatening. 
IM-PEN-E-TRA-BIL'I-TV,   n.      [from    impenetrable.] 
The  quality  of  tietns  inipenelraol(\ 

2.  In  natural  phtlimtphy,  that  quality  of  matter  by 
which  it  excludes  all  other  matter  from  the  space  it 
occupies.  Olmsted. 

3.  Insusceptibility  of  intellectual  impression. 

Johnson, 
LM-PEN'R-TRA-BLE,  a.     [L.    impenetrabilis ;    ta  and 
penetrahdity  from  penetrn,  to  penelrale.] 

1.  That  can  tint  be  penetrated  or  pierced  ;  not  ad- 
mitting  the  passage  of  other  bodies  ;  as,  an  impener- 
trable  shield. 

2.  Not  bi  be  affected  or  moved  ;  not  admitting  im- 
pressions on  llie  mind.  The  hardened  sinner  re- 
mains impenetrable  to  the  admonitions  of  the  gospel. 

a.  iNot  tti  be  enlered  by  the  sight;  as  impenetrable 
darkness.     Hence, 

4.  Nut  to  be  entered  and  viewed  by  the  eye  of  the 
intellect;  as,  impcnetrnhle  obscurity  or  nhslriiseness. 

I.\I-PKN'E-TRA-1(LE-NESS,  n.  Impenetrability, 
which  site. 

IM-PKN'E  TRA-BLY,  adv.  With  solidity  that  admiu 
not  of  being  peiietrateii. 

2.  With  hardness  that  admits  not  of  impression  ; 
as,  imprnrtrably  dull.  Pope- 

IM-PE\'I-TENCR,  in.     [Fr.  impenitene.e. ;  S]i.  inipen- 

IM-PEN'I-TEN-CY,  ]  itencia  ;  It.  impenitema  :  L.  in 
and  pa-nitenA,  from  pnniteoy  to  reiM^nt,  pcrna,  pain.] 

Want  of  pt'nitence  or  repentance  ;  absence  of  con- 
trition or  sorrow  for  sin  ;  (•bdiimcy  ;  hardness  of 
h'-art.  Final  impenitence  dooms  the  sinner  to  inev- 
itable punishment. 

lie  will  tul*nnce  front  one  ilr^gTMi  of  impeniUnee  to  nnothcr. 

ftogere. 

IM-PE\'I-TENT,  a.     [Fr. ;  in  and  penitent,  supra.] 
Nol  penitent ;  not  repenting  of  sin  ;  not  contrite  ; 
obdurate  ;  of  a  hard  heart. 

Thpy  di'  .1 
Imptnitenl,  Milton. 


exhortation  ;  as,  go,  itrite,  attend. 

IM  PER'A-TIVE-L' 

italively. 


Y,  adv.    Willi  command  j  author- 


IM-Pi:[{-A-TO'RI-AL,  (1.   Commanding.  [JVot  in  ttscj 
I.M-PER-Cr.IV'A  IU,E,  a.     Imperceptible.    [JVbrris. 
LM-PER-CKlV'A-BLE-iNESS,  71.     Imperceptibleness. 
IM-f  ER-CEP'TI-BLE,  a.     [Fr. ;  in  and  pcrcfptiWr.] 

1.  Not  to  be  perceived  ;  not  to  Ixi  known  or  discov- 
ered by  the  senses.  We  say  a  thing  is  ijnpereejitible 
to  the  touch,  to  the  eye  or  sight,  to  the  ear,  to  the 
taste,  or  smell.     Hence, 

2.  Very  small  ;  tine;  minute  in  dimensions;  or 
very  slow  in  motion  or  progress  ;  as,  the  growth  of  a 
plant  or  animal  is  imperceptible  i  it  is  too  slow  to  be 
perceived  bv  the  eye. 

IM-PER-CEP'TI-BLE,  n.  That  which  can  not  be 
perceived  by  the  stmses  on  account  of  Its  smaliness. 
[Littla  used.]  Tatler. 

IM-PER-CEP'Tt-BLE-NESS,  \  n.  The  quality  of  being 

IM-PEU-CEP-TI-lill/I-TY,     \      imperceptible.  Hah. 

IM-PER-CKP'TMJLY,  atlc.  In  a  manner  not  to  be 
j>erceived,  JUildison. 

IM-PER-CIP'I-IiNT,a.  Nol  [jcrcciving  or  not  having 
power  to  perceive.  Baxter. 

IM-PER-DI-IHL'I-TY,  ti.  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing iinperdiiile, 

IM-PEU'DI-RLE,  a.  Not  destructible.  [Jk'ot  a  leifiii- 
mate  word,] 

IM-PER'FECT,  a.  [L.  impci/fcttw  f  in  and  perfectas, 
finisfhed,  perfect;  perjicio,  to  perfect  j  per  and /ucio, 
to  make.] 

1.  Not  tinishcd  ;  not  complete.  The  work  or  design 
is  imperfect. 

2.  Defective;  not  entire,  sound,  or  whole;  want- 
ing a  part ;  impaired.  The  writings  of  Livy  are  i«- 
perfect 

3.  Not  perfect  in  intellect;  liable  to  err;  as,  men 
are  imperfect ;  our  minds  and  understandings  are  im- 
pei-fert. 

4.  Nol  perfect  in  a  moral  view  ;  not  according  to 
the  laws  of  God,  or  the  rules  of  right.  Our  services 
and  obedience  are  imperfeeL 

5.  In  grammar,  xhe  imperfect  tense  denotes  an  ac- 
tion in  time  past,  then  present,  but  nol  linislicd. 

6.  In  music,  incomplete  ;  not  having  ail  the  acces- 
sary stiunds  ;  as,  an  imperfecX  chord. 

An  imperfrct  iittrrval,  is  one  which  does  not  contain 
its  complement  of  simple  sounds.  Btu-'by. 

7.  In  botamjy  wanting  either  stamens  or  pistils,  aa 
a  flower. 

Imperfect  vvmbrr;  one  which  is  not  equal  to  the 
sum  of  its  aliquot  parts  or  divisors.     [See  Perfect.] 
IM-PER-FEe'TlON,  «.     [.Fr.,  from  L.  imperfectio,  su- 
pra.] . 

1.  Defect ;  fault ;  the  want  of  a  part  or  of  some- 
thing necessary  to  complete  a  thing;  equally  applica- 
blr  to  physical  itr  moral  snbjrct.t.  When  fruit  fails  to 
come  Id  maturity,  and  after  it  begins  to  decay,  we 
denominate  llie  defect  an  imperfection.  Laws  some- 
iiuf<  fail  of  the  intended  effect,  either  from  their  im- 
prrfictinn,  or  from  the  imperfection  of  the  adininislra- 
tioii.  Men  are  all  chargcnble  with  impcrferlionsy  both 
in  rlnractrr  and  in  confinct. 

9.  In  hook-bii'din'ty  a  (?heet  or  signature  wanting  to 

complete  a  book. 

IM-PER'FF.CT-IiV,  adv.     In  an  im|>erfert  manner  or 

degree  ;  nol  fully  ;  nut  entirely  ;  not  completely  ;  not 

in  the  best  manlier;  not  without  fault  or  failure. 

IM-PER'FEGT-NESS,  n.   Thestuieof  being  imperfect. 

LM-PER'FO  RA-BLR,   a.     [Infra.]     That  can  not  be 

perforated  or  bored  through. 
IM-pr.R'FO-RATE,  a.    [L.  in  and  prrforatiLt,  perfuro.] 
Not  [lerforated  or  pierced  ;  having  no  opening. 

Shorjir^ 
IM-PER'FO-RS-TEO,  a.    Not  perforated.      BroirH. 

2.  Having  no  pore*.  Sir  J.  Banks. 


TONE,  BUM>,  tINITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8.  — €  as  K ;  O  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


IMP 

IM-FKR-FO-RA'TIOX,  n.   The  state  of  bting  not  per- 

torat.'*!,  or  without  any  nportiini. 
IAl-Pi:'RI-AL,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  imperialut  from  impe- 

rOf  tu  command.     See  Emceror.] 

1.  Pertainiiii:  to  an  empire,  <ir  to  on  emperor;  as, 
an  iinptrial  goveniment;  an  imperial  diadem  j  impe- 
riai  authority  or  edict ;  imptriai  jwwcr  or  sway. 

2.  Roynl  j  belonging  to  a  monarch  ;  as,  an  impfriat 
palnre  ;  imperiat  arts.  Drydnu 

3.  Pertiiininc  to  royalty  ;  denoting  eovereignly. 

4.  Commanding  ;  maintaining  supremacy  ;  as,  the 
unprrial  democracy  of  Athens.  Mitfurd. 

Iriip'riid  ehiimber :  the  sovereign  court  of  the  Ger- 
mmi  empire.  Knruc 

Imperial  eittf :  a  city  in  Germany  having  no  head 
-    but  the  em-Jeror. 

Imperial  diet ;  an  assembly  of  all  Ibe  Kaln  of  the 
GtTrnnn  tnipire.  Enei'c 

LMPP.'RI  .^L,  n.  In  ercKiUeturt^  a  kind  of  dome, 
uhich,  viewed  in  profile,  is  puinted  tuwanl  the  top, 
and  wjJcns  as  il  descends,  as  in  Moorisli  buildings. 

Elmrs. 

0.  A  tuft  of  hair  on  a  man^s  lower  lip. 
IM-Pft'RI-AL-IST,  n.    One  who  belongs  to  an  empe- 
ror; a  subject  or  soldier  of  an  emperor.    The  dr-noni- 
ination    imperiaUsLi   \s  ofti-n  given  to  Uie  troops  or 
armie^s  of  the  emperor  of  Germany. 

irJ  PK  R!-AL'I  TV,  a.    Imperial  piwer. 

2.  The  right  of  an  emperor  lo  a  share  of  tbe  prod- 
uce of  mines,  &c. 

Tbe  Uu  entpmi  hAvinf ,  t?  ukaan  of  ^rui^i  tvl>nq<ikhr4  hn 
imptrimatiga  on  tfas  pdT«i«  nuDct,  ru.  Uw  tcutt^  of  Uw 
euppTY,  inn,  dUttr,  aad  go\d.  7\tote. 

[.M-Pi^'Rl-AL-TZ-£D,  a.  Made  imperial  or  belonging 
to  :\n  emperor.  Fuller. 

IM-Pk'RI-AL.  LY,  oAf.    In  an  imperial  manner. 

IM  PE'RI-AL-TY,  n.     Imperuil  power.  Sheldon. 

l.M-PBR'IL,  r.  L  [in  and  periL\  To  bring  into  dnn- 
Rer.  Spenser. 

I.M  PER'IL-ED,  pp.    Brouirht  into  danger. 

1M-PER'1I*-IN'G,  ppr.     Bringinc  into  danger. 

LM-pe'RI-Ors,  a.  [K  iinperi,K<iLf  :  It  and  Sp.  imperi- 
OM  ;  Ft.  imperinu..     See  Impehiau] 

1.  Commanding;  dictatorial;  haughty;  armgant ; 
overbr-aring ;  domineering;  a?,  an  imperious  tyrant; 
an  ifnperititis  dictator ;  an  imperious  man  ;  an  impcri- 
«ibt  Irinper.  ,More,     Skak, 

2;  fVumianding;  indicating  an  imperious  temfier; 
luthurilative  ;  a^i,  imperious  word!).  Locke, 

3.  Powerful ;  overbearing  ;  not  to  be  oppu.-^ed  by 
ob^tAcleiS  ;  in,  a  man  of  a  vast  and  imperious  mind. 

TUIolson. 

4.  Commanding;  urgent:  pressing;  as,  imperious 
tore;  ioijKrufu^  circumstances  ;  uii/*ert«iLit  appetite. 

Drifden.     S.  .S.  Smitk, 

5.  AutboriutiTe  {  comnmnding  with  rightful  au- 
tboritr. 

The  fuiiuiMiwliiwI  hifh  uul  imparioiu  hi  iu  cl-xincs. 

D.A   Cjirt». 

IM-PE'RI-OrsLLY.  adv.  With  arrogance  of  command  ; 
with  a  haughty  air  of  authority  ;  iu  a  dominecrmg 
manner.  Suiuk, 

i_\Vith  urgency  or  force  not  to  be  opposed. 
IM-Pk'RI-OUS-XE3S,  n.  Authority  ;  air  of  command. 

South. 
2.  Arrogance  of  command  ;  haughtiness. 

inpfriaustiat  iniJ  »i^rvtity  it  ui  ill  wiy  of  Uruin;  mm  who 
luve  nroac-n  to  guide  Ukrm.  I.,ockt. 

IM-PER'ISH-A-BLE,  a.     \Tt.  hnperutable ;  in  and  prr- 

Not  subject  to  decay  ;  not  liable  lo  peri?!! ;  inde- 
stnictible  ;  enduring  permanently  ;  as,  an  imperisha- 
ble monument  ;  imperishahle  renown.  Elegant  dis- 
courses on  virtue — will  not  supply  Uie  consolations 
of  imperi<\able  hope. 

iM-PER'ISfl-A-BLE-NESS,  a.  The  quality  of  being 
imperishable, 

IM-PER'ISU-A-BLY,  lufe.  So  as  not  to  be  liable  to 
decav. 

IM-P£'Rru.H  LV  FM-PE'RI  Oy  [U]  Government 
within  a  government. 

IM-PER'MA-\E.\CE,  n.  Want  of  permanence  or 
crtniinued  dumtion.  W'.  Maurtta'ru. 

IM-PER'MA-.VEVT,  a,  [in  and  permanezU.]  Not  i>er- 
manenl ;  not  enduring.  Gre-rorij. 

IM-PER-.\iE-A-BIL'I-TY,  b.  Theqtiant>'  in  bJdie,-*  of 
not  permitting  a  fluid  to  pass  through  thL>m. 

Cataito.    .^iiat  Re.'. 

IM-PER'ME-A-BLE,  a.  [L.  in  and  permeo  i  per  and 
meoy  to  pa?3.] 

A  term  applied  to  bodies  which  do  not  permit  fluids 
tn  piss  through  them.  India-rubber  is  impermeable  to 
water;  bKadder  is  impmneahU  to  air.  Olmsted. 

IM-PER'ME-A-BLE-XESS,  n.  Stale  of  being  imper- 
ratable. 

IM-PER'ME-A-BLV,  adv.  In  an  impermeable  man- 
ner. 

IJI-PER-SeRC'TA-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  searched 
ont. 

l.M-PER-S€RO'TA-BLE-\ESS,  n.    Stale  of  not  being 

capable  of  scrutiny. 
I.M-PER'SO.\-AL,  o.     [Fr,  impersoitnel :  U  impersona- 

Us  ;  tn  and  personalia^  from  persona.     See  Per«o:«.] 


IMP 

In  frawirnar,  an  impersonal  verb  is  one  which  is  not 
employed  with  the  first  and  second  persons,  /  and 
Vioa  or  yi'iiy  irr  and  ye,  for  nominatives,  and  which 
has  no  variation  of  ending  to  express  tht>m,  but  is 
used  only  with  the  termination  of  the  third  iterson 
singular,  with  it  fur  a  nominative  in  Knglisli,  and 
without  a  nominative  in  Latin;  as,  i(  rains;  U.  be- 
eomes  us  to  be  mmle^^t ;  I..  tiFdet ;  libet ;  pusrnatur. 
IM-PER-SON-AL'I-TY,  h.    Want  or  indistinctness  of 

Prstmality.  Draper. 

PER'SON-AL-LY,  ade.    In  the  manner  of  an  im- 
I»ersonaI  verb. 
IMPER'SO.\-ATE,  r.  u    To  invest  with  personality 
or  the  bodily  substance  of  a  living  being. 

9.  Tu  ascribe  Uie  qualities  of  a  |>erson  ;  to  person- 
ify. Warton. 
IM-PER'SON-A-TED,  prp.  or  a.     Made  persons  of. 

iSee  Pkb^ohatbd.I  WarUm. 

-PER-SOX-A'ITON,  «.  Embodiment,  or  stale  of 
being  invested  with  personality. 

2.  The  act  of  personifying,  or  representing  things 
witliout  life  as  per>:ons.  tVest.  Rec. 

IM-PER-SPl-eC'I-TY,  n.     Want  of   perspicuity  or 

clearness  to  the  mind. 
IM-PER-SPIt-'U-OUS,  a.     [in  and  persptcufms.']     Not 

perspicuous  ;  not  clear  ;  obscure.  Bailey. 

IM-PER-SUA'$I-BLE,  a.  [U  in  and  persaasibilis. 
See  Persuade.] 

Noi  lo  be  moved  by  persuasion ;  not  yielding  lo 

arguments.  Decay  </ Piety. 

IM-PER'TI-NE\CE.    (   n.     [Fr.  impertinence,  from  L. 

IM-PER'TI-.VEX-CY,  j        impertinent;    m   and  perti- 

Hfns,pertiuec,  lo  pertain  ;  per  and  teneoy  to  hold.] 

1.  That  which  is  not  F^rtinent ;  that  which  docs 
not  lielong  to  the  subject  in  hand  ;  that  which  is  of 
no  weighL  Bacon. 

2.  The  state  cf  not  being  pertinent. 

3.  Fully  ;  rambling  thought.  {lAttU  used.']    Shak. 

4.  Rudeness  ;  improper  intrusion ;  interll-rence  by 
word  or  conduct  which  is  nut  consistent  with  the 
age  or  station  of  Uie  person. 

[  This  is  the  most  usual  senile.] 

We  WkoutJ  a*ajd  Uie  vcKatHin  luii!  impertuunea  of  pedinU. 

5.  A  tiifle  ;  a  thing  of  little-or  no  value. 

Thrre  are  many  wiUilfl  imptrtintttett  lr»rut  in  achuola.     Waitt. 

IM-PER'T1-NE.\T,  a.     [L.  imperttnen?,  cupra.] 

1.  ?.'ol  pertaining  to  the  matter  in  liand  ;  of  no 
weight;  having  no  bearing  on  the  subject;  as,  an 
impertinent  remark.  Hooker.      TUlutson. 

2.  Rude  ;  intrusive ;  meddling  with  that  which 
does  ool  belong  to  the  person  j  as,  an  impertinent 
coxcomb. 

3.  Trifling  ;  foolish  ;  negligent  of  the  present  pur- 
pose. Pope. 

IM-PER'TI-N'EXT,  tu  An  intruder  ;  a  mcdiller  j  one 
who  interferes  in  what  does  not  belong  to  him. 

L^Elstrange. 

IM-PER'TI-NEXT-LY,  ade.  Without  relation  to  the 
matter  in  hand. 

0.  Odicioaslv  ;  intmsivelv ;  rudely.         Jiddison. 
IM-PERTRA.\".SI-BIL'1-TY,  «.     The  quahty  of  not 

b'.-ing  capable  of  being  passed  through.  Hale. 

IM-PER-TRA.\'SI-BLE,  a.      [U  in  and  pertranseoi 

jhr&nd  tratueOf  to  pass  over  or  through;  irans  and 

eo,  to  go.] 

Nol  to  be  passed  through.     [Little  used.] 
I5I-PER-TURB'.\-BLE,  a.      [L.  in  and  pertarbo,  lo 

disturb  ;  per  and  turbo.] 
That  can  not  be  disturbed  or  agitated  ;  permanenUy 

quiet.  Encye. 

IM-PER-T^R-BA'TIOX,  n.    Freedom  from  agitation 

of  mind  ;  calmness.  tV.  Mountagu. 

IM-PER-TURB'iiD,  a.    Cndisturbed.    [JVoe  m  use.]- 

Bailey, 
IM-PER'VI-A-BLE,  a.     Impervious. 
IM-PKR'VI-.\-BLE-XESS,  i  n.     Iraperviousness. 
IM-PER-Vt-A-BIL'I-TY,     \  Ed.  Rev. 

IM-PER'VI-OUS,  o.     [L.  impervius  ;  in  and  perviusj 

passable  ;  per  and  via,  way.] 

1.  X^ot  lo  be  penetrated  or  passed  through  ;  impen- 
etrable ;  as,  an  imperrious  gulf;  an  inipwriou*  forest. 

9.  Not  penetrable  ;  not  to  be  pierced  by  a  pointed 
instrument ;  as,  an  impervious  sliield. 

3.  Not  penetrable  by  light ;  not  permeable  to  fluids. 
Glass  is  |wr\'iou3  to  light,  but  impervious  lo  water. 
Paper  is  impertious  to  light.  In  the  lattersense  only, 
imperrious  is  synonymous  with  impermeable. 

IM-PER'VI-OUS-LY,  ade.  la  a  manner  to  prevent 
passage  or  penetration, 

IM-PER'VI  Oi;S-XESS,  n.  The  stale  of  not  admit- 
ting a  pa'isage. 

IM-PES'TER,  r.  ^    To  vex;  lo  tease.     [JVo(  ?w«rf.] 

LM-PF^TICIX-OUS,  a.     [L.   impetigo,  a  ringworm.] 
Of  the  nature  of  impetigo. 

IM-PE-TI'GO,  n.  [L.]  A  cutaneous  eruption  con- 
sisting of  clustering  pustules  which  are  yellow  and 
iuhing,  and  terminate  in  a  yellow,  scaly  crust,  inter- 
secti^d  with  cracks.  Oood. 

IM'PE-TRA-BLE,  a.  [See  Impetratk.]  That  may 
be  obtained Tiy  petition. 

IM'PE-TRaTE,  r.  L     [L.  impetro.] 

To  obtain  by  request  or  entreaty.  Unher. 


IMP 

I.M-PE  TRA'TIOX,  ».  The  act  of  obtaining  by  prayer 
or  pL-tituui.  Herbert 

-X  In  /u IT,  the  pre-obtaining  of  benefices  from  the 
cliurrli  of  Rome,  which  belonged  lo  the  disposal  erf 
the  kinc  and  other  lay  patrons  of  the  n-alm.  Encyc. 

IM'PE-TR.A-TIVE,  a.  Obuining  ;  lending  to  obtain 
by  entreaty.  By.  Hall. 

IM'PE-TRA-TO-RY,  a  Beseeching;  containing  en- 
treaty. Taylor. 

IM-PET-TJ-OST-TY,  n.     [See  iMPiTrons.]     A  rush- 
ing with  violence  and  great  force;  fury  ;  violenco. 
2.  Vehemence  ;  furiuusness  of  temper. 

IM-PET'U-OUS,  a.  [Fr.  imoetueuz  ;  L.  impetuosus, 
from  impetus,  impeto;  in  ana  peto.  to  urge,  lo  rush. 
See  Bio.] 

1.  Rushing  with  great  force  and  violence  ;  moving 
rapidly;  furious;  forcible;  fierce;  raging;  as,  an 
impetuous  wind  ;  an   impetuous  torrent, 

2,  Vehement  of  mind  ;  fierce;  hasty;  passionate; 
violent ;  as,  a  man  of  impetuous  temper. 

IMPET't;.OUS-LV,  adv.  Violently;  fiercely;  forci- 
bly ;  with  haste  and  force.  .Addison. 

IM-PET'lT-OUS-NESS  «.    A  driving  or  rushing  with 
haste  and  violence;  fiiriousness  ;  fury;  violence. 
9.  Vehenienre  of  temper  ;  violence. 

IM'PE-Trs,  w.  [U  supra.]  Force  of^  motion  ;  the 
force  with  which  any  body  is  driven  or  impelled. 

2.  The  force  with  which  one  body  in  motion  strikes 
another. 

3.  Iu  gunnery,  the  altitude  through  which  a  heavy 
body  must  fall  to  acquire  a  velocity  equal  to  that 
with  which  a  ball  is  discliarged  from  a  piece. 

Brande. 
IM-Pie'TI^R-El),  a.    Painted  ;  impressed.    Spenser. 
IM'PTER.     See  Uupipe. 
IM-PI£RCE',  tj.  (.    To  pierce  through;  to  penetrate. 

Drayton. 
IM-PIKRCE'A-RLE,  (im-peers'a-bI,)o.  [in  and  pierce.] 

Not  to  be  pierced  or  penetrated.  Spenser, 

IM-PIf:RC'KD,  (im  peerst',)  pp.    Pierced  through. 
IM-PIkRC'IXG,  ppr.    Piercing  through. 
I.M-PI'E-TY,   T!.     [Fr.   impiele ;    h.   impictas;   in  and 

pictasj  piusA 

1.  Ungodliness  ;  irreverence  toward  the  Supreme 
Being  ;  contem[)tof  the  divine  character  and  author- 
ity ;  neglect  of  the  divine  precepts.  These  con- 
stitute dilVerent  degrees  t>f  impirhf. 

2.  Any  act  of  wickedness,  as  blasphemy  and  scoff- 
ing ui  the  Supreme  Being,  or  at  his  authority  ;  pro- 
faneiies.s.  Any  expression  of  contempt  for  (God  or 
his  laws,  constitutes  an  impiety  of  the  highest  degree 
of  criminality.  Disobedience  to  the  divine  eoni- 
mands,  or  neglect  of  duty,  implies  contempt  for  his 
authority,  and  is  therefore  impiety,  hnpiety,  when 
il  expresses  the  temper  or  disposition,  has  no  plural ; 
but  il  is  otherwise  when  il  ex[»resses  an  act  of  wick- 
edness, for  all  such  acts  are  impieties. 

IK-PIG'XO-RATE,  r.  (.    To  pledge  or  pawn.     [A*o( 

IM-PIG*NO-RA'TrON,  t*.    TJie  act  of  pawning.   [Jiot 

in  uac] 
IM-PIXgE',  (im-pinj',)   r.    i.     [L.   impingo ;    in  and 

pangOy  to  birike.     See  Pack.] 
1^  fall  against  j  to  strike ;  lo  dash  against ;  to 

clash  upon. 

The  ciua"  of  t^ftccurtii  !■  not  th-  impinging  of  light  oii  the  to'M 
ot  imi-trvi'-u*  p^rU  oflKniid.  Nekton. 

IM-PIXGE'MENT,  n.     Act  of  impinging.    D.  Clinton. 
IM-PING'I\G,  vpr.     Striking  against. 
IM-P1N"GUATE,   (ping'gwaie,)   v.    t.      [h.    in  and 
pinguOi,  fill.] 

To  fatten  ;  to  make  fat.     [JVot  in  vse.]         Baron. 
IM'PI-OUS,  a.     [I,,  imphis :  in  and  piuf,  pious.] 

1.  Irreverent  toward  tht^  Supreme  Being;  wanting 
in  veneration  for  God  and  his  authority  ;  irreligious ; 
profane.  The  scolfer  at  God  and  his  authority  is 
impiou.1.    The  profane  swearer  is  impious. 

Wh"n  »ic"  pr«-VLii,'«,  and  impious  men  Itcar  awiij, 

Tbe  po«t  of  honor  L»  a  prirsiic  &i:\Uoii.  Addison. 

2.  Irreverent  toward  God  ;  proceeding  from  or 
manifesting  a  contempt  for  the  Supreme  Being  ; 
tt;nding  lo  dishonor  God  or  his  laws,  and  bring  tliem 
into  contempt ;  as,  on  impious  deed  j  impivus  Ian- 
guac<? ;  impious  writings. 

IM'Pl-OUS-LV,  adv.  With  irreverence  for  God,  or 
contempt  fur  his  authority  ;  profanely  ;  wickedly. 

IM'Pl-Oi;S-XESS,  n.  Impiety;  contempt  ofGod  and 
his  laws. 

IMP'ISII,  a.     Having  the  qualities  of  an  imp. 

IM-PL.^-CA-BIL'I-TV,      )  n.    [from  implacnhie.]    The 

IM-PLA'€A-BLE-XESS,  (  quality  of  nut  being  ap- 
peasable; inexorableness }  irreconcilable  enmity  or 
anirer. 

IM-PLA'CA-BLE,  a,  [Fr.,  from  L.  implacabills  i  m 
and  pfacabilisy  from  pfnco^  to  appease] 

1.  Not  to  be  appeased  ;  that  can   not  be  pacified   f 
and   rendered    peaceable;    inexorable;    stubborn  or 
constant  in  enmity  ;  as,  an  implacable  prince. 

2.  X'ol  lo  be  appeased  or  subdued  ;  as,  implacable 
anger  ;  implacable  wnmitv.  malice,  or  revenge. 

IM-PLA'€A-BLV,  flf/e.  Vvilh  enmity  not  to  be  p.aci- 
Jied  or  subdued  ;  inexorably  ;  as,  to  hale  a  person 
i.nplacablij. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII.AT.  — .Mf:TE,  PRgY.  — I'lXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NCTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.  - 
M9~ 


IMP 

lil-PLANT',  r.  I.     [in  and  plant,  L.  planto.] 

To  set,  plant,  or  infix,  for  the  purjwae  of  crowth  ; 
as,  to  implant  the  seeds  of  virtue,  or  the  princlpk-a 
of  knowledge  in  the  minds  of  youth;  to  implant 
grace  in  the  heart. 

[/(  is  n9W  seldom  or  never  used  in  its  literal  sense  for 
setting  plant.1  in-  seeiln  in  the  earthj^ 

IM-PLAXT -A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  setlinp  nr  infix- 
ing in  the  Uiind  or  heart,  as  principles  or  first  rudi- 
ments. Urown. 

IM-PLANT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Set;  infixed  in  the  mind, 
as  principles  or  rudiments. 

I.M-PLA.NT'I.\G,p/tr.  Setting  or  infixing  in  the  mind, 
as  principles. 

IM-PLAC-SI-UIL'I-TY,  n.  [from  implausible.]  The 
qiiaiit'v  of  not  being  plausible  or  specions. 

IM-PLAU'«I-BLE,  c.  [in  and  plaiisibte.]  Not  spe- 
cious ;  not  wearing  the  ap;»ear:iiice  nf  truth  or  cred- 
ibility, and  not  likely  to  bb  b^.liuved ;  as,  an  implan- 
sib'e  lianme'ip.  Siotft. 

IM-PLALT'Sl-BLE  \ESS,  n.  St:ite  of  not  h-.-ing  plau- 
sible." 

IM-PLAT'SI-BLY,  adv.  Without  an  appearance  of 
proh.tbUity. 

IM-PLicACH',  r.  L  {in  kt\A  pleach.]  To  interweave. 
[J^'ot  nt  iwc]  Skak. 

IMPLEAD',  c.  (.  [in  and  plead.]  To  institute  and 
prosecute  a  suit  a^ain^t  one  In  court ;  t«  sue  at  law. 
The-  corporation  shall  have  power  to  pk'ad  and  be 
impUa/led. 

L«  ihcin  inpltad  on?  atiothtr.  —  Acw  xJx. 

IM-PLf.AD'ED,  pp.     Prosecuted  j   sued  ;   subject   to 

answer  to  a  suit  in  court. 
IM-PLKAI)'ER,  a.     One  who  prnsccnte^  another. 
I.M  PLkAD'[NG,  ppr.     Prosecuting  a  suit. 
IM-PLEAS'ING,  a.     IJnpkasinf!.     [.V(.(  in  tue.] 
IM-PLEHGE',  (ira-plej',)  o.  (.    To  pawn.     [JVyt  used.] 
IM-PLEI>G'£D,  a.     Pledged  ;  pawned. 
I.VI'PLE-MENT,  n.     [Low  L.  implemeiUumf  from  tin- 
pleo,  to  fill ;  iM  and  plec] 

Whatever  may  supply  wnnls  ;  (larticularly  applied 

to  tools,  uttnsils,  vtfssels,  ln>iriimeiits ;  the  1<h>Is  or 

instruments  of  latK>r ;  the  vessels  used  in  n  kitchen, 

Jfcc  ;  as,  the  imptemenLt  of  tradj?  or  of  husbandry. 

[/(  is  a  tpm-d  ofvmt  cxten.iire  sifr»ifieativit.] 

IM'PLE-.MENT-L\G,o.  Furnishing  with  implements, 

£d.  Reo. 
IM-PLfe'TION,  n.     [L.  implej>,  to  fill  ;  in  and  ;./«>.] 
The  act  of  filling ;  the  state  of  being  full. 
Th?  imptetion  ia  pithT  in  aimplf;  or  comjioiind   flow™.    The 
impiediin  of  liinpff  flowris    \a  hy  Uie  uicntur  eiUier  tf  tUe 

IM'PLEX,  a.     [U  implexus.     Pee  Implicate.] 
Infolded;  intricate,  entangled;  complicated. 
E»rr)r  pwriii  !■  »impte  or  impLtx ;  ii  i«  c  illwl  ajniple,  wlien  there 
u  no  chHitg^- of  tTHiiir  in  it;  impitx ,  <M\\^n  Ihr  fortiinc  of 
the  ciiirf  acuir  diaiigui  from  Uid  to  gvoil,  or  rroin  gxxMl  tu 
Uid.  ifptcuuor. 

IM-PLEX'ION,  (im-plek'shun,)  n.  [See  Impi.ic»te.] 
I'he  act  of  infolding  or  involving  ;  the  state  uf  being 
involved  ;  invnlutiun.     [Little  HsetL]  Diet. 

IM'PLieATE,  r.  t.  [Fr.  implitfurr :  Xl.  implicare  i  L. 
intplicOy  implicatus  i  la  and  pluo,  to  fuld  j  Gr.  rrA:«(ij, 
W.plysnt.] 

1.  To  infold  :  to  involve  ;  to  entangle.        Boyle. 
[Seldom  used  in  its  littrai  sense.] 

2.  To  involve  ;  to  bring  into  connection  with  ; 
■IsOfto  shnw  or  pn>ve  to  he  cutmr-ct<*d  or  concerned  ; 
as,  the  evidence  diM:s  nut  unpUcate  ilu  accused  per- 
son in  this  con^pimcy. 

WPLICA-TVA),  pp.     Inf-.Med;  involved. 

2.  Involved;  connected;  concerned;  proved  to  be 

concerned  or  to  have  had  a  part.     Twenty  persons 

are  impUmtrri  in  the  ploL 
IM'PLI-€A-TL\G,   ppr.      Involving  ;    proving  to  be 

Ci>ncerned. 
IM-PLI-eA'TION,  n.     [L.  i>np!icatii>^  supra.] 

1.  The  act  of  infuldmg  or  involving. 

2.  Invohition  ;  entanglement.  " 

Three   |miici|sil  Citiwi  of  flnnneM  nrr,  ih*  ^munets,  the  (jiiH 
UiiUkcl,  and  the  imptiaUion  of  tlK>  cotii)>i<it';iit  [><tru.    Boytt, 

3.  An  implying,  or  that  which  is  implied,  hut  not 
expressed  ;  a  ticit  inference,  ur  something  fairly  to 
be  understood,  though  not  expressed  in  words. 

Th";  ilKtori  ht^,  by  imptiradon,  uf  a  ■iiircr-'nl  opinion.    A\/l{ffi. 
IM'PLieA-TIVE,  a.     Having  implication. 
IM'PLI-eA-TIVE-LY,  ado.     By  implication.    Buttu 
IM-PL1C'!T,  (im-plis'il,)  a.     [L.  implicdasy  from  im- 
plico.] 

i.  Infolded  ;  entangled  ;  complicated. 

In  hia  woolly  ft^ce 
I  cling  implicit.     [lAUla  uttd.]  Pop*. 

2.  Implied  ;  tacitly  comprised  ;  fairly  to  be  under- 
stood, though  not  expressed  in  wonis;  as,  an  implicit 
contract  or  agreement. 

3.  Resting  on  another  ;  trusting  to  the  word  or 
Authority  of  another,  without  doubling  or  reserve,  or 
without  examining  into  the  tnith  of  the  thing  it.self. 
Thus  we  give  implicit  credit  or  confidence  to  the 
declamtlona  of  a  perxon  of  known  veracity;  we  re- 
ceive with  implicit  faith  whatever  God  has  clearly 
revealed. 


IMP 

I.M-PLrt"IT-LV,  ailr.  Ky  infortnce  deducilile,  but 
nut  expressed  in  words;  virtually;  in  reality,  but 
not  in  n.'une. 

Ue   tlitt   (Iciiiea   the   piovidonce  of  God  impliciiiy  df^uin  hii 

eii«ie»c«.  '     Benllty. 

2.  By  ronnection  with  something  else ;  depend- 
ently  ;  with  unreserved  confidence  ;  without  doubt- 
ing, or  without  examining  evidence.  Wc  are  dis- 
posed to  believe  implicitly  what  a  man  of  veracity 
testifies 

Ijcurn  not  to  £ti«i>Hte  th**  mPtho<ta  of  liii  provklenc^,  but  humbly 
nnU  itnplicilly  lo  aajuicsce  in  and  atlore  ihe-m,  AOerbury. 

IM-PLIC'IT-NESS,  fi.  The  state  of  being  implicit; 
the  state  of  tnisting  without  reserve. 

IM-PLT'/^1>,  pp.  or  rt.  [See  Imply.]  Involved  ;  con- 
tained viriu:dly,  though  not  expressed  ;  as,  an  implied 
promise. 

IM-PLI'KO-LV,  adv.     By  implication. 

IiM-PL(!»-KA''i'lO.N,  «.     Earnest  supplication. 

Bp.  Hall. 

IM'PLO-R.^-TOR,  B.     One  who  implores.  Shak. 

1.M-PL(^RE',  r.  f.  [Vt.  implorer  ;  Sp.  vnplorar ;  It.  mi- 
plorare  ;  L.  imphro  ;  in  and  ploru,  lo  cry  out.] 

1.  To  call  uiH)n  or  for,  in  supplication  ;  to  beseech  ; 
to  pray  earnestly  ;  to  petition  with  urgency  ;  to  en- 
treat i  a^,  to  implore  the  forgiveness  of  sins  ;  to  im- 
plore mercy. 

Iinyloring  all  th«  g^la  thnt  ri'ijn  above.  Pope. 

2.  To  ask  eaniesily  ;  to  beg. 
IM-PLfiUE',  V.  i.     To  entreat ;  to  beg. 
IM-PLoltE',  M.     Eiirnest  supplication.     [J\'ot  used.] 

Spenser. 

IM-PI*ftR'KD,  pp.     Earnestly  supplicated  ;  besought. 

I.M-PLf^U'Elt,  M.     One  who  prays  earnestly. 

IM  PI.^R'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Beseeching;  entreating; 
praying  carnt-stlv. 

IM-PLriMNG  LV,  adr.     In  the  manner  of  entreaty. 

I.M-PLO.M'i-'D,     i  a.     Having  no  plumi^s  or  feathers. 

IM-PLf'M'OUS,  i  Johnson. 

IM-PLL'.NGE',  (im-plunj',)  r.  t.  To  plunge;  to  im- 
mense. Fuller. 

IM-PLV,  V.  t.  [Fr.  impliquer ;  Pp.  impliear ;  It.  i;n- 
plicare ;    L.  implico ;   in  and  ptico,  to  fuld.     See  Im- 

PLICATF.] 

"1.  Literally^  to  infold  or  involve  ;  to  wrap  up. 
[  OftoJ  Spenser. 

2.  i'o  involve  or  contain  in  puh-^tance  or  essence, 
or  by  fair  inference,  or  by  construction  of  law,  when 
not  expressed  in  words. 

Wliere  a  iiuiliclout  act  ia  proved,  a.  iialidoui  intention  ia  im. 

plitd.  .STier.'oct. 

When  a  man  employa  a  Inborer  lo  work  for  him,  or  an  n^iii  to 
tnuiMict  UMitieaa  fur  him,  liio  act  of  liirin^  imptiea  an  olili^:i- 
tioii,  and  a  pruiniae  tlml  be  aliull  pny  liitn  a  naaoicible  re- 
ward for  )iia  HTvic-a.  Cuntnicu  htv  exprraai'ii  or  implied; 
expr  as  cuiitncta  nrv  thoae  in  wlucli  an  :ig'r>'r'riir-nt  or  proin* 
lar  isrxprraMd  t>v  worla  or  in  writinfr  i  iinplitd  contr.icia 
are  •nch  its  ariv  fmin  Uic  prvaumptiou  of  lau-,  or  th?  jiintice 
mill  ivMJKiii  i>l  itio  uaru-icduii,  DlackiU>Tie. 

ni-PLVI\G,  ppr.      Involving  ;    containing  in   sub- 
stance, or   by  fair  inference,  or  by  construction  of 
law. 
IM-POCK'ET,  r.  t.     To  pockeL     [^^"01  used.] 
l.M-POI«'0N,   (im-poiz'n,)    v.    t.      [Fr.    empoisonner. 
See  Poison.] 

1.  To  poison  ;  lo  Impregnate  with  poison  ;  to  cor- 
rupt with  poison. 

2.  To  imhitter:  to  im|uiir;  as,  grief  m/»o)«o7u  the 
pleasunMi  of  life. 

3.  To  kill  with  poison.     [Rare.]  ShaJi. 
I.\l  POIS'ON-KU,  pp.     Poisoned;   corrupted;   imhit 

tered. 
IM-POia'0i\-ING,  p;)r.    Poisoning;  corrupting;  im- 

bittering. 
IM-P01«'0.\.ME.Vr,  n.    The  net  of  poisoning. 

Pope. 
IM-P^'[*AR-I-I.Y,  adv.     Not  according  lo  the  direction 

of  the  |H)li*s.     [.S'ot  tLsed.]  Brown. 

I.M-PiJL'l-CV,    w.      [in   and    poUnj.]       Inexpedience ; 

unsuibibleness  to  the  end  pro)>OHea  ;  bad  policy  ;  de- 

f<;ct  of  wisdom  ;  a  uvrd  applied  to  priciUe  as  well  as 

public  afiiiirx.  IVaskiniTton. 

IM-Pd-LITE',  a.    [in  and  polite.]     Not  of  polished 

manners:  un|iolitf  ;  uncivil;  rude  in  nrmners. 
IM-P()-LITE'LV,m/t..     Uncivilly. 
I.M  PO-LITE'NEHS,   n.      InciviLly;    want    of    good 

manners.  Ckf.^terjield. 

IM-POL'I-TIG,  fl.     Not  wise;  devising  and  pursuing 

measures  adapted  to  injure  the  piililic  interest ;  as, 

an  impolitic  prince  or  tninister. 

2.  I'nwise;  adaptird  to  injure  the  public  interest; 
as,  an  impoUtie  law,  measure,  or  seheinp. 

3.  Not  wise  in  private  roncerns  ;  pursuing  meas- 
ures ill  suited  to  promote  private  welfare  ;  not  pru- 
dent. 

4.  Not  suited  lo  promote  private  Interest. 
IM-PO-LIT'ie-AL,  for  Impolitic,  is  obsolete. 
IM-PU-LIT'ie-AL-LV,  adv.     Without  art  or  forecast. 

(J^ot  lUfrfJ  Bacon. 

POL'I-Tie-LV,  adr.     Not  wisely;    not  with  due 
forecast  and  pnidence  ;  in  a  manner  to  injure  public 
or  private  interest. 
I.M  PON-DER-A-BIL'I.TY,7i.    Destitution  of  sensible 
weight. 


IMP 

IM-PON'OER-A-BLE,  o,  [in  and  pot^eruble.]  Not 
having  sensible  weight. 

Heat,  light,  electricity,  and  magnetism,  are  called 
imponderable  sulisUinces.  Brande. 

IM-PON'DER-A-BLE-NESS,  r.  State  of  being  im- 
pondenible. 

I.M-PON'UER  OUS,  a.    Not  having  sensible  weight. 

Broira. 

IM-PON'DER-OUS-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  impan- 
derous. 

IM-PoNE',  r.  (.     [L.]    To  stake ;  to  wager.     [Obs.] 

Shak, 

IM-POOR',  V.  t.  [in  and  poor.]  To  impoverish.  [JVot 
in  iL-ie.]  Brotcne. 

IM-PO-ROS'I-T  Y,  n.  [in  and  porosity.]  Want  of  po- 
rosity ;  clositness  of  texture ;  compactness  that  ex- 
cludes pores.  Bacon. 

IM-PO'ROL'i^,  a.  Destitute  of  pores ;  very  close  or 
coiii^)ac1  in  texlurf> ;  solid.  Brown.     Ray. 

IM-Poi<'I'',  r.  (.  [Fr.  importer;  L.  importo }  in  and 
porta,  to  bear.     Pee  Bear.] 

1.  To  bring  from  a  foreign  country  or  jurisdiction, 
or  from  another  state,  into  one's  own  country,  juria- 
dictinn,  or  state  ;  op|K>sed  to  Export.  We  import  teas 
and  silks  from  China,  wines  from  Spain  and  France, 
and  dry  goods  from  Great  Britain.  Great  Britain  iiri- 
ports  ciAXaw  from  .America  and  India.  We  may  say 
also  that  Coiineclicut,  Massachusetts,  and  Maine,  t/n- 
port  flour  from  the  Middle  States. 

2.  To  bear  or  convey,  as  signification  or  meaning  ; 
to  mean  ;  to  slgnif}*;  to  imply.  We  are  to  under- 
stand by  a  term  \vn;tt  it  clearly  imporLs. 

3.  To  be  of  Wfisht  to  ;  to  be  of  moment  or  conse- 
quence to ;  to  bear  on  the  interest  of,  or  to  have  a 
bearing  on. 

Ht  li-nfTlh  of  «cliiwM,  with  what  rise  more  tcrious 

Irtportel/i  ili-v  to  ktiipw,  thiit  txrurs. 

life 


riryden. 


nlore  it,  wlwi  imports  it  you  f 

I.M'PORT,  a.  That  which  is  borne  or  conveyed  in 
words;  meaning;  significatiun ;  the  sense  which 
words  are  intended  to  convey  to  the  understanding, 
or  which  tlidy  bear  in  sound  interpretation.  Import 
ditDrs  from  Implication  in  this, that  the  meaning  of 
a  term,  or  nuiiiber  of  words,  in  connection,  i^t  lessob- 
8<  uri'Iy  expressed.  Import  depends  less  on  inference, 
or  deduction,  than  implicativn,  and  is  also  applied 
more  frequently  to  a  single  word.  In  all  philosophi- 
cal discussions,  it  is  useful  to  ascertain  the  import  of 
the  terms  employed.  In  the  construction  of  laws 
and  treaties,  we  arc  to  examine  carefully  the  import 
of  Words  and  phrases. 

2.  That  which  is  imported  or  brought  into  a  coun- 
try from  an  -ther  country  or  state  ;  generally  in  the 
plural.  Our  imports  exceed  our  exiKirts  ;  the  balance 
must  be  paid  in  s]>ecie  ;  hence  the  scarcity  of  coin. 

3.  Importance  ;  weight ;  consequence.  [Formerly 
accent rd  on  tfie  second  si/llable.]  Shak.     Dryden. 

IM-PCRT'A-ULE,  a.     That  may  be  imported. 
2.  Insupportable;  not  to  be  endured.     [06^.] 

Spenser. 
IM-PORT'ANCE,  n.     [Fr. ;    Sp.  importancia:   It.  im~ 
portama ;  from  impitrt.] 

1.  Weight ;  c<inseqiience  ;  a  bearing  on  some  in- 
terest ;  that  quality  of  any  thini;  by  wliich  it  may  af- 
fect a  measure,  interest,  ur  rcsulL  The  educaiiiui  of 
youth  is  of  great  importance  to  a  free  governnunt  A 
religious  etlucaiion  is  of  infinite  importance  to  every 
human  being. 

2.  Weight  or  consequence  In  the  scale  of  being. 


Tliv  own  imparlanc*  hnow, 
Nor  bound  thy  narn-w  ri^wa  to  thmjfa  below. 


Pop: 


3.  Weight  or  consetpience  in  self-estimation.  He 
believes  lijuiself  a  man  of  importance. 

4.  Thing  implied;  matter;  subject;  importunity. 
[In  these  senses,  obsolete.]  Shak, 

IM-PORT'ANT,  a.  [Fr.]  Literally,  bearing  on  orto. 
ilence,  weighty  ;  momentous  ;  of  great  consequence  ; 
having  a  hearing  on  some  interest,  meanure,  or  re- 
sult, by  which  good  or  ill  may  be  pitxiuced.  Truth 
is  important  to  ha[)piness  as  well  as  toknowl(.'dge,biit 
none  so  important  as  religious  truth.  The  commerce 
of  Great  Britain  is  important  to  her  navy,  and  her 
navy  is  important  to  her  independence.  Men  often 
forget  the  important  end  for  which  they  were  created. 

2.  Bearing  on  ;  forcible  ;  driving. 

Ho  fiiTW'ly  (It  him  flfw, 
And  wilh  important  oiHr.\ge  hin  nM;»ilpd.  Sprnter. 

3.  fmimrtunate.     [JVot  used.]  Shak. 
IM-PORT'ANT-LY,  adv.     Weightily ;  forcibly. 

Hammond. 
IM-POR-TA'TION,  71.     [Fr,  :  from  impoH.] 

1.  The  act  or  practice  of  impt)rtinK,  or  of  bringing 
from  annthiT  country  or  state  ;  opiKised  to  Exphuta 
TioN.  Nations  fiirbid  the  importation  of  commodities 
which  are  produced  or  manufactured  in  sulficient 
abundance  at  home, 

2.  The  wares  or  commodities  imported.  The  im- 
portations, this  season,  exceed  tliose  of  the  ItuL 

3.  Conveyance. 

IM-PCRT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Brought  from  another  coun- 
try or  stale. 
IM-PORT'ER,  n.      He  that  imports;    the  merchant 


TONE,  EI;LL,  INVITE.— a X"GEa,  VI"CIOUS €  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  S!I ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


u$3 


IMP 

who,  by  himself  or  his  agent,  bring-i  gondii  Ttom  aii- 

othtT  cownin-  or  stale. 
IM-PORT'ING,  ppr.  OT  a.     Bringing  poods,  &r.,  into 

one*s  own  country  or  state  from  a  foreign  or  distant 

state 
9.  Bearine,  as  a  signification  ;  meaning. 
3.  Having  weight  or  consequence. 
IM-P6RT'LESS,  a.    Of  no  weight  or  consequence. 

[AV/  usfiL]  Shak. 

IM-PORT'tr-XA-CY,  «.      The  act   of   importuning; 

impitrtunsleness. 
IM-PORT'U-NATE,  a.     [U  impvrtunus.    See  Imfor- 

TUNK.1  . 

1.  Bearing  on;  pressing  or  urging  m  request  or  de- 
mand ;  urgent  and  pertinacious  in  solicitation  ;  as, 
an  importiuuitt  suitor  or  petitioner.      . 

3.  rrfssing  ;  ur:;t'Ul  ;  as,  an  importunate  demand. 
3.  Inciting  uretntty  fur  gratification;  as,  impoHu- 
nate  passions  niid  apjx  tiles, 
XM-PORT'U-.NATE  LY,a^o.    With  urgent  request; 

with  pn'ssiiis  soliciialion. 
IM-PORT'l^-XATE-NESS,  «.    Urgent  and  pressing 

soliritatton.  i>'^*y- 

IM-PCiRT'l^-NA-TOR,«.    One  that  importunes.  [AVt 

ix  use.]  Sandifg, 

IM-POR-TCXE',  B.L  [Fr.  importumrr ;  Sp.  imocHmnar : 
lU  imp0Ttiinare ;  from  U.  imporinaus  ;  in  and  porte,  to 
be«ron.] 

To  request  with  urgency ;  to  press  with  solieita- 
tioa  ;  to  urge  with  frequent  or  unceasing  application. 

Ttaefr  mkiBten  iind  mM«'ntB  h^re  hurt  perpetu&llj  inportuvad 
VM  court  with  tmiCMOwable  ilrmuid*.  Sv^/L 

IM-POR-TCiVE',  a.  [h.  importunus.  Formerly  ac- 
cented on  the  second  syllable.] 

1.  Pressing  in  request ;  urgent ;  troublesome  by 
frequent  demands  ;  vexatious;  unreasonable. 

Spauer.    Bacon. 

2.  Unseasonable.  MUtam. 
[This  word  is  obsolete;  being  superseded  by  I«- 

roBTVNATE,  unless  perhaps  in  poetrv.] 
IM-POR-TCX  £D.  p/>.     Reqtie<ted  with  urgency. 
IM-POR-TON'E'LY,  eiie.    With   urgent   st>lirit:ition ; 
tncessantly  ;  continually;  troublesomely.    [Ofr*.] 

Spfndtr. 
9.  Unseasonably  ;  improperly.     [  ObsA 

Ssiisv  f  siti 
IM-POR-TON'ER,  ■.    One  who  ni^et  wtth  earnest- 
ness. 
IM-POR-TCN'INO.  ppr.    Soliciting  with  nrsency. 
IM-POR-TO'XI-TY,  n.     ffr.  impiTtuniU  ;  L.  importu- 
nitas  ] 

Pressing  solicttation  ;  urgent  request ;  application 

for  a  clitim  or  favor,  which  is  ursed  with  troiidle- 

Bome  frequency  or  pertinacity.     Men  are  sonn'^times 

overcome   by  the  iMportniiiig  of    their    n'ives    or 

children. 

IM-PfiRT'tI-OU3,  a.     [L.  tmportuosiu;  in  and  iiot-.'h5.] 

Wtthout  II  port,  haven,  orlrirlMir. 

I  IM-POS'A-BU£,  a.    That  may  be  imposed  or  laid  on. 

1M-P6S'A-BLE-NESS,  ■-    State  of  bting  imfiosnhle. 
IM-PGSE',  v.  t.     [Fr.  iutposer  :  L«  hnpoiilmn,  fn"»iTi  i»i- 

jwRo  ,-  in  and  pono^  to  put.     PotWy  as  written,  belongs 

to  Class  Bn  ;  and  posui^  positum,  to  Class  Bs  or  Bd. 

The  latter  coincides  with  Eng.  put.    But  n  and  «niay 

be  convertible.] 

1.  To  lay  on  ;  to  set  on  ;  to  lay  on,  as  a  burden, 
tax,  toil,  duly,  or  penalty.  The  legis'lntitre  vnposea 
taxes  for  the  support  of  gfivemmeiit ;  toll  is  imposed 
on  passengers  to  maintain  roads,  and  penalties  are 
imposed  on  those  who  violate  the  laws.  God  im- 
pa»e^  no  burdens  on  men  which  they  are  unable  to 
bear. 

On  iautoin  mlm  and  bufacuous  kings  htipott 

Thy  ptagite*.  Pop*. 

2.  To  place  over  by  authority  or  by  force.  The 
Romans  oflen  impu.ted  rapacious  governors  on  their 
colonies  and  conquered  countries. 

3.  To  lay  on,  as  a  command  ;  to  enjoin,  as  a  duty. 

Tbou  on  the  dmp  impoaett  ooUer  Uvs.  Waller. 

Impote  but  your  commands  Drydtn. 

A,  To  fix  on  ;  to  impute.     [Little  u»fd.]     Brown. 

5.  To  lay  on,  as  hands  in  the  ceremony  of  ordina- 
tion, or  of  confirmation. 

6.  I'o  obtrude  iallaciousty. 

Our  pon  ihinki  not  fit 
To  impott  upon  yoj  wiwt  be  writei  fu/  wit.  DrYim. 

7.  Among  prinUrs^  to  put  the  pages  on  the  stone 
and  fit  on  the  chase,  and  thus  prepare  the  form  for 
the  press. 

7^0  tmjHiM  on  ,•  to  deceive  ;  to  mislead  by  a  trick  or 
false  pretense  ;  tmigarltfy  to  put  upon.    We  are  liable 
to  be  imposed  oa  by  others,  and  sometimes  we  impose 
smouradves. 
Ut-POU/,  m.    Command  :  injunction.    [AVf  used.] 

Skak. 
IM-POS'ED,  (im-pozd',)  pp.    Laid  on,  as  a  tax,  bur- 
den, duty,  or  penalty  ;  enjoined. 
Imposed  on :  deceived. 
fM-POSE'MENT,  n.     Imposition.     [Bad.]      Moore. 
I.M-PCS'ER,  n.     One  who  lays  on  ;  one  who  enjoins. 
The  impotera  of  litfe  oatha  rnight  r-ppnt.  Walton. 


IMP 

I.M-P6*'INU.  ;'/"■      Laying  on;  enjoining;  deceiving. 
2.  a.  Cominandini! ;   nd;ipted  to  impress  forcibly  ; 
as,  an  imposine  air  or  manner. 

Wr^  mkI  mpoaifif  eUiliecs,  intboaoroed  to  Ihr  rrorn  of  aotnr 
rich  TAllcr.  BiAop  Holtari. 

IM-P08'ING,  n.  Among  printer.*,  the  act  of  putting 
the  pages  of  a  sheet  in  proper  order  on  the  imposing- 
stone,  and  preparing  thctn  to  be  printed.      Brande. 

IM-PO*'Ii\<J-I.\  ,  adv.    In  an  imjKising  manner. 

IM  POS'IXG-STOXE,  H.  Among  printers^  the  stone 
on  whicii  the  page«  or  columns  of  types  ure  imposed 
or  made  into  furms. 

IM-PO-»I"TiON,  (im-po-zish'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L. 
impositio.     See  Impu»b.] 

1.  In  a  grneral  sensty  the  act  of  laying  on. 

2.  The  act  of  laying  on  hands  in  the  ceremony  of 
ordination,  when  the  bishop  in  the  Episcopal  church, 
and  the  nimisters  in  most  other  churches,  place 
their  bands  on  the  head  of  the  person  whom  they 
are  ordaining,  while  one  pntys  for  a  blessing  on  his 
labors.    The  same  ceremony  is  used  in  other  cases. 

3.  The  act  of  setting  on  or  aflixing  to  ;  as,  the  im- 
positivn  of  name^  BoyU. 

4.  That  which  is  impost>d  ;  a  tax,  toll,  duty,  or 
excise,  laid  by  authority.  I'yrants  oppress  their  sub- 
jects with  grievous  impositions. 

5.  Injunction,  as  of  a  law  or  duty.  Milton. 

6.  Constraint ;  oppression  ;  burden. 

Let  it  D'H  be  mA(!<r,  conUnry  to  iu  own  nMniv,  ibn  occuion  of 
Mrirc,  A  na<T(iw  spirit,  mid  uiiitiaAoiiable  imponAon*  on  the 
Qiirid  kiiU  practice.  WatU. 

7.  Deception;  imposture. 

Bciii^  acquaitiiej  with  bia  tuiid,  I  bad  no  zvuon  to  iiiBp^ct  an 
ynpojiiaon.  Sinoiiett. 

8.  A  supernumerary  exercise  enjoined  on  students 
as  a  punishment.  England. 

[**  Every  pecuniary  mulct  whatever  on  young  men 
in  statu  pupiliari,  should  be  abolished  ;  the  proper 
punishment  is  employing  their  minds  in  fiome  useful 
tmpositioH.'*  Enormous  Ripense  qf  KduaUion  in  Cam- 
hridre. 

"Literary  tasks  called  impositions,  or  frequent 
compulsive  attendances  <m  teJious  and  unimproving 
exercises  in  a  college  hull."  T,  Warton^  Minor  Po- 
ems qfMiUon,  p.  420.  —  E.  H.  B.] 
IM-POS-ijI-BIL'I-TV,  n.  [from  impossible.]  That 
whiclt  can  not  be  ;  tlie  state  of  being  not  pa<isible  to 
exisL  That  a  thing  should  be  and  not  be  at  the  same 
time,  is  an  impossibiluy. 

a.  Impracticability;  the  state  or  quality  of  being 
not  feasible  or  possible  to  be  dune.  That  a  man  by 
his  own  strength  should  lift  a  ship  of  the  line,  is  to 
him  nn  impo.-isibilitij,  as  the  means  are  inadequate  to 
the  end.  f^*ee  Impossible.] 
IM-POS'SI-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  impossibilis ;  in  and 
possibtlLt^  from  possum,  ti>  be  able.] 

1.  That  cnu  not  be.  It  is  impossible  that  two  and 
two  should  make  five,  or  that  a  circle  and  a  square 
should  be  the  same  thing,  or  that  a  thing  should  be 
and  not  be  nt  the  same  time. 

2.  Impracticable ;  not  feasible ;  that  can  not  be 
done. 

With  mrn  (hn  b  impotMbis  ;  but  with  God  all  thingi  are  puati- 

blr.  —  MaU,  xi«. 
Without  foitb  it  M  impotsi&ls  to  please  God.  —  Hcb.  xl. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  impossibilities,  phi/sictd  tiud 
moral.  That  is  a.  physical  impossibility^  which  is  cou- 
trarj-  to  the  law  of  nature.  A  thing  is  said  to  be 
morally  impossible,  when  in  itself  it  is  possible,  but 
att'-nded  with  difficulties  or  circumstances  which 
give  it  tlie  appt-arance  of  bfing  impossihle.  [See 
Possible,  Pbacticable,  and  Impbactica.ble.] 

Eucye. 
Impossible  quantity.     See  Imacinarv. 
IM'PO^T,  n.     [Sp.  and  It.  imposta;  Fr.  impotj  for  im- 
post^ Ij.  irapositum^impuno.] 

1.  Any  tax  or  triliute  imftoscd  by  authority  ;  partic- 
ularly, a  duty  or  tax  laid  by  government  on  goods 
imported,  and  paid  or  secured  by  the  importer  at  the 
time  of  importation.  Imposts  are  also  called  cus- 
toms. 

2.  In  architecture,  that  part  of  n  pillar  in  vaults  and 
arches  on  which  the  weight  of  the  building  rests  ;  or 
the  capital  of  a  pillar  or  cornice  which  crowns  the 
pier  and  supports  the  first  stone  or  piart  of  an  arch. 

j9irtswoTtJi.    Jish. 

IMPOS'THU-MaTE,  (im-pos'tu-mate,)  v.  i.  [See 
Imposthume.]  To  form  an  abscess  ;  to  gather  ;  to 
colK^ct  pus  or  purulent  matter  in  any  part  of  an  ani- 
mal body.  Arbutknot. 

IM-POS'THU-MaTE,  tJ.  £.  ToaOectwith  an  impos- 
thume  or  ali>*cpss, 

IM  POS'TUL'-MA-TED,  pp.  Aflectcd  with  an  irapos- 
thume. 

I.M-POS'THU-Ma'TIXG,  ppr.  Forming  into  an  ab- 
scess. 

IM-POS-THU-MA'TION,  ti.  The  act  of  forming  an 
abscess  ;  also,  an  abscess;  an  imposthume. 

Core.     Bacon. 

IM  POS'THUME,  (im-pos'tume,)  n.  ['Ihis  word  is 
a  corruption  of  aposfrm,  L.  apostema^  Gr.  utt  ■ot»;^u, 
from  apiarniiiy  U>  sep;irate,  to  withdraw,  or  to  stand 
off;  arr..  and  ianifn^  to  stand.] 


IMP 

An  abscess  ;  a  collection  of  pus  or  purulent  matter 
in  any  part  of  an  animal  body.  Eacyc. 

[This  word  and  its  derivatives,  being  mere  cofruiv 
tions,  might  well  be  suffered  to  pass  into  olilivion.j 
IM-POS'THCME,  r.  i.     The  same  as  Ihfobthumate. 
IM-POS'TOK,  n.     [Fr.  imposteur;  Pp.  and  Porl.  impos- 
tor; It.  impogtvre;  from  Low  L.  impostor ^  fVom  tni- 
pono.     See  Impose.] 

One  who  imiwHus  on  others;  a  person  who  as- 
sumes a  character  for  the  puv[tose  of  deception  ;  a 
deceiver  under  a  false  character.  It  seems  to  be  yet 
unsetlle(i  whether  Pcrkin  Warbeck  was  an  impostor. 
A  religious  itapostor  may  be  one  who  assumes  the 
chanirt'T  of  a  preacher  without  authority  ;  or  one 
who  falsely  pretends  to  an  extraordinary  commission 
from  Ile.iven,  and  terrifies  people  with  denuncia- 
tions of  judguu'ntri.  Eiicye. 
IM-POS'TI^R-AOE,  m.    Imposition.     [JVo(  in  use.] 

Bp.  Taylor. 
IM-PO.S'TTTRE,  n.      [Fr.,  from  L.  impostura.      See 
lurosE.] 

Deception  practiced  under  a  fjilse  or  assumed 
character;  fraud  or  unposition  practiced  by  a  false 
pretender. 

FotTn  iVK  le^mta, 
And  fill  ihf  world  wiili  I'oIlJL'a  niid  imposftret.  Irene. 

IM-P0S'TI;R-£D,  a.    Having  the  nature  of  imposture. 

Beaum.  ^  Ft. 
IM-POS'TIJR-OUS,  o.    DeceitfW.    [J^otused.] 

Beaum.  Sf  Fl. 
IM'PO-TEXCE,   )  n.     [L.  impotentia  ;  in  and  potentia, 
IM'PO-TEN-CV,  i      from  potcas,  from  the  root  v(  h. 
possum,  posse,  which  consists  of  the  elements  Pd  or 
Pt.     See  Power.] 

1.  Want  of  strength  or  power,  animal  or  intellec- 
tual;  weakness;  feebleness;  inability;  imbecility  ; 
defect  of  power,  natural  or  adventitious,  to  perform 
any  thing. 

Gome  wem  poor  by  ibf  impottTtey  of  n:tture ;  a>  yoiinjf  r^tberlt'M 
childivn,  old  decrepit  penoos,  idiuls,  and  cripples. 

HaytMtrd, 
The  impoUrtca  of  exeruHtog  aninuil  motion  aUends  I'even. 

Arbuthnol. 

S.  Moral  inability  ;  the  want  of  power  or  inclina- 
tion to  resist  or  overcome  habits  and  natural  propen- 
sities. 

3.  Inability  to  beget. 

4.  Ungovernable  passion  ;  a  Latin  sign^eation. 
[LiUle  usedA  Milton. 

IM'PO-TENT,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  impotens.] 

1.  Weak;  feeble;  wanting  strength  or  power  ;  un- 
able by  nature,  or  disabled  by  disease  or  accident,  to 
perform  any  act. 

I  know  thou  wait  not  slow  to  bear. 

Nor  iriipoUnl  to  Ktve.  Additon. 

2.  Wanting  the  power  of  propagation,  as  males. 

3.  Wanting  the  power  of  restraint;  not  having  the 
command  over;  as,  impotent  of  tongue.       Dryden. 

IM'PO-TENT.  n.  One  who  is  feeble,  infirm,  or  lan- 
giiishinf?  under  disease.  Skak. 

IM'PO-TENT-LY,  adv.  Weakly ;  without  power 
over  the  passions. 

IM-POUND',  V.  t.     [in  and  pound.     See  Pound.] 

1.  To  put,  shut,  or  confine,  in  a  pound  or  close 
pen  ;  as,  to  impound  unruly  or  stray  horses,  cat- 
tle, &c. 

2.  To  confine  ;  to  restrain  with  limits.       Bacon, 
IM-POUND'ED,  jrp.     Confined  in  a  pound. 
IM-POUND'ER,  n.    One  who  impounds  the  beasts  of 

another. 

IM-POUi\D'ING,  ppr.  Confining  in  a  pound;  re- 
straining. 

IM-POV'ER-ISH,  V.  U  [Fr.  appauvrtry  appauvrissant, 
from  pauvre,  poor ;  It.  vmpoverire.     See  Poob.] 

1.  To  make  poor;  to  reduce  to  poverty  or  indi- 
gence. Idleness  and  vice  are  sure  to  impoverish  in- 
dividuals and  families. 

'J.  To  exhaust  strength,  richness,  or  fertility ;  as, 
to  impoverish  land  by  frequent  cropping. 

IM-POV'ER-ISIl-iJD,  (im-pov'er-isht,)  pp.  or  a.  Re- 
duced to  (xiverty ;  exhausted. 

IM-POV'ER-I8H-ER,7i.     One  who  makes  others  poor. 

2.  I'hat  which  impairs  fertility. 
IM-POV'ER-ISH-l\G,  ppr.    Making  poor ;  exhausting. 
IM-POV'ER-[SH-LNG,  a.    Tending  or  fitted  to  reduce 

to  poverty,  or  to  exhaust  of  fertility.  White  crops 
are  impovcrishinfr  to  land. 

IM-POV'ER-IBHLY,  adv.     So  as  to  impoverish. 

IM-POV'ER-ISH-MENT,  n.  Depauperation;  a  re- 
ducing to  indigence ;  exhaustion  ;  drain  of  wealth, 
richness,  or  fertility. 

IM-POW'ER.     See  Empower. 

IM-PRA€-T1-€A-BIL'I-TY,     \  n.       [See    Impracti- 

IM-PRAC'TI-CA-BLE-NESS,  i      cable.] 

1.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  beyond  human 
power,  or  the  means  proposed  ;  in  feasibility. 

2,  Untractableness  ;  stubbornness.  Burnet. 
IM-PRAC'TieA-BLE,    a.      [in  and  practicable ;    Fr. 

impracticable.     See  Practice.] 

1.  That  can  not  be  done  or  performed  :  infeasible  ; 
not  to  be  effected  by  human  means,  or  by  the  means 
pro[)osed.  It  is  impracticable  for  a  man  to  lift  a  tun 
by  tiis  unassisted  strength  ;  but  not  impracticable  for 
a  man  aided  by  a  mechanica  power. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT METE,  PRgY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


IMP 


IMP 


IMP 


S.  Untmct-ible ;  unmanageable  ^  stubborn  ;  as,  a 
GcTcejiiupracticaMe  nature.  Roice. 

3.  Th:ii  can  not  be  passed  or  traveled  j  as,  an  im- 
practic4sblf  road  ;  a  colUnjaial  sense. 
IM-PRAt'TN€A-BLV,  adv.    In  a  manner  or  degree 
that  binders  practice. 

MonJity  aoi  impraeticabiy  rigid.  Johnson. 

IM'PRE-t'ATE,  r.  L     [L.  imprtcor;  in  and  precovy  to 
pray.     See  Pbav.] 

To  invoke,  as  an  evil  on  any  one  :  to  pray  tliat  a 

curse  or  calamity  may  fall  on  one's  self  or  on  another 

person. 

IM'PKE-Ca-TED,  pp.     Invoked  on  one,  as  some  evil. 

IM'PKE-e'A-TING,  ppr.     Calling  for  evil  on  one's  self 

or  another. 
IM-PKE-eA'TIOX,  «.     [L,  imprecatio.] 

The  act  of  imprecatine,  or  invokinij  evil  on  any 
one;  a  prayer  that  a  curse  or  calamity  may  fall  ou 
anv  one  ;  a  curse. 
IM'PRE-eA-TO-RY,  a.    Containing  a  prayer  for  evil 

to  befall  a  person. 
IM-PRE  CrS'lOX,  n.      [m  and  precision.l     Want  of 
precision  or  exactness  ;  defect  of  accunicy.      Taylor. 
IM-PReG.V,  (im-preen',)   r.   t.     [It.  impre^nore  ;    Pt. 
impre^ner ;  L,  in  and  prtEgnans.     See  PREGSA?fT.] 

Tu  impregnate;  to  infuse  the  seed  of  young,  or 
other  prolific  principle.  [Used  in  ptM;try.  .See  Im- 
PHto'^ATE.]  Milton.     Thomsoju 

IM-PREG'NA-BLE,  a.     [Tx.  imprtnnble.] 

1.  Not  to  be  stormed,  or  taken  by  assault ;  that 
can  not  t»e  reduced  by  force ;  able  to  resist  attack  ; 
as,  an  imprtgnable  fortress. 

2.  Nut  to  be  moved,  impressed,  or  shaken  ;  invin- 
cible. 


IM-PREG'NA-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  resist  pene- 
tration or  assault ;  in  a  manner  to  defy  force  ;  as,  a 
place  impreernably  fortified.  Sandys. 

IM-PREG'NATE,  r.  (.  [It.  impregiuire ;  Ft.  impreg^er; 
iSp.  impreaitar.     See  Pre«N4NT.] 

1.  To  infuse  the  principle  of  conception  ;  to  make 
pregnant,  as  a  female  animal. 

2.  To  depo^iit  the  fecundating  dust  of  a  flower  on 
the  pistils  of  a  plant ;  to  render  protific. 

3.  To  infuse  particles  of  one  thin^  into  another; 
to  communicate  the  virtues  of  one  thing  to  another, 
a«  in  pharmacy,  by  mixture,  digestion,  &o. 

IM  PREG'NATE,  a.  Impregnated  i  renderwt  prolific 
or  fruitful. 

IM-PREG'N'A-TED,  pp.  or  a  Made  pregnant  or  pro- 
lific; fecundated;  filled  with  something  by  mix- 
ture, ice. 

IM-PREG^\A-TING,  jgtr.  Inftising  seed  or  pollen; 
rendering  pregnant ;  fructifying  ;  fecundating ;  filling 
by  infu!*ion  or  mixture. 

IM-PREG-.\A'TIO.\,  n.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  fecun- 
dating and  rendering  fruitful;  applied  to  animals  or 
plants. 

2.  The  communication  of  the  particles  or  virtues 
of  one  thing  to  another. 

3.  That  with  which  any  thing  fs  impregnated. 

Dfrhnm. 

4.  Saturation.  .^insirortfi. 
IM-PRE  JO'DI-CATE,  a.     [L.  tn,  pro;  and  judico.] 

Not  prejudged  ;  unprejudiced  ;  not  prepossessed  ; 
impartial      [J^ot  usfd.]  Broxeiu 

IM-PREP-A-EA'TION,  n.     [in  and  prrparatiav.] 

Want  of  preparation  ;    unprepareduL-ss  ;  unreadi- 
ness.    [LitSU  iwprf.l  Hooker. 
IM-PRE-SeRIP-TI-BIL'I-TY.  n.     [Fr.  impreacriptibi- 
^ijjtom  imprfscriplible.] 

The  State  of  being  independent  of  prescription  ; 
the  state  which  renders  a  thing  not  liabl'^  to  Ih;  lost 
or  impaired  by  the  prescription  ef  anotlier,  or  by 
one's  own  non-user.  Vatttl^  Trans, 

LM-PRK-.SCRIP'TI-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  praseriptibU, 
from  L.  prttscribo  ;  prte  and  scribo,  to  write.] 

That  can  not  be  lust  or  impaired  by  non-user,  or 
by  the  claims  of  another  founded  on  prescrijiCion. 

Rlfhu  of  men  BbWitj  wliich  a  nun  m*.j  tiac  ur  not  «t  [tIouun>, 
wilbouc  *ny  ptnon't  having  a  right  tu  prrMirritie  lu  ine  oti 
that  ■Ubj^t,  nr*  impreMcriptibld.  YalUl,  Trant. 

The  righlt  of  nnwifrtlioH,  Qshing,  and  rthTi  th.At  uiny  t>e  rxrr- 
ciwU  on  ih-  fa,  \xlc»>gir.g  to  the  right  ol  min  nbility.  Arc 
imprt»cripiibU.  VatUl. 

IM-PRESS',  V,  L  [L.  impressumj  from  hnprimo  ;  m 
and  premOf  to  prcs:*.] 

1.  To  imprint;  to  stamp ;  to  make  a  mark  or  fig- 
ure on  any  thing  by  pressure  ;  as,  (n  impress  coin 
with  the  figure  of  a  man's  head,  or  with  that  of  an 
ox  or  sheep  ;  to  imprtss  a  figure  on  wax  or  clay. 

2.  To  print,  as  books. 

3.  To  mark  ;  to  indent. 

4.  To  fix  deep  ;  as,  to  impress  truth  on  Ihe  mind, 
or  facta  on  the  memory.     Hence,  to  convjrt  of  sin, 

5.  To  compel  to  enter  into  public  service,  as  sea- 
men ;  to  seize  and  take  into  service  by  compulsion, 
as  nurseii  in  sickness.  In  this  sense,  vvc  use  /rrcss  or 
impre.*^  indifferently. 

6.  To  seize  ;  to  take  for  public  service  :  as,  to  im- 
prsMs  prorisions.  Marakntl. 

IM'PRE.'iS,  n.  A  mark  or  indentation,  made  by 
pressure. 


2,  The  figure  or  image  t-f  any  thing  made  by  pres- 
sure ;  stamp;  Iikene.ss. 

3.  Mark  of  distinction  ;  stamp  ;  character. 

God  ]eiiv>>«  U3  tlii^  Efi'iicrjl  bnpreaa  or  character  on  llie  works  of 
crt-utioii,  ihul  lacy  wcru  vi;ry  ^ood.  SuuiK. 


4.  Device ;  motto. 

To  d''icrit»  emblazoned  sli'ieltla, 
Imprenet  quniiit. 


Milton, 


5.  The  act  of  compelling  to  enter  into  public  ser- 
vice,    r^ee  Press.]  Sltak. 

IM-PllESS'-CAXG,  K.  A  party  of  men  with  an  offi- 
cer, employed  to  impress  seamen  for  ships  of  war. 
(See  pREss-GANf;.] 
-PRE8S'£D,  (ini-prest',)  pp.  or  a.  Imprinted  ; 
stamped  ;  marked  liy  pressure  ;  compulled  to  enter 
public  service;  seized  for  public  use  ;  fixed  in  the 
mind  ;  made  sensible  ;  convinced. 

IM-PRESS-I-BIL'X-TY,  v.  The  quality  of  being  im- 
pressible. 

IM-PRESS'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  imjiressed  ;  that 
yields  to  an  impression ;  that  mny  receive  impres- 
sions.   Solid  bodies  are  not  easily  impressible. 

2.  That  may  be  impressed  ;  that  may  have  its  ig- 
ure  stamped  on  another  body. 

IM-PRESS'I-BLY,  adc.  In  a  manner  to  make  im- 
pression. 

IM-PKE:?S'I\G,  ppr.  Imprinting;  stamping;  fixing 
in  the  mind  ;  compelling  into  service. 

IM-PRES'SION,  (-presh'un,)  n.     [Fr. ;  L.  impressio.'] 

1.  The  act  of  impressing,  as  one  body  on  another  ; 
as,  a  figure  made  by  impression. 

2.  Mark  ;  indentation  ;  stamp  made  by  pressure ; 
as,  a  seal  makes  an  impression  on  wax. 

3.  The  efiect  w*hich  objects  produce  on  the  mind. 
Thus  we  say,  the  truths  of  the  gosp<;l  make  an  im- 
pression on  the  mind  ;  they  make  no  impression^  or 
a  deep  and  lasting  impression.  The  heart  is  impressed 
with  love  or  gratitude.  We  lie  open  to  the  impres- 
sions of  flattery. 

4.  Image  in  the  mind  ;  idea. 

5.  Sensible  elTect  The  artillery  mide  no  impres- 
sion on  the  fort.  The  attack  made  no  impression  on 
the  enemy. 

6.  A  single  edition  of  a  bonk  :  the  books  printed 
at  once  ;  as,  a  copy  of  the  last  impression.  The 
whole  impression  of  the  work  w:is  sold  in  a  month. 

7.  Sliiiht,  indistinct  remembrance.  I  have  an  im- 
pression that  the  fact  was  stated  to  me,  but  I  can  not 
clearlv  rerollfct  it. 

lM-PRES'SIO\-A-BLE,  a.  Susceptible  of  impression  ; 
that  cnn  be  impressed. 

IM-PREsa'lVE,  a.  Making  or  tending  to  make  an 
impression  ;  having  the  power  of  atfectinp,  or  of  ex- 
citing attention  and  fueling  ;  adapted  to  touch  sensi- 
bility or  the  conscience ;  as,  an  impressive  discourse  ; 
an  impressive  scene. 
2.  Capable  of  being  tniprcased  ;  susceptible. 

Spenser. 

IM-PRESS'IVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  touch  sen- 
sibility or  to  awaken  conscience  ;  in  a  manner  to 
produce  a  powerful  effect  on  the  mind. 

IM-PKErtS'IVE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  im- 

iirt'ssive. 
-PRESS'MENT,  n.      The  act  of  impressing  men 
into  public  service  ;  as,  the  imprejsinent  of  seamen. 

2.  'I'he  act  of  compelling  into  any  service  ;  as,  the 
imprrsmneai  of  nurses  to  attend  the  sick. 

3.  The  act  of  seizing  for  public  use;  as,  the  »m- 
pres'fment  of  provisions  for  tin;  army.  Marshali. 

I.M-PRE^.S'IIRE,  71.  The  mark  made  by  pressure  ;  in- 
dentation ;  dent:  impression.  Shdu 

I.M'Pli,E.-<'I',  n.     [It.  imprestare.] 

A  kind  of  earnest-money  ;  loan  ;  money  ad- 
vanct-d.  Burke. 

FM  PREST',  r.  f.    To  advance  on  loan. 

IM-PREV'A-LENCE,  n.    Incapability  of  prevailing. 

imi. 

IM-PRI-MA'TUR,  n.  [L.,  let  it  be  printed.]  A  li- 
cenne  tu  print  a  bot)k,  &c. 

IM  PRIM'ER-Y,  n.     [Fr.  imprimcrir.] 

A  print ;  impression  ;  a  printing-house ;  art  of 
printing.     [A"o(  in  use.] 

IM-PRF'.\1I.S,  ado.     [I,,  imprimis,  for  in  pi-imls.] 
In  the  first  place  ;  first  in  order. 

I.M'PRINT,  n.  The  name  of  the  publisher  of  a  book, 
newspaiwr,  &c.,  with  the  place  and  tinie  of  publi- 
cation, inserted  in  Ihe  fir^^t  page. 

I.M-PKINT',  V.  L  [It.  irnprimne;  Pp.  imprimir;  Fr. 
imprimcr;  h.  impnmo  ;  in  and  premo,  to  press.  See 
Print.] 

1.  To  impress  ;  to  mark  by  p-essnre  ;  as,  a  charac- 
ter or  device  imprinted  on  wax  .ir  cloth. 

2.  To  Blami)  letters  and  words  on  [Kipcr  by  means 
nf  types  ,  to  print. 

3.  To  fix  on  the  mind  or  memory  ;  to  impress. 
Ti<t  yitiir  father^  admcmJtions  and  instn^ctiohs  be 
imprinted  on  yuur  mind. 

IM-PRI.\T'E1>,  pp.      Marked  by  pressUHi ;  printed; 

fixed  in  the  mind  or  mt-morv. 
!M-PRI\T'[NG,;'/»r.     Marking  by  pressure  ;  printing; 

fixing  on  the  mind  or  memory, 
IM-PRIS'ON,  (im-priz'n,)  tJ.  U     [Fr.  empnsonner;  in 

and  priiioa.'\ 


1.  T"  |J"l  i'lto  a  prison  ;  to  cimfine  in  a  prison  o'   ' 
jail,  or  to  arrest  and  detain  in  rusl4»dy  in  any  pi  ice. 

2.  To  confine  ;  to  shut  up  ;  to  restrain  from  e-rnpw 
to  deprive  of  the  liberty  to  move  from  place  to  place 
as,  to  be  imprisoned  in  n  cell. 


He  imprisoned  wiu  in  chniua  rciii'-dilou. 
Try  to  imprison  lite  rtaistleu  wind*. 


Sp^"e*r, 
DrytUn. 


IM-PR1S'0\-A'D,  pp.  or  a.    Confined  in  a  prison  oi 
jai! ;  restrained  from  escape,  or  from  going  ai  large. 
IM-PRIS'ON-ER,  71.    One  who  imprisons  another. 

IM.PTlIS'0\-r\G,  71.    Act  of  confining  in  prison. 

IM-PUIS'0N-I.\G,  ppr.  Shutting  up  in  prismi  ;  con- 
fining in  a  place. 

IM-PlUS'Oi\-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  puttine  and  con- 
fining in  prison  ;  tlie  act  of  arresting  and  detaining 
in  custody. 

2.  Confinement  in  a  place ;  restraint  of  liberty  to 
go  from  place  to  place  at  pleasure.  Appropriutrly, 
the  confinement  of  a  criminal  or  debtor  within  the 
walls  of  Ji  prison,  or  ih  the  custody  of  a  sheriff",  &c. 

False  imprisonment,  is  any  confinement  of  the  per- 
son, or  restraint  of  liberty,  wftho^  t  lefjal  or  sufficient 
authority.  The  arrest  or  detention  of  the  person  by 
an  oflicer,  without  warrant,  or  by  an  illegal  warrant, 
or  by  a  legal  warrant  executed  at  an  unlawful  time, 
is  false  impritonmeyit.  Bluckgtone. 

IM-PROB-A-BIL'I-TV,  »i.  [Pee  iMPnonAHi.E^}  The 
quality  of  being  improbable,  or  not  likely  to  be  true  ; 
unlikelihood.  ^ 

IM-PROH'A-BLE,  a.  [.Sp.  Fr.,  from  L.  improhabilis ;  in 
and  prubnhilis,  from  probu,  to  prove.] 

Not  likely  to  be  true ;  not  to  be  exjHjrted  under  the 
circumstances  of  the  rase.  It  is  always  improbable 
that  men  will  knowlncly  oppose  their  own  interest ; 
yet  the  fact  is  possible.  It  is  improbable  that  snow 
will  fall  in  Julv,  but  not  incredible. 

IM-PROB'A-BLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  not  likely  to  be 
true. 
2.  In  a  manner  not  to  he  approved.    [Ofc.l    BouU. 

IM'PRO-BATE,  V.  t.     [L.  imprvbo.} 

To  disallow  i  not  to  approve.     [JVw(  used.^ 

Ainsicorth. 

ni-PRO-BA'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  disaj.pn.ving.  [JVVt 
ill  H.*c.]  Aoisworth. 

IM-PHOB'I-.TY,  71.  [L.  improbitas;  in  and  probilas, 
from  probo^  to  approve.] 

That  wliifh  is  disapproved  or  disallowed  ;  want  of 
integrity  or  re<tiiudi;  of  principle  ;  dislionesty.  A 
man  of  known  improbity  is  always  suspected,  and 
usually  despised. 

IM-PRd-DOG'£U,  (im-pro-dast',)  o.    Kot  produced. 

Ray. 

rM-rRO-FI"CIE\CE.  (-prtKfish'ens,)       (  ti.  Want  of 

IM-PRO-FI"CIEN-CY,  (- pro-fish 'en-sy,)  j  proficien- 
cv.  Bacon. 

IM-PROFaT-A-BLE,  a.    Unprofitable.    [J^ot  in  use.] 

Ebjot. 

IM-PRO  GRES'SIVE,  a.     Not  progressive. 

IM-PRO-LlF'ie,  a.    Not  urOific  ;  unfruitful.     [Obs.] 

IfaterhoiLse. 

IM-PRO-UF'IC-ATE,  v  t.  To  impregnate;  to  fe- 
cundate.    [Ofr.*.] 

IM-PROMP'TU,  adv.  or  a.  [I*,  in  promplUj  in  readi- 
ness, fr  m  promptusy  ready,  quirk.] 

Off  hand  ;  without  previous  study  ;  as,  a  verse  ut- 
tered or  written  impromptu. 

IM-PROMP'TU,  ».  A  piece  made  off  hand,  nt  the 
moment,  or  without  pcevious  study  ;  an  extempora- 


[L.  impropriiLs  i   in  and   proprius, 


neons  composition. 
IM-PROFER,  a. 
pni[)cr.] 

J.  Not  proper:  not  suitable  ;  not  adapted  to  its  end  ; 
unfit ;  as,  an  improper  uH'd.ciiie  for  a  particular  dis- 
ease ;  an  improper  regulation. 

2.  Not  becoming;  not  decent;  not  suited  to  tbe 
character,  time,  or  place  ;  as,  improper  conilurt  in 
rhurch  ;  improper  behavior  before  superiors  ;  an  i;/i- 
proper  speech. 

3.  Not  according  to  the  settled  usages  or  principles 
of  a  language  :  as,  an  improper  word  or  phrase. 

4.  Not  suited  to  a  particular  place  oroftire;  unqual- 
ified ;  as,  he  is  an  imjrropcr  man  for  the  oflice. 

Improper  fraction ;  a  fraction  whose  denominator  is 
not  greater  than  its  numerator. 

!M-PROP'ER-LY.  adv  Not  filly;  in  a  manner  not 
suited  to  the  end  ;  in  a  ■■  ^nnernot  suited  to  the  com- 
pany, lime,  place,  and  c.  --umstancesi  unsuitably; 
incongruously. 

2.  In  a  manner  not  nccordnic  with  established 
usages  ;  inaccurately  ;  nngrainmaticnUy ;  as,  to  speak 
or  write  improjyer.'jt. 

I.M-PRO-Pr'TIOUS,  (-pro-pish'us,)  a.  Not  propitious  ; 
unpropitioua.  tVutton. 

[  The  loiter  is  the  word  in  use.] 

IM-PRO-POR'TION-A-BLE,  a.  Not  proportionable. 
[l.inte  used.]  B.  Jonson. 

IM-PRO-P<5R^riON-ATE,  a.  Not  proportionate  ;  not 
adjusted.     [lM:h  used.]  Smith. 

IM-PR^'PRI-ATE,  V.  t.     [L.  in  and  proprius,  proiwr.] 
1.  To  appropriate  to  private  use  ;  to  lake  to  one's 
self;  as,  to  impropriate  thanks  to  ouc's  self.    [JVVil 
used.]  .  BaeoH, 


TCNE,  BULL,  rxiTE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS e  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;  S  aa  Z  ;  CII  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THI3. 


7i 


6r»r> 


IMP 


IMP 


a.  To  place  tlie  protiu  of  ecclesiastical  pro|ierty  in 
the  hands  of  a  layumn.  //ui/i. 

["  The  Money-pi«l,  in  Aristophanes,  prolcmls  a 
coninianil  from  Jupller  to  distribute  as  ereat  a  largess 
lo  the  wicked  as  to  the  sood  i  because,  if  V'"'" 
Bhonid  once  uiipn^riau  riches,  that  laire  OoddMse 
would  be  more  \vc>o.'d  for  h^r  dowij-  than  '"f  »« 
native  beaulv."  Archhi<h<,f  Sancr,.ft,  Mmiem  rou- 
tics,  edit  5,  I.ond.  lliSl.  liuo.  — E.  H.  UJ 


IM-PROPRI-ATli,  a. 

lav  man. 
IM-tRO'PRI-X-TED, 


IT 


Devolved  into  tlie  hands  of  » 

Appropriated  to  one's  self. 

^^  p'^'tTn  "i^oi  of  a  layman,  a.  chnreh  pn,,^ 

IM-PRO'PRI-A-TINO,  ppr.     Appropriating  to  one's 

"li  Placing  profits  of  ecclesiasUcal  property  in  the 
hands  of  a  layman.  ,        .■ 

IM-PRO-PHI-.t'TI0i\,  n.    The  act  of  pultins  an  ec- 
clesiastical bencflce  into  the  hands  of  a  layman. 
2.  The  benefice  imprnpriated.  i-*»'tf*- 

IM-PR0'PRl-*-TOR,  ».  A  layman  who  has  posses- 
sion of  the  Uinds  of  the  church,  ur  »n  ecclesiastical 
living.  .    ^lijft. 

IM-P80-PRI'E-TY,  m.  [Fr.  a^rapruU,  ftom  U  m- 
rnprius.    See  iHemorKS.] 

I.  Unfitness  ;  unsuitabteDeo  lo  cbancter,  lime, 
pUce,  or  cifcomsuuKus ;  u,  isyiiytisqr  of  behavior 
or  manners,  ^vity  of  conduct  is  an  umfrtfrut)!  in 
a  religious  asalbbly  and  at  a  funeral.  Kudeness  or 
forwanlness  in  young  persons  before  their  »u|>eiiors 
Is  imfroyrul^  Indecency  and  indecorum  arc  impro- 
wrietiiA. 

S.  loaccniacv  in  languan  ;  a  wonl  or  phrase  not 
aocoiding  with  the  rstablisbed  usages  or  principles  of 
speaking  o<  wrtlinf. 

IM-PROS-PER'I-TY. ».    Unprosperity ;  wsnl  of  mc- 

IM-PROS'PEROUS,   «.      fit  and  prwrptromM.^     Not 

praopcniof  i  noc  Micce«sful ;  unfortunate  :  not  }iel(l- 

ing  pcofll ;  not  sdvuirinft  interest  \  as,  on  imfr^tr- 

»m*  undertaking  ur  voyage.  Drfden. 

[r.trRosPEituut  u  (A*  itord  moH  gfturuUif  used  in 

IM-PttOS'PER-OU3-LY,  «rfp.      Unraccessfuny  ;  u 
iirosiK-nHiJilv  ;  unfortunately.  Boyte. 

l>rpROS'PEJR-OUS--\ESii,  «.    Ill  success;  want  of 

propperity.  Hammond. 

IM-PROV-A-BII>'I-TV.  ■-  [S^  Improvable.]  The 
state  tif  qii.ihty  of  be inp  capable  of  improvement  j 
sui^t-ptihiliiy  of  being  made  b-'tier. 
IM-PRoV'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Impbuvk,]  Pupceptible  of 
iroprovenK-nt ;  cajnhle  of  gruwing  or  being  made 
better  i  tliat  may  be  advanced  in  good  qualities. 

Vr«  have  wuKk  enoucfc,  and  thcu  vmat  ma  iBtpneaUt  nature, 
Ihd  •  uniUe  <tf  MWm  MlvaaoenMC      Dnmf  qf  Pitty. 

,    *^.  .^ — a  _—. a  — !—»-■—  J laWs  by  the 

HaU. 
AMuon. 

3.  That  may  be  used  to  advantage,  or  for  Ibe  in- 
dcase  of  anything  valuable. 

Tbe  t^jM  id  wrmktt  bnd«  &11orJ  improvab/t  hinU  to  bruo-, 

3.  Capable  of  tillage  or  cultivation. 

^  ■GkixitT  otimpro&aV  Umla  b^.in  to  br  fflt  in  tFyap  colontr*. 
. ,  UuO.  OrxtUMi,     B.  TrumbuU. 


lM-PROV'A-nLE-\EU*S,  b.  Sugceptibility  of  improve- 
meut ;  c.ipaMcness  of  being  made  better,  or  of  being 
used  to  advantage. 

I.M-PROV'A-BLY,  adr.  In  a  manner  that  admiU  of 
improvem'jnu 

IMPROVE',  (im-proov',)  r.  t,  [Norm,  prover^  to  im- 
prove j  improicmenL,  improving.  The  French  and 
Italians  use  ibe  same  compound  in  a  dilferent  sense. 
It  is  from  tbe  L.  ta  and  probo^  to  prove,  or  Uie  adjec- 
tive prot*j.'\ 

1.  To  make  better;  to  advance  in  value  or  pood 
qualities.  We  aaumd  a  bad,  but  improre  a  pood  thing. 
A  good  education  improves  the  mind  and  the  man- 
ner^i.  A  judicious  rutation  of  crops  lends  to  improve 
land.  Johnson, 

2.  To  use  or  emfJoy  lo  --nod  piirpofse ;  to  oiake 
priMlurtive ;  to  turn  to  pr  labie  account ;  lo  U;*e  for 
advaniaire  ;  to  employ  <*  .  advancing  iutirre^t,  reputa- 
tion, or  happiness. 

Vbay  apponunhV .,  ocenr  of  impr^^ng  moncj,  which,  if  a  man 

iwhKi,  be  '•--y  not  aftrrwairU  n<o»*r.  I^imbler. 

MHImu*  wm  ft  null  of  patu,  &ipatk  of  eujoyin^  and  improtiitg 

life.  Hajhhicr. 

True  policy,  m  wrD  as  good  (akh,  in  in;  opnion,  Umla  ua  U 

bnpnoa  the  occMion.  WaAin^ton. 

Thia  aucena  waa  ngt  imprmweA.  Mankall. 

TboK  wtM  ra)oj  Ibe  ailranla^  of  better  inslrocuon,  altould 

improm  Uieir  prihrBegn.  Miltm: 

we  atuil  njwciatl;  bonor  God  bf  imprmiAf  diHgtnUr  ihe  tiJ- 

enta  wtuch  Ood  hub  conunittMl  lo  ui.  Barrotm. 

They  wm  avare  of  Ute  ait»«ni»gT»  of  ikdr  poutua,  Aod  in*- 

prontd  tfapm  vitb  equ^  >kkl  aiid  d-lig-nn. 
„  i*«idi.  il«.  o/ iJoni/fon'e  nVt«. 

Thoie  motmata  were  daipmily  inproM^  CTiUon. 

The  caadEdxte  fanprovarf  lia  adraBiag-a.  CM6or. 

■*  **'"'  '*'y  I  do  Oo(  remepkler  to  bare  w^^  openrd  and  im- 


Wbalcver  inl«*re«l  w^  hare  M  iho  lluonc  of  srnoc,  ahoulil  be 
improve  ill  l^li.%lf uf  otlfn.  SroU.  fuin.  Kx.  xsxiii. 

Thr  cwurt  artdotn  fail*  to  impruee  ihfl  opportuniiy.     il/ti-.Jcfbme. 

My  iunU,  no  ttnie  •houll  («■  l^*t,  wbicU  nuty  pruniUe  lo  im/n-ooe 
Ibia  (liap«Milt»n  iu  AiitrncA.  Lord  C'AaiAam. 

If  we  ucgi>-ct  to  tmj'rvM  uur  kuowWIge  lo  the  eiida  (ur  utiich  it 
WM  i[i».-n.  LociM. 

It  ta  (he  (unit  Iff  prr»>o«  not  itnprvring  that  light.     S.  Clarkt. 

The  aboncr  Uw  time  —  the  inure  cag<*r  wit  lluy  lu  imf/ropt  it. 

it  youog  iiiinMer  wiahlo;  to  improM  tlie  oceaaion.     C,  Simeon. 

3.  To  apply  lo  practical  puritoses  ;  as,  to  iinproce  a 
discourse,  or  the  doctrines  suited  and  proved  in  a 
sennon.  Owen. 

4.  To  advance  or  increase  by  use ;  m  a  bad  sense. 

1  Imt  we  hare  not  a  litlla  improved  Iho  wretched  iiilicritance  of 
our  aiicartora.    {III.]  Porieut. 

5.  To  use  ;  lo  employ  j  as.  to  improre  a  witness  or 
a  deposition. 

Let  even  the  ooech,  (he  tnna,  or  the  ah!tW|  be  tmrroi>ed  aa 
opcuin^  lor  twJfiit  imiruction.  T.  Scott. 

6.  To  use;  lo  occupy;  to  cultivate.  The  house 
or  the  farm  is  now  improved  by  an  industrious 
tenant. 

This  application  is  perhaps  peculiar  to  some  parts 
of  the  United  Slates.  It^  however,  deviates  little 
from  that  in  *>me  of  the  foregoing  definitions. 

Old  authors  sometimes  use  tliis  word  for  Ceksure 
or  lurEACH,  i.  e.  reprore.  Rich,  Diet, 

IM-PR6vE',  (im-proov',)  r.  i.  To  prow  better  or 
wiser;  to  advance  in  poodncss,  knowledge,  wisdom, 
or  other  excellence.  We  are  pleased  to  see  our  chil- 
dren improre  in  knowledge  and  virtue.  A  farm  im- 
jrroctM  under  judicious  management.  The  artisan 
improves  by  experience.  It  is  the  duty,  as  it  is  the 
desire,  of  a  good  man  to  improve  in  grace  and  piety. 

We  Like  care  U>  improvt  in  our  fnijality  and  diiig^nw. 

Alterbury, 

S.  To  advance  in  bad  qualities;  to  grow  worse. 

9  bnproted  in  ciuetiy  toward  the  endt>f  hia  reirn. 

[/  regret  to  see  thia  tcord  thus  used,  or  rather  per- 
verleiL] 

3.  To  increase ;  to  be  enhanced  ;  lo  rise.  The 
price  (>f  cotton  improvexy  or  is  improved.  [A  mercan- 
tile and  modern  use  of  the  word.] 

To  improve  on :  to  make  useful  additions  or  amend- 
ments lo  ;  to  bring  nearer  lo  perfection  ;  as,  lo  improve 
on  the  motle  of  tillage  usually  practiced. 
IM  PR5V'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Made  bi'tter,  wiser,  or  more 
excellent ;  advanced  in  moral  worth,  knowledge,  or 
manners. 

2.  Made  better  j  advanced  in  fertility  or  other  good 
qualities. 

3.  Used  to  profit  or  good  purpose ;  as,  opportunities 
of  learning  improveil. 

4.  U^ed  ;  occupied;  as,  improved  land. 
IM-PROVE'MENT,  (im-proov'monl,)  n.  Advance- 
ment in  moral  worth,  learning,  wisdom,  skill,  or 
other  excellence  ;  as,  the  improvement  of  the  mind  or 
of  the  heart  by  cultivation  ;  improvement  in  classical 
learning,  science,  or  mechanical  skill;  improvement 
in  music  ;  improvement  in  holiness. 

2.  -Melioration  ;  a  making  or  growing  belter,  or 
more  valuable  ;  as,  the  improvement  of  barren  or  ex- 
hausted land  ;  the  improvement  of  the  roads  ;  the  tnt- 
provement  of  the  breed  of  horses  or  cattle. 

3.  A  valuable  addition;  excellence  added,  or  a 
change  for  the  better  ;  sometimes  with  on. 

The  parta  or  Smon,  CHmilla,  and  aoine  few  oihera,  are  improoe- 
mtnu  on  ilic  Greek  poet,  Adduon. 

4.  Advance  or  progress  from  any  state  to  a  better. 

There  i>  a  deiieti  or  publishing  the  history  of  arcliitecturr,  with 
ha  ai-veral  improvemenU  and  tIt-cays.  Additon. 

.•>.  Instruction ;  growth  in  knowledge  or  refine- 
ment ;  editicalion. 

I  look  upon  your  city  as  the  beat  place  of  improtieniert.    South. 

6.  Use  or  employment  lo  beneficial  purposes  ;  a 
turning  to  gtwMl  account ;  as,  the  improvement  of  nat- 
ural advantages,  or  spiritual  privileges. 

A  good  improoement  of  Uia  reAaoo.  S.  Clarke. 

7.  Practical  application  ;  as,  the  improvement  of  the 
doctrines  and  principles  of  a  sermon. 

1  ^oll  nuLke  aoina  unprov^menl  of  thia  doctrine.        7\lloUon, 

Hence, 

8.  The  part  of  a  discourse  intended  to  enforce  and 
apply  the  doctrines,  is  called  the  improvement. 

9.  Use;  occ«ipancy. 

10.  Improvements,  pi. ;  valuable  additions  or  melio- 
ration, as  buildings,  clearings,  drains,  fences,  &c.,on 
a  farm.  Kent. 

IM-PROV'ER,  n.  One  who  improves  ;  onewhomakes 
himself  or  any  thing  else  better ;  as,  an  improver  of 
horses  or  cattle. 

2.  That  which  improves,  enriches,  or  meliorates  ; 
as,  chalk  is  an  improvn-  of  lands.  Jilortimer. 

IM-PRO- VID'ED,  a.  [  L.  improvisus  ;  in  and  providco, 
lo  foresee  or  provide.] 

Unforeseen ;  unexpected  ;  not  provided  against, 
[  Obs  ]  Spenser, 

IJl-PROV'I-DENCE,  n,  [L.  in  and  proridensy  provi- 
derttia,  from  pro,  before,  and  video,  to  see.] 

Want  of  providence  or  forecast ;  neglect  of  fore- 


IMP 

sight,  or  of  the  mcnsurpis  which  fort-sight  might  dic- 
tate fur  safely  or  advaiiluce.  Half  tlie  mcunveniences 
and  losses  which  men  sulfer  are  iheetfecis  of  improv- 
idence. 

IMPROVIDENT,  «.  [L.  t«  and  providens  ;  pro  and 
videti,  supra.} 

Wanting  forecast  ;  nol  foreseeing  what  will  be 
necesMiry  or  couvt;nient,  or  neglectuig  the  measures 
which  foresight  would  dictate  ;  wanting  care  to  make 
provision  for  future  exigencies.  Seamen  are  prover- 
bially improvident.  U  is  sometimes  followed  by  ttf; 
as,  impruridftit  of  harm. 

IM-PROV'l-UENt-LY,  adv.  Without  foresight  or 
forecast ;  without  care  to  provide  against  future 
wants. 

IM-PROV'ING,ppr.  Making  belter ;  growing  betler; 
using  to  advantage. 

IM-PROV'ING,  a.  Growing  better;  tending  to  ad- 
vmice  in  goott  qualities ;  as,  an  improving  rotation  of 
crops. 

IM-PROV'ING-LY,  adv.    In  an  improving  manner. 

IM-PROV'I  SATE,  o.     Unprenu^ditated. 

IM-PROV-1-SA'TlON,  n.  Acl  of  making  |K>etry  or 
performing  music  extemjxjraneously. 

IM-PROy-l-HATO'  RE^  n.    [It.]     A  man  who  makes 
rhymes  and  short  poems  extemporaneously. 
^This  word  is  usually  s)telled  with  but  one  o  by  the 


English  and  French.] 
-■  - "\-T(^RY, 


Relating  to  exlemjiorary 


IM-PROVM-SA 
composition  of  rlivme 

IM-PROV'I&JiTRP Ci^^  (iin-prov-e-sa-trC'cha,)  «. 
[It.]  A  wontati  who  makes  rhymes  or  short  [H>cms 
extemporaneously. 

[This  word  is  usually  s[K'tled  with  but  one  v  by  the 
English  and  French.] 

IM-PRO-V1SE',  P.  i.  To  speak  extemporaneously,  es- 
pecially in  verse.  SmarU 

ISI-PRO^VIS'lON,  (-vizJi'un,)  n.     {in  and  prouwtuu.] 
Want  of  forecast ;  improvidence.     \^LiUle  iwai.] 

Brown. 

IM-PRO'DENCE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  imprudentia ;  in  and 
prudentia^  prudence.] 

\V'ant  of  prudence  ;  indiscretion  ;  want  of  caution, 
circumsi)ection,or  a  due  regard  to  the  consequences 
of  words  to  be  uttered,  or  actions  to  be  performed,  or 
their  probable  effects  on  the  interest,  safety,  reputa- 
tion, or  happiness,  of  one's  self  or  others ;  heedless- 
ness ;  inconsiderateness ;  rashness.  Let  a  u»an  of 
sixty  attempt  to  enumerate  the  evils  which  his  imprt^ 
dence  has  brought  on  himself,  his  family,  or  his  neigh- 
bors. 

IM-PRO'DENT,  a,  [Fr.,  from  L.  imprudcns  ;  in  and 
pradens,  prudent.] 

Wanting  prudence  or  discretion  ;  indiscreet;  inju- 
dicious ;  not  attentive  lo  the  consequences  of  words 
or  actions  ;  rash  ;  h^-edless.  The  imprudent  man  often 
laments  his  mistakes,  arrd  then  repeats  them. 

IM-PRO'DENT-LV,  adv.  Without  the  exercise  of  pru- 
dence ;  indiscreetly. 

IM'PU-DENCE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  impudensi  in  and 
pudensy  from  pndeo,  to  be  ashamed.] 

Shamelessness  ;  want  of  modesty  ;  effrontery ;  a.<*- 
surance,  accompanied  with  a  disregard  of  the  opin- 
ions of  others. 

Thoae  cleur  trullit,  that  cithT  their  tmn  evirtrticc  roicrs  ui  to 
ailiriii,  or  cummon  experience  mnkea  11  tmpiuUnce  lo  deny. 

Lodct. 
IM'PU-DENT,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  impadena.] 

Shameless ;  wanting  modesty  ;  bold,  with  contempt 
of  others  ;  saucy. 

When  we  U-hold  an  anyel,  not  to  fear 

U  lo  U;  impudent.  Drydsn. 

IM'PU-IIENT-LY,  adv.    Sluimelessly  ;  with  indecent 

assurance. 

At  one  Rtaail 
With  oppn  tnoutha,  and  iinpudevUy  rail.  Sandyt. 

IM-PU-DIC'I-TY,7i.    [L.  impudicitia.l 

Immodesty.  Sheldon. 

IM-POGN',(im-pune',)i?.  L  [Fr.  impu^er;  Sp.  im- 
pu^iar  i  L.  impugno ;  itt  and  pugno^  to  fight,  or  re- 
sist.] 

To  oppose  ;  lo  attack  by  words  or  arguments  ;  lo 
contradict.  The  lawfulness  of  lots  is  impugned  by 
some,  and  defended  by  otl»prs. 


IM-PUG-Na'TION,  n.     Opposition. 


[Little  used.} 
Bp.  Hail. 
Opposed ;    contra- 


IM-PuGN'£D,    (im-pund',)   pp. 
dieted. 

IM-POGN'ER,  n.     One  who  opposes  or  contradicts. 

IM-POGN'ING,  ppr.     Opposing;    attacking;    contra- 
dicting. ...  -t 

IM-PO'IS-SANCE,  n.     [Fr. ;  m  and  puissance.] 

Impotence;  weakne.ss,     [Oftf.]  Bacon. 

IM-PC'Ie?-SAXT,  fl.     TFr.]     vYeak  ;  impotent. 

I.M'PULSE,  (im'puls,f  M.      [L.  impuUus,  from  impello. 
See  Impel.]  ,         .        , 

1.  Force  communicated  instantaneously  ;  the  ef- 
fect of  a  sudden  or  momentary  communication  oi 
motion.  JmpuUe  is  in  proportion  to  the  quantity  of 
matter  and  velocity  of  the  impelling  body. 

2.  Influence  acting  on  the  mind  ;  motive. 

Th"^^  wr--*  my  iiatiiml  brtptilat'  for  th^  unJ-rwkiaj.   Drydsn. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.^T.— M£T£,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.- 


586 


IMP 

3.  Trnpresstonj  supposed  supernatural  influence  on 
Uie  iiiihd. 

MfNuiiiroe,  by  Jare't  iaipulst,  Meientiua,  armeJ,  -^ 

Succc«<lrd  Turntu.  Dryden, 

IM-PllL'3ION,  (-shun,)  n,      [Fr.,  from  L.  impulsio. 
Set!  Impel.] 

I.  The  act  of  driving  acnin?!,  or  impellinj^;  the 
sudden  or  momentary  agency  of  a  body  in  niotiun  on 
another  body.  Bacon. 

'2,  Influence  on  the  mind  ;  impulse.         Milton. 
IM-PULS'IVE,  o-     [Fr.  impuhtf.     See  Impel.] 

1.  Having  thepowerof  driving  or  impelling;  mov- 
ing ;  impellent. 


IN  A 


INA 


Poor  m«i  I    poor  pnffri  I    Weandlhcy 
Do  aurnff  dnpaltioe  turce  oWj, 


Prior. 


2.  Actuated  by  impulse  ;  as,  a  person  who  is  im- 
p^dgive. 
nr-PirLS'IVE-LY,  oilc.    With  force  :  by  impulse. 
IM-PUNC'TU-AL,  «.     Not  |.unctual. 
IM-PUNe-TU-AL'l-TY,  ».     Neglect  of  punctuality. 

.^.  Hamilton, 
IM-PD'NI-BLY,  adp.    Without  punishment. 
IM-PO'NI-TY,  It.     [Ft.  impanite ;  L.  tmpunilasi  tnand 
pumio,  to  punish.] 

1.  Exemption  from  punishment  or  penalty.  No 
perwn  should  be  permiitfd  to  violate  tlie  laws  with 
impunity.     Impttnity  encouniges  men  in  crimes. 

2.  Freedom  or  exemption  from  injury.  Some  fe- 
rocious animals  are  not  to  be  encountered  with  impu- 
nitfi. 

IM-PCRE\  a.  [Fr.  impur  ;  L.  impurus;  in  and  purusj 
pun*.] 

1.  Not  pure;  foul;  feculent;  tinctured;  mixed 
or  impregnated  with  extraneous  sut>stances  ;  as,  im- 
pttre  water  or  air  ;  impnre  salt  or  magnesia. 

2.  Ohscene  ;  as,  impure  language  or  ideas. 

3.  Unchaste  ;  lewd  ;  unclean  ;    as,  impure  actions. 

4.  DeAled  by  sin  or  guilt ;  unholy  ;  aspemoits. 

5.  L'nhalluwed;  unlioly  ;  us  tkin^s. 

C.  Unclean;  in  a  legal  sense:  not  purified  ac- 
cordine  to  the  ceremonial  law  of  Kloses. 

IM-PCKE',  V.  L  To  render  foul;  to  defile.  [J^ot 
"^"/.J  Bp.  ffatl. 

IM-POKE'LY,  flrfc.  In  an  impure  manner ;  with  im- 
purity. 

IJI-PCRE'NESS,  J  n.       [Fr.    impurete;     L.    impuritas, 

l>l-PC'lll-TY,      i     supra.] 

1.  Want  of  purity;  fuiitness;  feculence;  the  ad- 
mixture of  a  foreign  substance  in  any  thing  ;  as,  the 
impHritif  of  waier,  of  air,  of  spirits,  of  of  any  species 
of  earth  nr  mMt:it. 

2.  Any  foul  matter. 

3.  Inthustity;  lewdness. 

The  (oal  impuriiief  ihat  irijfBMl  mmonj  the  monkUh  clTer. 

Atterbury. 

4.  Want  of  sanctity  or  holiness ;  defilement  by 
guilt. 

5.  Want  of  cpremnnial  purity;  legal  pollution  or 
nnch^anness.  By  ihu  Mosaic  law,  a  person  con- 
tracted impurity  by  lourhmg  a  dead  body  or  a  leper. 

C  Foul  languag"  ;  obscenity. 

PnilMtu>ti«t>,  impuriti/,  or  K-uiilnl,  U  not  wil.        BuckmiiitUr. 

IM-PI;R'PLE   f.  t.    [i/i  and  purple;    Fr.  etnnourprer.] 
T«  color  or  tinge  wiili  fmrphr ;    tu   make   red  or 
reddish;  as,  a  field  impurphd  with  blood. 

Th"  bright 
fmpurpled  »iiii  adr%Ui\  r«»r»,  •n^iiot.  AtUtim. 

IM-PUR'PL.£D,  pp.  or  a.  TJngod  or  stained  with  pur- 
pic  color. 
IM-PUR'PIJNO,  ppr.  TiniriMgor  coloring  with  puri)le, 
IM-PrT'A-HLK,  a.  [Hee  Imp.tk.J  Thnt  mav  be 
imptifted  or  charged  loaptT««in;  ctmrgeahle.  Thus 
we  say,crimt-(4,  ^ms,  errors,  trespasses  are  imputable 
to  ihoxe  who  cunimit  ihem. 

2.  That  may  be  ascrih -d  to  ;  m  a  ffo»d  tense.  This 
favor  is  imputable  to  your  goodnuss,  or  to  a  good  mo- 
tive. 

3.  .\ccusable  ;  chargeable  with  a  fault.  [JVot  prop- 
»--l  ^'lUffe. 

4.  That  may  he  set  to  tlip  account  *«f  anottier.  It 
has  been  a  iineNtion  much  acit:itcd,  whether  Adam's 
sin  t*  tmpittablf  to  his  posterity. 

IM-PCT'A-BLE-NE.SS,  n.  The  quality  of  bping  im- 
P'll-ible.  J^'nrris. 

J.M-PU-TA'TION,  II.  [Fr.,  from  imputer.]  The  act  of 
imputing  or  charging:  attribution;  genenilly  in  na 
iU  nense  :  as,  tlie  imputation  of  crimes  nr  faults  to  the 
true  authors  of  them.  We  are  liable  to  the  imputa- 
fivn  of  numerous  sins  and  errors;  io  xht:  imputation 
of  pride,  vanity,  and  wIf-confidencK  ;  to  the  imputa- 
iioH  (if  weakness  and  irrew)liition,  or  of  rashness. 

2.  Sometinius  in  a  good  sense. 

If  I  Uvi  a  nrl  vi  Mi>»irr  Hhillnw,  I  woiiM  htrmgr  hh  m*^  wlih 
ifw  impubuton  rf  (jfiiiy  ii"ar  iheir  rauicr.  6'haJt, 

3.  r'harge  or  attribution  of  evil ;  censure;  re- 
proach. 

impulauofu  o(  uat  ^tt-im";  niij  to  Km  aJwr*  Uk-id. 

AfJttiton. 

4.  Hint :  slight  nolicp.     Ci\t.  intimation.        Shab. 
IM-PO'TA-TIVE,  a.     That  maybe  Imputed. 


TM-PO'TA-TIVE-LY,  arfr.     By  imputation.    Encyc. 

IM-POTE',  V.  t.  [Fr.  imputrr:  It.  impHtare;  Sp.  impu- 
tar;  L.  impuU} :  in  and  pu/«,  to  think,  to  reckon; 
properly,  to  set,  to  put,  tu  throw  to  or  on.] 

1.  To  charge;  to  atirihule  ;  to  set  to  the  account 
of;  generally  illy  sometimes  good.  We  impute  crimes, 
eins,  trespasses,  faults,  blame,  &c.,  to  the  guilty  per- 
sons. We  impute  wrong  actions  to  bad  motives,  or 
to  ignorance,  or  to  folly  and  rashness.  We  impute 
misfortunes  and  miscarriages  to  imprudence. 

And   therefore   it  wm   impuud   to    hiiu  for    HghteoiuneM. — 

Q.  To  attribute  ;  to  ascribe. 

I  have  read  a  Uwk  imputed  to  Lord  E;ithu™t.  Sunjt. 

3.  To  reckon  to  one  what  docs  not  belong  to  him. 

It  has  been  held  lliat  Adam'a  ain  ia  imputed  to  all  bi«  poBi^rily. 

klncyc. 
Thy  mprit 
Imputed  ihnll  ali«oI»^  th^ni  who  rviioiiiice 
Their  own  both  rigliieoo*  and  unrigiuraua  deeds.        Milton. 

IM-PCT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Cliarged  to  the  account  of;  at- 
tributed ;  ascribed. 
IM-POT'ER,  71,     One  that  imputes  or  attributes. 
IM-PCT'ING,p;>r.     Charging  to  the  account  of^  at- 
tributing ;  ascribing. 
IM-PU-TRE3'CI-BLE,  a.     [in  and  L.  pufrwco,  to  pu- 
trefy.] 

Not  subject  lo  putrefaction  or  corruption. 
IN,a  prefix,  [L.  in,]  is  used  in  composition  as  a  particle 
of  negation,  like  the  English  un,  of  which  it  seems  lo 
be  a  dialectical  orthography  ;  or  it  denotes  tcithin, 
int^y  or  among,  as  in  inbred,  incase ;  or  it  serves  only 
to  augment,  or  render  emph.atical,  the  sense  of  the 
word  to  which  it  is  prefixed,  as  in  inclose,  increase. 

In,  before  /,  is  changed  into  (/,  as  in  illusivn;  and 
before  r  into  ir,  as  in  irregular  :  and  into  im  befor* 
a  labial,  as  in  imbittcrj  immaterial,  impatient, 
Ui,  prep.  [L.  («,-  Gr.  £*■;  Goth,  iit ;  t*ax.  t«  ,•  Fr.  en  ; 
SiK  en  ;  It.  in  ;  G.  in,  or  ein  ;  D.  iu ;  Dan.  ind  ;  S  w. 
in;  W.  yn;  Sans,  antu.] 

In  denotes  present  or  inclosed,  surrounded  by  lim- 
its ;  as,  ia  a  house ;  in  a  fort ;  in  a  city.  It  denotes  a 
Btate  of  being  mixed  ;  as,  sugar  tu  tea ;  or  combined, 
as  carlionic  acid  in  marble,  or  latent  heat  in  air.  It 
denotes  present  in  any  state;  as,  in  sickness  or 
health.  It  denotes  present  in  time  ;  as,  in  that  hour 
or  day.  The  uses  of  in,  however,  can  not,  in  all 
caseSj  be  defined  by  equivalent  words,  except  by  ex- 
plaiiimg  the  phrase  in-\vhicli  it  is  used  ;  as,  in  deed  ; 
in  tact;  in  essence;  mtpiality;  in  reason;  in  cour- 
age;  in  spirits,  &,c.  A  man  in  spirits  or  goo<l  cour- 
age, denotes  one  who  possesses  at  the  time  spirits  or 
courage  ;  in  reason,  is  equivalent  to  ujiM  reason  ;  one 
ta  ten,  denotes  one  of  that  number  ;  and  we  say  also 
one  of  ten,  and  one  out  often. 

In  the  name,  is  used  in  phrases  of  invoking,  swear- 
ing, declaring,  praying,  &c.  In  prayer,  it  denotes 
by  virtue  of,  or  for  the  sake  of.  Ia  the  name  of  the 
peufple,  denotes  en  their  behalf  or  part;  in  their 
stead,  or  for  their  sake. 

In,  in  maiw  cases,  is  equivalent  lo  on.  This  use  of 
the  word  is  frequent  in  the  Scriptures  ;  as,  let  fowls 
multiply  in  the  earth.  This  use  is  more  frequent  in 
England  than  in  America.  We  generally  use  on  in 
all  similar  phrases,  and  this  is  most  correct. 

In  signifies  by  or  through.  In  ihcc  shall  all  na- 
tions be  blessed.     I  am  glorified  in  them. 

In  a  hill,  proi>erly  denotes  under  the  surface  ;    but 
in  a  valley,  denotes  on  the  surface  of  the  land. 
In  that,  is  sometimes  equivalent  lo  because. 
Suine  Ihinpi  Uiry  do  in  that  llwy  nre  ni'-n  ;  lomfl  Uiii>ei  in  Vun 

they  are  men  riiialcd  and  Uiiidcd  »iih  error.  /looker. 

In  these  and  similar  phrases,  that  is  an  antecedent, 
Buhslitute,  or  pronoun  relating  to  tha  subsequent  part 
of  the  sentence,  or  the  subsequent  clause.  God  com- 
mendeth  his  love  toward  us,  in  thot^  wliile  we  were 
yet  sinners,  fMirist  died  for  us.  That  ia,  in  the  facts 
stated  ill  cite  latter  clause,  for  wliich  that  is  the  sub- 
stitute.    R«nn.  V. 

In  an  much;  seeing;  seeing  that;  this  b'-ing  the 
fact.  I  will  ride  for  health,  inasmuch  as  I  am  infirm. 
In  is  often  used  without  the  noun  to  which  it 
properly  belongs.  I  rare  not  who  is  i«,or  whois»u(, 
that  is,  in  iiffice,  or  out  nfoJfJce.  t'onie  in,  that  is,  into 
the  house  or  otli'-r  place.  Who  has  or  will  come  in, 
that  is,  into  olfice,  A  vessel  hajj  come  i/i,  that  is, 
into  port,  or  has  arrived. 

To  be  or  kcrp  in  with ;  to  be  close  or  near.  Keep  the 
ship  in  with  the  land. 
IN-A-IIIL'I-TY,   n.     [Fr.   inhabUiU ;    L.   inhabUis;  in 
and  hahilLfy  Norm.  ha/Ae,  able.] 

1.  Want  nf  sutficicni  phyttical  power  or  strength; 
as,  Ihn  inabilitp  of  a  man  to  raise  an  arm  or  a  leg. 

2.  Want  o(  adequate  means;  as,  an  iimbUity  to 
purchase  a  farm,  or  in  fit  out  a  sjiij*. 

3.  Want  of  moral  power.  Jilontl  inabilify  is  con- 
sidered to  be  want  of  inclination,  dis|«wiiion,  or 
will,  or  a  deep-rrwted  aversion  to  act,  and  therefore 
improperly  so  called. 

MomI  inabitity  ag^nrm^t  o-ir  piilt.  SwU. 

4.  Want  of  intellectual  strength  or  frrce ;  as,  an 
inability  to  comprehend  a  mattiemaiical  demon«tra- 
tioa. 


5.  Want  of  knowledge  or  skill ;  as,  an  inability  to 
read  or  write. 


tN-A'ULEMENT,  n. 

in  u.-f.] 
I.\-AB'tn'I-\ENCE, 


[See  ENABLE.] 


Ability.    [JVot 
Baritn. 
^')i  and    abstinence.)     A   not 
absiaining;    a  partaking;    indulgence  of  ap(>etite ; 
as,  the  iuabHinencr  of  Eve.  MtUou. 

I\-AB-STRA€*r'ED,  a.     Not  abstracted.       Hooker. 
IN-A-lir'SIVIM.Y,  adv.     Without  abuse.      L.  Xorih. 
IN-AeCESSI-BIL'I-TY,      in.      [from  inaccessible.] 
IN-Ae-CESS'I-BLE-NE.SS,  ]      The  quality  or  state 

of  beiue  iiiacressihle,  or  not  to  be  readied. 
IN-A€-i:E.-=S'I-I1LE,  a.      [in  and  accessible.]     Not  lo 
be  reached  ;  as,  an  inaccessible  hight  or  rock.     The 
depths  of  tln!  sea  are  inaccessible. 

2.  Not  to  be  obtained.  The  necessary  vouchers 
are  inaccessible. 

3.  Not  lo  be  approached ;  forbidding  access ;  as, 
an  inaccessible  prince. 

IN-AC-CESS'I-BLV,  adv.   So  as  not  to  be  approached. 

WarUm. 

IN-A€'€U-RA-CY,  n.  [from  inaccurate.]  Want  of 
accuracy  or  exactness;  mistake;  fault;  defect;  er- 
ror ;  as,  an  inaccuracy  in  writing,  in  a  transcript,  or 
in  a  calculation. 

IN-A€'eU-RATE,  a.  [in  and  accurate.]  Not  accu- 
rate;  not  exact  or  correct;  not  according  to  truth  ; 
erroneous  ;  as,  an  inaccurate  man  ;  he  is  inaccurate  in 
narration;  the  transcript  or  copy  is  inaccurate;  the 
instrument  is  inaccurate. 

IN-ACeU-RATE-LY,  o'/c.  Not  according  to  truth; 
incorrectly  ;  erroneously.  The  accounts  are  inaceu- 
ralrhi  stated. 

I\-AC-UU.^INT'ANCE,  n.     Unacqnaintance.    Oood. 

IN-AeUUI-ES'Cl^NT,  a.     Not  acquiescing. 

IN-A€'T10N,  «.  [Fr. ;  in  and  actiuw.]  Want  of  ac- 
tion ;  forbearance  of  latH>r;  idleness;  rest.     Pope. 

IN-AGT'IVE,  a.  [in  and  oclir^.l  Not  active  ;  inert ; 
having  no  po\ver  to  move.  Matter  is,  per  se,  iMoc- 
tive. 

2.  Not  active;  not  diligent  or  industrious;  not 
busy;  idle.  Also,  habitually  idle  ;  indolent;  slug- 
gish ;  as,  an  inactive  ofiicer. 

IN-AGT'IVE-LY,  adv.  Idly;  sluggishly;  without 
motion,  labor,  or  employmenl. 

IN-AeT-IV'I-TY,  K.  [iw  and  acHvity.]  Inertness; 
as,  the  inactivity  of  matter. 

2.  Idleness,  or  hahitiml  idleness;  want  of  action 
or  exertion  ;  sluggishness.  Stcift. 

IN-A€T'li-ATE,  v.  U    To  put  in  action.    [JVot  used.] 

GlanoilLe. 

IN-A€T-tJ-A'TrON,  n.     Operation,    [JCotused.] 

Olanville. 

IN-AD-APT-A'TION,  n.  A  state  of  being  not  adapted 
or  fitted.  Dick. 

IN-AU'E-aUA-CY,n.  [from  inadequate.]  The  quali- 
ty of  being  unequal  or  insufficient  for  a  purjwse. 

The  iniuiequafy  and  coiiiixjuciit  iuellic.ACy  of  llie  ullegffd  caiit^i. 

DuigtU. 

2.  Inequality. 

Dr.  Prke  coDaitlen  Ih!i  inadequacy/  et  repmciitation   aa  our 
rundatm-nlul  grievance.  Burke. 

3.  Incompleteness ;  defectiveness ;  aa,  the  inad- 
equaat  of  ideas. 

IN-AD'E-UUA'I'E,  a.  [in  and  adequate,  L.  adteqttatus, 
from  o(/«9«o,  to  equal.] 

1.  Not  equal  to  the  purpose;  insufficient  to  effi'ct 
the  object ;  unequal ;  as,  inadequate  power,  strength, 
resources. 

2.  Not  et]ual  to  the  real  state  or  condition  of  a 
thing;  not  just  or  in  due  pro[K>rtion;  partial;  In- 
complete ;  as,  inadequate  ideas  of  Gotl,  of  his  per- 
fections, or  nionil  government;  an  inatiequate  com- 
pensation for  services. 

3.  Incom|)lete;  defective;  not  just  ;  as, inadequate 
representation  or  description. 

IN-AD'E-aUATE-LY,  (uiu.  Not  fully  or  sufficiently  j 
not  completely. 

IN-AD'K-aUATE-NESS,  n.  The  qualiljr  of  being 
inadequate  ;  inadequacy  ;  inequality  ;  mcoinplete- 
ne.«s, 

I\-AD-E-aUA'TION,  n.  Want  of  exact  correspond- 
ence.    [Ohs.]  Puller, 

IN-AD-FlK'SION,  (-hiS'zhun,)  n.  [in  and  adhesion.] 
Want  of  adhesion  ;  a  not  adhering. 

Porc<-t>ln  ciny  ia  dUtinguiihcd  from  colorillc  enitln  by  ina/ffietion 
to  the  fillers.  Kiriean. 

IN-AD-MIS-SI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [from  ina(/Hn>*iWe.]  The 
quality  of  being  inadmissible,  or  not  proper  to  ne  re- 
ceived ;  as  the  inadmissibility  of  an  argument,  or  of 
evidence  in  court,  or  of  a  projiosal  in  a  negotiation. 

IN-AD-MIS'SI-RLE,  n.  [Fr, ;  iu  and  admis^iblcj  from 
admitio,  to  admit.] 

Not  admissible  ;  not  proper  to  be  admitted,  al- 
lowed, or  received  ;  as,  inadmissible  testimony;  an 
inadmissible  proposition, 

IN-AI)-MIS'Sl-HLY,flrfj'.  In  a  manner  not  admissible. 

IN-AD-VRRT'ENCK,    in.     [Fr.  ifwr/rcrfaNce,  from  L. 

IN-AI>-VERT'EN-CY,  1  m  and  aUvcrlcnst  adcerto. 
See  Advert.] 

1.  A  not  turning  the  mind  to;  inattention  ;  negli- 
gence; heedlessness.  Many  niir<lakes,  and  some 
misfortunes,  proceed  from  inadvertence. 


TONE,  BWLL,  UNITE. -AN"OER,  VI"CIOUS.-€  as  K ;  0  .a  Jj  g  a.  Z;  CH  m  SII  ;  Til  u  in  THIS. 


587 


INA 


IN  A 


2.  The  etCix.1  of  inaUenttoii  ;  any  oversitilil,  mis- 
take, or  f;iull  which  proceeds  fruin  negligfiice  of 
thouchU 

TtM  DTVluctiMit  of  ft  rrMLl  gruliu,  with  mitpy  Upwv  aixl  inorf- 
WrirwiM,  ue  inlnitely  pRterable  lo  worla  o^  »ii  ini-rior 
bud  of  author.  Adduon. 

IN-AD-VERT'EXT,  a.     [L.  in  and  aJvertens.]     Not 
tttrning  the  niind  to;    heedless;  carelcas ;    negli- 
gent. 
IN-AD-VERT'EN*T-LY,  adt.     Heedlesply ;    careless- 
ly ;  fnnn  wtint  of  aiiention  ;  inconsiderately. 
IN'AF  FA-BIL'I-TY,  Tu    Redtrvedntss   in  converna- 

lion. 
IN-AF'PA-BLE/ti.     Xot  affable  j  reserved. 
IX-AF-FEGT-A'TIOX,  n.  Destitution  of  affected  man- 

I\-AF-FE€rr'ED,  a.     Unaffected.     [.V.'(  wrd] 

I.N-AID'A-BLE,  a.    Th.nt  can  not  be  assisted,  iio*. 

IN-AL'IE\-A-BLE,  C-il'y^n-«-bI,)a.  [Fr.  w  and  al- 
itiuMf.  from  L.  o/iVif,  atienus.] 

I'nali^^nablei  that  cannot  be  legally  or  Justly  al- 
ienated or  tran^iferrpd  to  another.  The  dominions 
of  a  king  are  inalUnahle,  All  men  have  certain  nat- 
ural ri^hLs  which  are  iualienahU.  'I'he  estate  of  a 
minor  is  inalienable^  without  a  reservation  of  the 
right  of  redemption,  or  the  authority  of  the  legisla- 
ture. 

L\-SL'IEX-.V-BLE-XESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  in- 
alien:tblfl.  Sct^tL 

IN-aL'I  E.\-A-BLY,  ode.  In  a  manner  that  foriiids  al- 
ienation :  as^ghts  imidiemahly  vested. 

I\-AL-I-ME.NT'AL,a.  [in  and  atimenLl  Affording 
no  nourishment.  Bacon. 

IN-AI^TER-.\-BIL'l-TY,ii.  [ttom  iMotttnhle.]  The 
quality  uf  not  being  alterable  ur  changeable. 

JVKrenry. 

IN-AL'T£R-.VBLE,  a.  Um  and  o/frraMc]  That  can 
nik  or  may  not  be  altered  or  changed ;  unalterable. 

HakewiiL 

I.\-A  'MI-ABLE,  a.    Unamlable.    [Xai  in.  ue.1 

UN-A'.MI-.VBLE-NESS,  «.    UnamiableneaB.    [.Vbciii 

IN-A  MTS'^^I  P.LE,  a.    [L.  w  and  asiCto,  to  lose.] 

t.     [LiuU  ustdA  HaMMumd, 

IX-  i:-X£S3.  a.    Tlu>  state  of  not  being 

1... 

A  lover.  JCorsftfa. 

IN  A\D  IX ;  to  brtsJ  i»  and  im.    See  To  Bkced. 
IN-AXE%  a.     [L.  incml*,  empty.] 

Empty  ;  void  ;  »ometimir«  used  as  a  noun,  to  ex- 
press a  void  space,  or  space  beyond  Uie  con  Hues  of 
the  world.  Locke. 

IN-AN"Gi;-LAR,  a.    Not  angular.    [lUtU  usrd.] 

^rown. 
IX-.\N'I-MaTE,  ».  t.    [Infra.]    To  animate.    [Little 

MSfd.] 

IN-AX'l-MATE,  a.  [L.  iaamimattu ;  m  and  oaima, 
ffittaofiLir.] 

1.  Destitute  of  animal  life.  Plants,  stones,  and 
Kinb  are  inanimate  suhstanccd  i  a  curpse  is  an  inani- 
mate Ihidy. 

2.  Destitute  of  animation  or  life. 
IN-AN'l-MA-TED,  «.    Destitute  of  animal  life. 

Chryne* 
2.  Not  animated  ;  not  sprightly.    [See  Una'sima- 

TED.l 

IN- AN-I-M ACTION,  a.     AnimaUon.     [Unusual  and 

lN-A-.\r*TIO.V,  ■.     [Fr.,  from  L.  inanis,  empty.] 

Emptiness;  want  of  fullness  j  as,  iflaiufion  of  body 
or  of  the  ves:$els.  Burton* 

IN-AN'I-TY,  n.     [L.  tnunitas^  from  huutisy  void.] 
Emptine-ss;  void  space;  vacuity.  Digby. 

IN-APTE-TEXCE,   i  n.    [in  and  appetence,  t*.  aapcten- 

IN-APTE-TEX-CY,  \      tia.] 

1.  Want  of  appi-tcnce,  or  of  a  disposition  to  seek, 
select,  or  imbibe  nutrim'^nl.     [.See  Appcte.xce.] 

2.  Want  of  desire  or  inclination.  Ckeyne. 
IN-AP-PIJ  CA-BILM-TY,  n.   [^xiym  inapplicable,]   The 

qualitv  of  not  tieing  applicable  ;  unliliie-as, 

IX-AP'PLI-eA-BLE,  o.  [tn  and  applicable.]  Not  ap- 
[riirable  ;  that  can  not  be  applied  :  not  jiiiited  or  suit- 
able to  the  purpose.  The  argument  or  the  testimony 
is  ittappiicable  to  the  case. 

IN-.AP'PM-eA-BLY,  adc.  In  a  manner  not  suited  to 
the  puriHJse. 

IN-AP-PU  Ca'TION,  n.  [Fr. ;  in  and  application.l 
Waul  of  application  ;  want  of  attention  or  assiduity  ; 
negliei-nce  ;  indolence;  neslect  of  studv  ur  industr}-. 

IN-AP  PO-SITE,  a.  {ia  ixn^  apposiu.}  Not  apposite  ; 
noi  fit  or  suitable  j  not  pertinent ;  as,  an  inapposite 
argumenL 

IN-AP'PO  SITE-LY,  adc.  Not  pertinently  :  not  suit- 
ably. 

IN-AP-PRe'C1A-BLE,  a.     [in  and  appreciable,   from 
appreciate.]    Xot  to  be  appreciated  :  that  can  not  be 
duly  valiHid. 
2,  That  can  not  be  esliraaled.  Ure. 

IN-AP-PRE-HENS'I-BLE,  a.    Not  intelligible. 

JIfiltoa. 
rNAP-PRE-HENS'IVE,  a.  Not  apprehensive  ;  regard- 
**^^ Taster. 


I.N-AP-PRriA('H'A-BI,E,  a.  [i»  and  approachable,] 
Nut  to  be  npproachcci ;  in:icccssible. 

IN-AP-PROACH'A-BLY,  */p.  So  as  not  to  be  ap- 
proached. 

IN-AP  PRO'PRI-ATE,   a*     [in  ant}  appropriate.]     Not 
appropriate;  unsuited  j  not  proiwr.        J.  P-  Smith. 
2.  Not  appropriate  ;  not  bt-longing  to.    Meil.  Repos. 

IN-AP-PRo  TKl-ATE  I.Y,  adv.     Nut  appropriately. 

IN-AP-PRo'PRI-ATE-XESS,  n,     UnsuiUbUness. 

IN-APT',  a.     irnapi ;  not  apt. 

IN-APT'1-TLTDE,  n.  [in  ami  aptitude.)  Want  of  apt- 
itude ;  unfitness;  unt^uitablencss.  Burke, 

IN-APT'LY,  aUv.     Unfitly  ;  unsuitably. 

IN-APT'Xr.8S,  n,     riifitmss, 

IN-A'QUATE,  a.    [L.  in  and  aquatus.] 

EmiHHtied  in  water.  Cranmer. 

IN-A-QUA'TION,  n.    The  slate  of  being  iiiaquate. 

Oanlner. 

IN-AR'A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  arable,]  Not  arable ;  not 
capable  of  being  plowed  or  tilled.  Diet 

IX-AKCH',  r.  t,  [in  and  arch.]  To  graft  by  approach  ; 
to  graft  by  uniting  a  cion  to  a  stock  without  separa- 
tinc  it  from  its  parent  tree.  Jilillcr.     Enafc 

lN"XUCH'Kn,  (in-ircht',)  pp.     Grafted  by  approach. 

IX  AHCIl'INt;,  ppr.     Grafting  by  approach. 

IN-XRCH'ING,  B.  A  method  of  ingrafting,  by  which 
a  cion,  without  being  scpamled  from  its  parent  tree, 
is  joined  to  n  stock  standing  near.  Encuc. 

IN-AR-TI€'i;-LATE,  a,  [in  and  articulate.]  Not  ut- 
tered with  articulation  or  junction  of  the  organs  of 
speech  ;  not  articulate  ;  not  distinct,  or  with  distinc- 
tion of  syllables.  The  sounds  of  brutes  and  fowls 
are,  for  the  most  part,  inarticiJate. 
i  In  n-s/ojry,  not  jointed  or  articulated.     Dana. 

IN-XR-TI€'i;-l.ATE-LY,  ado.  Not  with  distinct  syl- 
lables ;  indistinctly. 

IN-AR-Tie'lT-LATE-NESS,  n.  Indistinctness  of  ut- 
terance by  animal  voices ;  want  of  distinct  nrticula- 
tton. 

IN-AR-Tie-t*-LA'TION,  n.  Indistinctness  of  sounds 
in  speaking. 

IN-XR-TI-Fr'CIAL,  (-flr-te-fish'al,)   a.     [i/i  and  nrti- 
Jicial.]    Not  done  by  art ;  not  made  or  performed  by 
the  rules  of  art ;  formed  witliout  art ;  as,  an  inarti- 
ficial style  of  composition. 
2.  Simple  ;  artless. 

IN-XR-TI-Ft"CIAL-LY,  adv.  Without  art;  in  an 
artless  manner  ;  contrary  (o  the  rules  of  art.  Collier. 

IN-A»-ML'CH',  adv.  [i«,  (u,  and  much.]  fciuch  being 
the  case  or  fart ;  seeing. 

IN-AT-TEX'TIOX,  n.  [in  and  attrntian.]  The  want 
of  attention,  or  of  fixing  the  mind  steadily  on  an  ob- 
ject; heedlessness;  neglect. 


Nov'l  Ixri  sttrnd  oar  nrWied  ean, 
Bol  old  th?  iniiid  wilb  iitaOention  beta*. 


Pop*. 


IN-AT-TENT'IVE,  a.  [in  and  attentive.]  Not  fixing 
the  mind  on  an  object ;  heedless  ;  careless  ;  negli- 
gent; regardless;  as,  an  inattentive  spectator  oi;hcar- 
er  ;  an  inattentive  habit.  ff'atts. 

IX-AT-TENT'I  VE-LY,  adv.  Without  attention  ;  care- 
lessly ;  heedlessly  Johnson. 

ixiAun^I'-Bl-l'l^Ssj"-    state  of  being  inaudible. 
IN-AL'D'IBLE,   a.     [in  and  andible.]     That  cannot 
be'heard  ;  as,  an  inaudible  voice  or  sound. 
2.  .Making  no  sound  ;  as,  the  inaudible  foot  of  time. 

Hhak. 
IN-AUD'I-BLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  not  to  be  heard. 

Colebroke, 
IN-AU'GU-RAL,  a.     [L.  inausptroi  in  and  au^r.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  inauguration  ;  as,  inaugural  cere- 
monies. 

2.  Made  or  pronounced  at  an  inauguration  ;  as,  an 
inaurrurat  address. 

IN-AU'GU-RATE,  r.  L  [Supra.]  To  introduce  or  in- 
duct into  an  office  with  solemnity  or  suitable  ceremo- 
nies ;  to  invest  with  an  othce  in  a  formal  manner  ;  a 
word  borrowed  from  the  ceremonies  used  by  the  Ro- 
mans when  they  were  received  into  the  college  of 
ausrurs.  Kings  and  emperors  are  inau^urutcd  by 
coronation  ;  a  prelate,  by  consecration  ;  and,  the 
president  of  a  college,  by  such  ceremonies  and 
forms  as  give  weight  and  authority  to  the  transac- 
tion. 
2.  To  begin  with  good  omens.    [-Vol  used.] 

fVotton. 

IN-AU'GU-RATT;.  a.     Invested  with  office.    Drayton. 

IX-AU'GU-RA-TED,  pp.  Inducted  into  office  with 
appropriate  ceremonies. 

IN-AU'GU-RA-TING,  ppr.  Inducting  into  office  with 
solemnities. 

IN-AU-GU-RA'TION,  ti.  The  act  of  inducting  into 
otVire  with  solemnity  ;  investiture  with  office  by  ap- 
propriate ceremonies. 

IN-AU'GU-RA-TOR,  n.     One  who  inaugurates. 

Coleridge. 

IN-AU'GU-RA-TO-RY,  a.  Suited  to  indviction  into 
oftice  :  pertaining  to  iiiauETuration  ;  as,  inanguratoi^j 
gralulations.  Joknson^s  Lives  cf  the  Poets. 

IN-AU-RA'TION,   n.     [L.  inauro^  inauratusi  in  and 
aurttm,  gold.] 
The  act  or  process  of  gilding  or  covering  with  gold. 
ji^rbuthtiot. 


INC 

1N-AU'?P1-€ATE,  a.     Ill-omened.  Buck. 

l.\-AlJ-SPI"(-'IOL'S,  f-aw-.'»pisli'us,)  a.  [in  and  au- 
sjiicivus.]  Ill-<imened  ;  unfortunate  :  unlucky  ;  evil ; 
unfavoralde.  'i'he  war  commenced  at  an  inauspicious 
time,  and  its  issue  was  inajisjtieious.  I'he  counsels 
of  a  bad  man  have  an  iuausjiicious  influence  on  soci- 
ety. 

IN-AU-PPI"CIOUS-LY,  odjj.  With  ill  omens  ;  unfor- 
tunately ■,  unfavorably. 

IN-AU-H'PI"CTOUd.NESS,  n.  Unlucklness  ;  unfa- 
vorableness. 

IN-BE'ING,  n.  [in  nnd  being.]  Inherence;  inherent 
existence  ;  inse(>ambleness.  fVaUs. 

IN'BOARD,  a.  Carried  or  stowed  within  the  hold  of 
a  ship  or  other  vessel ;  as,  an  inboard  cargo. 

IN'BOARD,  adv.     Within  the  hold  of  a  vessel. 

IN'BORN,  0.  [in  and  born.]  Innate;  implunlcd  by 
nature  ;  as,  inbvrn  passions  ;  inborn  worth. 

Drijden.     Jiddistm. 

IX'BREAK-IXG,  a.     Breaking  into.  Ed.  Rev. 

IN-BRKATME',  v.  u    To  infuse  by  breathing. 

Ciilcridffe. 

IN-RRt:ATn'f;D,  pp.  or  a.  Infused  by  breathing  or 
inspirit  ion.  Milton. 

IN-BRKATH'ING,  ppr.     Infusing  by  breathing. 

IX'BRED,  a.  [in  und  bred,  breed.]  Bred  within  ;  in- 
nate ;  natural ;  as,  inbred  worth  ;  inbred  atfection. 

Dryden. 

IN-BREED',  c.  L    To  produce  or  generate  within. 

Bp.  Reynolds. 

IN'€A,  (ink'a,)  n.  The  tillo  given  by  the  natives  of 
Peru  to  tlieir  kings  and  to  the  princes  of  the  blood, 
before  the  conquest  of  that  country  by  the  Spaniards. 

IN-€AGE',  r.  t.  [in  and  cage.]  To  confine  in  a  cage  ; 
to  coop  up ;  to  confine  to  any  narrow  limits.    Shak. 

IN-CaG'KD,  pp.  Cooped  up  j  confined  to  a  cage  or  to 
narrow  limits. 

IN-CAGE'MENT,  n.     Confinement  in  a  cage.  Sheltcn. 

IN-CaG'ING,  ppr.  Confining  to  a  cage  or  to  narrow 
limits. 

IN-CAL'CU-LA-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  calculated  ; 
beyond  calculation. 

IN-eAL'€U-LABLE-NESS,  n.  auality  of  being  be- 
yond calculation. 

IN-eAL'CU-LA-BLY,  adc.  In  a  degree  beyond  cal- 
culation. 

IN-GA-LES'CENCE, 

IN-CA-LES' 
hot.^ 

AgTowing  warm  ;  incipient  or  increasing  heat. 

Ray. 

IN-€A-LES'CENT,  a.  Growing  warm  ;  increasing 
in  heat. 

IN-CAM-ER-A'TION,  n,  [in  and  camera,  a  chamber 
or  arched  roof.] 

'I'he  act  or  process  of  uniting  lands,  revenues,  or 
other  rights,  to  the  pope's  di>main.  Encyc. 

IN-CAN-DES'CENCE,  n.  [L.  incandesccns,  iucantles- 
co  ;  in  and  eandesco  :  candco,  eaneo,  to  be  white,  to 
shine;  canus,  white.] 

A  while  heat ;  or  the  glowing  whiteness  of  a  body 
caused  by  intense  heat.  We  say,  a  metal  is  healed 
to  incandejtcence. 

IN-€AN-DES'CENT^  a.  White  or  glowing  with 
heat.  ^ 

IN-CAXT-A'TIONf  n.  [L.  incantatio,  ineanto;  in  and 
canto,  to  sing.] 

The  act  of  enchanting ;  enchantment;  the  act  of 
using  certain  formulas  of  words  and  ceremonies,  for 
the  purpose  of  raising  spirits.  Encyc.     Bacon. 

IN-€ANT'A-TO-RY,  a.  Dealing  by  enchantment; 
magical.  Brovm. 

IX-GANT'ING,  a.     Enchanting,     [^rot  used.] 

IN-CAN'TON,  V.  U  [in  and  canton.]  To  utilte  to  a 
canton  or  separate  community.  Addison. 

IN-€A-PA-BIL'1-TY,     J  n.       [from   incapable.]     The 

IN-eA'PA-BLE-NESS,  (  quality  of  being  incapa- 
ble ;  natural  incapacity  or  want  of  power ;  as,  the 
iiicapablcness  of  a  child  to  comprehend  logical  syllo 
gisins. 

2.  Want  of  legal  qualifications  or  of  legal  power  ; 
as,  the  incapability  of  holding  an  office. 

IN-CA'PA-BLE,  a.     [Fr.  in  and  capable.] 

1.  Wanting  capacity  sufficient;  not  having  room 
sufficient  to  contain  or  hold  ;  followed  by  of.  We 
say,  a  vessel  is  incapable  of  containing  or  holding  a 
certain  quantity  of  liquor;  but  I  believe  we  rarely 
or  never  say,  a  vessel  is  incapable  o/that  quantity. 

2.  Wanting  natural  power  or  capacity  to  learn, 
know,  understand^  or  comprehend.  Man  is  incapa- 
ble of  comprehending  the  essence  of  the  divine  Be- 
ing.    An  idiot  is  incapable  of  learning  to  read. 

3.  Not  admitting  ;  not  in  a  state  to  receive ;  not 
susceptible  of;  as,  a  bridge  is  incapable  of  reparation. 

4.  Wauling  power  equal  to  any  purpose. 


lES'CENCE,    )  m      [L.  incalescens^  inealesco ; 
.ES'CEN-CY,  i      in  and  calesco,  caleo,  to  be 


Is  not  your  felhT  grown  incapable 
Of  rcxsooable  ailein  I 


S\ai. 


[See  No.  2.] 

5.  Warning  moral  power  or  disposition.  He  is 
incapable  of  a  dishonorable  act. 

6.  Unqualified  or  disqualified,  in  a  legnl  sense  j 
not  having  ihe  legal  or  constitutional  qualifications. 
A  man  not  thirty  years  of  age  is  unqualOied,  and 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARlfNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BpOK.— 


INC 

Uiereforp  incapable  of  hoIrlin<r  the  office  nf  president 
of  the  UiiTied  Slati;s ,  a  iii.Tn  Minvictfd  on  impeach- 
ircnl  i^  dv'qiuil>fiedy:iiid  therefore  incapable  of  holding 
ally  office  of  lu»nor  or  prolit  under  ll»e  government. 

Incapable  properly  denotes  a  want  of  p;issive 
fwwer,  the  power  of  receiving,  and  is  applicable 
particnlarly  to  the  mind  ;  unable  denotes  the  wani  of 
active  power,  or  power  of  performing,  and  ia  appli- 
cahle  to  the  body  or  mind.     [See  Imcapacitt.] 

IN-t'A'PA-BLY,  adv.    In  an  incapable  manner. 

I.\-€,\-Pa'G[OU3,  (-ka-pa'shiis,)  a.  [in  and  capa- 
cious.] Not  capacions ;  not  large  or  spacious;  nar- 
row ;  of  small  content ;  as,  an  incapacious  sotit. 

Burnet. 

L\-eA-PA'CIOUS-NES3,  n.  Narrowness  ;  want  of 
conlainine  space. 

lS-€.\  PAC'I-TaTE,  r.  f.     [in  and  capacitate] 

1.  To  deprive  of  capacity  or  natural  power  of  leam- 
inR  knowing,  unden-tanding,  or  performing.  Old 
ace  and  infirmity  oflen  incapacitate  men  to  exercise 
the  office  of  a  judge. 

a.  To  render  or  make  incapable  ;  as,  infancy  inca- 
pacitates a  child  for  learning  algebra. 

3.  To  disable;  to  weaken;  to  deprive  of  compe- 
tent power  or  ability.  This  is  an  impiop'-r  nse  of 
the  word.  The  loss  of  an  arm  disables  a  soldier,  but 
does  not  incapacitate  him. 

,  4.  To  render  unfit  j  as,  infancy  incapacitates  one 
for  marriage. 

5.  To  disqualify;  to  deprive  of  legal  or  constitu- 
tional requisites  ;  as,  conviction  of  a  crime  iacapaci- 
tatej  one  to  be  a  witness. 

IN-eA-PAC'I-TA-TED,  pp.  Rendered  incai>able  ;  de- 
prived of  capacity. 

IX-GA-PAC'I-TA-TING,  ppr.  Depriving  of  capacity  ; 
Tf  nderm;  inrapnbltt. 

IN-€A-PAC-I-TA'TION,  n.  Want  of  capacity  ;  dis- 
qualificatton.  Burke. 

liN-eA-PAC'I-TV,  n.  [in  and  capacity.]  Want  of 
capacity,  inlcllectual  power,  or  the  power  of  receiv- 
ing, containing,  or  understanding  ;  applied  to  the 
mind,  and  it  rnap  be  natural  or  casual.  There  is  a 
natural  incapacity  in  children  to  comprehend  diflicillt 
propositions  in  logic  or  mttapbysics,  and  a  natural 
incapacity  in  men  to  comprehend  the  nature  of  spirit- 
ual beines.  The  defect  of  understandinc  proceeding 
from  intoxication,  or  from  an  injury  done  to  the 
brain,  m  a  ca^uai  incapaeittj. 

2.  Want  of  qualification  or  legal  requisites  ;  ina- 
bility i  as,  the  incapacity  of  minors  to  make  binding 
contract". 

3.  Dis<]rialificalion  ;  disability  by  deprivation  of 
power;  as,  the  incapacity  of  a  convict  tu  give  testi- 
mony in  a  court  of  law. 

IN-eAR'UER-ATE,  r.  t.  [L.  incarcero:  in  and  career, 
a  prison,  Sp.  carcely  Sax.  carcttrn,  Goth,  karkara,  G. 
and  D.  kerker,  W.  carear.  Carcrr  seems  to  be  allied 
tu  W.  care,  Eng.  cark,  care;  showing  that  the  pri- 
mary sense  is,  to  press  or  stniin.] 

1.  To  impriiwn  ;  to  confine  in  a  jail. 

2.  To  confine  ;  to  shut  up  or  inclose.        Uarvey. 
IN-CAR'CER-ATE,  a.     Imprisoned;  confined.   More. 
IN  CA  K'CER-A  TED,  pp.     Imprisoned. 
jN-CAR'CER-A-TING,  ;);7r.     Imprisoning. 
IN-CAR-CER-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  imprisoning  or 

confining;  impriaonmenL 
IN-€ARN  ,   V.   t*     [L.   ittcarao  i  in  and  cord,  comw, 
flesh.] 
To  cover  with  fiesb ;  to  invest  with  flesh. 

fyigrman. 
IX-CARN',  V.  I.    To  breed  flesh.  H'iseman, 

IN-CARN'A-DINE,  a.     [Ft,   incamadliii    lU  tncamo- 
tino  :  I*,  in  and  caro,  fle^h.] 
Flesh-colored  ;  of  a  carnation  color ;  pale  red. 

Shak. 
IX-CARN'A-DINE,  v.  U    To  dye  red  or  flesh  color. 

[Liale  lUMy 
IN  €ARN'ATE,  r.  t,     [Fr.  ineamer;  Sp.  encamar;  It 
ineamare  ;  L.  incamo;  in  and  earn,  flesh.] 
To  clothe  with  flesh  ;  to  embody  in  flesh. 

.Miitan.     JiaifiU  Re<t. 
IN  CARN'ATE,  a.     Invested  with  flesh  i  embodied  in 
flesh  ;  as,  the  incamale  Son  of  God. 
2.  In  Scotland,  of  a  red  color;  flesh-ctilored. 
IN  eXRN'ATED,  pp.     Clothed  with  flesh. 
IN  CARN'A-TING,  ppr.     Investing  with  flesh. 
IN-€ARN-A'TI0N,7U    The  act  of  cUithing  witli  flt-sb. 
2.  I'he  act  of  assuming  flesh,  or  of  taking  a  butuiin 
body  and  the  nature  of  man  ;  as,  the  incarnation  of 
tlie  Son  of  God, 

n.  In  surirery,  the  process  of  healing  wounds  and 
filling  the  part  with  new  flesh.  Encyc 

IN-CARN'A-TIVE.  a.     [Fr.  incamat!/.] 

Causing  new  flt^h  to  grow  ;  healintr.  Enr.yc. 

IN-CARN'A-TIVE,  n.  A  medicine  that  lends  to  pro- 
mote the  growth  of  new  flesh,  and  assist  nature  in 
the  healing  of  wounds.  Knoje. 

IN-CASE',  V.  t.     [in  and  cc^c]    To  Indose  in  a  case. 
*2.  To  inclose ;  to  cover  or  surround  with  sonic- 
Uung  solid. 

Ukh  plaWa  of  go\d  (he  hiding  doon  inaut.  Pop*. 

IN-€AS'^0,  (in-kast',)  pp.  Inclosed  as  in  a  case, 
sheath,  or  box. 


INC 

9 

IN-CASE'MENT,  n.    An  inclosing  with  a  casement. 

IN-CAS'ING,  ppr.     Inclosing  aa  in  a  case. 

IN-CASK',  r.  L    To  put  into  a  cask.  Sherieaod. 

IN-CAS'TEL-LA-TED,  a.  Confined  or  inclosed  in  a 
castle. 

IN-CAT-E-NA'TION,  n.     [L.  catena,  a  chain.l 

The  act  of  linking  together.  Ooldsmitk^ 

IN-CAU'TION,  n.     Want  of  caution.       Rich.  Diet. 

IN-CAU'TIOUS,  a.  [iit  and  cautious.]  Not  cautious  ; 
unwary  J  not  circumspect;  heedless;  not  attending 
to  the  circumstances  on  which  safety  and  interest 
depend  ;  as,  inrantioits  vouth. 

IN-€AU'TrOUS-LY,  adv.  Unwarily;  heedlessly; 
without  due  circumspfxtion. 

IN-CAU'TIOUS-NESS,  n.  Want  of  caution  ;  unwa- 
riness  ;  want  of  foresight. 

IN'e.\-VA-'l'ED,  a.  [L.  in  and  cava,  to  make  hollow.] 
.  Made  hollow  ;  bent  round  or  in. 

IN-€A-VA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  making  hollow 
2.  A  hollow  made. 

IN-CEND',  V.  t.     [U  inccndo.] 

Tu  inflame;  to  excite.     [Little  u-^ed.]       Marston. 

IN-CENU'I-A-RISM,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  mali- 
ciously setting  t1re  to  buildings.  • 

IN-CE.N'D'I-A-RY,  n.  [L.  incendiariits.  from  incendo, 
to  burn  ;  in  and  candeo,  to  shine,  or  be  on  lire.] 

1.  A  person  who  maliciously  sets  fire  to  another 
man's  dwelling-house,  or  to  any  out-house,  being 
parcel  of  the  same,  as  a  barn  or  stable  ;  one  who  is 
guilty  of  arson. 

2.  .^ny  person  who  sets  fire  to  a  building. 

3.  A  person  who  excites  or  inflames  factions,  and 
promotes  quarrels. 

S'-»rrAl  citiia  of  (Jn-pce  drovp  them  otrt  m  inctftdviTitt.  Btndey. 

Inctrvfiarirt  of  figure  «in)  ilirtinction,  who  nre  the  iiivemore  and 
pitbhiilirrt  <>r  gTtM  ralaehooiU,  can  not  be  rcg*iUetl  b'lt  with 
ttw  uunoat  (lvt-?«tACiori.  Addison. 

4.  He  or  that  which  excites. 

IN-CEND'I  A-RY,   a.      Pertaining    to  the   malicious 

burning  of  a  d^velling ;  as,  an  incendiary  purpose. 
2.  Tending  to  excite  or  inflame  factions,  sedition, 

or  quarrel. 
IN-CEND'I-OUS,  a.     Promoting  faction  or  contention. 

Bacon. 
IN-CEND'I-OUS-LY,  adr.    In  a  manner  tending  to 

promote  contention. 
IN'CENSE,  (in'sens,)  n.     [L.  ineensum,  burnt,  from 

taccn//(',  to  burn  ;  It.  incenso  ;  Fr.  encens.] 

1.  Perfume  exhaled  by  fire  ;  the  odors  of  spices 
and  gums,  burnt  in  religious  rites,  or  as  an  ofiering 
to  some  deity. 

A  thick  cloml  of  incense  went  up.  — Ezek.  viii. 

2.  The  materials  burnt  for  making  perfumes.  The 
incense  used  in  the  Jewish  offerings  was  a  mixture 
of  sweet  spices,  stacte,  onycha,  galbantim,  and  the 
gum  of  tlie  frankincense-treo. 

Nadub  iiihI  Aliihti,  the  ■on»  of  Anrnn,  look  either  of  ihem  hU 
Cfnwr,  aiui  put  fire  iJit-rciii,  wiil  put  incente  thereon. — 
L.ev.  X. 

3.  Acceptable  prayers  and  praises.     Mai.  i. 
IN'CENSE,  (in'sens,)  r.  (.     To  perfume  with  incense. 

In  the  Roman  Cathq^ic  church,  it  is  the  deacon's  office 
to  incense  the  officiating  priest  or  prelate,  and  the 
choir.  Encyc. 

INCENSE',  (in-sens'O  tJ.«,  To  enkindle  or  inflame 
to  violent  anger;  to  excite  angry  p;u>sion3  ;  to  pro- 
voke ;  tu  irritate  ;  to  exasperate  ;  to  heat ;  to  fire.  It 
expresses  less  than  E?<rage. 

How  could  mj  pU)\t»  toil  thy  power  ineerue  ?  Dryden. 

IN-CENS'KD,  (in-senst',)  pp.  or  a.    Inflamed  to  vio- 
lent anger;  exasperated. 
IN-CENSE'MENT,  (in-sens'ment,)  n.     Violent  irrita- 
tion of  the  passions ;  heat ;  exasperation.     It  ex- 
presses leas  than  Raoe  and  Ft'ar.  Sfiak. 
IN-CE.NS'ING,  ppr.     Inflaming  to  anger;   irritating; 

exaspt'ratinir. 
IN-CEN'?ION,  n.    [L.  ineensio,  from  inrendOy  to  burn.] 
The  act  of  kindling  ;  the  state  of  being  on  fire. 

Bacon. 
IN-CENS'IVE,  a.    Tending  to  excite  or  provoke. 

Barrojo. 
IN-CENS'OR,  Ti.    [I..]     A  kindler  of  anger;  an  in- 

flanitT  of  the  angry  passions. 
INCENS'O  RY,  n.    The  vessel  in  which  incense  is 
burnt  and  off-reil.  Jiitisuforth. 

[We  generally  use  CEr^srn.] 
IN-CEN'SUR-A-KLK,  a.     Not  censurable.     Dwi/rht. 
IN-CEN'TIVK,  (I.     [I^ow   \,.  tnenitivus,  from  ineendo, 
to  burn.] 
Incititig;  enroumging  or  moving. 

Coriipr  f'ncy  ii  the  mo*l  incentivt  lo  hidiiatry.    Decay  of  Piety. 

IX-CEN'TIVE,  n.     [Low  L.  incrntirum.] 

I.  That  which  kindles  or  inflames  ;  used  now  in  a 

fifTuralive  senite  only. 

9.  That  which  moves  t lie  mind  or  operates  on  the 
passions;  that  which  incites  or  has  a  tendency  to  in- 
cite to  determination  or  action;  that  which  prompts 
to  good  or  ill ;  motive  ;  spur.  The  love  of  money, 
and  the  desire  of  promotion,  are  two  most  powerful 
ineentives  to  action. 
IN-CEN'TIVE-LY,  arft).    Incitingly;  encouraging'y. 


INC 

IN-CEP'TION,  M,     [Ij.  inceptio,  from  ineipiOy  to  begin  ; 
in  and  capio,  to  take.] 

Beginning.  Bacon. 

1  hoy  this  society  will  not  he  marked  with  Tiv^citT  of  inreption, 
npathy  of  pn'jreM,  fciid  pTcirmturciteu  of  dt-ciiy.    Jtauie. 

IN-CEP'TIVE,   a.       [L.   inceptivus,   from    inctpio,    to 
begin.J 

Beginning ;  noting  beginning ;  as,  an  inceptive 
proposition  ;  an  inceptive  verb,  which  expresses  the 
beginning  of  action.  A  point  is  inceptive  of  a  line, 
and  a  line  is  inceptive  of  a  surface. 

IN-CEP'TIVE-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  noting  begin- 
ning. 

IN-CEP'TOR,  n.    A  beginnerj  one  in  the  rudiments. 

JValton. 

IN-CER-A'TION,  n.     [L.  htcero,  from  ctra.] 
The  act  of  covering  with  wax. 

IN-CER'A-TIVE,  a.     Cleaving  to  like  wax. 

IN-CER'TAIN,   a.      [in    and    certain.]       Uncertain ; 
doubtful  ;  unsteady.  Fairfax, 

IN-CER'TAIN-LY,  adv.     noubtfully 

IN-CER'TAIN-TY,  n.     Uncertainty  ;  doubt.     Davies. 

IN  CER'TI-TUDE,  n.     [L.  incertitude,  from  incertus  ; 
in  and  ccrtus,  certain.] 

Uncertainty  ;  doubtfulness  ;  doubt. 

IN-CES'S.V-BLp,  a.     Unceasing;   continual,      [liule 
used.]  SheltoH. 

IN-CES'SA-BLY,  adv.     Continually  ;  unceasinptv. 

IN-CES'SAN-CY,n.     [from  incessant.]    Unintermitted 
continuance ;  unceasingness.  Dwi^ht. 

IN-CE:!^'SANT,  a.     [Li  in  and  cessans,  Uom  cesso,  io 
cease.] 

Unceasing  ;  unintermitted  :  unintempted  ;  contin- 
ual ;  as,  incessant  rains  ;  incessant  clamois. 

Milton.     Pope, 

IN-CES'SANT-LY,  adv.    Without  ceasing ;  continu- 
ally. Spenser. 

IN'CEST,  n.     [Fr.  ineeste ;  L.  incestum  ;  ia  and  castus, 
chaste.] 

The  crime  of  cohabitation  or  sexual  commerre  be- 
tween persons  related  within  llie  degrees  wherein 
marriage  is  prohibited  by  the  law  of  a  country. 

Spiritual  tncctt,  is  a  like  crime  committed  between 
persons  who  have  a  spiritual  alliance  by  means  of 
baptism  or  confirmation.  It  is  also  understood  of  a 
vicar  or  other  beneficiary,  who  holds  two  benefices, 
the  one  depending  oh  the  collation  of  the  other. 

Encyc. 

IN-CEST'TJ-OUS,  a.     Guilty  of  incest;  as,  an  incestu- 
ous person. 

2.  Involving  the  crime  of  incest ;  as,  an  incestuous 
connection. 

IN-CEST't^-OUS-LY,  adv.     In  an  incestuous  marv 
ner;  in  a  manner  to  involve  the  crime  of  incest. 

IN-CEST'IJ-OUS-NESS,  n.    The  stale  or  quality  of 
being  incestuous.  Bp.  Ball. 

INCH,  71.     [Sax.  ince ;  L.  uneia,  the  twelfth  part ;  Gr. 
ovvytiM,  but  said  to  be  from  the  Latin.] 

1.  A  lineal  measure  in  Great  Britain  and  the 
United  States,  being  the  twelfth  part  of  a  foot,  and 
equal  to  the  length  of  tliree  barley-corns. 

2.  Proverbially,  a  small  quantity  or  degree ;  as,  to 
die  by  tncAr^,-  to  gain  ground  by  inches. 

3.  A  precise  point  of  time. 

Beldnme,  I  think  we  watched  you  Kt  ati  inch.  {Unueval.'X  Shak. 

INCH,  V.  t.    To  drive  by  inches  or  small  degrees. 
{Uttle  used.]  Dryden. 

2.  To  deal  out  by  inches  ;  lo  give  sparingly.  [LU^ 
tie  used.]  .^insmorth. 

INCH,  r.  i.    To  advance  or  retire  by  small  degrees. 
[EiUle  used.]  Johnson. 

InrJied,  containing  inches,  is  added  to  words  of 
number;  ns,  four-inched.  Sfick. 

But  in  America  the  common  practice  is  to  add  only 
inch  ;  as,  a  srren-inch  cable. 
IN-CHAM'BER,  v.  t.     [Fr.  enchambrer.]     To  lodge  in 

a  chamber. 
IN-CHAR'I-TA-BLE,  a.     Uncharitable. 

[The  latter  is  the  word  used.] 
IN-CHAS'Tl-TY,  n.     [in  and  cha.Hity.]     Lewdness; 

imp'iritv  :  unchastity.  J.  Edioards. 

IN-CHEST',  r.  (.     To  put  into  a  chest.        Sherwood, 
IN-CIIKST'ED,  pp.     Put  into  a  chesU 
INCH'-MJSAL,  n.     [inch  and  meal,]     A  piece  an  inch 
long. 

Bil  inr.h-^eal ;  by  small  degrees.  Shak, 

IN'eFiO-ATE,  (in'ko-ate,)  v.  t.     [L.  hichoo,] 

To  begin.     [Little  -itsed.]  More, 

IN'eilO-ATE,  a.    Begun  ;  commenced. 

It  is  neither  a  wiUtance  perfect,  nor  ft  iiil«Lincc  inchoate. 

IMegh. 

IN'enO-ATE-LY,  adv.    In  an  incipient  degree. 
IN-CHO-A'TION,  71.     The  act  of  beginning;  com- 
mencement ;  inception. 

The  ■■■ulng  on  fool  ■oim-  of  thot»  iirtf  in  thuw  nnrt«,  would  bo 
lo()ki-<t  uii  lu  the  nm  inchoaiiun  dI  tliem.     [Littlt  uMfl.] 

Bale. 

IN-CHO'A-TIVE,  a.     Ntrting  beginning;  inceptive; 

as,  an  inchoative  verb,  otherwise  called  IrfCEPxivE. 
INCH'PIN,  n.    Some  part  of  the  inwards  of  a  deer. 
IN-CIDE',  V.  t.     [l^  ineido  ;  in  and  cadu,  to  strike.] 
To  cut ;  to  separate;  aa  medicines.    [Obs.] 

f^uincy.     .Arbuthnot. 


TONE,  BJJU*,  tJNITE.— AN"CER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  is  K;  d  as  J;  a  na  Z ;  CH  aa  SH;  Til  tw  In  THIS. 


INC 

IN'Cl-DEXCE.  H.  [L.  incitUtui  ihcuIo^  to  fall  on;  in 
and  ea>li>,  to  fall.] 

1.  Literallgy  a  falling  on  ^  whence,  an  acculont  or 
cn^ualty.  Sh,iM, 

2.  In  natural  philoAfphtt,  lite  direction  in  which  a 
rmy  of  light  or  ht-at  falls  un  any  surface. 

In  njuaJ  inctdtr'CU  then  b  &  cooadembl*  Uieqiulit^  of  J^Tn*^ 

Jtn^e  <if  meidatu ;  the  angle  which  a  ray  of  light, 
failing  on  any  surface,  makes  with  a  perpendicular 
to  thai  surface.  Oltiuted. 

IN'CI-DEN'T.  o. 

1.  UtfTollv,  falling  on  ,  ns^  an  inddrnt  my. 

2.  Falling';  casuuF;  furtuitous;  coming  or  happen- 
ing (iccasiunalJy,  or  not  in  the  usual  course  of  things, 
or  not  according  to  especUtiua  or  iu  couiicction 
with  the  main  design. 

Ai  ihr  or>linu7  cofirap  of  oonunon  •Mwln  li  dlWaMd  of  Xsy  (pn- 
enU  litwa,  m  nutn'a  nnt  imeiiUmt  ncervMn  uid  utimJM 
•houlJ  be  wiLh  iprci&l  fquitj  owMidtTeU.  Hooter. 

A  proposition  introduced  by  aoAtf,  wkiek,  mAma, 
vArai,  4lc,  is  called  an  iaeidemt  proposition  ;  as, 
Julius,  what*  ntmaioe  was  Cesar,  overcame  Pompey. 

fVaUs, 

3.  Hai^ntog  j  apt  Co  happen :  as,  Jnleniperate 
pawioiw  tmcident  to  human  nature  ;  diseases  incident 
to  a  ciimate  ;  misfortunt;.-*  tHcuient  to  the  poor.  • 

4.  Appertaining  to  or  following  the  chief  or  prin- 
cipal.    A  court  baron  is  incident  to  a  manor.      Encyc 

IN'Ct-DE\T,  M.  That  which  falls  out  or  takes  place  j 
an  event  -,  casualty. 

3.  That  which  happens  aside  of  tbe  main  design ; 
aa  episode  or  suburdinate  action. 

No  [vnMi,  BO  imtUtmt  is  a  fUj  bat  nort  be  of  uw  lo  rwy  A 
tbt  tamia  daifn.  /Mydtn, 

3.  In  lor,  ■eaartlrtnK  necessarily  appeitaining  to 
Mid  depending  on  anotoer,  which  is  termed  the  prin- 
tifnl.  Bronde. 

t>'-CI'DE.VT'AL,  s.  Happening  as  an  occasional 
event,  without  regularity  ;  coming  willioul  design  ; 
casual  i  accidental;  as,  an  imndmtnl  convenaiion  ; 
an  imhdftdml  occurrence. 

2.  Not  wweisaary  lo  the  chief  purpoae ;  occaslonaL 


IN-CI-DENT'AL,  n.    An  incident    [LittU  %saL] 

Pope, 
IN-Cf-DEN*T'AL-LY,  oJr.    Casually;  without  iuten- 
tion  i  accidentally.    I  was  inridrntall^  present  when 
the  conversation  took  place. 
8   Beside  the  main  design  ;  occasionally. 

^  I  imt  other  purpowlT  or  irnddgimUf  ateoion.  Bo^. 

IN'CI-DENT-LV,  tdn. 

[AW  lufd.] 
IX-CIX'ER-i^TE,  r.  L 

a^hei*.] 

To  bum  to  a«hes. 
IN-CIN'ER-A-TED  ;pp.     Bumt  loaches. 
INCIN'ER-A-TING,  ppr.    Reducing  to  asbesby  com- 

bu^um. 
IN-CI.N-ER-S'TION,  M.     The  act  of  reducing  tn  a«hes 

by  ronibustion.  Bo»le.     Kncyc 

IN-C'IF  l-EN-CY,  n.     Beginning;  conuticncfnient. 
IN-CIP'I-ENT,  a.    [L.  tKcipiens^  ineipio :  in  and  capic, 

to  t.ike.] 

Beginning;  commencing;  as, the  inei/iieiit tOage  of 

a  fc-ver  ;  inetpifnt  light  or  day. 
rX-Cf  P'l-ENl  -LY,  adr.     In  an  incipient  manner. 


Occasionally ;  by  the  way. 
Batum, 

[L.    in   and 


ciau,  cuiertf. 


Bacon, 


IN-ClR'eLET,  «.     A  small  circle.  Sidney. 

lN-CIH-eU-M-f:CRIP'TI-BLE,  a.      That   can    not  be 

cirrumwrribed  i>r  limit^-d.  Cranmer. 

IN-ClK-erM-r:pEtVTl(i\,ii.    {innxxAcirtu^nspretion,] 

Want  of  circunti^periion  ;  heedlessness.    Brovsn, 
IN-CTSE',  r.  (.     [Fr.  i««m] 

Tit  cut  in  ;  to  carve  ;  lo  engrave.  Chrcw. 

IN-CTS'£D,  pp.  or  a.     [L.  (jumh^,  from  ineidOy  to  cut.] 
Cut  or  engraved  ;  made  by  cutting ;  as,  nn  incised 
wound  :  incised  lips.  H'l.irman. 

IN-CISE'LV,  adv.     In   ttie  manner  of  inci«iions  or 

notches  EatuH. 

IX-CIS'IXG, ppr.    Cutting  in  ;  carting. 
IN-CIS'ION,  (in-eizh'un,}  n,     [Fr. ;   L.  ineisio,  from 
trnddOj  to  cut.] 
1.  A  cutting;  tbe  act  of  cuttinc  into  a  substance. 
3.  A  cut ;  a  gash  ;  the  sepaniiiun  of  the  surface  of 
any  substance   made  by  a  sharp  in^irunirnL     The 
surgeon  with  his  knife  makes  an  iju-ttiVin  in  Ihe  f1t;.-<h, 
and  the  gardener  in  a  tree ;  bnt  we  du  nut  s.iy,  an 
iM-dsian   is  made  wtth  a  plow  or  a  sup^ide  j  at  least, 
such  phra&eolug>'  is  unusual. 

3,  Separation  of  viscid  maitrr  by  mediciu?s.  [ObsA 
IN-CI'61VE,  o.     [Fr.  inc,s>f.\  [Baam, 

Having  the  quality  of  cutting  or  separating  tht 
superficial  part  of  any  thing. 

Incisice  teeth,  in  animaUy  are  the  fore  teeth,  the 
cutlers  or  incisors. 
IN-CI  SOR,  n.     [L.]    A  cutur;  a  fore  tooth,  which 

cuts,  bites,  or  separates. 
IX-CI'SOR-V,  a.     Having  the  quality  of  cutting. 
JX-CIS'I;RE,  (in-sizh'yur,)  a.     [L.  indium.] 

A  cut;  a  place  opened  by  cuuing ;  an  incision. 

Derham. 


INC 

IN-CI'TAXT,  II.    [from  ific9.]    That  which  excites 

action  in  nn  animal  body.  Dancui* 

IN-CI-TA'TI0.\,  m.     [L.  indUitw,    See  Ir^cixii.] 

1.  The  act  of  inciting  or  moving  to  action  ;  incite- 
ment.  Braicn. 

2.  Incitement  ;  incentive  ;  motive  ;  that  which 
excites  to  action  \  that  which  rouses  or  prompts. 

Ooverntnent  of  ihe  Tongue. 
IN-CTTE',  r.  t,    [L.  incUo  ;  in  and  eitoy  lo  call,  lo  stir 

1.  To  move  the  mind  to  action  by  persuaaion  or 
motives  presented  ;  lo  stir  up ;  to  rouse  j  to  spur  on. 

Aotiochxk.  wtien  be  incitml  Pfiiwiiu  to  Jk>)»  in  \var,  m^i  infan 
bim  liie  greaUK-sa  uf  liie  KoiitAua.  Bacon. 

3.  To  move  to  action  by  impulse  or  influence. 

No  blowu  oiDbiiion  doc%  our  r>nn>  inciU'  Shak. 

3.  To  animate  ;  to  encoumge. 

In  general,  Iwcitk  denotes  to  opemte  on  the  nitnd 

or  will ;  Excite  has  the  same  sense,  but  it  extends 

also  to  the  passion^^  and  to  material  substances  ;  as, 

to  ezcite  action  in  the  heart  and  arteries, 

IN-CIT'ED,  p^.    Moved  to  action  ;  stirred  up;  spurred 

on. 
IN-CITE'MEXT,  a.    That  which  incites  Ihe  mind  or 
moves  to  action  ;  motive ;  incentive ;  impulse. 

Froni  ihf  \ong  rrcotils  of  r  dikUiu  age, 

T>eiire  induinent*  lo  niKV  Uiv  rag>_-.  Pope. 

IN-CTT'ER,  k.  He  or  tlial  which  incites  or  moves  to 
action. 

I\-Crr'IXG,p7Fr.  or  a.    Exciting  toaction  ;  Ktirringup. 

IX-CIT'IXG-LV.  ade.     So  as  to  excite  to  action. 

IX-CIV'IL,  a.  [in  and  civiL]  Uncivil;  rude;  un- 
polite.     [But  UyciTii,  is  generally  used.] 

IN-CIV-IUI-ZA'TIOi\,  n.    An  uncivilized  state. 

IX4:i-VIL'l-TY,  n.     [Fr.  incivility.] 

1.  Want  of  courtesy  ;  rudeness  uf  manners  toward 
otliers  ;  impoliteness.  TUloison. 

3.  Any  act  of  rudeness  or  ill  breeding;  uiiUi  a 
pturat,  Ijoud  laughter  rfnd  uncomely  jests,  in  re- 
spectable company,  are  indvUities  and  indecencies. 

IN-CI V'II--LY,  adr.     Uncivilly  ;  rudely. 

IN-CIV'ISM, /I.  [in  and  cirwm.]  Want  ofcivism; 
want  of  love  to  one's  country,  or  of  patriotism  ;  un- 
friendliness to  the  state  or  government  of  which  one 
is  a  citiTien.  Jimeji. 

IN-CLASP',  r.  (.     To  clasp ;  to  hold  fast.    Cudwurih. 

IX-CLXt'P'KD,  (in-klAspt')  pp.     Held  fast. 

IN-CLASF'ING,  ppr.     HoMnig  fast. 

LN'€hA-VA-TE«,  a.     Sa  ;  fiist  fixed.  DicU 

IX'€LE,(i'ifc'U)    See  Inkle. 

IN-CLEM'EX-CY,  n.  [Fr.  inclanence  ;  L.  indementia. 
See  Clkmbnct.] 

1.  Want  of  clemency  ;  want  of  mildness  of  tem- 
per; unmercifuluess  j  harshness^  seventy;  applied 
to  perxonj. 

i.  Roughness  ;  boisterousness  ;  storminess  ;  or 
simply  raininess  ;  severe  cold,  Slc  ;  applied  to  the 
ireAther.  We  were  detained  by  the  indemeney  of 
the  weather. 
IN-ei.EM'E.NT,  a.  Destitute  of  a  mild  and  kind 
temper  y  void  of  tenderness  ;  unmerciful  j  severe  ; 
harsh. 

2.  Rough  ;  stormy  ;  boistemiM  ;  rainy  ;  rigorously 
cold,  &.C. ;  as,  inclement  weather  j  indement  sky. 

Pope. 
IN-CLEM'EXT-LY,  nrfr.     In  an  inclement  manner. 
IN-CU.\'A-B1.E,  a.     [U  i?ulinabUis.     See  Iwclixe.] 
1.  Leaning;   tending;    as,  a  tower  indiw'hle  to 
fall.  Benttey. 

9,  Having  a  propen^ion  of  will ;  leaning  in  dispo- 
sition ;  somewhat  disposed  ;  as,  a  mind  inclinable,  to 
truth.  MUton. 

IN-t: M,\'A-BLE-XES.S,  a.    The  stale  of  being  in- 
clinable; inclination. 
!N-eHN-A'TIO\,  «.     [Fr.,  from  L.  indinatio.    See 
Incline.] 

1.  A  leaning  ;  any  deviation  of  a  body  or  line  from 
an  uprigtit  position,  or  from  a  pamllel  line,  toward 
another  body  ;  as,  the  indination  of  the  head  in 
bowing. 

2.  In  geometry,  the  angle  made  by  two  lines  or 
planes,  which  meet,  or  which  would  meet,  if  pro- 
duced ;  as,  the  iiidiaation  of  the  axis  of  tlie  earlli  to 
the  plane  of  the  ecliptic  is  '33"  28'. 

3.  A  leaning  of  the  mind  or  will ;  propension  or 
pro[)ensity  ;  a  disposition  more  favorable  to  one  thing 
than  to  another.  The  prince  luis  no  indination  to 
pe.'ice.  The  bachelor  has  manifested  no  indination 
to  marry.     Men  have  a  natural  inclination  to  pleajiure. 

A  mfre  iTuliiiadon  lo  a  thing  i«  not  properly  a  wUliiif  of  that 
t'li'ig.  SouUi. 

4.  Love;  affection  ;  regard  ;  desire;  with  for. 
Some  men  have  an  indination  for  music,  others  for 
painting. 

5.  Disposition  of  mind.  Skak. 

6.  Tbe  dip  of  ihe  magnetic  needle,  or  its  tendency 
to  inc4ine  toward  the  earth  ;  also,  the  angle  made  by 
the  needle  with  the  horizon.  Enjicld. 

7.  The  act  of  decanting  liquors  by  stooping  or  in- 
clining the  vessel.  (^uincu. 

IN-eLIX'A-TO-RI-LV,  adv.  Obliquely  ;  with  incli- 
nation. Brown. 


INC 

IN-CLTX'A-TO-RY,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  lean 
In;:  or  inclining.  Brown. 

IN-CLLVE',  f.  i.  [L.  indino  ;  in  and  dhw,  Gr.  (tAiko, 
Sax.  hUnian,hleonian,  hlynian^  Eng.  lo  lean,  G.  lehncn, 
D.  teunin.  Runs,  kloiiyu  and  nakloniat/u,  Ir.  deviiaim ; 
Fr.  indiner;  Port  and  Sp.  indinar ;  It.  incUnare,  in- 
chinare^  chinare.     Class  Ln.] 

1.  To  lean  ;  to  deviate  from  an  erect  or  parallel 
line  toward  any  object ;  to  tend.  Converging  lines 
incline  toward  each  other.  A  road  indines  to  the 
north  or  soulh.  Connecticut  River  runs  south,  in- 
diuinff.in  some  part  of  its  course,  to  the  west ;  and, 
below  Middletown,  it  inclines  lo  the  east. 

2.  To  lean  ;  in  a  7noral  sense ;  lo  have  a  propensi.in  ; 
to  be  disposed  ;  to  have  some  wish  or  desire. 

Tlieir  hcarti  induitd  Ut  follow  Abiinelech.  —  Judgo  ix. 

3.  To  have  an  appetite  ;  to  be  disposed  ;  as,  to  be 
inclined  to  eat. 

IN-CLTNE',  V.  t.  To  cause  to  deviate  from  nn  erect, 
perpendicular,  or  [Mirallel  line  ;  lo  give  a  leaning  to  ; 
as,  incline  Ihe  coliinin  or  post  to  tlie  east ;  incline 
your  head  to  the  right. 

2.  To  give  a  tendency  or  propension  to  the  will  or 
afiVclions  ;  to  turn  ;  to  dispose 

tndint  our  henrti  lo  keep  thii  law.  Common  Prayer. 

Indiua  my  hrurt  ti)  Uiy  tr>lininiiit-a.  —  Pb,  cxix. 

3.  To  bend  ;  to  cause  to  stoop  or  bow  ;  as,  lo  in- 
dine  the  head  or  the  body  iu  acts  of  reverence  or 
civility. 

l^-€lX\' ED y  pp.  or  a.  Having  a  leaning  or  tendency  ; 
disposed. 

Inclined  plane y\i\  mechanics ^  is  a  plane  that  makes 
an  oblique  angle  with  the  plane  of  tlie  horizon  ;  a 
sloping  plane.  It  is  one  of  the  Ave  simple  mechan- 
ical powers. 

IN-CLIX'EK,  II.    An  inclined  dial. 

rX-CLT\'ING,  ppr.    Leaning  ;  causing  to  lean. 

IN-CLTN'IXG,  a.     Leaning. 

IN  CLIP',  r.  (.  [in  and  dip.]  To  grasp  ;  lo  inclose  ; 
to  surround,  Shak. 

IN-CLIP'PKD,  (inklipt'Opp.    Grasped;  inclosed. 

I.\-CLIP'1'I.\G,  ppr.    Grasping;  surrounding. 

Ii\-CLOI.S'TER,  r.  f.  [in  Tiini  cloister.]  To  shut  up 
or  confine  in  a  cloister.  [But  Cloisteb  is  generally 
used.] 

IX-CLOSE',  r.  t.  [Ft.  tndos;  Sp,  It.  induso;  L.  indu- 
siLt,  indudo  ;  in  and  daudo,  or  cludo.] 

1,  To  surround;  to  shut  in;  to  confine  on  nil 
sides  ;  as,  lo  indose  a  fi'^ld  with  a  fence  ;  to  inclose  a 
fort  or  an  army  with  troops ;  to  indose  a  town  vviih 
walls, 

2,  To  separate  from  common  grounds  by  a  fence  ; 
as,  lo  indose  lands. 

3,  To  include ;  to  shut  or  confine  j  as,  lo  inclose 
trinkets  iti  a  box. 

4,  To  environ  ;  to  encompass. 

5,  To  cover  wilh  a  wrapper  or  envelope  ;  to  cover 
under  peal ;  as,  to  inclose  a  letter  or  a  bank  note. 

I\-CLf^S'/;D,  pp.  or  a.  Surrounded  ;  encompassed  ; 
confined  on  all  sides;  covered  and  sealed  ;  fenced, 

IN-CL^S'ER,  n.  He  ortliat  which  incloses  ;  one  who 
separaies  land  from  common  grounds  by  a  fence. 

IN-CLOS'I.NG,  ppr.  Surrounding  ;  encompassing  ; 
shuiiing  in  ;  covering  and  confining. 

IN-€L^S't^RE,  (in-itl6'zhur,)  n.  The  act  of  in- 
closing. 

2.  1  he  separation  of  land  from  common  ground 
into  distinct  possessions  by  a  fence. 

3.  The  appropriation  of  things  common.  Taylor. 

4.  Plate  of  being  inclosed,  shut  up,  or  encom- 
passed. Ray. 

5.  That  whicli  incloses ;  a  barrier  or  fence. 

G.  A  space  inclosed  or  fenced  ;  a  space  compre- 
hended within  certain  limits. 

7.  Ground  inclosed  or  separated  from  common 
land, 

8.  Thai  which  is  inclosed  or  contained  in  an  en- 
velope, as  a  paper.  Wa.-tkin2ton. 

!N-€I.OUD',  r.  t.  [in  and  cloud.]  To  darken;  to 
obscure.  Skak. 

IN  €LOUD'EI),;>p.     Involved  in  obscurity. 

IN-CLOUD'ING,  y»pr.     Darkening  ;  obscuring. 

IN-CLODE',  r.  u  [L.  indudo;  in  and  durfo,  to  shut 
up  i   Fr.  enclorre.] 

1.  To  confine  within  ;  to  hold  ;  to  contain  ;  a.««, 
the  shell  of  a  nut  includes  the  kernel ;  a  pearl  is  in- 
dulled  in  a  shell.  [But  in  these  senses  we  jnore  com- 
monly usse  Inclose.] 

9.  Fo  comprise  ;  to  comprehend  ;  lo  contain.  The 
history  of  England  necessarily  includes  a  portion  of 
that  of  France.  The  word  duty  includrs  wh:il  we 
owe  lo  God,  lo  our  fellow-men,  and  to  <iurselves  ;  it 
includf.s  also  a  tax  payable  to  the  government, 

IN-CLC'D'EI),  pp.  or  a.     Contained  ;  comprehended. 
IN-GLCD'ING, /ipr.     Containing;  comprising. 
I.\-€LC'SION,  (in-klu'zhun,)  n.     [L.  indtisio.] 

'I'he  act  of  including. 
IN-CLC^IVE,  a.     [Fr.  indusif.] 

1.  Inclosing;  encircling.  Shak. 

2.  Comprehended  in  the  number  or  sum  ;  as,  frrm 
Monday  to  Saturday  inclusive,  that  is,  taking  in  both 
Monday  and  Saturday. 

IN-eLO'SIVE-LV,  adv.     Comprehending  the  thing 


FATE,  FAll,  FiVLL,  WH.^T.— MeTE,  PREY.  — FIXE,  MARLNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  B(X>K.- 


5£N) 


INC 


Uncoil  Si  rained. 


mpntioned  ;    af=,  from  Monday  to  Saturday  i;«/ii- 
sireftf. 

l\eo-A€T', 

IN-CO-AGT'ED, 

IN  eO-AG'U-LA-BLE,  a.  [in  and  eoafftilable.)  That 
can  nttt  he  L-aa*niIaied  or  concrctt'd. 

I.\  eO  ER'CI-BLK,  a.  [in  and  coercible,  from  cocrcn.] 
Xiit  to  be  coerced  or  conipuUed  j  that  cnn  not  be 
t'orct-d.  Black. 

IX-CO-EX-IST'ENX'E,  n,  [in  and  eocThteuce.]  A 
nut  existing  together.     [JVot  common.]  Locke-. 

IN-COG',  adv.  [contracted  from  incog^nUo.l  In  con- 
ceuhnent ;  in  di-sguise ;  in  a  manner  not  to  be 
knnwn. 

IX-eOO'l-TA-BLE,  a.     Unthought  of.    Dean  King. 

IN-eoG'l-TA\CE,   in.    [h.  iHco,ritantiai  in  ami  cogi- 

IN-eOG'I-TAN-CY,  \      U>,  lo  think. 

Want  of  tliought,  or  want  of  the  power  of  think- 
in  rr.  Decay  of  Piety. 

IX-COG'ITANT,  a.    Not  thinking  }  thoughtless. 

Milton. 

IX  eOG'f-TANT-LY,  ode.    Without  consideration. 

Boyte. 

IX  €OG'r-TA-TIVE,  a.  [in  and  eogitatioe.]  Not 
thinking  ;  wanting  the  power  of  thought ;  as,  a  vege- 
table is  an  incogitative  being.  Locke. 

IXeOG'XI  TO,  a.  oradc.     [It.] 

Unknown  :  in  conceahnent :  in  a  disguise.  It  is 
8oiiietinies  us-ed  as  a  noun,  as  also  is  incugnita.j  in  the 
feminiiif. 

r\-L'OG'M-ZA-BLE,  (in-kog'ne-za-bl  or  in-kon'e- 
za-b!,)  a,     [in  and  e^g«izablr.'\ 

1'hat  can  not  be  recognized,  known,  or  distin- 
guished. 

The  I^dctt  ne«,  not  a  pHmitiv^  itocit  of  ibc  Slari,  but  a  tlklinci 
Ir.itKtt,  now  iN^^ome  incQgm^Utit,  Tookt. 

IX-CO-HKlt'EXCE,    (  7t.    [in  and  eokerenee.]     Want 

IN-€0-HkR'EX-CY,  i      ofcoherence;  waiitof  cuhe- 

Bion  or  adherence  ;  looseness  or  unconnected  state 

Oi  parts,  as  of  a  powder.  HoyJt, 

2,  Want  of  connection  ■,  incongnjity;  inconsrsien- 
cy ;  want  of  agreement  or  deptriidence  of  one  part 
on  another  ;  as,  the  incoherence  of  argunicnti),  fuels, 
or  principles. 

3.  Inconsistency  ;  that  which  does  not  agree  with 
other  iKirls  of  the  same  thing. 

IX-eO-HRR'ENT,  a,  [in  and  coherent.']  Wanting 
cohesion;  loose;  unc«>nnccted  ;  not  fixpd  to  each 
other  ;  applied  ta  matcrtal  subjutuneej*.  IVoodaard. 

2.  Wanting  coherence  or  agreement ;  incongru- 
ous ;  inconrii:*tent ;  having  no  dependence  of  tine 
psirt  on  another;  as,  Die  thonchts  of  a  dreaming 
man,  and  the  Inhgtiagi;  of  a  m:utm:in,  are  incuUerent. 

rN-eO-HER'EXT-LY,  adc.  Inconsistently;  without 
coherence  of  parts  j  as,  to  talk  incohfciitly. 

IN-CO-IX'CI-DENCE,  n.  [in  and  coincidence.]  Want 
of  coincidence  or  agreement. 

iN-€0-IX'CI-DENT,  tt.  [m  und  coincident,]  Not  co- 
incident ;  ncpl  aiireeing  in  tituf,  plsjce,  or  principle. 

IN-eO-LO'MI-TY,  lu     [U  incolamitas.] 

Safety  ;  security.  HowdU 

lN-et>.M-HlX'IXG,  a.  Not  combining  or  uniting; 
dii^ngreeing;  difT-ring.  MUton. 

IN-€0>I-BUST-I-BILa-TY,  n.  [from  ineomhu.*ttble.] 
I'he  quality  of  being  incapable  of  being  burtit  or 
consumed.  Hay. 

IN-eOM-CUST'I-BLE,  a.  [in  and  comlnuitAble.]  Not 
lo  be  burnt,  decomposed,  or  consumed  by  fire.  Aa- 
bestus  is  an  incomhuMthle  substance. 

IN  eOM-BL'ST'l-Ur-E-XESS,  «.     Incombustibility. 

IN-€OM-UUST'I-BL.Y,  adv.  So  as  to  resist  combus- 
tion. 

IN'eOME,  (in'kum,)  a.  [in  and  come,]  Thnt  gain 
which  proceeds  from  labor,  business,  or  prop-jrty  of 
any  kind  ;  the  produce  of  a  farm  ;  the  rent  of 
liouse^  ;  the  proceeds  uf  profei^-sional  business;  the 
profits  of  commerce  or  of  occupation  ;  the  intet'est  of 
money  or  stock  in  funds.  Incume  is  oflen  used  sy- 
nonymously with  Revenue,  but  incovu  is  more  gene- 
rally applied  to  the  gain  of  private  persouH,  and  re»- 
tnae  to  that  of  a  aovereiirn  or  of  a  slate.  We  speak 
of  the  annual  income  of  a  gentleman,  and  the  an- 
nual revenue  of  the  state. 
2.  A  commg  In  ;  admission;  introduction.    [Oh.i.] 

fS'f  O.M-IXG,  (in'kum-ing,)  a.     Coming  in.    Burke. 

IN'COM-ING,  n.     [in  and  come  ]     Income  ;  gain. 

Mam;  incomings  ftre  iul>J«ci  to  ^reat  fluctuaLiunt.  Tooke, 

M"  COM-MFJ^'DAM^  [Law  Lat.]  In  Etiffland,  to 
hold  a  vacant  living  m  cornmcndam,  \s  to  hold  it  by 
favor  of  the  crown,  till  t  proper  pastor  is  provided. 

Blackilone, 

IN-€OM-MEX-SU-IlA-BTL'I-TY,     )  n.     [from  incom- 

IX-€0M-MEN'.SU-RA-BLE-NE.SS,  i      mensiirabte.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  a  thing,  when   it  has  no 
common  measure  with  another  tiling,  or  when  the 
iiame  thing  will  not  exactly  meamire  both. 

IN-€0M-MEN'SU-RA-BLE,  a  [in  and  eommentura- 
bU.] 

(laving  no  common  measure.  Q,unntitie«  are  in- 
eommrnsurable  when  no  third  quantity  can  bo  found 
that  in  an  aliquot  part  of  both.  Encvc. 

IXeOM-MEN'SU-RA-BLY,  adv.  So  as  not  lo  admit 
of  mensuration. 


INC 

IN-€t).M-MEN'i?U-RATE,  fl.     [in  and  cummcfisurate.] 
Not  admitting  of  a  coiuiuon  measure.  Mure. 

0.  Not  of  equnl  measuft:- or  extent ;  not  adequate. 
Our  means  are  incommensurate  to  our  wants. 
IN-eoM-.MEX't*U-RATE-LV,  ado.     Nut  in  equal  or 

due  measure  or  proportion.  Cheyne. 

IN-eOM-MIS'CI-BLl-:,   a.      [in   and    commix.]      That 

can  not  Xn-  coiuinixed  or  mutually  mixed. 
IN-t'O.M-MIX'Ti;RE,  ii.     A  stale  of  being  unmixed. 
IN-CUM'iMU-DA'i'E,  v.  I.     To  incomtuode.       [Brown. 
IN-COM'MO-l)A-'I'ED.  pp.     Incfinunudcd. 
IX-eOM'MO-DA-TIXG,ppr.     Incommoding. 
IN-€0M-MO-DA'TI0N,  «.    State  of  being  incommo- 

dated. 
IX-eOM-MoDE',  r.  (.     [L.  ineommodo  ;  in  and  com- 
modo,  con  and  modus.] 

To  give  inconvenience  to;  to  give  trouble  to ;  to 
disturb  or  mote.st  in  the  quiet  enjoyment  of  some- 
thing, or  in  the  facility  of  ucquisitiun.  It  denotes 
lesstlian  As  NOV,  Vex,  or  Ha  it  as:;.  ^Ve  axe  incommoded 
by  \vanl  of  r<>oiu  to  sit  at  ease  Visits  of  strangers, 
at  unseasonable  hours,  incommode  a  family.  Ot\en 
we  are  inrommodeU  by  a  fashionable  dress, 
IN-€OM-.M0U'ED,  pp.  Put  to  inconvenience  ;  mo- 
lested. 
IXeOJVI-MODE'MEXT,  n.     Inconvenience.     [  Obs.] 

Cheyae. 
IN-eOM-M6D'IXG,ppr.    Subjecting  to  trouble  or  in- 
convenience. 
IX  CO>1-.MO'DI-OUS,  a.     [L.  incflmmodus.] 

Inconvenient;    not  affording  ease  or  advantage; 

unsuitable;  giving  troul»le  without  much  injury.     A 

seat  in  church,  or  the  site  of  a  house,  may  be  ineom- 

modious. 

IN-eOM-MO'DI-OUS-LY,fl(/o.  In  a  manner  to  create 

inconvenience;  inconveniently;  unsuitably. 
IN-eOM-.Mo'Di-OUS-NESf>,  n.     Inconvenience;  un- 

suitiiblenesa. 
IN  COM-MOD'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  i;icommodi/c,-    L.  incom- 
Moditas.  ] 

Inconvenience  ;  trouble.     [JVVw  liUlit  used.] 

Bacon, 
IN-€OM-MU-NI-€A-BIL'I-TY,      J  n.      [from   incom- 
INeO.M-MO'NieA-BLE-XESS,   \     numcahle.]  The 
quality  of  not  being  cointiiuuicable,  or  cap-able  of  be- 
ing imparted  to  another. 
!N-€OM-M0'NI-e.A-ULE,  a.     [in  and  communicable.] 
1'hut  can  not  be  communicated  or  imparted  tooth- 
ers, 

9,  That  can  not  or  may  not  be  communicated,  told, 
or  revealed  to  others.  South. 

IN-eoM-MO'NI-CA-BLY,  adv.     In  a  manner  not  to 

be  imparted  or  communicated.  HakemilL 

IX-COM-MO'NI-CA-TEl),  a.     Not  imparted, 
IN-eOM-MO'NieA-TING,  a.     Having   no  commun- 
ion or  intercouri^e  with  each  other;  as,  an  adminis- 
tration in  incomrnunicatin^  hands.  Hale. 
LX-eOM-MO'NieA-TIVE,  a.     Not  communicative; 
not  free  or  apt  to  im|Kirt  to  others  in  conversation. 

2.  Not  dtsp'tsed  to  hold  communion,  fellowship,  or 
intercourse  with. 


Tlie  Chin'^P  —  an  incommumcatioe  nation. 


Bucfuimn, 


IN-COM-MCNI-GA-TIVE-LY,  adv  Not  communi- 
catively. 

IXt:().M-MCT-A-nri/l-TY,     I  71.     The  quality  of  be- 

IXeO.M-MCT'A-HI.R-XESS,  \      lug  incommutable. 

IN-COM-MOT'A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  commutubte.]  Not 
to  be  e,xchanged  or  commuted  with  nnolher. 

IN-€OM-M0T'A-BLY,  ado.  Without  reciprocal 
change.  Ch.  Helig.  Appeal. 

IN  f'()\I-PA€T'  I  a.     [in  and  compact.]     Not  com- 

IX-CO.M-PAt'T'ED,  ^  pact;  not  having  the  parts 
firmly  united  ;   not  solid.  Boyle. 

IN-eoM'PA-RA-BLE,  a.  [in  and  comparable.]  That 
admits  of  no  comparison  with  others;  usuully  in  a 
good  sense,  but  it  may  be  properly  used  in  a  bad 
senjte.  When  we  say,  an  incomparable  man,  we 
mean  a  man  of  good  qualities,  or  of  some  excellence 
that  raises  him  above  comparison  or  efpiality  with 
others.  So  we  say,  incomparable  excellence,  virtue, 
wit,  &.C.  But  inr.om parable  baseness  or  malignity 
mav  be  used  w:tli  pmpriety. 

IN-CbM'PA-RA-BLE-Nfc:SS,  n.  Excellence  beyond 
comparison. 

IN-COM'PA-RA-BLY,  adr.  Beyond  comparison  ; 
without  competiiion.  Newton  was  incomparably 
lite  greatest  philosopher  the  English  nation  had 
produced. 

IN-€OM-PAR'£D,  a.    Not  matched;  peerless. 

Spsnjter. 

IN-eOM-PAS'PION,  n.     Want  of  compassion.  [Obs.] 

!N-€OM-PA.S'SION-ATE,  a.  [in  and  cainpa.-'sionate.] 
Void  of  compassion  or  pity;  destitute  of  tenderness. 

Johnson, 

lN-€OM-PAS'SION-ATE-LY,  ado.  Without  pity  or 
tenderness. 

IN-€OM-PA8'SION-ATE-NES3,  n.    Want  of  pity. 

Oranger, 

IN-€OM-PAT-I-BIL'T-TY,  n.  [from  incompatible?]  In- 
consistency ;  that  quality  or  state  of  a  thing  which 
renders  it  imposi'iltlo  that  it  should  subsist,  or  be 
consistent  with,  something  else.  There  is  a  perma- 
nent incmpatibiliiy  bcl%veen  truth  and  falsehood. 


INC 

2.  Irreconcilable  disagreement.  During  the  rev- 
olution iu  France,  incompatibility  of  lenip<;r  was 
deeuK'd  a  sutlicieiil  cause  for  divorcing  man  and 
wife. 
IN-€OM-PAT'I-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  the  L.tn  and  cont- 
pcto,  to  suit,  lo  be  proper  or  convenient ;  eon  and  peta^ 
to  press  toward,  to  seek,  or  press  on.  It  wus  for- 
merly incompetible.] 

1.  'inconsistent ;  thai  can  not  subsist  with  some- 
thing else.  Thus,  truth  and  falsehotid  are  essential- 
ly incompatible,  as  are  virtue  and  vice.  A  degree  of 
cold  that  congeals  water  is  incompatible  with  vegeta- 
tion. Dissipation  is  incompatible  with  health, reputa- 
tion, and  virtue. 

2.  Irreconcilably  different  or  disagreeing;  incon- 
gruous ;  as,  incompatible  tempers. 

3.  Legally  or  constitutionally  inconsistent;  that 
cannot  be  united  iu  the  same  person,  without  viola- 
ting the  l:tw  or  constitutum.  By  our  coiistiiution, 
theoliiccs  of  a  legislator  and  ttf  a  judge  are  incompati' 
ble,  as  they  cannot  be  held  at  the  same  lime  by  Uie 
same  person. 

4.  In  chemistry,  a  term  applied  to  salts  and  other 
suhstinces,  which  can  not  exist  together  in  solution 
without  nattiral  decompoaiition.  Brande, 

IN-Ct).M-PA'l  I-BLY,  ado.  Inconsistently ;  incon- 
gruously. 

IN-€O.M-PEN3'.\-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  recom- 
pensed. 

IN-€O.M'PE-TEXCE,  itu      [Fr.    incompetence,    from 

IN-€O.M'PE-TEN-CY,  i      incompetent.] 

1.  Inability  ;  want  of  sufficient  intellectual  iww- 
ers  or  talents  ;  as,  the  incompetency  of  iufants  or 
idiots. 

2.  Want  of  natural  adequate  strength  of  body  or 
of  suitable  faculties;  as,  the  incompetency  ttf  the 
eyes  to  discern  the  motions  of  the  heavenly  bodies. 

3.  Want  of  legal  or  constitutional  qualifications ; 
as,  the  incompetency  ot  a  witness. 

4.  Want  tif  adequate  means. 

5.  insuihciency  i  inadequacy  ;  as,  the  i«c07np«cncy 
of  testimony. 

IN-eOM'PB-TENT,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  in  and  competensj 
compcto.     See  Incompatible.] 

1.  W^anting  adequiite  powers  of  mind,  or  suitable 
faculties;  as,  an  incompetent  judge.  Infancy,  de- 
rangement, want  of  learning,  or  dotage,  may  render  a 
person  incompetent  to  fill  an  otlice  or  to  transact  busi- 
ness. 

2.  Wanting  due  strength  or  suitable  Jaculties  ;  un- 
abl'j. 

3.  Wanting  the  legal  or  constitutional  qnalitica- 
tions.  A  person  convicted  of  a  crime  is  an  incompa^ 
tent  witness  in  a  court  of  law  or  equity. 

4.  Destitute  of  means  ;  unable. 

5.  Inadequate;  insufficient;  i^s,  incompetent  testi- 
mony. 

6.  Unfit ;  improper ;  legally  unavailable. 

It  i>  incomj)«l£nl  for  the  dofemlMil  to  nuike  thii  defrnse. 

Mat:  Rep. 

IN-eOM'PE-TENT-LY,  adv.  Insufficiently ;  inad 
equately  ;  not  suitably. 

IN-COM-PLkTE',  a.    [in  and  compleU.]   Not  finished. 
The  building  is  incomplete. 
•2.  Imperfect;  defective. 
3.  In  botamt,  lacking  calyx  or  corolla,  or  both. 

IN-eo.M-PLiTi'E'LY,  ddi;.     Imi>erfectly. 

IN-CO.M-PLiTl'E'NESS,  n.  An  uutinished  stale  ;  im- 
perfectness  ;  defectiveness. 

IN-€OM-PL£'TION,  «.  Incompleteness.  [Unaw 
tfwrizrtL]  Smart. 

IN-€0.\1-PLEX',  a.  [in  and  complei.]  Notcomplexj 
uncoinpounded  ;  simple. 

IN-€O.MPLrA-BLE,  a.     Not  compilable. 

IX-€O.M-PLrAN(;E,  Jt.  [in  and  co^nplianee,]  D«- 
fecf  of  compliance  ;  refuftal  to  comply  with  solicita- 
tions. 

2.  L'nlractableness;  unyielding  temper  or  consti- 
tution. 

Scltcjincil  profl'io'ii  ppMUhnesi  ami  incomplia.nct  of  humor  lo 

tliiiijB  Liwl.il  ui.d  iudiilL-rciiU  TUloUott. 

IN-€OM-PLI'ANT,  a.  [in  and  compliant]  Unyield- 
ing to  request  or  solicitation ;  not  disposed  to  com- 
ply. 

IN-€OM  PI,T'ANT-LY,  adv.     Not  compliantly. 

IN-eOM-POS'i-JD,  a.  [in  and  compuaed.]  Disordered  ; 
diBttirl)ed.  MilUm. 

[Hut  this  word  is  little  used.    Instead  of  it  we  use 

DlSCOMPOSKD.l 

IN-€OM-POS'lTE  or  IX-€OM'PO-SITE,  a.     [m  and 

composite.]     Unconipounded ;  simple. 

IN-€OM-P0S-SI-niL'I-TY,  n.  [in  and  eompositible.] 
The  quality  of  not  being  jtossible  but  by  the  negation 
or  destruction  of  something;  Inconsistency  with 
something,     f  Little  used.]  More.     Haie. 

IN-eOM-POS'Sl-BLE,  a.  [ih,  con,  and  possible.]  Not 
pi)ssii)le  to  be  or  subsist  with  something  else.  [This 
and  the  preceding  tnord  are  little  used,  and  can  hardly 


be  considered  as  If^itimate  Engiinh  vords.] 
IN-eOM-PRE-HENS-I-BIL'LTY,   n.     [See  the  next 
word.]     The  qniility  of  being   incomprehensible,  ot 
beyond  the  reach  of  human  inteltucti  inconceivab lo- 
ners. Campbell. 


TONE,  BKLL,  ^NITE.  — AN"GER,  VI^CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  »•  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


INC 

I.\-€OM-PRE-HENS'I-BLE,  a,     [Fr.    See  Compbe- 

1.  That  can  not  be  comprehended  or  uncters»tood  ; 
that  is  bfyond  the  reach  of  hnin.in  intillcri ;  incon 
ceivable.  The  nature  of  spiritual  being  is  incompre- 
katsihU  to  U3,  or  by  us. 

2.  Not  to  be  contained.     [Lit:te  uscd.^       Haokfr. 
IN-eOM-PR&HE\S'I-BLE-S'ESS,n.  Incomprehens-. 

ibtlitv,  whicli  see. 
IN-eO'M-PRE-HE\'S'I-BLV,  adv.    In  a  manner  which 

the  human  mind  can  not  comprehend  or  understand  ; 

inconct'ivably.  Locke. 

IN-eOM-PRE-HEX'9rOX,  n.     Want  of  comprehen- 
sion or  unJerstandine.  Bacon. 
IN-eOM-PRE-IIE\S'IVE,  «.      Xot  comprehensive  j 

not  extensive.  WltrUtit, 

IN-eOM  PRESS-I-BIL'I-TV,   n.     [See  iKcoMrBBssi- 

BLE.]     The   quality  of  resisting  compression,  or  of 

being  incapable  of  reduction  by  force  into  a  smaller 

compass. 
IN-€OM-PRESS'I-BLE,  a.  [in  and  eamprtsstbU.]    Not 

to  be  comtutsised  ;  not  capable  of  being  reduced  by 

force  into  a  smaller  compa^  ;  resisting  compression. 

Water  is  not,  as  was  once  supposed,  wholly  uicmi- 

prtssible. 
IN-€OM-PCT'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  computed. 
IN-eON-CeAL'A-BLE,  a.     [in  and  eoHceaUbU,]     Not 

concealable  ;  not  to  be  hid  or  kept  secrcL     Broicn, 
IN-€ON-CEiV'A-BLE,  o.    [i»  and  coHceicabU ;    Fr. 

iMamcttmbU.] 

1.  That  can  not  be  conceived  by  the  mind  ;  incom- 
prehensible. It  is  inconceivable  to  us  how  the  will 
acts  in  producing  muscular  motion. 

2.  That  can  nut  be  undt-rstotid. 
IN-€OX-CElV'A-BLE\ESS,  n.    Tho  quality  of  be- 
ing inconceivable  ;  incumprehensibilitv. 

IN-eOX-C£IV'A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  beyond 
comprehension,  or  beyond  the  teach  of  human  intel- 
lect. South, 

IN-eoN-CEP'TI-BLE,  0.  Inconceivable.  [LiOie  used.] 

Hate. 

IN-€OX-CIN'NT-TY,  n.     [U  inconcinnitas.] 

Unsuitableness  ;  want  of  proportion.  More. 

IN-eON-€L0'DENT,  a.  [L.  ia  and  eondudenst  eon- 
dudoy  to  conclude.] 

Not  inferring  a  conclusion  or  consequence.  [LiUle 
%seH.\  .Ulifff. 

IN-eO.V-€LCD'I.XG,  ■.    Inferring  no  consequence. 

Pearson. 

IN-€O.V-eLC'SIVE,  d.  [i«  and  cond>uive.'\  Not  pro- 
ducing a  conclusion  ;  noC  closing,  concluding,  or  aet- 
tling  a  point  in  debate,  or  a  doubtful  question.  An 
argument  or  evidence  is  incondasire^  when  it  does 
^not  exhibit  the  truth  of  a  disptited  case  in  such  a 
manni-r  as  to  satisfy  the  mind,  and  put  an  end  to  de- 
bale  or  doubt. 

IX-€ON-CL0'3IVE-LY,  adt.  Without  such  evidence 
as  to  determine  the  understanding  in  regard  to  truth 
or  fal-^hood. 

IN-€OX-('LC'SIVE^NESS,  n.  Want  of  such  evideiK^ 
as  to  satisfy  the  mind  of  truth  or  falsehood,  aud  put 
an  end  to  debate. 

IN-€i  )X-eoeT'   a.     Inconcocted. 

lN-€OX-eoeT'ED,  a.  [w  and  concx>cL\  Not  fully 
digested  ,  not  matured  ;  unripened.  Bacon. 

IN-fOX  eoe^TIOX,  %.  [«  and  Mucodiom.]  The 
state  of  being  indigested  ;  unripeness  ;  immaturitj-. 

Bacon. 

IX-eOXeUE'RIXG,  «.  [m  and  concurring^  from  co»- 
cKr.j     Not  concurring  ;  not  agreeing.  Broien. 

IN-€ON-eUS'SI-BLE,  a.     That  can  not  be  shaken. 

Reynold*-, 

IN-eON-DEXS-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [See  Itccowdesia- 
BLE.l     The  quatitv  of  being  not  condensable. 

1.\-€0N-DEXS'A-B'LE,  a.  [in  and  condensable.]  Not 
capable  of  condensation  ;  that  can  not  be  made  more 
dense  or  compacL  .  BOttk. 

S.  Not  to  be  converted  from  a  state  of  vapor  to  a 
fluid. 

IX'COX'DITE,  o.     [L.  xMconditusi   ix  aud  eondo,  to 
build.] 
Rude;  unpolished;  irregular.     \LittU  used.] 

Philips. 

IN-€OX-DI"TIOX-AL,  (-kon-dish'un-al,)  a.  [in  and 
amditioHaL]  Without  any  condition,  exception,  or 
limitation  :  absolute.  [,\'jt  note  used.]  [See  U.fcos- 
DiTio!<AL.J  Broicn. 

IN-€OX-Dr'TION-ATE,  a.  [in  and  condition.]  Not 
limited  or  restrained  by  conaitiuns ;  absolute.  [~\ot 
nov  used.]  BmtU. 

IX-eOX-FIRM'ED,  for  U.xco!* firmed,  is  not  in  use. 

IX-eoX-FORM'A-BLE,  a.    Not  conformable. 

IX-eoX-FORM'I-TY,  n.  [in  and  conformUi.]  Want 
of  conformity;  incompliance  with  the  practice  of 
others,  or  with  the  requisitions  of  law,  rule,  or  cus- 
tom ;  non-conformity.  [  The  Utter  teord  is  more  com- 
monip  ttxed^  especially  to  express  dissent  in  rdiirion.] 

IX-eOX-FCa£D,  a.    Not  confused  ;  distinct. 

Bacon, 

IN-€0X-FC'8I0X.(-m'zhun,;n.  Distinctness.  Bacon, 

IN-€ON-GeAL'A-BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  being 
frozen. 

JX-eON-GEAL'A-BLE-NES3,  n.  The  Impossibility 
of  being  congealed  or  frozen. 


[NC 

IX-GON-Ge'XI-AL,  a.  [in  and  conireniaL]  Not  con- 
genial ;  not  of  a  like  nature  ;  unsuitable. 

IX-CON-CE-NI-AL'I-TV,  y.  Unlikuness  of  nature  ; 
unsuitableness. 

IX-eOX"GRU-ENCE,  n.  [in  tinU  conffruence.]  Want 
of  congruence,  adaptation,  or  agreement ;  unsuitable- 
ness.    [LUtU  used.     We  moid  use  Incokgeuitt.] 

Boyle. 

IN-€0N"GRU-ENT,  o.    Unsuitable ;  Inconsislenu 

FJijoL 

IXeO.V-GRC'I-TY,  «.  [in  and  eonirniily.]  Want  of 
coiigruity  ;  impmpriety  ;  inconsiiJtin<:y  ;  absurdity  ; 
unsuitableness  of  one  thing  tu  anoltier.  The  levity 
of  youth  in  a  grave  divine  is  deemed  an  incongruity 
between  manners  and  profession. 
2.  Disagreement  of  parts  ;  want  of  symin-.tr)\ 

IN-€0N"GRU-0U3,  o.     [L.  tnconjrrj/u.*.] 

Not  congruous  ;  unsuiuible  ;  not  litting  ;  incon?ist- 
ent ;  improper.  The  dress  of  a  seaman  on  a  judge 
would  be  deemed  incongruous  with  his  character 
and  station. 

IN-€0X"GRU-0US-LY,  ado  Unsuitably;  unfitly; 
improperly. 

IN-€OX-XE€'TION,  n,  [in  and  connection.]  Want 
of  connection  ;  loose,  disjointed  slate.       Bfi.  HalL 

IX-€OX-XEX'ED-LY,  adr.     Without  conntction. 

IX-€O.N"SCION-A-BLE.  (kon'shun-a-bl,)  a.  Having 
no  sense  of  good  and  evil  ;  unconscionable.  Spenser. 

IX-eOX'SE-QUE.\CE,TJ.     [L.  ineansequentia.] 
Want  of  just  inference  ;  inconclusiven»"ss. 

Stillingfieet. 

IN-eON'SE-QUEN'T,  a.  Not  following  from  the  prem- 
ises ;  without  repilar  inference  ;  as,  an  inconsequent 
deduction  or  argument.  Brown. 

JN-COX-SE-aUEX'TlAL,  a.  Not  regularly  fullow- 
ing  from  the  premises. 

2.  Not  of  consL-quence  ;  not  of  importance  ;  of  lit- 
tle moment.  Chesterfield. 

IN-€0-\-SE-aUEN-TI.\L'I-TY,  n.  Suite  of  being  of 
no  consequence. 

IN-eoX-SE.QLE.\'TIAX-LY,  adv,  Vyilhout regular 
sequence  or  dnluction. 

IN-eOX-SID'EK-A-BLE,a.  [in  and  considerable.]  Not 
Worthy  of  consideration  or  notice;  unimportant; 
small ;  trivial.  We  speak  of  an  inconsiderable  dis- 
tance ;  an  inconsiderable  quality  or  amount ;  inconsid- 
erable  value.  No  sin  is  inconsiderable  in  the  sight  of 
a  holy  God. 

IN-t'0.\-SID'ER-A-BLE-NESS, ».  Small  impoitance. 

TiUotson. 

IN-€ON-SID'ER-A-BLY,  adr.  In  a  small  degree  ;  to 
a  small  amount ;  verv  little. 

I.X-COX  ?10'ER-A-CV,  n.  Thoughtlessness  :  want  of 
consideration.     [^Unusual.]  Chesterfield. 

IX-€OX-SID'ER-ATE,    a.      [L.  inconsiderattLi.      See 

Co.tSIDBR.] 

1.  Not  considerate ;  not  attending  to  the  circum- 
stances which  regard  safely  or  propriety ;  hasty ; 
rash;  imprudent;  careless;  thouiL'htless  ;' heedless  ; 
inattentive.     The  young  are  gcntrally  inconsitlerau, 

S.  Proceeding  from  heedlessness  ;  rash  ;  as,  incon- 
tiderate  conducL 

3.  Not  duly  regarding ;  with  of  before  the  subject ; 
as,  ineonsiderate  o/ consequences. 

IN-eON-SID'ER-ATE-LV,  adv.  Without  due  consid- 
eration or  regard  to  consequences ;  heedlessly;  care- 
lesslv  ;  rashlv  ;  impnidenily.  Jidtlison. 

IN-eo"X-3ID'ER-.\TE-XESS,  n.  Want  of  due  regard 
to  consequences  ;  carelessness;  thoughtlessness;  in- 
advertence ;  inattention  ;  irapnidence.      TUlatson. 

IN-€0.\-SlD-Ea-A'TION,  n.  [Fr. ;  in  and  ccnaidera- 
lion.] 

Want  of  due  consideration  ;  want  of  thought ;  in- 
attention to  consequences.  Taylor. 

IN-€OX-SIST'EXCE,   I  n.  [in  and  consistmce.]    Such 

IN-€OX-SIST'EX-CY, )  opposition  or  disagreement 
as  that  one  proposition  infers  the  negation  of  the 
other  ;  such  contrariety  between  things  that  both  can 
not  subsist  together. 

There  I*  a  perf'Ct  ijiconsiattney  betwcra  Ut&t  whtcb  i>  of  debt 
«od  ibat  wliicb  b  of  fm  gUl.  Houlh. 

2.  Absurdity  in  argument  or  narration  ;  argument 
or  narrative  where  one  part  destroys  the  other ;  self- 
contradiction.  Johnson. 

3.  Incongruity  ;  want  of  agreement  or  uniformity; 
as,  the  inconsistency  of  a  man  with  himself. 

4.  Unsteadiness;  changeableness. 
IN-COX-SIST'ENT,  a.     Incompatible;  incongruous; 

not  suitable.  Loud  laughter  in  grave  company  is  in- 
consistent with  good  breeding.  Habitual  gloum  is  i/i- 
consistent  with  health  and  happiness. 

2.  Not  consistent ;  contrary,  so  that  one  infers  the 
negation  or  destruetiou  of  the  other,  or  so  that  the 
truth  of  one  proves  the  other  to  be  false.  Two  cov- 
enants, one  that  a  man  shall  have  an  estate  in  fee, 
and  the  other  that  he  shall  hold  it  for  years,  are  in- 
consijiirnt. 

3.  Not  uniform  ;  being  contrary  at  different  times. 
Men  are  sometimes  inconsistent  with  themselves. 

IN-eOX-SIST'E\T-LY,  adr.  With  absurdity;  in- 
congruously ;  with  self-contradiction  j  without  stead- 
iness or  uniformity. 


INC 


IN-€ON-SIST'ENT-NESS, 
in  uje.] 

N-s: 


I  nconstslcn  cy.     ( JVV( 
Jifort, 
IX-eONlSIST'ING,  a.    IncousistcnU     [-Vui  used.] 

I)  r  If  den. 

IN-eON-SOL'A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  consolable.]  Not  to 
be  consoled  ;  grieved  beyoud  susceptibility  of  com- 
fort. .Addison. 

IN-CON-SGL'A-BLY,  ade.  In  a  manner  or  degree 
that  does  not  admit  of  consolation. 

IN-eOX'SO-NAXCE,  n,  Dwagreement  of  sounds; 
discordance.  Busbif. 

I\-CON'SO-NAN-CY, «.  [in  and  eonsonancy.]  Dis- 
agreement ;  inconsistency.  In  musics  disagreement 
of  sounds ;  discordance. 

IN-€ON'SO-NANT,  a.  Not  agreeing j  inconsistent; 
discordant. 

IN-eON'SO-NANT-LY,  adu.  Inconsistently  ;  discord- 
anitv. 

IX-CON-SPICy-OUS,  a.  [in  and  eojispicuous.]  Not 
discernible;  not  to  be  perceived  by  the  sight.  Boyle. 
2.  Not  conspicuous. 

IN-COX-SPIC'lJ-OUS-LY,  adc.  So  as  not  to  be  per- 
ceived. 

IXeON'STAN-CY,  n.     [L.  inconslantia.     See  Coa 

STAMCir.J 

1.  Mutability  or  instability  of  temper  or  affection  ; 
unstemllness  ;  fickleness.  .Addison. 

2.  Want  of  uniformity  ;  dissimilitude.    IVoodieard, 
IN-C'ON'STANT,  a.     [L.  inconsfans  ;  Fr.  inconstanL] 

1.  Mutable  ;  subject  to  change  of  opinion,  inclina- 
tion, or  purpose  ;  not  tirni  in  resolution  ;  unsteady  ; 
fickle ;  used  ofperaofis ;  as,  iiiconsta7tt  in  love  or  friend- 
ship. 

2.  Mutable  ;  changeable  ;  variable  ;  used  of  things. 
IN-€ON'STANT-t.Y,  adv.   In  an  inconstant  manner  ; 

not  steadily. 

IN-eON-SOM'A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  consumable.]  Not 
to  be  consumed  ;  that  can  not  be  waslfcd.     Brown. 

IN-eON-SCM'A-BLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  consuma- 
ble. ShcUeti. 

IX-eON-SUM'MATE,  a.  Not  consummate;  not  fin- 
ished ;  not  complete. 

IN-CON-SUM'MATE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  in- 
complete. 

L\  €ON-SUMP'TI-BLE,  a,     [L.  in  and  con.9umptus.] 

1.  Not  to  be  spent,  wasted,  or  destroyed  by  fire. 
[JVot  used.]  Digby. 

2.  Not  to  be  destroyed.     [JVoI  used.] 
I.V-CON-TAM'IN  ATE,  a.    Not  contaminated.  Moore. 
IN-€ON-TAM'I\-ATE-NES3,  m.    Uncorrupted  state. 
IN-eON-TEST'A-BLE,  a.     [Fr.J      Not  contestable; 

not  to  be  disputed;  not  admitting  debate ;  too  clear 

to  be  controverted  ;  incontrovertible  ;  as,  incontestable 

evidence,  truth,  or  facts. 
IX  COX-TEST' ABLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  preclude 

debate;  indisputably ;  incontrovertihl)  ;  iitilTibitably. 

Heid. 
IX-eOX-TIG'TJ-OUS,   a.     [in  and  contisuous.]     Not 

contiguous;  not  adjoining  ;  not  touching;  separate. 

BoyU. 
IN-eON-TIG'tl-OUS-LY,  adv.  Not  contiguously ;  seiv 

arntely. 
IN-€OX'TI-NEXCE,   |  n.    ['L.incontinentia^VT.incon- 
IN-eOX'TI-NEX-CV,  \      tinence.    See  CoNTiSENct.] 

1.  Want  of  restraint  of  the  passions  or  appetites  ; 
free  or  uncontrolled  indulgence  of  the  passions  or  ap- 
petites, as  of  anger.  OUliei*  .Aristotle. 

2.  Want  of  restraint  of  the  sexual  appetite;  free  or 
illegal  indulgence  of  lust;  lewdness;  used  of  cither 
sexy  bat  appropriately  of  the  male  sex.  Incontinence  in 
men  is  the  same  as  unckastity  in  women. 

3.  Among  physicians,  the  inability  of  any  of  the 
animal  organs  to  restrain  discbarges  of  their  con- 
tents, so  that  the  discharges  are  involuntary. 

IN-€ON'TI-NENT,  a.     [L.  incontinens.] 

1.  Not  restraining  the  passions  or  appetites,  partic- 
ularly the  sejcual  appetite  ;  indulging  lust  without  re- 
straint, or  in  violation  cif  law  ;  unchaste  ;  lewd. 

2.  Unable  to  restrain  discharges. 

In  the  sense  of  immediate  or  immediately,  obsolete. 

IN-€0.\'TI-NEXT,  n.     One  who  is  uncha.«te. 

B.  JonsoTU 

IN-COX'TI-XENT-LY,  adv.    Without  due  restraint 
of  the  passions  or  appetites  ;  unchastely. 
2.  Immediately,  Pape.     Dickens. 

IX-€OX-TRAeT'ED,  a.  Not  contracted  ;  not  short- 
ened. Blackwall. 

IN-eOX-TR5L'LA-BLE,  a.  [in  and  cojitroUable.]  Not 
to  be  controlled  ;  that  can  not  bo  restrained  or  gov- 
erned ;  Tincontrollable.  JValgh. 

IN-eOX-TROL'LA-BLY,  adp.  In  a  manner  Uint  ad- 
mits of  no  control. 

IN-€ON-TRO-VERT'I-BLE,  a.  [in  and  controrerH- 
ble.]  Indisputable;  too  clear  or  certain  to  adjuit  of 
dispute. 

IN-eON-TRO-VERT'I  BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  to 
a  degree  that  precludes  debate  or  controversy. 

IN-€OX-Vf„\'IEXCE,   (  n.     [L.  inconveniens ;  in  and 

IN-eON-VEN'IEX-CY,  \      eonvenio,  conveniens.] 
I.  Unfitness;  unsuitableness;  incxpcdience. 

They  pli^ad  ag^iist  the  inconvtrdtncta,  not  llw  «nlawfiiIn'-»,  of 
popUh  apparri.  Jiooktr. 

S.  That  which  gives  trouble  or  uneasiness ;  disad- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.^T.  — MeTE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  M.VRIXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 
592       ~       ■  '  -—     - 


INC 

vantaire  -,  ^ny  thing  Mmt  disturbs  quiet,  impedes  pros- 
perity •  >€  inofpn-ws  iDe  liirticuliy  of  <»ction  oi  success. 
HaiP  tna  tt'>i  rotlj-  ain  incouvemence.'' lu  the  traveler  . 
want  ut  uteDsil;'  ib  h  ijreHi  i»c(mttCTiP/!c<;  to  a  family; 
but  til'-  jrent  iftci^nrfrnrwcf  nf  huiimn  lift*,  is  the  wtnt 
■>f  mim(.'>  gitd  the  u:!eans  of  '.htaining  it. 

I:^-€ON-VeN'IE\'I-,  a.  [Fr.,  from  the  L..  atipni., 
I.  (n>:ommodinus  ,  unsnitable;  disartvintiigeous , 
giving  truiibie  or  iinpii.«)nes.s  ;  increasing  the  ditliciiU 
ty  of  progress  or  suvcees  ;  as,  an  inconvenient  dress 
or  gannent ;  an  inconvenient  house  ;  inconvenient  cus- 
toms ;  an  tHconreniVnt  arrangement  of  business. 
i,  Undt ;  unsuitable.  Hooker. 

IN-eON  veN'IENT-LY,  adv.  Unsuitably;  incom- 
modiously i  io  a  manner  to  give  trouble  ;  unseason- 
ably. 

IN-€ON  VERS'A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  conver.-^ablc]  Not 
inclined  to  free  conversation  ;  incomtnunicutive  ;  un- 
social ;  reserved.  More. 

IN-eON'VERS-ANT,  a.  Not  conversant ;  not  famil- 
iar ;  no«  versed.  Shawns  Zo'oL 

IN-€ON-VKRT-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [from  inconvertible.] 
The  quality  of  not  being  changeable  or  convertible 
into  something  eUe;  as,  the  iticonvertibitittj  of  bank 
notes  or  other  currency  into  gold  or  silver.     Walsh. 

IN-eON-VERT'I-BLE,  a.  {in  and  cortvertiblc]  Not 
convertible  ;  that  can  not  be  transmuted  or  changed 
into  something  else.  One  metal  \s  incontcrtible  into 
another.  Bank  notes  are  sontetiraes  inconvertible  into 
specie.  Walsh. 

IN-€ON-VieT'ED-NESS,  n.  Stale  of  being  nut  con- 
victed .     {Bad.]  More. 

IN-eON-VIN'Cl-BLE,  a.  [in  and  convineible.]  Not 
convincible ;  that  can  not  be  convinced  ;  nut  capable 
of  conviction. 

IN-€0\-VIN'CI-BLY,  adP.  In  a  mannernol  admit- 
ting of  conviction. 

IN-€0'NY,  a.  or  n.     [Q.u.  in  and  «n,  to  know.] 

Unioamed ;  artless;  an  accomplished  person,  in 
contempt.     [/W.]  Shak, 

IN-€OR'PO-R.-\L,  a.  [in  and  corporal.]  Not  consist- 
ing of  matter  or  body  ;  immaterial.  [Incorporeal 
is  eeueraUy  useiL]  Ralegh. 

IN-€OR-P0-RAL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  not  con- 
sisting of  matter  ;  immateriality. 

L\-€OR'PO-RAL-LY,  adv.  Without  matter  or  a  body  ; 
immaterially. 

IN-eOK'PO-RATE,  a.     [in  and  corporate.]     Not  con- 
sisting of  matter;  not  having  a  material  body.    [Lit- 
tle naed.] 
3.  Mixed ;  united  in  one  bodj ;  associated. 

Bacon.     Shak. 

IN-€OR'PO-R;tTE,  p.  L  [Fr.  incorporer:  .^p.  incorpo- 
rar :  It.  incorporare ;  1*.  incorporo  i  in  and  corpus,  a 
body.] 

1.  In  pharmacy,  to  mix  different  ingredients  in  one 
mass  or  body  ;  to  reduce  dry  substances  to  the  con- 
sistence of  paste  by  the  admixture  of  a  fluid,  as  in 
making  pills,  kc,  Eneye. 

2.  To  mix  and  embody  one  substance  in  another  ; 
as,  tt(  incorporate  copper  with  silver. 

3.  Tu  unite  ;  to  blend  ;  to  work  into  another  mass 
Of  body  ;  as,  to  incorporate  plagiarisms  into  one's  own 
composition. 

4.  To  unite  ;  to  associate  in  another  government  or 
empire.  The  Romans  incorporated  conquered  coun- 
tries into  their  government.  Addison, 

&.  To  embody  ;  to  give  a  material  form  to. 

The  idolaien,  who  wonhiped  th^lr  Images  u  %oi\»,  itippoMd 
toaifi  ai^rit  to  be  inarrponUtd  UtereiD.  StUiingfittt. 

6.  To  form  into  a  legal  body,  or  body  politic ;  to 
constitute  a  body,  composed  of  one  or  more  individ- 
uals, with  the  quality  of  perpetual  existence  or  suc- 
cession, unless  limited  by  the  act  of  incorporation  ; 
as,  to  incorporate  the  inhabitants  of  a  city,  town,  or 
parish  ;  to  incorporate  the  pniprietors  of  a  bridge,  the 
stockholders  of  a  bank,  of  an  insurance  company, 
tec.  New  Haven  was  incorporated  in  January,  1784, 
Hartford  in  May,  1784.  Stat  o/'Conn. 

IN-eOR'PO-RATE,  r.  i.  To  unite  .=0  as  to  make  a 
part  of  another  body;  to  he  mixed  or  blended;  to 
grow  into,  Sec. ;  usually  followed  by  with. 

FaJnCcn'  colon  and  tahn  do  \xtut  incorporate  viLh  oil.  Bacon. 

IN-€0R'PO-RA-TED,  pp.  or  o.    Mixed  or  united  in 

one  body;   associated   in  the  same   political   body; 

united  in  a  legal  body. 
£N-€0R'PO-RA-TINti,  ppr.    Mixing  or  uniting  in  one 

body  or  mass  ;  associating  in  the  sarne  political  body  ; 

forming  a  legal  body. 
IN-€OR-PO-RA'TION,  n.     The  act  of  incorporating. 

5.  Union  of  difltrent  ingredients  in  one  mass. 

3.  Association  in  the  same  political  body;  as,  the 
huorparation  o{  conquered  countries  into  the  Roman 
republic. 

4.  Fi^matlon  of  a  legal  or  politicjil  body  by  the 
union  of  individuals,  constituting  an  artificial  per- 
son. Blackgtone. 

IN-€OR.PCRE-AL,  a.  [Fr.  ineorpord;  L.  incorporor 
tiM,  incerporeu-f.] 

Nut  consisting  of  matter ;  not  having  a  material 
body  ;  immateriat.  Spirits  are  deemed  incorporeal 
•ubstances. 


INC 

IN-eOR  P6'RE  AtrLY,  oiitj.  \\*ithouf  w-ly  ,  amiia- 
tertally  Bacvn. 

IN-eOR.PO  Ric  i-TY,  n.  The  quiJiiy  of  bemg  not 
material .  iininiuen».'ny. 

(NCiRl'SE  ,  (ui-aoti»',)  v.u  T-i  mcorporate.  [Bar- 
batons  Shak. 

lN€(>HllECT',  o.  [in  and  correct.]  Not  correct; 
not  -x.irt  ,  not  according  to  a  copy  or  model,  or  to 
established  rules  ;  inaccurate  ;  faulty. 

Tlie  [»cce,  you  ttiink,  ia  incorrect.  Pope. 

2.  Not  according  to  truth  ;  inaccurate ;  as,  an  in- 
correct statement,  narration,  or  calculation. 

3.  Not  according  to  law  or  morality. 

4.  In  old  writers,  not  duly  regulated  or  subordina- 
ted. 

It  ahows  a  will  most  incorrect  Co  h'.'avcn.  Shak. 

IN-€OR-RE€'TION,  n.    Want  of  correction.  Arnway. 
IN-eOR-RE€T'LY,   adv.      Not   in    accordance   with 

truth  or  other  standard  ;  inaccurately  ;  not  exactly  ; 
_as,  a  writing  incorrectly  copied  ;  testimony  incorrectly 

stated. 
IN-eOR-RECT'NESS,   n.      Want    of   conformity   to 

truth  or   to  a  standard  ;   inaccuracy.     Incorrectness 

mav  consist  in  defect  or  in  redundance. 
IN-eOR-RE-SPOND'ING,  a.     Not  corresponding. 

Coleridge. 
IN-€0R'RI-CI-ELE,  a.     [Fr. ;   in  and  corrigible;    L. 

eorrigo  ;  eon  and  rego.] 

1.  That  can  not  be  corrected  or  amended  ;  bad  be- 
yond Correction  ;  as,  incorrig-ible  error. 

2.  Too  deprived  to  be  corrected  or  reformed  ;  as, 
an  incorria-ii-lc  sinner  ;  an  incorri<rible  drunkard. 

IN-€OR'RI-Gl-BLE-NES3,  i  n.     The  quality  of  being 

IN-eOR-UI-6I-BIL'I-TY,  \  bad,  erroneous,  or  de- 
prived beyond  correction  ;  hopeless  depravity  in  per- 
sons and  error  in  things.  Locke. 

IN-eOR'Itl-Gl-niA',  oilP.  To  a  degree  of  depravity 
beyond  all  moans  of  amendment.  Roscommon. 

I\-€OK-KoD'I-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  corroded. 

IN-eOR-RUPT',         t  a.     [L.  inorruptiis  i  ia  and  cor- 

IN-COR-KUPT'ED,  J  rumpOy  corruptus;  con  and  rum- 
po,  to  break.] 

Not  "j-rrui*!;  not  marred,  mtpaircd,  or  spoiled  ;  not 
deflletl  01  depraved  ;  pure  ;  sound  ;  untainted  ;  above 
the  power  of  bribes  ;  apphcuble  to  persona,  principlesj 
or  substaice.^.  Milton. 

IN-€OR-RUPT-I-BIL'I-TY,  71.  [from  incorrui>tible.] 
The  quality  of  being  inca{KLblc  of  decay  ur  ol  being 
corrupted. 

IN-eOR-RirPT'I-BLE,  a.     [Fr. ;  in  and  corruptible.] 

1.  That  can  not  corrupt  or  decay  ;  nut  admitting  of 
comiption.  Thus  gold,  glass,  mercury,  &c.,  are  in- 
corruptible.    Spirits  are  supposed  to  be  incorruptible. 

Omt  b-xlif-s  ihall  be  cluri^l  iiilo  incorruplihte  mid   immortil 

»iit«uiici.-«.  Wake. 

2.  That  can  not  be  bribed  ;  inflexibly  just  and  up- 
riglit. 

LVeOU-RUPT'I  RLE-NE8S,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
incorrufitiltle,  or  not  liable  to  decay.  Bi*yle. 

IN-€UR-RUPr'I-BLY,  adv.  So  as  hot  to  admit  of  cor- 
ruption or  decay, 

IN-eOR-RIJP'TlON,  n.  [in  and  corruption.]  Incapa- 
bility of  being  corrupted. 

h  M  aowu  in  comiption  ;  it  U  Miacil  in  incotTuption,  —  1  Cor. 

XV, 

IN-eOR-RUPT'IVE,  a.    Not  liable  to  corruption  or 

decay.  Akenside. 

IN-€OR-RUPT'NESS,  n.    Exemption  from  decay  or 

corruption. 
2.  Purity  of  mind  or  manners  j  probity;  integrity; 

hon  esty .  Woodward. 

IN-t'RAS'SATE,  v.t.    [L.  inerasso,  inerassattu  ;  in  and 

erassus,  thick.] 

1.  To  make  thick  or  thicker ;  to  thicken  ;  the  con- 
trary to  Attenuate. 

2.  In  pharmacy,  to  make  fluids  tliicker  by  the  mlx- 
trire  of  other  substances  less  tluid,  or  by  evaporating 
the  thinner  p'irtx. 

Aci<l»  diaiolv.;  or  aifnuat*  :  nJk.ilii-a  jiredpiUte  or  inrra»«(if». 

Beaton, 

IN-GRAS'SATE,  t.  i.    To  become  thick  or  thicker. 
IN-eRAH'SATE,      ia.     In  botany,  thickened  or  be- 
IN-CRAH'Sa-TED,  j      coming  thicker.  Martyn. 

9.  Fattened. 
IN-eilAS'J-'A-TEn.  pp.     Made  think  or  thicker. 
lN-eR.\K'SA-TING,p/)r.    Rendering  thick  ur  thicker; 

growing  thirker. 
IN-GRAH  SA'TION,  n.     The  act   of  thickening,  or 

sUite  of  bocoming  thick  or  thicker.  Brown. 

IN-CRAH't^A-TIVE,  a.    Having  the  quality  of  thick- 
ening. 
IN-eRAH'SA-TIVE,  n.    That  which  has  the  power 

to  thicken.  Harvey. 

IN-CREAS'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  increased. 

Sherwood. 
IN-€RE.'\SE',  r.  i      [I*,  inerejfcn  ;    in  and    ercsco,  to 

grow,  Fr.  eroHre,  8p,  erecer.  It.  crescere,  Ann.  eresqi. 

As  the  Latin  pr«  t.  ia  rrevi,  tliis  word  and  the  Eng. 

PTOte  are  probably  of  the  same  family.     Class  Rtl, 

No.  53  75.] 
1.  To  become    greater  in  bulk  or  quantity ;   to 

grow;  to  augment;  as  plants.    Hence,  to  become 


INC 

more  in  nu'iiber;  to  a<ivance  in  Viuue,  or  in  any 
quality,  good  or  bad.  /ki.imal  and  vegetable  bodies 
iiicrftise  by  natural  gmwth  ,  wealth  iHcrfu.>eM  by  in 
dustry ;  heat  tncrea-trs  as  the  suii  aovances  toward 
the  meridian  ;  a  multitude  incre4isr,-i  by  accession  of 
numbers;  knowledge  increases  w\i\i  age  and  study; 
passion  and  enmity  increast  by  irritation,  and  misery 
increases  with  vice. 

The  Lord  inidci^  yoti  to  increaae  and  abound  In  love  one  toward 
anothiT.  —  1  Tht-aa.  iii. 

2.  To  become  more  violent ;  as,  the  fever  increases ; 
the  pain  increases ;  cold,  wind,  or  a  storm,  increases. 

3.  To  become  more  bright  or  vivid  ;  as,  tbe  light 
increases. 

4.  To  swell ;  to  rise. 

Tlie  waters  increaetd,  and  bore  up  the  ark.  — Gen.  <rU. 

5.  To  swell ;  to  bc^come  louder,  as  sound. 

6.  Ti>  become  of  mure  esteem  and  authority. 

He  must  increate,  t'Ui  I  must  di-crciiae.  —  Juho  itL 

7.  To  enlarge,  as  the  enlightened  part  of  the 
moon's  disk. 

IN-eRE.\SE',  r.  t.  To  augment  or  make  greater  in 
bulk,  quantity,  or  amount ;  as,  to  increase  wealtli  of 
treasure  ;  to  increase  a  sum  or  value. 

2.  To  advance  in  quality  ;  to  add  tu  any  quality  or 
affection  ;  as,  to  increase  the  strength  of  mural  hab- 
its ;  to  increase  love,  zeal,  ur  passion. 

3.  To  extend  ;  to  lengthen  ;  as,  to  incrtas*  dis- 
tance. 

4.  To  extend ;  to  spread ;  as,  to  increase  fame  or 
renown. 

5.  To  aggravate  ;  as,  to  increojie  guilt  or  trespass. 
IN-eilSASE'  or  IN'€REASE,  n.    Augmentation;  a 

growing  larger  in  size,  extent,  quantity,  &.c. 


2.  The  result  of  augmentation  ;   profit;   interest; 
that  which  is  added  to  the  original  stock. 


o.  Produce,  as  of  land. 

Tlii-n  shall  the  earth  yield  her  increaee.  —  Pi.  Ixvii. 

4.  Progeny;  issue;  offspring. 

AH  the  increate  of  lliy  house  ahall  die  In  the  Cower  of  Uielr  age. 
—  I  Sam.  ii. 

5.  Generation,  Shak. 

6.  The  waxing  of  the  moon  ;  the  augmentation  of 
the  luminous  part  of  the  moon,  presented  to  the  in- 
habitants of  the  earth. 

Seeds,  hnir,  nailB,  hed^a,  mid  herba  will  ^row  aooncat,  if  act  o^ 
cut  in  lite  increate  of  Ih^  moon.  Bacon. 

7.  Augmentation  of  strength  or  violence ;  as,  in- 
crease of  heat,  love,  or  other  passion  ;  increase  of 
force. 

6.  Augmentation  of  degree;  as,  inc-ease  of  happi- 
ness or  misery. 
IN-€Kli:AS'f:i),  (in-kreest',)  pp.  or  a.    Augmented; 

made  or  grown  larger. 
IN-€RkASE'FJJL,  a.    Abundant  in  produce.    Shak. 
IN-CRkAS'KRJ  n.    He  or  that  which  increases. 
IN-€REAS'IN(i,    ppr.    or    a.      Growing;    becoming 

larger;  advancing  in  any  (luolity,  good  or  bad. 
IN-CRpAS'ING-LY,  adv.     In  tbe  way  of  growing; 

growingly. 
IN-CRE-A TE',  p.  (.    To  create  within.  Ilotpe. 

IN'€RE-ATE,      i  a.     Uncreated,  which  see.      [The 
IN'fRE-A-TKD,  j      latter  is  the  word  mosthf  used.] 
IN-eRED-I-BIL'I-TY,  lU     [Fr.  inercdibiliii.     See  In- 
credible.] 

The  quality  of  surpassing  belief,  or  of  being  too 
extraordinary  to  admit  of  belief.  Drydcn. 

IN-€RED'I-BLE,  a.     [L.  incrcdibilts ;  in  and  credibilisy 
credible.] 

That  can  not  bo  believed  ;  not  to  be  credited  ;  too 
extraordinary  and  improbable  to  admit  of  belief. 
Why  should  it  be  tlwtiehl  a  thing  incredibU  with  you,  llial  God 
sh^juid  ruise  tht;  d<iid  '—Acts  xxvi. 

IN-€RED'I-BLE-NESS,  n.     Incredibility,  which  see. 
IN-CREO'I-BLY,  u(/u.     In  a  manner  to  preclude  be- 
IN-eRE-UO'LI-TY,  ti.     [Fr.  incrediUiti.}  [lief. 

The  quality  of  not  believing  ;  indisposition  to  be- 
lieve ;  a  withholding  or  refusiil  of  belief.     Ralegh. 
Of  every  appcli-a  of  incredulity,  tell^oua  unbelief  ia  infinitely  the 
intrtt  irmiioiuil.  BuckirtintUr. 

IN  €RED'lI-LOUS,  a.     [L.  incredtdus;  in  and  credu- 
lus :  credo,  to  believe.] 

Not  believing;  indisposed  to  admit  the  truth  of 
what  is  related  ;  refusing  or  withholding  belief. 

Bacon. 
IN-€RED'lJ-LOUS-LY,  adv.     In  a  manner  not  dis- 
posed to  believe. 
IN-eRED'U-LOirS-NESS,  It.    Incredulity,  which  see. 
1N-€KE.M'A-BLE,  a.     [L.  in  and  cremo.] 

That  can  not  lie  burnt.     [JVwf  tLsed.]  Brown. 

IN'€RE-MENT,  n.     ['L.   vncrementumj  from   incrcsco. 
i3ee  Increase.] 

1.  Increase ;  a  growing  in  bulk,  quantity,  number, 
value,  or  amount ;  augmentation. 

2.  Produce;  production. 

3.  Matter  added  ;  Increase. 


TCNE,  BJ:M>,  unite.  —  AN"GEH,  VI"CI0U6.  — €  as  K  ;  0  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  j  TH  as  in  THIS. 


75 


■5^ 


i.NC 

4.  In  mathfmatieay  tbe  finite  liH'**«w  of  a  variable 
quantity.  Barlow. 

IN'eRE^PATE,  o.  t.     (L.  mcirpo.] 

To  chitif  ;  Ilk  rebiA«.     [^vt  in  use'] 
IN-CRE-PA'TION,  n.     [It.  incrrpazioM.^ 

A  cbiding  or  rebuking  ;  rt-buke  ;  rt prehension. 
Htimmond, 
IN-€RES'CE\T,  o.     [L.  incrr-wfM.     See  Increase.] 

Increasing;  (trowing;  augmpnting  ;  swelling. 
IN-€RIM'IN-ATE,  r.  U     [L.  in.  and  cruniiuw,  to  ac- 
cuse.   See  Criue.] 

To  accuse ;  to  charge  with  a  crime  or  fault, 
IN-CRIM'LN-A-TED,  pp.    Accused  i  charged  with  a 

crime. 
IN-eRIM'IN-A-TING,  ppr.    Charging  with  a  crime  or 

fault. 
IN-€RU-EiVT'AL,  o.     [L-  wcmeiKit*.] 

Unbloody  ;  nut  attended  with  blood.   [A"of  in  useJ] 
IN-CRUST',   r.  (       [L.  incrusto  ;   in  and  cr*st»y  to 
crusL] 

To  cover  with  a  cnist  or  with  a  hard  coat ;  to  form 

a  cru?l  on  the  surface  of  any  substance  ;  as,  iron  in- 

erttsted  with  oxyd  or  rust;  a  vessel  incntsted  with 

salL 

IN-eRTT.«T'ATE,  P.  u    To  incnisL    [Less /recently 

l.S.€RUST-A'TION,  ■.     [Fr.,  from  L.  ineruMMioJ] 
1.  A  crust  or  coat  of  any  thing  on  the  surface  of  a 
body. 

Q.  A  covering  or  Inlaying  of  marble,  mosaic,  or 
other    substance,    attached    by  cramp-irons,    cem- 
ent, &c.  Brwtdc 
IN-CRUST'ED,  pp.    Covered  with  e  crust. 
lN-€RCST'r.\G,  vpr.    Covering  with  a  crust. 
IN-€Kr?T'ME\T,  n.     Incrusialiun.            Ed.  Rrv. 
1N-€RVS'TAL-LIZ-A-BL,E,  a.    [in  and  crystalUiabU,] 
Thai  will  not  crystallize  ;  that  can  n«l  he  formed  in- 
to cr}'stal3;  uncr)'stal]izable. 
IK'CII-B.ITE,  r.  i    [L.  incvbo;  in  and  atbCy  to  lie 
down.] 
To  sit,  as  on  eggs  for  hatching. 
IN-eU-BA'TION,  «.     [Fr.,  from  L.  ineulnitio.'] 

The  act  of  sitting  on  eggs  for  tlie  puriMMe  of  hatch- 
ing young.  Rav. 

This  word  has  of  late  been  sometimes  applied  to 
the  hatching  of  eggs  by  nrtifictol  hcaL  Ur^ 

IN  eO'BI-TURE,  «.     Incubation.    [.V«(  %$fd.] 
IX'CU-BUS,  n.    [U,  from  rucwfto,  to  lie  on.] 

1.  The  nightmare;  suffocative  anhelation,  with  a 
sense  of  external  pressure  upon  itie  chest,  often  seem- 
ing to  be  that  of  some  hidt-outi  monster,  and  with 
tremor  or  violent  struggle',  transitory  ;  most  common- 
ly tKxurring  during  sleep,  though  sometimes  during 
wakcfuliie^A;^. 

2.  A  demon  \  an  imaginary  being  or  faiiy. 

Bp,  Hall 
IX-€UL'eXTE,  r.  t    [L.  inettlco,  to  drive  or  force  on  ; 
m  and  eatcot  to  tread,  coU,  the  heel.] 

To  impress  by  frequent  admonitions  ;  to  teach  and 
enforct:  by  fieqticnt  repetitions  ;  to  urge  on  the  mind. 
Onr  Savior  utcuteaUs  on  his  followers  humility  and 
forgiveness  of  injuries. 
IN-eUL'CA-TED,  pp.  Impressed  or  enforced  by  fre- 
quent admonitions. 
IX-GL'L'€A-TI\G,  ypr.    Impressing  or  enforcing  by 

repeated  instruction. 
IXeL'L-eA'TlOX,  It.    The  action  of  impressing  by 

repented  admonitions. 
IN-€UL'PA-BLE,  a.   [L.  in  and  cuIpabUis^  from  CBi/w, 
a  faulL] 

Without  fault ;  unblamable ;  that  can  not  be  ac- 
cused. SimtA. 
IX-€UL'PA-BLE-NESS,  m.    Unblamableness. 

JUounta^u. 
IN-€UL'P.\-BLr,  adv.    Unblamably  :  without  blame. 

South. 
IN-€UL'PATE,  V.  L     [L.  ineulpo,  to  ejfuse.] 

To  blame;  to  censure  ;  opposed  to  Exculpate. 

Smart. 
[This  «en<e  is  directly  contrary  to  that  of  the  Lat- 
in word,  but  is  established  by  good  authority.] 
IN-€L'L'PA-TED,  pp.    Blamed;  censured. 
IN-€UL'PA.TI.\G,  ppr.    Blaming;  censurmg. 
lN-€LL-PA'TION,  «.     [L.  in  and  eutpa.] 

Blame  ;  censure.  Jefferson. 

lN-€UL'PA-TO-RY,  a.    Imputing  blams, 
IN-CULT',  a.     [L.  incuUus  ,•  in  and  cultus,  from  colo.] 

Untilled  ;  uncultivated.  Tfwmsoti. 

IN-€UL'TI-VA-TED,  a.    Not  cultivited ;  uncultiva- 
ted. 
IN-eUL-TI-VA'TION,  m.    Neglect  or  want  of  culti- 
vation. Beriaffion. 
Di-eUL'TlIRE,  n.    Want  or  neglect  of  cultivation. 
„,  Feitlutm. 
IN-eUM'BEN-CY,  m.    [from  iiiei«i*«it.]    A  lying  or 
resting  on  something. 

2.  The  stale  of  holding  or  being  in  possession  of  a 
benefice,  or  of  an  office. 

ThcK  fio«  &n  ui  be  pud  to  tbe  bUiop  only  during  bia  innim. 

There  a  no  (Ml  of  the  tenure  bat  inomhency  oa  th«  part  of  ibe 
^S-  E.  Everett. 

1N-€UM'BE\T,  a.     [L.  incumberu^  incumhoi  in  and 
cumbo,  to  lie  down  ;  Sp.  iucumbir.] 


INC 

1.  Lying  or  restfhg  on. 

Aod  wlifti  to  move  th<-  incumbtnt  load  the;  117.         Aiitfuon. 
a.  Supported  ;  buoyed  up. 

Aiul  fly  incumbent  on  ihe  duakj  air.  i>ryd*n. 

3.  Leaning  on  or  resting  against;  as, tifCHmfrene  sta- 
mens or  anthers,  in  botany.  Martyn. 

4.  Lying  on,  as  duty  or  obligation;  Imposed  and 
einphatic^ly  urging  or  pressing  to  |>crformance ;  in- 
(tis[>e  usable. 

All  iiwn,  tnil;  sealou*,  will  peifonn  tboae  good  woriu  which  nre 
mcMm6riU  00  «11  ChiiuiMia.  SyraL 

IN-€UM'BENT,  n.  The  person  who  is  in  present  pos- 
session of  a  benefice,  or  of  any  otlice  [It  is  applied 
to  civil  o^cera  as  welt  as  to  ecdesiastieaL] 

IN-CUM'BEXT-LV,  adc.    In  an  incumbent  manner. 

Chalmers. 

rXeUM'BER,  r.  t.     [Fr.  eneombrer;  It.  ingombrare.] 
To  burden  with  a  load  ;  to  embarrass.    [See  En- 
cumber, and  its  derivatives.] 

l.\-€UM'BRANCE,  n.    A  burdensome  and  trouble- 
some load  ;    any  thing  tliat  impedes  motion  or  ac- 
tion, or  renders  it  difficult  or  laborious  ;  clog;  imped- 
iment ;  embarrassment. 
%  A  legal  claim  on  the  estate  of  another. 

I.\-€UM'BRAN-CER,  «.  One  who  has  an  incum- 
brnnce,  or  some  legal  claim  on  an  estate.         Kent 

IN-€L'M'BROUS,  a.  CumbcrsoiLe  ;  troublesome. 
[  Obs.]  Chaucer. 

I\-€UR',  V.  L  [Im  incurro^  to  run  a^inst;  in  and 
eurro,  to  run  ;  It.  incorrere  ;  Sp.  incitrrir.] 

1.  IMeraUiff  to  run  against ;  hence,  to  become  lia- 
ble to  ;  to  become  sultject  to.  Thus,  a  thief  incurs 
the  punishment  of  the  law  by  the  act  of  stealing,  be- 
fore he  is  convicted,  and  we  have  all  incurred  tbe 
penalties  of  God's  law. 

2.  To  bring  on  ;  as,  to  incur  a  debt ;  to  incur  guilt ; 
to  uicitr  the  dispdeasure  of  God ;  to  incur  blame  or 
censure. 

3-  To  occur  ;  to  meet ;  to  press  on  ;  with  to  or  into. 
[Obs.]  Bacon. 

IN-eOR-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  incurabiliU.] 

The  state  of  being  incurable  ;  impossibility  of  cure  ; 
insiiscepl  bility  of  cure  or  remedy.  Harvey. 

IN-eCR'A-BLE,  a.  [Fr, ;  in  and  cvrable.]  That  can 
not  be  cured  ;  not  admitting  of  cure ;  beyond  the 
power  of  skill  or  medicine  ;  as,  an  incurable  dis- 
ease. 

2.  Not  admitting  remedy  or  correction  ;  irremedia- 
ble ;  remediless  ;  as,  incurable  evils. 

IN-eOR'A-BL£,  n.  A  person  diseased  beyond  the 
reach  of  cure. 

IN-€OR'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  not  admitting 
cure  or  remedy. 

IN-COR'A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  degree  that  ren- 
ders cure  impracticable. 

IN-€U-RI-OS'l-Ty,  n.  Want  of  curiosity  ;  inatten- 
tix'eness ;  indifference.  JVntton. 

IN-€0'RI-OUS,  a.  [in  and  curious.]  Destitute  of  cu- 
riosity; not  curious  or  inquisitive  ;  inattentive. 

Svyi/t 

IN-€0'RI-OUS-Ly,  adv.    Without  inquisitiveneas. 

Bp.  Hall. 

IN-€0'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.  Want  of  curiosity  or  iiiquis- 
itiveness.  Chesterfield. 

IN-€L'R'RED,  (in-kurd',)  pp.    Brought  on. 

IN-€UK'RE.\CE,  n.  The  act  of  bringing  on,  or  sub- 
jecting one's  self  to  ;  as,  the  incurrence  of  guilt. 

IN-CUli'RING,  ppr.  Becoming  subject  or  liable  to; 
bringing  on. 

IN-CUR'SIO\,  n,  [Fr.  tTuursion;  L.  incursJo^  from 
incurro.     See  Iwcur.] 

1.  Literally^  a  running  into  ;  hence,  an  entering  in- 
to a  territory  with  hostile  intention  ;  an  inroad  ;  ap- 
plied to  the  expeditions  of  small  parties  or  detach- 
ments of  an  enemy's  army,  entering  a  territory  for 
attack,  plunder,  or  destruction  of  a  post  or  magazine. 
Hence  it  differs  from  titra^i^n,  which  is  the  hostile 
entrance  of  an  army  for  conquest.  During  the  revo- 
lution, the  British  troops  made  an  incursion  to  Dan- 
bury,  and  destroyed  the  magazines.  In  opposing 
this  incursion.  General  Wooster  was  killed. 

2.  Attack  ;  occurrence  ;  as,  sins  of  daily  incursion. 
\  Unusual.]  South. 

iN-eUR'SIVE,  a.  Hostile;  making  an  attack  or  in- 
cursion. 

IN-eURV'ATE,  r.  L  [L.  incurvo  ;  in  and  curvusy 
benU] 

To  bend  ;  to  crook ;  to  turn  from  a  right  line  or 
straight  course. 

IN-t'URV'ATE,  a.     Curved  inward  or  upward. 

L\-eURV'A-TED,p;».  Bent;  turned  from  a  rectilinear 
direction. 

IN-eURVA-TING,  ppr.  Bending  ;  turning  from  a 
richt  line. 

IN-eURV-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  bending. 

2-  The  state  of  being  bent  or  turned  from  a  recti- 
linear course  ;  curvity  ;  crookedness. 

3.  The  act  of  bowing,  or  bending  the  body  in  re- 
spect or  reverence.  Siillingjlcet. 

IN-eURVE',  (in-kurv'j)  tJ.  U     To  bend;    to  make 

croolced. 
IN  €L)  RV'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Bent ;  bent  or  curved  inward. 
IN^URV'I-TY,  n.     [from  L.  incurvus.] 


IND 

A  t)lste  of  Iteing  bent  or  cr^^titi'd  ■  crtH'at-dness;  a 
bendlny  »»'m';,jiI  B^oyn, 

IM'DA-GATIC,  r.  i.     [L..  inaago.[ 

To  seek  or  warch  out.     [Ao/  used.] 

IN-DA-GA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  searchmg  ,  search; 
inquiry  ;  examination.     [Little  used.] 

Boyle.     Brown, 

IN'DA-GA-TOR.  n.  A  searcher  ;  one  who  seeks  or 
inquires  with  tliligence.    [Little  v^ed.}  Boyle. 

IN-UAM'AGE.     See  Enoamaoe- 

IN-I)XRT',  17.  e.  [in  and  dart.]  To  dart  in  ;  to  thrust 
or  strike  in.  Shak. 

IN-DXRT'ED,  ;jp.    Darted  in. 

IN-DART'ING,  ppr.    Darling  or  thrusting  In. 

l^T'DEB-I-TA'rUS  ASSUMP'SiT.  See  Assump- 
sit. 

IN-DEIIT'  (-det',)  a  verb,  is  never  used. 

IN-DEBT'EU,  (iii-det'ed,)  a.     [It.  indebitato,] 

1.  Being  in  debt ;  having  incurred  a  debt;  held  or 
obliged  to  |>ay.  A  is  indebted  to  B ;  he  is  indebted  in 
a  larg**  sum,  or  to  a  large  amount. 

2.  Obliged  by  something  received,  for  which  resti- 
tution or  gratitude  is  due.  We  are  indebted  to  our 
parents  for  their  care  of  us  in  infancy  and  youth  ; 
we  are  indebudto  God  for  life  ;  we  are  indibted  tu  the 
Christian  religion  for  many  of  the  advantages,  and 
much  of  the  refinement,  of  modem  times. 

IN-DEBT'ED-NESS,  (m-det'ed-ness,)  n.  The  state 
of  t>eing  indebted.  Smart. 

IN-tXEBT'iMENT,  (in-det'ment,)  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing indebted.     [Ltttie  used.]  Hall. 

IN-DE'CEN  CY,  n.  [Fr.  indecence;  It.  indecenza;  L. 
indeccns,  iiideceo  ;  in  and  deceo,  to  become.] 

That  which  is  unbecoming  in  language  or  man- 
ners; any  action  or  behavior  which  is  deemed  a  viiv 
lation  of  modesty,  or  an  offense  to  delicacy,  as  rude 
or  wanton  actions,  obscene  language,  and  whatever 
tends  to  excite  a  blush  in  a  spectator.  Extreme  as- 
surance or  impudence  may  also  be  deemed  indecency 
of  behavior  toward  superiors.     [See  Indecorum.] 

IN  Dit'CENT,  a.     [Fr.  from  L.  indccens.] 

Unbecoming  ;  unfit  to  be  seen  or  heard  ;  offensive 
to  modesty  and  delicacy;  as,  indecent  language;  in- 
decent manners;  an  indecent  posture  or  gesture. 

r>ryden. 

IN-DE'CENT-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  offend  mod- 
esty or  delicacy. 

L\-DE  ClD'q-OUS,  a.  [in  and  de^nduous.]  Not  fall- 
ing, as  the  leaves  of  the  trees  in  autumn ;  lasting ; 
evergreen. 

IN-DEC'I-MA-BLE,  a.  Not  liable  to  the  payment  of 
tithes.  Cowel. 

IN-DE-CI'PIIER-A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  deci- 
phered. 

IN-DE-CI8'I0N,  (-de-sizh'un,)  n.  [in  and  decision.] 
Want  of  decision  ;  want  of  settled  purpose  or  of 
firmness  in  the  determination  of  llie  will;  a  waver- 
ing of  mind  ;  irresolution.  Burke. 

IN-DE-CI'SIVE,  a.  [in  and  decisive.]  Not  decisive  ; 
not  bringing  to  a  final  close  or  ultimate  issue  ;  as,  an 
indecisive  battle  or  engagement ;  an  argument  indui- 
sice  of  the  question. 

2.  Unsettled;  wavering;  vacillating;  hesitating; 
as,  an  indecisive  state  of  mind ;  an  indecisive  char- 
acter. 

IN-DE-CI'SIVE-LY,  adv.     Without  decision. 

IN-DE-CI'SIVE  NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  unde- 
cided ;  unsettled  state ;  state  of  not  being  brought  to 
a  final  issue. 

IN-DE€L1\'A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  indeclinabdis ; 
in  and  declino.] 

Not  declinable;  not  varied  by  terminations;  as, 
pondo^  in  Latin,  is  an  indeclinable  noun. 

IN-DE-€LTN'A-BLY,  adv.    Without  variation. 

Mountagu. 

IN-DE-€OM-P0S'A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  decirmposable, 
decompose.]  Not  capable  of  decomposition,  or  of 
being  resolved  into  the  primary  constituent  elements. 

Encyc. 

IN-DE-eOM-PGS'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Incapableness  of 
decomposition. 

IN-DE-€5'ROUS  or  IN-DECOROUS,  a.  [L.  indeco- 
riis ,'  in  and  decor^  decus,  dcceo,  to  become.] 

Unbecoming;  violating  good  manners;  contrary 
to  the  established  rules  of  good  breeding,  or  to  the 
forms  of  respect  whicii  age  and  station  require.  It 
is  indecorous  in  a  young  person  to  take  the  highest 
place  in  company,  when  his  superi""**  are  present. 
Indecorous  is  sometimes  equivalent  tr  rruiecent ;  but  it 
is  less  frequently  applied  to  actions  which  offend 
modesty  and  chastity. 

IN-DE-eO'ROUS-LY  or  IN-DEC'O  ROUS-LY,  adv. 
In  an  unbecoming  manner. 

IN-DE-eo'R(>US  NESS  or  IN-DECO-ROUS-NESS, 
Tt.     Viol.ntion  of  good  manners  in  words  or  behavior. 

IN-DE-€0'RUM,  n.     [L.  in  and  decorum.] 

Impropriety  of  behavior;  that  in  behavior  or  man- 
ners which  violates  the  established  rules  of  civility, 
or  the  duties  of  respect  which  age  or  station  requires  ; 
an  unbecoming  action.  It  is  sometimes  :^ynonymous 
with  Indecency  ;  but  indecency, more  frequently  than 
indecorum^  is  applied  to  words  or  actions  which  refer 
to  what  nature  and  propriety  require  to  be  concealed 
or  suppressed. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T.— MeTE,  PREY.— PLVE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF.  BQQK.— 

aw  ~  :  - 


J 


IND 

IN-DEED',  oA).  [in  and  deoL]  In  reality  ;  in  initli ; 
in  facU 

The  camal  miml  ii  enmity  n^rxinrt  God  ;  for  it  Is  not  «ub]ect  to 

the  l&w  ot  Uod,  neither  irultml  caa  be.  —  Rom.  viii. 
Inde.ed  is  usually  emphatical,  but  in  some  coses 
more  so  than  in  others ;  as,  this  is  true  j  it  is  indeed, 

1  were  a  beast  itideed  to  do  you  wrong.  Dryden, 

Sortie  ions,  indeed,  Kirne  Tery  few  we  aee. 
Who  kocp  th'<:tn»>?lves  from  this  inflection  fr^*.  Dryden. 

Then-  is,  indeed,  no  greater  pleasure  iu  »i»ilbg  these  nia?azinea 
of  war.  Ad/Uton. 

It  is  used  to  denote  concession  or  admissiun  ',  as, 
ships  not  so  large  indeed^  but  better  manned. 

Indeed  is  used  as  an  expression  of  surprise,  or  for 
the  purpose  of  obtaining  confirmation  of  a  fact  stated. 
Indeed  '  is  it  possible  .'  is  it  so  ia  fact  7 
I-VDE  FAT'I-GA-BLE.o.     [L.  indefatigabUij  i  in  and 
drf all <ro,  fall vo,  to  fatigue.] 

Unwearied  ;  not  tired  ;  not  exhausted  by  labor  ; 
not  yielding  to  fatigue;  as,  indefatigable  exertions; 
indcfatigabU  attendance  or  perseverance. 

Upborne  with  indtfaligabU  wings.  ''       Milton. 

I.\-DE-FAT'I-GA-BLE-NESS,  n.       Unweariedness  ;i 

persistencv.  Pamell. 

I\-[)E -PAT'I-GA-BLY,  adv.      Without    weariness  ; 

withfiut  yielding  to  fatigue.  Zhyden. 

I.\-DE-FAT-I-GA'TION,  n.     Unweariedness.     [JVot 

u,-«ed.] 

lN-DE-FEAS-l-BIL'I-TY,n.  [fmm  indrfea.'^ibte,]  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  not  subject  to  be  mode  void; 
as,  the  vtdefeasibdity  of  a  title. 
m-D&FEAS'l-BLE,  a,  [in  and  defeasible;  Fr.  de- 
fairt,  defait^  to  undo,  to  defeat ;  de  and  faire,  to  raake, 
L.  facio.] 

Not  to  be  defeated  ;'that  can  not  be  made  void  ; 
as,  an  indefeasible  estate  or  title. 
L\-DE-FeAS'I-BLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  not  to  be  de- 
feated or  made  void.  • 
IN-DE  FEe'T-l-BIL'I-TV,7i.    [rrom  indefectible.]    The 
quality  of  being  subject  to  no  defect  or  decay. 

Ck.  Observer. 
IN-DE-FEGT'I-BLE,  a.     [in  and  defe4:U]     Unfailing; 

not  liable  to  defect,  failure,  or  decfly. 
IN-I)E-FE€T'IVE,  a.     Not  defective;  perfect;  com- 
plete. '  South, 
IN-DE-FEl'ai-BLE,  a.     Indefeasible,     [^rot  used.] 
iN-l)F.-FE.\S-I-BIL'I-TY,  n,     [from  indefensible.) 
The  quality  or  slate  of  not  being  capable  of  defense 
or  vindication.                                                     ffalsh, 
I.\-DE-FE.\S'I-BLE,  a.     [in  and   drfensible.  from  de- 
fend.] 

1.  riiat  can  not  be  defended  or  maintiined.  A 
military  post  may  be  indefensible ;  a  bud  cause  is  inde- 
fenstble. 

2.  Vot  to  be  vindicated  or  justified.  An  improper 
action  or  indecent  expression  is  indefensible. 

nV-l>K-FENS'l  BLy,a(/o.    In  an  indefensible  manner. 
IN-DE-FENSMVE,  a.     Having  no  defense,   Herbert. 
IN-DE  FI"CIK.\-CY,  (-fish'en-se,)  n.     The  quality  of 

not  being  deficient,  or  of  sutTering  no  delay. 
IN-DE  FI"CIENT,   a.      Not   deficient;    not    failing; 

perfect. 
IN-DE-FI.\'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  defined. 

Reynolds. 
rN-DF.-FTN'A-BLY,  adv.    So  as  not  to  be  capable  of 

definition. 
IN-DEF'IN-ITE,  a.     [L.  indefinitas  i  in  and  defnitaSj 

d^niitj  to  define  ;  de  and  /«io,  to  end,/nw,  end.] 

1.  Not  liuiiled  or  defined;  not  determinate;  not 
precise  or  certain  ;  ba,  an  indefinite  time.  An  indeji- 
nite  proposition,  term,  or  phrase,  is  one  which  has 
not  a  precise  meanin){  or  limited  signification. 

'J    That  lias   no  certain   limits,  or  to  which  the 
iiunian  mind  can  aflix  none  ,  as,  indefinite  space.     A 
h(ai«  may  bf;  ijutefinxle^  though  not  infinite. 
IX-DEF'IN  ITE-LV,  a//r.     Without  any  settled  limita- 
tion ;  as,  space  indejinttehj  extended. 

2.  Not  precisely  ;  not  with  certainty  or  precision  ; 
as.  to  use  a  word  intUfinitely. 

IN-DEF'I.\-ITE-NEr^.S,  t?.  The  quality  of  being  un- 
defiti*-d,  uiiliuiited,  or  not  precise  and  certain. 

I.VDE  FI.\'I-'I'Uf>E,  n.  Uiiantity  not  limiti-d  by  our 
understanding,  though  yet  finite.     [JVot  use(f.]    Hale. 

IN-DE  11  IS'CENT,  a.  [in  and  dehiscent.]  Not  open- 
ing spontaneously  at  maturity,  as  the  pericarp  of  the 
ha7.el-mit.  Lindley. 

IN-DE-LIB'ER-ATE,  a,  [in  and  dfUbcraU  ;  Fr.  in- 
dehbrri.] 

Done  or  performed  without  deliberation  or  consid- 
eratiim  ;  sudden  ;  unpremeditated  ;  as,  the  indeliberate 
comuii-'sion  of  sin. 

IN-Dl!;-LIB'ER-ATE-LY,  adv.  Without  deliberation 
or  premeditation. 

IN-DEL-I-BIL'I-TY,  ti.  The  quality  of  being  indel- 
ible. ILrrsley. 

IN-DEL'I-BLE.  a.  [Fr.  indelebUe ;  L.  inddebUis;  in 
and  drJebdiSf  from  deleo,  to  Mot  out.] 

1.  Not  to  be  blotted  out ;  that  ran  not  be  effaced 
or  canceled  ;  as,  indelible  letters  or  characters,    /iirfei- 
ible  ink  is  such  as  can  not  be  taken  out  of  paper  or 
cloth,  or  not  by  ordinary  means. 
9.  Not  to  be  annulle(i. 

They  are  endowl  with  iwia/JW*  powrr  from  »bcne,  to  feed  and 
govern  (bis  housrhold.     [t/misuai.]  ^mU. 


IND 

3.  That  can  not  be  effaced  or  lost ;  as,  impressions 
on  the  mind  may  be  indelible ,-  reproach  or  stain  on 
reputation  may  be  indelible. 

IN-DEL'I-BTjY,  arftf.  In  a  manner  not  to  be  blotted 
out  or  effaced  ;  too  deeply  imprinted  to  be  effaced,  or 
to  vanish. 

IN-DEL'ieA-CY,  n.  [in  and  drlicaaj.]  Want  of 
delicacy  ;  want  of  decency  in  language  or  behavior, 
regarding  wtiat  nature  and  manners  require  to  be 
concealed.  .Addison, 

2.  Want  of  a  nice  sense  of  propriety,  or  nice  re- 
gard to  refinement  in  manners  or  in  the  treatment  of 
others  ;  rudeness  ;  coarseness  of  manners  or  lan- 
guage;  that  which  is  offensive  to  refined  taste  or 
puritv  of  mind. 

IN-DE'L'I-€ATE,   a.     Wantmg   delicacy;    indecent; 

but  it  expresses  less  than  Indecent  ;  as,  an  indelicate 

word  or  expression;   indelicate  behavior;    indelicate 

customs. 

2.  Offensive  to  good  manners,  or  to  purity  of  mind. 

IN-DEL'I-GATE-LY,  adv.  Indecently  ;  in  a  manner 
to  offend  against  good  manners  or  purity  of  mind. 

IN-DEM-NI-FI-€a'TION,  n.  [from  indemnify.]  The 
act  of  indemnifying,  saving  harmless,  or  securing 
against  loss,  damaire,  or  penalty. 

2.  Security  against  loss. 

3.  Reimbursement  of  loss,  damage,  or  penalty. 
IN-DEM'NI-Fr-ii;D,  (in-dem'ne-nde,);^p.  Saved  harm- 
less ;  secured  against  damage. 

IN-DEM'NI-F?,  V.  U  [in  and  damnify,  L.  damnjjicus; 
damnum,  loss.] 

1.  To  save  Harmless  ;  to  secure  against  loss,  dam- 
age, or  penalty. 

2.  To  make  good  ;  to  reimburse  to  one  what  he 
has  lost.  We  indemnify  a  man  by  giving  suflicient 
security  to  make  good  a  future  loss,  or  by  actual  re- 
imbursement of  loss,  after  it  has  occurred. 

IN-DEM'NI-F?-ING,  ppr.  Saving  harmless;  secur- 
ing ngaini^t  loss  ;  reimbursing  loss. 

IN-DEM'NI-TY,  71.  [Fr.  indemnUd  ;  Sp.  indetnnidad; 
It.  rndennitd  ;  L.  in  and  damnum,  loss.] 

1.  Security  given  to  save  harmless ;  a  writing  or 
pledge  by  which  a  person  is  secured  against  future 

2.  Security  against  punishment.  [loss. 

3.  Indemnification  or  compensation  for  injury  sus- 
tained. 

They  were  toW  to  expect,  upon  the  fall  of  Walpole,  a  large  and 
lucrative  indemmttf  for  their  pretended  wrongs. 

Lord  Mahon'a  History  of  England, 

[This  is  a  recent  sense  of  the  word,  borrowed  from 
the  French,  and,  perhaps,  not  fully  authorized.] 

IN-DE-MON'STRA-BLE,  a.  [in  and  demonstrable.] 
That  can  not  be  demonstrated. 

IN-DEN-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  naturalizing,  or 
the  patent  by  which  a  person  is  made  free. 

IN-DEN'IZE,  V.  t.     To  endenize,  which  see. 

IN-DEN'I-ZJ^N,  r.  t.  To  invest  with  the  privileges  of 
a  free  citizen.  Overbun/. 

IN-DEN'I-ZfJN-ED,  pp.  Invested  with  the  privileges 
of  a  free  citizen. 

IN-DEN'I-Z£N-ING,  ppr.  Investing  with  the  privi- 
leges of  a  free  citizen. 

INDENT',  r.  t.  [in  and  Fr.  dent,  L.  dens,  a  tooth; 
Fr.  dentrler  ;  Arm.  danta.] 

1,  To  notch  ;  to  jag  ;  to  cut  any  margin  into 
points  or  inequalities,  like  a  row  of  teeth  ;  as,  to  in- 
denl  the  edge  of  paper. 

The  margins  —  are  indented.  Woodward. 

2.  To  bind  out  by  indentures  or  contract;  as,  to 
indent  a  young  man  to  a  shoemaker;  to  indent  a 
servant. 

INDENT',  V.  u  To  be  cut  or  notched ;  hence,  to 
crook  or  turn.  Mdton. 

2.  To  contract ;  to  bargain  or  covenant.  [From 
the  practice  of  using  indente,d  writings  or  counter- 
imrTs.]  Sliak. 

IN-DENT',  tt.  Incisure  ;  a  cut  or  notch  in  the  margin 
of  any  thing,  or  a  recess  like  a  nt'lch.  ShaJi. 

2.  A  stamp. 

IN-DENT',  «.  A  rertificnte  or  indented  certificate  is- 
sued by  the  government  of  the  United  Stales  at  the 
close  of  the  revolution,  for  the  principal  or  interest 
of  the  public  debt.     [JVy(  used.]    Ramsay.     Hamilton. 

IN-DENT-A'TION,  n.  A  ntStch  ;  a  cut  in  the  margin 
of  paper  or  other  things.  Woodward. 

2.  A  recess  or  depression  in  any  border. 

IN-DENT'ED,  jyp.  or  a.  Cut  in  the  edge  into  points, 
like  te^th. 

2.  Bound  out  by  indented  writings;  as, an  indented 
apprentice  or  servant. 

3.  Bound  out  by  writings,  or  covenants  in  writing. 
[Thepructiceof  indenting  writings  is,  in  some  places, 
discontinued,  but  the  term  remains  in  use.] 

IN-DENT'ED-LY,  ado.     With  indentations. 

IN-DENT'INO,  ppr.     Cutting  into  notches. 
2.  Binding  out  by  covenants  in  writing. 

IN-DENT'ING,  n.  An  impression  like  that  made  by 
a  tooth. 

IN-DENT'MENT,  n.     Indenture.     [Obsolete.] 

Bp.  Hall 

IN-DENT' (TRE,  n.  A  writing  containing  a  contract. 
Indentures  are  generally  duplicates,  laid  together 
and  indented,  so  that  the  two  papers  or  parchments 
correspond  to  each  other.      But  indenting  is  oAen  I 


IND 


neglected,  while  the  writings  or  counterpaits  ictain 
the  name  of  indentures. 

IN-DENT'^RE,  v.t.  To  indent;  to  bind  by  indent- 
ures; as,  to  indenture  an  apprentice. 

IN-DENT'liRE,  v.  L    To  run  in  and  out ;  to  indent. 

Neinoood. 

IN-DENT'1:R-£D,  pp.  Bound  by  indentures;  ap- 
prenticed. 

IN-DENT' IJR-ING,  ppr     Binding  by  indentures. 

IN-DE-PEND'ENCE,    )         r  ..  ^ 

IN-DE-PEND'E\-CY,  \  "•     ['"  ^"'^  dependence,} 

1.  A  state  of  being  not  dependent ;  complete  ex- 
emption from  control,  or  the  power  of  others ;  as, 
the  independence  of  the  Supreme  Being. 

2.  A  state  in  which  a  person  does  not  rely  on  oth- 
ers for  subsistence  ;  ability  to  support  one's  self. 

3.  A  state  of  mind  in  which  a  person  acts  without 
bias  or  influence  from  others ;  exemption  from  un- 
due influence;  self-direction.  Indepcndetue  of  niintX 
is  an  important  qualification  in  a  judge. 

4.  In  ecclesiastical  affairs,  a  system  of  independency 
is  one  in  which  each  congregation  of  Christians  is  a 
complete  chUfeh,  subject  to  no  superior  authority. 

Declaration  vf  Independence ;  the  solemn  declaration 
of  the  congress  of  the  United  States  of  America,  on 
the  4th  of  July,  1776,  by  which  they  formallv  re- 
nounced their  subjection  to  the  government  of  Great 
Britain. 
IN-DE-PEND'ENT,  a.     [in  and  dependent.] 

1.  Not  dependent;  not  subject  to  the  control  of 
others  ;  not  subordinate.  God  is  the  only  being  who 
is  perfectly  independent. 

2.  Not  holding  or  enjoying  possessions  at  the  will 
of  another;  not  relying  on  others;  not  dependent. 
We  all  wish  to  be  independent  in  properly  ;  yet  few 
men  are  wholly  independent,  even  in  property,  and 
none  indep^dent  for  the  supply  of  their  wants. 

3.  Affording  the  means  of  independence  ;  as,  an  iV 
dependent  estate. 

4.  Not  subject  to  bias  or  influence;  not  obsequi- 
ous; self-durecling;  as,  a  man  of  an  independent 
mind. 

5.  Not  connected  with.  It  is  believed  that  the  soul 
may  exist  independent  of  matter. 

C.  Free ;  easy;  self-conmianding;  bold;  unron- 
strained  ;  tL»,  an  independent  air  or  nwinner. 

7,  Separate  from  ;  exclusive. 

I  niPiin  the  account  of  that  obligation  in  genera!,  ander  which  wt 
conceive  oure-lves  bownd  to  obey  a  mw,  independent  oi  i^uma 
rcsuurcci  m  hich  Uie  l.\w  provides  for  its  owu  ealorcmeiit. 

Ward. 

8.  Pertaining  to  the  Independents. 

This  word  is  followed  by  of  or  on,  both  of  which 
are  well  authorized.  On  is  mosit  conformable  to  anal- 
ogy, for  it  always  follows  depend,  but  of  is  most  com- 
mon. 

IN-DE-PEND'ENT,  n.  One  who,  in  religious  affairs, 
maintains  that  every  congregation  of  Christians  is  a 
complete  church,  subject  to  no  superior  authority, 
and  competent  to  perform  every  act  of  government 
in  ecclesiastical  affairs. 

IN-DE-PEND'ENT-LY,  adv.  Without  depending  or 
relying  on  others  ;  without  control. 

2.  Without  undue  bias  or  influence  ;  not  obsequi- 
ously. 

3.  Without  connection  with  other  things. 
IN-DKP'RE-€A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  deprecated. 
IN-DEP-RE  HENS'I-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  found 

out.  Bp.  Morton, 

IN-DE-PRIV'A-RLE,  a.     That  can  not  be  deprived. 

IN-DE-SCRTR'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  he  described. 

IN-DE-SCRIP'TIVE,  a.  Not  descriptive  or  contain- 
ing just  description. 

IN-DE-SERT',  n.  [in  and  desert.]  Want  of  merit  or 
worth.  JSddisoA, 

IN-DES'I-NENT,  a.  [L.  in  and  desino^  to  cease  ;  de 
and  sino.]     Not  ceasing ;  perpetual. 

IN-DES'[-NENT-LY,a(^r.     Without  cessation.    Ray. 

IN-IH'.  SiR'A-nT.K,  a.     Not  desirable. 

IN-DE-STRUCT-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [from  indestrueti- 
ble^ 

The  quality  of  resisting  decomposition,  or  of  being 
incapable  of  destruction. 

IN-DK-KTRUCT'l-BLE,  a,     fin  and  destructible.] 

Tliat  can  not  be  destroyed ;  incapable  of  decompo- 
sition ;  as  a  material  substance.  Boyle, 

IN-DE-STRUeT'I«LY,  adv.  In  an  indestructible 
man  ner. 

IN-DE-TERM'IN-A-BLE,  a.    {in  and  dcterrmiablc] 

1.  That  can  not  be  determined,  ascertained,  or 
fixed.  Brown, 

2.  Not  to  be  determined  or  ended. 
IN-DE-TERM'IN-A-BLY,a(/p.    In  an  indeterminable 

manner. 
IN-DE-TERM'IN-ATE,  a.     [in  and  determinate.] 

1.  Not  determinate  ;  not  settled  or  fixed  ;  not  defi- 
nite ;  uncertain ;  as,  an  indeterminaU  number  of 
years. 

2.  Not  aertnin  ;  not  precise. 

An  iTideterminate  quantity  ;  in  Tn/ifAwnafiM,  a  quantity 
which  has  no  fixed  value,  btit  which  may  be  varied 
in  accordance  with  any  proposed  condition. 

A.  D.  Stanley 
IN-DE-TERH'IN-ATE-LY,  adv.    Not  in  any  settled 


TONE,  BJJLL,  t^NITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  M  K  ;  G  as  J ;  8  aa  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 

595" 


IND 

mniiner  ;  indffinilely  ;  not  w.lb  precise  liiuflsi  as,  a 
spnCf  indrtermtHOtely  )ar(*e. 

d.  Not  Willi  certainty  or  prt-cision  of  sigiiificalion  ; 
ns,  an  idea  iuJetn-miiiatrly  expiessed. 
I5-DE-TEU.M'LN-ATE  .NES:^,      m       IndrfiniU'ness ; 
warn  of  certain  limits  ;  want  of  precision.      Paiey. 
IN-DE-TEKM-IN-A'TIOX,  lu     [in  and  deteriaiMoUuit.] 
I.  Wanlof  delermination;  an  unsetiled  or  waver- 
ing stale,  as  of  the  mind. 
S.  Want  of  fixed  or  stated  direction.     BramhalL 
1N-DETEHM'IX-£D,  a,     [t»   and    dctermtne^.]     Uo- 

detiTiniiit'd  ;  unsettled;  undxcd. 
IN-I)E-VCTE',  a.     Not  devoCed.  BentUy. 

Di-DE  VOT'ED.  a.     Not  dev.Ted.  ClarenJaiu 

IX-nt-;-Vo'TIO.V,  II.     [Fr. ,  •«  nnd  decotioH.] 

Waul  of  devotion  ;  abseac**  "t  utvpiii  aOections. 
£:iC4ty  iff  Pittg, 
IN-DE-VOUT',  a.     [Fr.  indevot] 

f  ndevout ;  not  having  dt-vuut  affeclions 

Vfcay  ^  Piety. 
IX-DE-VOUT'LY,  oip.    Without  dc""lion. 
IN'DEX,  «.»■  pL    I:«DBXKf,  sometimea  Indices.    [L., 
connected  with  itutieof  to  abow  >  in  and  itico,  Gr. 

1.  That  which  points  out }  that  which  sbowa  or 
manifests. 

3.  The  hand  that  points  to  any  Ibing*  an  the  hour 
of  the  day,  the  road  to  a  place.  &.c.  Brntlry. 

3.  A  tible  of  the  contents  of  a  book.  fVatts. 
A  table  of  references  in  an  alphabetical  order. 

4.  In  OMoUmy^  the  fore-tinger.  or  pointing  linger. 

5.  In  arUkmettc  and  ai>rrbrat  the  figure  or  letter 
wliicb  sbowa  to  what  power  any  quantity  i«  in- 
volved i  the  exponent.  [In  ibis  sense,  the  plural  is 
always  Ndice*.]  ^         BarUne. 

6.  "The  imicr  pfa  hgaritAim,  is  the  integral  part  of  the 
logarithm,  and  is  always  one  less  than  the  number  of 
integral  figures  in  the  given  numher.  U  is  also  called 
the  eltaraeUristie,  Bartow, 

7.  The  indez  of  a  flobe,  or  the  gnomon,  is  a  little 
style  fiued  on  the  noitlt  pole,  which,  when  the  globe 
ia  turned,  serves  to  point  to  certain  divisions  of  the 
hour-circle.  Ercvc 

8.  tndei  of  rffratHen  ;  in  optic*^  the  fcine  of  the 
angle  of  incidence,  the  sine  of  the  angle  of  refrac- 
tion being  taken  for  unity.  Thus  the  index  of  refrac- 
tion for  sulphur  is  0,  because,  when  light  passes  out 
of  air  into  sulphur,  the  sine  of  the  angle  of  incidence 
la  double  tbe  sine  of  the  angle  of  refraction. 

9.  In  music^  a  direct,  which  see.  [Olmsted. 
In  (As  Roman  CatMotic  ckurtky  tbe  indn  prohibitory 

la  ■  catalogue  of  books  which  are  forbidden  to  be 
re&d  :  the  imdtx  expargatortf  is  a  catalogue  specifying 
passages  in  books  which  are  to  be  expunged,  or  al- 
tered. These  catalttguea  are  published  with  addi- 
tions, IVom  time  to  time,  under  tbe  sanction  of  the 
pope.  Hook, 

IJi'DEX,  V.  t.  To  provide  with  an  index  or  table  of 
refereDcas ;  to  reduce  to  an  index ;  as,  to  iudez  a 
botik. 

IX'DEX-£n,  (in'dext,);)j>.  Furnished  with  or  reduced 
to  an  index. 

IN'OEX-ER,  It,    One  who  mskes  an  index. 

IX-PE\'I€^AL,  a.  Having  the  form  of  an  index; 
perLiininz  to  an  index. 

IN-DEX'ie-ALr-LY,  ode.  In  the  manner  of  an  in- 
dex. Swift. 

IN'DEX-ING,  ppr.    Furnishing  with  a  table  of  refer- 

IN-DEX-TER'I-TY,  n.     [in  and  dexterity.]        [ences. 

1.  Want  of  dexterity  or  readiness  in  the  use  d 
the  hands;  clumsiness;  awkwardness. 

2.  Want  of  ^kill  or  readiness  in  any  art  or  occupa- 
tion. Harvey. 

IN'DIA,  (ind'yl,)  a.    A  country  in  Asia,  so  named 

from  the  River  Indus. 
IN'DIA  MAN,  a.    A  large  ship  employed  in  tbe  India 

trade. 
IX'DIAN,  (ind'yan,^  a.      [IVom  India^  and  this  from 

Indoji^  the  name  of  a  river  in  Asia.] 
Pertaining  to  either  of  the  Indies,  Laator  West,  ta 

to  tiie  aborigines  of  America- 
IX'DI.VX,  n.    A  general  name  of  any  native  of  the 

Indies  ;    as,  an   East  Indian^  or  West  Indian.     It  is 

particularly  applied  to  any  nativt:  of  the  American 

continenL 
IN'Dl  AN  A  t'ROW-ROOT,  m.    A  plant  of  the  genus 

Miimnla. 
IN'DIAN  h  iR'RY,  m.    Cocculus  Indicus,  which  see. 

Ure. 
IN'DIAX  F  dEAD,  a.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Jatropha. 
IN'DIAX  tORN,  a,    Aplant,  the  maize,  of  the  genus 

Zea,  a  native  of  America. 
IX'DIAX  t'RESS,  a.    A  plant  of  the  genus  TropiEO- 

Inm. 
IN'DIAX  FIG,  a.    A  plant  of  the  eenus  Cactus. 
IX'DIAN  INK,  )  n.    Asubstance  brought  chiefly  from 
IX'DIA  INK,     i      China,  used   for  water  colors.     It 

is  in  rolls,  or  in  square  cakes,  and  is  said  to  consist 

of  lampblark  apd  animal  glue.  Brandt. 

IN'DIAX  TTE,  fi.    [from  India.]     A  doubtful  miner- 
al of  the  feldspar  family.  Dana. 
IN'DIAX-LIKE,  tt.    Resembling  an  Indian. 


IND 

IN'DIAX  RED,  n.  A  species  of  oclier,  a  very  firu;, 
purple  earth,  of  a  firm,  compact  lifiture,  and  great 
Wi-iBlil.  HdL 

IN'DIAX  REED,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Canna. 

IN'DIAX  TO-BAC'€0,  a.  A  species  of  Lobelia, 
which  see. 

IX'DIAN  TUR'NIP,  a.  An  American  plant,  Arum 
tripbyllum,  with  a  head  of  red  flowers  growing  on  a 
sieiu,  a  riKtt  resembling  a  small  turnip,  but  having 
a  VL-ry  acrid  juice.  Farm.  Eneyc. 

IX'DIA  RUU'UER,    i  «,  The caouichouc, asubstance 

IN'DIAX  ItUB'HER,  I  of  extniordinary  elasttcily. 
called  also  Elastic  Gum,  or  Resin.  It  is  produced 
by  incision  from  several  trees  of  dilferent  genera. 

IN'DI-C.AXT,  a.  or  n.  [L.  indicans;  in  and  dico,  to 
show.] 

.\  term  applied  to  that  which  points  out  what  is  to 
be  done  for  the  cure  of  disease.  Coxe. 

IN'DI-CaTE,  f.  C  [L-indteo;  in  and  </i'co,  to  show, 
Gr.  i^ciKWtti.] 

1.  To  show  ;  to  point  out;  to  discover;  to  direct 
the  mind  to  a  knowledge  of  something  not  seen,  or 
something  that  will  probably  occur  in  niture.  Thus,, 
fermentation  indicates  a  certain  degree  of  heat  in  a 
liquor.  A  heavy  swell  of  the  sea,  in  calm  weath- 
er, often  indicates  a  storm  at  a  distance.  A  particular 
kind  of  cloud  in  the  west,  at  evening,  indicates  the 
approach  of  rain. 

2.  To  tell ;  to  disclose. 

3.  In  medicine^  to  show  or  manifest  by  !<ymptoms  ;  to 
point  to  as  the  proper  remedies  ;  as,  grt-at  prostration 
of  strengtl)  indicates  Die  use  of  stimulants. 

IX'DI-Ca-TED,  pp.     Shown;  pointed  out ;  directed. 
IN'DI-CA-TIXG,  ppr.    t^howing  ;    pointing  out ;    di- 
recting. 
IN-DI-CA'TIOX,  n.    The  act  of  pointing  out. 

2.  Mark  ;  token  ;  sign  ;  symptom  ;  whatever  serves 
to  discover  what  is  not  before  known,  or  otherwise 
obvious. 

The  ftr<itieint  ttofH  ihrj  m>lce  in  the  mott  conrenlpnt  pincff*  »ie 
{lUiu  indicalions  ot  tbtir  wetLnneai.  Additon. 

3.  In  medicine^  any  symptom  or  occurrence  in  a  dis- 
ease, which  serves  to  direct  to  suitable  remedies. 

4.  Discovery  made  ;  intelligence  given.  Bentley. 

5.  Explanation  ;  display.     iLittle  usfd.]     Bacon. 
IN-DIC'A-TIVE,  o.     [L.  indicativuji.]     ^«howing  ;  giv- 
ing intimation  or  knowledge  of  something  not  visi- 
ble or  obvious.    Reserve  is  not  always  indieatioe  of 
modesty  ;  it  may  be  indicative  of  pnidencc. 

2.  In  grammar^  the  indicative  mode  is  the  form  of 
tbe  verb  that  indicates^  that  is,  which  atbrms  or  de- 
nies ;  as,  he  wriuu,  he  is  writing ;  they  run  ;  we  mis- 
improve  advantages.  It  also  asks  questions  ;  as,  has 
tbe  mail  arnveif  7 

Tbe  word  is  often  used  as  a  noun  to  denote  this 
mood. 

IN-DI€'A-TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  show  or 
signify.  Grew. 

IN'DI-CX-TOR,  n.  lie  or  that  which  shows  or  points 
out.  Smith. 

IN'DI-CA-TO-RY,  o.  Showing ;  serving  to  show  or 
make  known. 

I^r-DI-CA'yiT,  n.  rt..]  in  England.,  a  writ  of  pro- 
hibition which  lies  for  the  patron  of  a  church  who»^ 

'  incumbent  is  sued  in  the  spiritual  court  by  another 
clerg)-man,  for  tithes  amounting  to  a  fourth  part  of 
tbe  profits  of  the  advowsoii.  Blackstone. 

IN'DICE.    See  InDEi. 

IN'DI-€0-LrrE,  n.  [L.  indicum^  indigo,  and  A<Ooj,a 
stone.] 

In  mineralogy^  a  variety  of  short  or  tourmalin,  of 
an  indigo-blue  color,  sometimes  with  a  tinge  of  azure 
or  green.  Cleaveland. 

IN-DlCT',  Cin-dTte',1  v.  L  [L.  intiicdw,  from  indico;  in 
and  dicOf  to  speak.] 

In  ifliD,  to  accuse  or  charge  with  a  crime  or  misde- 
meanor, in  writing,  by  a  grnnd  jury  under  oath.  It 
is  the  peculiar  province  of  a  g;rand  jury  to  indict,  as 
it  is  of  a  house  of  representatives  to  impeach.  It  is 
followed  by  ofi  as,  indicted  c/ treason  or  arson. 

IN-DICT'A-BLE,  (in-dlt'a-hl,)  a.  Thai  may  be  in- 
dicted ;  as,  an  indictable  otfender. 

2.  Subject  to  be  presented  by  a  grand  jurj- ;  sub- 
ject to  Indictment ;  as,  an  indictable  offense. 

IN-DICT'ED,  (in-dlt'ed,)  pp.  Accused  by  a  grand 
jury. 

IN-DICT-EE',  n.    A  person  indicted. 

I?}-DICT'ER,  (in-dit'er,)  n.     One  who  indicts. 

IN-DfCT'ING,  (in-dlt'ing,)  ppr.  Accusing,  or  making 
a  formal  or  written  charge  of  a  crime  by  a  grand 
jurv. 

IX-DIC'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  Low  L.  indictia,  indico.] 

1.  Declaration  ;  proclamation.  Bacon. 

2.  In  chronology,  a  cycle  of  fifteen  years,  instituted 
by  Constanline  the  Great ;  originally  a  period  of  tax- 
ation. Constantine,  having  reduced  the  time  which 
the  Romans  were  obliged  to  serve  in  the  army  to  fif- 
teen years,  imposed  a  taxortribute  at  the  end  of  that 
term,  to  pay  the  troops  discharged.  This  practice  in- 
troduced the  keeping  of  accounts  by  this  period. 
But,  as  it  is  said,  in  honor  of  the  great  victory  of 
Constantine  over  Mezentius,  Sept.  24,  A,  D.  312,  by 
which  Christianity  was  more  efleclually  established, 


IND 

the  council  of  Nice  ordained  that  accounts  of  years 
shmihl  no  longer  be  kept  by  Olympiads,  but  that  the 
indictwH  should  be  used  as  the  ptjint  front  which  to 
reckon  and  date  years.  This  was  begun  January 
1,  A.  D.  'M'i.  Johnson.     Eitcyc. 

IN-DIC'TIVE,  a.     Proclaimed;  declared.      Kennct. 

IN-DTCT'MEXT,  (in-dlte'ment,)  n.  A  written  accu- 
sation or  formal  charge  of  a  crime  or  misdemeanor, 
preferred  to  a  court  by  a  grand  jury  under  oath. 

Blackstone. 
Q.  The  pn]ter  or  parchment  containing  the  accusa- 
tion of  a  grand  jury. 

IX'DIES,  (itid'yez,)  a.  pi.  of  India. 

IN-DIK'FER-EXCE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  U  indijp-rentia ;  in 
and  diffiro,  to  differ.     Indifi-ebekct  is  little  used.] 

1.  F,iiuipoise,or  neutrality  of  mind  betwwn  dilfer- 
ent perstuis  or  things  ;  a  stale  in  which  the  mind  is 
not  inclined  to  one  side  more  than  the  other  j  as 
when  we  see  a  contest  of  p;irties  with  indifference. 

3.  Impartiality;  freedom  friun  prejudice,  prepiis- 
session,  or  bias  ;  as  Avht-n  we  rend  a  book  on  contro- 
verted p<iints  with  indifference.  [This  ia  a  different 
application  of  the  Jirst  d^nition.] 

3.  Uiiconcernedness  ;  a  state  of  the  roind  when  it 
feels  no  nnxii-ty  or  interest  in  whnt  Is  prei^ettted  to 
it.  No  person  of  hunmnity  can  behold  the  wretch- 
edness of  the  poor  with  indifference, 

4.  Stjite  in  which  there  is  no  diflference,  or  In 
which  no  moral  or  physical  reason  preponderates; 
as  when  we  speak  of  the  indifference  of  things  in 
themsflves.  Hooker. 

IX-DIF'FER-ENT,  fl.     [Fr.,  from  L.  ind\ff-erens.] 

1.  Neutral ;  not  inclined  to  one  side,  party,  or 
thing  more  than  to.  another. 

Cato  IcoDWB  iiei'Iier  of  them, 
Indifer*nt  ia  hk  choice  lo  lieep  or  die.  AddiMon. 

2.  Unconcerned  ;  feeling  no  interest,  anxiety,  or 
care  respecting  afly  thing.  It  seems  lo  be  impossible 
that  a  rational  being  should  be  indifferent  lo  llie  means 
of  obtaining  endless  happiness. 

It  wna  a  renmrkitble  law  of  Sulon,  that  niij  prnon  who,  in  the 
commotions  afUie  rejiutilic,  remiiii>*d  nwiiler,  or  aii  imUffer. 
tnt  ipecLitor  tif  the  contending  portiea,  slioulil  Ije  cond^iunud 
to  prrpeiiial  txuiiitiiiteiil.  Additon, 

3.  Having  no  influence  or  preponderating  weight; 
having  no  ditference  that  gives  a  preference.  It  is 
ind^ffercttt  which  road  we  take. 

4.  Neutral,  as  to  good  or  evil.  Things  in  them- 
selves indiffi-renl  may  be  rendered  evil  hy  the  prohi- 
bition (if  law. 

5.  Impartial  ;  disinterested  ;  as,  an  indifferent 
judge,  juror,  or  arbitrator. 

(>.  Passable  ;  of  a  middling  state  or  quality  ; 
neither  good,  nor  the  worsl ;  as  indifferent  writing  or 
paper. 

Indifferent,  used  adverbially,  as  indifferent  honest, 
is  ungranimatical  and  vulgar. 
IX-DIF'FER-EXT-ISM,   Tt.      State   of   indiflerence. 

[Bad.]  Carlisle. 

L\-D(F'FER-ENT-LYj  adv.     Without  distinction  or 

preference  ;  as,  to  oner  pardon  indifferently  to  all. 

.Addison. 
S.  Equally ;  impartially  j  without  favor,  prejudice, 
or  bias. 

They  may  truly  and  tnd'fferentli/  mlnirter  Juilice. 

Common  JVoy#r, 

3.  In  a  neutral  state;  without  concern  ;  without 
wish  or  aversion. 

Set  honor  in  one  ejif  and  (tenth  i'  thr  other, 

Ami  1  will  look  OD  death  indiferently.  Sfiak. 

4.  Not  well ;  tolerably  ;  passably  ;  as,  indifftrently 
well ;  to  be  indifferently  entertained. 

IN'Dl-GENCE,   >  n.     [Fr.  indigence,  from  L.  indigen- 
IN'DI-GEN-Cy, )      tia,  from  indigeo  ;  in,  or  ind,  and 
egeo,  to  want,  to  lack.] 

\Vant  of  estate,  or  means  of  comfort.ible  subsist- 
ence ;  penury  ;  poverty.     A  large  portion  of  the  hu- 
man race  live  in  indigence,  while  others  possess  more 
than  they  can  enjoy. 
IN'DI-GEXE,  n.     [Lt.  indi <^ena  i  in,  or  ind,  and  geno, 
gigno,  to  beget  or  to  be  born.] 
One  born  in  a  country  ;  a  native  animal  or  plant. 
Evelyn.      Vaael. 
IN-DIG'EN-OUS,  a.     [L.  indigma,  supra.] 

1.  Native  ;  born  in  a  countr>'  ;  applietl  to  persons. 

2.  Native;  produced  naturally  in  a  country  or  cli- 
mate ;  not  exotic  ;  applied  to  vegetables. 

IN'Dl-GEXT,  a.     [L.  indigens ;  Fr.  indigent.] 

Destitute  of  properly  or  means  of  comfortable  sub- 
sistence ;  needy  ;  poor. 

Charily  coniists  in  relieving  ihe  indigent.  Addtion. 

IX'DI-CEXT-LY,  ado.   In  an  indigent,  destitute  man- 
ner. 
IN-DI-GEST',  n.     A  crude  mass.    [J^ot  used.']    Shak. 
IN-DI-GEST'ED,  o.     [in  and  digested  ;  L.  indigMtas.] 

1.  Not  digested  ;  noi  concocted  in  the  ston)ach  ; 
not  changed  or  prepared  f(tr  nourishing  the  body  ; 
undigested ;  crude. 

2.  Not  separated  into  distinct  classes  or  orders,  or 
into  proper  form  ;  not  regularly  disposed  and  ar- 
ranged. Chaos  is  represented  as  a  rude  or  indigesud 
mass. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PR£V.  — PINE,  MAIMXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK. 
HOC 


IND 


IND 


INO 


IN-UrS-TENS'A-BLY,  adv.  Necessarily;  in  a  man- 
ncr  or  degree  thai  furbids  dispensatiuii,  owissiuii,  or 
waul. 

IN-0IS-PERS'£D,  (-dis-perat',)  a.    Not  dispersnd. 

More. 

IN-DIS-POSE',  r.  L  [Fr.  mdispotcr  -,  in  and  disposer, 
to  dispose  or  fit.    See  Dispose.] 

1.  To  disincline  ;  to  alienate  the  mind  and  render 
it  averse  or  unfavorable  to  any  thing.  A  love  of 
pleasure  indispoaes  the  mind  to  severe  study  and 
steady  attention  to  business.  The  pride  and  selfish- 
ness of  men  indispose,  them  to  religious  duties, 

2.  To  render  unfit  ;  to  disqualify  for  its  proper 
functions  ;  to  disorder ;  as,  the  distemperuure  of  in- 
dL^posrd  organs.  OlaniiUe. 

3.  To  disorder  slightly,  as  the  healthy  functions  of 
the  body. 

It  iiULle  him  rather  tndUpoied  than  lick.  Wdllon. 

4.  To  make  unfavorable  or  disinclined  j  with 
toward. 

The  king  wm  iiiflicifnUy  inditpoted  (oioard  the  persons,  or  the 
priiitiplfs  ol  Calvin's  dUciplei.  Clarendon. 

IN-DIS-POS'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Disinclined;  av^se ;  u* 
willing;  unfavorable. 

2.  Disordt-red;  disqualified  for  its  functions  ;  rEfli. 

3.  Slighllv  disordered  ;  not  in  perfect  health. 
IN-DIS-PCS'ED-NEi?S,n.   Disinclination  i  sligt  .aver- 
sion ;  unwillingness;  unfavorableness. 

2.  Unfitness;  disordered  state. 
1N-DIS-P0S'[\G, ;ipr.     Disinclining:  render!   jiome- 
what  avt-rse,  unwilling,  or  unfavorable. 
2.  DisoDlering  ;  rendering  unfit. 
IN-DIS-pa-8I"TIOX,  (po  zish'un,)  n.     [Fr  ,  in  and 
di--:position.]      Disinclination;   aversion  ;   v.willing- 
ness  ;  dislike ;  as  the  indisposition  of  men  lo  submit 
to   severe   dhcipline ;    an   indisposition   W  abandon 
vicious  practices. 

A  ^neral  intUtpotition  toward  belipvin^.  AtUrbury, 

2.  Slight  disorder  of  the  healthy  fiinc«»ons  of  the 
body  ;  tendency  to  disease.  JndLspo.fitiuK  is  a  slight 
defect  of  healthy  action  in  botJily  functions,  rather 
than  settled  or  marked  disease. 

3.  Waul  of  tendency  or  natural  appetency  or  affin- 
ity ;  as,  the  indisposition  of  two  substances  to  com- 
bine. 

IN-DlS'PU-TA-BLE,fl.  [Fr. ;  in  and  disputable.]  Not 
lo  be  disputed;  incontrtpvertible  ;  incontestable;  loo 
evident  to  admit  of  dispute.  Jiddison. 

IN-DIS'PU-TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  indisputable,  or  too  clear  lo  admit  of  con- 
troversy. 

IN-DIS'PU-TA-BLY,  adv.  Without  dispute;  in  a 
manner  or  degree  not  admitting  of  controversy; 
unquestionably  ;  without  opposition. 

IN-DIS-PCT'ED,  a.  Not  disputed  or  controverted ; 
undisputed.  Kncye. 

IN-DIS-SO-LU-BlL'l-TV,  n.     [Fr.  indissolubilite.   See 

ISDISSOLUBLE.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  indissoluble,  or  not  capably 
of  being  dissolved,  melted,  or  liquefied.  Lucke., 

2.  The  qualily  of  being  incapable  of  a  breach  j 
perpetuity  of  union,  obligation,  or  binding  force. 

Warburton. 
IN-DIS'SO-MJ-BLE,  a.   [Fr.,  from  L.  indis^iolubUis  ;  in 
and  dissolubUi.i,  from  dLnsolvo ;  dis  and  soliio^  to  loosen.] 

1.  Not  capable  of  being  dissolved,  melted,  or  lique- 
fied, as  by  heat  or  water.  Few  substances  are  abso- 
lutely indissoluble  by  heat ;  many  are  indissoluble  in 
water. 

2.  That  can  not  be  broken  or  rightfully  violated  ; 
perpetually  binding  or  obligatory;  as,  an  indissoluble 
league  or  covenanL  The  marriage  covenant  is  in- 
dissolubUy  except  In  certain  specified  cases. 

3.  Not  to  be  broken;  firm;  stable;  as,  indissoluble 
friendship  ;  indissoluble  bands  of  love. 

IN-DIS'SO-LU-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
incapable  of  dissolution,  separation,  or  breach  ;  indis- 
solubility. Hale. 

IN-DIS'SO-LU-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  resisting  sep- 
aration ;  firmly  united  beyond  the  power  of  separa- 
tion ;  in  a  manner  not  to  be  dissolved  or  broken. 

(In  ihpy  more 
IndittolaUy  linci.  M'dton. 

IN-DIS  SOLVA-BLE,  (-diz-zolv'-,)  a.  [in  and  dis- 
solvable.] That  can  not  he  dissolved  ;  not  capable 
of  being  melted  or  liquefied. 

2.  Indissoluble  ;  that  can  not  he  broken  ;  perpetu- 
ally firm  and  binding  ;  as,  an  indissolvable  bond  of 
union. 

3.  Not  capable  of  separation  into  parts  by  natural 
process. 

IN  DIS-SOLV'A-BLE-NESP,  n.     Indissolubleness. 

IN-DIS'TAN-CY,  n.  Wanl  of  distance  or  separation. 
[.^  bad  word,  and  not  used.]  Pearson. 

IN-DIS-TINCT',  a.  [Fr. ;  L.  indistincUis  ;  in  and  dts- 
tindu.i.     See  Distinct.] 

1.  Not  distinct  or  distinguishable ;  not  separate  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  be  perceptible  by  itself.  The 
parts  of  a  substance  are  indistinct^  when  they  are  so 
blended  that  the  eye  can  not  separate  them,  or  per- 
ceive them  as  separate.  Sounds  are  indtstinetj  when 
the  ear  can  not  separate  them.    Hence, 


3.  Not  methodi7.ed;  not  reduced  to  due  form  ;  j 
crude  ;  as,  an  indigested  scheme. 

4.  Not  prepared  by  heaU 

5.  Not  brought  to  suppuration,  as  the  contents  of 
an  abscess  or  boil ;  as,  an  indigested  wound. 

fyiseman. 
IN-Dl  GEST'l-BLE,  a.     [in  and  digestible-.]     Not  di- 
gestible ;  not  easily  converted'  into  chyme,  or  pre- 
pared in  llie  stoiiiacb  for  nourishing  the  body. 

jirbuthnoL 
2.  Not  to  be  received  or  patiently  endured. 
IN-DI-GEST'I-BLY,  ado.    Not  digestibly. 
IN-DI-6ES'TION,  (jest'yun.)  ».     [ia  and  dis^estion.] 
Want  of  due  coction  in  the  stomach  ;  a  failure  of 
thai  change  in  food  which  prepares  it  for  nutriment ; 
cniditA'.  Eiictjc. 

As  a  disease^  dyspepsy  ;  that  state  of  the  stomach, 
in  which  it  is  incapable  of   pcirforming  its  uaturdl 
healthy  functions. 
IX-DI6'IT-ATE,  r.  i.    To  communicate  ideas  by  the 

fitiiit-rs  ;  to  show  or  compute  by  the  fingers. 
I.\-DI(5'IT-ATE,  r.  L    To  point  out  with  the  finger. 

JBroicn. 
IN-DI(5'IT-A-TING,  ppr.  Showing,  directing,  or  com- 
puting bv  the  fingers. 
h\-DI(i-rf-A'T10N,  n.    The  act  trf  pointing  out  with 

the  finger-  Mirre, 

IN-DIGX',  fin-dlne',)  a.     [L.  inn^nus.] 

Unwiirtny  ;  disgraceful.     [06^*.]  Shak. 

IN-DIG'NANCE,  «.    Indignation.     [JVot  in  use,] 

Spenser. 
IN-DtG'NAXT,  a.     [L.   indigrtansj  from   indijfnt/ry  to 
disdain  ;  in  and  digtutr^  digmw.] 

Affected  at  once  with  anger  and  disdain;  feeling 
the  mingled  emotions  of  wnith  and  scorn  or  con- 
tempi,  as  when  a  person  is  exasperated  at  one  de- 
spised, or  by  a  mean  action,  or  by  the  charge  of  a  dis- 
honorable act.  Goliath  was  ituiignant  at  the  dxal- 
lenge  of  David. 

H''  fttri'lea  in&gnanl,  uiil  with  bAU^ty  crie* 

To  itnjle  fighi  the  fiiiry  prince  d*nr»,  T\cktU. 

IN-DIG'NANT-LY,  adv.     In  an  indignant  manner. 
IN-DIG  Na'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  indignalio.] 

1.  A  strong  and  elevated  disapprobatutn  of  what  is 
flagitious  in  character  or  conduct ;  anger,  or  extreme 
aneer,  mingled  with  contempt,  disgust,  or  abhor- 
rence. 

Wb^n  Haman  Ktw  Monl'^cfti  in  dtc  king-'s  gate,  that  h^  Mood 
not  »p,  nor  inoT«Hl  Tor  hini,  be  wns  mil  of  indignation 
Bg.iiiitt  Mortlrcai.  —  >^th.  v. 

2.  The  anger  of  a  superior;  extreme  anger;  par- 
ticularly, Ihe  wraih  of  God  agnin.--t  sinful  men  for 
their  ingratitude  a/id  rebellion.    2  Kings  iii. 

3.  The  Kffects  of  auger;  the  dreadful  eficcts  of 
GfKl's  wrath  ;  terrible  judgments,     /v.  xxvi. 

4.  Holy  displeasure  at  ooft's  «elf  for  sin.  2  Cor. 
vii. 

IN-DIG'NI-FS,  t).  L  To  treat  disdainfully.  [JVo( 
used.]  Spenaer. 

IN-DIG'NI-TY,  71.     [L.  indignitaa.] 

Unmeriied,  contemptuous  conduct  toward  an- 
other ;  any  action  toward  another  which  manifests 
contempt  for  him ;  contumely  ;  incivility  or  injury, 
accompanied  with  insult.  Contemptuous  words  re- 
s[>ecling  one,  or  foul  langunee  in  the  presence  of 
persons  of  character  and  di-licacy,  and  indecent  be- 
havior, are  indt<rniries.  Christ  on  tlio  cross  was 
treated  with  the  foulest  imitgndy. 

IN-DIGN'LY,  (in-dint'ly,)  ado.     Unworthilv.     [OA*.] 

Hall. 

IN'DI-GO,  n.  [L.  indieum^  from  India ;  Fr.  lu  and  Sp. 
indigo.  1 

A  stibj-tance  or  dye,  prepared  from  the  leaves  and 
stalks  of  the  indigu-pl.iiit,  which  are  cteepr^d  In  water 
till  the  pulp  is  extracted,  when  Ihe  liquor  is  drawn 
off  and  churned  or  agitated,  till  the  dye  begins  to 
granulate.  'I'he  Hakes  are  then  Ufi  to  settle  ;  the 
liquor  is  again  drawn  off,  and  the  indigo  is  drained 
in  ba^'s  and  dried  in  boxes.  Il  is  used  for  dyeing  a 
d(Tp  iilite.  Edufards,  W.  Ind. 

IN  l)I-<;0  GEN,  n.  While  or  reduced  in.lign,  pro- 
durx--d  by  the  action  U[)on  blue  indigo  of  any  deoxy- 
dating  IwMly.  Graham. 

IN-DI-4:;O.VI'E-TER,  n.  An  instrument  for  ascertain- 
ing the  t^lrentfth  of  indigo.  Ure. 

IN'DI-Gf)-PI,ANT,  71,  A  name  common  to  several 
Hpecies  of  the  genus  Indigofera,  from  which  is  pre- 
pared indigo.  They  are  natives  of  A^ia,  Africa,  and 
America,  and  are  called  by  the  native  Americans 
antl.  The  calyx  Is  patent ;  the  carina  of  the  corol  is 
furnished  with  a  subulate,  patuloux  spur  on  each 
•ide  ;  the  legume  is  linear.  Several  species  are  cul- 
tivated for  making  indigo,  of  which  the  most  impor- 
tant are  the  A  tinctorta,  or  common  indigo-plant,  the 
/.  ani/,  a  larger  species,  and  the  /.  di-tperma,  which 
furnishes  Ihe  Guatimala  indign. 

Encvc.     Miller.     Rdin.  Knme. 

IN-DI-GOT'IC,  a.  Indigotic  acid  is  obtained  by  boiling 
indigo  in  nitric  acid,  diluted  with  an  equal  weight  of 
water. 

IN-DH/A-TO-RY,  «.  [m  and  dilatory.]  Not  dilatory 
or  »l(tw.  Cornioallia, 

IN-DIL'I-CENCE,  n.  [ia  and  diliffenee.]  Want  of 
diligence  ;  tlothfulneas.  B.Jonaon. 


IN-DIL'I-GENT,  a.     Not  diligent ;  idle  ;  slothful. 

FdthajM. 
IN-DIL'I-GENT-LY,  ado.     Wilhout  diligence. 

Bp.  Hall. 
IN-DI-JIIN'ISH-A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  dimin- 
ished. M'dton. 
IN-DI-RE€T',  a.     [L.  indirtctusj  in  and  directus^  from 
dirigo.] 

1.  Not  Straight  or  rectilinear  ;  deviating  from  a  di- 
rect line  or  course  ;  circuitous.  From  New  York  to 
England  by  Bourdeaux,  is  an  indirect  course. 

2.  Not  direct,  in  a  moral  sense :  not  tending  to  a 
purpose  by  the  shortest  or  plainest  course,  or  by  the 
obvious,  ordinary  means,  but  oblitiuely  or  conse- 
quentially ;  by  remote  means  ;  as,  an  indirect  accu- 
sation i  an  indirect  attack  on  reputation  ;  an  indirect 
an;*wer  or  proi>osal.     Hence, 

3.  Wrong;  improper.  Shak. 

4.  Ni.t  fair ;  not  honest ;  tending  to  mislead  or 
deceive. 

Indirect  dealing  will  be  discovered  one  time  or  other.    Tillolson, 
.5.  Indirect  tar,  is  a  tax  or  duty  on  articles  of  con- 
sumption, as  an  excise,  customs,  &c. 
IN-DI  REC'TION,  ?(.      [in   and   direction.]      Oblique 
course  or  means.  Shak. 

2.  Dishonest  practice.    [O65.]  Shak. 

IN-DI-REer'LY,  adc.  Not  in  a  straight  line  or 
course ;  obliquely. 

2.  Not  by  direct  means. 

3.  Not  in  express  terms.  He  indirectly  mentioned 
the  subject. 

4.  Unfairly. 

Voiir  crown  and  kingdom  inXrectly  held.  Shot. 

IN-DI  UECT'NESS,  n.    Obliquity  ;  devious  course, 
2.   L'nfairiii'ss  ;  dishonesty.  Mnuntagu. 

IN-D1S-CER\'I-BLE,  (  diz-zern'a-bl,)  a.  [in  and  dis- 
cernible.] That  can  not  be  discerned  ;  not  visible  or 
perct-plinle  ;  not  disc()Verable.  Denkam. 

IN-DIS  CERN'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  Incapability  of  being 
discerned.  Hammond. 

IN-DIS-CERN'I-BLY,  ado.  In  a  manner  not  to  be 
seen  or  perceived. 

IN-DIS-CERP'I-BLE,  o.    Indisccrptible.     [Obs.l 

More. 

IN-DIS-CERP'I-BLE-NESS,n.  The  slate  of  not  being 
capable  of  scparatinn  of  consliluent  iKirt". 

IN-DIS-CERP-TI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
incapable  of  dissolution,  or  separation  of  parts. 

IN-Dt^i-CERP'TI-BLE,  a.  [in  and  discerptible.]  In- 
capable of  being  destroyed  by  dissolution,  or  separa- 
tion of  parts.  Bp.  Butler. 

IN-DIS-CEHP'TI-BLY,  adv.  80  as  not  to  be  capable 
of  separnliou  into  parts. 

IN-DIS'CI  PLIN-A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  disciplinable.] 
That  can  not  be  disciplined  or  subjected  to  discipline ; 
not  cajiahle  of  being  imiiroved  by  discipline.    Hale. 

IN-DIS'CI-PLINE,  n.  Want  of  discipline,  or  instruc- 
tion. O.  Morris. 

IN-DIS-eOV'ER-A-BLE,  (kuv'er-a-bl,)  a.  [in  and 
discoverable.]  Tiiat  can  not  be  discovered ;  undis- 
coverable. 

IN-DIS-COV'ER-Y,  Ti.  [in  and  discovery.]  Want  of 
discovcrv,     {Unusual.]  Brown. 

IN  IHSCREET',  a.  [in  zx\A  discreet]  Not  discreet; 
wanting  In  discretion  ;  imprudent ;  inconsiderate  ; 
injudicious  ;  as  persons. 

2.  Not  according  to  discretion  or  sound  judgment ; 
as,  indiscreet  iH-liavior. 

IN-DIS  CREET'LY,  adv.  Not  discreetly;  without 
prudence;  inconsiderately;  withoiit judgment. 

IN-DIt4-eRETE',  a.     Not  discrete  or  separated, 

Pownal. 

IN-DIS-CRE"TIO\,  (-dis-kresh'un,)  n.  [tn  and  rfa- 
cretion.]  Want  of  dlscr«-'lion ;  imprudi;nce.  The 
grossest  vices  i>nss  under  the  fashionable  name  in- 
discretions. 

IN-DIS-CRI.M'IN-ATE,  a.     [L.  indiscriminattis.    See 

DiSCHIMINATE.] 

1.  Undistinguishing  ;  not  making  any  distinction  ; 
as,  the  indiscriminate  Voraciousness  of  a  glutton. 

Cheslcr^cld. 

2.  Nol  having  discrimination  ;  confused. 

3.  UndlMtinguishud  or  undistinguishable. 
IN-DIS-CUIM'IN-ATE-LY.at^p.    Without  distinction  ; 

in  confiisitm, 

IN-DIS-CR1M'I.\-A-TING,  a.  Not  making  any  dis- 
tinction ;  as,  the  viciiuia  of  an  indiscriininating  spirit 
of  rapine.  Marshall. 

IN-DIS-CRIM-IN-A'TION,  n.  Want  of  discrimina- 
tion or  distinction.  Jefferson. 

IN-DIS-CBIM'IN-A-TIVE,  «.    Making  no  distinction. 

IN-DIS-€IJSS'£D,  (-dis-kutt',)  a.    Not  discussed. 

Donne. 

IN-DI9-PENSI.A-BIVI-TY,  n.  Indispensableness. 
[Little  u4e.d.]  Skeltx>n. 

IN-DIS  PEN.S'ABLE,  a.  [Fr.  ;  in  and  di-^ensable.] 
Not  lo  be  dispensed  with  ;  thai  can  nol  be  omitted, 
remitted,  or  spared  ;  absolutely  necessary  or  requi- 
site. Air  and  water  are  indijcpensable  lo  the  life  of 
man.  Our  duties  to  God  and  to  our  fellow-men  are 
of  inditpensable  obligation. 

IN-DIS-PEN8'A-BLE  NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  absolutely  necessary. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  aa  K ;  0  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  aa  SH ;  TH  aa  in  THia 


r.j)7 


IND 

2.  Obscure;  nut  clenr;  cunfused ,  as,  indijdinet 
Ideas  or  notions. 

3.  Imperfect  i  faint;  not  presenting  clear  and  well 
defined  images ;  as,  indistinct  vision ;  an  indLitinet 
view. 

4.  Not  exactly  diacerning.    [  Vnusval.]        Shak. 
m-DIS-TINCT'I-BLE, «.    UndUingnishaWe.    [UttU 

used.]  ~  fVarftim. 

m-DlS-TINe'TION,  n.  Want  of  distinction  ;  confu- 
sion -J  uncertainty. 

The  imfutinclion  of  man;  of  ibe  sanie  n&ine  —  hKth  w».4r  mama 
douU.  Btmrn. 

2.  Indiscrimination  ;  want  of  distinction.  Sprat 

3.  Equalilv  of  condition  or  rank.        Corf^Sidtz. 
IN-DIS-TIXeT^LV,  adv.    Without  distinction  or  sep- 
aration ;  as  when  parts  of  a  thing  are  indistinctljf 
seen. 

2.  Confusedly;  not  clearly;  obscurely;  as  when 
ideas  are  vutistitutltf  comprehended. 

3L  Not  definitely  ;  not  with  i^recise  limits  ;  as  when 
the  border  of  a  thing  is  indutinetiy  marked. 
IN-DIS-TINeT'NESS,  m.     Want  of  distinclion  or  dis- 
'Crioiinalion  ;  confusion  ;  uncertainty. 

3.  Obscurity  ;  faintness  ;  as,  the  indUtinetnfss  of 
vision. 

IN-DIS-T1N"GUISH-A-BLE,  (-ting'Bwish-a-bl,)  a. 
[in  and  duUmjfuiskabU.]  That  can  not  be  distin- 
piished  or  separated  ;  undistinguishablc.      Tutler. 

IN-D1S-TIN"C.L:ISII-ING,  a.  Making  no  diflference  ; 
as,  indiMtn^uishing  libtrnlities.  Johnson. 

IN-DIS-TL*RB'A\CE,  n.  [in  and  dirturfrancc,]  Free- 
dura  fium  disturbance  j  calmness;  repose;  tranquil- 
lity. Temple. 

IN-DlTCir,  r.  u    To  bary  in  a  ditch.    [LittU  used.] 

Bf.  HalL 

IN-DTTE',  p.  t.  [l^  niiico,  iniktam ;  in  and  dito^  to 
speakj 

I.  To  compose  ;  to  wnte  ;  to  commit  to  words  in 
writing. 

Hear  how  Wmfd  Gn«M  hft  oMful  nilM  tfid£ir«.  Popt. 

3.  To  direct  or  dictate  what  is  to  be  uttered  or 
written.  The  late  President  Dwigbt  puUud  his  ser- 
mons. 

My  tmit  ii  tmfiiiMf  b  gooi  mutrr.  —  Ps.  zK. 

IN-DITE',  r,  i.    To  compose  an  account  of.     WaUer. 

i This  is  from  the  fiame  original  as  Noict.  The 
erent  amplications  of  the  word  have  induced  au- 
thors to  rxpms  each  in  a  different  orthography,  but 
withmit  eoiod  rca^ton.J 

IN-DIT'En,  ;.».*    Composed  ;  written  ;  dictated. 

IN-MTE'ME.VT,  «.    The  act  of  inditing. 

IN-i'i  r  ER,  n.     One  who  indites. 

IN-D.T'I.\G,  pjw.  Committing  to  words  in  writing; 
dict-inc  wh.nl  shall  be  written. 

IN-DI-  VTI>'  ABLE,  a.    Not  capable  of  division.  Shak, 

IN-DI-VID'ED,  a.     Undivided.  Patridu 

IN-DI-VIO'U-AL,a.  [Fr.  individrnd ;  L.  uufotrfmu; 
in  and  diridmus,  from  dirido,  to  divide.] 

1.  Not  divided,  or  not  to  be  divided ;  sin^e ;  one  ; 
*  as,  an  indiridual  roan  or  city. 

VmAtx  tm  gnai  viOMcnm  irin  abfcto 

Unitnl.  M  one  hiditSNml  mti.  Mi/toA. 

S.  Pertaining  to  one  only ;  as,  individual  labor  cv 
exertloas. 
IN-DI-VID'l^-AI>,  a.    A  single  person  or  human  be- 
ing.   This  is  the  common  application  of  the  word  ; 
as,  there  was  not  an  indieiduai  present. 

2.  A  single  animal  or  thing  of  any  kind.  But 
this  word,  as  a  noun,  is  applied  particularly  to  hu- 
man beings. 

IN-DI-VID'l:-AL-ISM.  a.  The  state  of  individual  in- 
terest, or  atUchment  to  the  interest  of  individuaU, 
in  preference  to  the  common  interest  of  society. 

IN-DI-VII>-U-AI/I-TY,  «.  Beparate  or  distinct  ei- 
istencfl  ;  a  state  of  oneness.  jSrbutAnoL 

IN-DI-VID-tJ-ALr-I-ZX'TION,  a.  The  act  of  individ- 
ualizing; the  stite  of  being  individualiiui'd. 

IN-DI-VID'U-Al^IZE,  p.  L  To  distinguish  ;  to  se- 
lect or  mark  as  an  individual,  or  to  distinguish  the 
peculiar  properties  of  a  person  from  others.      Drulu, 

IN-DI-VID'L>AL.rZ-ED,  pp.  Distinguished  as  a  par- 
ticular per^n  or  thing.  Drake. 

L\-DI-VID'tI-AI^rZ-iNG,  ppr.  Distinguishing  as  an 
individual. 

IN4)I-VID'i;-AIr-LY,  adc.  Separately  ;  by  itself;  to 
the  exclusion  of  others.  Thirty  men  will  unitedly 
accomplish  what  each  of  them  indieiduaUy  can  not 
perform. 

3.  With  separate  or  distinct  existence. 

How  ■hould  ib«t  nbMt  mliUrjr  tj  kaeU,  vych  bklb  do  mIk 
•UiKK,  tm  buBaidiaatly  the  very  Mme  wbecpbv  othen 
utnt  with  ill  Hooktr. 

3.  Inseparably;  incommunicably. 

Omnkdenee  — m  HttzUwe  htdiBiduailj/  proper  to  ihe  Gofihcad. 
JiaieieiU. 

IN-DI-VIDTI-ATE,  a.    Undivided. 
IN-DI-VID'i;-ATE,  V.  t    To  make  single ;  to  distin- 
guish  from  others  of  the  species. 

Life  b  iiviiriduaud  into  in&aiu  Durobrn,  tiuX  have  (heir  dbdiKt 
•en«e  ajid  pJea»ure.  Abr*. 

m-DI-VID-U-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  making  single 
or  the  same,  to  the  exclusion  of  others.  ffatts. 


IND 

0.  The  act  of  separating  into  individuals  by  analy 
sis.  F.tymol.  Voaibulary, 

IN-DI-VID-l^'I-TY,    a.      Separate    existence.      [JVwt 

used.'l 
IN-DI-VlN'T-TY,  n.    Want  of  divine  power.    Brown. 
IN-DI-VIS-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.     [See  Isdivisiblk.J     The 

state  or  property  of  being  indivisible.  Cocke. 

iN -DI-VIS'I-BLE,  o,      [in  and  divisible.       See  Di- 

TIDE. 

That  can  not  be  divided,  separated,  or  broken  ;  not 
separable  into  parts.  Perhaps  the  particles  of  matter, 
however  small,  can  not  be  cinisidercd  as  indinisiblf. 
The  mind  or  soul  must  be  indivisibte,  A  matheiuati- 
ca!  point  is  indivisible. 

IN-DI-VIS'[-BLE,  K.  In  ffeometry^  indivisihips  are 
the  elements  or  principles,  supposed  to  be  intinitely 
small,  into  which  a  body  or  figure  may  be  resolved. 

Barloic. 

IN-DI-VIS'I-BLE-NESS,  n.    Indivisibility,  which  see. 

IN-DI-VIS'I-BLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  capable  of  di- 
vision. 

IN-DI-VI8'I0N,  n.    A  state  of  being  not  divided. 

Mare. 

IN'DO-BRIT'ON,  «.  A  person  born  in  India,  one  of 
whose  parents  is  a  native  of  Great  Britain.   Maicom. 

IN-DO'CI-BLE  or  IN-DOC'I-BLE,  a.  [in  and  doei- 
bU ;  1^  doceo^  to  teach.] 

1.  Unieacliable ;  not  capable  of  being  taught,  or 
not  easily  instructed  ;  dull  in  intellccL     Bp.  Halt, 

2.  Intractable,  as  a  beast. 
IN-DO'CI-BLE-.\ESS  or  IN-DOC'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  In- 

docility.  Taylor. 

IN-DO'CILE  or  IN-DOC'i^E,  a.  [Fr. ;  U  indoeilis  ; 
in  and  docilis :  doceo^  to  teach.] 

1.  Not  teachable ;  not  ea:sily  instructed  ;  dull. 

Bmdey, 

2.  Intractable,  as  a  beast. 
IN-DO-CIL'1-TY,  a,     [Fr.  indocHUi.] 

1.  Uiitcachabtenesa  ;  dullness  of  intellect. 

Bp.  HalL 

2.  Intractableness,  as  of  a  beast. 
IN-DO€'TR!N-ATE,  v.  U    [Fr.  endoctriner ;  L.  in  and 

doctrine,  learning.] 
To  teach  ;  to  instruct  in  nidtments  or  principles. 

He  look  much  dciif  bl  iii  indoctrinating  hi*  young,  iiiipxpcnfiioed 
Uroiiu.  Ctartndun. 

IN-DOe'TRI\-A-TED,  jrp.  Taught;  instructed  in 
thi-  principles  of  any  science. 

IN-DOC'TRIN-A-TING,  ppr.  Teaching;  instructing 
in  principles  or  nWiments. 

IN-DO€-TRIN-A'T!ON,  n.  Instmctlon  in  the  rudi- 
ments and  principles  of  any  science  ;  information. 

Brown, 

IN'DO-LENCE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  U  indoUntia;  in  and  do- 
Uoy  to  be  pained.] 

1.  Literally,  freedom  from  (win.  Burnet. 

2.  Habitual  idleness;  indisposition  to  labor ;  lazi- 
ness ;  inaction,  or  want  of  exertion  of  body  or  mind, 
proceeding  from  love  of  ease  or  aversion  to  toil.  In- 
dolence, like  laziness,  implies  a  constitutional  or  ha- 
bitual idve  of  ease  ;  idlctiess  does  noL 

IN'DO-LENT,  a.  [Fr.]  Habitually  idle  or  indisposed 
to  labor  ;  lazy  ;  listless  ;  sluggish  ;  indulging  in  ease  ; 
applied  to  persons. 

2.  Inactive  ;  idle  ;  as,  an  indolent  life. 

3.  Free  from  pain  ;  as,  an  indolent  tumor. 
IN-DO-LENT-LY,aJr.  In  habitual  idleness  and  ease; 

without  action,  activity,  or  exertion  ;  lazily. 

Oaim  anil  ■cicue  jou  mdaUntly  lit.  Additon, 

IN-DOM'I-TA-BLE,  a.  [L.  in  and  domo,  t-i  tame.] 
That  can  not  be  subdued ;  irrepressible  ;  untamable. 

Herbert. 
IN-DOMPT'A-BLE,  a.     [Fr.  in  and  dompter,  L.  domoy 
to  tame.] 

Not  to  be  subdued.     [  Unusual.]  T<  oke. 

IN-DORS'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  indorsed,  assigned, 

and  made  payable  to  order. 
IN-DORSE',  v'.u     [L.  in  and  dorsum,  the  back.] 

1.  To  write  on  the  back  of  a  paper  or  written  in- 
strument; as,  to  indorse  a  note  or  bill  of  exchange  ; 
to  indorse  a  receipt  or  assignment  on  a  bill  or  note. 
Hence, 

2.  To  assign  by  writing  an  order  on  the  back  of  a 
note  or  bill ;  to  assign  or  transfer  by  indorsement. 
The  bill  was  indorsed  to  the  bank. 

3.  To  give  sanction  or  currency  to  ;  as,  to  indorse 
a  statement  or  the  opinions  of  another.     [Modr.m.] 

To  indorse  in  blank  ;  to  write  a  name  oniy  on  a  note 

or  bill,  leaving  a  blank  to  be  filled  by  the  holder. 
IN-DORS'£[>,(in-dur3t',);7p.ora.  Written  on  the  back  ; 

assigned  ;  sanclioned. 
IN-DOR-SEE',  n.    The  person  to  whom  a  note  oi  bill 

is  indorsed,  or  assigned  by  indorsemt^nt. 
IN-DORSE'MENT,  n.    The  net  of  wrrtingon  the  back 

of  a  note,  bill,  or  other  written  instrument. 
9.  That  which  is  written  on  the  back  of  a  note, 

bill,  or  other  paper,  as  a  name,  an  order  for  payment, 

the  return  of  an  officer,  or  the  verdict  of  a  grand 

jury. 

3.  Sanction  or  support  given,  as  the  indorsement  of 

a  rumor. 
IN-DORS'ER,  71.    The  person  who  indorses,  or  writes 

his  name  on  the  back  of  a  note  or  bill  of  exchange  ; 


IND 

and  who,  by  this  act,  as  the  case  may  be,  makes  him- 
self liable  to  pay  the  note  or  bill. 

IN-DORS'ING,  ;)/»».  Writing  on  the  back;  assigning; 
sanctioning. 

IN-DORS'ING,  n.  The  act  of  making  an  indorse- 
ment. 

IN'DRXUGHT,  t(n'draft,)n.  Tin  and  drauf  A(.l  An 
opening  from  the  sea  into  tlie  land  ;  an  inlet,  f  Obs.] 

Raleirh. 

IN'DRAWN,  a.     Drawn  in. 

IN-DRi^NCil',  r.  f.  [in  and  drench.]  To  overwhelm 
with  water  ;  to  drown  ;  to  drench.  Sliak. 

IN-DKENCH'£D,  (in-drencht',)  pp.  Overwhelmed 
with  water. 

IN-DO'BI-OUS,  a.  [L.  indubius;  in  and  dubius,  doubt- 
ful.] 

1.  Not  dubious  or  doubtful ;  certain. 

2.  Not  doubling  ;  unsuspecting;  a», indubious  can 
fidencc.  Harvey. 

IN-DO'BI-TA-BLE,a.  TFr.,  from  L.  indubttabUis ;  in 
and  dubUabilii,  from  dubito,  to  doubt.] 

Not  to  be  doubted  ;  unquestionable  ;  evident ;  ap- 
parently certain  ;  too  plain  to  admit  of  doubt.   tVatLs. 
lN-DO'Bl-TA-BLE-NESS,n.     Stateof  being  indubita- 

hte.  ^sh. 

IN-DC'BI-TA-BLY,  adv.     Undoubtedly  ;   uuquestion- 

ablv  ;  in  a  manner  to  remove  all  doubt.  Sprat, 

IN-UC'BI-TATE,  a.     [L.  indubUatus.] 

Not  questioned  ;  evident;  certain.     [Mot  used.] 

Bacon, 
IN-DOCE',  r.  U     [L.  induce;  in  and  dueo,  to  lead  ;  Fr. 
induire ;  it.  indurrc.] 

1.  To  had,  as  by  persuasion  or  argument ;  to  pre- 
vail on;  to  incite;  to  influence  by  motives.  The 
emperor  could  not  be  induced  to  take  part  in  the  con- 
test. 

2.  To  produce  by  influence. 

Ai  U>i»  helief  t«  ahioliitfly  nr<y«sary  for  all  mankind,  the  evi- 
dc'iice  for  ittducing  it  iiiiiHt  l«  of  that  iixture  lu  to  nrcoinmo> 
tluU'  iuult  ii>  oU  Bpt-cies  ul  men.  J^urUt. 

3.  To  produce  ;  to  bring  on  ;  to  cause  ;  as,  a  fever 
induced  by  extreme  fatigue.  The  revolution  in 
France  has  induced  a  change  of  opinions  and  of 
property. 

4.  To  introduce  ;  to  bring  into  view. 

The  poet  mny  be  teen  inducing  hii  pewonagca  in  the  firet  Iliad. 

Pope. 

5.  To  offer  by  way  of  induction  or  inference.  [JVot 
used.]  Brown. 

6.  In  elfctricity,  to  transmit  an  electric  influence 
through  a  non-conducting  medium  without  any  ap- 
parent comnuinication  of  a  spark. 

IN-DCC'i=;D,  (in-dust',)  pp.  Persuaded  by  motives; 
influencrd  ;  produced  ;  caused. 

IN-DOCE'MENT,  n.  Motive;  any  thing  that  leads 
(he  mind  to  will  or  to  act ;  any  argument,  reason,  or 
fact,  that  tends  to  persuade  or  influence  the  mind. 
The  love  of  ease  is  an  inducement  to  idleness-  The 
love  of  money  is  an  inducement  to  industry  in  pood 
men,  and  to  the  perpetration  of  crimes  in  the  bad. 

2.  In  law,  a  statement  of  facts  introducing  other 
material  facta. 

IN-DOC'ER,  n.  He  or  that  which  induces,  persuades, 
or  influences. 

IN-DO'CI-RLE,   a.     That  may  be  induced  ;  thai  may 

be  offered  by  induction.  Brown. 

2.  That  may  be  caused.  Barrow. 

IN-DOC'ING,  ppr.  Leading  or  moving  by  reason  or 
arguments;  persuading;  producing;  causing;  trans- 
mitting electrical  influence  through  a  non-conducting 
medium. 

INDUCT',  V.  t.  [h.  inductus,  from  induce ;  in  and  du- 
eo,  to  lead.l 

I.  Literally,  to  bring  in  or  introduce.  Hence, 
9.  .Appropriately,  to  introduce,  as  to  a  benefice  or 
office  ;  to  put  in  actual  possession  of  an  ecclesia>ftical 
living,  or  of  any  other  office,  with  the  customary 
forms  and  ceremonies.  Clerks  or  parsons  are  in- 
ducted by  a  mandate  from  the  bishop  to  the  arch- 
deacon, who  usually  issues  a  precept  to  other  cler- 
gymen to  perform  the  duty.  In  the  United  States, 
certjiin  civil  officers,  and  presidents  of  colleges,  are 
inducted  into  office  with  appropriate  ceremonies. 

IN-DUCT'ED,  pp.  Introduced  into  office  with  the 
usual  formalities. 

IN-DUCTILE,  o.  tin  and  ductiU.]  Not  capable  of 
being  drawn  into  threads,  as  a  metal.  [See  Duc- 
tile.] 

IN-DUe-TIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  induc- 
tile. 

IN-DUCT'ING,  ppr.  Introducing  into  office  with  the 
usual  formalities. 

IN-DU€''I'ION,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  inductio.  See  In- 
duct.! 

1.  Literally,  a  bringing  in  ;  introduction  ;  entrance. 
Hence, 

2.  The  bringing  forward  of  particulars  or  individ- 
ual cases,  with  a  view  to  establish  some  general  con- 
clusion. 

3.  A  kind  of  argument  which  infers  respecting  a 
whole  class  what  has  been  ascertained  respecting 
one  or  more  individuals  of  that  class.      Whately. 

This  is  Ibe  inductive  vielhod  of  Bacon,  and  is  the 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  \VH.^T.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.  ■ 

5*^  -  -  = 


IND 

direct  reverse  of  logical  deduction.  It  ascends  from 
the  jKirta  to  the  wlivj.e.  and  fonna,  from  the  general 
anatoey  "t  oatiKe.  r<r  snccm*  presuui)4if'n.'*  in  the 
cajse,  concitisKtns  w[i:;;ii  nave  greater  ni  es»  decrees 
of  force^  and  whicn  uiny  be  stieiisthened  or  weak 
ened  tiy  subsequt-nt  experience.  Jt  relates  to  actual 
existences,  a^  in  phvsi'-at  science,  or  the  concerns  of 
life.  DfjiKrrwTt  ilr«:enda  Iioin  the  wnole  to  some  in- 
'•■I'l-Iwi  pan,  Its  inferences  are  necessary  conclusions 
according  to  the  laws  of  ttiought,  being  merely  the 
menta,!  recognition  of  some  particular,  aa  inchided  or 
contained  in  something  gi>neral. 

4.  The  inference  of  some  gt-ncral  truth  frnm  all  the 
particulars  embraced  under  it,  as  legitimated  by  the 
laws  of  thought,  and  abstracted  fntm  the  conditions 
of  any  particular  matter.  This  may  be  called  mrta- 
phy.fical  induction^  and  should  be  carefully  distin- 
guished from  the  illations  of  physics,  spoken  of 
above. 

I  5.  The  conclusion  or  inference  drawn  from  a  pro- 

!       cess  of  induction. 

6.  The  introduction  of  a  clerg>-man  into  a  benefice, 
or  givine  possession  of  an  ecclesiastical  living;  or 

'  the  introiluction  of  a  person  into  an  otHce  by  the  usu- 
al forms  and  ceremonies.  Induction  is  applied  to  tlie 
introduction  of  officers,  only  when  certain  oaths  are 
to  be  administered  or  other  formalities  are  to  be  oh- 
ser\'ed,  which  are  intended  to  confer  authority  or 
give  dignity  to  the  transaction.  In  Great  Britain,  in- 
duction is  used  for  giving  possession  of  ecclesiastical 
offices.  In  the  United  States,  it  is  applied  to  the  for- 
mal introduction  uf  civil  officers,  and  the  higher  offi- 
cers of  colleges. 

7.  In  electricity^  an  influence  exerted  by  an  electri- 
fied body  through  a  non-conducting  medium,  without 
any  apparent  communication  of  a  spark.  Tlius  elec- 
trical attnirt)on<t  and  repubions  may  be  transmitted 
by  induction  through  glass,  although  no  spark  can 
pnss  through  such  a  medium.  Olm.iied. 

8.  In  old  pltiy.-!,  an  introductory  scene,  iKiding  to 
the  main  action,  as  the  episode  of  the  Z>uj»«  and  the 
THnJcer,  in  Shakspeare's  Taming  of  the  t?hrew. 

Toonf. 
IN-DUe'TION-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  induction. 

MaundiT. 
IN-DUGT'IVE,  a.    Leading  or  drawing  ;  with  to. 

A  brutish  viw, 
Inducdve  nuliiljr  to  the  tui  ul  K*e.  Afl'lon. 

5.  Tending  to  induce  or  cause. 

Titty  may  be  ntduoiot  ofcicdibilil^.     [Unuauai.]  Halt. 

3.  Leading  to  inferences  ;  proceeding  by  induction  ; 
employed  in  drawing  conclusions  from  premises  >  as, 
inductive  reasoning. 

IN-DUeT'IVE-LY,  ode.     By  induction  or  inference. 

IN-DU'eT'OR,  n.  The  person  who  inducts  another 
into  an  office  or  benefice. 

I\-DCE',  fin-du',)  r.  L     [L.  induo  v  Gr.  fvh'U} :  Fr.  en- 
■  duire.     1  his  Word  coincides  nearly  in  signification 
with  endow^  that  i<i,  to  put  on,  to  furnish.    Duo  is  ev- 
idently a  contracted  word.] 

1    To  put  on  something  ;  to  invest ;  to  clothe  ;  as, 
to  indue  matter  with  forms,  or  man  with  intelligence. 
2.  To  furnish  ;  to  supply  with  ;  to  en  low. 

I\-I>0'/-[),  (in-dude',)  pp.     Clothed  ;  invested. 

IN-DC'E'ME.\T,  (in-duWnt,)  n,  A  pmling  on  ;  en- 
dow m''  lit.  Mo  untagu* 

IN-DC'ING,  ppr.     Investing;  putting  on. 

IN-OULCE',  fin-dulj',)  v.  L  [I.,  mdulgeo.  This  word 
IB  Compound,  but  the  primitive,  simple  verb  is  not 
known,  nor  the  radical  si-nse.  If  allied  to  G.  and  D. 
dulden.  to  bear,  to  tiderate,  it  is  from  the  root  of  L. 
totcroA 

1.  To  permit  to  be  or  to  continue  :  to  sufit^r ;  not 
to  restrain  or  oppose  ;  aa,  to  indulge  slulh  ;  to  indulge 
the  passions  i  to  indulge  pride,  selti^^liiicss,  or  inclina- 
tions. 

2.  Tn  gratify,  negatively ;  not  to  check  or  restrain 
Uie  will,  npixrtite,  or^esira  ;  as,  to  indulge  children 
in  aniusem<'nts. 

3.  To  gratify,  positively ;  to  grant  something,  not  of 
right,  but  as  a  favor;  to  grant  in  compliance  with 
wishes  or  desire. 


Tel,  yrt  ■  momnti,  one  dim  ny  of  light 
Jmlulge,  drewl  CImo*  luiU  tutiial  Ni^lit  I 


Popt. 


■*,  In  gmeraly  to  gratify ;  to  favor ;  to  humor ;  to 
yi'-Id  to  the  wishes  of;  to  withhold  restraint  from. 

It  t>4  remarked  by  Johnson,  that  if  the  matter  of 
iiiilulgf^nce  is  a  single  thing,  it  has  with  before  it ;  if 
it  is  a  habit,  it  has  in.  He  indulged  himst  If  witli  a 
glas**  of  wine  ;  he  indulges  himself  in  sloth  or  intem- 
perance. 
I.N-I>IjL6E',  (in-du.j',)  v.  i.  To  permit  to  enjoy  or 
pr;irtice  ;  or  to  yield  to  the  enjoyment  or  practice  of, 
without  restraint  or  control ;  as,  to  indulge  in  sin,  or 
in  sensual  pleasure.  This  form  of  expression  is  ellip- 
tical, a  pronoun  being  omitted  ;  as,  to  indulge  myself 
t)T  himself. 

\L<^)^  nvn  urc  more  willing  to  indulga  In  euyVieei,  than  to 
pnuuce  labunouk  virliiea.  Johruon. 

2.  To  yield ;  to  comply ;  to  be  favorable.    [Little 

U£rd.] 

IN  UL'LC£D,  pp*    Pennitted  to  be  and  to  operate 


IND 

without  check  or  control;   as,  love  (rf  pleasure  m- 
diilged  to  excess. 

2.  Gratified  ;  yielded  to  :  humored  in  wishes  or  d»*- 
sires  ,  as,  a  child  indulged  by  his  parents. 

3.  Granted. 

IN  DULGE.NLE,  liu  Free  permission  to  the  appo- 
IN-DUL'6eN-OY,  \  tites,  humur,  desires,  passions, 
or  will,  to  act  or  operate  ;  forbearance  of  restraint  or 
control.  How  many  children  are  ruined  by  indul- 
gence!  Indulgence  is  not  kindness  or  tenderness,  but 
It  may  be  the  effect  of  one  or  the  other,  or  of  negli- 
gence. 

9.  Gratification  ;  as,  the  indulgence  of  lust  or  of  ap- 
petite. 

3.  Favor  granted  ;  liberality  ;  gratification. 

If  &J  tliese  i^vcious  indulgenciet  &rc  without  eflect  on  ua,  we 
niiut  ptirah  in  our  folly.  Roger: 

4.  In  the  Rinnan  CaUiolie  churchy  remission  of  the 
punishment  due  to  sins,  granted  by  the  pope  or 
church,  and  supposed  to  save  the  sinner  from  pur- 
gatory ;  absolution  from  the  censures  of  the  church 
and  from  all  transgressions.  Encyc 

IN-DUL'GENT,  a.  Yielding  to  the  wishes,  desires, 
humor,  or  appetites  of  those  under  one's  care  ;  com- 
pliant; not  opposing  or  restiaining;  as,  an  indulgent 
parent. 

2.  Mild;  favorable;  not  severe;  as,  the  indulgent 
censure  of  posterity.  Waller. 

3.  Gratifying ;  favoring  ;  with  of. 

-  The  feeble  oM,  indulgent  of  their  eaac.  Z>ryden. 

IN-DUL-GEN'TIAL,  a.  Relating  to  the  indulgences 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  church.  pVai  well  authorized.'\ 

are  V  int. 
IN-DUL'6ENT-LY,   adv.    With  unrestrained  enjoy- 
menL  Hammond, 

a.  Mildly;  favorably;  not  severely. 
IN-DliLi5'ER   n.     One  who  indulges.        Mountagu. 
IN.dC'L0»'IN6,  ppr.    Penuitting  to  enjoy  or  to  prac- 
tice ;  gratifying. 
IN-DLLT',     )   n.    [Fr. ;   It.  indulto,  a  pardon;  1*.  in- 
IN-DL*i*r'0,  J      duhus,  indulged.] 

1.  A  privilege  or  exemption.  Johnson. 
9.  In  Ou  Roman  CotWic  cAurcA,  a  privilege  granted 

by  the  [>i)pe,  to  certain  {H^rsons,  of  doing  or  obtaining 
souielliing  contrary  to  established  rule  or  law. 

Lunier. 
3.  In  SfTQtn,  a  duty,  tax,  or  custom,  paid  to  the  king 
for  all  goods  imp<irted  from  the  West  Indies  in  the 
galleons.  Eiicyc  Brit. 

IN-DO'PL[-€ATE,  a.     [L,  in  and  dupHcntu.^.] 

In  botany,  having  the  margins  bent  abrn[)tly  in- 
ward, and  the  external  face  of  these  edges  applied 
to  e.tch  other  without  any  twisting,  as  in  some  spe- 
cies of  Clematis.  I.tnuley. 
IN'DU-RATE,  V.  i.  [L.  induro  ;  in  and  daro,  to  hard- 
en.] 

To  grow  hard  ;  to  harden  or  become  hard.     Clay 
indunitejf  by  drying,  and  by  extreme  hent. 
IN'UU-RATE,  V.  L     To  make  liard.    Extreme  heat  in- 
durate^  clay.     Some  fossils  are  indurated  by  cx[)OSure 
to  the  air. 

2.  To  make  unfeeling;  to  deprive  of  sensibility ; 
to  render  obdurate  ;  as,  to  indurate  the  heart. 

Oiddsmitk. 
IN'DU-RA-TED,  pp.  or  a.      Hardened  ;    made  obdu- 
rate. 
IN'DU-RS-TING,  pjM*.    Hardening;  rendering  insen- 

silde. 
IN-OU-RA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  hardening,  or  process 
of  growing  hard.  Bacon. 

2.  Hardness  of  heart ;  obduracy.  Decay  of  Piety. 
IN-DC'SIAL,  (shal,)  a.     [L.  imU^ia.] 

Composed  itf  or  containing  the  petrified  cases  of 
the  larvcs  of  certain  insects  ;  a«,  i/u/ujfinMimeslone. 
IN-DO'HI  UM.  (-shr-uni,)  «.  iL.]  In  botany^  a  col- 
lection of  hairs  upon  the  style  of  a  flower,  united 
Into  the  form  of  a  cup,  and  inclusiiig  the  Htigrna,  as 
in  the  OoodcniacCff.  Liitdley. 

2.  A  superincumbent  portion  of  cuticle  continuing 
to  cover  the  sori  of  ferns  when  they  are  mature. 

Lindlcy. 
IN-DUS'TRI-AL,  o.    Consisting  in  Industry  ;  pertain- 
ing to  industry. 
IN-DUS'TRI-AL-LY,  ado.    With  reference  to  indus- 
try. 
IN-DUS'TRI-OU.'',  a.     [L.  industrius,  from  industria.] 

1.  Diligent  in  business  or  study;  conalaiitiv,  reg- 
ularly, or  habitually  occupied  in  business ;  assiduous  ; 
opposed  to  Slothful  and  Iul£.  < 

Frur^  anil  induMlriottt  men  are  commonly  friendly  to  th»  e«ial>- 
luh'T'l  guvcrnniciit.  Temple, 

2.  Diligent  in  a  particular  pursuit,  or  to  a  particular 
end  ;  opposed  to  Remiss  or  Black  ;  as,  inilastrious  to 
accomplish  a  journey,  or  to  reconcile  contending 
parties. 

3.  Given  to  industry;  chruTicterized  by  diligence; 
as,  an  indujitrious  life. 

4.  Careful ;  assiduous  ,  as,  the  industrious  applica- 
tion of  knowing  men.  IVatts. 

IN  DUS'TKI-OUri-LY,  adv.     With  habitual  diligence  ; 
with  steady  application  of  the  powers  of  body  or  of 
mind. 
2.  Diligently  ;  assiduously  ;  with  care ;  applied  to 


INE 

a  particular  purpose.     He  attempted  industrumtif  to 
make  pt-ace.     He  industrtowily  ronr^aicd  "tU  n<in>e. 

IN'DUS-TRY,  Tt.  [L.  iWurfria;  Ft.  miius-  »«.  J'his 
is  1  compound  word,  and  the  ro«it  piuoably  of  the 
Class  Ds.j 

Habitual  diligence  in  any  employment,  either 
bndilv  or  menial  ,  sieutiy  attention  to  busjnef:s  ; 
assiduiiy ;  opposed  to  Sloth  and  loLErtEss.  We 
are  directed  to  take  lessons  of  industry  from  the  Iwe. 
Industry  pays  debts,  while  idleness  or  despair  will 
increase  them. 

IN'DWELI^ER,  n.    An  inhabitant.  Spenser 

IN'DVVELL-I.\G,  a.  [in  and  dwelling.]  Dwelling 
within;  remaining  in  the  heart,  even  after  it  is  re- 
newed ;  as,  indwelling  sin. 

Owen.    Macknight.    Mi'ner. 

IN'DWELL-ING,  tu  Residence  within,  or  in  the 
he_art  or  soul. 

IN-K'BRI-ANT,  a.     [See  iNEBRrAXE.l     Intoxicating. 

IN-K  BRl-ANT  n.  Any  thing  that  intoxicates,  as 
ojiium.  Encyc 

IN-K'BRI-ATE,  V.  L  [L.  inebrio,  inebriatus ;  in  and 
ebrioy  to  intoxicate  ;  ebrius,  soaked,  drenched,  drunk- 
en. The  Latin  ebrius  is  contracted  from  ebrigus  or 
ebre^us,  as  appears  from  the  Spanish  embriagar,  to 
intoxicate  ;  embriago^  inebriated  ;  It  briaco,  drunk  ; 
itnbriacaTc^  intbriacarsi.  The  sense  is,  to  wash  or 
drench,  and  it  is  evidently  from  the  common  root  of 
the  Gr.  0tn\ti}^  to  water  or  irrigate.     See  Rain.] 

1.  To  make  drunk;  to  intoxicate.  Sandys. 

2.  To  disortli^r  tlw  senses  ;  to  stupefy,  or  to  make 
furious  or  frantic  ;  to  produce  effects  like  those  of 
liquor,  which  are  various  in  different  constitutions, 

IN-K'BRI-aTE,  v.  L     To  be  or  become  intoxicated. 

£acon. 
IN-E'BRI-ATE,  n.    An  habitual  drunkard. 

Some  inebriaa$  have  their  paroxysms  of  inibriety  tenninst/rd  by 
much  pa)c  urine,  proliise  sweuta,  itc.  Dartein, 

IN-f.'BRI-A-TED,  pp.     Intoxicated. 

IN-E'BRI-A-TING,  ppr.   Making  drunk;  intoxicating. 

IN-k'BRI-a-TING,  a.  Having  intoxicating  qualities; 
tending  to  intoxicate  ;  as,  inebriating  liquors. 

IN-E-BRI-A'TION,  n.    Drunkenness  ;  intoxication. 

Brown. 

IN-E-BRI'E-TY,  n.    Drunkenness  ;  intoxication. 

Darwin. 

IN-ED'IT-ED,  a.    [in  and  edited.]    Unpublis^hed. 

fVarton. 

IN-EF-FA-BIL'I-TY,  n.     Unspeakableness. 

LN-EF'F.\-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  inejabilis ;  in  and 
effabdis,  from  effor^  to  sjieak.] 

Unspeakable;  unutterable;  that  can  not  be  ex- 
pressed in  words  ;  UA-uaihj  in  a  good  seit.fe ;  as,  the 
ineffable  joys  of  heaven  ;  the  ineffable  glories  of  the 
Deity, 

IN-EF'FA-BLE-NESS,  n.  Unspeakableness  ;  quality 
of  being  unutterable.  'ScatL 

IN-EF'FA-BLY,  adv.  Unspeakably ;  In  a  manner  not 
to  be  expressecl  in  words,  Milton, 

IN-EF  FACE'A-BLE,  a.     That  can  not  be  effaced, 

IN-EF-FACE'A-BLY,  adtj.    So  as  not  to  be  effaceable; 

IN-EF-FECT'IVE,  a.  [in  and  effectiveA  Not  effect- 
ive ;  not  producing  any  effect,  or  the  enect  intended  ; 
inelBcient ;  useless. 

The  wori.1  of  Uod,  without  the  spirit,  U  a  dead  and  Jn<^ecltM 
letter.  ,  Taylvr. 

2.  Not  able  ;  not  competent  to  the  service  intend- 
ed ;  as,  ineffective  irwt[>s  ;  ineffective  force. 

3.  Producing  no  effect. 
IN-EF-FECT'IVE-LY,  adv.     Without  effect;  ineffi- 
ciently. 

IN-EF-FE€T'l|-AL,  a.  [in  and  effectual.]  Not  pro- 
ducing its  proper  effect,  or  not  able  to  produce  its 
effect;  inellicieiil;  weak;  as,  an  ineffectual  remedy; 
the  Spaniards  made  an  irt«^£ctua/ attempt  to  reduce 
Gibraltar.     [See  Inefficacious.] 

IN-EF-FEGT'lI-AL-LY,  adv.  Without  effect;  in 
vain. 

IN-EF-FEeT'U-AL-NESS,  7u  Want  of  effect,  or  of 
power  to  produce  it ;  inetficacy. 

Jfuncs  Biteaka  of  the  ineJfMctualtutt  of  tome  men's  devotion. 

IN-EP-FER-VES'CENCE,  n.  [tn  and  effervescence.] 
Want  of  effervescence  ;  a  slate  ornot  effervescing. 

Kirwan. 

IN-EF-FER-VES'CENT,  a.  Not  effervescing,  or  not 
susceptible  of  etfervesccnce. 

IN-EF-FER-VES-CI-iaL'I-TY,«.  The  quality  of  not 
efrervescing,  or  not  being  susceptible  of  effervescence. 

Kirwan. 

IN-EF-FER-VES'CI-BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  effer- 
vescence. 

IN-EF-FI-€A'CIOUS,  a.  [It.  and  Fr.  inefficace :  L. 
ineffcax  ;  in  and  ejjicax,  effcio,  to  effect ;  ex  and  faciOj 
to  make.] 

Not  efncncious ;  not  having  power  to  produce  iho 
effect  desired,  or  the  proper  effect ;  of  inadequate 
power  or  force. 

Ineffectual,  says  Johnson,  rather  denotes  an  actual 
failure,  and  inrffcacious^  an  habitual  impiitcnce  to 
any  eflect.  But  the  distinction  Is  not  always  ob- 
served, nor  can  it  be  j  for  we  can  not  always  know 
whether  means  are  tneffcaeious,  till  experimeni  has 


TONE,  BULL,  T^NITE.  — AN"GER,  VP'CIOUS.  — €  as  K  j  0  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  OH  as  SH ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


INE 

proved  them  in^etual ',  nor  evpn  then,  for  we  can 
not  he  certnin  that  the  faihire  of  means  to  produce 
an  eflVct  is  to  be  attributed  to  habitual  want  of  [xivv- 
er,  or  to  accdentnl  and  lemporar)'  c^iuses.  Iskffi- 
cxciovs  is  therefore  sometinie^  synonymous  with 
Inctkbctcal 

IN-EF-FI-€A  ClObei  iV  "»**  Wiihoul  efficacy  or 
efftTt. 

IN-EF-FI-TX'CloUS-NESS,  it.  Want  of  power  to 
priiduce  the  effect,  or  want  of  effect. 

m-EF'FI-eA-CY,  n.     [in  and  efficacy,  I*  r^Mcia.] 

1.  Want  of  power  to  produce  the  desired  or  proper 
effect ;  inefficiency  j  as,  the  inefficacy  of  medicines  or 
of  means. 

2.  rneffectushiess  ;  faihi  re  of  effect. 
IN-EF-FI"CIE.\-CV,  n.     [in  and  efficimcy.]     Want 

of  power  or  exertion  of  power  to  produce  the  effect ; 
inefficacv. 

IN  EF-Fr''CIE\T,  C-fish'ent,)  a.      [in  and  t^eifnt,] 
Not  eflicient ;  not  producingtheeffrcl;  inefficacious. 
SL  Not  active ;  effecting  nolliing  ;  as,  an  iMr^eiatt 
force.  CAeatrrrffW. 

1N-EF-FI"CIENT-LY,  adv.  Ineffectually  i  without 
effect, 

IN-E-LAB'O-RATE,  a.  Nd  elaborate ;  not  wrought 
with  care.  Coekcranu 

tN-&LAS'TI€,  a.  [in  and  tUMtie.]  Not  elastic ; 
wanting  pinsticttv:  ane1a-«tic. 

IN-B-LASTIC'I-T*  Y,  n.  The  absence  of  elasticity  ; 
the  want  of  elastic  power. 

tN-EL'E-GAXCE,    j  «-     [See  Ixklzga:»t.]     Want  of 

IN-EI/E-GAN-C'Y,  i  elepance ;  want  of  beauty  or 
poli:^h  in  language,  composition,  or  manners ;  want 
of  symmetry- or  ornament  in  building;  wantofdeli- 
cjicv  in  coloring,  ice. 

IN-EL'E-GAN'T,  o.  [L.  inflfg^nsi  in  and  elegms, 
from  the  root  of  rli^,  to  choose.] 

Not  elegant ;  wanting  beauty  or  polish,  its  lan- 
guage, or  refinement,  as  manners;  wanting  symme- 
try or  ornament,  as  an  cdirire  ;  in  short,  wanting  in 
any  thing  which  correct  taste  requires. 

IN-EL'E-GANT-LY,  adv.  In  an  melegnnt  or  unbe- 
coming manner;  coarselv  ;  roughlv.      ChisterfiHd. 

IN-EH-GI-BfL'I-TY,  n.    [from  inWi^-iWr.]    Incapaci- 
Qr  of  being  elected  to  an  otfice, 
2.  State  or  quality  of  not  being  worthv  of  choice, 

IN-EL'i-6l-BLE,  a.  {in  and  eligibU,]  Not  capable  of 
being  elected  to  an  office. 

2.  Not  worthy  to  be  chosen  or  preferred ;  not 
expr>diont, 

fN-EL'I-6l-RLY,  adv.    In  an  ineligible  manner. 

IN-EL'0-Qt'ENT,a.  [oinnd  citf^ucw/.]  Noleloquent; 
not  speakiag  wiUi  fluency,  propriety,  grace,  and  pa- 
tlKM ;  Bot  peisuaaive  ;  UMd  o/persotu. 

S.  Not  fluent,  graeeAil,  or  patlietic  ;  n4it  persuasive  ; 
as  language  or  composition,  MUutn. 

IN-EL'OarE.VT-LY.  adv.    Without  eloquence. 

IN-E-LUer'A-BLE,  a.     [L.  ineluctabilis.] 

Not  to  be  T)-iiisted  by  struggling  ;  not  to  be  over- 
come.    [.\'*t  vsed.'l  Pearson. 

IN-E-LCD'I-BLE,  a.  [intin^tltuUbU,]  Tliatcan  mit 
be  eluded  or  defeated.  OiinvilU. 

IN-EM'BRY-0.\-ATE,  a.    Not  formed  in  embrjo. 

IN-E-NAR'RA-BLE,  a.     [L.  inrRorrabUU.] 
That  can  not  be  narrated  or  told. 

IN-EPT',  a.     [L.  ineptusi  in  and  aptus,  (it,  apt,] 

1.  Not  apt  or  fit ;  unnt ;  unsuiLibb'.     JVooUirard. 
9.  Improper;  unbecoming:  foolish.  Mor*. 

IN-EPT'I-TL'DE,  n.  Unfitness;  inaptitude;  unsuit- 
ableness  ;  as,  an  ineptitude  to  mtttion.       ArhuthaoL 

IN-EPTXY,  adv.     Unfitly  ;  unsuitably  ;  f.kolishly. 

QUincdU. 

IN-EPT'NESS,  n.    Unfitness.  Mort. 

IN-e'Q,UAL,  a.  {in  and  equal.\  Unequal ;  uneven  ; 
various.    [lAtde  used.^  Shatstone. 

IN-E-QU.\L't-TY,  n.  [U  iiutqtuilitas ;  in  and  tequalisj 
equal ;  Fr.  inegalite.] 

1.  Difference  or  want  of  equality  in  decree,  quan- 
tity, length,  or  quality  of  any  kind  ;  the  state  of  not 
having  equal  measure,  degree,dimension!i,ur  amount ; 
as,  an  inequality  in  size  or  stature  :  an  inequtility  of 
numbers  or  of  power ;  ineqvuiUty  of  distances  or  of 
motions. 

2.  Unevenness  ;  want  of  levelness ;  tlie  alternate 
rising  and  falling  of  a  surface  ;  as,  the  ineqaaliUes  of 
the  surface  of  the  earth,  or  of  a  marble  slab, 

3.  Disproportion  to  any  office  or  puriK>se  ;  inade- 
quacy ;  incompetency;  as,  the  inp^uaii/j/ of  terrestrial 
things  to  the  wants  of  a  rational  soul. 

4.  Diversity  ;  want  of  uniformity  in  different  times 
or  places  ;  as,  the  inrqitality  of  air  or  tempeniture. 

5.  Difference  of  rank,  station,  or  condition  ;  as, 
the  inequalities  of  men  in  society  ;  inequalUies  of  rank 
or  property. 

6.  In  aatronomy^  an  irregnlarity  or  deviation  in  the 
motion  of  a  planet  or  satellite  from  its  uniform  mean 
motion.  Brandt. 

IN-E-QUI-DIS'TANT,  o.    Not  being  equally  distant. 

Saw. 
IN-E-aUI-L.\T'ER-AL,  a.    Having  uneqdal  sides. 

Say. 
ly  EQ,m-LTB'RT-0,  [LI    In  an  even  poise. 
IN-Ea'UI-TA-BLE,  (-ek'we-ta-bl,)  a.    [m  and  equita- 
^  hie.]     Not  equitable ;  not  just, 


INE 


L       HttviriA     tineqiia) 
ralvb.,  Ud  [1)0    shell 


IN-E'UUI-VAI.VE, 

IN  E  an  VALV'U-t-AR, 

of  an  ovsler. 
[N-E-H AP''  e/.  DI.E,  0.    That  can  not  he  eradicated. 

Chauntnir, 
INE-RAD'l-eA  BLY,  ads.    Pu  as  nut  to  be  erndi<-a- 

bl^. 

In';f;k cf.t'1|-al, ! «-  "■"""? "° """^v 

IN-EH  GET'ie-AL-LY,  orft).    Without  energy 

I V  FR  M '  J 

IV'FPM'OU'^   !  "      [^  inermis ;  in  and  orj/ia,  arms.] 

Unarmed  ;  destitute  of  prickles  or  thorns,  as  a 
leaf;  a  botameal  trorJ.  Martvn. 

IN-ER-RA-niL'r-TY,  n.  [from  inerrable.]  Exemp- 
tion from  error,  or  from  the  possibility  of  erring;  in- 
fallihilitv.  Kiatr  Chariest. 

IN-ER'RA-BLE,  a.  [in  and  err.]  That  can  not  err; 
exempt  from  error  or  mistake  ;  infallible.    Hammond. 

IN-ER'RA-BLE-NESS, n.  Exemption  from  error ;  in- 
errabilitv.  Hammond. 

IN  ER'RA-BLY,  fldp.  With  security  from  error;  in- 
fallibly. 

IN-ER-RAT'ie,  a.  [in  and  erraUc]  Not  erratic  or 
wanderinc  ;  fixed.  Paus.  Trans. 

IN-ER'RING-LY,  adv.  Without  error,  mistake,  or 
deviation.  OlattrdJe. 

IN-ERT',  a.  [L.  iners:  in  and  ars,  art.  The  Enclish 
sense  is  drawn  not  from  art^  but  from  the  primary 
sense,  strength  or  vigorous  action.] 

1.  Destitute  of  the  power  of  moving  itself,  or  of 
active  resistance  to  motion  impressed  ;  as,  matter  is 
intH. 

2.  Dull ;  sluggish  ;  very  slow  to  act ;  indisposed  to 
move  or  act.  Thomson. 

IN-ER'Tf  A,  (in-er'shl,)  h.    [L.]    A  property  of  mat- 
ter by  which  it  tends  to  preserve  a  state  of  rest  when 
still,  and  of  uniform  rectilinear  motion  when  mov- 
ing. Bigclorc. 
2.  Inertness  ;  indi-ipositinn  to  move. 

IN-ER'TION,  n.  Want  of  activity  ;  want  of  action 
or  exertion. 

Thete  ficiwiliwlM  of  exi-itJoti  wid  irvrrion  of  Ibo  arterial  ■Tscm 
coiMiiiutr  ihp  paroxjfwna  of  rpiiiiiit-iii  f'vrr.  Darwin. 

IN-ERT'I-TUDE,  «.  The  state  of  beinc  inert,  or  a 
tendency  to  remain  quiescent  till  impelled  by  exter- 
nal force  to  move.  Good. 

IN-ERT'LY,  adv.    Without  activity  ;  sluggishly. 

Dtinciad. 

IN'-ERT'XESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
inert,  or  destitute  of  the  power  to  move  per  se,  [See 
Inertia.] 

2.  Want  of  activity  or  exertion  ;  habitual  indispo- 
sition to  action  or  motion  ;  sluggishness. 

IN-ES'eATE,  v.L     [L.  ineseo.] 
To  bait :  to  lay  a  bait  for. 

I,\-ES'eA-TED,  pp.     Baited. 

IN-ES-fA'TION.  n.     The  act  of  baiting.    HaUyiBell. 

LV  ES'SE.  [L.j  In  being;  actually  existing;  dis- 
tinguished from  in  posse^  or  in  potentia^  whicli  denote 
that  a  thing  is  not,  but  may  be. 

IN-ES-SEX'TIAL,  a.     Not  essential ;  unessenlial. 

IN-ES'TI-MA-BLE,  a.  [L.  inastimabilU.  See  Esti- 
mateJ 

1.  That  can  not  be  estimated  or  computed  ;  as,  an 
inestimahU  sum  of  money. 

2.  Too  valuable  or  excellent  to  be  rated  ;  being 
above  all  price  ;  as,  ineatim.ible  rights.  The  privi- 
leges of  American  citizens,  civil  and  religious,  are 
inestimable-. 

IX-ES'TI-MA-BLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  not  to  be  esti- 
mated or  rated. 
IX-E-VA'SI-BLE,  o.    That  can  not  be  evaded. 

F.C.  Rev. 
IX-EV'I-DEXCE,  ».     Want  of  evidence  ;  obscurity. 

Barrow. 
IX-EV'I-DEXT,  a.     [in  and  evidenL]     Not   evident; 

not  clear  or  obvious  ;  obscure.  Brown, 

IX-EV-I-TA-BIL'I-TY,  m.  [from  inevitable.]  Impos- 
sibility to  be  avoided  ;  certainty  tu  happen. 

BramhalL 
IX-EV'I-TA-BLE,  a.     [Fr.,   from   L.   incvitabilis ;   in 
and  evitabdis,  from  evito^  to  shun.] 

Not  to  be  avoided  ;  that  can  not  be  shunned  ;  una- 
voidable ;  that  admits  of  no  escape  or  evasion.     To 
die  is  the  inevitable  lut  of  man  ;  we  are  all  subjected 
to  many  inevitable  calamities. 
IN-EV'I-TA-BLE-XESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  unar 

voidable. 
IN-EV'1-TA-BLY,  aifr.     Without  possibility  of  escape 
or  evasion  ;  unavoidably  ;  certainly. 

How  ineoitably  c!<>cs  iinmodenttc  Ixug^liu^r  end  in  at  ki^h  1  South. 

IN-EX-AGT',  (X  as  o^,)  a.  [ht  and  exaO.]  Not  exact ; 
not  precisely  corre.'cl  or  true. 

IX-EX-A€T'NESS,  (z  as  gz,)  n.  Incorrectness  ;  want 
of  precision, 

IX-EX-CIT'A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  excitable.]  Not  sus- 
ceptible of  excitement ;  dull  ;  lifeless  ;  torpid. 

IX'-EX-€CS'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  inexciLsabili^i  in  and  ez- 
cusabills^  excuso.     See  Excuse.] 

Not  to  be  excused  or  justified  ;  as,  inexcusable 
folk-, 

IX-EXeCS'A-BLE-NESS,  n.      The  quality   of   not 


INK 

adnillting  of  excuse  or  justification ;  enonnity  be- 
yimd  foreiveneas  or  {Killiation. 

TliU  inticumbltnttt  I*  «'atml  un  tlw  •tipposltioii  Uiat  xhf^  fcuew 
Uuit,  i>iir  <l)il  nut  |[ionry  liirn.  S*uth, 

IN  EC^ers'A  BLY,  orfp.  With  a  degree  of  guilt  *x 
follv  !>»'v-..]fi  excuse  or  justification. 

IN  E\-K-tMi(  i\.  BLE,  o.  That  can  not  be  executed 
nr  perf'"-'n>*u.  Q.  J^IurrtA, 

IN  EX  E  TT' ri-OX,  n.  Neglect  of  execution;  non- 
perfuriiian''** ,  as,  the  iyieiecution  of  a  treatv. 

IX  EX  KR'TION,  (I  as  ^-i,)  n.  [in  and"  exertion.] 
Want  of  exertion  ;  want  of  effort ;  defect  of  action. 

Darwin. 

IN-EX-HAL'A-DLE,  (2  as  ^i,)  a.      [m  and  exhalable, 
L.  etkalo.] 
Not  to  be  exhaled  or  evaporated  ;  not  evaporalde. 

Brinrn. 

IN-EX-TIAUST'ED,  (r  as  /ri,)  a.  [in  and  exhausted.] 
Xot  exhausted  ;  not  emptied  ;  unexhaufsted. 

2.  Not  «penl ;  not  having  lost  all  strength  or  re- 
sources ;  unexhausted. 

I.N-EX  HAUST'I-BLE,  (z  as  jrt,)  a.  [in  and  exhaust- 
ible.] "fhal  can  not  be  exhausted  or  emptied  ;  un- 
failing ;  as,  an  inexJiaustible  quantity  or  supply  of 
water. 

2.  That  can  not  be  wasted  or  spent ;  as,  vnexhausii- 
ble  stores  of  provisions. 

IN-EX-IIAUST'I-BLE-XESS,  (x  as  gz,)  n.  The 
state  of  heing  inexhaustible. 

IXEX-IIAUST'l-BLY,  (i  as  gt,)  adv.  In  an  inex- 
haustilile  manner  or  degree. 

IN-EX-HAUST'IVE,  (z  as  ^i,)  a.  Not  to  be  ex- 
hausted or  si)ent. 

rX-EX-IST'   (r  as  5-1,)  p.  i.    Not  to  exist.       Tucker. 

IX-EX-IST'ENCE;  (i  as  gz,)  n.  [in  and  eTistencc.] 
Want  of  being  or  existence.  Broome, 

2.  Inherence. 

IN-EX-IST'EXT.  (x  as  gi,)  a.     [in  and  eristent]     Not 

having  being  ;  not  existing.  South.     Brown. 

Q.  Existing  in  something  else.  Boiih. 

IN-EX-O-RA-BII/I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  in- 
exonible  or  unyielding  to  entreaty.  Puley, 

IX-EX'O-RA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  inexorahilis ;  in 
and  exorabilisj  from  exoro,  to  entreat;  ex  and  oro,  to 
pray.] 

1.  Not  to  be  persuaded  or  moved  by  entreaty  or 
prayer  ;  too  firm  and  determined  in  purpose  to  yield 
to  supplication  ;  as,  an  inexorable  prince  or  tyrant; 
an  inexorable  judge. 

2.  Unyielding  ;  that  can  not  be  made  to  bend. 


Iiuxordble  equality  of  I&wi. 


Gibbon. 


IN-EX'O-RA-BLY,  adv.    So  as  to  be  immovable  by 

entreaty. 

IX-EX-PECT-A'TION,  n.  Stale  of  having  no  expec- 
tation. Feltham. 

IN-EX-PECT'ED,  c     Not  expected.     [JVot  in  use.] 

IX-EX-Pic'DI-EXCE,   i  TU    [in  and  expedience.]    Want 

IN-EX-PF-'DI-EN-CY,  (  of  fitness;  impropriety  ;  un- 
suitableness  to  the  purpose.  The  inexpedience  of  a 
measure  is  to  be  determined  by  the  prospect  of  its 
advancing  the  purpose  intended  or  not. 

IN-EX-Pe'DI-EXT,  a.  [in  and  erpedienL]  Not  ex- 
pedient; not  tending  to  promote  a  pur;)ose  ;  not 
tending  to  a  good  end  ;  unfit;  improper;  unsuitable 
to  time  and  place.  Whatever  tends  to  retard  or  de- 
feat success  in  a  good  cause,  is  inerpcdienL  What  is 
expedient  at  one  time,  may  be  inexpedient  at  an- 
other. 

IN-EX-Pe'DI-EXT-LY,  ado.  Not  expediently  ;  un- 
fitly. 

IN-EX-PEXS'IVE,  a.     Not  expensive.         Coleridge. 

IX-EX-PK'Rt-ENCE,  n.  [in  and  experience]  Want 
of  experience  or  experimental  knowledge  ;  as,  the 
inexperience  of  youth,  or  their  inexperience  of  the 
world. 

IX-EX-Pk'RI-ENC-ED,  (-eks-pS're-enst,)  a.  Not  hav- 
ing experience;  unskilled. 

IX-EX-PERT',  a.  [in  and  ex^H.]  Not  expert ;  not 
skilled  ;  destitute  of  knowledge  or  dexterity  derived 
from  practice. 

In  ledrn  aod  In  laws 
Not  iruxprrt.  Prior. 

IX-EX-PERT'XESS,  n.    Want  of  expertness. 
IX-EX'PI-A-BLE,  o,    [Fr.,  from  L.  inexpiabilis.    See 
Expiate.] 

1.  That  admits  of  no  atonement  or  satisfaction; 
as,  an  inexpiable  crime  or  offense. 

2.  That  can  not  be  mollified  or  appeased  by  atone- 
ment ;  as,  inexpiable  hate.  Milton. 

IX-EX'PI-A-BLY,  adv.  To  a  degree  that  admits  of 
no  atonem(«nt.  Roscotmnon. 

IX-EX-PLAIX'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  explained  ; 
inexplicable.    [Obs.] 

IN-EX-PLe'A-BLY  or  IN-EX'PLE-A-BLY,  adv.  In 
saliably.     [JVot  lutcd.]^  Sandys. 

IN-EX-PLI-€A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  or  stale  of 
being  inexplicable. 

IN-EX'PLI-€A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  incxplicabilis ; 
in  and  explico,  to  unfold. J 

That  can  not  be  explained  or  interpreted  ;  not  ca- 
pable of  being  rendered  plain  and  intelligible  ;  as,  an 
inexplicable  mystei-y. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — MP.TE,  PRgY.— PINE,  MARtXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  B(?OK.— 

go5  ~ 


INF 

I>'-EX'PLI-eA-BLE-NESS,n.    A  stale  of  being  in-  r 

exi^icable. 
IX-EX'PLI-€A-BLY,  ode.    In  a  manner  nut  to  be  ex- 
plained. 
IN-EX-PLIC'IT,  a.    Not  explicit  j  not  clear  in  state- 

inenL 
IN-EX-PLOR'A-BLE,  a.     [in  and  expUrabh^  from  ex- 

plort.] 

That  can  not  be  explored,  searched,  or  discovered, 

Tooke. 
IN-EX-POS'lIRE,  n,     [in  and  exposure]     A  stale  of 

nol  being  exposed.  J\Ied.  Rrpos. 

IN-EX-PRESS'I-BLE,  a.      [in  and   expressible^   from 

erprejs.  ] 

Ni>t  to  be  expressed  in  words  ;  nol  to  be  uttered  ; 

unspeakable;    unutterable ;    aa,  inerpressibte    Rrief, 

joy,  or  plcaiure. 
I.N-EX-PRESS'I-BLY,   ado.     In  a  manner  or  decree 

nut  to  l>e  told  or  expressed  in  words  ;  unspeakably ; 

unutternblv.  JIammoitd. 

IN-EX-PREdS'IVE,  a.     Not  tending  to  express  ;  not 

expre::«sing ;  inexpressible. 
IX-EX-PRE33'IVE-NESS,  n.    The  stale  of  being  in- 
expressive. 
IN-EX-PL'G'NA-BLE, a,    [Ft.,  from  L.  inexpngnabd'ts ; 

in  and  ezpug^no  :  ex  and  pus-no^  to  fii:ht.J 

Not  to  be  subdued  by  force ;  not  tu  bs  taken  by  as- 
sault ;  impregnable.  Ray. 
I\-EX-SC'PER-A-BLE,/i,     [L.  inexsuperabUts.] 

Sot  to  be  passed  over  or  sunnoiinU-d. 
IN-EX-TE.\D'ED,  a.     Having  no  extension.     Good. 
IN-EX-TE\'SION,«.     [in  and   exteiuion.]     Want  of 

extension;  unextended  stale.  Encyc 

LV  F.X-TFJVSO,  [ U]     Fully  ;  at  full  length. 
IN-EX  rERMaN-A-BLE,   o.     [m  and   exterminabte.] 

That  can  not  be  exterminated.  Rash. 

IN-EX-TINCT',  a.     Not  quenched  ;  not  extinct. 
IN-EX-TIN"GUISH-A-BLE,  a.     [in  and  fjii««-uu»Aa- 

bU.]^    That  can  not  be  extinguished  ;  iinquenchable; 

as,  tneitinguishabie  flame,  thirst,  or  deiire. 
IN-EX-TIRP'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  nol  be  exlir[«ited. 
IN-EX'TRI-€A-BLE,  a,     [Fr.,  from    L.  inextricabUij. 

See  Extricate.] 

1.  Not  to  be  disentangled  ;  not  to  bo  freed  fn^m  in- 
tricacy or  perplexity  ;  as,  an  inextricable  maze  or  dif- 
ficulty. Sherlock. 

2.  Not  to  be  untied  ;  as,  an  inertricable  knot. 
IN-EX'TRI-CA-BLE-NESS,   n.    The  stale   of  being 

inextricable.  Donne. 

I\-EX'TRI-€A-BLY,  adv.    To  a  degree  of  perplexity 

not  to  be  disentangled.  Pope. 

IN-E?E',(in-I',)  r    :.     To  inoculate,  as  a  tree  or  a 

bud.  P/nlips, 

rX-EY'£D,  (in-Ide',)  pp.      Inoculated,  as  a  iree   or 

bud. 
IN-FAB'RI-€A-TED,  o.     Unfabricatcd  j   unwrought. 

rjv«t  iwwti 

I.V-FAUU-BIL'l-TY,  in.  [from  infallible.}  The 
IN-FAL'LI-BLE-\ESS,  i  quality  of  being  incapa- 
ble of  error  or  mi>?take ;  entire  exemption  from  lia- 
bility to  error  j  inerrability.  No  human  being  can 
jtiftly  lay  claim  to  infallibility.  This  is  an  attribute 
of  God  only. 
IN-FAL'LI-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  infaiUiblei  in  and  faiUir,  h. 
/ai/tf.l 

1.  Not  fallible;  not  capable  of  erriner;  entirely  ex- 
empt Inim  liability  to  mistake  ;  applied  to  pcr.ivttg.  No 
man  is  infallible  ;  to  be  infhllibU  is  the  prerogative  of 
God  only. 

2.  Not  liable  to  fail,  or  to  deceive  confidence  ;  eer- 
tiin  \  as,  imfallible  evidence  ;  infallibU  success. 

Tc  whum  he  iliowed  tiimvir  ftlin  kfter  bis  paauoii,  bjr  m^t\y 
ii^ailiUs  pruo^  —  Acts  L 

IN-FAL'LI-BLY,  adv.    Without  a  poBsibilily  of  erring 

or  mistaking.  Smalrid^e. 

2.  Certainly;  without  a  possibility  of  failure.    Our 

Savior  has  directed  us  to  conduct  that  will  infallibly 

render  iis  happy. 
IN-PAME',r.e.    TodWame.     [JVVf  iwed.] 

BacAin.     Milton. 
IN'FA-MTZE,  F.  e.    To  make  Infamous.    [.Vu(  wc/Uu- 

thorizrd.} 
IN'FA-MUUS,  a.     [Fr.  injame;    L.  infamis  ;  infamo^  to 

defame  ;  in  and  fanut,  fame.l 

1,  Of  ill  Tepart,  imp/foticaUy ;  having  a  reputation 
of  the  worst  kind  ;  publicly  branded  with  odium  for 
vice  or  guilt;  base;  scandalous;  notoriously  vile  ; 
ujted  of  persons ;  as,  an  infamous  liar;  an  itifamoun 
rake,  or  gamblor. 

2,  Odious;  detestable;  held  in  nbhf»rrence  ;  that 
renders  a  person  infamous;  as,  an  infamuu.t  vice. 

3,  Branded  with  infamy  by  conviction  of  a  crime. 
An  infamous  person  can  not  tie  a  witness. 

IN'PA-MOU8-LV,  adv.    In  a  manner  or  decree  to  ren- 
der infamous  ;   scandalously  ;  disgracefully  ;  fhame- 
2.  With  open  reproach.  [fully. 

IN'FA-.MY,  in.     [Fr.   infamie;    L.  infamia; 

IN'FA-MOUS-NESS,  (      in  and  fama,  reporU] 

1.  Total  loss  of  reputation ;  public  disgrace.  Avoid 
the  crimes  and  vires  which  expose  men  to  infamy. 

S.  dualities  which  are  detested  and  despised  ; 
qualities  notoriously  bad  and  scandalous ;  as,  the 
infamy  of  an  action. 


INF 

3.  In  lafOy  thai  lusa  of  character  or  public  disgrace 
which  a  convict  incurs,  and  by  whicli  a  |>erbon  is 
rendered  incatuble  of  being  a  w'itness  or  jun>r. 

Encyc. 
IN'FAN-CY,H.     {"L.  infantta.     See  I:?fa:<t.] 

1.  Tlie  first  part  of  life,  beginning  at  the  birth.  In 
common  usage,  infancy  extends  not  beyond  the  first 
year  ur  two  of  life  ;  but  there  is  not  a  defined  limit 
where  infaiicy  ends,  and  childhood  begins. 

2.  In  laWy  u^/iiBcy  extends  to  the  age  of  twenty-one 
years. 

X  The  first  age  of  any  thing;  the  beginning  or 
early  period  of  e'.istence  ;  as,  the  infancy  of  the  Ro- 
man republic  ;  the  i/i/uHci/of  a  college,  or  of  acliarita- 
ble  society  ;  the  i/i/ufurt/ uf  agriculture,  of  manufac- 
tures, or  of  Commerce. 
IN-FAN'DOUS,  a.     [L.  infandu^.] 

Too  odious  lo  be  expressed.     [JVot  in  use.]   Howell. 
lX-FA.\G'THEF,>t.     [Sax.  m,  fuii^ait,  to  take,  and 
theof,  thief.] 

In  English  lajp,  the  privilege  granted  to  lords  to 
judge  thieves  taken  on  their  manors,  or  within  their 
franchises.  Cvwell. 

IN'F.\NT,  «.  [Fr.  rnfaiUi  L.  infans;  in  and  fans, 
sjieaking,  /ari,  to  speak.] 

1.  A  child  in  the  first  period  of  life,  beginning  at 
his  birth;  a  young  babe.  li\  common  ii.fa;re^  a  child 
ceases  to  be  called  an  infant  within  the  fir:>t  or  second 
year,  but  at  no  definite  period.  In  some  cases,  au- 
thors indulge  a  greater  latitude,  and  extend  the  term 
lo  include  children  of  several  years  of  age. 

2.  In  /aw,  a  person  under  the  age  of  twenty-one 
years,  who  is  incapable  of  making  valid  contracts. 

Spenser  used  infant  for  tlie  son  of  a  king,  like  the 

Spanish  infante. 
IN'FANT,  a.    Pertaining  to  infancy  or  the  first  period 

of  hf.-. 
2.  Young  ;  tender  ;  not  mature  ;  as,  infant  strength. 
IN-FA.\T'A,  n.     In  ^niin  and  Portugal,  any  princess 

of  till-  royal  bUxMl,  excepl  tlie  eldest  daughter  when 

hi^iress  apparent. 
IN-FANT'B,  B.     In  Spain   and  PortMtral,  any  son  of 

the  kirur,  except  Ihe  eldest,  or  heir  apparent. 
IN'FA.NT-GAI'l),  n.     A  toy  ff»r  children. 
IN-FANT'I-dDE,  ii,     [Low   U  itffanluidium  ;  infancy 

an  infant,  and  otdo,  to  kill.] 

1.  The  inteiilional  kilting  of  an  infant 

2.  The  slaughter  of  infants  by  Ilerod.    Matt.  ii. 

3.  A  slayer  of  infants. 
IX'FANT-ILE,  a.     (L.  infantilis.] 

Pertaining  to  iuf'tncy,  or  to  an  infant ;  pertaining 
to  the  first  jieriod  of  life. 

IN'FANT-INE,  0.  Pertaining  to  infants  or  to  young 
children.  Sir  Walter  Scott. 

IN'FANT-LIKE,  a.     Like  an  infant.  Stuik. 

IN'FANT-LY,  a.     Like  a  child.  Beaum.  4-  Fl. 

IN'FANT-RY,  n.  [Ft.  infanterie  ;  Sp.  infante ria  ;  It. 
faiUeria.     See  Infant.] 

In  militant  affairs,  the  soldiers  or  troops  that  serve 
on  foot,  as  distinguished  froiu  eaimlryi  as,  a  compa- 
ny, regiment,  or  brigade  of  infantry.  In  some  ar- 
niies,  therr  have  been  keavy-armed  infantnj,  and  light- 
armed  or  tight-infantry^  according  lo  their  manner  of 
arming  and  equipping. 

IN-FXRCE',  r.  f.     To  stuff.     [JVot  in  use.] 

INFARCTION,  H.     [L.  if{farcio,  infercio,  to  stuff;  in 
and  farcio.] 
The  act  of  stuffing  or  filling  ;  constipation. 

IN-FASH'ION-A-BLE,  a.  Unfashionable.  [.Vot  used.] 

Bcaum.  4"  Fl, 
IN-PAT'IGA-BLE,  a.     Indefatigable.     [Oft^.l 
IN-FAT'l^-ATE,   r.   L      [L.  infatuo  }   in  and/otuu*, 
foolish.] 

1.  To  make  foolish  ;  to  affect  with  folly  ;  to  weaken 
the  intellectual  powers,  or  to  deprive  of  sound  judg- 
ment. In  general,  this  word  does  nol  signify  to  de- 
prive absolutely  of  rational  powers  and  reduce  lo  id- 
iocy, but  to  deprive  of  sound  judgment,  so  that  a 
person  infatuated  acts  in  certain  cases  as  a  fool,  or 
without  common  discretion  and  prudence.  Whom 
God  intends  to  destroy,  he  first  iNfaluate^. 

Tbr  Jiiilfftncnt  of  C,r,<\  will  t>^  »*■  ry  viiiMc  in  infafuaiing  &  p«H>- 
fh  r.pe  iiiij  pivpaivfl  fur  lifrtUucUi^n.  Clarendon. 

9.  To  prepoi»sess  or  incline  to  a  person  or  thing  in 
a  manner  not  justified  by  prudence  or  reason  ;  to  in- 
Bpiri:  with  an  extravagant  or  foolish  passion,  too  ob- 
BtinaU"  to  be  contndledby  reason.  Men  are  often  in~ 
fntiiatrd  with  a  love  of  gaming,  or  of  seiit^ual  pleas- 

IN-FAT'U-ATE,  a.     Inf.ituatL-d.  [ure. 

IN-FAT'O-A-TEI).  pp.  or  a.     Affnct'Ml  with  follv. 

IN-FAT'Ii-A-TLNG,  ppr.  or  a.     Affecting  with  folly. 

IN-FAT-i;  A'TION,  n.  Tho  act  of  uffecling  with 
folly. 

2.  A  state  of  mind  In  which  the  intellectual  pow- 
ers are  weakened,  either  generally  or  in  regard  to 
p:trticular  objects,  so  Ihal  the  person  affected  acts 
without  his  usual  judgment,  and  contrary  to  the  dic- 
tates of  reason.  All  men  who  waste  their  substance 
In  gaming,  intemperance,  or  any  other  vice,  arc 
chargeabh  with  infatuation. 

IN-PAIJ.ST'I\G,  n.     [L.  infaustus.] 

Tiie  act  of  making  unlucky.     [Obs.]  Bacon. 


INF 

1N-F:K AS  I-BIL'I-TY,     i  n.       [from   infeaj>ible.]      Im- 

IN-FCAS  l-ULE-NESS, )  practicability  ;  elie  quality 
of  nol  being  capable  of  beiric  dune  vr  iwrfonued. 

IN-FiiAS'I-BLE,a.  [in  and  feasible;  Ft.  faLsabie^f rom 
faire^  lo  make  or  do,  l*.  facio.] 

Not  to  be  done  ;  that  can  not  be  accomplished  ;  im- 
practicable. (ItuiirUle. 

IN-FECT',  V.  t.  [Fr.  infictvr  ;  Sp.  infcctur ;  It.  tifjVtta- 
re;  L.  inficioy  injectus  :  in  and  facio.  In  this  applica- 
tion of  injicio,  as  in  injicior,  to  deny,  we  find  the  rad- 
ical sense  of /ocio,  to  make,  which  is,  to  thrust,  to 
drive.  To  infect,  is  to  thrut/l  in  ;  lo  deny,  is  to  tfiru^^t 
againsty  that  is,  to  thrust  away,  to  retiel.  And  here 
we  observe  the  different  effects  of  the  prefix  in  uiton 
the  verb.] 

1.  To  taint  with  disease  ;  lo  infuse  into  a  healthy 
body  the  virus,  miasma,  or  morbid  matter  of  a  dis- 
eased body,  or  any  pestilentiiU  or  noxious  air  or  sub- 
stance by  which  if  disease  is  produced.  Persons  in 
health  are  infected  by  the  contagion  of  the  plague,  of 
syphilid,  of  sniall-pox,  of  measles,  of  malignant  fevers. 
In  some  cases,  persons  can  be  infected  only  by  con- 
tact, as  in  syphilis  ;  in  most  cases,  they  nniy  be  in- 
fected without  contact  with  the  diseased  body. 

2.  To  taint  or  affect  with  morbid  or  noxious  mat- 
ter ;  as,  to  infect  a  lancet ;  to  tnfect  cloiliing  ;  to  infect 
an  a)>artment. 

3.  To  comnninicate  bad  qualities  lo ;  to  corrupt ;  to 
taint  by  tlie  coiiimunication4if  any  thing  noxious  or 
pernicious.  It  is  nielancholjto  see  tiie  young  infreted 
and  corrupted  by  vicious  examples,  or  the  minds  of 
our  citizens  infexted  with  errors. 

4.  1'o  contaminate  with  ilK-gality. 
INFECT',  fl.  Infected.  [Au(  iwerf.l 
IN-FECT'EK,  pp.  or  a.    'I'ainfed  witli  noxious  matter; 

a»rru|)ted  by  {K>isonous  exhalations ;  corrupted  by  bad 

qualities  communicated. 
I\-FECT'ER,  «.     He  or  that  which  infects. 
IN-FKCT'ING,  ppr.     Tainting  ;  corrupting. 
IN-FE€'TiON,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L,  injicio.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  infecting. 

2.  The  tiling  which  infects.  In  medicine,  Ihe  terms 
infection  and  contagion  are  used  ifs  synunyilious  in  a 
great  majority  of  cases.  Different  writers  proposed 
and  attempted  to  make  a  distinction  between  theni, 
but  there  has  been  a  great  disagreement  as  lo  what 
the  distinction  should  be  ;  and  in  general  no  regard  is 
paid  to  the  proposed  distinctions. 

Infection  is  used  in  two  acceptations ;  first,  as  de- 
noting the  effluvium  or  infectious  mutter  exhaled 
from  Ihe  person  of  one  diseased,  in  which  sense  it  is 
synonyiiu)U3  with  contagion;  and  secondly,  as  signi- 
fying the  act  of  communication  of  such  morbid  efflu- 
vium by  which  diseases  are  trunsferreil.  Cyc 

3.  That  which  laints,  poisons,  or  corrupts,  by  com- 
munication from  one  to  another  ;  as,  the  infection  of 
error  or  of  evil  example. 

4.  Contamination  by  illegality,  as  in  cases  of  con- 
traband goods. 

5.  Communication  of  like  (pialitles. 

Munkiml  itrr  g.\y  or  leriuui  by  in/ection.  Ranibltr. 

INFECTIOUS,  (-fdh'shus,)  a.  Having  qualities  that 
may  taint,  or  communicate  dnease  lo;  as,  an  in/eo- 
tioas  fever;  inftftiou.i  clothing,  infectious  air;  infec- 
tious miasma. 

2.  Corrupting  ;  tending  to  taint  by  comn»unlcation ; 
a.s,  infectious  vices  or  maimers. 

3.  Contaminating  with  illegality  ;  exposing  to  seiz- 
ure and  forfeiture. 

Coiitmland  articlra  arc  trtitl  lu  \x  of  mi  Inftctiatf  nMure.   KenL 

4.  Capable  of  being  communicated  by  near  ap- 
proacl). 

GHrfj  an  well  u  Joy,  Is  irtftcSona.  Kamei. 

IN-FEC'TIOUS-LY,  adv.     By  infection. 

INFECTIOUSNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  In- 
fectious, or  capable  of  communicating  diaease  or  taint 
from  one  to  another. 

IN-FECT'IYE,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  communica- 
ting disease  or  taint  from  one  to  anotlier.      Sidney. 

IN-FK'eUND,  fl.     [L.  inftccundus;   in  and  facundus^ 
prolific] 
Unfruitful;  not  producing  young  ;  barren, 

IN-FE-CUND'I-TY,  n.     [L,  Dijacunditas.] 

Unfruitfulness  ;  barrenness.  Med.  Rrpos. 

IN-FE-LK^'I-TOUS,  a.     Not  felicitous  ;  unhappy. 

IN-FE-LIC'I-TY,  n.  [Fr,  iT^cUcit6i  L.  ii\felicitas.  Seo 
Felicitv.] 

1.  Unhappiness;  misery;  misfortune. 

2.  Unfortunate  state;  uiifavorablencss  ;  as,  the  in- 
felicitjf  of  tlie  times,  or  of  the  occasion. 

IN-FEOFF',  (-feP.)  See  Enkkoj-k. 
IN-FEK',  ('.  /.     [Fr.  infcrer;  L.  iiifcroi  in  and  /rro,  to 
bear  r»r  produce.] 

1.  Literally,  to  bring  on  ;  lo  induce.     [LitUe  used.] 

/Tarvry'. 

2.  To  deduce  ;  to  draw  or  derive,  ns  a  ftict  or  con- 
sequence. From  the  character  of  God,  as  creator 
and  governor  of  the  world,  we  infer  Ibe  iiidii^[X'nsable 
obligation  of  all  his  creatures  to  obey  his  commands. 
We  infcronv  prop<}sition  or  truth  from  another,  when 
we  perceive  that  if  one  is  true,  the  other  must  be  true 
al3<i. 

3.  To  offer  ;  to  produce.     [At»t  used.]  Shak. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  t^NITE.— AN"OER,  VI"CIOU8.  — €  as  K;  0  aa  Jj  »  as  Z  j  CH  aa  SH ;  TU  aa  in  THia 


76 


mi* 


INF 

IN-FER'A-RLE,  o.  That  may  be  Inferred  or  deduced 
from  pretnisfs,    [^Lso  wruun  Infcjirihlx.]    Burke. 

IN'FEKK.XCE,  «.     [Fr,,  fnmi  ui/rrer.] 

A  truth  or  pmposKiun  dntwn  from  another  which 
is  adniittfd  vT  su|itx>st*d  to  be  true  ;  a  conclusion,  fm- 
fertMCKt  result  from  reiL'^onint:,  as  when  ilie  mind  per- 
ceives such  a  conneciiou  between  ide^,  as  that,  if 
certain  propositions*  called  preminfs  are  tpjo,  the  con- 
clusions or  propositions  deduced  from  them  must  also 
be  true. 

IN-FE-REN'TIAL,  a.  Deduced  or  deducible  by  infer- 
ence. 

IN-FE-REN'TIAL-LY,  adv.     By  way  of  inference 

IJiTFE' RI~JE,  n.pl.  [L.]  Sacrifices  offered  by  the 
anrients  to  the  souls  of  deceased  heroes  or  friends. 

IN-FE'RI-OR,  a.  (L.,  comp.  from  t^fertu,  low »  Sp. 
i*L ;  Ft.  imfrrieur.] 

1.  Lower  in  place. 

2.  Lttwer  in  station,  a^,  or  rank  in  Hfe.  Pay  due 
lespeci  to  those  who  are  superior  in  station,  and  due 
civility  to  those  who  are  ij^erior. 

3.  Lower  in  excellence  or  value  ;  as,  a  poem  of  in- 
ferxor  merit ;  doth  of  \^frr%ar  quality  or  price. 

4.  Subordinate;  of  less  importance.  Attend  to 
health  and  safety ;  ea«e  and  convenience  are  inftriar 
consiilerations. 

IN-Fe'RI-OR,  h,  a  person  who  is  younger,  or  of  a 
lower  station  or  rank  in  society. 

A  pnvon  fFti  morr  \xj  oUi^nj  hk  wfmiar,  tbui  \ij  dbdaltdaj 
him.  Sot»A. 

IN-FE-RI-ORa-TY,  n.    [Fr.  tttfrriorHi.\ 

A  lower  state  of  dignity,  a^,  value,  or  qualit>'. 
We  speak  of  the  infcrwrUg  of  rank,  of  office,  of  ind- 
ents, of  ase,  of  worth. 
IN-F6'RI-0R-LY,  adv.  In  an  Inferior  manner,  or  on 
the  inferior  part.  \A  vord  that  decrees  no  coumtt- 
itanee.\ 
IN-FER^XAL,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  inftrnus.] 

1.  Properly^  pertaining  to  the  lower  regions,  or  re- 

S'ons  of  the  dead,  the  Tartarus  of  the  ancients, 
ence, 

9.  Pertaining  to  hell ;  inhabiting  hell ;  as,  inftnud 
spirits. 

3.  Hellish  ;  resembling  the  temper  of  infernal  spir- 
its j  malicious:  diabolical ;  vi-ry  wicked  and  detesta- 
ble. 
IN-FER'NAL,  n.     An  inhabitant  of  hell,  or  of  the 
lower  regions. 

lafernol  ftone^  {lajns  infemalis ;]  a  name  formerly 
given  to  lunar  caustic,  a  substance  pre[Kired  from  an 
evnporati-d  solution  cf  silver  in  nitric  acid. 

Lunar  caustic  is  nilrale  of  silver  fused  and  cast  In 
smrtll  cylinders.  Brand*, 

I\-FER'SaL-LY,  orfp.    In  an  infirna!  manner. 
1    IN-FER'R£n,  pp.     Deduced  as  a  consequence. 
IN-FER'RIXG,  ppr.     Deducing,  as  a  fact  or  conse- 
quence. 
L\-FER'TILE,  (-til,)  a.    [Fr.,  from   L.  infertHit ;  m 
and  /trtiUs.\ 

Not  fertile  ;  not  fruitful  or  productive ;  barren  ;  as, 
an  infertile  so\\. 
IN-FER'TILE-LV,  adv.    In  an  unproductive  manner. 
l^-FER-TiL'ITY,  a.    Uofruitfulness  ;  unproductive- 
ness ;  barrenness ;  as,  the  infertility  of  land.    Hate. 
INFEST',  r.  L     [Fr.  infijter:  L.  infesto.] 

To  trouble  greatly  ;  to  disturb  ;  to  annoy  ;  to  har- 
ass. In  warm  weather,  men  are  infexted  with  mus- 
quitoes  and  gnats ;  Ijies  ivfcst  horses  and  cattle.  The 
sea  is  often  tnftgted  with  pirates.  Small  parties  of  the 
enemy  infeit  the  coasL 

Thfiie,  a&Jd  ibe  ^oiut,  &re  ruvy,  avsricc,  auppnlition,  lore,  with 
the  like  ur»  tjA  pucioiis  Umt  in/ft  humKn  Uc.    AHditon. 

IX-FE3T',  fl.     Mischievous.    [Obs.]     Spenser.     Smart 

IN-FEST-A'TION,  a.  The  aa  of  infesting  j  molesta- 
tion. Bacon. 

IN-FEST'ED,  pp.  Troubled  ;  annoyed  j  harassed  ; 
plagued. 

IN  FE5  TER^£D,  a.  [ta  and /crfer.]  Rankling  j  in- 
veterate. 

DT-FEST'IXG,  ppr.  Annoying  j  harassing  j  disturt>- 
ing. 

IN-FES'TIVE,  a.    [in  and  festive.}    Having  no  mirth. 

L\-FES-TIV'i-TY,  n.  [in  and  /wdrify.]  Want  of 
ftotivity,  or  of  cheerfulness  and  mirth,  at  entertain- 
ments. 

IN-FEST'l^-OUS,  a.     [L.  infeatus.] 

Jlischievous.     [JVy£  uted.]  Bacon. 

IN-FECD-A'T10\,  n.     [h.  in  and  feudam,  feud  ] 
i.  The  act  of  putting  one  in  possession  of  an  es- 
tate in  fee.  Ht^e, 
2.  The  granting  of  tithes  to  laymen.  Bladutane. 

Uf-FIB-U-LA'TIO.V,  n.  [L.  injibulo^  from  Jihula^  a 
clasp.  1 

A  clasping,  or  confining  with  a  small  buckle  or 
padlock.  Miner. 

D»'FI-DEL,  a.  [Fr  injidele;  L.  iajtdelis  {  in  and  /ide- 
i«,  faiihful.J 

Unoelievmg;  disbelieving  the  inspiration  of  the 
Scriptures,  or  the  divine  institution  of  Christianity. 

The  iri/itUl  vriier  k  a  great  eoemy  to  vxuiy.  Knox. 

IN'FI-DEL,  n.  One  who  disbelieves  the  inspiration 
of  the  Scriptures,  and  the  divine  origin  of  Chris- 
tianity. 


INF 

In  the  tears  springing  out  </  the  cruaades^  this  word 

was  applied  particularly  to  the  Mohammedans,  who, 

in  n'turn,  called  Christians  giaours  or  infidels.    The 

name  was  also  given  by  the  older  writers  to  itagans. 

IN-FI-DEL'LTY,  n.     [Fr.  infidtliU  ;  L.  iiifidelitas.] 

1.  In  general,  want  of  faith  or  belief  j  a  withhold- 
ing of  credit 

a.  Disbelief  of  the  mspiration  of  the  Scriptures,  or 
the  divine  original  of  Christianity  ;  unbelief. 

There  u  no  doubt  that  raniiy  u  one  principal  cuuae  oCinJidflihf. 

Knox, 

3.  Unfaithfulness,  particularly  in  married  persona  ; 
a  violation  of  the  marriage  covenant  by  adultery  or 
lewdness. 

4,  Breach  of  trust ;  treacherj- ;  deceit ;  as,  the  infi- 
delitfi  of  a  friend  or  a  servanL  in  this  sense  Unkaith- 
F-CLME99  is  most  uscd. 

IN-FIRLD',  r.  t  To  inclose,  as  a  field.  [JVot  in  good 
use.] 

IN'FIkLD,  n.    Land  kept  continually  under  croa 

IX-FlL'TER-^n),  a.     Infiltrated.  [Scottish. 

IN-FIL'TRATE,  r.  i.     [Fr.  fiUrer,  to  filter.] 

To  enter  by  penetrating  the  pores  or  interstices  of 
a  substance. 

IN-FIL'TRA-TED,;ip.  orfl.    Filtered  in. 

I.N'-FIL'TRA-TING,  ppr.  Penetrating  by  the  pores  or 
interstices. 

IN-FIL-TRA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  enter- 
ing the  pores  or  cavities  of  a  body. 

2.  The  substance  which  has  entered  the  pores  or 
cavities  of  a  body. 

Calcareous  InJUtratioru,  UVmg  ibe  cavitW  of  other  •tone*. 

Kirwim. 
IN'FI-NITE,   r-nil,)  a.     [L.  injinitus ;   tx  and  Jlaiftw, 
terminated  ;  Fr.  iiifini ;  tip.  infinito.] 

1.  Without  limits ;  unbounded  ;  boundless ;  not 
circumscribed  ;  applied  to  time,  space^  and  qualities. 
God  is  infinite  in  duration,  having  neither  beginning 
nor  end  of  existence.  He  is  also  infinite  in  presence, 
or  omnipresent,  and  his  perfections  are  iVni^^-  We 
also  speak  of  infinite  s[Kica. 

2.  That  will  have  no  end.  Thus  angels  and  men, 
though  they  have  bad  a  beginning,  will  exieit  in  ii^- 
nite  duration. 

3.  That  has  a  beginning  in  space,  but  is  infinitely 
ettended  ;  as,  a  line  beginning  at  a  point,  but  ex- 
tended indefinitely,  is  an  infinite  line. 

4.  Infinite  is  used  loosely  and  hyperbolicalty  for  in- 
definitely large,  immense,  of  great  size  or  extent. 

In  mathematics^  a  term  applied  to  quantities  which 
are  greater  than  any  assignable  quantity. 
Infinite  canon;  in  music,  a  per]K'tual  fugue. 

IN'FI-NITE,  n.     In  mathcmatiest  an  infinite  quantity. 

IN'FI-NITE-LY,  adv.    Without  bounds  or  limits. 
'X  Immensely ;  greatly  ;  to  a  great  extent  or  de- 
gree ;  as,  I  am  infinitely  obliged  by  your  condescen- 
sion. 

IN'FI-MTF^NESS,  n.  Boundless  extent  of  time, 
space,  or  qualities  j  infinity.  Taylor. 

2.  I.-nmensiiy  ;  greatness. 

IN-FLN-I-TE-^'I-MAL,  a.  Infinitely  small ;  less  than 
any  assii^odble  quantity.  Johnson.     Barlow. 

IX-F!N-I-T£S'I-MAL,  n.  An  infinitely  small  quan- 
tity ;  that  which  is  less  than  any  assignable  quantity. 

Barlow. 

IX-FIN-I-TES'I-MAL-LY,  adv.  By  infinitesimals ;  in 
infinitely  small  quantities. 

IN-FIN'I-TIVE,  a.     [U  infinittvus  ;  Fr.  infinitif.] 

In  grammar^  the  infinitive  mode  expresses  the  ac- 
tion of  the  verb,  without  limitation  of  person  or 
number ;  as,  to  love.  The  word  is  often  used  as  a 
noun  to  denote  this  mode. 

IN-FL\'I-TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  an  infin- 
itive mode. 

IJf-FI-JVr  TO,  [It.]  In  mrwic,  perpetual,  as  a  canon 
whose  end  leads  back  to  the  beginning. 

IN-FL\'I-TUDE,  71.  Infinity;  infiniteiiess ;  the  qual- 
ity or  state  of  being  without  limits  ;  infinite  extent ; 
as,  the  infinitude  of  space,  of  time,  or  of  perfections. 

2.  Immensity  ;  greatness. 

3.  Boundless  number.  Addison, 
IN-FIA'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  i^finiti  ;  L.  infinitas.] 

1.  Unlimited  extent  of  time,  space,  or  quantity  ; 
boundlessness.  We  apply  infinity  to  God  and  his 
perfections  ;  we  speak  of  the  infinity  of  his  exist- 
ence, his  knowledge,  hia  jmwer,  his  goodness,  and 
holiness. 

2.  Immensity  ;  indefinite  extent. 

3.  Endless  or  indefinite  number;  e  hyperbolical  use 
of  the  word ,-  as,  an  infinity  of  beauties. 

IN-FIRM',  (in-ferm',)  a.  [Fr  infirme;  L.  infirmus;  in 
and  fir  mas.] 

1.  Not  firm  or  sound  ;  weak  ;  feeble;  as,  an  ij^rm 
bwiy  ;  an  infirm  constitution. 

2.  Weak  of  mind;  irresolute;  as,  infirm  of  pur- 
pose, shak. 

3.  Not  solid  or  stable. 

He  who  fixet  on  hits  priociples  treadi  on  tri^rtn  ground. 

South. 

IN-FIRM',  tin-ferm',)  t).  L    To  weaken.    [J^ot  used,] 

Ralegh, 
IN-FIRM'A-RY,  (in-ferm'a-ry,)  n.  A  hospital  or  place 
where  the  sick  are  lodged  and  nursed.  I 


INF 

IN-FIRM'A-TIVE,  a.     [Ft.  v^irmatif.] 

Weakening  ;  annulling,  or  lending  to  make  void. 
INFIRM'I-TY,  (in-form'i-ty,)  n.     [Fr.  infirmiti  ;   L. 
infirmitad.] 

1.  An  unsound  or  unhealthy  state  of  the  body ; 
weakness  ;  feebleness.  Old  age  is  subject  to  infirm- 
ities. 

2.  Weakne.iisof  mind;  failing;  fault;  foible. 

A  friciiii  khoulU  bear  a  I'riciKl'i  ir^nnitiet,  H/iak. 

3>  Weakness  of  resolution. 

4.  Any  particular  disease;  malady;  applied  rather 
to  chronic  than  to  violent  diseases.  Hooker. 

5.  Defect ;  imjMTfection ;  weakness  ;  as,  the  in- 
firmities of  a  constitution  of  government.    Hamilton, 

IN-KIRM'LY,  ado.    In  an  infirm  manner. 

IN-FIH.M'NESS,  (in-ferm'ness,)  n.  Weakness;  fee- 
bleness J  unsoundness.  Boyle. 

IN-FIX',  p.  /.     [L.  infirusy  infigo;  in  and  figo,  to  fix.] 
\.  To  fix  by  piercing  or  thrusting  in  ;  as,  to  infu  a 
sting,  spear,  or  dart. 

2.  To  set  in  ;  to  fasten  in  something. 

3.  I'o  implant  or  fix,  as  principles,  thoughts,  in- 
structions;  ns,  to  infix  good  principles  in  the  mind, 
or  ideas  in  the  memory. 

IN-FIX'^D,  (in  fiksi',)  pn.  Thrust  in;  set  in ;  in- 
serted ;  deeply  implantea. 

IN-FIX'ING,  ppr.  Thrusting  in  ;  setting  In  ;  implant- 
ing. 

IN-FLAME',  V.  U  [L.  infiammo ;  in  and  fiarnrna, 
flame.] 

1.  To  set  on  fire;  to  kindle  ;  to  cause  to  burn  ;  ta 
a  literal  sense.     But  more  generally, 

2.  'I'o  excite  or  increase,  as  passion  or  appetite  ;  to 
enkindle  into  violent  action  ;  as,  to  inflame  love,  lust, 
or  thirst ;  to  inflame  desire  or  anger. 

3.  To  exaggerate;  to  aggravate  in  description. 

A   friend  exarppriifi  n  m&n's  vinuea,  ao  enemj  itijtamei  hia 
orifikcs.     [Unusuai.]  Addison, 

4.  To  heat ;  to  excite  excessive  action  in  the  blood- 
vessels ;  as,  to  inflame  with  wine. 

5.  To  provoke  ;  to  irritate  ;  to  anger. 

6.  To  increase ;  to  exasperate  ;  as,  to  inflame  the 
enmity  of  parties,  or  the  spirit  of  sedition. 

7.  To  increase  ;  to  augment ;  as,  to  inflame  a  pre- 
sumption. Kent. 

IN-FLAME',  V.  u    To  grow  hot,  angry,  and  painful. 

fViseman. 
IN-FLAM'£D,  pp.   or  a.      Set  on   fire;    enkindled; 

heated  ;  provoked  ;  exasperated. 
IN-FLAM'ER,  n.     The  person  or  thing  that  inflames, 

.5(/(/^.^■0H. 

IN-FLAM'ING,p;>r.  Kindling;  heating;  provoking; 
exasperating. 

IN-FI^AM-MA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Susceptibility  of  readily 
taking  fire. 

IN-FLAM'MA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  set  on  fire  ;  ea- 
sily enkindled  ;  susceptible  of  combustion  ;  as,  in- 
flammable oils  or  spirits. 

IN-FLAM'MA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
susceptible  of  flame,  or  capable  of  taking  fire  ;  in- 
flammability. Buyle. 

IN-FLAM'MA-BLY,  adv.  In  an  inflammable  man- 
ner. 

IN-FLAM-MA'TION,  n.     [L.  inflammatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  setting  on  fire  or  inflaming. 

2.  The  state  of  being  in  flame.     Temple.     Wilkins. 

3.  In  medicine  and  surgery,  a  redness  ind  swelling 
of  any  part  of  an  animal  body,  attenaed  with  h  at, 
pain,  and  febrile  symptoms.  Enaic 

4.  Violent  excitement;  heat;  aniniusuy  ;  turbu- 
lence ;  as,  an  inflammation  of  the  body  politic,  or  of 
parties. 

IN-FLAM'MA-TO-RY,  a.  Inflaming;  tending  to  ex- 
cite heat  or  inflammation ;  as,  medicines  of  an  tjt- 
flammotory  nature. 

2.  Accompanied  with  preternatural  heat  and  ex- 
citement of  arterial  action  ;  as,  an  inflammatory  fcver 
or  disease. 

3.  Tending  to  excite  anger,  animosity,  tumult,  or 
sedition  ;  us,  inflammatory  libels,  writings,  speeches, 
or  publications. 

IN-FLATE',  r.  L  [L.  infiatus,  from  infio;  in  and  JIo, 
to  blow.] 

1.  To  swrll  or  distend  by  injecting  air;  as,  to  in- 
flate a  bladder  ;  to  infliite  the  lunps, 

9.  To  fill  with  the  brearh  ;  t(f  blow  in.     lynjdcn, 
3.  'Jo  swell  ;  to  puff  up  ;  to  elate ;  as,  to  inflate  one 
with  pride  or  vanity. 

IN-FLATE',     )  a.     In  botany,  pnfl>d;  hollow  and  dis- 

IN-FLaT'ED,  (  tended,  as  a  perianth,  corol,  necta- 
ry, or  pericarp.  Mariyu. 

IN-FLaT'ED,  pp.  or  o.  Swelled  or  distended  with 
air ;  ptiffi'd  u[i. 

IN-FLAT'ING,  w&r.    Distendin?  with  air:  pufling  up, 

IN-FLAT'ING-LV,  adv.  In  a  n  anner  tending  to  in- 
flate. 

IN-FLA'TION,  n.     [L.  infljitio.] 

1.  The  act  of  inflating. 

2.  The  state  of  being  distended  with  air  injected 
or  inhaled. 

3.  The  fctate  of  being  putfed  up,  as  with  vanity. 

4.  Conceit.  B.  Jonnon. 
IN-FLECT',  v.  U     [L.  infUeio ;  in  and  flecto,  to  bend.J 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.\T.— METE,  PRBY.-PINE,  MAR^fNE,  BIRD.-NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


»f>ft'> 


INF 

1.  To  bend  ;  to  turn  from  a  direct  line  or  course. 

Are  not  the  my*  of  ihe  lati  reflected,  refrncted,  wid  inflected  by 
one  aod  the  tame  principle  I  Neioton. 

2.  In  ^ammor,  to  vary  a  noun  or  a  verb  in  its  ter- 
rotnatiuhs  ;  lo  decline,  as  a  noun  or  adjective,  or  to 
conjucate,  as  a  verb. 

3   To  mmlulate,  as  the  voice. 
IN-FLEeT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Bent  or  turned  from  a  direct 

line  or  course  ;  as,  an  injlected  ray  of  light  j  varied  in 

t  termination  ■ 
IN-FLECT'IN'G,  ppr.      Bending  or  turning   from  its 

coutse;  varying  in  termination;  modulating,  as  the 

vuice. 
IN-FLEC'TIOX,  n.     [h.  inJUctio.] 

1.  'Ihe  act  of  bending  or  turning  from  a  direct  line 
or  course. 

2.  In  opticsy  a  term  used  to  denote  certain  phenom- 
ena which  hghl  exhibits  when  it  passes  near  the 
edges  of  an  opaque  body,  such  as  the  formation  of 
colored  fringes  ;  alno  called  DiFFRACXioif.  Olmsted. 

3.  In  grammar^  the  variation  of  nouns,  &,c.,  by  de- 
clensiun,and  verbs  by  cunjugatiun.  Enei/e. 

4.  A  slide  of  the  voice  in  speaking,  either  up  or 
down.  Hooker. 

More  commonly  tn/Iection  girea  ugnil^cancc  to  too'^. 

E.  Porter. 
Point  of  injlection. :  in  geomrtry,  the  point  on  oppo- 
site sides  of  which  a  curve  bends  in  contrary  ways. 
A.  D.  Stanley. 
IN-FLEGT'IVE,  a.     Having  the  power  of  bending; 

as,  the  vijLectiea  quality  of  tlie  air.  Derham, 

jy-FLEX'ED,  (in-flekst',)  a.     [h.  injlezus.] 

Turned;  bent;  bent  inward.   Feltham.     Brandt. 
m-FLEX-I-BIL'l-TY,     \  n.    [Ft.  infiexibUite,  from  in- 
IN-FLEX'I-BLE-NES3,  (     Jlezible:  L.  in  and  ^exibir 
Usj  from  Jtfctn,  to  bend.] 

1.  The  quality  of  .l»eing  inflexible,  or  not  capable 
of  bt-inf!  t>etit ;  unyielding  ^titTness, 

2.  Obstinacy  of  will  or  temper  ;  firmness  of  pur- 
pOM  that  will  not  yield  to  importunity  or  persuasion ; 
unbending  pertinacity. 

IN-FLEX'I-BLE,  a.     [Fr. ;  L.  injtexibiili.] 

1.  That  can  not  be  bent;  as,  an  infirxtble  oak. 

2.  That  will  Dot  yield  to  prayers  or  arguments; 
firm  in  purpose  ;  not  to  be  prevailed  on  ;  that  can  not 
b«  turned  ;  as,  a  man  of  upright  and  injlezibte  tem- 
per. Addison. 

3.  Not  to  be  changed  or  altered. 

Tbr  nature  of  (hingi  u  ir\/l«xible.  Walts. 

IN-FLEX'I-BLY,  adv.  With  a  firmness  that  resists 
all  importunity  or  persuasion  ;  with  unyielding  perti- 
nactousnesfl;  inexorably.  A  judge  should  be  inflexi- 
bly ntst  and  impartial. 

IX-FLEX'ION.     See  Imklectiow. 

IN-FLieT',  V.  u  f  L.  infiictus^  injligo;  in  and  jUgo^  to 
strike  ;  Eng.  to  ft^tg.] 

To  lay  on  ;  to  throw  or  send  on  ;  to  apply  ;  as,  to 
infiiu  pain  or  disgrace  ;  to  inflict  punishment  on  an 
offender. 

'Vo  inflict  an  office,  condition,  knoxvledge,  tender- 
ness, ice,  on  one,  as  used  by  Cbesterllcld,  is  not  an 
authorized  use  of  the  word. 

IN-FLieT'ED,  pp.  Laid  on ;  applied ;  as  punishments 
or  Juilcmcnts. 

rX-FLIGT'ER,  n.    lie  who  lays  on  or  applies. 

IN-FLieT'l\(.,  D»r.     Lay  in  R  on  ;  applyinc. 

IN-FLie'TIO\,  n.      [L.  infitxtio.] 

1.  The  act  of  laying  nn  or  applying  ;  as,  the  inflict 
tion  uf  tunnciit  or  of  puiiishmenL 

2.  The  punishment  ap)>lied. 

Ilia   *^cr-«i    inJtiaianM  are    in   thcn»fln»  uta  of  Ju«lice  and 
^igtn^^^*^»«<■••.  Rogtrt. 

IN-FLIGT'I  VE,  «.    Tendinir  or  able  to  inflict. 
IN-FLO-RES'CENCE,  n.     [L.  infloresceM,  inflorerco, 

infloreo;  in  and  florco,  to  blo?*som.l 

I.  In  botany,  a  mode  of  flowering,  or  the  manner 

in  which  flowers  are  supported  on  their  foot-stalks 

or  peduncles. 

In/toreirenrt  ■ff(»r.U  nn  PXCflWu  chuucteiislic  marii  in  diadn- 
pii»hing  Uw  apeciM  of  pUnu.  Milt%s. 

3.  A  flowering;  the  unfolding  of  bloesomi). 

Joum.  of  Science. 
IN'FLIJ-E.VCE,  n.      [Fr.,  from  L.  influnu,,  influo,  to 
flow  in  ;  IB  and  ftuo^  to  flow ;  Sp.  influencia ;  It.  t?i- 

flutrata.] 

1.  Literally,  a  flowing  in,  into,  or  on,  and  referring 
to  substances  spiritual,  or  too  subtile  lobe  visible,  like 
inspiration.  Hence  the  word  waii  formerly  followed 
by  into. 

Ood  bath  bia  ir)/Iucnce  iiUo  (he  mj  eaMnee  of  aQ  thlnn. 

It  is  now  followed  by  on  or  irith. 

2.  In  a  gtneral  sente^  influence  denotes  power 
whose  operation  is  invisible,  and  known  only  by  Us 
effects,  or  a  power  whose  cause  and  operation  are 
unsf.en. 

3.  The  power  which  celestial  bodies  are  supposed 
to  eJiert  on  terrestrial ;  as,  the  influence  of  the  planets 
on  the  birth  und  fortunes  of  men ;  an  exploded  doctrine 
^f  nMrotogy. 

4.  Moral  power  ;  power  of  truth  operating  on  the 
mind,  rational  faculties,  or  will,  in  persuading  or  dis- 


INF 

Biiading ;  as,  the  it{fluence  of  motives,  of  arguments, 
or  of  prayer.  VVe  s;iy,  arguments  had  no  influence  on 
thfc  jury.  The  magistrate  is  not  popular  ;  he  has  no 
influence  with  the  people,  or  he  has  great  influence  wiUi 
the  prince. 

5.  Physical  power ;  power  that  affects  natural  bod- 
ies by  unseen  operation  ;  as,  the  rays  of  the  sun  have 
an  vtfluence  in  whitening  cloth,  and  in  giving  a  green 
color  to  vegetables. 

6.  Power  acting  on  sensibility  ;  as,  the  influence  of 
love  or  pity  in  sympathy. 

7.  Spiritual  power,  or  the  immediate  power  of  God 
on  the  mind  ;  as,  divine  influence  ,■  the  influences  of 
the  Holy  Spirit. 

IN'FLU-E\CE,  t).  (.  To  move  by  physical  power  op- 
erating by  unseen  laws  or  force  ;  to  affect. 

Theae  experiments  suecet-d  aiter  Ihe  aauie  nwnner  in  vacuo  u 
in  the  open  air,  and  rhcref'on^  an;  not  influenced  by  the 
weight  or  pr<f«s;ire  of  the  Qiuioapher!.  Neuiton. 

S.  To  move  by  moral  power ;  to  act  on  and  affect, 
as  the  mind  or  will,  in  persuading  or  dissuading;  to 
induce.  Men  are  influenced  by  motives  of  interest  or 
pleasure.  An  orator  may  influence  the  people  to  take 
arms,  or  to  abandon  an  enterprise. 

3.  To  move,  as  the  passions ;  as,  to  influence  one 
by  pity, 

4.  To  lead  or  direct.  This  revelation  is  suliicienl 
to  influence  our  faith  and  practice. 

IN'FLU-ENC  £D,  (in'ffu-enst,)  pp.  Moved  ;  excited ; 
affected-,  persuaded;  induced. 

IN'FLU-EN'C-ING,  ppr.    Moving  ;  affecting  ;  inducing. 

IN'FLU-ENC-ING,  n.  Act  of  inciting,  moving,  or  in- 
ducing. 

IN'FLU-E\T,  a.  Flowing  in.  [Little  used.]  ArbuthnoL 

IN-FLU-E\'TIAL,  a.  Exerting  influence  orpowerby 
invisible  operation,  as  physical  causes  on  bodies,  or 
as  moral  causes  on  the  mind.  It  is  particularly  used 
to  express  the  operation  of  moral  causes.       Milner. 

Influential  characters  ;  persons  who  possess  the 
power  of  inclining  or  controlling  the  minds  of  oth- 
ers. Hamilton, 

IN-FLU-EN'TIAL-LY,  adv.  By  means  of  influence, 
so  as  to  incline,  move,  or  direct. 

IN-FLU-EN'ZA,  n.     [It.  influenza,  influence.] 

An  epidemic  catarrh.  The  influenza  of  October 
and  November,  1789,  and  that  of  April  and  May, 
1790,  were  very  general  or  universal  in  the  United 
Suites,  and  unusually  severe.  A  like  influenza  pre- 
vailed in  the  winters  of  1825  and  1826. 

IN'FLUX,  n.    [h.  influxus,  influo  ;  in  and ^uo,  to  flow.] 

1.  The  act  of  flowing  in  ;  as,  an  influx  of  light  or 

2.  Infusion  ;  intromission.  [other  fluid. 
The  influx  of  the  knowledge  of  God,  in  relation  lo  ererlftetinj 

life,  la  inlinilely  of  inoineat.  Hale. 

3.  Influence  ;  power.     [J^Tot  used.]  Hale. 

4.  A  coming  In  ;  introduction  ;  importation  in  abun- 
dance ;  as,  a  great  influx  of  goods  into  a  country,  or 
an  influx  of  gold  and  silver. 

IN-PLUX'ION,  n.    Infusion  ;  intromission.    Bacon. 

IN-FLUX'IOUS,  a.     Influential.     [JVot  used.] 

IN-FLUX'IVE,  a.  Having  influence,  or  havinga  ten- 
dency to  flow  in.     [JVot  used.]  Halesworth. 

IN-FLUX'IVE-LY,  adv.     By  influxion. 

IN-FOLD',  e.  i.  [in  and  fold.]  To  involve  ;  to  wrap 
up  or  inwrap  ;  to  inclose. 

Ir\fold  hia  lUnba  in  banda.  Blaekmort. 

5.  To  clasp  with  the  arms ;  to  embrace. 

Noble  Banquo,  let  me  in/old  thee, 

And  hold  toM  to  my  bcaru  Shak. 

IN-FOLD'ED,  pp.     Involved  ;  inwrapped  ;  inclosed  ; 

embraced. 
IN-FOLI)'ING,  ppr.  Involving  ;  wrapping  up;  clasping. 
"J-FOLD' ----- 

infolded. 


IN-FOLI)'MEN 


?:^ 


Act  of  infolding  ;  slate  of  being 


IN-FO'Ll-ATE,  V.  L     [L.  in  and  folium,  a  leaf.] 

To  cover  or  overspread  with  leaves.  [JVot  much 
used.]  Howell, 

IN-FORM',  V.  L  [Fr.  informer  ;  Sp.  informar;  It.  in- 
formare  i  L.  informo,  to  shape  ;  in  and  formo,  forma, 
form.] 

Properlyy  to  give  form  or  shape  lo ;  but  in  tkla  seme 
not  used. 

1.  To  animate  ;  to  give  life  to ;  to  actuate  by  vital 
powers. 

lyt  othcra  hetl/r  mold  th^  running  mwa 
Of  mi-liU,  and  inform  the  tirpaihiiif  brrias.  Drv^tn, 

Brt'itth  in/ornxM  liila  fl»^'iiiig  rniim'.  Prior. 

BreaUfra  in  our  auui,  inform*  our  viud  pnrt.  P°P*- 

rrAw  use  is  chiefltj  or  wholly  poetical.] 

2.  To  instnict ;  to  tell  to  ;  to  acquaint  ;  to  commu- 
nicate knowledge  to  ;  to  make  known  to  by  word  or 
writing;  usually  followed  by  of.  Before  we  judge, 
we  should  be  well  informed  of  the  facts  relating  to 
the  case.  A  messenger  arrived,  and  informed  the 
commander  of  the  state  of  the  troops.  Letters  from 
Europe  inform  us  of  the  commencement  of  hostilities 
betwet-n  the  Persians  and  Turks. 

3.  To  communicate  a  knowledge  of  facts  to  one 
by  way  of  accusation.  • 

Tcrtnlliia  informrd  the  gofrrnoT  Dgalnst  Paul.  —  Acta  xxW. 

In  this  application,  the  verb  is  usually  Intransitive  ; 
as,  A  informed  against  B. 


INF 

IN-FOR,M',  V.  i.    To  give  intelligence.  Shak 

Ue  miffht  cither  (facli  in  the  laine  maaner,  or  ir^form  how  he 
had  t)een  taught.  Monthly  Rn. 

To  inform  against;  lo  communicate  facts  byway 
of  accusation  ;   to  give  intelligence  of  a  breach  of 
law.    Two  persons  came  to  the  magistrate,  and  in- 
fanned  against  A. 
IN-FORM^  a.     [L.  informis.] 

Without  regular  form  ;  shapeless;  ugly.    [O&s.] 
IN-FORM'AL,  a.     [in  and  formal.]     Not  in  the  regu- 
lar or  usual  form  ;  as,  an  informal  writing;  informal 
proceedings. 

2.  Not  in  the  usual  manner ;  not  according  to  cus- 
tom ;  as,  an  informal  visit.  • 

3.  Not  with  the  oflicia!  forms  ;  as,  the  secretary 
made  to  the  envoy  an  informal  communication. 

Shakspeare  uses  informal  in  the  sense  of  irregular 
or  deranged  in  mind. 

IN-FORMAL'I-TY,  n.  [from  informal]  Want  of 
regular  or  customary  form.  The  informality  of  legal 
proceedincs  may  render  them  void. 

IN-FORM'AL-LY,  adv.  In  an  irregular  or  informal 
manner;  without  the  usual  forms. 

IN-FORM'ANT,  rt.  One  who  informs  or  gives  intel- 
ligence. 

2.  One  who  offers  an  accusation.  [See  Ijcformer, 
which  is  generally  used.]  SAo/f. 

IN-PORM-A'TION,  71.     [Fr.,  from  L.  informatw.] 

1.  Intelligence;  notice;  news  or  advice  communi- 
cated by  word  or  writing.  We  received  infirrmation 
of  the  capture  of  the  ship  by  an  arrival  at  Bositm. 
The  infornuition  by  the  messenger  is  confirmed  by 
letters, 

2.  Knowledge  derived  from  reading  or  instruction. 

He  should  gel  aome  informadon  in  the  8uh]<;ct  he  inti'Uila  to 
handle.  iS'ufl/l. 

3.  Knowledge  derived  from  the  senses, or  from  the 
operation  of  the  intellectual  faculties. 

The  active  informationM  of  the  intellect,  SoaVx . 

4.  Communication  of  facts  for  the  purpose  of  ac- 
cusation ;  a  charge  oraccusation  exhibited  to  amagis- 
trnte  or  court.  An  it>formation  is  the  accusation  of  a 
common  informer,  or  of  a  privnte  person ;  the  accu- 
sation of  a  grand  jury  is  called  an  indictment  or  a  pre- 
sentment.  Blackstane. 

IN-FORII'A-TIVE,  a.    Having  power  to  animate. 

Jifore. 

IN-FORM'£D,  pp.  Told;  instructed;  made  acquaint- 
ed. 

IN-FORM'£D,  o.    Ill-formed;  misshapen.    [Obs,] 

Spenser, 

IN-FORM'KD  STARS.     See  Utipobmed. 

IN-FORM'ER,n.  One  who  animates,  informs,  or  gives 
intelligence. 

2.  One  who  communicates  to  a  magistrate  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  violations  of  law.  In  a  bad  sense,  one  who 
gains  his  livelihood  by  informing  against  others,  or 
who  does  it  from  base  or  unwurlhy  motives. 

IN-FOR'iMI-DA-BLE,  a.  [in  and  formidable.]  Not 
formidable  ;  not  to  be  feared  or  dreaded. 

Foe  not  ir\f or  mi/table.  Milton, 

IN-FORM'ING,  ppr.  or  o.     Giving  notice  or  intelli- 
gence ;  telling. 
2.  Communicating  facts  by  way  of  accusation. 
Informing  oflicer,  is  an  officer  whose  duty  it  is  to 
inform  against  persons  for  breaches  of  law,  as  nn  at- 
torney-gene rnlj  a  sheriff,  constable,  or  grand-juror. 

A  common  informer,  is  any  person  who  informs 
against  another. 
IN-FOR.M'LTY,  «.     [U  informis.] 

Want  of  regular  Trm  ;  shapelessness.       Brovm. 
IN-FORM'OUS,  a.     [Fr.  informe;  h.  informis.] 

Of  no  regular  form  or  figure  ;  shapeless.    [  Obs.] 
Brawn.     Wilford. 
IJV  FO'RO  COJV-SC/-EJV'7'/-»«:,C-kon-she-en'Hhe-6,} 

[L.]     Before  the  tribunal  of  couscicnce. 
IN-FOR'TIJ-NATE,  a.     [L.  infortunatus.] 

Unlucky;   unfortunate.      [The  latter  is  commonly 
used.] 
IN-FOR'TU-NATE-LY,  adv.     Unfortunately.      [JVot 

used.] 
IN-FOR'TUNE,  n.     Misfortune.     [JVot  used.]     Elyot. 
IN-FRACT',  V.  t.     [L.  infractus,  from  infringo;  in  and 
frango,  to  break.] 

To  break;,  to  violate.     [TTiis  is  synonymous  with 
IrfFniKOE  ;  it  is  an  unnecessary  word,  and  little  used.] 
IN-FRACT'ED,  pp.     Broken. 
IN-FRAC'TION,  n.     [Ft.,  from  I-.  infractio.     See  Iir- 

FBACT.] 

The  act  of  breaking  ;  breach  ;  violation  ;  non- 
observance  ;  as,  an  infraction  of  a  treaty,  compact, 
agreement,  or  law.  Watts. 

rN-FRAe'l''OR,  71.  One  that  violates  an  agreement, 
&c. 

IN-FRA'GRANT,  a.     Not  fragrant. 

IN-FRA-LAPS-A'RI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Infra^ 
Ia]>sarian8,  or  to  their  doctrine. 

INFRA-LAPS  A'RI  AN,  n.  [L.  ir^ra,  below,  or  af- 
ter, and  lap.-nts,  fall-l 

A  name  given  to  that  cl  iss  of  Calvinists  who  con- 
sider the  decree  of  election  as  contemplating  tbe  a{)os- 
tasy  as  past,  and  the  eJect  as  being  in  a  falleu  and 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  as  K;  0  as  J;  «  a»  Z;  CH  as  8H  j  TH  as  in  THIS. 

— —  _____  ^_ 


INF 

guilty  state.  The  Sufn-alupgarians  consider  this  de- 
cree as  cuntempl.aing  the  wiecl  as  persons  to  bu  crta- 
tt:d,  and^  to  Hpojitiitize  will)  the  rest  of  Uie  race,  and 
then  to  bp  recovered  by  divine  gracf.  'I'he  former 
consiilered  the  election  of  smce  as  a  remedy  for  an 
exisiing  evil ;  the  latter  regarded  it  as  a  part  of  God's 
oriiiina)  purpose  in  regard  to  men.  Mttrdack. 

£N-FRA-MUN'DA\E.  a.    (L.  infm^  below,  aud  muj^- 
danusy  muMiinSy  the  world.] 

Lyins  or  being  beneath  the  world. 
IN-FRA.V'61-BLE,  a.     [iit  and  franpble.] 

\.  Not  to  be  broken  or  9e(>araled  into  parts  ;  as,  i>- 
fran^ible  atoms.  Ckeyne, 

2- Not  til  b^  violated. 
IN-FKA-TER-RI-TO'RI-AU  a.   IViUiin  the  territory. 
Stor^,  Sttp.  Court. 

IN-FRP/QL-EXCE,  j        fU  tn/Vf««»e*a.1 
lN-FRP.'ai:E\-CV,  (*•    I**  «V^»T"'«*«'J 

Uncommonneu ;  rareness ;  tba  state  of  rarely  oc- 
cttrrinc.  Broome. 

tN-FRS  CllTEXT,  «.     [L.  Ufrequemsi  in  and  firt^uems. 

Rare;  uncommon;  si'Idom  bam»eniDg  or  occurring 
tomrfice;  iiiifn-qnrnL 
iN-FRR'arE.NT  LV,  aJr.     Not  freqnently. 
U<-FRI0'ID-ATE,  t.L     [UiM  and  frifftdus,  cold.] 

To  cbtit  .  tf>  make  cold.     [LUtU  UM€d.\        Boifte. 
IN-FRICHD-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  making  cold. 

TaUer. 
IN-FRI.NOE',  (in-frinj'O  r.  L    [h.  uifringoi  in  and 
fmuffo^  to  break.    See  Brbak.] 

1.  1'u  brvak,  a^  rontmcL*;  to  riolale,  either  posl- 
livcly  by  contravention,  or  ni^paiivcly  by  non-ftilfill- 
meni  or  neglect  of  perlormance.  A  priiico  or  a  pri- 
vate person  iit/W«^M  an  a^n-ement  or  covenant,  by 
neglecting  to  perform  its  cunditiotfs,  as  well  as  by 
doing  what  is  stipulated  not  to  be  done. 

a.  To  brrak  ;  to  violate  ;  to  transgress ;  to  neglect 
to  fulfill  or  obey  ;  as,  to  infringe  a  law. 

3.  To  dfi^troy  or  hinder  \  as,  to  u^fnxfe  efficacy. 
[LiUU  ustU.]  Hooker. 

This  word  is  ver^'  frequently  ft>tlowcd  by  on  or  up~ 
on  ;  a-*,  to  infr'tnctf  k/wh  (Uie's  risliL^. 
IN-PRINC'/i:i>,  p;>.     Broken  ;  violated  \  tmnsgresaed. 
l^'-FRI.N'GE'MENT,  (in-frinj'm^nt,)  n.    Act  of  viola- 
ting ,  breach  j  violation;  non-fulAlImf>nt ;  as,  the  in- 
fnni^meni  of  a  treaty,  comiiact,  or  other  agreemeot ; 
the  infrin  rrrmcRi  of  a  l:iw  or  con'ttiiiition. 
IN-FRI.N'G'ER.  n.    One  who  violates;  a  rioUtDr. 
IN-FRINC'ING,;f;rr.    Breaking  ;  violating;  tiansgresa- 

ing  ;  friiling  to  obser«*e  or  fulAll. 
IN-FRP'GAL,  a.     .\ol  frugal ;  prodigal. 
IX-FRO  CIF'ER-OUS,  a.    Not  beanne  fruit. 
lN'Fr-€  ATE.  r.  £.    [L.  i^fuco  ;  in  and  /«»,  to  painU] 

To  stain  ;  to  paint ;  to  daub. 
IN-F0.M'£O,  a.     [Ui^fmmaUM.] 

liried  in  smoke. 
IN-FUN-UIB'i;-LAIl,  a.    naring  the  form  of  a  tan- 

nel.  JHr^y. 

iN-FUN-DIB'l;-U-FORM,  a.  [L.  infttnMbuiuM,  a  fun- 
nel, and  form,] 

In  botanif,  having  the  sha)>e  of  a  funnel,  as  the  Cor- 
el of  a  riovvtr;  monopetalous,  having  an  invtrsely 
conical  border  risine  from  a  tube.  Atartvju 

IN  FO'RI-ATE,  a.     [L.  in  and  furiat us,  from  furia, 
fury.] 

Enraged  :  mad  ;  mging.  Milton,     Thomson. 

IN-FO'RI-ATE,  ».  t.     To  render  furiiws  or  mad; 
enrage.  Deazif  of  Put^. 

IN-FO°RI-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Rendered  furious  or  mad. 
I\-FC  RI  A-TING.  ppr.  Rendering  furious. 
IN-Fl'S'CATE,  r.  L  [L.  iitfu-^catns,  in/uMo,  to  make 
black  ;  in  and  /luco.yiL^m^,  dark.] 
To  dnrken  ;  to  make  black. 
IX-FC&OA'TION,  a.    The  act  of  darkening  or  black- 

enine. 
IN-FCSE',  r.  L     [Fr.  iw/iwcr,  from  L.  itifasus,  in/undo^ 
to  pour  in  ;  in  and  fuada,  to  pour.] 

1.  To  pour  in,  as  a  liquid. 

That  wuoog  Citcean  fiquor  ceur  to  infuse,  Dunham. 

2.  To  instill,  as  principles  or  qualities. 

Why  ■hoald  hp  d««m  i»  havr  quathia  infuaci  in!o  hk  wn, 
which  hifmelf  Dcm  poaaninl  i  Sttijl, 

3.  To  pfflir  in  or  instill,  as  into  the  mii'd.  Infust 
into  young  mind^  a  noble  ardiv. 

■4.  To  introduce ;  as,  to  infuse  Cfallicisma  into  a 
compoaition. 

h.  To  inspire  with ;  as,  to  infnse  the  breast  with 
magnanimity.     [vVot  K.»ed.]  Shak. 

6.  To  steep  in  liquor  without  boiling,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  extracting  medicinal  qualities. 


IN-FP»E',n.     Infusion.     [06*.] 
IN-FCS'KD,  pp.    Poured  in  :  insti 


7.  To  make  an  infusion  with  an  ingredient.    [J^ot 
nsetL]  Bacon. 

Spenser. 
J  pp.    Poured  in  ;  instilled  ;  steeped. 
IN-FOS'ER.  n.     One  who  infuses. 
I\  FC-SI-BIL'I-TY,  n.    [from  w/iuiWe.]    The  capa- 
bility of  being  infused  or  poured  in. 
5.  The  iniapabiliiv  of  being  fused  t»r  dissolved. 
IN-FC"SIBLE,  a.     [from  the  verb.]     That  may  be  in- 


ING 

fused.    Good  principles  are  infusible  into  the  minds  uf 
youth. 
IN-F0'SI-B1*E,  fl.     [in,  not,  and  fusible,  from  fuse. 
Nut  ttisible  ;  incn[)al>le  of  fusion  ;  that  can  not  be 
dissolved  or  melted. 

Tbie  bat  eniciblw  mn  nmile  vt  Limogto  earth,  which  mmi  ab- 
•olutd?  u\/'u»ibi£,  Lnvoisitr. 

IN-FCS'ING,  par.     Pouring  in  ;  instilling;  steeping. 

I,\.f  C'SIO.N,  (m-fu'ihun.)  n.  The  act  uf  pouring  in 
or  instilling;  in*<tillation  ;  as,  the  u\fusioH  of  good 
principles  into  the  mind;  the  infusion  of  ardor  or 
Keal. 

2.  Suggestion ;  whisper. 

Ub  (oIIt  And  bif  wiMlom  are  of  hi>  own  growth,  Dot  th«  «cho  or 
infusion  of  other  mtit.  Si^/i. 

3.  In  pharmacy,  the  process  of  steeping  in  liquor, 
an  optratiun  by  which  the  medicinal  qualities  of 
[dants  may  be  extracted  by  a  liquor  without  boiling. 

Kucye, 
A,  The  liquor  in  which  plants  are  steeped,  and 
which  is  impregnated  with  their  virtues  or  qualities. 

Coxe. 
5.  The  act  of  introducing  into  tlie  veins  medicinal 
substances  by  a  kind  of  syringe. 
IN-FO'tfl  VE,  a.    Having  the  power  of  infusion. 

Thomson. 
IN-Fr-SO'RI-A,    ».   pi.      [L.]     Microscopic    animals 
inhabiting  water  and  liquids  of  variouij  kinds,  and 
liaving  no  organs  of  motion  except  extremely  minute 
hairs,  called  vibrat'de  eilur.  Dana, 

IN-FC-i?0'RI-.-\L,  (  a.     Pertaining  to  the  infusoria; 
IN-FO'SO-RV,        i     composed  of  or  containing  infu- 
soria. 
IN-FO'SO-RY,  n.  ,•  pL  IivFrsoRiEs.     A  name  given  to 
certain  microscopic  anim:ds  living  in  water  or  other 
liquids,  called,  also.  Infusoria,  which  see. 
ING,  in  Sautn,  signifies  a  pasture  or  meadow,  Goth. 

winga,     [See  Etcglish.] 
IN-GAN-NA'TION,  n.     [It.  ingannare,  to  cheat.] 

Cheat ;  fraud.     [JVat  used.] 
IN'GATE,  n.     [la  and  gate]     Entrance;  passage  in. 

r  Obs,]  Spenser. 

IN-GATH'ER-ING,  n.     [in  and  ffolherinfr.]     The  act 
or  business  of  collecting  and  securing  the  fruits  of 
the  earth  ;    har\'cst ;    as,  the   feast  of   ingathering. 
Ez.  xxiii. 
IN-6EL'A-BLE,  a.     [in  and  gelable.]    That  can  not 

be  congealed. 
IN-4:;E>riN-ATE,  a.     [L.  ingeminaius.] 

Redoubled.  *  Taylor. 

IN-6EM'L\-ATE,  r.  L     [L.  ingemin4> ;  in  and  gernino.] 

To  doutile  or  repeat.  &indys. 

IN-GEM'IN-A-TED,  pp.    Doubled. 
IN-6E.M'IN-A-TIXG,ppr.    Doubling. 
IN-GE.\I-IN-A'TION,  n.    Repetition  ;  reduplication. 

tralsalL 
IN-GEN'DER.    See  ErfGKnoER. 
IN-GEN-ER-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.    [Infra.]     Incapacity  of 

being  engendered. 
IN-GEN'ER-A-BLE,  a,     [m  and  generate.]     That  can 

not  be  engendered  or  proiluced.  Boyle, 

IN-6EN'ER-ATE,  r.  t.  [L.  ingenero ;  in  and  genero, 
to  generate.] 

To  generate  or  produce  within.  Fellows. 

IN-GEN'ER-ATE,  a.  Generated  within  ;  inborn;  in- 
nate ;  inbred  ;  as,  ingencrate  powers  of  body. 

Watton. 
IN-GEN'ER-A-TED,  pp.    Produced  within. 

Nuble  halfiu  ingeti^raUd  in  Uie  >oul.  Hale. 

IN-6EN'ER-A-TING,  ppr.    Generating  or  producing 

within. 
IN-OEN'IOUS,  a.     [L.  ingeniosu-t,  from  ingenium^  in 

and  genius,  geno,  gigno,  to  beget,  Gr.  yeivfiat.] 

1.  Toi-sessed  of  genius,  pr  the  faculty  of  invention  ; 
hence,  skillful  or  prompt  to  invent;  having  an  apti- 
tude to  contrive,  or  to  form  new  combinations  of 
ideas;  as,  an  ingenious  author;  an  ingenious  me- 
chanic. 

v,  the  more  apt  are  thty  to  trouble 
TempU. 

2.  Proceeding  from  genius  or  ingenuity  ;  of  curious 
design,  structure,  or  mechanism  ;  as,  an  ingenious 
performance  of  any  kind  ;  an  ingenious  scheme  or 
plan  .  an  ingenious  model  ormachme  ;  ingenious  fhb- 
ric  ;  ingenious  contrivance. 

3.  Witty ;  well  formed  ;  well  adapted  ;  as,  an  in- 
genious reply. 

4.  Mental ;  intellectual.     [JVbt  used.]  Shak. 
This  word  has  sometimes  been  confounded  with 

I:*f:El«UOfS. 

IN-GEN'IOUS-LYjaJc.    With  ingenuity ;  with  readi- 
ness in  contrivance  ;  with  skill. 
IN-CeN'IOUS-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  being  ingen- 
ious or  prompt  in  invention  ;  ingenuity  ;  used  of  per- 
sons, 

9.  Curiousness  of  design  or  mechanism ;  used  of 
thin£x. 
IN-GeN'ITE,  a.     [L.  ingenitus;  in  and  genitus,  bom.] 
Innate  ;  inborn  ;  inbred  ;  native  ;  ingenerate. 

South. 
IN-CE-NO'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  ingenuity.] 

1.  The    quality  or   power   of  ready   invention  ; 


ING 

qtiicktie-ss  or  acutencss  in  combining  ideas,  or  in 
I'urniing  new  combinations;  ingeniuusne^'S  ;  skill; 
used  of  persons.  How  many  machines  for  saving 
labor  has  the  ingenuity  of  men  devised  and  con- 
structed \ 

2.  Curiousness  in  design,  the  effect  of  ingenuity ; 
as,  the  ingenuity  of  a  plan  or  of  mechanism. 

3.  Openness  of  heart;  fairness  ;  candor. 

[This  sense  of  the  word  was  formerly  common, 
and  is  found  in  good  authors  down  to  the  ag'^  «f 
Locke,  and  even  later ;  but  it  is  now  wholly  ob!*uli-t#. 
In  lieu  of  it,  InoxnuousTrssi  is  used.]^ 
IN-GEN'q-OUS,  a.     [L,  ingenuus.]       ^ 

i.  open  ;  frank  ;  fair;  candid;  free  from  reserve, 
disguise,  equivocation,  or  dissimulation  ;  used  of  per- 
sons or  things.  We  sjwak  of  an  ingenuous  mind  :  an 
ingenuous  man  ;  an  ingenuous  declaration  or  con> 
fefsion. 

S.  Noble  ;  generous  ;  as,  an  ingenuous  ardor  or 
zeal ;  ingenuous  detestation  of  falsehood.        Locke. 

3    Of  honorable  extraction  ;  freebom  ;  as,  ingenu- 
ous blood  or  birth. 
IN-6EN'lT-OUS-LY,  adv.     0[)enly  ;  fairly  ;  candidly  ; 

without  reserve  or  dissimulation.  Dryden. 

IN-GEN'  U-OUS-NESS,  n.  Openness  of  heart ;"  fnink- 
ness  ;  fairness;  fVeedom  from  re!«erve  or  dissimula- 
tion ;  as,  to  confess  our  faults  with  ingenuousness, 

2.  Fairness  ;  candidness  ;  as,  the  ingenuousness  of 
a  confession. 

IN'GE-NY,  n.     Wit;  ingenuity.     [Obs.)  Baron, 

IN-GEST',  r.  t.     [L.   ingestus,  from   ingero  i   in  and 
gero,  to  bear.] 
To  throw  into  the  stomach.    [Uttle  used.]  Broitm, 
IN-GES'TION,  (in-jest'yun,)  n.     The  act  of  throwing 
into  the  stomach  ;  as,  the  ingestion  of  milk  or  other 
food.  Harvey, 

IN"GLE,  (ing'gl,)  n.     [Clu.  I*  igniculus,  ignis.] 

1.  Flame;  blaze.     [JVot  in  use.]  Ray, 

9.  In  Scottish,  a  Are,  or  fireplace.  Burns. 

3.  A  term  of  endearment ;  a  darting ;  a  paramour. 
[Obs.]  Toone. 

IN-GLO'RI-OUS,  a.     [L.  ingtorius:  in  and  gloria.] 

1.  Nut  glorious ;  not  bringing  honor  or  glory  ;  not 
accompanied  with  fame  or  celebrity  ;  as,  an  inglori- 
ous life  of  ease. 

2.  Shameful ;  disgraceful.  He  charged  his  troops 
with  inglorious  tlighL 

IN-GLOMtl-OUS-LY,  adv.  With  want  of  glory  ;  dis- 
honorably ;  with  shame. 

IN-GLO'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  inglorious, 
or  without  celebrity. 

IN'GOT,  n.     [Fr.  lingot.     Qu.  L.  lingua.] 

A  moss  or  wedge  of  gold,  silver,  or  other  metal, 
cast  in  a  mold  ;  a  mass  of  unwrought  met:il.   Ifebert. 

IN-GRXF'T',  r.  L  [in  and  graff.  The  original  word 
is  ingraff  or  graff,  but  it  is  comiptt-d  beyond  recov- 
ery.] 

1.  To  insert  a  cion  of  one  tree  or  plant  into  another 
for  propagation  ;  as,  to  ingraft  the  cion  of  an  apple- 
tree  on  a  pear-tree,  as  its  stock;  to  ingraft  a  peach 
on  a  plum. 

2.  To  propagate  by  incision.  Jl/aj/. 

3.  I'o  plant  or  introduce  something  foreign  into 
that  which  is  native,  for  the  purpose  of  propagation. 

This  fellow  would  ingraft  a  furciju  nsma 

Upon  uur  itoch.  Dryden. 

4.  To  set  or  fix  deep  and  firm. 

Ingrajled  Iotc  he  beor*  lo  Coar.  Shak. 

IN-GRXFT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Inserted  into  a  stock  for 
gro\^'th  and  propagation ;  introduced  into  a  native 
stock  ;  set  or  fixed  deep. 

IN-GRAFT'ER,  n.    A  person  who  ingrafts. 

IN-GRAFT'ING,  ppr.  Inserting,  as  cions  in  storks  ; 
introducing  and  inserting  on  a  native  stock  what  is 
foreign  ;  fixing  deep. 

IN-GRaFT'ME.\T,  n.    The  act  of  ingrafting. 
2.  The  thing  ingrafled. 

IN'GRAIN  or  IN-GRAIN',  v.  t.  Un  and  ^ain.]  To 
dye  in  the  grain,  or  before  manufacture. 

2.  To  work  into  the  natural  texture ;  to  impreg- 
nate the  whole  matter  or  substance.        Rick,  Diet. 

IN'GRAIN-£D  or  IN-GRAL\'KD,  pp.  or  a.  Dyed  in 
the  grain  or  in  the  raw  material ;  as,  ingrained  car- 
pets. 

2.  Wrought  into  the  natural  texture ;  thoroughly 
impregnated. 

IN'GRAIN-ING  or  IN-GRAIN'ING,  ppr.  Dyeing  in 
the  raw  material. 

9.  Working  into  the  texture;  thoroughly  impreg- 
nating. 

IN-GRAP'PLED,  o.    Grappled;  seized  on  ;  entwined. 

Draytun. 

IN'GRATE,  \a,     [L.   ingratus  i   in  and  gratus  ; 

IN-GRATE'FIJL,  J      Fr.  tmrr'aL] 

1.  Ungrateful;  unthankful;  not  having  feelings  of 
kindness  for  a  favor  received.  Milton,     Pope. 

2.  Unpleasing  to  the  sense. 

He  givea  no  ingraUful  luod.  htUlon. 

IN'GRATE,  n,     [Fr.  ingrat.] 

.\n  ungrateful  person. 
IN-GRATE'FUL-LY,  adv.     Ungratefully. 
IN-GRATE'Fi)UNESS,  n.    Ungratefulness. 


FATE,  FAR,  FAIX,  WHAT.— .MeTE,  PRfiY PINE.  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


INH 

IN-GRA'TIaTE,  (in-gra'sfiit«,)  v.  L  [lU  in^azia- \ 
nersi:  L.  i/i  ixiid  n-rariVf,  Tivor.] 

1.  To  comnit-nd  Due's  self  to  another's  good  will, 
confiUt-nce,  or  kindnfss.  U  is  always  used  as  a  re- 
ciprocal verb,  and  followed  by  iciM,  before  the  person 
whose  favor  is  sought.  Ministers  and  courtiers  m- 
graJiate  themselves  with  their  sovereign.  Dema- 
gogues ingratiate  themselves  with  the  populace. 
2  To  ri^omniend  ;  to  render  easy  ;  used  of  things. 
Hammond. 

IN-GRA'TIA-TED,;;p.  Commended  one's  self  to  an- 
other':* fnvor. 

IN-GKA'TIA-TING,  ppr.  Commending  one's  self  to 
the  favor  of  anotlier. 

IN-GR.^'TIA-TrXG,  n.  The  act  of  commending  one's 
»'lf  to  another's  favor. 

IN-GRAT'I-TUDE,  n.     [Fr. ;  in  and  gratitude.] 

1.  Want  of  gratitude  or  senlimeiits  of  kindnrss 
for  favors  received  ;  risensihility  to  favors,  and  want 
of  a  di-<pusition  to  repay  tlietn  ;  unthunkriilness.  Ho 
man  will  own  himself  gniliy  of  ingratitude. 

/tigratHadt  U  aWioireii  by  God  ajid  criaii.  L'Ettmngt. 

2.  Retribution  of  evil  fur  good. 

Nur  wn*  it  with  ingmtkude  rstanieJ.  Dryten. 

IN-GRAVE'    V.  L    To  bury.     [J^otusedJ]      [See  also 

Engrate.J 
IN-GRAV'I-DATE.tJ.  t.     [L.  gravidus.] 

To  tmpreenate.  Fuller. 

IN-GRA  V'l-DA-TED,  pp.     Impregnated. 
IX-GRA  V'I-Da-TIXG,  ppr.     Impregnating. 
IN-GRA V-I-DA'TION,  ».     The  slate  of  being  preg- 
nant. 
IN-GREAT',  V.  L    To  make  great.    [A'ot  in  »wr] 

FtifAerfry. 
IN-GRe'DI-EXT,  n.     [Fr.,  from  I^  ingrc^iirn.-!,  enter- 
ing into  ;  ingredior:  m  and  gradiirr.     See  Grade.] 

That  which  enters  inti»  a  compound,  or  is  a  com- 
ponent part  of  any  compound  or  mixture.  It  is  par- 
ticularly applied  to  the  simples  in  medicinal  compo- 
gitionii,  but  admitA  of  a  very  general  application. 
We  say,  an  ointment  or  a  decoction  is  composed  of 
certain  ingredients  :  and  Addison  wondered  that 
learning  was  not  thought  a  proper  ingredient  in  the 
edncntion  of  a  woman  of  quality  or  furtune. 
IN'GRES.'*,  ».     [L.  inirrrss7i^,  ingredior^  supra.] 

I.  Entrance  ;  as,  the  ingre^n  of  air  into  the  lungs. 
It  is  particularly  applied  to  the  enirmre  of  the  m(»on 
into  the  shadow  of  the  earth  in  eclipses,  the  sun's 
entnince  into  a  sign,  &.c. 

9.  Power  of  entrance  ;   means  of  entering.     All 
ingress  Was  prohibited. 
IN-GRES'SION,  (gresh'un,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  ingres- 
tia,  ingrfdior.] 

The  act  of  entermg  ;  entrance.  Ihghy. 

IN"GUIN-AL,  (ing'gwin-al,)  a.  [from  L.  inguen^  tlie 
groin.] 

Pertaining  to  the  groin  ;  as,  an  inguinal  tumor. 

IN-GULF',  K.  t.     [in  and  gttlf.]     To  swallow  up  in  a 

vast  deep,  gulf,  or  whirlpool,  Milton. 

9.   To  cast   into  a  gulf.  tlayttard. 

IN-GirLF'f:D,  (in-gulft',)  pp.     Swallowed  up  in  a 

gulf  or  vaxt  deep  ;  cast  into  a  gulf. 
IN-GULF'ING.  ppr.    Swallowing  up  in  s  gulf,  whlrl- 

pofil,  or  vast  deep. 
I.N-GULF'MENT,  n.    A  swallowing  up  in  a  gulf  or 

abyss. 
IN-GUR'GI-TATE,  r.  ^     [L.  ingurgiui ,  in  and  gur- 

^ftf,  Rgnlf.J 

To  swallow  greedily  or  in  great  quantity.     Diet., 
IX-GURGI-TATR,  r.  i.    To  drink  largely  ;  to  swiU. 
IX-GL"R'6l-TA-TEn,  pp.    Swallowed  greedily. 
IN-GCR-GI-TA'TIOX,   h.      The  act   of   swallowing 

greedily,  nr  in  creat  quantity.  Darwin.  . 

IN-GUST'A-BLE,  a.     [L.  in  and  gustn,  to  taste.] 

That  can  not  he  tasted.     [LUtl'-  w-vcrf.]       Brawn, 
IX-IIAiriLE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  inliabUu ;  in  and  kabi^ 

lis,  apt,  fit] 

1.  Not  apt  or  fit;  unfit;  not  convenient;  as,  in- 
kaliile  tnatier.  F.ncyc. 

9.  Unskilled  ;  unready  ;  unqualified  ;  uted  of  per- 
sonji.     [Little  uaed,\     [See  Ukable.] 
IN-IIA-RtL'I-TV,   n,      [from   inhabifc]      Unaptness; 
unfitness ;  want  of  skill.    [LitiU  used.]    [See  IriA- 

BtLfTT.J 

IN-IIAB'IT,  V.  t.  [U  inhithito  ;  in  and  kabito^  to 
dwell.] 

To  live  or  dwell  in  ;  to  occupy  as  a  place  of  settled 
residence.  Wild  beasts  in/uibit  the  forest;  fishes  in- 
habit the  ocean,  lakes,  and  rivers  ;  men  inhttbU  cities 
and  houses. 

Th)W  aiiiih  tbe  high  mad  loflx  One,  lh»t  inhabiteth  etcrnitr.  — 

IN-IIAD'IT,  0.  i.    To  dwell ;  to  live  ;  to  abide. 

Tlwj  my  wild  bcMU  irJiabil  here.  WalUr. 

IN-f!AB'IT-A-BLE,  o.  [from  inhabit^  Habitable  ; 
thai  may  be  Inhabited  ;  capable  of  amtrding  habita- 
tion to  animals.  The  stars  may  be  inhabitable 
world-i.  Some  regions  of  the  earth  are  not  inhabita- 
ble, by  reawm  of  cold  or  sterility.  A  building  may 
be  loo  old  and  decayed  to  be  inhabitable. 

2.  Not  habitable.  ^Fr.  inh4tbitabU  ;  h.  inkabitabitig.] 
[Abt  M  use.]  SAaJt 


INII 

IN-IIAH'IT-ANCE,  n.  Residence  of  dweller*.  [Ait- 
tle  u--ifd.]  Carew. 

IN-nAH'fT-AN-CV,  n.  Residence  ;  habilancy  ;  per- 
manent or  legal  residence  in  a  town,  ciiy,  or  parish  ; 
or  the  domiciliation  wtiich  the  law  requires  to  entitle 
a  pauper  to  demand  su|iporl  from  the  town,  city,  or 
parish  in  which  he  lives,  otherwise  called  a  legal 
settlement,  which  subjects  a  town  to  supiwrt  a  per- 
son, if  n  pauper.  Laws  of  Mass.     Blackstone. 

IN-IIAB'IT-ANT,  n.  A  dweller;  one  who  dwells  or 
resides  permanently  in  a  place,  or  who  has  a  fixed 
residence,  as  distinguished  from  an  occasional  lodger 
or  visitor;  as,  the  inhabitant  of  a  house  or  cottage; 
the  inliabitant^  of  a  town,  fit}-,  couniy,  or  state.  So 
brute  animald  are  inhabitants  of  the  regions  to  which 
their  natures  are  adapted  ;  and  we  speak  of  spiritual 
bL'ings  as  inhabitants  of  heaven. 

2.  One  who  has  a  legal  settlement  in  a  town,  city, 
or  parish.  The  conditions  or  qualifications  which 
constitute  a  p-r-son  an  inhabitant  of  a  town  or  par- 
ish, so  as  to  subject  the  town  or  parish  to  support 
him,  if  a  pauper,  are  defined  by  the  statutes  of  differ- 
ent  governnt;'nts  or  slates, 

IN-HAB-IT-A'TIOX,  n.  The  art  of  inhabiting,  or 
state  of  being  inhabited.  Ralfgh. 

2.  Abode;  place  of  dwelling.  Mdton. 

3,  Population  ;  whole  mass  of  inhabitants. 

f  This  -word  is  little  use^.]  {Brown. 

IN-HAB'IT-A-TIVE-NESS,  n.  In  phrenology,  an  or- 
gan which  produces  the  desire  of  [lermaneuce  in 
place  or  abo*ie.  Brande. 

IN-HAB'IT-ED,  pp.  or  a.     Occupied  by  inhubiiants, 

human  or  irrational. 
IN-MAB'IT-ER,  n.    One  who  inhabits  ;  a  dweller;  an 

inliahilnnt.  Derkam. 

IN-HAB'IT-ING,  ppr.    Dwelling  in;  occupying  as  a 

settled  or  permanent  inhabitant ;  residing  in. 
IN-HAB'IT-RESS,  n.     A  female  inhabitant. 

Bp.  Richardson, 
IN-HA-LA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  inhaling. 
IN-HALE',  r.  t,     [L.  inhalo  ;  in  and  halo,  to  breathe.] 
To  draw  Into  the  lungs  ;  to  inspire;  as,  to  ink(dc 
air;  opposed  to  Exhale  and  Expire. 

Munin   »-n«  walhing   fortli   lo   if}haU   the  fresh  br^M-  of  the 
evening.  Arhushnot  and  Pope. 

IN-HAL'^D,  pp.    Drawn  into  the  lungs. 

IN-HAL'EU,  n.     One  wiio  inhales. 

2.  In  medicine,  an  apftaraius  for  breathing  or  draw- 
ing warm  steam  or  some  aeriform  substance  into  the 
lungs,  as  a  remedy  for  coughs  and  cuUirrhul  com- 
plaints. Dunglison. 

IN-HAL'INO,  ppr.  Drawing  into  the  lungs;  breath- 
ing. 

IN-HAR-MON'IC,         \a.     Unharmonious ;  discord- 

IN-HAR-MOX'ie-AL,  (      ant. 

IX-HAR-MO'NI-OLTS,  a.  [in  and  hamionioiu^.]  Not 
harmonious  ;  unmusical ;  discordant.  Broome. 

IN-HAR-M6'NI-OUS-LY,  udv.  Without  harmony; 
discordantly. 

IX-HAR'.MO-NY,  n.     Want  of  harmony  ;  discord. 

IN-IIELl)',  pp.     Contained  in  itself. 

IX-HliRE',  p.  i.     [L.  inhitrett;  in  and  httreo,  to  hang.] 
I'o  exist  or  be  fixed  in  something  else;  as,  coiora 
inhrre  In  cloth  ;  a  dart  inheres  in  the  flesh. 

IN-HkR'ENCE     in.       Existence    in    something;    a 

IN  i(P,R'EN-CV,  )  fixed  state  of  being  in  another 
bo<lv  or  substance. 

IN-H^R'ENT,  a.  Existing  in  something  eUe,  so  as 
lo  be  inseparable  from  iL 

InhxTtnl  Xto.»e\\rM.  Shak. 

9.  Innate  ;  naturally  pertiiining  to  ;  a«,  the  inherent 

qualities  of  the  magnet ;  the  inherent  right  of  men  to 

liff,  liberty,  and  protection. 
IX-llKR'EXr-LV,  oJb.     By  inherence.  BmtJetf. 

IN'IlKR'lNG,  ppr.     Eiislmg  or  fixed   in  something 

else. 
IN-MCR'IT,  »,  t.     [Sp.  heredar;  Port,  hrrdar ;  It.  ere- 

dart !  Fr.  htritm  from  1^  hares,  an  lieir.  See  Heir.] 

1.  I'o  take  by  descent  from  on  ancestor;  to  take 
by  succession,  as  llw  representative  of  the  former 
ptMsessor ;  to  receive,  as  a  right  or  title  descendible 
by  law  from  an  ancestor  at  his  decease.  The  heir 
inhrritit  the  lands  or  real  estate  of  his  father  ;  the 
eldest  son  of  Uie  nobleman  inherits  his  fatlier's  title, 
and  the  eldest  son  of  a  king  inherits  ttie  crown. 

2.  To  receive  by  nature  from  a  progenitor.  The 
son  inhcrita  the  virtues  of  his  father ;  ilie  daughter 
inheritji  the  temper  of  her  mother,  and  childrrn  otten 
inhtrii  the  constitutional  infirmities  of  their  parents. 

3.  To  imsaess  ;  as,  tlie  world  and  all  it  doth  inherit ; 
to  inherit  a  thouglil  of  ill  concerning  some  one. 
[Obs.]  ShaJc. 

4.  To  enjoy  ;  to  take  as  a  possession,  by  gift  or 
divine  appropriation  ;  as,  to  inherit  everlasting  life  ; 
to  inherit  the  promises. 

That  Ihvu  m»]rf>«t  live,  anil  inherit  the  land  which  Jebovih  ibj 

tiixl  givi-th  ih'-r.  —  Ucui.  xvi. 
The  ^t<^cl(  »hAll  inh*iil  the  CAiih MalL  t. 

IN-HER'IT,  V.  i.  To  take  or  have  possession  of  prop- 
erty. 

Thou  ■ball  uot  inhtiit  in  ourfnthcr'i  hoiiK.  —  Judgn  xi. 
INHER-IT-A-BIL'I-TV,  n.    The  quality  of  being  in- 
heritable or  descendible  to  heirs.  Jrffcrson. 


INH 

IN-MEU'IT-A-Bl,R,  a.  That  m;iy  be  inherited; 
transmissible  or  tlescendible  from  the  ancestor  lo 
the  heir  by  course  of  law  ;  as,  an  inlieritable  estate 
or  title. 

9.  That  may  he  transmitted  from  the  parent  to  the 
child  ;  as,  inheritabk  qualities  or  infirmities. 

3.  Capable  of  taking  by  inheritance,  or  of  receiv- 
ing by  descent. 

By  atmirider —  the  bUiod  of  the  jyrvtn  nlUitited  i*  to  corrupted 
as  to  1«  remli-fwJ  no  loiiffir  inlierHable.  Blackslon*. 

IN-HER'IT-A-RIjY,  o^p.     By  inheritance.     Sherwood. 

IN-HEll'IT-ANCE,  w.  An  estate  derived  from  an  an- 
cestor to  an  heir  by  succession  or  in  course  of 
law  ;  or  an  estate  which  the  law  casts  on  a  child  or 
other  person,  as  the  representative  of  the  deceased 
ancestor. 

2.  The  reception  of  an  estate  by  hereditary  right, 
or  the  descent  by  which  an  estate  or  title  is  cast  on 
the  heir  ;  as,  the  heir  received  the  estate  by  inherit- 
ance. 

3.  The  estate  or  possession  which  may  descend  to 
an  heir,  though  it  tias  not  descended. 

Ami  Rachel  ^tiil  Lt^iih  Hnaw>-rr<l  and  Bald,  Is  there  yt  any  poi^ 
tion  or  inherilanee  for  u<  in  our  bither'a  liuiise  f  —  Gen.  xxxL 

4.  An  estate  given  or  possessed  by  donation  or  di- 
vine appropriatiim.     JVum.  xxvi. 

5.  That  whicti  is  possessed  or  enjoyed  ;  possession. 

.Shdik. 


IN-HER'IT-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Received  by  descent  from 
an  ancestor;  possessed. 

IN-HER'IT-ING,  ppr.  Taking  by  succession  or  right 
of  representation  ;  receiving  from  ancestors;  pos- 
sessing. 

IN-HER'IT-OR,  n.  An  heir;  one  who  inherits  or 
may  inherit. 

IN-HER'n'-REPS, )  n.      An   heiress;    a  female  who 

IN-HER'IT  RIX,  \  inherit-4,  or  is  entitled  to  in- 
herit, aft(-r  the  death  of  her  ancestor. 

IN-HERSE',  V.  t.  [in  :mdherse.]  To  Inclose  in  a  fu- 
neral monument.  Sfiak. 

IN-HE'SION,  (in-he'zhun,)  b.     [h.  inhasio,  inlia^rco.] 
Inherence  ;  the  state  of  existmg  or  being  fixed  in 
something. 

IN-HI-A'TION.  Ti.    [L.  inhiatio.] 

A  gnping  atlcr  ;  eager  desire.     [JVot  used.] 

IN-HIB'IT,  V.  t.  [Fr.  inhiber;  L.  inhibeo i  in  and  Aa- 
beoj  to  hold,  properly  to  rush  or  drive.] 

1.  To  restrain  ;  to  hinder  ;  to  check  or  repress. 
Their   inoUoni  also   are  excited  or  iiiliilnled  —  by  the   object* 

withtiul  them.  Btntliy. 

2.  To  forbid  ;  to  prohibit ;  to  interdict. 

All  rncn  ven  inhibited  by  proclnmalioii  at  Ui«  diiwilutlon   M 
much  III  to  ineniiun  a  pArliAraeiit.  Ciarettdon. 

IN-HIB'IT  ED,  pp.     Restrained  ;  forbid. 

IN-HIB'IT-INt;,  ppr.  Restraining;  repressing;  pro- 
hibiting. 

IN-HI-BI"TION,  (-bish'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  inhi- 
bitio.] 

1.  Prohibition  ;  restraint ;  embargo. 
9.  In  lawy  a  writ  to  forbid  or  inhibit  a  Judge  from 
farther  proceedings  in  a  cause  depending  before  him  ; 
commonly,  a  wrii  issuing  from  a  higtier  ecclesiastical 
court  to  an  inferior  one,  on  appeal.  Coieel. 

IN-HTB'rr-O-RY,  a.     Prohibitory.  Smahey. 

IN-HOLD',  V.  t. :  prrL  and  pp.  Ixheld.     [in  and  hold.] 
To  have  inherent;    to   contain  in   itself.     [Little 
used.]  Ralegh. 

IN-HALD'ER,  n.     An  inh.ibitanl.     [Obs.]     Spenner. 

IN-HQQP',  V.  t.  [tn  and  hoop.]  To  confi^ne  or  inclose 
in  any  place.  Shak. 

IN-HQQP' KD,  (in-h(?9pt',)  pp.     Confined  or  inclosed. 

IN-HOS'PI-TA-BLE,  a.     [in  and  hospitable.] 

1.  Not  hospitable  ;  not  disposed  to  entertain  stran- 
gers gratuitously;  declining  to  entertain  guesis,  or 
entertaining  iheia  with  reluctance  ;  as,  an  inhospita- 
ble person  or  people. 

2.  Affording  no  conveniences,  subsistence,  or  shel- 
ter to  strangers  ;  as,  inhospitable  deserts  or  rocks. 

Milton.     Drydcn. 
IN-HOS'PT-TA-BT.E-NESS,  )  n.    Want  of  hospitality 
IN-HOS-PI-TAL'I-TY,  (     or  kindness  to  stran- 

gers ;  refusal  or  unwillingness  to  entertain  guests  or 
strangers  without  reward.  Chesterjield. 

IN-HOS'PI-TA-BLY,  adv.    Unkindly  to  slrangtrs. 

Milton. 
IN-HO'MAN,   a.      [Fr.   inhumain;    L.  inhumanus ;  in 
and  hnmanuji,  humane.] 

1.  Destitute  of  the  kmdness  and  tenderness  that 
belong  lo  a  human  being;  cruel;  b.irharou3  ;  savage; 
unfeeling  ;  as,  an  inhuman  person  or  pt'oplc. 

2.  Marked  with  cruelty  ;  as,  an  inhuman  act. 
IN-HU-MAN'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  inhumaniti.] 

1.  Cruelty  in  disposition;  savageness  of  heart; 
used  of  persons. 

2.  Cruelty  in  act ;  barbarity  ;  used  of  actions, 
IN-HO'MAN-LY,  ado.    With  cruelly  ;  barbarously. 

Swift. 

IN-HO'MATE,  r.  L    To  inhume,  which  see. 
IN-HU-MA'TION,  n      Tlie  act  of  tmrying;    inter- 
ment. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VC'CIOUS €  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


\ 


INI 

1N-H0ME\  c.  t.     [Fr.  inhumer;   L.  inhutWy  humo^  to 
bun,-.] 
Tu  bury  \  lo  inter ;  to  deposit  in  the  earthy  as  a 

IN■I1CM^E:D,  pp.    Buried^  interred. 

IN-nOM'lNG,  »pr.     Bur>-ingi  interring. 

LN-lM-Ai:S'XN-A-BL.E,a.  Unimaginable ;  inconceiva- 
ble. PtanoH. 

IN-IM'ie-AL,  a.  [U  wiwuatai  in.  and  amicus,  a 
•friend.) 

1.  Unfriendly;  having  the  dispoailion  or  temper  of 
an  enemy  j  applied  to  prirare. enmity,  as  hostUe  is  lo 
public 
3.  Adverse ;  hurtftil ;  repugnant, 

Si»«j*  Tloleixw  immUol  to  comnierc*.  Ward. 

I\-IM'Te-ALr-LV,  arfp.    In  an  unfriendly  manner. 

IN-IM-l-TA-BIL'i-TV,  ■.  [from  inimilabifA  The 
quality  of  being  incapable  ut  imitation.        J^orris. 

Ii<-IM'l-TA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  fmm  L,  inimilabilisi  in  and 
imitoMlijiy  from  imi/or,  to  iniitati'.] 

That  can  not  be  imitated  or  copifd  ;  surpassing  im- 
ilalion  ;  as,  inimitabU  beauty  or  excellouce  ;  an  inim- 
itiiblf  description  ;  inttititable  eloquence. 

IN-IM'I-TA-BLY,  orfc.  In  a  manner  not  to  be  imi- 
tated ;  to  a  degree  beyond  imitation. 

CluuTiu  much  u  ihia«,  tnuwio&ty  greal.  Broonu. 

IN-ia'UI-TOUS,  {in-ik'w6-iu8,)  a.    [See  Iniquitt.] 

Unjust ;  wicked  i  aa,  an  iniquitous  bargain  i   an  in- 

iqnitoujt  proceeding. 
[It  is  applied  to  things  ratber  than  to  persons,  but 

may  be  ap|ilied  to  persons.] 
IN-IU'UI-TOt'S-LY,  «fe.     Uigustly;  wickedly. 
l^-IU'UI-TY,  (in-ik'we-ty,)  m.     [Fr.  iniquite ;  L.  ui- 

iquitas ;  in  and  aquitds^  equity.] 

1.  Injustice;  unrighteousness;  a  deviation  from 
rectitude  ;  as,  the  iniquity  of  war }  the  iniquittf  of  the 
slave  trade. 

2.  Want  of  rectitude  in  principle  ;  as,  a  malicious 
prosecution  originating  in  the  iniquity  of  the  author. 

3.  A  particular  deviation  from  rectitude  j  a  sin  or 
crime  i  wickedness  ;  any  act  of  injustice. 

y«ur  Mt9HUw«  hare  aeparaied  brtweco  70a  and  70UI  God.  — 
la.Iuu 

4.  Original  want  of  holiness,  or  depravity. 

I  was  ahapen  In  im/gidhf.  —  IV  li. 

IN-I'QUOUS,  a.     Unjust.     [.Vot  usrd,] 

IN-IR-RI-TA-FIL'I-TY,  h.  [i«and  irritabitit^  ]  The 
quality  of  !>  ine  inirritable,  or  not  susceptible  of  con- 
traction hv  txcitement.  Dancin. 

IN-IR'RI-TA-BI.E,  a.  [in  nnd  irritabU.]  Not  irrita- 
ble ;  not  susceptiblo  01  irritation,  or  contraction  by 
excitement.  Dartein, 

IN-IR'RI-TA-TIVE,  m.  Not  accompanied  with  ex- 
citement ;  as,  an  iMirritatiee  fever.  Dantin. 

IN-ISLE',  (in-Ile',)  f.  r.  {in  and  iW*,]  To  mirround  ; 
to  encircle.     [M'ot  in  ujtc.l  Drayton. 

IN-r'TIAL,  fin-ish'al,)  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  initiaiis,  tat- 
tium,  bp'ptnnine.] 

1.  He^inniiis  i  placed  at  tlie  beginning;  as,  the 
initial  letterit  uf  a  name. 

3.  Beginning  ;  incipient;  a.-*,  the  in'uiai  symptoms 
of  a  diseast'. 

IN  r'TIAi^  n.    The  first  letter  of  a  name.   " 

IN-I"TIAL-LY,  arfr.     In  an  incipient  degree. 

BarroiD, 

IN-1"TUTE,  (in-ish'ate,)  r.  L  [Low  L.  inaio,  to  en- 
ter or  begin,  from  ijiitu/n,  in/o,  to  enter ;  in  and  eo, 
to  goj 

1.  To  in^ruct  in  nidiments  or  principles  ;  or  to  in- 
troduce into  any  society  or  sect  by  instructing  the 
candidate  in  its  principles  or  ceremonies  ;  as,  to  ui- 
ittoU  a  person  into  the  mysteries  of  Ceres. 

5.  To  introduce  into  a  new  state  or  society  ;  as,  to 
imitiati  one  into  a  club.  Jiddison. 

3.  To  instruct;  to  acquaint  with;  a?,  to  inUiate 
one  in  the  higher  branches  of  mathematics. 

4.  To  begin  upon.  Clarendon, 
IN-I"TI  ATE,  c.  i.    To  do  the  first  act ;  to  perform  the 

first  rite.  Pope, 

1N-I"TIATE,  (in-ish'ate,)  a.     Unpracticed.       ^AaJt. 

2.  Begun  ;  commenced.  A  tenant  by  the  courtesy 
initiate^  becomes  so  by  the  birth  of  a  child,  but  his 
estate  is  not  coosumiuate  tiU  the  death  of  tlie  wife. 

Blackstont, 

IN-U'TIATE,  «.    One  who  is  initiated.    J.  Barlow. 

IN-I"TlA-TED.  pp.  or  a.  Instructed  in  the  first  prin- 
ciples ;  entered  ;  received  into  a  society  or  sect  by 
the  proper  ceremoniea, 

IN-I"TH-TING,  ppr.  Introducing  by  instruction,  or 
by  appropriate  ceremonies.  J.  M.  Mason. 

IN-1"TI -A'TIOX,  (in-ish-e-a'shun.)  n.     [L.  initiatio.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  introducing  one  into  a  new 
society,  by  instructing  him  in  its  principles,  rules,  or 
ceremunies ;  as,  to  initiate  a  person  into  a  Christian 
community. 

2.  The  act  or  {mtcess  of  making  one  acquainted 
with  principles  before  unknown. 

3.  Admission  by  applicalinn  of  ceremonies  or  use 
of  symbols  ;  as,  to  initiate  one  into  the  visible  church 
by  baptism.  Hammond. 

IN-r'TiA  TIVE,  a.    Serving  to  initi.ite. 
IN-I"TIA-TiV£,  n.     An   inlroduciory  step  or  move- 


INJ 

menL  The  term  is  applied  especially  to  the  action 
of  legislative  l»<>dies  ;  as  when  one  of  two  houses  has 
the  rifibt  to  originate  any  measure,  it  is  said  to  have 
the  initiattce.  Such  is  Llie  right  of  tiie  house  of 
commons  in  respect  to  money  bills.  Brandt. 

IN-I"TIA-TO-HY,  (in-isli'a-to-ry,)  o.  Introductory; 
as,  an  initiator!/  step. 

-2.  Initialing  or  serving  to  initiate  ;  introducing  by 
instruction,  ur  by  tlie  use  and  application  of  symbols 
or  ceremonies. 

Two  Mdotory  rilM  or  the  aame  general  Import  car  not  exist 
UigMfaar.  J.  Af.  Afaaon. 

IN-I"TIA-TO-RY, «,    [supnu]    Introductory  rite. 

L.  .Adiiison, 
IN-F'TION,  (in-ish'un,)  a.     A  beginning.     [Obsolete.] 

J^'aunton, 
INJEGT',  V.  L    [L.  injectus,  itijido ;  in  and  jacio,  to 
throw.] 

1.  To  throw  in  ;  to  dart  in  ;  as,  to  injeU  any  thing 
into  the  mt>mh  or  stomach. 

2.  To  cast  or  throw  on. 

And  riouik]  inject  on  mound.  Pop** 

IN  JEGT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Thrown  in  or  on. 
INJECT'l.Xt;,  ppr.    Throwing  in  or  on. 
INJECTION,  (in-jck'shun^)n     [Fr.,  from  L.  injeetio.] 

1.  The  act  of  throwing  in  ;  applied  particularly  to 
the  forcible  throwing  in  of  a  liquid  or  aeriform  body, 
by  means  of  a  syringe,  pump,  &.c. 

2.  A  liquid  medicine  thrown  into  the  body  by  a 
syringe  or  pipe  ;  a  clyster. 

3.  In  atiaUitatj,  the  act  of  filling  the  vessels  of  an 
animal  body  with  some  colored  substance,  in  order 
to  render  visible  their  figures  and  ramifications. 

Enefc 
INJOIN'.    See  E«oirr. 
INJU  eUND'I-TY,  a.     [lu  injncunditas.] 

Unpleasantness  ;  disagreeableness.     [LiUle  used.'] 
IN-JO'Dl-CA-BLE,  a.     Not  cognizable   by   a  judge. 

[Uttls  used,] 
IN-JU-DI"CIAL,  (-ju-dish'al,)  a.      Not  according  lo 

the  forms  of  law.  Diet, 

INJU-I)I"CIOUS,  C-ju-dish'ns,)ii.  [in  and  judicious.] 
Not  judicious;  void  of  judgment;  acting  witliout 
Judgment;  unwise;  as,  an  injudicious  person. 

2.  Not  according  to  sound  judgment  ur  discretion  ; 
unwise  ;  as,  an  iniudieious  measure. 
INJU-DI"CI0US-LY,  adv.    Without  judgment  j  un- 

INJU-Dl"CIOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
injudicious  or  unwise.  fV/utlock. 

IN-J  UNCTION,  n.  [L.  injunction  from  injungo^  to 
enjoin  ;  in  and  jungo,  to  join.] 

1.  A  command  ;  order ;  precept ;  the  direction  of 
a  superior  vested  with  authority. 

For  itll  ibe^  knew,  and  ought  to  hare  still  renirmbeivd 
Tbo  Ufh  tf^uMlioii,  not  to  ta«e  ibat  fhift.  MUton. 

2.  Urgent  advice  or  exhortation  of  persons  not 
vested  with  absolute  authority  to  command. 

3.  In  law,  a  writ  or  order  of  the  Court  of  Chancery, 
directed  to  an  inferior  court,  or  to  parties  and  their 
counsel,  directing  them  to  stay  proceedings,  or  to  do 
some  act,  as  to  put  the  plaintiff  in  possession  for 
want  of  the  defendant's  appearance,  to  stay  waste 
or  other  injury,  &c.  When  the  reason  for  granting 
an  injunction  ceases,  the  injunction  is  dissolved. 

Blackstojie. 
IN'JURE,  r.  t.     [Fr.  injure,  injurier;  L.  injuria,  injury  ; 
Sp.  injuriar  ;  IL  ingiuriare.     See  Injury.] 

1.  To  hurt  or  w<mnd,  as  the  person;  to  impair 
soundness,  as  of  health. 

2.  To  damage  or  lessen  the  value  of,  as  goods  or 
estate. 

3.  To  slander,  tarnish,  or  impair,  as  reputation  or 
character. 

4.  To  impair  or  diminish  :  lo  annoy;  as  happiness. 

5.  To  give  pain  to ;  to  grieve ,  as  sensibility  or 
feelings. 

6.  To  impair,  as  the  intellect  or  mind. 

7.  To  hurt  or  weaken  ;  as,  to  injure  a  good  cause. 

8.  To  impair  ;  to  viitlate  ;  as,  to  injure  rights. 

9.  To  make  worse  ;  as,  great  rains  injure  the  roads. 

10.  In  general,  to  wrong  the  person,  to  damage  the 
property,  or  to  lessen  the  happiness  of  ourselves  or 
oiliers,  A  man  injures  his  person  by  wounds,  his 
cst.ite  by  negligence  or  extravagance,  and  his  hap- 
piness by  vices.  He  injures  his  neighbor  by  violence 
to  his  person,  by  fraud,  by  calumny,  and  by  non-ful- 
fillment of  his  contracts. 

IN'JUR--£D,  pp.  or  a.     Hurt;    wounded;    damaged; 

impaired  ;  weakened  ;  made  worse. 
IN'JUR-ER,  n.     One  who  injures  or  wrongs. 
IN'JUR-ING,  pp-.     Hurting;  damaging;  impairing; 

weakening  ;  rendering  worse. 
IN-JO'RI-OUS,  a.     [L.  injurius;  Fr.  injurieux.] 

1.  Wrongful ;  unjust ;  hurtful  to  the  rights  of 
another.  That  which  impairs  rights  or  prevents 
the  enjoyment  of  tliem,  is  injurious. 

2.  Hurtful  to  the  person  •r  health.  Violence  is 
injurious  to  the  person,  as  intemperance  is  to  the 
h:iallh. 

3.  AfFerting  with  damage  or  loss.  Indolence  is 
injurious  to  projMTty. 


INL 

4.  Mischievous;  hurtful;  aa,  the  itijariaus  conae- 
qucnccs  of  sin  or  folly. 

5.  Lessening  or  tarnishing  reputation.  The  very 
suspicion  of  cowardice  is  injurious  to  a  soldier's 
character. 

G.  Detractory;  contumelious;  hurting  reputation; 
as,  obscure  hintsj  as  well  as  open  detraction,  are 
sometimes  injurious  to  reputation, 

7.  In  generaly  whatever  gives  pain  lo  the  body  or 
mind,  whatever  impairs  or  destroys  property  or  riglits, 
whatever  tarnishes  reputation,  whatever  disttirlffi 
happiness,  whatever  retards  prosperity  or  defeats  the 
success  of  a  good  cause,  is  deemed  injurious, 

IN-JO'RI-OUS-LY,  adv.    Wrongfully  ;  hurtfully  ;  with 
injustice ;  mischievously. 

INJ0'RI-OU;^-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  inju- 
rious or  hurtful ;  injury. 

IN'JU-RY,  n.     [L,  injuria  ;  in  and  ju-*,  jury,  right ;  Fr. 
injure  ;  It.  iagiuria  ;  8p.  injuria.] 

1.  In  general,  any  wrong  or  damage  done  to  a 
man*s  person,  rights,  repulaiion,  or  goods.  That 
which  impairs  the  soundness  uf  the  body  or  health, 
or  ;;ives  pain,  is  an  injury.  That  wliich  imjiairs  the 
mental  facullies  is  an  injury.  These  injuriejt  maybe 
received  by  a  fall  or  by  other  violence.  Trespass, 
fraud,  and  non-fulfillment  of  covenants  and  contracts 
are  injuries  to  rights.  Slander  is  an  injury  to  reputa- 
tion, and  so  are  cowardice  and  vice.  Whatever  im- 
pairs the  quality  or  diminishes  the  value  of  giwds  or 
property,  is  an  injury.  We  may  receive  injury  by 
misfortune  aa  well  as  by  injustice. 

2.  Mischief;  detriment. 

Many  timRS  we  do  injury  to  a  cause  by  dwelling  on  trifling 
ar^nienU.  Waus. 

3.  Any  diminution  of  that  which  is  good,  valuable, 
or  advantageous. 

IN-JUS'TICE,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  injustiliaf  in  and  jus- 
titia,  justice,] 

1.  Iniquity;  wrong;  any  violation  of  another's 
rights,  as  fraud  in  contracts,  or  the  withholding  of 
what  is  due.  It  has  a  particular  r«ference  to  an 
unequal  distribution  of  rigiiL-j,  property,  or  privileges 
among  persons  uho  have  eijual  claims. 

2.  The  withholding  from  another  merited  praise, 
or  ascribing  to  him  unmerited  blame. 

INK,  n.     [D.  inkt;  Fr.  encre.     Q.U.  It.  iiichiostro,  from 
inchiudere,  L.  includo.] 

1.  A  black  liquor  or  substance  used  for  writing, 
gent-nilly  made  of  an  infusion  of  galls,  copperas, 
and  gum-arabic. 

2.  Any  liquor  used  for  writing  or  forming  letters, 
as  red  ink,  &.c. 

3.  A  pigment. 

Printing  ink  is  made  by  boiling  Unseed  oil,  ond 
burning  it  for  a  short  time,  and  mixing  it  with  lamp- 
black, with  an  addition  of  soap  and  resin. 

Ink  for  the  rolling  press,  is  made  with  linseed  oil 
burnt  as  above,  and  mixed  with  Frankfort  black. 

Indian  ink,  from  China,  is  composed  of  lampblack, 
and  size  or  animal  glue.  J^Ticholson. 

Sympathetic  oiA,  a  liquor  used  in  writing,  which 
exhibits  no  color  or  a|)pearancetill  some  other  means 
are  used,  such  as  holding  it  lo  the  fire,  or  nibbing 
something  over  it.  Encyc. 

INK,  V.  U    To  hlack  or  daub  with  ink. 
INK'-BAG,  n.     A  bag  or  sac  containing  a  deep  black 
liquid  ;  found  in  certain  animals,  as  the  cutlle-fish. 

Buckland. 
INK'BLUR-RfiD,  a.    Blurred  or  darkened  with  ink. 
INK'£n,  (inkt,)  pp.     Covered  or  daubed  with  ink. 
INK'HORN,  n.     [inA  and  horn  ;  horns  being  formerly 
used  for  holding  ink.]     A  small  vessel  used  to  hold 
ink   on  a  writing-table   or  desk,  or  for   carrying   it 
about  the  person.    Iiikhornsare  made  of  horn,  glass, 
or  stone. 
2.  A  portable  case  for  the  instruments  of  writing. 

Jofi  nson. 
INK'HORN,  a.   A  reproachful  epithet,  meaning  affect- 
ed, pedantic,  or  pompous.     [Obs.]  Bale. 
INK'I-NE.SS,  n.     [from  infcy.J    The  state  or  quality 

of  being  inky. 
INK'ING,  ppr.    Covering  or  daubing  with  ink. 
INK'LE,  (ink'l.)  n.    A  kind  of  broad  linen  tape. 

^  Shak. 

INK'LING,  n.    A  hint  or  whisper  ;  an  intimation. 

Bacon. 
2.  Inclination  ;  desire.  Oro^fe. 

[This  is  the  proper  sense  of  the  word  ;  it  being  from 
incline,  inclination.] 
INK'-MAK-Eft,  n.    One  whose  occupation  is  to  make 

ink. 
IN-KNIT',  (in-nit',)  r.  (.     To  knit  in.  Sotithnj. 

IN-KNOT',  (in-noi',)  v.  L     [in  and  knoL]     To  bind,  as 

with  a  knot.  Fuller. 

INK'BTAND,  n.   A  vessel  for  holding  ink  and  writing 

materials. 
INK'-STONE,  ji.    A  kind  of  small,  round  stone,  of  a 
while,  red,  gray,  yellow,  or  black  color,  containing  a 
quantity  of  native  vitriol  or  sulphate  of  iruii,  used  in 
making  ink.  Knctjc. 

INK'Yjfl.    Consisting  of  ink;  resembling  ink  ;  black. 

2.  Tarnished  or  blackened  with  ink. 
IN-LACE',  V.  L    [in  and  lace.]    To  embellish  with  va- 
riegations. E'/...!.^ 


Fletcher. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  M.\R1NE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  B(;>QK.  — 

60g  -  — 


INN 

IN-LXC'ED,   (list',)  pp.    Embeltished  with  variega- 

IN-LaC'INO,  ppr.     EmtM>lli shine  with  variegations, 

IN-LA-GA'TION,  n.  The  resiitulion  of  an  outlawed 
pcnjon  to  the  protection  of  the  law  Bouvier 

IN-LAID',  pp.  of  lNL4,r,  which  sre. 

IN'LANU,  a.  [in  and  land.]  Interior;  remote  from 
the  sea.  Worcester  in  Massachut^utts,  and  Lancas- 
ter in  Pennsylvania,  are  large  inland  towns. 

3.  Within  land  ;  retuute  from  the  ocean  ;  as,  an  iti- 
lanil  Inko  or  sea.  Spmser. 

3.  Carried  on  within  a  country ;  domestic ;  not 
foreign ;  h9,  inland  trade  or  transportation  ;  xnland 
uavigatton. 

4.  Conlined  to  a  country;  drawn  and  payable  in 
the  same  country;  a'>,  an  inland  bill  of  exchange, 
distinguished  from  a  ftrrrign  bili,  which  ij*  drawn  in 
one  country  on  a  person  living  in  another. 

IN'L.O.'D,  n.    The  interior  part  of  a  country. 

Shak.     Milton. 

IN'LA\D-ER,  B,  One  who  lives  in  the  interior  of  a 
Country,  or  at  a  distance  from  the  sea.  Brown, 

I.N'LANI)-ISH,  a.  Denoting  something  inland;  na- 
livf.     [Obs.] 

I.\-LAP'I-DATE,  tJ.  L  [L.  in  and  lapiilo,  lapis^  a 
stone] 

Tu  convert  into  a  stony  substance ;  to  petrify.  {Lit- 
tle u^ed.]  Bacon, 

IN-L-^W,  V.  u    To  clear  of  outlawry  or  attainder. 

Bacon. 

IN-LAW'£D,  pp.     Cleared  of  attainder. 

IN-LXY',  v.  t.;  pret  and  pp.  "Inlaid,  [in  and  /oy.l 
To  diversify  cabinet  or  other  work  by  laying  in  ana 
fastening  with  glue  or  cement,  thin  slices  or  leaves 
of  fine  wood,  ivory,  pearl,  mosaic,  &c.,  on  a  ground 
of  common  wood,  it  coarser  material.  This  is  used 
in  making  compartments.  Owilt. 

IN'LAY,  II.  .Matter  or  pieces  of  wood,  ivor>',  &.c.,  in- 
laid, or  prepared  for  inlaying.  Mittuiu 

IN-LA  Y'ER,  n.  The  person  who  inlays,  or  whose  oc- 
cupation it  is  to  inlay. 

IN-LAY'ING,  ppr.  Laying  in  thin  slices  of  wood, 
ivory,  &c,  on  anc»ther  surface. 

IN-LA  Y'ING,  n.  The  opt-raiion  of  diversifying  or  or- 
namenting work  with  thin  pieces  of  wikmI,  ivory, 
pearl,  icCy  set  in  a  ground  of  other  wood,  or  coarser 
inalrrial. 

IN'LET,  n,  [in  and  Ut.'\  A  passage  or  opening  by 
wliich  an  inclosed  place  may  be  entered  ;  place  of  in- 
gress j  entrance.  Thus,  a  window  is  an  inlet  for 
hglit  into  a  house;  the  senses  are  the  inlets  of  ideas 
or  p<Tceptions  into  the  mind. 

2.  A  bay  or  recess  in  the  shore  of  the  sea,  or  of  a 
lake  or  large  river,  or  between  isles. 

/JV  LI.M'I-JVR,  [L.]  At  the  threshold  ;  at  the  begin- 
niuK  or  outset. 

IN-LIST'.    See  Eslist. 

LN'-H^CK',  V.  L  To  lock  or  inclose  one  thing  within 
another. 

1\  L<)CK'/:D,  (in-Iokt',)  pp.  Locked  or  inclosed  with- 
in another  thing. 

AV  LtycO,  [L.]     In  the  place. 

IN'LY,  a.    [m  and  like.]     Internal;  interior;  secret. 

SfiaJi, 

IN'LY,  adv.  Internally  ;  within  ;  in  the  heart  ;  se- 
cretly ;  as,  to  be  inly  pleased  or  grieved. 

Mtlton.     Spmser, 

IN'MATE,  n.  [in,  or  inn,  and  mate.]  A  person  who 
Iodises  or  dwetli*  in  the  same  house  with  another,  oc- 
cupying different  room>f,  but  using  the  same  door  fur 
passing  in  and  out  of  the  house.  CoweU 

a.  A  lodger;  one  who  lives  with  a  family,  but  is 
not  otherwise  connected  with  it  than  as  a  lodger. 

IN'MATK,  a.     Admitted  as  u  dweller.  Mtlton. 

AV  ME'DI-JiS  R£s,   [L.]     In  the  midst  of  things. 

IN'MOST,  a.  [in  and  mouL]  Deepest  within;  remot- 
est from  the  surface  or  external  part. 

Thr  •ilcfil,  ilow,  confiimini;  fire*, 

Which  on  my  inmoat  ritnla  ptcj.  A/Uuon. 

I  gol  inUt  the  tnm«>((  court.  ~         OuUiper. 

INN,  n.  [Sax.  inn,  probably  from  the  Heb.  and  Ch. 
n;n,  to  uwell,  or  to  pitrh  a  tent,  whence  Ch.  man, 
an  inn.     Class  Gn,  No.  19.] 

1.  A  house  for  the  lodging  and  entertainment  of 
travelers  ;  oden  a  tavern  where  liquors  are  furnished 
fur  travelers  and  others. 

Tbere  wu  do  ruom  fur  lh>-m  ui  the  inn.  —  Lukr  i\. 

2.  In  England^  a  college  of  municipal  or  common 
law  professors  and  students  ;  the  word  inn  having 
formerly  been  used  as  synonymous  with  lodging- 
house  or  residence,  and  alnu  for  the  town-hou>«e  of  a 
nobleman,  bishop,  or  other  distinguished  personage, 
in  which  he  resided  when  he  attended  the  court. 
Hence  the  terms  Lincoln's  /«n,  Gray*s  fnn,  &c., 
which  were  once  the  residences  of  the  noble  fam- 
ilies whose  names  they  bear.  Toone. 

Jnnji  of  court;  colleges  in  which  students  of  law 
retiide  and  are  invtnicted.  I'he  princi{ml  are  the  In- 
ner 7'empl'!,  the  Middle  'I'emple,  Lincoln's  Inn,  and 
Gray's  Inn.  / 

/him  of  chancery  i  colleges  in  which  young  students 
formeriy  began  their  law  studies.  These  are  now 
occupied  chieliy  by  attorneys,  ■olicitoni,  &c.  Eneye. 


INN 

INN,  V.  t.    To  take  up  lodging  ;  to  lodge.        Donne. 

INN,  T.  t.    To  house  ;  to  put  under  cover.        Bacon. 

INN'llf)LD-KR,  71.     [inn   and  hold.]     A  person  who 
keeps  an  inn  or  house  for  the  entertainment  of  trav- 
elers ;  also,  a  tavemer. 
9.  An  inhabitant.     [Ohs.]  Spmser. 

INN'KEKP  ER,  n.  [inn  and  krrp.]  An  iniiholder. 
In  JimericOy  the  innkeeper  is  often  a  tavern-keeper 
or  lav<rner,  as  well  as  an  innkeei>er,  the  inn  fur  fur- 
nishing lodgings  and  provisions  being  usually  united 
with  the  tavern  for  the  sale  of  liquors. 

IN'NATEor  IN-NATE',  a.  [L.  innoiu*,  from  innas- 
eor;  in  and  naseor^  to  be  born.] 

Inborn  ;  native  ;  natural.  Innate  ideas  are  such  as 
are  supposed  to  be  sumiped  on  the  mind  at  the  mo- 
ment when  existence  begins.  Mr.  Locke  has  taken 
great  pains  to  prove  that  no  such  ideas  exist. 

Encyc. 

IN'NA-TED,  for  Innate,  is  not  used. 

I.V'NATE-LYor  IN-NATE'LY,  adu.    Naturally. 

Ii\'NATB-NE.SS  or  IN-NATE'NESS,  n.  The  quality 
of  being  lunate. 

IN-NAV'1-GA-ULE,  a.  [L.  innavigabilis ;  in  and  nav- 
igabilis.     See  Navigate.] 

Tliat  can  not  be  navigated ;  impassable  by  ships  or 
vessels.  Drifden, 

IN-NA  V'l-GA-BLY,  adv.    So  as  not  to  be  navigable. 

IN'NER,  u.  [from  in.]  Interior;  farther  inward  than 
something  else;  as,  an  inner  chamber;  the  inner 
court  of  a  temple  or  palace. 

2.  Interior;  internal;  not  outward;  as,  the  inner 
man.     Eph.  iii. 

I\'NKR-LY,  adv.     More  within.     [Obs.]         Barret. 

IN'NER-MOST,  a.  Furthest  inward  ;  most  remote 
from  the  outward  part.     Prot,  xviii. 

IN-NERV-A'TION,  n.  [in^  neg.,  and  nerve.]  A  state 
of  weakness.  Hall. 

2.  Art  of  strengthening. 

IN-NERVE',  r.  t.     [in  and  nerve.]     To  give  ner\'e  to  ; 

to  invigorate  ;  to  strengthen  DwighL 

IN-NERV'CD,  pp.     Invigorated. 
IN-NERVING,  ppr.     Strengthening. 
INN'ING,  n.     The  ingathering  of  grain. 

3.  A  term  in  cricket,  the  turn  for  using  the  bat. 
INN'INGS,  A.  pL     Lands  recovered  from  the  sea. 

.^instoitrth. 
IN'NO-CENCE,    )  7U     [Fr.,  from  L.  innocentiaf  in  and 
IN'NO-CEN-CY,  S     T^ceo,  to  hurt.] 

1.  Prifperlij,  freedom  from  any  <pialiiy  that  can  in- 
jure ;  innuxiousness  ;  harmtessness  ;  as,  the  innocence 
of  a  medicine  which  can  do  no  liann.  In  this  sense, 
the  noun  is  not  obsolete,  though  less  used  than  the 
adjective. 

2.  In  fl  morai  aense^  freedom  from  crime,  sin,  or 
fEuilt ;  untainted  purity  of  heart  and  life  ;  unimpaired 
integrity. 


3.  Freedom  from  guilt  or  evil  intentions ;  simplici- 
ty of  heart  ;  as,  the  innocence  of  a  child. 

4.  Freedom  from  the  guilt  of  a  particular  sin  or 
crime.  I'his  is  the  sense  iti  which  the  word  \<*  most 
gunerally  used,  for  perfect  innocence  can  not  be  predi- 
cated of  man.  A  man  charged  with  theft  or  murder 
may  prove  his  innocence. 

5.  The  state  of  being  lawfully  conveyed  to  a  bel 
ligcrenl,or  of  nut  being  contrabnml  ;  as,  the  innocence 
or  a  cargo,  or  of  any  merchandise.  Kent. 

IN'NOCE.VT,  a.     [Fr.,  from  U  innocent.] 

1.  Proprrltj,  not  noxious  ;  not  producing  injury  ; 
free  from  qualities  that  can  injure  ;  harmless  ;  m- 
noxious  ;  as,  an  innocent  metlicinc  or  remedy. 

2.  Free  from  guilt ;  not  having  done  wrong  or  vi- 
olated any  law  ;  not  tainted  with  sin ;  pure  ;  upriplit. 
In  this  gencnil  sense,  no  human  being  tliat  is  a  mur- 
al agent  can  be  innocent.     It  is  fulluweil  by  of. 

3.  Free  from  the  guilt  of  a  particular  crime  or  evil 
action  ;  as,  a  man  is  innocent  of  Iho  crime  charged  in 
the  indictment. 

4.  L'twfiil ;  permitted  ;  as,  an  innocent  trade. 

5.  Not  contraband;  not  subject  to  furfi-iture ;  as, 
innocent  gtMMls  carried  tu  a  belligerent  nation.  KenL 

6.  Ignorant;  imbecile;  idiotic.     [Obs.] 
IN'NO-CENT,  n.     One  free  from  guilt  or  harm.  Shak. 

2.  An  ignorant  person ;  hence,  u  natural ;  an  idiot. 
[  Unusunl.]  Hooker. 

IN'NO-CENT-LY,  adv.     Without  harm  ,  without  in- 
curring Kuilt. 

2.  With  siinplirity  ;  without  evil  design. 

3.  Without  incurring  a  forfeiture  or  penalty ;  as, 
g(Kids  innocently  imjiorted. 

IN-NOC'li-OUtf,  a.     [L.   innor,uus ;  in  and  nocco,  to 
hurt.] 

Ilannless  ;  safe;  producing  no  ill  effect ;  innocent. 
Certtiin  poisons,  tuh;d  as  medicines,  in  small  quan- 
tities, pfovti  not  only  innocuous,  but  beneficial.  It  is 
applied  only  to  thinffa,  nut  to  per.'^vn.-'. 

IN  NOC'U-OIJS-LY,  iw/b.     Without   harm;   without 
injurious  effects. 

IN-NOe'U-OCS.NE.SS,n.    Harmlnssness  ;  the  quality 
of  being  destitute  of  mischievous  qualities  or  effects. 

Diifby, 

IN-NOM'I-NA-BLE,  o.     Not  to  be  named.    Oiaucer. 


INO 

IN-NO.M'I-NATE,  a.    Having  no  name  ;  anonymous. 

•  Ray. 

IN'NO-VATE,  V.  I.  [Fr.  innover ;  L.  innovo  ;  in  and 
noro,  to  make  new,  tjocils,  new.] 

1.  To  change  or  alter  by  introducing  something 
new. 

From  liii  RttPiDpta  upon  the  civil  power,  he  proceeds  tu  innoDoCe 
UoU'h  wurtfliip.  ^  South. 

9.  To  bring  in  something  new.  Bacon, 

IN'NO-VATE,  V,  i.  To  introduce  novelties  ;  to  make 
changes  in  any  thing  established ;  with  on.  -U  is 
often  dangerous  to  innovate  on  the  custuuis  uf  a 
nation. 

IN'NO  VA-TED,7)p.  Changed  by  the  introduction  of 
something  new. 

IN'NO-VA-TING,  ppr.    Introducing  novelties. 

IN-NO-VA'TION,«.  [from  innovate.]  Change  made 
by  the  introductiun  of  something  new;  change  in 
established  laws,  customs,  rites,  or  practices.  Jnno 
ration  is  expedient  wheTfjft  remedies  an  evil,  and 
safe  when  men  are  prepared  to  receive  it.  Innova- 
tion is  often  used,  in  an  ill  sense,  fur  a  change  that 
disturbs  settled  opinions  and  practices,  without  an 
equivalent  advantage. 

IN'NO-VA-TOR,  n.    An  introducer  of  changes. 

Time  U  the  greatest  innorator.  Bacon, 

2.  One  who  introduces  novelties,  or  who  makes 
changes  by  introducing  something  new.  South. 

IN-NOX'IOUS,  a.  [L.  innoxius ;  in  and  noziiw,  noceo, 
to  hurt.] 

1.  Free  from  mischievous  qualities ;  innocent ; 
harmless  ;   as,  an  innoxious  drug. 

2.  Not  producing  evil ;  harmless  in  effects. 

Imwxioxit  flame's  are  often  seen  on  the  hair  of  nico'i  henda,  and 
oil  huntes'  niaucx.  Digby. 

3.  Free  from  crime  ;  pure  ;  innocent.  Pope. 
IN-NOX'IOUS-LY,  tuit).     Harmlessly;   without   mis- 
chief. 

2.  Without  harm  suffered.  Brown. 

IN-NOX'IOUS-NESS,  n.     Harmlessness. 

Tttc  innojiouanett  of  the  imalt-pox.  T\}okt. 

IN-NU-EN'DO,  71.  [L.,  from  innuo^  to  nod ;  in  and 
puo.] 

1.  An  oblique  hint ;  a  remote  intimation  or  refer- 
ence to  a  |>ersun  or  thing  not  named. 

Murcury  — owns  it  a  marriage  by  innuendo.  Dryden. 

2.  In  law,  a  word  used  to  point  uut  the  application 
of  some  injurious  remark  tu  ttie  person  aimed  at. 

IN'NU-ENT,  fl.     [L.  innuem.} 

Sigriilieaiil.  Burton. 

IN-NU-MER-A-llIL'I-TV,    (  n.    State  of  being  iunu- 
IN-NO'MER-A-BLE-NESS,  \      merable. 

Futherby.     Sherwood. 
IN-NC'MER-A-RLE,  a.     [L.  innumcrabilis.     See  Num- 
ber.] 

1.  Not  to  bo  counted  ;  that  can  not  be  enumerated 
or  numbered  fur  multitude. 

2.  In  «  loose  sense,  very  numerous. 

IN  NP'MER-A-RLY,  adv.     Without  number. 

IN-N0'.MEli-OLJS,a.  [L.  innujnerus :  i«  and  numema, 
numbi-r.]  Ttw  many  to  be  counted  or  numbered  ; 
innumerable.  Milton.     Pope. 

IN-NU-TRI"TION,  C-nu-trish'un,)  n.  [in  and  nutri- 
tion.]    Want  of  nutrition  ;  failure  of  nourishment. 

Darusiiu 

IN-NU-TRI"TIOtJS,  (nu-trish'us.)  a,  [in  and  nutri- 
tioaa.]  Not  nutritious  ;  not  supplying  nourishment ; 
not  nourishing.  Darwin. 

IN-NO'TRI-TIVE,  a.     Not  nourishing.  Good. 

IN-O-UE'DI-ENCE,  n.  Disobedience  ;  neglect  of  obe- 
dience. Bp.  BedcU. 

IN-O-Hk'DI-E.VT,  a.  Not  yielding  obedience;  neg- 
l<>ctinff  to  ob(;y, 

IN  Olt-SERV'A-HLE,  a.  [in  and  obsenablB.]  That 
can  nut  he  seen,  perceived,  or  observed. 

IN-01*-«ERV'ANCE,  n.  Want  of  observance  ;  neg- 
lect of  observing  ;  disobedience. 

Bacon.     Barrow. 

IN-OHJUERV'ANT,  a,  [in  and  observant,]  Not  tak- 
ing notire.  Beddoes. 

INCH  SEItV-A'TION,  n.  Neglect  or  want  of  obser- 
vation. Shuckford. 

IN  OB-TRCSIVE,  a.    Not  obtrusive.         Cotrrtdtre. 

IN-OH-TKO'SIVE-LY,  adv.     Uniibtrusively. 

IN-OII-TRO'SIVE-NESS,  n.  A  quality  of  being  not 
obtrusive. 

IN-OeeU-PA'TION,  n.    Want  of  occupation. 

C.  B.  Brown. 

IN-Oe'tJ-LA-IJLE,  a.    That  may  be  inoculated. 

2.  I'hat  may  communicate  disease  by  inoculation. 

HalL 

IN-Oe'U-LATE,  V.  L  [L.  inoeulo ;  in  and  oculusf  the 
eye.] 

1.  To  bud  ;  to  insert  the  bud  ol  a  tree  or  plant  in 
another  tree  or  plant,  for  the  purpose  of  growth  on 
the  new  stock.  All  sorts  of  stone  fruit,  apples,  pears, 
&.C.,  may  be  inoculated.  We  inoculate  the  stock  with 
a  foreign  bud. 

2.  To  communicate  a  disease  to  a  [>erson  by  insert- 
ing infectious  matter  in  his  skin  or  flesh  ;  as.  tu 
inoculate  a  person    with   the    matter  of   smnll-pox. 


TONE.  BULL,  UNITE. —AN'^GEE,  VI"CIOUS €  at  K;  0  aa  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  aa  SH ;  TH  u  In  THIS. 


IX  o 

Wh'^n  the  cow-pox  is  CAimniunicatcd,  it  is  called 

racetnatioH. 
IN-0€'lJ-LATE,  V.  L    To  prt.ikipate  by  buddinc :  to 

practice  inoculation.    Tbe  time  to  inoculnu  is  ivhen 

Ihe  buds  are  tbnned  at  the  extremities  of  the  same 

year's  shool,  indicating  that  the  spring  growth  for 

that  *<*ason  is  complete. 
IN-OC'U-LA-TED,  pp.  or  a.     Budded;  as,  an  ineem- 

ulaCed  :$tock< 

2.  Inserted  in  another  stock,  as  a  bud. 

3.  Infected  by  inoculation  with  a  particular  di8- 

IN-0€'i;-LA-TIXG,  ppr.      Budding;   propagating  by 
inj>ertins  a  bud  on  another  stock. 
9.  In^ctinc  bv  imxrulaiion. 
IN-0€-C-La'TIO.N,  «.     [L.  iittfcu/.i/ip.! 

I.  The  act  or  practice  of  inserting  buds  of  one 
plant  under  the  bark  of  another  for  projKignlion. 

'2.  The  act  or  practice  of  communicating  a  disease 
to  a  per:»on  in  health,  bv  inserting  aintitgiou!)  matter 
in  his  skin  or  flesh.  TUcJ  tenn  is  limited  chiefly  to 
the  communication  of  the  small-pox.  [i^e  Vaccin- 
ation.] 
IN-Oe'L.-LX-TOR,  II.    A  person  who  tiioculAtes  ;  one 

who  propagates  plants  or  diseases  bv  inoculation. 
IN-^'OI-A TE.  r.  L    [L.  w  and  wtrniuj 

■|\»  make  hateful.     [.Vo(  ia  m*f.]  South. 

m-O'DOR  AI'E,  a.     [L.  in  and  oAnratut,] 

llavin:;  no  scent  or  odor.  Sacon, 

IN-0'POK-OL'S,  a.     [L.  inodorus;  in  and  odor.] 
Wanting  scent ;  having  no  smell. 

Th(>  «  hitf  of  an  ffg  k  an  tnodorou*  liquor.  ArbtaJifoL 

IX-OF-FENS'lVE,  a.    [in  and  offmsive.] 

I.  Giving  no  offienae  or  provocation  ;  as,  an  inoffen- 
«re  man  ;  an  ino^nsive  answer. 

"■i.  Giving  no  uneaaines^r  ur  disturbance ;  a?,  an 
iMnfen.-nve  appearance  or  sight. 

3.  Uannlesa  ;  doing  do  injury  or  mischief. 

Thy  ta^muiM  uum  nrv«r  t^i:e.  Dri-den. 

4.  Not  olistructing  i  presenting  no  hinderance. 

Prom  hme«a  pMM^e  bfwul, 
SniMMh,  rujr,  M^jfcMiM,  down  lo  beU.  MUton, 

[  Vnusual.] 

IN-Or-FE.NSaVE-LY,  adv.  Without  giving  offense  ; 
withoiit  harm  ;  in  a  manner  not  to  offend. 

[N-OF-KENS  IV*£-XESS,  a.  Harmles«ness ;  tbe  qnal- 
Uy  of  being  not  offensive  either  lo  tlte  aenwa  or  to 
tbe  mind. 

rN-t»F-FI"CIAL,(-of-ii9h'al,)a.  [in  and  ejRriaL]  Not 
ofltrial ;  tv*  prticeeding  from  tbe  proper  officer;  not 
clothed  with  tbe  usual  forms  of  authority,  or  not 
done  in  an  official  character ;  as,  an  inofidat  comma- 
intelligence. 


•ml  KlajvtMU  vou^d  mC  make  fn^^dnl  vUtt  to  db- 
coH  oAcal  boMur*.  Pidktrb^. 

iN-OF-FI"CIAl^LY,  *fr.    Without  the  usual  formSj 

or  nni  in  the  official  character. 
IN-OF-FI"CIOU9,  (-of-fish'us.)  a.     [in  and  officious.] 
Unkind  \  regardless  of  natural  obligation;  contrary 
to  natural  duty. 

8«n|'nrtitg  tint  the  miml  had  bat  the  nae  of  bit  ffason,  wImd 

ht  OMde  ihe  utoJkiaM  tmuatal.  Blndcatont. 

Lrt  not  ■  htba  bupr  to  excuse  an  btoJSaotu  dhpa&iuaa  of  hb 
foftnne,  by  mlixgiiig  ihai  vnrj  jnao  amy  do  whu  be  will 
viCk  his  own.  Poi^. 

a.  Unfit  for  an  office. 

Tbou  drown '«i  tbjwrif  in  inoJUioua  sleep.  B.  Jonnn. 

3.  Not  civil  or  attentive.  B.  Jonson. 

IN-OF-FI"CIOL'*-LY,  adr.     Not  officiously. 

LN'-OP-ER-A'TIOX,  n.  Agency;  influence;  produc- 
tion of  effects.     UV*iK  u^frf.]  Bp.  Hall 

XN-OP'ER-A-TIVE,  a.  [in  and  operativf.]  Not  oper- 
ative :  not  active ;  having  no  operation ;  producing 
no  effect ;  as,  laws  rendered  iuoperaUve  by  neglect ; 
inopfratire  remedies. 

IN-OP'INATE,  a.     [U  inopvuUtu.]     Not  expected. 

IN-Op.pOR-TCNE' 

poarrsE.] 
Not  opportune  ;    inconvenient ;  unseasonable  in 

time. 
IN-OP-POR-TCXE'LY,  adv.     Unseasonably;  at  an 

incnnvenjeni  lime. 
IN-OP-PRESS'IVE,  a.     [in  and  oppressive.]     Not  op- 
pressive ;  not  burden^tome.  O.  Woleott. 
INOP'U-LENT,  a.     [in  and  apulenU]     Not  opulent; 

nut  weallhv  ;  not  affluent  or  rich. 
lN-OR'UI\-A-CY,  a.      [from  inordinate.]      Deviation 

from  order  or  rule  prescribed  ;  irregularity  ;  disorder  ; 

excess,  or  want  of  moderation  ;  as,  the  inordinate  of 

desire  or  other  passion.  Bp.  Taylor. 

IN-OR'DtN-ATE,  a.     [L.  imordinatus ;   in  and   ordo^ 

order.] 

Irregular  ;    disorderly  ;    excessive  ;    immoderate  ; 

not  limited  to  rules  prescribed,  or  to  usual  bounds ; 

as,  an  inordinate  love  of  the  world ;  inordmalt  desire 

of  fame. 

InordinaU  proportion  ;  in  matJumotieSf  a  proportion 

in  which  the  order  of  the  terms  is  not  regular. 

Barlow. 
IN-OR'DIN-ATE-LY,  adv.    Irregularly  ;  excessively  ; 

immoderately.  SkelUnu 


[h.  mopportuMus.     See  Or- 


INQ 

IN-OR'DIN-ATF,-NESS,  n.  Deviation  from  order; 
excepts;  want  of  miMleralion  ;  iuurdinacy;  int(-m|)cr- 
nrice  in  desire  or  other  pas:jion.  Bp.  Hull. 

IN-t>K-DIX-A'TION,  n.     Irregularity  ;  deviation  from 

rule  or  right.  South. 

liN-OR-GAN'lC,  jo.     [i«  and  orn-anie.]    Devoid  of 

IN-OR-GAN'IC-AL,  i  organs;  not  formed  with  the 
organs  or  insimnieiits  of  life  ;  as,  the  inorganic  mat- 
ter that  forms  the  earth's  s^urface.  Kirwan, 

Inorganic  bodies  are  sucli  as  have  no  organs,  as 
minerals, 
IX-OR-GA\'IC-AL-LY,  adv.     Without  organs. 
IN-OR'GAN-!Z-KD,  a.   Not  having  organic  structure  ; 
void  of  organs,  a^  earths,  metals,  or  other  minerals. 
IN-OS'€U-LATE,  v.  i.     [L.  iii  and  oscidatus^  fn.m  o*- 
eulur,  to  kiss.j 

In  anatomyy  to  unite  by  npt>osition  or  contact ;  to 

unite,  as  two  vessels  at  their  extremities  ;  as,  one  vein 

or  arter>'  inoteMlaUs  wiih  another ;  a  vein  inoculates 

with  nn  artery. 

IN-OS'€U-LAtE,  0.  (.  To  unite,  as  two  vesaels  in  an 

animal  body. 
IN-OS'€U-LA-TING,  jrpr.  Uniting,  as  tlie  extremi- 
ties of  two  vessels. 
IN-OS-eU-LA'TION,  n.  The  union  of  two  vessels  of 
an  animal  body  at  their  extremities,  or  by  contact  and 
perforation  of  their  sides,  by  means  of  which  a  com- 
munic'ttion  is  maintained,  and  the  circulation  of  fluids 
is  carried  on  ;  anastomosis.  Jiaif. 

tJ^  O'f'O,  [L.J     In  the  egg;  in  infancv. 
Ijsr  PER-PETU-^M  RE'i MR-MO'Ri^Jd^  [L.]  For 

a  perpetual  memorial  of  the  affair. 
/JV  PER-PEVU-UM,  [U]    To  [wrpelnity  ;  forever, 
UV  PEP  TO,  [It.,  in  the  breast,  L.  in  pectore.] 

In  secret ;  in  reserve. 
IJf  POS'SE,  [L.1     In  iKissibilily  of  being. 
IJV  PRO'PRI-^  PER-S0'JVj3,    [L.]     In  one's  own 

person. 
IN"(iUEST,  n.     [Fr.  enquiU;  L.  in^uisUio,  inquiro;  in 
and  murro,  to  seek.] 

1.  Inquifiition  ;  judicial  inquiry;  official  examina- 
tion. An  inquest  of  office  is  an  inqriir>'  made  by  the 
lnng*s  oflicer,  bis  sheriff,  coroner,  or  escheator,  con- 
cerning any  matter  that  entitles  the  king  to  the  pos- 
sessioa  of'  lands  or  tenements,  goods  or  chattels. 
It  is  made  by  a  jury  of  no  determinate  number. 

Blac/utone 
In  t/it  Vnited  Statu,  a  similar  inquiry,  made  by  tbe 
proper  officer,  under  the  authority  of  a  State. 

a.  Ajury;  /larfirWaWf, acoroiier'sjury.assembled 
to  inquire  into  the  cause  of  a  sudden  death. 
3.  In'iuiry;  search.  South. 

IN-QUIKT.r.f.    To  disturb ;  to  trouble.   [Notused.] 
IN-QLI-ET-A'TION,  n.     Disturbance.    [Not  used.] 
IN-QUrETUDE,  ».      [Fr..  from  L.  inquittudo  ;  in 
and  yuw,  rest  J 

Disturbed  state;  want  of  nuiet;  restlessness  ;  un- 
easiness, either  of  body  oi  mind  ;  di<>qnietu'le.   Po})e. 
IN'ttl'l-NATE,  p.  r.    [L.  tnTuiHO,  todetile;  tnandGr. 
»«it«w,  from  xojyfff,  common  ] 

To  defile  ;  to  pollute  ;  to  contaminate.  [Little  tuted.\ 

Broitn* 
IN-aUl-NA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  defiling,  orstate  of 
being  defiled ;  pollution;  corruption.    [LittI/;  used.] 

Bacon. 
IN-dCIR'A-BLE.  a      ffrora  intpiirf]    That  maybe 
inquired  into ;  subject  to  inquisition  or  inqupst. 

Bacon. 
IN-QUIRE',  r.  i.    [Fr.  myj^rtr,  Sp.  in/piirir  ;  L.  in- 
quiro ;  in  and  qwrro,  to  seek ;  Malayan,  cAarw,  to 
seek.    See  Acquire.] 

1.  To  ask  a  question ;  to  seek  for  truth  or  in- 
formation by  asking  questions. 

Wb  wUl  call  the  damaet  and  impjirt  nt  her  mouth.  — Gen.  txit. 

It  has  o/before  the  person  asked.  Inquire  o/ihem, 
or  of  him.  It  has  o/,  concerning,  or  after,  before  the 
subject  of  inquiry. 


For  thou  dost  not  inquirt  wis^lj'  concerning  this.  —  Eccl.  vu. 

When  search  is  to  be  made  for  particular  knowl- 
edge or  information,  it  is  followed  by  into.  The  cor- 
oner by  jary  inquires  t«to  the  causeof  a  sudden  death. 
When  a  place  or  person  is  sought,  or  something  liid 
or  mifsing. /or  is  commonly  used.  Inquire  far  one 
Saul  of  I'arsus.  He  was  inquiring  for  the  house  to 
which  be  was  directed.  Inquire  for  the  cloak  that 
is  lost.  Inquire  for  the  right  road.  Sometimes  it 
is  followed  by  after.    Inquire  after  the  right  way. 

When  some  general  information  is  sought,  this 
verb  is  followed  by  about ;  sometimes  by  concerning. 
His  friends  inquired  about  him  ;  they  inquired  concern- 
ing his  welfare. 

"X  To  seek  for  truth  by  argument  or  the  discussion 
of  question!),  or  by  investigation. 

To  inquire  into ;  to  make  e.\amination  ;  to  seek  for 
particular  information.  Inquire  into  the  time,  man- 
ner, and  place.  Inquire  into  all  the  circumstances  of 
the  ca.'M*. 
IN-aUIRE',  r.  /.  To  ask  about ;  to  seek  by  asking; 
as,  he  inquired  the  way  ;  but  the  phrase  is  elliptical, 
for  inquire  for  the  way. 

2.  To  call  or  name.     [  Oba.]  Spenser. 


INS 

IN-aUIR'KD,  pp.     A«ked  about ;  sought  by  asking. 

I.N-til'TR'EXT,  a.     Making  inquiry.  HhengtoHe. 

IN-<1UIR'EK,  n.  One  who  a::iks  a  question  ;  one  who 
intermgattM  ;  one  who  searches  or  examines  ;  one 
who  seek-*  for  knowledge  or  information. 

IN-CiUIll'ING,  ppr.  Seeking  for  information  Uy  ask- 
ing questions;  asking;  questioning;  interrogating; 
examining. 

IN-UUIR'ING,  a.  Given  toiiiquir>-;  disposed  to  in- 
vestigate causes  ;  as,  an  inquiring  mind. 

IN-UUIR'L\G-LY,  ade.     Uy  way  of  inquir>-. 

IN-QUI'RY,  «.  [N'onn.  enquerre,  from  qurrer,  to  in- 
quire J 

1.  The  act  of  inquiring ;  n  seeking  for  information 
by  asking  questions  ;  interrogation. 

The  mpii  whii  were  s^ot  Trom  Conirlitii  hmt  ma']"  inquiry  for 
Simon's  house,  and  sluod  tx^lure  tlif  g:tli:.  <—  Acte  x. 

2.  Search  for  truth,  information,  or  knowledge; 
research  ;  examination  into  facts  or  principles  by 
proposing  and  discussing  questions,  by  solving 
problems,  by  experiments  or  other  modes;  as,  phys- 
ical .tnfuin'M;  in^umM  about  philosophical  knowl- 
edge. Locke. 

The  first  tn^uiry  of  a  rationnl  bping  should  be,  Who  nnui'*  me} 
ttie  second,  Why  was  1  maiH  ?  who  is  my  Crfutor,  and 
wh.it  \a  hU  will  I  Anon. 

IN-QUI-Sl"TION,  (in-kwe-zish'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from 
L.  iuqiiisitio^  inquiro.    See  Inquire.] 

1.  Inqiiir}' ;  examination;  a  searching  or  search. 
Ps.  ix. 

Q.  Judicial  inquiry;  official  examination  ;  inquest. 

The  Jtiiticrs  ill  eyre  had  it  formerly  in  chnrge  lo  make  tn^t'MitJon 
cofi&'nihi^  th<!:m  by  u  Jury  of  the  county.  Blactilone, 

3.  Examination  ;  discussion.  Bacon. 

4.  In  some  Rtrman  Catholic  countries,  a  court  or  tri- 
bunal cstabtiiihcd  for  the  examination  and  nuniHh- 
ment  of  heretics.  This  court  was  established  in  the 
twelfth  century  by  Father  Dominic,  who  was  charged 
by  Pope  Innocent  III.  with  orders  to  excite  Roman 
Catholic  princes  and  people  to  extirpate  heretics. 

EnctJC. 

IN-QUI-SI"TIOX-AL,  a.  Making  inquiry ;  busy  in 
inquiry.  Sterne. 

IN-aU!-Sr"TION-A-RY,  a.     Inquisitional. 

IN-UUIS'I-TIVE,  a.  Apt  to  ask  questions  ;  addicted 
to  inquiry;  inclined  to  seek  int<>rmation  by  ques- 
tions ;  followed  by  about  or  after.  He  was  very  in- 
qnisiiioe  about,  ot  ajler,  news.  Children  are  usually 
inq^iisitive. 

2.  Inclined  to  seek  knowledge  by  dipcussiim,  in- 
vestigation, or  observation  ;  given  to  researcli.  lie 
possesses  an  inquisitive  mind  or  disposition.  We  live 
in  an  inquisitirc  age. 

IN-UUI*'I-TI\'E,  lu  A  person  who  is  inquisitive; 
one  curious  in  research.  Temple. 

IN-aUI8'I-TlVE-LV,  adv.  With  curiosity  to  obtain 
information  ;  with  scrutiny. 

IN-aUIS'I-TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  disposition  to  obtain 
information  by  questioning  others,  or  by  researches 
into  factki,  causes,  or  princii)Ies;  cirriosity  to  learn 
what  is  not  known.  I'he  works  of  nature  furnish 
ample  matter  for  the  inquisitivencss  of  the  human 
mind. 

IN-UUIS'I-TOR,  n,  [L,  See  iNQiMnn.]  One  who 
inquires  ;  particularly,  one  whose  official  duty  it  is  lo 
inquire  and  examine.  Dryrlen. 

2.  A  member  of  the  court  of  inquisition  in  Roman 
Catholic  countries.  Encyc. 

IN-QUIS-I-To'RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  inquisition  ; 
as,  inquijfitorial  power. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  court  of  inquisition,  or  resem- 
bling its  practices  ;  as,  inquisitorial  tragedy.  Encyc. 
InquiMiiorial  rubes.  £ucAanan, 

I\-aUI8-I-T0'RI-Ali-LY,  adv.     In  an  inquisitorial 

manner. 
IN-aUIS-I-T5'RI-0US,    fl.      Making  strict  inquiry. 

rCi*-.]  Mdtiin. 

IiSi-RaIL',  r.  t.    [in  and  raU.]    To  rail  in  ;  to  inclose 

with  mils,  '  Hooker.     Oay. 

IN-RaIL'KD,  pp.    Inclosed  with  rails. 
IN-RAIL'ING,  ppr.     Inclosing  with  rails, 
IN-REO'IS-TER,  r.  L     [Fr.  cnrcgistrcr.     See  Recu- 

TER-J 

To  register ;  to  record  :  to  enter  in  a  register. 

H'alsh. 
IN'ROAD,  n,  [in  and  road.]  The  entrance  of  an  en- 
emy into  a  country  with  purposes  of  hostility  ;  a  sud- 
den or  desultory  incursion  or  invasion.  The  confines 
of  England  and  Scotland  were  formerly  harassed 
with  freqrient  inroads,  il'he  Englij<h  made  inroads 
into  Scotland,  and  the  Scots  into  England,  and  the 
country  was  sometimes  desolated. 

2.  Attack  ;  encroachment. 

IN^AFE'TY,  n.     Want  of  safety.    [III.]    JVaitntoa. 

IN-SA-LC'BRI-OUS,  a.  [in  and  solubritms.]  Not  sa- 
lubrious ;  not  healthful ;  unfavorable  to  health;  un- 
wh  lesome  ;  as,  an  insalubrious  air  or  climate. 

IN-SA-LC'BRI-TY,  n.  [in  and  salubrity.]  Want  of 
salubrity;  unhealthfulness  ;  unwholesonieness  ;  as, 
the  insalubrity  of  air,  water,  or  climate. 

IN-S.\L'tI-TA-RY,  a.  [in  and  saiutarv.]  Not  salu- 
tary ;  not  favorable  to  health  or  soundness. 

3.  Not  tending  to  safety  ;  productive  of  evil. 


FATE,  FAR.  PALL,  WHAT.  — MfiTE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  B<?QK — 


INS 

IN-SAN-A-BIL'I-TV,     )  n.      Stale  of   being   incnra- 
IN-SAN'A-BLE-NESS,  i      ble. 

IN-SAN'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  ittsanabiiis ;  in  and  sano,  to 
heal.] 

Incurable  ;  that  can  not  be  healei.  Johnson. 

IN-SAN"A-BLY.  adv.    So  as  to  be  incurable. 
IN-9.aNE\  o.     [L.  insanus;  in  and  sanus,  sound. J 

1.  Unsound  in  mind  or  intellect;  mad  j  deranged 
in  mind  ;  delirious  ;  distracted.  Skak. 

2.  Used  by  or  appropriated  to  insane  persons  ;  as, 
an  insane  hospital. 

3.  Making  mad  ;  causing  madness  ;  as,  the  insane 
root.     [04*.]  SkaJc 

IN-SAXE',  n.  An  insane  person  ;  as,  a  hospital  for 
the  insane. 

IX-SANE'LY,  adv.  Madly;  foolishly;  without  rea- 
son. Montgomery. 

IN-SANE'NESS, )  n.    The  state  of  being  unsoUnd  in 

IN-SAN'I-TV,  \  mind  ;  derangement  of  intellect ; 
madness.  Insanity  is  chiefly  used,  and  the  word  is 
applicable  to  any  degree  of  mental  derangement, 
fruin  slight  delirium  or  wandering,  to  distraction.  It 
is,  however,  rarely  used  to  express  slight,  temporary 
delirium,  occasioned  by  fever  or  accident. 

I\-SAP'0-RY,  a,     [L.  in  and  sapor^  taste.] 

Tasteless  ;  wanting  flavor.     [Aut  iwcrf.J      Herbert. 

IX-Sa'TIA-BLE,  (in-si'sha-bl,)  o.  [Fr.,  from  L.  in- 
satiabilit ;  in  and  satWy  to  satisfy.] 

Incapable  of  being  satisfied  or  appeased  ;  very 
greedy  ;  as,  an  insatiable  appetite  or  desire  ;  insatiable 
thirst. 

IN-SA'TIA-BLE-NESS,  (  n.      Greediness  of  appetite 

IN-SA-TIA-BIL'I-TY,  J  thatcan  not  be  satisfiedor 
appeased.       '  Kinir  Charles. 

IN-tiA'TIA-BLY,  (in-sa'sha-bly,)  ado.  With  greedi- 
ness not  to  be  satisfied-  Soutlu 

IN-SA'TIATE,  (in-sa'shate,)  a.     [L.  insatiatujt.] 

Kot  to  be  satisfied  ;  insatiable  ;  as,  insatiate  thirst. 

Philips. 

IN-SA'TIATE-LY,  adv.  So  greedily  as  not  to  be  sat- 
isfied. 

IN-SA-TI'E-TY,  n.     Insatiableness.  Oranfftr. 

IN-SAT-IS-F ACTION,  n.    Want  of  satisfaction. 

Bacon. 

IN-SAT'U-EA-BLE,  a.  [L.  insaturabilis ;  in  and 
tatur,  full.] 

Not  to  be  saturated,  filled,  or  glutted.      Johnson. 

IN'SCT-ENCE,  n.  [in  and  science.]  Ignorance  ;  want 
of  knowledge.  Ch.  Reliir.  Jippcat. 

IN-SeRIB'A-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  inscribed. 

IN-SeRIB'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Slate  of  being  inscriba- 
ble. 

INSCRIBE',  V.  t  [L.  inseribo  :  in  and  scribo,  to 
write,  Eng.  to  scrape.     See  Scribe.] 

1.  To  write  on  ;  to  engrave  on  fur  perpetuity  or 
durati<m  ;  ASj  lo  inscribe  a  line  or  Verse  on  a  monu- 
ment, on  a  column  or  pillar. 

2.  To  imprint  on  ;  as,  to  inscribe  any  thing  on  the 
mind  or  memory. 

3.  To  assign  or  address  to  ;  to  commend  to  by  a 
short  address,  less  formal  than  a  dedicatiun  ;  as,  to 
uucribe  an  ode  or  a  book  to  a  prince. 

4.  'i'o  mark  with  letters,  characters,  or  words  ;  as, 
to  inscribe  a  Ftone  witii  a  name. 

5.  To  draw  a  figure  within  anfrfhiT,  so  that  nil  the 
angles  of  the  figure  inscribed  touch  the  sides  or 
bounding  planes  of  the  olhet  figure. 

Johnson.     Enrye. 

IN-SCRTB'£D.  pp.  Written  on  ;  engraved;  marked; 
addressed  ;  drawn  within. 

IN-S€RIB'ER,  n.     One  who  inscribe;!.  PoitnaU. 

IN-SCKIB'ING,  ppr.  Writing  on  ;  engraving;  mark- 
ing; addressing;  drawing  within. 

IN-seRIP'TION,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  iiueriplio.  See 
Inscribe.] 

1.  Something  written  or  engraved  to  communicate 
knowledge  to  after  ages;  any  chnractrr,  word,  line, 
or  Knlence  written  or  engraved  on  a  »<ilid  substance 
for  duration  ;  as,  inscriptions  on  nu>numei)ts,  called 
epitaphs,  on  pillars.  Slc.  The  inscrtpiion  on  a  medal 
U  usually  in  a  straight  line  across  it,  while  ihe  legend 
it  placed  in  a  circle  round  the  rim.  We  do  not  call 
writings  on  paper  or  parchment  inscriptions. 

2.  A  title. 

3.  An  address  or  consignment  of  a  book  to  a  ppr- 
■on,  as  a  mark  of  respect,  or  an  invit'itiuii  uf  pairu- 
naffe.     It  is  less  formal  than  a  dedication. 

IN-SCRIP'TIVE,  fl.     Bearing  inscription. 

IN-rfCKOLL',  r.  /.    To  write  on  a  scroll.  S.\ak. 

IN-SCRr>LL'£D,p;).     Written  on  a  wrnll. 

I\-SCR6I.L'ING,  mw.    Wnting  on  a  Brn.M. 

I.\  SCRC-TA-BIL'I-TY,     i  n.    The   qTjnlity  of  being 

INSCKO'TA-BLE-NESH   (      Inscnilable. 

IN-S€;RC''i'A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  inscrutabilis  ;  in 
and  tfcrutor,  to  search.] 

J.  Unsearchable  ;  that  can  not  b^  seirchrd  into 
and  understood  by  inquiry  or  study.  The  designs  of 
the  emperor  appear  to  bo  inscrutable 

2.  That  can  not  be  penetrated,  discovered,  or  un- 
derstood by  human  reason.  The  ways  of  Provi- 
dence are  often  inscrutable.  Mysteries  are  ijiseruta- 
bU. 

IN-SCRO'TA-BLY,  adv.  In  a  mnnn'>r  or  degree  not 
to  be  found  out  or  understood.     The  moral  govern- 


INS 

ment  of  an  Infinite  Being  must  otten  be  inscrutably 
dark  and  mysterious. 

IN-SCULP',  r.  f.     [L.  hiscidpo ;  tn  and  scvlpo^  to  en- 
grave.] 
To  engrave  ;  to  carve.     {Little  used.^  Shak. 

IN-SeULP'TION.  n.     Inscription,     [Liidfi  used.] 

7  'ourneur. 

IN-SeULP'TURE,  n.     An  engraving  ;  sculpture. 

[See  Sculpture,  which  is  generally  used.]    [^Skak. 

IN-SeULP'TUR-£D,  a.     Engraved. 

IN-SeA.M',  r.  /.  [in  and  seam.]  To  impress  or  mark 
with  a  seam  or  cicatrix.     [PocticaL]  Pope. 

IN-SF:AM'ED,  pp.     Impressed  with  a  seam. 

IN-SeAM'I\G,  ppr.     Marking  with  a  seam. 

IN-SEARCH',  (in-serch',)  v.  t.  To  make  search. 
fJVot  used.)  Elyot. 

IN-SECA-BLE,  a.  [L.  insccabilis  ;  in  and  seco,  to 
cut.] 

That  can  not  be  divided  by  a  cutting  instrument ; 
indivisible.  Encye. 

IN'SEGT,  n.  [L.  insecta,  pi,,  from  inseco,  to  cut  in; 
in  and  ^rco,  to  cut.  This  name  seems  to  have  been 
originally  given  to  certain  smalt  animals,  whose  bod- 
ies appear  cut  i«,  or  almost  divided.     So  in  Greek 

1.  In  loiflo^j,  an  articulate  animal,  having  the 
body  comjwsed  of  three  dit^tinct  parts,  —  the  head, 
corslet  or  thorax,  and  abdomen  ;  the  legs,  six  in  num- 
ber, with  usually  two  or  four  wings,  attached  to  the 
thorax  ;  and  along  the  sides  of  the  abdomen,  minute 
punctures,  called  spiracles,  by  means  of  which  the 
respiration  takes  place.  This  term  was  formerly  ex- 
tended to  spiders  and  crustaeca,  and  is  so  used  by  Lin- 
nzeus  ;  and  in  a  still  looser  sense  has  been  applied  to 
worms  and  other  small  animals.  Dana. 

9,  Any  thing  small  or  contemptible.       Thomson. 
IN'SEGT,  a.     Small;  mean;  contemptible. 
IN  SEG-TA'TOR,  n,      [L.]      A    persecutor.      [Little 

used.] 
IN'SE€T-ED,  0.    Having  the  nature  of  an  insect. 

Howell. 
IN-SEGT'ILE,  a.    Having  the  nature  of  insects. 

Bacon. 

IN-SEGT'ILE,  n.     An  insect.    [JVot  used.]     Wottvn. 

IN-SEG'TION,  B.     A  cutting  in  ;  incisure;  incision. 

LVSEG-TIV'O-RA,  n.  pi.      [from  L.l      A    family  of 

vcrtr-brate  quadrupeds,  the  species  of  which  live  on 

insects.     It  includes  the  shrew  and  mole,       Dana. 

U.  In  Temminck^s  system,  ai^ order  of  birds  that 
foed  on  insects.  Brands. 

IN-SEG-TIV'0-ROUS,  a.     {insect  and  L.  voro,  to  eat.l 
Feeding  or  subsisting  ou   insects.     Many-winged 
animals  are  insectivorous.  Diet.  JVat,  Hist. 

IN-SEG-TOL'O-GER,  n.     [insect  and  Gr.  Xoyoi.] 

One  who  studies  iniucts.     [J^ut  in  use.]     [See  Ew- 

TOMOLOOIST.] 

IN-SE-GORE',  fl,  [in  and  secure.]  Not  secure;  not 
safe:  not  confident  of  safety  ;  used  of  persons.  No 
man  can  be  quiet  when  he  feels  insecure. 

2.  Not  safe  ;  not  cfltrctually  guarded  or  protected  ; 
unsafe;  exposed  to  danger  or  I«)8s.  Gtxids  on  the 
ocean  are  insecure.  Hay  and  grain  unhoused  are  ih- 
seeure.     Debt-*  are  often  insecure. 

IN-SIC-GCRE'LY,  adv.  Without  security  or  safety; 
wilhmit  certainty.  Oiestrrjield. 

IN-.**E-eO'KI-TY,  n.  [in  and  security.]  WatU  of 
safety,  or  want  of  confidence  in  safety.  Seamen  in 
a  tempest  nin-'t  be  conscious  of  their  msecuriuj. 

2.  Uncertainty.  With  what  insecurity  of  truth  we 
ascribe  effects  lu  unseen  causes. 

3.  Want  of  safriy  ;  danger ;  linzard  ;  exposure  to 
destruction  or  loss;  applied  to  things;  as,  the  inse- 
curity of  a  building  exposed  to  (ire  ;  the  insecurity  of 
a  debt. 

IN-SE-eO'TIOX,  B.    [L.  insecutio.]    Pursuit. 

Chapman. 

IN-SEM'IX-ATE,  v.  U  [L.  insemino.]  To  sow;  to 
impregnate.     {Little  used.] 

IX-^EM  IN-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  sowing  or  im- 
pregnating.    [LitiU  used.] 

IN-SEXS'ATE,  a.  [Fr.  insensij  L.  in  and  sensus^ 
sense.] 

Destitute  of  scnsa ;  rtilpid  ;  fooIKh*;  wanting  sen- 
sibility. Milton.     Hammond. 

IN-SEX.S-T-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [from  insensible.]  Want 
of  sensibility,  or  the  power  of  feeling  or  perceiving. 
A  froz'-n  liinh  is  in  a  stale  of  insensibtlity^  as  is  an 
animal  body  after  death, 

2.  Want  of  the  power  to  b?*  m-ivcd  or  nflfected  ; 
want  of  tenderness  or  suBccptibility  of  cmntioii  and 
passion.  Not  to  he  moved  at  the  distresses  of  others 
denotes  an  insensibUiUj  extremely  unnatural, 

3.  Dullness  ;  stupidity  ;  torpor. 
IN-SENS'I-BLE,  a.     [Fr.  and  Sp.,  from  L.  in  and  aen^ 

sus,  sense,  sentio^  to  feel.] 

1.  Imp';rceptible  ;  that  can  not  be  felt  or  perceived. 
The  motion  of  the  earth  is  insensible  to  the  eye.  A 
plant  grows,  and  the  body  decays,  by  injicnsible  de- 
grees. The  humors  of  the  body  are  evacuated  by  inr- 
sensible  perspiration. 

Tb*  dman  an'l  tri^ht  !i)[+il  of  th*-  f4rel<"  will  ol«Ciire  ihe  rare 
Mvl  wri>k  li^hi  of  iif'mf  ilnfk  eolon  round  about  It,  and  r-'n- 
dcrUi^m  &l>ito«l  irutnsibU.  NauMn. 

2.  Destitute  of  the  power  of  feeling  or  perceiving  ; 


INS 

wanting  corporeal  sensiliility.  An  injury  to  the 
spine  orton  renders  tlie  inferior  parts  of  the'botly  in- 
sensible. 

3.  Not  susceptible  of  emotion  or  passion  ;  void  of 
feeling:  wanting  tenderness.  To  be  insensible  to 
the  sufferings  of  our  fellow-men,  is  inhuman.  To 
be  insensible  of  danger,  is   not  always  evidence  of 

4.  Dull;  stupid;  torpid.  [courage. 

5.  Void  of  sense  or  meaning  ;  as,  insensible  vv«rds. 

Hale.     Du  Ponceau 
IN-SEXS'I-RLE-NESS,  n.  Inability  to  perceive  ;  want 
of  sensibility,    [See  Ir(s£iisiBii.iTT,  which  is  gener- 
ally usrd.] 
IN-SEXS'I-BLY,   adv.     Imperceptibly  ;    in  a  manner 
not  to  be  felt  or  perceived  by  the  senses. 

The  hit's  riw  inteiiMtbty.  Ad-lUon. 

S.  By  slow  degrees ;   gradually.    Men  often  slide 
insensibly  into  vicious  habits. 
IN-SEN'flENT,  (st-n'shent,)   a.     [in  and   sentienU] 
Not  having  perception,  or  the  power  of  perception. 

Jlcid. 
IX-SEP'A-RA-BLE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  I^  inseparabUij ;  in 
and  separabilisy  scparo,  to  separate.] 

That  can  not  be  separated  or  disjoined  ;  not  to  be 
parted.     There  is  an  inseparable  connection  between 
vice  and  sufleringor  punishment. 
IN-SEP'A-RA  IJLE  NESS,  i  w.     The  quality  of  beiflg 
IN-SEP-A-RA-itlL'I-TY,     \      inseparable,  or  incapa- 
ble of  disjunction.     [The  latt^  word  is  rarely  used.] 

Locke. 
IN-SEP'A-RA-BLY,  adrj.    Tn  a  manner  that  preventa 
separation  ;  with  indissoluble  union. 

Bacon,     Temple. 
IN-SEP'A-RATE,  a.     Not  separate.     [JVut  used.] 
IN-SEP'A-RATE-LY,  adv.    So  as  not  to  be  sep  irated. 

[J^ot  used.]  Cranmer. 

IN-SERT',  r.  f,  [Fr.  inserer;  h.  uiseroj  insertum  i  in 
and  sero,  to  thrust.] 

Literally,  to  thrust  in  ;  hence,  to  set  in  or  among  ; 
as,  to  insert  a  cion  in  a  stock  ;  to  insert  a  letter,  word, 
or  passage  in  a  composition  ;  to  insert  an  advertise- 
ment or  other  writing  in  a  paper. 
IN-SERT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Set  in  or  among. 
IN-SKRT'I.\G,  ppr.     Setting  in  or  among 
IN-SERT'ING,  n.     A  setting  in. 

2.  Something  set  in,  as  lace,  &c..  Into  garments. 
IN-SER'TIOX,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  insertio.] 

1.  The  act  of  setting  or  placing  in  or  among  other 
things  ;  as,  the  insertion  of  cions  in  stocks  ;  tlie  in- 
sertion of  words  or  passages  in  writings  ;  the  iiiacrtitn 
of  notices  or  essays  in  a  public  paper, 

2.  The  maimer  in  which  one  part  is  inserted  into, 
or  adheres  to,  another  ;  as,  the  insertion  of  stamens 
into  a  calyx  ;  the  insertion  of  muscles,  tendons,  &,c., 
in  parts  of  the  body.  Lintiley. 

3.  The  thing  inserted.  Broome. 
IN-SERVE',  V.   i.     [L.  inservio.]      To  be  of  uso  to 

an  end. 
IN-SERV'I-ENT,  a.    Conducive. 
IN-SES-SO'RkS,  «-Wm  [L.]    An  order  of  birds  that 

pereh  ;  perchers. 
IN-SES-SO'RI-AL,  a.     Perching;   an  epithet  appSied 

to  all  birds  which  live  habitually  among  trees.  Their 

feel  are  formed  f^tt  grasping  or  perching.  Swainsoiu 
IN-SET',  r.  t.     To  infix  or  implant.  Chaucer* 

IN'SET,  ».     In  language,  a  note  within  a  note. 

Dobney, 
IN-SEV'ER-A-BLE,  fl.     That  can  not  be  severed. 
IN-SIIAD'ED,  a.    Marked  with  difrercnt  shades. 

Browne. 
IN-SIIELL',  V.  t.    To  hide  in  n  shell.  Shak. 

IN ~SHr.LV El),  pp.     Hid  in  a  shell. 
IN-SHEL'TER,  v.  i.     To  shelter.  Shak. 

IN-SnEL'TER-KD,pp.     Sh  Itered. 
IN-SniP',  V.  t.     To  ship  ;  to  embark.  Shak. 

IN-SH6RE'.  adv.     Near  the  shore. 
IN-SHRTXE'.     See  E-sshmne. 
IN-Sie-GA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  drying  in, 
IN'SIDE,  n.     [in  and  side.]     Tho   interior   part  of  a 

thing;  internal  part ;  opposed  to  Outside  ;  cs,  them- 

side  o/  a  church  ;  the  inside  of  a  letter.    Il  is  also 
'used  ris  an  adjective. 
IN-SID'I-ATE,  V.  U    [L,  insidior.] 

To  lie  in  ambush  for. 
IN-SID'I-A-TED,  pp.     Laid  in  ambush. 
IN-Sin'I-A-TlNG,ppr.     Lying  in  ambush. 
iX-PID'I-A-TOH,n.  One  whi)  lies  in  ambush.  Barrow. 
IX-SID'I-OUS,  fl.     [L.  iiisidiosuSj  from  insidco,  to  lie  in 

wait ;  171  and  sedeo,  to  sit.] 

1.  Properlti,  lying  ill  wait;  hence,  watching  an  op- 
portunity to  [nsnare  or  entrap  ;  deceitful;  sly;  treach- 
erous ;  iLsrd  of  persons. 

2.  Intended  to  eulrap  ;  as,  insidious  arts. 
IN-SID'1-OUS-LY,  u(/j'.    With  intention  to  insnare  ; 

deceitfully  ;  treacherously  ;  with  malicious  artifice 
or  stratagem.  Bacon. 

IN-SID'LOUS-NESS,  n.  A  wptching  for  an  opportu- 
nity tn  insnare  ;  decoitfulness  ;  trnarh'-ry.      Harrow. 

IN'siGIIT,  (in'slte,)  n.  [in  and  sight!]  Sight  Or 
view  of  the  interior  of  any  thing;  deep  inspection 
or  view ;  introspection ;  thorough  knowledge  or 
skill. 

A   garden   gives  nt  a  ^T«at  insight  Into  the  con.HTftncn  and 
wiadom  of  Provldeoc-;.  Uptctalor. 


TONE,  BULL.  UNITE AVGEB,  VI"GIOUS €  at  K;  6  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


77 


609 


INS 


INS 


INS 


=n 


3.  Wanting  power  to  firatify  desire ;   as,  inaipid 

pleasures. 

1.  Wnnt  of  Uiste,  or  the  power  of  exciting  eensa- 
tion  in  the  tongue. 
3.  Want  of  life  or  spirit. 

Drydea*!  liMa  ■tune  itroiigly  ihrou^  the  insijAtUtjf  of  Tste't. 

Popt. 
IN-SIPTD-LY,  arfr.    Without  taste  ;  without  spirit  or 

life  ;  without  enjoymenL  Locke. 

IN-^'IP'I-EN'CE,  H.  [L.  itisipientia ;  in  and  sapia,  to 
be  wise.] 

Want  of  wisdom  ;  folly  ;  foolishness  ;  want  of  un- 
derstanding. 
IN-SIST',  r.  i.     [Fr.  insister;  h.  injistoi  ut  and  tisto^ 
to  Btnnu.] 

1.  /.ifmii/y,  to  stand  orrest  on.  [Rarely  used.]  Ray. 
3.  In  irrcmftry^  an  angle  is  said  to  insv/t  upon  the 

arc  of  llie  circle  intercepted  between  the  two  lines 
which  contain  the  nnple. 

3.  To  dweil  on  in  discourse ;  as,  to  insist  on  a  par- 
ticular topic. 

To  insist  on:  to  press  or  urge  for  any  thing  with 
immovable  firmness :  tu  persitit  in  demands  ;  as.  to 
insist  on  oppressive  terms  in  a  treaty  ;  to  tiuist  on  Im- 
mediate pnyment  of  a  debt. 
IN-SIiST'ED,  pp.     Dwelt  on  ;  urged. 
IN-SIST'ENT,  a.    Standing  or  resting  on  ;  as,  an  tn- 

shitent  wall.     [LitUe  used.]  Hotton. 

IN-SIST'ING, /i/>r.     Urging;  pressing.     [See  Insist.] 
IN-5IST'IIRE.  n.    A  dwelling  or  standing  on  ;  fixed- 
ness.    [Obs.]  Shak. 
IN-SI'TIE-N-CV,  n.     ["L.  in  and  sitio,  to  thirst] 

Freed«>m  from  thirst.  Oreto. 

IN-SI"TION,  (in-sish'un,)  n,      [L.  insitio^  from  iiui- 
tuSy  inserOy  lu  plant.] 
The  insertion  of  a.  ciun  in  a  stock  ;  ingraflment. 

Ray. 
fJtr  SPTU,  [h.]    In  its  original  situation  or  bed. 
IN-S\ARE',  r.t  [in  and  snare.]   Tocatch  In  a  snare  ; 
10  entrap  ;  to  take  by  artificial  means. 

2.  To  inveigle  ;  to  seduce  by  artifice  ;  to  take  by 
wiles,  stratagem,  or  deceit.  The  fluttering  tongue  is 
apt  to  ittjtnarf  the  artlesd  youth. 

3.  To  entangle;  to  involve  in  difliculties  or  per- 
plexities. 

[This  word  is  often  written  E:«s:f  arb,  but  IifiiVAHB 
is  the  true  orthogrtiphy.] 

IN-SNXR'iTD.pp.  Caught  in  a  snaro  ;  entrapped;  in- 
veigled ;  involved  in  pcrpiexiliea. 

IN-SNAR'ER,  n.    One  that  insnares. 

IN-SNJ^R'I.\G.  ppr.  or  a.  Catching  in  a  snare;  en- 
trapping; seducing ;  involving  in  difficulties. 

I.\-SO-BRrE-TY,  n.  [in  and  sobriety.]  ^Vant  of  so- 
briety ;  intemperance;  drunkenness.  Decay  of  Pitty. 

IN-^O'CI  A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  insociabdis ;  in  and 
iociabilis,  ^ocio,  to  unite.] 

1.  Not  inclined  to  unite  in  social  converse;  not 
givt-n  to  conversation  ;  unsociable  ;  taciturn. 

2.  That  can  not  be  joined  or  connected. 

Unie  ami  wood  an  inaodabU.     [Tfol  in  um.]  Wotton. 

IN-SO'CIA-BLY,  ado.    Unsociably. 
IN'SO-LATE,  r.  (.    [L.  insolo ;  in  and  sol^  the  sun.] 
To  dry  in  the  sun's  rays  ;  to  expose  to  the  heat  of 
the  sun  ;  to  ripen  or  prepare  by  ex|)osure  to  the  sun. 
IN'SO-LA-TED,  pp.    Exposed  to  the  sun;  dried  or 

matured  in  the  sun's  mys. 
IN'SO-LA-TIXG,  ppr.    Exposing  to  the  action  of  sun- 
beams. 
IN-SO-LA'TIOX,  n.    The  act  or  process  of  exposing 
to  the  rays  of  the  sun  for  drying  or  maturing,  as 
fruits,  drugs,  ifcc,  or  for  rendering  acid,  as  vinegar. 
2.  A  stroke  of  the  sun  ;  the  action  of  extreme  heat 
on  the  living  system. 
IN'SO-LE.NCE,  B.     [Fr.,from  L.  insolentia;  inund  so- 
leo,  to  be  accustomed.] 

Pride  or  haughtiness  manifested  in  contemptuot.^ 
and  overbearing  treatment  of  others  ;  petulant  con- 
tempt }  impudence.  Johnson. 
Blawn  with  iruolenee  &nd  wloe.  ATUton, 

KN'SO-LENCE,  r.  u  To  treat  with  haughty  contempt. 
rjV'V»(  used.]  K.  Charles. 

I>i'SO-LE\T,  a.  Proud  and  haughty,  with  contempt 
of  others;  overbearing ;  domineering  in  power;  as, 
an  insolent  master.  Atterbury. 

2.  Proceeding  from  indolence;  haughty  and  con- 
temptuous ;  as,  insolent  words  or  behavior. 

3.  Unaccustomed  ;  the  primary  sensr^     [JVbt  used.] 
IX'SO-LENT-LY,  adv.     With  contemptuous  pride ; 

haughtily  ;  rudely  ;  saucily.  Dryden. 

IN--^0-LID'I-TV,  n.  [in  and  solidity.]  Want  of  so- 
lidity; Wt-akness.  Morf.. 

I\-S0L-T;-BI  L'l-TY,  n.  [from  insoluble.]  The  quali- 
ty of  not  being  soluble  or  dissolvable,  particularly  in 
a  fluid. 

IN-S0L'12-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  UinsolubUis;  in  and 
solvo^  to  dissolve.] 

1.  That  can  not  be  dissolved,  particularly  by  a 
liquid.  We  say  a  substance  is  insoluble  in  water, 
when  its  parts  will  not  separate  and  unite  with  that 
fluid. 


IN-SIG'XI-A,  n.  pi     [I..]     Badges  or  distingntshing 
uiamti  of  uthce  or  honor.  Bitrkr. 

2.  Marks,  signs,  or  visible  impressions,  by  which 

anv  thing  is  known  or  ditttinguished.  Bejittie. 

IN-SIGMFICANCE,    J  a.      [in    and    ji>ntftVa«c«.] 

IN-c^IG-NIFM-eAN-CY,  (      Want  of  significance  or 

lu^aning  ;  as,  the  in^ign\ficAHce  of  words  or  phrases. 

2.  Unim|tonance  ;  want  of  force  or  effect ;  as,  the 
iin^p^tdMct  of  human  art  ur  of  ceremonies. 

Addison. 

3.  W*ant  of  weight;  meanness. 
IN-SIG-NIF't-CAXT,  a.     [in  and  si^ifieani.}     Void 

of  signification  ;  destitute  of  meanmg  ;  as,  uuign^ 
coal  words. 

3.  Unimportant;  answering  no  purpose;  baring 
no  weight  or  eiTect ;  as,  insiznificAnt  rites. 

3.  Without  weight  of  chanicter  ;  mean;  contempt- 
ible; as,  an  iJt«i>Mt(?cant  being  or  ft-Ilow. 

IN-SIG-.VIF'l-eAXT,  n.    An  msignificant,  trifling,  or 
wortlil  •**  thing.  7\tJler. 

IN-^IG-NIF'I-€.\NT-LY.  adv.    Without  meaning,  as 
words. 
Q.  Without  importance  or  effect ;  to  no  purpose. 

IN-SIG-NIF'I-eA-TIVE,  a.    Not  expressingby  exter- 
nal sign-*. 

Di-$(N-C£RE^  a.    [L.  insmcfms;   in  and  sineems, 
Itncere.] 

1.  Not  sincere ;  not  being  in  truth  what  one  ap- 
pears to  be  ;  dissembling ;  hypocritical ;  false  ;  used 
^persons  :  as,  an  iw^fiHcerf  heart. 

2.  Deceitful;  hypocritical;  false;  used  of  things; 
M,  insincere  declarations  or  professions. 

3.  Not  sound  ;  not  secure,  as  joys.  Dryden. 
rN-SI.\-CERE'LY,   adv.     Without    sincerity  ;    hypo- 

criticatlv.        

IN-SIN-CER'inr,  n.    Dissimulation ;  want  of  sin- 
cerity or  of  being  in  reality  what  one  appears  to  bo ; 

hypocrisy  ;  nstd  of  per.tons 
2.  Oeceitfulness  ;  hollownesa  ;  used  qftMinfsi  as, 

the  in^iMcrriiv  of  professions. 
IN-SI.N'EW,  (in-sin'nu,)  r.  (.    [in  and  tinae.'l    To 

strengthen  ;  to  give  vigor  to.  Shalt. 

IN-SIN'EW-KD,p;».     Strengthened. 
IN-SIN'EW-I.\G,  ppr.     Giving  vigor  to. 
tN-SLN'U-A.VT,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  insinrnams.) 

Insinuating  ;    having  the  power  to  gam    favor. 

[fjttie  fifed.}  IVottmu 

lA-^LN"U-ATE,  r.  (.      [Fr.  insinmar :    h.   insinuof  m 

and  jftMiu,  the  bosom,  a  bay,  inlet,  or  recess.] 

1.  To  introduce  gently,  or  into  a  narrow  passage  ; 
to  wind  in.  Water  insinuates  itself  into  tlie  crev- 
ice«  of  rocks. 

2.  To  push  or  work  one's  self  into  favor ;  to  Intro- 
duce by  sloWt  gentle,  or  artful  means. 

tfa  ifsinitmitd  tuoat^  into  ibe  rrrj  goo^  gnoe  oC  thf>  duke  of 
Bwdongtiam.  Carendon. 


Z.  To  hint ;  to 

Ami  all  tl 
Do  b«*tti 


hy  remote  allusion. 


4.  To  instill ;  to  infuse  gently :  to  introduce  art- 
mily. 

All  iheart  oriHetorfe,baid«s  ordCT-iuidcIennMM,anfar  oothinr 
»Im  bill  to  buouMlr  wron|^  ideu,  more  ibe  puitona,  Kod 
theivt>7  RtktMd  the  Jwlpnart.  Locka. 

IN-SIN'U-ATE,  r.  i.  To  creep  in  ;  to  wind  in ;  to 
flow  in  ;  to  enter  gently,  slowly,  or  imperceptibly,  as 
into  crevices. 

2.  To  gain  on  the  affections  by  gentle  or  artful 
means,  or  by  impercefftible  degrees  ;  as,  visinuating 
flattery. 

3.  To  wind  along.  Jltilton. 
IN-SIX'l^-A-TED,     pp.       Introduced    or    conveyed 

pently,    imperceptibly,   or   by  winding    into  crev- 
ices ;  hinted. 

IN-SIX'IJ-A-TIXG,  ppr.  Creeping  or  winding  in; 
flowing  in  ;  gaining  on  gently  ;  hinting. 

2.  a.  Tending  to  enter  gently ;  insensibly  win- 
ning favor  and  confidence. 

rN-SIX'II-A-TIXG-LY,  adr.    By  insinuation. 

IN-SIX-U-A'TIOX,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  insinuatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  insinuating;  a  creeping  or  winding 
in ;  a  Aoiving  into  crevices. 

2.  The  act  of  gaining  on  favor  or  affections,  by 
gentle  or  artful  means. 

3.  Th  -  art  or  power  of  [leasing  and  stealing  on 
the  affections. 

Be  had  a  rutnnl  uubutiuiott  And  addnsa,  which  mai1«  him 
■neptMUe  io  the  tert  tmnpuiy,  Oarendon. 

4.  A  hint;  a  suggestion  or  intimation  by  distant 
allusion.    Slander  may  be  conveved  bv  insinuations. 

IN-SIN'lT-A-TIVE,a.     Stealing  on  the  affections. 

Bacon. 
IN-SIX'U-A-TOR,  B.    One  who  insinuates;  one  that 

bints. 
IN-SIP'IT),  a.     [Fr.  insipide :  L.  insipidus ;  in  and  sapi- 

dus.  sapio,  to  taste.'" 

1.  Tasteless;  destitute  of  taste ;  wanting  the  quali- 
ties which  affect  the  organs  of  taste  ;  vapid  :  as,  in- 
sipid liquor. 

2.  Wanting  spirit,  life,  or  animation  ;  wanting  pa- 
thos, or  th  .  power  of  exciting  emotions  ;  flat ;  dull ; 
heavy ;  as,  an  insipid  address  ;  an  insipid  coraposi 
lion. 


2.  Not  to   be   solved    or  explained  ;  not  to  be  re- 
solved ;  as,  a  doubt  or  difficulty.     [JVol  much  u.tett.] 
IN^^OliV'A-BLE,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  in  and  sotao^  to 
loosen  or  dis.solve.] 

1.  Not  to  bo  cleared  of  difficulty  or  uncertainty  ; 
not  to  be  solved  or  explained  i  not  admitting  sdntinn 
or  explication  ;  as,  an  insvlvablc  prublem  or  difficulty. 

fVuUa: 

2.  That  can  not  be  paid  or  discharged.        Pope. 
IN-SOLV'EN-CY,  n.    [Infra.]     Inability  of  a  person 

to  pay  all  his  debts  ;  or  the  state  of  wanting  property 
sufficient  for  such  payment ;  as,  a  merchant's  insolv- 
ency. 

2.  Insufficiency  to  discharge  all  debts  of  the  own- 
er ;  as,  the  insolvency  of  an  estate. 

Act  of  insotcency.    See  infra,  Issoltent  Law. 
IN-SOLV'ENT,  a.     [L.  in  and  solvens,  solvo,  to  solve, 
to  free,  to  pay.] 

1.  Not  having  money,  goods,  or  estate  sufficient  to 
pay  all  debts  ;  as,  an  insolcent  debtor. 

2.  Not  sufficient  to  pay  all  the  debts  of  the  owner  ; 
as,  an  insoloeHt  estate. 

3.  Respecting  insolvent  debtors  ;  relieving  an  in- 
solvent debtor  from  imprisonment  for  debt,  or  from 
liability  to  arrest  and  iuiprisoninent  for  debts  previ- 
ously contracted  ;  as,  an  itusoloettt  law. 

Daggett.  Sergeant. 
Insolvent  laic,  or  act  of  insolvency  t  a  law  which 
liberates  a  debtor  from  imprisonment,  or  exempts  him 
from  liability  to  arrest  and  itiiprisonment  on  account  of 
any  debt  previously  contracted,  'i'hese  terms  may 
be  considered  as  generic,  comprcJiending  also  bank- 
rupt laws,  which  protect  a  man's  future  acquisitions 
from  his  creditors.  But  in  a  limited  sense,  as  the 
words  are  now  generally  used,  an  insolvent  law  ex- 
tends only  to  protect  the  person  of  the  debtor  from 
imprisonment  ou  account  of  debts  previously  con- 
tracted. Stat,  of  Conn.  Wheidtm^a  Rep. 
IN-SOLVENT,  n.    A  debtor  unable  to  pay  his  debts. 

Ser grant. 
IN-SOM'NLOUS,  a.     ["L.  insomniosus  ;  or  in  and  fom- 
nus,  sleep.] 
Troubled  with  dreams  ;  restless  in  sleep;. 
IN-SO-MUCH',  adv.    [in,  «o,  and  much.]    So  that;  to 
that  degnss. 

Sunoaides  wbs  an  excellent  poet,  insomuch  that  he  mad<>  hit 
fortune  Ijy  it.  L'Ettranga. 

[This  word,  or  combination  of  words,  is  not  deemed 
elegant,  and  is  obsolescent,  at  least  in  classical  com- 
positionJ 
IN-SPECT',  V.  u  [L.  inspicio,  inspectum  ;  in  and  spedo, 
to  view.] 

1.  To  look  on  ;  to  view  or  oversee  for  the  purpose 
of  examination.  It  is  the  duty  of  parents  to  inspect 
the  conduct  or  manners  of  their  children. 

2.  To  look  into ;  to  view  and  examine  for  the  pur- 
pose of  ascertaining  the  quality  or  condition  of  a 
thing  ;  as,  to  inspect  potash  ;  to  inspect  tluur  ;  to  in- 
spect arms. 

3.  To  view  and  examine  for  the  purpose  of  discov- 
ering and  correcting  errors  ;  as,  to  insjject  the  press, 
or  the  proof-sheets  of  a  book, 

4.  To  superintend. 

IN-SPECT',  71.    Close  examination.    [JVo(  vaed.] 

Thomson, 

IN-SPECT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Viewed  with  care;  exam- 
ined by  the  eye  or  ofllicially. 

IN-SPECT'ING,  ppr.  Looking  on  or  into ;  viewing 
with  care ;  examining  for  ascertaining  the  quality  or 
condition. 

IN-SPE€'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  inspectio.] 

1.  A  looking  on  or  into;  prying  examination; 
close  or  careful  survey  ;  as,  the  divine  inspection  into 
the  afffiirs  of  the  world.  Beniley. 

2.  Watch;  guardianship;  as,  a  youth  placed  at 
school  under  the  inspection  of  a  friend. 

3.  Superintendence;  oversight.  The  fortifications 
are  to  be  executed  under  the  inspection  of  an  officer 
of  the  army. 

4.  Official  view  ;  a  careful  viewing  and  examining 
of  commodities  or  manufactures,  to  ascertain  their 
quality  ;  as,  the  inspection  of  flour. 

5.  Official  examination,  as  of  arms,  to  see  that 
thev  are  in  good  order  for  service. 

IN-SPE€T'IVE,  a.     Inspecting. 

IX-SPEGT'OR,  n.  One  who  inspects,  views,  or  over- 
sees ;  as,  an  inspector  of  morals ;  an  inspector  of  the 
press. 

2.  A  superintendent ;  one  to  whose  care  the  exe- 
cution of  any  work  is  committed,  for  the  purpose  of 
seeing  it  faithfully  pertoimed. 

3.  An  officer  whose  duty  is  tn  examine  the  quality 
of  goods  or  commodities  offered  for  sale.  [ 

4.  An  officer  of  the  customs.  ' 

5.  A  military  officr  whose  duty  it  is  to  inspect  the    1 
troops  and  examine  their  arms. 

IN-SPECT'OR-ATE,  /  n.     The  office  of  nn  inspectnr. 
IN-PPECT'OR-SHIP,  i  rVashington. 

IN-SPERS'£D,  (in-sperst',)  a.     Sprinkled  on.      [JVot 

vsed.] 
IN-SPER'SIOX,  n.  [L.  inspersio^  inspergo  ;  in  and  spa^- 

go.  to  scatter.] 

The  act  of  sprinkling  on.  Ainsirorth. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT METE,  PRgY.  —  PLXE,  MAEIXE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BpyR  — 

—  ■  ■  __ 


INS 

IX-SPF.X'l-MUS,  V.  [L.,  we  have  inspected.]  In 
Englandy  tlie  first  word  of  ancient  charters,  con- 
firming a  grant  made  by  a  former  Icing;  hence,  the 
nririit-  of  a  royal  grant.  Smart, 

LN-SPHicRE',  r.  t.  [in  and  apAerc]  To  place  in  an 
orb  or  sphere.  MUtan. 

IN-PPHkR'ED,  pp.     Placed  in  a  sphere. 

IN-Ji'PMK.U'tXG,  ppr.     Placing  in  a  sphere. 

IN-SPTK'.\-ELE,  fl.  [from  inspire.]  That  may  be  in- 
spired. 

a.  That  may  be  drawn  into  the  lungs  ;  inhalable  ; 
as  air  or  vajKirs. 

IN-SPI-RS'T[ON,  n.     f  Fr.,  from  L.  in.«7iiro.l 

1.  The  act  of  drawing  air  into  the  luniis  ;  the  in- 
haling nf  air;  apart  of  respiration,  and  opposed  to 
EjpiR*Tior«.] 

2.  The  act  of  breathing  into  any  thing. 

3.  The  supernatural  influence  of  the  Ppint  of  God 
on  the  human  mind,  by  which  prophets,  apostles, 
and  sacred  writers,  were  qualified  to  set  forth  divine 
trutli  without  any  mixture  of  error;  or  the  commu- 
nicaiioii  nf  the  divine  will  to  the  understanding  by 
pupgestiuna  or  impressions  on  the  mind,  which  leave 
no  room  to  doubt  the  reality  of  their  supernatural  or- 
igin. 

All  ScriptuT"  L5  gi*en  by  ing^mtion  ofGod.  — 2  Tim.  lii. 

4.  The  infusion  of  ideas  or  directions  by  the  sup- 
posed deities  of  pagans. 

5.  The  infusion  or  communication  of  ideas  or  po- 
etic sipirit,  by  a  superior  being  or  supposed  presiding 
power  ;  as,  the  inspiration  of  Homer  or  other  poet. 

C  A  highly  exciting  influeace;  as,  the  inspiration 
of  the  scene. 

IN-PPT'RA-TO-RY  or  IN'SPI-RA-TO-RY,  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  aiding  inspiration,  or  inhaling  air  into 
tile  lungs.  Merl.  Repos. 

IN-«3PIRE',  r.  i.  [L.  irtspiro  ;  in  and  spiro,  to  breathe  ; 
Fr.  iiLipirer.] 

To  draw  m  breath  ;  to  inhale  aii  into  the  lungs ; 
opposed  to  ExriBE. 

IN-SPIRE',  V.  L    To  breathe  into. 

Ye  nlni*,  dRX^nd  ami  Bine", 

The  bre»ihiiig  infiininicnu  iiiMpirt.  Pop*. 

2.  To  infiisc  by  breathing. 

He  kn'-w  not  his  Maker,  and  hini  Uiat  ttttpired  into  him  an 
ACti*^  »ou!.  Wudom. 

3.  To  infuse  into  the  mind  ;  as,  to  inspire  with  new 
life. 

4.  To  infuse  or  suggest  ideas  or  monitions  super- 
naturally  ;  to  communicate  divine  instructions  to  the 
mind.  In  this  manner  we  suppose  the  prophets  to 
liave  been  insoired,  and  the  Scriptures  to  have  been 
coinpomed  unaer  divine  influence  or  direction. 

5.  To  infuse  ideas  or  poetic  spirit. 

fi.  To  dr!iw  into  the  lungs  ;  as,  to  inspire  and  expire 
the  air  with  ditTiculty.  Harvey. 

lN*-SPTR'f:D,  pp.  or  a.  Breathed  in  ;  inhaled  ;  infused. 

2.   (iifanned  or  directed  by  the  Holy  Spirit, 
IX-SPTR'KR,  n.     He  that  inspires. 
LV-SPfll'ING,  ppr.    Breathing  in  ;  inhaling  into  the 
luuKs  ,  infi(:^ing  into  the  mind  supematumlly. 
2.  J.    InfuHing  spirit  or  courage  ;  animating. 
l.\-SPiR'IT,  p.  t.     [in  and  spirit.]    To  infuse  or  excite 
spirit  in  ;  to  enliven;  to  animate;  to  give  new  life 
to  ;  to  encourage  ;  to  invigorate. 

The  coiin^  of  Agsmemnoo  u  intpiriitd  by  the  lore  of  entpin 
mix!  itnttniioii.  Popt. 

IV-SPfR'IT-ED,  pp.  Enlivened  i  animated;  Invigo- 
rated. 

IN-SPIR'IT-ING,  ppr.  Infusing  spirit;  giving  new 
lif  ■  to. 

I.\-SPIS'SATE.  V.  t     [L.  in  and  spiastu,  thick.] 

To  thicken,  OS  fluids;  to  bring  to  greater  consist- 
ence by  evaporating  the  thinner  parts,  &c. 

rN-SPlS'SA'lE,  fl.    Thick.  OrtmhilU 

IN-SPIS'Sa-TKO,  pp.  or  a.    Thickened,  as  n  liquor. 

IN-SPIS'SA-TING,  ppr.    Thickening,  as  a  liquor. 

IN-SPIS-SA'TION,  B.  The  act  or  operation  of  ren- 
dering a  fluid  jtiibatance  thicker  by  evaporation,  fcc. 

IN-STA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  iitstabilili ;  I.,  itutahilitof^ 
instabilis;  in  and  gfabilis,  from  «('»,  to  stand.] 

1.  Want  of  stability  ;  want  of  firmness  in  purpose; 
inconstancy;  fickleness;  mutability  of  opinion  or 
conduct,  histability  is  the  characteristic  of  weak 
mindfl. 

2.  Changeablcness;  mutability;  as,  the  instability 
of  hws,  plans,  or  measures. 

IN-HT;('BLE,  a.     [h.  instabUis.] 

1.  Inconstant;  prone  to  change  or  recede  from  a 
purpose;  mutable;  of  prrions. 

2.  Not  steady  or  fined  ;  changeable  ;  of  thingH. 
[Ikitarlb  and  Uxitahlk  are  tfyiionymouSj  and  the 

latifr  w  mart  commonly  usfjJ.] 

I\  STA'BLE-NESS,  n.  Unslableness  j  mutability; 
hi'4taliilitv. 

I.V-STALlV,  V.  t  [Fr.  installer;  f^p.  instatar ;  It.  hv- 
ttatiare  :  from  G.  stall,  from  stcUenf  D.  stellen^  to  set, 
Gr.  fT7t\X'.>,  to  send.] 

To  set,  place,  or  instate  in  an  office,  rank,  or  or- 
der ,  to  invest  with  any  charge,  office,  or  rank,  with 
the  CTistomary  ceremonies.  To  install  a  clergyman 
or  minister  of  the  gospel,  is  to  place  one  who  has 
been  previously  ordained  over  a  particular  church 


INS 

and  congregation,  or  to  invest  an  ordained  minister 
with  a  particular  pastoral  charge  ;  in  England,  to  in- 
duct a  dean,  prebendary,  or  other  ecclesiastical  dig- 
nitary, into  possession  of  the  church  to  which  he 
belongs, 
IN-STALL-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  giving  possession 
of  an  office,  rank,  or  order,  witli  the  customary  cer- 
emonies. 

On  the  election,  (he  bishop  givn  a  mandate  tot  bit  it\aUiUation. 

Aylife. 

IN-STALL'KD,  pp.     Placed  in  a  seat,  office,  or  order, 
IN-STALL'ING,  ppr.     Placing  in  a  seat,  office,  or  or- 
der. " 
IN-STALL'MENT,  n.    The  act  of  installing,  or  giv- 
ing possession  of  an  office  with  the  usual  ceremonies 
or  solemnities.  Shak. 

2.  The  seat  in  which  one  is  placed.    [Unusual.] 

Shak. 

3.  In  eommeree.  a  part  of  a  large  siim  of  money 
paid,  or  to  be  paid,  at  a  particular  period.  In  consti- 
tuting a  capital  stock  by  subscriptions  of  individuals, 
it  is  customary  to  affiird  facilities  to  subscribers,  by 
dividing  the  sum  subscribed  into  installmejiVi,  or  por- 
tions payable  at  distinct  periods.  In  large  contracts, 
also,  it  IS  not  unusual  to  agree  that  the  money  shall 
be  paid  by  installments. 

IN'STANCE.  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  insto,  to  press  ;  tn  and 
sta,  to  stand.] 

Literally^  a  standing  on.     Hence, 

1.  Urgency  ;  a  pressing  ;  solicitation  ;  importunity ; 
application.  The  request  was  granted  at  the  instance 
of  the  defendant's  advocate. 

2.  Example  ;  a  case  occurring ;  a  case  offered. 
Howard  furnished  a  remarkable  instance  of  disinter- 
ested benevolence.  The  world  may  never  witness  a 
second  instaitce  of  the  success  of  daring  enterprise 
and  usurpation  equal  to  that  of  Bonaparte. 

Suppose  Ihe  earth  •hould  be  rrmored  nearer  to  ihe  Bun,  and 
revolwe,  for  inttance,  in  the  oibil  of  Mercury;  the  wliole 
ocean  would  boll  wilh  heat.  Bentiey. 

The  UK  olinatanaa  la  to  illu>(nte  and  explain  a  dilliciilty. 

BaScer. 

3.  Time;  occasion  ;  occurrence. 

Thews  •eem  aa  if.  In  the  time  of  Rlwnnl  I,,  thfy  were  drawn  up 
in  the  form  of  a  law,  in  the  finl  intUince.  Hale. 

4.  Motive;  influencf.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

5.  Process  of  a  suit.     [Obs.]  -^yliffe. 
Instance  Court ;  a  branch  of  the  Court  of  Admiralty, 

in  England,  distinct  from  the  Prize  Court. 

On  the  continmt  of  Europe,  a  court  of  the  first  in- 
stance is  one  which  has  original  jurisdiction  of  a 
case  ;  courts  of  the  second  and  Uiird  instance  are 
courts  of  successive  appeal.  Encye.  .4m. 

IN'STANCE,  V.  u  To  give  or  offisr  an  example  or 
case. 

At  to  falM  citation*—  I  shall  inttanca  two  or  three.      Tillolton. 

IN'STANCE,  V.  t.  To  mention  as  an  example  or  case. 
He  instanced  the  event  of  Cesar's  death. 

IN'STANC-£D,  (in'8Unst,)pp.  or  a.  Given  in  proof 
or  as  an  example.  Bp,  Hall. 

IN'STANC-ING,  ppr.  Giving  as  proof  or  as  an  ex- 
ample. 

IN'STANT,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  instans,  insto.] 

1.  Pressing;  urgent;  importunate;  earnest. 
Rejoicing  In  hope;    patient  in  Iritnilalioa  ;  contiouin^  trwtoni 

in  pmyer.  —  Koin.  aii. 

2.  Immediate;  without  intervening  time  ;  present. 

Impending  death  li  thine,  and  inttant  doom.  Prior. 

3.  Quick;  making  no  delay. 

intUint  he  flew  with  hoapitaUe  haaU.  Pope. 

4.  Present;  current.    On  the  tenth  of  July  instanL 
IN'Sl'AiNT,  n.     A  point  in  duration;  a   moment;  a 

part  of  duration  in  which  we  perceive  no  succession, 
or  a  part  that  occupies  the  time  of  a  single  thought. 
2.  A  riarticular  time.  SItak. 

IN-STANT-A-N£'1-TY,  «.    Unpremeditated  produc- 
tion. Shenstone. 
IN-STANT-A'NE-OUS,  a.     [Vr.  instantanS  i  Sp.  and 
It.  iTLitantanec] 

Done  In  an  instint;  occurring  or  acting  without 
any   ptTceptihle    succession ;    very   BjMjcdily.      The 
passage  of  electricity  through  any  given  space  ap- 
pears to  be  insiantanrous. 
IN-STANT-A'NE  OIJ.S-LY,  adv.     In  an  instant ;  in  a 
moment ;  in  an  indivisible  point  of  duration.     The 
operations  of  the  human  mind  are  wonderful;  our 
thoughts  tly  from  world  to  world  instantaneously.     In 
the  western  parts  of  the  Atlantic  States  of  America, 
showers  of  rain  sometimes  begin  instantaneously. 
IN-STANT-A'NE-0(;S-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  be- 
ing done  in  an  instant. 
IN-8TANT'ER,  adv.     [L.}     In  /air,  immedintely;  at 
the  present  time;    without  delay.     1'he  party  was 
com[iclled  to  plead  instanttr. 
IN'STANT-IiY,  ado.     Immediately;  without  any  in- 
tervening time;   at  the  moment.     Lightning  often 
kills  instantly. 

2.  Wilh  urgent  importunity. 

And  when  they  et>me  to  Jeana,  they  beMught  Mm  inatanOy, 
■aying,  (ha(  be  waa  wonliy  for  whom  be  should  do  tills.  — 
Luke  vil. 


3.  With  diligence  and  earnestness.    Acta  xxtI. 


INS  » 

IN-STXR^  V.  U    [in  and  *Mt-.]    To  aet  or  ordiin  with 

stars,  or  with  brilliants. 
IJ^'STAR  OJfJ^I-UM,  [L.]     Like  all;  an  example 

for  all. 
IN-STAR'RED,  (-stiU-d,)  pp.    Adorned  with  stars. 

A  golden  throce 
Inttarrtd  witii  gems.  J,  Barlov. 

IN-STXTE',  V.  U     [in  and  state.]     To  set  or  place  ;  to 

establish,  as  in  a  rank  or  condition  ;  as,  to  instate  a 

person  in  greatness  or  in  favor.    South.    Atterbnry. 

2.  To  invest.     [Obs.]  Sltalt. 

IN-STST'ED,  pp.    Set  or  placed. 

IN-STAT'ING,  ppr.    Setting  or  placing. 

/JV  STA'TU  Q.UO^  [h.]  In  the  former  state  or  con- 
dition. 

IN-STAU'RATE,  v.  t.     [V.  instauro.] 

To  "reform  ;  to  repair.     [0'*iolete.]  Smith. 

IN-STAU-Ra'TION,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  instauralio,  ijt- 
stauro,  to  renew.] 

Renewal:  repair;  reestablishment;  the  ie»iuration 
of  a  thing  to  its  former  statu,  afler  decay,  lapse,  or 
dilapidation. 

IN-STAL'-Ra'TOR,  n.  One  who  renews  or  restores 
to  a  former  condition.  More, 

INSTEAD',  fin-sted'.)     [A  compound  of  in  and  steady 
place  ;  but  stead  retains  its  character  of  a  noun,  and 
is  followed  by  ofi  iitsteaU  ofy  in  the  same  manner  as 
in  the  stead  qf.] 
In  the  place  or  room  of. 

Let  thbtlea  grow  instead  of  whent.  —Job  xxx\. 
Absidom  made  Amii»a  capialn  of  the  host  intUad  of  Joab.  —3 
Sam.  XV  ii. 

This  consideration  is  instead  ofn  thousand  argu- 
ments. In  tliis  use,  instead  may  bo  equivalent  to 
equal  to. 

When  instead  Is  used  without  of  following,  there 
is  an  ellipsis,  or  some  words  are  understood. 
IN-STEEP',  V.  L     [in  and  steep.]     To  steep  or  soak  j 
to  drench  ;  to  macerate  in  moisture.  ShaJc 

2.  To  keep  under  or  in  \i;aler. 
IN-STEEP'£D,  (in-steept',)  pp.     Steeped  j  soaked  j 

drenched  ;  Iving  under  water. 
IN-STEEP'ING,  ppr.    Steeping;  soaking. 
IN'STEP,  n,     [in  and  step.]     The  instep  of  tlie  human 
foot  is  the  fore  part  of  the  upper  side  of  the  foot,  near 
its  junction  with  the  leg. 

2.  1'he  instep  of  a  Iiorso  is  that  part  of  the  hmd 
leg  whicli  reaches  from  the  haui  to  the  pastern -joint. 
Farm.  Encyc. 
IN'STI-GaTE,  v.  t.     [L.  instigo ;  in  and  stigo,  inusit., 
Gr.  ffn^d),  to  prick.] 

To  incite ;  to  set  on ;  to  provoKe  ;  to  urge ;  used 
chiefly  or  tokolli/  in  an  ill  sense ;  as,  to  instigate  one  to 
evil ;  to  inHigatc  to  a  crime. 
IN'STI-GA-TED,  pp.     Incited  or  persuaded,  as  to  evil. 
IN'STI-Ga-TING,  ppr.     Inciting  ;  tempting  to  evil. 
IN'STI-Ga-TING-LY,  arfp.     Inciltngly;  temptingly. 
IN-STI-GA'TION,  h.    Incitement,  as  to  evil  or  wick- 
edness ;  the  act  of  encouraging  to  commit  a  crime 
or  some  evil  act. 
2.  Temptation  ;  impulse  to  evil ;  as,  the  instigation 
-    of  the  devil. 

IN'STI-GA-TOR,  n.  One  who  incites  another  to  an 
evil  act ;  a  tempter. 

2.  That  which  incites;  that  which  moves  persons 
to  commit  wickedness. 
IN-STILL',  V.  t.     [L.  instillo;  in  and  dtilloy  to  drop.] 

1.  To  infuse  by  drops.  Milton. 

2.  To  infuse  slowly,  or  by  small  quantities ,  as,  to 
instill  good  principles  into  the  mind. 

IN-STIL-LA'TION,  n.     [L.  instUlatto.] 

1.  The  act  of  infusing  by  drops  or  by  small  quan- 
tities. 

2.  The  act  of  infusing  slowly  into  the  mind. 

3.  That  which  is  instilled  or  infused. 
IN-8TILL'£D,  pp.    Infused  by  drops  or  by  slow  de- 
grees. 

IN-STiLL'ER,  71.     He  that  instills,      ' 

IN-STILL'ING,  ppr.  Infusing  by  arops  or  by  slow 
degrees,  Shak. 

IN-STILL'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  Instilling  ;  any 
thinp  instilled. 

IN-S'I'IM'U-LATE,  v.  t.  To  stimulate ;  to  excite. 
[JVot  usr.d.] 

IN-STIM'U-LA-TED,  pp.     Excited. 

IN-STIM'l|-LA-TING,  ppr.  Not  stimulating  ;  not  ex- 
citing vital  powers.  Cheyne. 

IN-STlM-t;-LA'T10N,  w.  [in  and  stimulation.]  The 
act  of  stimulating,  inciting,  or  urging  fortvard. 

IN-STINeT',  a.     [h.  in-ftinctus.    See  the  noun.] 

Moved  :  animated  ;  excited ;  as,  instinct  with  spirit. 

Milton. 
Belulia  — in«{i«rt  with  life.  Fbbtr. 

IN'STINCT,  71.  [Fr.  ;  It.  instinto,  vitintx) ;  Sp.  and 
Port,  instinto  ;  from  L.  instinctusy  inwardly  moved  ; 
in  and  stinguoy  Gr.  (jn^o,  any  to  (See  Distinouish, 
ExTiNouitii.)  The  sense  of  the  root  is  to  tinuxi; 
hence  the  compound,  instinctusy  signifies,  properly* 
thrust  in,  infixed.    See  Iwstioatb.] 

A  certain  power  or  disposition  of  mind,  by  which, 
independent  of  all  instruction  or  exi>eritnce,  wiittout 
deliberation,  and  without  having  any  end  in  view, 
animals  are  unerringly  directed  to  do  spontaneously 


TONE,  BI;LL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — €  as  K  ;  O  as  J ;  »  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  m  in  THIS. 

~  ^ • — Sir 


Aiitl  rtaton  ruat  o'er  uittinft  u  rt>ii  can, 
lit  OiU  'tis  lio^l  Jiftxui,  in  that  'lU  mm. 


INS 

whafver  i«  necessary  for  the  preservnlion  of  the  iii- 
riivitliKit  itr  tlir  L-oiitiniiatioit  uf  the  kind.  Such,  in 
th  -  hiitit:tn  sfierifs,  Ik  the  tusttHct  ofituckinf;,  exerted 
iminrtlmtrly  after  birth,  and  ihst  uf  injects  in  depi>»- 
itiiifi  their  eggs  in  siiuatiuiis  niuat  favorable  fur  hatch- 
ing. Enryc. 

iHstimct  may  be  defined,  the  operation  of  the  prin- 
ciplt*  of  or?:mized  life  by  the  exercise  of  certain  nal- 
uri!  iMwtTjj  directed  to  the  present  or  future  good  of 
the  individual.  Instinct  is  the  generU  proi>erty  of 
the  living  principle,  or  the  law  of  organized  life  in  a 
state  of  action.  Oood. 


IN-STI\€T'ED,a.  Impressed  as  an  animating  power. 
[Lttar  u.-rH.]  BemHey. 

IN-STINC'TrON,  II.     rnsllfict.     IXvl  in  nse.]    EiyoL 

JN-i^TI-N'CT'ivE,  a.  Pruiiipied  uy  instinct;  sponta- 
neous; acting  without  rea:»<>niiig,  dt-hberatiunt  in- 
BirnctioH,  or  e.x[>ericnce  ;  dttermitted  by  natural  im- 
piiUie  or  propensity.  Tlie  propensity  of  bees  to  form 
hex.-iptim)  celU  for  holding  their  buuey  and  their 
yotinji,  must  be  imstiacttve. 

IN-*iT!\eT'lVE-LY,  aJc.  By  force  of  instinct; 
withuut  reasoning,  iiulnictiun,  or  experience ;  by 
nattintl  impiiLM*. 

IN'8TI<TUTB,  «.  L  [U  butitM^i  im  and  JtotM,  to 
■eL) 

1.  To  establish  ;  to  appoint ;  to  enact ;  to  form  and 
pre«cribe  ;  as,  to  i/utiluu  laws ;  lo  iiutduts  rules  and 
regulations. 

2.  To  found  ;  to  originate  and  establish  :  as,  to  tn- 
ttitMte  a  new  order  of  nubility  ;  to  m-tUnU  n  court. 

3.  To  grutnid  or  establish  in  principles;  to  edu- 
cate ;  to  instruct ;  as,  to  iitstUtUe  children  in  the  prin- 
ciples of  a  science. 

A.  To  begin  ;  Ui  commence ;  to  set  in  operation ; 
as,  to  institMU  an  inquiry  ;  tn  inMUute  a  suiL 

5.  To  invpst  with  the  spiritual  port  of  a  benefice, 
or  the  cnre  of  soul5.  Btadtstoiu. 

IN'STI-TUTE,  ».     [L.  inMitutttm  ;  Tr.  iastUtU.] 
1.  Established  law  ;  settled  order. 
3.  Precept ;  maxim  ;  principle. 

To  nMkc  the  Sloic  ifWltlu|e«  thy  own.  Drydtn, 

3.  A  book  of  elements  or  principles ;  particulariy 
a  woik  contatiUng  the  principles  of  the  Roman  law. 

4.  In  Scots  Iffie,  when  a  number  of  persons  in  suc- 
cession hold  an  estate  in  tail,  the  fir^  u  called  the 
tMstittite,  the  others  sithstitutM.  Encyc 

5.  A  literary  and  pbiloetopbical  society;  applied 
particularly  to  the  principal  society  of  Uiis  kind  in 
France.  Brands, 

IK'STI-TU-TED,  pp.  Established ;  appointed  ;  found- 
ed ;  enacted  ;  invested  with  the  care  of  kouIs. 

iN'STI-TU-TI-\G,  pjrr.  Establishing;  founding; 
enacting  :  investing  with  the  care  of  souls. 

IN-STI-TO'TIOX,  n.     [Ft.,  from  L.  instUutio.] 

1.  The  act  of  establishing. 

2.  Establishment;  that  which  is  appointed,  pre- 
scribed, or  founded  by  authority,  and  intended  to  be 

?erm:inent.  Thus  we  Rpeak  of  the  institutions  of 
loses  or  Lycurgus.  AVe  apply  the  word  institution 
to  laws,  rites,  and  ceremonies,  which  are  enjoined 
by  authority  as  permanent  rules  of  conduct  or  of  gov- 
eramenL 

3.  An  organized  society,  established  either  by  law 
or  by  the  authority  of  individuals,  fur  promoting 
any  object,  public  or  social.  We  call  a  college  or  an 
academy  a  literary  institution:  a  Bible  society  a  be- 
Deii'olent  or  charihibie  ittgtUution ;  a  banking  compa- 
ny and  an  insurance  company  are  commercial  insti- 
tutions, 

4.  A  system  of  the  elements  or  rules  of  any  art  or 
•cience.  *  Encyc 

5.  Education  ;  instruction. 

Bh  tearntDg  wmt  oot  the  effrct  of  pReFjX  or  uutitu6on. 

Benttry. 

6.  The  act  or  ceremony  of  inrerting  a  clergyman 
with  the  spiritual  part  of  a  l>eneficc,  hy  which  the 
care  of  souls  is  committed  to  his  charge.    Blackstone. 

IN-STI-TC'TIOX-AL,  a.    Enjoined  ;  instituted  by  au- 
thority. Etijm.  Focabulary. 
2.  Elementary. 

TX-STI-TC'TION-A-RY,  a.  Elemental;  containing 
the  fir«  principles  or  doctrines.  Brotoa. 

IX'STI-TU-TIST,  n.  A  writer  of  institutes  or  ele- 
mentary rules  and  instnictiun?.  Ilarceu. 

IN'STI-TL'-TIVE,  a.  That  establishes;  having  the 
power  to  eictabliih.  Bamnc. 

9.  Established  ;  depending  on  institution.    .Vilton. 

LVSTI-TU-TOR,  n.  [U]  The  person  who  estab- 
lishes ;  one  who  enacts  laws,  rites,  and  ceremonies, 
and  enjoins  the  observance  of  them. 

2.  The  pers4in  who  founds  an  order,  sect,  society, 
or  scheme,  for  the  promotion  of  a  public  or  social 
object. 

3.  An  instructor  ;  one  who  educates  ;  as,  an  inM' 
iato- of  youth.  n'alker. 

4.  In  tJu  Epueopal  cliurdi,  a  presbyter  appointed  by 
the  bi-hopto  institute  a  rector  or  assistant  minister 
m  a  parish  church.  .Sfai/nton. 


INS 

IN-STOP',  p.  /.  [iJi  and  stop.]  To  stop ;  to  close  ;  to 
make  fast.     [Little  used.]  Dryden. 

iN-STRAT'IFr-£D,(-«tral'e-fIde,)o.  Stratified  with- 
in something  else.  Joum.  of  Science. 

IN-STRUeT',  e.  f.  [L.  tiuttruo,  in^tructum;  in  and 
Hraa,  to  set  or  to  put  on,  to  furnish  ;  Fr.  and  It.  in- 
strutre;  Sp.  ijtstruir.  The  lj.strHo  is  contracted  from 
strvco  or  struffo.     See  Destrot.] 

1.  To  teach  ;  to  inform  the  mind  ;  to  educate  ;  to 

impart   knowledge  to  one  who  was  destitute  of  it. 

The  first  duty  of  parents  is  to  instruct  their  children 

in  the  principles  of  religion  and  mornlily. 

a.  To  direct ;  lo  enjoin  ;  to  persuade  or  admonish. 

Slw,  twin;  before  in«f-url«d  b^  h<'r  miiUirr,  kiiiI,  Givu  me  lit-re 
Ihc  hnul  of  Juhii  the  ItipUsi  in  &  cimrgff.  —  Malt,  »i». 

3.  To  direct  or  command  ;  to  furnish  with  orders. 
The  president  iitatructed  his  envoy  to  insist  on  the 
restitution  of  the  properly. 

4.  To  iifform  ;  to  advise  or  give  notice  to.  On  this 
question  the  court  is  not  iitstructed, 

5.  To  model ;  lo  form  ;  to  prepare.    [AVf  used.] 

IN^TRUeT'ED,  pp.    Taught ;  informed ;  trained  up  ; 

educated. 
IN-STRUCT'I-BLE,  a.    Able  to  Instruct.    [///.] 

Bacon. 
IN-STRLTCT'ING,  ppr.      Teaching  ;    informing  the 

mind ;  directing. 
IN-STRUe'TION,  B.    [Fr.,  from  L.  instructio.] 

1.  The  act  of  teaching  or  informing  the  under- 
standing in  that  of  which  it  was  before  ignorant ;  in- 

2.  Precepts  conveying  knowledge.  [formation. 

Receive  my  tnctruction,  and  not  vlvti.  —  Pror.  viii. 

3.  Direction;  order;  command;  mandate.  The 
minister  received  instructions  from  his  sovereign  to 
demand  a  categorical  answer. 

IN-STRLGT'IVE,  a.  [Sp.  instructivo  ;  It  instruitivo  ; 
Ft.  iustruct^f.] 

Conveying  knowledge ;  ser^'ing  lo  instruct  or  in- 
form.    Affliction  furnishes  very  instruct'ce  lessons. 

IN-STRUeT'IVE-LY,  adv.  So  as  to  afllird  instruc- 
tion. Pope, 

IN-STRUCT'IVE-NESS,  n.    Power  of  instructing. 

IN-STRUCT'OR,  n,  A  teacher  ;  a  person  who  im- 
parts knowledge  to  another  by  precept  or  informa- 
tion, 1  Cor.  iv. 

SL  The  preceptor  of  a  school  or  seminar>*  of  learn- 
ing ;  any  president,  professor,  or  tutor,  w*hose  busi- 
ness is  to  teach  languages,  literature,  or  the  sciences ; 
any  professional  man  who  teaches  the  principles  of 
his  profession. 

IN-STRUCT'RESS,  a.  A  female  who  instrucU ;  a 
preceptress  ;  a  tutoress. 

IN'STRU-MENT,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  instrumentum,  from 
instruo^  to  prepare  ;  that  which  is  prepared.] 

1.  A  tool ;  that  by  which  work  is  performed,  or 
any  thing  is  etfected  ;  as  a  knife,  a  hammer,  a  saw, 
a  plow,  iLC.  Swords,  muskets,  and  cannon,  are  in- 
struments of  destruction.  A  telescope  is  an  astro- 
nomical instrument, 

a.  That  which  is  subservient  lo  the  execution  of  a 
plan  or  purpose,  or  to  the  production  of  any  effect ; 
means  used  or  contributing  to  an  effect ;  applicable  to 
persons  or  things.  Bad  men  are  often  instruineiits  of 
ruin  to  others.  Tlie  distribution  of  the  Scriptures 
may  be  the  instrument  of  a  vastly  extensive  reforma- 
tion in  morals  and  religion. 

3.  An  artificial  machine  or  body  constructed  for 
yielding  hannonious  sounds;  as  an  organ,  a  harpsi- 
chord, a  violin,  or  flute,  5cc.,  which  are  called  musi- 
cal instruments,  or  instruments  of  music. 

4.  In  law,  a  writing  containing  tlie  terms  of  a  con- 
tract, as  a  deed  of  conveyance,  a  grant,  a  patent,  an 
indenture,  &.c. ;  in  general,  a  writing  by  wliich  some 
fact  is  recorded  for  evidence,  or  some  right  con- 
veyed. 

5.  A  person  who  nets  for  another,  or  is  employed 
by  another  for  a  special  purpose  ;  and  if  the  purpose 
is  dishonorable,  the  term  implies  degradation  or 
meanness. 

IN-STRU-ME.\T'AL,  a.  Conducive,  as  an  instrument 
cr  means,  to  sonic  end  ;  contributing  aid  ;  serving  to 
promote  or  effect  an  object ;  helpful.  The  press  has 
been  instrumental  in  enlarging  the  bounds  of  knowl- 
ed;:e. 

2.  Pertaining  lo  inslniments  ;  made  by  instru- 
ments ;  as,  instrumental  music,  distinguished  from 
vocal  music,  which  is  made  by  tlie  human  voice. 

I?r.STRU-MENT-AL'I-Ty,  n.     Subordinate  or  auxil- 
»  inry  agency  ;  agency  of  any  thing,  as  means  lo  an 

end  ;  as,  the  instrumentality  of  second  causes. 
IN-STRU-MENT'AL-LY,  adv.     By  way  or  means  of 
an  instrument ;  in  the  nature  of  an  instrument,  as 
means  to  an  end.  South. 

3.  With  instniments  of  music. 
rN-STRU-ME\T'AI^\ESS,   n.       Usefulness,  as    of 

means  to  an  end  ;  instrumentality.  Hammond. 

IN-STTLE',  V.  u  \in  and  style.]  To  call ;  lo  denom- 
inate.    [JVot  «.sed.J  Crashaw. 

IX-SUAV'I-Ty,  (in-swav'e-ty,)  n.     [L.  insuavitas.] 
Unpleasantness.  Burton. 

IN-SUB-JECa'ION,  n.  State  of  disobedience  to  gov- 
ernment. [ 


INS 

IN-SUB-MIS'SION,  n.  Defect  of  submission  ;  diso- 
bedience. 

IN-SUB-OR'DI-NATE,  a  Not  suomitling  to  author- 
ity. 

IN-SUB-0R-DI-NA'TIO!V,n.  Want  of  subordination  ; 
disorder  ;  disobedience  to  lawful  authority 

MarsluUL    J,  M.  Mason 

IN-SUB-STAN'TIAL,  a.    UnauhslanUal ;  not  ri:al. 

Shak. 

IN-SUeCA'TrOX,  b.  [L.  insucco^  to  moisten  ;  in  and 
suerusy  juice.] 

The  act  of  soaking  or  moistening;  maceration  ;  so- 
lution in  the  juice  of  herbs.  Coze. 

IN-SUF'FER-A-BLE,  o.  [in  and  SHferable.]  Intoler- 
able ;  that  can  not  be  borne  or  endured ;  as,  insider- 
able  heat,  cold,  or  pain. 

2.  That  can  not  be  permitted  or  tolerated.  Our 
wrongs  ore  insufferable. 

3.  Detestable  ;  contemptible  ;  disgusting  beyond 
endunuice. 

A  multiliHic  of  ■cribWert  who  daily  pett6r  the  world  with  their 
iMnftrable  atulT.  DrytUn. 

IN-SUF  "FER-A-BLY,  adr.  To  a  degree  beyond  endu- 
rance ;  as,  a  blaze  insufferably  bright ;  a  person  insuf- 
ferably proud. 

IN-SUF-FI"C!EN-CY,  (-suf-fish'en-se,)  n.  [in  and 
sufficiency.'\  Inadequateness  ;  want  of  sufiiciency  ; 
deficiency  ;  as,  an  insuffciency  of  provisions  lo  supply 
the  garrison. 

2.  Inadequacy  of  power  or  skill  ;  inability  ;  inca- 
pacity ;  incimipetency  ;  as,  the  insufficiency  uf  a  man 
for  an  uflice. 

3.  Want  of  the  requisite  strength,  value,  or  force ; 
defect. 

The  irt#ujndmcy  of  the  lifht  of  nature  ia  aupplled  by  (he  lii^hc 
of  Scripture.  Hookir. 

IN-SUF-FI"CIENT,  (-suf-fish'enl,)  a.  [in  and  su_ffi- 
cienL]  Nut  siiflicient ;  inadequate  to  any  need,  use, 
or  purpose.  The  provisions  are  insuffcient  in  quanti- 
ty, and  defective  in  quality. 

2.  Wanting  in  strength,  jiowcr,  ability,  or  skill ; 
fnca|KibIe  ;  unfit ;  as,  a  person  insuffcient  to  discharge 
the  duties  of  an  office. 

IN-SUF-FI"C1ENT-LY,  adv.  With  want  of  suffi- 
ciency ;  with  want  of  proper  ability  or  skill ;  inade- 
quately. 

IN-SUF-FLA'TION,  n.     [L.  in  and  suffo,  to  blow.] 

1.  The  act  of  breathing  on. 

2.  The  act  of  blowing  a  substance  into  a  cavity  of 
the  body.  Coze. 

IN-SOIT'A-BLE,  o.    Unsuitable.     [Little  used.] 

Burnet. 
IN'SU-LAR,       )  a.      [L.   insvlarisy    from    insula^    an 
IN'SU-LA-RY,  \     isle.] 

Belonging  lo  an  isle  ;  surrounded  by  water;  as, an 
insular  situation. 
IN'SU-LAR,  n.    One  who  dwells  in  an  isle. 

Berkeley, 
IN-SU-LAR'I-TY,  n.    The  stale  of  being  insular. 
IN'SU-LAR-LY,  adv.    In  an  insular  manner. 
IN'SU-LATE,  V.  U     [L.  insula,  an  isle.] 

1.  To  place  in  a  aetached  situation,  or  in  a  state  to 
have  no  communication  with  surrounding  objects. 

2.  In  ardiilecture,  lo  set  a  column  alone, or  not  con- 
tiguous to  a  wall. 

3.  In  e/ec(rica/ ezpen'menLf,  lo  place  electrified  bod- 
ies, by  means  of  non-conductors,  in  such  a  situation 
that  the  electricity  is  prevented  from  escaping. 

4.  To  make  an  isle.     [Little  used.] 
IN'SU-LA-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Standing  by  itself;  not  be- 
ing contiguous  to  other  bodies  ;*as,  an  insulated  house 
or  column. 

2.  In  electrical  experiments,  ii]nced,  by  means  of  non- 
conductors, so  that  the  electricity  is  prevented  from 
escaping. 
IN'SU-LA-TING,  ppr.     Setting  in  a  detached  posi- 
tion. 

2.  In  electrical  CTpenments,  placing,  by   means  of 
non-conductors,  so  that  the  electficity  is  prevented 
from  escaping. 
IN-SU-La'TION,  n.    The  act  of  insulating  ;  the  state 
of  being  detached  from  other  objects. 

2.  In  electrical  experiments,  act  of  placing  electrified 
bodies,  by  means  of  non-conductors,  in  such  a  situ- 
ation that  the  electricity  is  prevented  from  escaping; 
tlje  statie  of  being  thus  placed. 
IN'SU-LA-TOR,  n.  In  electrical  experiments,  the  sub- 
stance or  body  that  insulates,  or  interrupts  the  com- 
munication of  electricity  to  surrounding  objicls  :  a 
nnn-conductor,  or  electric.  £d.  Encyc. 

IN'SU-LOUS,  a.    Abounding  in  isles. 
IN-SULSE',  (in-suls',)  a,    [L.  irwa/^uj.] 

Dull  ;  insipid.     [JVot  usrtl.]  '         Milton. 

IN'SULT,  n.  [Fr.  tnsulte;  L.  insuUuSy  from  insilioy  to 
leap  on  ;  in  and  salio,  to  leap.] 

1.  The  act  of  leaping  on.     [Little  used.]     Dnjden. 

2.  Any  gross  abuse  oflered  to  another,  eitht-r  hy 
words  or  actions  ;  act  or  speech  of  insolence  or  con- 
tempt, j 

The  rulhlfw  wifer  that  in*utt  addi  to  ^cf.  Sitvagt. 

IN-SULT',  V.  U  [Fr.  insuUer;  It.  msultarti  Sp.  insul- 
tar;  L.  insulto.     See  the  noun.]  j 

To  treat  with  gross  abuse,  insolence,  or  contempt, 


PATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRfiY  —PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

612  ^     ~ 


INS 


INT 


INT 


by  words  or  action-^ ;  a-s,  to  coll  a  mart  a  coward  or  a 

M:ir,  or  tu  i^net^r  at  liiin,  is  to  insult  him. 
IN-rfULT',  B,  L    To  behave  with  insolent  triumph. 

B.  Jotison, 
To  insult  over:  to  triumpli  over  with  insolence  and 

contempt. 
IN-SULT-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  insulting  ;  abusive 

treatment.  FeltJtam. 

IN-SULT'ED,  pp.    Abused,  or  treated  witli  insolence 

and  contempt. 
IN-SULT'ER.  H.    One  who  insulb!.  Roice. 

IN-SULT'I\G,ppr.     Treating  with  insolence  or  con- 
tempt. 
IN-SULT'ING,  a.      Containing  or  conveying   gross 

abuse  ;  as,  insulting  language. 
IN-SULT'ING-LY,   adr.      VVith   insolent  contempt  ; 

with  contemptuous  triumph.  Dryden. 

IN-:?1;LT'.ME\T,  n.     The  act  of   insulting.      {Xot 

iwed.l  Shiik. 

1\-S0ME',  r.  (.     [L.  iTwi/mo.] 

To  take  in.     \J^oi  u.*cd.]  Evelyn, 

IN-SII-PER-A-BIL'I-TY,  it.    [from  insuperable.]     The 

quality  of  being  insuperable. 
IN-f-0'PER-A-BLE,  a.     [L.  insuperabUis ;  in  and  su~ 

perabUis,  from  supero,  to  overcome  or  surpass*.] 

1.  That  can  nut  be  o^rcome  or  surmounted  ;  in- 
surmountable ;  as,  insuperable  ditliculties,  objections, 
or  obstacles. 

2.  That  can  not  be  passed  over. 

4nil  midJlw  naturcf,  how  th")r  lonj  U»  join  ! 
el  never  pa*»  tl»e  in*u;*«ra6j«  lim-.  Prpe. 

The  latter  application  is  unusual.  This  word  is 
rarely  or  never  U3fd,  in  reference  to  an  enemy,  in 
the  sense  of  inrincible  or  uaconquerahle.  We  do  not 
«uy  that  troops  or  enemies  are  insuperable;  but  the 
word  is  applied  chierly  to  difliculties,  objt^ctions,  ob- 
stacles, or  nnpt^diments. 

IN-i?0'PER-A-BLE-NES.S,  n.  The  quality  of  4iiing 
in^upenible  or  insurmountable. 

IN-SO'PER-A-BLY,  a^/c.  In  a  manner  or  degree  not 
to  be  overcome  ;  instirmountablv.  Grew, 

IN-SCP-PORT'A-BLE,  a,     [Fr.  m  and  supportable.] 

1.  That  can  not  be  sujiported  or  burne  j  as,  the 
weight  or  burden  is  inxuppartable. 

Q.  That  can  not  be  borne  or  endured  ;  insuffernble  ; 
int<pl;Tabli?.  We  say  of  iwni  or  cold,  insult,  indig- 
nity, or  dis^ace,  it  i^  insupportable. 

IN-SL'P-PORT'A-HLE-NE:^;?,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
tni'iipportable ;  insuflerableness  j  the  stale  of  being 
bfV'iiiil  endurance.  Sidney. 

IN-SUp.PORT'A-BLV,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  degree 
that  can  not  btr  .<«up[>orted  or  cmlured.  Drydcn. 

IN-yUP-PRE:?5S'I-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  suppressed  or 
Concealed.  Young. 

I\-i«L'P-PRESS'r-RLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  degree 
tint  can  not  be  suppressed  or  concealed. 

IN-SL*P-PRESS'IVE,  a.     Not  tending  to  suppress, 

Sluik. 

IN-SOR'A-BLE,  (in-shSr'a-bl,)<i.  [from  injure]  That 
may  be  insured  against  loss  or  damage  j  proper  to  be 
msiired. 

The  Frencii  1»*  annuls  ihr  Intter  polid"!  ao  f^r  u  th^y  exceed 
Iti-  lns»rab/t  t»t^i^-«l  wtiicd  reitiitiiteJ  in  the  iiuuml  m  Uie 
tiinewlUi-  aulvcriptiun  Uinruf.  M'cdth, 

IN-SOR'ANCE,(in-«hiir'ans,)  n.  [from  ituure.]  The 
act  of  insuring  or  as»<uring  a^in^it  loss  or  damage  ; 
or  a  contract  by  which  one  engages  for  a  ftipulaud 
consideration  or  prt-niium  per  cent,  to  make  up  a  loss 
which  another  may  sustain.  Insurance  is  usually 
made  on  goods  or  property  exposed  to  uncommon 
hazard,  or  on  lives. 

2.  'I'he  premium  paid  for  in)<urini;  property  or  life. 
Insurance  company  i  actunpatiy  or(:nr|)or:ition  whose 

burtinesy  is  to  insure  against  loss  or  damace. 

IN-SOR'AN-CER,  n.    An  underwriter.     [JVot  in  use.] 

R.  Blair. 

I.N-SCRE',  (in-BhQre',)  p.  (.  {in  and  sure.  The  French 
use  assurer.] 

1.  To  raaite  su'e  or  secure  ;  as,  to  buurt  safely  to 
any  one. 

'i.  To  contract  or  covenant,  for  a  consideration,  to 
§ecnre  a  jier-^on  agniiirft  loss  ;  or  to  engage  to  indem- 
nify another  for  the  loss  of  any  sp-iciiied  pro|»eny,  at 
a  certain  stipulated  rate  per  cent.,  called  a  premium. 
The  property  usually  tnaured  is  sitch  as  is  exp<»f*ed  to 
extraordinao'  ha/jird.  Thus  the  merchant  insures 
bis  ship  or  its  cargo,  or  both,  against  the  dangers  of 
tJiesea;  hou'fes  are  insureH  against  tire;  sometimes 
hazardous  debts  are  insured^  and  sometimeg  lives. 

IN-SORE',  p.  i.  To  underwrite  ;  to  practice  making 
insurance.  This  company  injures  at  three  per  cent., 
or  at  a  low  premium. 

IN:?*CR'EI>,  (in-shurd',)  pp.  or  a.  Made  sure;  as- 
sured ;  secured  against  loss. 

IN-.'^OR'ER,  (in-shflr'er,)  n.  One  who  insures;  the 
person  who  contracts  to  pay  the  losses  of  another  for 
a  premium  .  an  underwriter. 

IN-Sl/R'OENT,  a.  [L.  ingurffens;  in  and  rar^o,  to 
rise.] 

Rising  in  opposition  to  lawful  civil  or  political  au- 
thority i  a*,  ittsur-jcnt  chiefs.  Stephens. 

IN-HUR'OENT,  n.  A  person  who  rises  in  opposition 
to  civil  or  polilicai  authority  ;  one  who  openly  and 


actively  resists  the  execution  of  laws.    [See  Isbur- 

RECTIOX.] 

An  I  sbiirge:«t  differs  from  a  Rebei-  The  insurgent 
opposes  the  execution  of  a  particular  law  or  laws  ; 
the  rebel  attempts  to  overthrow  or  change  the  govern- 
ment, or  he  revolts,  and  attempts  to  place  his  coun- 
try under  another  jurisdiction.  All  rebels  are  insurg- 
ents, but  ail  insurgents  are  not  rebels. 

IN-SOR'ING,  (in-shur'ing. )p;»r.  Making  secure  ;  as- 
suring against  loss  ;  engaging  to  indemnify  for  losses. 

IN^UR-MOUNT'A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  insurmontablc.  See 
Sl-rmouht.] 

1.  Insuperable ;  that  can  not  be  surmounted  or 
overcome  ;  as,  an  insurmountable  ditlicutty,  obstacle, 
or  impediment. 

2.  Not  to  be  surmounted  ;  not  to  be  passed  by  as- 
cending; as.  an  insurmountable  wall  or  rampart, 

IN-SUR-MOU\T'A-BLY,  adv.   In  a  manner  or  degree 

liot  to  be  overcome. 
IN-SUR-RE€'TION,  n.    [L.  insurgo ;  in  and  surgo,  to 

rise.  J 

1.  A  rising  against  civil  or  political  authority  ;  the 
open  and  active  opposition  of  a  number  of  persons 
to  the  execution  of  law  in  a  city  or  slate.  It  is  equiv- 
alent to  Sedition,  except  that  A'frfilioa  expresses  a  less 
extensive  rising  of  citizens.  It  differs  from  Rehellioiv, 
for  the  latter  expresses  a  revolt,  or  an  attempt  to  over- 
throw the  government,  to  establish  a  different  one,  or 
to  place  the  country  under  another  jurisdiction.  It 
differs  from  MtTisr.as  it  respects  the  civil  or  political 
government;  whereas  a  mutiny  is  an  open  opposition 
to  law  in  the  army  or  navy.  Insurrection  is,  how- 
ever, used  with  such  latitude  as  to  comprehend  either 
sedition  or  rebellion. 

It  b  found  thai  this  city  of  oUl  time  hath  made  tmurrection 
H^iist  kings,  and  liial  rcbellioa  and  tediiion  have  beeu 
miide  ihereiii.  —  Ezra  IT, 

S.  A  rising  in  mass  to  oppose  an  enemy.  [Little 
uxed.] 

IN^UR-REe'TtON-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  insurrec- 
tion ;  consistinj  in  insurrection.  ,inu  Her. 

IN-.SUR-REe'TIO\-A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  or  suitable 
to  insurrection.  Burke. 

IN-SUR-RE€'TION-IST,  n.  One  who  favors  insur- 
rection. 

IN-SU:<-CEPT-I-BrL'I-TY,  n,  [from  instw^eeptible.] 
Want  of  susceptibility,  or  capacity  to  feel  or  perceive. 
Jifrtl.  Repos. 

IN-SUS-CEPT'I-BLE,  a.  [in  and  su.'^ceptible.]  Not 
susceptible  ;  not  capable  of  being  moved,  affected,  or 
impre!<set]  ;  as,  a  limb  insusceptible  of  pain  ;  a  heart 
insusceptible  of  pity. 

2.  Not  capable  of  receiving  or  admitting. 
IN-SUS-UR  RA'TION,  n.     [L.  insusurro.] 

The  act  of  whispering  into  something. 
INTACT',  a.     Untouched. 

IN-TACT'A-BLE.  a,  [L.  intactum ;  in  and  tactum^ 
tango,  to  touch. J 

Not  perceptible  to  the  touch.  Dirt. 

IN-TAGL'lA-TED,  (in-tal'yi-ted,)  a.  [See  I:*T*aLio.] 

Engraved  or  stamjMid  on.  fVarton. 

IN-TAGL'IO,  (in-tal'yo,)  n.  [It.,  from  intagUare^  to 
carve  ;  in  and  tagliare,  to  cut,  Fr.  tailler,] 

Literally,  a  cutting  or  engraving  ;  hence,  any  thing 
engraved,  or  a  precious  stone  with  a  head  or  an  in- 
scription cut  in  or  hollowed  out.  It  is  theop|>osite  of 
a  Cameo.  Jiddison. 

I.N-TAN'Gl-BLE,  a.  [in  and  tangible]  That  can  not 
or  may  not  be  touched.  WHkins. 

2.  Not  perceptible  to  the  touch. 
A  curporalioti  ia  tin  nnificial,  tnTuiMe,  intcttifiblt  bclnir. 

MarthaU, 

IN-TAN'GI-BLE-NESS, )  n.    The  quality  of  being  In- 

IN-T\N-GI-BIL'I-TV,    j     tangible. 

IN-TAN'GIBLY,  adv.    So  as  to  be  inta«gible. 

IN-TAST'A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  tastable,  lastc]  That 
can  not  be  tasted  ;  that  can  not  afl'ect  the  organs  of 
taste.  Orno. 

IN'TE-GER,  n.  [U  See  E^tihe.]  The  whole  of 
any  thing  ;  particularly,  in  arithmetic,  a  whole  num- 
ber, in  contradistinction  Ui  a  fraction.  Thus,  in  the 
number  51.7,  in  decimal  arithmetic,  M  U  an  integer^ 
and  7  a  frtiction^  or  seven  tenths  of  a  unit. 

IN'TE-GRAL,  o.  •  [Fr.,  from  integer.]  Whole  ;  en- 
tire. 

A  loc-il  motioo  kef^th  bcxltea  intecmi.  Bacon. 

2.  Making  part  of  a  whole,  or  necessary  to  make 
a  whole. 
.'!.  Nut  fractional. 

4.  Uninjured  ;  complete  ;  not  defective.    Holder. 
Iittrgral  calculus.     See  Calculus, 
Integral  molecules :  the  smallest  particles  into  which 
a  boiiy  can  be  supposed  to  be  divided  by  mechanical 
means.  Olnuted, 

IN'TE-GRAT,,  n.     A  whole;  an  entire  thing. 

2.  In  mathematics.    See  Dipperential  and  Cal- 
culus. 
IN-TB-GRAL'I-TY, «.    Entirenesa.    [J^ot  used,] 

fVlutaker. 
IN'TE-GRAL-LY,  ado.     Wholly  ;  completely. 

IVkitaker, 
IN'TE-GRANT,  a.    MaXing  part  of  a  whole  ;  neces- 
sary to  constitute  an  entire  thing.  £:irke. 


Integrant  parts  or  panicles  of  bodies,  are  those  into 
which  bodies  are  reduced  by  mechanical  division,  as 
distinct  from  elementary  or  constituent  particles. 

Brands. 
IN'TE-GRXTE,  c.  U     [U  integro.] 

To  renew ;  to  restore  ;  to  perfect ;  to  make  a  thing 
entire.  South. 

IN'TE-GRA-TED,  pp.     Made  entire. 
IN'TE  GRATING,  ppr.     Making  entire. 
IN-TE-GRA'TION,  n.     The  act  of  making  entire. 
IN-TEG'RI-TY,  a.     [Fr.  integrity  ;  L,  ijitegritas y  from 
i7tteger.] 

1.  Wholeness;  enlireness;  unbroken  state.  The 
constitution  of  the  United  States  guaranties  to  each 
state  the  integrity  of  its  territories.  The  contracting 
parties  guarantied  the  integrity  of  the  empire. 

2.  The  eniire,  unimpaired  state  of  any  thing,  par- 
ticularly of  the  mind  ;  moral  soundness  or  purity  ; 
incorruptness  ;  uprightness;  honesty.  /H(e^i£y  com- 
prehends the  whole  moral  character,  but  has  a  special 
reference  to  uprightness  in  mutual  dealings,  transfers 
of  property,  and  agencies  for  others. 

The  moral  grimliiir  of  indcprndeul  inlegritj/  ia  the  iiiUimeat 
thing  in  iiyitnrt',  before  which  (he  pomp  of  Eaateni  marnifi- 
ceiice  and  llic  ipleudor  of  COnqtK-ai  are  odioii  m  wWI  as 
pemhuble.  Budcmtngler. 

3.  Purity  ;  genuine,  unadulterated,  unimpaired 
state  ;  as,  the  intesrity  of  language. 

IN-TEG-U-MA'TION,  n.     [L.  intego,  to  cover.] 

That  part  of  physiology  which  treats  of  the  intego 
uments  of  animals  and  plants.  Kncyc. 

IN-TEG'U-MENT,  n.  [L.  integumentum,  integOj  to 
cover;  in  and  tego.     See  Deck.} 

That  which  naturally  invests  or  covers  another 
thing  ;  but  appropriately  and  ehiejly,  in  anatomy,  n 
covering  which  invests  the  bwty,  as  the  skin,  or  a 
membrane  that  invests  a  particular  part.  The  skin 
of  seeds  and  the  shells  of  crustaceous  animals  are 
denominated  integuments.  Enajc 

IN-TEG-U-MENT'A-RY,a.  Belonging  to  or  composed 
of  integuments. 

IN'TEL-LE€T,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  intellectus,  from  intel- 
ligo,  to  understand.     See  Iwtellioence.] 

That  faculty  of  the  human  soul  or  mind  which  re- 
ceives or  comprehendu  the  ideas  communicated  to  it 
by  the  senses,  or  by  perception,  or  by  other  means  ; 
the  faculty  of  thinking  ;  otherwise  called  the  Unoer- 
standimg.  a  clear  in(eH«(  receives  and  entertains 
the  s;ime  ideas  which  another  communicates  with 
perspicuity, 

IN-TEI^LE€'TION,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  intellectio,  from 
intelligo.] 

The  act  of  understanding  ;  simple  apprehension  of 
ideas.  Bentley. 

IN-TET.r.Et'T'IVE,  a.     [Fr.  intellectif.] 

1.  Having  power  to  understand.  Qlanville. 

2.  Produced  by  the  understanding.  Harris, 

3.  To  be  perceived  by  the  understanding,  not  by 
the  senses.  Milton, 

IN-TEL-LEeT'^-AL,  a.     [Fr.  intrUectucl.] 

1.  Relating  to  the  intellect  or  understanding  ;  be- 
longing to  the  mind  ;  performed  by  the  understand- 
ing; mental ;  as,  intellectual  powers  or  operations. 

2.  Ideal;  perceived  by  the  intellect;  existing  in 
the  tjnderstanding;  as,  an  intellectual  scene.  Pope. 

3.  Having  the  j)ower  of  understanding ;  as,  an  tn- 
tellcctual  being. 

4.  Relating  to  the  understanding;  treating  of  the 
mind  ;  as,  intellectual  pliilosophy,  now  sometimes 
CAtled  mental  philosophy. 

IN-TEL-LECT'U-AL,  n.  The  intellect  or  understand- 
ing,    [Little  used.]  Milton. 

IN-TEI^LECT'U-AL-IST,  n.  One  who  overrates  the 
understanding.  Bacon. 

IN-TEL-LECT-IT-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  intellec- 
tual power.     rA*wi  used,]  Ilalliwell. 

IN-TEL-LEGT'U-AL-LY,  adv.  By  means  of  the  un- 
derstanding. 

IN-TEL'LI-(:;ENCE,  n,  [Fr.,  from  L.  tntelligentia, 
from  intelligo,  to  understand.  This  verb  is  proba- 
bly composed  of  m,  inter,  or  intus,  within,  and  lego^ 
to  collect.  The  primary  sense  of  understand  is  gen- 
erally to  take  ur  hold,  as  we  say,  to  take  one's  ideas 
or  meaning.] 

1.  Understanding:  skill.  Spenser. 

2.  Notice  ;  information  communicated  ;  nn  account 
of  things  distant  or  before  unknown.  Intelligence  may 
be  transmitted  by  messengers,  by  letters,  by  signals, 
or  by  telegraphs. 

3.  Commerce  of  acquainLince  ;  terms  of  inter- 
course. Good  intelligence  between  men  is  harmony. 
So  we  say,  there  is  a  gtHid  understanding  between 
persons  when  they  have  the  same  views,  or  are 
free  from  discord. 

4.  A  spiritual  being  ;  as,  a  created  intcUigrnce.  It 
is  believed  that  the  iiniv(!rse  is  peopled  with  innu- 
merable sunerior  intelligences. 

IN-TEL'LI-GENCE,  v.  L  To  inform;  to  instruct 
[Utile  used.] 

IN-TEL'LI-GENC-£D,  (in-tel'fe-jcnst,)  pp.  Informed  j 
instriictt-d.     [Little  used.]  Bacon. 

IN-TEL'LI^ENCE-OF'FICE,  n.  An  office  or  place 
where  information  may  be  obtained,  particularly  re- 
specting servants  to  be  hired. 


TONE,  BULL,  I;N1T£.~.AN''G£&,  VfClOUS.  — €  as  K;  0  aa  J ;  fl  as  Z ;  Cll  as  SIl  j  TH  aa  in  THIS 


INT 

IN-TEL'lJ-GEN-CER,  n.    One  who  sends  or  conveys 
intrllicf  nc«  ;  one  who  civfs  nutK«  of  private  or  di»- 
biut  irans]irtk>nsi  a  messenger.     Bacon.    Jiddison. 
ft.  A  public  paper;  a  newspaper. 

IX-TEL'LI-CEN-CING,  ppr.  or  a.  Giving  or  convey- 
\ti%  notice  in  or  from  a  distance. 

L\-TEL'LI-GEV1',  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  intelU^ens.] 

1.  Endowed  with  the  family  of  unde standing  or 
reason.     Man  in  an  inUtUernt  being. 

2.  Knowing  ;  tinderstandinjE ;  well  informed  ; 
skilled ;  as,  an  inteUiirfHt  officer ;  an  inuUifmi 
young  man  ;  an  inuUiirrut  arrhiiect  ;  sometime* 
fulluvved    by  ./;  as,  intelli^mt  of  aeason*.  Mdtvn. 

3.  Giving  information.     f-Vo(  used^  norprvper.] 

(N-TELr-LI-CEN'TIAL,  a.  Consisting  of  unbodied 
mind. 

Foort  alilrr  tboar  purg 
InMUftftbai  MibMAncn  nqutiv.  A/iUon, 

2.  Intellectual ;  exercising  underrtanding. 

Milton, 
IX.TEL'LI45E\T-LY,  adv.    In  an  intelligent  man- 
ner. 
IN-TEI^LI-GI-BIL'T-TY,     )  «.      [fVnm    inteUi^bU,] 
IN-TEL'LI-G!-BLE  NESS,  i      Thr*  qnality  or  RUle 
<if  Mng  intelligible }  the  possibility  of  being  iinder- 
stontl.  iMckf.     Tooke, 

IN-TEL'LI-Gl-BLE,  a.     [Fr.,  flroin  L.  inteili^Mis.] 
That  may  b**  understood  or  couinr.hended  ;  a.i,  an 
iiarUi.^iblt  account     The  ruU-a  uf  human  duty  are 
tnteVi'ttblf  to  minds  of  the  smallest  capacity. 
IN-TEL'LI-Ol-BLY,   adc.     In  a  manmT  to  be  under- 
stiiod  i  clearly  \  plainly  ;  as,  to  write  or  speak  inUUi- 

IN-TEM'ER-ATF.,  a.     [U  intrmerattis.] 
Pure  .  tindrtilt'd.     [psTot  in  nse.] 

IN-TEM'ER-ATEi-\ES3,  ■.  Slate  of  being  unpoHu- 
Ipd.     (.V"f  n^rf.]  Donne. 

IN-TEM'PERA-MEVr,  n.  [in  and  temprrnment,]  A 
bad  !«tate  or  constitution  ;  an,  the  inUmperament  of  an 
ulcfralwl  pah.  Uarveii. 

IN-TEM'PER-AVCE,  n.  [Pr.,  from  L.  intamper- 
untiiiA  ^ 

I.  In  a  ffmeral  sense^  want  of  modention  or  due 
restraint :  excess  in  any  kind  of  action  or  indul- 
gf  nee ;  any  exertion  of  Unly  or  mind,  or  any  mdul- 
gence  of  appetites  or  passitmji  which  is  injurious  to 
the  pers4)n  or  cuntmrj-  to  morality  ;  »«,  tHtfrnperance 
In  study  or  in  labt)r,  in  eating  or  drinking,  or  in  any 
other  gmtification.  Hence,  appropruUeiy  and  em- 
plua  I  oi  lift, 

3.  llabiTual  indulgence  in  drinking  spirituous  li- 
qtiors,  with  or  wiUioot  intoxication. 

K  (oRip  «nay  bml  on  oor  item,  lo  Iny  meh  s  i&b 
•pM  m  tmimmmfU0j>m  lertei — no  dkptUI  pamtr  eouU 
miM  ifar  awcliiHE  tU"  fl(>mB){Mtioa  Hut  wonld  ov«i^ 
wnriffi    h.  L.  Bacdhcr. 


IN-TEM'PBR-ATE,  «.  fL.  intemperatus :  in  and  tem- 
pervttLty  fnun  temper*,  to  moderate  or  restrain.] 

1.  .Not  moderate  or  restrained  within  due  limits; 
indulging  to  excess  any  appetite  i*r  p;ission,  either  ha- 
bitually or  in  a  particular  ini^tauce ;  Inimuderate  in 
enjoyment  or  exertion.  A  man  may  be  tntemperate 
in  ptission,  uttempTute  in  labor,  intemperate  in  study 
or  zeal.  Hence,  by  customnr}'  application,  intemper- 
ate denotes  indulging  to  excess  in  the  use  of  food  or 
drink,  but  particularly  in  the  use  of  spirituous  li- 
quors.    Hence, 

2.  Addicted  to  an  excessive  or  habitual  use  of  spir- 
ituous liquors. 

3.  Passionate;  ungovernable.  Shak. 

4.  Excessive;  exceeding  the  convenient  mean  or 
dep^e ;  as,  an  Intemperate  climate.  The  weather 
may  be  rendered  intemperate  by  violent  winds,  rain, 
or  snow,  or  by  excessive  rt»Id  or  heat 

IX-TEM'PER-ATE,  p.  l    To  disorder.    [.V«f  in  use.] 

WhitakfT. 

IV-TEM'PEE-ATE-LY,  flrfr.  With  excessive  indul- 
gence of  appetite  or  passion  ;  with  undue  exer- 
tion ;  immoderat!*ly ;  excessivelv. 

IN-TEM'PER-ATEi-.VESS,  ».  \Vant  of  moderation  ; 
excessive  degree  of  indulgence  ;  as,  tlie  tntemperate 
ness  of  appetite  or  passion. 

2.  Immoderate  d<^gree  of  any  quality  in  the  weath- 
er, as  in  cold,  heat,  or  storm.t. 

IN-TEM'PER-A-TI;RE,  n.     Excess  of  some  quality. 

IN-TEM-PESTIVE,  a.     [L.  intCMrpesiicas.] 

Untimely.     [JK'ot  ittrrf.]  Burton. 

IN-TEM-PEST'lVE-LY,  adv.  Unseasonably.  [.Vot 
used.) 

IN-TEM-PE3-TIV'I-TY,   n.      Cntimeliness.      [^Tbt 

Msed.] 
IN-TEN'A-BLE,  a.     [in  and  tenable.]     That  can  not 

be  held  or  maintained  ;  tliat  is  not  defensible  ;  as,  an 

bttenabU  opinion  :  an  intenuble  fortress.      fVarburtAfn. 
[UsTCNABLK,  though  not  more  proper,  is  more 

generally  used.] 
IN-TEND',  r.  t.     [L.  inUndo;  in  and  (enrfo,  to  stretch 

or  strain,  from  tenor^  Gr.  rfivw,  to  stretch.] 

1.  To  stretch  ;  to  strain  ;  to  extend  ;  to  distend. 
Bjr  this  the  laugt  are  intended  or  remitfed  HaU. 

[This  litfr^  sense  is  note  uneommoH.] 

2.  To  mean ;  to  de?icn ;  to  purpose ;  that  is,  to 


INT 

i. 

Stretch  or  set  forward  in  mind.    [This  is  now  the 
vnwi  stnse,] 

For  thry  inlmdtd  erfl  itgalnR  thee.  —  P».  xxi. 

3.  To  regard  ;  to  fix  the  mind  on ;  to  attend ;  to 
take  care  of. 

H«*irt^  no  chilitrrn,  she  itkl  with  liii^M  care  and  ti-ndrmeM 
intend  the  nlucation  of  Philip.  Bacon. 

[This  use  of  the  word  is  now  obsolete.  We  now 
use  Tetid  and  SuPERtnTE:«D,  or  Reoard.] 

4    To  enforce;  to  make  intense.  Broten. 

IN-TE.\D'AN-CY,  n.    The  office  or  employment  of 
an    intendant,  or    the    district    committed    to    his 
IN-TE.\n'ANT,  «,    [Fr.,  from  L.  inUndo.]     [chatg*; 

1.  One  who  has  the  charge,  oversight^  direction, 
or  management  of  some  public  business  ;  as,  an  in- 
tendant of  marine ;  an  intendant  of  finance ;  a  word 
much  used  in  France,  and  sometimes  in  England  and 
America  ;   but  we  generally  use  in  lieu  of  it  Surrfh- 

IMTCNDETtT. 

2.  (n  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  the  mayor  or 
chief  municipal  officer  uf  the  city. 

IN*-TE.\D'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Designed;  purposed;  as,Uie 
insult  was  intended. 
2.  Stretched  ;  made  intense.         [UttU  used.] 

IN-TE.ND'ED-LY,  ode.     WiUi   purpose  or  intention; 
by  design.  Milton. 

IN-TEND'ER,  n.    One  who  intends. 

IN-TE.N'D'I-ME.VT,  n.      Attention;   understanding; 
considemtitm.     [  Obs.] 

IN-TENDING,  ppr.     Meaning;  designing;    purpos- 
ing. 
2.  Stretching;  distending.     [Little  used.] 

IN-TEM)'.ME.N'T,  n.     [Fr.  cn/«H(/eii«n(,  with  a  sense 
somewhat  differenL] 

Intention  ;  design  ;  in  /atr,  the  true  meaning  of  a 
person  or  of  a  law,  or  of  any  legal  instrument.  In 
the  construction  of  statutes  or  of  contracts,  the  in- 
tendment of  the  same  is,  if  possible,  to  be  ascertained, 
that  is,  the  true  meaning  or  intention  of  the  legisla- 
tor or  contracting  jtarty. 

IN-TE.\'ER-ATE,  p.  t.     [L.  in  and  Uner^  tender.] 
To  make  tender  ;  to  soften. 

Audimii  vi^ur  givrm 
Equal,  intenertuitig,  iiiUky  gr.iiii.  PhUipa. 

IN-TEN'ER-A-TED,  pp.    Made  tender  or  soft. 

IN-TEN'ER -A-TINO,  ppr.     Making  tender. 

Ii\-TEN-ER-A'TIO\,  n.     The  act  of  making  soft  or 
tender  ;  the  state  of  being  made  tender.        ^ocoii. 
[iHTOERtTE  and  its  derivatives  ore  little  used.] 

IN-TE\'I-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  hold.    [Obs.]  Skak. 

IN-TENS'ATE,  v.  L    To  make  intense,  or  more  in- 
tense. 

IN-TEiVS'A-TING,  ppr.    Making  intense,  or  more  in- 
tense. 

IN-TE.NSE',  a.     [L.  intensus,  from  intendo,  to  stretch.] 

1.  /.itcra//^,  strained,  stretched  ;  hence,  very  close, 
strict,  as  when  the  mind  is  fixed  or  bent  on  a  partic- 
ular subject ;  as,  intense  study  or  application  ;  iiUense 
thought. 

2.  Raised  to  a  high  degree ;  violent ;  vehement ; 
as,  intense  heaL 

3.  Very  severe  or  keen  ;  as  intense  cold. 

4.  Vehement;  ardent;  as,  intense  phrases  in  lan- 

5.  Extreme  in  degree.  [guage. 

The  docirine  of  the  atonement  mppoan  that  the  lin*  o(  men  were 
■0  laid  on  CbriftI,  that  hi*  ■uti'criuga  werv  tnconc^ivolilv  in- 
KriM  and  overwhelming.  S.  E.  DinghU 

6.  Kept  on  the  stretch;  anxiously  attentive;  op- 
posed to  Remiss.  Milton. 

IN-TENSE'LY,  adv.    To  an  extreme  degree;  vehe- 
mently ;  as,  a  furnace  intensely  heated;  weather  in- 
tensely cold. 
2.  Attentively  ;  earnestly.  Spenser. 

IN-TENSE'NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  strained  or 
stretched  ;  intensity  ;  as,  the  iatenseness  of  a  cord. 

2.  The  state  of  being  raised  or  concentrated  to  a 
great  degree  ;  extreme  violence  ;  as,  the  intenscness 
of  heat  or  cold, 

3.  Extreme  claseness  ;  as,  the  intenseness  of  study 
or  thought. 

IN-TE.\S'I  FT-KD,  pp.     Made  more  intense. 
I.V-TEXS'I  FY,  V.  L     To  render  more  intense.  Bacon. 
L\-TENS'1-FY-ING,  ppr.     Rendering  more  intense. 
IN-TEN'SION,  n.     [L.  intensio.] 

1.  A  straining,  stretching,  or  bending  ;  the  state  of 
being  stniincd  ;  as,  the  intension  of  a  musical  string. 

2.  Increase  of  power  or  energy  of  any  quality  ;  op- 
posed lo  Remission.- 

IN-TENS'1-TY,  n.      [Fr.  intensite.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  strained  or  stretched  ;  in- 
tenseness,  as  of  a  musical  cord. 

2.  The  slate  of  being  raised  to  a  preat  degree ;  ex- 
treme violence  ;  as,  the  intensity  of  heat. 

3.  Extreme  closeness;  as,  int«HA'jfy  of  application. 

4.  Excess  ;  extreme  degree  ;  as,  the  intenjiity  of 
guilt.  Burke. 

IN-TENP'I  VEl,  a.  Stretched,  or  admitting  of  extension. 

2.  Intent ;  unremitted ;  assiduous ;  as,  intensive 
circumspf^tion.  fVoiton. 

3.  Serving  to  give  force  or  emphasis  ;  as,  an  inten^ 
sive  particle  or  preposition. 

IN-TEXS'IVE-LY,  adv.     By  increase  of  degree  ;  in  a 
manner  to  give  force.  BramhaU. 


INT 

IN-TENT',  a.  [L.  intentusy  from  intendo.  See  !w- 
Te:vd.] 

LiteraUy,  having  the  mind  strained  or  bent  on  an 
object ;  hence,  fixed  clusely  ;  sedulously  applied  ; 
eaaer  in  pursuit  of  an  object;  anxiously  diligent; 
formerly  with  fo,  but  now  with  on  ;  as,  inteiu  on  busi- 
ness or  pleasure ;  intent  on  the  acquisition  of  sci- 
ence. 

Be  indent  and  aolicltiMU  to  take  up  Iho  mcaain?  of  the  ap^akrr. 

Watu. 

INTENT',  n.  Literally,  the  stretching  of  the  mind 
toward  an  object ;  hence,  a  design  ;  a  piirjtose  ;  in- 
tention ;  meaning;  drift;  aim;  applied  U>  persons  or 
things. 

The  principal  inUnt  of  Scripture  to  lo  deU»er  the  lawa  of  dnllea 

BUpertiatnral.  Hooker. 

I  luk,  merefore,  for  Vf)ial  intent  ye  have  sent  for  me.  —  Acu  x. 

To  all  intents ;  in  all  senses  ;  whatever  may  be  de- 
signed. 

He  was  nilaerable  to  all  inUnta  and  purpoie*.        L'Ettrangt. 

IN-TEN'TION,  n.    [Fr.,  ft-om  L,  intentio.     See  Iii- 

TEND.J 

I.  Primarihtj  a  stretching  or  bendi/igof  the  mind 
toward  an  object;  hence,  uncoiiimon  exertion  of  the 
intellectual  faculties  ;  closeness  of  application  ;  fix- 
edness of  attention  ;  earnestness. 

Jniention  i»  when  the  mind,  with  grrnl  eanfalneai,  and  of  choice, 
fixi^s  iu  view  on  nnv  idea,  cunaiders  it  on  eviry  aide,  una 
will  not  be  culled  on  by  the  ordinary  sollcluitjon  of  other 
idea*.  l-ockt. 

5.  Design;  purpose;  the  fixed  direction  of  the 
mind  to  a  particular  object,  or  a  determination  to  act 
in  a  particular  manner.  It  is  my  intention  to  proceed 
to  Paris. 

3.  End  or  aim  ;  the  object  to  be  accomplished. 

In  chronicil  dirtempen,  the  principal  intenlton  la  to  resiore  the 
tone  of  the  wild  p.irta.  Arbulhnot, 

W  The  state  of  being  strained.     [See  Intension.] 
5.  In  surgery,  a  wound  is  said  to  heal  by  the  first 
intention,  when  it  cicatrizes  without  suppuration. 

DuniflisoTu 

IN-TEN'TION-AL,  a.      Intended;   designed;    done 

.  with  design  or  purpose.  The  act  was  interUt'tmaZ, 
not  aceidental. 

IN-TEN'TION-AL-LY,  adv.  By  design  ;  of  purpose ; 
not  castmlly. 

IN-TEN^TION-fiD,  in  composition  ;  as,  well-inten- 
tioned, having  good  designs,  honest  in  purpose  ;  Hl- 
inteiitiinied,  having  ill  designs.       Mdner.     Ch.  Obs. 

IN-TENT'IVE,  a.  Attentive  ;  having  the  mind  closely 
applied.  Bacon. 

[This  word  is  nearly  superseded  by  Attentive.] 

IN-TENT'IVE-LY,  adv.  Closely  ;  with  close  applica- 
tion. Bp.  HalL 

IN-TE.VT'IVE-NESS,  n.  Clostness  of  attention  or 
application  of  mind.  ff.  Mountajru. 

IN-TENT'LY,  adv.  With  close  attention  or  applica- 
tion ;  with  eagerness  or  earnestness;  as,  the  mind 
intently  directed  to  an  object ;  the  eyes  intently  fixed  ; 
the  man  is  intently  ern[it(}yed  in  the  study  of  geology, 

IN-TENT'NESS,  n.  'J'he  stale  t.f  being  intent ;  close 
application  ;  constant  emphiyment  of  the  mind. 

Swift. 

IN'TER  ;  a  I-atin  preposition,  signifying  among  or  be 
twccn  ;  used  as  a  prefix. 

IN-TER',  V.  t.  [Fr.  enterrrr;  en  and  terrCy  L.  terra, 
the  earth  ;  Sp.  enterrar  ;  It.  interrare.  | 

1.  To  bury  ;  to  deposit  and  cover  in  the  earth  ;  as, 
to  intei'  0  dead  nnitnal  body. 

2.  To  cover  with  earth. 

But  it  is  used  almost  exclusively  to  denote  the  de- 
positing and  covering  of  dead  animal  bodies. 
IN-TER-AeT',n.     [inrer  and  act.]     Intermediate  em- 
ployment or  time  ;  a  short  piece  between  others. 

Chesterfield. 
IN-TER-AC'TION,  n.     Intermediate  action.  /.  Taylor. 
IN-TER-A'GENT,  n.     Ah  intermediate  agent.    Ktrbu. 
IN-TER-AM'NI-AN,  a.     [L.  inter  and  amnis,  river.] 
Situated  between  rivers.  Bn/aut. 

IN-TER-AN'I-MATE,   r.   t.      To   animate   mutually, 

[Little  used.]  Dunne. 

IN-TER-XR-Tie'U-LAR,    a.      Being    between    the 

joints  or  articulation. 
IN-TER-BAS-TA'TIO.V,  n.     [Sp,  bastear,  to  baste.] 
Patchwork.     [JVot  in  itscj  Smith. 

IN-TElt'€A-LAR,      ;  o,     [Fr.  intertalaire ;  J^.  intercom 
IN-TER'CA-LA-RY,  i      larius  i  inter  and  calo,  to  call 
or  proclaim.] 

Inserted  or  introduced  in  the  midst  of  others  ;  as. 
an  intrrcalanj  verse  ;  applied  particularly  to  the  odd 
day  inserted  in  leap-year.  The  twenty-ninth  of 
February  in  leap-year  is  called  the  intercalary  day. 
We  read  in  Livy  of  an  interccUary  month. 
IN'TER-eAL-ATE  or  IN-TER'GAL-ATE,  r.  t  [L. 
intcrcalo  ;  inter  and  calo^  to  call.] 

To  insert  an  extraordinary  day  or  other  portion  of 
time. 
IN'TER-CAI^A-TED  or  IN-TER'GAL-A-TED,  pp  or 

a.     Inserted. 
IN'TER-€AL-A-TING  or  IN-TER'€AL-A-TING,ppr. 

Inserting. 
IN-TER-€AL-A'TrON,  n.     TL.  intercalatio.] 

The  insertion  of  an  odd  or  extra<  rdinary  day,  or 


FATE,  FAU.  FALL,  WH.\T METE,  PRgY — PINE,  MARXNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


INT 

other  portion  of  time,  in  the  calendar  ;  as,  the  29th 
of  Frbruary  in  leap-year. 
IN-TER-CeDE',  c.  i.     [L.  inttreedo;  inter  and  cedoi 
lUcraitH,  to  move  or  pass  between.] 

1.  To  pass  between. 

He  •upposei  Uiat  a  va«i  period  tn(*rcedetf  between  l'iM  orisina- 
tion  and  ihc  ag«  tn  which  he  li»eii.  Hale. 

2.  To  mediate;  to  interpose  ;  to  make  interces- 
sion ;  to  act  between  parties  with  a  view  to  recon- 
cile those  who  difler  or  A>ntendj  usually  followed 
by  wi/A,  Calamy, 

'3.  To  plead  in  favor  of  one. 

IN'-TER-CeD'ED  pp.     Mediated  ;  interposed. 

IN-TEK-CED'ENT,  a.  Passing  between  ;  mediating; 
pli'afjiiij!  for. 

I\-TER-Cf:D'ER,  ij.  One  who  intercedes  or  inter- 
puses  between  partifs,  to  effect  a  n-concitiation  ;  a 
m  diator .  an  intercessor. 

IN-TEIl-CP.D'ING,  ppr.     Mediating;  pleading. 

l.\-TER-CEL'LU-LAR,a.  Lying  between  the  cells 
or  elementary  bladders,  as  of  plants.  P.  Cye, 

IN-TER-<JEPT',  p.  L  [Fr.  intercepter  ;  L.  inierceptus, 
tntercipio^  to  stop  i  inter  and  capio,  to  take.] 

1.  To  take  or  seize  on  by  the  way  ;  to  stop  on  its 
passage ;  as,  t-)  intercept  a  letter.  The  prince  was 
interrepted  at  Rome.  The  convoy  was  intercepted  by 
a  detachment  of  the  enemy. 

2.  To  obriiruct ;  to  stop  in  progress ;  as,  to  intercept 
rays  of  light ;  to  intercept  the  current  of  a  river,  or  a 
course  of  proceedings. 

3.  To  slop,  as  a  course  or  passing  ;  as,  to  intercept 
a  course.  Dryden, 

4.  To  interrupt  communication  with,  or  progress 
toward. 

While  itorma  Tindictire  inlereepl  the  »hoi«.  Pope. 

5.  To  take,  include,  or  comprehend  between. 

Ri^l  Rao-iikiori  U  an  arc  of  the  oquaior,  rrdtonine  (ownrd  Uie 
ea«,  imerctpted  briween  the  h-giniiinj  of  Atv-a  nnd  the 
piiiiK  of  the  <^iijuir  wMch  rise«  Hi  the  aiuue  time  wiih  the 
iUa  or  RJir  ia  a.  h^L  spiiere.  £04^. 

IN-TER-CEPT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Taken  on  the  way; 
seized  in  progress;  stopped;  included  or  compre- 
hendfd  brtween. 

IN'-TER-CEPT'ER,  n.    One  who  intercepts. 

tN-TER-CEPT'I.\'G,  ppr.  Seizing  on  its  passage; 
hindt-riug  from  proceeding ;  comprehending  be- 
tween. 

[N-TER-CEP'TIOX,  (sep'shun,)  n.  The  net  of  seiz- 
ing something  on  its  passnge ;  a  stopping;  obstruc- 
tion of  a  course  or  proceeding  ;  hinderance. 

Wotton. 

I.V-TER-CES'SION,  (-sesh'un,)  ■.  [Fr.,  from  L.  in- 
tercessto,  from  intercede.     See  Intercede.] 

1.  The  act  of  interceding;  mediation;  interposi- 
tion biiween  parlies  at  variance,  with  a  view  to 
reconciliation. 

2.  Hrayer  or  solicitation  to  one  party  in  favor  of 
Bnother,  sometimes  against  another. 

7 o<ir  interctitian  now  M  nei>l|e8»  griiwn; 
R':iir^:,  uii'l  let  inotpC'ik  with  her  uloite.  Dryden, 

He  buro  ttie  tin  of  nriaiiy,  ami  tOHxle  intercettion  for  tlit;  trana> 
1,'n-aaor*.  —  !».  liii. 

IN-TER-t'Ed'SIO\-AL,  a.  Containing  intercession 
or  entreaty.  Rneyc 

IN-TER-CES'POR,  n.     [L.     See  I:«terckde.] 

1,  A  mediator;  one  who  interpo^ett  httween  par- 
tics  nt  variance,  with  a  view  tu  reconcile  tliem  ;  one 
who  pleads  in  behalf  of  another.  Mdfon. 

%  A  bi'<hi>p,  who,  during  a  vacancy  of  the  see,  ad- 
ministers the  bishopric  till  a  successor  is  elected. 

Eiicyc, 

IN-TER-CES-SO'RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  inter- 
cessor. 

IN-TER-CES'SO-RY,  a.  Containing  intercession ; 
interceding. 

IN-TER-CHAIX',  v.  U  {iidcr  and  chain.]  To  chain  ; 
to  link  together.  &hak. 

IN-TER-CHAf\'f:n.pp.     Chained  together. 

L\-TER-CHAIN'I.N'(;,ppr.  Chaining  or  fastening  to- 
gether. 

IN'-TEKX'HANCE',P.  f.     [inf^r  and  fhannt.'] 

1.  Tn  put  each  in  the  place  of  the  t)ther-,  to  give 
and  take  mutually  ;  to  exchange  ;  to  reciprocate  ;  as, 
to  interciiaiige  places  ;  to  intcrchanjre  cares  or  duties. 

[  ihiil  inUrckange 
My  waned  italr  fur  Htnty't  r-fM  crown.  Shak, 

2.  To  succeed  alternately,  or  to  cause  alternation. 

Sidnet/. 
IN'TER-CHANCE,  n.    Mutual  change,  each  giving 
and  receiving  ;  exchange  ;  permutation  of  commodi- 
ties i  bHrt';r  ;  as,  the  intn-ckan rre  of  commodities  be- 
tween New  York  and  Livi;r[KM>l. 

2.  Alternate  succession  ;  aj.  the  xnterchangt  of 
light  and  darkness. 

Sweet  itiUrchange 
or  hill  and  valley,  tiv-  n,  wuoiU,  and  pUini.  MUlon. 

3.  A  mutual  giving  and  n'ceiving  ;  reciprocation  ; 
as,  an  intrrehanfrt  of  civilities  or  kind  offices. 

IN-TER  CMANGE'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  inter- 
changed ;  that  may  be  given  and  taken  mutually. 

Bacon. 
9.  Following  each  other  in  alternate  successiun ; 
as,  the  four  inter clianireablc  seasons.  Holder. 


The  state  of 
being    inter- 


INT 

IN-TERCHANGE-A  iUL'I-TY, 

IN-TER-CHANGE'A-BLE-NESS, 

chanaeahle. 

IN-TER-CHANGE'A-BLY,  adv.  Alternately;  by  re- 
ciprocation; in  a  manner  by  which  each  gives  and 
rece  I  ves,  Hnoker. 

IN-TER-CHANCi'ED,  pp.  Mutually  exchanged  ;  re- 
ciprocated. 

IN-TER-CHANGE'MEN'T,  n.  Exchange  ;  mutual 
transfer.     [Little  used.''  Shak. 

IN-TER-CHANG'[XG,'ppr.  or  a.  Mutually  giymg 
and  receiving  ;  taking  each  other's  place  successive- 
ly ;  reciprocating. 

IN-TER-CHAP'TER,  n.    An  interpolated  chapter. 

IN-TER-CI'DENT,  a.     [L.  intercido.] 

Falling  or  coming  between.  Boyle. 

IN-TER-CIP'I-E\T,  a.     [L.  intercipiens.    See  Ihteh- 

QXPT.J 

Intercepting;  seizing  by  the  way ;  stopping. 
IN-TER-CIP'I-EN'T,  Tj.    He  or  that  which  intercepts 

or  stops  on  the  passage.  Wiseman. 

IN-TER-CIS'ION,  (in-ter-sizh'un,)  n.  [L.  inUrcido  ; 
inter  and  aP(/o,  to  cut.] 

Interniption.     [Little  used.]  Brown. 

IN-TER-€LODE',  v.  t.  [L.  intercludo ;  inter  and  cludOy 
to  shut.] 

1.  To  shut  from  a  place  or  course  by  something  in- 
tervening ;  to  intercept.  Holder. 

2.  To  cut  off;  to  interrupt.  Mttford^ 
IN-TER-CLCD'ED,  pp.     Intercepted;  interrupted. 
IN-TER-CLCD'IXG,  ppr.     Intf  rrupting. 
IN-TEU-CLO'SIOnJ  ».     Interception  ;  a  stopping. 
lN-TER-€0-LUM-I^A'TlON,  n,     [L.   inter  and  co- 
lumnar a  column.] 

In  architecture,  the  clear  space  between  two  col- 
umns. By  the  rules  of  the  art,  this  should  be  in  pro- 
portion to  the  hight  and  bulk  of  the  columns. 

Enajc. 
IN-TER-€0M'M0N,  r.  j.     [inter  and  common.] 

1.  To  feed  at  the  same  table.  Bacon. 

2.  To  graze  cattle  in  a  common  pasture ;  to  use  a 
common  with  others,  or  to  possess  or  enjoy  the  right 
of  feedinf^in  common. 

ComiTton  becAiise  of  vicina^,  is  whTe  the  tuhttbii.tuta  of  two 
towhBhij>a,  contiguous  U>  tvJtXi  uther,  h>ivc  uauiilly  intercom^ 
morutf  with  one  another.  liladtttone, 

IX-TER-eOM'MON-AGE,  n.     Mutual  commonage. 

Hoberts. 

IN-TER-eO.M'MOX-IXG,  ppr.  Feeding  at  the  same 
table,  or  using  a  common  pasture ;  enjoying  a  com- 
mon field  with  others. 

1N-TER-COM-MO'M-€A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  mu- 
tually communicated. 

IN-TER-eOM-M0'\I-eATE,  v.  i.  [inter  and  commu- 
nicate.] I'o  communicate  mutually;  to  htdd  mutual 
comiininicatioii. 

L\-TEIt-eOM-.\lU  NI-€A'TION,  b.  Reciprocal  com- 
munication. 

IN-TER  eOM-MCN'ION,  n.     [inter  and  commtinioju] 
Mutual  communion  ;  as,  an  intercommunion  of  de- 
ities. Fabfr. 

IN-TER-COM-MO'NI-TY,  n.     [inter  and  cotnmunity.] 
A  niutiml  communication  or  coumiuiiity;  nmtuni 
freedom  or  exercise  of  religion  ;  as,  the  intcrcommu- 
nilit  of  pagan  theology.  Palcy. 

IN  I'EK-COST'AL,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  intcr^  between, 
and  costa^  a  rib.] 

Placed  or  lying  between  the  ribs ;  as,  an  intercostal 
muscle,  artery',  or  vein.  Encyc 

I.\-TEB»eOST'AL,  n.    A  part  lying  between  the  ribs, 

Derham. 

IX'TER-COURSR.  n.  [L.  intercursus,  inlercurroi  in- 
ter and  curro,  to  run.] 

1.  Litcralh/^jx  running  or  passing  between.    Hence. 

2.  Conimtmicalion  ;  commerce  ;  connection  by  re^ 
ciprocitl  dealings  between  persons  or  nations,  either 
in  cirinmon  alfairs  and  civilities,  in  trade,  or  corre- 
spondt-nce  by  tetters.  We  have  an  intercourse  with 
neiqhhurs  and  friends  in  mutual  visits  and  in  social 
concerns;  nations  and  individuals  have  intercourse 
with  foreign  nations  or  individuals  by  an  interchange 
of  commodities,  by  purchase  and  sale,  by  treaties, 
contracts,  &.c. 

3.  Silent  communication  or  exchange. 

Thij  «wret  inUrcourtt 
Of  lookttand  •tiiU'^*.  Milton. 

IN-TER-€UR',  V.  i.     [L.  intercurra.] 

To  intervene;  to  come  in  the  mean  time.    [Oi«.] 

Shcltnn. 
IN-TEIl-rUR'RENCE,7i.    [UintercurrenSjintfrcurro.] 

A  pa'fsinff  or  running  between.  Boyle. 

IX-TER-CUK'KENT,  a.     [L.  intercurrena.] 

1.  Running  between  or  among.  Boyle. 

2.  Occurring  ;  intervening.  Barrow. 
IN-TER-CU-TA'NE-OUS,  a.     [L.  in(CT- and  cutis,  the 

skin.j 

Being  within  or  under  the  skin. 
IX'TER-DEAL.  n.    [operand  deuL]     Mutual  dealing 

trafltc.     [Oftj*]  Spenser. 

IN-TER-DEN'TIL,  n.     The  space  between  two  den 

tils.  OwilL 

IN-TER-DE-PEXn'ENCE,  a.     Mutual  dependencs. 
IN-TER-DE-PEND'ENT,  a.     Mutually  dependent. 


INT 

IN-TER-Dler',  r.  (,  [L.  interdieo,  interdietum ;  inter 
and  dico,  to  s|>eak.] 

1.  To  forbid  ;  to  prohibit.  An  act  of  congress  iii- 
terdicted  the  (tailing  of  vessels  from  our  ports.  Our 
intercourse  with  foreign  nations  was  interdicted. 

2.  To  forbid  communion ;  to  cut  off"  from  the  en- 
joyment of  communion  with  a  church. 

An  arclibishop  may  not  only  excommunictte  and  inlerdict  liis 
■ullrjg;ins,  but  hia  vicar-geneml  may  do  the  Bame,    Ayliffe. 

IX'TER-DI€T,  n.     [L.  interdietum.] 

1.  Prohibition  ;  a  prohibiting  order  or  decree. 

2.  A  prohibition  of  the  pope,  by  which  the  clergy 
are  restrained  from  performing  divine  service;  a  spe- 
cies of  ecclesiastical  censure.  The  pope  has  some- 
times laid  a  wliole  kingdom  under  an  interdict. 

3.  A  prohibition  of  the  pope,  by  which  persons  are 
restrained  from  attending  divine  senice,  or  prevent- 
ed from  enjoying  some  privilege. 

IX-TER-DICT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Forbidden  ;  prohibited. 
IX-TER-DICT  IXG,  ppr.      Forbidding;    proliibiting  ; 

cutting  oir  from  the  enjoyment  of  some  privilege. 
IN-TER-Die'TlON,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  interdictio.] 

The  act  of  interdicting ;  prohibition;  prohibiting 
decree  ;  curse.  Mdton.     Shak. 

IN-TER-DI€T'IVE,  a.     Having  power  to  prohibit. 

J^Idton, 
IN-TER-DieT'O-RY,  a.     Serving  to  prohibit. 
IN-TER-E-UUI-NOe'TIAL.  a.     [intrr  and  equinox.] 
Coming  between  the  vernal  and  autumnal  equi- 
noxes.    [JVtft  in  use.] 

Spring  and  itutumn   1  have  denominaird   equinoctial  period*. 
Sumitier  aiid  wiitler  I  have  called  iniertquinQCtial  liiierv.-d>. 
Beljour,  Atial.  ti£«. 

IX'TER-ESS,  for  ^^TEa^!-^T,  is  obsolete. 
IN'TER-EST,  V.   t.      [Vxs  inter esser  i    It.    interessare  ; 
Sp.  interesari  h.  inter  and  esse.]      ' 

1.  To  concern ;  to  offecl ;  to  excite  emotion  or  pas- 
sion, usually  in  favor,  but  sometimes  against,  a  per- 
son or  thing.  A  narration  of  sutTering  interests  us  in 
favor  of  the  sufferer ;  we  are  interested  in  tlie  story 
or  in  the  fate  of  the  sufferer ;  we  are  interested  to 
know  the  result,  issue,  or  event,  of  an  enterprise.  It 
is  followed  by  in  or  for.  We  are  interested  in  the 
narration,  but  for  the  sufferer. 

2.  To  give  a  shore  in.  Christ,  by  his  attmement, 
has  interested  believers  in  the  blessings  of  the  cove- 
nant of  grace. 

3.  To  have  a  share. 

We  are  not  all  interested  in  ttte  public  finids,  but  we  are  aS 
interetled  in  ilie  hiippinew  of  a  fnx!  govtTiiiiifnl. 

4.  To  engage  ;  as,  to  interest  one  in  our  favor. 

To  interest  one^s  self,  is  to  take  a  share  or  con- 
cern in. 
IN'TER-EST,  n.     Concern;  advantage;   good,  as, 
private  interest ;  public  interest. 

Divtaions  lunder  tlic  common  interest  and  public  food. 

TempU. 

9.  Influence  over  others.  They  had  now  lost  their 
interest  at  court. 

He  knew  hia  trttercsl  suflicii.'nt  to  procure  the  al!icc.     Rambler. 

3.  Share;  portion;  part;  pnrtic'  ition  in  value. 
He  has' parted  with  his  interest  in  tlu  .stocks  ;  he  has 
an  interest  in  a  manufactory  of  cotton  goods. 

4.  Regard  to  private  pruht. 

'Til  interest  calls  ort';»ll  her  inealdt^  traio.  Pope. 

5.  Premium  paid  for  the  use  of  money  ;  the  profit 
per  cent,  derived  from  money  lent,  or  property  used 
by  another  person,  or  from  debts  remaining  unpaid. 
Commercial  states  have  a  legal  rate  of  intertst ;  debts 
on  book  bear  un  interest  after  iho  expiration  of  the 
credit ;  courts  allow  interest  m  many  cases  where  it 
is  not  slipiilalt'd  ;  a  higher  rate  of  interest  than  that 
which  the  law  allows  is  called  usury. 

Simple  interest,  is  that  which  arises  from  the  princi- 
pal sum  only. 

Compound  interest,  is  that  which  arises  from  the 
principal  with  the  interest  added ;  interest  on  in- 
terest. 

6.  Any  surplus  advantage. 

With  all  ipeed, 
You  ahull  h\re  your  dcfttrcs  wiUi  intereeU  Shak. 

[In  this  last  sense,  the  word  is  also  applicable  to 
injury  ;  as,  to  repay  a  blow  with  interest.) 
IX'TEU-EST-ED,  pp.    Made  a  sharer;  as,  one  inter^ 
ested  in  the  funds. 

2.  Affected  ;  moved  ;  having  the  passions  excited  ; 
as,  oriL-  interested  by  a  story. 

3.  a.  Having  an  interest ;  concerned  in  a  cause  or 
in  consequences  j  liable  to  be  affected  ;  as,  an  inter- 
ested witness, 

IN'TER-EST-IXG,  ppr.  Giving  0  share  or  concern  ; 
as,  by  interesting  one  in  a  voyage,  or  in  a  banking 
company. 

2.  Engaging  the  affections  ;  as,  by  interesting  a 
person  in  one's  favor. 

3.  a.  Engaging  the  attention  or  curiosity  ;  exciting 
or  adapted  to  excite  emotions  or  passions ;  as,  an 
interrstinir  story. 

IX-TEU-FA'CIAL,  (-«hal,)  a.  Included  between  two 
faces.  An  interfacial  angle  is  formed  by  the  meeting 
of  two  planes.  Dana. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IJNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VfCIOUS €  u  K;  0  as  J;  8  aa  Z ;  CH  as  SII;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


INT 

IN-TER-FERE'.  r.  i.    [U  inttr  and  fero,  to  bear,  or 
firio^  to  strike.] 

1.  To  iulerpode  ;  to  intermeddle  ;  to  enter  into  or 
take  a  part  in  the  concerns  of  others.  It  is  prudence 
not  to  tRtrr/ere  in  party  disputes  but  from  necessily. 

2.  To  clash  ;  to  come  in  colli^iiun  ;  to  be  in  opposi- 
tion.    The  claims  of  two  nations  may  intrrfere. 

3.  A  hiirse  is  said  to  interferr^  when  one  hoof  or 
shoe  strikes  against  the  fetlock  of  the  opjKwite  leg, 
and  breaks  the  skin  or  injures  tJie  tlesh.       Far  Dui. 

IN-TER-FeR'AD,/»p.     Interposed;  meddled. 

2.  Clashed. 

3.  Struck  one  foot  against  liie  fetlock  of  the  c^tpo- 
she  leg. 

IN-TER-FER'E\Cfi,  n.     Interposition;  an  intermed- 
dling; mediaiion.  Burke. 
3.  k  clashing  or  collision. 

3.  A  striking  of  one  UuA  against  the  other. 

4.  in  optics,  a  tenn  employed  to  denote  certain 
phenomena  which  result  from  tJie  mutual  action  of 
the  mys  of  heht  on  each  other. 

IN-TKR-FkR'ER,  ».     One  who  interferes 
IA'-TER-FeR'ING,  ppr.     Interposing;  meddling. 

2.  Clashing;  coming  in  collision. 

3.  Striking  one  foot  against  the  fetlock  of  the  op- 
posite leg. 

I\-TER-FkR'ING,  m.    Interference.        Bp.  Butttr. 
INTER  FER'ING-LY,  ade.     By  interference. 
IN'-TER'FLU-ENT,  (  a.     [L.  nUrJluo ;  inter  and  lliitf, 
LV-TER'FLU-OUS,  (      to  dow.] 

Flowing  between.  Bovle. 

IN-TER-FO-U-i'CEOUS,  a.     [L.  iuta-  and  foUum,  a 
leaf.] 

Being  between  opposite  leave:?,  but  placed  alter- 
nately with  them  ;  ad,  inttr/oliareaus  flowers  or  pe- 
duncles. Martftt, 
I  iV-TERFO' LI-ATE,  c.  L    To  interweave,  ijjrfy*- 
IN-TER-FUL'GENT,  «.    [L.  inUr  and  fulgena,  shin- 
ing-] 
Shining  between.                                      Johnson. 
IN-TER-FGS'£D,  «.     [L.  inUrfusus ;  ittUr  and  fmndo, 
to  pour.  ]^ 
Poured  or  spread  between. 

The  unUnit  ktr,  wkfe  iiOrr/uttd, 

Einbnciog  luuixi  ibik  flunJ  ranli.  Milton, 

INTER-IM,  K.     [L.J     Tbe  mean  time ;  time  inter- 
vening. Toiler. 

2.  A  decree  of  the  emperor  Charles  V.,  by  which 
he  intended  to  reduce  to  harmony  the  conftirting 
oiunions  of  the  Procestanu  and  Roman  Cath(^>lics. 

Brail  ile^ 
IN-Te'RI-OR,  a,     [L.,  comp.  formed  from  inter  or 
itUra^  in  or  within.] 

I.  Internal ;  bemg  within  any  limiL*;,  inclosure, 
or  substance  ;  inner  ;  opposed  toEKTCRt4>B,or  superfi- 
cial ;  as,  the  imterior  apartments  of  a  house  ;  the  i»- 
terior  omameols  i  tbe  imterior  surface  of  a  hollow 
boll ;  tbe  interior  parts  of  the  earth. 

S.  Inland;    remote  from  tbe  limits,  frontier,  or 
shore ;  as,  the  interior  parts  of  a  countr>',  state,  or 
kingdom. 
IX-Te'RI-OR,  a.    The  internal  part  of  a  thing;  the 
inside. 

3.  The  inland  part  of  a  country*,  state,  or  kingdom. 
|fV-Tf:'RI-OR-LY,flrfc.  Internally;  inwardly.  X)iiim«. 
IN-TER-JA'CEX-CV,   a.     [L.   inUTJaceng ;    inter  and 

jaeensy  hing.] 

1.  A  lying  between  ;  a  being  between  ;  interren- 
tinn  ;  as,  tiie  iaterjaeeney  of  the  Tweed  between 
England  and  Scotland.  Hale. 

2.  That  which  lies  between.    [Little  used.1 

BrOTCn. 
IN-TERJa'CE.\T,  a.     [L.  interjaeens,  supra.] 

Lying  or  being  between ;  intervening;  a^^intfrja- 
erar'isles.  Ralegk, 

IN-TEa-JEGT',  V.  L     [L.  iatojicia  ;  inter  and  jaao,  to 
throw.] 

To  throw  between ;  to  throw  in  between  other 
things ;  to  insert. 

A  CTcamstknce  —  in»7  tr  intrrjecteit  pt?u  bctveeo  a  irlxtire 
«'Drd  mad  Ihu  to  vhich  it  reUiea.  Encyc. 

IX-TER-JEGT'ED,  pf.    Thrown  in  or  inserted  be- 
tween. 

IX-TER-JECT'ING,  ppr.    71irowing  in  or  inserting 
between. 

IX-TER-JEC^TION,  w.     The  act  of  llirowing    be- 
tween. 

2.  A  word,  in  speaking  nr  writing,  thrown  in  be- 
tween words  connected  in  construction,  to  express 
some  emotion  of  passion.  "  These  were  delightful 
days,  but,  oio*/  they  are  no  more."  [See  Exclama- 
•rio:«.l 

IN-TER-JE€'TION-AL,    a.      Thrown    in    between 
other  words  or  phrases  ;  a?,  an  interjecuonal  remark. 

Observer. 

d'-TER-JOIN',  r.  (.     [^tntrr  and  jtrui.J     To  join  mutu- 
ally ;  to  intermarry.     {Little  iued.'\  Shak. 

I\-TER-JOI.\'£D,  pp.     Mutually  joined. 

I.\-TER-JOl.\'I.\G,  rar.     Joining  mutually. 

I\'TER-JOIST,  n.     The  space  or  interval  between 
two  joists.  Owilt, 

I.\-TER-JU.\€'TION,ii.    A  mutual  joining.      Smart. 

iN-TER-K.VIT',(-nit,)  r.  U   To  knit  together.  Southey. 


INT 

IN-TER-KNOWL'EDGE,  (nol'lej,)  w,  [inter  and 
kuoicled^e.]     Mutual  knowledge.     [Little  used.] 

Bacon. 
IN-TER-LACE',  r.  ^     [Tt,  entrelacer ;  lU  intralciare  i 
Sp.  entrelazar.     See  Lace.] 

To  intermix  ;  to  put  or  insert  one  thing  with  an- 
other. 

TliPj  irturlacttl  M>m«  error*.  Uaywird. 

Tlv  epic  wajr  ia  ttviy  where  inttrlaead  with  dUIogu^.    iSryden. 

I.V-TER-LAC'ED,  (inter-list',)  pp.  Intermiicd  ;  in- 
serted between  other  things. 

IN-TER-LACE'MENT,  n.  intermiiture  or  insertion 
within. 

INTER-LAC'IXG,  ppr.  Intermixing  ;  inserting  be- 
tween. 

I.N-TER-LAM'IN-A-TED.o.  [L.  inter  and  lamina,  a 
plate.] 

Placed  between  laminie  or  plates  ;  inclosed  by  1am- 
inp.  Uuiithle, 

IN-TER-LAPSE',  (in-ter-Iaps',)  «.  [inter  and  lapse,} 
The  lapse  or  tlow  of  time  between  two  events. 

lliirrey. 

IN-TER-LXRD'.  r.  (.  [Fr.  entrelarder ;  entre,  among, 
and  larder^  to  lard.] 

1.  Primariiy,  to  mix  fat  with  lean  ;  hence,  to  inter- 
pose ;  to  insert  between.  Carew. 

2.  To  mil ;  to  diversify  by  mixture.  J/ale. 
I.V-TER-LARD'ED,    pp.     Interposed  ;    inserted    be- 
tween ;  mixed. 

IN'-TER-L.^IRD'ING,  ppr.  Inserting  between  ;  inter- 
mixing. 

IN-TER-LAV,  p.  L  To  lay  or  olace  among  or  be- 
t\veen.  ^ 

IX'TER-LkAF,  n.  [See  Leaf.]  A  leaf  inserted 
between  other  leaves  ;  a  blank  leaf  inserted. 

Ctirsterjield. 

IX-TER-Le.WE',  r.  f.  [inter  and  Iraf.]  To  insert  a 
leaf;  to  insert  a  blank  leaf  or  bl:ink  leaves  in  a  book, 
between  other  leaves. 

IX-TER-LeAV'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Inserted  between 
leaves,  or  having  blank  leaves  inserted  between 
other  leaves, 

IN-TER-LeAV'IXG,  ppr.  Instrling  blank  leaves  be- 
tween other  leaves. 

IX-TER-LIXE',  r.  t.  [inter  and  line.]  To  write  in 
alternate  lines ;  as,  to  interline  Latin  and  Englislt. 

JjOcJit. 

2.  To  write  between  lines  already  written  or 
printed,  for  the  purpose  of  adding  to  or  correcting 
what  is  written.  SwiJL 

IX'TER-LIX'E-AR,      (  a.     [inter  and  linear.]      Writ- 
ten between  lines  before 


IX-TER-LIX'E  .A-RY,  ( 
written  or  printed. 

IX-TER  L?n''E-A-RY,  ; 
between  the  lines. 

IN-TER-LL\-E-A'TIOX, 


A  book  having  insertions 

Jllilton. 
n.       [inter    and    lineation.] 
The  act  of  inserting  words  or  lines  between  lines 
before  wrtnen  or  printed. 

2.  The  words,  passage,  or  lino  inserted  between 
lines  before  wniten  or  printed. 
IX-TER-LIX'i:D,  pp.  or  a.    Written  between  lines ; 
as,  an  interlined  word. 

2.  Containing   a   line  or  lines  written    between 
lines  ;  as,  an  interlined  manuscript. 
IX-TER-LTN'IXG,  ppr.      Writing   b*-tween   lines  al- 
ready written  or  printed. 
IX-TER-LIX'IXG,    71.     Correction  or  altemtion    by 

writing  between  the  lines.  Burnet. 

IN-TER-LIXK',  V.   U     [inter  and  link.]     To  connect 
by  uniting  links;  to  join  one  chain  to  another. 

Dryden. 
IN-TER-LINKTD,  (linkt,)  pp.     Connected  by  union 

of  links ;  joined. 
IX-TER-LIXK'IXG,   ppr.      Connecting   by    uniting 

links ;  joinintr- 
IX-TER-LOB'^-LAR,  a.    Being  between  lobes.    Hall. 
IX-TEK-LO-€a'TIOX,  n.    A  placing  between  ;  inter- 
position, 
IX-TER-LOCK',  r.  i.     To   embrace,    communicate 

with,  or  flow  into  one  another. 
LN-TER-LOeC'TIOX,  n.     [L.  interlccutio ;  inter  and 
loeutio,  loquor,  to  speak.] 

i.  Dialogue  ;  conltrence  ;  interchange  of  speech. 

Hooker. 
2.  In  larr,  an  intermediate  act  or  decree  before 
final  decision.  Aylijfe. 

IX-TER-LOe'U-TOR,  it.     [L.  mffrlo^Hrtr,  supra.] 

1.  One  who  epcaks  in  dialogue  ;  a  diaJogist. 

•  Boyle. 

2.  In  Scots  law,  an  interloculorj'  judgment  or  sen- 
tence. Encyc. 

IX-TER-LOC'tJ-TO-RY,  a.    [Fr.  inUrlocutoire,  supra.] 

1.  Consisting  of  dialogue. 

There  are  •everil  inUrlocutory  ditcounr*  in  ihe  IIolj-  Scripture. 

2.  In  lavs,  intermediate  ;  not  final  or  definitive. 
An  ordT,  sentence,  decree,  or  judgment,  given  in  an 
intermediate  stage  of  a  cause,  or  on  some  intermedi- 
ate question  before  the  final  decision,  is  called  iuter- 
lacutory ;  as  a  decree  in  chancer}' referring  a  ques- 
tion of  fact  to  a  court  of  law,  or  a  judgment  on  de- 
fault in  a  court  of  law.  Blackstone. 

IN-TER-Lf)PE',  t?.  C     [inter  and  D.  loopen^  G.  laufcn, 
to  run,  Eng.  to  leap.    See  Leap.] 


INT 

To  nin  U^tween  parties  and  intercept  without 
riiiht  the  advantage  ih:it  one  should  gain  from  ihe 
other;  to  tratlk  without  a  proper  license,  to  fore- 
stall ;  to  prevent  right.  Johii.ion. 

IX-TER-LOP'EU,  «.  One  who  runs  into  busin^sH  to 
which  he  has  no  right ;  one  who  interferes  wrong- 
fully ;  one  who  enters  a  couuto"  or  place  to  trade 
without  license. 

LX-TER-LOP^XG,  ppr     Interfering  wrongfully. 

Encyc. 

IX-TER-LO'CATE,  u.  f.  To  let  in  light  by  cutting 
awav  brandies  of  trees.     [Obs.] 

IX-TER-LO'CA-TED,  pp.  Divested  of  branches  so 
as  to  let  in  light. 

IX-TER-LO'€A-TrXG,  ppr.  Letting  in  light  by  cut- 
ting away  branches. 

IX-TER  LU-€A'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  thinning  a 
wood  to  let  in  lipl)t.     [Oba.]  Kcdiin. 

rX-TER-LO'C£NT,  a.  [L,  iiuerlucens ;  inter  antl  laeeo, 
to  shine.] 
Shining  between  Diet. 

IX'TER-LUDE,  n.     [L.  inter  and  luduji,  play.] 

An  entertainment  exhibited  on  the  stage  bt-tween 
the  acts  of  a  play,  or  between  the  play  and  the  atler- 
piece,  to  amuse  the  spectators,  while  the  actors  lake 
breath  and  shift  their  dress,  or  the  scenes  and  deco- 
rations are  changed.  In  a/tcient  tragedy,  the  chorus 
sung  tlie  interludes.  In  modern  times,  interludes 
consist  of  songs,  feats  of  activity,  dances,  concerts 
of  music,  &c.  Encyc. 

IX'TER-LCD-ED,  a.  Inserted  or  made  as  an  inter- 
lude. 

IX'TER-LCD-ER,  n.  One  that  performs  in  nn  inter- 
lude. B.  Jonxon, 

IN-TER-LO'EX-CY,  n.      [L.  interUenst   ititerluo,   to 
flow  between.] 
A  flowing  between;  water  interposed.  [LUtte  tised.] 

Hale. 

IN-TER-LCr'XAR,      /  a.       [L.  inter  and    luna,    the 

IX-TER-LC'XA-RV,  j      moon.] 

Belonging  to  the  time  when  the  moon,  at  or  near 
its  conjunction  with  the  sun,  is  invisible. 

Broion.    Milton. 

IX-TER-MAR'RIAGE,jt.  [in(cr  and  viarriagr.]  Mar- 
riage between  two  families,  where  each  tnkes  one 
and  gives  another.  Johnson.    .Addison. 

IX-TER-MAR'R[-£D,  pp.  Mutually  connected  by  mas- 
ri'age. 

I\-TER-MAR'RY,  r.  I.  [inter  and  mamj.]  To  mar- 
ry one  and  give  another  in  marriage,  as  two  fojiii- 
lies. 

2.  To  marry  some  of  each  order,  family,  tribe,  or 
nation.with  the  other. 

About  the  niiilUle  of  the  fourth  ci-atuty  from  the  biiiWing  of 
Roinr,  it  wiu  ilecUrcd  Uwful  for  uoUea  anil  pl-bcbni  to 
ijiUnnnrry.  Sid/U 

IN-TER-MAR'RY-IXG,  ppr.  Mutually  giving  and  re- 
ceiving in  marriage  ;  mutually  connecting  by  mar- 
riage. 

IX-TER  MAX'IL-LA-RY,  a.  Being  between  the 
cheek  hones. 

IX'TER-MlC.^X,  n.  [inter  and  jneati.]  Interact; 
something  done  in  the  mean  time.    [JVof  used.] 

Todd. 

IX-TER-ME-A'TIOX,  n.     [L.  infer  and  mco,  to  flow.] 
A  flowing  between.     [JVot  in  use] 

IX-TER-MED'DLR,  v.  i.  [inter  and  meddle.]  To 
meddle  in  the  alTiiirs  of  others,  in  which  one  has  no 
concern  ;  to  meddle  officiuusly  ;  to  interpose  or  inter- 
fere improfierly  ;  to  intermix. 

The  practice  of  Spain  ham  Lteen,  by  war  and  by  condlitoni  of 
iniaiy,  to  inter mtddie  with  toroinfu  stat/'a.  Encyc. 

IX-TER-iMED'DL£D,  pp.  Interposed  officiously ;  in- 
trudt^d. 

IX-TER-MED'DLER,n.  One  that  interposes  officious- 
ly ;  one  wtio  meddles,  or  intrudes  into  business  to 
which  he  has  no  right.  Stcift. 

IX-TER-MED'DLIXG,  ppr.  Interposing  officiously; 
intruding. 

IX-TER-MED'DLIXG,  n.    Officious  interposition. 

Hamilton. 

IJ^-TERMEDE',  (-made,)        }  n.     An  interlude  ;    a 

IJ^-TER-MEZ' ZO,  (-med'7,0,)  i  short  musical  dra- 
matic piece,  usually  of  a  burlesque  character. 

IX-TER-MfS'DI-A-CV,  n.  Interposition;  interven- 
tion.    [Unauthorized.] 

IX-TER-Mk'DI-AL,  a.    [L.  inter  and  mediuSf  mid- 
dle.] 
Lying  between ;  intervening ;  intervenient. 

Evelyn. 

IX-TER-Mk'DI-A-RY,  a.     Lying  between  ;  as,  an  in- 
termediary project ;  intermediate.  H'ade. 
Sometimes,  though  rarely,  used  as  anoun. 

IN-TER-Mk'DI-.\-RV,  a.  In  mineralogy,  a  term  ap- 
plied to  the  secondary  planes  on  crystals,  interme- 
diate ill  position  between  the  planes  on  an  edge  and 
those  on  the  angle. 

IX-TER-Me'DI-ATE,  a.  [Fr.  intermcdiati  L.  inter 
and  medius,  middle.] 

Lying  or  being  in  the  middle  place  or  degree  be- 
tween two  extremes;  intervening;  interposed;  as, 
an  intermediate  space  between  hills  or  rivers;  inter- 
mediate colors.  Alan  has  an  intermediate  nature  and 
rank  between  angels  and  brutes. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— M£TE,  PRgY PIXE,  MAHIXE,  BIRD XOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK-- 


INT 

IN  TER-M£'DI-ATE-Lr»  ado.    By  way  of  iaterven- 

tion. 
IN-TER-ME-DI-A'TION,  n.    Intervention  j  common 

roeRns.  Cheyne, 

LV-TER-Mfi'Dl-UM,  n.   [L.]     Intennediate  space. 

jJsh, 
3.  An  intervening  agent.  Cowper. 

rX-TER-MELL',  c.  cor  i.     [Fr.  entremeier.] 
To  intermix  or  intermeadle      [JVo£  in  use.] 

Marstijn.     Fisher. 
I.\-TER'ME\T,  n.     [from  interJ]     The  act  of  depos- 

itinu  a  dt-nd  body  in  tbe  earth  ;  ourial ;  sepulture. 
IXiER-MEN'TION,  r.  (.     To  mention  among  other 

tl)itii;di  to  include.     \J^otu3td.\ 
LV-TER-MI-GA'TION,  tu      [L.  iiUermko ;   inter  nnd 
mico,  to  shine.] 

A  shining  between  or  among. 
I\-TER-.MI-GRA'TION,  71.     [h.  inter  and  raiVro,  to 
migrate. ) 

Rucrprccal  mifjration ;  removal  from  one  country 
to  another  by  men  or  tribe:)  which  take  the  place 
each  of  the  other.  Hale. 

I\-TER.M'I\-A-BLE,  a.  [L.  in  and  terminus,  end; 
termino,  to  end.  J 

[kiundless  ;  endless  ;   admitting  no  limit ;    as,  tu- 

ter/ttitiable  space  or  duration  ;  interminable  suffurings. 

Milton  applies  this  word  to  God,  as  one  whom  no 

bound  can  confine. 

I\-TERM'iN-A-BLE-XESS,  n.    The  state  of  being 

enJL-ss. 
IN-TERM'IN-A-BLY,  adc.    Without  end  or  limit. 
L\-TERM'IN-ATE,  a.     [L.  inierminatus,  iTttermino.] 
Unbounded  ;  unhmited  ;   endless  ;   as,  intrrtninate 
sletjp.  *  Cli  ap  ttuin. 

(N-TERM'IXtATE,  v.  U     [L.  iiderminor.] 

To  menacip.     I  Ao(  «*«!.]  Bp.  Hall. 

IN-TERM-IN-A'TIO\,  »,    [L.  wUeminor,  to  menace 
or  forbid.] 
A  menace  or  threat.    [wVyt  used,]  Hall. 

IN-TER-MIN"GLE,  (ming'gl,)  t.U  [ititrr  and  min- 
gle.] I'o  mingle  or  mix  together;  to  put  liome  things 
with  others.  Hooker. 

IN-TER-MI.\"GLE,  c.  i.    To  be  mixed  or  incorpo- 
rated. 
lN.TER-MIN"GLf:D,  pp.  or  a.    Intermixed. 

TlwiT  Itw*  »nrl  intertraHgled  tempks  rise.  Popt. 

IN-TER-MIN"GLING,  ppr.    Mingling  or  mixing  to- 

gether. 
IN-TER-MIS'SrON,  (-mish'un,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  in- 

Urmi^sio.    See  Intermit.] 

1.  Ce.«ation  for  a  time;  pause;  intermediate  stop  ; 
as,  to  labor  without  inter mi.-tsion  ;  service  or  business 
will  begin  after  an  intermission  of  one  liour. 

2.  Iniervenicnl  time,  SAofc. 

3.  The  temporary  cessation  or  subsidence  of  a  fe- 
ver ;  the  space  of  time  between  the  paroxysms  of  a 
disease.  IntermiitfrioH  is  an  entire  ce-i^^ation,  as  dis- 
tinguii^hed  from  remifigion,  or  abatement  of  f ever. 

4.  The  state  of  being  neglected  j  disuse ;  as  of 
Words.     [Little  «j<ed.]  B.  Jonson. 

IN-TEK-MIS'SIVE,  a.  Coming  byfits,or  after  tem- 
porary cessations  ;  not  continual.  HowclL 

IN-TER-MIT',  V.  t,  [L.  inlcmtilto ;  inter  and  mitto,  to 
send.] 

To  cause  to  cease  for  a  time ;  to  interrupt ;  to  sus- 
pend* 

Pr«y  to  (he  pxU  m  inUrmlt  the  plapi^ 

That  Rccda  muU  lifhi  on  iliia  Ingrauiuil?.  Shak, 

IN-TER-MIT',  r.  i.  To  cease  for  a  time  ;  to  go  olf  at 
intervnU  ;  as  a  fever.  A  lortinn  fever  intermits  every 
other  day.  The  pulse  sometimes  iiOrrmiu  for  a  sec- 
ond of  time. 

IN-TER-MIT'TED,  pp.  or  a.  Caused  tocease  for  a 
time  ;  siispemled. 

IN-TEU-MIT'TENT,  a.  Ceasing  at  interval? ;  as,  an 
itttermittrnt  fever. 

I.\-TER-MIT'TE.\T,  n.  A  disease  which  entirely 
subsides  or  caases  at  certain  intervals.  The  term  is 
particiiliirly  applied  to  the  ague  and  fever. 

IN-TER-MIT'TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Ceasing  for  a  time; 
i   Cahsing  to  cease.  [pausing, 

IN-TilR-MIT'TIiNG-LY,  adv.  With  intermissions; 
at  intervals. 

IN-TER-MIX',  o.  u  [inter  and  mir.]  To  mix  to- 
gether ;  to  put  some  things  with  others ;  to  inter- 
mingle. 

In  yonder  tpring  of  ro«r*,  Inlrrmir^l 

Wiih  rnynJn,  Rod  wtut  tn  ntirra*  till  riotm.  A/i.'L'in, 

IN-TER-MIX',  V.  i.  To  be  mixed  together ;  to  be  in- 
termingled. 

IN-TER-AIIX'ED,  C-mixt,)pp.     Minpl.-d  together. 

IX-TKK-MIX'ING,ppr.     Interminylins. 

I\-TER-MIX'TtJRE,n.  A  mass  furmed  by  mixture; 
a  mass  of  Ingredients  mixed. 

3,  Admixture ;  something  additional  mingled  in  a 
mass. 

In  thi*  ht^bt  of  impiety  itm  wanted  not  an  inlermlxtiire  of 
l«*itjr  and  folly.  Baa>ru 

L\-TER-MO-DIL'LIO\.  (-mo-dil'yun,)  n.    In  archi- 

ttttttrty  the  spac  between  two  modiltions.     EJmfs. 
INTER-MONT'ANE,    a.     [L.   viter    and    mantanus, 
mons,  a  mountain.] 

Between  mountains  ;  as  intermontane  soil.    Mease. 


INT 

IN-TER-MUN'DANE,  a.     [U  inter  and  wtandaniw, 

munz/iis,  the  world.] 

Being  between  worlds,  or  between  orb  and  orb  ;  as, 
intcrmw'dane  spaces.  Locke. 

IN-TER-MO'RAL,  a.  [L.  inter  and  muralis,  murus,  a 
wall.] 

Lying  between  walls.  Atnsworth. 

IN-TER-.MUS'eU-LAR,  a.  [infer  and  t/jiwc/c]  Be- 
tween the  muscles.  Beverly. 

IN-TER-MU-TA'TIOX,  n.  [inter  and  mutation.]  In- 
terchange ;  mutual  or  reciprocal  change,      Thomsoju 

IN-TER-MO'TU-AL,  for  Mutual,  is  an  illegitimate 
word. 

IN-TERN',  a.    Internal.     [JVot  much  used.]    HoxceU. 

IN-TER\'AUa.     [L.  internns.] 

1.  Inward;  interior;  being  within  any  limit  or 
surface  ;  not  external.  We  speak  of  the  internal 
parts  of  a  body,  of  a  bone,  of  tlie  earth,  <tc.  Inter- 
nal excellence  is  opposed  to  external.  The  internal 
peace  of  man  is  peace  of  mind  or  conscience.  The 
internal  evidence  of  the  divine  origin  of  the  Scrip- 
tures is  the  evidence  which  arises  from  the  excel- 
lence of  its  precepl^j,  and  their  adaptation  to  the  con- 
dition of  man,  or  from  other  peculiarities, 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  heart. 

Willi  our  Savior,  inUmai  purity  b  ercry  thmg*.  Foley. 

3.  Intrinsic ;  real  j  as,  the  internal  rectitude  of  ac- 
tions. 

4.  Withm  a  countrj- ;  domestic ;  opposed  to  Foh- 
Eiort ;  OS,  the  internal  trade  of  a  st:itu  or  kingdom  ; 
internal  troubles  or  dissensions  ;  iiUeniat  war.  Inter- 
nal taxes  are  taxes  on  the  lands  and  other  property 
within  a  state  or  kingdom ;  opposed  to  external  taxes. 

Hamilton. 
IN-TERN'AL-LY,  ado.    Inwardly  ;  within  the  body  ; 
beneath  the  surface. 

2,  Mentally  ;  intellectually. 

3.  .Spiritually. 

IN-TER-X.A'TION-AL,  a.  [inter  and  n^iwno?.]  Ex- 
istingand  regiilatinf:  the  mutual  intercourse  between 
different  nation.-* ;  as,  tnternaiional  law. 

J.  Q.  Adams.     Baring. 
LV-TER-Nl^'CIN'E,  a.      [L.  intemecinus,  interncco,  to 
kill  \  inter  and  ncco.] 

Ueadlyj  destructive.     [Little  used.]        Hudihras. 
IN-TKR-NlC'CrON,  C-nG'shun,)  n.     [L.  intcrnecio.] 
Mutual  slaughter  or  destruction.    [Little  iised.] 

Hale. 
IN-TER-Nii'CIVE,  a.    Killing;  tending  to  kill. 

Carlisle. 
IN-TER-NEG'TION,  n.    Connection,     [t^c/e^v.] 

W.  Mountagu. 
I\'TER-NODE,  TU     [L.  ijttcrnodium;  inter  and  nodus, 
knot,] 

1.  In  botany,  the  space  between  two  joints  of  a 
plant,  Martyn, 

2.  Also,  the  space  between  two  nodes  or  points  of 
the  stein  from  which  the  leaves  arise.  Lindley. 

IN-TER-XO'DI-AL,  a.    Intervening  between  nodes, 

joints,  &.C. 
IN'TRR  N6S,  ru]     Between  ourselves. 
IN-TER-.Niri\'CIUrf,  /   n.     [L.  internuncius  ;  int^and 
IN-TER-NUN'CIO,    i       im«oi«,  a  messenger.] 

1.  A  mes^nger  between  two  parties.      Johnson. 

2.  The  title  of  the  (>ope's  represeni;itive  at  repub- 
lics and  small  courts,  and  also  of  the  Austrian  em- 
b-is^.'id(.ir  at  ('onstantinuplc.  Eucyc.  Am. 

l;\:'fEK;Os'pi-'ofe,i   -^     [L..ntrr  and  »>,»  bone.] 
Situated  between  bones;  as,  an  interosseous  liga- 
ment. 
IN  TER-PP.AL',  r.  (.     [L.  interpello.] 

To  nilcrrupt.     (JVu(  usrd.]  More, 

INTER  TKL',  v.  U     To  Mcl  forth.     [J^ot  itscd.] 

B.  ./oiisnn.     Miison. 
IN-TER-PEL-LA'TION,    n.       [L.    interpellation   inter- 
pelhi ;  inter  and  pello,  lo  drive,  or  thrust.] 

1.  A  suiniuons  ;  a  citation.  -^idife- 

2.  Interruption.  Marc, 
'.i.  An  earnest  address  ;  jntercossion.  Bp.  Taylor. 

IN-TER-IM:N'E-TRATE,  v.  t.  To  penetrate  between 
oth'-r  substances.  Shelly.     Bulteer. 

IN-TER  PEN'E-TRA-TED,  pp.  Penetrated  within 
or  between. 

IN-TER-PET'I-O-LAR,  a.     Being  between  petioles. 

I\-TER-PI-L/ViJ'TER,  n.  The  interval  between  two 
pilasters.  Elmes. 

IN-TER-PLRAD',  v.  i.  [intn-  and  pfeafl.]  In  law,  to 
discuss  n  point  incidentally  hap[iL:ning,  before  the 
principal  cause  can  be  tried.  Jameson. 

I.V-TER-PLEAD'ER,  n.  A  bill  of  interpleader,  in 
chancery,  is  where  a  person  owes  a  debt  or  rent  to 
one  of  the  parties  in  suit,  but,  tilt  the  determination 
of  it,  he  knows  not  to  which,  and  he  desires  that 
they  may  interplead  or  settle  their  claims  between 
themselves,  that  he  may  be  safe  in  the  payment. 

Blaek-^tone. 

INTER-PLEDGE'.  C'n-Ier-P'tj'»)  »•  '•  *•'"  e'^e  nn^ 
take  as  a  mutual  pledge.  Danenatit. 

IN  TKR-PLEDG'fJU,  pp.  Given  and  taken  as  a  mu- 
tual pli-di;e. 

IN-Ti:il-PLEDG'ING, ppr.  Givingand reccivingas a 
mutual  pledge. 


INT 

INTER-POINT',  tj.t.    To  point;  to  distingnish  by 

stops  or  marks. 
IN-TER-POINT'ED,  pp.    Distinguished  by  stops  and 

marks. 
IN-TER-POINT'ING,  ppr.     Distinguishing  by  stops 

or  marks. 
IN'TER-PO-LATE  or  IN-TER'PO-LATE,  v.  t.    [Fr. 

interpoler  ;  L.  tnterpolo  ;  inter  and  polio,  to  polish.] 

1.  To  renew  ;  to  begin  again  ;  to  carry  on  with 
intermission  ;  as,  a  succession  of  interpolated  motions. 
[Obs.]  Hale. 

2.  To  foist  in  ;  to  insert,  as  a  spurious  wurd  or 
passage  in  a  manuscript  or  book  ;  to  add  a  spurious 
word  or  passage  lo  the  original. 

The  Alh-'nisiii  were  pwt  In  powmsion  of  SaliiniiE  by  nnothT  law, 
which  wfta  ciicd  hy  Suloii,  or,  m  noine  think,  inierpolaled  hy 
tiiin  for  that  purpose.  Bope, 

3.  In  algebra  and  astronomy^  to  fill  up  interme- 
diate terms  uf  a  series  according  to  the  law  of  the 
series. 

IN'TER-PO-LA-TED  or  IN-TER'PO-LA-TED,  pp.  or 

a.    Inserted  or  added  to  the  original. 
IN'TER-PO-LA-TING  or  IN-TER'PO-LA-TING,  ppr. 

Foisting  in  a  spurious  word  or  passage  ;  filling  up  or 

inserting. 
IN-TER-PO-LA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  foisting  a  word 

or  passage  into  a  manuscript  or  book. 

2.  A  spwrious  word  or  passage  inserted  in  the  gen- 
uine writings  of  an  author. 

I  havn  changv-ti  the  iitit:iltoii  of  lome  of  th'*  Ifc-^tin  »Prsr«,  and 
made  Bome  inUrpolationt.  CromueU  to  Pope, 

3.  In  algebra  and  astronomy,  a  method  employed 
for  filling  up  the  intermediate  terms  of  a  series  of 
numbers  or  observations,  by  numbers  which  follow 
the  same  law.  Brande. 

IN'TER-PO-LA-TOR  or  IN-TER'PO-LA-TOR,  a. 
[L.]  One  who  foists  into  a  book  or  manuscript 
spurious  words  or  passages  ;  one  who  adds  some- 
thine  to  genuine  writings.  Swijt. 

IN-TER-POL'lSiH,  r.  (.     To  polish  between. 
IN-TER-POL^Sil  .KD,  (pol'isht,)  pp.     Polished  be- 
tween. 
IN-TER-POL'ISII-ING,  ppr.    Polishing  between. 
IN-TER-PONE',  V.  U     [L.  inter  and  pono.] 
To  set  or  insurt  between.     [JVwt  jm  use.,] 

Ch.  Relig,  Appeal, 
IN-TER-PO»'AL,  n.     [from   i7itcr^wse.]     The  act  of 
interposinii;  interposition;  interference  ;  agency  be- 
tween two  persons.  South, 
2.  Intervention  ;  a  coming  or  being  between. 

Qlanville. 
IN-TER-POSE',  V.  f,     [Fr.  interposer;  L  interpono,  in- 
terpositam  :  inter  and  pono,  to  place.] 

1.  To  place  between  ;  as,  to  interpose  a  body  be- 
tween the  sun  and  the  eariti. 

2.  'I'o  place  between  or  among;  to  tlinist  in;  to 
intrude,  as  an  obstruction  interruption,  or  incon- 
venience. 

What  wKtchful  Ci\rr«  do  interpot*  tbemaclrc* 
Betwixt  voiirvyea  iirui  nisht  t  Shak, 

UuKiui)  mtilty  will  luu  uliuii  ittUrpott  iurli  among  pcnoiu  uf  the 
hniit-u  luiiciioii.  SiB^/t. 

3.  To  offer,  as  aid  or  services,  for  relief  or  the 
adjustment  of  differences.  The  emperor  interposed 
his  aid  or  scrvictjs  tc  reconcile  tiie  contending 
parties. 

I'hc  common  FitthT  of  mankind  aeoMoiiMy  inltr]>oatd  hti  hnwl 
and  mcuml  tidarrohlti  tn.in.  WtM-licard. 

IN-TER-POSE',  V.  i.    To  step  in  between  parlies  at 
variance  ;  to  mediate     The  prince  ijitcrjioaed  and 
made  peace. 
2.  To  put  in  by  way  of  interruption. 

But,  inurpotet  KVmh-riii*,  ihU  o^jJi'Ciion  iimy  be  mnde  n^tnri 
almost  nny  hypwthcaui.  Bm/la. 

IN'TER-POf:n,  71.    Interposal.    [Jv'otuscd.]    Spenser. 

IN-TER- P5a'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Placed  between  or  among; 
ihnisl  in. 

IN-TER-POS'ER,  V.  One  that  interposes  or  comes 
between  others;  a  mediator  or  ag^int  between  par- 
ties. 

IN-TER-POS'ING,  ppr.  Placing  between;  coming 
between  ;  offering  aid  or  services. 

IN-TER-POS'IT,  n.  A  place  of  deposit  between  one 
commercial  cHy  or  country  and  another.    Mitford. 

IN-'rER-PO-Sl"TION,  (-po-zish'unO  »•  [Er.,  from  L. 
intrrpositio.] 

1.  A  bemg,  placing,  or  rontjng  between  ;  interven- 
tion ;  as,  the  iiiterpoMtion  of  the  Baltic  Sea  between 
Germany  and  Sweden.  'J'lie  interpositinn  of  the 
moon  between  the  earth  and  the  sun  occasions  a 
solar  eclipse, 

2.  Intervenient  agency  ;  as,  the  i7i'jTpMi7ie»  of  the 
magistrate  in  quieting  -leditiou.  How  many  evi- 
dences we  iiave  of  divine  interposition  in  favor  of 
goocl  men  ! 

3.  Mediation;  agency  between  parties.  By  the 
interposition  of  a  common  friend,  tho  parties  have 
been  reconciled. 

4.  Any  thing  interposed.  MUton. 
IN-TER-P0S'L;UE,  ?(.    Imerposal.    [M'ot  in  use..] 

Mtinta^ue. 
IN-TER'PRET,  tJ.  t.     [Ft.  interpreter :    L.  interpretor, 
from  intrrpres.    'i'he  word   is  comjwunded  of  inter 


TCNE,  B\iLh,  VNITE.— AN"GEH,  Vl"C10i;s.— C  m  K;  0  as  J;  8  as  Z;  CH  as  SU ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 
78  "  tifr 


INT 


INT 


INT 


ftiiil  prf.*,  pTttL*  i  bii!  llie  laiter  is  not  found  in  its 
ciiiiple  I'orui,  and  ils  origin  is  iinc^rtain.  It  coincides 
in  flenieiii--!  iviili  T«fi  or  ir-^D,  lo  part,  lo  spread.] 

I.  To  ex)iljiiii  the  nienningof  words  to  a  person 
who  di»es  not  iiiidtTst^md  them  j  to  expound  ;  to 
tRinsl:Ue  iniiiiielliKiblc  wnrds  into  intelligible  onen  ; 
tt-S  to  ititrrfira  the  Hebrew  language  to  an  Eng- 
liiiliman. 

ImitMUJu'I.  which,  bciii^  inwyrtud,  ligaiSx*,  God  wUh  ufc  — 
-  Mull.  i. 

a.  To  explain  or  unfold  the  meaning  of  predic- 
tions, visions,  dream?,  or  cnipmns ;  to  expound  and 
l;iy  open  what  is  concealed  from  the  und'-rslanding  j 
as,  Jo^ieph  intrrpreud  ilie  dreams  of  PharaotL 

a  Todeciphtr. 

A.  To  I'xpiiiin  something  not  understood;  as,  to 
wUrpret  \ct*k%  or  signs. 

5.  Tti  ifetiiic  ;  to  explain  words  by  other  words  in 
ihe  s.Triie  Iiitieuage, 
IN-TEirPltE'I-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  bo  interpreted 

or  expl.iinei.  CnUier. 

IN-TEK-FKET-J^TIOX,!!.  [Fr.^ftomL. interprrtatw.] 

1.  Tlte  act  of  interpreting  ;  explanalitm  of  unin- 
Celiisible  wurds  in  languaee  that  is  intelligible.  In- 
UrprtiatMm  is  the  design  of  ininslatinn. 

3.  The  nd  of  ex)>ounding  or  unfolding  what  is 
not  ondemnud  or  not  obvious ;  as,  the  uUtrpritation 
of  dieania  and  prophecy. 

I«ok  how  «T  out,  or  ad  or  meniij, 

lnmn)nwMim  vSi  nuatjuute  our  looo.  £Aafe. 

3.  The  wnsc  given  by  an  interpreter  -,  exposition. 
\\V  Siiiiu-Iiiiie!i  find  various  iHUrprttatiom  of  the 
same  |Ki.s>aiceof  :$cripinre  and  other  ancient  writings. 

4.  I'hf  puwer  of  ex^ilaining.  Bacon. 
I>'-TERPREr.A-TIVE,  a.    CoUected  or  known  by 

interprtUtion. 

Ae  wtrryrtln&M  wlmy  with  bOTtick.  Bammetid, 

2.  Containing  exj'lanatioru  Barrow. 
INTER'PKKT  A-TIVE-LY,  arfr.     As  may  be  col- 
lected bv  inierj>''''t.iiion.  R^* 

IX-TER  I'KKT-KO,  pp.    Explaine^l ;  expounded. 

I.N-TER'PRET-EK,  ».  One  that  explains  or  ex- 
pounds ,  an  expositor  j  as,  an  iMterpreUr  of  the  Scrip- 
tures. 

a  A  ininMntor ;  one  who  render?  the  words  of 
one  language  in  words  of  corresponding  signification 
in  another. 

IN-TER'PRET-ING,  ppr.  Exi^aining;  expoundingj 
trnnflbtinEf. 

IN-TER-PUNe'TIO.N\  n.  [L.  iAttrpunctUf  imttrpitn- 
go  :  intfr  and  pai^,  lo  point.] 

The  making  of  points  between  sentences  or  parts 
of  a  wntencc.     But  Puxctcatios  is  penerallv  used. 

IN-TER-RE-CEIVE',  r.  t  To  receive  between  or 
within.  CariUic 

IN-TKR'R/:n,  f  rn-terd',)  pp.    Buried. 

IX-TER-REG'NCM,  «.  [U  inter  and  regnum,  rule  or 
reign.] 

The  time  in  which  a  throne  is  vacant,  between 
the  death  or  at»licaIion  of  n  king  and  the  acces^^ion 
of  his  successor.  .An  intrrrtgnum^  in  strictness,  can 
happen  oirly  in  governnienis  where  the  king  is 
elective;  for,  in  hercd!tar>'  kingdoms,  the  reign  of 
the  successor  commences  at  the  momtnt  of  his  pred- 
ecessor's death  or  demise.  The  word,  however,  is 
u^ed  with  mnre  latitude. 

IN-TER-REI<^N',  (in-ter-ranc',)  n.    A  translation  of 
liUerrejfNKfn,  Fr.  iuterrr^He. 
An  interregnum  or  vacancy  of  the  throne.  fSupra.] 

Baeon. 

LV-TER'RER,  n.  [from  inter.]  One  that  inters  or 
burii^-ii. 

INIXR-REX,  n.     [L.  infer  and  rex,  king.] 

A  rvgent  ;  a  magi!>trate  that  governs  during  an 
jnlerregniim. 

IN-TERKLNG.  ppr.    Biming. 

Ci-TER'RO-GATE,  r.  (.  [Fr.  intcrrogcr ;  'L.  interro- 
go  ;  inter  and  ragOy  lo  ask.] 

To  qae^iun  ;  to  examine  by  asking  questions  ;  as, 
to  tnttrrmgate  a  witness. 

IN-TER'RO-GaTE.  r.  L    T*  ask  questions.  Baa>n. 

Ui-TEK'RO-GA-TF.D,  ;>p.     Examined  bv  questions. 

IN-TER'R0-GA-TI.\G,  ppr.  Asking  questions  of  one  ; 
examining  bv  quesxions. 

IN-TER-RU-GA'TIOX,  «.  The  act  of  questioning  ; 
examination  by  questions. 

2.  A  question  put ;  inquiry.  Pope. 

3.  A  note  that  marks  a  question ;  as,  does  Job 
serve  God  for  nought  ? 

IN-TER-ROG'A-TIVE,  a.     [Fr.  inUrrogatif.] 

Denoting  a  question  ;  express'^d  in  the  form  of  a 
question  :  as,  an  iaierrogatice  phrase  or  sentence. 

IN'-TER-ROG'A-TIVE,  n.  A  word  used  iu  asking 
question*  ;  as,  irAo  ?  vchat  7  vhichl  vhyj 

IN-TER-ROG'A-TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  the  form  of  a 
question. 

IX-TER'RO-Ga-TOR.  n.   One  who  asks  questions. 

LN-TER-ROG'A-TO-RV,  n.     [Fr.  intcrrogatoirf.] 

A  question  or  inquiry*.  lit /air,  a  particular  qne»- 
tion  to  a  witness,  who  is  lo  answer  it  und^r  the  so- 
lemnities of  an  oath.  This  may  be  in  opsn  court  or 
before  commissioners. 

IN-TER-ROG'A-TO-RY,  a.    Containing  a  question  ; 


expressing  a  question  ;  as,  an  iiUerrogatorif  sen- 
tence. Johuson. 

IJV  TF.R-RO'REM^  [L.]     For  a  terror  or  warning. 

liVTER-RUPT',  r.  (.  [L.  interrumpo,  iitterruptus  i 
int/T  and  rumpo,  lo  brrak.l 

1,  To  stop  or  hinder  oy  breaking  in  upon  the 
course  or  progress  of  any  thing;  to  break  the  cur- 
rent or  motion  of;  as,  a  fall  of  rain  intrrrupted  our 
journey.  There  was  not  a  tree  nor  a  bush  to  inter- 
rupt the  charge  of  the  enemy.  The  speaker  was  in- 
terrupted by  shouts  of  acclamation.  U'e  apply  the 
word  both  to  the  agent  and  to  his  progress.  We 
say,  an  alarm  interrupted  the  speaker,  or  his  argu- 
ment or  discourse. 

2.  To  divide ;  lo  separate ;  to  break  continuity  or 
a  continued  series.  The  road  was  on  a  plain,  not 
interrupted  by  a  single  hill,  or  interrupted  licrc  and 
there  by  a  hill. 

IN-TER-RUPT',  a.    Broken ;  containing  a  chasm. 

MUton. 

IN-TER-RUPT'ED,  pp.  Stopped  ;  hindered  from  pro- 
ceeding. 

IN-TER-RUPT'ED,  o.    Broken  ;  inlermilied. 

S.  In  bptany^  a  term  used  when  any  symmetrical 
armngement  is  destroyed  by  local  causes,  as  when 
smaller  leaves  are  interposed  among  the  larger  ones 
in  a  pinnate  leaf.  jAJtdley. 

I.\-TER-Ri:pT'ED-LY,  ode.  With  breaks  or  inler- 
ruptiona.  Boyle, 

IN-TER-RUPT'ER,  it.    One  that  interrupts. 

IN-TER-KUPT'ING,  ppr.  Hindering  by  breaking  in 
upon. 

IN-TERRUP'TIOX,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  interruptio.] 
L  The  act  of  internipting  or  breaking  in  upon 
progression. 

2.  Breach  of  any  thing  extended ;  interposition ; 
as,  an  isle  separated  from  the  Continent  by  the  inter- 
ruption  of  the  sea.  Hale, 

3.  Intervention ;  interposition. 

Lrit  th«  intfrrupzion  of  time  eauao  you  to  lam  the  klra  of  oq« 
part.  Dryten. 

4.  Slop ;  binderance  ;  obstruction  caused  by  break- 
ing in  upon  any  course,  current,  progress,  or  motion. 
An  interruption  may  be  leniporar>'  or  durable.  The 
work  of  the  Erie  Canal  has  suflered  few  interruptions 
from  storms  and  floods.  The  lava  met  with  no  inter- 
ruption till  it  descended  to  the  fool  of  the  mountain. 
The  author  has  met  with  many  interruptions  in  the 
execution  of  his  work.  The  speaker  or  the  argu- 
ment proceeds  without  interruption, 

5.  Slop  ;  cestialion  ;  intermission.  Locke. 
IN-TER-RLTT'IVE,  a.    Tending  to  interrupt. 
INTER  RTPT'IVE-LY,  adv.    By  interruption. 
IN-TER-l?€AP'l;-LAR,  a.    [L.  inter  and  scapula^  the 

slmuldcr-blade.] 
Situated  between  the  shoulder-blades, 
IX-TER-SCI.\D',  r.  f.     [infer  and  scindo.'] 

To  cut  otr.  Diet. 

IX-TER-SCI.\D'ED.  pp.    Cut  off. 
liN-TER-SCI.\D'L\G,  ppr.     Cutting  off. 
IN-TER  SCRIBE',  r.  (,     [L.  iiUer  and  scribo.1 

To  write  between.  Diet, 

IN-TER-SeRIB'£D,pp.    Written  between. 
liVTER-SCRIB'ING,  ppr.    Writing  between. 
IN-TER-SE'CANT,    a.       [L.    intersecans;    itUerseco; 

inter  and  secOy  to  cut.] 

Dividing  into  parts  ;  crossing.  Diet* 

IN-TER-SECT',  r.  U     [L.  iiUerseco  ;  inieTf  between, 

and  3CC0,  to  cut.] 
To  cut  or  cross  mutually  ;   to  divide  into  parts. 

Thus  two   lines  or  two  planes  may  intersect  each 

oilier.    The  ecliptic  intersects  the  equator. 
IN-TER-SECT',  v.  L    To  meet  and  cross  each  other; 

a«,  the  point  where  two  lines  intersecL     [  l^his  is 

elUptica!.] 
IN-'l  ER-SECT'ED,  pp.     Cut  or  divided  into  parts ; 

criii^sffj. 
IN-TER-SECT'ING,  ppr.      Cutting;    crossing;    as 

lint^s. 
IN-TER-SEC'TIOX,  n.     [;L.  tnfer.««fio.] 

1.  The  act  or  state  of  intersecting. 

2.  The  point  or  line  in  which  two  lines  or  two 
planes  cut  each  other. 

IN-TER-SEM'I-\aTE,  r.  f.    [L.  intersaninatus ;  inter^ 
between,  and  scmino,  to  sow.] 
To  sow  between  or  among.     [Little  vsed.] 

IN-TER-SERT',  v.  L    [L.  intersero ;  interj  between, 
and  .s-ero,  tu  throw.] 
To  set  or  put  in  between  other  things.    Brerewood. 

IN-TER-SERT'ED,  pv.    Put  in  between  other  things. 

I^'-TER-SEKT'I^'G,  ppr.  Putting  m  between  other 
tilings. 

IN-TER-SER'TION,  n.  An  insertion  or  thing  insert- 
ed between  other  things.  Uammond. 

IN'TER-SPACE,  n.  [inter  and  space..]  A  space  be- 
tween other  things.  Ilacket, 

IN-TER-SPERSE^  (in-ter-spcrs',)  r.  U  [L.  intersper- 
sus  ;  inter,  between,  and  spargo,  to  scatter.] 

To  scatter  or  set  here  and  there  among  other 
things ;  as,  an  able  argument  interspersed  with  flow- 
ers of  rhetoric.    Intersperse  shrubs  among  trees. 

IN-TER-SPERS'£D,  (-eperst',)  pp.  Scattered  or  situ- 
ated here  and  there  among  other  things. 


IX-TEU-.'^PER.S'ING,p'fr.    Scattering  here  and  iher- 

anionB  oihf  r  tilings. 
IN-TER-SPER'SION,  n.     The  act  of  ecnliering    or 

setting  here  and  there  among  other  things. 
IN-TER-STEL'LAR,       to.      [L.   twter  and   stilU.  a 
IN-TER-STEL'LA-KY,  j      hlar.] 

Situated  l>eyond  the  solar  system,  or  among  the 

star^i.  Bacon. 

IX'TER-STICE  or  IN-TER'STICE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L. 

interstitium  :  inter  and  tto,  to  sUtnd  ] 

1.  A  space  between  thinpe  ;  but  chiefly,  a  narrow 
or  small  space  between  things  closely  set.  or  the 
parts  which  compose  a  body.  We  t:i>eak  of  the  in- 
tcrfticrs  between  the  luirts  of  wood  nr  stone. 

2.  Time  between  one  act  and  another.      Jfyliff'e. 
IN-TER-STIX€T'1VE,     a.      Distinguishing.      [JWl 

used.]  WalUs. 

IN-TER-STr'TIAE,  (in-ter-stish'al,)  a.  Pertaining 
to  o»  roiitHining  interstices  Encyc. 

IN-TI-^R-STRAT'I-Fr-£D,  (in-ter-slmt'e-nde,)  a. 
Stratified  among  or  between  other  bodies.      Encyc. 

IN-TKR-TALK',  (in-ti-r-tawk',)  v.  i.  To  exchange 
conversation.     fA"ot  u.fftt]  Currw. 

IN-TER-TAi\"GLE,  (tang'gl,)  r.  f.  To  intertwist ; 
to  entangle.  Beauw.  ^'  Ft. 

IN-TER-TEX'Tt'RE,  (text'yur,)  n.  [L.  interteztus  : 
infpr  and  ffjo,  to  weave.] 

The  act  of  interweaving,  or  the  state  of  things  in- 
ter\voven.  More.. 

IN'TER-TIE,      )  n.    In  carpentry,  a  short,  horizontal 

IN'TER-DCCE,  i  timber  framed  between  two  posts, 
in  order  to  tie  them  together.  Brande. 

IN-TER-TIS'S(J-£D,  (in-ter-tish'shude,)  a.  Wrought 
with  joint  tissue.  Everest. 

IN-TER-TRAN-SPI€'1^-0US,  a.  Transpicuous  with- 
in or  between. 

L\-TER-TROP'I€-AL,  a.  [ijiferand  tropital.]  Situa- 
ted between  the  tropics.  J.'Jilfrse. 

IN-TER-TWI\E',  r.  f.  [i?ifrr  and  ttrive.]  To  unite 
by  twilling  or  twisting  one  with  another.      Milton. 

IN-TER-TWIN'£;n,  yp.  Twined  or  twisted  one  with 
another. 

IN-TER-TWTN'ING,  ppr.    Twining  one  with  another. 

IN-TER-TWIN'ING-LY,  adc.  By  intertwining  or  be- 
ing intertwined. 

INTERTWIST',  tJ.  (.  [inter  and  frrwf.]  To  twist 
one  with  another. 

IN-TER-TWIST'ED,  pp.    Twisted  one  with  another. 

IX-TER-TWIST'ING,  ppr.  Twisting  one  with  an- 
other. 

IN-TER-TWIST'ING-LY,  fldtJ.  By  intertwisting,  or 
being  intertwisted. 

IN'TER-VAL,  n.  [Fr.  intercalle  ;  1..  intcrvaUum;  inter 
and  vallam,  a  wall,  or  rnlliut,  a  stake.] 

1.  A  space  lictween  things;  a  void  space  interven- 
ing between  any  two  objects;  as,  an  i?!fcrrfl^  ht;tween 
two  pickets  or  palisades,  between  two  houses  or 
walls,  or  between  two  mountains  or  hilts. 

2.  Space  of  time  betweeti  any  two  [wints  or  events; 
as,  the  interval  between  tlie  death  of  Charles  I.  of 
England  and  the  accession  uf  Charles  II. ;  the  infer- 
val  between  two  wars.  Hence  we  say,  an  intercal  of 
peace. 

3.  The  space  of  lime  between  two  paroxysms  of 
disease,  pain,  or  delirium  ;  remission  ;  as,  an  tnteroal 
of  ease,* of  peace,  of  reason. 

4.  The  distance  between  two  given  sounds  in  mu- 
sic, or  the  difference  in  point  of  gravity  or  aculeness. 

Brande.. 

5.  A  tract  of  low  or  plain  ground  between  hills,  or 
along  the  banks  of  rivers,  usually  alluvial  land  en- 
riched by  the  overflowings  of  river.'*,  or  by  fertilizing' 
defxisits  of  earth  from  Ihe  adjacent  hills.  Hutchinson. 

[Dr.  Belknap  itritcs  this  Intervjle  ;   /  think  im- 
properhf.] 
IN-TER-VBIN'/n>,  (-tpr-vSnd',)  a.     [infer  and  vein.] 
Intersected  as  with  veins. 

Fair  champi-.i^n  wiih  \n»  nvm  inlerveinei.  Mtllon. 

IX-TER-VeNE',  v.  L  [L.  iHfcrrenio  ,-  infer  and  venio, 
to  come.] 

1.  To  come  or  be  between  persons  or  things;  lo 
be  situated  between.  Tlius  the  Atlantic  intcn-enes 
between  Europe  and  America;  the  Mediterranean 
intervenes  between  Europe  and  Africa. 

2.  To  come  between  points  of  time  or  events ;  as, 
the  period  that  iiiterxened  between  the  treaty  of  Rjs- 
wick  and  the  treaty  of  Utrecht. 

3.  To  happen  in  a  way  to  disturb,  cross,  or  inter- 
rupt. Events  may  ijitercenc  to  frustrate  our  purposes 
or  wishes. 

4.  To  interpose  or  undertake  voluntarily  for  anoth- 
er. A  third  party  may  intcrcene,  and  accept  a  bill  of 
exchan}re_for  another. 

IK-TER-VuXE',  n.  A  coming  between;  interven- 
tion.    [A'"«i(  used.]  n'uttvn. 

IX-TER-VkX'IEXT,  a.  Coming  or  being  between; 
intercedent  ;  interposed.     [Little  used.]  Bacon. 

IX-TER-VkX'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Coming  or  being  be- 
tween persons  or  things,  or  between  points  of  time  ; 
as,  intervening  space  or  time  ;  intervening  events  or 
misfortunes;  ('nfrrreniw "•  peace 

IN-TER-VEX'TIO.V,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  intereentio.] 
I.  A  slate  of  coming  or  being  between  ;  interposi- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MftTE,  PRgY.  — PIXE,  MARtXE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


INT 

tion.     Light  is  not  interrupted  by  the  iatervention,  of 
a  lranft|iarent  body. 

2.  Agency  of  porsnns  betw'een  persons  ;  Interposi- 
tion ;  mediiition  :  any  interference  that  may  afCect 
the  ijUerests  of  others. 

Lci  us  ilwde  our  (juajTcIs  at  home  without  the  inUrvenHon  oT  & 
furei^ii  [x,wer.  Templt. 

3.  Agency  of  means  or  instruments ;  as,  effects  are 
produced  by  liie  iatervention  of  natural  causes. 

4.  Interposition  in  favor  of  an«>tfaer;  a  voluntary 
undertaking  of  one  party  for  another.  A  bill  of  ei- 
Chaiice  may  be  accepted  by  the  intervention  of  a  tliird 
person  in  behalf  of  the  drawer,  or  of  one  of  the  in- 
dors'-rs.  French  Commercial  Code.     IValsh, 

INTER- VEX'TOR,  ii.  [L.]  A  mediator;  a  person 
ancieiilly  d--'^ipi;iled  by  a  church  to  reconcile  par- 
ries, and  unite  them  in  Ihe  choice  of  officers. 

IN-reU-VEXTiE,  n.     [Fr.  intervenu,]         [Coleman. 
Interposition.     [JK'ot  nfcd.)  Blount. 

INTER-VERT',  v.  U  [L.  intcrvertoi  in(CT- and  uerto, 
to  turn.] 

Tu  turn  to  another  course  or  to  another  use.  [iUi- 
tie  n-ed.]  tVotton. 

IN-TER-VXR'TE-BRAL,  a.  Being  between  the  ver- 
tehre. 

IN'TER-VIEW,  n.  [i«frr  and  view:  Fr.  entrevue.] 
A  mutual  sieht  or  view  ;  a  meeting  ;  uaaalUj,  a 
forms!  meetins  fur  some  conference  on  an  imjHirtant 
subject ;  hence  the  word  implies  a  conference,  or 
.  mutual  cuuiuiunication  of  thoughts.  The  envoy  had 
an  interBiew  with  the  kiiyt,  or  with  the  secretary  of 
foreign  affiirs.  The  [mrttea  had  an  uttervieaij  and 
adjusted  their  diffi^rences. 

IN-TER-VI8'I-BLE,  a.  In  *umpyin^,  an  epithet  ap- 
plied to  stations  which  are  mutually  visible,  or  can 
be  seen  the  one  from  the  other. 

h\-TEir-V0LVE',  (in-ter-votv',)  r.  L     [L.  intervolvo  ; 
inur  and  eoleo,  to  roll.] 
To  in\itlve  one  wiihm  another.  Milton^ 

IN-TER-VOLV'£I>,  pp.  Involved  one  within  anoth- 
er ;  wrapped  logt;ther. 

IN-TER-VOLVaNG.y;jr.  Involving  one  within  an- 
other. 

IN-TER-VVEAVE',  v.  L;  pret.  Interwove;  pp.  In- 
TERwoTEN.     [inter  and  toeave.] 

1.  To  weave  together;  to  intermix  or  unite  in  text- 
ure or  construction ;  as,  threads  of  silk  and  cotton 
tHienooren. 

2.  To  intonnix ;  to  set  among  or  together;  as,  a 
covert  of  ipteriBoveii  trees. 

3.  To  intermingle  ;  to  Insert  together;  as,  to  intcr- 
vAirr  trutn  with  falsehood. 

I\-TER-\VKA  V'LNG,  ppr.     Weaving  together. 

I.V-TER-VVEAV'ING,  n.     Inlertexlure.  ^fUt(m. 

I.N-TER-WIrfH',  c.  (.  [inter  unA  tci^k.]  To  wish  mu- 
tually to  *-iirh  other.     [LittU  used.]  Donne. 

IN-TEU-WISH'KD,  (-wiaht,)  pp.    Wished  muluallv. 

IN-TER-WORK'ING,  tl  The  act  of  working  to- 
gether. 

li\-TER-\V'OVE',  pret,  of  IrrTERWEAVE.  Milton  uses 
it  as  a  participle  fur  iittenooceii. 

IN-TER-W'O  V'C.V,  pp.  or  a.  Woven  together ;  inter- 
mixed ;  intftmiughng. 

IN-TER-WRK.ATfl'/'JD,  a.     Woven  into  a  wreath. 

IX-TEST'A-ltLE,  a.  [L.  in'.tstahilu ;  in  and  teatabilis; 
ttstLt,  a  witrn-fs  .  tfotor,  to  testify.] 

Ni4  cap:ihle  of  makmg  a  will ;  legally  unqualified 
or  di<«i|ualitted  to  m;ik?  a  testament ;  iv*,'n,  iterson  un- 
qii:ditif4l  for  want  uf  discretion,  or  disqualified  by  loss 
of  r.-ason,  is  intejituble.  .'iyliffe. 

IX-TE.ST'A-CY,  .1.  [from  intestatej]  The  state  cf  dy- 
ing witJiout  making  a  will  or  disposing  of  onr's  ef- 
fects. Black;itfme. 

I.N-TEST'ATE,  a.  [Fr.  intrM.it :  L.  inUsiattui;  in  and 
te^tatui*^  te-ftor,  to  make  a  will.] 

1.  Dying  without  having  made  a  will.  When  a 
man  dies  iiuetttau.,  his  estate  is  committed  for  settle- 
ment to  administrators. 

2.  Not  devised;  not  disposed  of  by  will ;  as,  an 
inteittate  testate.  LaiD-i  of  Ma.-ia.  and  Conn. 

fX-TE-ST'A'i'K,  n.  A  person  who  dies  without  mak- 
ing a  will.  Black-^tone. 

W-TES'TLV-AL,  a,  [from  intestine.]  PertJiining  to 
the  intestines  of  an  animal  body;  as,  the  intestinal 
tube  or  c:in:i!.  .Srbuthnot. 

>X-TE»-TI\-A'M.A,  n.  pf.  A  class  of  animals  which 
inf:st  ihy  interior  of  the  bodies,  and  especially  the 
int'^-tmal  canal,  of  (.tlier  animals.  Brande. 

(N-TES'TINE,  (-t«-s'tin.)  a.  [Vr.  inteslin  ;  h.  intc^ti- 
RU.1,  (uttn  iiitttn^  wiihrn.] 

1.  Intcnml  ;  inward  ;  opposed  to  ExTERrfAt;  ap~ 
plieA  to  tilt  human  or  other  animal  body  ;  as,  an  iatestin* 

2.  Internal  with  regard  to  a  state  or  country :  do- 
mestic, not  foreign  ;  as,  intrstine  fellds  ;  intestine  war  ; 
interim  enemies.  It  is  to  be  remarked  lh:U  this  word 
i<  u^unlly  or  alwnys  ap|>lied  to  evils.  We  never  say, 
intestine  happinertit  nx  pnMperity  ;  inte.ttine  trade,  man- 
iif«turj'><,  or  ttills  ,  but  inte,itine  broils,  trouble,  diMtr- 
dert,  calaniilies,  war,  ficr.  We  say,  iniernal  peace, 
Wfhiirn,  pro^-perity,  or  internal  broil-*,  war,  tradu,  4.c. 
Tbis  rentrictcd  une  of  inUttint  seems  to  be  entirely 
arbitr&jry. 


INT 


INT 


IN-TES'TINE,  n.  r  usually  in  the  plural^  Intestines. 
The  canal  or  tube  that  extends,  with  convolutions, 
from  the  riglil  orifice  of  ilie  stomach  to  the  anus. 

IN-TEX'TUR-/:d,  a.     Inwrought ;  woven  in. 

IN-THIRST',  (in-thurst',)  v.  L  [in  and  Uiirst.]  To 
make  thirsty.     [JVot  used.']  Bp.  Ilall. 

IN-THRALL',  v.  u  [in  and  thraU;  Sax.  Vireal^  a  ser- 
vant V  Ir.  tradl.'] 

To  enslave  ;  to  reduce  to  bondage  or  scrvittide  ;  to 
shackle.  The  Greeks  have  been  itithralled  by  the 
Turks.  ' 

SliiB  iOotlKM,  but  ne»er  can  inthrdll  my  mind.  Prior. 

IN-THRALL'JED,  pp.  or  a.  Enslaved ;  reduced  to  ser- 
vitude. 

IN-THRALL'IXG,_ppr.     Enslaving. 

IX-THRALL'MENT,  iu  Servitude;  slavery  ;  bond- 
age. MUioiu 

IN-TilROXE',  V.  L  [in  and  throne.]  To  seat  on  a 
throne  ;  to  raise  to  royalty  or  supreme  dominion. 
[See  ExTHRo.NE,  which  is  the  more  common  orthog- 
raphy.] 

2.  "lo  induct  or  install  a  bishop  into  the  iJowers 
and  privileges  of  a  vacant  see. 

liX-THRoX-I-ZA'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  enthroning, 
or  state  of  being  enthroned.  JVarburton, 

IN-THROX'IZE,  p.  f.  To  enthrone.  [See  iNXHRotfE.] 

IX'TI-MA-CV,  Tl.  [from  intimate.]  Close  familiarity 
or  fellowship;  nearness  in  friendship.  Rogers. 

IN'TI-MATE,  a.  [L.  intimiis^  superl.  of  inttiSy  or  inte- 
rusf  within.] 

1.  Inmost;  inward;  internal;  as,  intimate  im- 
pulse. JUi/ton. 

2.  Near ;  close. 

He  WM  honored  with  an  intimate  anil  Immediate  «ainb»ion. 

Sou  A. 

3.  Close  in  friendship  or  acquaintance  ;  familiar; 
as.  an  iatitnate  friend  ;  intitnate  acquaintance. 

IX'TI-MATE,  n.  A  familiar  friend  or  associate  ;  one 
to  whom  the  thoughts  of  another  are  intrusted  with- 
out reserve. 

IN'TI-MATE,  r.  i.    To  share  together.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

IN'TI-MATE,  r.  f.  |Fr.  intimer;  Sp.  intimar ;  It.  inti- 
mare:  XjOW  L.  intimt,  to  intimate,  to  register,  to  love 
entirely,  to  make  one  intimate,  lo  enter,  from  inti- 
mus.] 

To  hint ;  to  suggest  obscurely,  indirectly,  or  not 
very  plainly;  to  give  slight  notice  of.  He  intimated 
his  intention  of  resigning  his  office. 

Tti  He&ven  lueirUiai  poinu  out  an  hereafter, 

And  intimalea  clem'ny  lo  man.  Addi4on, 

IN'TI-MA-TED,  pp.  Hinted;  slightly  mentioned  or 
signified. 

IN'tl-MATE-LY,  adv.  Closely  ;  with  close  inter- 
mixture and  union  of  parts  ;  as,  two  fluids  intimately 
mixed. 

2.  Closely;  with  neamossof  friendshiporalliance  ; 
OS,  two  friends  intimately  united  ;  two  families  inti- 
mattlv  connected. 

3.  Familiarly  ;  particularly  ;  as,  to  be  intimately  ac- 
quainted with  facts  or  with  a  subject. 

IN'TI-MA-TINO,/»pr.     Hinting;  suggesting. 

IX-TI-MA'TIOX,  n.  [Fr.,  from  intimaU.]  Hint;  an 
obscure  or  indirect  suggestion  or  notice  ;  a  declara- 
tion or  remark  communicating  imperfect  Information. 
Our  friend  left  us  without  giving  any  previoua  tnti- 
mation  of  his  design. 

IN'TIME,  (in'tim,)  a.     [L.  intimus.] 

Inward  ;  internal.    T«Vo(  used.]  Dighif. 

IN-TIM'I-DATE,  r.  (.  [Fr.  itUimUer;  in  and  L.  iimi- 
dus,  fearful ;  timeo^  to  fenr.j 

To  make  fearful ;  to  inspire  with  fear  ;  lo  disheart- 
en ;  to  abash. 

Now  puil!,  once  harlorrd  In  the  conacioux  brenat, 
IntimidaUt  the  Inuvt,  dpg^r*d';«  ihe  gp.-at.  Trent. 

IN-TIM'I-DA-TED,  pp.    Made  fearHil ;  abashed. 

IN-TIM'I-DS-TING,;»;ir.     Making  fearful;  abashing. 

IN-TIM-I-DA'TION,  yu  The  act  of  making  fearful ; 
the  state  of  being  abashed. 

IN-TIXe-TIV'l-TY,  n.  [L.  in  and  tinctus^  dipped, 
stained.] 

The  want  of  the  quality  of  coloring  or  tinging  other 
bodies.  Fuller's  earth  is  distinguished  from  colorillc 
earths  by  its  intinctivity.  Kinean. 

IN-TIRE':  IN-TIRE'LY.    See  E^ttire  and  its  deriva- 

IN-TI'TLK.    See  Entitle.  [lives. 

IN'TO,  prep,  [in  and  to.]  Noting  entrance, or  a  pass- 
ing from  the  outside  of  a  thing  to  its  interior  parts. 
It  follows  verbs  expressing  motion.  Come  into  ti»e 
house  ;  go  into  the  church  ;  one  stream  falls  or  runs 
into  another.  Water  enters  into  the  tine  vessels  of 
plants. 

2.  Noting  penetration  beyond  the  outside  or  sur- 
face, or  acress  to  it.  ifook  into  a  letter  or  book  ;  look 
into  An  apartment. 

3.  Noting  insertion.  Infuse  more  spirit  or  anima- 
tion into  the  composition. 

4.  Noting  mixture.  Put  other  ingredients  into  the 
compound. 

5.  Noting  Inclusion.  Put  these  ideas  int»  other 
words. 

6.  Noting  the  passing  of  a  thing  from  one  form  or 
state  to  another.    Compound  substances  may  be  re- 


solved into  other<i  which  are  more  simple  ;  ice  is  con- 
vertible into  water,  and  water  into  vapor.  Men  are 
more  easily  drawn  than  forced  into  compliance.  We 
reduce  many  diritiijct  substunces  into  one  mass.  We 
are  led  by  evidence  into  belief  uf  truth.  Men  are 
often  enticed  into  the  commission  of  crimes.  Chil- 
dren are  sometimes  frightened  into  fits,  and  we  are 
all  liable  to  be  seduced  into  error  and  folly. 
IN-TOL'ER-A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  intoterabUis ;  in 
and  tolerabilis,  tulero,  to  bear.] 

1.  Not  to  be  borne ;  that  can  not  be  endured  ;  as, 
intolerable  pain ;  intolerable  heat  or  cold ;  an  intolera- 
ble burden. 

2,  Insufferable ;  not  to  be  allowed ;  as,  intolerable 
laziness. 

IN-TOL'ER-A-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being 
not  tolerable  or  sufferible. 

tX-TOL'ER-A-HLY,  adv.    To  a  degree  beyond  endur- 
ance; nit,  intnlrrahly  cohl  ;  i«(«ipr«W// abusive. 

IN-TOL'ER-ANCE,  n.      [from  intolerant.]      Want  of 
capacity  lo  endure.  Brande, 

2.  Want  of  toleration  ;  the  not  enduring  al  all,  or 
not  suffering  to  exist  without  persecution  ;  as,  the  in- 
tolerance of  a  prince  or  a  cliurch  toward  a  religiuus 
spct.  Burice. 

IN-TOL'ER-AXT,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  in  and  tolero.  to 
endure.] 

1.  Not  enduring  ;  not  able  to  endure. 

The  powr«  of  ihe  human  body  l*cing  limited  and  intolerant  dt 
e^ct-"^  s.  ArttuOinoL 

2.  Not  enduring  difference  of  ophiion  or  worship  ; 
refusing  to  tolerate  others  in  the  enjoyment  of  their 
opinions,  rights,  and  worship. 

IN-TOL'ER-AXT,  n.    One  who  docs  not  favor  tolera- 
tion. ImcVi. 

IN-TOL'ER-ANT-LY,  adc.    Not  tolerantly;  not  in- 
dulgentlv. 

IN-TOL'ER-A-TED,  a.     Not  endured  ;  not  tolerated. 

Chr.-<tfrjir.ld. 

IN-TOL-ER-A'TION,  n.    Intoler.incc  :  refusal  lo  tol- 
erate others  in  their  opinions  or  worship.  Chesterjietd. 

IN-TOMH',  (in-toom',)  v.  L  [in  and  foj;iA.J    To  dejiusii 
in  a  tomb  ;  to  bury.  Dryden. 

IN-T0MB'£D,  (in-toomd',)  pp.  ma.     Deposited  m  a 
tomb;  buried. 

IN-TOJMB'ING,  (in-toom'ing,)  ppr.     Depositing  in  a 
tomb ;  interring. 

IN'TO-NATE,  r,  i.     [L.  intono^  intonatus;  in  and  tone, 
lo  sound  or  thunder.] 

1.  To  sound  ;  to  sound  the  notes  of  Uie  musical 

2.  To  thunder,  [scale. 
IN-TO-NA'TION,  n.    In  music,  the  action  of  sound- 
ing the  notes  of  the  scale  with  the  voice,  or  any  other 
given  order  of  musical  tones.                         Brande. 

2.  The  manner  of  sounding  or  tuning  the  notes  of 
a  musical  scale. 

3.  In  speakinfff  the  modulation  of  the  voice  in  ex- 
pression. 

IX-TONE',  r.  i.     [L.  intono,  supra.] 

To  utter  a  sound,  or  a  deep,  protracted  sound. 

Am  intont»  to  asj.  Pope. 

IN-TOR'SION,  n.     [h.  intorqueo,  intorsutn^  to  twist.] 
A  winding,  bending,  or  twisting,  in  any  [mrticular 
direction.     In  botany,  the  bending  or  twining  of  any 
part  of  a  plant  toward  one  side  or  the  other,  or  in 
any  direction  from  the  vertical.  Martyn. 

IN-TORT%  V.  t.   [L.  intortujf,  from  intorqueo,  to  twist.] 

To  twist ;  to  wreath  ;  to  wind  ;  to  wring.    Pope. 
IN-TORT'ED, ;»;».    Twisted  j  made  winding. 

•  .^rbut/itwU     Pope, 

IN-TORT'ING,»;>r.  Winding;  twisting. 
AV  T0'TO,[U\  Wholly  ;  entirely. 
IN-TOX'I-CaTE,  r.  t.  [in  and  L.  toxicum.  which, 
Pliny  informs  us,  is  from  taza^  a  species  of  tree,  in 
Greek  apiXa^.  Lib.  xvi.  10.  Tazicum  is  from  the 
Greek  t  i^m-yVi  boWor  an  arrow  ;  the  barbarians  used 
to  poison  Ibeir  arrows,  and  hence  toxicum^  in  Latin, 
came  to  signify  poison.] 

1.  To  inebriate  ;  to  make  drunk ;  as  wltb  spiritu- 
oua  liquor. 

Aa  with  nev  wine  Intaxiealed  tolh, 

Tiicy  swim  in  mirth.  IHilton, 

2.  To  excite  the  sp!ir.4  to  a  kind  of  delirium  ;  to 
elate  to  enthusiasm,  frenzy,  or  madness.  Success 
may  sometimes  intoxicate  a  man  of  sobriety.  An  en- 
thusiast may  be  intoxicated  with  zeal. 

IX-TOX'l-eATE,  a.     Inebriated.       J.  Monttroynert/. 

IN-TOX'ieA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Inebrinled  ;  made  drunk  ; 
excited  to  frenzy.  '' 

IN-TOX'I-CA-TED-NESS,  n.    State  of  intoxication. 

IN-TOX'I-CA-TING, ;>/ir.    Inebriating;  elating  to  ex- 
cess or  frenzy. 

2.  a.  Having  qunlitiea  that  produce  inebriation; 
as,  intoxicating  liquors. 

IN-TOX-I-eA'TION,  n.    Inebriatioj^  ebricly  ;  drunk 
cnness;  the  act  of  making  drunk.  South. 

Technically^  intoxication  is  made  up  of  extraordi 
nary  cxiiilaration  grndually  increasing  to  delirium, 
with  Imi^erfecl  articulation  and  inability  to  regulate 
Voluntary  motion  generally,  which  finally  passes  inl& 
unconsciousness  and  coma. 

2.  Figarativfly,  a  high  excitement  of  mind  ;  an  ela- 
tion which  rises  to  enthusiasm,  frenzy,  or  madness. 


TONE.  BULL,  UNITE.  — A.\''G£&,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  aa  K;  d  as  J;  8  ai  Z ;  CH  oa  SH ;  TH  as  m  THIS. 


INT 

IX-TRACT'A-BLE,  a.  [U  hUraeUibilis ;  in  and  trac 
UbilL-t^  tractoy  I-.)  lmiiJle«  muimgc,  govern  ;  Fr.  iatrai- 
lable :  ll.  intratfAibtir.] 

1.  Nol  to  be  guverned  or  managed  j  violent ;  stub- 
born ;  obstinate ;  refractor}* ;  as,  ao  utiroeuUtle  tem- 
per. 

2.  Not  to  he  taught ;  indocile. 
t.\-TRAeT'A-RLE  NKS.^, )  n.     The  quality  of  being 
rN-TRACT  A-IIIL'I-TV,     \      ungovernable  ;  obstina- 
cy ;  p;rvfrsfncss.  PorUiu, 

3    Indttcitity. 
IN-TRAeT'A-ULY,   adv.      In  a  perverse,  «labbont 

iitaniit^r. 
I.N-TR.X'DOS,  n.    In  arehiieeturfy  the  interior  and  low- 

•*r  hn?  or  curve  of  an  anii.  Bmndt* 

IN-TRA-FO-LI-A'CKOL';^,  a.    [L.  intra  and  jU/tvm,  a 

leaf.] 

'  In  Many,  growing  on  the  inside  of  n  lenf ;  a?,  in- 

frq/tf'uic/VN^  titiptilt^  Let.     MurtifH. 

IN-TRAXrE'.     See  Extr»hcc. 

IX-TRA.N-ariL'LI-TY,  H.  [id  and  tmit^iWrty.]  Va- 
quieines<i,  imiuietude  .  want  of  rest.  Temple. 

IN-TRAX'SIENT,  (-^heiit,)  o.  Not  Imnsicnt ;  not 
jia-j'-iu}:  siulili-iily  awav.  Killtn:rbeck. 

IX-TRA.\;S'L-TlVE,a.  [L.  imtramiitivus  i  ih  Siad  traiiscoy 
ti}  y:i*i  over] 

In  oTVMaiar,  an  intramgUice  verb  is  one  which  ex- 
presses an  action  (tr  stutf  that  is  limited  tu  the  agent, 
or,  in  other  wortls,  an  aciion  that  does  not  pass  orer 
lo,  or  operate  upi>n,  an  object ;  as,  1  valk ;  1  run ;  I 

IN-TRAXS'I-TIVE-LY,  adr.  Without  an  object  fol- 
lowing ;  in  the  manner  of  an  iniransitive  verb. 

Lottth. 

LV  TRji.VSl-TUj  [L.]  In  passing,  or  on  tlw  way 
out. 

IN-TRANS-MIS'SI-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  trans- 
mitted. J.  P.  SmitM. 

IN-TRAN'S-MU-TA-BIL'I-TY,  «.  The  quality  of  not 
bein^  transmiilable.  Ray. 

IN-TRANS-MC'TA-BLE,  a.     [in  and  tmHsmutahle.] 
That  ran  not  be  transmuted  or  cfaangt-d  into  anoth- 
er substance.  Ray. 

IN'TRA.NT,  a.     [L.  intrans.] 

Enlrring  ;  penetntiing  ;  making  entrance. 

IN-TREAS'URE,  (in-treth'ur,)r.  f.  [mand  trfcimrfc] 
To  l:iv  up  a-^  in  a  tren'^urv.     [Little  usttL]         Skatu 

IN-TKP,  \T'FJ;L,  a.     Full' of  entreaty.  Spensrr. 

IX-TREXCII',  c.  t.  [in  and  Fr.  traucker^  to  cuU  See 
Tbe;»ch.1 

1.  To  dig  or  cut  a  trench  around  a  place,  as  in  for- 
tifiaition ;  to  fortify  with  a  ditch  and  parapet.  The 
ftrmy  intrenched  their  camp,  or  they  were  iMtratehed. 

2.  To  furrow  ;  lo  maXe  hollows  in. 

D?rp  Kui  of  tbandn  buj  uHrtndud.  MUtott. 

Tl»  tH/raicA  on ;  HUraJh/^  to  cut  into ;  hence,  to  in- 
vade ;  to  encroach  \  to  enter  on  and  take  posaession 
of  that  which  belong  to  another.  In  the  contest  for 
puwer,  the  kmg  was  charsed  with  intretuXiRv  on  the 
rights  of  the  nobles,  and  the  nobk'S  wtire  accused  of 
inirtnchinff  on  the  prenigatives  i>f  the  crown. 

IX-TRENCIFAXT,  a.  .Not  to  be  divided  or  wounded  ; 
indivisible.     f.Vui  used.]  Sftak. 

1X-TRE.\CI1'/:D,  (in-lrencht',)  pp.  Fortified  with  a 
diich  and  parapet. 

IN-TREXCH'ING,  ppr.  Fortifying  with  a  trench  and 
parapet. 

IX-TREXCH'MEXT,  n.  Properh,  a  trench  or  ditch 
only  ;  but,  as  the  earth  thrown  out  of*a  trench  forms 
a  part,  and  often  the  'iiost  necessary  and  useful  part, 
of  a  fcrttiti cation,  hence  intrena'trnent  is  generally  un- 
derstood to  signify  a  ditch  and  jiarapct,  and  some- 
times it  sicnifies  fascines  covered  with  earth,  gabions, 
bags  filled  with  earth  or  other  materials  colk'Ctt;d  to 
cover  men  from  an  enemy's  fire, 

Oo  oTir  lul?  ifv  have  ihnAru  up  tntrenchmtnts  on  \Vi[!ti*r  and 
Prospect  UtUs.  Wtuhington. 

2.  Hence fjiffttratirely,  any  defense  or  protection. 
IX-TREP'ID,  o.     [I*  intrepidus  ;  in  and  trepidus^  trepi- 
40y  to  tremble.] 

LitemUy^   not    trembling    or  shaking  wiih    fear; 
hence,  fe^ess ;  bold;  brave;   undaunted  j  as,  an 
intrepid  soldier. 
IN-TRE-PID'I-TY, ».     [Fr.  mtrepiditi.] 

Fearleaszteas ;  fearteaa bravery  in  danger;  undaunt- 
ed coarage  or  boidncw.    The' troops  engaged  with 
intrepidity. 
IX-TREP'UVLY.fflito.    Without  trembling  or  shrink- 
ing from  danger ;  fearlessly  ;  daringly  ;  resolutely. 

Pope. 
IN'TRI-€A-BLE,  o.    Entangling.    [.Vo(  in  use.] 

ShdUm, 
IN/TRI-GA-CY,  n.  [from  intrica'e.]  The  rtaie  of  be- 
ing entangled  ;^rplexity  ;  involution  ;  complication  ; 
as,  Uie  tntricary  of  a  knot,  and, /^ro/icp/i/,  the  intri- 
cacy of  accounts,  the  intricacy  of  a  cause  in  contro- 
versy, the  intricacy  of  a  plot.  Jiddison. 
I^^  FRI-GATE,  a.  [L.  intricaiasj  from  intrico^  to  fold ; 
in  and  tricor;  lu  intrtcciart.     See  Trick.] 

Entangled  ;  involved  ;  per^dexed  ;  complicated  , 
obscure.  We  passed  through  intrieaU  windings; 
we  found  the  accounts  intricate :  the  case  on  trial  is 


INT 

intricate ;  the  plot  of  a  tragedy  may  be  loo  intricate 

to  please. 
IN'TRI-CATE,  v.  (.    To  perplex;  to  make  obscure. 

[Little  used.]  Camdm. 

IN'TRI-eATE-LY,  adv.    With  involution  or  infold- 

inn  ;  with  perplexity  or  intricacy.  If'otton. 

IN'TRI-eATE-XESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  involved  ; 


involution;  complication;  perplexity.  Sidney. 

..  ™«.  .^,,™.....  .,        nglement.     [.Vof  iwf J.] 


Sidney. 
IX-TRl  €A'TIOX;  n.     Enlan^ 

IX-TRIGUE',  (in-trecp',)  ?f.  [Fr.  id.  f  It.  intrigo 
verbs.  Fr.  intntruer^  to  perplex,  tmbruil.  intrigue  ;  It. 
iniricare^  iMtrifarf,  -to  |«;rplex,  to  make  intricate  ; 
Low  L.  intrico,  i«/ric«T-,  to  inwrap ;  tricar,  to  trifle, 
to  show  tricks;  allied  to  Gr.  ^mj,  rpi\')5,  hair  or 
a  lock  of  hair,  as  we  sItouM  any,  a  plexus.  In  D. 
■  bfdrieffen^  G.  bitriegrn^  signify  to  cheat;  D.  driegen^ 
to  lack,  lo  taste;  G.  triegen,  to  deceive;  trug,  de- 
ceit, fraud,  'i'lte  primary  sense  seems  to  be,  to  fold, 
lay  over,  or  lo  draw  together.] 

1.  A  plot  or  scheme  of  a  complicated  nature,  in- 
tended to  eftect  some  purpose  by  secret  artifices.  An 
iutrigne  may  be  formed  and  prt»ecuied  by  an  indi- 
vidual, and  we  often  hear  of  the  intrigues  of  a  min- 
ister or  a  courtier,  but  often  severaT  projectors  are 
concerned  in  an  tutri^ue, 

*Z  The  plot  of  a  play  or  romance;  a  complicated 
scheme  of  designs,  actions,  and  events,  intended  to 
awaken  interest  in  an  audience  or  reader,  and  make 
them  wait  with  eager  curiosity  for  tiie  solution  or 
development. 

3.  A  secret  understanding  or  commerce  of  forbid- 
den love  between  two  persons  of  dltTerent  sexes. 

Smart* 
A.  Intricacy  ;  complication.    [A"i7(  in  use.]  Hale, 
IN-TRtGUE',    (in-treep',)  r.   i.     'J'o  form   a   plot  or 
scheme,  usually  coni|>licated,  and  intended  to  effect 
some  purpose  by  secret  artifices.    The  courtier  in- 
trirtus  with  the  minister. 
9.  To  carry  on  a  commerce  of  forbidden  love. 

Smart. 
IX-TRIGUE',  Cin-Ueeg',)  v.  U    To  perplex  or  render 

inlricnte.     [-V"'  it-vwi.]  L.  Addison. 

IX-TRIGU'ER,  (in-ireeg'er,)  «.    One  who  intrigues  ; 
one  who  forms  plots,  or  pursues  an  object  by  secret 
artifices. 
IX-TRIGU'I.VG,  (in-treeg'ing,)  ppr.    Forming  secret 
plots  or  schemes. 

3.  a.  Addicted  to  intrigue ;  given  to  secret  mach- 
inations. 
IX-TRIGL"IXG-LY,  (in-treeg'ing-ly,)  orfp.    With  in- 
trigue ;  with  artifice  or  secret  machinations. 
IX-TRIX'SE€ATE,a.    Entangled  ;  perplexed.    [Abt 

in  use,] 
IX-TRIX'STC,  \  a.      [Fr.  intrinse^ptt  t   Sp.  intrin- 

IX-TRIX'Sie-.\L,  \  aeco;  It.  intrinsicc;  I*,  inirinse- 
cua;  intra  &nd  seeus.   It  was  formerly  written  I.-vthin- 

SECAL.] 

1.  Inward  ;  internal ;  hence,  true  ;  genuine  ;  re^l ; 
essential;  inherent;  not  apparent  or  accidental ;  as, 
the  intrinsic  value  of  gold  or  silver ;  the  intrinsic 
merit  of  an  action  ;  the  intrinsic  worth  or  goodness 
of  a  person.  Prior. 

3.  Intimate;  closely  familiar.     [Oi^.]       Wotton. 
IX-TRIX'SIO.IL-LY,  orfc.    Intenially;  in  iU  nature  ; 
really ;  truly. 

A  lie  1*  ft  thing  Abwlutel;  uid  intringiailly  evil.  &nith. 

IN-TRO-CES'SION,  (-sesh'un,)  n.  A  depression,  or 
sinking  of  parts  inward.  Smart. 

IX-TRO-DCCE',  r.  t.  [L.  introdueo ;  intrOj  within, 
and  diuo,  to  lead  ;   Fr.  tntroduire;  IL  introdurre.] 

1.  To  lead  or  bring  in  ;  to  conduct  or  usher  into 
a  place  ;  as,  to  introduce  a  person  into  a  drawing- 
room. 

2.  To  conduct  and  make  known;  to  bring  to  be 
acquainted  ;  as,  to  introduce  a  stranger  to  a  person  ; 
lo  introduce  a  foreign  minister  to  a  prince. 

3.  To  bring  something  new  into  notice  or  practice; 
as,  to  introduce  a  new  fashion,  or  a  new  remedy  for 
a  disease  ;  to  introduce  an  improved  mode  of  tillage. 

4.  To  bring  in  ;  to  import ;  as,  to  introduce  foreign 
gootls. 

.5.  To  produce ;  to  cause  to  exist ;  as,  to  introduce 
habits  into  children.  Locke. 

6.  To  begin  ;  to  open  to  notice.  He  introduced  the 
subject  with  a  long  preface. 

7.  To  bring  before  the  public  by  writing  or  dis- 
course ;  as,  to  introduce  one's  self  to  notice  or  to  the 
public. 

IX-TRO-DCC'i^D,  (in-tro-dust',)  pp.  Led  or  conduct- 
ed in  ;  brought  in  ;  made  acquainted  :  imported. 

IX-TRO-DCC'ER,  n.  One  who  introduces  ;  one  who 
conducts  another  to  a  place  or  person  ;  one  who 
makes  strangers  known  to  each  other  ;  one  who 
brines  any  thing  into  notice  or  practice. 

IX-TKO-DOC'IXG,  ppr.  Conducting  or  bringing  in  ; 
makmg  known, as  one  stranger  to  another;  bringing 
anv  thing  into  notice  or  practice. 

IX-TR0-DU€'T10N,  n.     [Fr.,  from  1.,  introduetio.] 

1,  The  action  of  conducting  or  ushering  into  a 
place  ;  used  of  persons ;  as,  the  introduction  of  a 
stranger  into  a  saloon. 

2.  The  act  of  making  persons  known  to  each 
other ;  as,  the  introduction  of  one  stranger  to  another ; 


INT 

the  inirodtiction  of  a  foreign  minister  to  a  prince  or 
court,  anil  the  introductwa  of  company  to  a  levee 

3.  The  act  of  bringing  into  a  country  ;  as,  the  in- 
troduction of  gold  or  bullion,  or  of  merchandise. 

•1.  The  act  of  bringing  something  into  notice,  prac- 
tice, or  use ;  as,  the  introduction  of  new  modes  of 
dress  or  of  tillage. 

5.  I'iie  part  of  a  book  which  precedes  the  main 
work  ;  a  preface  or  preliminary  discour^te. 

(3.  That  p;irt  of  an  oration  or  discourse  in  which 
the  speaker  gives  some  general  account  of  his  design 
and  subject,  and  prepart'S  the  minds  of  his  audience 
for  a  favorable  reception  of  bis  remarks  or  argu- 
ments. 

IN-TKO-DUC'TIVE,  fl.  Serving  to  Introduce;  serv- 
ing as  the  means  to  bring  forward  something. 

LoKth. 

IX-TRO-DUe'TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  serving 
to  introduce. 

IN-TRO-DLffl'TOR,  n.    An  introducer.     [JVot  used.] 

IX-TRO-DUe'TO-RI-LY,  adv.  By  way  of  introduc- 
tion. 

IN-TRO-Dtre'TO-RY,  a.  Serving  to  introduce  some- 
thing else;  previous;  prefatory;  preliminary;  as, 
introductonf  riMuarks  ;  an  introductory  discourse. 

IX-TRO-FLiiX'AD,  (-flekst',)  o.  Flexed  or  beul  in- 
ward. 

IX-TRO-GRES'StOX, (gresh'un,) n.  [L. introffressio.] 
Entrance.     [JVuf  used.] 

IN-TROIT',  n.     [Fr..froni  L.  introltus.] 

In  the  Roman  Catholic  service^  the  entrance  or  begin- 
ning of  the  mass ;  a  passage  of  Scripture  sung  or 
chanted  when  the  priest  enters  within  the  rails  of  the 
nlUir.  fVfieatley. 

IX-TRO-MIS'SIOX,  C-mish'un,)  n.  [L.  iiUromissus, 
intromitto  ;  intro  and  mitto,  lo  send.] 

1.  I'he  action  of  sending  in.  Peaeham. 

2.  In  Scots  law,  an  intermeddling  wilh  the  effects 
of  another.  Johnson. 

IN-TRO-MIT',  V.  U     [L.  intromitto,  supra.] 

1.  To  send  in  ;  to  let  in  ;  to  admit.         OreenkiU. 

2.  To  allow  to  enter  ;  lo  be  the  medium  by  which  a 
thing  enters.  Glass  in  the  window  intromits  light 
without  cold  into  a  room. 

IX-TRO-MIT^  r.  i.  In  SeoUiah  law,  to  intermeddle 
with  the  eflVcts  of  another. 

IX-TRO-MIT'TED,  pp.    Allowed  to  enter. 

IX-TRO-MIT'TI\G,  ppr.     Admitting. 

2.  Intermeddling  with  the  etiecis  of  another. 

IX-TRO-RE-CEF'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  admitting  In- 
to or  within.  Hammond. 

IX-TRO-SPEeT',  V.  U     [L.  introspieio  ;  intro  and  spe- 
citK  to  look.] 
To  look  into  or  within  ;  to  view  the  inside. 

I.V-TKO-SPEe'TIOX,  n.  .\  view  of  the  inside  or  in- 
terior*. 

1  wai  (orceiX  to  make  lui  introspection  hilo  my  ova  mitnl. 

Drydtn. 

IN-TRO-SPECT'IVE,  a.     Inspecting  within. 
IX-TRO-SOME',  r.  t.     [L.  intro  and  sumo.] 

To  sink  in.     [J^ot  in  use.] 
IX-TRO-SUS-CEF'TIOX,  (  n.     The  falling  of  one 
IX-TUS-SUS-CEP'T10\,  (      part  of  an  intestine  in- 
to another,  or  the  passing  of  one  part  within  another. 
Coze.     Hooper. 
IN-TRO-VkX'IENT,   o,     [Ij.  intro  and  veniciu/,  venio, 
to  come.] 
Coming  in  or  between  ;  entering.    [Little  used.] 

Brown. 
IN-TRO-VER'SION,  n.    The  act  of  turning  inward. 

Berkeley. 
IX-TRO-VERT',  r.  (.    [L.  intro  and  verto.] 

To  turn  inward.  Cowper. 

IX-TRO-VERT'ED,  pp.    Turned  inward. 
IN-TRO-VERT'IXG,  ppr.     Turning  inward. 
IX-TRODE',  V.  i,     [L.  intrude  :  in  and  trudo,  lo  thrust. 
See  Thrust.] 

1.  To  thrust  one*s  self  in  ;  to  come  or  go  in  with- 
out invitation  or  welcome  ;  to  enter,  as  into  compii- 
ny,  against  the  will  of  the  company  or  the  host ;  as, 
to  intrude  on  families  at  unseasonable  hours.  Xevc-r 
intrude  where  your  comjiany  is  not  desired. 

2.  To  encroach  ;  to  enter  or  force  one's  self  in 
without  permission  ;  as,  to  intrude  on  the  lands  of 
another. 

3.  To  enter  uncalled  or  uninvited,  or  without  just 
right.     Cot.  ii. 

IX-TRCDE',  V.  t.    To  thrust  ones  self  in,  or  lo  enter 
into  some  place  without  right  or  welcome. 
2.  To  force  or  cast  in.  OreenMU, 

IX-TROD'ED,  pp.    Thrust  in. 

2.  a.     In  geology,  intrusive,  which  see. 
IN-TRCD'ER,  n.    One  who  intrudes  ;  one  who  thrusts 
himself  in,  or  enters  where  he  has  no  right,  or  is  not 
welcome. 

They  were  bijl  intruderi  on  the  powatriop,  during'  tlie  minority 

of  the  hf-ir.  Dnvita. 

Tbry  were  all  Btranpin  and  intntderw.  Locke. 

IN-TRCD'I\G,   ppr.     Entering  without   invitation, 

right,  or  welcome. 
IX-TRO'SIOX.  (-tru'zhun,)  tu     [Fr.,  from  L.  intrusio, 

from  intrudoA 

1.  The  action  of  thrusting  in,  or  of  entering  into  a 

place  or  state  without  invitation,  right,  or  welcome. 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRgY.  —  PTXE,  MARIXE,  BTRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- 


INU 

The  company  may  be  disturbed  by  the  intruswn  of  an 
unwelcome  gllei^t. 

M^ny  pi«Ilcm  stniiu  whkh  hare  been  jostled  off  by  the  intru- 
tiont  o(  pociiuJ  fictioits.  Brouin. 

Why  ihia  intruMton  7 
Were  not  my  orders  thai  I  riiould  be  [invate  ?  Ad^on. 

9.  Encroachment:  entrance  without  right  on  the 
properly  or  possessions  of  another. 

3.  Voluntary  entrance  on  an  undertaking  unsuita- 
ble for  the  person.  Wotton. 

4.  In  geology,  the  penetrating  of  one  rock,  while 
in  a  melted  state,  into  the  cavities  of  other  rocks. 

Diina, 

IN-TRO'SIVE,  a.  Thrusting  in  or  enterin?  without 
right  or  welcome  ;  apt  to  intrude.  Thomson. 

2.  In  geology,  intrusive  rocks,  are  rocks  which  have 
been  forced,  while  in  a  melted  stale,  into  the  cavities 
or  between  the  layers  of  other  rocks.  Dana. 

IN-TRO'SIVE-LY,  ado.  Without  welcome  or  invita- 
tion. 

I.\-TRO'SIVE-NESS,  n.  The  act  of  entering  without 
pennission  or  invitation. 

IN-TRUST',  c.  L  [in  and  trust.']  To  deliver  in  trust ; 
to  confide  to  the  care  of;  to  commit  to  another  with 
confidence  in  his  fidelity ;  as,  to  intrast  a  servant  with. 
one's  money  or  goods,  or  to  intrust  money  or  goods  to 
a  servant.  We  intmst  an  agent  or  factor  icitk  com- 
mercial business,  or  we  intrust  commercial  concerns 
to  an  agent.  We  intrust  our  friends  with  secrets,  or 
intrust  secrets  to  ttiem. 

IN-TRUST'ED,  pp.  Delivered  in  trust :  committed 
to  the  hands  or  care  of  another,  in  "unfidence  that 
he  will  be  faithful  in  discharging  his  duty. 

IN-TRUST'ING,  ppr.  Delivering  in  trusty  confiding 
to  the  care  of. 

L\-TU-r'TrON,  (in-lu-ish'un,)  n.  [Sp.  iWMieum;  L. 
tntuiius^  intueor;  in  and  tueor.'] 

A  looking  on  ;  a  sight  or  view  ;  hut  reMrieted  to 
vuHtal  rine  or  perception  Particularlij  and  appropri- 
ate/y,  the  act  by  which  the  mind  purceives  the  agree- 
ment or  disagreement  of  two  idtas,  or  the  truth  of 
things,  immediately,  or  the  moment  they  are  present- 
ed, witliuut  the  intervention  of  other  ideas,  or  with- 
out reasoning  and  deduction. 

W«  know  Of  intuidon,  thai  a  part  ia  leai  thai)  (be  wholr. 

Encye. 

rN-TO'l-TrVE,  fl,     [9p.  and  IL  intuitiro:  Fr.  intuitif.] 

1.  Perceived  by  the  mind  immediately,  without  the 
intervention  of  argument  or  testimony;  exhibiting 
tnilh  to  the  mind  on  bare  inspection ;  as,  intuitive 
evidence. 

2.  Received  or  obtained  by  intuition  or  simple  in 
Bpection  ,  as,  tntKifice  judgment  or  knowledge. 

3.  Seeing  clearly  ;  as,  un  intuitive  view  ;  intuitive 
vision.  Hooker. 

4.  Having  the  power  of  discovering  Inith  without 
reasoning;  as,  the  intuitive  powers  of  celestial  be- 
ings. 

rN-TO'I-TIVE-LY,  adv.     By  immediate  prception  ; 

without  reasoning  ;  as,  to  perceive  truth  intuiticely. 
IN-TU  ME.S(:E',  (in-tu-mes',)  r.  t.     [L.  intumcsco  ,  in 

and  tumee^  to  swell.] 

To  swell ;  to  enlarge  or  expand  with  heat. 

Ifi  a  higher  heat  it  intumetct*,  >iid  rnelia  into  k  yi'llowith-M.ick 
BI3M.  Ktrvnn, 

IN-TU-MES'CENCE,;t.  [?upra.]  The  action  of  swell- 
ing. 

3.  A  swell ;  a  swelling  with  bubbles  ;  a  rising  and 
enlnrting  ;  a  tumid  stiite.  Woodiuard, 

rN-TC'Mlf-I.A  TED,  a.     Unburied. 
I.\-TUR-CE.S'CE.\CE,    n.       [L.    in    and    turge^sco,   to 
swell.] 

A  KW-ning ;  the  action  of  swelling  or  «tnte  of  be- 
ing swelled.  Brown, 
IN  TUSF.,  n,     rU  intasHs.] 

A  bruise.     [A"»(  in  use.]  Spenser, 

IN-Ti;S-SUS-CEP'TIO\,  n.    [L.  intus  and  suacrptus.] 
The  reception  of  one  t»art  within  anrtllier;  :ippliea 
la  th«  reception  of  a  contracted  [Kin  into  a  part  not 
cuiilmrted. 
IN'-TU7\E',  F.  U     [in  and  twine.]    To  twine  or  twist 
together ;    to  wreath  ;   as,  a  wreath  of  Dowers  in- 
tirinrd. 
I\-TWT.V'J?:D,  pp.     Twisted  lagethfr. 
rX-TWIN'INC,  ppr.     Wreathine  locethT. 
IN'TWIST',  p.  t.     [in  and  tteist.]     To  twisi  inpether  ; 

to  interweave.  /'arkkurst. 

I.\   rWlST'F.D,  pp.     Twisted  together. 
IN-TW|ST'£NG,  ppr.     Twisting  together. 
IN'H-I^IN,  n.    A  peculiar  vegetable  principle  extmcted 

from  thtr  Inula  helenium,  or  elecanipJine.  Vre. 

I.\-l'M'IIRATE,  V.  t.     [L.  inumbro.] 

To  shade. 
IN-IJM'BRA-TEO,  pp.     Shaded. 

IN-L'NC'TION,  n.    [L.  inuiictus,  inunrro  :  in  and  ungo, 
to  anfitnt.1 
The  action  of  anointing  ;  unction.  Ray. 

INIT.S'C-TU-OS'I-TY,  n.  [I^  in  and  unctiw,  or  Eng. 
unctuous,  ] 

The  want  of  unctiiosity  ;  destitution  of  greasiness 
or  oiliness  which  is  perceptible  to  the  touch  ,  as,  the 
intincruo/tity  of  porcelain  clay.  Kirwan, 

IN-UiN'DANT,  a.     [U  inundans,  Infra.] 

Overflowing.  ShensUme. 


INV 

IN-UN'DAT£,  r.  L  [L.  inundo^  inandaius  ;  in  and  un- 
do^ a  wave,  ur  its  rout.] 

1.  To  overflow  ;  to  deluge  ;  to  spread  over  with  a 
fluid.  The  tow  lands  along  the  Mississippi  are  inun- 
dated almost  every  spring. 

9,  To  fill  with  an  overflowing  abundance  or  super- 
fluity ;  as,  the  country  w^as  once  inundated  with  bills 
of  credit.  The  presses  inundate  the  country  witli  pa- 
pers. 

IN-UN'DA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Overflowed;  spread  over 
with  a  fluid  ;  copiously  supplied. 

IN-UN'DA-TING,  ppr.  Overllowing  ;  deluging  ; 
spreading  over. 

IN-UN-DA'TION,  n.     [L.  inundatio.] 

1.  An  overflow  of  water  or  other  fluid  ;  a  flood  ;  a 
rising  and  spreading  of  water  over  low  grounds.  Hol- 
land has  frequently  suffered  immensely  by  inundations 
of  the  sea.  The  Delta  in  Egypt  is  annually  enriched 
by  the  inundation  of  the  Nile. 

2.  An  overspreading  of  any  kind  ;  an  overflowing 
or  superfluous  abundance. 

IN-UN-DER-STA\D'ING,  a.  Void  of  understanding. 
[.^  bad  Word,  and  not  used.]  Pearson. 

I.N-UR-BAi\'E',    a.      Uncivil;    uncourteous ,    unpol- 

IN-UR-BAXE'LY,  (Kfp.     W^ithout  urbanity.       fished. 

IN-UR-BANE'.VESS,  n.     Incivility. 

IN-UR-BAN'I-TY,  n.  [in  and  urbanity.]  Incivility  ; 
rude,  unpolished  manners  or  deportment ;  want  of 
courteousness.  Bp.  HalL 

IN-T^RE',  (in-yure',)  r.  (.  [in  and  ure.  Ci-c  signifies 
use,  practice,  in  old  English  and  Norman  French.  In 
Chaucer,  it  seems  to  bear  rather  the  signification  of 
luck  or  fortune.  In  Scotti&h,  it  is  used  in  both  senses. 
aee  Ube.J 

To  habituate  ;  to  accustom  ;  to  apply  or  expose  in 
use  or  pmcticc  till  use  eives  little  or  no  pain  or  incon- 
venience, or  makes  little  impression.  7'hus  a  man 
inures  his  body  to  labor  and  toil,  till  he  sustains  that 
which  Would  destroy  a  body  unaccustomed  to  it.  Ho 
we  inure  ourselves  to  cold  or  heat.  Warriors  are  in- 
ured to  blood,  and  seamen  are  inured  to  hardships 
and  denrivations. 

IN-URE',  r.  i.  To  pass  in  use  ;  to  take  or  have  effect ; 
to  be  applied  ;  tu  serve  to  the  use  or  benefit  of;  as,  a 
gifl  of  lands  inures  to  the  heirs  of  the  grantee,  or  it 
inures  to  their  benefit. 

IN-UR'£D,  (in-yurd',)/jp.  Accustomed;  hardened  by 
use. 

IN-IJRE'MENT,  (in-yQre'ment,)  n.  Use  ;  practice  ; 
iiabit ;  custom  ;  frequency.  Johnson.     Wotton. 

IN-1|R'ING,  (in-yQr'ing,)  ppr.      Habituating;    accus- 
toming. 
2.  Passing  in  use  to  the  benefit  of. 

IN-URN',  tf.  L  [in  and  urn. J  To  bury  ;  to  inter;  to 
intomh. 

Th*"  aepfilcher 
Whpri^iti  we  »aw  thee  quirtiy  initrnsd.  Shak. 

2.  To  put  in  an  urn. 

IN-UhN'A"D,  pp.     De|Mwited  in  a  tomb. 

IN-UK\  ISC, ppr.     Interring;  burymg. 

I\-V  SITA'TION.M.  Neglect  of  use  ;  disuse.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Paley. 

IN-US'TlON,  Cin-usi'yun,)  n.  [L.  miwtio,  inuro  ;  in. 
and  urOy  to  burn.] 

1.  The  action  of  burning. 

2.  A  branding  ;  the  action  of  marking  by  burning. 
IN-U'TILE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  I.,  inufdis.] 

tjnprofilable  ;  useless.     [JVot  in  use,]         Bacon, 
IN-^-TIL'l-TY,  n.    [Fr.  inutdite  ;  I*,  inutilitas  ;  in  and 
utilitas.    Pee  Utility.] 

Uselessness ;    the  ((uality  of  being  unprofitable; 
unprofitableness;    as,  the   inutility  of  vain  specula- 
lions  and  visionary  projects. 
IN-UT'TER-A-BLli,  o.    That  can  not  be  uttered. 

Milton. 
/JV  VJICll-0^  [L.1     In  a  vacuum  or  empty  space. 
IN-VADE',  r.  (.     [L.  invado ;  in  and  vado,  to  go.l 

1.  To  enter  a  country,  as  an  army  w  ith  hostile  in- 
tentions ;  to  enter  as  an  enemy,  with  a  view  to  con- 
quest or  plunder  ;  t<i  attack.  'I'he  French  armies  in- 
vaded  Iliilland  in  1795.  Tliey  invaded  Russia  and 
perished. 
9.  To  attack  ;  to  assail ;  to  assault. 


3.  To  attack  ;  to  infringe  ;  to  encroach  nn  ;  to  vi- 
olate. The  king  invaded  the  rights  and  privileges  of 
the  people,  and  the  people  invaded  the  prerogatives  of 
the  king. 

4.  To  go  into  ;  a  Latinism.     [JVof  used.]     Spenser. 

5.  To  fall  on  ,  to  attack  ;  to  seize  ;  as,  a  disease 
invades  the  system. 

IN-VaI)'EI),  pp.  or  a.  Entered  by  an  army  with  a 
hostile  design;  attacked  ;  assaulted  ;  infringed  ;  vi- 
olated. 

IN-VAD'ER,  n.  One  who  enters  the  territory  of  an- 
other with  a  view  to  war,  conquest,  or  plunder. 

Bacon,     Susijl. 

2.  An  assailant. 

3.  An  encroacher  ;  an  Intruder ;  one  who  infringes 
the  right"  of  another.  Hammond. 

IN-VAD'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Entertngon  the  possessions 
of  another  with  a  view  to  war,  conquest,  or  plunder  ; 
assaulting;  Infringing;  attacking. 


INV 

IN-VA-LES'CENCE,  n.     [L.  intaleseo  1 

Strength  ;  health.  Diet, 

IN  VAI,-E-T0'D1N-A-RY,  a.    Wanting  health. 
IN-VAi.'ID,  a.     [h.  invalidus ;  in  and  validaSy  strong, 
from  valeo,  to  be  strong,  to  avail.] 

1.  Weak ;  of  no  force,  weight,  or  cogency. 

Milton. 

2.  In  ZoM,  having  no  force,  effect,  or  efficacy  ; 
void  ;   null ;  as,  an  invalid  contract  or  agreement. 

IN'VA-LID,  n.     [Fr.  invalide;  L.  invalidus,  supra.] 

1.  A  person  who  is  weak  and  infirm ;  a  person 
sickly  or  indisposed. 

2.  A  jwrson  who  is  infirm,  wounded,  maimed,  or 
otherwise  disabled  for  active  service  ;  a  soldier  or 
seaman  worn  out  in  service.  The  hospitals  for  in- 
valids at  Chelsea  and  Greenwich,  in  England,  are  in- 
stitutions honorable  to  the  English  nation. 

IN' VA-HD,  V.  t.    To  enroll  on  the  list  of  invalids  in 

the  military  or  naval  serwice. 
IN-VAL'ID-ATE,  r.  L     [from  invalid;  Fr.  invalider.] 

1.  To  Weaken  or  lessen  the  force  of;  more  gener' 
ally,  to  destroy  the  strength  or  validity  of;  to  render 
of  no  force  or  efiecl ;  as,  to  invalidate  an  agreement 
or  a  contract. 

2.  To  overthrow  ;  to  prove  to  be  of  no  force  ;  as  to 
invalidate  an  areumcnt. 

IN-VAL'ID-A-TED,  pp.  Rendered  invalid  or  of  no 
force. 

IN-VAL'ID-X-TING,OTr.    Destroying  the  force  and 

IN-VA-LID'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  invalidite.]  [effi^ctof. 

Weakness  ;  want  of  cogency  ;  want  of  legal  force 
or  efficacy  ;  as,  the  invalidity  of  nn  agreement  or  of  a 
will. 

IN-VAL'ID-NESS,  n.  Invalidity  ;  as,  the  invaliduess 
of  reasoning. 

IN-VAL'U-A-BLE,  a,  [in  and  valuable.]  Precious 
above  estimation  ;  so  valuable  that  its  worth  can  not 
be  estimated  ;  inestimable.  The  privileges  of  Cliris 
tians  are  invaluable, 

IN-VAL't'-A-BLY,  adv.    Inestimably.        Bp.  Hall. 

IN-Va'RI-A-BLE,  a.  [Fr. ;  in  and  variable,  from 
vary.] 

Constant  in  the  same  state  ;  immutable  ;  unaltera- 
ble ;  unchangeable  ;  that  does  not  vary ;  always  uni- 
form. The  character  and  the  laws  of  the  Supreme 
Beiijg  must  necessarily  be  invariable. 

IN-VA'RI-A-BLE-NESj<,  )n.       Constancy    of    state, 

IN-VA-RI-A-BIL'I-TY,  \  condition,  or  quality; 
immutability  ;  unchangeablRncss. 

IN-VA'RI-A-BLY,arfM.  Constantly;  uniformly  ;  with- 
out alteration  or  change.  Wo'are  bound  to  pursue 
invariably  the  path  of  duty. 

IN-VA'RI-ED,  (in-va'rid,)a.  Unvaried;  not  changing 
or  altering.  Blackwall. 

IN-VA'SION,  f-va'zhun,)  n.  [L.  i»rasjo,  from  invado. 
See  Invade.] 

1.  A  hostile  entrance  into  the  possessions  of  anoth- 
er ;  particularly,  the  entrance  of  a  hostile  army  into 
a  country  for  the  pur[)ose  of  conquest  or  plunder,  or 
the  attack  of  a  military  force.  The  north  4if  Eng- 
land and  south  of  Scotland  were  for  centuries 
subject  to  invasion,  each  from  the  other.  The  inva- 
sion of  England  by  William  the  Norman  was  in 
1056. 

2.  An  attack  on  the  righta  of  another ;  infringe- 
ment or  violation. 

3.  Attack  of  a  disease;  u,  the  invasion  of  the 
plague,  in  Egypt.  JirbuVinot. 

IN-VA'SIVE,*a.    [fmm  invade.]    Entering  on  anoth- 
er's possessions  with  hostile  designs  ;  aggressive. 
2.  Infringing  another's  rights. 

IN-VECTION,  n.  Invective,  which  see,  [Iwvectiow 
Is  little  usedj 

INVECTIVE,  n.  [Tt.  invective  ;  S\i.  inveetiva ;  IL 
invettiva;  from  L.  inveho.     See  Ikve[oh.] 

A  railing  speech  or  expression  ;  something  tittered 
or  written,  intended  to  cast  opprobrium,  censur'-,  or 
reproach  on  another  ;  a  harsh  or  reproachful  nccusa- 
ticm.  It  differs  from  reprotif,  as  the  latter  may  come 
from  a  friend,  and  be  mtetided  for  the  good  of  the 
person  reproved  ;  but  invective  proceeds  from  an  en- 
emy, and  is  intended  to  give  pain  or  to  injure. 

Eiicrje. 
It  is  followed  by  asrainst.     He  Uttered  severe  invec- 
tives auainst  the  unfortunate  general. 

IN-VEC'TIVE,  a.    Satirical;  abusive;  railing. 

Dnjden, 

IN-VEC'TIVE-LY,  adv.    Satirically  ;  abusively. 

Shak. 

IN-VEIGH',  (in-va',)  v.  i.  [h.  ir.veho,  to  benr,  throw 
or  bring  on  or  against ;  in  and  veho,  to  carry.] 

To  exclaim  or  rail  against ;  to  utter  censorious  and 
bitter  language  against  any  one  ;  to  reproach  ,  with 
against.  The  author  inveighed  sharply  against  the 
vices  of  the  clergy  in  hia  age.  Men  inveigh  against 
the  follies  of  fashion. 

IN-VBIGII'ER,  (in-va'er,)  n.  One  who  rails;  a 
railer. 

IN-VBfGII'ING,  (in-va'ing,)  ppr.  Exclaiming  against; 
raihng  at ;  uitenng  bitter  words. 

IN-VeI'GLE,  (in-ve'gl,)  v.  t  [Norm,  enreogler,  to  m- 
veigle,  to  blind  ;  Fr.  apeuglcr.  Ciu.  G.  ttu/a<ie.gein.to 
Btir  up  or  n.use  ;  Sw.  upvigta,  the  same.  The  affin- 
ities of  this  word  are  obscure.] 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITE — AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS.  — e  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


621 


INV 

To  entice ;  U>  seduce  ;  to  wliecitle  ;  to  persuade  lo 
sotuelhiiig  evtl  by  decefKive  arts  or  tlatlery. 

Tq  tiMix^r  »a(l  inviu  Ui'  unwiuy  anue.  MUton. 

IN-VP.ruLED,  fin-vC'gld,)  pp.    Enticed  ;  wheedled  ; 

seduced  rroni  duty. 
IX-VeI'GLE-MENT,  (in-\'6'gl -roenl,)  n.    deduction 

tn  evil  ;  enticement.  South. 

IX-VEr'GLER,  n.    One  who  entices  or  draws  into 

anv  design  bv  arts  and  f1atter\'. 
IN-VP.I'KUNO,  ppr.  or  a.      finticing;   whecditng; 

pfr-ii;idine  lo  nnv  thing  bad. 
IN-V'BIL'Ai),  (in-vild',)  a.    Covered  as  with  a  veil. 

IN-VENI)'I-BLE,  a.    Not  vendible  or  salable, 

Jffferstnu 
IN- VENT'  r.  f.     [Fr,  iireKter ;   Sp.  inrentar;    IL  i»- 

venUre  ;  JL  ijtrento,  imr^mtmm  :  in  nnd  pritio,  tn  come  ; 

liUraUif,  to  come  to,  to  fall  on.  to  meet,  Eng.  to  ^Snd.] 

1.  To  lind  out  somethin  new  ;  to  dt-vise  some- 
thing not  ber.^rtr  known;  .o  contrive  and  produce 
soraethinc  that  did  not  before  exist;  as,  to  iNrejir  a 
ne%v  iiistruuient  of  music ;  to  up^ni  n  machine  for 
spinnine  ;   to  tHtent  jrunpowdtrr.     [S^e  Nvk:«tio!<.] 

2.  To  fiirge  ;  to  fabricate  ;  to  contrive  fabely  i  as, 
to  imrriu  tat^velKNuls. 

X  To  friign  ;  to  :nime  by  the  imagination  ;  as,  to 
iuFe»t  the  machinery'  of  n  poem. 

4.  Tu  light  tin  .  to  meet  willt  [This  u  the  liUrml 
stnsr^  but  not  nett  iu^.'\  Spenttr, 

LN-VENT'EO,  pp.    Found  out;  devised;  contrived; 

fursfd  .  I'sbricaled. 
I\-V?:\T'FI;I.,  «.    Full  of  invention.  O^fimL 

IX  VEXT'l-BLE,  a.     That  can  be  invented. 
IX-VK\T'I-BLE-XES?,  «,    The  state  of  being  invenU- 
l.\-VEX'TIOX,  «.     [Fr.,  fnmi  I«  inreHiio.]  [ble. 

L.  The  action  or  o[»enition  of  finding  out  stHne- 
tbiug  new  -,  the  contrivance  of  that  which  did  not 
iMbn  eiist ;  as,  the  ijtrfittwn  vf  logarithms  ;  the  ia- 
vcnCum  of  the  art  of  printing  ;  the  iHrention  of  the 
orrery-.  IwtkstI"!c  difT-refrom  Di»cotbrt.  fHvemtiam 
is  applied  to  the  contrivance  and  production  of  some- 
thing that  did  not  before  exivU  Diycvrrrw  bringa  to 
light  that  which  existed  before,  but  which  waa  not 
known.  We  are  indebted  to  invfKtioH  for  the  tber- 
ntometer  and  baromt^'ter.  We  are  indebted  to  tiU- 
e#rrr«  for  the  knowledge  of  the  isles  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  and  for  the  knowledge  of  galvanism,  and 
many  species  of  earth  not  formerly  known.  This 
distinction  is  iinponant,  though  not  always  ob- 
•ervt-d. 

2.  That  which  is  invented.  The  cotton  gin  U  the 
utp^mtwn  of  Whitney  ;  the  steamboat  is  the  incfHtion 
of  Fulttm.  The  Doric,  Ionic,  and  Corinthian  orders 
aie  said  to  be  invfniiaiis  of  the  Greeks  ;  the  Tuscan 
and  Composite  arc  Utentioms  of  the  Latms. 

3,  Forgery  ;  fiction.  Fables  arc  the  invaUians  of 
ingenious  men. 

A.  In  paintin^^  the  finding  or  choice  of  the  objects 
which  are  to  enter  into  the  composition  of  the  piece. 

&.  tn  poftry^  it  is  applied  to  whatever  the  poet  adds 
to  the  history-  of  the  subject. 

6.  In  rketoricy  the  finding  and  selecting  of  argu- 
ments to  prove  and  illustrate  the  point  in  view. 

7.  The  iKiwer  of  inventing;  that  skill  or  inge- 
nuitywhich  is  or  may  be  employed  in  contriving  any 
thing  new.   Thus  we  say,  a  man  of  inrritNon.  £iiryc. 

b.  Discover}- ;  the  finding  of  things  hidden  or  be- 
fore unknown.     [Ltsa  prpper.]  R^y. 

InrtHtion  of  the  erc*s;  a  festival  in  the  Riiman 
Caibiilif:  clmrch,  celebrated  May  3d,  in  honor  of  the 
flii'ltnz  of  our  SaviorS  cross.  Brande. 

IX-VENT'IVE,a.     [Fu  inrmtif.] 

Able  to  invent;  quick  at  contrivance;  ready  at 
expedients  ;  as,  an  inccntire  head  or  genius.    Drpdea. 
rX-VEXT'lVE-LY,  ade.     Bv  the  power  of  invention. 
IX-VEXT'rVE^XESS,  a.     the  faculty  of  inventing. 
IX-VEXT'OR,  ».     One  who  finds  out  something  new  ; 
one  who  contrives  and  pn>diices  any  thing  not  be- 
fore existing ;  a  contriver.     The  inventors  of  many 
of  the  most  useful  arts  are  not  known. 
IX-VEX-TO'RI-AL-LV,  ade.    In  the  manner  of  an 

invpntor\-.  Shak, 

IX' VEX-TO- RI-ED,  (in'ven4o-rid,)  pp.    Inserted  or 

rvctster?d  in  an  inventory. 
IN'VEX-TO-RY,  a.     (Sp.  and  IL  itttenUxrio;  Ft.  m- 
vfHtatre :  from  invent.] 

I.  An  account,  catalogue,  or  schedule,  of  all  the 
goods  and  chattels  of  a  deceased  pe^^^on.     In  some  of 
the   United  States,  the   itirentory  must   include   nn 
ncrount  of  the  real  as  well  as  the  personal  estate  of 
the  deceased. 
3.  A  catalogue  of  movables. 
H.  Acatalogue  or  accoitntof  particulorthinga.  [An 
indefinite  iLse  of  the  icard.] 
IN'VEN-TO  RY,  r.  I.     [Fr.  invmtori^r.] 

1.  To  make  an  inventory  of  ;  to  rruike  a  list,  cata- 
loEue,  or  schedule  of;  as,  to  itwentory  the  goods  and 
esi:ites  of  the  dereased.  Blackstont. 

2.  To  insert  or  register  in  an  account  of  goods. 
IN-VEXT'RESS,  n     [from  invent]    A  female  that 

invents.  Dryden.      I 


INV 

IN-VER.SE',  (in-vers'O  a.   [X^  wvfritus.  See  Invert.] 
Inverted;  recipnKal ;  opposed  to  Direct. 
iHverae  or  reeipnKal  ratio,  is  the  ratio  of  the  recip- 
rocals of  two  quantities. 

inverse  or  reriprocut  prvportion,  is  nn  equality  be- 
tween a  direct  ratio  and  a  reciprocal  ratio.  Thus, 
4 :  2  : :  ^  :  ^,  or  4 :  2  : :  3  :  6,  inversely.       J.  Day, 

IN-VERSE'LY,  (in-vers'Iy,)  adv.  In  an  inverted  or- 
der or  manner;  a  term  used  when  one  quantity  is 
greater  or  less  according  as  another  is  less  or  greater. 

IN-VER'SIOX,ii.    [Fr.,  froniL.  iiircMio.   See  Invert.] 

1.  Change  of  ord**'  ■■  tliat  the  last  becomes  first 
and  tlie  first  last ;  a  urning  or  change  of  the  natural 
order  of  things. 

Iti*  Jint  th«  inD«r»{on  of  fin  act  or  pailiKm^nt ;  your  lorcUhip 
Ant  si^imi  H,  uid  ihea  it  whs  pained  unon^  tlic  lonU  una 
CORiinOiu.  Dryden. 

2.  Change  of  places,  so  tJiat  each  takes  the  place 
of  the  other. 

3.  A  turning  backward  ;  a  contrary  method  of 
operation.  Problems  in  geometrv  and  arithmetic 
arc  often  proved  by  tnrrr^ioN,  as  (division  by  multi- 
plication, and  multiplication  by  division. 

4.  In  geometry^  a  change  in  the  order  of  the  tenns 
of  a  projHiriion,  so  that  the  second  takes  llie  place  of 
the  tirst,  and  the  fourth  of  the  third. 

5.  In  grammar^  a  change  of  the  natural  order  of 
words  ;  as,  "  of  all  vices,  impurity  is  one  of  the  most 
detestable,"  instead  of  "  impurity  is  one  of  the  most 
detestable  of  all  vices.'* 

6.  In  Musie^  the  change  of  position  either  of  a  sub- 
ject or  of  a  chord.  Busby. 

IN- VERT',  r.  L     [I*,  tnrcrro  ;  in  and  rerto,  to  turn.] 

1.  To  turn  into  a  contrar}-  direction ;  to  turn  up- 
side down  J  as,  *i>  invert  a  coue ;  lo  invert  a  hollow 
vessel. 

2.  To  place  in  a  contrary' order  or  method  ;  as.totn- 
vert  the  rules  of  justice  ;  to  invert  the  order  of  words. 

And  wioticr  nomm  inoert  ihe  year.  Dryden. 

3.  In  mwific.to  change  the  order  of  the  notes  which 
form  a  chord,  or  the  parts  which  compose  harmony. 

Eneye. 
A.  To  divert;  to  turn  into  another  channel;   to 
embezzle.     [vVor  in  use.]  KnoUeA. 

IX-VER'TE-BR.\L,  o.  Destitute  of  a  vertebral  col- 
umn, n^  animals.  Ed.  Encpc 

IX-VER'TE-BRATE,  n.  An  animal  having  no  verte- 
bral column,  or  spinal  bone. 

IX-VER'TE-BRATE.      (  a.    Destitute  of  a  back-bone 

IX-VER'TE-BRX-TED,  (  or  vertebral  chain.  [Sec 
Vertchrated.] 

IX-VERT'ED,  p;».  or  o.  T*umed  to  a  controry  direc- 
tion ;  turned  upside  down  ;  changed  in  order. 

IX-VERT'ED-LY,  adv.  In  a  contrary  or  reversed 
order.  Derham. 

IN-VERT'EXT.  n.  A  medicine  intended  lo  invert 
the  natural  order  of  the  successive  irritative  motions 
in  the  system.  DarwiH. 

IX-VERr'IXG,ppr.  Turning  in  a  contrary  direction ; 
changing  the  order. 

IX-VEST',  r.  (.  [Fr.  investir ;  L.  investio ;  in  and 
veitio,  lo  clothe.    See  Vest.] 

1.  To  clothe;  to  dress;  to  ptit  garments  on;  to 
array ;  usually  and  most  correctly  followed  by  vitA, 
before  the  thing  put  on  ;  as,  to  invest  one  with  a 
mantle  or  robe.  In  this  sense,  it  is  used  chiefly  in 
poetry  and  elevated  prose,  not  in  colloquial  dis- 
course. 

2.  To  clothe  with  office  or  authority  ;  to  place 
in  possession  of  an  office,  rank,  or  dignity ;  as,  to 
invest  a  person  with  a  civd  office,  or  with  an  eccle- 
siastical dignity. 

3.  To  adorn  ;  to  grace ;  as,  to  invest  with  honor. 

Skak. 

4.  To  clothe  ;  to  surround  ;  as,  to  be  invested  with 
light,  splendor,  or  glory. 

5.  To  confer;  lo  give.     [Little  used.]  Bacon. 

6.  To  inclose ;  to  surround  ;  to  block  up,  so  as  to 
intercept  succors  of  men  and  provisions  and  prevent 
escape  ;  to  l:iy  siege  to ;  as,  to  invest  a  town. 

7.  To  lay  out  money  in  the  purchase  of  some 
species  of  property,  usually  of  a  permanent  nature  ; 
literally,  to  clothe  money  in  something  ;  as,  to  invest 
money  in  funded  or  bank  stock  ;  to  invest  it  in  lands 
or  goods.  In  this  application,  it  is  always  followed  i 
by  in, 

IN-VEST'ED,  pp.  Clothed  ;  dressed  ;  adorned  ;  in- 
clowd. 

IX-VEST'IEXT,  C-yent,)  a.    Covering  ;  clothing. 

fVoodicard. 

IX-VES'TI-GA-BLE,  a.  [from  investigate.]  That 
may  be  investigated  or  searched  out;  discoverable 
by  rational  search  or  disquisition.  The  causes  or 
reasons  of  things  are  sometimes  inveittigable. 

IN-VES'TI-GATE,  f.  t.  [L.  investifto ;  in  and  vrstigo^ 
to  follow  a  track,  to  search;  vestig-ium^  a  track  or 
/boUtrp.] 

To  search  into  ;  to  inquire  and  examine  into  with 
care  and  accuracy  ;  to  find  out  by  careful  disquisi- 
tion ;  as,  to  investigate  the  powers  nnd  forces  of 
nature  ;  to  investigate  the  causes  of  natural  phenom- 
ena;   to   investigate   the   principles   of  moral   duty; 


INV 

lo  intesligate  the  conduct  of  an  agenlorthe  motives 
of  a  prhice. 

IX-VES'TI-GX-TED,  pp.  Searched  Into  ;  examined 
with  care. 

IN-VES'Tr-GS-TIXG,;7;»-.  Searching  into  ;  inquiring 
intti  with  care. 

IX-yES-'JM;A'T10\,  «.  [Fr.,from  U  invtstigatio.] 
The  nriiun  or  process  of  searching  minutely  tor 
truth,  facts  or  principles;  a  careful  inquiry  to  find 
out  what  is  unknown,  cither  in  the  physical  or  moral 
world,  and  either  by  observation  and  experiment,  or 
by  argumtsnt  and  discussion.  Thus  we  8i>eak  of  the 
investigations  of  the  philosopher  nml  the  mathema- 
tician ;  the  inve^itigations  of  tlie  judge,  the  moralist, 
and  the  divine. 

IX-VES'TI-GA-TIVE,  a.  Curious  and  deliberate  in 
researches.  Pegire. 

IX-VES'TI-GA-TOR,  n.  One  who  searches  diHgeut- 
ly  into  a  subject. 

IX-VEST'IX(J,  p;;r.  Clothing;  dressing;  adorning; 
inclosing. 

IX-VEST'I-TITRE,  n.  [Fr.  See  Invest.]  The  ac- 
tion of  giving  possession,  or  liver>-  of  seizin. 

The  gr^iiit  of  Inml  or  «  fcucl  wm  perf-cteJ  by  the  ceremony  of 
cwrpofA'  invttlilurt,  or  oppii  delivery  of  poi«e»»ion. 

Blaekutone. 

It  waa  ciHton);Lr7  fur  priiicri  lo  make  invettiture  ol  cccl<--ki  tsiicil 
bcy-fic««.  Knofc 

2.  The  right  of  giving  possession  of  any  manor, 
office,  or  benefice. 

He  luul  refused  to  yHd  to  the  pope  Ibe  ifwew&turt  of  btitiora. 

RaUgk. 

IN-VEST'IVE,  fl.    Clothing ;  encircling. 
IN-VEST'MEXT,  n.    The  action  of  invesUng. 

2.  CIcthes;  dress;  garment;  habit.  Shak. 
[We  now  use  Vestment.] 

3.  The  act  of  surrounding,  blocking  up,  or  besieg- 
ing by  an  armed  force. 

The  capiUtlalJon  wag  ti^e«l  by  the  coriunaoder  of  Ihc  Ton,  within 
BIX  (laya  ufitr  iu  inoeatmti\t.  Marghaii, 

4.  The  laying  out  of  money  in  the  purchase  of 
some  species  of  property,  usually  of  a  permanent  na- 
ture ;  literaUy,  the  clutbing  of  money  with  some- 
Uiing. 

Before  the  inveatment  could  be  mado,  a  charge  of  the  marltet 
niiglit  render  ll  incli^ble.  Handllon. 

IN-VET'ER-A-CY,n.    [L.  inveteratio.    See  Inveteb- 

ATE.] 

Long  continuance,  or  the  firmness  or  deep-rooted 

obstinacy  of  any  quality  or  slate  acquired  by  time  ; 
as,  the  inveteracy  of  custom  and  habit ;  usually  or  al- 
ways applied  in  a  bad  sense;  as,  the  inveteracy  of 
prejudice,  of  error,  or  of  any  evil  liabit. 
IX-VET'ER-ATE,  a.  [h.  inveleratusj  invetero ;  in  and 
vetero,  from  vetits,  old.] 

1.  Old  ;  long  establisihed. 

ll  li  «n  inveltrale  iun\  vcciwct]  opinion.     [Ubc.]  Bacon. 

2.  Deep-rooted  ;  firmly  established  by  long  contin- 
uance ;  obstinate;  used  of  evils;  as,  an  inveterate 
disease  ;  an  inveterate  abuse  ;  an  inveterate  course  of 
sin. 

3.  Having  fixed  habits  by  long  continuance  ;  used 
of  persons;  as,  an  inveterate  sinner. 

4.  Violent ;  deep-routed  ;  obstinate  ;  as,  inveterate 
enmity  or  malice. 

IX-VET'ER-ATE,  r.  L     [L.  invetero,  to  grow  old,] 
To  fix  and  settle  by  long  continuance.    [Obsoirtej 
or  little  used.]  Bacon. 

IN-VET'ER-ATE-LY,  adv.  With  obstinacy;  vio- 
lently. 

IN-VET'ER-ATE-XESS,  n.  Obstinacy  confirmed  by 
time  ;  inveteracy  ;  as,  the  inveterate ness  of  a  mis- 
chief. Locke. 

IN-VET-ER-A'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  hardening  or 
confirming  by  long  continuance. 

IN-VID'!-OlJy,  a.  [L.  incidiosus,  from  invidco,  to  en- 
vy ;  in  and  video,  to  see.  Jnvideo  signifies,  proper- 
ly, to  Kx)k  against.] 

1.  Envious  ;  malignant.  Evelyn. 

2.  Likely  to  incur  ill-will  or  hatred,  or  to  provoke 
envy  ;  hateful.     [7**1*  is  the  usual  sense.] 


A^meriinon  found  it  r 
any  oQiJof  ih";  Grc 


I  invviiotit  aflivir  to  gi^e  the  preferfTce  lo 
ian  ticrues.  Brooint, 


IN-VID'I-OUS-LY,  adv.     En%-iousIy  ;  malignantly. 

2.  In  a  manner  likely  to  provoke  hatred. 
IN-ViD'I-OUS-XESS,  7*.     The  quality  of  provoking 

envy  or  hatred. 
IX-VlG'l-LAXCE,(-vij'e-Ians,)n.  Want  of  vigilance  ; 

neglect  of  watching. 
IN-VIG'OR-ATE,  r.  (.     [It.  invigorire;  in  and  vigor.] 
To  give  vigor  to;  to  slrengtlien  ;  to  animate;  to 

give   life   and   energy  to.     Exercise   invigorates  the 

body  ;  cheerfulness  invigorates  the  mind. 

Cliriatinii  graor*  snd  vinuci  tfifv  &tii  Fiot  be,  unleu  fed,  invigor. 
aud,  aitd  aiiiiimietl  by  iiuiven-tl  chanty.  Att£rbury. 

IX-VIG'OR-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Strengthened  ;  ani- 
mated. 

IN-VIG'OR-A-TIXG,  ;ipr.ora.  Giving  fresh  vigor  to; 
strengthening. 

IX-VIG-OR-A'TION,  n.  The  action  of  invigorating, 
or  state  of  being  invigorated. 

IX-VIL'LAO-£D,  a.    Turned  into  a  village.     Brovne. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— M£TE,  PREY.  — PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF.  BQQK. 


G!£i 


INV 


INV 


INW 


f\-V'IN'Cl-BLE,  a.     [Ft.  invineibU  i    L.  in  and  vmco, 
to  conquet  1 

1.  N'lit  to  be  conquered  or  subdued  ;  that  can  not 
be  overcome  ;  unconquerable  ;  as,  an  invinciile  ar- 
ray. 

2.  Not  to  be  overcome  j  insuperable  ;  as,  an  invin- 
cible  <)b;it;ic!e,  error,  babil,  or  objection. 

IX-VI.Nal-BLE-NESS,  (  n.     The  qualitj'  of  being  un- 
[N-Vl.N-UI-BlL'ITy,    1     conquerable  i  insujierable- 

ne-^s.  .^, 

I.N-VIN'CI-BLY,  oAj.    Unconquerably;  insuperably. 
l.N-Vf 'O-L.A-BLE,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  intiolabilU  i  in  and 

ui^UlbiliSf  rto/o,  to  violale.  ]  _ 

1.  Not  to  be  profaned  ;  that  ought  not  to  DC  in- 
jured, polluted,  or  treated  ivith  irreverence ;  as,  a  sa- 
cred place  and  sacred  things  should  be  considered 
moMable.  Miltoji. 

2.  Not  to  be  broken  ;  as,  an  mvhlaHe  league,  cov- 
enant, agreement,  contract,  vow,  or  promise. 

3.  Not  to  be  injured  or  tarnished  ;  as,  mcwlabU 
chastity  or  honor.  . 

4.  Not  susceptible  of  hurt  or  wound  ;  as,  inviolable 
saints.  Mtlton. 

IN-VI'6-L.\-BT,E-.N'ESS,  )  n.     [from  inriolaUe  ]   The 

lN-Vl-0-I..A-BIL'l-TV,     i      quality  or  state  or  being 

inviolable  ;  as,  the  invMabUUy  of  crowned  heads. 

IVard. 
2   The  quality  of  not  being  subject  to  be  broken. 
!>A-BLV, 


X-VI'O-LA-BLV,  orfp.     Without  profanation;  with- 
"out  breach  or  failure  ;  as,  a  sanctuary  invwlably  sa- 
cred ;  to  keep  a  promise  inviolablij. 
IN-VI'O-LATE,  0.     [L.  iiioiolatus.] 

Unhurt ;    uninjured  ;    unprofaned ;    unpolluted  ; 
unbroken. 

But  let  mviotau  truth  be  alwiLT*  dear 

IN-Vl'O-LJ-TED,  a.    Unprofaned  ;   unbroken ;   un- 
"  violated.  Drayton. 

IN'Vl-OUS,  a.    [L.  wriuj  ;  t'n  and  ria,  way.] 

Impnasable;  untrodden.  Huilibras. 

IN'VI-()U?-NESS,  n.    Slate  of  being  imp.issable. 
IV-Vl-RIL'l-TV,  n.     Absenceof  manhootl. 

Ward.     Prynne. 
IN-VIS'eXTE,  r.  U    [L.  in  and  vUcus,  glue,  bird- 
lime.] 

1.  To  lime  ;  to  daub  with  glue. 

2.  To  catch  with   glue  or  birdlime ;  to  entangle 
with  ulutinous  matter.     [LitUe  lued.]  Brown. 

IN-VIS'CS-TED,  pp.     Limed  ;  daubed  with  glue. 
IN-VIS'CER-ATE,  r.  1.    To  breed  ;   to  nourish.    [A 

bvl  icoi-il  Mouiilagu. 

IN-VIS-I-BlL't-TY,     (71.     [Fr.  inci^WW, from  intu- 
IN-VI8'I-BLE-NESS,  1      siblc] 

The  state  of  being  invisible  ;  imperceptiblcness  to 

the  sight.  ,      ,     ..,.,.        "^y-   . 

IN-VISIBLE,  0.    [Fr.,  from  L.  uitunbdis;   in  and 

t?ij(ifti/u,  ctso,  to  see.]  ...,_.,.       ■  ,. 

That  can  n"t  be  seen  ;  imperceptible  by  the  sight. 

JJillions  of  stars,  intiisibU  to  the  naked  eye,  may  be 

seen  by  the  telescope. 

Ho  endured,  aB  leeiiiy  him  who  U  inuMWe.  —  lleb.  ri. 

IN-VIS'I-BLV,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  escape  the  sight ; 
'imperceptibly  to  the  eye.  /'"''.'J^"".-   , 

I.N-VIS'ION,  (viih'un,)  ».     [la  and  ri«iim.]     Want  01 


2.  a.    Alluring  ;  tempting ;  drawing  to  ;  as,  an  m- 
viling  amusement  or  prospect. 

Nothinff  is  BO  eiuy  And  inirijin|r  u  the  retoit  of  abiMe  and  lar- 

IN-VTT'ING,  n.     Invitation.  Shak. 

IN-VIT'I.NG-LY,  ado.    In  such  a  manner  as  to  invite 

or  allure.  ^ , 

IN-VIT'ING-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  inviting. 

Taylor. 
IN-VIT'RI-FI-A  BLE,  <i.     [in  and  vitrifiable,  from  cit- 

rifii  1    That  can  not  be  vitrifled  or  converted  into 

giasa.  Kirwan. 

IN' VO-GXTE,  r.  (.     [L.  inreco  ;  in  and  roco,  to  call.] 
To  invoke  ;  to  call  on  in  supplication ;  to  implore  ; 

to  address  in  prayer. 

KDa^nlje  thv  {rod, 
Go  to  hU  leinylc,  invocau  his  aid.  MilUm. 

[Instead  of  this  word,  Invoee  is  generally  used.] 
IN'VO-€A-TED,  pp.    Invoked  ;  called  on  in  prayer. 
IN-VO-Ca-TING,  ppr.     Invoking. 
IN-VO  CA'TION,  .1.     [Fr.,  from  L.  tnroMtio.l 

1.  The  act  of  addressing  in  prayer.  /looker. 

'  2.  The  form  or  act  of  calling  fiir  the  assistance  or 
presence  of  any  being,  particularly  of  some  divinity  ; 
as,  the  iiirocatiiin  of  Ule  muses. 

The  whole  poem  is  a  prayer  to  Kortuiw,  and  the  invocntion  'a 
divided  Vtween  the  two  dcitiei.  AiM>aon. 

3.  A  judicial  call,  demand,  or  order  ;  as,  the  inro- 
eation  of  papers  or  evidence  into  a  court. 

H'kcatony  Rrp. 
IN'VOICE,  n.      [Fr.  envoi,  a  sending,  or  thing  sent, 
from  envoyer,  10  send,  It.  inriare;  ent-ois,  pi.,  things 
sent.l  ,   ,         ^. 

1.  In  commerce,  a  written  account  of  the  particu- 


vision,  or  the  power  tif  seeing.     [  fJi'le  uerd.]  Brmcn. 
MI-XF.R'yA,  V.  a.     [L.  Mi 


linerva,  the  god- 


See  I-<- 


;  the  calling  or  re- 
visit. In  dine,  or 


I.Y-rl'TA  Ml- 
dej»  of  wisdom,  being  unwilling.] 
Without  the  help  of  genius. 
IN-VI- Ta' TIO.N,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  incitatio. 

VlTE.] 

The  act  of  inviting  ;  solicitation 
questing  of  a  person's  company  tt 
to  accimpaiiv  him  to  any  place. 
IiV-VI'TA-T(>RY,  a.      Using  or  containing   invita- 
tions. ,   ,  meMleij. 
IN-VI'TA-TO-RY,  ti.    A  part  of  the  service   in  the 
'  Roman  Catholic  church  ;  a  psalm  or  anthem  sung  in 
the  morning. 

^      Anlipiionarr,  a  ».rvice.b«ok,  which  contained  all  Uie  incttnlorict, 
"  Upo.uiiiie.,  and  colli-cu.  tncyc. 

IN-VTTE',  r.  (.     [L.im>iro;    It.  i/itiitctre!    Fr.  inri(«r. 

This  word  is  formed  by  in  and  the  Teutonic  iul,  or 

its  root  i  iniii/.    See  Bid.] 

1.  To  ask  to  do  some  act  or  to  go  to  some  place  ;  to 
twiuest  the  company  of  a  person ;  as,  to  luiirtonc  to 
dine  or  sup ;  to  iitritf  friends  to  a  wedding  ;  to  iimiM 
company  to  an  entertainment  j  to  inoiu  one  to  an  ex- 
cursion into  the  country. 

2.  To  allure ;  to  draw  to ;  to  tempt  to  come  ;  to 
induce  by  pleasure  or  hope. 

S!is  ly  fT'jr?»,  titat  eaay  aleep  ineil*.  Dry^en. 

3.  To  present  temptations  or  allurements  to. 

The  »^r.le  aliotjtd  t«  is  a  aituation  not  to  inuila  h-nnliti-'a. 

•^    '  Ftdtralitt,  Jay. 

IN-VITE',  r.  1.    To  ask  or  call  to  any  thing  pleasing. 

MdUm.. 
IN-VIT'F.n,  pp.  or  a.    Soliciud  ;  requested  to  come  or 

to  in  person  ;  allured. 
I.N-VTT'ER,  »      One  who  invites.  /'t>;i'- 

I.N-VIT'ING    flir.    Soliciting  the  company  of ;  asking 

to  attend 


tars  of  merchandise  sliipiied  or  sent  to  a  purchaser, 
consignee,  factor,  tc,  with  the  value  or  prices  and 
charges  annexed. 
2.  A  written  account  of  ratable  estate. 

Laies  of  JVcto  Hampshire, 
IN' VOICE,  V.  u    To  make  a  written  account  of  goods 
or  property  with  their  prices.     It  is  usual  to  inrmcn 
goods  in  the  currency  of  the  country  in  which  the 
seller  resides. 

Gootia,  waret,  and  merchandise   imported   from  Norway,  and 
i»i»ic«ti  in  Uie  current  dollar  ol  N..r««y. 

Madtiim  B  ProcHmatton. 

IN'VOIC-ED,  (-voist.)  pp.    Inserted  in  a  list  with  the 

price  or  value  annexed.       Robinson,  Adm.  RrporU. 
IN' VOIC-I.NG,  ppr.     Mailing  an  account  in  writing  of 

goods  with  their  prices  or  values  annexed  ;  inserting 

in  an  invoice. 
IN-VOKE',  r.  L     [L.  incoco  ;  ta  and  voco,  to  call ;  vox, 

a  word.] 

1.  LUrallij.  to  call  for  or  ask.     Hence, 

2.  To  address  in  prayer  ;  to  call  on  for  a-ssistance 
and  protection  ;  as,  to  invoke  the  Supreme  Being.  Po- 
ets invoke  the  muses  for  a-ssistance. 

3.  [n  a  leUer  nense,  to  call  for  with  earnestness ;  as, 
to  i/iroAe  the  aid  of  government.    [iiKeiit.] 

IN- VtlK'KD,  pp.     Addressed  in  prayer  for  aid  ;  called. 
IN-VOK'l."iG,  ppr.    Addressing  in  i>rayer  for  aid  ;  call- 

IN-VOL'U-CEL,  ».    [dim.  of  ini^oiiicrr.]    The  involu- 
cre of  aii  ilmbi  llulc  or  iinibellet ;  an  involucret. 

IN  VO-LO'CEb-LATE,  <i.  [Supra.]  Surrounded  with 
iiivolticels.  ,        Barton. 

IN-VO-LCeRAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  an  involucrum. 

SmttA. 


L.  in  and 


LvvS-Lo'eilulvl,  i  "•  tL-  involavrum,  fmm  .....(ro.] 
In  botany,  a  sort  of  calyx  inclosing  those  nitgrecates 
of  llowirs  constituting  umbels,  but  occasionally  in- 
closing flowers  not  umbellate.  It  is  usually  more  or 
less  distant  from  the  tioweni  which  it  envelops. 

IN-VO-L0'eR£D,  0.  Having  an  involucre,  as  umbels, 
^r.  ^fartyn. 

IN-VO  I.C'CRET,  71.     An  involucel,  which  see. 

IN-VOL'UN-TA-RI-LY,  adv.  [from  iniv/(i/nfart/.] 
Not  by  choice;   not  spontaneou^-ly  ;  against  ones 

will.  ,   .       „    *"''"'• 

2.  In  a  manner  independent  of  the  will. 
IN-V0L'UX-T.\-RI-NES3,  n.  Want  of  choice  orwl". 

2.  Independence  on  the  will. 
IN-VOL'UN-TARY,   a.     [Fr.  incolontiiire 
To'.antariux.     See  VoLUKraBT.] 

1.  .Not  having  will  or  choice  ;  unwillmg. 

2.  Indeiiendent  of  will  or  choice.  The  motion  ol 
the  heart  and  arteries  is  tnuofuntary,  but  not  against 
the  will.  ,  .,,. 

3.  Not  proceeding  from  choice ;  not  done  willing- 
ly ;  opposed  to  the  will.  A  i-love  and  a  conquered 
nation  yield  an  involuntary  etibmissicn  to  a  master. 

IN'VO-LUTE,  n.    [L.  inno/utus.J 

A  curve  traced  by  the  end  of  a  string  wound  upon 
another  curve,  or  unwound  from  iu     [bee  Evo- 

IN'VO-l.UTE,      jo.     [L.  inco/uliu,  intioZco.    See  Is- 
LN' VO  LU-TED,  (       VOLVE.] 

In  botany,  rolled  spirally  inward.  Involuted  folia- 
tion, or  vernation,  is  when  the  leaves  within  the  bud 
have  their  edges  rolled  s|iirally  Inward  on  both  sides 
toward  the  upper  surface.  Marlyn. 


2.  In  conc'iolooTj,  a  term  used  when  the  exterior  lip 
ia  turned  inward,  at  the  margin,  as  in  the  Cyprea. 

Humble. 
IN-VO-LC'TION,  71.      [Fr. ;   L.   inrolulio.      See   Ih- 
TOLVE.]  .    ^  , ,. 

1.  The  action  of  involving  or  infolding. 

2.  The  state  of  being  entangled  or  involved  ;  com- 
plication. 

All  Uiiogt  ate  mixed  and  caoaea  blended  by  mutual  ineolutiona. 

3.  In  fT^mtiwr,  the  insertion  of  one  or  more  clauses 
or  members  of  a  sentence  between  the  agent  or  s  b- 
ject  and  the  verb,  in  a  wav  which  involves  the  con- 
struction, and  makes  it  difficult ;  a  third  inlervening 
niembir  witliin  a  second,  &c. ;  as,  habitual  false- 
hood, if  we  may  judge  from  experience,  infers  absolute 
depravity.  .  . 

4.  In  arithmetic  and  algebra,  the  raising  of  a  quan- 
tity to  any  power  assigned ;  the  multiplication  of  a 
quantity  into  itself  a  given  number  of  limes.  Thus 
2x2X2  =  8.  Here  8,  the  third  power  of  2,  is  found 
by  involution,  or  multiplying  the  number  into  itself, 
and  the  product  bv  the  same  number. 

INVOLVE',  (in-volv',)  ti.  t.     [L.  involve  I  lit  and  Vol- 
vo, to  roll,  Eng.  to  wallow.] 

1.  To  envelop  ;  to  cover  with  surrounding  matter ; 
as,  10  involve  one  in  smoke  or  dust. 

2.  To  envelop  in  anv  tiling  which  exists  on  all 
sides  ;  as,  to  involve  in  darkness  or  obscurity. 

3.  To  imply  i  'o  comprise.  To  he  and  not  to  be  at 
the  same  time,  involves  a  contradiction. 

4.  To  entwist ;  to  join  ;  to  connect ;  to  draw  in  by 
way  of  connection  ;  to  implicate ;  as,  to  iaooliie  a 
friend  in  one's  ruin. 

He  know*  hia  end  with  mine  involved.  ^flUon. 

5.  To  take  in  ;  to  catch  ;  to  conjoin. 

The  rnlherins  nuiiiher,  aa  Irmovea  alonj, 

ttipoicet  a  va»t  involoiiuiry  UiroJij;.  Pop*. 

6.  To  entangle.  Let  not  our  enemy  involve  the 
nation  in  war,  nor  our  imprudence  involve  us  in 
diflicultv.  „  * 

7.  To' plunge;  to  ovcr^vhelm.  Extravagance  otlen 
involves  men  in  debt  and  distress. 

8.  To  inwrap ;  to  infold ;  to  complicate  or  make 
intricate.  »«„„„ 

Some  inooleerf  their  inaVy  fclds.  Cltllon. 

Florid,  w  illy,  inoolved  diacoutaei.  l.ockt. 

9.  To  blend;  to  mingle  confusedly.  Milton. 

10.  In  aritlmetie  and  algebra,  to  raise  a  quantity  to 
any  as^ioned  power  ;  to  multiply  a  quantify  into  it- 
self a  given  number  of  limes  ;  as,  a  quantity  involved 
to  the  third  or  fourth  power.  ,     .      ,■  j     • 

IN-VOLV'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Enveloped;  implied;  in- 
wrapiied  ;  entangled  ;  raised  to  a  power. 

IN-VOLVE'MENT,  71.  Act  of  involving;  state  of  be- 
'ing  involved.  .         Marshall. 

IN-VOLV'ING,  ppr.  Enveloping;  implying;  com- 
prising ;   entangling  ;    complicating  ;    raising   to  a 

In"vIIL-NER-A-BIL'I-TY,     j  lu  [from  inrti/iKTnJiir.] 

IN-VUL'NER-A-BLE  NESS,  (      'The  quality  or  slate 

of  being  invulnerable,  or  secure  from  wounds  or  in- 

i,,„.  nalsh. 

IN-VUL'NER-A-BLE,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  invulnerahdis. 

See  VlTLTiERABLE.J  .  ,        e  i    ■ 

That  can  not  be  wounded  ;  incapable  of  receiving 
injury.  „       .  ,   ,^ 

Nor  yainlr  hope 
To  bo  inmlnerdUe  in  tboae  in%hl  ama.  Milan. 

IN-WALL',  71.  (.    [in  and  waU.]    To  inclose  or  fortify 

In'waLL'BD,  pp.    Inclosed  or  fortified  with  a  wall. 
IN-WALL'ING,  ppr.     Inclosing  with  a  wall. 
(N'VV.'iRn,   a.     [Sax.   inweardi  G.   nnicarts ;   m  and 
ward.    See  Ward.]  . 

I.  InlcrnnI  ;  interior  ;  placed  or  being  within  ;  as, 
the  iiiKiort;  stnictiire  of  the  body. 

2    Intimate  ;  domestic  ;  familiar.  bpenser. 

( In  this  sense,  also,  gliakspeare  uses  it  as  a  noun.] 

S.  Seated  in  the  mind  or  soul.  .u      .?' 

IN'VVARD,  adv.   Toward  the  inside.   Turn  the  atten- 


tion inieard.  .        .  i._„j  « 

2.  Toward  the  center  or  interior ;  an,  to  bend  a 
thing  inward. 

3.  Into  the  mind  or  thoughts. 


Mtftofi. 


CeWtial  light  ahine 

IN'WARD-LY,  adv.    In  the  inner  parts  ;  Internally. 

Let  Benedick,  like  covereil  lire, 

Conauuie  away  in  aijha,  waste  iniMrdty.  Shot. 

2   III  the  heart  ;  privately  ;  secretly.     He  inwardly 
repines.    It  is  not  easy  lo  treat  with  respect  a  person 
whom  we  inicardly  despise. 
3.  Toward  the  cenltr. 
IN'WARD-NESS,  n.      Intimacy  ;    familiarlty.^^[JVot 

""a  Internal  state.     [Unujnal.]  .•";'",">. 

IN'WARDIS,  71.  p'.  The  inner  parts  of  an  anim.al ;  the 
bowels  ;  the  viscera.    Ex.  xxix.  Milton. 

IN-\VfAVE',  r.  t. ;  pret.  Inwove  ;  pp.  Ihwovek,  ik- 
woTE.  [ia  and  weave.]  To  weave  together  ;  to  in- 
termix or  intertwine  by  weaving. 

Down  they  caal 
Their  crowns  inwoea  with  amaranth  and  gold. 


MUUtn. 


TC.VE.  BPLL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  «  K ;  a  as  J;  »asZ;  CH  ..  BH ;  TH  a.  ip  THIS. 


Utti 


lOT 

IN-\VKAV'ING,  ppr.    Weaving  together 
I.N-WHEEI.',  r.  t.     [in  and  v/uci,]    To  encin-le. 
IN-\VHKBL'£l),^.     Encircled.  [Bwmm. 

r.\-\VHEEL'ING,p;w.    Encircling. 
IN'WIT,  M.     [in  and  wit.]     Mind :   understanding. 

iObs.] 
IN  WOOD',  V.  U    To  hide  in  woods.  Sidney. 

IN-WOOD'ED,^.     Hidden  in  woods. 
IN-WORK'£D,  (-wurkt,)  pp.    Worked  in  j  opemtod 

within. 
IX-WORK'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     [m  and  tcork,]     Working 

or  uttemiing  within. 
IX-WORK'KNG,  n.  Internal  operation  j  enerK>-  within. 

IN-WOVE'       )pp,  of  IswEATE.    Woven  in;   inter- 

IN-WOV'£N,  j      twined  bv  weaving. 

IN-WRAP',  Cin-rap',)r.  t.  [in  and  tera  p.]  To  involve; 
to  infold  ;  to  cover  by  wrapping  ;  as,  to  be  intcrapptd 
in  t^inoke  f>r  in  a  cloud  ;  to  inippa^  in  a  cltuik. 

2.  To  in*-oIve  in  difficulty  or  perplexity ;  to  per- 
plex. Bae«B. 

3.  To  ra\-ish  or  transport.     [iU,]     [See  RAr.] 
rN-WRAP'P£D,  C-rapt',)  iV-    Involved;    covered  by 

wrapping. 
IN-WRAPPING,  ppr.    Covering  by  wrapping. 
IN-WRP.ATHE',  (in-rvthe',)  r.  L     [m  and  wrfotA*.] 
To  surround  or  encompass  as  with  a  wreath,  or 

with  something  in  the  form  of  a  wreath. 

RMpleiHknt  Uiekm  uutnalMat  wiUi  beum.  MUton. 

IN-WROUGHT',  (In-nwt',)  jrp.  or  a.  [im  and  wrought, 
from  work.] 

Wrimght  or  worked  in  or  among  other  thing^i ; 
adorned  with  figures.  MtUi'H. 

T'O-DAL,  n.  [from  iodine  and  aUohoL]  An  olengiiMms 
Itquiit  obtained  front  the  action  of  alcohol  and  nitric 
aciil  on  iodine.  Orahtim. 

I'O-O ATE,  n.  [See  Iodi  5e.]  Any  compound  of  iodic 
acid  with  a  base. 

I-OD'16,  a.  Iodic  acid  is  an  acid  compound  consisting 
of  iodine  oxygenized  to  the  highest  poinL 

T'O-DID,  a.  A  non-actd  compound  of  iodine  witb  a 
metal  or  other  substance. 

rO-DlNE,  a.    [Gr.  i  ..(^»(;,  resembling  a  violet] 

In  ekBmatry,  a  peculiar  substance  discovered  by 
CoQitott,  a  mannfacturL'r  of  saltpeter  in  Paris.  It  is 
obtained  from  certain  sea-weeds  or  marine  plants. 
At  the  ordinary  temperature  of  the  aiinosphf  re,  it  is 
a  solid,  apparently  n  simple  subsUnce,  at  least  hitli- 
eito  undectunposed.  It  is  incombtistittje,  hut,  in  com- 
bining with  several  bodies,  it  exhibits  the  phenomena 
of  combustion  ^  hence  it  has  been  considered  a  sup- 
porter of  conihunion.  Like  chlorine,  it  destroys 
vegetable  colors,  but  with  less  encrg>'.  Its  color  is 
bluish-black  or  grayish-black,  of  a  meLilIic  luslor.  It 
is  nftf  n  in  srnles,  resembling  those  of  micaceous  iron 
t>:  -  in  brilliant  rbomboidal  plates,  or  in 

« '  I'-drons.    Its  taste  is  acrid,  and  it  is 

*'  ouous.     It  is  fusible  at  225'  of  Fab- 

rrniifit.     i  iie  color  of  its  vapor  is  a  beautiful  violet, 
whence  iu  name.  Heavy.     CVe, 

X'O-DOUS,  a.  lodous  acid  is  a  compound  of  Iodine 
and  oxygen,  containing  less  of  the  latter  tlian  iodic 
acid. 

I-OD'IC-RET,  7u  A  non-acid  compound  of  iodine  and 
a  metallic  or  other  base.    Synonymous  with  Iodid. 

I'O-LrTE,  n.  [Gr.  i»v,  a  violet,  and  AiQ^s,  stone.) 
A  mineral  having  a  glassy  appearance,  remarkable 
for  presenting  a  blue  or  violet-blue  color  in  one  direc- 
tion, and,  at  right  angles  with  this  direction,  a  yel- 
lowish-gray or  brownish  color.  It  consists  of  silica, 
alumina,  and  magnesia,  with  some  oxyd  of  iron. 
The  name  dickroiu,  olten  applied  to  this  mineral, 
alludes  to  its  colors,  and  is  from  tbe  Greek  diSj  two, 
and  xpouf  color.  Dana. 

J^'otf. —  By  the  regular  principies  of  pronouncing 
the  Greek  tota  and  the  Sbemitic  Jot/,  this  word  ought 
to  be  pronounced  yo'iitr. 

rON,  It.  .A  name  given  to  the  elements  which  appear 
at  the  respective  pules  when  a  body  is  subjected  to 
electro-cheinical  decomposition.  SUUtnan. 

I-ON'ie,  o.  [(fMn  Jaaia.]  The  Ionic  ordrr,  in  archi- 
Uctarr^  is  that  species  or  column  named  from  Ionia, 
in  Greece,  whose  distinzutshing  feature  is  the  volute 
of  its  capital.  It  is  more  i^lender  than  the  Doric  and 
Tuscan,  but  less  slender  and  less  ornamented  than 
the  Corinthian  and  Composite.  It  is  simple,  but  ma- 
jestic. Its  bight  is  about  IS  modules,  and  that  of 
the  entablature  four  and  a  half.      Encuc     Brande. 

2.  The  lottic  dialect  of  the  Greek  language  was  the 
dialect  used  in  Ionia. 

3.  The  loiue  sect  of  philosophers  was  that  founded 
by  Thales  of  Miletus,  in  Ionia.  Their  di>tin;.'uishing 
tenet  was,  that  water  is  the  principle  of  all  natural 
things.  /:«cvr. 

4.  Denoting  an  airj-  kind  of  mu^ic.  The  li/ttic  or 
Ionian  mode  was,  reckoning  from  grave  to  acute,  tbe 
second  of  the  five  middle  modes.  Biutbij. 

5.  The  Ionic  foot^  in  versification,  consists  of  four 
s}'llables,  either  two  short  and  two  long,  or  two  long 
and  two  short. 

I-C'TA,  n.  [Gr.  name  of  the  letter  L]  A  tittle,  a  very 
small  quantity  or  degree.  We  use  jot,  a  change  of 
the  same  name. 


IRC 

I.  O.  V.  In  England,  a  paper  having  on  it  these  let- 
ters, fsignifying  I  oKie  i/wK,)  followed  by  a  (;iven«um, 
and  duly  signed,  is  called  an  /.  O.  C/.,  and  is  consid- 
ered equally  binding  in  honor  with  a  promissory  note. 
Such  pajwrs  are  ordinarily  given  in  gambling  trans- 
actions. 

IP-E-CAe-lJ-AN'HA,  n.  A  medicine  of  the  shops 
prtKluced  by  a  considerable  number  of  plants.  That 
which  is  considered  the  best,  is  the  root  of  Cephaelis 
I|)ecaruanlm  of  South  America. 

Ipecacuanha  is  a  little  wrinkled  root,  about  the 
thickness  of  a  moderate  quill,  much  used  as  an 
enu'tic,  and  against  diarrheas  and  dysenteries.     Ctjc. 

IP'SE  DIX'IT.  [U  he  asserted.]  A  mere  saying  or 
Hssi'rtion,  without  proof. 

IPSIS'S/^U  VER'BA,  [L.]     The  identical  words, 

IP' SO  FACTO,  [L.]  In  fact,  in  reality,  or  by  Uie 
facu 

I-RAS-CI-BIL'I-TY,      ) «.       [from    irascible.]       The 

I-RAS'CI-BLE-NESS,  (  quality  of  being  irascible, 
or  easily  inflamed  by  anger;  irritability  of  tf  nipt-r. 

I-RAS'CI-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  imscor,  from  ira. 
See  lae.J  Very  susceptible  of  anger  ;  easily  provoked 
or  inflamed  with  resentment ;  irriuible  ;  as,  an  irasc^ 
ble  man  ;  an  imscibte  temper. 

T-RAS'CI-BLV,  ade.    In  an  irascible  manner. 

IRE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ira,  wrath  ;  W.  irad,  pungency, 
passion,  rage.    See  Eng.  Wrath.] 

.\nger  ;  wrath  ;  keen  resentment ;  a  word  chi^y 
uged  IN  poetry. 

Ttiua  will  [tcniit,  rrlrntlen  in  hU  ire.  Drydtn. 

IRE'FJJL,  a.  [ire  and  full.]  Angry  ;  wroth  ;  furious 
with  anger. 

Tiie  irtfal  biuiiird  Orleani.  tSltak. 

IRE'Fl'L-LY,  ade     In  an  angry  manner. 

I'RE-NAReH,(T're-nark,)  «.     [Gr.  nonixtpxm.] 

An  officer  formeriy  employed  in  the  Greek  empire, 
to  preserve  the  ptihiic  trdn<iuillity. 

I-RE\'ie-AL,  a.     Pacific  ;  desirous  of  pence. 

IR-I-DES'CENCE,  n.  Exhibition  of  colors  like  those 
of  the  rainbow. 

IR-I-DES'CE\T,a.  [from  iris."]  Having  colors  like 
the  rainbow.  Fourcroy.     Barrtito. 

I-RID'I-l'.M,  B.  [from  n-j>.]  A  metal  of  a  whitish 
color,  not  malleable,  fotind  in  the  ore  of  platinum, 
and  in  a  native  alkiy  with  osmium.  lis  specific 
gravity  is  abttve  18.  It  takes  its  name  from  the  vari- 
ety of  colors  which  it  exhibits  while  dissolving  in 
muriatic  uctd.  The  native  alloy  with  osmium,  or 
native  iridium,  is  of  a  steel  gray  color  and  shining 
metallic  luster.  It  usually  occurs  in  small,  irregular, 
tlat  grains,  in  alluvial  soil,  in  South  Aineric.-i, 

Cleaceland.     Webster's  ManuaL 

I'RIS,  n. ;  pL  laisE-i.    [L.  iriji,  iridts,  the  rainbow,  Gr. 

lOK.l 

1.  The  rainlww.  Broton. 
S.  An  appearance  resembling  tbe  rainbow. 

AVirCoa. 

3.  Tbe  colored  circle  which  surrounds  the  pupil  of 
the  eye,  by  means  of  which  tiiat  opening  is  enlarged 
and  diminished. 

4.  The  flower-de-Iis,  or  flag-llowcr,  a  genus  of 
many  species. 

TRIS-A-TED,  a.  Exhibiting  the  prismatic  colors  ;  re- 
sembling the  rainbow.  Phillips. 

I'RIS-£D,  (I'risi,)  o.  Having  colors  like  those  of  the 
rainbow.  ChaptaL 

I'RISH,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  produced  in  Ireland. 

I'RISH,  n.     A  native  of  Irehinti. 

2.  The  language  of  the  Irish  ;  the  Ilibemo-Celtic. 
I'RISH-ISM,  n.    A  mode  of  s]»eaking  peculiar  to  the 

Irish. 

I'RISH-RY,  n.    The  people  of  Ireland.        BrysketK 

IRK,  (urk,)  r.  t.  [Scot,  irk,  to  weary;  irk,  indolent. 
Lye  suggests  that  liiis  may  .be  from  Sax.  weorce, 
work,  which  signifies,  also,  pain,  or  anxiety;  but  it 
seems  more  probably  to  be  connected  with  Sax.  earg, 
slothful,  lazy,  Gr.  aoyos.] 

To  weary;  to  give  pain  to;  used  only  imperson- 
ally ;  as,  it  irketh  me,  it  gives  me  uneasiness. .  It  is 
nearly  obsolete.  Shak. 

IRK'SOME,  (urk'sura,)  a.  Wearisome  ;  tedious ;  tire- 
some ;  giving  uneiisiness ;  used  of  something  trou- 
blesome by  long  continuance  or  rept-tiiion  ;  as,  irk- 
some hours  ;  irksome  toil  or  task.    Addison.     Milton. 

IRK'SOME-LY,  adr.  In  a  wearisome  or  tedious  man- 
ner. 

IRK'SOME-NESS,  n.    Tediousness  ;  wearisomeness. 

I'RON,  (I'urn,)  n.  [Sax.  ircn  ;  Scot,  irne,  ym,  or  aim  ; 
Isl.  tarn  i  Sw.  jdm  or  idm  ,•  Dan.  irm  ;  AV,  kaiam  ; 
It.  iarann ;  Arm.  koam,  i  G.  eben  ;  V.  yzcr.  Q,u.  L. 
ferrum,  for  herrum.  Tlie  radical  elements  of  this 
word  are  not  easily  ascertained.] 

1.  A  metal,  the  hardest,  most  common,  and  most 
useful,  of  all  the  metals;  of  a  livid  whitish  color 
inclined  to  gray,  internally  c<jmposed,to  appearance, 
of  small  facets,  and  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish.  In 
the  condition  of  steel,  it  is  so  hard  and  elastic  as  to 
be  capable  of  destroyin  g  the  aggregation  of  any  other 
metal.  Next  to  tin,  it  is  the  lightest  of  all  metallic 
substances,  and  next  to  gold,  the  most  tenacious.  It 
may  be  hammered  into  plates,  but  not  into  leaves. 
Its  ductility  is  more  considerable.     It  has  the  prop- 


chains ;  manacles ;   band- 


;  severe ;  miserable  ;  as,  the  iron 


Iron  ynn  of  wan  itnd  diuiren. 

Jove  cnifthed  the  iiatioiis  wi(L  an  iron  rod. 


IRO 

erty  of  magnetism  ;  it  is  attracted  by  the  lodeMone, 
and  will  acquire  its  pro|Kfrlies.  It  is*  found  ntn-ly  in 
native  mof ses ;  hut  in  ores,  mineralized  by  diflvront 
substances,  it  abounds  in  every  part  of  tlie  earth 
Its  medicinal  qualities  arc  valuable. 

Fourcroy.     Eneye. 
%  An  instnimrnt  or  utensil  made  of  iron ;  as,  a 
flat-iVon  ,•  a  smooth ing-irttrt. 

Cajisl  U)uii  fil]  tiUakin  witli  barbed  Jron*t  — Job  xli. 

3.  Figuratively,  strength  ;  power  ;  as,  n  rod  of  iron, 
Dan.  ii. 

4.  Irons  pi. ;    fetters 
cuffs.     Ps.  cv. 

I'RON,  (I'lirn,)  a.  Made  of  iron  ;  consisting  of  iron  ; 
as,  an  iron  pate  ;  an  iro7i  bar  ;  iron  dust. 

3.  Resembling    iron  in  color ;    as,  an  tron-gray 
color. 

3.  Harsh  ;  rude 
age  of  tlie  world. 

BOIM. 

Pope. 

4.  Binding  fast;  not  to  be  broken;  as,  the  iron 
sleep  of  death.  Philips. 

5.  Hard  of  understanding;  dull;    as,  an  iron  wit- 
ted  fool.  Shak, 

6.  Firm  ;  robust ;  as,  an  iron  constitution. 
I'RON,  r.(.    To  smooth  with  an  instrument  of  iron 

2.  To  shackle  with  ircuis  ;  to  fetter  or  handcuff. 

3.  To  furnish  or  arm  with  inin. 
I'RON-BOUND,  a.     Bound  with  iron. 

2.  Faced  or  surrounded  with  rocks;  rugged;  as, 
an  iron-boujid  coast, 

I'ROX  €LAD,  tt.     Clad  in  iron.  Scott, 

I'RON  CLAY,  n.  A  substance  Immediate  between 
basalt  and  wacke,  of  a  reddish-brown  color,  and  oc- 
curring massive  or  vcHicuIar.  Cyc 

I'RON  CROWN,  «.  A  golden  crown  set  with  "jew- 
els, belojiging  originally  to  the  Lombard  kings,  and 
indicating  the  dominion  of  Italy.  It  was  so  called 
from  containing  a  circle  said  to  have  been  forged 
from  one  of  the  nails  in  the  cross  of  Chrisr 

Enti/c.  Am, 

I'RON  £D,  (I'urnd,)  pp.  Smoothed  with  in  iron; 
shackled;  armed  with  iron. 

I'RON-ER.n.     One  who  irons. 

I'RON-FTL-INGS,  n.  pi.  Fine  particles  of  iron  made 
by  filing  or  rasping. 

I'RON-FLINT,  n.  An  opaque  ferruginous  variety  of 
quartz,  having,  in  some  degree,  the  apfwarance  of 
llinl,  but  of  red  or  yellow  colors,  and  usually  some- 
wliat  granular  in  its  texture.  Dana, 

I'RON-FOUND-EU,  n.  One  who  makes  iron  cast- 
ings. 

TRON-FOUND-ER-Y, /7i.     The    place  where    iron 

I'RON-FOUND-RY,      j      castings  are  made. 

rRON-FRAM-£D,  a.    Having  an  iron  or  firm  frame. 

I'RON  GLANCE,  n.  A  pcroxyd  of  iron  of  a  dark 
pteel-gray  color. 

I'R  ON-ilAND-ED,  a.    Having  hands  hard  as  iron. 

Diciffht. 

I'RON-HEXRT-ED,  a.  Hard-hearted;  unfeeling; 
cruel. 

I'RON-ING,  p;w.  Smoothing  with  an  iron ;  shack- 
ling ;  furnishing  or  arming  with  iron. 

I'RON  Lia'UOR,(i'urn  lik'ur,)  n.  Acetate  of  iron 
used  as  a  mordant  by  dyers,  &c.  Buchanan. 

I'RON-ING,  71.    A  smoothing  with  an  iron. 

2.  A  shackling  with  irons. 

3.  A  furnishing  or  arming  with  iron. 
I'RON-MOLD,  n.    A  s()ot  on  cloth  made  by  applying 

rusty  iron  to  the  cloth  when  wet. 

I'RON-MON"GER,  n.  A  dealer  in  iron  wares  or 
hnrdwnre. 

I'RON-MON"GER-Y,  (rum-mung'ger-re,)  n.  A  gen- 
eral name  for  all  articles  made  of  iron ;  hardware. 

Owitt. 

I'RON  PY-RI'TiSS,  n.  Common  pyrites;  yellow sul- 
phuret  of  iron. 

I'R  ON  SAND,  n.  An  iron  ore  in  grains,  used  to  sand 
paper  after  writing.  .^^ 

I'RON-SHf:ATn-i;D,  fl.    Sheathed  with  iron.  Scottr" 

I'R0N-SHOD,a.     Shod  with  iron. 

I'R  ON-SICK,  a,  Inscamrn^s  language,  a  ship  is  said 
to  be  iron-sick,  when  her  bolts  and  nails  are  so  much 
corroded  or  eaten  with  rust  that  she  has  become 
leaky.  Encvc. 

I'R  ON-SIDED,  a.  Having  iron  sides,  or  very 'firm 
sides.  .        Forby. 

I'RON-SMITH,n.  A  workerin  iron;  an  artisan  who 
makes  and  repairs  utensils  of  iron  ;  a  much  more 
proper  term  than  Blacksmith. 

I'RON-STONE,  n.  An  impure  ore  of  iron,  containing 
much  clay.  Dana. 

I'RON-WQQD,  n.  The  popular  name  of  some  species 
of  a  genus  of  trees  called  Sideroxylon  ;  so  called 
from  Iheir  hardness.  Also,  the  popular  name  of  Os- 
trya  V'irginica,  sometimes  called  Hvp-Homheam,  a 
tree  of  the  United  States. 

I'RON-WORK,  (I'urn-work,)  n.  A  general  name  of 
the  parts  or  pieces  of  a  building,  vessel,  carriage, 
ice,  which  consist  of  iron  ;  any  thing  made  of  iron. 

I'RON-WORKS,  n.  pi.  The  works  or  establishment 
where  pig  iron  is  wrought  into  bars,  &.c. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — M£TE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BQQK.- 

624  ~  '  -^=rr= 


IRR 

mON-VV'ORT,  n.  The  popular  name  of  some  spe- 
cies or  a  genus  of  pinnts  called  SideritU. 

I-EON'I€,  a.     Ironical.  B.  Jonson. 

T-RON'I€^AL,  a,     [Fi.ironique.    See  Irony.] 

Expressing  one  thing  and  meaning  the  opposite. 
An  ircnieal  expression  is  o^en  accompanied  witli  a 
manner  i*f  utterance  which  Indicates  that  the  speak- 
er intends  to  be  understood  in  a  sense  directly  con- 
trary to  that  which  the  words  convey. 

I-RON'ie-AJULy,  adv.  By  way  of  irony  ;  by  the  use 
of  irony.  A  commendation  may  be  ironically  se- 
vere. 

I'RON-IST,  «.     One  who  deals  in  irony.  Pope. 

I'RON-Y,  (i'um-e,)  a.  [from  iron.]  Made  or  con- 
sisting of  iron  ;  partaking  of  iron  ;  as,  irony  chains ; 
irony  particles.  Hammond. 

2.  Resembling  iron  ;  hard. 

I'ROX-Y,  n.  [Ft.  ironie ;  L.  ironia;  Gr.  etpaiyiay  from 
£ipti>»,  a  dissembler  in  speech.] 

A  kind  of  ridicule  h  hich  exposes  the  errors  or 
faults  of  others  by  seaming  to  adopt,  approve,  or  de- 
fend them  ;  as,  \ero  was  a  verj-  virtuous  prince  ;  Pope 
Hildebrand  was  remarkable  for  his  meekness  and 
humility.  When  irony  is  uttered,  the  dissimulation 
is  generally  apparent  from  the  manner  of  sptMkiiig, 
as  by  a  smile  or  an  arcii  look,  or  perhaps  by  an  af- 
fected gravity  of  countenance.  Irony  in  writing  may 
also  bo  detected  by  the  manner  of  expression. 
rROUS,  a.     [from  ire.]     Apt  to  be  angry.      tOb^.] 

Cnaiuer. 
IR-RA'DI-ANCE,  i  n.      [L.    irradians^   from   irradia. 
IR-RA'DI-AN-CY.  \      See  Irradiate.] 

1.  Emission  of  rays  of  light  on  an  object. 
8.  Beams  i^  light  emilled  j  luster;  splendor. 

Milton. 
IR-RA'DI-ATE,  tJ.  U     [L.  irradio  {   in  and  radio^  to 
shine.    See  K,at.] 

1.  To  iltum'Qate  j  to  brighten  j  to  make  splendid  ; 
to  adorn  wltN  l^'^ter.  SouiJt. 

S.  To  ■znlighten  intellectually ;  to  illuminate ;  as, 
to  irradia'^  tN;  mind.  MtUon. 

3.  To  cniii^eU:  by  heat  or  light.  Hale. 

4.  To  •(•-irftta  with  shining  ornaments.      Popt. 
IR-RA'DMTi:,  r.  i.    To  emit  rays  ;  to  shine. 
IR-RA'Dl  -ATI;,  o.     Adorned  with  brightness,  or  with 

any  thins  shining.  Mason. 

IR-Ra'DI-A-T£H,    pp.       Illuminated;    enlightened; 

made   luminous  or  bright ;    decorated  with   rays  of 

light  or  with  something  shining. 
IR-RA'DI-A-TIN(J,  ppr.      Illuminating  j   decorating 

with  beams  of  light. 
IR-Ra-DI-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  emitting  beams  of 

5.  Illumination  ;  brightness.  Night. 

3.  Intellectual  light.  "  Mute. 

4.  The  act  of  emitting  minute  particles  or  ellluvia 
from  some  substance.  Encye. 

5.  In  physical  science^  an  apparent  enlargement  of 
objects  beyond  their  proper  bounds,  in  consequence 
of  the  vivid  impression  of  light  on  the  eye. 

OliiLited. 
IR-RAD'I-CATE,  r.  t.    To  root  deeply. 
la-RA'TIO.N-AL,  C-ra'shun-al  or  -rash'un-al,)  a.     [L. 
irratianalis ;  in  and  ratiimalisy  from  ratio.] 

1.  Not  rational;  vuid  of  reason  or  umicrstanding. 
Brute!'  are  irrational  animals. 

2.  Not  acc4trding  Xx>  the  dictates  of  reas*m  ;  contra- 
ry to  reason  ;  absurd.  To  pursue  a  course  of  life 
which   destroys   happiness,  is  irrational. 

Irrational  qaantitu.     See  Surd. 

IR-RA-TIO.\-AL'l-TV.  n.  Want  of  reason  or  the 
powers  of  underiitanaing. 

IR-RA'TION-AL-LV,  (-ri'ihnn-al-Iy  or  -rash'uT>-al- 
ly,)  adv.  Without  reason  ;  in  a  manner  contrary  to 
reason  ;  absurdly. 

IR-RE-CLAI.M'.VBLE,  a.  \in  and  rerlaimahle.l  Not 
to  be  reclaimed  ;  that  can  not  be  recalled  from  error 
or  vice  ;  that  can  not  be  Irruught  to  reform.  Addison, 
Q.  That  can  not  be  tamed. 

IR-RE-CLAIM'A-BLY,  adv.  So  aa  not  to  admit  of 
reformation. 

IR-REeON-CTT/A  BLE,  a.  [in  and  reconciUtblfi.] 
Not  to  be  recalled  to  amity,  or  a  stale  of  friendship 
and  kindness  ;  retaining  enmity  that  ran  not  be  ap- 
peased or  subdued ;  as,  an  irreconcilable  enemy  or 
faction. 

2.  That  can  not  bo  appeased  or  subdued  j  as,  ir- 
ruoncilubU  enmity  or  hatred. 

3.  That  can  not  be  made  to  agree  orb*;  coTisistent ; 
incongruous  ;  incompatible  ;  as,  irreconcitabU  abniirdi- 
ties.  It  is  followi-d  by  with  or  to.  A  man's  conduct 
may  be  irrecoiuiUiltte  to  or  icitk  his  avowed  princi- 
ples. 

IR-REC-ON-CIL'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
beine  irreconcilable;  incongruity;  incompatibility. 

IR-REeoN-CTL'A-BLY.arfD.  In  a  manner  that  pre- 
cludes reconciliation.  Men  may  be  irreconcilably  op- 
posed to  each  other. 

iR-REC'ON-CILE,  v.  L  To  prevent  from  being  rec- 
oncil.*d.     [ill-]  Bp.  Taylor 

IR-REe'ON-Clt-iJD,  a.  [in  and  rcconcdrd.]  Not 
reconciled.  Thovtson 

2.   .Sot  atoned  for.  Sfutk.     Pridfaux. 

IR-REC-ON-CILE'MENT,  ti.  Want  of  reconcilia- 
tion ;  disagreemenL 


IRR 

IR-REe-ON-CIL-I-A'TION,  n.  Want  of  reconcilia- 
tion. Prideaux. 

IR-RECON-CIL-ING,  ppr.  Preventing  from  being 
reconciled. 

IR-RE-€ORD'A-BLE,  o.    Not  to  be  recorded. 

Cockeram. 

IR-RE-eOV'ER-A-BLE,  (kuv'er-,)  a.  [in  and  recov- 
erable.] Not  to  be  recovered  or  repaired ;  as,  an  ir- 
recoverable loss. 

2.  That  can  not  be  regained.  Time  past  is  trr«- 
coverable.  Rogers. 

3.  That  can  not  be  obtiined  by  demand  orsuit,  as 
a  debt.  '  F)rankliju 

4.  Not  to  be  remedied  ;  aa,  irrecoverable  misery. 

TiilvLson. 

IR-RE-€OV'ER-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
irrecovt-mble.  Donne. 

IR-RE-eOV'ER-A-BLY,  adv.  Beyond  recovery  ;  be- 
yond the  possibility  of  being  regained,  repaired,  or 
remedied.     Happiness  may  be  irrecoverably  lust 

2.  Beyond  tlm  possibility  of  being  reclaimed.  A 
profligate  may  be  irrecoverably  abandoned  to  vice. 

IR-RE-€OTER-A-BLE,  a.  [L.  in  and  recupero^  to  re- 
cover.] 

Irrecoverable.     [J'J'ot  used.] 

rR-RE-€u'PER-A-BLY,a</ti.  Irrecoverably.  [ATjiitiw/.] 

IR-RE-eO'SA-BLE,  a.     [in  and  Fr.  recusable.] 
Not  liable  to  exception. 

IR-RE-DEE.M'A-BLE,  a.  [in  and  redeemable.]  That 
can  nut  be  redeemed. 

2.  Not  subject  to  be  paid  at  the  pleasure  of  gov- 
ernment ;  as,  irredeemable  debts  ;  irredeemable  certifi- 
cates or  stoclc.  IlamdUin.     Smollett. 

IR-RE-DEEM'A-BLE-NESS, )  n.    The  quality  of  be- 

IR-RE-DEEM-A-BIL'I-TY,     (      ing  not  redeemable. 

IR-RE-DEEM'A-BLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  redeema- 
ble. Smart. 

IR-RE-DO'CI-BLE,  a.  [in  and  reducible.]  Not  to  be 
reduced  ;  that  can  not  be  brought  back  to  a  former 
state. 

2.  That  can  not  be  reduced  or  changed  to  a  differ- 
ent stale  ;  as,  corpuscles  of  air  irreducible  into  water. 

Boyle. 
Irreducible  case;  in  atg^ebra,a.  particular  case  in  the 
solution  of  a  cubic  equation,  in  which  the   formula 
commonly  employed  contains  an  imaginary'  quantity, 
and  ih»!refure  fails  in  its  application.  Braitde. 

IR-RE-DC'CI-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
irreducible. 

IR-RE-DO'CI-BLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  not  reducible. 

IR-RE-FLEGT'IVE,  a.     Not  reflective,        Whcwell. 

IR-RE-FRA'GA-BLE  or  IR-REF'RA-OA-BLE,  a.  [in 
and  refraffoble,  L.  rrfragor  ;  re  and  the  root  of  frango^ 
to  break.] 

That  can  not  be  refuted  or  overthrown  ;  incon- 
testable ;  undeniable  ;  as,  an  irrt/ra gable  argument ; 
irrefragable  reason  or  evidence.    Attcrbaty.     Swift. 

IR-RE  FRA'GA-BLE-NESS,  Jn.    The  quality  of  be- 

IR-REF-RA-GA-BIL'I-TY,  J  ing  irrefragable  or  in- 
capable of  refutation. 

IR-RE-FRA'GA-fiLY  or  IR-REF'RA-GA-BLY,  adv. 
With  force  or  strength  that  can  not  be  overthrown  ; 
with  cert'iinty  beyond  refutatiun.  We  say,  the 
point  in  debate  was  irrefravablv  proved. 

IR-REF'a-TA-BLE  or  IR  UE-FbT'A-BLE,  a.    [Low 
L.  irrefutabilis.     See  Refute. 1 
That  can  nut  be  refuted  or  tiisproved.     Bp.  Hall. 

IR-REF'U-TA-BLY  or  IR-RE-FOT'A-BLY,  adv.  Be- 
yond the  possibility  of  refutalitm.  Romeyn. 

IR-RE-GEN'ER-A-CY,  n.  Unregcneracy-X  .A/..A/ason. 

IR-RE-CEN-ER-A'TION,  n.  An  unregenerale  state. 
[Bad.] 

IR-REG'IJ-I.AR,  a.  [Fr.  irrrgidier;  L.  irregularis; 
in  and  regularise  rtgula.     See  REotTLAR.] 

1.  Not  regular ;  not  according  to  common  form  or 
rules  ;  as,  an  irregular  buililing  or  fortification. 

2.  Not  according*  to  established  prmciples  or  cus- 
toms ;  deviating  from  usage  j  as,  the  irregular  pro- 
ceedings of  a  Ii;Ri.slative  body. 

3.  Not  conformable  to  nature  or  the  usual  opera- 
tion of  natural  laws  ;  as,  an  irregular  action  of  the 
heart  and  arteries. 

4.  Not  according  to  the  rules  of  art ;  immcthodi- 
cal  ;  as,  irregular  verse;  an  irregular  discourse, 

5.  Not  in  ctmformity  to  laws,  human  or  divine; 
deviating  from  the  niles  of  moral  rectitude  ;  vicious; 
as,  irregular  mnduct  or  proijonsines. 

6.  Not  straight ;  as,  an  irregular  line  or  course. 

7.  Not  uniform  ;  as,  irregular  motion. 

8.  In  grammar,  an  irregular  noun  or  verb  is  one 
which  deviates  from  the  common  rules  in  its  inflec- 
tions. 

IR-REOTT-LAR,  B.  A  soldier  not  In  regular  service. 
IR-REG'TI-LAUrST.n.  One  who  Is  irregular.  [KenL 
lU-REG-IT  LAR'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  irregularite.] 

1.  Deviation  from  a  straight  line  or  from  any  com- 
mon or  established  rule ;  deviation  from  method  or 
order ;  as,  the  irregularity  of  proceedings. 

2.  Deviation  from  law,  human  or  divine,  or  from 
moral  rectitude;  inordmate  practice;  vice.  It  is  a 
favorable  symptom  when  a  profligate  man  becomes 
ashanifd  of  his  irregulariticjit. 

IR-REG'U-L.AR-LY,  adv.  Without  rule,  method,  or 
order. 


IRR 

IR-REG'i:-LATE,  t'.  U  To  make  irregular  ;  to  disor- 
der.    fJVof  in  use.]  Brmea. 

IR-REL^A-TIVE,  a.  [in  and  relative.]  Not  relative; 
unconnected. 

Irrelative  ekords,  in  musie.  have  no  common  sound. 

IR-REL'A-TIVE-LY,  adv.     Unconnectedly,    Boyle, 

IR-REL'E-VAN-CY,  n.  [from  irrelevant.]  Inappli- 
cability ;  the  quality  of  not  being  applicable,  or  of 
not  serving  to  aid  and  support ;  as,  the  irrelevancy 
of  an  argument  or  of  testimony  to  a  case  in  question. 

IR-REL'E-VANT,  a.  [in  and  Fr.  relevcr,  to  raise, 
from  elecer,  lever,  L.  etevo,  tcvo,  to  raise.] 

Not  relevant ;  not  applicable  or  pi^rtinent ;  not  serv- 
ing to  support.  We  call  evidence,  testimony,  and 
arguments  irrelevant  to  a  cause,  when  they  are  inap- 
plicable to  it,  or  do  not  serve  to  sup|K>rt  it. 

IR  REL'E-VANT-LY,  aUv.  Without  being  to  the 
purpose. 

IR-RE-LIeVA-BLE,  a.    Not  admitting  relief. 

Hargrove. 

IR-RE-LIG'ION,  (ir-re-lid'jun,)  n.  [Fr. ;  in  and  re- 
ligion.]  Want  of  religion,  or  contempt  of  it  j  im- 
piety. Dryden, 

IR-KE-LIG'ION-IST,  n.  One  who  is  destitute  of  re 
liyious  principles;  adespiserof  religion.  J^ott. 

IR-RE-LIG'IOUS,   (ir-re-lid'jus,)  a.     [Fr.  irreligieux.] 

1.  Destitute  of  religious  principles  ;  conleinning 
religion  ;  impious  ;  ungodly. 

Slmme  and  r'-proach  are  yenenilly  die  ponton  of  the  impioia 
ftuit  irreligious.  South. 

2.  Contrarj'  to  religion  ;  profane ;  impious ;  wick 
ed  ;  as,  an  irreligious  speech  ;  irreligious  condiu:t. 

IR-RE-LIG'IOUS-LY,  adv.    With  impiety  ;  wickedly. 
IR-RE-LIG'IOUS-NESS,  n.     Want  of  religious  prin- 
ciples or  practices ;  ungodliness. 
IR-Rk'ME-A-BLE,  a.     [h.  irremcabilit ;  in  and  remeo^ 
to  relurn  ;  re  and  mco,  to  pass.] 

Admitting  no  return  ;  as,  an  irremeable  way. 

Drijdcn. 
IR-RE-M£'DI-A-BLE,  a.  [Fr. ;  in  and  remediable,  from 
remedy.] 

1.  Nut  to  be  remedied  ;  that  can  not  be  cut'ed  ;  as, 
an  irremediable  disease  or  evil. 

2.  Not  to  be  corrected  or  redressed  ;  as,  irremedia- 
ble error  or  mischief. 

IR-RE-.MJi'Dl-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  irre- 
mediable. 

IR-RE-Mk'DI-A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  degree 
ttiat  precUides  remedy,  cure,  or  correction. 

Bp.  Taylor. 

IR-RE-MIS'SI-BLE,  a.  [Fr. ;  in  and  remissible :  L.  re- 
miito.     See  Remit.] 

Not  to  be  pardoned ;  that  can  not  be  forgiven  or 
remitted.  Hhiston. 

IR-RE-.MIS'PI-BLE-NE9S,  ti.  The  quality  of  being 
unpardonable.  Hammond. 

IR-RE-.MIS'SI-BLY,  adv.    So  as  not  to  be  pardoned. 

Shericood, 

IR-RE-MIS'SIVE,  a.    Not  remitting. 

IR-RE-MOV-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [See  Irbemotable.] 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  irremovable,  or  not  re- 
movable from  oflice. 

IR-RE-MOV'A-BLE,  (-nioov'a-bl,)  a.  [m  and  remov- 
able.]     That  can  not  be  moved  or  changed.     Skal:, 

2.  That  can  not  be  legally  or  constitutionally  re- 
moved from  office. 

IR-RE-MOV'A-BLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  admit  of  re- 
moval. 

IR-RE-MOV'AL,  n.     Absence  of  removal. 

IR-RE-MO'NER-A-BLE,a.  [mandremu/tcrflAie.]  That 
can  not  be  rewarded. 

IR-RE-NOWN'£D,  a.   Not  renowned;  not  celebrated. 

Spenser. 

IR-REP-A-RA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [See  Irreparable.]  The 
quality  or  slate  of  being  irreparable,  or  beyond  repair 
or  recovery.  Sterne. 

IR-REP'A-RA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  irreparabilis.  See 
Rep\ir.] 

1.  That  can  not  be  repaired  or  mended ;  as,  an  »r- 
reparable  breach. 

2.  That  can  not  be  recovered  or  regained  ;  as,  an 
irreparable  hjss.  Milton.     Addliun. 

IR-REP'A-RA-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  irrepa- 
rable. 

IR-REP'A-RA-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  degree  that 
precludes  recovery  or  repair. 

IR-RE-PfEAL-A-BlL'I-TY,  «.  [Uom  irrepealablc.]  The 
qualitv  of  being  irrep*ialable. 

IR-RE-PkAI/A-BLE,  a.     [in  and  repcalable.    See  Rb- 

FEAL.] 

That  can  not  be  legally  repealed  or  annulled. 

Sullivan. 

IR-RE-Pl^AL'A-BLE-NESS,  n.    Irrepeal ability. 

IR-RE-P£AL'A-BLY,  adv.  Beyond  Uie  power  of  re- 
peal. 

IR-RE-PEXT'ANCE,  n.  Want  of  repentince  ;  impen- 
itence. MifUJitairu. 

IR-RE-PLEV'!-A-BLE,  o.  [in  and  repleviable.]  ^hat 
can  not  be  replevied. 

lR-RE-PLEV'i-SA-BLE,a.  [inund  replevisable.]  That 
can  not  be  replevied. 

IR-REP-RE-nENS'I-BLE,  a,'  [in  and  reprehen,tiblr.] 
Not  rrpp-hensible ;  not  to  be  blamed  or  censured  ;  free 
from  fault.  Fattel,  IVans, 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITa— AN"GER,  Vl'XIOUS €  as  K  j  0  aa  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  j  Til  as  in  THIS. 


79 


m5 


IRR 

IR-REP-RE-HE.VS'I-BI.E-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of 

beine  irn'prphensible. 

IR-REP  RE-UKXS'I-BLr,  orfe.  In  a  manner  not  to 
incur  blame  ;  withoui  blame.  Sheneood. 

IR-REP-KE-SENT'A-BLE,  a.  [>«  and  repre.^ent.]  Not 
to  be  represented  ;  that  can  not  be  figured  or  repre- 
sented bv  anv  image.  StUlingJleet. 

IR-RE-PRESS'I  BLE,  a.  [in  and  repressibU.}  That 
can  not  be  repressed. 

IR-RE-PRESS'I-BJA',  adv.  In  a  manner  or  degree 
that  can  not  be  repressed. 

IR-RE-PROACH'A-BLE,  o.  [in  and  rfproachabU,] 
That  can  not  be  justly  reproached ;  free  from  blame  ; 
upright ;  innocent.  An  irreproachable  life  is  the  high- 
est honor  of  a  rational  being. 

IR-RE-PRaACH'A-BLE-XESS,  ti.  The  quality  or 
sl:iie  of  beinir  not  reproachable. 

IR-RE-PROACIi'A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  not  to 
deserve  reproach  ;  blamelessly ;  as,  department  trr*- 
nreocAoMv  uprieht. 

IB-RE-PR6v'a-BLE.  C-proov'a-bl,)  a.  [w  and  «- 
wwnWf.]  That  can  not  be  justly  reproved ;  blame- 
less ;  upriclit. 

IR-RE-PKOV'A-BLV,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  liable  to 
reproof  or  blame.  Weevrr. 

lR-REP-Tl"TIOUS,  (-Ush'us.)  a.  SecreUy  introduced. 

IR-RE-SIST'ANCE,  n.  [in  and  nssirfoiiw,]  Forbear- 
ance to  resist ;  non-resistance  ;  passive  submission. 

Piilev. 
rR-RE-SIST-I-RIL'I-TY,     )  n.  [(mm  irresv^tible.]  The 
IR-RE-SIST'I-BLE-.VESS,  \    quality  of  being  irresist- 
ible ;  power  or  force  beyond  resistance  or  opposition. 

Ham  mond. 
IR-RE-SIST'I-BLE,  a.    [Fr. ;  tn  and  resisUhU,    See 
Resist.] 

That  can  not  be  successfully  resisted  or  opposed ; 
superior  to  opposition. 

An  tiMJibWt  law  of  our  oAtan  ImpdM  tu  to  m^  ImpdIimm. 

IR-RE^IST'I-BLY,  adv.    With  a  power  that  can  not 

be  surccs-fiiliv  resisted  or  opposed.  Drtfdtn. 

IR-RE-»IST'LESS,  a.    That  can  not  be  resisted. 

IR-RE»'0-LU-BI.E,  a.     [h.  in  and  rtwoZro.] 

Not  to  be  dissolved  }  incapable  of  dissolution. 

BofU. 

IR-RE8'0-LU-BLE-\ES9,  «,  The  quality  of  being 
indissoluble ;  re^iistance  to  separation  of  parta  by 
heat.  Boyle, 

IR-RES'O-LUTE,  a.  [w  and  resolute.]  Not  firm  or 
coafLint  in  purpose ;  not  decided  ;  not  determined  ; 
wavering  j  given  to  douUL  Irresolute  men  either  re- 
solve not  at  all,  or  resolve  and  re-resolve. 

IR-RE«'0-LUTE-LY,oJr.  Without  firranessof  mind  ; 
without  deci«inn. 

ni-RES'O-LlTE-NESS,  n.  Want  of  firm  determina- 
tion or  purpojse  ;  vacillation  of  mind. 

IR-RES-O-LC'TION,  n.     [Fr. ;  in  and  restJution.] 
Want  of  resolutitm  ;  want  of  decision  in  purpose  ; 
a  fluctuation  of  mind,  as  in  doubt,  or  between  hope 
and  fear.  AddUon, 

IR-RE-?OLV-A-BTL'T-TY,     \n.    The  state  or  quality 

IR-RE-SOLV'A-BLE-NESS,  \  of  not  being  resolva- 
ble. 

IR-RE-SOLV'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  resolved. 

IR-RE-SOLV'ED-LY,  adv.  \in  and  resolved.]  With- 
out settled  determination.     [lAttie  used,]        Boyle. 

IR-RE-SPECT'IVE,  a.    [in  and  respective.]     Not  hav- 
ing regard  to  \   with  o/i  as,  irrespectice  of  conse- 
quences. 
2.  Not  regarding  circumstances.     [O&^.J 

Acconluif  to  tia»  docliine,  it  muai  be  iraolved  wholly  into  tfae 
kbaoliite,  irrttpttiiae  will  of  God.  Bacon. 

IR-RE-SPE€T'IVE-LY,  adt.  Without  regard  to ;  not 
Liking  circuntL'^iances  into  consideration,  Hammond, 

IB-RESPI-RA-BLE,  a.  [in  and  respirable.]  Unfit  for 
res^piration  ;  not  having  the  qualities  which  support 
animal  life  ;  as,  trrespirable  air. 

IR-RE-SPONS-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Want  of  responsibil- 
ity. 

IR-RE-?PONS'I-BLE,  a,  [in  and  responsible.]  Not 
responsible  ;  not  liable  or  able  to  answer  fur  conse- 
quences ;  not  answerable. 

IR-Ri:-SPOXS'I-BLY,  adv  So  as  not  to  be  responsi- 
ble. 

IR-RE-SU3'CI-TA-BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  being  re- 
vived. 

IR-RE-SUS'CI-TA-BLY,  ado.  So  as  not  to  be  resus- 
ci  table. 

nt-RE-TENT'IVE,  a.    Not  retentive  or  apt  to  retain. 

Skctton, 

IR-RE-TRACE'A-BLE,  o.    That  can  not  be  retraced. 

IB-RE-TRIkV'A-BLE,  a.  [inand  retrievable,  fromre- 
triece.]  Not  to  be  recovered  or  repaired  ;  irrecovera- 
ble ;  irreparable  ;  as,  an  irretrievable  loss. 

IR-RE  TRIeV'A-BL£-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
irreirievalde. 

IR-RE-TRIeVA-BLY,  adv.  Irreparably:  ifrecovera- 
blv  ;  in  a  manner  not  to  be  regained.      Woodward, 

rR-RE-TURN-A-BLE,  o.     Not  to  be  returned. 

IR-RE-VEAL'A-BLE,  a.     That  mav  not  be  revealed. 

IR-RE-VeAL'A-BLY,  adv.   So  as  not  to  be  revealable. 


IRR 

IR-REV'ER-ENCE,  «.  [L.  irreterentia  ;  in  and  revt- 
rentia.     See  Revcrcnce.] 

1.  Want  of  reverence,  or  want  of  veneration  ;  want 
of  a  due  regard  to  the  authority  and  cimracler  of  the 
Supreme  Being.  Irreverence  toward  God  is  analogous 
to  disrespect  towanl  man. 

2.  The  state  of  being  disregarded  ;  applied  to  men. 
But  this  word  is  appropriately  npplicaltle  to  the  Su- 
preme Being,  and  to  his  laws  and  institutions. 

IR-REV'ER-ENT,  a.  [Fr. ;  in  and  reverent.]  Want- 
ing in  reverence  and  veneration  ;  not  entertaining  or 
manifesting  due  regard  to  the  Supreme  Being. 

2.   Prot"e«;ding  from  irreverence  ;   expressive  of  a 
want  of  veneration  j  as,  an  irreverent  thought,  word, 
or  phrase, 
i  Wanting  in  respect  to  superiors.  Jl/i/fon. 

IR-REV'ER-E\T-LY,  adv.     Without  due   regard   to 
the  authority  and  character  of  tlie  Supreme  Being; 
in  an  irreverent  manner. 
9.  Without  duo  respect  to  superiors. 

IR-RE-VERS'I-BLE,  a,  [in  and  rrtrr^iW^.]  That  can 
not  be  reversed  ;  that  can  not  be  recalled,  repealed, 
ov  annulled  ;  as,  an  irreversible  decree  or  sentence. 

IR-RE-VERS'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  irre- 
versible. 

IR-RE-VERS'I-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  which  pre- 
cludes a  reversal  or  repeal. 

IR-REV-0-eA-BIL'I-TY,     )  n.     State  of  being  iirev- 

IR-REVO-CA-BLE-NESS,  j      ocable. 

IR-REV'0-€A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  irrevocabilis ;  in 
and  revocabilis^  revoco  ;  re  and  uoco,  to  calL] 

Not  to  be  recalled  or  revoked  ;  that  can  not  be  re- 
versed, repealed,  or  annulled;  as,  an  irrevocable  de- 
cree, sentence,  edict,  or  doom;  irrevocable  fate;  an 
irrevocable  promise.  Milton.     Dryden. 

IR-REVO-CA-BhY,  ado.  Beyond  recall;  in  a  man- 
ner precluding  repeal. 

IR-RE-VoK'A-BLE,  a,  [in  and  revokable,]  Not  to 
be  recalled  ;  irrevocable.  Asiat.  Res. 

IR-REV'0-LU-BLE,  a.  That  has  no  revolution.  [JVbt 
used.]  Milton. 

IR'RI-GaTE,  V,  U  [L.  irrigo;  in  and  rigOj  to  wa- 
ter.] 

1.  To  water ;  to  wet ;  to  moisten ;  to  bedew. 

Ray. 

2.  To  water,  as  land,  by  causing  a  stream  to  now 
upon  it  and  spread  over  it. 

IR'RI-GS-TED,  pp.    Watered  ;  moistened. 
IR'RI-GA-TLNO,  ppr.    Watering;  wetting;  moisten- 
ing. 
lE-RI-GA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  watering  or  moisten- 
ing. 

2.  In  affriculture,  the  operation  of  causing  water  to 
flow  over  lands,  for  nourishing  plants. 
IR-RIG'U-OUS,  o.     [L.  irrifptus.    See  Ierioatb.] 
1.  Watered  ;  watery  ;  moist. 


or» 


Th*  flowery  lop 
e  irriguou*  ralley  MprvatU  her  aton. 


Milton. 


9.  Dewy  ;  moist.  Philips. 

IR-RIS'ION,  (ir-rizh'un,)  n.  [L.  irrisioy  irrideo;  inand 
rideo^  to  laugh.] 

The  act  of  laughing  at  another.  Woodward. 

IR-RI-TA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [from  irritable.]  Suscepti- 
bility of  excitement ;  the  quality  of  being  easily  irri- 
tated or  exasperated  ;  as,  irritability  of  temper. 

2.  In  pkysiolog-y,  (1.)  A  healthful  vital  susceptibility 
to  the  intiuence  of  natural,  medicinal,  and  mechani- 
cal agents,  and  the  power  of  responding  in  a  normal 
manner,  both  by  sensations  and  actions.  (2.)  A  mor- 
bid and  plainly  excessive  vital  susceptibility  to  the  in- 
fluence of  natural,  medicinal,  and  mechanical  agents, 
and  a  capability  of  responding  only  by  vitiated  and 
abnormal  sensations  and  actions. 

This  terra  is  also  used  in  both  of  the  preceding 
acceptations,  with  the  limitation  of  confinement  to 
susceptibility  of  actions,  in  contradistinction  from 
sensations.  Tidly. 

IR'RI-TA-BLE,  a.  [from  irritate,]  Susceptible  of  ei- 
citement,  or  of  heat  and  action,  as  animal  bodies. 

2.  Very  susceptible  of  anger  or  [Kission;  easily  in- 
flamed or  exasperated  ;  as,  an  irritable  temper. 

3.  In  physiology,  susceptible  of  irritation,  which 
see. 

la  general,  there  is  nothing  irritable  in  the  unimal  body,  bul 
die  iQiucular  fibcn.  Haller.    Encyc. 

IR'RI-TA-BLY,  adv.    In  an  irritable  manner. 

IR'RI-TAN-CY,  n.     The  stale  of  being  irritant. 

IR'RI-TANT,  a.    Irritating. 

IR'RI-TANT,  71.  An  agent,  whether  natural,  medici- 
nal, or  mechanical,  which  produces  vitiated  and  ab- 
normal sensations  and  actions,  in  a  part  or  tlie  whole 
of  an  animal  system.  Tally. 

IR'RI-TaTE,  v.  t.  [L.  irrito  ;  in  and  ira,  wrath ;  W. 
tVflrf,  pungency,  passion,  rage  ;  or  perhaps  more  prop- 
erly from  Sw.  rcta,  to  provoke  ;  G.  reitzenf  to  tickle, 
vellicate,  irritate.] 

1.  To  excite  heat  and  redness  in  the  skin  or  flesh 
of  living  animal  bodies,  as  by  friction  ;  to  inflame  ; 
to  fret  ;■  as,  to  irritate  a  wounded  part  by  a  coarse 
bandage. 

2.  To  excite  anger ;  to  provoKe ;  to  tease ;  to  ex- 
asperate. Never  irritate  a  child  for  trifling  faults. 
The  insolence  of  a  tyrant  irritates  his  subjects. 


isi 

■  3.  To  increase  action  or  violence;  to  hightcn  ex- 
citement in.  ■" 

Air,  if  reiy  coM,  irritaUlh  the  fltune.  Bacon. 

4.  Tn  vhysiology^  to  produce  irritotion,  which  see, 
IR'R[-T.^T!-S^  parU  a.     Excited  ;  hightened, 
IR'RI-TA-TEU,  pp.  or  a.     Excited;  provoked;  sub- 
jected to  irritation. 
IR'RI-TA-TING,  ppr.  or  a.    Exciting;  angering;  pro- 
voking ;  causing  irritation. 
IR-RI-TA'TION,  n.     The  operation  of  exciting  heat, 
action,  and  redness,  in  the  skin  or  flesh  of  living  an- 
imals, by  friction  or  other  means. 

2.  The  excitement  of  action,  in  the  animal  sys- 
tem, by  the  application  of  food,  medicines,  and  the 
like. 

3.  Excitement  of  anger  cr  passion;  provocation; 
exasperation  ;  anger. 

4.  In  iihysiolttiyya.  vitiated  and  abnormal  sensation 
or  action,  or  both  in  conjunction,  produced  by  natu- 
ral, medicinal,  or  mechanicjtl  agents,  eitiier  upon  an 
unheatihy  state  of  the  vital  susceptibilities,  or  by  an 
excessive'  or  otherwise  improper  use  or  application 
of  the  natural,  medicinal,  or  mechanical  agents. 

Tidly. 
IR'RI-TA-TIVE,  a.    Serving  to  excite  or  irritate. 
2.  Accompanied  with  or  produced  by  increased 
action  or  irritation  ;  as,  an  irritative  fever.      Darwin. 
IR'RI-TA-TO-RY,  a.    Exciting  ;  producing  irritation, 

which  see.  Hales. 

IR-RO-Ra'TION,  n.     [h.  irroratio;  in  and  ros.) 

The  act  of  bedewing  ;  the  state  of  being  niotslcned 
witll  dew.  fipallnnzani.  Trans. 

IR-RUP'TED,  a.     [L.  irruptus.]     Broken  with   vio- 
lence. 
IR-RUP'TION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  imiptio  ;  in  and  ruin- 
po,  to  break  or  burst.] 

1.  A  bursting  in  ;  a  breaking,  or  sudden,  violent 
rushing  into  a  place.  Holland  has  been  ol^en  inun- 
dated by  irrnptiims  of  the  sen. 

2.  A  sudden  invasion  or  incursion  ;  a  sudden,  vio- 
lent inroad,  or  entrance  of  invaders  into  a  place  or 
country  ;  as,  the  irruption  of  the  northern  nations 
into  France  and  Italy. 

IR-RUP'TIVE,  o.    Rushing  in  or  upon. 

IS,  V.  i.  [Sax.  isi  G.  ist;  D.  is;  L.  est;  Gr.  e(TTt! 
Sans,  asti ;  Pers.  est  or  Ai>f.] 

The  third  person  singular  of  the  substantive  verb, 
which  is  composed  of  three  or  four  distinct  roots, 
which  appear  in  the  words  am,  be,  are,  and  is.  ts 
and  was  coincide  with  the  Latin  esse,  and  Goth,  we- 
san.  In  the  indicative,  present  tense,  it  is  thus 
varied  ;  I  am,  thou  art,  he,  she,  or  it,  is  ;  we,  ye  or 
you,  they,  are.  In  w'riting  and  speaking,  the  vowel 
IS  often  dropped  ;  as,  he*s  gone  ;  there's  none  leit. 

IS'A-BEL,  n.     [Fr.  isabeUe.] 

Isabel  yellow  is  a  brownish  yellow,  with  a  shade 
of  brownish  red.  Kirwan. 

Introductory.  Oregory. 

I'SA-GON,  n.    [Gr.  ino^,  equal,  and  y&jvia,  an  angle.] 

A  figure  whose  angles  are  equal. 
IS'A-TIS,  n.    In  zoology,  the  arctic  fox,  or  Canis  lago- 

pus.  Evcye. 

IS-€ni-AD'ie,  (is-ke-ad'ik,)  a.     [L.  iscMadicus,  from 

ischias,  the  sciatica,  from  ischium,  the  hip  ;  Gr.  ttrxiou, 

layiaSiKug.] 
Pertaining  to  the  hip.    The  ischiadic  passion  or 

disease  is  ranked  by  Cullen  with  rheumatism.    It  is 

a  rheumatic  or  neuralgic  atfection    of  some    part 

about  the  hip  joint.     It  is  called  also  Sciatica. 
IS-CHU-RET'ie,   (is-ku-ret'ik,)  a.      [See  Ischurt.] 

Having  the  quality  of  relieving  ischury. 
IS-eHU-RET'I€,  n.    A  medicine  adapted  to  relieve 

ischury.  Cuxe. 

IS'CHU-RY,  (is'ku-re,)  Ti.    [Gr.  ttrxnvpta,  from  ((r,\w, 

to  stop,  and  ovpuf,  urine.J 
A  stoppage  or  suppression  of  urine ;  different  from 

DyauRY.  .^Coxe.    Kncyc. 

{IJIIrIneJ"-    i0.ei^en,izon.] 

A  variety  of  titanic  ore,  a  compound  of  oxyd  of 
iron  and  titanic  acid.  Dana, 

ISH,  a  termination  of  English  words,  is,  in  Sax.  isc, 
Dan.  isk,  G.  isch  ;  and  not  improbably  it  is  the  termi- 
nation of  esqae,  in  French,  as  in  grotesque,  It.  esco,  in 
grotesco,  and  the  Latin  termination  ot^  the  inceptive 
verb,  as  in  fervesco.  Annexed  to  English  adjectives, 
ish  denotes  diminution,  or  a  small  degree  of  the 
quality  ;  as,  whitish,  from  white;  yellowish,  from  yel- 
low. 

Ish  annexed  to  names  forms  a  possessive  adjective, 
as  in  Swedish,  Danish,  English. 

Ink  annexed  to  common,  nouns  forms  an  adjective 
denoting  a  participation  of  the  qualities  expressed  by 
the  noun,  as  foolish,  from  fool;  roguish,  from  rogue ; 
brutish,  from  brute.  This  is  the  more  common  use 
of  this  termination. 

rsi-CLE,  n.  A  pendant  shoot  of  ice,  is  more  gen- 
erally written  Icicle.     [See  Ice  and  Icicle.] 

t'SIN"GLASS,  (i'zing-gl-Ass,)  n.  [That  is  ise-  or  ice- 
gloss.]  A  substance  consisting  chiefly  of  gelatin,  of 
a  firm  texture  and  whitish  color,  prepared  from  the 


FATE,  FAR,.F^»-LL,  WHAT.— M^TE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BTRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.— 

_^  .  —  —  — 


ISO 

Bounds  or  air-bladders  of  certain  fVesh-water  fishes, 
particularly  of  the  huso,  a  fish  of  tiie  siiirgeon  kind, 
found  in  the  rivers  of  Russia.  It  ia  used  as  an  ag- 
glutlnant,  and  in  fining  wines.  Encye. 

r»-iN"GLAS;^-SToNE.     See  Mica. 

IS'LA.M,  n.  The  religion  of  Mohamme(t,  and  also  the 
whole  body  of  those  who  profess  it  throughout  the 
world.  Brajule. 

I$'LAM-ISM,  n.  [from  the  Ar.  |«JUm  salamoj  to 
be  free,  snfe,  or  devoted  to  God.]  ' 

The  true  faith,  according  to  the  Mohammedans  ; 
Mohammed  ism.  Encye. 

18-LAM-IT'ie,  o.  Pertaining  to  Islam;  Moham- 
medan. E.  E.  Salisbary. 

ISL'AND,  fl'land,)  n.  [Sax.  ealond^  D.  G.  eiUnd. 
See  lELANa] 

1.  A  tract  of  land  surrounded  by  water. 

2.  A  large  mass  of  floating  ice  is  called  an  island 
of  ite. 

TSL'A.VD-ER,  (i'land-or,)  n.     An  inhabitant  of  an 

island. 
ISLE,  (He,)  n,     [Fr.  isle  or  lie,  from  IL  isola,  L.  ra- 

1.  A  tract  of  land  surrounded  by  water,  or  a  de- 
tached portion  of  land  imbosomed  in  the  ocean,  in  a 
lake  or  river. 

The  iale*  shall  wait  Tor  bu  law.  —  [a.  xlii. 

2.  A  pawage  in  a  church.     [See  Aisle.] 
TS'LET,  (I'let,)  «.     A  little  isle, 

r-SO-eilET'MAL,       i  a.     [Gr.  laof,  equal,  and  vciun, 
I-SO  eni'MEN'-AL,  (      x^i^wi ,  winter.] 

Having  the  same  mean  winter  temperature. 

Prout. 
Isochimenal  lines ;  lines  drawn  through  places  hav- 
ing the  same  ntpan  winter  temperature.    HumboUiL 
I-SO-eHRO-MAT'ie,  a.   [Gr.  tans,  equal,  and  xpw»*". 
color.] 

Having  the  same  color;  a  term  applied  to  two 
rings,  curves,  or  lines,  having  the  same  color  or 
tint.  Brande. 

I-SO€H'RON-AL,    )  a.    [Gr.  leoi,  equal,  and  xpovoi, 
I-SOeU'RON-OUS,  j      time.] 

Uniform  in  timej  of  equal  time;  performed  in 
equal  times. 

An  isochrtmal  line,  is  that  in  which  a  heavy  body 
is  supposed  to  descend  with  a  uniform  velocity. 

Brande. 
Isochronal  vibrations  of  a  pendulum  are  such  as 
are  performed  in  the  same  space  of  lime.    Brarule. 
I-SOD'0-MON,  n.     [Gr.]     In- Oreeian   architecture,   a 
construction  of  equal  thicknesses  and  equal  lengths. 

Elmes. 
IS'O-LATE,  (K'luncle.f   ffives    T'so-late ;    Waiker^  iz'o- 
tate,)  r.  U     [It.  isola,  an  isle  or  island.] 

1.  To  place  in  a  detached  situation  ;  to  place  by  it- 
self; to  insulate.  Med.  Rtpos, 
9.  In  flertrieityj  to  insulate,  which  see. 
16'O-LA-TED,  pp.  or  a.     [Fr.  violi  f  It,  isolato,  from 
ispla,  an  i.-^le.] 

Standing  dfiaehed  from  others  of  a  like  kind; 
placed  by  itself  or  alone  ;  insulated. 
IS'O-LA-T^rXG,  ppr.     Placing  by  itself,  or  detached, 

like  an  isle  ;  insulating. 
IS  O-LA'TION,  n.     SUte  of  being  isolated;  insula- 
tion. 
I-SO-MER'fe,  fl.     Compounds  consisting  of  the  same 
elements  in  the  same  proportions,  but  with  difl*erent 
properties,  are  said  to  be  woramc 
I^SOM'ER-ISM,  n.     [Gr.  <t-,(,  equal,  and  //coof,  nart.] 
Identity  of  elements  and  proportions  with  diver- 
sity of  proiwrtips. 
I-SO-MORPH'I«.M,  n.     [Gr.  (ffoj,  like,  and  ftoptpr,^ 
form.] 

1.  The  quality  of  assuming  the  same  crystalline 
form,  though  composed  of  difllarent  element^!,  or 
proximate  principles,  yet  with  the  same  number  of 
equivalents. 

2.  The  qu.-tliiy  of  a  substance  by  which  it  is  cnpa- 
bl  ■  of  replacing  another  in  a  compound,  without  an 
alteration  of  the  previous  crystiUine  form  of  the 
compound.  Dana, 

T-SO-MORPH'OUS,  a.  Having  a  different  composi- 
tion as  respects  elements,  or  proximate  principles, 
though  nfit  ns  respects  number  of  cquivab-nti,  but 
with  thfl  same  crystalline  form.  Ed.  Rev. 

I-SON'O-MY,  n.     [Gr.  .-i ,«,  equal,  and  t-o^i.is,  law.J 
Equal  law  ;  equal  distribution  of  right?  and  privi- 
leges. JUilford. 

I-SO-PKR-l-MET'RIC-AL,  a.  [See  Ibgpebimktrt.] 
Having  equ.il  perimet/*rs  or  circumferences  ;  as,  wo- 
perimrtrinil  figuren  or  hodie*. 

ISO-PE  RIM'E-TRY,  n.  [Gr.  (iros,  equal,  ir./x, 
around,  antl  ^troTi',  measure.] 

In  geometry,  the  science  of  figures  having  equal 
perimflers  or  boundaries. 

raO-POn,  «,     [Gr.  m-.i  and  jt-p?.] 

One  of  on  order  of  crusiaceous  insects,  having  the 
legs  of  nearly  equal  size,  and  fourteen  in  number, 

PartinffUm, 

I-SOP'0-DOUS,  a.  Having  the  characteristics  of  an 
isopod. 


ISS 

I'SO-PYRE,  Tt.     [Or.  laos  and  Tip.] 

A  silicate  of  alumina,  lime,  and  peroxj-d  of  iron. 
I-SOS'CE-^iES,  0.    [Gr,  lOJff^cA'/s;  icof,  equal,  and 
<r«£Aof,  leg.] 

A  term  applied  to  a  triangle  having  two  legs  or 
sides  only  that  are  equal. 
I-SO-STEM'0-NOUS,  o.    In  botany^  having  an  equal 

number  of  stamens  and  pistils.  Lindley. 

I-SOTH'ER-AL,  a.  [Gr.  tffoj,  equal,  and  Ocpos^  sum- 
mer.] 

Having  the  same  mean  summer  temperature. 
IsoUieral  lines:  lines  passing  through  places  having 
the  same  mean  summer  temperature.        Ifumbuldt. 
I-SO-THERM'AL,  a.      [Gr.  laoi,  equal,  proper,  and 
•^^(JM^J,  heat.] 

Having  equal  degrees  of  heat. 

Isothermal  lines;  lines  passing  through  places  of 
equal  mean  temperature,  Humboldt. 

Isothermal  zones;  spaces  on  opposite  sides  of  the 
equator  having  the  same  mean  temperature,  and 
bounded  by  corresponding  isothermal  lines. 

Brande. 
I-SO-TON'ie,  a.     [Gr,  taog,  equal,  and  Toyai^  tone.] 
Having  equal  tones.     The  isotonic  system,  in  mu- 
sicy  consists  of  intervals,  in  which  each  concord  is 
alike  tempered,  and  in  which  there  are  twelve  equal 
semitones. 
IS'RA-EL-ITE,  n.    A  descendant  of  Israel  or  Jacob  ; 

a  Jew. 
IS-RA-ELr-IT'ie,     I  a.    Pertaining  to  Israel. 
IS-RA  EI^IT'I8If,j  J.  P.  Smith. 

IS'aU-A-BLE,  risl/shu-a-bl,)  a.  [from  issue.]  That 
may  be  issued.  In  /air,  an  issuable  term  is  one  in 
which  issues  arc  made  up.  ,    Blackstone. 

IS'SUE,  (ish'shu,)  n,  [Fr.  issue ;  It.  uscio^  a  door,  and 
u«cir«,  to  go  out.    It  may  coincide  in  origin  with 

Heb.  Ch.  KX>,  Eth.  06 A  watsa.] 

1.  The  act  of  passing  or  flowing  out ;  a  moving 
out  of  any  inclosed  place ;  egress  ;  applied  to  water 
or  other  fluid,  to  smoke,  to  a  body  of  men,  &.c.  We 
say,  an  issue  of  water  from  a  pi|>c,  from  a  spring,  or 
from  a  river ;  an  issue  of  blood  from  a  wound,  of  air 
from  a  bellows ;  an  issue  of  people  from  a  door  or 
bouse. 

2.  A  sending  out ;  as,  the  issue  of  an  order  from 
a  commanding  ofliccr  or  from  a  court ;  the  issue  of 
money  from  a  treasury. 

3.  Event ;  consequence  ;  end  or  ultimate  result. 
Our  present  condition  will  be  best  for  us  in  the  issue. 

4.  Passage  out ;  outlet. 

To  God  the  I^nl  lo'Iong  tho  iitue*  from  death.  —  Pi.  Ixriii. 

5.  Progeny  ;  a  child  or  children  ;  ofl'spring;  as,  he 
had  issue  a  son  ;  and  we  sf«ak  of  issue  of  the  whole 
blood  or  half  blood.     A  man  dies  without  issue. 

6.  Produce  of  the  earth,  or  profits  of  land,  ten- 
ements, or  other  projierty.  A  conveyed  to  B  all  his 
right  to  a  term  for  years,  with  all  the  issuer,  rents, 
and  profits. 

7.  In  surffenjy  a  fontanel;  a  little  ulcer  made  in 
some  part  of  an  animal  body,  to  promote  discharges. 

Encye. 

8.  Evacuation  ;  discharge ;  a  Mux  or  running.  Lev. 
xij.    Matt.  ix. 

9.  In  /aw,  the  close  or  result  of  pleadings;  the  point 
of  matter  depoiuling  in  suit,  on  which  the  parties 
join,  and  put  the  case  to  trial  by  a  jury,  and  are  hence 
said  to  join  issuf.  Cowel. 

10.  A  giving  out  from  a  reiKisitnry  ;  delivery ;  as, 
an  ismie  of  rations  or  provisions  from  a  store,  or  of 
powder  from  a  magazine. 

IS'SUE,  (ish'shu,)  r.  i.     [It  uscire.    Seethe  noun.] 

1.  To  pass  or  flow  out ;  to  run  out  of  any  inclosed 
place  ;  to  proceed,  as  from  a  source ;  as,  water  issues 
from  springs  ;  blood  issues  from  wounds  ;  sap  or  gum 
issues  from  trees  ;  light  issues  from  the  sun. 

2.  To  go  out ;  to  rush  nut.  Troo[M  issued  from  the 
town,  and  attacked  the  besiegers. 

3.  To  proceed,  as  progeny  ;  to  spring. 

Oflhf  sona  UiAlihoJ)  u«u<  from  dK«.  —  2  Kings  xx, 
A.  To  proceed  ;  to  bo  produced  ;  to  arise  ;  to  grow 

or  accrue ;  as,  rents  and  profits  issuing  from  land, 

tenements,  or  a  capital  stock. 
5.  In  le^al  plradin^s^  to  come  to  a  point  in  fact  or 

law,  on  which  the  parties  join  and  rest  the  decision 

of  the  cause.     Our  lawyers  say,  a  cause  issues  to  the 

court  or  to  the  jury  ;  it  issuej*  in  demurrer. 
G.  To  close  ;  to  end.    We  know  not  how  the  cause 

will  issue. 
IS'SUE,  i>.  u    To  send  out ;  to  put  into  circulation  ;  as, 

to  issue  monry  from  a  treiisury,  or  notes  from  a  bank. 

2,  To  send  out;  to  d»^liver  from  authority;  as,  to 
issue  an  order  from  the  department  of  war ;  to  issue 
a  writ  or  precept. 

3.  To  deliver  fur  use;  as,  to  issue  provisions  from 
a  store, 

IS'SUKD,  (ish'shadc,)  pp.  or  a.    De3cend<;d  ;  sent  out. 

Shak. 
IS'SUE-LESS,  (ish'shu-less,)  a.     Having  no  issue  or 

progeny  ;  wanting  children.  Shak. 

rS'SlJ-ER,  (ish'sliM-er,)  n.    One  who  issues  or  emits. 
IS'SU-ING,  (ish'shu-ing,)  ppr.      Flowing  or  passing 

out;  proceeding  from  ;  sending  out. 


ITC 

IS'SU-ING,  (ish'shu-ing,)  iu     A  flowing  or  pausing 
out. 
2.  Emi^ision  ;  a  sending  out,  as  of  bills  or  notes. 

ISTH'MI-AN,  (ist'me-an,)  a.  The  Isthmian  games 
were  one  of  the  four  great  festivals  of  Greece  ;  so 
called  because  celebrated  on  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth. 

ISTH'MUS,  (ist'mus,)  n.     [L.,  from  Gr.  tcOn'Ji.] 

A  neck  or  narrow  slip  of  land  by  which  two  conti- 
nents are  connected,  or  by  which  a  peninsula  is  united 
to  the  main  land.  Such  is  the  neck,  so  called,  which 
connects  Boston  with  the  main  land  at  Roxbury. 
But  the  Word  is  applied  to  land  of  considerable  ex- 
tent between  sens  ;  as,  the  Isthmus  of  Daricn,  which 
connects  North  and  South  America,  and  the  iaUimus 
between  the  Euxine  and  Caspian  Seas. 

IT,  proti.     [Sax.  hit :  D.  hrt ;  G.  es  :  L.  id.^ 

1.  A  substitute  or  pronoun  of  the  neuter  gender, 
sometimes  called  demonstrative,  and  standing  fur  any 
thing  except  males  and  females.  "  Keep  thy  heart 
wltli  all  diligence,  for  out  of  it  are  the  issues  of  life." 
Prov.  iv.     Here  it  is  the  substitute  for  heart 

2.  It  is  much  used  as  the  nominative  case  or  word 
to  verbs  called  impersonal ;  as,  it  rains  ;  it  snows.  In 
this  case,  there  is  no  determinate  tiling  to  which  it 
can  be  referred. 

In  other  cases,  t(  may  be  referred  to  matter,  affair^ 
or  some  other  word.     Is  it  come  to  this,' 

3.  Very  olU'n,  it  is  used  to  introduce  a  sentence, 
preceding  a  verb  as  a  nominative,  but  referring  to  a 
clause  or  distinct  member  of  the  sentence  " /(  is 
well  ascertained  that  the  figure  of  the  earth  is  an 
oblate  spheroid."  What  is  well  ascertained.'  The 
answer  will  show :  I'he  figure  of  the  earth  is  an  ob- 
late spheroid  ;  it  [thai]  is  well  asccrtiined.  Here  it 
represents  the  clause  of  the  sentence,  "  the  figure  of 
the  eartii,"  &c.  If  the  order  of  the  sentence  is  in- 
verted, the  use  of  i(  is  superseded.  The  figure  of  the 
earth  is  an  oblate  spheroid  ;  that  is  well  ascertained. 

It,  like  that,  is  often  a  substitute  fur  a  sentence  ur 
clause  of  a  sentence. 

4.  /(  often  begins  a  sentence,  when  a  personal 
pronoun,  or  the  name  of  a  person,  or  a  masculine 
noun  follows.  It  is  I:  be  not  afraid.  It  was  Judas 
who  betrayed  Christ.  Wlien  a  question  is  asked,  it 
follojvs  tlie  verb  ;  as,  who  was  t£  tliat  betrayed 
Christ  ? 

5.  It  is  used  also  for  the  state  of  a  person  or  aflair, 

Uow  b  it  with  our  genera]  ?  Shak. 

6.  It  is  used  after  intransitive  verbs  very  indefi- 
nitely, and  sometimes  ludicrously,  but  rarely  in  an 
elevated  style. 

If  Abnhnm  brought  all  with  him,  It  ii  not  prutiable  be  ^l•^ant  to 
walk  i(  back  Tor  hi)  pl.^aaure.  Raiegh. 

The  Lncctlemoninna,  at  ihe  Stmits  of  ThfrmoriylflB,  when  their 
aniis  failud  Ihcm,  fought  il  out  with  tiulr  iiiuU  and  Uwth. 
Dryiien, 

Whether  the  chartncr  linner  it  or  »aint  if.  Pope. 

I-TAL'IAN,  (it-tal'yan,)  a.     Pertaining  to  Italy. 

I-TAL'lAX,  (it-tal'yan,)  n.     A  native  of  Italy. 

2.  The  language  used  in  It:ily,  or  bv  the  Italians. 

I-TAL' IAN-ATE,  (it-tal'ytin-»te,)  v.  L  To  render  Ital- 
ian, or  confitrmable  to  Italian  customs.     [06.y.] 

I-TAL-IAN-IZE,  (it-taryan-Ize,)  v.  i.  To  play  the 
Italian  ;  to  speak  Ilalian.  Cotgrane. 

T-TAL'ie,  a.  Relating  to  Italy;  applied,  p«r(*fu/aWt/, 
to  a  kind  of  tyjie  first  used  by  Italian  printers,  and 
hence  called  Italics. 

I-TAL'I-CIZE,  V.  u  To  write  or  print  in  Italic  char- 
acters. 

I-TAL'I-CrZ-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Written  or  printed  in  Italic 
letters. 

T-TAL'I-CrZ-ING,  ppr.    Printing  in  Italic  characters. 

I-TAL' ICS,  n.  yl.  ItJiIic  letters  or  characters  ;  charac- 
ters first  useu  In  Italy,  and  which  stand  inclining; 
the  letters  in  which  this  clause  is  printed.  They  »re 
used  to  distinguish  words  for  emphasis,  importance, 
nnlithesis,  &.c. 

ITCH,  n.      IS^x.  gictJia;   D.jeukte;    Ch.  ^l3>^ ;   Ar. 

^^S^  kikkah ;  Eth.  fhllYl  hakky.     See  the  verb.] 

1.  A  cutaneous  disease  of  the  human  race,  appear- 
ing in  small,  watery  pustules  on  the  skin,  accompa- 
nied with  an  uneasiness  or  irritation  that  inclines 
the  patient  to  use  friction.  This  disease  is  supposed 
by  some  atithors  to  be  occasioned  by  a  small  insect, 
a  species  of  Acarus,  as  the  microscope  detects  these 
insects  in  the  vesicles.  Others  auppos**  the  pu.-nules 
only  form  a  nidus  for  the  insects.  This  disease  is 
taken  only  by  contact  or  contagion. 

2.  The  sensation  in  the  skin  occasioned  by  the  dis- 
ease. 

3.  A  constant  teasing  desire;  as,  an  itch  fur  praise  ; 
an  itch  for  scribbling.  Drydtn. 

ITCH,  V.  X.    [G.  jucken;  D.  jeuken,  to  itch  ;  Ch.  l^n  ; 

Ar.  4»Xi».  hakka;    Eth.  /1^TlT\  hakak,  to  scratch. 
Hence  Ar.,  to  be  aflectcd  with  tho  itch.    Class  Cg, 

No.  23.] 

I.  To  feel  a  particular  uneasiness  in  the  skin, 
which  inclines  the  fwrson  to  scratch  the  part. 


TONE,  Bj;U^  UNITE.— A\"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  O  aa  J ;  9  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


JAC 

S.  To  have  a  constnnl  desire  or  teasing  inclination  ; 
as,  itcAmjr  ears.     3  Ttin.  iv. 
ITCH'INu,  ppr.  ot  a.     Having  a  sensation  that  calls 
for  si'ratrhing. 

2.  Ffnvuig  a  constant  desire. 

ITCH'IXG,  a.    The  stale  of  the  skin  when  we  desire 
to  scratch  iL  SmarU 

3.  A  constant  teasing  desire. 
ITCH'Y,  a.    infected  with  U»e  itch. 
I'TEM,  ado.     [L.  item,  also.] 

Also ;  a  word  used  when  something  is  to  be  added. 
I'TE.M,  n.     An  nrtirle  ;  a  se[>amte  particular  in  an  ac- 
count.   The  arcounl  consists  of  many  items. 
3.  A  hint:  an  innuenda 
ITEM,  ».  L    To  make  a  note  or  iDeinoranduin  ot 

inrEM-ING,  WW.     Making  a  memorandum  of. 
IT'ER-A-BLE,   &      Thai    may    be   reix;ated.       [AVrt 

Uff't. )  Brown, 

IT'ER-A\T,  m.    [See  Itkratx.]    Repeating;  as,  an 

itrraHt  echo.  Bacon, 

IT'ER-ATE,  e.  t     [I*  itero^  to  repeat,  from  iter,  a 

To  repeat ;  lo  utter  or  do  a  second  time ;  aa,  to 
iUrxite  advice  or  admonition  ;  to  iUraU  a  trespass. 
IT'ERA-TED,  pp.     Repenl»-d. 
IT'ER  A-TLN'G,  ppr.    RepLating;  uttering  or  doing 

over  ajinin. 
rr-ER-A*TION.  n,     [L.  itn-atiA,^ 

Rept-tition  ;  recital  or  performance  a  second  time. 


IT'ER-ATIVE,  0.     Repealing. 
I-Tl-N'EK-A-CV,  a.    PracUce  of 


itinerating. 


[Bacon, 


JAC 

T-TIN'ER-AX-CY,  n,     A  passing  from  place  to  pliice. 

//.  J\lvre, 


J  This  letter  has  been  added  to  the  English  atpha- 
•  bet  in  mtwleni  daya ;  the  letter  i  being  written 
formerly  in  words  where  j  is  now  used.  It  Reema 
to  have  bad  the  aound  of  «  in  many  words,  as  it  still 
has  in  the  German.  The  Engliitb  aound  of  this  letter 
may  be  ezprcased  by  ddt  or  «rfiA,  a  compound  sound 
coinciding  exactly  with  that  of  g  in  feniut;  the 
French  j,  with  the  articulation  d  preceding  it.  It  u 
the  tenth  letter  of  the  English  alphabet. 
JAB'BER,  r.  i,  fD.  gabbrrm^  or  Vi.jabotn:  CIas5  Gb.] 
To  talk  rapidly  or  indistinctly  ^  to  chatter  :  lo  pmte. 

JAB'BER,  a.  Rapid  talk  with  indistinct  uiteranc*'  of 
words.  SwijU 

JAB'BER-ER,  a.  One  tbat  talks  rapidly,  indistinctly, 
or  unintelligibly. 

JAB'BER-ING,  ppr,  or  a.  Prating;  talking  rapidly 
and  c*'nfiisedly. 

JAB'BER-I.NG,  a.     ConfUsed  talk  or  praiing. 

JAB'BER-IXG-LY,  adv.  In  a  confused  or  jabbering 
manner. 

JAB'BER-MEXT,  m.     Idle  prate.     [OS*.]        Milton, 

JAB'I-RU,  a.  A  genus  of  grallatory  or  wading  birds, 
the  Mycteria  of  Linnieus.  it^  habits  are  entirely  ibe 
same  with  those  of  the  stork.  P.  Cyc 

JAG'A-MAR,  a.  One  of  a  genus  of  brilliant  birds,  (Gal- 
bula,)  allied  to  the  kinjiH^'heri),  but  diSerinjifrum  them 
in  the  form  of  their  beak  and  feet.  Their  plumage 
has  a  metallic  luster  which  it  is  impossible  to  imitate 
by  art.    They  are  found  in  tropical  climates.  Cuvier. 

JA'CE.N'T,  a,     [L.  jaceiUfjaceo,  to  lie.] 

Lying  at  length.  Wotton, 

JA'CINTH,  a.  [A  different  orthography  of  Htaci  sth.I 
A  species  of  pellucid  gems.  [See  Htaci:«th.J 
Rer.  ixi. 

JACK,  a.  [:ah(,  in  Etbiopic,  is  the  pronoun  he  or 
the,] 

1.  A  nickname  or  diminutive  of  John,  used  as  a 
•  zenerU  term  of  contemp*.  fur  any  saucy  or  paltry 

fellow.  Johtisoit, 

2.  The  name  of  an  tn«tniment  that  supplies  the 
idace  of  a  boy  j  an  instrument  to  pull  off  boots. 

fVatls. 

3.  A  portable  machine  for  raising  great  weights 
through  a  small  space.  Htbert, 

4.  An  engine  to  torn  a  spit  \  as,  a  kitchen  jack ;  a 
smoke  jack. 

5.  A  young  pike.  Mnrtimer. 

6.  A  coat  of  mail,  [Sp.  xacOy  xaqiteta.^   Haitward. 

7.  A  pitcher  of  waxed  leather.  Drydtn. 

8.  A  small  bowl  thrown  out  for  a  mark  to  the 
bowl-rs, 

9.  Part  of  a  musical  instrument  called  a  virginaL 

Bacon. 

10.  The  male  of  certain  animals,  as  of  the  ass. 
[Arm.  ozath,  a  husband.]  Jirb^Jtnot, 

11.  A  horse  or  wooden  frame  on  which  wood  or 
timber  is  sawed.  Ainsworlk. 

1'3.  In  sea  lan^uagty  a  flag,  ensign,  or  colors,  dis- 
played from  a  staff  on  the  end  of  a  bowspriL 

Mar.  DieU 


T-TIN'ER-ANT,  a,     [L.  iter,  a  way  or  journey.] 

;  wanui 
not  Settled  ;  US,  an  itinerant  preacher. 


Passing  or  traveling  alnjul  a  country  ; 


ering ; 


I-TI\'ER -ANT,  n.  One  who  travels  from  place  to 
place,  particularly  a  preacher ;  one  who  is  unsettled. 

I-TIN'ER-ANT-LV,  adv.  In  an  unsettled  or  wander- 
ing manner. 

I-TIX'ER-A-RY,  n.  [Fr.  itineraire ;  Low  L.  ttinerori- 
MHi,  from  ^tT,  a  going.] 

An  account  of  travels,  or  of  places  and  their  dis- 
tances ;  as,  the  Itinerary  of  Antoninus. 

I-TIN'ER-.\  RY,  o.  Traveling;  iKissing  from  place 
to  place,  or  done  on  a  journey.  Bacon. 

I-Tl.N  ER-ATE,  r.  i.  [L.  iur,  a  going;  Low  L.  itin- 
ero.l 

'i  o  travel  from  place  to  place,  particularly  for  the 
purpose  c»f  preaching,  lecturing,  &c. ;  to  wander 
without  a  settled  habitation. 

IT-SELF',  pron,  [i/  and  sftf.}  The  neutral,  recipro- 
cal pronoun,  or  substitute  applied  tu  things.  The 
thing  is  good  in  ilatif;  it  stands  by  itself. 

Borrowing  of  fordgnen,  (n  ilMlf,  nwkn  not  the  kingtlom  rich 
or  poor.  Lock€. 

IT'TRI-A,    j  n,     A  non-acid  compound  of  the  metal 
YT'TRI-A,  i     Ittrium  or  Yttrium  with  oxvgen. 
IT'TRI-UM,  n.     Better  written  YxTRitM,  unless  yttria 
should  be  written  ittria.     A  brittle  metal  of  a  scaly 
texture,  a  grayish-black  color,  and  a  perfectly  metal- 
lic luster.    Its  oxyd,  called  ittria  or  yttria^  was  dis- 


J. 


13.  In  Torkshtre,  half  a  pint.     Orose,    A  quarter 
of  a  pinL  P'ego. 

14.  In  medaidegf  a  machine  used  for  raising  neavy 
weights.  Brandr, 

15.  In  frotony,  the  Tsjncn  or  Actocarpua  integrifolia, 
a  species  of  the  bread-fhi  it-tree.  Brandt, 

16.  A  term  often  applied  to  seafaring  men. 

Jack  at  all  trades ;  a  person  who  can  turn  his  hand 
to  any  kind  of  business. 

Jadt  by  the  hedge,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Erysimum, 
that  grows  under  hedges.  Fan.  of  Plants, 

Jack  in  a  box  ;  a  plant  of  the  genus  Ilernandia. 

S.  A  large  wooden  male  screw  turning  in  a  female 
one.  Mar.  Diet, 

Jack  with  a  lantfm ;  an  ignis  fatuus,  a  meteor  that 
appears  in  low,  moist  lands. 

Jack  of  the  clock-house ;  a  little  man  that  strikes  the 
quartens  in  a  cIiK-k. 
JACK-A-DAX'DY,  a.     A  little  foppish,  impertinent 

fellow, 
J.VCK'AL,  n,     [Sp.  ekacal  f  Turk,  chieal.] 

An  animal  of  the  genus  Canis,  resembling  a  dog 
and  a  fox  ;  a  native  of  Asia  and  Africa.  It  preys  on 
poultry  and  other  small  animals,  and  upon  the  bodies 
of  the  (lead  on  the  fluid  of  battle.  It  is  the  Canis  au- 
reus of  Linnreus.  Encye.  Cyc. 
JACK'A-LENT,n.  Ori<riiiaUy,  a  sort  of  puppet  thrown 
at  in  Lent,  like  Shrovetide  cocks.  Hence,  a  boy,  in 
ridicule.  Shak,  Todd. 
J.\CK'A-NAPE3,  n.     [jack  and  ape.]     A  monkey  ;  an 

2.  A  coxcomb ;  an  impertinent  fellow.  [ape. 

A  7oun;  upatart  Jacfcanape«.  ArhulhnoL 

JACK'-XRCH,  n.    An  arch  of  the  thickness  of  one 

brick.  Buchanan. 

JACK'AS.'*,  n.    The  male  of  the  ass. 

2.  A  dolt ;  a  blockhead. 
JACK'-BLOCK,  n.     A  block  used  in  sending  top-gal- 

lanl-masts  up  and  down.  Dana. 

JACK'-BOOTS,  n.  pi.  [See  Jack,  No.  6.]    Large  boots 

reaching  above  the  knee,  and  serving  to  protect  the 

leg.  Spectator. 

JACK'DAW,  n.    [jack  and  rfaw.]     A  bird  of  the  genus 

Corvus,  thievish  and  mischievous  to  the  farmer. 

Encyc. 
JACK'ET,   n.     [Sp.  xaqueta^  a  short,  loose  coat ;  xaco^ 

a  short  jacket ;   xaquctilla,  a  jacket ;   Fr.  jaquette ; 

Basque,  jacaya.] 
A  ghort,  close  garment,  worn  by  males,  extending 

downward  tu  the  hips  ;  a  short  coaL 
JACK'ET-ED,  a.    Wearing  a  jacket. 
JACK'-FLAG,   TU    A  flag  hoisted  at  the  spritsail  top- 
mast-head. Encye. 
J.ACK'-KETCII,  n-    In  England,  a  public  executioner 

or  hangman. 
JACK'KNIFE,  (-nife,)  tu     A  large,  strong  clasp-knife 

for  the  pocket. 
JACK'-PLANE,  TU    A  plane  about  eighteen  inches 

long,  used  by  jtuners  for  coarse  work.  OwiU. 

JACK'-PJJD-DI\G,  TU  [jack  and  pudding,}     A  merry- 

andrew  ;  a  buflbon  ;  a  zany.  Qay. 


JAC 

covered  bj'  Profesjior  Gadolin,  in  1794,  in  a  mineral 
found  at  \iterbv  in  Sweden. 

I'VO-RY,  n.     [Fr.  ievire  ;  It.  arorio  ,■  L.  ebiir.] 

The  luwk  of  iin  elephant,  a  hard,  solid,  flne-grnined 
substance,  of  a  fine  white  color.  This  tooth  ia  some- 
times six  or  seven  feet  in  length,  hollow  from  the 
base  to  a  certain  hight,  and  filled  with  a  compact, 
medullary  substance,  seeming  lo  contain  a  great 
number  of  glands.  The  ivory  of  Ceylon  is  nut  so 
liable  lo  become  yellow  in  wearing,  and  hence  is 
preferred  to  ttiat  of  Guinea.  Encye. 

The  name  trory  is  also  given  to  the  tusks  or  teeth  of 
certain  other  animals,  as  the  walrus,  narwhal,  &c  Vrc 

I'VO-RY,  a.    Consisting  of  ivory  ;  made  of  ivory  ;  as, 
an  ivory  comb. 
9.  White,  hard,  or  Bmooth,  like  ivory. 

I'VO-RY-BLACK,  n.  A  kind  of  charcoal  in  powder, 
made  by  charring  ivory  or  bones.  Dana. 

I'VO-RY-NUT,  n.  The  nut  of  a  species  of  palm, 
(the  Phytelcphas  macrocarpa,)  often  as  large  as  a 
hen's  egg,  consisting  of  a  close-grained  and  very 
hard  substance,  resembling  the  finest  ivory  in  texture 
and  color,  and  often  wrought  into  ornamental  work. 

rVY,  n.     [Sax.  iftg;  G.  epheu.]^  [SiUiinan. 

An  epiphytic  plant  of  the  genus  Hedera,  which 
creeps  along  the  groupd,  or,  if  it  finds  support,  rises 
on  trees  or  buildings,  climbing  to  a  great  hight. 

Direct  the  clasping  ivy  where  to  ctiml),  Milton. 

rVI-£D  '  i  (^'^'^'5  ••    Overgrown  with  ivy.     fVarton. 
I'VY-MAN'TLED,  a.    Covered  with  ivy. 


JACK'-RAUCE,  TU     A  saucy  fellow 

JACK'SMItH,  tu  a  smith  who  makes  jacks  for  the 
chimney. 

JAC'O  BIN,  TU  [So  named  from  the  place  of  meeting, 
which  was  the  monastery  of  the  monks  called  Jaco- 
bines.'\ 

The  Jacobins,  in  France,  during  the  revnlntion  of 
1789,  were  n  S'  ciety  of  vinlenl  revolutionists,  who 
held  secret  meetings  in  wliich  measures  were  conc<;rt- 
ed  to  direct  the  proceedings  of  the  National  Assembly. 
Ileuce,  a  Jacobin  is  the  member  of  a  club,  <ir  oth- 
er person,  who  opjioses  government  in  a  secret  and 
unlawful  manner,  or  by  violent  means;  a  turbulent 
dcmagoiiue. 

JAG'O-BIN,  a.     The  same  ns  Jacobiitical. 

JACO-BIN,  TU    A    monk  of  the  order,  of  Domini- 
cans. 
2.  A  pigeon  with  a  high  tuft.  .^ingworik, 

JA€-0-BIN'ie,  )a.     Resembling  the  Jacobins  of 

JAC-O-BIN'ie-AL,  i  France  ;  turbulent  ;  discon- 
tented with  government ;  holding  democratic  prin- 
ciples. 

JAe-O-BIN'ie-.^L-LY,  adc.  In  a  manner  resembling 
the  Jacobins. 

JACO-BIN-ISM,  Ti.  Jacobinic  principles;  iTnreasona- 
ble  or  violent  opposition  to  legitimate  government ; 
an  attempt  to  overthrow  or  change  government  by 
secret  cabals  or  irregular  means  ;  popular  turbu- 
lence. 

JACO-BIN-IZE,  V.  L    To  taint  with  Jacobinism. 

Burke. 

JACO-BIN-TZ-ED    pp.    Tainted  with  Jacobinism. 

JACO-BIN-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Infecting  with  Jacobinic 
principles. 

JACO-BIN-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  Jacobins. 

JACO-Bri'E,  n.  [from  Jacobus,  James.]  A  partisan 
or  adherent  of  James  II.,  king  of  England,  after  he 
abdicated  the  throne,  and  of  his  descendants  ;  of 
course,  an  oppiiser  of  the  revolution  in  1^88,  in  fa- 
vor of  William  and  Mary.  Bolingbroke, 

2.  One  of  a  sect  of  Christians  in  Syria  and  Meso- 
potamia, who  hold  that  Jesus  Christ  had  but  nne  na- 
ture ;  so  named  from  Jacob  Baradzi,  their  distin- 
guished leader,  in  the  sixth  century.      Murdoch. 

JACO-BITE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  partisans  of 
James  II. 

JAe-O-BlT'ie-AL,  a.     Belonging  to  the  Jacobites. 

JA€'0-BIT-ISM,  TU  The  principles  of  the  partisans 
of  James  II.  Mason, 

JA'eOB'S-LAD'DER,  ti,  A  plant  of  the  genus  Smi- 
lax.  Dewey^s  Ma:i.^.  Rrp. 

2.  In  vjival  affairs^  a  rope-ladder  with  wooden  steps 
for  giiing  aloft.  Bratide. 

JA'eOB'S-STXFF,  Ti.     A  pilgrim's  staff. 

2.  A  staff  concealing  a  dagger. 

3.  A  cruss-staff;  a  kind  of  astrolabe.       Johnson. 
JA-€5'BUS,  n.     [h.  Jacobus,  James.]     A   gold  coin, 

value  twenty-five  shillings  sterling,  struck  in  the  reign 
of  James  I.  L' Estrange. 

JAC'O-NET,  n.  A  light,  soft  muslin,  of  an  open  tex- 
ture, used  for  dresses,  neckcloths,  &c 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 
626 


JAI 

JAC-aUARD',  (jak-k'Ard'j)  n.  An  appendage  to  a 
loom,  for  weaving  fi-iured  goods,  hoth  silk  and  cot- 
ton.    It  has  also  tx^en  applied  to  carpets. 

JA€'TAN-CY,  n.     [L.  jactantia.] 
A  biMisting.     [JVat  used.] 

JA€-TI-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  jactitOy  jacto.  It  ought 
rather  to  be  Jactation,  L.  jactatio.] 

1.  A  tosfiing  of  the  body  ;  restlessness.     Harvey. 

2.  Vain  boasting. 

3.  A  term  in  the  canon  law  for  a  false  pretension 
to  raarriase.  Johnson. 

JA€'U-LATE,  V.  (.     [L.  jaculor.1 
To  dart. 

JA€-U-LS'TrON,  n.  The  action  of  darting,  throwing, 
or  launching,  as  missive  weapons.  Milton. 

JA€'U-LA-TOR,  n.  The  shooting-fi^h,  a  species  of 
Chtetodon,  found  in  hot  climates.  It  feeds  on  in- 
sects, which  it  procures  by  shooting  or  ejecting  a 
drop  of  water  throufjli  its  tubular  snoat  with  such 
precision  as  to  disable  its  prey  and  cause  it  to  fall 
into  the  water.  P.  Cijc. 

JA€'U-LA-TO-RY,  a.  Darting  or  throwing  out  sud- 
denly, or  suddenly  thrown  out ;  uttered  in  short  sen- 
tences,    [See  Ejaculatoby.] 

JADE,  H.  [Of  unknown  origin.  Qu.  Sp.  jadear,  to 
pant.] 

1.  A  mean  or  poor  horse  ;  a  tired  horse  ;  a  worth- 
less nag. 

Tirod  as  \jad4  in  orerloaJeii  catI.  Stdnty. 

2.  A  mean  woman  ;  a  word  of  contempt,  noting 
sometimes  age,  but  generally  vice.  Johnson, 

She  ■hinea  the  fint  o(  baltemi  Jadtf.  Sm/U 

3.  A  young  woman,  in  irony  or  slight  contempt. 

.^Udison. 

JADE,  n,  A  mineral,  called  also  Nephbite,  or  Ne- 
rHBiTic  Stoke,  remarkable  for  its  hardness  and  te- 
nacity, of  a  color  more  or  less  green,  and  of  :i  resinous 
or  oily  aspect  when  polished.  It  is  fusible  into  a 
glasa  or  enamel.  It  is  usually  found  in  connection 
with  talcose  rocks.  tVerner.     Jameson..     Dana. 

JADE,  V.  L  To  tire  ;  to  fatigue  ;  to  weary  with  hard 
service  ;  as,  to  jade  a  horse. 

2.  To  weary  with  attention  or  study  ;  to  tire. 

The  min'l,  once  Jaded  by  an  attempt  nbove  ils  power,  ia  rny 
hanlly  brou^c  to  exert  iU  force  again.  Uicke. 

3.  To  harass  ;  to  crush.  Shik. 

4.  To  tire  or  wear  out  in  mean  offices  ;  as,  a  jaded 
groom.  Shak, 

5.  To  ride  ;  to  rule  with  tyranny. 

I  do  Dot  now  fool  myself,  to  lei  intaginaiion  Joijc  me.      Shak. 

JADE,  V.  t.  To  become  weary;  to  lose  spirit;  to 
shik. 

Thpy  are  pramidn*'  in  the  be^nnlng-,  but  they  taS[,  vadjtvU,  luid 
tin;  in  the  prcMMUtion.  South. 

JAD'ED,  ;jp.  or  a.  Tired;  wearied;  fatigued;  har- 
assed. 

JAD'ER-V,  *    The  tricks  of  a  Jade.  Braum. 

JAD'LNG,  ppr.    Tiring;  wearying;  harassing. 

JAD'ISli,  a.     Vicious;  bad  ;  hke  a  jade;  applied  to  a 
liorse. 
2.  Unchaste;  applied  to  a  Wfunan.     L* E^tranire. 

JAG,  n.  [Sp.  2fli»^a,  a  load  packed  on  the  back  part  of 
a  carriage.     Qu.] 

A  small  load.  Farhy, 

[luteal  in  England,  sometimes  used  in  America. 
See  al-io  Jaoo.] 

JAGG,  v.  U  [perhaps  G.  zacken^  a  tooth  j  a  prong  ;  to 
indent;  Sw.  ta^x,',  a  sh'irp  point.] 

To  notch  ;  to  cut  into  nutcheti  or  teeth  like  those 
of  a  saw. 

JAGG,  >  B.    A  notch;  a  rapgc'd  proTuberanre  ;  a  dcn- 

JAG,     {      tictilation.     In  boianyy  a  clud  or  division. 

■Marty  n* 

JAG'GED.pp.     Notched;  uneven. 

2.  a.  Having   notches  or  teeth;    cleft;    divided; 
lacininle  ;  as^jaaged  leaves. 

JAG'GED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  denticulated  ; 
nnevenncss.  Pracham. 

JAG'GER,  Ji.  A  brass  wheel  for  cutting  cakes.  [Sec 
Jsonif g-Iho*!.}  Eacijc.  Dom.  Ke, 

JAG'GER-V,  n.  In  Indiuy  dark,  coarse  sugar  made  of 
the  juiee  of  palm-*.  Malcom, 

JAG'GING,  ppr.  Notching;  cutting  into  teeth;  di- 
viding. 

JAG'GING-T-RON,  (-I'urn,)  n.  A  brass  wheel  with  a 
ntrtched  or  jagged  edge  for  culling  takes  or  pastry 
into  ornarrientaT  figures. 

JAG'UY,  a.    Set  with  teeth;  dcnlictilatcd  ;  un^^vcn. 

A<l'h.wn. 

JAG'inREjfJag'gCr,)  n.  A  district  of  land,  or  the  prod- 
uct ih/'reuf,  assigned  by  the  East  Indian  govern- 
ment to  an  individual,  commonly  fur  the  support  of 
some  public  establishment,  particularly  of  a  military 
nnltire.  Malcom. 

JAG'HtRE-DAR,  n.    A  person  holding  a  jaghire. 

JAG-IJ-AR',  n.  The  American  tiger,  or  ounce  of  Brazil, 
(the  Felisonca,)  a  large  and  ferocious  animal  of  Houth 
America.  P.  Cyc 

JAH.  n.  [Ileh.  n\]     Jehovah. 

JAIL,  n.  [Fr.  grole;  Arm.  grot  orjol;  9p.  jnula^  a 
cage,  m  cell.  Sometimes  written  very  Improperly 
Gaol,  and  as  Improperly  pronounced  Gole.] 


JAN 

A  prison  ;  a  building  or  place  for  Jthe  confinement 

of  persons  arrested  for  lirbt  or  for  crime,  and  held  in 

the  custody  of  the  sherilT. 
JAIL'-BtRI),  (-burd,)n.  A  prisoner  ;  one  who  has  been 

confined  in  prison. 
JAIL'ERj,  n.    The  keeper  of  a  prison. 
JAIL'-Fe-VER,  n.  A  dangerous  and  often  fatal  feve?, 

generated   in  jails  and  other  places  crowded  with 

people. 
JAKES,  71.     [au.  L.  jacioy  to  throw.] 

A  house  of  otfice  or  back-honse  ;  a  privy.      Swift 
JAL'AP,  K.     [Port,  jalapa  ;    Fr.  jalap  ;  Sp.  xalapa  ;    so 

called  from  Xalapa,  a  province  in  Mexico,  wlience  it 

is  imported. 

The  root  of  a  plant,  a  species  of  Convolvulus.     It 

is  brought  in  thin  transverse  slices,  and  also  whole,  of 

an  oval  shape,  hard,  solid,  and   heavy.     It  has  little 

or  no  taste  or  smell,  but  is  much  used  in  powder  as  a 

cathartic.  Cr/c. 

JAL'A-PIN,  n.   A  vegetable  proximate  principle  of  the 

officinal  Jalap. 
JAM,  n.    A  conserve  of  fruits  boiled  with  sugar  and 

water. 
2.  A  kind  of  frock  for  children. 
JAM,  V.  U  [Russ.  jem^  a  press  ;  jmu^  to  press.] 

1.  To  press;  to  crowd;  to  squeeze  tight;  to 
wedge  in. 

2.  In  England^  to  tread  hard  or  make  firm  by  tread- 
ing, as  lanu  by  cattle.  Orose. 

JA>i,     )  n.  Among  the  lend  miners  of  Mendip,  a  thick 
JAMB,  )     bed  of  stone,  which  hinders  them  when  pur- 
suing the  veins  of  ore.  Cyc. 
JA-MA'CI-NA, )  H.      [from  Jamoicfl.]      An    alkaloid 
JA-MAI'CIN,     )      obtained  from  the  Andira  inermis, 

or  cabbage-bark -tree  of  the  West  Indies. 
JA-MAI'CA  PEP'PER.     See  Allspice. 
JAMB,  (Jam,)  n.     [Fr.  jamie,  a  leg  ;  jambes  de  force,  a 
corbel  or  pier ;  It.  gamba,  a  leg ;  gambo,  a  stem  or 
stalk.  1 

1.  In  architecture,  a  supporter ;  the  side-piece  or 
post  of  a  door;  the  side-piece  of  a  fireplace. 

2.  A  pillar  to  support  the  superior  part  of  a  build- 
ing. Elmes. 

JAM-BEE',  n.  A  name  formeriy  given  to  a  fashiona- 
ble cane.  Tatler. 

JAM'BEUX,  (zham'boo,)  n.  [Supra.]  Armor  for  the 
legs.     [06.^.]  Drijden. 

JAM'METl,  (jamd,)  pp.     Pressed  ;  crowded. 

JA'ME-SON-ITE,  n.  [from  Prof.  Jameson.]  A  steel- 
gray  ore  of  antimony  and  lead. 

JAM'MING,  p;jr.     Pressing;  crowding;  wedging  in. 

JANE,   n.      A   coin   of  Genoa.      [See    Jean.] 

Spenser 
2.  A  twilled  cotton  cloth.    See  Jean. 

JAN"GLE,  (jang'gl,)  v.  i.     [G.  lanken.] 

To  quarrel  in  words;  to  altercate;  to  bicker;  to 
wrangle.  Shak. 

JAN"GLF,r.  t.  To  cause  to  sound  untunably  or  dis- 
cordantly. 

E'er  monkish  rhym*^ 
"Rail  jangled  ttwir  fankistic  chimes.  Prior. 

JAN"GLE,  (jang'gl,)  «.  [Old  Ft.  jangle.]  Prate; 
babble  ;  discordant  sound  ;  contention.        Milton. 

JAN"GLER,  n.     A  wrangling,  noisy  fellow. 

JAN"GLING,  ;>pr.  Wrangling;  quarreling;  sounding 
discordantly. 

JA.V'GLING,  n.     A  noisy  dispute  ;  a  wranglirtg. 

JAN'I-TOR,  n.     [L.]     A  door-keeper;  a  [lorter. 

IVarton. 

JAN-I-ZA'RI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Janizaries,  or 
their  government.  Burke, 

JAN'I-ZA-RY,  n.  [Turklfli,  yeniskcri ;  yeni  and  askari, 
new  troops.     Etxyn.] 

A  soldiifT  of  the  Turkish  foot-guards.  The  Jani- 
zaries were  a  body  of  infantry,  and  reputed  the 
grand  seignor's  guards.  They  became  turbulent, 
and,  rising  in  arms  against  the  sultan,  were  attacked, 
defeated,  and  destroyed  in  Constantinople,  in  June, 
1826. 

JAN'NOCK,  Tf.     Oat-bread.     {Ucal.\ 

JAN'SEN-ISM,  n.  The  doctrine  of  Jansen  in  regard 
to  free  will  and  grace. 

JAN'SENIST,  n.  A  follower  of  Cornelius  Jansen,  a 
Roman  Catholic  bishop  of  Vpres,  in  Flanders,  who 
denied  (Vee  will,  and  held  to  irresistible  grace  and 
limited  atonement.  Encyc.j^m. 

JANT.    See  Jaunt. 

JANT'I-LV,  adv.  [from  janty.]  Briskly;  airily; 
gayly. 

JANT'I-NESS,™.     Airiness;  flutter;  briskness. 

JANT'V,  a.  [Fr.  gentil.]  Airy;  showy  ;  fluttering; 
finical.  Hobbes. 

JAN'lJ-A-RV,  n.  [Ir.  gionbhar,  or  gionvar ;  Russ. 
genvar;  Fr.  Janvier  i  It.  gennaio  ;  Sp.  enero ;  Port. 
Janeiro:  L.  januarius.  It  is  evident,  from  the  Irish 
and  Russian  word*,  that  Ihe  first  syllable  of  January 
is  from  the  root  of  L.  gmo,  to  bfget,  Eng.  to  begin, 
Sax.  aginnan.  Var  is  said  to  signify  a  revolution. 
January  then  signifies  Ihe  beginning,  or  first  month. 
Janujt  is  probably  from  the  i^ame  root.] 

The  first  month  of  the  year,  according  to  the  pres- 
ent computation.  At  the  Tiundation  of  Rome,  March 
was  considered  the  first  month.  January  and  Feb- 
niary  were  introduced  by  Numa  Pompilius.     Encyc. 


JAS 

JA'Xys,  n.  [L.]  A  Latin  deity,  represented  with 
two  faces  looking  in  opposite  directions.  His  tem- 
ple, at  Rome,  was  never  closed  except  in  a  time  of 
universal  peace. 

JA-PAN',  n.     [from  the  country  in  Asia,  so  called.] 
This  name  is  given  to  work  varnished  and  figured 
in  the  manner  practiced  by  the  natives  of  Japan. 
Encyc.     Cyc* 

JA-PAN'-EARTH,  (-urth,)  ti.  Catechu,  a  dry,  brown 
extract  obtained  by  decoction  and  evaporation  from 
the  Acacia  Catechu.  It  consists  chiefly  of  tannin 
combined  with  a  peculiar  species  of  extractive. 

7'hoin.fon. 

JA-PAN',  V.  L  To  cover  with  a  thick  coat  of  hard, 
brilliant  varnish,  an  art  derived  from  the  Japanese. 

3.  To   black   and   gloss,  as  in  blacking  shoes   or 
boots.  Oay. 

J.AP-A-NeSE',  a.  Pertaining  to  Japan  or  its  inhabit- 
ants.    _ 

JAP- A-NeSE',  n.  A  native  of  Japan ;  or  the  language 
of  the  inhabitants. 

JA-PAN'NED,  pp.  or  a.  Varnished  in  a  particular 
manner. 

JA-PAN'NER,  n.    One  who  varnishes  in  the  manner 
of  the  Japanese,  or  one  skilled  in  the  art. 
2.  A  shoe-blacker.  Pope* 

JA-PAN'NING,  ppr.  Varnishing  in  the  manner  of 
the  Japanese  ;  giving  a  glossy,  brilliant  surface. 

JA-PAN'NING,  n.  The  art  of  varnishing  and  draw- 
ing figures  on  wood  or  other  material,  in  the  manner 
practiced  by  the  Japanese. 

JAPE,  V.  u     [Ice.  gripa.]  Encyc^ 

To  jest.     [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

JAPE,  r.  ^     [Sax.  geap,  deceitful.] 

To  cheat.     [06^.]  Chaucer. 

JAPE,  n.     A  jest ;  a  trick.     [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

JAP'ER,  n.     A  jester.     [Obs.] 

JA-PHET'ie,  0.  Pertaining  to  Japheth,  the  eldest  son 
of  Noah  ;  as,  the  Japhetic  nations,  which  people  the 
north  of  Asia  and  alt  Europe;  Japhetic  languages. 

JAP'tJ,  n.     A  bird  of  Brazil  that  suspends  its  nest. 

JAR,  t'.  i.  To  strike  together  with  a  short  rattle  or 
tremulous  sound  ;  to  strike  untunably  or  harshly  ;  to 
strike  discordantly  ;  as,  a  jarring  sound. 

A  string  ma.yjar  In  the  best  mastf^r's  hand.  Roacommon. 

2.  To  clash  ;  to  interfere  ;  to  act  in  opposition ;  to 
be  inconsistent. 

For  orders  and  de(fre'*s 
Jar  not  with  libcny,  but  vrcU  cuiisJBt.  Milton. 

3.  To  quarrel ;  to  dispute ;  to  clash  in  words. 

Dryden. 

4.  To  vibrate  regularly  ;  to  repeat  the  same  sound. 

Shak. 
JAR,  V.  t.    To  shake  ;  to  cause  to  tremble  ;  to  cause  a 

short,  tremulous  motion  in  a  thing. 
JAR,  n.     A  rattling  vibration  of  sound  ;  a  shake;  as,  a 

trembling  jar.  Holder. 

2.  A  harsh  sound  ;  discord. 

3.  Clash  of  interest  or  opinions ;   collision ;   dis- 
cord ;  debate. 

And  yet  his  pence  is  but  continual  jar.  Spenter. 

4.  The  state  of  a  door  half  open,  or  ready  to  move 
and  strike  the  post.  Sidjl. 

5.  Repetition  of  the  noise  made  by  the  pendulum 
of  n  clock.  Shak. 

JAR,  n.     [Sp.  jarra  ;  jarro  ;  Port,  id, ;  It.  giarro.] 

1.  A  vessel  with  a  large  belly  and   broad  mouth, 
made  of  earth  or  glass  ;  as,  a  jar  of  honey. 

Dryden. 
We  say,  nn  electrical  battery  of  nine  jars. 

2.  A  certain  measure  ;  as,  njar  of  oil. 
JAR-A-R.ACA, /I.     A  species  of  serpent  in  America, 

seldom  exceeding  18  inches  in  length,  haviYic  promi- 
nent veins  on  its  head,  and  tif  a  dusky,  brownish  color, 
variegated  with  red  and  black  spots.  It  is  very  poi- 
sonous. Cyc 

JAV'EVf'  i  ^'  '•     '^°  bemire.     [JVot  in  use.]  Spetiser. 

JARDE3,  (jardz,)  n.  [Fr.]  Callous  tumors  on  the 
legs  of  a  horse,  below  the  bend  of  the  ham  on  the 
outside.  Ear.  Diet. 

JAR'GLE,  (j'ir'gl,)  v.  i.  To  emit  a  harsh  or  shrill 
sound.     [jV'ot  in  %ise,]  Bp.  Hall. 

JAR'GON,  n.  [Fr.  jurgon;  It.  gergo,  gergone;  Sp. 
xerga,  jargon,  and  coarse  frieze,  serge.] 

1?  Confused,  unintelligible  talk  or  language  ;  gab- 
ble; gibberish;  cant. 

A 1!  Jargon  of  the  schools.  Prior. 

2.  A  mineral,  a  variety  of  zircon,  which  see. 

JAR-GO-NELLE',  (jar-go-nel',)  n.     A  variety  of  pear. 

JXR-GON'IC,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  mineral  jargon. 

JAR'RKD,  (jird,)  pp.  from  Jar.     Shaken. 

JAR'RING,  ppr.  or  a.  Shaking;  making  a  harsh 
sound  ;  discordant. 

JAR'RING,  71.    A  shaking ;  discord  ;  dispute  ;  collision. 

Burnet. 

JXR'RING-LY,   adv.      Shaking  discordantly. 

JA'SEY,  n.  A  contemptuous  name  for  a  wig,  and 
even  for  a  head  of  buf^hy  hair;  as  if  composed  of 
Jersey  yam y  of  which  jazy  is  a  corrupt  pronuncia- 
tion. Forby. 

JAS'HAWK,  n.  A  young  hawk;  a  contraction  of 
E  r  A  9-H  A  w  K.  Booth. 


TONE,  BJ;lI<,  ignite.— AN"GER,  VI"C10U8 €  as  K>  6  ai  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  In  THIS. 

"629" 


JAY 

JAS'BUN,  ti.    [Fr.  joamtH ;  Sp.  jazmtn ;  It.  gdsomixo. 

The  Ar.  is  AhmI.  j  yasimon.    It  Is  sometimes  written 

in  Enfiish  SmtsxttntK.] 

The  popular  name  or  certain  species  of  the  (renus 
Jasniiniim,  bearing  beautiful  flowers.  The  common 
white  jasmin  is  a  ctinibin;;  shrub,  rising  on  supports 
15  or  SO  feet  high.  The  name  is  also  given  to  sct- 
eral  plants  of  diiferpnl  genera ;  as,  the  ^rakiam  Jas- 
min, of  the  genus  Xyctarihes ;  the  Bastant  Jmsmm, 
of  tiie  genus  Ci'strum,  ai.J  also  ut'  the  genus  Lycium  ; 
the  Persian  Jtntmin,  of  the  penus  Syringa;  the  Rtd 
Jasmut,  of  the  gt-nus  Plumoria  ;  the  ScarUt  and  )>^ 
tvwJasmim^  of  the  genus  Blguonia,  and  Gvlseminum. 

Enryc 

JAS'PA-CHvtTB,  It.  A  name  anciently  given  to  some 
varieties  of  agate  jasper.  Cye. 

JAS'PBR,  «.    [Fr.  jitspe ;  L.  iiupis ;  Gr.  tatitts  ;  U.  ^ 

a^nv ;  Ar.  v,-^jCrJuj  ya^om  ;  Ileb.  DfiS^^.] 

Ad  opaque,  Impure  ^-ariety  of  qiiarti,  of  red,  yellow, 
and  also  of  some  dull  colors,  breaking  with  a  smooth 
surface.  It  admits  uf  a  high  polish,  and  is  used  for 
vases,  seals,  snuff-boxes,  &c.  When  tlie  colors  are 
in  stripes  or  bands,  it  is  called  striped  ja^er*  The 
Egyptian  pebble  is  a  brownish-yellow  jasper. 

Dana. 
JASTER-A-TED,  a.     5lixcd  with  jasper;  containing 

particles  of  jasper ;  as,  _;'o*;>rra(^rf  agate.    Foureroy. 
JAS'PER'Y,  a.     Having  the  quahties  of  jasper. 
JAS-PID'E-A.V,    \  a.     Like  jasper;  consisting  of  jas- 
JAS-PID'E-OUS,  i     per,  or  partaking  of  jasper. 

Kinotn. 
JAS'POID,  a.    [Fr.  jojpe,  and  Gr.  ti^oy.] 

Resembling  jasper.  PercivaPs  OtoL 

JAS'PO-NYX,  m.  The  parest  horn-colored  onyx,  with 
beautiful  green  zones,  composed  of  genuine  matter 
of  the  finest  jaspers.    [06*.]     *  Eitemc, 

JiUNCE,r.  i.     [Pr.jcacer.] 

To  jolt  or  shake ;  the  same  as  Joukcx,  which  see. 
[Obs.]  Shak, 

JXUX'DICB,  «.  [Fr.  jowusM,  fh>m  jatau,  yellow. 
See  Vkli-ow.J 

A  db>»-ase,  m  its  most  common  form,  characterized 
by  yellowness  of  tbe  eyea,  skin,  and  urine  ;  white- 
ness of  the  discharges  mim  the  intestines ;  uneasi- 
ness, refrrTt>d  to  the  region  of  the  stomach ;  Ion  of 
appetite,  and  general  languor  and  lassitude. 
JAUX'DIC-iD,  (jin'dist.)  «•    AITecled  with  the  jaun- 
dice. 
S.  Prejudiced  ;  seeing  with  discolored  organs. 
JiUXT,  r.  L    [In  Fr-jante  is  the  fcUy  of  a  wheel,  and 
tbe  original  root  signified,  prubably,  to  extend  or  to 
run,  to  ramble.] 
To  ramble  here  and  there;  to  make  an  excursion. 

J&UNT, «.    An  excursion  j  a  ramble ;  a  short  jonmey. 

MUton. 

JAV'EL,  V.  e.  To  wet  or  bemire;  and,  as  a  notui,  a 
wandering  or  dirty  fellow.     [OAt.]  Spenser. 

JAVE'LIX,  (jav'lin,)  «.  [Fr.  jaetitne ;  It.  piaceUotto  ; 
B^jabaliaa^  the  r«:male  of  the  wild  tK>ar,  and  a  jave- 
lin, from  jabali,  a  wild  boar. J 

A  sort  of  spear  about  five  feet  and  a  half  long,  the 
shaft  of  which  was  of  wood,  but  pointed  with  steel; 
used  h^  horse  or  foot.  Every  Roman  soldier  carried 
seven  jaxelina. 

JAW,  K.  [Fr.^us,  the  cheek.  It  coincides  in  origin 
with  cJuae,  dteit,  Ann,joaga^  to  chew  ;  jared  or  g-anedy 
a  jaw.  Id  old  authors,  m»  is  written  chaw.  It  be- 
longs to  CIdSS  Cg.     See  Chaw  and  Chew. J 

1.  The  bones  of  the  mouth  in  which  the  teeth  are 
fixfMl.  They  resemble  a  horse-*;hoe.  In  most  ani- 
mals, the  under  jaw  only  is  movable. 

2.  The  mouth. 

3.  In  rulffor  Umguage^  scolding,  wrangling,  abu- 
sive clamor. 

JA^V,  r.  I.    To  scold  ;  to  clamor.    [  Vulgar.] 

JAW,  r.  t.     To  abuse  by  scolding.     [FW^or.] 

JAW'-BONE,  n.  The  bone  of  tbe  jaw,  containing 
"ihe  U'eth. 

JAW'ED,  a.    Denoting  the  appearance  of  the  jaws. 
*2.  Having  jaws.  .  \^SkeWm. 

JAW'-PALL,  n.  [jam  moA  falL']  Depression  of  the 
jaw  :  Jgiiratireiff  depression  of  spirits.    M.  Oriffith. 

JAW'-FALL-CN,  a.    Depr»sed  in  spirits ;  dejected. 

JAW'IXG, /ipr.     Abusing;  scolding. 

JXwNj  r.  i.    To  yawn.    [J^ot  in  use,}     [See  Yawb.] 

JAW'\,ii.    ReUting  to  the  jaws.  *  OayUnu 

JaV,  m.     [Fr.  gtai:  Sp.  gayo.'] 

A  bird  of  the  genus  Corvus.  The  European  jay, 
(tbe  Omu  Hm^ormj,)  is  of  a  wine  buff  color,  i.  e. 
a  mixture  of  yellow,  red,  and  brown,  melted  into 
each  other,  and  has,  to  some  extent,  the  faculty  of 
imitating  the  voices  of  other  birds.  The  American 
Jay,  or  Blue  Jay^  (the  Corcvs  cnstatus^)  is  a  much 
more  beautiful  bird,  of  very  brilliant  plumage,  and 
ornamented  with  a  cre^t  of  light  blue  or  purple  feath- 
ers, which  he  can  elevate  or  depress  at  pleasure. 

Partington, 


JEG 

JAY'ET.    See  Jet. 

JA'ZEL,  n.    A  p*m  of  an  azure-blue  color.    [Qu.  Sp. 

atw/,  corrupted.]     [JiTot  used.] 
JAZ'ER-AXT,  »,    A  frock  of  twisted  or  linked  mail, 

without  sleeves,  somewhat  ligliter  than  the  haubtrk. 
JEAL'OUS,  (jel'us,)  «.     [Vr.  ialoui ;  It.  cf^oso.     The 

6()anish  use  teloso^  from  zdo^  zeal  ;  but  the  Italian 

word  seems  to  be  of  distinct  origin  from  xeaiy  and  to 

beUmg  to  C'l.iss  Gl.J 

1.  Suspirious  ;  apprehensive  of  rivalahip  ;  uneasy 
through  fear  that  another  has  withdrawn  or  n)ay 
withdraw  from  one  the  aff(Xlions  of  a  person  he 
loves,  or  enjoy  some  gtXMi  which  he  desires  to  obtain  ; 
followed  by  (j/",  and  applied  both  lo  the  object  uf  love 
and  to  the  rivjil.  We  say,  a  young  roan  '\»  jealous  of 
tlie  woman  he  loves,  or  jejulotwi  w/his  rival ;  a  man  is 
jealous  o/his  wife,  and  the  wife  i/her  husband. 

2.  Suspicious  tliat  we  do  not  enjoy  the  affection  or 
respect  of  others,  or  that  another  is  muru  loved  and 
respected  than  ourselves. 

3.  Emulous  ;  full  of  competition.  Ihydm. 

4.  Solicitous  to  defend  the  honor  of;  concerned 
for  the  character  of. 

I  bJLTT  bnnvtvj  >«ato«u  for  the  Lord  God  of  horta.  —  1  Kingi 
xiz. 

5.  Suspiciously  vigilant;  anxiously  carefhl  and 
concerned  for. 

1  am  Jealaut  over  you  frith  a  gwdly  Jealotwy.  —  8  Cor.  xl. 

6.  Suspiciously  fearful. 

Tb  doing  wrong  crentM  inch  doub(a  at  thete, 

Rnnilen  lujeaiout,  and  destroys  our  pence.  WaUer. 

JEAL'OUS-LY,  (Jel'us-Iy,)  adv.  With  jealousy  or 
suspicion  ;  emulously ;  with  suspicious  fear,  vigi- 
lance, or  catition. 

JEAL'OUS-NESri,  (jel'us-ness,)  n-  The  state  of  being 
jealous  ;  suspicion  ;  suspicious  vigilance. 

^ng  Charles. 

JEAL'OUS-Y,  (jerus-y.)  n.  [Fr.  jalousie ;  It.  gelosia.] 
I.  That  passion  or  peculiar  uneasiness  which 
arises  fVom  the  fear  that  a  rival  may  rob  us  of  tbe 
aflbctiqn  of  one  n  horn  we  love,  or  the  suspicion  that 
be  has  already  done  it ;  or  it  is  the  uneasiness  which 
arises  ftom  the  fear  tiiat  another  does  or  will  enjoy 
some  advantage  which  we  desire  for  otirselves.  A 
man's  j«a/(m.«y  is  excited  by  the  attentions  of  a  rival 
to  his  favorite  lady;  a  woman's  jealousy  is  roust-d  by 
her  ))usband*s  attentions  to  another  woman  ;  tlie  can- 
didate for  office  manifests  a  jealousy  of  others  who 
seek  the  same  office  ;  the  Jealousy  of  a  student  is 
awakened  by  the  apprehension  that  his  fellow  will 
bear  away  the  palm  of  praise.  In  short,  jealousy  is 
awakenra  by  whatever  may  exalt  others,  or  give 
them  pleasures  and  advantages  which  we  desire  for 
ourselves.  Jealousy  is  nearly  allied  to  cary ;  for  jV^ 
ousy^  before  a  good  is  lost  by  ourselves,  is  converted 
into  niiTy,  afVer  it  is  obtained  by  others. 

Jealousy  h  the  appnrheadan  oTntperiontr.  Shtnwton*. 

Whoever  h-Ad  qu^litv-a  lo  alarm  our  Jeaiouty,  had  exo-llrace  to 
dracTFO  our  foodnaa.  Rambler. 

9.  Suspicious  fear  or  apprehension.      Clarendon, 

3.  Suspicious  caution  or  vigilance  ;  an  earnest  con- 
cern or  solicitude  for  the  welfare  or  honor  of  others. 
Such  was  Paul's  godly  j>a/(m*y  for  the  Corinthians. 

4.  Indigiiation.  GimPs  jealousy  signifies  his  con- 
cern for  his  own  character  and  government,  with  a 
holy  indignation  against  those  who  violate  his  laws, 
and  offend  against  his  majesty.    Ps.  Ixxix. 

JEAN,  0*"Sj)  "-  A  t^villed  cotton  cloth.  Satin  jean 
is  woven  smooth  and  glossy,  after  the  manner  of 
_8atin. 

JkARS,  n.  pi.  In  sea-language^  an  assemblage  of 
tackles,  by  which  the  lower  yards  of  a  ship  are 
hoisted  or  lowered.  Hoisting  is  called  swaying,  and 
lowering  ia  called  styling.  This  word  is  sometimes 
written  Jeers  or  Gears.    [See  Geab.]     Mar.  Diet. 

JeAT,  n.  A  fossil  of  a  fine  black  color.  [  Obs.]  [See 
Jet.]  jlsh. 

JEER,  r.  i.  [G.  scheren,  to  rail  at,  to  jeer,  lo  skear^  to 
shave,  D.  scheeren^  Dan.  skierer,  Sw.  skdra^  Gr.  KCipai^ 
without  a  prefix.  These  all  seem  to  be  of  one  family, 
Class  Gr.  The  primary  sense  is  probably  to  r«*,  or 
to  cut  by  rubbing  ;  and  we  use  rub  in  a  like  sense ; 
a  dry  rub,  is  a  keen,  cutting,  sarcastic  remark.] 

To  utter  severe,  sarcastic  reflections;  to  scoff;  tft 
deride;  to  flout;  to  make  a  mock  of;  as,  to  jeer  at 
one  in  sport.  Herbert. 

JEER,  r.  i.     To  treat  with  scoffs  or  derision.  Howell. 

JEER,  n.  Ratling  language;  scoff;  taunt;  biting 
jest ;  flout ;  jibe  ;  mockery ;  derision ;  ridicule  with 
acorn. 

Midaa,  exposed  lo  all  I'hnTJeert, 
Had  lost  hi*  art,  and  ki-pt  bu  '^an.  Sun/t. 

JEER'J^D,  pp.     Railed  at ;  derided. 
JEER'ER,  rt.  A  scoffer;  arailer;  ascomer;  a  mocker. 
JEER'IXG,  ppr.     Scoffing;  mocking;  deriding. 
JEER'IXG,  n.     Derision. 

JEER'IXG-LY,  arfc.    Wiih  raillery  j  scornfully;  con- 
temptuously ;  in  mockery.  Derham, 
JEERS.     SeeJEARs. 
JEF'FER-SOX-n'E,  n.    A  variety  of  augite  of  a  dark 

olive-green  color  passing  into  brown.  Dana. 

JEG'GET,  B.    A  kind  of  sausage.    [JVot  in  use.] 

jStTtsworth. 


JER 

JE-HO'VAH,  n.  The  Scripture  name  of  the  Supreme 
Ut-ing,  Hi'b.  nin\  If,  as  is  sup[K)sed,  this  name  ia 
from  tlie  Hebrew  substantive  verb,  the  wcud  denotes 
the  Permanent  Being,  as  the  primary  sense  uf  the 
substantive  verb,  in  all  languages,  is,  to  be  fixed,  to 
stand,  to  remain  or  abide.  I'his  is  a  name  peculiarly 
appropriate  to  the  eternal  Spirit,  the  unchangeable 
God,  who  describes  himself  thus:  I  au  that  I  am. 
Ex.  iii. 

JE-HO'VIST,  n.  Among  critics,  one  who  maintains 
that  the  vowel-points  annexed  to  the  word  Jehovah^ 
in  Hebrew,  are  the  proi»er  vowels  of  the  word,  and 
express  the  true  pronunciation.  The  Jehovists  are 
optMSed  to  the  .^donists,  who  hold  that  the  points 
annexed  to  the  word  Jehovah  are  the  vowels  of  llie 
word  jSdonai.  Encyc. 

JE-JOXE',  0,    {h.  jrjunusy  empty,  dry.] 

1.  Wauling;  empty  ;  vacant.  Bacon. 

2.  Hungry  ;  not  saturated. 

3.  Dry;  barren;  wanting  interesting  matter;  as, 
a  jejune  narrative. 

JE-JuNE'LY,  adv.    In  a  jejune,  barren  manner. 

Baxter. 

JE-JCXE'NESS,  n.  Poverty  ;  bancnness  ;  particu- 
/rtHv,  want  of  interesting  matter ;  a  deficiency  of 
matter  that  can  engage  the  attention  and  gratify  the 
mind;  as,  the  j^unf/tftits  of  style  or  narrative.  [Je- 
juNiTT  is  not  used.] 

JEL'Lr-£;D,    O'l'lid,)    a.     [See  Jellt  and  Gellt.] 
Brought  to  the  consistence  of  jelly. 

JEL'LY,  n.  [Sp. jo/ea,  from  L.  gelojlo  congeal.  See 
Gellt.] 

1.  The  !n»pissated  juice  of  fruit,  boiled  with  sugar. 

2.  Something  viscous  or  glutinous;  something  of 
the  consistency  of  jelly  ;  a  transparent,  sizy  substance, 
obtained  from  animal  substances  by  decoction. 

JEL'LY-BAG,  n.    A  bag  through  which  jelly  is  dis- 
tilled. 
JEM'1-DAR,  «.    A  native  officer  in  the  Anglo-Indian 

army  having  the  rank  of  lieutenant.  Buciianan. 
JE.M'MI-NESS,  n.  Spruceness.  [Fulgar.]  Smart. 
JEM'MY,  a.     Spruce,     [ralgar.]  Smart, 

Jk'XITE,  n.     A  different   orthography  of  Yenite, 

which  see. 
JEX'XET,   71.       A   Binall    Spanish    horse,    properiy 

Genet. 
JEX'XET-ING,  n.  ["Said  to  be  corniptcd  from  juneating, 

an  apple  ripe  in  June,  or  at  St.  Jean.]    A  species  of 

early  apple.  Mtyrtimer. 

JEX'XY,  71.    A  machine  for  spinning,  moved  by  water 

or  steam,  and  used  in  manufactories. 
JEXT'LIXG,  n.    A  fish,  the  blue  chub,  found  in  the 

Danube. 
JEOF'AIL,  (jef 'fail,)  n.     [Fr.j^aifaiUi,  I  have  failed.] 
An  oversight  in  pleading  or  other  proceeding  at 

law  ;  or  the  acknowledgment  of  a  mistake. 

Blackstone. 
JEOP'.-VRD,    (jep'ard,)  v.  t      [See  Jeopabdy.]     To 

hazard  ;  to  put  in  danger ;  to  expose  to  loss  or  injury. 

Zebuion  and  NaphUti  wcrr  a  people  l\a\  jeoparded  ihetr  Uvrs  to 
Utc  dciUh  ID  Uie  high  places  of  the  field.  —  Jtidgca  x. 

JEOP'ARD-ED,  £jep'ard-€d,)pp.    Put  in  danger. 

JEOP'ARD-ER,  (jep'ard-er,)  n.  One  who  puts  to 
hazard. 

JEOP'ARD-ING,  Cjep'ard-ing,)i)pr.  Hazarding;  put- 
ting in  danger. 

JEOP'ARD-IZE,  (jep'ard-Ize,)  v.  u  To  expose  to  loss 
or  injury  ;  to  jeopard. 

[This  is  a  modern  word,  rarely  used  in  England, 
butoftener  in  America.  It  is  synonymous  with  Jeop- 
ard, and  therefore  useless.] 

JEOP'ARD-OUS,  (jep'ard-us,)  a.  Exposed  to  dan- 
ger ;  perilous ;  hazardous. 

JEOP'ARD-OUS-LY,  (jep'ard-us-ly,)adp.  With  risk 
or  danger. 

JEOP' A  RD-Y,  Cjep'ard-y,)  n.  [The  origin  of  this  word 
is  not  settled.  Some  authors  suppose  it  to  be  Fr. 
yai  perdUy  I  have  lost,  or  jeu  perdu^  a  lost  game. 
Tyrwhitt  supposes  it  to  be  je a  parti ^  an  even  game,  or 
game  in  which  the  chances  are  even.  "  Si  nous  les 
voyonsijeu  parti."  If  we  seethem  ataneven  game. 
Froissariy  Vol.  i.  c.  234.  But  jeopardy  may  be  cor- 
rupted from  the  G.  gefahr,  danger,  hazard ;  gefafirdeny 
to  hazard,  to  jeopard.     See  Fare.] 

Exposure  to  death,  loss,  or  injury;  hazard  3  dan- 
ger; peril. 

Th"?/  were  filled  wilh  water,  and  were  In  jeopardy.  —  Lulce  »lu. 

JER'BO-A,  n.  A  small  quadruped,  having  verj'  short 
fore  legs,  and  very  long  hind  ones,  called  also  the 
Jumping  Mouse.  All  uf  the  species  of  that  genus  of 
mammals  which  is  named  Dipiis,  are  called  Jerboa 
in  English. 

JE-REED'  or  JE-R:(D'.     See  Djerbid. 

JER-E-.MI'ADE,  «.  [from  Jeremiah^  the  prophet.] 
Lamentation  ;  a  tale  of  grief,  sorrow,  or  complaint. 

JERK,  r.  t  [This  is  probably  the  Ch.  Heb.  pi%  to 
readiy  to  spit,  tliat  is,  to  throw  out  with  a  sudden 
effort.  Sax.  hrtecan,  herca.  If  not,  I  know  not  its 
origin  or  affinities.  It  seems  to  be  a  different  orthog- 
raphy of  Yerk.] 

1.  To  thrust  out ;  to  thrust  with  a  sudden  effort ; 
to  give  a  sudden  pull,  twitch,  thrust,  or  push  ;  as,  to 
jerk  one  under  the  ribs ;  to  jrrk  one  with  the  elbow. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PR£Y.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK. 


JES 

S.  To  tbrow  with  a  quick,  smnrt  motion  ;  as,  to 
jerk  a  stone.  We  apply  this  word  to  express  the 
mode  of  throwing  to  a  little  distance  by  drawing  the 
ami  hack  of  the  body,  and  thrusting  it  forward 
against  the  side  or  hip,  which  stops  the  arm  sud- 
denly. 

JERK,  V.  t.    To  accost  eagerly.    [JVot  in  use-] 

Ih-iiden. 

JERK,  n  A  short,  sudden  thrust,  push,  or  twitch  ;  a 
striking  against  something  with  asbort,  quick  motion ; 
as,  a  jerk  of  the  elbow. 

His  Jade  ^re  him  a  Jerk.  B.  Jonton. 

2.  A  sudden  spring. 

LoUtm  twim  byjerkt.  Grev. 

JERK'ED-BEEF,  (jerkt-,)  n.  Beef  cut  into  thin 
slices,  and  dried  in  the  sun.  Cooley. 

JERK'£D,  Cjerkt,)  yp.  Twitched  ;  pulled  with  a  sud- 
den eflTort. 

JERK'ER,n.  One  who  strikes  with  a  smart,  quick  blow. 

JERK'IN,  n.     A  Jacket;  a  short  coat;  a  close  waist- 
coal.  Shiik.     South, 
2.  A  kind  of  hawk.  Ainsworth, 

JERK'ING,  ppr.    Thrusting  with  a  jerk. 

JERSEY,  n.     [from  the  island  so  called.] 

1.  Fine  yarn  of  wool.  Johnson. 

2.  The  finest  of  wool  separated  from  the  rest; 
combed  WtwI.  Bailey.     Encyc 

JE-RO'SA-LEM  XR'TI-CHOKE,  n.  [In  this  nami 
the  word  JennaUm  is  a  m-re  corruption  of  the  Ital- 
ian Oirasdle,  i.  e.  sunflower  or  turnsole.]  The  name 
of  a  planL  Originally  applied  to  certain  species  of 
Heliotmpium,  but  now  to  the  Helianthus  tubi-rosum 
of  Bruxil,  cultivated  in  Europe  and  the  United  States. 

JER'VI-NA,  i   n.     [Pp.  jerva,  the  p^)ison  of  the  Vera- 

JER'VIN,      i       mini  alhum.] 

An  alkaloid  obtained  from  the  root  of  Veratnim 
album,  or  white  lltllebure. 

JESS,  n.  A  short  stnip  of  leather  tied  round  the  legs 
of  a  hawk,  by  which  she  is  held  on  the  fist. 

Hunmer, 
2.  .\  ribbon  that  hangs  down  from  a  garland  or 
crown  in  falconry.  Encyc. 

JES'SA-MI\E,  n.  The  popular  name  of  certain  species 
of  Jasminum,  a  genus  of  plants.     [.See  Jasmin.] 

JES'SE,  n.  A  large  brass  candlestick  brancheff  into 
many  sconces,  hanging  down  iu  tlie  middle  of  a 
church  or  choir.  CowelL 

fSo  called  as  resembling  the  genealogical  tree  of 
Jesse,  of  which  a  picture  was  formerly  hung  up  in 
churches.  Smart.] 

JESS'£[),  CJ^s*i)  "•  Having  jesses  on  ;  a  term  in 
KeraLilry. 

JEST,  n.  [?p.  and  Port.  cAi;*??,  a  witty  saying,  a  jest 
or  joke ;  ehLaaso^  gay,  facetions  ;  allied  [terhaps  to 
L.  ge^ioA 

1.  A  joke  ;  something  ludicrous  uttered  and  meant 
only  to  excite  laughter.  Religion  should  never  be 
the  BUlijecl  of  jejiL 

2.  The  object  of  laughter  or  sport ;  a  laughing- 
stuck. 

Then  let  me  be  jouijnl ;  I  ileteire  Iu  Slutk, 

In  jrH ;  for  mere  sport  or  diversion ;  not  in  truth 
and  reality  ;  not  in  earnest. 

Aiid  ^*eo  in  Bunett  wlinl  I  tK-gg;<ed  inJtiL  Skak. 

3.  A  mask. 

4.  A  deed  ;  an  action.     [Objt.] 

JEST,  o.  i.  To  divert  or  make  merry  by  words  or  ac- 
tions ;  to  joke. 

Jett  not  wtib  A  rude  mao,  Unt  thy  anccston  be  timgn/xA. 

Ecelea. 

2.  To  utter  in  sport  j  to  say  what  Is  not  true  mere- 
ly fur  divurxion. 

3.  To  play  a  part  in  a  mask.  Shak, 
JEST'ED,  pp.    Joked  ;  talked  for  merriment. 
JEST'ER,  n,     A  person  given  to  Jesting,  sportive 

talk,  and  merry  pranks. 


He  rumhlcd  np  kqU  down 
With  iludluw  jejl^s. 


Shak, 


S.  One  given  to  sarcasm. 

Now,  u  %  Jttltr,  I  Kceost  joa,  Sie{/L 

3.  A  buffoon  ;  a  merry-andrew,  a  person  formerly 
retained  by  princes  to  make  sport  for  ihem. 

JEr^T'Fyu,  a.     Given  U»  jitsting  ;  full  of  jokes. 

JE.'^T'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Joking;  talking  fur  diversion  or 
ni'^rriment. 

JEHT'ING,  n.  A  joking  ;  concise  wit :  wit  that  con- 
sists in  a  trope  or  verbal  figure,  in  a  metaphorical 
sense  of  words,  or  in  a  double;  sense  of  the  same 
Word,  or  in  similitude  of  sound  in  different  words. 

JE.ST'I\G-1.Y,  adv.  In  a  jocose  manner;  nut  in 
cJirncKl.  Herbert, 

JE.ST'ING-STOCK,  n.  A  laughingstock;  a  butt  of 
ridicule.  Ooorre. 

JES'Urr,  H.     One  of  the  Society  of  Jesus,  so  called, 
founded  by  Ignatius  Loyola,  in  153-1,  a  society  re- 
mnrkablp  for  their  cunning  in  propagating  Itieir prin- 
ciples.   Hence, 
2.  A  crafty  person  ;  an  Intriguer. 

JEa'lJ-IT-EU,  a.  Conforming  to  the  principles  of  the 
Jesuits.  mil-U. 


JEW 

JES'lT-IT-ESS,  n.  An  order  of  n^ns  established  on 
the  principles  of  the  Jesuits,  but  suppressed  by  Pope 
Urban  in   1630.  I/ook. 

JES  U  IT'ie,        I  a.     Pertaining  to  the  Jesuits  or 

JES-li-!T'I€;-AL,  i      their  principles  and  arts. 

2.  Designing;  cunning;  deceitful;  prevaricating. 

JES-U  IT'ie-AL-LY,  arfu.    Craftily. 

JES'IJ-IT-IS.M,  71.  The  arts,  principles,  and  practices 
of  the  Jesuits. 

2.  Cunning  ;  deceit ;  hypocrisy  ;  prevarication  ; 
deceptive  practices  to  effect  a  purpose. 

JES'ti-ITS'-BARK,  n.  Peruvian  bark;  the  bark  of 
certain  species  of  Cinchona,  trees  of  Peru. 

JET,  IU     [D.  git ;  Ft.  jayet  i  L.  ^agates.] 

A  mineral;  a  variety  of  lignite,  of  a  very  compact 
texture,  and  velvet-black  color,  susceptible  of  a  good 
polish,  and  glossy  in  its  fracture,  which  is  conchoidal 
or  undulating.  It  is  found,  nut  in  strata  or  continued 
masses,  but  in  unconnected  heajw.  It  is  wrought 
into  toys,  buttons,  mourning  jewels,  &c.        Dana, 

JET,  n.  [Fr.  jet^  It.  ffrMw,  a  cast;  probably  from  L. 
jactiLs,  whence  Ft.  jetter^  It.  gettare^  to  throw.] 

1.  A  spout,  siKJUling,  or  sliuoting  of  water;  a  jet 
tPeau. 

2.  A  yard.  Tusser. 

3.  Dril^  ;  scope.     [JVot  in  use^  or  loeal.'l 

JET,  V.  L  [See  tlie  noun.]  To  shoot  forward  ;  to 
shoot  out ;  to  project ;  to  Jut ;  to  intrude.         Shak. 

2.  To  strut ;  to  throw  or  toss  the  body  in  haughti- 
ness. Shak. 

3.  To  jerk  ;  to  jolt ;  to  be  shaken.         fViseman. 
[This  orthography  in  rarchj  used.     See  Jut.] 

JET'-BLACK,  a.     Of  the  deepest  black,  the  color  of 

jet, 
yEr-D'K^CT,  (zha-do',)    [Fr.,  a  throw  of  water.]   A 

spout  for  delivering  water. 

J^^''SAM,     > 

JET'SON,        S  71.     [Fr.  jeWfT,  to  Uirow.l 

JET'TI-SON,  ) 

In   law   and    commerce^  propprly^  the    throwing   of 
goods  overboard  in  order  to  ligh'ti'ii  a  ship  iu  a  teui 
pest  for  her  preservation.     'J'iie  words  may,  however, 
be  used  for  the  goods  thus  thrown  away,ijr  adverb- 
ially. 

JeUam  la  where  good%  are  cut  into  the  sea,  and  there  iliik  and 
tvmiLiii  uikder  water;  folaam  \m  wliere  the;  coiitiiui^  awiin- 
tiling  ;  ligan  \m  where  Ww:y  are  sunk  in  the  st-ii,  but  tied  to  a 
cork  or  buujr.  Park.    BUKkttone. 

JET'TEAU,  Oet'to,)  n.     [Fr.  jet  dVau,] 

A  throw  or  spout  of  water.  Addison. 

JET'TEF,  n.     A  pri>jection  in  a  building, 

JET'TEIl,  n.     A  spruce  fellow  ;  one  who  struts. 

JET'TY,  v.i.    To  jut. 

JET'TY,  n.  A  small  pier  ;  also,  a  projection  into  a  riv- 
er for  narrowing  it  and  raising  tlie  water  above. 

JET'TY,  a.    Made  of  jet,  or  black  as  jet.  Prior.  Pope. 

JET'TY-HEAD,  (-hed,)n.  The  projecting  part  of  a 
wharf  ;  tlie  front  of  a  wharf  whose  side  forms  one 
of  the  cheeks  of  a  dock.  Mar.  Diet. 

JEIP-DE-MOTS',  {zhn'iiv-mo',)  [Ft.]  A  play  upon 
words  ;  a  pun. 

JEU'-D'ES-PRTT',  (zhu'de-spree',)  [Fr.]  A  witti- 
cism ;  a  play  of  wit. 

JEW,  (ju,)  IU  [A  contraction  of  Judas  or  Judah.]  A 
Hebrew  or  Israelite. 

JEWEL,  (ju'el,)n.  [It-^rwia,  joy,  mirth,  a  jewel;  ^omt/- 
i«,  a  jewel;  FT.joyait;  i*ii,jvya,  joyel ;  G.  jutoel ;  D. 
juweel.  It  Is  from  the  root  of  jirij.  Low  L.  jvcale. 
Class  Cg.] 

1.  An  ornament  of  dress  in  which  the  precious  stones 
form  a  principal  part. 

2.  A  precious  stune.  Shak. 

3.  A  name  expressive  of  fondness.  A  mother 
calls  her  child  her  jetoel. 

JEVV^ELi,  r.  L    To  dress  or  adorn  with  jewels. 

B.  Jonaon. 

JEWEl^IIOTJSR,     I  n.     The  place  where  the  royal 

JEW'EIj-(JF-FICE,  i     ornaments  are  reposited.  Shak, 

JEVV'EL-LTKE,  a.     Brilliant  as  a  jewel.  Shak. 

JEW'EL-fJD,  pp.  or  a.     Set  or  adorned  with  jewels. 

JEW'EI^ER,  n.  One  who  makes  or  deals  in  jew- 
els and  other  ornaments. 

JEVV'KI^ING,  ;»/7r.     Adorning  with  jewels. 

JEW'EI^RY,  M.     Jewfis  in  genenil. 

JRVV'R,SS,  n.     A  ll.bnw  woman.    Acts  xxiv, 

JEWISH,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Jews  or  Hebrews, 
TiL  I, 

JEWISH-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  the  Jews. 

Donne. 

JEWISH-NESS,  n.     The  rites  of  the  Jews.      Martin. 

JEWRY,  n.  Judea;  also  a  district  inhabited  by 
Jews,  whence  llie  name  of  a  street  in  Jrf)ndun. 

Chaucer. 

JEVVi8'-EAR,  n.  The  popular  name  of  a  species  of 
Fungus,  the  Peziza  auricula,  bearing  some  resem- 
blance to  the  human  ear.  Johnson.     Lee. 

JEW»~FRA.\K-IX'CE^SB^n.  A  plant,  a  species  of 
Sty  rax. 

JEWS'-HARP,  n.  [Jew  and  harp.]  An  Instrument 
of  music  shajM-d  like  a  harp,  which,  placed  between 
the  teeth,  and  by  means  of  a  spring  struck  by  the 
fi^S'Ti  ^ives  a  sound  which  is  modulated  by  the 
breath  into  sofl   melody      It  ia  called  also  Jewi- 

THUMP. 


JOB 

JEWS'-.MAL'LDW,  n.     A  plant,  a  species  of   Cor- 

JEWS'-PlTCil,  n.     Aspbaltum,  which  see.     [chorus. 

JEZ'K-IIKL,  n.  An  impudent,  daring,  vicious  woman. 

Spectator, 

JIB,  Ti.  The  foremost  sail  of  a  ship,  being  a  large,  tri- 
angular slay-sail  extended  from  the  outer  end  of  the 
Jib-boom  toward  the  fore-topmast-head.  In  sloops,  it 
is  on  the  bowsprit,  and  extends  toward  the  lt>wcr 
mast-head.  Mar.  Diet. 

JIB'-BOOM,  n.  A  spar  which  is  run  out  from  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  bowsprit,  and  which  serves  as  a  contin- 
uation of  it.  Beyond  tliis  is  sometimes  extended  Uie 
fiyins^ib-boom. 

JIB'-DOOR,  (dore,)  n.  A  door  which  stands  flush  with 
the  wail,  without  dressing  or  moldings.      Francis. 

JIBE,  V.  L  To  shift  a  boom-sail  from  one  side  of  a 
vessel  to  the  other. 

JIB'£I),  (jibd,)  pp.  Shifted  from  one  side  to  the  other, 
as  a  buom-sail. 

JIB'ING,  ppr.  Shifting  from  one  side  to  the  other,  as 
a  bonni-sait. 

JI-BOY'A,  n.  An  American  serpent  of  the  largest 
kind. 

JICK'A-JOG,  n.  [A  cant  word,  from  jog.]  A  shake, 
a  push.  B.  Jonson. 

JIF'FY,  n.     A  moment.  HvUoway. 

JIG,  n,     {li.pga;  Fr.  gigne.    See  Gio.] 

1.  A  Kintfof  light  dance,  or  a  tune  or  air. 

2.  A  kind  of  farce  in  rhyme,  with  dancing,  after  a 
play  was  finished.  B.  Junson. 

JIG,  V.  i.     To  dince  a  jig. 

JIG'GER,  n.  In  sen-laniruaffefK  machine  consisiingof 
a  ro|>e  about  five  feet  long,  with  a  block  at  one  end 
and  a  sheave  at  the  other,  used  to  bold  on  tlie  cable 
when  it  is  heaved  into  the  ship,  by  the  revolution  of 
the  windlass.  Mar,  Diet. 

9.  A  troublesome  insect.    [See  Chegre.] 

JIG'GISH,  a.    Suitable  to  a  jig. 

JIG'GLING,  a.  Dancing.  [J^ot  authorized  in  good 
use.]  Mrs.  Farrar. 

JIG'-MAK-ER,  n.  One  who  makes  or  plays  Jigs.  Shak. 
2.  A  ballad-maker.  Dekker. 

JIG'-PIN,  n.  A  pin  used  by  miners  to  hold  the  turn- 
beams,  and  prevent  them  from  turning.  Cyc, 

JILL,  H.     A  young  woman,  in  contempt.    [See  Gill.] 

JILL'-FLIRT,  M,    A  light,  wanton  woman. 

Onardian, 

JILT,  TI.    [Of  uncertain  etymology.]    A  woman  who 
gives  her  lover  hopes  and   capriciously  disappoints 
him  ;  a  woman  wlio  trilles  with  her  lover.     Otway, 
2.  A  name  of  contempt  for  a  woman.  Pope. 

JILT,  o.  ^  To  encourage  a  lover  and  then  Ouatrate 
his  hopes  ;  to  trick  in  love ;  to  give  hopes  to  a  lover 
and  llien  reject  him.  Dryden. 

JILT,  V.  i.  To  play  the  jilt ;  to  practice  deception  in 
love  and  discard  lovers,  Congreve. 

JILT'EI),  pp.    Cheated  or  tricked  in  love. 

JILT'ING,  ppr.    Playing  the  jilt ;  tricking  in  love. 

JIM'MERS,  n.    Jointed  hinges.    [Obs.]  Bailey, 

JIMP,  0,     Neat;  handsome;   elegant  of  shape.     [See 

GiMP.l 

JIN-GAIiL',  n.     In  India^  a  light  gun  mounted  on  a 

carriage  easily  borne  by  two  men. 
JL\"GLE,  (ji"B'e'i)  "•  '•     [^1.  Ch.  and  Syr,  JT,  NJr,  a 


ciJo  j  Mn&, 


a  little  brass  ball 


little  bell ;  or  Persian 

or  bell.    It  may  be  allied  to  jangJc] 

To  sound  with  a  tine,  sharp  rattle;  to  clink  ;  as, 
jintrting  chains  or  bells. 
jfN'^GLE,  V.  t.    'J'o  cause  to  give  a  sharp  sound,  as  a 
tittle  bell,  or  as  pieces  of  metal. 

Tlie  bcll»  tAv;  jingled,  aiid  the  whiitio  LJpw.  Pop'f 

JIN"GLE,  n.    A  mttling  or  clinking  sound,  as  of  little 
bells  or  pieces  of  metal. 

2.  A  little  bell  or  rattle. 

3.  Corresiwudence  of  sound  in  rhymes.       Dryden. 
JIN"GL^U,  pp.    Caused  to  give  a  sharp  sound,  as  a 

bell,  or  as  pieces  of  metal. 
JIN"GLING,  ppr.  or  a.    Giving  a  sharp,  fine,  rattling 

sound,  as  a  little  bell,  or  as  pieces  of  metal. 
JiN'"GLING,  n.     A  sharp,  fine,  rattling  sound,  as  of 
JIP'PO,  n.     [Fr.  jupe.\  [little  bells. 

A  waistcail  or  kind  of  stays  for  females. 
JOB,  n.     [Of  unknown  origin,  but  perhaps  allied  to 

cAo/j,  priinarily  to  strike  or  drive.] 

1.  A  piece  of  work  ;  any  thing  to  be  done,  whether 
of  more  or  less  importance.  The  carpenter  or  mason 
undertakes  to  build  a  house  by  the  joft.  The  erec- 
tion of  Westminster  Bridge  was  a  heavy  job  ;  and  it 
was  a  great  job  to  erect  Central  Wharf,  in  Boston. 
The  mechanic  has  many  small  jobs  on  hand. 

2.  A  lucnitive  business ;  an  undertaking  with  a 
view  to  profit. 

No  cheek  ia  known  to  blush,  nor  hftirt  to  tbrob, 

Save  wli',n  Ihf  y  loae  a  qiivaliuo  or  a  Job,  Pop*. 

3.  A  sudden  stab  with  a  pointed  instrument. 
[This  seems  to  be  nearly  the  original  sense.] 
To  do  the  job  for  one ;  to  kill  him. 

JOB,  r.  U    To  strike  or  stab  with  a  sharp  instrument. 

L''  E.'itrange. 
2.  To  drive  in  a  Bhari>-pointed  instrument. 

Moxon. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  tJNITE — AN"OER,  VI"CIOUa     ■€  «  Kj  0  u  J;  «  m  Z ;  CH  aa  SH  ;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


631 


JOG 

JOB,  r.  i.    To  deal  in  the  public  atocka  j  to  buy  and 
sell,  &3  a  broker. 


The  )wigr  •WHoft,  Ibe  Wahop  bit*  ihe  lown, 
Autl  mt^htjr  dukca  pack  cafdi  br  ti&Il'  k  crown. 


Pop*. 


JO-RA'TIONf  M.    A  scalding ;  a  long,  tedious  reproof. 

[yutrar.]  Grose. 

JOB'BCR,  n.    One  who  does  small  Jobs. 

2.  A  dealer  in  the  public  stocks  or  funds  ;  usually 
called  a  Stock-jobber.  SwtfL 

3.  One  who  engages  in  a  low,  lucrative  affair. 

4.  A  merchant    who  purchases  goods  from  Im- 
porters and  sells  to  retailfT. 

iOB'BER-NOWL,  n.     [Sj.id  to  be  f>om  Flemish  jobbtj 
dull,  and  Sax.  jtnof ,  head  or  top.  1 
A  loggerhead  ;  a  blockhead.    \j1  low  vwnL] 

Hmdibras. 
JOB'BIN'G,  n.    The  practice  of  taking  jobs  for  profiL 
Q.  The  practice  of  purchasing  from  importers  and 
seltinz  to  retailers. 
iOH'mSG,  ppr.    Stabbing  with  a  pointed  instrumenL 
JOB'S'-TkAKS.  n.     A  gra&s-like  plant  of  the  genus 
Cou,  with  shining,  pearly  fruit,  resembling  falling 
tear*. 
J6'eANT-RY, «.     [L.>ocaiw.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  jesting.    [JVlrt  at  fooJ  use.] 

More, 
JOCK'EY,  n,    [Said  to  be  from  Jocike^,  a  diminutive 
of  Jaekf  John  ;  primarilt/y  a  boy  that  rides  horses.] 

1.  A  man  tluil  rides  horses  in  a  race.       Addison. 

5.  A  dealer  in  horses ;  one  who  makes  it  his  busi- 
neas  to  buy  and  sell  horses  for  gain.     Hence, 

3.  A  cheat ;  one  who  deceives  or  takes  undue  ad- 
vantage in  trade. 
JOCK'EY,  r.  e.    To  play  the  jockey  i  to  cheat ;  to 
trick  ;  to  deceive  in  trade. 

2.  To  jostle  by  riding  against  one.  Johnsoiu 
JOCK'EY-£D,  (j*>It'id,)  W-      Cheated ;   tricked    in 

trade, 
JOCK'EY-IN'G,  yjnr.     Playing  the  jockey  ;  cheaUng ; 

deceiving  in  trade. 
JOCK'EY-ISM,  M.    Practioe  of  jockey?. 
JOCK'EY-SillP,  Ik     The  art  or  practice  of  riding 

horses.  Cwpcr. 

JO-COSC',  a.     [L.  joeans^  from  joau^  a  joke.] 

I.  Given  to  jokes  and  jesting ;  merry ;  waggish ; 

used  of  persons. 
S.  Containing  a  joke  ;  sportive  ;  merry  ;  as,  jocast 

or  comical  aiis.  Waut. 

JO-€6S£'LY,  adv.    In  Jest ;  for  sport  or  game  ;  wag- 
gishly. Bromne. 
JO-eOSE'NESS,  «.     The  quality  of  being  jocose  j 

waggery  ;  nierriuienL    [Jocositt  is  not  u^.] 
JO-eO-i«e'Rl-0U8,  a.    Partaking  of  mirth  and  aeri- 

cu^ness.  OrtoL, 

JOCl^-LAR,  c     [L.  joemiariSf  from  joemsy  a  joke.] 

1.  Jocose  ;    waggish  ;   merry  ;   given  to  jesting ; 
used  pf  persoms. 

2.  Coniaining  jokea ;  sportive ;  not  serious ;  as,  a 
joemtar  expression  or  style. 

JOC-II-LAR'I-TY,  n.     Jlerriment ;  jesting.    Bromn. 
JO€'C-l*AR-LY,  adv.    lo  jest  j  for  sport  or  mirth. 

Bp.  LaviugtoH* 
JOG'tl-LAR-Y,  a.    Joctdar.    [JVo«  »««.] 

.Aik.     Bacon. 
JOC't^-LA-TOR,  a-    [U]    A  Jester;  a  droU;  a  min- 
strel. StruO. 
JO€'TT-LA-TO-RY,  a.     Droll ;  merrily  said. 
JOC'UXD,  a.     [L.  jocundtLs^  from  joeus,  a  juke.] 
Merry  ;  gay  ;  airy  ;  lively  ;  sportive. 

Rmml  sports  and  Jocund  Elraina.  Prior, 

JO-CUN'D'I-TY,    \  n.     State  of  being  merry  j   gay- 

JO€  rxn-NEss,  \     elv. 

JOCUNDLY,  adt.     Merrily  ;  gayly. 

JOG,  r.  t.     {Qm.  W.  ^gl,  to  shake,  or  D.  sehoJiken^  to 

jnlt  or  shake,  which  seems  to  be  the  Fr.  chequer^ 

Eng.  skoet,  shake.'] 
To  push  or  shake  with  the  elbow  or  hand  ;  to  give 

notice  or  excite  attention  by  a  slight  push. 

Sudden  Ijoggwd  V\yme^  Pope. 

JOG,  V.  L    To  more  by  jogs  or  small  shocks,  like 
thoae  of  a  dow  trot. 

So  tmng  hk  dMdny,  nvvrr  to  rot. 

WMe  bt  nagbttoa  Jog  oa,  aiid  keep  liia  troC  AGlton. 

2,  To  walk  or  travel  idly,  heavily,  or  slowly. 

ThoB  tbej  fog  oo,  tfiQ  uidung',  o^rer  thnriu^.       Dryden. 

JOG,  a.    A  pash  ;  a  slight  shake  ;  a  shake  or  push  in- 
tended to  give  notice  or  awaken  attention.    When 
your  friend  falls  asleep  at  church,  give  him  ajoff. 
2.  A  rub  ;  a  small  stop  ;  obstruction.      OtanciUe. 

JOC-TROT,  a.    .A  slow,  regular  pace.   [Colloquial.] 

Orose. 

JOG'GED,  CJOf^O  VP'    Pushed  or  shaken  slightly. 

JOG'GER,  II.    One  who  walks  or  moves  Jieavily  and 
si  wly. 
2.  One  who  gives  a  sudden  push. 

JOG'GIXG,  ppr.    Pushing  slightly  ;  moving  by  jogs. 

JOG'GING,  K.    A  slight  push  or  shake. 

JOGGLE,  r.  u     [{torn  jog.]    To  shake  slightly;  to 
give  a  sudden  but  slight  push. 

JOG'GLED,  Oog'gld,)  pp.    Slightly  shaken. 

JOG'GLED,  a.    Matched  by  serratures  so  aa  to  [ve- 
vent  sliding. 


JOI 

JOG'GLING,  ppr.     Phiiking  slightly. 

JO-IIAN'N*E»,  ft.  [.John  trf»liiii7,ed.]  A  Portuguese 
gold  coin  of  the  value  of  eight  doUara  ;  contrnctcd 
oHen  into  joe ;  as  a  ju?,  or  half^'«;f.  It  is  named 
from  the  figure  of  King  John,  which  it  hears. 

JOHN'AP-PLE,  (jon'ai>-pl,)  n.  A  sort  of  apple,  good 
for  spring  use,  when  other  fruit  is  spent. 

Mortimer. 

JOHN  B^LL,  n.  The  well  known  collective  name  of 
the  English  nation,  first  used  in  Arbuthnol'a  satire, 
The  History  ttfjohn  Bull,  usually  published  in  Swift's 
works.  Brande. 

JOHN  DO'RV,  a.      [Corrupted   from  Fr.  jaune  dvree, 
golden  yellow.]     A  sea-fish  of  a  golden-yellow  color, 
and  grotesque  form,  the  Zeus  Faber  of  Linnieus. 
Kncyc.  Dom.  Ee. 

JOnX'XY  CAKE,  n.  [Uu.  journal/  cake.]  A  cake 
made  of  the  meal  of  maize  or  Indian  corn,  mixed 
with  water,  and  baked  on  the  hearth.        jimerica. 

JOHN'SON-ISM,  n.  A  peculiar  word  or  manner  of 
Johnson.  JV,  .<?««,  Reg. 

JOHXS'-U'ORT.    See  St.  Johxs-Wort. 

JOIN,  tJ.  t.  [Fr.  joindre ;  It.  giugnere ;  from  L.  jungo^ 
jungere ;  jungo  for  jugo ;  Sp.  and  Port,  juntar. 
to  join ;  L.  jugum ;  Eng.  foke;  Gr.  (u)os  and 
^£11}  u{,  a  yoke,  and  a  pairi  lvyo<a,  to  yokej^cvy- 

vvftiy  to  join ;  Ch.  an  ;  Syr.  *,xpl  tug;  At.  — K 

lauga^  to  join,  to  couple,  to  marrj-,  to  pairj  Eth. 

nvU  /  log,  a  pair,  as  in  Arabic  It  signifies  also, 
in  Syriac,  lo  rage,  to  cry  out ;  showing  tliat  the  pri- 
mary sense  is,  to  strain,  to  stretch,  to  extend,  pre- 
cisely as  in  trpan.'j 

1.  To  set  or  bring  one  thing  in  contiguity  with  an- 
other. 

Woe  to  them  that  join  bouse  to  botue,  that  Uy  field  to  field.  — 
Is.  T. 

0.  To  couple  J  to  connect ;  to  combine ;  as,  to  join 
ideas.  Locke. 

3.  To  unite  in  league  or  marriage. 

Now  Jdiarikartwt  hul   riches  ui<l  honor  in   abuadancc,   and 

foinad  alBnitjr  wiUi  Ahab.— 3  Ch.  xviii. 
What  Ood  hath  Jouwd  together,  let  not  m&a  put  asunder.  — 

MatL  six. 

4.  To  associate. 

Go  Dear  KMiJoin  thjraeirto  this  chuioU  —  Acta  viii. 

5.  To  unite  in  any  acL 

Th;  tancful  voice  with  oumfaen^otft.  Drydtn. 

6.  To  unite  in  concord. 

Bui  that  ye  be  peHectly  jaiited  toother  En  the  iwne  mfod,  asd 
in  the  Mine  judgmenu  —  I  Cor.  1. 

The  phrase  to  join  battit  is  probably  elliptical,  for 
join  in  battle:  or  it  is  borrowed  from  the  Latin  com- 
mittere  pnelium^  to  send  together  the  battle. 

In  general,  join  signifies  to  unite  two  entire  things 
without  a  breach  or  intermixture,  by  contact  or  con- 
tiguity, either  temporary  or  pcnnahcnt.  It  differs 
from  CotfKECT,  which  signifies  proj>erly,  to  unite  by 
an  intermediate  substance.  But  join,  unite,  and  con- 
nect are  often  used  synonymously. 
JOIN,  o.  i.  To  grow  to  ;  to  adhere.  The  place  where 
two  bones  of  the  body  Join,  is  called  a  joint  or  articu- 
lation. 

2.  To  be  contiguous,  close,  or  in  contact;  as, 
when  two  houses  join. 

3.  To  unite  with  in  marriage,  league,  confederacy, 
partnership,  or  society.  Russia  and  Austria  j(jJ7)erf  in 
opposition  to  Bonaparte's  ambitious  views.  Men 
join  in  great  undertakings,  and  in  companies  for 
trade  or  manufacture.  They  join  in  entertainments 
and  amusements.  They  join  in  benevolent  associa- 
tions.   It  is  often  followea  by  icith. 

Any  other  may  Jmn  trilA  him  that  is  injured,  and  ualtt  him  in 
n.-co»criag  KiiLifactian.  Locke. 

Should  we  agvun  hrenk  tliy  commandments,  and  join  in  aJfinity 
with  the  people  of  these  abominations  ?  —  Ezra  is. 

JOIVDER,  n.    A  joining;  as,  a  joinder  in  demurrer. 

Blacliston  e. 

JOIN'ED,  pp.  Added  ;  united  ;  set  or  fastened  to- 
gether;  associated;  confederated. 

JOIN'ER,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  construct 
things  by  joining  pieces  of  wood  ;  but  appropriately 
and  usuaUy,  a  mechanic  who  does  the  wood  work  in 
the  covering  and  finishing  of  buildings.  This  is  the 
true  and  original  sense  of  the  word  in  Great  Brit;iin 
and  in  New  England.  This  person  is  called  in  New 
York  a  carpenter.     [See  Carpenter.] 

JOIN'ER-Y,  n.    The  art  of  fitting  and  joining  pieces 
of  limber  fn  the  construction  of  utensils  or  parts  of  a 
building,  so  as  to  form  one  entire  piece. 
2.  The  work  of  a  joiner.  Burke. 

JOIN'-HAND,  n.  Writing  in  which  letters  are  joined 
in  words;  as  distinguished  from  writing  in  single 
letters.  Addison. 

JOIN'LVG,  ppr.  Adding;  making  contiguous;  unit- 
ing; confederating. 

JOINT.n.  [Fr.Joint;  &p. junta, jiintura i  lUgiuntura; 
'L.junctura.     Sec  Join.] 

1.  The  joining  of  two  or  more  things. 

S.  In  anatomy,  the  juining  of  two  or  more  bones  ; 


JOL 

an  articulation ;  as  the  elbow,  tlie    knee,  or  tlie 

knuckle. 

3.  A  knot ;  the  union  of  two  parts  of  a  plant ;  or 
the  space  between  two  joints  ;  an  internode  ;  as,  the 
joint  of  a  cane,  or  of  a  stalk  of  maize. 

4.  A  hinge;  a  juncture  of  parts  which  admits  of 
motion. 

5.  Tlie  place  where  two  pieces  of  timber  are 
united. 

6.  In  joinery,  straight  lines  are  called  a  joint,  when 
two  pieces  of  wood  are  planed.  Moxon, 

7.  One  of  the  limbs  of  an  animal  cut  up  by  the 
butcher. 

Out  of  joint;  luxated;   dislocated;   as  when  the 
head  of  a  bone  is  displaced  from  its  sockeL    Hence, 
figuratively,  in  disorder  or  confusion. 
JOINT,  a.    Shared  by  two  or  more;  as,  jVtrit  prop- 
erty. 

9.  United  in  the  same  profession;  having  an  in- 
terest in  the  same  thing ;  as,  a  jmnt-htit  or  heiress. 

3.  United;   comhitied  ;    acting  in  concert;   us,  a 

d'oint  force  ;  joint  efforts  ;  joint  vipor. 
INT,  V.  t.     To  f(irm  with  joints  or  articulations; 
use^  mostly  in  the  participle ;  as,  the  fingers  are  jointed; 
a  cane  has  a  jointed  stalk. 

2.  To  fonn  many  parts  into  one ;  as,  jointed  wood 

Dnjden. 

3.  To  cut  or  divide  into  joints  or  quarters. 

Drtjilen. 

4.  To  straighten  and  smooth  the  edges  of  boards 
which  are  to  be  joined,  so  that  they  may  unite 
closely. 

JOINT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Formed  with  articulations,  as 
the  stem  of  a  plant. 
2.  Separated  into  joints  or  quarters. 

JOINT'ED-LY,  adv.     By  joints.  Smith. 

JOINT'ER,  n.  The  longest  plane  used  by  a  joiner  in 
smoothing  the  surface  of  boards  or  straightening  the 
edge  of  those  which  are  to  be  joined.  OtoUt, 

JOINT'-HEIU,  (-arc,)  n.  [joint  and  heir.]  An  heir 
having  a  joint  interest  with  another.     Rom.  Viii. 

JOINT'ING,  n.    The  making  of  a  joint. 

JOINT'LY,  adc.  Together;  unitedly;  In  concert; 
with  rob(>eration. 

2.  With  union  of  interest ;  as,  lo  be  jointly  con- 
cerned in  a  voyage. 

JOINT'RESS,  n.    A  woman  who  has  a  jointure. 

Blackstone. 

JOINT'-STOCK,  n.    Stock  held  in  company. 

JOINT-STOCK-€0M'PA-NY,  n.  A  company  for 
carrying  on  any  business,  having  the  stock  or  capi- 
tal divided  into  shares  which  are  transferable,  by  each 
owner  without  the  consent  of  the  other  partners. 
The  holders  of  the  stock  are  not,  in  most  cases,  lia- 
ble in  their  individual  capacity  fur  the  debts  of  the 
company.  Brande.     Encyc.  Am. 

JOIXT'STOOL,  n.  A  stool  consisting  of  parLs  in- 
serted in  each  other.  South. 

JOIXT-TEN'AN-CY,  b.  [joint  and  tenant.]  A  ten- 
ure of  estate  by  unity  of*  interest,  title,  time,  and 
IKtssessinn.  Blachitone. 

JOINT-TEN'ANT,  7(.  [joint  and  tenant.]  One  who 
holds  an  estate  by  joint-tenancy, 

JOINT'tJRE,  n.  [Fr.]  An  estate  in  lands  or  tene- 
ments, settled  on  a  woman  in  consideration  of  mar- 
riage, and  which  she  is  to  enjoy  after  her  husband's 
decease.  Blackstone. 

JOINT'l^RE,  V.  U    To  settle  a  jointure  upon. 

Cowley. 

JOTNT'TIR-ED,  pp.    Endowed  with  a  jointure. 

JOINT'qR-ING,  ppr.     Endowing  with  a  jointure. 

JOIST,  n.  [Scot,  gcist  or  gest.  Qu.  Fr.  gesir,  to 
lie.] 

A  small  piece  of  timber,  such  as  is  framed  into  the* 
girders  and  summers  of  a  building  to  support  a  fioor. 

Encyc. 

JOIST,  V.  t.    To  fit  in  joists  ;  to  lay  joists. 

JOIST'ED,  pp.    Fitted  in  joists. 

JOIST'ING.  ppr.    Laying  joists. 

JOKE,  Ti.  I'L.  jocus  i  Dan.  giek,  a  jnke  ;  gtekker,  to 
joke  ;  Sw.  gdcka,  to  ridicule  ;  G.  schakemr\ 

1.  A  jest ;  something  said  for  the  sake  of  exciting 
a  laugh;  something  witty  or  sportive;  raillery,  A 
jealous  person  will  rarely  bear  a  joke. 

2.  An  illusion  ;  something  nut  real,  or  to  no  pur- 
pose. 

Inclose  whole  downs  in  walls,  'lia  nil  a  joke  I  Pope. 

A  practical  joke,  's  a  trick  played  on  a  person,  some- 
times to  the  injury  or  annoyance  of  his  body. 

In  joke  ;  in  jest;  for  the  sake  of  raising  a  laugh  ; 
not  in  earnest. 

JOKE,  r.  i.     [h.jocor.] 

To  jest ;  to  be  mtrrry  in  words  or  actions. 

JOKE,  V.  L  To  rally;  to  cast  jokes  at;  to  make 
merry  with. 

JOK'ED,  (jokt,)  pp.  Jested  ;  rallied ;  made  merry 
with. 

JOK'ER,  n.     A  jester  ;  a  merry  fellow,  Dennis. 

JOK'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Jestinj; ;  making  merry  with. 

JOK'ING-LY,  adv.     In  a  joking  way. 

JOLE,  n.  [Sometimes  written  Jowl-  Sax.  ceole,  the 
jaw  or  cheek ;  Ir.  giai.  Q.U.  Arm.  chagcU,  con- 
tracted.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD  —NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.- 


63i> 


JOU 

1  The  cheek  ;  used  in  rhe  phrase  cAeek  by  jolcy 
that  is,  w  ith  the  cheeks  together  close.        Drtiden. 

2  1  Jie  head  of  a  fish.  Pope. 
JOLEor  JOLL,  r.  (.    To  strike  the  head  aRaiiist  any 

thing  ;  to  cinsh  with  violence.     {J^ot  uxtd.]     S/iak. 
JOULI-FI-fA'TION,  n.    Noisy  festivity  and  merri- 
ment.    \Jt  low  word  used  aovMUmes  in  England  and 

JOL'LI-LV,  adv.     [See  Jollt.]     With  noisy  mirth  ; 

with  a  disposition  to  noisy  mirth.  Drydtn. 

JOL'LI-MENT,  n.    Mirth;  merriment.    [06*.] 

Spenser. 
JOL'LI-NESS,  \  n.     [from  joUy.']     Noisy  mirth  ;  gay- 
JOL'LI-TV,      \      ety;  merriment  j  festivity. 

All  WA*  DOW  turned  ioJUtity  and  puae.  Milton. 

2.  Elevation  of  spirit ;  gayety. 

He,  wiih  a  pmi}dJoiiity,comnwHi^  htm  to  leare  thai  innrrrlfor 
lucn  who  waB  oaly  u-onliy  u>  enber  into  it.  didney. 

[This  word,  in  America,  is  not  now  applied  to  re- 
ppectahle  company.] 
JOL'LV,  a.     [Fr.joli,  pretty  ;  lUffiulivo,  joyful,  merr>', 
Qu.  Sax  geoUtj  gehol^  a  feast,  the  yulcy  or  feast  of  the 
nativity.] 

1.  Merry;  gay;  lively;  full  of  life  and  mirth  ;  jo- 
vial, it  expresses  more  life  and  noise  than  Cheer- 
ful ;  as,  ajoUy  troop  of  huntsmen.  Sftak. 

[It  in  seldom  applied,  in  colloquial  usage,  to  re- 
spectable company.  We  rarely  say  of  resi>eclable 
persons,  they  are  jollt/.  It  is  applied  to  the  young 
Ud  the  vulgar.] 

2.  Expressing  mirth  or  inspiring  it. 

JltiH  whh  bit  Jolit/  pipe  dfli^tiu  th-  groTe*.  Prior, 

Tbe  coacfamaii  i*  ■we'll<_-d  iuloJoUj/  iBnienMoni  Ity  Tn'qtir-nt  potA- 
tiMU  of  inatt  liquon.  Irving. 

3.  Exciting  mirth  and  gayety;  aa,joUy  May. 

Dryden. 

4.  Plump,  like  one  in  high  health  ;  pretty.    South. 
JOL'LY-BOAT,  n.     A  small  boat  belonging  to  a  ship, 

[A  KUlor*8  corruption  for  yawl-hooL    See  Sw.  juUe,  a, 
yawt.] 

JoLT,  r.  i.  To  shake  with  short,  abrupt  risings  and 
fallings,  xs  a  carriage  moving  on  rough  ground.  The 
carnage  jolts. 

JOLT,  c.  f.  To  shake  with  sudden  jerks,  aa  in  a  car- 
riage on  rough  ground,  or  on  a  hiqii  trotting  horse; 
as,  the  horse  or  carriage  jolts  the  rider. 

JOLTj  «.  A  shock  or  shake  by  a  sudden  jerk,  as  in  a 
camaire.  Sirift. 

JOLT'ED,  pp.     Shaken  with  sudden  jerks. 

JOLT'ER,  n.     He  or  that  which  jolts. 

JOLT'IIEAD,  (-bed,)  n.  A  great-head;  a  dunce;  a 
blockhead.  Shak. 

JOLT'lN'fr,  ppr.  or  a.     Giving  sndden  jerks  or  shakes. 

J6LT'I\G-LY,  adv.     In  a  jolting  manner. 

JON'Q,tJIL,  B.  fFr.  jontmilU  ;  II.  giunchiglia,  giuneo  ; 
lj.junetts,  a  rusn,  and  It.  gigHo^  a  lily.  It  is  some- 
times called  the  Rvsh-leafko  Daffodil.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Narcissus,  bearing  beautiful 
flowers  of  various  colors,  yellow  and  white. 

Ennje. 

JOR'DEX,  H.     A  vesfiel  for  chamber  uses.         Stri/l. 

JA'RAM,  jm.     A  colloquial  name,  in  many  parl^  of 

JO'RUM,  \  England,  for  a  large  drinking  vessel,  and 
aIm  for  its  contents,  vizr7 nut-brown  ale,  toast,  with 
sugar  and  spice.  Furby. 

JO'SEPII,  n-  A  woman*9  riding  dress,  formerly  much 
in  use.  Oroae, 

JO'SO,  n.    A  small  fish  of  the  gudgeon  kind. 

JOS.S'-^TICK,  Tt.  A  name  piven  to  small  reeds,  cov- 
ered with  the  dust  of  odurikVrous  wuods,  which  the 
Chinese  burn  before  Ibeir  idols.  Mafcom. 

JOS'TUE.  i}Ci*'\,)  V.  t.     [  Fr.  joiUtr,  for  jouster ;  lU  gios- 
trare  ;  Sp.  jiwHar.     Wruten,  also,  Juitle.] 
To  run  against  and  shake  ;  to  punb. 

J08'TL£D,  ^os'ld,)  pp.  Run  against;  pushed.  We 
say,  a  thing  Is  jostled  out  of  its  place. 

JOS'TLING,  ppr.     Running  against ;  pushing. 

JOB'TLIN'G,  n.     A  ninning  against ;  a  crowding. 

JOT,  n.  [Gr.  cwra,  Ch.  Heb.  yod,  Syr.  yudh,  the  name 
of  the  letter  "^  or  i,] 

An  iota ;  a  point ;  a  tittle  ;  the  lea.'St  qtmntity  ossign- 
sble. 

Till  li<«Teo  an>I  earth  vam,  on«  lot  or  on«  t!ul«  shall  in  oo  wi«e 
pm  from  the  law  uU  all  >hajl  be  fulfilWl.  —  M.itt.  v. 

A  niao  maj  nsd  mucli,  and  aciuirc  out  a  Jol  of  knowt^^,  or 
be  ft  Jot  the  wikt.  Anon. 

JOT,  v.U    To  Bet  down ;  to  make  a  memorandum  of. 

fValter  Sr.ott. 

JOT'TING,  n.    A  mcmomndum.  Todd. 

JOT'TING,  ppr.    Making  a  memorandum  of. 

JOU'IS^SANCE.  (jQ'iH-sans,)  n.  [Fr.]  Jollity;  mer- 
riment.    [JVui  in  u-ie.]  Spenner. 

JOUNCE,  e.  (.  To  jolt ;  to  shake,  as  rough  riders  are 
apt  to  do.  It  is  the  same  as  Ja.u:<ce,  by  a  common 
change  of  diphthongs.  ["  Spur-gnlted  and  tired  by 
jauneing,"  Bolingbrokt.  Shak.  Forbij.l  Used  as  a 
noun  for  jolt  or  shake.. 

JOITP,  V.  L    To  shake  ;  to  dash.  Grose. 

JOUR'NAL,  (jur'nal,)  n.  [Fr.  jouryial :  It.  giornale^ 
fmm  giomo,  a  day ;  Corn,  juma ;  W.  diurnod ;  Ij. 
dinmum.  This  was  originally  an  adj**ctive,  signify- 
ing daily,  88  in  Hpenser  and  Bhak"peare  ;  but  the  ad- 
jective u  obsolete.] 


JOY 

1.  A  diarj- ;  an  nccouul  of  daily  transactions  and 
events  ;  or  the  bock  containinii  such  accoimt. 

9.  Among  merchant,  a  book  in  which  every  par- 
ticular article  or  rharge  is  fairly  entered  from  the 
waste-book  or  blotter. 

3.  In  jiaci^atiott,  a  daily  register  of  the  ship's 
course  and  distance,  the  winds,  weather,  and  other 
occurrences. 

4.  A  paper  published  daily,  or  other  newspaper; 
also,  the  title  of  a  book  or  pamphlet  published  at 
stated  times,  containing  an  account  of  inventions, 
discoveries,  and  improvements,  in  arts  and  sciences  ; 
as,  the  Journal  de  Savans  ;  the  Journ^  of  Science. 

JOCR'NAL-ISM,  (jnr'nal-izm,)  n.  The  keeping  of  a 
journal.  Carlisle. 

2.  The  management  of  public  journals. 
JOUR'NAL-IST,   (jur'nal-ist,)   n.     The   writer  of   a 

journal  or  diary. 

2.  The  conductor  of  a  public  journal. 
JOUR'NAL-IZE,    (jur'nal-ize,)  v.  t.     To  enter  in  a 

journal  an  account  of  daily  transactions. 
JOUR'NAL-IZ-jBD,  (jur'nal-izd,)  pp.     Entered  in  a 

journal. 
JOCR'NAr-^TZ-ING,ppr.    Entering  in  a  journal. 
JOtJR'NEY,  (jur'ny,)  n.     [Fr.  journie,  a  day  or  day's 

work  ;  It.   giornata,  a  day  ;  fc>p.  Jornada,  a  journey, 

or  travel  of  a  day  ;  IL  giorno^  a  dav,  from  L.  diamus, 

dies.] 

1.  Originally^  the  travel  of  a  day.     [Oi.<.]    Milton. 

2.  Travel  by  land  to  any  disfcince  and  for  any  liuie, 
indefinitely;  as,  a  journey  from  London  to  Paris,  or 
•to  Rome  ;  n  journey  to  visit  a  brother ;  a  week's  jour- 
ney :  we  made  two  journeys  to  Philadelphia. 

3.  Passage  from  one  place  to  another ;  as,  a  long 
journey  from  the  upprr  regions.  Burnet. 

4.  It  may  sometimes  include  n  passing  by  water. 
JOUR'NEY,  (jur'ny,)  p.  i.     'I'o  travel  from  place  to 

place  ;  to  pass  from  home  to  a  distance. 

Ahnhswu  journeyed,  goin  j  on  iiill  towarJ  the  •outh.  —  Gen.  xii. 

JOUR'NEV-ER,  (jur'ny-er,)  n.    One  who  journevs. 

Scott. 

JOUR'NEY-ING,  (jur'ny-ing,)  ppr.  Traveling;  pass- 
ing from  place  to  place. 

JOUR'NEY-ING,  n.  A  traveling  or  passing  from  one 
place  to  another ;  as,  the  juumeyings  of  the  children 
of  Israel. 

JOUR'NEY-MAN,  Tt.  [journey  and  maii.^  Strictly,  a 
man  hired  to  work  by  the  day,  but  in  fact,  any  me- 
chanic who  is  hired  to  work  for  another  in  his  em- 
ployment, whetlier  by  the  month,  year,  or  other  term. 
It  is  applied  only  to  mechanics  in  their  own  occu- 
pations. 

JOUR'NEY-WORK,  (jur'ny-wnrk,)  n.    Work  done 
for  hire  by  a  mechanic  in  his  proper  occupation. 
[  This  v>ord  is  never  applied  to  farming.] 

JOUST.     See  Just. 

JOVE,  n.     [L.  Jovis,  gen.  of  Jupiter,  Gr.  Z£t>s.] 

1.  The  name  of  the  Supreme  Deity  among  the 
Romans. 

2.  The  planet  Jupiter. 

Or  a^k  ofvonder  nr^^nt  fi»'I<I«  above 

Why  Jooe't  •.tU-llitca  am  Icm  [)i»n  Jooe.  Popt. 

3.  The  air  or  atmosphere,  or  the  god  of  the  air. 

And  Jov4  deaceniU  in  ■howers  of  kInJIf  raiii.  Dryden, 

4.  In  alchemy^  tin.  B.  Sitliman,  Jr. 
JO'V'I-AL,  a.  [from  Jwpe,  supra.]  Under  the  influence 

of  Jupiter,  the  planet. 

Th'j  fixpil  •tiirs  fwirolog'icillT  iliiT'-n'nwd  by  the  plniipta,  and 
rittfrn'-d  Murti.il  or  Jovini  according  to  Uiu  colors  wUr^reb/ 
thu-j  anawcr  lhR»e  pUucU.  Brown. 

3.  In  alehemv,  a  term  npptied  to  preparations  of  tin. 

JO'VI-AL,  a.     fFr.  and  Sp.  id. ;  It.  gioviale:  probably 

from  the  nwt  of  giovane,  young,  or  from  that  of  joy. 

If  il  is  from  Jove,  it  must  be  from  the  sense  of  airy, 

or  fresh.] 

1.  Gay;  mprry  ;  airy;  Joyous;  jolly;  as,  &  jovial 
youth  ;  a  jovial  throng. 

5.  Expressive  of  mirth  and  hilarity. 

Bla  odrt  are  aome  of  them  ponrp jricil,  otiicn  mor-il.  the  real 
tn  Jovial  or  tnubunoltaii.  Dryien. 

J0'VI-AL-I8T,  fi.    One  who  lives  a  jovial  life,  ffall. 

JO'VI-AIy-t.Y,orfr.  Merrily;  gavly  ;  with  noisy  mirth. 

JO'Vl-AI^NESS,  n.     Noisy  mirth  ;  gayety. 

JO'VI-AL-TY,  n.     Merriment. 

JOWL.  n.    The  cheek.     [See  Jole.] 

JOWL'ER,  n.  The  name  of  a  huniing^iog,  beagle, or 
other  dog.  Dryden. 

JOW'TER,  71.  One  who  carries  fish  around  the  coun- 
try, on  horseback,  for  sale.  It  probably  means  Jolt- 
kh.     [0A«J  jS.-iA. 

JOY,  n.  [Fr.  joie;  It.  gioia;  Arm.  jna,  contracted; 
G.  jfiuehien,  to  shout ;  D.  jiiickcn,  to  rejoice  ;  Pp.  go- 
to; Port.  id.  This  word  bilonga  to  the  Class  Cg,  and 
its  nidical  sense  Is,  probably,  to  shout,  or  to  leap,  or 
to  play  or  sport,  and  allied  perhaps  to  joke  and  juggle. 
U.U.  It.  gaudium.) 

1.  The  passion  or  emotion  excited  by  the  acquisi- 
tion or  expectation  of  good ;  that  excitement  of 
pleasurable  feelings  which  is  caused  by  success, 
good  fortune,  the  gratification  of  desire  or  some  good 
possessed,   or  by   a  rational   prospect  of  possessing 


JUD 

what  we  love  or  desire  ;  gladness  ;  exultation  ;  ex- 
hilaration of  spirits. 

Joy  \»  a.  ddiifht  of  tJi^  mind,  from  the  coTtijil«ration  of  th*  prea- 
iwMiijii  of  a  jruu4l.      Lack: 


lUffd  Itppro^lChtllg  puMi'Miijii  of  a  j(uu4l. 

Brin»  henvpnly  Inltii  to  heal  m_v  coiiinry'a  wounds, 

Joy  10  my  auiil,  iuid  tmiiaport  to  my  tuy.  D.  Humphrsy. 

2.  Gayety;  mirth;  festivity. 

The  roola  with  ^oy  resound.  Dryden, 

3.  Happiness ;  felicity. 

Her  heavenly  form  beheld,  all  wiahed  her  Joy.  Dryden, 

4.  A  glorious  and  triumphant  state. 

Who,  for  the  Joy  thiH  waa  let  before  him,  endured  the  cro»  -  - 
Heb.  xii. 

5.  The  cause  of  joy  or  happiness. 

for  ye  are  our  glory  tnuijoy.  —  1  Th'*B».  ii. 

6.  A  term  of  fondness  ;  the  cause  of  joy. 
JOY,  r.  i.    To  rejoice  ;  to  be  glad  ;  to  exult. 

I  vfilljoy  ill  the  God  of  my  Kdv^itlon.  —  Hob.  iit. 

JOY,  V.  t.    To  give  joy  to  ;  to  congratulate ;  to  enter- 
tain kindly. 

2.  To  gladden  ;  to  exhilarate. 

My  soul  was  Joyed  in  vain.  Pope. 

3.  [Fr.  jouir.]  To  enjoy  ;  to  have  or  possess 
with  pleasure,  or  to  have  pleasure  in  the  possession 
of.     [Little  used.]     [See  Enjoy.]      Jililton.     Drvden. 

JOY'ANCE,  n.     [Old  Fr.  joiant.]     Gayety  ;    festivity. 


[Oft.vJ 

JOY'KtJ,  pp.    Gladdened;  enjoyed. 


Spenser. 


JOY'FJJL,  a.     Full  of  joy  ;  very  glad  ;  eiulting. 

My  acul  shall  be  Joy/ul  in  my  Uod.  —  Is.  xli. 

Rarely,  it  has  of  before  the  cause  of  joy 

Sad  lor  Uieir  loss,  haxjoy/ul  o/our  life.  Pope. 

JOY'FyL-LV,  adv.     With  joy  ;  gladly. 

Never  did  men  more  Joyfully  obey.  Dryden. 

JOY'FyL-NESS,   ji.     Great    gladness;    Joy,     Deut 

xxviii. 
JOY'ING,  ppr.    Gladdening  ;  giving  joy  to. 
JOY'-IN-SPIR'ING,  a.     Inspiring  joy.        Boioring. 
JOY'LESS,  a.     Destitute  of  joy  ;  wanting  joy. 

With  downcast  eyes  the  JoyUee  victor  siU.  Drydeti. 

Rarely  followed  by  qf;  as,  joyless  qf  the  gmve. 

I>rydcn. 
2.  Givingno  joy  or  pleasure. 

A  Joyless,  dtsiiiul,  blitcic,  and  sorrowrul  Issue.  Shak. 

J0Y'LES9-LY,  adv.     Without  joy.  ^mton. 

JOY'LESS-NESS,n.    State  of  being  joyless.    Donne. 
JOY'OUS,  a.     [Fr.  joijeux.] 

1.  Glad  ;  gay ;  merry  ;  joyful. 

Joyoue  the  tmis  ;  fresh  ^es  and  geuUe  airs 

^\■tliap<'^ed  it.  MlHon. 

2.  Giving  joy. 

They,  all  as  glad  as  blnls  of  Joyout  prime.  Spenitr. 

It  has  of  before  the  cause  of  joy. 

And  Joyous  o/our  conquest  early  won.  Dryden. 

JOY'OUS-LY,  adv.    With  joy  or  gladness. 
JOY'OUS-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  joyotis. 
JUB,  n.     A  bottle  or  vessel.     [Obs.]  'Chaueer, 

JO'BI-LANT,  a.     [h.  jubilans.    See  JunrLEE.l 

Uttering  songs  of  triumph ;  rejoicing ;  snouting 
with  joy. 

While  Ihs  bright  pomp  ascended  Jubilant.  Milton. 

JU-BI-IA'TE,n.  [L.]  The  third  Sunday  after  East- 
er ;  BO  called  because  the  church  service,  in  early 
times,  began,  on  that  day,  with  the  words  of  the  tiilth 
Psalm,  "Jubilate  Deo,"  &.c.  Brande. 

JU-BI-LA'TION,  n.      [Fr.,  from  U  jubilatio.     See 
Jubilee.] 
The  act  of  declaring  triumph. 

JC'BI-LEE,  w.  [Fr.jubiUi  V..  juhilum^  from  jufti/o, 
to  shout  for  joy  ;  Sp.  jabileo  ;  It.  giubbilco ;  Heb.  S^** 
or  S^i'',  the  Idast  of  a  trumpet,  coinciding  with  Eng. 
bawl,  pe-al,  L.  peUo.] 

1.  Amtmg  the  Jcio.f,  ever>- fiftieth  year,  being  the 
year  following  the  revolution  of  seven  weeks  of 
years,  at  which  time  all  the  slaves  were  liberated, 
and  all  lands,  which  had  been  alienated  during  the 
whole  period,  reverted  to  their  former  owners.  This 
was  a  time  of  great  rejoicing.     Hence, 

2.  A  season  of  great  public  joy  and  festivity, 

Milton. 

3.  A  church  solemnity  or  ceremony  celebrated  at 
Rome,  in  which  the  pope  grants  plenary  indulgence 
to  sinners,  or  to  as  many  as  visit  the  churches  of  St. 
Peter  and  St.  Paul  at  Rome,  Enajc. 

JU-€UND'I-TY,    n.      \h,  juctmdHas,  from  jucunduSf 
sweet,  fffcasant.] 
Pleasantness;  agreeable ness.    [Little  used." 


4° 


Brown. 
a.    Pertaining  to  the  Jews.  Milntr. 
adv.    Afler  the  Jewish  manner. 


JV-DH'W, 
JU-DJ'ie-AL, 
JU-DA'ie-AL-1      , 

Jltiltan. 
JO'DA-ISM,  n.      [Fr.  judaisme^  from  Jiulah^  vvtience 


Jiiv.l 

1.  Tl 


he  religioiis  doctrines  and  rites  of  the  Jews,  M 


TCNE,  BULL,  tJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CroUS.  — C  M  Kj  0  u  J;  «  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


en 


633 


JUD 

enjoined  in  the  laws  of  Moses.    Judaism  was  a  tera- 
piiiary  dispdiTiation.' 
3.  Cuiilumiity  to  tbe  Jewish  riles  and  ceremonies. 

Eneye. 
JU-DA-I  ZA'TION,  M.    A  confonning  to  the  Jewish 

relifEion  or  niual.  Stmthey. 

JC'DA-rZE,  p.  i.     [Fr.  juHaiser^  from  Judah.] 

To  ruiifurw  to  the  religious  doctrines  and  ritea  of 
the  Jews. 

Tbe;  —  pi?TaiI«d  on  the  O&ktioM  to  JudoiM  m  Cu  «•  to  ob- 
■nT«  the  rttea  oTMosn  in  miout  inannccB.  Mbigr. 

JO'DA-TZ-ER,  II.    One  who  conforms  to  the  religion 

of  the  Jews.  MotknigkL 

JO'DA-IZ-ING,  ppr.  or  «.  Confonning  to  U»  doctrinefl 

'     and  rites  of  the  Jews. 
JO'UAS-TREE,  «.  AlepuminonsftowerinRtree,  of  the 

penus  Cerci<,  common  in  the  Ea^t.    On  one  of  these 

Judas  is  said  to  luive  hung  himsclC 
JUD'DOCKf  11.     A  small    Eiripe,  called  also  Jack- 

JUDCB,  n.  [Ft.  >f»f  Bp-jum  Port,  jmii  ,•  \l.  gi- 
udiee;  L.  jiuiez,  supposed  to  be  compounded  of  jiu, 
law  or  richt,  and  dieoy  to  pronounce.  "  Uinc  jtuUiy 
quod  jus  dicat  accepta  poieAate.**     Fam.] 

1.  A  civil  officer  who  is  invented  with  authont)"  to 
bear  and  determine  cause*,  civil  or  criminal,  between 
parties,  according  to  his  commission  ;  as,  the  judges 
of  tbe  King's  Bench,orof  the  t'ommon  Pleas;  judge^s 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  of  District  Coiirts,orof  a  Coun- 
ty Court.    The  judge  of  a  Court  of  Equity  is  called  a 


S.  Tbe  Supreme  Being. 

SteS  oM  the  Judg*  of  all  ibe  eaith  do  lirfat  ?  — Gf-n.  zriO. 

3.  One  who  presides  in  a  court  of  judicature. 

4.  One  who  has  skill  to  decide  on  the  merits  of  a 

3uestion,  or  on  the  value  of  any  thing  ;  one  who  can 
iscem  truth  and  propriety. 

A  naa  who  b  aoj-d^  oT  taw  mj  be  a  goodjitdg*  tit  wtry 
or  eloqtMMio^,  or  of  the  meiiu  of  %  painuog.  Dr^^n, 

5.  In  the  kiMcry  of  Israel^  a  chief  maeistrate,  with 
civil  and  militarj-  p»)wers.  'i'he  Israelites  were  gov- 
erned by  j*dgts  more  than  three  hundred  yearn,  and 
the  bistor>-  of  tbeir  transactions  is  called  tbeBooA  V^ 
Judtet, 

JUDOE,  c.  i.  [Tt.juger;  L.  judicai  IL  gimdicart; 
Sp.  jmlgarj] 

1.  To  compare  facts  or  ideas,  and  perceive  their 
agreeioent  or  disagreement,  and  thus  to  distinguiab 
trntta  from  falsebowL 

Jwtga  BMMcanllnf  to  tb»  arpewanee.  — Jofao  tL 

9.  To  form  an  o|rinion  ;  to  bring  to  iMue  the  rem^ 
■cming  <T  deliberatluos  of  tbe  mind. 

If  I  dkJ  not  knov  t^  ariginah,  lafcould  not  be  «Ut  lo  fvdgt, 
bjr  tbe  coptn,  whicb  wa«  VirpI  and  vhicfa  Orid.     Drydit^ 

X  To  hear  and  determine,  as  in  causes  on  trial ; 
to  puss  >enl«iice.  He  was  present  on  the  bench,  but 
coidd  n<-4  judge  in  the  rase. 

Tbe  ljor*l  Judf  brtwwn  tbe*  aad  me. — Gen.  xri. 
4.  To  discern  ;  to  distinguish  ;  to  consider  acca- 
ratety  for  the  purpose  of  forming  an  opinion  or  con- 
clusion. 

Jtidft  fa  ^imuhJvi  ■ ;  b  it  oomel;  that  a  wotnan  praj  to  God 
uncoTcml  f  —  1  Cor.  zi. 

Jin>6Ef  r.  u  To  bear  and  determine  a  case ;  to  ex- 
amine and  decide. 

CbtMtbail  judge  the  strife.  MUUm. 

Sl  To  try  ;  lo  examine  and  pass  sentence  on. 

Take  yv  hhn  and  i>*dfrt  hin  Bccordiny  to  rotrr  law.  —  John  XTiB. 
Gcd  tiailjudg€  tb?  n^-je«iM  htilJ  tlie  wicked.  —  Efides.  ill. 

3.  Rightly  to  understand  and  discern. 

He  that  M  wfirivi:ii  judgtA  all  ihings.  —  1  Cor.  il. 

4.  To  censure  rashly  ;  to  pass  severe  sentence. 

Judge  not,  that  jt  be  tuA.  judged.  ^M.a.tl.  rii. 

&  To  esteem  ;  to  think  ;  to  reckon. 

ItyvhtmjtidftdtDe  to  be  (ahbful  to  tbe  Lord.  —  Acta  xvl. 

6.  To  rule  or  govern. 

The  Lord  sbaliyMffftbk  people. — Heb.  s. 

7.  To  doom  to  punishment ;  to  punish. 

I  will  judgt  ihe«  aieoniiflj  to  thy  waj-i.  —  Ezpk.  tiL 

JUDGE-.UV  VO-eXTE,  n.  A  person  appointed  to  act 
a.«  public  prosecutor  in  courts-martial. 

JVVG'ED^pp.  He-ard  and  determined  j  tried  judicial- 
ly ;  sentenced  ;  censured  ;  doomed. 

JUDG'ER,  n.     One  who  judges  or  passes  sentence. 

JUT)GE'.«HIP,  fjuj'ship,)  n.    The  office  of  a  judge. 

JUDC'ING,p;rr.  Hearing  and  determining;  forming 
an  opinion  -.  dooming. 

JUDG'MENT.B.    IFt.  jugemnt.] 

1.  The  act  of  judging ;  the  act  or  process  of  the 
mind  in  comprinng  its  ideas,  lo  find  their  agreement 
or  disagreement,  and  to  ascertain  truth ;  or  the 
process  of  examining  facts  and  arcuments,  to  ascer- 
tain propriety  and  justice  ;  or  the' process  of  exam- 
ining tbe  relations  between  one  proposition  and  an- 
other. Locke,     Enciic.     Jokngon. 

2.  The  faculty  of  the  mind  by  which  man  is  en- 
abled to  compare  ideas,  and  ascertain  the  relations 
of  terms  and  proposiiions  ;  as,  a  man  of  clear  judg- 


JUD 

mritl,  or  sound  judgment.  The  judipnent  may  be  bi- 
a-<ed  by  prejudice.  Judgment  supplies  the  want  of 
ccrt:tiii  knowledj-e. 

3.  The  deleruiination  of  the  mind,  formed  from 
comparing  the  relations  of  ideas,  or  the  coinpiirison 
of  facUs  and  ar^umentt.  In  the  formation  uf  our 
judgment.-!^  we  sliuuld  be  careful  to  weigh  and  com- 
pare all  the  facts  connected  with  the  subject. 

4.  In  lau>,  the  sentence  or  doom  pronounced  in  any 
cause,  civil  or  crlniinal,  by  the  judge  nr  court  by 
which  it  is  tried.  Judgment  may  be  rendered  on  de- 
murrer, on  a  verdict,  on  a  confession  or  default,  or 
on  a  nonsuit.  Judgment^  though  pronounced  by  the 
judge  orcouA,  is  properly  the  determination  or  sen- 
tence of  tbe  iaw.  A  pardun  may  be  pleaded  In  ar- 
rest of  judgmenU 

5.  The  right  or  power  of  passing  sentence.    Shak. 
G.  Determination  ;  decision. 

Let  rroaon  gY>vom  us  in  the  fonaatlon  of  oor^tuifmcnl  of  thtn^ 
pn^wced  to  our  iitquirj.  Anon. 

7   Opinion ;  notion. 

Shr,  in  mjr  Judgment,  «>■«•  n>  bSx  ai  you.  ShaJc. 

8.  In  Scripture^  tbe  spirit  of  wisdom  and  pnidence, 
enabling  a  person  to  discern  right  and  wrong,  good  and 

eviL 

Give  the  king:  thy  judgmentt,  O  God.  —  Pa.  IxxS. 

9.  A  remarkable  punishment;  an  extraordinary 
calamity  inflicted  by  Gtul  on  sinneis. 

JudgTMttu  are  picparvd  Tor  icorners.  —  Pror.  xiz.    Is.  xzti. 

10.  The  spiritual  government  of  the  world. 

T\»  rather  hath  eonmiiiUHl  all  judgment  to  the  Son.  — John  r. 

11.  The  righteous  statutes  and  commandments  of 
God  are  called  his  judgments.    Ps.  cx'xx. 

152.  The  doctrines  of  the  gospel,  or  God*s  word. 

Matt.  xii. 

13.  Justice  and  equity.    Z,ttA-«  xi.    Is.  L 

H.  The  decrees  and  purposes  of  God  concerning 

nations.    Rom.  x\. 

15.  A  court  or  tribunal.    Matt.  v. 

16.  Controversies,  or  decisions  of  controversies. 
1  Cw.  vi. 

17.  The  gospel,  or  kingdom  of  grace.    Matt.  xii. 

18.  The  final  trial  t>f  the  human  race,  when  God 
will  decide  the  fate  of  every  individual,  and  award 
sentence  according  to  justice. 

For  Oo^l  shall  tiring  every  work  Into  Judgment,  with  every 
BFcret  ibio^,  whetbu  it  be  good,  ov  wbetber  it  lie  eTii.  — 
Eccka.  lii. 

Jmdgwumt  Iff  Ood.   /Vrmrr/y,  this  term  was  applied 

to  extimordinary  trials  of  secret  crimes,  as  by  arms 

and  single  combat,  by  ordeal,  or  hot  plowshares,  &lc.  ; 

it  being  imagined  that  God  would  work  miracles  to 

▼indicate  innocence. 
JUDO'MENT-DAY,  n.    Tbe  last  day,  or  day  when 

final  judgment  will  be  pronounced  on  the  subjects 

of  (kMl's  moral  government. 
JUUCi'MENT-UALL,  n.    The  hall  where  courts  are 

held. 
JUDG'MEXT-SEAT,  n.    The  seat  or  bench  on  which 

judges  sit  in  court. 
2.  A  court ;  a  tribunaL 

We  ihall  all  atand  before  the  Judgnunt-eeat  of  Christ.  —  Rom. 
xir. 

JO'DI-€A-BLE,  «,    That  may  be  tried  and  judged. 
JC'DI-€A-TIVE,  a.   Having  power  to  judge. 

JJammond. 
JC'DI-€ATO-RY,  a.    Dispensing  Justice. 
JC'DI-€A-TO-RY,  n.     [L.  judUatoriunu] 

1.  A  court  of  justice  ;  a  tribunal.         Atterhury. 

2.  Distribution  of  justice.  Clarendon. 
JO'DI-eA-TliRE,  n.     [Fr.]     The   power  of  distribu- 
ting  justice   by   legal  trial   and  determination.     A 
court  of  judicature  is  a  court  invested  with  powers  to 
administer  justice  between  man  and  man. 

9.  A  court  of  justice  ;  a  judicatory.  South. 

JU-DI"CIAL,  (ju-dish'al,)  a.  Pertaining  to  courts  of 
justice  ;  as,  judicial  power. 

2.  Practiced  in  the  distribution  of  justice;  as,  ju- 
dicial  proceedings. 

3.  Proceeding  from  a  court  of  justice ;  as,  sl  ju- 
dicial determination. 

4.  Issued  by  a  court  under  its  seal ;  as,  a  judicial 
writ. 

5.  Inflicted,  as  a  penalty  or  in  judgment;  as,  ^ 
dicial  hardness  of  heart ;  a  judicial  punishment. 

JTJ-Dr'CIAL-LY,  adv.    In  the  forms  of  legal  justice; 

as,  a  sentence  vmiicially  declared, 
2.  By  way  of  penalty  or  judgment ;  as,  lo  be  ju- 

diciallv  punished. 
JU-DI"CIA-RY,  (ju-dish'a-re,)  a.     [Fr.  judiciaire  ;  L. 

judiciarius-l 

1.  Passing  judgment  or  sentence.  Boyle. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  courts  of  judicature,  or  legal 
tribunals. 

JU-DI"CIA-RY,  n.  That  branch  of  government  which 
is  concerned  in  the  trial  and  determination  of  contro- 
versies between  parlies,  and  of  criminal  prosecutions ; 
the  system  of  courts  of  justice  in  a  government.  An 
independent  Jiuficuipy  is  the  firmest  bulwark  of  free- 
dom. United  States. 

JU-Dr'CIOUS,  (ju-dish'us,) o.  [Tr.  judicieux ;  lUgiu- 
dicioso.] 


JUL 

1.  According  to  sound  judgment;  wise;  pnident : 
rational  ;  adapted  to  olttain  a  gootl  end  by  the  best 
means;  used  vf  thittis^.  Nothing  is  m>re  imiwrtiinl 
to  success  in  the  world  than  a  iudtciotui  application 
of  time,  unless  it  may  be  ^  judicious  e.Yj>endiiure  of 
money. 

2.  Acting  according  to  sound  judgment ;  possess- 
ing sound  judgijiL-ut ;  wise ;  directed  by  reason  and 
wisdom;  uaed  tif  persviuf !  as,  a  ^iui^icioiw  magistrate  ; 
&  judicious  historian. 

JU-DI"C10Uj?-LY.  adiy.  With  good  judgment;  with 
discretion  or  wisdom  ;  skillfully. 

IfOiipiitus  hu  judicioutty  prefi?rml  the  aubUme  ^nius  that 
••iinell/ues  errs,  to  Ute  middling  or  fmlitl'tTrnl  our,  which 
inaltPB  fi-v  faiilu,  but  selilum  nieato  exccJli-iio'.     Drydert. 

JU-DI"CIOUS-r^ESS,  n.  The  quality  of  acting  or  be- 
ing according  to  sound  judgiiu-nt. 

JUG,  a.  [Junius  mentions  the  Danish  juggty  an  urn, 
or  water-pot.] 

A  vessel,  usually  earthen,  with  a  swelling  belly 
and  narrow  mouth,  used  for  holding  and  conveying 
liquors.  Swift, 

JUG,  r.  t.  To  utter  a  sound  resembling  this  word,  as 
certain  birds  do,  especially  the  nightingale. 

JO'G.A-TED,  a.     Coupled  together. 

JUG'GLE,  r.  i.  [D.  guichden  or  goochelen  :  G.  gauMn  ; 
It.  gioeotare;  Dan.  g'dglrr,  lo  juggle;  ^i>Afccr,to  Joke  ; 
fiw.  ffdck^  a  jester ;  gdcka,  to  mock,  to  make  sport ; 
L.  jocular,  to  jest,  from  jocusy  a  joke  _:  jocoTy  to  ji>ke, 
which  coincides  witli  the  Sp.  and  Port,  ju^fur,  to  play, 
to  sport ;  FT.jouer,  contracted.  It  is  certain  thatjojte 
and  jocular,  and  probable  that  Joy,  are  from  the  same 
root  ^»  juggle  ;  perhaps  Ch.  ^in  hukk,  or  chuk,  to 
laugh,  to  play,  to  sport.    Class  Gk,  No.  IB.] 

1.  To  play  tricks  by  sleight  of  hand  :  to  amuse  and 
make  sport  by  tricks,  which  make  a  false  show  of 
extraordinary  powers. 

2.  To  practice  artifice  or  imposture. 

Be  thvac  juggling  fiends  no  more  bcliered.  SfioJtt 

JUG'GLE,  p.  t    To  deceive  by  trick  or  artifice. 

I«*l  possible  the  spells  of  PrRnce  shoulil^uf^^ 

Men  into  such  strange  inoclrcricB  t  Shak. 

JUG'GLE,  71.    A  trick  by  legerdemain. 

2.  An  imposture;  a  deception.  T^lotsoju 

JUG'GLER,  71.  [Sp,juglar;  Ft.  jongleur;  It.  giocvla- 
tore ;  D.  guicheltrr.'} 

1.  One  who  practices  or  exhibits  tricks  by  sleight  of 
hand  ;  one  who  makes  sport  by  tricks  of  extraordi- 
nary dexterity,  by  which  the  spectator  is  deceived. 
Jugglers  are  punishable  by  law. 

2.  A  cheat ;  a  deceiver  ;  a  trickish  fellow.  Shak. 
JUG'GLER-Y,  n.     Legerdemain. 

JUG'GLING,  ppr,  or  a.    Playing  tricks  by  sleight  of 

hand  ;  deceiving. 
JUG'GLING,  71.     The  art  or  practice  of  exhibiting 

tricks  of  legerdemain.    Hence, 
2.  Trickery ;  deceit. 
JUG'GLING-LY,  adv.    In  a  deceptive  manner. 
JO'GU-LAR,  a.     [L.  jugulum^  the  neck,  either  from 

jugum,  a  yoke,  or  from  its  radical  sense,  to  extend, 

to  join.     See  Join.] 
Pertaining  to  the  neck  or  throat;  aa,  tbe  jugular 

vein. 
JO'GU-LAR,  n.    A  large  vein  of  the  neck. 
JO'GU-LATE,  V.  t.     [L,  jugulo.] 

To  kill.  HaU. 

JC'GU-LA-TED,pp.    Killed;  destroyed. 
JC'GU-LA-TING,p/>r.     Killing;  destroying. 
JCICE.  (jiise,)  n.     [D,juys ;  Fr.  jus.    The  regular  or- 
thography is  JU9E.] 
I'he  sap  of  vegetables ;  the  fluid  part  of  animal 

substances.  Encye* 

JCICE,  «.(.    To  moisten.     [Obs.^  FulUr. 

JOIC'ED,  (just,)  pp.     Moistened. 
JCICE'LESS,  Cjuse'less,}  a.    Destitute  of  juice  ;  dry  ; 

without  moisture.  More. 

JOI'CI-NESS,  CJQ'se-ness,)  ti.    The  state  of  abounding 

with  juice  ;  succulence  in  plants. 
JC'IC'ING.  -ppr.    Moistening. 
JCI'CY,  (jii'sy,)  a.     Abounding  with  juice;  moist; 

succulent.  Bacoru 

JCISE,  n.     [L.  jus.] 

Judgment;  justice.    [Obs.]        o    j.^       Oower. 

JCJUBE,  Ti.     [L.  uzyphum;  P^^f^-A  j^Y:>j  -^'^on."] 

The  name  of  a  plant  and  of  its  fruit,  which  is 
pulpy,  and  resembles  a  small  plum.  The  plant  is 
Zizyphus  jiijaba,  a  native  of  the  East  Indies.  The 
fruit  was  formerly  used  in  pectoral  decoctions,  but  it 
is  now  in  little  reputation.  Encyc.    Miller, 

The  term  Jujuwe,  or  Jujuhe  Paste,  is  now  ap- 
plied to  an  expectorant  made  of  gum  arable,  sweet- 
ened. 
JCKE,  V.  i.     [Fr.  jucher.] 

To  perch  on  something;  to  bend  the  head  and  toss 
it  back,  as  in  acts  of  civility.     [Abt  used.]     Smart, 
S    -  J 
JO'LEP,n.     [Ar.  t^'^^s^.  julabon ;  Pers.  id.;  Ft,  ju- 
lep i  It.  giulebbo.] 

In  pharmacy,  a  medicine  composed  of  some  proper 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREV  —  PLVE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK.- 


JUN 

liquor  and  a  sirup  of  suprir,  of  extemporaneous  prep- 
aration, serving  as  a  vehicle  to  other  furms  of  medi- 
cine. Kucyc.     Quincy. 

JOI/IAN,  a.  Noting  the  old  account  of  the  year,  as 
reetilaled  by  Julius  Cesar,  which  continued  to  be 
used  in  England  till  175-3,  when  the  Gregorian  year, 
or  nt-w  style,  was  adopted. 

Julian  JilpSf  called  also  Camiajif-  between  Venetia 
(inJ  Noricum.  D''j3HviUe. 

Julian  Period.    See  Period. 

JO'LIS,  n.  A  small  fish  beltinging;  to  the  Wrasse  fam- 
ily, of  a  beautiful  violet  color.  Partington. 

JC'LUS,  n.     [Gr.  ioui"f,  a  handful  or  bundle.] 

1.  In  botanj/,  a  catkin  or  ament,  a  tipecies  of  inflo- 
rescence consisting:  of  scales,  under  which  stand 
flowers  arranged  along  a  stalk,  as  in  hazle,  birch, 
willow,  &.C.  Martfjn. 

2.  A  genus  of  multiped  insects,  of  the  order  of  Ai>- 
ters,  of  a  semi-cylindrical  form,  with  moniliform  an- 
tenns,  and  two  articulated  pal))t.  Encyc. 

JIT-LV,  a.  The  seventh  mouth  of  the  year,  during 
which  the  sun  enters  the  sign  Leo.  It  is  so  called 
from  Julius,  the  surname  of  Caius  Cesar,  wito  was 
born  in  this  month.  Before  that  time,  this  month 
was  ca'Ied  Q«i?t(*/w,  or  the  fifth  month,  according  to 
the  old  Roman  calendar,  iu  which  March  was  the 
first  month  of  the  year. 

JU.L?'-FLOW-ER,  n.  Tiie  name  of  certain  species 
of  plants.  The  dore  Julii-fi"wer  is  of  the  ^nus 
Dianthus;  the  queen^s  Juhj-fioieer,  of  tiie  genus  Hes- 
peris  ;  and  the  stock  Jnhj-fiower,  of  the  genus  Chei- 
ranthus.     [See  Gillt-Flower.]  Lee. 

JO'MART,  n.  [Fr.]  The  offspring  of  a  bull  and  a 
mare.  Lncke. 

JU.M'BLE,  r.  U  [Chaucer,>m6r«.]  To  mix  in  a  con- 
fused mass  ;  to  put  or  throw  together  without  order. 
It  is  often  followed  by  UigetKer.  ~ 

On?  may  otarrre  bow  «pt  thil  !■  to/uf7i6/t  togtthtr  puaapn  of 
P  Scripture.  Loeka. 

JUM'BLE,  V.  i.    To  meet,  mix,  or  unite  in  a  confused 

manner.  Steift. 

JUM'BLE,  n.    Confused  mixture,  mass,  or  collection, 

without  order.  Swijt 

2.  A  small  cake,  in  shape  like  a  ring. 
JUM'BLED,  pp.  or  a.  Mixed  or  collected  in  a  confused 

musa. 
JtJM'BLE-MENT\  «.  Confused  mixture.    [JVot  in  use.] 
JUM'BLER,  n.    One  who  mixes  Things  in  confusion. 
JUM'BLING,  ppr.    Putting  or  mixing  in  a  confused 

ma<^. 
JUM'BLING-LY,  ade.    In  a  confused  manner. 
JO'ME.Vr,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  jamentam^  a  beast.] 

A  beast  of  burden.     [JVui  lued.]  Brawn. 

JUMP,  r.  I.     [Qu.  the  root  of  It.  mmpillare,  to  spring.] 

1.  To  leap  ;  to  skip  ;  to  spring.  Applied  to  mrn,  it 
signifies  to  spring  upward  or  forward  with  Iwth  feet, 
in  distinction  from  Hop,  which  signifies  to  spring 
with  one  foot.    A  man  jumps  over  a  ditch ;  a  beast 

jnmp.i  ovtiT  a  fence.  A  man  jumps  upon  a  horse ;  a 
goat  jamp.i  from  rock  to  rock. 

2.  To  spring  over  any  thing  ;  to  pass  to  at  a  leap. 

We  mx  «  litUCi  prcauma  a  pvni  >ie^,  and  to  Jump  Ut  the  con- 
el^moa.  SptctaUir. 

["  Tojamp  the  life  to  come,"  in  Slmkspeare,  is  to 
rule  or  ventttre,  as  one  does  in  leaping  suddenly. 

Rtc/i.  Diet.] 

3.  To  bound  i  topa.cs  from  objt-ct  to  object ;  to  julL 

The  ooUe   of  the   rattling  ot  the  wheel*,  «i)<J   of  the   pnudng 
bunt's,  ajiii  of  itu:  Jumping  chAriot*.  —  N;ihum  iU. 

4.  To  agree ;  to  tally  ;  to  coincide. 

In  ioine  aort  'njumpt  wiih  mf  humor.  ShaJt, 

[This  use  of  the  word  is  ntiw  vulgar,  and  in  Amer- 
ica^ I  think,  is  confined  to  the  single  phrase,  to  jump 
in  judsmenU] 

JUMP,  c.  r.  To  pass  byahnp;  to  pass  over  eagerly 
or  hastily  ;  as,  to  jump  a  stream  :  but  ocer  Is  under- 
«tm.d. 

JUMP,  n.    The  act  of  jumpiog;  a  leap;  a  spring;  a 
bound. 
3.  A  lucky  chance.  Shak, 

JUMP,  n.     { Fr.  jnpe  ;  It.  giubha.'] 

A  kind  of  loose  or  limber  stays  or  waistcoat  worn 
by  f';mriles. 

JUMP,  a/ie.     [from  the  verb  jump,  to  agn-e  or  tally.] 
Exactly  ;  as,jamp  at  the  dead  of  night.     [OA.v.T 

SVMP'F.V,  Jumpt,)  pp.     Passed  by  a  leap.  [nfiak. 

JU.MP'ER,  a.     One  who  jumps. 

H'MP'ISG,  ppr.     Leaping;  springing;  bounding. 

JUMP'INfJ,  n.    The  act  of  leaping  or  springing. 

JUXC'ATE,  n,  [It.  g-iancota,  cn;am,  cheetie  ;  Fr. 
jonchie  de  ercme^  a  kind  of  cream  cheese  served  in  a 
fr.-iil  of  green  rushes,  and  fur  that  reason  so  called, 
or  bccaufte  made  in  a  frail  or  basket  of  rushes ;  L. 
juncnSy  a  nwh.] 

1.  A  cheese-cake ;  a  kind  of  sweetmeat  of  curds 
and  sugar.  Johnson. 

2.  Any  kind  of  delicate  for.d.  MiUon. 

3.  A  furtive  or  private  entertainment.  [It  is  now 
written  Ji/wket.] 

JUNC'OUS,   a.     [L.  junecus  or  juneosus^  from  juneus^ 
M  rush.] 
Full  of  bulrushes.    [Littte  vsed.] 


JUP 

JUNCTION,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  juiutio,  from  jungo^  to 
join.] 

1.  The  act  or  operation  ofjoining ;  as,  the  junction 
of  two  armies  or  detachments. 

2.  Union  ;  coalition  ;  combination. 

3.  The  place  or  point  of  union. 
JUNCTITRE,  n.     [h.junctura  ;  Sp.  juntura;  It.  giun- 

tura;  from  L.  jungo,  to  join.] 

L  A  joining;  union;  amity;  as,  the  juncture  of 
hearts.     [Little  used.]  King  Charles. 

2.  A  union  of  two  bodies;  a  seam  ;  particularly,  a 
joint  or  articulation.  Encyc. 

3.  The  line  or  point  at  which  two  bodies  are  joined. 

Boj/te. 

4.  A  point  of  time  ;  partieularhj,  a  point  rendered 
critical  or  important  by  a  concurrence  of  circum- 
stances. Addison. 

JtjNE,   7t,     [L.  Junius  ;   Fr.  juin ;   It.  giugno ;  Sp.  ju~ 

The  sixth  month  of  the  year,  when  the  sun  enters 
the  sign  Cancer. 

JCNE'A-TING,  71.  A  kind  of  early  apple  which  ri- 
pens in  June.  P.  Cyc. 

JUN''GLE,  (j""g's'»)  »■  [Hindoo.]  In  Ifuidostan, 
land  mostly  covered  with  forest-trees,  brush-wood, 
&.C.,  or  coarse,  reedy  vegetation,  but  not  wholly  un- 
inhabited ;  sometimes  equivalent  to  Country,  as 
distinguished  from  Villages.  Malcorn. 

JUN"GLY,  a.  Consisting  of  jungles ;  abounding  with 
jungles.  Asiat.  Res. 

JuN'IOR,  (jan'yor,)  a.  [L.,  Ctomjuvenisj  young;  qua- 
si juce/iwr.] 

1.  Younger;  not  as  old  as  another;  as,  a  junior 
partner  in  a  company.  It  is  applied  to  dii^tinguish 
the  younger  of  two  [wrsons  bearing  the  same  name 
in  one  family  or  town,  and  opposed  to  Eldeq;  as, 
John  Doe,  junior. 

2.  Noting  the  third  year  of  the  collegiate  course  in 
American  colleges,  or  the  first  year  in  the  theological 
seminaries. 

JON'IOR,  n.    A  person  younger  than  another. 


The  fooU,  my  Juniori  by  a.  yeir. 


Sun/l. 


2.  One  In  the  third  year  of  his  collegiate  course  in 
an  American  college,  formerly  called  Junior  Sophis- 

TER.      [See  SOPHISTER.] 

Also,  one  in  the  first  year  of  his  course  at  a  theo- 
logical seminarj'. 
JCN-IOR'I-TY,  n.    The  state  of  being  junior. 

BuUokar. 
JO'NI-PER,  n.     [L,  juniper  us  ;    It.  ginepro  ;    Fr.  ge- 
nevre;  8p.  enebro.] 

A  tree  or  shrub,  Junipenis  communis,  bearing  fruit 
of  a  bluish  color,  of  a  warm,  pungent,  sweet  taste, 
yielding,  when  fresh,  by  expression,  a  rich,  sweet, 
aromatic  juice.  They  are  useful  carminatives  and 
stomachics.  The  wood  of  the  tree  is  of  a  reddish 
color,  hard  and  durable,  and  is  used  In  cabinet  work 
and  veneering.  The  oil  of  juniper  mixed  with  that 
of  nuts,  makes  an  excellent  varnish  ;  and  the  resin 
powdered  is  used  under  the  name  of  pounce.  This 
oil  is  also  used  to  give  to  gin  its  peculiar  flavor. 

Kneye. 
JUNK,   n.     [L.  juneus.  It.  giuvco,  Sp.  jnnco,  Fr.  jonc. 
a  bulrush,  of  which  ro[»es  were  made  in  early  ages.] 

1.  Pieces  of  old  cable  or  old  cordage,  used  fiir  mak- 
ing points,  gaskets,  mats,  &c.,  and  when  untwisted 
and  picked  to  pieces,  it  forms  oakum  for  filling  the 
seams  of  ships.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A  ship  used  In  China;  a  Chinese  vessel.  [An 
Eastern  word.  ] 

3.  A  thick  piece.    [See  Chuwk.] 
JUNK'ET,  w,     [See  Juncate.]    A  sweetmeat.  Shak. 

9.  A  stolen  entertainment. 
JUNK'ET,  r.  i.    To  feast  In  secret  j  to  make  an  enter- 
tainment by  stealth.  Swifl. 
2.  To  feast. 
Job'i  chil'ln;u  Junketed  and  feMted  to^lhi^r  oft^n.  South. 

JO'NO,  n.  In  mythology,  the  name  of  the  Latin  divin- 
ity who  presided  over  marriages,  and  who  was  sup- 
posed to  protect  married  women. 

2.  In  ajitronomy,  one  of  the  small  planets  or  aste- 
roids which  revolve  round  the  sun  between  the  orbits 
of  Mars  and  Jupiter.  Brande. 

JUN'TA,  n.     A  grand  Spanish  council  of  stale. 
JUN'TO,  n.     [Sp,  tuMfa,  a  meeting  or  council,  from  L. 
junetuH,  joined  ;  It.  giunto.] 

1.  Primarily,  a  select  council  or  assembly,  which 
deliberntes  in  secret  on  any  affair  of  government. 
In  a  good  sense,  it  is  not  used  in  English  ;  but 
hence, 

a.  A  cabal ;  a  meeting  or  collection  of  men  com- 
bined for  senet  deliberation  and  intrigue  tur  party 
purposes  ;  a  faction  ;  as,  a  jui^  of  ministers. 

GxilVwrr. 
JO'PI-TER,  n.     [L.,  the  air  or  heavens  ;  Jiwis  paier.] 

1.  1'he  supreme  deity  among  the  Creeks  and  Ro- 
mans. 

2.  One  of  the  superior  planets,  remarkable  for  its 
brightness.  Its  diameter  is  about  eighty-nine  thou- 
sand miles  ;  its  distance  from  the  sun,  tour  hundred 
and  ninety  millionsof  miles,  and  Its  revolution  round 
the  sun,  a  little  le.s8  than  twelve  years. 


JUS 

JUP-PON',  n,     [Fr.  jupon;  It.  giuhhone.]  ' 

A  short,  close  coat.  thiiden. 

JO'RAT,  V.  [Fr.,  from  L.  juratus,  sworn,  from  jure, 
to  swear.  1 

In  England,  a  magistrate  in  some  corporation.s ;  an 
alderman,  or  an  assistant  to  a  bailiff.  Encyc. 

JCRA-TQ'iyf,  a.  [Fr.  juratoire,  from  L.  jaro,  to 
swear.] 

Comprising  an  oath  ;  as,  juratsr"  caution.  [LitiU 
used.]  Ay  life. 

JtPRE  DI  rTJVO,  [L.]    By  divine  right. 
JU-KID'I€-AL,  a.    IL.  juridicus i  jus,  juris,  law,  and 
dico,  to  pronounce.] 

1.  Acting  in  the  distribution  of  justice ;  pertainmg 
to  a  judge. 

2.  Used  in  courts  of  law  or  tribunals  of  justice. 

Hale. 

JU-RID'IC-AL-LY,  adv.  According  to  forms  of  law, 
or  proceedings  in  tribunals  of  justice  ;  with  le^  au- 
thority. 

JU-RIS-€ON'SULT,  n.  [L.  iurisconsuUus  i  jus  and 
coTisulta-s,  consulo,  to  consult.] 

A  Tuan  learned  in  the  law  ;  a  counselor  at  law  ;  a 
master  of  Roman  jurisprudence,  consulted  on  the  in- 
terpretation of  the  laws.  Encuc. 

JU-RIS-Die'TIO.\,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  pirmdictio  ;  ju.t, 
juris,  law,  and  dictio,  from  dieo,  to  pronounce;  It. 
giuridiiione  ;  Sp.  jurisdircionc  ;  Port,  jurtsdi^am.] 

1.  The  legal  power  or  authority  of  doing  justice 
in  cases  of  complaint ;  the  power  of  executing  the 
laws  and  distributing  justice.  Thus  we  speak  of 
certain  suits  or  actions,  or  the  cognizance  of  certain 
crimes,  being  within  the  jurisdiction  of  a  court  ;  that 
is,  within  the  limits  of  their  authority  or  commissi.n. 
Inferior  courts  have  jurisdiction  of  debt  and  trespass, 
or  of  smaller  offenses ;  the  supreme  courts  have  ju- 
risdiction  of  treason,  murder,  and  other  high  crimes. 
Jurisdiction  is  secular  or  ecclesiastical. 

2.  Power  of  governing  or  legislating.  The  legis- 
lature of  one  Stale  can  exercise  no  jurisdiction,  in  an- 
other. 

3.  The  power  or  right  of  exercising  authority. 
Nations  claim  exclusive  jurisdiction  on  the  sea,  to 
the  extent  of  a  marine  league  from  the  main  land 
or  shore. 

4.  The  limit  within  which  power  may  be  exer- 
cised. 

Jurisdiction,  in  its  vwst  general  sense,  is  the  power 
to  make,  declare,  or  apply  the  law  ;  when  confined 
to  the  judiciary  department,  it  is  what  we  denominate 
the  judicial  power,  the  right  of  administering  justice 
through  the  laws,  by  the  means  which  the  laws  have 
provided  for  that  purpose.  Jurisdiction  is  limited  to 
place  or  territory,  to  persona,  or  to  particular  subjects. 
Du  Ponceau. 

JU-RIS-DIC'TION-AL,n.  Pertaining  to  jurisdiction  ; 
as,  jurisdictional  righL-?. 

JU-RfS-DIC'TIVE,  a.     Having  jurisdiction.  Milton. 

JU-RIS-PRO'DE\CE,  H.  [Fr.,  from  h.  jurisprudentia ; 
jus,  law,  and  prudentia,  science.] 

The  science  of  law  ;  the  knowledge  of  the  laws, 
customs,  and  rights  of  mrn  in  n  state  or  community, 
necessary  for  the  due  administration  of  justice.  The 
study  of  jurisprudence,  nexl  to  that  of  theology,  is  the 
most  im(>ortant  and  useful  to  men. 

JU-RISPKC'DENT,  a.     Understanding  law.    H'esU 

JU-RIS-PRU-DEN'TIAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  jurispru- 
dence. Ward. 

JO'RIST,  n.  [Fr.  juriste;  It.  giurista;  Sp.  juristai 
from  L.  jus,  juris,  law.] 

1.  A  ntan  who  professes  the  science  of  law  ;  one 
versed  in  the  law,  or  more  particularly,  in  the  civil 
law  ;  a  civilian.  Bacon. 

2.  One  versed  in  the  law  of  nations,  or  who  writes 
on  the  subject, 

JO'ROR,  n.     [L.  juratnr ;  or  rather  juro,  to  swear.] 
One  that  serves  on  a  jury  ;  one  sworn  to  deliver 
the  truth  on  the  evidence  given  him  concerning  any 
matter  In  question  or  on  trial. 

JO'RY,  n.     [FT.Juri,  sworn  ;  L.  juro,  to  swear.] 

A  number  of  freeholders,  selected  in  the  manner 
prescribed  by  law,  tmpaiineled  and  sworn  to  inquire 
into  and  try  any  matter  of  fact,  and  to  declare  the 
truth  on  the  evidence  given  them  in  the  case.  Grand 
juries  consist  usually  of  twenty-four  freeholders  at 
least,  and  are  summoned  to  try  matters  alleged  in 
indictments.  Petty  Junes,  consisting  usually  of 
twelve  men,  attend  courts  to  trj'  matters  of  fact 
in  civil  causes,  and  to  decide  both  the  law  and 
the  fact  in  crimmal  prosecutions.  The  decision  uf 
a  petty  jury  is  called  a  verdict. 

In  addition  to  these,  there  ar;  juries  of  inquest^ 
which  are  sunimnned  occasionally  in  cases  uf  sud- 
den or  violent  death,  to  examine  into  the  cause. 

JO'RV-MAN,  n.  One  who  is  impanneletTon  a  jury 
or  who  serves  as  a  juror. 

JO'RY-MAST,  n.  A  mast  erected  in  a  ship,  to  supply 
the  place  of  one  carried  away  in  a  tempest  or  an  en- 
gagement, &c.  The  most  probable  origin  of  the 
word  jury,  in  this  compound,  is  that  proposed  by 
Thoms(m,  viz.,  from  the  Fr.  joKr,  day,  quasi  jour*, 
temporary,  or  from  L.  juvare,  to  assist. 

JUS  f?£A''r/-t7.*/,(-slie  uni,)  LL.]'Ilielawofnation8. 

JUST,  a.     [Ft.  juste;  Sp.  justo  :  It.  giu^ito:  J ^  Justus. 


TONE,  BI;LL,  UNITE — AN"GER,  VI"CtOUS.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  a  as  Z:  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


b'3;5 


K 

The  priintiry  sense  is  pn)lKibty,straif;ht  or  close,  from 
tile  !*t'ns.j  uf  seitiiiir,  erectinSf  or  extending.] 

1.  Regular;  urderly  ;  due  ^  8uir:tble. 

WhCIl  nil 
The  wu  aball  KtUkd  nmgnl  In  iujittt  tmj,  AdtlUon. 

2.  Exactly  proportioned  ;  proper. 

Pl^oa^th  your  lord^hitt 
To  inert  hh  ^noe,Juat  litsuncc  'iwwn  our  ^nmrnf        Shak. 

3.  Full ;  complete  to  tlie  common  standard. 

Ho  wa*  a  coindy  prnons^,  k  Utile  «bove/u«*  tuturr.    Bacon. 

4.  Full ;  true ;  a  sense  allied  to  the  preceding,  or 
Uie  same. 

So  tiut  otMt  the  •kimiuh  wu  like  to  h»n  coma  to  Mjtut  haulv. 

KnolUa. 

5.  In  a  moral  sfnjte^  upright :  honest ;  having  prin- 
ciples of  rectitude  ;  or  conforming  exactly  to  the 
laws,  and  to  principles  of  rectitude  in  social  con- 
duct; equitable  in  the  distribution  of  justice  j  as,  a 

just  Judge. 

6.  In  on  twukgtiieml  sense,  righteous ;  religious ;  in- 
fluenced by  a  regard  to  Uie  latvs  of  God  i  or  living 
iu  exact  conformity  lo  the  divine  wiU. 


7.  Conformed  to  rules  of  justice ;  doing  equal  jus- 
tice. 

JumI  \alMtee»,  futt  wct^u,  ■  ju*t  «ph&h,  anJ  t  ju*i  hin  shall 
yt  hitv«.  —  Le*.  xix. 

6.  Conformed  to  truth  :  exact ;  proper ;  accurate  ; 
as,  JMMt  tlroughts  :  Just  exprestiitms  ;  just  images  or 
rapnwenta lions  ;  tkjujtt  description  ;  a  just  inference. 

9.  True ,  founded  iu  truth  and  fact  i  as,  a  just 
dtarge  or  accusation. 

10.  Innocent;  blameless;  without  giiilL 

How  11100111  nun  br  Just  with  God  I — Ji>b  in. 

11.  Equitable ;  due ;  merited ;  as,  a  ju^t  recompense 
or  reward. 

Wbote  damnation  hjutt.  — Rom.  !iL 

]'?.  True  to  promises;  faithful;  aSj  just  to  one^s 
word  or  engaeeint-nis. 

13.  Impartial;  alloning  what  is  due;  giving  fair 
rew'esentation  of  character,  merit  or  demcrtL 
JUST,  adr.  Clo«»e  or  rlosi'ly ;  near  or  nearly  in 
pJace.  He  stood  just  by  tiie  8|»eaker,  and  heard 
what  he  said.  Be  stood  jast  at  Ute  entrance  of  the 
city. 

3.  Near  or  nearly  in  time ;  almost.  Just  at  that 
moment  lie  arose  and  fled. 

3.  Elxactly  ;  nicely ;  accurately.  They  remain  jiut 
of  the  same  opinion. 


Tb  with  our  Judgmenli  u , 

OqJmM  aBk«,  yrt  «Mfa  beiiem  tm  own. 


Pop*. 


4.  Merely ;  barely  ;  exactly, 

And  luving  Jaal  ntotigfi,  ool  tant  mem.  Dryitn. 

5l  Narrowly.    He  j%st  escaped  without  injury. 

JUST,  a.  [Fr.  jmMe^  no'M  jouUt  Sp.  justa  :  Port,  id,  ,* 
It./iMtni;  prwably  from  the  root  im  jostle  or  justU. 
The  primary  sense  is,  tn  thrust,  to  drive,  to  |H)$h.] 

A  mock  encountt-r  on  horseback  ;  a  combat  for 
sport  or  for  exercise,  in  which  the  coinbaLtnts  pushed 
with  lances  and  swords,  man  to  man,  in  mock  fight ; 
a  tilt ;  one  of  the  exercises  at  tournaments.  Encyc 

JUST,  r.  i.     {Tr.jouttr;  Sp.  and  Port,  justar ;  It.  pios- 
trartA 
1.  To  engage  in  mock  fieht  on  horseback. 
9.  To  push  ;  to  drive  ;  to  jusile. 

JtTSTE  MIL-IEZr,  (zhust-mil-yu'.)  In  Frenth  poO- 
ties,  a  party  which  claim  to  hold  the  exact  middle 
point  between  the  old  monarchical  and  the  recent  re- 
publican principles. 

JUS'TICE,  n.  [Fr.;  Sp.juHieia;  It.  g^iu^izia;  from 
L,  JKjfiua,  from  Justus,  just.] 

1.  The  virtue  which  consists  in  giving  to  every 
one  what  is  his  dtie  ;  pnctical  conformity  to  the  laws 
and  to  principles  of  rectitude,  in  the  dt^lingi*  of  men 
with  each  other;  honesty  ;  integrity  in  commerce  or 
mutual  intercourse.  Justice  is  dLttriAuUce  or  commu- 
tatire.  Distrihuticf  justice  bflonjs  to  magistrates  or 
rulers,  and  consists  in  di.-tributing  to  ever)'  man  that 
right  or  equity  which  the  laws  and  the  principles  of 
equity  require ;  or  in  deciding  controversies  accord- 


Kthe  eleventh  letter  of  the  English  alphabet,  is 
9  borrowed  from  ihe  Greeks,  being  tKe  s.ime  char- 
acter as  the  Greek  kappa,  answering  to  the  Oriental 
kapk.  It  represents  a  close  articulation,  formed  by 
pressing  the  root  of  the  u>ngue  against  the  upper  part 
of  the  mouth,  wiih  a  depression  of  the  lower  jaw 
and  opening  of  ihe  teeth.  It  is  usually  denominated 
a  guttural,  but  is  more  property  a  palatal.  Before  all 
the  vowels,  it  has  one  invariable  sound,  correspond- 


K 

ing  lo  the  laws  and  to  principles  of  equity.  Commu- 
tative justiie  consists  in  fail  ilt-aling  in  trade  and  mu- 
tual intercourse  between  man  and  man. 

2.  Impartiality  ;  equal  distribution  of  right  in  ex- 
pressing opiniims  ;  fair  represtintation  of  facts  respect- 
ing meni  or  demerit.  In  criticisms,  narrations,  hi-sto, 
ry,or  discourse,  it  is  a  duty  to  do  justice  to  every  man, 
whether  friend  or  foe. 

3.  Equity;  ngreeahleness  to  right;  as,  he  proved 
the  j'iw<i«  of  his<Iaim.  This  sJiould,  in  strictness, 
be  Ji'9Ti?K»s. 

4.  Vindictive  retribution  ;  merited  punishment. 
Sooner  or  laler,  justice  overtakes  the  criminal. 

5.  Right;  application  of  equity.  His  arm  will  do 
him  jttstice, 

6.  TLow  L.  justieiarius.^  A  person  commissioned 
to  hold  courts,  or  to  try  and  decide  controversies  and 
administer  justice  to  individuals  ;  as,  the  chief  jiu- 
ttce  of  the  King's  Bench,  or  of  the  Common  Pleas,  in 
England  ;  the  chief  justice  of  the  c?upreme  Court  in 
the  United  Stales,  &c 

JUS'TICE,  V.  L    To  administer  justice.    [LiUle  used.] 

Bacon. 

JU8'TICE-A-BLE,  o.  Liable  to  account  in  a  court  of 
justice.     \yi'ot  used.]  Haytoard. 

JUS'Tl-CER,  n.    An  administrator  of  justice. 

Bp.  Hall. 

JUS'TICE-SIIIP,  n.  The  office  or  dignity  of  a  jus- 
tice. •       Saift. 

JUS-TI"CIA.BLE,a.  Proper  to  be  examined  in  courts 
of  justice, 

JUS-TI"CIA-RY,  (jus-tish'a-ty,)  \       rr    •    .■  ■    -     i 

JUS-'ir'tlAR,  (Jus-tish'ar,)  j  "'    i^- J^ttcmrxua.] 

1.  An  administrator  of  justice.  Burke, 

2.  A  chief  juistice.  Blackstone, 

3.  One  that  boasts  of  the  justice  of  his  own  act. 

JJ^ot  used.]  Derinjr. 

STa-FT-A-BLE,  a.  [from  jiwd/y.]  That  may  be 
|Mt»ved  to  be  jiist ;  thnt  may  he  vinuicated  on  princi- 
ples of  law,  reason,  rectitude,  or  propriety  ;  defensi- 
ble;  vindicable.  No  breach  of  law  or  moral  obliga- 
tion is  justifiable.  The  execution  of  a  malefactor,  in 
p'imiance  of  a  sentence  of  court,  is  justifiable  homi- 
cide, 

JU3T'I-FT-A-BLE-NESS.  n.  The  quality  of  being 
justifiable;  rectitude;  possibility  of  being  defended 
or  vindicated.  King  Charles. 

JUST'1-FI-A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  iliat  admits  of 
vindication  or  Justification  ;  rightly. 

JUST-I-FI-CA'TION,n.  [Fr.,from ju-f/i^cr,  to jii*(*/y.] 

1.  The  act  of  ju.«tifying  ;  a  showing  to  be  just  or 
conformable  to  law,  rectitude,  or  propriety  ;  vindica- 
tion ;  defense.  The  court  listened  to  the  evidence 
and  arguments  in  ju^t^co/ton  of  the  prisoner's  con- 
duct. Our  disobedience  lo  God's  commands  admits 
no  just\fieatioti, 

3.  Absolution. 

I  hopr,  for  mj  hrother'i  Juat^/kaltam,  be  wrote  thia  but  m  an 
em^y  of  mj  virtue.  i^uik. 

3.  In  lav,  the  showing  of  a  sufficient  reason  in 
court  why  a  defendant  did  what  he  is  called  to  an- 
swer. Pleas  in  just^cation  must  set  forth  some  spe- 
cial matter. 

4.  In  theolog^y^  remission  of  sin,  and  absolution 
from  guilt  and  punishment;  or  an  act  of  free  grace 
by  which  God  pardons  the  sinner,  and  accepts  him 
as  righteous,  on  account  of  the  atonement  of  Christ. 

JUST-IF'^^A-TIVE,  a.  Justifying;  that  has  power 
to  justify. 

JUS'i -I-FI-€A'TOR,  n.  One  who  justifies.  [LitOe 
vstd.] 

JUST-IP' I-CA-TO-RY,  a.    Vindicatory;  defenaory. 

Johnson. 

JUST'I-FI-ER,  Tu  One  who  justifies  ;  one  who  vin- 
dicates, supports,  or  defends. 

2.  He  who  pardons  and  absolves  from  guilt  and 
punishment. 

That  he  mif  ht  be  }ust,  and  the  Jutt^fier  of  him  who  believetb  In 
Jesua.  —  Rora.  iiL 

JUST'I-Ft,  r.  t  [Fr.justijier;  Sp.  justijiear ;  It.  ffius- 
tifirare  i  L.  Justus^  JiJ^^  and  facio,  lo  make.] 

1.  I'o  prove  or  show  to  be  just,  or  conformable  to 
law,  right,  justice,  propriety,  or  duty;  to  defend  or 


K. 


ing  with  that  of  c  before  a,  o,  and  u,  as  In  keel^  hen. 
In  monosyllables y  it  is  used  after  e,  as  in  cracky  cheeky 
deck,  being  necessary  to  exhibit  a  correct  pronuncia- 
tion in  the  derivatives,  crocAprf,  checked,  decked,  crack- 
ing ;  for  without  it,  c,  before  the  vowels  e  and  t, 
would  be  sounded  like  s. 

Formerly,  ft  was  added  to  c  in  certain  words  of 
Latin  origin,  as  in  musick,  pHblick,  repuldick.  But  in 
modern   practice,  ft  is  very  propf^tly  omitted,  being 


K 

maintain  ;  to  vindicate  as  right.  We  can  not  justify 
diiiobedience  or  ingratitude  to  our  Maker.  We  can 
not  justtfij  insult  or  incivility  to  our  frilow-men.  In- 
tem[)en)i)ce,  lewdness,  prufaneness,  and  dueling,  ore 
iu  no  case  to  he  justified. 

2.  In  thevlo<ry,  to  pardon  and  clear  from  guilt ;  loab- 
solve  or  acquit  from  guilt  and  merited  punishment, 
and  to  accept  as  righteous  on  account  of  the  merits 
of  the  Savior,  or  by  the  application  of  Christ's  atone- 
ment lo  the  offender.  St.  Paul. 

3.  To  cause  another  to  appear  comparatively 
righteous,  or  less  guilty  than  one's  self.    Eiek.  xvi. 

4.  To  judge  rightly  of. 

Wifclom  Injuatifitd  iiy  her  children.  —  Matt.  xl. 

5.  To  accept  as  just  and  treat  with  favor.  James  ii. 
JUST'IFV,  r.  i.     In  printing,  to  agree  ;  to  suit ;  to 

conform  exactly ;  lo  form  an  even  surface  or  true 
line  with  something  else.  Types  of  difiercnt  sizes 
will  not  justifif  with  each  other. 

JUST'1-Fy-ING,  ppr.    Making  or  proving  to  be  just. 
9.  a.    In  theology,  that  has  the  quality  of  absolv- 
ing from  guilt ;  us,  justifying  faith. 

JUS'TLE,  Cjus'l,)  p.  i.  [See  Jostle  and  Jo«t.]  To 
run  against ;  toencountcr  ;  to  strikeagainst ;  toctasl'. 

The  chnriou  ihall  rage  in  ihe  atreeU ;    th<'y  ahivll  Ju§lla  one 
a^aiiMi  anuther  in  Ibe  brood  ways.  —  Nuh.  ii. 

JUS'TLE,  (jus'l,)  tj.  u  To  push  ;  to  drive  ;  to  force 
by  rushing  against;  commonly  followed  by  ojf  or 
out;  as,  to  justie  a  thing  oj"  the  table,  or  out  of  its 
place. 

JLS'TL^D,  pp.    Pushed;  forced  by  driving  against. 

JUS'TLING,  n.  Shock  ,  the  act  of  rushing  against 
each  other. 

JUST'LY,  arfp.  [fromjasi.l  In  conformity  to  law, 
justice,  or  projiriety  ;  by  right.  The  ofl'cnder  is  justly 
cond<:nined.  The  hero  is  j«A(/y  rewarded,  applauded, 
or  honored. 

S.  According  to  truth  and  facts.  His  characta  is 
justly  describL'd.  * 

3.  Honestly  ;  fairly ;  with  integrity  ;  as,  to  do 
justly.    Mte.  vi. 

4.  Properly;  accurately;  exactly. 

Their  Teet  assist  Uicir  banda,  ami  JuMlty  beat  the  rroand. 

^  ^        DrydMn. 

JUST'NESS,  n.  Accuracy  ;  exactness  ;  as,  tlie  just- 
ness of  proportions. 

3.  Conformity  to  truth ;  as,  the  justness  of  a  de- 
scription or  representation. 

3.  Justice;  reasonableness;  equity;  as,  the  just- 
ness o(j\  cjiuse  or  of  a  demand.  [Justness  is  properly 
applied  to  things,  Knd  justice  to  persons  ;  but  the  dis- 
tinction is  not  always  observed.] 

JUT,  V.  i.  [A  different  spelling  of  Jet.]  To  shoot 
forward  ;  to  project  beyond  the  main  bttdy  ;  as,  the 
jutting  [tart  of  a  building.  A  point  of  laud  juts  into 
the  sea. 

JUT,  n.    A  shooting  forward  ;  a  projection. 

JUT'TING,  ppr.  or  a.    Shooting  out ;  projecting. 

JUT'TING-LV,  adv.     Projectingly. 

JUT'TY,  c.  t.     To  jut.     [JSTotused.]  Shak. 

JUT'TV,  n.  A  projection  in  a  building;  also,  a  pier 
or  mole. 

JUT'-WIN-DOW,  n.  A  window  that  projects  from 
the  line  of  a  building. 

JC'VE-NAL,  n.     A  sportive  name  for  a  youth.  Shak, 

JU-VE-NES'CENCE,  n.     A  growing  young. 

JU-VE-NES'CENT,  a.     Becoming  young.        Lamb, 

JO'VE-NILE,  a.  [L*.  juvmilis^  from  juvenis,  young. 
Sans,  yuvan,] 

1.  Young;  youthful;  as,  juecni/e  years  or  age. 

3.  Pertaining  or  suited  lo  youth  ;  as,  juvent/c  sports. 
JO'VE-MLE-NESS,  I  n.  Youthfulness  ;  youthful 
JU-VE-NIL'I-TY,      i       age.  Qlanville. 

2.  Light  and  careless  manner ;  the  manners  or 
customs  of  youth.  Qlanv'dle. 

JUX-TA-POS'iT-ED,  a.     [L.jurfa,  near,  and  ;»t»»it«i.] 

Placed  near  ;  adjacent  or  contiguous.    Macquer, 
JUX-TA-PO  SI"TiON,   (po-zish'un.)   n.     [L.  jutta, 
near,  and  position.] 

A  plac'jig  or  being  placed  in  nearness  or  contiguity, 
as  the  parts  of  a  substance  or  of  a  composition.  The 
(x>nnection  of  words  is  sometimes  to  be  ascertained 
by  juxtaposition. 


entirely  superfluous,  and  the  more  properly  as  it  is 
never  written  in  the  derivatives,  musical^  publication, 
republican. 

K  is  silent  before  n,  as  in  know,  knife,  knee. 

As  a  numemi,  K  stands  for  250 ;  and  with  a  stroke 
over  it,  thus,  K,  for  250,000. 

This  character  was  not  used  by  the  ancient  Ro- 
mans, and  rarely  in  the  later  ages  of  their  empire. 
In  the  place  of  ft,  they  used  e,  as  in  elino,  for  the 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT METE,  PRfiY.— PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQQK.— 


KEC 

Greek  *Aiva>.    In  ihe  Teiiionic  dialects,  this  Greek 
IrtU-r  is  sometimes  represented  by  A.     [See  II.] 

KAF'FER.     See  Cakfer. 

KA-KOX'EXa    SeeCAcoiENE. 

KALE,  B,     [L.  caulis;  W.  catcL] 

A  kind  of  cabbage,  having  the  leaves  generally 
curled  or  wrinkled,  but  not  formed  into  a  close,  round 
head.  Encvc.  Dom.  Econ. 

KALE'- YARD,  tu     In  ScoOandy  a  kitchen  garden. 

Jamieson. 

KA-LEID'0-S€OPE,  n.    [Gr.  xaXos,  beautiful,  cijf>s, 
form,  and  (TKoreu,  to  see.] 

An  instrument  which,  by  an  arrangement  of  re- 
flecting surfaces,  exhibits  an  infinite  variety  of  beau- 
tiful colors  and  synitnetrical  forms  of  it:^  contents, 
an  invention  of  Dr.  Brewster. 

KAL'EX-DAR.     See  Calendar. 

KAL'EN-DER,  n.  A  sort  of  dervise.   [See  Cale:*deb.] 

KA'LI,  (ka'Ie,)  n.    [Ar.  ^3  kali^  the  ashes  of  the 


Sallcomia,  from  .-AJ  ktdai,  to  fry.] 


A  plant,  a  species  of  Salsola,  or  glnsswort,  the 
ashes  of  which  are  used  in  making  glass,  iience 
Alkali,  which  see. 

KA'LIF.    See  Calit. 

KAL'MI-A,  n.  The  name  of  a  genus  of  evergreen 
shnib^,  natives  wf  North  America,  sometimes  in- 
correctly called  taurelj  ivjf-busht  and  also  calico- 
bushy  fc.c. 

KA-LOY'ER.     See  Calotebs. 

KAM,  o.     Crooked;  awry.     [Obs.]  Skak. 

iCAL'.SO-MINE,  n.  A  kind  vf  pamt  without  oil,  used 
on  the  walls  of  rooms,  ceilings,  &c. 

KA.M'SLV,  n.  A  hot  southerly  wind  in  Egypt  j  the 
simoom. 

KA.V,     1  n.     In  Persia,  an  otficer  answering  to  a  gnv- 

KAUX,  >       emor  in  Eiimpe  or  America.     Among  the 

KUa.N.)       Tartars,  a  chief  or  prince.     [See  Khas.] 

KA.>I"GA-R0O',  n.  A  singular  animil  found  in  New 
Holland,  resembling  in  some  respects  (he  opossum. 
It  belongs  to  the  genus  Kangiirus.  It  has  a  small 
head,  neck,  and  shoulders,  the  body  Increasing  in 
thickness  to  the  rump.  The  fore  K-gs  are  very  short, 
U!(t-less  in  walking,  but  used  for  digging  or  bringing 
food  to  the  mttuth.  The  hind  legs,  which  are  long, 
are  us*ed  in  moving,  particularly  in  leaping.  Encye. 

KANT'I-A\,  a.    Relating  to  the  doctrines  or  philoso- 
phy of  Emanuel  K^ant,  :i  Gennan  philosopher. 
As  a  noun,  a  follower  of  Kant. 

KANT'ISM,  n.  The  doctrines  or  theory  of  Kant,  the 
German  metaphysician. 

KAN"I''IST,  n.     A  disciple  or  follower  of  Kant. 

KA'O-LIN,  b.  A  variety  of  clay  used  fur  making  por- 
celain, proceeding  from  the  decomihrsition  of  the 
mineral  feldspar.  It  is  also  culled  Pktunse.    Dana. 

KAK'A-GAXE,  tu  A  species  of  gray  foi  found  in  the 
Russian  empire.  Tuoke. 

KARPH'O  LrrB,  n.  [Gr.  if(ip0«5,  straw,  and  A(yo$,a 
stone.] 

A  fitrouji  mineral  occurring  in  tufts  of  a  straw- 
yellnw  color,  and  consisting  of  silica,  alumina,  and 
oxyd  of  manganese,  with  1 1  per  cent,  of  water. 

Dana, 

KA'TV-DID,  n.  A  large  insect,  of  a  greenish  color,  be- 
longing i»  the  order  orthoptrra.  'I' hey  Are  abundant 
in  the  United  States  during  the  autumn,  and  at  niiiht, 
by  means  of  membranes  in  thfir  wing-covers,  make  a 
peculiar  harsh  sound,  nearly  articulate,  resembling 
the  combination  ka-ty-did  ;  whence  the  name. 

E.  C.  Hrrrick. 

KA-VASS'j  11.     In  Turkey,  an  arm^'d  constable. 

KAVV,  V.  u  [from  the  sound.]  To  cry  aa  a  raven, 
crow,  or  rook.  Locke 

KvyVV,  n.    The  cry  of  the  raven,  crow,  or  rook. 

Drydtn. 

KAWN,  n.  In  Turkey^  a  public  fnn  ;  commonly 
Kha;*. 

RAYLE,  ».     [Ft.  quUlr,  a  nine-pin,  a  kerl.] 

1.  A  nine-pin,  a  kettle-pin  -,  sometimca  written 
Kkcu  Sidney.     Carno. 

2.  A  kind  of  play  in  Scotland,  in  which  nine  holes, 
ranged  in  threes,  are  made  in  the  ground,  and  an 
iron  ball  rolled  in  among  them.  Johnson. 

KAZ'ARD-LY,  a.    Unlucky  ;  liable  to  accident. 

JV.  of  Eng. 
KEB'LAH,  n     The  point  to^vard  which  Mohamme- 
dans turn  their  faces  in   prayer,  being  the  direction 
of  the  temple  at  Mecca.  Encye.  Am, 

KECK,  V.  u     [G.  kUkni.] 

To  heave  the  stomach  ;  to  reach,  as  In  an  effbrt  to 
vomit.     [Little  used.]  Bacon.     Swi/L 

KECK,  n.    A  reaching  or  heaving  of  the  stomach. 

Cheyne. 
KECK'LE,  (kek'l,)  r.  (.     [Clu.  G.  kn^Hn,  to  roll.] 

To  wind  old  rope  round  n  cable  to  peserve  its 
surface  from  bemg  frettf-d,  or  to  wind  iron  chains 
round  n  cable  to  defend  it  from  the  friction  of  a 
rocky  bottom,  or  from  tlie  ice.  Afar.  Diet. 

KECK'HY,  n.  [Qu.  Fr.  ciVi/^,  L.  cicuta.  It  is  said  to 
be  commonly  pronounced  kez.] 


KEE 

Hemlock;  a  hollow, jointed  plant.  [J\'ot  vsed  in 
Amtn-icfi.]  Sliajc 

KECK'Y,  fl.    Resembling  a  kex, 

2.  M.    An  Indian  scepter.  Orno. 

KEDGI^,  n.  [Allied  probably  to  eag  and  keg.']  A 
small  anchor  with  an  iron  stock,  used  to  keep  a  ship 
steady  when  riding  in  a  harbor  or  river,  and  particu- 
larly at  the  turn  of  the  tide,  to  keep  her  clear  of  her 
bower  anchor,  also  to  remove  her  from  one  part  of  a 
harbor  to  another,  being  carried  out  in  a  boat  and  let 
go,  as  in  warping  or  kedging.  [Sometimes  written 
Kedger.]  Mar.  Diet. 

KEDCE,  r.  /.  To  warp, as  a  ship;  to  move  by  means 
of  a  kedge,  as  in  a  river. 

KEDGE  or  KEDO'Y,  a.     Brisk  ;  lively.     {Local.} 

Forty. 

KED6'ED,  pp.     Moved  by  means  of  a  kedge. 

KEDO'ER,  71.     [from  kedge.] 

1.  A  small  anchor  used  m  a  river. 

2.  A  fisii-man.  Grose, 
KEDd'ING,  p^r.     Moving  by  means  of  a  kedge. 
KED'LACK,  n.     A  weed   that   grows  among  wheat 

and  rye  ;  charlock.     [/  believe  not  used  in  jimfrica.] 
Tusser.     Johnson, 

KEE,  pi.  of  Cow.  [Local  in  England,  and  not  vsed  in 
jJmerica.]  Oay, 

KEECH,  TU    A  mass  or  lump.     [JVot  in  «*?.]    Percy. 

KEEK,  V.  i.     To  peep;  to  look  pr>'inply.     [Scottish.'} 

KEEL,  n.  [Sax.  asle :  G.  and  D.  kiel ;  Dan.  kiii,  kiol ; 
Russ.  kil;  Sw.  kOl;  Fr.  quille ;  Sp..  quilla :  Port. 
quilka.  The  word,  in  diffurent  languages,  signifies 
a  keel,  a  pin,  kayle,  and  a  qaiil ;  probably  from  ex- 
tending.] 

1.  The  principal  timber  in  a  ship,  extending  from 
stem  to  stern  at  the  bottom,  and  supporting  the  whole 
fnime.  Mar.  Diet. 

9.  A  low,  flat-bottomed  vessel,  used  In  the  River 
Tyne,  to  convey  coals  from  Newcastle  for  loading 
the  colliers. 

3.  In  botany,  the  lower  petal  of  a  papilionaceous 
corol,  inclosing  the  stamens  and  pistil.        Martyn. 

False  keel  ,■  a  strong,  thick  piece  of  timber,  bolted 
to  the  bottom  of  the  keel,  to  preserve  it  from  injury. 
On  an  even  keel ;  in  a  level  or  horizontal  |>ostt)on. 
KEEL,  V.  L    To  plow  with  a  keel ;  to  navigate. 

J.  Barlow. 

2.  To  turn  up  the  keel ;  to  show  the  bottom.  Shak. 
KEEL,  V.  t.     [Sax.  cts/an,  to  cool.]     To  cool ;  as,  to 

kef  I  the  pot.     [Obs.]  Shak.     SniarU 

KEEL'AfiE,  n.  Duty  paid  for  a  ship  entering  Ilartle- 
pu4)I,  England. 

KEEL'-BOAT,  n.     A  large  covered  boat,  with  a  keel, 
but  no  sails,  used  on  American  rivers  for  the  trans- 
portation of  freight. 
2.  See  Keel,  No.  2. 

KEEL'/:D,  a.  In  botany,  carinated  ;  having  a  longi- 
tudinal prominence  on  the  back;  as,  a  keeled  leaf, 
caly;(,  or  nectary.  Martyn, 

KEEL'ER,     \  n.    One  who  manages  barges  and  vea- 

KEEL'MAN,  t      stis. 

KEEL'ER,  n.     A  shallow  tub.  Ray. 

KEEL'-FAT,  n.     [Sax.  ealan,  to  cool,  and  fat,  vat.] 
A  cooler  ;  a  vessel  in  which  liquor  is  set  for  cool- 
ing.    [vVo(  used."] 

KEEL'HAUL,  v.  L  [D.  kielhaalen:  keel  and  haul.] 
To  haiil  under  the  keel  of  a  ship.  KeeUinuling  is 
a  punishment  inflicted  in  the  Dutch  navy  for  certain 
ort'ence;*.  The  ofTtiider  is  suspended  by  a  rope  from 
one  yard-arm,  with  weights  on  his  legs,  and  a  rope 
fastened  to  him,  leading  under  the  ship's  bottom  to 
the  opposite  yard-arm,  and  being  let  fall  into  the 
water,  he  is  drawn  under  the  ship's  bottom  and 
mised  on  the  other  side.  Mar.  Diet. 

KEEL'HAUL-ING,  n.  The  act  or  pmctice  nf  punish- 
ing a  cttiprit  by  drawing  him  under  the  ship. 

KEEL'HAUL-INO,  ppr.  Inflicting  punishment  by 
drawini!  under  a  ship. 

KEEL'ING,  n.  A  kind  of  small  cod,  of  which  stock 
fish  is  made. 

KEEL'l\(i,  ppr.     Plowing  with  a  keel ;  navigating. 

KEEL'SCJ.N,  (krI'Hun,)  n.  A  piece  of  timber  in  a 
ship,  laid  on  the  middle  of  the  floor  limbers  over  the 
keel,  fn»ttened  with  long  holts  and  clinched,  and 
thus  binding  the  floor  timbers  to  the  keel. 

Mar.  Diet. 

KEEN,  a.  [Sax.  eene ;  G.  kiihn ;  D.  koen ;  properly, 
bold,  stout,  eager,  daring,  from  shooting  forward. 
Class  Gn.] 

1.  Eager }  vehement;  as,  hungry  curs  too  keen  at 
the  sport.  Toiler. 

The  ihMp  wf  re  m  keen  on  Ih"?  acoro*.  L'Ettrange. 

2.  Eager;  sharp;  as,  a /c««n  appetite. 

3.  Sharp;  having  a  very  fine  edge;  as,  a  keen 
razor,  or  a  razor  with  a  keen  edge.  We  say,  a  keen 
edge,  but  a  sharp  point. 

4.  Piercing;  {Kuetrating ;  severe;  applied  to  cold 
or  to  wind  ;  as,  a  keen  wind  ;  the  cold  is  very  keen. 

5.  Bitter }  piercing ;  acrimonious ;  as,  keen  satire 
or  sarcasm. 


Good  father  cardin;*!,  cry  thou  amea 
To  mj  leetn  cunci. 


57irtJt. 


6.  Acute  of  mind  ;  sharp  ;   penetrating. 

Kick.  DlcU 


KEE 

KEEN,  V.  t.     To  sharpen,     [(/nusual.]  Thomson. 

KEF.N'-E^-£D,  (-Tde,)  a.     Having  acute  sight.  Allen. 
KEEN'LY,  flf/i;.     Eagerly;  vehemently 

2.  Sharply  ;  severely  ;  bitterly. 
KEEN'NESS,  n.      Eagerness;   vehemence;   tis,  the 
keenness  of  hunger. 

2.  Sharpness;  fineness  of  edge;  as,  the  keenness 
of  a  razor. 

3.  The  quality  of  piercing;  rigor;  sharpness;  as, 
the  keenness  of  the  air  or  of  cold. 

4.  Asperity;  acrimony;  bitterness;  as,  the  keen- 
ness of  satire,  invective,  or  sarcasm. 

5.  Acuteness  ;  sharpness  ;  as,  the  keenness  of  wit. 
KEEN'WIT-TED,  a.     Having  acute  wit  or  discern- 
ment. ScuU^ 

KEEP,  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Kept.    [Sax.  cepaji,  Syr. 

[C^^  kaba,  Eth.  Oxil  akaba,  to  keep.  Class 
Gb,  No.  G8,  85.  The  word  coincides  in  elements 
with  kave^  L.  habeo,  and  capio;  but  I  think  the  radi- 
cal sense  to  be  different.] 

1.  To  hold  ;  to  retain  in  one's  power  or  posses- 
sion ;  not  to  lose  or  part  with  ;  as,  to  keep  a  house  or 
a  farm  ;  to  keep  any  thing  in  the  memory,  mind,  or 
heart. 

2.  To  have  in  custody  for  security  or  preservation. 

The  crown  of  Sipphiiniis,   firei  king  of  Hungary,  waa  always 
kepi  in  liie  ciieile  of  Vic'gnide.  KtujUei. 

3.  To  preserve  ;  to  retain. 


4.  To  preserve  from  falling  or  from  danger ;  to  pro- 
tect ;  to  guard  or  sustain. 

And  behold,  I  am  with  thee,  and  will  keep  thee.  —  Gen.  xxvtii. 
Luke  iv. 

5.  To  hold  or  restrain  from  departure  ;  to  detain. 

That  1  may  know  what  keept  me  here  with  yon.  Dryden. 

6.  To  tend  ;  to  have  the  care  of. 

And  the  Lord  God  took  Uie  man  and  put  him  in  the  g;nrdeit  of 
Eden,  to  (Ireu  it  and  to  kttp  it.  —  Uen.  ii. 

7.  To  tend  ;  to  feed  ;  to  pasture  ;  as,  to  keep  a 
flock  of  sheep  or  a  herd  of  cattle  in  a  yard  or  in  a 
field.     He  keeps  his  horses  on  oats  or  on  hay. 

8.  To  preserve  in  any  tenor  or  state.  Keep  a  stifT 
rein. 

Keep  the  constitution  lonnd,  Addison. 

9.  To  regard  ;  to  attend  to. 

While  the  st\n  and  course  of  heaven  I  keep.  Dryden. 

10.  To  hold  in  any  state ;  as,  to  keep  in  order. 

11.  To  continue  any  state,  course,  or  action  ;  as, 
to  keep  silence ;  to  keep  tlie  same  road  or  the  same 
pace  ;  to  keep  reading  or  talking  ;  to  keep  a  given  dis- 
tance. 

12.  To  practice  ;  to  do  or  perform ;  to  obey  ;  to 
observe  in  practice  ;  not  to  neglect  or  violate  ;  as,  to 
keep  the  laws,  statutes,  or  commandments  of  God. 

Scripture. 

13.  To  fulfill  ;  to  perform  ;  as,  to  keep  one's  word, 
promise,  or  covenant. 

14.  To  practice  ;  to  use  habitually  ;  as,  to  keep  bad 
hours.  Pope, 

15.  To  copy  carefully. 


Hor  meaaurei  ktpl,  and  step  hy  atcp  pursued.  Dryden, 

10.  To  observe  or  solemnize. 

Ye  slinil  keep  it  a  fi-nst  lo  the  Lonl.  —  Ex.  xU. 

17.  To  board  ;  to  maintain  ;  to  supply  with  necea- 
sarics  of  life.  The  men  are  kept  at  a  moderate  price 
per  week. 

18.  I'o  have  in  the  house ;  to  entertain  ;  as,  to 
keep  lodgers. 

19.  To  maintain;  not  to  Intermit;  as,  to  keep 
watch  or  guard. 

20.  To  hold  in  one's  own  bosom ;  to  confine  to 
one*8  own  knowledge;  not  to  disclose  or  communi- 
cate to  others  ;  not  to  betray  ;  as,  to  keep  a  secret ; 
to  keep  one's  own  counsel. 

21.  To  have  in  pay  ;  as,  to  keep  a  servant. 

To  keep  back;  to  reserve  ;  to  withhold  ;  not  to  difl- 
close  or  communicate.  * 

I  will  keep  nothing  back  from  you.  —  Jer.  xlii. 

2.  To  restrain  ;  to  prevent  from  advancing. 

Keep  back  thy  ■errant  also  from  presumptuous  sins.  —  Ps.  xix. 

3.  To  reserve  ;  to  withhold  j  not  to  deliver. 
Acts  V. 

To  keep  company  tcith ;  to  frequent  the  society  of ; 
to  associate  with.  Let  youth  keep  company  tcith  the 
wise  and  good. 

2.  To  accomfiany  ;  to  go  with  ;  as,  to  keep  company 
with  one  on  a  journey  or  voyage. 

To  keep  down  ;  to  prevent  from  rising;  not  to  lilt 
or  suffer  to  bo  raised. 

To  keep  in ;  to  prevent  from  escape ;  to  hold  in 
confinement. 

2.  To  conceal ;  not  to  tell  or  disclose. 

3.  To  restrain  ;  to  curb.  Lorke. 
To  keep  off;  to  hinder  from  approach  or  attack  ;  ns, 

lo  keep  off  an  enemy  or  an  evil. 

To  keep  under ;  to  restrain  ;  to  hold  in  subjection  ; 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


637 


KEL 

as,  to  ktep  nndtr  an  antnconisi  or  a  conquered  coun- 
try ;  to  iCeep  mmdn-  Ibe  ftikpcute:^  and  passitin!), 

Tu  krfp  up:  to  nuiiiiUiiii  ;  to  pr^'Veiit  from  falling 
or  dirnmiiiiun  ;  a^i,  lu  keep  up  the  price  uf  goods  ;  to 
keep  M0  one's  rn-diL. 

'2.  To  mainlaiu ;  to  continue ;  to  binder  from 
ceasing. 


To  keff  omt;  to  hinder  from  entering  or  taking  poa- 
aeasioa. 

To  keep  brd :  to  remain  in  bed  without  rising  ;  to 
be  eonfined  to  one*9  bed. 

Tu  kffp  heusr;  to  inainiain  n  family  state.  His  in- 
come enahles  him  lo  kerp  kctise, 

3.  To  remain  in  the  house ;  to  be  confined.  His 
feeMe  hemltb  obliges  him  to  ke^  kotut. 

To  kftp  fnm ;  to  restrain  ;  to  prevent  approveb. 

To  ktff  «  sckoiA ;  to  maintain  or  impport  it ;  as,  the 
town  or  Its  inhabitanL*  ktrp  ten  acko^gi  wttrtproftr- 
ly,  to  govern  and  instruct  or  leach  a  school,  as  a  pre- 
cei»tor. 

To  keep  s  t<nii,  in  viuMrstCM*,  is  to  reside  during  a 
term. 
KEEP,  r.  i.  To  remain  in  any  stale  ;  as,  to  keep  at  a 
distance;  to  ksep  aloft  ^  to  ke^  near  ;  to  keep  In  the 
bouse  i  tak*^  before  or  behind  ;  to  keep  iti  favor  ;  to 
ftcitt  out  of  compnny,  or  out  of  reach. 

2.  To  last ;  to  endure ;  not  to  perish  or  be  impaired. 
Seek,  fur  winter's  use,  apples  tliat  will  keep. 

If  Ui-  tuli  u  BM  tboTDUgU/  diietl,  ibe  ■>  it  nuJipa  will    not 
kmp,  ^ordiaer. 

3.  To  lodge  ;  to  dwell ;  to  reside  for  a  time. 

Koock  «t  the  Muilj,  wbcrv,  tbej  ny,  he  ktep;  SKak. 

TV  keep  from  :  tn  abstain  ;  lo  refrain. 
To  keep  to  .-  tu  Adhere  strictly  ;  not  to  neglect  or  de- 
viate from  ;  as,  to  keep  to  old  custotnii ;  to  ke^  to  a 
nile ;  lo  keep  to  one's  word  or  promise. 

TV  keep  on  ;  to  go  fuiword  ;  lo  proceed  ;  to  continue 
lo  advance.  Diydem. 

To  keep  np :  to  remain  unsubdued  ;  or  not  to  be 
oonflned  to  one*i  bed. 

In  pepmiar  Utmg^ttofe,  this  word  signifies,  to  con- 
tinue^ to  repeat  continually  ;  not  to  cease. 
KEEP,  a.    Custody  ;  •ruard  ;  care  or  keeping  ;  as,  the 
ieqr  i  f  a  borse.     [LitUe  iLsed.]  Drwion, 

&  Osflsf  isfly,  case  ;  condition  ;  as,  in  gDod  keep. 

Wkdo, 
X  Goardtenahipi  restraint.     [Little  uoei,] 


4.  A  sirongtapid  in  the  middle  of  a  castle,  the  last 
fcaort  in  a  sieye.  CampMPt  MiL  Diet, 

ft.  A  place  a  security  ;  in  old  cojtles^  the  dungeon. 
KBBP'ER,  a.    One  who  keeps;  one  that  holds  or  bas 
pocMession  of  any  thin^. 

2.  One  who  nrtains  in  curtndy  ;  one  who  bas  the 
care  of  a  prison  and  the  custody  of  prisoners 

3.  One  who  has  the  care  of  a  park  or  other  inclos- 
ure,  or  the  cust4»dy  of  beasts ;  as,  the  keefor  of  a  park, 
a  pound,  or  of  sheep. 

4.  One  who  has  the  care,  custody,  or  superintend- 
ence of  any  thing. 

In  Orfat  Brttam,  the  keeper  of  the  great  seal  ii  a 
lord  by  hi«  office,  and  one  of  the  privy  council.  All 
royal  gmntji,  commissions,  and  charter*  pa.«s  through 
his  hand-4.  He  is  constituted  lord  keeper  by  the  de- 
liven.-  of  the  great  seal.  The  keeper  of  the  pricy  seal 
is  also  a  lord  by  bis  otbce,  and  a  member  of  the  privy 
council. 

KEEP  ER-SHIP,  a.  The  office  of  a  keeper.  {LitOe 
wse4.\  Carrw. 

KEEP'TNG,  ;>jrr.  Holding;  restraining;  preserving; 
ifuarding;  protectmg;  (>erf>>nuing. 

KEEP'ING,  a.  A  holding;  restraint;  custody  ;  guard  ; 
preservation. 

2.  Feed  ;  fodder.     The  cattle  have  good  kerphtg, 

3.  In  paimttMff^  ihe  olutervance  of  a  due  proportion 
ia  the  general  light  nnd  citti-ring  of  a  picture,  so  that 
a  proper  harmony  and  gradaliou  prevail  throughout 
the  whole.  £rtncn. 

Bence, 

4.  la  popmSmr  «ss,  just  proportion  ;  conformity  ; 
congniity ;  consistency;  a*,  titese  subjects  are  in 
lerpiitf^  with  each  other.  Reed. 

KEEP'ING-ROOM,  n.    A  common  parlor  or  sitting- 
room  in  which  a  family  Brnenilly  live.  Forby. 
[Simietimej  used  im  AVw  Rn^lunfL] 
KEEP'SaKE,  n.     Any  thing  kept,  or  given  to  be  kept, 

for  the  sake  of  the  piver ;  a  token  of  friendship. 
KEEVE,  b.     [Fr.  c«ce.J 

A  large  vessel  f*»r  fermenting  liquors  ;  a  beer-tub  ; 
a  ma^bing-tub.     [Local.] 
KEEVE,  r.  L    To  set  in  akeeve  for  fermentation. 

3-  To  tip  up  a  cart.  Ray, 

KEF'FE-KIL,  a.     See  Kj Eras il. 
KKS,  It.     [Ft.  ca^ue.] 

A  small  cask  or  barrel ;  written  more  'correctly 
Cag. 
KELK,  r.  t    To  beat  soundly.     [LoeaL] 
KELK,  n.     A  Wow  ;  large  stones.     [Loeal.]     [Qu.  L. 

KELL,  a.    A  sort  of  pottage.     [JV'ot  used  m  .^meriea,] 

Jlinsieortk. 


KER 

KELL,  a.     The  caul  or  nmentum.     [See  C*i'»,,  the 

usual  orthography  of  ihe  word.]  Wiseman. 

2.  The  chrysalis  of  the  citierpillar.        B.  Jonson. 

KELP,  ».  [Ar.  and  Pits.]  The  calcined  ashes  of  sea- 
weed, used  in  the  in.'inufnriure  of  glass.  This  is  a 
dnrk-colort>d,ntknline  substance,  which,  in  a  furnace, 
vitrifies  with  siliciuus  substances,  and  becomes  trans- 
parent gliuis.  Encyc. 

9.  A  plant.  The  popular  name  of  certain  species 
of  the  genus  Salicornia. 

KELP'IE,  n.  An  imaginary  spirit  of  the  waters,  in  Ihe 
form  of  a  horse,  who  is  vulparty  believed  lo  warn,  by 
preternatumi  noises  and  lights,  those  who  are  lu  be 
drowned  in  that  neighborhitud.     [S^otri^A.] 

Jamieson^s  Scottish  Dictionary. 

KEL'SON.     See  Keelson. 

KEL'TER,  a.  [Dun.  kUter^  to  gird,  to  truss  up ;  JLi7(«,  a 
fulding.j 
Regular  order  or  condition  ;  as,  to  be  out  of  keUer. 

KEMB,  r.  L     [Sax.  eemban^  to  conib.j  {Barro%e. 

To  comb,  which  see.  Kemb  is  an  obsolete  orthog- 
raphy- B,  Jonson.     Drpden, 

KEM'E-LLV,  n.     [Qu.  Gr.  KCifttjXiop^  furniture,] 

A  tub  ;  a  brewer's  vessel,     [Al)*  in  iwf,]     Chaucer. 

KE\.  r,  C  [\V.  ceaiatr,  to  see  ;  ceiniaic^  to  take  a  view, 
to  perceive;  which  Owen  deduces  from  edn,  coin, 
clear,  bright,  Hiir,  while,  and  sight,  brightness,  and 
liiis  coincides  with  L.  eanus^  white,  eanro^  to  be 
white,  and  this  with  L.  eano,  lo  sing,  cantu,  Eng.  to 
eoat,  to  chant.  These  coincide  in  elements  with  G. 
kraacn,  to  know,  erkennen,  lo  see,  know,  discern  ;  D, 
kenneny  Svv.  kunna,  Dan.  kiender,  to  know,  to  be  nt>to  ; 
Sax.  connan,  cuHnan,  Gi>Ih.  Jt^unnan,  to  know.  In  Sax. 
ernaiiR  is  to  bear,  L.  ffiipio^  Gr.  jcn-uw.  The  radical 
sense  is,  to  strain,  extend,  reach.  In  Sons,  kaiina  is 
an  eye.    See  C*;*.] 

1.  To  see  at  a  distance  ;  to  descry. 

We  ktn  ihem  from  afcr.  Addison. 

2.  To  know  ;  to  understand.     [06s.]     Shak.    Oay. 
r  ThU  verb  is  used  chiefly  ia  poetry.] 

KEN,  r.  L    To  look  round.  Burton. 

KEN,  n.     View  ;  reach  of  sighL 

CoMting  thef  Iwpt  the  land  within  ibrirtrn.  Drydgfu 

KEX'DAL-GREEN,  a.  A  species  of  green  cloth  made 
at  Kendal.  Shak. 

KE.N'NEL,  a.     [Fr.  ekenU;  It.  eaniie  ;  from  L.  eatUs.  a 
dog.] 
1.  A  house  or  cot  for  dogs,  or  for  a  pack  of  hounds. 

3.  A  pack  of  hounds,  or  their  cr\'.  Encyc. 
3.  Tlie  bole  of  a  fox  or  other  beast ;  a  haunt. 

Hence,  tbe  fox,  when  driven  out,  Is  said  to  be  un- 
keimeled.  Brande, 

KE.N'NEL,  a.     [It.  eanaU;  Fr.  canal;  Eng.  channel.] 

1.  The  watercourse  of  a  street ;  a  little  canal  or 
channel. 

2.  A  puddle. 

KEN'XEL,  r.  i.  To  lodge ;  lo  lie ;  to  dwell ;  aa  a  dog 
or  a  fox. 

The  dog  fcrancX«d  in  s  hollow  lf«e.  L'Belrango. 

KEN'NEL,  V.  L    To  keep  or  confine  in  a  kennel. 
KEX'NEL  eOAL.     See  C*r«.'*EL  Coau  [Tatler. 

KEN'NEL-^D,  pp.     Kept  in  a  kennel. 
KEN'NEL-I\G,  ppr.     Keeping  in  a  kenneL 
KEN'M.N'G,  n.     View  ;  sighL  Baem, 

KEN'TLE,  (ken'll,)  n.     [W.  cant,  a  hundred ;  L.  ceti- 

turn,] 
In  commercet  a  hundred  pounds  in  weight ;  as,  a 

kentie  of  fisi).      [It  is  vsritten   and  pronounced  also 

KENT'LEUGE,  n.  In  scamen^s  lan^age^  pigs  of  iron 
for  ballast  laid  on  the  Hoor  of  a  ship.       Mar.  Diet. 

KEPT,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Keep. 

KEPT'-MIS'TRESS,  n.  A  concubine,  or  woman  kept 
by  a  particular  individual  as  his  paramour. 

Booth. 

KERB'-STONE,  KIRB'-STONE.     See  Curb-Stone. 

KER'CHIEF,  (kcr'chif,)  «.  [Contracted  from  cover- 
chief;  Fr.  couvrir,  to  cover,  and  chef^  the  head.  Chau- 
cer,] 

1.  A  head-dress  ;  a  cloth  to  cover  the  head.  Shak. 

2.  A  cloth  used  in  dress.  Hatjward. 

The  word  is  now  seldom  used,  except  in  its  com- 
pound, IlArtoEERcHiEF,  and  sometimes  Necker- 
chief. 

KER'CHIEF-ED,  \  a.    Dressed  ;  hooded  ;  covered. 
KER'CIIIEFT,      i  Milton. 

KERF,  a.     [Sax.  eyrf;  teorfan,  cearfan^  to  cut,  Eng.  to 

caret  i  D.  kerf  a  notch  ;  Awcen,  to  cut ;  G,  Jkerft,  fccr- 

6en,  Ir.  cearb.] 
The  cut  of  an  ax,  a  saw,  or  other  instrument ;  the 

notch  or  slit  made  in  wood  by  culling. 


f^^ 


kirmiran^  Coccus  baphica. 


KER'MES,  a.     [Ar, 
Ca'^telL] 

In  ioiilo*nt^  an  obsolete  name  of  the  Coccus  Ilicls, 
an  insect  produced  upon  the  Quercus  Ilex,  a  small 
species  of  oak  growing  in  the  south  of  Europe.  This 
insect  is  full  of  reddish  juice,  which  is  used  in  dyeing 
red.     H«;nce  the  word  Crimson. 

KER'Me»-MIN'ER-AL,  n.     A  salt  composed  of  two 
equivalents  of  sesquisutphid  of  antimony  with  one 


KEY 

equivalent  of  sesquoxyd  of  antimony.    It  has  an  or- 
nnj.'e-red  color. 
KERN,  n.     An  Irish  ftKitman  or  foot-soldier,  Spenser. 
H.  in  Engluh  law,  lui  idle  pcmon  or  vagabond. 

E»rye. 

3.  .^mong  printers,  that  part  of  a  typo  which  liungs 
over  the  body  or  sliank,  ^dams. 

KERN,  «.     A  hand-mill  consisting  of  tivo  stones,  one 
of  which  is  turned  by  the  hand,    [Usually  written 
Quern,  wbicti  see.] 
9.  A  churn.     [OA.O 

KERN,  r.  i,  [G.  and  D.  Aern,  a  kernel ;  G.  kemen,  lo 
curdle.] 

1,  To  harden,  as  com  in  ripening.  Cams. 

2.  To  take  the  form  of  coma ;  to  granulate. 

OreiB, 
KERN'-B.^BV,   n.       [corn    and    babii.]       An    image 

dressed   with    corn,  and   carried   before   reapers   to 

their  harvest-home.     [Obs.] 
KERX'EL,  n.     [Sax.  ctjmel,  a  little  com,  grain,  or  nut ; 

G.  and  D.  kern  i  Fr.  cerncau  ;  VV.  ctoaren,  a  gland,  a 

kernel.] 

1,  The  edible  substance  contained  in  the  shell  of  a 
nut.  More, 

2.  Any  thing  included  in  a  shell,  husk,  or  integu- 
ment ;  IX  grain  or  corn  ;  as,  a  kernel  of  wheal  or  oifts. 

a.  The  seed  of  pulpy  fruit ;  as,  the  kernel  of  an 
apple.  Bacon. 

4.  The  central  pari  of  any  tiling;  a  small  mass 
around  which  other  n\alter  is  concreted  ;  a  nucleus, 

.^rbuthnut. 

5.  A  hard  concretion  in  the  flesh.  . 
KEUN'EL,  r.  u    To  harden  or  ripen  into  kernels,  as 

the  seeds  of  plants. 

KERN'EL-/;D,  a.     Having  a  kernel,  , 

KERN'EL-LY,  a.  Full  of  kernels  j  resembling  kern- 
els. 

KER'SEY,  n.     [D.  kerzaai;  Fr.  cariset;  Sp.  carisea.] 
A  species  of  coarse,  woolen  cloth ;  a  coarse  stuff 
made  chiefly  in  Kent  and  Devonshire,  England. 

Encye. 

KER'SEY-MeRE,  n.  A  twilled  woolen  cloth  ;  casai- 
mere.     [The  more  common  spelling  is  Cassimebe.] 

KERVE,  r.  L    To  carve.     [A«(  used.] 

KERV'ER,n.     A  carver.    IJ^vtused.] 

K^'SAK,  n.     [from  Cesar.]     An  emperor.     [Obs.] 

Spen.ier. 

KES'LOP,  rt.  The  stomach  of  a  calf  prepared  for 
rennet,  Grose. 

KES'TREL,  n.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Fnlco,  or  linwk 
kind  ;  called,  also,  stannel  and  trindhorer.  It  builds 
in  hollow  oaks,  and  feeds  on  quails  and  other  small 
birdi^  Encyc. 

KETCH,  n.     [Fr.  quatche;  G.  and  D.  i/W.] 

A  vessel  with  two  ir.asis,  a  main  and  niizzen-mast, 
usually  from  100  to  950  tons  burden.     Ketches  are 

f;enerally  used  as  yachts  or  as  bomb-vessels.     The 
alter  are  called  bomb-ketches.  Mar.  Diet. 

KETCH'UP,  n.     A  sauce.     [See  Catchup.] 
KET'TLE,  tt.     [Sax.  cetl,  eetel,  or  cytel;  G.  kessel:  D, 
ketel ;  Dan.  kedel ;  Sw.  kiuel ;  Russ.  kotel.] 

A  vessel  of  iron  or  other  metal,  with  a  wide  mouth, 
usually  without  a  cover,  used  for  heating  and  boiling 
water  or  other  liquor. 

Among  the  Tartars,  a  kettle  represents  a  family,  or 
as  many  as  feed  from  one  ketlle. 

Among  the  Dutch,  a  baltery  of  mortars  sunk  In  the 
earth  is  called  a  kettle.  Encye. 

KET'TLE-DRUM,  7i.  A  drum  made  of  a  copper  ves- 
sel like  a  kettle, covered  with  parrhmenl.  It  is  now 
seldom  used.  Booth. 

KET'TLE-DRUM-MER,  n.    The  man  who  heats  the 

kettle  drum. 
KET'TLE-PINS,  n.     Nine-pins  ;  skittles. 
KEV'EL  71.     In  ship.<t,  a  piece  of  limber  serving  to  be- 
lay the  sheets  or  great  ropes  by  which  the  b<tItom«  of 
the  fore-sail  and  maJn-sail  are  extended.     Mar.  Diet. 
2,  A  P[)ecie9  of  antelope  found    in   Africa.     It  is 
simitar  to  the  gazelle  in  its  manners  and  habits. 

P.  Cye. 
KEX,  n.     Hemlock;   the  stem  of  the  teasel;  a  dry. 

slalk.     [See  Kecksv.] 
KkY,  (ke,)  n.     [.-^ax.  atf;.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  fastener  ;  that  which  fast- 
ens ;  a.s  a  piece  of  wood  in  the  frame  of  a  building, 
or  in  a  chain,  &.c. 

2.  An  instrunii-ni  for  shutting  or  opening  a  lock,  by 
pushing  the  boil  one  way  or  the  ollior.  Keys  are  of 
various  forms,  and  fitted  to  the  wards  of  the  locku  to 
which  Ihey  belong. 

3.  An  instrument  by  which  something  is  screwed 
or  turned  ;  as,  the  key  of  a  watch  or  other  chronom- 
eter. 

4.  The  stone  which  binds  an  arch.  [See  Kcr- 
Stone.] 

5.  In  an  orff-an  or  harpsichord,  the  key,  or  finger- 
key,  is  a  little  lever  or  piece  in  the  fore  pari  by  which 
the  instrument  is  played  on  by  the  fingers, 

6.  In  music,  the  key,  or  key-note,  is  the  fundamen- 
tal note  or  tone  to  which  the  whole  piece  is  accommo- 
dated, and  with  which  it  usually  begins  and  always 
ends.  There  are  two  keys,  one  of  Ihe  major  and 
one  of  Ihe  minor  mode.  Vejf  sometimes  signifies  a 
scale  or  system  of  intervals.  Rouj^cau, 


FATE,  FAR,  F.\LL,  WILAT.— METE,  PRfiV.  — PINE,  .MARINE,  BIRD.  —  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


KID 

7.  An  index,  ur  that  which  serves  to  explain  a  ci- 
pher.    Hence, 

8.  That  which  serves  to  explain  any  thing  difficult 
to  be  understood. 

9.  In  the  Human  Catholic  church,  ecclesiastical  juris- 
diction, or  the  power  of  the^  poi>e ;  or  the  power  of 
excommunicatinfc  or  absolving.  Encyt. 

10.  A  ledge  or  Jay  of  rocks  near  the  surface  of  the 
water. 

11.  The  husk  containing  the  seed  of  an  ash. 

Evelyn, 

Key,  (k5,)  n,  [Ir.  cfigh;  D.  kaai:  G.  kai ;  l-'r.  qrtai ; 
Arm.  oae.  The  word  is  probably  contracted  from  the 
root  of  the  preceding  word,  signifying  to  hold,  make 
fast,  restrain.     Class  Cg.j 

A  bank  or  wharf  built  on  the  side  of  a  river  or 
harbor,  for  the  convenience  of  loading  nnd  unloading 
ships,  and  securing  them  in  their  illations.  Hence, 
keys  are  furnished  with  posts,  rings,  cranes,  cap- 
stans, &c.    It  is  sometimes  written  Quat.   Encyc. 

KeY'AGE,  n.  Money  paid  for  tlie  use  of  a  key  or 
guay. 

KeY'-BOARD,  n.  In  nnisie^  the  whole  range  of  the 
kevs  of  an  organ  or  forte-piano. 

KeY'-COLD,  o.    Cold  as  an  iron  key  j  lifeless.    [Ohs.] 

Shtik. 

KEY'f;D,a.  Furnished  with  keys;  as,  aknjed  instrn- 
_  9.  Bel  to  a  key,  as  a  tune.  [ment. 

KeY'-UOLE,  n.  A  hole  or  aperture  in  a  door  or  lock, 
for  receiving  a  key. 

KeY'-STONE,  h.  The  stone  on  the  top  or  middle  of 
an  arch  or  vault,  which,  being  wider  at  the  top  than 
at  the  bottom,  enters  like  a  wrdge  and  binds  the 
work  ;  properly,  ihe  fasteninffstonf, 

KHAN,  (kawn,)  n.  In  Persia,  a  governor  of  a  prov- 
ince; among  the  Tartars,  it  is  equivalent  to  king-  or 
prince.  Eton. 

2.  An  Eastern  inn  or  caravansary-. 

KHA.VATE,  (kawn'ale,)  h.  The  dominion  or  juris- 
diction of  a  khan.  Tookr. 

KIBE,  n.  [This  word  has  the  elements  of  chap,  gap, 
gape.    Class  Gb,  No.  7.    Perhaps  it  is  of  Persian  ori- 


gin, , 


kafidan,  to  crack,  to  split.  Qu.  Dan. 


kiebe,  the  chops.] 

A  chap  or  crack  in  the  flesh  occjisioned  by  cold  ; 
an  ulcerated  chilblain  ;  as  in  the  heels. 

KlWEVi,  a.  Chapped  ;  cracked  with  cold  ;  affected 
with  chilblains  ;  as,  kihed  heels.  Dancitu 

KI-BlT^K^i,  n.  A  Tartar  vehicle,  consisting  of  a 
frame  of  w<v»d  rounded  at  top,  covered  with  Clt,  and 
placed  on  wheels,  serv'ing  as  a  kind  of  movable  hab- 
itation. Life  vf  lleber. 

KTB'Y.  a.    Affected  with  kibes. 

KICK,  r.  £.    JW.  ciciau)^  from   cic,   the   foot,     Owen. 


Per?. 


^"t 


,  a  kicking.] 


To  strike  with  the  foot  j  as,  a  horse  AtcA-j  a  servant; 
a  man  kicks  a  dog. 
KICK,  r.  i.    To  practice  striking  \vlth  the  foot  or  feet ; 
as,  a  liorse  accustomed  to  kick. 

2.  To  thrust  out  the  foot  or  feet  with  violence, 
either  in  wantonness,  resistance,  anger,  or  contempt ; 
to  manifest  opiK>sition. 

Wlt^rrton-  tic*  j-fl  *t  mr  •mHSm  ?  —  I  Sim,  U. 
Jrahurun  Witxcl  (aI  uml  kicked.  —  D>-iiL  xxxii. 
Il  U  hard  for  Uw  to  kick  Sigiunu  thr  pMiU.  —  Acta  Ix. 

KICK,  n.  A  blow  with  the  foot  or  feet ;  a  striking  or 
thnist  of  the  fooL 

KICK'i^D,  (kikt.)  pp.    Blmck  with  the  foot  or  feet. 

KICK'ER,  n.    One  that  kicks. 

KICKING,  ppr.  Striking  with  tlie  foot;  thrusting  out 
the  font  with  violence. 

KICK'ING,  n.  The  act  of  striking  with  the  foot,  or 
of  yerking  the  foot  with  violt-nce.  What  can  not 
be  effected  by  kicking,  may  sometimes  be  done  by 
coaxing. 

KICK^SHAW,  n.  [Comipted  from  Fr.  quel^ue  chose, 
something.] 

I.  Something  fantastical  or  uncommon,  or  some- 
thing that  has  no  particular  name. 

S.  A  dish  no  changed  by  cooking,  that  it  can 
•carfly  be  known.  Johnson. 

KICK'HliOE,  (kik'shoo,)  n.  A  dancer,  in  contempt ; 
acaperer;  a  buffoon.  [A  word  used  only  by  Mil- 
ton.] 

KICK^SY-WICK'SY,  b.  A  man's  wife,  in  contempt, 
between  whom  and  her  husband  kicks  or  winks 
pass,  as  the  hrimor  hapt>ens.  Shak.     Smart. 

KID,  n.  [Dan.  kid;  Sw.  fcirf,  kidling ;  W.  cidw.9,  a 
goat,  eidgsen,  a  young  goat;  L.  luedua :  vulgar  Gr. 
yUa;  Sans,  arfa ;  Turk    getsii  Heb.  Ch.  nj ;   Syr. 

L»^  .     a  kid ;  Russ.  kidayu,  to  throw,  to  bring  forth 

young.] 

1.  A  young  goaf. 

3.  A  fag'^it ;  a  bundle  of  heath  and  furze.      Eng. 
3.  A  small  wooden  tub  or  vessel;  applied,  among 

seamen,  to  one  in  which  they  receive  their  food. 

Ilolhway. 


KIL 

KID,  V.  t,  or  i.    To  bring  forth  a  young  goat. 

0.  To  make  into  a  bundle,  as  fagots.  Eng. 
KID,  r.  (.     [Sax.  cyVian.] 

To  show,  discover,  or  make  known.    [Obs.] 

Qotoer. 

KID'DED,  pp.     Brought  forth,  as  a  young  kid. 

KID'DER,  71.     [Sw.  kyta,  to  truck.] 

An  engrosser  of  corn,  or  one  who  carries  corn, 
provisions,  and  merchandi.'^e,  about  the  country  fur 
sale.  Eng. 

KID'DLE,  71.  A  kind  of  wear  in  a  river  for  catching 
fish  ;  corruptly  pronounced  kittle.      Magna  Charta* 

KID'DOVV,  71.  A  web-footed  fowl,  called,  also,  Guii^ 
LEMOT,  SEA-HEr»,  or  Skout.  Chambers. 

KID'LING,  n.     [Sw,]     A  young  kid.  Browne. 

KID'NAP,  V.  i.  [G.  kinderdieb;  D.  kinderdief,  child 
thief.  Kid  is  usually  supposed  to  be  contracted  from 
kind,  a  child,  in  which  case  nap  may  be  the  oriental 
3:;,  to  steal.     See  Knab.] 

To  steal  a  human  being,  man,  woman,  or  child  ; 
or  to  seize  and  forcibly  carry  away  any  person  what- 
ever from  his  own  country  or  state  into  another. 

Enciic. 

KID'NAP-PED,  (kid'napl,)  pp.  or  a.  Stolen  or  Airci- 
bly  carried  away,  as  a  human  being. 

KID'NAP-PER,  n.  One  wlio  steals  or  forcibly  carries 
away  a  human  being  ;  a  man-steuler. 

KID'NAl'-PING,  ppr.  Stealing  or  forcibly  carrying 
away  human  beings. 

KID'XAP-PING,  n.  The  act  of  stealing  or  forcible  ab- 
duction of  a  human  being  from  his  own  country  or 
slate.  This  crime  was  capital  by  the  Jewish  law,  and 
in  modern  times  is  highly  [tcnal. 

KID'NEY,  n.  [I  have  not  found  this  word  in  any  oth- 
er language.] 

1.  The  kidneys  are  two  oblong,  flattened  bodies, 
extending  from  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  ribs,  to 
the  fourth  lumbar  vertebra,  behind  the  intestines. 
Their  use  is  to  separate  the  urine  from  the  blood. 

Parr,     Q_uiiiaf. 

2.  Port ;  kind.  SltaJc. 
[^  ludiertnts  use  of  the  Kord.] 

'X  A  cant  term  for  a  waiting-ser\'ant.  Tatler. 

KID'NEY-BeAN,  n.     A  sort  of  bean,  so  named  from 

its  resemblance  to  the  kidney.    It  is  of  the  genus 

Phaseoliis. 
KID'NEY-FORM,        )  n.     Having  the  form  or  shape 
KID'NEY-SHAp.fJD,  ]      of  a  kidney.  Kincan. 

KID'NEV-VETCII,  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Anthyl- 

lis. 
KID'NEY-WORT,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Saxifraga. 
KTE,  H.  pi.     Kine.     [Scottish.] 
KIeF'E-KIL,  71.     A  species  of  clay  called  also  Meer- 

scHAL'M.used  chiefly  in  forming  the  bowls  of  tubacco 

pipes.     [See  Meerschaum.] 
KIL,   n.     A  Dutch  word,  signifying  a  channel  or  bed 

of  a  river,  and  hence  a  stream. 
KIL'DER-KIN,  ».     [Uu.  D.  kinderkin.'] 

A  small  barrel;  a  liquid  measure  containing  two 

firkins,  or  16  or  18  gallons.  Encitc. 

KILL,  V.  L     [The  Dutch  has  keel,  the  throat,  :\m\'ketU 

en,  to  cut  the  throat,  to  kill.     In   Uuss.  kolyu  is  to 

stab.     But  this  word  seems  to  be  allied  to  Sax.  ewel- 

/an,  to  kill,  to  quell,  that  is,  to  beat  down,  to  lay; 

and  if  so,  it  may  be  connected  with  D.  kwellcn,  G. 

qualeR,  Sw.  quaiia,   Dan.  qturler,  to  torment,  but  in 

Danish,  to  stifle,  choke,  or  quell.      This  affinity  is 

rendered  probable  by  the  seamen's  phrase,  to  kiU  the 

wind,  that  is,  to  allay  or  destroy  it.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  life,  animal  or  vegetable,  in  any 
manner  or  by  any  means.  To  kiil  an  animal  or  a  plant, 
is  to  put  an  end  t*i  the  vital  functions,  either  by  de- 
stroying or  essentially  injuring  the  organs  necessary 
to  life,  or  by  causing  them  to  cease  from  action.  An 
animal  may  be  killed  by  the  sword  or  by  poison,  by 
disease  or  by  sulfocation.  A  strong  solution  of  salt 
will  kill  plants. 

2.  To  butcher ;  to  slaughter  for  food  ;  as,  to  kiU 
an  ox. 

3.  To  quell ;  to  appease  ;  to  calm ;  to  still';  as,  in 
seamen's  language,  a  shower  of  rain  kills  tlie  wind. 

KIL'LAS,  n.  The  name  of  clay -slate  among  the  Corn- 
ish miners.  Ure. 

KILL'DEER,  J  n.     A  small  bird  in  America,  so  called 

KILL'DEE,  \  from  its  voice  or  note;  Charadrius 
voclferus,  a  species  of  plover. 

KILL'KD,  pp.     Deprived  of  life  ;  quelled  ;  calmed. 

KILI/ER,  n.  One  who  deprives  of  life  ;  lie  or  that 
which  kills. 

KILL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Depriving  of  life  ;  quelling. 

KILL'ING.  7u     A  deprivation  of  life. 

KIL'LI-NtTK,  n.  A  mineral,  a  variety  of  spodumene, 
found  at  Killiney,  in  Ireland.  Taylor. 

KIL'LOVV,  n.  An  earth  of  a  blackish  or  deep-blue 
color.  Woodward. 

KILN,  (kil,)  n.  [Sax.  eyln,  from  nftme,  a  furnace  or 
kitchen  ;  L.  culi/ui ;  \V.  cyt,  and  cyhjn.] 

t.  A  large  stove  or  oven  ;  a  fabric  of  brick  or  stone 
which  may  be  heated  for  the  purpose  of  hardening, 
burning,  or  drying  anything;  as,  a  kiln  for  baking 
or  hardening  earthen  vessels ;  a  kiln  for  drying  grain 
or  meal. 

9.  A  pile  of  brick  constructed  for  burning  or  hard- 
ening ;  called  also  a  Brick-ulw. 


KIN 

KIL\'-DRI-£D,  (kil'drlde,)  pp.  or  a.  Dried  in  a 
kiln. 

KILN'-J)R?,  (kil'drt,)  v.  t.  To  dty  in  a  kiln ;  as,  to 
kUn-rln/  meal  or  grain. 

KILN'-DRY-ING,  ikirdri-ing,)  ppr.  Drying  in  a 
kiln. 

KIL'O-GRAM,         in.     [Ft.  kilogramme;  Or.  x'^^'o'i 

KIL'  0-GRAMME,  \  a  tliousand,  and  ypanpa.  Bee 
Gram.] 

In  the  new  system  of  French  weights  and  measures,  a 
thousand  grammes.  According  to  Lunier,  the  kilo- 
gramme is  equal  in  weight  to  a  cubic  decimeter  of 
water,  or  two  pounds,  five  drams  and  a  half. 

KI-LOL'I-TER,  { 71.    [Fr.  kilolitre  i  Gr.  \t^toi,  a  thou- 

KJL'O-LT-TRE,  S  sand,  and  AiTpa,aGreek  measure. 
SeeTiiTER.] 

In  the  new  French  mFoanres,  a  thousand  liters  ;  or 
264  gallonsj  and  44,231  cubic  inches.  According  to 
Lunier,  it  is  nearly  equal  to  a  tun  of  wine  of  Bour- 
deaux. 

KI-LOM'E-TER,)7i.     [Fr.    kilometre;    Gr.    X'^^"".    » 

KIL'0-ME-TRE,\  thousand,  and  utrpovt  a  me- 
ter.] 

In  the  French  sijstem  of  measures,  a  thousand  me- 
ters ;  the  meter  being  the  unit  of  linear  measuie. 
The  kilometer  is  nearly  equal  to  a  quarter  of  a 
French  league.  Lanier, 

KILT,  71.  A  kind  of  short  petticoat,  reaching  from  the 
belly  to  the  knees,  worn  by  men  in  the  Highlands  of 
Scotland,  and  by  children  in  the  Lowlands. 

Brande. 

KILT,  V.  (.  To  tuck  up;  to  truss  up,  as  the  clothes. 
[ScoULih.] 

KILT,  pp.    Killed.     [0*5.1 

KIM 'BO,       )  a.  [Probably  from  the  Celtic  coTn,  crooked. 

KIM'BoVV,  \      "I'he  Italian  a^Aemio,  crooked,  awry, is 
from  the  same  source.] 
C^rooked  ;  arched  ;  bent ;  as,  a  kimbo  handle, 

Dryden, 
To  set  the  arms  a-kimbo,  is  to  set  the  hands  on  the 
hips,  with  the  elbows  projecting  outward. 

KIN,  n.  [Sax.  cyn,  cynn,  or  cind,  gccynd,  kind,  genus, 
race,  relation  ;  Ir.  cine ;  G.  kind,  a  child ;  D.  kind ; 
W.  cenal,  cenawi  L.  genus  f  Gr.  ytfu^;  connected 
with  L.  gignof  geno,  Gr.  ytvapai.  Class  Gn,  No.  29. 
See  Begix.] 

1.  Relation,  properly,  by  consanguinity  or  blood, 
but  perhaps  sometimes  used  for  relation  by  atlinity 
or  marriage. 

Tliis  mHii  is  of  Hn  lo  me.  Bacon.    Dryden, 

2.  Relatives  ;  kindred  ;  persona  oft  the  same  race 

The  father,  mother,  nud  the  kin  beside,  Dryden, 

3.  A  relation  ;  a  relative.  Davies. 

4.  The  same  generical  class  ;  a  thing  related. 

Aii'l  the  eAr-(l(Mtreiiiiig  voic«  of  the  oracle. 

Km  to  Juve'i  ihuiidcr.  Shak. 

5.  As  a  termination,  kin  is  used  as  a  diminutive 
denoting  small,  from  the  sense  of  child;  as,  in  mani^ 
kin,  a  little  man  ;   Tompkin,  Hllkin,  Pipkin. 

KIN,  a.    Of  the  same  nature  ;  kindred  ;  congenial. 

Chaucer. 
KI'NXTE,  n.     [D.  kina,  i.  e.  Cinchona.] 

A  salt  formed  by  the  union  of  kinic  acid  with  a 
base.  Ure, 

KIND,  n.     [Sax.  cyn,  or  cyTin.    See  Krrr.J 

1.  Rare  ;  genus  ;  generic  class ;  as,  in  mankind  or 
human  kind.  In  technical  language,  Kirto  answers 
to  Geni'3. 

2.  Sort,  in  a  sense  more  loose  than  genus ;  as,  there 
are  several  kinds  of  eloquence  and  of  style,  many 
kinds  of  music,  many  kinds  of  government,  various 
kinds  of  architecture,  or  of  painting,  various  kinds  of 
soil,  &c. 

3.  Particular  nature ;  as,  laws  most  perfect  in  their 
kind.  Baker. 

4.  Natural  state  ;  produce  or  commodity,  as  distin- 
guished from  money  ;  as,  taxes  paid  in  kind. 

5.  Nature  ;  natural  propensity  or  determination. 

Bonie  nf  you,  on  pure  fnstiiicl  ornntnir, 

Are  led  by  kijirl  U»  admire  your  rellow-crealiire.  Drydtn. 

6.  Manner;  way.     {Little  used."]  Bacon. 

7.  Sort.  He  spoke  with  a  kind  of  scorn  or  con- 
tempt. 

KIND,  a.  [W,  and  Arm.  c«w,  kind,  favorable,  attrac- 
tive. In  Ir.  ceann  is  affection.  This  word  would 
seem  to  be  connected  with  the  preceding,  but  in 
sense  it  coincides  best  with  the  Teutonic  ganstig, 
favorable,  kind,  from  G.  eonnen,  to  be  glad  or  pleased, 
to  love  to  see,  to  favor,  D.  gunnen,  to  grant  or  vouch- 
safe.] 

1.  Disposed  to  do  good  to  others,  and  to  make 
them  happy  by  granting  their  requests,  supplying 
their  wants,  or  assisting  them  in  distress;  having 
tenderness  or  goodness  of  nature ;  benevolent ;  be- 
nignant. 

God  Is  kind  to  the  itnthnnkfiil  nnd  to  tho  nril.  —  Lnke  tL 
Bv.  ye  kifid  one  to  anotiter,  t«•nlJt•^lll•»^t«l.  —  Eph.  Iv. 

2.  Proceeding  from  tenderness  or  goodness  of 
heart  ;  benevolent ;  as,  a  kind  act ;  a  kind  return  of 
favors. 

KIND'ED,  a.    Begotten.    [Obs.]    [See  Kin.] 

Spenser. 


TONE,  BULL,  tJNITE — AN"OER,  VI"CIOUS €  M  K;  0  u  Jj  »  as  Z  ;  CH  m  8H ;  TH  M  In  THIS. 

630~ 


KIN 

KIND'-UCXKT'EID,  c  Having  much  kindness  of 
natun-.  Irving. 

KIN'UI.E,  {kin'dL)  r.  L  [W.  cifunea;  U  acct^ndo; 
from  the  nxjt  of  cojuUoy  canro^  to  be  liglit  or  white, 
to  shine,  j 

1.  To  set  on  fire  ;  to  cause  to  burn  with  flame  ;  to 
l>j:bt ;  as,  lo  kindU  a  fire. 

2.  To  inHame,  u  Uie  passions  ;  lo  exasperate  ;  to 
rouse  i  to  provoke  ;  to  excite  to  action  ;  to  heal ;  to 
fire  i  to  anim.-ite  ;  as,  to  kimtile  aneer  or  wrath  ;  to 
kindle  resentment ;  to  kindle  the  tiame  t^love,  or  love 
into  a  flame. 

So  mm  ooawntloua  woomd  to  tutdl*  •trifr.  —  Pro».  xx»L 

3.  To  bring  forth.    [Sax.  cennan.]     [A'ot  iwcrf.] 

Skakt 
KIM'DLE,  r.  L    To  take  fire ;  to  becin  to  bum  with 
tlame.    Fuel  and  fire,  well  laid,  will  ktmdU  without  a 
bellows. 

9.  To  beirin  to  rage,  or  be  violently  excited }  to  be 
roused  or  exasperated. 

k  ataOl  tu«d:«  to  the  tUckcat  cfthe  fbnac— In.  ix. 

KIN''DL£D»I^    8et  on  firej  inOomed;  excited  Into 

art  ton. 
KI.N'OLER,  K.    He  or  that  which  kindles  or  sets  on 

fire. 
KLNIVLE^SS,  c    Destitute  of  kindness;  unnatural. 

SJuUu 
KTND'LI-ER,  c  cDiv^    Mor«  kindly. 
KIND'LI-E^T,  «.  M^sri.     Hoel  kindly.     ^iiuwortJu 
KIXD'LI-.NESd,  a.    Affection ;  affectionate  disposi- 
tion ;  benifiniiy. 
S.  Natural  disposition.  Milton. 

KIN'DLING,  ppr.    Setting  nn  fire;  causing  to  burn 

with  flame  ;  exciting  into  action. 
KTXIVLY,  0.    ^See  Kind^  the  noun.]    Homogeneal ; 
congenial ;  kmdred  ;  of  the  same  nature. 

This  Johnson  supposes  to  be  th«  original  sense; 
hut  it  is  also  used  as  a  derivative  of  the  adjective,  in 
tlie  sense  of. 
2.  Mild  ;  bland  ;  softening  ;  as,  kindly  sbowen. 

Prior. 
KIXD'LY,  adr.    With  good  will ;  with  a  disposition 
to  make  others  happy  or  to  oblige;  benevolently; 
favorably.    Let  the  poor  be  treated  kindlf. 

fie  kimdijf  tJkcaoaed  oo«  le  utoOaer,  with  tmoOmtiy  Ion.— 
RtMCXfi. 

tea.— Gea.  L 


KIND'I-Y-NX'TtZK-ED,  (-nai'yurd,)  c  Having  a 
kind  disposition.  Scott. 

KtNiy\£S^,  N.  •  rfrom  kind,  the  adjective.] 

1.  Good  will ;  benevolence  ;  that  temper  or  dispo- 
sition which  delights  in  contributing  to  the  happi- 
ness of  others^  wttich  is  exercised  chrerfuUy  in  grat- 
ifying their  wishes,  supplying  their  wants,  or  allevi- 
ating tbeir  distresses ;  benignity  of  nature.  Kindness 
ever  accompanies  love. 

Tbem  Is  oo  mui  wboar  H^d^ef  wv  inaj  ncH.  some  Umr  want, 
or  br  wboM  mBlice  w«  najr  dm  lome  time  tuttr.  RambUr, 

SL  Act  of  good  will ;  beneficence ;  any  act  of  be- 
nevolence which  promotes  the  happiness  or  welfare 
of  others.  Charity,  hospit:ility,  attentions  to  the 
wnnts  of  others,  &c.,  are  deemed  acts  of  kindness,  or 
kkadrntssts.  Ads  xxviii. 
KIN'DREO,  «.  [from  tin,  iiady  Sax.  cynren;  W. 
eamL,  tenrdyL] 
X.  Relation  oy  birth  ;  consanguinity. 

Like  ber,  or«qit«l  kindrmi  to  the  tlirooe.  Dtydtn. 

fi.  Relation  by  marriage;  affinity. 

3.  Relatives  by  blood  or  marriage,  more  properly 
tbe  former 

Thou  ktuii  go  to  mj  coan(T7  and  to  my  landrtd.  —  Gen.  •x.xit. 

4.  Relation  ;  suit ;  connection  in  kind.        Shak. 
KfN'DREO,  a      Related;   congenial;    of  the  like  na- 
ture or  properties ;  as,  kindred  souls  ;  kindred  skies. 

Drydrn. 

KTNE,  M.  ,*  ^L  of  Cow ;  D.  kovgen.  Bat  Cows,  the 
regular  plural,  is  now  in  general  use. 

KING,  a.  [S&x*  ciflLg,  cynigt  or  cyning;  6.  idSnig  :  D. 
kamvLgi  Sw.  kamtMg,  kmn^  ;    Dfin.  konge  ;    W.  Hi  it,  a 

-  chie^a  leader,  one  that  attracts  or  draws.  If  the 
Welsh  word  is  the  same,  or  of  the  same  fam- 
ily, it  proves  that  tbe  priniar>'  sense  is  a  leader,  a 
guide,  or  one  who  goes  before,  for  the  radical  sense 
of  the  verb  must  be  to  draic.  It  coincides  in  ele- 
ments with  the  Ir.  esan,  head,  and  with  the  oriental 
Usji,  or  kaun.  The  pitmary  sense  is  probably  a  head, 
a  leader.] 

1.  The  chief  magistrate  or  sovereign  of  a  nation  ; 
a  man  invested  with  supreme  authority  over  a  nation, 
tribe,  or  country.  Kings  are  absolute  monarchs,  when 
they  possess  the  powers  of  government  without  con- 
trol, or  ihe  entire  sovereignly  over  a  nation  ;  they 
are  called  limittd  monarctis,  when  their  power  is  re- 
strained by  fixed  laws.  Kmps  are  hereditary  sove- 
reigns, when  Ihey  hold  the  powers  of  government  by 
right  of  birth  or  inheritance,  and  elective,  when  raised 
to  the  throne  by  choice. 

^Afi  will  be  tjrranu  from  polkr,  wb^n  wibjoca  lie  r*Hs  from 
pnnc;ple.  Burkt. 

2.  A  sovereign  ;  a  prince  :  a  ruler.  Christ  is  called 
Ibe  iCvng  of  his  church.     P3.  ii. 


KIN 

3.  A  c.ird  having  tlie  picture  of  a  king;  as,  the 
king  of  diiunonds. 

4.  The  chiff  piece  in  the  game  of  chess. 

King  at  arms;  an  olficer  in  Knchind  of  great  an- 
tiquity, and  fonnerly  of  great  nutboriiy,  whose  busi- 
ness is  to  direct  the  heralds,  preside  at  ilieir  ctiitp- 
lers,  and  have  the  jurisdiction  of  armory.  There  are 
three  kings  at  arms,  viz.,  garter,  clarencieux,  nnd 
norroy.  'I'he  latter  [ttorthroy]  ofliciatos  north  of  the 
Trent.  Ene\tc. 

KING,  r.  U  In  ludicrous  langva^f,  to  supply  witli  a 
king,  or  to  make  royal ;  to  raise  to  ro>'aUy.      Shak. 

KING'-AP-PLE,  C-ap'pl,)  a.  A  kind  of  apple,  so 
called. 

KING'U1RD,N  An  American  bird,  a  species  of  the 
genus  Muscicapa,  so  called  from  its  courage  in  at- 
tacking larger  birds. 

KING  CKXFT,  m.  The  craft  of  kings;  the  art  of  gov- 
cniing  ;  v-tuaUy  in  a  btid  urnse. 

KlNG't'Ul*,  n.  The  buttercup, (AaauiwiiIiMiu/frfMtu,) 
a  species  of  crowfo*)L  Oag. 

KING'DO.M,  n.     [king  and  rfam,  jurisdiction.] 

1.  The  territory  or  country  sulyect  to  a  king;  an 
undivided  territor)'  under  ilie  dominion  of  a  king  or 
monarch.  The  foreign  j)ossessions  of  a  king  are  not 
usually  included  in  the  term  kingdom.  Thus  we 
speak  of  the  kingdom  of  En|zl;Lnd,  of  France,  or  of 
Spain,  without  including  ihc  East  or  Wed  Indies. 

2.  The  inli:ibit:ints  or  population  subject  to  a  king. 
The  whole  kingdom  was  alarmed. 

3.  In  natural  history,  a  division ;  as,  the  animal, 
vegetable,  nnd  mineral  kingdoms. 

4.  A  region  ;  a  tnict ;  tlie  place  where  anything 
prevails  and  holds  stvay  ;  as,  the  wulCr}'  kingdom. 

Shak. 

5.  In  Scripture,  the  government  or  universal  do- 
minion of  Gt>d.     I  Chron.  xiix.     Pa.  cxiv. 

6.  The  power  of  supreme  administration.  1  Sam. 
xviii. 

7.  A  princely  nation  or  state. 

Ye  ihAlI  be  to  me  K  kingtiom  orprieUi.  — Ex.  six. 

8.  Heaven.    Matt,  xxvi. 

9.  Stale  of  glory  in  heaven.    Matt.  v. 

10.  Tlie  reign  of  the  Messtiali.    MatL  iii. 

11.  Government;  rule;  supreme  administration. 
KING'DOM-JCU,  a.  Proud  of  royally.  Shak. 
KI.\G'KISH-ER,n.  A  bird  of  the  genus  .Mcedo,  which 

preys  on  fish. 
KING'UpQI),  «.    State  of  being  a  king.    [Oba.'] 

Oawer. 
KIVG'LESS,  a.    Having  no  king.  Bttrott, 

KING'LIKE,  a.    Like  a  king. 
KING'LI-NESS,  H.     State  of  being  kingly. 
KING'LiNG,  n.    A  little  king. 
KING'LV,  a.  lielunging  to  a  king  ;  suitable  to  n  king ; 

as,  a  kingly  couch.  Shak. 

2.  Royal ;  sovereign ;  monarchical ;  as,  a  kingly 
government. 

3.  Noble;  august;  splendid;  becoming  a  king; 
as,  kingly  magnilicence. 

KING'LY,  ado.  With  an  air  of  royalty ;  with  a  supe- 
rior dignity. 

Ijov  U>wed  the  rest ;  be,  kingh/,  did  but  docI.  Pope. 

KING'-POST,  n.  In  carpentry,  a  beam  in  the  fmmeof 
a  roof  rising  from  the  tie-beam  lo  the  ridge,     fhcilt. 

KINGS,  n,  pi.  'I'he  name  of  two  books  of  the  Old 
TestamenL 

KING'S'-BENCH',  n.  A  high  court  or  tribunal  in  Eng- 
land, so  called  because  the  king  used  to  eit  there  in 
person.  It  is  the  supreme  court  of  common  law, 
consisting  of  a  chief  justice  and  three  other  justices. 

Biack.ftone. 

KING'S  E\"GUSH,  (ing'glish,)  n.  An  English 
pJirnse  for  correct  or  current  language  of  good 
speakers. 

KI.\G'S-K'V/L,  n.     A  disease  of  the  scrofulous  kind. 

KI.N'G'SHIP,  n.  Royalty;  the  state,  office,  or  dignity 
of  a  king.  King  Charles. 

KING'S'-SPeAR,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Asphode- 
lus. 

KING'STONE,  n.     A  fii^h.  Jfinsitorth. 

Pertaining  to  Cinchona  ;  as,  the  kinic  acid.    Ure. 

KI'Nie,  a.  JD.  kina,  i.  e.  Cinchona,] 

KINK,  7U  [Sw.  kink,  D.  kink,  a  bend  or  turn.  Qu.  L. 
cinco.] 

The  twist  of  a  rope  or  thread,  occasioned  by  a 
spontaneous  winding  of  the  rope  or  thread  when 
doubled,  that  is,  by  an  effort  of  hard-twisted  ropes 
or  threads  to  untwist,  they  wind  about  each  oiber. 

The  p&ckUiread  will  cart  up,  running  iuta  loops  or  kitikr. 

Kncyc.  A  rt.  Pope. 

KINK,  t?.  i  To  wind  into  a  kink  ;  to  twist  spontane- 
ously. 

KINK,  a.  A  fit  of  coughing ;  a  convulsive  fit  of 
lanehler.     [Scattisk.] 

KINK'A-JOL,  n.  A  plantigrade,  carnivorous  mammal 
living  in  South  America.  It  is  about  as  large  as  a 
full-grown  cat,  and  has  a  prehensile  tail.  It  is  the 
Ccrroleptes  caudivolvulus  of  Illiger. 

KINK'HAL'S  r,  71.     The  chincough.     [JVot  vsrd.] 

KI'NO,  n.  An  astringent  extract  of  a  deep  brownish- 
red  color,  obtained  from  various  trees.  Kino  consists 
of  tannin  and  cxirriciive.  Ure. 


KIT 

KINSTOLK,  n.  [kin  nud  folk,]  Relations  ;  kindred  ; 
persons  of  ilio  same  fiiruily.    TOftjt.] 

Ki.NS'iMAN,  n.  [kin  and  man.]  A  man  of  the  same 
race  or  family  ;  one  related  by  blood.  Dnjden. 

KI.\«'WOM-AN,  n,     A  female  relation.  Dennis. 

KX-OSK',  n.  A  Turkish  open  summer-house,  support- 
ed Ity  pillars.  Murduck. 

KIP'PKR,  n.  A  term  applied  to  a  salmon,  when  unfit 
to  be  taken,  and  to  tbe  time  when  they  ore  so  consid 
ered.  Eng. 

KIP'PER-ED-SAL-MON,  (.«im'muD,)|n.  A  salmon 

KIP'PER,  i      split  open, 

salted,  nnd  dried   or  smoked ;    a  favorite  dish  in 
Scotland.  Jamieson. 

The  word  kipper  originally  denoted  a  snlmon  di- 
rectly after  the  spawning  season  ;  and  as  fish,  in  this 
state,  are  not  good  for  use  while  fresh,  they  were 
usually  cured  nnd  hung  up.  Hence  (he  word,  whirh 
properly  denoted  a  spawning  salmon,  came  to  be 
generally  used  for  one  that  is  salted  and  dried. 

Jumieson. 

KIP'-SKIN,  n.  Leatlier  prepared  from  tbe  skin  of 
young  cattle,  intermediate  between  calf-skin  and 
cow-hide. 

KIRK,  (kurk,)  n.  [Sax.  eyre,  or  eiric;  Gt.  KVfitaKrj, 
from  Kvpu>i,  lord.] 

In  Scotland,  a  cliurch.  This  is  the  same  word  as 
Crit'ftcH,  differently  written  and  pronounced.  [See 
Chubch.1 

KIRK'MAN,  n.     One  of  the  church  of  Scotland. 

KIRSCH'WAS-SER,  n.  [G.]  A  distilled  liquor, 
obtained  by  fermenting  the  small  black  cherry. 

KIR'TLE,  (ker'tl,)  n.     [Sax.  cyHel ;  Sw.  kiorteL] 

1.  An  upper  garment ;  a  gown  ;  a  petticoat ;  a 
short  jacket ;  a  mantle.  Juhnnon.     Encyc. 

S.  A  quantity  of  flax,  about  a  hundred  pounds. 

Encyc. 
[I  know  not  that  this  word  is  used  in  America.] 

KIR*TL£D,  (ker'tld.)  a.     Wearing  a  kirtle. 

KISS,  V.  t.  [Sax.  ctfssan  ;  G.  kilssen ;  D.  kuschen ;  Sw. 
kyssa ;  Dan.  kysser.] 

1.  To  salute  with  the  lips. 

2.  To  treat  with  fondness  ;  to  caress. 

Tbe  henrts  ofpiiocei  kut  obedience.  StiAk. 

3.  To  touch  gently. 

When  tbe  «weet  wiod  liiJ  gf  ntly  ki»t  the  trees.  J^uik. 

KISS,  n.    A  salute  given  with  tbe  lips;  a  common 
token  of  affection. 
2.  A  small  piece  of  confectionery. 

KISS'KD,  (kisl.)  pp.    Saluted  with  a  kiss. 

KISS'ER,  n.     One  that  kisses. 

KISS'ING,  n.     Act  of  saluting  with  the  lips. 

KISS'ING,  ppr.     Saluting  with  the  lips. 

KISS'ING-COM'FIT,  (kum'fit,)  n.  Perfumed  sugar- 
plums lo  sweeten  the  breath.  Shak. 

KISS'ING-CRUST,  n.  In  cookery,  the  crust  of  a  loaf 
that  touches  another. 

KiST,  n.     A  chest.     [JVo(  used.] 

KIT,  n.     ID.  *((.] 

1.  A  large  bottle.  Skinner, 

2.  A  small  fiddle.  Orew. 

3.  A  kind  of  fl^^h-lub,  and  a  milk-pail.       Entick. 
[I  know  not  that  this  word  is  used  in  America.] 

4.  The  whole;  particularly  applied  to  a  soldier's 
complement  of  necessaries,  a  mechanic's  bundle  of 
tools,  &.C.  Grose. 

In  Scottish,  the  whole;  applied  to  one's  property, 
family,  or  lineage,  &,c.  Jamieson. 

KIT'-CAT,  n.  A  term  applied  to  a  club  in  London, 
to  which  Addison  and  Steele  belonged;  so  callea 
from  Christopher  Cat,  a  pastry  cook,  who  served  the 
club  with  mutton  pies ;  applied  also  lo  portraits  a 
little  less  than  a  half  length,  because  such  were 
placed  in  tbe  club-room.  Chalmers. 

KITCH'EN,  n.  [Sax.  eycene;  G.  kilche;  D.  keuken; 
Sw.  Jt'Jt;  Dan.  kokkefXV.  eegin;  It.  eitcina ;  L.  co- 
quina ;  Sp.  cocina ;  from  the  root  of  L.  coqiw,  to 
cook.] 

1.  A  cook-room;  the  room  of  a  house  appropriated 
to  cooker>'. 


A  fat  kitthen  makn  a  lean  will. 


Pranklin. 


2.  In  ships,  the  galley  or  caboose. 

3.  A  utensil  for  roasting  meat;  as,  a  tin-kitckcTu 
KITCH'EN-GAR-D£N,    71,      A    garden   or  piece  of 

ground  appropriated  to  the  raising  of  vegetables  for 

the  table. 
KITCH'EN-MAID,  n.     A  female  servant  whose  biusi- 

ncss  is  to  clean  tlie  kitchen  and  utensils  of  cooker}', 

or,  in  general,  to  do  the  work  of  a  kitchen. 
KITCH'EN-STUFF,  n.    Fat  collected  from  pots  and 

dripping-pans.  Donne. 

KITCH'EN-WENCH,  n.     The  woman  who  cleans 

the  kitchen  and  utensils  of  cookery. 
KITCH'EN- WORK,  (kich'en-wurk,)  n.    Work  done 

in  the  kitchen  ;  as  cookery,  washing,  &.c 
KITE,  n.     [Sax.  cijta.] 

1.  A  rapacious  bird  of  the  genua  Falco  or  hawk 
kind,  remarkalile  for  gliding  through  the  air  without 
frequently  moving  its  wings  ;  hence  called  Glide. 

2.  A  name  of  reproach,  denoting  rapacity.  Shak. 

3.  A  light  frame  of  wood  and  paper  constructed 
for  flying  in  the  air  for  the  amusement  of  boys. 


Fate,  FAR,  FALU  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — nNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQpK.- 
640 


KNA 

KTTE,  B.     In  the  north  of  England,  the  belly. 
KITE'fXXIT,  «.     A  sort  of  lobacco,  so  called. 
KITE'S'FQQT,  n.     A  plant.  jUjisworth, 

KITH,  H.     rsax.  cyththe.] 

Acquaintance.  [  Obs.]  Kith  and  kin ;  intimate  ac- 
qunintnnce  and  relationship.  Oower. 

KIT'LING,  n.     [L.  eatutus.] 

A  whelp  ;  the  young  of  a  beast.  B.  Joiison. 

KIT'T£\,  (kit'm,)  n.     [D.  katje,] 

A  young  cat,  or  the  young  of  the  cat. 
KIT'T'E-\,^kit'tn,)r.  i.  To  bring  forth  young;,  as  a  cat. 
KIT'TI-VVaKE,  ju     A  birii  of  the  genuti   Lanis,  or 
KIT'TLE, )  „  ,      ra,,  „>,7„„  i  [guU  kind. 

To  tickle.     [JVo(  uscJ,]  ShcrwootJ. 

KIT'TLISH,  a.     Ticklish  ;  difficult  to  manai:e. 
KIVE,  «.     [Fr.  cute,]  [Sir  Walter  ScutL     Grose. 

A  mashing  vat. 
KIV'ER,  r.  L     To  cover,     [rulsrar.]  Huloet. 

KLICK,  0,  i,     [A  different  orthography  or  diminutive 
of  clack.] 

I.  To  make  a  small,  sharp  sound  by  striking  two 
things  together. 

9.  In  Scotland,  to  pilfer,  by  taking  with  a  snatch. 

KLICK'i.VG   (  "•     ^  reg'ilar,  sharp  noise. 
K.NAB,  (nab')  r.  t.     [D.  knappan :  G.  iW.l 

To  seize  with  the  tei.-th  ;  to  lay  hold  of  or  appre- 
hend.    [  yul^ar.]  ^  Smart. 

[This  word  may  belong  to  the  root  of  nibble^  and 
tt  propfrly  signifies  to  catcJi  or  seize  suddenly  with 
the  teethj  V Estrange. 

KNAB'BED,  (knabd,)  pp.     Bitten  ;  gnawed  ;  seized. 
KNAB'BLE,  r.  i.    To  bile  or  nibble,     [^rot  usej].] 

Brown. 
KNACK,  (nak,)  n.     A  little  machine;  a  petty  con- 
trivance ;  a  toy. 

A  knack,  ft  toir,  a  trick,  a  bibj'icip.  Shak. 

5.  A  readiness  or  dexterity  in  some  slight  opera- 
tion ',  habitual  facility  of  perfurniauce  ;  dexterity  j 
&droi1neas. 

My  a'lthor  hu  ii  gr^m  knnck  M  renuirlu.  Alierbury. 

Til"  (I'.-iin  Wiu  fomouf  in  hi*  Unie, 

And  IkiJ  ft  kiti't  ufiruclc  at  liijrine.          •  Sui\fL 

3.  A  nice  trick. 

Kor  how  ibouU  equal  colon  i!o  the  knack? 

Chameleons  wbo  ctii  p.iint  in  white  Kiiil  bUu:k  f  Pop*. 

KNACK,  (nak,)  r.  L     [G.  knaeken  ,■  Dan.  knager.} 

To  crack  ;  to  moke  a  sharp,  abrupt  noise.  [Little 
usett.]  Johnson. 

KN.\CK'ER,  (nak'er,)  n.    A  maker  of  knacks,  toys, 
or  small  work.  Mortimer. 

3.  A  rope-maker,  or  collar-maker.    [J\'vt  in  u^e.] 
J^iM-*^^orIA.     Kntick. 
3.  One  who  buys  worn-out  horses  for  slaughter, 
and  cii*.s  them  up  for  dog's  meat,     [t^ng.l      Smart. 
KNACK'ISH,  fnak'ish,)  a.    Trickisfi.  More. 

KNACK' LSH-XESf,  n.     ArtiBce;  trickishness. 
KNACK'Y,  (nak'y,)  o.     Having  a   knack;  cunning; 

crafty.     [Local.] 
KNAG,  (nag,)  n.     [Dan.  tun*,  Sw.  knagg,  a  knot  in 
wouu,  Ir.  cnag^  \V.  cnwe.] 

1.  A  knot  m  W[H)d,  or  a  protuberant  knot;  a  wart. 

2.  A  peg  for  hanging  things  on. 

3.  The  shoot  of  a  dccr'd  horns. 

KNAG'GY,    fnag'gy,)    a.      Knotty;    full    of    knots; 

rough  witli  knots  ;  hence,  rough  in  tcm[>er. 
KN.^P,  (nap,)  n.     [Sax.  cmep,  W.  cnap^  a  button;  a 

knob,  D.  knop.] 
A  protubemnce  ;  a  swelling.    [Little  used.}     [See 

KwoH.]  Bacon. 

KNAP,  (nan,)  v.  L     [D.  knappen.    See  Khab.] 

1.  To^ite;  to  bile  off;  to  break  sboru  [Little 
used.  1  More. 

2.  To  strike  witli  a  loud  noise.  Same  aa  Shap. 
[LiJile  ttsed.]  Bacon, 

KNAP,  (nap,)  o.  i.    To  make  a  short,  sharp  sound. 

fViseman* 
KNAP'ROT-TLE,  (nap'tiot-tl,)  n,     A  plant. 
KNAP'PIHH,  (nap'pish,)  a.    Snappish.    [J*ee  Snap.] 
KNAP'I'LE,  (nap'p!,)  »,  L     To  break  off  with  an  ab- 

rnpi,  sharp  noise. 
KNAP'SACK,  (nap'sak,)?!.     [G.  knappsack  ;  D.  knap- 

loJt,  from  knnpprn,  to  cal.] 

A  frame  of  leather,  or  a  sack  for  containing  neces- 

■arif^H  of  fotvd  and  clothing,  borne  on  the  back  by 

■oldi'-rn,  traveler'^,  Acr, 
KNAP'WEED,  (nap'wefd,)  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus 

Centnurea,  so  called  probubly  from  knap,  a  button. 
Fam.  of  Plants. 
KNXR.  (nlr.)  n.     [G.  knor,  or  knorren  ;  D.  knor.] 

A  knot  m  wood.  Dryden. 

KNARI/A;D,  (nirld,)  a.     Knotted.     [See  Gnarled.] 
KNAR'RV,  (nir're,)  a.     Knotty.  Chaucer. 

KNAVE,  (nive,)  n.     [Sax.  cnapa  or  enafa^  a  boy  ;  G. 

knabt  i    D.  knaap ;  Dun.   knob;    oriffinaUy,  a  boy  or 

young  man,  then  a  servant,  and  lastly  a  rogue.] 

1.  A  boy  ;  a  man-child.     [Od«.] 

2.  A  servant.     [Ob.f.]  Dryden. 

3.  A  false,  deceitful  fallow;  a  dishonest  man  or  boy. 
In  dfflftnoi  of  derooiutration,  knamt  vill  contia»fl  to  proirlfiQ 

foola.  Av%*: 

4.  A  card  with  a  loldier  painted  on  iL  Hudibrat. 


KNI 

KNAVERY,  (niiv'er-y,)  n.  Dishonesty;  deception 
in  traSic  ;  trick;  petty  villainy;  fraud. 

Shalz,     Dryden. 
2.  Mischievous  tricks  or  practices. 
KNAVISH,  (nav'ish,)  a.     Dishonest;  fraudulent;  as, 
a  knavi.-.-k  f(.ll(iw,  or  a  knavish  tri^  or  transaction. 
2.  Waggish  ;  mischievous. 

CLipiil  ii  A  knaviah  l.-iil, 

TliLis  lo  make  poor  feniiilea  maJ.  Shak. 

KNaVISH-LY,     (niv'ish-Iy,)     ado.       Dishonestly  ; 
fraudulently. 
2.  Waggishly  ;  mischievously. 

KNAViSH-NESS,  (nav'ish-ness,)  n.  The  quality  or 
habit  of  knavery  ;  dishonesty. 

KNAW'EL,  (naw'el,)  n.  A  plant,  (Scleranthus,) 
growing  in  sandy  soil. 

KNii.VD,  (need,)  v.  L  [Sax.  cn/Fdan;  G.  knetcn;  D. 
knceden  ;  Dan.  kneder ;  Sw.  knada.] 

To  work  and  press  ingredients  into  a  mass,  usu- 
ally with  the  hands ;  particularly,  to  work  into  a  well- 
mixed  mass  the  materials  of  bread,  cake,  or  paste  ; 
as,  to  knead  dough. 

The  cikp  «;i3  knead^  wsj  the  ftaroiy  meal.  Prior. 

KNeAD'ED,  (need'ed,)  pp.  Worked  and  pressed  to- 
gether. 

KXEAD'ING,  (need'ing,)  ppr.  Working  and  mixing 
into  a  well-mixed  mass. 

KNeAD'ING,  «.  The  act  of  working  and  mixing 
into  a  mass. 

KNeAD'ING-TROUGH,  (nced'ing-trawf,)  n.  \  trough 
or  vessel  in  wliich  dough  is  worked  and  mixed. 

KNEE,  (nee,)  n.  [Sax.  cneoa ;  G.  knie  ;  D.  knie ;  Sw. 
knd ;  Dan.  kntp  ;  rr.  genou  ;  It.  ginocchio  ;  L.  genu ; 
Gr.  )  ovv  ;  Sans.  janu.  As  the  samo  word  in  Saxon 
signifies  generation,  it  appears  to  belong  to  the  fami- 
ly of  yivi/ftai,  geao,  and  to  signify  a  shoot  or  protu- 
berance.] 

1.  In  anatomy^  the  articulation  of  the  thigh  and  leg 
bones. 

2.  A  piece  of  timber  or  metal  cut  or  cast  with  an 
angle  8k)mewhat  in  the  sliap-i  of  the  human  knee 
when  bent.  Thus,  in  shi|vbuilding,  the  knees  are 
timbers  having  two  branches  or  arm^,  and  used  to 
connect  the  beams  of  a  ship  with  her  sides  <ir  tim- 
bers. Francis. 

KNEE,  (nee,)  v.  t.     To  supplicate  by  kneeling.     [JVd( 

used.)  ShaJc. 

KNEE^-CRQpK-ING,  (nee'-kr^pk-ing,)  a.     Obsequi- 
ous. '  Sliak. 
KNEED,  (need,)  a.    Having  knees ;  aa,  in-kneed^  out- 
kneed. 

2.  In  botany,  geniculated  ;  forming  an  obtut-e  an- 
gle at  the  joints,  hke  the  knee  when  a  little  bent ;  as, 
Jfcncrrf-grass.  Martyn, 

KNEE'-DEEP,  (nee'deep,)  a.  Rising  to  the  knees; 
as,  water  or  snow  knee-deep. 

2.  Sunk  to  the  knees;  as,  wading  jn  water  or 
mire  knee-deep. 
KNEE'-HIGII,  (nee'hl,)  a.     Rising  to  the  knees;  as, 

water  knee-high. 
KNEE'MOI^LY,  (nee'hot-ly,)  n.     Butcher's  broom,  a 

plant  of  the  genus  Ruscus. 
KNEE'HOLM,  (nee'hfime,)  n.     Kneeholly 
KNEEL,  meel,)  v.  L     [D.  kniclen  ;    Dan.  knaslcr ;    Fr. 
agenouiller^  from  genou.il,  the  knee.l 

To  bend  the  knee  ;  to  fall  on  the  knees  ;  sometimes 
with  duien. 

Ai  auon  ftft  joM  are  dmwil,  knttl  doan  aud  kkj  th«  Lord's 
Prjyer.  Tbytor. 

KNEEL'£D,  (neeld,)  prcf,  and  pp.  of  Kneel. 

And  he  knttltd  down  and  cried  wKh  a  loud  voie»,  "  Lord,  lay 
not  thu  un  lo  iheir  cliarge."  —  Acu  vii.  60. 

KNEEL' ER,  (nccl'er,)  n.  One  who  kneels  or  wor- 
ships hv  kneeling. 

KNEEL'ING,  (neel'ing,)  ppr.  or  a.  Falling  on  the 
knees. 

KXEEL'ING-LY,  adu.     In  a  kneeling  position. 

KNEE'P.'\N,  (nce'pan,)  n.  Tlie  round  bono  on  the 
fon-pEirt  of  the  knee. 

KNEE'-TRIB'UTE,  fnee'-lrib'yute,)7i.  Tribute  paid 
by  kneeling  ;  worship  or  obeisance  by  genufl«Ttion. 

Jililton. 

KNELL,  fnel,)  ti.  [Sax.  cnyll :  enyllan,  to  beat  or 
knock  i  W.  cnul,  a  passing  bell  ;  G.  knallen,  lo  clap, 
or  crack  ;  Sw.  knalla  ;  Dan.  gneller,  to  bawl,  j 

Properly,  the  stroke  of  a  bell  ;  hence,  the  sound 
caused  by  striking  a  bell ;  appropriately,  and  perhaps 
ezclusicety,  the  sound  of  tt  bell  rung  at  p^funural ;  a 
tolling. 

K.N'ELT,  7>rc(.  and  pp.  of  K:<i:el;  but  Kneeled  is  to 
be  preferred. 

KNEW,  (nu,)  pret.  of  Know. 

KNICK'KNACK,  n.     A  trifle  or  toy.     [Familiar,] 

KNTFE,  (nife,)  n.  f  pi.  Knives,  (nivez,)  [Sax.  cnif; 
Dan.  kniv  ;  Sw.  knif:  Fr.  ganif,  or  canif.  This  word 
seems  to  have  a  conneclitm  with  the  1),  knippcn,  Sw, 
knipa,  lo  clip  or  pinch,  to  nip  ;  D-iin.  kniber,  G.  kneifen, 
W.  cneiviaw,  to  clip,  to  shear.  Its  primary  sense,  then, 
is  an  instrument  that  nip*  off,  or  cuts  off  with  a 
stroke.] 

1,  A  cutting  instrument  with  a  sharp  edge.  Knives 
are  of  various  shapes  and  817.68,  adapted  lo  their  ru- 


KNl 

spcctive   uses ;    as,  tahle-knices ;    c^rviag-kniveSf  or 

carvers;  pen-A-nire.?,  &c. 
2.  A  sword  or  dagger.  Spenser, 

KNTFE'-GRINDER,  (nife-,)  Tt.    One  whose  business 

it  is  to  grind  knives. 
KNTFE'-SIIXRP'jEN-ER,  (i^fe-)Ti.     A  machine  for 

sh;trpening  knives. 
KNirE'-TRAV.  (nife'tri,)  n.      A  wicker-basket  or 

oilier  receptacle  for  knives. 
KNTGIIT,  (nite,)  «,     [Sax,  cniht,  cneokt,  a  boy,  a  ser- 
vant, Ir.  cniodit^  G.  knccht,  D.  knegt^  S  w.  kncju,  Dan. 

knegL] 

1.  uriginalUj,  a  knight  was  a  youth,  and  young 
men  being  employed  as  servants,  hence  it  came  to 
signify  a  servant.  But  among  our  warlike  ancestors, 
the  word  was  particularly  applied  to  a  young  man 
after  he  was  admitted  to  the  privilege  of  bearing 
arms.  The  admission  lo  this  privilege  was  a  cere- 
mony of  great  imjmrtance,  and  was  the  origin  of  the 
institution  of  knighthood.  Hence,  in  feudal  times,  a 
knight  was  a  man  admitted  to  military  rank  by  a 
certain  ceremony.  This  privilege  was  conferred  on 
youths  of  family  and  fortune,  and  hence  sprung  the 
honorab.e  title  of  knight,  in  modem  usage.  A  knight 
lias  the  title  of  sir.  Kncyc.     Johnson. 

2.  A  pupil  or  follower.  Shak, 

3.  A  champion.  Drayton. 
Knight  of  the  post ;  a  knight  dubbed  at  the  whip- 
ping post  or  pillory  ;  a  hireling  witness.     Johnson. 

Kniglit  of  the  shire  ;  in  England,  one  of  the  repre- 
sentatives of  a  county  in  parliament,  originally  a 
kntglit ;  hut  now  any  gentleman  having  an  eeitate  in 
land  of  six  hundred  pounds  a  year  is  qualitit-d. 

Johnson. 

KNIGHT,  (nIte,)  r.  f.  To  dub  or  create  n  knight, 
which  is  done  by  the  king,  who  gives  the  person 
kneeling  a  blow  with  a  sword,  and  says,  R'L<e,  Sir — , 

Joh nson, 

KXIGHT-BACH'EL-OR,  n.  The  lowest  ordt^r  of 
knights.  They  were  expected  to  remain  unmar- 
ried until  they  had  gained  some  renown  by  their 
achievements.  Brandr.     Booth. 

KNIGHT'ED,  (nit'cd,)  pp.     Created  a  knight. 

KNIGHT-ER'RANT,  n.  [knigid  and  L.  errans,  erroy 
to  wander.] 

A  wandering  knight ;  a  knight  who  travtled  in 
search  of  adventures,  for  the  purpose  of  exhibiting 
military  skill,  prowess,  and  generosity. 

KNIGIIT-ER'RAN  TRY,  n.  The  practice  of  wan- 
dering in  quest  of  adventures  ;  llie  manners  of  wan- 
dering knights. 

KNIGJIT'-HEADS,  (nTio'hedz,)».p/.  In  sAt;*,",  bollard 
timbers,  two  pieces  df  limber  rising  just  within  the 
stem,  one  on  each  side  of  the  bowsprit  tci  secure  its 
inner  end:  also,  two  strong  frames  of  timber  which 
inclose  and  support  Ihe  ends  of  the  windlass. 

Mar.  Diet. 

KNIGIIT'IIQQD,  n.  The  cliarncter  or  dignity  of  a 
knight. 

2,  A  military  order,  honnr,  or  degree  of  ancient 
nobility,  conferred  as  a  reward  of  valor  or  merit.  It 
is  of  four  kinds,  nulitary,  regular,  honorary,  and  so- 
cial. F.ncyc. 

KMGIIT'ING,  ppr.     Creating  knights. 

KN'IGHT'LESS,  a.     Unbecoming  a  knight.     Spniser. 

KNIGHT'LIKE,  a.    Resembling  a  knight.         Scott. 

KNIGIIT'LI-.N'ESS,  n.     Duties  of  a  knight.      Spenser. 

KNIGIIT'LY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  knight ;  becoming  a 
knight;  rs,  a.  knightly  comhut.  SiUucy. 

KNIGIIT'LY,  adv.     In  a  manner  becoming  a  knight. 

Sfieruiood. 

KNIGHT'-MXR-SriAL,  w.  An  officer  in  the  house- 
hold of  tile  Hritish  king,  who  has  cognizance  of 
transgressions  within  the  king's  liousehold  and  verge, 
and  of  contracts  made  there.  F.ncyc. 

KN7<;HT'-J^EItV-ICE,  71.  In  English  feudal  law,  a 
trnure  of  Luid^  held  by  knights  on  condition  of  per- 
forming mililiiry  service,  every  possessor  of  a  AwiVAf'^ 
/fc,  or  estate,  originally  of  twenty  pounds'  annual  val- 
ue, being  obliged  lo  attend  the  king  in  his  wars. 

KNIT,  (nit,)  ».  t.  ;  prrt.  and  pp.  Krit  or  Knitted. 
[.Snx.  cnyllan  f  Sw.  knyta  ,-  Dan.  knytter ;  probably  L. 
nodo,  whence  nodus,  Eng.  knot.] 

1.  To  unite,  as  threads  by  needles  ;  to  connect  in 
a  kind  of  net-work  ;  as,  to  Ami  a  slocking. 

2.  To  unite  closely  ;  as,  let  our  hearts  be  knit  to- 
gether in  love. 

3.  To  join  or  cause  to  grow  together. 

N*iure  can  not  knil  ihe  bonea,  wlvilc  lU?  rarla  ore  wiid<-r  k  dls- 
ctiargtf.  Mueman. 

4.  To  lie;  to  fasten. 

Aod  he  a-iw  hfuvf^n  op^n'^l,  and  a  crrlniii  vrss-I  d-wndins  to 
him,  «■  it  wcro  a  grciii  iliwl  kidl  ul  liie  lour  comcta.  — 
AcU  X. 

5.  To  draw  together;  to  contract;  as,  to  knit  the 
brows, 

KNIT,    (nil,)    V.    u      To   unite    or   interweave    by 

needles. 
2.  To  unite  closely ;  to  grow   together.    Broken 

bones  will  in  time  knit  and  become  sound. 
KNIT,  (nit,)  H.     Unk>n  by  knitting;  texture.    [Little 

used.] 
KNITCH,  n.    A  fogot,  or  burden  of  wood. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  —  AN"OER,  VI"CIOUS,--e  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CII  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


U} 


(HI 


KNO 

KNIT'TA-RLE.  (nit'ta-bl,)  a.    That  may  be  knit 
KNITTKR.    nit'ter,)  n.     One  tlmt  knits, 
KNir'TING,  (nit'tin^,)  ppr.      Uniting  by  needles; 

forroiBK  texture  ;  uniting  in  growth. 
KNITTING,  It.    The  foruiaiiou  of  net-work  by  knit- 
tinit-nec^l^  or  machiiwry. 
fi.  The  net-work  tbifa  formed. 
3.  In  A  widre  fftneral  teiue,  union  or  Janetion. 

ITottsn. 
KNIT'TIXG-NEE'DLE,  (nit'ting-nee'dl.)  ■.    A  long 
needle^  usually  made  of  wire,  used  for  knitting  threads 
into  atockiujs,  e-iriers,  Ss.c, 
KNIT'TI.NG-SHEATM,  (nil'linp-,)  n.  An  Instniment 
with  a  small  perforation  to  receive  the  end  of  the  nee- 
dle in  knitting.  -^sh, 
KNIT'TLE,    uiti,)  «.    [from  k*U.]    A  atrlng  that 
gathers  or  draws  together  a  purse. 
3,  A  small  line  used  in  ships  to  sling  hammocks, 

KNOB,  (nob,^  «.     [SaT.   en^p:    G.  knopf;    D.  kmoop ; 

Sw.  imopp ;  Dan.  k^wp^  ftnitfr,  knap  ;  Vv.  entci,  CM»pa, 

The  woitl  signifies  a  button,  a  top,  a  bunch.] 
L  A  hard  protuberance  ;  a  bard  swelling  or  rising  ; 

a  bunch  ;  as,  a  kmah  in  the  fleshy  or  on  a  bone.    Ray. 
3.  A  round  ball  at  the  end  of  any  thing  j  as,  the 

huth  of  a  lock. 
KNOB'B£I>,  (nobd,)  a.     Containing  knobs ;  full  of 

knobs. 
KNOB'BI-NESg,  (nob'be-ness.)  a.      [from    itnoWy.] 

The  quality  of  having  knobs,  or  of  being  full  of  pro- 

luberances; 
KNOB'BY,  (nob'by,)  a.    Full  of  knobs  or  hard  pro- 

tuberances ;  bard. 
KNOCK,  (nok,)  c  L  [Sax.  enueioA  ;  W.  cHociate ;  Sw. 

kmaeka.] 

1.  To  strike  or  beat  with  something  thick  or  heavy  ; 
ms,  to  fawcA  with  a  club  or  with  the  fist ;  to  knorM  at 
the  door.  We  never  use  tliis  word  toexpress  beating 
with  a  small  stick  or  whip. 

9.  To  drive,  or  be  driven  against ;  to  strike  against ; 
to  dash  ;  as,  when  one  heavy  body  knoekM  against  ao- 
other. 

7>  knack  under ;  to  yield  ;  to  submit ;  to  acknowl- 
edge to  be  conquered  ;  an  expression  borrowed  from 
the  practice  of  kmockuig  utuUr  tk*  foA/s,  when  con- 
quered. Johuom. 
KNOCK,  (nok,)  r.  t  To  strike  ;  to  drire  against ;  as, 
to  knock  tlie  head  against  a  post. 

i  To  strike  a  door  for  admittance  ;  to  rap. 

TV  knock  dov»  :  to  strike  down  ;  to  fell ;  to  pros- 
tiate  try  a  blow  or  by  blows  ;  as,  to  jhwdl:  iloxm  an  ox. 

TV  kmeck  »ut ;  to  force  out  by  a  blow  or  by  blows  ; 
as,  to  knock  «Mf  the  brain.'*. 

TV  knock  up;  to  arouse  by  knocking.  In  ptiputar 
MM,  to  beat  out ;  to  fatigue  till  unable  to  do  more  ;  as, 
the  men  were  entirely  kaortrd  up, 

TV  knock  ^;  to  force  off  by  beating.  At  auctionSy 
to  assign  to  a  bidder  by  a  blow  on  the  counter.  In 
SMsua's  Un^uage^  to  cease  ;  lo  desisL 

TV  knock  on  the  kc^;  to  kill  by  a  blow  or  by 
Mows. 
KNOCK,  (nok,)  n.    A  blow ;  a  stroke  with  something 
thick  or  heavy. 

2.  A  struke  on  a  door,  intended  as  a  request  for 
admittance  -  a  rap. 

KNOCK'KO,  (nokt,)  pp.     Beat ;  struck. 
KNOCK'ER,  (nok'er,)  n.     One  that  knocks. 

2.  An  ini^irument  or  kind  of  hammer,  fastened  to 
a  door  to  he  ust-d  in  seeking  for  admittance. 
KNOCK'lXCi,    nok'iiig,)  ppr.     Beating;  striking. 
KNOCK' ING,  (nok 'ine,)  «.     A  beating  ;  a  rap. 
KNOLL,  (ndle,)  r.  t    [Sax.  cnyllan,  to  beat  or  strike. 
See  KxtLL.] 
To  ring  a  dl^II,  ttsuaJIy  for  a  funeral.  Skak. 

KNOLL,  (ndle  )  r.  t.     To  suund,  as  a  belt.  Shak, 

JThis  word,  I  believe.  Is  not  used  in  America.] 
KNOLL,  (nSle,)  a.     [Sax.  enoU;  Sw.  knyt,  knSl;  W. 


uoL] 
l.Thc 


ic  top  or  crown  of  a  hill ;  bni  more  ^eneraUy,  a 
little  ronnd  hiH  or  mount;  a  small  elevation  of  earth. 
2.  The  ringing  of  a  bell  j  as,  the  curfew  knolL 

fVordsirortk, 

KNOLL'^n,  pp.    Runs,  or  tolled,  as  a  bell. 

KNOLL'ER,  ».    One  who  tolU  a  belL  Shenrood. 

KNOLL'LNG,  ppr.     Ringins,  as  a  b?n. 

K.VOP,  (nop,)  II.  [Adiff^rentspellingof  KrfAFor  Nob.] 
A  knob ;  a  tufted  top ;  a  bud  ;  a  bunch  :  a  button. 

KNOP'P£D,  (nopt,)  a.  Having  knops  or  knobs; 
fastened  as  with  buttons. 

KNOP'PERN,  (nop'pem,)  n.  Excrescences  produced 
by  the  puncture  of  insects  on  the  flower-cups  of  the 
oak.  Ure, 

KNOT,  (not,)  II.  [Sax.  cnoUa ;  6.  knoten ;  D.  knot ; 
Sw.  knota ;  Dan.  knmde :  L.  noduA  :  probably  connected 
with  knit,  but  perhaps  from  siofUing  or  gathtring.'] 

1.  The  complication  of  threads  made  by  knitting  ; 
a  tie;  union  of  cords  by  interweaving;  as,  a  knot 
difficult  to  be  untied. 

2.  Any  figure,  the  lines  of  which  freqnently  inter- 
■ect  each  other ;  as,  a  fatot  in  gardt:ning. 

la  beiU  ud  ctmoat  feioU.  3^Eon. 

3.  A  Irand  of  association  or  union  ;  as,  the  nuptial 


KNO 

4.  The  part  of  a  tree  where  a  branch  shoots. 

5.  The  protuberant  joint  of  a  plant.  Martyn, 

6.  K  cluster;  a  collection;  a  group;  as,  a  fcn«t  of 
ladies  ;  a  knot  of  figures  in  painting. 

7.  Difficulty  ;  intricacy  ;  something  not  easily 
solved.  ^  South. 

8.  Any  intrigue  or  difficult  perplexity  of  affairs. 

9.  ,\  bird  of  the  genus  Tringii.  {Drydea. 

10.  An  epaulet. 

11.  In  seamen's  language^  a  division  of  the  loc-line, 
ser^'ing  lo  measure  the  rite  of  the  vessel's  motion. 
The  number  of  knots  which  run  off  from  the  reel  in 
half  a  minute,  shows  the  number  of  miles  the  vessel 
sails  in  an  hour.  Hence,  when  a  ship  goes  eight 
miles  an  hour,  she  is  said  to  go  eigM  knots. 

KNuT,  (not,)  r.  U     To  complicate  or  tie  in  a  knot  or 
knots  ;  to  form  a  knot. 
2.  To  entangle;  to  peri)lex. 
D.  To  unite  closely.  focon. 

KNOT,  (not,)  V.  i.    To  form  knots  or  joints,  as  in 
plants. 
2.  To  knit  knots  for  fi-inge. 

KNOT'BER-RV,  (nol'ber-ry,)  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Rubus. 

KNOT'GRASS,  (nol'grass,)  n.  The  name  of  several 
species  of  plants,  so  denominated  from  the  joints  of 
the  stem.  The  convnon  knotgrass  is  the  Polygonum 
aviculare.  An  infusion  of  it  was  once  supposed  to 
have  the  effect  of  stopping  the  growth  of  an  animal, 
and  hence  called  **  hindering  Jl;Nff;rra^£."        Shak. 

KNOT'LESS,  (not'less,)  a.  Free  from  knots;  with- 
otit  knots.  Marttpu 

KNOT'TED,  (not'ted,)  a.  Full  of  knots  ;  having 
knots  ;  OS,  tlie  knotted  oak.  Dryden. 

2.  Having  intersecting  figures.  Shak. 

3.  In  geoL'^y,  a  lenn  applied  to  rocks  charaeteriKed 
by  small,  detJiched  points,  chiefly  composed  of  mica, 
less  decomposable  than  the  mass  of  the  rock,  and 
forming  knots  in  relief  on  the  weathered  surface. 

PercivaVs  Oeoi. 

KNOT'TI-NESS,    (not'tinpss,)     n.       [from     knoUy.] 
Fullness  of  knots  ;  the  quality  of  having  many  knots 
or  swellings. 
S.  Ditflculty  of  solution  :  intricacy. 

KNOTT'TING,  ppr.    Entangling  ;  uniting  closely. 

KNOT'TY,  (not'ty,)  a.     Full  of  knots  ;  Iwving  many 
knots  ;  as,  knotty  timber. 
2:  Hard  ;  nigged  ;  as,  a  knoUy  head.  Rows. 

3.  Difficult ;  intricate  ;  perplexed ;  as,  a  knotty 
question  or  point. 

KNOUT,  (nowt,)  n.  An  instrument  of  punishment  in 
Rusiiifl,  consisting  of  a  strap  of  leather  about  half 
an  inch  wide,  with  which  stripes  are  intlicted  un 
llie  bare  back. 

KNOUT,  (nowt,)  t.  (.  To  inflict  punishment  with  the 
knout. 

KNOW,  (no,)  v.tt  pret.  Knkw  ;  pp.  Krrows.  [Sax. 
cnawan:  Russ.  Maya,  with  a  prefix.  This  is  proba- 
bly from  the  same  original  as  the  L.  nosco^  cognosce  ; 
Gr.  yttKooKtOj  ahhougli  much  varied  in  orthography. 
JVbsco  makes  novi^  which,  with  g  or  c  prefixed,  gnoci^ 
or  CHOciy  would  coincide  with  Arnoir,  knew.  So  L.  cresco, 
crrri,  coincides  with  grov^  grew.  The  radical  sense 
of  knowing  is  generally  lo  take,  receive,  or  hold.] 

1.  To  perceive  with  certainty ;  to  understand 
clearly  ;  to  have  a  clear  and  certain  perception  of 
truth,  fact,  or  any  thing  that  actually  exists.  To 
know  a  thing  precludes  all  doubt  or  uncertainty  of 
its  existence.  We  know  what  we  see  with  our  eyes, 
or  perceive  by  other  senses.  We  know  that  fire  and 
water  are  different  substances.  We  know  that  truth 
and  falsehood  express  ideas  incompatible  with  each 
other.  We  know  that  a  circle  is  not  a  square.  We 
do  not  know  the  truth  of  reports,  nor  can  we  always 
know  what  to  believe. 

2.  To  be  informed  of;  lo  be  taught.  It  is  not  unu- 
sual for  us  to  say  we  Imow  things  from  information, 
when  we  rely  on  the  veracity  of  the  infiirmcr. 

3.  To  distinguish  ;  as,  to  know  one  man  from  an- 
other. We  know  a  fixed  star  from  a  planet  by  its 
twinkling. 

4.  To  recognize  by  recollection,  remembrance, 
representation,  or  description.  We  do  not  always 
know  a  person  after  a  long  absence.  We  sometimes 
know  a  man  by  having  seen  his  portrait,  or  having 
beard  him  described. 

5.  To  be  no  stranger  to;  to  be  familiar.  Thw 
man  is  well  known  to  us. 

6.  In   Scripture,   to  have   sexual  commerce  with. 

7.  To  a  prove.  [Oen.  iv. 

The  tiord  knoieeth  the  way  of  tlie  d^hteoui.  —  Pa.  L 

8.  To  learn.     Prop.  i. 

9.  To  acknowledge  with  due  respect.    1  Thess.  v. 

10.  To  choose ;  to  favor  or  take  an  interest  in. 

11.  To  commit ;  to  have.  [.^mos  iii. 
He  bath  made  him  to  be  liii  for  ui,  who  Jtrww  no  sin. —  2  Cor. 

12.  To  have  full  assurance  of;  to  have  satisfactory 
evidence  of  any  thing,  though  short  of  certainty. 

KNOW,  (no,)  tJ.  t.  To  have  clear  and  certain  percep- 
tion ;  not  to  be  doubtful ;  sometimes  with  of. 

If  maj  nuta  will  do  bM  will,  bo  ihall  knoto  of  the  doctrine, 
whether  il  be  of  God,  or  whether  1  speajt  of  myaclf.  — 
John  Til. 


KRA 

2.  To  be  informed. 

Sir  Juhii  mint  not  (nou  of  it.  Shak. 

3.  To  take  cognizance  of;  to  examine. 

ATnou  n/'youryouili  —  rxiunine  well  your  blood.  SItok. 

KNOW'A-BLE,  (iio'a-hl,)  c     That  may  be  known  ; 

that  may  be  discovered,  understood,  ur  ascertained. 
KNCiW'ER,  (no'er,)  n.  One  who  knows.  {Locke. 
KNOWING,  (nfl'ing,)  ppr.    Having  clear  and  certain 

perception  of. 

2.  a.  Skillful ;  well  informed  ;  well  instructed  ;  as, 
a  knowing  man. 

Tlti-  knauixng  uid  im-  lli|retit  port  of  the  world.  SouOi. 

3.  Conscious ;  intelligent ;  significant. 

A  k^noioin;,  pnidcut  caute.  Blackmore. 

KNOWING,  (noting,)  n.     Knowledge.  Shak. 

KNOWINGLY,  (na'inp-Iy,)  adv.    With  knowledge. 

He  would  not  knowingly  offend. 
KNOWL'KDOE,  (nol'h'j,)  n.    [Chaucer,  knowleching, 

fi'om  knoirteche,  to  acknowledge.     Q,u.  the  sense  of 

tech.] 

1.  A  clear  and  certain  perception  of  that  which 
exist-),  or  of  truth  and  fact ;  the  perception  of  the 
connection  and  agreement,  or  disagreement  and  re- 
pugnancy, of  our  ideas.  Encyc,     iMcke. 

We  can  have  no  knowledge  of  that  which  does  not 
exist,  God  has  a  perfect  knowledge  of  all  his  works. 
Human  knowledge  is  very  limited,  and  is  mostly 
gained  by  observation  aiid  experience. 

2.  Learning;  illumination  of  mind. 

Ipioniiice  is  the  curM  of  Gal, 

Knoioledge  the  wing  whrrewith  we  fly  to  hcaren.  Shak, 

3.  Skill ;  as,  a  knowledge  of  seamanship. 

4.  Acquaintance  with  any  fact  or  persuii.  I  have 
no  knowledge  of  the  man  or  thing. 

5.  Cognizance  ;  notice.     RuVi  ii. 

6.  Information;  )k>w<t  of  knowing.  Sidney. 

7.  Sexual  intercourse.  But  it  is  usual  to  prefix 
carnal ;  as,  carnal  knowledge, 

KNOWL'EDGE,  for  AcKpiowLEDGK,or  Avow,  is  not 
used.  Bacon. 

KNOWN,  (nSne,)  pp.  or  a.  [from  know.]  Perceived  ; 
understtKid  ;  recognized. 

KNUB,  (nub  )  >  v.  t.    To  beat ;  to  strike  with 

KNUB'BLE,  (nub'bl,)  j     tlm  knuckle.    [J^ot  used.] 

KNUCK'LE,  (nuk'l,)  n.  [Sax.  cnud:  G.  knUchel ;  D. 
knrukel ;  W.  enucj  a  joint  or  junction ;  enuciaWf  to 
join,  to  couple.] 

1.  The  joint  of  a  finger,  particularly  when  protu- 
berant by  the  closing  of  the  fingers. 
9.  The  knee  joint  of  a  calf;  as,  a  knuckle  of  veal. 
3.  The  joint  of  a  plant.     [JV'of  tt-^ed.]  Bacon. 

KNUCK'LE,  (nuk'l,)  r.  i.  To  yield;  to  submit  in 
contest  to  an  antagonist. 

[This  use  of  the  word  is  said  by  Smart  to  be  de- 
rived from  the  old  custom  of  striking  the  under  side 
of  a  table  when  defeated  in  argument.] 

KNUCK'LA'D,  (nuk'ld,)  a.    Jointed.  Baron. 

KNUFF,  (nuff,)  n.     A  lout ;  a  clown.     [JVy(  used.] 

KNUR,  (nur,)     in.     [G.  knorren,  a  knot,  a  knug,  a 

KNURL,  (nuri,)t      guar.] 

A  knot;  a  hard  substance.  Woodward. 

KNURL'/CD,  (nurid,)  a.     Full  of  knots. 

KNUR'LY,  (nur'ly,)  a.  [from  kmir.]  Full  of  knots  ; 
h:ir(l.     This  seems  to  be  the  same  as  Gnarly. 

KNUR'RY,  (nur'ry,)  a.     Full  of  knots. 

KO'BA,  n.  A  mammal  of  the  tribe  f^aprida?,  the  Da- 
maliskoha,  an  animal  resembling  an  antelope,  of  a 
size  equal  to  a  stag,  and  found  in  Central  Africa. 

KOII,  n.  Cow  ;  the  word  used  in  calling  cows.  [Fers. 
JkoA,  G.  ftuA,  D.  itoe,  Dan.  koe,  Sw.  ko,  a  cow.] 

[It  is  remarkable  that  our  farmers  hare  retained 
the  exact  pronunciation  of  this  word  from  the  earli- 
est ages.] 

KO'KOB,  «.    A  venomous  serpent  of  America. 

KOL'LY-RITE,  n.     [Gr.  KoX\»pt'>v.] 

A  variety  of  clay  whose  color  is  pure  white,  or 
with  a  shade  of  gray,  red,  or  yellow.  [See  Collt- 
RiTE.]  Cleaveland. 

KOM'MA-Nie,  n.     The  crested  lark  of  Germany. 

KO.V'IL-TTE,  B.     [Gr.  Koy^i,  dust,  and  Xi^-i,  a  stone.] 
A  mineral  in  the  form  of  a  loose  powder,  consist- 
ing chiefly  of  ailex,  and  remarkably  fusible.  Phillips. 

KO'Nn'E.    SeeCosiTE. 

Ko'PECK,  n.  A  Russian  coin,  about  the  value  of  a 
cent. 

KO'RAN,  (pronounced  by  oriental  scholars  korawnj)  n. 
e  ,u  J  £  - 

koranan,  from  )  »J  kara,  to  read,  to  call, 


[Ar.  ^y 


ij^  J 


to  teach.] 

The  Mohammedan  book  of  faith  ;  the  Alkoran. 
KO'RET,  n.     A  delicious  fish  of  the  East  Indies. 
KOU'MISS,  )  n.     A  liquor  made  among  the  Calmncks 
KO'.MISS,     \      by  fermenting  mare's  milk,  and  from 

which  they  obtain,  by  di.siillation,  an  intoxicating 

spirit,  called  Rack  or  Racky.  Ure. 

KOU'PIIO-LITE,  n.     [Gr.  Kov<p»i,  light,  and  Xi3os, 

stone] 

A  variety  of  Prehnite.  Dana. 

KR.\'.\L,  71.     In  the  southern  part  of  .Africa,  among  the 

Hottentots,  a  village  ;  n  collection  of  hula. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — Me^TE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MAR^TNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- 


LAB 

KRA'KE.V.  i».     A  supptised  enormous  sea  animal. 

KRE'A-SOTK.     See  Creosote.  [OutJirie. 

KKBM'LIN,  n.     [I'rom  Riiss.  fcrera,  a  fortress.] 

In  RuA<'a,  ilie  citadel  of  a  town  or  city.  The 
term  is  particularly  applied  to  the  ancient  citadel  of 
Moscow,  which  now  contains  an  imperial  palace, 
sevenil  churches  and  convents,  an  arsenal,  Ace, 
which,  situated  on  a  hill,  with  their  gilded  domes  and 
spires,  have  a  magnificent  appearance.  It  is  of  a 
trtan§;niar  form,  about  two  miles  in  circumference, 
and  surrounded  bv  a  high  wall. 

KRC'KA,  n.     A  bird  of  Russia  and  Sweden,  resem- 
blinjia  hedge-sparrow.  Pennant. 

KRLL'LER,   n.      [D.  traWm,  to  curl.    This  is  curly 
witJi  the  letters  transposed.] 
A  cake  curled  or  crisped,  boiled  in  fat. 


LAB 

KR?'0-Ln'E.     See  Caroi.iTE. 

KC'Fie,  a.  The  Kufic  letters  were  the  ancient  letters 
iif  the  Arabic,  sn  called  from  Kufa,  on  the  Euphrates. 

KU'.MISS.     See  Koumi-^r. 

KC'KIL,  n.    A  bird,  the  black  petrel.  Pennant, 

KU-RIL'I-AN,  a.  The  Kurilian  Isles  are  a  chain  in 
the  Pacitic,  extending  from  the  southern  extremity 
of  Kamschatka  to  Jesso. 

K?,  Tt.     Kine.     [JVot  in  use] 

KY'A-NITE,  n.  [G.  kyanit^  Werner;  from  the  Gr. 
KVavi)^,  sky-colored.] 

A  mineral  occurring  usually  in  long,  thin,  blade- 
like crystals,  of  a  clear  blue  or  bluish-whitg  color.  It 
is  very  hard  and  infusible,  and  consists  of  silica 
and  alumina.  Dana. 

KS'AN-IZE,  V.  U    [from  Kyan,  the  inventor  of  the 


Ltbe  twelfth  letter  of  the  English  alphabet,  is  usu- 
•  ally  denominated  a  scmi-voird,  or  a  liquid.  It 
repre^nts  an  hnperfcct  articulation,  formed  by  pla- 
cing the  tip  of  the  tongue  against  the  gum  that  in 
clo!M-s  the  roots  of  the  upper  teeth  ;  but  the  sides  of 
the  tongtie  not  being  in  close  contact  with  the  roof 
of  the  mouth,  the  breath  of  course  not  being  entirely 
intercepted,  tins  articulation  is  attended  with  mi  im- 
perfect 8  ,und.  The  shape  of  the  letter  is  evidently 
borrnwed    from    that    of   the    Oriental    lamed^     or 

tomady  nearly  coinciding  with  the   Samaritan  2*. 

L  has  only  one  sound  in  English,  as  in  like,  canal.  At 
the  end  of  monosyllables,  it  is  often  doubled,  as  in 
fall,  fully  tell,  bell;  but  not  after  diphthongs  and  di- 
graphs :  fottly  fvoly  prvicly  gTOwl y  focUy  fcc,  being 
written  with  a  single  L 

With  some  nations,  /  and  r  are  commiitable ;  as  in 
Greek  Atpi^i-,  L.  tdinm  :  It,  scoria,  an  escort.  Sp.  and 
Port,  e-^colta.  Indeed,  /  and  r  are  letters  of  the  same 
organ. 

By  some  nations  of  Celtic  origin,  /  at  the  beginning 
of  word«  is  aspirated  and  doubled  in  writing,  as  in 
the  W.  lied,  L.  latus  {  U471,  a  lauin;  lUtwry  a  floor  i 
Sp.  lloviary  L.  cltuao. 

[n  wme  wordu,  t  is  nnile,  as  tn  haff,calfy  walk,  talky 
chalk. 

In  our  mother  ton?iie,  the  Anglo-Saxon,  I  is  sometimes 
preceded  by  A,  and  aspirated,  as  in  hltj^f,  loaf;  kladany 
to  lade  or  load  ;  hUtt,  lot;  klinian,  hlronian,  to  lean, 
Gr.  *>'!■'.>,  L.  clino.  In  the  latter  word,  the  Saxon  h 
represents  the  Greek  k  and  Latin  c,  as  it  does  in 
manv  nilier  words. 

In  English  words,  the  terminating  sj-IIable  le  Is  unac- 
cented, the  e  is  silent,  and  /  has  a  feeble  sound  ;  as 
in  able,  eng^ley  pronnnnced  oW,  ra^L  _ 

As  a  nunieml,  L.  denotes  50,  and  with  a  dash,  I., 
50,000.  As  an  abbreviatiim,  in  accountSy  L.  stnmls  for 
ptmady  {h.  (t'ftra,  pound.]  It  is  also  used  for  hook,  or 
divi-xion  of  a  work,  [L.  liber.]  In  Latin,  it  stands 
for  Laciim .  and  L.  L.  S.  for  a  se^fterccy  or  two  libr^ 
anil  a  half.  Knajc. 

LA,  eiclam.  [Perhaps  comipted  from  look ;  but  this  is 
doubtful.]    1,011k  ;  see  ;  behold.  Shak. 

LX  i  the  sixth  of  the  musical  syllables  in  Guido's  scale, 
df}  or  tU  being  the  first.  Brande. 

LAB,  B.     A  creat  talker  :  a  blabber.     [Oft*.]     Chaucer. 

LAB'A-niST,  n.  The  fjibadisu  were  tullowers  of  Jean 
de  Labadie,  a  zealous,  but  mystical,  and  niihrr  indis- 
creet rernrnier  of  the  fieventeenth  century.  Though 
not  faultless,  they  were  doubtless  charged  with  errors 
in  doctrine  of  which  they  were  not  guilty.   Murdock. 

LAB'A  rOm,  n.  [L.  The  original  source  of  this  wor4 
is  unknown.]  The  standard  borne  befure  the  empe- 
Tut  tV'nstniitme,  after  liis  converxion  to  Christianity. 
It  was  n  long  pike,  having  a  transverse  beam,  to 
which  was  attached  a  silken  vail,  wrought  with  im- 
ages of  the  mcpnarrh  and  his  children,  and  on  the  top 
was  a  crown  of  gold  inclosing  the  mysterious  mono- 
gram rfpreseuling  the  cross,  with  the 'initial  letters 
of  the  name  of  Chriat.  The  word  is  sometimes  used 
for  any  other  standard  or  flag. 

S(;e  Jthi'tt(trtJi\i  Diet,  and  GtbbonU  Hist  ch.  xx. 

LAB'DA-NnM.     See  Lauatium. 

LAB-E  FACTION,  n.  [U  labnfnctio,  from  tab^aeio; 
tabi*,  to  totter,  and  facio,  to  make.] 

A  weakening  or  loosening;  a  failing;  decay; 
dnwnfitl ;  ruin. 

LAB'E-F7,  V.  I.    To  weaken  or  impair.    [JVot  used.] 

DicU 

Ut'BEL,  n.     [\V.  llab,  a  rtrip;  labedy  a  label.] 

1.  A  narrow  slip  of  silk,  paper,  or  parchment,  con- 
Uining  a  name  or  title,  and  aflixed  to  any  thing,  de- 
noting its  content's,  .'^uch  are  Ihc  /aftri*  affixed  to  the 
vessels  of  an  apothecary.  Labels  also  are  affixed  to 
deeds  or  writings  to  hold  tiie  appf>nded  seal. 

Harris. 


L. 


2.  Any  paper  annexed  to  a  will  by  way  of  addition; 
as  a  codicil.  Encyc 

3.  In  heraldry,  [a  fillet  with  pendants  or  points. 
The  number  of  pendants  is  indifTcrentj  but  is  usually 
three.  The  Utbel  with  three  pendants  is  added  to  the 
family  arms  by  an  eldet^t  or  only  son,  while  his  fa- 
ther is  still  living.  —  E.  M.  B.] 

4.  A  long,  thin,  brass  rule,  with  a  smalt  sizht  at 
one  end,  and  a  center-hole  at  the  other,  commonly 
used  with  a  tangent  line  on  the  edge  of  a  circuinfe- 
rentor,  to  take  altitudes,  &.c.  Encyc. 

5.  In  Oothic  arcAttccfwrc,  a  projecting  tablet  or  mitld- 
ing  over  doorways,  windows,  ficc. ;  also  called  tlie 
Dbip9to:<e.  Gloss,  of  Archit. 

LA'BEL,  r.  t.     To  affix  a  label  to. 

LA'BEL-En,  pp.     Furnii^hed  with  a  label. 

LS'BEL-ING,  ppr.     I)i:itinguishing  by  a  label. 

LA'BE.VT,  a.     |L.  labens.] 

Sliding;  gliding.  DicL 

LA'BI-AL,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  labium,  a  lip.     See  Lip.] 
Pertaining  to  the  lips;  formed  by  the  lips;  as,  a 
labial  articulation.     Thus  6,  p,  ami  m,  are  Uibidl  ar- 
ticulations ;  and  00,  Fr.  om.  It.  u,  is  a  labial  vowel. 

LA'BI-AL,  n.     A  letter  or  character  representing  an 
articulation  of  the  lips  ;  as,  b,f,  m,  p,  v. 

LA'BI-AL-LY,  nrfc.     In  a  labial  manner;  by  the  lips. 

{:J'm:A-Tl'D,  i  -•   ['■"'"'  I-  '"»"""•  'iP-J 

In  botami,  a  labiate  cowl  is  irregular,  monopctalous, 
with  two  lips,  i.  e.  monopetalous,  consisting  of  a  nar- 
row tube  with  a  wide  mouth,  divided  into  two  or 
more  segments  arranged  in  two  opjwsite  divisituis  or 
lips.  JIartjpu    Encyc. 

LA'BILE,a.     [Low  I>.  labilis.] 

Liable  to  err,  fall,  or  apostatize.     [.V*y£  used.] 

Cluyne. 
LA-BT-0-DENT'AL,  a.     [L.  labium^  a  lip,  and  dcnsy  a 
tooth.] 

Formed  or  pronounced  by  the  coBperation  of  the 
lips  and  teeth  ;  as  /  and  r.  Holder. 

LA'BOR,  n.     [L.  labor,  fn>m  labo,  to  fail.] 

L  Exertion  of  muscular  strength,  or  bodily  exer- 
tion which  occasions  weariness  ;  particularly,  the  ex- 
ertion of  the  limbs  in  occupations  by  which  subsid- 
ence is  obtained,  as  in  agriculture  and  manufacttires, 
In  dtatinctiun  from  exertions  of  strength  in  play  or 
amusements,  which  are  denominated  ezerci.-ie,  rather 
than  lab<rr*  Toilsome  work  ;  pains  ;  travail ;  any 
bodily  exertion  which  is  attended  witti  fatigue.  Af- 
ter the  labors  of  the  day,  the  farmer  retiree,  and  rest 
is  sweet.     Moderate  labor  contributes  to  health. 

WhalU  oliUiinfHl  hy  tiior,  will  uf  ri^ht  bo  tli-r  property  of  him  by 
who«c  labor  it  b  guine'l.  liavihlcr. 

2.  Intellectual  exertion  ;  application  of  the  mind 
which  occasions  weariness;  as,  the  labor  of  compil- 
ing and  writing  a  history, 

3.  Exertion  of  mental  powers,  united  with  bodily 
employment ;  as,  the  labors  of  the  aiioslles  in  propa- 
gating Christianity. 

4.  Work  done,  or  to  be  done  ;  that  which  requires 
wearisome  exertion, 

Bcln?  a  labor  of  to  fTfat  diffleullr,  llw  fxiict  jxTfonnAnr^  thTC- 
of  we  iiifiy  raUiPf  wwh  than  IimjIc  for.  Hooker. 

5.  Heroic  achievement ;  as,  the  labors  of  Hcrculea. 

6.  Travail ;  the  ^angs  and  eflTjrts  of  childbirtli. 

7.  The  evils  of  life  ;  trials  ;  persecution,  &c. 

They  ml  from  ibfir  labor:  ~-  Rcr.  xiT. 
LA'BOR,  V.  i.     [L.  laboro.] 

1.  To  exert  muscular  strength  ;  to  act  ormove  with 
painful  eftbrt,  particularly  in  servile  occupations;  to 
work ;  to  toil. 

Bii  (Jiiyi  »hrtlt  thwi  tatnr,  and  <]o  nil  Uiy  worV.  — Exod.  xx. 

2.  To  exert  one's  powers  of  luxly  or  mind,  or  both, 
in  the  prosecution  of  any  design  ;  to  strive ;  to  take 
pains. 

Lnbor  not  for  Uv!  nv:i\t  wliich  prrUhflh.  —  John  *i. 


LAB 

pri»cess,]  To  prevent  the  rotting  of  wood  by  fan- 
inersinp  it  in  a  solution  of  corrosive  sublimate  or 
other  Riibstauces.  SUlittian. 

KYK'l-E  j  a  word  used  at  the  beginning  of  all  mass- 
es. It  IS  sometimes  used  to  denote  the  nioveuicnt 
itself.  It  is  the  vocative  ca^e  of  the  Greek  Kip{«s, 
Lord. 
KYR-I-O-LOC'ie,  \a.  [Gr.  *cvptoXo>  t«of  ;  xvfitn- 
KYR-I-O-LOO'IC-AL,  (  Xoycui,  to  speak  properly  ; 
KVptaXiiyiiiy  a  discourse  consisting  of  proper  words  ; 
Ki'jiiog  and  Anjof.] 

Serving  periectlj'  to  denote  objects  by  conventional 
signs  or  alphabetical  cliaracters.  Lctronne. 

The  original  Greek  alphabet  of  sixteen  letters  was 
called  kt/riulo>pcy  because  it  represented  the  pure  eU 
ementary  sounds. 


3.  To  toil ;  to  be  burdened. 

Comp  unto  me,  nil  ye  thnt  labor  and  are  heavy  Ij^cn,  and  I  will 
give  you  rest.  —  MnU.  xi, 

4.  To  move  with  difficulty. 

The  alone  that  labors  up  i^e  hill.  Glanoille. 

5.  To  move  irregularly  with  little  progress  ;  to  pitch 
and  roll  heavily,  as  a  sliip  in  a  turbulent  «ea. 

Mar.  Diet. 

6.  To  bo  in  distress  ;  to  be  pressed. 

As  sounding  cymbals  aid  the  laboring  moon.  DryJen. 

7.  To  be  in  tnivail ;  to  suffer  the  pangs  of  child- 

8.  To  journey  or  march.  [birtli. 

Make  not  all  llic  people  to  labor  Ihither.  —  Josh.  vii. 

9.  To  perform  the  duties  of  the  pastoral  office.    1 

10.  To  perform  Christian  offices.  [Tim.  v. 

To  labfrr  under;  to  be  afflicted  with;  to  be  bur- 
dened or  distrei^sed  with  ;  as,  to  labor  under  a  disease 
or  an  affliction. 

LA'BOR,  V.  t.    To  work  at ;  to  till ;  to  cultivate. 

Tlic  ii:o;it  excellent  laiidi 
children. 

2.  To  prosecute  with  effort ;  to  urge  ;  aa,  to  labor  a 
point  or  argument. 

3.  To  form  or  fabricate  with  exertion  ;  as^  to  labor 
anus  for  Troy.  Dnjdcn, 

4.  To  beat ;  to  belabor.  [  The  latter  word  is  ifcncr- 
albf  used,]  Drtfdcn. 

5.  To  form  with  toil  and  care  ;  as,  a  labored  com- 
po.sition. 

LAB'0-RAN"r,  n.     A  clifmist.     [JVot  used.]     Boyle. 
LAB'O-RA-TO-RY,  v.    [Fr.  laboratuire,  from  labor.] 

1.  A  house  or  place  where  oiwratious  and  experi- 
ments In  chemistrj-,  pharmacy,  pyrolechny,  &c.,  are 
performed. 

2.  A  place  where  arms  are  manufactured  or  re- 

E aired,  or  fireworlcs  prepared  ;  as,  the  laboratory  in 
-pringfield,  in  Massachusetts. 

;j.  A  place  where  work  is  jKrformcd,  or  any  thing 
Is  prepared  for  use.  Ilencu  tlie.  stnmacli  is  called  the 
cr.uid  laboratory  of  the  human  body ;  the  liver,  the 
laburntoTnt  of  the  bile. 
LA'HOR-i'D,  pp.  or  a.  Tilled;  cultivated;  formed 
with  labor. 

2.  a.  Hearing  marks  of  constraint  in  execution; 
opfMised  to  Easy  or  Frke  ;  as,  a  labored  style. 
LA'ltOR-ER,  71.  One  who  labors  in  a  toilsome  occii- 
IMition  ;  a  man  who  does  work  that  requires  litUe 
Kkill.  aa  distinguished  from  an  artisar. 
LA'BOR  ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Exerting  muscular  Ftrongth 
or  intellectual  power;  toiling;  moving  with  pain  or 
with  difficulty ;  cultivating. 

2.  A  laboring  men,  or  laborer,  is  often  uscd  for  a 
nan  who  performs  work  that  requires  no  opprentice- 
Bliip  or  professional  skill,  in  distinction  from  an  arti- 
san; butthis  restricted  sense  is  not  always  observed. 
A  hard-laboring  man  is  one  accustomtd  to  hard  labor. 
Labirring  oar;  the  oar  which  requires  the  niost 
strength  or  exertion,  or  on  which  most  drjftuds. 
LA'IiOR-ING,  n.     The  act  of  bestowing  labor. 

2.  The  pitching  and  rolling  of  a  vcisel  in  u  heavy 
sea. 
LA-BO'RI-OIie,  a.     [L.  luborinsit-t ;  Fr.  laboriniz.] 

1.  Using  exertion  ;  employing  labor  ;  dilipeul  in 
work  or  service  ;  assiduous  ;  uned  of  persoTui  us,  a 
laborious  husbandman  or  mechanic;  a  laborious  luin- 
UicT  or  pastor. 

2.  Requiring  labor;  toilsome  ;  tiresome;  not  easy  ; 
as,  laborious  duties  or  services. 

:).  Requiring  labor,  exertion,  perseverance,  or  boc- 
rilices. 

PiTst  ihoii  lovp  wa.tch!ng«,  (ibnlnnn<y,  or  toil, 

Latjor'wui  virtue!  all  I    L<eani  the«e  (rom  Cuto.  Additon. 

LA-BO'RI-OUS-LY,  adv.    With  labor,  toil,  or  difficul- 
ty. Pope, 


TONE,  BHLL,  ^NITE,— AN''GER,  VI"CTOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CI!  as  811;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


LAC 

I*A-B0'R!-OU?-XESS,  «.    The  quality  of  being  l:ibo- 
rii)(if>,  or  attftided  vviili  toil ;  loilsutiiuiiess ;  dilficulty. 
2.  Oilirn'iice  ;  assiduity. 

LA'nOR-LKSS.  a.     .Not  laborious.  Breretpood. 

LA'BOR-SAV-I.VG,  a.  Saving  Inbor ;  adapted  to  su- 
persefle  or  tliininish  the  labor  of  men. 

LA'BOR-^OME,  a.  Made  with  z^eal  labor  and  dili- 
gence.    LVut  in  use.]  Samiya, 

I<A'BR.\,  n,     [fip.]     A  lip.  Shak, 

LAB'RA-DOR Tl'E,  ■-  Labrador  spar,  a  beauUflil  to- 
rietv  of  opalisceiil  ftlspar,  fr»>m  Labrador. 

LX'BRflSt:,  a.     [L.  labrum,  a  lip.J 
Hnvins  thick  lip^ 

L.\-BrR'M7M,  »i.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Cytisns,  a  na- 
tive of  the  Alps,  and  much  cultivated  by  way  of  or- 
nanieni. 

LAB'Y-RI.XTII,  n.  [L.  UbfrittOau :  Gr.  >o;?rpi*?)o$.l 
L  Among  Lke  aNci>M/j,  an  edifice  or  place  full  of 
intricacies,  or  forni'-d  with  winding  passages,  which 
rendered  it  ditftcuft  to  find  the  way  from  the  interior 
to  the  entnnce-  The  must  remarkable  of  these  edi- 
fiee»  mtntiuurd  are  the  E^yytta»  and  the  Cretan  laih 
friithju  Ktrye,     Lemprirre. 

2.  A  maxe  ;  an  inexfdicnble  dilficulty. 

3.  Formertgy  an  oruumenlal  maze  or  witdeme^!i  in 
gardens.  Spm.-cr. 

■i.  In  atttatmy^  that  part  of  the  internal  erir  behind 
the  cavity  ttf  the  tympanum  or  drum.  Fitrsyth, 

S.  In  mrtalUrgify  a  series  of  troughs  in  a  slan)p)ng- 
mitl,  through  which  water  passes  for  wa>hin?  pul- 
Teriied  ore.  Brande, 

LAB-V-RlNTiri-AN,  a.  Winding;  intricate:  per- 
plexed. •  Bp.  HaU. 

LAB-V-RI\TH'I€,  o.    Like  a  labyrinth. 

LAB-V-KINTH'I-FORM,  a.  Ilavmg  the  form  of  a  lab- 
jTinih;  inlhc.-ite.  Kirby. 

LAB-V-RINTII'IXE,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  like  a  laby- 
rintli. 

LAC,  n.  [Sp.  lacai  G.  lack;  Dan.  D.  lak;  said  to  be 
from  the  .\r.ibic] 

A  resinous  substance  produced  mainly  upon  Ihe 
Ficua  Indira,  or  Banynn-tree,  by  the  Ccicens  Ficus 
or  Coccus  Lncca.  It  is  composed  of  five  different 
varieties  of  resin,  with  a  small  quantity  of  several 
other  sub-itnncts,  particularly  a  red  coh>ring  matter. 
SUck  lac  is  tile  substance  in  its  nauiml  state,  incnist- 
ing  sni.ill  twigs.  When  broken  off,  and  boiled  in 
water,  it  loses  its  red  color,  and  is  called  »ead  iac 
When  melted,  and  reduced  to  a  thin  tn^,  it  is  called 
fkfU  lof,  Cnited  with  ivorj-  black  or  vermilion,  it 
forms  black  and  red  staling  vat^  Lac,  dijtsolved  in 
alcohol  ur  other  mt-nstrua.  by  different  methods  of 
prepatfUion,  constitutes  various  kinds  of  t>ttmUkes 
and  tackfrs.  7%msoiL 

L.AC,     I  ■.    In  (Ae  £<tt-t/iufie«,  one  hundred  thousand; 

LAC^K,  \     as,  a  /oc  of  rupees. 

LAC'CIC,  (lak'tik,)  a.  Pertaining  to  lac,  or  produced 
from  it :  as,  laede  acid. 

LA€'CIXE,  n.  A  sub^ancc  from  shell  lac,  brittle, 
yellow,  trOislucent;  soluble  in  caustic  potash,  ana 
m  sulphuric  ncid. 

LACE,  Jt.  [^p.  la-Oy  a  tie  or  knot ;  Fr.  lacft ;  It  lac- 
eio ;  L.  Iit^Mr>i.t.] 

1.  A  work  composed  of  threads  interwoven  into  a 
net,  and  worked  on  a  pillow  with  spindles  or  pins. 
Fine  laces  are  manufactured  in  France,  Italy,  and 
England. 

2.  A  string;  a  cord.  Spender, 

3.  A  snare ;  a  gin.  Faitfaz. 

4.  A  plaited  string  with  which  females  fasten  their 
clothes. 

Doll  oe'tK  w*M  oiHeA  to  cut  her  laem.  Sui/t. 

5.  In  old  cant  tanguaget  spirits  added  to  coffee  or 
other  beverage.  Addison. 

LACE,  r.  £.  To  fasten  with  a  string  through  eyelet 
iKdes. 

WVn  J^oQjr'i  ttAy%  «re  oevljr  lactd.  Prior, 

9.  To  adorn  with  lace ;  as,  cloth  laeed  with  silver. 

Shak. 
'3.  To  embellish  with  vaiiesatioiu  or  stripes. 

lAwk,  kfvr,  wlul  niTiona  Mmki 

Do  iaot  the  ■evetins  douds  in  jrooder  east.  ShaJc. 

4.  To  beat;  to  lash;  [probably  to  make  stripes  on.] 

Ill  turn  jour  odat  lor  jv,  L' Estrange. 

5.  In  oU  cffitt  Uatgmage,  to  add  spirits  to  coffee  or 
other  beverage.  Smart. 

LACE'-BARK,  m.  The  bark  of  a  shrub  in  the  West 
Indies,  the  Daphne  lageUo,so  called  from  the  texture 
of  its  inner  bark. 

LAC'£D,  (list,)  pp.  or  a.  Fastened  with  lace  or  a 
string  ;  also  tricked  off  with  lace.      * 

Laced  caffut  coffee  with  spirits  in  it.        Addison. 
Laud  mCtom,  (set  off  with  laces  ;)  a  prostitute. 
rOfefc]  Shak. 

LACE'MAX,  iu    A  man  who  deals  in  lace.   Addison. 

LAC'ER-A-BLE,  a.  [See  Laceratk.]  That  may  be 
torn.  Harvey. 

LAC'ER-ATE,  ».  (.     [L.  torero,  to  tear.] 

To  tear ;  to  rend  ;  to  separate  a  substance  by  vio- 
lence or  tearing ;  as,  to  lacerate  the  flesh.  It  is  ap- 
plied chiefly  to  the  flesh,  or  fipiratively  to  the  heart. 
But  sometimes  it  is  applied  to  the  political  or  civil 
diviisioDs  in  a  state. 


LAC 

lac'Ir'a-ted,  i  '•''•  ■>'  »•    R""'  ■' '»™- 

9.  In  botany^  having  the  edge  variously  cut  into  ir- 
regular sepim-iils  i  as,  a  luceratett  leaf.  Mart»n. 

LAC-ER-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  tearing  or  rending  ; 
the  breach  made  by  rending.  Arbuthnot 

LAC'ER-.A-TIVE,  a.  Tearing;  having  the  power  to 
tear;  as   /ocero/iee  huniore.  Harvry. 

LA-CER'T.^,  It.  [L.]  'ihe  name  of  a  genus  of  lizards. 
2.  A  northern  constellation  ;  the  Lizard. 

LA-CER'TlAiN,  n.  A  saurian  of  Ihe  family  iMcertin- 
id*.  The  common  lizard  is  an  example  of  this  fam- 
ily.      ,  P.  Cye. 

LA-CER'TI.\N,  0.  Pertaining  to  saurians,  resembling 
the  coninion  lir.ard. 

LA-CER'TINE,  a,     [L.  laeertus.]     Like  a  lixard. 

Jnurn.  nf  Science. 

LA-CER'TITS,  n.  [L.]  The  girrock ,  a  fish  of  the  gar-fish 
kinil  ;  also,  the  nzard-fi^h.     Diet,  .^"a^  lltst.     Cyc 

LAt:E'-WING-KD,  a.     Having  wings  I'ke  lace. 

LACE'U  O.M-AN,  ».  A  woman  who  makes  or  sells 
lace. 

LACIIE,      in.     [Norm.  Fr.  lacAesje,  from  lachei   L. 

LACU'ES,  i     laittSy  lax,  slow.] 
In /a/r,  neglect ;  negligence. 

LACU'RV-MAULE,  o.     I«imentahle.  Morlru, 

LACH'RY-.MAL,  a.     [Fr.,  from  U  /acArymo,  a  leaf.] 

1.  Generating  or  secrtting  teani ;  as,  the  lacArjrma/ 
gland. 

2.  Pertaining  to  tears;  conveying  tears, 
LA€irRY-.MA-RY,  a.    Containing  tears.    Aildison. 
LACM-RY-MA'TION,  n.     The  act  of  shedding  tears. 
LACU'RV-MA-TO-RY,  «.     [Fr.  lachrymatoirc] 

A  vessel  found  in  sepulchres  of  the  ancients,  in 
w*hich  it  has  been  snpptvsed  the  tears  of  a  deceased 
person's  friends  were  collected  and  preserved  with 
the  ashes  nnd  urn.  It  was  a  smuU  glass  or  bottle 
like  a  phial.  Eneye. 

LACU'RY  M6SE,  a.    Generating  or  shedding  tears. 

LAGirKY-MO^E-LY, arfe.     In  n  lachrjinnse  manner. 

LACING,  ppr.  Fastening  with  a  string;  adorning  or 
trimming  with  lace. 

LACING,  n.     A  fastening  with    a   string  or  cord 
through  eyelet  holea, 
^  A  conl  used  in  drawing  tight  or  fastening. 

1.  Adorned  with  fringes. 

S.  Id  frotanv,  jagged.  Mnrtyn. 

L.ACK,  r.  (.  [D.  Ueg,  empty  ;  lefgen^  to  empty  ;  Dan. 
laky  a  fault ;  lakker^  to  decline  or  wt-ar  away  ;  Goth. 
vfiigaiiy  to  lack  or  ^il ;  L.  delu/uium,  which  seems  to 
be  connected  with  linguo.  to  leave,  to  faint,  and  with 
liquo,  to  melt,  tit/uidy  iLCj 

I.  To  want;  to  be  destitute  of;  not  to  have  or 


If  may  ti  foa  la^  wiaiom,  let  hboftftk  il  ofCod.  —  Jamr*  1. 
2.  To  blame.    [Ma  in  use,]  Chaucer. 

LACK,  r,  L    To  be  in  want. 

Tbc  yotmg  liotu  do  Jac*  and  su^r  buoger.  —  P>.  xxzIt. 

2.  To  be  wanting. 

Prrhapa  tbcre  ktuU  iack  lire  of  the  fifty  ri^teotu.  —  Gen.  xrla. 

LACK,  «.     Want ;  destitution  ;  need  ;  failure. 
lie  tiiat  gathered  liule  had  no  tack.  —  Ex.  xvL 
A  lad:  of  rupees,  in  the  East  Indies,  is  one  hundred 
thousand  rupees,  which,  at  55  cents  each,  amount  to 
fifty-five  thousand  dollars,  or,  at  23.  6d.  sterling,  to 
£I*i,5i)0, 

LACK-A-DAY',  ezclam.  of  sorrow  or  regret ;  alas. 

LACK-A-DAI'SY,  and  hence  LACK-ADA  I'SI-CAL, 
adj.,  aflfectedly  4)en»ive,  are  used  in  ludicrous  lan- 
guage. SmarL 

LACK'BRAIN,  n.  One  that  wants  brains,  or  is  defi- 
cient in  understanding.  Shak. 

LACK'ER.    See  Lac<iu£ii. 

LACK'EY,  (lak'e,)  lu     [Fr.  laquai*  ;  Sp.  lacayo  ;  Port. 

lacaio  ;  It,  laccki  ;  Eth.  (ittfl  lak,  to  send,  whence 

'  lA Tl  lake.,  a  servant ;  I«  lego,  to  send.    From  this 
root  is  the  Slumilic  InVd,  a  messenger.] 

An  attending  servant ;  a  fooiboy  or  footman. 
L.\CK'EY,  V.  L     To  attend  servilely.  Mdton. 

LACK'EY,  r.  i.  To  act  as  footboy  ;  to  pay  servile  at- 
tendance. 

Oft  have  I  B^rmnU  v^n  on  horwr*  ri<ir, 

The  free  anJ  nuble  lackey  by  Ihcir  Mile.  Sandyt. 

LACK'EY-£D,  (lak'id,)  pp.     Attended  servilely. 

L.ACK'ING,  p/>r.     Wanting;  not  possessing. 

LACK'-LIN-EN,  a.    Wanting  shirts.     [LdUe  used.] 

Shak. 

LACK'-LUS-TER, )  n.      A  want  of  luster,  or  that 

LACK'-LUS-TRE,  j      which  wants  brightness. 

LACK'-LUS-TER,  i  a.    Wanting  luster  or  brightness. 

LACK'-LUS-THE,  \  Shak. 

LA-GO.\'IG,  )  a.      [Fr.   laconique;    L.   laconictts ; 

LA-eON'I€-AL,  J  from  Laconia^  or  Lacones,  the 
Spartans.] 

1,  Short;  brief;  pithy;  sententious;  expressing 
much  in  few  words,  after  the  manner  of  the  Spar- 
tans ;  as,  a  laconic  phrase.  Pope. 


LAC 

2.  Pertaining  to  Sparta  nr  Lncedenionia. 

Tranfi.  of  Paiisanias.     D^AnvilU. 
LA-€ON'I€-AL-LY,  adv.      Briefly  j  concisely;   as,  a 

sciitiiupnt  laconically  expressed. 
LA-€ON'ies,  n.    A  bo4)k  of  Pausanias,  which  treats 

of  Lacedemonia. 
LA'CON  ISM,         )  rr     I         •  i 

LA-eON'I-CISM.i'^     V-'l^conismus.} 

1.  A  concise  style. 

2.  A  brief,  sententious  phrase  or  expression, 
LAG'aCER,  {lak'ker,)n.    [Vx.laque.]     A  kind  ofvar- 

nisli.  1'he  basis  of  lacquers  is  a  solution  of  the  sub- 
stance called  lac  in  spirit  of  wine  or  alc«>hol.  Var- 
nishes Hjiplied  to  metals  improve  their  color  and 
pn\sorve  them  from  tarnishing.  Encyc.     Cyc 

Lacquers  consist  of  different  resins  in  a  stale  of 
solution,  of  which  the  most  common  are  mastic, 
sandarach,  lac,  benzoin,  cop;il,  amber,  and  asphalt, 
1'lie  ntenstnia  are  either  expressed  or  essential  oils, 
or  spirit  of  wine.  JVickolson. 

LACUUER,  r.  (.  To  varnish  ;  to  smear  over  with 
lacker,  for  the  purpose  of  improving  color  or  pre- 
serving from  tarnisJiing  and  decay. 

LAe'UL;ER-£D,  ;»p.  or  a.  Covered  with  lacquer;  var- 
nished. 

LAe'UUER  ING,  ppr.  Covering  with  lacquer;  var- 
nishing. 

LACaUER-ING,  ».    The  act  of  putting  on  lacquer. 
2.  The  covering  of  lacquer  or  varnish  thus  put  on, 

LAC-Hf-MO'SO,  [lt.J  Noting  a  plaintive  movement, 
as  if  in  weeping. 

LAG'TAGE,  n.  The  produce  of  animals  yielding 
milk.  Shuckford. 

LACTANT,  a.  [L.  lactans,  from  laetoj  to  give  suck  ; 
lac,  milk.] 

Suckling;  giving  suck.     [Little  used.] 

L.\€'TA-RY,  a.     [L.  lactarius,  from  tacto  ?  lac,  milk.] 
Milky  ;  full  of  white  juice  like  milk.     [Little  iwed.j 

Broien. 

LAG'TA-RY,  n.     [L,  lactartus.]     A  dair>-house. 

LACTATE,  n.  in  ehemintry.  a  salt  formed  by  the 
lactic  acid,  or  acid  of  milk,  with  a  base.    Foureroy. 

LAG-TA'TION,  n.     [L.  lacto,  to  give  suck.] 

The  act  of  giving  suck  ;  ur  the  time  of  suckling. 
Johnson.     £ncyc 

LAG'TFr-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  milk. 

2.  Conveying  chyle  ;  as,  a  lacteal  vessel. 

LAG'TE-AL,  n.  A  vessel  or  slender  tube  of  animal 
bodies,  for  conveying  chyle  from  the  intestines  to  the 
common  reservatory.  Encyc, 

LACTE-AL-LY,  ado  Milkily;  in  the  manner  of 
milk. 

LaCTE-AN,  a.     [L.  lacteus.]     Milky ;   rescaihling 
milk. 
2.  Lacteal;  conveying  chyle. 

LAG'TE-OaS,  a.     [L.  lactciu,  from  lac,  milk.]^ 

1.  Milky;  resembling  milk.  Brown. 

2.  Lacteal;  conveying  chyle  ;  as,  a /acfeoiw  vessel. 

Bentley. 
LACTR-OUS-LY.  adv.     Milkily  ;  lacteallv. 
LAG-TES'CENCE,  n.     [L.   lactescens,   lactescoj   from 
lacto;  lac,  milk.] 

1.  Tendency  to  milk;  milkiness  or  milky  color. 

Boyle. 

2.  In  botany,  milkiness  ;  the  liquor  which  flows 
abundantly  from  a  plant,  when  wounded,  commonly 
white,  but  sometimes  yellow  or  red.  Martyn. 

LAG-TES'CENT,  a.     Producing  milk  or  white  juice. 

Arbuthnot. 
2.  Abounding  with  a  thick-colored  juice.  Encyc. 
LACTIC,  a.     Pertaining  to  milk,  or  procured  from 

sour  milk  or  whey  ;  as,  the  lactic  acid.       Fourcroy. 
LAG-TIF'ER-OUS,   a.     [L.   lac,   milk,  and   fcro,  to 
bear.] 

1.  Bearing  or  conveying  milk  or  white  juice  ;  as, 
a  laclifcruiu  duct.  Boyle, 

2.  Producing  a  thick,  colored  juice,  as  a  plant. 

Encyc 

LAG'TINE.n.  A  cr>'stallizable  acid,  formed  from  evap- 
orating the  whey  of  milk,  also  called  sugar  of  milk. 

Graham, 

LAG-TOM'E-TER,  n.     [L.  lae  and  metrum.] 

An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  proportion  of 
cream  in  milk.  It  is  a  glass  tube  graduated  and  filled 
with  milk. 

LAe-TU-GA'RI-UM,  n.  The  inspissated  juice  of  the 
common  lettuce,  sometimes  used  as  a  substitute  for 
opium.  Cooley. 

LAC-TO'Cie  ACID,  n.  An  acid  obtained  from  the 
strong-scented  lettuce,  Laciuca  virosa,  and  bearing 
some  resemblance  to  oxalic  acid,     Brande.    Cooley. 

LA-GO'NA,  n.;  pi.  Lacunje.  [L.]  A  small  opening; 
a  small  pit  or  depression  ;  a  small  blank  space. 

LA-Gu'NAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  having  lacunae. 

LA-GC'NAR,  n.  [L.]  In  architecture,  the  ceiling  or 
under  surface  of  any  part,  when  it  consists  of  com- 
partments sunk  or  hollowed  without  spaces  or  bands 
between  the  panels.  Brande. 

LAG-IJ-NOSE',  a.  [L.  laeunosus,  from  lacuna,  a  ditch 
or  hollow.] 

Furrowed  or  pitted.  A  laeunose  leaf  has  the  disk 
depressed  between  the  veins.  Jilartyn. 

LA-GUS'TRINE,  )  a.    Pertaining  to  lakes  or  swamps. 

LA-eUS'TRAL,    (  Backland. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.\T MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  Vn?LF,  BQQK — 

644  _____ 


LAD 


».     f  W.   U'licily  a   !ad  ;   ami   Sax.   hod,  G.  leitte, 
.  lead,  people,  are  probably  from  tlie  same  root ; 


LAD, 

Russ. 

Ir.  lath,  B  youlti,  D  loot,  a  ehout ;  Ilcb.  Ch.  Syr.  Sain. 

l*?^  to  procreate  or  bear  young;  Eih.  vUi  lA  j  Ar. 

JO*  vahda^  id.     Hass  Ld,  No.  29.] 

A  yoting  man,  or  boy  ;  a  stripling.  Locfce. 

LAD'A-NUM,  n.  [Said  to  be  Arabic.J  Tbe  rpsinous 
juice  wtiich  e:rndes  from  the  Cistus  lr\dani ferns,  a 
slirub  which  grows  in  Spain  and  Porltigai,  or  from 
Cistu3  Creticus,  which  prnwa  in  Crute,  Syria,  &c. 
U  is  collectetl  with  a  kind  of  raise,  with  leather 
thongs  attached  to  it,  with  which  the  shrubs  are 
brustied.  The  best  sort  is  in  dark-colored  black 
masses,  of  the  consistence  of  a  soft  plaster.  The 
other  sort  is  in  long  rolls  coiled  up,  harder  than 
the  former,  and  of  a  paler  color.  It  is  chiefly  used 
in  extf-mal  applications.  Encye.     Parr. 

LAD'DER,  n.  [Sax.  hladder  ;  D.  ladJer,  or  leJer  ;  G. 
Uiter,  a  ladder,  a  leader,  a  (riiide  ;  leiien,  to  lead.] 

1.  .\  frame  of  wood,  con<isiinj:  of  tjvo  side-pieces, 
connected  by  rounds  inserted  in  them  at  suitable  dis- 
tances, and  thus  foAning  steps  by  which  persons  may 
ascend  a  buildin;;,  &:c. 

2.  Tliat  by  which  a  person  ascends  or  rises  ;  means 
of  ascending  ;  as,  a  ladder  made  of  cords.       Shak. 

LowlJucM  h  joun^  Atntjttioo'i  UuLUr.  Shak, 

3.  Gradual  rise  ;  elevation. 

Miiuntiug  fjAl  towaid  ibe  top  of  Uie  Uidder  tccI''aL'»t!cal.    Siffi/l. 

LAD'DIE,  (lad'de,)  n.  A  lad  or  young  man.  [ScoWi'^A.] 
LADE,  V.  L:  j>reL  Laded  ;  pp.  Laded,  Ladex.  [Sax. 
la-ilan  and  ktadan ;  G.  ladra ;  D.  laaden ;  Sw.  la/Ida ; 
Dnn.  ladder;  Rusa.  klad,&  load  or  cargo;  kladu,  to 
put,  to  lay,  to  make,  build,  or  found,  lo  lay  egp>',  to 
give,  to  suppose,  &c.  Here  we  observe  that  tn  load, 
or  lade,  is  to  throw  ;  that  is,  to  put  on  or  in,  for  lo 
send,  thrust,  throw,  is  the  sense  of  Living  eggs. 
Now,  this  is  precisely  the  rndicnl  signification  of 
the  words  loud,  lad^  VV.  llnicd,  clod,  \..  pLiudo,  &c.] 
1.  To  loa^t ;  lo  put  on  or  in,  as  a  burden  or  freight. 
We  lade  a  ship  with  cotton.  We  lade  a  horse  or  oth- 
er beast  with  corn. 

vUh  ihe  com,  and  departed  thenec. 


And  ttvT  tndtd  ihcir  i 
—  Gm.  iLliL 


2.  Tu  dip;  to  throw  in  or  out,  as  a  fluid,  with  a 
ladle  or  dipper;  as,  to  lade  water  out  of  a  tub  or  in- 
to a  cistern. 

3.  To  dmw  water.     [A'a*  in  nse.'\ 

LaDE,  n.     The  motith  ot  a  river.     [06».]       Oib^on. 
LSD'ED,  )  pp.     Loaded;   charged  with   a  burden  or 
LAD'KN,  i      freight. 

9.  a.    Oppressed  ;  bunlened. 
LAD'LXG,  ppr.    Loading;  charging  with  a  burden  or 

frfight ;  throwing  or  di|ipine  out. 
LAD'IN'G,  n.    That  which  constitutes  a  load  or  cargo ; 

freight;    burden;    as,  the   ladini^  of  a  ship,     ^cts 

xxvii. 
LAD'KIN,  It.     A  little  lad  ;  n  yr  nth.     {Little  nsed,] 
LA'DLE,  n.     [Sax.  MtrdU,  from  Madan,  «upra.] 

1.  A  utensil  somewhat  like  n  di-.h,  with  a  long 
handle,  used  for  throwing  or  dipping  out  liquor  from 
a  vessel. 

2.  The  receptacle  of  a  mill-wheel,  which  receives 
the  water  which  moves  it. 

3.  In  srunnertt,  an  instrument  for  drawing  the 
rharge  of  a  cannon.  M'lr.  Diet. 

LA'DLEI-FJJL,  n.     The  quantity  contained  in  a  ladle. 

Swift. 

LA'DV,  n.  [Sax.  hlnfdi^,  hlafdign,  hl^fdia.  The  first 
syllable  of  thi:4  wonl  occurs  in  hlafi>rd,  lord,  and  this 
Is  flippos<'d  to  be  A/«/,  a  loaf,  nnd  the  words  to  signi- 
fy hrpoH-ffivera.  Btii  this  U  doubtful ;  the  meaning 
of  the  last  syllable  not  being  ascertiiined  in  either 
word.] 

1.  A  woman  of  distinction,  correlative  to  T*onD  ; 
In  ErtirlanH^  a  title  prefixed  lo  the  name  of  any  wom- 
an whose  hu<<band  is  not  of  lower  rank  than  a 
knight,  or  whose  father  was  a  nobleman  not  lower 
than  an  earl.  Smart. 

2.  A  term  of  complaisance  ;  applied  to  almost  any 
Wcll-dre«?*ed  woman,  hut  appropriately,  to  one  of  re- 
fined manners  and  education.  Guardian. 

3.  Mistress;  the  female  who  presides  or  haa  au- 
thority over  a  manor  or  a  family. 

LA'DV  KTRD,-] 

I^A'DY-IUJG,    in.     A  small,  red,  vaginopcnnons,  or 

LA'nY-C^)VV,  f     sheath-winged  insect.  Gay. 

LA'DY-FLV,   J 

2.  A  smalt  coleopterous  insect  of  various  brilliant 
colore,  fi-eding  on  plant-Iice,  and  belonging  to  the  ge- 
nuM  Coccin^'lla.  Limi4:tts. 

LA'DY'S  BED'STRAW.  n.  An  East  Indian  ever- 
green undf'rshrub,  of  the  genus  Pharnnccutn. 

Loudon, 

LA'DY'S  noW'ER,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Clem- 
atis. 

LA'OY'S  cr)Mn,  It.    A  plant  of  the  Ifpnns  Pcnndix. 

IJl'DV'S  CIJSH'ION,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Saxif- 
raga 


LAK 

LA'DV'S  ri.N"GEH,  71.    Kidney  vetch  ;  a  pluiit  of  the 

genus  Anthvllis. 
LA'UY*8  MAN'TLE,  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Alche- 

mitla. 
LA'DV'S  SkAL,  n.     A  plant  of  tiie  genus  Tamus. 
La'DV'S  SLIP'PER,  n.     A  plant  of  Uie  genus  Cypri- 

pediitm. 
LA'DV'S  SMOCK,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Carda- 

mine. 
LS'DY'S  TRA'CES,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Neot- 

tia. 
La'DY-CIIAP'EL,  rt.    A  chapel  dedicated  to  the  Vir- 
gin Mary. 
LA'DY-DAY,  n.    The  day  of  the  annunciation  of  the 

Virgin  .Mary,  March  26th. 
LA'DV-LTKE,   a.     Like  a  lady  in  manners;  genteel  j 

well-brt-d. 
2.  Soft  ;  tender ;  delicate.  Drydcn. 

IjA'DV-LOVE,  iu     A  sweetheart  or  mistress. 
LA'DY-SHIP,  n.    The  title  of  a  lady. 

Shak.     Dnjden. 
LAG,  u.     [This  word  belongs  to  the  root  of  slack,  slow, 

sluggish,  lang'uifh,  long ;  Goth,  laggs  f  W.  Hag,  llac ; 

Gr.  An;/>ftj'r',  Xiij.)iiC;'.'.     Cliu-fs  Lg.     See  the  verb.] 

1.  Coming  after  or  behind  ;  slow  ;  sluggish  ;  tardy. 

Skak. 

2.  I>ast ;  long  delayed  ;  as,  the  lair  end.       Sliak. 
[This  niljective  is  not  now  in  use.j 

LAG,  n.     The  lowest  class  ;  the  rump  ;  tlie  fag  end. 
2.  He  that  roines  behind.     [J^ot  in  use.]       SfiaJc. 
LAG,   V.  i.     [W. //ni»,  tfdc,  slack,  loose;  Goth,   laggs, 
long  ;  Eng.  to  Jla'/,  nnd  ft'ieceo,  langueo,  lo  languish, 
&c.     The  sense  is  to  extend  or  draw  out,  or  to  be- 
come lax  or  Iwisc.     Class  Lg.] 

To  walk  or  move  slowly;  to  loiter;  to  stay  be- 
hind. 

I  khtLlI  not  lag  bctiind.  Milton. 

LAG'GARD,  a.     Slow  ;  sluggish  ;  backward.    Collins. 
L.\G'GARD,  n.    One  who  lags  ;  a  loiterer. 

fVaiter  SeotL 
L.^G'GER,  n.    A  loiterer;  an  idler ;  mic  who  moves 

slowly  and  falls  behind. 
L.AG'GING,  ppr.  or  a.     Loitering ;  moving  slowly  and 

falli  :g  bi^hind. 

The  nurae  went  tagging  afterwith  the  chiliL  Dryden. 

LAG'GING-LY,  adn.     Loitcringly. 
LAG'O-MYS,  n.     [Gr.  Xnyos  or  Auywf,  a  hare,  and 
five,  mouse  or  rat.] 

The  animal  called  Rat-hare,  a  genus  between  the 
hare  and  ral,  found  in  Siberia.  MantelL 

LA-GO(»:>J', )  n.     [It.  and  Sp.  lacuna,  from  the  root  of 
LA-GOS'E',  i      laJie.] 

A  marsh,  shallow  pond,  or  lake,  into  which  the 
Bca  flows  ;  as,  the  laganea  of  Venice. 

Ray.     SmolleU. 
LA'I€,         I  a.     [It.  laico,  laicale^  Fr.  laique,  Sp.  laycal, 
LA'ie-AL,  \      D.  leek,  L.  laicus,  from  Gr.  \ai<f -«,  from 
A<ios,  people.   1"he  Greek  Xiiuj  is  probably  a  contract- 
ed word.] 

Deloncmg  lo  the  laity  or  people,  in  distinction  from 
the  riergj'. 
LA'ie,  B.     A  layman.  Bp.  Morton, 

LAID,  prcL  and  pp.  of  Lat  ;  so  written  for  Ijated. 
Laiil  up :  stored  away ;  confined  to  one's  bed  ;  dis- 
mantled and  0%  of  use,  as  a  ship. 
LAIN,  pp.  of  Lie.     Lien  would  be  a  more  regular  or- 
thography, but  LAirt  is  gpuenilly  used, 
LAIR,  n.     [G.  tai^rr,  from  the  root  of  lay,  Tj.  lorns.] 

1.  A  place  of  rest ;  the  bed  or  couch  of  a  boar  or 
wild  bca-ft.  Milton.     Dnjden. 

2.  Pasture  ;  the  ground.  Spenser. 
LAIRD,  n.     [Conincled  from  Sax.  hlaff>rd,  lord.] 

L  A  person  of  sufMirior  rank  ,  a  h»rd.     {Scottish.) 

2.  A  landlioliler  under  the  degree  of  a  knight  or 
squire.     [Sr»i/(.-(A.] 

3.  A  It-adcr  or  captain. 

LA'ITY,  ».     [Gr.  >.io(,  [leople.    See  Laic] 

1.  The  jwople,  as  distinguisht;d  from  the  clergy ; 
the  body  of  the  p*;ople  not  in  orders.  Swifl, 

2.  The  state  of  a  layman,  ur  of  not  being  in  orders. 
[JVot  iLied.]  ^ylifff. 

LAKE,  TJ.  i.     {Sw.  Icka:  Dan.  leger;  Goth,  laikon.] 
.     To  pl;iy  ;  to  sporL     [JtTorth  of  England.]     [This  is 
p/flv.  Sax.  plegftn,  without  a  prefix.] 

LAKE,  Ti.  [G.  iflcAtf,  a  puddle  ;  Fr.  mc  ,-  L. /nci«,'  Sp. 
and  IL.  lago;  Sax.  luk:  Scol.  loch:  Ir.  lough;  Ice. 
laugh.  AlaJie  is  a  stand  of  water,  from  the  root  of 
lay.  Hence  L.  lugena,  Eng.  ftagon,  and  Sp.  laguna, 
lagoon.] 

A  large  and  extensive  collection  of  water  con- 
tained in  a  cavity  or  hollow  o!  the  earth.  It  differs 
from  a  Poriu  in  size,  tlm  latter  being  a  collection  of 
small  extent ;  but  someiinifs  a  collecti(m  of  water  is 
called  a  pond  or  a  lake  indifferently.  North  America 
contains  some  of  the  lareest  lakes  on  the  globe,  par- 
ticularly the  lakes  Ontario,  Erie,  Huron,  Michigan, 
nnd  Su[KTior. 

LAKE,  Ti.  A  deep -red  coloring  matter,  consisting  of 
aluminous  earth  and  cochineal  or  other  red  substance. 
Sometimes  the  term  lake  is  indiscriminately  applied 
to  all  compounds  of  alumina  and  coloring  niatttr. 

Brtinde. 

LAKE'LET,  n,     A  little  lake.  Mrs.  Butler. 


LAM 

LaKE'-LIKE,  a.     Resembling  a  lake.     Mrs.  Butler. 

LaK'V,(7.     Pertaining  to  a  lake  or  lakes.    Sherwood. 

LAI^LA'TION,  n.  [Letter  /.]  An  imperfect  pronun- 
ciation of  the  letter  r,  which  utters  it  like  /. 

LA'MA,  n.  The  sovereign  pontiff,  or  rather  the  god  of 
the  Asiatic  Tartars.  Ennjc. 

9.  A  ruminant  mammal,  called  by  naturalists"  Ati- 
chenia  Glama,  inhabiting  Peru  and  the  Southern 
Andes.  It  is  nearly  allied  to  the  camel,  and  has  been 
domesticated  and  used  as  a  beast  of  burden. 

LA-MAN'TIX,  in.    The  sea-cow  or  manatee.    [See 

LA-MEN'TIN,    j      Makatee.] 

LAMB,  (lam,)  n.  [Goth,  lamb;  Sax.  lamb;  D.  Dan. 
lain  ;  G.  lamm  ;  Sw.  lamb.  The  letter  ft  is  ca.sual  and 
tiselcss.  I  suspect  the  word  lo  signify  a  shoot,  as  in 
other  cases  of  the  young  of  animals,  from  a  root 
which  is  retained  in  the  Welsh  llamuj  to  bound,  to 
skip.] 
1.  The  young  of  the  sheep  kind. 
9.  Tl\G  lAimb  of  Qod,  in  Scripture,  the  Savior  Je- 
sus Christ,  who  was  typified  by  the  paschal  lamb. 

Behold  the  Lamb  of  Ood,  who  takcth  away  the  sin  of  tlie  worid. 
— Jwhu  i. 

LAMB,  r.  u    To  bring  forth  young,  as  sheep. 
LAMB'ALE,   (lain'Sle,)  ?i.      A   feast  at  the   time  of 

shearing  lambs. 
LAM'BA-TIVE,    a.     [L.    Umbo,  to    lick;    W.   llaib, 

lleibiaiD,  to  lap.] 
Taken  by  licking.       [LiUle  used.]  Bro7cv. 

LAM'BA-TIVE,  n.    A  medicine  taken  by  licking  with 

the  tongue.  mseman. 

LAMB-DOID'AL,  a.     [Gr.  Xa/i/9('a,  the  name  of  the 

letter  A,  and  t<^:)^,  form.] 
In  the  form  of  the  Greek  A,  (lambda,)  the  English 

L;  ns,the  lambdoidal  suture.  Sharp. 

LAM'BENT,  a.     [L.  lamhens,  lamho,  to  lick.] 

Playing  about;    touching  lightly;    gliding  over; 

as,  a  lambent  flame.  Drr/ffen. 

LAMIl'KIN,  (lam'kin,)  n.     A  small  Iamb.  Oav. 

LAMB'LTKE,  (lam'llke,)  a.      Like   a   lamb;    gentle; 

humble;  meek;  mil  J;  innocent;  as,  a /(/nii/iAe  tem- 
per. 
LAMB'S'-WQOL,  n.     The  wot.l  of  lambs. 

9.  Ale  mixed  with  sugar,  nutmeg,  and  the  pulp  of 

roasted  apples,  said  to  be  corrupted  from  lamas  ubhalj 

the  day  of  the  apple  fniiL  Burton. 

LAME,  a.     [Sax. /arnr,  or /ama  ;  G.lahm;  D.Dan. ^am; 

Sw.  lahtn.    It  is  probably  allied  to  limp.] 

1.  Crippled  or  disabled  in  a  limb,  or  otherwise  in- 
jured so  as  to  be  unsound  and  impaired  in  strength  ; 
as,  a  lamenTiii  orleg,  ora  person  lame  in  one  leg. 

2.  Imperfect  i  not  satisfactory ;  as,  a  tone  exmsft. 

Su-ift. 

3.  Hobbling  ;  not  smooth  ;  as,  numbers  in  vt-rse. 

Drydeti. 
Lame  duck ;   a  cant  phrase  for  a  defaulter  at  the 

stock  exchange.  Grose. 

LAME,  V.  t.    To  make  lame  ;  to  cripple  or  disable  ;  to 

render  imperfect  and  unsound  ;  as,  to  lame  an  arm  or 

a  leg.  Drydcn. 

hAM'F.D,pp.     Made  lame;  crippled. 
LAM'EL,         l».;j)f.   LAMELsor  Lamei.l.'e.  ['L.taiael- 
LA-MEL'LA,  (      la;  W.Uafifn.     SeeLAUiSA.] 

A  tliin  plate  or  scale  of  any  thing. 
LAM'EL-LAR,  a.     [from   lamcl.]     Composed   of  thin 

plates,  layers,  or  scales;    disposed  in  thin  plates  or 

scales. 
LAM'EL-LAR-LY,  arfr.     In  thin  plates  or  scales. 
LAM'EI^LATE,      i  a.     Composed  of  thin    pbtes  or 
LAM'EI^LA-TED,  \      scales,  or  covered  with  them. 
LA-MEL'LieORN,    n.       [L.   laTuella  and    comu,   a 

horn.] 
A  coleopterous  insect,  having  antennte  terminating 

in  lamellar  joints. 
LAM-EL-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  lamella  and  fcro,    to 

bear.] 

Having  a  structure  composed  of  thin  layers  ;  har 

ing  a  foliated  structure.  Iluvible. 

LA-MEL'LI-FOR.M,    a.       [L.    lamella,   a   plate,  and 

form.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  plate  or  scale. 

Jotirn.  of  Science. 
LAM-EL-LI-ROS'TRAL,    a.      [L.   /amW/a    and    ros- 
trum.] 

A  term  applied  to  a  tribe  of  swimming  birds,  in 
which  the  margin  of  the  beak  is  furnished  with 
Inmels,  or  thin,  dental  plates,  as  the  goose,  duck, 
and  swan.  Brande. 

LAME'LV,  adv.  [See  Lame.]  Like  a  cripple  ;  with 
impaired  strtingth  ;  in  a  hailing  manner  ;  as,  to  walk 
lamely.         ' 

2.  Imperfectly;  without  a  complete  exhibition  of 
parts ;  as,  a  figure  lamely  drawn  ;  a  scene  lamrhj  de- 
scribed. 

3.  Weakly;  poorly;  unsteadily;  feebly. 
LAME'NE.^S,  n.     An   impaired  state  of  the  body  or 

limbs;  loss  of  natural  soundness  nnd  strength  by  a 
wound  or  by  a  disease;  particularly  ap(tlied  to  the 
limbs,  and  implying  a  total  or  partial  inability;  as, 
Ihi'  lameness  of  the  leg  or  arm. 

9.  Imperfection;    weakness;   as,  the   lameness  of 
an  nrgiiment,  or  of  a  description. 
LA-MKNT',  V.  i.     [L.  lamentor.] 


TCNR,  njJLL,  T^ITE.  — AN"GER,  VI^CIOUH.  — €  ai  K ;  O  aa  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  aa  In  THIS. 


645 


LAM 

1.  To  inouru  j  to  grieve  j  to  weep  or  wail  j  to  ex- 
press sorrow, 

Jfnaiah  lamrfHed  fbt  Ju^'vh.  — 2  Chron.  xzxv. 

a.  To  rejiret  deeply  ;  to  feel  sorrow. 
LA-MEXT',  r.  L    To  bewail;  to  mourn  for;  to  b&- 
moait  i  to  deplore. 

Onfl  Uughed  at  (Wlkii,  one  kuMnlnd  Crimea.  i>3^fr«. 

LA-MENT',  ■.     [Ulamntum,] 

Grti'f  or  sorrow  expressed  in  complaint*  or  cries ; 
lamentation ;  a  weepini^. 

ToniNM,  and  loini  tantent,  and  fVirioiM  T%gK,  MUton, 

[This  noKn  is  used  chieiu  or  toldtf  inpaetryJ] 

2.  An  elegj-  or  mournful  ballad. 
LAM'E\T-A-"BLE,  a.   [Fr.,  fnwn  L.  UtmentahOis.'] 

1.  To  be  lamented  ;  deserving  sorrow  j  as,  a  tarn- 
entabU  (l.Tlension  of  moral*. 

2.  Mournful ;  adapted  to  awaken  gnef ;  as,  a  Um- 
tmtmhUtune, 

3.  Expreasing  ■onow ;  as,  lamaOabU  cries. 

4.  Miserable ;  pitifViI ;  low ;  poor;  in  a  sense  rather 
iM/yirroM*.     [LitUe  ustd.)  StiUingjUet. 

L-AM'KNT-A-BLV,  ado,  MoumftUIy;  with  expres- 
sions or  tokens  of  sorrow.  Sidarv, 

2.  So  as  to  cause  sorrow.  ShaJu 

3.  Pitifullv  ;  despicably. 
LAME.N'T-A'TION,  h.     [  U  Umentatio.} 

1.  Expression  of  sorrow  ;  cries  of  grief;  the  act  of 
bewailing. 

la  Ru>M  «aa  tfaetc  a  Toic«  tteanl,  lamentaaon  and  vpcpin^.  — 
MaiLi. 

5.  I»U«  jttmraty  a  book  nf  Scripture,  containing 
the  lamriiCfttions  of  Jeremiah. 

LA-MENT' ED,  pp.  or  a.     Bewailed  ;  mourned  for. 

L.\-ME.NT'ER,  a.  One  who  mourns,  or  cries  oat 
wiih  sorrow. 

LA-.MEX'TI.V.     See  Lam*nti;». 

LA-ME.NT'fXG,  p;»r.     Bewailing;   mouininfr;  wrep- 

LA-ME\T'IXG,  n.     Araonrnine;  lauientntion.   [i«g. 

LA-MENT'L\G-LY,  (w/f.    With  lamemaiion. 

LA'MI-A,  H.     [!*.}     A  hag  ;  a  witch  ;  a  demon. 

LAM'IN-A,a..p/.  LAMi:f^.  [L.lamtna:  W.  Uarya, 
from  extending,  W.  Uoc] 

1.  A  thin  plate  or  scale  ;  a  layer  or  coat  lying;  over 
another;  applied  to  the  plates  of  minerals,  bones,  &c 
3.  A  bone,  or  part  of  a  bone,  resembling  a  thin 
plate,  such  as  the  cribriform  plale  of  the  ethmoid 
bone.  Parr, 

a.  The  lap  of  the  ear.  Parr. 

A,  The  burdur,  or  the  upper,  broad,  orspreading  paut 
of  the  petal,  in  a  poly[>etalou:j  fx»rol.  Martfn. 

5.  The  put  of  a  leJif  which  is  an  expansion  of  the 
parenchyma  or  pith  of  the  petiole;  the  blade  of  a 
leaf.    It  i*  traversed  by  veins.  LtHdln/. 

LAM'IX-A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  formed  into  thin 
plates.  KirtDon. 

LAM'IX-AR,  a.  In  plates  ;  consisting  of  thin  plates 
or  lavers. 

LAM'IX-ATE,     jo.     Plated;   consisting  of  plates, 

LAM'IX-A-TED,  \  scales,  or  layers,  one  over  an- 
other. 

LAM-IX-A'TIOX,  n.    ?tate  of  being  laminated. 

LAM'IXG,  ppr.     Crippling. 

LAM-rX-lF'ER-OUS,  a.       [L.    lamima   and  fero,  to 
bear.] 
Having  a  structure  consisting  of  laminse,  nr  layers. 
I  Humble, 

L.^M'ISH,a.    Somewhat  lame.  fVood. 

LAMM,  r.  t    To  heaL     fJVot  in  use.]  Beaum.  ^  FL 

LAM'MAS,  a.     [Sax.  hiammasse,  frotn  kUifmitsse^  lo<if- 
wuiss^  bread-fea^rt,  or  feast  of  first  fruits.     Lye.] 
The  tirst  dav  of  AueiisL  Bacan. 

LAM'MER-GEIR,  n.  The  Gypaelos  barbaitis,  the 
larpf-.-^t  bird  of  prey  in  Europe,  Asia,  or  Africa,  in- 
habiting chains  of  high  mountains;  aldo  called  the 
Bearded  FuUure. 

LAMP,)!.  [Tr.Uumpet  "L.  lampas ;  Or.  Xa/iTa{,  from 
X.iiivtit,  to  shine  ;  Heb.  Ch.  *i'<sS.    Qu.  j 

1.  A  vessel  used  for  the  combustion  of  liquid  in- 
flammable bodies,  for  the  purpose  of  producing  arti- 
firial  light. 

2.  Ftsuratively,  a  light  of  any  kind.  The  moon  is 
called  the  loji^  of  heaven. 

Tfaj  gmite  evea  arad  forth  a  qiiick^Biftf  spint. 
To  Ircd  Uke  djiog  lanp  of  life  wiiliia  mv.  Roiot. 

Lamp  ^mftt^^  or  tafitii  lamp :  a  lamp  for  lij^hting 
coal  mines,  without  exposing  workmen  to  the  explo- 
sion of  innnmmable  air.  Dacy, 

LAMP'A-DIST,  a.  One  who  gained  the  prize  in  the 
lampadrome. 

LAMP'A-DROME,  «.  [Gr.  >a^T«f  and-*^  o/jh.]  In 
Aiketis,  a  race  by  yuiing  men,  with  Iam[>3  in  their 
hands.  He  who  reached  the  goal  first,  vviih  his 
lamp  unextinguished,  gained  the  prize.  Elmea. 

LAM'PASS,  «.  [Fr.]  An  accidental  awellinc  of  the 
fleshy  lining  of  the  roof  of  the  mouth  immediately 
behind  the  fore  teeth  in  the  horse,  which  soon  sub- 
sides if  left  to  itself.     Sometimes  called  Lampers. 

LAM'PATE,  n.  A  compound  salt,  composed  of  lampic 
acid  and  a  base.  Urtk 

LAMP'-BLACK,  n.     \lamp  and  black:  being  originally 
made  by  means  of  a  lamp  or  torch.] 
A  fine  soot  formed  by  the  condensation  of  the 


LAN 

smoke  of  burning  oil,  pitch,  or  resinous  substances, 
in  a  chimney  terminating  in  a  cone  of  cloth. 

Fourcroy. 
LAM'PER-EEL,  n.    The  same  as  Uie  Lamfbet. 

Forby. 
LAMP'ie.  a.     Th«  lampic  acid  Is  obtained  by  the 
combustion  of  ether  by  means  of  a  lamp  furnished 
with  a  coil  of  platinum  wire.  Ure.     Cooley. 

LAMP'IXG,  a.     [It.  lampante.] 

Shining;  sparkling.     [A'ot  vsed.']  Spenser 

LAMP'LtGHT,  n.     Light  from  a  lamp. 
LAMPOON',  n.     [Qu.  Old  Fr.  lamper.^ 

A    personal    satire   in   writing  ;    abuse  ;    censure 
written  to  reproach  and  vex  mthcr  than  to  reform. 
JohnsoH.     riryden.     Pope. 
LAM-POOX',  r.  U    To  abuse  with  personal  censure ; 

to  reproach  in  \vrillen  satire. 
LAM-POOX'KD,  pp.     AlMised  with  personal  satire. 
LAM-POOX'ER,  n.     One  who  abuses  with  personal 
satire  ;  the  writer  of  a  lampt>on. 

The  tquiN  ai»  Uitap  who  are  cuUed  libclere,  lampoonm^  nnd 
pAmphWfT're.  lytdtr. 

LAM-POOX'IXO,  ppr.    Abusing  with  persona!  satire. 

LAM-POOX  UY,  a.     Abuse. 

LAM'PREY,  n.  [Fr.  hvtproie ;  Sax.  Inmprtrda;  G. 
lampreie;  D.  tamprei;  Dan.  lampret ;  Sp.  and  Port. 
lamprea  ;  \\..Si^preda  :  W.  Itelprog  ;  Arm.  lamprezeun. 
In  Arm.  lampra  signifies  tn  slip  or  plidp.  In  Welsh, 
UeipiaiD  is  to  lick  or  /up.nml  lleipraic^  to  make  flabby. 
If  m  is  casual,  which  is  probable,  the  Armoric  lampra, 
for  lapnt,  coincides  with  L.  labor,  to  slip,  and  most 
protiably  the  animal  is  named  from  slipping.  If, 
however,  the  sense  is  taken  from  lirkin^r  the  rocks, 
as  Camden  supposes,  it  accords  with  the  sense  of 
the  technical  name  of  the  genua  Petroniyzon,  the 
rvdi-suckcr.  1 

The  i>op!i1ar  name  nf  several  species  of  Petmmyzon, 
a  genus  of  nnguillit'orm  fishes,  n>scmt>linf;  the  eel, 
and  moving  in  water  by  winding;,  like  the  serpent  on 
land.  This  fish  has  si-ven  sptradea  on  each  side  of 
the  neck,  and  a  fi^-tula  or  ai>t>rture  on  the  top  of  the 
head,  but  no  pertonil  or  venlml  fins.  The  marine 
or  sea  lamprey  is  sometimes  found  so  liirge  as  to 
wcich  four  or  five  pounds.  Encyc. 

LAM'PREL  and  LAM'PRO.V.    See  Laupket. 

LA'XA-RY,  n,     A  store-place  for  wool.  SmarL 

I  A'N'A  TED  I  **     t^  lanatus,  from  lana,  wool.] 

Wooly.  In  botanv,  covered  with  a  substance  like 
curled  hairs ;  as,  a  fanated  leaf  or  stem. 
LANCE,  a.  [L.  taneea;  Fr.  lance;  Sp.  lania;  It. 
landa;  G.  lame;  D.  Sw.  tans;  Dan.  la-ue ;  Slav. 
Unzha;  Gr.  Ai.)X7-  This  word  probably  belongs  to 
Class  Lg,  and  is  named  from  shooting,  sending.] 
A  spear,  an  olTensive  weapon  in  t'orm  of  a  half 

fike,  used  by  the  ancients  and  thrown  by  the  hand, 
t  consisttrd  of  the  shaft  or  handle,  the  wings  and  the 
darL  Encyc 

LANCE,  r.  t.     [Arm.  lan^za,  to  shoot,  to  vomit.] 

1.  To  pierce  with  a  lance,  or  with  a  sharp,  pointed 
instrumcnL 

Snxd  the  doe  victim,  and  vhh  fuiy  laneid 

Her  Uick.  Prydtn. 

2.  To  pierce  or  cut ;  to  open  with  a  lancet ;  as,  to 
lance  a  vein  or  an  abscess. 

3.  To  throw  in  the  manner  oP  a  lance  [See 
Lahch.J  Smart. 

LAXC'£D,  (linst,)  pp.     Pierced  with  a  lancet. 

LAXCE'LY,  a.     Suitable  to  a  lance.  Sidney. 

LAN'CE-O-LAR,  a.  In  botany,  tapering  toward  each 
end.  .^^-  Res. 

LAX'CEO-LATE,      i   a.    Oblong  and  Gradually  la- 

LAN'CE-O-LA-TED,  \  pering  toward  the  outer  ex- 
tremity ;  as,  a  lanceolate  leJif. 

LAXCE-PE-SAUE',  h.  [It  lancia-spezzaUi,  a  demi- 
lance man,  a  light  horseman.] 

An  officer  under  the  corpoial.  J.  Ifnil. 

LANCER,  n.  One  who  lances;  one  who  carries  a 
lance.    Anciently,  a  lancet. 

LAN'CET,  (lan'set,)  n,     [Fr.  lanceue,  from  lance.] 

1.  .A  surgical  instrument,  8imr[vptjinted,  and  two- 
edged,  used  in  venesection,  and  in  opening  tumors, 
abscesses,  &.c.  Encyc. 

2.  A  high  and  narrow  window  pointed  like  ^ 
lancet,  often  called  a  lancet  irtndoro. 

LXXCH,  F.  L      [from   Z/incfi,  Fr.   lancer.] 

To  throw,  as  a  lance  ;  to  dart  ;  lo  let  fly. 
Sec  whuKte  arm  caii  lanch  ihe  surer  bolt.  Dryden.    Lee. 

LAXCH'ED,  (l:incht,)  pp.     Caused  to  dart  or  fly  off. 

Mar.  Diet- 
LANCH'IXG,  ppr.     Dnrtine  ;  letting  fly,  a>*  an  arrow. 
LAN'CI-FOKM,  a.     Having  the  form  of  a  lance. 

JfajitelL 
LAX'CI-XATE,  V.  t.     [L.  lanano.] 

To  tear ;  to  lacerate.  Johnson, 

LAN-CI-XA'TION,  B.  A  tearing;  laceration. 
LAXC'IXG,  ppr.  Opening  or  piercing  with  a  lancet. 
LAND,  n.  [Sax.  land;  (Joth.  G.  D.  Dan.  and  Sw. 
land.  I  suppose  this  to  be  the  VY.  tlan,  a  clear  [ilace 
or  area,  antl  the  same  as  Lawx  ;  Catiiabrian,  landa,  a 
plain,  or  fit-Id,  It.  and  Sp.  laaita-  The  final  d  is  prob- 
ably adventiriuus.  The  primary  sense  is  a  lay  or 
spread.     Class  Ln.] 


LAN 

1.  E;i!lh,  or  the  solid  miiitiT  which  constitutes  the 
fixed  |Ktrt  of  the  surface  of  the  glubtr,  in  distinction 
from  the  Rca  nr  other  waters,  which  conHiimte  the 
thiid  or  movable  part.  Hence  we  say,  tin;  globe  is 
tcrniquenus,  consisting  of  land  and  water.  The 
seaman  in  a  long  voya^ie  longs  to  see  Umd. 

2.  Any  portion  uf  the  solid,  superficial  part  of  the 
globe,  whether  a  kingdom  or  counlrj',  or  a  particular 
region.  'I'lie  United  States  are  deuominated  the 
land  of  freedom. 

Go,  view  the  land,  even  JcHcho.  — Josh.  it. 

3.  Any  small  portion  of  the  superficial  part  of  Ihe 
earth  or  ground.  We  speak  of  the  quantity  u(  land 
in  n  manor.  Five  hundred  acres  of  land  is  a  large 
farm. 

4.  Ground  ;  soil,  or  the  suiwrficial  part  of  the  earth 
in  respect  lo  its  nature  or  quality;  as,  good  land; 
poor  land ;  moist  or  dry  land. 

5.  Real  estate.  A  traitor  forfeits  all  his  lands  and 
tenements. 

G.  The  inhabitants  of  a  country  or  region ;  a  nation 
or  [wople. 

Thfsp  answ-^  in  ihr  lilcnt  n!»hl  nvrlTpd, 

The  king  hiiiiaeir  ilivul^>>U ;  tlie  larui  bcltcvecl.  Dryden. 

7.  The  ground  left  nnplowed  between  furrows  is 
by  fanners  called  a  land. 

To  make  the  land,  t   in  seamen^s  lanirnage^  is  to  dis- 

To  make  land,  )  cover  land  frt^m'the  sea  as 
the  ship  apiiroacbes  it. 

To  shut  in  the  land ;  to  lose  sight  of  the  land  left, 
by  the  intervention  of  a  point  or  promontory. 

7'o  set  the  land ;  to  sye  by  the  compass  how  it  bears 
from  the  ship. 

Land  o'  the  leal ;  place  of  the  faithful  or  blessed  ; 
heaven.     [Sfo«j5A.] 
LAND,  V.  t.    To  set  on  shore  ;  to  disembark ;  to  de- 
bark ;  as,  to  land  troops  from  a  ship  or  bout ;  to  land 
gimds. 
LAXD,  r,  t.    To  go  on  sliore  from  a  ship  or  boat ;  to 

disembark. 
LAND'AM-MAN,  n.    A  chief  magistrate  in  some  of 
the  Swiss  cantons. 

2.  The  president  of  the  diet  of  ^he  Helvetic 
republic. 

LAN'DAU,  n.  A  kind  of  coach  or  carriage  whose 
top  may  be  opened  and  thrown  back  ;  so  colled  from 
a  town  in  Germany. 

LAN-DAU-LET',  n.  A  chariot  opening  at  top  like  a 
landau.  SmarL 

LAND'-BREEZE,  n,  [land  and  breeze.]  A  current 
of  air  setting  from  the  liind  toward  ilie  sea. 

LANU'DAMN,  (lamrdam,)  r.  (.  To  banish  from  the 
land.  attiik. 

LAXD'ED,  pp.  Disembarked;  set  on  shore  from  a 
ship  or  boat. 

2  a.  Having  an  estate  in  land  ;  n.':,  a  landed  gen- 
tleman. * 

Till?  house  of  commons  must  consist,  for  Uiu  u.^.. ,  ..it,  of  larvixd 
i»en.  Adihton. 

3.  Consisting  in  real  estate  or  land  ;  as,  landeJ 
security  ;  landed  property.  The  landed  interest  of  a 
nation  is  the  interest  consisting  in  land  ;  but  the 
word  is  used  also  for  the  owners  of  that  interest,  the 
proprietors  of  land. 

LAND'FALL,  n.  [land  and  fall.]  A  sudden  transla- 
tion of  property  in  land  by  the  death  uf  a  rich  man. 

Johnson. 
2.  In  seamen's  language,  the  first  land  discovered 
after  a  voyage.  Mar.  Jiiet. 

A  good  landfall,  is  the  discovery  of  the  land  at  the 
time  and  place  expected. 

LAND'FLOOD,  (-flud,)  n.  [land  and  Jlood.]  An 
overflowing  of  land  by  water  ;  an  inundation. 
Properly,  a  flood  from  the  land  from  tlie  swelling 
of  rivers;  but  I  am  not  sure  that  it  is  atwnys  used 
in  this  sense. 

LAND'-FORCE,  n.  [land  and  force.]  A  military 
force,  army,  or  body  of  troops  serving  on  land,  as 
di^tinguislied  from  a  naval  force. 

LAND'GRA  VE,  n.  [G.  la-dgraf;  D.  landsp-aaf;  (rraf^ 
or  graaf,  is  an  earl  or  count.  Sax.  gerefa,  a  companion 
or  count.  It  is  contracted  into  reerc,  as  in  aluriff,  or 
shire-reeve.] 

A  title  taken  by  some  German  counts  in  the  twelfth 
century,  to  distinguish  themselves  from  the  inferior 
counts"undi-r  their  jurisdiction.  Three  of  them  were 
princes  of  the  empire.  Braude. 

LAND-GRA'VI-ATE,  n.  The  territory  held  by  a 
l:indgrave,or  his  olhcc, jurisdiction, or  authority. 

Encyc 

LAXD'HoLD-ER,  n,  A  holder,  owner,  or  propriettw 
of  land. 

LAXD'IXG,  ppr.    Setting  on  shore  ;  coming  on  shore. 

LAND'ING,  «,  The  act  of  going  or  setting  on  shore 
from  a  vessel. 

2.  A  place  for  goins  or  .netting  on  shore. 

3.  In  architeeture,  tlie  part  of  a  staircase  which  is 
level,  without  steps,  connecting  one  flight  with 
another.  FJmes. 

LAXD'ING-NET,  n.  A  small  hoop-net  used  by  an- 
glers to  land  the  fish  they  have  lakfn. 

LAND'ING-PLACE,  n.  A  place  for  the  landing  of 
persons  or  goods  from  a  ve»st-l. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PRfiY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


LAN 

LAND'JOB-BER,  n.  A  ninn  who  inrtkes  a  biiiiiness 
of  buying  hind  on  speculation,  or  of  buying  and 
selling  fur  the  prutit  v(  burgainii,  or  who  buys  and 
sella  for  others. 

LAND'LA-DY,  n.     [See  Ijandlord.]     A  woninn  who 

bas  tenants  hohlin«  from  h(*r.  Joknson, 

2.  The  mistress  of  an  inn.  Swi/l. 

LAND'UESS,  a.  Destitute  of  land  ;  having  no  prop- 
erty in  land.  Siiak. 

LANO'LOCK,  V.  t.  {land  and  lock.^  To  inclose  or 
encompass  bv  land. 

LAi\D'LOCK-£U,  riokt.)  pp.  Encompassed  by  land, 
so  that  no  point  uf  the  compass  is  open  to  the  sea. 

Encyc. 

LANDX6-rER.      )  n.     [D,  tandlooper^   literalhj  Land- 

LANU'LOrP-ER,  i  RUNNER,  from  laiid  and  iovpen^ 
to  run  or  ranibli'.]  A  vagabond  or  vagrant ;  one 
who  has  no  settled  habitation.     [See  also  Lanulub- 

BEB.] 

LA.\I>'LORD,  n.  [f^ax.  land^hlaford,  bird  of  the  land. 
But  in  German  lehen-herr^  D.  Iten-herr,  is  lord  of  the 
leait  or  fi;tf.  Perhaps  tlie  Saxon  is  so  written  by  mis- 
take, or  ths  word  may  liave  been  corrupted.] 

1.  The  lord  of  a  manor  or  of  land  -,  the  owner  of 
land  or  houses  who  has  tenants  under  him. 

Jok naon. 

2.  The  nix^ner  of  an  inn  or  tavern.  ^ddlaon, 
LAND'LORD-RV,  n.     The  slate  of  a  landlord.  [Obs.]  . 
LAiNO'LUU-UER,    n.      [Perhaps  from  landloper.]      A  ' 

term  of  reprojich  among  seamen  for  one  who  passes 
his  life  on  land. 

L.WD'.MAN,  n.  A  man  who  lives  or  serves  on  land  ; 
opposed  tn  SeaHAP*. 

LA.NU'MAKK,  n.  [laifi  and  mark.]  A  mark  to  desig- 
nate the  boundary'  of  land  ;  any  mark  or  fixed  ob- 
ject; a5,  a  marked  tree,  a  stone,  a  ditch,  or  a  heap 
of  stones,  by  which  the  limits  of  a  farm,  a  town,  or 
ollwr  portion  of  territory  may  be  known  and  pre- 
served. 

Thou  alult  not  nmon  thy  ncigfibor'i  landmark.  —  Deut.  xix. 

9.  In  naiHifation,  any  elevated  object  on  land  tliat 
serves  a^  a  cuide  to  seamen. 

LANO'-OF-KICE,  «.  In  the  United  States,  an  office  in 
which  the  sales  of  new  land  are  registered,  and 
warrants  issued  for  the  location  of  land,  and  other 
business  respecting  unsettled  land  is  transacted. 

LAND'OWX-ER,  h,    'I'he  proprietor  of  land. 

LAND'REEVE,  n.  A  subordinate  officer  on  an  exlen- 
Bivo  estate,  who  acts  as  an  assistant  to  the  steward. 

LA.NO'SeAPE,  n,  [D.  tand.^cfutp  ;  G,  himUchafl;  Dan. 
lamiskab;  Sw.  laittCtkap :  land  and  .'tkapr.] 

1.  A  fiorlion  of  land  or  territory  which  the  eye  can 
comprehend  in  a  sinptc  view,  inrluding  mountains, 
rivers,  lakes,  and  whatever  the  land  contains. 

Wlultt  Ok  landMcape  roiitiil  U  nv^iuurct, 

RuMit  Inwns  and  rilluuri  fRiy, 

"WberK  lU?  niVbliti^  floda  uo  itny.  Milton, 

3.  A  picture,  exhibiting  the  form  of  a  district  of 
country,  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach,  or  a  particular 
extent  of  land  and  the  objr-cts  it  contains,  or  its  vari- 
ous scenery.  Jidduon.     Pope. 

3.  The  view  or  prospect  of  a  district  of  country. 

LAND'SCAPE-GXR'D>:\-I.\(;,  n.  The  art  of  laying 
out  grounds  and  arranL'iiii;  tn^cs,  shrubbery,  &c.,  in 
fiiich  a  manner  as  to  pruiluce  the  most  pleasing  effect. 

LA.ND'SLTDE,  |  n,     A  [mrtion  of  a  hill  or  mountain, 

LA.VD'SLIP,  i  which  .Mip^  or  slides  down;  or  the 
sliding  down  of  a  considerable  tract  uf  land  from  a 
mountain.  Lamlelips  arc  not  unfrequent  in  Switzer- 
land. Gtitd.iinilh. 

LANDa'MAN,  n.  One  who  lives  on  the  land  ;  op- 
posed to  ScAMA^f, 

2.  In  neamen''!'  lan'jua>Tr^  a  sailor  on  board  a  ship, 
who  ha.-^  n<tt  before  been  at  sea. 

LAND'-SPRI.NG,  n.  A  spring  of  water  which  comes 
into  actt«in  onlv  after  heavy  rains.  Brandt. 

LAND'STRBIGIIT,  (strite,)  it,  A  narrow  slip  of 
land.     [-'Vor  u^ed.\  Jilonntujru. 

LAND'-TAX,  n.  A  tax  assessed  on  land  and  build- 
ings. 

LAXD'-TURX,  n.     A  land  breeze.  Kncye. 

LA\U'-\VAIT-EK,  n.  An  olficer  of  the  customs, 
whose  duty  is  t(»  teait  or  attend  on  the  lauding  of 
goods,  and  to  examine,  weigh,  or  measure,  and  take 
an  account  of  them.  Brande. 

LAND'U'ARD,  ttiiv.    Toward  the  land.  Sandys. 

LAXD'U'Bim,  (wire,)  Jt.  [Ger.  lingiiard.']  In  Jias- 
tria  .and  Prussia,  the  militia.  Brande. 

LA.\D'-\VIND,  n.    A  wind  blowing  from  the  laml. 

LAND'-WOitK-ER,  (wurk-cr,)  n.  One  who  tills  the 
ground.  Pownall. 

LANK,  ft.     [D.  laan,  a  lane,  a  walk.    Class  Ln.] 

I.  A  narrow  w.iy  or  passage,  or  r  private  passage, 
as  distinguished  from  n  public  road  or  highway.  A 
lane  may  be  open  to  all  passengers,  or  it  may  be  in- 
•  cloHed  and  appropriated  to  a  man's  private  use.  In 
Vu  UniUd  SUitrs,  the  word  is  used  chiefly  in  the 
country,  and  answers  in  a  degree  to  an  ailnj  in  a 
city.  It  has  sometimes  been  used  for  alley.  In  Lon- 
don, the  word  lane  is  added  to  the  name  of  sora« 
Blr«:ets  ;  ax,  Chnacmj-lanr.. 

2  A  pn>(sase  between  lines  of  men,  tr  people 
standing  on  each  side.  Bccoi^ 


LAN 

LAN"GTtAGE,  (lang'graj,)  >«.  Lan^rel  skot,  or  lan- 
I,AN"GREL,  (lang'grel,)  \  grq^c,  is  a  particular 
kind  of  shot  used  at  sea  for  tearing  sails  and  rigging, 
and  thus  disabling  an  enemy's  ship.  It  consists  of 
bolts,  nails,  and  other  pieces  of  iron  Cisiened  to- 
gether. Mar.  Diet. 
LANG'SET-TLE,  tu    A  long  bench  to  sit  on.    [JVortA 

of  Eno'land.] 
LXNG-S?i\E%  adv.     Long  ago.     [Scottish.] 
LAXG  TER-A-LOO',  n.    An  old  game  at  cards  ;  often 

abridged  to  lanierloo  and  lantrtra.  Tatter.  Smart. 
LAN"GUAGE,  (lang'gwaje,)  n.  [Fr.  langage;  Sp. 
lengua,  lengaage  ;  Port.  ItHguattcm  ;  It.  liniftuiiTgio  ; 
Arm.  lan-raichi  from  L.  tingua,  the  tongue  and 
speech.  It  seems  to  be  connected  with  liniro,  to  lick  ; 
the  »  is  evidently  casual,  for  UtriUa,  in  Latin,  is  a  lit- 
tle tongue,  and  this  signitics  aUo  a  strap  or  lace,  as 
if  the  primary  sense  were  to  extend.] 

1.  Human  speech  ;  the  expression  of  ideas  by 
words  or  signidcant  articulate  sounds,  for  the  com- 
munication of  thoughts.  Language  consists  in  the 
onil  utterance  of  sounds,  which  usage  has  made  the 
representatives  of  ideas.  When  two  or  more  per- 
sons 'customarily  annex  the  same  sounds  to  the  same 
ideas,  the  expression  of  these  sounds  by  one  pers*>n 
communicates  his  ideas  to  another.  Tliis  is  the  pri- 
mary sense  of  language,  the  use  of  which  is  to  com- 
municate the  thoughts  of  one  i^n^un  to  another 
through  the  organs  of  hearing.  Articulate  sounds 
are  represented  by  letters,  marks,  or  chafacters, 
which  form  words.    Hence  language  consists  also  in, 

2.  Words  duly  arranged  in  sentences,  written, 
printed,  or  engraved,  and  exhibited  to  the  eye. 

3.  The  speech  or  expression  of  ideas  peculiar  to  a 
particular  nation.  Men  had  originally  one  and  the 
same  language:  but  the  tribes  or  families  of  men, 
since  their  dis|)ersion,  hai'e  distinct  languages. 

4.  Style  ;  manner  of  expression. 

Olhcrt  fur  language  all  ihcir  c  irc  f^xpr-'M.  Pope, 

5.  The  inarticulate  sounds  by  which  irrational  an- 
imals express  their  feelings  and  wants.  Each  spe- 
cies of  animals  has  peculiar  sounds,  which  are  ut- 
tered instinctively,  ami  are  understood  by  its  own 
species,  and  its  own  species  only. 

6.  Any  manner  of  expressing  thoughts.  Thus  we 
speak  of  the  language  of  the  eye,  a  language  very 
expressive  and  intelligible. 

7.  A  nation,  as  distinguished  by  their  speech. 
Dan.  iii. 

LA.\"GUAC-KD,  flang'gwajd,)  a.  Having  a  lan- 
guage ;  skilled  in  language  ;  as,  m:iny4angHaged  na- 
tions. Pope. 

LAN"GUA6E-MXS'TER,  n.  One  whose  profession 
is  to  teach  languages.  Spectator. 

UijV-OUFJ^'  TE,  [it.]  In  music,  in  a  languishing 
manner. 

LA\"GtJET,  n.     [Pr.  Unguette  1 

Any  thing  in  the  shape  of  the  tongue.  [JV*ot 
Engli-ih,]  Johnson, 

LAN"GUID,  (lang'gwid,)  a,  [\^  languidus,  from  lan- 
gaeo,  to  droop  or  fiag.     See  Lanouish.] 

1.  Flagging;  drooping;  hence,  feeble;  weak; 
heavj' ;  dull;  indisposed  to  exertion.  The  body  is 
languid  after  excessive  action,  which  exhausts  its 
powers. 

2.  Stow  ;  as,  languid  motion. 

3.  Dull ;  heartless  ;  without  animation. 

And  fir;  thi-tf  languid  ■on!  wUh  Cuto'i  Tirtuc.  Addiion. 

LAN"GUID-Ly,  adv.   Weakly  ;  feebly  ;  slowly.  Boyle. 
LAN"GUID-NESS,  n.     Weakness  from  exhaustioti  of 

strength;  feebleness;  dullness;  languor. 
9.  Slowness. 
L.\N"GUISH,  r.  i.     [Fr.  tanguir,  langn'issant ;  Arm. 

languicza ;  It,   languire  ;    L.  languro,  lachinisso  ;    Gr. 

Aa>  yevn,  to  fiag,  to  lag.     This  word  is  of  the  family 

of  W.  llae,  slack,  loose ;  llaciaio,  to  slacken,  to  relax. 

L.  laro,  laxus,  flaceeo,  and  Goth,  laggs,  long,  may  be 

of  the  same  family.] 

1.  To  lose  strength  or  animation  ;  to  be  or  be- 
come dull,  feeble,  or  spiritless  ;  to  pine  ;  to  be  or  to 
grow  heavy.  He  languish  under  disease  or  after 
excessive  exertion. 

'  She  Ui'it  Ii.-\lh  liome  aevvn  languitheA,  — Jt.  xv. 

2.  To  wither;  to  fade;  to  lose  the  vegetating 
power. 

For  th«  ti'l\»  of  II(-a)i1jon  langnhh,  —  Ii.  xvj, 

3.  To  grow  dull ;  to  bo  no  longer  active  and  vigor- 
ous. The  war  languished  for  want  nf  supplies. 
Commerce,  agriculture,  manufactures  languish,  not 
for  want  of  money,  but  for  want  of  good  markets. 

4.  To  pine  or  snik  under  sorrow  or  any  continued 

fiassion  ;  as,  a  woman  languishes  for  the  loss  of  her 
over. 
TliT^fhp*  ihall  ilic  Inn'!   motim,  and  CTTy  one  ihat  dwelleth 
tli<?r<  111  •linll  languish,  —  lluxjx  ir, 

5.  To  lotik  with  softness  or  tenderness,  as  with 
the  head  reclined  and  a  peculiar  cast  of  the  eye. 

LAN"GUISH,  V.  t  To  cause  to  dror>p  or  pine.  [Lit- 
tle «.*ed.]  Shak.     Dnjden. 

LAN"GtTl3n,  n.  Act  of  pining;  also,  a  soft  and  ten- 
der look  or  appearance. 

And  ihr  bill-  languith  of  Kift  AlIU'i  eye.  Pope- 


LAN 

LAN"GUISH-£n,  {lang'gwisht,)  pp.  Drooped  ;  pined. 

LA\"(;UISK-Elt,  II.     One  who  languishes  or  pines. 

LAN"GU1SH-ING,  ppr,     Hecoining  or  being  leeble  ; 
losing  strength  ;  pining;  withering;  fading. 

2.  a.  Having  a  languid  appearance  ;  as,  a  lanr 
gal^hing  eye. 

LA.\"GdSlI-IXG,  n.     Feebleness;  pining. 

LAN"GUISH-ING-LY,  arft).      Weakly;   feebly;  dul- 
ly ;  slowly. 
2.  With  tender  softiiess. 

LAN"GUIS1I-MEXT,  n.    The  state  of  pining. 

2.  Softness  of  look  or  mien,  with  the  head  r&- 
clined.  Dn/den. 

LAX"GUOR,  (lang'gwor,)  n.     [L.  languon   ^i.  Ian- 
giirur,] 

1.  Feebleness;  diillnessi ;  heaviness;  lassitude  of 
body  ;  that  slate  of  the  l>ody  which  is  induced  by 
exhaustion  of  strength,  as  by  disease,  by  extraonli- 
nary  exertion,  by  tlie  relaxing  effect  of  heat,  or  by 
weakness  from  any  cause. 

2.  Dullness  of  the  intellectual  faculty;  listlessness. 

3.  Softness;  laxity.  [Walts. 
To  Mlr«  oTrragTiinc/',  lilj-eilrprrd  vnl'>a, 

DiilUaiiig  languor  in  the  p.miu^  gales.  Dundad. 

LAN"GUOR-OUS,  a.    Tedious;  melancholy.    {Obs.} 

Spenser. 
LAN"GURE,  V.  U     To  languish.    [J^ot  in  use.] 

[  Chaucer.     Spenser. 
LAN'IARD,  (lan'y«r'I-)     See  Lantaro. 
La'XI-A-RY,  n.     Shambles  ;  a  place  of  slaughter. 

2.  A  term  applied  to  the  canine  or  dog  teeth. 
L5'XI-A-RV',  a.     [L.  lanius,  a  butcher.]  [Brande. 

Lacerating  or  tearing;  as,  the  laniary  teeth,  i.  e., 
the  canine  teeth. 
LA'XI-.XTE,  r.  t.     [L.  tamo.] 

To  tear  in  pieces.     [Little  used.] 
LS-NI-A'TION,  n.    A  tearing  in  pieces.    [Little  used.] 
LA-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  lanifer;  lana,  wool,  and/ero, 
to  produce.] 
Rearing  or  producing  wool. 
LA-XIF'ie-.\L,  a.     Working  in  wool. 
LAN'I-FICE,  n.     [L.  lantjicium;  tana,  wool,  and /ocio, 
to  make.] 

Manufacture  of  wool,     [Little  used.]  Bacon. 

LA-NIO'ER-OUS,  o.     [L.  lauiger;  lana,  wool,  and  ge- 
ro,  to  bear.] 

Hearing  or  producing  wool. 
LAX^K,  a.     [Sax.  htanca  ;  Gr.  Atijaoof  ,•  probably  allied 
to  fiank,  and  W.  Hoc,  slack,  lax  ;  Uaciaw,  to  slacken  ; 
G.  schtonk.] 

1.  Loose  or  lax,  and  easily  yielding  to  pressure  ; 
not  distended  ;  not  stiff  or  lirtn  by  distention  ;  not 
plump ;  as,  a  lank  bladder  or  purse. 

Are  laiik  and  lain  witli  liiy  exiuriioni.  ShaJt, 

2.  Thin  ;  slender;  meager;  not  full  and  firm  ;  aS| 
a  Innk  body. 

3.  Languid  ;  drooping.     [See  LAr»oui8H.]    Jtlilton. 
LA\K,  V.  i.    To  become  lank.     [Obs.]  Shak. 
LANK'LY,  ado.    Thinly;  loosely;  laxly. 
LAXK'XESS,  n.    Laxity;  flabbiuess  ;  leanness;  Blen- 
de mess. 

LAXK'V,  a.    Lank  and  tall.     [Vulgar.'\  Smart. 

LAN'XER,  I  n.     [Fr.  lanier  ;  L.  laniarius,  laiiius,  a 

LAN'XRR-ET,  j      butcher.] 

A  European  species  of  hawk.  Lanner  is  the  fe- 
male ;  tnnnrret,  the  male. 

LAiXS'aUE-NET,  (lans'ke-net,)  n.    [lance  and  hiecht, 
a  boy,  a  knight.] 

1.  .\  name  formerly  given  to  the  German  infantry, 
who  were  armed  mostly  with  pikes,  sometimes  with 
muNket-J.  Brande. 

2.  A  game  at  cards,  vulgarly  called  Lambski  nttet. 

Smart. 
LAX'TERX,  n.     [Fr.  lantrrne  ;  L.  laterna;  G.  laterne; 
D.  tantanrn  ;  Sp.  linterna.] 

1.  A  case  or  vessel  made  of  tin  perforated  with 
many  holes,  or  of  some  transparent  substance,  as 
glass,  horn,  or  oiled  paper;  used  for  carrying  a  can- 
dle or  other  light  into  the  open  air,  or  into  stables, 
&.C.  Locke. 

A  darJc  lantern  is  one  with  a  single  opening,  which 
m;iy  be  closed  so  as  to  conceal  the  light. 

2.  .K  lighthouse  or  light  to  direct  the  course  of 
ships.  Addison. 

3.  In  archittcture,  a  little  dome  raised  over  the  roof 
of  a  building  to  give  light,  and  to  serve  as  a  crown- 
ing to  the  fabric.  Encyc. 

A.  A  square  cage  of  carpentry  placed  over  the  ridge 
of  a  corridor  or  gallery,  between  two  rows  of  shops, 
to  illuminate  them.  Enetje. 

Mairic  lantern :  an  optical  machine  by  which  paint- 
ed images  are  represented  so  much  magtiiiiud  as  ti 
appear  like  the  effect  of  magic. 
LAX'TERX,  V.  U    To  put  to  death  at  or  on  the  larai> 

jxist. 
LAX'TERN-/:D,  pp.  or  a.  Put  to  death  at  a  lamp-posL 

O.  Mi.rris. 
LAX'TERX-FL?,  n.     The  English  name  of  Pulgora 

Innternaria,  a  hemipterous  insect  of  S(>ath  America, 

whiih  emits  a  strong  light  in  the  diirk. 
LAN'TERX-ING,  ppr.     Putting  to  death  ai  or  on  a 

laitip-post. 


TONE,  BULL,  XX'aVTZ       AN'OER,  VI"CI0US G  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  u  tn  THIS. 


"647^ 


LAP 

LAN'TERX-JAW-iCD,  a.    Having  a  Uiin  vidJige. 
LAN'TKKN-JAWS,  n.  pU     Long,  Ihin  jaws;  haice, 
a  Ihin  vi.saire.  Spectator. 

LAN'THA-NUMf '  i  "*     t^r.  >.i.-9ci.(j,  to  conceal.] 
A  motat,  n-cently  discovered,  occurring  wilh  ce- 
riiiiii  \n  certain  minerals. 

LAX'THORN  i  a  wrong  speltinff  of  LAJfTEa:*. 

f,A-.\C'0l-\6SE,  ia.     [L.  lanuirinostL^,  from  lanugOy 

LA-NO'GI-NOUS,  i      di«wn,  from  tana,  wooLj 
Downy  ;  covered  with  down,  or  fine,  soft  hair. 

L.\N'YARD,  n.     [Fr.  iamrre,  a  scrap,] 

A  short  piece  of  rope  or  line  used  for  fastening 
■omeUiing  in  ships  ;  as  the  tamtfcnU  of  the  gun-ptirts^ 
of  the  booy,  of  thecjtthot.k,  &c. ;  but  e-«[>ecially  «s*'d 
to  extend  the  shn»ids  and  stays  of  the  ma^L-<  hy  their 
coninmnicjtrion  with  the  dead  eyes,  ic.    Mar.  Diet. 

LA -*->€'<)■  ON,  n.  In  /^huhns  hist*»rtt,  tho  prtesi  of 
Ne(>tttne  or  Aiiollo,  durini^  the  1'rojnn  war.  In 
gculpture^  the  gntup  of  the  LaKu^it  is  this  priest 
witli  hu  rhttdrrn,  infoldeil  in  Uit)  coils  of  two  ser- 
pents, w*  described  by  VirjiJ. 

L.\-01>-I  rf^'AN\  «•  Like  the  Cbrtatians  of  Laodi- 
cea  ;  lukewarm  tn  religimi. 

L.\-OD-I-C£' AX-ISM,  b.    I^kewannness  in  trtifElon. 

E.  StiUs. 

LAP,  K.  [Pax.  Imo;  G.  lappen :  D.  Dan.  Up;  Sw. 
lapp,  Thia  «rwa  seems  1o  be  a  diSerent  ortliography 
of  Fl*p.] 

I.  The  louse  part  of  «  coat ;  the  lower  part  of  a 
garment  that  plays  loosely.  Sttifl. 

S.  The  part  of  clothe.*  that  lies  on  the  knees  wtien 
a  person  sits  down;  hence,  the  knees  in  tliis  posi- 
tion. 


Mm  apfd  thai  btppiiMW 


■houltl  dnp  fatto  tfadir  Ium. 

TBtotoon. 


X  Thai  part  of  oae  body  which  Ilea  on  and  covers 
another.  OititL 

LA  P,  r.  L  To  fold  ;  to  bend  and  lay  over  or  on  ;  as, 
to  tap  A  piece  of  clocb. 

TV  tap  board*,  is  to  lay  one  partly  over  another. 

9.  Tu  wrap  or  twist  round. 

I  tmppmi  a  dmiler  Ihmul  about  the  p*per.  StaHm. 

3.  To  infold  ;  to  involve. 

Uft  ruTnr»t  *r««kiU,  umI  iapt  Un  ki  ite  fakhu         Ihyim. 
LAP,  r.  t.    To  be  ^ire«ad  at  laid  ;  to  be  turned  over. 

The  n^f*t  vtnp  u«  ■ydoM ;  al  thnr  himlvr  f iids,  wb>-n^  ihrj 
ktp  orrr,  trui«|u*eiil  Kk«  tW  «■•;  of*  fl/>  Grew.  ' 

LAP,  r.  t.  [Sax.  tappian  ;  D.  Jo^Aim  :  Ann.  la/ipa  ;  Fr. 
tsfwr;  Dan.  taber :  W.  Urpiaie,  Uribiate ;  Gr.  Xia-r-u. 
If  M  is  ca.«ual  in  L.  lamko.  as  it  pn>bably  is,  this  is  the 
same  word.    Claioi  Lb,  No.^} 

Tt>  take  up  liquor  or  food  with  the  tongue ;  to  feed 
or  drink  by  licking. 

Tkr  il«si  bf  rhe  R*^  NBuaV  dde,  \x^g  ihinty,  ^p  \mmJIw  m 
Iber  tnm  aiamg  (iM  ■hoa*.  iX<^> 

Aod  ihf  nqmbrrwtheMifatlafpirfwCTf  liiwf  hwadwd  iiMaB.— 
Judf«a  vi. 

LAP,  r.  L    To  take  into  the  mouth  wHh  the  tongue  ; 

to  lick  up ;  as,  a  cat  laps  milk.  SMak, 

LAF'DOG,  n.    A  small  dog  fondled  in  the  lap.' 

l>niitm. 
LA-PEL',  H.    [from  lap.]    That  pan  of  a  cuat'which 

lap4  over  the  facine. 
L.APEL'Lf:D,  a.     Furnished  with  lopela. 
LAP'F^'I.,  R.    As  much  as  the  lap  can  contain.    3 

Kin^s  iv. 
LAP'I-OTDE,  a-     A  Btone-cutler.     [AV  it-w/.]     DtcL 
LAP  l-DA'RI-OUS,  a.      [L.  lapidariusy  from  l^ipu,  a 
stone.] 
Stony  ;  mnsistinir  of  stones. 
LAP'I-DA-RV,  H.     [Fr.  tapUtaire;  h.  lapidariMSj  lapis^ 
a  stone.] 

I.  An  artiJicer  who  cuts,  polishes,  and  engraves 
irecious  stone<<. 
%  A  dealer  in  precious  stone«. 
3.  A  virturiso  skilled  in  the  nature  and  kind^  of 
gems  or  pn-rioiis  slones.  Kucye. 

LAP'I-DA-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  art  of  cutting 
stones.  The  lapidary  style  denotes  that  which  is 
proper  fxa  monumental  and  other  inscription*:. 

Brande* 
LAP'I-D.XTE,  r.  f.     [L.  Upida.'] 

To  stone.    [J^Tot  M*rd.] 
LAP  I-DA'TION',  a.     The  act  of  stoning  a  person  to 

d.--ath.  halU 

LA-PID'Ei-OUS,  ii.     [L.  tapideiui.] 

Stonv  ;  of  the  nature  of  stone  ;  as,  lapideous  mat- 
ter.   [Livlt  uMdA  Ray. 
LAP-I-t)£S'C£.\CE,  a.     [L.  Uptdtsco,  from  iapis,  a 
stoneJ 

1.  The  process  of  becoming  stone ;  a  hardening 
into  a  stony  sub-stance. 

2,  A  stony  concretion.  BroiPJi. 
LAP-I-DES'CEXT,  a.     Growing  or  turning  to  stone  ; 

that  has  the  quality  of  pf-trif>  ing  Ixwlies.         Encpe. 
LAP-I-DE.S'CE.NT,  n.    Any  ^uLlstallce  which  has  the 
T  *'p"i' n  *''^,l^*"^>''ne  «  hody,  or  converting  it  to  f=tonc. 
LAP-1-DIF'I€,  a.      [L.  lapis,  a  stone,  and  facia,  to 

make.] 

Forming  or  converting  into  stone. 
LA-FID-I-PI-eA'TION-,  n.    The  operation  of  forming 

or  converting  into  a  slony  sub.-iaiice,  by  means  of  a 


LAR 

liquid   charged    with    earthy    particles   in    solution, 
wliich  crysUillize  in  the  interstices,  and  end  in  form- 
ing fnse-stone,  puddinp-atono,  tc.  Diet.  J^Tat.  HisL 
LA-PID'I-Fr-f:D,  O*-*  P'J'e-flJt.)  pp.  or  a.     Turned 

into  stone  :  funned  into  stono. 
L/VPIU'I-FS",  V.  t.    [L.  lapis^  a  stone,  and  fucio,  to 
fonn.] 
To  form  into  stone.  ■ 
LA-PID'I-FT,  u.  i.     To  turn  into  stone;  to  become 

stone. 
LAPID'r-F?-IXG,  ppr.    Turning  into  stone. 
LAP'I-DIST,  a.    A  dealer  in  precious  stones.    [See 

Lapiuakt.I 
LAP-IL-LA'TION,  n.    The  state  of  being,  or  act  of 

laakiQg  stony.  Smart. 

LA-PIL'LI,  a.  p/.  [L.]    Vulcanic  ashes  in  which  glob- 
ular concretions  [H^vail.  MaiUcU. 
LA'PIS  ;  in  I>attn,  a  stone.     Hence, 

IjipiA  BononitK'iis:  the  Dologuian  stone. 
Ijitpis  kr/mt'teus ;  liver  stone. 

Lapis  infcma' lis;  fused  nitrate  of  silver;  lunar  caus- 
tic Brands, 

Lapis  tatuli;  azure  stone,  an  aluminous  mineral,  of 
a  rich  blue  color,  resembling  tlie  blue  cubunate  of 
copper.     [See  Laxuli.] 

Lapis  LydiuSf  touchstone;    basanitc;  a  variety  of 
silicious  slate. 
LAP'LI.N'G,  n.      [from  tap.)    One  who  indulges  in 
ease  and  ^nsual  delights ;  a  term  of  contempt. 

IJcwyt, 
LAP'PKD,  Clapt,i  pp.    Turned  or  folded  over. 
LAP'PER,  n.     One  that  laps ;  one  iliat  wra[w  or  folds. 

2,  One  that  takes  np  with  his  tongue. 
LAP'PET,  n.     [dita.  of  lap.]     A  part  of  a  garment  or 

dre»>s  that  hangs  loose.  Swift. 

LAP'PIXG,  ppr.     Wrapping;  folding;  laying  on. 

2.   Licking;    taking    into   the    mouth    with   the 
ttmgue. 
LAPS'A-BLE,  fl.    That  may  fall  or  niapse.  CudwortM. 
LAPSE,   R.     [L.  lapsus,  from  tabar,  to  slide,  to  fall. 
aass  Lb.J 

L  A  shjing,  gliding, or  flowing;  a  smooth  course ; 
as,  tl»e  lapse  of  a  stream  ;   the  lapse  of  ihne. 

2.  A  fulling  or  passing. 

TIk  laptt  to  in  lotfoM  b  aotl  uiJ  tinperwpUblc,  L>ut  the  rfluni 
to  iliitgriicf  la  tlitScuk.  SarrJtler. 

X  A  slip :  an  error  ;  a  fault ;  a  failing  lu  duty  ;  a 
slight  deviation  from  trulli  or  rectitude. 

TliM  3rnf*iir>  iiMty  ba  uarfullj  appIiM  &■  a  caution  to  jpiard 
Kgitan  (Ixwv  tapats  miul  (aiimga  to  ulucti  uur  infiniitum 
dlily  fxpuM  ua.  Itogcrt. 

Ek)  we  say,  a  lapse  in  style  or  propriety. 

4.  In  ecclesiastical  late,  the  slip  or  omission  of  a 
patron  tn  present  a  clerk  to  a  benefice,  within  six 
months  after  it  becomes  void.  In  this  case,  the  ben- 
efice is  said  to  be  lapsed,  or  la  lapse.  Encyc. 

5.  In  theology,  the  fall  or  apostasy  of  Adam. 
LAPSE,  r.  i.    To  glide  ;  to  pass  slowly,  silently,  or  by 

degrees. 

Tliia  ilispowtlon  to  ilioTtm  our  won!*  by  retrenching  Ihe  vowpti, 
u  nothing  eiac  biit  a  teiidi-iic;  to  lapt»  into  ih?  baiinrilr  of 
thoao  nunlif^ra  nations  from  which  we  descenilcd'    Stoi/l. 

3.  To  slide  or  slip  in  moral  conduct ;  to  fail  in  du- 
ty ;  lo  deviate  from  rectitude  ;  to  commit  a  faulL 

To  lapat  ill  fulitx'a 
b  lorer  than  to  tie  for  iiectl.  ShaJc. 

3.  To  slip  or  commit  a  fault  by  inadvertency  or 
mistake. 

Homer,  in  hia  chnmcton  o(  Vulcao  anJ  Thenites,  has  lapttd 
into  Uie  burlesque  chanctrr.  Additon. 

4.  To  fall  or  pass  from  one  proprietor  to  another, 
by  the  omission  or  negligence  of  the  patron. 

If  the  archbishop  shaJI  not  fill  it  up  wiibia  ais  monlba  cnsiilnfTi  it 
iap*e»  tu  the  Idug.  Ay^t, 

5.  To  fall  from  a  state  of  innocence,  or  from  truth, 
faith,  or  perfection. 

Once  more  I  will  renew 
Ilia  lajiied  powen.  Milton, 

LAPS'KD,  (Iapst,)pp.  orfl.  Fallen;  passed  from  one 
proprietor  to  another  by  the  negligence  of  the  patron  ; 
a«,  a  lapsed  benefice.  A  lapsed  legacy  is  one  which 
falls  to  the  heirs  through  the  failure  of  the  legatee ,,as 
when  the  legatee  dies  before  the  testator. 

LAP'SiD-ED,  (lop'sld-cd,)  fl.  [lap  and  side.)  Hav- 
ing one  side  heavier  than  the  other,  as  a  ship. 

Jifar,  Diet. 

LAPS'ING,  ppr.  Gliding;  flowing;  failing;  falling  to 
one  person  through  the  omission  of  another. 

LAP'ST5NE,  ru  [lap  and  stone.]  A  stone  on  which 
shoemakers  beat  leather  on  the  knees. 

L.^P'SUS  LIK'^OVJEy  [L.l  A  sjip  of  the  tongue;  a 
mistake  in  uttering  a  word. 

LAP'WLN'G,  n.  A  bird  of  the  Eastern  continent  of 
the  plover  family  ;  also  called  Pcioct.  It  is  of  the 
genus  Vanellus,  of  IJrisson.  P.  Cyc. 

LAP'VVORK,  (-wurk,)  n.  Work  in  which  one  part 
laps  over  another.  Orac. 

LXR,  a.,-  p/.  Lares.    [L.J    A  household  deity. 

Lovelace. 

LaR'BOARP,  n.  [ioarrf,  itwrf,  is  aside;  but  I  know 
not  the  meaning  of  lar.  The  Dutch  use  bakboordj 
and  the  Gcrrpans  haekbord.) 


LAR 

The  letl'tiand  side  of  n  ship,  when  a  person 
stands  wilh  his  face  to  the  head ;  opposed  to  Stab- 
board. 

LAR'UOARD,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  left-hand  side  of  a 
ship  ;  ox,  the  larbimrd  quarter. 

LAR'CE-NV,  n.  [Fr.  larcin ;  Norm,  lareim ;  Arm. 
lafronev,  or  laironai,  conlructcd  from  L.  latrnrijiiuiaj 
from  the  Celtic  ;  W.  Uadyr^  theft  ;  lladron,  thieves  ; 
Spw  la/Iron  :    It.  ladro^  ladrune.) 

Theft  ;  the  act  of  taking  and  carrying  away  Ihe 
goods  or  personal  property  of  another  feloniously. 
Larceny  is  of  two  kinds  ;  simple  larceny,  or  theft,  not 
accompanied  with  any  atrocious  circumstance;  and 
mixed  or  compound  larcanj^  which  includes  in  it  the 
Bgeravation  of  taking  from  one's  house  or  p»rson,  as 
in  hurglitry  or  robbery.  In  Enirlwtd,  when  the  value 
of  the  thing  stolen  is  less  than  twelve  pence,  and  in 
AVu?  Yurky  when  it  is  less  than  $25,  the  crime  is  petty 
larceny.  Blackstone. 

LARCH,  n.  {h.larix;  Bp,  aleree;  lUlarice;  G.  Ur- 
chenbaum;  V.  larkenboom.] 

The  coumion  name  of  a  division  of  the  Linniean 
genus  Pinus,  species  of  wliicli  are  natives  of  Amer- 
ica, as  well  as  of  Europe. 

LARD,  n.  [Fr.  lard;  L.  lardtiniy  laridum  ;  It.  and  Sp. 
lardu  ;  Arm.  lardt^  Qu.  W.  llhr^  that  spreads  or  drops, 
soft.] 

1.  The  fat  of  swine,  after  being  molted  and  sepa 
rated  from  the  flesh. 

2.  Bacon  ;  the  flesh  of  swine.  Dryden. 
LARD,  r.  f.     [Fr.  larder:  Arm.  larda.] 

1.  To  stulT  with  bacon  or  pork. 

The  larded  iliight  on  lo^iletl  tvluiia  laKI.  Drydtn, 

2.  To  fatten  ;  to  enrich. 


Now  Falstiff  sweriis  lo  death, 
Ami  lardi  the  Icnil  earth. 


Shai. 


3.  To  mil  with  something  by  way  of  Improve- 
ment. 

Let  no  a.Vfn  mlcrpose, 
To  lard  with  wit  thy  hwigry  Kpsom  proac,  Dn/dtn. 

LARD,  V.  I.     To  grow  fat.  Drayton. 

LAR-DA'CEOUS,  (lar-di'shus,)  a.  Of  the  nature  of 
lard  ;  consisting  of  lard.  Coxe. 

LA  RD'EIi,  pp.     Slufled  with  haron  ;  fattened  ;  mixed. 

LARD'EK,  n.  A  room  where  meat  and  other  articles 
of  fuod  are  kept,  before  they  are  cotiked.        Bacon. 

LARD'ER-ER,  n.     One  who  has  charge  of  the  larder. 

LARD'ING,  ppr.     Stuffing;  fattening;  mixing. 

LARD'-OIL,  n.    Oil  which  is  obtained  from  lord. 

LAKD'ON,  71.     A  bit  of  bac.n. 

LARD'RY,  n.     A  larder.     [JV*o(  used.\ 

LA'RRS,  n.  pi.  [L.]  The  household  gods  of  the  Ro- 
mans, regarded  as  the  souls  of  deceased  ancestors. 

LARGE,  (larj,)  a.  [Fr.  large;  Sp.  Port,  and  It.  largo; 
Arm.  larsi  L.  largus.  The  primary  sense  is  lo 
spread,  stretch,  or  distend,  lo  difl'use  ;  hence,  to  loosen, 
X*i  relax  ;  Sp.  largar,  to  loosen,  to«lacken,  as  a  rope. 
Class  Lr.  Itseems  to  be  connected  \viili  Gr.  ^anpof, 
wide,  copious,  and  perhaps  with  Jloor,  W.  llavyr^  and 
with  //aircr,  much,  many.  In  Basqtte,  larria  is  gross, 
ond  larritUj  to  grow.] 

1.  Big  ;  of  great  size  ;  bulky  ;  as,  a  large  body  ;  a 
large  horse  or  ox  ;  a  large  mountain  ;  a  large  tree ;  a 
large  ship. 

2.  Wide ;  extensive ;  as,  a  large  field  or  plain  ;  a 
large  extent  of  territory. 

3.  Extensive  or  populous  ;  containing  many  inhab- 
itants ;  as,  a  large  city  or  town.  , 

4.  Abundant;  plentiful;  ample;  as,  a  large  sup- 
ply of  provisions. 

5.  Copious;  difl'usive. 

I  might   be  tery  Utrgt  on  the  Importance  end  aclvantop^  of 
etta&iiiou.  AVlon. 

6.  In  seamen^s  Jangvage^  the  wind  is  large  when  it 
crosses  the  line  of  a  ship's  course  in  a  favorable  di- 
rection, particularly  on  the  beam  or  quarter.     Ennjc 

7.  Wide;  consisting  of  much  water;  as,  a  targe 
river. 

8.  Liberal ;  of  a  great  amount ;  as,  a  large  dona- 
tion. 

.^t  large;  without  restraint  or  confinement;  as,  to 
go  at  large  ;  to  be  left  at  large. 

2.  Difl\isely  ;  fully  ;  in  the  full  eitenl ;  as,  to  dis- 
course on  a  suliject  at  large. 
LARGE,  71.    Ecrmerly,  a  musical  note  equal  lo  four 

hrevi'S,  or  eight  seniibreves.  Busby. 

LARGE-IIEART'ED-NESS,  (-hlrt'ed-,)  n.   Largeness 

of  heart  ;  liberality.      [J^ot  used.]         Bp.  Reynolds. 
LARGE'-LIMB-£D,  a.     Having  large  limbs.    MJton. 
LARGE'LY,  adv.     Widely  ;  extensively. 

2.  Copiously;  diff"usely  ;  amply.    The  subject  was 
largely  discussed. 
Z.  Liberally ;  bountifully. 

llnw  he  livi*  and  eata; 
How  latge'.y  givffc  Dry'len. 

4.  Abundantly. 

Th'-y  thfir  fill  oflove  and  love's  disport 

Took  largely.  Dillon. 

LXRGE'NESS,  71,  Bigness;  bulk;  magnitude;  as, 
the  largeness  of  an  animal. 

2.  Greatness;  comprehension;  as,  the /arweaM*  cf 
mind,  or  of  capacity. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII^T.^MeTE,  PREV.  — PINE,  MAR^tXE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  UQOK.- 


LAS 


LAS 


3.  Extent;  eitensiveness  ;  aa,  largeness  of  v\ews. 

4.  Extension;  amplitude;  liberality  j  as,  the  ior^c- 
ness  of  an  offer ;  largeness  of  heart, 

Hooker.     Waller. 

5.  Widenesfl  ;  extent ;  as,  the  larirrncs.t  of  a  river. 
LX  R'GESS,  n.    [Fr.  largesse ;  L.  largUio ;  from  largus^ 

large.]  , 

A  present :  a  gift  or  donation  ;  a  bounty  bestowea. 
Bacon.     Drydeit. 
LAR-OITET'TO,  (lir-get'to,)  [It.]    Somewhat  slow- 
ly, but  not  so  slowly  as  largo. 
LXR-6lF'HJ-OUS,  a.    [L.  UrguM  andjfuo.] 

Flowing  copiously.  — 
LXRG'ISH,  a.    Somewhat  large.     [UnusuaL] 

CavaUo. 
j   LXR-6l"TlON,  (I'ir-jish'un,)  n.    TLt  largiiio.]    The 
bestowment  of  a  largess  or  gift.     [Obs.] 
LARGO,    It  ]     A  musical  term,  directing  to  slow 
movement.    Largo  is  one  degree  quicker  than  prave, 
and  two  degrees  quicker  than  culvftio.  I>it't. 

A  quaver  in  laryo  is  equal  to  a  minim  in  prtgto. 
LAR'I-AT,  n.     The  lasso,  a  long  cord  or  thong  of 
leather  with  a  noose,  used  in  catching  w.ld  horses, 
Ac.  '*'■  ^^'i"P- 

LARK.n.  [&aLX..laf€rc,  laiierce;  Scot. tavtrot; Ja^(£rok.• 
Q.lercke.-  D.leeuKrUii  Dan.  lerke;  Hvr.larka;  Icl. 
lava,  loova.  As  the  Latin  aiaiula  coincid -8  with 
laudo,  Eng.  loud,  so  the  first  sylLoble  otlark;  la/,  lau, 
lave,  may  coincide  with  the  Dan.  foitr,  to  pra.se,  to 
ting  or  cry  out.  But  1  know  not  the  sense  of  the 
'rord.]  .     ,        ..,-.» 

A  bird  of  the  genua  Alauda,  distmgmshed  for  ita 

■Inging.  .  „  ,        _ 

2.  A  sport  or  piece  of  merriment.    [  Vutffar.^ 

Smart. 

LARK.  V.  i.  To  catch  larks;  hence,  in  wlffar  Ian- 
gvagf,  to  make  sport ;  to  sport.  Smart. 

LARK'ER.  n.     A  catcher  of  larks.  Diet. 

LARK'LIKE,  a.     Resembling  a  lark  in  manners. 

LARK'S'-HEKL,  n.    A  flower  called  Indian  Cbess. 

LARKSPUR,  n.  A  plant  with  showy  flowers,  of  the 
genus  Delphinium. 

LAR'Ml-ER,  n.    [Kr..  from  larme,  a  tear  or  drop.] 
The  flat,  jutting  part  of  a  cornice;  lUtrallij,  the 
dropper ;  the  cave  or  drip  of  a  house  ;  the  corona. 

LAR'RUF.  v.t  [Forby  derives  it  from  Sax.  larrian, 
to  lick.  Jenning  considers  it  a  corruption  of  lee- 
rope^  used  by  sailors  in  beating  the  boys.]  To  beat 
or  Hog.     {A  loic  word.-]  Porbt/. 

LAR'UM,  n.     [G.  larm,  bvistle,  noise  ;  Dan.  id.\ 

Alarms  a  noise  giving  notice  of  danger.  [See 
ALAaiM,  which  is  generally  used.] 

LAR'VA,  \n.    [L.iarta.amask;  8w.  fai// Dan.and 

LARVE,    J      G.  lari-e.]  .^    ^    . 

An  In-^ct  in  the  cateri^illar  or  grub  state ;  theflrst 

stage  after  the  e^'i;  in  tlic  uietamorphoses  of  insects, 

preceding  the  pupa  or  chrysalis  and  perfect  insect. 

,  Lirm. 

LARVAL,  a.     Belongm'^to  a  larva. 

LAR'V  A-TKD.  a.    Masked;  clothed  as  with  a  mask. 

LA-RYN'GE-AL,    )  a.   fSeeLAETNX.J  Fertaining  to 

LA-KVN'<;E-AN.    r      the  larynx. 

LA^-VN-GI'Tia,  n.  An  inflammation  of  the  larynx 
uf  ajiv  sort. 

LAR-YN-GOT'0-MY,  n.  {larynx  andGr.  Ti/*»ft',to 
cuLj 

Tne  opentton  of  cutting  into  the  larynx  ;  the  mak- 
ing of  an  incrxion  into  the  lan'ni  for  asiii.«ting  re- 
spiration when  obstructed,  or  for  removing  foreign 
bodirs.  Coze.     Quiiicy. 

LAR'Y.NX,  ■.     [Gr.  \'tpv)  ^] 

In  anttiomy,  the  upper  part  of  the  windpipe  or  tra- 
cbifa,  a  eartdaginou4  cavity,  which  niudulaii;:*  the 
voice  in  speaking  »ni)  singing.  Qiiinev. 

LAS'GXR,  n.  In  the  Ea.*t  Indict,  a  term  applied  to 
native  sailors,  many  of  whom  are  employed  in  Eu- 
rf>pL-nn  vessels.  brande. 

LA.'i-CIV'I-EN-Cy.  LAS-CIV'l-ENT.  [^Toi  used.] 
See  ihe  next  words. 

J<.\8-CIV'l-OU.S,  a.  [Fr.  lascifi  It.  and  Sp. /aj«ciwo  ; 
from  L.  lAacivus  from  laxus^  lazo^  to  relax,  to  loosen. 
C'laas  Lg.] 

I.  Loose;  wanton;  lewd;  lustful;  as,  laseimoui 
men  ;  Uuamous  desires  ;  lascivious  cyt'S.       Milton* 

3.  tjoft ;  wanton;  luxurious. 

He  up^ra  nimbly  in  k  kdj'a  chnmlier, 
To  Uv!  Uudmotit  plcosui;  of  n  lut£.  Shot. 

LAS-CIV'l-OUS-LY,fldr.  Loosely  ;  wantonly  ;  lewdly. 
LAS-CfVI-OUS-NESS,  n.     Looseness;  irregular  in- 
dulgence of  animal   desires;   wantonness;  lustful- 
nettx. 

Who,  b«ing  past  UvWng,  have  given  Uteinaclvet  over  to  loddiA- 
ou«nM«.  —  Eft).  )r. 

a  Tendency  to  excite  lust,  and  promote  irregular 
indulgences. 

The  P-Mon    pr-WndM  hy  Au?uMiis  vom,  the  tatdaioutittt  of 
hia  ElpfW  and  bia  Art  of  Love.  Dryden. 

LASH,  71.     [This  may  be  the  same  word  as  Uash^  Fr. 
Uisse,  or  it   may  be  allied  to  the  G.  lasche,  a  slap, 
Uuehm^  to  lash  or  slap,  and  both  may  be  from  one 
roocl 
L  The  tbong  or  braided  cord  of  a  whip. 

I  obaorved  UmI  your  vhip  wautH  a  Uuh  to  it.  Addi$on, 


9.  A  lensh  or  string.     [Obs.] 

3.  A  stroke  with  a  whip,  or  any  thing  pliant  and 
tough,    'i'he  culprit  received  thirty-nine  laskes. 

4.  A  stroke  of  satire  ;  a  sarcasm  ;  an  expression  or 
retort  that  cuts  or  gives  pain. 

The  mowl  ia  a  lath  at  Uie  vanity  of  arroffatins  that  to  otire'-lvci 
whicli  auc«e.l«  well.  L'Etlranse. 

LASTI.  r.  (.    To  strike  with  a  lash  or  any  thing  pliant ; 
to  whip  or  scourge. 

W«  lath  the  imriil  and  defrauJ  the  ward.  Dryden. 

2.  To  throw  up  with  a  sudden  jerk. 
He  falls  ;  and  lathing  up  Uia  heeU,  hia  rider  throws.    Dryden. 


3.  To  beat,  as  with  something  loose ;  to  dash 
against. 

And  big  wave»  lath  the  frighted  •horea.  Prior. 

4.  To  tie  or  bind  with  a  i-ope  or  cord  ;  to  secure  or 
fasten  by  a  siring ;  as,  to  lu!<h  any  thing  to  a  mast  or 
to  a  yard  ;  to  la^h  a  ti-unk  on  a  coach. 

5.  To  satirize;  to  censure  with  severity;  as,  to 
lash  vice. 

LASH,  V.  i.     To  ply  the  whip  ;  to  strike  at. 

To  laugh  at  folliei,  or  lo  lath  at  vice.  Drydtn. 

To  lash  out,  is  to  be  extravagant  or  unruly. 

Fdtkam. 
LASH'^D,  (Iasht,);>p.  Struck  with  a  lash;  whipped; 

tied  ;  made  fast  by  a  rx>pe. 
LASH'Elt.  n.     One  that  whips  or  lashes. 
LASII'ER,      )  "-  A  piece  of  ropeforbmdingormak- 
LASli'lNG,   j      ing  fast  one  thing  to  another 


Mar.  Diet, 
LASU'-FREE,  a.    Free  from  the  lash  of  satire. 

B.  Jovton. 
LASH'ING,n.  Ca.«tigation  or  chastisement.  SmaH. 

2.  Extravagance  ;  unruliness.  Sovih. 

3.  A  rope  for  making  fast.    [See  Lasher  ] 
LASS,  ».    [Q,u.  fi-om  Uiddtss,  as  llickes  suggests.] 

A  young  woman  ;  a  girl ;  applied  particularly  to 
a  country  girl.     Lassie  is  souk  limes  used,  particu- 
larly in  Scotland.  Philips. 
LAS'Sl-TUDE.  »i.  [Fr.  froraL.  lamtiulo^  fi-om  lassu*, 
and  this  from  laxux,  laxo,  to  relax.] 

1.  Weakness;  dullness;  heaviness;  weariness; 
languorofbody  or  mind,  proceeding  from  exhaustion 
of  strength  by  excessive  labor  or  action,  or  other 
means. 

2.  Among  physicians,  laJisitude  is  a  morbidsensa- 
lion  of  languor  whicli  often  precedes  disease. 

LASS'LORN,  a.    Forsaken  by  iiis  lass  or  mistress. 
,„  .     ,  1  Shak: 

LAS'SO.  n.    [Fr.  law«e ;  L.  hisms-l 

A  rope  or  cord  with  a  noose,  u^ed  for  catchmgwild 
horpes,  fiC. 
LAST,  a.  [Contracted  from  lalf^t;  Sax.  hint,  from 
latosti  G.UtU;  D.  laatttt,from  tiiat,  late.  Qu.  is 
the  Gr.  }.oiirhf  fi-om  the  same  root  ?  See  Late  and 
Let.I 

t.  That  comes  after  alUhe  others;  tlie  latest;  ap- 
plied to  tivu ;  as,  the  last  hour  of  the  day ;  the  last 
day  of  the  year.  ,    ,_  ^     .i    n 

2.  That  follows  all  the  others  ;  that  is  behind  all 
the  others  in  place  ;  hindmost ;  as,  this  was  the  last 
man  that  entered  the  church. 

3.  H'»yoiid  which  there  is  no  more. 
Hi-rr,  [atl  of  Britoni,  let  your  uaine*  be  Twl.  Pop*. 

4.  .Next  before  the  present ;  as,  the  last  week  ;  the 
last  year. 

.*>.  UtinoBti  that  beyond  which  there  is  nothfoK 
greater. 

Thi-lr  tatM  emleavon  bend, 

To  oiiuhine  f>\ch  oibtt.  Dryden. 

They  arc  conirnJiiif  for  priiiciplca  of  the  Uut  importAnc*-. 

ttohert  IlhU. 

C  Lowest ;  meanest. 

Aniilochua 
Tolica  the  last  pri*e.  Pope. 

At  la.1t,  at  the  Iwd  ;  at  the  end  ;  In  the  conclusion. 
Gad,  a  truop  aluiU  ofercome  hUn  ;  bat  he  iliull  overcome  at  the 

tatt.  —  litii.  slix. 
To  the  la-H:  to  the  end  ;  till  the  conclusion. 

And  blunilT  on  in  \ni»in-*t  to  the  lait.  Pope. 

In  the  phrases,  "  ymi  are  the  Ufit  mnn  I  should 
coni^uU,"  "  thi.t  is  the  /«-*/  place  in  wliicli  I  should 
expect  to  find  you,"  the  word  last  ini|dies  improba- 
bility ;  this  is  the  mo«t  improbable  place,  and  there- 
fore I  should  resort  to  it  Imt. 
LAST,  adv.  The  last  time  ;  the  time  bcfor»the  pres- 
ent.    I  saw  him  last  at  New  York. 

2.  In  conclusion  ;  finally. 
Plenaed  with  hla  Idol,  h'^  coiiimends,  ailmlf  a, 
AdorcB  J  ant'  Uttt  il»e  thing  adored  dcaircf.  Dryden. 

LAST,  r.  i.  [Rax.  lasian,  l,fMan.  This  verb  seems  to 
be  from  the  adlf^ctive  last,  tlie  primary  sense  of  which 
is  continued,  drawn  out.    tiee  liET.J 

I.  To  continue  in  lime  ;  to  endure  ;  to  remain  in 
existence.  Our  government  can  not  last  long  unless 
administered  by  honef^t  men. 

fi.  To  continue  unimpaired;  not  to  decay  or  per- 
ish. Select  for  winter  the  best  apples  to  Uist.  This 
color  will  last. 

3.  To<4wW  out:  to  continue  unconsumed.    The 


LAT 

captain  knew  he  had  not  water  on  board  to  last  a 
week. 
LAST,  n.      [Rax.  hlaste ;   G.  Sw.  D.  and   Dan.  last; 
Russ.  laste;    Fr.  U^t;    Ami.  lastr ;   W.  Utoyth.     Siee 

Load-]  .  .  rt. 

A  load  i  henci,  a  certam  weight  or  mea-sure.  [M 
is  generally  estimated  at  4000  Ibn.,  but  varlts  t;xcfed- 
inely  ^  to  ditferent  articles.  McCullock.]  A  khst  of 
codfit=h,  white  herrings,  meal,  and  ashes,  is  twelve 
barrel.-? ;  a  last  of  com  is  ten  quarters  or  eighty  bush- 
els ;  of  gunpowder,  twenty-four  barrels  ;  of  red 
herrings,  twenty  cades  ;  of  hides,  twelve  dozen  ;  of 
leather,  twenty  dickers;  of  pitch  and  tar,  fourteen 
barrels  ;  of  wool,  twelve  sacks  ;  of  flax  or  feathers, 
1700  lbs.  Eticyc 

2.  The  term  is  sometimes  applied  to  the  burden  of 

a  ship.  McCulloch. 

LAST,  H.     [Sax.  lasU,  Uste  ;  G.  leisten ;  D.  Uesl ;  Dan. 

last;  Sw.  Idst.]  ^  _.       ,  J 

A  mold  or  form  of  the  human  foot,  made  of  wood, 

on  which  shoes  are  formed. 

The  cobbler  U  not  to  go  beyond  his  kut.  L'Eatrange. 

LXST'AGE,  n.     [Fr.  lestagr.     See  Last,  a  load.] 

1.  A  duty  paid  for  freight  or  transportation.  [J^ot 
vsed  in  the  United  States.  ] 

2,  Ballast.     [A^f  used.] 

a.  The  lading  of  a  ship.     [JVot  used.] 
LXST'ER-Y,  n.     A  red  color.     [J<fot  in  iwe.l     Sperurr. 
LXST'ING,  ppr.     Continuing  in  time  ;  enduring;  re- 
maining. 

2.  a.  Durable ;  of  long    continuance ;    that    may 
continue  or  endure  ;    as,  a  lasting  good  or  evil ;  a 
lasting  Color. 
LAST'ING,  n.     Endurance. 

2.  A  species  of  smooth  woolen  BtufC  used  in 
making  shoes.  Enct/c  of  Pom.  Enm. 

LAST'ING-LY,  aJr.     Durnblv  ;  with  continunnre. 
LXST'fNG-NEfS,  n.     Durability  ;  tlie  quality  or  state 

of  long  continuance.  Sidney. 

LXST'LY,  ode.     In  the  last  place. 

2.  In  the  conclusion  ;  at  la^'t ;  finally. 
LXST'-MEX'TIO\-£D,  a.  -Mentituied  la^t. 
LATCH,  «.  [Fr.  loqart ;  Arm.  hci^ed  or  t/u?'*/,  «--«in- 
ciding  with  L.  ligula,  from  li^o,  to  tie,  atid  with 
English  tockj  Sax.  Urcean,  to  catch.  The  <».  fr/'/'t<', 
D.  klink,  comcide  with  Fr.  clenehe,  which,  it  n  is 
casual,  are  the  Ann.  clicqedy  Enp.  to  clinch.  The 
same  word  in  W.  is  elided,  a  liilch,  ami  the  It.  taccia, 
a  snare,  L.  faqneus,  from  which  we  have  lace^  may 
belong  to  the  same  root.  The  primary  sense  of  the 
root  is,  to  catch,  to  chise,  stop,  or  make  fast.] 

A  small  piece  of  iron  or  wood  used  to  fasten  a 
door.  ^"!/- 

LATCH,  V.  t.    To  fasten  with  a  latch  j  lo  fasten. 

Loi-be. 
Q.  [Tr.  lecher.]     To  smear.     [J<rat  used.]        S/iak. 
LATCII'-KEY,  Tu    A  key  used  to  raise  the  latch  of  a 

door. 
LATCH'ES,  n.  pi.    Small   lines,  like   loops,  used   in 

connt'ciing  the  head  and  font  of  a  sail.  SmarL 

L.-VTCU'ET,  «.     [from  latcli,   Fr.  Uicet.]     The  string 

that  fastens  a  shoe.  Mark  i. 
LATE,  a.  [Sax.  Ltt,  lot;  Goth,  lata:  D.  laiit ;  Sw.  lat  i 
Dan.  tad,  idle,  lazy  ;  Goth.  Uittjan,  Sax.  latian,  to  de- 
lay or  retard.  This  W(»rd  is  from  the  r(K)i  of  Ut,  the 
sen.^w  of  %vhich  is  to  draw  out,  extend,  or  prolong; 
hence  to  be  slow  orlute.  (See  Let.)  Thi-*  adjective 
has  regular  terminations  of  the  compiiraiivi!  and  su- 
perlative degrees,  fa/cr, /«/r*-(,  but  it  has  also  laUer^ 
and  lateM  is  often  contracted  into  last.] 

1.  Coming  after  Ihe  usual  time;  slow;  tardy; 
Umg  delayed  ;  as,  a  late  spring ;  a  late  summer.  The 
crops  or  harvest  will  be  latr. 

2.  Far  advanced  toward  the  end  or  close ;  as,  a 
late  hour  of  Uie  day.  He  began  at  a  late  period  of 
his  life. 

3.  Last,  or  recently  in  any  place,  omce,  or  charnc- 
ter;  as,  the  late  mini.slry  ;  the  bae  administration. 

4.  Existing  not  long  ago,  but  now  decayed  or  de- 
parted ;  aa,  the  late  bishop  of  London. 

5.  Not  long  past ;  hap[ieniiig  not  long  ago;  recent; 
as,  the  late  rains.   We  liave  received  late  intelligence. 

LATE,  adv.     After  the   usual   time,  or  the  time  ap- 
pointed ;  aftt-r  delay  ;  as,  he  arrived  late. 

2.  After  the  proper  or  usual  season.  This  year 
the  fruits  rijien  late. 

3.  Not  long  ago  ;  lately. 

And  round  them  thmii? 
With  leaps  and  bounds  the  late  inipriioned  yoiin?.  Fojie. 

4.  Far  in  the  night,  day,  week,  or  other  particular 
period  ;  as,  lo  lie  a-bed  late;  to  pit  up  late  at  niuht. 

Of  late,  lately  :  in  time  not  long  past,  or  near  the 
present.    The  practice  is  of  late  uncommon. 

Too  late;  after  the  proper  time  ;  not  in  due  time. 
We  arrived  too  late  to  see  the  procession. 
LAT'EI),  a.     Belated  ;  being  too  late.     [JSTot  used.\ 
LA-TEEN',  a.     [Fr.  latine.]  [SUak. 

A  lateen  sail  is  a  triangular  sail,  extended  by  a 
long  yard,  which  is  slung  about  one  quarter  the  dis- 
tance from  the  lower  end,  which  is  brougtu  down  at 
the  tack,  while  the  other  end  is  elevateil  at  an  angle 
of  about  45  degrees;  used  in  xcbcca,  polacres,  and 
settees,  in  the  Mediterranean.  Mar.  Diet, 


TONE,  BiJLL,  IJNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS C  aa  K;  G  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


83 


ai^ 


LAT 

LXTE'LY.  <i</r.  Not  lone  i*ci' ;  recently.  We  ciilled 
iin  n  ecntlcman  who  has  lately  arrived  from  Hnly. 

LJ'TEX-i'Y,  ».  [See  Latot.]  The  stale  of  being 
concealed  :  abstniseness.  Palev. 

LATE'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  beinttardy,  or  of  com- 
ing after  the  usual  litne  ;  as,  the  Lioness  of  spring  or 
of  harvest. 

a.  Time  (Hr  advanced  in  any  particular  period  ;  as, 
lateness  of  the  day  or  night ;  Uueness  in  the  season  ; 
latentss  in  life. 

a  The  slate  of  being  out  of  time,  or  after  the  ap- 
pointed time  ;  as,  the  lateness  of  one's  arrivaL 

LX'TE-N'T,  a.  [L.  latgms,  lateo;  Gr.  X»|0ui,  XaiSaina; 
Htb.  as'9-  to  cover,  or  rather  Ch.  KOV,  to  hide  or  be 
bill.    <:ias3  Ld,  Na  1,  U.] 

Hill ;  concealed  ;  secret ;  not  seen  ;  not  visible  or 
apparent.  We  speak  of  latent  motives  -y  latent  rea- 
sons ;  latent  springs  of  action. 

Luient  heat .  the  pitrtion  of  heal  which  enters  into 
a  NmIv  while  changiiij;  il^  fonn  frinn  the  solid  to  the 
liquid,  nt  from  the  liquid  to  the  aeriform  ^tate,  with- 
out altering  its  temperature.  OimstnL 

LA'TENT-LY,  «to.    SecreUy  ;  concealed ly  ;   invisi- 

LAT'ER,  a.  [comp.  deg.  of  !■!«.]  Posterior;  subse- 
quent. 

LAT'ER-AL,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  lateralisy  ftom  latusy  a 
side,  and  bnmd,  Gr.  TAarv(  .-  coinciding  with  W. 
Uidy  IEy<  breadth,  and  probably  with  Eng.  JLa%,  W. 
fUd  or  iUi,  or  both.  The  primary  aense  of  these 
words  b,  to  extt:-nd,  as  in  latc^  Ut,] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  side ;  as,  the  latent  view  of 
an  object. 

S.  Proceeding   from    the    side  ;    as,   the   lateral 

branches  of  a  tree ;  lattral  shouto. 
LAT-ER-AL'I-TY,  a.    The  quality  of  having  dlsUnct 

sides.     [Auf  used.]  Bromn. 

LAT'ER-AI^LV,  adv.     Ry  the  side  ;  sideways. 

2.  In  the  direction  of  the  9ide.  [Holder. 
L.\T'ERA\,  N.    One  of  the  churches  at  Rome,  with 

a  palace  and  other  building  annexed  to  iL  'I'he 
name  is  said  to  have  been  derived  fnmi  that  of  a 
man  who  owned  the  ground  in  the  lime  of  Nero. 
In  this  palace  several  ecclesiastical  councils,  hence 
called  Latrran  councils^  have  been  held.       P.  C^ 

.a  LATR-RF^  [U]  A  legata  «  IsKrv,  is  a  p(»pe*8 
legate  or  envoy,  ^o  called  becaoae  sent  fiom  bis  stde^ 
from  among  tiis  favitrites  and  couaseltira.        Parr. 

UlT'ER-Kli.  a.     D.>l:iyed.     [O^]  Chancer. 

LAT-ER-t-FO'LI-OUS,  a.  [U  Ut«/,  side,  and/tf/iui, 
leaf.} 

In  kaotnif^  growing  on  the  side  of  a  leaf  at  the 
base  ;  as,  a  laterifoUous  dower.  Lee.    .Vartfn. 

LAT-ER-FTIOU8,  (lal-er-ish'us,)  a.    [U  UUrtUms^ 
from  /«ier,  a  brick.} 
Like  bncks  \  of  the  color  of  bricks.  Med.  Repoa. 
iMeritiaiu  aedimemt ;  a  sediment  in  urine  re!<ero- 
bling  brick  dust,  observed  nhtr  the  crises  of  fever*, 
and  at  the  l^nninatiOD  of  guuty  paroxysms.    Parr. 

LXT'BST,  a.  [snperi.  deg.  of  late,]  Longest  aAer 
the  usuiU  lime  ;  tardiest. 

LAI'E'WARD,  ade.    Somewhat  late. 

LATH.  n.  [\\\  cZftMf,  a  thin  board,  or  Uatk^  a  rod  ; 
Fr.  Utte  ;  i^p.  lata.*,  pi. ;  G.  latu :  D.  lau] 

1.  A  thin,  narrow  board,  or  slip  of  wood,  nailed 
to  the  rafters  of  a  building,  to  support  the  tiles  or 
covering. 

2.  .\  thin,  narrow  slip  of  wood,  nailed  to  the  studs, 
to  support  the  planerins. 

LATH,  r.  L    To  cover  ur  line  with  larhs.    .Mortimer. 

LATH,  n.  [Sax.  letA.  The  sienilicilion  of  this  word 
is  not  clearly  ascertained.  It  may  be  from  Sax.  la- 
tkian^  to  call  lugciher,  and  signify,  primarily,  a  meet- 
ing or  a^jcmhly.     See  WAPtsTAKs.} 

In  stfau  part*  ef  Eagtamdj  a  part  or  division  of  a 
county.  Spenser,  Spelman,  and  Rlacksione  do  not 
aerre  in  their  accounts  of  the  tatJi ;  but,  according  to 
the  laws  of  Edward  the  Confeitsor,  the  foM,  in  some 
eounties,  answered  to  the  iritkingy  or  third  part  of  a 
cotinty  in  others.  WHkins, 

LATHE,  a.  [Qu.  laiX,  supra,  or  W.  lathru^  to  make 
smooth.  ] 

A  machine  by  which  instruments  of  wood,  ivory, 
meUils,  and  other  materiaLi,  are  turned  and  cut  into 
a  smooth,  round  furra. 

LATH'/TD,  (tatht.)  /rp.    Covered  or  lined  with  laths. 

LATH'ER,  r.  L  [Sax.  latkrmn^  to  latlier,  to  anoint. 
Q.U.  W.  UdlArv,  to  make  t^mooth,  or  UitXraic^  to 
glide  ;  UUArig^  slippery,  or  UytA,  soft  ;  Ugzu^  to 
spread.] 

To  form  a  foam  with  water  and  soap ;  to  become 
froth,  or  frothy  matter. 

LATH'ER,  e.  L  To  ^read  over  with  the  foam  of 
snap. 

LATH'ER,  «.  Foam  or  frot*!  made  by  soap  moistened 
with  wa:er. 

2.  Foam  or  froth  from  profuse  sweat,  as  of  a 
horse. 

L.\TH'ER-£D,  pp.  Spread  over  with  the  foam  of 
soap. 

LAT H'ER-IXG,  ppr.  Spreading  over  with  the  foam 
of  »oap. 

LATH'Y,  a.    Thin  as  a  lath  ;  long  and  slender, 

Chalmers. 


LAT 

LA-TIirU-LrZE,  e.  t.     [U  tatibnlum,  a  hiding-ptace.] 
To  retire  into  a  den,  burrow,  or  cavity,  and  lie 
dormant  tn  winter ;  to  retreat  and  lie  hid. 

The  tunoiaa  UuUtuhxtt  tn  October.  SKaw'a  ZoSl. 

LAT'I-CLAVE,  n,     [L.  latielaBium;  latne^  broad,  and 
c/isrtM,  a  stud.} 

A  distinctive  badge  worn  by  Roman  senntor^.  It 
is  supposed  to  have  been  a  broud  stripe  of  purple  on 
llie  furc  {lart  of  the  tunic,  set  with  knobs  or  studs. 

Encw. 

LAT-r-€OS'TATE,  «.     [Uuua   and    casta.]      Broad- 
ribbed. 
LAT-I-DEX'TATE,   a.      [latus    and    dens.]      Broad- 
toothed. 
LAT-IFO'LI-OUS,  a.    [Utus  and  folium.]      Uroad- 

leaved. 
LAT'IN,   a.      Pertaining  to  the  Latins,  n  people   nf 
Latium,  in  Italy  ;  Roman  ;  as,  the  Ijotin  lansnnce. 

Latin  cknrchi  the  Western   church;  the  Christian 
church  in  Italy,  France,  Spjiin,  and  other  countries, 
where  the   L'ltin  lanpiace  was  introduced,  as  dis- 
tinct frc>m  the  Greek  or  hZasiem  church.         kneyc. 
LAT'IN,  n.    The  language  of  the  ancient  Romans. 
An  exercise  in  schuuK^,  cousisting  in  turning  Eng- 
lish into  Latin.  ^^ckam. 
LAT'IN-ISM,  »i.    A  Latin  idiom  j  a  mode  of  s[>eech 

peculiar  to  the  Latins.  .Addison. 

LAT'IN-IST,  a.     One  skilled  in  Latin. 
LA-TIN'I-TY,  a.    Purity  of  the  Latin  style  or  idiom  ; 

the  Litin  tongue. 
LAT'IN-TZE,  r.  L    To  give  to  foreign  words  t.atin 
terminations  and  make  them  Latin. 

R.  O.  Camhridfre. 
LAT'I\-TZE,  V.   u     To   use   words   or  phrases   bor- 
rowed from  the  Latin.  Dryden. 
LAT'I\-TZ-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Made  into  Latin  ;  borrowed 

fn>ui  the  Latin. 
LAT'I.V-TZ-ING,  ppr.    Giving  to  foreign  words  Latin 

terminations. 
LAT'IN'-LY,  adv.    Bo  at  to  understand  and   write 

I-nlin.     [OftnJ  llnilin. 

LAT-I-ROSTROUS, «.    [L.  lotus,  broad,  and  rostrum^ 
beak.] 
Having  a  broad  beak,  as  a  bird.  Brown. 

LAT'ISH,  a.    [from /ok.}    Somewhat  late. 
LAT'I-TAN-CV,  n.     [L.  latUane,  latiloy  to  lie  hid,  from 
laieo.    See  LATE:tT.j 
The  state  of  l^'ing  concealed ;  the  state  of  lurk  ing. 

BmWH. 
LAT'l-TA.VT,  a.    Lurking ;  lying  hid  ;  concenhd. 

Bittjle. 
[These  words  are  rarely  used.    See  Latb>t.] 
LAT'l-TAT,  «.     [L.,  he  lurks.]     A  writ  by  which  a 
peraon  is  summoned  into  the  Kmg's  Bench  to  nttt^wer, 
as  suppoi^iing  he  lies  concealed.  Blaekstone. 

LAT!  TA'TIUN,  a.     A  lying  in  concealment. 
LAT'I-TUDE,   n.       [Fr.,  from    L.   lat'dudoy   breadth; 
io/MJ,  iHXMid  ;  W.  //y//,  breadth.] 

1.  Breadth  j  width;  extent  from  side  to  side. 

H'oUan. 
3.  Room  ;  space.  Locke. 

[tn  the  foregoing  senses,  little  used.] 

3.  In  astronomy,  the  distance  of  a  heavenly  body 
from  the  ecliptic 

4.  Ill  freorrrapky:,  the  distance  of  any  place  on  the 
globe,  north  or  south  of  the  etpiator.  Boston  is  situ- 
ated in  the  forty  third  degree  of  north  latitude. 

5.  Extent  of  meaning  or  construction  ;  iudefinite 
acceptation.  The  words  will  nut  bear  this  LuUude 
of  construction. 

6.  Extent  of  deviation  from  a  settled  point  j  free- 
dom from  rules  or  limits  ;  laxity. 

degTPo*  and  preciae  nAtiiml  limiu 
inilulgcU.  Taylor. 


iu  huirain  HClions,  there  an  ni 
lieacnfaMl,  Uil  a  tatitudM  it 


1  pfvtend  not  to  trest  of  them  in  ihelr  full  taHtude. 


Locke. 


LAT-l-TC'DIX-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  latitude  ;  In  the 
direction  of  latitude.  Ore^ory. 

LAT-I-TU-DIN-A'RI-AX,  a.     [Fr.  latitudinaire.] 

Not  restrained;  not  confined  by  precise  limits; 
thinking  or  acting  at  lart^e ;  lax  in  religious  princi- 
ples or  views ;  as,  latitadinarian  opinions  or  doc- 
trines. 

LAT-l-TU-DIX-A'RI-AN,  n.  One  who  is  moderate 
in  his  notions,  or  not  restrained  by  precise  settled 
limits  in  opinion  ;  one  who  indulges  freedom  in 
thinkinv. 

2.  In  the  Church  of  England,  formerly^,  one  who  de- 
nied or  doubted  the  divine  right  or  origin  of  episco- 
pacy, though  he  admitted  its  expediency. 

3.  In  Uie'do<ry^onG  who  departs  in  opinion  from  the 
strict  principles  of  onhcdoxy  ;  or  one  who  indulges 
an  undue  latitude  of  thinkini;  and  interpretation. 

LAT-I-TU-Di.N'-A'RI-AX-lSM,  n.  Undue  freedom 
or  laxness  of  opinion,  particularly  in  theology. 

Ch.  Obs. 
a  Indifff-rence  to  religion.  fV.  Jones. 

LAT-I-TC'DIN-OUS,  a.      Having  latitude,  or  large 
La'TRAXT,  a.     [L.  latro,  to  bark.]  [extent. 

Barkine.  TickelL 

La'TRA TE,  r.  i.    To  bark  as  a  dog.     [JVbe  uaed.] 
LA-TRa'TIO.V,  n,     A  barking.     [J^ot  used.] 


LAU 

LA  TRI'A,  n.     [L  ,  from  Gr.  Xarptta.] 

'I'he  highest  fcjnd  of  worship,  or  that  paid  to  God  ; 
distinguislied  by  the  Roman  Catholics  from  </u/ia,  or 
the  inferior  worship  paid  to  saints.  Knctie. 

LAT'RO-ltrrE,  n.  [fmm  I^trobe,]  A  mineral  from  the 
const  of  Labrador,  of  a  pink  or  rose-red  color,  iillied 
to  the  felds[>ars,  and  consi.sting  of  silica,  ututnina, 
lime,  iKitash.  and  iiiome  manganese.  Dana. 

LAT'RO-CIN-Y,  n.     [L.  Itdrodnium.] 
Theft  ;  hirceny.     [JVof  in  use.] 

LAT'TEN,  n.  [Fr.  leton  or  laiton;  D.  UHoen;  Arm. 
laton,] 

1.  In  the  middle  a<re^y  a  fine  kind  of  brass  used  fur 
crosses,  candlesticks,  6lc.  Francis. 

2.  Sheet  tin  ;  iron  plate  covered  with  tin. 
LAT'TKX-URASS,  n.    Plates  of  milled  bmss  reduced 

to  diflVrcnt  thicknesses,  according  to  the  usi-s  they 
are  intended  for  ;  sometimes  railed  Latteit.    Kncyc. 
LA'r''J'ER,  a.     [An  irregular  compamtive  oUate..] 

1.  Coming  or  hapiK-ning  after  something  else  ;  op- 
posed to  Former;  as  the  former  and  /alter  rain; 
iornuT  or  Uittrr  harvest. 

2.  Mentioned  the  last  of  two. 

The  (lillt^reiiw  between  rfwou  and  revehUoD  —  ami  In  what 
in-uv  the  laUtr  \t  aiiprfiar.  WaUa. 

3.  Modern  ;  lately  done  or  past  \  as,  in  these  hater 
ages. 

LAT'TER-LY,  flrfu.  Of  late;  in  time  not  long  past; 
lately.  Richardson. 

LAT'TER-MATH,  n.  The  latter  mowing ;  that 
which  is  mowed  after  a  former  mowing  ;  the  after- 
math. 

LA'I"TICE  (lat'tis,)  \   n.     [Fr.   lattis,   a   covering  of 

LAT'TICR WORK,  (  laVis,  from  latte,  a  lath:  W. 
clcdrtpy,  from   cledyr,  a  hoard,  shingle,  or  rail.] 

Any  work  of  wood  or  irun,  made  by  crossing  laths, 
ri>ds,  ur  bars,  and  forming  o|>en  squares  like  net- 
work ;  as,  the  lattice  of  a  window. 

LAT'TICE,  ».    A  window  of  lattice-work. 

The  mother  of  S'ts^ni  looki**!  out  at  a  wtmlow,  and  cried  through 
the  UU&ct.  — Jmiya  ». 

LAT'TICE,  a.  Consisting  of  cross  pieces ;  as,  tattiee- 
work. 

2.  Furnished  with  lattice-work  ;  as,  a  lattice  win- 
dow. 

LAT'TICE,  V.  L    To  form  with  cross  bars,  and  open 
work. 
'2.  To  furnish  with  a  lattice. 

LAT'TIC-KD.  pp.  or  a.     Furnished  with  a  lattice. 

LA'TUS  REC'TUMy  n.  [L.j  In  come  srctiovsy  the 
same  as  Parameter.  Brande. 

LAUD,  H.  [L.  lausy  tandis  ;  W.  clod;  Ir.  cloth  ;  allied 
to  Gr.  <cAti-.',  »->co,.  This  is  from  the  same  root  as 
Eng.  luudf  G.  lautyi\m\  the  primary  sense  is,  to  strain, 
to  utter  sound,  to  cry  out.     See  Lofo.] 

1.  Praise  ;  commendation  ;  an  extolling  in  words  ; 
honorable  mention.     [Little  used.]-  Pope. 

2.  That  part  of  divine  worship  which  consists  in 
praise.  Bacon. 

3.  Music  or  singinjt  in  honor  of  any  one. 

4.  Lttudsy  in  the  Roman  Cutholic  churchy  the  prayers 
formerly  used  at  daybreak,  between  those  of  matins 
and  prime.  Brande. 

LAUD,  r.  (.     [L,  laudo.] 

To  praise  tn  words  alone,  or  with  words  and  sing- 
ing; to  celebrate.  BetiUey. 
LAUD'A-BLE,  a.     [L.  laudabili.*.] 

1.  Praiseworthy;  commendable;  as,  laudable  mo- 
tives ;  laudable  actions. 

9.  Healthy;  salubrious  ;  as,  laudable  juices  of  the 
body.  Jirbnthnot. 

3.  Healthy  ;  well  digested  ;  as,  laudable  put*. 
LAUD'A-ULK-XESS,  n.      The   tjuality  of  deserving 
praise;  praiseworthinefts;  as,  the  laudableness  ai  A^- 
signs,  purposes,  motives,  or  action*:. 

[LiUDABiLiTT,  in  a  like  sense,  has  been  used,  but 
rarely.] 
LAUD'A-BLY,  adv.     In  a  manner  deserving  praise. 
LAUD'A-XUM,  ».     [A  contraction  of  laadandum,  from 
L.  lauilo,  to  praise.l 

Opium  prepared  in  spirit  or  wine  ;  tincture  of 
opium.  '  Ctrxe. 

LAUD-A'TIOX,  n.    Praise  ;  commendation. 
LAUD'A-TIVE,  n.     [h.  laud^itirus.] 

A  panegj'ric  ;  a  eulogy.     [Little  used.]        Bacon. 
LAUD'A-TO-RY,  a.     Containing  praise  ;  tending  to 

praise. 
LAUD'A-TO-RY,  n.    That  which  contains  pniise. 

JiliUon. 
LAUD'ER,  n.     One  who  praises, 
LAUD'ING,  ppr.     Praising  ;  cclebniting. 
LAUGH,  ftifT,)  F.  I.     [Sax.  hlihan;  Goth,  hlahyan  ;  G. 
laehen  :  D.  Itichgen  ;  Sw.  le  ;  Dan.  leer  ;  Heb.  and  Ch. 
iy^y  laag.     Class  Lg,  No.  17.] 

1.  To  make  the  noise  and  exhibit  the  features 
which  are  characteristic  of  mirth  in  the  human 
species.  Violent  laairhirr  is  accompanied  with  the 
shaking  of  the  sides,  and  all  laughter  expels  breath 
from  the  lungs.  Bacon. 

2.  In  portnjy  to  be  pay;  to  appear  gay,  cheerful, 
pleasant,  lively,  or  brilliant. 

Th^n  laughs  th-  chillish  year  with  flowpftB  crownn).    Dryien. 
And  oVr  the  foAining  twwl,  the  laughing  wine.  Pop; 


FATE,  FAR,  F4LL,  WH.;^T METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BOOK.— 


LAU 

To  lau^k  at ;  to  ridicule  j  to  treat  with  some  degree 
of  contempt. 

No  ibol  10  laugh  at,  which  he  rajued  more.  Popt. 

LAUGH,  r.  L  To  ridicule  or  deride  ;  with  out;  as,  to 
laugh  one  out  of  a  plan. 

Tu  laugh  to  scorn ;  to  deride  ;  to  treat  with  mock- 
ery,  contempt,  and  scorn.    JWA.  ii. 
LAUGH,  (lllf,)  R.    An  expression  of  mirth  peculiar  to 
the  human  species. 

Bui  frigna  ft  lau^h,  to  Mr  me  w^reh  around. 

Anil  by  Uial  lau^  the  witling  &)r  U  Touud.  Pope. 

LAUGH'A-BLE,  (Iafr'a-bl,)a.  That  may  justly  excite 
l.iiiffhtpr  ;  as,  a  Inwrhable  story  ;  a  laughable  scene. 

LXUGH'A.BLE-iNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
laiichihle. 

LAU(;H'.\-BLY,  arfr.    la  a  manner  to  excite  laughter. 

LAUCH'-AXI>-LAY-DOWi\',  n.    A  game  at  cards. 

Skellon. 

LAUGH'ED,  (lift,)  preL  and  pp.  of  Laugh. 

LAUGH'ER,  (IllT'er,)  n.  One  who  laughs  or  is  fond 
of  merrimenL 

The  laugh^Tt  arc  a  ma]orit]r.  Pope. 

LAUGH'IXG,  (liff'ing,!  ppr.oza.  Expressing  mirth 
in  a  panicular  manner. 

LAUGHING,  (lifT'ins,)  n.    Laughter. 

LAUGH'ING-LY,  (IXff'ingAy^)  adv.  In  a  merry  way  ; 
with  lauchter. 

LAUGH'I.\G-GA.S,  n.  Nitrous  oxyd,  or  proiotyd  of 
nitrogen  ;  so  called  from  the  exhilaration  and  laugh- 
ter which  it  ordinarily  produces  when  inhaled. 

Brande. 

LAUGH'IXG-STOCK,  k.  An  object  of  ridicule ;  a 
tiMtt  of  !«[M>rl.  Spenser.     Shak. 

LAUGH'TER,   (liff'ter,)   n.     Convulsive  m-rriment ; 

an  expH'ssion  of  mirth  peculiar  to  man^  consisting  in 

a  peculiar  noise  and  configuration  of  features,  with  a 

shaking  of  the  sides,  and  expulsion  of  breath. 

T  kaid  of  laughter.  It  m  maJ.  —  Eccl^«.  ii. 

LAUGH'TER  LESS,  a.     Without  laughing. 

LAUGH'-WOR  THV,  a.    Deserving  to  be  laughed  at. 

B.  Jonson, 

LAU'MOX-ITE,  n.  Efflorescent  zeolite  ;  so  called 
l*rum  Lanmont^  its  discoverer.  It  is  found  in  lami- 
nated ma*.-w9,  in  groups  of  pri:*matic  crysUiIs  or  pris- 
matic distinct  cuncreiions.  Exposed  to  the  air,  it 
di^iinte  grates.  CUavcland. 

LAUNCE,  ifc     Balance.     [06*.] 

Thdi  Furtuue  all  m  equal  launce  doth  iway.  Spenaa; 

LAUNCH,  V.  u    To  move  or  cause  to  slide  from  the 

land  into  the  water;  as,  to  launch  a  ship. 
LAUtVCH,  V.  i.    To  go  forth,  as  a  ohip  into  the  water ; 
as,  to  launch  into  thr*  wide  world.     Hence, 

9.  To  expritiate  in  language;  as,  to  Ltunck  into  a 
wide  field  uf  di-irussion. 
LAUNCH,  M.  The  i^liiling  or  movement  of  a  ship  from 
the  land   into  the  water,  on  ways   prepared  fur  the 
puriHWfi. 

2.  A  kind  of  boat,  longer,  lower,  and  more  flat- 
botii»mfd  than  a  lone-boat  Mar.  Diet. 

LAU.NCH'f.D,   (linchl,)  pp.     Moved  into  the  water  ; 

expatiated  on. 
LAUNCH'INC,  ppr.    Moving  into  the  water;  expa- 

italinE. 
LAU.ND,  n.     A  lawn.     [JVot  u.^ftL]  Chaueer, 

LAU.N'DER,  (Un'der.)  n.     [from  L.  laro,  to  wa'^h.] 
A  wx*herwoman  ;  also,  a  Icing  and  hollow  tniugh, 
used  by  miners  to  receive,  the  powdered  ore  from  tlie 
b<tx  wh^re  it  is  bt^aten.  Encnr. 

LAUN'HER,  (lin'der,)  p.  t.    To  wash  :  tn  wcl  Shak, 
LAUN'DER-ER,  (liu'der-er,)  n.     A  roan  who  follows 

the  busine«s  of  wa«(hing  clothes.  Butler. 

LAUN'DREr^S,  (Un'dre-s,)  n.  fPr.  lavandiere;  Sp. 
larattdera  ;  It.  uitandaia  ;  fnjin  L.  laeoy  8]}.  faror,  tu 
wa-^h.] 

A  washerwoman  ;   a  female  whose  employment 
is  to  wa^sh  cluthes. 
LAUN'DRESS,  (liu'dress,)  v.i.     [Supra.]     To  prac- 
tice wx-ihing.  Blount. 
LAUN'DRY.  (Un'dry,)  n.     [Sp.  laeadero.] 

\.  A  wx^hing.  Bacon. 

2.  The  place  or  r(K>ni  where  clothes  are  washed. 
L^U'RE^ATE,   a.     [L.  laureatus,  from  /aurca,  a  luil* 
relj 
Diecked  cv  Invested  with  laurel ;  as,  laureate  hearse. 

Milton. 
SoA  on  her  Up  bcr  laureate  k>r  rrctltm.  Pope. 

Port  laureate ;  in  Oreat  Britain^  an  officer  of  the 
kinj;*s  household,  whr)sc  bti?jiies3  is  to  compose  an 
ode  annually  for  the  king's  birthday,  and  for  the  nt-w 
year.  It  in  said  this  title  was  lirst  given  him  in  the 
time  of  Eiiward  IV.  Encyc. 

LAU'RE^ATE,  v.  t.  To  honor  with  a  degree  in  the 
university,  and  a  present  of  a  wreath  of  laurel. 

fVarton. 

LAU'RE-A  TED,  pp.  Honored  with  a  degree  and  a 
laurel  wreath. 

LAU'RE-ATE-PHIP,  n.     Office  of  a  laureate. 

LAU'RE-A-TING,  ppr.  Honoring  with  a  degree  and 
li  latirel  wreath. 

Lj^U-RE-A'TION,  n.  The  art  of  conferring  a  degree 
in  the  university,  together  with  a  wreath  of  laurel ; 


LAV 

an  honor  bestowed  <%  those  who  excelled  in  writing 
verse.  This  was  an  ancient  practice  at  Oxford,  from 
which  probably  originated  the  denomination  of  poet 
lauretUe.  IVarton. 

LAU'REL,  n.  [L.  laums ;  It.  lauro;  Fr.  laurier;  Sp. 
iaurd ;  Port.  laureiT-o ;  W.  Uoneyz.  Horwyzen,  laurel- 
wood,  from  the  root  of  Wawr,  a  lloor,  Itor^  that 
spreads ;  Dan.  laur-bter-tree ;  G.  Urrbeer,  the  laurel 
or  bayberry.  Laar  coincides  in  elements  with  jtovi- 
w,  fioreo.'] 

The  English  of  Laurus^  a  genus  of  plants  of  sev- 
eral species.  The  laurel  was  d'.dicated  to  Apollo, 
and  used  in  making  garlands  or  wreaths  for  vic> 
tors,  &c.  Eneye, 

LAU'REL-ED,  a.  Crowned  or  decorated  with  laurel, 
or  with  a  laurel  wreath  ;  laureate. 

LAU'KES-TINE,  n.     [L.  lattrusthtus.] 

A  plant,  the  Viburnum  Tinus,  an  evergreen  shrub 
or  tree,  of  the  south  of  Europe. 

LAU-RIF'ER-OUrs,  a,     [L.  laurus  and  /«-o,  to  bear.] 
Producing  or  bringing  laurel. 

LAU'RIX,  n.  A  fatty,  acrid  matter  contained  in  the 
berries  of  the  laurel.  Brande. 

L4lUi%  />£'0,  [L.]     Praise  to  God. 

LAUS'KRAUT,  n.     [G-  lAusekraut,  louse-plant.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Delphinium. 

LAU'TU,  a.  A  band  of  cotton,  twisted  and  worn  on 
the  head  of  the  Inca  of  Peni,  as  a  badge  of  royalty. 

J.  Barloic. 

LA'VA,  n.  [Probably  from  flowing,  and  from  the  root 
of  L.  JTmc,  or  lavo  ;  It.  /aroi,  a  stream,  now  laca.] 

1.  A  mass  or  stream  of  melted  minerals  or  stony 
matter  which  bursts  or  is  thrown  from  the  month  or 
sidefl  of  a  volcano,  and  is  st>metimes  ejected  in  such 
quantities  as  to  overwhelm  cities.  C.-itania,  at  the 
foot  of  Etna,  has  oOf-n  been  destroyed  by  it,  and,  in 
1783,  a  vast  tract  if  land  in  Iceland  was  overspread 
by  an  irniptiou  of  lava  from  Mount  Hecla. 

3.  The  same  matter  when  cool  and  hardened. 
LA'VA-LIKE,  a.     Resembling  lava. 
LA-VA'TION,  a.     [L,  laratio,  from  lavo.] 

A  washing  or  cle^ansing.  Hakeusill. 

LAV'A-TO-RV,  a.  [See  Late.]  A  place  for  wash- 
ing. 

2.  A  wash  or  lotion  for  a  diseased  part. 

3.  A  place  where  gold  is  obtained  by  washing. 

Rncye. 
LAVE,  r.  t.     [Fr.  larrr;  Sp.  lavar ;  It.  larare;  L.  !aco ; 
Gr.  X')t"'i;  Sana.  aUoKia !  probably  contracted  from  la- 
go  or  laugo.] 

To  wash  ;  to  bathe  ;  a  inord  used  chifjly  in  poetry  or 
rhettrric  MUton.     Urydek. 

LAVE,  a.     [Sax.  Urfan,  to  leave.] 

The  remainder  ;  others.     [ScottwA.] 
LAVE,  t>.  I.     To  bathe  ;  to  wash  one's  self.       Pope. 
LAVE,  v.t.    [Fr.  ^-I'cr.] 

To  throw  up  or  out ;  to  lade  out.     [Jfot  in  use.] 
B.  Jonson. 
LAV'EDj  pp.     Bathed;  washed. 
LAVE'-eAR-ED,    a.      Having  large,  pendent  ears. 

[JVwf  in  use.]  ,  Bp.  JtalL 

LA-VEER',  t>.  U  [Fr.  louroyrr,  or  louvter ;  D.  Iacee~ 
ren.] 

In  seamen's  langnnffe^  to  tack ;  to  sail  back  and 
forth.  Dry  den. 

ft  believe  this  word  is  not  in  common  uxe.] 
LA  VE'ME.N'T,  n.     [Fr.]     A  washing  or  bathing. 

2.  A  clyster. 
LAV'E\-DER,  h.     [L.  larandula.] 

An  aromatic  plant,  Lavandula. 

LAV'EX-DEU-WA'TER,  n.  A  liquor  composed  of 
spirits  of  wine,  essential  oil  of  lavender,  and  am- 
bergris. 

LA'VER,  n.     [Fr.  larotr,  from  larer,  to  lave.] 

A  vesnel  for  washing;  a  large  basin;  in  Scripture 
history,  a  basin  placid  in  the  court  of  the  Jewish  lab- 
ernaclf,  where  the  officiating  priests  washed  their 
hand"  and  feet,  and  tlie  entrails  of  victims.  Encyc. 

LA'VER,  n.  The  fronds  or  leaves  of  certain  marine 
plant'',  p'ltied  in  order  to  be  eaten.  Smart, 

LAVEROCK,  n.     The  lark.    [Scottish.]  [See  Labk.] 

LAVING,  ppr.     Washing;  bathing. 

LAVISH,  a.  [I  know  not  from  what  source  wo  have 
received  this  Wdril.  It  coincides  in  elements  with 
L.  liber,  free,  liberal,  and  I^  lato,  to  wash.] 

1.  Prodigal;  expending  or  bestowing  with  prof^i- 
sion  ;  profuse.  He  was  lavish  of  expense  ;  lanish  of 
praise  ;  lavish  of*  encomiums;  lavish  erf* censure  ;  lav- 
ish of  bU>od  and  treasure. 

3.  Wasteful ;  expending  without  necessity  ;  liberal 
to  a  fault.  Dryden. 

3.  Wild ;  unrestrained. 

Cutting  Ua  lavieh  spirit.  Shai. 

LAVISH,  r.  u  To  expend  or  bestow  with  profusion  ; 
as,  to  lavish  praise  or  encomiums. 

2.  To  waste  ;  to  expend  without  necessity  or  use  ; 
to  squander  ;  as,  to  lavish  money  on  vices  and  amuse- 
ments. 

LAVISH-ED,   (lav'isht,)  pp.      Expended   profusely; 

wasted. 
LAVISH-ER,  n.     A  prodigal ;  a  profuse  person. 
LAVISH-IN'G,  ppr.     Expending  or  laying  out  with 

profusion ;  wasting. 


law 

LAVISH-LY,  adv.  With  profuse  expense  ;  prodigal- 
ly ;  wasti'fiillv.  Drxiden.     Pope. 

LAVISH-MENT,  n.  Prodigality  orofuse  expendi- 
ture. 

LAVISH-NESS,  n.     Profusion  ;  prodigality.    Spenser, 

L  \-VOL'TA   \  "•     t^*-  '•*  *"''"'  ^^^  *""^'l 

An  old  dance  in  which  was  much  turning  and  ca- 
pering. Shak. 
It  is  thus  described  by  Sir  John  Davies  :  — 

A  lofty  Jumping  or  a  leapin*  round, 

Where  arm  in  arm  two  dancn  are  entwtnod, 

And  whirl  ihemselTct  with  strid  rmhracciiicuU  rouiid, 

And  Mill  their  feel  an  anapest  do  sound. 

LAW,  n.  [Sax.  laga,  lage,  lag,  or  lah :  Sw.  lag^ ;  Dan. 
iov  :  It.  legge  ;  Sp.  ley  :  Fr.  hi ;  L.  lex  ;  from  the  root 
of  lay.  Sax.  lecgan,  Goth,  lagyan.  (See  Lay.)  A  law 
is  that  which  is  laiii^  set,  or  fixed,  like  sttUuU^  consti- 
tution, from  L.  8Uituo.'\ 

I.  A  rule,  particularly  an  established  or  permanent 
rule,  prescribed  by  the  supreme  power  of  a  slate  to 
its  subjects,  for  regulating  their  actions,  particularly 
their  social  actions.  Laws  are  imperative  or  mant/a- 
tori/,  commanding  what  shall  be  done;  prohibitoryy 
restraining  from  what  is  to  be  forborne  ;  or  permis- 
sive, declaring  what  may  be  done  without  incurring 
a  penalty.  The  laws  which  enjoin  the  duties  of  pi- 
ety and  morality  are  prescribed  by  God  and  found  in 
the  Scriptures. 

Lau>  is  b<?nefieciice  actin|r  by  rul'^.  Burke. 

3.  Municipal  laWy  is  a  rule  of  civil  conduct  pre- 
scribed by  the  supreme  power  of  a  state,  command- 
ing what  its  subjects  are  to  do,  and  prohibiting  what 
they  are  to  forbear  ;  a  statute. 

Municipal  or  civil  laws  are  established  by  the  de- 
crees, edicts,  or  ordinances  of  absolute  princes,  as 
emperors  and  kings,  or  by  the  formal  acts  of  the  leg- 
islatures of  free  states.  Law,  therefore,  is  sometimes 
equivalent  to  Decree,  Edict,  or  Onui^cANCE. 

3.  Law  of  nature,  is  a  rule  of  conduct  arising  out 
of  the  natural  relations  of  human  beings,  established 
by  the  Creator,  and  existing  prior  to  any  positive  pre- 
cept. Thus  it  is  a  laio  of  nature  that  one  man  should 
not  injure  another,  and  murder  and  fraud  would  be 
crimes,  independent  of  any  prohibition  from  a  su- 
preme power. 

4.  Laws  of  animal  nature:  the  inherent  principles 
by  which  tlie  economy  and  functions  of  animal  bod- 
ies are  performf;d,  such  as  respiration,  the  circula- 
tion of  the  blood,  digestion,  nutrition,  various  secre- 
tions, &c. 

5.  L'lws  of  vegetation;  the  principles  by  wliich 
plants  are  produced,  and  thuir  growth  carried  on  till 

■they  arrive  to  perfection. 

6.  Physicallaws,  or  laws  of  nature  i  the  invariable 
tendency  or  determination  of  any  s[>ecies  of  matter 

■  to  a  particular  form  wiili  definite  properties,  and  the 
determination  of  a  body  to  certain  motions,  ctianges, 
and  relations,  which  uniformly  uike  place  in  the 
same  circumstances,  is  called  a  physical  law.  These 
tendencies  or  determinations,  whether  call«d  laws 
or  aflections  of  matter,  have  bt^en  established  by  the 
Creator,  and  are,  with  a  peculiar  felicity  of  expres- 
sion, denominated,  in  Scripture,  &rt/irtu«ce^  qf  Heaven. 

7.  Lates  of  nations  ;  the  rules  tliat  regulate  the  mu- 
tual intercourse  of  nations  or  states.  These  rules 
depend  on  natural  law,  or  the  principles  of  justice 
which  spring  from  tlie  social  stale  ;  or  they  are  found- 
ed on  customs,  compacts,  treaties,  leagues,  and 
agreements,  between  independent  conimuiiitics. 

By  fhr  law  o/naihne,  we  ntt-  to  umlTsMnd  thul  ewlo  of  public 
iiistriiclion,  which  duliiirs  the  riffhu  and  prracribr>  lh«  du- 
tica  or  nitiDtia,  in  thi-ir  iiilcrcutinc  with  each  uthur.     KetU. 

8.  Moral  law  ;  a  law  which  prescribes  to  men  theit 
religious  and  social  duties,  in  other  words,  their  du- 
ties lo  God  and  to  each  other.  The  moral  law  is 
summarily  contained  in  the  decalogue,  or  ten  com- 
mandmiints,  written  by  the  finger  of  God  on  two 
tables  of  stone,  and  delivered  to  Moses  on  Mount 
Sinai.     Ez.  xx. 

9.  Ecclesiastical  law  ;  a  nile  of  action  prescribed  for 
tlie  government  of  a  church. 

10.  Canon  law ;  the  body  of  ecclesiastical  Roman 
law. 

II.  Written  or  statute  law  ;  a  law  or  rule  of  action 
prescribed  or  enacted  by  the  legislative  power,  and 
promulgated  and  recorded  in  writing;  a  written  stat^ 
ute,  ordinance,  edict,  or  decree. 

12.  Unwritten  or  common  law  ;  a  rule  of  action 
which  derives  its  authority  from  long  usage  orestab 
lished  custom,  which  has  been  immemorially  received 
and  recognized  by  judicial  tribunals.  As  this  law 
can  be  traced  to  no  (wsitive  statutes,  its  rules  or  prin 
ciples  arc  to  be  found  only  in  the  records  of  courts, 
and  in  the  reports  of  judicial  decisions. 

13.  By-law ;  a  law  of  a  city,  town,  or  private  coi 
poralion.     [See  Br.] 

14.  Mosaic  law;  the  institutions  of  Moses,  or  the 
code  of  laws  prescribed  to  Hk:  Jews,  as  distinguished 
from  the  gospel, 

15.  Ceremonial  law  ;  the  Mosaic  institutions,  which 
prescribe  tlie  external  rites  and  ceremonies  lo  he  ob- 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IGNITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  as  K  ;  Cl  as  J ;  «  aa  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


I  lot  UUn;  ihe  la»  o(  rmy 


LAW 

served  by  the  Jews,  as  distinct  from  the  vwral  pr»- 
eejfts,  which  are  of  pt-rpetuai  ubli^aiion. 

16.  A  rule  of  direction ;  a  directory  ;  as  reason  and 
uaiural  conscieDce. 

Tbtm,  bavins  dm  the  tmm,  ue  •  law  to  thnrarl<m.  —  Rora.  S. 

17.  That  which  ifovems  or  baa  a  tendency  lo  rule; 
that  which  has  the  power  of  controlling. 

Bui  1  •«  another  law  in  hit  nwroben  fnrnng  ag*inrt  tho  )aw 
of  mj  inirMl,  and  Iwingiiig  ine  into  npUnljr  id  ite  faw  Ol  U 
whKh  is  in  my  membrn.  —  Bom.  »iL 

18.  The  word  of  God ;  the  doctrinea  and  precepta 
of  God,  or  his  revealed  will. 

But  Us  driight  is  in  tfao  tow  of  Uw  Lead,  and  ia  U*  )•«  do«h  h» 
tnediute  d*y  wkI  tiigbu  —  Pfc  L 

19.  The  Old  Testament. 

Is  it  noc  wntten  in  your  law,  1  wid,  Te  «e  fods  f  —  Jobn  k. 

ao.  Tlie  inattculiona  of  Hnsea,  as  distinct  from  the 
other  ports  of  the  Old  Testament;  as,  the  taw  and 
the  prophets. 

91.  A  rule  or  axloia  ofacience  or  art ;  settled  prin- 
ciple ;  as,  the  laws  of  Teraification  or  poetry. 

3^  Law  Morfuti,  or  martMl  Uiuf :  the  niles  ordained 
fiar  the  Eovemment  of  an  army  or  militnry  force. 

3X  Marina  Uw»;  rules  for  the  regrulation  of  nan- 
gation  and  (be  eomraercial  intercourse  of  nations. 

94.  C9mmfrciai  taw^  law-mnxAamt :  the  s>-sttfm  of 
niles  by  which  inde  and  commercial  intercourse  are 
rp^tlated  between  merchants. 

35.  Judicial  process;  prosecution  of  right  in  ccnirts 
of  law. 

Tom  Tood^  b  *  fclkm 
body. 

Hence  the  phrase  to  fo  to  fov,  to  prosecute ;  to 
aeek  redress  in  a  lepral  tribunal. 

26.  Jurisprudence  ;  as  in  llie  title  doctor  of  tamo. 

27.  In  gt-Uf  ral,  law  is  a  rule  of  action  prescribed 
for  the  governineni  of  rational  beings  or  moral 
agent9,  to  which  rule  ihey  are  bound  lo  yield  otM^- 
dience,  in  default  of  which  they  are  exposed  lo  pun- 
ishment ;  or  taw  ia  a  certain  inherent,  instinctive 
propensinn  of  irrational  animals  to  particular  actions ; 
or  an  invariable  determination  or  tendency  of  inani- 
mate bodies  to  certain  motions,  combinations,  and 
forms. 

Law  is  not  a  seriea  of  acliona,  but  the  cause  or. 
principle  from  which  tbey  proceed,  and  of  which 
they  are  the  evidence. 

C>rU  iawy  Cruriaot  law.      Bee  Civil  and  Caiii- 

IIIAU 

Lawt^homar.    Bee  Honoa. 

Law  toMffMagt :  the  tankage  used  in  legal  wrilines 
and  funn^,  pnrticularfy  the  Norman  dialect  or  Old 
French,  which  was  u*ed  in  judicial  proceedines  from 
the  dnys  of  Williani  the  Conqueror  to  the  DGlh  year 
of  Edward  III. 

Ta^fr  9fUwi  a  species  of  trial  formerly  used  in 
En^and,  in  which  the  defendant  gave  security  that 
he  wttuld.  on  a  certain  day,  make  hts  law  ;  that  is, 
he  would  make  o.-iib  that  he  owed  noihine  to  the 
plaintitT,  and  would  priKluce  eleven  of  his  neighbors 
as  compurgators,  who  sliould  swear  that  they  be- 
lieved in  their  con:^iences  that  he  had  sworn  the 
truth.  Btadutona. 

LAW'-BRESK-ER,  n.    One  who  violates  the  law. 

MUuiit. 

LAW'-DXY,  a.    A  day  of  open  court.  SAai. 

2.  A  led  or  sheritTs  court. 

LAW'F^L,  s.  Agreeable  to  law;  conformable  to 
law:  allowed  by  law;  legittmate.  That  is  deemed 
laicful  which  no  law  forbids,  but  many  things  are 
loaJAiii  which  are  not  expedient. 

S.  Conslii'ited  by  law  ;  rightful ;  as,  the  lawful 
owner  of  lands. 

LAW'FJJI^LY,  adp.  Legally;  in  accordance  with 
law  ;  without  violating  law.  We  may  luirfuUy  do 
what  the  laws  do  not  fnrbid. 

LAW'FJ,'LrNES8,  m.  The  quality  of  being  conform- 
able to  law  ;  legality.  The  lawfulness  of  an  action 
does  n<'t  Hlwa>'8  prove  its  propriety  or  expedience. 

LA\V'GIV-ER,  n.  [/aw  and  fire.]  One  who  makes 
or  e^iarts  a  law  ;  a  legislator.  Swift 

LAW'GIV-IXG,  o.  Making  or  enacting  laws;  legis- 
lative, n'aller. 

LAWiXG,  a.  Expedilation  ;  the  act  of  cutting  off 
the  claws  and  balls  of  Uie  f^ire  feet  of  mastiffs,  to  pre- 
vent them  fnim  ninnmc;  after  deer.         Blackstoru, 

LAWLESS,  a.  Niit  subject  to  law  ;  unrestrained  by 
law  ;  as,  a  lawless  tyrant ;  lawless  men. 

2.  Contrary  to  law  j  iUegal ;  unauthorized ;  as,  a 
lawless  claim. 

H«  aevds  oo  indirect  nor  lawltsi  eotine.  Shak. 

3.  Not  subject  to  the  ordinary  laws  of  nature  ;  un- 
contruUed.     . 

R»,  mMeor-tike,  (L^nm  lateltn  throo^  Ibc  void.  Pope. 

LAWLEISS-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  contrary  to  law. 

Skak, 

LAWLESS-NESS,  a.  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
unrestrainfd  by  law  ;  disorder,  Spenj/er. 

LAW'-LoRE,  n.    .\ncieDt  law  learning.    Jefferson. 

LAW-MAK'ER,  ti.  One  who  enacts  or  ordains 
laws  ;  a  legislator;  a  lawgiver.  Law-makers  should 
not  be  law-breakers.  Adage. 


LAY 

LAW'-MAK'ING,  a.     Enacting  laws. 
LA^V'-MOiN"GER,  n,     A  low  dealer  in  law  ;  a  petti- 

fogirer.  Jifllton. 

LAWN,  M.     [W.  llan,  an  open,  clear  place.     It  is  the 

same  word  as  /and,  with  an  appropriate  sipnifira- 

tion,  and  coincides  with  plain^  planuSf  It.  eluain,  Sp. 

llano.] 
An  open  space  between  woods  ;  a  space  of  ground 

covered  with  grnss,  generally  in  front  of  or  around 

a  house  or  mansion. 

Botwixi  th^m  townt,  or  IctpI  do^ms,  nnd  Rocln 

Grssiif  Uio  tt'mli^r  borfas,  were  intmpened.  A^lon. 

L^WN,  B.     [Fr.  /inoM,  fVora  /in,  flax,  L.  Uniim,] 

A  sort  of  fine  linen  or  cambric.  Its  use  tn  the 
sleeves  of  bishops  explains  the  following  line  :  — 

A  saint  in  cr&pe  n  twic«  a  saint  in  lawn.  Popt. 

LAW.V.  fl.     Made  of  lawn. 

LAWiN'V,  a.    Level,  as  a  plain  ;  like  a  Inwn. 

■  9.  Made  of  lawn.  Bp.  HalL 

LAW'SPIT,  B.  [See  Puit.]  A  suit  in  law  for  the 
recovery  of  a  supposed  right ;  a  process  in  law  insti- 
tuted by  a  party  to  compel  another  to  do  him  justice. 

LAW'VER,  Pt.  [That  is,  tutrer,  contracted  from  law- 
iPfT,  law-wan.] 

One  versed  in  the  laws,  or  a  practitioner  of  law  ; 
one  whose  profession  is  to  institute  suits  in  courts  of 
law,  aiid  to  prosecute  or  defend  the  cause  of  r|ii-nts. 
This  is  a  general  term,  comprehending  attorneys, 
counselors,  solicitors,  barristers,  sergeants,  and  ad- 

LAW'YER-LTKE,  a.    Like  a  real  lawyer. 
LAW'YER-LY,  a.    Judicial.  Milton. 

L.'iX,  a.  [L.  lax}Ls;  Sp.  laso  ;  It.  lasso  i  Ft.  ZacAe,  for 
tascJu,] 

1.  Loose  ;  flabby  ;  sad ;  not  tense,  firm,  or  rigid  ; 
as,  Joz  fleiih  ;  a  laz  fllK>r. 

2.  Slack  ;  not  tight  or  tense ;  as,  a  tax  cord. 

3.  Not  firmly  united  ;  of  loose  texture  ;  as,  gravel 
and  the  like  laser  matter.  Woadicard. 

4.  Not  rigidly  exact ;  as,  a  faj  moral  discourse. 

5.  Not  strict :  as,  laz  morals.  [Baker. 

6.  Loose  in  the  inlestine«,  and  having  too  frequent 
discharges. 

L.\X,  K.     A  looseness  ;  diarrhea. 

3.  A  species  of  flsh  or  salmon.    [Sox.  Iwz.]     [JVot 
ia  use.] 
LAX-A'TION.  a.    [L.  lazatio.] 

The  act  of  loosening  or  slackening ;  or  the  state  of 
being  loose  or  slackened. 
LAXATIVE,  a.     [Fr.  huat^f,  from  L.  lazo.] 

Ilavine  the  power  or  quality  of  loosening  or  open- 
ing the  intestines,  and  relieving  from  constipation. 
LAX'A-TIVE,  n.    A  medicine  that  relaxes  the  intes- 
tines, and  relieves  from  costivencss  ;  a  gentle  purga- 
tive. Coxt. 
I*AX'A-TIVE-NES3,  n.    The  quality  of  relaxing. 
LAX'I-TY,  a.     [L.  laxUas.] 

1.  Looseness  ;  slackness  ;  the  opposite  of  Tense- 

HESt  or  TsRSIOH. 

2.  Looseneaa  of  texture.  Bentlty. 

3.  Waol  of  exactness  or  jh^cision  ;  as,  laxity  of  ex- 
inession. 

4.  Looseness ;  defect  of  exactness ;  as,  tcaity  of 
mwals. 

5.  Looseness,  as  of  the  intestines ;  the  opposite  of 
Costite:ve9S. 

6.  Openness ;  not  closeness. 

LAX'LY,  atlv.     Ijoosely  ;  without  exactness.     Rees. 
LAX'NESS,  n.     Looseness  ;  softness  ;  flabbiness  ;  as, 
the  laxness  of  flesh  or  of  muscles. 

2.  Laxity  ;  the  opposite  of  TErtsion. 

3.  Ix>o3oness,  as  of  morals  or  discipline. 

4.  l*ooseness,  as  of  the  intestines. 

5.  Slackness,  as  of  a  cord. 

LAY,  pret,  of  Lie.  The  estate  lay  in  the  county  of 
Hartford. 

Wbcn   Ahib  bmnt  these  words,  be  rent  his  dothrs,  and  piit 
nckcluth  <i[Xtn  his  h^'ad,  aod  fasted  and  Uty  m  sackcloLb.  — 

1   Ki..R>X«. 

LAY,  V.  t. ;  preL  and  pp.  Laid.  [Sax.  Ucgan^  Uffan  ; 
D.  leggen  ;  G.  Ujfen  :  Sw.  Id^^a  :  Dan.  tegffer  ;  Russ. 
toju;  L.  loeOf  wht-nce  loais,\V.  Ue,  place,  Eng.  ley  or 
lea ;  W.  Ueauy  to  lay.  Hence  Fr.  lieu,  Arm.  /ecA,  a 
place  ;  Ir.  legadh^  Arm.  lacqaat,  to  lay.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  send  or  throw  ;  hence  this  word  is  the  L. 
legOj  legarty  differently  applied;  Gr.  Ac>o/ia(,  lo  lie 

down  ;  Eth.  I  IMII  laka^  to  send,  whence  lackey. 
Class  Lg,  No.  I,  21.  It  coincides  wiUi  lodge  and 
with  lie.] 

1.  LiteralUi,  to  throw  down  ;  hence,  to  put  or  place  ; 
applied  to  things  broad  or  long,  and  in  this  respect 
differing  from  Set.  We  /ay  a  book  on  the  table,  when 
we  place  it  on  its  side ;  but  we  set  it  on  the  end.  We 
lay  the  foundation  of  a  bouse ;  but  we  set  a  building 
on  its  foundation. 

He  laid  his  rube  from  him.  —Jonah  iU. 

Sofi  on  the  flowery  herb  I  found  me  laid.  Milton. 

A   stone  was  brought  and  laid   on  the  mouth  of  the  dea.  — 
Diui.  vi. 

2.  To  beat  down :  to  prostrate.  Violent  winds, 
with  rain,  lay  com  and  grass. 

3.  To  settle  ;  to  fix  and  keep  from  rising.  A  show- 
er lays  the  dusL 


LAY 

4.  To  place  in  order;  to  dispose  with  regularity  in 
building;  as,  to  lay  bricks  or  stones,  in  constructing 
walls. 

5.  To  spread  on  a  surface ;  as,  to  lay  plaster  or 
paint. 

ft.  To  spread  or  set ;  as,  to  lay  snares. 

7.  To  calm  ;  to  appease  ;  to  still ;  to  allay. 

After  a  tempest,  when  the  winds  are  laid,  M'aUsr. 

8.  To  quiet;  to  still ;  to  restrain  from  walking;  as, 
to  Uiy  the  devil.  VEstrange. 

9.  Til  spread  and  set  in  order ;  to  prepare ;  as,  to 
lay  a  table  for  dinner. 

10.  To  place  in  the  earth  for  growth. 

The  chief  lime  oflaytng  j[illy-flowers  is  in  Julj.         Mordmer. 

11.  To  play  at  hazard  ;  to  wage  ;  to  stake  ;  as,  to 
lay  a  crown  or  an  eogle  ;  to  ^y  a  wager. 

10.  To  bring  forth  ;  to  exclude  ;  as,  to  lay  eggs. 

13.  To  add  ;  lo  join. 

Woe  to  ihem  that  joto  home  to  boitse,  tliat  lay  field  to  field.  — 
Is.  r. 

14.  To  put ;  to  apply. 

She  tayelh  her  hantl  to  the  spindle.  —  Ptot.  xxxL 

1^.  To  assess ;  to  charge  ;  to  impose ;  as,  to  2ay  a 
tax  on  land  \  to  lay  a  duty  on  salt. 

ir>.  To  charge  ;  to  impute  ;  as,  to  lay  blame  on  one  ; 
to  lay  want  <tf  prudence  to  one's  charge. 

17.  To  in)[>ose,  as  evil,  burden,  or  punishment. 
The  Lord  hilh  laid  on  him  tlie  iniquity  of  us  all.  —  Is.  IIH. 

18.  To  enjoin  as  a  duty  ;  as,  to  lay  commands  on 
one. 

19.  To  exliihit;  to  present  or  offer;  as,  to  lay  an 
indictment  in  a  particular  county. 

20.  To  prostrate  ;  to  slay. 

The  leaden  fl«t 
lie  laid  alon^.  Dryden 

91.  To  depress  and  Icjse  siphl  of,  by  sailing  or  de- 
[Ktrting  from  ;  as,  to  lay  the  land  ;  a  seaman^s  phrase. 
23.  To  station  ;  to  sd  ;  as,  to  lay  an  ambush. 
23.  To  contrive  ;  to  scheme  ;  to  plan. 
To  lay  a  cable  :  to  twist  or  unite  the  strands. 
To  lay  apart ;  to  put  away  ;  lo  reject. 
Lay  apart  nil  (iltliiaess.  —  James  L 

To  lay  amde ;  to  put  off  or  away  ;  not  to  retain. 

Let  us  lay  atide  erery  weig-lit,  and  the  sin  UuU  doth  so  easily 
besi^t  u>.  — lleb.  xii. 

2.  To  discontinue  ;  as,  to  lay  aside  the  use  of  any 
thing. 

To  lay  away ;  to  reposit  in  store ;  to  put  aside  for 
preservation. 

To  laif  before;  to  exhibit ;  to  show  ;  to  present  to 
view.     The  papers  are  laid  before  congress. 

To  lay  by ;  to  reserve  for  future  use. 

Let  ev^ry  one  of  you  lay  by  him  in  store,  as  God  halh  proapoied 
him.  —  1  Cor.  uri. 

2.  To  put  away  ;  to  dismiss. 

Let  braTe  spirits  not  be  Uud  by,  as  persons  tiuuecesBarr  for  the 
time,  Saeon. 

3.  To  put  off. 

And  sfie  arose  and  went  away,  aod  laid  ty  her  Trfl. — Gen. 
xxxviii. 

To  lay  down  i  to  deposit,  as  a  ,>Iedge,  equivalent, 
or  satisfaction  ;  to  resign. 

1  lay  dotan  my  life  for  Ibe  sheen.  —  John  x. 

2.  To  give  up ;  to  resign  ;  to  quit  or  relinquish  ;  as, 
to  lay  down  an  office  or  commission. 

3.  To  quit  i  to  surrender  the  use  of  j  as,  to  lay  down 
one*8  arms. 

4.  To  offer  or  advance  ;  as,  to  lay  down  a  proposi- 
tion or  principle.  Addison. 

To  lay  one's  self  down ;  to  commit  to  repose. 
1  will  both  lay  me  doum  in  peace  and  sleep.  —  Pa.  Ir. 

To  lay  hold  of;  to  seize  ;  to  catch.  To  lay  hold  on^ 
is  used  in  a  like  sense.  Locke. 

To  lay  in;  to  store;  to  treasure  ;  to  provide  pre- 
viously. Addison, 

To  lay  on ;  to  apply  with  force ;  to  inflict ;  as,  to 
lay  on  blows. 

To  lay  open  ;  to  open  ;  to  make  bare  ;  to  uncover ; 
also,  to  show  ;  lo  expose ;  to  reveal ;  as,  to  lay  open 
the  designs  of  an  enemy. 

To  lay  over;  to  spread  over;  to  incrust ;  to  cover 
the  surface ;  as,  to  lay  over  with  gold  or  silver. 

To  lay  out ;  to  expend  ;  as,  to  lay  out  money,  or 
sums  of  money. 

2.  To  display;  to  discover. 

He  talca  occasion  to  lay  out  iAgolrj  and  false  confidence  In  all 
iu  colors.     lObi-l  Aaerbury. 

3.  To  plan  ;  to  dispose  in  order  the  several  parts ; 
as,  to  lay  out  a  garden. 

4.  To  dress  in  grave-clothes,  and  place  in  a  decent 
posture  ;  as,  to  lay  out  a  corpse.  Shakspeare  uses  (i> 
lay  forth. 

5.  To  exert ;  as,  to  lay  out  all  one's  strength.  So 
with  the  reciprocal  pronoun,  to  lay  one*s  self  only  is 
to  exert  strength. 

To  lay  lo ;  to  charge  upon  ;  to  impute.        Sidney. 

2.  To  apply  with  vigor.  Tusser. 

3.  To  attack  or  harass.     [Ohs.]  KnoUes. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MSTE,  PREY.  — PLXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


LAY 

4.  To  check  tiie  niotiun  of  a  ship,  and  cause  her 
to  be  stationary. 

To  lay  totrethtr :  to  collect;  to  bring  to  one  place; 
also,  to  brini;  into  one  view. 

To  lay  to  heart:  to  permit  to  affect  greatly. 

To  lay  under :  to  subject  to ;  as,  to  lay  one  under  re- 
straint or  obligation. 

To  lay  up ;  to  store  ;  to  treasure  ;  to  reposit  for  fu 
ture  use. 

Lay  up  for  joimelTea  IreuurM  In  bearen.  —  MalL  vl. 

2.  To  confine  to  the  bed  or  chamber.  He  is  laid 
up  with  the  gout. 

3.  To  dismantle,  and  place  in  a  dock  or  some  safe 
place,  as  a  ship. 

TV)  lay  siege ;  to  besiege ;  to  encompass  with  an 
army. 

To  lay  irait ;  to  station  for  private  attack  ;  to  lay  in 
ambush  for. 

To  lay  the  course^  in  saiUnff^  is  to  sail  toward  the 
port  intended  without  Jibing. 

To  lav  wagU ;  to  destroy  ;  to  desolate  ;  to  deprive 
of  inhabitants,  improvements,  and  productions. 

To  Liu  the  land,  in  seamen^s  lanvaase^  is  to  cause 
the  land  apjiarently  to  sink  or  appear  lower,  hy  sail- 


ing from  it,  the  distance  diminisJiing  the  elevation. 
AY,  c.  L     To  bring  or  produce  egg; 


LA 


2.  To  contrive  ;  to  form  a  scheme.     {Unusual.} 

To  lay  about;  to  strike  or  throw  the  arms  on  all 
sides;  to  act  witii  vigor.  Spenser.     South. 

To  lay  at;  lo  strike  or  to  endeavor  to  strike. 

TV  aword  or  him  thAi  loyelh  at  biin  caa  not  hold,  —  Job  xli. 

To  tmr  in  for;  to  make  overtures  for ;  to  engage  or 
secure  the  possession  of. 

I  have  lavf  in  for  th^«r.  Dryden. 

To  lay  on  ;  to  strike  ;  to  beat ;  to  deal  blows  inces- 
santly and  with  vehemence. 

2.  To  act  with  vehemence ;  used  of  erpenses.  Shak. 

To  lay  out ;  to  purpose  ;  to  intend.  He  lays  out  to 
make  a  journey. 

2.  To  take  measures. 

I  mmilt  Kritl  inquiry  wh^K»cr  I  csine,  and  laid  ovi  for  intcllh 
g?ttc«  ol  ull  pUo«.  WoodMird, 

To  lay  upon  :  to  wager  upon.  Siturt, 

2.  To  importune.     [Obs.] 

LiY,  n.  That  whirh  liei*  or  is  laid  ;  a  row  ;  a  stra- 
tum ;  a  layer ;  one  rank  in  a  series  reckoned  up- 
ward ;  OS,  a  lay  of  wood. 

A  viol  •hoiiM  havr  a  lay  oTwirrHitringm  ImIow.  Baeon, 

S.  A  bet;  a  wager.     [Little  ujied.]  Cfraunt 

3.  Station  ;  rank.     [jYot  used.] 

hXY,  n.  [Sax.  lea^r,  Irak,  lege ;  W.  Ih  .•  Russ.  lug  ;  L. 
loeug ;  Ft.  lieu.  (See  I.*y,  the  verb.)  The  words 
which  signify  place^  ar«»from  verbs  which  express 
setting  or  laying.  It  is  written  also  Lev,  and  Lea, 
but  less  propcrly.J 
A  meadow  ;  a  plain  or  pint  of  grass  land. 


A  (lift  of  <Uirirs  on  «  flowery  Iny. 

Thi?  lowing  ta-nt  wind  •lowly  u  t^r  Uie  Ita. 


Dryten, 

Oray. 


LAY,  n.  [Sax.  legh  or  ley;  Gf.  Xr/xfo,  to  sound.  It 
might  also  he  deduced  from  G.  lied,  a  song  ;  D.  id. ; 
Pax.  leatk  :  fcot.  leid,  lede^  or  laid  :  Ir.  lyidk  ;  Gael. 
laaidh  :  from  the  root  of  loud,  L.  laudif^  plaudo,  Sax. 
hlydan.] 

1.  A  Nong ;  as,  a  soft  lay  ;  immortal  lays.  J^Tdtan. 

2.  A  species  of  nirmtive  poetry  among  the  ancient 
min?lrels  ;  as,  the  f^ty  of  the  La>*t  Minstrel.  tV.  Scott. 

LAY,  a.  [Fr.  /ai,  L.  taiciui.  It.  faiw,  Pp. /f^i-o,  a  lay- 
man ;  Gr.  *at«'*.,  from  \aoi,  peoplr  ;  S:ix.  Uod.] 

Pertaining  to  the  l.iity  or  people,  as  distinct  from 
the  clergy ;  not  clerical  ;  as,  a  /ay  person ;  a  lay 
preacher  ;  a  lay  brother. 

LAY'-ItROTII'KR.  C-hrulIi'er,)».  One  rt^ceived  into 
a  convent  of  monks  tinder  llie  three  vows,  but  not 
in  ln'Iy  nrdi-rs.  Braade, 

La V'-GLERK',  n.  A  layman  who  Irndfl  the  responscii 
of  the  roncrrgaiion,  ice,  in  the  church  service.  Hook. 

LAV*'-F.LI)'ER,  n.  In  tke  Presbyterian  church,  the 
same  a-«  Ei,der,  which  see. 

I,AV'P;R,  (li'er.)  n.  (from  lay,  the  verb.]  A  stmlum  ; 
a  bed  ;  a  body  spread  over  another ;  as,  a  layer  of 
clay  or  of  sand. 

2.  A  course,  as  of  bricks,  ntones,  Ace. 

3.  A  shoot  or  twig  of  a  plant,  not  detached  from 
the  stock,  laid  under  ground  for  growth  or  propaga- 
tion. Knr.yc, 

4.  One  thit  lays,  as  a  hen.  Mortimer. 
I.AV'RK  IN^;,  Ji.     A  propagating  by  layers.   Gardner. 
LAYER  OUT,  n.One  who  expends  muney;  a  steward. 
LAY'KR  up,  n.    One  who  repoiiils  for  future  use  j  a 

iTvnuMrt^T. 
I^A  Y'-FIG'TJRE, }  n,     A  figure  made  of  wood  or  cork, 
LAY'MAN,  \      in  imiLition  of  the  human  body. 

It  ran  be   placed   in  any  position  or  attitude,   arid 

serves,  when  clothed,  as  a  model  fur  the  drapery,  &c. 

Uroum. 
L^Y'I.VG,    ppr.      Putting ;   placing;   applying  ;    tm- 

P'ltine ;  wagering. 
LAYING,  -■ 


two-coat  work. 


The  first  coat  on  latbR  of  plasterer's 


LEA 

2.  The  act  or  period  of  laying  eggs  ;  the  epgs  laid. 
LAY'LAND,  ?*.     Land  lying  uniilled  ;  fallow  ground. 

[Local.] 
LaY'MAN,  (la'man,)  lu      [lay  and  man.     Old  Eng. 

lewdemaiu     Selden, } 

1.  A  man  who  is  not  a  clergyman  ;  one  of  the  laity 
or  j)eople,  distinct  from  the  clergy.    Dryden.  Swift. 

2.  A  figure  used  by  painters.     [See  Lat-Figube.] 

3.  A  lay-clerk.  [Dnfden 
LAY'STALL,  n.     [lay  and  stalL]    A  heap  of  dung, 

or  a  place  where  dung  is  laid.  .dsh. 

LA'ZAR,  n.     [from  Lazarus  ;  Sp.  lazaro.] 

A  person  infected  with  nauseous  and  pestilential 
di-sease.  S/iak.     Dryden. 

LAZ-A-RET'  )  n,       [Sp.    Imarcto  ;    IL    lazzereUa  ; 

LAZ-A-RET'TO,  j       Fr.  lazaret,  from  Uiarus.] 

A  public  building,  hospitjd,  or  pest-house  for  the 
reception  of  diseased  person.'',  particularly  for  those 
afTected  with  contagious  distein[)er3. 

LA'ZAR-HOUSE,  n.  A  lazaretto;  also,  a  hospital 
for  quarantine. 

LAZ'AR-ITES,  (  n.  pi.     An  order  of  missionaries  in 

LAZ'AR-IST8,  J  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  es- 
tablished in  1033,  and  deriving  their  name  from  the 
priory  of  St,  Lazarus,  in  Paris,  which  was  their  head- 
qtiarters.  Brande. 

LA'ZAR-LIKE,  \  a.    Full  of  sores  ;  leprous. 

LA'ZAR-LY,       (  Bp.  nail. 

LAZ-A-RO'NI,  n.  pU  In  JVaples,  the  poor,  who  live 
by  begging,  or  have  no  permanent  habitatiim  ;  so 
called  from  the  hospital  of  St.  Lazarus,  which  serves 
as  their  refuge.  Brande. 

LA'ZAR-U'ORT,  )  n.    The  popular  English  name  of 

LA'SER-WORT,  \  some  species  of  Laserpitium,  a 
genus  of  plants  of  several  species,  natives  of  Ger- 
many. Italy,  France,  Sec. 

LAZE,  V.  L     To  live  in  idleness,     [yulgar.] 

LAZE,  p.  L     To  waste  in  sloth.     [Vulgar.] 

LA'ZI-LY,  adp.  [from  lazy.]  In  a  heavy,  sluggish 
manner ;  sluggishly. 

WhiHher  he  lazily  and  listlewly  dreams  awny  hit  time.  Lode*. 
LA'ZI-NESS,  n.  [from  lazy.]  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  lazy  ;  indisjwsition  to  action  or  exertion ;  indo- 
lence ;  sluggishness;  heaviness  in  motion  ;  habitual 
sloth.  Laziness  ditfers  from  idleness  ;  the  latter  being 
a  mere  defect  or  cessation  of  action  ;  but  laziness  is 
sloth,  with  natural  or  habitual  disinclination  to  ac- 
tion. 

Lasineia  travels  bo  slowly,  thai  Poverty  >oou  ovcrtalci  him. 

F^nkUn. 

9.  Slowness;  tardiness. 
LAZ'ING,  a.    Spending  time  in  sluggish  inaction. 

L^  Estrange. 
[TViis  is  an  ill-ftrrmed,  inelegant  loord.] 

LAZ'l|-LT.  Lapis  lazuliis  a  mineral  of  a  fine,  azure-blue 
color,  usually  amorphous,  or  in  rounded  masses  of  a 
moderate  size.  It  is  often  marked  by  yellow  spots 
or  veins  of  sulphuret  of  iron,  and  is  much  valued  for 
ornamental  avork.  It  is  distinguished  from  lazulile 
by  the  intensoness  of  its  color.     [Q.U.  Ar.  azuL] 

Cleavf.tand. 

LAZ'T^-LTTE,  ji.  A  mlneml  of  a  light,  indigi>-blue 
color,  occurring  In  smalt  masses,  or  crystallized  in 
oljlique,  four-sided  prisms,  and  consisting  of  phos- 
phoric acid,  alumina,  and  magnesia.  Dana. 

LA'ZY,  a.  [G.  lass,  Idssig;  VV.  llesg.  The  Fr.  lUche 
is  Irom  L.  larus,  and  it  \n  doubtful  whether  this  is  of 
the  same  family.] 

1.  Disinclined  to  action  or  exertion;  natunillyi)r 
habituitlly  slothful;  sluggish;  indolent;  averse  to 
labor ;  heavy  in  motion. 

Wickrd  men  will  rrcr  li»e  Ii'lif  royu"*,  «nd  not  fall  to  work,  but 
1>-  laxy  and  spend  vteiuaU.  Uacnn, 

2.  Slow;  moving  slowly  or  apparently  with  labor; 
as,  a  lazy  stream. 

The  iilgtit-owl's  lazy  Bight.  Shak. 

LB.  stands  for  pound  in  weight ;  Lbs.,  for  pounds. 

LI),  stands  for  l-^rd. 

LRA, )  n,     [See  Lay.]      A   meadow  or   sward   land. 

LP.Y,  \  The  Weli*h  write  lie  :  but  as  this  word  is 
from  the  root  of  lay,  the  hitter  is  the  more  correct  or- 
thography. 

LEACH,  r.(.  [Sw.  taka,  to  fall  in  drops,  to  distill; 
laka,  lo  leak;  Dan.  Ickker,  to  drop,  to  leak.  (See 
Leak.)  Perhaps  L.  lit  may  be  from  the  same  root.] 
To  wash,  as  ashes,  by  percolation,  or  causing 
water  to  pa-s  through  them,  and  thus  to  eenurate 
from  them  the  alkalL  The  water  thus  charged  with 
alkali  is  called  lye. 

LF:ACil,  n.  A  quantity  of  wood  ashes,  through 
which  water  pfisses,  and  thus  Imbibes  the  alkali. 

LEACH'-TUU,  n.  A  woijden  vessel  or  tub  in  which 
ashes  arc  leached.    It  is  sometimes  written  Letch- 

TUK.  . 

LEAD,  (led,)  n.  [Sax.  lad;  G.  loth;  D.  load;  Dan. 
and  Hw.  Uid  ;  Russ.  lot,  probably  a  mass,  like  clod,] 

1.  A  metal  of  a  dull  white  color,  with  a  cast  of 
blue.  It  is  the  least  elastic  and  sonorous  of  all  the 
luf't'ils,  and  at  the  same  time  it  is  soft  and  easily  fusi- 
ble. It  is  found  native  in  small  masses,  but  generally 
mineralized  by  sulphur,  and  sometimes  by  other  sub- 
stances. Lead,  fused  in  a  strong  heat,  throws  olT 
vapors  which  are  unwholesome. 


LEA 

2.  A  plummet,  or  mass  of  lead,  used  in  sounding 
at  sea. 

3.  A  thin  plate  of  type-metal,  used  to  separate 
lines  in  printing. 

4.  A  small  cylinder  of  black  lead  or  plumbago, 
used  in  ever-pointed  pencils. 

5.  Leads;  a  fiat  roof  covered  with  lead. 

Shak.     Bacon, 
[See  also  White  Lead  and  Red  Lead.] 
LEAD,  (led,)  r.  u    To  cover  with  lead;  to  fit  with 
lead. 

2.  In  ;M-(nfing-,  to  widen  the  space  between  lines 
by  inserting  a  lead  or  thin  plate  of  type-metal. 

Lead,  (leed,)  v.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Led.  [Sax.  la-dnn  ; 
G.  leiten ;  D.  teitlen;  Sw.  leda;  Dan.  leder ;  probably 
to  draw,  to  strain,  or  extend.] 

1.  To  guide  by  the  hand  ;  as,  to  lead  a  child.  It 
often  includes  the  sense  of  drawing,  as  well  as  of  di- 
recting. 

9.  To  guide  or  conduct  by  showing  the  way ;  to 
direct ;  as,  the  Israelites  were  led  by  a  pillar  of  cloud 
by  day,  and  by  a  pillar  of  fire  by  night. 

3.  To  conduct  to  any  place. 

He  Uadeth  me  Uiiide  the  still  WRtera,  — Ps.  xxiil. 

4.  To  conduct,  as  a  chief  or  commander,  implying 
authority  ;  to  direct  and  govern;  as,  a  general  leads 
bis  troops  to  battle  and  to  victory. 

Chriai  look  not  on  him  flegh  and  hlood,  that  he  might  conquer 
and  rule  naUoiis,  lead  aniiii-s,  &c.  SouUi. 

5.  To  precede  ;  to  intmduce  hy  going  first. 

As  Uespcrus,  th».t  Uad^  the  sun  liis  way.  fhir/ax. 

6.  To  guide  ;  to  show  the  method  of  attaining  an 
object.  Self-examination  may  lead  us  to  a  knowl- 
edge of  ourselves. 

7.  To  draw;  to  entice;  to  allure.  The  love  of 
pleasure  leads  men  into  vices  which  degrade  and  im- 
poverish them. 

8.  To  induce  ;  to  prevail  on  ;  to  influence. 

Be  was  driven  by  the  necessities  of  the  times  more  than  ltd  by 
his  own  disposition  lo  any  rigor  of  actions.       K.  Chartet. 

9.  To  pass ;  to  spend,  that  is,  to  draw  out ;  as,  to 
lead  a  life  of  gayety,  or  a  solitary  life. 

That  we  may  lead  a  tinioi  and  peaceable  life  iu  all  godlincM  aod 
honesty.  —  1  Tim.  ii. 

To  lead  astray;  to  guide  in  a  wrong  way,  or  into 
error;  to  seduce  from  truth  or  rectitude. 
To  lead  captive:  to  carry  into  captivity. 
LSAD,  r.  i.     To  go  before  and  show  the  way. 

I  will  lead  on  softly.  — Gen.  zxxiii.  • 

2.  To  conduct,  as  a  chief  or  commander.  Let  the 
trot>ps  follow  where  their  genenil  leads. 

3.  To  draw  ;  to  have  a  tendency  to.  Gaming  leads 
to  other  vices. 

4.  To  exercise  dominion.  Spenser. 
To  lead  off,  or  out ;  to  go  first ;  to  begin. 

Cnmberland. 
LEAD,  n.    Precedence  ;  a  going  before  ;  guidance.  Let 
the  general  take  the  lead.   [A  colloquial  word,  in  repu- 
table- u.-ie.] 
LEAD'ED,  (led'ed,)  pp.  or  a.     Fitted  with  lead ;  set  in 
lend  ;  as,  leaded  windows. 
2.  Seimrated  bv  leads,  as  lines  in  printing. 
LEAD'i;\,  (led'n,)  a.    [from  lead.]    Made  of  lead  ;  as, 
a  leaden  ball. 

2.  Heavy  ;  indisposed  to  action  Shak. 

3.  Heavy  ;  dull.  Shak. 
LEAD'AJN-HEXRT-ED,   (led'n-hart-ed,)   a.    Stupid; 

destitute  of  feeling,  Thomson. 

LEAD'EN-HEEL-KD,  a.  Moving  slowly.  Ford. 
LEAD'AN-STEP-PING,  a.  Moving  slowly.  Mdton. 
L£AD'ER,  (leed'er,)  n.    One  that  leads  or  conducts  ; 

a  guide  ;  a  conductor. 

-    2.  A  chief;  a  commander;  a  captain. 

3.  One  who  goes  first. 

4.  The  chief  of  a  party  or  faction  ;  as,  the  leader  of 
the  whigs  or  of  the  tories  ;  a  leader  of  the  Jacobins. 

5.  A  performer  who  leads  a  band  or  choir  in  mu- 
sic. 

6.  The  leading  editorial  article  in  a  newspaper. 

7.  The  leaders  are  the  principal  wheels  in  any  kind 
of  machinery.  fVancis. 

LEAD'ER-SlilP.  n.  The  state  or  condition  of  a  leader. 
LEAD'ING,  (led'ing,)  ppr.    Fitting  or  setting  in  lead. 

2.  Separating  by  leads,  as  in  printing. 
LkADTNG,  ppr.     Guiding;  conducting;  preceding; 
drawing;  alluring;  passing  life. 

2.  a.     Chief;  principal;  capital;    most   important 
or  influential ;  as,  a  leading  motive  ;  a  leading  man 
in  a  party. 
.1.  Showing  the  way  by  going  first. 

He  lefl  his  mother  a.  coun[«»  by  pateni,  which  wiu  u  new  lead' 
ing  example.  Wot  ton. 

L£AD'ING,  n.  Guidance;  the  act  of  conducting;  di- 
rection. *  Shak.     Spenser. 

Li?.AD'l\G-LY,  adv.     By  leading. 

LP.AD'ING  aUES'TION.    See  auESTioir. 

LkAD'IXG-STRINGS,  n.  pL     Strings  by  which  chil 

dren  are  supported  when  beginning  to  walk,  Dnfdeu. 

To  be  in  leading -strings  :  to  be  in  a  state  of  inl'aucy 

or  dependence,  or  in  pupilage  under  the  guidance  of 

others. 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  V1"CI0US €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z;  OH  as  SH  j  TH  oa  in  THia 


LEA 

LkAD'-MAN,  m.    One  who  beguu  or  leads  a  dance. 

[06j*.]  B.  Jon^oH. 

LEAD-rEX-ClL,  (led'pen-eilO  n.    An  instruiaent  lor 

dnwing  or  making  lines,  made  of  plumbago  or  black 

tend. 
LEAD'-SHOT,  (led'shol,)  n.    Shot  made  of  lead. 
LEAD'WORT,  (led'wurt,)  n.     The  popular  English 

name  nf  some  species  of  Plumbago,  a  genua  of  plants. 
LEAD' V.  (led'dy.)  a.     Of  the  color  of  lead. 

LEAF.  n.;pl.  Lcates.  fSai.  Uafe;  D.  lo^i  G.  Umk; 
8w.  tuf;  Dan.  Uio  ;  Gtrtti.  lav/.] 

1.  In  hotany,  Uaees  are  organs  which  usually  shoot 
ftmn  the  aides  of  the  stem-*  and  branches,  but  some- 
times f^om  the  root ;  somfiimes  ilu  y  are  sessile  ;  more 
generally  supported  by  |wtiolcs,  I'heyare  of  various 
forms— flat,  extended,  linear,  cylindric,  &.c  The 
term  leaf  is  nUnt  popularly  ainilied  to  ilie  tliin,  extend- 
ed part  iif  a  rtower ;  ilif  flo\ver-teaf  or  pt^taL 

5.  A  part  of  a  bot^k  ctmtAining  two  pnges. 

3.  A  tenn  formerly  applird  tu  the  sides  of  window- 
shuttcrs,  folding-diM)r4,  &c.  GJms.  ^JtrckiL 

4.  Something  res^-mbling  a  leaf  in  thinness  uid 
exien^ton  ;  a  wry  thin  )4ate  ;  fts,  gold  Ut^f* 

6.  The  mt>vable  side  of  n  table. 

LEAF,  r.  i.  To  shoot  out  krave^i  to  produce  leaves. 
The  trees  Uaf  iu  May, 

LfiAF'AOE,  «.  Leaves  collectively;  abundance  of 
leave*. 

LfiAF'-BRIDGE,  h.  A  drawbridge  harinp  a  !eaf  or 
platform  on  each  ^ide  which  rises  and  falK   Francis. 

LEAK'-BUU,  n.  The  rudiment  of  a  young  branch, 
or  a  growing  point  covered  with  rudimcnury  Ifaves 
called  jemUs.  Lindien. 

LfeAF'-eROWN-£D,  a.  Crowned  with  leaves  or  fo- 
liase.  J^toore, 

LftAF'KD,  (leeft,)  a.     Having  leaves. 

L£AF'-FAT,  n.  The  fat  which  lies  in  leaves  or  lay- 
ers within  the  body  of  an  animal. 

LKAF'I-.VESS,  >i.     A  stale  of  being  full  of  leaves. 

LEAF'LN'G,  «.    The  process  of  unfolding  leaves. 

LftAF'-LARD,  a.     lArd  made  of  Icaf-faL 

LfcAF'LESS,  «.  Destitute  of  leaves;  as,  a  UafitM 
tree.  Pope. 

LRAF'LE^S-NESS,  a.    De^tution  of  leaves. 

LEAF  LKT,  n.     A  little  leaf. 

2.  In  ii>CaHy,  one  of  the  divisions  of  a  compound 
l.-af:  nfoliole. 

LkAF'-^TALK,  (-*tawk,)  a.     The  petiole  or  stalk 

which  support^  a  leaf.  Mari^pu 

LftAF'V,  c    Full  of  leaves  ;  as,  the  le^  forest. 

LkAGCE,  (\ce^y)  n.  [Ft.  li^as;  Itr  b/a;  Sp.  t^  ; 
from  L.  /*jfc>,  to  bind.] 

1.  An  alliance  or  confederacy  between  princes  or 
states,  for  their  mutual  aid  or  defense ;  a  national 
ctmtrart  or  compact.  A  league  may  be  offtnsivt  or 
dffentit*,  or  both.  It  is  of^iuire,  when  the  contract- 
ing parties  aeree  to  unite  in  attacking  a  common  en- 
emy ;  dfffiuirf,  when  the  parties  agree  to  act  in  con- 
cert in  deft-nding  e-ich  other  againn  an  enemy. 

2.  A  combmation  or  union  of  two  or  more  parties 
for  the  piirfiose  of  maintaining  friendship,  and  pro- 
moting their  mutual  interest,  or  for  executing  any 
design  in  concert. 

A  nd  W  th«i*  be 
Twixt  OS  and  tfann  no  Itagu^,  nor  unity.  Denham. 

LfiAGTE,  (leeg,)  p.  i.     To  unite,  as  princes  or  states, 

in  a  contract  of  amity  (or  mutual  aid  or  defense  ;  to 

confederate.     Russia  and.  Au^^tria  Uagued  to  oppose 

the  ambition  of  Bonaparte. 
2:  To  unite  or  confederate,  as  private  persons  for 

mntttal  aid. 
LfiAGL'E.  (leeg,)  «.     [Of  Celtic  origin.     W.  Hee,  a  flat 

stone,  wh'-nce  Low  L.  Uuca^  Sp.  lemta.  It.  /fj^a,  Fr. 

lieue.  Ir.  Irnc     It  appean<  from  tlie  Welsh,  that  this 

word  is  from  the  root  of  lay.] 

1.  Ori;rt«  ;Z/v,  a  stone  erected  on  the  public  mad-*, 
at  certain  distances,  in  the  manner  of  the  modern 
miL--5ione<.     Hence, 

2.  Ti«f  dirtance  between  two  stones.  With  thg 
EmgUsk  and  .imtrirans,  a  Ira^ie  is  the  l^nsth  of  three 
miles  ;  but  this  meatire  is  n-^ed  chi*»tly  at  sea.  The 
learue,  on  the  contirfnt  of  Europe,  is  ver>'  different 
among  ditTeri-ni  nation<».  The  Dutch  and  G -rman 
lea^iif'  c^tniains  four  geographiral  miles.         Enc^c, 

LfiAGlI'KO,  C'eecd,)pp.  or  a.  United  in  mutual  cora- 
pncl  ;  ronfedtiTited. 

LEAGTJ'ER,  (leeg'er,)  a.  One  who  unites  in  a  league ; 
a  con  fed ''rate.  Kneye. 

LEAGU'ER,  n.     [D.  heU^a^fren.     See  Beleaguer.] 
Siege  ;  investment  of  a  town  or  fort  by  an  army. 
UJl/tr  «^«f.]  Shak. 

LftAGU'IXG,  ppr.     Uniting  in  a  compact. 

LE.\K,  (It-ek,)  *.  [D.  Uk,  a  Ifak.and  leaky;  Ifkkm^ 
to  leak,  to  drop,  to  slrek  or  make  smooth  ;  Ukker^  dain- 
ty, delicate,  nice,  delicious  :G./«eit,  aleak,  and  leaky; 
leekeit,  to  leak,  to  drop  out,  to  Jump,  to  lick ;  leckery 
dainty,  delicious,  lickerish  :  Sw.  lakn,  to  distill  or  drop, 
and  laka,  to  Ifak  ;  Dan.  Uk,  leaky  :  lekke,  n  leak ;  lek- 
kef'td.  a  dripping-pan  ;  Ifkkrr,  to  leak,  to  drop  ;  Ukker, 
dainty,  delicate,  nice,  lickerish  ;  Sax.  W«e,  leaky.  If 
the  noun  is  the  primary  word,  it  may  be  the  Gr.  Ao- 
*tf,  a  fissure  or  crevice,  from  >fjjr£^».  Dor.  A-i*cE.>,  to 


LEA 

crack,  to  sound,  or  to  burst  with  nound,  coinciding 
with  L.  lacero  and  lo^Hur,  and  |>er]iap.s  Eng.  clack.  It 
seems  that  lidirrinh  is  from  the  root  of  leak,  and  sig- 
nifies properly,  watery.] 

1.  A  crack,  crevice,  fissure,  or  hole  in  a  vessel, 
that  admits  water,  or  permits  a  fluid  to  escape. 

3.  The  oozing  or  passing  of  water,  or  other  fluid 
or  liquor,  through  a  cmck,  fusure,  or  aperture  in  a 
vessel,  either  into  it,  as  into  a  ship,  or  out  ('/it,as  out 
of  a  cask. 

7>  tprin^  a  leak,  if  to  open  or  crack  so  as  to  let  Id 
water  ;  to  begin  to  let  in  water. 

LfiAK,  a.     Leaky.     [Ai>t  in  use,]  Spenser. 

LEAK,  V.  t.  To  let  water  or  other  liquor  into  or  out 
of  a  vessel,  through  a  hole  or  crevice  in  the  vessel. 
A  ship  Uaks^  when  she  admits  water  thrt>ugh  her 
seams,  or  an  aperture  in  her  iKittom  or  sides,  into 
the  hull.  A  pail  or  a  cask  leaksy  when  it  admits 
liquor  to  pass  out  through  a  hole  or  crevice. 

7\)  leak  out ;  to  find  vent ;  to  e$ca)>e  privately  from 
confinement  or  secrecy  ;  as  a  fact  or  report. 

LEAK'AOE,  n.  A  leaking:  or  the  quantity  of  a  liquor 
tJmt  enters  or  issues  by  leaking. 

2.  An  nllownnce.  in  eommercey  of  a  certain  rate  per 
cent,  for  the  leaking  of  casks,  or  the  waste  of  liquors 
by  leaking. 

LP.AK'I.NG,  n.     The  oozing  or  passing  of  a  liquid 

thntuirh  an  nperture. 
LEAK'V,  a.    That  admits  water  or  olherliquor  to  pass 

in  or  out ;  as,  a  leaky  vessel ;  a  leaky  ship  or  barrel. 
2.  Apt  to  disclose  secrets  ;  tattling  ;  not  close. 

L*  hlstrange. 
LEAL,  a.  'In  SeoUish^  faithful  ;   true.     Hence,  "the 

land  of  the  f«a/,"  is  the  place  of  the  faitliful,  heaven. 

Jamie-son. 
LEAM,  n.     A  string  to  lead  a  dog.  Rich.  Diet. 

LEAM'ER,  a.     A  dog  ;  a  kind  of  hound. 
LEAN,  (leen,)  r.  i.     [Sax.  A/inian,  hleonian^  to  lean  ; 

itauui,  to  recline  ;  G.  Uhnen  :  D.  leuncn  ;  Drm,  laner ; 

Sw. Idnasiff:  Ir.elaonaim:  Raas.  klonyu;  Gr.  K^ivwf 

L.  elino.     Cla-w  Ln,  No.  3,J 

1.  To  deviate  or  move  from  a  stmight  or  perpen- 
dicular Irne  ;  or  to  be  in  a  (tosition  thus  deviating. 
We  say,  a  column  leans  to  the  north  or  to  the  ea^it ; 
it  leans  to  the  right  or  left. 

2.  To  incline  or  propend  ;  to  tend  toward. 

Th»7  dr'Itfbt  ratb-r  to  Imtn  to  tbrir  ol.!  ctwtonw.  Spenatr. 

Tnut  in  m  Itonl  «ri'Ji  all   thy  heart,  tad  tean  oot  U>  thy  own 
uadcmmmliaf .  —  Piuv.  iu, 

3.  To  bend  or  incline  so  as  to  rest  on  something  ; 
as,  to  lean  against  a  wall  or  a  pillar  ;  to  lean  on  the 
arm  of  another. 

4.  To  bend  ;  to  be  in  a  bending  posture. 
LE.^N,  r.  £.     To  incline  ;  to  cause  to  lean.         Shak, 

2.  To  conceal.     [Ice.  Inna.]     [^ot  in  use.]     Ray, 
LEAN,  a.     [Sax.  Lene,  or  kl^ne  :  D.  Dan.  and  G.  klein, 

small,  lean  ;  Sw.  kUn  ;  allied  perhaps  to  L.  lenisy  and 
Eng.  ttender.] 

1.  Wanting  flesh;  meager;  not  fat;  as,  a  lean 
body  :  a  lean  man  or  animal. 

3.  Not  rich  ;  destitute  of  good  qualities;  bare; 
barren  :  as,  lean  earth. 

3.  Low  ;  poor  ;  in  opposition  to  Rich  orGaEAx;  as, 
a  lean  action.     [  Unu.'maU] 

4.  Barren  of  thought  ;  destitute  of  that  which  im- 
proves or  entertains ;  jejune ;  as,  a  lean  discourse  or 
dissertation. 

LEAN,  M.    That  part  of  flesh  which  consists  of  muscle 

•vithoiit  the  f;tt.  Farquhar. 

Lk.AN'-FAC-EU,  (-faste,)  a.      Having  a  thin   face. 

Among  printrr.'t,  applied  to  letters  which  have  not 

their  full  breadth. 
LkAN'-WIT-TED,  a.      Having  but  little    sense  or 

shrewdness.  S!iak. 

LEAN'£D,  pp.     Inclined  ;  caused  to  lean. 
LkAN'ING,  ppr,  or  a.     Inclining  ;  causing  to  lean. 
LEAN'LY,orfr.     Meagerly  ;  without  fat  or  plumpness. 
LeAN'NESS,  TU     Destitution  of  fat;  want  of  flesh  ; 

thinness  of  bfwly  ;  meagcmess  ;  applied  to  animals. 

2.  Want  of  matter;  poverty  ;  emptiness;  as,  the 
l»inness  of  a  purse.  Shak. 

3.  In  Scripture,  want  of  grace  and  spiritual  com- 
fort. 

lie  wpnX  teannest  into  their  toiil.  —  Pa.  cvi. 

LEAN'-TO,  n.  A  part  of  a  building  which  appears  to 
lean  on  the  main  building.  Francis. 

LE.\N'Y,  a.    Alert;  brisk;  active.    [JVotin  use.] 

Spenser. 

LEAP,  (lecp,)  p.  i.  [SaT.  hlrapan,  Goth.  Maupnn,  to 
leap;  G.  lati/cu ;  D.utopen,  Sw.  lifjm,  Dan.  liiftcr^lo 
run,  to  pass  rapidly,  to  flow,  slip,  c>r  glide  ;  W'.  Urrf, 
a  leap.  From  these  signification^,  it  may  bs  inferred 
that  this  word  belongs  to  the  f;iinily  of  Ij.  laAor,  per- 
haps Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Sam.  Eth.  nSn.  Class  Lb,  No. 
30.     Q.n.  L.  lupiUf  a  wolf,  the  leaprr.] 

1.  To  spring  or  rise  from  the  ground  with  both 
feet,  as  a  man,  or  with  all  the  feet,  as  other  ani- 
mals ;  to  jump;  to  vault;  as,  a  man  leaps  over  a 
fence,  or  leaps  upon  a  horse. 

A  miui  leapeth  boUcr  with  wci^u  in  his  hands  th:in  without. 

Dacon, 

2.  To  spring  or  move  suddenly  ;  as,  to  leap  from  a 
horse. 


LEA 

3.  To  rush  with  violence. 

And  iho  mun  in  wlium  thf  evil  aplril  was  leajied  oil  them  snd 
orcrcaine  ibfui.  —  Acts  Mix. 

4.  To  ppring ;  to  bound ;  to  skip ;  as,  to  leap  fur 

5.  To  fly  ;  to  start.    Job  xli.  [joy 

H"  partM  frowning  from  mv,  u  IT^tn 

Lta^td  from  hi*  eyc«,  Shak. 

[Our  common  people  retain  the  Saion  aspirate  of 
this  word  in  the  phrase  to  clip  if,  to  run  ."ast,] 
Leap,  r.  t.  To  pass  over  by  leaping  ;  to  spring  or 
bound  from  one  side  to  the  other  ;  as,  to  leap  a  wall, 
a  gate,  (A'  a  gulf;  to  leap  a  stream.  [Uut  the  phrase 
is  elliptical,  and  oerr  is  understood.] 
2.  To  copulate  with,  as  ttie  male  of  certain  beasts. 

iyriidr.n. 
LEAP,«.     Ajump;  a  spring  ;  abound;  actof  leaping. 

2.  Space  passed  by  leaping. 

3.  A  sudden  transition  or  passing.  Stoift, 

4.  The  space  that  may  be  passed  at  a  bound. 

'Tis  thi.-  conrciiiont  Uap  1  nwaa  to  try,  DrytUn. 

5.  Embrace  of  animals.  I>njden. 

6.  Hazard,  or  effect  of  leaping.  SAaJfc. 

7.  A  basket ;  a  weel  for  fish.     [J^ot  xn  use.] 

WicUf.     Sherwood, 

LEAP'ED,  (leoptor  lept,)  pp.  Jumped  ;  passed  over 
by  a  bound. 

LkAP'ER,  n.  One  that  leaps  ;  as,  a  horse  is  called  a 
good  leaprr. 

LEAP'-PKOG,  n.  A  play  among  boys,  in  which  one 
stottps  down  and  anoilier  leaps  over  him  by  placing 
his  hands  on  the  shotililers  of  the  former.  Shak. 

LflAP'lXG,  ppr.  Jumping  ;  springing  ;  bounding  ; 
skipping. 

LEAP'IXG,  fi.    The  act  of  jumping  or  passing  by  u 

LkAP'ING-LY,  ado.     By  leaps.  [leap. 

LE.\P'-YEAR,  ».  Bissextile,  a  year  containing  3156 
days  ;  every  fourth  year,  which  Iraps  over  a  day 
more  than  a  conitnon  year.  1'hus,  in  common  years, 
if  the  first  day  of  March  is  on  Monday,  the  present 
year,  it  will,  the  next  year,  fall  on  Tuesday,  but  in 
leap-year  it  will  leap  to  Wednesday  ;  for  leajnyear 
coiit:iins  a  day  more  than  a  common  year,  a  day  be- 
ing adilt'd  to  the  month  of  February  Broien. 

LEARX,  (hrn,)  r.  (.  [Sax.  lenrnianf  G.  lerarn ;  D. 
Irrren ;  Dan.  lierer  ;  Sw.  Idra.  The  latter  coincides 
with  the  ."^ax.  laran,  to  teach,  the  same  word  having 
both  significations,  to  teach  and  to  learn.  In  popu- 
lar use,  learn  still  has  both  senties.] 

1.  To  gain  knowledge  of;  to  acquire  knowledge 
or  ideas  of  something  before  unknown.  We  leant 
the  use  of  letters,  the  meaning  of  words,  and  the 
principles  of  science.  We  learn  things  by  instruc- 
tion, by  study,  and  by  experience  and  observation. 
It  is  much  easier  to  team  what  is  right,  than  to  un- 
learn what  is  wrong. 

Now  Itarn  ti  parable  of  tl*  fig-tree.  —  Matt.  xxiv. 

2.  To  acquire  skill  in  any  thing  ;  to  gain  by  prac- 
tice a  faculty  of  performing  ;  as,  to  Uarn  to  play  on 
a  flute  or  an  organ. 

Thf  chief  art  of  leaning  is  to  (Utpmpt  but  little  at  a  time.  Locke. 

3.  To  teach  ;  to  communicate  the  knowledge  of 
something  before  unknown. 

Hast  thou  not  learned  me  bow 
To  innke  perfumes  t  Shak. 

[This  use  of  learn  is  found  in  respectable  writers, 
but  is  now  deemed  inelegant  as  well  as  improper.] 
LEARN,  (lern,)  v.  i.    To  gain  or  receive  knowledge  ; 
to  receive  instruction  ;  to  take  pattern  ;  with  <if. 

Tuke  mjr  yolc^  upon  70U,  and  learn  0/  me  ;  for  I  am  meek  and 
lowly. —  Matt.  xi. 

2.  To  receive  information  or  intelligence. 
LEARN'ED,   lernd,)  |  pp.     Obtained   as    knowledge 
LFiARXT,  (lemt,)        \      or  information. 
LEARN'ED,  (lern'ed,)  a.     Versed   in   literature   and 
science  ;  as,  a  learned  man. 

2.  Skillful;  well  acquainted  with  arts;  knowing; 
with  in;  as,  learned  in  martial  arts. 

3.  Containing  learning ;  as,  a  learned  treatise  or 
publication.  Coze. 

4.  Versed  in  scholastic,  as  distinct  from  other 
knowledge. 

Min  of  much  reading  are  greatly  learned,  but  may  he  little 
knowing.  Locke, 

The  learned ;  learned  men  ;  men  of  erudition  ; 
literati. 

LEARX'ED-Ly,  (lem'ed-ly,)  adv.  With  learning  or 
enidition  ;  with  skill  ;  as,  to  discuss  a  question 
learnatly. 

Every  coxcomb  sweara  ai  learnedly  as  ihcy.  Sioifl. 

LEARX'ED-NESS,  (lern'ed-ness,)  n.  A  state  of  being 
learufd.  .^bp.  Laud. 

LEAKX'ER,  (lem'er,)  71.  A  person  who  is  gaining 
knowledge  from  instruction,  from  reading,  or  study, 
or  by  other  means  ;  one  who  is  in  the  rudiments  of 
anv  science  or  art. 

LEARX'IXG,  (Icrn'ine,)  ppr.  Gaining  knowledge  by 
instruction,  or  reading,  by  study,  by  exi>erience,  or 
observation  ;  acquiring  skill  by  practice. 

LEARN'ING,  (lern'ing,)  71.  The  knowledge  of  prin- 
ciples or  facts  received  by  instruction  or  study  ;  ac- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY-  — PLXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 
654  ~~ 


LEA 


quired  knowlLnU'e  or  ideas  in  any  branch  of  science 
or  liCerature;  truditiun ;  liieniiure;  science.  The 
Scaligcrs  were  men  of  great  learning.  [This  is  the 
proper  aentie  of  the  wurdA 

2,  Knowledge  acquired  by  experience,  experiment, 
or  observation. 

3.  Skill  in  any  thing  good  or  bad.  Hooker. 
L£AS'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  leased.  Siertcood, 
L2ASE,  n.     [Fr.  laisger.     See  the  verb.] 

1.  A  demise  or  letting  of  lands,  tenements,  or 
hereditaments,  to  another  for  life,  for  a  tenn  of 
years,  or  at  will,  for  a  rent  or  compensation  reserved ; 
also,  the  contract  for  such  lellinji.  Encyc 

2.  Any  tenure  by  grant  or  permission. 


Our  bifh-placed  Macbeth 
Shall  li»e  Ihe  Uast  o{  nature.  Shak. 

L^ASE,  r.  U  [Fr.  taisser  ;  a  different  orthography  of 
Ene.  let.    See  Let.] 

To  let ;  to  demise  i  to  grant  the  temporary  posses- 
sion of  lands,  tenements,  ur  hej-edituments.  to  another 
for  a  rent  reserved.  A  leaded  to  B  his  land  in  Dale 
for  the  annual  rent  of  a  pepper-corn. 

LkASE,  (leex,)  v.  i.  [Sax.  le^an,  to  collect,  also  to 
free,  to  IilM?rate,  to  redeem;  D.leezen;  G.  le^en,  to 
gather,  to  cull,  to  sift,  also  to  read,  like  L.  lego  ; 
Dan.  User,  Sw.  Idsa,  to  read.] 

To  glean ;  to  gather  what  harvest-men  have  left. 
rObs.]  Dryden, 

LEAS'£D,  (lecst,)  pp.  or  a.  Demised  or  let,  as  lands 
or  tenements. 

LkASE'HOLD,  a.  Held  by  lease;  as,  a  leasehold 
tt:nemeiit.  Swi/L 

LEASEHOLD,  n.     A  tenure  held  by  lease. 

LEAi*E'HOLD-ER,  m.    A  tenant  under  a  lease. 

SmarL 

LeAS'ER,  II.     A  gleaner ;  a  gatherer  after  reapers. 

LEA8H,  n.  [Fr.  /aiwe,  lesse;  D.  leue.  Qu.  It.  lauut^ 
L.  laqueiut.] 

\.  A  thong  of  leather,  or  long  line,  by  which  a  fal- 
coner holds  U\a  hawk,  or  a  courser  his  dog.     Shak. 

2.  Among  sportsmen^  a  brace  and  a  half;  tierce; 
three  ;  three  creatures  of  any  kind,  especially  gray- 
hounds,  foxes,  bucks,  and  hares.       Shak.     Dennis. 

3.  A  band  whrrewiili  to  tie  any  thing.        Boyle. 
LR.ASH,  V.  U    To  bind  ;  to  hold  by  a  string.      Sfiak. 
LKASH'KD,  (leesht,)  pp.     Bound  ;  held  by  a  string. 
LkASH'LNG,  ppr.     Holding  by  a  string. 
LkAS'IXG,  (leez'ing,)  n.     [Sax.  Uasunge,   (loin  lease^ 

UaiM^  false.] 

Falsehooa  ;  lies.     [Obsolete^  or  nearly  so.] 
LEAS'OVV,  (le'so,)  n.     [Sax.  l^rswe.] 

A  imsturc.     [Ob^.]  wndif. 

LEAST,  (leest,)  a.  [superL  of  Sax.  hes,  less,  contracted 

from  Ue^eai.  It  can  not  he  regularly  formed  from  little.] 

Smallest;  little  beyond  others,  either  in  size  or  de- 
gree ;  as,  the  least  insect ;  the  leust  mercy. 

Least  is  often  used  without  the  noun  to  which  it 
refers.  "  I  am  the  least  of  the  a|H>stles,"  that  is,  the 
least  apoptle  of  all  the  ajjostles.  1  Cor.  xv. 
LEAST,  adr.  In  the  cmallest  or  lowest  degree;  in  a 
degree  below  all  others ;  as,  to  reward  those  who 
Uatt  deserve  it. 

^t  Uasly        i  tossy  no  more  ;  not  to  demand  or  af- 

j?t  the  least ;  (  firm  more  than  is  barely  sufficient ; 
at  the  lowest  degree.  If  he  has  not  incurred  a  pen- 
alty, he  at  least  deserves  c«-nsure. 

He  who  tnnpU,  tboufh  vsin,  at  Ittut  lupene* 

The  teinpwatf  with  OuTionor.  MUton, 

2.  To  say  no  more.  Let  useful  observations  be  at 
least  a  part  of  yo<ir  conversation. 

The  least ;  in  the  smallest  degree.     His  faculties 
are  not  in  the  leoj-t  impaired. 
j9t  leastwise^  in  the  s4-nse  of  at  leasts  is  obsolete. 
LEAS'Y,  (le'zy,)  a.    Thin  ;  flimsy.    It  is  usually  pro- 

nitunced  sleazy.     [  Obs.]  JSsdMm, 

LEAT,  n.     [Sax.  Urt,  duziL] 

An  artificial  trench  to  conduct  water  to  or  from  a 
mill.  Francis. 

LEATH'ER,  (lelh'er,)  n,  [Sax.  lether;  G.  and  D. 
Uder;  Sw.lader;  l>An.  Itrt her ;  Arm.  Icir  ;  Ir.  leather. 
The  most  correct  orthography  is  Lether.] 

1.  The  skin  of  an  nnlmal  dressed  and  prepared  for 

2.  Dressed  hides  in  generiil.  [use. 

3.  Skin  ;  in  an  irbnical  sense. 
LEATH'ER,    (l«th'er,)    a.      Leathern;   consisting  of 

leather  ;  as,  a  leather  glove. 
LEATH'ER,  (leth'er,)  c.  U    To  beat,  as  with  a  thong 
of  leather.  Todd.     Smart. 

[This,  which  is  now  alow  word,  was  once  in  gfx>d 
use,  and  corresponded  to  the  medieval  Latin  deeari- 
are-.     See  Durante.] 
LEATH'ER-€6Ar,  (leth'er-,)  n.    An  apple  with  a 

toUL'h  ront  or  rind.  Shak. 

LEATH'ER-DRESS-ER,    (leth'er-,)    n.      One    who 

dresses  leather;  one  who  prepares  bides  for  use. 

Pope, 
LEATH'ER-JACK-ET,  (leth'er-,)  n.  A  fish  of  the  Pa^ 

cific  Ocean.  Cook, 

LEATH'ER-AIOUTH  .ED,  (leth'er-,)  a. 

Uj  UaOter-m^utheft  ffih,  I  mritn  aucb  u  have  their  lerth  in  their 
•hmml,  M  th*  chilli.  Walton. 

LEATH'ER.V,  (leth-)fl.  Made  of  leather;  consisting 
of  leather  ;  as,  a  leathern  purse  ;  a  leathern  girdle. 


LEA 

LEATH'ER-SELL-ER,    n.      A    seller  or  dealer   in 

leather. 

LEATU'ER-WING-KD,  a  Havingwings  like  leath- 
er ;  an  epithet  of  a  bat.  Spenser. 

LEATH'ER-WQOD,  n.  A  small  shrub  of  the  United 
St;ites,  with  very  flexil)le  branches,  and  a  tough, 
leathery  bark  ;  the  Dirca  {lalustris.  Gardner. 

LEATH'ER-Y,(leth-)a.     Reseiubling  leather;  tough. 

Orew. 

LEAVE,  (leev,)  n,  [Sax.  Icaf^  lefe^  from  leafan,  lefan^ 
lyfan^  to  permit,  to  grant,  to  trust,  to  believe  ;  G.  er- 
iaub^  D.  oorlqf,  verluf,  leave,  farlow  ;  Sax.  leofan^  to 
livey  and  to  leave.] 

1.  Permission;  nllowance  ;  license;  liberty  grant- 
ed by  which  restraint  or  illegality  is  removed. 

No  friend  haa  leaoe  to  boar  iiway  tlie  ilenU.  Dryilen, 

Dttvid  eanieitly  uske<l  leaoe  of  nie. —  1  Sam,  xx, 

2.  Farewell ;  adieu  ;  ceremony  of  departure  ;  a  for- 
mal parting  of  friends  ;  used  chiefly  in  tlie  phrase  to 
take  leave.     Acti  xviii. 

LEAVE,  V.  t.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Left.  [Sax.  Itrfan,  to 
leave  ;  leftin,  to  permit,  to  believe  ;  Irfe,  Ic-ive  ;  te./ian^ 
to  live  ;  letfan,  to  leave,  to  live  ;  leqfa,  leave,  i»ermis- 
sion,  license  ;  lyfan^  to  pt-rmit,  also  to  live.  But  live 
is  also  written  Ubany  libban,  wilii  6,  which  leave  is 
not.     Belifan,  to  remain  or  be  left  ;  a/ji/iin,  to  permit ; 

f'e-Uefan^  to  leave,  to  permit,  to  b*;lieve  ;  ge-leaf,  leave, 
icense,  assent,  consent,  faith,  or  belief;  ge4efun^Ko 
believe,  to  think  or  8up(M>se,  to  pt*rmit,  to  Uee ;  pe- 
leu/an,td.;  £'f-^n/^aK,tt>  believe,  to  tru.-!t ;  ge-lyfedyper- 
niitted  or  allowed,  believed.  lawful,  also  nlive,  hav- 
ing life;  leaf,  loved;  lufn,  love,  also  bflief;  leoflic, 
faithful;  lufiicy  VfiWingU;  lubenUr  :  liiJUc,  love\y.  The 
German  has  leave  in  urlaub,  a  furlow,  and  belief  in 
glaube ;  lice  in  leben :  and  love  in  lirbe^  lieben^  the 
Latin  libety  lubet.  Gr.  Atfru'.  Dan.  leeer,  Sw.  /c/ea, 
to  live.  These  are  a  small  part  of  the  athnitios  of 
this  word.  The  Germans  and  Dutch  express  the  sense 
of  leave  by  lassen^  laaten,  which  is  our  let,  Fr.  laLtser; 
and  let  in  English  has  the  sense  both  of  |R-rniit  and 
of  hinder.  1'he  ntost  prominent  significations  of 
leave  arc,  to  stop  or  forbear,  and  to  withdraw.] 

1.  To  withdraw  or  deiiart  from  ;  to  quit  for  a  long- 
er or  shorter  time  indefinitely,  or  for  perpetuity.  We 
/(•yi  Cowes,  on  our  return  to  the  United  States,  May 
10,  1825.  V\"e  leave  home  for  a  day  or  a  year.  The 
fever  leaves  the  patient  daily  at  a  certain  hour.  The 
secretary  has  left  the  business  of  his  oftice  with  his 
first  clerk. 

A  man  ahnll  leav*  Iilb  f-iihcr  and  liU  mother,  and  cleave  to  hia 
wife.  —  Gtti.  ii. 

2.  To  forsake ;  to  desert ;  to  abandon ;  to  relin- 
quish. 

We  hare  Uft  aJI  aiul  fullowed  tliee.  —  Mark  jc. 

3.  To  suffer  to  remain  ;  not  to  take  or  remove. 
Let  no  man  leaot  of  it  liU  the  moming.  —  Kx.  xvi. 

4.  To  have  remaining  at  death  ;  as,  to  /wtwca  good 
name. 

5.  To  commit  or  trust  to,  as  a  de[)osit ;  or  to  sufllcr 
to  remain.  I  left  the  p:i[)crs  in  the  care  of  the  con- 
sul. 

G.  To  bequeath;  to  give  by  will.  The  deceased 
has  Irft  his  lands  to  liis  sons,  but  he  has  Uft  a  legacy 
to  his  only  daughtt-r. 

7.  To  permit  without  interposition.  Of  this,  he 
Uaces  tlie  render  to  judge. 

8u  To  cease  to  do ;  to  desist  fnim  ;  to  forbear. 

Let  u>  rrtum.  Ir-M  ni;  father  /mm  corinif  for  the  mbtb  and  taka 
dioiistit  fur  lu. —  1  Sun.  ix. 

9.  To  refer  ;  to  commit  fur  decision. 

To  be  left  txi  one^s  self;  to  be  deserted  or  forsaken  ; 
to  be  permitted  to  follow  one's  own  opinions  or  de- 
sires. 

To  Irare  off:  to  desist  from ;  to  forbear ;  as,  to 
leavr  ojf  work  at  six  o'clock. 

To  Irave  off;  to  cease  wearing;  as,  to  leave  off  a 
garment. 

2.  To  forsake;  as,  to  leave  off  an  old  acquaint- 
ance. jirbuthnoL 

'To  leave  out ;  to  omit ;   as,  to  leave  out  a  word  or 
name  in  writing. 
LEAVE,  r.  i.    To  cease  ;  to  desist. 

He  begwi  at  the  ♦■  Ideat  awt  left  ut  Htc  younf-at.  —  Gen.  xlir. 

To  leaoe  off;  to  cease  ;  to  desist ;  to  stop. 


LED 

days  of  the  passover,  no  leaven  was  permitted  to  be 
in  the  houses  of  the  Jews.    Kx.  xii. 

2.  Any  thing  which  makes  a  general  change  in  the 
mass,  it  generally  means  something  which  corrupts 
or  depraves  that  with  which  it  is  mixed. 

Beware  of  the  leavvn  of  the  Phariae^^  and  of  the  Sadduceea.  — 
MalU  x»i. 

LEAVEN,  (lev'n,)  ft.  t,    To  excite  fermentation  in  ; 

to  raise  and  make  light,  as  dough  or  paste. 

A  litUe  leaven  teaotntth  tlie  whole  lump.  —  I  Cor.  t. 

2.  To  taint ;  to  imbue.  Prior. 

LEAV'KN-JSD,  (lev'nd,)  pp.  or  a.     Raised  and  made 

light  bv  fermentation. 
LEA  V'^N-ING,  (lev'n-ing,)ppr.     Making  light  hy  fer- 
mentation. 
LEAV'AN-LVG,  (lev'n-ing,)  n.    That  which  leavens 

or  makes  light.  Bacon. 

LEAV'EN-OUS,   (lev'n-us,)  a.     Containing    leaven; 

tainted.  Milton. 

LkAV'ER,  n.     [from  leave.]     One  who  leaves  or  re- 

lintpiishes  ;  one  who  forsakes.  Shak. 

LkA  VES,  (lecvz,)  n. ;  pL  of  Leaf. 
LkA  V'l-NESS,  It.     State  of  being  full  of  leaves. 
Leaving,  ppr.     Quitting;   withdrawing  from;  re- 

linijuishing;  suffering  to  remain  ;  ceasing;  desisting 

from. 
Leavings,  71.  p/.    Things  left;  remnant;  relics. 

The  leavinga  of  Piiaranlik.  Additon. 

2.  Refuse  ;  offal.  Swift. 

LeAVY,  a.     [from   leaf.]     Full  of  leaves  ;   covered 

with  leaves.  Sidney,     SAoA. 

[An  improper  word  ;  it  ought  to  be  Leafy.] 

LECH,  for  Lick.     [Obs.]     See  Lice. 

LECH'ER,  n.  [It.  leeco^  gluttony,  lechery;  leccare^ 
to  lick  ;  leccaritoy  greedy  ;  G.  lecken  ;  D.  likker.  See 
Lick,  Lbak,  and  LtcKcnisH.  But  in  Saxon,  leg er- 
scipe  is  lewdness,  from  leger,  a  layer,  or  a  lying 
down;  lecgan,to\ay;  /iira«,  to  lie.  See  LuBRicrTT.] 
A  man  given  to  lewdness  ;  one  addicted,  in  nn  ex- 
orbitant degree,  to  the  indulgence  of  the  animal  ap- 
petite, and  an  illicit  commerce  with  females. 

LECH'ER,  V.  i.      To  practice  lewdness  ;    to  indulge 
hist.  B.  Jonson. 

LECH'ER-OUS,  (1.     Addicted  to  lewdness;  prone  to 

indulue  lust;  lustful;  lewd.  Derham, 

2.  Provoking  lust.  Chaucer. 

LRCH'EK-OUS-LY.  adv.     Lustfnllv  ;  lewdly. 

LECH'ER-OIIS-NESS,  n.     Lust,  or  strong  propensity 
to  indulge  the  sexual  appetite. 

LECirEK-V,  n.     Lewdness  ;  free  indulgence  of  lust ; 
practice  of  indulging  the  animal  appetite.        S/iak. 

LEC'TIOX,  n.     [h.  lectio,  from  lego^Xo  read,  Ir.  Zci^^- 
hiiH,  Iraisham^  Gr.  Acj-oj,  Fr.  lire.] 

1.  A  reading. 

2.  A  difference  or  variety  in  copies  of  a  manuscript 
or  book.  fVatts. 

3.  A  lesson  or  portion  of  Scripture  read  in  divine 
service. 

LEC'T10N-.\-RY,  n.    The  Roman  Catholic  service- 
hook,  containing  portions  of  Scripture. 

LEG'TOR,  n.     [L.,  ft-om  lego,  lectus.] 

Ill  the  ancient  church,  a  reader  ;  a  person  designated 
to  read  parts  of  the  Bible,  &c.,  when  few  other  peo- 
ple could  read. 

LEC'TliRE,  rt.    [Fr.  lecture,  from  L.  leetura,  from  legOy 
to  read.] 

1.  A  discourse  read  or  pronounced  on  any  subject ; 
usually  a  formal  or  methodical  discourse,  intended 
for  instruction  ;  as,  a  lecture  on  morals,  philosophy, 
rhetoric,  <ir  thrologv. 

2.  A  reading;  Ih'c  art  or  practice  of  reading;  as, 
in  the  lecture  of  H(i*y  Scripture.     [Little  used.] 

Brmon, 

3.  A  magisterial  reprimand  ;  a  formal  reproof. 

Addison. 

-»    A  rehearsHl  of  a  lesson.  T,n^.  Univ. 

To  read  or  deliver  a  formal  dis- 


Hul  when  yon  And  that  Tigoruiia 
i/COM  (UTi  and  for  another  aununi 


Rotcommon. 


LEAVE,  t).'.     [Fr.  lever.] 

To  raise  ;  to  levy,  as  an  anny.  [J^otused.]  Spenser. 

LItAVE'-TAK-ING,  n.  Takingof  leave  ;.  parting  com- 
pliments. Shak, 

LEA  Vf:i),  (leevd,)  a.  [Oom  le^f;  but  leafed  would  be 
preferable.) 

1.  Fiirnixhed  with  foliage  or  leaves. 

2.  Having  a  leaf,  or  made  with  leaves  or  folds  ;  as, 
a  two-lrarfd  gate. 

Lr:AVE'LE.SS,  a.    Destitute  of  leaves. 

LEA Vi^JN,  (lev'n,)  n.     [Fr.  levain,  from  lever,  to  raise, 
L.  leva,  Eng.  to  l\ft.] 

1.  A  mass  of  sour  dough,  which,  mixed  with  a 
larger  quantity  of  dough  or  paste,  produces  fermen- 
tation in  it  and  renders  it  light.     During  the  seven 


We 


LEC'TIIRE, 

course. 

2.  To  practice  reading  lertures  for  instruction, 
say,  the  profu.ssor  lectures  on  geometry,  or  on  chem- 
istry. 

LECTURE,  V.  t.    To  instruct  by  discourses. 

2.  'I'o  instniot  dnpinaiically  ur  authoritatively  ;  to 
reprove  ;  as,  to  lecture  one  for  his  faults. 

LEC'TUR-ZJU,  pp.  Instructed  by  discourse  ;  repri- 
manded. 

LECTURER,  n.  One  who  reads  or  pronounces  lec- 
tures ;  a  professor  or  an  ini-tnicior  who  delivers  for- 
mal discourses  for  llie  instruction  of  otln-rs. 

2.  A  preacher  in  a  church,  hired  by  the  parish  to 
assist  the  rrctor,  vicar,  or  curate.  Johnson. 

LEC'TrRE-SIIlP,  n.     The  oflice  of  a  lecturer.    Sieift. 

LEC'i  tlR-ING,  ppr.  Reading  or  delivering  a  dis- 
course ;  reproving. 

LEG'TURN,  «.  A  reading-desk  in  some  churches. 
[JiTot  in  vse.]  Chatuer. 

LED,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Lgad. 

LED-GAP'TAliN,  n.  [led  and  captain.]  An  obsequi- 
ous fidlower  or  attendant. 

LED'KN,  ".     [Sax.  lyden.] 

Language  ;  true  meanmg.     [0*«J  Spenser. 

LEDGE,  H.  fSax.  leger^  a  layer;  D  Uggen,  to  lay, 
Sax.  lecgan.] 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8 €  ai  K  ;   6  as  J  ;   S  as  Z  ;   CH  as  SI! ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


LEE 

1   A  stratum,  layer,  or  row. 

TV  loOTTte  tadgt  or  row  abouM  be  menij  of  tfon»,      IToltow. 

2.  A  ridite ;  a  prominent  row  ;  as,  a  Ud^e  of  rocks. 

3.  A  pnimineut  part ;  a  regiilar  part  rising  or  pn>- 
jecling  beyoud  the  re^  Sic\fi. 

4.  A  siunll  molding. 

5.  A  small  piece  of  timber  placed  athwart  riiips, 
under  the  deck,  between  the  beams. 

6.  A  ridge  of  rocks  near  Uie  surfiice  of  the  aea. 

LEDd'ER,  a.  The  prinripal  tKK»k  of  accounts  among 
merchants  ;  the  book  into  which  the  accounts  of  the 
journal  are  carried  in  a  suminary  form. 

3.*i>t/jrw« ;  in  arcJkit^turr,  pieces  of  timber  used 
to  support  the  platfurin  of  scartolding. 

LE06'KR-UXE.     See  LK(i«R  Lisa. 

LKOO'V,  a.     Abtmndiiig  in  Irdecs, 

LED'-HORSE,  a.     A  siimptfr-horsc. 

LEE,  »..■  pL  Lk£s.     [Fr.  /«.] 

Drefs;  sedimenL     [See  Lkbs.^ 

LEE,  a.  [Sw.  la:  Dan.  Ut,  In  Sat.  4/»,  A/mk*,  is  a 
bower  or  shelter ;  Scot.  U,  calm,  slit-ltrn-d  ;  Ice.  4/«, 
D.  Igr,  im^  and  /hc,  sheltered  from  the  wind  ;  Ummx, 
to  eeaae  btowiag;;  \V.  cM,  sheltering,  warm  -,  Sp. 
faa,  lea.  If  the  Welsh  m  the  same  word,  it  con- 
ne^a  these  words  wHh  haL  eUmb,  eludo^  to  shut  or 

nUrmBf^m  calm  or  sheltered  plac^  a  place  defend- 
ed Dom  the  wind  ;  hence,  that  part  uftlie  hemisphere 
toward  which  the  wind  blows,  as  oppotK-d  to  that 
from  which  it  proceeds. 

Omder  the  Itt^  denotes,  properijff  in  the  part  defend- 
ed from  the  wiml. 

Vmder  tJu  fsi  »/tke  load,  is.  jn-opertyy  near  the  shore, 
which  breaks  the  force  of  the  wind. 

UmJtr  tiuUa^a  skip  ;  on  the  side  opp(^ite  to  that 
on  which  the  wind  blows. 

LEE,  p.  i.     To  lie.     [Obs.]     [See  Lie-]         Chatieer. 

LEE'-BCARD,  m.  A  frame  of  plank  affixed  to  the 
side  of  a  dat-hctiomed  vestel,  to  prevent  it  frum  iidl- 
hig  to  leeward  when  dose-hauled. 

LEE'-GACC,  a.  A  greater  distance  from  the  point 
whence  the  wind  blows  than  another  veseel  has. 

I£E'-LURCH,  a.  A  sudden  and  violent  roll  of  a  ahip 
to  toeward  in  a  high  sea. 

LEE'-SHORB,  It.  The  shore  under  the  lee  of  a  ship, 
or  thni  toward  which  the  wind  blows. 

LEE'-.-^IDE,  n.  The  side  of  a  ship  or  boat  fVirtliest 
from  The  point  whence  the  wind  blows ;  opposed  to 
the  WEkiHca-siDE. 

UCE'-TIDE,  N.  A  tide  running  in  the  same  direction 
that  the  wind  blows.  A  titU  luuier  (A<  Im,  is  a  stream 
in  an  opposite  direction  to  the  wind. 

LEE'WARD,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  port  toward  which 
thn  wind  Mows;  as,  a  leeward  ship^ 

LEE'WARD,ad*.  Toward  the  lee,  or  thai  part  toward 
which  the  wind  blows;  opposed  to  WmowAaD;  as, 
fkll  tolcneord. 

LEE'WA  Y,  n.  The  lateral  movement  of  a  ship  to  the 
leeward  of  her  course,  or  the  angle  which  the  line  of 
her  way  makes  with  her  keel,  wlien  she  is  dose- 
hauled.  Mar.  Diet. 

L£ECH,iu  [Goth./ei*eu,  Sax.  I«c,  a  host  or  innkeeper, 
a  phyr«ician  ;  Dan.  Idegt:  t^gtr^  to  heal;  8w.  liikia^ 
to  heal ;  Mriorf,  a  physician  ;  Ir. /ut<rA;  Russ.  tioAxir.] 

1.  A  physician  ;  a  professor  of  the  art  of  healing. 

Spenser.     Dryden.     Oay. 
[Tliis   word,  in   the   United  States,  is   nearly  or 
wholly  obsolete.     Even  Cow-leech  is  not  used.] 

2.  [Sax.  lacean^  to  seize.]  A  blood-sucker  ;  an  an- 
imal of  tiie  genii^  Hinido,  a  ispecies  of  aquatic  worm, 
which  i-«  usrd  in  the  medical  art  for  topical  bleeding. 
One  targe  species  of  thi^  animal  is  called  koTse4ttdi. 

3.  In  seaitieti'i  lan^uage^  the  border  or  edge  of  a 
sail,  which  u  sloping  or  perpendicular  ;  as,  the  fort- 
ler(\,  the  ejler-leech^  ice. 

LEECH,  e.t.    Toueat  with  medicine;  to  heal.    [Obs.] 

Chaucer. 
LEECH'-€RAFT,  m.     The  art  of  healing.     [06s.] 

Davicg. 
LEECH'-LINIE,  «.    Leech-lines  are  ropes  fa--tened  to 
the  leecb-rupes  of  the  main-sail  and  fore-sail,  serving 
to  iru«ts  tli''m  up  to  the  yards. 
LEE  "H -R6PE,   n-      That   part   of  the   bolt-rope  to 
which  the  skirt  or  border  of  a  sail  is  sewed. 

Mar.  Diet, 
LEE F,  If.     Kind;  fond;   jdeasing;   willing.     [Obs.] 

[Sre  LiBP.l  Spenser. 

LEEK,  n.  [Sax.  leac ;  G.  Uuch ;  D.  look ;  &w.  liJk ; 
Dun.  tS^.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  .Mlium,  with  a  bulbous  root. 
A"<»m.  xi. 
LEE'LTl'E,  a.     A  variety  of  feldspar,  so  named  from 

Dr.  Lee.  Dana. 

LEEK.  r.  L     [D.  crlnKren,  be^^ureit  ] 

1.  To  look  obliquely  ;  to  turn  the  eye  and  cast  a 
look  from  a  comer,  either  in  contempt,  defiance,  or 
frowning,  or  for  a  sly  look.  Stcift. 

2.  To  look  with  a  forced  countenance.  Dryden, 
LEER,  r.  (.  To  aJlure  with  smiles.  Dryden. 
l^ER,  R.     [Sax.  kUart,  hieor,  the  cheek.] 

1.  The  cheek.     [Obs.] 

2.  Complexion  ; 'hue  ;  face      [Obs.]  Skak. 


LEG 

3.  An  oblique  view. 

With  VMlon  iur  nyiUftt 
Ered  tbom  Mfesnu.  Milton. 

4.  An  aflbcted  cast  of  countenance. 

Dctnifl  whk  fUnt  pnlM,  eottecds  with  dvil  Utr.  Pop€. 

LEER,  o.     [Sax.  getar.] 

Empty  ;  also,  trilling  ;  frivolous.    [Ofr.<r.] 

B.  Jonson. 
LEER'ED,  pp.  Looked  obliquely  ;  allured  by  smiles. 
LEER'ING,  ppr.   Looking  obliquely  ;  casting  a  look  as 

kanre. 
LEER'ING-LY,  ode.    With  an  ardi,  oblique  look  or 

smile. 
LEE3,  n,  pL    [Ft.  lie:  Arm.  ly;  probably  a  contracted 
word.    It  is  used  in  th(!  plural  only.] 

The  grosser  parts  of  any  liquor  which  have  settled 
on  the  bottom  of  a  vessel ;  dregs  ;  sediment  ;  as,  the 
Ue.i  of  wine. 
LEESE,  V.  L    To  loee.    [Obs.]     [See  Lose.] 

B,  Jonetnu 
LEE9E,v.  <.    [UUsus,] 

To  hurt.    fOft*.]  irtelif. 

LEET^  a.  In  Ortat  Britain^  a  court.  The  Murtleet. 
or  view  of  frankpledge,  is  a  court  of  record  held 
once  a  year  and  not  oftener,  within  a  (Kirticiilar  hun- 
dred, lordship,  or  nLinor,  before  the  steward  of  ilie 
leeL  Its  original  intent  was  to  view  the  frankpledges 
or  freemen  within  the  lilwrty,  to  preserve  the  peace, 
and  punish  certain  minute  offenses.  All  freeholders 
within  the  precinct  are  obliged  to  attend  this  court. 

Blackjitone. 
The  conrt-leet  is  for  the  most  part  superseded  by 
the  county  court. 
LEET'-ALE,  n.    A  feast  or  merry-making  in  the  time 

of  leet.  Efialand. 

LEET'-MAX,  n.    One  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  of  a 

leel -court.  Bancro/L 

LEFT,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Leave. 

LEFT,  a,  [L.  herns  ,•  Gr.  Aaiof,  Hesycb.  Xafo^;  prob- 
ably from  the  root  of  Jeore,  Gr.  >rir-(.i,  and  properly 
weak,  deficient.  Allied  to  the  hand  or  arm,  it  de- 
notes the  weak  arm,  as  opposed  to  the  ri^Af  the 
strong,  or  dextrmis.  Mrnc<-  the  ancient  idea  of  sin- 
ister, unfortunate,  attached  Ut  tlie  left  arm  or  side,] 

I.  Denoting  the  part  oppos<>d  to  the  rifA(  of  tlie 
body;  as,  the  Ufl  hand,  arm, or  side.  Hence,  the 
noun  being  omiiied,  we  say,  on  the /r/t,  that  is,  on 
the  ^/t  side  or  wing,  as  of  an  army. 

3.  The  1^  bank  of  a  river  is  that  which  is  on  the 
left  band  of  a  person  whose  face  ia  toward  the  mouth 
of  the  river. 
LEFT'-HAND,  n.    The  hand  on  the  left  side. 
LEFT'-MA.ND'ED- a.    Having  the  left  hand  or  arm 
more  stnmg  and  dextrous  than  the  right ;  using  the 
left  hand  and  arm  with  mure  dexterity  than  the 
righU 
3.  Unlucky;  inauspicious;  unseasonable.    [O65.] 

B.  .Jonjion. 
Left-kcftded  marriage,  or  Morganatic  marriage ; 
among  Oerman  princes,  a  marriage  with  a  woman 
of  inferior  rank,  in  which  it  is  stipulated,  that  she 
and  her  children  shall  not  enjoy  the  rank,  or  ihherit 
the  possessions,  of  her  husband.  Brandt. 

LEFT'-HAND'ED-NESS,    n.     Habitual   use   of  the 
left  hand,  or  rather  the  ability  to  use  the  left  hand 
with  more  ea.«e  and  strength  than  the  richt. 
LEFT'-HAND'I-NESS,  b.     Awkwardness. 

Ckesterfield. 
LEG,  n.     [Dan.  las;  It-  lacca,] 

1.  The  limb  of  an  animal,  used  In  supporting  the 
body,  and  in  walking  and  running;  properhj,  that 
part  of  the  limb  from  the  knee  to  tlie  foot,  hut  in  a 
more  general  sense,  the  whole  limb,  including  the 
thigh,  the  leg,  and  the  foot. 

2.  The  l^ng  or  slender  support  of  any  thing  ;  as, 
the  leg  of  a  table. 

Legi  of  a  triangle  ;  the  sides  of  a  triangle  ;  a  name 
seldom  used  unless  one  of  the  sides  is  first  distin- 
guished by  ^ome  appropriate  term  ;  as,  the  hypot- 
enuse and  two  legs  of  a  right-angled  triangle. 

Barlov}. 

To  make  a  leg;  to  bow  ;  a  phrase  introduced  prob- 
ably by  the  practice  of  drawing  the  right  leg  back- 
ward.    [Liale  used.]  Locke.     Steffi. » 

To  stand  on  one^s  oirn  legs;  to  support  one's  self; 
to  trust  to  one's  own  strength  or  efforts,   without 
aid. 
LEG'A-CY,   n.     [Sp.   tcgado ;   Fr.   Ugs;    L.  legatum, 

from  legOf  to  send,  to  bequeath ;  Etb.  f  iitn,  laka^ 

"   '? 
Ar.  t^kJl  alaka,  to  send.     Class  Lg,  No.  I.] 

A  bequest ;  a  particular  thing  or  certain  sum  of 
money  given  by  lost  will  or  testament. 

Good  counsel  u  the  best  legacy  a  father  can  leave  to  hU  child. 
L.'E»lranga. 

LEG' A-CY-HUNT'ER,  n.  One  who  flatters  and  courts 

for  legacies. 
Lk'GAL,  a.     [Fr. ;  from   L.  legalis,   from   lex,  Ugie, 

law.] 

1.  Accordins  tolaw  ;  in  conformity  with  law  j  as, 

a  legal  standard  or  test;  a  legal  procedure. 


LEG 

2.  Ijiwful ;  permitted  by  law  ;  as,  a  leisal  trade. 
Any  thing  is  legal  which  the  laws  do  not  forbid. 

3.  According  tuthc  law  of  works,  as  distinguished 
from  free  grace  ;  or  resting  on  works  for  salvation. 

4.  Pertaining  to  law  ;  created  by  law.     [MUtoru 

The  cxc'piion  mu<t  be  confiiipil  to  legal  crimes.  Patey. 

So  we  use  the  phrase  criminal  law. 
LR'GAL-I.^T,  K.    One  who  relies  for  salvation  upon 
LF.'fiAL  FICTION.     See  Fiction,     [works  of  law 
LE-GAL'I-TY,  n.    Lawfulness  ;  conformity  to  law. 
2.  lu  theology,  a  reliance  on  works  for  salvation. 

Scutt, 
Li5'GALTZE,  v.  L    To  make  lawful ;  to  render  con- 
formable to  law  ;  to  authorize.    What  can  legalize  re- 
venge f 

2.  To  sanction  ;  to  give  the  authority  of  law  to 
that  which  Is  done  without  law  or  authority.    Irregu- 
lar proceedings  may  be  legalized  by  a  subsequent  act 
of  th«  leiiislalure. 
Lk'GAI,  r/,-f:i),  pp.  or  a.     Made  lawful. 
Lk'GAI^TZ-ING,  ppr.     Making  lawful. 
Lf,'GAL-LY,  («/e.     Lawfully;  according  to  law  ;  in  a 

manner  permitted  by  law. 
LECI' A-TA-UY,  n.     [Fr.  legataire ;  L.  legatarius,  from 
lego,  to  bequeath.] 
A  legatee  ;  one  to  whom  a  legacy  Is  bequeathed. 
[But  Leoatee  is  generally  used.] 
LEG' ATE,   n.     [Fr.  legat;  L.   Itgatits,   from  Ugo,  to 
send.    See  Lackev.] 

1.  An  embassador  or  envoy  ;  but  especially, 

9.  The  pope's  embassador  to  a  foreign  prince  or 
state  ;  a  cardinal  or  bishop  sent  as  the  pope's  n-pre- 
sentative  or  commisaionurtoa  sovereign  prince.  Leg- 
ates are  of  three  kinds  ;  legates  a  latere,  or  counsel- 
ors and  assistants  of  his  holiness;  legattis  ^/c /«(/Te, 
who  are  not  cardinals,  and  legates  by  office.     Encyc. 

LEG-A-TEE',  n.     [L.  lego,  to  send.] 

One  to  whom  a  legacy  is  bequeathed.  Swift. 

LEG'ATE-SHIP,  n.     The  office  of  a  legate. 

LEG'A-TINE,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  legate  ;  as,  legntine 
power.  Sftuk. 

2.  Made  by  or  proceeding  from  alegate;  as,  a  Icga- 
tine  constitution.  Jixiliffe. 

LE-f;A''J'10N,  n,     [L.  legafio,  from  lego,  to  send.] 

An  embassy;  a  deputation;  properly,  a  sending, 
but  generally,  the  person  or  persons  sent  as  envoys 
or  embassadors  to  a  foreign  court.  Bacon. 

LE-OA'TO,  [It.]  in  music,  directs  the  notes  to  be  per- 
formed in  a  close,  smooth,  gliding  manner  ;  opposed 
to  Staccato. 

LEG-A-TOR',  n.  [L.]  A  testator  ;  one  who  bequeaths 
a  legacy.     [Little  used.]  Dryden. 

LEG'-BAIL,  n.  To  give  leg-bail,  is  to  esrjipe  from 
custody  and  run  away.  Walter  Scott. 

LEOE,  (lej,)  V.  t.  To  allege  ;  to  lighten.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

Chaucer. 

Le'OEND  or  LE6'END,  n.  [U.leggenda;  L' leg  en- 
da,  from  tego^  to  read  ;  originally,  in  the  Human  Catfi- 
olic  ckitrck,  a  hook  of  service,  or  lessons  to  he  read 
in  worship.] 

1.  A  chronicle  or  register  of  the  livesofsa'nts,  for- 
merly read  at  matins,  and  at  the  refectories  of  reli- 
gious houses.     Hence, 

2.  An  idle  or  ridiculous  story  told  respecting  saints. 

Kncye. 

3.  Any  memorial  or  relation.         ^  Johnson. 

4.  An  incredible,  unauthentic  narrative.  Bhickmore. 

5.  The  motto  or  words  placed  round  the  field  of  a 
medal  or  coin.  Brande. 

Lk'GEND,  v.  ^     To  tell  or  narrate,  as  a  legend.    HaU. 

LEG'END-A-UY,  a.  Consisting  of  legends  ;  strange ; 
fabulous. 

LEG'END-A-UY,  n.  A  book  of  legends  ;  a  relator  of 
legends.  Sfteldon. 

LEG'ER,  n.     [D.  leggen,  to  lie.  Sax.  lecgait.] 

Any  thing  that  lies  in  a  place  ;  that  which  rests  or 
remains;  sometimes  used  as  a  noun,  hut  more  fre- 
quently as  an  adjective,  as,  a  leger  embassador,  that 
is,  resident ;  but  the  word  Is  now  obsolete,  except  in 
particular  phrases. 

A  leger-book,  or  leger  ;  a  book  that  lies  in  the  count- 
ing-house, the  book  into  which  merchants  carry  a 
summary  of  the  accounts  of  the  journal  ;  usually 
and  properly  written  Ledger. 

LEG'EU-LI\E,  (led'jer-,)  n.  In  muMc,a.  line  added  to 
the  siatf  of  five  lines,  when  more  lines  than  five  are 
wanted,  for  designating  notes  ascending  or  descend- 
ing. 

LEG-ER-DE-MSIN',  n.  [Fr.  le^er,  It.  leggiero,  light, 
slight,  and  Fr.  de  main,  of  hand.    See  Lioht.] 

Sleight  of  hand  ;  a  deceptive  performance  which 
depends  on  dexterity  of  hand ;  a  trick  performed 
with  such  art  and  adroitness,  that  the  manner  or  art 
eludes  observation.  The  word  is  sometimes  used  ad- 
jectively  ;  as,  a  legerdemain  trick. 

LE-GER'I-TVj  71.  [Fr,  legereti.]  Lightness  ;  nimble- 
ness.     [JVw(  iH  use.]  Sfiak. 

LEGGE,  r.  (.     [Snx.  lecgan.]     To  lay.    [Obs.]     n'idif. 

LEG'Gi-'D,  rlegd  or  leg'g.d,)  a.  [from  leg.]  Having 
legs;   iisea  in  composition  ;  as,  a  iwo-legged  animal. 

LEG'GIN,      i  n.     [from   leg.]     A  cover  for  the   leg, 

LEG'GING,  \  like  a  long  gaiter  ;  a  garment  that  in- 
closes the  leg.  Jtlackemie.     Soutkey, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DC5VE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BQQK.- 


LEG 

LE6-I  HIL'I-TY,  n.    Lcgibteness;  tbe  quality  or  state 

ot*  hfiuc  legible. 
LEO'I-BLE,  a.     fL.  U-ribilis^  from  hgo^  to  read.] 

1.  That  may  be  read  ;  consii»tin^  of  letters  or  fig- 
ures that  may  be  distinguished  by  ihe  eye ;  as,  a  fair, 
Uffible  manuscript. 

2.  That  may  be  discovered  or  understood  by  a[>- 
parent  marks  or  indications.  The  thougbta  of  men 
are  often  letrihlt  in  tlieir  countenances. 

LE*5'I-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  or  state  of  being 

legible. 
LEti'(-BLY,  adv.    In  such  a  manner  as  may  be  read  ; 

as,  a  manuscript  leg-ihly  written. 
Le'^ION,  n.     [li.  legio,  from  /r^o,  to  collect.] 

1.  In  Roman  antiquity,  a  body  of  infantry,  consist- 
ing of  difftjrenlnumbers  of  men  at  different  periods, 
from  three  to  five  thousand.  Each  legion  was  divided 
into  ten  cuhorti^,  each  cohort  into  ten  companies,  and 
each  company  into  two  centuries.  Encye. 

2.  A  military  force  ;  military  bands.  SAaA. 

3.  A  great  number. 

Wliere  onf  vn  has  entered,  lesions  will  force  iheJr  way  through 

the  t\mn  breixch.  tiogera. 

My  name  u  legion,  for  we  are  many.  —  Mark  r. 

Leaion  of  honor  ;  an  order  instituted  in  France  by 
NaiKileon,  as  a  reward  for  merit,  both  civil  and  mili- 
tary. Brande. 
LE'6I0\-A-RY,  a.    Relating  to  a  legion  or  to  legions. 

2.  Consisting  of  a  legion  or  of  legions  j  as,  a  le- 
gionary force. 

3.  Containing  a  great  number ;  as,  a  legionary  body 
of  errors.  Brown. 

Lfi'CK  >N-A-Ry,  w.    One  of  a  legion.  Milton. 

Lf.'GIO\-RY   n,    Bodv  of  legionn.  PolUtk. 

LEO'IS-LATE,  V.  X.  [L.  Irz,  legis,  law,  and  /erti,  la- 
tum, U)  give,  pass,  or  enact.] 

To  make  or  enact  a  law  or  taws.  It  is  a  question 
whether  it  is  expedient  to  levitate  at  present  on  the 
subject.  Let  us  not  le^rislatc,  when  we  have  no  pow- 
er to  enforce  our  laws. 

LE6'IS-I,A-TP:r>,  prrL  and  pp.  of  Legislate. 

LEO'IS-La-TING,  ppr.     Enacting  laws. 

LEO-IS-La'TIOiN,  «.  [Fr.]  The  act  of  passing  a 
law  or  laws ;  the  enacting  of  laws. 

Pyihi^m  Joincil  Ugitlation  to  his  phHoaopby.  LioUtin. 

LEG'IS-LA-TIVE,  a.     [Fr.  legislat^f.] 

1.  Giving  or  cnactii^;  laws  ;  as,  a  UglsUUice  body. 

2.  Capable  of  enacting  laws  ;  a^,  le^ialatice  power. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  enacting  of  laws  3  suitable  to 
laws  ;  as,  the  legislatiEe  style. 

4.  Done  by  enacting  ;  as,  a  legislatice  act. 

JWitr.  —  In  this  word,  and  in  Legislator,  Leoib- 
LATRii,  Leuislaturk,  Iho  accent  is  nearly  equal  on 
the  first  and  third  syllables  ;  and  a,  in  the  third,  has 
its  first  or  lung  sound. 

LEG'IS-LA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  A  lawgiver;  one  who 
makes  laws  for  a  state  or  community.  This  word  is 
limi^•d  in  its  use  to  a  supreme  lawgiver,  the  lawgiver 
of  a  sovereign  state  or  kingdom,  and  is  not  applied 
to  men  that  make  the  by-laws  o(  a  subordinate  cor- 
poration. 

LEO-IS-LA'TOR-SIlir,  n.  The  office  of  a  legislator. 
[Js'ut  in  "3*0  Ilalifaj^. 

LFO-IS-LA'TRESS,  (  n,    A  female  who  makes  laws. 

LErt-r.S-LA'TRIX,     \  Tooke. 

LEG'IS-LA-TIIRE,  (led'jis-lat-yur,)  n.  [3p.  legLtlatu- 
ra.^ 

The  body  of  men  in  a  state  or  kingdom  invested 
with  power  to  make  and  rf-peal  laws;  the  supreme 
power  of  a  state.  The  Uirt^tlatitre  of  Oreat  Britain 
ronsists  of  the  hmiAc  of  lords  and  the  house  of  com- 
mons, with  the  king,  whose  sanction  i«  necessary  to 
every  hill  before  it  becomes  a  law.  The  lei^ixlature^ 
of  mo'tt  of  the  States  in  .America  consist  of  two  houses 
or  branrhes ;  but  the  sanction  of  the  governor  is  re- 
quired to  give  their  acts  the  ftirce  of  law,  or  a  con- 
currence of  two  thirds  of  tiie  two  houses  after  he 
hna  declined  and  assigned  his  objections. 

I.P/GIST,  n.     One  skilled  in  the  laws.  Marston. 

LK  filT'l  MA-CY,  n.  [from  UgitiinatJ^.]  Litcralhf^ac- 
cordance  with   Ia\v.      ilcnce,  lawfulness  of  birth  ; 

Opp<)Sed  toitASTABDT.  Jitjliffp. 

2.  Genuineness,  or  reality;  opposed  to  SfUHious- 

3.  Regular  sequence  or  deduction ;  as,  the  legiti- 
macy of  a  conclusion. 

1.  The  accordance  of  an  action  or  Institution  with 
eHt;ihlished  law ;  as,  the  legiiimaty  of  a  measure  ur 
goviimnifiit. 
LE  Gri'I-MATE,  a.    [Fr.  UgUime;  L.  Ugitimw,  from 
lez,  law.] 

Littrally,  accordant  with  law.     Hence, 

1.  Lawfully  begotu-n  or  born;  born  in  wedlock ; 
aj*,  UiriUmate  heirs  or  children. 

2.  Of  nuine  ;  real ;  not  faUe  or  spurious. 

3.  Following  by  regular  or  natural  sequence  ;  as,  a 
IfgUimate  result. 

4.  In  acrnrdance  with  established  law  j  as,  a  legit- 
imatr  grtvernmenl, 

LF^GIT'1-MATE,  v.  U    [Fr.  legiUmer ',  Sp.  fc^imor; 

It.  lesfiitimart.'] 

1.  To  make  lawftil. 

2.  To  render  legitimate  ;  to  communlcat«  the  rights 


LEM 

of  a  legitimate  child  to  tnie  that  is  illegitimate  j  to  in- 
vest with  the  rights  of  a  lawful  heir.  Ayli^c. 

LE^rT'I-M;S-TED.  pp.     Made  lawful. 

LEGIT'I-MATE-LY,  adv.  Lawfully  ;  according  to 
law. 

2.  Genuinely ;  not  falsely.  Dryden, 

LE-GIT'I-MATE-\ESS,  iu  Legality  j  lawfulness  ; 
genuineness. 

LE  (IIT'I-MA-TING,  ppr.     Rendering  lawful. 

LF^IT-I-MA'TION,  n.     [Fr.]     The  act  of  rendering 
legitimate,  or  of  investing  an  illegitimate  child  with 
the  rights  of  one  bom  in  wedlock. 
2.  Lawful  birth.     [Unusual.]  Shak. 

LE-GIT'I-MIST,  71.  One  who  supports  legitimate  au- 
thority. In  Prance,  an  adherent  of  the  elder  branch 
of  the  Bourbon  fiimily,  which  was  driven  from  the 

LEG'LESSjO.     Having  no  legs.  [throne  in  1830, 

LEG'l^ME,      )n.     [Ij.legumcn;  Vt. legume  ;  probably 

LE-GO'MEN,  (  from  L.  lego,  to  collect,  and  signify- 
ing Ttiat  which  cfllk'cts  or  holds,  or  a  collection.] 

1.  In  botany  y^  pericarpor  seed-vessel  of  two  valves, 
in  which  tlie  seeds  are  fixed  to  one  suture  only.  In 
the  latter  circumstance,  it  differs  from  a  siliqua,  in 
which  the  seeds  are  attached  to  both  sutures.  In 
popular  use,  a  legume  is  called  a  Pod,  or  a  Cod  ;  as, 
pca-porf,  or  puas-ctft/.  Martj/n, 

2.  In  the  plural,  pulse,  peas,  beans,  &c. 
LE-GtJ'MIiV,  n.       A  peculiar  principle   in  the  fleshy 

cotyledons  of  the  seeds  of  papilionaceous  plants  j 
vegetable  Ciisein.  Oraham. 

LE-GO'MIN-OU:?,  a.  Pertaining  to  pulse;  consisting 
of  pulse.  Leguminou-f  plants  are  such  as  have  a  leg- 
ume for  a  pericarp,  as  peas  and  beans. 

LEI-PATH' Y-Mie,  a.     [Or.  Acitw  and  Ovfi-jg.] 

Fainting;  tending  to  swooning.  J.  Taylor. 

LEIS'UR-A-IJLE,  a.  [See  Leisure.]  Vacant  of  em- 
ployment; not  occupied;  as,  Uisurable  huui^.  [Lit- 
tle u^fd.]  Brown. 

LkIS'UR-A-BLY,  adv*  At  leisure;  without  hurry. 
^Little  ufied.]  Hooker. 

LkIS'IIRE,  (lee'zhur  or  lezh'yur,)  Ti.  [Ft.loisir.  This 
is  from  the  same  root  as  tsw.  and  Dan.  ledig,  void, 
empty,  vacant,  free,  eased  ;  Sw.  ledishet,  Dan.  ledig- 
hett,  leisure  ;  or  it  may  be  more  nearly  connected 
with  Goth,  /aits,  loose,  free,  vacant,  Elig.  lease..] 

1.  Freedom  friin  occupation  or  business;  vacant 
tirae  ;  time  free  from  employment. 

The  (Imire  of  Umtre  ]»  much  more  na;unU  thui  of  bushifu  nnd 

care.  Temple. 

I  •hall  leare  with  him  that  rebuke  to  be  considered  at  tus  leisure. 

Locke. 

2.  Convenience  of  time. 

Uc  •ighed  and  bad  no  leisure  more  to  Kiy,     [Not  user!.] 

Dryden. 

This  word  is  sometimes  used  adjectivcly  ;  ai=>,  leis- 
vre  time.  Dryden. 

LEIS'URE-LY,  a.     Done  at  Irisure  ;  not  hasty  ;  delib- 
erate ;  slow  ;  as,  a  leisurely  walk  or  uiarcli ;  a  leuiurer- 
hf  survey  of  life. 
LiilS'tiRE-LY,  adv.    Not  tu  haste  or  hurry;  slowly ; 
at  leisure  ;  deliberately. 

We  tlf-Bwndcd  very  leiturely,  my  Trtend  being  cn»riil  to  count 
the  Blcpa.  AiUUson. 

LE'MAN,  n.     [Probably  contracted  from  lifman,  Icoe- 
man;  Sax.  Uof,  loved,  andwKr/i.   9ce  Love  and  Lief.] 
A  sweetheart ;  a  gallant,  or  a  mistress.     [Oi.'^.l 
Chaucer.     Spenser,     S/uuc. 

L^IME,  fl.     [Sax.  leoma.] 

A  ray  of  light.     [JVot  in  use.]  Chaucer. 

Lf.ME,  ».  i.     To  shine.     [Obs.] 

LEM'MA,  n.     [Gr.  Xrjiiita,  from  \ap0ai-tj,  to  receive.] 
In  matAcmtific^,  a  proposition  demonstrated  for  the 
purpose  of  being  used  in  the  demonstration  of  some 
oth«r  proposition.  Day. 

LEM'MING,  i  n.    An  English  name  applied  to  a  group 

LEM'ING,  \  of  rodent  mammals,  very  nearly  allied 
io  the  mouse  and  ral.  They  niostly  inhabit  the  north 
of  Eurn[>e  and  Asia.  By  some  nattintliNts,  this  group 
is  made  a  genus  under  the  name  of  Lemmun,  but  by 
others  it  is  placed  undi-r  Ihe  genus  Mus. 

Lnnnlan  earth,  or  sphragide^  from  the  Isle  of  Lem- 
nos,  in  the  Egean  Pea  ;  a  kind  of  astring<'nt,  medici- 
nal earth,  of  a  fatty  conaij*tcncc  and  reddish  color, 
used  in  the  same  caxes  as  bole.  It  has  the  external 
appearance  of  clay,  with  asmcHtth  surface  resembling 
agttte,  especially  in  recent  fractures.  It  removes  im- 
purities like  soap.  Encye.     J^icholson. 

LEM-NIS'GATE,  n.  JL.  lemniscus.,  a  ribbon  ;  Icmnis- 
catus,  adorned  with  ribbons,] 

In  ;ffomrtry,  the  name  of  a  curve  In  the  form  of 
the  figure  8,  ^Barlom. 

LEM'ON,  n.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  limon;  It.  limone.  This 
word  is  found  in  the  Arabic  of  Avicenna;  and  in  the 
Amtiaric  dialect  of  Ethiopia  we  find  lime  or  Ivvie,  the 
same  word.] 

1.  The  fniitof  a  tree  belonging  to  the  genus  Citrus, 
which  grows  in  warm  climates.  This  fntit  furnish- 
es a  cooling  acid  Juice,  which  forms  an  ingredient  in 
some  of  our  most  delicious  liquors, 

2.  Lemouj  or  lemon-tree  ;  the  tree  that  produces 
lemons. 

What  is  called  salt  of  lemons^  \»  really  vinnxalate 
of  potash,  or  potash  combined  with  oxalic  acid. 

Brande, 


LEN 

LEM  ON-ADE',  ».  [Fr.  limonade;  Sp.  limoiiada',  from 
Unwn.] 

A  liquor  consisting  of  lemon-juice  mixed  with  wa- 
ter and  sweetened  ^ 

LE'MUR,  n.  [L.]  One  of  a  genus  of  quadrumanous 
mammals,  nearly  allied  to  the  apes,  baboons,  and 
monkeys,  but  with  a  form  approaching  that  of  quad- 
rupeds, mostly  inhabiting  Madagascar  and  the  East 
Indian  islands. 

LEM'U-RkS,  n.  pi.  [L.]  HobgobliDS ;  evil  spirits. 
[JVof  EnglLih.] 

LEND,  p.  U  ;  pret,  and  pp.  Lent.  [Sax.  kenan ;  Sw. 
Idna;  Dan.  laancr ;  G.^leihen;  D.  leenen.  Lend  is  a 
corrupt  orthography  of  len,  or  loan,  or  derived  from 
it.    See  LoAs.] 

1.  To  grant  to  another  for  temporary  use,  on  the 
express  or  implied  condition  that  the  thing  shall  be 
returned  ;  as,  to  lend  a  book  ;  or, 

2.  To  grant  a  thing  to  he  used,  on  the  condition 
that  its  equivalent  in  kind  sliall  be  returned  ;  as,  to 
lend  a  sum  of  money,  or  a  loaf  of  bread. 

3.  To  afford  ;  to  grant ;  to  furnish,  in  general ;  as, 
to  lend  assistance  ;  to  lend  an  ear  to  a  discourse. 

Cato,  leiid  me  Tur  a  while  thy  patience.  Addison. 

4.  To  gcant  for  temporary  use,  on  condition  of  re- 
ceiving a  compensation  at  certain  periods  for  the  use 
of  the  thing,  and  an  ultimate  return  of  the  thing,  or 
its  full  value.  Thus  money  is  lent  on  condition  of 
receiving  interest  for  the  use,  and  of  having  the  prin- 
cipal sum  returned  at  the  stipulated  time.  Lend  is 
correlative  to  borrow. 

5.  To  permit  to  use  for  another's  benefit.  A  lent 
his  name  to  obtain  money  from  the  bank. 

6.  To  let  for  hire  or  compensation  ;  as,  to  lend  a 
horse  or  gig.  [This  sense  is  used  by  Paley,  and  prob- 
ably may  be  common  in  England.  But  in  the  United 
States,  i  believe,  the  word  is  never  thus  used,  except 
in  reference  to  money.  We  lend  money  upon.inter- 
est,  but  never  lend  a  coach  or  faortse  for  a  compensa- 
tion.    We  use  let.] 

LEND'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  lent.  Sherwood.    ■ 

LEND'ER,  n.    One  wlio  lends. 

The  borrower  is  servaiil  to  the  Under.  —  ProT.  xxii. 

2.  One  who  makes  a  trade  of  putting  money  to  in- 
terest. Bacon.     Dryden. 
LEND'ING,f;»-.    Granting   for  temporary  use.     [See 

Le?(d.] 
LENIVING,  n     The  act  of  loaning. 

2.  That  which  is  lent  or  furnished.  Shak. 

LEND;?,  n.  pi.     [Sax.]     Loins.     [JVot  in  use.]     Hldif. 
LENGTH,    n.       [Sax.   lengthe,   from  Icng^  long;    D. 

1.  Tlie  extent  of  any  thing  material  from  end  to 
end  ;  the  longest  line  which  can  bo  drawn  through  a 
body,  parallel  to  its  sides  ;  as,  tlie  length  of  a  church 
or  of  a  ship ;  the  length  of  a  rope  or  line. 

2.  Extent ;  extension. 

Stretched  at  his  length,  he  spurna  the  swuliiy  ground.  Xiryd^n. 

3.  A  certain  extent;  a  portion  of  space;  with  a 
plural. 

l.:iTg«  lengths  of  <cas  luiil  ahorca.  Shak. 

4.  Space  of  time;  duration,  indefinitely;  as,  a 
great  length  of  time.  What  length  of  time  will  this 
enterprise  require  for  its  accomplishmenl? 

5.  Lung  duration. 

Mny  Urarrn,  fTfat  monarch,  alill  im|m)rnl  yoor  bliaa 

With  Unglh  of  Udya,  and  every  dny  Imc  Uik».  Drydsn, 

6.  Reach  or  extent ;  as,  to  purstre  a  subject  to  a 
great  length. 

7.  Extent ;  us,  the  length  of  a  discourse,  essay,  or 

argument. 

8.  Distance. 

He  had  mnrched  to  Um  length  of  Exelrr.     [Unusual  and  InsJs- 
gfint.]  Clarendon. 

At  length  ;  at  or  In  the  full  extent.  Let  the  name 
be  inserted  at  lenjrtJi. 

2.  At  last;  at  the  end  or  ronrlusion.         Drttdrn. 

liENO'I'IL  V.  U     To  extend  ;  to  lengthen.     [JWii  used.] 

LENG'rH'ii;N,  (length'n,)  ».  U     To  extend  in  length  ; 

to  make  longer ;  to  elongate  ;  as,  t<»  lengthen  a  line. 

2.  To  draw  out  or  extend  in  time;  to  protract;  to 
continue  in  duration  ;  as,  to  lengthen  life.  The  days 
Icnn-tftcn  from  December  to  June. 

3^.  To  extend  ;  as,  to  lengthen  a  discourse  or  a  dis- 
sertation. 

4.  To  draw  out  in  pronunciation  ;  as,  to  Icjigthnt 
a  Bound  or  a  syllable.  This  verb  is  often  followed  by 
out^  which  may  be  sometimes  empliatical,  but  in  gen 
cral  is  useless. 

Whul  if  I  pleMe  to  lengtfien  out  his  dule  I  Dryden. 

LENGTir£N,  v.  i.  To  grow  longer;  to  extend  in 
Iriigth.  A  hempen  rope  contradJi  when  wet,  and 
Irnsfthrns  when  dry. 

LKNG'1'II'£N-ED,  (length'nd,)  pp.  or  a.  Made  long- 
er ;  drawn  out  in  lengtli ;  continued  in  duration. 

LENGTH'KN-ING,  ppr.  Making  longer ;  extending 
in  length  or  in  duration. 

LENG'rn'£N-ING,  n.  Continuation ;  protraction. 
Dan.  iv. 

LEXGTH'FCL,  a.    Of  great  length  in  measure.  Pope. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  «  as  Z;  Cll  as  SH ;  TU  as  In  THIS. 


83 


"SsT 


LEN 

LENGTn'I-LY,  oJc.  In  a  lengthy  manner;  at  great 
Icn'jUi  or  extent  JfffiTSvn. 

LE.NGTII'I-N'ESS,  n.  Length;  the  state  uf  Uing 
Ifncthy.  Knickerbocker^  March,  ISilS. 

LE.\GTH'm?E,  adc.  In  the  ilirrction  of  iho  length ; 
in  a  lon^tudinat  direction. 

LEXGTH'Y,  a.  Being  long  or  moderately  long;  not 
short;  not  brief;  applied  ma.Hly  to  mtfr<d  5iift;Vft*,  as 
to  disconrses,  writings,  arguments,  proceedings,  &.c. ; 
as,  a  lenirthyacnaoui  a /ej«A'-£*y  dissertation  ;  nUngtAjf 
detail.   ""  Lonion  ^lUBtertg  Revieie. 

Z^HflAu  periods  HWA»V««»'«  -I^*"^  *»  Pte*r. 

Ntt  iimiUwrial  wt  in  Fnooe,  in  nwUcn  of  iiKlicUl  eofnUAncw,  b 
done  without  a  vroen  Mrte/,  in  whldi  tttn  tagx*  ue  sutnl 
unUM  %  gnu  dMi  of  iMvlHr  fonnKlK^t  "itb  >  do^ne  of 


P.  S. 


I  Ucblr  pitiJIubto  to  the  veiUisiu  offinen  mnA 
Uw  mfMwC  ^Am.  AnMw,  Ap.  Oct  181 1. 

.,    Mum/  hu  Kot,  or  vQl  send,  a  ilwiUv  copy  of  the  Brkle 
uw)  Obuxtr ;  In  tbA  hut  ao«  Kune  UngtSff  tuiiitiaat ;  pn; 


Moepi  Dxiin  Meoidbv  to  oU  euMonw. 

Lord  Bjrr«m,*9lMlfr  t»  Dr.  CbnU,  D$e.  I 


ClnlmBis^ 


Uorn  ciyr0A 
^jbtkn)  An 


IT.  IS.  1813. 
_  ._  CMwioa —  is 

I7  no  (BMW  u  i«<V('^tf  **  Mr.  Uraitt'i  UiMnr. 

Dmfbk'B  WitmufSomA  QuvUna. 
Tim*  wfMild  ba  detiJb  too  liiv*y*  J^trmju. 

[This  word,  which  waa  originally  an  AmertcArt- 
ism,  is  now  used  to  a  considerable  extent  by  English 
writers,  and  has  been  admitted  inio  the  recent  Oic- 
thmaries  of  Knowle«,  8mart,  and  Reid.] 
Le'M-EN-CY,  n.    Lenity. 
LS'NLENT,  a.     [L.  Uni£ns^  from  lenio^   Ivnis^    soft, 


mOd  ;  At.   *^j  Zaiiu,  to  be  soft,  or  smooth. 


Class 


Ln,  Nn.  4.  The  primary  sense  probably  is  smooth,  or 
to  make  amootb,  and  blattdus  may  be  of  the  same 
ftrailv.l 
1.  Sohe; 


£nlng ;  mitigating ;  ossuasire. 

Tiuoe,  lh.it  OU  all  tluDfB  Ls/b  ha  UfUnt  band, 
Yet  taam  Dot  Hat. 


Pop*. 


Bometimea  with  i/;  as,  Umtmt  ^grieC 
S.  Relaxing;  emollient 

OQa  rUx  Uk  fihns,  arc  Z«nin< 

LE'XI-ENT,  a.    That  which  aoftftaa  or 

emollient.  ffiseman, 

LE'M-E.VT-LY,  o«te.    Mitigatingly  ;  assuaginply. 

LEN'I-FT,  r.  L  To  assua^  j  to  soften  ;  to  mitignte. 
[LitlU  u-itd^  Biicoiu     DrydcH. 

LE.\'I-MEVT,  a.    An  assnasive.    [JfotuMd,] 

LEN'I  TIVE,  tu  [lu  Unitivoi  Fr.  lautif;  from  U 
Umio^  to  soften.] 

Baving  the  quality  of  softening  or  mitigating,  as 
pain  or  acrimony  i  assuasive ;  emollient. 

Ba£on.    Arbvth  not, 

LEX7-TIVE,  R.    A  medicine  or  application  that  has 
the  quality  of  easing  pain;  that  which  suft^^ns  or 
mitigates. 
9    A  [villiatiTe  :  that  which  abates  passion.  Souik, 

LEN'LTY,  n.     [L.  leaUAt^  from  toiu,  mild,  soft.] 

5liIJne,'«?of  temp-^r  ;  softness:  tenderness;  mercy. 
Tonne  offenders  may  he  treated  ivith  lenity.  It  is 
opp««t'd  to  Sever:tt  and  Rigor. 

LEN'NOCK,  c.     Slender;  ptiahle.     [LocaL] 

LB-NOC'I-.\A\T,  a.     [L.  U>utcuuuuJ\ 

Given  to  lewdness.  Mare. 

LENS,  It. ;  pi.  Leases.     [L.  2ra«,  a  lentil.] 

In  optia,  a  piece  of  glass  or  ocher  transparent  sub- 
stance, bounded  on  both  sides  by  pultshed  spherical 
surfaces,  or  ua  the  one  side  by  a  spherical,  and  on 
the  other  by  a  plane,  surface,  Rays  of  light  passing 
through  it  are  made  to  change  their  direction,  and  to 
magnify  or  diminish  objrctj  at  a  certain  distance. 
Lenses  are  double-convei,  or  convex  on  both  sides; 
double-concave,  or  concave  on  lK»ih  sides;  plano- 
convex, or  plano-concave,  that  is.  with  one  side 
plane,  and  tlie  other  convex  or  concave ;  or  convex 
on  one  side,  and  concave  on  the  other  ;  the  latter  is 
called  a  vteniseusy  when  the  concavity  is  less  than  the 
convexity  ;  but  a  eoncar<h<oncex  lens,  when  the  con- 
cavity is  greater  than  the  convexitv.  The  term  lens 
ia  sonaetimes  used  by  itself  for  double  convex  lens. 

BroMde, 

LENT,  prrL  and  pp.  of  Lr:TD. 

LENT,  n.  [3ax.  lenc/eit,  spring.  Zm*,  ftxim  f«B^,  long ; 
tauffaiij  to  lengthen  ;  so  colled  from  the  lengthening 
of  the  days.] 

The  quadragesimal  fast,  or  (kst  of  forty  days,  ob- 
served by  the  Roman  Catholic  and  other  churches 
before  Easter,  the  festival  of  our  Savior's  resurrec- 
tion. It  begins  at  Ash-VVednesday,  and  continues 
tin  Easter. 

LENT,  a.    Slow ;  mild  j  as,  lenter  heals.    [Oba.] 

B.  Jonson. 

LEJtTT,  \  [IL]  in  music,  directs  to  a  gradual 

LEJ^-TAiS'DOA     retarding  of  time. 

LEXT'£N,  a.  Pertaining  to  lent  j  used  in  lent :  spai^ 
ing  i  as,  a  ItnUh  entertainment ;  a  UnUn  salad. 

SAoft. 

LEN-TIC'IJ-LAR.  a,  [L.  ieaitatZans,  from  tew,  su- 
pra.] 

1.  Resembling  a  lentil. 

2.  Having  the  form  of  a  doable-convex  lens:  len- 
tiform. 

LE>f-Tie't;-L.\R-LY,<uic.  In  the  manner  (rf'a  lena  : 
with  a  curve. 


LEP 

LEN'TI-FORM,  o.     I  U  Ims  and  /n-iHo,  form.] 

Of  the  form  of  a  double-convex  lens. 
LF.N  TIO'I-NOU:?,  a.    [U  hnli^o,  a  frecJUe,  from  L. 

Frecklv  ;  scurfy  ;  fUrfuraceous. 
LEN-TI'GO,  n  [L.]    A  freckly  eruption  on  pio  skin. 
LEN'TIL,  n.    jFr. /cM(i7/r,  from  Utnts.] 

A  plant  of  the  giiuis  l^rvuiu.  It  M  an  nniiual 
plant,  ri.-:tng  witl)  weak  sUlksabtMit  18  inches.  The 
s<*eds,  which  are  contained  in  a  pod,  are  round,  tlut, 
and  a  little  convex  in  the  middle.  It  is  cultivated  for 
fiRldi'r,  and  for  its  st-eds.  Knctjc. 

LEN'TISK,         i  n.      [Fr.  lentisque  ;  U.  lentischio  i  Sp. 
LE.N-TlS'eUS,  i      lenti^co  ;  L.  L;«(wck*.] 

.\  tree  of  the  genus  Pintacla,  the  niastich-tree,  a 
native  of  Arabia,  I'ersia,  Syria,  and  the  south  of  Eu- 
rope.   The  wood  is  of  a  palu-brown,  resinous  and 
fragrant.     [See  Maaticii.] 
LENT'I-TUUE,  «.     [L.  lentWj  slow.] 

Slowness.     [JV*o(  u.-<eiL\  DiU. 

LENT'NER,  n.     A  kind  of  hawk.  Walton. 

L£:jsrTO,LKXTE^MF^yTE,[\u;\   in  musie^  signi- 
fies slow,  smoolJi,  and  gliding. 
LEN'TOR,  n.   [L.,  from  lenttu^  slow,  tough,  clammy  ; 
Fr.  Icmteur.j 
I.  Tenacity  ;  viscousness.  Bacon. 

3.  Slowness;  delay;  sluggishness.       .^rbiithnvt. 
3.  Sizim^ss  ;  thickness  of  ttu:us    viscidity  ;  a  term 
Hsrdin  the  humoral  pathology  Cvze.     Qui/tcy. 

LEN'TOUS,  a.     [L.  UiUus,  sTk  w.  tliick.] 

Viscid  ;  viscous  ;  tenacious.  Broien. 

Z.'EA*-roy,  (Un-vwi',)  n.  [Fr.]  A  term  borrowed 
from  old  French  poetry,  and  signifying  a  few  de- 
tached verses  at  tlie  end  of  each  piece,  serving  to 
convey  the  moral,  or  to  address  the  poem  to  a  jkxt- 
ticular  person.  Toone. 

LEN'ZIN-ITE,  ju  [from  Lcn-.iusy  a  German  mineral- 
ogist.] 

A  mineral  of  two  kinds,  the  opaline  and  argilla- 
ceous ;  a  variety  of  clay,  occurring  usually  in  small 
masses  of  the  size  of  a  nut.    Cleaoeland.    Phillips. 
L£:'0,ii.    [L.1    The  Lion,  the  fifth  sign  of  tlie  zodiac. 
Lk'OD,  n.     fSiUon.]     People  ;  a  nation. 
Lfi'OF,  n.    2^0/ denotes  love ;  so  /w/icin,  a  winner  of 

love;  leofstoH,  best  beloved.  Oibson. 

LE'O-N'INE,  o.     [I*.  le*)ninus.  from  ho,  Hon.] 

Belonging  to  a  lion  ;  resembling  a  lion,  or  partaking 
of  his  qualities  ;  as,  leonine  fierceness  or  mpacity. 

Leonine  vereeSf  so  named  fr(>m  Leo,  the  inventor, 
are  those  the  end  of  which  rhymes  with  the  mid- 
dle; as. 


GiotViJiiaorum  temere  conceditur  horutm. 


Johnton. 


Le'O-NTXE-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  liiU. 

Harrig. 
LEOP'ARD,  (lep'ard,)  n.     [L.  /co,  lion,  and  pardus^ 
pord,  Gr.  irao^ios,  from  Ileb.  TiB,  to  separate,  that  is, 
spotted,  broken  into  spots.] 

A  carnivorous  digilierade  mammal,  belonging  to 
the  genus  Felis,  i.  e.  the  Cat  gruup.  It  inhabiu  Cen- 
tral .Africa.  Its  fur  is  yellow,  with  at  least  ten 
ranges  of  small,  black  clusters  of  spots  on  each 
flank. 
LEOP'AED'»-BANE,  Tt.  The  English  ^lopular  name 
of  several  different  plants,  princi^ly  species  of  tJie 
genera  Arnica  and  Doronicum. 
Le'PAS,  m.  [Gr.  Afffuf.]  The  Linnsan  name  for  the 
Cirripeda,  comprising  the  Balaui  or  barnacles,  and 
the  Anatifx,  of  which  there  are  now  several  genera. 

Dana. 
LEP'ER,  n.     [L.  lepra^  leprosy,  Fr.  lepre,  \i.  lobhary  Gr. 
AfTp.i,  from  AfiTi*,  a  scale.] 
A  person  affected  with  leprosy 
LEP'ID,  a.     [UUpidus.] 

Pleasant ;  jocose.     {Little  used."] 
LEP-I-DO-DEN'URON;  n.       [Gr.   Acn-tj,   AcTrt^of,    a 
scale,  and  iti/Sooy,  tree.] 

A  fossil  tree,  so  named  from  the  scaly  appearance 
of  the  stem,  produced  by  the  separation  of  the  leaf 
(■talks.  JIanteU. 

LEP'ID-OID,  n.    [Gr.  \cTTig  and  tii'og.'] 

One  of  a  family  of  extinct  fossil  fishes,  of  the  oolit- 
ic formation.  Buckland. 
LEP'I-DO-LITE,  n.     [Gr.  Xcti?,  a  scale,  and  Xai-:<;.] 
.\  species  of  the  mica  family,  presenting  a  lilac  or 
rose-violet  color  ;  it  usually  occurs  in  ma.sses  consist- 
ing of  small  scales.    It  differs  from  other  micas,  in 
containing  the  earth  litiiia.  Dana* 
LEP-i-DOP'TER,  71.            \    [Gr.  AfTtc,  a  scale,  and 
LEP  I-DOP'TE-RA,  b.  pi.  \      irrtn^y,  a  wing.] 

The  Lepidoptera  are  an  order  of  insects  having  four 
membranaceous  wings,  covered  with  fine  imbricate 
scales,  like  powder,  as  the  butterfly. 
LEP-I-DOP'TER-AL,     )  a.     Belonging  to  the  order  of 
LEP-I-DOP'TER-OUS,  \      Lepidoptera. 
LEP'O-RTNE  or  LEP'O-RINE,  a.     [L.  leparinus,  (Vora 
lepus,  a  hare.    Qu.  the  Teutonic  Icapy  to  run.] 

Pertaining  to  a  hare;  having  the  nature  or  qualities 
of  the  hare.  Joknson. 

LE-PROS'1-TY,  n.    Squamousness.    [Little  used.] 

Bacon. 
LEP'RO-SY,  n.    ^ee  Leper,]    A  foul  cutaneous  dis- 
eaw,  apix^aring  m  dry,  white,  thin,  scurfy  scabs,  at- 
tended with  violent  itching.     It  sometimes  covers 


LES 

the  whole  body,  mrcly  the  face.     One  spt'cics  of 
it  is  ciUled  rlrphantiitsis.  Kncyc. 

The  term  leprosy  is  loosely  and  incorrectly  applied 
to  two  very  distinct  dii^eases,  tlie  scaly  and  the  luber- 
culated,  or  the  pro|KT  lejirosy  and  the  elepfianliasis. 
The  former  is  chnracttri/.ed  by  patches  of  smooth, 
laminated  scales,  tJonietliiHm  livid,  but  usually  ^^Ilit- 
ish  ;  in  the  latter,  tlie  skin  is  thickened,  livid,  :itid 
luberculated.  It  is  called  the  black  leprosi/;  but  this 
term  ia  also  applied  to  tlie  livid  variety  of  the  scaly 
leprosy.  Oood. 

LEP'ROUS,  a.    [Ft.  lepreux.]     [See  Leter.] 

Infected  with  leprosy  ;  covered  with  white  scales. 
Ills  band  wtu  lej>rout  aa  snow.  —  Ex.  Iv. 

LEP'ROUS-LY,  adv.    In  leprous  manner. 

LEP'ROUS-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  leprous. 

LEP-TO-DAC'TYL,  n.      [Gr.  Acnroj,  slender,    and 
daxrvXa^y  a  toe.] 
A  bird  or  other  animal  having  slender  toeg. 

Hitchcock. 

LEP-TOL'O-GY,  n.    [Gr.  Xcjrroj,  small,  and  Ao>of, 
discourse.] 
A  minute  and  tedious  discourse  on  trifling  things. 

LP.RE,  n.     Learning;  lesson;  lore.     [06^.]    Spensur. 

LkRE,  p.  t     To  learn  ;  to  teach.     [Obs.\      Chtiiucr. 

LkUE,  a.     Empty.     [See  Leer.] 

L1^R'NE-AN?,  «.  pi.  A  family  of  parasitic  animals, 
related  to  the  inferior  grades  of  crustawa.  Tlii^y  are 
found  attached  to  fislies,  and  some  species  penetrate 
the  skin  with  their  elongated  head,  and  feud  on  the 
viscera  of  the  fi.-fhes.  Dana. 

Lli:'.<5rON,  (I^'zhun,)  n.     [L.  lasio,  from  ladoj  to  hurt.] 
A  hurting,  hurt;  wound;  injury.  Hus/u 

LESS,  for  Unless.     [JSTot  in  iise.] 

LESS,  a  terminating  syllalilc  of  ninny  nouns  and  some 
adjectives,  is  the  Sax.  leas^  Goth,  laus,  belonging  to 
the  verb  lysan^  lauxynn,  to  loose,  free,  separate. 
Hence  it  is  a  privative  word,  denoting  destitution; 
as,  a  witless  man,  a  man  de.stitute  of  wit;  chilillc^s^ 
without  children  i  fatfierless  ;  faiUiUss  ;  per.nylcss  i 
laioless,  &c. 

LESS,tt,  [Sax.  las;  perhaps  allied  to  Dan.  User,  to 
abate,  to  lasev,  to  relieve,  to  ease.  Less  iias  Iho 
sense  of  the  comparative  degree  of  tittle.] 

Smaller;  not  so  large  or  great;  as,  a  less  quantity 
or  number;  a  horse  of  less  size  or  value.  We  are 
all  destined  to  suffer  affliction  in  a  greater  or  less 
degree. 

LESS,  arfr.  Not  so  much;  in  a  smaller  or  lower  de- 
gree ;  as,  less  bright  or  loud  ;  Ic^rs  beautiful ;  less 
obliging;  ?f*\?  careful.  The  less  a  man  praises  him- 
self, the  more  disposed  are  others  to  praise  him. 

LESS,  n.    Not  so  much. 

They  jAlhered  soioe  more,  •ome  /«««.  —  Exod.  xvi. 

3.  An  inferior. 

The  Itiit  El  bloMpJ  by  the  better.  —  Hcb.  tH. 
LESS,  V.  t     To  make  less.     [JV«(  in  use.]        Oower. 
LES-SEE',  M.    [from  lease.]    The  person  to  whom  a 
lease  is  given,  or  who  takes  an  estate  by  lease 

Blackatone. 
LESS'jEN,  (Ics'n,)  ».  (.    [from  less.]     To  make  less ;  to 
diminish  ;  to  reduce  in  bulk,  size,  quantity,  number, 
or  amount ;  to  make  smaller;  as,  to  lessen  a  kingdom 
or  its  population. 

2.  To  diminish  in  degree,  state,  or  quality ;  as, 
awkward  manners  tend  to  lessen  our  respect  for  men 
of  merit. 

3.  To  degrade  ;  to  reduce  in  dignity. 

St.  Pu'il  ctuisc  to  mugti'ify  liii  olUco,  when  ill  men  conspired  to 
Ussen  il,  AUerhury, 

LESS'£N,  (les'n,)  v.  i.  To  become  less  ;  to  shrink  ; 
to  contract  in  bulk,  quantity,  number,  or  amount ; 
to  be  diminished.  Tlie  apparent  magnitude  of  ob- 
jects lessens  as  we  recede  from  them. 

2.  To  become  less  in  degree,  quality,  or  intensity  ; 
to  decrease.  The  strength  of  the  body,  and  the  vi- 
vacity of  the  temper,  usually  lessen  as  we  advance 
in  age. 

LESS'£N-KD,  pp.     Made  smaller ;  diminished. 

LESS'£N-ING,  p7»r.  Reducing  in  bulk,  amount,  or 
degree  ;  dfgrading. 

LESS'Eli,  a.  [Sax.  lafsa,  l<rsse,  from  las.  This  word 
is  a  corruption,  but  too  well  established  to  be  dis- 
carded.] 

Less ;  smaller.  Authors  always  write,  the  Lesser 
Asia. 

Bf  tba  •am'^  reaaoD  may  a  man  in  a  atate  of  nature  pnnUh  the 

leMser  breachi-s  of  that  law.  Lock*. 

God  iti&ile  tlut  leaser  li^ht  to  rule  th^  ni^hL  —  Gen,  i. 

LES'SES,  n.  pi.     [Fr.  laissies.]    The  leavings  or  dung 

of  beasts. 
LES'S  ON,  (les'n,)  n.     [This  word  we  probably  have 

received  from  the  Fr.  Icgtm,  L.  lectio,  from  Icffo,  to 

read,  Fr.  lire,  lisaut;   Sp.  hccion;    iL  leiione;   Sw. 

leia ;  and  not  fVom  the  D.  leezejiy  G.  lesen,  to  read.] 

1.  Any  thing  read  or  recited  to  a  teacher  by  a  pu- 
pil or  learner  for  improvement ;  or  such  a  portion  of 
a  book  as  a  popil  learns  and  repeats  at  one  time. 
The  instructor  is  pleased  when  his  pupils  recite  their 
lessoTis  with  accuracy  and  promptness. 

2.  A  portion  of  Scripture  read  in  divine  service. 
Thus  endeth  the  first  lesson. 


FATE,  FAR,  F,\LL,  VVH^T.— MeTE,  FRgY.  — PINE,  MAJltNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


LET 

3.  A  portion  nf  a  book  or  ninnuscript  assipied  by  a 
prec«plor  lo  a  pupil  to  be  k-arnt,  or  for  an  exercise  ; 
something  to  be  lt;aFnL     Give  liim  tiis  Icjison, 

4.  Precept;  doctflue  or  nutiun  inculcated. 

Be  not  jc«lyu«  over  ih*  wife  of  thy  bowm,  wid  teacli  her  not  an 
evil  Ze»on  iigHuk£i  thya^H.  EccluM. 

5.  Severe  lecture;  reproof;  rebuke. 

She  would  give  ber  a  li»ton  tor  walking  so  l&te.  Sidney. 

6.  Tune  written  fur  an  instniment.  Daviea. 

7.  Instruction  or  trutli,  tauj.'ht  by  experience.  The 
Z«^.«dru  which  sickness  imparts,  she  leaves  to  be  prac- 
ticed when  health  is  established. 

LES'SON,  (les'n,)  ».  (.    To  teach  ;  to  instruct 

ChiUfnrii  ihoulJ  be  leaaoned  into  a  coutcmpt  aod  dob^stnilon  of 
ihis  Ticc  L'Eatrange. 

LES'S  ON-KO,  fp.    Taught ;  instructed. 

LES'SO.\-ING,  ppr.     Teaching.. 

LES'SOR,  Tu    [from  lease,]    One  who  leases;  the  per- 

BJtn  who  lets  to  farm,  or  givus  a  lease.  Blackstonc. 
LEST,  paru  [from  the  Sax.  icas,  Goth,  hius^  loose, 
separate,  lu  Saxon,  it  was  preceded  by  lAf,  Oic  Icas^ 
that  less,  that  not,  tu  forte,  flence  it  denotes  a 
hosing  or  separation,  and  hence  it  comes  lo  express 
prevention.] 
That  not ;  for  fear  that. 

Te  shnll  not  est  of  it,  neither  a}iall  ye  touch  it,  Ust  ye  die.  — 
tien.  iii. 

The  phrase  may  be  thus  explained  :  Ye  shall  not 
touch  it ;  that  separated  or  disniisned,  ye  die.  That 
here  refers  to  the  preceding  command  or  sentence  ; 
that  being  removed,  or  not  observed,  the  fact  being 
not  80,  ye  will  die. 

Sill  no  more,  U4t  a  worec  thing  come  to  (ttee.  —  John  t. 

Sin  no  more  ;  that  fact  not  taking  place,  a  worse 
thing  will  happen  to  thee. 
LET,  r.  L ;  preL  and  pp.  Let.  Letted  is  obsolete. 
Sax.  UEtan,^  lelan^  Goth,  letinij  to  permit,  to  hinder,  to 
dismiss  or  send  away,  to  let  go,  to  leave,  to  admit,  to 
think  or  suppose,  to  dissemble,  to  retard,  to  be  liitc  or 
slow,  to  dally  or  trifle,  to  lease  or  let  out ;  Ictan  aacgy 
to  lei  attay,  to  throw  ;  W.  Uuz,  hindorance  ;  UuiiaWy 
to  hinder;  D.  Umten^  to  permit,  to  suller,  to  give,  to 
leave,  to  loose,  to  put,  to  stow ;  G.  lassen^  to  let,  to 
permit,  grant,  allow,  snfftir ;  verla.f.irn^  to  forsake; 
vjttfrlassen,  to  Cease,  to  forbear  ;  Sw.  /a/a,  lo  permit ; 
Dan.  ladcr,  to  let,  permit,  allow,  grant,  sutfer,  give 
leave.  But  in  the  four  lat^>r  dialects,  there  is  anttth- 
er  verb,  which  corres[»onds  with  let  in  some  of  its 
f  it;nilicalions  ;  D.  lijdcn,  G.  letden^  Sw.  liilay  Dan. 
litkry  to  suffer,  endiiro,  undergo,  lo  permit.  With 
this  verb  C4irrfj(j«.md8  the  Englit^h  late,  D.  laat,  Pw. 
lat,  Dan.  Uuiy  slothful,  lazy;  and  the  G.  lass,  feeble, 
la/y,  coincides  witli  tasscn,  supra,  and  this  may  be 
the  Eng.  Uizy.  To  let  out,  like  L.  elocarr,  is  to  leusr.,  Fr. 
laisarr.  Let  ia  the  Fr.  lauser.  in  a  different  dialect. 
By  the  German  and  Webh,  it  appears  that  the  last 
radical  may  have  originally  been  (A,  r.*,  or  /:,  or  other 
c<.m[K>un  I.  See  Class  Ld,  No.  2,  15,  19,  23,  32,  and 
Class  La,  No.  30.] 

1.  To  permit ;  lo  allow  ;  to  suffer  ;  to  give  leave  or 
power  by  a  positive  act,  or  negatively,  t(t  withhold 
restraint;  not  to  prevent.  A  leaky  ship /rt^  water 
enter  into  the  hold.  Let  is  followed  by  the  inflnitive 
without  Uie  sign  to. 

Phinioh  taiA,  I  will  itt  juu  go.  —  Fix.  vtii. 
Wbeu  Ui"  ship  wu  Ckught,  ftrul  ould  not  beau  up  into  the  wind, 
we  Ut  h'.T  drive.  —  Acu  xxi'a, 

2.  To  lease ;  to  grant  possession  and  use  for  a 
compensation  ;  as,  to  lA  to  farm  ;  to  let  an  estate  for 
a  year  ;  to  let  a.  room  to  loilgcrs  ;  often  followed  by 
out,  as,  to  let  out  a  farm  ;  but  the  use  of  out  ia  un- 
necessary. 

.     3.  To  suSer ;  to  permit ;  with  the  usual  sign  of  the 
infinitive. 

Thpp-'a  K  letter  for  jou.  nr,  if  jour  Dune  be  Horatio,  u  1  am 
/£(  to  know  It  is.     [Not  iMcd.]  Shak. 

4.  In  (Af  imperative  mode,  let  has  the  following  uses. 
Followed  by  the  hrst  and  third  persons,  it  expresses 
desire  or  wish  ;  hence  it  is  used  in  prayer  and  en- 
treaty to  superiors,  and  to  those  who  have  us  in  their 
power  ;  as,  let  me  not  wander  from  thy  command- 
ments.   Ps.  cxix. 

Followed  by  the  first  person  plural,  let  expresses 
exhortation  or  entreaty  ;  as,  rise,  let  us  go. 

Followed  by  the  third  person,  it  implies  permission 
or  command  addressed  Ut  an  inferior.  Let  him  go, 
lei  them  remain,  arc  commands  addressed  lo  the  sec- 
ond person.  Let  CAou,  or  let  ye,  that  is,  do  thou  or 
yon  permit  him  to  go. 

Sometimes  let  is  used  to  expsess  a  command  or  in- 
junction to  a  third  person.  When  the  signal  is  given 
to  engage,  let  every  man  do  his  duty. 

When  applied  to  things  not  rational,  it  Implies  al- 
lowance or  concession. 

OVr  p>Id<»n  lanilj  Ut  rich  PactoliM  flow.  Pop«. 

5.  To  retard  ;  to  hinder  ;  to  impede  ;  to  interpose 
obstructions.    2  Thtss.  ii.  Dryden. 

[This  sense  is  now  obsolete,  or  nearly  so.] 

To  let  alone ;  to  leave  ;  lo  suffer  lo  remain  without 

intermeddling ;  as,  Ut  alone  this  idle  project ;  Ut  me 

alone. 


LET 

To  let  down  ;  to  permit  to  sink  or  fall ;  to  lower. 

Sh«  Ut  them  doum  by  a  cord  through  the  window,  —  Joih.  U, 

To  let  loose  i  to  free  from  restraint;  to  permit  to 
wander  at  large. 

To  let  tji  or  into;  to  pf-rmit  or  suffer  to  enter;  to 
admit.  Open  the  door,  let  tn  my  friend.  Wc  tire  not 
let  into  the  secrets  of  the  cabinet. 

2.  To  insert,  as  a  piece  of  wood,  into  a  space  fosincd 
for  Ihe  purpase. 

To  let  blood ;  to  open  a  vein  and  suffer  the  blood  to 
flow  out. 

7'o  letout:  to  suffer  to  escape, as  an  animal ;  to  ex- 
tend or  loosen,  as  a  rope  or  the  folds  of  a  garment ; 
also,  to  lease  or  let  to  hire. 

To  let  off;  lo  discharge  ;  to  let  fly,  as  an  arrow  ;  or 
cause  to  explode,  as  a  gun. 

To  let  fiy;    to  send  forth  or  discharge  with  vio- 
lence, as  an  arrow  or  stone. 
LET,  V.  i.    To  forbear.     [Obs.]  Bacon. 

LET,  Ti.  A  retarding;  hmderance ;  obstacle;  imi>ed- 
iment;  delay.  lObsoUte,  unless  in  some  technical 
pfirasc^'.] 
LET  ;  a  termination  of  diminutives  ;  as,  hamlet^  a  little 
house  ;  ricuht,  a  small  stream.  [Sax.  lyty  small,  less, 
few.  See  Little.] 
LETCH,  iu     A  l(-acli-tub.     [See  Leach.] 

2.  A  long,  narrow  swamp  in  which  water  moves 
slowlv.  BrockctL 

Lk'THAL,  a.     [L.  Icthalis,  mortal,  from  Gr.  \n'^t)y  ob- 
livion.] 

Deadlv  ;  mortal;  fatal,  Rickard.^on. 

LE-THAL'l-TY,  n.     Mortality.  JSkins. 

LE-THAK'Gie,  i  a.      [L.  letMrgicus ;    Fr,  let/iar- 

LE-THXR'Gie-AL,  \      fri^ue.] 

Preternalurally  inclined  to  sleep;  drowsy;  dull; 
heavy.  .^rbuthnnt. 

LE-Tn.'tR'Gie-AL-LY,  adv.     In  a  morbid    sleepi- 
ness. 
LE-THXR'Gie-AI^NESS,  |  n.     Preternatural  or  mor- 
LE-TilAR'Gie-NESS,  j      bid  slcepinessor  drow- 

siness. More.     Herbert. 

LETII'AR-6l-£D,p;i.  ora.     Laid   Jtsleep;  entranced. 

ahak. 
LETII'AR-GY,n,    [U  lethargia ;  Gt.  XrjOapyta;  Xn^n^ 
oblivion,  and  aoyoi,  idle.] 

1.  Preternatural  sleepiness;  morbid  drowsiness; 
continued  or  profound  sleep,  from  which  a  person 
can  scarcely  be  awaked. 

2.  Dullness;  inaction;  inuttentiun. 

KurufK-  lay  llien  undi-r  a  deep  Ittfuirgy.  Atterbury. 

LETH'AR-GY,  v.  L    To  make  lethargic  or  dull. 

Churchill. 
Le'THE,  (IG'the,)  TI.    [Gt.\r)Or}y  forgetfulness ;  Xn^bi, 
L.  lateo,  to  be  hid.] 

1.  In  Greek  mytlwlofry,  one  of  the  rivers  of  the  in- 
fernal regions,  whoso  waters  were  said  lo  cau^ie  for- 
getfulness of  the  p;isl.  Milton. 

Hence, 

2.  Oblivion  ;  a  draught  of  oblivion.  Shnk. 
LE-TUk'AN,  a.    Inducing  forgetfulness  or  oblivion. 

Lempricrc.     As.  Re^. 
Shakspeare  has  Letheed  in  this  sense. 
LF^THIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  letJium,  death,  and/ero,  to 
bring.] 
Deadly ;  mortal ;  bringing  death  or  destruction. 
Robinson. 
LET'TER,  n.     [from  leL]     One  who  permits. 

2.  One  who  retards  or  hinders. 

3.  One  who  gives  vent ;  as,  a  hUnyd-letter. 
LET'TER,  n,     [Fr.  UUra    It.  IctUra;    L.  litera;  W. 

Uythyr.] 

1.  A  mark  or  character,  written,  printerl.engravffl, 
or  )>ainted  ;  used  as  the  representative  of  a  sound,  or 
of  an  articulation  of  (he  human  organs  of  speech. 
-  By  sounds,  and  artimlations  or  closures  of  tlie  or- 
gans, are  formed  sjllables  and  words.  Hf^ncea  letter 
is  the  first  elemi.-nt  of  written  language,  us  a  sinijile 
sound  is  the  first  element  of  spoken  language  tir 
speech.  As  sounds  are  audible,  and  comniiinicate 
ideas  to  others  by  tlio  ear,  so  letters  are  visible  repre- 
sentatives of  sounds,  and  comnmnicato  the  thoughts 
of  others  by  means  of  the  eye. 

2-  A  written  or  printed  message;  an  epistle;  a 
communication  made  by  visible  characters  from  one 
person  to  anotlicr  at  a  distance. 

T^ie  Btylc  of  UtUrt  ou^t  to  be  fm,  eiuy,  nnd  nntuml.     Waiah. 

3.  The  verbal  expression;  the  literal  meaning. 

We  nni«t  ol-wnr^  Ui"  UtUr  of  the  law,  without  dulng  riol-ncc  to 
Uw  rciuon  of  the  Itiw  and  the  tntcntiuui  of  the  lnwRivrr. 

J'nylor. 

4.  Type  ;  a   chanicter  formed  of  metal  or  wood, 

usually  of  nietal,  and  used  in  printing  books. 

5.  Letters  ;  in  the  plural,  learning  ;  erudition  ;  as,  a 
man  of  letters. 

Dead  letter ;  a  writing  or  ;>ricepl  which  is  without 
authority  or  force.  The  best  law  may  become  a  dead 
lettfT. 

Letter  of  attorney  :  a  writing  by  which  one  person 
authorizes  another  to  act  in  his  sti^ad. 

Letttr  of  credit;  a  letter  authorizing  credit  ton  cer- 
tain amount  of  money  to  be  given  to  the  bearer. 

Brande. 


LEV 

Letter  qf  license ;  a  paper  by  which  creditors  allow 
an  unfortunate  debtor  time  to  pay  his  debts. 

Brande, 
Letter  of  mar qve ;  a  commission  given  to  a  private 
Bliip  by  a  government  to  make  reprisals  on  the  shijis 
ot' another  slate  ;  hence,  the  ship  thus  comuiis.-iioned, 
[See  Mahhl'e.] 

Letters  patent,  or  overt,  open  f  a  writing  executed  and 
scaled,  by  which  iwwer  and  authority  are  granted  to 
a  person  to  do  some  act,  or  enjoy  some  right ;  as,  Ut- 
ters patent  under  the  seal  of  England. 
LET'TER,  p.  (.    To  impress  or  form  letters  on  ;  as,  to 

letter  a  book  ;  a  book  gilt  and  lettered. 
LE'1''TER-I!5ARD,  n.     A  board  on  which   pages  of 
type  are  placed,  when  not  immediately  wanted,  or 
for  distribution. 
LF/I''TER-eASE,  n     A  case  or  book  to  put  letters  in. 
LET'TER-/;U,  pp.     Stamped  with  tetters. 
LET'TElt--t;i),   a.     Literate;    educated  ;    versed  in 
litenitiire  or  science.  CoUier. 

2.  Ueloneing  to  learning;  suiting 'eltcrs. 
LET^TER-FOUND'ER,  a.    One  who  casts  letters;  a 

type-founder. 
LET'TER-ING,  ppr.     Impressing  or  forming   lettera 

on  ;  as,  lettering'  a  hoak  ou  the  cover. 
LET'TER-ING,  n.    Tlie  act  of  impresslnc  letters. 

2.  The  letters  impressed, 
LET'TER-LESS,  a.  Illiterate  ;  unlettered  ;  not  learned 

P'-Ucrland. 
LET'TER-PRE.SS,Ti.     [Ictternnil  prcss.[     .'rint  j  let- 
tors  and  words  impressed  on  paper,  or  other  materi- 
al, by  types. 
LET'TER-WRIT'ER,  n.     One  who  writes  it 'tera. 
2.  An  instrument  for  copying  letters,  o:\ca  called 
the  manifold  letter-writer. 
LET'TING,  p/)r.     Permitting;  suffering. 
LET'TING,  n.      The  putting    out  on    lease,    as  a 
farm. 

2.  The  putting  out  of  jiortions  of  work  to  be  per- 
formed by  contract,  as  on  a  railroad  or  canal. 

AmeHca. 
LET'TUCE.  (let'tis,)B.     [Vr.laitue;  It.   lattuga;  S'- 
leckuga;   Arm.  Utctuzen ;    G.  lattich;  D.  latum;  f'lili, 
L.  lactitca,  according  to  Varro,  from  lac,  milk.] 

The  English  popuhir  name  of  sevenil  species  of 
Lactuca,  some  of  which  arc  used  as  salads. 

LEp'8!Nfc,|»-     [Or.  X.«05,  white.] 

A  peculiar  white  pulvenilent  substance  obtained 
from  beef-fibers,  treated  with  sulphuric  acid,  and 
afterward  with  alcohol.  BracunnoU 

LEO'CITE,  n.     [Gr.  XtVKoi,  white.] 

A  mineral  having  a  dull,  glas.sy  appearance,  oc- 
curring in  tmnslucent,  twenty-four-sided  (traiM?r,o- 
hedral)  crystals.  It  is  found  in  the  volcanic  rocks  of 
Italy,  especially  at  Vesuvius,  disseminated  through 
the  lavas.  Dana. 

LElT-CIT'ie,  a.      A  term  applied  to  volcanic  rocks 

containing  leucite.  Dana. 

LE0'eO-E-THI-OP'X€,  o.  [Gr.  Aewitoy,  white,  and 
adhoxh^  black.] 

White  and  black;  designating  a  white  animal  of 
a  black  species,  or  the  albino  of  the  negro  race. 

Laicrencet 
LEC'€0-PHANE,  n.     [Gr.  Xcvkos,  white,  and  ^aifw, 
to  appear.] 

A  mineral,  occurring  imperfectly  crystallized,  of  a 
(rreenish  or  wine-yellow  color,  consisting  of  silica, 
Huoric  acid,  gliicina,  lime,  nnd  sodium. 
LEO  €0  PHLEG'MA-CY,  (lu-ko-flcg'ma-se,)  ti.    [Gr 
XinKoi,  white,  and  ^Xc-ma,  phlegm.] 

A  dropsical  habit  of  body,  or  the  commencement 
of  anasarca  i  ptdeness,  with  viscid  juices  nnd  cold 
sweats.  Coxe.     Parr.     Arbuthnot. 

LE0-€O-PHLEG-MAT'ie,    a.       Having  a  dropsical 

habit  of  lutdy  with  a  white,  bloated  skin. 
LEU-€OS'TINE,  n.     A  variety  of  trachyte. 
LEU-€o'TIII-OP,  n.      [See  Leucu-Ethiopic]      An 

albino  of  a  black  race,  ^ 

LE'VANT,  a.     [Fr.  levant,  rising,  from  lever,  L.  levo.] 
Eastern ;    denoting  the   part  of   the    hemisphere 
where  the  sun  rises. 

Forth  rush  the  levant  and  the  poncnt  wind*.  AA^fon. 

LE-VANT',  n.     [It.  levante,  the  East,  supra.] 

Properly^  a  country  lo  the  eastward  ;  but  appropri- 
ately, tire  countries  of  Turkey,  Syria,  Asia  Minor, 
Greect;,  Egypt,  &.c.,  wliich  are  washed  by  the  east- 
ern p!irt  of  the  filed iterranean  and  its  contiguous 
waters. 

LE-VANT'ER,  n.  A  strong  easterly  wind  in  the  Med- 
iterranean. 

2.  A  cant  name  for  one  who  bets  at  a  horse-nice, 
and  runs  away  without  paying  the  wager  lost ; 
hence,  in  a  wider  sense,  one  who  runs  away  dis- 
gracefully. [Emrtand.] 

LE-VANT'INE  or  LEV'ANT-INE,  a.    Pertaining  lo 

the  Levant.  D^Anrille. 

2.  Designating  a  particular  kind  of  silk  cloth. 

LE-VANT'INE  or  LEV'ANT-INE,  n.  A  particular 
kind  of  silk  cloth. 

LE  VA'TOR,  n.  [L,,  from  icoo,  to  raise.]  In  anato- 
my, a  muscle  that  serves  to  raise  some  part,  as  the 
lip  or  the  eyelid. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IINITE.  — AN"GEIl,  VI"CI0U8 €  aa  K ;  0  ai  J ;  «  aa  Z ;  ClI  as  SH;  TU  as  In  THIS. 


LEV 

2.  A  surgical  jastniment  used  lo  raise  a  depressed 
part  of  tbeskulL  lyismmtt, 

LkVR,  for  Bblicvr.     [Obs.]  Ovtoer. 

LKV'EE,  H.     [Fr.,  from  /«jcr,  toiaiae,  U  Icoo,] 
1.  Tlie  lime  of  rising. 

a.  Tlie  concourse  of  persons  who  visit  a  prince  or 
gfi'al  persouape  in  the  morning.  Johnson. 

a  A  kitik  or  causeway,  particularly  aloHR  a  river, 
to  prevent  inundation  ;  as,  llie  levua  along  the  Mi»- 
sitisippi. 

Lrree  m  vtasse,  fSee  Lett.] 
LEVEL,  a.  [Sax.  L^eL  id, ;  W.  Mym,  smooth,  even, 
Uvcl,  sleek,  slippery  ;  Uyveiu,  to  teveJ.  to  rtnder  uni- 
form, to  devise,  invent,  guess;  llymu,  to  make 
Binooth.  Tliid  seenw  to  be  connected  with  Wyru,  lo 
lick.  So  UkM,  D.  fftlyk,  G.  dfiek,  is  unooth,  even, 
level,  eqiuU,  coinciding  with  Eng.*(«fc.  The  L.  U- 
btUa^  Uhrm^  belong  to  this  root ;  lU  UvtUm.] 

1.  Horizoniai  ;  coinciding  with  the  plane  of  the 
horizon.  To  be  perfecUy  levei,  is  to  be  exactly  hori- 
zon ta). 

3.  Even ;  flat ;  not  having  one  part  higher  tlian 
another;  not  ascending  or  dt-!<cendin^;  as,  a  Urel 
plain  or  fidd  ;  level  ground  ;  a  Irr^l  floor  or  pave- 
ineDL  Id  e#wman  luape,  Ictd  is  ol\en  applied  lo  stir- 
fkcet  Ibot^mn  Dot  perfectly  horizontal,  but  which 
have  no  ioeqnalitiea  ot  maffnitude. 

3.  Even  with  any  thing  else>  of  the  same  bight ; 
on  the  same  line  or  plane. 

4.  Equal  in  rank,  or  degree ;  having  no  degree  of 
mperiority. 

Be  Uwd  m  pnfementL  haiI  jrou  will  aooo  be  u  Ind  in  your 
kuniag.  BnUnf. 

LEVEL,  ».  u    To  make  horizontal. 

2.  To  make  even  ;  to  reduce  or  remove  ineijuali- 
ties  of  surface  in  any  thing  j  as,  to  levd  a  road  or 
walk. 

3.  To  reduce  or  bring  to  the  same  bight  with 
something  else. 

And  tbcir  promt  •tnietuim  Ifwl  with  tbe  gimnd.        Sbudyt. 

4.  To  lay  flat }  to  reduce  to  an  even  nuftce  or 
plane* 

Be  linwl#  nxMaUina,  unl  he  nlKs  fUam.  Dryitn. 

5.  To  reduce  to  equality  of  condition,  stale,  or  de- 
gree ;  as,  to  Uffi  alt  ranks  and  degrees  of  men. 

6.  To  point,  in  takins  aiiu ;  to  ele\'ate  or  deprc^ 
so  as  to  direct  a  missile  weapon  to  an  object ;  to 
aim  ;  as,  to  trvel  a  cannon  or  mu^et. 

7.  To  aim  ;  b>  direct ;  as,  severe  remarka  Uveltd  at 
the  Ttcea  and  fullies  of  the  age. 

8.  To  suit ;  to  |iro(iortion  j  as,  to  Itrtl  observations 
to  the  capacity  of  children. 

LEVEL, ».  u    To  accord ;  to  agree  ;  to  suit.    [LittU 
msU,}  Siuik. 

5.  To  aim  at ;  to  point  a  gun  or  an  arrow  lo  the 
mark. 

3.  To  aim  at ;  to  direct  the  view  or  porpoee. 

The  £tarr  iW  Ood  ^nd  the  good  of  bb  ckindi  oofht  («  be  iha 
surk  >l  whieb  we  U*«L  "' ' ''~ 


4.  To  be  aimed ;  to  be  in  tbe  same  direction  with 
tbe  mark. 

Be  n^Md  k  tID  be  IrMbtf  ilghL  Aoter. 

5.  To  aim  ;  to  make  attempts. 

AmbiUoui  York  <iii  itetl  ftl  thy  erown.  Shak. 

G.  To  coqjecture  ;  to  attempt  to  guess.    [JVof  v.ifd.] 

Shak. 
LEVEL,  a.    A  horizontal  line,  or  a  plane ;  a  ^irface 
without  inequalities.  Hale, 

U.  Rate ;  standard ;  osnal  elevation  ;  customary 
bight ;  as,  the  ordinal  level  of  the  world. 

3.  Equal  elevation  witb  something  else  ;  a  state  of 
equal  i^. 

Piovidenep,  br  the  amrt  put,  wt>  im  on  a  UeeL       Spectator. 

4.  The  line  of  direction  in  which  a  missive  weapon 
is  aimed. 

5j  An  inslnim-jnl  in  mechanics  by  whirh  lo  find 
or  draw  a  horizontal  line,  a?  in  t>clting  buililinf^s,  or 
in  malting  canals  and  ilrnios.  The  instrument  rum- 
monly  n^d  for  this  purpose  i^  called  the  gpirit  lecel. 

6.  Rule ;  ptan ;  scheme  j  bonx)wed  from  the  me- 
cbanic*a  leveL 

Bt  *e  &lr  U^  of  thj  Mtbm  UkL  Prior. 

LEVXL-£D,  pp.  or  a.     Reduced  to  a  plane  *,  made 
even. 

2.  Reduced  lo  an  equal  state,  condition,  or  rank. 

3.  Reduced  to  an  equality  with  som'-thing  el=e. 

4.  Elevated  or  depressed  to  a  rizht  lino  toward 
8r>m?ihinc :  pointed  to  an  object ;  directed  to  a  mark. 

.">.  Puited  ;  proportioned. 
LEV'EL-ER,  a.    One  that  levels  or  makes  even. 

2.  One  that  destroys,  or  attempts  to  destroy,  dis- 
tinciion?,  and  reduce  to  equality. 
LE V'EI*-IXG,  ppr.  or  a.    flaking  level  or  even. 

2.  Reducing  to  an  equality  of  condition. 
LEVEL-IXG,  n.    The  reduction  of  uneven  eurfaces 
to  a  level  or  plane, 

2.  In  surrcyinffy  the  art  or  practice  of  finding  a 
borizontal  line,  or  of  ascertaming  the  different  ele- 
vations of  objects  on  the  surface  of  the  earth. 

Barhte. 


LEV 

LEV'EI>-NESS,  n.     Evenness;  equality  of  surface. 
2.  Eiiuality  with  something  else. 

LRV'KX.     See  Lbavcn. 

LEV'iCN,  n.     [Sax.  klifian.] 

Lightning.     [06*.]  C/taticer. 

LEVER,  a.  [Fr.  leuter;  It,  leva;  from  Icoer,  Icvare, 
L.  UvOf  to  raise.] 

In  fmeehanic^^  a  bar  of  metal,  wood,  or  other  sub- 
stance, turning  on  a  support  called  the  falerum  or 
prop.  Its  arms  are  equal,  as  in  the  balance  f  or  une- 
qual, as  in  steelyard!t.  It  is  one  of  the  mechanical 
ptiwers,  and  is  of  three  kinds,  viz.  1.  When  the  tn\- 
cnini  is  between  the  weight  and  the  power,  as  in  the 
haHtLrpike.,  crwirfrar,  &.C.  2.  When  the  weight  is  be- 
tween theiKiwer  and  the  fulcrum,  as  in  roicinira  boat 
3,  When  the  power  is  between  the  weight  and  the 
fulcrum,  a?  in  raisin-f  a  ladder  from  tJio  ground,  by 
applying  tiie  tuinds  to  one  of  the  lower  rounds. 
The  bones  of  animals  are  levers  of  tlie  Uiird  kind. 

OlmsUA, 

LE'VER,  a.  The  coinpamlivo  degree  of  Icve^  letfj  or 
lirf.     Aioro  agreeable  ;  more  pleasing.    [0&5.] 

LE'VER,  tt./p.  Rather,  as  we  now  say,  I  had  rather. 
[06,*.]  Chaucer. 

LEV'ER-AOE,  n.  Mechanical  advantage  gained  on 
the  principle  of  the  lever.  Olm^teiL 

LEVER-ET,  n.     (Fr.  Uevrct,  from  Ucvre^  a  hare.] 
A  hare  in  the  first  year  of  her  age. 

LEV'ER-OCK,  n.    A  bird  ;  a  lark.    [See  Lark.] 

LEVET,  n.     [Q,u.  Fr.  lecery  to  raise.]  [John.9on. 

A  blast  <»f  a  trumjx't ;  probably  that  by  which  sol- 
diers are  called  in  the  morning.    [JVot  u^ed,] 

Hadibras. 

LEVI-A-BLE,  a.  [(V»im  levy.]  That  may  be  levied  ; 
that  may  be  assessed  and  cullectcd  ;  as,  sums  leciabU 
by  course  of  law.  Bacon. 

LE-\TA-THAN,  n.    [lleb.  \r\y'h.) 

1.  An  aquatic  animal,  described  in  the  book  of 
Job,  ch.  ili.,  and  mentioned  in  ottur  passages  of 
Scri|)ture.  In  Isaiati,  it  is  called  the  eronked  serpent. 
It  is  niit  agreed  what  animal  is  intended  by  the 
writers,  whether  Uio  crocodile,  the  whale,  or  a  spe- 
cies of  serjient.* 

2.  The  whale,  or  a  great  whale.  MUton. 
LEVI-/;i),  (lev'id,)  pp.     Raised  ;  collected. 
LEVI-GaTE,  v.  L    [L.  LxvigOy  from  UeciSy  smooth,  Gr. 

L  In  pharmacy  and  chemistry,  to  rub  or  grind  to  a 
fine,  impalpable  powder  ;  to  make  fine,  soft,  and 
smooth. 

2.  To  plane  ;  to  polish.  Barrow. 

LEVI-GATE,  o.    Made  smooth. 

LEVLGA-TED,  pp.  Reduced  to  a  fine,  impalpable 
powder, 

LEVI-GA-TfNG,  ppr.  Rendering  very  fine,  soft,  and 
sni(»oth,  bv  grinding  or  rubbing, 

LEV-I-G.l'tlON,  n.  The  act  or  operation  of  grinding 
or  nibbing  a  solid  substance  to  a  fine,  imimlpable 
pnw^der.  Encyc 

LEVIN,*.    Lightning.    [Obs.]    [See  Lktki*.] 

Spenser, 

LE-%TRATE,  a.    [L.  Icvir,  a  husband's  brother.] 
The  levirate  7aw,  among  the  Jews,  was  one  accord- 
ing to  which  a  woman,  whose  husband  died  without 
issHe,  was  to  be  married  to  the  husband's  brother. 
VevJL  XXV.  5. 

LEV-I-TA'TION,  n.     [L.  levis,  Xecitas.^ 

Lightness;  buoyancy;  act  of  making  light 

LE'VTTE,  n.    [from  Levi,  ^ne  of  the  sons  of  Jacob.] 

One  of  the  tribe  or  family  of  Levi ;  a  descendant 

of  Levi ;  vun-e  pariictdarly,  an  ofliccr  in  the  Jewish 

church,  who  was  employed  in  manual  service,  as  in 

bringing  wood  and  other  necessaries  for  the  sacri- 

*  fices.  The  Leviies  also  sung  and  played  on  instru- 
ments of  music.  They  wero  subordinate  to  the 
priests,  the  descendants  of  Aaron,  who  was  also 
of  the  family  of  Levi.  Encyc. 

LE^VIT'IC^AL,  a.  Belonging  to  the  I>evites,  or  de- 
scendants of  Levi;  as,  the  Lcvitieal  law,  the  law 
given  by  Moses,  which  prescribed  the  duties  and 
rites  of  the  priests  and  Levites,  and  regulated  llie 
civil  and  religious  concerns  of  tlie  Jews. 
2.  Priestly.  Jifilton. 

LE-VIT'I€^AL-LY,  ado.  After  the  manner  of  iJie  Le- 
vites. 

LE-VIT'ie-US,  n.  [from  /.rot,  Lcvite.'\  A  canonical 
book  of  the  Old  Testament,  containing  the  laws  and 
regulations  which  relate  to  the  priests  and  Invites 
among  the  Jews,  or  the  body  of  the  ceremonial  law. 

LEV'I-TY,  n.  [Tj,  Icritas^  from  Iccia^  light;  connected 
pt-rhaps  with  Eng.  liJtJ] 

1.  Lightness  ;  the  want  of  weight  in  a  body,  com- 
pared with  another  that  is  heavier.  The  ascent  of  a 
balloon  in  the  air  is  owing  lo  its  levityy  as  the  gas  that 
fills  it  is  lighter  than  common  air. 

2.  Lightness  of  temper  or  conduct;  inconstancy; 
changeableness ;  unsteadiness ;  as,  the  lecity  of  youth. 

ffooker. 

3.  Want  of  due  consideration  ;  vanity  ;  freak.  lie 
neviT  employed  his  omnipotence  out  of /cuify  or  os- 
tentaticm. 

4.  Gayety  of  mind  ;  want  of  seriousness  ;  dispo- 
sition to  trifle.  The  spirit  of  religion  and  seriousness 
was  succeeded  by  levity. 


LEZ 

LEVY,tJ.f,  [Fr.leveri  U.  Icoare ;  Sp,  Uvar  j  h.  Icvo  ; 
Eiig.  to  /i/t.] 

1.  To  raise ;  to  collect.  To  levy  troops  is  to  enlist 
or  to  order  men  into  public  service.  To  levy  nn  army 
is  to  Cdllcct  troojw  and  form  an  army  by  enrolhiient, 
Conscription,  or  other  means. 

2.  'i'o  raise  ;  to  collect  by  assessment ;  as,  to  levy   | 
taxes,  tull,  tribute,  or  contributions.  [ 

To  levy  war,  is  to  raise  or  begin  war;  lo  take  arms 
for  attack  ;  lo  attack.  Black^tone. 

To  levy  a  fine  ;  to  commence  and  carry  on  a  suit 
for  assuring  the  title  to  lands  or  tenements. 

Black.ittme. 
LEVY,  n.    The  net  of  collecting  men  for  military,  or 
other  public  service,  as  by  enlistment,  enrollment,  or 
other  means.     I  Ktnirs  \x. 

2.  Troopst  collected  ;  an  army  raised.    1  Kiji^s  v. 

3.  The  art  of  collecting  money  for  public  use  by 
tax  or  other  imposition. 

4.  War  raised.     [Aw(  in  use.]  Shak. 
Levy  in  mass,  [Fr.  levee  en  masse Q  a  requisition  of 

nil  liable  to  bear  arms  fur  service.    In  Germany,  it  is 

styled  land^iturm. 
LEV'Y-ING,  ppr.     Raising  ;    collecting,  as  men  or 

money! 
LEVYNE,  ji.    [fVom  Irmj.]    A  mineral,  8Up[H>Red  to 

be  identical  with  chabazite.  Dana. 

LEW,  (lu.)  a.     [D.  laauwA 

Tepid;  lukewarm;  pale;  wan.     [Ofts.] 
LEWD,  (lude,)  a.    [W.  Uodig,  having  a  craving  ;  Uodi^ 

to  reach  out,  to  crave  ;  UoUinrby  lewdness  ;  llawd,  that 
,  shoots  out  or  is  growing,  a  lad  ;  G.  ludcry  lewdness  ; 

Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  Sam.  nS%  to  beget,  to  bring  forth  ;  Ar. 

jO.  walada,  Elh.  ®  A,?  «/.] 

1.  Given  to  the  unlawful  indulgence  of  lust ;  ad- 
dicted to  fornication  or  adultery  ;  dissolute;  lustful; 
libidinous.    Ezck.  xxiii. 

2.  Proceeding  from  unlawful  lust ;  as,  lewd  ac- 
tions. 

3.  Wicked  j  vile ;  profligate  j  licentious,  .dtis 
xvii. 

LEWD,  a.  [Sax.  ItrwrJ,  Ined.  This  seems  to  be  a 
contracted  word,  and  either  from  the  root  of  laieal, 
lay,  or  from  the  Sax.  lend,  G.  leute,  people,  which 
seems  to  be  from  the  same  root  as  the  foregoing 
word,  like  L.  ffcns,  from  ffeno.]  ■, 

I^ay  ;  laical ;  not  clerical.     [  Obs.]  Davics. 

LEWD'LY,  (IQdc'ly,)  adv.    With  the  unlawful  indul- 
gence of  lust ;  lustfully. 
2.  Wickedly ;  wantonlv. 

LEWD'NESS,  n.  The  unlawful  indulgence  of  lust; 
fornicatlcn,  or  adultery. 

2.  in  Scripture,  It  generally  denotes  idolatry. 

3.  Lir.entiousneas  ;  shamelessness.  Spenser. 
LEWD'STEH,  n.    One   given  to  the  criminal  indul- 
gence of  lust ;  a  lecher.     [JVot  used:]  Skak. 

LEX,  H.  [L.]  Law  ;  as,  Icr  talionis,  the  law  of  retal- 
iation ;  lex  lerrce,  the  law  of  the  land. 

LEX'I-CAIj,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  lexicon,  or  lexicogra- 
phy ;  settled  by  lexicography;  as, the  lexical  meaning 
of  a  word.  Lewis. 

LES-I-eOG'RA-PnER,n.  [See  Lexicographt.]  Tlie 
author  of  a  lexicon  or  dictionary. 

LEX-I-CO-GRAPH'ie,         )    a.       Pertaining    to    the 

LEX-I-eO-GRAPirie-AL,  \  writing  or  compila- 
tion of  a  dictionary.  BosioelL 

LEX-I-eOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gf.  AcfiJtoi',  a  dictionary, 
and  }  nnipr],  a  writing.] 

1.  The  act  of  writing  a  lexicon  or  dictionary,  or 
the  art  of  composing  dictionaries. 

2.  The  comjH>sition  or  c(»mpiIation  of  a  dictionary. 
LEX-I-eOL'O-CY,  n.    [Gr.  Atfuof,  a  dictionary,  and 

Xoy-'St  discourse.] 
The  science  of  words;  that  branch  of  learning 

which  treats  of  tlie  proper  signification   and  Just 

application  of  words.  Jiled.  Repos. 

LEX'l-€ON,  n.   [Gr.  Aefi'fo*',  a  dictionary,  from  Ac^i5, 

Ac)  fj  to  siK:ak.] 

A  dictionary  ;  a  vocabulary,  or  book  containing  an 

alphabetical  arrangement  of  the  words  in  a  language, 

with  the  definition  of  each,  or  an  explanation  of  its 

meaning. . 
LEX'I-€ON-IST,  n.    A  writer  of  a  lexicon.    [UttU 

vsed.]  Orient.   Col. 

LEX-I-GRAPirie,  o.    Expressing  words  by  distinct 

LEX-IG'RA-PHY,  n.     [Gr.  X£(if,  a  word,  and  >p<i0'.', 
to  write.] 
The  art  or  practice  of  defining  words.  Med.  liepas. 

LEY.     See  Lte. 

LEY  ;  a  diflbrent  orthogr.iphy  of  Lay  and  Lea,  a 
meadow  or  field. 

LEY'D£N-JAR,         )  n.   A-glassjaror  bottle  used  to 

LEY'D£N-PHt'.\L,  \  accumulate  electricity.  It  is 
coated  with  tin  foil,  within  and  without,  nearly  to 
its  top,  and  is  surmounted  by  a  brass  knob  for 
the  purpose  of  charging  it  with  electricity.  It  is  so 
named  from  having  been  invented  in  Leyden^  Hol- 
land. 

LeZE  MAJ'ES-TY;  any  crime  committed  against  sov- 
ereign power,  from  tlio  Latin  "  crimen  Ixsa  vrnjegtor- 


FiTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIL\T.— METE,  PKSY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.— 
660  ~ 


LIB 

LHER'ZO-LrrE,  n,     [fmm  Vierz,  in  the  Pyrunees.] 
A  mineral,  a  varit-ty  of  pyroxene.     Wli'en  crystal- 
lized, its  crystal!)  are  brilliant,  tran^Iucid,  very  small, 
and  (if  an  eraerald-fireen.  Diet. 

LI'A-IILE,  a.  .  [Fr.  /i>r,  to  bind,  h.  ligo;  Norm.  /i>e, 
a  bond.    See  Li  eue.] 

1.  Bound  ;  obliged  in  law  or  equity  ;  responsible  ; 
answerable.  The  surety  is  liable  for  tbe  debt  of  his 
principal.  Tlie  parent  is  not  liable  for  debts  con- 
tmcted  by  a  son  who  ia  a  minor,  except  for  necessa- 
ri<fj. 

This  use  of  liable  is  now  common  among  lawyers. 
TIio  phrase  is  abridaed.  The  surety  is  liable  i  that  is, 
bound  to  pay  the  debt  of  his  principal. 

2.  Subject;  obnoxious;  exposed. 

Proudly  aectire,  yet  liabU  to  fidl.  AfiUon, 

Liable^  in  this  sense,  is  always  applied  to  evils. 
We  never  say,  a  man  is  liable  to  hap[»ines3  or  pros- 
perity, but  he  is  liable  to  disease,  calamities,  censure ; 
he  is  liable  to  err,  to  sin,  to  fall. 

LT'A-BLE-NESS,  I  n.    The  state  of  being  bound  or 

LI-A-IIIL'I-TY,  )  obliged  in  law  or  justice  ;  re- 
pp<jnsibility.  The  officer  wishes  to  discharge  him- 
self from  his  liability. 

a.  Exposedness ;  tendency;  a  state  of  being  sub- 
ject ;  as,  the  liableness  of  a  man  to  contract  disease 
in  an  infected  room;  a  liability  to  accidents. 

LI'AR,  n.  [from  lie]  A  person  who  knowingly  utters 
falsehood  ;  one  who  declares  to  another  as  a  fact 
what  he  knows  to  be  not  tnie,  and  with  an  inten- 
tion to  deceive  him.  The  uttering  of  falsehood  by 
mi^ake,  and  without  an  iutentioii  to  deceive,  does 
not  constitute  one  a  liar, 
a.  One  who  denies  Christ.     1  John  ii. 

LI'ARD,  a.    Gray.     [Ofr.*.]  Chaucer. 

Tjjis  old  English  word  is  still  used  in  Scotland, 
with  the  spelling  Liabt,  or  Lyart  ;  as,  lyart  ha^Uy 
gray  hairs  <m  the  temples.  Burns. 

Lt'AS,  iu  A  species  of  limestone,  occurring  in  flat, 
horizontal  straLi,  and  supposed  to  be  of  recent  forma- 
tion. Encyc. 

LPaISOJ^,  (le'a-zonp,)  n.    [Fr.]    A  union,  or  bond  of 

LIB,  r.  f.     {a.lubbrru]  [union. 

To  castrate.     [J^u  in  nsf,]  Chapman. 

LI-BA'TION,  n.  [L.  libaiio^  from  libo^  to  pour  out,  to 
laste;  Gr.  \it>i<,,.] 

1.  The  act  of  pouring  a  liquor,  usually  wine,  either 
on  the  ground,  or  on  a  victim  in  sacrifice,  in  honor  of 
some  deity.  The  Hebrews,  Greeks,  and  Romans, 
practiced  libation.  This  was  a  solemn  act  and  ac- 
companied with  prayer.  F.nnjc 

2.  The  wine  or  other  liquor  poured  out  in  honor  of 
a  d*;ily.  StiUini'Jleet.      Drydcn. 

LIB'BARO;  an  obsolete  spelling  of  Leopard. 

Spenser.  Milion, 
LIB'RARD'S-BXNE.n.  A  poisonous  plant.  B.  Jonaon. 
LT'BEL,  n.  [L.  libellusy  a  little  biX)k,  from  liber,  a 
book,  from  the  sense  of  bark,  and  this  from  stri[>- 
ping,  separating.  Hence  liber,  a  book,  and  liber, 
free,  are  the  same  word.  Class  Lb,  No.  24.  27. 
30,31.]  ■  ' 

I.  A  defamatory  writing.  [L.  Ubellus,  famosu*.] 
Hence,  the  epithet  bt^ng  omitted, /td^/ exprestn^s  the 
same  thing.  Any  book,  pamphlet,  writing,  or  pic- 
ture, contiining  representations,  maliciously  made 
or  published,  tMAiling  to  bring  a  person  into  con- 
tem[«,  or  oxptise  him  to  public  hatred  and  derision. 
The  communication  of  such  defamatory  writing  to  a 
single  person,  \»  considered  in  law  a  publiattion. 
It  id  immaterial,  with  respect  to  the  essence  of  a 
\\hK-\y  whether  the  matter  of  it  is  tnie  or  false,  since 
the  provocation,  and  nut  the  falsity,  is  the  tiling  to  be 
punished  erimiaaJly.  But  in  a  cicU  action,  a  libel 
must  appear  lu  be  false,  as  well  aa  scandalous. 

Blackjftone. 
In  a  m/rre  eitenxite.  mnue,  any  blasphemous,  trea- 
sonable, or  impnonil  writing,  or  picture,  made  public, 
is  a  litiel,  and  punishable  by  law. 

2.  In  fAe  civil  latp,  and  in  courts  of  admiralty^  a 
declaration  or  charge  m  writing  exhibited  in  court, 
particularly  against  a  ship  or  gtxxls,  for  violating  tlie 
taws  of  trade  or  of  revenue. 
LZ'BEL,  V.  L  To  defame  or  expose  to  public  haired 
and  contempt  by  a  writing  or  picture ;  to  lampoon. 
Borae  wicked  wiu  hare  libeUad  all  tbe  tiir.  Pop4. 

9.  To  exhibit  a  charge  againrt  any  thing  in  court, 

particulariy  against  a  ship  or  goods,  for  a  violation  of 

the  laws  of  trade  or  revenue. 
LI'BEL,   p.   i.      'i'o    spread    defamation,   written    or 

printed,  with    against.     He  libels  against  the  peers 

of  the  realm.     [A('(  vojc  in  ivte.] 
LI'BEL-ANT,  n.     One  who  libels;  one  who  brings 

a  libel  or  institutes  a  suit  in  an  admiralty  court. 

The  c«>-in»r|  for  ib^  libelant  conteDiled  tb^y  had  a  ri»lit  to  read 
tbe  iiirtfucliotw.  Cranth,  Hep. 

LT'BEL-£D.  pp.      Defamed  by  a  writing  or  picture 

diade  public. 
2.  Charged  or  declared  against  in  an  ailmiralty 

court. 
LT'BEL-ER,  n.    One  who  libels  or  defames  by  writing 

or  pictures ;  a  lampooner.  I 


LIB 


LIB 


It  b  Ifpwrmace  ofouradTra  which  a 


« lU  the  Uhelera  of  oth^n. 
tiuekmituter. 


LI'BEL-TNG,  pjrr.    Defaming  by  a  published  writing 

or  picture. 
2.  Exhibiting  cliarges  against  in  court. 
LI'BEL-OUS,  fl.     Defam.'Uory  ;  containing  that  which 

exposes  a  person  to  jpublic  hatrt^d,   contempt,  and 

ridicule;  as,  a  libchus  pamphlet  or  picture. 
LT'BER,  n.    [L.]    In  botany,  the  inner,  newly-formed 

bark  of  a  plant. 
LIB'ER-AL,  a.    [Fr.,from  L.  liberalis,  from  liber,  free. 

See  LiBEL.1 

1.  Of  a  Iree  heart;  free  to  give  or  bestow;  not 
close  or  contracted  j  munificent ;  bountiful ;  gener- 
ous ;  giving  largely  ;  as,  a  liberal  donor  ;  the  liberal 
founders  of  a  college  or  hosi)iial.  It  expresses  less 
than  Profuse  or  Extravagant. 

2.  Generous;  ample;  large;  as, a /tiwai donation-: 
a  liberal  allowance. 

3.  Not  selfish,  narrow,  or  contracted  ;  catholic ; 
enlarged  ;  embracing  other  interests  than  one's  own  ; 
as^  liberal  sentiments  or  views;  a  liberal  m\ ml :  lib- 
eral policy. 

4.  General;  extensive  ;  embracing  literature  and 
the  sciences  generally  ;  as,  a  Uheral  education.  This 
phrase  is  often,  but  not  necessarily,  synonymous  with 
Collegiate  ;  as,  a  colletriatc  education. 

5.  Free;  open;  candid;  as,  a  liberal  communica- 
tion of  thoughts. 

6.  Large;  profuse;  as.a  ^iftcraMischarge  of  matter 
by  secretions  or  excretions. 

7.  Free  ;  not  literal  or  strict ;  as,  a  liberal  construc- 
tion of  law. 

8.  Not  mean  ;  not  low  in  birth  or  mind. 

9.  Licentious  ;  free  to  excess.  Shak. 
Liberal  artiy  as  distinguished  from  mechanical  arts, 

arc  such  as  depend  more  on  the  exertion  of  the 
mind  than  on  the  labor  of  the  hands,  and  regard 
amusement,  curiosity,  or  intellectual  improvement, 
rather  than  the  necessity  of  subsistence,  or  manual 
skill.  Such  are  grammar,  rhetoric,  painting,  sculp- 
ture, architecture,  niu.sic,  &c. 

Liberal  has  of  before  the  thing  bestowed,  and  to 
before  the  person  or  object  on  wljich  any  thing  is 
bestowed  ;  as,  to  be  liberal  o/ praise  or  censure  ;  "/ift- 
eral  to  the  ptwr. 

LIB'ER-AL,  n.     One  who  advocates  greater  freedom 
from  restraint,  especially  in  political  institutions. 

Brande. 

LIB'ER-AIx-HEART'ED,     o.      Having   a   generous 
heart. 

LIB'ER-AL-ISM,  n.    The  principles  of  liberals. 

M^Oavin, 

LIB'ER-AL-IST,  n.    One  who  is  a  liberal,  or  who 
favors  the  principles  of  liberals. 

LIB-ER-AL'I-TY,  n.      [L.   libcralUaa;    Fr,   liberaliti. 
See  LiRERAt..] 

1.  Munificence;  bounty. 

That  liberaiity  ia  but  CAit  away, 

Which  in.ike*  us  borrow  what  we  cnn  not  paj.  Denhnm. 

2.  A  particular  act  of  generosity  ;  a  donation  ;  a 
gratuitv.  In  this  sense,  it  has  the  plural  number. 
A  prudent  man  is  not  impoverished  by  his  liberalities. 

3.  Largeness  of  mind  ;  Catholicism  ;  that  compre- 
hensiveness of  mind  which  includes  other  interests 
besides  its  own,  and  duly  estimates  in  its  decisions 
the  value  or  importance  of  each.  It  is  evidence  of  a 
noble  mind  to  judge  of  men  and  things  with  lib- 
erality. 

Many  trr^l  the  ffoapel  with  indillcreDCC  umler  the  name  nflAer- 
<"*^-  J.  M.  MftMon. 

4.  Candor;  impartiality. 
LIB'ER  AL-IZE,  r.  u    To  render  liberal  or  catholic; 

to  enlarge  ;  to  free  from  narrow  views  or  prejudices  ; 

as,  to  liberaliic  tbe  mind.  Burke.      tValsh. 

LIB'ER-AL-IZ-£r>,  pp.     Freed   from   narrow   views 

and  prejudices;  matie  libenil. 
L1B'ER-AL-IZ-I\G,  ppr.     Rendering  liberal;  divest- 

ine  of  narrow  views  and  prcjndictis. 
LIB'ER-AL-LV,  m/p.    Bountifully;   freely;  largely; 

with  munificence. 

If  any  or  you  bck  wi«dom,  If  I  him  n«k  of  fJwt,  who  giveih  to  all 
liirn  liberally,  am]  uptiniiUcth  iml.  —  Jaiaca  i. 

2.  With  generous  and  impartial  regard  to  other 
interests  than  ourown  ;  with  enlarged  views  ;  with- 
out stlfi>-hness  or  meanness;  as,  to  think  or  judge 
liberally  of  men  and  their  actions. 

3.  Freely  ;  not  strictly  ;  not  litcrnlly. 
I^'KR-AL-MTND'EI),  a.     Having  a  liberal  mind. 
LTn'ER-AI^SOUL-KD,  a.     Having  a  generous  soul. 
LIB'ER  .STE.  r.  t.     [U  libera,  from  liber,  free;  Fr. 

liber er  :  It.  libcrare.] 

1.  To  free  ;  to  relea'ie  from  restraint  or  bondage  ; 
to  set  at   liberty  ;  as,  to  liberate  one  from  dun-ss  or 
imprisonment ;  U)  liberate  the  mind  from  the  shackles 
of  prejudice. 
9.  To  manumit ;  as,  to  liberate  a  slave. 
LIB'ER-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.     Freed  ;  released  from  con- 
finement, restraint,  or  slavery  ;  manumitted. 
LIB'r;R-A-TING,  ppr.     Delivering  from  restraint  or 

slavery. 
LIB-P:R-A'TI0N,  ».     [L.  Uberalij).} 

The  act  of  delivering  from  restraint,  connncment, 
or  slavery. 
LIB'ER-A-TOR,  n.     One  who  liberates  or  delivers.       I 


LIB  ER-TA'UI-AN,  a.  [L.  liber,  free;  libertas,  lib- 
erty.] 

Pertaining  to  lilmrty,  or  to  the  doctrine  of  ftee 
will,  as  op[)o,sed  to  the  doctrine  of  necessity. 

Remoire  iruui  their  mind  libertarian  pn-jvidica.  Encyc. 

LIB-ER-Ta'RF  AN,  n.    One  who  holds  to  free  will. 

LIB-ER-Ta'RI-AN-IS.M,  n.  The  principles  or  doc- 
trines of  libertarians. 

LIB'ER-Tl-CIDE,  n.     [liberty,  and  L.  eado.] 

Destniction  of  liberty;  but  used  as  an  adjective; 
*^  liberticidc  views."  Jefferson. 

9.  A  destroyer  of  liberty.  fVade. 

LIB'ER-TIN-AGE,  n  Libertinism ,  which  is  most 
used. 

LIB'ER-TINE,  (-tin,)  n.  [L.  liberttnusj  from  liber^ 
free.] 

1.  Among  the  Romans,  a  freedman  ;  a  person  man- 
umitted or  set  free  from  legtil  servitude. 

2.  One  unconfined  ;  one  free  from  restraint.  Shak. 

3.  A  man  who  lives  without  restraint  of  the  ani- 
mal passion  ;  one  who  indulges  his  lust  without 
restraint ;  one  who  leads  a  dissolute,  licentious  life  ; 
a  rake  ;  a  debauchee. 

LlB'ER-TlNE,  a.  Licentious;  dissolute;  not  under 
the  restraint  of  law  or  religion  ;  as,  libertine  princi- 
pli-s  ;  a  libertine  Mfc. 

LIB'KR-TIN-IS.M,  re.  State  of  a  freedman.  [Litae 
^'^^l-\  .  Hammond. 

2.  Licentiousness  of  opinion  and  practice  ;  an  un- 
restrained indulgence  of  lust ;  dcbaucherj- ;  lewd- 
ness- Atterbury. 

LIB'ER-Ty,  n,  [L.  libertas,  from  liber,  free  ;  Fr. 
libcrti;  It.  libcrtd  i  Sp.  libcrtad.  Class  Lb,  No.  24. 
27,30,31.1 

J.  Freedom  from  restraint,  in  a  general  sense,  and 
applicable  to  the  body,  or  to  the  will  or  mind.  'I'ho 
body  is  at  liberty  when  not  confined  ;  the  will  or 
mind  is  at  libeHy  when  not  checked  or  controlled. 
A  man  enjoys  liberty  when  no  physical  force  oper- 
ates to  restrain  his  actions  or  vtditions. 

2.  JVatnral  liberty  consists  in  the  power  of  actiftg 
as  one  thinks  fit,  without  any  restraint  or  control, 
except  from  the  laws  of  nature.  It  is  a  state  of  ex- 
emptiem  from  the  control  of  others,  and  from  positive 
laws,  and  the  institutions  of  social  life.  This  liberty 
is  abridged  by  the  establishment  of  government. 

3.  Civil  liberty  is  the  liberty  of  mco  in  a  suite  of 
society,  or  natural  liberty,  so  far  only  abridged  and 
restrained,  as  is  necessary  and  expedient  for  the 
safety  and  interest  of  the  society,  state,  or  nation. 
A  restraint  of  natural  liberty,  not  necessary  or  ex- 
pedient for  the  public,  is  tyranny  or  oppression. 
Civil  liberty  is  an  exemption  from  the  arbitrary  will 
of  others,  which  exemption  is  secured  by  established 
laws,  which  restrain  every  man  from  iijjnring  or 
controlling  another.  Hence  tlie  restraints  of  law  are 
essential  to  cicil  liberty. 

The  liberty  of  one  dppoinJa  not  ao  much  on  tlio  rcmoval  of  all 
r-slriuit  from  biiu,  tts  on  tlie  due  restraint  upon  the  liberty 
of  uthen.  Ainea. 

In  this  sentence,  the  latter  word  liberty  denotes 
natural  liberty. 

4.  Political  liberty  is  sometimes  us^^d  as  synonymous 
with  civil  liberty.  But  it  more  properly  designates  the 
liberty  of  a  natioti,  lUe  freedom  of  a  nation  or  state 
from  all  unjust  abridgment  of  its  rights  and  inde- 
pendence by  another  nation.  Hence  we  often  f>peak 
of  the  political  libeHics  of  Europe,  or  the  nations  of 
Europe. 

.•>.  Reli-rioiLi  liberty  is  the  free  ripht  of  adopting  and 
enjoying  i>pinions  on  religious  subjects,  and  of  wor- 
shiping the  t^upreme  Being  according  to  the  dictates 
of  conscience,  without  external  control. 

6.  Liberty,  tn  metaphysics,  as  opposed  to  necessity,  ia 
the  power  of  an  agent  to  do  or  forbear  any  particular 
action,  according  to  the  determination  or  thought  of 
tlie  mind,  by  which  either  is  preierred  to  the  other. 

Loclic. 
Freedom  of  the  will ;  exemption  from  compulsion 
or  restraint  in  willing  or  volition. 

7.  Privilege  ;  exemption  ;  immunity  enjoyed  by 
prescription  or  by  grant ;  with  a  plural.  Thus  we 
s[ieak  of  the  liberties  of  the  commercial  cities  of  Eu- 
rope. 

8  I-eave ;  permission  granted.  The  witness  ob- 
tained liberty  to  leave  the  court. 

9.  A  space  in  which  one  is  pi^rmitted  to  pass  with- 
out restraint,  and  beyond  which  he  may  imt  lawfuUy 
pa.ss  ;  with  a  plural ;  as,  the  liberties  of  a  prison. 

10.  Freedom  of  action  or  spewch  beyond  the  otrti 
nary  bounds  of  civility  or  decorum.  Females  shou'.d 
rep<*l  all  improper  liberties. 

To  take  the  liberty  to  do  or  say  any  thing,  to  u» 
freedom  not  specially  granted. 

To  set  at  liberty  ;  to  deliver  from  confinement;  tt* 
release  from  restraint. 

T'l  be  at  liberty ;  to  be  free  from  restraint 

Liberty  of  the  press,  is  freedom  from  any  restrirtl.if, 
on  the  powiT  to  publish  books;  the  free  power  or 
publishing  what  one  pleases,  subject  only  tt)  punif<h 
meiil  for  abusing  the  privilege,  or  publishing  what  is 
mischievous  to  the  public  or  injurious  to  individuals. 

Blaekstone. 


TONE,  BULL,  tINITE— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K;  C  as  J  ;  g  a«  Z ;  CU  oa  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

— —  -  -^_ 


Lie 

U-BETH'EN-rrE,n.  A  minernl.  finrt  found  nt  t.ihe- 
VkoL,  in  Hungary*,  having  nn  olive  yreen  color,  nnd 
consisting  of  phosphoric  acid,  oxyd  of  copi>cr,  aiid 
water. 

LI-BID'l.N-IST,  N.     One  fUfXl  to  It-wdltcsa.     Junius. 

LI-BID'lN-OrS,  a.  [L.  libuiinosus,  t'ruiii  libuio^  lubidoy 
lust,  from  tibeo^  libet,  lubet^  to  plfase,  it  pleuxetli ;  G. 
ticltt^  love  i  lirbeH,  to  love  ;  Kng.  i*frf,  which  see.  The 
root  in  lib  or  lub.] 

Lustful ;  lewd  ;  having  an  eager  apivtite  for  vene- 
real pleasure.  BnUley. 

Lt-mD'IX-OUS-LY,arfp.  Lnstftilly  ;  with  lewd  desire. 

Ll-BID'IN-OL'S-.\E8S,  «.  The  stale  or  quality  of  be- 
in?  lustful  i  inordinate  appetite  for  venereal  [dea-sure. 

LI'BfL\,  n.  [U]  The  UiUance  ;  thi;  seventh  sign  in 
Uie  zodiac,  which  the  sun  entera  at  the  autumnal 
rquinox,  in  September. 

U'BRAL,  «•     [I*-  libralis.] 

Of  a  pouna  weight.  Diet. 

LI-BRA'RI-AN,  a.  [L.  UbrariuSy  with  a  diflereni  sig- 
nification, from  Ubcr,  Imrk,  a  b«x>k.] 

1.  The  keeper,  or  one  who  has  the  care  of,  a  libra- 
ry or  Collection  of  books. 

a.  One  who  transcribes  or  copies  books,  f  JVot  now 
MsciLI  Broome. 

LT-BRA'RI-.\N-SniP,  n.    The  office  of  a  librarian. 

U'BRA-RY,  M.  [L.  fifrrartHm,  libraria,  from  libera  a 
biH)k.] 

1.  A  collection  of  books  belonging  to  a  private  per- 
son, or  to  a  public  institution  <>r  a  company. 

2.  An  edifice  or  an  apartment  for  holding  a  collec- 
tion of  books. 

LI'BRATE,  r.  L    [L.  VbrOy  from  libra,  a  balance,  a 
level ;  allied  perhaps  to  Eng.  Irpel] 
To  poise  ;  to  balance  i  to  hold  in  equipoise. 
LrSBXTE,  V.  L  To  move,  as  a  balance  j  to  be  poised. 

Their  putt  all  tfbmit  oa  too  nkw  a  bcmm.  .  CUftan. 

LI'BRA-TED,  n^    Poind  ;  balanced. 

L!'imA-TING,pfnr.    Moving,  as  a  balance  ;  poising. 

LT-BKA'TION,  ■.  The  act  of  balancing,  or  sUte  of 
being  balanced;  a  state  of  eqntpobo,  with  equal 
weights  on  both  aides  of  a  center. 

fi.  In  ojCrvUMty,  a  term  applied  to  changes  In  the 
disk  of  the  mooa,  by  which  certain  parts  uf  it  alter- 
BBtely  appear  and  disappettr.  The  moon  lUways  turns 
nearly  the  same  face  to  the  earth  ;  but  by  the  Ulnviiom 
t«  immgitmde,  the  paita  near  the  ea-otern  and  western 
borders  alternately  appear  and  disappear  ;  by  the  U- 
hnOitm  is  taHtmdt^  the  pans  ab<Htt  the  pules  alternate- 
ly appear  and  disapinnr;  by  the  dtumal  Ubrmtion, 
more  of  the  upper  lunb  is  bruughi  into  view  at  rising 
and  setting.  OltmsUd.    Brand*. 

3.  AbolanclngorequipolsebetweenextRtuea. 

2>arvM. 

LrRR.\-TO-RV.  u.  Balancing;  moving  like  a  bal- 
ance, as  it  tends  to  an  equipoise  or  leveL 

LICE,  n. ;  pL  of  Lousa. 

LICE'-BANE,  k.     A  planL 

LI'CENS-A-BI*E.  a.  Tliat  may  be  licensed  or  permit- 
ted bv  legal  granL 

Lt'C'E.S'SE,  m.  [Fr.,  from  L.  Ucentia^  from  /iceo,  to  be 
permitted,  Ir.  w-i^'A'W,  ligim,  to  allow  or  permit.] 

1.  Leave  ;  permission  ;  authority  or  liberty  given 
to  do  or  forbear  any  acL  A  license  may  be  verbal  or 
written  ;  when  written,  the  paper  containing  the  nu- 
Uiority  ia  called  a  licmj>e.  A  man  is  not  permitted  to 
retail  spirituous  liquors  till  he  has  ol>t;tine.d  a  license. 

2.  Excess  of  liberty  ;  exorbitant  freedom  ;  freedom 
abused,  or  used  in  contempt  of  law  or  decorum. 

Laomm  they  mntn,  wh*«  thry  cry  Ub^'ily.  MUton. 

LI'CENSE,  V.  L  To  jwrmit  by  grant  of  authority  ;  to 
remove  legal  restraint  by  a  grant  of  pennission  ;  as, 
to  Ucenjt€  a  man  to  keep  an  inn. 

3.  To  authorize  to  act  in  a  particular  character  j  as, 
to  liceiiM  a  physician  or  a  lawyer. 

4.  To  dismiss.     [J\'ot  m  use.]  JVottan. 
LI'CEXS-£D,  (li'sensl,)  pp.  or  a.    Permitted  by  au- 
thority. 

LI'CE\S-ER,  «.  One  who  grants  permission  ;  a  per- 
son authorized  to  grant  permission  to  others  j  as,  a 
UcrHsrr  of  the  press, 

LT'CENJ?-I\G.  pfT.    Permitiing  hy  authority. 

LT'C'EXSJ.N'G,  n.     The  art  of  giving  a  license. 

LT  CENS-VRE,  a.     A  licensing. 

Ll-CEN'TI  ATE,  m.     [from  U  /icsario.] 

One  who  has  a  license  to  exercise  a  (wofession  ;  as, 
a  Ue:entiate  in  medicine  or  theology, 

2.  In  .S/Hjin,  one  who  has  a  d<*gree  ;  as,  a  lieentiate 
in  law^  or  divinity.  The  officers  of  justice  are  mostly 
distineuishi'd  by  this  title.  Encpc. 

LI-CEX'TIATE,  v.  u    To  give  license  or  pemiLssion. 

L^Estrangt. 

LT-CEN-TI-A'TIOX,  ji.    The  act  of  permitting. 

Lt-CEXTIOCS,  (li-sen'shus,)  a.    JL.  licentiosHA.] 

1.  Using  hcense;  indulging  freedom  to  excess; 
nnrestrained  by  law  or  morality  ;  loose  ;  dissolute ; 
as,  a  licentious  man. 

2.  Exceeding  the  limits  of  law  or  propriety  ;  wan- 
ton ;  unrestrained  ;  as,  liceniious  desires.  Licentivus 
thoughts  precede  lieentious  conduct. 

U-CEN'TIOLTS-LY,  adv.    With  excess  of  liberty ;  in 

contempt  of  law  and  morality. 
LI*CE.\'TIOUS-NESS,  n.     Excessive  indulgence  of 


Lie 

liberty ;  contempt  of  the  just  restraints  of  law,  rao- 
nility,  nnd  deconim.  The  lierntivusnes.t  of  authors  is 
justly  condemned  ;  the  licetUiousneifs  of  the  press  is 
punishable  by  law. 

Law  u  the  gui  of  v«e  men  :  Uc«n6ou*n«tw  u  Uic  god  of  bula. 

PUuo. 
lACHj  a.     [Sax.  tic.     See  Like.] 

Like  ;  even  ;  equal.     [Obs.]  Ooteer. 

LICH,  n.  [Hax.  h>,  or  Hoc,  a  body,  the  flesh,  a  dead 
body,  or  e<)rpse  ;  Urhama,  a  living  body  ;  hence  lieh- 
Kfikt^  watching  with  the  dead  \  iJchfieU,  the  field  of 
dead  bodies  ;  Goth.  Uik^  the  flesh,  n  body  ;  Irikan^  to 
please.  Sax.  hcettit;  Goih.  Iriks^  like;  G.  frteich;  D. 
ijfk  and  g^yk,  like  ;  G.  Uieke^  a  dead  body,  D.  lyk ; 

Hub.   pSn  ehaJakj  smooth ;   Ar.  t^Kx.-^  cAoloJka,  to 

sJiave,  to  make  smooth  ;  (..jiXii  khatahi,  to  measure, 
to  form,  to  create,  to  make  smooth  nnd  equable,  to 
be  iH^nutiftd  ;  derivatives,  creature,  man,  iK'ople,  \Ve 
see  the  radical  sense  is,  smooth,  or  rather,  to  make 
even,  equal,  smootli  ;  hence,  like,  likeness,  and  a 
body.  \Ve  have  here  an  instance  of  the  radical 
sense  of  man  and  body,  almost  exactly  analogous  to 
that  of^dam,  from  HOT,  to  make  equal,  to  be  like.] 
LI'€HEN,  (Il'ken  er  litch'en,)  »u    [L.,  from  Gr.  Asi- 

1.  In  botany,  the  name  for  an  extensive  division  of 
cry'ptognmous  plants,  cont^tituting  a  genus  in  the  or- 
der of  Algae,  in  the  Linnean  system,  but  now  form- 
ing a  distinct  natural  order,  'i'liey  apjx-ar  in  the  form 
of  thin,  flat  crusts,  covering  rocks  nnd  the  bark  of 
trees,  or  in  foliaceous  expansions,  or  bmnchcd  like  a 
shrub  in  miniature,  or  sometimes  only  as  a  gelatinous 
moss  or  a  powdery  subsUmce.  They  are  cjilled  rock- 
wtoss  and  tree-tuoss,  and  some  of  tlie  liverworts  are 
of  this  order.  I'licy  also  include  the  Iceland  moss 
and  the  reindeer  moss  ;  but  tliey  are  entirely  distinct 
from  the  true  mi»sses,  (Musci.)  Kd.  Encyc 

2.  In  luedieime,  a  papuliir  cutaneous  eruption,  con- 
sisting of  ditfuso  red  pimples,  which  are  attended 
with  a  troublesome  sense  of  tingling  and  pricking. 
A  comnmn  variety  of  this  atfectitui  resembles  the 
eiFect  of  stinging  with  nettles,  and  is  called  nettlc- 
liekfn. 

LI-€HE\'ie  ACID,  «.    The  acid  peculiar  to  some 

species  of  lichens.    It  appears  to  be  liic  malic  acid. 

Brandt. 
LICn'EX-IN,  M.    A  substance  closely  allied  to  starch, 

extracted  fhmi  Iceland  moss.  Braiide. 

LI€lLE-\-0 CKAl'H'ie,         }  a.     Pertaining  to  lich- 
LI€H-E\-CM;RArH'l€VAL,  t      enogniphy. 
Lieil-EN-OG'lkA-PillST,  n.    One  who  describes  the 

lirheus. 
LI€H-E.\-OG'RA-PIIY,  n.    [Gr.  Xux^v  and  ypo0w, 

to  write.] 
A  description  of  tJie  vegetables  called /icA<7w;  the 

science  which  illustrates  the  natural  history  of  the 

lie  liens.  Acharius. 

LICH'-OWL,  Ti.  An  owl  vulgarly  supposed  to  foretell 

death. 
LICIT,  (li3'it,)fl.    [L.  lidtus.']    Lawful. 
LICIT-LY,  ado.     lawfully. 
LIC'IT-NESS,  n.     Lawfulness. 
LICK,  r.  t.     [Sax.  liccian  ;  Goth,  laig-wan  ;   G.  lecken, 

schlecken ;  D.  Itkken. ;  Dan.  likker,  slikkcr  ;  Sw.  slckiuy 

slikia  f    Fr.  lecher ;    It.  leecare  i    Ir.  leagaim,  Ughim  ; 

Rwss.  lokayu,  lijii ;    It.  lingo  ;   Gr.  Xetxco  ;    Sans.  lih. 

Class  Lg,  No.  1-2,  18.     See  Like  and  Slkek.] 

1.  To  pass  or  draw  the  tongue  over  the  surface  ; 
as,  a  dog  licks  a  wound.  T^nple. 

2.  To  lap  ;  to  tako  in  by  the  tongue ;  as,  a  dog  or 
cat  licks  milk.    1  Kings  xxi. 

To  lick  up ;  to  devour ;  to  consume  entirely. 

Now  ahall  thta  conifwiy  tick  up  M  Cliat  are  round  nbout  ui,  aj 
ail  ox  licktth  up  the  gnxu  uf  ihe  &cIcL  —  Num.  xxii. 

To  lick  the  dust ;  to  be  slain  ;  to  perish  in  battle. 

Uia  enemies  shall  lick  the  diut.  —  Pi.  IxxiL 
LICK,  n.     In  America,  a  place  where  beasts  of  the  for- 
est lick  for  salt,  at  salt  springs. 
LICK,  n.    [VV.  f/af,  a  lick,  a  slap,  a  ray,  a  blade; 
Uagiaw,  to  lick,  to  shoot  out,  to  throw  or  lay  about,  to 
cudgel.    Q.U.  the  root  o(  flog  and  slay,  to  strike,   tiiee 

At.  j5o  lakka,  to  strike.    Class  Lg,  No.  14.]      • 
L  A  blow  J  a  stroke.    [f^ulgar.'\ 

Dryden.     Rich.  Diet. 
2.  A  wash  ;  something  rubbed  on.     [JJ'ot  in  use] 
LICK,  V.  U     To  strike  repeatedly  for  punishment ;  to 
flog  ;  to  chastise  with  blows.    "  To  lick,  a  lick,  a  lick- 
ing, are  common  words  in  speech,  though  not  in 
writing."  Rick.  Diet 

[Not  an  elegant  word  ;  but  probably  flog,  h.  fiigo, 
is  from  the  root  of  this  word.]  • 
LICK'lTD,    (likt,)   pp.      Taken    in  by  the   tongue; 

lapped. 
LICK'ER,  n.     One  that  licks. 

LICK'EB-ISH,  a.  [D.  Dan.  Ukker,  G.  leeker,  9w. 
Idcker,  nice,  dainty,  delicate.  This  seems  to  be  con- 
nected Willi  D.  lekkcn,  G.  Iceken,  Dan.  leklccr,  Bw. 


LIE 

/(lr&a,tolenk,  for  in  D.  the  verb  signifies  also  to  make 
sleek  or  snimitli,  nnd  in  G.  to  lick,  which  unites  the 
word  with  lick,  and  perhai>s  with  like  In  Sax.  tic- 
ccra  is  a  glutton,  and  tliis  in  the  Italian  lecco,  a  glut- 
ton, a  lecher  ;  teccardo,  greedy  ;  leecare,  to  lick.  J"he 
Arm.  hm  Uckez,  lickerish.  The  phrase,  the  mouth 
vatrrsfar  a  thing,  may  throw  light  on  this  word,  and 
if  the  first  syllable  of  delight,  delieiuas,  and  delicate, 
is  a  prclix,  tlicse  are  of  the  same  family,  as  may  be 
the  Gr  >  Auitiii,  sweet.  The  senses  of  icatery,  tunoofh, 
sweety  are  allied  ;  likeness  is  often  connected  with 
smoothniss^  in  radical  sense,  and  sleek  is  probably 
from  the  root  of  lick,  like.'] 

1.  Nice  in  tlie  choice  of  food  ;  dainty  ;  as,  a  lick- 
erish palate.  UEstrange. 

2.  Eager ;  greedy  to  swallow ;  eager  to  taste  or 
enjoy  ;  having  a  keen  relish. 

Sidney.     Dryden.    Locke 

3.  Dainty ;  tempting  the  ajipetitc ;  as,  lickerish 
baits.  MiitoTi. 

LICK'EIMSH-LV.  adv.    Daintilv. 

LICK'ER-ltiH-NESS,  n.  Niceness  of  palate  ;  dainti- 
ness. 

LICK'ING,  ppr.     Lapping  ;  taking  in  by  the  tongue. 

LICK'JNG,  n.     A  lapping  with  tlie  tongue. 

fl.  A  flogging,  or  castigalion.     [Low.]      Rich.  Diet. 

LICK't?l'lT-TLE,  n.  A  rtiitterer  or  parasite  of  the 
most  nl>ject  character.  [Tliis  coarse  but  expreshive 
tt^m  is  derived  from  the  practice  of  certain  aneient 
parasites,  who  are  tsaid  to  have  licked  up  the  spittle  of 
tlieit  master,  as  if  delicious  tt.i  the  lasto.]     HoUoway. 

LICO-RICE,  (lik'o-ris,)  n.  [M.  liquiHiia-,  l>.  ^gly 
cyrrhiia  ;  Gr.  j  AuAuppis^u  ;  j  Xuxuf,  sweet,  and  In^a, 
a  root.] 

A  plant  of  the  genua  Glycyrrhizo.  The  root  of 
this  plant  abounds  with  a  sweet  juice,  much  used  in 
demulcent  compositions.  Eiicvc. 

Ue'0-ROUS,  Lie'O-ROUS-NESS,  for  LicKiiRisH, 
&.C.     \J^ot  used.] 

LICTOR.n.     [L.  au.  lick,  to  strike.] 

An  omcer  among  ike  Romans,  who  bore  an  ax  and 
fasces  or  rods,  as  ensigns  of  his  ofhce.  The  duty  uf 
a  lictor  was  to  attend  the  chief  magistrates  when 
they  appeared  in  public,  to  clear  ttie  way,  and  cause 
due  respect  to  be  piiid  to  them.  A  dictator  was  at- 
tended by  twenty-four  lictors,  a  con^■uI  by  twelve, 
and  a  master  of  the  horse  by  six.  It  was  also  the 
duty  of  lictors  to  apprehend  and  punish  criminals. 
Kncyc     Johnaon. 

LID,  n,  ^ax.  hlid,  a  cover ;  JUidav,  to  cover ;  ge-ldid, 
a  roof;  U.  Dan.  lid:  L.  clauda,  cludoi  Gr.  (cAfiw, con- 
tracted from   KXriL&Qiiii   Heb.  OnS  or  tt>?,  to  cover, 

Ar.  til  latta.    Class  Ld,  No.  1,  8,  9.] 

A  cover  ;  that  which  shuts  the  opening  of  a  vessel 
or  box  ;  as,  the  lid  of  a  chest  or  trunk  ;  also,  the  cov- 
er of  the  eye,  tlie  membrane  which  is  drawn  over  the 
eyeball  of  an  animal  at  pleasure,  and  which  is  in- 
tended for  its  protection  ;  the  eyelid. 

LID'LESS,  a.     Having  no  lid. 

LIE,  water  impregnated  with  alkaline  salt,  ia  written 
Lye,  to  distinguish  it  from  Lie,  a  falsehood. 

LIE,  71.  [Sax.  lig,  or  lyre;  Sw.  ISgn;  Dan.  Vdgn  ;  D. 
leugen  ,-  G.  lug,  liige  i  Russ.  loj.  The  verb  is  proba- 
bly the  primary  word.l 

1.  A  criminal  falsehood ;  a  falsehood  uttered  for 
the  purpose  of  deception  ;  an  intentional  violation  of 
truth.  Fiction,  or  a  false  statement  or  misrepresenta- 
tion, not  intended  to  deceive,  mislead,  or  injure,  as 
in  fables,  parables,  and  the  like,  is  not  a  lie. 

h  is  willful  d'xeit  timt  mitki.-a  a  lie.  A  m?in  mny  act  a  tie,  n* 
by  polntin?  his  fin^or  in  a  wrong  tlireciion,  when  a  traveler 
inquires  ofhiiTi  hiv  road.  PaUy. 

2.  A  fiction  ;  in  a  ludicroits  sense.  Dryden. 

3.  False  doctrine.     1  John  ii. 

4.  An  idolatrous  picture  of  God,  or  a  false  god. 
Rom.  i. 

5.  That  which  deceives  and  disappoints  confidence. 
Micak  i. 

To  give  the  lie  ;  to  charge  with  falsehood.  A  man's 
actions  may  give  the  lie  to  his  words. 
LIE,  V.  i.     [Sax.  Ugan,  Icogan ;  Dan.  lyver ;  Sw.  Uuga ; 
.    G.  Itigen  i  D.  leugenen  ;   Russ.  Igiu] 

1,  To  utter  falsehood  with  an  intention  to  deceive, 
or  with  an  immoral  deisign. 

Tliou  bast  not  lied  to  men,  but  to  God.  —  Acta  v. 
9.  To  exhibit  a  false  representation  ;  to  say  or 
do  that  wliich  deceives  another,  when  lie  has  a  right 
to  know  the  truth,  or  when  morality  requires  a  just 
rn  presentation. 
LIE,  ».  i.  ;pret.  Lav;  pp.  Lain,  (Lien,  obs.)  [Sax. /i^an, 
or  licgan;  Goth,  ligtiii;  Sw.  hggia  ;  Dan.  ligger;  D. 
liggen;  G.  licgeit ;  Russ.  leju ;  Gr.  Xeyofiat.  The 
Gr.  word  usually  signifies  to  sjteak,  which  is  to  utter 
or  throw  out  solindd.  Hence  to  lie  doion  is  to  throw 
one's  self  downj  and  probably  Lie  and  Lay  are  of 
one  family,  as  are  jacio  and  jaceo,  in  Latin.] 

1.  To  be  in  o  horizontal  position,  or  nearly  so,  and 
to  rest  on  any  thing  lengthwise,  and  not  on  the  end. 
I'hus  a  person  lies  on  a  bed,  and  a  fallen  tree  on  the 
ground.  A  cask  stands  on  its  end,  but  lies  on  its 
side. 


FATE,  FAR,  PALL,  WHAT.— MSTE,  PREY.  — TLVE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BOOK.- 

662 


HE 

S.  To  rest  in  an  inrlining  posture  \  to  lean  ;  as,  to 
lie  on  or  R?ain.-it  a  culunin. 

3.  To  rest  j  to  press  on. 

4.  To  be  repositeil  in  the  grave. 

AH  the  kingi  of  ihe  eartb,  ctcd  all  of  Uicra,  Ii«  in  giorr.  —  l«a. 
xi». 

5.  To  rest  on  a  bed  or  couch  j  to  be  prostrate  ;  as, 
to  lie  sick. 

My  litile  daughter  lieth  at  tlic  point  of  drath.     -  MartTV. 

ti.  To  be  situated.  New  Haven  lies  in  the  forty- 
second  degree  of  north  latitude.  Ireland  lies  west  of 
England. 

Euvj  liea  bttvfvn  beings  equal  in  nalurc,  though  un'Xjnil  in 
drtum«cinc«s.  Collier, 

7.  To  be  ;  to  rest ;  to  abide ;  to  remain  ;  often  fol- 
lowed by  some  word  dfimiing  a  particular  condition  ; 
as,  to  lie  wxste  ;  to  lie  falluw  ;  to  lie  o\>cn  ;  tii  lie  hid  ; 
to  Ue  pining  or  grieving  ;  to  lie  under  one's  displeas- 
ure ;  to  Ue  at  the  mercy  of  a  creditor,  or  at  tlie  mercy 
of  liie  waves. 

8.  To  consist. 

lie  thit  ihliika  that  diveraion  may  not  lis  In  hard  Inbor,  furg^ti 
Uio  early  rising  of  the  huntsinim.  Locke, 

9.  To  be  sustainable  in  law  j  to  be  capable  of  be- 
ing main.tained.  An  action  ties  against  the  tenant 
for  waste. 

An  nppea)  !ut  In  ihiacaae.  Ch.  J.  Fartont. 

T»  lie  at  i  to  tease  or  importune.     [Little  usaL] 
To  lie  at  ttu  hrart ;  to  be  fixed  aa  an  object  of  afieo- 
tiun  or  anxious  desire. 

The  Spooiuila  have  but  on?  temptation  lo  qrmrrcl  with  ta,  the 
Kcovfiiiif  of  Jamaica,  for  that  tua  over  lain  al  their  kearU. 
Teinpie. 

To  lie  by  ;  to  be  reposited,  or  remaining  wttli  He 
hx^  the  manuscript  lyinjr  bij  him. 

2.  To  rest;  to  intennit "labor,  Wc  laij  by  during 
the  heat  of  the  day. 

7*0  He  in  the  way  ;  to  be  an  obstacle  or  impediment. 
Remove  the  objections  that  lie  in  the  way  of  an  ami- 
cable adjustment. 

T.)  lie  hard  or  heavy ;  to  press  j  to  oppress  ;  to  bur- 
den. 

To  Ue  on  hand ;  to  be  or  remain  in  possession  ;  lo 
remain  unsold  or  undisposed  of.  Great  quantities  of 
wine  lie  on  hand,  or  have  lain  long  on  hand. 

To  lie  on  the  hands:  to  remain  unoccupied  or  un- 
employed ;  to  be  tedious.  Men  are  som-'times  at  a 
loss  to  know  how  to  employ  the  time  that  ties  on  their 
hand,'). 

To  lit  on  ike  head ;  to  be  imputed. 

What  he  eeu  more  of  her  than  abarp  wonh,  Id  it  Ji*  on  rny 
head.  Shak. 

To  lie  in  wait ;  to  wait  for  in  concealment ;  to  lie 
in  ambush  ;  to  watch  for  an  opportunity  to  attack  or 
seize. 

To  lie  in  one;  to  be  in  the  power  of;  to  belong  to. 

Al  Tovca  aa  litA  in  you,  lire  pcaiUAbly  with  all  men.  —  Ront.  zii. 

To  lie  down ;  to  lay  the  body  on  the  ground  or  other 
level  place  ;  also,  to  go  to  rest. 

To  Ue  in;  to  be  in  childbed  ;  to  bring  forth  young. 

To  lie  under ;  to  be  subject  to  ;  to  sufler ;  to  be  op- 
pressed by. 

To  lie  on  or  upon;  to  be  a  matter  of  obligation  or 
duty.     It  lies  on  the  plaintiff  to  maintain  his  action. 

To  He  with  ;  to  lodge  or  sleep  witli  j  also,  tu  have 
carnal  knowledge  of. 

2.  To  belong  to.     It  lies  leitA  you  to  make  amends. 

To  tie  oner;  to  remain  unpaid  after  the  time  when 
payment  id  due  ;  as  a  note  in  bank  ;  also,  to  be  de- 
ferred to  some  future  occasion  j  as  a  resolution  in 
cougrem. 

To  lie  to.   A  ship  Is  said  lo/(>Co,wlien  her  progress 
Is  checked  either  by  counterbracing  the  yards  or  tak- 
ing in  sail. 
LIRF,  a.      [Sax.  tecf^  loved  i  D.  lief;  G.  tieb.     See 

h>JVZ.]  ^ 

Dear;  beloved.     [Ob/i.]  Upenser.     Shak. 

U^F,  ado      [Supra.    Thin  word  coincides  with  love^ 

h.  lubety  libet,  and  the  primary  sense  is,  to  be  free, 

prompt,  ready.) 

Gladly;  willingly;  freely;  usmi  in  familiar  speech 

in  the  phrist^  I  had  as  tiff  go  as  not.     It  has  been 

supposed  that  had^  in  this  phniso,  is  a  corruption  of 

would.     At  any  ntie,  it  is  anomalous. 
LTK'-FRAUGIIT,  a.     Fraught  with  lies.  iMmh. 

Lir:6K,  (I'-eJ,)  a.     [It.  Ugia;  Fr.  li^c;  from  I*,  lii^o,  to 

bind  ;  Or.  Xv)  o<o,  to  bind,  to  bend  ;  Av>  o«,  a  withe.] 

1.  Bound  by  a  f«;udal  tenure  ;  obliged  to  be-  faitliful 
and  loyal  to  a  superior,  as  a  vassal  to  his  lord  ;  sub- 
ject ;  faithful  ;  as,  a  lieee  man.  By  tie<re  hnmage,  a 
v;issal  was  bound  to  serve  his  lord  against  all,  with- 
out exce[)tirig  his  sovereign  ;  or  against  all  excepting 
a  former  lord,  to  whom  be  owed  like  service. 

Encyc. 

2.  Sovereign  ;  as,  a  Uegt  lord.    [See  the  noun  ] 
LIeGE,  (lecjj  n.     [Supra.]     A  vassal  holding  a  fee 

by  whirJi  he  is  bound  lo  perform  certain  services  and 
duties  ta  his  lord. 

2.  A  lord  or  superior ;  a  sovereign. 

JVofc.  —  This  ia  a  false  application  of  the  word, 
ari«ing  probably  from  transferring  the  word  from  the 


LIF 

vassal  to  the  lord  ;  tlio  lord  of  liege  men  being  called 
liri^e  lord.  Johnson, 

LiRijE'-MAN,  TU  A  vassal ;  a  subject.  [Oia.]  Spenser. 

Llr.G'Ett,  n.     A  resident  embas<iudor      [Obs.] 

LI'EN  ;  the  obsolete  participle  of  Lie.    See  r*AiN. 

LI'EN,  (IG'en  or  ll'en  ;  Jameson  gices  IG'en,  Knowles 
and  Smart,  li'en  ;)  n.  [>Supr;i.]  A  legal  claim  ;  the 
right  by  which  the  possessor  of  pniperty  holds  it 
apkinst  tliti  owntrr,  in  satisfaction  of  a  demand. 

LT-Ii\-TER'ie,  o.  [from  lieiUcry.]  Pertaining  to  a 
lientery.  Orno. 

LI'E\-TER-Y,  n.  [Fr.  lienierie;  L.  and  It.  lienteria; 
Gr.  Xeioi',  smooth,  and  evrsuof,  an  intestine.] 

A  lax  or  diarrhea,  in  which  the  aliments  are  dis- 
charged undigested,  and  with  little  alteration  eitJier 
in  color  or  substance,        '  Encyc 

LT'ER,  71.  [from  tie.]  One  who  lies  down  ;  one  who 
rests  or  remains ;  us,  a  tier  in  wait  or  in  ambush. 
Josh,  viii, 

LIEO,  (la,)  n,  [Fr.,  from  the  root  of  L.  locus,  Eng  ley, 
or  lea.     See  Lev.] 

Place  ;  room  ;  stead.  It  is  used  only  with  in.  Let 
me  have  gold  in  lieu  of  silver.  In  fieu  of  fashionable 
honor,  let  justice  be  substituted. 

LIEO-TEN'A\-CY,  (lu-ten'an-sy  or  lef-ten'an-sy,)  n. 
See  Lieutenant. 

L  The  office  or  commission  of  a  lieutenant.    Shak. 
2.  The  bodv  of  lieutenants.  Felton. 

LIEO-TEN'ANT,  (lu-ten'ant  or  lef-ten'nnt,)  n.  [Fr. ; 
composed  of  lieu,  place,  and  tenant,  L.  tcncna,  nold- 
ini:.] 

1.  An  officer  who  supplies  the  place  of  a  superior 
in  hia  absence.  Officers  of  this  kind  are  civil,  as  the 
\0Tii-tieutenaat  of  a  kingdom  or  county  ;  or  military, 
OS  a  lieuteHant-gnneToly  a  ^icu/c/tani-colonel. 

2.  In  military  affairs,  ihe  second  commissioned  of- 
ficer in  a  company  of  infantry,  cavalry,  or  artillery. 

3.  In  ships  of  war,  tlie  officer  next  in  rank  to  the 
captain. 

LlEl'-'l'EN'.ANT-SH.P.     See  Lieutenanct. 
LIicVE,  for  Lief,  is  vulgar.     [See  Lief.] 
LIeV'RITE,  n.  A  mineral, called  also  Yewite,  which 

LIFE,  n. .-  pi.  LiTEs.  [Sax.  lif,  lyf;  Sw.  lif;  Dan.  lie ; 
G.  Icbrn;  D.  leeven.    bee  Live.] 

I.  In  a  irrnt-ral  sen,^e,  that  state  of  animals  and 
plants,  or  of  an  organized  being,  in  which  its  natunil 
functions  and  motions  are  jx-rlormed,  or  in  which  its 
organs  are  capiible  of  jterforming  their  functions.  A 
tree  is  not  destitute  of  life  in  winter,  when  the  func- 
tions of  its  organs  are  suspended  ;  nor  man  during  a 
swoon  or  syncope;  nor  strictly  birds,  quadrupeds,  or 
serpents,  during  their  torpitude  in  winter.  They  are 
not  strictly  ilead  till  the  fiinctiona  of  tlieir  organs  are 
incapable  of  being  rene^ved. 

9.  In  anirnaU,  animation  ;  vitality ;  and  in  man, 
that  state  of  being  in  which  the  soul  and  body  are 
united. 

He  entreated  me  ool  to  take  tiia  *(/"«.  Broom*, 

3.  In  planVr,  the  state  in  which  they  grow,  or  are 
capable  of  growth,  by  means  of  the  circulation  of  the 
sap.  The  life  of  an  oak  may  be  two,  three,  or  four 
hundred  years. 

4.  The  present  state  of  existence ;  the  time  from 
birth  to  death.  The  l\feotman  seldom  exceeds  sev- 
enty years. 

If  in   thb  l^$  only  ve  have  hope  in  Cttrlst,  we  are  of  oil  men 
moat  inisemble.  —  1  Cor.  xr. 

5.  Manner  of  living ;  conduct ;  deportment,  In  re- 
gard to  morals. 

I  will  leoih  my  family  lo  lead  pood  Umm,  Mri.  Rirker. 

6.  Condition  ;  course  of  living,  in  regard  ti>  happi- 
ness and  misery.  We  say,  a  man's  life  has  been  a 
series  of  prosperity  or  misfortune. 

7.  Blood,  Uie  supposed  vehicle  of  animation. 
And  the  warm  Hft  canie  iaauing  through  the  wound.       Pop*. 

8.  Animals  in  general ;  animal  being' 

Full  natUTC  awarma  with  H/e.  TliOTttton. 

0.  System  of  animal  nature. 

U»ea  through  all  Hf$.  Pop«. 

10.  Spirit;  animation}  briskness;  vivacity;  reso- 
lution. 


11.  The  living  form  ;  real  person  or  state  ;  in  op- 
position to  a  copy;  as,  a  picture  Is  taken  from  the 
l{fc ;  a  descrijition  from  the  life, 

12.  Exact  resemblance;  with  to  before  life.  His 
portrait  is  drawn  to  the  life. 

13.  Gt;neral  state  of  man,  or  of  social  manners ;  as, 
the  studies  and  arts  that  polish  l\fc. 

14.  Condition  ;  rank  in  society;  as,  high  life  and 
low  life. 

15.  Common  occurrences ;  course  of  things ;  bu> 
man  afiairs. 

But  to  know 
Thnt  which  before  ua  lira  in  daily  H/*, 
la  Ihc  prime  wladuni,  Mtllon. 

\G.  A  person  ;  a  living  being,  usually  or  always  a 
human  bein<;.  How  many  lives  were  sacrificed  dur- 
ing the  revolution ! 


LIE 

17.  Narrative  of  a  past  life  ;  history  of  the  events 
of  life  ;  biographical  narration.  Johnson  wrote  the 
life  of  Miltun,  and  the  lices  of  other  poets. 

18.  In  Scripture,  nourishment;  support  of  life. 
For  the  tree  of  the  fiuld  is  man's  lift.  —  Deut.  ix. 

19.  The  stomach  or  appetite. 

Hit  l\fe  ibhorrcdi  l>rcad.  —  Job  xxxiil. 

20.  The  enjoyments  or  blessings  of  the  present 
life. 

Having  the  promUe  of  the  l\ft  that  now  U,  and  of  thai  which  it 
to  coiuc.  —  1  Tim.  iv. 

21.  Supreme  felicity. 

To  be  ipirituidiy  miuded  is  life  and  peace.  —  Rom.  viiL 

22.  Eternal  happiness  in  heaven.    Rom.  v. 

23.  Restoration  to  life.     Horn.  v. 

21.  The. author  and  giver  of  supreme  felicity. 

1  am  llio  way,  the  tnitli,  and  tlie  l\fe.  — Juhn  xir. 

25.  A  quickening,  animating,  and  strengthening 
principle,  in  a  moral  sense.     John  vi. 

2f).  Life  of  an  execution ;  the  period  when  an  execu- 
tion is  in  forre,  or  before  it  expires 
LIFE'-AN-NO'I-TY,  n.    A  sum  of  money  paid  yearly 

during  a  person's  life.  Brande. 

LIFE'-AS-SOH'ANCE,  (-shQr'ans,)  n.    See  Life-Iw- 

9URa:«ce. 
LIFE'-BLOOD,  (biud,)  n.    The  blood  necessary  to 
life  ;  vital  blood.  Dryden. 

2.  That  which  constitutes  or  gives  strength  and 
energy. 

Money,  the  Ufe-blood  of  the  nation,  Sm/l 

LIFE'-BLOOD,  a.  Necessary  as  blood  to  life  ;  essen- 
tial. Milton. 

LTFE'-B6AT,  n,  A  boat  constmcted  for  preserving 
lives  in  cases  of  shipwreck,  or  other  destruction  of  a 

LIFE'-BU6V.    See  Buor,  [ship  or  steamer. 

LIFE'-eON-SOM'ING,  a.     Wasting  life. 

LTFE'-DE-VoT'ED-NESS,  «.  The  devotedness  of 
life.  Carlisle. 

LIPE'-END.ING,  a.    Putting  an  end  to  life. 

LIFfi'-ES-TATE',  n.  An  estate  that  continues  during 
the  life  of  the  possessor. 

LTFE'-E'V-ER-LAST'ING,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Gnaphalium,  or  cudweed  kind. 

LIFE'-GIV-ING,  a.  Giving  life  or  spirit;  having  pow- 
er to  give  life  ;  inspiriting;  invigomting. 

Spniser.    JilHtoiu 

LTFE'-GUXRD,  71.  A  guard  of  the  life  or  person;  a 
guard  that  attends  the  person  of  a  prince  or  other 
pt'rson. 

LIFE'-IN-SCR-'ANCE,  (-in-shQr'ans,)  n.  A  contract 
for  the  payment  of  a  certain  sum  of  money  on  a  |jer- 
son's  death.  Brande. 

LIFE'-IN'TER-EST,  n.  An  estate  or  Interest  which 
lasts  during  one*s  life. 

LIFE'LESS,  a.  Dead  ;  deprived  of  life ;  aa,  a  lifdess 
body. 

2.  Destitute  of  life  ;  unanimated  ;  as,  lifeless  mat- 
ter. 

3.  Destitute  of  power,  force,  vigor,  or  spirit ;  dull ; 
heavy  ;  inactive. 

4.  Void  of  spirit ;  vapid ;  as  liquor. 

5.  Torpid. 


6,  Wanting  physical  energy, 
,Y,      ■       —  ■ 

ly;  frigidly. 
LIFE'LESS-NESS,  n.    Destitution  of  life,  vigor,  and 


LIFE'LESS-L\ 

ly;  frigidly. 


adv.    Without  vigor;  dully;  heavi- 


spirit ;  inactivity. 

LTFE'LIKE,  a.     Like  a  living  person.  Pope. 

LIFE'-LOMi,  n.     Duration  of  life. 

LTFE'-MAIN-TAIN'ING,  >  „      h„„»„-i„„  nr^ 

LTFE'-HlIS^TAlN'iNO,   '  j ''•    Supporting  life. 

LIFE'-PRE-SERV'ER,  n.  An  apparatus,  port/cular?^ 
an  air-tight  hell,  for  preserving  lives  of  persons  in 
cases  of  shipwreck,  or  otlier  destruction  of  a  ship  or 
steamer. 

LIFE'-PRIVfflERV'ING,  a.    Preserving  life. 

LIFE'-RENT,  iu  Tlie  rent  of  an  estiite  that  contin- 
ues for  life. 

LIFE'-SPRING,  T».    The  spring  or  source  of  life. 

EverrtL 

LIFE'-STRING,  n.  A  nerve  or  string  that  is  imagined 
lo  be  essential  to  life, 

LTFE'TIME,  n.  The  time  that  life  continues;  dura- 
tii.n  of  life.  Addison. 

LIFE'-WkA-RY,  a.    Tired  of  life  ;  weary  of  living. 

Shak. 

LIFT,  c.  U  [Sw.  lyfla;  Dan.  USjler,  to  lift;  Gotli, 
hlifa?i,  to  steal ;  Sax.  hlifian,  to  be  high  or  conspicu- 
ous ;  Goth,  hliftus,  a  tliief.  Wo  retain  this  sense  in 
shtrjtlifter.  Ii.  Icpo,  eleto,  It,  levare,  to  lift ;  Sp.  Icvar, 
to  carry  or  transport;  Fr.  lever,  perhaps  L.  leois, 
light.] 

J.  To  raise  ;  to  elevate  ;  as^  to  lift  the  foot  or  the 
hand  ;  to  lift  the  head. 

2.  To  raise  ;  to  elevate  mentally. 

To  thee,  0  Lonl,  ilol  Hflof  my  loul.  —  P».  xxt, 

3.  To  raise  in  fortune. 

The  eyo  of  llio  Lord  HfUd  up  hta  head  from  mlaery.      Ecclus. 

4.  To  raise  in  estimation,  dignity,  or  rank.    His 
fortune  has  lifted  him  into  notice,  or  into  office. 

The  Roman  vlrtuea  li/l  up  mortal  man,  Ad/Ueon. 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CiaU9 €  as  K ;  G  as  J  j  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


LIG 

&.  To  v\Mv  ;  to  eaus«  lo  swell,  as  with  i»ritlr. 

('ft  is  oftfii  used  after  UJi,  as  a  qualil'yitig  word  ; 
sometimes  with  etTect  or  euii>tiasi3  j  very  ofleii,  how- 
ever^ il  is  useless. 

6.  To  benr ;  to  support.  ^ensrr. 

7.  To  stcal»  that  is,  to  take  and  carry  away. 
Hence,  we  retain  the  use  of  shopl'{flerj  although  Uio 
verb  in  this  sense  is  obsolete. 

8.  In  Scripture,  to  crueify. 

VWn  ye  ban  li/ttd  up  ibe  Soa  of  man.  —  John  riiL 

TtiltflvpUu  eyes ;  to  look  ;  to  fix  the  eyes  on. 

liOt  ^/Hd  up  hit  tyu  mad  bebdd  Jiwd&n.  — Ucn.  xiiL 

S.  To  diract  the  desires  lo  God  in  prayer.  Ps  cxxi. 
miftmptJu  kfod :  tn  raise  from  a  low  condition  ; 
a.  To  rejoice.  Luka  iiL  [to  exalt     Gnt,  x\. 

To  lift  up  the  kattd ;  to  8wear,  or  to  confinn  by  oath. 
€9fn,  xiv. 
a.  To  raise  the  hands  in  prayer.    Ps.  xxviii. 

3.  To  rise  in  op[iosition  to ;  to  rebel ;  to  assaulL 
2  Sam.  xviii. 

4.  To  ti^ure  w  oppress.    Job  xxxi. 

5.  To  shake  off*  sloth  and  en^ge  in  duty.  Hfh.  xli. 
Va  Itft  up  tM«  Juce :   to   look  lo  with  confitlence, 

cheerfulness,  and  comfort.    Job  ixii. 

To  lift  up  tie  kul  again^ ,-  to  treat  with  insolence 
and  contempt. 

To  l\fl  up  the  ham  ;  to  behave  arrogantly  or  scorn- 
fully.   Pj,  Ixxv. 

To  li/t  up  the  feet;  to  come  speedily  to  one's  relief. 
P.i.  Ixxiv. 

To  lift  up  the  roue;  to  cry  aloud  ;  to  call  out, cither 
in  (jrit'f  or  joy.     Qem.  xxi.     Is.  xxiv. 
UFl*,  r.  L    To  try  to  raise ;  to  exert  the  strength  for 
the  purpose  of  raising  or  bearing. 

Tbe  body  Mntloed  by  l^/Hitg  at  a  wt^i^bt  too  btavjr*        XocA*. 

2.  To  practice  thefl.     [  Obs.}  Spenser. 
LIFT,  R.    The  art  of  raising ;  a  lifting  ;  as,  the  Ufi  of 

the  feet  in  walking  ot  running.  Bacon. 

Tbe  gws,  {irea  Uk  Tox  i  Itft.  L'E*tntngt. 

3.  .A.ssistanre  in  HAing,  and  hence  assistance  io 
general ;  as,  give  us  a  lift     [Popular  use.] 

3.  That  which  is  to  be  raised. 

4.  A  dead  lift :  a  lift  at  the  utmost  djaadvantage, 
■a  of  a  dead  body.    Ilencft, 

5.  An  extseme  emergency  ;  something  to  be  done 
which  tasks  all  one's  powers,  or  which  exceeds  the 
■trength ;  as,  to  help  one  at  a  dMd  lift. 

ButUr.  Saeift 
&  A  rise ;  a  degree  of  elevation ;  as,  the  tt^  of  a 

lock  in  canals.  OoUatim. 

7.  In  SMttwA,  the  sky;  the  atmosphere;  the  fii^ 

namenL    [Sax.  ly^,  air,  8w.  b^fL] 

6.  In  Mamem^t  Uutgrnoft,  a  rope  descending  fVom 
the  cap  and  mast-hesd  lo  the  extremity  of  a  ^ard. 
Its  use  is  lo  support  the  yard,  keep  it  in  equilibrio, 
and  raise  the  end,  when  occasion  requires;. 

jtfar.  Oict. 

LIFT'-LOCK,  a.  A  name  scnnetiniefl  ^ven  to  a  canal 

lock,  becauae  b  lifts  or  raises  a  boat  from  one  level 

to  another. 
LIFT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Raised  ;  elevated  j  swelled  with 
LIPT'ER,  K.     One  that  lifls  or  raises.  [pride. 

a.  A  tliief. 
LIFTING,  ppr.    Raising  ;  swelling  with  pride. 
LIFT'IXG,  H.    The  act  of  lifting  ;  assistance. 
LIG.  V.  i.    To  lie.     [See  Lie.]     [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

LIG^\-MENT,  n.     [L.  ligamtHtum,  from  Ugo,  to  bind, 

that  is,  to  strain.] 
L  Any  thing  that  ties  or  unites  one  thing  or  part 

Co  another. 

Intetvorea  b  tihs  lor*  of  fiberty  with  enxj  Bgmnertt  of  your 
IbwU.  Washintlon, 

Sl  In  oaatmRy,  a  strong,  compact  substance,  serv- 
ing to  bind  one  bone  to  another.     It  is  a  white,  siilid, 
inelastic,  tendinous  substance,  softer  than  cartilage, 
but  harder  than  membrane,    fsryc.     (luiBcy.     Coze, 
3.  Bond  ;  chain  ;  that  which  binds  or  retstrains. 

AiUiinoii, 
LIG- A-MFA'T'AI^     I  a.    Composing  a  ligament ;  of 
LIG-A-ME.NT'OU;?,  i     the    nature  of  a    ligament; 
binding ;  as,  a  strong  Ugameutaug  membrane. 

WLirman. 
LI'GAN,  a.    In  late,  I^^oa  is  where  goodi^  are  ftiink  in 
the  sea,  but  tied  to  a  cork  or  buoy.     [See  Flotsiu 
and  Jet«om.]  BlacJutone. 

LI-G.A'TIO.N,  a.    [h.  Uffado.} 

The  act  of  binding  or  state  of  being  bound. 
UG'A-TURE,  n.     [Ft.,  from  L.  li^atura.]    [.iddlion. 
1.  Any  thing  that  binds  ;  a  band  or  bandage.  Ratt. 
3.  The  act  of  binding;  as,  by  a  i»trict  ligature  of 
the  parts.  .ArbuthnoL 

3.  Impotence  induced  by  magic     Coze.    Excifc 

4.  In  majte,  a  band  or  line  connecting  notes. 

5.  Among  printsrs,  a  double  character,  or  a  type 
consisting  of  two  lettera  or  characters  united  ;  as,  jl, 
j[.  in  English.  The  old  editions  of  Greek  authors 
abound  with  ligatures. 

6.  The  state  of  being  bound.  Mvrtimer, 

7.  In  medicine^  stiffness  of  a  joint.  Coze. 

S.  In  surgery,  a  cord  or  string  for  tying  the  blood- 
vessels, particularly  the  arteries,  lo  prevent  hemor- 
rhage. 


LIG 

LIGHT,  (IIiH,)  a.  [.Sax.  Uoht,Uht:  1).  and  G.licht; 
U.  Its,  Itght,  and  lucro,  to  shine  ;  Tort  and  Sp.  luz, 
light;  \V. //ujf,  tending  to  breakout  or  o})en,  or  to 
ehmii,  to  gleam,  and  as  a  noun,  a  breaking  out  in 
blotches,  a  gleam,  indistinct  light;  llu>g,  that  is  apt 
to  break  out,  tliat  is  brigltt,  a  tumor,  an  eruption  ; 
Wy^TM,  to  make  bright,  to  clear,  lo  break  out,  to  ap- 
pear in  spots ;  i/«f ,  a  darting,  sudden  throw,  glance, 
Hash;  Uu^iatr,  lo  throw,  to  (ling,  lo  jK-U ;  lliiCfd,  a 
gleatn,  lightninii.  This  word  furnishes  a  full  and 
distinct  explanation  of  the  original  sense  of  light,  to 
throw,  dart,  shoot,  or  break  forth  ;  and  it  accords 
with  Eng.  luck,  both  in  elements  and  radical  sense. 
Class  Lg,  No.  6,  7,  93,  24.J 

I.  The  agent  which  produces  vision.  The  phe- 
nomena of  light  may  be  explainedj  either  on  the  sup- 
p«>sition  that  light  is  a  material  fluid  of  extreme  sub- 
tility,  emanating  in  particles  from  a  luminous  body, 
or  that  it  is  produced  by  the  undulaiions  of  an  inde- 
pendent medium,  set 'in  motion  by  the  luminous 
bt^ly.  The  farmer  sup|K(sition  is  called  the  tlu-nry 
of  emanations;  the  latter,  the  IhtHirv  of  vndula- 
tions.  White  light  Is  a  compound  of  seven  ditferent 
colors^  viz.,  red,  orange,  yellow,  green,  blue,  indigo, 
and  violet  The  sun  is  the  principal  source  of  light 
in  the  solar  system  ;  but  light  is  also  emitted  from 
bodies  igttited,  or  in  combustion,  and  is  rellected 
from  enlightened  bodies,  as  the  moon.  Light  is  also 
emitted  from  various  substances,  which  are  lience 
said  to  be  phosphorescent.  It  is  usually'  united  with 
heat,  but  il  exists  al:^o  indeix-ndent  of  it. 

Olm^teJ.     J^icholson. 
3.  That  flood  of  luminous  rays  which  flows  from 
the  sun  and  constitutes  day. 

Ggd  oUled  Uie  light  dfty,  «ad  Uw  darknosa  ho  eUI«d  alghu  — 
(i«n.  1. 

3.  Day  ;  the  dawn  of  day. 

The  miirdcnr,  risuig-  with  the  light,  kUletb  the  poor  and  needy. 

—  Job  xxiv. 

4.  Life. 

O,  taring  to  Hght,  auspicioiw  babe,  be  bom  I  Pope. 

5.  Any  thing  that  gives  light,  as  a  lamp,  candle, 
taper,  lighted  tower,  star,  &.c 

Th^a  he  called  fcir  a  ^ghtj  and  ipran;  In.  •—  AcU  xrL 

1  havp  set  Um  tu  be  a  light  to  the  G<^iitilea Acl«  JuU. 

And  Qod  made  (wo  gmat  lighu.  —  Gea,  1. 

6.  In  painting,  the  manner  in  which  the  light 
strikes  upon  a  picture ;  as,  to  place  a  painting  in 
a  good  ligkL  Also,  the  illuminated  part  of  a  picture  ; 
the  part  which  lies  open  to  the  luminary  by  which 
the  piece  is  supposed  to  be  .enlightened,  and  painted 
In  vivid  colors;  opposed  to  Shade. 

7.  Illumination  of  mind  ;  instruction;  knowledge. 

I  oprord  Arkato  in  Itattao,  and  the  reiy  finl  two  Uuea  gave  me 
Hgkt  10  ail  I  oould  deaifT.  DrvUn. 

Ligfat,  uodcatandiin,  and  wUom  •-  waa  bund  la  aim.  — 
Dao.  V. 

&  Means  of  knowing.  By  usin^  such  lights  as 
we  have,  we  may  arrive  at  probability,  if  not  at  cer- 
tainty. 

9.  Open  view ;  a  visible  state ;  a  state  of  being 
seen  by  the  eye,  or  perceived,  understood,  or  known. 
Further  rest'arches  will  doubtless  bring  to  light 
many  isles  yet  undiscovered  ;  further  experime^nts 
will  bring  to  Ugkt  properties  of  matter  yet  unknown. 

10.  Public  view  or  notice. 

Why  ani  I  a^ked,  Whiit  next  thall  lec  the  light  7  Pope. 

II.  Explanation;  illustration;  means  of  under- 
standing. One  part  of  Scripture  tlirows  light  on  an- 
other. 

12.  Point  of  view  ;  situation  to  be  seen  or  viewed 
a  use  of  the  word  taken  from  painting.  It  is  useful  to 
exhibit  a  subject  in  a  variety  of  lights.  Let  every 
thought  be  presented  in  a  strong  light.  In  what- 
ever light  we  view  this  event,  it  must  be  considered 
an  evil. 

13.  A  window ;  a  place  that  admits  light  to  enter. 
1  Kings  vii. 

14.  A  pane  of  glass;  as,  a  window  with  twelve 
tights. 

15.  In  Scripture,  God,  the  source  of  knowledge. 

God  b  light.  —  I  John  I. 

16.  Christ. 

Thai  »-a»  the  tnie  Ugkt,  that  lighteth  every  man  that  comelli  into 
the  world.  — John  i. 

17.  Joy;  comfort  ;  felicity. 

Light  a  •own  for  the  righleons.  —  Pi.  xcvil. 

18.  Saving  knowledge. 

It  is  becaiue  there  U  uo  light  io  them.  —  laa.  viii. 

19.  Prosperity ;  happiness. 

Then  sh:ill  thy  light  hrcak  forth  ai  the  morning.  —  Isa.  Iriii, 

20.  Support ;  comfort ;  deliverance.    J\Iic.  vii. 

21.  The  gospel.    Matt.  iv. 

S2.  The  understanding  or  judgment.    Matt.  v'l. 

23.  The  gifts  and  graces  of  Christians.    MatU  v. 

24.  A  moral  instructor,  as  John  the  Baptist. 
John  V. 

25.  A  tnie  Christian,  a  person  enlightened.  Eph.v. 

26.  A  good  king,  the  guide  of  his  people.  Sain.  xxi. 
7^«  light  of  the  countenance ;  favor ;  smiles.    Ps.  iv. 


LIG 

To  staiul  in  (»«c'.j  otnn  light;  to  be  the  means  of  pre- 
venting R»K»d,  or  frustrating  one's  own  purp<t3es. 

To  come  tu  light ;  lo  be  detected ;  to  be  discttvered 
or  found. 
4^IG  IIT,  (lite,)  a.    Bright ;  clear ;  not  dark  or  obscure ; 
as,  the  nutrning  is  light;  the  apartment  is  light.    • 

2.  In  co/ur*,  white  or  whitish  i  as,  a  Zi^/ii  color ;  a 
li'jht  brown  ;  a  lifiht  complexion. 
LIGHT,  (m(!,)a.  [Sax.  lUa,  Icoht;  Yi.ligt;  G.lticht; 
Fr.  Icger ;  It.  Icggiera  ;  Port,  ligriro ;  Sp.  ligero  ; 
Russ.  Icgkei ;  Sans.  leka.  The  Hw.  Idtt,  Dan.  let, 
may  be  conlractions  of  the  same  word.  The  Sla- 
vonic al.-io  has  lehrk  and  Icgok.  Qu.  L.  alaeer.  This 
word  accords  with  light,  the  fluid,  in  orthography, 
and  may  be  from  the  same  radix.] 

1.  Having  little  weight;  not  tending  to  the  center 
of  gravity  with  furce  ;  not  heavy.  A  feather  is  light,, 
coui|Kired  with  lead  or  silver;  but  a  tiling  is  light 
only  comparatively.  That  which  is  light  to  a  man 
may  he  heavy  to  a  child.  A  light  burden  fur  a  camel 
may  he  insnpjKirlable  lo  a  horse. 

2.  Nut  burdensome  ;  easy  to  be  lifted,  borne,  or 
carried  by  physical  strength;  as,  a  Itght  burtlen, 
weight,  or  loatt. 

3.  Not  oppressive  ;  easy  to  be  suffered  or  endured  ; 
as,  a  light  afllirtion.    2  Cor.  iv, 

4.  E;isy  to  be  [lerformed  ;  not  diflicult ;  not  requiring 
great  strength  or  exertion.  The  task  is  light ;  the 
work  is  light. 

5.  Easy  to  he  digested  ;  not  oppressive  to  the 
stomach  ;  as,  light  food.  It  may  signify,  also,  con- 
taining little  nutriment. 

6.  Not  heavily  armed,  or  armed  with  light  weap- 
ons ;  as,  light  troops  ;  a  troop  of  light  horse. 

7.  Active  ;  swifi  ;  nimble. 

Asahel  wu  as  light  of  Toot  u  a  wild  roe.  — 2  Sntn.  Q. 

8.  Not  encumbered  ;  unembarrassed  ;  clear  of  im- 
pediments. 

Unmarriot)  mr>n  are  best  mattera,  but  not  best  Bub}ccta ;  for  they 
are  light  to  run  awny.  Bacon. 

9.  Not  laden ;  not  deeply  Indcn  ;  not  sufliciently 
ballasted.    The  ship  returned  lighL 

10.  Slight ;  trifling  ;  not  important  ;  as,  a  light 
error.  Biryle. 

11.  Not  dense  ;  not  gross ;  as,  light  vapors ;  light 
fumes.  Dryden. 

12.  Small;  inconsiderable;  not  copious  or  vehe- 
ment ;  as,  H  light  rain  ;  a  light  snow. 

13.  Not  strong ;  not  violent ;  jnoderatc ;  as,  a  light 
wind. 

14.  Easy  to  admit  influence  ;  inconsiderate  ;  easily 
influenced  by  trifling  considerations  ;  unsteady  ;  un- 
settled ;  volatile  j  as  a  light,  vain  person ;  a  light 
mind. 

There  b  nn  grenter  argument  of  a  Hghl  and  InconBlilTnte  per- 
son, than  profanely  (o  Koll'  m  religion.  TUioUon. 

15.  Gay;  airy;  indulging  levity  ;  wanting  dignity 
or  solidity ;  trifling. 

Seneca  can  not  be  too  heavy,  nor  PlaatUB  UmlighU  Shaik. 

We  may  neitht- r  bo  Ught  in  prayer  nor  wrathfiH  in  debnie. 

J.  M.  Maton. 

Ifi.  Wanton  ;  unchaste  j  as,  a  woman  of  light  car- 
riage. 

A  light  wife  (lotb  make  a  heavy  husband.  Skak. 

17.  Not  of  legal  weight ;  clipped  j  diminished  ;  as, 
light  coin. 

18.  Loose ;  sandy ;  easily  pulverized ;  as,  a  light 
soil. 

To  set  light  by ;  to  undervalue  ;  to  slight ;  to  treat 
as  of  no  importance  ;  to  despise. 

To  make  light  of;  lo  treat  as  of  little  consequence ; 
to  slight ;  to  disregard. 
LIGHT,  (lite,)  V.  t.  To  kindle;  to  inflame;  to  set 
fire  to;  as,  to  light  a  candle  or  lamp;  someiiintta 
with  up;  03,  to  light  up  nn  inextinguishable  flnnie. 
We  often  hear  Lit  used  for  Lighted;  as,  he  lit  a 
candle  ;  but  this  is  inelegant. 

2.  To  giijg  light  to. 

All,  hnpclr-ss,  liutiiig  flaniea  I  liVo  tboae  that  bunt 

Ti.  light  the  il<^nl.  Pope. 

3.  To  illuminate  ;  to  fill  or  spread  over  with  light ; 
as,  to  light  a  room  ;  to  light  the  streets  of  a  city. 

4.  To  lighten  ;  to  ease  of  a  burden.  [JVot  in  vsp.] 
[See  LioHTEw.]  Spen.ter. 

Light,  (lite,)  v.  i.  [Sax.  lihtan,  aVhtan,  gelihtan,  to 
liirht  or  kindle,  to  lighten  or  alleviate,  and  lo  alight; 
hlihtan,  to  alight ;  D.  lichlm,  to  shine  ;  ligten,  to  heave 
or  lift ;  G.  lichtrn,  to  weigh,  to  lighten.] 

1.  To  fall  on  ;  to  come  lo  by  chance ;  to  happen  to 
And ;  with  on, 

A  weaker  man   may  •ometimea  Ught  on  notions  wtilch  lii'I  es- 
caped a  wiser.  Walls, 

2.  To  fall  on  ;  to  strike. 

They  shall  hoiifferno  more,  neither  tbirtt  any  more  ;  neither  shall 
thi;  sun  light  on  them,  uor  iiny  heat.  —  Rct.  vii, 

3.  To  descend,  as  from  a  horse  or  carriage;  with 
down^  off,  or  from. 

He  lighU'l  down  from  his  chariot.  — 2  Kings  ▼. 
She  lighted  q^the  camel.  —  Gen.  xxiv. 

4.  To  settle  ;  to  rest ;  to  stoop  from  flight.  The 
bee  lights  on  this  flower  and  that. 

LIGHT,  adv.     Lightly  ;  cheaply.  Hooker. 


TATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MAmNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 
664  " 


LIO 

LTGUT'-ARM-ED,  a.     Armed  with  light  wea[H)ns. 

LIGHT'-REAR-ER,  n.     A  torch-bearer.     B.  Joiison. 

LTGHT'-nRArN,  b.     An  empty -head  eti  person. 

Jtfartin. 

LIGHT'ED,  (in'edO  ;»p.  or  o.  Kindled;  set  on  fire; 
caused  lo  bum.  [Lit,  for  Lighted,  is  inelegant,  ex- 
cept in  poetry.] 

LTGHT'£N,  (llt'n,)  v.  L  [from  light,  the  fluid  ;  Sax. 
liJuan/\ 

1.  To  flash  ;  to  burst  forth  or  dart,  as  lightning  ;  to 
shine  with  an  instantaneous  illumination. 


This  dreadful  ni^ht, 
Thnt  lliunden,  UgfiUnst  upoiu  fravea,  utd  roan 
At  dglh  the  lion. 


Shak. 
ShaJc. 


3.  To  shine  like  lightning. 

3.  To  fall;  to  light.     [Obs.] 
LTGHT'ES,  (ITt'n,)  r.  (.     To  dissipate  darkness;  to 
fill  with  light ;  to  spread  over  with  light;  to  illumi- 
nate ;  to  enlighten  ;  as,  to  li-rhten  an  ajiartiuent  with 
lamps  or  gas  ;  to  Ug^ktni  tlie  streets. 

A  key  of  fire  ran  all  aluti?  ihe  altope, 

Aad  lifhtened  all  lite  nter  wiih  a  U-ite.  Dryden. 

3.  To  illuminate  with  knowledge ;  in  a  moral 
sense. 

A  li^I  to  Hgklen  the  GcuiiJFt.  —  Luke  ii. 

3.  To  free  from  trouble  and  fill  with  joy. 

Tb^y  looked  to  him  aiid  were  Ughttned.  —  Ps.  xxxlr. 

LIGHT'£N,  (Ili'n,)  c.  t.  [from  light,  not  heavy  ;  Sax. 
lihtan.] 

1.  To  make  lighter;  to  reduce  in  weight ;  to  make 
less  heavy  ;  as,  to  lio'hten  a  ship  by  unloading;  to 
lighten  a  lond  or  burden. 

2.  To  ftlleviate  ;  to  make  less  burdensome  or  afflict- 
ive ;  as,  to  lishten  the  cares  of  life  ;  to  lifrHen  Ihe 
burden  of  grief. 

3.  To  cheer  ;  to  exhilarate. 

He  Ughietia  my  hutnor  wiih  hi*  merry  ]cst.  ^ak. 

LIGHT'£N-£D,  (llt'nd,)  pp-  Made  lighter  ;  filled 
with  light;  flashed,  as  lightning. 

LrGHT'f:X-ING,  ppr.  Reducing  in  weight  j  illumin- 
ating ;  flashing,  as  lightning. 

LIGHT'ER,  (llt'er,)  n.  One  that  lights;  as,  aii^A^fir 
of  lampH. 

2.  A  large,  open,  fiat-bottomed  boat^  used  in  load- 
ing and  unloading  ships. 

LIGHT'ER-A6E,  «.  The  price  paid  for  unloading 
ships  by  lighters  or  boats  ;  also,  the  act  of  thus  un- 
loading into  lighters  or  boats. 

LIGIIT'ER-M.W,  (lu'er-m:in,)  n,  A  man  who  man- 
ages a  liehter  :  a  boatman. 

LrGHT'-FIN"GER-£D,  (llt'fing'gerd.)  a.  Dextrous 
in  taking  and  conveying  away;  thievish;  addicted 
to  petty  thefts. 

UGHT'-FOOT,         )  a.    Nimble  in  running  or  dan- 

UGHT'-FOOT-ED,  j      cing  ;  active.     [LitUe  used.] 

Spenser. 

LIGHT'-HEAD-ED,  Clli'hed-ed,)  a.  [See  Head.] 
Thoughtless;  heedless  ;  weak  ;  volatile;  unsteady. 

Clarendon. 

3.  Disordered  in  the  head  ;  dizzy  ;  delirious. 
UGHT'-HEADED-NESS,  n.    Disorder  of  the  head  ; 

dizziness;  deliriousness. 

LIGHT'-HEART  ED,  (lU'hlrt-ed,)  a.  Free  from  grief 
oranxietv;  gay;  cheerful;  merry. 

LIG»T'-HEART-ED-LY,  adv.     With  a  light  heart. 

LIGHT'-HEART-ED-NESS,  a.  The  stale  of  being 
free  from  rare  or  grief ;  cheerfulness. 

LIGHT'-HEEL-£D,  a.  Uvcly  in  walking  or  run- 
ning ;  brisk. 

UGHT'-HORSE,  n.     Light-armed  cavalry. 

LIGirn-HOUSE,  n,  A  pharos  ;  a  tower  or  building 
ert^cted  on  a  rock  or  point  of  land,  or  on  an  isle  in 
the  sea,  with  a  light  or  number  of  lamps  on  the  top, 
intended  to  direct  seamen  in  navigating  ships  at 
night. 

LIGHT'-IX'FANT-RY,  n.  A  term  applied  to  bodies 
of  active  and  strong  men,  carefully  selected  for  rapid 
evolutions.  Their  object  is  to  cover  and  as<iiist  other 
troops.  CampbelPn  JiliL  Diet. 

LTGHT'ING,  mr.     Kindling  ;  selling  fire  Ut. 

UGHT'-LEG-G£D,  a.     Nimble  ;  swia  of  fm-t. 

Sidney. 

IJGHT'LESS,  (Ilt'less,)  a.     Destitute  of  light ;  dark. 

LIGHT'LV,  (lll'ly,)  adv.     With  little  weight  ;  as,  to 
tread  lightly  :  to  press  lightly. 
3.  Without  deep  impression. 

The  •oft  kl^a*  of  th-^  chwrful  note, 

Lightly  rcccirtd,  wer;  ea«iljf  Torgut.  Prior, 

3.  E.-ully  ;  readily  ;  without  difliculty  ;  of  course. 

4.  Without  reason,  or  for  reasons  of  little  weight. 

Flatter  not  (he  rich,  neit|ii*r  do  Ihou  wiUinpIy  or  lighVy  nppesr 
bckrc  great  peraona^*.  Taylor. 

5.  Without  dejection  ;  cheerfully. 

Bid  thJt  welcome, 
WMch  ocnnM  to  punbh  ui,  and  we  puni*b  it, 
flarininf  t«  bear  n  Ughtty.  Sffiak. 

6.  Not  chastely;  wantonly.  Swtfl. 

7  Nimbly;  w'ith  agility;  not  heavily  or  tardily. 
He  k-d  me  lighthj  over  ihe  stream. 

8.  Gayly ;  airily  i  with  levity;  without  heed  or 
care. 


LIG 

LIGHT'-MIND-ED,  a.  Unsettled;  unsteady;  vola- 
tilej  not  considerate. 

He  (hat  is  hMly  to  give  cn-dil  is  Ughl-tjUiulid.  EcciuM. 

LIGHT'NESS,  (llt'ness,)  n.  Want  of  weight ;  levity  ; 
the  contrary  to  IIeatinbsb;  as,  the  /(^Ainfts-T  of  air 
compared  with  water;  /i^A/ftas*  of  the  animal  spir- 
its. 

2.  Inconstancy  ;  unsteadiness;  the  quality  of  mind 
which  disposes  it  to  be  influenced  by  trifling  consid- 
erations. 

Such  is  the  lightntfi  of  you  common  tnen.  ShaJc. 

3.  Levity;  wantonness;  lewdness;  unchastity. 

Shak.     Sidney. 

4.  Agility  ;  nimblenesa. 

5.  In  the  fine  arts,  a  quality  indicating  freedom 
from  weight  or  clumsiness,  Brande. 

LIGHT'NING,  fllt'ning,)  v.  [That  is,  lightening,  the 
participle  present  of  lighten.] 

1.  A  discharge  of  atmospheric  electricity,  accom- 
panied by  a  vivid  flash  of  light.  It  is  commonly  the" 
discharge  of  electricity  from  one  cloud  to  nntilher, 
sometimes  from  a  cloud  lo  the  earth,  in  which  latter 
case  it  is  peculiarly  dangerous.  Thunder  is  the  sound 
produced  by  the  electricity  in  passing  rapidly  through 
the  atmosphere.  Olm.sted. 

2.  [from  fio-Affrt,  to  diminish  weight.]  Ab;itement; 
alleviatinn  ;  mitigation.  Spectator. 

LIGHT'NING-BUG,ji.     a  species  of  firefly,  common 

in  the  Northern  States  of  America. 
LIGHT'NING-GLANCE,  n.    A  glance  or  darting  of 

lightning.  Allen. 

2.  A  glance  or  flash  of  the  eye,  like  lightning. 
LIGHTNING-ROD,  n.    A  metallic  rod  erected  to  pro- 
tect buildings  or  vessels  from  lightning. 

LIGHT'-ROOM,  n.  In  a  skip  of  war,  a  small  apart- 
nent,  having  double  glass  windows  inward  the  mag- 
azine, and  containing  lights  by  which  the  gunner  fills 
cartridges.  Mar.  Diet. 

LIGHTS,  (llts,)  n.  pi  [So  called  from  their  light- 
ness.] 

The  lungs;  the  organs  of  breathing  in  brute  ani- 
mals.    These  organs,  in  man,  we  call  Lungs  ;   in 
other  animals,  Lights. 
LIGHT'SOME,  (lU'sum,)  a.    Luminous;  not  dark; 
not  obscure. 

While  w:Ul«  make  rooms  more  HghUome  than   block.     \LiaU 

uie'l  ]  B(Uon. 

The  ligkUom^  reatnw  of  love.  Dryden. 

[In  the  latter  passage,  the  v>ord  is  e^teganL] 

3.  Gay;  airy  ;  cheering;  exhilarating. 

ThU  kglitmnn*  affecljoa  of  joy.  Hooker. 

LIGHT'SOME-NESS,  n.  Luminousness  ;  the  quality 
of  being  lirrht  ;  opposed  to  Darkness,  or  Darksohe- 
KE38.  Cheyne. 

9.  Cheerfulness;  merriment;  levity. 
[This  Kurd  is  tittle  used.] 
LIGHT'-SPIRTr-ED,   a.     Having  a  light  or  cheerful 

spirit.  Irtnn(r. 

LIG-NAL'OES,  flig-nal'Sze  or  lln-al'Oze,)  n.     [L,  lig- 
num, wood,  and  aloes.] 
Aloes  wood.     A'Mm.  xxiv. 
LIG'NE-OUS,a,     [L.  lisrneus.] 

Wooden;    ma<ie  of  wood;  consisting  of  wood; 
resembling  wood.     The  harder  part  of  a  plant  is 
ligneous. 
LIG-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  lignum,  wood,  and  fero,  to 
priwlure.] 

VieldinB  or  producing  wood.  Humble. 

LIG-M-FI-CA'TION,  n.  The  process  of  becoming  or 
of  converting  into  wood,  or  the  hard  substance  of  a 
vegetable.  Good. 

LrG'NIFI-£D,    (llg'ne-flde,)    pp.      Converted    into 

W<M>d. 

LIG'NI-FORM,  a.     [L.  lignum,  wood,  and  forjn.] 

Like  wood  ;  resembling  wikkI.  Kirvan. 

LIG'NI-F?,  D.  (.  [L.  lignum,  wood,  and  /acur,  to 
make.] 

To  convert  into  wood. 
LIG'NI-FV,  V.  i.    To  become  wotid. 
LIG'NIFV-ING,  pjtr.     Converting  into  wood. 
LIG'NI.N.  n.     [L.  lignum,  wood.] 

In  chemistry,  the  wt>ody  part  or  fiber  of  plants. 
LIG-NI-PER'DOUS,  a.     [L.  lignum,  wood,  and  pertlo, 
to  destroy.] 

An  eptiliet  applied  to  insects  which  destroy  wood. 

Brande. 
LIG'NITE,  71.     TL.  lignum.] 

Mineral  coal  retaining  the  textnro  of  the  wood 
from  which  it  was  formed,  and  burning  with  an 
empyreumatic  odor.  It  is  of  more  recent  origin 
than  the  anthni'''*lti  and  bituminous  coal  of  the  proper 
coat  series.  Dana. 

LIG-NIT'ie,  a.  Containing  lignite;  resembling  lig- 
nite. JIumblr. 
LIG'NOUS,  n.  Ligneous.  [LiUleused.]  Errlyn. 
LIG'NUM-VI'Ty!:,  n.  [L.J  The  rw.pular  name  of 
Guaiacum  officinale,  or  [MJXWfjod.  The  common  lig- 
num-vits  is  a  native  of  the  warm  latitudes  of  Amer- 
ica. It  l»ecomc8  a  large  tree,  having  a  hard,  brown- 
ish, brittle  bark,  and  its  wood  firm,  solid,  ponderous, 
very  resinous,  of  a  blackish-yellow  color  in  the  mid- 
dle, and  of  a  hot,  aromatic  taste.    It  is  of  considera- 


LIK 

ble  use  in  medicine  and  the  mechanical  arts,  being 
wrought  into  utensils,  wheels,  cogs,  and  various  ar- 
ticles of  turnery.  Ejicue. 

LIG'TT-LATE,      )         n     t-     ,  .        -. 

LIG'll-LS-TED,  \  °-     [L-  hgula,  a  strap.] 

Like  a  bandage  or  strap ;  as,  a  ligulate  flower,  a 
species  of  compound  flower,  the  HorcU  of  which 
have  their  corollets  fiat,  spreading  out  toward  the 
end,  with  the  base  only  tubular.  This  is  the  semi- 
flosculous  flower  of  Tournefort.  Botany. 

LIG/ULE,    ^  rr     7-      F  .        T 

LIG'U-LA,  i  "*     E^-  ^'S^'"''  ^  ^*'"^P-] 

1.  In  botany,  the  flat  part  of  the  leaf  of  a  grass,  in 
contradistinction  from  that  part  which  sheathes  the 
stem. 

2.  A  strap-shaped  petal  of  flowers  of  Syngenesia, 
LIG'l^RE,   n.     A    kind    of  precious    stone.      E^xod. 

xxviii.  19. 

LIG'IJ-HI'I'E,  71.  [from  Liguria.]  A  mineral  occur- 
ring in  oblique  rhombic  prisms,  of  an  apple-green 
color,  iKcasionally  speckled.  Phillips. 

LIKE,  a.  [Sax.  lie,  gelie,  Goth,  leiks,  D.  lyk,  gelyk,  G. 
gleich,  Sw.  lik,  Dan.  lig,  lige,  like,  plain,  even,  equal, 
smooth.  The  sense  of  like,  similar,  is  even,  smooth, 
equal ;  but  this  sense  may  be  from  laying,  pressing; 

and  hence  this  word  may  be  allied  to  the  Eth.  tlTlU 
lakeo,  to  stamp,  seal,  impress,  whence  its  derivative, 
an  image  ;  or  the  sense  be  taken  from  nibbing  or 
shaving.  We  observe  that  like  has  also  the  sense  of 
please  ;  to  like  is,  to  be  pleased.  Now,  if;*  in  L.  pla- 
eeo  is  a  prefix,  the  latter  may  he  formed  on  the  root 
of  like.  And  if  de  is  a  prefix  in  delight,  delccto,  de- 
licious, delicate,  these  may  be  of  the  same  family. 
Like   is  evidently   from   the  same   root    as   the  Ch. 

and  Heb.  p7n,  Ar.  i.jiX^»  chalaka,  to  be  or  make 

smooth.  Qu.  Gr.  fiXiKoi,  ^Aixta.  See  Lick  and 
Lickerish.] 

1.  Equal  in  quantity,  quality,  or  degree  ;  as,  a  ter- 
ritory of  like  extent  with  another  ;  men  of  like  excel- 
lence. 

More  elf  reymen  were  impoTcrished  by  itie  lite  war  than  ever  lit 
tlie  liie  tpaco  before.  Sprat, 

2.  Similar;  resembling;  having  resemblance. 

Elijiih  WM  a  man  iKhjcci  to  like  mssiuns  «i  we  are.  —  J.-ime«  t. 
Why  might  not  other  pinneia  hav<-  been  created  lur  like  uiea 
with  the  earth,  each  for  iu  own  inkUutunU  f  Benlley. 

Like  is  usually  followed  by  to,  but  it  is  often  omit- 
ted. 

What  city  is  like  to  this  great  city  ?  —  Rev.  xviti. 
1  taw  three  unclean  Hjiirili  like  fro^.  —  Rev,  xvi. 
Among;  them  all  witu  fuiind  none  tUce  Daniel,  Hanunmh,  Mishacl, 
snd  Auriah.  —  Dan.  i. 

3.  Probable ;  likely ;  that  is,  having  the  resem- 
blance or  appearance  of  an  event;  giving  reason  to 
expect  or  believe. 

He  it  like  (o  die  of  hunger  In  the  place  where  he  U,  for  there  U 
no  more  brend, — jer.  xxxviii. 


Like  figure^^  in  geometry.     See  under  Similar. 
LIKE,  n.     [Elliptically,  for  like  tfiing,  like  event,  like 
person.] 

\.  Some  person  or  thing  resembling  another;  an 
equal.    The  like  may  never  happen  again. 


He  WM  a  man,  talc  him  for  iilt  in  i 
1  slmll  not  look  upon  hia  like  again. 


^O*. 


2.  Had  like,  in  the  phrase  "  he  had  like  to  be  de- 
feated,"  seems  to  he  a  corruption  ;  but  perhaps  like 
here  is  used  for  resemblance  or  probability,  and  has 
the  character  of  a  noun.  At  any  rale,  as  a  phrase,  it 
is  authorized  by  good  usage. 
LIKE,  adv.    In  the  same  manner. 

Solomon  in  all  hia  glory  was  not  amiycd  like  one  of  these.— 

NLitt.  vi.     I:,uke  xii. 
Like  aaafaiher  pilii-th   his  children,  ao  the   I^>nJ    pilii-ih   ttiem 

tiut  fe«r  him.  —  Pa.  ciii. 

2.  In  a  manner  becoming. 

Be  atrong,  and  quit  yourselves  lUce  nif n.  —  1  Sam.  It. 

3.  Ijikely  ;  probably;  as,  like  enough  it  will.  Shak, 
LIKE,  V,  U     [Sax.  Ucean,  lician ;  Goth,  leikan  ;  proba- 
bly L.  placco,  and  delecto,  with  prefixes.] 

1.  To  be  pleased  with  in  a  moderate  degree ;  to 
approve.  It  expresses  less  than  love  and  delight. 
We  like  a  plan  or  design  w'hen  we  approve  of  it  as 
correct  or  beneficial.  We  like  the  character  or  eon- 
duct  of  a  man  when  it  comports  with  our  view  of 
rectitude.  We  like  food  that  the  taste  relishes.  We 
like  whatever  gives  us  pleasure. 

He  proceeded  from  looking  to  liking,  and  from  liking  (o  loving 

Sviney. 

9.  To  please  ;  to  be  agreeable  to. 

This  d''«ire  bfing  recomm'-nd'H!   lo  her  majesty,  it  like^  her  lo 
include  the  sanie  within  one  entire  Itue.     [Ofc*-]    Bacon. 

3.  To  liken.     [  Obs,]  Shak. 

LIKE.  V.  i.    To  be  p.  ^ased  ;  to  choose. 

He  may  go  Oi    'Jiy,  nj  he  Hkn.  Locke. 

9.   To  like  of;  to  be  p  -"ased.     [Obs.]  Knolles. 

LIKE'LI-HQOD,  n.     [iiktly  and  hood.]     Probability; 
verisimilitiiHe  ;  appearance  of  truth  or  reality.   Them 


TCNE,  BULI*,  IJNITB.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  0  a«  J ;  8  afl  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


d4 


m* 


LIL 

u  Ititle  likelihood  ihat  an  habitiml  drunkard  will  be- 
come U-mperaie,  There  is  liille  hkrWwod  ttintan  old 
offender  will  be  reformed.  Fnidence  directs  \xa  not 
to  undertake  a  design,  when  there  is  little  or  no  like- 
lUto0d  of  success. 
S.  Af^teuance;  show  ;  resemblance.    [Oi^.J 

UKE'LI-NESS,  »,     [from  likely.]     Probability. 
2.  The  qualities  that  please.     [See  Likkly.] 

LTKE'LY,  a.  [that  is,  likf-Uke,]  Trobable  ;  thai  may 
be  rationally  thought  or  believed  to  have  taken  place 
in  lime  iiasi,  or  to  be  true  now  or  hireafter ;  such  as 
is  more  reasonable  than  the  cunirar>'.  A  Itkfttf  story 
is  one  which  evidence  or  the  circumstances  of  the 
case  render  probable,  and  tiierefore  credible, 

3  Such  as  may  be  lilted;  pleasing i  as,  a  UUiy 
man  or  woman. 

[This  use  of  lUttty  is  not  obsolete^  as  Johnson  af- 
finns,  nor  is  it  vuliru'.  But  the  Enpltsh  and  their  de- 
scendants in  America  diirer  in  the  application.  Tlie 
English  apply  the  wtmi  tn  external  appearance,  and 
wiUi  tbem  iufcsJy  is  equivalent  to  AojidjMKe,  welt- 
fgrmrd;  as^  a  liUly  man,  a  Ukely  horse.  In  Jhnrrica^ 
the  WOTd  u  alao  aoiDetimes  applied  to  the  endow- 
ments of  the  mind,  or  to  pleasing  accomplishments. 
A  likelif  man  is  a  man  of  g<iod  character  and  talents, 
or  of  good  dis{H>sitions  or  accooapIUhnientd,  that  ren- 
der hin)  pleasing  or  respectable.] 
LIKE'LY,  ado.     Prt4>ably. 

Whilf  man  was  innocent,  Iw  vu  Skth/  ignonnt  (/  Dothlnjf 
ImponADt  for  liim  U>  kiiow.  OtanoiUd, 

LIKE'-MIND-ED,  a.      Having  a  like  disposition  or 

porpftsc.     Rom.  xv. 
LIK'£X,  (Uk'n,)  r.  (.  .  [Sw.  tikna;  Dan.  ligner.'] 

To  com[tare  ;  to  represent  as  resembling  or  similar. 

Whoeucrrr  bnrrth  Ihoc  aKjrinfa  ot  miar-,  and  doeth  tbem,  1 
will  liktn  tiiin  to  ■  wmc  in*u,  tlwi  built  bk  hnoae  oq  a  mfc. 
—  Matt.  «i. 

LlK'Ey.KD,  f  llk'nd,)  pp.    Compared. 
LIKE'XESS,  n.    Resemblance  in  form ;  similitude. 
The  picture  is  a  good  likenesi  of  the  original. 

2.  Resemblance  ;  form  ;  external  appearance. 
Guard  against  an  enemy  in  the  IjAmwj  of  a  friend. 

3.  One  that  resembles  another ;  a  ec^y ;  a  counter- 
part. 

1  took  jou  lor  joar  Skfntu,  Chloe.  Prior. 

4  An  image,  picture,  or  statue,  resembling  a  per- 
son or  thing.    lUod.  xx. 

LTK'EX-INO,  n.    The  funning  of  resemblance. 
LIK' ES-ISG J  ppr.    Comparing  ;  representing  as  airoi- 

tar. 
LIKE'WTSE,  ctfwp.    [like  ind  wise,]    In  like  manner; 
also  ;  moreover  ;  too. 

Kor  be  K'lth  tb«t  ww  tnm  iV.  Httwtm  d»  fiiol  wd  Ihf  bnitkh 
prnon  pmth,  and  tr*w  ibrir  wealth  t»  oibrn.  —  Pi.  xUx. 

LTK'ING,  ppr.  of  LiM.lL,  Approving ;  being  pleased 
with. 

2.  a.  Plump  i  full;  of  a  good  appearance.    Dan.  i. 

LlK'LVG,  a.  A  good  stale  of  body  ;  healthful  appear- 
ance y  plumpness. 

Their  rouo;  ones  ai«  k  good  likjuf . — Jabxzsbt. 
Q.  State  of  trial.    [Abt  used.]  Dryden. 

3.  Inclination  ;  pleasure  ;  as,  this  is  an  amusement 
to  your  likinff.  Spenser. 

4.  Delight  in  ;  pleasure  in  ;  will)  to. 

Be  who  has  no  bktng  to  the  vhoie  ou^  not  to  cennrv  the 
pina.  DryiUt^ 

LIX AC,  a,     [  Fr.  Ulas ;  Sp.  Ulac] 

A  plant  or  shnib  of  the  genus  Syringa,  a  native  of 
Persia.  The  common  lilac  is  cultivated  for  its  flow- 
ers, which  are  purple  or  white. 

LI'LA-LITE,  a.  See  Lbfioolite,  with  which  it  is 
identical.  Dana, 

LlL-I-A'CEOU9,«.     [I-  liliaceus,  from  /i7i«m,  a  lily.] 
Pertaining  to  lilies ;  lily-like.    A  liliaceous  curol  is 
one  thai  has  six  regular  petals,  or  segments  of  the 
corol.  Martyn, 

LlL'l-fD,  (lillid,)  a.    EmbeUisbed  with  lilies. 

Xij  nndy  LAdoo'a  Ji^M  butka.  MilUm. 

LII#-I-PO'TIA\,  a.  One  belonging  to  a  diminutive 
race  described  in  Swift's  kingdom  of  LilipuL 

5.  A  per»on  of  very  small  size.  It  is  sometimes 
used  as  an  adjective. 

LILL^  c.  t.  See  Lou.  But  liU  is  used  in  New  Eng- 
land. Spenser. 

ULT,  V.  i.  To  do  any  thing  with  dexterity  or  quick- 
ness.    [LoemL]  Pe^/f. 

2.  To  sing  or  plzy  cheeifuUy  and  merrily.  [Scot- 
tisk.] 

UL'Y,  (lil'le,)  n.     [L.  liUmm :  Or.  Xcioitiv  :  .«p.  Vrio.] 
The  English  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  plants  of 
many  species^  which  are  all  buIbous-r(K*ted,  herba- 
ceous perennials,  producing  btll-shaped,  hexapeta- 
lous  fluwers  of  great  beauty  and  variety  of  colors. 

/.fly  of  the  valley ;  a  plant  of  the  genus  Convallaria, 
with  a  monopetalous,  be)l-sbar«d  coroj,  divided  at 
the  top  into  six  segments.  MiUer. 

UL'V-DAF'FO-DIL,  ■.     A  r  ant  and  flower. 
L1L'Y-HA\D-ED,  a.    Uaviug  wiiiu-,  delicate  hands.  : 

Spenser. 


LIM 

LIL'Y-U?'A-CINTir,  n.     A  (Jiwcies  of  squill,    ^^'t. 

LIL'Y-LIV  ER-£D,  o.  While-livered  ;  cowar(ll>. 
[J^ot  tt-'f^.l  Sfiak. 

LI-MA'CKOUS,  f-shus,)  a.  [L.  Umax.]  Belonging 
to  the  rtlng  or  naked  snail,  the  liniiii  of  LiniiieuH. 

LT-MA'TK)N,  ».     [L.  h'jm.j  to  tile.]  [P.  Cyc. 

I'he  act  of  filing  or  polishing. 

LI'MA-TIJRE,  a.    TL.  Umo,  to  file.] 
1.  A  riling. 
9.  Filings  ;  particles  nibbed  off  by  filing.  Johnson. 

LIMK,  (liin,)  a,  |.Sax.  Urn;  Dan.  and  Sw.  lem;  L. 
limbus,edge  or  border,  exln-mily  ;  //mes,  limit,  coin- 
ciding perhai»3  Vith  W.  //«»,  //ym,  sharp,  or //amit, 
to  leap.  The  sense  of  limb  is  from  shooting  or  ex- 
tending.] 

1.  Edge  or  border.  This  is  the  proper  signification 
of  the  word  ;  but  in  this  sense  it  is  limited  chit'fly  to 
technical  use,  and  applied  to  the  sun,  moon,  or  a 
star,  to  a  leaf,  to  a  quadrant,  &.c.  We  say,  the  sun 
or  moon  is  eclipi«ed  on  its  northern  limb.  But  we 
never  say  the  limb  of  a  IxwrU,  of  a  tract  of  hind  or 
water,  JLC. 

2.  In  anatomvy  and  in  common  usty  an  extremity  of 
the  human  body  ;  a  member  ;  a  projecting  part ;  as, 
the  nnn  or  leg ;  that  is,  a  shoot. 

3.  The  branch  of  a  tree  ;  applied  only  to  a  branch 
of  some  size,  and  not  to  a  small  twig. 

4.  In  botany,  the  border  or  upper  spreading  part  of 
a  monopctnlous  curol.  Martyn. 

Limb  vf  the  lavs :  a  member  of  the  legal  profession. 
LIMB,  rlim,)  r.  L    To  supply  with  limbs.        Milton. 

2.  To  dismember;  to  tear  off  the  limbs. 
LIM'BAT,  n.     A  cooling,  periodical  wind  in  the  Isle 

of  C>-pru9,  blowing  from  the  northwest  from  eight 

o'clock,  A.  M.  to  the  middle  of  the  day  or  Inter. 

Encyc. 
LIM'BATE,  a.      Bordered  ;    when  one  color  is  sur- 
rounded by  an  edging  of  anotlier.  Lindley. 
LLM'BEC,  n.     [Contracted  from  alembic]     A  still;  a 

word  not  now  uned. 
LIM'BEC,  V.  L    To  strain  or  pass  through  a  still. 

[OA^.l  Sandys. 

hlMB'ED,  (timd,)  a.    In  eomposittony  formed  with  re- 

p\rd  to  limbs ;  as,  wellMmbed  ;  Vdrge-limbed ,-  short- 

limbrd.  Pope. 

LI.M'BER,  a.     [Perhaps  from  the   \V.  Hi*,  llibin:  for 

m  and  i  are  convertible,  and  m  before  b  is  often 

casual.] 

Easily  bent;  flexible  ;  pliant ;  yielding.     In  Amer- 

tca,  it  is  applied  to  material  things;  as,  a  limber  rod  ; 

a  limbrr  ji»int. 
LIM'BEK,  c.  L    Toattach  to  the  limbers  ;  as,  to  limber 

the  gun. 
LIM'BER-NESS,  a.   The  quality  ofoeing  easily  bent ; 

flexihieness ;  pliancy. 
LIM'BERS,  \  %.pL  In  a >-Ai>,  holes  cut  through 

LIM'BER-IIOLES,  (       the  floor  timbers,  as  a  |wasage 

fur  water  to  the  pump-well.  Mar.  Diet. 


LI.M'BER.  n.  sing.  (   Two  wheels  and   a  shaft,    with 
IM'BEl 
horses. 


LIM'BERS, 


r.  atnff. 
n.  pL 


which  cannon  are  drawn  by 


2.  ThilU  ;  shafts  of  a  carriage.  Forby. 

LIM'BIL-TTE,   a.      Supposed    to   be  a    decotiipt>sed 

chrysolite.  Dana. 

LIMB'LEHS,  a.     Destitute  of  limbs.  Masstnirtr. 

LIMB'MeAL,  a.     Piecemeal.  Shak. 

LIM'BIJS  !  *•     [L. /imfriw,  edge  or  border.] 

1.  In  scholastic  theology^  a  region  bordering  on  hell. 
The  limbus  patrum  was  considered  as  a  place  fur  the 
souls  of  good  men  until  the  coming  of  our  Savior. 
The  limbus  infantum  w  as  a  similar  place  for  the  souls 
of  unbaptizeii  infants.  The  term  Limbo  has  been 
applied  by  the  poets  to  other  supposed  places  lying 
on  the  outer  borders  of  hell.  Shakspeare  applies 
the  term  to  hell  itself.  Ariosto  makes  it  the  place  of 
all  lost  things  ;  Milton,  the  paradise  of  fools. 

Encyc.  .^mer. 

2.  A  place  of  restraint  or  confinement.  Dryden, 
LIME,  n.     [Sax.  /im,  lime^  whence  gelimanf  to  glue; 

Sw.  and  Dan.  Urn,  D.  li/m,  G.  leim  and  lehem,  loam  ; 
L.  timus  :  It.  and  Sp.  Unto  ;  probably  Gr.  X^/if?,  >  Aij/i/?, 
and  allied  to  clammy.  On  this  word  la  formed 
slime.] 

1.  A  viscous  substance,  sometimes  laid  on  twigs 
for  catching  birds.  ^        Dryden. 

2.  Calcareous  earth,  oxyd  of  calcium,  procured 
from  chiilk  and  certxiin  stones  and  shells,  by  ex- 
pr-IIing  from  them  the  carbonic  acid,  by  means  of  a 
strong  heat  in  a  furnace.  The  best  lime  for  mortar 
or  cement  is  obtained  from  limestone,  or  carbonate 
of  lime,  of  which  marble  is  a  fine  species. 

Hooper.     JVichoUon. 

3.  The  linden-tree,  or  Tilia. 

LTME,  71,     [Fr.  lime.     See  Lemo?!.]     A  species  of  acid 

fruit,  the  Citrus  medica,  smaller  than  the  lemon. 
LIME,  r.  L     [Sax.  geliman.] 

1.  To  smear  with  a  viscous  substance. 

L'Estrange. 

2.  To  entangle  ;  to  Insnare.  S/ial. 

3.  To  manure  with  lime. 

Land  mtty  be  impruved  b;  draioinv,  marling,  uid  liming. 

ChUd. 


4.  To  cement. 


Shak. 


LIM 

LIME'-BURN-ER,  n.    One  who  burns  stone  to  lime. 

LIM'/^U,  (lliiifi,)  pp.  Smeared  with  lime;  entangled; 
manured  with  lime. 

LI.ME'HOUND,  n.  A  dog  used  in  hunting  the  wild 
boar.  Spensn: 

LIM  E'KILN,  (iTmo'kil,)  b.  A  kiln  or  furnace  in  which 
stones  or  shells  are  ex[H»ed  to  a  strong  heat  and  re- 
duced to  lime. 

LIME'-PLANT,  n.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the 
may  apple. 

LLME'-SLNK,  n.  A  rounded  hole  or  depression  In  the 
ground  in  limestone  countries.    America. 

LIME'STONE,  ;i.  Stone  of  which  lime  is  made  by 
the  expulsion  of  its  carbouic  acid,  or  fixed  air.  It  is 
called  carbonate  of  Ume.  Of  this  there  are  several 
sjwcies. 

LIME'-TWIG,  n.     A  twig  smeored  with  lime. 

Milton. 

LIME'-TVVIG-G/:D,a.  Smeared  with  lime.  Addison. 

LTMK'-VVA-TER,  n.     Water  impregnated  with  lime. 

LIM'ING,  ppr.  Daubing  with  viscous  matter ;  en- 
tangling; manuring  with  lime. 

LIM'IXG,  n.    The  act  of  manuring  with  lime. 

LIM'IT,  n.     [L.  limes;  Fr.  limites.     See  Limb.] 

1.  Bound  ;  border;  utmost  extent;  the  part  that 
terminates  a  thing;  as,  the  ^»iit  of  a  town,  city,  or 
empire  ;  the  limits  of  human  knowledge. 

2.  The  thing  which  bounds  ;  restraint.  . 

3.  In  mathematics,  a  term  used  for  some  determinate 
quantity,  to  which  a  variable  one  continually  ap- 
proaches, and  may  come  nearer  to  it  than  by  any 
given  dilTerence,  but  can  never  go  beyond  it. 

Barlow. 

4.  Limits,  pi. ;  the  extent  of  the  liberties  of  a  prison. 
LIM'IT,  V.  t.     To  bound  ;  to  set  bounds  to. 

2.  To  confine  within  certain  bounds  ;  to  circum- 
scribe ;  to  restrain.  The  government  of  England  is 
called  a  limited  monarchy. 

They  t'-mpled  God  and  limtUd  the  Holy  One  of  Itraul.  —  Pa. 
Ixxviii. 

3.  To  restrain  from  a  lax  or  general  signification. 
World  rtometimes  signifies  the  universe,  and  some- 
times its  signification  is  limited  to  this  earth. 

LIM'IT-A-BLE,  a.      That   may   be   limited,  circum- 

scrilied,  bounded,  or  restrained.  Hume. 

Ll.M-IT-A'iVE-OlTS,a.  Pertaining  to  bounds.  Diet. 
LIM-lT-A'Rl-AN,  a.  That  limits  or  circumscribt^s. 
LIM'IT-A-RY,  a.    Placed  at  the  limit,  as  a  guard. 

Proud  limitary  chcniU  AJillon. 

LIM-IT-A'TION,  n.     [h.  limitatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  bounding  or  circumscribing. 

2.  Restriction  ;  restraint;  circumscription.  The 
king  consented  to  a  limitation  of  his  prerogatives. 
Government  by  the  limitation  of  natural  riylits  se- 
cures civil  liberty. 

3  Restriction;  confinement  from  a  lax  indeter- 
minate import.  Words  of  (it^neral  import  are  often 
to  be  understood  with  Innitations. 

4.  A  certain  precinct  within  which  friars  were 
allowed  to  beg  or  exercise  their  functions. 

Oilping. 

5.  In  law,  the  period  limited  by  statute  after  which 
the  claimant  shall  not  enforce  his  claims  by  suit. 

Bouvier. 
LIM'IT-ED,;>p.  Bounded;  circumscribed;  restrained. 
2.  a.     Narrow  ;  circumscribed.     Our  views  of  na- 
ture are  very  limited. 
LIM'IT-ED-LY,  ado.     With  limitation. 
LIM'IT-ED-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  limited. 

Parker. 
LIM'IT-ER,  n.     He  or  that  which   limits  or  confines. 
2.  A  friar  licerised  to   beg  witliin  certain  bounds, 
or  whose  duty  was  limited  to  a  certain  district. 
LIM'IT-LESS,  a.     Having  no  limits  ;  unbounded. 

Dupies. 
LI.M'MER,  n.     A  limehound  ;  a  mongrel.      Johnson. 

2.  A  dog  engendered  between  a  hound  and  a 
mastiff.  Bailey. 

3.  A  thill  or  shaft.     I  Local.]     [See  Limbeb.] 

4.  A  thill-horse.     [Local.] 

LIMN,  (lim,)  V.  L     [Fr.  enluminer  ;  L.  luminc] 
To  draw  or  paint ;  or  to  paint  in  water  colors. 

Encyc. 
LIM'XioD,  (limd,)  pp.     Painted. 

LI.M'.N'ER,  71.  [Fr.  enlumineur ;  L,  illuminator,  in  the 
middle  ages,  allaminor.] 

1.  One  that  colors  or  paints  on  pai>er()r  parchment ; 
one  who  decorates  books  with  initial  pictures. 

2.  A  prirtrait  painter.  [Encyc 
LIM'NING,  ppr.     Drawing;    painting;    painting  in 

water  colors. 
HM'NIXG,  n.     The  act  or  art  of  drawing  or  painting 

in  water  colors.  Addison. 

LIM'ON-ITE,  n.  One  of  the  names  of  brown  iron 
ore  or  brown  hematite.  It  occurs  in  extensive  beds, 
and  often  presents  globular,  concentric,  and  stalactite 
forms.    It  is  an  abundant  ore  in  the  United  States. 

Dana. 
LI'MOUS,  a.    JL.  limosusy  from  limus,  sHme.] 

Muddy;  slimy;  thick.  Brown. 

LIMP,  V.  i.     [Sax.   lemp-healt,  lame  ;  grlimpan,  to  hap- 
pen, that  is,  to  fall ;  allied  perhaps  to  lame] 
To  halt  ;  to  walk  lamely.  Bacon 


FaTE,  FAP       all,  WHAT MfiTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK 


LIN 

LIMP,  It.     A  halt  ;  ncl  of  limping. 
LIMP,  rt.     Vapitl  ;  weak.     [J^ot  used.]  Walton, 

LIMP'EK,  n.     One  thai  limp3. 

LI.M'PET,   ru     [L.   Icpas ;  Gr.  AtTif,  from   Acirw,  to 
peel  or  strip  off  bark.] 

A  univalve  shell  of  the  genus  Patella,  adhering  to 
roc-ks. 
LIM'PID,  a.     [L.  limpidus  :  Gr.  Xs/it'-j,  to  shine.] 

Pure  ;  clear  ;  transparent ;  as,  a  limpid  stream. 
UM-PID'ITY,   i  rt.    Clearness;   purity;    transpar- 
LIM'PID-NESS,  I       ency. 

LlMP'lSG^jfpr.  or  a.     Halting  ;  walking  lamely. 
LIMP'ING-Ly,  adv.    Lamely ;  in  a  halting  manner. 

UMrXi'.l--     iW.UymsL] 

VVe.ik  ;  flexible.  Forhy.    JWio  England. 

LIM'Y,   a.      [;-ee    LiMc]     Viscous;    glutinous  ;    as, 
limg  anarfs. 
3.  ContJiining  lime  ;  as,  a  limy  soil. 
3.  Resembling  lime  ;  having  the  qualities  of  lime. 
LIN,  r.  u     rice.  linna.\ 

To  yiela.     [OAs.l  Spenser. 

LIN,  H.     [Celtic]     A  pool  or  collection  of  water,  par- 
ticularly the  one  above  or  below  a  fall  of  water. 

Rick.  Diet. 
2.  A   waterfall,  or  cataract ;  as,  Corsa  Lin,  often 
spelt  Zpn.     [Scottish,] 
LINCH,  n.     A  ledge  ;  a  right-angled  projection. 

Jennings. 
LINCH'PrN,  n.       [Sax.   lynis^   an   axis,   D.   ic/ts,   G. 
latute.] 

A  pin  used  to  prevf  nt  the  wheel  of  a  carriage  from 
sliding  off  the  axle-tree. 
L[\"eOL\-GKEE\,  (link'un-,)  n.    A  color  of  cloth 
forrneriv  made  in  Lincoln.  Spenger. 

Medicine  taking  by  licking  with  the  tongue. 

Burtf*n. 
LIN'DEX,  j  n,  [Pax./ind;  Sw.  and  Dan. /Md;  D. /i/ttfe 
LIND,  )      or  linde-boom  ;  G.  Unde,  lindcnbaum.] 

The  lime-tree,  or  teil-tree,  of  the  genus  Tilia. 

Dryden. 
LINE,  n.     [L.   linra:    Fr,    /i>«f,  from    L.  Unum ;   Gr. 
Ac  1',  (iax  ;  fl.  leine:  D.  lyit  ;  tfw.  Una  ;  Dan.  line.] 

1.  In  s'^dmetrif,  that  which  has  length,  without 
breadth  or  thickness.  Euclid. 

2.  A  sk-iider  string  ;  a  small  cord  or  rope.  'I'he 
angler  u^^e^  a  line  and  hook.  The  seaman  uses  a  hand 
tine^  a  hauling  /me,  iiipilling  Une.^,  &c. 

3.  A  Ihri^ad,  string,  or  cord,  extended  to  direct  any 
operation. 

We  na  by  Una  upon  Ihe  ocean  go,  Dryden. 

4.  Lineament ;  a  mark  in  the  hand  or  face. 

5.  Delineation;  sketch;  as,  the /in&f  of  a  building. 

Temple. 

6.  Contour ;  outline  ;  exterior  limit  of  a  figure. 

Pn^  n»  ihx  Btrokr,  yet  raiiitlcn  an  t!iy  line,  Pojte. 

7.  In  viritinffy  printings  and  enjrraring-j  the  words 
and  letttTA  which  i^tnnd  on  a  level  in  one  row,  be- 
tween one  margin  and  another ;  as,  a  page  of  thirty 
UneM. 

8.  In  portry^  a  verse,  or  the  words  which  form  a 
certain  number  of  feet,  according  to  the  measure. 

9.  A  short  letter ;  a  note.  I  received  a  line  from 
my  friend  by  the  last  mail. 

10.  A  rank  or  row  of  soldiers,  or  ihR  disposition  of 
an  army  drawn  up  with  an  ext(?nded  front ;  or  the 
like  disposition  of  a  licet  prepared  for  engagement. 

11.  A  trench  or  rampart;  an  extended  work  in 
fortification. 

Uuiif^  ihy  brcea  and  ariack  ihrir  linet,  Dryden, 

12.  Method  ;  disposition  ;  as,  line  of  order.    Skak. 

13.  E-vtension  ;  limit ;  border. 

Ki1f;n  Brn-Iched  hT  line 
From  Auran  p.-utw.-inJ  to  llw  royal  U>wen 
Of  jtre.it  (H^uci^i.  MUton. 

14.  Equator ;  equinoctial  circle. 

Wh-"!!  l\v  Min  tn-lovi  thi;  line  drvcrtida.  Creech, 

15.  A  Scries  or  surpcKi*ion  of  progeny  or  relations, 
de>tr»'ndin(!  fmm  a  common  progenitor.  VVe  speak 
of  the  ascending  or  dearendinp  tine;  the  line  of  de- 
xrent  ;  the  male  line;  n  I'mr  of  kings. 

It).  The  twelfth  part  of  an  inch. 

17.  A  Btraifihl,  extendt^d  mark. 

\h.  A  siraiirht  or  iwrallel  direction.  The  bouses 
must  all  stand  in  a  Im^.  Every  new  building  must 
be  set  in  a  Imr.  with  o!hi-rs  on  the  same  street. 

19.  Occu(iatior  ;  employment  ;  department  or 
course  of  businet^.  We  speak  of  m>.'n  in  the  same 
line  of  business.  fVasftiagton. 

20.  Course;  direction. 

Wlwt  fnml  tine  of  con^lxcl  oii^jht  to  f^  punui-d.    H'aehingUm. 

21.  Lint  or  fla?.     [Seldom  u.ied.]  Spenser. 
93.  In  lirriildrit,  lines  are  the  figures  used  in  nrmo- 

lie*  to  dividf  the  shield  into  different  parts,  and  to 
eompo^ie  ditTtT'tii  figures.  Encye. 

93.  In  .Scn^/Mre,//nf  signifies  a  cord  for  measuring; 
al»n,  instruction,  doctrine.     Ps.  xix.     /s.  xxviii. 


LIN 

24.  In  military  affairs ^  the  line  denotes  the  regular 
infantry  of  an  army,  as  distinguished  from  militia, 
guards,  voluiitt-er  corps,  cavalry,  artillery,  &.c. 

Ji  Ti<r}a.  line ;  a  straight  line  ;  tlie  shortest  line  that 
can  be  drawn  between  two  points. 

IIitriioHtal  line ;  a  line  drawn  parallel  to  the  hori- 
zon. 

Equinoctial  line ;  the  equator  of  the  earth  or  heav- 
ens.   [See  Ef^uiNocTiAL,] 

Meridian  line;  a  meridian,  which  see. 

^  ship  of  the  line :  a  ship  of  war  large  enough  to 
have  a  place  in  the  line  of  battle',  also  called  line-of- 
batde  ship.  All  ships  having  batteries  on  two  or 
more  decks  besides  the  sparndeck,  are  ships  of  the 
line.  Smaller  ships  may  sometimes  be  so  called. 
LINE,  V.  L  [Supposed  to  be  from  L.  Unum,  flax, 
whence  linen,  which  is  often  used  for  linings.] 

1.  To  cover  on  thti  in^^ide;  as,  a  garment /i/i«/ with 
linen,  fur,  or  silk  ;  a  box  lined  with  paper  or  tin. 

2.  To  put  in  the  inside  ;  applied  particularly  to 
money  ;  as,  to  line  one's  purse.  Sici/L 

What  if  1  do  line  one  of  their  hand*  t  Skak. 

3.  To  place  along  by  the  side  of  any  thing  for 
guarding  ;  as,  to  line  a  hedge  with  riflemen  ;  to  line 
works  with  soldiers. 

4.  To  strengthen  by  additional  works  or  men. 

£dne  and  new  rfp.-ur  your  (owoi  of  war 

Wiih  men  of  courage.  Shak. 

5.  To  cover ;    to   add  a  covering  ;    as,  to  line 
crutch.  Shak. 

6.  To  strengthen  with  any  thing  added. 

Who  lined  him»elf  with  hope.  Shak. 

7.  To  impregnate  ;  applied  to  irrational  animals. 

Creech. 
LIN'E-AGE,  n.     [Fr.  lin^najre,  from  lijpie,  line,] 

Race  ;  progeny  ;  descendants  in  a  line  from  a  com- 
mon progenitor. 
LLN'E-AL,  a.     [L.  Unealis^  from  linea,  line.] 

1.  Composed  of  lines  ;  delineated  ;  as,  lineal  de- 
signs. •  ff^'utton. 

2.  In  a  direct  line  from  an  ancestor;  as,  /ineai  de- 
scent ;  lineal  succession.  Locke. 

3.  Hereditary;  derived  from  ancestors.        Shak* 

4.  Allied  by  direct  descent. 

For  only  you  are  dneai  to  Ute  throne.  Dryden. 

5.  In  the  direction  of  a  line  ;  as,  lineal  measure. 
Lineal  measure  ;  the  measure  of  length. 

LIN-E-AL'I-TY,  n.     The  state  of  being  in  the  form  of 
a  line.  .-Jm.  Review. 

LI.N'E-AL-LY,  (ufo.     In  a  direct  line  ;  as,  the  prince  is 
lineally  descended  from  the  conqueror. 

LIN'E-A-MEXT,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  Uneamentum.] 

Feature  ;  form  ;  make  ;  the  outline  or  exterior  of  a 
body  or  figure,  particularly  of  the  face. 


Man  he  actiis 
In  all  his  lineaTncnit. 
The  HnearntnLa  of  Uie  hotly. 
LineainenU  of  a  chwtnicL'-r. 


Milton. 
Locke, 
Sti^L 


LIN'E-AR,  o.     [L.  linearu.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  line;  consisting  of  lines  ;  in  a 
straight  direction. 

2.  In  hotany,  like  a  line;  slender;  of  the  same 
breadth  throughout,  except  at  the  extremities;  as,  a 
Unear  leaf. 

Linear  numbers  :  in  mathematics,  such  as  have  rela- 
tion to  length  only;  such  is  a  number  which  repre- 
sents one  side  of  a  plane  figure.  If  the  plane  figure 
is  a  squan.',  the  linear  figure  is  called  a  root.  Barlow. 
Linear  problem  ;  that  which  may  be  solved  geomet- 
rically by  the  intersection  of  two  right  lines. 

BroTide. 
Linear  perspective,     See  Pebspkctite. 
LIN'E-AR-SHaP->:D,  {-shaple,)a.    Of  a  linear  shape. 
LL\'E-ATE,  fl.     In  botany,  marked  longitudinally  with 

depressed  parallel  lines  ;  as,  a  linrate  leaf. 
LIN-E-A'TION,  n.     Draught ;  delineation,  which  see. 

IVoodirard. 
IAS' ED, pp.     [See  Iii:«E.]     Covered  on  the  inside. 
LIX'EN,  n.     [h.  Unum,  flax,  Gr.  AiJ-oi-,  W.  //in,  Ir.  lin, 
Russ.  /en,  G.  lein.     The  sense  is  probably  li»ng,  ex- 
tended, or  smoi>th.     In  the  latter  sense,  it  would  ac- 
cord with  L.  Unto,  lenio.\ 

1.  Cloth  made  of  flax  or  hemp, 

2.  The  under  part  of  dress,  as  being  chiefly  of 
linen. 

LIN'EN,  a.     [L.  Uneus.] 

1.  Made  of  flax  or  hemp ;  as,  lineyt  cloth ;  a  linen 
stocking. 

2.  Kesembling  linen  cloth  ;  white;  pale.      Shak. 
LIN'EN-DRA'PER,    n.      A    person    who    deals    in 

linens. 

[Ltnemkr  and  LiNE:«-MAr),  in  a  like  sense,  are 
obsolete.] 

LIN'ER,  n.     A  vessel  belonging  to  a  regular  line  of 
packets.     [Recent  -usage.] 

LI.N'G,  71.      [D.  leng;    It.    long;   probably  Sax.  Icngy 
long.l 

A  fish  of  the  genus  Gadus,  or  cod  kind,  which 
grows  to  the  length  of  four  feet  or  more,  is  very  slen- 
der, with  a  flat  head.  This  fish  abounds  on  the 
coasts  of  Scotland  and  Ireland,  and  forms  n  consid- 
erable article  of  commerce.  Partington. 


LIN 

LING,  n.     [Ice.  ling,  from  leng,  long.] 

A  s[)ecies  of  long  gras.s  ;  heath.    Jamiesim.     Cye. 

LING,  a  Saxon  terniiiiation,a3  in  darling,  firstling,  de- 
notes primarily  stale,  condition,  or  subject.  In  some 
words,  it  denotes  the  young  of  an  animal,  or  a  small 
one. 

LIN"GER,  r.  i     [from  the  root  of  long.  Pax.  leng.] 

1.  To  delay;  to  loiter  ;  to  remain  or  wait  long  ;  to 
be  slow. 

Nor  caat  one  longing,  lingering  look  behinil.  Oray 

Whose  judgment  now  of  a  lon^  time  lin^ertth  not. — 2  Pet.  !i. 

S.  To  hesitate ;  to  be  slow  in  deciding ;  to  be  in 
suspense. 

Perhaps  thou  Hngereet,  In  deep  thought  detained.  Milton. 

3.  To  remain  long  in  any  state.    The  patient  lin- 
gers on  a  bed  of  sickness. 
LfN"GER,  (lin'g'ger,)  v.  L     To  protract.  Shak. 

LIN"GER-iLD,  pp.     Delayed  ;  loitered. 
LIN"Gini-ER,  71.     One  who  lingers. 
LIN"GER-ING,  ppr.    Delaying;  loitering. 

9.  a.  Drawing  out  in  time  ;  remaining  long  ;  pro- 
tracted ;  as,  a  lingering  disease. 

To  die  is  Ihe  faie  of  man  ;  but  to  die  with  lingering  anpiish  U 
g->neral!y  his  folly.  Ratabter. 

LIN"GER-ING,  (ling'ger-ing,)  n.  A  delayhig;  a  re- 
maining long  ;  tardiness  ;  protraction. 

Tlie  lingeringt  oTholiday  cuatonia.  Irving. 

LIN"GER-ING-Ly,  ado.     With  delay ;  slowly  ;  tedi- 
ously. Hale. 
LIN"GET,  (ling'get,)  n.     [Fr.  lingot^  from  UngueUe,  a 
tongtie.) 

A  small  mass  of  metal.  Camden, 

LIN"GLE,  (ling'gl,)  n.     [Fr.  Ugneul,  from  Ugne.] 
Shot-maker's  thread.     [Aol  in  use,  or  local.] 

Drayton. 
LIN"GO,  (ling'go,)  n.     [L.  lingua.] 
Language;  sjHiech.     [yuhmr.] 
LIN"GUA'CrOUS,  (Iing-gwa'"shus,)o.      [L.  linguax.] 

Talkative  ;  kK]Uaciuus. 
LIN"GUA-DENT'AL,   a.     [L.    lingua,    tongue,   and 
dens,  a  totuh.] 

Formed  or  uttered  by  the  joint  use  of  the  tongue 
and  teeth  ;  as  the  letters  d  and  t.  Holder. 

LIN"GUA-DENT'AL,  ti.    Aii  articulation  formed  by 

the  tongue  and  teeth. 
LIN"GUAL,  (ling'gwal,)  a.     [L.  lingua,  the  tongue.] 
Pertaining  to  the  tongue  ;  as,  the  lingual  nerves, 
the  ninth  pair,  which  go  to  the  tongue;  the  Ungual 
muscle,  or  muscle  of  the  tongue. 
LIN"GUI-FORM,  (ling'gwe-form,)  a,     [L.  lingua  and 
form.]     Having  the  form  or  shape  of  the  tongue. 

Jiiartyn, 
LIN"GUIST,  (ling'gwist,)  n.    [L.  lingua,  the  tongue.] 
A  i»erson  skilled  in  languages;  usually  applied  to 
B  person  well  versed   in  thu  languages  taught  in  col- 
leges, Greek,  Latin,  and  Hebrew.  Milton. 
LIN"GUIST'ie,          la.    Relating  to  linguistics,  or  to 
LIN"GUIST'ie-AL,  J      the  aftinities  of  languages. 

Gliddon. 
LIN"GUIST'ies,  TI.    The  science  of  langiiages,  or  of 

the  origin,  signification,  and  application  of  words. 
LIN"GU-LATE,   a.       [L.    lingulatns^    from    lingua, 
tongue.] 

Shaped  like  the  tongue  or  a  strap.  [ButLir.uL4T« 
is  more  generally  used.]  Martyn. 

LING'W'ORT,  n.     An  herb. 
LIN'OY,  (lin'je,)  a.     Tall ;  limber  ;  flexible. 

2.  Active;  strong;  able  to  bear  fatigue.     Brockett, 
LIN'I-MENT,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  Unimentum,  from  linioj 

Una,  to  anoint.] 

A  species  of  soft  ointment;    a  composition  of  a 

consistence  somewhat  thinner  than  an  unguent,  but 

thicker  than  oil.  Encyc. 

LIN'ING,  ppr.    [See  Line.]    Covering  on  the  inside, 

as  a  garment. 
LIN'ING,  TI.     The  covering  of  the   inner  surface  of 

any  thing,  as  of  a  garment  or  a  box.    The  pleura  is 

called  the  lining  of  the  thorax. 

2.  That  which  is  within.  Shak. 
LINK,  n.     [G.  gelejik,  a  joint,  a  ring,  a  swivel,  a  link, 

and,  as  an  adjective,  flexible,  limber,  fn)m  laiken,  to 
bend  ;  Dan.  Imkc,  a  chain.] 

1.  A  single  ring  or  division  of  a  chain. 

t  Any  thing  doubled  and  closed  tike  a  link  ;  as,  a 
link  of  horse-hair.  Mortimer. 

3.  A  chain  ;  any  thing  connecting. 

And  luve,  the  common  lirdc,  the  new  creation  crowned. 

Dryden. 

4.  Any  single  constituent  part  of  a  connected 
series.  This  argument  is  a  link  in  the  chain  of  rea- 
soning. 

[Johnson  says  that  Addison  has  improperly  used 
link  for  a  series  or  chain,  but  this  does  not  appear 
from  the  passage  cited.     Ed.] 

Links;  sausages,  so  railed  from  being  made  in  a 
continuous  chain.     [Sometimes  heard  in  America.] 

Forhy. 
LINK,  n.    [Gr.  X^x'''^?,  L.  hjchnus,  a  lamp  or  candle, 
coinciding  in  elements  with  litrhL] 
A  torch  made  of  tow  or  hards,  i.c.,  and  pitch. 

Shak.     Dryden. 
LINK,  V.  t.    To  complicate.  Johnson. 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  TJN-ITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

66r 


Lirtt  towiM  to  lowna  by  Kvrnue*  of  oak. 
Aotl  CKMtun  tuktd  (o  ereatun,  auui  to  cout. 


LIP 

9.  To  unite  or  coonect  by  something  intervening 
or  in  utber  manner. 

P&pa. 
Pope. 

LINK.  p.  i.    To  bo  connected.  Burke, 

LINK'BOY,  in,    .^  boy  or  man  that  carritd  a  link 
LINK'MAN,  (     or  torch  to  light  passengers. 

JVore.     Oray. 
LINX'EP,  (linkt,)  Pp.     United  ;  connected. 
LIXK'IXG,  ;»pr.     Cnitin^;  connecting. 
LIN-N-E'AN,  J  0.     Ptriaining  to  LinnKua,  the  bota- 
LIN-Xe'AN,   (      nist  of  Sweden,  or  to  his  system  of 

hotnnv. 
LIN'XET,  n.     [Ft.  tinot:  W.  Uinos^  from  /«n,  flax, 

and  ciilled  also  in   W.  aderm  jf  ton,  flax-hird  ;  Sax. 

timettpeee.      So    in    I^    con/uefu,    ftum    earduusf    a 

IhistleJ 
A  small  European  sinfring  bird  of  the  genus  Prin- 

f  tlla  of  Linnieus,  or  tlie  finch  family. 
LIX'SEEU.     I  m.     [UtU^  flax,  and   ^ced;  Sax.    Iim- 
LIXT'SEED,  I       mI] 

Flai^t^d. 
LIN'SEEI)-€AKE,  lu    The  solid  mass  or  cake  which 

n>mattm  when  oil  is  expressed  from  flaxseed. 
LIN':?EEI>-OIL,  n.     Oil  obtained  by  pressure  from 

flaxsiffcl.  Vre. 

UN'SEY,  H,    [Corrupted  from  /inm.]     Linsey-wool- 
sey. BentUy. 
LIX'SEY  -WQQL'SEY.  o.     Made  of  linen  ami  wool ; 

hence,  vile  }    mean  }   of   dtflcrent  and  unsuitable 

parts.  Johnson. 

LIX'SEY-WQQL'SEY,  ».    Stuff  made  of  linen  and 

wo<iJ,  mixed. 
LIN'STOCK,  «.     [lint  and  stock.'\     A  poinltd  rtaff 

with  a  crotch  or  fork  at  one  end,  to  hold  a  lighted 

match  ;  used  in   (irins  cannon.     It  may  be  stuck  in 

the  ground  or  in  the  deck  of  a  ship.  fncyc. 

LIXT,  It.     [Sax.  UaH^  L.  /inXeitm,  lintoiSy  from  linum^ 

flax.] 

FUx  ;  but  nitfre  generally,  linen  scraped  into  a  soft 

substance,  and  used  for  dressing  wounds  and  sores. 
LIX'TEL,  n.     [Fr.  liMt^am  ;  So.  h^tel  or  thniiL] 

The  head-piece  of  a  door-frame  or  window- 
frame  ;  the  part  of  Uw  frame  that  lies  on  the  eide- 

pieces.     ErwL  xii. 
LIXT'SEED.    See  LirttCKo. 
LI'ON,  H.    [Pr.,  ftvm  L.  Uo^  leonU*  Gr.  Acuy,  Arm. 

temij  \V.  //mr,  a  lion  ;  Ufiea^  to  swallow,  to  devour.] 
L  A  quadruped  of  the  iruns  Felip,  very  strong, 

fierce,  and  rapactousi    The  largest  lions  are  eight  or 

Dine  feet  in  length.     The  male  has  a  thick  bend, 

beset  with  long,  bushy  hair,  of  a  yellowish  color. 

The  lion  is  a  native  of  Africa  and  the  warm  climates 

of  Asta.     His  aspect  la  wdile,  his  gait  stately,  and 

his  roar  tremendous. 
9.  A  sicTi  in  the  iu)dinc,  Leo. 
3.  .\n  object  of  intervst  and  curiosity;  ss,  the  li»n 

of  the  day  ;  to  visit  the  Uoum  of  a  place.    This  use 

of  the  term  is  derived  from  the  lions  kept  as  objects 

of  curiosity  in  the  Tower  of  London. 
LI'0X-ES5,*)i.    The  female  of  the  lion  kind. 
LI'OX-HEXRT#ED,  (hlrt-cd,)  a.      Uaving  a  lion's 

heart  or  courage.  ScotL 

LI'O.N" TZE,  V.  i.    To  visit  the  obj«M:is  of  curiosity  in  a 

place.     [F.imiliar.]     [3ce  Lion.] 
LrOX-LTKE,  {  a.    Like  a  lion  ;  fierce. 
4,lOX-LY,     J  Camden.    MUtan. 

U'OX-.MET-TLED,   a.     Having   the    courage   and 

spirit  of  a  lion.  HUlhousr. 

LI'OX"?  FOOT,  n.     A  plant  of  the  genera   CaUinan- 

che.  Prenanlhes,  ScC 
LI'O.N'?  Leaf,  a.      A  tuberous-rooted  plant  of  the 

genus  LeoDtice,  growing  near  the  Mediterranean. 

Louilon. 
LrON'S  TXIL,  «.  A  fJant  of  the  eenus  Leonunis. 
LIP,  a.     [Sax.  <V|m,  lip^ :  D.  Up  ;  G.  and  Dan.  lippe ; 

8w.  td^  ;  L.  Mt*nim,  ^o^ntia  ;  It.  labbro  ,*   Sp.  llhio  ; 

Fr.  I«V7«  ;  Ir.  slah  or  Uohkar ;  Pers.  4_<0  lab.    It  may 

be  connected  with  W.  Uavary^  Ir.  labhraim,  to  speak, 
that  is,  to  thrust  out.  The  sense  is  probably  a 
border.] 

1.  The  edge  or  border  of  the  mouth.  The  lips  are 
two  llesby  or  muscular  parts,  composing  the  exterior 
of  Uie  mouth  in  man  and  many  other  animals.  In 
wtam,  the  lips,  which  may  be  opened  or  closed  at 
pleasure,  form  the  covering  of  the  teeth,  and  are  or- 

Kns  of  speech    essential   to  certain    articulations. 
>Dce  the  lips,  by  a  figiire,  dencUe  the  mouth,  or  all 
the  organs  of  ^ieecb,  and  sometimes  spoech  itself. 
Jok.iL 
3.  The  edge  of  any  thing  -,  as,  the  lip  of  a  vessel. 

BaritfL 

3.  In  hctaMfj  one  of  the  two  opposite  divisions  of  a 
labiate  corol.  The  upper  is  called  the  helmet,  and 
the  lower  the  beard.  Also,  an  appendage  to  the 
flowers  of  the  Orchises,  considered  by  Linn^ns  as  a 
nectarj'.  Martyn.     Smith. 

4.  In  conchotomy  the  outer  edge  of  the  aperture  of 
a  univalve  shelL  Humble. 

To  make  a  lip;  to  drop  the  under  lip  in  suUenness 
or  contempt  S'sak. 

UP,  V.  t.    To  kiss.  shak. 


LIP-DE-VO'TIOX,  n.  Prayers  uttered  by  the  lips 
without  the  desires  of  the  heart. 

LIP'-GpQD,  a.    Good  in  profession  only. 

B.  Jonson. 

LIP'-LA-ROR,  n.  I-<abor  or  action  of  the  lips  witliout 
concurrence  of  the  mind  ;  words  without  senti- 
ments. 

UP'LK^«3,  a.    Having  no  lips.  Bijron. 

LIP'LET,  n.     A  little  lip.  Kirby. 

LIP'O-GRAM,  m  [Gr.  ArtircJ,  to  leave,  and  j  pa/i/io, 
a  letter.^ 

A  writing  in  which  a  particular  letter  is  wholly 
omitted. 

LIP-O-fillAM-MAT'ie,  a.    [Gr.  XriTw  and  yfxiftpa.} 
Oniilling    a   letter.      Lipogrammatie   writings    are 
those  in  wliich   a  imrticular  letter  is  wholly  omit- 
ted. 

LIP-O-GRAM'MA-TIST,  n.  One  who  writes  any 
thing,  <ln>pp)ng  a  particular  letter.  .Addison. 

LT-POTU'V-MOUS,  a.  [See  Lipothtmt.]  Swoon- 
ing ;  fainting. 

Lt-POTH'YMY,  B.  [Gr.  X'.dTodvfiia  ;  Xcijrw,  to  fail, 
and  ?i'i<i(,  soul.] 

A  fainting  ;  a  swoon.  Coze.     Taylor. 

LIP'P£D.  (lipt,)  a.  Having  lips;  having  a  raised  or 
rounded  edge  resembling  the  lip. 

2.  In  hotanvy  labiate. 
LTP'P*;i»,  (lipt,)  pp.    Kissed. 
LIP'PLNO  ppr.     kissing. 

LIP'PI-TUDE,  n.  [L.  lippitudo^  from  fippiu,  blear- 
eyed.] 

Soreness  of  eyes  ;  blearedness.  Bacon. 

LIP'-VVIS-DOM,  n.  Wisdom  in  talk  without  prac- 
tice ;  wisdom  in  words  not  supported  by  experience. 

Sidney. 
Lia'UA-BLE,  flik'wa-bl,)  a..  That  may  be  melted. 
H'aUATE,  r.  I.     [L.  liano.] 

To  melt  J  to  liquely  ;  to  be  dissolved.  [Z4ttZ« 
nsedA  fVoodward. 

LI-aUA'TION,  n.     [L.  liqnatio.     See  LiqUATK.] 
1.  The  act  or  operation  of  melting.  Brotcn. 

3.  The  capacity  of  being  melted  ;  as,  a  substance 
congealed  beyond  liquation.  Brown, 

3.  In  metnllurtry^  tha  process  of  separating,  by  a 
regulated  heat,  an  easily  fusible  metal  from  one  less 
fusible,  with  which  it  is  combined ;  eliquation. 

Ure. 
Lia-UE-PAG'TiaN,  (lik-we-fek'shun,)  m.    [L.  ligue- 
Jiietiojfrom  Uquefacio.] 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  melting  or  dissolving ; 
the  conversion  of  a  solid  into  a  liquid  b^  the  sole 
agency  of  heat  or  caloric  Liqurfattiun.  m  common 
usagfy  signifies  the  melting  of  any  -iiib-^tance  ;  but 
by  some  authors  it  is  applied  to  the  melting  of  sub- 
stances which  pass  through  intermediate  litates  of 
softness  before  they  become  fluid,  as  tallow,  wax, 
resin,  &C.  Coz£^g  Dispensatory. 

2.  The  state  of  being  melted. 
Lia'UE-FT-A-BLE,    o.      That   may  be    melted,   or 

changed  from  a  solid  to  n  liquid  state.  Bacon. 

LICi'UE-FI-£D,  (lik'we-flde,)  jjp.  Melted;  become 
liquid. 

Lia'UE-FI-ER,  n.  That  which  melts  any  solid  sub- 
stance. 

Lia'Ui:-F?,  (lik'we-fyO  r.  U  [Fr.  ligu^a-y  from 
L.  liquefacio.     See  LmuiD.] 

To  melt ;  to  dissolve;  to  convi^rt  from  a  fixed  or 
solid  form  to  that  of  a  liquid  ;  and  technicalhjy  to  melt 
by  the  sole  agency  of  heat  or  caloric. 

LIU'LJE-FV,  r.  i.     To  be  melted  ;  to  become  liquid. 

Addison. 

LiaaTE-FY-TNG,  p/^r.    Melting;  becoming  liquid. 

LI-QUES'CEX-CY,  n.     [L.  litfuescentia.] 

Aptnes'*  to  melt.  Johnson. 

LT-aUES'CEXT,  a.     Melting  ;  becoming  fluid. 

LI-UUECR',  (le-kure',)  a.  [Fr.]  A  delicate  prepara- 
tion uf  distilled  spirits,  usually  flavored  with  fruits, 
spices,  alcohol,  and  various  aromatic  substances.  Ure. 

LIQUID,  (lik'wid,)  a.  [L.  liqitidas,  from  liaaoy  to 
melt,  Ir.  lenirham  ;  probably  from  flowing,  ana  coin- 
ciding with  E^ax.  logCy  water,  L.  liz  and  lugy  in  Lug- 
dunum,  Lnjdeny  Lyo»s.'\ 

1.  Fluid  ;  flowing  or  capable  of  flowing  ;  not 
fixed  or  solid.  But  liquid  is  not  precisely  synony- 
mous with  fiuid.     Air  is  fiaid^  but  not  liquid. 

a.  Soft  ;  clear  ;  flowing  ;  smootli ;  as,  liquid  mel- 
ody. Crashaw. 

3.  Pronounced  without  any  jar ;  smooth ;  as,  a 
liquid  letter. 

4.  Dissolved  ;  not  obtainable  by  law  ;  as,  a  liquid 
debt.     [Oft«.]  .^ylije. 

LIQ.'UID,  (lik'wid,)  n.  A  fluid  or  flowing  substance  ; 
a  substance  whose  parts  change  their  relative  posi- 
tion on  the  .'flightest  pressure,  and  which  flows  on  an 
inclined  plane,  as  water,  wine,  milk,  &c. 

2.  In  grammar,  a  letter  which  has  a  smooth,  flow- 
ing sound,  or  which  flows  smeoihly  after  a  mute; 
as,  I  and  r,  in  d/a,  bra.  M  and  n  are  also  called  li- 
quiis. 

LIU'UID-ATE,  (lik'wid-ate,)  r.  U    [Fr.  liquidcr ;   L. 
liquido.^ 
1.  To  clear  from  all  obscurity. 

Time  only  can  liquidau  the  loca&in^  of  all  parU  of  a  compound 
■yBiem.  HamiUon. 


LIS 

2.  To  settle  ;  to  adjust ;  to  ascertain  or  reduce  to 
precision  in  amount. 

Which  inrtliod  of  timiefattng  Ihc  amrrcment  to  k  nrrche  lutn 
wu  u>uiilly  perforriieil  iti  tlu:  luprriur  conna.     Biacktione. 

The  clerk  of  Uk  controona'  hoom-  of  luaeiikbly,  in  1774,  ga«r  C(*r- 
(iftcatea  to  the  ntiUic  crciliton  th:it  (heir  Uf-manila  were 
tiquitlatMi,  and  ■houid  be  pruvided  for  in  the  next  lAX'biU. 

The  domestic  debt  may  be  tubdiTtdcil  ioto  tiquidaied  and  un- 
tiqtAUMd.  Hamilton. 

3.  To  pay  ;  to  settle,  adjust,  and  satisfy,  as  a  debt. 

fVheaton. 
Frjburgli  was  ornlcd  to  Zurich  by  Si^mund,  to  Hquidalt  a  d<;tjt 
of  a  tlwusaiid  fluriiia.  Coxt'i  Switz. 

4.  To  diminish  or  lessen.  IValpole. 
LIQ'UID-A-TED.jjp.    Settled;  adjusted;  reduced  to 

certainty  ;  paid. 
LIli'UID-A-TING,   ppr.      Adjusting;    ascertaining; 

paying. 
Lia-UIO-A'TION,  (lik-wid-a'shun,)  a.    The  act  of 

settling  and  adjusting   debts,  or  ascertaining  their 

amount  or  balance  due. 
LIU'UID  A-TOR,  (lik'wid-.)  n.      He  or  that  which 

liquidates  or  settles.  i?L  Everett. 

Lia  UID'I-TY,  (lik-wid'e-le,)  n.     [Fr.  liqui^liU.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  fluid  orliquid. 

2.  Thinness.  OlanviUe. 
LIQ'UID-l.Y,  adv.     In  a  flowing  manner.       Smart. 
Lia'UlD-XESS,  (lik'wid-nes,)  n.    The  quality  of  be- 
ing liquid;  fluency.  Boyle, 

Lia'UOR,  (lik'ur,)  n.  [Si*x.  loge;  Fr.  Uqueur;  L.  ii- 
quor."^ 

A  liquid  or  fltiid  substance.  [See  LiRutn.]  Liquor 
is  a  word  of  geneml  signification,  extending  to  wa- 
ter, milkj  blotKl,  sap,  juice,  &c. ;  but  its  most  com- 
mon application  is  to  spirituous  Quids,  whether  dis- 
tilled or  fermented,  to  decoctions,  solutions,  tinc- 
tures. ^tUon. 
Uquor  qffiint*    a  solution  of  silicated  potash. 

brands. 
Liquor  of  Libavius  i  bichlorid  of  tin.  Ure. 

Lia'lJOR,  r.L    To  moisten  ;  to  drench.   {Little  used.] 

Bacon. 

Lia'UOR-ICE.     See  Licohice. 

LI'UUOR  SIL'I-eUM,n.  [L.]  Liquor  of  flints.  [See 
LiquoR.1 

LIR-l-€ON-FAN'CY,  n.     A  flower. 

LIR'I-POOP,  «.  [Fx.  liripipion.]  The  hood  of  a  grad- 
uate. 

LIR'O-CONE,  a.  [Gr.  Acipoj,  pale,  and  «ocia,  pow- 
der.] 

In  mineralogyy  having  the  form  of  a  whitish  pow- 
der, Shrpard. 

LIR'O-eON-ITE, ».  A  mineral,  of  a  bright-bhie  or 
green  color,  consisting  of  oxyd  of  copper,  arsenic 
acid,  and  water. 

LliS'BOX,  n.  A  sweet,  light-colored  species  of  wine, 
exported  from  Lisbon,  in  Portugal. 

LlSII.fl.     Stout;  active,     [Local.] 

LTSNE,  (line,)  n.     A  cavity  or  hoftow.     \Kot  in  use."] 

Hale. 

LISP,  r.  i.  [G.  lispcln,  D.  IL'qten,  to  lisp ;  Sax.  vlitpy  or 
vUpsy  a  lisping  ;  9w.  /d'^fl,  Russ.  Irpetzu,  to  lisp.] 

To  s[>eak  with  a  particular  articulation  of  the 
tongue  and  teeth,  nearly  as  in  pronouncing  t.h. 
Lv'ping  is  particularly  noticed  in  utienng  th  for  s, 
as  yeth  for  yes.     It  is  most  common  in  children. 

I  I'upe-l  In  nuinbera,  fur  the  iiutal^cn  cnme.  Pope. 

LISP,  V.  £.  To  pronounce  with  a  lit^p;  as,8he /L^ed  a 
few  Words. 

LISP,  n.  The  act  of  lisping,  as  in  uttering  an  aspi- 
rated tJi  for  3. 

LIPP'KD,  (lispl,)  pp.    Uttered  with  a  lisp. 

LISP'ER,  H.     One  that  lisps. 

LISP'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Uttering  with  a  lisp. 

LISP'IXG,  n.     The  act  of  speaking  with  a  lisp. 

LISP'IXG-LY,  odB.     With  a  lisp.  Holder. 

LIS'SOM,  a.     [Probably  from  the  Sax.  i^^an,  to  loose.] 
Limber;  supple;   relaxed;  loose.     [LocaL] 

LIST,  n.  [Sax.  list^  Sw.  Hit ;  IL  and  Sp.  lista :  Fr.  and 
Dan.  liste ;  D.  lyst ;  G.  litie-  If  iisty  a  roll  or  cata- 
logue, and  lisiy  a  border  or  strip  of  cloth,  are  from  the 
same  riMit,  we  find  the  original  orthography  in  the 
Ann.  /fi,  and  Sp.  liia,  and  perhaps  the  L.  licium^  Fr. 
lice.  Bill  in  some  languages  the  words  are  distin- 
guished ;  Fr.  tistCy  a  roll,  and  lisiere,  a  list  or  selvedge 
of  cloth.] 

1.  The  outer  edge  or  selvedge  of  cloth  ;  a  strip  of 
cloth  forming  the  border,  particularly  of  broadcloth, 
and  serving  to  strengthen  it. 

2.  A  line  inclosing  or  forming  the  extremity  of  a 
piece  of  ground,  or  field  of  combat;  hence,  in  the 
plural,  (lists,)  the  ground  or  field  inclosed  for  a  race 
or  combat.  Hence,  to  enter  ihelistsy  is  to  accept  a 
challenge,  or  engage  in  contest.     Hence, 

3.  A  limit  or  boundary  ;  a  border. 

4.  In  architecture,  a  tittle  square  molding  ;  a  fillet ; 
called  also  a  Listel. 

5.  A  roll  or  catalogue,  that  is,  a  row  or  line;  as,  a 
list  of  names ;  a  list  of  books  ;  a  list  of  articles ;  a  list 
of  ratable  estate. 

6.  A  strip  of  cloth  ;  a  fillet.  Sutift 
Civil  list ;  in  Oreat  Britain  and  the   United  StateSy 

the  civil  officers  of  government,  as  judges,  embassa- 


FATE,  F\R,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRBY.  — PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 
66S 


LIT 


LIT 


LIT 


dors,  sccrctariea,  &c.  Hence  it  is  used  for  Ihc  rev- 
enues or  apiwoprimions  of  public  money  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  "-ivil  officers.  „     ,      ,  . 

By  a  latt  13>v,  Uie  cicii  list,  in  Enpland,  embmces 
only  the  expenses  of  the  reigBlnj  monarch's  house- 
hold Brande. 
UST,"r.  t.  [from  list,  a  roll.]  To  enroll ;  to  register 
in  a  list  or  catalogue ;  to  enlist.  The  latter  is  the 
more  elegant  word.     Hence, 

2.  To  engage  in  the  public  service,  as  soldiers. 

They  in  my  QMii«  &i«  tUud.  Dryden. 

3  To  inclose  for  combat ;  as,  to  list  a  field. 

Ih-ynen. 

4  To  sew  together,  as  strips  of  cloth,  so  as  to 
make  a  particolored  show,  or  to  form  a  border. 

5.  To  cover  with  a  list,  or  with  strips  of  cloth  ;  as, 
to  list  i  door.  ,  ,.  . 

6.  To  hearken ;  to  attend  ;  a  contraction  of  listen, 
which  see.  .^  „. 

LIST  0  i.  To  engage  in  public  service  by  enrolling 
one's  name  ;  to  enlist.  [The  latter  is  the  more  el- 
egant word.]     rSee  Enlist.1 

hsta;  D:tn.tjfsUT.  {See  Lusr.)  The  primary  sense 
^ems  to  be,  to  lean,  incline,  advance,  or  stretch 
toward.    See  the  noun.]  ,..„„ 

Pn-fcrl),  to  lean  or  incline  ;  to  be  propense  ;  hence, 
to  desire  or  choose. 

L/.1  t«l»-r  i.«ii  Ihiiik  of  your  dericr.  ••  Ihey  /i»l.        Whilsi/t. 
The  wiml  Uoweih  where  il  /i*I«lA.  —  John  ill. 

iJ.  To  hearken  ;  to  attend  ;  to  listen. 
LI'^T   71      In  the  language  qf  sranun,  an  inclination  to 

one'side.     The  ship  has  a  iist  to  port.      Mar.  Did. 
LIST' ED,  fp.    Striped  ;  particolored  in  stripes. 
i.  Covered  with  list. 

3.  Inclosed  for  combat. 

4.  Engaged  in  public  service  ;  enrolled. 
LIST'EL,  n.    A  list  in  architecture  ;  a  lillet.     Encyc. 
LIST'EN,   (lisn,)  v.   i.     [Sal.  lystan,  or  hlystan ;  U. 

Uliteren.    au.  G.  loujcAc n :  Scot.  WA.) 

1.  To  hearken  ;  to  give  ear  ;  to  attend  closely  with 
a  view  to  hear. 

00  U«  giTOO  l»ok  I  tat,  "Kl  liiUmd  loof.  Dryitn. 

2.  To  obey  ;  to  yield  to  advice  ;  to  foUow  admoni- 

LlST'f;.V,  (lis'n,)  v.  e.     To  hear  ;  to  attend.      Shak. 
V.l^T'ES-EU,pp.     Hearkened  ;  heard. 
LIST'BN-ER,  «.    One  who  listens  ;  a  hearkener. 
LIST'£N-hNG,  J>i>r.  or«.     Hearkening;  giving  alten- 

LIST^KS-ING,  «.    The  act  of  giving  attention. 
LIST'ER,  rt.     One  who  makes  a  list  or  roll. 
LIST'FljL,  o.     AUentive.     {Ob».]  Sprnan: 

LIST'I.VG,  it.    The  cutting  away  the  sap-wood  from 

th"  edges  of  a  board.  Brandr.. 

LIST'I.NG,  ppr.    Inclosing  for  conib,it ;  covering  wild 

li-it ;  rnli'»ting.  .., 

LIST'LBSS  a.     Not  listening;  not  attending;  Indir- 

fer.nt  to  what  is  passing  ;   heedless ;   in.itlentive ; 

Oioughtless    carelcM  ;  as,  a  lisUesa  hearer  or  spccta- 

LIST'LESS-LY,    •<*>.       Without    attention ;    heed- 

LlS"LESS-SESS,  n.       Inattention;    heedlessness; 
indilTerence  to  what  ia  passing,  and  may  be  inler- 

LISTS,  It.  pL    Tho  ground  incloeod  for  a  race,  com- 
bat, ic. 
LlT,Vrt-  "f  I.ioMT.    Tho  bird  lU  on  a  tree  before  me. 

I  Ul  my  pipe  •Hh  Uie  paper.  AMiion. 

[This  word,  though  used  by  some  good  writers,  la 
very  inelegant.]  ,.     ., 

UT'A-NY,  «.    [Fr.  liwnfe  ,•  Gr.  XtrafCia,  supplication, 
from  >.TOi(i".',  Xir.i;.ai,  Xicrniiai,  to  pray.] 

A  solemn  form  of  supplication,  used  in  public  wor- 
ship. .    ,.     . 

Suppiicll.™  f.»  the  i.pn«.ta«orO«l'lw..th  were  <T  «^'^ 
ih.ireh  letmeil  lilii™..,  by  Ihe  L.U»  topOm^    Hooktr. 

LITE,  a.     Little.    [JVo(  («  <ue.] 

//'7'Rf'  [  *■   ''''■  '*'"'  ''"'"  °''  ^"■''"•1 

\  Fr.nch  measure  of  cal»rity,  being  a  cubic  de- 
cimeter, containing,  according  to  Lunier,  about  a  pint 
and  a  half  old  French  measure.  The  liter  is  equal 
to  lil.oas  cubic  inches,  or  about  2  1-9  wine  pints. 

AIcCitlliKh. 
LIT'F.R-AL,  0.     [Fr.,  from  L.  litero,  a  letter.] 

I.  According  to  the  letter;  primitive;  real;  not 
(Igurative  or  metaphorical ;  as,  the  lUcral  iiieailingol 

*  'i'  FtiUowing  the  letter  or  exact  words  ;  not  free  ; 
as,  a  (iiyroJ  translation, 
a.  Consisting  of  letters. 

The  fileeiU  notAlioa  of  nmnlieTl  WM  knowB  to  EiJttjpe«n«  befoi» 
the  elphefi, 

LIT'ER-AL, ».    Literal  meaning.     [JVotuserf.] 
LIT'ER-AL-ISM,  «.    That  which  Qccorda  with  the 

1  "Iter  Judlon, 

LIT'  KR-AUST,  n.    One  who  adherca  to  the  letter  or 
exact  word.  ^''^'^ 


LIT-ER-.\L'I-TY,  n.    Original  or  literal  meaning. 

Brown. 
LIT'ER-AL-LY,  arfr.     According  to  the   primary  and 
nalural   import  of  words ;  not  figuratively.     A  man 
and  his  wife  can  not  be  UteraUy  one  flesh. 
2.  With  lilose  adherence  to  words  ;  word  by  word. 


So  wild  and  imjroyemable  a  poet  can  not  be  tranalaled  liltnUly. 

Dryden, 

LIT'ER-AL-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  literal ;  lit- 
eral import.  Quart.  Ren. 
LIT'ER-A-RY,(i.     [I..  Jitmiriits.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  letters  or  literature;  respecting 
learning  or  learned  men  ;  as,  a  literary  liistory  ; 
literary  conversation. 

2.  Derived  from  enidition  ;  as,  literary  fame. 

3.  Furnished  with  erudition  ;  versed  m  letters  ;  as, 
a  literary  man. 

4.  Consisting  in  letters,  or  written  or  printed  com- 
positions ;  as,  literary  property 

LIT'ER-ATE,  a.     [L.  literatas.] 

I.carned  ;  lettered  ;  instructed  in  learning  and  sci- 
ence. Johnson. 
LIT  ER-.^'TI,  n.  pi.     [L.  literatas.] 

The  learned  men  ;  men  of  enidition.     Spectator. 
LIT- FR- A' TIM,  [L.]     Letter  for  letter. 
LIT' ER- 5 -TO  It,  n.     [L.]     A  petty  schoolmaster. 
LIT'ER-.VTIJRE,  ».     {L.  Uteratura.]  [Burke. 

1.  Learning;  acquaintance  with  letters  or  books. 

2.  The  collective  body  of  literary  productions,  em- 
bracing the  entire  results  of  knowledge  and  fancy 
preserved  in  writing. 

3  In  tAc  more  ilistiactiee  and  usval  sense  of  the  term, 
Kfrrafurc  excludes  the  positive  sciences,  and  embraces 
hislorv,  grammar,  rhetoric, logic, criticism, languages, 
tc  ill  a  slill  narrower  sense,  it  is  sometimes  used  as 
synonymous  with  the  belles-lettres,  or  polUe  litera- 

LITH    n.     ["ax.]     .\  joint  or  limb.  [OJs.]     Chaucer. 
LI-THA.V"rHR.\X,  n.    [Gr.  XiOoi,  a  stone,  and  ar- 

Oftai,  a  coal.]  .   .   ,  „  n 

Stone-coal,  a  black,  compact,  brittle,  inflammable 
substance,  of  laminated  texture,  more  or  less  shining. 

JVicAewon. 
LITII'ARGE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  Htharryros,  Gr.  Ai(*an- 
>t)o'is,  the  spume  or  scum  of  silver.]  , 

A  semi-vitreous  oxyd  of  lead,  produced  in  refining 
silver  by  cil|)ellation  with  lead.  It  appears  in  the 
form  of  soft  flakes,  or  semi  transparent,  shining 
plates.  Diet.  JVot  Hiit.     Encyc    JVicAoton. 

LITH'ATE,  It.     [Gr.  XiO"(,  a  stone.] 

A  siUt  or  compound  formed  by  the  lithic  acid  with 
a  base  Hooper. 

LITHE,' a.     [Sax.  (itA,  iilAe  ;  W.  HstA.1 

That  may  be  easily  bent ;  pliant ;  flexible ;  limber  ; 
as,  the  elephant's  lithe  proboscis.  MiUon. 

Lrf  HE,  r.  L  To  smooth  ;  to  soften  ;  to  palliate.  [  Obs.] 

Chaucer. 
2.  To  listen.     [Ohs.'j     [See  Listeh.] 
LITIIE'NESS,  n.     Flexibility  ;  limberneas. 
LTTirER,  o.     Soft;  pliant.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

o    [Sax.  JytAr.)     Bad  ;  corrupt.  [0»».l     Woollon. 
LrrTi'EK-LY,   oAi.      Slowly;    lazily.     [Obs.] 


Jarret. 
LITH'ER-NESS,  11.     Idleness  ;  laziness.     [Obs.] 

Barret 
LITHE'SOME,  a.     Pliant ;  limber  ;  nimble.      Scot)-. 
LITiri-A,  n.     A  new  alkali,  found  in  the  minerals 
petalitc,  spodiimeno,  &c.,  of  which    the  basis  is  a 
metal  called  IMiwn.  Daey.     Sdhman. 

LITirie,  a.  [Supra.]  Pertaining  to  the  stone  in  the 
bladder.  The  lilhie  acid,  generally  called  uric  acid, 
forms  the  most  common  variety  of  urinary  calculus. 

Brande. 
i.ITIl'l  UM,  n.    The  metallic  base  of  litliia. 
I.ITHO-lllB'LI-ON.     See  Lithophtl. 
LlTiro  C.1KI',  a.     [Gr.  XiUo(,  a  stone,  and  «o;)7r-f, 

F<i8«il  ft^uit ;  fruit  petrified.  Diet.  Jfat.  HiA. 

LITH-0-eOL'LA,a.  [Gr.  XiO.f,  »  stone,  and  KoXha, 
glue.]  _  . 

A  cement  that  unites  stones.  ■"">• 

LITH-O-DEN'DKON,  ».  [Or.  Xi9o5,  stone,  and  ity- 
J/.oi',  tree.]  ...  .  ■«  j 

Coral ;  io  called  (W)m  lt«  resembling  a  petrified 
branch.  „         ^  ,         -      '''"•'■• 

LITH'O-DERM,  It.     [Gr.  XiO.t  and  ."jO!....] 

One  of  a  genus  of  apodal  ecliinoderms,  having  an 
oval  body,  covered  with  a  layfcr  of  calcareous  gran 
111.-*  forming  a  hard  crust. 
Lrill'O-llD.MK,  a.        j  [Gr.  \Sii,  stone,  and  fip'n, 
LI-TllilD'O  .MI,  n.pf.  t      house.]  ,,  u  <•„.„, 

The  name  given  to  moUu-^roiis  animals  which  lorm 
holes  in  solid  rocks.  In  which  they  lod^o  themselves. 
The  holes  are  not  perforated  mechanically,  but  the 
rock  appiars  to  be  dissolved.  l«J'U- 

LI-THOnO  MOUS,   o.     Relating  to  a  genua  of  mol- 

liiscan  animals  which  jierforate  stones. 
LITll-O  CEN'E-BY,  n.   [Gr.  Xc8.,£, stone, and  jii/cirit, 
generation.]  .       ^      •         t 

Tho  doctrine  or  science  of  the  origin  of  minerals 
composing  the  globe,  and  of  the  causes  which  have 
produced  their  form  and  disposition. 
'  Diet.  JfaL  Hist. 


LI-TH06'E-N<)l'S,  o.     An  epitliel  ap|ilied  to  polyps 

which  form  coral.  LyelL 

LITirO-GLYI'II,  n.  The  art  of  engraving  on  precious 

stones.  t^tmes. 

LITH-O-GLYPH'ITE,  n.     [Gr.  AiOos,  stone,  and  j-Xo- 
$0.,  to  engrave.]  . 

A  fossil  that  presents  the  appearance  of  beinj  en- 
graved or  shaped  by  art.  Lunier. 
LITH'0-GR.\PII,   V.  t.    To  trace  letters  or  figures  on 

stone,  and  transfer  them  to  paper,  &c. 
LITU'O  GR.\PH  a.  A  print  from  a  drawing  on  stone. 

Smart. 
LITH'0-GRAPH-£D,  (lith'o-graft,)  pp.  or  a.    Formed 

by  tracing  letters  or  figures  on  stone. 
LI-THOG'RA-rHER,    n.     [See  LlTHOoaiFHT.]     One 

who  practices  lithography. 
LITH-O  GRAPH'ie,         jo.     Pertaining  to  litliogra- 
LITH  0-GI!APH'ie-AL,  I      phy. 
LITH-O-GRAPll'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    By  the  lithographic 

art.  . 

LITJI'O  G  R  APH-ING,  ppr.    Forming  by  lettera  or  fig- 
ures on  stone. 
LI-THOG'R A-PIIY,  n.    [Gr.  XiOot,  stone,  and  )  pci-^oi, 
to  engrave  or  write.] 

The  art  of  tracing  letters,  figures,  or  other  designs, 
on  stone,  and  of  transferring  tlieiii  to  paper  by  im- 
pression ;  an  art  recently  invented  by  Mr.  Sennefel- 
der,  of  .Munich,  in  Bavaria.  Journ.  of  Science. 

LITII-OID'AL,  a.  Like  a  stone  ;  having  a  stony  struc- 
ture. Ml'"- 
LITH-O-LOG'ie,          j  a.     In  mineralofry,  pertaining 
LITH-O-LO0'Ie-.\L,  1     to  the  character  of  a  rock, 
as  derived  from  the  nature  and   mode  of  aggrega- 
tion of  its  mineral  contents.                             Dana. 
LITH-O-LOfi'ie-AL-LY,  ado.    In  a  litllological  man- 
ner.                                                            .  .      ._ 
LI-TH0L'0-6IST,  lu    A  person  skilled  in  the  science 

of  stones. 
Ll-THOL'0-GY,  n.    [Gr.  Mas,  stone,  and  Aoj^of,  dis- 
course, j 
1.  The  science  or  natural  history  of  stones. 

Foureroy. 
o    A  treatise  on  stones  found  in  the  body.    Coze. 
LITH'0-MAN-CY,  n.     [Gr.  Xi(i"t,  stone,  and  (luKTiia, 
divination.]  ,^  . 

Divination  or  prediction  of  event*  by  means  of 
stones.  ,   Brown. 

LITH'O-M.IRGE,  «.   [Gr.  XiOoj,  stone,  and  L.  marga, 
marl.]  . 

A  compact  clay  of  a  fine,  smooth  texture,  and  very 
sectile.  ,  Dana. 

LITH'ON-TRIP-TOR,  (  n.    An  instrument  for  trillim- 
LITH'O-TRI-TOR,       (     ting  the  stone  in  the  blad- 

LITH-ONTRYP'Tie,     la.    [Gr.  XiOnj,  stone,  and 

LITH-ON-THRYP'Tie,  j     floeirrcj,  to  wear  or  break.] 

Having  the  quality  of  destroying  the  stone  in  the 

bladder  or  kidneys.  _         . .  v  i, 

LITH-ON- TRYP'Tie,     i  n.    A  medicine  which  has 
LITH-ON-THRYP'Tie,  j      the  power  of  destroying 

the  stone  in  the  bladder  or  kidneys  ;    a  solvent  of 

stone  in  the  humnn  urinary  passages.  Coxe. 

LI-THOPH'A-GI.     See  LiTHOoOMi. 
LI-TIIOPH'A-GOUS,  a.    [Gr.  Ai6»5,  stone,  and  #a>w, 

to  eat.]  ,  . 

Eating  or  stvallowing  stones  or  gravel,  a»  the  os- 

LITU'b-PHOS-PHOR,  n.     [Gr.  XiOos, stone,  and  $aiir- 

A  stone  that  becomes  phosphoric  by  heat.      [  Obs.] 
Diet.  Mit.  m<t. 
LITII-O-PIIOS  PIIOR'IC,  a.    Pertaining  to  lithophos- 

phor ;  becoming  pliosphorie  by  heat. 
LI  rll'OPIIYL,  n.    [Gr.  XiOos,  stone,  and  ^eXXoi-,  a 

"  Bibliolite,  or  litholiilplion,  fossil  loaves,  or  the  flg- 

nres  of  leaves  on  fossils. 
LlTirO-PIITTE,  n.     [Gr.  XiOof,  stone,  and  cfiime,  a 

plant  ;  literally,  stone-plant.]     . 

A  coral  zotiphyte  ;  a  name  given  to  those  spec  es 

of  polvpiers  i\'hose  substance  is  stony.    The  older 

naturalists  classed  them  with  vegetables. 

Cueier.     Ray. 
LITII-O-PHYT'ie,  o.    Pertaining  to  lithophytes. 
LI  TIIOPII'YTOUS,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  consisting 

of  lilhophytea. 
LITiro-TOME,  n.     [Gr.  XiOos,  stone,  and  Tt/n-t.!,  to 

"a  stone  so  formed  naturally  as  to  appear  as  if  cut 

artificially.  '^'''-  ■'^'"-  "'^• 

LITH  0-TOM'I€,  «.    Pertaining  to  or  performed  by 

LI-THOT'6-MIST,  n.  [See  Lithotomy.]  One  who 
performs  the  operation  of  cutting  for  the  stone  in  the 
bladder;  or  one  who  Is  skilled  in  the  operation. 

LI-THOT'O-MY,  n.     [Gr.  XiSis,  stone,  and  rijimi,  to 

"The  operation,  art,  or  practice,  of  cutting  for  the 
stone  in  the  bladder.  .,       ,, 

LITH'O  TRIP-SY,  It.  The  operation  of  triturating  the 
stone  in  the  bladder  by  means  of  an  instrument  called 
lithotriplor.  . 

LITH'O  TRIP-TIST,  a.  One  skilled  In  breaking  and 
extracting  stone  in  the  bladder.  


TONE.  BULL,  UNITE. -AN"0ER.  VI"CI0U8— C  a.  K  ;  0  a.  J  ;  8  «i  Z  i  CH  as  8H  ;  TH  o.  in  THIS. 


66!) 


LIT 

LITIIOTUIP-TOR,  n.  [Gr.  Xitf-f,  a  stone,  and  r^i- 
^ai,  to  fETinil-] 

An  instrumeot  for  tnturMing  the  stone  in  the  bl;id- 
dtT,  so  tliat  it  may  be  extracted  without  cutting,  re- 
cently invented  by  Dr.  Civiule. 
LI-THOT'RI-TY,  n.     [Gr.  Aid  ■$,  su.ne,  and  rctpu,  to 
break  down.] 

Tbe  OMiraUon  c^  breaking  a  stone  in  the  bladder 
Into  nnail  pieca  capable  of  being  voided.  Srandt. 
U-THOX'YLE,  M.      [Gr-   XtOof,   »toue,  and   ^iXif, 
wood.] 

Pttnfied   wood.     It  difftrs   from    Lig;«itb,  being 
really  clmnged  into  stone  ;  siirh  as  Ailicilted  woods, 
which  are  changed  JnUi  varieties  of  silex,  &.C.  fO^J 
Did,  A'ot.  Hue 
IJTH'Y,  o.     [See  Lithe.]     Easily  bent;  pliable. 

[This  is  probably  the  word  which,  in  our  popular 
nsttr,  i<  pntnounct'd  latMy.] 
LIT'I-GAXT,   a.    [:^'e   Litioate.]     Contending  in 
latv ;  engaged  in  a  lawsuit ;  as,  toe  paittea  UlizttnU 

UT'I-GANT,  N.    A  person  engaged  in  a  lawsuit. 

VEstmnge. 
LIT't-GATE,  V.  I.     [I^  Ui/o,  fVom  lis^  litts^  a  contest 

or  detata ;  Ar>  tX!  Udda^  to  dispute.  Class  Ld,  Na 
3.  Us,  (tf«#, coincides  with  the  Sax. jtit, contention; 
JUtam^  to  contend.] 

To  conti^  in  law ;  lo  prosecute  or  defend  by  plead- 
In^,  exhibition  of  evidence,  and  judicial  debate  ;  as, 
to  tUivatf  a  cause  or  a  question. 

LIT'I-GaTE,  r.  £.  To  dispute  in  law  ;  to  carry  on  a 
suit  by  judicial  process. 

IJT'I-GA-TED,  pp.  or  «.     CoDtetited  Judicially. 

LIT  I-Ga-TL\G,  ppr.    Conte^ing  in  law. 

LIT-I-GA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  carrying 
on  a  suit  in  a  court  of  law  or  etiuity  ftir  tbe  recovery 
t>f  a  right  or  claim  :  a  judicial  conte^^t. 

LI-TIG'IOtrs,  (le-lid'jus,)  a.     [Fr.  /i/i/intr;  L.  litigv- 

MIC*.] 

1.  Inclined  to  judicial  contest;  filven  to  the  prac- 
tice of  contending  fn  law;  quarrelsome;  conlen- 
Ti<iU3  ;  Implied  to  penmu,  A  titiffiou:!  man  is  a  bad 
neighbor  and  ■  tout  citizen. 

2.  Disputable;  conlroverUble ;  subject  to  conten- 
tk»i ;  as,  hiigimu  right.  BfacJt€t»m. 

No  fnom,  pniad  fclih.  nor  taufa,  ner  boand% 

LI-TICIOUS-LY,  adv.    In  a  contentious  manner. 

LI-T[6'IOUS-\£SS,  m,  A  dtsiNtsition  to  engage  in 
or  carry  od  lawsuits;  inclination  to  judicial  con- 
l<MCa. 

UT'MUS,  a.  A  blue  pigment,  formed  from  argol, 
orchal,  or  archil,  a  lichen,  the  Rocfcllalincttma.  [See 
Archii-j  It  IS  prepared  by  Itrui^ing  the  archil,  and 
adJins  quicklime  and  ptitn'm-d  urine,  ur  spirit  of  urine 
distilled  from  lime.  The  mixture,  aAer  cooling,  and 
the  evaporation  of  the  tluid,  tiecomes  a  mass  of  the 
con.-iistt'nce  of  paste,  which  is  laid  on  a  board  to  dry 
in  square  lumps.  Eiuyr, 

LIT'ORN,  n.  A  bird,  a  spcriei  of  thntxh,  in  xize  and 
shape  re^mbline  the  hen  bl.-irkbird.  Diet.  vVa/.  HtsL 

LI'TO-TCS,  II.  [Gr.  Air  (,  sUndtr.]  In  rfutarie,  a 
diminution  or  softening  of  statemf  nt  for  the  sake  of 
avoiding  censure,  or  of  expressing  more  strongly 
what  is  intended  ;  as,  *'  a  citiKcn  of  no  mean  city," 
i.  e.,  an  illu<:thous  one. 

LI-TRAM'E-TER,  n.  .\n  Instrument  invented  by  Dr. 
Hare,  for  the  purpose  of  Oi^certaining  the  specific 
gravity  of  liquids. 

LIT'TER,  H.  [Fr.  litiere,  from  lit;  contracted  from  L. 
Utius,  from  the  root  of  l^go.  Ens-  taj/:  It.  lettiea,  or 
Uttx^a:  tJp.  litfrai  Port.  lUeira:  Arm,  UUt.J 

1.  A  vehicle  formed  with  shafU  supportmp  a  bed 
between  them,  in  which  a  pfrs*»n  may  be  borne  by 
men  or  by  a  horse.  If  by  the  latter,  it  id  called  a 
HoRSE-LtrrEiL.    A  similar  vehicle  in  India  is  called 

a  PALA!tl(UIIf. 

3.  8tiaw,  hay,  or  other  soft  substance,  used  as  a 
bed  for  bMses  and  for  other  ptirpotes. 

X  [Ice.  UdiTf  generation,  from  the  rootof  ta^,  Ieo(£.] 
A  brood  of  young  |MgM.  kittens,  puppies,  or  other 
quadrupeds.  Tbe  word  is  applied  only  'ii  certain 
((hadnipeds,  of  tbe  smaller  kinds.  [Uu.  U>e  root  of 
Ud,] 

4.  A  birth  of  (rigs  or  other  small  animali. 

5^  Waste  nnUers,  sbreds,  fraenienLj  3U<1  O^t  like, 
scattered  on  a  floor  or  other  clean  place. 
LIT-TER,  V.  t.    To  bring  forth  young,  as  p  rine  and 
other  small  quadrupeds.    It  is  sometimes  applied  to 
human  beings  in  contempL  Shak. 

2.  To  scatter  over  carelessly  with  ivbreds,  frag- 
ments, and  tbe  like  ;  as,  to  litur  a  room  or  a  carpeL 

3.  To  cover  with  straw  or  hay  ;  as,  to  Utta-  a  sta> 
ble.  Drgden. 

4.  To  suf^y  with  litter  ;  as,  lo  litter  cattle. 
UT'TER-EU,  pp.    Furnish' d  with  straw. 

2.  a.    Covered  or  overipptead  with  litter,  pieces, 
shreds,  &,c 
LIT'TER-ING,  ppr.    FuTishing  with  straw. 
2.  Covering  with  sLiea:^,  pieces,  &.C. 


LIV 

LIT'TLE,  a. :  comp.  Lesi,  Lesser  ;  sup.  Least.  [Snx. 
bjtrl,  lyfle ;  Scot,  litf^  lyte,  adv.  /yC ;  Goth,  leitel ;  Sw. 
Uten ;  Dan.  iiden ;  D.  luttft ;  probably  from  the  sense 
of  diminishing.     Class  Ld,  No.  15,  23,  31.] 

1.  £^iii.-tll  in  size  or  extent ;  not  great  or  large ;  as, 
a  littlt  budy  ;  a  little  animal ;  a  Uttle  piece  of  in^ound  ; 
a  little  table  ;  a  Utile  book  ;  a  little  hill ;  a  little  dis- 
tance ;  a  little  child. 

3.  Short  in  duration  ;  as,  a  VaiU  time  or  season  ;  a 
hoi*  sleep. 

3.  Small  in  quantity  or  amount;  as,  a  little  hay  or 
grass  ;  a  little  food  ;  a  little  sum  ;  aiiuJe  light ;  a  Itttle 
air  or  water. 

4.  Of  small  dignity,  power,  or  importance. 

WIkh  ihoii  »M«  htUt  in  thy  own  aight,  WMt  thwii  not  mmde  the 
bruil  of  Uk"  iritk.-4  i  —  l'  Sam.  Xf. 

5.  Of  small  force  or  effect ;  slight;  incon^iidemlile  ; 
as,  litde  attention  or  exertions;  Uttle vfinTl ;  little  care 
Of  diligence  ;  little  welgliL 

LIT'TLE,  N.  A  small  quantity  or  amount.  He  de- 
manded much  and  obtained  lUtle.  Wts  had  little  of  his 

2.  A  smalt  space.  [fatlier's  liberality. 

Much  wms  in  livlt  writ.  Dryden. 

3.  Any  thing  small,  slight,  or  of  inconsiderable 
importance. 

1  view  wM)  ang7r  nnd  disdain 

How  liiUi  give*  thct*  Joy  and  puin.  Pcior. 

4.  Not  much. 

Thew  they  are  fined  br,  vnA  &ttU  Om.  Cheytu. 

LIT'TLE,  adv.  In  a  small  degree  ;  slightly  ;  as,  he  is 
lUtle  changed.     It  is  a  UaU  discolored. 

5.  Not  much  ;  in  a  small  quantity  or  space  of  time. 
He  sleeps  Uttie. 

3.  In  3ome  degree ;  slightly;  sometimes  preceded 
by  a.    The  liquor  is  a  liule  sour  or  astringent. 

LIT'TLF^GO,  11.  In  tMe  English  unirergities  a  cant 
name  fora  public  examination  about  the  middle  of  the 
course,  which,  being  less  strict  and  less  i[n|>ortnnt  in 
its  consequences  than  the  final  one,  has  received  this 
appellation.  Li/rlL 

LIT'TLF— \ES.S,  »,  Smallncss  of  size  or  bulk;  as, 
the  liulrness  of  the  body,  or  of  an  animal. 

2.  Meanness:  want  of  grandeur;  ob^  Uulmess  of 
conception. 

3.  Want  of  dignity.  Contemplations  on  the  majes- 
ty of  God,  displayed  in  his  works,  may  awaken  in 
us  a  sense  of  our  own  littleness, 

4.  Meanness ;  penurioti-iness. 
LITTO-RAL,  o.    (L.  litttmili*,  from  UUus,  shore.] 

Belonging  lo  a  shore,  xs  <tf  the  sea,  or  a  great  lake. 

LIT'C-ITE,  ■.  A  fossid,  chambt-red  shell,  straight, ex- 
cept at  its  smaller  extremity,  which  is  spiral.  It  is 
allied  to  the  ammonite.  Buckland. 

Li-TL'R'Gie,  >  0.      [See    Litubgt.]      Pertaining 

LI-TUR'Gie-AL,J      to  a  liturgy. 

LIT'UR-GY,  a.  [Fr.  tUurgie ;  Sp.  and  IL  liturgia; 
Gr.  *t(rifp)  I'l ,-  Atcryj,  public,  and  lo)  oi-,  wnrkr] 

In  a  gemJeml  gense,  the  estibli^hed  formulas  for 
public  worship,  or  the  entire  ritual  for  i)ubllc  wor- 
ship in  lht»se  churches  which  ««;  written  forms. 
But  in  a  restricted  senae^  among  Romnn  CatJiolics^  the 
mass;  and  iu  the  English  church,  the  Ci  minunion 
service.  Mnrdnck. 

LIVE,  (liv,)  r.  t.  [Sax.  liban,  leaf  art,  Hfian  ;  Goth. /i- 
^pi,-  Sw.  Icfica;  Uan.  lever;  (i.  leben;  D.  Ucren.  It 
coincides  with  leare.  The  primary  sense  probably 
is,  to  rest,  remain,  abide.    If  so,  tJie  root  may  be  Ar. 


c^  tabba,  to  be,  to  abide.     Class  Lb,  No.  I.] 

1.  To  abide  ;  to  dwell ;  to  have  settled  residence 
in  any  place.  Where  do  you  live  ?  I  lice  in  Lond<»n. 
He  lives  in  Phitadelpliia.  He  lives  in  a  large  house 
in  Second  Street.  The  Swiss  lii-e  on  mountains. 
The  Bedouin  Arabs  live  in  the  desert. 

2.  To  continue  ;  to  be  permanent ;  not  to  perish. 
M^q'i  rvit  mnnifn  line  in  t^TAu;  their  TirtiMt 

We  write  io  water.  Shot. 

3.  To  be  animated  ;  to  have  the  vital  principle  ; 
to  have  the  bodily  funciionn  in  operation,  or  in  a  ca- 
pacity to  operate,  as  respiration,  circulation  of  blood, 
secretions,  &c.  ;  applied  tu  animals. 

\  am  Joaepb  ;  doth  my  fnih"r  j:i  Hoe  ?  —  Gen.  xt». 

4.  To  have  the  principles  of  veget-ibic  life  ;  to  be 
in  a  state  in  which  the  organs  do  or  may  perform 
their  functions  ia  the  circulation  of  sap  and  in 
growth  ;  applied  lo  plants.  This  tn-^e  will  not  Uvr, 
unless  watered  ;  it  will  not  live  through  the  winter. 

5.  To  pass  life  or  time  in  a  particular  mnnner,  with 
regard  to  habits  or  condition.  In  what  manner  does 
your  son  live  7  Docs  he  live  in  ease  and  affluence? 
Does  he  live  according  to  the  dictates  of  reason  and 
the  precepts  of  religion  ? 

If  we  aa  bj  screraJ  broken  riewt,  we  thfOI  {tMartddiein  mmrj. 

Spectator. 

6.  To  continue  in  life.  The  way  to  live  long  is  to 
be  temperate. 

7.  To  live,  emphatically;  to  enjoy  life  ;  to  be  in  a 
state  of  happiness. 


What  greater  curae  could  envious  foTtiine  g\ro 
Than  just  to  die  when  1  began  to  fioe? 


Dryden. 


LIV 

8.  To  feed  ;  to  subsist;  to  be  nouri.shud  and  eup- 
ported  in  life  ;  as,  horses  Hoe  un  grass  or  grain  ,  fowls 
tire  on  seeds  or  insects  ;  some  kinds  of  fish  live  on 
others  ;  carnivorous  animals  lice  on  tlesh. 

9.  To  subsist ;  to  be  maintained  in  life  ;  to  be  sup- 
pi>rted.  Many  of  the  clerjiy  are  obliged  to  live  on 
sniull  St'ilarieii.  All  men  in  health  may  Uve  by  indus- 
try with  economy,  yet  some  men  live  by  robbery. 

10.  To  remain  undostroytod  ;  to  float;  not  lo  sink 
or  founder.  It  must  be  a  good  ship  that  lives  at  sea 
in  a  hurricane. 

Nor  can  our  •li.-iJcpii  vewcla  ttvt  at  Ma.  I>ryden^ 

U.  To  exist ;  to  have  being. 

A*  1  live,  sfiitb  the  I^rd.  — Eaek.  zrili. 

12.  In  Scripture,lo  be  exempt  from  death,  temporal 
or  spirituiU. 

Ye  alittll  thrrfore  keep  my  lUtiitra  and  jiKl^menti,  which  if  a 
miui  do,  he  aliall  Uoe  in  Iht-m,  —  l^T.  xvui. 

13.  To  recover  from  sickness ;  to  have  life  pro- 
longed. 

Thy  Kin  tivelh.  —  John  ir. 

14.  To  be  inwardly  quickened,  nourished,  and  ac- 
tuated, by  divine  inlluence  or  faith.     Oat.  ij.  '^ 

15.  To  bo  greatly  refreshed,  comforted,  and  ani- 
mated. 

For  now  we  Hve,  if  ye  statu!  f;>«t  in  the  Lord.  —  1  Then.  ill. 

'6.  To  app«!ar  as  in  life  or  reality ;  to  be  manifest 
in    eal  character. 

And  all  the  vrrit<?r  lioet  in  every  line.  Pope. 

To  live  7rilh  ;  to  dwell  or  to  be  a  lodger  with. 
3.  To  cohabit ;  to  have  intercourse,  as  male  and 
female.  Shak. 

LIVE,  (liv,)  V.  t.    To  continue  in  constantly  or  habit- 
ually ;  as,  to  live  n  life  of  ease. 
Q.  To  act  habitually  in  conformity  to. 

It  is  not  e 

To  live  down  ;  to  live  so  as  to  subdue,  or  to  live  till 
subdued.  Burke. 

LIVE,  a.  Having  life  ;  having  respiration  and  other 
organic  functi  >ns  in  operation,  or  in  a  capacity  to 
oi>enite  ;  not  dead  ;  as,  a  live  ox. 

2.  Having  vegetable  life ;  as,  a  Uve  plant. 

3.  Containing  fire;  ignited;  not  extinct ;  as,  aZtos 
coal. 

4.  Vivid,  as  color.  Hwmson, 
LIV'f.'D,  (livd.)  prel.  and  pp.  of  Live. 

LTV'f^D,  a.     lliiving  a  life  ;  as,  \on%4ived. 

LrVE'-FEATH'EK»,(-feth'erz,)n.p/.  Feathers  which 
have  been  plucked  from  the  living  fowl,  and  are 
therefore  more  strong  and  elastic. 

LTVE'LES^S.     [A"o(  u,<ed.^     See  Lifeless. 

LTVE'LI-ER,  a.  comp.     More  lively. 

LIVE'LI-EST,  a.  supert.     Most  lively. 

LIVE'LMipgi*,  n-  [Hrely  and  hood,  or  lifrlode,  from 
lead.  I  find  in  Saxon  Uf-lade,  lead  or  course  of  life, 
vittr  \ter.'\ 

Means  of  living;  support  of  life;  maintenance. 
Trade  furnishes  many  people  with  an  honest  Uve.li- 
hood.  Men  of  enterprise  seek  a  livelihood  where  they 
can  find  it. 

LIVK'LI-NESS,  n.  [from  livehj.]  The  quality  or 
state  of  hciiig  lively  or  animated  ;  sprightliness  ;  vi- 
vacity ;  animation;  spirit;  as,  the  fice/m&s:!  of  youth, 
contrn^ted  with  the  gravity  of  age, 

2.  An  appearance  of  life,  animation,  or  spirit ;  as, 
the  lirelinejis  of  the  eye  or  countenance  in  a  portrait. 

3.  Briskness  ;  activity  ;  effervescence,  as  of  liquors, 
LIVE'LODE,  for  Livelihood,  is  not  used. 

Hubbcrd^s  Tale, 
LIVE'LONG,  (liv'long,)  o,     [live  and  hmg.'[ 

1.  Long  in  passing. 

How  coiiKI  she  sit  the  livelong  day, 
Yet  never  ask  us  oi»ce  to  play  ?  Swift. 

^  Lnsting;  durable;  as,  a  livelong  monument. 
[JVwt  used.]  Milton. 

3.  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Sedum. 
LIVE'LV,  a.     Brisk;  vigorous;   vivacious;   active; 
as,  a  lirehj  youth. 

2.  Gay  ;  airy. 

From  frave  lo  gay,  frcm  lively  to  severe.  Pope. 

3.  Representing  life  ;  as,  a  lively  imitation  of  na- 
ture. 

4.  Animated;  spirited;  as,  a  lively  strain  of  elo- 
quence ;  a  lirely  description. 

5.  Strong  ;  energetic  ;  as,  a  livehj  faith  or  hope  ;  a 
livdtj  persuasion. 

IJvehj  .ftimrs,  in  Scripture.  Saints  are  called  lively 
stones,  as  being  quickenedby  the  Spirit  and  active 
in  holiness.  Broion. 

LIVE'LY,  adv.     Briskly;   vigorously.      [LillU  used.] 

Hayivard, 
2.  W^ith  strong  resemblance  of  life. 
That  part  of  poetry  must  nc^ds  be  bent,  which  dt^scrih*^  most 
Uoebj  our  ttctiuns  and  p.iiuions.     [Ltllle  uied,\     Dryden. 

LIVE'-OAK,  It.  A  species  of  oak,  quercns  inrerts, 
growinc  in  the  Southern  Slates,  of  great  durability, 
and  highly  esteemed  for  sliip-timbec.      Encyc.  Jim. 

LIVER,  H.     One  who  lives. 

And  try  if  life  be  worth  the/iwer'#  care.  Prior. 


FA'-.'E,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — FIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD,  — N5TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BQQK.- 
670 


LIV 

It  is  often  used  with  a,  wurd  of  quuliticatiuu  ;  iu>, 
n  kigk  Uoer ;  a  loose  /irrr,  &.C. 

LIVER,  n.  [t?:ix.  lifer,  lifrc ;  D.  lender  ;  G.  /«-6fr  ;  Sw. 
lifver;  Dan.  /rpw;  Russ.  fi&cr.  The  Saxoti  word  is 
rendered  also  libramentum^  and  tliis  viscus  may  be 
named  from  its  ic«>A(.] 

An  abduiniiial  and  glandular  viscus  of  considera- 
ble size,  and  uf  a  reddish  color,  convex  on  tlie  aiite- 
nor  ana  superior  side,  and  of  an  unequal  surface  on 
the  inferior  and  posterior  side.  It  is  situated  under 
tht"  false  ribs,  in  the  right  hypochondriuni.  It  con- 
sists of  two  lobes,  and  is  destined  for  the  secretion 
of  the  bile.  Enct/c 

LIV'ER-eOL-OR,  a.  Dark  red;  of  the  cob.r  of  the 
liver.  fVitodward. 

LIVER-ED,  a.     Having  a  liver;  as,  while/ipere/A 

Shrrwaod. 

LIVER-GRfJWN,  a.     Having  a  large  liver.   QraunU 

LIV^'ER-I-KD.   (liv'er-id,)   a.     Wearing  a   livery,   as 

LIV'ER-.STONE,  «.     [G.  Irbfr-sUin.]  [servants. 

A  stone  or  :«pecie3  of  earlli  of  the  barylic  genus,  of 

a  gray  or  brown  color,  which,  when  rubbed  or  heated 

to  rtdnt"ss,  emits  the  suiell  of  liver  of  sulphur,  or 

alknline  siilphuret.  Kiriean, 

LIVER-WORT,  «.  The  name  of  many  specifs  of 
plants.  .Several  of  the  lichens  are  so  called.  The 
liverworts  {//f;hrty«i«)  are  a  natural  order  of  crjplo- 
gaiiiic  planu,  whose  herbage  is  generally  frondo^^e, 
and  resembling  the  leafy  lichens,  but  whose  seeds 
are  contnin-d  in  a  distinct  capsule.  The  noble  Uver- 
lonrt  is  the  Hepalica  trilubn.  Smith.     Lee. 

LIVER  Y,  B.     [\orm.,  from  Fr.  liprrr,to  deliver.] 

1.  The  act  of  delivering  possessitm  of  lands  or  ten- 
ements ;  a  term  of  En-jlish  law.  It  is  usual  to  say, 
livery  of  seizin,  v,-hkh  is  a  feudal  investiture,  made 
by  the  delivery  of  a  turf,  of  a  n»d,  or  twip,  from  the 
fettlTor  to  the  feoffee.  In  America,  no  such  ceremony 
is  necessar>'  to  a  conveyance  of  real  estate,  the  deliv- 
ery of  a  deed  being  suFlicif  nt. 

2.  Release  from  wardship  ;  deliverance. 

King  Charles, 

3.  The  writ  by  which  posse.<sion  is  obtained. 

Johtiaon. 

4.  The  state  of  being  kept  at  a  certain  rale ;  as,  to 
keep  horses  at  livery.  Spenser. 

5.  A  form  of  dress  by  which  noblemen  and  gen- 
tlemen di!:^tiI1s<lish  their  servants 

6.  A  particular  dress  or  garb,  appropri.ate  or  pecu- 
liar to  fKirticular  persons  or  things.  Thus,  the  trad- 
ers in  London  have  their  distinct  ^(r^riVx;  the  Roman 
Catholic  church  has  also  liveries  for  confessors,  vir- 
gins, aptistles,  martyrs,  penitents,  &.c.  Hence,  the 
term  is  figuratively  applied  to  tlie  seasons,  &c. ;  as, 
the  lieery  of  May  ;  the  ticery  of  autumn. 

Now  cainc  ttill  evfiiiiij  on,  ami  twilight  fray 

Hod  in  her  tob^r  livery  aU  tiling*  ciu.  Milton, 

7.  The  whole  body  of  liverymen  in  London. 
LFVER-V,  V.  t.    To  clothe  in  livery.  Shak. 
LIVER-V-MAN,  iu     One  who  wears  a  livery,  as  a 

servant. 

Q.  In  Lojuhn,  a  freeman  of  the  city,  who,  having 
paid  certain  fees,  is  entitled  to  wear  the  distinguish- 
ing dress  or  licrry  of  the  company  in  which  he  be- 
longs, and  also  to  enjoy  certain  other  privileges,  viz., 
the  right  of  voting  in  an  election  for  the  lord-mayor, 
sheriirii,  rhand)erlain,  &.c.  P.  Cyc. 

LIVER-Y-STA'BLE,  n.  A  ulable  where  horses  ar« 
kept  for  hire. 

LIVES,  (Ilv7,)  ».    p(.  ofLi^E. 

LIVE'STOCK,  n.  [lire  and  stock.]  Horses,  cattle, 
and  smaller  domestic  animals  ;  a  term  applied  in 
America  to  such  animals  as  may  be  ex[iurted  alive 
for  foreign  market. 

LIVID,  a.  [Fr.  tioide;  IL  livido ;  L.  lividas;  from 
Uvro,  t4>  be  black  and  blue.] 

Black  and  blue;  of  a  lead  eolor;  discolored,  as 
flesh  by  contusion. 

Upon  my  tint  lipi  boMow  k  IiIm.  Drydtn, 

Lf-VID'I-TV,      )  a,     A  dark  color,  like  that  n{  bruised 

LIVID-NES:^,  \  flesh.  [Lividness  is  the  prefera- 
ble woril.] 

LIVING,  ;r^,  [from  ?ipe.]  Dwelling;  residing;  ex- 
isting ;  subsisting  ;  having  life  or  the  vital  functions 
in  operation  ;  not  dead. 

2.  a.  Issuing  cnntinually  from  the  earth  ;  ninning; 
flowing ;  as,  a  living  spring  or  fountain  ;  opposed  to 
Stauivant. 

3.  a.  Producing  action,  animation,  and  vigor; 
quickening  ;  as,  a  lieing  principle  -,  a  lirins  faith. 

Living  *ock;  ntck  in  its  native  or  origiii;i]  state  or 
location,  •»,  Seats  cut  in  the  living  rock^  i.  e.  solid 
n>ck. 
LIVING,  ji.     He  or  those  who  are  alive  ;  usually  with 
a  plural  signification  ;  as,  in  the  land  of  the  living. 
The  living  will  Uj  it  to  hia  heart.  —  Eeclps.  »ii. 
LIVING,  n.     Means  of  subsistence  ;  estate. 

lie  divlcW  la  them  hia  liaing.  —  l.uk^  xv. 

She,  of  \*-T  Wont,  dill  uwt  iii  aU  thai  «ha  bail,  even  all  her  Uoing, 

—  M  wh  xii. 
2.  Power  of  continuing  life.     There  is  no  living 
with  a  sculd. 

Tborr  b  no  lining  wiiboul  Uualing  mmeboiiy  or  wtrf  In  •oni« 
MM*.  L '  Eatrangm. 


LOA 

3.  Livelihood.  He  made  a  living  by  his  occupa- 
tion.    The  woman  spins  for  a  living. 

4.  The  benefice  of  a  clergyman.  He  lost  his  living 
by  non-conlormiiy. 

LIV'ING-LY,  adv.     In  a  living  state.  Brown. 

Ll'VOJ^T' I-CA  TER'RA;  a  species  of  fine  bole  found 
iit  Livonia,  brought  to  tnarket  in  little  cakes. 

L/y-RAI'SOJ^^  fliv-ri-zong',)  n.  [Fr. ;  Eng.  delivery, 
from  livrer,  to  deliver.] 

A  part  of  a  book  or  literary  composition  printed 
and  delivered'from  time  tu  time,  as  the  work  ad- 
vances 

LI'VRE,  (Il'ver  or  le'vur,)  n.     [Fr, ;  L.  libra,] 

A  French  money  of  account,  equal  to  30  sous,  18.^ 
cenL'«,  or  nearly  ten  pence  sterling. 

L1\-IVI  OU'"^    ( *^*     [^*  '*^*'''"-*»  from  Ux,  lye.] 

1.  Obtained  by  lixiviation  ;  imi>regnated  with  alka- 
line salt,  extracted  from  wood-ashe:4.  Lixirial  salts 
are  those  which  are  obtained  by  passing  water 
throueh  ashes,  or  by  pouring  it  im  them. 

3.  Containing  salt  e.\tracted    from   the  ashes    of 

WtX)d. 

3.  Of  the  color  of  lye  ;  resembling  lye. 

4.  Having  the  qualities  of  alkaline  salts  from  wood- 
ashes. 

LIX-I VI-ATE,      )  a.     Pertaining  to  Ive  or  lixivium  j 
LIX-IVI-A-TED,  i      of  the  quality  ofalkaline  salts. 

2.  Impregnated  with  salts  from  wood-ashes. 
LIX-IVI-ATE,  r.  L     [L.  lixivia,  lUivium,  lye.] 

To  form  lye  ;  to  impregnate  with  salts  from  wood- 
ashes.     Water  is  lixiviated  by  passing  through  ashes. 

LIX-I  VI-S-TING,p/»r.  Extracting  alkaline  salts  by 
teaching  ashes  ;  forming  lye. 

LlX-IV-I-i'TION,  n.  The  operation  or  process  of 
extracting  alkaline  salts  from  ashes,  by  ptjuring  wa- 
ter on  Ihem,  the  water  passing  through  tliem  imbib- 
ing the  salts. 

LIX-IVI-UM,  n.  [L.,  from  liz,  lye,  Sp.  lexia,  Fr.  les~ 
sire.] 

Lye;  water  impregnated  with  alkaline  salts  im- 
bibed from  wood-ashes.  It  is  sometimes  applied  to 
other  extracts.  Boyle. 

LIZ'ARD,  n.  [Fr.  leiarde  ;  L.  lacertus:  Sp.  lagarto  i 
It.  luccrta,  Jucertola  ;  Arm.  glasard.  If  lizard  is  tlie 
L.  lacerta,  tliere  has  been  a  change  of  e  into  z  or  s, 
which  may  be  the  fact.  In  Ethiopic,  Uusckat  is  liz- 
ard. Gcbetin  deduces  the  word  from  an  Oriental 
word,  leza,  to  hide.     But  this  is  doubtful.] 

The  -popular  English  name  of  all  saurian  reptiles 
generally,  as  the  crocodile,  the  alligator,  the  chame- 
leon, &,c. ;  or  of  the  species  of  the  genus  L.acerta 
only.  Lizards,  in  the  wi/lest  sense,  are  covered  with 
scales,  and  their  bodies  are  supiwrted  either  by  four 
or  two  tegs.     Their  hearts  have  two  auricles. 

LIZ'.\RD-TAIL,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Saunirus, 
and  another  of  the  genus  Piper.       Ftim.  of  Plants. 

LIj.  D.  ;  letters  standing  for  doctor  of  lawn,  the  title  of 
an  honorary  degree. 

LLOYD'S  j  n.      A  part  of  the   Royal   Ex- 

LLOYD'S'-ROOMS,  \  change,  in  London,  appropri- 
ateii  to  the  use  of  underwriters  and  insurance  bro- 
kers. The  name  is  derived  from  Lloyd's  Coffee- 
Hi>use,  where  there  were  formerly  rooms  for  Uie 
same  purpose. 

LO,  ezclam.  [Sax.  la.  Whether  this  is  a  contracted 
word  or  not,  does  not  appear.] 

LiKtk ;  see  ;  behold  ;  observe.    This  word  is  used 
to  excite  particular  attention  in  a  hearer  to  some  ob- 
ject of  sight  or  subject  of  discourse. 
Lo,  iir-f  b  Christ.  —  Mmi,  xxir, 
Lo,  wc  turn  tu  thu  G«'Dtilt-A.  —  Acti  xiU. 

LocS";!"-  ('■'•'«»'■] 

A  smalt  fish  of  the  genus  Cobitis,  inhabiting  Fmalt, 
clear  streams,  and  esteemed  dainty  fniwl.     Waltttn. 
LOAD,  (lode,)  n.     [Sax.  hlad  or  lade;  W.  Uayth.     Sec 
Lad  B.J 

1.  A  burden  ;  that  which  is  laid  on  or  put  in  any 
thing  for  conveyance.  Thus  we  lay  a  load  on  a 
beast  or  on  a  man^s  shoulders,  or  on  u  cart  or  wag- 
on ;  and  we  say,  a  light  load,  a  heavy  loaiL  A  load, 
then,  is  indefinite  in  quantity  or  weight.  But  by 
usagf.  in  some  cases,  the  word  has  a  more  definite 
signification,  and  expresses  a  certain  quantity  or 
weight,  or  as  much  as  Is  usually  carried,  or  as  can 
be  well  sustainrd.  I^ad  is  stddom  used,  except  by 
piiets,  for  the  cargo  of  a  ship ;  this  is  called  loading, 
ladinjT,  freight,  or  atrgo. 

2.  Any  heavy  burden  ;  a  targe  quantity  borne  or 
su-'^tairied.  A  tree  may  bo  said  to  liave  a  load  of  fruit 
upon  it. 

3.  That  which  is  borne  with  pain  or  difficulty;  a 
grievous  Weight ;  encumbrance,  in  a  literal  sense. 

Pope. 

In  afi[^urntinf.  sense,  wg  say,  a  load  of  care  or  grief ; 
a  lon/l  of  guilt  or  crimen. 

4.  Weight  or  violence  of  blows.  Milton. 

5.  A  quantity  of  food  or  drink  that  oppresses,  or  as 
much  Its  ran  he  borne.  Dryden. 

Among  mittfrs,  the  quantity  of  nine  dishes  of  ore, 
each  dish  being  about  half  a  hundred  weight. 

Encyc.     Cyc. 


LOA 

LOAD,  r.  (.  tpret,  and  pp.  Loaded.  [Loaden,  fonnerly 
used,  is  obsolete,  and  laden  belongs  to  lade.  Load 
from  the  noun,  is  a  regular  verb.] 

1.  To  lay  on  a  burden  ;  to  put  on  or  in  something 
to  be  carried,  or  as  much  as  can  be  carried  ;  as,  to 
load  a  camel  or  a  horse  ;  to  Umd  a  cart  or  wagon.  To 
load  Si  gun,  is  to  charge,  or  put  in  a  sufficient  quantity 
of  powder,  or  powder  and  ball,  or  shot. 

2.  To  encumber  ;  to  lay  on  or  put  in  that  which  is 
bonie  with  pain  or  ditiiculty  ;  in  a  literal  sense,  as,  to 
load  the  stomach  with  meat ;  or  in  a  Jigurative  sense, 
as,  to  load  the  mind  or  memory. 

3.  To  make  heavy  by  something  added  or  ap- 
pended. . 

Thy  dreadful  tow,  load«n  witli  doath.  Additon. 

So,  in  a  literal  sense,  to  load  a  whip. 

4.  To  bestow  or  confer  on  in  great  abundance  ;  as, 
to  load  one  with  honors  ;  to  toad  with  reproaches. 

LOAD'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Charged  with  a  load  or  cargo  ; 

having  a  burden  ;   freighted,  as  a  ship  ;    having  a 

charge  of  jwwder,  or  powder  and  shot,  as  a  gun. 
2.  Burdened  with  any  thing  oppressive  ;  as,  loaded 

with  cares,  with  guilt,  or  shame. 
L0A1>'''R   n.     One  who  puts  on  a  load. 
LoADTNG,  ppr.     Ciiarging  with  a  load 

encumbering;  charging,  as  a  gun. 
LOAIVING,  n.    A  cargo  ;  a  burden  ;  also,  any  thing 

that  makes  part  of  a  load. 
LOAD'MAN-AGE,  Pilotage;  skill  of  a  pilot.    [JVot 

used,] 
LOAD*'MAN,  n.     [/cad  and  man.]     A  pilot.     [Oft*.] 

LoAD'STXR,  j  w.     [lead  and  star.]     I'he  star  that 

LoDE'STAR,  I    leads;  tlie  i>olesiar;  tlie  cynosure. 


;  burdening; 


Shak. 


[Obs.] 

LOAD'STONE,  n.  [from  the  verb  Zrorf  and  ;*(onf.]  The 
old  orthography,  LoDESTONE, "Would  be  preferable, 
as  this  word  has  no  connection  with  tlie  verhto  load.] 
The  native  magnet,  an  ore  of  iron  in  the  lowest 
state  of  oxydation,  which  has  tlio  power  of  attract- 
ing metallic  iron,  as  iron  tilings,  and  of  communicat- 
ing to  masses  of  iron  the  same  property  of  attraction, 
fonning  artJJicial  magneto.     [See  Lodesto.ne.] 

LoAF,  (lofe,)  n. ;  pi.  Loaves.  [I^ax.  hiafot  laf:  Goth. 
hlaibs ;  G.  leib :  Polish,  ehlieb ;  Botiemian,  dilrb ;  Russ. 
chlib  or  clUeb  ;  Croatian,  hlib ;  Finnish,  teipa  or  Icipam  ,• 
Lapponic,  laibe.  The  Gerinau  leib  is  rendered  a  loaf, 
and  body,  waist,  belly  ;  leiblich,  which  in  English 
would  be  loaf-like,  signifies  corporeal,  bodily.  Loaf, 
then,  signifies  a  lump  or  mass,  from  some  root  that 
signifies  to  set,  or  Ui  collect,  or  t^j  form.] 

1.  A  mass  of  bread  when  baked.  It  is  larger  than 
a  cakf.  The  size  and  price  of  a  loaf,  in  large  cities, 
are  regulated  by  law. 

2.  A  maws  or  luinj),  as  of  sugar. 

3.  Any  thick  mass. 

LoAF'ER,  It.  [G.  laiifer,  a  runner,  fn)m  lavfen,  to  run.] 
An  idle  man;  a  vagrant  who  seeks  liis  living  by 
8|Hinging  or  expedients. 

LoAF'lNG,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  having  the  character, 
or  doint,'  ihe  part,  of  a  loafer. 

LoAF'-Sl,G-AR,  (lare'shug-ar,)  n.  Sugar  refined  and 
formed  into  a  conical  mass. 

LoAM,  H.  (Sax.  lam  ;  D.  leeia ;  G.  lehm  ;  L.  limus;  Sw, 
liju;  Dan.  Urn,  liim  ;  so  named  probably  for  smooth 
ness  or  softness  ;  W.  Itim.] 

A  natural  mixture  of  sand  and  clay  with  oxyd  of 
iron;  a  species  of  earth  or  soil  of  different  colors, 
whiti-sli,  brown,  or  yellow,  readily  diflusable  in  wa- 
ter. Cliaveiand.     Encyc 

LOAM,  r.  t.     To  cover  with  loam.  Jifoxon, 

LOAM'/JD,  pp.     Covered  with  loam. 

LOA.M'ING,  ppr.    Covering  with  loam. 

LOAM'Y,  a.  Consisting  of  loam  ;  partaking  of  the  na- 
ture of  loani.  or  resembling  it        „ 

LOAN,  7u  [Sax.  Isn,  hUen ;  Sw.  Ian ;  Dan.  laan  ;  D. 
teen  t  G.  Ichen  i  Sax.  landcs  Urn,  a  fief.     See  Lend.] 

1.  The  act  of  lendhig  ;  a  lending. 

2.  That  which  is  lent ;  any  thing  furnished  for  tem- 
porary use  to  a  person  nt  his  requcfjt,  on  the  express 
ot  implied  condition  that  the  specific  thing  phall  be 
returned,  or  Its  equivalent  in  kind,  but  without  com- 
pensation for  the  use ;  as,  a  loan  of  a  book  or  of  bread. 

3.  Something  furnished  for  temporary  use,  on  the 
condition  that  it  shall  be  returned,  or  its  equivalent, 
but  with  a  compensation  for  the  use.  In  this  sense, 
loan  is  generally  applied  to  money.     [See  Lend.] 

4.  A  t'urnisliing  ;  permission  to  use;  grant  of  the 
use  ;  as,  a  loan  of  credit.  KenL 

LOAN,  V.  t,  [Sax.  Itenan  ;  G.  lehnen;  D.  leenen  }  Sw. 
tana:  Dan.  huiner.] 

To  lend  ;  to  deliver  to  another  for  temporary  use, 
on  condition  that  the  thing  shall  be  returned,  as  a 
book  :   or  to  deliver  for  use,  on  condition  that  an 
equivalent  in  kind  shall  be  returned,  as  bread  ;  or 
to  deliver  for  temporary  use,  on  condition  tiiat  an 
equivalent  in  kind  shall  be  returned,  with  a  compen- 
sation for  the  use,  as  in  the  case  of^  money  at  inter- 
est.    Bills  of  credit  were  issued,  to  he  loaned  on  in- 
terest. Ramsay.     Kent.     Laws  of  the.  United 
Slater.     Stat,  of  Conn,  and  of  J^''eio  York. 
[Rare  in  Enirlaiid.] 
LOAN'-OF-FICE,  n     In  .Americq.,  a  public  office  in 


TONE,  BULL,  t:NITE.  — AN"GER.  VI"CIOUS €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


671 


LOB 

which  lonii5  of  money  are  nei^ittaU'd  Atr  the  public, 
nr  in  which  the  accounts  of  loans  are  kept,  and  the 
interest  pntd  to  liie  lenders. 

l*0AiN'-OF-FI-CER,  n,  A  public  officer  empowered 
to  suiterintend  and  transact  the  business  of  a  loan- 
office. 

LOATH,  c    Unwilling;  backward;  reluctant.    [See 

LOTM.1 

LOATHE,  V.  L  [Sax.  tathian^  to  hate,  to  detest,  to  call, 
to  invite  ;  gdaUuan^  to  call ;  Goth,  tathon^  to  call ;  6w. 
Udas,  to  loathe  ;  G.  einladen,  to  invite,  to  lade  or  kxtd, 
from  taden.  to  lade,  to  invite,  to  cite  or  suiunion.  See 
LadeJ     [in  respect  to  orthography,  see  Loth.] 

1.  To  (eel  disgust  at  any  Uiinp  ;  pruperlv^  to  have 
an  extreme  aversion  of  the  ajipeiiie  to  food  or  drink. 
Chir  loul  lotuheth  fha  Itffhi  ItmiI.  —  Nmn.  ixi. 

S.  To  hate  ;  to  dislike  greatly  ;  to  abhor. 

Teak4li  hwiW  jotuartre*  la  youmm  aiftit  for  stt  jroor  evils. — 

Not  IP  n-TC«l  tiv  wcm  which  1  JvMh*.  ITttJItr. 

•  the  *icd  Air.  Zhyden'M  Virg. 


[  Obn .  1        SflTHStT. 

:  turned  from  with 


LOATHE,  V.  t.    To  create  dis^ist. 
LOATH'£D,  pp,    Hatrd  ;  abhorred 

di^eust. 
LOATirER,  «.    One  that  loathes  or  abhors. 
LOATH'F{;L,tt.    Hating;  abhorring. 

WMch  hr  dkl  vith  loaAfia  tytm  b^boU.  BuUard. 

9.  Disgusting ;  bated ;  exciting  abhorrence. 

Abon  lb*  mch  of  UiaAfitl,  unlul  IimL  Sptwtatr. 

LOATH'ING,  ppr.  Feeling  disgust  at ;  having  extreme 
■version  to  ;  as.  loathing  food. 
3.  Haiinf!;  abhorring;  as,  foa/Aiftv- sin. 
LOAFH'IXG,  n.     Extreme  disgust ;  abhorrence.  Kzek, 

xvi. 
LOATH'ING-LY,  orfr.    With  extreme  disgust  or  ab- 
horrence; in  a  fastidious  manner. 
LOATII'LV,  adv.     Unwillingly;  reluctantly. 

Thb  abowB  Uut  you  from  DAturr  loaAh/  vjnj,  Donmm. 

LOATH'NESS,  n.    UnwilltngneH ;  reluctance. 

Tbrrr  gnm  wnoof  then  &  geaenl  aScBM  Kod  loaAnc«t   to 
■prak.  B»con. 

LOATH'SOME,  (-sum,)  «.    [8w.  Iirfiw.] 

I.  Causing  an  extreme  averskm  of  appetite ;  excit- 
ing fastidiousness.    A'hni.  xi. 

S.  Exciting  extreme  disgust ;  oflkniiTs ;  as,  a  UaA- 
tema  disease,     Ps.  xxxviiu 

a  Odious;  exciting  hatred  or  abhorrence;  detest- 
able ;  as,  lo«ttkM*wu  slulh.  Spenaer, 
LOATH'^O.ME  UV,  orfr.    Offensively  ;  odiously. 
LOATII'SOMi^NESS,  «.    The  quality  of  exciting  ex- 

Irenie  dis>:ii<l  or  abhorrence.  Addison, 

LOAVES,  (I3VZ.)  «. ;  fl.  of  Lo*r. 
LOB,  m.    [\V.  lioby  allied  to  /sM«r,  lM)*y,  dah.  &c  On. 
G.iK^.] 

I.  A  dull.  hea%7,  »luggfsta  person. 
9.  Somethinz  thirk  and  heavy ;  as  In  tofr-worm. 
LOB,  St.  t.    To  let  fall  heavily  or  lazily.        [  Waitotu 

And  thrir  poor  )Mie* 
t^  down  tbnr  tosda.  Si^. 

LO'BATE,  j  «.    [from  We.]    Condstinc  of  lobes.    In 
LOB'f:D,     {       Majty,  divided  to  the  middle  into  parts 
diittant  from  each  oth<-r,wilh  convex  margins.  Mart^. 
I*OB'BY,  n,     (Uu.  G.  laube^  an  arbor  or  bower.] 

1.  An  opening  before  a  room,  or  an  entrance  into 
a  principnl  apartment,  where  there  is  a  considerable 
space  between  that  and  the  portico  or  vestibule. 

Eiteyc 
S.  A  small  hall  or  wrtilinc-room.  Encyc 

3.  .\  small  apartment  taken  from  a  hall  or  entr)*. 

4.  In  «  <Aip,  an  apartment  close  before  the  captaJn^s 
cabin.  Ctrc 

&  In  o^naiftitre,  a  confined  place  for  cattle,  formed 
by  hedges,  trees,  or  other  fencing,  near  the  farm- 
yard. Cyc 

I^B'BY-MEM-BER,  n.  A  person  who  frequents  the 
lobby  of  a  house  of  legislation. 

LOB'-€X>CK,  a.  A  sluggish,  stupid,  inactive  person  ; 
alob. 

LOBE,  a.    [Pr.  2ofte;  Sp.  and  Port  lobo  ;  L.  hbusi  Gr. 

Antf«.] 

L  A  part  or  division  of  the  lungs,  liver,  &x, 
3.  The  lower,  soft  part  of  the  ear. 

3.  .\  division  of  a  simple  leaf. 

4.  The  cotyledon  or  phicenta  of  a  seed. 
LOB' /;!)«.    Lobate,  which  see. 

LO-BeL*IA,  a.  [from  Lobfl^  botanist  to  King  James  I.] 
An  extensive  genus  of  f^ants.  The  lobelia  inftaUij 
or  Indian  tobacco,  is  an  annual  pt.inl  of  \orih  Amer- 
ica, whoso  leaves  contain  a  poisonous,  white,  viscid 
juice,  of  an  acrid  tane.  It  has  often  been  used  in 
medicine  as  an  emetic,  and  expectorant,  kc 

P.  Cyc     Dntey^s  Mass.  Rep. 

LOB'LOL-LY,  n,  A  seamen^s  name  for  water-gruel 
or  8p<M)n-meat.  Smart. 

LOB'LOL  LY-BAY,  a.  The  popular  name  of  Gor- 
donia  Lasyanthus,  an  elegant,  ornamental,  evergreen 
tree,  of  the  maritime  pans  of  the  Southern  United 
States.  It  erows  to  the  bight  of  50  or  60  feet.  Its 
bark  is  useful  for  tanning,  but  iu  wood  is  of  little 
▼aJue.  Sjflva  Americana. 


hoc 

LOB'LOL-LY-nOY,  «.    A  surgeon's    attendant  on 

sliipboanl. 
LOIt'I.OL-LY-TKEE,  b.    The  Varronia  alba,  a  West 

Indian  tree,  about  30  feet  in  higlit,  whose  fruit  is 

sinm'Iinifs  eaten. 
LOh'SCOUSK,  n.      Among  ^raisen,  o  hash  of  meat 

will)  vi-i'rtables  of  various  kinds  ;  an  olio.    Olyniu 
LOHSTOUND,  H.     A  pristm.  Hudibras. 

LOU'S  TER,  It,     [Sax.  lopprMrty  or  lopystrt.     Tlie  first 

syllable  coincides  with  Sax.  lobbe^  a  spider,  and  with 

loppe,  a.  tloa  ;  probably  all  named  from  their  shape  or 

le^^     The  last  syllable  coincidds  H^ith  ^Cer,  iu  Jtpin- 

j(((r,  miH^ter.] 

One  of  the  macrouroua  or  long-tailed  Crustacea, 

heloneiuL'  to  the  genus  .Astacus.  Dana. 

LOU'i:i.E,  .1.     [Sp,  lobulo.] 

A  suinll  lobe. 
LO'€AL,  a.      [Fr.  and   &\t.  local;  It.  heah:  L. /kcoJw; 

fr.mi  locujt,  place.  Sans,  log;  from  the  root  of  lay  ^  L. 

Lico.     See  L\r,] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  place,  or  to  a  fixetl  or  limited 
portion  of  space.  We  say,  the  local  situation  of  the 
house  is  pleasant.  We  are  often  influenced  in  our 
opinii>ns  by  local  circumsliinces. 

2.  Limited  or  confined  to  a  spot,  place,  or  definite 
district ;  as,  a  local  custom.  The  yellow  fever  is 
local  in  its  origin,  and  oflen  continues  for  a  time 
to  be  a  local  disease. 

3.  In  law,  local  actions  are  »uch  as  must  be  brought 
in  a  [larticular  county,  where  the  cause  arises ;  dis- 
tinguished from  transitory  actions.  Blackstone, 

LO'CAL-ISM,  ju     The  state  of  being  local ;  affection 

for  a  place. 
LO-eAL'l-TV,  B.    Existence  in  a  place,  or  in  a  cer- 
tain portion  uf  space. 

It  IS  ihuM^it  ihut  the  soul  ntid  nii^l*  Krr  drroid  of  qunntltj  and 
dilivttumi,  au>l  ttut  tUey  hit<ne  uiKliiiig  to  do  wKh  ^roa»;r 
locaJity.  GUunii^s. 

3.  Limitation  to  a  county,  district,  or  place  ;  as, 
loealitif  of  trial.  Btackstone, 

3.  Pw^ition  \   situation  ;    place  ;   particularly,   geo- 
gniphicat  place  or  situation,  as  of  a  niinemi  or  plant. 
LO-eAL  I-'/A'TION,  n.     The  act  of  localizing. 
LO'GAL-IZE,  r.  L     To  make  local. 
LO'GAL-LY,  flrfr.    With  respect  to  place  ;  in  place  ; 

as,  to  be  locally  separated  or  distant. 
I^O'CATE,  r.  L     [L.  loco^  locatus ;  IL  locare.) 

1.  To  place ;  to  set  in  a  particular  spot  or  position. 

Cumberland. 
a.  To  select,  survey,  and  settle  the  liotinds  of  a 
particular  tract  of  land  ;  or  to  designate  a  portion  of 
land  by  limits;  as,  to  locatt  a  tract  of  a  hundred 
acres  in  a  particular  township.  United  States. 

3.  To  designate  and  determine  the  place  of;  as,  a 
committee  was  appointed  to  locate  a  church  or  a 
rourt-liouse.  JWw  England, 

LO'C.X-TEI),  pp.    Placed;  situated  ;  ftxed  iu  place. 
LO'CA-TI.\G, ;»;»■.     Placing;  designatin<>  the  place  of. 
LO-€A'TIOX,  n,    Theact  of  placing,  or  of  designating 
llie  place  of. 

3.  Situation  with  respect  to  place.  The  location  of 
the  city  tm  a  large  river  is  favorable  for  commerce. 

3.  That  which  is  located  ;  a  tract  of  land  desig- 
nated in  place.  United  States. 

4.  In  tJte  civil  law,  a  leasing  on  nut. 

LO€n,  a.  [Gaelic]  A  lake;  a  bay  or  arm  of  the 
sea  ;  usat  tn  Scotland. 

LOCH,  n.  Lochy  or  lokack,  is  an  Arabian  name  for 
the  forms  of  mt-dicine  called  edegmaSf  lambatives, 
tinrturfs,  and  the  like.  Quinctj. 

LO-€HA'BER-AX,  n.  A  formidable  weaiion  of  war 
fonntrly  used  by  the  Scotch  Highlanders. 

LO€ir.\GE,  B.  [Gr.  A"\o}<.«,  A^x^f,  a  body  of  sol- 
diers, and  '1)0),  to  lead,] 

In  Greece,  an  officer  who  commanded  a  lochus  or 
cohort,  the  number  of  men  in  which  is  not  certainly 
known.  Mitford. 

LOCHE.     See  Loach. 

LO-eHI'A,  (lo-kl'a,)  n,     [Gr.  Xox£i«.] 

A  name  given  to  tlie  evacuations  which  follow 
childbirth. 

LO'CHI-.\L,  a.  Pertaining  tu  evacuations  from  the 
womb  aAer  childbirth. 

LOCK,  R.  [Sax.  loc  or  loce,  an  inclosed  place,  the 
fastening  of  a  door,  a  tuft,  or  curl  of  hair.  In  the 
latter  sense,  it  is  the  G.  locke,  D.  lok,  L.  jUiccus^  Eng. 
lock;  It.  toe,  a  sttip,  hinderance  ;  W.  Hoc,  a  mound, 
an  inclosed  place  ;  Russ.  lokon,  a  lock  of  hair  ;  Sax. 
lucan^  Goth,  lukan,  to  lock  ;  Dan.  lukke,  a  hedge, 
fence,  or  bar;  lukker,  to  shut,  to  inclose,  to  fasten, 
to  lock  ;  Fr.  loquet,  a  latch  ;  Arm.  licqued,  or  clicqedj 
W.  elided.  Lock  and  Jlock  may  be  of  one  family. 
The  primary  sense  is  to  shut,  to  close,  to  press,  strain, 
or  drive,  which  may  be  the  radical  sense  of  Jlock, 
Gr.  iT^fK(o,  irAo-ios,  L.  plico,  as  well  as  of  lock.  But 
see  Class  Lg,  No.  48,  and  13,  14,  Ifi.] 

1.  Lock,  in  its  primary  snise,  is  any  thing  that 
fastens ;  but  we  now  appropriate  the  word  to  an 
instrument  composed  of  a  spring,  wards,  and  a  bolt 
of  iron,  or  steel,  used  to  fasten  doors,  chests,  and  the 
like.    The  bolt  is  moved  by  a  key. 

2.  The  part  of  a  musket,  or  fowling-piece,  or  other 
fire-arm,  by  which  fire  is  produced  for  the  discharge 
of  the  piece. 


LOC 

3.  The  barrier  or  works  which  confine  tl>e  water 
of  a  stream  or  canal,  called  also  Weir  or  Guaru- 

LOCE. 

4.  An  inclosure  in  a  canal  with  gates  at  each  end, 
used  in  mising  or  lowerinc  boats  as  they  pass  fVom 
one  level  to  another,  called  also  a  Lift-lock. 

5.  A  grapjiK'  in  wrestling.  Milton. 

6.  Any  inclosure.  Dryden. 

7.  A  tutt  of  hair  ;  a  plexus  of  wool,  hay,  or  other 
like  8ubi<taiice  ;  a  flock  ;  a  ringlet  of  hair. 

A  lock  of  hair  will  draw  mure  tliau  bcuMl'  rope.  Ortw. 

Lock  of  water,  is  the  measure  equal  to  the  contents 
of  the  chamber  of  the  locks  by  which  the  consump- 
tion of  water  on  a  canal  is  estimated. 

LO('K'-JAW,  n.     See  Lockud-Jaw,  below. 

LOCK'-KbEP-ER,  n.     One  who  attends  the  locks  of 
a  canal. 

LOCK'-PAD-DLE,n.    A  small  sluice  that  serves  to  fill 
and  empty  a  lock. 

LOCK'-^^ILL,  M,     An  angular  piece  of  timber  at  the 
bottom  of  a  lock,  against  which  the  gates  shut. 

LOCK' UP,  n.     A  place  where  bailiffs  temporarily  con- 
fine persons  under  arrest. 

LOCK'-WeIR,  n.    A  paddle-wefr,  in  canals,  an  over- 
fall  behind   the   upper  gates,  by  which    the  waste 
water  of  the  upper  pound  is  let  down  through  the 
paddles-holes  into  the  chamber  of  the  lock.       Cyc. 
S.  A  weir  having  a  lock.  Buchanan. 

LOCK,  V.  (.    To  fasten  with  a  particular  instrument ; 
as,  to  lock  a  door  ;  to  lock  a  trunk. 

3.  To  fasten  so  as  to  impede  motion  ;  as,  to  lock  a 
wheel. 

3.  To  shut  up  or  confine,  as  with  a  lock  ;  as,  to  be 
locked  in  a  prison.     Lock  the  secret  in  your  breast. 

4.  To  close  fasL     I'he  frost  locks  up  our  rivers. 

5.  To  encircle  or  inclose;  as,  to  lock  arms;  to 
embrace  closely  ;  as,  to  lock  one  in  the  arms. 

6.  To  furnish  with  locks,  as  a  canal. 

7.  To  confine  ;  to  restrain.  Our  shipping  was 
locked  up  by  the  embarga 

8.  \v\  fencing,  to  seize  the  sword  arm  of  an  antago- 
nist, by  turning  the  left  arm  around  it,  after  closing 
the  parade,  shell  to  shell,  in  order  to  disarm  him. 

Cyc 
LOCK,  V.  u    To  become  fast.    The  df«or  locks  close. 
'3.  To  unite  closely  by  mutual  insertion  ;  as,  they 
lock  into  each  other.  Boyle, 

LOCK'AtiE,  B.    Materials  fur  locks  in  a  canal. 

OallatiTi. 
Q.  Works  which  form  a  lock  on  a  canal. 

Journ.  of  Science. 
X  Toll  paid  for  passing  the  locks  of  a  canal. 
4.  Elevation  or  amount  of  elevation  and  descent 
madL*  by  the  locks  of  a  canal.     "The  entire  lockage 
will  tm  about  fif^y  feet  on  each  side  of  the  summit 
level."  Clinton. 

LOCK'KD.  (lokt,)  pp.  or  a.     Made  fast  by  a  lock  ; 

furnished  with  a  lock  or  locks  ;  closely  embraced. 
LOCK'i-JD-JAW,  /   n.     A  violent  contraction  of  the 
LOCK'-JAVV,        i       niusclesof  the  jaw  by  which  its 

motion  is  suspended,  a  variety  of  tetanus.   Forvijtk. 
LOCK'ER,  n.     A  tloae  place,  as  a  drawer  or  an  apart- 
ment in  a  sliip,  that  may  be  closed  with  a  lock. 

A  shot-locker  is  a  strong  frame  of  plank  near  the 
pump-well  in  the  hold,  where  shot  are  deposited. 

Mar.  Diet. 
LOCK'ET,  n.     [Fr.  loquet.\ 

I.  A  small  lock  ;  a  catch  or  spring  to  fasten  a  neck- 
lace or  other  ornament.  Johnson. 

3.  A  little  gold  case  worn  as  an  ornament,  often 
containing  a  lock  of  hair.  Smart. 

LOCK'ING,  ppr.     Making  fast  by  a  lock  ;  embracing 

closrly, 
LOCK'iST,  n.    An  adherent  of  Locke,  the  philoso- 
pher. 
LOCK'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  a  lock.  Byron. 

LOCK'RAM,  n,     A  sort  of  coarse  linen.        Ilanmer. 
LOCK'RON,  n.    A  sort  of  Ranunculus.  Ask. 

LOCK'.SMITH,  n.    An  artificer  whose  occupation  is 

to  make  or  mend  locks. 
LOCK'Y,  fl.     Having  locks  or  tuf>fl.  Sherteood. 

LO-eO-DE-SCRIP'TIVE,  a.    Describing  a  particular 

place  or  places. 
Lo'€0-FO'€0,  n.  [Probably  from  L.  toeofod,  instead 
of  a  fire.] 
The  American  name  of  a  friction  match. 
This  term  was  sportively  applied,  in  1834,  to  the 
extreme  portion  of  the  democratic  parly,  because,  at 
a  meeting  in  Tammany  Hall,  New  York,  in  which 
there  was  great  diversity  of  sentiment,  the  chairman 
left  his  seat,  and  the  lights  were  extinguished,  with 
a  view  to  dissolve  the  meeting ;  when- those  in  favor 
of  extreme  measures  produced  loco-foco  matches,  re- 
kindled the  lights,  continued  the  meeting,  and  ac- 
complif'hed  their  object. 
LO-CO-Mo'TION,  TU    [L.  locus,  place,  and  motio,  mo- 
tion.] 

1.  The  act  of  moving  from  place  to  place.    Brown. 

2.  The  power  of  moving  from  place  to  place.  Most 
animals  possess  locomotion  ;  plants  have  life,  but  not 
locomotion. 

LO-€0-MO'TIVE,  o.     Moving  from  place  to  place; 
changing  place,  or  able  to  change  place  ;  as,  a  loco- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY PTNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.— 


LOD 

motive  animal.  Modtt  animals  are  distttiguislieU  from 
plants  by  their  locomntive  faculty. 

LO  eO-MO'TIVE  EX'OIN'E,  a.  A  steam  engine  em- 
ployed in  land  carriage,  chiefly  on  railways. 

L(>-eO-M6'TiVE,  n,  A  steain  engine  [>laced  on 
wheels,  and  used  in  drawing  cars  on  railways. 

LO-€O-M0'TIVE  NESS,  (  n.    Thepower  of  changing 

LOeO-MO-TlV'I-TY,      (      place.  Bryant 

LOe'Q-LA-MENT,  n.  [L.  locidamentum,  from  iwciw, 
loculus.] 

Inftolan^^the  cell  of  a  pericarp  in  which  the  seed  is 
lodged.  A  pericarp  is  unilocular,  bilocular,  &c.  Martyn. 

LOeT-LI-CI'DAL,  a.  In  botany^  the  dehiscence  of  a 
pericarp  is  loculicidal  when  it  is  vertical,  the  dissepi- 
menu  remain  united,  and  tlie  cells  are  opened  at  the 
base.  •  Limlley. 

LOe'U-LOSE,  a.  In  botany^  divided  by  internal  par- 
titions into  shells.  Limileij. 

LO'CUM  TE'J^E^Sy  [L.]  A  deputy  or  substitute, 
contracted  in  French  to  lieutenanL 

L0'GU3,  n.  [L.,  place.]  In  geometrical  analy.^is^  the 
line  traced  by  a  point  which  varies  its)  position  ac- 
cording to  some  determinate  law.  Brande. 

LO'€UST,  tt.     [L.  locitsta.] 

A  name  common  to  various  insects  of  several  gene- 
ra. Some  of  these  insects  are  at  times  so  numerous  in 
Africa  and  the  south  of  Asia  as  to  devour  every 
green  thing;  and  when  they  migrate,  they  tiy  in  an 
immense  cloud.  In  jimerica^  there  are  several  spe- 
cies of  the  genus  Cicada,  which  are  properly  called 
Locusts. 

LO'eUST,  n.  A  popular  name  of  several  plants  and 
trees ;  as,  a  species  of  .Melianthus,  of  Ccraiunia,  of 
Robinia,  Sec 

LO'eUST-TREE,  n.  A  tree,  Jhe  Robin ia-pseud-aca- 
cia  ;  aUo,  Hymenaea  Courbaril.  The  Honey- Locust- 
tree  is  the  Gleditschia  triacanthus. 

LODE,  n.     [from  Sax.  Urdan^  to  lead.] 

1.  Among  miners,  a  metallic  vein,  or  any  regular 
vein  or  course,  whether  metallic  or  not,  but  common- 
ly a  metallic  vein.  Enojc.     Cyc. 

2.  A  cut  or  reach  of  water.  Cyc 
L6DE'.ST0\E,  n.     [This   was  the  original  spelling, 

from  the  verb  to  lead  and  stone.  It  is  preferable  to 
LoADSTo;«E,  since  the  word  has  no  connection  with 
the  verb  to  toaU.'] 

1.  A  magnet^  an  ore  of  iron;  a  stone  found  in 
iron  mine-s,  of  a  dark  or  black  lead  color,  and  of  con- 
siderable hardness  and  weiglit.  It  attracts  iron 
filings,  and  communicates  to  iron  the  same  property 
of  attraction.  But  its  peculiar  value  consists  in  its 
communicating  to  a  needle  the  projierty  of  taking  a 
direction  to  the  north  and  south,  a  property  of  inea- 
tiraable  utility  in  navigation  and  surveying. 

2.  A  name  given  by  Cornish  miners  to  a  species  of 
stones,  called  also  TiN-sToifEs  a  compound  of 
stones  and  sand,  of  different  kinds  and  colors. 

J^Tichalson, 
L0D<5'A-BLE,  a.     Capable  of  affording  a  temporary 

abode.  [Mtt  usfd.] 
LODtiE,  tJ.  t,  [Fr.  lo^er,  to  lodge  ;  It.  logffia^  a 
hxlge  ;  aUoggiare^  to  lodge ;  Sp.  alt/jar ;  Arm.  It^eai 
Dan.  logerer.  The  sense  is,  to  set  or  throw  down. 
In  SaxTio^an  is  to  compose,  to  defjosit  or  lay  up, 
also  to  repair  ;  Russ.  hjit,  to  lay,  to  put.  It  is  proba- 
bly allied  to  lay.] 

1.  To  set,  lay,  or  deposit  for  keeping  or  preserva- 
tion, for  a  longer  or  shorter  time.  The  men  lodged 
their  arms  in  the  arsenal. 

2.  To  place  ;  to  plant ;  to  infix. 

H«  lodgrd  ui  arrow  io  «  Wnder  bretuL  AiidUon. 

3.  To  fix;  to  settle  in  the  heart,  mind,  or  memor>'. 

I  can  pve  no  rmxra 
MoR  tban  a  lodgtd  lute.  Shak. 

4.  To  furnish  with  a  temporar>'  habiuition,  or  with 
an  accommodation  for  a  night.  He  lodged  the 
prince  a  month,  a  week,  or  a  night.  [7***  trord 
usually  denotes  a  short  resideucef  but  for  no  d^nite 
tim*.] 

5.  To  harbor  ;  to  cover. 

The  deer  b  lodged. 

6.  To  afford  place  to  j  to  contain  for  keeping. 

The  memory  e«n  lodgt  ■  ^Tc&ier  itora  of  lnuic«s  tluui  :he  tenaem 
CAB  preaeol  M  oat  lime.  Chtynt. 

7.  T.I  throw  in  or  on  ;  aa,  to  todgt  a  ball  or  a  bomh 

8.  To  beat  down  so  as  to  entangle.  [in  a  fort. 
Our  tifhs,  «nd  ilvy  »hall  Mge  the  ■ummer  com.  Shak. 

LODOE,  c.  i.    To  reside  ;  to  dwell ;  to  rest  In  a  place. 
And  lodge  luch  daring  mmiIs  id  little  men.  Pope, 

2.  To  rest  or  dwell  for  a  lime,  as  for  a  night,  a 
week,  a  month.  We  lodged  a  night  at  the  Golden 
Itall.  We  lodged  a  week  at  the  City  Hotel.  Soldiers 
lodge  in  tents  in  summer,  and  in  huts  in  winter. 
Tovf\^tod^e  on  trees  or  rocks. 

3.  To  fall  down  and  become  entangled,  as  grain. 
Wheal  and  oats,  on  strong  land,  ate  apt  to  lodge. 

LOD0E,n.  A  small  house,  or  habitation,  in  a  park  or 
forest.  Sidney.     Sfiak, 

3.  A  temporary  habitation  ;  a  hut ;  as,  a  lodge  in  a 
garden  of  cucumbers. 

3.  A  small  house  or  tenement  appended  to  a  larger  ; 
as,  a  porter's  tudge. 


LOG 

4.  A  den  ;  a  cave  ;  any  place  where  a  wild  beast 

5.  A  meeting  of  freemasons.  [dwells. 
LODG'£U.  pp.     Placed   at  rest;  deposited;  infixed; 

furnishea  with  accommodations  for  a  night  or  other 
short  time  ;  thrown  or  fallen  down  and  entangled. 
LODt^'ER,  n.     One  who  lives  at  buard,  or  in  a  hired 
room,or  whoha.sa  bed  in  another's  house  for  anight. 
2.  One  that  resides  in  any  place  for  a  time.    Pope. 
LODG'ING,  ppr.      Placing  at   rest;   depositing;  lur- 
nishing  lodgings. 
2,  Resting  for  a  night ;  residing  for  a  time. 
LODOi'IXG,  n.     A  place  of  rest  fur  a  night,  or  of  resi- 
dence for  a  time  ;  temporary  habitation  i  apartment. 
Wiu  lake  lodgingt  in  Uie  >ouai]  of  Bow,  Pope. 

2.  Place  of  residence. 

Fair  Iwsoin  —  lite  lodging  of  delight,  Speneer. 

3.  Harbor  ;  cover  ;  place  of  rest.  Sidney. 

4.  Convenience  for  repttse  at  night.  Sidney. 
LODiS'MEXT,  n.     [Fr.  logemeat.] 

1.  The  act  of  lodging,  or  the  slate  of  being  lodged  ; 
a  being  placed  or  deposited  at  rest  for  keeping  for  a 
time,  or  for  permanence. 

2.  AccuTnulation  or  collection  of  something  depos- 
ited or  remaining  at  rest. 

3.  In  military  affairs,  an  encampment  made  by  an 
army. 

4.  A  work  cast  up  by  besiegers,  during  their  a[>- 
proaches,  in  some  dangerous  post  which  they  have 
gained,  and  where  it  is  necessary  to  secure  them- 
selves against  the  enemy's  fire.  Cyc. 

LO'ESt=,  M.  A  tertiary  deposit  on  the  banks  of  the 
Rhine.  JUantell. 

LOFFE,  r.  i.    To  laugh.     [JVVf  used.]  Shuk. 

LOFT,  n.  [Dan. /ii/l.-  Sax.  lyfUy  the  air,  an  arch, 
vault,  or  ceiling  j  probably  allied  to  l{ft^  Dan.  Uijler. 
au.Gr.  X'(/.rjs.] 

1.  Properly,  an  elevation  ;  hence,  In  a  building,  a 
room  or  space  next  under  the  roof.     Gloss.  ofJirckit. 

2.  The  elevation  of  one  story  or  floor  above  anoth- 
er ;  hence,  a  floor  above  another ;  as,  the  second 
loft;  third  loft;  fourth  loft. 

3.  A  gallery  or  small  chamber  raised  within  a  larger 
apartment, or  in  a  church.  Otoss.  of  Arch'd. 

LOFT'l-LY,  adr.     [from  U'fty.'^     On  high  ;    in  an  ele- 

2.  Proudly ;  haughtily.  [vated  place. 

They  are  comipt,  »iiid  apcnk  wickedly  conceriuiig  oppression  ; 
Ihey  apeak  U^flily.  —  Ps.  IxxiiL 

3.  With  elevation  of  language,  diction,  or  senti- 
ment ;  sublimely. 

My  lowly  reiM  may  lof&ly  arise.  Spettter. 

4.  In  an  elevated  attitude.  A  horse  carries  his 
head  Uiftily, 

LOFT'I-NESS,  71.     Hight;  elevation  in  place  or  po- 
sition ;  altitaoe  ;  as,  the  lo/liness  of  a  mountain. 
3.  Pride ;  haughtiness. 


3.  Elevation  of  attitude  or  mien  ;  as,  lofiiness  of 
carriage.  * 

4.  Sublimity  ;  elevation  of  diction  or  sentiment. 

Thn-e  pocta  in  thn^  dwLirjl  ngr-s  t>om  : 

Tho  fimt  in  loftineti  orihcuijrfit  Biirpuaed ; 

The  next  In  nutjt-.aiy ;  la  boiU  ihe  tiuC.  Dryden. 

LOFT'V,  a.  Elevated  in  place  ;  high  ;  as,  a  loftyXowet ; 
a  /o/>yn»ounLlin.  {Bat  it  expresses  more  than  High,  or 
at  Uast  is  more  einpitatical,  poetical,  and  elegant.] 

See  U^fty  Ly^lMnon  hU  hea<l  ftdvance.  Popt. 

52.  Elevated  in  condition  or  character. 
Tbua  laitli  the  tiigli   and  to/lv  One,  thai    iuhubttcth  eleniit;r, 
whoK  n^ine  b  Holy.  —  I*.  Tvil. 

3.  Proud  ;  haughty  ;  as,  lofty  looks.     Is.  tl. 

4.  Elevated  in  sentiment  or  diction  ;  sublime  ;  u, 
W'ylrains;  lofl y  rhyme.  MUton. 

5.  Stately  i  dignified  ;  as,  lofty  steps. 

LOG,«.  [This  word  is  probably  allied  to  l^-log,loggt^ 
heavy,  dull,  sluggish ;  a  sense  retained  in  toaUr- 
Utgged;  and  ti)  lug,  luggage,  ))erhnps  lo  clog.] 

t.  A  bulky  piece  or  Ktick  of  wuud  or  tunoer  un- 
hewed.  Pine  logs  are  floated  down  rivers  in  Amer- 
ica, and  stopped  at  saw-mills.  A  piece  of  timber, 
wlu-n  hewed  and  squared,  is  not  called  a /d^,  un- 
less perhafM  in  constructing  log-hviis. 

2.  In  navigation,  a  machine  for  nieasuriniffhe  rate 
of  a  Khip's  velocity  through  the  water.  The  com- 
mon log  is  a  piece  of  board,  forming  the  quadrant 
of  a  circle  of  about  six  inches  radius,  balanced  by 
a  small  plate  of  lead  nailed  on  the  circular  part,  so  as 
to  swim  peri>endicular.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  [Heb.  iS.]  A  Hebrew  measure  of  liquids,  con- 
taining, according  to  some  authors,  three  quarters  of 
a  pint ;  according  toothers,  five  sixths  of  a  pint.  Ac- 
cording to  Arbutlinot,  it  was  the  seventy-second  part 
of  the  bath  or  ephah,  and  the  twcllth  part  of  a  hin. 

Johnson.     Encyc. 

LOG,  V.  i.     To  move  to  and  fro,     [JSTul  used.]    Polwhele. 

a.  To  move  or  rock  ;  hence, /o^aw,  a  rocking  stone. 

LOG'-BOARD,  n.     In  navigation,  two  boards,  shutting 

like  a  book,  and  divided  into  cohinins,  containing  the 

hours   of  the  day  and  night,  direction  of  the  wind, 

course  of  the  ship,  &;c.,  from  which  is  formed  the 

log-book.  Jtfur.  Diet. 


LOG 

LOG'-BQQK,  «.  A  book  into  which  are  transcribed 
the  contents  of  the  log-board.  Mar.  DtcL 

LOG'-CAIVIN,  -in.    A  house  or  hut  whose  walls  are 

LOG'-HOUSE,  >      composed   of   logs    laid    on    each 

LOG'-HUT,       )     other. 

LOG'-HkAP,  n.  A  pile  of  logs  for  burning,  in  rl«aring 
land. 

LOG'-LINE,  ti.  a  line  or  cord  about  a  liundred  and 
fifty  fathomii  in  length,  fastened  to  the  log  by  means 
of  two  legs.  This  is  wound  on  a  reel,  called  ihe  log- 
reel.  Encyc.    Mar.  Diet. 

LOG'-REEL,  n.  A  reel  in  the  gallery  of  a  ship,  on 
which  the  log-line  is  wound.      Encyc.    Mar.  Diet. 

LOG'A-RITHM,  n.  [Fr  logarithme  ;  Gr.  Aojos,  ratio, 
and  atiiiiftm,  number.] 

Losarithms  are  the  exponents  of  a  series  of  powers 
and  roots.  Day. 

The  logariOim  of  a  number  is  that  exponent  of 
some  other  number,  which  renders  the  power  of 
the  latter,  denoted  by  the  exponent,  equal  to  the 
former,  Cyc. 

When  the  logarithms  form  a  series  in  arithmetical 
progression,  the  corresponding  natural  numbers  form 
a  series  in  geometrical  progression.     Thus, 

12     3      4      5 
10   100   1000   lOOUO   lOOOOO 

The  addition  and  subtraction  of  logarithms  answer 
to  the  multiplication  and  division  of  their  natural 
numbers,  in  like  manner,  involution  is  performed 
by  multiplying  the  logarithm  of  any  number  by  the 
number  dennting  the  required  power  ;  and  evolution, 
by  dividing  the  logarithm  by  the  number  denoting 
the  required  rooL 

Logarithms  are  the  invention  of  Baron  Napier,  lord 
of  .Marchiston,  in  Scotland  ;  but  the  kind  now  in  use 
were  invented  by  Henry  Briggrf,  professor  of  geome- 
try in   Gresham  College,  at  Oxford.     They  are  ex- 
tremely useful  in  abridging  the  Labor  of  trigonomet- 
rical calculations. 
LOG-A-RITH-MET'ie,         "la.      Pertaining  lo  loga- 
LOG-A-RITH-MET'ie-AL,  1      rithms  ,  consisting  of 
LOG-A-RITH'Mie,  f     logarithms, 

L0(5-A-RITH'M1C-AL,         J        Encyc.     Lavoisier. 
LOG'GATS,  n.   The  name  of  a  play  or  game  like  nine- 
pins.    It  was   prohibited   by  titat.  33  Henry    VIU. 
[JW(  (M  use.]  Hanmer. 

LOG^GER-HEAD,  C-Ii<''l,)  «■  ['"JT  ami  head.]  A  block- 
head ;  a  dunce  ;  a  doll ;  a  thick.skiilt.  Shak. 

2,  A  spherical  mass  of  iron,  with  a  long  handle, 
used  to  heat  tar.  Mar.  DicL 

3.  A  species  of  marine  turtle. 

To  fall  to  loggerheads  ; )  to  come  to  blows  ;  to  fall 
To  go  to  loggerheads;    \    to  fighting  without  weap- 
ons, L*  Estrange. 
LOG'GER-HEAD-ED,  a.     Dull:  stupid;  doltish. 

Shak. 
LOG'IC,  (lod'jik,)   n.     [Vr.  Ivgique ;  It.  logica;  h.  id. ; 
from  the  Gr.  Xo)  ikii,  from   Awj^oi,  reason,  At jw,  to 
speak.] 
The  art  of  thinking  and  reasoning  justly. 

Logic  ia  ill':  art  or  using  r^mun  wpII  hi  onr  ii]iinirii.-s  aftiT  tnilh, 
&nd  the  cunuiiuni&tlion  oi  it  to  atlit^ra.  Watte. 

Logic  may  be  considered  as  the  science,  and  also 
as  the  art,  of  reasoning.  It  investigates  the  princi- 
ples on  which  argumentation  is  conducted,  and  fur- 
nislies  rules  to  secvire  the  mind  from  error  in  its  de- 
ductions. In  tile  former  case,  it  is  a  science,  in  the 
latter,  an  art.  H'hately. 

Correct  reasoning  implies  correct  thinking  and 
legitimate  inferences  from  premises,  which  are  prin- 
ciples assumed  or  admitted  to  be  just.  Logic^  then, 
includes  ttie  art  of  thinking,  as  well  as  the  art  of 
reasoning.  A*,  tf. 

The  |iurpo»e  of  logic  it  lo  direct  Ihe  Inti-IlMtu.d  powi*  in  Ihe 
invrMigntion  u(  UMth,  and  In  Uic  communication  of  it  to 
oihfra.  fledge. 

LOG'IC-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  logic  ;  used  in  logic  ;  as, 
/tf^tca/ subtilties.  Hooker. 

2.  According  to  the  rules  of  logic  ;  as,  a  logical  ar- 
gument or  inference.  This  reasoning  is  strictly  logi- 
cal. 

3.  Skilled  in  logic  ;  versed  in  the  art  of  thinking 
and  reasoning  ;  discriminating ;  as,  a  logical  head. 

Spectator. 
LOG'IC-AL-LY,  adv.    According  to  the  rules  o(  logic ; 

as,  to  argue  logically. 
LO-GI"CIAN,   (lo-jish'an,)  n.      A   person  skilled   in 
logic,  or  the  art  of  reasoning. 

Bach  fiurcc  logician  Btill  expelling  Locko.  Pope. 

LOG'IGS,  n.     Equivalent  to  Lome.  Br^^t. 

LO-GlS'Tie,  (  a.     Relating  to  sexagesimal  frac- 

LO-GIS'Tie-AL,  (      lions. 

Logistic  logarithms  i  logarithms  adapted  to  sexages- 
imal fractions,  employed  in  astronomical  calculations. 

HutUtn. 
LOG'MAN,  JL     A  man  who  carries  logs.  Shak. 

2.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  cut  and  convey  lugs 
to  a  mill.     [Locat.]  United  States. 

L§g:8:GRAPHaelAL,  i  "■   P""'"'"^  t"  'ogography. 
LO-OOG'RA-Pny,  n.   [Gr.  Myol,  a  word,  and  rpaipn, 
a  writing.] 


TONE,  BULL,  tINITE AN"GER,  VI"C10U8.  — €  a«  K :  6  a»  J  :  S  aa  Z  :  CH  as  SH  :  TH  as  in  THIS. 


d5 


G73 


LOM 


A  method  of  printing  in  wliich  a  type  represpnis  a 
word,  insteici  of  forming  a  letter.  F.ncvc. 

LOG'OGKIPU,  CK'cVgrii*,)  n.    [Gr,  X^joj,  a  wonl, 
and  1  fH'P  '(,  a  net.] 
A  srtrt  of  ri(idi<>.    [Oft*.]  B.  Jonsim. 

LO-GOM'A-eHIST,  (lu-gnni'a-kist,)  a.  One  who  con- 
tends nhtmt  words.  £■  T.  Fitch. 
LO-GOM'A-CHY,  (lo-Rom'a-kp,)  lu  [Gr.  Aw>  oi,  word, 
and  a^xn,  conlesl,  altercation. 

Contention  In  words  mereJy,or  rather  a  contention 
about  words  ;  a  war  of  word*.  IIoirfiL 

LOG-O-MET'Rie,  o.    [Gr.  Aojoi,  ratio,  and  /if  rota*, 
to  measure.] 

A  lo^ametrie  scale  is  intended  lo  measure  or  ascer- 
tain chemical  equivalent*.  fVoUoMo^ 
LOG'O-TYPE,  m.    A  name  given  to  two  or  more  let- 
ters ca--t  in  one  piece  ;  as,  ff,  «,  Sec.  Francis. 
LOG'-ROLL,   p.  L    To  assl-t  in  rolling  and  collecting 


logs  for  burning.     Hence  logrrvUUify  in  jhtUtiaU  mat- 
UTS,  is.  Do  yoH   keif  M«,  AM  :" 
your  poinL     [-imgnea.] 


Urs,  ii*.  Do  yoH  keif  m«,  am  /  wUl  kelp  y«H,  to  gain 


LOG'Wp«pD,  K.  The  popular  Enfilish  name  of  Ifwrn- 
atoxylun  Campearhianum.  A  tree  and  wi>od,  called 
also  Campeadijf-itood,  from  the  Bay  of  Cam))eachy, 
in  Spanish  Americt.  This  tree  has  a  cro*)ked,  de- 
formed stem.  (Trowing  lo  the  hight  of  30  or  *i4  feet, 
with  crooked,  irregular  branches,  armed  with  siroiip 
thorns.  The  wood  is  of  a  firm  texture  and  a  red 
ciJor.     It  is  used  much  in  dyeing.  Encye, 

LO'HOCK,  a.  [Ar.]  A  medicine  of  a  middle  consist- 
ence between  a  soft  electuary  and  a  sirup.  [See 
LocH.l  Encyc 

LOf'Mie,  a.    [Gr.  Xiifir};,  plagne.] 

Pertaining  to  the  plague  or  contagious  disorders. 

LOI.X,  a.  [Sn\.  trnd:  G.  D.  Unde;  Pw.  lOnd ;  Dan. 
Utnd:  W.  dun  :  .\rm.  Leneitn^  or  lotneh  ;  It.  /lutfi,  or 
bUuJt :  L.  etunig  :  G.  lehne,  supp«>rt,  prop,  back.  This 
word  seems  to  be  allied  to  /mh,  incliitf.] 

The  loiiu  are  the  sjvice  on  each  side  of  the  verte- 
bra, between  the  lowest  of  the  false  ribs  and  the  up- 
per portion  of  the  ossa  ihum,  or  haunch  bones,  or  the 
lateral  portions  of  the  lumbar  region  ;  called  al$o  the 
rfins. 

LOI'TER.  r.  L  [D.  Intttrn  :  Rasa.  Uita^Uy  or  Irtajpt. 
Qu.  its  alliance  to  tate  and  let.] 

To  linger  -,  to  be  slow  iti  moving ;  to  delay  ;  to  bo 
dilatory  ;  to  spend  time  idly. 

ir  n  lure  loiier*d,  Irt  i»  qtuckni  oat  pue.  Hogwre. 

LOITER-fD,  pp.    Lingered  ;  delayed  ;  moved  slowly. 

LOt'TER-ER,  n.  A  lingerer  ;  one  that  delays,  or  is 
slow  in  motion  ;  an  Idler  j  one  that  is  sluggifth  or  dil- 
atory. 

Knt  BtflBM  Irilll-TI.  thAt  UlMtd 

No  CMWB,  OS  tnat,  bo  duty,  snd  no  frienA.  Pofm. 

LOIO'ER-ING,  ppr.  or  «.    Lingering ;  delaying ;  iiioT- 

ing  slowlr. 
LOITER-I'N'G,  n.    A  lingering  or  delay. 
LOI'TER-ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  loitering  manner. 
LOKE,  It.     [Qu.  Ir.  lock,  dork  ;  Gr.  Ai<> ';,  darkncsa.] 

1.  In  the  SeoMdimavimm  rngtAoh^jfy  the  evil  deity,  the 
author  of  alt  calamities;  answering  to  the  Arimanes 
of  the  Persians.  MaUsU  .^Edda. 

2.  A  close,  narrow  lane.    [Z^ocaL] 

LOLL,  r.  £.  [^Eth.  AA0A©  aMoy  to  thrust  out 
the  tot.pue.  The  sen«r  of  this  wonl  is  to  throw,  to 
send.  Hence  it  coincides  with  the  Gr.  >aX£.'»,  W. 
Uotiatp^  to  speak,  to  prate,  Dan.  lallcr,  G.  latien.  It 
coincides,  also,  with  lullf  to  appease,  that  is,  to 
throw  down.] 

L  To  recline ;  to  lean  ;  properly^  to  throw  one's 
•elf  down  ;  hence,  to  lie  at  eue. 

VinJ  ofc&r-.  he  loUu  rapine  lo  atate.  DryUn. 

2.  To  suffer  the  tongue  to  hang  extended  from  the 
mouth,  as  an  ox  or  a  dog  wtien  heated  witli  labor  or 
exertion. 

The  uifle  patter  of  Ibe  StTgtftn  Hnt, 

With  loUtfV  1M^*e>  Ity  nvoing  M  \m  frrt.  Dryden. 

LOLI>, «.  c.    To  thrust  out,  as  the  tongue. 

FVne  ticcn  cotKlied  uvudJ,  kcmI  leUed  thdr  toaf  jea.   Drydam. 

LOL'LAKD,  a.  [Qu.  G.  taUen^  Io/Jcr,  to  prate  or  to 
■inf.] 

A  t*^rm  applied  to  .•».  sect  of  early  reformer*  in  Gcr- 
mani ,  and  also  to  the  followers  of  Wichf  in  Eng- 
land. 

LOL'LARD-y,  n.    TTie  doctrines  of  the  Lollardf). 

LOL'LER,  n.  A  less  usual  name  for  Lollard,  which 
aee. 

LOLL'IXG,ppr.  Throwing  down  or  out;  reclining  at 
ease  ;  thrusting  out  the  tonsue. 

LOL'LI-POP,  n.   The  vulgar  name  for  a  kind  of  sugar 
confectionery  which  dissolves  easily  in  the  mouth. 
Tiiekens.     Smart. 

LOL'LOP,  V.  L    To  more  heavily  ;  to  lounge.    [Low.] 

Smart. 

LOM'B.\RD,  n.  A  native  of  Lombardy;  a  money- 
lender or  banker,  which  profession  was  first  exer- 
cised in  London  by  the  Lombards.  Smart. 

LOM'BARI>-aOUSE, )  «.      A   public   institution    for 

LOM'BARD,  t      lending  money  to  the  poor 

at  a  moderate  interest,  upon  articles  deposited  and 
pledged  ;  called  also  Mont  de  Piiti.         Eacyc.  Am. 


LON 

LOM-BARD'ie,  a.  IVrtaining  to  llie  Lombards;  an 
epithet  applied  to  one  of  the  ancient  alphabets  de- 
rived from  the  Roman,  and  relating  to  ttiu  manu- 
scripts of  Italy.  Astle. 

LO'ME.N'T,  n.  '[L. /omenTuwi.] 

All  elongated  pericarp,  which  never  bursts.  It 
consists,  like  the  legume,  of  two  valves,  with  the 
seeds  attached  to  tlie  under  suture,  but  is  divided 
transversely  into  small  cells,  each  containing  a  single 
seed.  FA.  Eneye. 

LO-ME\-TJ'CE0US.  (ta'shusj  a.  [L.  UmtHtum^ 
beun  meal,  a  color.] 

Furnished  with  a  loment.  The  Lomentaee^e  are  a 
natural  order  of  plants,  many  of  which  furnish  beau- 
tiful tinctures  or  dyes,  and  whose  seeds  are  con- 
tained in  a  loment  or  a  legume.  LinnuFus. 

A  lomeMtdiMous  dehiscence  of  a  pericarp  is  when 
articulations  take  place  across  the  legume,  and  it 
falls  into  several  pieces.  Lindley. 

LO.M'0-SlTE,  a.    Laumonite  ;  or  di-prismatic  zeolite. 

Urr. 

LAMP,  (lump,)  a.     A  kind  of  roundish  fish.    Johnson, 

L0N"'DON-ER,  (lun'dun-cr,)  n.  A  native  or  citizen  of 
London. 

L0\'DON-I$.M,  n.  A  mode  of  speaking  peculiar  to 
London.  PfgS^ 

LOX'DON-IZE,  r.  t.  To  give  a  manner  or  character 
which  distinguishes  the  people  of  London.    Smart. 

LON'E,  a.  [Dan.  /tfn,  a  corner,  nook,  a  lurking-place  ; 
secrecy  ;  lijnlig^  Sw.  tSnnli^^  private,  close,  clandes- 
tine. The  radical  sense  is,  probably,  lo  separate,  or 
rather  to  withdraw  or  retire,  and  the  word  may  be 
allied  lo  Fr.  loin.  If  alone  is  comp«tsed  of  all  and 
one,  which  the  Teutonic  dialects  indicate,  it  has  no 
connection  with  lonf,\ 

1.  Solitary  ;  retired  ;  unfrequented  ;  having  no  com- 
pany. 

And  leave  you  iit  lone  woods  uid  tm^Xj  wall*.  Pope. 

3.  Single  ;  standing  by  itself;  not  having  others  in 
the  neighborhood  ;  as,  a  lone  house.  P»pe. 

3.  Single  ;  unmarried,  or  in  widowhood.     Shak. 
LfiXE,  n.     A  lane.     [/>.<■«/.] 

LO.N'E'LI-NESS,  n.  Solitude;  retirement;  seclusion 
from  company.  He  was  weary  *>(  the  loneliness  of 
his  habitation. 

2.  Love  of  retirement ;  disposition  to  solitude. 

I   KO 

Tte  mytttrj  of  jour  lon*ii$ie«».  Shak. 

LONE'LY,  a.  Solilnr>' ;  retired  ;  sequestered  from 
com|Kiny  or  neighbors  ;  as,  a  loneljf  aituation  ;  a  Ume- 
ti/  cell.  Dryden. 

2.  Solitary  ;  as,  the  lonely  traveler. 

3.  Addicted  to  solitude  or  seclusion  Oom  company. 

Ruice^ 
LAXE'N'E.^'S,  n.    Solitude  ;  seclusion.  Donne. 

LO.NE'SOME,  a.    Solitary  ;  secluded  from  society. 

Huw  tuirriil  v-itl  (bar  Ion««owf  MftU  appear  !        BUicknwrt. 

LO\E'SOME-LY,  adv.    In  a  lonesome  manner. 
L0.\'E'SOME-NESS,  n.    The  stale  of  being  solitary  ; 

solitude. 
IjO\G,  a.    [Sax.  long^  Ittng^  and  lens  >  G-  ^"ff^!  D-  &d<1 

Dan.  long;  Sw.  lang ;  Goth,   taggs ;    L.   Uingus  i  It. 

lungv}  Fr.  long.    The  Gothic  word  seems  to  connect 

this  word  with  lag,  in  tlie  sense  of  drawing  out, 

whence  delaying.] 

1.  Extended  ;  drawn  out  in  a  line,  or  in  the  direc- 
tion of  1  ngth  ;  opposed  to  Short,  and  contradis- 
tinguished from  Broad  or  Wide.  Long  is  a  relative 
term  ;  for  a  thing  may  be  long  in  respect  lo  one  thing, 
and  short  wilh  respect  to  another.  We  apply  long  to 
things  greatly  extende(i,  and  to  things  which  exceed 
the  common  measure.  Wt;  say,  a  long  way,  a  long 
distance,  a  long  line,  and  long  hair,  long  arms.  By 
the  latter  terms,  we  mean  hair  and  amis  exceeding 
the  usual  length. 

2.  Drawn  out  or  extended  in  time  ;  as,  a  long  time  ; 
a  long  period  of  time  ;  a  long  while  ;  a  long  series  of 
events  ;  a  long  sickness  or  confinement ;  a  long  ses- 
sion ;  a  long  debate. 

3.  Extended  to  anv  certain  measure  expressed  ;  as, 
a  span  long:  a  yartf  long;  a  mile  hng^  that  is,  ex- 
tended lo  the  measure  of  a  mile,  &c. 

4.  Dilatory  ;  continuing  fur  an  extended  time. 

^  I>esih  will  not  be  tons  ■''  coming.  EccIum. 

5.  Tedious  ;  continued  to  a  great  length.^ 

A  ule  Bltould  never  be  too  long.  Prior. 

6.  Continued  in  a  series  to  a  great  extent ;  as,  a 
long  succession  of  princes ;  a  long  line  of  ancestors. 

7.  Continued  in  sound  ;  protracted  ;  as,  a  long 
note  ;  a  long  syllable 

8.  Continued;  lingering  or  longing. 

PiKjring  lor  him,  and  CAkUiig  a  long  look  that  way,  he  caw  the 
piUey  leave  Ibc  pursuit.  Sidnty. 

9.  Extensive  ;  extending  far  in  prospect  or  into  fu- 
turity. 

The  perennial  exbtPnw  of  Iwdic*  corpoT^f",  and  their  fortune*, 
arc  liuii^  panieuljrly  luited  to  a  man  who  haa  long  vlewi. 

Burke. 

Long  home ;  the  grave  or  death.     Ecelcs.  xM. 
LONG,    n.     Formerly^   a    musical    note   equal    to   two 
breves  or  four  semibreves.     [Oba.]  Brande, 


^    LON 

LONG,  adv.      To  a  great  extent  in  space;  as,  a  long- 
extended  line. 

tt.  To  a  great  extent  in  time ;  as,  they  that  tarry 
long  at  the  wine.     Pror.  xxiii. 

When  Ihe  Iriiinpet  auundoth  long.  —  Eiod.  x\x. 
So,  in  eompositxon^  we  say,  /vn^-expected,  long-for- 
got 

3.  At  a  point  of  duration  far  distant,  either  prior  or 
posterior;  as,  not  long  before;  not  long  afler ;  long 
before  the  foundation  of  Rome;  long  afler  the  con- 
quest of  Gaul  by  Julius  Cesar. 

4.  Through  Ihe  whole  extent  or  duration  of. 

Tlic  God  v!lv>  rid  me  all  my  lile  long  to  ihii  day.  —  Gen.  zl«iii. 
The  tnrd  of  diiwiiiiig  ■iiigviJb  all  night  long,  Sptneer, 

LONG,  aiJp.   [Sax.  fffon^,  cause,  or  fault.  Q.u.  belong- 
ing to^  as  the  cause.] 

By  Rteans  of ;  by  the  fault  of ;  owing  to.    [  Obs.] 

MiatrCM,  all  thw  coil  b  long  of  you.  Shak, 

LONG,  ».  i.  To  brlong.  [JVotused.]    Chaucer,  denser. 
LONG,  V.  i.     [Sax.  langian^  with  te/ler.     We  now  say, 
to  long  afUr^  or  lo  long  for.    The  sense  is,  to  reach 
or  Bireich  toward.] 

1.  To  desire  earnestly  or  eagerly. 
I  long  to  »ee  yoti.  —  Rom.  L 
I  hiive  loHgtn  after  thy  rirecepta.  —  Ps.  exhc. 
1  huvc  longed  for  Iby  aalvatiou,  —  Pa.  caix. 

3.  To  have  a  preternatural  craving  appetite  ;  as,  a 
longing  woman. 

3.  To  have  an  eager  appetite ;  as,  to  long  for  fruit. 

LON"GA-NIM'I-TY,    n.      [L.   louganimitas ;   longus, 
long,  and  animus,  mind.] 

Forbearance  ;  patience  ;  disposition  to  endrtre  long 
under  otTenses.  Brown.     IfowelL 

LONG'-XRM-£0,  a.    Furnished  with  long  arms. 

ScoU. 

LONG'-B0.\T,  jt.    The  largest  and  strongest  boat  be- 
longing to  a  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

LONG'-BREATH-ED,  (hretht,)  a.     Having  the  pow- 
er of  retaining  the  breath  for  a  long  time. 

LONG'-BUR-I-i-JD,  (bcr-rid,)  o.    Having  been  long 
buried. 

LONG'-€0N-CkAL'£D,  o.    Having  been  long  con- 
cealed. 

LQNG'-eO\-TIN'^-£D,  a.    Enduring  or  continuing 
a  l4»ng  time.  Allen. 

LONG'-DE-LAY'JCD,  o.     Delayed  a  long  time. 

E.  Everett. 

LftN'ftE  «,     [Fr.]     A  thrust.     [See  Luttge.] 

LONG'ER,  n.     One  who  longs  for  any  thing. 

LON"GEK,  (long'ger,)  a. ;  comp.  of  Lor<a.    More  long; 
(if  greati-r  length  ;  as,  a  longer  course. 

LON"GER,  aJr.     For  a  greater  duration.    This  evil 
can  be  i-nihired  no  longer. 

LON"GES'r,  a.  Of  the  greatest  extent ;  as,  the  longest 
line. 

LON"GEST.  (long'gest,)  adv.    For  the  greatest  con- 
tinuance of  time. 

They  who  live  longest  are  most  convinced  of  the 
vanity  of  life. 

LONG-ES-TAU'LISH-£D,   (-lisht,)  a.     Having  been 
established  for  a  long  time. 

LON-Gk'VAL,  a.     [L.  lougus  and  <evum.] 

Long-lived.  Pope. 

LON-GEV'1-TV,  n.     [L.  longavitas;  longus,  long,  and 
tuvum,  age.] 

Length  or  duration  of  life  ;  jnore  generally,  great 
length  of  tiie. 

The  inaLiiiccs  o(  longevity  arc  chieflf  among  the  abstemiotia. 

Arbuthnol. 
LON-Ck'VOUS,  a.     [L.  longtsvus,  supra.] 

Living  a  long  time  ;  of  great  age. 
L0NG'-FANG-/;D,  (-fang'gd,)  a.    Having  long  fangs. 

ScotL 
LONG'-FORGOT'TEN,  a.     Forgotten  a  long  time. 
LONG'-IIEAD-ED,  (hed-ed,)  a.     Having  a  great  ex- 
tent of  thought. 
LON'GieoRN,   n.      [L,  longtis,  long,    and    comii, 
horn.] 

A  name  given  to  a  tribe  of  Insects,  on  account  of 
the  length  of  their  antenna.  Brande. 

LON  GIM'A-NOU.S,  a.       [longusj  long,   and   mantw, 
hand.] 

Having  lonir  hands.  Breton. 

LON-GI.M'E-TRY,  n,     [l^  Umgus,  long,  and   Gr.  fie- 
Ton- ,  measure.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  measuring  distances  or 
lengths.  Barltrw. 

LONG'ING,  pjtr.  or  a.     Earnestly  desiring;  having  a 

craving  or  preternatural  api)etile. 
LONG'ING,  n.     An  eager  desire;  a  craving  or  preter- 
natural appetite. 
LONG'lNtJ-IiV,  adv.     With  eager  wishes  or  appetite, 
LON-GIN'QUI-TY,  n.     [L.  longinquitas.] 

Great  distance.  Barrow. 

LON'GI-PALP,  n.     [t..  longus,  long,  and  palpus,  a 
feeler,] 

A  name  given  lo  a  tribe  of  insects  or  beetles  hav- 
ing long  maxillary  feelers.  Brande. 
L0\-G1-PEN'NATE,  a.     [L.  longus,  long,  and  penna, 
a  quill  or  wing.]  _  ^ 

A  name  given  to  a  family  of  swimming  birds  with 
long  wings,  as  the  albatross,  &c.  Brande. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MpTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BQpK.— 
-  ^^  —  _____ 


L 


LON 

LON-6l-ROS'TERS,  n.  pL     [L.  longits,  long,  and  ros- 

ti-uM,  beak.] 

A  tribe  of  wadina  birds,  having  very  long  beaks, 

which  Ihey  thrim  in  the  mud   in  search  of  food,  iu- 

chldirig  snipe-*,  Ate.  BranUe. 

LOX-CI-ROS'TRAL,  o.     Having  a  long  bill;  affplied 

to  certain  btrds^  as  the  snipe.  Partington, 

LONG'ISH,  0.     BoQiewh:it  long;  moderately  long. 
LO.\'6l-TUllE,  R.     [L.  IttHgitudo,  from  longiis,  long.] 

1.  /"roprr/i/,  length  ;  as,  theiurjirjfurfpof  a  room  ;  but 
in  this  sense  noi  now  used.  Appropriately ^  in  gcog- 
raphtfy 

2.  The  distance  of  any  place  on  the  globe  from  an- 
other plac«,  eastward  or  westward,  measured  on  the 
equator;  or  the  distance  of  any  place  from  a  given 
meridian,  measmed  on  the  equator.  Boston,  in  iMa^ 
sachusetts,  is  situated  in  the  7Ist  detiree  of  Utngiiude 
west  from  Greenwich.  To  be  able  to  ascertain 
precisely  the  lans-itutte  of  a  ship  at  sea,  is  a  gr^ai  de- 
sideratum in  navi{;acion. 

X  The  longitude  of  a  heavenly  body,  is  its  dis- 
tince  from  the  vernal  equinox,  or  the  beginning  of 
Aries,  reckoned  on  the  ecliptic.  Ohtinted. 

LON-<5I-TO'DIN-AI.,  a.  Pertaining  to  longitude  or 
length  ;  as,  longtti£>Unal  distance. 

2.  Extending  in  length  ;  running  lengthwise,  as 
distinguished  from  transverse  or  across  ;  as,  the  lon- 
gitudinal diameter  jf  a  btnly.  The  tongihtdinal  suture 
of  the  head  runs  between  the  coronal  and  lamb- 
doidal  sutures.  Bailen. 

U>\-<5l-T0'DIN-AL-LY.  ode.  In  the  direction  of 
length. 

Sotnp  or  thr  fflirra  of  thr  human  body  arc  placed  longitudinally, 
otti-  n  tniisvcrv-'Iy.  Encyc. 

LOXG'LEG-GKD,  a.     Having  long  legs. 

LONG'LIV-iiD,  a.  Having  a  long  life  or  existence  ; 
living  long  ;  lasting  long. 

LONG'-LOriT,  a.    Lost  for  a  long  time. 

LOi\G'-L0V-£D,  (luvd,)  a.  Being  loved  a  long 
time. 

LONG'LY,  ado.    With  longing  desire.    [Aof  uxrd.] 

S/utk 

IX)\G'-MEAS-TJRE,  (-mezh'ur,)iu  Lineal  measure; 
the  mea-iure  of  length. 

LONG'-NECK-£D,  (nekl,)  a.     Having  a  long  neck. 

BucklajuL 

LONG'NE.SS,  n.     Length.     [LUOe  used.] 

LO\G'-N'UKS-£l>,  (-nurst,)  a.     Nursed  a  long  time, 

Jifoore. 

LONG-PXRT-ED,  a.     Having  been  long  separated. 

LO\(;-PRIM'ER.  n.  A  printing  ty[»e  of  a  particular 
size,  between  small  pica  and  bourgeois. 

LONG-PRIM 'ER,  a.  Nuting  a  kind  of  type  between 
sm.ill  pica  and  bourgeois. 

L0NG'-PR0M'IS-/;D,  (  prom'ist,)  a.  Having  been 
long  promised. 

LONG'-RUN,  n.  The  whole  course  of  things  taken 
together  :  and  hence  the  uUituate  result. 

L0NG'-SET-TL£:D,  a.     Having  been  long  settled. 

PeeL 

LOXG'-SHAFTED,  a.     Having  a  long  shaft. 

Dfcandollt. 

LONG'-^HA\K-£D,  (-ehankt,)  a.    Having  long  legs. 

Buriotu 

LONG'-SIGIIT,  n,     Long-aigbtedneBs.  Good. 

LOXG'-SIGHT'ED,  a.  Able  to  see  at  a  great  dis- 
tance ;  used  literally  of  the  eyes,  and  figtiratively  of 
the  mind  or  intellect. 

L0NG'-SrGHT'EI>-NES3,  n.  The  faculty  of  Meing 
objects  at  a  great  distance. 

2.  In  mfdicine^  presbyopy  ,  that  defect  of  sight  by 
which  (objects  nrar  at  hand  are  seen  confusedly,  but 
at  remoter  disL-incus  di^tinctly.  Hooper. 

LONG'i^ME,  (long'Bum,)  a.  Extended  in  length; 
tiresome  ;  tedious  ;  as,  a  longtome  plain.    [O&s.l 

Prior. 

LONG'SPUN,  a.    Ppun  or  extended  to  a  great  length. 

Addigon. 

LONG'-STRETCII-ING,  a.     Stretching  far.    More. 

LONG-SCF'FER-ANCE,  n.  Forbearance  to  punish  ; 
clemency  ;  patience.  Cum.  Prayer. 

LONG-HUF'FER-L\G,  a.  Bearing  injuries  or  provo- 
cation for  a  long  time  ;  [latient  i  not  easily  provoked. 

Ths    l*ord    ffod,    m«-rcif>il    and     gmdoiu,    long-ttdjfering    and 
atiiind.tiit  in  goo.tn'^».  —  Ek.  xit-iv. 

LONG-SUF'FEa-ING.n-  Long  endurance ;  patience 
of  offense. 

Drspival  thou  the  rich^  of  Mi  goodnrv,  and  fortr?«ranep,  and 
long-tuffifring  7  —  Rom.  iL 

LfJNG'-TAIL,  n.    An  animal,  particularly  a  dog,  hav- 

iag  an  uncut  tail. 

A  long-tail  was  a  gentleman's  dug,  or  one  qualified 

to  hunt ;  other  dogs  being  required  to  have  Iheir  tads 

cuL     Hence,  cut  and  hmg-tail  sigtiified  genllefulks, 

and  others  as  Ihev  might  come.  SmiirL 

LONG'-TONGU-ED,  (-lungd,)  a.    Rating ;  babbling. 

Shali. 
LONG'W^VS  ;  n  mistake  for  Lowowtsr^ 
LONG-WIND'EH,  a.     I>mg-brrathed  ;  hence, tedious 

in    -speaking,   argument,  or   narration;    as,  a  long- 

irinde^i  advocate. 
LONG'U'iSE,    arfr.      In    the    direction  of    length; 

lengthwiite      [Little  used.]  IlaketeUL. 


LOO 

LON'ISH,  a.     Soniewhat  solitary.     [A*ot  used,  and  in- 
elcganL  ] 

LOO,  n.     A  game  at  cards.  Pope. 

l^OO,  r.  (.    To  beat  the  opponents  by  winning  every 
trick  at  the  game.  Sluik, 

LOO'BI-LY,  ado.    [See  Loobt.]    Like  a  looby;  in 
an  awkward,  clumsy  manner.  L'Bstrange. 

LOO'BY,  II.     [  VV.  «afti,  a  tall,  lank  person,  a  looby,  a 
lubber,  a  clumsy  fellow  ;  Uvb^  a  blocktiead,  an  un- 
wieldy tump.} 
An  awkward,  clumsy  fellow;  a  lubber. 

Who  could  give  ihe  fooAy  luch  ain  ?  Sieijt. 

LOOF,  n.     The  after  part  of  a  ship's  bow,  or  the  part 
where  the  planks  begin  to  be  incurvated,  as  Uiey  ap- 
proach the  stem.  Mar.  Diet, 
LOOF.     See  Luff,  which  is  the  word  used. 
LOOF'£D,  (looft,)  a.     [See  Aloof.]     Gone  to  a  dis- 
tance.    (jVot  used.]  Shak. 
LOQK,  r.  u    [Sax.  locian  :  G.  lugen  ;  Sans,  hch,  lokhan. 
It  is  perhaps  allied  to  W.  lygu,  to  appear,  to  shine. 
(See  Light.)     The  primary  sense  is  to  stretch,  to 
extend,  to  shoot ;  hence,  to  direct  the  eye.     We  ob- 
serve its  primary  sense  is  nearly  the  same  as  that  of 
seek.     Hence,  to  took  for  is  to  seek.] 

1.  To  direct  the  eye  toward  an  object,  with  the  in- 
tention of  seeing  it. 

When  the  object  is  within  sight,  look  is  usually  fal- 
lowed by  on  or  at.  We  look  on  or  at  a  picture  ;  we 
took  on  or  at  the  moon  ;  we  can  not  took  on  or  at  the 
unclouded  sun  without  pain. 

jfr,  after  ioofc,  is  not  used  in  our  version  of  the 
Scriptures.  In  common  usuge^  at  or  on  is  now  used 
indifferently  in  many  cases,  and  yet  in  other  cases 
usage  has  established  a  preference.  /«  general^  on 
is  used  in  the  more  solemn  forms  of  expression.  Mo- 
ses was  afraid  lo  took  on  GihI.  The  t*ord  look  on  you 
and  Judge.  In  tiiese  and  similar  phrases,  tiie  use  of 
at  would  be  condemned,  as  expressing  too  little  so- 
lemnity. 

In  some  cases,  at  seems  to  be  more  properly  used 
before  very  distant  objects  ;  but  the  cases  can  hardly 
be  defined. 

The  particular  direction  of  the  eye  is  expressed  by 
various  modifying  words;  as,  to  look  down,  to  look 
upj  to  look  back^  to  Itiok  foneard^  to  look  from^  to  look 
round,  to  look  outy  to  look  under.  When  the  object  is 
not  in  sight,  look  is  followed  by  «/lcr,  or  far.  Hence, 
to  took  afieriOt  took  foTj  is  equivaJent  to  seek  or  seardiy 
or  to  expecL 

3,  To  see ;  to  have  the  siirht  or  view  of. 

Faic  wrf9  I'ly  lif"-  |(xl»^.l  in  a  briltlc  g\am, 

And  looks  it  [|)Tiiu;;h,  but  to  ii  cah  nut  paas.  Drydtn, 

3.  To  direct  the  intellectual  eye  ;  to  apply  the  mind 
or  understanding;  ^)  consider;  to  examine.  LookM. 
the  Conduct  of  this  man  ;  view  it  in  all  its  aspects. 
Let  every  man  look  into  the  state  of  his  own  heart. 
Let  us  look  beyond  the  received  notions  of  men  on 
this  subject. 

4.  To  expect. 

He  miiit  look  tii  tig-ht  niiuUi>.T  lultle  bcfyrc  he  couM  i^dch  Oxford. 
{lAtUe  u*€d.\  '  Clartndon. 

5.  To  take  care  ;  to  watch. 

Laok  ih:\t  yt  bind  thom  flut.  Shak. 

6.  To  be  directed. 

Let  thine  cyca  fooJb  right  on.  —  ProT.  i». 

7.  To  seem;  to  appear;  to  liave  a  parlii:ular  ap- 
pearance. The  patient  iooks  better  than  he  did.  The 
clouds  look  rainy. 

I  am  afnld  it  would  took  more  like  Tanity  than  gr.-\lj|iide. 

AMUon. 
Otaerre  howauch  a  practice  looki  \a  nnolhrr  person.     WaOt. 

So  we  say,  lo  look  stout  or  big  ;  to  look  |k'cvish  ;  to 
look  plensnnt  or  graceful. 

8.  To  have  a  particular  direction  or  situation  ;  to 
face  ;  to  fronL 

The  i^nte  th:il  lookeOi  towiinl  the  north.  — Ezck.  viii. 
The  -i-ast  rite  ui  ttte  Lurd'a  huuae,  lliat  looketh  eastward. — 
Ettrk.  ai. 

To  look  about;  to  look  on  alt  sides,  or  in  diHcront 
directions. 

To  look  about  one  ;  to  be  on  the  watch  ;  to  be  vigi- 
lant ;  to  be  circuin-Hport  or  guarded.  Arbathnot, 

To  took  aftm  to  attend  ;  to  take  care  of;  as,  to 
look  after  children. 

2.  To  expect ;  to  be  in  a  state  of  expectation. 

Men'i  hwns  railing  Ib^m  for  lnn.r,  anil  for  looking  a/ter  thUM 
Uiingt  which  are  cuttiing  on  the  earth. —  Lulic  xxu 

3.  To  seek  ;  to  search. 

My  ■iil.J'^t  dooi  nut  oMigr  me  lo  look  after  the  wat>*r,  or  point 
{unit  the  place  wtuT  to  it  h.u  now  n  ip^alivl.     Woodtoard. 

To  look  for ;  to  expect ;  as,  lo  look  for  news  by  the 
arrival  of  a  ship. 

IjQok  now /or  no  enchantluj  roice.  filUlon, 

2.  To  seek  ;  to  search  ;  as,  to  look  for  lost  money, 
or  lost  cattle. 

To  look  into;  to  inspect  closely;  to  observe  nar- 
rowly ;  lo  exnmiue  ;  aji,  to  look  into  the  works  of  na- 
ture ;  tn  look  itito  the  couduct  of  another ;  to  look  into 
one's  affairs. 

Which  ih!iig«  the  angcla  deaire  to  took  into.  —  1  Pet.  I. 


LOO 

To  took  on  ;  lo  regard  ;  to  esteem. 

Her  frienils  would  look  on  bi;T  the  warae.  Prior. 

2.  To  consider;  to  view;  to  conceive  of;  to 
think. 

I  looked  on  Virgil  aa  a  succinct,  majestic  writer.  Drydtn, 

3.  To  be  a  mere  spectator. 

I'll  be  a  candle- holder,  and  look  on.  Shak. 

To  look  over;  to  examine  one  by  one ;  as,  to  took 
over  a  catalogue  of  books  ;  to  look  over  accounts. 

To  overlook  has  a  different  sense ;  to  pass  over 
without  seeing. 

To  look  out ;  to  be  on  the  watch.  The  seaman 
looks  out  for  breakers. 

To  look  to  or  unto ;  to  watch  ;  to  lake  care  of. 

Look  well  to  thy  hcrtU.  —  Prov.  xxvii. 

2.  To  resort  to  with  confidence  or  expectation  of 
receiving  something ;  to  expect  to  receive  from.  Th« 
creditor  inay  look  to  the  surety  for  payment. 

Look  unto  me,  niid  be  ye  B:ivcd,  all  the  enda  of  the  earth.  —  la.  xIt. 

To  look  through;  to  penetrate  with  the  eye,  or 
with  the  understanding ;  lo  see  or  understand  per- 
fectly. 
LpQK,  ti.  t.    To  seek  ;  to  search  for. 

Z.oo*inff  my  love,  I  go  from  place  to  place.     [Obt.]    Sptnatr. 

2.  To  influence  by  looks  or  presence ;  as,  lo  look 
down  opposition. 

A  spirit  fit  to  »t:irt  Into  an  empire, 
And  look  the  world  to  law.  Dryden. 

To  took  out ;  to  search  for  and  discover.  Look  out 
associates  of  good  reputation. 

To  look  in  the  face;  to  face  or  meet  with  boldness. 
To  took  one  another  in  the  face ;  to  meet  for  combat. 
2  Kings  xiv. 

To  look  up  a  thingy  is  to  search  for  it  and  find  it ; 
as,  I  do  not  know  where  the  book  is;  I  nmat  look 
it  up. 
LQQK,  in  the  imperative^  is  used  to  excite  attention  or 
notice.  Look  ycylook  you;  that  is,  see,  behold,  ob- 
serve, take  notice. 
LOQK,  n.  Cast  of  countenance  ;  air  of  the  face  ;  as- 
pect ;  as,  a  high  took  is  an  index  of  pride  ;  a  down- 
cast look  indicates  modesty,  bashfuluess,  or  depres- 
sion of  mind. 

Pttin,  disgrace,  and  poverty  hare  frightful  looki.  Locke. 

2.  The  act  of  looking  or  seeing.  Every  look  filled 
him  with  anguish. 

3.  View  ;  watch.  Swinburne. 
LQOK'i-JD,  (l99kt,)  PP-    Searched  for ;  sought. 
LQQK'ER,  n.     One  who  looks. 

A  looker  on  ;  a  mere  spectator  ;  one  that  looks  oti, 

but  has  no  agencv  or  interest  in  the  affair. 
LOOK'ING,  ppr.     Seeking. 
L60KMNG,  n.     Searcli  or  searching.    Looking  for; 

expectation.     Heb.  x. 
LpQK'ING-GLXSS,  n.    A  glass  which  reflects  the 

form  of  the  person  who  looks  on  it ;  a  mirror. 

There  is  none  ao  homely  but  love*  a  looking- glate.         SouA. 
LQQK'-OUT,  n.     A  careful  looking  or  watching  for 

any  object  or  event.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A  small  tower,  with  windows,  on  the  roof  of  a 

house,  for  viewing  the  scenery  around. 
LOCy^,  n.    In  metallurgy^  a  Vessel  used  to  receive  the 

washings  of  ores  of  metals.  Kneyc* 

LOOM,  n.     [Sax.  loma,  geloma,  utensils.] 

1.  In  composition,  heir-loom,  in  taiv,  is  a  personal 
chattel  that  by  special  custom  descends  to  an  heir 
with  the  inheritance,  being  such  a  thing  as  cannot 
be  separated  from  the  estate,  without  injury  to  it ; 
such  08  jewels  of  the  crown,  charters,  deeds,  and 
the  like.  Blackstone. 

2.  A  frame  or  machine  of  wood  or  other  material, 
in  wliich  a  weaver  works  thread  into  cloth. 

Hector,  whi^n  he  aeej  AndromHche  overwhelmed  with  terror, 
•L-iida  her  for  coiiaolation  to  the  loom  and  die  diiinlf. 

Rambler. 

3.  [Dan.  lom,  or  /wm,  G.  tohmc]  A  bird  of  the 
size  of  a  goose. 

4.  That  part  of  an  oar  which  is  within  board. 

Mar.  jyicL 
LOO.M,  V.  I.     [Q.U.  Sax.  teomauy  to  shine,  from  leoma,  a 
beam  of  light.    This  does  not  give  the  exact  sense 
of  the  word  as  now  used.] 

1.  To  apiwar  above  ihe  surface  either  of  sea  or 
land,  or  to  appear  larger  than  the  real  dimensions 
and  indistinctly,  as  a  distant  object,  a  ship  at  sea, 
or  a  mountain.  The  ship  looms  large,  or  the  land 
loom.i  high.  Mar.  Diet.  • 

2.  To  rise  and  to  be  eminent,  in  a  monU  sense. 

Ou  no  occasiim  doea   h4   (Piiut)  loom  ao  high,  an<l  sliine  ao 
gl'iriuuvly,  oa  in  the  cotitexL  J.  M.  Mason. 

LOOi^I'-«ALE,7i.    A  gentle  gale  of  wind.      jEncyc. 

LOOM'ING,  ppr.  Appearing  above  the  surface,  or 
indistinctly,  at  a  distiince. 

LOOM'ING,  TI.  The  indistinct  and  magnified  appear- 
ance of  objects  seen  in  particular  states  of  the  atnios- 
pliere.     [See  Mirage.]  Brande. 

LOON,  n.     [Scot,  loun  or  loon*     Q,u.  Sax.  lun^  needy, 
or  Ir.  liun,  sluggish.] 
L  A  sorry  fellow ;  a  rogue  ;  a  rascal. 

Dry  den.     Shak, 


TOVE,  BpLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  6  a«  J ;  8  as  Z :  CH  as  SH .  TII  aa  in  THIS. 


LOO 

1  9.  A  migratory  wnter-fowl  of  the  genua  Calym- 

[         OU3  ;  also  called  Ibe  Grb&t  NoitTHBRrf  Diver.     [Ice. 
>         Imitdf.] 

LOOP,  H.  [Ir.  tuham^  to  bend  or  fold;  tub,  luba,  a 
Ibong,  a  loop.] 

1.  A  folding  or  doubling  of  a  string  or  a  noose, 
througb  wbtch  a  lace  or  cord  may  be  run  for  fasten- 
ing. 

Th»t  the  probation  hear  no  hingv,  do(  ?oop 
Tu  hang  K  diHiU  oa.  Shak. 

9.  A  small,  narrow  opening;  a  !ooi>-hole.  Oteilt. 
3.  In  iron  irarits,  the  part  of  a  row  or  block  of  cast 
iron»  melted  otf  for  the  forge  or  hammer. 
LOOP' CD,  (l!X»pl,)  a.     Full  of  holes.  Shak. 

LOOP  ERS,  n.  pL  The  larves  of  certain  species  of 
moths,  (Geoinelrffi,)  which  form  a  loop  when  crawl- 
ing.  PartiniTtom, 

LOOP'-HOLE,  n.     A  small  ojiening  in  the  walls  of  a 
fortification,  or  in  the  bulk-he:id  of  a  shin,  through 
which  smill  arms  or  other  weapons  are  aischarged 
at  an  en^my. 
^  A  hole  or  aperture  that  gives  a  passage. 
3.  A  passage  for  escape  ;  means  of  escape. 

LOOP-nOL-ED.  (-bSid,)  a.    Full  of  holes  or  open- 

in!r«  for  e^ape.  Hadibrns. 

LOOP'IXG,  m.  In  metaUurfrti^  the  ninning  together  of 
Uie  matter  of  an  ore  into  a  mass,  when  the  ore  is 
only  heated  for  calcination.    [D.  hopen,  to  run.] 

Enrtfc. 
LOORD,  n,    [D.  I<rr,  a  clown  i  Fr.  lourd,  Sp.  Urtlo^ 
heavy,  dull,  gmts.] 
A  dull,  9tu[tid  fellow  ;  a  drone.    [JVot  in  vae.) 

Sprmsrr, 
LOOSE,  (ItKW,)  V.  L  fSax.  /tfsan,  a/,ir.«an,  UoMn  ;  Sw. 
AjM  :  D.  to$»e»t  looien  :  G.  lH.-ten ;  Dan.  m.^rr;  Goth. 
loMStfmt:  Gr.  Aprj,  contracted  from  the  s:ime  root. 
The  W.  llaesu  signifies  to  relax,  but  may  be  from 
the  root  of  Uu.  These  words  coincide  with  the  Cb. 
Syr,  Ar.  and  Hcb.  fSn.  Class  Ls,  No,  30.] 
1.  To  untie  or  unbind  ;  to  free  from  any  fastening. 

CAnct  thou  loot  the  bnmU  of  Oroii?  —  Job  xxxriii. 
Ve  shall  find  au  ua  uM,  itnil  »  C<>)t  with  her;  tooM  tbem,  and 
brix;  theoi  to  ve.  —  MML,  xxi. 

a.  To  relax. 

Tbe  }oiDU  of  loi  loiM  wn  toOMtf. — Dao.  *. 

3.  To  release  from  imprisonment  i  to  libenile ;  to 
Ml  at  liberty. 

The  aki*in  exl\e  hjucraelh  tfa^  he  tOAjbeUxumt,  —  Is.  S. 

4.  To  free  fh»m  obligation. 

Art  tboa  lottti  ham  «  wft?  •edt  po*  a  wtit.  —  I  Cor.  vS. 

5.  To  free  from  any  thing  that  binds  or  (ihackles  ; 
hs,  a  man  Joojrd  fmm  lu;st  and  pdf.  Dryden* 

6.  To  relicTe  ;  to  free  from  any  thing  burdensome 
or  afflictive. 

W— m,  Ana  ait  ktomd  ftooi  Oinc  )obakj.  —Luke  xIB. 

7.  To  dtiennge ;  to  detach ;  as,  to  Imm  one's  hold. 

8.  To  put  on*. 

Z«M«  ihr  ifaoa  bvoi  off  tky  bat  — Joth.  v. 

9.  To  open. 

Who  ■  wonhr  lo  open  the  beak,  *aA  to  Isom  tb«  uali  thereof  f 

—  Rer.  T. 

10.  To  remit ;  to  abaolve. 

Wbstwever  iImni  ibalt  tow  «•  eulh,  iImII  be  looMtf  In  heareo. 

—  Matt.  x»L 

LOOSE,  P.  u    To  set  sail ;  to  leave  a  port  or  harbor. 

Now  when  Paul  and  hii  company  I<««tf  from  Paj^KK,  the;  came 
Ui  Pergs,  in  Pamphjtia.  —  Acu  xai. 

LOOSE,  a.  [GoUi.  laus ;  D.  /o»,  losse;  G.  los;  Dan. 
Gfj ;  Sw.  toB.     Qu.  W.  /ZiM,  l«os«,  lax.] 

I.  Unbound  ;  untied  ;  unsewed  ;  not  fastened  or 
confined  ;  as,  the  Icnise  sheets  of  a  book. 

9.  \ot  tight  or  close  ;  a?,  a  locsr  garmenL 
3.  Not  crowded  ;  not  close  or  compact. 

With  hone  ami  chanota  nnked  in  loott  array.  MUton^ 

^  Not  den?e,  clow,  or  compact ;  as,  a  cloth  or  fos- 
afl  of  Ut«M  texture. 

Sk  Not  close  ;  not  concise ;  lax ;  as,  a  loost  and  dif- 
fase  style. 

&  Not  precipe  or  exact;  vagne ;  indeterminate; 
as,  a  £M«e  way  of  reasoning. 

7-  Not  strict  at  rigid ;  as,  a  loom  otwenrance  of 
rites. 

S.  Unconnected  j  rambling;  as,  a  Ioom, indigested 
play. 

Vario  wpnA  whole  nMmoln^  in  mnmng  over  looM  ao<l  uncon- 
■teard  pa^ea.  Wtuu. 

9.  Of  lax  bowels.  Locke. 

10.  Unengaged  ;  not  attached  or  enslaved. 

Tbnr  i>*^vaBiDp  priact{ie  ia,  to  tit  as  loot*  Tron)  pl^iunr-a.  antl 
be  ai  muduue  io  U>e  uae  of  thcTn,  >•  ih^y  on,     Asurbury. 

II.  Disengaged;  free  from  obligation  ;  w^itb  from 
otof. 

Scrm  I  sund 
J^ooar  o/mj  tow  ;  but  wbo  knowa  Cato'a  thotight  * 
[LiaU  U4«d.\  A-i^Bton. 

12.  Wanton  ;  unrestrained  in  behavior;  dissolute  ; 
nncba-^te  ;  as,  a  loose  man  or  woman, 

IX  Containing  unchaste  language  ;  as,  a  laose 
epistle.  Drydau 


LOP 

To  break  loose;  to  escape  from  confinement;  to 
gain  liberty  by  violence.  Drydetu 

To  let  loose. :  to  free  from  restminl  or  conlinenient ; 
to  set  at  liberty.  Locke. 

LOOSE,  H.     Freedom  from  restraint ;  liberty. 

Coiiie,  rive  th^  aoul  a  Ioom.  DrytUn. 

Vent  all  its  gneh,  and  give  a  loon  to  aorrow.  AdJiton, 

We  !ise  this  Word  only  in  the  phrase  fftve  a  loose. 
The  fUlowing  use  of  it  —  "he  runs  with  an  un- 
bounded loose  ^*  —  is  obsolete.  Prior. 
LOOS' KD,  (loost,) /»p.    Untied;  unbound;  freed  from 

restraint  or  costiveness. 
LOOSE'LY,  (^Uxts'ly,)  adr.     Not  ftusl ;  not  firmly  ;  that 
may  be  easily  disengaged;  as,  things  looseiy  tied  or 
connected. 
2-  Without  confinement, 

Krr  frt>l<l'^D  I'^ki  for  baite  were  lootely  shed 

About  her  txn,  Spenitr. 

3.  Without  union  or  connection. 

Part  lootty  wing  the  region.  MUlon, 

A.  Irreguiarly ;  not  with  tlie  usual  restraints. 

A  bishop,  Urin^  loonly,  w^a  chnrgr^  that  l^i  conversniion  waa 
not  acc»niing  lo  ine  apoailw'  firpa.  OtmeUn, 

5.  Negligently  ;  carelessly  ;  heedlessly  ;  as,  a  mind 
looselv  employed.  Locke, 

6.  Me:inly  ;  slightly. 

A  peince  should  not  be  lo  loo*ely  studied^  u  to  rcmpmlKT  lo 
wtak  a  cumpoaition,  ithak, 

7.  Wantonly  ;  dissolutely  ;  unchastelv.       Pope, 
LOOS' EN,  (loos'n,)  r.  (.    [from  loosc^  ot'it  is  the  Sax- 
on infinitive  retained.] 

1.  To  free  from  tightness,  tension,  firmness,  or  fix- 
edness; as,  to  loosen  a  string  when  tied,  or  a  knot; 
tu  loosen  a  Joint ;  to  loosen  a  rock  in  the  earth. 

2.  To  render  less  dense  or  compact;  ns,  to  loosen 
the  earth  about  the  roots  of  a  tree. 

3.  To  free  from  restraint. 

Itlooatna  hii  handa  and  aaaisu  hii  underatandln;.       Dryden, 

4.  To  remove  costiveness  from;  to  facilitate  or  in- 
crease alvine  discharges. 

pLar  looatneA  the  beUj.  Ba^on. 

LOOS'EN,  r.  i.  To  become  loose ;  to  become  less 
tight,  firm,  or  compact, 

LOOS'f7N-E[>,  pp.  or  o.  Freed  fromt  ightness  or  fixed- 
ness :  rendered  loose. 

LOOSE'.NESS,  (kxw'ness,)  n.  The  state  of  being 
loose  or  relaxed  ;  a  slate  opposite  lo  that  of  being 
tight,  fast,  fixed,  or  compart ;  as,  the  looseness  of  a 
cord  ;  the  tooseness  of  a  robe ;  the  looseness  of  the 
skin;  the  looseness  of  eartli,  or  of  the  texture  of 
cloth. 

2.  The  state  opposite  to  rigor  or  rigidness;  laxity; 
levity  ;  as,  hosntess  of  morals  or  of  principles. 

3.  Irregularity ;  habitual  deviation  from  strict 
rules  ;  as,  looseness  of  life.  Hayward. 

4.  Habitual  lewdness  ;  unchastity.  Spenser. 
.■>.  Flux  from  the  bowels;  diarrhea.  Bacon. 

LOOS' E\-ING,  ppr.  Freeing  from  tightness,  tension, 
or  fixedness  ;  rendering  less  compact. 

LOOSE'STRTFE,  n.  In  botany,  the  English  popular 
name  of  several  species  of  plants,  of  the  genera 
Lysimachia,  Epilobium,  Lythrum,  and  Gaiira.  Lee. 

LOOS'ING,  ppr.     Setting  free  from  confinement.    ' 

LOP,  F.  L  [I  know  not  the  afiinities  of  this  word, 
unless  it  is  lob,  or  the  W.  llab,  a  stroke  ;  ItabiatB,  to 
slap  or  strike,  or  the  Eng.  Jlap^  or  Ir.  lubam,  to  bend. 
The  primary  sense  is  evidently  to  fall  or  foil,  or  to 
strike  down,  and  I  think  it  connected  wiihjiap.] 

1.  To  cut  ofl^,  as  the  top  or  extreme  part  of^any 
thing;  to  shorten  by  cutting  olf  the  extremities  ;  as, 
to  fop  a  tree  or  its  branches. 

Whh  brancbca  topped  in  woodi  or  mountain  foiled.        MUton. 

2.  To  cut  ofiT,  as  exuberances ;  to  separate,  as  su- 
perfluous iKirts. 

Expunge  Ibe  whole,  or  lop  the  excrcacent  paito.  Pope. 

3.  To  eut  partly  off  and  bend  down  ;  as,  to  fop  the 
trees  or  saplines  of  a  hedge. 

4.  To  let  fall ;  to^p ;  as,  a  horse  lops  his  ears. 
LOP,  TU    That  which  is  cut  from  trees. 

Elae  bcah  body  and  lop  will  be  of  little  ralue.  Mortiiner. 

LOP,  n.    [Sax.  hppe.] 

A  flea.     l/Mcal.] 
LOPE,  preL  of  Leap.     [Sw.  lopa ;  D.  hopen.]    [  Obs.] 

Spenser. 
LOPE,  ji.     [Sw.  tiipa,  D.  loopen,  to  run.     See  Leap.] 
A  leap ;  a  long  step. 
[.>?  teord  in  popular  use  in  ^mtriexi.l 
LOPE,  F.  i.    To  leap ;  to  move  or  run  with  a  long  step, 

as  a  dog.  Forhy. 

LO-PHI'0-DON,  n.    [Cr.,\fi</n'i,  a  summit,  and  ot^ovs.a 

tooth.]     A  fossil  animal,  allied  to  the  rhinoceros  and 

tapir  :  so  named  from  the  eminence  of  its  teeth. 

LOP'ING,  ppr.    Leaping  ;  moving  or  running  with  a 

long  step. 
LOP'PED.  (lopt,)  pp.     Cut  ofl';  shortened  by  cutting 

oflC  the  top  or  end  ;  bent  down. 
LOP'PER,  n.     One  that  lopa. 

LOP'PER.  r.  i.  To  turn  sour  and  coagulate  from  too 
long  standing,  as  milk,  Forby. 


LOR 

LOP'PER-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Turned  sour  and  coagulated  ; 
as,  lopofrcd  milk.  Forbij. 

LOP'PIN'G,  ppr.  Cutting  off;  shortening  by  cutting 
off  the  extremity  ;  letting  fall. 

LOP'PING,  71,  A  cutting  oflT,  as  of  branches;  that 
which  is  cut  oS. 

LOP'SID-ED,  o.  Heavier  on  one  side  than  the  other, 
as  a  ship.  [Commonly  spelt  Lapsided,  but  pro- 
nounced hp.^ided.)  Qrusc. 

LO-liUA'CIOUS,  (lakwa'shus,)  a.     [L.  loquax,  from 
loquor,  to  speak  ;  Eng.  lo  clack.] 
1.  Talkative  ;  given  to  continual  talking. 

LoquaHout,  brawling,  ever  in  the  wrong,  Oryden. 

9.  Speaking ;  noisy. 

Blind  Brilinh  hnnls,  with  ToKnt  touch, 

Traverae  toquaaout  atringa.  PhUipl. 

3.  Apt  to  blab  and  disclose  secrets. 

LO-QUsS'ClOUS-LY,  adv.     In  a  loquacious  manner. 

LO-QUA'CIOUS-NESS,  (lo-kwa'shus-,)  (n,        I^    lo- 

LO-QUAC'I-tY,  (lo-kwas'e-te,)  \      guacitas.] 

Talkativeness ;  the  habit  or  practice  of  talking 
continually  or  excessivtiy. 

Too  gn-at  !oqtiaci:y  and  too  great  t«ctturnky  by  flU.    Arbullinot. 

LORD,  H.  [Sax.  hlaford.  This  has  been  supposed  to 
be  compounded  q{'  h!af,  loaf,  i\x\A  ford,  afford,  to  give  ; 
and  hence  a  lord  is  interpreted  a  bread-f^iver.  Uul 
ladi/.  in  Saxon,  is  in  like  manner  written  hlafda<r  ; 
and  dtEff  can  hardly  sipnify  a  giver.  The  word  oc- 
curs in  none  of  the  Teutonic  dialects  except  the 
Saxon  ;  and  it  is  not  easy  to  ascertain  the  original 
signification  of  the  word.  I  question  the  correctness 
of  the  common  interpretation.] 

1.  A  master;  a  person  possessing  supreme  power 
and  authority  ;  a  ruler  ;  a  governor. 

Mxn  over  man 
He  made  not  lord.  Milton. 

But  now  I  wai  the  lord 
Of  tliia  finr  manaion.  Sfuik. 

2.  A  tyrant ;  an  oppressive  ruler.  Ihyden. 

3.  A  husband. 

Aloft  in  tiiltrm^aa  of  aoul  deplored 

My  ai^wut  (laiiir|iter  and  hit  dearer  lord.  Pope, 

My  ^r>/ alao  bluing  old. — Geo.  x»iii. 

4.  A  bnron  ;  the  proprietor  of  a  manor;  aa^  the  lord 
of  the  manor. 

5.  A  nobleman  ;  a  title  of  honor,  in  Great  Britain, 
given  to  those  who  are  noble  by  birth  or  creation  ;  a 
peer  of  the  realm,  including  dukes,  marquises^  earls, 
viscounts,  and  barons.  Archbishops  and  bishops, 
also,  as  members  of  the  house  of  lords,  are  lords  of 
parliament.  Thus  we  say,  lords  temporal  and  spir- 
itual. By  courtesy,  also,  the  title  is  given  to  the  sons 
of  dukes  and  marquises,  and  lo  the  eldest  sons  of 
earls.  Encye. 

6.  An  honorary  title  bestowed  on  certain  otficial 
characters  ;  as,  lord  advocate,  li/rd  chamberlain,  lord 
chancellor,  lord  chief  justice.  Sec. 

7.  In  Scripture,  the  Supreme  Being  ;  Jehovah. 
When  Lord^  in  the  Old  Testament,  is  printed  in  cap- 
itals, it  is  the  translation  of  Jehovah,  and  so  might, 
witli  more  propriety,  be  rendered.  The  word  u  ap- 
plied to  Christ,  Ps.  ex.,  Col.  iii.,  and  to  the  Holy 
Spirit,  2  Tkess.  iii.  As  a  title  of  respect,  it  is  applied 
to  kings,  Oen.  xl.,  2  Sam.  x\x. ;  to  princes  and  nobles, 
Oen.  xlii.,  Dan.  iv. ;  to  a  husband,  Oen.  xviii. ;  to  a 
prophet,  i  J^iHjrs  xviii.,  2  Kings  ii. ;  and  to  a  respect- 
able person,  Oen.  xxiv.  Christ  is  called  the  Lord  of 
glory,  1   Cor.  ii.,  and  Lord  of  lords.  Rev.  xix. 

8.  [Gr.  Arjp^uj']  In  ludicrotts  language,  a  hump- 
backed person.  Smart, 

Lord  of  misrule;  one  formerly  chosen  to  direct  the 
sports  and  revels  of  a  family  during  Clirislmas  holi- 
days. StruU. 

Lord  lirutev ant  of  Ireland  is  the  representative  of 
royalty  in  that  country.     Lord  lieutenant  of  a  county 
is  one  deputed  by  the  sovereign  to  manage  its  mili- 
tary concerns.  Booth. 
LORD,  r.  t.     To  invest  with  the  dignity  and  privileges 

of  a  lord.  Shak. 

LORD,  c.  i.     To  domineer;  to  rule  with  arbitrary  or 

despniic   sway;   sometimes  followed    by   over,  and 

sometimes  by  i(,  in  the  manner  of  a  transitive  verb. 

The  whiW  ah^  lortleth  in  Mentions  blisa.  Spemtr. 

I  *"t;  lliTn  lording  it  in  IjOnilnn  atref^ta.  Sliak. 

Thpy  lorded  ooer  ihem  whom  they  now  worre.         Milton. 

LORD'ING,  n.    A  little  lord;  a  lord  in  contempt  or 

ridicule.     [Little  used,]  SwifL 

LORD'LIKE,  a.     Becoming  a  lord. 

9.  Haughty  ;  proud  ;  insolent.  Ihryden. 
LORD'LI-NESS,   n.      [from   l(rrdhj.]  Dignity;    high 

station.  Shak. 

2.  Pride;  haughtiness.  J^Jore 

LORD'LLXG,  n.     A  little  or  diminutive  lord.    Swift. 

LORD'LY,  a.  [lord  and  like]  Becoming  a  lord  ;  per- 
taining to  a  lord. 

Lordly  siiia  require  lordly  eatatea  to  iiipport  them.  ■S'oulA. 

2.  Proud  ;  haughty  ;  imperious  ;  insolent. 

Every  rich  and  lordly  swnin 

With  pride  would  drag  about  her  chain.  Swi/l. 

LORD'LY,  adv.    Proudly  ;  imperiously  ;  despotically. 

A  TiimishF^d  lion,  iaiuing  from  ihe  wood, 

Roara  lordly  fterce.  Drydtn, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  Wn^\T.  — METE,  PREY.  — PL\E,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

676 


LOS 

LORD'SHIP,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  a  lord  ; 
hi'nce,  a  title  of  hoiuir  given  to  noblemen,  excopt  to 
dtikefi,  who  have  the  title  of  frraee. 

2.  A  titulary  cotiipellation  of  judites  and  certain 
other  persons  in  autliority  and  office  in  England. 

3.  Dominion;  power;  authority.  IJokitson. 
They  who  are  accoilnwd  to  rule  over  Uio  Gendjei  exercise  lord- 
ship over  tbein.  —  Mark  x. 

4.  Seignory ;  domain  ;  the  territory  of  a  lord  over 
which  he  holds  jurisdiction  ;  a  manor. 

What  lan.U  nrni  tortUMpt  for  their  owner  know 

My  quoriilAm  barl>cr.  Dryden. 

LORD'S  SUP'PER,  n.      In  the  Christian  churchy  the 

sacrament  of  the  euchari^t. 
LORE,  n.     [Sax.  lar^  from  the  root  of  leran,  to  leam  ; 
D.  triT :  G.  lehre  ;  Dan,  t^tre ;  Sw.  Idra.l 
Learning;  doctrine;  lesson;  instruction. 
The  law  of  nntjniw,  or  the  lore  of  war.  F^r/ax. 

Lo  I    Koin*  hciwrlf,  prouij  niisireas  now  no  more 
Ofaru,  but  ihnnderuig  aguiiut  lieaihcn  lore.  Pope. 

LORE,  n.     [L.  lorum^  strap.] 

In  omitkolo^ijy  the  space  between  the  bill  and  the 
eye. 
LOR'EL,  n.     [Sax.  leoran,  to  wander.] 

An  abandoned  scomidrel ;  a  vagrant.     [Oi^.] 

Cfiauenr. 
LORES'MAN,  n.      [tore  and  man.]      An   instructor. 

[Ob.t.]  Gower. 

LoR'I-eXTE,  V.  L  [L.  loricOy  toricatas^  from  larica^  a 
coat  of  mail.] 

1.  To  plate  over ;  to  spread  over,  as  a  plate  for  de- 
fense. 

Nature  hAth  loricaud  the  »iilea  of  the  tympanum  In  aDltnals  with 
ear-wux.  /tey. 

9.  To  cover  with  a  coating  or  ctust,  as  a  chemical 
vessel,  for  resisting  fire. 

LOR'I-€A-TED,  pp.  Covered  or  plated  over ;  en- 
crusted. 

LOR'I-€A-TING,  ppr.  Covering  over  with  a  coating 
or  crust. 

LOR-I-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  operation  of  cover- 
ing any  thing  with  a  coating  or  crust  for  defence ; 
as,  the  loricaiion  of  a  chemical  vessel,  to  enable  it  to 
resist  the  action  of  fire,  and  sustain  a  high  degree  of 
heat. 

LOR'I-MER,  m     (L.  lorum^  a  thong  ;  Fr.  }«rmifr.'] 

A  maker  of  bits,  spurs,  and  metal  mountings  for 
bridles  and  saddles  ;  hence,  a  saddler.     [A'ot  k>-p(/.] 

Smart. 

LflR'INO,  n.    Instructive  discourse.    [Oft*.]    Spenner. 

LO'RI-OT,  lu  [Fr.]  A  bird  called  Witwall  ;  the 
golden  oriole,  (Oriolus  galbula.)  P.  Cyc. 

LOR'I-PED,  n.  A  moUuscan  animal  furnished  with 
a  short,  double  tube,  and  having  its  foot  prolonged 
into  a  kind  of  cylindrical  cord.  Curter. 

LO'RIt?,  »■  The  popular  name  of  several  species  of 
I^mur,  which  inhabit  Ceylon  and  Java.  They  are 
qtiadrumanous  mammals,  having  a  near  affinity  to 
the  monkeys. 

LOR.N,  a.      [Sax.  forlorcny  Dan.  forloren^  lost.      See 

FORLORM.J 

lx)st ;  forsaken  ;  lonely.  Spenser. 

LO'RV,  B.  A  name  common  to  a  subordinate  genus 
of  birds  of  the  parrot  family,  usually  of  a  red  color. 
The  lorips  inhabit  doulii-^astcm  Asia  and  the  islands 
of  the  East.  PartinfTton. 

I^S'A-BLE,  a.    Thai  may  be  lost.     {LiULc  used.] 

LOS'ANOE.     SeeLozEsoE.  [Boyle. 

LOSE,  (looz.)  B.  t. ;  preL  and  pp.  Lost.  [Sax.  loaian, 
furlosiany  fortysan  ;  D.  vtrliezen  ;  Goth.  Uusan.  The 
sense  is  probably  to  part,  lo  separate,  and  from  the 
root  of  loo^e.] 

1.  To  mislay  ;  to  part  or  be  separated  from  a  thing, 
so  ns  to  have  no  knowledge  of  the  place  where  it  is  ; 
as,  to  to/te  a  book  or  a  paper  ;  to  lose  a  record  ;  to  lose 
a  dollar  or  a  ducat. 

2.  To  forfeit  by  unsuccessful  contest ;  as,  to  lose 
monf^y  in  gaming. 

3.  .Not  to  gain  or  win  ;  as,  to  lose  a  battle,  that  is, 
to  be  defcnled. 

4.  To  be  deprived  of;  as,  to  lose  men  in  battle ;  to 
lose  an  arm  or  a  leg  by  a  shot  or  by  amputation  ;  to 
lose  one's  life  or  honor. 

5.  To  forfeit,  as  a  penally.  Our  first  parents  last 
tlip  favor  of  God  by  their  apostasy. 

fi.  To  suffer  diminution  or  waste  of. 

,  wherewith  ahall  tt  be  tailed  F  — 

7.  To  niin  ;  to  destroy. 

Tl)^  woman  that  ilrliheratca  ia  tott,  AddUon. 

8.  To  wander  from  ;  to  miss,  so  as  not  to  be  able 
to  find  ;  as,  to  lose  the  way. 

9.  To  bewilder. 

Loit  in  the  mai«  of  wodIs,  Pop€, 

10.  To  possess  no  longer  ;  to  be  deprived  of;  con- 
trary to  fCuEF  ;  as,  to  lose  a  valuable  trade. 

U.  Not  to  employ  or  enjoy;  to  waste.  Titus 
ilghrd  to  lose  a  day. 

I^  unhippy  hare  but  botmi,  and  th«<;  th^y  Ion.       Dryign. 
19.  To  waste;  to  (trjuander ;  to  throw  away  ;  as, 
to  lose  a  fortune  by  gaming,  or  by  dissipation. 


LOT 

13.  To  sufTir  to  vanish  from  view  or  perception. 
We  lost  sight  of  the  land  at  noon.  I  last  my  com- 
panion in  the  crowd. 

Lilce  followhig^  life  in  crcittiim  we  dlaiect. 
We  io4e  it  in  the  niojnt-iit  we  detect.  Pope. 

11.  To  ruin ;  to  destroy  by  shipwreck,  &c. 
The  Albion  was  lost  on  the  coast  of  Ireland,  April 
22,  1822.     The  admiral  lost  three  ships  in  a  tempest. 

15.  To  cause  to  i>erish  ;  as,  tu  be  lost  at  sea. 

16.  To  employ  ineffectually  ;  to  throw  away;  to 
waste.  Instruction  is  often  lost  on  the  dull ;  admo- 
nition is  tost  on  tlie  profligate.  It  is  uflen  the  fate  of 
projectors  to  lose  tlieir  labor. 

17.  To  be  freed  from. 

His  ic-iW  liaak  (he  bunch  hna  gat 

Which  iiAlwin  lotl  bul'ore.  Parnell. 

18.  To  fail  to  obtain. 

He  ahall  in  no  wise  tote  his  reward.  —  Matt.  x. 
To  lose  one's  se(f;  to  be  bewildered  ;  also,  to  slum- 
ber ;  to  have  the  memory  and  reason  suspended. 
LOSE,  (looz,)  V,  i.     To  forfeit  any  thing  in  contest ; 
not  to  win. 

We'll  talV  with  them  too, 
Who  lottt  and  who  wins ;  who's  in,  who's  out.         ShaJc. 

2.  To  decline  ;  to  fail. 

Wiadom  in  diaconrae  wiUi  her 
Lotes  dlacuui)tenan&.'d,  attd  like  lolly  ibows,  Milton. 

LOS'EL,  n.  [from  the  root  of  loose..]  A  wasteful 
fellow  ;  one  who  loses  by  sloth  or  neglect ;  a  worth- 
less person.     [Oft.^.]  Spenser. 

LOS'EL,  a.     Uasteftil ;  slothf\il.  Irvinsr. 

LOS'EN-OER,  n.  [Sax.  lets^  false  ;  leasunge,  falsity.] 
A  deceiver.     [Oi.*.]  Chaucer. 

LOS'ER,  (looz'cr,)  n.  One  that  loses,  or  that  is  de- 
prived of  any  thing  by  defeat,  forfeiture,  or  the  like  ; 
the  contrary  to  Win  neb  or  Gainer.  A  loser  by  trade 
may  be  honest  and  moral ;  this  can  not  be  said  of  a 
loser  by  gaming. 

LOS'ING,  (looz'ing,)  ppr.  Parting  from;  missing; 
forfeiting  ;  wasting  ;  etnploying  to  no  good  purpose. 

LOS'ING,  a.  That  incurs  or  brings  loss  ;  as,  a  losing 
game  or  business, 

LCS'ING-LY,  ailv.    In  a  manner  to  incur  loss. 

LOS!3,  n.  Privation  ;  as,  the  loss  of  property  ;  loss  of 
money  by  gaming  ;  loss  of  health  or  reputation. 
Every  loss  is  not  a  detriment.  We  can  not  regret 
the  loss  of  bad  company  or  of  evil  habits. 

3.  Destruction  ;  ruin  ;  as,  the  loss  of  a  ship  at  sea  ; 
the  loss  of  an  army. 

3.  Failure  to  succeed;  defeat;  as,  the  loss  of  a 
battle. 

4.  Waste  ;  useless  application  ;  as,  a  loss  of  time 
or  labor. 

5.  Waste,  by  leakage  or  escape  ;  as,  a  loss  of  li- 
quors in  transportation. 

To  bear  a  loss ,-  to  make  good  ;  also,  to  sustain  a 
loss  without  sinking  under  it. 

To  be  at  a  loss  ;  to  be  puzzled  ;  to  be  unable  to  de- 
termine ;  to  be  in  a  slate  of  uncertainty. 
LOSS'FIJL,  a.     Deirimenlal.     [J^ot  used.]       Bp.  Hall. 
LOSS'IiESS,  a.     Free  from  loss.    [Mit  used.]    Mdton. 
LOST,  pp.  or  a,     [from  lose.]     Rfislaid  or  lef\   in   a 
place  unknown  or  forgotten  ;  Ihat  can  not  be  found 
as,  a  lost  book. 

2.  Ruined  ;  destroyed  ;  wasted  or  squandered  ; 
employed  to  no  good  pur|>ose  ;  as,  lost  money  ;  lost 
time. 

3.  Forfeited  ;  as,  a  lost  estate. 

4.  Not  able  In  find  the  right  way,  or  Ihe  place  in- 
tended.    A  stringer  is  lost  in  I«ondon  or  Paris. 

5.  Bewildend  ;  perplexed  ;  being  in  a  maze  ;  as, 
a  speaker  may  be  lost  in  hi^  argument 

6.  Alienated  ;  insensible  ;  hardened  beyond  sensi- 
bility or  recovery  ;  as,  a  pruiligate  lost  lo  shame  ; 
lost  In  all  Sense  of  honor. 

7.  Nol  perceptible  lo  the  senses  ;  not  visible  ;  as, 
an  isle  lost  in  a  fr)g  ;  a  person  lost  in  a  crowd. 

8.  Shipwrecked  or  foundered  ;  sunk  or  destroyed  ; 
as,  a  ship  lost  at  sea,  or  on  the  rocks. 

LOT,  n.  [Sax.  A/o(,  hlodd,  kUl,  hlijt :  Goth,  hlauts  ; 
D.  Hud  Fr.  lot :  Sw.  lott :  Dan.  and  Arni.  lod ;  G.  los ; 
IL  lotto  ;  Sp.  lottTuiy  a  lottery.  The  primary  sense  is, 
that  which  comes,  falls,  or  hapjwns,  or  a  part,  a  di- 
vision, or  share.  The  French,  from  fot^  have  /ofir, 
to  divide  ;  Arm.  loda,  id.,  whence  lodee^^  a  co-heir.] 

1.  That  which,  in  human  speech,  Is  called  chance, 
hazard,  forttme,  but,  in  strictness  of  language,  is  the 
detenuination  of  Pn»vidence  ;  as,  the  land  shall  be 
divided  by  loL    J^um,  xxvi. 

2.  That  by  which  the  fate  or  portion  of  one  is  de- 
termined ;  thai  by  which  an  event  is  cominiited  lo 
chance,  that  is,  lo  the  detenninntion  of  Providence  ; 
as,  to  cast  lots  ;  lo  draw  loU. 

The  lot  a  cast  into  the  Up,  but  the  whole  disposing  thereof  b  of 
Uk  UoT'I. —  Pro*.  x»i, 

3.  The  part,  division,  or  fate,  which  falls  to  one  by 
chance,  that  is,  by  divine  determination. 

The  Bccond  lot  eame  forth  lo  Simrou. — Jorii.  xix. 

He  was  tnii  born  lo  try 
The  lot  of  man,  to  tutTr-r  and  to  die.  Pop*. 

4.  A  distinct  portion  or  parcel ;  aa,  a  lot  of  goods  ; 
a  lot  of  boards. 


LOU 

5.  Proportioji  or  share  of  taxes ;  as,  to  pay  scot  amf 
IcU 

6.  In  t}ie  United  States^  a  piece  or  division  of  lanil 
perliaps  originally  assigned  by  drawing  lots,  but  now 
any  portion,  piece,  or  division.  So  we  say,  a  man 
has  a  lot  of  land  in  Broadway,  or  in  tlte  meadow  ;  he 
has  a  lot  in  the  plain,  or  on  the  mountain  ;  he  has  a 
home-iot,  a  house-tot,  a  wood-lot. 

The  defendants  leased  a  honte  and  lot  In  the  city  of  Nrw  York. 
Kent.     I-y-anklin,     Lata  of  Penn. 

To  cast  lots,  is  to  use  or  throw  a  die,  or  some  other 
instrument,  by  the  unforeseen  turn  or  position  of 
which,  an  event  is,  by  previous  agreement,  deter- 
mined. 

To  draw  loUs ;  to  determine  an  event  by  drawing 
one  thing  from  a  number  whose  marks  are  concealed 
from  the  drawer,  and  thus  determining  an  event. 

LOT,  c.  t.     To  allot ;  to  assign ;  to  distribute  ;  to  sort ; 
to  catalogue  ;  to  portion.  Prior. 

LOTE,  n.     [Gr.  Awn-^,-  L.  lotus,  lotos.] 

1.  The  modern  popular  name  of  several  plants, 
more  especially  of  the  Zizyphua  Lotus  of  Africa, 
which  is  three  or  four  inches  high,  and  produces  a 
fruit  about  the  size  of  a  sloe,  with  a  large  stone, 
which  grows  on  every  part  of  the  branches. 

2.  A  little  muddy  fish,  like  an  eel.  Cotgrave^ 
LOTH.  a.     [Sax.   lath,   Sw.  led,   Dan,   leede,   odious, 

hated.  The  common  orthography  is  taaUi,  pronounced 
with  0  long,  but  both  the  orthography  and  pronunci- 
ation originally  followed  the  analogy  of  doth.  Sax. 
clath.  I  have  followed  Milton,  Dryden,  Waller, 
Spenser,  and  Shakspeare,  in  the  orthography  of  this 
word.  The  verb,  also,  with  the  derivatives,  wts 
originally  spelt  without  the  letter  a,  and  this  spelling 
would  be  prefeijible.  The  primary  sense  is  to  thru&t, 
to  turn  or  drive  away.  See  the  verb,  and  Class  Ld, 
No.  9,  15.] 

1.  Literally,  hating,  detesting  ;  hence, 

2.  Unwilling;  disliking;  not  inclined ;  reluctant. 

Long  doth  he  aUT.aa  loOi  to  leave  the  land.  Davkt. 

To  pardon  willing,  and  to  punish  loth.  IV'a^^. 

LO'TION,  n.     [L.  totio,  from  lavo,  to  wash.] 

L  A  washing  ;  particularly,  a  washing  of  the  skin 
for  the  purpose  of  rendering  it  fair.  Enryc. 

2.  A  liquid  preparation  for  washing  some  pait  of 
the  body,  to  cleanse  it  of  foulness  or  deforniity.  Kncyc. 

3.  In  pharmacy,  a  preparation  of  medicines,  by 
washing  them  in  some  liquid,  to  remove  foreign  sub- 
stances, impurities,  Sec.  Encijc. 

LOT'TED,  pp.     Allotted;   assigned;   sorted;   por- 
tioned. 
LOT'TER-Y,  n.     [Fr.  loterie  ;  Sp.  loteria.    See  Lot.] 

1.  A  scheme  for  the  distribution  of  prizes  by 
chance,  or  the  distribution  itself.  Lotteries  are  often 
authorized  by  law,  but  many  good  men  deem  them 
immoral  in  principle,  and  almost  all  men  concur  iii 
the  opinion  that  their  eflftjcts  are  pernicious. 

2.  Allotment.     [JVot  used.] 

LOT'TING,  ppr.    Assigning;  distributing;  sorting. 

LO'TUS,  71.     [Gr.  Xwrof.] 

The  name  of  a  genus  of  leguminous  plants.  The 
ancients  applied  the  name  lotus  to  the  Zizyphus  Lo- 
tus of  Africa,  [see  Lote,1  the  Nymphsa  I*otiis,  an 
E::ypiian  water  plant,  anil  lo  the  several  species  of 
the  genus  Lotus. 

LOUD,  o.  [Sax.  kind,  or  Itid;  G.  taut;  D.  liud;  Dan. 
lydt  L. /«urfo,  to  praise,  and  with  a  prefix,  p/aurfo  ,* 
W.  clod,  praise,  formed  from  tlod,  which  signifies 
what  is  forcibly  uttered  ;  Itodi,  to  reach  out ;  llawd, 
lliat  shoots  out,  that  is  productive,  also  a  tad.    This 

is  the  Ch.  Syr.  Heb.  and  Sam.  ^S^  Eth.  ©AtS 

tealad,  Ar.  4)^5  vialada,  to  bring  forth.    The  primary 

sense  is  obvious.  Uu.  its  connection  with  the  Ir. 
blaodh  and  slaodh,  a  calling,  and  Sax.  lathian,  to  call. 
See  Class  Ld,  No.  8,29.] 

1.  Having  a  great  sound;  high  sounding;  noisy; 
striking  the  ear  with  great  force ;  as,  a  load  voice  ;  a 
loud  cry  ;  toad  thunder. 

2.  Uttering  or  making  t.  great  noise  ;  as,  loud  instru- 
ments.   2  Ctiron.  XXX. 

3.  Clamorous  ;  noisy. 

Siic  is  lotid  and  stubborn,  —  ProT.  -ra. 

4.  Emphatical ;  impressive ;  as,  a  loud  call  to  avoid 
danger. 

LOUD,  ado.     With  loudness  ;  loudly.  Smart. 

LOUD'-L\UGH-ING,  (-Iiiiring,)«.    Laughing  loudly. 
LOUD'LY,  ado.     With  great  sound  or  noise  ;  noisily. 
Who  \fMig  and  loudly  in  the  schools  declaimed.  Denkam, 

2.  Clamorously;  with  vehement  complaints  or  iiu 
portunity.     He  loudly  complained  of  intolerance. 
LOUD'NkSS,  n.    Great  sound  or  noise  ;  as,  the  loud 
ness  of  a  voice  or  of  thunder. 

2.  Clawior;  clamorousnosa ;  turbulence;  uproar. 
L0UD'-V0IC-/?:D,  (-volst,)  a.     Having  a  loud  voice. 

Byron. 
LOUGH,  (lok,)  n.     [Jr.] 

A  lake,  or  arm  of  the  sea ;  a  difierent  orthography 
of  the  Scottish  loch.  Fairfax. 

ZOt7'/.S-/>'Oit',(loo'e-d5re',)  n.  [Fr.,a  Lewis  of  gold.] 


TONE,  BULL,  tINITE AN"GER,  VfCIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  <S  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

^^       677 


LOV 

A  golj  coin  of  France,  first  struck  in  1640,  in   tbe 
rei^  of  lA>uid  XIII.,  value  twenty  ^ihiUingjj  litcrling, 
equal  to  about  $4.44. 
I/>ij.\d^,  c.  u    [h\.  lomgiSf  a  lingerer,  from  long.] 

1.  To  spend  time  lazily. 

2.  To  move  idly  about ;  to  stroIL 

3.  To  recline  at  ease  ;  to  loll. 
I/)CNtiC,  n.     An  idle  gait  or  stroll. 

3.  The  act  of  recMning  at  ease. 
3.  A  place  fur  lutniijing. 
LOU.NG'ER,  n.     An  idler;  one  who  loitere  away  hla 

time  in  indolence. 
LOUXG'ING,  p^,  ora.    Parsing  Iho  time  in  idleness; 
LOITR.    See  Lower.  rreclininc  at  ease. 

LOUSE,  n.:  ft.  Lies.  [Sax.  /«*,  pi.  tys;  D.  inw;  G. 
tats;  Sw.  and  Dan.  tuj.] 

The  popular  name  of  a  irenua  of  pansilic  in«erta, 
termed  Pedieulus^  with  a  flattened  body  divided  into 
eleven  or  twelve  segments,  to  three  ol  which  is  at- 
tached a  pairof  legs,  which  arv  short, and  terminated 
by  a  «tout  nail  or  two  opp^i^ing  httuki^,  which  enable 
these  anim-ala  to  cling  with  great  facility.  The 
mouth  consists  of  a  small,  tubular  prolubenincc,  situ- 
ated at  the  anterior  extrvuiily  of  the  bead,  in  the 
form  of  a  snout,  and  containing  a  sucker  when  at 
rest.  Their  eggs  are  termed  niu  in  F-nplish.  Two 
qwcies  infest  the  bullies  of  men.  Dllferent  animala 
are  infested  with  Uitft-rpnt  species. 
LOf»K.  fli>wi,)  r.  L     To  clean  from  lice.  SipiJL 

LOt'SE'wOR T,  (lows'wurt,)  a.  A  plant  c^the  genus 
PedicuUri!),  so  named  bccau:*©  stie<-p  wen*  sup[Kwed 
to  becttme  lousy  by  feeding  much  on  iL  The  yellow 
ieiuctfifrt  is  tbe  genus  Khiiiatithus, 

Loudon.     Fam.  of  Plants. 
I/>US'I-LY,  adc.    [from  fnuiy.]    In  a  mean,  paltry 

manner ;  seurvily.     [  yulgar.l 
LOlS'I-XESS,  a.     The  state  of  abounding  with  lice 
LOL'S'Y,  (low'Ee.)  o.     [from  (oiwe.]     Swartning  with 
lice  ;  infested  with  lice.  Drydea, 

3.  Mean;  low;  coalemptible ;  as,  a  loutf  knave. 
[rnigm-.]  SkaJt. 

LOUT,  a.    [Oa.  Sax.  Iwrf,  G.  UuU,  people.] 

A  mean,  a«rkw«rd  feUow  ;  a  burai^in  ;  a  clown. 
SJuk.     Qay. 
LOLT,  r.t.     [Sax.  Afatoa.] 

To  beod ;  to  bow  ;  to  tOoop.     [  O^sU^b^  or  locaL] 

ChCMSI*-       &  J^MMH. 

U)UTaSH,  «.    aownish  ;  rude ;  awkward.    SiAuy. 

LOUT'ISH-LV,  ode.  Like  a  clown  ;  in  arude,  clum- 
sr,  awkward  manner. 

L0VT'I?;H-NESS,  n.     Clownishnesa.  Toid. 

LOC'VER,  (loo'verO  n.    [Fr.  Vo»cerL\ 

An  opening  in  tbe  roofs  of  ancient  buildings  for 
the  escape  of  smoke  or  for  ventilation,  often  in  the 
form  of  a  turret  or  small  tantem.     Oloits  o/jtrckU. 

A  Imwxerwim40w,  in  church  siteeplcs,  U  an  opening 
crossed  bjr  ban  of  wood,  &.c..  to  exclude  rain,  but 
allow  the  passage  of  sound  from  the  bells.      FramtU. 

LOVABLE,  a.     Worthy  of  love  ;  amiable,  ^unnood. 

LOV'A^E,  ■.  An  hero  of  the  genus  Lignsticum, 
somttimes  cultivated  as  a  potherb.  Loudon. 

LOVE,  (hiv,)  c.  U  [Sax.  lujian^  turian  ;  D.  tireem  ;  G. 
lieitm ;  Russ.  lioblyn  ;  L.  tibfo,  labro  ;  Sans,  toab,  love, 
desire.  (See  Liep.)  The  sense  is  prob,ibly  to  be 
prompt,  free,  willing,  from  leaning,  ad\'ancing,  or 
drawing  forward.] 

I.  In  a  s^enenti  sense^to  be  pleased  with  ;  to  regard 
with  affection  on  account  of  some  qualities  which 
excite  pleasing  sensations,  or  desire  of  grntilication. 
We  loeea  friend  on  account  of  some  gu:tlitit-s  which 
give  us  jrftrasure  in  his  society.  We  lore  a  man  who 
has  done  us  a  favor  ;  in  which  case  gratitude  enters 
into  the  composition  of  our  affection.  We  love  our 
parents  and  our  children,  on  account  of  their  con- 
nection with  ns,  and  on  account  of  many  qualities 
which  please  us.  We  hve  to  retire  to  a  cool 
shade  in  summer.  We  love  a  warm  room  in  win- 
ter. Wc  loct  to  hear  an  eloquent  advocate.  The 
Christian  locet  his  Bible.  In  short,  we  lore  what- 
ever gives  us  pleasure  and  delight,  whether  ani- 
ma'  or  intellectual ;  and  if  our  hearts  are  riebt, 
wt  loot  God  above  all  things,  as  the  sum  of  all  ex- 
cei.ence,  and  all  the  attrihuteji  which  can  communi- 
cate happiness  to  inteltigt-nt  beings.  In  other  words, 
tbe  Christian  tores  God  with  the  /ore  of  complacency 
in  bis  attribnies,  the  lorf  of  benevolence  toward  the 
interests  of  his  kingdom,  and  the  love  of  gratitude 
for  favors  received. 

Thea  Ash  tow  tlie  Lor]  Oiw  Ood  wMi  M  thy  bmzt,  uwl  with 

all  tby  aaol,  uid  vflh  •II  thy  ttimd. —  Mou.  xxU. 
ThoQ  ihab  lorn  itj  odgfcbof  u  Hijteit  —  Mut.  xxii. 

9.  To  have  benevnleRce  or  good  will  for.  John  iii. 
LOVE,  r.  i.  To  delight ;  to  Uke  pleasure.  Smart, 
LOVE,  (luv,)  a.  An  affection  of  the  mind  excited  by 
beauty  and  worth  of  any  kind,  or  by  the  qualities  of 
an  object  which  communicate  pleasure,  sensual  or 
Intellectual.  It  is  opposed  to  Hatred.  Lov^belween 
tbe  sexes  is  a  compound  affection,  consisting  of  es- 
teem, benevolence,  and  animal  desire.  Love  is  ex- 
cited by  plt'a<;tng  qualities  of  any  kind,  as  by  kind- 
ness, benevolence,  charily,  and  by  the  qualities 
which  render  social  intercourse  agreeable.  In  the 
latter  case,  lote  is  ardent  friendship,  or  a  strong  at- 
tachment springing  from  good  will  and  esteem,  and 


LOV 

the  pleasure  derived  from  the  company,  civilities, 
and  kindnesses  of  others. 

Hctween  certain  natural  relatives,  love  seems  to  be 
in  some  cases  in^inctive.  Such  is  the  /m'*  of  a 
mother  for  h>r  child,  which  manifests  itself  toward 
an  infant,  before  any  particular  qualities  in  the  child 
are  unfolded.  This  ntTcction  is  appan-ntly  as  strong 
in  irrational  animals  as  in  human  bt-ings. 

We  speak  of  the  lore  of  amusenu-nt,  the  lore  of 
books,  the  lovt  of  money,  and  the  hwe  of  whatever 
coMirib<ites  to  our  pleasure  or  supposed  profit. 

The  lore  of  God  is  the  first  duty  of  man,  and  this 
springs  from  just  views  of  his  attributes  or  excel- 
lences of  character,  which  afford  the  highest  delight 
to  the  sanctified  heart.  Esteem  -and  revt-rence  con- 
stitute ingredients  in  this  affection,  and  a  fear  of  of- 
fending him  is  its  inseparable  effect- 

2.  Courtship;  chiefly  in  the  phrase  to  miaA'«  lore, 
that  is,  to  court;  to  woo;  to  solicit  union  in  mar- 
riage. 

3.  Patriotism ;  the  attachment  one  has  to  his  na- 
tive land  ;  as,  the  love  of  country. 

4.  liencvolence  ;  good  will. 

Gixl  k  loo€.  —  I  John  It. 

5.  The  object  beloved. 

Thp  lovT  anJ  Uie  lov€  ofhum&n  tdnd.  Popt, 

6.  A  word  of  endearment. 

Trust  me,  loot.  Drydcn, 

7.  Cupid,  the  god  of  love. 

Such  w»*  liU  form  ■*  pninieri,  when  thf^y  ahow 

Their  utmost  an,  ou  iiakeU  Love$  bestow.  Dryden. 

8.  Lewdness, 

He  ia  not  tolling  on  a  lewd  Iov#>bed.  Shak. 

9.  A  thin,  silk  stuff.  [Obs,]  Boyle, 
Love  im  idtrnctsi  a  kind  of  violet.  Skak. 
Free  of  lore ;  a  plant  of  the  genus  Cercis. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 
LOVE'-AP-PLE,  (luv'ap^pl,)  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus 

Solanum,  or  Lycopersicum,  or  its  fruit ;  the  tomato. 
LOVE'-HRO-KER,  n.    A  third  person  who  acts  as 

agent  between  lovers,  Shak. 

LOVK'-€RACK-ED,  (-krakt,)  a      Crar-ed  with  love. 
LOV'£D,  (luvd,)  pp  or  a.   Having  tlie  affection  of  any 

<me. 
LOVE'-DART-ING,  a     Darting  love,  as  the  eye*. 

MUUm, 
LOVE'-DAV,  (luv'da,)  n.    A  dav  formerly  appointed 

for  an  amicable  adjustment  of  differences.     Chaucer. 
I<0VE'-F."t-VOR,ii,    Something  given  to  be  worn  in 

token  of  Io\*e,  Bp.  Hall. 

I^VE'-FRAST,  n.  A  religious  festival,  heltl  quarter- 
ly by  the  Methodists,  in  imitation  of  the  agapa  of  the 

earlv  Chrt-;tiau«. 
I>OVE'-FkA  r,  w.    The  gallant  act  of  a  lover.      Skak. 
LOVE'-KILI^ING,  a.     Killing  affection.        Baxter. 
LOVE'-KXUT,  (Iuv'not,)n.    A  knot  so  called,  used 

ns  a  token  of  luve,  or  representing  mutual  affection. 
I^VK'-LA  BOR-tD,  a.     Labored  by  Jove.    Mtttaru 
LOVE'-L.\SS,  a.     A  sweetheart. 
LOVE'LESS,  o.     Void  of  love  ;  void  of  tenderness  or 

kindness.  MUr^yn.     Skelton. 

LOVE'-LET-TER,    n.     A  letter  professing  love  ;  a 

letter  of  courtship. 
LOVE'-LIES-BLEED'ING,n.  A  species  of  amaranth, 

Ainarantus  caudatus.  Partington. 

LOVE'LI-LV,  (luv'le-ly,)  adv.     [from  locely.]     Amia- 
bly ;  in  a  manner  to  excite  love.  OtiDay. 
LOVE'LI-NESS,  (Iuv'li-ness,)7i.  [from  lovely.]  Aiiiia- 

bleness ;  qualities  of  body  or  mmd  that  may  excite 

love. 

U  thrrp  ti  atich  a  native  looelmett  in  the  ■?*,  aa  to  makf>  tli^m 
*ictonou»  wh^n  ui  th-*  wrong,  how  rcriatlna  Ih'ir  power 
when  thf  T  are  on  the  sitle  c^  truib  I  SpecUitor. 

LOVE'-LI\K-£0,  (luv'Iinkt,)  o.  Linked  or  con- 
nected hy  love. 

LOVE'-LOCK,  n.  A  curl  or  lock  of  hair  so  called, 
worn  by  men  of  fostiiun  in  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth 
and  James  I.  LiUj. 

LOVE'-LORN,  a.  [love  and  torm.]  Forsaken  by  one*s 
love  ;  a^i,  the  love-lom  nightingale.  Jilitton. 

LOVE'LY,  (luv'ly.)  a.  Amiable;  that  may  excite 
love  ;  possessing  qualities  which  may  invite  affec- 
tion. 

Sftul  and  Jon.Ufaan  vers  looehf  and  pieasaot  in  tlieir  lirea.  — 3 
Sara.  L 

LO  VE'LY-FAC-ED,  (lu  v'le-fasle,)  a.     Having  a  love- 
ly face. 
LOVE'MON"GER,  (Iiiv'mung-ger,)  w,     [love  and  moTi- 
ecr.]     One  who  deals  in  affairs  of  love.     [JVwf  uxed.] 

Shnk. 
LOVE'-PIN-£D,  (luv'plnd,)  a.    Wasting  by  lova. 

Spenser. 
LOVER,  n.    One  who  loves  ;  one  who  has  a  tender 
affection,  particularly  fur  a  female. 

LoTC  ia  blind,  atrd  lover*  cnn  not  aee.  Sfuik. 

2.  A  friend  ;  one  who  regards  with  kindness, 

Yonr  brother  and  his  lovtr  hH,»e  embrawd.  ShaJc. 

3.  One  who  likes  or  is  pleased  with  any  thing ;  as, 
a  lover  of  books  or  of  science  ;  a  lover  of  wine  ;  a 
lover  of  religion. 


LOW 

LO'VERand  LOO'VER.     See  Louver. 
LOVE'-SE-€RKT,  n.    A  secret  between  lovers. 

£>ryden. 
LOVE'-SnXFT,  n.     Cupid's  arrow.  Shak. 

LOVE'-SICK,  a.    Sick  or  langtiishing  with  love  or 
amtvous  desire  ;  as,  a  tove-sick  maid. 

I'd  the  dear  iniatres  of  in^  lovt-tidc  inind.  Dryien. 

Q.  Dictated  by  a  languishing  lover,  or  expressive 
of  languishing  love. 

Wliire  nigl)tin^l«v  their  lovt-$kk  dittjr  tiag.  Drydan. 

LCVE'-SICK-N£SS,  n.     Languishing  and  amorous 

desire. 
LOVE'SOMR,  a.    Lovely.     [J^Tot  used.]         Dryden, 
L0VK'-SON(i,  It.     A  song  expressing  love.       Shnk. 
LOVE'-SOIT,  n.    Courtship;  solicitation  of  union  in 

marriage.  Shak. 

LOVE'-TALE,  n.    A  narrative  of  love. 


LOVE'-TAUGIIT,  a.     Instnicted  by  love.      Muore. 
LOVE'-THoUGHT,  (luv'thawl,)  n.     Amomus  fancy. 

Sluik. 
L0VE'-T0-K£N,  n,    A  present  in  token  of  love. 

Shak. 
LOVE'-TOY,  n.    A  small  present  from  a  lover. 

Jirbuthnot. 
LOVE'-TRTCK,  ti.    Art  or  artifice  expressive  of  love. 

Other  looe-trick$  Ihiin  ^laiicin|^  with  the  eyes.  Donne. 

LOVING,  ppr.  Entertaining  a  strong  affection  for; 
having  teruler  regard  for. 

.  2.  a.     Fond  ;  affectionate  ;  as,  a  loving  friend. 
3.  Expressing  love  or  kindness  ;   as,  loving  words. 
LOVING-KIXD-NESS,  n.    Tender  regard;  mercy; 
favor  ;  a  scriptural  word. 

My  loving-kindnttM  will  I  not  utterljr  take  trom  him.  —  Pa. 
Ixxxix. 

LOV'INO-LY,  adv.  With  love  ;  with  affection  ;  affec- 
tionately. 

It  ia  no  ^irat  matter  to  lire  loolngly  with  raeelc  penoni.  TbyZor*. 

LOV'ING-NESS,  tu    Affection  ;  kind  regard. 

The  only  two  bonds  of  gtwd  will,  lorcliaeu  and  loaingnesa. 

i^lney, 

LOW,  a,  [D.  laa^y  G.  U^,  Sw.  lair,  low  ;  Sax.  /oA,  a 
pit  or  gulf;  Russ.  loff,  a  low  place,  a  hollow  ;  Dan. 
ia^',  a  bed  or  layer,  a  n>w  ;  from  the  root  of  lay.] 

I.  Not  high  or  elevated  ;  depressed  below  any 
given  surface  or  place.  Low  ground  or  land,  is  land 
below  the  common  level.  Loio  is  opposed  to  high, 
and  both  are  relative  terms.  That  which  is  loio 
with  resptrct  to  one  thing,  may  be  higk  with  resj»ect 
to  another.  A  low  house  would  be  a  high  fi;nce.  A 
lore  High!  for  an  eagle,  would  be  a  high  Hight  for  a 
partritlge. 

3.  Not  rising  to  the  usual  hight ;  as,  a  man  of  low 
stature. 

3.  Declining  near  the  horizon.  The  sun  ia  low  at 
four  o'clock  in  winter,  and  at  six  in  summer. 

4.  Deep  ;  descending  far  below  the  adjacent 
ground  ;  as,  a  low  valley. 

Thr  lowest  boiioin  sliook  of  Erebus.  MUUm, 

5.  Sunk  to  the  natural  level  of  the  ocean  hy  the 
retiring  of  the  tide ;  as,  lute  water. 

6.  Below  the  usual  rate  or  amount,  or  below  the 
ordinary  value  ;  as,  a  low  price  of  corn  ;  low  wages. 

7.  Not  high  or  loud  ;  as,  a  low  voice. 

8.  Grave  ;  depressed  in  the  scale  of  sounds  ;  as,  a 
law  note. 

9.  Near  or  not  very  distant  from  the  equator;  as, 
a /ow  latitude.  We  say,  the  Zoio  souihern  latitudes; 
the  high  northern  latitudes. 

10.  l^ale  in  time ;  modern  ;  as,  the  lower  empire. 

II.  Dejected  ;  depressed  in  vigor  ;  wanting  strenpth 
or  animation;  as,  low  spirits;  low  in  spirits.  His 
courage  is  low. 

1*2.  Depressed  in  condition  ;  in  a  humble  state. 

Why  but  to  keep  yon  U>ia  and  ignorant  ?  MiUon. 

13.  Humble  in  rank  ;  in  a  mean  condition  ;  as, 
men  of  high  and  IfW  condition  ;  tlie  lower  walks  of 
life  ;  a  low  class  of  people. 

H.  Mean;  abject;  groveling;  base;  as,  a  person 
of  low  mind. 

15.  Dishonorable  ;  mean  ;  as,  a  low  trick  or  strata- 
gem. 

It;.  Not  elevated  or  sublime  ;  not  exalted  in  thought 
or  diction  ;  as,  a  low  comparison;  a  foto  metaphor; 
low  language. 

In  comp.irison  of  ttieac  divine  writers,  the  noblest  wits  of  the 
hc«hen  world  are  loa  and  dull.  Fellon. 

17.  Vulgar  ;  common  ;  as,  a  Uno  education. 

18.  Submissive;  humble;  reverent. 

And  my  their  fealty 
With  loa  subjection,  MVton, 

But  firat  loio  reverenoe  done.  MUton. 

19.  Weak;  exhausted  of  vital  energy.  His  dis- 
ease has  brought  him  very  low. 

20.  Fetjble  ;  %veak  ;  without  force  ;  as,  a  low  pulse. 

21.  Moderate  ;  not  inilammatory  ;  as,  a  low  fever. 

22.  Moderate  ;  not  intense  ;  as,  a  low  heat ;  a  low 
temperature. 


FXTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.AT.  — MeTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BOQK.  - 


LOW 

23.  lni|>overi8hed  ;  in  reduced  circumstances.  The 
rich  are  often  reduced  to  a  low  condittun. 

24.  Moderate  ;  as,  a  low  calculation  or  e.<tiinate. 
S5.  Plain  ;   simple  ;    nut  rich,   hi^h   seasoned,  or 

nouristiiiig ;  as,  a  tow  dieL 
LOVV,  adv.    Not  aloft ;  not  on  high ;  oficn  used  in  com^ 
posilioa  :  as,  iow-bruwed  rocks.  Milton.     Pope. 

2.  Under  the  usual  price ;  at  a  moderate  price. 
He  sold  his  wheat  low, 

3.  Near  the  ground  ;  as,  the  bird  flies  very  low. 

4.  In  a  mean  condition  ;  in  composition  ;  as,  a  low- 
born fc'Uow  ;  a  /yio-born  lass.  Skak. 

5.  In  time  approaching  our  on*n. 

In  the  pan  of  the  world  which  wax  first  inhivbim),  erpii  lu  low 
down  na  Abntbam's  tiine,  ihe/  waiiilercd  wiUj  their  flecks 
artil  b'TtU.  Locke. 

6.  With  a  depressed  voice  ;  not  loudly  j  as,  speak 
tow. 

7.  In  a  stale  of  subjection,  poverty,  or  disgrace  ; 
as,  to  be  brought  low  by  oppression,  by  want,  i-r  by 
vice. 

8.  In  popular  astronomy^  having  a  great  southern 
declination  in  the  diurnal  rc'vulution  ;  as,  the  moon 
runs  low,  i.  e.,  appears  far  in  the  south.      Olmsted, 

LOW,  V.  e.  To  sink  ;  to  depress,  [J^ot  useJ.]     fVicUf. 
L6W,  r.  L     [Sax.  hltvtican  :  D.  laijen.     It  is  probably  a 

contracted  word,  coinciding  with   L.  lujeo,  to  weep, 

the  sense  of  which  is,  to  cnj  out.] 
To  bellow,  as  an  ox  or  cow. 

The  loieing  herd  wind  slowly  oVr  the  l(*ai.  Gray. 

LOW,  n.     Flame  ;  fire.     [OhsoUtt  or  local.]       Smart. 
LOW,     )  A    termination  of   names,    as    m    Bed-^Tr. 
LOWE,  i      [Sax.  Ulaw,  a  hill,  heap,  or  barrow,  Goth, 

hlaiw.) 
LOW'-XRCH-£D,  (lo'ircht.)  a.     Having  a  low  arch. 

[  HcoU. 
LOW'BELL,    «.      [Sw.  la^je,  flame;  la^a,  to  flame; 
Sa.t.  te?,  /*»■,  Uff,  id. ;  ScoL  lowe;  G.  lok^.] 

A  biiHl  of  fowling  in  the  night,  in  which  the  birds 
are  wakened  by  a  bell,  and  blinded  by  light,  so  as 
to  be  easily  taken.  CoweL 

LOW'BELL,  p.  L    To  scare,  as  with  a  lowbell. 

Hammond. 
LOW'-BORN,  a.    Born  in  low  life. 
LOW'-BUEL),  a.   Bred  in  a  low  condition  or  manner  j 

vutjar. 
LOW'-CIIURCH,  a.    Not  asserting  exclusive  episco- 

p:icy  ;  oppost;d  to  Hioh-Cmurch. 
LoW'ER,  r.  t.     [from  law.'j     To  cause  to  descend  j  to 
let  down ;  to  take  or  bring  down  j  as,  to  lower  the 
main -sail  of  a  sloop. 
a.  To  suflTer  to  sink  downward.  Woodward. 

3.  To  bring  down  ;  to  reduce  or  humble;  as,  to 
lower  the  pride  of  man. 

4.  To  lessen  ;  to  diminish  ;  to  reduce,  as  value  or 
amount ;  a!>,  to  lower  the  price  or  value  of  goods,  or 
the  rate  of  interest. 

LO\V'ER,  V.  i.     To  fall ;  to  sink  ;  to  grow  less.     Shak. 
LOW'Eit,  r.  i.    To  ap|*car  dark   or   gloomy  ;   to  be 
clouded  ;  to  threaten  a  storm. 

AnA  ail  tlie  douda  ihAt  loietred  upon  our  bou«e.  Shak, 

The  loiMring  spring.  Dryden. 

2.  To  frown  ;  to  look  sullen. 

Em  •itlkn  disoxttrnt  >at  lowering  oo  ber  f-iM.  Dryden. 

LOWER,  n.     Cloudiness  ;  gloominess. 

3.  A  frowning;  siiUenness.  Sidney. 
LOW'ER,  a.     [cuHip,  of  Low.]     Less  high  or  elevated. 
LOW'ER-€ASE,  n.     Among  vrinterg,  lite  ca»«e  which 

contains  the  small   letters,     llence,  as  an  adjrctive,  it 
denotes  thtr  small  letters,  in  di!<tinctioii  from  ciipitiUs. 

LOW'ER'^D,  pp.  Caused  to  descend  ;  let  down  ; 
sunk. 

LOVV'ER-iNtt,  ppr.  or  o.     Letting  down  ;  sinking. 

LOVV'ER-INO,  ppT.  or  a.  Appearing  dark  or  threat- 
ening. 

LOW'ER  ING-LY,  adv.  With  cloudiness  or  threat- 
enins  El"«ini. 

LO\V'ER->lo.ST,  a.     [from  low.]     Lowest. 

LOWKR-Y,  a.     Cloudy  ;  gloomy. 

LOW'EST,  a.  [superl.  of  I^w.j  Most  low;  deep- 
est ;  most  depressed  or  degraded,  tc 

LOWING,  ppr.  or  a.     Bellowing,  as  an  ox. 

LOWING,  n.     The  briluwing  or  cry  of  rattle. 

LOVV'IjANI),  n.  Ijind  which  is  low  with  n^spect  to 
the  nciglibtiring  counir>' ;  a  low  or  levt-l  ((tiintry. 
Thus  the  Belgic  stal'-s  are  called  Lowland.*.  The 
word  is  Hom<^time<t  opposed  ti>  a  mountainous  coun- 
try ;  as,  the  t^wlanks  uf  Scotland.  8unietimes  it 
denotes  a  marsh.  IJryden. 

LOWLinOQD,  B.     A  bumble  state.  [Obg.]   Ctuituer. 

LOVVLI-LV",  ailc.  Humbly  ;  wtihout  pride  ;  meanly  ; 
without  dtgnt'y. 

LOWLI-NESS,  n.  [from  lowbt.]  Freedom  from 
pride;  humility;  htirnbtenes)!  of"  mind.  Milton. 

Wnlli  — wilh  alt  lovtiMMt  and  merknoM.  —  Rph.  W.     Phil.  U. 

2.  Meanness;  want  of  dignity  ;  abject  state.     [In 

this  «ense  Utile  u.^r-d,]  Speniter.     Dryden. 

LOVV'LY,a.     [low  and  like.]     Having  a  low  esteem  of 

oae*s  own  worth  ;  humble  ;  meek;  free  from  pride. 

Tkke  my  yoke  upon  ymi,  nnd  Icurn  of  me,  Tui  I  nra  mock  and 

laviy  ill  henrt.  —  .Malt.  *i. 
He  BCometh  (be  ■coriK-n ;  tmt  be  givpth  ^race  tiiito  tbn  Umly.  — 


LOZ 

3.  Mean  ;  low  ;  wanting  dignity  or  rank. 

One  common  ri^hl  the  gre.U  luid  loisly  claim.  i*Ope. 

3.  Not  lofty  or  sublime  ;  humble. 

These  rural  poems,  nnd  th<-ir  loiely  strain.  Ihydtm, 

4.  Not  high  ;  not  elevated  in  place.  Dryden, 
LOWLY,  arfu.    Humbly;  meekly;  modestly. 

Be  loaly  wise.  MUton. 

3.  Meanly  ;  in  a  low  condition  ;  without  grandeur 

or  dignity. 

I  will  bIiow  mys/'ir highly  fed,  itnd  loaly  taug-ht.  Shdk, 

LOW-MIND-ED,  a.      Having  or  indicating  a   low 

mind  or  debased  feelings  ;  mean  ;  base. 
LOW-iMUT-TER-£D,  a.  Muttered  with  a  low  voice. 

Elton. 
LOWN,  n.    [See  Loon.]     A  low  fellow  ;  a  scoundrel. 

Shak. 
LOW'NESS,  n.     The  state  of  being  low  or  depressed  ; 

the  stale  of  being  less  elevated  than  something  else  ; 

a^,  the /p?«i«»  of  the  ground,  or  of  the  water  after 

the  ebb-tide. 

2.  Meanness  of  condition.  Men  are  not  to  be 
despis^ed  or  oppressed  on  account  of  tlie  lowncss  of 
their  birth  or  condition. 

3.  Meanness  of  mind  or  character  ;  want  of  dig- 
nity. Haughtiness  usually  springij  from  lowness  of 
mind;  real  dignity  ii^  distinguished  by  modesty. 

4.  Want  of  sublimity  in  style  or  sentiment;  the 
contrary  to  Loftiness.  Drytien. 

5.  Siibmissiveness  ;  as,  the  lowness  of  obedience. 

Bacon. 

6.  Depression  of  mind  ;  want  of  courage  or  forti- 
tude ;  dejection  ;  as,  lateness  of  spirits. 

7.  Depression  in  fortune  ;  a  slate  of  poverty  ;  as, 
the  lotcness  of  circumstances. 

8.  Depression  in  strength  or  intensity  ;  as,  the  tow- 
nfss  of  heat  or  temperature  ;  lowness  of  zeal. 

9.  Depression  in  price  or  worth  ;  as,  the  lowne^tt  of 
price  or  value  ;  the  Icumess  of  the  funds,  or  of  the 
markets. 

10.  Gravenesa  of  sound  ;  as,  the  lowness  of  notes. 

11.  Softness  of  sound;  as,  the  lowness  of  the 
voice. 

LOW-PRTC-ED,  (is'prist,)  a.     Bearing  a  low  price. 

LOW-PRESS'URE,  a.     See  Steam-Ekgime. 

L0W-KOOF-£D,  (-rooft,)  a.     Having  a  low  roof. 

Milton. 

LOW-SPIR'IT-ED,  o.  Not  having  animation  and 
courage  ;  dejected  ;  depressed  ;  not  lively  or  spright- 
ly. Losses  of  property  often  render  men  loio-spiriitd. 
Excessive  severity  breaks  the  mind,  and  renders 
the  child  or  pupil  low-spirittd. 

LOW-SPIR'IT-ED-NESS,  n.  Dejection  of  mind  or 
courage;  a  state  of  low  spirits.  Cheyne. 

LOW-SIJN-DAY,  71.  A  popular  name  for  the  Sunday 
next  after  Easter.  Brandt. 

LOW-THOUGHT'ED,  (-thawt'ed,)  a.  Having  the 
thoughts  employed  on  low  subjects ;  not  having 
sublime  and  elevated  thoughts  or  contemplations  ; 
mean  of  sentiment ;  as,  low-thoughted  care. 

Milton.     Pope. 

LOW-WA'TER,  n.  The  lowest  jwint  of  the  ebb  or 
recedine  tide. 

LOW- WINES,  n.  pi.  [low  and  wine.]  A  weak  liquor 
produced  by  tlie  first  distillation  of  molasses,  or  fer- 
mented liquors  ;  the  first  run  of  the  still. 

Edwards,  W.  Ind. 

LOX-O-DROM'ie,  a.  [Gr.  Ao^o(,  oblique,  and  (^/jj/zoj, 
a  course.] 

Pertaining  to  oblique  sailing  by  the  rhumb;  as, 
tozodromie  tables. 

Lozodromic  curve  ;  a  line  which  always  makes  an 
equal  angle  with  every  meridian  ;  Ihe  rhumb  line. 

LOX-O-DROM'ies,  n.  The  art  of  obliiiue  sailing  by 
the  rhumb,  a  line  which  always  makes  an  equal  an- 
gle with  every  meridian  ;  that  ik,  when  a  ship  sails 
neither  directly  under  the  equator  nor  under  the 
dame  meridian,  but  obliqttcly.  Harris.     Bailey. 

LOY'AL,  a.  [Fr.  loyal;  lUleaXe;  Sp. /ea/;  from  L. 
Uz.  law.] 

Faithful  to  a  prince  or  superior;  tnte  to  plightpd 
faith,  duty,  or  luvc  ;  ntil  treacherous;  used  of  sub- 
jects to  their  prince,  and  of  husband,  wife,  and  lov- 
ers ;  as,  a  loyal  subject ;  a  loyal  wife. 
Th'-te  LaoiUmis  with  F.^mliie  rao»rs. 
Unhappy  U>lh  I  but  loyal  ux  their  loves.  Drylen. 

L0Y'AI>-1ST,  n.  A  perstm  who  adheres  to  his  sov- 
ertiirn  ;  particularly^  one  who  maintains  his  allegi- 
ance to  his  prince,  nnd  defends  his  cause  in  times  of 
revolt  or  revolution. 

LOV'AI>-LY,  aii».  With  fidelity  to  a  prince  cr  sov- 
ereign, or  to  a  husband  or  lover. 

LOY'AL-TY,  n.  Fidelity  to  a  prince  or  sovereign,  or 
to  a  husband  or  lover. 

He  had  such  loyalty  to  the  kin^  ks  the  law  rrquim.    Claretidon. 

LOZ'ENOE,  n.  [Fr.  lo$angt ;  Gr.  A jfof,  oblique,  and 
)- tiiciu,  a  4^orner.] 

1.  A  figure  with  four  e<iual  sides,  having  two 
acute  and  two  obtuse  angles;    a  rhomb. 

2.  In  keral-dry.  [it  is  Ufed  exactly  as  in  the  first 
Bcnse.  — E.  H.U.] 

3.  Among  jri0«tVr«,  lozenges  aie  common  to  briU 


LUC 

liants  and  rose  diamonds.  In  brilliants,  they  are 
formed  by  the  meeting  of  the  skill  and  the  star  fa- 
cets on  the  bezil ;  in  the  latter,  by  the  meeting  of 
the  facets  in  the  horizontal  ribs  of  the  crown. 

Encyc. 
4.  In    eonfcctionenjf  a   smtill   cake   of  sugar,  fitc, 
often  medicated,  originally  in  the  form  of  a  lozenge 
or  rhomb,  but  now  usually  round. 

LOZ'ENG-ED,  I  a.      Having   the   form  of  a 

LOZ'ENGE-SHAP  .ED,  J  lozenge  or  rhomb.  [See 
LozKfsfiE,  No.  1.] 

LOZ'ENG-Y,  a.  In  heraldry,  [more  usually  written 
lozeufree,  divided  lozenge-wise. —  £.  H,  Barker.] 

LP;  a  cuntraction  of  Lordship. 

LU.     See  Loo. 

LUB'BARD.     [JVot  used.]     See  Lubber. 

LUB'BER,  n.  [W.  llabi,  a  tall,  lank  fellow,  a  clumsy 
man,  a  stripling,  a  lubber,  a  looby;  llab,  a  (lag  or  thin 
strip,  a  stripe  or  stroke  ;  Uabiaw,  to  slap  ;  Itob,  an  un- 
wieldy lump,  a  dull  fellow.  From  the  significatiuns 
of  llabi,  it  appears  that  the  primary  sense  is  tall  and 
lank,  like  a  stripling  who  gains  his  hight  before  he 
does  his  full  strength,  and  hence  is  clumsy.  But 
iooAi/ seems  rather  to  be  fiom  Uob.] 

A  heavy,  clumsy  fallow ;  a  sturdy  drone;  a 
clown. 

Ami  lingering  tubbere  low  many  a  penuy.  7\u*er. 

LUB'BER-LY,  a.     Properly ,  tall  and  lank,  without  ac- 
tivity ;  hence,  bulky  and  heavy;  clumsy;  lazy;  as, 
a  lubberly  fellow  or  boy. 
LFB'BER-LY,  ado.     Clumsily;   awkwardly. 

Dryden, 
LC'BRie,  a.     [L.  lubricus,  slippery.] 

1.  Having  a  smooth  surface  ;  slippery  ;  as,  a  Uthr\e 
throat.  Crashaw. 

2.  Wavering ;  unsteady  ;  as,  the  lubric  waves  of 
■  state.  fVotton. 

3.  Lascivious  ;  wanton  ;  lewd. 

This  lubric  and  aUultenite  ii»e.  Dryden. 

[TTiit  word  is  now  little  used.] 

LO'BRI-€ANT,  n.  [Sea  Lubricate.]  That  which 
lubricates. 

LO'BRI-CaTE,  r.  f,  [L.  luhrieo,  from  luhricus,  slip- 
pery  ;  allied  to  labitr,  to  slip  or  slide.] 

To  make  smooth  or  slippery.  Mucilaginous  and 
saponaceous  medicines  lubricate  the  parts  to  which 
they  are  applied.     Lubricitate  Is  not  used. 

LCBRI-Ca-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Made  smooth  and  slip- 
pery. 

Lu'BRI-€X-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Rendering  smooth  and 
slipperv. 

LU-BRl'€A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  rendering  smooth 
and  slippery. 

LCBRI-CA  TOR,  n.    That  which  lubricates. 

LU-BKIC'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  lubriciti.] 

1.  Smoothness  of  surface;  slipperiness. 

2.  Smoothness  ;  aptness  to  glide  over  any  thing,  or 
to  facilitate  the  motion  of  bodies  in  contact  by  dimin- 
ishing friction.  Ruy. 

3.  Slipperiness  ;  instability ;  as,  the  lubricity  of 
fortune.  VEttrange. 

4.  Lasciviousness  ;  propensity  to  lewdness  ;  lewd- 
ness ;  lecliery  ;  incontinency.  Dryden, 

LO'BRI-eOirS,  a.     [L.  lubricus.] 

1.  Smooth  ;  slippery.  Woodward, 

2,  Wavering;  unstable;  as, /ufrrteouv  opinions. 

Qlancille. 
LU-BRl-FA€'TION,  n.    [InfVa.]    The  act  of  lubri- 
cating or  making  smooth.  Bacon, 
LU-BRI-Fl-CA'TION,  n.      [L.  Ubrieus  and  f ado,  to 
make.] 

'J'he  act  or  operation  of  making  smooth  and  slip- 
pery. Bay. 
LU-e.\'MA,  n.    A  Chilian  fruit,  in  size  and  flavor  re- 
sembling a  peach.                                            Qanhrer, 


LPCE,  n.    A  pike  full  grown. 


Johnson.     Shak. 
LO'CtiNT,  a.     [L.  lucens,  from  /uceo,  to  shine.    See 

LlOHT.] 

Shining;  bright;  resplendent;  as, the  sun's /ucMt 
orb.  Milton. 

LO'CERN,  n,  [Q.u.  W.  Uysau,  plants;  llysieuyn,  a 
plant;  Corn,  lyiuan;  or  from  Lucerne,  in  Switzer- 
land.] 

A  Icgnminous  plant  of  the  genus  Medicago,  culti- 
vated  fur  fodder, 
LU-CER'NAI^MI'CRO-SCOPE,  ti.      {L.   luccma,   a 
lamp,  and  microscope.] 

A  compound  microscope,  in  which  the  object  is 
illuminated  by  means  of  a  lamp.  Olmsted. 

LO'CII),  a.      [L.  lucidas,  from  luceo,  to  bhinc.     See 

LlOHT.l 

1.  Shining  ;    bright ;    resplendent ;    as,  the   lucid 
orbs  of  heaven. 
3.  Clear  ;  transparent;  pellucid  ;  as,  a  lucid  stream. 

Milt  tin. 

3.  Bright  with  the  radiance  of  intellect;  not  dark- 
ened or  confused  by  delirium  or  madness  ;  marked 
by  the  regular  operations  of  reason  ;  as,  the  lucid  in- 
tervals of  a  deranged  man. 

4.  Clear;  distinct;  presenting  a  clear  view  ;  easily 
iindi-rslood  ;  as,  a  lucid  order  or  arrangement. 

LU-CII)'I-TY,  n.     Brightness.     fJV«(  usexL] 
LC'CIU-LY,  adv.     Clearly;  distinctly. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8.  — C  ai  K;  0  aa  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  aa  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


fi7!) 


LUC 

I.CCID-NESS, ».    BriRlUnessj  clearness. 
LO'CI-FEH,  M,      [L.   lux,  tueisj   light,  and  /cro,    to 
bring.] 

1.  Ttw  plantrt  Venus,  so  colled  from  Us  briglitness. 

3.  Saian. 

Aod  when  l»  fidlt,  he  ffclU  like  i.«^ff. 

Nffret  10  hops  apart.  fiUnt 

Lt)'CI-FEK,  *  «.    A  match  made  of  a  very 

LO'CI-FEtt-MATCH. J      combustible  substance,  and 

ignited  by  friction.    They  were  originally  tipped  with 

a  mixture  of  chlorate  of  pot:i='h  and  sulphurt-i  of  an- 

timony,  but  now  usually  with  phiwiihorus  and  nitor. 

SMimaa. 
L17-CI-FE'RI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Lucifer,  or  lo  the 

Luciferians,  .     ™,l     ,  „  *  t      -^ 

LU-CI-FE'UI-AXS,  «.  pL  The  followers  or  Lucifer, 
bishop  of  Oagliari,  in  the  fourUi  century,  who  sepa- 
rated from  llie  orthtwlox  churches  because  ihey 
would  tiot  go  all  lengths  wilb  bim  in  opposing  the 
Arians.  Murdoch. 

LU-ClF'ER-OrS,  a.     [L.  liuiftr,  supra.] 

Giving  light ;  affording  light  or  means  of  discov- 
ery. fi<»y'«- 
LtT-CIF'ER-OCS-LY,  oJp,    So  as  lo  discover.  Brown. 
LU-CIF'ie,  o.    [L.  Iw,  light,  and  facio^  to  make.] 

Prt^tlucing  lighL  Orew. 

LO'CIFORM,  a.    [U  /ux,  light,  and  /onuo,  form.] 
Having  Uw  form  of  light ;  resembling  lighL 

Tli»  WKiTT  premxr*  tw,  and  puriiM  our  Iuo/oi-m  t]iint  to  i«- 
tcive  the  tliviiiitr.  Paus.  Trans. 

LU-CIM'E-TER,  «.  A  photometer,  or  iustruuient  for 
measuring  the  intensity  of  tight. 

LUCK,  n.  [D.  luJc,  gt^luk  ;  G.  glitck ;  S\v.  bjcka ;  Dan. 
tykke;  Sans,  lakid.  The  sense  ts,  that  which  comes, 
fa^,  faai^ns.    W.  Uug,  a  dart  or  throw  ;  Uufiaw,  to 

throw      du.  Gr.  Xa^xaytit :  Ar.  Lll  'oJta.'    Class 

Lg,  No.  21.]  

'Ibal  which  happens  to  a  person  ;  an  event,  good 
or  ill,  alTt'ciing  a  man*s  interest  or  happiness,  and 
which  is  deemed  casual ;  fortune.  Luck  respects 
persons  and  their  proceedings.  We  never  say,  in  a 
Itieral  sense,  that  a  plant  has  the  Imck  to  grow  in  a 
parlicuhir  place  ;  or  a  fossil  has  the  Imek  lo  be  of  a 
particular  f<>rm.  We  say,  a  perBon  has  the  good 
l^ck  to  escape  from  danger;  or  the  ill  In;*  to  be  in- 
snared  or  to  siiifer  loss.  He  has  good  /net,  i>f  bad  luek 
in  gaming,  fishing,  or  hunting.  Lucky  or  what  we 
call  cnaut-c,  acc^Ient,  fortune,  is  an  event  which 
takes  |dace  without  being  intended  or  foreseen  ;  or 
from  some  cause  nut  under  human  control ;  that 
which  can  not  be  previously  known  or  determined 
with  certainty  by  human  skill  or  power. 


LUCK'-PEX-N'Y,  ■.  In  Sc^Oaud,  a  small  sum  given 
back  tn  the  payer,  by  one  who  received  money  under 
a  contract  or  bargain.  Jamiaon, 

LUCK'I-LY,  oi/c.  [from  /udfcy.]  Fortunately;  by 
good  fortune ;  with  a  favorable  issue  j  in  a  good 
afiiut.     Ltukilif^  we  escaped  injury. 

LUCKINESS,  R.  The  slate  of  being  fortunate  ;  as, 
the  tuckine-<s  of  a  man  or  uf  an  evcnL 

2.  Good  fortune  ;  a  favoruble  issue  or  event.  [In 
this  st'nse.  Luck  is  generally  used.] 

LUCK'LESS,  «.  Unfortunate;  meeting  with  ill  suc- 
cess :  as,  mluekUst  gamester ;  a  luckier  maid. 

3.  Unfortunate  ;  producing  ill  or  no  good. 
Piajren  ouute  mad  grutunl  to  r  lueU««  hour.  Dtyitn, 

LUCK'LESS-LY,  ado,  Unft.rtunately  ;  unsucceifs- 
fully. 

LUCK'Y,  *.■  Fortunate  ;  meeting  with  good  success; 
as,  a  imekf  adventorer. 

a.  Fortunate  ;  producing  good  by  chance  ;  favora- 
ble ;  as,  a  Uch/  adventure ;  a  lucky  time ;  a  lucky 
cast. 

L0'€RA-TIVE,  «.  [Tt,  Ucratif;  L.  lucratioMs,  from 
liicn>r,  to  gain  profiL] 

Gainful ;  [mifitable  ;  making  increase  of  money  or 
goods ;  as,  a  Uurctice  trade ;  lutrauvt  business  or 
office. 

LC'CRA-TIVE-LY,  «dr.    Profitably. 

LO'CRE,  (lu'ker,)  n.     [L.  lucrum  ;  Fr.  lucre.] 

Gain  in  money  or  goods  ;  profit ;  usually  in  an  ill 
sense,  or  with  the  aeato  of  someiiiing  base  or  un- 
worthy. 

Tbela«</fMO«,ud  tfasdmd  ofd^th.  Popt. 

....  ...        .  -Till 


A  iMtaop  loiMt  be'  bUnelBai  -  »o(  gire»  to  fHihy  l^ter*. 

LO'CRE,  (lu'kfr,)  *.  i.    To  desire  pecuniary  advan- 
tage.    LVot  u-ted.]  Anderson, 
LU-€RIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  tncrmm,  gain,  and  /cro,  lo 
produce.] 

Gainful :  profitable.     [/MtU  used.]  Boyle 

LU-CRIF'ie,  a.      [L.    iacmra,    gain,  and   /acw,  to 
make.] 

Producing  profit ;  gainAiL     [JVM  uted.] 
LUe-TA'TION,)t.    [UfiKtotio,  from /uctor,  to  wrestle 
or  strive.] 

Struggle  ;  contest ;  effort  to  overcome  in  contest. 
I  Little  used,] 
LUC'TC-AL,  a.     [L.  luctus,  grief.] 

Producing  grief.     [JV/)(  usedJ\  Buck. 


LUK 

I.O'eU-BRATE,  r.  i.  TL.  /ueufrro.  lo  study  by  candle- 
light, from  /ucufrrHM,  fVom  /ux,  light.] 

To  study  bv  candle-light  or  a  laiup ;  to  study  by 
night. 
LU-CU-BR  A'TIOX,  w.    Study  by  a  lamp  or  by  candle- 
light ;  niKturnal  study. 

a.  That  which  is  composed  by  nlglit ;  that  which 
is  pnKluct'd  by  meditation  in  retirement.        Tatler. 
LCeU-BRA-TO-RY,  a.   Composed  by  candle-lishl  or 

by  night.  Pop^ 

LP'CU-LENT,  a.  [L.  lucnlentus^  from  /ucm,  to  shine.] 
1.  Lucid  ;  clear  ;  transparent ;  as,  luculett  rivers. 
3.  Clear;  evident;  luminous.  [Tlivtnson. 

The  tnomi  lucuUiU  teMlmuaie*  tliiit  the  ChiiatUn  relifion  hnth. 

Hooker. 

LU-eUL'LITE,  n.    [from  LucuUuSy  a  Roman  consul.] 
A  variety  of  black  limestone,  ol\en  polished   fur 
ornamental  purposes.  Brande. 

LU-DIB'RI-OUS,  a.      [L.   ludibriosusy  from   liido^   to 
sport.] 
S(>ortive  ;  wanton.  J.  Barlaic, 

LC'DI-CROUS,  a.     [L.  luduer,  from  ludo^  to  s(K)rl.] 
Sportive ;   burlesque  ;   adapted   to   raise   laughter, 
without  scorn  or  contempt.     Lmtierous  ditfers  from 
ridiculous ;  the  latter  implying  contemiH  or  derision. 

Plutaith  H'watei  thia  iiutaiirc  of  Homer'*  Jmlgment,  in  cKwiig  a 
ttMiicrou4  Ktue  wiUi  decency  and  iiittruciii^u.        Brwiiiu. 

LO'DI-CROUS-LY,  adv.  Sportively  ;  in  burlesque  ; 
in  a  manner  to  raise  laughter  without  contempt. 

LC'DI-CROUS-NESS,  n.  S port iven ess  ;  the  quality 
of  exciting  laughter  witliout  cunttinpt;  merry  cost. 

LU-I)I-F1-€A'T10.\,  71.     [U  lud^f^ur^ 
The  act  of  deriding. 

LU-DIF'l-€A-TO-RY,  a.  Making  sport;  tending  to 
excite  derision.  Bai-ruio. 

LO'P.S,  n.    fL-i     Poison  ;  pestilence  ;  plague. 

LUFF.  n.  [Goth.  Wai  Scot,  loof;  Ir.  iuc,  Umki  VV. 
law.) 

The  patm  of  the  hand.     [I^cal.]  Smart. 

LUFF,  n,     [Fr.  lof;  G.  loof;  1).  locf;  Arm.  W-] 

Wealht-rgace,  or  part  lowanl  the  wind ;  or  the 
sailing  of  a  ship  close  lo  the  wind. 

LUFF,  r.  i.     [D.  loeven  ;  Ann.  loji.] 

To  turn  the  head  of  a  ship  toward  the  wind  ;  to 
sail  nearer  the  wind.  Hence,  in  the  imperative^  luff 
is  an  order  to  put  tlje  tilU-r  on  the  lee  side,  in  order 
to  make  the  ship  sail  nearer  the  wmd.  Luffround^  or 
liiff  a-lety  is  the  extreme  of  litis  movement,  intended 
to  throw  the  ship*s  head  into  the  wind.  A  ship  is 
said  to  gprinif  her  tuffy  when  she  yields  to  the  helm 
by  sailing  nearer  the  wind.  Encyc 

LUFF'-T.ACK-LE,  (-tjik-l,)  lu  A  large  tackle  not  des- 
tined for  any  [uirticulur  place  in  the  ship,  but  mova- 
ble at  pleasure.  Mar.  Diet, 

LUG,  c.  L  [Sax.  lyccaHy  aluecan.gelugffian,  to  pull,  to 
ftuck,  Ir.  luigkim.    See  Pluck.] 

1.  To  haul ;  to  drag ;  to  pull  with  force,  aa  some- 
thing heavy  and  mov^  with  difficulty. 

JowIt  lugM  htm  Bdll 
Though  hrdgra.  Drydtn. 

S.  To  carry  or  convey  with  labor. 

Tbey  must  divirlf  Uie  inw^  uikon;  (bem,  and  ao  lug  off  cvttry 
one  his  ahare.  Collier. 

To  lug  out  t  to  draw  a  sword  in  burlesque. 

Drydea, 
LUG,  r.  i.    To  drag  ;  to  move  heavily.     [QuJ 

Jjryden. 
LUG,  a.     A  small  fish.  Carew. 

a.  In  Seotiand,  an  ear.     [Obs.]  Johnson. 

3.  A  pole  or  perch,  a  land  measure.     [06^.] 

Spenser. 
A.  Something  heavy    to   be    drawn    or   carried. 
[rulgar.] 
LUG'GAOE,  n.     [from  lasr.]  .  Any  thing  cumbersome 
and  heavy  to  be  curried  ;  a  travtiler's  trunks,  bag- 
gage, &c 

1  am  gasbering  up  mj  luggagt  and  pivparing  for  my  ]oiim'>y. 

3.  Something  of  more  weight  than  value. 

Wtiat  do  you  menu 
To  dote  on  aucli  luggage  ?  Shak. 

LUG'GER,  II.     [D.  loger.] 

A  small  vessel  carrying  three  masts,  with  a  run- 
ning bowsprit  and  long  or  lug  sails. 

ToUen.     Mar.  Diet, 
LUGGS,  n.    An  insect  like  an  earth-worm,  but  having 

legs. 
LUG'-SAIL,n.    A  square  sail  bent  upon  a  yard  that 

hangs  obliquely  to   the    nxTisl  at    one    third    of  its 

length.  Mar.  Diet. 

LU-GO'BRI-OUS,   B.      [L.   lugubris^   from   lugtOy  to 

weep.] 
Mournful  ;    indicating  sorrow ;    as,  a  lugubrious 

look.  Decay  of  Piety. 

LU-GCBRIOUS-LY,  adv.     Mournfully. 
LCKE  or  LECKE,  a.     Nut  fullv  hot.     [Obs.] 
LCKE'NESri  or  LECKE'NESS,  n.  Moderate  warmth. 

[Ob,.] 
LuKE'WARM,  a.       [Sax.  vlaco,    tepid,    moderately 

warm  ;    vlaeian^   to  warm  :    D.    laauw,   laatiwen ;   G. 

laa  ;  Dan   lunken^  lukewarm  ;  lunker,  to  make  tepid  ; 

allied  lo  jiagt  lag^  or  lo  lay,  allay,  or  to  slack.] 


LUM 

1.  Moderately  warm  J  tepid;  n^,  lukewarm  wutcr; 
luknciirrii  heal.  tt'ideinan.     J^eicton. 

2.  Not  ardent ;  not  zealous  ;  cool  ;  iTuliffurent ;  as, 
lukewarm  obedience  ;  lukcwanH  patriots.     Rev.  iii. 

Druden.     .^(Jili.ivn. 
LtKE'WARM  I.Y,  adv.     With  modemle  warmlh. 

3.  AVith  indilf'Teiice ;  coolly. 
LOKE'WARM-NESS,  n.    A  mild  or  moderate  heot. 

2.  Inditterence  ;  want  of  zeal  or  ardor;  coldness. 
Thf  Jerect  uf  u»d  ti  lukewarmnttt,  or  coldoeu  In  nligion. 

SpnU. 
LULL,  r.  t     rOan.  luUer;  Q.  and   D.  hdlen  ;  L.  lalh. 
Uu.  Russ.  leleyu,  to  dandle  or  fondle.     The  sense  is, 
to  Ihrow  down,  to  still,  to  apiwase.    Seiuuensay,lhe 
wind  lutU,  when  it  subsides.] 

To  quiet;  to  compose;  lo  cause  to  revt.  The  na- 
tion may  be  lulled  into  security. 

To  lull  hirn  sotl  naWp.  Sfpenser. 

Such  iwet  couipiiliiioii  (loth  in  muiic  lie 

To  luU  Uir  duu£lil<-n  of  i)ec<-witjr.  Milton. 

LULL,  tJ.  i.    To  subside  ;  lo  cease  ;  to  become  calm  ; 

as,  the  wind  lulls. 
LULL,  «.     Power  or  quality  of  soothing.         Young, 

2.  A  season  of  temporary  quiet  ulter  storm  or 
con  f 1 1. si  on. 

LULL'A-B?,  n.     [lull  and  by,  Russ.  hayu.    See  B».] 
A  song  to  quiet  babes  ;  that  which  quiets. 

Shak.     Locke. 
lAJLh'EDt  pp.      Uuieted;   appeased;   comjjo^sed  t*> 

rest. 
LULL'ER  TU    One  that  lulls  ;  one  that  findles. 
LULL'ING,  p]tr.  or  a.    Stilling  ;  comiKwinf;  to  rest. 
LUM,  n.     [Uu.  Sax.  Uoma.] 

The  chiuiTiey  of  a  cottage.  Todd. 

LC'M.\-CHEL,  t  n,     A  grayish-brown  liniestune, 

LU-MA-€1IKL'LA,  \      containing  fossil  shells,  which 
reflect  from  within  the  stone  a  beautiful  play  of  col- 
ors.    It  is  also  called  fire-marble,  from  Kit;  fiery  re- 
flections. Dana. 
LUM-BAG'I-NOUS,  a.     Pertaining  lo  lumbago. 
LU.M-BA'GO,  71.     [L.  lamban   loins.]              [Cheym. 
I.  A  pain  in  the  loins  and  small  of  tlie  back. 

^iiincy. 

3.  A  rheumatic  affection  of  the  muscles  about  the 
loins.  Hooper. 

LU.M'B.\L,  a.    The  same  as  Lthbah,  which  see. 

LU.M'BAR,  0.     [L.  lumbi^s,  loina.J 

Pertaining  to  or  near  the  lojiis.  The  lumbar  re- 
gion is  the  posterior  portion  of  the  body,  belween 
the  false  ribs  and  the  upper  edge  of  the  haunch  bone. 

Parr. 

LUM'BER,  Tt.  [Allied  to  Sax.  leoma,  utensils,  or  lo 
lump,  clump,  a  mass,  or  Dan.  lumpe,  a  my  ;  lamperie, 
irirlea  ;  Sw.  lampor,  rags,  old  cloths;  0.  lomp ;  G. 
lumpen ;  Fr.  lambeau.  In  French,  laviboardt  is  a 
joist.] 

1.  Any  thing  useless  and  cumbt^rsonip,  or  things 
bulky  and  thrown  aside  as  of  no  use. 

ThP  »ery  b«I  wu  violated  — 

Ami  tliruwD  aiiiuiitf  the  coninion  lumber.  Olieay. 

2.  In  America,  limber  sawed  or  split  for  use  ;  as 
beams,  joists,  boards,  planks,  staves,  lioi)i>e<,  and  the 
like. 

3.  Harm  ;  mischief.     [Loeah]  Pe^ge. 
LUM'BER,  r.  f.    To  heap  together  in  disorder.  Aymer. 

S.  To  fill  with  lumber;  as,  to  lumber  a  room. 
LUM'BER,  p.  i.     To  move  heavily,  as  if  burdened 

with  his  own  bulk.  Dryden. 

2.  To  cut  lumber  in  the  forest,  and  prepare  it  for 

market.  America. 

LU,M'nER-£D,  pp.     Heaped  together  in  disorder. 
Lt'M'BKR-ER,  n.     One  employed  in  getting  lumber 

from  the  forest.  America. 

LUM'BER-ING,ppr.    Filling  with  lumber;  putting  in 

di>-»ir<ier. 
LUM'BER-ING,  jypr.  or  a.     Moving  heavily. 
LUM'BER-ING,  m.    The  act  or  employment  of  getting 

lumber  in  the  forest,  and  preparing  it  for  market. 

Am  erica. 
LUM'BER-ROOM,  n.     A  place  for  the  reception  of 

lumher  or  useless  things. 
LUM'BR1€,  7J.    [L.  lumbricus,  a  worm.] 

A  worm.  Med.  Repos. 

LUM'BRIC-AL,  a.     {lumbricus,  a  worm.] 

Resembling  a  worm  ;  as,  the  lumbrical  muscles. 
LU.M'BRIG-AL,  n.     A  muscle  of  the  fingers  and  toes, 

so  named  from  its  resembling  a  worm.     Of  these 

muscles,  there  are  four  of  the  fingers  and  as  many  of 

the  toes. 
LUM-BRIC'I-FORM,  o.     [L.  lumbricus,  a  worm,  and 

fvrm.] 

Re.>*cmbling  a  worm  in  shape. 
LC'MIN-A-RY,   n.     [L.  Inminare,   from   lumen,  light. 

Lutnen  is  the  Saxon  leoma,  a  riij',  or  from  luceo,  by 

contraction,  for  lucmen,  lugmen.] 

1.  Any  body  that  gives  light,  but  chiefly  one  of 
the  celestial  orbs.  The  sun  is  the  principal  luminary 
in  our  system.     The  stars  are  inferior  luminaries. 

2.  One  that  illustrates  any  subject,  or  enlightens 
mankind  ;  as,  Bacon  and  Newton  were  distinguished 
luminaries. 

Lt'MIN  ATE,  tJ.  f.     [L.  lumino  ] 
To  illuminate.     [O65.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRfiY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  W^QLF,  BQQK.— 


LUN 

LC-MIN-.VTION.     See  Illumination. 

LP'MINE,  (-min,)  r.   U    To  enlighteu.     [JVy£  ustd.] 

rSee  Illumini:.) 
LU-MIN-IF'ER  UCS,  a.    [L.  Umen^  light,  and /cro,  to 

priidQce.l 
Productng  light ;  yielding  light.  Ure. 

LO'MIN-OUS,  a.     [L.  luminosus  ;  Fr.  himinenx.'\ 

1.  Shining  ;  emitting  liglit.  The  cfiiu  is  a  most  lu- 
wuMous  body. 

2.  Liglit;  illuminated.  The  moon  is  rendered  la- 
vUnooi  by  Uie  rays  of  the  sun. 

3.  Bright ;  shining  ;  a:^,  a  luminous  color. 

A'  Clear  ;  as^  a  luminous  essay  or  arsument. 

LO'MIN-OUS-LY,  adv.    With  brightness  or  clerirness. 

LC'MIN-OLIS-NESS,  i  n.     The  quality  of  being  bright 

LU-MIN-OS'l-TV,      i     or  shining i   brightnuss  ;  as, 

the  laminausntss  of  the  sea.  Kncijc. 

2.  Clearness  ;  pi?rspicuity  ;  as,  the  laminou.\-negs  of 
ideas,  arguments,  or  method.  Cheyne. 

LL'M'>IOX,  n.     A  fat,  unwieldy,  stupid  person;  as  if 
made  of  loam.     [Provindal,]     Forbtj,  Ea^t  Jinglia. 
[Sometimes  heard  in  ^incricaA 
LUMP,  It,     [G.    Dan.  and   Sw.  Uump ;   D.  klomp :  W. 
clamp  and  clap.     If  m  is  not  radical,  this  belongs  to 
Class  Lb.     Lump  is  clump,  without  the  prefix.] 

1.  A  small  mass  of  matter,  of  no  definite  shape  ; 
as,  a  lamp  of  earth;  a  lump  of  butler;  a  lump^ot 
sugar. 

2.  A  mass  of  things  blended  or  thrown  together 
without  order  or  distinction  ;  as,  copper,  iron,  gold, 
silver,  lead,  tin,  promiscuou-Jly  in  one  iump. 

3.  A  cluster  ;  as,  a  lump  of  figs.     9  Kinirs  xx. 
In  die  lump  ;  the  whole  together  ;  in  gross. 

Tbey  Duy  btijr  tny  pnp^re  tn  the  luitp,  A'lduon. 

LUMP,  F.  (.  To  throw  into  a  mass  ;  to  unite  in  a  body 
or  sum  without  distinction  of  particulars. 

The  ezpraan  ou^  to  be  lumped,  Aylife. 

2.  To  take  in  the  gross. 

IjUMP'KD,  (lumirt,)  pp.    Thrown  into  a  mass  or  sum. 

LU.MP'EN,  n.  A  long  fish,  of  a  greenish  color,  and 
marked  with  lines. 

LUMP'-FISH,  n.  A  sea  fish,  of  the  genus  Cyclopte- 
rus,  (Lumpus  of  Cuvier,)  also  called  Lump-3Uceeh. 
Its  head  and  body  are  deep,  thick,  and  short ;  the 
pectoral  fins  unite  under  the  throat,  and  with  the 
ventral  fins  funn  a  single  disk.  It  is  soft,  without 
scales,  but  covered  witii  firm,  horny  spines. 

StorfTj  Mass.  Rfp.     Partintrton, 

LUMP'IXG,  ppr.    Throwing  into  a  muss  or  sum. 

2.  a.     Bulky;  heavy.     [A  loie  teord.)     Arbmhnol. 

3.  a.     In  a  mass  or  lump  ;  a<4,  a  lumping  bargnin. 
LUMP'ISH,  tt.     Like  a  himp  ;  ht.avy  ;  gross;  bulky. 

Ralegh.     Dryden. 
2.  Dull ;  Inartive.  Shak. 

LITMP'ISII-LY,  ode.     Heavily  ^wilh  dullness  or  stu- 

piditv. 
LL'MP''I8H-\ESS,  n.    Heaviness  ;  dullness  ;  stupidity. 
LUMP'Y,  a.     Full  of  lum[>s,or  i>mall,cumpacl  masses. 
LC'.VA,  n.     [L.  j     The  moon.  {Mortimer. 

Lty.VJi  COR'XF.JI.  [L.]  Chlorid  of  silver,  so  called 
from  its  horn-like  appeanince.  Among  the  vldchrmists^ 
hi»a  w.is  the  name  of  silver.  Ure. 

LC'NA-CY,  n.  [froqi  L.  luna,  the  moon;  W.  llun, 
form,  figure,  image,  the  moon.] 

1.  A  species  of  insanity  or  madness,  formerly  sup- 
posed to  be  inlluenced  by  the  moon,  or  periodical  in 
the  month. 

3  Am  a  general  term,  it  includes  all  varieties  of 
menLiI  alienation  wtiich  an-  not  fatuous.    Boaeier. 

1.  pertaining  to  the  moon  :  as,  lunar  obse.vations. 

2.  Measured  by  the  revolutions  of  the  moon  ;  as, 
htaar  days. 

3.  Hrsembling  the  mo<*n  ;  orbed.  Dryden. 

4.  Under  the  influence  of  the  moon.     \_Obs.] 

Bacon. 
LO'NAR  e^US'Tie,  B.     Fused  nitrate  of  silver. 

J^i'ich^hon. 
LU-\A'RI-AX.  n.     An  inhabitant  of  the  nuMm. 
LO'XAR  C9'CLB,  n.    The  peri<Ml  of  lime  alter  which 

th*-.  new  moiin  returns  on  the  same  days  of  the  year. 
LO'NAR  MONTH,  n.     The  time  in  which  the  moon 

completes  a  revolution  about  the  earth. 
LCNA-RY,  n.     Moonwoit,  or  honesty,  an  herb  of  the 

genus  Lunaria. 
LO'NAR    Y£AK,   n.      The   period   of   twelve   lunar 

months,  or  354  days,  8  hours,  48  minutes,  and  3^ 

seconds. 
LO'iVJS-TED,  a.     Formed  like  a  half  moon. 
LC'NA'TIC,  a.      Afiected  by  a  species  of  madness, 

formerly  supposed  to  be  influenced  by  the  moon. 
LO'NA-TIG,  n.     A  person  alfected  by  insanity,  for- 
merly supposed  to  be  Influenced  or  produced  by  the 

moon,  or  by  its  position  in  its  orbit ;  a  madman.  Svaifl. 
LU-NA'TION,  n.     [L.  lunatio,] 

The  period  of  a  revolution  of  the  moon  round  the 

earth,  or  the  time  from  one  new  moon  to  the  next. 

Brande. 
LUNCH,  m.     [W.  Unmc,  a  gulp,  a  swallow,  the  gullet ; 

Arm.  louiUM^  tongein,  to  swallow  gn^edily.] 

1.  A  slight  repast  birtween  breakfa.st  and  dinner  ; 

formerly  the  same  as  Luncheon.       « 


LUR 

The  paiisengers  in  the  line-ships  regularly  have 
their  lunch. 
2.  A  place  for  taking  a  luncheon  ;  an  eating-house. 
LUNCH,  p.  i.    To  take  a  lunch.  Smart. 

LUNCH'EON,  (lunch'un,)/!.    A  portion  of  food  Uken 
at  any  time  except  at  a  regular  meal. 

I  sliced  the  luncheon  from  ttie  Utrli^jr  !oaf.  Gay. 

LGNE,  n.     [L.  laiiCy  the  moon.] 

1.  Any  tiling  in  the  shape  of  a  half  moon.  [Little 
used.]  ffattx. 

2.  In  geometry,  a  figure  in  the  form  of  a  crescent, 
bounded  by  two  arcs  of  circles  intersecting  at  its  ex- 
tremities. Brande. 

3.  A  fit  of  lunacy  or  madness,  or  a  freak.  [JVot 
used.]  S/iak. 

4.  A  leash  ;  as,  the  lune  of  a  hawk. 
LU-NETTE',  n.     [Fr.  lunette,  from  lune,  the  moon.] 

i.  In  fvrt^cation,  an  envelofjed  counter  guard,  or 
elevation  of  earth-made  beyond  the  second  ditch,  op- 
posite to  the  places  of  arms  ;  or  a  covered  place  be- 
fore tlie  courtine,  consisting  of  two  luces  that  form 
an  angle  inward.  It  is  commonly  mi!«ed  in  ditches 
full  of  water,  to  ser\'e  instead  of  fausse  brays,  to  dis- 
pute the  enemy's  passage  of  the  ditch. 

Encyc.     Trrvour, 

2.  In  the  manege,  a  half  liorseshoe,  which  wants 
the  sponge,  or  that  part  of  the  branch  which  runs 
toward  the  quarters  of  the  fm>t.  Kncijc. 

3.  A  kind  of  watch-crystal,  which  is  more  than 
ordinarily  flattened  in  the  center.  Olmsted. 

4.  A  piece  of  felt  to  cover  the  eye  of  a  vicious 
horse.  Kncijc. 

5.  In  architecture,  an  aperture  fur  the  admission  of 
light  into  a  concave  ceiling.  Brande. 

LCt'NET,  n.     .\  little  moon  or  satellite.        Bp.  Hall. 

LUNG,  rt,     [Sax.  lungen  ;  D.  lung  ;  G  and  Dan.  lunge  ; 
Sw.  lungaT] 

I.  The  lungs  are  the  organs  of  respiration  in  man 
and  many  other  aniiuals.  There  are  two  of  these 
organs,  each  of  which  occupies  its  cavity  in  llie  tho- 
rax. They  alternately  inhale  and  expel  the  air,  by 
means  of  which  the  necessary  function  of  respiration 
is  carried  on. 


2:  Lungs:  an  old  cant  term  for  a  person  having  a 
strong  voice  ;  also,  for  an  alchemist's  attendant  who 
putTed  his  coals.  *    B.  Jonson.     Smart. 

LUNGE,  n.    [See  Allonoe.]   A  sudden  push  or  thrust. 
LUNG'/^D,  fl.     Having  lungs,  or  the  nature  or  resem- 
blance of  lungs  ;  drawing  in  and  expelliug  air. 

Dniden. 
LUNG'-GRoVVN,  a.     Having  luiv^  that  adhere  to  the 

pleura.  Haroey. 

LUN'GIS,  n.     [Fr.  hngi.i,  from  long.] 
A  lingerer  ;  a  dull,  drowsy  fellow. 
LUNG'LESS,  a.     Without  lungs. 
LUNG'WORT,  tt.    An  herb  of  the  genus  Pnltnonaria. 
LO'NI-FORM,  a.     [L.  luna,  the  moon,  and  form.] 

Resembling  the  moon. 
LU-NI-So'LAR,  a.     [L. /uaa,  moon,  and  aolar'ut,  aol^ 
sun.] 

Compounded  of  the  revolutions  of  the  sun  and 
moon.  *  Johnson. 

The  lunisolaryenr,  at  the  end  of  which  the  eclipses 
return  again  in  the  same  order,  consists  of  .W3  com- 
mon years,  found  liy  multiplying  the  cycle  of  th6  sun 
by  (bat  of  the  moon.  Brande. 

LC'NIS-TICE,  n.     [li.  iuna,  the  moon,  and  sto^  steti^ 
or  aisti',  to  stand.] 

The  furthest  jxjint  of  the   moon's   northing  and 
southing,  in  its  nnuithlv  revolution.     [Ob.i.]      Encyc 
LUNT,  n.     [D.  l,mt,  Dan*,  lunte,  a  match.] 

The  match-Cord  used  for  firing  cannon.      Johnson. 
LC'NU-LAR,  n.     [from  L.  tuna,  the  moon.] 

In  botany,  like  the  new  ntoon  ;  shaped  like  a  small 
crescent. 
LC'NU-LATE,  a.     Tfrom  L.  tuna,  the  moon.] 

In  botanu,  resembling  a  small  crescent. 
LCNI^LIPE,  n.     A  small  fossil  coral.  LyelL 

LCI'KR-GAL,  0.  Pertaining  lothe£.M/»(rrc(jiia, or  feasts 
of  the  Romans  in  honor  of  Pan  ;  as  a  noun,  ttie  feast 
itself. 
LO'PINE,  (-pin.)  n.     [Fr,  lupin  ;  L.  lupivu.^.] 

A  kind  of  piiNe.  The  genus  liUpiiuis  contains 
several  spifcien,  mostly  nnunal  plants,  bearing  digitate 
leaves  and  papilionaceous  flowers.  The  seed^  of  the 
white  lupine  have  a  leguminous  taste,  accompanied 
with  a  disagreeable  bitterness,  and  are  said  to  be  an- 
thelmintic. Kncyc. 
LCPIN-IX,  I  n.  A  bitter  substance  extracted  from 
LC'PlN-I'l'E,  i      the  leaves  of  the  white  lupin. 

Brande.     Cooley. 
LC'PU-LIN,  Ti.     [L.  lupulus,  hops.] 

The  bitter  principle  of  hops.  The  term  has  also 
been  applied  to  the  fine  yellow  powder  of  liops,  which 
Cfintains  that  principle.  CoaUy. 

LUR  CA'TION,  n.  [See  Lurch.]  Ghittony ;  gor- 
mandizing. [Obs.] 
LURCH,  n.  fw.  Here,  n  frisk,  or  frisking  about,  a 
loiieritiif  or  lurkinu  ;  llireian,  to  loiter  about,  to  lurk. 
This  is  the  same  word,  radically,  as  lurk.  'I'lie  pri- 
mary Sense  is  tu  run,  start,  leap,  or  frisk  about,  as  a 


LUS 

man  or  beast  that  flics  from  one  tree  or  other  object 
to  another,  to  conceal  himself.  Hence  we  see  the 
peculiar  ajiplic ability  of  this  word  in  seamen's  lan- 
guage. 

In  seamen^s  language,  a  sudden  roll  of  a  ship  to  one 
side.  A  lee~lurch  Is  a  sudden  roll  to  the  leeward,  an 
when  a  heavy  sea  strikes  the  ship  on  the  weather 
side.  Cye. 

To  leave  in  the  birch  ;  to  leave  in  adiflicult  situation, 
or  in  embarrassment ;  to  leave  in  a  forlorn  state  or 
without  help.  Denham. 

LURCH,  V  i.  To  rolt  or  pass  suddenly  to  one  side, 
as  a  ship  in  a  heavy  sen. 

2.  To  withdraw  to  one  side,  or  to  a  private  place  ; 
to  lie  in  ambush  or  in  secret ;  to  tie  close.  [For  this, 
Lurk  is  now  used.]  L^Estrange. 

3.  To  shirt  ;  to  play  tricks. 

I  am  f;iiii  to  ahullle,  to  heslgn,  and  lo  lurch.  Shak. 

LURCH,  V.  t.  To  defeat;  to  disappoint,  that  is,  to 
evade  ;  as,  to  larch  the  expectation.     {Little  used,} 

StntfJi. 
2.  To  steal ;  to  filch  ;  to  pilfer.     [Little  used.] 

Johnson. 
LURCH,  V.  U     [L.  lurco,  a  glutton.] 

To  sw^allow  or  eat  greedily  j  to  devour.  [J^ot 
used.]  Bacon. 

LURCH'£Z>,  (lurcht,)  pp.     Rolled  suddenly  to  one 

side  ;  defeated  ;  evaded. 
LURCH'ER,  ».    One  that  lies  in  wait  or  lurks;  one 
that  watches  to  pilfer,  or  to  betray  or  entrap ;  a 
poacher. 

Swill  from  the  play  the  scudding  lur^itr  f,io».  Cay. 

2.  A  dog  that  lies  in  wait  for  game,  and  seizes 
them,  as  hares,  rabbits,  &c. ;  more  used  by  poachers 
than  sportsmen.  Buchanan. 

3.  [L.  larcoj  a  glutton.]  A  glutton;  a  gormand- 
izer. 

LURCH'ING,  ppr.     Rolling  suddenly  to  one  side,  as  a 

ship  at  sea  ;  defeating;  disapjK>inting. 
LUR'DAN,  a.     Blockish.     [J^Tot  u-fed.)  Juhnson. 

LUR'DAN,  n.     A  clown;  a  hlockiiead.     [JWI  used.] 
LORE,  n.      [Fr. /c»rrf.] 

i.  Something  held  out  tc)  call  a  hawk  ;  hence, 

2.  Any   enticentent;   that    which    invites   by  the 

prospect  of  advantage  or  pleasure ;   as,  the  luns  uf 

be:iuty  or  of  gain. 
LORE,  r.  i.    To  call  hawks. 

Staoiliu^  by  one  that  lured  loud  and  ahrlll.  Bacon. 

LORE,  P.  t.  To  entice;  to  attract;  to  invite  by  any 
thing  that  promises  pleasure  or  advantage. 

Lured  on  liy  thf  pleiuiire  of  ihr  l^iiit.  Temple. 

And  variou*  gcifnw  iure«  the  learned  eye.  Vny. 

LCR'/TD,  jip.  o<;  a.     Enticed  ;  attnictcil  ;  invited  by  the 

hope  (if  pleasure  or  advantage. 
LC'RID,  o.     [Ij.  luridus ;  W.  Wur,  livid,  a  gloom,    (in. 

the  root  of  hirrr.] 

1.  Ghastly  pale  ;  gloomy  ;  dismal.  Thomson. 

2.  In  botanii,  a  term  applied  to  a  dirty  brown  color, 
a  little  clouded.  Lindlcy. 

LuR'lNG,;j^r.  or  o.     Enticing:  calling. 
LURK,  r.  i.     [W.  Urrcian,  to  frisk  or  loiter  about,  to 
hirk  ;  G.  lautrn;    1).  Ivcreiii   Sw.  lura ;   Dan.  lort^r. 

hid 

L«t  nfi  ]r\y  wail  fur  btoud  ;  let  tis  lurk  privily  for  the  inno(«nt. — 
Prov.  i. 

Q.  To  lie  concealed  or  unperceivcd.  See  that  no 
selfish  motive  furA^  in  the  heart. 

Seo 
The  lurking  jrold  upon  ih^'  liital  in?«.  Dryden. 

3.  To  retire  from  public  observation  ;  to  keep  out 
of  sight. 

T\k  drfrndant  Inrki  nnd  wnndr>rB  ubont  In  Berlcs.    Dlacknoru. 

LURK'ER,  n.    One  that  lurks  or  keeps  out  of  sight. 

LURK'l.N'G,  ppr.  or  a.  Lying  concealed  ;  keeping  out 
of  sight. 

LURK'ING-PL.^CE,  n.  A  place  in  which  one  lies 
concealed;  a  secret  place;  a  hiding-place;  a  9en. 
1  Sam.  xxiii. 

LUR'RY,  n.  A  confused,  inarlicuhito  sound  or  utter- 
ance ;  as,  a  lurn/  of  words.  Iliilluway. 

LUS'CIOUS,  (lusii'us,)  fl.  [I  know  not  the  origin  and 
affinities  of  this  word.  The  Dutch  express  it  by 
loetlvAig,  sweet-lusty,     ftu.  the  root  of  Iniury.] 

1.  Sweet,  or  rich  so  as  tn  cloy  or  nauseate  ;  sweet 
to  excess  ;  as,  luscious  food. 

2.  Very  sweet ;  delicious  ;  grateful  to  the  taste.  . 

And  raUhu  keep  llif-ir  liitciout  nulJvG  Usta.  Dryden, 

3.  Pleasing;  delightful. 

He  will  bail  him  in  wilh  the  lurciout  propoxil  of  tome  gainful 
piirc]i<ise.  South. 

4.  Fuflsume  ;  as,  luscious  flattery. 

a.  Smutty  ;  obscene.     [UnusuaL]  Steele. 

LUS'CIOUS-LY,  (lush'us-le,)  adv.     With  sweelnesa 

or  richness  that  cloys  or  nauseates. 

2.  Obscenely.  Steele. 

LUS'CIOUS-NESS,   (hish'us-ness,)    n.      Immoderate 

richness  or  sweetness  that  cloys  or  offends. 

#  Mortimrr. 

LO'.SERN,  n.     A  lynx.  Johnson 


See  LuRtH.J 

I.  To  lie  hid  ;  to  lie  in  wait. 


TCNE,  BI;LL,  IGNITE.— AN"GER,  YU'CIOUR  — C  as  K  :  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  SU;  Til  as  in  TIILS. 


86 


i^l 


LUS 

liDSH,  a.     Full  of  juic«  or  succulence.      Jtidu  Diet, 

lioti  tu^  Auii  luatjr  tbe  gnm 

LC'SI-AO,  n.     Tlw  celebrated  epic  pt>em  of  PorliianI, 
wr  Ueit  by  Cainoeris,  im  (lie  establisliuietit  ol"  the  Por- 
tuguese governmeui  in  India.  Bran4t, 
LUSK.  a.     [Fr.  lascke,\ 

Lazy ;  Stotliful.     [.S^t  in  ustJ]  * 

LUSK,  n.    A  lazy  fellow;  a  lubber.    [AW  m  ii»e.] 
LUSK,  v,i.    To  be  idle  or  unemployed.    [O**.] 

N'onin-. 
LCSK'ISH,  a.     Inclined  to  be  lar.y.  MarstoM. 

LUSK'ISll-I,Y,  mdv,     Larily. 

LUSK'ISIi-NESS,  n.    Disposition  to  indolence  ;  lazi- 
ness.    lObs.\  ,  .    .^P','"'^' 
lAJ~^0'Ri-OVB,  «.    [L.  tiuorius^  from  <ii40,  !««,  to 
sport.] 

Used  in  play  ;  sportive.     [LiOle  used.)  SuMfrso*. 
LO'S^O-RV,  a.    [L.  lusuritu,  as  above.] 

Used  in  play :  plaj-ful ;  as,  litsory  methoda  of  in- 
Mnicting  children.  Watts. 

LUST,  m.  [Sax.  lust :  G.  D.  and  Sw.  tust ;  Dan.  tyst : 
Ir.  UlmiUl,  lust,  and  a  burning.  The  primary  sense 
Is,  to  extend,  reach,  expand,  to  stretch  forward.  It  Is 
the  same  as  Litr.] 

1.  Longing  desire  j  eagemeaa  to  possess  at  enjoy ; 
as,  the  lust  M  gain. 

Mjr  iust  ahall  tn  miUM  opoo  tbrm.  -•  Ex.  zv. 

9.  Concupiscence ;  carnal  appetite ;  unlawful  de- 
sire of  carnal  pleasure.    Ram.  i.    3  Pet.  ii. 

3.  Evil  propensity ;  depraved  affections  and  de- 
sires.   James  L     Ps.  \xxx\. 

4.  Vigor;  active  power.     [AW  usedA         Baton. 
LUST,  D.  t.    rSax.  lustan;  G.  lustatf  D.  lusteni  Sw. 

lysta;  Dan.^i«£ar.] 
1.  To  desire  eagerly ;  to  long ;  with  ^fUr. 
TbM  majm  kiU  ud  m  flcifa  in  kU  thj  pUca,  whatMMver  thj 
mttHmslalkm/lar.  —  DtM.  kit. 

5.  To  have  carnal  desire ;   to  desire  eageriy  the 
fratiftcation  of  canuU  appetite. 

Lmal  Bo<  afber  bar  hnuty  in  th^  bout.  —  Prov.  vL 
WlwMBfrer  )«oksUi  on  a  wocnui  u>  tu*t  aAvr  her,  Iwdi  flocxunit- 
ted  adullu?  with  ber  alnaJjr  in  lii»  bout.  —  M^tu  v. 

3l  To  have  irregular  or  inordinate  desires. 

Tbe  tfkk  that  dvclkUi  to  u>  fiMMk  ts  •n'nr.  — Jftine*  Iv. 
LmM  not  Bfter  eril  lUnjp,  m  ihejr  ftko  /Mrted.  —  1  Cot.  X. 

4.  To  list ;  to  like.     [O**.] 
LUST'ER,  n.    One  actu.ited  by  lust  or  strong  desire. 
LUS'TER.fa.      [Fr.  luttre  :   L.  lustrum;    IL  i««Cr«, 
LUS'TKE,{      from   L.  iiutro,  to   purify;    Dan.   /y«, 

light ;  Ifser,  to  shine ;  Sw.  fyM ;  D.  luisttr.  splendor ; 

Ir.  (ojs^  /duMB,  l««MB,  to  give  light,  to  bum  ;  Uos^ 

lignu] 

1.  Brightness ;  splendor ;  gloss ;  as,  the  huttr  of 
tbe  SOB  or  stars ;  tbe  InaUr  of  sillc 

Tha  umS  add  bt0mr  ««nw  tbs  vital  air.  Popt. 

a.  The  splendor  of  birth,  of  daeds,  or  of  fame  ;  re- 
Mown ;  diftinctioii. 

Hi*  aacratofi  onUiiMPd  about  fear  haudwJ  yran,  ntb-r  wilhpat 
obMnrilTUiui  vitbaay  fna<ibar«o(lMi«r.         H'otkm. 

3.  A  candlestick  ontanwBted  with  drops  or  pen- 
dants of  cut  glasa.  Pope.     Encgc 

4.  The  space  of  five  years.     [L.  lustrum.] 

«  B^imgiroke. 

lSs'tI^'lEI;!"-    DestiiuKoriuaer. 
LUST'FJJL,  a.     Having  Inst,  or  eager  di-stre  of  carnal 
gratification;   libidinous;   as,  an   intemperate  and 
Uistfttl  man. 

'2.  Provoking  to  sensuality  i  inciting  to  lust  or  ex- 
citing carnal  desire.  T'Ulotson. 
TbeocB  Ui  faM(M  oigim  be  enUifcd.  MiUon. 
3.  yi(ofoas ;  lobost ;  Moot.    [ JVbt  « 

LUSTTpL-LY,  air.  With  concupiscence  or  carnal 
desire. 

LUST 'F!;L-N' ESS,  n.  Tbe  state  of  having  carnal  de- 
sires: libidmousoess. 

LUST'l'HEAD,  )  a.    [lasty and  AomL]    Vigorof  body. 

LUST'IHQpD.  i      [Oh*.]  Spenser. 

lAJST'lhYy'udn.  With  vigor  of  body ;  stoutly  ;  with 
Tigiwfws  exertion. 

1  diieniiiat  lo  Igtat  tush^y  tar  bira.  SStat. 

LUST^-NKSS,  a.  Vigorof  body;  stoutness}  strength ; 
robostoeas  i  aturdiness. 

Ca^padooaa  dana  wew.  fiwMwa  far  tbcfa*  buinest.     DryittL. 

LUSTING,  ffr.  Having  eacer  dasire ;  having  carnal 
appetite. 

LUST'IN'G,  n.  Eager  desire;  inordinate  desire;  de- 
sire of  cnmal  gratification. 

LUST'LESS,  a.    Listless  ;  not  willing.     [Ohs.] 

SpenJter. 

2.  \ot  vigoroos.     [01*.]  Ooteer. 
LUS'TRAL,  a.     [L.  lustralts,  fVom  lustro,  to  purify.] 

1.  Used  in  purification;  as,  ZiuCroZ  water;  lustral 
waves. 

%  Pertamiag  to  purification  ;  as,  lustral  days. 
LUS'TRATE,Tl     [L.  lustra^  to  cleanse.     See  Lus- 
ter. ] 


LUX 

1.  To  make  clear  or  pure ;  to  purify.     [See  Xixui- 

TRATE.] 

9.  To  view  ;  to  survey. 
LUP'TRA-TED,  pp.     .Maile  clear;  purified. 
LL'S'TKA-TIXli,  ppr.     Purifying  ;  reiidL-ring  clear. 
LTS-TRA'TION,  «.     The  act  or  opemtiun  of  making 
clear  or  pure  ;  a  cleansing  or  purifying  by  water. 

AuJ  holy  water  for  tuttmxion  Lriiif.  Orytttn. 

2.  In  antiquihif  the  sacrifices  or  ceremonies  by 
which  cities,  tieM^,  armies,  or  people,  defiled  by 
crimes,  were  purified.  £ncyc 

LUS'TRIC-AL,  d.    Pertaining  to  purification. 

Middleton. 
LUS'TUING,  n.     A  species  of  glossy  silk  cloth.  [Cor- 

ruptit/  tcrittea  and  proHvunced  Lt'TKSXRiNa.] 
LUS'l^HOUS,  a.     Bright;  shining;  luminous. 

(looil  sparka  &nO  luttrous.  Shalt, 

LUS'TROUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  brilliant  or  shining  man- 
ner. 

LUS'TRUM,  H.  [L.]  In  aacifat  i2«aie,  tbe  space 
of  five  years. 

LI;sT'-8TaL\-£D.  a.    Defiled  by  lust.  Shak. 

LUST' WORT,  n.  [lust  and  wort.]  A  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Drosem. 

LUST'Y,  a.     [from  lust;  D.  lustig.] 

1.  Stout  ;  vigorous  ;  robust  ;  healthful  ;  able  of 
body.  This  is  the  correct  sense  of  the  word,  com- 
prehending full  health  and  strength  ;  as,  a  lujity 
youth.     But  it  is  now  used  in  the  sense  of, 

3.  Bulky  ;  large ;  of  great  size.  This  sense  does 
not  always  include  that  of  viffor. 

3.  Handsome  ;  pleasant ;  saucy.     [  Obs.] 

Ooteer.     Spenser.     Shak. 

4.  Copious  :  plentiful ;  as,  a  lusty  draught.    Tatler. 

5.  Pregnnnt  ;  a  colloquial  use. 

LV'SCrs  JsTA-TCRJE.  [L.]    Sport  or  freak  of  nature  ; 
•    a  deformed  or  unnatural  production. 
LC'TAX-IST,  n.    [from  lute.]   /i.  person  that  plays 
on  the  lute. 

A  odcbntUMl  {ujanial  w.u  playing  lo  a  Wfc  company. 

AtiaL  Rms. 
LU-TX'RI-OUS,  a.     [L.  lutarius,  from  lutum^  mud.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  mud  ;  living  in  mud. 

9.  Of  the  color  nf  mud.  Orev). 

LU-TA'TION,  n.  [See  Lutk.]  Tbe  act  or  method  of 
luting  vessels. 

LOTE,*.  [Fr.  lat*.-  It.  liuto ;  Pp.  laud;  D.  luit;  G. 
UtuU:  Sw.  luta;  Dan.  lut:  Russ.  liutniai  G.  lauty 
sound  ;  tauten^  to  sound,  allied  probably  to  loud  and 
L.  Umdo.] 

An  instrument  of  music  with  strings.  It  consists 
of  four  parts,  vt£.,the  table,  the  body  or  belly,  which 
has  nine  or  ten  sides,  the  nci-k,  which  has  nine  or 
ten  stops  or  divisions  marked  with  strings,  and  the 
head,  or  cross.  In  the  middle  of  the  table  there  is 
a  passage  for  the  sound.  There  is  also  a  bridge  to 
which  the  strings  are  fastened.  The  strings  are 
struck  with  the  right  hand,  and  with  the  left  the 
stops  are  pressed.  Eucyc. 

LOT'^'XG,!"-     [L-'-e««,  mud,  clay.] 

Among  chemistSy  a  composititm  of  clay,  or  other 
tenecious  substance,  used  for  shopping  the  Juncture 
of  vessels  so  closely  as  to  prevent  the  escape  or  en- 
trance of  air,  or  for  covering  them  when  exposed  to 
heat- 

LCTE,  e.  t.     To  close  or  coat  with  lute.  Bacon, 

LOTE'-CASE,  n.     A  ca.se  for  a  lute.  Shak. 

LOT'ED,  pp.     Closed  or  coated  with  lute. 

LO'TEN-IST,  n.     A  performer  on  the  lute.      Bushy. 

LC'TE-OUS,  a.    [L.  luteus.] 

Of  a  brownish-yellow  or  clay  color. 

LOT'IST*   In.    One  who  plays  on  a  lute. 
LO'TE-O-LIN,  n.    A  yellow  coloring  matter  discov- 
ered in  weld.  Ure. 
Lt5TE'STR[\G,  n.     The  string  of  a  lute.           Shak. 

2.  [Corrupted  from  lustring.]  A  plain,  stout  silk, 
much  tised  for  ladies'  dresses.     Encyc.  of  Dom,  Econ. 

LC'THER-AN,  o.  Pertaining  to  or  following  Luther, 
the  reformer;  as, the  Lnthn-an  church. 

LC'THER-AN,  «.  A  disciple  or  follower  of  Luther; 
one  who  adheres  to  the  doctrines  of  Luther. 

HJ'THER-AN-ISM,  n.  The  doctrines  of  religion  as 
tau!:ht  by  Luther. 

LO'THERN,  n.  In  architecture,  a  kind  of  window 
over  the  cornice,  in  the  roof  of  a  building,  to  admit 
licht  into  the  upper  story  ;  the  same  as  Dormab. 

LCT'ING,  ppr.     Closing  with  lute.  {Brande. 

LC'TU-LE.VT,  a.     [L.  lutulentus,  from  lutum^  mud.] 
Muddy  ;  turbid  ;  thick. 

LUX'ATE,  r.  U  [L.  Uio:  Fr.  Inzer,  to  loosen  ;  prob- 
ably from  the  same  root  as  lax,  L.  liiio,  lazus.] 

To  displace  or  remove  from  its  proper  place,  as  a 
joint;  to  put  out  of  joint ;  to  dislocate.  Lux,  in  a 
like  sense,  is,  I  believe,  not  now  used.  Eneyc. 

LUX'A-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Put  out  of  joint ;  dislocated. 

LUX'A-TIXG,  ppr.  Removing  or  forcing  out  of  its 
place,  as  a  joint ;  dislocating. 

LUX-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  moving  or  forcing  a  joint 
from  its  prr>per  place  or  articulation  ;  or  the  state  of 
being  thus  put  out  of  joint. 
2.  A  dislocation  ;  that  which  is  dislocated. 


LYD 

LUXE,  (luks,)  n.    Luxury.     [Ao(  w.se(i.]     Shemtone, 
LUX-U'Rl-ANCE,   )  n.  [1^.  luxurians.luzurio.  io  grow 
LUX-U'RI-AN-CY.  i      rank,  or  to  wanton.] 

1.  Rank  growth;  strung,  vigorous  growth;  exu- 
bemnce. 

PIovrl^n  grovr  up  io  Ute  g&nleD  wlUt  tbe  gnateat  lusurianty  and 
profusion.  SpecUUor. 

2.  Excessive  or  miperfiuous  growth. 

A  fiinpii  prevenu  braling  only  by  iu  lunmancy.     Witrman, 

LUX-l^'RI-ANT,  a.  Exuberant  in  growth ;  abundant ; 
as,  a  luxuriant  growth  of  grass. 

2.  Exuberant  in  plenty  ;  superfluous  in  abundance. 

Prime  Uic  luxuriatit,  Uie  uncouth  refine.  Pope. 

3.  A  luxuriant  flower  multiplies  the  covers  of  tbe 
fhictification  so  as  to  destroy  tlie  essential  p;irts. 

Martyn. 
LUX-tJ'RI-ANT-LY,  adv.    With  exuberant  Rruwth. 
LUX-U'RI-ATE,  V.  I.      To  grow  exuberantly,  or  to 
grow  to  superfluous  abundance. 

2.  To  feed  or  live  luxuriously  ;  as,  the  herds  luxu- 
riate  in  the  pastures. 

3.  Figuratively,  to  expatiate  with  delight;  as,  to 
luTuriate  in  description. 

LUX-II-RI-A'TION^  n.  The  process  of  growinR  cxu- 
Taeraiitly,  or  heyond  the  natural  growth.  Lrf. 

LUX-IJ'RI-OUS,  a,  [Fr.  luxurieuz ;  L.  laxuriosus,  from 
luxo,  to  loosen  ;  luxor^  to  riot.] 

1.  Voluptuous;  indulging  freely  or  excessively  in 
the  pleasures  of  the  table,  the  gratification  of  appe- 
tite, or  in  rich  and  expensive  dress  and  equipage  ;  as, 
a  luxuriouti  life  ;  luxurious  cities. 

2.  Administering  to  luxury  ;  contributing  to  free 
or  extravagant  indulfrence  in  diet,  dress,  and  equi- 
page ;  as,  lururioiis  wealth.  Milton. 

3.  Furnished  with  luxuries  ;  as,  a  luxurious  table. 

4.  Softening  by  pleasure,  or#free  indulgence  in  lux- 
ury ;  as,  luxurious  ease. 

5.  Lustful;  libidinous;  given  to  the  gratification 
of  lust ;  as,  a  luxurious  bed.  Shak. 

6.  Luxuriant ;  exuberant. 


The  WQTk  undM  our  labor  growt 
L,nxuriouM  by  rt'tuuiut.     [.Vol  used.] 


MUlon. 


LUX-IJ'RI-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  abundance  of  rich  diet, 
dress,  or  equipage  ;  deliciously  ;  voluptuou?:ly. 

Oryden. 

LUX-TI'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.  State  of  abounding  with 
luxuries,  or  of  living  in  the  enjoyment  of  rich  abun- 
dance. 

LUX'l|-RIST,  n.     One  given  to  luxury.  Temple. 

LUX'lJ-RY,  71.     [L.  luiuria,  from  luxo,  to  loosen.] 

1.  A  free  or  extravagant  indulgence  in  the  pleas- 
ures of  the  table,  as  in  rich  and  expensive  diet,  or 
delicious  food  an  *  liquors ;  voluptuousness  in  the 
gratification  of  appetite  ;  or  the  free  indulgence  in 
costly  dress  and  equipage. 

Richca  expoae  a  man  to  pritle  and  luxury.  Spectator. 

9.  That  which  gratifies  a  nice  and  fastidious  appe- 
tite ;  a  dainty  ;  any  delicious  food  or  drink.  The 
canvas-back  duck  is  a  luxury  for  an  epicure. 

3.  Any  thing  delightful  to  tlte  senses. 

He  C'li  ihp  aiile  ofn  rock  for  a  g^rdi>n,  and,  by  laying  on  it  earth, 
fiirniiihed  a  kind  of  luxury  lor  a  hermit.  AddiMon. 

4.  Lust ;  lewd  desire.     [J^ol  noio  used.]         Shak. 

5.  Luxuriance;  exuberance  of  growth.  [J^ot  now 
used.]  Bacon. 

LY,  a  termination  of  adjectives,  is  a  contraction  of 
Sax.  lie,  G.  lich,  D.  hjk,  Dan.  liff-f.,  Sw.  lik,  Eng.  like ; 
as  in  lovely,  manly,  that  is,  love.-like,  man-like.  As  the 
termination  of  names,  ly  signifies  field,  or  plain,  Sax. 
leafT,  Eng.  lay,  lea,  or  laj,  L.  Idau^.] 

LVAM,  n.     A  Icash  for  holding  a  hound.     DrayUm. 

Lf-CAN'THRO-PY,  n.  [Gr.  XvnavHoioTita;  Xvks,  a 
wolf,  and  (tfOiM>)roi,  man.] 

A  kind  of  erratic  melancnoly,  in  which  the  patient 
imagined  himself  a  wolf,  and  imitated  his  actions. 

Brande. 

LY-CE'UM,  n.     [Gr.  XvKttov.] 

1.  In  f?rp«f,  a  place  near  the  River  Ilissus,  where 
Aristotle  taught  philosophy. 

2.  A  houseor  apartment  appropriated  to  instruction 
by  lectures  or  dis«)uisitions. 

3.  An  association  of  men  for  literary  improve- 
ment. 

LVeO-PO-DI-A'CE-.^,  (-«he-S,)  n.  pi.  A  family  of 
nioss-like  plants,  but  which  differ  materially  from 
the  true  mosses.  They  are  sometimes  termed  Club- 
Mosses. 

LY-€0-PO-DI-A'CEOUS,  (-a'shus,)  a.  Belonging  to 
the  Lvcopodiaceffi.  Lyeit. 

LT-€0-PO'DI-UM,  n.  A  fine,  yellow  powder,  the 
seed  of  the  club-moss,  Lycopodium  clavatiiin. 
When  thrown   into  a  flame,  it  burns  with  a  fla^h. 

Brande. 

LYD'I-AN,  a.  [from  Lydia.]  Pertaining  to  Lydia,  a 
country  of  Asia  Minor,  or  to  its  inhabitants  ;  hence, 
soft  ;  efTeminate  ;  noting  a  kind  of  soft,  slow  music, 
anciently  in  vogue.  Milton. 

LYD'l-AN  STONE,  n.  A  flint  elate  used  by  the  an- 
cients to  try  gold  and  silver ;  a  touchstone. 

Buchanan. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— METE,  PREY.— PINE,  M.ARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BpQK,— 


MAC 

LTE.  n.  [Sax.  leak:  G.  lauge;  D.  loog;  Ann.  ligeou, 
or  tiehou  ;  Pp.  tezta  :  Fr.  Ussice  ;  u.  lir^  whence 
lUiviuJiu  It  coincides  with  Sax.  /o^e,  water ;  Ant. 
L.  ItTd,  whence  Lugdunum,  Leydeitj  Lyonj,  that  19, 
fFattr-toKn.] 

Water    impregnated  with    alkaline  salt  imbibed 
from  the  ashes  of  wood. 
LYE,  II,     A  ralst?hood.     [See  Lie.] 
LVING,  ppr.  of  Lie.     Being   prostrate.     [See  Lie.] 
Lying  in  ;  being  in  cbildbirtli. 
2.  n.    The  act  of  bearing  a  child. 
Lyino'  to ;  in  navigation,  the  st-ite  of  a  ship  when 
the    sails  are  so  disposed   as   to   counteract   each 
other. 
L?  '  I NG,  ppr.  or  a.  from  Li  e.    Telling  falsehood  ;  ad- 

dictcd  to  falsehood. 
LY'ING,  fi.    The  practice  of  telling  lies. 
L^'ING-LY,  adv.     Falsely  ;  by  teiiing  lies.    Shenoood. 
LYMf  It.     A  dog  held  in  a  leani ;  a  bloodhound. 

Shak.     Smart. 
LYM'NTTE,  n,     A  kind  of  fresh-water  snail  found 
LY.MPH,  (i:mf,)  n.     [L.  Itfmpka.)  [fossil. 

Water,  or  a  colorless  fluid  in  animal  bodies,  con- 
tained in  certain  vessels  called  hjmphaiics.         Encyc. 
LYMPH'.\TE,      ;    a.       Frightened     into    madness ; 
LYMPH'A-TED,  \        riving. 
LYM-FHAT'ie,  (lim-fnl'ik,)  a.     Pertaining  to  lymph. 

2.   Enthusiastic.     [.Vur  used,]  Shaftesbury. 

LYM-PHAT'IC,  (Mm  fat'ik,)  «.  A  vessel  of  animal 
bodies  which  contains  or  ctmveys  lymph. 

"nw  bm^naJicM  lecm  to  pr-rfunn  ihe  vttole  busincn  of  abBorption. 

Encyc. 

2.  A  mad  enthosiast ;  a  lunatic    [JVof  used.] 

Shqflesbury. 


Mis  the  thirteenth  letter  of  the  English  alphabet, 
and  a  labial  articulation,  formed  by  a  compres- 
^  eion  of  the  lips.  It  is  called  a  semi-vowel,  as  the 
articulation  or  compression  of  the  lips  is  accompanied 
with  a  humnijnz  sound  through  the  n(«e,  which 
constitutes  a  difference  between  this  letter  and  b. 
Its  sound  is  uniform,  as  in  man^  time,  rim. 

M  is  a  numeral  letter,  and  among  the  ancients 
stood  for  a  thousand  ;  a  use  which  is  retained  by  the 
moderns.  With  a  dash  or  ftroke  over  it,  M,  it 
stands  fur  a  thousand  times  a  thousand,  »r  a  million. 

As  an  abbreviation,  ISl.  stands  for  JilarcuSy  Martins^ 
Manliua,  itr  Mittioj. 

A.  M.  or  M.  A.  stands  for  artium  magisf-er,  master 
of  arts  ;  M.  D.  for  viedicina  doctor,  doctor  of  medi- 
cine ;  A.  M.  for  anno  mnndi,  the  year  of  the  world  ; 
MS.  for  manaacript ;  MSS.  for  manuscripti. 

In  astronomical  tables,  M  stands  for  meridian,  me- 
ridional, or  midday ;  A.  M.  for  ante  meridiem,  fore- 
niKm  ;  P.  M.  for  post  meridiem,  a(V.-rnoon. 

In  medical  prescriptions,  M  stands  for  maniple,  or 
bandfnl,  or  innce,  mix,  or  miitura,  a  mixture.    Encyc 

In  the  late  British  Pharmacopeias  it  signifies  men- 
turd.,  by  measure.  Parr. 

In  ^ir,  M  is  a  brand  or  stigma  impressed  on  one 
crmvicted  of  mansla\ighter,^nA  admitted  to  the  ben- 
MA,  [lu]     In  mK;«ic,  nnL  [efit  of  clerg>'. 

MAB,  n.     [W.  mab,  a  child.] 

1.  In  northrm  mythology,  the  queen  of  the  fmagi- 
narj'  beings  called /atrtM. 

2.  A  slattern-  Hay. 
MAB,  r.  L  To  dress  negligently.  Ray. 
MAC,  in  names  of  Scotch  aud  Irisk  origin,  signifies  non, 

rSee  Maid.1 
M.XC-AD'A.M-IZE,  r.  L     [from  the  projector's  name.] 

To  cover,  as  a  road,  way,  or  path  with  small  broken 

stonf^s.  so  as  to  form  a  smooth,  hard  surface. 
M.\€;-AD'AM-rZ-£D,  pp.  or  a.     Covered   or  formed 

with  small  broken  stones,  so  as  to  form  a  smooth, 

hard  surface. 
MAe-AD'AM-IZ-ING,    ppr.       Covering    with    small 

broken  stones,  so  as  to  form  a  smooth,  hard  surface. 
MA€-AD'A.M-ROAD,  n.     A  road  or  path  covered  with 

small  broken  stones,  so  as  to  form  a  smooth,  hard 

surface. 
MAC-A-RO'NI,  n.      [It.  nuteeA«ront,  a  sort  of  paste; 

Fr.  macaroni  :  Gr.  ptKoo,  happy.] 
i.  Dough  of  wheat  flour  made  into  a  tubular  or 

pipe  form,  of  the  thickness  of  a  goose  quill ;  Italian 

or  Genoese  paste.  Ure. 

Q.  A  medley;  something  extravagant,  to  please  an 

idle  fancy. 

3.  A  sort  of  droll  or  fool ;  and  hence,  a  fop  j  a 
fribble  ;  R  finical  fellow. 

MA€^A-RON'le,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  like  a  macaroni ; 
empty;  trifling;  vriin  ;  aifucted. 

2.  Consisting  of  a  mixture  or  jumble  of  words  of 
different  languages.  Macabo^iian  has  been  used. 
[See  Macaronic,  n.] 


MAC 

LYMPH'E-DUCT,  iu  [L.  lympha,  lymph,  and  ductus, 
a  duct.] 

A  vessel  of  animal  bodies  which  conveys  the 
lymph. 

LYM-PHOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [L.  ZympAa,  lymph,  and  Gt. 
yp<i<i)(<3,  to  describe.] 

A  description  of  the  lymphatic  vessels,  their  origin 
and  uses.  Encyc. 

LYMPH'Y,  a.    Containing  or  like  lymph. 

LYN'CE-AN,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  lynx. 

LYNCH,  p.  (.  To  indict  pain,  or  punish,  without  the 
forms  of  law,  as  by  a  mob,  or  by  unauthorized  per- 
sons.    \U.  S.l 

LYNCH'fcD,  (lincht,)  pp.  Punished  or  abused  with- 
out the  forms  of  law. 

LYNX'H'ING,  ppr.    Punishing  or  abusing  without  law. 

LYNCH'-LAVV,  n.  The  practice  of  punishing  men 
for  crimes  or  offenses  by  private,  unauthorized  per- 
sons, without  a  legal  trial.  The  term  is  said  to  be 
derived  from  a  Virginia  farmer,  named  Lynch,  who 
thus  took  the  law  into  his  own  hands.     [U.  S.\ 

LYN'DEN-TREE.    See  Linden. 

LYNX,  n.  [L.  lynx  j  Gr.  Xvy^;  D.  locht  i  G.  lucks ', 
It,  lince.] 

I.  Aquadruped,  the  popular  name  of  several  species 
of  the  genus  Felis,  resembling  the  common  cat,  but 
with  ears  lonjjer  and  t.iil  shorter.  It  has  been  cele- 
brated, tliough  byperbulically,  for  the  quickness  of  its 
sight. 
'2.  One  of  the  northern  constellations. 

LYNX'-EY-ED,  flinks'Ide,)  a.     Having  acute  sight. 

LVRA,  n.     [L.,  from  Gr.  Anoa,  a  lyre  or  harp.] 

A  northern  constellation,  containing  a  white  star 
of  the  first  magnitude,  called  Alpha  Lyra-..    Olmsted. 


M. 


MAC-A-RON'I€,  n.  A  kind  of  buriesque  poetry,  in 
which  words  of  different  languages  are  intermixed, 
and  native  words  are  made  to  end  in  Latin  termina- 
tions, or  Latin  words  are  modernized.  Jorus.     Encvc. 

MAC-A-ROON',  n.      [Fr.   macaron.]     A   small   cake 
composed  chiefly  of  almonds  and  sugar. 
2.  A  finical  fellow,  or  macaroni. 

MA-CAU'CO,  n.  A  name  of  several  species  of  four- 
handed  animals,  of  the  genus  Lemur.     [See  Lemur.] 

P.  Cye. 

MA-CAW',  I   n.     The    name    of  a   race  of  beautiful 

MA-CX'O,   J       American  birds,  of  the  parrot  family. 

P.  Cyc. 

MACAW-TREE,  71.  A  species  of  palm-tree,  the 
Cocos  aciileata.  Miller. 

MACeA-BK'AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Jewish  princes 
called  Maccabees. 

MAC'CA-BEES,  it.  pi.  The  name  of  a  heroic  Jewish 
family,  which  rescued  Judca  from  the  tyranny  of 
Antiochus  Epiphancs  and  rendered  it  independent 
for  about  a  century.  Murdoch. 

2.  The  name  of  certain  apocryphal  books  of  the 
Old  Testament,  which  give  an  account  of  Jewish 
affairs  in  the  time  of  the  Maccabcan  princes. 

Mardock. 

MAC'CO-BOY,  a.    A  kind  of  snuff. 

MACE,  R.  [Iu  mazia,  Sp.  rnaia,  Port,  ma^a.  Ft.  mas.^e, 
a  club.] 

1.  An  ensignof  authority  borne  before  magi.-^trates. 
Originallu,  the  mace  was  a  club  or  instrument  of 
war,  made  of  iron  and  much  used  by  cavalry.  Be- 
ing no  longer  a  weapon  of  war,  its  form  is  changed  ; 
it  18  made  of  silver  or  copper  gilt,  and  ornamt^nted 
with  a  crown,  globe,  and  cross.  The  old  English 
writers  often  use  mace  fur  scepter.  Brandt. 

A  iraJl«-n  mace.  Shak. 

A  htr*ty  iron  moo.  KnolUt. 

2.  The  heavier  rod  used  in  billiards.  Smart 
MXCE,  B.     [L.  maris.] 

A  spice  ;  the  second  coat  which  covers  tftc  nutmeg, 
a  thin  and  membranaceous  substance,  of  an  oleagi- 
nous nature  and  yellowish  color,  being  in  flakes 
divided  into  many  ramifications  ;  it  is  extremely 
fragrant  and  aromatic.  Enrye. 

MACE'  ALE,  n.     Ale  spired  with  mace.     Wiseman. 
MACE'-BEAR-ER,  r.     A  person  wlio  carries  a  mace 

bt'fore  mf-n  in  authority.  Spectator. 

MACE'-PROOF,  a.     Free  from  arrest. 

Giffitrd^s  Sherleif. 
MAC'ER-ATE,  t>.  (.     [L.  tbocct-o,  from   macer,   thin, 
lean  ;  maceo,  to  be  thin  or  lean  ;    Fr.  maigre:    Eng. 
meager ;    It.  macra ;    8p.   magro ;    probably  allied   to 
Eng.  meek,  Ch.  ^»^D  mak.     Class  Mg,  No.  2,  9.] 
\.  To  make  lean  ;  to  wear  away.  Harvey. 

2.  To  mortify  ;  to  harass  with  corporeal  hardships ; 
to  cause  to  pine  or  waste  away. 


MAC 

LY'RATR,      j  a.    [from  lyre.]     In  hotany,  divided 
LY'Ra-TED,  )       transversely    into    severaJ    sinuses, 
the  lower  ones  smaller  and  more  remote  from  each 
other  than  the  upper  ones  ;  as,  a  lyrate  leaf. 

McBrtyTi. 
L^RE,  Ti.     [Fr.  lyre:  L.  lyra;  Gr.  Xvpai  It.  and  Sp. 
lira;  D.  lien  G.  leier.] 

1.  A  stringed  instrument  of  music,  a  kind  of  harp 
much  used  by  the  ancients,  as  an  accompaniment  to 
poetry. 

2.  One  of  the  constellations,  Lyra,  which  see. 
L?RE'-SHAPw£D,  (-shapt,)  o.     Shaped  like  a  lyre. 

LYR'I&AL, !   '''     [^*  '^''="*'  ^'-  'y^^'-] 

Pertaining  to  a  Ij-re  or  harp.  Lyric  poetry  Is  such 
as  is  sung  to  the  harp  or  lyre.  This  was  much  culti- 
vated by  the  ancients,  among  whom  Anacreon.  Al- 
csBus,  Stesichorus,  Sappho,  and  Horace,  are  distin- 
guished as  lyric  poets.  The  term  is  now  applied  to 
that  8j>ecie3  of  poetry  which  ditectly  expresses  the 
individual  emotions  of  the  poet. 

LYR'ie,  n.     A  lyric  poejn. 

2.  A  composer  of  lyric  poems.  Addison. 

LYR'I-CISM,  Ti.     A  lyric  composition.  Gray. 

L^'RIST,  71.    A  musician  who  plays  on  the  harp  or 
lyre.  Pope. 

LYS,  n.    A  Chinese  measure  of  length,  equal  to  533 
yards.  Orosicr. 

LYS'SA,  n.     [Gr.  \vaua.]     The  madness  of  a  dog. 

Lt-TE'RI-AN,    a.        [Gr.    Avrrj/Jioj,    from    ^tjoj,    to 
loosen.] 

In  medical  science,  terminating  a  disease ;  indica- 
ting the  solution  of  a  disease.  Jones. 

LVTH'UODE,  n.    A  variety  of  Eleolite.  Dana. 


3.  To  steep  almost  to  solution  ;  to  soften  and  sepa- 
rate the  pans  of  a  substance  by  steeping  it  in  a  fluid, 
or  by  the  digestive  process.  So  we  say,  food  is  mac- 
erated in  the  stomach. 

MACER-A-TED,  ;i;».  ora.  Made  thin  or  loan  ;  steeped 
almost  tosohiiion. 

MAC'ER-A-TING,  ppr.  Making  lean;  steeping  al- 
most to  solution  ;  softening. 

MAC-ER-A'TION,  n.  The  act  or  the  process  of 
making  thin  or  lean- by  wearing  away,  or  by  mor- 
tification. 

2.  The  act,  process,  or  operation  of  softening  and 
almost  dissolving  by  steeping  in  a  fluid. 

The  ■:iliv)i  af  rrri  fur  Uie  maeeralion  and  diseulutiou  of  thn  m«at 
into  chylo.  Bat/, 

MACE'-REED,  (r,     A  plant  of  the  genus  Typha, 

REED'-MACE,  i      called  also  Cattail.  P.  Cue. 

MAeH-I-A-V£L'IAN,  (mak-e-a-vel'yan,)  a.  [from 
Machiaoel,  an  Italian  writer,  secretary  and  historiog- 
rapher to  the  republic  of  Florence.] 

Pertaining  to  Machiavel,  or  denoting  his  princi- 
ples; politically  cunning ;  crafty;  cunning  in  politi- 
ciil  management. 

MACH  I-A-Vr:L'!AN,n.  One  whoftdopts  the  princi- 
ples of  Macliinvel. 

MACIM-A-VEL-ISM,  n.  The  principles  of  Machia- 
vel,  or  practice  in  conformity  to  them  ;  political  cun- 
ning and  artifice,  intended  to  favor  arbitrary  power. 

Cyr.. 

MA-CHIC'O-LA-TED,  a.  A  term  applied  to  castlea 
having  machicolations.  Brande, 

MACILLCO-LA'TION,  r.     [Fr.  mackicoutis.] 

A  term  applied  lo  openings  at  the  tops  of^  old  cas- 
tles and  fortiflcatiuns,  through  which  comhiistihles 
melted  lead  and  stones  were  dropped  on  the  heads  of 
assailants.  Oloss,  of  Archil.     Qwili. 

MACH'LV-AL,  fmak'in-al,)  a.  [See  Machine.]  Per- 
taining lo  machines.  Diet. 

MACH'IN-ATE,  v.  U     [L.  machinor,  from  Gr.  ^axui'a, 
or  ;i4V"»"?*] 
To  plan  ;  to  contrive  ;  to  form  a  scheme.     Sandys. 

MACH'IN-A-TED,  p/j.     Planned  ;  contrived. 

MACiriN-A-TING,  ppr.    Contriving;  scheming, 

MAeiMN-A'TION,  n.  [Fr.  See  Machine.]  The 
act  uf  planning  or  contriving  a  scheme  for  executing 
some  purpose-  parlicniarly  an  evil  purpose  ;  an  artful 
design  formed  with  deliberation.  Shak,    / 

MACiriN-A-TOR,  n.  One  that  forms  a  scheme,  ui 
who  plots  with  evil  designs.  Otanrdle. 

MA-CHL\E',  (ma-sheen',)  n.  [^Fr.,  from  L.  warhina.] 
1.  In  a  general  sense,  any  thing  used  to  augment  or 
regulate  force  or  motion.  The  simplest  macliines  aro 
those  usually  denominated  the  six  mechanical  pow 
ers,  viz.,  the  lever,  the  pulley,  the  axis  and  wheel, 
the  wedge,  the  screw,  and  the  inclined  plane. 

More  properly,  a  machine  is  a  complex  rttrncturo, 
consisting  of  a  combination,  or  peculiar  moditicatic-n, 
of  the  mechanical  powers.  Hebert, 


TONE.  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  m  K ;  0  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


MAC 

ti.  An  engine  ;  an  in>-trum<'nt  uf  furce. 

With  inwmnl  nniM  the  dire  madan*  titer  loiul,  Drydtfi. 

3.  Su|iernatunil  agency  in  n  poem,  or  a  8ii|»erhu- 
lusn  being  iniroduct^d  into  a  potin  to  pt-rlxirm  some 
exploit.  Pepf. 

MA-ciUX'ER-Y,  (ma-shern'er-c,)«-  The  component 
parts  uf  a  cuinplex  nmcliine,  taken  collectively;  aa, 
the  madtinrry  of  a  w.itcli,  or  other  chronometer. 

2.  Machines  in  general.     Great  Uriutiii  abounds  in 

3.  In  r;iic  and  dramatic  poetry^  superhuman  belufts 
introduced  bv  the  poet  to  solve  ditliculty,  or  perform 
some  exploit' which  exceeds  huuinn  p».wer  ;  or  the 
word  may  signify  the  agency  of  such  Itrings,  as  sup- 
posed deities/angiis,  demons,  and  the  like. 

Nee  di-iu  iitUMvii,  nisi  diguu*  vindicc  uwlua 
Liciilii.  Xforqof. 

A  deity  is  not  to  be  introduced,  unless  a  dilfictilty 
occurs  tliat  requires  the  intervention  of  a  gt>d.     The 
viaeAiHcry  of  Milton*s  Ptu^ise   Lost   consists  of  nu- 
mt^rous  superhuman  personages.    Pope's  Rape  of  the 
Lock  is  rendered  veiy  intercstiug  by  the  wocAineryof 
sylph-s, 
MA-OHIN'ING,  (ma-sheen'-,)  a.    Denoting  the  ma- 
chin'  rv  of  a  poem.     [A*ot  usrtL]  Dr^de/t. 
MA-ClltN'IST,  (ma-sheen'-,)  h,     [Ft.  nutchinistf.] 
A  constructor  of  machines  and  engines,  or  one 
well  versed  in  the  prmciplesof  machines. 
MX-CW\0,  (mii-chi-n'yo,)  «.    [lu]    A  silicious  sand- 
stone found  in  Italy.     There  are  two  varieties  ;  one 
of  a  prayisbyellow  color,  tlie  oilier  of  a  bluish-gray 
color.               '  Dana, 
MAC'I-LEN-CY,  m.     [See  Macileht.]     Leanness. 
.MAC'I-LENT,  a.     [I*  macileiUuSy   from  hmkw,  lean, 
thin.     See  .Macerate.] 

[<ean  ;  thin,  having  little  flesh. 
MAt'K'ER-BL,   «.      tO-    auukrrrli    G.    mackrele:     Ft. 
RMyncTdu ;    Ir.  matiimt'.  \V.  marrrU ;    from  the  n»ot 
of  1..  maetiU,  asp**!  :  the  spotted  ti-^h.     :^u  m  British, 
it  18  called  brttJulh^  Ann.  hrt.<fH,  f.»r  the  like  n-asun.] 
A  sprcies  of  salt-wattT  fi»h  of  the  genu^  Scomber, 
an  etci'llcnt  table  fl>h. 
MArK'ER  EL,  h.     [Old  Fr.  maquertL] 
A  p;tnder  or  pimp. 

Stackrrtl-gale  \  in  Dr^'dcn,  m-iy  mean  a  gale  that 
ripples  the  surface  of  the  sea,  or  one  which  is  Buita- 
lile  for  catching  mackerel,  as  thi^  fish^  caught  4i-iih 
the  bait  in  mt>iit>n. 
MArK'ER  EL-^^K?,  n.  .\  sky  in  whkh  the  dooda 
have  the  form  called  eirra~<itmmltu  t  that  is,  are 
broken  into  lleecy  masses ;  called,  al«o,  a  imactrrri- 

MACK'lN'-TOSIl,  M.  A  termjip|>lied,  fr^un  the  name 
of  Ihr  inventiir.  to  water-fmiof  ganuent-*,  [larticular- 
ly  ovcrc(.ialt,  made  su  by  the  tise  of  luilia  rubber. 

MAt'K'l^E,  (niak'l,)  n.  [1*.  macula.]  .Kimmiz  prtnUrf, 
a  blur    n  I'rnit.ni;.  so  that  (wirt  uf  the  iinpre^mn  of  a 

MAt  u.   A  namegiVLMi  toa  %-nriety  of  clii- 

a?i  1  '    .  -lalfl  of  which   present  u  te.'>^-lalcd 

appi-araurr  vvlitn  cot  transver^u-ly.  Dana. 

2.  A  similar  tessclated  pftearance  in  other  cr>*s- 
tals.  Dana. 

MAG-LCRrrE,  H.  The  mineral  Gtoiuhdriu,  which 
see.  Dana. 

MA€-RO-Bl-OT'ie,  «.    [Gr.  ftaxpoi  had  0nti.]  Long- 

lived.f 

MAC'RO-€08.M,  a.  [Gr.  if^Kpo^j  great,  and  voo-/io>-, 
worlds 

The  great  world  ;  the  univ/rse,  or  the  visible  as- 
tern of  worlds  ;  uppoetedto  Microcosm,  or  the  world 
of  man,  JEncyc. 

MAe-RO-DAC'TYL,  ».     [Cr.  ^i^'S,  »ong.  and  Suk- 
rr>o«,  finger.] 
OiK-ofatrbeof  wailing  birds,  having  very  long  ti>es. 
MAe-Ri>-DAe-TYL'ie,   a.       In   ornitknlag\,   having 
long  lues;    applied  to  a  tribe  of  wadine  bird^,   in- 
cluding the  ntiU,  waler-heru!,  AiC  Partington. 
MAe-RO-DI-AG'ON-Al^  a-     (.Gr.  iiaxnoi^  loog,  and 
dia^rftnal.] 

The  lonieriif  tjie  diagonals  of  a  rhombic  prism. 
MA-eROL'O-CV,  a.    [Gr.  /iJ^-/ui,  great,  and  >o;e5. 
discourse.] 

Long  and  lediotis  talk  .  prolonged  discourse  willi- 
out  matter  ;  sufwrrtuily  of  words.  BuUokar. 

MA-CK">M'E-TER,  n-  [Gr.  *-a<ort(  and  ■uto  »-.] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  inarpe>«ible  objects 
Aiy  means  of  two  reflectors  on  a  common  sextant. 

Buckanan. 
MA-€ROT'Y-POU8,«.    [Gr.  fimpoi,  long,  and  nnr "$, 
form.] 
In  miit^nilnfv,  having  a  long  form.  Shrpard. 

-M.A-eROr'RA?^,  /  ».      [Gr.  iifl^onc,  long,  and    '.i/d, 
M.\-eRO'RAi\,     \     tail.]     A  name  given   to  crui^- 

lacea,  resembling  the  lobster  and  shrimp.     Danot 
MA-CROU'ROL'S,  Jo.     An   epithet  applied    to  cnis- 
MA-CRC'ROIS,     \      lacea    resembling    the    lobster 
MAG-TA'TIOX,  n.     [L.  macto,  to  kill.)     [and  shrimp. 

The  act  of  killing  a  victim  for  sacrifice      Eacyc. 

MAC'li-LA,a.;  pi.  Macl'l.i:.     [U]     A  spot,  as  on  the 

i>kin,  or  on  the  surface  of  the  sun,  or  other  luminous 

MAC  l^-LATE,  r.  U     ^U  macuta]  [orb. 

To  spot ;  to  stain.  Elyot. 


MAD 


Spotted. 

The  act  of  spotting  ;  a  spot ;  a 
Shak, 


MAe'U-LATE,  ) 
MA€'q-LA-TED,i 
MAG-U-LA'TION, 

stain. 
M.^e'l^LE,  a.    A  spoU     [Supra.]     [Littit  ustnL] 
MAD,  a.     [Sax.   gemaad;    Ir.  amad;    It.  matto^  mad, 

foolish  ;  mattunr,  a  brick,  and  an  arnrnt  fiKil ;    matte- 

ria  and  muttezza,  foolistiness  ;  ammattire^  to  become 

distracted.) 

1.  Disorilered  in  intellect ;  distracted  ;  furious. 
\Vr  mini  Un<\  our  pasnona  in  choiiu,  le«,  like  mad  folks,  M»j 

bfAik  th'ir  U>d»  ami  Iwtia.  'I\iylor, 

2.  Proceeding  from  disordered  intellect, or  expcesa- 
ing  it ;  as,  a  mad  demeanor.  MiUon. 

3.  Enraged  ;  furious  ;  as,  a  mad  bull. 

AikI  Iwng-cxcTiImgly  mad  a^iut  ihem,  I  peM^cutet!  them,  e»en 
uniu  •tr.uipe  ciltra.  —  Acta  xxvi. 

4.  Inflamed  to  excess  with  desire ;  excited  with 
violent  and  unreasonable  passion  or  appetite  ;  infat- 
uated ;  followed  pro(>erly  by  €^fter. 

Tlie  wori'l  b  niniiing  ntad  nftar  fitjai,  the  extrrtniir  of  bod 
pwUr.  Drydtn. 

"  Mad  upon  their  idols,"  would  be  belter  rendered, 
"  Mad  after  th<-ir  idols."     Jcr.  i. 

5.  Distracted  with  anxiety  or  trouble  j  extremely 

I>erplexed. 

I'huii  ahalt  be  mad  Tor  itie  Mght  of  thine  ryea.  —  Deut.  xxviii. 

G.  Infatuated  with  folly. 

The  Rpirituivt  innn  h  mad.  —  lira.  Ix. 

7.  Inflamed  with  anger;  very  angry.  [This  is  a 
comMon,  and  perhaps  the  most  general^  sense  lifthe  word 
in  Jimerica.  It  is  thus  ttsed  by  Jtrbtithaot,  and  is  per- 
fettly  prvprr.] 

6.  Proceeding  from  fully  or  infatuation. 


MAD,  V.  L    To  make  mad,  furious,  or  angry.     Sidney. 
MAI),  0.  i.    To  be  mad,  furious,  or  wild. 

Wiclif.     Spenser. 

MAItk   {  "•     t^**  ****«'  ^**'*-  «*''*^0 

.Ai)  earth-worm.    [But  Uiis  i^^  the  Eng.  moth.]    Ray. 
M.\1>'A.M,  «.     [Fr.  ma,  my,  and  damr.\ 

An  appellation  or  complimentary  title  given  to  mar- 
ried and  elderly  ladies,  or  chicflv  to  them. 
MAD'AP-PLE,  II.     .\  tropical   plant  or  fniit,  allied  to 
tlie  Egg  pUant ;  the  Sulanum  insannm  of  Person. 

Loudon. 
MAD' BRA  IN,         i  a.      Disordered    in    mind  ;    hot- 
MAD'ltRAL\-£D,  {      headed  ;  rash.  Shak. 

M.\D'CAP,  s.     [mad-eapHt  or  cap.]     A  person  of  wild 

In-hnvior ;  a  violent,  rash,  hotheaded  person. 
.M.\D'DA:N,  (mad'n.)  n.t.    To  make  ra ad.  IViomson. 
MAD'1>£X,  r.  i.    To  become  mad  ;  to  act  as  if  mad. 

Th«T  nve,  reche,  utd  mmddm  rDiwd  ibe  Und.  Popt. 

M  \D'I)K.\-KD,  pp.  or  a.    Rendered  mad. 
MAI>'D/;N-4\G,  if/ir.  or  a.    Making  mad  or  angry, 
MAD'DER,  «.     [Sax.  maddrre.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Rubia,  one  species  of  which 
is  much  used  in  dyeing  red.  The  ri>ot  is  used  in 
nit'dicine,  and  is  in  great  reputation  as  an  emuiena- 
gogue.    It  is  cultivated  in  France  and  Holland. 

Eneyc.     IftU. 
MAD'DIXG,  p/jr.  ora.  from  Mad.     Raging  j  furious. 
^  Milton,     Dryden, 

MADE, prc-t.  and  pp.  or  a.  from  Make. 
MAD-E-FAe'TIO.\,  n.     [L.  madefacio.] 

The  act  of  making  weL 
MAD'E-FI-ED,  pp.     Made  wet  Baeim. 

MAD'E-FV,  r.  f.     [L.  madefio.] 

To  make  wet   or  moist  \  to  moisten      [JV*o£  much 
«..frf.] 
MAD'E-FV-ING,  ppr.     Making  moist  or  wet. 
MA-DEI'RA,(ma-da'ra,)  n.     A  rich  wine  made  on  the 

Isle  of  Madeira. 
MA-DBI'RA-NIJT,  n.    A  s[»ecies  of  walnut  with  a 

thin  shell,  from  the' Island  of  Madeira. 
M.tD-EM-OI-tiELLE' ,  (mad-mwi-zel',)  n.     [Fr.  ma^ 
my,  and  demoisdie^  damsel.     See  Damseu] 

A  young  woman,  or  the  title  given  to  one  ;  miss  ; 
also,  the  puppt-t  sent  from  the  French  metropolis  to 
eihibit«the  prevailing  fashions.  Spectator. 

MAD'-IIEAD-ED,(-hcd-,)  a.  Hot-brained;  rash. 

Shak. 
M.\D'-HOUSE,  n.    A  house  where  insane  persons  are 

cimfined  for  cure  or  for  restraint. 
MJ\'D1-A,  V.     A  South  -American  annual  plant,  Madia 
saliva,  cultivated  for  the  oil  vielded  from  its  seeds  by 
pressure.     This  oil  is  by  some  preferred  to  olive  oil 
for  the  table.  P.  Cve. 

.MAD'ID,  a.     [L.  madiilus.]      Wet  ;    moist.     [JVwt  in 

use.] 
M.\DCE-nOW'LET,  n.     [Fr.  machctte.]     An  owl. 

B.  ./oiison. 
MAD'LY,  adv.     [from  mad.]     Without  reujion  or  un- 
derstanding ;  nishly ;  wildly. 

2.  With  extreme  folly  or  infatuated  zeal  or  pas- 
sion. 
MAD'MAX,  n.     A  man  raving  or  furious  with  disor- 
dered intellect ;  a  districted  man. 
2.  A  man  without  understanding. 


MAG 

3.  One   inflamed   wilti   extruviigant   passion,   and 
actmg  contrary  to  reason. 
MAD'.NESS,  n.     [fium  mad.]     Distraction  ;  a  state  of 
disordered  reason  or  intellect,  in  which  the  patient 
raves  or  is  furious. 

Th^re  art  dcgnrt  of  madntat,  k>  of  folly.  Lockt. 

Q.  Extreme  folly  ;  headstrong  pjission  and  rashness 
titat  act  in  opposition  to  reason  ;  as,  tUo  tnaUuess  of  a 
mob. 

3.  Wildncss  of 'passion  i  fury ;  rage  ;  as,  the  mad- 
ness of  despair. 

MA-DO'NA,     }  n.      [Sp.   madona  ;    It.   madonna^   my 
MA-DON'NA,  i     lady.] 

A  term  of  compcllation,  equivalent  to  Madam.  It 
is  given  to  the  Virgin  Mary. 

MAD'RE  PORE,  n.     [Fr.  madre,  siwttcd,  and  pore.) 
One  of  the  genera  of  coral  zoophytes.     The  sjk?- 
cies  usually  brancti-like  trees  an^  shnibs.    The  sur- 
ftice  is  covered  with  small  prominences,  each  ciui- 
taining  a  Ci-tl.     [See  Coral.]  Dana. 

M.\D'UE*P0  Rn*E,  71.  Fossil  coral,  or  limestone  com- 
posed of  fossil  coral.  Dana. 

MAD-RlKR',  n.  [Fr.]  A  thick  plank  armed  with 
ir(m  plates,  with  a  cavity  to  receive  tho  mouth  of  a 
petard,  with  which  it  is  applied  to  any  tiling  intend- 
ed 10  be  broken  down;  also,  a  plank  used  for  sup- 
porting the  earth  in  mines.  Chambers.     Bailey. 

MAD'RU;AL,  n.  [Sp.  Port,  and  Fr.  id;  It.  madrig ale. 
Its  origin  is  not  ascertained.] 

1.  A  little  amorous  poem,  sometimes  called  a  pn.t- 
toral  jionn,  containing  a  certain  number  of  free,  un- 
equal verses,  not  confined  to  the  scnipulous  rcgrriar- 
ity  of  a  sonnet,  or  the  subliliy  of  tho  epigram,  but 
containing  some  tender  and  delicate,  though  simple 
thought,  suitably  expressed.  Cijc. 

9.  An  elaborate  vocal  composition,  in  five  or  six 
parts.  Busby. 

MAD'WORT,  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Alyssum. 

MAEL'S'i'ROM,  (mAl'sirom,)  «.  A  celebrated  whirl- 
p^iol  on  the  coast  of  Norway. 

M.1CKE,  a.  It  is  derived  fnun  Saxon  mer,  famous, 
great,  noted  ;  so  tslmere  is  all-fumous. 

Oibson.     Todd. 

MA-ES-TO' SO :  nn  Italian  word  signifying  mnirstic:  a 
direction  in  music  to  play  the  part  with  granueurand 
strength, 

M.AF'FLE,  «.  i.    To  stammer.     [JVot  in  tw«.]    Barret. 

>iAF'FLER,  n.     A  stammerer.     [JVot  in  use.]  ^ 

MAG-A-ZXNE',  (mag-a-zeen' )  ».  [Fr.  magazin  ;  It. 
mag-azzino;  Sp.  magacen  and  almacen  ;  Fort,  almatcm 


or  armaiem ;  front  Ar. 


<-j^- 


.  klmianay  to  deposit  or 


lay  up  for  preservation.    This  word  is  formed  with 
the  Shenntic  prefix  m.J 

1.  A  store  of  arms,  ammunition,  or  provisions  ;  or 
the  building  in  which  such  store  is  deposited.  It  is 
usually  a  public  store  or  storehouse. 

2.  In  xhips  of  war,  a  close  room  in  the  hold,  where 
the  guniwwder  is  kept.  Large  shii«  have  usually 
two  magazines.  Mar.  Diet, 

3.  A  pamphlet  periodically  published,  containing 
miscellaneous  papers  or  compositions.  The  first  pub- 
lication of  this  kind  in  England  was  the  Oentlemati^s 
Magazine,  whicJi  first  apjMjared  in  1731,  under  the 
name  of  Sylvanus  Urban,  by  Edward  Cave,  and  which 
is  still  continued. 

MAG-AZIN'ER,  (mag-a-zeen'er,)  n.  One  who  writes 
fur  a  magazine.     [Little  wied.]  Qotdsmitk. 

MAG'DA-LEN,  n.     A  reformed  prostitute. 

Ma6E,  n,     A  magician.     [J^ot  used.]  Spenser, 

MAG-EL-LAN'IC  CLOUDS,  ti.  pi.  Three  conspicu- 
ous nebula!  situated  near  the  south  pole,  resembling 
tliiu,  white  clouds,  and  so  called  from  Magellan,  the 
navigal()r.  Obn.-'ted. 

MAG'GIf^'RE,  fmaj-j6'rH,)a.    [It.]    In  mu.->ic,  greater. 

MAG'GOT,  n.  [\V.  macai,  pi.  maceiod,magiod,  a  mag- 
gut  or  grub,  from  magu,  to  breed.] 

1.  A  worm  or  grub  ;  particul^trly,  the  fly-worm, 
from  tlie  egg  of  the  large  blue  or  green  liy.  This 
maggot  changes  into  a  fly. 

2.  A  whim  ;  an  odd  fancy,     [ioto.] 
MAG'GOT-I-NESS,  w.     The  slate  of  abounding  with 

inagffotn. 
MAG'<;OT-V,  a.     Full  of  maggots. 

a.  Full  of  whims  ;  capricious;  whimsical;  hence, 

moggoty-headed. 
MA'Gt,  n.  pi.     [L.]     Wise  men  or  philosophers  of  the 

East.  Fotkerby. 

MS'Gl-AN,  a.     [Ij.  magvs  ;  Gr.  m">  "?■] 

Pertaining  to  the  Magi,  a  sect  of  philosophers  in 

Persia. 
Ma'GI-AN,  n.    One  of  the  sect  of  the  Peniian  Magi, 

who   hold  that  there  are  two  prmciplcfs,  one  the 

cause  of  good,  the  other  of  evil.     The  knowledge  of 

ilie^e  phiUwophers  was  deemed  by  the  vulgar  to  be 

supHrnatnrnl.  Encyc. 

Ma'OI-A.V-ISM,  71.     The  philosophy  or  doctrines  of 

the  Magi. 
MAG'ie,  71.     [L.  magia;  Gr.  unyciaj  from  Mayos,  a 

philosopher  among  the  Persians.] 

1.  The  art  or  science  of  putting   into  action  the 

power  of  spirits  ;  or  the  science  of  producing  won- 


FATE,  F.\R,  FALL,  WH.AT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PL\E,  MARLVE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK. 
_ 


MAG 

tterful  elfecta  by  the  aid  of  super!) umnn  beUiffs,  or  of 
dfpiirted  spirits;  sorcery ;  enchantment.  [This  art 
or  science  is  note  discurdetL] 
2.  The  secret  operations  of  natural  causes.  Bacon. 
J^''atural  ma^ic  ;  the  art  of  employing  Uie  powers  of 
nature  to  produce  t- fleets  apparently  supcrnatura.!. 

OlmsteiL 
CeUstial  Toa^  attributes  to  spirits  a  kind  of  domin- 
ion over  the  planets,  and  to  the  planets  an  influeuce 
over  men. 

Supcrstitwus  or  geotie  magic  consists  in  the  invoca- 
tion of  devils  or  demons,  and  supposes  some  tacit  or 
express  agreement  between  them  and  human  beings. 

Kncyc. 
MAG'ie,         >  a.    Pertaining  to  macic;  used  in  fuag- 
MAO'IG-AL,  {      ic;  as,  a  magic  wand  ;  magic  art. 
2.  Performed  by  magic,  the  agency  of  spiriisi,  or  by 
the  invisible  powers  of  nature  ;  as,  magical  effecls. 

Masric  square  i  a  square  liguffe,  formed  by  a  series 
of  numlters  in  arithmetical  progression,  so  disponed 
in  parallel  ranks,  that  the  sums  of  each  row  or  line, 
taken  perpendicularly,  horizontally,  or  diagonally, 
are  equal  Brande. 

MAG'IG-AL-LY,  adv.  By  the  arts  of  magic  ;  accord- 
ing to  the  rules  or  rites  of  magic;  by  cnchantmcnL 

Camden. 
MA-GI"CIAX,  (ma-Jish'an,)  n.     One  skilled  in  magic ; 
one  that  practices  the  black  art ;  an  enchanter ;  a 
necromancer ;  a  sorcerer  or  sorceress, 

Locke.  fVaUer. 
MA6'I€-LAN'TERX,  n.  An  opticV  instrument, 
which,  by  means  of  a  lamp  and  of  small  figures 
piiinted  on  transparent  varnish  or  slides  of  glass,  ex- 
hibits, in  a  dark  room,  images  of  objects  con^^iderably 
macnified.  Brande. 

MA-GIS'TER,  n.  [L.  master.]  A  titiR  of  the  middle 
ages,  cquivaJent  to  the  modern  title  of  doctor. 

Brande. 
MA-GILP',  n.     A  gelatinous   compound  of  linseed  cil 
and  mastic  varnish,  used  by  artists  as  a  vehicle  for 
colors.  Brande. 

M  Afi-IS-TE'RI-AL,  o.  [See  Maoistrate.]  Pertain- 
ing to  a  muster  j  such  as  suits  a  master ;  authorita- 
tive. Dnjden. 

2.  Proud  ;  loAy ;  arrogant ;  imperious  \  duuiiueer- 
ing. 

Prcip»wr»  JO  K  rrral  way  with  men  Uial  take  (Uir  worU  and 
magiMignal  Uotu  Cor  cumnt  pjijrniefli.  L'Ettrangt, 

3,  In  chemistry^  pertaining  to  magistery,  which 

MAG-IS-TE'RI-AL-LY,  ado.  With  the  air  of  a  mas- 
Ut  :  arrocanily  ;  auihoritativelv.       Bacon.     South. 

MAfi-IS-TK'lCI-AL-NESS.  n.  The  air  and  manner 
of  a  master  ;  haughtiness;  imperiousness  ;  peremp- 
torine>:it.  J^elson, 

MAC'iS-TER-V,  fi.     [L.  maffisterium.]       ' 

Among  cAfrawt4,  a  precipitate  ;  a  fine  substance  de- 
posited by  precipitation  ;  usually  applied  to  particu- 
lar kinds  of  precipitate,  as  that  of  bismutli,  coal, 
cmh's  eyes,  sulphur,  &c,     [OldA     Eneyc.     Brande. 

MAG'I3-TRA-CY,  n.  [See  Maoistrate.J  The  of- 
fice or  dignity  or  a  magistrate. 

DuelJD^  M  not  only  a  usurpiiion  o(  the  divine  prerontiTf,  but 
h  «  an  in*iUt  upun  magittrwy.  CiarUta, 

2.  The  body  of  magistrates. 

MAG'IS-TRAL,  a.  Suiting  a  magistrate  ;  authorita- 
tive.    lObit.] 

M.\G'IS-rRAiL,  n.  A  sovereign  medicine  or  remedy. 
[Ohs.] 

MAC-IS-TRAL'I-TY,  n.  Despotic  authority  in  opin- 
ion.    |06*.1  Bacon. 

MAG'IS-TRAL-LY,  adv.  Authoritatively  ;  with  im- 
prriousiipss.     f  Ob.i.]  BramhalL 

MAO'LS-TRATfi,  n.  [L.  mngisfratus,  from  magviter^ 
m-ister  ;  mo/w,  major^  and  .*f«-,  IVutonic  steora^  a  di- 
rector ;  5(^oran,  to  steer;  the  principal  director.] 

A  public  civil  officer,  invested  with  the  executive 
government,  or  some  branch  of  it,  tn  this  sense,  a 
king  is  the  highest  or  first  magistrate,  as  is  the  presi- 
dent of  the  United  Htaien.  But  the  word  is  more 
particularly  applied  to  subordinate  officers,  as  gov- 
ernors, intcndants,  prefects,  mayors,  justices  of  the 
peace,  and  the  like. 

Th«  magUtraU  must  hare  hb  rer^rencej  tba  Uwa  U«[r  author- 
itr-  Burke. 

M  A6-IS-TRAT'I€,  a.  Having  the  authority  of  a  mag- 
istrate. ,         Taylor. 

MAO'IS-TRA-TIIRE,  «.  [Fr.]  Magistracy.  {LittU 
used.\ 

MAG'MA,  n.  Any  crude  mi:tture  of  mineral  or  organ- 
ic matters,  in  the  state  of  a  thin  paste.  Ure. 

MAU'.VA  CHXR'TA,  (kar'ti,)n.  [U,  great  charter,] 
I.  The  great  charter,  so  called,  obtained  by  the 
English  barons  from  King  John,  \.  D.  1215.  This 
name  is  also  giv»!n  to  the  charter  granted  to  the  petw 
ple  of  England  in  the  ninth  year  of  Henry  III.,  and 
confirmed  by  Edward  I. 

2-  A  fundamental  constitution  which  guaranties 
righl-t  and  privilegea 

MA(i  NA-.\lM'I-'I'Y,  n.  [L.  magiianimitas ;  magnus^ 
^re:it,  and  animu^t  mind.] 

(ireatneM  of  mind  ;  that  elevation  or  dignity,  of 
•mil,  which  encounters  danger  and    truublu  with 


MAG 

tranquillity  and  firmness  ;  which  raises  the  possessor 
above  revenge,  niid  makes  him  delight  in  act.-'  of  be- 
nevulence  \  which  makes  him  disdain  injustice  and 
meanness,  and  prompts  him  to  sacrifice  personal  ease, 
interest,  and  safely,  for  the  accomplishment  of  useful 
and  noble  objects. 
MAG-NAN'I-MOUS,  a.     [L.  ma^animus.] 

1.  Great  of  mind  ;  elevated  in  soul  or  in  senti- 
ment;  brave;  disinterested;  as,  a  magnanimous 
prince  or  general. 

3.  Dictated  by  magnanimity  ;  exhibiting  nobleness 
of  soul ;  liberal  and  honorable  ;  not  selfish. 

There  is  nn  induaoluble  »inioi»  Iwtween  a  magnammoiu  policy 
ajid  the  solid  rewords  of  public  prosperity'  and  rolicitv. 

Washington. 

MAG-NAX'I-MOUS-LY,  ado.  With  greatness  of 
mind  ^  bravely  ;  with  dignity  and  elevation  of  sen- 
timent. Milton. 

MAG'NATE,  n.;  pi.  Magnates.  A  person  of  rank  ;  a 
noble  or  grandee. 

MAG-Xk'SIA,  71.  {Vt.  magnesie.  Qu.  from  Jitagn^ 
sia,  the  place  where  first  found,  Lunier  says,  from 
Gt.  fi-i)  I'm-,  ^^ifi  loadstone;  but  the  reason  he  does 
not  jissign.] 

A  primitive  earth,  having  for  its  base  a  metallic 
substance,  called  magnesium.  Magnesia  is  a  soft, 
white  powder,  without  taste  or  smell.  It  is  gt^neral- 
ly  found  in  combination  with  other  substances.  It 
is  antacid,  and  mflderalely  cathartic.  Ure. 

MAG-Nit'SIAX,  a.  Pertaining  to  magnesia,  or  par- 
taking of  its  qualities  ;  containing  magnesia;  re- 
somliiini:  magnesia. 

MAG'iN'E-.SlTE,  a.  A  silicate  of  magnesia  contain- 
ini*  a  large  quantity  of  water.  It  occurs  in  amor- 
phous masses,  or  in  masses  tuberous  aiui  s|H)ngifurm  ; 
its  color  is  yellowish  gray,  or  white  with  sp(»ts,  and 
dendritic  delineations  of  blackish  brown.  The  name 
is  also  given  to  a  carbonate  of  magne^^ia. 

Dana.     Haiiy. 

MAG-NE'SIUM,  n.  The  un decomposable  metallic 
base  of  magnesia. 

.MAG'NET,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.;ia>-irij$,froni  Maonksia., 
in  Asia  Minor.] 

The  kiadstone  ;  a  term  applied  to  certain  *[if'cimens 
of  iron  ore,  (the  proloxyd  or  octahedral,)  wliich  have 
the  property  of  attracting  iron  and  some  of  its  ores, 
and,  when  freely  suspended,  of  pointing  to  the 
poles. 

A  bar  of  steel  to  which  the  pectiliar  prnporltea  of 
the  loadstone  have  been  imparted,  either  by  contact 
or  by  other  means.  A  bar  of  iron  will  receive 
temporarily  the  same  properties  under  the  action  of 
a  galvanic  or  electrical  battery,  and  is  then  generally 
called  an  electro-magnet.  Dana. 

MAG-NET'ie,  n.  A  term  applied  to  any  metal,  as 
iron,  nickel,  cobalt,  &c.,  which  may  receive,  by  any 
means,  llie  pnpperties  of  the  loadstone,  and  lie  when 
suspended  in  the  direction  of  a  magnetic  meridian. 

Dana. 

MAG-NET'I€,         )  a.      Pertaining  to  the    magnet ; 

MAG-NET'ie-AL,  \      possessing  the  properties  of  the 
magnet,  or  corresponding  properties;  tls^  a.  magnetic 
bar  of  iron,  or  a  magnetic  needle. 
S.  Attractive. 


She  that  had  all  magnetic  furcc  aloiir. 


DoTine. 


MAO-NET'IC-AIx-LY,  adv.  By  means  of  magnet- 
ism ;  by  the  power  of  attraction.  Burton. 

MAG-NET'ie-AL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
magnetic. 

MAG-NKT'ie-NRE'DLE,  n.  A  magnetized  needle. 
or  smalt  iron  rod,  turning  on  a  pivot,  principally  usetl 
to  determine  the  points  of  compass. 

MAG-NET'ie-TEL'E-GHAPII,  n.  The  electro  mag- 
netic telegraph  ;  an  instrument,  or  apparatus,  which, 
by  means  of  iron  wires,  conducting  the  electric  fluid, 
conveys  intelligence  to  any  given  di.-<tance  with  the 
velocity  of  lightning.  See  ELECTRo-.MAtJNETic  Tei/- 
EORAPii.  5.  F,  B.  Morse. 

MAG-NET'IG3,  n.  The  science  or  principles  of  mag- 
netism. 

MAG-Nl-rriF'ER-OUS,  0.  Producing  or  conducting 
masnetism.  Jourju  of  Science. 

MAG'NET-ISM,  n.  That  branch  of  science  which 
treats  of  the  properties  of  tlie  magneL 

2.  Power  of  attraction  ;  as,  the  magnetism  of  inter- 
est. GlanviUe. 

Animal  magnetism ;  a  supposed  agent  of  a  [leculiar 
and  mysterious  nature,  said  to  have  a  powerful  influ- 
ence on  the  [Kitient  when  acted  ujwn  by  contact  or 
volunLiry  emotion  on  the  part  of  the  operator.  [See 
MesMRnrsM.l 

MAG-NET-I-ZA'TION,  n.     The  act  of  magnetizing 

MAG'N'ET-IZE,  v.  t  To  communicate  magnetic 
properties  to  any  thing;  as,  to  magnetize  a  needle. 

SftTi  of  D^fclon'a  paticnu  wen  magntAzed  at  Dr.  Franklin'a 
hou«e.  Enofc, 

MAG'NET-TZE,  v.  i.  To  acquire  magnetic  prn|)ertie8; 
to  become  magnetic.  A  bar  of  iron  standing  some 
time  in  an  inclined  position  will  magnetiie,, 

MMi'SRT-jy.-FAt^ pp.  or  a.     Made  magnetic. 

MAG'.NET-IZ-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Imparling  magnet- 
ism to. 


MAG 

MAG-NK'TO-E-LEC'TRie,  a.    Pertaining  to  mag- 

netivelectricity.  Dana. 

MAG-MS'TO-E-LEe-TRIC'I-TY,     n.        Electricity 

evolved  by  magnets.  Sillimon. 

2.  The  science  which    treats  of   electricity   thus 
evolved. 
MAG'NET-IZ-ER,  Ti.     A  person  or  thing  which  im- 
parts uiaKuetism. 
MAG-NET-OM'E-TER,    n.     [magnet^  or  magneOsm, 
and  Gr.  ftcrooi-.] 

An  instrument  to  ascertain  the  force  of  magnetism. 
MAG-NET-0-MO'TOR,  n.     [magnet  and  motor.) 

A  volLaic  series  of  two  or  more  large  plates  pro- 
ducing a  great  quantity  of  electricity  of  low  tension. 

Brande. 
.MAG'NI-FI-A-BT>E,  a.     [See   Maokift,]     That  may 
be  magnified;  worthy  of  being  magnified  or  extolled. 

Brown. 
MAG-NIF'ie,  (         rr  _■*        i 

MAG-NIF'I€>AL,  j  °-    t^*  "•«5^t^«'-] 

Grand  ;  splendid  ;  illustrious.  Milton. 

MAG-NIF'IC-AL-LV,  adc.     In  a  magnificent  manner. 

MAO-JVlFI-CJI7\  [h.]     A  term  applied  to  thesongof 

the  Virgin  Mary,  Luke  i.  46,  because  it  commences 

with  this  word  in  the  Latin  Vulgate. 

MAG-MF'IC-A'J'E,  V.  t.    To  magiufy  or  extol.      [JVot 

used.]  Marston. 

MAG-NIF'I-CENCE,  n.     [L.  magnificentia.] 

Grandeur  of  appearance  ;  greatness  and  splendor 
of  show  or  state  ;  as,  the  magnijicence  of  a  palace, 
or  of  a  procession  ;  ttie  magnijicenee  of  a  Roman  tri- 
umph. 
MAG-NIF'I-CENT,  a.  Grand  in  appearance;  splen- 
did ;  pompous. 

M^ta  he  made,  and  for  him  buUt 
Magnificenl  this  world.  MUton, 

2   Exhibiting  grandeur.  Sidney. 

MAG-NIF'I-CE\T-LY,  adv.  With  splendor  of  ap- 
pearance, or  pomp  of  show.  The  roiiiisler  was  mag- 
nificently entertained  at  court. 

2.  With  exalted  sentiments.    We  can  never  con- 
ceive too  magnificently  of  the  Creator  and  his  works. 
MAG-NlF'I-eO,  n.  [L.]     A  grandee  of  Venice.    Shak. 
MAG'NI-FI-EK,  n.    [from  magiiifif.]    One  who  mag- 
nifies ;  one  who  extols  or  exalts  in  praises. 

2,  An  optical  instrument,  either  a  convex  lens  or  a 
concave  mirror,  which  increases  the  apjuirent  mag- 
nitude of  bodies. 
MAG'NI-FT,  V.  t     [h.  magnifico ;,magnii.ty  great,  and 
facio^  to  make.] 

1.  To  make  great  or  greater ;  to  increase  the  ap- 
parent dimensions  of  a  body.  A  convex  lens  mag- 
nifies the  bulk  of  a  body  to  the  eye, 

2.  To  make  great  in  representation  ;  to  extol ;  to 
exalt  in  description  or  praise.  The  embassador  mag- 
n^ed  the  king  and  queen. 

3.  To  extol;  to  exalt j  to  elevate;  to  raise  in  es- 
timation. 

Thee  that  day 
Thy  thunder*  ma^niJSed.  MVlon. 

The  Loni  magnifiinl  Sglomon  exceedingly.  —1  Chron.  xxix. 

To  magnify  one's  self;  to  raise  one's  self  in  pride 
and  pretensions. 

He  shrtll  magnify  himttlf  in  bU  heart.  —  Dan.  via. 

MAG'Nl-F?-ING,  ppr.  or  c  Enlarging  apparent  bulk 
or  dimensions  ;  extolling;  exalting. 

MAG-NIL'O-airENCE,  n.  [L.  magnus,  great,  and 
loqnens^  speaking.] 

A  lo^y  manner  of  speaking;  tumid,  pompous 
worus  of  style.  Bentlcy. 

MAG-NIL'0-UUENT,  o.  Speaking  loftily  or  pom- 
p<jusly. 

MAG-NII/0-QnENT-LY,o(te.  With  loftiness  or  pom- 
posity of  language. 

MAG'NI-TODE,  n.     [L.  magnitudo.] 

1.  Extent  of  dimensions  or  parts  ;  bulk  ;  size;  ap- 
plied to  things  that  kane  length,  breadth,  or  thickness. 

2.  In  geometry,  that  which  is  extended,  or  which 
has  one  or  more  of  the  three  dimensions,  length, 
breadth,  and  thickness.  Day. 

3.  Greatness  ;  grandeur. 

With  plain,  heroic  magmtudt  of  mind.  Afi/ton, 

4.  Greatness,  in  reference  to  influence  or  efl'ect ; 
importance.  In  nflairs  of /na^r/nVut/t!,  disdain  not  to 
take  counsel. 

MAG-NO'LI-A,  n.  The  name  of  a  genus  of  plants 
comprehending  the  Beaver-tree,  the  Cucumber-tree, 
and  the  Umbrella-tree,  of  the  United  States,  vmU 
the  Vulan,  the  Kobus,  the  Coco,  and  the  Figo,  of 
Eastern  Asia, 
MAG'CIE,  n.     [W.  piog,  L,  pica,  with  mag.] 

A  chattering  bird,  of  the  crow  tribe  ;  the  Corvtu 
pica  of  Linnu;n9. 

Maoot-pie  is  used  by  Shakspcare. 
MAG'UKY,  n.     A  species  of  Agave,  in  Mexico,  which 
furnished  the  natives  with  a  material  for  their  build- 
ings.    Its  leaves  were  used  for  covering  the  roofs  of 
their  houses,  and  for  pajier,  clothing,  and  cordage. 

Encye. 
The  maguey  is  a  species  of  the  genus  Agave,  and 
is  now  cultivated  in  Mexico  for  the  purpose  of  pro- 
paring  from  its  leaves  a  spirituous  liquor  called  pu^ae. 

Ilumholti, 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-C  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  »  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SII;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


MAI 

MA-HA'LEB,  «.  [Arabic]  A  spocles  of  cherry,  Ce~ 
mrsiis  Mahnh'b,  wnose  fruit  atfordii  a  violet  dye,  and 
a  fcniicmett  liquor  like  ktrschwa.>*!}er.  Ore. 

MA-HOG'A-iNY,  a.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Swietenia, 
fron'ing  in  tbe  tropical  climates  uf  America;  al»o,  its 
wood,  whirh  is  of  a  reddish  or  browu  color^  very 
hard,  and  i>usce[)tible  of  a  fine  polish.  Of  this  are 
made  our  mosi  beautiful  and  durable  pieces  of  cabi- 
net furniture. 

MA-HOM'ET-AN,     )  This  word,  and  the  name  of  the 

MO-H.VM'MED-AN,]  Arabian  prophet  so  called,  are 
wr.tten  in  many  dirferent  ways.  The  best  authorised 
and  most  correct  orthography  seems  to  be  Moham- 
HKD,  MoHAMMEDAX.     [See  Mohammedan.] 

MA-HOM'F,T-A\-lSM,  n.     Pee  Mohammedism. 

MX'HOL".\D,  B.  fVrm/Wy,  a  coutemptuoud  name  for 
Mohammed  and  the  devil,  &c.  SkeUo^ 

M.^ID,  B.     A  species  of  skate  tish. 

MAID,         in.  [Sax.  nuegtA^  from  mteg^  a  itnnenU  name 

MAID'£N,J     of  relatioa,  man,  bo>-,  or  woman  ;  Goth. 


tto^;  O.  in*rd:  It.  iro^A,  a  man  ;  Sp, 
Moitf,  a  man-«ervant,  a  bach^or ;  ■ .    »    . 


MOI0,  a  man-«ervant,  a  bach^or ;  mota,  a  maid ;  Port. 
marhot  a  male  :  Ruas.  muj.  It  coincides  in  elements 
with  Sax.  Ma^n,  to  be  able ;  Ens*  may.] 

1.  An  unmarried  woman,  or  a  young  unmarried 
woman  ;  a  virgin. 

a  A  female  servant.  Drydnu 

3.  It  is  used  in  composition  to  express  the  feminine 
sender  ;  a:#  in  maitt-servant. 
MAID'KN,  (mad'n,)  a,     A  maid. 

3.  An  instrument  resembling  the  guillotine,  for- 
merly used  for  beheading  criminals. 
3.  A  machine  for  wx-Jhinp  linen. 
MAID'£N,  (m^d'n,)  a.    PertJiinIng  to  a  young  woman 
or  virgin  ;  as,  m^den  charms. 

2.  Consisting  of  jroang  women  or  virgins. 

Amiil  ihF  wmUmi  ihro&f.  AUiao^ 

3.  Fresh  ;  new  ;  unused. 

Be  flnfaod  hk  xm^Uh  aTord.  Sktk. 

A  maiden  speech  >  tlie  first  speech  of  a  new  member 
in  a  public  body. 

MA!D'£X,  r.  L  'To  speak  and  act  demurely  or  mod- 
esllv.  Bp.  Hall 

MAlb'EX-AS-PT/.E',  n.  In  Etg^and^  an  assize  at 
which  no  one  is  condemned  to  die;  litfralty,  an  as- 
size which  is  unpolluted  with  blood.  It  was  usual, 
at  such  an  it.<.<ize,  fur  the  sherUT  to  present  the  Ji|dge 
with  a  pair  of  white  cloves.  SMwrt. 

UAIIV£N-IIAIR,  a.  A  speck*  of  fern  of  the  geooa 
Adiantum. 

1.  Tbe  stale  of  being  ft  maid  or  virgin ;  virginity. 

Them^mHon&lmaUnAood.  AWKn. 

S.  Newness :  freshness:  uncontaminated  atate. 

Sitsk. 

MAID'EK-LTKE,  a.    Like  a  maid  ;  modest.     Skak. 
MAID'£N-LI-NES3,  K.    The  behavior  thai  becomes  ft 

maid  ;  modesty  ;  gentleness.  Sherwood, 

MAID'£N-MP,  a.     A  planU  jtinswertk. 

MAID'£N-L\%(mad'n-ly,)  «.  Like  a  maid;  gentle; 
modest :  reserved.  Shak. 

MAir>'£X-LY,  adv.    In  a  maidenlike  manner.  Skrlton, 

MAID'tlQQD,  a.  Virginity  ;  sometimes  spell  Maid- 
cvHEAD.  Shak. 

Ma1I>-MA'R1-.'V\^  n.  OHfinalltj,  Iheladyof  the  May- 
games  in  a  moms-dance  ;  afiertcnrd,  a  character  per- 
soi^kled  by  a  man  in  woman's  clothes  ;  also,  the  name 
of  a  dance.  Toone.     Smart, 

MAID'-PALE,  a.    Pale,  like  a  sick  girl.  Skak. 

MAIU'-SERV-ANT,  a.     A  female  servant.       Sw^ 

MAIL,  a.  [Fr.  maiUf,  a  stitch  in  knitting,  a  mail;  Sp. 
Nuiia,  a  mesh,  nel-work,  a  coat  of  mail ;  Port.  uLand 
a  spot ;  It.  wtaglia  and  eamaglio ;  .\rm.  maiUi ;  D.  moat ; 
W.  magvil,  a  knot,  a  mesh  ;  ma^Iit,  to  knit,  to  entan- 
gle, to  entrap,  to  form  meshes.  The  sense  of  jpot. 
which  occurs  in  tbe  French  and  Portuguese,  indi- 
cates this  word  to  be  from  the  root  of  L.  macula^  and 
the  Welsh  words  prove  it  to  be  contracted  from  laa- 

1.  A  coal  of  steel  net-work,  formerly  worn  for  de- 
fending the  body  against  swwds,  poniards,  ice.  The 
nail  was  of  two  sc>rt<<,  chain  and  plal^  mail :  the  for- 
Aer  consii^ing  of  iron  rings,  each  having  four  others 
inserted  into  it :  the  latter  consisting  of  a  number  of 
unall  lamins  of  metal,  laid  over  one  another  Irke  tbe 
scales  ofa  fish,  and  sawed  down  to  a  strong  linen  or 
4^theni  jacket.  Cyc 

2.  Armor;  that  which  defends  the  body. 

Wr  fltTip  tbe  tsteer  at  hk  aeulet  men.  Gsy. 

We  read  also  of  shirts  of  maH  and  gloves  of  inail, 

3.  In  9iup»y  a  square  machine  compa*ed  of  rings 
interwoven,  like  net-work,  used  for  rubbing  off  tbe 
loose  hemp  on  lines  and  white  cordage. 

4.  A  rent-    [Sax.  moL]    Also,  a  snot,    f  O&a.] 
UAIL,  a.     [Fr.  nolAU  :  Ir.  stoZa;  Fr.  nudU;  Arm. 

mal.\ 

1.  A  bag  for  the  conveyance  of  letters  and  papers, 
particularly  letters  conveyed  from  one  post-office  to 
another,  undpr  public  authority. 

2.  The  coach  or  carriage  in  which  the  mail  is  con- 
veyed. 


MAI 

MAIL,  r.  (.    To  put  on  a  coal  of  mail  or  armor  ;  to  arm 
defensively.  Shak. 

2.  To  prejmre  for  transmission  by  the  mail  from 
one  post-oftice  to  another.  We  say,  letters  were 
mailed  for  Philadelphia. 

MAIL'A-BLE,  a.    Usually  admitted,  or  proper  to  be 

adinitipd,  into  tlie  mail. 
MAIL'-€LAD,  a.    Clad  with  a  coat  of  mail.      Scott. 
MAIL'-eOACH,  n.     A  coach  that  conveys  the  public 

mails. 
MA1L'£D,  pp.    Covered  with  a  coat  of  mail  or  with 

armor ;  prepared  for  transmission  by  the  mail. 
%  a.     In  loQtogy^  protected  by  an  external  coat  or 

covering  of  scales  or  hard  substances.         Humble. 

3.  Spotted  ;  speckled.  Shencood. 
MAIL'ING,  ppr.     Investing  with  a  coat  of  mail  ;  pre- 

(viring  for  transmission  by  the  mail. 
MaIL'-STAGE,  n.     The  stage  or  coach  for  conveying 

the  mails  ;  a  mail-coach.  America, 

MAIL'-SUeA'fH-£D,  a.    Sheathed  with  a  coat  of 

mail.  Scott. 

MALM,  p.  C     [Old  Fr.  fTuiAemer,  or  mahaigner ;  Arm. 

maAdirtTtd,  m^tagtieitu] 

1.  To  deprive  of  the  use  of  a  limb,  so  as  to  render 
a  person  less  able  to  defend  himself  in  fighting,  or  to 
annoy  his  adversary.  Blackstone. 

2.  To  deprive  of  a  necessary  part ;  to  cripple  ;  to 
disable. 

You  maim*d  the  JuriaJictioo  of  all  ^hops.  £TuiJt. 

MAIM,  n.    [Written  in  law  language  Mayhem.] 

1.  The  privation  of  the  use  ofa  liml)  or  member  of 
the  body,  so  as  to  render  the  sufferer  less  able  to  de- 
fend himself  or  to  annoy  his  adversary. 

2.  The  privation  of  any  necessary  part ;  a  crip- 
pling. 

Suffly  then  b  more  cause  to  fear  |p«t  tbe  want  tlifTf^f  he  a 
maim,  than  the  uae  Of  it  a  bleniuh.  Hooker. 

3.  Injury  ;  mischief.  Skak, 

4.  E^ential  defect. 

A  noUe  author  etmma  il  to  be  a  mahn  In  blatory.    TNix  tu«d.] 

Htu/ward, 

MAIM'£D,  pp.  or  a.     Crippled;  disabled  in  limbs  ; 

lame. 
MAIM'ED-XESS,  a.    A  state  of  being  maimed. 

Bolton, 
MAIM'IIfG,;ipr.    Disabling  by  depriving  of  the  use  of 

a  limb  ;  crippling  ;  rendering  lame  or  defective. 
MAIN',  a.     [Sax.  mt/pi,  strength,  force,  power,  from 

wta^oMj  to  be  able  or  strong,  Uiat  is,  to  strain  or 

stretch,  Eng.  may,  miffhL    If  ff  is  radical  in  the  L. 

wimgimSf  this  may  be  of  the  same  family  ;  Goth.  mUk- 

tU  t  Eng.  mudu] 

1.  Principal ;  chief;  first  in  sir.p,  rank,  importance, 
&c. ;  as,  the  motn  branch  or  tributary  stream  of  a 
river  ;  the  mdn  timbers  of  an  edifice. 

3.  That  which  has  most  power  in  producing  an  ef- 
fect, or  which  is  mostly  regitrded  in  prospect ;  as^  a 
MOM  design  ;  a  main  objecu 

Oar  main  iatereA  ii  to  be  u  bappjr  u  we  can,  and  aa  \aog  as 
{Wimble.  TVJoUon. 

3.  Mighty  ;  vast ;  as,  the  main  abyss.        Milton. 

4.  Important ;  powerful. 

Thi«  young  prince,  with  a  train  of  jroung  noblcmeD  and  genllo 
nieii,  not  Vrith  nnjr  main  annjr,  catue  ovlt  to  take  pouTHion 
ofhM  [Ximmony.  DatfUt. 

MAIN,  n.    Strength  ;  force ;  violent  effort ;  as  in  the 
phrase,  "  with  might  and  main."  Dryden, 

2.  The  gross  ;  the  bulk  ;  tbe  greater  part. 

The  fTiatfi  or  them  may  be  reduced  to  language  and  an  improre- 
roenl  Ln  vrtsdom.  iMdtt. 

3.  The  ocean  ;  tbe  great  sea,  as  distinguished  from 
rivers,  bays,  sounds,  and  the  like. 

He  fell,  and  strtiggiing  in  the  main.  Dryden. 

A.  The  continent,  as  distinguished  from  an  isle. 
We  arrived  at  Nantucket  on  Saturday,  but  did  not 
reach  the  main  till  Monday.  In  this  use  of  the  word, 
land  is  omitted  ;  main  for  main  land, 

5.  A  hamper.  Ainsworth, 
6w  A  course ;  a  duct.  Act  of  Parliament. 
For  the  main  ;  in  tJie  main ;  for  tbe  most  part ;  in  the 

greatest  part. 
MAI.V,  n.     [L.  TBanits,  hand  ;  Fr.  main.] 

A  hand  at  dice.     We  throw  a  merry  main. 

And  lucky  mahu  make  people  viae.     [Not  tued.]  Prior. 

2.  A  match  at  cock-fighting. 

MAI.N'-DECK,  71.     The  deck  next  below  the  spar- 
deck  in  fricates  and  seventy-fours.  Totten. 

MAI.V'-KEEL,  n.    The  principal  keel,  as  distinguished 
from  the  false  keel. 

MAIN'-LAXD,  n.    The  continent;  the  principal  land, 
as  opposed  to  an  isle.  Dryden, 

MAIN'LY,  adv.     Chiefly  ;   principally.     He  is  inainly 
occupied  with  domestic  concerns. 
2.  Greatly  ;  to  a  great  degree  ;  mightily.    Boom. 

MAIX'MXST,  n.      The  principal  mast  in  a  ship  or 
otbT  vessel. 

MAIN'OR,  «.     [Old  Fr.  manoevre,  meinourj  L.  a  manu, 
from  the  hand  or  in  the  work.] 

The  old  law  phrase,  to  be  taJcen  as  a  thief  iBith  the 
maiiioTf  signities  to  be  taken  in  the  very  act  of  killing 
venison  or  stealing  wood,  or  in   preparing  so  to  do  ; 


MAI 

or  it  denotes  the  being  taken  with  the  thing  stolen 
upon  him.  Blackstone. 

MAL\'I»EIt.\-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  admitted  to 
give  surety  by  mainpernors ;  that  may  be  main- 
prized. 

MAIN'PERN-OR,  n,  [Old  Fr.  tnaiw,  the  hand,  and 
prendre^  to  take  ;  pemon^  pemet,  for  prenon^  prenez.'] 

In  latei,  a  surety  for  a  prisoner's  appearance  in  court 
at  a  day.  Mainpernors  differ  from  bail^  in  that  a 
man's  bail  may  imprison  or  surrender  him  before  the 
stipulated  day  of  appearance;  mainpernors  can  do 
neither  ;  they  are  bound  to  produce  him  to  answer 
all  charges  whatsoever.  Blackstont, 

MAIN'l'RIZE,  71.  [Fr.  main,  hand,  and  prendre,  jtm, 
to  lake..] 

1.  In  /aw,  a  writ  directed  to  the  sheriff,  command- 
ing him  to  take  sureties  for  the  prisoner's  appear- 
ance, and  to  let  him  go  at  large.  These  sureties  are 
called  mainpernors.  .  ^  Blackstonr. 

2.  Deliverance  of  a  prisoner  on  security  for  his  ap- 
pearance at  a  day. 

MAIN'PRIZE,  V.  U  To  suffer  a  prisoner  to  go  at 
large,  on  his  finding  sureties,  mainpLTimrs,  for  his 
apiM'aranre  at  a  day. 

MAIN'PRTZ-£D,  pp.  Bailed  ;  suffered  to  go  at  large, 
upon  giving  security  for  appearance. 

MAIN'SAIL,  n.  The  principal  sail  in  a  ship.  The 
mainsail  of  a  ship  or  brig  is  extended  by  a  yard  at- 
tached to  the  mainmast,  and  that  of  a  sloop,  by  the 
boom. 

MAIN'SUEET,7i.  The  sheet  that  extends  and  fastens 
the  mainsail. 

MAIN'SWEAR,  v.  i.     [Sax.  manswerian;    man,  evil, 
and  mBcrian^  to  swear. 
To  swear  falsely  ;  to  perjure  one's  self.     Blount. 

MAIX-TAIN',  r.  t,  {Vr.  viaintenir ;  mainy  hand,  and 
tenir,  to  hold  ;  L.  mantis  and  teneo.] 

1.  To  hold,  preserve,  or  keep  m  any  nr>riicular 
slate  or  condition  ;  to  support ;  to  sustain  ;  not  to 
suffer  to  fail  or  decline  ;  as,  to  maintain  a  certain  de- 
gree of  heat  in  a  furnace  ;  to  maintain  the  digestive 
process  or  powers  of  the  stomach  ;  to  maintain  tbe 
fertility  of  soil;  to  jnaintain  present  character  or  rep- 
utation. 

2.  To  hold  ;  to  keep  ;  not  to  lose  or  surrender ;  as, 
to  maintain  a  place  or  post. 

3.  To  continue  ;  not  to  suffer  to  cease ;  as,  to  motn- 
tain  a  conversation. 

4.  To  keep  up  ;  to  uphold  ;  to  support  the  expense 
of;  as,  to  maintain  stale  or  equipage. 

WhM  maintairu  one  vice  would  bring  up  two  children. 

FrankSn, 

5.  To  support  with  food,  clothing,  and  other  con- 
veniences ;  as,  to  maintmn  a  family  by  trade  or  labor. 

6.  To  support  by  intellectual  power?,  or  by  force 
of  reason  ;  as,  to  maintain  an  argument. 

7.  To  support ;  to  defend  ;  to  vindicate,  to  justify  ; 
to  prove  to  be  just ;  as,  to  maintain  one's  right  or 
cause. 

8.  To  support  by  assertion  or  argument ;  to  atlirm. 

In  traijedv  and  ulire,  I  maintain  thai  thia  age  »nd  the  Inei  have 
exwilfd  the  ancients.  Dryden. 

MAIN-TAIN',  r.  i.    To  affirm  a  position  ;  to  assert. 
MAIN-TAIN'A-BLE,  a.     That  may   be   maintained, 
supported,  preserved,  or  sustained. 

2.  That  may  be  defended  or  kept  by  force  or  re- 
sistance ;  as,  a  military  post  is  not  maintainable. 

3.  That  may  be  defended  by  argument  or  just 
claim;  vindicable;  defensible. 

MAIN-TAL\'-£D,  pp.  Kept  in  any  state  ;  preserved  ; 
upheld  ;  sup[)orted  ;  defended;  vindicated. 

MAIN-TAIN'ER,  «.  One  who  supports,  preserves, 
sustains,  or  vindicates. 

MAIN-TAiN'I\G,  ppr.  Supporting;  preserving;  up- 
holding; defending;  vindicating. 

MAIN-TAIN'OR,  H.  One  who  aids  others  with 
money,  or  maintains  a  suit  in  which  he  has  no  in- 
terest. 

MAIN'TE-NANCE,  n.  Sustenance  ;  sustentation  ; 
supi>ort  by  means  of  supplies  of  food,  clothing,  and 
other  conveniences  ;  as,  his  labor  contributed  little  to 
the  maintenance  of  his  mmily. 

2.  Means  of  support;  that  which  supplies  conve- 
niences. 

Thoae  of  tetter  fortime  not  making  learning  their  mainunnnee. 

Sioift. 

3.  Support;  protection;  defense;  vindication ;  as, 
the  maintenance  of  right  or  just  claims. 

4.  Continuance ;  security  from  failure  or  decline. 

Whacvpr  i«  graiiicd  to  ih^  clmrch  for  GihI'i  honor  and  the  main- 
lenatice  of  hi*  acrvtce,  ii  granted  to  God.  South, 

5.  In  law^  an  officious  intermeddling  in  a  suit  in 
which  the  person  has  no  interest,  by  assisting  either 
party  with  money  or  means  to  prosecute  or  defend 
it.  This  is  a  punishable  offense.  But  to  assist  a 
poor  kinsman,  from  compassion,  is  not  maintenance. 

Brcnde. 
MAIN'TOP,  n.    The  top  of  the  mainmast  of  a  ship  or 

brig. 
MAIN'YARD,  n.    The  yard  nn  which  the  mainsail  is 

extended,  supported  by  the  mainmast, 
MAIS'TER,  for  Master,  is  obsolete.  Spenser, 

MAIS'TRESS,  for  Mistress,  is  obsolete,        Chaucer, 


FATE,  FAR,  F.\LL,  WIL>T.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE.  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK. 

686  "  '~' 


MAJ 

MA[ZE,  R.  A  plant,  Zea  mays,  the  native  corn  of 
America,  called  Isdian  Coeiv,  much  cultivated  for 
food. 

[In  the  Lettish  and  Livonic  languages,  in  the  north 
of  Europe,  mayse  is  bread.     Tooke.     In   Ir.  maise  is 
food  ;  perhaps  a  different  otthography  of  meat.] 
MAJ-ES-TAT'ie,  (   a.       Great    in    appearance  ; 

MAJ-ES-TAT'ie-AL,  |      having  dignity.    [  Obs.] 

Pococke. 
MA-JES'Tie,   fl.      [from   majestth]      August ;  having 
dignity  of  person  or  appearance  ;  grand  ;  princely. 
The  prince  was  majtstic  in  person  and  appearance, 
lo  hia  fac« 
Bux  meirknea,  highlened  with  majealie  grue.  Milton, 

2.  Splendid  j  grand. 

Get  The  aUn  o(\Ka  majetdc  world.  Shai. 

3.  Elevated ;  lofty. 

The  leAst  portioni  murt  be  of  the  epfc  kind  ;  atl  must  be  ffra'e, 
majeaOc,  &nii  ftubiime.  Drtfleti. 

4.  Stately ;  becoming  majesty ;  as,  a  majesiU  air 
or  walk. 

MA-JES'Tie-AL,  a.     Majestic.     [LUtle  used.] 

MAJES'Tie-AL-LY,o/ir.  With  dignity;  with  gran- 
deur ;  with  a  lofly  air  or  appearance. 

MA^ES'Tie-AL-NESS,  n.  State  or  manner  of  being 
majestic.  Oldenburg: 

MAJ'ES-TY,  n.  [L.  majestas,  from  the  root  of  majis, 
major,  more,  greater.] 

1.  Greatness  of  appearance;  dignity;  grandeur; 
dignity  of  aspect  or  manner;  the  quality  or  stale  of 
a  person  or  thing  which  inspires  awe  or  reverence  in 
the  beholder  ;  applied  with  peculiar  propriety  to  God 
and  his  works. 

Jehovah  reifneth ;  he  b  cloihed  with  mnjetty.  —  Pa.  xciJI. 
The  Yoice  o?  Jehovah  is  full  ot  majesty,  — P».  xxix. 

It  is  applied  to  the 'dignity,  pomp,  and  splendor  of 
earthly  princes. 

When  he  choweiJ  the  riches  of  hi*  ^lorioiu  kinffdom  — the  hunor 
of  his  excellent  majetty  many  day*.  —  EsUi.  i. 

3.  Dignity;  eleyation  of  manner 

The  first  in  lofiineu  of  (iioug;ht  surpassed, 

The  next  in  majesty,  Dryden. 

3.  A  title  of  emperors,  kings,  and  queens  ;  as. 
most  royal  majf^y :  may  it  please  your  majesty.  In 
this  sense,  it  admits  of  the  plural ;  as,  their  majesties 
attended  the  concert, 
iMA'JOR,  a.  [L.]  Greater  in  numl>er,  quantity,  or 
extent ;  as,  the  major  part  of  the  assembly  ;  the  ma- 
jor part  of  the  revenue  ;  the  major  part  of  tlie  terri- 
tory. 

2.  Greater  in  dignity. 

My  major  vow  lies  here.  SkaJe, 

3.  In  music,  an  epithet  applied  to  the  modes  in 
which  the  third  is  four  semitones  above  the  Ionic  or 
key-note,  and  to  intervals  consisting  of  four  semi- 
tones. Busby. 

Major  and  minor,  in  music,  are  applied  to  concords 
which  differ  from  each  other  by  a  semitone. 

Major  tone:  the  difference  between  the  fifth  and 
fourth  ;  and  m^ij^n-  semitone  is  the  difHTence  be- 
tween the  major  fourth  and  the  third.  The  major 
tone  flurpo^ses  the  minor  by  a  comma.  Encyc. 

The  major  term  of  a  syllogism  is  that  which  forms 
the  predicate  of  the  conclusion. 
Ma'JOR,  n.     In  military  affairs,  an  officer  next  in  rank 
above  a  captain  and  below  a  lieutenant-colonel ;  the 
lowest  field  officer. 
3.  The  mayor  of  a  town.     [See  Matoh.] 
.Sid-major ;  an  officer  appointed  to  act  as  major  on 
Certain  occasions. 

Brigade-major.     See  Rrioade. 
Drum-major  j   the   first  drummer  In  a  regiment, 
who  has  authority  over  the  other  drummers. 
Fiff-major:  the  first  or  chief  fifcr. 
Ser infant-major :  a  non-commissioned  officer,  sub- 
ordinate to  the  adjutant. 
MA'JOR,  71.     In  laiD,  a  person  of  full  age  to  manage 

his  own  concerns. 
MA'JOR,  n.  In  lo^,  that  premise  which  contains 
the  major  term  ;  it  is  the  first  proposition  of  a  regu- 
lar syllogism;  as,  no  unholy  person  is  qualified  for 
happiness  in  heaven,  [the  major.]  Every  man  in 
his  natural  state  is  unholy,  [minor.]  Thtrefore,  no 
man  in  hi^i  natural  state  is  qnahfitd  for  happiness  in 
heavf-n,  [ronrlusion  or  inference.] 

Id  hitpotketical  sijUojfisms,  the  hypothetical  premise 
in  railed  the  major. 
MA'JOR  AT,  (mi'zho-hi',)  n.     [Fr..  from  mnjor.'] 

Am(»n{t  the  continental  nations  of  Europe,  the  right 
of  »iir(:t;!«sinn  to  prupoity  according  to  age. 
MAJ-OR-A'TION,  n.     Increase ;   enlargtment.     [JVot 

used,  1  Bacon, 

MA'JfJR-DO'MO,  71.     [major  and  domutt,  house.] 

A   man    who   holds  the   place  of  master   of  the 
house  ;  a  steward  ;  also,  a  chief  minister.     F.ncyc. 
MA'JOR  GEN'ER-AL,   n,       A   military   officer    who 
commands  a  division  or  number  of  regiments;  th^ 
next  In  rank  below  a  lituienant-gpneral. 
3IA-J0R'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  mnjoriti  ,■  from  major.} 

1.  The  greater  numbi-r ;  more  than  half;  as,  a 
majority  of  mankind  ;    a  majority  of  votes  in  con- 


MAK 

gress.    .\  measure  may  be  carried  by  a  large  or  small 
majorittj. 

2.  Full  age  ;  the  age  at  which  the  laws  of  s  coun- 
try pernnt  a  young  person  to  manage  his  own  affairs. 
Henry  HI.  had  no  sooner  come  to  his  majority,  than 
the  barons  raised  war  against  him. 

3.  Tlie  office,  rank,  or  commission  of  a  major. 

4.  Tho  state  of  being  greater. 

It  is  not  a  plurality  of  parts,  without  majority  of  part*.  IZaUU 
used,.}  Oteio, 

5.  [L.  majores.]   Ancestors  ;  ancestry.    [A*ot  used,] 

Brotcn. 

6.  Chief  rank.     [^^"01  used.]  Sluik. 
MAJUS'eU-L^,  n.  pL     In  diplomatics,  capital  letters, 

as  they  are  found  in  Latin  manuscripts  of  the  sixth 
century  and  earlier. 
MAKE,  V.  t.;  pret,  and  pp.  Made.  [Sax.  macian;  G. 
machen  ;  D.  maaken  ;  Dan.  mager,  to  contrive  ;  mager 
paa,  to  make,  to  form,  to  mold,  to  contrive,  to  prac- 
tice. The  primary  sense  is,  to  cause  to  act  or  do,  to 
press,  drive,  strain,  or  compel,  as,  in  the  phrases 
vtake  your  servant  work,  make  him  go.] 

I.  'I'o  compel ;  to  constrain. 

They  should  be  made  to  rise  ai  an  early  hour.  Locke, 

9.  To  form  of  materials ;  to  fashion  ;  to  mold  into 
shape  ;  to  cause  to  exist  in  a  different  form,  or  as  a 
distinct  thing. 

He  fashioned  it  with  a  ^ving  tool,  after  he  had  made  it  a  mol- 
ten coif.  —  Kx.  xxxii. 

God  noi  only  made,  but  created ;  not  only  made  the  work,  but 
the  maiemls.  Dieighl,  Theol. 

3.  To  create ;  to  cause  to  exist ;  to  form  from 
nothing.  God  made  the  materials  of  the  earth  and 
of  all  worlds. 

4.  To  comimse ;  to  constitute  as  parts,  materials, 
or  ingredients  united  in  a  whole.  These  several 
sums  make  the  whole  amount. 

The  heaven,  the  air,  the  earth,  and  boundless  sea, 

Make  bm  one  temple  for  the  Deity.  WaUar. 

5.  To  form  by  art, 

And  art,  with  l>pr  contending,  doth  aspirs 

To  excel  the  natural  with  made  delights.  Spenser. 

6.  To  produce  or  effect,  as  the  agent. 

Call  for  Samson,  tli.it  he  may  ntaJce  us  sport.  —  Judf^  xvi. 

7.  To  produce,  as  the  cause  ;  to  procure  ;  to  ob- 
tiun.     Good  tillage  is  necessary  to  make  good  crops. 

WealUi  makeVi  many  friends.  —  Prov.  xix. 

8.  To  do ;  to  perform  ;  to  execute  ;  as,  to  make  a 
journey  ;  to  make  a  King  voyage. 

9.  To  cause  to  have  any  quality,  as  by  change  or 
alteration.  Wealth  may  make  a  man  proud  ;  beauty 
may  make  a  woman  vain  ;  a  due  sense  of  human 
weakness  should  make  us  humble. 

10.  To  bring  into  any  state  or  condition  ;  to  con- 
stitute. 

See,  I  have  madg  thee  a  go<l  to  Pharaoh.  —  Ex.  vfl. 
Who  mad£  thee  a  prince  and  a  Judge  over  us  t  —  Ex.  li, 

II.  To  contract;  to  establish;  as,  to  make  friend- 
ship. Rowe. 

19,  To  keep  ;  as,  to  make  abode.  Dryden, 

13.  To  raise  to  gt»od  fortune  ;  to  secure  in  riches 
or  happiness;  as  when  it  is  said,  he  is  made  for  this 
woild. 

Who  makes  or  ruins  with  a  smile  or  frown.  Dryden. 

14.  To  suffer. 
i  onjustly,  who  maktt  shipwreck  a  sf'Cond 

Bacon. 

15.  To  ^ncnr ;  as,  to  make  a  low.    [Improper.] 
10.  To  commit ;  to  do.  [Dryden. 

I  will  neither  ph-nd  my  ng^e  nor  sickncM  la  excuse  of  the  faolts 
which  I  madt.     [Little  uetd,]  Dryden, 

17.  To  intend  or  to  do  ;  to  purpose  to  do. 

Gomex,  what  mnktsl  thou  here,  with  a  whole  brothertiood  of  city 


ifTsf     1. Vol  ■»«{.] 


Dryden. 


We  now  say,  what  doest  thou  here .' 

18.  To  raise,  as  profit ;  to  gain  ;  to  collect ;  as,  to 
make  money  in  trade  or  by  husbandry  ;  to  make  an 
estate  by  steady  industry. 

19.  To  discover ;  to  arrive  in  sight  of;  a  seaman*s 
phrase.  They  made  the  land  at  nine  o'clock  on  the 
larboard  bow,  distant  five  leagues. 

20.  To  reach  ;  to  arrive  at ;  as,  to  make  a  port  or 
harbor  ;  a  seaman*^  phrase. 

21.  To  gain  by  advance;  as,  to  make  little  way 
with  a  hi'nd  wind  ;  we  made  our  way  to  the  next 
village.     [This  phrase  o/ifn  implies  difficulty.] 

29.  To  provide  ;  as,  to  make  a  dinner  or  entertain 
ment. 

23.  To  put  or  place  ;  as,  to  make  a  difference  be- 
tween strict  right  and  expedience. 

24.  To  turn  ;  to  convert,  as  to  use 

Whi»('-Vr  they  catch, 
Their  fury  maJcee  an  Instrument  of  war.  Dryden, 

25.  To  represent.  He  t«  not  the  fool  you  rnake 
him  ;  that  is,  as  your  representation  exhibit!  him. 

9'!.  To  conotitute  ;  to  form.  It  is  melancholy  to 
think  that  sensual  pleasure  makes  the  happiness  of  a 
great  mrt  of  mnnkmd. 

27.   I'o  induce  ;  to  cause.    Self<onfidence  makes  a 


MAK 

man  rely  tt>o  much  on  his  own  strength  and  re- 
sources. 

28.  To  put  into  a  suitable  or  regular  form  for  use  ; 
as,  to  make  a  bed. 

99.  To  fabricate  ;  to  forge.  He  made  tlie  story 
himself.  «^ 

30.  To  compose,  as  verses  ;  to  form  and  put  forth  ; 
as,  to  make  a  speech  or  an  oration. 

31.  To  cure  ;  lo  dry  and  prepare  for  preservation  ; 
as,  to  make  hay. 

To  make  amends ;  to  make  good  ;  to  give  adequate 
compensation ;  to  replace  the  value  or  amount  of 
loss. 

To  make  account  of;  to  esteem  ;  to  regard.     Bacon, 

To  make  away ;  to  kill ;  to  destroy. 

Sidney.    .Sddvion. 

2.  To  alienate  ;  to  transfer.  fValler. 

We  now  usually  say,  to  make  over  property. 

To  make  free  with ;  to  treat  with  freedom  ;  to  treat 
without  ceremony.  Pope. 

To  make  good;  to  maintain  ;  to  defend. 

I'll  either  die,  or  I'll  make  good  the  plac«.  Dryden. 

2.  To  fulfill  ;  to  accomplish  ;  a-f,  to  make  good 
one's  word,  promise,  or  engagement. 

3.  To  make  compensation  for ;  to  supply  an  equiv- 
alent ;  as,  to  make  good  a  loss  or  damage. 

7'o  make  light  of;  to  consider  as  of  no  conse- 
quence ;  to  treat  with  indifference  or  contempt. 

They  made  iighl  o/ it  and  went  th'Mr  way,  — Matt.  xxii. 

To  make  love,   ;  to  court;   to  attempt  to  gain  the 

To  make  suit ; )      favor  or  affection. 

To  make  merry ;  to  feast ;  to  be  joyful  or  Jovial. 

Bacon, 

To  make  much  of;  to  treat  with  fondness  or  es- 
teem ;  to  consider  as  of  great  viUue,  or  as  giving 
great  pleasure. 

To  make  of;  to  understand.  He  knows  not  what 
to  make  o/the  news  ;  tlwii  is,  he  does  not  well  under- 
stand it ;  he  knows  not  how  to  consider  or  view  it. 

2.  To  produce  from  ;  to  effect. 

I  am  nslonished  tlvit  those  who  h;tve  appeared  against  this  paper, 
have  made  so  very  little  o/  it.  Adu&eon. 

3.  To  consider ;  to  account ;  to  esteem. 

Makes  she  no  more  o/me  than  of  a  slave  I  Dryden. 

To  make  overj  tn  transfer  the  title  of;  to  convey  ; 
to  alienate.  He  made  over  his  estate  in  trust  or  in 
fee. 

To  make  out;  to  learn;  to  discover;  to  obtain  a 
clear  understanding  of.  I  can  not  maJce  out  the 
meaning  or  sense  of  this  difficult  passage.  Anti- 
quaries are  not  able  to  make  out  the  inscription  on 
this  medal. 

2.  To  prove  ;  to  evince  ;  to  establish  by  evidence 
or  argument.  The  plaintiff,  not  being  able  to  make 
out  his  case,  withdrew  the  suit. 

In  the  paasajes  from  divini's,  most  af  the  reasoning  which  make 
out  both'my  propositiune  are  already  Biiggestcd.     Atterbury. 

3.  To  furnish  ;  to  find  or  supply.  He  promised  to 
pay,  but  was  not  able  to  make  out  the  money  or  the 
whole  sum. 

To  make  sure  of;  to  consider  as  certain.    Dryden. 

2.  To  secure  to  one's  possession  ;  as,  to  make  sure 
of  the  game. 

To  make  up  ;  to  collect  into  a  sum  or  ma»s  ;  as,  to 
make  up  the  amount  of  rent ;  lo  make  up  a.  bundle  or 
package. 

9.  To  reconcile  ;  to  compose ;  as,  to  make  uj%a  dif- 
ference or  quarrel. 

3.  To  repair  ;  as,  to  make  up  a  hedge.     J^:^*.  xiii. 

4.  ToBU[iply  what  is  wanting.  A  dollar  is  wanted 
to  make  up  the  stipulated  num. 

5.  To  conii»o.se,  as  ingredients  or  parts. 

O,  hn  was  all  nuide  up  of  love  and  charms  <  Addison, 

The  mrlifs  among  us  are  tnade   up  of  moderate  whiffs   and 
Presbyterians.  Su>\ft. 

6.  To  shape,  prepare,  or  fabricate ;  as,  to  make  up 
a  moss  into  pilU. 

7.  To  assume  a  particular  form  of  features  ;  as,  to 
make  up  a  face  ;  whence,  to  make  up  a  lip,  is  lo  pout. 

8.  To  compensate  ;  to  make  good  ;  as,  to  maJie  up& 
loss. 

9.  To  settle  ;  to  adjust,  or  to  arrange  for  settlement ; 
as,  to  make  up  accounts. 

10.  Todetermint; ;  lobringto  adefiniteconclusion  ; 
as,  to  Titalie  up  one's  mind. 

In  seamcn''s  language,  to  make  sail  i  to  increase  the 
quantity  of  sail  already  extendt-d. 

To  make  sternway ;  to  move  with  tho  stern  fore 
most. 

To  make  water  :  to  leak. 

To  make  words  ;  to  multiply  words. 
MAKE,  V.  i.  To  tend  ;  to  proceed  ;  to  move.  Uemade 
toward  home.  The  tiger  made  at  the  sportsmen. 
Formerly  authors  used  lo  maJce  away,  to  make  on,  to 
make  forth,  to  make  about ;  but  these  phrases  are  ob- 
solete.    We  n()W  say,  to  make  at,  to  make  tomard, 

9.  To  contribute  ;  to  have  effect.  This  argument 
makes  nothing  in  his  favor.  He  believes  wrong  to  be 
riglit,  and  right  to  be  wrong,  when  it  malies  for  hla 
advantage. 

3.  To  rise  ;  to  flow  toward  land  ;  aa,  the  tide  makes 
fast. 


TCNE,  BULL,  CIMTE.  — AN"GEE,  VI"CIOU9 €  a«  K ;  0  aa  J ;  ■  aa  Z ;  CH  aa  SH ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


MAL 

To  w«i«  €3  ifi  to  abow  i  to  appear ;  to  carry  ap- 
pearance. 

Joifaua  ftod  kU  Israel  madt  at  \f  (be;  were  bciOcn  before  (brat 
umI  fled.  —  JiMh.  riti. 

7\r  makM  UMy  w'ak  ;  to  kill ;  to  destroy. 

7b  m^kt  fori  to  move  toward  ;  to  direct  a  course 
toward ;  as,  we  apprehended  a  tempest  approaching, 
and  ma4«  fjr  a  harbor. 

a.  To  lend  to  advantage ;  to  favor.  A  war  be- 
tween commerciai  nationa  makfs  for  the  interest  of 
Deutmls. 

T»make«igM.iiist;  to  tend  to  iujurj-.  This  argument 
makrs  Against  his  cause. 

To  make  out ;  to  succeed  ;  to  have  success  at  last. 
He  made  out  to  reconcile  the  contending  parties. 

To  make  up ;  to  approach.  He  made  up  to  us  with 
b<ddness. 

Tm  wtak*  up  for ;  lo  compensate  j  to  supply  by  an 
«quivalenL 

Um  foil  a  ■opplr  ot  fiieada  u  Mob  17  for  Umm  vbn  aiv 

7b  make  up  vitk  ;  to  settle  differences}  to  become 
frifuda. 

To  make  tritk  ;  to  concur.  Hooker. 

MAKE,  II.  t»tnicuire ;  texture;  constitution  of  parts 
in  a  iKMly.  It  may  sometimes  be  synonymous  with 
BH&rE  or  FoBM,  but  more  properly  the  word  sig- 
nifies the  manner  in  which  the  parts  of  the  body 
are  united ;   as,  a  man  of  alendcr  muke^  or  feeble 


li  ow  ptcftciion  of  ao  fraO  a  mot*, 

A*  ertrj  plot  out  aoderaliae  umI  duke  I  Dryien. 

MAKE,  K.     [Sax.  mom,  gtmaea;    Dan.  mage;   Eng. 
match.      It  seems  allied  to  wwkey  as  pur^  u.  par^  to 
Heb.  K-»a.] 
A  comiianioQ  ;  a  mote.    [06.-1.] 

Spenser.     B.  Janson. 
MAKE'BATE,  n.     [make  and  Sax.  bate,  contention.] 

One  wlm  excites  contenrtons  and  quarrt'lf.  Sidney 
MAKE'LESi^,  d.  Matcl)k>!<s;  without  a  mate.  [Obs,) 
MAKE'PkACE,  n.    A  peace-maker  j  one  that  tecon- 

ciles  persons  when  at  variance.  SktUu 

M.\K'ER,  n.    The  Creator. 

The  ontTcnal  SSmkmr  we  Btfi/  pniMb  JtfSkMi. 

3.  One  that  makes,  forma,  shapes,  or  molds ;  a 
manufacturer  ;  a-s  a  wiaktr  of  watches,  or  of  jewel- 
ry :  a  muker  uf  clcih. 
X  A  p(»et. 
MAKE'WglGUT,  f-wate,)  n.    That  which  Is  thrown 

inU>  a  scale  lo  maVe  weight.  Philips 

MA'KI,  K.    An  animal  of  the  genus   I^mur.    The 

rhtff-taiUd  wmki  is  of  the  size  uf  a  cat.  [See  Lemur.] 

'l*be  common  name  of  a  subdivision  of  the  Lin- 
naran  genus  Lemur,  iucluding  the  macauco,  the  mon- 
gtwc.  and  ilie  vari.  Cupur. 

MaK'ISG^  ppr.  FormiDfi  caaaing;  compellmg  j  cre- 
ating ;  con»tituting. 

MAK'ING,  M.  The  act  of  forming,  causing,  or  consti- 
tuling. 

2.  Workmanship.     This  is  cloth  of  your  own 

mkkinf. 

3.  Composition ;  structure. 

4.  In  ^  writers^  a  poem. 

MAL,     }  asa  prefix, in  composition, denotes  illorevil, 
MALE,  t     Fr.  KoZ,  L.  maluf.    [See  Maladt.] 
NAL'A-eniTE,  n.     [Gr.  t>a>,ax'U  malUms,  L.  malra, 
tnjfi  tiaXa^of^  soft,  flo  named  from  its  resembling  ttie 
ctifir  of  the  leaf  of  mallows.] 

Native  carbonate  of  copper.  Oreen  malachite  oc- 
curs in  gr(.-en  mammillani*  masses,  consisting  of  con- 
centric layers  having  a  fibrous  structure.  It  admits 
of  a  high  polish,  and  is  sometimes  used  for  orna- 
mental inlaid  work  or  for  making  U>ys.  Blue  mal- 
achite is  another  species  of  a  deep-blue  color,  found 
both  in  cr>-sLiU,  and  as  an  incrustation.  These  ores 
accompany  other  ores  of  copper.  Dana. 

MAL'.\-€0-LrrE,  jt.    [Gr.  tiaXuxVt  mallows,  from  its 
color.] 
Anther  name  for  diopside,  a  variety  of  pyroxene. 
Cteattiand,     Luntrr. 
MAL-A-€0L'OGIST,  n.    One  who  treats  of  the  mol- 

losca. 
MAL-.\-€OL'0-CT,    n.       [Gr.   paXoMof,   soft,   and 

In  natttral  Atf(«rir,  the  science  of  Ihe  structure  and 
b^iita  of  aoA  aniinals  ot  moUusca. 
IM^L-A-eOP-TE-RYG'I-A.N,  a.    One  of  the  order  of 
malacopcervgiotis  fishes. 

'MAL-A-eOP-TE-RYO'I-OUS,  a.  (Gr.  ><aAa*os,  soft, 
and  JTTtov}  int-,  a  point  or  feather.] 

Having  soft  fins,  or  fins  whose  rays,  except  tlie 
anterior  ray  of  the  pectoral  and  dorsal  fins,  are  >io(t ; 
applied  to  such  fisiies  as  the  carp,  pike,  salmon, 
shad,  &c. 
MAl^A-€OS'TO-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ;ioAa*of,  soft,  and 
trr^iia,  mouth.] 

Having  soft  jaws  without  teeth,  as  a  fish.  JEIncve. 
MAL-A-eOS'TRA-CAN,  n.  [Gr.  fiaXuKoi,  soft,  and 
»trrfi<ii>ro»,  shell.]  A  cnistacean  belonging  to  the  di- 
vision Malarostraeti  in  Cuvier's  system,  as  shrimps, 
lobsters,  crabs,  &.C.  The  term  is  sometimes  applied 
to  Crustacea  in  general.  Dana. 


MAL 

M.\L-A-eOSUTRA-€OL'0-CY,  n.     [Gr.;*aAa<i»s,8oft, 
orroavoc,  shell,  and  Ao^  os,  discourse.] 
The  science  of  Crustacea ;  called  also  Crubtacs- 

OLOOT. 

MAL-A-eOS'TRA-eOUS,  n.  Belonging  to  n  serlion 
c(  crustaceous  animals  called  malacostraea.  Thcv 
have  solid  teguments,  and  10  or  14  feet. 

MAL-AD-JUST'ME.\T,  n.  An  evil  or  wrong  odjusi- 
menu  Chalmrrs. 

MAI^AD-MI\-IS-TUA'TION,n,  [See  Mal  and  Ad- 
minister.] 

Bad  management  of  public  nfliiirs ;  vicious  or 
defective  cututuct  in  administration,  or  the  jHTform- 
ance  uX  official  duties,  particuhirly  of  executive  imd 
ministerial  duttfs  preacribrd  by  law  ;  as,  the  malad- 
ministration of  a  king,  or  of  any  chief  niagisirate. 

MAI^A-DBOrr'.NESS,  n.     Bad  dexterity. 

MAL'.\-1)Y,  n.  [Vr.  maladie  ;  It.  ma/aHirt, from  IheW. 
mall,  softness,  debility,  an  evil,  a  malady  ;  L.  malum  ; 
\V.  matiu,  to  make  sort  or  tlaccid,  to  deprive  of  en- 
ergy, to  make  insipid,  to  make  evil,  to  l«'come  evil. 
This  coincides  in  origin  with  Eng.  melloic^  U  mollis, 
Gr.  ftaXtnoi,  ofAoX-i,  Ileb.  Son.  In  opposition  to 
this,  virtue,  ra/u«,  and  healthy  are  from  the  sense  of 
strength,  vigor.] 

1.  .\ny  sickness  or  disease  of  the  lutinan  body; 
nny  distemper,  disorder,  or  indisposition,  proceeding 
from  impaired,  defective,  or  morbid  organic  func- 
tions; more  particularly,  a  lingering  or  deep-seated 
dis^irder  or  indisposition.  It  may  be  applied  to  any 
animal  body,  but  is,  I  believe,  rarely  or  never  applied 
to  plants. 

The  moJat&t  of  the  boJf  majr  prore  mcdidiies  to  lh<>  mind. 
Hticknumler. 

2.  Defect  or  corniption  of  the  heart;  depravity; 
moral  disorder  or  corruption  of  moral  principles.  De- 
pravity of  heart  is  a  moral  malady. 

3.  Disorder  of  the  understanding  or  mind. 
Ma'LA  Fl'DEy  [L.]     With  bud  lailh  j   deceitfully ; 

treacherously. 

MAL'A-GA,  n.  A  species  of  wine  imported  from  Mal- 
aga, in  Spain. 

M.\L'.\X-DERS,  R.    [from  ira/,  ill,  and   It.  andare^  to 

A  disease  In  horses,  consisting  of  ulcerous  chaps 
on  tlie  inside  of  Uie  legs.  Buchanan. 

MAI/.\-PERT,  o.  [fRoi  and  perW]  Saucy;  quick, 
with  impudence ;  sprightly ;  without  respect  or  de- 
cency ;  bold ;  forweud. 

a™  y»ii  fTOwiug  mninperl  t  fhyden. 

aL\L'A-PERT-LY,  adv,    Sauciiy  j  wiOi  Impudence. 

Skelton. 

MAL'A-PERT-NESS,  r.  Sauciness ;  impudent  pert- 
ness  or  forwardness  ;  ^trightliness  of  reply  witliout 
decency. 

MAL-AP-RO-POS',  (mal-ap-ro-pe',)  adf.  [Ft.  mat, 
evil,  and  apropo»^  to  the  purpose.] 

Unseasonably;  unsuitably.  Drydeiu 

HA'LAR,  a.     [L.  mala,  the  cheek.] 
Pertaining  to  the  cheek. 

MA-LA 'RI-A,  R.     [mat  and  aricj  bad  air,  Ital.] 

Bad  air ;  that  species  of  oir  which  produces,  or 
lendfi  to  produce,  disease. 

M.^-LA'RI-OUS,  )a.    Pertaining  to,  or  infected  by, 

MA-La'RI-.AL,      S      m.ilari.a. 

MA'LATE,  n.  [L.  nw/um,  an  apple.]  A  salt  formed 
by  the  malic  acid,  the  acid  of  apples,  combined  with 
a  base.  Chemistry. 

M.\-LAX'ATE,c.  t     [Gr.  fiaXairauJ.] 

To  soften  ;  to  knead  to  softness.     [JVof  used.] 

MAL-AX-A'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  moistening  and 
softening;  or  the  forming  of  ingredients  into  a  mass 
for  pills  or  plasters,     [l.itfle  used.']  Baileif. 

MAL-eON-FORM-A'TlON,  n.  Ill  form ;  dispropor- 
tion of  parts,  Tully. 

MAL'eoS-TEXT,  n.  [mal  and  eontejiU]  A  discon- 
tented subject  of  government ;  one  who  murmurs  at 
the  laws  and  administration,  or  who  manifests  his 
uneasiness  by  overt  acts,  as  in  sedition  or  insurrec- 
tion. 

MAL'eON-TENT,  )  a.      Discontented    with    the 

MAL-eON-TE.VT'ED,  i  laws  or  the  administration 
of  government ;  uneasy;  dissatisfied  with  the  gov- 
ernmenL 

The  lamom  maiamUnt  c&rl  of  Leicot^r.  l^lUner, 

MAL-eON-TE.VT'ED-LY,  adv.    With  discontent. 
MAI^€0\-TE\T'ED-\E.'<S,    71.       Disconteniedness 
with  the  govenmicnt ;  dissatisfaction  ;    want  of  at- 
tachment to  the  government,  manifested  by  overt 
acts.  ^  ,  Spectator. 

MALE,  a.  [Ft.  male,  for  mosZe,  from  L.  masculus,  from 
moji,  maru'.] 

1.  P*!rtaining  to  the  sex  that  procreates  young,  and 
applied  to  animals  of  all  kinds;  as,  a  male  child;  a 
male  beast,  lish,  or  fowl. 

3.  A  term  denoting  Ihe  sex  of  a  plant  which  pro- 
duces the  fecundating  dust,  or  a  flower  or  plant  that 
bears  the  stamens  only,  without  pistils. 

3.  A  term  denoting  the  screw  whose  threads  enter 
the  grooves  or  channels  of  the  corresponding  or  fe- 
male screw. 
MALE,   n.     Among  ammal*,   one  of  the  sex   whose 
ofiice  is  to  bt^get  young  ;  a  he-animal. 


MAL 

3.  In  botany^  a  plant  or  flower  whii  h  produces 
stamens  only,  without  pistils. 

3.  In  mcehaniat^  the  screw  whose  threads  enter  the 
grooves  or  channels  of  the  corresjHinding  part  or  fe- 
male scrt'w. 

MAL-E-DT'OEN-CY,  r.  [L.  maledUentia;  male  and 
diet',] 

Evil  speaking;  reproachftil  language;  proneness 
to  reproach.     [Little  used.]  Jlltrrbury. 

MAL'E-DI-CENT,  a.  Speaking  reproachfully;  slan- 
derous.    ^Little  used.]  Sandyn. 

MAL  E-DIC'TION,  n.  [L.  malcdiuio;  male^  evil,  and 
dicoy  to  speak.] 

Evil  speaking;  denunciation  of  evil ;  a  cursing; 
curse  or  execration.  Hooker. 

MALE-FACTION',  n   [L.  male,  evil,  nndfacio,  to  do.] 
A  criminal  deed  ;  a  crime  ;  an  offense  against  the 
laws.     [Little  wird.]  Sfuik. 

MALE-FAe'TOR,  n.  [Supra.]  One  who  commits  a 
crime  ;  one  guilty  of  violating  the  laws  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  subject  him  to  public  prosecution  and 
punishment,  tmrticularly  to  capital  punishment;  a 
criminal.  Dryden. 

MALEF'I€,  o,     [L.  malejicus.]     Doing  mischief. 

MAL'E-FICE,  (mal'e-fis,)  r.  [Fr.  See  Malepac- 
Tiox.]  An  evil  deed  ;  artifice;  enchantment.  [vVot 
in  use-.]  Cliaucer. 

MA-LEF'I-CEXCE,  n..  The  doing  or  producing  of 
evil. 

MA-LEF'I-CENT,  a.     Doing  evil.  HuiUer. 

MAL-E-FI"CIATE,  (mal-c-fish'ate,)  v.  t.  To  bewitch. 
[JSTot  in  vse.]  Burton. 

MAI^E-FI"C1-A'T10N,  (-fish-^-fi'shun,)  n.  A  be- 
witching. 

MAL-E-F1"CIE\CE,  f-fish'ens,)  n.     [L.  vial^cientia.] 
The  doing  of  evil,  iiarm,  or  mischief. 

M.\L-E-FI"CIE\T,  a.    Doing  evil,  harm,  or  mischief. 

Burke. 

MA-LE'IC  ACID,  n.  An  acid  obtained  from  the 
distillation  of  malic  acid.  Orakam, 

MA-LE\'GINE,  n.     [Fr.  malenmn.] 

Guile;  deceit.     [A"(il  in  usf.l  Spenser. 

MAL'ET,  71.     [Fr.  walete.     See  Mail.] 

A  little  bag  or  budget ;  a  portmanteau.     [J^Tot  used.] 

SheltoH. 

MALE-SPIR'IT-ED,  a.  Having  the  spirit  of  a  man  ; 
high-minded.  B.  Jonsoa. 

M.VLEV'O-LENCE,  n.  [L.  male^3altHU^a  i  mainm, 
evil,  and  voiens^do,  to  will.] 

Ill  will ;  personal  hatred  ;  evil  disposition  toward 
another;  enmity  of  heart ;  inclination  to  injure  oth- 
ers.    It  ('\presse8  less  than  Malionitt.  Shak. 

MA-LEV  ( »-LE\T,  a.      Having  an  evil  di^iKisition 

toward  :in<ithi-ror  others  ;  wishing  evil  to  others;  ill 

disposed,  or  di-iposed  to  injure  others.     A  malevolent 

heart  rejoices  in  the  misfortunes  of  others. 

2.  Unfavorable;  unpropitioiis  ;  bringing  calamity, 

MA-LEV'O-LENT-LY,  adv.  WMth  ill  will  or  enmity  ; 
with  the  wish  or  design  tolnjure. 

MA-LEV'O-LOUS,  a.     Malevolent.     [Kot  in  use.] 

TVarburton. 

MAI^EX-E-eO'TION,  R.  Evil  or  wrong  execution; 
bad  administration.  D.  IVebgter. 

MAI^FeA'SAN'CE,  n.  [Fr.]  Evil  doing;  wrong; 
illegal  deed.  In  law,  the  performance  of  some  inju- 
rious act  which  the  party  had  contracted  not  to  do, 
or  had  no  right  to  do.  Bouvier. 

MAL-FORM-A'TION,  7t  [mal  and  formation.]  Ill 
or  wrong  formation  ;  irregular  or  anouialuns  forma- 
tion or  structure  of  parts.  Dartcin. 

MA'LIC,  a.     [L.  malum,  an  apple.] 

Pertaining  lo  apples ;  drawn  from  the  juice  of  ap- 
ples ;  as,  jnalie  acid.  Chemistry. 

M.AL'ICE,  n.  [Fr. ;  It.  maliiia;  Sp.  malicia  ;  L.  771a- 
Utia,  from  malus,  evil ;  W.  viall.     See  Maladv.] 

Extreme  enmity  of  heart,  or  malevolence  ;  a  dis- 
position to  injure  others  without  cause,  from  mere 
personal  gratification  or  from  a  spirit  of  revenge  ; 
unprovoked  malignity  or  spile. 

Nur  M-t  down  au^ht  in  malice.  Skak. 

MAL'ICE,  V.  t.    To  regard  with  extreme  ill   will. 

[JVo(  used.]  Spenser. 

MAL'I-CHO,  n.    The  corruption  of  a  Spanish  word 

signifying  mischief.  Shak. 

MA-LI"CIOUS,  (ma-Iish'us,)  a.  Harboring  ill  will  or 
enmity  without  provocation  ;  malevolent  in  the  ex- 
treme ;  malignant  in  heart. 

I  §Tnnl  him  Uood^, 
Siidflcn,  mo/tdoiM,  smuckitif  of  every  siit 
Th3t  h^  A  iiJiiie.  Shai. 

2.  Proceeding  from  extreme  hatred  or  ill  will ;  dic- 
tated by  malice  ;  as,  a  malicious  report. 

Jfaliciuus  prosecution  and  arrest ;  in  laie,  &  wanton 
prosecution,  by  regular  process,  without  probable 
cause.  Boavie.r. 

MA-H"CIOUS-LY,  adv.  With  malice  ;  with  extreme 
enmity  or  ill  will;  with  deliberate  intention  to  in- 
jure. Swifl. 

MA-LI"CIOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  ma- 
licious ;  extreme  enmity  or  disposition  to  injure; 
mail  en  ity.  Herbert. 

M.\-LIGN',  (ma-Iine%)  a.  [Fr.  maligne ;  L.  vmlignus, 
from  malus,  evil.     See  Maladt.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRgY PINE,  MARtXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 

68g 


MAL 


1.  Having  a  very  evil  disposition  toward  others  ; 
hmrboring  violent  hatred  or  enmity;  malicious  j  as, 
mali^i  spirits.  Milton, 

2.  Unfavorable;  pernicious;  tending  to  injure  j  as, 
a  malign  aspect  of  planets.  Milton. 

3.  Malignant  \  pernicious  ;  as,  a  malig-n  ulcer. 

Bacon, 
MA-LIGX',  (ma-IIne',)  r.  fc     To  regard  with  envy  or 
malice  ;  to  treat  with  extreme  enmity  j  to  injure  raa- 
Uciou:9ly. 

Tbo  jvopU  jincticp  machlof  aywnit   private  men,  whom  they 
tnaJign  bj  uoalinf  Uit-ir  jood»  wid  murJeiiug  ihem. 

Spertaer. 

2.  To  traduce  ;  to  def:une. 
MA-LIGN',  fma-llne',)  v.  L     To  entertain  malice. 

JlJton. 
MA-LIG'XAN'CY,  n.     [See  Malignant.]     Extreme 
malevolence  ;  bitter  enmity  ;  malice  ;  as»  malignancy 
of  heart. 

2.  Unfavorableness  ;  nnpropitiousness  ;  as,  the  nut- 
Ugnancii  of  the  aspect  of  planets. 

The  malignanqj  of  n.y  die  ntijht  datcmper  youra.         Shak. 

3,  Virulence ;  tendency  to  mortification  or  to  a 
fatal  issue ;  as,  the  taaUgnaney  of  an  ulcer  or  of  a 
fever. 

MA-L1G'X.\NT,  a.     [L.  maligaus^  mahgno,  from  Jtui- 
*'u*,  evil.l 

1.  Mftlicious  ;  having  extreme  malevolence  or  en- 
mity ;  as,  a  maligiuint  heart. 

2.  Unpropilioua  ;  exerting  pernicious  influence 
as,  malignant  stars.  Shak. 

3.  Virulent ;  as,  a  malignant  ulcer. 
A.  Dangerous  to  life  ;  as,  a  malignant  fever. 
5.  Extremely  heinous  ;  as,  the  malignant  nature  of 

sin. 
M.\-LIG'NANT,  n.    A  man  of  extreme  enmity  or  evil 

intentions.     [JV^t  used.]  Hooker. 

2.  A  name  of  reproach  for  a  Puritan.     [Ob.-t.] 

MA-I*IG'NANT-LY,  arfc.    Maliciously;  with  extreme 

malevolence. 
2.  With  pernicinuB  influence. 
MA-LrON'iCD,  (ma-lind',;  pp.   Regarded  with  envy  or 

malice  ;    treated   with  exueme   enmity ;   traduced 

defamed. 
MA-LtGN'ER,  (ma  Iln'er,)  n.    One  who  regards  or 

tieau  another  with  enmity  ;  a  traducer;  a  defamer. 

Sieifi. 
MA-LTGN'ING,  (ma-Iin'ing,)  ppr.     Traducing;  de- 

famir.g. 
MA-UG'XI-TY,  n.     [L.  malignitas.} 

1.  Extreme  enmity,  or  evil  dispositions  of  heart 
toward  another  ;  malice  without  provocation,  or  ma- 
levolence with  ba.^eness  of  heart;  deep-rooted  spite. 

2.  Virulence;  destructive  tendency  ;  as,  the  ?i«iii^- 
nitu  of  an  ulcer  or  disease. 

3.  Extreme  evilness  of  nature  ;  as,  the  maiignity  of 
fraud. 

4.  Extreme  sinfulness;  enormity  or  heinousness  ; 
a^,  the  malignity  of  Pin. 

MA-LIGX'LV,  (ma-line'Iy,)  adv.     With  extreme  ill 

will. 
2.  Unprt^tiously ;  perniciously. 
MA-LIX"GER,  p.  i.     Among  aoldifr^,  to  feign  illness 

or  to  protract  disease,  in  order  to  avoid  duty. 

T.  B.  Macaulay. 
MA-LIN"GER-ER,  «.     [Fr.  malingrr.] 

In  mtiifory  langvagey  a  soldier  who  feigns  himself 

sick. 
MA-LIN"GER-V,  «.    A  feigning  illness  or  protracting 

of  disease,  in  order  to  escape  duly. 
MAL'I-SOX,  (mal'e-zn,)  n.     Malediction.    Chaucrr. 
M^VKlSf  (maw'kin,)  ft.     A  mop;  hence,  a  dirty 

drab,  Shak. 

MAL.L,  (mawl,)  n.     [Fr.  mail ;  Sp.  maUo ;  Port,  malho ; 

from  L.  malUuM.y 

1.  A  large,  heavy,  wooden  beetle;  an  instrument 
for  driving  any  thing  with  force. 

2.  A  blow.     [Ohs.]  Spenser. 
MAI.L,  (mal,)  n.     [Arm.  mailh.    Q,u.  from  a  play  with 

mall  and  ball,  or  a  bfuU^n  walk.] 

A  public  walk  ;  a  levtl,  shaded  walk.    ^U^«  d'ar- 

hrei  battue  et  burdee.  Oregoire*s  .Arm.  Diet. 

MALL,  (mawl,)  d.  U    To  beat  with  a  mall ;  to  beat 

with  something  heavy  ;  to  bruise. 
MAL'LARD.  n.     A  drnko.  Shak. 

2.  The  common  duck  in  its  wild  state,  Anas  bosehaa 

of  Liniirpus.  P.  Cue. 

MAL  LE-A-BIL'I-TV,   it.      [from    malleable.']      1*hat 

quality  of  bodies  which  renders  Ihc-in  susctptjble  of 

exteu'^ion  by  beating.     It  is  opposed  to  Friability  or 

IlRiTTi.i:r(EBi.  Locke. 

MAL'LS^A-liLE,  fl.  [Fr.,from  Ufna/Z'-u.'.  Sec  Mall.] 
Thiit  may  be  drawn  out  and  extended  by  beating  ; 

capal»te  of  extcn.-^ion   by  the  hammer ;  a  quality  of 

m(t;it?«,  particularly  of  gold.  JVewton. 

MaUfixhU  iron  is  cast  iron,  which,  by  a  peculiar 

prirf-rs^,  ha-t  been  d»prived  of  its  carbon,  and  thus 

fr*'ed  fr<»m  its  lirittlei:c»s. 
MAL'LE  A  BLE-XESS,  n.     Malleability,  which  see. 
MAL'LE-ATE,  r.  (.     To  hammer;  to  draw  into  a 

plalc  or  leaf  by  beating. 
MAL'LE-ATED,  fp.    Hammered;  drawn  into  a  idale 

by  beating. 


MAM 

MAI--LE-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  beating  into  a  plate 
or  l(';if,  as  a  metal ;  cxtcnsiou  by  beating. 

MALL'KD,  pp.  lie.  ten  with  something  heavy; 
bruised. 

MAL'LET,  n.  [VT.viailUti  Russ.  molut;  Slav,  mlat; 
L.  vtaUeus.] 

.\  wooden  hammer  or  instrument  for  beating,  or 
for  driving  pins  ;  p:irticularly  used  in  carpentry,  for 
driving  the  chisel. 

MALL'IXG,  frnavvring,)ppr.  Bruising;  beating  with 
stunelhing  heavy. 

MAL'LOW,     )n.      [Sax     ma?u,  mealwcy    malwe ;  Fr. 

MAL'LOWS,  \  mauve:  L.  Sp.  and  It.  malva  ;  Gr. 
fi(iAu\ii,  from  /J aXa^of,  soft,  Etng.  rnelhw ;  W.malt. 
See  BIalady.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Malva ;  so  called  from  its 
emolliLiit  qualiiies.  Its  fruit  is  a  depressed  disk, 
called  by  the  country  pco|)lo  a  cheese.  Brande. 

Miirsh-maltaws  i  a  plant  of  the  genus  AlthJea. 

MXLM'SEV,  (niim'ze,)  n.  [Fr.  malmliie:  It.  mal- 
vo.-iu  ;  Sp.  »«<i/-(j(aiu,  from  Malcajiuy  in  Greece  ;  L. 
viuiLin  arvisium.] 

The  name  of  a  sort  of  grape,  and  also  of  a  strong 
and  swert  wine. 

MAL-O'DOR,  It.     An  offensive  odor. 

MAL-PO-ffiI"TI0N,(-zish'un,)  «.     A  wrong  position. 

.MAL-PKA€'TICE,n.  [ma/ and  practice.}  Evil  prac- 
tice ;  ill. -gal  or  immoral  conduct;  practice  contrary 
V\  established  rules. 

MALT,  n.  [Sax.  tnetilt;  D.  mout;  G.malz;  Sw.  and 
ban.  malt.     Qu    \V.  mall,  soft.] 

Barley,  or  other  gniin,  steeped  in  water  till  it  ger- 
minates, and  then  dried  in  a  kiln,  thus  evolving  the 
saccharine  principU'.     U  is  used  in  brewing. 

M.\LT,  V.  t.    To  make  into  malt ;  us,  to  malt  barley. 

MALT,  V.  i.    To  become  malt. 

To  htiiw^  it  j[«n  will  m^o  it  rnalt  wone.  Morf'tTner, 

MALT'-DRINK,       i  n.     A  liquor  prepared   for  drink 

MALT'-Lia-L'OR,  i  by  an  infusion  of  malt,  as 
beer,  ale,  porter,  &.C. 

MALT'-DUST,  n.    The  grains  or  remains  of  malt. 

AtnU-dual  ia  an  f  nrich'T  of  bam?n  laiiJ.  Rlorlimer. 

MALT'-FL50R,  n.     A  tkwr  fur  drjing  malt. 

Mortimer. 
MALT'-HORSE,  n.    A  horse  employed  in  grinding 

inalt ;  hence,  a  dull  fellow.  Skak. 

MALT'ING,  B.    The  act  of  making  malt. 
MALT'MAX,    I  n.     A   man    whose   occupation  is  to 
MALT'STER,  (      make  malt.  Sioijt. 

MALT'WORM,n.     [malt  and  worm.]     A  tippler. 

Shak. 
SL\L'TA-LENT,  n.     [Old  Fr.]     Ill   humor.     [A-ut  in 

u.'!e.]  Chaucer. 

MAL'TIIA,  n.    A  variety  of  bitumen,  viscid  and  tena- 
cious, like  pitch ;  unctuous  to  the  touch,  and  exhal- 
ing a  bituminous  odor.  Cleaveland. 
MAL-TRSAT',  v.  U     [mal  and  treat.]     To  treat  ill  ; 
to  abuse  ;  to  treat  roughly,  rudely,  or  with  uiikind- 
ness. 
MAL-TRkAT'ED,  pp.     Ill-treated  ;  abused. 
MAL-TREAT'ING,    ppr.        Abusing;    treating    un- 
kindly. 
MAL-TREAT'MENT,  n.     Ill  treatment;    ill   usage; 

abuse. 
MA'LUM  rJV  S5,  [L.]     An  evil  in  itself. 
MA'LUM  PRO-HlB'l-TUM,    [L.]      That    which    is 

wrong  because  forbidden  by  law.  Blaekstone. 

MAUV.\'CE0US,  (-ahus,)  a.  [L.  malvaceiof,  from 
mfl/pa,  mallows.] 

Pertaining  to  mallows  ;  a  term  designating  a  group 
of  plants  of  which  mallows  is  the  type. 
MAI*-VER-SA'TI0X,  n.     [L.  male^  ill,  and  cwaor,  to 
behave.] 

Kvil  conduct ;  improper  or  wicked  behavior  ;  mean 
artifices  or  fraudulent  tricks ;  corruption  or  extor- 
tion iu  office.  Burke. 
MAM,            (  n.      [L.   mamma,  the  breast  or  pap,  and 
MAM-MA',  i      mother;  W.  wow;    Arm.  mamm;    It. 
muime,  a  nurse  ;  Antiq.  Gr.  /jaji^t?.] 

A  f.tmiltar  word  for  mother,  used  by  young  chil- 
dren. 
MAM'A-LUKE,  i  n.    The  military  force  of  Egjpt  con- 
MAM'E-LUKE,  i      siHted   of   soldiers   called    Majna- 
luhes,  who  were  originally    mercenaries,  but  after- 
ward ma.iters  of  the  country.    Their  power  was  an- 
nihilated by  tiiK  pashaw  of  Egypt  in  1811. 
.MA.M'MAL,  n.f   pL    Mammals.        [L.    mamm^y    the 
bre4ist.  ] 

III  zuiShffij,  an  animal  that  suckles  its  young.  [Sec 
Mammalia.']  Good. 

MAM-MA'LI-A,  n.  pi.     [L.  mamma,  the  breast.) 

A  class  of  animal-<,  comprehending  those  which 
suckle  their  young.  They  arc  verlebruted  animals, 
with  warm,  red  blood,  and  a  double  fystem  of  circu- 
lation. The  fetus,  in  most  species,  is  nourished  in 
the  womb  by  means  of  a  placenta.  Tlie  young,  in 
ail  sprcies,  are  brought  ftirth  alive.  P.  Cyc. 

MAM-MA'LI-AX,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  mammalia. 
MAM-MA-LIF'ER-OIJS,   a.     [maminalia  and  L.  fero, 
to   produce.]     A   term  applied  to  strata  containing 
manimif'-roiis  remains.  Humble. 

MAM-.MAL'O  6IST,  «.  One  who  treats  of  mammif- 
eroiis  animals  or  mammalia. 


MAN 

MAM-MAL'0-6V,  n.  [L.  mamma,  breast,  and  >o/os, 
discourse.] 

Thr  .science  or  doctrine  of  mainmiferous  animals, 
or  miimnmlia.     [See  Mammalia.] 

MAM'MA-RY,  a.  [See  M^mma.]  Pertaining  to  the 
breiists  or  paps;  as,  the  mammunj  arteries  and  veins. 

MAM-MEE',  n.  A  fruit-tree  of  tropiciU  America,  be- 
longing to  the  genua  Mammca  ;  also  its  fruit.  The 
latter  is  large,  covered  with  a  thick,  tough  rind,  and 
contains  a  bright,  yellow  pulp,  of  a  pllasant  taste 
and  fragrant  scent.  Enctjc  Jimcr.     Partington, 

MAM'MER,  r.  i.    To  hesitate.     [J^ot  in  use.]      Grant. 

MAM'MER-IXG,  n.     Hesitation  ;  confusion. 

MAM'SIET,  n.     A  puppet ;  a  figure  dressed. 

MAM'MI-FER,  n.  [L.  mamma^  the  breast,  and /cro, 
to  bear.] 

An  animal  which  has  breasts  for  nourishing  its 
young;  a  mammal.     [See  Mammalia  ] 

MAM-.MIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [Supra.]  Having  breasts 
and  ncurishing  the  young  by  the  rtiilk  secreted  by 
them. 

MAM'MI-FORM,  a.     [L.  mamma  and  form.] 
Having  the  f:lmpe  or  form  of  paps. 

MAM'MIL-LA-RY,  a.     [L.  mamilla.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  pap«  ;  resembling  a  pap  ;  an 
epithet  rtpplied  to  two  small  protuberances,  like  nip- 
ples, f-und  under  the  fore  ventricles  of  the  brain,  and 
to  a  process  of  the  temporal  bone. 

2.  In  mineralogy,  a  term  applied  to  minerals  com- 
posed of  convex  concretions. 

MAM'MII^LS-TED,  a.     Having  small  nipples,  or  lit- 
tle globes  like  nipples.  Say. 
MAM'MOCK,  71.     A  shapeless  piece.     [JVi-t  used.] 

HerbeH. 
MAM'MOCK,  r.  L    To  tear  in  pieces.    [JVot  ui=ed.] 

Milton. 
MAM'MO-DIS,  n.    Coarse,  plain  India  muslins. 
MAM'MON,  H.    [Syr.]    Riches;   wealth,  or  the  god 
of  riches. 

Ye  caiinot  lorre  Gotl  and  mammon.  —  M-itt.  vi, 
MAM'MON-IST,  n.     A  person  devoted  to  the  acquisi- 
tion of  wealth  :  one  whose  affections  are  placed  su- 
premelv  on  riches;  a  worldling.  Hammond. 

MAM'MOTH,  n.  [Russ.  inamant,  the  skeleton  of  a 
huge  animal,  now  extinct,  or  from  tlie  Hebrew  be- 
hemoth.] 

The  Russian  name  of  an  extinct  species  of  Ele- 
phant, nearly  allied  to  the  cb-phaiit  of  India.  It 
was  thickly  covered  %vith  hair  of  three  sorts;  one  of 
these,  stiffj  black  bristles  a  foot  in  length,  another 
coarse,  flexible  hair,  and  the  third  a  kind  of  wool.  In 
the  year  1799,  one  of  these  animals,  in  an  entire  state, 
thawed  out  of  an  icebank,near  tlie  mouth  of  a  river 
in  the  north  of  Siberia.  Its  remains  have  been  found 
upon  both  continents.  It  is  a  distinct  animal  from 
both  the  North  American  and  South  American  Mas- 
todon. 

This  word  is  often  used  adjcctively  for  very  large; 
as,  u  mammoth  ox. 
MAN,  71. ;  pi.  Men.  [Sax.  man,  mann,  and  ttiotz,  man- 
kiiul,  man,  a  woman,  a  vassal,  also  one,  any  one, 
like  the  Fr.  w«  ;  Goth,  manna:  Sans,  man:  I),  man,  a 
man,  a  husband;  viensch,  a  human  lieing,  man, 
woman,  person  ;  G.  id. ;  Dan.  mun,  mcnHe:ike  ,'  Sw. 
man,  meniakia:  Sax.  mrHnwc,  human  ;  Ice.  mann,  n 
man,  a  husband  ;  W.  rntjiiw,  a  person,  a  body,  froin 
mwn,  that  which  rises  up  or  stretches  oi.t.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is  form,  image,  whence  species.  eoi|icid- 
ing  probably  with  the  Fr.  mine,  Eng.  mien.  Arm.  77t«n 
or  7ntH,  l(H)k,  asperi,  countenance ;  Ch.  and  Heb.  po 
species,  kind  ;    Heb.  HJ^an  image,  similitude  ;    Syr. 

]i  yVi  progeny.  It  is  remarkable  that  in  the  Ice- 
landic, this  word,  a  little  varied,  is  used  in  Oen.  i. 
26,  27.  "  Og  Gud  sagde,  ver  viliutn  gera  mannenn, 
epter?/iinrfog  liking  vorre."  And  God  said,  Let  us 
make  man  after  our  imn^^r  and  likeness.  "OgGud 
sknpade  mannenn  eptcr  siiine  mind,  epterGudrf  mind 
skapade  hann  hann,og  ban  sknpade  tlrui  karlnmn  og 
kvinnu."  Literally,  And  God  shaped  man  after  his 
image,  after  God's  image  shaped  lie  them,  and  he 
shaped  them  male  and  female  ;  karlman,  male,  (see 
Carl  and  Churl,)  and  kcinnn,  female,  that  \^,qaeeH, 
woman.  Icelandic  Bible.  Man,  in  its  radical  sense, 
agrees  almost  precisely  with  Jidam,  in  the  Shcmitic 
languages.] 

1.  Mankind  ;  the  human  race;  the  whole  ppecies 
of  human  bt-incs  ;  beings  distinguished  from  all  oth- 
er animals  by  the  powers  of  reason  and  s(jeecli,  as 
well  as  by  their  shape  and  dignified  aspect.  **  Os 
homini  sublime  dedil." 

And  Gwl  will,  Lftt  "«  niiike  man  In  our  image,  -lilcr  our  likeijcw, 

Rii'l  I'.l  Oirm  \wvf  (lutnliiion.  — dm.  i. 
Man  ilmt  U  bom  ol'  woman  w  of  fi:*r  d»y»  and  full  of  [rouble.  - 

Juh  Xiv. 

My  spiril  «li.ill  not  nlwtvy*  striYc  with  jnan.  — iren.  vl. 

I  will  (Ir-»iruy  man,  wtimn  I  li.ittf  cnini-ii.  —Oen.  vl. 

Tlien^  li.uh  no  ir-nipuiiuu  Ukeu  yuii,  bui  audi  a»  U  comaion  lo 

mnn.  —  1  Cur.  x. 
It  i«  written,  Man  ihAlt  not  IWe  by  bwafl  alon".  —  Mitrt.  fv. 
Thcr"  iiiitiil  bi-  •oritewhsre  mich  a  rank  lui  man.  Pope. 

iti'spi-ciing  man,  whjilf»cr  wrunj  we  call.  C,'^^'*' 

Bill  vitidlcite  the  wayn  of  Owl  lo  man.  a^*' 

Tlift  i-roper  sluiiy  of  mankiiiil  i»  fnan.  Pop: 

\o  llie  Sysit-in  ol  Nmure,  man  1«  naked  ax  n  dis'inct  gewua. 

Encye. 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GEB,  VI"CI0U8.  — C  m  K ;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  yt  in  THIS. 
_  _„ 


MAN 


When  oiipO!>cd  to  vomam^  man  sometimes  denutes 
tbe  mate  sex  in  genenil. 

H'onon  h»*.  In  gwrrnl,  much  »tro«5?T  propentfty  than  man  U> 
Uio  lixtdtu-rsf  ol  pAirntii]  tlutW.  Covjmt. 

a  A  male  individual  of  the  humsn  race,  of  adult 
growth  or  years. 

The  king  U  Iwt  R  tnan,  lu  I  urn.  rvf^T** 

AiiU  the  man  uir»ii»  Uil  wbal  the  boy  bHieTwl.  VrylnU 

3.  A  m*le  of  the  human  race ;  used  ofifn  tit  otm- 
pouud  wtnlSf  or  in  tkt  uature  qf  an  adjtctwe;  as,  a 
■wn-cbild  ;  mni-cooks  ;  mm-servanls. 

4.  A  servant,  or  an  attendant  of  the  male  sex. 

I  utl  my  mo«  wiD  piwM-nUy  g9  iklb  Omky. 

&.  A  word  of  familiar  address. 

We  •pr*k  no  U>»»>o,  man.  5»o*. 

6.  It  •omelimea  bears  the  sen?e  of  a  male-adult 
of  some  uncommon  qualifications;  particularty  the 
sense  of  ^treneth.  viitur,  hnvvt-ry,  virile  powers,  or 
mairnanimily,  as  disttnj:uished  from  the  weakness, 
umidity,  or  impotence  of  a  boy,  or  from  the  narrow- 
mindedness  of  tow-bred  men. 

1  (luv  oo  all  Uul  m»  beintiir  •  aian.  SAak. 

Will  nckmw  bn  ■booH  DOt  haw  ton  the  man  he  k,  had  be  nf^ 
brake  wlnOmi.  Aiditon. 

So,  in  popular  languase,  it  is  said,  he  is  no  man. 
Flay  your  port  like  a  iiuuu    He  has  not  the  spirit  of  a 

Thou  att  bat  a  youOi,  and  b«  a  man  of  war  from  lib  youth.  —  1 
Suit.  ztQ. 

7.  An  individual  of  the  human  species. 

la  motli'ra  of  cti^ili*  bclve^-o  nMM  and  sum.  Watt». 

Under  this  phra!iet>lopy,  females  may  be  compre- 
hended. So  a  law  resimiiiing  man,  or  ererfi  man, 
from  a  particular  act,  coinprt-hends  women  and  chil- 
dren, if  of  couipctt-nl  age  to  be  thesubje.:ts  of  law. 

8.  Man  is  Siimetjmes  opposed  to  bog  or  chiU,  and 
sometimes  to  btast. 

9.  One  who  is  ma-rtcr  of  his  mental  powers,  or 
wbo  conducts  himself  with  bis  usual  Judgment. 
Wben-a  [lerson  h.-is  lost  his  woses,  or  ads  witboul 
bis  usual  judgment,  we  say,  be  is  not  bis  own  man. 

Ainsttortk. 

10.  It  is  sometimes  ummI  indefinitely,  without  ref- 
erence to  a  particular  individual ;  any  person  }  one. 
This  is  as  nmcb  as  ft  smm  can  desire. 

A  anus  Ui  an  iiutzuit,  in*r  tttnawr  Iha  Mafrtinn  tt  be  hnvoMible. 

TTits  word,  however,  is  always  used  in  the  sincu- 
lar  numVr,  referring  to  an  mdlvidual.  In  this  re- 
spect it  does  not  answer  to  the  French  on,  nor  to  the 
nw  of  «■<»  by  our  Saxon  anceslcvs.  In  Saxon,  man 
^mk  signifit^,  tMty  sins ;  mm»  MtU  mp,  tkey  sri  or  ft- 
Ud0uL  So  in  German,  wtam  smpi  may  be  rendered, 
Ml  at>f9^  iC  u  jmrf,  lAcy  ««|r,  or  y^fU  m^  So  in 
Danish,  wu*  wiftr,  ame  Mfr*.  ii  iM  said,  Uej/  wy. 

11.  In  ffuimr  mja/e,  a  husband. 

Etoy  wifc  Dufhl  to  atwwer  ftw  kci  hhui.  ^Ucfiaon. 

13.  A  moviUtle  [uece  at  chess  or  draughts. 
13.  In  frudal  late,  a  vassal ;  a  liege  subject  or  ten- 
anL 

The  vunl  or  tnwat,  knoel^,  m^ut,  uoGovnM  and  holitinc 
u{f  bia  banda  between  thoee  of  hia  lunl,  profrsaed  ifant  he  du 
become  hb  «w»  from  UhU  day  ibnb,  of  \A,  limb,  and 
tmrMj  honor.  Biadcttom. 

MAN'-MID'WTFE,  n.    A  man  who  practices  obstet- 
rics. 

MAN,  r.  u  To  furnish  with  men  ;  as,  to  nmn  the  lines 
of  a  fort  or  fortress  ;  Vy  man  a  ship  or  a  boat ;  to  man 
the  yards  ;  10  man  the  ca[islan  ;  to  mux  a  prize.  It 
is,  hViwever,  generally  understood  to  si^ify,  to  sup- 
ply with  the  full  complement  or  with  a  sutTicicnt 
number  of  men. 
S.  To  guard  with  men.  Siak. 

3.  To  strengthen  ;  to  fortify. 

neadariOB  haviiif  mmmmtd  hk  aou]  wbh  picper  tellMfiona. 

Aii^Mon, 

A.  To  tame  a  hawk.    [  ISille  itstd."]  Sknk. 

&  To  furnish  with  attendants  or  servants.  [Ualt 
MMdA  Skak.    B.  JonsoM, 

&  TO  point ;  to  aim. 

A&x  bul  a  rush  aninat  Oth^Oo's  breaat. 

And  be  Rtifca.     {XiH  tuei.]  Shak. 

MAX'A-GLE,  n.     [Fr.  manuJti ;  It.  mamtte  :  Fp.  ma«i- 
0ta  {  L.  mantea  ;  from  mainis^  the  hand  ;  \V.  man.  ] 

An  injilrument  of  iron  for  fanenin?  the  hands  ; 
handcufls  :  shackles.  It  is  generally  used  in  the 
plural,  mannclej,  Skak. 

MAN'A-CLEl,  p.  e.    To  put  en  handculTs  or  other  fast- 
eninf  fur  confinins  the  hands. 

9.  Td  shackle  ;  to  contine  ;  to  restrain  the  use  of 
the  limbs  or  natural  powers. 

la  ii  tfaua  T(Ai  oae  dsia  muoarch,  lo  moMt^dt  fahn  hxnA  and  fool  ? 

ArbttthKoL 

MAN'A-€Lfn>,  pp.     Handcuffed  :  shackled. 

MAN'A-€LIXG,  ppr.    Confining  the  hands  j  shack- 
tins. 

MAN'AfiE,  r.  t,     [Fr.  mrna^er:  mma^f,  honse,  house- 
bold,  house-keeping;   It  manec^fire'   ^p.  and  Port. 
manejttr.     The  primary  sf  nse  seem^  to  be,  to  leml.^ 
1.  To  conduct  ;   to  carry  on  ;   to  direct  the  con- 


MAN 

cerns  of;  as,  to  managt  a  farm  ;  to  mmwigt  the  aflairs 
of  a  family. 

Whnl  wara  I  matxagt,  amt  what  wr^atlta  I  gaiii.  Prior. 

2.  To  train  or  govern,  as  a  horse. 

They  fault  from  huiit^n  lo  ih«  managed  st«-d.  Young, 

3.  To  govern  ;  to  control ;  to  muke  tame  or  tracta- 
ble i  as,  the  budalo  IB  loo  refractory  to  be  mana^fd. 

4.  To  wield  ;  to  move  or  use  in  the  manner  du- 
sin^d  ;  to  have  under  command. 

I<on;  tube*  are  cumbcraoinc,  and  ac-trct*  to  be  eiwUy  manngfd. 

^'tuton. 

5.  To  muke  subservient. 

Auloiiy  manag«ti  him  to  hb  own  vitrwe.  Middltion. 

6.  To  husband  ;  to  treat  with  caution  or  sparingly. 

Thr  leaa  lie  hjd  to  loa.-,  the  Uwt  he  car~d 

To  nonof <  loaihkJUK  life,  wlien  low  waa  the  reward. 

Dryd*n. 

7.  To  treat  with  caution  or  Judgment ;  to  govern 
wirh  address. 

U  wa«  much  hia  lnt«mt  to  maitagt  hit  Prot^atant  tuhj<«ti. 

AridUon, 

MAN'.\GE,  r.  i.  "To  direct  or  conduct  affairs  j  to  car- 
ry on  concerns  or  business. 

Leare  tliem  to  maruigt  for  thee.  OrylMn. 

MAN'AOE,  n.  Conduct ;  administration  j  as,  the  man- 
age of  the  state  or  kingdom.     [Obs.]  S/uik. 

a.  {Pronounced  mX-n'iLzW.)    Government  j  control, 
as  of  a  horse,  or  the  exercise  of  riding  him. 

3.  Discipline;  governance;  direction.  UE^trange. 

4.  Use ;  application  or  treatment. 

duickHlver  will  not  (Multiir  th'--  i7iaiuig\it  the  Are.        Bacon. 

{This  icord  ia  nearht  obsolete  in  all  its  applieations, 

utucss  in  r^erence  to  horses.     fVe  now  use  Ma-iage- 

MAN'AGP  ABLE,  a.  Easy  to  be  used  or  directed  to 
its  pn>ptr  purpose  ;  not  difhcult  to  be  moved  or  wield- 
ed.    Heavy  cannon  are  not  very  manaj-eable. 

2.  Governable  ;  tractable  ;  that  may  be  controlled  ; 
as,  a  maMOftabU  horse. 

3.  That  may  be  made  subservient  to  one's  views 
or  designs. 

MAN'AGE-A-BLE-NESS,  ii.  The  quality  of  being 
easily  used,  or  directed  to  Its  proper  purpose  ;  a*?,  the 
manap^eablcness  of  an  instrument.  Boyle. 

Q.  Tnriableneas;  the  quality  of  beinR  susceptible 
of  Bovernmenl  and  control ;  easiness  to  be  governed. 
MAN'AOE^A-BLY,  erfr.     In  a  manageable  manner. 

Ckaltarrs. 
MAN'A-CED,  pp.    Conducted  ;  carried  on  ;  trained  by 

discipline  ;  governed  ;  contmlled  ;  wielded. 
MAX'AGE-LE.<S.  a.     That  can  not  he  managed. 
MAN'.AGE-.ME.N'T,  n.  Conduct ;  administration  ;  man- 
ner of  treating,  direclmg,  or  carrying  on  ;  ns,  the 
muMMftmertt  of  a  family  ur  of  a  farm  ;  the  management 
of  state  affairs 

3.  Cunning  practice;  conduct  directed  by  art,  de- 
sign, or  prudence  ;  contrivance. 

Malic  with  wiMt  managtmenl  tlirir  tribea  divide.         Drydtn. 

3.  Practice ;  transaction  ;  dealing. 

He  bad  gnal  mattagtmenl  with  ecdealaatica,  Id  tlie  vifw  to  be 
adranoeil  lo  the  poiiiitkuue.  AddUon, 

4.  Modulation ;  variation. 

AU  dlrectiona,  aa  to  the  managtmeni  of  th<^  Totc^,  muit  be  re- 
g&rded  aa  subaidUiy  to  the  expression  orfn^lin^. 

PorUr't  Arta!t/ti». 

MAN'A-6ER,  n.  One  who  h.is  the  conduct  or  direc- 
tion of  any  thing  ;  as,  the  manaser  of  a  theater ;  the 
manager  of  a  lottery,  of  a  ball,  &c. 

A  skillful  manager  of  the  ral>b)«.  South. 

An  artful  manager,  lh.it  crept  between.  Poye. 

3.  A  pemon  who  conducts  business  with  economy 
and  frugality  ;  a  good  economist. 

A  prince  of  jreat  aspiring  thuu^Ik;  in  the  main,  a  manager  of 
his  treasure.  Temple. 

MAN'AGE-RY,  n.  [from  manage.]  Conduct;  direc- 
tion; administration.  Clarendon. 

2.  Husbandry  ;  economy  ;  frugality. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

3.  Manner  of  tisine.  Decay  of  Piety. 
[Little  uxed  or  obsolete  in  aU  its  applications.] 

}A.\S'A-(ilSG,ppr.     Conducting;  regulating;  direct- 
ing; governing;  wielding. 
Q.  a.     Intriguine. 

MAN'A-KIX,  n.  The  name  of  a  beautiful  race  of 
birds,  of  diminutive  size,  found  principally  in  South 
America.  They  constitute  the  genus  Pijira  of  Lin- 
nieus.  P.  Cue. 

MA\-A-TEE',  I  n.     [L.mo7!u.9,hand.]     The  sea-cow, 

.MA\-A-Ti',  )  3  cetaceous,  herbivorous  mammal, 
of  the  genus  Manalus.     [Sec  Manati's.] 

MA-NA'TIOX,  n.     [I*  ntanafw,  ftom  mono,  to  flow.] 
The  art  of  issuing  or  flowing  out.     [FJlile  nsed.] 

M.-V-NA'TUS,  n.  fL.  jmiMM5,hand.]  Tlie  name  given 
by  Cuvier  to  a  genus  of  herbivorous  cetacea,  includ- 
ing the  species  usually  callLMl  sea-cows.  They  were 
BO  named  on  account  of  the  slight  hand-like  form  of 
thefr  swimming  paws.  There  are  two  species  of 
Manatus  in  South  America  and  one  in  Africa;  they 
inhabit  the  mouths  of  the  great  rivers,  and  browse 
on  the  herbage  that  clothes  the  banks.  Brande. 


MAN 

M.\NC11E,  (mAnsh,)  m     { Fr.]     A  sleeve. 

MAN'CHET,  7u  A  small  loaf  of  fine  bread.  [JVoi 
ti5Pf/.1  Bacon. 

MANCIM-NEEL',  a.     [L.  maneanitta.] 

A  lofty  tree  of  the  West  Indies,  the  Hipptimane 
Mancinella,  so  called  from  its  effect  on  horses  who 
eat  of  it.  It  ia  undoubtedly  a  dangerous  plant,  but 
its  [misonous  effects  have  been  e.xacgerated.  lis  in- 
spissated juice  is  used  in  medicine  as  a  substitute 
for  the  resin  of  Guaiacumor  lignum-vilie.  The  wood 
is  valuable  for  cabinet  work,  btjing  beautifully  veined 
with  brown  and  white,  and  capable  of  receiving  a 
high  polish.  Partinsrton.     Encyc. 

MAN'CI-PATE,  r.  f.     [I.,  maneipo,  from  mariecpSyman- 
cipium;  manu  eapio,  to  take  with  the  hand.] 
To  enslave  ;  to  bind  :  to  restrict.     [Little  used.] 

Hale, 

M.-VN-CI-P.A'TION,  n.  Slavery;  involuntary  servi- 
tude.    [Liale  used.]  .fv/ituon. 

MAN'CI-PLE,  «.     [L.  manceps  ;  manu  capio,  supra.] 
A  stewird  ;  an  undertaker ;   a  purveyor,  [lariicu- 
larly  of  a  College.  Johnson. 

JlLlA'-DJi'MUS,  n.  [h.  mando.  to  command  ;  manda- 
mus, we  command.  The  primary  sense,  is  to  send.] 
In  /cw,  a  command  or  writ,  issuing  from  the  King's 
Bench  in  England,  and  in  America  from  some  of 
the  higher  courts,  directed  to  any  person,  corjiora- 
tion,  or  inferior  court,  requiring  tliem  to  do  stuiie 
act  therein  specified,  which  appertains  to  their  office 
and  duly  ;  as  to  admit  or  restore  a  person  to  an  otfice 
or  franchise,  or  to  an  academical  degree,  or  to  de- 
liver papers,  annex  a  seal  to  a  paper,  &c. 

Biackstone. 

MAX-DA-RtN',  (man-du-reen',)  n.  [Port,  mandarimy 
from  mandar,  L.  mando,  to  command.  This  is  a 
Portuguese  word.  The  Chinese  name  of  this  officer 
is  qnan.     jyfalcom.] 

In  CAi/ia,  a  magistrate  or  governor  of  a  province  ; 
nlsii,  the  court  language  of  China. 

MAN'DA-T.\-RY,  (    n.     [Fr.  mandataire,  from  L.  ma»- 

MAN'DA-'rO-KV,  )       do,  to  roinmaud.l 

J.  A  person  to  whom  the  iHipe  has  by  his  prerogu- 
Uvt;  given  a  mandate  or  order  for  his  benefice. 

2.  One  to  whom  n  command  or  charge  is  given. 

3.  In  laiP,  one  who  umicrtakes,  without  a  recom- 
pense, to  do  some  act  tiir  anotiier  in  respect  to  the 
thing  bailed  to  him.  Kent. 

MAN'DATE,  n.     f  L.  mando,  to  command.] 

1.  A  command;  an  order,  precept,  or  injunction  ; 
a  commission. 

Tliii  dreitm  all-powerful  Juno  sends;  1  bear 

Her  mig-lily  mandaU;  and  lier  wonli  yuu  licar.  Dryden. 

2.  In  canon  law,  a  rescript  of  the  pope,  commaud- 
ing  an  ordinary  collator  to  put  the  perscm  therein 
named  in  [wssession  of  the  first  vacant  benefice  iu 
his  collation.  Encyc. 

MAN-DA'TOR,  n.     [U]     A  director.  Jlyliffe. 

MAN'DA-TO-RY,  a.  Containmg  a  command  ;  pre- 
ceptive ;  directory. 

MAN'DI-BLE,  n.  [L.  manrfo,  to  chew;  W.  manf,  a 
jaw,  that  which  shuts.] 

The  jaw.  In  loHlosVi  applied  to  the  lower  jaw  of 
mammals,  lo  f)oth  jaws  of  birds,  and  to  the  upper  or 
anterior  pair  of  jaws  in  insects.  Brande. 

MAN-DIB'lJ-LAR,  a.     Belonging  to  the  jaw. 

Oayton. 

MAN-DTB'TJ-LATE,     \  a.     Provided    with    fnandi- 

MAN-DIB'lJ-LA-TED,  \      bles,  as  many  insects, 

MAN'DIL  n.  [Fr.  mandUle,  fxom  the  root  of  Tnawf/c  ,• 
W.  mant.] 

A  sort  of  mantle.     [JVof  in  Mse.] 

MAN-DIL'ION,  (man-dil'yun,)  a.  [!    . 
coat ;  a  loose  garment.  Ainswortk. 

MAN'DI-OC.  n.     The  same  as  Maptioc,  which  see. 

MAN'DLE-ST6XE,n.   [O.  mandeistem,  almond-stone.] 
Kernel-stone  ;    almond-stone,  called  also  amyirda- 
loid ;  a  name  given  to  stones  or  rocks  which  have 
kernels  enveloped  in  paste.  Diet.  J^nt.  Hift. 

MAND'MENT,  for  CoMMAifOMENT,  is  not  in  use, 

MAX'f)0-LIx\,  V.     [It.  mandola.] 
A  ciihern  or  liarp.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

MAN'DORE,  n.    A  khid  of  four-slringed  bite. 

P.  C>/c. 

MAN-DRAG'0-RA,  7i.  The  mandrake  ;  a  puwerful 
soporific.  S/i.k. 

MAN'DRAKE,  n.  [Jj.  mandragoras ;  It.  vtandratTula  ; 
Fr.  mandragore.  Said  to  be  conii>ounded  of  p  ivdoa, 
relating  to  cattle,  and  ayapui,  hurtful.] 

A  plant.  The  popular  name  of  the  several  species 
of  the  geuus  Mandracora,  one  of  which  grows  in 
Switzerland,  one  in  the  south  of  Europe,  and  one  in 
the  Levant.  In  medicine  they  are  narcotics.  The 
mandrake  of  Scripture  (Hudaim)  was  quite  a  differ- 
ent article ;  but  what  it  was  is  uncertain. 

MAN'DREL,  n.  An  instrument  for  confinity:  in  the 
lathe  the  substance  to  be  turned,  Jfoiov. 

MAN'DRILL,  b,  A  fierce  and  powerful  African 
baboon,  often  called  the  ribbed-nose  baboon  :  the 
Papin  mormon  of  Geoffroy.  Jardine. 

MAN'DU-CA-BLE,  a.  That  can  be  chewed  ;  fit  to 
be  eaten.  Ilrrbert. 

MAN'OU-CaTE,  v.  t.  [h.  mando,  whence  Fr.  man- 
ner.]   To  chew. 


Herbert. 
[Supra.]  A  soldier's 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  \VIL\T.  — METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WyLF,  BygK.  — 


MAN 

MAX'Dr-€A-TEO,  pp.     Chewed. 

MAN'lU'eA-TI.NG,  ppr.  Chewing;  ermding  with 
Ihe  lecth. 

M  A.\-I)U  €a'TION,ii.    The  actofchewing  or  eating. 

MAN'DU-eA-TO-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  employed 
in  chewing. 

MA\£,  It.  [D.  moan,  mane  and  moon;  G.  mdnhe; 
Sw.  man  or  rnahn  i  Dan.  man ;  probably  from  extend- 
ing, like  man.] 

'Ihe  hair  growing  on  the  upper  side  of  the  neck 
of  a  horse  or  other  animal,  usually  hanging  down  on 
one  side. 

MAN'-i-:AT-ER,  it.  A  human  being  that  feeds  on  hu- 
man flesh  ;  a  cannibal ;  an  anthropophagite. 

MAN'/:n,  a.     Having  a  mane. 

MA-XEOE',  (nia-nazhe'  or  man'ej,)  »i.  [Fr.]  The  art 
of  hor:jeni:in:^hi|),  or  of  training  horses.        Bramlc 

3.  A  school  for  teaching  hurseinan^^hip,  and  fur 
training  hurses. 

MA-\f:'Kr-AL.     See  MArsoRiAL. 

MA'NkS,  (ma'nez,)  n,  pL    [L.]    The  ghost,  shade,  or 
soul,  of  a  deceased  person  ;  and  among  die  ancient 
pagans,  the  infi^rnal  deitie;^. 
2.  The  remains  of  tlie  dead. 

Hail,  O  ye  hoiymaTt^il  Dryden. 

MA-?fEr'VER,    I   n.     [Fr.manirurre ;  tnam,L.maHiw, 
MA-NCEC'VRE,  i       the  hand,  and   (rurre,  work,  L. 
opera,] 

1.  Management ;  dextrous  movement,  particulariy 
in  an  army  or  navy  ;  any  evolution,  movement,  or 
change  of  position  among  companies,  battalions, 
regiments,  ship;*,  i,c.,  for  the  purpose  of  distribu- 
ting the  forces  in  the  best  manner  to  meet  the 
enemy. 

2.  Management  with  address  or  artful  design. 
MA-\EC'VER,    i   V.  i.    To  move  or  change  positions 
MA-NCEC'VRE,  j       atnong  troops  or  ships,  for  the 

purpwe  of  advantageous  attack  or  defense  ;   or  in 
military  exercise,  fur  the  purpose  of  discipline. 

3.  To  manage  with  address  or  art. 
MA-\EC'\'ER,    i   r.  f.     To  change  (he  positions   of 
MA-\(F.C'VRE,  i       troops  or  ships. 
MA.\EC'VER-£D,  ^  .,         .. 
MA-.VfEO'VRf:!),    i  PP-     *^*ovc*l  '"  position. 

MA  NErV'ER-ER,  «.    One  who  maneuvers. 

MA-XEC'VER  I.NG,  i  ppr.     Changing  ihe^osition  or 

MA-N'QKC'VRING,  (  order  for  advantageous  at- 
tack or  defense. 

MAX'F^'L,  fl.    [man  and  full.]    Having  the  spirit  of  a 
man  ;  bold  ;  brave  ;  courageous. 
2.  Noble ;  honorable. 

M.\.\'FJ;L-!,Y»  adv.  Bitldly  ;  courageously ;  honorably. 

MA\'FJ^'L-.\ESS,  It.     BuidneRs;  coiirageousness. 

MA.\"GA-BY,  rt.  The  white-eyed  numkey  ;  a  name 
of  two  speciea  of  African  monkeys  of  the  genus 
Cercocebus,  having  the  tail  longer  than  the  body. 

Jardinc, 

M.AN"GA-N.\TE,         (  n.  A  compound  of  mangnnesic 

MAN"GA-\r.'SATE,  (      acid,  wuh  a  base. 

MAN*"GA-\KtiE',  n.  A  nntal  of  a  dusky  white,  or 
whilivh-griy  color,  very  hard  and  difficult  to  fuse. 
It  never  occurs  as  a  natural  production  in  a  metallic 
ftrite.  The  substance  usually  so  caUed  is  an  oxyd  of 
.._.  ^^^     Henry. 

'rtiining  lo  manganese; 
consisting  of  it  or  partaking  of  its  qualities.  SnjbcrU 
MAN"GA-Ne'SOUS,  a.    M.incane^ou.i  acid  is  an  acid 

Willi  less  oxygen  than  mancnnesic  acid.        Henry. 
MAi\-GA\'ie,  j   fl.    Obtained  from  niangane^ie  ; 

MAN""GA-XE'Sie,  (       OS,  the  manganesic  acid. 

Henry. 
MA\"CA-NITE,  n.    One  of  the  ores  of  manganese  ; 

call'd  iilso  irray  mantranest.  ore. 
MANG'eOR.X,  n.     [Sax.  mengan^  to  mix,  and  corn.] 
A  mixture  of  wheat  and  rye,  or  other  species  of 
[-Vwr  kjcJ  in  America.]  [grain. 

.MA.NGE,  n.     [Fr.  vmnseaLon,] 

Th»^  scab  or  itrh  in  cattle,  dng<i,  and  other  beasts. 
MA.\"GKL-VVUR'Z£L,    (mang'gl-wur'zl,)    n.      [O. 
mangfl,  w.tnt,  and  lounr/,  root.] 

The  root  of  scarcity,  a  plant  of  the  beet   kind, 
Beta  Cvcla. 
MAX'OER,  n.     [Fr.  manffeoire,  from  manger^  to  eat,  L. 
mando.  ] 

I.  A  IrongJi  or  box  in  which  fodder  Is  laid  for 
rattle,  or  the  place  in  which  horsvii  and  cattle  are 
fed. 

a.  In  shipa  of  tear,  a  space  across  ilie  deck,  within 
the  haw»e-holes,  sepnrated  from  the  after  part  of  the 
deck,  to  prevent  the  water  whirb  cnteni  the  hawse- 
hole?*  frcrni  running  over  the  dr<  k. 
MA\'CER-R6ARD.  n.  The  bulk-head  on  a  ship's 
dt-ck  that  separates  the  manger  from  the  other  part 
of  thf  d'-rk.  ^fa^.  DicL 

MA.\'Ci-\E8S,  n.     [from  mangy.']      Scabbincss ;  in- 
fection of  the  mange. 
MAN"GLE,  (mang'gt,)  r.  (.     [D.  mavgelen,  G.  i7io«- 
geln,  to  wrint.     Uu.j 

1.  To  cut  with  A  dull  instrument  and  tear,  or  to 
U-ar  in  cutting  ;  to  cut  in  a  bungling  manner  ;  ap- 
plied chiefly  to  the,  cutting  nf  fif.th. 

Aod,  •ri«»i  wiU>  fair,  forfot  hi*  mangled  tn-M,  Dryttn, 

2.  To  curtail ;  to  take  by  piecemeal. 


MAN 


MAN 


\^" "^  "-««..j 

manganese,  but  not  pure. 
MAN'G.VNk'SIAX,  a.      Pert 


MAN"GLE,  (mang'gl,)  n.  [Dan.  mangle;  G.  mange; 
D.  mangel  ;  from  L.  vtango.] 

1.  A  rulling-press  or  email  calender  for  smoothing 
linen. 

2.  A  name  of  the  mangrove,  which  see. 
MAW'GLE,  r.  t.    To  smooth  linen  with  a  mangle. 
MAN"GL£D,  pp.  or  a.    Torn  in  cutting ;  smoothed 

with  a  mangle. 
MA,\"GLER,  (mang'glcr,)  ?i.  -  One  who  tears  in  cut- 
ting; one  who  uses  a  mangle. 
MAN"GLING,  ppr.    Lacerating  in  the  act  of  cutting; 
tearing. 
2.  s?moothingwith  a  mangle. 
MAN"GLING,  h.    The  act  of  cutting  and  lacerating, 
or  tearing. 

2.  The  act  or  business  of  smoothing  linen  with  a 
mangle. 
MA\"GO,  (mang'co,)  n.  The  fruit  of  the  mango- 
tree,  a  native  of  the  East  Indies,  of  the  genus  Man- 
gifera.  It  is  brought  to  us  only  when  pickled. 
Hence,  manga  is  the  green  fruit  of  the  tree  pickled. 
2.  A  green  muskmelon  pickled.  [Encuc, 

MAN"GO-FISH,  n.  A  fish  of  the  Ganges,  (the  Poly- 
nemus  Risua  of  Ilumilton,)  about  fifteen  inches 
long,  and  highly  esteemed  for  food.  It  appears  about 
the  same  time  with  tlie  mango,  and  hence  the 
name.  p.  Cyc 

MAiV"GO-NEL,  (mang'go-nel,)  n.     [Fr.  mangoueau.] 
An  engine  formerly  used  for  thro\\ing  stones  and 
battering  walls. 
MAK"GO-NI8M,  n.    The  art  of  setting  off  lo  advan- 
tage.    [Obs.] 
WAN"GO-NIZE,  V.  u    To  polish  for  setting  off  to  ad- 
vantage.    \Obs.]  B.JoHson. 
MAN"GO-STAN,     )  n.     A  tree  of  the  East  Indies,  of 
MAiVGO-STEEN,  i      the  genus  Garcinia,  su  called 
from  Dr.  Garcin,  who  dt-scribed  it.     The  tree  grows 
to  the  hight  of  18  feet,  and  bears  fruit  called  also 
Mangosieen,  of  the  size  of  a  small  apple,  the  pulp 
of  which  is  very  delicious  food.    P.  Cue    Malcom. 
MA.V'GRCVE,  (mang'grove,)  n.     A   tree  of  the  East 
and   West  Indies,  of  the  genus  Rhizophora.     The 
common  or  black  mangrove,  or  mangle,  and  also 
others  of  the  genus,  are  found  all  along  the  shores  of 
the  tropics,  rooting  in  the  mud,  and   forming  dense 
forests  even  at  the  verge  of  the  ocean,  and  below 
high-water  mark.    The  seeds  germinate  even  while 
attached  lo  the  branches.  p.  Cyc 
2.  The  name  of  a  fish.                               Pennant. 
MAN'GY,  a.     [from  mange,]    Scabby;  infected  with 

the  mange.  S}tak. 

MAiV-H.VDEN.     gee  Menhade-*. 
MAN'-HaT-ER,  71.     [man  and  Iiate.]     One  who  hates 

mankind  ;  a  misanthrope. 
MAN'-H6LE,  n.    A  hole  through  which  a  man  may 
creep  into  a  drain,  cess-pool,  or  parts  of  machinery, 
to  clean  or  repair.  Hrbrrt, 

MaX'HOQD,  n.  [man  and  hood.]  The  state  of  one 
who  is  a  man,  ofan  adult  male,  or  one  who  is  ad- 
vanced beyond  puberty,  boyhood,  or  childhood ; 
virility. 

2.  Virility,  as  opposed  to  Womawhood.    Dnjden, 

3.  Human  nature  ;  its,  the  manhood  of  Christ. 

4.  The  qualities  of  a  man;  courage;  bravery; 
resolution.     [LiltUused.]  Sidney. 

MA\'-Ht'NT-ER,  n.     A  hunter  of  men. 

MAX'-KUNT-ING,  n.     The  hunting  of  men. 

MA'XI-A,  B,    [L.  and  Gr.J     Madness. 

MA'^ri-A.^  PO'TU,n.  IL.]  Madness  from  drinking  ; 
delirium  tremens, 

MAN'I-A-BLE,  a.  Manageable;  tractable.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Bacon. 

MA'\I-,\C  a.     [Ifc  maniacu.'t.] 

Mad;  raving  with  madness;  raging  with  disor- 
dered intellect.  Gretc. 

MA'Xl-.AG,  lu  A  madman;  one  raving  wilh  mad- 
npt*"-  HJicn^tone. 

MA-XT'Af^_AL,  a.     Affected  with  madness. 

MAX-I  €Hk'AN,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  Manichees. 

.MAN-I-CllK'AN,  (  n.     A  follower  of  Manes,  a  Per- 

MAX'I-CliEE,  (  sian,  who  tried  to  combine  the 
Oriental  philosophy  with  Christianity,  and  main- 
tained Ihat  there  are  two  Kupreme  princi[»leH,  the  one 
good,  the  other  evil,  which  produce  all  the  happiness 
and  calamities  of  the  world.  The  first  principle,  or 
light,  they  held  to  lie  the  author  of  all  gotid  ;  the  sec- 
ond, or  darUnfijt^  the  author  of  all  evil.      Murdoch. 

MAX'ieilE  ISM,  n.  [ijupra.]  The  doctrines  taught, 
or  system  of  principica  maintained  by  the  Mani- 
choes.  Encyc.    Mdner. 

MAX'I  enn-TST,  n.    See  Ma.mciiean. 

MAX'I-GHORD,      \         .„  .  ,      ,       -, 

MAX-I-eORI)'ON,  i  "•     t^'-  »'««'<-■/'«■'/«■".] 

A  musical  insirumenl  in  the  form  of  a  spinet, 
whose  strinc^,  like  ihoxe  of  the  clarichord,  are  cov- 
ered with  little  pieces  of  clirth  to  deaden  and  soften 
their  sounds  ;  whence  it  is  called  the  dunU/  .^inet. 

MAX'I-COX,  n.     A  species  of  nightshade.     [F.neije. 

MAX'I-FEST,  a.  [L.  manifejituii,  Ir.  mcannn,  plain, 
clear;  minighim,  to  make  sin<«>th,  to  polish,  to  ex- 
plain. Clearness  may  be  from  polishing,  or  from 
opening,  expiuiriing,  extending.] 

I.  Plain  ;  o[»<n  ;  clearly  visible  to  the  eye  or  obvi- 
ous lo  Ihe  understanding;  apparent ;  not  obscure  or 


difficult  to  be  seen  or  understwd.    From  the  tesli- 

n»ony,  the  truth  we  conceive  to  be  manife^L 

Thus  mani/eal  to  sirhi  tlie  »(x)  appcarot).  DrwdfiK 

2.  Detected  ;  with  of. 

Caliilho  Uicre  suxxl  ma»\fatt  of  •bame.     [t/niMua/.]    Dryden 
MAN'I-FEST,  n.     An  invoice  of  a  cargo  of  goods,  im- 
ported or  laden  for  export,  to  be  exhibited  at  the  cus- 
tom-house by  the  master  of  the  vessel,  or  Uie  owner 
or  shipper. 
MAN'I-FEST       \n.      [It.  manifesto;    L.  manifesttu^ 
MAN-I-FEST'O,  \      manifest.!  * 

A  public  declaration,  usually  of  a  prince  or  sove- 
reign, showing  his  intentions,  or  proclaiming  his 
opinions  and  motives;  as,  a  man(/W(f«  declaring  the 
purpose  of  a  prince  to  begin  war,  and  explaining  his 
motives.  Addison. 

[Manifesto  only  is  now  used,] 
MAN'I-FEST,  V.  t.     [L.  manifesto.] 

1.  To  reveal ;  lo  make  to  appear ;  to  show  plainly  ; 
to  make  public  ;  lo  disclose  to  the  eye  or  to  the  un- 
derstanding. 

Nothing-  ia  hid  which  shnll  not  b<>  manfffted.  —  Mnrk  ir. 

Ke  lhr\i  lo»eih  m,-  shall  be  lovetl  hv  iny  Fatht-r,  and  1  »1U  \vtt 

him,  and  wiJ!  tnanifeai  raysiilf  to  him.  — Johw  iv. 
Thy  life  did  manifetl  Uiwu  lovVUl  me  iiou  Shak. 

2.  To  display  ;  to  exhibit  more  clearly  to  the  view. 
The  wisdom  of  God  is  manifested  in  the  order  and 
harmony  of  creali<m. 

MAN-I-FEST-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  disclosing 
what  is  secret,  unseen,  or  obscure  ;  discovery  lo  the 
eye  or  to  the  understanding;  the  exhibition  of  any 
thing  by  clear  evidence  ;  display  ;  as,  the  manifesta- 
tion of  God's  power  in  creation,  or  of  his  benevo- 
lence in  redemption. 

The  M^rct  mnnner  in  which  acts  of  mrrcy  ought  tojie  p.-rform«I, 
reqiuiWB  this  public  man^fetUition  of  iheui  ai  the  grvM  Jay. 
AUgrbury. 

MAN'I-FEST-ED,  pp.  or  a.     Rfade  clear ;  disclosed ; 

made  apparent,  obvious,  or  evident. 
MAN-I-FEST'I-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  made  evident. 

SrfliPn. 
5IAN'r-FEST-IXG,  ppr.     Showing  clearly  ;    making 

evident;  disclosing;  displaying.  Bacon. 

MAN'I-FEiST-LY,  adv.     Clearly;  evidently;  plainly; 

in  a  manner  lo  be  clearly  seen  or  understood. 
MAN'I-FEST-NESS,  n.     Clearness  to  the  sight  or 

mind  ;  obviousness. 
MAN-I-FE:sT'0.    See  Manifest. 
MAX'I-FOLD,  a,     [many  and  fuU.]     Of  divers  kinds; 

many  in  number;  numerous;  multiplied. 

O  Lord,  how  mangold  an  thy  worlsa !  —  Ps.  civ. 
t  know  your  mavi/old  irnnsgretsions,  —  Anion  v. 

2.  Exhibited  or  appearing  at  divers  times  or  in  va- 
rious ways  ;  applied  to  word.i  in  the  singular  nnmher  ; 
as,  the  vian^'old  wisdom  of  God,  or  his  manifold 
grace.    Eph.  iii.     1  Pet.  iv. 

WAX'I-FCLD-ED,  a.  Having  many  doublings  or 
complications  ;■  as,  a  manifuldcd  shield.     [A'oi  u,serf.] 

Spenser. 

MAX'I-FoLD-LY,  adv.  In  a  manifold  manner;  in 
many  ways.  Sidney 

MAXa-FOLD-NESS,  n.     MuUiplicity.         Sherwood. 

MA-NIG'LI-OXS,  n.  pi.  In  gunnery,  \wo  handles  on 
the  back  of  a  piece  of  orunance,  after  Uie  German 
way  (tf  casting.  Bailey. 

MAN'I-KIN,  n.     A  little  man.  i}.hak. 

2.  An  artificial,  annlomical  preparation,  made  with 
pasteboard,  plaster,  &.C.,  exhibiting  all  parts  of  the 
human  body. 

MA-XII/KJ,   j  n.     [Sp.  maJtilla,   a   bracelet,   from  L. 

MA-XII.LE  ,  (      mtivusy  Sp.  viano,  the  hand.] 
A  ring  or  bracelet  worn  by  persons  in  Africa. 

Herbert. 

MA-NII/EA  HEMP,  n.  A  fibrous  material,  obtained 
from  the  Musa  trTtdis,  a  plant  allied  to  the  banana, 
growing  in  the  PJiiIip))ine  Isles,  &c.,  from  which  ex- 
cellent ropes  and  cables  are  made.  P.  Cyc 

MA'XI-C>e,     )  Ti.    Names  of  the  tropical  plant,  Jiini- 

MAX'I-IIOG,  >      ph^^,  or  Jatropha  manlkct,  from  which 

MAN'1-ilOT,  J      cassava  and  tapioca  are  prepared. 

M.\N'I-PLE,  n.  [L.  manipulus,  a  handful.  Qu.  1m. 
vuinita  and  the  Teutonic  fall.] 

1.  A  handful. 

2.  A  small  bund  of  soldiers  ;  a  word  applied  only  to 
Roman  troops, 

3.  A  fanon,  or  kind  of  scarf  worn  about  the  left 
nrm  tif  a  Roman  Catholic  priest.  Huok. 

MA-XIP'U-LAR,  a.     Pert:iining  to  the  maniple. 

MA-NIP'li-LATE,  v.  t.  To  treat,  work,  or  upemto 
with  the  hand-;. 

MA-NIP'U-LA-TED,  pp.  Treated  or  operated  with 
the  hands. 

MA-XIP'U-I^A-TrXG,  ppr.    Operating  witli  the  hands. 

MA-NIP-l|-I,A'TION,  n.  [Fr.  id.  ;  It.  manipolazioitr, 
from  manipolare,  to  work  with  the  hand,  from  L. 
manipuhts,  supra.] 

In  general,  work  by  hand  ;  manual  operation  ;  as, 
\n  mining,  ihe  manner  of  digging  ore  ;  in  chrmi.ifry, 
the  operation  of  preparing  subHlances  for  experi- 
ments;  in  pharmacy,  Ihe  preparatimj  of  drugs;  in 
mesmerism,  the  motions  used  to  produce  the  mes- 
meric slate. 


TONE,  BJiLL,  UNrrE.-AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS.-C  aa  K ;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


MAN 

MA-MP'l^-LA-TIVL,  a.  PerUiniDg  to  or  pcrturined 
by  iimnipulatiun. 

MX'N1:»,  «.  The  name  of  a  genus  of  edenmte  mfim- 
luaU,  covered  with  large,  hard,  triangular  scales,  with 
sharp  odg<»s,  and  overlapping  each  other  like  liloa  on 
a  roof  i  otXen  called  acoiy  liiard^.  They  inhabtl  the 
warmest  parta  of  Asia  and  Africa,  and  feed  on  anU, 
&c    The  pangolins  are  included  in  this  genus. 

Braiidf.     E<lin.  Enctfr, 

B4AN'I-TRUN'K,  n.     f  L.  manus,  hand,  and  tmnciis.] 
The  segineiil  of  the  body  of  an  insect  which  Itas 
winics  or  limbs  answering  to  the  fore  legs  of  quad- 
nipetls. 

MAN'-KILL-ER,*.  fwan  and  WI.]  One  who  «lay»  a 
man.  _     . 

MAN'-KfLL-IXG,  a.     Used  to  kill  men.        Dnfden. 

MA.\-Kr\l)',  ».  [wan  and  kind.  This  word  admits 
the  accent  either  on  the  first  or  second  syllnkbld  ;  the 
distinction  of  accent  being  ineonsiderablcj 

1.  The  race  or  species  of  human  beings^ 

'Vbe  projif  r  uudy  e(  mnniiivt  a  man.  Popt. 

9.  A  nule,  or  the  males  of  the  human  race. 

TboM  Afth  aot  lia  with  tMUtUnrf  u  wiUt  woin^itkmd.  — Ler. 
xiiSL 
MAN-KIND',  a.    Resembling  man  in  form,  not  w^>- 

man.  fn^bisher. 

M ANKS,  n.    The  old  language  of  the  Isle  of  Man. 

P.  Oyc. 
MAX'LESS,  «.    [man  and  /«,?.]    Destitute  of  men  ; 

not  mannt^d  ;  as,  a  boat.     [LittSe  used.]  Bacon. 

MAN'LIKE,  a.    Having  the  proper  qualities  of  n  man. 

Sidney. 

2.  Of  man*s  nature.  MUfon. 
MAN'Ll-NESS,  p.     [from  wan/y.]     The  qualities  of  a 

man  ;  dignity  ;  bravery  ;  boldness.  Locke, 

HA.N'LING,  n,     A  little  man.  B,  Jphjoh. 

MAN'LY,  a.    [man  and  lik*.]    Manlike;  becoming  a 

man  ;  firm  ;  brave  ;  undaunted. 

Smrrw  uitl  msn/y,  tumlraed  to  tmLtin 

Tliir  l*ul  o!  lift.  />T(*n. 

SL  Dignified ;  noble ;  ■tatel^. 

Ue  iTMTrs  wiib  bmm^  fnae.  Dryd^n, 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  adult  age  of  man ;  as,  a  awmiy 
voice. 

4.  Not  boyish  or  n-omanisb;  as  a  flMM^  stride.  SJtmk. 
MAN'LY,  M^o.    With  counge  like  a  man. 
MAN'-MIL.'LI-\KR,  a.    A  male  maker  of  millinery. 

MAN'NA,  a.  [Ar.  aLc  Moana,  to  proride  neceflss- 
ries  for  one*a  boosebold,  to  sustain,  to  feed  them ; 

provisions  for  a  joamey.  This  seems 


Xi^ 


to  be  the  true  original  of  ihe  word.  In  Irish,  m^nn 
is  wheal,  bread,  or  f»>od.     Cla*s  Mn,  No.  3.] 

I.  A  substance  miraculously  furnished  as  food  for 
the  l.-'raelitcs  in  their  journey  through  the  wUdeniess 
of  AmI'ia.     Ki.  xvi. 

Jost-plms,  Ant.  B.  iii.  I,  considers  the  Hebrew  word 
13  miia,  ^^  sicnily  trhat.  In  Ct^nf-Tinity  with  this 
idea,  tht.'  StVL'nty  tmnslnic  the  p:issage.  Ex.  xvi.  15, 
Ti  can  ri'-'-i?  whut  isttiis.'  which  rendering  seems 
to  accord  with  the  following  words,  *'  for  they  knew 
not  what  it  wa.<."  And  in  the  Encyclopedia,  tiie 
translators  are  charged  with  making  Moses  fall  into 
a  plain  citniradinion.  .\n.  .Manna.  But  Christ  and 
his  apostlfTH  Confirm  the  common  version:  *' Not  as 
your  fathers  ate  mamta^  and  are  de^id.*'  Johji  vi.  58. 
Hdf.  ix.  4.  And  we  have  other  evidence^  that  the 
present  version  is  correct ;  for  in  the  same  chapter, 
Moses  directed  Aaron  to  *^  take  a  pot  and  put  a 
homer  full  of  mamHa  therein."  Now,  it  would  be 
strange  language  to  say,  put  a  homer  full  of  niof, 
or  ir^  u  iL  8o  also  Ter»e  35:  "  The  children  of 
Israel  ate  manna  forty  vears,'*  &.C  In  both  verses, 
ibe  Hehr'>w  word  w  the  ^am*^  as  in  verse  15. 


2.  In  ■ 

of  the  ;. 
ash,  a  ' 

th 


1.. 


"he  juice  of  a  certain  tree 
J  us  ornus,  or  flowering 
Jiria,  and  oiher  parts  of 
;'.     ii  i>  liiln-r  naturally  concreted, 
lid  purified  by  an.    The  bt*st  manna 
'  c*  or  flakes  of  a  whitiish  or  pale-yel- 
iit,  friable,  and  somewhat  iran^parenL 
'  It  i-*  a  mild  laxative.  Encyc.     H'-oprr. 

MAN'NFO,  pp.    Furnished  with  men;  guarded  with 

m-n ;  f-  rifted. 
M.\N'.\ER,  n.  [  Fr.  isoiii^  .*  ll.maniera;  Pp.nifln/T«,- 
Arm.  ma^vfJl;  D.  and  G.  manirr  ;  Din.  naaetr ;  Bsv:. 
wtaner.  This  word  seems  to  b-  allied  to  Fr.  nwwr, 
Arm.  SWIMS,  to  handle,  from  Fr.  main^  Sp.  and  lU 
■MUM,  Port.  wutm.  L.  Mdtus,  the  hand.] 

1.  rorm  ;  method  ;  way  of  performingorexecuUng. 

Fokl  tbou  Ux  noniMr,  »□  I  Ok  oifam  prcp&n.  Drydtn. 

2.  Custom  ;  habitual  practice. 

Shev  them  thf  manMer  of  Uw  king  tbftt  ihall  wrign  over  them. 

Tim  will  b^  Up>  manngr  of  Uk  kinf.  — 1  Bmin.  viii. 
FauI,  u  hit  manner  wu,  —  Acu  xvin. 

3.  Sort ;  kind. 

Y<>  liib*  mine  u)d  nx,  km]  all  matnmrti bairn. — Lake  tL 

Tlief  ihAll  «7  «:;  manntr  of  trrQ  afuoM  jou  tiOmeij.  —  MnU.  v. 


MAN 

In  this  application,  mannrr  has  the  sense  of  a 
plural  word  ;  nil  surts  or  kinds. 

4.  Certain  degree  or  measure.  It  is  in  a  manner 
done  already. 

Ttie  breul  b  In  »  manner  eommon,  —  1  Said,  zzu 

This  use  may  also  be  sometimes  defined  by  sort  or 
fashion;  as  we  say,  a  thing  is  done  after  a  ^ort  or 
^AitiN,  that  is,  n>)t  well,  fully,  or  perfectly. 

Au^ixintis  dun  in  n  mantur  cuiirnH  the  cli&rge.  Dattr, 

5.  Mien  ;  cast  of  look  ;  mode. 

Air  Bii-J  manner  itre  mon?  «xpr<'uivo  ili&n  wonli.        Cbxrit^a. 

6.  Peculiar  way  or  carriage  ^  dit^tiiict  mode. 

It  enn  h.^rJIy  b^  imagined  huw  prpiil  a  lUirfreiiCfl  wm  In  Ihe 
huator,  (lMpo»iUiiii,  und  ifianner  of  Uk  ariu^  under  l>*ex 
fttid  thJtaad'^r  WkIW.  Clarendon. 

A  RMfi'a  compel/  majr  be  known  by  tu>  mannrr  of  rxnreaklng 
hiinadf.  Sarifl. 

7.  Way  ;  mode  ;  nftAinffs, 

The  iftnptMiMa  of  prtMp^triiuiuuate  UiemarlTec  ftAf r  k  pntle, 
Lut  vrfjr  powenul  manner.  Atter^nf. 

8.  Way  of  service  or  worship. 

Thr  (vxtiuiia  whirh  ihoii  hut  ivinovvd  itnd  placed  In  the  citiei  of 
S.itu«riii,  liiiow  not  the  manner  ol  the  rod  of  the  land,  —'i 
Kiojtt  i-ii. 

9.  Id  painting,  the  particular  habit  of  a  painter  in 
mnnacing  colors,  lights  and  shades.  Encyc 

M.\N'NKll,  V.  t.    To  instruct  in  manners.         Slm/c. 

M.\N'NKR-ISM,  M.  Adherence  to  the  same  manner; 
a  tasteless  uniformity,  reducing  every  tiling  to  the 
same  manner,  without  the  freedom  and  variety  of 
nature.  Edin.  Rev. 

M.\N'NER-IST,  n.  An  artist  who  performs  his  work 
In  one  unvaried  manner.  Ckurchill. 

M.\N'NEIt-LI-NES8,  n.  The  fjuality  of  belnc  civil 
and  respectful  in  behavior;  civility ;  complaisance. 

Hale. 

MAN'NER-LY,  a.  Pecent  in  external  deportment; 
civil ;  respectful ;  complaisant ;  not  rude  or  vulgar. 
Wh&l  thou  ihinkeal  Toet^  nnd  is  nvM  mannerly,  Shak, 

MAN'NER-LY,    ade.      With    civility  ;    respectfully  ; 

without  rudeness.  Shak. 

MAN'NERS,  n.  pL    IVnortment ;  carringo  ;  behavior  ; 

conduct ;  cour^  of  liie  ;  tn  a  moral  sense. 

GvU  oommualcallcn*  ecmTi;>C  {ood  manner;  —  \  Cor,  xv, 

3.  Ceremonious  Iiehavior;  civility;  decent  and  re- 
spectful deportment. 

ttball  wo,  la  our  utpUntioo*  to  ths  irnst  Ool,  Ltk^  that  to  be 
irlifMa,  whirh  the  common  muon  tii  ui-uikinJ  will  not 
ftllow  lo  be  manmeraJ  5'ouiA. 

X  A  bow  or  courtesy ;  as,  malie  your  Manners  ,- 
a  pnpular  use  of  the  nctfrrf. 

HAN'NING,  ppr.  Furjii&hing  with  men;  atrcngth- 
enine  ;  guarding  with  bien. 

M.\N'N'I:?II,  a.  [from  man.]  Having  the  appearance 
of  a  man;  bold;  masculine;  as,  a  manaidh  coun- 
tenance. 

A  wonuui  lmpud;at  ajwl  moitnuA  grown.  Shak, 

MAN'Nt^H-LVjflf/n.  In  (he  manner  of  a  man;  boldly. 

MAN'NTTE,  a.  A  kindof  ciystalliEed  sugar  obtained 
from  manna.  P.  Cye. 

MA-.NCEU'VKE.     See  Maneuver. 

.MAN-Oi'-WAR',  n.  A  governnienl  vessel  employed 
for  the  puriK)s--s  of  war. 

MAN-OF-WAR'-BTRD,  n.  A  large,  black,  tropical 
sea  fowl ;  tlie  frigate  bird;  belonging  to  the  pelican 
fa  mil  v. 

MA.\-6F-WAR'S'-MAN,  n,  A  seaman  belonging  to 
aahip-<»f-war. 

MA-NOM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  itavoSt  rare,  and  fitrpovj 
measure.] 

Au  instrument  for  measuring  the  density  of  the 
air,  or  other  elastic  fluid,  or  rather  its  elastic  force, 
tu  which  the  density  is  supposed  to  be  proportional. 

Brande. 

MAN-O-MET'Rie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  manom- 
•ter ;  made  by  the  manometer. 

MA.N'OR,  w.  [Fr.  manoir^  Arm.  waner,  a  country, 
house,  or  gentleman's  seat ;  W.  macnan^  or  marnator, 
a  manor,  a  itistrict  bounded  by  stones,  from  maen,  a 
stone.  The  word  in  French  and  Arnioric  oigniflcs  a 
house,  a  habitation,  as  well  as  a  manor  ;  and  in  this 
sense,  the  word  would  be  naturally  dcducible  from 
L.  maneoy  to  abide.  But  the  etymology  In  Welsh  is 
no!  imprubably  the  true  one.] 

The  land  belonging  to  a  lord  or  nobleman,  or  so 
much  land  as  a  lord  or  great  personage  formerly  kept 
in  his  own  hands  for  the  use  and  subsistence  of  his 
family.  In  these  days,  a  manor  rather  sicnifies  the 
jurisdiction  and  royally  incorporeal,  than  the  land  or 
site  ;  fi>r  a  man  may  have  a  manor  in  gross,  as  the 
law  terms  it,  that  is,  the  right  and  interest  of  a 
court-baron,  with  the  perquisites  thereto  belonging. 

Cowel, 

MAN'OR-HOUSE,  I  n.     The  hou.se  belonging  to  a 

MAN'OR-SEAT,     j      manor. 

M^  Ne'RI-AL*  1  ^    Pertaining  to  a  manor 

Thcj  h«»e  no  civil  Itb'-rty  ;  their  children  belong  not  to  them, 
but  to  'Jjtir  manorial  lord.  Tooke. 

MAN'O-SeOPE.  ju    The  same  as  Marometce. 


MAN 

MAN'-PLEAS-ER,  n.  [man  and  pleaser.]  One  who 
pleases  men,  or  one  who  tiikes  uncommon  pains  to 
gain  the  f:tvor  of  men.  Swiji, 

MAN'-aUELL-ER,  «.  [»ia«and  queU.]  A  man-kill- 
er ;  a  manslnyer  ;  a  murderer.     [J^ot  ased,]  Carea. 

MAN'SARD-ROOF,n.  [from  its  inventor.]  In  archi- 
tecturcy  the  same  as  Cunn-Roui'',  which  see.   Brande. 

MANSE,  n,     [L.  mantio^  from  maneo,  to  abide.] 

1.  A  house  or  habitation  ;  particularly^^  parsonage 
house. 

A  capital  ntorue  is  the  manor-house  or  lord's  court. 

2.  A  farm. 
MAN'-SERV-ANT,  n.    A  male  servant. 
M.AN'SION,  71.     [L.  mansio^  from  maneo^  to  dwell.] 

1.  Any  place  of  residence  ;  a  house  ;  a  habitation. 
Thy  inantion  wnnts  thee,  Ad&in  ;  Hk.  Mitlon. 
In  my  FaUicr'i  houoe  iire  many  mon«ion«,  ^Joho  xl*. 

2.  The  house  of  the  lord  of  a  manor. 

3.  Residence  ;  abode. 

Th'*ee  porta  near  ourprifiwi  ■Wp, 

And  in  one  gmn  their  tnantion*  keeph  Denham. 

MAN'SION,  r.  i.    To  dwell ;  to  reside.  Mede. 

MAN'SION-A-RV,  a.  Resident;  residentiary;  as, 
mansiojiarif  canons.  Eiteyc 

MAN'SION-HOUSE,  n.  The  house  in  which  one  re- 
sides ;  an  inhabited  house.  Blackstone, 

MAN'SION-K  Y,  n.    A  place  of  residence.    [JVo«  used.] 

Shak. 

MAN'SLAUGH-TER,  (-slaw-ter.)  a.  [man  and  slaugh- 
ter.    See  Sur.] 

1.  In  a  general  arnsf^  the  killing  of  a  man  or  of 
men  ;  destruction  of  the  human  species  ;  murder. 

Jischam, 
S.  In  lav,  the  unlawful  killing  of  a  man  without 
malice,  express  or  implied.  This  may  be  voluntary, 
upon  a  sudden  heal  or  excitement  of  anger  ;  or  in- 
voluntary, but  in  the  commission  of  some  unlawful 
act.  Man,tlau<^htrr  AWXaxs  from  murder  in  not  pro- 
ceeding from  malice  preju-nse  or  deliberate,  which  is 
essential  to  constitnte  murder.  It  differs  from  homi- 
cide excusable,  lieing  done  in  consequence  of  some 
unlawful  act,  whereas  excusable  homicide  happens 
in  consequence  of  misadventure.  Bluckstone. 

MAN'-S1<AY-ER,  n.     One  that  has  slain  a  human  be- 
ing.    The  Israelites  had  cities  of  refuge  for  man-sloy- 
ers.         • 
MAN'-STkAL-ER,  n.  One  who  steals  and  sells  men. 
MAN'-STkAL-ING,  n.    The  act  of  stealing  a  human 

being. 
MAN'SUkTE,  (man'Hweet,)  a.     [L.  mansmtas,] 

Tame;  gentle;  not  wild  or  ferocious.  [Little  itsed,] 

Ray. 
MAN'SUE-TUDE,  (man'swe-tude,)  b,    [L.  mansue- 
tudv.] 
Tameness;  mildness;  gentleness,  HerberL 

.MAN'TA,  n.     [Sp,  manta,  a  blanket.] 

A  flat  fish  iliat  is  verv  troublesome  to  pcarl-flshers. 
MAN'T/;L,     See  Mantle.  [Encyc. 

.MAN'TELtET,  (  R.     [dim.  of  mantle.]     A  small  cloak 
MANT'IjET,      \      worn  by  women.  Johnson. 

2.  In  fortijicutioji,  a  kind  of  movable  parnjiet  or 
penthouse,  made  of  planks,  nailed  one  over  another 
to  the  high',  lif  almost  six  feet,  cased  with  tin  and 
set  on  wheeis.  In  a  siege,  this  is  driven  before  pi- 
oneers, to  prui.ect  them  from  the  enemy's  small  shot. 

If  arris. 
MA\T'I-GER,ntliPr  Mam'i-chor, or  MArtr't-coR,  n. 
[L.  manticura,  mantichora,  Gr,  ftavTi\iopni,] 
A  large  monkey  or  baboim.  AroutknoU 

MAN-TI8'SA,  TI.  A  term  applied  to  the  decimal  part 
of  a  logarithm,  as  distinpuis^hed  from  the  integral  jMirt 
or  ctuirar.teristic.  Brande. 

M.VN'TLE,  n.  [Sax.  mamtel,  mentd;  IL  and  Sp.  man- 
to?  G.  and  D.  mantel;  W.  mantell.  Qu.  Gr.  pKivAvfy 
ftaiivaiya  clouk,  from  the  Persic.  In  W.mant  ia 
that  which  shuts.] 

1.  A  kind  of  cloak  or  loose  garment  to  be  worn 
over  other  garments. 

The  hendd  and  children  are  clothed  with  tnanlJet  ofiatin. 

Bacon, 

9.  A  cover. 

Wcli  covered  with  the  night's  hlicli  manHe.  Shak. 

3.  A  cover ;  that  which  conceals ;  as,  the  mantU 
of  charily. 

4.  In  vudacalogy^  the  external  fold  of  the  skin  of  a 
mollusk,  Brande. 

MAN'TLE,  r.  £.  .  To  cloak  ;  to  cover  ;  to  disguise. 


So  the  riling  v:nvM 
B<~^n  to  cHhjk  the  ignonxnl  tunica,  Uiul  maniU 
Their  cli-arcr  reuoa. 


Shak. 


aL\N'TLE,  V.  i.    To  expand  ;  to  spread 

The  »wan,  wiih  arched  neck 
Between  hi;r  while  wing»  manUing,  row* 
tier  «ute  with  oarj  fecL  Ardttm. 

2.  To  joy ;  to  revel.  Johnson. 

My  frai!  fancy,  fed  with  full  d.-IiehU, 

Doth  bathe  in  bliw,  and  mant!elh  motl  at  e«*e.        Spenser. 

[Q.\i.  is  not  the  sense,  to  be  covered  or  wrapped,  to 
rest  collected  and  secure  ?] 

3.  To  be  expanded  ;  to  Be  spread  or  extended. 

He  giwe  the  mantling  vine  to  grow, 

A  trophy  to  hi*  lute.  /Vitton. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT M£TE,  PRgV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


,  n.     [It.]     A  robe  ;  a  cloak.  RieaM. 

L'O-GY,  «.     [Gr.    /Kivrrtii,  divinatioH,  and 


MAN 

4.  To  gatiier  over  and  form  a  cover  j  to  collect  on 
the  surface^  as  a  covering. 

Tnere  ii  ■  •on  of  ni* i»,  whu»^  rianft^ 

Do  cream  aitil  matuU  like  a  ■lamlm^  poDil.  Shak. 

And  the  bnin  daitc^  to  che  JTtaitilitig  [x>m1.  Pope. 

5.  To  rush  to  the  face  and  cover  it  with  a  crimson 
color. 

When  manning  blood 
Flowed  in  bit  loYcly  cli«eka.  Smith, 

[Fermentation  cannot  be  deduced  from  inantling, 
othfTwise  than  as  a  secondary  senst-.j 
MAN'TLE,        ^       )  «.     The  piece  of  tinilx^r  or  stone 
MA.N'TLE-TREE,  (      in   front   nf  a  chimney,  over 
the  firei^ace,  resting  on  tlie  jambs.  Encijc. 

[This  word,  according  to  Johnson,  signifies  the 
work  over  the  fireplace,  which    we  cail  a  mantle- 
pifre.] 
M  AN'TLED,  pp.  or  o.     Covered  with  a  mantle. 
MAN'TLE-PIkCE,   ;  71.     The  work  over  a  fireplace, 
MAN  TLE-SHELF,  (      in  front  uf  the  chimney. 
MAN'TLhNG,  n.    In  fierahinj,  the  refirescntation  of  a 

mantle,  or  the  drapery  of  a  coat  of  arms. 
JIAX'TLING, ;;;»-.  or  a.  Cloaking  ;  covering;  extend- 
in  s 
MAX'TO, 
MAN-TOL 
Xo)   ?,  ditcourse.^ 

The  act  or  art  of  divination  or  prophesying.    [Lit- 
tie  u-ied.] 
JIAiN'TU-A,  (man'tu-a  (w  man'tn,)  n.     [Fr.manUau. 
See  .Ma:«tlk.] 

A  ladvN  jrown.  Pope. 

MAN'TU'A-MaK'ER,  (man'ta-mak'er,)  n.    One  who 

make*]  gowns  fnr  ludies.  Jtdilison, 

SIA\'1J-AL,  0.  [h.  manuiilis,  from  man tu,  the  hand, 
W.  man.] 

1.  Perrormed  by  the  hand  ;  as,  manual  labor  or 
operation. 

2.  Used  or  made  by  the  hand ;  as,  a  deed  under 
the  kinc^s  sign  manual. 

MA.N'U-AL,  n.  A  small  book,  anrh  as  may  be  carried 
in  the  hand,  or  conveniently  handled  j  as,  a  mnnual 
of  laws.  /f(t!e. 

9.  The  service  book  of  the  Roman  Catholic  church. 

Still  lit  ^JleeL 
.Vanuat  rrtrciae  ;  in  the  military  art,  the  exerri!»e  by 
which  soldiers  are  taught  the  use  of  their  muskets 
and  other  arms. 
MAN'IT.AULY,  adv.     By  hand 
MA.\'tj-A-RY,  a.    Done  by  the  hand.     [JVot  usrtK] 

Fothrrbu. 
MA'NO'BI-AL,    a,      [l>.    manvbiaUg^  from    manubiaj 
spoils.  ] 
B('h>neing  to  spoils ;  taken  in  war.    [I.ittir  used.'] 
MAN-U-DUe'TION,  n,     [L.  manui,  hand,  and  ductu), 
a  leadinc] 

Guidance  hv  the  hand.  OlanriUe.     South. 

MA\-I'-Dre'TOR,  n.  [L.  maniLs,  hand, and  ductor. 
a  leadrr.J 

An  oThcer  in  the  ancient  church,  who  gave  the 
sipnat  fur  the  choir  to  sing,  who  beat  lime  and  regii- 
Latt-d  the  music.  Kncyc. 

MAN'-(^FAC'TO-RY,    b.     [?ieo  MAM-p^rTiRE.]     A 

htiii^e  or  place  where  goods  arc  mimiifnctured. 
MAN-tI-FA€'TO  RY,  a.    Employed  in  manuftctur- 

ing. 
MA.\-tJ-FAe'Ti;R-AL,  a.    Pertaining  or  relating  to 

manufacturer. 
MAN-U-FAC'TtCRE,     (man-yu  fakt'yur,)    n.      [Fr., 
from  1^  mflnu.4,  hand,  and  fario..  to  m:ike.] 

1.  The  operation  of  making  cloth,  wan*!?,  utensils, 
paper,  books,  and  whatever  is  ined  bv  rnar  ;  the  op- 
cnui/in  of  redtiring  raw  matrrials  ol*  any  kind  into 
a  form  suitable  for  use,  by  the  hands,  by  art,  or  ma- 
chinery. 

9.  Any  thing  made  from  raw  matf^rials  by  the 
hand,  by  machinery,  or  by  art ;  bb,  cloths,  iron  uten- 
sils, shoex,  cabinr*i  work,  saddlery,  and  the  like. 
MA.V-U-FAe'TTIRK,  v.  t.  To  make  or  fahric^ate  from 
raw  matt-riaN,  hy  the  hand,  by  art,  or  machinery, 
and  Work  into  forms  convenient  for  use  ;  as,  to  mait- 
yfactHre  cloth,  nails,  or  glass, 

2.  To  work  raw  materials  into  suitable  forms  for 
nse  ;  as,  to  manufaetyr^  wool,  cotton,  silk,  or  iron. 

MA.NM;  FAC'Tt^RE,  r.  i.    To  be  occupied  in  manu- 

f;ftures,  Bctu-rll. 

MA.N  rT-FA€'TTTR.KD,  pp.  or  a.     Made  from  raw 

mnterials  into  forms  for  usf». 
MAN-r-FAC'TUR-EU,  n.     One  who  works  raw  ma- 
terials into  wares  suitable  for  use. 
9.  One  Who  empl(»ys  workmen  for  manufacturing; 

the  own'-r  of  h  nianufaci<iry. 
MAN-IJ-FAe'Ti;;i-ING,p;»r.  Making  goods  and  wares 

from  raw  materials. 
MAX  t;-FA€'Ti:R-lNG,   a.       Employed    in    making 

gntMis ;  as,  a  ma^^facturins  house,  company,  cstnb- 

iifliment,  or  stale. 
MA\'JI-MISE,  for  Ma;»i.-mit,  is  not  used. 
MA.N-U-MIS'SION,  (-mish'un,)  n.      [L.  manumaaio. 

See  Ma?»i;mit.] 
The  act  <»f  liberating  a  slave  from  bondage,  and 

living  him  freedom.  Jlrhmhnoi. 

HA\-I)-MIT',  V,  t,    [L.  maymmitto  i  manu$^  hand,  and 

mifto,  to  lend. J 


MAN 

Til  relea.sH  from  slavery  ;  to  libenite  from  pergonal 
bondaL'c  or  si-rvitude  ;  to  free,  as  a  slave.     Dnjde.n. 
MAN-r.MIT'TEL),  pp.  or  a.     Released  from  slavery. 
MAX-U-,MIT'TI.\G,  ppr.     Liberating  from  personal 

bondaiie. 
MAN'tJ-MO-TIVE,  a.     [maniu  and  moveo.] 

Movable  by  hand. 
MAN'U-MO-TOH,  n.     A  small  wheel -carriage,  so  con- 
structed that  a  person  sitting  in  it  may  move  it  in 
any  direction  ;  a  carriage  fur  exercise. 
M.\-N*CK.'A-!iLi;,  a.     [from  mamire.]     That  may  be 
cultivated.    This,  though  the  original  sense,  is  rarely 
or  never  used.    The  present  sense  of  manure  would 
give  the  following  signification  : 
9.  That  niav  be  msmured,  or  enriched  hy  manure. 
MA-NCR'ACJE,  n.     Cultivation.  [JSTot  u:sed.\      Warner. 
MA-NCR'ANCE,  ji.    Cultivation.     [AbE  used.] 

Spen.fer. 
MA-NORE',  V.  t.     [Fr.  mana-uvrcr^  but  in  a  different 
sense ;  Norm,  mainoverer,  to  manure ;  main,  L.  ma- 
nus,  hand,  and  onrrcr,  to  work,  L.  operor.] 

I.  To  cultivate  by  manual  labor;  to  till.    Milton. 
[In  tfiL<  ifr.i-fc  not  nmo  itsed.] 

9.  To  apply  to  land  any  fertilizing  matter,  as  dung, 
compost,  ashes,  lime,  firih,  or  any  vegetable  or  ani- 
mal substnnce. 

3.  To  fertilize  ;  to  enrich  with  nutritive  sub- 
stances. 

Th-*  corf*  of  h:iir  her  •OD:tt« 
Manure  (lie  fi*.'lds  of  Thi-s^iily.  Addison. 

MA-NCRE',  n.  Any  matter  which  fertilizes  land  ;  as 
the  Contents  of  slaldes  and  barnyards,  marl,  ashes, 
fish,  salt,  and  every  kind  of  animal  and  vegetable 
substnnce,  applied  to  laud,  or  capable  of  furnishing 
nutriment  to  plants. 

MA-NCR'/."D,  pp.  or  a.  Dressed  or  overspread  with  a 
fertilizing  substance. 

MA-NCRE'.MEMT,  n.  Cultivation  j  improvement. 
[Littlf,  used.]  Warton. 

IMA-NOR'EH,  n.    One  that  manures  land. 

MA-NC'K'ING,  ppr.  Dressing  or  overspreading  land 
with  manure  ;  fertilizing. 

MA-NOR'ING,  ».  A  dressing  or  spread  of  manure  on 
land.  Mitford. 

M.AN'lJ-PeRIPT,  71.  [L.  maiiu  scriptum,  written  with 
tile  hand  ;  Xt.  manuscritto  ;  Fx.  mnnascrit.] 

A  book  or  p;iper  wriiten  with  the  hantl  or  pen. 

MAN'U-i?€RlPT,  a.  Written  with  the  hand;  not 
pnnti'd. 

MAN-U-TEN'EN-CY,  n.    Maintenance.    [JVoi  in  use.] 

Sancrofl. 

MAX'-WOR-SHIP,  (-wnr-shipO  n.  The  worship  of  a 
man  ;  undue  reverence  or  extreme  adulation  and  ob- 
sequiousness (mid  to  a  man. 

M  A'N  Y,  (nien'ny,)  o.  [Sax.  maneg,  maneg,  or  mcnig ; 
D.  menig  ;  G.  mandier ;  Dan.  mange;  Sw.  mange; 
Sax.  menigeo,  a  multitude  ;  Guth.  manags,  many  ; 
managei,  a  multitude;  llMf^s.  mnogci,  many;  mnujuy 
to  multiply.  It  has  no  variation  to  express  degrees 
of  comparison  ;  more  ami  must^  which  are  used  for 
the  comparative  and  superlative  degrees,  are  from  a 
diflerenl  root.] 

1.  Numerous  ;  comprising  a  great  number  of  indi- 
viduals. 

Thoti  sh;>tt  he  k  fMhT  nf  many  nittlona.  — Gcii.  xyS. 

Piot  many  wtae  inrn  nTtiT  lite  0>7»h,  not  nuiny  iiuglity,  not  Toatry 

noljl--,  are  calWl.  —  I  Cor.  1. 
Many  mf  tJi«  atlUaioiis  of  Uie  riglilcoua.  —  P«.  xxxtv. 

It  is  often  preceded  hy  as  or  so,  and  followed  by 
fo,  indicating  an  equal  number,  .^s  many  books  as 
you  take,  so  many  shall  be  charged  to  your  account. 

So  many  Inwi  nrg^ie  to  many  tini.  Aliiton. 

It  is  also  followed  hy  as. 

At  mnny  a«  wen  willinf-hoartrd   brought  bnteclcU.  —  Exod. 

XX  SIT. 

It  precedes  an  or  a  before  a  noun  in  the  singular 
number 

Full  many  a  g»m  ot  jturcit  ray  irTcne,  Gray. 

9.  In  lov)  language,  preceded  hy  too,  it  denotes 
powerful  or  much  ;  as,  they  are  too  many  for  us. 

L^Kstranife. 
MA'NY^  (niPti'ny,)  n.     A  multitude  ;  a  great  number 
of  individuals  ;  the  people. 

O  thuii  fiiDil  many.  Shak. 

Til*  vui^tr  aiiit  Uie  many  tire  (it  only  to  be  Inl  or  ilriven. 

South. 

M.A'NY,  (men'ny,)  n,     [Norm.  Fr.  mrignre.] 
A  retinue  of  servants  ;  household.     [OA.t.] 

Chaucrr. 

MA'NY-CLEFT,  (mcn'ny-kleft,)  a.  Mullifid  ;  having 
manv  fis«nru<<.  JIartij/i. 

MA'NV-eOl.'OR-KD,  (men'ny  kul'urd,)  a.  Having 
many  colors  or  hues.  Pope. 

MA'NV-Cf)R'NER-/:D,  a.  Having  many  corners,  or 
more  than  twelve  ;  pfilygonnl.  Drtiden. 

MA'NY-FL0W'ER-*;D,  a.    Having  many  fl..\vers. 

Martyn^ 

MA'NY-HAIR-/;D,'(mcn'ny-hard,)  a.  Having  many 
hairs. 

MA'NY-IIEAD-ED,fmen'ny-hfd-rd,)a.  Having  many 
heads  ;  as,  a  many-headed  mon&ler ;  many-headed  tyr- 
anny. Dryden. 


MAR 

MA'NY-LAN"GUAC-^D,  (men'ny-lang'gwajd,)  a. 
Having  many  languages.  Ptypc. 

MA'NY-LKAV-£D,  (men'ny  leevd,)  a.  PoIyphyHouB; 
having  many  leaves.  JIartvn. 

MA'NY-LEG  G£D,  (men'ny-legd,)  a.  Having  many 
legs. 

MA'NY-LET'TER-iO),  a.    Having  many  lettenr. 

MA'NY-MASn'ER-ED,  a.     Having  many  masters. 

J.  Barloio. 

MA'NY-PXRT'ED,  a.  Multipartite  ;  divided  into  sev- 
eral parts,  as  a  corol.  Mart'jTu 

MA'NY-PiiO'PLKD,  (men'ny-jfeep'Id,)  a.  Having  a 
numerous  population.  Sandys. 

MA'NY-PET'AL-KD,  a.    Having  many  petals. 

Martyn. 

MA'NY-SID-ED,  a.    Having  many  sides. 

MA'NY-TIMES ;  an  adverbial  phrase.  Often  ;  fre- 
quently. 

MA'NY-TO-V-f:D,  a.     Giving  many  sounds.    Hemana. 

M  A'NY-TRTB-KD,  a.     Consisting  of  many  tribes. 

MA'NY-TWINK'LING,  a.  Variously  twinkling  or 
gleaming.  Gran. 

MA'NY-VALV-iJD,  a.  Multivalvular  ;  having  many 
valves.  Martyn. 

MA'NY-VEIN -ED,  (men'ny-vand,)  a.  Having  many 
veins. 

MA'NY-VOIC-£D,  (men'ny-vo*st,)a.  Having  many 
voices. 

MANX,  n.  A  term  applied  to  the  old  language  of  the 
Isle  of  Man. 

MAP,  V.  [Sp.  vtapa;  Port,  muppa ;  It.  mappamnnda. 
Uu.  L.  mnppa.  a  cloth  or  towel,  n  Punic  word  ;  Rab- 
binic NDO.  Mni>s  may  have  been  originally  drawn 
on  cloth. J 

In  gep^nphy,  a  representation  of  the  surface  of  the 
earth,  or  of  any  part  of  it,  drawn'  on  jKiper  or  other 
material,  exhibiting  the  lines  of  latitude  and  longi- 
tude, and  the  positions  of  countries,  kingdoms,  states, 
mountains,  rivers,  Ac.  A  map  uf  the  earth,  or  of  a 
large  portion  of  it,  comprehends  a  representation  of 
land  and  water;  hut  a  representation  of  a  continent, 
or  any  portion  of  land  only,  is  properly  a  map ;  and 
a  representation  of  the  ocean  only,  or  any  portion  of 
it,  is  called  a  c/uirf.  We  say,  a  map  of  England,  of 
France,  of  Europe  ;  but  a  chart  of  the  Atlantic,  of  the 
Pacific,  &LC.  ^ 

The  term  is  also  applied  to  delineations  of  the 
heavens,  and,  in  geology,  to  delineations  of  the  stra- 
ta on  the  earth's  surface,  &.c. 

MAP,  r.  /.  'i'o  draw  or  delineate,  as  the  figure  of  any 
portion  of  land.  iSAoik. 

MA'PLE,  ?  ro  -  i^  ,j      1 

Ma'PLE-TREE    I  "*     L^^^'  ™^«tfrM,  or  mapulaar,] 
A  tree  of  the  genus  Acer,  of  several  species.     Of 
the  sap  of  the  rock-maple  sugar  is  made  in  America, 
in  great  quantities,  bv  evaporation. 

Ma'PI,E-.sJJG'AR,  (m'a'pl-shug'ar,)  n.  Sugar  tditained 
hy  evaporation  from  the  juice  of  the  rock -maple. 

MAP'P£D,  (mapt,)  pp.  Drawn  or  delineated,  as  the 
figure  of  any  portion  of  land. 

MAP'PER-Y,  n.  [from  map.]  The  art  of  planning 
and  designing  maps.  Shak. 

MAP'PING,  ppr.    Drawing  or  delineating  on  a  map. 

MAP'PIXG,  71.    The  act  or  art  of  drawing  maps. 

MAR,  V.  f.  [Sax.  merran,  mirran,  myrran,  amyrran,  to 
err,  to  deviate,  to  hinder,  to  lose,  scatter,  or  waste, 
to  draw  from  or  mislead,  to  corrupt  or  deprave  ;  Sp. 
marrar,  to  deviate  from  truth  and  justice  ;  marro, 
want,  defect;  Ir.  mearaighim;  Gr.  a^iapTai-M,  (qu. 
Gr.  pnnatvb'i,  L.  marceo  :)  It.  sinarrire^  to  miss,  to 
lose  ;  smarrimrnto,  a  wandering.] 

1.  To  injure  by  cutting  off  a  part,  or  by  wounding 
and  making  defective  ;  as,  to  mar  a  tree  by  incision. 

I  pmy  you  mar  no  more  Uect  by  writing  aonga  in  their  b;irkt. 

Shak. 
Neither  ah^t  thou  mar  Uie  corner*  of  thy  benrd.  —  Lct.  xix, 

9.  To  injure;  to  hurt;  to  Impair  the  strength  or 
purity  of. 

Wlicn  brcweri  mar  their  mull  with  wat^.  Shak. 

3.  To  injure  ;  to  diminish  ;  to  interrupt. 

lint  mirth  ia  marred,  \i\d  the  good  chwr  is  !o«t.  Drydtn. 

4.  To  injure  ;  to  deform;  to  disfigure. 

Ire,  envy,  und  deapuir 
Marred  nit  his  tiormwed  »i«:igv.  Milton, 

hut  ▼in^iT'T  wiu  M  marred  more  than  nny  mnn.  — Ia.  lii. 
Moral  evil  alunc  mart  the  iiUcllectuul  works  ol  GoJ. 

Buckmimttr. 
[  TAw  word  i.i  not  obsolete  in  America.] 
MAR,  n.    An  injury.     [Obs.] 

2.  A  lake.     [See  Mere.] 
MAR'A-€AN,  n.     A  species  of  parrot  in  Brazil. 
MAR'A-eOCK,  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Passiflora. 
MA-RAI',  n.     A  sacred  inclosure  or  temple  among  the 

islanders  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Bradford. 

MAR-A-NX'THA,  n.  [Svriac.l  The  Lord  comes  or 
has  come;  a  word  used  by  the  apostle  Patil  in  ex- 
pressing a  curse.  This  word  was  used  in  anathe- 
matizing persons  for  great  crimes;  as  much  as  to 
say,  "  May  the  Lord  come  quickly  to  take  vengeance 
on  thee  for  thy  crime."  Cutmct. 

MAR'A-NON,  n.  The  proper  name  of  a  river  in  South 
America,  the  largest  in  the  world;  now  more  gen- 
erally called  Amaian.  Qarcilasso. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  qNITE AN"GER,  VI"CI0U9.  — €  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


Gt>3 


MAR 

MAR-AS-€in'NO,  n.  A  dtlicale  spirU  distille*!  fVom 
cherries  ;  the  be»t  is  from  Zara,  and  obtained  from 
the  mara^a  cherry. 

MA-UAS'.ML'S,  «.  [Gr.  jio'-ot^oj,  from  ftapaivu^  to 
cau^r  to  pine  or  waste  away.] 

.Mri'tihy  ;  a  wustin!?  of  t\eAi  without  fi-ver  or  ap- 
parent diseOMt ;  a  kind  of  consumption.  Coze.  Knqfc 

MA-RAUD',  r.  i,  [Fr.  maraud,  a  rascal ;  Eih.  ^^^X^ 
marcda,  to  hurry,  to  run.  The  lleb.  l-io,  to  n'bel, 
may  be  the  same  word  differently  applied.  Class 
Mr,  No.  22.  The  Danish  has  the  word  in  mar«ii«r,a 
rubber  in  war,  a  conwir.  So  C4trsair  is  from  L.  cunmsj 
curro.^ 

To  rove  in  quest  of  plunder ;  to  make  an  excursion 
for  botity  :  to  plunder. 

M.A-R.\Ur»'EK,  n.  A  rover  in  quest  of  booty  or  laun- 
der ;"a  plunderer;  usuall if  applied  to  small  parties  ^ 
golMers. 

MA-RACU'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Roving  In  search  of  plun- 
der. ' 

MA-RAL'D'ING.  n.  A  roving  for  {dunder ;  a  i^under- 
ins  by  invaders. 

MAR-A-V£'DI,  ■.  A  small  copper  coin  of  Spain, 
t^ual  to  three  mills  American  money,  less  tlian  a 
fujUiin?  steriinc. 

UAE'BIaE,  r.  [Fr.  marbrt;  Sp.  marmol;  IL  marmo ; 
L.  ncnwr,-  Gr.  na  h^^.'^^i  white.] 

1.  The  popular  name  of  any  species  of  calcareous 
•lone  or  uiiui-ral,  of  a  comtnrt  texture,  and  of  a 
beautiful  appearance,  su:^ceptible  of  a  givnd  |H>Iii>h. 
The  varieties  are  numerous,  and  greatly  diversified 
in  color.  Marble  is  limu^ttone,  ur  a  mtone  which  may 
be  c;ilcined  tn  lime,  a  carbonate  of  limf  ;  but  timt- 
stone  is  a  mure  generil  name,  comprthendiiis: tlic  cal- 
careou;^  siont--^  of  nn  infi.-rit>r  texture,  as  well  a-^  those 
which  admit  a  fine  iK)li:!ih.  .^larble  is  much  used  for 
■tatues,  busts,  pillars,  chimney-pieces,  monuments, 
AiC. 

2.  A  little  ball  of  marble  or  other  hard  substance, 
used  by  rhildren  in  play. 

3.  A  tttone  remarkable  for  tome  inscription  or 
•culpture. 

Jtnuuld  wtmriUs,       }  marble  pieces  with  a  chron- 
JimnMiam  hmtMo:  {      i^le  of  tlie  city  of  Athens 
inscribed  w  them,  presented  lo  the  University  of 
Oxford  by  Tbiimis  earl  of  .Arundel.  £iuyc 

UAE'BLB,  «.     Made  of  marble ;  as,  a  marbte  pillar. 
SL  Variefated  in  color ;  staint^  or  veined  like  uiar- 
kle  ;  as,  the  wuirble  C4>ver  uf  a  b^tok. 
3.  Hard  ;  inwusiblf  ;  a^,  a  marble  heart. 
MAR'DLG,  r.  t.    I'o  variegate  in  color ;  to  cloud  ;  to 
stain  or  vein  like  marble  j  a^,  to  marbU  the  cover  of 
a  y»ook. 
M.XR'BL/:p,  ^.  or  «.    Diversified  in  color;  veined 

like  marble. 
MAR'RLE-CD<>-f:n,  a.    Ilavinff  the  edftes  marbled. 
MXR'BLE-HEART'ED,  a.     Hiving  a  h.-ari  like  mar- 
ble ;   hard-hearted;  cruel;  in:M-n:«;ble -,  iiicapattlu  of 
being  moved  by  ptty,  love,  or  sympathy.  Shak. 

MAR'BLING,  ppr.     Varie^ting  in  colors  j  cloudmg  or 

veininjE  tike  marble. 
MXK'BLIXG,  M.    The  art  or  practice  of  varie|{ating  in 
color,  in  imitation  of  marble. 

■i.  An  intermixture'  of  Ud  and  lean  in  nteci^  giving 
it  a  marbled  appearance. 
MXR'KLV,  adr.     In  the  manner  of  marble. 
MARC,  n.    The  refuse  matter  which  remains  after  the 
prestiure  of  fruit,  particularly  of  grapt^s. 

Farm,  Encyc, 
[Tor  other  senses,  see  Mark.] 
MARCA-iilTE.  n.     [IL  mareassUa  :  Fr.  marcaxsite,] 
A  name  sometimes  given  to  a  variety  of  iron 
pv  rites,  I7rf. 

MXR-€A-PIT'r€,  rt.    Pertaining  to  raarcasile  ;  of  the 

naturt.*  of  marcasite.  Ene^e. 

M  AR-CAS'SIN,  a.    In  armorial  kearinffs,  a  young  wilti 

boar. 
MAR-<'E:^'CEXT,  «.     [L.  marre-arcns,  marrtseo.l 

Wiih-.'tmz  :  filling,  di-caying. 
MARCIvS'SI-BI.E,  0.    That  may  wither;  liable  to  de- 
cay. 
MXRCH,  n.    [L.  MartitLt,  from  Mttrv^  the  god  of  war.] 

The  third  month  of  the  year. 
MARCH,  r.  t.    To  b<vder  on;  to  be  conti«mnns  tu. 

[06s.\  Obiter. 

MARCH,  e:.u  [Fr.  awrcAer;  Sp.  and  Port,  marchar ; 
G.  MdfMAtrea  ;  It.  wt€reiare,  to  march,  to  pnirefV,  L. 
■MTCM,  Gr.  pnaatifta;  Basque,  mariatn^  to  n>U  Th? 
senses  of  the  Italian  word  unite  in  that  of  pa.s3;ng, 
departing.     See  Mar.] 

i.  To  move  by  steps  and  in  order,  as  sotdiers  ;  to 
move  in  a  military  manner.    We  say,  the  army 
marekedj  (H-  the  troops  mardud, 
'  2.  To  walk  in  a  gnve,  ddibetate,  or  stately  man- 
ner. 

Wb^  cl^in  nsidg  nmj'wty, 

Tbou  martiuat  do«n  o'er  Dckw'  faOk.  Prior. 

MARCH,  V.  L    To  cause  to  move,  as  an  army.    Bona- 
IMtrte  marekfd  an  immense  army  to  Moscow,  but  he 
did  not  MurcA  them  back  to  Fmnce- 
2.  To  cause  to  move  in  order  or  regular  procession. 

Prior. 


MAR 

MARCH,  n.  [Fr.  marche;  It.  marzo  f  D.  mark;  G. 
marsch.] 

1.  The  walk  or  movement  of  soldiers  in  order, 
whether  infantry  or  cavalry.  The  troops  were  fa- 
tigued with  a  long  march. 

2.  A  grave,  deliberate,  or  solemn  walk. 

The  long,  iti:ijmic  wMireA,  Pope. 

X  A  slow  or  laborious  walk.  JSddtson. 

4.  A  signal  to  move ;  a  particular  bent  of  the 
drum.  KnoHes. 

5.  A  piece  of  inustc  designed  for  soldiers  lo  march 
by. 

6.  Movement  ;  pro{»rcssion  ;  advance ;  as,  the 
warch  of  reason  ;  the  inorcA  of  mind. 

MARCII'/:i),    (mirchl.)   pp.      Moved    in  a  military 
manner. 
9.  Caused  to  move,  as  an  nrmy» 
MARCH'ER,  n.    The  lord  or  ofttcer  who  defended  the 

marches  or  l>orders  of  a  territory.  Daviag. 

MARCH'ES,  n.  pi.  [Sax.  MAire .-  Goth,  vtarka;  Fr. 
fHarchfjt ;  D.  mark ;  Ha.'tque,  marrn.  It  is  radiailly 
the  same  word  as  ni'irk  and  tnarrJu] 

Borders,  particularly  the  confines  of  Enciland  on 
the  side  of  Scotland  or  Wales  ;  as,  lord  of  the 
marchf-*.  Eitirland. 

MARf^H'ING,  ppr.  Moving  or  walking  in  order  or  in 
a  slDtrly  manner. 

2.  Fitted  or  accustomed  to  marching;  pertaining 
to  a  march  ;  as,  marchins  order. 
MARCHING,  n.      Military  movement;    passage   of 

troops. 

MARTHI0N-ES9,  (mlr'shun-ess,)  n.    The  wife  or 

widmv  of  a  marquis;  or  a  female  having  the  rank 

and  disrnity  of  a  manpiis  SpeJmait. 

MARCH'P.^N'E,  a.     f  Er.  magsepatn;  L.  panis^  bread.] 

A  kind  of  sweet  bread  or  biscuit.     [ATwt  used.] 

Sidney. 
MAR'Cro,  a.     [L.  marcidis^  from  mareeo,  to  pine.] 

Pininff  :  wasted  awav;  lean;  withered.  Drtidcn. 
MAR'CIOiT-ri'E,  a.  A  f.dlower  of  Marclon,  a  Gnos- 
tic oQ^tho  second  century,  who  adnptt/d  the  Oriental 
notion  of  the  two  conttitting  principles,  and  imag- 
ined that  bet%veiin  them  there  existed  n  thinl  power, 
neither  wholly  go<td  nor  evil,  the  Creator  uf  the 
World,  and  the  God  of  the  Jewish  dLsp:;n»ntion. 

Brandc. 
MAR'COR,  n.    [L.J    The  sl.ate  of  wiiherin-:  or  wast- 
ing ;  leanness;  waste  of  tlcsh.     [Litde  uned.] 

JUrvey, 
MARE,  ».     [Pax.  mym  ;  G.  mahrr.} 

1.  The  female  of  the  hunw,  or  equine  genus  of 
quadnipeds. 

2.  [Sax.  mara,  D.  m^rrie,  the  name  of  a  spirit  imag- 
ined by  the  nations  of  the  north  of  Europe  lo  torment 
persons  in  Kleegt.]  In  mrdicine^  sighing,  suffocative 
panting,  intercepted  utterance,  with  a  sense  of  pres- 
sure across  the  chi'st,  occurring  during  sleep;  the 
inrubus.  [It  is  now  ti-si-d  only  in  the  compound, 
Sir.HTM^RE,  which  ought  lo  be  wrillen  NiciiTMAa.] 

MAKE'S  .VE.ST,  a.  A  (>erson  .s  said  to  tind  a  marat- 
nr^t  when  he  chuckles  over  th**  discovery  of  some- 
thinu  ^thich  is  absurdly  ridiculi.its.  Orose.. 

MARE'S  TXII.,  n.    A  nam.?  given  by  seamen  to  long, 
streaky  clouds,  spreading  out  like  u  horse's  tail,  and 
indicating  rain. 
2.  An  aquatic  plant  of  the  genus  Hippuris. 

Loudnn, 
MA-Rk'NA,  n.  A  kind  of  fish  somewhat  like  a  pil- 
chard. 
MXRE'SCHAI^,  (m  Ir'shal,)  n.  [Fr.  mar$chal ;  D.  and 
G.  marsehalk ;  Dan.  mttr.-ikatky  comjhised  of  W.  Tfwrc, 
a  hurse,  and  the  Teutonic  scalk  or  skalk^  achalk^  a 
servanL  1'his  word  is  now  written  .MAitiHAi.,  which 
see.] 

The  chief  commander  of  an  armv.  Prior. 

MAR'GA-KATE,  n.  [L.  mar^aritu,  a  pearl,  from  the 
Greek.] 

In  chemistrjfj  a  compound  of  margaric  acid  with  a 

ha«<', 

MAR-GAR'ICa,     [Supra.]    Prr!ainingto  pearl.     The 

■Margaric  acid  IS  obtained  by  digesting  soap  in  water 

with  an  acid.    It  appears  in  the  form  of  pearly  scales. 

Silliman, 
MXR'GA-RIX,     \  n.     A  peculiar,  penrl-like  substance, 
MAU'GA-RIXE,  (      extracted  from  hog's  lard. 

sun  man. 

:.l.\R'GA-RrrE,  M.     a  pearl.  Penchant. 

2.  -A  mineral  of  a  grayish-white  color,  allied   to 

mica,  f'rtind  in  Tvr»l.  Dana. 

MAR-GA-RIT'IC  ACID,  n.     One   of  the  fatty  acids 

whicli  result  from  the  saponification  of  castor  oil. 

Bra>'.dr.. 

MXR'GA-ROXE,  n.     A  peculiar  fatty  substance,  cry»- 

tttlizing  in  pearly  scales,  pri>diired  by  the  d.stillati'on 

of  a  mixture  of  inarearic  acid  and  quicklime.  Brandt. 

MXR-GA-TIF'EU-<H;S,  a.     Producing  pearls. 

MAR'GAY,  n.     A  Brazilian  animal  of  the  cat  kind, 

the  Felis  Mareay. 
MX  R'C  I  -V,  n.  [formerly  margt  or  mar^'ent.  Fr.  martre  f 
Arm.  mar:;  It.  maririrtc ;  Sp.  umrrren  :  L.  marjro  ; 
Dan.  marj.  It  coincides  in  elements  with  marches.) 
I.  A  border  ;  edge  ;  brink  ;  verge  ;  as,  the  Tnarffin 
of  a  river  or  lake. 


MAR 

2.  The  edge  of  the  leaf  or  page  of  a  book,  left 
blank  or  filled  willi  notes. 

3.  Th.-  vtUv  of  a  wound. 

4.  In  botanij,  the  edge  of  a  leaf.  Lee 
Maroe    is   used    by   Spenser,  and    Marqewt   by 

Shakspcare. 
MAR'GIN,F.(.    To  furnish  with  a  margin;  loborder 

2,  'I'o  enter  in  the  margin. 
MXR'GIX-.'VL,  a.     Fert:iining  lo  a  margin. 

2.  Written  or  printed  in  the  margin  ;  as,  ^  margin- 
al note  or  gloss. 

MXR'GIX-AL  LV,  ado.    In  the  marein  of  a  book. 

MXU'Gl.NATE,  V.  L  To  make  brims  or  margins. 
[0/^^■.]  Cockeram, 

MXR'GLX-ATE,      »        rr  •  ■  ^ 

MAR'OIN-A-TED,  i*^    [^  tFwrffMo,  wuir^warH^.] 
Il:iving  a  prominent  margin. 

MXR'OlN-i;D,  pp.  Furnished  with  a  margin  ;  entered 
in  the  mar<:in. 

M.KR'GlN-IXG,  ppr.     Furnishing  with  a  margin. 

MXR'GODE,  n.  A  bliiish-iiray  stone,  resembling  clay 
in  e.vtr'riKil  appearance,  but  so  hard  as  to  cut  siiars 
and  zeolites.  JV^urhohnn. 

MXR'GOT,  n.  A  fish  of  the  perch  kind,  found  in  the 
wattTH  of  Carolina.  Pennant. 

MXR'GRAVE,  n.  [D.  mnrksraffi  G.  markgraf;  Dan. 
nuirijratrt- ;  compounded  of  wirtrJt,  march,  a  Imrdcr, 
and  iTfljf,  frraf,  or  grave,  an  earl  or  count.  See  Kkjcve 
and  Shkuifk.] 

Originallxj,  a  lonl  or  keeper  of  the  marches  or  bor- 
ders ;  iMW,  a  title  of  nobility  in  Germany,  &c.  it  is 
equivalejit  to  the  Engli.-h  MABttiis. 

MXR-GRa'VI-ATE,  k.  The  territory  or  jurisdiction 
of  a  margrave. 

MAR'GUA-VIXE,  n.    The  wife  of  a  inartrrave. 

MAR'I-ETS,  n.     A  kind  of  violet ;  Viola  marina. 

MA-RlCi'E-NOUS,  a.  [L.  viare,  the  sea,  utid  ffigno^Xo 
prod  lice,  ] 

Produced  in  or  by  the  sea.  Kirwait. 

.MAR'I  GCLD,  n.  [It  is  called  in  Welsh  gold^  which 
is  said  to  be  from  /roly  going  round  or  covering.  In 
D.  it  is  called  ffoudshlofm,  gold-fiower;  in  G.  rintrel- 
hlum',  ring-fiower;  in  Dan.  truhihlomst,  gold  flower.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Calendula,  bearing  a  yellow 
flower.  There  are  scvemt  plants  of  different  genera 
bearing  this  name;  as  the  African  maW^wW,  of  the 
genus  Tagetes ;  corn-marigold,  of  the  genus  Cliry- 
sanihemum;  fig-?ii(inV(i/r/,  of  the  genus  Mesenibry- 
aiiihemum;  xuaiTsh-rinriirold,  of  the  genus  Caltha. 

MAIt-1-Kt'NA,  n.  A  small  South  American  monkey. 
With  tine,  silky  hair,  of  a  golden,  yellow  colnr,  anil  a 
niiiiiu  about  its  neck;  also  called  thuSiLRr  Tamarin. 

Jtirdine. 

MAR'IX-ATE,  r.  L     [Fr.  mariner,  from  mnriiie.] 

To  salt  or  pickle  fish,  and  then  preserve  iliern  in 
oil  or  vinegar.     [Little  used.]  -Jiihn,t<m. 

MA-UIXE',  (ma-recn',)  a.  [Fr.,  from  L,  martHiu,  from 
mare,  the  sea,  W.  mnr,  G.  mcrr,  Celtic  mwir,  Russ. 
mor/-.  Sans,  mirah.  The  seven  lakes  within  the  Del- 
ta Venetum  were  formerly  culled  acptem  maria,  and 
jnarr  may  signify  a  stand  of  water.] 

1.  Pertaining  lo  the  sea  ;  as,  marine  productions  or 
bodies  ;  marine  shells. 

a.  Transacted  nt  sea;  done  on  llie  ocean;  as,  a 
marine  engagement. 

3.  Doing  duty  on  the  sea  ;  as,  a  marine  ofiicer ;  ma- 
rine force-S. 

Marine  add ;  muriatic  acid,  or,  more  properly,  hy- 
drochloric acid.  Silli>nan. 
MA-RIXE',  n.  A  soldier  that  serves  on  board  of  a  ship, 
and  fights  in  naval  engagements.  In  the  plural,  via- 
rines,  a  bikly  of  troops  tniiued  to  do  military  service 
on  board  of  ships. 

2.  The  whole  navy  of  a  kingdom  or  state.  IlimilUtn. 

'i.  The  whole  economy  of  naval  affairs,  compre- 
hending the  building,  rigging,  equipping,  navigating, 
and  management  of  ships  of  war  in  en  ;;a  gem  cuts. 

MAR'iX-ER,  n.     [Fr.  mtirinitr,  from  I*,  mare,  the  sea.] 
A  seaiiian  or  sailor ;  one  whose  occupation  is  to 
assist  in  navigating  ships. 
MAR-IX-0-IU'MA,  n.      [L.  mare,  the  sea,  and  Gr. 
u/'aoi,  to  see.] 

A  term  applied  to  views  of  the  sea. 
MAR'I-PUT,  n.  The  zoril,  an  animal  of  the  skunk  tribe. 
MAU'ISfl,  «.     [Fr.  marai-^ ;  Sax.  merge;  D.  mocras;  G. 
vwrtist;  from  L.  mure,  W.  mor,  the  sea.] 

Low  ground,  wet  or  covered  with  water  and  coarse 
grass ;  a  f'-n ;  a  bog ;  a  moor.  U  is  now  written 
Marsm,  which  see.  Sitndrjs.    MiHun. 

MAR'IS[|,fl.     Moory ;  fenny;  bogey.  Bacon, 

MAR'I-TAL,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L..  inaritii^,  Fr.  mari,  a 
husba  id.j 

Pertaining  to  a  husband.  JiijUffe. 

MAR'I-TI.ME,  (-lim,)  a.  [L.  maritimiis,  from  i/uire,the 
sea.  ] 

1.  Relating  or  pertaining  to  the  sea  or  ocean  ;  as, 
maritime  affairs. 

2.  Performed  on  the  sea  ;  naval ;  as,  maritime  ser- 
vice. 

3.  Bordering  on  the  sea  ;  as,  a  maritime  coast. 

4.  Situated  near  the  sea;  as,  maritime  towns. 

.5.  Having  a  navy  and  commerce  by  sea  ;  as,  Tnori- 
time  powers.     [Maritim-k-  is  not  now  used.] 
J^otc. —  We  never  say,  a  maritime  body,  a  maritime 


FATE,  FAR,  F.^LL,  Wtt^T.  — METE,  PRgV — PIXE,  MARIXE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


MAR 

shell  or  pmduction,  a  maritime  <»fficer  or  engagement, 
a  maritimf  lengue.     [^*«  Marine.] 

MAR'JO-RAM,  n.  [Ft.  marjolaine;  It.  margorana  ;  G. 
marjoran :  D.mariolien;  Sp.  mrjorana;  Arm.  viarjol; 
Port,  mo'igerova.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Origanum,  of  several  species 
The  sweet  marjoram  is  peculiarly  aromatic  and  fra- 
grant, and  much  used  in  cookery.  The  S(ianisJi  mar- 
joram is  of  the  genus  Urtica.  fam.  of  Plants. 

MARK,  n.  [Sax.  mare^  meare ;  D.  merk ;  G.  marke ; 
Dan.  miprke :  S\v.  mdrke ;  \V.  marc  ;  Fr.  marque  ;  Arm. 
merca ;  ^p.  PorL  and  It.  marca  :  Sans,  marcca.  Tlie 
wora  coincides  in  elements  with  marcA,  and  with 
tn'trrhes,  borders,  the  utmost  extent,  and  with  markety 
and  L.  mercur,  the  primary  sense  of  which  is  to  go, 
to  pass,  oj  we  see  hy  the  fireek  (uTo<uri)/jai,  from 
vaf€t',itiiity  to  pa?;3,  Eng.  fair,  and  fare.  Thus  in 
Dutch,  mark  sieiiifles  a  mark,  a  boundary',  and  a 
march.     Cln^:s  Mr,  No.  7,  Ar.] 

I.  A  vi:?iUle  line  made  by  drawing  one  substance 
on  anotlier  ;  as,  a  mark  made  by  chalk  or  charcoal,  or 
a  pen. 

9.  A  line,  groove,  or  depression,  made  hy  stamping 
or  cutting  ;  an  Incision  ;  a  channel  or  impression  ;  as, 
the  mark  of  a  cliisel,  of  a  stamp,  of  a  rod  or  whip  ; 
the  mark  of  the  finger  or  foot. 

3.  Any  note  or  sign  of  distinction. 

The  Lonl  let  s  mark  upuii  Ciin.  —Gen.  W. 

4.  Any  visible  effect  of  force  or  agency, 
TUere  ure  icsirce  aajr  mark*  left  of  a  suLttenuneoui  lire. 

Addi$on. 

5.  Any  apparent  or  intelligible  effect ;  proof ;  evi- 
dence. 

Th?  confiuton  oftongwrt  wu  n  mart  ofaeparution.       Bacon. 

6.  Notice  taken. 

The  la\*-« 
Sunt!  lilie  the  fortWtt  in  .-v  bartx;r'«  shop, 
A*  niucti  fur  tnock  .1«  mark.  Shak. 

7.  Any  thing  to  which  a  missile  weapon  may  be 
directed. 

Fraocc  vu  &  fairer  mart  to  shoot  at  than  Ireland.       £>aiii«. 

8.  Any  obj/ct  used  as  a  euide,  or  to  which  the 
mind  may  he  directed.  The  dome  of  the  state  house, 
in  Boston,  is  a  good  mark  fur  seamen. 

9.  Any  thing  vi:»ible  by  which  knowledge  of  some- 
tliing  may  be  obtained  :  indication  ;  as,  the  marks  of 
a^e  in  a  horse.  Civility  is  a  aiark  of  politeness  or  re- 
spect.    Levity  is  a  mark  of  weakness. 

10.  A  character  made  by  a  person  who  can  not 
write  hi9  name,  and  intended  as  a  substitute  fi»r  it. 

II.  [Fr.  marc,  3p.  marco.]  A  weight  of  certain 
cotnmodities,  but  particularly  of  gold  and  silver,  used 
in  several  sUles  of  Europe  ;  in  Oreat  Britain,  a  money 
of  account  equal  Ui  thirteen  shillings  an4l  four  )ience. 
In  some  countries  it  is  a  coin. 

12.  A  license  of  reprisals.     [3ee  MABtii;E.] 
MARK,  V.  t,     [Sax,  meareian:  u.  merken :  G.  marhcn  : 
Dan.  marker;  Sw.mttrka:  Fr.warquer:  Arm.  vierc- 
ga  :  Port,  and  Sp.  marcar  ;  It,  marenre  ;  W.  tnarciaw.'\ 

1.  To  draw  or  make  a  visible  line  or  character 
with  any  substance ;  as,  to  mark  with  chalk  or  with 
com  passes. 

3.  To  stamp ;  to  impre<«s  ;  to  make  a  visible  im- 
pression, figure,  or  indenture;  as,  to  mark  a  sheep 
with  a  brand. 

3.  To  make  an  incision  ;  to  lop  otf  a  part ;  to  make 
any  sign  of  distinction  ;  as,  to  mark  sheep  or  cattle 
by  cuts  in  their  ears. 

4.  To  form  a  name,  or  the  initials  of  a  name,  for 
distinction ;  as,  to  mark  cloth  ;  to  mark  a  baudker- 
chitf. 

5.  To  notice  ;  to  take  particular  observation  of. 

Mark  t)i^tn  who  Cauae  dlvitiona  and  offraars.  —  Rom.  zrl. 
Mirk  lik^  prf-  cl  Duui,  and  b^hul'I  tbe  updgtit,  tot  the  end  of 
th:it  nuin  is  peace.  —  Pa.  xxxriL 

6.  To  heed  ;  to  repard.  Smith, 
To  mark  out :  to  notify  as  hy  a  mark  ;  to  point  (lut ; 

to  designate.    The  ringleaders  were  marked  out  for 
•rixure  and  punishment. 
MARK,  r.  t.    To  note ;  to  observe  critically  ;  to  take 
particular  notice  ;  to  remark, 

Mark,  1  pray  you,  and  aee  bow  thia  nun  aeek^th  mlachleC  —  I 
Kin^  xx. 

MXRK'A-BI.E,n.    Remarkable.  [.V»f  in  iwc]    Randy.". 
MARK'£D,  (mSrkt,)  pp.  or  a.      Impressed  with  any 

note  or  figure  of  diRtinction ;  noted}  distinguished 

hy  some  character. 
MARK'ER,  n.    One  who  pnt.^  a  mark  on  any  thing. 

2.  One  that  note?,  or  takes  notice. 

3.  A  counter  used  in  card -playing. 
MARK'ET,  11.     [O.  and  G.  markt;  Dan.  markrd:  Fr 

march i ;  Arm.  marchatl ;  It.  mereato;  Rp,  and  Port. 
merfado  ;  Ij.  mercata^,  frum  mercvr,  to  buy  ,  W.  marc- 
nat ;  Ir.  marvadh.     .See  M^rk.] 

1.  A  pijt)lic  place  in  a  city  or  town  where  provis- 
ions or  rattle  are  exposed  to  sale  ;  an  appointed  place 
for  selling  and  buying  at  private  stUe,  as  distinguished 
from  an  auction. 

2.  A  faibhc  building  in  which  provisions*  are  ox- 
poited  to  sale  ;  a  mark't-hoiisc. 

3.  Sale;  the  exrhnnee  of  provisions  or  goods  for 
money  \  purchase,  or  rate  of  purchase  and  sale.   The 


MAR 

seller  says  he  comes  to  a  bad  markrt,  when  the  buyer 
says  he  comes  to  a  good  market.  We  say,  the  mark- 
ets are  low  or  high  ;  hy  which  we  understand  the 
price  or  rate  of  purchase.  We  say  that  commodities 
find  a  quick  or  rejuly  market ;  markets  are  dull.  We 
are  not  able  to  find  a  market  for  our  goods  or  pro- 
visions. 

4.  Place  of  sale  i  as,  the  British  market ;  the  .\meri- 
can  market. 

5.  The  privilege  of  keeping  a  public  market. 
MARK'ET,  V.  i.     To  deal   in  market ;  to  buy  or  sell ; 

to  make  bargains  f(»r  provisions  or  goods. 
MXRK'ET-BASK-ET,   n,      A   basket   for  conveying 

things  from  a  market. 
MARK'ET-BELL,  Ti.    The  hell  that  gives  notice  of 

the  tun'i  or  day  of  market. 
MARK'ET-€UOSS,  n.    A  cross  set  up  where  a  market 

is  held. 
MARK'ET-CRT-ER,  v.     A  crier  in  market. 
MAKK'ET-DaY,  71.    The  dav  of  a  public  market. 
MARK^ET-FOLKS,  (-Hikes,)  n.  pi.     People  thatrome 

to  the  market.  Shak. 

MARK'ET-HOUPE,    n.       A    building    for   a    public 

market. 
MAUK'ET-MAID,  n.     A  woman  that  brings  things  to 

market. 
MARK'ET-MAX,  n.       A  man  that  brings  things  to 

m;irkfl. 
MAKK'ET-PLXCE,  v.     The  place  where  provisions 

or  Cfiods  are  exposed  to  sale. 
MARK'ET-PRICE,  )  H.     The  current  price   of   com- 
MARK'ET-R.aTE,  J      modities  at  any  given  lime. 
MX  RK'ET-TOWN,  n.     A  town  that  has  the  privilege 

of  a  sl:ited  public  market. 
MARK'ET-WOM-AN,    n.       A    woman    that    brings 

things  to  market,  or  that  attends  a  market  for  sell- 

i[ig  anv  thing. 
MARK'ET- .VBLE,  a.    That  may  be  sold;   salable; 

fit  for  the  market. 
9,  Current  in  market ;  as,  marketable  value. 

Locke.     Kdtnards. 
MARK'ET-A-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  mar- 
ketable. 
MXRK'ET-I\G,  ppr.     Purchasing  in  markcL 
MARK'ET-LNG,  n.     Articles  in  market;  supplies. 

2.  .Attendance  upon  market. 
MARK'I.\G-I.\K,  n.     Indelible  ink  used  for  marking 

clothes. 

MARK'ING-I'RO.V,  (-I'urn,)  n.  An  iron  for  mark- 
ing. 

MARK'ING-NITT,  «.  The  cashew-nut,  whose  juice 
affords  an  indelible  ink  for  marking  linen. 

MARKS'MAN,  n.  [mark  and  man.]  One  that  is 
skillful  to  hit  a  mark  ;  he  that  shoots  well. 

Shak.     Drijden. 
9.  One  who,  not  able  to  write,  makes  his  mark 
instead  of  his  name. 

MA  RL,  «.  [ W.  marl :  D.  Sw.  Dan.  and  G,  merffd ;  L. 
Sp.  and  It.  niarfra:  Ir.  marla  ;  Arm.  marff.  It  seems 
to  be  allied  to  Sax.  mer<r,  mearh  ;  D.  merg,  marrow, 

and  to  be  named  from  its  softness;  Eth.  ^^^^^*-i  |^ 
clay,  gj'psum,  or  mortar.     See  .Mabrow.I 

An  earth,  or  clay,  containing  more  or  less  of  car- 
bonate of  lime,  and  etfervescing  consequently  with 
an  acid.    It  is  much  used  for  manure. 

[The  term  marl  is  sometimes  applied,  though  im- 
properly, to  other  earths,  used  as  manures,  as  the 
gn>ensand  of  New  Jersey.] 

MARL,  r.  (.     To  overspread  or  manure  with  marl. 
9.  To  wind  or  twist  a  small  line  or  rope  round  an- 
other. R.  H.  Dana,  Jr. 

M.\RL-,^'CEOUf,  (-a'shus,)  a.  Resembling  marl; 
partaking  of  the  qualities  of  marl. 

MARL'A'D,  pp.  Manured  with  marl;  wound  with 
marline. 

MAR'LINR,  (mlr'lin,)  n.     [Sp,  merlin  ;   Port,  merlim.] 
.\  small  line  com|Htsed  of  two  strands  little  twist- 
ed, and   either   tarred  or  white  ;  used  for  winding 
mund  ropes  and   cables,  tt)  prevent  their  being  fret- 
ted by  the  hli»cks,  &C.  Mar.  DUL 

MAR'LINR,  r.  (.     To  wind  marline  round  a  rope. 

MXR'l.IXE-SPTKE,  n.  An  iron  tool,  tapering  to  a 
point,  used  to  SL-pamIe  the  strand  of  a  rope,  In  splic- 
intr.  Hcbert. 

MARL'ING,  n.    The  act  of  manuring  with  marl. 

9.  1'he  act  of  winding  a  buiall  line  about  a  rope,  to 
prevent  its  being  galled 

MXRL'ING,  ppr.  Overspreading  with  marl;  wind- 
ing with  marline. 

MXRL'ITE,  n,     A  variety  of  marl.  Kincan. 

MXRL-IT'I€,  a.  Partaking  of  the  qualities  of  mar- 
lite. 

MARI/PIT,  n.     A  pit  where  marl  is  dug.     Woodward. 

.MARL'V,  a.    ConsiHting  or  partaking  of  marl. 

9.  Resemblitie  marl.  Mortimer. 

3.  Abouniling  with  mart. 

MAR'MA  LADE,  n.  [Fr.  mnrmelaJe:  Pp,  mermetada; 
Port,  mannrlada,  from  nuirmelo,  a  quince,  L.  mc/u,  or 
Sp.  mclado,  like  honey,  L.  mc/.J 

The  pulp  of  quinces  boiled  into  a  consistence  with 
sugar,  or  a  cf>nfection  of  plums,  apricot**,  quinct^<i, 
Si-C,  boiled  with  sugar.  In  Scotland,  it  is  made  of 
Sevilli.!  oranges  ai:d  *ugar  only.      Quincy.     Encijc. 


MAR 

M.AR'M  A-TTTE,  n.    [from  marmato^  in  New  Granada.] 
A  black    mineral,  ctmsisting  of  the  sulphurets  of 
ziur  and  imn.  Dana, 

MAR'MO-LTTE,  n.     [Gr.  intppaipw^  to  shine.l 

A  foliated  ser[K'ntine,  of  a  pearly  gray,  bluish,  or 

greeni-^h  color,  cleaving  intothin,  brittle  laniinx.Z^anc. 

MAR-MO-Ra'CEOUS,  (-a'^hus,)(i.  Pertaining  to  or  like 

marble.  [See  MARM"BE.vn,the  more  legitimate  word.] 

1.  Variegated  like  marble. 

9.  Covered  with  marble.     [Little  tued.] 

MXR-.MO-RA'TION,  n.  A  covering  or  incrustingwilh 
niarbl*'.     [Little  used.] 

MAR-.MO-RA'TUM,  Ti.  [L.]  In  arcAi(«(ur«,  a  cement 
fiirmrd  nf  pounded  marble  and  lime  well  beaten  and 

MAR-Mf^'RE-.\N,  a.     [L.  mannoreus.]  [mixed. 

I.  Pertaining  to  marble. 
9.  Made  of  marble 

MAR'MOSE,  M.  An  animal  resembling  the  opossum, 
but  L'ss  ;  the  Didelphis  Mnriiia  of  Cayenne  and 
Surinam.  Instead  of  a  bag,  this  animal  has  two 
longitudinal  folds  near  the  thighs,  which  serve  to  in- 
close the  young.         Diet.  J\~aL  Hist.     Edin.  Kncye, 

MXR'MO-SET,  ».     A  small  monkey.  Shak. 

MAR'MOT,  n.     [It.  marmotta.] 

A  quadruped  of  the  genus  Arctomys,  allied  to  the 
murine  tribe.  It  is  alwut  the  size  of  the  rabbit,  and 
inhabits  the  hicher  region  of  the  Alps  and  Pyrenees. 
The  name  is  al.-^o  given  to  other  species  of  the  genus. 
The  woodchuck  of  North  America  is  called  the  Ma- 
ryhnd  marmot  Ed.  Enctjc. 

M.\R'ON-ITES,  n.pl.  A  body  of  nominal  Christians, 
who  speak  the  Arabic  language  and  reside  on  Mount 
Lebanon.  They  take  their  name  from  one  .Mnron  of 
the  sixth  century,  and  were  charged  with  the  lieresy 
of  the  Monothelites,  though,  as  they  claim,  errone- 
ously. They  have,  for  tiie  ta<t  six  hundred  years, 
belonged  to  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  though 
without  giving  up  their  ancient  peculiarities. 

Etirifc.  Jim, 

MA-ROON',n,  A  name  given  to  free  blacks  livingon 
the  mountains  in  the  West  India  Isles. 

M.V-ROON',  V.  t.  To  put  a  sailor  ashore  on  a  desolate, 
i.sle,  under  pretense  of  his  having  committed  some 
great  crime.  Encyc. 

MA-ROON',  a.     Rrownish  crimson  ;  of  a  claret  color. 

M.\-ROON'£D,  pp.     Put  ashore  on  a  desolate  isle, 

M.\RTLOT,  n.  One  who,  hy  his  oflicious  inter- 
ference, mars  or  defeats  a  design  or  plot. 

MARCiUE,  71.  [Fr.]  Letters  of  nmrvwe  are  letters  of 
reprisal ;  a  license  or  extraordinarj'  commission  grant- 
ed by  a  sovereign  of  one  slate  to  his  subjects,  to  make 
reprisals  at  sea  on  the  subjects  of  another,  under  pre- 
tense of  indemnification  for  injuries  received.  Marque 
is  said  to  be  from  the  same  root  as  nmrcAM,  limits, 
frontiers  ;  and,  UtrraJly,  to  denote  a  license  to  pass 
the  limit:^  of  a  jurisdiction  on  land,  for  the  purpose  of 
obtaining  satisfaction  for  the  theft  by  seizing  the  prop- 
erty of  the  subjects  of  a  foreign  nation  I  can  give 
no  better  account  of  the  origin  of  this  word.  Lunier, 
9.  The  ship  commissioned  for  making  reprisals. 

MAR-OUEE',  (milr-ke',)  ».     [Fr.]     A  large  field-lenL 

MAR'UUESS,  n.     See  Mabquis. 

[Till  of  late,  marquis  was  the  most  common,  but 
is  now  to  a  great  extent  superseded  by  marquess^  ex- 
cept in  the  foreign  title.     Smart..] 

MAR'aUEl'-RY,  (m.lr-ket-ry,)  n.  [Fr.  marquctcrie, 
from  marqae,  marqueter,  to  spot.] 

Inlaid  work;  work  inlaid  witn  different  pieces  of 
divers  colored  fine  wood,  shells,  ivory,  and  the  like. 

MAP..'tiUIS,  n.  [Vr.  id, ;  &p.  marques;  It.  marc/tese ; 
from  marchy  marches,  limit".    See  Marches.] 

A  title  of  honor  in  Great  Britain,  France^  and  Ger- 
many, next  below  that  of  duke.  Origmally.  the 
marquis  was  an  officer  whose  duty  was  to  guard  the 
marches  or  frontiers  of  the  kingdom.  The  office  has 
ceased,  and  marquis  is  now  a  mere  title  conferred  by 
patent.  Eaciic. 

MAR'atJIS,  n.     A  marchioness.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

MAR'UniS-ATE,  ;i.  The  seigniory,  dignity,  or  lord- 
ship of  a  marquis. 

MXR'RKD,  (m'Jrd,)  pp.     Injured  ;  impaired. 

MAR'KER,  n.  [from  mar.]  One  that  mars,  hurts, 
or  impairs.  J9scham, 

MAR'KI-A-BLE,  for  Mabriaoeable.     [JVo*  used.] 

M.\R'RI.\GE,  (mar'rij,)  ».  [Fr.  maria-re,  IVoin  marirr^ 
to  marry,  from  mari,  a  husband  ;  L.  mas,  maris ;  Sp. 
mariduire.] 

1.  The  act  of  uniting  a  man  and  woman  for  lifej 
wedlock;  the  legal  union  of  a  man  and  woman  for 
life.  Marriage  is  a  contract  both  civil  and  religion.-*, 
by  which  the  parties  engage  to  live  together  in  nuitu 
al  affection  and  fidelity  till  death  shall  separate 
them.  Marriage  was  instituted  by  God  himself,  for 
the  purpose  of  preventing  the  promiscuous  inter 
course  of  the  sexes,  for  promoting  domestic  felicity, 
and  for  securing  tlie  maintenance  and  education  of 
children. 

Marriage  it  hoiionble  in  all,  ntid  Iho  bct>  undcfilfd.  — Hub.  xlil. 

2.  A  feast  made  on  the  occasion  of  a  marriage. 

TU'^  kiiigtlom  q{  hcnvrn  la  lilte  nolo  h  (yrtivin  king,  wluch  mode 
a  Tnarriagt  for  hta  aon . .— Kl.itt.  xxli. 


TONK,  BULU  TINITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS V  lU  K ;  0  bji  J ;  8  aa  Z ;  ClI  as  SH ;  Til  aa  In  THIS. 


^iZ 


MAR 

3.  In  a  scriptural  sensVy  th«  Union  Itrlween  Cbriat 
antt  Ills  church  liv  the  covenant  of  gnica.  Hrc.  \\\. 
MAR'KIAOK-.VBLE,  (inar'rija-bl,)  a.  Of  i\n  age 
suitable  for  nmrriagie  ;  fit  to  be  married.  Vo*me  p«'r- 
sons  nre  marriag^tMe  at  an  earlier  age  in  warm  cli- 
mates than  in  cold. 

2.  Caivible  of  union.  MUton. 
MAR'RlA<5K-AR'Tr-€LE!S»  n.  pL    rontmct  or  agree- 
ment on  which  a  marriage  'is  founded. 

MAR'RIAOE-FA'VORS,  n.  pL  Knot*  of  white  rib- 
bons, or  bunches  of  white  (lovers,  worn  at  wed- 
dings. 

IIAR'RI-CD,  pp.  or  a.  [from  Morry.]  United  in  wed- 
lock ;  wedded. 

3.  Conjugal ;  connubial ;  as,  th(  married  state. 
M.\R'R1'P.R,  1*.    One  who  marriw. 
MXR'RI.\G,;>;rr.     Injuring;;  impairing. 
MAR-ROOX'.    See  MiEoo-f. 

NAR'ROW,  n.  [Sax.  mwo-,  meark:  D.  merg^ ;  G. 
miark  :  Dan.  mart ;  Sw.  mUra^ ;  Com.  maru  ;  Ir.  *i«tr 
and  smfar ;  W.  mi5r,  marrow;  Ch.  N'^D  mfra,  to 
make  fat;  At.  to  be  manly.    See  Mahl.] 

1.  A  soft,  olea^ctDous  substance  contained  in  the 
cavities  of  animal  bones, 
a.  The  essence  ;  the  best  part. 
3-   In  Vie  Seottisk  duUectj  a  companion ;  fellow ;  as- 
sociate ;  match.  T\sser. 
MAR'ROW,  r.  t.    To  fill  with  marrow  or  willi  fat ;  to 

Bitll. 
MAR'ROW-BOXE,  ■-    A  bone  containing  marrow,  or 
boiled  for  iu  marrow.  VE-^range, 

0,  The  bt^e  of  the  knee  ;  in  ludicrous  language. 
MAR'R^W-FAT,  n,     A  kind  of  rich  pea.       {Dryden. 
MAR'UOW-ISH,  a.    Of  the  nature  of  marrow. 

Burton. 
MA»'R6W-LESS,  a.     Destitute  of  marrow.     Shak, 
MAR'RO\V-Y,  a.     Full  of  marrttw  ;  pithy, 
MAR'RV,  c.  t     [Fr.  nwrirr,  from  mari^  a  husband  j  L. 
«W7,  nurtf,  a  mate  ;  Finnish,  mart  or  mord,  id.  j  Ar. 

1  wo  mdra,  to  be  manly,  masculine,  brave ;  whence 

its  derivatives,  a  man,  L.  vir^  a  hutband,  a  lord  or 
roaster.     See  also  Uid<Jf,  Eth.  Lex.  Col.  lia.] 

1.  To  unite  in  wedloek  or  malrimuny;  to  join  a 
man  and  woman  for  life,  and  constitute  them  man 
and  wife  according  to  the  laws  or  customs  of  a  na- 
tion. By  the  laws,  ordained  c|erp]i*men  have  n  right 
to  marry  persons  within  certain  limits  prescribed. 

Tdl  hta  k«  ■(wil  Try  tke  coupis  hinwcif.  Gaif. 

flL  To  dispose  of  in  wedlocJc. 


eeriaj  toU  Aagtutm  be  mut  tither  nMrry  Uv  dKiu1it*r  Julia 
l»  Afti|i^  or  Ukr  >waj  hii  tub.  B»t9ik. 

(In  tikis    aaut^  it  is  yrcptHg  applitaiU  ta  female* 
».] 

3.  To  take  for  husband  or  wife.  We  say,  a  man 
norruv  a  woman  ;  or  a  woman  nutrries  a  man.  The 
finei  wa?  the  original  sense,  but  both  are  now  well 
authorized. 

4.  In  Strtptarey  to  unite  in  covenant,  or  in  the 
closest  connection. 

Turn.  O  b'Mkkli-.lin''  chiMien,  mtlli  jdiorah,  br  1  un  marri»i 

uiiCojrou.  —  Jcr.  UL 

M.VR'RV,  c.  i.  To  enter  into  the  conjuQal  state;  to 
unite  as  husband  and  wife  j  to  take  a  husband  or  a 
wife. 

11*  lbs  cojF  of  the  una  be  so  wiUi   bb  wife,  k  b  not   good  lo 

manlf.  —  Matt.  xix. 
I  will,  tbcrrfbre,  tbat  tite  younger  wemcn  marry,  —  |  Tim,  r. 

NAR'RV,  a  term  of  asseveration,  is  said  to  have  been 
derived  from  the  practice  of  swearing  by  tiie  Virgin 
Mar>-.     It  is  obsolete. 

MAR'RY-ING,  ppr.  Uniting  in  wedlock}  disposing 
of  in  marriage. 

M.\R2,  B.     In  myihologf^  the  jrod  of  w*ar. 

2.  In  Astranomjr,  a  planet  of  a  deep  red  color.  Its 
diiuufter  is  about  half  that  of  Uie  earth  ;  and  its 
m<-'an  di^t-ince  from  the  sun  is  142  niiliiun^i  of  mile?. 

3.  In  tSt  mid  ekemistry^  a  term  for  iron. 
UARSn,  n.     [Sax.  mersc;  Fr.  iiuiraij ;  D.  moerai';  G. 

mora.-t.  It  was  formerly  written  Mahish,  dirt^tly  from 
the  French.  We  have  mora-is  from  the  Teutonic. 
See  MooB.] 

A  tract  of  low  land,  usually  or  occasionally  cov- 
ered with  water,  or  very  wet  and  mirj-,  and' over- 
grown with  coarse  grass,  or  with  detactitid  clumps  of 
sed^e;  a  fen.  It  differs  from  swamp,  which  is 
mtrrt'Iy  moist  or  spongy  land,  but  often  producing 
valuable  crops  of  gnu^s.  Low  land,  occasionally 
ovi-rdowid  bv  the  tides,  is  called  salt  mar.^fu 

MARSH  -BRED,  a.     Bred  in  a  marsh.         Coleridge. 

MXRSH'-EL'DER,  it.  The  gtldcr  rose,  a  species  of 
Viburnum.  Lee. 

MARSir-MAL'LOW,  a.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Al- 
thxa. 

MXRSH'-JIART-GOLD,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Call  ha. 

M.VRSU'-ROCK'ET,  n.    A  species  of  water  cresses, 

JoknsoH. 

SIAR'SHAL,  «.  [Ft.  mareekal :  D.  and  G.  marsekalk  ; 
Dan.  marskalk ;  compounded  of  W,  mare^  a  horse, 
and  TeUL  icTo/c,  or  tckalk,  or  skalk^  a  servant.    The 


MAR 

I  lattt-r  W(»rtl  now  Kignifies  a  rogue.  In  Celtic,  scui  or 
scale  si^iiified  a  man,  boy,  or  servant.  In  Fr.  mare^ 
chilly  Sp.  mariscal.  Signify  a  marshal  and  a  furrier.] 

Originally,  an  officer  who  had  tlia  care  of  horses; 
a  pro»)m.     In  more  modern  u^agty 

1.  The  chief  officer  of  arms,  whose  duty  it  is  lo 
regulate  combats  in  the  lists.  Johnson, 

2.  One  who  regulates  rank  and  order  at  a  feast  or 
any  other  assembly,  directs  the  order  of  procession, 
and  the  like. 

3.  A  harbinger;  a  pursuivant;  one  who  goes  be- 
fore a  prince  lo  declare  his  coming  and  provide  en- 
tcrlainmeut.  Johnsau 

4.  hi  Fraiiee,  the  highest  military  officer.  In  other 
countries  of  Europe^  a  marshal  is  a  military  otJicer  of 
high  rank,  and  called  field-^narshal. 

5.  In  Jimerica,  a  civil  officer,  appointed  by  the 
president  and  senate  of  the  United  States,  in  each 
judicial  district,  answering  to  the  sheriff  of  a 
county.  His  duty  is  lo  execute  all  precepts  directed 
to  him,  issued  under  tlic  authority  of  the  United 
SLites. 

6.  An  otTicer  of  any  private  society,  appointed  to 
regulate  their  ceremonies  and  execute  their  orders. 

Karl  marshal  nf  England;  the  eighth  otiicer  of 
slate  ;  nn  honorary  title,  and  personal,  until  tuaile 
hereditary  by  Charles  II.  in  the  family  of  Howard. 
During  a  vacancy  in  the  otfice  of  high  constable,  the 
earl  marshal  has  jurisdiction  in  the  court  of  chiv- 
alry. Brande. 

Earl  marshal  of  Scotland.  This  officer  formerly 
had  command  i-f  the  cavalry  under  the  constable. 
This  other  was  held  by  the  family  of  Keith,  but  for- 
feited by  rtbellion  in  1715.  Encye. 

Knight  marshal,  or  marshal  of  the  king^s  house ;  for- 
merlii  an  otiicer  who  was  to  execute  the  commands 
of  the  lord  steward,  and  have  the  custody  of  pris- 
oners committed  by  the  court  of  verge.  Encyc 

Marshal  cf  the  King'^s  Beneh ;  an  officer  who  has 
the  custody  of  the  prisun  called  the  King^s  Bench,  in 
Soiithwark.  He  attends  on  the  court,  and  has  the 
charge  of  the  prisoners  committed  by  them.  Encye. 
MXR'SHAL,  r.  (.  To  dispose  in  order  ;  to  arrange  in 
a  suitible  manner  j  as,  to  marshal  an  army  ;  to  mar- 
thai  troops.  Dryden. 

2.  To  lead,  as  a  harbinger.     [Awt  used.'\       Shak. 

3.  To  dispose  in  due  order  the  several  parts  of  an 
escutcheon,  or  the  coats  of  arms  of  distinct  families. 

Encyc. 

MAR'SHAL-KD,  pp.  or  a.     Arranged  in  due  oVder. 

MAR'SHAL-ER,  n.    One  who  disposes  in  due  order. 

MAR'SII.\L-ING,  n.  The  act  of  arranging  in  due  or- 
der. 

3.  In  hfrahby^  an  arrangement  in  a  shield  which 
exhibits  the  alliances  of  a  family. 

.MAR'SIIAL-ING,  ppr.    Arrangiiig  in  due  order. 

.MAR'SHAL-SEA,  n.  In  England,  llie  prison  in 
Soutliwark,  belonging  lo  the  uiarshal  of  the  king's 
household.  Johnson. 

Court  of  morshalsea :  a  court  fonnerly  held  before 
the  stt;ward  and  marshal  of  the  king's  hou^e  lo  ad- 
minister justice  between  the  king's  domestic  ser- 
vants. Blacksione. 

M.XR'SHAI^HIP,  n.     The  office  of  a  marshal. 

MAR.SII'V,a.     [from  Bittr^A.]     Wei  i  boggy;  f'nny. 

Dryden, 
2.  Produced  in  marshes ;  as,  a  marshy  weed. 

Dryden, 

MXR-SC'PI-AL,      /  rr  •  ».       T 

MAR^O'PI-,\TE  i  °"     t^  marsuptum,  a  bag.] 

Pertaining  to  the  didelphyc  animals,  such  as  the 
opossum,  ii.c.     [See  Marsl'pialia.J 

MaR-SO'PI-AL,  n.    One  of  the  Marsupialia. 

MAR-SU-PI-a'LI-A,  n.  pi.  Animals  having  a  pouch 
or  bag  for  carrying  the  young,  as  the  kang:troo  and 
npiissum.  Bell. 

MAR'SU'-PrrE,  «.  A  fossil  resembling  a  purse,  the 
remains  of  a  molluscous  animal.  Jilantell. 

MART,  w.  [from  market.]  A  place  of  sale  or  traffic. 
It  was  formerly  applied  chiefly  to  markets  and  fairs 
in  cities  and  towns,  but  it  has  now  a  more  extensive 
application.  We  say,  the  United  Slates  are  a  princi- 
pal mart  for  English  goods  ;  England  and  France  are 
the  marts  of  American  aitton. 
2,  Biu-gain  ;  purchase  and  sale.     [J\''otvscd.]    Shak. 

MART,  r.  t    To  buy  and  sell ;  to  traflic.     [J^^ot  used.] 

Shuk. 

MART,  r.  t.     To  trade  dishonorably.     [06*-.]     Hhak. 

MXR"r.\-GOX,  «.     A  kind  of  lily.  Herbert, 

MXR'TEL,  r.  U     [Fr.  martelcr.] 
To  strike.     [06.*.] 

MAR-TEL'LO-1'OVV-ER,  n.  The  name  given  to  the 
circular  buildings  of  masonry  erected  along  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  British  coasli  as  a  defense  against 
the  meditated  invasion  of  Bonaparte.  Brande. 

MAR'TEN,  n.     A  species  of  bird.     [See  Martix.] 

MAR'TEN,  Ti.  [D.  matter;  G.  marder ;  Fr.  inarte ; 
Arm.  mart,  wartr  ;  Sp.  marta  ;  It.  tnartora.] 

A  carnivorous  animal  of  the  genus  Mustela,  allied 
to  the  weasel.  Its  fur  is  used  in  making  hats  and 
muffs. 

MAR'TIAL,  (raar'shal,)  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  vtartialis : 
Sp,  niarcial ;  It.  marziate }  from  L.  Mars,  the  god  of 
war.] 


MAR 

1.  Pertaining  to  war;  suited  to  war;  as,  martial 
equipage;  Minrfm/ music ;  a  marCt'oi  appearance. 

i.  Warlike;  brave;  given  to  war;  as,  a  martial 
nation  or  people. 

3.  Soiled  to  battle  ;  as,  a  martial  array. 

4.  Rctonging  to  war,  or  to  au  army  and  navy  ;  op- 
posed lo  Civil;  as,  martial  \a.w  ;  a  court-nuireia/L 

5.  Pertaining  to  Mars,  or  borrowing  the  properties 
of  that  planet. 

The  nalur^  of  t!i<i  fixert  iitars  are  e»twnied  martial  or  }oviftl, 
ucct>nliiiff  In  ilw  colon  l>y  wlticli  ility  uiiKWfr  to  lliote  pkii- 
ru,     [O&i,]  Bromn. 

6.  Pertaining  to  iron,  called  by  the  old  chemists 

Mars. 

MXR'TIAL-ISM,  (inir'shal-izra,)  n.  Bravery ;  mar- 
tial exercises.     [JWt  in  use.]  Prinee. 

M\R'TI.VL-IST,  lu  A  warrior;  a  fighter.    [J^^itused.] 

Homell. 

MAR'TIAL  LAW,  71.  A  code  of  regulations  fur  the 
government  of  an  army  or  navy.  VVhen  ntartial  Uiio 
is  proclaimed  in  a  place,  all  the  citizens  are  subj<^-cled 
to  the  severity  of  military  reguhilions.        Boavicr, 

MXR'TIAL-LV,  adt\     In  a  martial  manner. 

MAR'TIN,  H.  [Fr.  martinet:  Sp.  martincte.  TheGer- 
mans  call  it  jitauer-scliioalbe,  walI-s\vaUi>w,  and  per- 
haps the  word  is  formed  from  the  root  of  L.  murus, 
W.  mur,  a  wall.] 

A  bird  of  the  genus  Hinindo,  or  swallow  kind, 
which  forms  its  nest  in  buildings.  It  was  formerly 
written  by  some  authors  Mabtlet.  Dryden. 

MXR'i'[N-ET,  j  n.     In  military  language,  a  strict  dis- 

MXRT'LET,  I  ciplinarian  ;  so  called  from  au  officer 
of  that  nnine. 

MXR'TI-NET.S,  n.  pi.  In  sAips,  martinets  are  small 
lines  fastened  lo  the  leech  of  a  sail,  to  bring  it  close 
to  the  yard  when  the  sail  is  furled.  Bailey. 

MXR'ThV-GAL,      J  n.     [Fr.  martingale;    It.  and    Sp. 

MXR'TIN-GALE,  \  mariingala.  The  Portuguese  call 
it  gamarra.] 

I.  A  strap  or  thong  fastened  to  the  girth  under  a 
horse's  belly,  and  at  the  other  end  to  the  nuisnde, 
passing  between  the  fore  legs.  Encyc. 

9.  In  skips,  a  short,  perpendicular  spar,  under  the 
bowsprit  end.  used  for  reeving  the  stays.       Dana. 

MXU'TIN-MAS,  H.  [Martin  and  mis.]  The  feast  of 
St.  Martin,  the  eleventh  of  November.        Johnson. 

MXRT'LET,n.  [See  MAnxiy.]  Mardet,  in  heraldry, 
[is  a  bird  without  legs  or  beak.  It  is  added  to  tile 
family  arms  by  the  fuurtli  of  ihe  junior  branches  of 
a  family,  as  the  mark  of  their  cadency.  ^E.  II.  B.] 

MXR'TYR,  (miir'tur,)  ju     [Gr.  //upryp,'a  witness.] 

1.  One  who,  by  his  death,  bears  witness  to  the 
truth  of  the  gospel.  Stephen  was  the  first  Christian 
martyr. 

To  tjo  a  martyr,  algnidiM  only  to  witneu  tlve  truth  of  Christ. 

i^uih. 

2.  One  who  suffers  death  in  defense  of  any  cause. 
We  say,  a  man  dies  a  martyr  to  his  political  princi- 
ples, or  to  tlie  cause  of  liberty. 

MAR'TV'R,  V.  L    To  put  to  death  for  adheringto  what 
one  believes  lo  he  the  truth  ;  lo  sacrifice  one  on  ac- 
count of  his  faith  or  profession.  Pearson. 
9.  To  murder  ;  to  destroy.  Chaucer. 

MXR'TYR-OOM,_(niAr'tur-dum,)m.  The  de  th  of  a 
martyr;  ihe  suffering  of  death  on  account  of  one's 
adherence  to  the  faith  of  the  gospel. 

He  iutetidato  crown  ihur  inuocciicc  with  the  glory  uf  martyrdom, 
•  Bacon. 

IXR'TYR  ED,  (mir'turd,)  pp.  or  a.  Put  to  death  on 
H  "DUTit  of  one's  faith  or  profession. 

AI.\'i'TYR-IZE,r.  (.  To  offer  as  a  martyr.  [LittU 
iLsed.]  Spenser. 

MXR'TYR-O-LOGE,  n-     A  register  of  martyrs. 

MAR-TYR-OLOG'ie-AL,  a.  Registering  or  regis- 
tered in  a  catalogue  of  martyrs. 

MAR-TYR-0L'0-61ST,  v.  A  writer  of  martyrology, 
or  an  account  of  martyrs. 

MXR-TYR-OL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  fiaprvp,  a  witness, and 
X'tyog,  discourse.] 

A  history  or  account  of  martyrs,  with  their  suffer- 
ings ;  or  a  register  of  martyrs.  StUlingJlcet. 

MAR'VEL,  71.  [Fr.  merveille  ;  Ir.  miorhhaille  ;  It.  ma- 
raviglia  ;  Sp.maravilla;  PoTt.  maravilfta  ;  Arm.  man; 
L.  mirabilis,  wonderful,  from  miror,  Ch.  and  Syr. 
"^D^  demar,  to  wonder,  L.  demiror.  We  have  the  pri- 
mary sense  in  the  Armoric  miret,  to  stop,  hold,  keep, 
guard,  hinder;  for  to  wonder,  admire,  or  be  aston- 
ished, is  tu  slop,  to  hold,  to  be  fixed,  wiiich  exactly 
expresses  the  fact.  The  Russian  zamirayu,  to  be  as- 
tonished, is  the  same  word  with  a  prefix,  and  from 
viiryu,  to  pacify  or  appease,  that  is,  to  stop,  to  allay. 
From  the  same  root  or  family,  probably,  we  have 
moor,  to  moor  a  ship,  Sp.  and  Port,  amarrar,  Fr, 
amarrer,  lo  moor,  and  demeurer,  lo  dwelt  or  abide. 
So  also  L.  mora,  delay,  nnd  perhaps  morior,  W.  maru, 
to  die,  muTnis,  a  wall.  Eng.  demur,  &.c.  Class  Mr, 
No.  32.] 

1.  A  wonder ;  that  which  arrests  Ihe  attention  and 
causes  a  person  to  stand  or  gaze,  or  to  pause. 

[This  word  is  not  obsolete,  but  little  used  in  ele- 
gant writings,] 
Q.  Wonder ;  admiration. 

Marvel  of  Peru ;  a  fragrant  flowering  plant  of  the 
genus  Mirabilis. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT MItTE,  PREY.— PTNE,  MAR:(NE,  BIRD NiSTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.  — 


MAS 

MAR'VEL,  r.  i.    To  wonder.    It  expresses  less  than 

AsTo^tisH  or  Amaze. 
MARVELING,  ppr.    Wonderiug. 
MAR'VEL-OUS,    a.       [Fr.    merceilieax;     IL    marvi- 

1.  Wonderful ;  strange  j  exciting  wonder  or  some 
degree  of  surprise. 


2.  Surpassing  credit;  incredible.  Pope. 

3.  The  marvelous^  in  writing,  is  that  which  exceeds 
natural  power,  or  is  preternatural ;  opposed  to  Prob- 
able. Johnson. 

4.  Formerly  used  adverbially  for  VVoNDEBFitLLT, 

EtCEEDINGLT. 

MXR'VEL-OUS-LY,  ado.    Wonderfully;    strangely; 

in  a  manner  to  excite  wonder  or  surprise.  Clarendon. 
MAR'VKL-OUS-NESS,  n.     VVonderfuluess;  strange- 
ness. 
MA'RY-BUD,  n.    The  marigold.  Shak, 

MAS-€AG'WiN,  (mas-kan'yin,)  n.     Native  sulphate 

of  ammonia,  found  in  volcanic  districts,  so  named 

from  vVtufflrt-ni,  who  first  discovered  it. 
MA.S'€LE,  (uias'kl  or  mas'l,)  n.  In  hcraldrti,  a  lozenge 

voidfd.  E.  n.  Barker. 

MASTU-LATE,  r.  U    To  make  strong. 
MAS'CU-LA-TED,  pp.     Made  strong. 
MAS'€U.LA-TING,  ppr.    Making  strung. 
MAS'€U-LI\E,  (lin,)  a.      [Fr.  mascidin:    L.  mascu- 

liuu.i,  from  masculus,  was,  or  the  Ir.  mvdh^  Polish  maz^ 

Bohemian  mui,  Slavonic  mosdu] 
1.  Having  the  qualities  of  a  man;  strong;  robust; 

as,  a  masculine  body. 
a.  Resembling  man  ;  coarse  ;  opposed  to  Delicate 

or  SofT  ;  as,  masealtne  features. 

3.  Bold  ;  brave  ;  as,  a  vmsculine  spirit  or  courage. 

4.  In  grammar^  the  masculine  gender  of  words  is 
that  which  expresses  a  male,  or  something  analogous 
to  it ;  or  it  is  the  gender  appropriated  to  males, 
though  not  always  expressing  the  male  sex. 

Encyc     Johnson. 

MAS'eU-LINE-LY,  adv.    Like  a  man.     B.  JoAson. 

MA9'€U-LINE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of  be- 
ing manly;  resemblance  of  man  in  qualities;  as 
in  coarseness  of  features,  streugth  of  body,  bold- 
ness, &c. 

MASH,  a.  [G.  meisehcn^  to  mix,  to  mash  ;  Sp.  mascar, 
to  chew,  \  r.  mocker^  for  mascher^  L.  mastico.'] 

1.  A  mixture  or  mass  of  ingredients,  beaten  or 
blended  together  in  a  promiscuous  manrier. 

2.  A  mixture  for  tlie  food  of  domestic  animals. 

3.  In  bracing,  a  mixture  of  ground  malt  and  warm 
water. 

HASH,  V.  u    To  boat  into  a  confused  mass. 

2.  To  bruise  ;  to  crush  by  beating  or  pressure ;  as, 
to  nuuh  applea  in  a  mill. 

3.  To  mix  malt  and  water  together  in  brewing. 
Mj\SII'£.T>,  (masht,)  pp.   ur   a.     Beat   into  a   mass; 

bruised;   crushed;   mixed  into  a  mash. 
MAS-H'IXG,  ppr.      Beating  into  a  mass;    bruising; 

cni^'hin^ 
MASII'I.N'G,  n.     A  beating  into  a  mass  ;  a  crushing. 
2.  In  hreieiitg,  the  process  of  infusing  the  ground 

malt  in  warm  water,  and  extnicting  the  saccharine 

matter  called  sweet  wort.  Kncyc.  of  Dom.  Ecov. 

MASII'I\G-TUB,  w.     A  tub  fur  containing  the  mash 

in  breweries. 
MASH'V,  a.    Produced  by  crushing  or  bruising. 

TTwmson. 
MASK,  n.     \Vr.  ma.<ttpte. ;   It.  vtaschcra;   Sp.  and  Port. 

moiicara :  Arm.  masel ;  D.  ma.->ker ,-  G.  vuukj.} 

1.  A  cover  for  the  face;  that  which  conceals  the 
face,  especially  a  cover  with  apertures  for  the  eyes 
and  mouth  ;  a  vi-tor.  A  nuuk  is  designed  to  conceal 
the  face  from  bchi-Iders,  or  to  preserve  the  complex- 
ion from  injury  by  exposure  to  the  werUher  and  the 
rays  of  the  sun.  Kncyc. 

2.  That  wbfcb  disguises;  any  pretense  or  subter- 
fuge. Prior. 

3.  A  festive  entertainment  of  dancing  or  olh'-r  di- 
versions, in  which  the  company  all  wear  masks ;  a 
masquerade.  Hlmk. 

4.  A  revel ;  a  bustle  ;  a  piece  of  mummery. 

Ttiu  ibou^i  mifht  \e»A  ihraufrh  [hU  world'*  vaiii  matk. 

Miitan. 

h.  A  driimatic  performance  written  in  a  tragic 
style,  without  attention  to  rules  or  probability. 

Peacharru 
6.  In  archiUeture:,  a  piece  of  sculpture  representing 
some  grotesque  fonn,  to  fill  and  adorn  vacant  places, 
as  in  friezes,  panels  of  doors,  keys  of  arches,  &c. 

Enc7jc. 
MASK,  V.  t.     To  cover  the  face  for  concealment  or  de- 
fense against  injury  ;  to  conceal  with  a  mask  or  visor. 

JSddijiOn. 
2.  To  disguise  ;  to  cover  ;  to  hide. 

Maaking  the  buAinttH  frjin  the  comiiion  tyn.  Shak. 

MASK,  V.  i.  To  revel ;  to  play  the  fool  in  masquer- 
ade. 

5.  To  be  disguised  in  any  way.  Shah. 
MASK'A'D,  (iniakt,)  pp.  or  a.  Having  the  face  covered  j 

Concealed;  disguised. 
2-  «.  Id  botanpy  personate,  or  having  the  anterior 


MAS 


MAS 


or  lower  and  posterior  or  upper  side  of  a  labiate  corol 

pressed  together  just  below  the  border,  set  as  to  close 

the  optiniug  into  the  tube. 
MAs^K'ER,   K,     One  that   wears  a  mask  j   one  that 

plays  the  fijol  at  a  masquerade. 
MASk'ER-Y,  71.    The  dress  or  disguise  of  a  masker. 

[Obs.]  MuTston. 

MASK'-HOUSE,  tl     A  place  for  masquerades. 

Bp.  nail. 
MASK'IN'G,  ;»pr.     Covering  with  a  mask  ;  concealing. 
MAS'LIX,  n.     A  mixture  of  dilFerent  sorts  of  grain,  as 

of  wheat  and  rye. 
MAS'LI.N,  a.    Composed  of  difllrent  sorts  ;  as,  maslin 

bread,  which  is  composed  of  wheat  and  rye.     Spelt 

also  Meslin  or  Mislin. 
Ma'SON,  (ma'sn,)  n.     [Fr.  ma^im  ;  Arm.  mayioTtn  ,■  D. 

viet^elaar.     In  Sp.  vtazoneria  is  masonry,  as  if  from 

mo;o,  a  mallet,   maia,  a  club,  a  niace.     It  is  probably 

from  the  root  of  mix  or  mo^-A,  or  more  probably  of 

mass,  and  denotes  one  that  works  in  mortar.    See 

Mass.] 

1.  A  man  whose  occupation  is  to  lay  bricks  and 
stones,  or  to  construct  the  walls  of  buildings,  chim- 
neys, and  the  like,  which  consist  of  bricks  or  stones. 

2,  A  member  of  the  fraternity  of  freemasons. 
M.\-f^O\'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  cralt  or  mysteries 

of  freemasons. 
MA'SO\-KY,  w.     [Fr.  ma^onnerie  ;  &p.  mazoneria.] 

1.  The  art  or  occupation  of  a  ma^ton. 

2.  The  work  or  perfonnance  of  a  mason  ;  as 
w*hen  we  say,  the  wall  is  good  masonrtf. 

3.  The  cr^t  or  mysteries  of  freemasons. 
MAS'O-RA,  n.     [^Heb.J     A  Jewish  critical  Work  on 

the  text  of  the  Hebrew  Scriptures,  composed  by  sev- 
enil  learned  Rabbisi  of  the  school  of  Tiberias,  in  the 
eighth  and  ninth  centuries.  Murdoch. 

MAS-0-RET'lC,         I    a.      [Heb.    *10D,    to    deliver, 

MAS-0-RET'IC-AL,  \  whence  masora^  tradition, 
whence  the  MasoriUSy  the  adherents  to  the  tradi- 
tionary readings  of  the  Scriptures.] 

Relating  to  the  Masura,  or  to  its  authors,  who 
were  the  inventors  ol"the  Hebrew  vowel  points  and 
accents. 

MAS'O  RITE,  n.    One  of  the  writers  of  the  Masora. 

MASaUE,  n.     See  Mask. 

MASaUER-ADE',  (masker-ado',)  n.  [It.  wioscAe- 
rata.'] 

1.  A  nocturnal  assembly  of  persons  wearing  masks, 
and  amusing  themselves  with  dancing,  conversation, 
and  otlier  diversions. 

In  courtly  bolli  and  midnigbt  masqueradea.  Pope, 

S.  Disguise. 

I  came  (o  vi»i(  th?«  In  matquerade,  Dryden. 

3.  A  Spanish  diversion  on  horseback.      Clarendon. 
MAS^QUER-ADE',  c.  t.    To  go  in  disguise. 

2.  To  assemble  in  masks.  Swift. 
MAS-aUER-ADE',  v.  u    To  put  in  disguise. 

KiUingheck. 

MAS-aUER-AD'ER,  (mas-ker-ad'er,)  n.  A  person 
wearing  a  mask  ;  one  disguised.  UEstrange. 

MAS-QLTeR-AD'ING,  ppr.  Assembling  in  nia^iks  for 
diversion. 

MA.^S,  n.  [Fr.  massiy  a  mass,  a  heap,  a  mace,  or  club  ; 
Port,  maga,  dough,  and  a  mace;  Ejp.  masa,  dough, 
mortar,  a  mass ;  and  maza,  a  club,  a  mace ;  vtazu,  a 
mallet;  It.  massa^  a  heap,  and  maiza,  a  maze;  G. 
viosse;  L.  massa,  a  mass.  These  words  seem  to  be- 
long to  the  root  of  the  Greek  fianaui,  to  beat  or  pound, 
the  root  of  which  is  pay  ;  hence  the  coiiiicction  be- 
tween majs  and  mace,  a  club.  If  any  of  these 
words  are  of  a  dtlferent  origin,  they  may  btlong  to 
tlie  root  of  mix.] 

1.  A  lump  ;  a  body  of  matter  concreted,  collected, 
or  formed  into  a  lumri;  applied  to  any  sulid  body  ; 
ns,  a  fiuuj  of  iron  or  lead  ;  a  mass  of  tiesh  ;  a  mass  of 
ic«  ;  a  mass  of  dough. 

2.  A  collective  body  of  fluid  matter.  The  ocean 
is  a  mass  of  water. 

3.  A  heap  ;  as,  a  mass  of  earth. 

4.  A    great    quantity  collected ;    as,    a    mass    of 

5.  Bulk  ;  magnitude.  [treasure. 
This  ftniij  or  aucli  tntua  and  clwrf^.  S/iak. 

6.  An  assemblage  ;  a  collection  of  particulars 
blended,  confused,  or  indi:iiinct;  as,  a  mass  of  col- 
on. .Addison. 

Thi-y  low-  ihf  [r  fomiB,  nnd  mthi  n  maita 

Coriltut-d  und  ULtck,  if  brought  tou  iirur.  Prior, 

7.  Gross  body  of  things  considered  collectively ; 
the  body  ;  the  bulk  ;  as,  the  7nass  of  fujople  in  a  na- 
tion. A  small  portion  of  morbid  matter  may  infect 
the  whole  mass  of  fluids  in  the  bo<ly. 

Comets  hnre  power  orer  tho  nuut  of  thin  ^.  Bacon. 

8.  The  quantity  of  matter  in  any  bndy.  The  mass 
of  a  body  is  always  proportional  to  the  weight. 

Barloa. 
MASS,  B,  [Sax.  masa,  masse;  Fr.  messe  ;  It.  messa; 
Sp.  mita  ;  D.  miise  ;  G.  and  Dan.  m^se  ;  Sw.  mrssa  ; 
1>)W  li.  missa,  from  miUo,  to  dismiss.  In  the  ancient 
churches*,  the  public  services  at  which  the  caterhu- 
mens  were  permitted  to  b«  present,  were  called  mis^a 
eatechumejiorum,  becausu  at  the  close  of  Ihern  procla- 
mation was  made  thus:  Ite,  missa  est,  sc.  ecclcsia. 


Then  followed  the  communion  service,  which  was 
called  mLsa  Jidelium ;  and  which,  under  the  name  of 
missa,  or  the  mass,  still  constitutes  the  principal  part 
of  public  worship  in  tUe  Roman  Catholic  churches. 

Murdoch. 
The  word  signifies,  primarily,  leisure  ;  cessation 
from  labor,  from  the  L.  mi.'isus,  remtssus,  like  the  L, 
fcria ;  hence,  a  fea.st  or  holiday  Laws  of  Alfred, 
39.  "  iJc  miBSse  dage  frcolse."  De  festicitate  diei 
fcsti.  See  also  Laws  of  Cnute,  Lib.  I,  14,  and  2,  42. 
Hence,  Sax.  hiafimesse,  lemmas^  bread-feast,  and  Mar- 
tin-mas, Michad-mas,  Candlemas,  Christmas.] 

The  communion  service,  or  the  consecration  and 
oblation  of  the  host,  in  the  Roman  Catholic  churches. 

Murdocli. 
Iftgh   mass,  is  that  which  is  publicly  performed 
with  music;  as  distinguished  from  i<7u?  7?nws,  which 
IS  more  private,  and  without  music.        Eneyc.  Am. 

MASf^,  V.  i.    To  celebrate  mass.     [J^ot  %Lsed.]     Hooker. 

MASS,  V.  U  To  fill;  to  stuff;  to  strengthen.  [JWt 
used.]  Uaiiward. 

MASS'-BQQK,  n.  The  missal  or  Romau  Catholic 
service  btK>k. 

MAS8'-II(JC.SE,  n.  A  name  formerly  given  to  a  Ro- 
man Catholic  placo  of  worship. 

MASS'-MEET-ING,  n.  A  large  assembly  of  the  peo- 
ple to  be  addressed  on  some  public  occasion,  usually 
political.     _  u.  States. 

MASS'-PRIeST,  fl.  A  name  formerly  given  to  a  Ro- 
man Catholic  priest. 

MAS'SA-€RE,  (nias'sa-ker,)  n,  [Fr.  massacre;  Ann. 
ma^zaer ;  It.  mazzicare,  to  beat,  from  mazza,  a  club,  & 
mace.  So  smite  in  English  signifies  to  kill,  as  well 
as  to  beat.] 

1.  The  murder  of  an  individual,  or  the  slaughter 
of  numbers  of  human  beings,  with  circumstances  of 
cruelty  ;  the  indiscriminate  killing  of  human  beings, 
without  authority  or  necessity,  and  without  forms, 
civil  or  military.  It  differs  from  assassination,  which 
is  a  private  killing.  It  differs  from  carnage,  which 
is  rather  the  efleci  of  slaughter  than  slaughter  itself, 
and  is  applied  to  the  authorized  destruction  of  men 
in  battle,  or  other  great  destruction  of  lives  by  vio- 
lence. MoHsacre  is  sometimes  called  butchery,  from 
its  resemblance  to  the  killing  of  cattle.  If  a  soldier 
kills  a  man  in  battle  in  his  own  defence,  it  is  a  law- 
ful act ;  it  is  killing,  and  it  is  slaughter,  but  it  is  not 
a  viassacre.  Whereas,  if  a  soldier  kills  an  enemy 
alter  he  has  surrendered,  it  is  massacrCy  a  killing 
without  necessity,  often  without  authority,  contrary 
to  the  usages  of  nations,  and  of  course  with  cruelty. 
The  practice  of  killing  prisoners,  even  when  author- 
ized by  the  commander,  is  properly  massacre  ;  as  the 
authority  given  proceeds  from  cruelly.  We  have  all 
heard  ol  the  viassacre  of  the  Protestants  in  France, 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  IX. ;  and  frequent  instances 
of  barbarous  massacre  occur  in  the  war  between  the 
Turks  and  Greeks. 

2.  Murder.  Shak. 
MAS'SA-€RE,  v.  t.    To  murder  human  beings  with 

circumstances  of  cruelty  ;  to  kill  men  with  indis- 
criminate violence,  without  authority  or  necessity, 
and  contrary  to  the  usages  of  nations ;  to  butcher 
human  beings. 

Nymphidictn  eiideavoivd  to  kitc  Mnwelf  in  r  tent,  but  wnM  jwir- 
uued  and  maataotd  ou  the  apou  MarpKy'a  TaeUut. 

MAS'SA-CREH,  (mas'sa-kurd,)  pp.  or  a.  Barbarously 
orindiscriminately  murdered. 

MAS'SA-CRER,  n.  One  who  massacres.  {A  very  bad 
word.]  Burke, 

MAS'SA-CniNG,  ppr.  Barbarously  or  indiscrimi- 
nately murdering. 

MASS'EK,  n,     A  priest  who  celebrates  mass. 

MAS'SE-TER,  n.     [Gr.,  froni  ftaoaao/tai,  to  chew.] 
A  nniscle  which  raises  the  under  jaw,  and  assists 

MAS'SI  COT,   i         fPr  ™«.-,v„M  [in  chewing. 

MAri'TI-COT,  !  "•     t*^"^'  "'«^*'^'-J 

Protoxyd  of  lead  or  yellow  oxyd  of  lead,  com- 
posed of  one  equivalent  of  lead  and  one  equivalent 
of  oxygen.  Lead  exposed  to  the  air  while  melting 
is  cuvcred  with  a  gray,  dusky  pellicle.  This  pellicle, 
canliilly  taki'ii  ofl",  is  reduced,  by  exposure  to  the  joint 
action  of  heat  and  air,  to  a  green  is  h-gray  powder,  in- 
clining to  yellow.  This  oxyd,  separated  from  the 
gniinsiiflead  by  sifting,  and  exposed  to  a  more  intense 
heat,sufficieril  tomakeit  red  hot,  assumes  a  deep  yel- 
low ccdur.  In  this  state  it  is  called  wi/w.s-icoi.  Mas.sjeot, 
slowly  heated  by  a  moderate  fire,  takes  a  beautiful 
red  color,  becomes  a  salt  composed  of  two  equiva- 
lents of  the  protoxyd  of  lead,  and  one  equivalent  of 
tlie  deutoxyd,  and  obtajna  the  name  of  minium. 

FourcToy. 
Massicot  is  sometimes  used  by  painters,  an.l  it  is 
used  as  u  drier  in  the  composition  of  ointments  and 
plasters.  Encyc, 

MAHS'I-NESS  I  n.     [See  Masbt,  Mabsive.}     Tho 

MASS'IVE-NESS,  i  state  of  being  massy;  great 
weight,  or  weight  with  bulk  ;  ponderousness. 

MXSS'Y^*^'  I  "•     t^'''  """*•/'  ^^^^  "*^**] 

Heavy  ;  weighty  ;  ponderous;  bulky  and  heavy  ; 
as,  a  massy  shield  ;  a  massy  rock. 

Thr  yawning  rocks  lu  tnasay  fr&gmetiU  fly.  Pcj». 


TONE,  BUUj,  unite — AN"GER,  VI"C10US €  M  K ;  O  m  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  m  SU  ;  Til  aa  in  THIS. 

38  =;^  ^^ 


MAS 

MASS'IVE,  a.  In  nuntnh^gy,  in  mass  ;  tiavina  a 
crysiaUine  structure,  but  not  a  regular  furm.  We 
say,  a  niint'nil  occurs  massive, 

SIA8:?'1VE-LY,  adc.     In  a  nmss. 

MXST,  %.  [Sax.  mtfwt;  D.  G.  Sw.  and  Dan.  mast ;  Fr. 
m^,  fur  mast ;  Port,  masto  or  nut^trir ;  Sp.  mastites^ 
m:\iHi  ;  Mbtt^^rro^,  Iup-niast9  i  nM9te|  &  trunk,  ft  stocX 
in  wliicli  any  cion  is  tn£;rU^ei).] 

A  longj  round  piece  of  timber, elevated  or  desiRned 
to  be  raeed  iK:r[ieniliciilai1v,  or  nearly  so,  on  the 
keel  of  a  ship  or  other  vessel,  to  which  the  yards, 
sail^,  and  rigsing  are  altachiil,  and  by  which  they 
are  aup^rted.  A  niasi  is  a  single  slick,  formed 
fiom  the  iniiik  of  a  tree,  or  it  consists  of  many 
pieces  of  Umber  united  by  iron  bands.  Masti^  are  of 
eevaral  kinds,  aa  the  main-mast,  fore-mast,  muuen- 
mast,  tof^mast,  top-piUant-mast,  Slc 

M&ST,  m.  [Sax.  mmttt,  acorns,  food ;  Goth.  MOts, 
Ibod,  Matf  I*  Ir.  BMu,  auu,  an  acorn  ;  ihum,  food ; 
W.  mm,  acoma,  a  portioa,  a  meal ;  awMn,  an  acorn. 
TbiM  may  be  the  American  maiu,  and  signify  food  in 
Moenltftom  eating,  cbewing,  masticxting,  or  prima- 
nly  a  nut  kernel,  or  acorn,  the  food  of  the  primitive 
iruwa  of  foen.  It  aeeaia  to  bo  radically  Itie  some 
word  as  ateotl 

The  fruit  ui  the  oak  and  beech,  or  other  forest 
trees  ;  nuts  ;  acorns     [It  has  ho  pluraL] 

MAST'-II  EAD,  (hed,)  j«.    The  top  or  head  of  a  mast. 

UAST'CO,  a.    FumUbed  with  a  mast  or  masts. 

11A5TER,  a.  [Pr.  mmttr^  ftx  mmisUr  t  Raaa.  master ; 
D.  matter  f  G.  maistar ;  Sw.  wuistare  t  Dan.  in«st^ ; 
Arm.  wuoMtr  i  IL  and  Sp.  mtaatn }  I*  wMgisier^  com- 
poaoded  of  the  root  of  magiM,  wtajor,  greater,  and  the 
Teutonic  «C«r,  8ax.  tuprma,  to  sUer,  (See  Stekil) 
The  word,  then,  signifies    a   chief  director.      See 

MlXI9T£B.J 

1.  A  man  who  rules,  governs,  or  directs,  eitlier 
men  or  busineas.  A  man  wtio  owns  staves  is  their 
mmtirr ;  be  who  has  servants  is  their  master,  be  who 
tea  apprestkes  is  their  master,  as  be  lias  tbe  govons- 
meat  and  dfarectioo  of  tbejo.  The  man  wbo  super- 
lalaada  and  diracta  may  buaineaa,  is  moscct,  or  aMstcr 


Tboa  MMMr  aTiae  paM  Md  ite  mh^. 
NatiDM  itec  •««  MiHBliii  iriB  tevs  ■ 


9.  A  dirv'ctor,  bead,  or  ebief  mawifer ;  as,  tbe 
master  of  a  feasL 

3.  Tbe  owner ;  pnpvlelar ;  witb  tbe  idea  of  gov- 
erning. Tbe  mmalarot  a  bcMse  may  be  tbe  owner, 
or  the  occupant,  wbo  baa  a  temporary  right  of  gov- 
eming  it. 

k  vwU  bp  bHIpved  t^  te  mbv  look  Ifat  tene  fcr  M*  tut^M*, 


4.  A  lord;  a  ruler;  one  wbo  baa  supreme  do- 
minion. 

Cw»r,  (he  voridH  gnta  mmitir  and  hb  own.  Popt. 

&  A  chief;  a  principal ;  as,  tbe  wmHtr  root  of  a 
plaML  Jtoriimar, 

Obs  mmtmr  paiiaa  wmtSiamt  op  Iho  rat.  Pop: 

6.  One  wbo  baa  poawasion,  and  tbe  power  of  con- 
trolling or  B^ng  at  pleasare. 

Whoa   1  tevt   waOm  wjmH  master  et  s  kmdied  i^aamaA 


MAS 

To  ht  mastrr  qfana^s  st^i  to  have  tbe  command  or 
control  of  one's  own  passions. 

The  word  master  has  numerous  applications,  in  all 
uf  which  it  has  lite  sense  of  director,  chief,  or  super- 
intendent. 

As  a  title  of  respect  given  to  ndult  persons,  it  is 
pronounced  mister;  a  pronunciation  which  seems  to 
have  been  derived  from  some  of  the  northern  dia- 
lects. [Supra,] 
MAs^'TER,  r.  (.  To  conquer;  to  overpower;  to  sub- 
due ;  to  bring  under  control. 

OtvtJnacT  nnd  witlfu]  or^lect  muH  bt  wasUrtd,  even  lbo»gh  it 

cuau  blow*.  LodC€. 

EvU  cuMortA  must  te  martrred  bj  Aegnm.  OkTo/ny. 

3.  To  make  one's  self  master  of;  as,  to  masters 

3.  To  execute  with  skill.  [science. 
I  wili  not  odrr  ihkt  which  I  cannot  swulfr.  Bacon. 

4.  To  rule  ;  to  govern. 

And  mther  Culier  tbee  thin  iMwter  tbee.    [Not  UMd.]    Shak. 
MXS'TER,  V.  t.    To  be  skUlful ;  to  excel.    [  Obs.] 

Spensfr. 
MXS'TER-BUlLD-ER,(.bfld-er,))i.  The  chief  builder 
MAS'TER-eilORD,  (-kord,)  a.    The  chief  chord. 

Moore. 
MAS'TER-DOM,  n.    Dominion  ;  rule.     [J^ot  used.] 

Shak. 
MXS'TER-ED,  pp.     Overpowered  ;  subdued. 
MXd'TER-FyL,  a.     Having  the   skill  of  a  master; 

also,  imperious:  arbitrary.     [OA^.l  MUton. 

MAS'TER-Il.WD,  n.     A  person  emmcntly  skillful. 

Pope. 
MXS'TER-IXG,  ppr.    Conquering;  overcoming. 
MAS'TER-JEST,  n.     Principal  jest  Hudiln-as. 

MXS'TER-KEY,  f-kee,)  n.  The  key  that  opens  many 
lucks,  the  subordinate  keys  of  which  open  only  one 
each  ;  hence,  .^jrnm/jof/y,  a  general  clew  to  tend  out 
of  many  dirliculties.  Z>ryden, 

MXS'TEK  LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  a  master  or  owner. 

2.  L'nsovcrn.d  ;  unsubdued.  [Spenser. 

MXS'TER-Ll-NESS,  n.     Masterly  skill. 
MA^'TER-LODE,  n.    In  miiAig,  the  principal  vein  of 

ore,  Encyc. 

IIAS'TER-LV,  a.    Formed  or  executed  with  superior 
skill;  suitable  to  a  master;  moat  excellent ;  skillful; 
as,  a  maHerhf  design ;  a  aiasUr/y  performance  ;    a 
masterijf  stroke  <^  poUey. 
2.  Imperious. 
MAS'TER  LY,  ode,    Witb  the  skill  of  a  master. 

Tboa  dam  tptmk  Miuitrly.  Shak. 

**  I  think  it  very  masterly  written,"  in  Swift,  is 
Improper  or  unusual. 
MAS'TER-MIND,  n.     The  chief  mind.    Mrs,  Butler. 
MAS'TER-NOTE,  a.     The  chief  note.      E.  Everett. 
BlASTER-PIfiCE,  n.     A  capital  performance;   any 
thing  dona  or  nude  with  superior  or  extraordinary 
akUL 

"m^wvadnm  mmemrpteet  I  taia  vovid  ma.  Dryiaa, 

S.  Chief  excellence  or  talent. 

DkiiinaUtkm  wu  hk  w>a»trrpi»e*.  Clomidtm. 


7.  The  commander  of  a  merchant  ship,  usually 
called  captain. 

8.  In  sSipf  of  tear,  an  officer  who  takes  rank  imme- 
diately after  the  lieutrnaiits,  and  navigates  the  ship 
under  the  direction  of  the  captain. 

9.  The  director  of  a  school;  a  teacher;  an  iit- 
stiuctor.  In  this  sense  the  word  is  giving  place  to 
tbe  more  appropriate  words  teaekery  instraetor,  and 
pree^pCsr ;  at  least  It  ts  so  in  the  United  Stales. 

lOi  One  uncontrolled. 

Let  cv«T]r  oMui  be  wkUMr  of  hi*  timft.  Skmk. 

1 1.  An  appellation  of  respect 
Meemr  dsdw,  ywi  have  fafinigfat  iheae  drvfi.  SItaJt. 

ts.  Aa  appeUalion  ^ven  to  boys  or  quite  young 
■ten. 

When  ten  •■•  Unit  mmslerw  and  nriMa  in  a  hooe.*  S>mfL 

XX.  A  amn  eminently  or  perfectly  skilled  in  any 
occupation,  art,  or  science.  We  say,  a  man  is  mas- 
ter of  bis  business;  a  great  ma^Oer  of  music,  of  the 
flute  or  violin ;  a  wtaster  ol  bis  subject,  &c. 

14.  A  title  of  dignity  in  colleges  and  universities ; 
as,  BMjt^r  of  ana. 

lb.  The  chief  of  a  society  ;  as,  the  grand  master 
of  Malta,  of  freemasons,  &.c 

16.  Tbe  director  of  ceremonies  at  public  places,  or 
on  public  occasions. 

17.  Tbe  president  of  a  college.  England. 

Master  tn  ekasieerif  f  an  assistant  of  tbe  lonl  chan- 
cellor, chosen  from  among  tbe  barristers  to  sit  in 
chancery,  or  at  tbe  rolls.  Eacyc. 

MmtUr  tf  tk*  karse ;  the  third  great  officer  in  the 
British  coort,  having  the  management  of  the  royal 
stables,  &c  In  solemn  cavalcades  he  rides  next  the 
•overeign.  Brande, 

Master  of  Ike  rolls:  an  officer  who  has  charge  of 
the  rods  and  patents  that  pass  the  great  seal,  and  of 
the  records  of  the  chancer}-.  £ncyc. 


ftlAS'TER-^HIP.a.    Dominion  ;  rule  ;  supreme  power. 

2.  Superiority ;  preeminence. 

Where  aoUe  jouUm  for  mavtrraUp  ahould  etrire.        Drydfen. 

3.  Chief  work  ;  masterpiece.     [JV*ot  used.] 

Ijryden. 

4.  Superior  skill.  Shak. 

5.  Title  of  respect ;  in  irony. 

How  DOW,  tigaior  Luince,  what  new*  with  your  mattertkip  ? 

Shak. 

6.  The  office  of  president  of  a  college,  or  other  in- 
stitution. 

MAS'TER-SIN'EW,  (-sin'nu,)  n.  A  large  sinew  that 
surrounds  the  hough  of  a  horse,  and  divides  it  from 
the  bone  by  a  hollow  place,  where  the  wind-gails 
are  usually  seated.  Far.  DicL 

MXS'TER-.^TR1NG,  n.     Principal  string.         Roice. 

MX3'TER-STRCKE,  n.    Capital  performance. 

Blackmore. 

MXS'TER-TOOTH,  n.     A  principal  tooth.     Bacon. 

MXS'TER-TOUCH,  (tuch,)  n.  A  touch  that  speaks 
the  master  ;  principal  performance.  Toiler. 

MXS'TER-WORK,  m.     Principal  performance. 

Thomson. 

MXS'TER-WORT,  w.  An  umbelliferous  herb;  in 
En^landy  Impemtoria  Ostnithium  ;  in  JVnc  England^ 
Hemcleum  lanaium. 

MXS'TER-V,  n.  Dominion;  power  of  governing  or 
commanding. 

'If  dirided  bj  mouBtaina,  tbry  will  flghl  bt  tbe  mattery  at  the 
pMttfcs  of  the  tope.  Ralegh, 

2.  Superiority  in  competition  ;  preeminence. 

Erer?   man  thAt  suirpth  for  the    maatsry,  ia  tempemLe  in  all 
itun^.  —  1  Cor.  ix. 

3.  Victorj'  in  war. 

It  M  not  the  Tuioe  oi*  them  thai  eboul  for  mastery.  —  Ex.  xxxa. 

4.  Eminent  skill ;  superior  dexterity. 

He  could  Ktuin  to  a  maaUry  in  all  lan^agca.  TVioUon. 

5.  Attainment  of  eminent  skill  or  power. 

The  learainr  and  maattrydm,  tongur,  bc4ngnnpleafiu)t  in  Hieir, 
■bouM  uoi  be  cumLeivtl  with  oUrt  didicultji^a.  Lockt. 


MAT 

HXST'Flv'L,  a.  rfh>m  nto^t]  Abounding  with  mast, 
or  ft'uit  uf  onk,  beech,  and  other  forest  trees  ;  as,  the 
ma^^tfal  cbfslnul.  Ih-yden. 

MAS'Tie,     j  n.     [Fr.  mastic;  It  mastieei  D.  mastik; 

MAS'TICn,  \  Pp.  almaciffa;  Port,  almecegai  is.mais- 
teog;  Im  mastiche  :  Gr.  ^(itrrivr/.] 

1.  A  resin  exudini;  from  the  mastic-tree,  a  species 
of  Pistacia,  and  obtained  by  incision.  It  is  in  yel- 
lowish-w  h  ite,  seint -transparent  tears,  of  a  faint  smell, 
and  is  used  as  an  astringent  and  an  nroniatic.  It  is 
tised  also  as  an  ingredient  in  drying  varnishes. 

Fourcroy.     Encyc. 

2.  A  kind  of  cement  used  for  plastering  walls,  Alc 

Addison. 
MAS'TI-€A-BLE,  o.    That  can  be  masticated. 
MAS-TI-€A'DOR,  n.  [3p.  mascar^  L.  masticv^  to  chew.] 

In  a  bridle^  the  slaverinp  bit 
MAS'TI-CATE,  r.  t     [L.  mastico.     Qu.  W.  mesignw, 
from  mes,  mast,  acorns,  fiwd.] 

To  chew  ;  to  grind  with  the  teeth  and  prepare  for 
swallowing  arid  diKt^stion  ;  a»,  lu  masticate  food. 
MAS'TI-CA-TED,  pp.  or  a.     Chewed. 
MAS'TI-€A-TI\G,  ppr.      Chewing  ;    breaking  into 

small  pieces  with  the  teeth. 
MAS-TI-€A'TIOi\,  B.     The  act  or  operation  of  chew- 
ing solid  food;  brealting  it  into  small  pieces,  and 
mixing  it  with  saliva,  ttius  preparing  it  for  deglutition 
and  more  easy  digestion  in  tite  stomach. 

AiastiaUion  is  a  necrvury  preparation  of  lotid  aliinrnt,  irithoiit 
wliicb  ibere  ctui  he  no  good  digeatiou.  Arbuthjwl. 

MAS'TI-CA-TO-RY,  a.  Chewing;  adapted  to  per- 
form the  oflice  of  chewing  food.      Lawrejice^s  Lect. 

MAS'TI-CA-TO-RY,  n.  A  substance  to  be  chewed  to 
increiise  the  saliva.  Coze. 

MAS'TI-eOT,«.  Yellowoxydoflead.  [See  Massicot.] 

M  AS'TIFF,  M. ;  B?.  Mastiffs.  Mastitbi  is  irregular. 
The  spelling  Mastif  would  be  preferable.  [Sp.  mas- 
tin  ;  It.  mastino ;  Fr.  matin^  for  mastin  ;  Ann.  nto^tin ; 
Low  L.  mastivus.] 

A  large  vnriety  of  dog,  remarkable  for  strength  and 
courage.  Strnbo  infurms  us  that  the  mastiffs  u(  Brit- 
ain were  trained  fur  war,  and  used  by  the  Gauls  in 
battle.  Eneye, 

MAST'LESS,  a.     Having  no  mast ;  as  a  vessel. 

2.  Bearing  no  mast ;  as,  a  viastless  oak  or  beech. 

MAST'LIN.     See  Mcslw.  [Dryden. 

MAS'TO-DON,  n.  [Gr.  ^ucro;,  mamilla,  and  u^ou{,a 
tooth.] 

A  genus  of  mammiferous  and  pachydermatous 
animals  resembling  the  elephant,  now  extinct,  and 
known  only  by  their  fossil  remains. 

MAS'TOID,  a.  [Gr.  /latrrus,  the  nipple  or  breast,  and 
£1^05,  furm.] 

Resembling  the  nipple  or  breast ;  as,  the  mastoid 
process. 

MAS-'''0L'0-6Y,  n.  [Gr.  naaros,  the  breast,  and  Xo- 
yaq,  discourse.] 

The  natural  liistoiy  of  animals  which  suckle  tbeii 
young ;  niazology. 

MXS'TRESS,  for  Mistress,  is  not  used.        Chancer. 

MAS-TUR-Ba'TION,  n.     [U.  manus  and  stuprum.] 
Onanism  ;  self-pollution. 

MXST'Y,  a.  [See  Mast.]  Full  of  mast ;  abounding 
with  acorns,  &c. 

MAT,  rt.  [W.mat;  Sax.  meatta:  D.  mat;  G.  matte; 
L.  matta  ;  Sp.  mata ;  Ir.  matta  ;  Russ.  mat ;  W.  math^ 
that  is  spread.  The  sense  is,  probably,  a  Iny,  or 
spread,  from  falling,  throwing,  or  stretching.  Class 
Md,  No.  6,  8,  9.] 

1.  A  texture  of  sedge,  rushes,  flags,  husks,  straw, 
or  other  material,  to  be  laid  on  a  floor  for  cleaning 
the  boots  and  shoes  of  those  who  enter  a  house,  and 
for  other  purposes.  Carew. 

a  A  web  of  rope-yarn  used  in  ships  to  secure  the 
standing  rigging  from  the  friction  of  the  yards,  &:c. 
MAT,  V.  U     To  cover  or  lay  with  mats.  Evehjn. 

2.  To  twist  together  ;  to  interweave  like  a  mat ;  to 
entangle. 

And  o'er  hk  eTO-browi  hung  his  matted  hair.  Dryden, 

3.  To  press  together  ;  to  lay  flat ;  as,  matted  grass. 
MAT'A-CntN,  (mat'a-sheen,)  n.     [Sp.,  a  buffoon,  a 

grotesque  dance.] 

An  old  dance  with  swords  and  bucklers.    Sidney. 
MAT'A-DORE,  n.     [Sp.  matadary  a  murderer,  and  a 
card,  from  matar^  to  kill.] 

1.  One  of  the  three  prmcipal  cards  in  the  game  of 
omber  and  quadrille,  which  are  always  two  black 
aces  and  the  deuce  in  spades  and  clubs,  and  the  sev- 
en in  hearts  and  diamonds.  Johnson.     Pope. 

2.  One  who  kills ;  the  killer ;  the  man  apiwiuted 
to  kill  the  bull  in  bull-fighU. 

MATCH,  n.  [Fr.  meche;  It  miccia;  Sp,  and  Port 
mecha  ;  Arm.  mechenn^  mech.] 

1.  Some  very  combustible  substance  used  for  light- 
ing a  fire,  as  hemp,  flax,  cotton,  tow  dipped  in  sul- 
phur, 01  a  species  oi  dry  wood,  called  vulgarly  touch- 
toood. 

2.  A  rope  or  cord  made  of  hempen  tow,  composed 
of  three  strands  slightly  twisted,  and  again  covered 
with  tow  and  boiled  in  the  lees  of  old  wine.  This, 
when  lighted  at  one  end,  retains  fire  and  burns  slowly 
tiH  consumed.    It  is  used  in  firing  artillery,  &c 

Encye. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL.  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MAfiKNE,  BIRD.— N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQgK.— 
_ 


s* 


MAT 


MAT 


MAT 


MATCH,  n,  [Sax.  maca,  and  gemaca,  an  equal,  lellow, 
companion,  D.  makkeT^  Dan.  ma^a,  Svv.  T/MiA'e.] 

1.  A  person  who  is  equal  to  another  in  !>trength  or 
other  quality ;  one  able  to  cope  with  another. 

GoTerom-nt  —  iaake»  aa  innocent  man  of  the  lowest   r&nlu  a 
mauA  (or  the  mi^tieA  of  hia  fellow-sub]MU.        AddUon, 

3.  One  that  suits  or  tallies  with  another ;  or  any 
thing  that  equals  another. 

3.  Union  by  marriage. 

Lo'e  doth  arldom  suffer  Itaelf  lo  be  eoaSned  by  other  matchat 
thaa  ihuae  of  itj  own  making.  BoyU. 

\r\  ptrpularUtaffuagey  it  is  applied  to  the  engagement 
of  lovers  before  marriage. 

4.  One  to  be  married. 

Hbe  itiheritMl  a  Eiir  fortune  of  her  own  —and  wa»  looked  upon 
aa  the  richeat  molch  ia  the  weaU  Clarendon. 

MATCH,  n.  [Gr.  naxTj,  a  battle,  a  fight;  but  probably 
of  the  same  family  as  the  preceding.] 

A  contest  j  competition  for  victory  ;  or  a  union  of 
parties  for  contest ;  as  in  games  or  sports. 

A  wlcmn  matdi  waa  made  ;  he  lost  the  phie.  Drydftn, 

MATCH,  r.  u    To  equal. 

No  settled  senses  of  the  worid  caa  matdi 

The  pleasure  of  that,  madoesa.  SfiaJt. 

2.  To  show  an  equaL 

No  history  or  andquitT'  can  matdi  hk  poUdea  and  his  conduct. 

South. 

3.  To  oppose  as  equal }  to  set  against  as  equal  in 
contest. 

Eternal  might 
To  match  wkh  their  inTeiiiioM  ttejr  pRsumed 
So  easy,  and  of  his  thunder  made  a  sconi.  Sdilton, 

4.  To  suit ;  to  make  equal ;  to  proportion. 

Let  poets  match  their  subject  to  (heir  strength.      Hotcommon, 
To  tnaich  prutema  and  colon.  S-jii/u 

5.  To  marry  ;  to  give  in  marriage. 

A  senator  of  Rome,  while  Rome  surriTed, 

Would  Dot  have  matdud  his  daughter  with  a  Idn;.    Additon, 

6.  To  purify  vessels  by  burning  a  match  in  them. 
MATCH,  r.  1.    To  be  united  in  marriage. 

I  bold  it  a  sin  to  match  in  my  kindred.  ShaJc, 

hft  tigers  match  with  hinds,  and  wolves  with  sheep.    Dryden. 

2.  To  ?uit ;  to  correspond  ;  to  be  of  equal  size,  fig- 
ure, or  quality  ;  to  tally.  We  say  of  a  piece  of  cloth, 
it  does  not  match  with  another. 

MATCH'.\-BLE,  a.    Equal ;  suitable ;  fit  to  be  joined. 

Spenser. 
2.  Correspondent.     [Little  used."]  Woodward. 

IHATCl!'f:D,(matcht,)pp.  Equaled  j  suited  ;  placed 
in  nppos?ition ;  married. 

MATCH'I.VG,  ;ipr.  Equaling;  suiting;  setting  in  op- 
poeiiion  ;  iinitmg  in  marriage. 

MATCH'LE^S,  a.  Having  no  equal ;  as,  matchless 
impudence;  a  matchlesa  queen;  malchltss  love  or 
charms. 

M.\TCH'LESS-LY,  orftj.  In  a  manner  or  degree  not 
to  he  cqnnled. 

MATCH'LESS-XESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing without  an  equal. 

MATCH'LOCK.n.  Formerly^  the  lock  of  a  mti<iket 
containing  a  match  for  firing  it ;  the  musket  itself. 

MATCH'-MAK-ER,  ».  One  who  makes  matches  for 
burning. 

2.  One  who  contrives  or  eflfects  a  union  by  mar- 
riase. 

MATCH'-MAK-ING,  n.    The  art  of  making  matches. 

MJCTE,  n.  [D.  maat;  Ar.  ',r^^^^  maiauj  to  associate. 
aassMd,  No.  II.] 

1.  A  companion  ;  an  associate  ;  one  who  customa- 
rily associates  with  another.  Young  persons,  nearly 
of  an  age,  and  frequently  aMociatlng,  are  called  maUs 
or  playmates. 

2.  A  husband  or  wife. 

3.  The  male  or  female  of  animals  which  associate 
for  propacaiion  and  the  care  of  their  young.     MUton, 

4.  One  that  eats  at  the  same  table. 

5.  One  that  attends  the  ^ame  school ;  a  school- 
mate. 

6.  .\n  officer  in  a  merchant  ship  or  ship  of  war, 
whose  duty  'is  to  a.'isist  the  tnastor  or  commander. 
In  a  merchant  ship,  the  mate,  in  the  absence  of  the 
master,  takes  command  of  the  ship.  Large  ships 
have  a  first,  second,  and  third  mate. 

In  general,  mate,  in  compound  iDordg,  denotes  an  as- 
ii.nant,  and  ranks  nr-xt  in  subordination  to  the  prin- 
cipal ;  aa,  ma^^ter's  mate ;  surgeon's  mate.  Sec. 

7.  (Pron,  m^'ta.)    Paraguay  tea.    [See  Matte.1 
MATE,  «.     [Sp.  and  Port.  maU ,-  Fr.  mat ;  from  Sp.  mo- 
lar, to  kill.  I 

In  M(M*,  the  state  of  the  king  so  situated  that  he 
ran  not  e«:ape. 
MATE,  p.  t.    'I'o  match  ;  to  marry.     Renter.     Skak. 

2.  To  equal ;  to  be  equal  to. 

For  thus  the  mastful  ebestnot  moles  the  skies.  Z>rydsn. 

3.  To  oppo«e  ;  to  equal. 


I,  I'  th'  way  of  loynliy  and  tnilh, 

Datk  matt  a  souitdcr  man  than  Surrey  can  be. 


SSak. 


MATE,  V.  X.    [Pr.  mater,  to  mate  in  chess ;  Sw,  niaUa, 
to  weaken,  to  en«rvate  ;  Sp.  malar,  to  kill.] 


To  enervate  :  to  subdue  ;  to  crush. 

Audacity  doth  almost  bind  and  matt  the  weaker  sort  of  minds. 
{Not  uaed.\  Bacon. 

MATE'LES3,  a.     Having  no  mate  or  companion. 
MAT'E-LOTE,  n.    [Fr.]    A  dish  of  food  composed  of 

many  kinds  of  fish. 
MA-TE-OL'O-GY,  n.    [Gr. /laTaiof,  vain,  and  Xoyou 

discourse.] 
A  vain  discourse  or  inquiry. 

MA-TE-0-TEeH'i\Y,    n.      [Gr.    /*ara(Of,  vain,  and 
TE-xvrt,  art.] 
Any  unprofitable  science. 

MA'TEU,  n.  [L.  mother.]  In  anatomy,  the  two  mem- 
branes that  cover  the  cerebrum,  cerebellum,  inedulla- 
oblonpata,  and  spinal  cord,  distinguished  from  each 
other_by  the  epithets  dura  and  pia. 

MA-Tk'RI-A  MED'I-CA,  71.  [L.]  A  general  name 
for  every  substance  used  in  medicine.  Encyc. 

2.  An  auxiliary  branch  of  the  science  of  medi- 
cine, which  treats  of  tlie  nature  and  properties  of  all 
the  substances  that  are  employed  for  the  cure  of  dis- 
eases. Ed.  Eneyc 

MA-TE'RI-AL,  a.  [It.  materiale;  Fr.  materiel  i  Sp. 
material ;  from  L.  materia,  matter.] 

1.  Consisting  of  matter  ;  not  spiritual ;  as,  material 
substance;  jnaterial  bodies. 

2.  Important ;  momentous ;  more  or  less  necessa- 
ry ;  having  inriuencc  or  effect. 

Hold  them  fur  Catholics  or  heretics,  it  ia  not  a  thing  rcry  material 
in  this  question.  Hooker. 

In  the  account  uf  limpic  ideas,  I  shall  set  down  only  such  as  are 
moat  maleriai  to  our  pruscnt  purpose.  Locke, 

So  we  say,  a  maXerial  point ;  a  material  fault  or  er- 
ror ;  a  material  fact  or  consideration. 

3.  Not  format ;  substantial. 

4.  Furnishing  materials ;  as,  material  men. 

Whcaton^  Rep. 
MA-Te'RI-AL,  n.  The  substance  or  matter  of  which 
any  thing  is  made  ;  as,  wool  is  the  material  of  cloth  ; 
rags  are  the  material  of  paper. 
M.\-TE'RI-AL-ISM,  n.  The  doctrine  of  maU^rialists  ; 
the  opinion  of  those  who  maintain  that  the  soul  of 
man  is  nt)t  a  spiritual  substance  distinct  from  matter, 
but  that  it  is  the  result  or  effect  of  tlie  organisation 
of  matter  in  the  body. 

The  irrcgnilor  f'-ara  uf  a  future  state  had  been  supplanted  by  the 
mauriaiism  of  Epicurus.  BucJcmineler. 

2.  Matter ;  material  substances  in  the  aggregate. 
{Unusual.]  Chalmers. 

MA-Tl":'RI-ALr-IST,  n.  One  who  denies  the  existence 
of  spiritual  substances,  and  maintains  that  the  soul 
of  man  is  the  result  of  a  particular  organization  of 
matter  iu  the  body. 

MA-TE-RI-AL'l-TY,n.    Material  existence;  corpore- 
ity ;  not  spirituality.  Digby. 
2.  Importance  ;  as,  the  materiality  of  facts. 

Judge  Chase. 

MA-Te'RI'AL-IZE,  v.  L  To  reduce  to  a  state  of  mat- 
ter ;  also,  lo  regard  as  motter.  Reid. 

UA-Tk'Rl'AU-XZ'ED,pp.ox  a.  Reduced  to  a  state 
of  matter. 

MA-Te'RI-AL-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Reducing  to  a  state  of 
matter. 

MA-Te'RI-AI>-LY,  ado.    In  the  state  of  matter. 

2.  Not  formally  ;  substantially.  [Boyle. 

Aa  ill  intention  may  ipail  an  act  moiertoi/y  good.  South. 

3.  In  an  important  manner  or  degree  ;  essentially. 
It  materially  concerns  us  to  know  the  real  motives  of 
our  actions. 

M.\-Te'RI-AL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  materi- 
al ;  importance. 

Consisting  of  matter.     [LitlUused.]  Bacon. 

MA-TE  RI  A'l'lON,  n.    The  act  of  forming  matter. 

[A*ot  usetL]  Brown. 

MATE'RIEL,   (ma  ta're-el,)  n.      [Fr.]     That   in    a 
complex  system  which  constitutes  the  materials  or 
instnimenis  employed,  a.*    the  bacpage,  munitions, 
provisions,  &c.,  of  an  army,  in  ditiiinclion  from  the 
persond,  or  men  ;  or  tlio  tuiihlincs,  libraries,  and  ap- 
panitos  of  a  college,  in  distinction  from  its  olficera. 
MA-TER'NAL,  a.     [L.  maternuji,  from  mater,  mother.] 
Motherly;   pertaining  to  a   mother;  becoming    a 
mother  ;    as,  maternal  love  ;    maternal  tenderness. 
MA-TER'NAI^LY,  ado.    In  a  motherly  manner. 
MA-TER'NI-TY,  71.     [Fr.  materntU.] 

Tile  clinractur  or  relation  of  a  mother. 
M AT'FEI^ON,  n.    [Sp.  and  Port,  Tuotor,  Dr.  matsen,  to 
kill,  and  feUin.] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Centaurea,  knap-weed. 
MATH,  n.     [Sax.  m«tA.] 

A  mowing  ;  as,  in  ajtermath. 
MATHE-MAT'ie,        (^     rr    «.«fA^v.#f,.«. i 
MATH-E  MAT'ie  AE,  1  "*    ^^-  waW*'^*'**"*-] 

1.  Pertaining  to  mathematics  ;  as,  mathematical 
knowledge  ;   mathematical  instruments. 

2.  According  to  the  principles  of  mathematics ;  as, 
mathematical  exartnrss. 

MATH-E-MAT'I€-AI^LY,    adv.      According   to  the 
laws  or  principles  of  mathematical  science. 
2.  Willi  maLbematiciU  certainly;  demonstrably. 

BentUy. 


MATH-E-MA-TI"C1AN,  (-tish'an,)  n.     [Fr.  mathe- 

maticien.] 
One  versed  in  mathematics. 
MATH-E-MAT'ieS,  n.       [L.    mathematica,    from  Gr. 

eadrjuaTiKt),  from  /lacOavcj,  to  learn  ;  the  v  is  proba- 
ly  casual,  and  the  root  belongs  to  Class  Md,No.  10.] 
The  science  of  quantity ;  the  science  which  treats 
of  magnitude  and  number,  or  of  whatever  can  be 
measured  or  numbered.  This  science  is  divided 
into  pure  or  speeulative,  which  considers  quantity  ab- 
stractly, without  relation  to  matter  ;  and  mixed,  which 
treats  of  magnitude  as  subsisting  in  material  bodies, 
and  is  consequently  interwoven  witli  physical  consid- 
erations. Arithmetic,  geometry,  algebra,  trigonome- 
try, and  conic  sections,  are  branches  of  mathematics. 
MATH'E-MEG,  n.    A  fish  of  the  cod  kind,  inhabiting 

Hudson's  Bay.  PennanL 

MA^H'ES,  n.     An  herb.  Jlinsworth. 

MA-THe'SIS,  n.    [Gr.  paOnffn.] 

Learning  ;  particularly,  mathematics.  [LiUU  used.] 

Pope. 
MAT'IN,  a.    [Fr.  motwi,  morning;  G.  mettej  matins; 
L.  vtatutiHus.] 

Pertaining  to  the  morning  ;  used  in  the  morning  ; 
as,  a  matin  trumpet. 
MAT'IN,  71.     Morning.     [J^ot  tuied.]  Shak. 

MAT'INS,  71.  pi.  Morning  worship  or  service  ;  morn- 
ing prayers  or  songs. 

The  vipiU  are  celebrated    before  them,  and  the  noctum  and 

maUnt,  for  tlie  aiiints  whose  the  relics  are.       SnuingJUeU 
The  winged  choristers  began 
To  chirp  their  mcUtne.  Geaoeland. 

2.  Time  of  morjiing  service ;  the  first  canonical 
hour  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church. 
M.\T'RASS,7i.  [Fr.  matrasi  D.  id.  In  French,  the 
word  signifies  an  arrow;  Arm.  Tnotoi-a,  to  throw  a 
dart.  Tliis  verb  coincides  with  D.  mitto.  It  seems, 
then,  to  be  so  called  from  its  long  neck.] 

A  cucurbit;  a  chemical  vessel  in  the  shape  of  an 
egg,  or  with  a  tapering  neck  open  at  the  top,  serving 
the  puriwses  of  digestion,  evaporation,  &c.  It  is  su- 
perseded, in  the  modern  laboratory,  by  a  fiask. 

J^iTicholsuii,     Quincy,    Brande. 
MAT'RESa.    See  Mattress. 
Ma'TRICE,  J         rr         ^      r  -  ...     -1 

Ma'TRIX     1"*    l»^  ""'^")  troni  ™**'«'*i  another.] 

The  womb ;  the  cavity  in  which  the  fetus  of  an 

animal  is  formed  and  nourished  till  its  birth.     Encyc 

MAT'RICE,   (mat'ris,)  ti.      A   mold  ;    the   cavity    in 

which  any  thing  is  formed,  and  which  gives  it  shape  ; 

as,  tlie  matrix  of  a  type. 

2.  The  place  or  substance  in  which  any  thing  is 
formed  or  produced  ;  as,  the  matrix,  of  metals  ;  gang. 

3.  In  dyeing,  the  five  simple  colors,  black,  white, 
blue,  red,  and  yellow,  of  which  all  the  rest  are  com- 
posed. Entyc 

MAT'ltl-CT-DAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  matricide. 
MAT'RI-CIDE,  n.     [L.    matricidium;    mater,   mother, 
and  nff/o,  to  slay.] 

1.  The  killing  or  murder  of  a  mother.        Browrt, 

2.  The  killer  or  murderer  of  his  mother. 
MA-TRie'U-LATE,  r.  £.     [L.  matricula,  a  roll  or  reg- 
ister, from  77i«frir.J 

To  enter  or  admit  to  membership  in  a  body  or  so- 
ciety, particularly  in  a  college  or  university,  by  en- 
rolling the  name  in  a  register.  Wottoiu 

MA-TRIC'U-LATE,  n.  One  enrolled  in  a  register, 
and  thus  admitted  lo  membership  in  a  society. 

Arbuthnot. 

MA-TRie'lJ-LA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Entered  or  admitted 
to  membership  in  a  society,  particularly  in  a  uni- 
versity. 

MA-Jl'RI€ -IJ-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  registering  a 
name  and  admitting  to  membership.  Ayliffe. 

MAT-RI-MO'NI-AL,  o.     [It.  matrimoniale.     See  Mat- 

RIUONV.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  marriage;  connubial;  nuptial; 
hymeneal ;  as,  matrimonial  rights  or  duties. 

2.  Derived  from  marriage. 

If  lie  relied  on  that  iJile,  he  could  he  but  a  Idn^  at  eurtny,  and 
have  rnUier  a  matrimonial,  than  a  re^al  power.      Bacon. 

MAT-Rr-MO'NI-AL-LY,adt?.    According  to  the  man- 
ner or  laws  of  marriage.  Ayliffe. 
MAT-RI-MO'NI-OUS,  a.    Matrimonial.    [LUae  used.] 

Jtfdton. 
MAT'Rl-MO-NY,  n.      [L.  matrimomum,  from  mater, 
mother.] 

Marriage ;  wedlock  ;  the  union  of  man  and  woman 
for  life  ;  the  nuptial  stale. 

If  any  man  know  cause  why  this  conple  should  not  be  Joined  In 
holy  matrunony,  they  are  to  declare  It.     Common  Prayer. 

MA'TRIX.     See  Matricb. 

MAT'RON,  n.     [Fr.  matrone ;  L.  mtitrona ;  from  mtUcTf 
mother.] 
An  elderly  married  woman,  or  an  elderly  lady. 

Johnson.  Encyc. 
MAT'RON-AGE,  n.  The  state  of  a  matron.  Burke. 
MAT'RON-AE,  o.     [L.  matronali*.] 

Pertaining  to  a  matron  ;  suitable  to  an  elderly  lady 
or  to  a  married  woman  ;  grave  ;  motherly.    Bacon. 
MA'J'RON-IIOyD,  n.    State  of  a  matron. 
MAT'RON-tZE,  v.  U    Tu  render  matronlike. 

Richardson, 


TONE,  B^LL,  TINITE.  — AN"GER.  VI"CI0U8.  — €  as  K ;  0  aa  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  j  TH  as  In  THia 


MAT 

MAT'RON-T7-ED,p;..     Rendered  matronlike. 
MAT'RO.\-I7.-I\G,  pj>r,     Uonderm;'  iniilronlike. 
MAT'ROX-LIKE,  a.     Having  the  niaiinL-rs  of  no  el- 
derly woman  ;  grave  ;  sedate  ;  becoming  a  luntron. 
MAT'RON-LY,  a.    Elderly  ;  advanced  in  years. 

MA-TROSS',  ju  [D.  matroos:  Sw.  Dan.  and  Rum. 
matros,  a  sailor ;  D.  moof,  a  mate ;  moots,  feltows, 
sailors  ;  Fr.  matdoU  In  Arm.  marttlot  is  a  colleague. 
The  word  seems  to  be  from  mateJ] 

Matrasses  are  soldiers  in  a  tram  of  artillery,  who 
are  next  to  the  gimners,  and  assist  them  in  loading, 
firing,  and  sitonginp  the  guns.  They  carrj-  firelocks, 
and  march  with  the  store-wagons  as  guards  and  as- 
sistants. Bailey.     Encyc. 

M.\T'T.A-MORE,  n.  In  th4  East^  a  subterranean  re- 
positorj'  for  wheal.  Parkhurst.     Shaw. 

MATTE,  (mat,)  n.  Crude,  black  copper  reduced, 
but  not  refined  from  sulphur,  &c.  Urt. 

2.  A  ?mall  plant  u$ed  in  South  America  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  lea  ;  Farapuiiy  tea,  S.  E,  Morse. 

MAT'TED,  jrp.  or  a.     Laid  with  mats  ;  entangled. 

ll.\T'TER,  H.  rUSp.  and  It.  maUria;  Fr.  mctiire; 
Ann.  matery ;  W.  nuUrr,  what  is  produced,  occasion, 
al^r,  imatter;  madrez,  pus,  matter;  maJru,  to  putrefy 
or  diasoli'e.  Owen  deduces  mattr  from  mhd^  what 
proceeds  or  advances,  a  good  ;  madu,  to  cause  to  pro- 
ceed, to  render  productive  :  m&d,  good,  beneficial, 
tbat  Is,  advancing,  progressive.  Here  we  have  a 
clear  Idea  of  the  radical  sense  of  rood^  which  is,  pro- 
ceeding, advancing.  A  i^ood  is  that  which  advances 
or  promotes ;  and  hence  we  see  the  connection  be- 
tween this  word  m^  and  matter,  pus,  both  from  pro- 


gressiveness.  The  original  verb  is  in  the  Ar.  (X-« 
madda,  to  extend,  to  reach  or  stretch,  to  be  tall,  to 
throst  out,  to  excrete,  to  produce  pu9,  to  yawn  ;  de- 
rivatives, pus,  sanies,  matter.  This  verb,  in  Ileh. 
and  Ch.,  signifies,  to  measure,  and  is  the  same  as 
the  L.  mftiar^  Gr.  >iCT->}<a>.  In  Syriac,  tl  signifies,  to 
escape.] 

1.  Substance  excreted  from  living  animal  bodies  ; 
that  which  is  thrown  out  or  discharged  in  a  tumor, 
boil,  or  abscess ;  pus ;  purulent  substance  collected 
in  an  abscess,  the  ed*ect  of  suppuration  more  or  less 
perfect ;  as,  digested  wtatttr ;  saaious  maiUr. 
''  SL  Body ;  substance  extended  ;  that  which  is  visi- 
ble or  tangible;  as,  eanb,  wood,  stone,  air,  vapor, 
water. 

3.  In  a  mart  ffemertl  ttmd  pkilosopkie  mim«,  tbe  sub- 
stance of  which  all  bodies  are  constituted. 

MutLr  is  usually  divided  by  philosophical  writers 
Into  three  kinds  or  classes ;  joU,  Uqmid,  and  aihifarm. 
Soiid  substances  are  ttiose  whose  parts  firmly  cohere 
and  rc^st  iinpressioit,  as  wood  or  stone ;  liquids  have 
6ee  motion  among  their  parts,  and  easily  yield  to  Im- 
pression, as  water  and  wine.  AUriform  substances 
are  elastic  fluids,  called  capers  and  gaseSf  as  air  and 
oxygen  gas. 

4.  Subject ;  thing  treated  ;  that  about  which  we 
write  or  speak;  that  which  employs  thmight  or  ex- 
tites  emotion ;  as,  tliis  is  matter  of  praise,  of  grati- 
tu'de,  or  of  astonishment 

Son  or  Goil,  Sftvior  of  mm,  thj  nuiw 

Blioll  be  the  copiois  mmtttr  ot  my  •on^ .  Mi!Um. 

5.  The  very  thing  supposed  or  intended. 

Be  gT»>U  tbe  cl'>lvig«  to  have  come  to  fvTj  near  tbe  matter,  (hal 
tew  noiped.  TUioUon, 

6.  Aflair ;  business ;  event ;  thing ;  course  of  things. 
Mmtters  have  succeeded  well  thus  far;  observe  how 
vrntters  stand  :  thus  the  matter  rests  at  present  j  thus 
the  vuUer  ended. 

-,  llie  Kkbemka  mH  in  muij  nnHtrs  rrom 

>  hftve  ckiiied  matltr*  ao  far,  Uiat 
»  h  eft  tar  a^iog  ftdvioe.  Sp€aator. 

7.  Cause  of  any  event,  as  of  any  disturbance,  or 
of  a  disease,  or  of  a  ditftculty.  When  a  moving  ma- 
chine stops  suddenly,  we  ask,  what  is  the  matterl 
When  a  person  is  ill,  we  ask,  what  is  the  matttrl 
When  a  tumult  or  quarrel  takes  place,  we  ask,  what 
b  the  matter  1 

&  Subject  of  compl?Jnt ;  suit;  demand. 

If  the  manrr  ■bould  be  tried  by  duel  between  two  ehunr^oiu. 

Ewtiy  iTTMt  maOtr  ihey  sh^ll  i'jing  to  ther,  but  every  ■m&II 
Mooer  they  thMU  Jud£i>.  —  Exoa.  xriji. 

9.  Import ;  consequence  ;  importance  ;  moment 

A  projvnt  KHne,  ukd  wotnn  k  po^  cry ! 

No  maarr  wfaicfa,  ao  ueitbrr  of  them  lie.  Oryden. 

10.  Space  of  time ;  a  portion  of  distance. 

1  hsre  tboifg^ta  to  tarry  «  annaU  matter.  Congme, 

Away  be  fora,  &  matter  of  aereo  mileB.  L'Ewtrang; 

Upon  tie  imatter:  considering  tbe  whole ;  taking  all 
things  into  view.  This  phrase  is  now  obsolete  ;  but 
in  lieu  of  it,  we  sometimes  use,  h^s  tks  whole  viat- 
ttr. 

Waller,  with  Sir  Willbun  Balfour,  exervdol  in  horw^,  bat  were, 
upon  th4  tphoU  maaer,  equal  la  loot.  Ciartndon. 

Matter  of  record ;  that  which  is  recorded,  or  which 
may  be  proved  by  record. 


MAT 

MAT'TKR,  r.  t.  To  be  of  importance;  to  import; 
used  with  it,  this,  that,  or  tpkaL  This  matters  not ; 
that  mattrrs  not ;  chicliy  used  in  negative  ptirases ; 
as,  what  matiers  it  f 

tl  maOtrs  not  bov  ibey  are  catled,  ao  ve  know  who  tbey  are. 

lodct. 

2.  To  maturate  ;  to  form  pus ;  to  collect,  as  matter 
in  an  abscess. 

Each  ilig^btaore  nMOrrelA.     [liUlt  utd.]  Sidney. 

{We  novi  use  Maturate.] 
MAT'TER,  r.  u    To  regard.     [J^ot  nsed.] 
MAT'TEU-ED,  pp.     Regarded  ;  imported. 

3.  Maturated;  collected,  as  perfect  pus  in  an  ab- 
scess. 

M  AT'TER-LESP,  a.     Void  of  matter.       B.  Jonson, 

MAT'TER-OF-FA€T'-MAN,  n.     A  term,  of  modem 

times,  for  a  grave  and  precise  narrator,  remarker,  or 

inquirer  ;  one  who  sticks  to  the  mailer  of  any  fact. 

MAT'TER-Y,  a.     Purulent ;  generating  pus ;  as,  a 

mattery  cough.  Harvey. 

2.  Ttnportant.     [Obs.']  B.  Jonson. 
MAT'TING,  ppr.     Covering  with  mats;  entangling. 
MAT'TIXG,  n.     A  texture  compased  of  rushes,  flags, 

grass,  straw,  Sec,  used  in  packing  various  articles, 
and  also  for  covering  the  flours  of  houses. 

3.  Materials  for  mats. 
M.\T'TO(?K,  n.     [Sax.  tnattue  ;  W.  matoff.] 

A  kind  of  pickax,  having  the  iron  ends  broad,  in- 
stead of  pointed.  Smart. 

MAT'TRESS,  n.  [W.  matras  ;  D.  lU  ;  It.  matcrasso  ; 
G.  matratze ;  Fr.  matrlas ;  Ann.  matela^i^  from  mat. 
Matbess,  according  to  the  etymology,  would  be  a 
more  correct  spelling.] 

A  quilted  bed  ;  a  bed  f^luffed  with  hair,  moss,  or 
other  soft  material,  and  cpiilted. 

MAT'lJ-RANT,  n.  [L.  jnaiuro,  from  maturus,  mature, 
ripe.] 

In  pharmacy,  a  medicine,  or  application  to  an  in- 
flamed part,  which  promotes  suppuration.      Encyc. 

MAT'I^-RATE,  c.  C  [L.  maturo,  to  hasten,  from  mo- 
(Hnu,  ripe.] 

To  promote  perfect  suppuration. 

MAT'TJ-RATE.  c.  i.    To  suppurate  perfectly. 

MAT'U-RA-TED,  pp.     Perfectly  suppurated. 

MAT'lJ-RA-TING,  ppr.  Suppurating  perfectly,  as  an 
abscess. 

M.\T-U-RA'TIOX,  n.  The  process  of  ripening  or 
coming  to  maturity  ;  ripeness.  Bacon, 

2.  The  process  of  suppurating  perfectly  ;  suppura- 
tion ;  the  forming  of  pus  in  inflammations.    Quiney. 

MAT'[^-RA-TIVE,  a.  Ri|tening;  conducing  to  ripe- 
ness. 

2.  Conducing  to  perfect  suppuration,  or  the  forma- 
tion of  matter  in  an  abscess. 

MA-TCtRE',  o.  [I^  maturus:  Dan.  moed,  moeden.  In 
W.  mid  is,  complete,  perfect,  mature  ;  and  medi  sig- 
nifies, to  reap,  L.  meto.  So  ripe,  in  English^  seems 
to  be  connected  with  reap.  In  Ch.  KtOa  signifies,  to 
come  to,  to  reach,  to  he  mature.     See  Meet.] 

1.  Ripe  ;  perfected  by  time  or  natural  growth ;  as, 
a  man  of  maUire  age.  We  apply  it  to  a  young  man 
who  has  arrived  to  the  age  wtien  he  is  supposed  to 
be  competent  to  manage  his  own  concerns  ;  to  a 
young  woman  who  is  fit  to  be  married  ;  and  to  el- 
derly men  who  have  much  experience. 

Tlieir  prince  i«  a  man  of  leanunf  and  virtue,  maturt  in  yi-a™. 

Additon. 

Mature  th*r  virgin  waa,  of  Egypt*!  race.  Prior, 

Huw  shall  i  rn'-r^t  or  bow  accost  the  a-tgi*, 

Unskilled  in  sprnch,  nor  yet  mature  ol  a^  1  Pope, 

S.  Brought  to  perfection  ;  used  of  plants.  The  wheat 
is  mature. 

3,  Completed  ;  prepared ;  ready.  The  plan  or 
scheme  was  mature. 


A,  Come  to  suppuration. 
MA-TCRE',  r.  L     [L.  maturo.'] 

1.  To  ripen ;  to  hasten  to  a  perfect  state ;  to  pro- 
mote ripeness. 

Prick  an  apple  with  a  pin  full  of  hoW,  not  dcf^,  and  amear  it 
with  s-Ack,  to  see  ir  tne  Tirtuol  beat  of  the  wiue  will  not  ma- 
ture iu  Bacon, 

2.  To  advance  toward  perfection. 

1x>re  Indulged  my  li^Mia  past, 

Maiurti  Riy  preaent,  and  aball  bound  my  ]a«t.  Pope. 

MA-TORE',  V.  i.  To  advance  toward  ripeness ;  to  be- 
come ripe  or  perfect.  Wine  matures  by  age,  or  by 
agitation  in  a  long  voyage.  The  Judgment  mo/ures 
by  age  and  experience. 

MA-TOR'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Ripened  ;  advanced  to  perfec- 
tion \_  prepared. 

MA-TuRE'LY,  adv.    With  ripeness  ;  completely. 

2.  With  full  deliberation.  A  prince,  entering  on 
war,  ought  maturely  to-  consider  the  state  of  his 
finances. 

3.  Earlv  :  soon.     [A  Latinism,  little  vsed.]    Bentley. 
MAT-I^-RES'CENT,  a.     Approaching  to  maturity. 
MA-TOR'ING,  ppr.    Ripening  ;  being  in  or  coming  to 

a  complete  slate. 
MA-TO'RI-TY,       )  7u    Ripeness  ;  a  state  of  perfection 
MA-TORE'NESS,  \      or  completeness  ;  as,  the  maturir- 
ty  of  age  or  of  judgment ;  the  maturity  of  com  or  of 
grass  :  the  maturity  of  a  plan  or  scheme. 


MAX 

2.  In  coinmrree,  the  maturity  of  a  note  or  bill  of  ex- 
change is  ttie  time  when  it  becomes  due. 

Pertaining  to  the  morning.  Tferbert. 

MAT'WEEL),  n.    A  plant  of  the  genua  Lygeum. 
MAITD'LIN,  a.     [Comipted  from  Magdalen,  who  is 
drawn  by  painters  with  eyes  Bwellea  ai:d  red  with 
weeping,] 

Drunk  ;  fuddled  ;  approaching  to  intoxication ;  stu- 
pid. 

And  the  kind  maud^n  crowd  melta  In  ber  pmiae.      Southern. 

MAUD'LTN",  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Achillea. 
MAU'GER,  Jarfp.      [Fr.  maliFTi,  ill  will:   mal  and 
MAU'GRK,  i      gri,-] 

"In  spite  of;   in  opposition  to;  notwithstanding ; 

used  only  in  burlesque. 

This,  mauger  all  the  world,  wiU  1  keep  i.ife.  Shak, 

MAU'KIN.    See  MxLKtrf. 

MAUI.,  n.     [I.,  mtilleus.    See  Mau-] 

A  heavy  wtH»den  hammer  ;  written  also  Mall. 
MAI'L,  V,  t.    To  beat  and  bruise  with  a  heavy  stick 
or  cudgel ;  to  wound  in  a  coarse  manner. 

Meek  modem  fnith  to  murder,  hack,  and  mauL  Pope. 

MAUL'KD,  pp,    Oniiscd  with  a  heavy  stick  or  cudgel. 
MAUL'LNG,  ppr.     Heating  with  a  ciidgcL 
MAUL'-ST1(;K,  71.     [G.  mnhlen-stock,] 

The  slick  use^i  by  painters  of  pictures  to  keep  the 
hand  stoiuiv  in  working. 
MXUNCIl,  (inilnsh,)  n.     [Fr.  manche.] 

A  loose  sleeve.     [JVot  u-trd.]  Herbert. 

[In  heraldry,  n  sleeve.  —  E,  H.  Barlter."] 
MAU.ND  or  MAIJM),  n,     [Sax.  mand;  D.  nand,'\ 

1.  A  hand-bas)iel  ;  a  vurd  used  in  Scotland. 

2.  A  Bengal  weight  of  100  pounds  troy,  or  82  avoir- 
duiK>is.  •  Malcom. 

MXUNDor  MAUND,  )  t>.  t.  and  t.    To  mut- 

MXUND'ER  or  MAUN'DER,  j      ter;  to  murmur;  to 

gnmible  ;  to  beg.     [Obn.] 
MAHND'ERor  MAUXD'ER,  n.    A  beggar.     TObs.! 
MAUND'ER  ER  or  MAUND^ER-ER,  n,     A  gmmbler. 

[Obs.] 
MAUND'ER-ING  or  MAUND'ER-ING, n.  Complaint. 

[Obs.] 
MAITN'DRIL,   n.      In   coal  mineSj   a  pick  with  two 

shrinks. 
MAU.X'DY-TIIURS'DAV,  n.    [Supposed  to  be  from 

Sax.  mand,  a  basket,  Itecause  on  that  day  princes  used 

to  give  alms  to  the  poor  from  their  baskets  ;  or  from 

dies  mandaii,  the  day  of  command,  on  which  day  our 

Savior  gave  his  great  mandate,  tliat  we  should  love 

one  another.     Lye.     Johnson.'] 
The  Thursday  in  Passion-week,  or  next  before 

Good -Friday. 
MAU-SO-IjK'AN,  a.      Pertaining  to  a  mausoleum  j 

monumental.  Burton. 

MAU-SO-Lk'UM,  n.     [L. ;  Fr.  mausoUe  i  from  Mau- 

Bolus,  king  of  Caria,  to  whom  Artemisia,  his  widow, 

erected  a  stately  monument.] 

A  magnificent  tomb,  or  stalely  sepulchral  monu- 
ment. 
MAU'TIIER,  n.     A  foolish  young  girl.     [J^ot  u^ed.] 

B,  Jonson. 
MAU-y.lISE'  IfOJ^TTE',    (mo-vaz' ont',)    n.      [Fr.] 

Bashfulncss;  false  modesty. 
MA'VIS,  n.     [Fr.  mauvit.} 

The  throstle  or  song-thriiah  ;    Turdus  vnisieiis  of 

Linnffius.  p.  Cyc 

MAW,  n.     [Sax.  ma^a;  Sw.  mage;  D.  maag i  G.  viit- 

gcn.] 

1.  The  stomach  of  brutes  ;  applied  to  the  stomach 

of  human  beings  in  contempt  only. 
9.  The  craw  of  fowls.  Arbvihnot. 

MAAVK,  n.     A  maggot ;  a  slattern.     [JVht  in  use.] 
MAWK'ING-LY,  adv.    Slatternly  ;  ^utlishly. 

Bp.  Taylor. 
MAWK'ISII,  a.    Apt  to  cause  satiety  or  loathing. 

So  Bwecdy  matokuh,  and  so  smoothly  dull.  Pope, 

MAWK'ISH-LY,  adv.     In  a  mawkish  way. 

MA WK'ISH-NESS,  n.     Aptness  to  cause  loathing. 

MAVVKS,  n,  A  great,  awkward,  ill-dressed  girl.  [Ful- 

ffar.]  Smart. 

MAWK'Y.d.     Maegoly.     Uxfcal]  Orose, 

MAW'MET,  n.     [from  MaAo7aeL]     A  puppet ;  ancicTit- 

iij,  Tin  idol.     [Obs,]  Wiclif. 

MAW'MET-RY,  n.  The  religion  of  Mohammed  ;  also, 

ulolatry.     [Ofra.]  Chaucer, 

MAW'MISii,  a.     [from  tnaw,  or  mawmei,] 

F(M)lish  ;  siJIy  ;  idle;  nauseous.  DEstrange. 

MAW'WORM,  n.    A  worm  that  infests  the  stomach. 

Harvey. 
MAX'IE-LAR,      )  a.    [L.  maxiUarii,  from  maxilla,  the 
MAX'IIj-LA-R Y,  (    jaw-bone ;  probably  from  the  root 

of  mask,] 

Pertaining  to  the  jaw  ;  as,  the  maxillary  bones  or 

glands. 
MAX-IL'LI-FORM,  a.     In  the  form  of  a  cheek-bone, 
MAX-IL'LI-PED,  n.     [L.  maxilla,  jaw,  and  pes,  foot.] 
Jaw-foot ;  a  term  applied  to  the  short,  foot-like  ap- 
pendages that  cover  tbe  mouth  in  a  crab,  lobster,  as 

allied  animal. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREV.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 
-- 


MAY 

HAX'IM,  H.  [Fr.  maximey  It.  masiimOi  L.  maximum, 
literally,  the  greatest.] 

1.  An  established  principle  or  prt'pa'ution  ;  a  prin- 
ciple genenilly  received  or  admitted  as  irne.  It  is 
nearly  Ibe  same,  iu  popular  usage^  as  Axiuu  iu  phi- 
losophy and  auuhematicj}. 

ll  ia  K  imrim  of  state,  that  councriea  newly  acquired,  tuirt  aot 
■etlkU,  are  uiatten  of  t>tmieD,  rather  LbAD  of  strcn°rth. 

Bacon. 
It  is  their  JTUixim,  Lore  ii  lore's  reward.  l/ryden, 

2.  In  music,  the  longest  note  formerly  used,  equal 
to  two  lonps,  or  four  breves ;  a  large.  Busbij. 

MA.\'IM-M6N"GER,  (-mung'ger,)  n.   One  who  deals 

much  in  maxims.  Che-sUrfidtL 

MAX'IM-UiM,  n,     [L.]     In  mathematics,  the  greatest 
number  or  quantity  attainable  in  any  given  case ;  op- 
posed to  MiNIMCM. 
MA  Y,  n.     [  L.  MaiiLs ;  Fr.  Mai ;  It.  Magrrio ;  8p.  MayoJ] 
J.  The  fifth  month  of  the  year,  beginning  with 
January',  but  the   third,  beginning  with  March,  as 
,    was  the  ancient  practice  of  the  Rumane. 

2.  [Gotft.  mawi.  See  Maid.1  A  young  woman. 
[  ObsA^ 

3.  The  early  jrart  of  life. 

lib  Maif  of  youth  and  bloom  of  luatihood.  ShaJt, 

MAY,  r.  i.  To  gather  flowers  in  fliay  morning.  Sidnry, 
MaV,  verb  auz~  ;  preL   Might.      [Sax.  magan,  to   be 
strong  or  able,  to  avail ;  D.  meijen,  or  moogea  ;  G.  mii- 

Cen  ;  Russ.  mogu.    The  old  pret.  M  ought  is  obsolete, 
lit  not  wholly  extinct  from  our  common  people.  The 
sense  is,  tu  strain  or  prfss.] 

1.  To  be  possible.  We  say,  a  thing  may  be,  or  may 
not  be ;  an  event  may  happen  ;  a  thuig  may  be  done, 
if  means  are  not  wanting. 

2.  To  have  physical  force  ;  to  be  able. 

Male  the  moat  of  life  you  vuu/.  Bourne, 

3.  To  have  moral  power ;  to  have  liberty,  leave,  li- 
cense, or  permission  ;  to  be  permitted  ;  to  be  allowed, 
A  man  may  do  what  the  laws  permit  He  may  do 
what  is  not  against  decency,  propriety,  or  good  man- 
ners. We  may  not  violate  the  laws  or  the  rules  of 
good  breeding.  I  told  the  servant  he  might  be  ab- 
senL 

Tboii  mayt$l  be  no  longer  rtowar.i.  —  Luke  xri. 

4.  It  is  used  in  prayer  and  petitions  to  express  de- 
sire. O,  may  we  never  experience  the  evils  we  dread. 
So  also  in  expressions  of  good  will.  May  you  live 
happily,  and  l>e  a  ble3:«ing  to  your  country.  It  was 
fonnerly  used  for  C^iv,  and  its  radical  sense  is  the 
same. 

May  bCy  it  may  ie,  mayhap,  are  expressions  equiva- 
lent to  prrhapsf  by  chanctf  peradventure^  that  is,  it  is 
possible  to  be. 

MA  Y'-AP-PLE,  (ma'ap-pl,)  n.  The  fruit  of  an  Amer- 
ican plant.  Podophyllum  peltatum. 

MAY'BLOOM,  n.    The  hawthorn. 

M  A  Y'-BL'O,  n.  A  chafer ;  a  buzzing  insect.  Jiinsworth, 

lIAY'IifJSlI,  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Crataegus. 

MAY'-DAY,  IU    The  first  day  of  May. 

MAY'-DEW,  (ma'du,)  n.  The  dew  of  May,  which  is 
said  to  whiten  linen,  and  to  afford,  by  rejteated  dis- 
tillations, a  red  and  odoriferous  spirit.  It  has  been 
siip(H>sed  that  from  the  preparation  of  tliis  dew  the 
Kii^ticniclans  took  their  name.  Encyc. 

MAY'DOKE,  n.     A  variety  of  the  common  cherry. 

MA  V'FLOVV-ER,  n.  A  plant ;  a  llower  that  appcare 
in  -May.  Bacon. 

MAY'FLV,  n.    An  insect  or  fly  that  appears  in  May. 

Walton. 

MAY'-GAME,  n.  Sport  or  diversion  ;  play  such  as  is 
ust'd  on  the  first  of  May.  Dryden. 

MA  Y'-LA-DY,  n.  The  queen  or  lady  of  May,  in  old 
May  games.  Dryden. 

MAY'-LIL-Y,  n.  The  lily  of  the  valley,  Convallaria 
Majalis. 

.MAY'-MOUX,  n.     Freshness;  vigor.  Shak. 

MAY'-POLE,  n.  A  pole  to  dance  round  In  May;  a 
lone  pole  erected. 

MAY'-ClUEEN,  n.  A  young  female  crowned  with 
flowers  nfl  queen  at  the  celebration  of  May-<iay. 

MA  Y'WEED,  n.    A  low  herb,  Anthcmis  Cotiila,  grow- 

MAY'HEM.    See  Maim.  [ing  by  roadsides,  &c. 

MA  Y'I\0,  n.    The  gathering  of  flowers  on  May-day, 

MAY'OR,  n.  [Fr.  maire]  Norm,  mafur,  mair,  mryre; 
Arm.mear:  W.  maCT-,  one  stationed,  one  that  lixjks 
after  or  tcnds^  one  that  keeps  or  guards,  a  provost,  a 
viayar,  a  bailifl';  maer  y  binrat,  a  land  steward,  the 
keeper  of  a  cow-lair ;  maerdrev,  a  dairy  hamlet ;  7»ia- 
frdy^  a  dairy  farm  ;  maeran,  a  male  keeper  or  dairy 
farmer  i  macrcs,  a  female  who  looks  after,  a  dairy 
woman  ;  macroni,  the  oflice  of  a  keeper,  RU[)erintend- 
ency,  mayoralty  :  Arm.  miret,  to  keep,  slop,  hold, 
coinciding  with  Fr.  mirer,  L.  miror,  the  primary  sense 
of  which  is  precisely  the  same  as  in  the  Annoric. 
(See  AuMiHABLE  and  Miracle.)  A  mayor,  then,  was 
originally  an  overseer,  and,  among  country  gentle- 
men, a  steward,  a  kind  of  domestic  bailifl';  rendered 
in  the  writing  of  the  middle  age**  rilttcujt.  (See 
Spdman,  ad  hoc.)  The  derivation  of  the  word  from 
ll  majvr  IS  undoubtedly  an  error.] 

The  chief  m.i^istrate  of  a  city,  who,  in  Ix>ndon 
and  York,  is  called  lord  mayor.  The  mayor  of  a  city, 
in  AmeriM,  Is  the  chief  judge  of  the  city  court,  and 


MEA 

is  aiisisted,  in  some  cases  at  least,  by  two  or  more 
aldermen.  To  the  lurd  mayor  of  Lomlon  belong 
several  courts  of  judicature,  as  the  hustings,  court  of 
requests,  and  court  of  common  council. 

MAY'OR-AL-TY,  n.    The  oflice  of  a  mayor.   Bacon. 

MAY'OR-ESS,  n.    The  wife  of  a  mayor. 

MAZ'A-GAN,  7t.  A  variety  of  the  common  bean, 
Faba  vulgaris. 

MAZ'ARD,  ».  [probably  from  the  root  of  mask;  Fr. 
machoire.] 

1.  The  jaw.     [JVot  used.]  Skak.    IJudibras. 

2.  A  black  cherry. 

M.\Z'ARD,  V.  (.    To  kpock  on  the  head.    [J^ot  in  vsf.] 

B.  Jonson. 
MAZ-A-RIXE',  fmaz-a-reeu',)  n.     A  deep  blue  color. 

2.  A  particular  way  of  dressing  fowls. 

3.  A  little  dish  set  in  a  large  one.  Jlsh. 
MAZE,  71.     [Sax.  mase^  a  whirljwol ;  Arm.  mci,  con- 
fusion or  shame.     The  origin  and  aflinities  of  this 
word  are  not  ascertained.] 

1.  A  winding  and  turning;  perplexed  state  of 
things  ;  intricacy  ;  u  state  that  embarrasses. 

Tb^  WJ\y»  of  Heaven  are  dark  and  intricate, 

Puiilixl  with  maxet,  und  perplextd  witii  iTror.  Addiaon. 

2.  Confusion  of  thougiit;  perplexity;  uncertainty. 

3.  A  labyrinth. 

MAZE,  V,  L  To  bewilder;  to  confound  with  intri- 
cacy ;  to  amaze.  Spenser. 

MAZE,  r.  (".     To  be  bewildered.     [Obs.]        Chaucer. 

MAZ'ED-NESS,  n.    Confusion  ;  astonishment    [Obs.] 

Chaucer. 

MAZ'ER.Tu  A  maple  cup.  [Obs.]  Spenser.     Dryden. 

MA'ZI-LV,  adv.     With  perplexity. 

MA'ZI-NESS,  w.     Perplexity. 

MAZ-0-L06'I€-AL,  o.     Pertaining  to  mazology. 

M.-V-ZOL'O-CIST,  n.     One  versed  in  mazology. 

MA-ZOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  /za^yf,  a  breast,  and  \oyoi, 
discourse.] 

That  branch  of  zoology  which  treats  of  mammif- 
erous  animals,  Edin.  Encyc. 

MA'ZY,  a.  Winding ;  perplexed  with  turns  and 
windings  ;  intricate  ;  as,  mazy  error.  Milton. 

To  run  the  ring  .and  tnioe  the  mazy  round,  Dryden. 

M.  D. ;  Medieina  Doctor^  doctor  of  medicine. 

ME,  pron.  pers. ;  the  objective  case  of  /,  answering  to 
the  oblique  cases  of  rgo,  in  Latin,  [Sax.  me  ;  Goth. 
mik ;  G.  mirh;  Fr.  moi ;  L.  mihi ;  Sp,  mi;  It  mi  or 
me;  Arm.  me;  Port,  mim  ;  D.  my;  Gaelic,  mo;  Hin 
Aoo^mrjko;  Sans.  Tnr.  The  Hindoos  use  tmc  in  the 
nominative,  as  in  Celtic  and  French,  mi,  moi.] 

Follow  m<f  give  to  me;  go  with  me.  The  phrase 
*'  I  followed  me  close,"  is  not  in  use.  Hefore  think. 
as  in  methinksj  me  is  properly  in  the  dative  case,  ami 
the  verb  is  impersonal ;  the  construction  is,  it  appears 
to  me. 

MeA'COCK,  n.  [Qu.  meek  and  cock.]  An  uxorious, 
etreminate  man.     [JVot  used.]  Johns<nu 

MkA'CUCK,  a.  Tame;  timorous;  cowardly.  [JVot 
iised.]  Shak. 

MeAD,  (meed,)  n.  [Sax.  medo,  mrdu,  mead  or  wine  ; 
D.  meaie  ;  G.  meth;  Dan.  miHd;  W.  mei;  Ir.  miorfA  or 
meadh ;  Arm.  met.  In  Gr.  peOv  is  wine,  as  is  viadja 
in  Sanscrit,  and  mrdo  in  Zend.  In  Russ.  med  or 
meda  is  honey.  If  the  word  signifies  primarily  liquor 
in  general, it  may  i>e  allied  to  Gr,  ftvin.^,  L.  madeo,  to 
be  wet  But  it  may  have  had  its  name  from  honey.] 
A  fermented  liquor  consisting  of  honey  and  water, 
siimetimes  enriched  with  spices.  Encyc. 

M£A1>,  (meed,)  in.      [Sax.   made,  madeuie ;   G. 

MEAD'oW,  (med'o,)  )  matte,  n  mat,  and  a  meadow  : 
Ir.  madh.  The  sense  is,  extended  or  flat,  dcprcssen 
land.  It  is  su|)posed  that  this  word  enters  into  the 
name  Mediolanum,  now  Milan,  in  Italy;  that  is, 
mead-land.] 

A  tract  of  low  land.  In  America,  the  word  is  ap- 
plied particularly  to  the  low  ground  cm  the  banks  «»f 
rivers,  consisting  of  a  rich  mold  or  an  alluvial  soil, 
whether  grass  land,  pasture,  tillage,  or  wood  land  ; 
as,  the  meadows  on  the  banks  of  the  Connecticut. 
'J"he  word,  with  us,  dtwa  not  necessarily  imply  wet 
land.  This  species  of  land  is  called,  in  the  Western 
States,  bottoms,  or  bottom-land.  The  word  is  also 
used  for  other  low  or  flat  lands,  particularly  lands 
apfiropriated  to  the  culture  of  grass. 

'i'he  word  is  snid  to  be  applied,  in  Great  Britain, 
to  land  somewhat  watery,  but  covered  with  gniss. 

Jo/iiison. 
Meadow   means  pasture  or   grass   land,  annually 
mown  for  hay  ;  but  mt^r*!  particularly,  land  too  moist 
for  cattle  to  graze  on  in  winter,  without  s((oiling  the 
sward.  Encyc     Cyc. 

[Mead  is  used  chiefly  in  poetry.] 
MEAD'OW-LARK,w.     A  well  known,  beautiful  bird, 
Jilatula  magna  of  Wilson,  often  seen  in  meadows  and 
open  fields  in  the  United  States.     Its  nr)te  is  clear, 
hut  melanchnly.  Encyc.  Am. 

ME.\l)'r>W-^RE,  (med'6-,)  iu      In    mineralogy,  con- 

choidal  bog  iron  ore.  Ure. 

MEAI>'OW-ROE.  n.  A  plant  of  the  gmus  Thalictrum, 
MEAD'OW-HAF'FRON,   n.      A   bulhftus,   medicinal 

plant  of  the  genus  (jijcliieum. 
MEAD'OW-SAX'l-FRAOE,  a.    A  plant  of  the  genus 
Seseli.  Partington. 


MEA 

'  MEAD'OW-SWEET,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Spl- 
ra-a. 
MEAD'OW-WORT,  n,     A  plant  Drayton. 

MEAI)'OW-Y,  (me'do-e,)  a.  Containing  meadow, 
MkA'GER,  /  .„..,„„-  1  \  a.  [Fr.  maigre;  Sp.  and  It 
MEA'GRE.i  ("^'^g^'^'J  i  magro;.  L,  vuicer;  U.  G, 
Dan.  and  Sw.  mager;  Gr.  fit^xui,  ^ntpof,  small ;  al- 
lied to  Eng.  mrek ;  Ch.  IND,  to  be  thin,  to  be  de- 
pressed, to  subdue  ;  Heb.  ^1D,  id.  Class  Mg,  No,  2, 
9,  10,  13.] 

1.  Thin ;  lean  ;  destitute  of  flesh  or  having  little 
flesh ;  applied  to  animals. 

Mta^tr  were  his  looki; 
Stiarp  mitery  had  worn  him  to  the  bum-a.  Shak, 

2.  Poor;  barren;  destitute  of  richness,  fertility,  or 
any  thing  valuable  ;  as,  a  meager  soil ;  meairer  litue- 
stone,  Journ.  of  Science. 

3.  Barren  ;  poor;  wanting  strength  of  diction,  or 
richness  of  ideas  or  imagery  ;  as,  a  meager  stylo  or 
composition  ;  meager  annals. 

MkA'GER,  J  r.  t     To  make  lean.     [JSTot  ttsed.] 
MEA'GRH,  \  KtwUcs. 

MeA'GER-LY,  arfiT.     Poorlv;  thinly, 
MkA'GER-NESS,  n.     Leanness  ;  want  of  flesh. 

2.  Poorness  ;  barrenness ;  want  of  fertility  or  rich- 
ness. 

3.  Scantiness  ;  barrenness  ;  as,  the  meagerness  of 
service.  Bacon. 

MlcAK,  (meek,)  n.    A  hook  with  a  long  handle. 

Tusser. 

MEAL,  n.  [Sax.  mtel,  a  part  or  portion  ;  D.  maal;  G. 
mahl ;  probably  from  breaking.  Seethe  next  word.] 
1.  A  portion  of  food  taken  at  one  time  ;  a  repast 
It  is  customary,  in  the  United  States,  to  eat  three 
m^o/^  in  a  day.  'I'he  principal  meal  of  our  ancei^tors 
was  dinner,  at  noon. 
_  2.  A  part ;  a  fragment ;  in  the  word  piecemeal. 

M^.AL,  ".  [Sfix.  mealeuie,  melctce  ;  G.mehl;  Hw.miUli 
Dan.  and  D.  meet;  G.  mehltcht,  mealy,  mellow  ;  W. 
mal,  brtiised,  ground,  smooth.  This  word  seems  to 
be  allied  to  mill,  L.  mola,  and  to  L.  mollui,  Eng.  mel- 
loiB.  The  radical  sense  is,  probably,  to  break,  com- 
minute, or  grind  to  fine  particles,  and  hence  the 
sense  of  softness;  or  the  sense  of  softness  may  be 
from  yielding  or  smoothness,  and  the  verb  may  be 
from  the  notin.] 

1.  The  substance  of  edible  grain  ground  to  fiu'> 
particles,  and  not  bolted  or  sifted.  Meal  primaril> 
includes  the  bran  as  well  as  the  flour.  Since  bolting 
1ms  been  generally  practiced,  the  word  nicai  is  not 
generally  applied  to  the  finer  part,  or  flour,  at  least 
m  the  United  States,  though  I  believe  it  is  sometimes 
so  used.  In  New  England,  meal  is  now  usually  a[>- 
plied  to  ground  maize,  whether  bolted  or  unbolted, 
called  Indian  meal  or  corn-meal.  The  words  wheat- 
mral  and  rye-meal  are  rarely  used,  though  not  wholly 
extinct;  and  meal  occurs,  also,  in  oatmeal. 

2.  Flour  ;  tlie  finer  part  of  pulverized  grain.  [T^is 
sense  is  now  tincommon.] 

MkAL,  v.  t,  'I'o  sprinkle  with  meal,  or  to  mix  meal 
with.     [Little  used.] 

MEAL'I-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  mealy  ;  soft- 
ness or  smtiotlmess  to  the  touch. 

MkAL'-MAN,  n.     A  man  that  deals  in  meal. 

MeAL'-TIME,  Tt.    The  usual  time  of  eating  meals. 

MeAL'Y,  (me'le,)  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  uiual ; 
soft;  smooth  to  the  feel. 

2.  Like  meal ;  farinaceous  ;  soft  ;  dry  and  friable  ; 
as,  a  mealy  potato  ;  a  mealy  apple. 

3.  Overspread  with  something  that  resembles 
meal  ;  as,  the  mealy  wings  of  an  insect.    Thomson. 

MEAiyY-MOUTU-i':D,  a.  Literalhj,  having  a  soft 
mouth  ;  hence,  unwilling  to  tell  the  truth  in  plain 
language  ;  inclined  to  speak  of  any  thine  in  softer 
terms  than  the  truth  will  warrant.         L'E.^trangc. 

MEAL'Y-MOUTII'ED-NESS,  n.  Inclination  to  ex- 
press the  truth  in  soft  words,  or  to  dinguise  the  plain 
(act  1  reluctanco  to  tell  the  plain  truth. 

Mean,  (meen,)  a.  [Sax.  mane,  genuine;  the  latter 
word  signifies  common,  L.  communis.  Mean  coincides 
in  elements  with  Sax.  mancg,  many,  and  the  primary 
sense  may  be,  a  crowd,  like  vulgar,  from  L.  valgus. 
If  the  primary  sense  is  small,  it  coincides  with  Ir. 
mion,  W.  viAn,  or  main,  Fr.  menu,  It.  meno,  L.  minor 
and  minuo,  to  diminish  ;  hut  I  think  the  word  be- 
longs to  the  root  of  common.  See  Class  Mn,  No.  2 
and  5.1 

1,  Vvanting  dignity;  low  in  rank  or  birth;  as,  a 
man  of  mean  parentage,  mean  birth  or  origin. 

2.  Wanting  dignity  of  mind;  low-minded;  base; 
destitute  of  honor ;  spiritless. 


Can  you  imaffine  1  lo  mean  could  proire, 
Tu  Kiv',-  my  life  by  chimging  of  ray  Ioto  I 

3.  Contemptible ;  despicable. 


Dryden. 


PhUipt. 

4.  Of  little  value  ;  low  in  worth  or  estimation  ; 
worthy  of  little  or  no  regard. 

We  fiut,  not  to  pleaao  men,  nor  to  promote  any  mean  worldly 
intercHU  Smairidgt. 

5.  Of  little  value;   bumble;   poor;   as,  a  mean 
abode  :  a  mean  dress. 


TONE,  BljLX.,  UNITE— AM"GER,  VI"CIOU3.-e  «8  Kj  O  as  J  ;  »  a.  Z ;  CH  m  8H ;  TH  m  in  THIS. 

"roT 


MEA 

MEAN,  a.     TFt.  miwai  Spw  u>d   Poit.  wuiimui   L. 
wttJiitm^  meiius;  It.  MwrfUw     Se«  Midduc] 

I.  Middle  ;  at  *u  equal  disunce  ftom  Uw  ez- 
Uenes. 

AflBMdfalc  to  tka  iOMI  iVb  of  loflj,  RiMa.  or  hnr) 

S.  lawmninc;  tailennwllatei  coming  bMween ; 
ma^  111  th«  mM«  umo  or  wliil«. 

3.  In  iMtAMMtie*,  a  tena  dcmuinf;  a  qimntity  hav- 
in«  an  intt-niMdlata  value  between  several  olhera, 
which  an  ibrawd  accwdiuf  lo  any  assUfned  law  of 


MfiAN,  a.    Tha  middle  pot"'  '^  P**™!  f^  middia 
law  or  degtae;  madlocrUjr;  mediiua.    Ohaerra  tha 


n«ka 


toatUhfv 
ofnd^m 
•ah  poo;. 


*j  or  t>Mi  or  IMS 

AUMTOf  oaj 

&  iMamoiBt  Una;  ialcrral  of  lime;  iatsrim; 
nnwiiaM. 

Aadla  lllo  Mn,  on  ir>  ih  In  tom»>li  Ha*.        S^nmr. 

Bare  Is  aa  oaiiiBioD  of  lua*  or  wkilr. 

X  In  wmtktmmtitMi  a  quantify  havinir  an  iatermedi- 
ate Taina bemeea aewral  uihirs  » hirh  an  fbrmed 
WKWidit  10  any  aaaifnad  law  of  successioa. 

Araada. 

4.  Miiaia  ;  irfuKixin.    [Mkt  m  tut.]    S^nurr. 

&  iMIumwal ;  thai  wbita  ta  vard  to  rSecl  an  ob- 
Jad  i  Ika  wadJBin  Uuiwih  which  aompthing  i>  done. 

TW  ifclaiw  l—iiiwllio  of  CariwJMOWMaoMowtowocfc  tko 

Bootor. 
I  ..»aa«i  in  the  plural,  is  generally 
with  a  definitive  and  verb  in  the 


»>*'•.' 


A  goal  olMnKl 
•BOadtbut 


olMnKMr,  wlaa  oauUalinl, 


voaHkA 

1,  ilMuU  ntn  to  I 


t  oT  dalB(  good.  Amriitry. 

hi  Uu   pJaral,   iacoaaa,   nvanoPt  le- 
laaoe,  or  aetata,  cotteidend  aa  the  io- 

■Inuaeal  of  efltoiag  nay  puiimisb.    Ha  woald  have 

hoik  *  hmaa,  bu  he  malad  aaBM. 

7.  laamiDaat  of  actioa  or  |a«*«— ;  aa,  tha 

$  oC  aacraas. 

I  eanaiidy ;  without  Iha.    Go,  *r  all 


qf  aiMiu  {  by  no  naana ;  not  tha 
Aai*a. 
■ )  l>  aay  way ;  poariUy ;  at  aU. 
r  I  to%kl  altola  to  «• ■!■■  oCitodcoJ. 

MKAN'TTMP.,      I  tai  the  inicrvaolM  thM.    [!■  ibia 
MRAN'WHILGil     nw.x'iheaa  woida,  ihn  ia  aa 

ooiiwiun  of  ia  or  BB  Ur .-  ia  lAe  Maaa  tim*.] 
UXAM,  aw  t. ,-  fnL  and  rr.  MaAirr,  (mrnt.)  [9ax. 
■■iMa,  aMMa,  lo  aaaaa,  to  lal«id,  al«  to  re> 
Ma,  lo  recite  er  tell,  alao  lo  oMxa,  to  laaiant ;  6. 
waiasa ,-  D.  M#rjv« ,-  8w.  ai^aa .-  liaa.  bmnht,  BMHer ; 
Kaw.  ■utjra,  to  Ibinli  or  believe  ;  Ir.  iwaiiaito  It 
BOhridai  in  iirifin  with  U  aira^  Eag.  audL  The 
lyriaaiy  aeaaa  fai,  lo  aet  or  to  thrust  focwaid,  to 
reach,  slrwch,  or  exiead.  So  ia  L.  iawado,  to  alraich 
•aaraid  or  loaraid,  and  fnfm,  lo  |ito|»de,  to  aet  or 
pat  toward.] 
L  To  have  hi  the  mind,  view,  or  coateaiplatioa ; 

WtaaaaaajM  ^  ak  torritof— Ea.  sL 
&  T»  laMid;  la  paipoaa;  to  dniign,  whh  idhi^ 
(■eetoaflnaeacL 

To  *a«ghl  oH  agoiaa  to^  ka  Ood  tooM  a  hr  gesd.  — (ka.  L 


S.  TaalgaUyi  MladicaML 

WVoa 
Wtoto 


ana  laooa  en  aak  I  — On.  ail 
ai  too  aotoi  of  Ms  (not  *o«  to  IhiOtolvarda 
noooeao  f  —  I  Vato.  to. 
Oo  y«,  aad  loua  alM  Oat  aaaaiai Maa.  la. 

MS-Ut,  (aaaea  J  a.  i.    To  have  thoaght  or  idraa ;  ar 

to  have  aaeaiUiu  fgpa 

JIE-AK'DEK,a.    [The  aaiae  of  a  windlag  river  hi 

L  Aaladhn  raaiaa ;  a  wiadiag  or  taiaiag  ia  a 
gaaaafa;  aa,  the  laaaadar*  of  the  veiaa  aad  aiMiea. 

&la. 

Wlfcl^iilndoosotoliii   «i  igMa.  ifcr«»i>i, 

a.  Amaaa;  aiahyfteth;  ueiidexMi  ;  aa,theaHB»- 
*ra  af  lha  law.  .tii.tfhiH. 

MKnAN'DBB,  a.  I.  To  wiad,  taiB,  ar  tow  leaad  ;  to 
make  Oexaona.  ilraftM. 

ME-ANOIEB,  *.  i.    7^  artad  or  lar»4a  a  coaiae  or 


MB-AljrDEIt-IXG.  ,1^.  or  a.    WlBdia(iB  a  cmnaa, 

pasaaae,  or  cunenL 
MK-A>''nES  I.NG,  a.    A  wtaidia>  caane. 
ME-AN'DRI- AN,  a.    Wiadiag ;  havtac  maay  tataa. 
MK^AM-ORTNA,  a.    A  geaua  of  canla  wM  maaa- 

daitagcalla, aa  the  bcaia^toae coraL  Wiawlf 

mt^AlPDIlV,       (        ,_,   ..         .  _ 

Mt.\N'DROira,  ( •■    Wiadiag ;  «e»ao«a.      iia/. 


MEA 

MRA.Vl.NG,  fi^r.    Having  in  mind ;  intending  ;  aigni- 
O'lns- 

!^  81t:nilicant;  as,  a  mrantair  look. 
MCAN'I.N'G,  a.    That  which  eiwts  in  the  mind,  view, 
or  contemplation  as  a  settled  aim  or  purpose,  though 
not  directly  aapreased.    We  aay,  Ihia  or  that  is  not 
his  Meaaia/. 

3.  Intention  ;  porpoaa ;  aim ;  with  refeiaaca  lo  a 
future  acL 

1  oia  DO  hoacat  mu,  r  Ibero  bo  oaj  good  mmHlmg  toamid  too. 

3.  Sirnifiration.  What  ia  tha  awaaiag  of  aU  this 
parade .'  The  luaaiaf  of  a  hiengtyphic  ia  not  al- 
ways obvioua. 

•«.  The  aeaaa  of  arorda  or  aipreadona ;  that  whieh 
is  to  be  understood  ;  aignidcalioB ;  that  whieh  the 
writer  or  speaker  intends  to  expiaaa  or  commtinieate. 
Words  have  a  lileral  MMara^,  or  a  nietaiihttrieal 
ssasaia/,  and  it  is  not  always  eaay  lo  ascertain  the 
real  Noraaio^. 
5,  tv-nse  ;  power  of  thinking.    [Litllr  amd.] 

MRAX'INii-I.KSS,  a.     Having  no  meaning. 

MRAN'I.N'lVLY,  adr.    Significantly;  intendingly. 

MEA.N"LY,  adv.    [Sao  Msa».J     Moderately  ;  not  in  a 
great  degree, 

lo  Uig  rr-yi  of  IhmMia,  poouy  wis  usiii^  saWmed.    I.Vor 
•~*-r  Oydca. 

9.  Without  dignity  or  laak ;  ia  a  low  condition  j 
aa,  toeaa/a  bom. 
9.  Ponriy  i  as,  aaaaJy  dneanL 

4.  Without  greatoesa  or  elevation  of  luind  ;  with- 
out honor ;  with  a  low  mind  or  aanow  viewa.  Ha 
mnuUf  declbies  to  ftiUill  hia  promiaaw 


MEA 


Woald  pn  oMaal)  Una  nir 

te  pewor  |aa  taw«  I  atial  oticr  t  Prior. 

S.  Whhoat  irapaet ;  diaresgiecinilly.    We  can  not 
bear  to  hear  othara  apaak  muimlg  of  mir  kindred. 
MEA.N'NESS,  a.     Waal  of  dignity  or  rank  ;   low 

Mate  i  as,  sisa la  of  btath  or  condition.    Puveitv  is 

not  alwa)'a  aiaaaasas ;  it  may  be  connected  with  it, 
but  iuea  af  digaHIrd  mitula  and  manners  an  often 
poor. 

a.  Waal  gf  ««eaihmca  of  aay  kind ;  poomeas  j 


naann  brtabairdoHlvlks  ■ 

3.  Loaraaaa  of  aUnd ;  waat  of  digaily  and  eleva- 
tion ;  waat  af  hoaor.  .Ifiianssi  la  maa  incuts  con- 
tempt,    fill  iliahiiBnigj  li  snaiiiss 

4.  SordidiMaa  j  aiggardliaaas ;  oppnmd  lo  Liaca- 
auTv  or  CHAairaaaaaass.  ^ifsaaaisi  ia  vvfy  dider- 
eal  (haa  ftugality. 

5.  Waal  fVT  richnen ;  pnoraaaa ;  ai|  tha  aisaaarrs 
of  dieaa  or  equipage. 

MEAN'-SPIIl'IT-EO,  a.    Havlag  a  OMan  spirit. 
MfiANS,  a.  fL    Raaoaieea  or  iaeoaia. 

9.  laamimeM  (br  aaiaiuf  aa   aad  t  aa,  by  Ihia 

u,^,,     r9ee  llaan.)^ 
MEANT,  (meat,)  ^  and  fp.  of  Ma>a. 
MCAR,  a.    A  bouadaty  or  Unit.    (See  Manx.] 

•ftiiaaii 
MP.ASE,  a.     [from  Iha  not  of  toaanre,]     The  quan- 

liiy  of  SOO ;  as,  a  busm  of  herrings.    [AW  aMd  ia 

-dsifvKia.] 
MKA'aue,  (mae'gl,)  a.    A  leper.    [AMiaaar.] 

MSA'SLED,  (maeStId,)  a.  [See  HcaaLas.]  Infected 
or  spotted  with  moanlea, 

MCA'CLGS,  (wee'tUJ  a.,  with  a  plural  termination. 
[G.  lanr.a  apoi ;  aisiy,  aiaaalad ;  U.  toaiaba .-  from 
apriakliag  or  (kno  mixing.    Claas  Ma,  No.  14,  15.] 

1.  A  coala^ioua  dianae  af  tha  hnaau  body,  nau- 
ally  chaiaeterued  by  a  crimaoa  laah  apon  the  akin, 
ia  stigmaliaad  dots,  grouped  in  irregnlar  cireiea  or 
cicaeaMa;  appearing  about  ihe  ihhd  day,  and  termi- 
aaUag  ainat  tha  aevenlh ;  preeeded  by  aymptoaia 
like  catanh,  aad  accompaaled  by  a  coastilutional 
febrile  aflbctioa,  which  is  either  a  syuochua  oraa  ex- 
qaiaite  typhm. 
a.  A  diseaae  of  awiaa.  B. 

3..  A  diseaae  of  trae&  Jf< 

IIE.4'SLV,  (mee'zly,)  a.  laibelad  with  measles  or 
eniptiofls.  Stoi^ 

HE.\S'UK-A-BLE,(iii«mh'iu-'»^)«.  [See  Hsaivks.] 
llnl  MMy  be  measiutd ;  lOTrepliMe  of  awoanntkiB 
oroooiDtiutivn.  Bmilt§. 

ft.  '^'  "^rnall  qwuiUty  CNT  exteau 

MBAC  \t:SS,(aeBli'iii'«.U-iMwOB.  Tbe 

qiiali:  .:  n>ensmmtk>n. 

M       -  .  LV,  ^inecli'ur-0  «^.    Uodentety ;  in 

>l       -  iiMJxh'urJ  a.    [Ffa 

Am. 
iMr;G. 
;  Da  M*^;  SWa  mitt;  Dan.  —A, 
»ad  mode :  L.  Mowttr*,  from  muiuus,  with  a  casual  wi, 
tbe  participle  otwutmr^  to  mt-asnre,  En£.  toauC* ;  ^a 
mrtomr^ftrpiM,  With  these  roirei^pt^Dd  Ibe  Bag. MfK, 
m,  pnpcr,  and  omk,  tbe  wrt ;  Sax.  g*mm,  mutt,  fit ; 
■Mlaa  aad  g  ■■■«■■,  to  neec  or  laeol  with,  to  find,  to 
mete  ormeMre,  and  lo  paint.  TbeaeBmiB,iocoixi« 
to.  Id  fiJIf  to  happen,  aad  thb  sense  is  coanecled 
wiUi  thai  of  stretctiiiig;,  extending,  that  is,  reaching 


iSpw   meJtde  i 


to  i  lh»*  laupr  pivea  the  aenne  of  wrArar*.  We  find 
In   Ucb.  10,  measure  j  iid,  to  mete,  to  measure. 

This  W(tfd,  In  Ar.  «X»o  mad*la^  signifies  to  stretch 
or  extend,  to  draw  out  in  len^tth  or  time;  as  do  other 
verbe  with  tbe  same  elements,  under  one  of  wliich 
we  And  the  auto  of  the  Latins.  'I'he  Ch.  KOa  sig- 
nifies, to  come  to,  to  arrive,  to  reach,  to  be  mature^ 
and  KX3,  in  Heb.  Ch.  and  Bth.,  sij;nit1e!i,  to  tind,  to 
come  to.  Now,  the  Saxon  verb  unites  in  itself  tbe 
aigniricAtions  of  all  three  of  the  Oriental  verbs.] 

I.  The  whole  extent  or  dimensions  of  a  thiug,  in- 
cluding length,  breailth,  and  thickneM. 

Tta*  mm»m%  ibMvoT  k  longer  tlun  Uw  a«nh  ud  brawler  tfaui 
tbewdu— JobzL 

It  Is  af^ied,  alao,  to  length  or  to  breadth  aepa- 
ralely. 

a.  That  by  which  extent  or  dimension  is  ascer- 
tained, either  lencih,  breadth,  tJiicknoss,  capacity,  qr 
amount ;  b9,  a  rod  or  ptde  is  a  measur^ot  five  yards 
and  a  half;  nn  inch,  a  foot,  a  yard,  are  wttasure*  of 
length  ;  a  gallon  is  a  mecsitn  o«  capacity.  Weigfato 
and  iHea:nirrs  should  be  uniform.  Silver  and  gold 
are  the  common  mcasnre  of  value. 

3.  A  limited  or  definite  quantity ;  aa,  a  MMS«r«  t^ 
wine  or  beer. 

4.  Determined  extent  or  length  ;  limit. 

Lord,  tn«ko  me  to  know  lajr  end.  a^  ihs  wimnn  of  nj  6»j». 
—  P«.  zxxix. 

5.  A  rule  by  which  any  thing  fa  a^juated  w  pro- 
portioned. 

Ood'a  goodnrm  k  tbe  mmuurt  at  Mb  prorideDOS.  Mor*, 

fi.  Proportion  ;  quantity  aeitied. 

1  mvt  not  Into  tb»  putkului  tf  ttat  kw  ef  u^m^  or  Ik 
HrwoT  puaiihinBat;  jrvt  UwniiSiicbfthv.  L* 

7    Full  or  suliicfeni  quantity. 

1*11  newr  pMuw  >(itta, 
Tni  Hth)^  dntdi  huh  cluKd  iVae  *jtm  of  sdM^ 
Or  fonuoe  fi<naa  me  n—nx  of  RTvagt.  Ast. 

8.  Extent  of  power  or  offiee. 

We  wifl  MM  bMM  of  thfaiffi  wlUma  onrw— mts.  — lOnr.  a. 

&  PordoB  allotted ;  extent  of  ability. 

If^etbuamkeM 
A4(M  Ml  nrpHW^  liunan  wnMurt,  i«y.  JMHa. 

10.  Degree ;  quantity  indefinite;. 

I  Im«»  Ittd  down.  In  •oiar  wuatm.  On  dasMli<luB  sf  tht  old 
worti  iUtac 

1  fTTftt  MiOMir*  of  (bcreliaD  fa  lo  be  uwd  In  Ifas  peiCwiwuiee  of 
ewifasioM.  T^tor. 

II.  In  Mitm,  that  division  by  wbkb  tbe  roodaa  of 
music  is  regulnted  ;  or  the  interval  or  space  of  time 
between  tbe  rising  faA  falling  of  the  band  or  foot  of 
him  who  beats  lime.  This  measure  regulatea  the 
time  of  dwelling  on  each  note.  fiicyew 

I9a  In  pftrf.  the  measure  or  meter  is  tbe  manner 
of  ordering  and  combining  the  quantities,  or  tbe  long 
and  sboit  syllablea.  Thus  hexameter,  pentameter. 
Iambic,  Sapphic  verses,  dec,  conaist  of  diflfereni 
■Mnjurcs.  Emofc 

13.  In  dancitttr^  tbe  intemtl  between  stepa,  cor- 
responding to  lite  interval  between  notes  in  tbe 
music, 

Mjr  l«gs  mn  kMp  no  auavMraki  (kli(bL  Aafe. 

Hence,  a  dance.  ffalter  SmCL 

1-L  In  gtomHnf^  any  quantity  assamed  as  one,  or 
Qntty,to  which  other  homogeneo«is  or  similar  quanti- 
ties are  referred  a.<  a  st.indanl  of  comparison.  BntmJg, 

15.  Means  to  an  end  ;  an  act,  step,  or  proceeding, 
toward  tbe  accomplishment  of  an  object ;  «a  ate*- 
stee  sywiliDsd—  ^  tM»  WsfW,  mfftiMblf  U  ahmast  «rery 
act  frtfantmr§  to  a  jbutf  emd,  aai  fty  rkitk  it  i*  U  h* 
rtM'as£,  7*baa  we  speak  of  legislative  aiMnret, 
political  waamras,  public  measurts,  prudent  mtrntmnsy 
a  neb  auantrc,  eflfectmtl  mevva-tSt  inefficient  aus*- 
icr«s. 

16.  In  etol«fffy  the  term  aiaanires  Is  sometimes 
used  for  beds  or  strata ;  as,  coal  awsfKra* ;  lead 
mmsmnm,  firaada. 

/a  aiaasare ;  with  moderation  ;  witbont  excess. 

Ifitteal  m«aswe ;  without  linuts ;  very  largely  or 
ec^doDsly. 

Tit  kcr€  hard  awcncrt ;  to  be  harshly  or  opprearive- 
}y  treated. 

Limtml  or  tsng  mmnrgf  measoie  of  length ;  tbe 
neasare  of  liaea  or  dislaaceaa 

Lifrii  wsMTs ;  tbe  meaaure  of  liquors. 
filEAS'l^RE,  (roe«b'ur,)  r.  t  To  compute  orasceirtain 
extent,  quantity,  dimensions,  or  capacity,  by  a  cer- 
tain nile  or  •standard  ;  as,  to  Msannv  land  ;  to  Measure 
distance  ;  to  sua^Hec  the  altitude  of  a  mountain  ;  to 
msaaars  tbe  capacit>'  of  a  ship  or  of  a  cask. 

ft.  To  aseemdn  tbe  deirree  of  any  thing;  as,  to 
■MSian  tbe  degrees  of  heat,  or  of  moisture. 

3.  To  pass  tbroQ^  or  over. 

W«  MMl  will   n  tvriKr  mMm  to-dar.  SUk. 

Ttar  THM  plow*  thsna. 
And  ■Mtw  bKk  vilb  ipeed  tta  fonaex  tn.j.  Diydam. 

4.  To  judge  of  diataaee,  extent,  or  quanti^ ;  aa, 
to  wumttat  any  thing  by  tbe  eye. 

Om«  w«  ihf  wotta,  JvtevsJi,  IniaiM 

Th7  pawn-;  vbiht  ItoofatOBnsMSMVslhMl  Mlaii 


FATE,  F.VR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PR£Y.— FIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD — XOTB,  DO\'E,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.- 


7U-2 


MEC 

5.  To  adjust ;  to  proportion. 

To  tecmc  &  oootenW  »V'Wl,  mnuurt  yvot  derfrw  by  Tour  for- 
tuues,  oot  ^our  furtuiiek  by  yom  detii«4.  7iiyJor. 

6.  To  allot  or  distribute  by  measure. 

With  wliAt  ni-a«ure  ye  nwte,  tt  «hall  be  mtiuured  to  you  agKio. 

MEAS'URE,  r.  C  To  be  of  a  certain  extent,  or  to 
bave  a  certain  length,  breadtli,  or  ilnckiiess  ;  as, 
cloth  measures  three  fourths  of  a  yard  ;  a  tree  nwaj- 
vres  three  feet  in  diameter. 

MKAS'UR-£D,  (inerh'urd,)  pp.  Computed  or  ascer- 
tained by  a  rule  or  standard  3  adjusted  ;  propurtioiied  ; 
passed  over. 

2.  a.  Equal ;  uniform ;  steady.  He  wallted  with 
measured  st.^-ps. 

3.  Limited  or  restricted  ;  as,  in  no  measured  terms. 
MEAS'URE-LESS,  (mezh'ur-U^ss,)  a.    Without  meas- 
ure ;  unlimited  ;  immeasumble.  Shak. 

MEAS'UKE-MEXT,  (mt^zh'ur-ment,)  n.    The  act  of 

mi'asurin2;  mensuration.  Burke, 

MEAS'lIR-ER,  (me/.h'ur-er.l  it.     One  who  measures  ; 
one  wiiuse  occupation  or  duty  is  to  measure  commod- 
ities in  markeL 
MEAS'UR-ING,  (mezh'ur-ing,)  ppr.     Computing  or 
ascertaining  length,  dimensions,  capacity,  or  amount, 
a.  a.  Used  in  measuring ;  as,  a  Jiuasurinir-toA. 
3.  d.  A  measuring  cast ;  a  throw  or  cunt  that  re- 
quires to  be  measured,  or  not  to  be  distiiicuished 
from  another  but  by  measuring.  IValltr, 

Meat,  (meet,)  a.  [Sax.  m^iUy  mete;  Goth,  mats;  Sw. 
mat;  Dan.  mad ;  Hindoo,  710.4.  In  W.vuietAu  signi- 
fies, to  feed,  to  nourish.  Corn.  mrtMa.  In  the  hin- 
giiage  of  the  Mohegans,  in  America,  meetseh  signifies, 
eat  tbou  ;  meetsoo,  he  eats.     Q.u.  maize  and  mast.] 

1.  FomI  in  general :  any  thing  eaten  for  nouristk 
Dient,  either  by  man  or  beast. 

Aod  Gvd  Kiid,  BehnM,  I  h.-ive  pren  you  every  herb  —  to  you  it 

thatl  be  for  meat. .—  Gfo.  1. 
E^ery  morinj  thing  that  Ifvcib  thnll  bp  rruKtl  Tor  yoti.  —  Gr-n.  ix. 
Thy  carcas  alutll  be  tiuat  10  all  fbwU  of  the  air.  —  EVm.  xxvtii. 

3.  The  flesh  of  animals  used  as  food.  This  is  now 
the  more  usual  sense  of  the  word.  The  meat  of  carniv- 
orous animals  is  tough,  coarse,  and  ill-tlavored.  The 
fftfoX  of  herbivorou.>  animals  is  generally  palatable. 

3.  In  Scripture^  spiritual  food  ;  thit  which  sustains 
and  nourishes  spiritual  life  or  holiness. 

My  flesh  ia  mtnl  Indeed.  —  John  vi. 

4.  Spiritual  comfort ,  that  which  delights  the  soul. 

My  mtai  ia  to  do  ihfl  wi''  of  Him  Quit  »ent  me.  — John  ir. 

5.  Products  of   he  earth  proper  for  food.    Uab.  iii. 

6.  The  more  ostruse  dmrtrincs  of  the  gospel,  or 
mysteries  of  relit;  on.    Heb.  v. 

7.  Ceremonial  ordinances.     Heh.  xiii. 
To  six  at  meat ;  to  sit  or  recline  at  the  table. 

Scripture. 
MEATEr  .  a.  Fed  fattened.  [JVot  used.]  Tusser. 
MeATHE.w.    [W.mez.     See  Mead.]     Asweet  liquor 

or  drin»v  ;  mead.     [JVot  used,]  Milton. 

MEAT*  JF'FER-IXG,  n.     An  offering  consisting  of 

meal    r  food,  in  distinction  from  a  drink-offering. 
MEAT  V,  a.     Fleshy,  but  nut  fat.     [Local.]     Orose. 
MEA\vL,  fmQIe.)     See  Mewl. 
MEA7'LING,  ppr.    Falling  in  small  drops  ;  propterly, 
MiEZLinn,  or  rather  Mistliwg,  from  mist,  j3rl>ulknot. 
MECH.W'IC,         j  a.     [L.    mechanic  us ;    Fr.    mecka- 
ME-C1IAN'I€-.AL,  t     Hique;  Gr.  pn\avi*oSi  from pir- 
Xaffif  a  machine.] 

I.  PertaininK  to  machines,  or  to  the  art  of  con 
stracting  machines ;  pertaining  to  the  art  of  making 
wares,  goods,  instntnients,  furniture,  fcc.  We  say, 
a  man  is  employed  in  mechanical  labor ;  he  lives  by 
mechanical  occupation. 

a  Constnicled  or  performed  by  the  rules  or  laws 
of  mechanics.    The  work  is  not  mechantcaL 

3.  Skilled  in  the  art  of  making  machines;  bred  to 
manual  labor.  Johnson, 

4k  Pertaining  to  artisans  or  mechanics  \  vulgar. 

To  make  a  pA,  a  brm,  or  a  V^D.g, 

Dncnd  10  a  mrduude  duil(«t.  Roteommon. 

Si.  Pertaining  to  the  principles  of  mechanics,  in 
philoiinphy  ;  as,  mtdutnUal  powers  or  forces ;  a  me- 
chanical principle. 

G.  Nuting  action  or  performanca  without  dssign  or 
reflrcliun,  from  the  mere  force  of  habit. 

7.  Acting  by  physical  |K)w«'r. 

The  tenns  mrchanical  and  chemical  are  thus  dislin- 
gutshf-d  :  those  rhanifes  which  liodies  unibrgo  with- 
out altering  their  rnnstitulion,  that  is,  lotting  their 
identity,  such  as  changes  of  place,  of  tigure,  &c., 
ore  mechanical ;  those  which  alter  the  constitution  of 
Ntdies,  making  tht-m  dilforent  substances,  as  when 
fl<wir,  yeast,  and  water  unite  to  form  br-ad,  are  cArm- 
icaJ.  In  the  one  case,  the  ehantes  relate  to  masses 
of  matter,  as  the  mnlinns  nf  the  heavenly  bodiesi,  or 
thp  action  of  the  wind  on  a  ship  under  sail ;  in  the 
Mher  case,  the  change^  occur  between  the  parti- 
det  of  matter,  as  the  action  nf  heat  in  melting  lead, 
or  the  union  of  sand  and  lime  fonning  mortar.  Most 
of  what  are  usually  calb'd  ih<7  mechanic  arts  are 
partly  merhaniral,  and  partly  chemical. 

Meekanieal  aulation  of  a  problem  ;  a  solution  by  any 
art  or  contrivance  not    strictly  geonx-tricat,  as  by 


MED 

means  of  the  ruler  and  com[Kisses  and  other  instru- 
ments. Barlow. 

ME-GHAN'IC,  n.     A  person  whose  occupation  is  to 
construct  machines,  or  good«,  wares,  instruments, 
furniture,  n(id  the  like. 
2.  One  skilled  in  a  mechanical  occupation  or  art. 

ME-eHA.\'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  According  to  the  laws 
of  mechanism,  or  good  workmanship. 

2.  Ily  physical  force  or  power. 

3.  Uy  the  laws  of  motion,  without  intelligence  or 
design,  or  by  the  force  tif  habit.  We  say,  a  man 
arrives  to  such  perftjction  in  playing  on  an  instru- 
ment, that  his  tingers  move  mechanically. 

Mechanicalltt  turned  or  inclined  ;  naturally  or  habit- 
ually disp<.>sed  to  DSC  mechanical  arts.  Sw\ft^ 

Mechanically  solved ;  solved  in  a  way  not  Strictly 
geonR-trical.     [See  Mbcha.mc4L.] 

ME-eilAN'ie-AL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  me- 
chanical, »»r  governed  by  mechanism. 

ME-eilA.\'ie-AL  PHI-LOS'O-PHY,  ».  That  branch 
of  iiatunil  philosophy  which  treats  of  the  laws  of 
the  equilihriuin  aiut  motion  of  bodies.  Olmsted, 

ME-€HA\'I€-AL  POWERS,  n.  pi.  Certain  histru- 
nients  or  simple  macliineii  employed  to  facilitate  the 
moving  of  weights  or  the  overcoming  of  re-sistance. 
They  are  the  lever,  wheel,  and  axle,  pulley,  screw, 
inclined  plane,  and  wed^xe.  Mutton, 

MECH-.\-.\l"CIAN,  (mek-a-nish'an,)  n.  One  skilled 
in  mechanics. 

ME-eilAX'ies,  n.  That  science  which  treats  of  the 
doctrines  of  motion.  It  investigates  the  force.s  by 
which  bodies  ore  kept  either  in  efpiilibrium  or  in 
motion,  and  is  accordingly  divided  into  statics  and 
dynamics. 

It  is  a  w(>I)-known  truth   In   iruchamct,  that   the  actual   and 
thoorvticdl  puwais  of  &  machine  will  ncTer  crtnciil-*. 

J.  AppUton. 

ME€H'ANMSM,  (mek'an-izm,)  n.  The  construction 
of  a  machine,  engine,  or  instniment,  intended  to 
Bpiily  power  to  a  useful  purpose  ;  the  structure  of 
parts,  or  manner  in  which  the  parts  of  a  machine 
are  united  to  answer  its  designs  ;  also,  the  parts 
tliemselves. 

3.  .Action  of  a  machine,  according  to  the  laws  of 
mechanics. 

MEeil'AN-IST,  n.  The  maker  of  machines,  or  one 
skilled  in  mechanics. 

MEeil'AN-IZE,  F.  L  To  subject  to  contrivance,  art, 
or  skill  :  to  form  by  contrivance  or  design. 

MECII'AN -r/.-/:D,  pp.     Made  by  art,  design,  or  skill. 

MECH'A.N'-IZ  ING,  ppr.     Forming  by  art  or  skill. 

MECH-AN-OG'R.A-PHIST,  n.  An  artist  who,  by  me- 
chanical means,  multiplies  copies  of  any  works  of 
art. 

MEeH-AN-OG'RA-PHV,n.  [Gr.  nnx<ivnj  a  machine, 
and  )/)a'>'.',  to  write  or  engrave.] 

The  art  of  multiplying  copies  of  a  writing,  or  any 
work  of  art,  by  the  use  of  a  machine.  £/m**-. 

MECH'LIN,  11.     A  species  of  lace,  made  at  Mechlin. 

ME-CII0'A-€AN  or  ME  eiUTA-eAX,  n.  White  jal- 
ap, the  root  of  an  American  s|K^cies  of  Convolvulus, 
from  Mechoacan,  in  Mexico;  a  purgative  of  slow 
operation,  but  safe.  Enciic, 

MECON-.ATE,  n,    A  salt  consisting  of  meconic  acid 

ME-eo.\'ie,  a.     [Gr.  ftnicn^  a  poppy.]      [and  a  base. 
Meconic  acid  is  a  peculiar  acid  contained  in  opium. 

A  proximate  principle,  and,  as  is  supposed,  ono  of 
the  active  principles  of  opium.  It  is  compi^sed  of 
carbon,  hydrogen,  and  oxygen,  without  any  nitro- 
gen. It  is  not  an  alkaloid,  but  may  yet  prove  to  be 
an  acid,  to  the  suspicion  of  which  its  cuinpositiun 
would  lead. 
MEC'O-NTTE,  m.    A  small  sandstone  ;  ammite. 

Oxe.     Da  CosOu 
ME-CO'Nl-UM,*,   [Gr./i»r<c(JHti',from/ir;<cwi',  poppy.] 

1.  The  inspissated  juice  of  the  poppy»  wliich  has 
the  virtues  of  opium  in  a  feeble  degree. 

Coze.    Eneyc, 
SL  The  fir*t  fiec<!S  of  infants.  Core. 

MED'AL,  N.  [  Fr.  mfUulle  ;  iL  medaglia  ;  Sp.  medalla  ; 
Arm.  metaUtnn ;  from  L.  laeXo/lnni,  metal.    Uu.  Ar. 

V^.4  maiala^  to  beat  or  extend  by  beating.    Class 

JId,  No.  45.] 

A  piece  of  metal  in  the  form  of  a  coin,  stamped 
with  some  flgnre  or  device  either  to  preserve  the 
memory  of  sfimt*  diHtinguishcd  person  or  event,  or  to 
ftPTvv.  as  a  reward  of  merit.  The  coins  of  tlie  an- 
cients are  also  called  medoLi. 

MKD'AL-ET,  n.  A  small  medal  not  intended  for 
gencnil  circulation.  Pink. 

MED'AI/-IST,  N.  A  person  that  is  skilled  or  curious 
in  medalp).  Johnson. 

2.  One  who  has  gained  a  medal  as  the  reward  of 
merit.  Ed.  Rev. 

ME-I>.\L'LI€,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  medal  or  to  medals. 

^ddisOH. 

ME-nAL'I.TON,  (mewlal'yun,)  n.     [Fr.,  from  medal.] 
1.  A  large  antiipie  medal. 
S.  The  represenbttlcn  of  a  medallion. 


MED 

3.  In  architectiirr,  any  circular  tablet  on  which  arc 
presented  eiiilMissed  fi|:ures  or  bustos.  Elmes. 

MED'AL-UK-GY,  11.     [Medal  and  t^w..,  work.] 

The  art  of  making  and  striking  medals  and  other 
coins. 

MED'ULE,  (med'dl,)  v.  i.  [p.  middelen^  to  mediate; 
G.  mi«ier,  middle,  and  mediator;  Sw.  medlare:  Dan. 
midlery  a  mediator.  Uu.  Sw.  meiidela,  Dan.  meddclcr, 
to  communicate  or  participsite  ;  *ncrf,  with,  antl  Urla^ 
dcele.r^  to  deal.  JUedtlle  seiems  to  be  connected  with 
viedley,  a  mixture.  Chmicer  and  Spenser  use  itfdUy  j 
to  mix,  and  the  G.  mitUcr  is  evidently  from  mitte, 
mitlcl^  middle,  which  seems  to  be  connected  with 
mit^  with.  In  W.  mkl  signifies  an  enclosure.  Per- 
ha(w  alt  these  words  may  belong  to  one  family.] 

1.  To  have  to  do ;  to  take  part ;  to  iuteriwse  and 
act  in  the  concerns  of  others,  or  in  affairs  in  wliich 
one's  interposition  is  not  necessary  ;  often  with  the 
sense  of  intrusion  or  officiousness. 

I  have  thus  far  Iwn  an  upright  Jurtge,  nat  medd&ngyi'\i\i  the 

dcBi^ii  itor  il imposition ,  Z>ryften. 

What  hiiai  thou  to  do  to  meddla  with  the  aflatn  of  my  fumily  ? 

Arbuliintil. 
Why  ■honlilatthQuwwfWZa  lo  ihy  hurt?  — 8  Kings  xiv. 

2.  To  have  to  do ;  to  touch  ;  to  handle.  Meddle 
not  with  edce-tooU,  is  an  adiruniition  to  childn-n. 
When  the  object  is  specified,  meddle  is  properly  fol- 
lowed by  with  or  in  ;  usually  by  the  fornu'r. 


To  meddle  and  make;  to  intrude  one's  self  into  an- 
other pi^rson's  concerns.  Holloway. 
MED'DLE,  V.  t.    To  mix  ;  to  mingle. 

lie  mtf-H/erf  huUlk  wiih  many  a  t^ar.     \0b$.\  Sptnaer, 

MED'DLKI),  pp.     Mingled  ;  mixed. 

MED'DLER,  n.  One  thai  meddles  ;  one  that  interferes 
or  busies  himself  with  things  in  which  he  has  no 
conceni ;  'an  officious  iKTson  ;  a  busybody.      Bacon. 

MED'DLE-POME,  {med'dl-sum,)  a.  Given  to  med- 
dling ;  apt  to  interpose  in  the  offaira  of  others  ;  of- 
ficiou.slv  intnisive. 

MED'DLE  SOME-NESS,  n.  Officious  interposition  in 
the  affairs  of  others.  Barrow. 

MED'DLING,  ppr.  Having  to  do;  touching;  han- 
dling; olliciously  interposing  in  other  men's  con- 
cerns. 

2.  a.    Officious ;  busy  in  other  men's  affairs  ;  as,  a 
meddling  neighbor. 

MED'DLING,  n.     Officious  interposition. 

MED'DLING-LY,  adc.     Officiously  ;  interferingly. 

ME-DI-^E'VAL,  a.  Of  the  middle  ages.  [See  .Me- 
dievauJ 

Me'DLAL,  a.     [L.  me-dius,  middle.] 
Mean  ;  noting  a  mean  or  average. 
Medial  alli<ration,  is  a  mi'thod  of  finding  the  value 
of  a  mixture  consisting  of  two  or  more  ingredients 
of  different  quantities  and  values.     In  this  case,  the 
quantity  and  value  of  each  ingredient  are  given. 

Mk'DI-ANT,  n.  In  Hiu^ic,  an  a[)pelIation  given  to  the 
third  above  the  key-note,  because  it  divides  the  in- 
terval between  the  tonic  and  dominant  into  two 
thirds.  Ruusseati.     Bushtf. 

ME-DI-.\S'TL\E,  n.  [Fr.  L.mfdiastinum.]  The  mem- 
branous septum  of  the  chest,  formed  by  the  duptira- 
tureof  the  pleura  under  the  stormiui,  and  dividing 
the  cavity  into  two  parts. 

Me'DI-ATE,  a.  [Fr.  jnediat;  It.  mediato  i  from  L. 
medius,  middle.] 

1.  Middle;  being  between  the  two  extremes. 

Anxious  we  hover  in  a  metliau  Kate.  Prior. 

9.  Interposed;  intervening;  being  between  two 
objects. 

Soon  th«  TMdiat0  claii<ta  shall  be  dlaprllt^d.  Prior, 

3.  Acting  by  means,  or  by  an  intervening  cause  or 
instrument.  Thus  we  speak  of  mediate  and  immedi- 
at«  causes.  The  wind  that  propels  a  ship  is  the  iwr 
mediaU  cause  of  its  muiion  ;  the  oar  with  which  a 
man  rowsn  boat  is  the  immediate  cause  of  its  motion  ; 
but  the  rower  is  the  mediate  cause,  acting  by  means 
of  the  oar. 
MP-'DI-ATE,  v.  t  To  Interpose  between  parties,  as 
the  equal  friend  of  each  ;  to  act  indifferently  U'tween 
contending  parties,  with  a  view  to  reconciliation  ;  to 
intercede.  The  priucf  that  mediates  b<  tween  na- 
tions and  prevents  a  war,  is  the  benefactor  of  both 
parties. 

2.  To  he  between  two.     [Little  used.]         Digby. 
Me'D!-ATE.  r.  f.     To  effect  by  mediation  or  interpo- 
sition between  jiarties;  as,  to  medtau  a  peace. 

Chretidon. 
2.  Tolimitbysomethingin  the  middle.  [MhtusciU] 

Holder. 
MR'DI-A-TED,  pp.    Interposed  between  parties. 

2.  Eff<cled  by  mediation. 
ME'DI-.ATE-LY,  adv.    By  means  or  by  a  secondary 
cause,  acting  between  the  first  cause  an*!  the  cHecl. 

God  worltrth  nil  Ihingi  aniongal  na  timUau!}/  \>y  sf-condrtry 
nipiina.  tta'rgh. 

The  kiiijj  jfMnta  a  ninnor  to  A,  nn<l  A  ymnla  a  pnrtion  of  it  lo 
B.  In  (hill  CISC,  B  holda  hia  lamU  im«n?tlmi'"ly  of  A,  l>ul 
n»diauly  of  the  kiiiff.  Bi<UMtUne. 

ME'DI-A-TING,  pyr.  Interposing;  effecting  by  me- 
diation. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  T;NITE AN"GER,  VI"C10US C  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  8H  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


MED 

ME-DI-A'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  meditu,  middle.] 

1.  Inter)K>sition  ;  intervention  ;  agency  between 
panit-s  ai  variance,  witli  a  view  to  rf*coiicile  tliem. 
The  cunteutiuns  of  individuals  aiitl  families  are 
ofU-n  terminated  by  the  mediatioa  of  friends.  The 
conlntversies  of  nations  are  sumetiines  adjusted  by 
meJiatiun.  The  reconciliation  of  sinners  to  God  by 
ttie  mediation  of  Christ,  is  a  glorious  display  of  di- 
vine benevolence. 

2.  Agency  interposed  ;  intervenient  power. 

The  ioiil,  during  ICi  T«^.lrnca  in  the  body,  dtw*  all  tbinn  by  cbe 

3.  Intercession;  entreaty  for  another. 
ME-DI-AT-I-Zi'TIO.V,  n.     The  annexation  of  the 

sHKiIIer  German  sovereipnties  to  the  larger  conligu- 

o>i^  staf^-:  :  lliii.-i  inukiniE  them  mrdiatelyy  Ihongh  not 
ii!nn'.'di;u.l\-.  dtj'-ii.li.nt  on  the  empire.  The  verb  to 
metlui:t:c  bd^  som^-iimcs  been  used  in  a  similar  sense. 

Brande. 
ilK'Vl-X-TOn,  «.     [Fr.  mediateur.] 

1.  One  th-at  interposes  between  parties  at  variance 
for  the  purjK>se  of  reconcilinjc  them. 

2.  By  way  of  eminence,  Chriifi  is  Ths  Mediator^ 
the  divine  Inlrrcessur  through  whom  sinners  may  be 
reconciled  to  an  offended  Gud.     T\m.  ii. 

Christ  is  a  Mt'iiaior  by  nxtiirr,  oa  pxrtAkin^  of  both  nMun>i^ 
diriue  Kitd  hxiit^n  ;  &iitl  Me-iiabjr  by  o&ioe,  lu  transActiu^ 
RiAlten  triwecu  God  oiul  man.  Wattrland. 

aCE-DI-A-TO'RI-AI.,  a.  Belonging  to  a  mediator  ;  as, 
mediatorial  office  or  character.  [Meuiatort  is  not 
used.] 

H&OI-A-TO'RI-AI«-LT,  adv.  In  tlie  manner  of  a  me- 
diator. 

ME-IH-A'TOR  SHIP,  h.     The  office  of  a  mediator. 

.ME'DI-A-TO-RV,  a.     Pertaining  to  mediation. 

ME  ni-A'TRKS:*,  (  tu     A  female  mediator. 

ME-DI-A'TRIX,      \  Jiinsttorth. 

MED'ie,  H.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Mcdicago.  to  which 
Iticern  belongs.  The  sea-mrdie  \n  of  the  same  genus  ; 
the  medic  rrteh  is  of  the  genus  Iledysamm.     Loudon. 

2.  PL    The  science  of  med  icine.    J  06.*.] 
MED'ie-A-BLE,  a.     [See  Medical.]    That  may  be 

cured  or  heuJed. 
MED'IC^AL,  a.    [\m  medieus^  ^m  meJeor,  to  beal ; 
Gr.  p^i^tK'f,  fiijiofftt ;  fi'i^"'iy  cure.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  art  of  healing  diseases;  ss,  the 
medictU  profession  ;  medical  services, 

S.  Medicinal ;  containing  tliat  which  heals;  tend- 
ing to  cure ;  as,  the  medkat  properties  of  a  plant. 

3.  Adafdcd,  intended,  or  institute*!  to  teach  med- 
jcal  fcience.  In  this  countr>',  medical  schitols  are 
compriralivelv  of  recent  date.  HAtadt, 

MED'IC-AL  JL'-RIS-PRC'DEXCE,  n.  The  science 
which  applie^i  the  principles  ,ind  practice  of  U»e  dif- 
ferent branches  of  medicine  to  doubtful  que$itions  in 
courts  of  justice.  Bovrier. 

MED'IC-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  medicine; 
according  to  the  rules  of  the  healing  art,  or  for  tha 
purpose  of  ht'Aling  ;  as,  a  simple  or  mineml  medie^ 
ly  used  or  applied. 

'2.  In  rt;lation  to  the  healing  art ;  as,  a  plant  med- 
teaUtf  considered. 

MEU'le-A-ME.NT,  «.    [Fr,  from  I,,  mediramnttum.] 
Any  thing  usetl  for  healing  diseases  or  wounds  ;  a 
medicine  ;  a  healing  application.  Coze. 

MED-ie-A-ME.NT'AL,  a.  Relating  to  healing  appli- 
cations ;  bavins  the  qualities  of  medicaments. 

MED-ie-A-MEXt'AL-LV,  adv.  After  the  manner  of 
healing  applications. 

MED'ie-AS-TER,  n.     A  quack.  Whidock. 

MED'ie-ATE,  r   u     [h.  medico.] 

1.  To  tincture  or  impregnate  with  healing  sub- 
stances, or  \\  ith  any  tiling  medicinal,      .drbuthiwt. 

2.  To  treat  with  medicine  ;  to  heal ;  to  cure. 
MED'ie-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Prepared  or  furnished  with 

any  thing  medicinal. 

2.  Treated  wilij  medicine. 
MED'IC-A-TIXG,  ppr.    Impregnating  with  medical 
substances  ;  preparing  with  any  thing  medicinal. 
2.  Treating  with  medicine. 
MED-ie-A'TIOX,  n.    The  act  or  process  of  impreg- 
nating with  medicinal  substances ;  the  infusion  of 
medicinal  virtues  Bacon. 

2.  The  U-«e  of  medicine.  Bromu 

MED'ie-A-TIVE,  a.    Curing  ;  lending  to  cure. 
ME-DICIN-A-BLE,  a.    Having  the  properties  of  med- 
icine i  medicinal.     [  The  Itttter  is  the  ttord  note  used.] 
Bacon.     Wotlon, 
ME-DIC'IX-AL,  (me-dis'in-al,)  a.     [L.  mcdicinali^.^ 

1.  Having  the  properly  of  healing  or  of  mitigating 
disease  ;  adapted  to  the  cure  or  alleviation  of  bodily 
disorders ;  as,  mediemal  plants  ;  medieinal  virtues  of 
minerals  ;  medicinal  springs.  The  waters  of  Sara- 
toga and  Ballston  are  remarkably  medicinal. 

2.  Pertaining  to  medicine  i  as,  medicinal  days  or 
hours.  QutRcy. 

ME-DIC'IN'-AI^LY,  orfr.  In  tbemanner  of  medicine; 
with  medicinal  qualities. 
2.  With  a  view  to  healing  ;  as,  to  use  a  mineral 

metlicinaUy. 
MED'I-CINE,  (med'e-sin,)  ti.     [L.  medicina^  from  me- 
deor.  to  cure  ;  vulgarly  and  improperly  pronounced 

med'sn.] 


MED 

1.  Any  substance,  liquid  nr  solid,  that  ban  the 
pn>perty  of  curing  or  mitigating  disease  iii  animals, 
or  that  is  used  for  that  pur|>ose.  Simples,  plants,  and 
mineral-'*,  furnish  must  of  our  medtcints.  Even  ptii- 
Bons,  used  with  judgment  and  in  nimleratiun,  are  safe 
and  ctRcacious  medicines.  Medicines  are  internal  or 
external^  simple  or  compound. 

2.  The  art  of  preventing,  curing,  or  alleviating  the 
diseases  of  the  human  body,  ilence  we  say,  the 
study  of  medicine,  or  a  student  of  medicine. 

3.  In  the  French  sriwr,  a  physician.     [Abe  in  use.] 

Shak. 

MED'I-CIXE,  V.  (.  Too^ector  operate  on  as  medi- 
cine.    [.Yol  used.]  Shak. 

ME-IU'E-TV,  n.  [Fr.  medieU;  U  medietas;  from  L. 
mediusy  middle.] 

The  middle  siata  or  part;  half;  moiety.  [Little 
used.]  Brourn, 

ME-DI-E'VAL.  a.     [h.  medius  and  anta.] 
In  history,  pertaining  to  the  middle  ages. 

Mk'DIX,      ^0.    lu  E^yju,  the  fortieth  part  of  n  pi- 

MF.nrXO,  i      aster;  a  para.     McCulluch.     P.  Cyc. 

Mk'IH-O  CRAL,  a.  [L.  medioerit.]  Being  of  a  mid- 
dle quality  ;  inditTereiit;  ordinary  ;  as,  mediocral  in- 
tellect.    [Rare.]  Jiddison. 

ME'Dl  <VeRE,  (mij'dc-5-ker,)  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  medi- 
ojris.]     Middling.     [Obs.] 

Mk'1)I-0-€RIST,  n.     A  person  of  middling  abilities. 

kVnt  used.)  Swift 

-UI-Oe'RI-TV,  n.  FL.  mtdioeritas^  from  mcdiocris, 
middling:  medius,  mindle.] 

1.  j^niddle  slate  or  degree ;  a  moderate  degree  or 
rate.  A  mediocrity  of  condition  is  most  favorable  to 
morals  and  happiness.  A  mediocrity  iif  talents,  well 
entployed,  will  generally  insure  respecLibility. 

Men  of  «^  c^litom  drivp  busineM  boine  to  the  full  p^rioil,  biu 
axmnt  thriojelvvs  with  &  m^tiiocrit]/  of  buccami.      Bacon. 

2.  Moderation  ;  temperance. 

Wp  owe  ub(^\ltenc«  to  lti«  Inw  of  reasuo,  which  tcaehctb  mttJioc- 
ritjf  in  inroU  ftnd  drinka.  Hooker. 

MED'I-TATE,  v.  u  [U  medUor;  Sp.  meditar;  Fr. 
mediicr.] 

1.  To  dwell  on  any  thing  in  thought ;  to  contem- 
plate ;  to  study  ;  to  turn  or  revolve  any  subject  in 
the  mind  ;  appropnately,  but  not  exclusively,  used  of 
pious  contemplation,  or  a  consideration  of  the  great 
truths  of  religion. 

Ilia  (Mi^t  b  in  the  Iaw  of  the  Lord,  and  tu  hia  law  dolh  be 
meduoU  day  aud  nigfal.  —  Pa.  i, 

S.  To  intend ;  to  have  in  contemplation. 

1  swrfilali  to  pas  the  remainder  of  life  fai  a  atat«  of  undbrturted 
rppoM.  WaAmgio\ 

MED'I-TATE,  p.  L  To  plan  by  revolving  in  tjje  mind ; 
to  contrive  -,  Co  intend. 

Bome  affirawd  (hat  1  nodSlslfrf  a  war.  King  CSaries. 

9.  To  think  on;  torerolve  in  the  mind. 

BIwmJ  b  tha  man  that  doth  mtdUau  good  thin^.       Etxlua. 
MED'I-TA-TED,  pp.  or  a.     Planned  ;  contrived. 
MEU'I-TA-TIiVG,  ;»pr.    Revolving  in  the  mind  ;  con- 
templating; contriving. 
MED-I-TA'TION,  n.     [L,  medUatio.] 

Close  or  continued  thought;  the  turning  or  re- 
volving of  a  subject  in  the  mind  ;  serious  contempla- 
tion. 

Lcl  the  word*  oT  my  mouth  and  the  medilationt  of  my  heart  be 
ac£'>p(3ble  iti  thy  aiglil,  0  Lord,  njy  •ticugih  aud  my  Rc> 
deenier.  —  P*.  xix. 

MED'I-TA-TIVE,  a.    Addicted  to  meditation. 

.^insworth. 
2.  Expressing  meditation  or  design.        Johnson. 
MED'I-TA-TIVE-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  med- 
itative. 

MED-I-TER.RAXE',  »  rr  j-  j  n 

^'  J  -       rr    _..j...„  middle, 

■J 

1.  Inclosed  or  nearly  inclosed  with  land;  as,  the 
Mtditerranean  Sea,  between  Europe  and  Africa. 
[Mbditerrane  is  not  used.] 

S.  Inland  ;  remote  from  the  ocean  or  sea ;  ao,  med~ 
iterranrous  mountains.  Burnet. 

Me'DI-UM,   n.:pl.   Media  or  Mediums.      [L.]      In 

C"  "osophy,  the  space  or  substance  through  which  a 
y  moves  or  passes  to  any  point  Tims  ether  is 
supposed  to  be  the  medium  through  which  the  planets 
move ;  air  is  the  medium  through  wliich  bodies  move 
near  the  earth;  water,  the  medium'\t\  which  fishes 
live  and  move  ;  glass,  a  m«rfi«wt  through  which  light 
passes ;  and  we  speaJc  of  a  resisting  medium,  a  re- 
fracting medium,  &c. 

2.  In  logic,  the  mean  or  middle  term  of  a  syllo- 
gism, or  the  middle  term  in  an  argument,  being  the 
reason  wtiy  a  thing  is  alTirmed  or  denied. 

Nothing  can  be  honorable  that  violates  moral  prin- 
ciple. 

Dueling  violates  moral  principle. 

Therefore  dueling  is  not  honorable. 

Here  the  second  term  is  the  medium,  mean,  or  mid- 
dle term. 

3.  In  mathematics.    See  Meait. 

4.  The  means  or  instrument  by  which  any  thing 
is  accomplished,  conveyed,  or  carried  on.  Thus 
money  is  the  medium  of  commerce  ;   coin  is  the  coin- 


MED-I-TER.RaXE',  i  rr  j- 

med-i-ter-ra'Xe'ax,      i'^^JJ^       TAh"") 
>ujd-i-ter-ra'xe-ous,    S    "^*^  ''^"^'*'  '^"'^•J 


MEE 

mon  medium  of  trade  among  all  civilized  nations,  hut 
wampum  is  the  mfi/ium  of  trade  among  the  Indian 
tribes,  aud  bills  of  cn-dit,  or  bank  notes,  are  often 
ust^'d  as  mediums  of  trade  in  the  place  of  gold  and  sil- 
ver. Intelligence  is  communicated  through  the  me- 
dium of  the  press. 

5.  The  middle  place  or  degree  ;  the  mean. 

The  Just  medium  oT  Urn  caM  lies  belwccu  pride  and  abjection. 
L'Etiraiige. 

6.  A  kind  of  printing  paper  of  middle  size. 
MED'LAR,  H.     [S-dX.  iiued  i  h.  7iiespilus.] 

A  tree  of  the  genus  Mespilus  ;  also,  the  fruit  of  the 
tree.  The  German  or  common  medlar  is  cultivated 
in  gardens  for  its  fruit.  jEncyc 

MED'LY'  I  ***  ^    "^^  ™''  '  **"'  used,  but  hence, 
MED'LEY,  n.    A  mixture  ;  a  mingled  and  confused 

mass  of  ingredients;  used  often  or  commonly  with 

some  degree  of  contempt.  * 

This  mtdley  of  ptiiliMuphy  and  war  Addiaon. 

Lore  is  i»  mtdtei/  ol   eiideaj-tnenCa,  Jan,  luij^IoDa,   rreondl©- 
ments,  vain — ihei  peace  a^in.  WaUh. 

MED'LEY,  tt.    Mingled;  confitsed.    [Little  u-fed.] 

Dryaen. 
ME-DUL'LAR,       )  a.     [L.   meduHaris,  from   medulla, 
MEU'IJL-LA-RV,  i      marrow;  W.jnatlrui;  allied  to 
mattL^r,  that  is,  soft.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  marrow;  consisting  of  marrow  ; 
resembling  7«arr<'w:  as,  ni«/i«//«ri/ substance. 

2.  In  botany,  pithy  ;   filled  with  spongy  pith. 

Lindley. 
MF^DUL'LIX,  n,     [L.  medulla.] 

The  pith'of  the  sunflower  and  lilac,  which  lias  nei- 
ther taste  nor  smell.  It  is  insoluble  in  water,  ether, 
alcohol,  and  oils,  but  soluble  in  nitric  acid,  and  in- 
stead of  yielding  suberic  acid,  it  yields  the  oxalic. 

Cyc. 
ME-DC'PA,  n.     [Gr.  MftVu-tra.] 

1.  In  mytholofry,  a  jjersonage  who  possessed  the 
power  of  turning  all  wlio  looked  upon  her  into  stone. 

2.  A  genus  of  gelatinous,  radiate  animals,  cailud 
Sea-nettles. 

ME-ITO'SI-UANS,  71.  pi.    Gelatinous,  radiate  animals, 

which  tloat  or  swim  in  tlie  sea. 
MEED,   n.      [Sax.   vted,  Gr.  ttiaOo^,  G.  micthe,  hire  : 

Sans,  vicdha,  a  gift.] 

1.  Reward;  reconiiiense  ;  that  which  is  bestowed 

or  rendered  in  consiileration  of  merit. 

Tlinnka  to  men 
Of  noWe  miniU  is  hoiiunitJe  "%eed.  Shak. 

9.  Merit  or  desert.     [J^ot  useu  A  ShaJc. 

MEEK,  a.  [Sw.miuJc,  soft,  tend  r;  Dan.  my^;  Sp. 
meg^o  ;  Port,  inei^^o  ;  G.  (remach  The  primary  sense 
is,  tluwing,  liquid,  or  tliin,  attenuated,  and  allied  to 
mucJi,  L.  miicu.-*,  Eng.  mucilage,  Heb.  and  Ch.  ;>Q,  to 
melt.  Class  Mg,  No.  tt.  Ste  also  Xo.  10,  and  No. 
2,  9,  13.] 

1.  Mild  of  temper;  soft;  gentle;  not  easily  pro- 
voked or  irritated;  yielding;  given  to  torbearauco 
under  injuries. 

Now  the  in:ii)  Mo«oa  wtts  rcry  meek,  above  nil  men.   ~Nam.  xii. 

2.  Appropriately,  humble,  in  an  evangHlic«l  sense; 
submissive  to  tlie  divine  will;  not  proud,  self- 
siifiicient,  or  refractory ;  not  peevish  and  apt 
to  complain  of  divine  dispensations.  Chri:?!  say.s, 
"  Leani  of  me,  for  I  am  mevk  and  lowly  in  heart,  a'ntl 
ye  shall  find  rest  to  your  souls."    J^Iati.  xi. 

Blessed  nre  the  meek,  for  tln-y  ahnll  inherit  the  eaitli.  —  Mtilt.  ▼. 
MEEK'-EX,  ^meek'n,)  v.  U     To  make  meek  ;  to  soft- 
en i  to  renaer  mild.  Thomson. 
MEEK'A\V->;D,p;).     Made  meek  ;  softened. 
MEEK'E?-£D,   (-Ide,)   a.      Having  eyes    indicating 

meekness.  Milton. 

RIEEK'JjY,  adv.  Mildly;  gently ;  submissively ; 
humbly  ;    not  proudly  or  rougiily. 

And  ttiia  mis-aeemiiig  diiconl  meekly  lay  aside.  Speneer. 

MEEK'NESS,  «.  Softness  of  temper;  mildness; 
gentleness;  forbearance  under  injuries  and  provo- 
cations. 

2.  In  an  evangelical  sense,  humility  ;  resignation  ; 
submission  to  the  divine  will,  without  nuirmuring 
or  peevishness  ;  opiwised  to  Fri6e,  Abrooance,  and 
Refbactoriness.     Oal.  v, 

I  beapcch  you  by  the  Tiieckneiia  of  Chri«l. —  1  Cor.  x. 
Meekneat  jg  a  ^liC.'  which  J*?siib  alone  iiiculcjitr^l,  and  which  no 
ancient  philwjopher  accma  lo  have  uudenlood  or  rr^cfini  mpnd- 
eii.  Biickminsier. 

MEER,  a.    Simple  ;  unmixed  ;  usually  written  Mere. 

MEER,  n.     A  lake;  a  boundary.     [See  Mere.] 

ME£R'£D,  a.     Relating  to  a  boundary.     [See  Mere.] 

Shak.   . 

MEER'SCHAUM,  (meer'shoum,)  n.  [G.,  sea-foam.] 
A  kind  of  clay  consisting  of  a  hydrate  of  magnesia 
combined  with  silex.  It  occurs  in  beds,  in  various 
parts  of  Europe,  but  particularly  in  Xatolia,  and, 
when  first  taken  out,  is  soft,  and  makes  lath«  r,  Ijke 
soap.  It  is  manufactured,  in  Germany,  into  tobacco- 
pipes,  which  are  boiled  in  oil  or  wax,  and  baked. 

Cyc. 
2.  A  tobacco-pipe  made  of  this  mineral. 

MEET,  a.  [Sax.  gemct,  with  a  prefix,  from  the  root 
of  mctan,  gemetan,  to  meet,  to  find,  that  is,  to  come 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — M£TE,  PREY.  — PLVE,  MARlfXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLP,  BQQK.- 

^ . , «    .,  ■■■--.  — 

7^4  '  ! 


MEG 

to,  to  come  together.    So  the  equivalent  word  am- 
venient  is  from  L.  convenio.l 

Fit;  suitable;  proper;  qualified;  convenient; 
adapted,  as  to  a  use  or  purpose. 

Te  ■hall  pui  orer  anned  before  your  birthren,  Ihe  chUdrea  of 

Uriet.  ftll  that  kit-  mt*t  for  the  w»r.  —  Deut.  iii. 
It  wa«  m^t  that  we  •Itouid  mike  nieny.  —  Luke  x». 
Biin^  fonik  fruiU  mxet  tor  repenla.iie«.  —  Mult.  iiL 

MEET,   «.     A  meeting  of  huntsmen  for   coursing. 

MJEET,  v.  U  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Met.  [Sax.  metan^  mirtan, 
gemetan^  to  meet,  to  find,  to  measure,  to  mete ;  Goth, 
nwfyan;  D.  ontmoeteny  gemoetanyto  meet,  and  gemoet^ 
a  meeting ;  Sw.  TJtoto,  to  meet,  to  fall,  come,  or  hap- 
pen ;  nSte^  a  meetinp;  mot,  toward,  against;  Dan. 
wHder,  to  meet;  m^dty  a  meeting;  mod,  contrary, 
against  toward.  The  sense  is,  to  come  to,  to  fall  to 
or  happen,  to  reach  to  ;  Gr.  item,  with  ;  G.  mi/,  D. 
met^  medey  8w.  and  Dan.  m*d,  with  or  by  ;  VV.  mtrf, 
to ;  Ch.  Syr.  KOO,  nsa,  to  come  to,  to  arrive,  to  hap- 
pen ;  Heb.  Ch.  Eth.  NXD.  Qu.  W.  ora/iiod,  a  cove- 
nant; commody  agreement.] 

1.  To  come  together,  approaching  in  opposite  or 
different  directions;  to  come  face  to  face  ;  as,  tome«£ 
a  man  in  the  road. 

Um  daughter  came  out  to  meet  him  with  timbrels  and  with 
dfiriMa.  —  Jud^ev  xi. 

2.  To  come  together  in  any  place  ;  as,  we  met  many 
strangers  at  the  levee. 

3.  To  come  together  in  hostility  ;  to  encounter. 
The  armies  met  each  other  on  the  plains  of  I'har- 
aalia. 

4.  To  encounter  unexpectedly.  Milton. 

5.  To  come  together  in  extension  ;  to  come  in  con- 
tact ;  to  join.  The  line  A  meets  the  line  R  and  forms 
an  angle. 

6.  To  come  to  ;  to  find  ;  to  light  on  ;  to  receive. 
The  good  man  meets  his  reward  ;  the  criminal,  in 

due  time,  meets  the  punishment  he  deserves. 
Of  TKe  or  rirtue,  whether  ble»l  or  cunt. 
Which  metU  contempt,  or  wluch  compttnion  fint.  Pop*. 

MEET,  V.  i.  To  come  together  or  to  approach  near,  or 
into  company  with.  How  pleasant  it  is  for  friends 
to  meet  on  the  road  1  still  more  pleasant  to  meet  in  a 
foreign  country. 

2.  To  come  together  in  hostility  ;  to  encounter. 
The  armies  met  at'Watertoo,  and  decided  the  fate  of 
Bonaparte. 

3.  To  assemble;  to  congregate.  The  council  met 
at  10  o'clock.  The  legislature  will  meet  on  the  first 
Wednesday  in  Ihe  month. 

4.  To  come  together  by  being  extended  ;  to  come 
io  conLict ;  to  join.  Two  converging  lines  will  meet 
in  a  point. 

To  meet  with;  to  light  on;  to  find;  to  come  to; 
often  with  the  sense  of  an  unexpected  event. 

We  tnet  mVi  rainy  tbingv  worthy  of  ofaKiraUoa.  Bacon, 

3.  To  Join  ;  to  unite  in  company. 

FaJataS'  at  that  oak  shall  matt  ttilh  ui.  Shak. 

3.  To  suffer  unexpectedly  ;  as  to  mest  wUA  a  fall ; 
to  meet  loitk  a  loss. 

4.  To  encounter ;  to  be  subjected  to. 

Riiyal  miaUVM, 
Pr>T)wre  to  m«l  irtiA  more  ihjui  tmual  ftiiy, 
From  the  fierce  prioee.  Hove. 

5.  To  obviate  ;  a  Latinism.    [J^ot  uspd."]    Bacon. 

To  meet  ha^way ;  to  approach  from  an  equal  dis- 
tance and  meet ;  metapkorically^Xo  make  mutual  and 
equal  roncewions,  each  party  renouncing  some  pre- 
ten?«ions. 

MHKT'EV,  v.  U    To  rendnr  meet  or  fit  for  JIaH. 

MEET'RR,  jt.    One  that  meets  another  ;  one  that  ac- 

co«t»  another.  Shak. 

MEET'ING,  ppr.    Coming  together;   encountering; 

joining :  assembling. 
MEET'ING,  n.    A  coming  together;  an  interview; 

as,  a  happy  meeting  of  friends. 

2.  An  assembly  ;  a  congregation  ;  a  collectUtn  of 
people  ;  a  convention.  The  meeting  was  numerous  , 
the  meeting  was  clamorous  ;  the  meeting  was  dis- 
solved  at  sunset. 

3.  A  conflux,  as  of  rivers;  a  joining,  as  of  lines. 

4.  In  England^  a  place  of  worship  fur  dissenters. 

Smart. 
MEET'I.XG-HOUSE,    w.      A    place    of   worship;    a 

church. 

MKET'LY,  adv.    [from  m*eL]    Fitly  ;  suitably  ;  prop- 
erly. 
MEET'NESS.n.    [from  in««£.]    Fitness;  suitableness  ; 

pn)priety.  Bp.  HaJL 

MEG'A-eO«M,  n.     [Gr.  /leyaf,  groat,  and  «o<T/iof, 

world.] 

The  great  world.  Bp.  Croft 

MEG-A-l,f:'9IA\  GAMES,  n.   pL     [Gr.  (iiyn.]    A 

magnificent    Roman    exhibition    in   tlie   circus   in 

honnr  of  Cybfle. 
MEG-A-LON'YX,  a.    [Gr. /iC^aXq,  great,  and  ovv(,  a 

nail. J 
A  targe  quadruped,  now  extinct,  whose  bones  have 

been  f'lund  in  Virginia,  allied  to  the  nloth.    Cuvier. 
MEG-A-L0P'0-LI3,».     [Gr.  /iiyaA*?,  great,  and  truAij, 

city.] 
A  chief  city;  a  metropolis,   [^otinuae.'j  ff/rbert. 


MEL 

MEG-A-LO-SAU'UUS,  n.  [Gr  piyaXrj  and  trou.oos, 
a  lizard.] 

A  gigantic  saurian  or  lizard,  whose  fossil  remains 
have  been  foutid  in  England,  &c  It  is  extinct. 
[Meoalosaur  is  also  used.] 

MEG'A-SeOPE,  n.  [Gr.  (if  j  u?  and  o^icon-£w.]  A  mod- 
ification of  the  solar  microscope  for  viewing  bodies 
of  considcmble  dimensions. 

MEG-A-THF;'RI-UM,  n.  [Gr.  /(£>««,  great,  and  ^npa^ 
a  wild  beat^U] 

A  gigantic  mammiferous  quadruped,  now  extinct, 
but  whose  remains  have  been  found  in  South  Amer- 
ica. It  was  nearly  allied  to  the  ant-eaters  and  sloths, 
and  was  larger  than  the  megalonyx.  P.  Cye. 

Mk'GRIM,  n.  [Fr.  migraine,  corrupted  from  L.  and 
G.  hemicrania,  half  the  liead.] 

Properly,  a  neuralgic  pain  in  the  side  of  the  head  ; 
headache,  characterized  by  a  vehement  pain  con- 
fined to  one  side  of  the  head,  sometimes  to  one 
side  of  the  forehead,  and  usually  periodical,  i.  e., 
either  exacerbating  and  remitting,  or  absolutely  in- 
termittent. 

MlilNE,  (meen,)  r.  f.     [Sax.  mengan.] 

To  mingle.     [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

MkINE,  >   n.     [See  Menial.]     A  retinue  or  family  of 

Mfi'NV,  (       servants  ;  domestics.     [06s.]         Sfuik. 

MEINT,  (menl,)  pp.     Mingled.  Spenser. 

MEI'O-NlTE,  B.  [Gr.  /taw*',  smaller;  from  its  low 
pyramids.] 

A  variety  of  scapolite.  Dana. 

MEr  f^'SIS,  n.     [Gr.  ,-(((,)T(?.] 

Diminution  ;  a  rhetorical  fieure.a  species  of  hyper- 
bole, representing  a  thing  less  than  it  is.      Beattie. 

Me'LAM,  Ti.  A  white,  insoluble  powder,  discovered 
by  Liebig.  It  is  prepared  by  fusing  sulphocyanid  of 
ammonia,  or  a  mixture  of  two  parts  of  sal  ammoniac, 
and  one  pariof  sulphocyanid  of  potassium.    Cooley. 

MEL'A.M-PODE.  r.     [Gr.  ficXunn.dioi;  blackfoot.] 
The  black  hellebore.  Spciiser. 

ME-LAN'A-<^OGaE.  (me-lan'a-gng,)  n.  [Gr.  niXai, 
piXivoi,  black,  and  ay,  to  drive.] 

A  medicine  supposed  to  expel  black  bile  or  choler. 

row.  J. 

MEL'AN-€IIOL-ie,  a.  [See  Mklancholt.]  De- 
pressed in  spirits  ;  affected  with  gloom  ;  dejected  ; 
hypochondriac.  Grief  indulged  to  excess  has  a 
tendency  to  render  a  perstm  melancholic. 

2.  Produced  by  melancholy  ;  expressive  of  melan- 
choly ;  mournful ;  as,  melancholic  strains. 

Juki  aa  the  melancholic  nyn 

Bn»  fleeu  and  armifta  in  the  aky.  Prior. 

3.  Unhappy  ;  unfortunate  ;  causing  sorrow ;  as, 
accidents  and  melancholic  perplexities.     Clarendon. 

MEiyAN-eilOUie,  n.     One  affected  with  a  gloomy 

state  of  mind.     [MELAncHaLiAit,  in  a  like  sense,  is 

n(tt  used.]  Spettser. 

2.  A  gliximv  state  of  mind.  Clarendon. 

MEL'AN-€iIOi^I-LV,  a^iv.     With  melancholy. 

Keepe. 
MEL'AN-eHOL-I-NESg,  n.    .Sinte  of  being   melan- 
choly ;  disposition  to  indulge  gloominess  of  mind. 

Jlubrey. 
MEL-AN-eiiO'LI-OUS,  a.    Gloomy.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Oower. 
MEL'AN-eilOL-IST,  n.     One  affected  with  melan- 
choly. GlanvilU. 
MEL'AN-CHO-LIZE,  v.  i      To  becomu   gloomy   in 

mind.  Burton. 

MEl/AX  eriO-LTZE,  r.  (.     To  make  melancholy. 

iThis  verb  «  rarely  or  never  used.]  [Moore. 

'AN'-€H01^Y,  II.  [Gr.  i^tX^v,  black,  and  xoXn, 
bile  ;  L.  melanehotia.] 

1.  A  gloomy  slate  of  mind,  o(\en  a  gloomy  state 
that  is  of  some  continuance,  or  habitual ;  depression 
of  spirits  induced  by  grief;  dejection  of  spirits. 
This  was  formerly  supposed  to  prrtceed  from  a 
redundance  of  black  bile.  Melancholy,  when  ex- 
treme and  of  lung  continuance,  is  a  tfiscase  some- 
times accompanied  with  partial  insanity.  CuUen 
defines  it,  partial  insanity  without  dys{K>p^y. 

2.  In  nonology,  mental  alienation  restrained  to  a 
single  object  or  tntin  of  ideas^  in  distinctitm  from 
manjii,  in  which  the  alienation  is  general.       Good. 

Moon-atruck  madoi-aa,  mopiu;  vitlancholy.  MUton. 

MEL'AN-CHOL-Y,  a.  Gloomy;  depressed  in  spirits; 
dejected  ;  applied  to  persons.  Overwhelming  grief 
has  made  me  melancholy. 

2.  DiHimtl ;  gltKuny  ;  habitually  dejected  ;  as,  a 
melanrholy  t»'mj>er. 

3.  Cal:iniil4ius  ;  afflictive;  that  mayor  does  pro- 
duce great  evil  and  gnef;  as,  a  melancholy  event. 
Thf  melancholy  fate  of  the  Albion  !  The  vidancholy 
desiriirtien  of  8cio  and  of  Missolonghi! 

MB  LXNGK',    mia-ianzh',)    a.      [Fr.]       A    mixture. 

[A*(f(  F.nirli.fh.\  Drummond. 

MEL'AN  ITE.  n.     [Gr.  /i/Xn.-,  black.] 

A  black  variety  of  garnet.  Dana. 

MEI.-AV-IT'I€,  a.     Pertaining  to  melanite. 
MEI/A-NURE,      )   n     A  small  fish  of  the  Mediter- 
MEl*-A-NC'RUa,  (       ranean,  a  species  of  Sparus  or 

gilt-head.  .ash.    P.  Cye. 

MEI/A-PHVRE,  n.    A  variety  of  black  or  pyroxenic 

pcjrphyry  j/ujnble. 


MEL 

ME-LAS'SE»,  ».    See  Mola8«». 
ME-LAS'SI€  ACID,  n     The  product  of  the  simulta- 
neous action  of  heat  and  alkalies  on  solutions  of 
grape  sugar.  Oraham, 

ME-LEE',  (ma-ia',)  n.     IFr.]     A  fight  in  which  the 

combatants  are  mingled  m  one  confused  maKs. 
ME-LIC'ER-OUS,  a.     [Gr.  ^tXtKnui^.] 

Noting  a  tumor  inclosed  in  a  cyst,  consisting  of 

matter  like  honey.  Hosaek. 

MEL'I-LrrE,  n.     [Gr.  /itXi,  honey,  and  >i0of,  stone.] 

A  name  applied  to  small  yellow  crystals  found  in 

the  lavas  of  Vesuvius.  Dana. 

MEL'I-LOT,  n.   [Fr.l    A  planiof  the  genus  Trifoliura, 

nearly  allied  to  the  long-rooted  clover.  Farm.  Encyc. 
MKL'IOR-ATE,   (mSI'yor-ate,)  v.  t.      [Fr.  amelUtrrr ; 
Sp.  mcjorar;  It.   migliorare ;  from  L.  melior,  belter; 
VV.  mall,  gain,  profit ;  Ir.  meatl,  good.] 

To  make  belter  -,  to  improve  ;  as,  to  meliorate  fruit 
by  grafting,  or  si»il  by  cultivation.  Civilizutiun  has 
dune  much,  but  Christi;inity  more,  to  meliorate  the 
condition  of  men  in  society. 

Nature  by  art  we  nobly  mclioraU.  Denham. 

MkL'IOR-aTE,  v.  i.     To  grow  better. 
MkL'IOR-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.     Made  better;  improved. 
MkL'IOR-A-TING,  ppr.  or  a.    Improving;  advancing 
in  good  qualities. 

The  pure  and  beitl^n  Heht  of  revelatjoii  hsu  hail  a  mcHoraUng 
intliiciice  uii  inankinn. 

Wa»kington't  Circular,  June  18,  1733. 

MBL-IOR-A'TION,  7U    Theact  or  operation  of  making 

better ;  improvement. 
MeI>-IOR'I-TY,  n.    The  state  of  being  belter.    [JVot 

in  use.]  Bacon. 

MELL,  r, ».     [Fr.  mr:lrr.] 

To  mix  ;  to  meddle.     [JVo(  in  use.]  Spenser. 

MELL,n.     [Umel.] 

Honey.     [JVot  English.] 
MEL'LATE,  n.     [L.  mel,  honey,  Gr.  yfXi,  W.  mel.] 
A  combination  of  mellic  or  mellitic  acid  with  a 
base. 
MEL'Lie,  a.     See  Mblutic. 

MEL-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  mil^  honey,  and  fero,  to 
produce.] 

Producing  honey. 
MEL-LIF-I-CA'TIOX,  n.     [I..  mtUiJico.] 
The  making  or  pruduction  of  lioney. 
MEI^LIF'LU-ENCE,  n.     [L.  me/,  honey,  and  Jiuo,  to 
flow.] 
A  now  of  sweetness,  or  a  sweet,  smooth  flow. 

tVatt^. 
MEL-LFE'LU-ENT,  i  a.  Flowing  with  honey  ;  smooth; 
MEL-LIF'LU-OUS,  (     sweetly  flowing;  as,  ameUif- 
luous  voice. 

MEfcLl'F'LU-oSI:^?:  i  "'"'•    Smoothly  i  flowingly. 

MEL-LIO'E-NOUS,  a.  [Gr.  ;it>,  honey,  and  yevos^ 
kind.] 

Having  the  qualities  of  honey. 

MEL-LT'GO,  n.     [h.  mel.] 

Honey -dew,  which  see.  Tulhj. 

MEL'LIT,  n.  In  farriery,  a  dry  scab  on  the  heel  of  a 
horse's  fore  foot,  cured  by  a  mixture  of  honey  and 
vinegar. 

MEL'LI-TATE,  n.  A  compound  of  mellitic  acid  with 
a  base.  Oraham. 

MEL'LITE,  n.     [I^  mel.] 

Honey-stone  ;  a  mineral  of  a  honey  color,  f(»und  In 
small  octahedral  crystals.  It  consists  of  mellic  acid 
and  alumina.  It  is  fntind  with  brr)wn  coal,  and  is 
partly  the  result  of  vegetable  decomposition.     Dana. 

MEL'IilC,        )  a.     Terms  applied  to  on  acid  first  dis- 

MEL-LIT'I€,  I      covered  in  nmllile  or  honey-stone. 

MEL'LOX,  n,  A  compound  tif  carbon  and  nitrogen, 
in  Ihe  ftirm  of  a  yellow  powder,  Ure. 

MEL'LOW,  a.  [Sax.  niWcwf  ,■  G.mrhl,  D,  Dan.  meel^ 
meal ;  G.  mehlig,  mehlicht,  inellitw,  mealy  ;  Dan.  mee- 
lagtig,  mellow  ;  L.  molti*,  Fr.  mat,  molle,  suft,  Gr. 
paXaxoi  ,•  VV.  mall,  sol\,  ni(  Iting,  insipi<l,  evil,  and, 
as  a  noun,  a  malady.  The  Welsh  unites  the  word 
wiih  L.  mollis.  These  wurda  are  evidently  allied  to 
mild  and  melt,  and  meal  would  .seem  to  be  connected 
with  miU.  I  am  not  certain  which  Is  the  primary 
word.     See  Class  Ml,  No.  2,  4,  9,  12.} 

1.  Soft  with  ripeness  ;  easily  yielding  to  pres.sure  ; 
as,  a  mellow  peach  or  apple  ;  jncllino  fruit. 

2.  Soft  to  tlie  ear;  as,  a  melloio  sound  ;  a  mellovj 
pipe. 

3.  Soft;  well  pulverized;  not  indurated  or  com- 
pact ;  as,  mcllov  ground  or  earth. 

4.  Soft  and  smooth  to  the  taste  ;  as,  mellow  wine. 

5.  Soft  with  liquor  i  intoxicatcji ;  merry.    Addison, 

6.  Soft  or  easy  to  tiic  eye. 

The  tfiuler  flufih,  whoae  meltoie  ataiii  Imbiiea 

Hi-aven  wtUi  ail  frtfaks  ol'  light.  Ptrdval, 

MEL'LOW,  V,  t.  To  riiMin  ;  to  bring  to  maturity  j  to 
soften  by  ripeness  or  age. 

On  Tor-i^n  moitntiilni  muv  the  inn  reflne 

The  gmpc'i  toft  Juice  and  mellov  U  to  wine.         Addieon. 

9.  To  soften  ;  to  pulverize.    Earth  is  mellowed  hy 
frost. 
3.  To  mature  j  to  bring  to  perfection, 

Thia  ?piacH)e — mtUowed  toto  that  reputation  which   llmft  baa 
givcu  it.  Dryden. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  aa  K ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SII ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


-w 


7(J6 


MEL 

MEL'LOW,  r.  t.  To  become  soft  ;  to  be  ripened,  ma- 
tured, or  brought  lo  perfeclion.  Fruit,  when  taken 
frt>iu  the  iTi'e,  soon  ntUows.    Wine  meUov>4  with  age. 

MELLOW-ED,  pp.     Ripeutd  ;  brought  to  maturity, 
a.   Become  soft,  as  fruit  when  ri|»e. 

MEL'LO\V-LY.  ado.     In  a  mL-IIow  manner. 

MEL'LOVV-NESS,  n.  Softness;  the  quality  of  yield- 
iag  easilv  to  pressure  ;  ripeness,  as  of  fnilL 

'i  Maturity  ;  softness  or  smoothness  from  age,  as 
of  wine. 

MEL'LOVV-TON-ED,  a.     Having  soft  tones. 

MEL'LOW-Y,  a.    Soft  ;  unctuous.  Dmifion. 

MEL-O-eO-TOX',  «.  (i^p-  melocoton,  a  peach-tree 
grafted  into  a  quince-tree,  or  the  fmit  of  the  tree  ;  IL 
meloeotOffno,  quince-tree  ;  L.  malum  eutuHeum^  quince- 
apple.  CoUmeum  is  probably  our  eoUvHy  and  the  fruit 
so  named  from  its  puhei*cence.] 

A  quince.  But  the  name  is  sometimes  given  to  a 
lar^  kind  of  peach. 

ME-LO'DI-OUS,  a.  [Sec  .Melodt,]  Containing  mel- 
ody ;  musical ;  asreealde  to  the  ear  by  a  sweet  suc- 
ceasion  of  sounds ;  as,  a  meloditiiu  voice  ;  vtelodiotis 
stnina. 

And  moA  aiore  sMlocCiou*  Uwn  thr  spltcrec  Drydtn. 

ME-L6'DI-0US-LY,  adv.  In  a  melodious  manner; 
musically. 

ME-LO'D1-OUS*NESS,  a.  The  qunlily  of  beinc  agreea- 
ble to  the  ear  by  a  sweet  succession  of  sounds  ;  mu- 
sicitlness. 

MEL'O-DIST,  «.  A  composer  and  singer  of  elegant 
melodies,  in  cuntradistinction  to  Harmonist. 

MELODIZE,  r.  U     To  make  melodious. 

MEL'O-DTZ-KD,  pp.     Rendered  harmonious. 

MEL'Q-DIZ-I.\G,j»pr.     Rendering  hannunious, 

MEL-O-DRA-MAT'ie,  a,    Peruuning  to  a  melodrame. 

MEL-O-DRA.M'A-TiST,  a.  One  skilled  in  uielo- 
drames,  or  who  prepares  them. 

MEL'O-DRAMB,  h.     [Gr.  yfAwj,  a  song,  and  draiwi.] 
A  dramatic  performance  iu  which  songs  are  Inter- 
mixed. Chalmers. 

MEL'O-DY,  m.  [Gr.  inXtoSta;  ptXos,  a  limb,  or  a 
sons,  and  'j^n,  an  ode  ;  L.  mdos.^ 

An  agreeable  succession  of  sounds  ;  a  succession 
of  sounds  80  regul  ited  and  modulated  as  to  please 
the  ear.  To  constitute  mehidy,  tlte  sounds  must  be 
arranged  according  to  the  laws  of  rh>-tiimus,  meas- 
ure, or  the  due  |>n>portton  of  the  movements  to  each 
oUier.  Mfiodf  UiiTors  from  karmonUf  as  it  ctmsists  in 
the  agreeable  succession  and  modulation  of  sounds 
by  a  single  voice  ;  whereas  Aurnujny  consist-*  in  the 
accordance  of  dilTerent  voices  or  sounds.  Meliid^  is 
voeml  or  vutrmmetUaL  Huaker, 

2.  The  particular  air  or  tune  of  a  musical  piece, 
fiicyc  Jim, 
TV  make  melody  in  tAs  katrt ;  to  praise  God  with  a 
joyful  and  thankful  disp«)»tit)on,  ascribing  to  him  the 
honor  due  to  his  name.    Eph.  v. 

MEL'ON,  R.  [Fr.,  from  L.  mdo;  Sp.  melon;  It.  wct- 
tune^  a  melon  ;  Gr.  fiiXj-^  an  apple;  D.  melaem;  G. 
meioTUi  Dan.  and  Sw.  meUmi  Slav,  ndun.  This  Word 
has  the  elements  of  mellotp,  L.  mollis,  W.  mali.] 

The  name  of  certain  plants  and  their  fruit ;  as  the 
wnlfT-melon,  the  niusk-nidox. 

MEL'0N-TIil:5'TLE,  (-this'l,)  n.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Cactus. 

MEL-PO.M'E-NE,  n.    [Gr.,  from  ^^'kiToaat.] 
The  muse  who  presides  over  tragedy. 

MEL'ROSE,  a.     [l^  met  and  rusa.] 

Honey  of  roses.  Fitrdyce, 

MELT,  r.  U  [Sax.  meltan  ;  Gr.  pc\6u} ;  D.  smelun  :  G. 
sehmtlzen;  Sw.  svialta;  Dan.  smelter;  whence  Eng. 
wmeiLt  small.  We  have  in  these  words  decisive  evi- 
dence that  s,  in  smelietty  &c,  is  a  prefix.  Melty  in 
English,  is  regular,  forming  melted  for  its  pa«t  tense 
and  passive  partici|>le.  The  old  participle,  iiuMen,  is 
used  only  as  an  adjective.  This  verb  b>.-longs  to  a 
numerous  class  of  words  in  Ml,  denoting  soft,  or 
softness.    See  Class  Ml,  No.  10,  Id,  19.j 

1.  To  disserve ;  to  make  liquid  ;  to  liquefy  ;  to  re- 
duce from  a  solid  to  a  liquid  or  flowing  state  by 
beat ;  as,  to  melt  wajt,  tallow,  or  lead  ;  to  melt  ice  or 
snow. 

2.  To  dissolve ;  to  reduce  to  first  principles. 

3.  To  soften  to  love  or  tenderness.  [Burnet, 

For  ptj  meit$  tfar  nuod  to  lore.  DryUn. 

4.  To  waste  away  ;  to  dissipate. 

In  fcfteial  riot  nwZltrf  dcFWv  ifaj  70IKI1.  S^tai. 

5.  To  dishearten.    Josh.  x\v. 

MELT,  p.  u  To  become  liquid  ;  to  dissolve  ;  to  be 
changed  from  a  fixed  or  solid  to  a  flowing  state. 

Amd  vhUfr  maw  in  minuies  B>»tU  awaj.  Drydttv. 

2.  To  be  softened  to  love,  pity,  tenderness,  or  sym- 
pathy ;  to  become  tender,  mild,  or  gentle. 

MtMng  with  temicmtm  and  mild  cumpKa^oD.  Shak. 

J.  To  be  dissolved  ;  to  lose  substance. 

And  wh.lL  Kfined  corporal, 
MtUed  aa  breath  into  U»e  wiod.  Shak. 

A.  To  be  subdued  by  affliction  ;  to  sink  into  weak- 
ness. 


3IEM 

5.  To  faint;  to  be  discouraged  or  disheartened. 

Ab  mmo  u  we  b»fd  lliew  lhin£«,  our  heart  mtiled.  — Ju«h.  H. 

MELT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Dissolved;  made  liquid;  soft- 
ened ;  discouraged. 

MELT'EK,  R.     One  that  melts  any  thing.     Derham. 

MELT'ING,  ppr.     Dissolving;  liquefying;  softening; 
discouraging. 

S.  a.  Tending  to  soften  ;  softening  into  tender- 
ness ;  as,  melting  eloquence. 

MELT'ING,  n.    The  act  of  softening ;  the  act  of  ren- 
dering tender.  SotUh. 

MELT'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  melt  or  soften. 
2.  Like  stunething  melting.  Sidney. 

MELTMiNG-NESS,  n.    The  [>ower  of  melting  or  soft- 
ening. 

MEL'WEL,  n.    A  kind  of  codfish.  Ji^h, 

ME.M'BEU,  B.     [Fr.  membre;  L.  memfirum.] 

1.  A  limb  of  animal  bodies  ;  as  a  leg,  an  arm,  an 
car,  a  finger,  that  is,  a  subordinate  part  of  the  main 
boiiy. 

2.  A  part  of  a  discourse,  or  of  a  period  or  sentence  ; 
a  clause;  a  part  of  a  verse.  Harmony  in  poetry  is 
produced  by  a  proportion  between  the  members  of 
the  same  verse,  or  between  the  members  of  ditforcnt 
verses. 

3.  In  architecture,  a  subordinate  jmrl  of  a  building, 
as  a  frieze  or  cornice  ;  sometimes  a  molding. 

4.  An  individual  of  a  community  or  society.  Ev- 
ery citizen  is  a  member  of  the  stale  or  body  politic, 
So  the  individuals  of  a  club,  a  corpi^ration,  or  con- 
federacy, are  called  its  members,  t^tudents  of  an 
academy  or  college  are  its  members.  Professed  Chris- 
tians are  called  members  of  the  church. 

5.  The  appetites  and  passions,  considered  as  tempt- 
ing to  sin.     Rom.  vii.     QiL  iii. 

MEM'BER-ED,  a.     Having  limbs. 
ME.M'BER-SHIP,  n.    The  state  of  being  a  member. 
*2.  Community;  society.  Btjium.  Sc  FL 

MEM'URAXE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  membrana  ;  Ir.  meam- 
brutn.   The  last  component  part  of  this  word  is  found 

in  the  Ethiopic  and  Ambaric  ;  Eth.  ^  Ilo7  I  bereana, 

parchment,  vellum,  from  I  i^\f  barah^  to  shine  or  be 
dear.  (Ludolf,  Col.  231,  2.)  The  substance,  tlien,  is 
named  from  its  clearness  or  transparency.] 

In  anatomy,  a  thin,  white,  flexible  skin,  formed  by 
fibers  interwoven  like  net-work,  and  serving  to 
cover  some  part  of  the  iMxly.  Eneye. 

The  term  is  npitlied  to  the  thin,  exp:\nded  parts,  of 
various  texture,  both  in  animals  and  vegetables, 
MEM-imA'-NE-OCS,        )  a.      Belonging  to   a   mem- 


MEM'BRA-\OUS, 


,r 


brane  ;      consisting      of 
membranes  ;  as,  a  mem- 


MEM-BRA-NA'CEOUS, 

braiuoas  covering. 

BinU  of  pnj  have  mtmbranatBOtu  stomachs,  not  tixuciilar. 

ArbuUiTVit. 

S.  In  botany,  a  membranaceous  leaf  has  no  distin- 
guishable pulp  between  ilie  two  surfaces.  In  gen- 
eral, it  denotes  flatted,  or  resembling  parchment. 

Martyn. 
MEM-BRa'NI-FOUM,  o.    Having  the  form  of  a  mem- 
brane or  nf  prirchment, 
ME-MEN'TO,  n.     [L.,  from  memini.     See  Memorv.] 
A  hint,  suggestion,  notice,  or  memorial  to  awaken 
meniory  ;  that  which  reminds. 
He  Ubut  It  n 

ME-MF^'TO  MO'Rl,  [L.1    Be  mindful  of  death. 

MEM'NON,  Tu     TGr.  M  ,.K,.i'.] 

The  name  01  a  celebrated  Egyptian  statue,  sup- 
posed to  have  the  property  of  emitting  a  harp-like 
sound  at  sunrise. 

.ME.M'OIR,  (rnem'wor,)  n.     [Fr.  mcmoire^  memory.] 

1.  A  species  of  history  written  by  a  person  wlio 
had  some  share  in  the  transactions  related.  Persons 
often  write  their  own  memoirs. 

2.  A  history  of  transactions  in  which  some  person 
had  a  principal  share,  is  callt^d  his  memoirs^  though 
Compiled  or  written  by  a  diflt-renl  hand. 

3.  The  history  of  a  society,  or  the  journals  and 
proceedings  of  a  society;  as,  jnemoirs  of  the  Royal 
Society. 

4.  A  written  account;  register  of  facts.  .^rbuthnoL 
MEM'OIK-IST,  ».     A  writer  of  memoirs.     Carlisle. 
MEM-O-RA-BIL'I-A,  n.  pi.     [L.]     Things  remarkable 

and  worthy  of  remembrance. 

MEM-O-RA-BIL'I-TY,  «.    Tiie  state  of  being  memo- 
rable.  ■ 

MEM'O-RA-BLE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  memorabUis.    See 
McMoRy.] 

Worthy  to  be  remembered  ;  illustrious  ;  celebrated  ; 
distinguished. 

By  tointa,  b^  booki,  by  meTnorabU  doeds.  DavUt. 

MEM'O-RA-BLY,  ado.    In  a  manner  worthy  lo  be  re- 
membered. 

MEM-O-RAN'DUM,  n. ;  pi.  Mkmoranddms  or  Memo- 
RAnoA.     [L.]     A  qote  to  help  the  memory. 

I  entered  a  memorandum  in  my  pocliet-book.  Chtardian. 

MEM'O-RATE,  v.  L    To  mention  ibr  remembrance. 

[Obs.] 


MEN 

MEM'O-RA-TIVE,  <i.  Adapted  or  tendingto  preserve 
the  nii'mnry  of  any  thing.  Hammond- 

MF^tO'RI-Ji  TECirjvr-C^,n.  [L.]  Aiiero/^/,  tech- 
nical memory ;  any  contrivance  for  aiding  the 
memory. 

ME-MO'RI-AL,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L,  mtmorialis.  See 
MuuoKy.] 

1.  Preservative  of  memory. 

Th^D*  hii(h  In  sir  mtmorial  o(  taj  name, 

Vix  the  sttiooUi  oar,  a»d  bid  me  live  to  fiuiw.  Popt. 

2.  Contained  in  memory  ;  as  memorial  possession. 

IVatts. 
ME-MO'RT-AIj,  n.  That  which  preserves  the  mem- 
ory of  something;  any  thing  that  serves  to  keep  in 
memory.  A  monument  is  a  memorial  of  a  deceased 
pt-rson,  or  of  an  event.  The  Lord's  supper  is  a  me~ 
morial  of  the  death  and  sulFerings  of  Cliri:it. 

Clmrflu's  (w*c  nftmrg;  inme  sa  memorial*  of  peiwy ,  tome  of 
wwdum,  auiiie  of  Ute  Trinity.  Ilooker, 

2.  Any  note  or  hint  to  assist  the  memory. 

Meinoria}i  writicti  witli  Kiii^  Edwtud**  hand  ilittll  b^  th"*  grotiiid 
of  ttiLs  liialury.  IJay  ward, 

3.  A  written  representation  of  facts,  made  to  a 
legislative  or  other  body  as  the  ground  of  a  petition, 
or  a  representation  of  facts  accompanied  witli  a  peti- 
tion. 

4.  In  diplomacy,  a  species  of  informal  state  paper, 
much  used  in  necotialion.  Brande. 

ME-MO'RI-.^L-IST,  71.    One  who  writes  a  memorial. 

Spectator. 

2.  One  who  presents  a  memorial  to  a  legislative  or 
any  other  body,  or  to  a  person.  United  States. 

ME-M0'RI-AL-"IZE,  r.  e.     To  present  a  memorial  to; 

to  [K'tilion  by  mernoriul.  United  States. 

ME  Md'RI-AI^IZ-/,T),  ;»p.     Petitioned  by  memorial. 
MEM'O-RIST,  n.     One  who  causes  to  be  remembered. 

f  JV*o(  vsetl.]  Brown. 

ME-MOR'I-TER,  ailv.     [L.]     By  memory-. 
MEM'0-RtZE,t?.  t.  Torecord;  to  hand  down  to  mem- 
ory by  writing. 

They  iir^Icct  to  mtmonxe  ilieir  conquest  of  the  Indians. 

SpeRMr. 

2.  To  cause  lo  be  remembered. 

They  ntennt  to  ntemorize  i^nothcr  GulgoUto.  Shmk. 

MEM'O-RIZ-fD,  pp.  Recorded ;  handed  down  to 
memory. 

MEM'O-RY,  ju  [L.  memoria ;  Fr.  memoire;  Sw. 
minnei  Ir.  meamhair;  or  vieabhair,  meanma.  This 
word  is  from  memini,  which  is  probably  corrupted 
from  the  Gn^ek  ^i-ai'/iaf,  to  remember,  from  /ifvvf, 
mind,  or  the  same  rooL    See  Mmu.] 

1.  i'he  faculty  of  the  mind  by  which  it  retains  the 
knowledge  of  past  events,  or  ideas  which  are  past. 
A  distinction  is  made  between  memory  and  recollec- 
tion. Memory  retains  past  ideas  witliout  any,  or 
with  little  effort ;  recollection  implies  an  effort  to  re- 
call ideas  that  are  {Kist.     Beattie.       Reid.     Stewart, 

AUtnory  ii  the  pnrvf-yor  of  reason.  Rambter. 

2.  A  retaining  iif  pa.«t  ideas  in  the  mind  ;  remem- 
brance. Events  that  excite  little  attention  are  apt 
lo  escape  from  memory. 

3.  Exemption  from  oblivion. 

That  ever  liviiiy  man  of  memory, 

Henry  the  FifUi.  Shak. 

4.  The  time  within  which  past  events  can  be  re- 
memtiered  or  recollected,  or  the  time  within  which  a 
person  may  have  knowledge  of  what  is  past.  'I'he  rev- 
olution in  England  was  before  my  memory;  the  revo- 
luti(m  in  America  was  within  the  author's  memory. 

5.  Memorial ;  monumental  record ;  that  wliich 
calls  to  remembrance.  A  monument  in  London 
was  erected  in  memory  of  the  cuuflagration  in  lUtUi. 

C.  Reflection  ;  attention.  Shak. 

MEM'O-RY,  p.  L  To  lay  up  in  the  mind  or  memory. 
yVot  iLscd.)  Chaucer. 

MEM'PHI-AN,  a.  [from  Memphis,  the  ancient  me- 
tropolis of  Egypt,  said  to  be  altered  from  Menu/, 
Mcmf.     Ludolf.] 

Pertaining  to  Memphis  ;  very  dark  ;  a  sense  bor- 
rowed from  the  darkness  of  Egypt  in  the  time  of 
Moses. 

MEN,  n.  pi  of  Man.  Two  or  more  males,  individu- 
als of  the  human  race. 

2.  Males  of  a  brave  spirit.  We  will  live  in  honor, 
or  die  like  meiu 

3.  Persons;  people;  mankind;  in  an  indefinite 
sense.  Men  are  apt  to  forget  the  benefactor,  wliile 
they  riot  on  the  benefit. 

MEN' ACE,  V.  U  [Fr.  menacer;  It,  mtnaceiare;  Sp. 
amenazar :  L.  minor.  The  primary  sense  is,  lo 
rush,  throw,  or  push  forward.  The  sense  is  more 
clearly  expressed  by  emineo  and  promineo,  to  jut  for- 
ward, from  the  same  root.  See  Mind,  which  is  of 
the  same  family.] 

1.  To  threaten  ;  lo  express  or  show  d  disposition 
or  determination  to  inflict  punishment  or  other  evi!. 
The  combined  powers  menaced  France  with  war  on 
every  side. 

2.  To  show  or  manifest  the  probability  of  future 
evil  or  danger  to.  The  spirit  of  insubordination 
menaced  S[>a:n  with  the  horrors  of  civil  war. 

3.  To  exhibit  the  appearance  of  any  catastrophe  to 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T,  — M£TE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BOQK.- 
706  '''~~~  "  ^ 


MEN 

come ;  as,  a  hanging  ruck  menaces  a  fall,  or  taenaces 
the  plain  or  the  inlinbiunt.s  below. 

MEN' ACE,  «.  A  threat  or  threatening;  the  tleclara- 
tiun  or  show  of  a  *ii:<po»itiun  or  determination  to  in- 
flict an  evil ;  ujed  of  persons. 

2.  The  show  of  a  probable  evil  or  catastrophe  to 
come. 

MEN'A-CED,  (men'aste,)  pp.    Threatened. 

MEN'A-CER,  n.    One  that  threatens. 

ME-NAeH'AN-ITE,  n.  A  black  metallic  mineral. 
consisting  of  titnnic  acid  and  oxyd  of  iron,  founcl 
near  Menachan,  in  Cornwall,  England.  It  is  a  va- 
riety of  Ilinenite.  Dana. 

MEN-A-€HAN-IT'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  mcnachanite. 

ME.\'A-CI\G,  ppr.  Threatening;  declaring  a  dispo- 
sition or  determination  to  inflict  evil. 

2.  a.  Exhibiting  the  danger  or  probability  of  an 
evil  or  catastrophe  to  come  ;  as,  a  menacing  altitude. 

MEN'A-CING-LY,  adv.     In  a  threatening  manner. 

ME.Y-AOE',   (men-izh',)   n.      [Fr.,   a   family.      See 

A  collection  of  brute  animals.  Addison. 

ME.\-A6'E-R1E,  (men-azh'e-re,  >  n.         [Fr.      mena- 
ME\'A-CiER-Y,     min'a-jer-re,)  |       gerie  ;    It,   mena- 
geria.] 

A  yard  or  place  in  which  wild  animals  are  kept ; 
also,  a  collection  of  wild  aniniafs. 
MEN'A-GOGUE,  (men'a-gogj  n.      [Gr.  /nc^s,  men- 
strua, and  '!>  bf,  to  drive.] 
A  medicine  that  promotes  the  menstrual  flux. 

QMtnct/. 
MEXD,  r.  (.  [L.  emendo  ;  Tr.ammder;  lU  mcndare ; 
from  L.  menda^  a  fhult,  spot,  or  blemish.  Mend  is 
contracted  from  emetulo,  amende  for  the  L.  negative  c, 
for  ex,  is  necessary  to  express  tiie  removal  of  a 
faulU] 

1.  To  repair,  as  a  breach  ;  to  siipply  a  part  broken 
or  defective  ;  as,  to  mend  a  garment,  a  road,  a  mltl- 
dain,  a  fence,  &.c. 

2.  To  correct ;  to  set  right ;  to  alter  for  the  better; 
as,  to  mend  the  life  or  manners. 

3.  To  repair  ;  to  restore  to  a  sound  state  ;  as,  to 
mend  a  feeble  or  broken  constitution.  Locke^ 

A.  To  help;  to  advance;  to  make  better.  This 
plausible  apology  dues  not  mend  the  matter. 

Though  in  •omc  lanj»  the  gnu*  ii  but  >hon,  yet  it  n\enilt  janlen 
berta  nntl  Tnilt.  Mortimer. 

5.  To  improve ;  to  hasten. 

Be  uw  iLr  montter  meivi  hit  pMe.  Drydxn. 

MEXD,  V.  i.    To  grow  better ;  to  advance  to  n  better 
slate ;   to  improve.     Wc   say,  a  feeble   constitution 
mends  daily  ;  a  sick  man  mends,  or  is  convalescent. 
MEN'D'.A-BLE,  a.     Capable  of  being  mended. 
MEN-DA'CIOUS,  (-^la'ahua,)  a.     [L.  menUaz.] 

Lying  ;  false. 
MEN-DAC'I-TY,  (-das'e-te,)  n.      [L.   mendaz,   false, 
lying.     See  Class  Mn,  No.  4.] 

Falsehood.  Brown. 

[The  proper  signification  of  this  word  would  be  a 
dispoiiition  to  lie,  or  habitual  lying.] 
ME.ND'ED,  j^.  or  a.      Repaired;   made  better;  im- 

(woved. 
MEND'ER,  II,    One  who  menda  ot  repairs. 
MEND'l-eAN-CY,  n.     [L.  mendicant.] 

Beggary  ;  a  state  of  begging. 
MEND'ie'ANT,  a.     [I^  mendtmna,  from    mendico,  to 
t>eg,  Fr.  mmdier;  allied  to  L.  v%an4c,  to  command, 
demand.] 

1.  Begging ;  poor  to  a  state  of  beggary ;  as,  re- 
duced to  a  mendicant  state. 

5.  Practicing  beggary  ;  as,  a  mendicant  friar. 
MENDICANT,  n.     A  beggar;  one  that  makes  it  his 
business  to  beg  alms  ;  one  of  the  begging  fraternity 
of  the  Ruman  Catholic  church. 
MEXO'I-CATE,  V.  t.    To  beg,  or  practice  begging. 

[JVat  U3ed.] 
MEN-DIC'I-TY,  (-dis'c-te,)  n,    [L.  mendtcUas.] 
The  state  of  begging  ;  the  life  of  a  beggar. 
MEND'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Repniring. 

2.  Convalescing:  recovering  from  sickness;  bo- 
coming  better  in  health. 

ME.NDMNG,  n.  The  act  of  repairing;  applied  eapeciaUy 
t»  fformrnts. 

MEND'ME.NT,  for  Amki^pmewt.     [J^ot  in  wte.] 

MENDS,  fur  Amewd*.     [^Tot  uxe.d.\  Shak. 

MKN-HA'l)EN,a.  A  salt  water  m\\..^lflsa  menhaden 
of  i'^Iitcht-ll,  allied  to  the  aiewife  antl  shad,  find  much 
used  fur  manure,  Sec.  Storer's  Ma.n.  Rep, 

M£'N1-AL,  a.  [Norm,  meieiial^  met/nal^  from  meigne* 
or  meiny,  a  family.  The  Norm,  has  also  mesnie  and 
mesnee^  a  family,  household,  or  company,  and  meiiu-z^ 
many.  Uu.  the  root  of  maijon,  me-ssuage^  or  of 
nuiny.'] 

1.  Pcrtilning  to  servants,  or  domestic  servants; 
low  ;  menn. 

The  wutaeuutadxntj  perlbrm  onlj  tliQ  most  TJi^nial  otHcs, 

Swi/t, 

[Johnvon  observes  on  thta  passage,  that  Swift 
BAems  not  to  have  known  the  meaning  of  this  word. 
But  this  Is  the  only  sense  in  which  it  is  now  used.] 

2.  Beioagiog  to  the  retinue  or  train  of  servants. 

Jolinson* 

Two  aHMte/  dofi  More  their  m%mer  prrwed.  Drydm. 


MEN 

[If  this  definition  of  Johnson  is  correct,  it  indicates 
that  menial  is  from  meinci,  many,  ratlier  than  from 
mesnie,  family.     But  the  sense  may  be  house-dogs.] 

Me'NI-AL,  n.  A  domestic  servant  of  the  lowest 
order.     Uence, 

2.  Figuratively^  a  person  of  a  servile  character  or 
dispositifm. 

MEN'I-LITE,  n.  A  brown,  impure  opal,  occurring  in 
flattened,  nodular  concretions,  at  ^lenil  Montant, 
near  Paris.  Dana. 

ME1-N1N'0eS,  n,  pi.  [Gr.]  In  anatomy,  the  two 
membranes  that  envelop  the  brain  ;  the  pia  mater 
and  dura  mater.  • 

ME-NIS'CAL,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  meniscus. 

ME-NIS'eUy,  n.ipL  MEMacusEs.  [Gr.  /jtjcjo-icos,  a 
little  moon.] 

A  lens  convex  on  one  side  and  concave  on  the 
other,  having  the  concavity  less  than  the  convexity. 

Olmsted. 

MEN-ISPERM'ATE,  n.  A  compound  of  menisperm- 
ic  acid  and  a  salifiuble  ba.'^e. 

MEN-I-SPERM'ie,  a.  Tiie  menispermic  acid  is  oh- 
tained  from  the  seeds  of  the  Cocculus  Indicus,  the 
Menispermtim  cocculus  of  Linnsus,  the  .dnamirta 
panicalata  of  later  botanists. 

MEN-l-ciPER'MI-NA,  >  n.       [L.    menisperjnum,    from 

MEN-l-SPER'.MINE,  j  Gr.  ftrjunt  the  moon,  and 
an'.pii'i,  a  seed.] 

An  alkaloid  obtained  from  Anamirta  paniculata, 
once  called  Menifpermum.  This  alkaloid  is  a  white, 
opaque,  crystalline  solid,  which  is  tasteless,  and  me- 
dicinally inert. 

MEN'I-VER,  n.  A  small,  white  animal  in  Russia,  or 
its  fur.  wliich  is  very  tine,  [See  Minebva.]   Chaucer. 

MEN'NON-ITES, )  n.  pi.     A  small  denomination  of 

MEN'NON-ISTS,  \  Christians  who  reject  infant 
baptism,  but  do  not  in^i^'t  strenuously  on  immersion  ; 
so  called  from  Simon  .Mcnno,  their  fouuder  in  Ger- 
many. Baird. 

ME-NOL'G-GY,        )  B.    [Gr.  /i/ji-,  finv^y  month,  and 

MEN-0-L0'6l-U.M,  j      )^o}oi,  discourse.] 

1.  A  register  of  months.  htUUnnjleFt. 

2.  In  the  Qreek  church,  mnrtyrology,  or  a  briif  cal- 
endar of  the  lives  of  the  saints,  fur  each  day  in  tlie 
year,  or  a  simple  remembrance  of  those  whose  lives 
are  not  written.  Lunier. 

ME.V'OVV,  n.     [Fr.  menu,  small.     Qu.] 

A  small,  fresh-water  fish,  the  minnow.      Bailey. 

MEN'-PLeAS-ER,  n.  One  who  is  solicitous  to  please 
men,  rather  than  to  please  God,  by  obedience  to  his 
commands. 

MEJ^'SjI  ET  TO'RO,  [L.]  a  phrase  applied  to  a 
kind  of  divorce  which  separates  Imshand  an<l  wife 
without  dissolving  the  marriage  relation.    Bouvicr, 

MEN'SAL,  a.     [L.  metLsalig,  from  mensa,  a  table.] 

Belonging  to  the  table  ;  trimsacted  at  table.  [Lit- 
tle Kscrf.]  Clarissa. 

MEN'SES,  n.  pi  [L.,  months.]  The  catamenial  or 
menstrual  discharges. 

MEN'STRU-AL,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  menstrmdis,  from 
mensiSf  month.] 

1.  Monthly ;  happening  once  a  month  ;  as,  the 
menstrual  liux. 

2.  I*asiing  a  month  ;  as,  the  menstrual  orbit  of  the 
moon.  Bentley. 

3.  Pertaining  to  a  menstruum.  Bacon. 
MEN'STRU-ANT,  a.    Subject  to  monthly  flowings, 

Broiciu 
MEN'STRU-OUS,  a.     [L.  menstruus,  from  mensis,  a 
month.] 

1.  Having  the  monthly  flow  or  discharge,  as  a 
female.  Sandys, 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  monthly  floiv  of  females. 

Brotctt. 
ME\*'STRU-UM,  n. ;  ;)/.  McNsTRLtuMs  or  Me.-«9Trua. 
[from  L.  mentis,  month.  The  use  of  this  word  ts 
sup)Htsed  to  have  nrginnted  in  some  notion  of  the  old 
chemiHts  about  the  intluence  of  the  moon  in  the 
preparatiun  of  dissolvents.    Johnson.] 

A  solvent ;  any  fluid  or  subtilized  substance  which 
dissolves  a  solid  body. 

Ail  liq'ion  are  CRlled  menttruum*  which  nrp  lueil  ai  ilitaolvpiita, 
or  la  excntct  Itie  virtues  of  iugrcdk'iitii  by  itifusiott  or  tlecoc- 
tiun.  ^  Quincy, 

■    litquira  what  b  Ok  proper  menstruum  to  dinolvc  a  mt-ttl. 

Bucon, 

MEN-SU-RA-BIL'I-TY,  rt.  [from  mensurable.]  Ca- 
pability of  being  measured. 

MEN'SU-RA-BLE,  (men'»hu-ra-bl,)  tu  FL.  mensura, 
measure.  The  n  id  probably  casual,  and  the  word  is 
the  same  as  Mcasltrarle.] 

Measurable;  capable  of  being  measured.  Holder. 

MEN'SU-KAL,  a.     Pertaining  to  measure. 

MEN'SU-RATE,  r.  (.     [L.  mrnsura,  measure.] 


To  measure.     [Litilr  used.] 
MEN-SU-RA'TION,  (nien-( ' 


shu-ra'shun,)  n.    The  act, 
process,  or  art,  of  nieasuring,  or  taking  the  dimen- 
sions of  any  thing. 
2.  Measure  ;  the  result  of  measuring.  Arbuthnot. 
MEN'TAL,  a,     [It.  mtnlale  ;  Fr.  mental ;  from  I*,  mens, 
mind.] 

Pertaining  to  tho  mind;  intellectual;  aa,  mental 
faculties;  mental  operations;  mental  sight;  mental 
ta«t«  MiUon.     Addison. 


MER 

MEN'TAL-LY,  adv.    Intellectually  ;  in  the  mind  ;  in 

thought  or  meditation  ;  in  idea.  Bentley. 

MEN''J'10N,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  mentio,  from  Gr.  fiftia, 
from  /ti'<((t),  to  put  in  mind;  It.  meniione;  Sp.  men- 
don;  Port,  men^ai  ;  allied,  probably,  to  L.  maneo  and 
mi/irf.    Mention  is  a  throwing  out.] 

A  hint;  a  suggestion;  a  brief  no»lce  or  remark 
expressed  in  words  or  writing;  used  chiefly  afler 
Make. 

Make  no  men&jn  of  other  gvds.  —  Josh,  ixiii. 

I  will  niakt  nveution  of  l!iy  ri^hteoiisiK-u.  —  P»,  Ixxl, 

Witliout  c«ai»iiig  I  make  mendon  of  you  alway*  iu  my  pmycri. 
—  Rom.  i. 
MEN'TION,  V,  t.     [Fr.  mcntionner;  It.  mcaiiojuire.] 

To  speak ;  to  name  ;  to  utter  a  brief  remark  ;  to 
state  n  particular  fact,  or  to  express  it  in  writing.  It 
is  applied  to  something  thrown  in  or  added  inciden- 
tally in  a  discourse  or  writing,  and  thus  differs  from 
the  sense  of  relate,  recite,  and  narrate.  I 
mentioned  \Q  hhix  a  fact  that  felt  under  my  own  ot>- 
servation  ;  in  the  course  of  conversation,  that  cir- 
cumstance was  mentioned. 

I  will  tnenUftn  the  loviiig-kiudtif-M  of  the  Lord.  —  Is.  Ixiii, 

MEN'TION-A-BLE,  a.  That  can  or  may  be  men- 
tioned. 

MEN'TION-^D,  jyp.     Named  ;  stated. 

MEN'TION-ING,  ppr.     Naming  ;  uttering. 

MEN'TOR,  It.  [(rum  Mentor,  tlio  counselor  of  Telem- 
achus.]     A  wise  and  faithful  counselor  or  monitor. 

Encye.  Am, 

MEN-TC'RI-AL,  a.  [from  Mentor.]  Containing  ad- 
vice or  adtnonition. 

ME-PHIT'ie,  i         „ 

ME-PlilT'ie  AI    { ***     L      "ifphitu,  an  ill  smell.] 

Offensive  to  the  smell ;  foul ;  poisonous  ;  noxious; 
pestilential ;  destructive  to  life.  Mcphiiic  acid  is 
usiinlty  cTirbonic  acid. 

ME-PIli'TIS,     i  n.     [L.  mephitis.]     Foul,  offensive, 

MEPIl'IT-IS.M,  i  or  noxious  exhalations  from  dis- 
solving sub-tances,  filth,  or  other  source  ;  usually 
containing  carbonic  acid  gas.  Med.  Rcpos. 

ME-RA'CIOUS,  a.     [L.  meraciis.]     Strong;  racy. 

MER'CA-HLE,  a.  [L.  mercor.]  That  is  to  be  bought 
or  sold. 

MER-CAN-TAN'TE,  n.     [It.  mereatante.] 

A  foreign  trader.     [JWi  m  use]  Shak. 

MER'CAN-TILE.  (-til,;  a.  [It.  and  Fr.,  from  L.  mcr- 
cans,  mercor,  to  buy  ;  Fort,  and  Sp.  mercantH.] 

1.  Trading;  commercial;  carrying  on  commerce; 
as,  mercantile  nations  ;  the  mercantile  class  of  men. 

2.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  commerce  or  trade  ;  as, 
TUTcautile  business. 

JIER-CAP'TAN,  H.     [mercury  and  L.  capto,  to  seize.] 
A  liquid  of  a  strong  garlic  odor,  comiiosed  of  sul- 
phur, carbon,  and  hydrogen  ;  so  nameil  from  its  en- 
ergetic action  on  mercury.  Brande.     Oraham. 

MER'CAT,  n.     [L.  mercalus.] 

Market  ;  trade.     [.Vuf  in  tL-fe.]  Sprat. 

MER-€A'T0R'S-CIIXRT,  n.  [from  Mcreator,  tlie  in- 
ventor.] A  chart  constructed  on  the  principle  of 
Mercalor's  priijecli(»n.     [See  Projection.] 

MER'CE-NA-U1-IjY,  adv.     In  a  mercenary  manner. 

Spectator. 

MER'CE-NA  Rt-NES3,  n.  [from  mercenary.]  Ve- 
nality ;  regard  to  hire  or  reward.  Boyle. 

MEU'CE-NA-RY,  a.  [Fr.  mercennire  ;  L.  mereenarius, 
from  mercea,  reward,  wages  ;  mercor,  to  buy.] 

1.  Venal ;  that  may  be  hired  ;  actuated  by  the 
hope  of  reward  ;  moved  by  the  love  of  money  ;  as, 
a  mercenary  prince  or  judge. 

2.  Hired  ;  purchased  by  money;  as,  mcrcenarj/ ser- 
vices ;  mercenary  stddiers, 

3.  Sold  for  money  ;  as,  merccnnnj  blond.       Shak. 

4.  Greedy  of  gain  ;  mean  ;  selfish  ;  as,  a  mercenary 
disposition. 

5.  Contracted  from  motives  of  gain  ;  as,  a  merce- 
nary marriage. 

MER^CE-NA-RY,  n.     One  who  is  hired;  a  soldier 

that  is  hired  into  foreign  service  ;  a  hireling. 
MER'CER,  71.     [Fr.   merder ;    It.  merciaio ;    from   L. 
men,  wares,  commodities.] 
One  who  deals  in  silks  and  woolen  clirths.    Smart. 
MER'CER-SIIIP,  n.    The  business  of  a  mercer. 
MER'CER-V,  n.     [Fr.  mcrccrie  ;  It.  tnerccria.] 

Tho  commodities  or  goods  in  which  a  mercer 
deals  :  trade  of  mercers.  Orauiit. 

MER'CIIAND,  V.  u     [Fr.  marchander.] 

To  tnule.     [A'wt  used.]  Bacon. 

MER'CIIAND-ISE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  marchand,  a  mer- 
chant, or  marchander,  to  cheapen.] 

1.  The  objects  of  commerce  ;  wares,  goods,  com- 
modities, whatever  is  usually  bought  or  sold  in  trade. 
But  provisions  daily  sold  in  market,  horses,  cattle, 
and  fuel,  are  not  usually  included  iu  the  term,  and 
real  estate  never. 

2.  'I'rade  ;  traffic  ;  commerce.  Shak. 
MER'CHANli-ISE,  c.  t.    'I'o  trade  ;  to  carry  on  ct)in- 

merce. 
MER'CHAND-TS-ING,  mT.  or  a.    Trading.    Mnorr.. 
MER'CHAND-RY,  ti.     Trade;   commerce.     [.Vot   in 

use.]  Saunderson. 

MER'CIIANT.  n.      [Pr.  marchand;   It.  mercanle;  Sp. 

rnerckante ;   Ann.  marehadour ;   from   L.    mercor,   to 

buy.] 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE AN"GEtt,  VI"OfOU8 €  as  K;  C  u  J ;  0  as  Z ;  OH  as  SII;  Til  as  In  THIS. 

707~ 


MER 

1.  A  man  wbo  tmfTics  or  carries  on  tmde  with 
fbreign  countries,  or  who  exports  and  impurts  goods 
and  aelU  theui  by  wholesale. 

S.  In  pojiutar  usapty  any  tnider,  or  one  wbo  deals 
In  the  purchase  and  saJe  of  goods. 
3.  A  ship  in  trade.     [JVbt  usetL] 
MER'CHANT»  p.  i.    To  trade.    [Mt  in  use.] 
MER'CHANT-A-BLE,  o.     Fit  for  market ;  such  na  is 
usually  sold  in  market,  or  such  is  will  bring  the  or- 
dinary- price  ;  as,  titercMntabU  wheal  or  timber. 
MER'C'llANT-I.IKE,  a.     Like  a  merchant. 
MER'CH ANT-MAN,  n.     A  ship  or  vessel  employed  in 
the  transportatiou  of  goods,  as  distinguished  from  a 
ship  of  war. 
MER'CHANT  TAI'LOR,  n.     A  tailor  who  keeps  a 

shop  containing  articles  used  in  his  trade. 
MER'Ol-A-HLE,  a.  Merciful.  [JVbr  m  Msf.]  Ocnorr. 
SIER'CI-Fl,'!.,  a.  [from  mr/ry.]  Having  or  exer- 
cising mercy;  coniiwssion.ite  ;  lender;  dis|io9Pd  to 
pity  (.ilfenfler*  and  to  forgive  their  offences  ;  unwill- 
ing to  punish  ftir  injuries  ;  applied  apprvpnatcly  to  Vit 
Supreme  Being, 

Tbr  LrfKd  I<u*^  before  bim,  aim)  procUlmMlT  Th«  LonI,  the 
•bundsot  m  |{uoilnnt  ami  truth. —  Ex.  xxsiv. 

3.  Compaastonate :  tender ;  unwilling  to  give  pain  ; 
not  crueL  A  merciful  man  will  be  mer^ul  to  bis 
bea.<4. 

MER'Cl-FJ.'I«-LY,  orfc.  With  compassion  or  pily  ; 
tenderly  ;  mildlv. 

MER'CI  FV'L-NliSS,  n.  Tenderness  toward  offend- 
ers; willingness  to  forbear  punishment;  readiness 
to  forgive.  Hammond* 

MER'CI-FY,  r.  t.    To  pity.     [^"01  in  tise.]      Spenser. 

MER'CI-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  mercy;  unfeeling; 
pitiless  ;  luird-hearted  ;  cruel  i  as,  a  mercUe.*^  tyrant. 

Dryden, 
3.  Not  sparing;  as,  the  mereUess  waves  or  tem- 
pest, 

MEK'CI-LEPS-LY,  mdv.  In  a  manner  void  of  mercy 
or  pity ;  cniellv. 

MER'CI-LESS-.\ES8,  a.    Want  of  mercy  or  jrfty. 

MER-CC'RI-AL,  a.     Tfrom   Meremry  ;  .h,  mercitriatisJ] 

1.  Formed  under  the  influence  of  .Mercury  ;  active  ; 
sprightly  ;  full  uf  fire  or  vigor ;  as,  a  mertitrtal  youth  ; 
a  ma-cHrial  nation.  Baeom.     Strifl, 

S.  Pertaining  to  Mercury  as  god  of  trade;  hence, 
money-making ;  craAy. 

The  aurevrial  wand  of  otnniDrttir.  J.  Q.  Adamt, 

3.  Pertaining  to  quicksilver;  containing  quicksil- 
ver, or  consisting  of  mercury  ;  as,  mercuri^  prepara- 
tions or  medicines 

MER-t'C'RI-AL,-IST,  n.  On©  under  the  influence  of 
.Mercury,  or  one  re£>emblmg  .Mercury  in  variety  of 
character. 

MER-eC'RI-AI*-T7E,  r.  i.    To  be  humorous  or  fantas- 
tic    f  A'uf  in  u^e.] 
52.  In  medicine,  to  affect  the  system  with  mercury. 

MER-€C'Rl-AL-LY,  ade.     In  a  mercurial  manner. 

MER'CL  RI-f;D,  (-nd,;  pp.  Washed  with  a  prepara- 
tion of  mercnry. 

MER-CU-RI-FI  e.^'TlON,  ■.  In  mrtallurgie  ciemis- 
trif,  the  process  or  operation  of  obtaining  the  mer- 
cury from  metallic  minerals  in  ils  duid  form. 

Knryc 

2.  The  act  of  mixing  with  quicksilver.       Boyle, 
MER-eC'KI-FY,  r.  L    To  obtain  mercury  from  me- 
tallic minerals,  which   may  be  done  by  any  appli- 
cation of  intense  heal  that  expels  the  mercury  in 
fumes,  which  are  afterward  condensed.         Eneye, 

MER'eU-RY,  ■.  [L.  MervuriiUj  said  to  be  formed 
from  mercet  or  mertor.} 

1.  In  mythology,  the  messenger  and  interpreter  of 
the  gods,  and  the  god  of  eloquence  and  of  com- 
merce, called  by  the  Greeks  Hermes,  But  in  on- 
tiquitVt  there  were  several  persons  or  deities  of  this 
name'. 

S.  Cluicksilver ;  a  metal  remarkable  for  its  fusi- 
bility, which  is  so  great  that  U^  6%  or  congeal  it,  re- 
quires a  degree  of  c-old  which  is  marked  on  Fahren- 
heit's scale  at  thirty-nine  degrees  below  zen>.  Its 
specific  gravity  is  nearly  fourteen  times  that  of  water. 
Under  a  beat  of  080  degrees,  it  rises  in  fumes,  and 
is  gradually  converted  into  a  red  oxyd.  Mercury 
is  used  in  barometers  to  ascert;tin  the  weight  of  the 
atmosphere,  and  in  thermometers  to  determine  the 
temperature  of  the  air,  for  which  latter  purpose  it  is 
Weil  adai>ted  by  its  power  of  equable  contraction  and 
expansion,  and  the  extensive  range  between  its 
freezing   and   boiling   points.     Prepartiiions  of  this 

,  metal  are  among  the  most  powerful  poisons,  and  are 
extensively  used  as  medicines.  The  preparation 
called  calomrl  is  a  most  efficacious  deobstruent. 

3.  Heat  of  constitutional  temperament ;  spirit ; 
sprightly  qualities.  Pope, 

4.  One  of  a  genus  of  plants,  the  Mercurialis,  of 
several  species. 

5.  One  of  the  planets  nearest  the  sun.  It  is  3H0 
miles  in  diameter,  and  revolves  round  the  sun  in 
about  eighty-eight  days.  Its  mean  distance  from  the 
sun  is  thirty-seven  millions  of  miles.  Olmsted. 

6.  The  name  of  a  newspaper  or  periodical  pubUca- 
tton. 


MER 

7.  A  meswiigeri  a  news-carrier.  [fVom  the  otflc^ 
of  the  end  Mercury.]  Rich.  DicU 

MER'CU-UV,  V.  t.  To  wash  with  a  preparation  of 
ntrrcury.  B.  Jonson. 

MERCLT-RY'S  FIN"GER,  n.    Wild  saffron. 

MER'CY,  n.  [Fr.  merct;  Norm,  merce,  tneer^  or  mers; 
sup{Ktsed  to  be  a  contraction  of  L.  misericordia.     But 

du.  Eth.  C^fJ^iiJ  mehera,  to  pity.] 

1.  That  benevolence,  mildness,  or  tenderness  of 
heart  which  disposes  a  person  to  overlook  injuries, 
or  to  treat  an  offender  better  than  he  deserves  ;  the 
disposition  that  temp«>rs  justice,  and  induces  an  in- 
jured person  to  forgive  trespasses  and  injuries,  and 
to  fcirbear  punishment,  or  indict  less  than  law  or 
justice  will  warrant.  In  this  sense,  there  is  perhaps 
no  word  in  our  language  precisely  synonymous  with 
mercy.  That  which  comes  nearest  to  it  is  grace,  it 
implies  benevulence,  tenderness,  mildness,  pity  or 
compassion,  and  clemency,  but  exercised  only  to- 
ward offenders.  Mercy  is  a  distinguishing  attribute 
of  tiie  Supreme  Being. 

The  LorU  to  long>*utVering  nnd  of  irrrnt  rrurcif,  Tur^ving  iniquity 
■rid  traiug^ivMuoi),  and  by  itu  mc&na  clearing  tlio  guilty. — 
Nuiiv.  xJT. 

2.  An  act  or  exercise  of  mercy  or  favor.  It  is  a 
mercy  that  they  escaped. 

I  am  not  wortliy  of  the  l«»l  of  all  thy  m«rd««.  — Ocn.  xxs8. 

3.  Pity;  compassion  manifested  toward  a  person 
in  distress. 

And  lie  caid,  He  that  showed  mercjf  on  him.  —  Luke  x. 

4.  Clemency  and  bounty, 

A/rrry  nnd  truth  pivsrrv  the  klnj  ;  and  bia  throne  !■  upheld  bj 
mercy.  —  Piov.  xxviiU 

5.  Charily,  or  the  duties  of  charity  and  benevo- 
lence. 

I  will  hATe  jneretf,  and  not  sacrifice.  —  Malt.  tx. 

6.  Grace  ;  favor.     1  Cor.  vii.    Jude  2. 

7.  Eternal  life,  the  fruit  of  mercy.    2  Tim.  L 

8.  Pardon. 

I  C17  thee  merey  widi  all  my  beait.  DrytUn. 

9.  The  act  of  sparing,  or  the  forbearance  of  a  vio- 
lent act  expected.    The  prisoner  cried  for  mercy. 

To  be,  or  to  lie  at  tJte  mercy  of;  to  h:tve  no  means  of 
self-defense,  but  to  be  dependent  for  safety  on  the 
mercy  or  compassion  of  another,  or  in  the  iwwer  of 
that  which  is  irresistible  ;  as,  to  be  at  the  mercy  of  a 
foe,  or  of  the  waves. 

MER'CY-SEAT,  n.  The  propiliatoo' ;  the  covering 
of  the  ark  of  the  covenant  among  the  Jews.  This 
was  of  gold,  and  its  pnds  were  fixed  to  two  cherubs, 
whose  wings  extended  forward,  and  formed  a  kind 
of  throne  for  the  majesty  of  God,  who  is  represented 
in  Scripture  as  sitting  between  the  cherubs.  It  was 
from  this  seat  thtit  God  gave  his  oracles  to  Moses,  or 
to  the  high  priest  n*hu  consulted  him.  CtUmcu 

MERD,  n.     [Fr.  mcrde :  L.  merda.]     Ordure  ;  dung. 

M£RE,  a.     [L.  memsi  It.  mero.]  IBarton, 

This  or  that  only  ;  distinct  from  any  thing  else. 

Pitmi  nwr*  ntcccat  nothing  can  be  coodudcd  in  furor  of  a  na> 

tiiHi.  AUerburjf. 

What  if  Uv  head,  the  eye,  or  ear  repined 
To  wnr*e  mer§  cnginn  to  the  ruling  mind  ?  Pope. 

9.  Absolute  ;  entire.  Spenser. 

MkRE,  n.     [Sax.  mare  or  m<Tr,a  poo],  lake,  or  the  sea; 
D.meir:  h.  mare.     See  Moon.] 
A  pool  or  lake. 
Mere,  n.     [Sax.  mora,  gemara;  Gl.  ;/£ipw,  to  divide, 
or  Russ.  mtryti,  to  measure.] 

A  boundary  ;  used  chielly  in  the  compound  Mere- 
stogie.  Bacon, 
Mere,  v.  t.    To  divide,  limit,  or  bound.    [  Obs.] 

Spettser. 
MeRE'LY,  adv.     Purely;  only;  solely;  thus  and  no 
other  way  ;  for  this  and  no  other  purpose. 


Prise  not  jomt  lif-"  for  other  end* 
Than  merely  to  oUi^  your  frieoda. 


Sw\ft, 


MER-E-TRI"CI0US,  (-trish'us,)  a.      [I.,  meretricius, 
from  meretriz,  a  prostitute.] 

I.  Pertaining  to  prostitutes  ;   such  as  is  practiced 
by  hariots  ;  as,  meretricinus  arts. 

9.  Alluring  by  false  show  ;  worn  for  disguise  ;  hav- 
ing a  gaudy  but  deceitful  appearance  ;  false  5  as,  mer- 
etricious: dress  or  ornaments. 
MER-E-TRI"CIOU.S-LY,   adv.      In   the    manner    of 

prostitutes  ;  with  deceitful  enticements. 
MER-E-TRI"CIOUS-NES8,  n.     The  arts  of  a  prosti- 
tute ;  deceitful  enticements. 
MER-GAN'SER,  n.     [Sp.  merffansar,  from  L.  mergo,  to 
dive.] 

A  water  fowl  of  the  genus  Mergus ;  colled  also 
goosander. 
MEROE,  F.  t     [L.  mergo.] 

To  immerse  ;  to  cause  to  be  swallowed  up. 
The  plaiiitia'  became  the  purchaacr,  and  merged  bis  term  tn  the 
fte.  Kent. 

MER6E,  r.  i.    To  be  sunk,  swallowed,  or  lost. 

Imvj  Term. 
MERG'KD,  pp.     Immersed  ;  swallowed  up. 


MCRG'ER,  rt.     [L.  mergo,  to  merge.] 
In  laie,  a  merging  or  drowning  of  a 


less  estate  in  a 


MER 

greater  ;  as  when  a  reversion  in  fee-simple  descends 
to,  or  is  purcliased  by,  a  tenant  of  the  san^  estate 
for  years,  the  term  for  years  is  merged,  lost,  annihi- 
lated in  the  inheritance  or  fee-simple  estate. 

BUtckstomt, 

MERG'IXG,  p;rr.  Causing  to  be  swallowed  up;  im 
mersins ;  sinking. 

ME-RIO'I-AN,  n.  [Fr.  meridien;  It.  meridiano ;  L. 
merulieg.  Clu.  Ir.  mir,  a  part ;  Gr.  fictpo},  to  divide. 
Vnrro  testifies  that  this  word  was  originally  medidies, 
[midday,]  and  that  he  liad  seen  it  so  written  on  a 
sundial.] 

1.  In  lu'itronomy  and  geography,  a  great  circle  sup- 
posed to  be  drawn  or  to  [Kiss  through  the  poles  of  the 
earth,  and  the  zenith  and  nadir  of  any  given  place, 
intersecting  the  equator  at  right  angles,  and  dividing 
the  hemisphere  into  eastern  and  western.  Every 
place  on  the  globe  has  its  meridian,  and  when  the 
sun  arrives  at  this  circle,  it  is  midday  or  noon, 
whence  the  name.  This  circle  may  be  considered 
to  be  drawn  on  the  surface  of  the  earth,  or  it  may 
be  considered  as  a  circle  in  the  heavens  coinciding 
with  that  on  the  earth. 
S.  Midday  ;  noon 

3.  The  highest  point ;  as,  the  meridianot  life}  the 
meridian  of  power  or  of  glory. 

4.  The  particular  place  ur  state,  with  regard  to  lo- 
cal circumstances  or  things  that  distinguish  it  from 
others.  We  s;iy,  a  book  is  adapted  to  tlie  meridian  of 
Fr.ince  or  Italy  ;  a  measure  is  adapted  to  the  meridian 
of  London  or  Washington. 

Ftr.vt  meridian :  the  meridian  from  which  longitudes 
are  reckoned.  This,  in  Kngland,  is  Greenwich  ;  in 
h\>mct,  Paris,  &c.  Brandt. 

Meriitian  of  a  globe,  or  brass  meridian;  a  graduated 
circular  ring  of  brass,  in  which  the  artificial  globe  is 
suspended  and  revolves. 

Magnetic  meridian  ;  a  great  circle,  parallel  with  the 
direction  of  the  magnetic  needle,  and  passing  through 
its  poles, 
ME-RID'I-AN,  0.    Being  on  the  meridian,  or  at  mid- 
day. 

The  aim  sat  high  In  bit  meridian  tower.  Milton. 

5.  Pertaining  to  the  meridian,  or  to  midday;  as, 
the  sun's  meridian  heat  or  splendor. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  highest  point ;  as,  the  hero  en- 
joyed his  meridian  glory. 

4.  Pertaining  to  the  magnetic  meridian. 
ME-UID'I-ON-AL.a.    [Fr.]    Pertaining  to  the  merid- 
ian. 

9.  Southern.  Broum. 

3.  Southerly  ;  having  a  southern  aspect.  fVotZon. 
Meridional   distance,  is  the   distance  or  departure 
from  the  meridian,  or  easting  or  westing. 
ME-RID-I-0\-ALa-TY,  n.    The  state  of  being  in  the 
meridian. 
9.  Position  in  the  south  ;  aspect  toward  the  south. 

Johnson. 
ME-RID'I-0.\-AL-LY,  adv.    In  the  direction  of  the 

meridian.  Brown. 

MER'(LS,7U    [Fr.  merelles.]     A  boy's  0ay,  called  five 

penny  morris.     [See  Morris.] 
ME-Rt'r^O,  (nie-re'no,)  a.     [?p.  merino,  moving  from 
pasture  to  pasture  ;  so  called  because  this  kind  of 
sheep  was  driven  at  certain  seasons  from  one  part  of 
Spain  to  another,  in  large  flocks,  for  pasturage.] 

A  term  denoting  a  variety  of  sheep  from  Spain,  or 
their  wool,  which  is  distinguished  for  ils  fineness. 
ME-RI'NO,  n,    A  thin,  woolen  fabric,  made  of  merino 

wooLfor  ladies'  wear. 
MER'lT,  »i,     [Vt.  meritvm,  from  mereo,Uj  earn  or  de- 
serve ;  It.  and  Sp.  merito  ;  Fr.  merite.] 

1.  Desert ;  goodness  or  excellence  which  entitles 
one  to  honor  or  reward  ;  worth  ;  any  performance  or 
worth  which  claims  regard  or  compensation  ;  applied 
to  morals,  to  excellence  ia  writing,  or  to  valuable  ser^ 
uicM  of  any  kind.  Thus  we  speak  of  the  inability  of 
men  to  obtain  salvation  by  their  own  merits.  We 
speak  of  the  merits  of  an  author ;  the  merits  of  a 
soldier,  &.C. 

9.  Value ;  excellence  ;  applied  to  things  i  as,  the 
merits  of  an  essay  or  poem  ;  the  merits  of  a  paint- 
ing ;  the  vterits  of  a  heroic  achievement. 

3.  Reward  deserved  ;  that  which  is  earned  ormcr- 
ited. 

Thoee  laurel  grorea,  the  merit*  of  thy  youth.  Prior, 

MER'IT,  r.  L     [Fr.  meriter,  h.  merUo.] 

1.  To  deserve  ;  to  earn  by  active  service,  or  by 
any  valuable  performance;  to  have  a  right  to  claim 
reward  in  money,  regard,  honnr,  or  happiness. 
Watts,  by  his  wrilirrgs,  merited  the  gratitude  of  the 
whole  Christian  world.  The  faithful  laborer  merits 
bia  wages. 

A  man  al  be«  i«  incapable  of  meriting  any  tlung  from  God, 

South. 

2.  To  deserve;  to  have  a  just  title  to.  Fidelity 
merits  and  usually  obtains  confidence. 

3.  To  deserve,  in  an  ill  sense  ;  to  have  a  just  title 
to.  Every  violation  of  law  merits  punishment.  Ev- 
ery sin  merits  God's  displeasure, 

MER'IT-A-BLE,  a.    Deserving  of  reward.     \Mit  in 

use.]  B.  Jonson, 

MER'IT-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Earned  ;  deserved 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PT\E,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.- 
_ 


ME3 

MER'IT-IXG,p^.     Earninjf ;  deserving. 

MER'IT-MON"GER,  n.  One  who  adrocntcs  the 
doctrine  of  humnn  merits  as  entitled  to  reward,  or 
depends  on  merit  for  salvation.  Milntr. 

MER-I-TO'RI-OUS,  a.  (It.  meritono  ;  Fr.  meriUnre.'] 
Deserving  of  reward  or  of  notice,  regard,  fame, 
or  linppines3,  or  of  that  which  shall  be  a  suitable  re- 
turn fur  services  or  eicellence  of  any  kind.  We  ap- 
plaud the  meritorious  services  of  the  laborer,  tlie  sol- 
dier, and  ihe  seaman.  We  admire  the  meritoriaus 
labors  of  a  Watts,  a  Doddridge,  a  ^_'arey,  and  a 
Martyn.  We  rvly  for  salvation  on  the  meritorious 
obedience  and  suf^'rings  of  Christ. 

MER-I-TO'RI-OUS-LY,  ado.  In  such  a  manner  asto 
deserve  reward.  "   IVotton. 

MER-I-To'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  slate  or  quality  of 
deser\-in2  a  reward  or  suitable  return. 

MER'I-TO-RY,  a.     Deserving  of  reward.    [JVot  H.*ed.] 

Ootter. 

MER'I-TOT,  71.  A  kind  of  play  used  by  children,  in 
swinging  themselves  ou  ropes,  or  the  like,  till  they 
are  giddy. 

MERLE,  ij.     [L.  merula.] 

A  blackbird.  Lh-atrton, 

MER'LIX,  n.  [Fr.l  A  species  of  hawk  of  tlie' genus 
FmIco, 

MER'LON,  II.     [It.  merlo  ;  Fr.  merton.l 
In  fortijicationy  that  part  of  a  parapet  which  lies  be- 
tween two  embrasures.  Brande. 

MEE'MaID,  n.     [Fr.  mw,  L.  m«r«,  the  sea,  and  maidS] 
A   supposed  marine  animal,   said    to  resemble  a 
woman  in  ttie  upp»r  parts  of  the  body,  and  a  fi^h  in 
the  lower  part.     The  male  is  called  the  Merman. 

ME'ROPS,  n.     [L.]  A  genus  of  birds  called  Bek-eat- 

ER9. 

MER'RI-LY,  adv.  [from  merry.]  With  mirth  ;  with 
gnyely  and  laughter;  jovially.  [See  Mirth  and 
Mebey.} 

MerriJy  sin^,  and  sport,  unci  plKjr.  OJaninUe. 

MER'RI-MAKEj  ».     [mrrry  and  make.]     A  meeting 

for  mirth;  a  festival;  mirth.  Spenser. 

MER'RI-.MA»vE,  v.  i.     To  be  merry  or  jovial ;  to  feast. 

Oav. 
MER'RI-MEXT,  n.     Mirth  ;  gayety  with  lauehter  or 

noise  ;  noisy  sports  ;  hilarity  ;  frolic.  Mtltxtn, 

MER'RI-NESS,  7U    Mirtii ;  gayety  with  laughter. 

Shak. 


MER'RY, 


[Sax.  mirxge^  myrig ;   Ar. 


c:f* 


ridta,  to  be  joyful.    Class  Mr,  No.  10.] 

1.  Gay  and  noisy  ;  jovial ;  exhilarated  to  laughter. 

Man  n  th^  merrittt  ip^ar*  of  ihf  CT»«lion.  Addison. 

They  <ir»nk,  knd  wfiv  merry  with  him.  — Gen.  xlSL 

S.  Causing  laughter  or  mirth  ;  as,  a  merry  jest. 

3.  Brisk  ;  vigorous  ;  as,  a  merry  gale.  "  Fight  ye, 
my  merry  men."  [TAu  i*  the  primary  senst  of  the 
icorrf.]  Dryderu 

4.  Pleasant;  agreeable;  delightful.  Oiaueer. 
To  make  merry  ;   to  be  jovial;  to  indulge  in  hilar- 
ity ;  tu  fe;ist  with  mirth.    Judffrjs  \x. 

MER-RY-AN'DREW,  n.  A  buffoon  ;  a  zany  ;  one 
whose  business  in  to  make  sport  for  others  ;  particu- 
tarly^  one  who  attends  a  mountebank  or  quack  doc- 
tor. 

[This  term  is  said  to  have  originated  from  cme  An- 
drew Btirde,  a  physician  in  Uie  time  of  Henry  VIII., 
who  attracted  attention  and  gained  patients  by  face- 
tious speeches  to  the  multitude.  Smart.} 

MEK'RY-MAK-IN'G,  a.     Producing  mirth. 

Mirtli,  >nu»ic,  mrrry-TTiaJHny  mrliirljr 

Bpe^  ihr  li^ht  Uoiira  do  inore  ftl  Holjrood.  fliilhouwt. 

MER'RY-MAK-ING,     i  n.     A  festival ;  R  meeting  for 

MER'RY-MEET-ING,  i      mirth.  Bp.  Taylor. 

MER'RY-TIIOUGIIT,  (-thawt.)  n.  The  forked  bone 
of  a  fowl's  breart,  which  hay^  and  giria  break  by 
pulling  each  one  side,  the  longest  part  broken  betok- 
ening prifiriiy  of  marriage.  Echard. 

MER'SION,  (mur'shun,)  B.  [L.  jncr^io,  from  mergo^ 
to  dive  or  sink.] 

The  act  of  sinking  or  plunging  under  water.  But 
lMMER9io<t  is  generally  used. 

ME-RC'LI-DAN«,  n.  pL     [L.  merula^  merulu?.] 

Birds  of  the  thnish  family.  Brande. 

MES-A-RA'ie,  a.  [Gr.  ittftapatov  ,*  pivas^  middle,  and 
a-) (7  a,  intestines.] 

The  same  as  .Mesextebic  ;  pertaining  to  the  mes- 
entery. 

ME-SEEMS',  verb  impersonal,  [me  and  seems.)  It 
seems  to  me.  It  Is  used  also  in  the  past  tense,  me- 
seemed.  Spenser. 

ME.S-E\-TER'TC,  a,  [See  Mesewtert.]  Pertaining 
to  the  mesentery  ;  as,  mesenteric  glands  or  arteries. 

MES'EN-TER-Y,  n.  [Gr.  neac^rcofju  ;  petroi,  middle, 
and  cyrtp  -i;  intestine.] 

A  membrane  in  the  cavity  of  the  abdomen,  at- 
tached to  the  lumbar  vertebra*  iKwteriorly,  and  to  the 
intestines  anteriorly.  It  is  formed  of  a  duplicalure 
of  the  peritoneum,  and  contains  adi[K>Re  matter,  lac- 
teals,  mesenteric  glands,  lymphatics,  and  mesenteric 
arteries,  reins,  and  nerves.  Its  use  is  to  retain  the 
intestines  and  their  appendages  in  a  proper  pfisition. 

Hooper. 


:  grain  ;  in  .America, 


MES 

MESH,  n,  [W.  masiTy  net-work,  a  mesh  ;  D.  moos;  G. 
masche,  a  mesh  or  a  sliteh.] 

1.  The  opening  or  space  between  the  threads  of  a 
net. 

2.  The  grains  or  wash  of  a  hrewcry. 

MESIL  r.  e.     To  catch  in  a  net ;  to  insnare.    Drayton, 

MB.-^IrKD,  (mesht,)  pp.    Caught  in  a  net ;  Insnared. 

MESII'IXG,  ppr.     Insnaring. 

MESH'Y,  a.     Fonned  like  net-work  ;  reticulated. 

Me'SIAL,  (-zhal,)  a.  .  [Gr.  /ietr'js.]  [Thomson. 

A  mesiiu  line^  in  anatomy^  is  a  longitudinal  line  di- 
viding the  body,  or  any  member  or  organ,  into  two 
equal  parts.  Tally 

MES'LIN,  n.     [from  Fr.  mesler^  mSler^  to  mix,  or  Ij. 
mLscrUaneti.i,  tram  misceo,  to  mix.] 
A  mixture  of  dilferent  sorts  oi 
a  mixture  of  wheat  and  rye. 

MES-MER'ie,         i  a.     Pertaining  to  mesmerism,  or 

MES-MER'ie-AL,  \      being  under  its  influence, 

MES'MER-I?M,  «.  [from  jMesincr,  who  first  wrote  on 
the  subject.] 

The  art  of  communicating  a  species  of  sleep,  which 
is  supposed  to  affect  the  body,  while  the  mind  or  in- 
tellectual iK)wer  is  active  and  inteJIigent. 

MES'MER-ltiT,  n.  One  who  practices  or  believes  in 
mesmerism. 

MES-MER-I-ZA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  mesmerizing. 

MES'MER-TZE,  r.  L  To  affect  wilh  a  kind  of  sleep 
called  sleep-wakings  a  state  in  which  the  external 
senses  are  closed,  while  the  mind  is  awake. 

MEriNE,  (meen,)  a.  [Old  Fr.]  In  law,  middle  ;  in- 
tervening ;  as,  a  mesne  lord,  that  is,  a  lord  who  holds 
land  of  a  superior,  but  grants  a  part  of  it  to  another 
person.  In  this  case,  he  is  a  tenant  to  the  superior, 
but  Un-d  or  superior  to  the  second  grantee,  and  called 
the  mesne  lord. 

Mesne  process:  that  part  of  the  proceedings  In  a 
suit  which  intervenes  between  the  origin;d  process 
or  writ  and  the  final  issue,  ai>d  which  issues,  pend- 
ing the  suit,  on  some  collateral  matter;  and  some- 
times it  is  undcrj'taod  to  be  the  wliole  process  preced- 
ing the  execution.  Blackstone. 

Mesne  profitt :  the  income  of  land  received  by  one 
who  is  wronefnlly  in  i>ossessinn,  and  which  may  be 
ri'covered  by  the  rightful  owner  iu  an  action  of  tres- 
pass. Bouvicr. 

MES'O-€0-LON,  n.     [Gr.  /j^^o(,  middle,  and  colon.] 
In   anatomy,  that   part  of  the  mesentery,  which, 
having  reached  the  extremity  of  the  ileum,  contracts, 
and  changes  its  name,  or  that  part  of  the  mesentery 
to  which  the  colon  is  attached.         Ennjc.     Hooper. 

MES'O-LABE,  n.  [Gr.  /i£(7-.f,  middle,  and  Xip(3avr.^j 
to  take.] 

An  instrument  employed  by  the  ancients  for  find- 
ing two  mean  pro|)ortionals  between  two  given  lines, 
which  were  required  in  the  problem  of  the  duplica- 
tion of  the  cube.  Brande. 

MES'OLE,  n.    A  zeolitic  mineral  allied  to  mesotype. 

Dana. 

MES-O-LEC'CYS,  re.  [Gr.  pecoi,  middle,  and  Xcikos, 
white.] 

A  precious  stone  with  a  streak  of  white  in  the 
middle.     [Obs.]  Ash. 

MES'0-Ln*E,  n.     A  mineral  of  the  zeolite  family. 

ME;*-0-LOG'A-RITHM,  n.     [Gr.  ptm,i,  middlej  and 
logarithm.] 
A  logarithm  of  the  cosines  and  cotangents,    j  Oba.^ 
Kepler.     Hiitton. 

ME-SOM'E-LAS,  n.  [Gr.  uftros,  middle,  and  neXat, 
black.] 

A  precious  stone  with  a  black  vein  parung  every 
color  in  the  midst.     [  Oft.*.]  jJiA. 

MES'O-SPERM,  (J.    fGr.  /i-ff't  and  arrppa.^ 

In  botany,  a  mernorane  of  a  seed  synonymous  with 
secundine,  the  second  membrane  from  'he  surface. 

Lindley. 

MES-O-TIIO'RAX,  ».  [Gr.  pctr7S,  mmolc,  and  ycjpaf. 
brea."!.] 

In  entomology y  the  middle  segment  of  the  thorax 
in  insects.  Brandt. 

ME.S'0-TVPE,  n.  [Gr.  pcaui,  middle,  and  ryiro^,  form, 

tyiK-.] 

A  zeolitic  mineral,  occurring  in  slender  crj'stals. 
and  delicately-mdiaied  concretions,  lately  subdivided 
into  the  sjK-cies  J^atrolilr,  Scolrcttr,  and  .Vesatc.  They 
consist  of  silica,  alumina,  and  lime  or  sinla,  with  10 
to  14  per  cent,  of  water.  JsTntrolite  is  a  soda  Meso- 
type, and  Scoleeite.  a  lime  Mesotype  ;  Mesole  contains 
both  lime  and  soda.  Da»a. 

MErf-PRISE',  n.  Contempt;  a  French  word.  [JVutin 
v^e.J 

MES>,  B.  [In  Fr.  mets  is  a  mess  of  meat,  perhaps  vieaL 
In  Goth,  mes  is  a  dish,  Ir.  meis.  In  Hux.  me^r  is  a  ta- 
ble, Pp.  mejta,  Ij.  mensa.  But  mets,  mess,  is  probably 
a  different  word.] 

1.  A  dish  or  a  quantity  of  fcx»d  prepared  or  set  on 
n  t'tbte  at  one  time  ;  ns,  a  mess  of  iH^ttage  ;  a  mesa  of 
herbs  ;  a  mess  of  broth.  Mdton,     Pope. 

2.  A  medley  ;  a  mixed  mass  ;  a  quantity. 

3.  As  much  provender  or  grain  as  is  given  to  a 
beast  at  once. 

4.  A  number  of  persons  who  eat  together  ;  among 
seamen  and  soldiers. 

MEt^S,  r.  I.     To  eat ;  to  feed. 


MET 

3.  To  associate  at  the  same  table  ;  to  eat  in  com- 
pany, as  seamen. 

MErfS,  c.  t.    To  supply  wilh  a  mesa. 

MES'SAGE,  n.  [Fr.,*  from  L.  nti^us,  ntttto,  to  send  j 
Sp.  mensage.] 

1.  Any  notice,  word,  or  communication,  written 
or  verbal,  sent  from  one  person  to  another.  We  send 
a  servant  with  a  verbal  or  written  message. 

The  welcome  meisagt  made,  wm  booh  received.         DryJen. 

2.  An  otiieial  written  communication  of  facts  or 
opinions  sent  by  a  chief  magistrate  to  the  two  houses 
of  a  legislature  or  other  deliberative  body.  Congress 
receives  a  message  from  the  president  of  the  United 
States  at  the  opening  of  the  session.  The  governors 
of  some  of  the  States  communicate  to  the  legislature 
by  viesaage,  others  by  address. 

3.  An  othcinl  verbal  communication  from  one 
branch  of  a  legislature  to  the  other. 

ME8S'/CD,  (mest,)  pp.     As.sociated  at  the  same  table. 
MES'.^EiV-GER,  j  M.     [Fr.  mcssager;  IL  messagtriere ; 
MES'SA-GER,     \      Sp.  mensagero.     The   correct   or- 
thography is  MeS>9AGER.] 

..  1.  One  who  bears  a  message  or  an  errand  ;  the 
bearer  of  a  verbal  or  written  communication,  notice, 
or  invitation,  from  one  person  to  another,  or  to  a  pub- 
lic body  ;  one  vvho  conveys  dispatches  from  one  prince 
or  court  to  another. 

2.  A  harbinger;  a  forerunner;  he  or  that  which 
foreshows. 

Ton  gray  tines. 
That  fret  the  cloutla,  are  mtttengert  oi  day.  ShaJc. 

3.  Messenger ;  in  var.al  language,  a  hawser,  or  small 
cable,  about  sixty  fathoms  long,  wound  round  the 
capstern,  and  having  its  two  ends  lashed  together. 

Brande. 
MES-ST'AH,  n.    [Ileb,  marn,  anointed.] 

Christ,  the  anointed  ;  the  Savior  of  the  world. 

1  know  th;\t  when  Meisiah  cometh,  who  is  called  Christ,  he  wiQ 
tell  a»  uU  thiii^.  Jc-nui  answered  her,  1  that  speak  to  Lbao 
am  he,  — John  if. 

MES-ST'AH-SMIP,  n.    The  chamcler,  state,  or  office 

of  the  Savior. 

JoscphiiB  —  who■'^  prejudioet  wen  igRtnst  the  Meiaiahrhip  and 
religion  of  Jesus,  Buckminslicr. 

MES-SI-AN'ie,  a.     Relating  to  the  Messiah. 

MES'SIEURS,  vmesh'yerz,)n.p/.  [Fr.;  p\.  of  monsieur^ 
my  lord.] 

Pirs  ;  gentlemen  ;  abbreviated  to  Messrs. 

MESS'MaTE,  n.  An  associate  in  eating;  one  who 
eats  ordinarily  at  the  same  table. 

MES'SUAGE,  (mes'swaje,)  n.  [from  Old  Fr.  itimoii, 
mesonage,  a  house,  or  house-room  ;  mesuenges,  house- 
hold.   The  French  now  write  maison.] 

In  lawy  a  dwelling-house  and  adjoining  land,  ap- 
propriated to  the  use  of  the  household,  including  the 
adjacent  buildings.  Encye. 

MES-'ll'ZO,  n.  [Sp.,  mixed.]  In  Spanish  -Jmrriea, 
the  child  of  a  Spaniard  orcreole  and  a  native  Indian. 

Brande. 

ME-SYM'NI-CUM,  n.  In  ancient  poetry,  a  repetition 
at  the  end  of  a  stanza. 

MET,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Meet. 

ME  TAB'.'X-SIS,  n.      [Gr.,  from  frera,  beyond,  and 

j(iU(L>,  to   go.] 

In  rhetoric,  transition  ;  a  passing  from  one  thing  to 
another. 

ME-TAB'0-LA,  n.  [Gr.  pcToffoXrty  from  p£Ta,  beyond, 
and  0'>\ti,  a  casting.] 

In  medicine,  a  change  of  air,  time,  or  disease.  [Lit- 
tlr,  used.]^  Diet. 

MET-A-BO'LI-AN,  n.     [Gr.  pcraffoXrj,  a  change.] 
An  insect  which  undergoes  a  metamorphosis.  The 
metaboUans  form  a  sub-class  of  insects.         Brandt. 

MET-A-€AR'PAL,  a.  [from  metacarpus,]  Belonging 
to  the  metacarpus. 

MET-A-CXR'I'US,  n.  [Gr.  piraKap-Kiovi  pcra,  be- 
yond, and  Kitpnoi,  the  wrist.] 

In  anatomy,  the  part  of  the  hand  between  the  wrist 
and  the  tiiigera. 

ME  TACiritO-NISM,  n.  [Gr.  ptra^  beyond,  and  xpo- 
^o(,  time.] 

An  error  in  chronology,  by  placing  an  event  after 
its  real  time. 

MET'A-CIS.M,  71.  A  defect  in  pronouncing  the  let- 
ter 7ff. 

ME'TAGE,  n.  [from  mete.]  Measurement  of  coal; 
price  of  measuring. 

MET-A-GRAM'MA-TISM,  n.  [Gr.  ptra,  beyond,  and 
ypafip'i,  a  letter.] 

Anagrammatism,  or  Metagrammatism,  is  the  trans- 
position of  the  letters  of  a  name  into  such  a  connec- 
tion ns  to  express  some  perfect  sense  applicable  to  the 
person  named.  Camden. 

MET'wSL,  (met'tl,)  ti.  [Fr,  from  L.  mrtallum  ;  Gr.  ftt- 
raWav  ;  Sw.  and  G.  metall;  D.  metaal ;  D:in.  metal; 
Sp.  id. ;  It.  metalh;  Ir.  miotali  W.  mettel.] 

1.  A  simple,  fixed,  shining,  opaque  body  or  sub- 
Btanre,  having  a  peculiar  luster,  known  as  the  metal- 
lie  luster,  insolulile  in  water,  fusible  by  heat,  and  n 
good  conductor  of  heat  and  electricity.  Many  of  the 
metals  are  also  malleable  or  extensible  by  the  ham- 
mer, and  some  of  them  extremely  ductile.  Metals 
are  mostly  fossil,  sometimes  found  native  or  pure, 


TCNE,  BTJLL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOU8 €  aa  K  ;  6  an  J ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SII ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 

70^ 


MET 

but  mora  generally  combined  with  oU)«r  maiier. 
Some  metals  are  more  iiiatleable  ilian  nthers  ;  mid 
thin  circumstance  gave  rise  to  the  disiinctUm  of  mft- 
iiis  and  semi-metaU  —  a  distinction  little  regarded  nt 
the  present  dny.  Recent  discoveries  have  enlarced 
the  list  of  the  inelaU.  Twelve  are  malleable,  viz., 
platinum,  (told,  silver,  mercury,  lead,  copper,  tin, 
iron,  zinc,  palliidium,  nickel,  and  cadmium.  The 
following;  sixteen  are  not  sufficiently  tenacious  to 
bear  extension  bv  heating;  viz.,  arsenic,  antimony, 
bismuth,  cobalt,  manganese,  tellurium,  titanium,  co- 
himhtum,  mnlybdenj  tungsten,  chrome,  osmium,  irid- 
ium, rhr.dium*  uranium,  and  cerium. 

Enryc.     ATMoiscn.      Thomson.     PkiUips.     Ure, 

To  Ihejie  may  be  added  potassium,  sodium,  barium, 
strontium,  calcium,  lithium,  and  several  others. 

Henry. 

a.  Couni^  ;  spirit ;   so  written,  by  mistake,  for 

MSTTLB. 

3.  The  broken  stone  used  for  covering  macadaro- 
Ixed  roatls.     [Ei*.] 

MET-A  LEP'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  ^irr  .^•?l^rc,  participation; 
^c'tty  beyond,  and  Xa;<i"'rt»"ti,  to  take.] 

In  rketarky  the  continuation  of  a  trope  in  one 
word  throueh  a  succession  of  signification!*,  or  the 
onioa  of  two  or  mure  tropes  of  a  different  kind  in 
ons  word,  so  that  several  gradation"  or  inter\'ening 
■enBMcome  between  ih<:>  word  t-xpre^tsefl  and  the  thing 
Intended  by  it ;  as.  "  in  one  Cesar  there  are  many 
Marhisen."  Here  .Mariui;,  by  a  synecdoche  or  antono- 
maflis,  is  put  for  any  auibiiroiis,  turbulent  man,  nnd 
this,  by  a  metonymy  of  the  cause,  for  the  ill  etTects 
of  such  a  temper  to  the  public.  Bailry.     Eneyc 

MET-A-LEP'Tie, «.  Pertaining  to  a  m'etalepsis  or 
fMulicipntion  ;  translative. 

2.  Transverse ;  as,  the  metaUptic  motion  of  a  muscle. 

Bailfvi. 

3.  In  natmnd  xctenee,  denoting  the  substitution  of 
one  sub^nce  for  another  which  is  disfilaced  or  re- 
moved. Dana. 

ME T-A-I-EP'TIG-AL-LY,  ode.    Bv  transposition. 

ME-TAL'Lie-AL,i   "^     [L.  «rta//«:ii5.] 

Pertaining  to  a  metal  or  metals  ;  consisting  of 
met.ll ;  part-iking  of  the  nature  of  metals;  like  a 
metal ;  as,  a  metaliie  substance  j  wutaUic  ore ;  wutaUie 
briijhtness, 

MET-AL-LIF'ER-Oirs,  «.  [L.  Mcfaffiun,  metal,  and 
frro^  to  produce.] 

Producing  metals  ;  yielding  metals;  Kinoan. 

BTE-TM/M-FOUM,  a.  Having  the  form  of  metal*; 
like  invlaL  iTinean, 

MET'ALr-LTXE,  «.    Pertaining  to  a  metal;  consisting 
of  metal. 
2.  Impregnated  with  metal ;  as,  wutalUwe  water. 

Baean. 

VET'AL-LIST,  >.  A  worker  in  metals, ot  one  skilled 
in  metals.  Moxon. 

MET-AL-Ll-ZX'TION,  a.  TJie  act  or  proctss  of 
f«iains  into  a  metal  ;  the  operation  which  gives 
to  a  substance  its  proper  metallic  propt-rties. 

Encye.     Diet, 

MET'AtrLIZE,  r.  C  To  form  into  metal ;  to  give  to 
a  sub-itanc*  it-*  proper  mf  inllic  properties.         ZHcL 

MET'Ab-LTZ-ED.  pp.     Formed  intn  metal. 

MET'AI^LIZ-IXG,  ppr.     Forming  into  metal. 

MET-AU-LOG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Gr.  ^itraAAi*-,  metal, 
and  }  fj'i'l'tit  description.] 

An  acc^nint  of  metals,  or  a  treatise  on  metallic 
substances.  DicL 

MET'AL-LOID,  «.     [met'tl  and  Gr.  c^jj.] 

A  name  sometimes  applied  to  the  metallic  bases  of 
the  alkalies  and  earths. 

MET-AL-LOin'AL,  a.  Having  a  form  or  appearance 
like  that  of  a  m-tal. 

MET-AL-LCR'Gie.o.  [See  Mctallcrgt.]  Pertain- 
ins  to  mr tal>urg>',  or  the  art  of  working  metals. 

MET'AL-Ll'R-OIST,  n.  One  wli.«e  occupation  is  to 
work  mttals,  or  to  purify,  refine,  and  prepare  metals 
for  use. 

MET'AL-Lim.fiY,  n.  [Gr.  /iiraAXor,  metal,  and 
£,0'  »•,  work.J 
The  art  of  working  metals,  comprehending  the 
*  whole  process  of  separating  them  from  oih(?r  matters 
in  the  ore,  smelting,  relininz,  and  parting  them. 
Gilding  is  also  a  branch  of  mrialturoy.  But  in  a 
more  limited  and  u^ual  sense,  metnllur try  is  the  ni»eni- 
tion  of  separating  metals  from  tlieir  ores.       HehTt, 

The  French  include  in  metallurgy  the  art  of  dmw- 
ing  metals  from  the  earth.  lyict. 

MET'AL-MAX,  n.  A  worker  in  metals;  a  copper- 
smith or  tinman. 

MET-A-MORPH'ie,  a.  In  ^«/o^,  pertaining  to 
changes  which  minerals  or  rocks  may  hav%  under- 
gone since  their  original  depo^^ition  ;  usually  applied 
to  changf^s  which  sedimeniary  ro'ks  have  under- 
gone thr'Migh  the  influence  of  heat.  Dana, 

MET-A-MORPHISM,  n.  In  geclogy,  the  sUite  or 
quality  of  being  metamorphic  JV.  A.  Rtv. 

MET-A-MORPH'OSE,  r.  t.  [Gr.  pera^opipobj ;  fxtra, 
over,  beyond,  and  iijp'hn.  fonn.J 

To  change  into  a  different  form  ;  to  transform  ; 
partieularlyy  to  change  the  form  of  insects,  as  from 
the  larva  to  a  winged  animal.    The  ancients  pre- 


MET 

tended  tlint  Jupiter  wus  metamorphosed  iiito  a  bull, 
and  Lyc:it>n  intu  a  witlf. 

Ami  ritnh  was  mtlanHryhottd  into  mam,  DryUn. 

MET-A-MORPH'0-SED,Hi.  Changed  into  a  different 
form, 

MET-A-MORPH'0-SER,  m  One  that  transforms  or 
changes  the  sha|ie. 

MEr-.VMORPH'0-Sie,o.  Changing  the  form;  trans- 
forming. 

MET-A-MORPirO-SIN'G,  ppr.     Changing  the  Bhnpe. 

MET-A-MORPH'O-SIS,  n.  [Gr.]  Change  of  form 
or  shape  ;  tmiisfurniation  ;  particularly^  a  change  in 
the  form  of  biding;  as,  the  meUimorpko.-iii  of  an  in- 
sect fron»  the  aurelia  or  chrysalis  state  into  a  winged 
animal. 

2.  Anv  chanjre  of  form  or  shape. 
MET-A->fOR-PlIOS'Tie-AL,    o.      Pertaining  to  or 

effected  by  mi-tainorphosis.  Pope 

ME T'A-PHOR,  n.  [Gr.  lirrap^pa,  from  ;ifrei^£,jw,  lo 
tninsfcr;  p'.ra^  over,  and  ./irm.',  to  carry.] 

A  short  similitude  ;  a  similitude  reduced  to  a  sin- 
gle word;  or  a  word  expressing  similitude  without 
thf  signs  of  comparison.  Thus,  "that  man  is  aftix," 
is  a  metaphor ;  but  "that  man  is  like  a  fox,'*  is  a 
similitude  or  comparison.  So  when  t  say,  •*  the 
si%ldiers  were  litms  in  combat,"  I  use  n  metaphor; 
but  when  I  say,  "the  soldiers  fought  like  lions," 
I  use  a  similitude.  In  mrtjiphor,  the  similitude  is 
contained  in  the  name;  a  man  is  a /ur,  means,  a 
man  is  as  crafty  as  a  fox.  So  we  say,  a  man  bridUji 
his  anger,  that  is,  restrains  it  as  a  bridle  restrains  a 
horse.  Beauty  awakens  luve  uf  tender  passions  ;  op- 
'position /rM  courage. 

MET-A-PHOR'IC,  )  «.      Pertaining  to  metaphor  ; 

MET-A-PHOR'ie-AL,  J  comprising  a  metaphor; 
not  literal  ;  as,  a  metaphorical  use  of  words  ;  a  meta- 
phorieal  expressiiui ;  a  metaphorical  sense. 

MET-A  PMORIC-AL-Uy,  adv.  In  a  metaphorical 
manner;  not  literally. 

MET'.\-PHOK-IST,  n.    One  that  makes  metaphors. 

Pirpe, 

MET'.A-PHRASE,  (met'a-fraze,)  a.    [Gr.  ^trj^/.tcns  ,■ 

/itra,  over,  according  to,  or  with,  ana  ^/jno-ts,  phrase.] 

A  verbal  tran<<lation  ;  a  version  or  translation  oi 

one  language  into  another,  word  fur  word  ;  opposed 

lo  PAHArHRAsc.  Dryken. 

MET'A-PHRAST,  n,  A  person  who  translates  from 
one  language  into  another,  word  for  word.    Encyc. 

MET-A-PIIRAST'ie,o.     Closeor  literal  in  translation. 

MET-A-PHYS'ie,  \   a.  [See  Metaphysics.]    Per- 

MET-.\'PMys'IC-AL,  I  taining  or  relating  to  meta- 
physics. 

9;  According  to  rules  or  principles  of  metaphysics ; 
as,  mttapkysical  reasoning. 

3.  Preternatural  or  supernatural,    [^ot  nstd.] 

Shah. 

MET-A-PHYS'ie-AL-LY,  ado.  In  the  manner  of 
metaphyniral  .'^■ience. 

MET-A-PnY-8I"CIAN,  (met-a-fe-zish'an,)  «.  One 
who  is  versed  in  the  science  of  metaphysics. 

MET-A-PHVS  les,  B.  [Gr.  ,i£ra,  aflrr,  and  0i'ff(»»T, 
physics.  It  is  said  that  this  name  was  given  to  the 
science  by  Aristotle  or  his  followers,  who  considered 
the  science  of  natunil  iKMjies,  ;?Ay.ficj,  as  the  first  in 
the  order  of  studies,  and  the  science  of  mind,  or  in- 
telligence, to  be  the  second.] 

The  science  of  the  principles  and  causes  of  all 
things  existing  ;  hence,  the  science  of  mind  or  Intel- 
ligence, This  science  comprehr-nds  ontoloipj^  or  the 
science  which  treats  of  the  nature,  essence,  and 
qualities,  or  attributes  of  being;  cosTrwlajry^  the 
science  of  the  world,  which  treats  of  the  nature 
and  laws  of  matter  and  of  motion  ;  antkroposophy, 
which  treats  of  the  powers  of  man,  and  the  motitms 
by  which  life  is  produced  ;  psychulo^j^  which  treats 
of  the  intellectual  .•'oul ;  pneumatiito^,  or  the  science 
of  spirit'!  or  angels,  &c.  Metaphyseal  theoloirij,  called 
by  Leibnitz  and  others  theodicy^  treats  of  the  exist- 
ence of  God,  his  es-ience  and  attributes.  Those 
divisions  of  the  science  of  meUiphysics,  which  pre- 
vailed in  the  ancient  schools,  are  now  not  much  re- 
garded. 1'he  natural  division  of  things  that  exi.st 
is  into  body  and  mind,  things  material  and  immate- 
rial. The  former  belong  lo  physics,  and  the  httt-r  to 
the  science  of  metaphy.'itc^.  Encyc. 

MET'A-PLA«M,  »i.  [Gr.  fCT'itrXntTfio:.  transforma- 
tion ;  pera^  over,  and  irAf(o(Tf<>,  to  form.] 

In  grammar,  a  change  inadein  a  word  by  the  aug- 
mentation, diminution,  or  immutation,  of  a  syllable 
or  letter. 

ME-TAS'TA-SrS,  n.  [Gr.  pirafrravtSt  mutation  ; 
p£Ta,  over,  and    iorij;i(,  to  place.] 

A  translation  or  removal  of  a  disease  from  one  part 
to  another,  or  such  an  alteration  as  is  succeeded  by  a 
solution.  Core.     Rneyc. 

MET-A-TX  R'SAL,  a.  [from  metatarsus.]  Belonging 
to  the  metatarsus. 

MET-A-TAR'SCS,  n.  [Gr.  ;z£ra,  beyond, and  raptrof, 
tarsus.] 

The  middle  of  the  foot,  or  part  between  the  ankle 
and  the  toes.  Ore. 

ME-TATH'E-SIS,  ». ;  pL  Metathesei.  [Gr.  piraOtf 
c-fs  ;  ^£ra,  over,  and  nyij^i,  to  set,] 


MET 

1.  Transposition  ;  a  figure  by  which  the  letters  or 
syllables  of  a  word  are  transposed  ;  as  pwtrw  fnrpru- 
(ivf.  Kiicyc. 

2.  In  medicine^  a  change  or  removal  of  a  morbid 
cnuse,  wiihoui  expulsion.  Coze.     Enfyc. 

MET-A  TIIO'RAX,  «.  [Gr.  ^cra,  after,  and  Ou>pu^, 
breast.] 

In  entomology,  the  last  or  posterior  segment  of  the 
thorax  in  in^recLs.  Brande. 

MET'A-TO.ME,  n.     fL.  metahts,  measured.] 

In  architecture,  the  space  between  one  dentil,  or 
denticle,  and  another.  Fdme^. 

ME-TA'YKR,  n.     [Fr.J     In  Frame  and  Italy,  a  fanner 
holding  land  on  condition  of  yielding  half  the  prod- 
uce to  the  proprietor,  from  whom  he  receives  stock    i 
and  tools.  Brande.. 

METE,  V.  L  l^^^'  mctan,  amc'nic,  gfmetan  ;  V.  ineeten  ; 
G,  »rtMj*en  ;  Sw.  mdta;  i^\i.  medir ;  L.  mctior;  Gr. /it- 
Tpcu);  W.  meidraw }  Ch.  and  lleb.  iiD,  to  measure  ; 


Ar.  ,S^  maddaj  to  extend.  See  Measure,  and  Class 
Md,  No.  2.] 

To  measure  ;  to  ascertain  quantity,  dimensions,  or 
rapacity,  by  any  rule  or  standard.     [Obsolejcent.] 

MeTE,  n.     [Sax.  mitta.] 

Measure;  limit;  lionndary;  used  chiefly  in  the 
plural,  in  the  phrase  mete^  and  bounds, 

Mf.T'KI),  pp.     Measured. 

MF:-TEMP'SY-€H0SE,  v.  U  To  translate  from  one 
body  to  another,  as  the  soul. 

ME-TEMP-SY-CllO'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  ptTtf^vxhytrt^  ;  pi- 
TO,  beyond,  and  i/ojx'jJfftf,  animation,  life;  i/zuxotj, 
to  animate.] 

Transmigration  ;  the  passing  of  the  soul  of  a  man 
after  death  into  some  other  animal  body,  Pythngoraa 
and  his  followers  held  that  after  death  the  souls  of 
men  pass  into  other  bodies;  and  this  doctrine  still 
prevails  in  some  parts  of  Asia,  particularly  in  India 
and  China.  Kucyc. 

MET  EMP-Tfl'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  pcra^  after,  ev,  in,  and 
jTiJirw,  to  fall.] 

In  chronology,  the  solar  equation  necessary  to  pre- 
vent the  new  moon  from  happening  a  day  too  late, 
or  the  suppression  of  the  bissextile  once  in  134  years. 
The  op|K)site  to  this  is  the  Proehptosts,  or  the  addi- 
tion of  a  day  every  330  years,  and  another  everj'  2400 
years.  Brande. 

Me'TE-OR,  n.     [Gr.  lUTcuypoi,  sublime,  lofly.l 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  body  that  flics  or  floats  In 
the  air,  and  in  this  sense  it  includes  clouds,  rain, 
hail,  snow,  &c.  Burkr. 

But  in  a  restricted  sense,  in  which  it  is  coininoiily 
understood, 

2.  A  fi<ry  or  luminous  body  or  appearance  flying 
or  floating  in  the  atmosphere,  or  in  a  more  clcvnted 
region.  We  give  this  name  to  the  brilliant  globes  or 
masses  of  matter  which  are  occasionally  seen  mov- 
ini!  mpidiy  through  our  atmosphere,  and  which  throw 
off,  with  loud  explosions,  fragments  that  reach  the 
earth,  and  arc  called  falling  /itones.  We  call  by  the 
saiiie  name  those  fire-balls  which  are  usually  denom- 
intitrri  falling  stars  or  shooting  stars  ;  also,  the  lights 
which  appear  over  moist  grounds  and  grave-yards, 
called  igiies  fatui. 

ArnI,  meleor-likc,  flame  Inwlrrti  through  the  ikj.         Pope. 

3.  Figuratively,  any  thing  that  transiently  dazzles 
or  strikes  with  wonder.  Smart. 

ME-TE-0R'I6, 1.    Pertaining  to  meteors  ;  consisting 
of  meteors. 
2.  Proceeding  from  a  meteor;  as,  meteoric  stones. 
Meteoric  iron;  iron  in  the  metallic  state,  as  found 
in  meteors. 

Meteoric  showers  i  periodical  exhibitions  of  shooting 
stars,  occurring  about  the  9th  of  August  and  13th  of 
November,  and  more  rarely  in  April  and  December. 

Olmsted. 

Me'TE-OR-TTE,  71.  A  solid  substance  or  body  falling 
from  the  high  regions  of  the  atmosphere.    ManteU. 

Me'TE-OR-TZE,  v.  L  To  ascend  in  vapors.  [JVot 
used.]  Evelyn. 

ME-TE-OR'O-LITE,  n.  A  meteoric  stone  ;  a  stone  or 
solid  compound  of  earthy  and  metallic  matter,  which 
falls  to  the  earth  after  tlie  displosion  of  a  luminous 
meteor  or  fire-ball ;  called  also  Aerolite. 

Cleacelaflit. 

MFr-TE-OR-O-LOG'ie,         )  o.    Pertaining  to  the  at- 

ME-TE-0R-0-L0G'I€-AL,  )  mosphere  and  its  phe- 
nomena. A  meteorological  table  or  register  is  an  ac- 
count of  the  state  of  the  air  and  its  temperature, 
weight,  drjness,  or  moisture,  winds,  &c.,  ascer- 
tained by  the  barometer,  thermometer,  hygrometer, 
anemomt-ter,  and  other  muteorologicnl  instruments. 

ME-TE-OR-OL'O-ClriT,  n.  A  person  skilled  in  me- 
teorology. 

ME-TE-OR-OL'O  GY,  n.  [Gr.  pzrciop'js,  lofty,  and 
Aov'S,  discourse.] 

The  science  which  treats  of  the  atmosphere  and  its 
phenomena,  particularly  in  its  relation  to  heat  and 
moisture.  Olmsted. 

ME-TE-OR'O-MAN-CY,  n.    [Gr.  ptTciopov,  a  meteor, 
and  pnvTtfty  divination.] 
A  species  of  divination  by  meteors,  chiefly  by  thun- 


FaTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^^T.— MeTE,  PREV — PTNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


710 


MET 

der  anil  lightning,  heM  ia  high  estimation  by  the  Ro- 
mans. Euc:,c. 

ME-TE-0R'0-S€0PE,7t.  An  instrument  for  taking  the 
musniiuile  and  distnnces  of  heavenly  bodies.    [OAs.l 

ME-TE-OR-OS'eO-PY,  n.  [Gr.  ^icreoipof,  lolty,  and 
c*toT£r,.,  to  view.] 

That  part  of  astronomy  which  treats  of  sublime 
heavenly  bodies,  distance' of  surs,  ic.  [J^oi  in  use.] 

Bailey. 

ME-TE'OR-OUS,  a.    Having  the  nature  of  a  ni'-tcor. 

MUton. 

Mk'TER,  71.  [from  mete.]  One  who  measures!;  used 
m  compounds,  as  in  cowi-metar,  land-wiflcr. 

Mk'TER,  j  n.     [Sax.fflrtfr,  Yr.vietre;  L.  mctrum;  Gr. 

Mk'TKE,  \      fitTpov,  from  ^u-p-.M.] 

1.  Measure;  verse;  arransfment  of  poetical  feet, 
or  of  long  and  sliort  syllables  inverse.  Hexamrter 
is  a  meter  of  six  feeL  This  word  is  most  improp- 
erly written  Metre.  How  verj'  absurd  to  write  the 
simple  word  in  this  manner,  but  in  alt  it.s  nuuKTous 
conifHjunds  Meter,  as  in  Diameter,  Hexameter, 
Thermometer,  &c.  I 

2.  A  French  measure  of  length,  equal  to  30-^^^ 
Ensli:<h  inches,  the  siandar(J  of  linear  measure,  be- 
ins;  the  ten  mitlionih  part  of  the  distance  from  the 
eijiiatur  to  the  north  p*>te,  a«  ascertained  by  actual 
m^'asurement  of  an  arc  of  the  meridian.     Olmsted. 

MkTE'\V.\ND,  n.  [mete  and  wand.]  A  staff  or  rod 
of  a  certain  length,  used  as  a  measure.    {06,*.l 

MeTE'VARD,  «,     [Sax.  metjcard.]  [.djcfiam. 

A  yard,  staff,  or  rod,  used  us  a  measure.  [Obs.] 
[JVe  note  use  Yard.] 

ME  THEG'LI.V,  n,  [W.meztjiflin,  nccordinc  to  Owen, 
from  W.  mezyg,  a  physician,  and  Wvn,  water  ;  a  me- 
dicinal liquor.  But  mez  is  mead,  and  mezu  is  to  be 
strong  or  able.] 

A  liquor  made  of  honey  and  water  boiled  and  fer- 
mented, often  enriched  with  spices.  Khcijc. 

ME-THINKS',  verb  impersonal :  pp.  Methought.  [me 
and  think.]  It  seems  to  me;  it  appears  to  me  ;  I 
think.  Afe  is  here  in  the  dative.  The  word  is  not 
antiquated,  but  is  not  elegant. 

METH'OD,  n.  [L.  metJuHiuj ;  Gr.  fted^6oi  ;  pi  ra^  with, 
and  £^a£,  way.] 

1.  A  suitable  and  convenient  arrangement  of 
thing-4,  proceedings,  or  ideas  ;  the  natuntl  or  rtrgiilnr 
disposition  of  separate  things  or  parts  ;  convtrnient 
order  fur  transacting  business,  or  fur  com pri:lM-n ding 
any  complicated  subject.  Without  mdhod,  business 
of  any  kind  will  fall  into  confusion.  To  carry  on 
farming  to  advantage,  to  keep  accounts  correctly, 
mftJwd  is  indi.'*|>ensabte. 

2.  Way  ;  manner.  Let  us  know  the  nature  of  the 
disease,  and  the  method  of  cure. 

3.  Classitication  ;  nrrancement  of  natural  bodies  ac- 
cording to  their  common  cliaracterislics ;  as,  the  methr 
od  i>f  Theophrast :  the  methud  of  Ray  ;  the  Linutean 
methoiL 

In  natural  arran[:enient3,a  distinction  is  sometimes 
made  between  method  and  .-•y-'lem.  SijMem  is  an  ar- 
rangement founded,  throughtiut  all  its  parts,  on  some 
one  principle.  Melhud  is  an  arrangement  less  fixed 
and  detenninate,  and  fuunded  on  more  ueneral  rela- 
tions. Thus  we  say,  the  natural  tiufhod,  and  the  ar- 
tificial or  serual  system  of  Litinxus,  though  the  latter 
is  nf>l  a  pfrfecl  system.  Ed.  Kncye. 

ME-THOD'I€,         i  a.     Arranged  in   convenient  or- 

ME-T^OI>'I€^AL,  \  der;  di-*piised  in  a  just  and  nat- 
ural manner,  or  in  a  manm-r  to  illustrate  a  subject, 
or  to  facilitate  practical  ohservaltons  ,  as,  the  method- 
ical arrangement  of  Ih^^  parts  of  a  diricourse  <ir  of  ar- 
gumenls;  a  meOuidiral  tn-Aili^e  ;  mf/A^jf/w-vi/ accounts. 

ME-TI!OU'ie-AL-LY,  ado.  In  a  m.-thudical  manner  ; 
according  to  natural  or  convenient  order. 

METH'OD-ISM,  n.  The  «Urf-irin.s  and  worship  of  the 
sect  of  Christians  called  .MrthndL'tJ. 

METH'Oli-IST,  n.     One  that  obi^erves  method. 

2.  One  of  a  sect  f»f  rhristiana  fonnd-'d  by  Morgan, 
or  nither  by  John  W«Tsl'*y,  and  s<»  railed  frtim  the  ex- 
act regtilarity  of  their  lives,  and  lhestrictnes:<>  of  their 
principles  and  rules.  The  name  is  also  given,  in 
England,  to  the  followers  of  Whitunetd.  or  Calvin- 
istic  Methodists. 
2.  A  physician  who  practices  by  method  or  theory. 

Boyle. 

4.  In  the  cant  of  irreliiriouJt  men,  a  [K^rson  of  rtrlct 
piety  ;  one  who  lives  in  tlie  exact  observance  of  re- 
lieioiis  dulien. 

METM-OD-IST'ie,  a.     Resembling  the  Melh<jdists  ; 

partakine  of  the  strictness  of  Methodist*.     C*.  Obji. 
METII-OIlHST'ie,         \a.     Relating  to   method,   or 
METII  OD-IST'l€-AL,J      the  Meltuwli^s. 
METH-On-iaT'ie-AL-LY,  ado.    After  the  manner  of 

Method  ists. 
METH'OIMZE.  ».   U    To  reduce  to  method;  to  dr»- 

puse  in  due  ortier  \  to  arrange  in  a  convenient  manner. 

One  who  tiring  wiih  hitn  tuiy  oh«rr*aU<>ni  h"  h<u  mn'tf  in  rmrl- 
in;  tb^  pueu,  will  And  hn  own  r^fl'-ciidiu  TntOi-yiired  and 
esplaiiyMl  in  the  worka  or  a  f^xid  crilic.  Hfjeeiatot. 

METH'OD-T7  FD,  pp.    Reduced  to  method. 
METH'ODTZ-IN'G,  ppr.     Arranging  in  dtnr  order. 
ME-THOUGIIT',  (me-thawt',)  pret.  of  Methi:^ks.    It 
leemed  to  roe  ;  I  thought.  Milton.     Dryden, 


MET 

METH'Y-LENG,  n.     [Gr.  piOr  and  «>»?.] 

A  highly  volatile  and  inflannnable  liquid,  procured 
by  destructive  distillation  of  wood.  Brande. 

MET'IC,  71.     [Gr.  ^ctok'JS  ;  ficra  and  ottcos,  house.] 
In  ancient  Greece^  a  .sojourner;  a  resident  stranger 
in  a  Grecian  city  or  place.  Mitford, 

ME-TI€'lT-LOLIS,  a.     [L.  meticulosm.] 

Timid.     [JVyt  used.]  Coles. 

MET'O-GHE,  n.  [Gr.  /itrcxw.]  In  architectare,  tlie 
space  between  two  dentils.  Brande. 

ME-TON'ie  C^'eLE,  i  rt.    The  cvcle  of  the  rnoon, 

ME-TO.\'ie  Year,  \  or  period" of  nineteen  years, 
in  which  the  lunations  of  the  moon  return  to  the 
same  days  of  the  month  ;  so  called  from  its  discov- 
erer Meton,  the  Athenian.  Eticiie.     Bailry. 

MKT-0-:VYM'ie,  \  a.     [See  MetonVwv.]      Lfsed 

MET-O-NYM'ie-AL,  (  by  way  of  metonymy,  by 
puttinif  one  word  for  another. 

MET-0-v\YM'ie-AI^LY,  ode.  By  putting  one  word 
ibr  another.  Dicigfa. 

MET'O^NYM-Y  or  ME-TON'Y-MY,  n.  [Gr.  ptr^ 
wtna:  p^'ra^  over,  beyond,  and  uvopa,  name.] 

In  rhetoric^  a  trojw  in  which  one  word  is  put  for 
another  ;  a  change  of  names  whicli  have  some  rela- 
tion to  each  other ;  as  when  we  say,  *'  a  man  keeps  a 
good  table,*'  instead  of  good  pruoisiona.  "  We  read 
Virgil,'''  that  is,  his  ponns  or  vsritin^n.  **  They  have 
Muses  and  the  prophets,**  that  is,  thuir  books  or  rirrit- 
ings.  A  man  has  a  clear  head,  that  is,  understatiding, 
intfUrct;  a  warm  heart,  thai  is,  affections. 

MET'O-PE,  (met'o-py,)  n.  [Gr.  j<£r..77^  ;  pcTa,  with, 
near,  or  by,  and  oTrri,  an  ajwrture  or  hollow.] 

In  architecture,  the  space  between  the  triglyphs  of 
the  Doric  frieze,  which,  anumg  the  ancients,  were 
often  adorned  with  carved  work.     Qloss.  of^rchiu 

MET-O-POS'eO-PIST,  n.  [Infra.]  One  versed  in 
physiognomy. 

MET-O-POS'CO-PY,  n.  [Gr.  /itrwrroi',  the  forehead, 
and  oKoiTiu,  to  view.] 

The  study  of  physiognomy  ;  the  art  of  discovering 
the  character  or  the  dispositions  of  nu-n  by  their  fea- 
tures, or  the  linos  of  the  face.         Encyc.    Lunier, 

Me'TRE.     See  Mktkr- 

MET'RI€J-AL,  a.     [L.  metricus;  Fr.  metrigue.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  measure,  or  due  arrangement  or 
combination  of  long  and  short  syllables. 

2.  Consisting  of  verses  ;  as,  metrical  compositions. 
MET'Rie-AL,  a.     Having  the  diameter  of  a  French 

meter  ;  as  metrical  blocks. 

MET'Kie-AU-LY,  adc.     According  to  poetic  measure. 

ftlE'TRlST,  /  n.     A  composer  of  verses.     [J^ot  in 

ME-TRI"CIAN,  (      «.«.] 

ME-TROL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr./drpoi-,  measure,  and  Xoyo^, 
discourse.] 

An  account  of  measures,  or  the  science  of  weights 
and  measures.  J.  Q.  Adams. 

MET'llO-NoME,  n.     [Gr.  fiEroct  and  I'-i^i, division.] 
An  instrument,  which,  by  a  short  pendulum,  with 
a  sliding  weight,  and  set  in  motion  by  clock-work, 
serves  to  measure  time  in  music. 

ME-TRON'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  piTficui,  to  measure,  and 
vtjfin,  division.]  The  measuring  time  by  an  in- 
Btnimeni. 

ME-TK0P'0-LI3,n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  ^rjrnoTroXif  ;  prjrnp, 
nnrther,  and  toAij,  tity.     It  has  no  plural.] 

Literally,  the  mother  city,  that  is,  the  chief  city  or 
capital  of* a  kingdom,  state,  or  country,  as  Paris  in 
Fnnce,  Madrid  in  Spain,  I^tuidun  in  Great  Britain. 
In  the  United  States,  Washmgton,  in  the  District  of 
Columbia,  is  the  metropolis  as  being  the  .seat  of  gov- 
eniment;  but  in  several  of  the  States,  the  largest  cit- 
ies are  not  the  seats  of  the  respt;ctive  governments. 
Yet  New  Vorh  city,  in  the  State  of  that  name,  and 
Philadi'Iphia,  In  Pennsylvania,  arc  the  chief  citii-s, 
and  may  hii  called  each  the  metropolis  of  the  Sfite 
in  which  il  is  situated,  thotigh  neither  of  them  is  Uie 
scat  of  government  in  tlie  State 

MET-RO-POL'I-TAX,  a.  Uelunging  to  a  metropolis, 
or  tft  the  mother  church  ;  residing  in  the  chief  city. 

MET-RO-POI,'I-TA\.  n.  The  bishop  who  presides 
over  the  other  bishops  of  a  province.  In  the  Latin 
church,  the  same  as  archbishop  ;  in  the  OrceJc  church, 
one  wi)*we  see  is  really  a  civil  metro|K»lis.       Hook. 

ME-TKOP'O-LITE,  n,     A  mrtro|H.litan.     [JVat  used.] 

MEr-llO-POl,'ITIC,  (a.      Pertaining    to  a  me- 

MET-RO  PO-LIT'ie-AL,  i  tropolis;  chief  or  prin- 
cipal of  cities }  pertaining  to  a  melroputitan,  or  to 
his  sep.  KnvUes.     Milner.     Sddcn. 

ME'i''T^E,  (mel'l,)  ».  [usually  supposed  to  be  cor- 
rupted from  metal.  But  it  may  be  from  W.  mezwl  or 
methtrl,  mind,  connected  with  mezu,  to  be  able,  and 
coinciding  with  the  root  of  the  Eng.  moody  ;  D.  mocd, 
courage,  heart,  spirit;  G.  mHtA,niind,  courage;  met- 
tle ;  Sax,  mod  :  Sw.  mod  ;  Dan.  mud  or  mood ;  Goth. 
moil,  angry.  The  Hnx.vtodiff,  h.  animus,  animosua, 
furnir'h  ait  analogy  in  point.  1'he  radical  sense  oi 
mirut  is,  to  advance,  to  push  forward,  whence  the 
sense  of  briMkness,  ardor.] 

Spirit ;  constitutional  ardor :  that  temperament 
wliich  is  susceptible  of  high  excitement.  It  is  not 
synonymous  with  Cuuraue,  though  it  may  be  ac- 
companied with  it,  and  is  sometimes  used  for  it. 


Th"  wing'Ml  cour»^r,  lilo  n  grn^rom  hone, 
BhowB  iiioH  true  mtUU  wbuii  jruu  check  bii  cotiran. 


Pope. 


MIC 

MiRT'TLED,a.  High  spirited  ;  ardent ;  full  of  fire.  Pi^pe. 

MET'TLE-SOME,  mel^tl-sum,)  a.  Full  of  spirit; 
possessing  constitutional  ardor;  brisk;  fier>- ;  as,  a 
mettlesome  horse.  Taller. 

MET'TLE-SOME-LY,  adv.  With  sprightliness,  or 
high  spirit. 

.MET'TLE-SOME-NESS,  n.  The  slate  of  being  bigb- 
spirited. 

ME'UM  ET  TtPUM,   [L.]     Mine  and  thine. 

MEW,  (mu,)  Tu     [Sax.  nuno;  Uan.waage;  D.metuuj 
G.  metoe ;  Fr.  mouette,] 
A  sea-fowl  of  the  genus  Larns  ;  a  gull. 

MEW,  71.  [Fr.  mae:  .^rm,  mm  ;  W.  mud,  a  mew  and 
mute  i  D.  viuite.  See  the  verb  to  meo),  to  shed  feath- 
ers.] 

A  cage  for  birds  ;  an  inclosure ;  a  place  of  con- 
finement. 

MEW,  r.  (.  [from  the  noun.]  To  shut  up;  to  in- 
close :  to  confine,  as  in  a  cage  or  other  inclosure. 

More  pty  that  the  eajle  ■hould  be  mttotd,  Shak. 

Cloac  mtwed  In  Uit-tr  K<iaiu,  for  fear  uf  air.  Dryden. 

MEW,  r.  (.  [W.  mito,  a  shedding  of  feathers  ;  II.  mu- 
dare.  to  mew  ;  Fr.  muer  ;  Arm.  muia  ;  G.  maujcn  ;  D. 
muiten,  to  mew  or  molt,  to  mutiny;  Sp.  mit(/a,  change, 
alteration,  a  mute  letter,  lime  of  moiling  or  shedding 
feathers,  roost  of  a  hawk  ;  Port,  muitar,  to  change,  lo 
mew  or  cast  feathers  or  a  slough;  muda,  a  dumb 
woman,  the  mewing  or  moiling  of  birds.  The  W. 
mud,  a  mew,  is  also  removal,  a  pass  or  move,  a 
change  of  residence,  and  mute ;  and  the  verb  mudaw 
is  to  change,  to  remove,  comprehending  the  I*,  viuto 
and  moto.  We  have,  then,  clear  evidence  that  meu>,  a 
cage,  mew,  to  molt,  and  the  L.  muto,  vtoto,  and  mataSf 
and  Eng.  mutiny,  are  all  from  one  root.  Thp  primary 
sense  is,  to  press  or  drive,  whence  to  move, To  change, 
and  to  shut  up,  that  is,  to  press  or  drive  close  ;  and 
this  is  the  sense  of  mute.  Mutiny  is  from  motion  or 
change.] 

To  shed  or  cast ;  to  change  ;  to  molU  The  hawk 
mewed  his  feathers. 

Nine  times  the  moon  had  metotd  bcr  homs.  Dryden. 

MEW,  (niu,)  V.  i,  [W,  mewian  ;  G.  miaueiti  coinciding 
probably  with  L.  mugio.] 
To  cry  as  a  cat.  • 

MEW,  V.  i.    To  change ;  to  put  on  a  new  appearance. 

MEWING,  p}>r.     Casting  tlie  feathers  or  skin  ;  crying. 

MEWING,  (mu'ing,)  n.    The  act  of  casting  the  feath- 
ers or  skin. 
9.  A  crying,  as  of  a  cat. 

MEWIj,  (mule,)  o.  i.     [Fr.  miauler ;  It.  miagolare;  Sp. 

maullar  or  mayar ;   coinciding  in  elements  with  L. 

mugio,  to  low  ;  G.  mucken  :   Dan.  mukker,  to  mutter ; 

Gr.  nrjK-ioftdi,  to  bloat ;  Ir.  meigiollam;  W,  migiaw.] 

To  cry  from  uneasiness,  as  a  child.  Shak. 

MEWL'ER,  71.     One  that  mewls. 

MEWS,  (muz,)  n.  pi.  The  royal  stibles  in  London,  so 
called  because  built  where  the  king's  hawks  were 
once  mi'Wed  or  confined.  Booth. 

ME-Zl~;'RE-ON,  71.  A  small  European  shrub,  the 
Daphne  Me7.ereum,  whose  extremely  acrid  bark  is 
used  in  medicine.  P.  Cite 

MEZ'ZA-NINE,  n.      [It.]      A  story    of   small  bight 
introduced  between  two  higher  ones.         Brande. 
2.  A  low  window,  less  in  hight  than  in  breadth. 
Buchauan. 

MEZ'ZOy  (nied'zo,)  [It.]  in  miwtc,  denotes  middle, 
mi*an. 

MEZ'ZO-RE-LIeV'O,  (med'zo-re-lcv'o,)  n.  [It.  mei- 
lurilirro,] 

A  niiddln  point  of  relief  in  figures,  between  liigh 
and  low  relief. 

MEZ  ZO-TINT'O,  (mez-zo-  or  med-zo-,)  Ji.  [It.  tjwi- 
10,  middle,  half,  and  tiato,  L.tincttia,  painted.] 

A  particular  manner  of  engravingor  representation 
of  figures  on  copper,  in  imitation  of  painting  in  India 
ink.  To  perform  this,  the  plate  is  scratched  equally 
in  every  tlirection,80  as  lo  remove  entirely  the  polish 
from  tl)e  surface  ;  the  design  is  then  drawn  on  the 
face,  then  the  dents  and  furrows  are  erased  from  the 
parts  where  the  lights  of  the  piece  are  to  be;  the 
parts  which  are  to  represent  sliades  b«ing  left,  vviih 
more  or  less  of  the  rough  ground,  according  to  the  gra- 
dation of  shade.     Mezzotim  is  also  used.    Ilebert. 

MEZ'ZO  FO'CE,  (med'zo-vo'cha,)  [It.]  in  music,  with 
a  medium  fullness  of  sound. 

MI,  (me.)  The  third  note  in  the  musical  scale  between 
re  and  fa. 

MT^ASM,  n.  '  The  same  as  Miasma.  Harvey. 

MI-AS'MA,  n.;  pi.  Miasmata.  [Gr.,  from  /imii'w,  to 
pollute.] 

Infecting  substances  floating  in  the  air;  the  efflu- 
via or  fine  particles  of  any  putrefying  bodies,  rising 
and  floating  in  the  atmosphere,  and  considered  to  be 
noxious  to  health. 

MT-AS'MAIj,  a.    Containing  miasma. 

MI-AS-MAT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  miasma;  partaking 
of  the  qualities  of  noxious  eflluvia. 

MI'€A,  71.  [L.  mica,  a  grain  or  particle;  mico,  to 
Bhinc.] 

A  mineral  capable  of  being  cleaved  into  elastic 
plates  of  extreme  thinness.  It  is  either  colorless,  or 
presents  some  shade  of  light-brown,  gray-smoky- 
brown,  black,  and  occasionally  green  ot  violet.    U  U 


TONK,  ByLL,  1;NITE.  — AX"GER,  Vr'CIOUS e  aa  K;  0  aa  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SHi  TH  as  in  THIS. 


7\\ 


MIC 

generally  more  or  less  transparenl,  ami  is  iised  like 
gtaas  for  Ian  terns,  and  fur  the  doors  uf  stoves.  I'lu-ro 
are  three  or  four  species  of  mic»,  difli'ring  in  coni[K>- 
sitiiiii  and  crystalline  form,  called  heia^'onal  mica, 
i'l>liifue  or  cotmtoit  micOy  rhombic  mica,  tilMa  mica. 
Thi:*  last  is  of  a  lilac  color,  and  is  al^o  colled  lepido- 
lite. 

Mica  is  an  essential  constituent  of  granite,  gneiss, 
and  mica  slate.  Dana. 

MI'eA-SCHtST,  \  n.    A  schistose  rock  consisting  of 

MI'eA-SLATE,   \      mica  and  quartz.  IkMa, 

MI-€A'CEOUS,  (-shus,)  a.  Pertaining  to  or  contain- 
ing mica;  resembling  mica,  or  partaking  of  it^  pro|>- 
erties. 

Mie'A-REL,  n.  A  species  of  argilbceoiis  earth  ;  a 
mineral  of  a  brtiwnish  or  blacki!>l>-red  color,  com- 
monly cn-stallized  in  rhomboidal  prisms,  or  in  prisms 
of  six  sides.  DUU 

MTCE,».:p/.  of  .Mouse. 

MI'eiiA-EL-rTE,  n.  A  sub-variety  of  silicious  sin- 
ter, found  in  the  Isle  of  £?L  Michael.  J.  IV.  Webstfr. 

MI€I1'AEL-MAS,  m.    TImj  feast  of  Sl  Michael,  a  fes- 
tiMt)  of  tlie  Roman  Catholic  church,  celebrated  Sep- 
tember S9th ;  hence, 
3.  In  ca/loTiuaJ  loKjriMjfs,  autumn. 

MICllE,  ^micb,)  r.  i.  [allied,  perhaps,  to  Sw.  maka^ 
to  withuraw  ;  Sax.  amusran^  to  creep.  Mecchino  ur 
MsACHirfo  is  still  used  by  some  of  our  common  peo- 
|de  in  the  sense  of  mean,  cowardly,  retiring.] 

1.  To  lie  hid  j  to  skulk ;  to  retire  or  shrink  from 
view. 

2.  To  pilfer.     [Obs.]  Shak. 
MICII'ER,  tt.    One  who  skulks,  or  creeps  out  of  sight  j 

a  thief.     \Oba.]  Ckaueer.     Sidney.     Skak. 

MICH'ER-V,  n.    Theft;  cheating.     [Obs.]     Oetoer. 
MICH'IM^,  ppr.  or  a.     Retiring;  skulking;  creeping 

from  sight;  mean;  cowardly.     [ytUgar,] 
MICK'LE,*.     [Sax.  Micr^  mucel;  Scot.  mycAe,  motyl, 
wuckU  i  Hw.  myckcM;  Sp.  mucJto ;  Gr.  ^c}  a»',  fit}  uAr/. 
See  MccH.] 

Much ;  great  [Ohiotetiy  but  rttaiited  in  tAe  Scottish 
loM/niage.] 
MT'CO,  n.  A  small  South  American  monkey,  with 
hair  shining  and  entirely  white,  the  tail  black,  and 
the  f:ice  and  hands  of  a  deep  tlesh-culor.  Jardm*. 
MI'CKO-CUSM,  iC  [Gr.  /iii/ioi,  small,  and  xev/ios, 
world.] 

Liter»Uyy  the  MiUe  world  ;  but  used  for  man,  sup- 
posed to  be  an  epitome  of  the  universe  or  great 
world.  Stei/t     Knofc 

Miaveogmie  aatt;  a  triple  salt  of  soda,  ammonia, 
1,  originally  obtained  from  urine. 


and  phosphoric  acid,  originally  < 


Ure. 


MI-CRO-€OS'Mie-AL,  c    Pertaining  to  the  micro- 
cosm 
MT-eRO-eOS-MOCRA-PHY.  a.    [Gr.  ^iirpof,  xovfioi, 
and  VI  a;Ki>.J^ 
The  desrnpiinn  of  man  as  a  little  worid. 
MI-CRO  COUS'Tie,».  [Gr.>it«oos.  small,  and  ajtouw, 
to  hear.] 

An  instrument  to  augment  small  sounds,  and  as- 
sist in  hearing. 
MI  eROG'RA-PHV,  n.     [Gr. /iicpoj,  small,  and  ypa- 
^ui,  to  describe.] 

The  description  of  objects  too  small  to  be    dis- 
cerned without  the  aid  of  a  microscope. 

Kncyc.     Orew. 
MI-CROMTE^TER,  H.    [Gr.  /ii»po$,  small,  and  ^crpoy, 
measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  small  objects  or 
places,  by  the  help  of  which,  tlie  afiparent  magni- 
tude of  objects  viewed  through  the  microscope  ortel- 
esct'pe  is  mfa-«nred  witli  gre-it  exarlness.  Brands. 
MI-€RO-MET'RIC-AL,  o.  Belonging  to  the  microm- 
eter ;  made  bv  the  micrometer.  HamboldL 
MI'€RO-PH0XE,  M.  [Gr.  >iupo5,  small,  and  ^wi-rj, 
sound.] 

An  instrument  to  augment  small  sounds ;  a  micro- 
const  ic.  BaiUy. 
MI'eRO-PTLE,  m.     [Gr.  /n«.ooy,  small,  and    a^uXij, 
mouth.] 
In  6o{<my,  the  mouth  of  the  focamen  of  an  orulum. 

lindhry. 
MT'€RO-SC0PE,  M.    [Gr.  /lupof,  small,  and  eiroKCtOy 
to  view.] 

An  o(rtical  instmnnent,  consisting  of  lenses  or  mir- 
rorSf  which  magnify  objects,  and  thu?;  render  visible 
minute  objects,  which  can  nut  be  seen  by  the  naked 
eye,  or  enlarge  the  apparent  magnitude  of  small  vis- 
ible bodies. 
MT-€RO-SeOPie,  I  a.     Made  by  the  aid  of  a  mi- 

MI-eRO-SeOP'I€-AL,  t       cruscope  ;    a;;,    microscopic 
observation.  .^rbulkaot. 

2.  Assisted  by  a  microMope. 

EmSng  eres  Ibe  wmavtcopie  eye.  TTumuon, 

3.  Resembling  a  microscope ;   capable  of  seeing 
amall  objects. 

Vrhj  tui  o«c  mao  a  microtcojic  eyt !  Jlope- 

4.  Ver>-  small ;  visible  only  by  the  aid  of  a  micro- 
scope :  as.  a  mtrro^copie  insecL 

MI-€RO-8eOP'ie-AI^LY,  orfc.    By  the  microscope; 

with  minute  inspection.  Good. 

MT'CRO-seO-PIST,  n.    One  skilled  in  microscopy. 


MID 

MICRO.'5'eO-PY,  n.    The  use  of  the  microscope. 
MI't^RO-TINE,  (-tin,)  a.     [Gr.  (i(Af>ys,  suiallj 

Having  or  consistmg  of  small  crystals,    ^qiard, 
Mie-TU-RI"T10N,  (  rish'un,)  n.     [L.  micturio,] 

1'he  desire  of  making  water,  or  passing  the  urine. 

Darwin. 
MID,  a.     [Sax.  middy  midde ;   L.  medius;  W.  mid,  an 
inckwnre.l 

I.  Midifle ;  at  equal  distance  from  extremes  ;  as, 
the  mid  hour  of  nighU  Ruwe, 

3.  Intervening. 

No  more  the  muuDtAtn  liirk<,  whi1'>  T):iphni*  ungs, 

SbuJI,  lifluig  Ri  aiid  lur,  kiu^x-iid  ilieir  wiugv.  Popt. 

MI'DA,  a.     [Gr.  Mi<J'«f.] 

A  wonn,  or  the  bean-fly.  Chambrrs. 

MID'-.^OE,  r.    The  middle  of  life,  or  persons  of  that 

aye.  Shak. 

MIU'-eOURSE,  n.    The  middle  of  the  course  or  way. 

Milton. 
MID'DAY,  a.      Being  at  noon;  meridional;  a^,  the 

mitldav  sun.  .Addison. 

MIO'DAY,  n.    The  middle  of  the  day;  noon. 

Donne. 
MID'DEN,  (mid'dn,)  n.    A  dunghill. 
MID'DEST,  o.    superl.  of  Mid. 

Aniooe  the  middeMi  crowd.     [Not  uwd.]  Speruer, 

MID'DLE,  (mid'l,)  a.  [Sat.  middel;  D.  middd;  G. 
mittfi ;  Dan.  middel ;  fierhaps  mid  and  deel  t  Sans. 
medhi  and  madhyam  :  L.  mcdiusi  Gr.  fiEtroi  ;  It.  mez- 
zo i  Sp.  medio ;  Port,  mayo,  mediano  ;  Ir.  modham, 
muadA ;  Ft.  midiy  moyen,  [mitan,  obs.;]  Ch.  y:(D. 
This  word  has  the  eleniepts  of  the  Sax.  mid,  D.  mede, 
Sw.  and  Dan,  mede,  G.  mil,  with  Gr.  nirn,  which  is 
from  the  root  of  the  English  meet,  which  see.  Uu. 
hiiS  not  the  L.  mediujs,  in  the  phrase  medius^dius,  the 
sense  of  leitA  or  by  :  by  or  with  my  faith.  In  W.  mid 
signilies  an  inclitsure,  a  hem  or  list  round  a  place.  In 
Russ.  mejdn  signifies  among.  See  Class  Ms,  No.  21, 
27.] 

1.  Elqually  distant  from  the  extremes  ;  as,  the  mid- 
dle point  of  a  line  or  circle  ;  the  middle  station  of 
life  ;  the  middle  path  or  course  is  uiost  safe. 

S.  Intermediate ;  intervening. 

WiO,  aeelritif  guwl,  fluiU  many  auddia  eiwla.  DawUt. 

MiddU  a^eg :  the  ages  or  period  of  time  about 
equally  distant  from  the  decline  of  the  Roman  em- 
pire nnd  the  revival  of  letters  in  Europe,  or  from 
the  eighth  to  the  fillecnth  century  of  tlie  Christian 
era. 

The  middlt  term  of  a  syllogism  is  one  with  which 
the  two  extremes  are  si-itaratcly  CumiKired,  and  by 
means  of  which  they  are  brought  together  in  the 
conclusion.  Brande, 

HID'DLE,  «.  Tlie  point  or  part  equally  distant  from 
the  extremities. 

Bee,  iher?  come  people  down   by  the  mvidit   of  (he  laiul.  ^ 
Ju,l««  U.      "^  *^ 

2.  The  time  that  passes,  or  events  tliat  happen, 
between  i\w  beginning  and  the  end.  Dryden. 

Middle  nnd  center  are  not  always  used  synony- 
mou.«Iy.  Center  is  most  properly  applied  to  circular, 
globular,  or  regular  b<Klies  ;  middle  is  used  with  less 
deflniteness.  We  say,  the  center  of  a  circle  or  of 
the  solar  system  ;  the  middle  of  a  p:ige,  the  middle  of 
the  night  or  of  the  month. 

MID'DLE-aG-£I>,  a.  Being  about  the  middle  of  the 
ordinar>'  age  of  man.  A  middle-aired  mnn  is  so  called 
from  the  age  of  thirty-five  or  forty  to  forty-five  or 
fifty. 

MID'DLE-DECK,  n.  The  deck  below  the  middle 
deck,  in  tiiree-deckers.  7'otten. 

MID'DLE-EARTil,  (-erth,)  n,     [Sax.  middan-eard.] 
The  world.     [  Obs.]  Shak. 

MID'DLE-MAN,  ji.  An  accnt  between  two  parlies; 
particulartyj  in  Ireland,  une  who  takes  land  of  the 
proprietors  in  largo  tract-s,  and  then  rents  it  out  in 
small  portions  to  the  peasantry,  at  u  greatly  enhanced 
price. 

MID'DLE-MOST,  a.  Being  in  the  middle,  or  nearest 
tlie  middle,  of  a  number  of  things  that  are  near  the 
middle.  If  a  thing  is  in  the  middle,  it  can  not  be 
more  so,  and  in  this  sense  the  word  is  improper. 
But,  when  two  or  more  things  are  near  the  middle, 
one  niav  be  nearer  than  another. 

MID'DLING,  a.     [Sax.  midlen.] 

Of  middle  rank,  state,  size,  or  quality ;  about 
equally  distant  from  the  extremes  ;  moderate.  Thus 
we  speak  of  people  of  the  middling  class  or  sort, 
neither  high  nor  low ;  of  a  man  of  middling  capacity 
or  understanding ;  a  man  of  middling  size ;  fruit  of  a 
middling  quality, 

MID'DLING-LY,  m/c.     Passably;  indifferently. 

MID'DLIXGS,  n.  pi.     The  coarser  part  of  flour. 

MID6E,  n,     [Sax.  myge,  viygge.} 
A  gnat  or  fly. 

MID'-HEAV-£X,  (-hev'n,)  n.  The  middle  of  the  sky 
or  heaven.  Mdton. 

MID'LAND,  a.  Being  in  the  interior  countrj' ;  distant 
from  the  coast  or  sea-shore  ;  as,  miilland  towns  or 
inhabitants.  Hirwell,     Hale. 

2.  Surrounded  by  the  sea ;  mediterranean. 
And  on  ihc  midland  aea  ilw  French  had  Rwed.  Drydan. 


MIF 

Min'LEO,  t».     Middle  of  the'leg.  Bacon. 

MID'LEXT,  n.     The  middle  of  I>cnt 

MID'LIFE,  n.    'I'he  middle  of  life,  or  of  the  usual  age 

of  man.  Suuthcy. 

MID'MOST,  0.     Middle  ;  as,  the  midmost  battles. 

Dryden. 

MID'NIGHT,  f-nlte,)  n.    The  middle  of  the  night; 

twelve  o'clock  at  night. 
MID'NIGHT,  (ntte,)  a.    Being  in  the  middle  of  the 

night  ;  as,  midnight  studies.  Bacon. 

2.  Dark   as   midnight  ;    very  dark  ;    as,   midnight 

flooni. 
U'RIB,n.     [mid,  wiwMf ,  and  rii.]     In  botany, a  con- 
tinuation of  the  petiole,  extending  from  the  base  to 
the  apex  of  the  lamiuie  of  a  leaf,  Lindley. 

MID'RIFF,  n.  [Sax.  midJirife ;  mid  and  hri/e,  the 
belly.] 

In  anatomy,  the  diaphragm  ;  the  respiratory  muscle 
which  divides  the  trunk  into  two  cavities,  the  thorax 
antl  abdomen.  Quincy. 

MID'SkA,  n.    The  midst  of  the  sea.  Dryden. 

MID'SHIP,  a.  Being  or  belonging  to  the  middle  of  a 
ship  ;  as,  a  midship  beam. 

MID'SllIP-iMAN,  «.  In  ships  of  vcar,  a  kind  of  naval 
cadet,  whose  business  is  to  second  the  orders  of  the 
sufM-rior  ollicers,  and  a.s.sist  in  the  n(M:es^tIt^y  business 
of  the  ship,  p;irticularly  in  managing  the  sails,  that 
he  nmy  be  tniined  to  a  knowledge  of  the  machinery, 
discipline,  and  0[>erutions  of  ships  of  war,  and  qua! 
ified  for  naval  service.  Mar.  DtcU 

Passed  miiiskipman  :  one  who  has  passol  examina- 
tion, and  is  a  candidate  fur  promotion  to  the  rank  of 
lieutenant,  Tutten. 

MID'SUIPS,  adv.  In  the  middle  of  a  ship  ;  properly, 
Amidships. 

MIDS'i',  ».  [Contracted  from  iniJ(i&;t,  the  superlative 
of  mid.]     The  middle. 

There  a  nothing  Kud  or  done  in  the  midat  of  the  pliy,  which 
might  iiul  have  huen  placed  in  th'-  Ugiikninif.         Dryden. 

The  phrase  in  the  midst  often  signifies,  involved 
in,  surrounded  or  overwhelmed  by,  or  in  the  thickest 
part,  or  in  the  depths  u(;  as,  in  the  midst  of  afflictions, 
troubles,  or  cares  ;  in  the  midst  of  our  contemplations  ; 
tn  the  viid-it  of  the  battle  ;  in  the  midst  of  pagan  dark- 
ness and  error;  in  the  midst  of  gospel  light ;  tn  the 
midst  of  the  ocean  ;  tn  the  midst  of  civil  dissensions. 

From  the  midst ;  from  the  middle,  or  from  among. 
Deut.  xviii. 
MIDST,  adv.     In  the  middle. 

On  earth,  Join  kII  ye  cn'«niri'«  to  extol 

Him  first,  him  lull,  him  miiitt,  &nd  without  end.  MUton, 

MID'STUeAM,  n.    The  middle  of  the  stream. 

Dryden. 
MID'SUM-MER,  n.     The  middle  of  summer  ;    the 
stiiumer  solstice,  about  the  31st  of  June.    SwifL  Oay. 
MID'WARD,  adv.     Midst.     [JVo(  in  use.] 
MID'VVAY,  n.    The  middle  of  the  way  or  distance. 

Paihi  inilirpct,  or  in  the  midioay  fiiinL  Atillon. 

MID'WAY,  a.  Being  in  the  middle  of  the  way  or  dis- 
tance ;  as,  the  midway  air.  Shak, 

MID'VVAV,  a/lv.  In  the  middle  of  the  way  or  dis- 
tance ;  half  way. 

site  met  his  glance  mitiuay.  Dryden. 

MID'WIFE,  71.  [Supposed  by  Junius  and  Skinner  to 
be  me.fdirifc,  a  woman  that  has  a  reward.  This  is 
probably  a  mistxike.  The  word  is  a  compound'  of 
mid,  with,  and  wif  a  woman  ;  in  analogy  with  the 
L.  obstctrix,  from  obstOy  obstiti,  to  stand  before.  The 
Dutch  use  vroeduroutB,  a  wise  or  skillful  woman.  The 
Danish  equivalent  word  is  iordemoder,  earth-mother  ; 
the  Swedish,  tord-gumma.  The  S|Kinish  and  Portu- 
guese word  is  comadre  i  co,  for  L.  cwm,  with,  and 
viadre,  mother,  which  is  precisely  analogous  to  mid- 
v:ife.] 

A  woman  that  assists  other  women  in  childbirth. 

MID'VVIFE,  V.  i.     To  perform  the  ofiice  of  midwife. 

MID'WIFE,  V.  U    To  assist  in  childbirth. 

MID'WIFE-RY,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  assisting 
women  in  childbirth  ;  obstetrics. 

2.  A^si.staiicc  at  childbirth. 

3.  Help  or  cttoperation  in  production.  Stepney. 
MID'WIN-TER,  Tt.  The  middle  of  winter,  or  the  win- 
ter solstice,  December  21.  As  the  severity  of  winter 
in  North  America  falls  in  January  and  February,  the 
word  ordinarily  denotes  this  period,  or  some  weeks 
ftfler  the  winter  solstice. 

MID'VVOOD,  n.     The  middle  of  the  wood.     Thomson. 

MI'E-Mt'i^E,  n.  Granular  miemite  is  a  variety  of  niag- 
nesian  limestone,  first  found  at  Miemo,  in  I'uscany. 
It  occurs  massive,  or  crystallized  in  Hat,  double, 
three-sided  pyramids.  Its  color  is  light  green  or 
greenish- white.  Jameson.     Cye.     Dana. 

MIeN,  (meen,)  n.  [Fr.  mine;  Dan.  and  iSw.  itl. ,-  Arm. 
man  :  Corn.  Torin,  tlie  face ;  Ice.  mind,  image.  See 
Maw.] 

Look;  air;  manner;  external  appearance;  car- 
riage ;  as,  a  lofly  Tnten;  a  majestic  mien. 

Wedler.     Pope. 

MIFF,  n.    A  slight  degree  of  resentment.  {Colloquial.] 

Holloway. 

MIFF'/n3,  (mift,)  a.  Slightly  ofl*ended.  [In  Norman 
French,  mefet  is  offense  or  misdeed,  and  mejfet,  mis- 


FaTE,  far,  fall,  WH^T MeTE,  prey.  — pine,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

_ 


MIG 


MIL 


done ;  rae*  and  faire ;  wlienco  mrffcrt^  to  do  mischief. 
But  qu.  whether  this  is  the  English  miff.^ 
MIGHT,  {\\\i\c,)  pret.  of  Mat.    Had  power  or  liberty. 
Ue  mi;jhi  go,  or  misht  have  gone. 

2.  It  sonu-iinies  dt-notes,  v^as  posnihlr.,  implying  Ig- 
norance of  the  fact  in  the  speaker.  Orders  vtight  have 
hein  given  for  the  purpose. 

MIGHT,  (mtte,)  iu  ^Sax.  imVA(,  meht;  G.  maeht;  D. 
Sw.  and  Dan.  wa^ ;  from  tlie  root  of  mat/,  Sax.  raa- 
«i;i,  to  be  able  ;  Sans,  vtakaty  strong.     See  Mav.J 

I.  Strenpth  ;  force  ;  power;  primarily  and  chtefiy, 
bodily  strenpth  or  physical  power;  as,  to  work  or 
strive  with  a\\  one's  might.- 

Th^re  shitl  U?  no  might  in  Ihy  hawl.  — Drul.  xxviiJ. 

9.  Political  power  or  great  achievements. 

The  acia  of  DaitM  —  whh  all  hi»  retjn  aud  his  might.  —  1  Chruii. 
xxix.     1  Kiuga  xv. 

3.  National  strength ;  physical  power  or  military 
force. 

We  h«Te   no  mght  a^nlnat  ihh  gteal  company  that  comelh 
■^inst  i«.  —  -  CliT"!!,  XX. 

4.  Valor,  with  bodily  strenpth  ;  military  prowess  ; 
as,  mi-n  of  mi^kt.     1  Chron.  \ii. 

5.  Ability  ;  sirengtii  or  application  of  means. 
I  havr  pp*fM«t!  wiUi  all  my  migM  (^r  tlie  houic  of  my  God.— 

I  Ctiivii.  xxix. 

6.  Strength  or  force  of  purpose. 

Lii'r  him  wm  no  king  Uwt  lumcvi  to  die  LonJ  viiU  &11  hi*  might. 
—  3  Kiag^  xxiii. 

7.  Strength  of  affection. 

Thou  Bhalt  lo»r  die  Lonl  Oiy  God  with  all  thine  bean,  and  widi 
kLl  U»y  »t>a[,  unii  wiUi  all  thy  might.— Dkhi.  v. 

8.  Strength  of  light;  sj^endor;  effulgence. 

Let  ihem  thai  lo»p  him  he  aa  the  su»  when  hu  gwUi  forth  in  his 
might.  —  JudgiM  V, 

Bhakspeare  applies  the  word  tonn  oath.  *'  An  oath 
of  mickle  miirhL"  This  application  is  obsolete.  We 
now  use  strensth  or  force  !  33,  the  strength  or  force  of 
an  oath  or  covenant. 

n'tlh  miaht  and  main  ;  with  the  utmost  strength  or 
bodilv  exertion  ;  a  tautoloffital  pkra^e,  as  both  vordi 
are  from  thr  same  rrm(,  ami  mean  the  same  thinff. 
MIGliT'I-LY,  mlt'e-te,)  ade.  [from  mishtyJ]  With 
gnat  power,  force,  or  strength ;  vigorously  ;  as,  to 
strive  mi^htHy. 

2.  Vehemently  ;  with  great  earnestness. 

Cry  mightiiy  %o  God.  —  Jonah  iSi. 

3.  Powerfully  ;  w't**  gr^i*'  energy, 

Whf-reto  I  alw  lal-w-,  «tTiviii5  scMnling  lo  hi«  worVlng,  which 
wurk'-Ui  ill  nie  tnighdii).  — Col.  i. 

A.  With  great  strength  of  argument. 

n*  vaghliiy  cftnvinocd  thr  Jews.  —  Acu  xvUI. 

5.  With  great  or  irresistible  force ;  greatly  ;  exten- 
Bively. 

So  mighHy  prw  (he  woni  of  God  and  prerafled.  —  AcU  xix. 

6.  With  strong  means  of  defense. 

Fwdfy  thy  power  migh&!y.  —  N.-i1i.  U. 

7.  Greatly  ;  to  a  great  degree  ;  very  much. 
I  «aa  mighdhf  plcaat-d  widi  a  atory  applicable  to  i)it»  pi«e  of 

phiJi«>phy.  Si^ciator. 

[AtimissihU  in  colloquial  and  familiar  /.imTmy «.] 
MTGIIT'I-NESS,  n.    Power  j  grealncaa  ;  hight  of  dig- 
nity. 

How  looa  t>ui  frdfUincM  nwHa  mfarry  I  -  Suik, 

9.  A  title  of  dignity  ;  as,  their  hich  mighiints$c$. 
MTcnT'V,  (mtt'c,)  II.     (Sax.  miAfi>.] 

I.  Having  great  bodily  nrenglh  or  physical  power; 
ver\'  strong  or  vigorous  ;  as,  a  mighty  arm. 

al  Verystrona;  valiant;  bold;  as,  a  mighty  man 
of  valor.     Judges  vi. 

3.  Very  powerful ;  having  great  command. 

Cuih  h.-irat  Nimrod  j  be  beptn  to  be  a  mighty  one  ou  U*  e«rtb. 
—  Gfn.  X. 

4.  Very  strong  in  numbers;  as,  a  mighty  nation. 
Ctfn.  XVI ii. 

.•>.  Very  strong  or  great  in  corporeal  power ;  very 
able. 

Wo  lo  thrm  Ihat  an?  mighty  to  drink  win«.  —  U.  r, 

fi.  Violent;  very  loud;  as,  mighty  thundcrtngs. 
£>.  ix.     Ph.  Ixviii. 

7.  Vehement;  rushing  with  vit)Ience  ;  as,  a  miifAfy 
wind  or  teinpest.     Ex.  x.     Rer.  vi. 

8.  Very  great ;  vast ;  as,  mighty  waters.    A"eA.  ix. 

9.  Very  gnrat  or  strong  ;  as,  mighty  power.  2 
Chron.  xxvi. 

10.  Viry  forcible;  efficaclouu ;  as,  great  is  truth 

tnd  mirrhty.  E.i(iraji. 

II.  Very  great  or  eminent  in  (ntfllect  or  acfiuire- 
mrnts  ;  a*,  the  mighty  Scalitfor  and  f?<'Iden.     Echnrd, 

12.  Great  ;  won(l'nful ;  iwrformed  with  great  pow- 
er ;  as.  mighty  works.    MtUt.  x\. 

\X  Very  siverc  and  di^rtresslng  j  na,  a  mighty  fam- 
ine, r.vk'f  XV. 

14.  Very  great,  large,  or  populous;  as,  a  mighty 
city.  Rrv.  xviii. 

15.  Important ;  momentous. 

I'll  ainr  of  h-foca  and  of  kin^^, 

Iu  Htifuy  liumbpn  mif JUy  ihinr«-  Covfcy. 


MIGHT'V,  (niil'e,)  adv.     In  a  great  deproe  ;  very  ;  as, 
mi'^hty  wise;  mighty  thougfitful.     [CoUvquiaL] 
"  Prior. 

MIGN'TAUD,  fmin'yard,)  a.     [Fr.  mignard.] 

Soft  ;  dainty  ;  delicate  ;  pretty.  B.  Jonson. 

MIGN-ON-NETTE',  (niin-yon-et',)  n.  [Fr.,  a  dimin- 
utive of  mtgiion,  darling.]  An  annual  flowering 
plant,  having  the  scent  of  rispberries ;  Reseda  odo- 
rata.  Jilasoa. 

MI'Glt.\TE,  V.  i.     [L.  migro.] 

1.  'Vo  pass  or  remove  from  one  countr>'  or  from 
one  slate  lo  another,  with  a  view  to  permanent  resi- 
dence, or  residence  of  some  continuance.  The  first 
settlers  of  New  England  viigratrd  first  to  Holland, 
and  afterward  lo  America.  Some  species  of  birds 
ynigrote  in  autumn  to  a  warmer  climate  for  a  tempo- 
rar>^  residence.  To  change  residence  iu  the  same 
city  or  stale  is  not  to  migrate. 

2.  To  jmss  or  remove  from  one  region  or  district  to 
another  for  a  ti-uipvirai-y  residence  ;  a.",  the  Tartars 
viiirrnte  for  the  salfe  of  finding  pasturage. 

MI'GRA-TLNG,  ppr.  or  a.  Removing  from  one  slats 
to  another  f-ir  a  iwrmanent  residence.  The  people 
of  the  Eastern  States  are  continually  migrating  to  the 
Weslern  Stales. 

MI-GRa'TION,  k.     [U  migratio.] 

1.  The  act  of  removing  from  one  kingdom  or  stale 
to  another,  fur  the  purpose  of  permanent  residence, 
or  a  residence  of  some  continuance. 

2.  Change  of  place ;  removal ;  as,  the  migration  of 
the  centi-r  of  gravity.  tVootlmard. 

MI'GRA-TO-RV,  a.  Removing  or  accustomed  to  re- 
move from  one  state  or  country  to  another  for  per- 
manent residence. 

2.  Roving  ;  wandering  ;  occasionally  rcmovmg 
for  pasturage  ;  as,  the  migratory  Tartars. 

3.  Passing  from  one  climate  to  another,  as  birds. 
MILCH,  a.     [Bax.  melee.     See  Mii-K.] 

1.  Giving  milk  ;  as,  a  milch  cow.  It  is  now  ap- 
plied only  to  beasts. 

2.  Soil ;  tender  :  merciful ;  as,  "  mi/cA-hearted." 

Shak. 

MTLD,  a.  [Pax.  mild;  G.  D.  Sw.  and  Dan.  id. :  Russ. 
melayUy  lo  pity.  The  primary  sense  is  soft  or  smoiitli, 
L.  mfl//i>,  Eng.  mellmo,  W.  mall;  allied  perhaps  lo 
melt.     ClassMl,  No.9,  Ifi,  18.] 

1.  Foft ;  gently  and  pleasantly  affecting  the  senses  ; 
not  violent ;  as,  a  viild  air  ;  a  mild  sun  ;  a  mdd  tem- 
perature -y  a  mild  light. 

The  roay  mom  rrsi^QS  her  light 

And  mil'ltt-  glory  to  the  noon.  Wnller. 

And  widk  a  niiiier  gl-am  refreshed  the  sight-  Aihliton. 

2.  Not  acrid,  pungent,  corrosive,  or  drastic;  oper- 
ating gently  ;  not  acrimonious ;  demulcent ;  mollify- 
ing; lenitive;  assuasive  ;  as,  a  mild  liquor;  a  mild 
cataplasm  ;  a  mild  cathartic  or  emetic. 

3.  Tender  and  gentle  in  tem[H:r  or  disposition; 
kind  ;  compassionate  ;  merciful ;  clement ;  indul- 
gent ;  not  severe  or  cruel. 

h  trachea  ua  to  adore  him  as  a  miid  and  mfirwful  Being.  Rogers. 

4.  Not  fierce,  rough,  or  angry  ;  as,  mild  words. 

5.  Placid;  not  fierce;  not  stern;  not  frowning; 
aa,  a  mdd  lm)k  or  aspect. 

6.  Not  tiharp,  urt,  sour,  or  bitter  ;  moderately 
sweet  or  pleasant  to  the  taste  ;  as,  mild  fniit. 

7.  Calm  ;  tranquil.  When  passion  subsides,  the 
temper  becomes  mild. 

8.  Moderate  j  not  violent  or  intense  j  as,  a  mild 
heat. 

Mtr.n'ER.  a.    More  mild. 

MTLD'EST,  a.    Most  mild. 

MIL'DEW.  (mil'du,)  n.     [Sax.  milleaw;   E.  melhgo, 

from   mely   honey  ;    G.  mehlthau^   an   if   from   wicW, 

meat.] 
A  thin,  whitish  coating,  with  which  the  leaves  of 

vegetables  are  sonietina-s  covered,  occnsioiiing  dis- 

ca!«^,  decay,  and  death.     It  is  also  foumi  on  paper, 

cloth,  icc.     It  consists  of  innumerable  minute  fungi. 
Gardner.     Brande. 
MIL'DEW,  F.  (.    To  taint  with  mildew.  Sltak. 

MIL'DEW-KI),  pp.    Tainted  t)r  injured  bv  mildL-w. 
MIL'DEW-ING,  rpr.    Tainting  with  mildew. 
MTLD'LV.  adv.    Softly  ;  eenlly  ;  U^ndi-rly  ;  not  roughly 

or  violently  ;  moderately  ;   as,  to  speak   viildly ;   to 

burn  miltUy;  toopfrnte  mitdli/. 
MILD'NK.'^S,  n.    Softnt^ss;  gentleness;  as,  the  mild~ 

itc^s  of  wurds  <tr  speech  ;  mildarss  of  voice. 
S.  Tenderness ;  mercy  ;  clemency  ;  as,  viUdne^s  of 

temper. 

3.  Gentleness  of  operation  ;  as,  the  m'ddness  of  a 
medicine. 

4.  Softness;  the  quality  that  affects  the  senses 
pleasantly  ;  as,  the  mitdness  of  fruit  or  of  liquors. 

5.  Tempernteness  ;  moderate  slate  ;  as,  the  mild- 
nr.i-.«  of  weather. 

MTLD'-SPIR'IT-KD,     )  a.    Having  a  mild  tcropor. 

MTI-r)'-TEM'l'Ell-*;D,  i  Jlrbuthnot.     Scott. 

MTI.E,  71.  [L.  mdlc  7>*i^.«m,  a  thousund  pac^js  ;  pa.i^-itg 
being  dropjw^d  in  common  usage,  th"  wonl  became  a 
noun;  Sax.  vtU :  Sw.  mil:  Dan.  miih  G.  meile;  D. 


MIL 

or  pcrrhes,  1700  yards,  5280  fcol,  or  60  chains.  The 
Enpli^li  groj:raph!c:iI  mile  is  mjo  "f  a  ilsgree  of  lati- 
tutlt;,  or  about  -iO-Jb  yards.  The  Roman  mile  was  a 
Ihojisand  pacea,  equal  to  1(514  yards  Enplish  measure. 
The  German  short  mUe  is  nearly  equal  to  3  9-10 
Engii5li  miles  ;  the  German  lonq  mile  Ui  5  3A  Eng- 
liiih  miles  ;  the  Prussian  and  Uani.sh  miles  are  each 
aliout  4  7-10  English  miles;  the  Swedish  mile  is 
ahriut  n  .1-8  English  miles.  Kelly. 

MII.E'AlSE,  >i.    Fees  [laid  fur  travel  hy  the  mile. 

MiLE'STO.NE,  71.  A  st(.ne  .set  to  marl<  the  distance 
or  tpace  of  a  mile.  A  post  used  for  this  purpose  is 
called  a  mile-po.u. 

Mil, 'FOIL,  n.     [h.  miltrfuliiim,  a  thousand  leaves.] 
.An  herb  of  the  genus  Achillea  ;  yarrow. 

MII.'IA-RY,  (ya-re,)  a.  [Fr.  viUiairc,  L.  miliuv.,  mil- 
let.] 

1.  Kesembling  millet  seeds  J  as,  a  mi/tary  eniptinn  ; 
miliary  glands.  The  miliary  glands  are  the  seba- 
ceous crlands  of  the  skin.  Coxr. 

2.  Accompanied  with  an  cmption  like  millet 
seeds  ;  as,  a  rni/wrj/  fever. 

MlL-tt;E', for  Militia,  is  not  in  use. 
MIL'1-O-l.I'l'E,  n.    Fossil  remains  of  the  Miliola,  a 

genus  of  microscopic,  univalve  shells.     Eii.  Encyc. 
MIL'I-TAN-CY,  II.    Warfare.     \_LiUlc  vscd .] 

Jifountagu. 
.MIL'I-T.\NT,  a.     [L.  militant,  milito,  to  fight.] 

1.  Fighting;  combating;  serving  as  a  soldier. 

Sjjensrr. 

2.  The  church  militant  is  the  Christian  church  on 
earth,  ivhich  is  supiwscd  to  be  engaged  in  a  constant 
warfare  against  its  enemies ;  thus  distinguished 
from  the  cliarch  triumphant^  or  in  heaven.     Jloukcr. 

Mll.'l-T.-\  Rl-t"Y,  adr.    In  a  soldierly  manner. 

MIL'1-T.\-KY,  o.  [Fr.  mililairc  ;  U  mililariii,  from 
vtilrs,  a  soldier ;  vtilitOf  to  fight ;  Gr.  a/uXAa,  con- 
test.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  soldiers  or  to  arms  ;  as,  a  mUitanj 
parade  or  appearance  ;  military  discipline. 

2.  Engaged  in  the  service  of  soldiers  or  arms  ;  as, 
a  miUliinr  man. 

3.  Warlike;  becoming  a  soldier;  as,  tniZifiir}  vir- 
tue ;  mititani  bravery.  , 

4.  Derived  fr«m  the  services  or  exploits  of  a  sol- 
dier ;  a.'!,  militant  renown. 

5.  Conformable  to  the  customs  or  rules  of  armies 
or  militia.  The  conduct  of  the  officer  was  not  mili- 
tarir. 

6.  Performed  or  made  by  soldiers ;  as,  a  military 
election.  Baron. 

Military  tenure;  a  tenure  of  land,  on  condition  of 
performing  military  service. 

MIL'ITA-UV,  71.  The  whole  body  of  soldiers  ;  sol- 
diery ;  militia  ;  an  army.         United  States.    Mitford, 

MIL'1-TATE,  V.  i.     [L.  tniiito.] 

To  vtilitale  againsty  is  to  oppose ;  to  be  or  to  act  in 
opposition.  SmoUeU. 

Paley  writes,  to  militate  withi  but  in  America, 
aTuini't  is  generally  used. 

MI-"l.l"TI  A,  (me-lish''4,)  7i.  [L.,  from  thi'Im,  a  soldier ; 
Ir.  7710/  or  77"! .-  W.  77n7irr  ;  Gr.  ni.iX"S,  war;  /luAti.., 
to  fight;  ii/iiAX(i,  combat,  contention.  The  primary 
sense  of  fighting  is,  to  strive,  struggle,  drive,  or  lo 
strike,  to  beat,  Eng.  mml,  L.  molior,  Heb.  Ch.  ?yr. 
gam.  and  Ar.  Sdjj,  to  labor  or  toil.  Ho  ezercitus, 
from  exerceo,  to  exert,  to  strive.     Cl.Tss  511,  No.  15.] 

The  body  of  soldiers  in  a  stale  enrolled  for  disci- 
pline, but  not  engaged  in  actual  service  except  in 
emergencies ;  as  distinguished  from  regular  tro<;p3, 
whose  sole  occupation  is  war  or  military  servici^. 
The  militia  of  a  country  are  the  able-bodied  men  or- 
ganized into  companies,  regiments,  and  brigades, 
with  officers  of  all  grades,  and  required  by  law  lo 
attend  military  exercises  on  certain  days  only,  but  at 
other  times  left  to  pursue  their  usual  occupations. 

In  England,  the  militia  consist  of  200,000  men, 
who  do  service  abauf28  days  in  the  year.    P.  Cyc. 

In  the  Uniud  Stales,  the  militia  are  composed  of 
persons  between  18  and  45  years. 

MI-I.I"TI.\-M.\N,  a.    One  who  belongs  to  the  niili- 

Mll.ic,  77.  [FaT.  melcc;  G.  milch;  P.  mrlk;  Sw.  miolk  ; 
Dan.  ma-lk;  Uu.^s.  ih/cA",  or  moti'tio ;  Dohemian, 
mliko  ;  Ir.  mcilg.     Pee  the  verb.] 

1.  A  while  fluid  or  liquor,  secreted  by  certain 
gland.s  in  leniale  animals,  and  drawn  from  the 
breasts  for  the  nourishment  of  their  young. 

2.  The  while  juice  of  certain  plants. 

3.  Eiiiiilsion  made  by  bruising  seeds;  as,  the  milk 
of  almonds,  produced  by  pounding  almonds  with 
sugar  and  water. 

MILK  V.  t.  [Sax.  iiiflcflii,  mco/cian  ;  G.  and  D.  mc/ften; 
Pw.  miSlka  ;  Dan.  vuelker  ;  Russ.  mclzyu ;  L.  mulgco  ; 

Gr.  aeiA)  w.]  ,  ,      .  ^      ^ 

1.  To  draw  or  press  milk  from  the  breasts  by  the 
hand  ;  as,  to  milk  a  cow. 

2.  To  suck.     ["A"ot  iwC'/.]  Shak. 
MILK'KD,  (milkt,)  pp.    Drawn  from  the  breasts  by 

the  hand. 
MILIC'A'N,  a.    Consisting  of  milk.     [JVol  used.] 

Temple. 


myl  I  Ft.  milU;  !^p.  mitla:  Ton.  milha;  it.  miglii'.]       I  „,..■,■, 

A  measure  of  length  or  distance.    The  English  or    JIII.k'ER^  ",•,^9"'^  that  milks, 
statute  mile  contains  8  furlongs,  320  r"ds,  poles,  i  MII.K'-l  lc-\  ER    -       »  ••>"'■' 


A  fever  which  sometimes  ac- 


TtNE,  BPLL,  TJNtTE AJf'GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  M  K  ;  0  M  J  i  «  a«  Z ;  ClI  as  811 ;  TU  M  In  THia 


00 


713 


MIL 

comp.inif><t  the   first  secretion  of  milk  in  females 
nner  childbirth. 

MlLK'-MF.ltCE,  n,  A  sbnib  growing  on  the  Coro- 
mnndel  coast,  conlaininjt -t  niilkv  juice. 

MILK'I-LY.  tutc.    Afterthe  nianiur  ot  milk  ;  larteallv. 

MILK'I-NESS,  n.  dualities  like  those  of  milk  ;  soil- 
ness. DrxtdeH. 

MILK'IXG-  ppr.  Drawins  milk  from  the  breasts  of 
ail  Hnimal  by  the  iiand. 

MILK'ING,  n.  The  art  of  dmwing  milk  (torn  the 
bfiNii'ts  c»f  an  animal  bv  the  hand. 

MILK'-LIV-ER-jED,  a.     Cowardly;  Umoroua 

Shnk. 

MTLK'M.^ID,  n,  A  woman  that  milks  or  is  eni^Uoyed 
in  the  ilairy;  sonuMiines,  a  milkwoiiinn. 

MILK'M.W,  n.  A  man  that  sc'lls  mtik  or  cnniea  milk 
to  market. 

MILK'-PA!L,  n.  A  pail  which  receives  the  milk 
drawn  fri>m  cowa. 

MILK'-PA\,  II.    A  pan  in  which  milk  is  set. 

MILK-POR'RIDCE,  >  n.     .K  siv-cies  of  fmid  composed 

MII.K-Pur^TACE,  \  of  milk  or  milk  and  water, 
b<>il(d  with  meal  or  flour.  Locke, 

MILK'-Se6RE,  w.  An  arcoimt  of  milk  sold  or  pur- 
chased in  small  quantities,  scored  or  marked. 

Addison. 

MILK'-SICK-XESS,  n.  A  peculiar  and  most  maliff- 
nant  disease,  occurring  in  some  localities  of  the 
Western  United  States,  and  alfecting  certain  kinds 
of  farmslock,  and  persons  who  make  use  of  the 
meat  or  dair)'  products  of  infected  cattle.  Its  cause 
is  unknown.  Farm.  Eacye. 

HILK'SOP,  K.  Apiece  of  bread  sopped  in  milk;  more 
usually,  a  soA,  efieminate,  feeble-minded  man. 

,9dJi^n.     Prior. 

MII>K'-Tin3-TLE,  (this'I,)  n.  An  esculent  Europe- 
fin  plant  of  the  thistle  kind,  having  the  veins  of  its 
leaves  of  a  milky  whiteness  —  Carduus  Marianus. 

P.  Ctie. 

MILK'-TOOTH,  m.  The  fore  tooth  of  a  f.ml,  which 
comes  at  the  age  of  about  three  months,  and  is  cast 
within  two  or  three  years.  Far,  Diet. 

MILK'-TKEE,  ».  A  name  common  to  sevcrftl  trees 
yielding  a  milky  juice,  especially  to  those  In  which 
this  juice  is  fit  for  fi.tod,  as  the  cow-tree  of  South 
America.  Brcnde. 

MILK'-TRE'FOIL,  n.    A  plant,  said  to  be  a  Cjiisus. 

JtfAjUOM. 

MILK'VETCH,  a.     A  plant  of  the  penus  Astragalus. 
lilLK'WEEO,  n.    An   herb  ntwundin?  in  a  milky 

juice,  and  having  its  seeds  attached  lo  a  long,  silky 

down,  the  JistUpias  SwrimcJi. 
MILK'-WHTTE,  a.     \Vliiie  af  milk.  TVjrfeiu 

MILK'WOM-AN,  n.    A  woman  that  sells  milk. 

Arbtttkn^ 
MII.K'WORT,  n.     A  plant  of  the  genera  Poly  gala. 

Euphorbia,  &c 
MILKY,  a.     Made  of  milk. 

2.  ResemUinz  milk;  as,  mililir  sap  or  Juice.  Pope. 

3.  Yirldinsmilk;  as,  nudity  mothers.  RoMnmanotu 

4.  SoA ;  mdd  ;  gentle  \  timorous ;  as,  a  nut/tv  heart. 

MII.K'Y-WAY,  w.  The  galaxy;  a  broed,  luminous 
path  or  circle  in  the  heavens,  supposed  to  be  the 
blended  light  of  innumerable  fix«Mi  stars,  wliich  are 
not  distinguishable  with  onlmiiry  telescupes.  Harris, 

HILL,  a.     [L.  m;i>,  a  thousand.] 

A  money  of  account  of  the  United  States,  value 
the  tenth  of  a  cent,  or  the  thousandth  of  a  dollar. 

MILL,  a.  [Sax.  ntiin .-  W.  mcUn  ;  Ir.  mrtle  or  7auiUa»  ; 
Corn,  mett/m ;  Arm.  meU  or  mrlin  ;  Fr.  moitiin  ;  L. 
WMlay  (?r.  fivXrij  iA»\"i  ;  O.  miihle;  D.  molen;  Sw. 
mat;  Dan.  auiiie;  Sp.  jhoUho  ;  lU  nuUno;  Russ.  mel- 
nitsa:  Goth,  malan^  to  grind,  Ir.  meUim,  Fr.  motulre^ 
for  moulUrr^  \V.  malu,  Ann.  mala  or  matriit,  Sp.  moler, 
Ifc  moid,  G.  HKbUejt,  D.  maaUn,  8w.  maia  Uau.  maler : 
Port.  m»^t  by  contraction,  Russ.  mWyiu  It  is  not 
certain  wbkb  is  the  original  word,  the  noun  or  the 
Tc«b,  or  whether  both  arc  frv'm  a  prior  radical  sense. 
We  obs^re  tliat  the  elements  of  this  word  coincide 
with  tlioae  oC  L.  mW,  honey,  nuW/u,  Eng.  mfUoto^ 
mild,  moid,  vuai^  W.  firnll,  &:r.,  all  expressive  of  soft- 
Bess.  Grinding  is  now  breaking  by  friction  or  pres- 
sure^  but  not  improbably  grain  was  pulveri:ced  by 
beatmg  or  ftoundiiig  before  the  use  of  the  quern.  If 
BO,  mill  may  coincide  in  oriiiin  with  mallet.  We  ob- 
serve that  this  word  is  in  the  languages  of  all  the 
great  European  families,  Celtic,  Teutonic,  and  Sla- 
vonic] 

1.  A  complicated  encine  or  machine  for  grinding 
and  reducing  to  fine  particles,  grain,  fruit,  or  other 
substance,  or  for  perfonning  other  operations  by 
means  of  wheels  and  a  circular  motion  ;  as,  a  grist- 
MiU,  for  grain  ;  a  coffee-mt/i ;  a  cider-milt :  a  bark-mi/f. 
The  original  purpose  of  mills  was  to  comminute  grain 
for  food,  but  the  word  mill  is  now  extended  to  en- 
gines or  machines  moved  by  water,  wind,  or  steam, 
for  carrying  on  many  other  operations.  Wc  have 
•i/-m/J>,  sow-mtlfj,  glittiRg-miUs,  bark-mUU,  faUiMg- 
mills.  ice 

2.  The  house  or  building  that  contiins  the  machin- 
ery for  grinding,  &.c. 

UILL,  r.  t.  To  grind  :  to  comminute ;  to  reduce  lo 
fine  particles  or  to  small  pieces. 


MIL 

2.  In  cOTTunrt-,  In  nitiko  a  niised  impression  round 
the  edges  of  a  piece  uf  muuey,  to  prevent  the  clip- 
ping vf  the  coin. 
:t.  To  pass  through  a  f*illlng-mill ;  to  full,  as  cloth. 
4.  In  cant  lanffiiasre,  to  beat  severely  with  the  fists, 
as  if  in  a  fuIling-miU.  Smart, 

To  mill  ehocvlatc,  is  to  fnilh  it.     [See  Froth.] 

MILL'-CUG,  n.     TJio  cog  of  a  mill-wheel.    Mortimer. 

MILL'-DAM,  n.  A  dan»  or  mound  to  obstruct  a 
watercourse,  and  raise  the  water  to  an  altitude  suf- 
ficient to  tarn  a  mill-whet;!,  .yfortimer. 

MILL'-IIORSE,  «.    A  horse  that  turns  a  mill. 

MILL'-PO\l>,  H.  A  [H)ud  or  reservoir  of  water  raised 
for  driving  a  uiill-wtieet. 

MILL'-R.^CE,  n.  The  current  of  water  that  drives  a 
milt-whcel,  or  the  canal  in  which  it  is  conveyed. 

Franklin. 

MILL'Rr:A,  I  It.      A  coin  of  Portugal,  commiuily  es- 

MILL'REE,  i  timaled  at  fi.t.  sterling,  or  about  108 
cents;  though  a  small  gold  niillrea  of  1755  was 
worth  onlv  3.t.  2d.  sterling.  P.  Cye. 

.MILL'-SI.VPENCE,  n.  An  old  English  coin,'first 
milled  in  15(il,  being  one  of  the  earliest  that  was 
roillrd.  O.  S.  Fabrr,     Douce. 

MILL'STONE,  n.     A  stone  used  for  grinding  grain. 
To  see  into  a  millstone  t  lo  see  witll  acutepess,  or 
to  pcnetmte  into  abstruse  subjects.  ^uarL  Ren. 

MILL'STONE-GRiT,  n.  A  hard  and  coapse,  gritty 
sandstone.  Dana. 

MILL'-TOOTH,  n. ;  pi.  Mill-teeth.  A  grinder,  dens 
molarit.  ArbuthnoL 

MILL'-WRIOHT,  (-rltP,)  B.  A  mechanic  whose  oc- 
cu{>ation  is  to  build  mills. 

MILL'£D,  (luild,)  pp.  or  a.  Passed  through  a  mill ; 
subjected  lo  the  operation  of  milling,  as  a  coin  ; 
fulled;  soundly  beaten  with  the  fists. 

MIL-LE-NA'Rl-AN,a.     [Fr.  mellcnaire.     See  .Millen- 

KlfM.] 

Consisting  of  a  thousand  years  ;  pertaining  to  the 
millennium.  Kncpc. 

MIL-LE-.\a'RI-AN,  n.  A  chiliast ;  one  who  believes 
that  Christ  will  personally  reign  on  earth,  with  his 
saints,  a  Uiousand  years  before  the  end  of  the  world. 

Kncvc. 

MIL-LE-NA'RI-AN-IS.M,  n.  The  doctrine  of  niiliena- 
rians. 

MIL'LE-NA-RY,  a.     [Fr.  mitienaire.] 

Consisimg  of  a  thousand.  Arbuthnot 

MIL'LE-.NARY,  iu    The  sp.-ice  of  a  thou^iind  years. 

MIL-LEN'\I-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  milli^nnium, 
or  lo  a  thousand  years  ;  as,  nullennijil  period  ;  millen- 
nial happiness.  Burnet. 

MIL-LE.\".\I-AL-I3T,  n.  One  who  believes  that 
Christ  will  reign  personally  un  earth  a  thousand 
years  ;  a  chiliasU  Stvwe. 

MI  L'LI::.\\IST,  a.   One  who  holds  to  the  millennium. 

iJi'ot  tuird.]  Juknson. 

L-LEX'M-UM,  a.  [L.  miUe,  a  thousand,  and  an- 
««.*,  year.] 

A  thousand  years ;  a  word  used  to  denote  the 
thousand  ye.ars  mentioned  in  Revelations  xx.,  during 
which  |>eriod  Sat;in  wilt  be  bound,  and  holiness  be- 
come triumphant  throughout  the  world.  During  this 
period,  as  some  believe,  Christ  will  reign  on  earth  in 
person  with  his  saints. 
MIL'LE-PED,  n.      [L.  miUCj  a  thousand,  and  pes, 

foi'U] 

1'he  wood-louse,  an  insect  baling  many  feet,  a 
species  of  Oniscus. 
MIL'LE-PORE,  n.     [L.  mille,  a  thousand,  and  porus, 
a  pore.] 

A  genus  of  corals,  having  the  surface  smooth,  and 
perforatod  with  very  niinutw  punctures  or  cells.  It 
belongs  to  the  madrepore  family.  Dana. 

MIL'LE-PO-RITE,  n.     Fossil  millepores. 
MILL'ER,  n.     ^from  mtU.]     One  whose  occupation  is 
to  attend  a  grist-mill. 

2.  An   insect  whose  wings  appear  as  if  covered 
with  white  dust  or  powder,  like  a  miller's  clothes. 
MILL'ERS'-THUMB,  n.     A  email  fish  found  in  small 
streams  in  Europe,  tlie  river  bull-head.  Coitus  sobio. 

P.  Cue. 
MIL-IiE.S'IM-AL,   a.      [L.   millesimus,   from   vtilUy    a 
thoussLiid.] 

I'liousandth  ;  consisting  of  a  thousand  parts  ;  aa, 
millesimal  fractions.  H^atts. 

MIL'LET,  n.  [Fr.  millet  or  mil;  It.  miglioi  Sp.  mijo; 
L.  milium  ;  Sax.  mil.'] 

\.  .\  plant,  or  the  grain  of  a  plant,  of  the  genus 
Holcus  or  Sorghum,  having  a  stalk  resembling  a 
jointed  reed,  and  classed  by  botanists  among  the 
grasses.  Various  species  are  used  as  food  for  men 
and  animals,  but  the  Iiulian  millet  is  the  most  com- 
mon. The  species  are  mostly  natives  of  warm  cli- 
mates- P.  Cyc. 

2.  Millet  grass,  or  millet ;  a  hardy  grass  of  the 
genus  Milium,  of  several  species.        Farm.  Encye. 
MILLIARD',  B.     [Fr.]     A  thousand  millions. 
MIL'LI-A-RY,  a.     [L.  mUliarium,  a  milestone.] 

Pertaining  to  a  mile  ;  denoting  a  mile  ;  as,  a  mil- 
liary  column.  D^AnvUle. 

MIL'LI-A  ItY,  n.     Among  the  Romans,  a  mile-stone. 
MIL'LI-GRAM,         (n.      [L.  mille,  a  thousand,  and 
MIL' LI- GRAMME,  \      Gr.  >  oai^ia,  a  gram.] 


MIM 

In  the  eystrm  of  French  ireiffhts  and  measure.-*,  the 
tliou.'inndth  part  of  a  gramme,  equal  to  a  cubic  mil- 
limeter of  water.  Lunicr. 

'I'he  milligram  is  equal  to  .0154  English  grains, 
Troy  weight.  McCulloch. 

MIl^LIL'I-TER,  )r.      [U    miUe,  a   thousand,    and 
MIL'Ll  Lt-TRF.,  \      titer.] 

A  French  measure  of  capacity,  containing  the 

thousandth  part  of  liter  or  cubic  decimeter,  equal  to 

."OlUl  diTimals  of  a  cubic  inch.  McCulloch. 

MIL-I.IM'E-TER,  in.      [L.   miUe,  a  thou- 

MIL'IJ-MK-TRE,{-mix'teT,))      sand,  and  metrum,  a 

measure.]  • 

A  French  lineal  measure,  containing  the  thousandth 
part  of  a  meter,  equal  to  -oaos?  decimals  of  an  inch. 
It  is  the  least  measure  of  length. 

Lunier.     McCulloch. 
MII/LIN-^R,  n.    [Johnson  supposes  this  word  to  be 
^^iLANER,  from  Milan,  in  Italy.] 

A  woman  who  makes  and  sells  head-dresses,  hats, 
or  bonnets.  &c.,  for  feniules. 
MIL'LLX  ER-Y,  n.    The  articlcB  made  or  sold  by  mil- 
liners, as  head-dresses,  hats  or  bonnets,  laces,  rib- 
bons, and  tlie  like. 
MILL'[NG,7f/»7-.    Grinding  ;  reducing  to  small  pieces  ; 
fulling,  as  cloUi ;  stampmg  on  the  edges,  as  coin; 
beating. 
MILL'ING,  n.    The  act  or  employment  of  grinding  or 
passing  through  a  mill. 

2.  In  evinin^T,  the  act  of  making  raised  impressions 
on  tlie  edges  uf  coin,  or  the  iuipressions  thus  made. 

Edia,  Encyc. 

3.  In  cant  lanv\tage,  a  beating  with  the  fists. 
MILL'ION,   (mil'yun,)   n.      [Fr.   million;    It.  vtiliane; 

Sp.  millon:  Port.  miUiam;  probably  from  L.  mille,  a 
UtouHand.] 

1.  Tlie  number  of  ten  hundred  thousand,  or  a 
thousand  thousand.  It  is  used  as  a  noun  or  an  ad- 
jective ;  as,  a  million  of  men,  or  a  million  mou.  As 
a  noun,  it  has  a  regular  plural,  millions. 

2.  In  common  usage,  a  very  great  number,  indefi- 
nitely. 

Tbere  tin  miliionM  of  Irutb*   that  loeo  we  not  conwm«l  to 
know.  Lock*. 

MILL'ION-AIRE,  tu    [Fr.]    A  man  worth  a  million.  ' 

MII.L'ION-A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  millions  ;  consist- 
ing of  millions  ;  as,  the  inilUottary  chronology  of  the 
Pundits.  Pinkcrton. 

MILL'ION-ED,  a.  Multiplied  by  millions.  [Xot 
used.  ]  iHuik. 

MILL'IONTH,  a.    The  ten  hundred  thousandth. 

MILT,  n.  [Sax.  milt ;  Dan.  and  D.  milt ;  G.  mill ;  Sw. 
viialte ;  It,  milza ;  probably  so  named  from  its  soft- 
ness, and  allied  lo  mild,  mellow,  melt.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  spleen  ;  a  viscus  sittmted  in  the 
left  hvpocliondrium,  under  the  diaphragm. 

2.  'I'he  soft  roe  of  fishes,  or  the  spermatic  part  of 
the  males.  Encyc. 

MfLT,  V.  t.  To  impregnate  the  roe  or  spawn  of  the 
female  fish.  Johnson. 

MILT'ER,  n.     A  male  fish.  Walton. 

MILT'WORT,  71.  An  herb  of  the  genus  Asplcnium  ; 
spleenwort. 

MIME,  Ji,    [See   Mimic]    Among  ffte  annVnte,  a  kind 
of  farce  or  dramatic  representation  in  which  real  cliar- 
acters  were  depicted. 
2.  An  actor  in  such  representations. 

MI.ME,  r.L  To  mimic,  or  play  the  bulToon.  [06*.] 
[See  Mimic] 

MIM'ER,  71.    A  mimic.     fOi*.]     [Sec  Mimic] 

WI-MiC'SIS.  T(.  [Gr.]  In  rketone,  imitation  of  the 
voice  or  gestures  of  another.  Encyc. 

MIM'E-TEiNE,  n.  The  mineral  arseniate  of  lead,  oc- 
curring in  pale-yellow  or  brownish  hexagonal  crys- 
tals. 

M'-Mir'UlAi.,!'"-   [Gr- ;../">-"«■] 

Imitative  ;  as,  the  mimetic  arts  ;  apt  to  imitate  ;  giv- 
en to  aping  or  mimicry. 
Mni'ie,  to.     [Ij.  mimus,  mimicus;  Gr. /^i/ioj,  ^i- 

MIM'IC-AL,  i  //!«'$;  fitficuiiai,  to  imitalo;  allied 
probably  to  /idj/ioj.] 

1.  Imitative  ;  inclTned  to  imitate  or  to  ape  ;  having 
the  practice  or  habit  of  imitating. 

M.in  u  of  all  creatures  ihc  mc«l  mimical  in  ge«mre»,«ferch,  *c. 

WotlOK. 

Q.  Consisting  of  imitation  ;  as,  mimic  gestures. 

Mimic  implies  often  something  droll  or  ludicrous, 

or  less  dignified  thfjii  imitatipe. 

MIM'ie,     in.    One  who  imitates  or  mimics  ;  a  buf- 

MIM'ICK,  \      foon  who  attempts  to  excite  lanchtei  or 

derisitui  by  acting  or  sjieaking  in  the  manner  of  an 

other.  Prior. 

2.  A  mean  or  servile  imitator. 

Of  France  the  mimit:  and  of  SpAin  the  pn-y.  Atwn. 

MIM'ie,     j  ».  t     To  imitate  or  ape  for  sport ;  to  at- 
MIM'ICK,  i      tempt  lo  excite  laughter  or  derision  by 
acting  or  speaking  like  another;  to  ridicule  by  imi- 
tation, 

Th«;  walV,  ih*"  wohIb,  th'^  gfsliiTe,  couW  aiipptj', 

Tlie  h-ibit  tnimic,  anil  the  mien  lielie.  Dn/rUn. 

MIM'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  an  imitative  or  aping  man- 
ner. 


FiTE,  FXR,  FALU  WH/lT.— METE,  PR^Y.-PIXE,  MARLNE,  BTRD— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.- 
__ 


MIN 

MrM'ICKfTD,  (luiiii'ikt,)  pp.    Iiuikilcd  forflport. 
MIM'ICK-KR,  M,     One  who  mimics. 
MIM'ICK-ING,  ;;pr.    Imitating  fur  sport;   ridiculing 

hy  tmilaiion. 
MlM'ie-RV,  n.    Ludicrous  imitation  for  sport  or  ridi- 
cule. Spwtator. 
MT-MOG'RA  PirER,  n.    [Gr.  pa^o^  and  ypa^,.u] 

A  writer  of  larctts  or  mimes.  Herbert. 

MI'.NA,  n.     [Gr.  pva;  L.  luina  ;  At.  Class  Mn,  No.  5, 
9,7.J  ' 

A  welgtit  or  dpnomination  of  money.    The  niina 
of  the  Old  TeTitament  was  valued  at'  fifty  sliekeW. 
The  Greek  or  Attic  niina  was  valued  at  a  hundn-d 
dnithinas,  more  than  £3  sterling,  or  $14.  McCuUoch. 
MI-Na'CIOL'S,  (me*na'shus,J  a.     fL.  miiiax,  from  mi- 
nor, to  (hreitlen.] 
Threatt-nins  ;  menacmg. 
MI-NAC"I-'I'V,  (me-nas'e-l£,)  n.    [L.  miitax..] 
Di^pusitiun  lo  threaten.     [tJUU  uaed.'[ 


MIN 


MIN 


[L.  mitiax,  from  mi- 
Jilore, 


MIN'A-RET,  n.  [Ar.  BjUL*  fna«arc/<m,  a  lantern; 
W.  mwn,  a  apire.] 

A  slender,  lofty  turret  on  the  mosques  of  Molmm- 
medan  countries,  rising  hy  different  slaves  or  stories, 
and  siimxinded  by  one  or  more  projecting  balconies 
from  which  the  people  are  summoned  to  prayer. 

Brandt.     OtcUt, 

JflX-A-TO'Rr-AL-rA*,  adr.     With  threats. 

MI\'A-TO-KV,  a.    Threatening;  menacing.  Bacon. 

MI.VCE,  (niins,)  r.  t.  [Sax.  mivsian^  from  the  root  of 
L.  miTiMtf,  to  diminish  ;  W.  main^  Arm.  inaon,  Fr.  tbc- 
nu,  minef.,  Ir.  min,  mwn,  sntall,  fine  j  L.  minor,  small- 
er ;  wiWKrt,  to  diminish  ;  Gr.  fkivvoi^  small,  slender  ; 
^t¥\}t)tA}^  to  diminish  ;  L.  vunutus^  minute  j  Sw.  miti- 


thty  to  diminish ;  Ar.    ^^^  laonna,  to  weaken,  to  di- 

w 
minish.    Class  Mn,  No.  5.] 

1.  To  cut  or  chop  into  very  small  pieces;  as,  lo 
vtince  meat  Dryden. 

2.  To  diminish  in  speaking  ;  to  retrench,  cut  ofl^, 
or  omi!  0  part  for  the  purpose  of  suppressing  the 
truth;  to  extenuate  in  representation. 

1   know  no  »»jr  to  uur«  it  in  Iotc,  but  lo  way  (lir?etlT,  !  lore 

„      yo"'  'Shak. 

Biren,  now  mince  iltc  sin. 

And  moIUfjr  lUmfkiition  wilh  a  phrM^.  Oryien. 

If,  to  minct  his  meaiijnp,  I  Iwd  rith-^r  omittM  some  p^n  of  whnt 
h*  laiit,  f>r  lakrit  inm  ihe  ■ircnfflh  of  Itii  cxpn^ion,  I  c«r- 
tsiiiij}-  h^l  wr>j.igv(l  hini.  DryiUn. 

Th«e  —  were  foite^Jto  tmnce  the  matter.  WoaJward, 

3.  To  spt-ak  with  affV-cied  softness ;  lo  clip  words  : 
not  In  litter  the  full  sound.  Shak. 

4.  To  walk  wilh  short  ctr  diminished  steps. 
MINCK,  r.  i.    To  walk  with  ^hort  steps ;  to  walk  wHh 

affected  nicety  ;  to  atfert  delicacy  in  manner 

\'\l  turn  two  minring  «icpB 
Into  a  muiiy  striJif.  Shak. 

BcO'iK  thr  <Uii5lilm  of  Zion  are  h-itjghtj  —  walking  unit 
mtrtriri;  »m  ilny  g;o. -— 1«,  iij, 

2.  To  speak  softly,  or  with  alTected  nicety. 

I}rydm. 

MIN'CED,  (mlTat,)  pp.  or  a.   Cut  or  chopped  iu'tn  very 
small  pieces. 

51l\(:K'-.Mi?AT,     i         »,    .    . 

MI\'C>;iJ-.Mfc:A¥,  i  "•    "'*^*  chopped  very  fine. 

MIN('E'-riK,  i  a.  A  pie  made  wilh  minced 

MINT cr)-f'TE,(miDst-0  ]    nical  and  other  inan^d icnts 
baked  m  paste.  Spectator. 

WIN'Cl.N'G,  ppr.    Cutting  into  small  pieces :  sjwaking 
or  walking  affectedly. 

M1N'CI.\G-LY,  ft/c.    In  small  part* ;  not  fully. 

Hooker, 

MI-VD,  n.  [Sat,  e^mind^  ffnnynde;  Ir.  mein^  miun ;  W. 
mi'n,  or  mnttP^  mind  or  will ;  giryn,  a  demand  ;  I)an. 
viinrie,  mind,  vote,  consent ;  minder^  to  remind  ;  Sw. 
mian«,  memory  ;  minutu,  to  rememher,  to  call  to 
mind,  as  L.  reminiseor:  L.  weitM;  Gr.  py£t>i,  mcm- 
orj-,  mention;  /(vn'yjcn,  to  remember;  /*(»«{,  mind, 
ardor  of  mind,  vehemence  ;  priiM  f,  ang-^r ;  Sans,  man^ 
vuina,  mind,  will,  heart,  thought ;  Z<-rid  meno.  Mind 
signififjs  pro[HTly  intention^  a  rearhing  or  inclining 
ftiward  (o  an  ohjert,  from  the  primary  sims«  of  ex- 
tending, !<tretching,  or  inclining,  or  advancing  eag'-r- 
!y,  pushing  or  itr-ttins  forward,  whenre  the  Greek 
sense  of  the  W(»rd,  in  analogy  with  the  Teutonic 
mod,  mordy  muth,  mind,  courafff,  spirit,  mellle.  So 
I,,  animu.1,  animoaus.  The  Russ.  ha^  pmninnya,  to 
m-ntion,  to  remember  ;  pitmin^  remembrance,  and 
v-^raie,  or  umfinir^  understandinj.  Qu.  JVir««,  J/cnu, 
JUrnr^,  .WoKor.  Class  Mn,  No.  1,  9.] 
1.  Intention;  purpose;  design. 

The  (rxfifify  of  ihn  wickitii  U  nUiini.i.iriofi ;  how  iniirh  more, 
wiipn  be  iTiogrih  ti  witJi  k  wick'.l  »««■//  — Prov.  xx'i. 

a.  In<  lination  ;  will ;  desire  ;  a  senun  murJi.  usrd,  but 
tTprtxtins  ifni  than  settled  purpone;  as  in  I  he  common 
phraser,  *'[  wish  to  know  your  mind;"  "Let  nie 
know  your  mind  ;"  "  He  had  a  mi/id  to  go  ;"  "  He 
ha-^  a  partner  to  bis  mind.^* 

.1.  opmiun  ;  as,  to  express  one's  mind.  We  are  of 
one  mind, 

4.  Memory  ;  remembrance  ;  a^t,  to  pi:l  one  in  miud; 


ofviind.    From  theo|>oration3of  the  intellect  in  man, 

this  word  came  to  signify, 

5.  The  iutcllectnal  or  intelligent  power  in  man  ; 
the  undcrstaudjugi  the  power  that  conceives,  judges, 
or  reasons. 

I  fc;^r  1  am  not  in  my  pcrfoct  mind.  S3iaJc. 

So  we  speak  of  a  sound  Ynind^  a  disoniered  mind, 
a  weak  mind^  a  strong  mind,  wilh  reference  to  the  ac- 
tire  powers  of  the  understanding;  and  in  a  passive 
sense,  it  denotes  capacity,  as  when  we  say,  Ihemind 
can  not  comprehend  a  subject. 

6.  The  heart  or  seat  of  affection. 

Which  were  a  grief  of  mitxd  lo  Isaac  aiid  Rclwkah.— Gen.  itxvi. 

7.  The  will  and  affection;  as,  readiness  of  mind. 
Actg  xvii. 

8.  The  implanted  principle  of  grace.     Rimt.  vii. 
MINO,    V.  U     To  attend  to  ;  to  fix  the  thoughts  on  ;  to 

regard  wilh  attention. 

O.isc  to  r^TK'Ht  mt ;  lot  ua  mind  our  way.  Zhydtn. 

AJiruf  not  liiirh  things. —~Kuni.  xit. 

9.  To  atleiiil  to  or  regard  witli  submission  ;  to  obey. 
His  father  told  hmi  to  desist,  but  he  would  not  mind 
him. 

3.  To  put  in  mind  ;  to  remind.  lObs.]  Locke. 
•^    A.  To  intend  ;  to  mean.  Chapman. 

MIND,  V.  i.     To  be  inclined,  or  disposed  to  incline. 

Wlicn  one  of  them  miivUlh  to  go  into  rebellion.     |06«.] 

^petitar. 
MIND'ED,  a.    Disposed;  inclined. 

If  mfii  wfiT  mitvie'l  lo  live  rirtuonsty.  TUlotM<m. 

Joteph  wa»  minded  to  put  her  away  privily.  —  Matt.  i. 

Minded  is  much  used  in  composition  ;  as,  high- 
minded;  \ow-mindcd;  feeble-minded;  sober-niiadcrf ,- 
double-minrf(?rf. 

MINU'ED-NES:?,  ti.  Disposition;  inclination  toward 
anv  thing  ;  as,  heavenlv  mitidedness.  Mihifir. 

MTND'-FILL-ING,  a.     Filling  the  mind.      Mitford. 

MIND'FJJL,  a.  Attentive  ;  regarding  with  care  ;  bear- 
ing in  mind  ;  heedful ;  obstirvanU 

I  promiae  to  !*■  mindftd  of  ymir  rnHnionitlona.  Hammond. 

W  h»t  i«  man,  tlial  thou  ait  atind/ul  of  liiju  ?  —  Pa.  vii. 

MTND'F?JL-LY,  adv.     Attentively;  heedfuHy. 
.MIND'FJJL  NESS,  n.     Attention  ;    regard  ;    hcedftil- 

ne***. 
MI.VDTNG,  ppr.     Regarding:  heeding. 
.MTN'D'I.NG,  n.     Regard. 
MIND'LESS,   a.       Inattentive;   heedless;   forgetful; 

negligent  ;  careless 

Cumwl  AthMi>,  nuffilett  of  thy  vorth.  Shak. 

S.  Not  endued  with  mind  or  intellectual  powers  ; 
as,  mindlcts  bodies.  Gavies. 

3.  Stupid;  unthinking;  as.  a  mtmUc;^  slave. 

Shak. 
:\rTND'-STRICK-£N,  a.     Moved;   affected  in  mind. 

\JVflt  tmed.]  Sidney. 

MINE,  a.  called  sometimes  a  pronominal  adj.  [Sax. 
min;  Sw.  and  Dan.  mm;  Goth,  meimi;  Fr.  man;  D. 
mt/n ;  G.  mein,  contracted  from  miiren  :  for  me,  in 
Gothic,  is  miky  Dan.  mi>,  G.  mich.  The  L.  mCM^,  and 
Russ.  nwiy  are  also  contracted.] 

My  ;  belonging  to  me.  It  was  formerly  used  be- 
fore nouns  beginning  with  vowols.  "I  kept  myself 
from  mine  initpiity."  Ps.  xviii.  But  this  use  is  no 
longer  retained.  We  now  uso  my  I>ef4*rc  a  vowel  as 
well  ti»  before  an  articulation  ;  as,  mp  iniquity.  In 
present  uxage,  mtj  always  precetlca  the  noun,  and 
mine  folUtws  the  noun,  and  usually  th«  verb  ;  an, 
this  is  my  book;  this  book  is  mine;  it  is  called  mi/ 
bonk  ;  Ihe  book  is  called  mine ;  it  is  acknowledged  to 
be  intne. 

Mine  sometimes  supplies  the  place  of  a  noun. 
Your  sword  and  mine  are  differrmt  in  consirurtion. 
MINE,  Tt.  [Fr.  mine,  a  mine  or  ore,  whence  mineral; 
It.  mina,  mintera;  Sp.  mina,  a  mine,  a  conduit,  a 
subterraneous  canal,  a  spring  or  source  of  water; 
Port,  id.;  Ir.  men,  mianach;  Dan.  and  G.  mine;  Sw. 
mina;  D.  mtrn ;  W.  mirn,  whence  mwnai^  money; 
Ann.  mt'ii.     The  radical  eignifieation  is  not  tdivious.j 

1.  A  pit  or  exraviitlon  in  the  earth,  from  whicii 
metallic  ores  or  other  mineral  substances  are  taken 
by  digging.  The  pits  from  which  stones  only  are 
taken  are  called  fju*irries. 

9.  In  the  mduary  art,  a  subterraneous  canal  or  pas- 
sage dug  under  the  wall  or  rampart  of  a  fortification, 
where  a  quanliiy  of  [wiwder  may  be  lodged  for  blow- 
ing up  the  works. 

3,  A  rich  sourr^  of  wealth  or  other  good. 
MINE,  v.  i.    To  dig  a  mine  or  pit  in  the  earth. 

H'oodtoard. 

S.  To  fonn  a  sublerrnneoua  canni  or  hole  by 
pcmlrhing;  lo  form  a  burrow  or  lodge  in  the  earth, 
as  animals;  as,  the  mininir  coney.  ffottotu 

3.  To  jiraclice  secret  means  of  injury. 
MINE,  r.  (.    To  s.ip;  lo  undermine;  to  dig  away,  or 
oiherwi-e    remove   the   substnitiim   or  foundation  ; 
hence,  to  ruin  or  destniy  by  slow  degrees  or  secret 
D)ean.<i. 

Thfy  mintd  the  walla,  Ifayieard. 

In  a  metaphorical  sen^e,  Uni>F.B.MiKE  is  generally 
■-    d. 


lo  call  lo  mind;  the  fact  is  out  of  my  mind ;  time  out  I  MINE'-DIO-GER,  n.    One  that  digs  mines. 


MIN'ER,  n.  One  that  digs  for  metals  and  other  min- 
erals. 

2.  One  who  digs  canals  or  passages  under  the 
walls  of  a  fort,  ate.  Annies  have  sappers  and 
miner  X, 

MIN'ER-AL,  M.  [Fr.  and  Pp.  mineral;  Low  L.  mi- 
nora, a  matrix  or  vein  of  metals,  whence  mineralir  ; 
liU  from  mine.] 

Any  natural  production  formed  by  the  action  of 
chemical  affinities,  and  organized,  when  becoming 
solid,  by  the  p<)wt;rs  of  crysuillizalion.  Daniu 

Minerals  were  formerly  divided  into  sal  tt,  earths^ 
injtammnble.-i,  and  ores;  a  division  wliicb  serves  for  a 
general  distribution  :  bnt  a  nuire  scientific  arrange- 
ment into  cloJt^eg,  orders,  pcncra,  species^  subsjiexieg^ 
and  varieties,  has  been  adopted  lo  meet  the  more  pre- 
cise views  of  modern  mineralogists, 

ML\'ER-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  minerals;  consisting  of 
minerals  ;  as,  the  mineral  kingdom. 

2.  Iniprepnalfd  with  minerals ;  as,  mineral  waters ; 
a  minerdl  spring. 

MIN'ER-AL-IST,  n.  One  versed  or  employed  tti 
minerals. 

MIN-ER-AL-I-ZA'TI0N,7i,     [See  Mi:*eralize.] 

1.  The  process  of  forming  an  ore  by  combination 
with  another  substance;  ihe  natuml  oiieralitm  of 
unitins  a  metallic  substance  with  another. 

2.  The  process  of  converting  into  a  mineral,  as  a 
bone  or  a  plant. 

3.  The  act  of  impregnating  with  a  mineral,  as 
water. 

MIN'ER-AL-IZE,  v.  U  [from  mineral.]  In  mineral- 
ogy^  to  combine  with  a  metal  in  forming  an  ore  or 
mineral.    Sulplmr  mineralizes  many  of  the  metals. 

2.  To  convert  into  a  mineral. 

Ill  tlip«c  cavenw,  the  boiiea  are  not  mineraHzed.       Backland. 

3.  To  impregnate  with  a  mineral  substance;  as,  lo 
mineralize  water 

MIN'ER-AL-TZE,  v.  i.  To  go  on  an  excursion  for  ob- 
serving and  collecting  minerals.     [Recent.]     Dana* 

MIN'ER-AL-IZ-/;D,  pp.  or  a.     Deprived  of  its  usual 
proi>erties  by  being  combined  wilh  another  substance 
or  formed  into  ah  ore,  as,  metallic  substances  are 
mincraliied 
2    Converted  into  a  mmeral. 
3.  lmi>regn;Ued  with  a  mineral. 

MIN'ER-AL-IZ-ER,  n.  A  substance  which  mineral- 
izes another  or  combines  with  it  in  an  ore,  and  thus 
deprives  it  of  its  usual  and  peculiar  proi>erlie8.  Sul- 
phur is  one  of  the  mtjst  cuuunon  viineraliiers. 

^icholsim. 

MrN'ER-AL-TZ-tNG,  pjir     Combining  wilh  a  metal 
and  forming  an  ore. 
2.  Going  on  an  excursion  for  mincrais. 

MIN'ER-AL-IZ-ING,  a.  Adapted  to  combine  with  a 
metal  in  funning  an  ore. 

MIN-ER-AL-OG'ie-AL,  a.  [See  Minehaloot.]  Pcr- 
lainine  lo  tlie  science  of  minerals  ;  as.  a  mineralog- 
im!  table.  * 

MIN-EK-AL-OG'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    In  mineralogy. 

PhUtips. 

MI.\-ER-AL'0-OIST,  n.  One  who  is  versed  in  the 
science  of  minerals,  or  one  who  treats  or  discoiuses 
of  the  properties  of  mineral  bodies 

MIN-EU-AL'O-GY,  n.  [mineral,  and  Gr.  Xo>flf,  dis- 
course.] 

The  science  which  treats  of  the  properties  of  min- 
eral snlctances,  and  teaches  us  lo  characterize,  dis- 
tinguish, and  class  them  according  lo  their  proper- 
ti(;s.  It  comprehends  the  study  or  science  of  all  in- 
organic substances  in  the  earth  or  on  its  surface. 

Encije.     Cyc 

MI-NER'VA,  w,  [L.]  In  mythology,  the  goddess  of 
wisdom,  of  war,  and  of  lite"  liberal' arts. 

MIN'E-VER,  n.  An  animal,  said  by  Forby  to  be  the 
ermine,  or  his  skin  ;  white  fur  with  sp<>cks  of  black. 

MIN"GI-K,  (ming'gl,)v.  r.  [Sax.  mensan  or  mencpan; 
G.  and  D.  mcngen.  This  word  seems  to  be  a  deriva- 
tive from  G.  menL'c^  Sax.  mcni^o,  a  multitude,  or  from 
the  same  rinit.  Hence,  among  signifies  viingled^  or  in 
the  crowd.] 

1.  To  mix  ;  lo  blend  ;  to  unite  in  one  body;  as,  to 
mingle  liquors  of  different  kinds. 

2.  To  mix  or  blend  without  order,  or  promiscu- 
ously. 

There  waa  fire  ndngjed  wilh  hail.  —  T.x.  Ix. 

3.  To  compound  ;  to  unite  in  a  mass,  as  solid  sub- 
stances ;  as,  to  mingle  Itour,  sugar,  and  eggs  in  cook- 
ery. 

4.  To  join  in  nnitual  intercourse  or  in  society. 

The  holy  awil  liave  mingled  Ihcmaclves  witli  the  people  of  tboae 
I.m:li.  — Eiraii.     Pa,  cvi. 

5.  To  contaminate ;  to  render  impure ;  to  debase 
by  mixture. 

The  beat  of  ua  appear  coiilcolwl  wilh  a  mingled,  hnpcrf'-M  vCnne. 

UogtTM. 

6.  To  confuse. 

Tht;re  mingle  brons.  Mitlon, 

MIN"GLE,  V.  i.    To  be  mixed  ;  to  be  united  wilh. 

Shf",  wh''ii  she  aaw  h'T  siatT  nymphs,  atipprca^ed 

Her  rising  foara,  and  mingled  with  the  tkU.  Addieon. 

MIN"GLE,  (ming'gl,)  n.  Mixture;  medley;  promis- 
cuous mass.     [JVot  used.]  Drydeiu 


TONE.  BULL.  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  O  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SIf ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


MIN 

MIN"GIaE;D,  (ming'gid,)  ^  or  a.      Mixed  ;  united 

Protnisciiouslv. 
\"i:  LKD-LY,  arfr.     Confusedly.  BarrrL 

MIN"GUi-MAiN"GJLJ:,    n.      A    medley  ;   a    hotch- 
potch. Hooker. 
MIN"GI.EMENT,  (ming'gl-O  «,    Act  of  mingling; 

Btate  of  bt'ing  mixed. 
Ml.V'GI.ER,  K.     One  that  mingles. 
ML\"GLINO,  ppr.     Mixing  ;  uniting  without  order 
MrN"GLI\G-LY,  ado.     Unitingly. 
MiN'IAKD,  (inin'ynrd,)  o,     [Fr.  mi^nard.] 

S<>A;  dainty.     [Liiiie  tutd.] 
Ml.N'IAKU-IZK,  r.  ^    To  render  soft,   delicate,   or 

dainty.  BowelL 

Mi.\'iARD-IZ-£D,  pp.     Rendered  delicate. 
MIN'I-A'I'E,  r.  L     [IL  miHtare,  from  minio,  L.  miniuni, 
red  lead  or  verniition.] 
To  point  or  tinge  with  red  lead  or  vermilion. 

UTN'I-X-TED,  pp.    Painted  or  tingod  with  intniiim, 

red  lead,  or  venuilion. 
MIN'IA-TURE,  fmin'e-    or  min'e-a-)   n.      [It.  and 

Sp.    flUNidiitm,  from    IL  miniare^  supra  j    Fr.  miiua- 

Urt.) 

1.  A  painting  in  water  colors  on  vellum,  ivory,  or 
paper,  with  imints  or  dots  ;  sometimes  in  oil  colors. 
The  tenn  is  usuaity  applied  to  portraits  painted  on 
a  very  9mall  scale,  and  is  hence  used  adjectively,  to 
denote  very  small. 

2.  .\  picture  or  representation  in  a  small  compass, 
or  lesH  than  the  reality.  Enqfc 

3.  Red  letter;  nibric  distinction.  llickfj. 
MIN'lA-Tl^RE,  (rain'e-  or  min'e-a-)  a.     Ou  a  auuill 

scale  ;  as,  miniature  representation. 
MIN'l-KLV,  a.     fUu.  W.  main,  small,  and  kin.] 
Small ;  diminutive  ;  iLsed  in  slight  contempt.  _ 
MIN'I  KIN,  ■.    A  small  sort  of  pius. 

2.  .\  darliug  ;  a  favorite.     [See  Mimo:*.] 
MIN'IM,  It.      [W.  main,  small,  whence  L.  mtiiniiiu. 
See  MixcK.]  Literally ^  someiliing  exceedingly  BmalU 
Hence, 

1.  A  little  man  or  being ;  a  dwarf.  MUtam. 

2.  One  of  a  certain  reformed  order  of  Franciscans 
or  Minimi.  IVetver, 

3.  A  note  in  music,  equal  to  half  a  scmibrevo  or 
two  cmlcbets. 

4.  A  short  poetical  encomium.    [Obs.'\     Spenser, 

5.  A  small  fish  ;  a  minnow.     [LocaL]     Johnson, 

6.  The  smallest  liquid  measure  ;  &  single  drop. 

BrandK 
MIN'I-MEXT,  ».    [from  muitimenu]  Proof ;  testimony. 

Sp0nter, 
MIN'I-MUM,  K.  [U]  Thcleastquantity  assignable  in 

a  given  case.  £i«cve. 

MI.\'i-.MUS.  a.    [U]    A  being  of  the  smallest  size. 

MTX'ING,  nrr.  Digging  into  tlie  earth,  as  for  fioasite 
and  minerals ;  sapping. 

2.  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  connected  with,  the  busi- 
ness of  digging  mines ;  as,  the  miaiHg  districts  of 
Siberia.  Sparkf. 

MIX'INO,  n.  The  act  or  employment  of  digging 
mines. 

MLN'ION,  (min'yun,)  a.  Fine;  trim;  daijity.  [JV'ot 
used.] 

MIX'ION,  (min'yun,)  s.  [Fr.  mi^on;  lU  mig^aone  ; 
a  darling  ;  from  W.  main,  Fr.  mcim^  small ;  W.  lawj-n, 
lender,  gentle.] 

A  favorite;  a  darling;  particuJarltf,  lh&  favorite  of 
a  prince,  on  whom  he  lavishes  his  "favors  ,  one  who 
gains  favors  by  flattery  or  mean  adulation. 

Gttwud  arot  \n  army  into   Irplzuul,    not  hr  conqnrM,  trut    to 
^uifd  the  prnua  of  bk  mirnon,  Picrn  GavMoa.     Daotu. 
Tbe  ilro««7  trrau  by  hu  mtntotw  IcU.  Sio/t, 

MIN'IOX,  (miD'yiin,)  n.  [\V.  main,  Fr.  menu^  snuill ; 
Lfc  minor.    See  Mi^ce.] 

A  small  VJnd  of  printing  types,  in  size  between 
brpvier  and  non|iareil. 
MIX'IOX-IXG,  (min'yun-,)  n.    Kind  treatment 

Marnton, 
Mt\'!OX-UKE,  i     ,       p.     ,        ,   .   ... 
MIN'IOX-LY,      i*^"'    Finely ;  damtdy. 
MI.V'IOX-SHIP,  «.    State  of  being  a  minion. 
MIX'IOCS,  (min'yus,)  a.     (from  L.  minium.] 

Of  the  cidor  of  red  lead  or  vermilion.        Brown. 
MIX'iSH,  t».  L     [I*  minuo,  to  lessen.] 

To  lessen  ;  to  diminish.    [Obs.]  [See  DiMiNtsH.] 

MIX'IS-TER,    M.      [L.  J    probably  from    .\r.     ^^3^ 

maSaTia,  to  serve,   wait,  attend,  Class  Mn,  N^o.  9, 
and  Sai.  guore^  ht-lm,  direction  ;  sUoran,  to  sten-.] 

1.  Proprrif^  a  cliief  servant ;  lience,  an  agent  ap- 
pointed to  transact  or  manage  business  under  tbe  au- 
thority of  another  ;  in  wkiek  semx  it  is  a  word  of  very 
€XUnsiot  applicdtimt, 

M(MM  rtMe  np,  umI  Ua  aamMltr  Jorim.  —  ExocL  xxiv. 

2.  One  to  whom  a  king  or  prince  rntntsU  the  di- 
rection of  affairs  of  state  ;  as,  minister  of  state  ;  the 
prime  minister.  In  modern  ffOFcramcHtJi,  the  st-cn-ta- 
ries  or  heads  of  the  several  departments  or  branches 
of  government,  are  the  ministers  of  the  chief  magis- 
trate. 


MIN 

3.  A  magistrate ;  an  executive  officer. 

Kur  liP  U  ilic  minuUr  uf  Goil  lu  tli**  f.T  goml.  —  Rom.  xH, 

4.  A  delegate;  an  embas.-^idor ;  the  representative 
of  a  sovereign  or  government  at  n  foreigncourt ;  usu- 
ally such  as  isre^ideut  at  a  foreign  court,  but  not  re- 
stricted to  sueh. 

5.  One  who  serves  at  the  altar  ;  one  who  performs 
sacerdotal  duties;  the  pastor  of  a  church  duly  nu- 
thorizcd  or  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  and  admin- 
ister the  sacraments.    Kph.  iii. 

G.  Christ  is  called  a  iniHtMer  of  the  sanctuar>'. 
Ilib.  viii. 
7.  An  angel ;  a  messenger  of  God. 

Wlw  nuimh  his  an^r^b  sptriu,  hU  tmnitttrt  a  fianiing  Are. — 
P*.  d». 

MI.\'IS-TER.  V.  (.     [h.  mvtistro.] 
To  give ;  to  afford  ;  to  supt>ly. 

He  that  punit^rtA  awil  to  iho  fowcr.  — 2  Cot,  Ix. 
Tb\t  it  in*j  minuter  yr.ice  iw  Uic  h-i.-uvfs.—  Kph.  ir. 

MIX'IS-TER,  V.  L  To  attend  and  serve  ;  to  perform 
ifcrvice  in  any  office,  sacred  or  secular. 

1  will  nncljr^  rIm  both  Annni  Mitd  bis  totu,  to  mimMttr  to  me  in 

the  pnc*i'«  oiiice.  —  Ex.  xxix. 

Q.  To  afford  supplies  ;  to  give  things  needful;  to 
supply  the  means  of  relief;  to  relieve.  , 

Whpn  anw  we  thr*-  hungry,  or  tbiraty,  or  n  stnnirer,  or  nnkw?, 
or  sick,  or  iik  prison,  ami  ilti]  ool  mnUtcr  to  uux  i  —  M>lU. 

XXt. 

3.  To  give  medicines. 

Cnnst  Iboii  not  mitdaUr  la  a  mind  illseued  t  SfiaJt. 

[In  this  sense  we  commonly  use  Administer.] 
MIVIS-TER-ilD,  pp.     Served  ;  alfurded  ;  supplied. 
MIX-IS-TE'Ri-.\L,  a.     Attending  for  service;   atten- 
dant ;  acting  at  command. 

£ni:^itcnii)g  spiriu  iino  minUttnai  A.unes.  Prior. 

9.  Acting  under  superior  authority ;  pertaining  to 
B  minister. 

For  Uie  minuleriai  office*  in  court,  there  must  be  nn  eye  lo  tbein. 

Bacon. 

3.  Pertaining  to  executive  offices,  as  distinct  from 
judicial.  The  office  and  acts  of  a  sheriff  are  minisU- 
rioL 

4.  Sacerdotal ;  pertaining  to  ministers  of  the  gos- 
pel ;  as^  ministerial  garments;  ministerial  duties. 

Genuine  mittUUiiAt  pnidfuce  h^p  Iwck  ho  impurtnnt  tnith, 
lt«tPns  to  no  comprniiibe  with  sin,  connives  at  no  r.iHtiioudlile 
vic^,  cringes  bcibre  no  lunlly  worldling.      //.  Humpiirtx/. 

5.  Pertaining  to  ministers  of  state  ;  as,  ministerial 
circles  ;  ministerial  benches.  Burke. 

MlX-IS-TE'RI-AL-LV,oi/r.  In  a  ministerial  manner 
or  charnclrr.  Watcrland. 

MIX'IS-TER-INO,  jipr.  or  a.  Attending  and  serving 
ns  a  subordinate  agent ;  serving  under  superior  au- 
Uiority.     Heb,  i. 

"i.  Alfurdiiig  aid  or  supplies  ;  administering  things 

MIX'It4-TER-Y.    See  Minhthv.  [needftd. 

MIX'IS-TR.\L,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  minister.  [LitUe 
used.]  JoKnson. 

MIN'iS-TRAXT,  a.  Performing  service  as  a  minis- 
ter; attendance  on  service  ;  acting  under  cummand. 

Prino-doms  and  dumiaatJoiis  miniitranU  Milton. 

ML\-IS-TKa'TIOX,  n.     [L.  ministratio,] 

1.  The  act  of  purfonning  service  as  a  subordinate 
agent ;  agency  ;  inlervertion  fur  aid  or  service. 

Bccaiiae  thiHr  wido*-s  were  ncgtocUU  la  the  daily  miiuatradoiv. 
—  Acu  vi. 

2.  Office  of  a  minister;  service;  ecclesiastical 
function. 

As  souo  as  the  dnys  of  his  mimttration  were  ended.  —  Lnkc  L 

MIN'IS-TRESS,  n.    A  female  that  ministers. 

Jikenside. 
MIX'I.^TRY,  n,     [L.  ministerium.] 

1.  The  otficCj  tfuties,  or  functions  of  a  subordinate 
agent  uf  any  kmd. 

2.  Agency;  service;  aid;  interposition;  instru- 
mentality. 

lie  directs  the  affnin  of  Ibis  woHJ  hy  the  ordinary  mtnUlry  of 
second  uust^.  AlUrbary. 

3.  Ecclesiastical  function  or  profession  ;  agency  or 
service  of  a  minister  of  the  gospL-l  or  clergymen  in 
the  modem  church,  or  of  priests,  apostles,  and  evan- 
gelists in  the  ancienL  .^cL^i.  Rom.  x\\.  QTim.iv. 
JVu.Ti-  iv.    Also,  the  clergy,  taken  collectively. 

4.  Time  of  ininistmtion  ;  duntion  of  tiie  office  of 
a  mini.-^tcr,  civil  or  ecclesiastical.  The  war  with 
France  was  during  the  ministry  of  Pitt. 

5.  Persons  who  compose  the  executive  government 
or  the  council  of  a  supreme  magistrate  ;  the  body  of 
ministers  of  state.  Siai/L 

6.  Business;  employment. 

lie  nbborred  the  wicked  mimstry  af  arms.  Dn/dtn, 

MIX'IS-TRV-SIUP,for  Mi:?ijTRT,is  little  used,  and 
hardly  proper.  Swift. 

MlVl-UM.rt.  [Ij.]  Lend,  exposed  to  air  while  mclu 
inp,  is  covered  with  a  gray,  dusky  pLilicle.  This, 
taken  (»ff  and  agitated,  becomes  a  greenish-gray  pow- 
der, inclining  to  yellow.  This  oxyd,  separated  by 
eilliiigfrom  the  grains  of  lead  which  it  C(utiains,arid 
e.xifa-?ed  to  a  more  intense  heat,  takes  a  deep  yellow 


MIN 

color,  and  In  this  state  it  is  enlled  inassieot.  The  lat- 
ter, slowly  heated,  takes  a  beautiful  red  color,  and  is 
called  vt'iiium.  it  is  a  salt  composed  of  two  equiv- 
alents of  proloxyd  of  lead,  with  one  equivalent  of 
the  dentoxyd.  Fourcroy. 

MIXK,  n.  An  American  and  European  quadruped  of 
the  weasel  tribe,  that  burrows  in  the  earth  on  the 
side  of  a  river  or  pond,  whose  fur  is  mure  valuablo 
than  that  of  the  muskrat  It  is  the  Mustula  Lutre- 
olit,  (Linn.)  and  the  Putorius  Lutreola,  (Cuv.)  It  is 
very  often  called  Minx.  Belknap. 

MIN'XOCK.  used  by  Shakspeare,  is  supposed  by  John- 
son to  be  the  saiiu-  as  Minx.     Ftiu.  mtmick.] 

MIN'NoVV,  /        re 

.MIN'OW      I  "■  [Fr* 'ocnu,  small.] 

A  name  applied  to  several  species^of  verj*  Binall 
fresh-water  fish,  and  even  to  the  young  of  larger 
kinds.  The  ininnuw  of  Englanrl,  from  which  the 
term  is  derived,  is  a  species  of  the  Cyprinus  of  Lin- 
neus,  Leuciscus  phoxinus  uf  Cuvicr. 

Enrijr.  jJmrr.     P.  Cyc. 
MT'XOR,  a.     [L. ;  the  comparative  degree  of  a  word 
not  found  in  that  hinguage,  but  existing  in  the  Cel- 
tic dialects,  W.  wain.,  Arm,  moan,  Ir.  min,  mioUj  tlie 
root  of  L.  wuBuo,  to  diminish,    tjee  Mikck.] 

1.  Less;  smaller;  sometimes  applied  to  the  bulk 
or  magnitude  of  a  single  object;  more  generally,  to 
amount,  degree,  or  importance.  We  say,  the  7Hi«or 
divisions  of  a  body,  the  minor  [>art  of  a  body  ;  o\>- 
posed  to  the  majur  part.  We  say,  minor  snms,  7«i- 
«or  faults,  piin'w  considt'rnliems,  i/itHor  details  or  ar- 
guments. In  the  Iatt;r  phrases,  minor  is  equivalent 
to  small,  petty,  inconsiderable,  not  principal,  impor- 
tant, or  weighty. 

2.  In  niifc-*ic,  less  or  lower  by  a  lesser  semitone  ;  as, 
a  third  minor.  Eiicitc 

Minor  key,  in  miwic,  Is  that  key,  or  arrangement  of 
tones  and  semitones,  which  is  chieliy  used  for  sol- 
emn and  mournful  subjects. 

The  minor  term  of  a  syllogism  is  that  one  which 
forms  the  subject  of  the  conclusion. 

.^sia  Minor ;  the  Lesser  Asia,  that  part  of  Asia 
which  lies  between  the  Kuxine  or  Black  Sea  on  the 
north,  and  the  Mediterranean  on  the  south. 
MI'NOR,  n.  A  person  of  either  sex  under  age;  one 
who  is  undtT  the  authority  of  liis  parents  or  guard- 
ians, or  who  is  not  permitted  by  law  to  make  con- 
tracts and  manage  his  own  |)r(»[)erty.  By  the  laws  of 
Great  Ilritain  and  of  the  United  States,  persons  arc 
minors  till  they  are  twenty-one  years  of  age. 

9.  In  lo^ie,  that  premise  which  contains  the  minor 
term  ;  it  is  the  second  proposition  of  a  regular  syl- 
logism, as  in  the  following  :  — 

Every  act  of  injustice  partakes  of  meanness. 

To  take  money  from  anotlK-r  by  gaming,  or  repu- 
tation by  seduction,  are  acts  of  injustice. 

Therefore  the  taking' of  money  from  another  by 
gaming,  or  reputation  by  seduction,  partakes  pf 
meanness. 

1  n  hypothetical  syllogisms^  the  categorical  premise  is 
the  minor  term. 

3.  A  Minorite,  a  Franciscan  friar. 
An'NOR-ATE,  i\  t.     To  diminish.     [JVot  vjica.] 
MI-NOR-A'TIOX,  71.    A  lessening;  diminution. 
MT'NOK  ITE,  tt.     A  Franciscan  friar. 
MI-XOR'I-Ty,  n.     [Fr.  minoritd,  from  L.  T7iin»r.] 

1.  The  state  or  being  underage.    [See  Minor.] 

2.  The  smaller  number  ;  as^  the  minority  of  the 
senate  or  house  of  representatives ;  opposed  to  Ma- 
joRiTv.  We  say,  the  minority  was  large  or  small  ; 
A.  O.  was  in  the  minority  ;  the  minority  must  be  ruled 

MI'XOS,  n.     rcr.  MiKof.]  [by  the  majority. 

In  classical  mythology^  a  celebrated  lawgiver,  the 
son  of  Jupiter  and  Europa,  and  king  of  Crete.  He 
was  so  celebrated  for  his  justice  on  earth,  that  after 
his  death  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  infernal 
regions. 
MIN'O-TAUR,  71.  [Fr.  mmotaure  ;  It.  minofauro  ; 
I*.  minvUturiis ;  from  man,  which  must  have  been  in 
early  ages  a  Latin  word,  and  tannis,  a  bull.] 
A  fabled  monster,  half  man  and  half  bull. 

Ovid.     Virgil.     Shak. 
MIN'STER,  71.     [Sax.  minstre,  or  mynstcr.     See  Mon- 

ASTEnV.] 

The  church  of  a  monastery,  or  one  to  which  a 
monastery  has  been  attached ;  sometimes,  a  calln^dral 
church.  Olo.ts.  ofArehit, 

MIN'STREL,  n.  [Fr.  mcnStrier,  for  mene.'ilricr ;  .Sp. 
ministril,  a  minstrel,  and  a  tipstaff,  or  petty  otiicer  of 
justice  ;  Port,  menestral ;  perhaps  a  derivative  from 
vienear,  to  move,  stir,  wag,  wield.  If  so,  the  word 
originally  signified  a  performer  on  a  musical  instru- 
ment, who  accompanied  his  performances  with  ges- 
tures, like  the  hi^tno  and  joculator.] 

A  name  given  to  an  order  of  men,  in  the  middle 
ages,  who  subsisted  by  the  arts  of  poetry  and  music, 
and  sang  to  the  harp  verses  composed  by  themselves 
or  others.  Their  attendance  was  sought  and  their 
I>erformances  lavishly  rewarded  by  princes.  It  was 
in  the  character  of  a  minstrel  that  King  Alfred  en- 
tered the  camp  of  the  Danes,  his  enemies,  and  explored 
their  situation.  Brande. 

ML\'STREL-SY,n.  The  arts  and  occupation,  of  min- 
strels; instruniental  music. 


FATE,  PAR,  FALI^  WH^T.  — METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MVUiXE,  BIRD,— NOTE,  DOVE.  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK 

716  ^      ''  ~^  ~ 


MIN 

a.  A  number  of  nnisiciuns. 

The  mitutreliy  of  Up*ren.  RTiIion. 

MINT,  It.  [Sax.  mfjnct^  money,  nr  stamped  coin;  D. 
tauiUj  mint,  coin  ;  G.  m^ime  ;  Sw.  tnynt ;  Dan.  mijndtj 
coin.  This  word  is  doubtless  a  derivative  from 
mine,  or  L.  moneta,  from  the  same  root.] 

1.  The  place  where  moiitiy  is  coined  by  public 
authority.  In  Great  Britain^  formerly,  there  was  a 
mint  in  ahnost  every  county;  but  the  privilege  of 
coining  is  now  considered  as  a  royal  prerogative  in 
that  conntry,  and  as  the  prerogative  of  the  sovereign 
power  in  other  countries.  I'he  only  mint  now  in 
(Jreat  Britain  is  in  the  Tower  of  I-ondon.  The  first 
miiit  in  the  United  States  was  in  Philadelphia. 

2.  A  plac%of  invention  or  fabrication  j  as,  a  mint 
of  phrases  ;  a  mint  of  calumny.       Sliak.    Addison. 

3.  A  source  of  abundant  supply. 
MINT,  B.  L     [Sax.  mynetian.] 

1.  To  coin  ;  to  make  antf  stamp  money.     Bacon. 

2.  To  invent ;  to  forge  ;  to  fabricate.  Bacon. 
MINT,  n.     [Sax.  mint;   Sw.  mytla;  Dan.  myjite ;    G. 

miinze;  L.  mentha;  It.  and  Sp.  menia  ;  Fr.  vieute;  D. 
kruismunty  crossmint ;  Ir.  miontiis ;  Arm.  mendt  or 
mintijs.l 

An  aromatic  plant  of  the  genus  Slentha.  of  various 
species,  producing  by  distillation  a  liiglUy  odorifer- 
ous and  pungent  esseniial  oU. 
MINT' ACE,  H.    That  which  is  coined  or  stamped. 

M'dtoti. 
U.  Tlip  duty  paid  for  coining. 
MINT'-JO'LEP,  n.      A   drink   consisting  of  brandy, 
sugar,  and  pounded  ice,  flavored   with    sprigs  of 
ininL  [AinericaA 

MIXT'KD,  pp.    Coined. 
MINT'ER,  «.     A  coiner  ;  also,  XiX\  inventor. 
MIN'T'ING,  ppr.     Coining  money. 
MINT'.MAN,  tu    A  coiner ;  one  skilled  in  coining  or 

in  coins. 
MINT'-MXS-TER,  n.    The  master  or  superintendent 
of  a  mint.  Butjle. 

2.  One  who  invents  or  fabricates.  Locke. 

MIN't[-END,  7*.     [L.  minuendus,  mi'/iiw,  to  lessen.] 
In    arUhmetiCj  the    number  from   which   another 
nnmher  is  to  be  subtracted. 
MIN'U-ET,  n.     [Sp.  muiuc/o  ;  Fr,  mcnurt,  from  mcnu^ 
small,  W.  main.     See  Miscs.] 

I.  A  slow,  graceful  dance,  consisting  of  a  coupee, 
a  high  Ktep,  and  a  balance.  Encye. 

a.  A  tune  or  air  to  regulate  the  movements  in  the 
(lance  so  called  ;  a  movement  of  three  crotchets  or 
three  ipiavers  in  a  bar. 
MIN'UM,  n.     [from  W.  tnain,  Fr.  menu^  small.    See 

MiXCE.] 

1.  A  small  kind  of  printing  types ;  now  written 

MlTtlOI* 

2.  A  note  of  slow  time,  containing  two  crotchets ; 
now  written  Mixim,  which  sue. 

MI'NUH,  [L.]  Li.ss.  In  ai^ebra^the  sien  (  — ),  de- 
noting tmnu«,orlcss,  is  pr-  hxed  to  negative  quantities 
or  quantities  to  he  subtracted. 

MI-NOTE',  a.  [L.  niinulusi  Fr,  menu,  W.  nuzm, small. 
See  MincE.] 

1.  Very  small,  little,  or  slender;  of  very  small 
bulk  or  size  ;  small  in  consequence  ;  as,  a  minute 
grain  of  sand  ;  a  minute  filament.  The  blood  cir- 
culates through  very  minute  vessels.  Minute  divis- 
ions of  a  subject  often  perplex  the  understanding. 
Minute  details  are  tedious. 

2.  .Attending  to  small  things;  critical;  aa,  ramurs 
obsi-r\'alion. 

MIN'UTE,  (mln'it,)  n.  [L.  minutum^  that  is,  a  small 
portion. 

1.  A  small  portion  of  time  or  duration,  being  the 
sixtieth  part  uf  an  hour. 

Since  jqh  ut  aoi  uii?  of  a  mtnuto,  throtr  nol  Hiraj  nn  hour. 

FrankUn, 
9.  In  freametry,  the  sixti'  th  part  of  a  degree. 

3.  In  arckitreturey  the  sixtieth  part  of  the  lower 
diameter  of  a  column.  QwUt, 

4.  A  space  of  time  indefinitely  small.  I  will  be 
with  .you  in  a  minute^  or  in  a  few  minutes^  that  is,  in 
a  ^hort  time. 

5.  A  short  sketch  of  any  agreement  nr  other  sub- 
ject, taken  ni  writing  ;  a  note  to  preserve  the  mem- 
ory' of  any  thing  ;  as,  to  Like  minuttM  of  a  contract ; 
to  lake  minutrs  of  a  conversation  or  ilfbatp. 

HIN'U  TE,  (miu'ii,)  r.  (.  To  set  down  a  short  sketch 
or  note  of  any  agreement  or  other  subject  in  writing. 

Sjjectator. 

MIN'UTF^BOQK,  n.     A  book  of  short  hints. 

MIN'UTE-GLASS,  n.  A  glass,  the  sand  uf  which 
measures  a  minute. 

MIN'liTE^-GUNS,  n.  pL  Guns  discharged  every 
minute,  as  signals  of  distress  or  mourning. 

MINMTTE-HANI),  n.  The  hand  that  points  to  the 
minut-s  <.n  a  clock  or  watch. 

MIN'UTIv-JACK,  71.  Anolher  name  f<tr  jack  of  the 
(loek-houjtey  or  a  figure  which  strikes  the  hour  of  a 
ckM-.k.  Shak. 

MI-NOTE'LY,  adv.  [from  minuU.]  To  a  small  point 
of  time,  ppace,  or  niatt(,'r;  e^adly;  nicely;  as,  to 
mea-sure  the  length  of  any  thing  minnteltf;  to  ascer- 
tain time  minutfhj  ;  to  relate  u  Hlory  miniUrly. 


MIR 

MIN'UTE-LY,  (miii'it-ly,)  a.  Happening  every  minute. 

Ilamniiitid, 
MIN'UTE-LY,  (niin'il-ly,)  ado.    [from  minuU.]    Every 
minute  ;  with  very  little  lime  intervening. 

As  if  it  wcrs  minutely  proclaimed  in  thunder  from  bf-nTpn. 

J^Iammond. 

MIN'UTE-MEN,  n.  pL  Men  ready  at  a  minute's  no- 
tice^ a  tenn  used  in  the  American  revolution. 

MI-NuTE'NES3,  ti.  Extreme  smallness,  fineness,  or 
slenderrie.ss  ;  as,  the  minuteness  of  the  particles  of 
air  or  of  a  fluid  ;  the  minute ne~i.-i  of  the  tilaments  of 
cotton  ;  the  minuteness  of  details  in  narration. 

2.  Attention  to  small  things  ;  critical  exactness  ; 
as.  the  minntcnesst  of  observation  or  distinction. 

MlN'UTE-^VATCfI,  (min'it-woch,)  n.  A  watch  that 
distinguishes  minutes  of  tiuie,  or  on  which  minutes 
are  marked.  Boyle. 

MI-NO'TL-E,  n.  pi.    [L.l    The  smaller  particulars. 

MINX,  ju    [Uu.  minnoe.]    A  pert,  wanton  girl.  Shak. 

2.  A  she  puppy 

3.  A  name  applied  in  America  to  the  Martes  Vison, 
and  to  Putoriiis  Lutreola,  two  weasel-like  quad- 
rupeds, or  digitigrade   carnivorous  mammals. 

MIN'Y,  a.     [from  mine.]     Abounding  with  mines. 
2.  Subterraneous.  Thomson. 

MI'O-CENE,  a.     [Gr.  nciMi-y  less,  and  Kaifoi^  recent.] 

Literally^  less  recent.     In  gettlosy^  a  term  applied  to 

the  middle  division  of  the  tertiary  strata,  containing 

fewer  fossil  shells  of  recent  species  than  the  pUoceney 

but  more  than  the  eocene.  .  Lycll. 

MIIL^B'I-LE  DSOTO,  [L.]  Wonderful  to  tell,  or 
be  titld. 

MT'RA-BLE,  a.    Wonderful.     {.Xot  in  u.fe,]     Shak. 

MIR'A-CLE,  (mir'a-kl,)  w. '[Fr.,  from  L.  miracit/ufn, 
from  (HiVwr,  to  wonder;  Arm.  wiirct,  to  huld.  See 
JIarvel.] 

1.  LiteraUfjj  a  wonder  or  wonderful  thing;  but 
appropriately  f 

2.  In  theolotry^  an  event  or  effect  contrary  to  the 
established  constitution  and  course  of  things,  or  a 
deviation  fn)m  the  known  laws  of  nature  ;  a  super- 
natural event.  Jfirades  can  l>e  wrought  only  by 
almighty  power,  as  when  Christ  healed  lepers,  say- 
ing, "  I  will,  be  thou  clean  ;'*  or  calmed  the  tempest, 
*'  Peace,  t>e  still." 

TIrejr  coiisi'lTRd  not  thp  ntiracle  of  llie  loavo.  —  M^tV  vf. 
A  man  iippruved  by  Go-i  by  mirnclei  and  signs.  —  Acia  ii. 

3.  Anciently.,  a  spectacle  or  dramatic  representation 
exhibiting  the  lives  of  the  saints.  Chaucer. 

MIR'A-CLE,  V.  L     To  make  wonderful.     [JVut  li^crf.] 

Shak. 

MIR'A-€LE-MON"GER,  n.  An  impostor  who  pre- 
tends to  work  miracles.  Ilallyu-ell. 

MI-RAC'U-LOUS,  a.  Performed  supernaiunilly,  or 
by  a  power  beyond  the  ordinary  agency  of  naitiral 
laws  ;  effected  by  the  direct  agency  of  almighty 
power,  and  not  by  natural  causes  ;  as,  the  miracu- 
lous healing  of  the  sick  or  raising  the  dead  by 
Christ. 

2.  Supernatural;  furnished  supematurally,  or  com- 
petent to  perform  miracles;  as,  the  miraculous  p<jw- 
ers  of  the  apostles.  Miraculous,  applied  to  the  extra- 
ordinary powers  of  the  apostles,  may  mean  conferred 
by  supernatural  agency,  or  comi>etent  to  work  mir- 
acles. I  believe  it  is  generally  used  in  the  latter 
sense. 

3.  In  a  less  definite  sensCy  wonderful ;  extraordi- 
nary. 

MI-RAC'lI-LOUS-LV,  ado.  By  miracle  ;  supernat- 
ural ly. 

£onu,  wound"'!  (u  Ivi  wu,  couVl  not  have  enffn^<Hl  hitn  In  aingle 
euuiUil,  uiilcM  his  hurt  Itad  been  miraculoualy  h'~nlrd, 

Dryden. 

2.  Wonderfully  ;  by  extraordinary  means. 

MI-RA€'lI-LOUS  NK.'^S,  n.  The  wtaie  of  being  ef- 
fected by  miracle,  or  by  supernatural  agency. 

MIR-A-DOR',  n.     [Sp.,  from  I^  miror.] 

A  balcony  or  gallery  commanding  an  extensive 
view. 

MI-RAGE',  (me  razhe',)  n.     [U  miror.] 

An  opticjil  illusion  arising  from  an  unequal  refrac- 
tion in  the  lower  strata  of  the  atmosphere,  and  citus- 
ing  remote  objects  to  be  seen  double,  as  if  reflected 
in  a  mirror,  or  to  appear  as  if  suspended  in  the  air. 
It  is  fn-qucntly  seen  in  deserts,  presenting  the  ap- 
pearance of  water.  The  Fata  Morgana  and  Loom- 
ing ore  spcc'ica  of  mirage.  Brande. 

AIIRE,  n.  [See  Class  ftfr.  No.  16.]  Deep  mud  ;  earth 
so  wet  ana  soft  as  to  yield  to  the  feet  and  to  wheels. 

.MIRE,  r.  t.    To  plunge  and  fix  in  mire  ;  to  set  orstall 
in  mud.    We  say,  a  horse,  an  ox,  or  carriage,  is 
mired,  when  it  has  sunk  deep  into  mud,  and  its  prog- 
ress is  stopped. 
2.  To  soil  or  daub  with  mud  or  foul  matter.     Shak. 

MTRE,  V,  i.  To  sink  in  nnul,  or  to  sink  so  deep  as  to 
be  unable  to  move  forward. 

MIRE,  n.     An  ant. 


nt.     [!^ee  Pismire.] 
n.     The  sea-crow  or  i 


MIRE'-CROW,n.  The  sea  crow  or  pewit  gull,  Larus 
riilibundus  of  Linnieus.  J*.  Cyc. 

MIR'/'Jl),  pp.     Fixed  or  stalled  in  mud. 

.MI-RIF'I-t.'ENT,  a.     Causing  wonder. 

MIK'I-NESS,  ;i.  [from  viirij.]  The  slate  of  consist- 
ing of  deep  tnud. 


MIS 

MIRK,  (murk,)  a.     [Sax.  mirce.]     IJark.     [Obs.]     [Se© 

Murk  V.J 
MlRK'.SOSlE,  (murk'sum,)  a.    Dark;  obscure. 
MIKK'SOME-NESS,  n.     Obscurity.     [See  Mubkt.] 
MIR'UOR,  Ti,     [Fr.  miroiri  Sp.  mirar,  Corn.  miraSy  to 

l(M>k  ;  lj.mir(fry  to  admire.] 

1.  A  looking  glass  or  speculum  ;  any  glass  or  pol- 
ished substance  that  forms  images  by  the  reflection 
of  rays  of  light. 

In  thfi  clear  mirror  of  thy  ruling  stnr 

I  B;tw,  ul<ul  sunic  drcail  event  dc pen d.  Pope, 

2.  A  pattern;  an  exemplar;  that  «n  which  men 

ought  to  fix  their  eyes  ;  lliat  which  gives  a  true  rep^ 
rcsentation,or  in  which  a  true  image  may  be  seen. 

O  fro<l<I''»St  heavenly  trijht, 

Mirror  of  (frace  and  maj'.'stj  divine.  Sprnttr, 

3.  In  architecture,  a  small  oval  ornament  cut  into 
deep  moldings,  and  separated  by  wreaths  of  flowers. 

Elmes, 
MIR'ROR,  r.  t     To  reflect  as  in  a  mirror. 
MIR'KOR-ED,  pp.or  a.    Reflected  as  in  a  mirror. 
MIR'ROR-ING,  jmr.     Reflecting  as  in  a  mirror. 
MIR'ROR-^^TONE,  ti.     A  bright  stone.     [Obs.] 
MIRTH,  (umrtli,)  n.  [Sax.  mirhty  myrluh ;  mirigy  merry  ; 


Ar. 


CJ^ 


maricha,  to  be  very  brisk  or  joyful    Class 


Mr,  No,  10.] 

Social  merriment ;  hilarity ;  high  excitement  of 
pleasurable  feelings  in  company;  noisy  gayety ; 
jolUtv.  Mirth  differs  from  joy  and  chcerfubtcssy  as 
always  implying  noise. 

With  g*-n«l  joy  to  wami  the  soul, 

Brijht  Hflcn  mixed  a  ?/iirlA-insiitringbowI.  Pope. 

I  wilt  CAiiae  to  ch'uk  tiic  voice  of  mirth  from  Judah  and  Jtsruaa* 
Icrn.  — Jer.  vii. 

MIRTII'FJJL,  (murlh-,)  a.    Rlerry ;  jovial ;  festive. 


Thp  fi'ast  was  served,  the  bowl  was  crowiied  ; 
To  the  kind's  jileiuiurc  went  the  mirlli/ul  round. 


Prior. 


MlRTH'FyUIiY,  adv.    In  a  jovial  manner. 

MHITUFCL-NESS,  n.  Stale  or  quality  of  being 
mirthful. 

MIRTH'LESS,  a.     Without  mirth  or  hilarity. 

MIRTII'LESS-NESS,  ti.    Absence  of  mirth. 

MIR'Y,  a,     [from  mire]    Abounding  witli  deep  mud  ; 
full  of  mire  ;  as,  a  mrry  road  ;  a  miry  lane.       ffuy. 
2.  Consisting  of  mire.  Shnk. 

MIR  Z.\,  n.     [Persic  Emir-zadrl^j  son  of  the  prince.] 
The  connnon  style  of  honor  m  Persia,  when  it  pre- 
cedes the  surname  of  an  individual.     VVhen  append- 
ed to  the  surname,  it  signifies  prince.  Brande. 

MIS,  a  prefix,  denotes  error,  or  erroneous,  wrong,  from 
the  verb  miiSy  to  err,  to  go  wr.ing,  Goth.  mis.-<a  ,■  Sax. 
misy  from  missiany  to  err,  to  deviate  or  wander  ;  D. 
jnisymissen;  G.  missy  misseii ;  Dan.  mi^,  mister;  Sw. 
7HW,  mista  ;  W.  meth,  a  failing,  a  miss  ;  Fr.  mcsy  or 
mey  in  composition  ;  It.  mis. 

MIS-AC-CKP-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  taking  or  un- 
derstanding in  a  wrong  sense. 

MIS-AD-VEN'TURE,  »,  Mischance ;  misfortune  ;  ill 
luck  ;  an  unlucky  accident. 

2.  In  laWy  homicide  by  misadventure,  is  when  a 
man,  doing  a  lawful  act,  without  any  intention  of 
injury,  unfortunately  kills  another.  This  is  called 
ezcuaable  homicide.  Blackntone. 

MIS-AD-VEN'Ti;R-En,  a.     Unforlunato.         Shak. 

MIS-AD-VEN'TljR-OUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  misadven- 
ture. 

MIS-AD- VIS'£D,  a.  [See  Advise.]  Ill  advised; 
ill  directed.  Jvhnsvn. 

MIS-AF-FECT',  r.  (.    To  dislike. 

MIS-AF-FECT'ED,  a.     in-dispt)3ed. 

MIS-AF-FIRM',  V.  t.     To  nlhrm  incorrectly. 

MIS-AF  FIRM'Kl),  pp.     Aflirmed  incorrectly. 

MIS-AIM'£D,  a.     Not  rightly  aimed  or  directed. 

Spenser. 

:MIS-AL-LEGE',  (mis-al-lt  j',)  v.  U  To  slate  errone- 
ously. 

MIS-AI^LEft'ED,  pp.     Stated  erroneously. 

MIS-.\L-LE-G^''f'R)N,  ».     Erroneous  statement. 

MIS-.\IrLI'.\NCE,  71.     Improper  association. 

MIS-AI^LI'^n,  n.     Ill  allied  or  associated.     Burke. 

.MIS-AL-LOT'MENT,  n.     A  wrong  allotment. 

avOf)i,}7T<JS  i  pt(rctii. 
'  avOiJOJiTOiy  man.] 
Strijt 

MIS-AN-TMROP'ie,  \  a.     Hating  or havinga  dis- 

MIS-AX-TUROr'ie-AL,  \      like  lo  mankind.    IVaLsh. 

MIS-AN'THRO-PY,  ti.  Hatred  or  dislike  to  mankind; 

OpiWSCd  to    PmLANTHROPy. 

MIS-.Al*-PLI-€.\'TION,  71.  A  wrong  application;  an 
application  to  a  wrong  person  or  puri«se. 

MIrf-AP-PLT'£D,  pp.  Applied  lo  a  wrong  person  or 
puriHise. 

MIS-AP-PL?',  TJ.  «.  To  apply  to  a  wrong  person  or 
puriKjso  ;  as,  to  misapply  a  name  or  title  ;  to  misapply 
our  talents  or  exertions ;  to  misapply  public  money. 

MIS-AP-PL?'ING,p;ir,  Applying  to  a  wrong  iJcrson 
or  pur;K»se, 

MIS-AI'-PRk'OFa-TED,  a.     Improperiy  appreciated. 

iMIS-AP-PRE-HEND',  v.  £.  To  misunderstand;  to 
tiiko  in  a  wrong  sense.  Locke. 


Mm'J\U-lA-J  1  '  .illj.l  i  ,  rt.       z\  "tuny  .11 

MIS'AN-THROPE,        in.    [C,r.  piutv 
MIS-AN'THRO-PIST,)   lo  hate,  and  u 
A  hater  of  mankind. 


•iXNK,  BULL,  TJNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.— €  aa  K ;  6  as  J;  «  as  Z ;  OH  as  SH;  TH  aa  In  THIS. 


717 


MIS 


MIS 


MIS-AP-PRE-HENO'EP,  ;»^.     Kulrijjhtly  understood. 

MIS-AP-PRE-HKNU'ING,  ppr.     Misuiutirslanding. 

MIS-AP-PRE-HEN'SION,  n,  A  mislaking  or  ml*- 
lake  ;  wrong  nppreliensiun  of  one's  iiii^aain;;  or  of  a 
fact 

MIS-AP-PRE-nE.\'SIVE-LY,  adv.  By  misapprehen- 
sion. 

MIS-AP-rRO-PRI-X'TION,  n.  Wrong  appropria- 
tion. , 

MrS-AR-RANCE'.t>.(.  To  phice  In  a  wrong  order, 
or  improper  manner. 

MIS-AU-RAXtyKD,  pp.    Placed  in  awmngorder. 

MIS-AR-KANOE'MENT,  n.     Wrong  arrancnifnt. 

MIS-AK  RANGING,  ppr.      Placing  in  a  wrong  order- 

MIS-\S-eRIliE',  »•  t  To  a:M:ribe  falsely  or  crnme- 
o««ly.  ^»y'«- 

MI:J-AS-SIGN',  r.  I.  [Pco  Assig.i.J  To  assign  erro- 
neously. Boyle, 

MIS-AT-TEXD',  r.  L    To  disrejjard.  Milton, 

MIS-BE-eOME',  (mi9-*HJ-kura\)  r.  t.  JPee  Bbcome.] 
Kot  to  become  ;  to  suit  ill ;  nut  to  bctiL 

Tfajr  bihet  will  as*,  ut  what  mMeeomta  him.  Ar&finw. 

BIIS-BE-eOM'ING,  (-kum'ing,)  ppr,  or  a.  Unseemly  j 
iinsiiitnble  ;  improper  ;   indecorous. 

HIS-BC-eOM'ING-LV,  ado.  In  an  unsuitable  man- 
ner. 

MIS-liE-€OM'IXG-NESS,  n.  Unbecomin jnesB ;  un- 
fttiitahleTipsin.  DuyU. 

MI:S-nE^FIT'TING,  a.    Not  bcfiltinp. 

MIS-UE-GOT'  \pp.  or  a.    Unlawfully  or  irregii- 

MIS-IJE-GOT'TJEN,  \     larly  begoUtu. 

SJutk.     Drpden. 

MIS-BE-HAVE',i>.  i.  To  behave  ill ;  to  con  duct  one's 
self  improperly ;  often  used  with  a  reciprocal  pro- 
noun. 

MIS-BE-nAV'i:D,  «.  Cuilly  of  iU  behavior;  ill-bred; 
rude.  Shak. 

MIS-BE-HAV'IOR,  (mis-be-hav'yur,)  x.  Ill  conduct ; 
improper,  nide,  or  uncivil  behnviur.  Jiddutn, 

MIS^BE-LI£F',  n.    Erroneous  belief;  fehe  relijEion. 

MTSI-BE-LTkVE',  r.  L    To  believe  erroneously.    Shak, 
MIS-BE-I^IkV'ER,  ».    One   who  believes   wrongi)' ; 

oni'  who  h->lds  a  false  religion.  DryiUn. 

MlS^nE-LlEV'IXGjp^r.  or  a.  Believing  erroneously  ; 

irreligions.  SJuik. 

MIS-BE  SEEM',  n.  e.    To  siiil  ill. 
MIS-RE--^KK.M'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Ill-suitini. 
MIS-BE  ST6\V',  r.  L    To  bestow  improperly.  MiUaiL. 
MIS-BK^TAW\ED,  ppr,     Be*towcd  impn>perty. 
MIS-BE-**TO\V'ING,  pp.    Bestowing  improperly. 
MIS'BOR.V,  a.     Born  to  cviL  Sprii.^rr, 

MIS-eAI/€U-LATE,  r.  L    To  calculate  erron'-*»isly. 

Jfrhutfini^ 
MIS-€Al.'eU-LA-TEn,  pp.  Erroneouf^ly  catculaU-d. 
MIS-eAL'€U-LA-TIi\G»  ppr,    Commilling  errors  in 

calculation. 
MlS-€AI.-eU-LX'TION,  n.     Erroneous  calculation. 
MIS-GALL',  (mis-liawl',)  r.  L    To  call  by  a  wrong 

name  ;  to  name  inipro|)erly. 
MIS-eALL'f:D,  pp.  or  a.     Misnamed. 
MIS-€ALI.'IXG,  ppr.     Misnaming. 
MLS-CAK'RIAGE,   mis-kar'rij.)  lu  Unfortunate  event 

of  an  undertaking  ;  failure. 

Wli^H  a  coim^-Ior,  lo  mre  hinwrif, 

Would  liiy  aiiscarriagti  upon  hi*  jmnw,  Drytien. 

2.  DI  conduct ;  evil  or  improper  behavior  ;  as,  the 
failings  and  nisearruifres  of  the  righteous,     Rnirers. 

3.  The  act  of  bringing  forth  before  the  time,  but 
so  late  that  the  young  are  capable  of  surviving. 

£wet/e. 
MIS-CAR'RI-EO,  (kar'rid,)  pp.  Failed  of  the  intend- 
ed effect;  brought  forth  preinatiinly. 
5nS-€AR'RY,  V.  i.  To  fail  of  the  intended  effect; 
not  to  succeed  ;  to  be  un^uccesi-ful  ;  t(>suffer  defeat ; 
mpplisd  to  ptrgous  or  unJertakxH^f  and  to  thinga.  We 
say,  a  project,  scheme,  design,  enterprise,  attempt, 
has  miacarritd. 

Ban  70a  BoC  bf-sri  at  rnderick,  the  fnat  aoUier,  who  wd»- 
My  riB{B  have  ail  MUCBrriad.  SSak. 

2.  To  brins;  forth  young  before  the  proper  time, 
but  Ptill  at  so  late  a  period  as  to  be  capable  of  surviv- 
ing. 

MIS  eAR'RY-TN'G,  ppr.  or  a.  Failing  of  the  Intended 
efffci :  bringing  forth  prematurely,     //o.*.  ii. 

MIS-e.KST',  r.  U    To  cast  or  reckon  erroneously. 

Eroicn. 

MTS-€XST',  pp.    Erroneously  ca«t  or  reckoned. 

MIR-GAST',  n.     An  erroneous  cast  or  reckoning. 

MIS-€AST'1NG,  ppr.  Casting  or  reckoning  errone- 
ouslv. 

MIS-CEL-LA-NA'RI-AN,  a.  [See  Miscbixast.]  Be- 
longing to  miscellanies ;  of  miscellanies. 

JfiMd'amirian  autbon.  Sha/t^wy. 

MIS-CEL'LAN-IST,  )  n,    A  writer  of  miscella- 

MI5-CEL-LA-NA'RI-AN,  1      nies.  ShafUbury. 

MIS'CEl^LANE  ».     {UmiMCfUAMits.] 

A  mixture  of  two  or  more  sorta  of  grain ;  now 

called  ME9Li!f.  Bacou. 

BUS-CEIi-LA'NE-OUS,  a.     [L.  miactUanem^  from  mis- 

ceoj  to  mix.] 


Mixed  ;  min^U^I  ;  consisting  of  sevemi  kind>i ;  as, 

a  mti!cellar*eaiia  publication  ;  a  mUcellaneoas  rablde, 

Miltun. 
MIS-CEL-La'NE-OUS-LY,    ado      With   variety    or 

mixture. 
MIS-CEL-LX'NE-OUS-NESS,  n.    The  stale  of  being 

mixed  ;  cum|x>sition  of  various  kinds. 
MIS'CEL-LA-XV,  n.     [Fr.  miscellanies  i    Sp.   miscela- 

rua,;    L.  miscellanea^  \T\im  miscfo^  to  mix;    Ch.  and 

Ar.  ra,  to  mix.     Class  Ms,  No.  7.1 

1.  A  mass  or  mixture  uf  various  kinds;  particu- 
lirlg, 

2.  A  book  or  pamphlet  containing  a  collection  of 
compositions  on  various  subjects,  or  a  collection  of 
variuus  kinds  of  compositions.  Pttpe,    Sic\fL 

.MIS'CEL-LA-NY,  0.  Miscellaneous.  [Obs.]  Baa>n. 
MIS-CEN'TER, )  v.  L  To  place  omiss,  [Au(  in  twcj 
MIS-CE.N'TKE.  i  J)onM, 

MIS-CHAN'CE',?!.  ni  luck;  ill  fortune;  misfortune ; 
mishap;  misadventure. 

U  k  K  main's  unbappioMs,  hii  mifcAano*  or  calAtnit/,  bi)(  not  hi* 

MIS-CHAR' A€-TER-TZE,  r.  L  [See  Charactkr.] 
To  characterize  f.ilsely  or  erroneously  ;  to  give  u 
wrong  ctinracter  to. 

Thry  toiallji  mUdlaTOcUrire  ihe  aeiion.  Eton. 

MIS-CHXRGE',  r.  L  To  mistake  in  charging,  as  an 
nccninit. 

MIS-CHARGE', n.  A  mistake  in  charging,  as  an  ac- 
count ;  an  erroneous  entry  in  an  account. 

MIS-CHXIl6'£D,  pp.     Cliarged  erroneously. 

MIS'CHIEF,  (mis'chif,)  «.  [Old  Fr.  meschef;  mw, 
wroni:,  and  cA(/,  head  or  end,  the  root  of  achieve^  Fr. 
achevrr.] 

1.  Harm;  hurt;  injury;  damage;  evil,  whether 
intended  or  not.  A  new  law  is  made  to  remedy  the 
mistkit^f. 

2.  Intentional  injury;  barm  or  damage  done  by 
design. 

Thy  tongue  rturlirth  miMctiie/.  —  P».  Hi. 

3.  Ill  consequence;  evil;  vexatious  affair. 

The  miKAt^vKs,  th-v*  itHinfl  would  nerer  alluw  that  thr  eom- 
m<>i)  enemy  ww  mbdued.  SiB\fL 

MIS'CHIEF,  r.  t.    To  hurt;  to  harm  ;  lo  injure. 

Sprat 

MIS'CHIRF-MAK-ER,  n.  One  who  makes  mis- 
chief; one  who  excites  or  instigates  quarrels  or  en- 
mitv. 

MIS'CIIIEF-MAK-IXG,  o.  Causing  harm;  exciting 
enmity  or  quarrels.  Rou>e. 

MIS'CHIEV-OUS,  (mis'che-vous,)  o.  Harmful; 
hurtful;  injurious;  making  mischief;  of  persons; 
as,  a  mischievous  man  or  dtsiMsition. 

2.  Hurtful ;  noxious  ;  as,  a  mischievous  thing. 

.^rbuthnoL 

3.  Inclined  to  do  harm  ;  as,  a  mischievous  boy. 
MIS'CHIEV-OUS-LY,  adv.    With  injury,  hurt,  loss, 

or  dnnrnge.     We  say,  the  law  operates  ininehievottsbj. 
2.  With  evil  intention  or  dis[>osiiion.     The  injury 
was  done  misrhievoiisly. 

MIS'CHIEV-OUS-NESS,  n.  Hurtfulness;  noxious- 
ness. 

2.  Disposition  to  do  harm,  or  to  vex  or  annoy  ;  as, 
the  muichievousness  of  youth. 

Mischief  denotes  injury,  harm,  or  damage  of  less 
malignity  and  magnitude  than  what  are  usually 
called  crimes.  We  never  give  the  name  of  mis- 
chief to  th«;fl,  robbery,  or  murder.  And  it  so  com- 
monly implies  intention  in  committing  petty  offenses, 
that  it  shocks  us  to  hear  the  word  applied  to  the  ca- 
lamities indicted  by  I'rovidence.  We  say,  a  tem- 
pt;st  has  done  great  damase^  but  not  mischief.  In  like 
manner,  the  adjective  mischierous  is  not  applied  to 
thieves,  pirates,  and  other  felons,  but  to  persons  com- 
niittins  petty  trespasses  and  offenses. 

MISCH'NA,  (mish'ni,)  n.  The  text  of  the  Jewish 
Talmud.     [See  Mt8H:«A.] 

MIS-CHOOSE',  (mis-chooz',)  v.  t  To  choose  wrong; 
to  make  a  wrung  choice.  Milton. 

MIS-CHo3'£\,  pp.     Chosen  by  mistake. 

MIS-CI-BIL'I-TY,  n.     Capability  of  being  mixed. 

MIS'CI-ULE,  a,     [Fr.,  from  I*,  muceo^  to  mix.] 

That  may  be  mixed.  Oil  and  water  are  not  mi^- 
cihle. 

MIS-CI-TA'TIOX,  n.  A  wrong  citation  ;  erroneous 
qtlotalion.  Collier. 

MIS-CITE',  r.  t.    To  cite  erroneously  or  falsely. 

MIS-CIT'ED,  pp.     (luoted  wrong. 

M1S-€La1M',  n.    A  mistaken  claim  or  demand. 

Bacotu 

MlS-eOM-PU-TA'TION,n.  Erroneous  computation  ; 
fal-te  reckoning.  Clarendon. 

MIS-COM-rC'TE',  tJ.  t.  To  compute  or  reckon  erro- 
neously. 

MIS-t'OM-PCT'ED,  pp.    Reckoned  erroneously. 

MIS-COM-PPT'ING,  ppr.     Reckoning  erroneously. 

MIS-CON-CkIT'.     See  Miscosceptiow. 

MISCON-CeIVE',  B.  t  or  i.  To  receive  a  false  no- 
tion or  opinion  of  any  thing ;  to  misjudge ;  to  have 
Oil  erroneous  understanding  of  any  thing. 

To  yi'-W  to  orh"?™  Just  nnd  r^asonablB  cnusra  of  those  thfng«, 
which,  for  want  of  tlue  coiicideratioa  hcRtoIore,  ihey  h.i»e 
miscotic^etd.  Hooker. 


MIS 

MIS-eON-C£IV'iCl),p^.  Wrongly  understood;  mis- 
taken. 

MIS-CON-CKlV'Ii\G,  ppr.  Mistaking;  misunder- 
stand in  e. 

MIS-€0\-CEP'TION,  n.  Erroneous  conceptiim  ; 
false  opiniqn ;  wrong  notion  or  understanding  of  a 
thing. 

GkaI  erron  and  daii^n  result  fnna  a  mifconcfprion  of  th« 
iianv^  ol  tbitifi.  Uarwey. 

MIS-eON'DUCT,  n.  Wrong  conduct;  ill  behavior; 
ill  management.  Jlddison. 

MISeON-DUCT',  r.  t.  To  conduct  amiss;  to  mis- 
manage. 

MIseON-DUCT',  V.  u    To  behave  amiss. 

MIS-CON-DUCT'ED,  pp.  or  o.  HI  managed;  badly 
conducted.  • 

MI3-eON-UU€rraNG,  ppr.  Mismanaging;  misbe- 
having. 

MIS-eON-JECT'tiRE,  n,  A  wrong  conjecture  or 
guess. 

MIs^eON-JECT'IIRE,  v.  t.  or  i.    To  gtiess  wrong. 

MIS-CDN-JEGT'I'R-KO,  pp.     Guessed  wrong. 

MIS-eON-SE-CUA''J~ION,  n.    Wrong  coii:;ecniiinn. 

MIseOiN-STRUC'TION,  ti.  Wrong  interpretation 
of  words  or  things  ;  a  mistaking  of  the  true  mean- 
ing ;  as,  a  mhcovstrjiction  of  words  or  anions. 

MIS-eON'STROEi,  r.  (.  To  interpret  erroneously  ei- 
ther words  or  things.  It  is  important  not  to  mincon- 
striie  the  Scripture. 

Do  not,  grent  nir,  tniaconatrue  hb  intent.  Drytten. 

A  TLTtui^iiB  (jinpcrur  wai  much  allVcted  to  And  bis  Bctiixin  mu- 
coriairuetl.  AdttUon. 

MIS-eON'STR0-KD,pp.     Erroneously  interpreted, 

MIS-CON'STRU-ER,  «.  One  who  makes  a  wrong  in- 
terpretation. 

MIS-COX'STRU-ING,  ppr.     Interpreting  wrongly. 

MISeON-TLN'U-ANCE,  n.  Cessation;  intermission. 
[OA.f.] 

MIS-CORRECT',  V.  u  To  correct  erroneously;  to 
mistake  in  attempting  to  correct  another. 

lie  (MtsKd  th»  first  f.vpa  yrars  o(  hta  III-'  at  Alautua,  not  s^rcn- 
Ireu,  aa  Scilig^r  miscorrecu  his  author.  DrytUn, 

MIS-COR-RECT'ED,  pp.  Corrected  erroneously; 
mistaken   in  the  attt-mpt  to  corn-ct. 

MIS-COUN'HEL,  r.  t.     To  advise  wrong.      Spenser. 

MIS-COUN'SEL-ED,  pp.     Wrungly  advised. 

MIS-COUN'HEL-ING,  ppr.     Advising  wrtmgly. 

MIS-COUNT',  p.  f.  To  count  erroneously;  to  mis- 
take in  counting. 

MIS-COUNT',  V.  i.    To  make  wrong  reckoning. 

Bp.  Patrick. 

MIS-COUNT',  n.  An  erroneous  counting  or  number- 
ing. 

MIS-COUNT'ED,  pp.    Counted  erroneously. 

MIS-COUNT'ING,  ppr.     Counting  incorrectly. 

MIS'CltE-ANCE,   i  n,     [See  MI8CRF.A^T.]     Unbelief; 

MIS'CKE-AN-Cy,  S  false  faith  ;  adherence  to  a  false 
religion.     [Oft*.]  Spenser, 

MIS'CRE-ANT,  11.  [Fr.  m6cr6ant ;  Norm,  mrscrcnunt ; 
msy  wrong,  and  creancc,  belief,  from  L.  crcdcns^  cre- 
do.] 

1.  An  infidel,  or  one  who  embraces  a  false  faith. 
S.  A  vile  wretch  ;  an  unprincipled  fellow.  Adilison. 

Mia-CRE-ATR',       a.     Formed  unnaturally  or  illegit- 
MIS-CKE-AT'EU,  j      imately  ;  deformed.     [Obs.] 

Spenser. 
MIS-CRE-A'TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  wrong  creation. 
Ml.«  DATE',  H.     A  wrong  date.  ISkdUy, 

MIS-DATE',  V.  i.    To  date  erroneously. 
MIS-DAT'ED,  pp.     Dated  erroneously. 
MIS-DEED',  n.     An  evil  deed  ;  a  wicked  action. 

Evils  which  our  own  misdtedt  have  done-  JV/irton. 

MIS-DEEM',  o.  t.  To  judge  erroneously;  to  misjudge; 
to  mistake  in  judging.  Spenser, 

MIS-DEKM'KD,  pp.     Erroneously  judged. 

MIS-DEEM'ING,  ppr.  Judging  or  thinking  errone- 
ous I  v. 

Mlri-liE-MP.AN',  V.  u    To  behave  ill.  Shaft. 

MIS-DE-MkAN'OR,  n.  III  behavior;  evil  conduct; 
fault;  mismanagement  South, 

2.  In  iuw,an  ufft^nse  of  a  less  atrocious  nature  than 
a  crime.  It  applies  to  all  offenses  inferior  to  felony, 
and  also  to  all  offenses  for  which  the  law  has  not 
provided  a  particular  remedy.  Bouvier. 

Crimes  and  vtisdemeanors  are  mere  synonymous 
terms  ;  but,  in  commcn  usave^  the  word  crime  is  made 
to  denote  offense^  of  a  deeper  and  more  atrociovs 
dye,  while  small  faults  and  omissions  of  less  conse- 
qu4>nce  ore  comprised  under  the  gentler  name  of  ttiw- 
drmrannrs.  Blackstone, 

MIS-DE-KTVE',  V.  t.    To  err  in  deriving. 

MIS-DK-SCRIB'ilD,  a.     Erroneously  described. 

MIS-DE-SERT',  n.     II!  desert.  Spenser. 

MIS-DE-V6'TION,  71.  False  devotion;  mistaken  pie- 
ty.    [Little  used.]  Donne. 

MIS-DI'ET,  n.    Improper  diet  or  food.    [JVot  used.] 

Spenser, 

MIS-DI-RECT',  T>.  L  To  give  a  wrung  direction  to; 
as,  to  inisdirext  a  passeii;?er. 

2.  To  direct  to  a  wrong  person  or  place;  as,  to  mis- 
dirrcf  a  Iftt'T. 

MIS-DI  RECI'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Directed  wrong,  or  lo  a 
wrong  person  or  place. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  VVH^T  —METE,  PRBY PINE,  MARINE,  BmiX— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BQQK.- 

718 


BUS 

MIS-DI-FvEeT'ING,  ppr.      Directing  wrong,  or  to  u 

wrong  perstin  or  place. 
MIS-DI-REC'TION,  n.    The  act  of  directing  wronply 

2.  In  late,  an  error  committed  bj'  a  judge  in  charg- 
ing the  jur>-,  in  matters  of  law  or  of  fHCt.     Bouvier. 

MIi*-DIS-PO-8T"TlON,  (-po-zish'un,)  n.  Disposition 
to  evil.     [J^'ot  in  u.-ie.]  Jip.  Hall, 

MIS-DIS-TlX"GUISH,  (-ting'gwishO  r.  £.  To  make 
wrune  di-stinctiuiiB.  Hooker. 

MIS-DO',  p.  (.  or  i.  [See  Do.]  To  do  wrong  ;  to  do 
amiss  ;  to  commit  a  crim^  or  fault.  M'dt4>n. 

MIS-DO'ER,  n.  One  who  does  wrong ;  one  who  corn- 
mil^  a  fault  or  crime.  Spenser. 

MIS-DO'ING,  ppr.  Doing  wrong;  committing  a  fault 
or  crime        ^ 

MIS-DO'ING,  n.  A  wrong  done  ;  a  fault  or  crime  ;  an 
offfiise.  L'  Estrange. 

MIS-DOUBT',  imis-dout',)  v.  U  [See  Doubt.]  To 
suspect  of  deceit  or  danger.  [An  ill-formed  vord,  and 
not  in  tw^.l  Sidney.     SJuik.     Dnjdt'n. 

MIS-DOUBT',  C-dout'O  n.  Suspiciou  of  crime  or  dan- 
ger. Shak. 

3.  Irresohitinn  ;  hesitation.  [A*o(  used.']  Sluik. 
MTS-DOUBT'FJJL,  C-dout',)  a.  Nlis-iving.  Spenser. 
MIS-DKEAD',  (-dred',)  n.  Dread  of  evil.  Bp.  Hall. 
MtSE,  (meez,)  h.     [Fr.  miSf  put,  laid,  pp.  of  mcilre,  L. 

viilto ;  Nfirm.  mt5«.J 

1.  In  law^  an  issue  to  be  tried  at  the  grand  assize. 

2.  Expense ;  C(«t. 

3.  A  tilt  or  tallage ;  in  fVales,  an  honomry  gift  of 
the  people  to  a  new  king  or  prince  of  Wales  ;  also,  a 
tribute  paid,  in  the  county  Palatine  of  Chester^  at  the 
change  of  the  owner  of  the  earldoms.  Encye. 

MIS-EU'U-eS-TED,  a.  Educated  in  a  wrong  man- 
ner. Mrs.  MaiUa^u. 

MIS-EM-PLOY',  r.  L  To  employ  to  no  purpose,  or  to 
a  bad  purf>o;;e  ;  as,  to  misemplo)/  time,  power,  advnn- 
taces,  talents,  ii.c.  Locke.     A<ldison. 

MIS-EM-rLO\  '£D,  pp.  or  a.  Used  to  no  purpose,  or 
to  a  bad  one. 

MIS-EM-PLOY'ING,  ppr.  Using  to  no  purpose,  or  to 
a  bad  one. 

MIS-EM-PLOY'MENT,  «.  Dl  employment ;  applica- 
tion to  no  purpose,  or  to  a  bad  purpose.  Hale. 

MIS.EN'TER-£D,pp.   Entered  wrong,  as  an  account. 

MIS*EN'TRY,  n.  An  erroneous  entry  or  ciiarge,  as  of 
an  account. 

MI'SER,  n.     [Lh,  mi'jtrr,  miserable.] 

1.  A  miserable  person;  one  wretched  or  afflicted. 
[  Obs  1  Spenser. 

2.  A  wretch  ;  a  mean  fellow.     [Oba.]  Shak. 

3.  An  extremely  covetous  person  ;  a  sordid  wretch  ; 
a  nigf;ard  ;  one  who  in  wealth  makes  himself  miser- 
able by  the  fear  of  poverty.  [TViis  is  the  only  sense  in 
tBkich  U  is  now  used.] 

No  idver  vudU  b;  dyin^  tnUer»  ^rtn.  Popt. 

MI3'ER-A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.  miserabley  ftom  L.  mi$£r,  ntw- 
erabili*.] 

1.  Verj'  unhappy  from  grief,  pain,  calamity,  pover- 
ty, apprehension  of  evil,  or  other  cause.  It,  liowe\'ur, 
expresses  somewhat  teas  than  mretdicd. 

What  bopf*  delude  tbe«,  miMtntil*  naa  i  2}ryUn. 

2.  Very  poor ;  worthlens. 

MutraUe  comfbiVn  ar«  ye  all.  —  Job  xri. 

3.  Causing  unbappiness  or  misery. 

Wtul'i  more  migeraUe  Uutn  ducontrat  f  Shak. 

4.  Very'  poor  (v  mean  ;  as,  s  miserable  but ;  miser- 
able clothing. 

5.  Very  poor  or  barren  ;  as,  a  misrrahle  soil. 

G.  Very  low  or  despicable  ;  as,  a  miserable  person. 
MI»'ER-A  BLE-NE.SS,  n.  Stale  of  mistry  ;  ptjorness. 
MI«'ER-A-BLY.  adn.     Unhappily;  calamitoui^ly. 

Tbp  Afth  wu  wu*eraUy  bUUimI  to  (t'-'Oth.  South. 

SJ.  Very  poorly  or  meanly  ;  wretchedly.  They  were 
miyerably  entertained.  Sidney, 

3.  In  ini'^tTy  or  uiihappiness. 
MlS-E-Ri:'RF.,  n.     [L.,  have  mercy,] 

In  the  Ruman  Catholie  church,  the  psalm  usually  ap- 
pointed fur  penitr  nlial  arU,  being  the  3Ist  psalm, 
which  ciimniences  with  tliis  word.  ^' 

MT'SER-LY,  a.     [See  MrsEs.]     Very  covetous;   sor- 
did ;  nigiiardly  ;  parsimonioti^. 
HIS'ER-V,  Ti.     fL.miseria;  Fr.  miAire.] 

I.  Great  unbappiness  ;  extreme  pain  of  body  or 
mind.  A  man  sulff-rs  mitrry  from  the  Einut,  or  from 
great  afflictions,  distress,  calamity,  and  other  evils. 
Misery  expresses  soinewbat  less  than  wretchedness. 

JUUffry  ■  u  rfn]ly  the  fruit  V  trier  fiH^iiing  !n  ttw  heart,  a»  Lip-i 
ue  ttw  pruluc!  of  larei  •own  In  tlte  (k'lil.        J,  Laihrop, 

3.  Calamity;  misfurtune ;  natural  evils  which  are 
the  cause  of  misery. 

And  mourn  the  muerur  of  httman  life.  Dryden. 

X  CovetoMsness.     [JVo(«jwrf.]  Shak, 

MI.S-E.S'TI-.MATE,  r.  L    To  estimate  erroneously. 

Mitford. 
MIS-ES'TI  M.^-TED,pp.     Estimated  erroneously. 
MIS-EXPLl-€A'TION,  n.     Wrong  explanation. 
MIS-EX-POU.ND',  v.L     To  expound  erroneously. 

Hooker. 
MIS- EX -PR  ES '8  ION,  (-presh'un,)  n.    Erroneous  ex- 
pression. Baxter. 


MIS 

MIS-FALL',  (mis-fawl',)  r.  t.    To  befall,  as  ill  luck  ; 

to  happen  lo  unluckily.  Spenser. 

MIS-FA  LL'/:N,  C-fawl^n,)  pp.     Happened  unluckily. 
MIS-FXrE',  n.     Ill  fare  ;  misfortune.  Spenaer. 

MIS-FARE',  V.  L    To  be  in  an  ill  state. 
MIS-FASH'ION,  r.  U     To  form  wrong.       Hakewitl. 
MIS-FEA'SANCE,   (-ftj'zans,)   n.     [Fr.  mes  and  fai- 

sauce,  from  fatre^  to  do.] 

In  law,  a  trespass  ;  a  wrong  done.  Encye. 

MIS-FBIGN',  (mis-fane',)  v.  i.     To  feign  with  an  ill 

desifiU,  Spenser. 

MIS-FORM',  V.  u    To  make  an  ill  form  ;  to  put  in  an 

ill  shape.  Spenser. 

MIS-FORM-A'TION,  n.   An  irregtilarity  of  formation. 
MlS-FOR.M'£D,  pp.     Made  of  an  ill  shajw. 
MIS-FOR'TU-NATE,  a.     Producing  misfortune. 

//.  Taijtor. 
MrS-FOR'TQNE,  n.     Ill  fortune  ;  ill  luck  ;  calamity  ; 

an  evil  or  cross  accident,  as  loss  of  property  at  sea  or 

by  fire- 

Conmler  why  the  ehiiti^  wm  wron^t, 

You'll  fiml  it  hii  miM/ortunt,  not  hia  faulU  Adiliton. 

MIS-FOR'TITN-ED,  a.     Unfortnnate.  MUton. 

MIS-GIVE',  (mis-giv',)  »,  u  [See  Give.]  To  fill  with 
doubt ;  to  deprive  of  confidence  ;  to  fail ;  usually  ap- 
plied to  the  heart. 

So  (loth  my  heart  mwftM  me.  Shak. 

His  heart  mitgave  him.  AJiUton. 

S.  To  give  or  grant  amiss.     [JVbf  in  use.]     Lau,d. 

MIS-GIV'LNG,  ppr.  Filling  with  doubt  or  distrust 
failing. 

MIS-GIVING,  n.  A  failing  of  confidence;  doubt;  dis- 
trust. 

Duiitits,  suspicions,  and  nuMgininga.  Souik. 

MIS-GOT'TEN,  a.     Unjustly  obtained. 
MIS-GOV'EKX.  (guVern,)  v.  t.    To  govern  ill,  to 
administer  unfaithfully. 

Solynuui  charged  him  biUeriy  th.-U  he  had  miMgoMrtud  tho  ■t.nte. 

KnoHea. 
MIS-GOV'ERX-ANCE,  C-giiVcrn-ans,)  n.    III  govern- 
ment;  disorder;  irregularity.  Spenser. 
MIS-GOV'ERN-£D,  pp.  or  a.     Ill  governed ;  badly  ad- 
ministered. 

9.  Rude ;  unrestrained  ;  as,  rude,  misgoverned 
hands.  Shak, 

MIS-GOV'ERN-MENT,  n.  Ill  administration  of  pub- 
lic alfairs.  Ralegh. 

2.  Ill  management  in  private  affairs.  Taijlor. 

3.  Irregularity  ;  disonler.  S!iak. 
MIS-GRAFF',  r.  U     To  enift  amiss. 
MIS-GRXFT'ED,  ;.p.    Grafted  amiss. 
MIS-GROUND'   V.  L     To  found  erroneously.      Hall. 
MIS-GUID'ANCE,  n.   Wrong  direction ;  guidance  into 

error.  South. 

MI3-G  UIDE',  r.  u    To  lead  or  gu  ide  into  error ;  to  di- 
rect ill ;  as,  to  misguide  the  understanding  or  mind. 
Locke.     Pope. 

MIS-GUTD'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Led  astray  by  evil  counsel 
or  wrnuE  direction  ;  as,  a  misguided  prince.    Prior. 

MIS-GUTD'I\G,p/jr.  Giving  wrong  direction  to;  lead- 
ing into  error. 

MIS-GUTD'ING,  n.     The  act  of  misleading. 

M1S-GUTD'L\G-LV,  adv.     In  a  way  to  mislead. 

MIS-HAP',  n.  Ill  chance;  evil  accident;  ill  luck; 
misfonunc. 

secure  from  worldlf  chftnen  and  mthaps.  Skak. 

MTS-IIAP'PKN,  r.  i.    To  happen  ill.  Spender. 

MIS-HkAR',  p.  l     To  mistake  in  hearing. 

MIS-IIEARI)',  pp.    Heard  misuikenlv  or  imperfectly. 

MISH'MASII,  M.     [Tenl.  mwcA-mtwcA.] 
A  mingle,  or  hutchiMitch. 

MISH'NA,  n.  [Hub.  nico,  iterated,  from  7\:^V,  to  re- 
peat.} 

A  collection  or  digest  of  Jewish  traditions  and  ex- 
planations of  Scripture,  forming  the  text  of  the  Tal- 
mud. Murdock. 

MISIl'NIC,  a.    Pertaining  or  relating  to  the  .Mishna. 
Ei\/iel(L    Encye. 

MIS-IM-PROVE',  (proov',)  v.  t  To  improve  to  a  had 
pur|>ose ;  to  abuse ;  as,  to  misimprove  time,  talents, 
advaiitiKCs. 

^IS-IM-PROV'i^D,  pp.  or  a.    Used  to  a  bad  purpose, 

MIH-IM-PROVE'MEXT,  (-proov-,)  n.  III  use  or  em- 
ployment ;  improvement  to  a  bad  purpose. 

MIS-IX-FER',  r.  L    To  draw  a  wrong  inference. 

Hooker. 

MIS-IN-FORM',  r.  ^  To  give  erronnous  information 
to  ;  to  communicate  an  incorrvct  statement  of  facts. 

MIS-LN-FORM-A'TION,  »i.  Wrong  information  ;  false 
account  or  intelligence  received.        Bacon.     South. 

MIS-I\-F()RM'KI»,pp      Wroncly  informed. 

MIS-I.V-FORM'ER,  n.  One  that  gives  wrong  inform- 
ation. 

MIS-IN-FORM'ING,  ppr.  Communicating  erroneous 
information  to. 

MIS-UV-STRUCT',  r.  t.     To  instruct  amiss.     Hooker. 

MIS^lN-STltUeT'ED.pp.     Instructed  amiss. 

MIS-IN-STUUC'TIOM,  n.    Wrong  instruction.  More. 

MIS-IX-TEL'LI-<iKNCE,rt.  Wrong  information  ;  dis- 
acreement. 

MIS-IN-TER'PRET,  p.  (.  To  interpret  erroneously; 
to  understand  or  to  explain  in  a  wrong  sentae. 

Arbutknot. 


MIS 

MIS-IN-TER-PRET-A'TION,  it.    The  act  of  inter- 

Itreting  erroneously. 
S-LN-TER'PRE'i'-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Erroneously  under- 
stood or  explained. 

.MIS-IN-TER'PRET-ER,  n.  One  who  interprets  er- 
roneouslv. 

MIS-IN-TER'PRET-ING,pjjr.  Erroneoasly  interpret- 
ing. 

MIS-JOIN',  V.  t.    To  join  unfitly  or  improperly. 

Milton.     Dryden. 

MIS-JOLV'DER,  n.  In  latei,  the  Joining  of  several  dis- 
tinct demands  in  a  declaration  which  can  not  by  law 
be  thus  united.  Boavier. 

MISJOIN'Kn,  pp.    Improperly  united. 

MI.S-J(>1\'L\G,  ppr.    Joining  unfitly  or  improperly. 

MIS-JUDOE',  (-juj'»)  i*'  t.  To  mistake  in  judging  of; 
to  judge  erroneously.  L^Estrangc. 

MI.S-JUDGE',  (-juj'))  »•  »'•  To  err  in  judgmeut;  to 
form  false  opinions  or  notions. 

MIS-JUDG'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Judged  erroneously. 

MIS-JUDG  ING,  ppr.  Judging  erroneously  of;  form- 
ing a  wrong  opinion  or  inference. 

MIS-JUD6'MENT,  tu  a  wrong  or  anjust  determina- 
tion. Hale. 

MIS'KIN,  n.    A  little  bagpipe. 

MIS-KIN'DLE,  v.  t.  To  kindle  amiss  ;  to  inflame  to 
a  bad  purpttse. 

ailS-LAID',  pp.  Laid  in  a  wrong  place,  or  place  not 
recollected  ;  lost. 

MIS-LAY',  V.  U    To  lay  in  a  wrong  place. 

The  fault  ia  generally  mttlaid  upon  nature.  Zodct. 

2.  To  lay  in  a  place  not  recollected  ;  to  lose. 

If  the  budcr  be  the  tell-tale,  mulay  a  ipoon  bo  thitt  he  mnj  merer 
find  it.  Swift. 

MIS-LA  Y'ER,  n.  One  that  lays  in  a  wrong  place  ;  one 
that  loses.  Bacon. 

MIS-LAVING,  ppr.  Ijiying  in  a  wrong  place,  or 
pl.ice  not  remembered  ;  losing. 

MIS'LE,  (miz'zl,)  r.  i.     [from  misf,  and  properly,  Mis- 

TLE.] 

To  rain  in  very  fine  drops,  like  a  thick  mist 

Gay.     Derham. 
MIS-IiKAD',  V.  t. ;  pret,  and  -pp.  Misled.   [See  Lead.] 
To  lead  into  a  wrong  way  or  path  ;  to  lead  astray  ; 
to  guide  into  error ;  to  cause  to  mi.«take ;  to  deceive. 

Tniat  not  a^rvnnts  who  mialead  or  misinfonn  you.         Bacon. 

Bui  of  ih''  two,  less  dangprons  is  tho  olVt'iiac, 

To  tire  our  putMncc,  llifui  tTutUad  our  sense.  Pop*. 

MrS-Lf:AD'ER,  n.    One  who  leads  into  error. 
MIS-LeAO'ING,  ppr.     L-eading  into  error;   causing 

lo  err ;  di^eiving. 
MIS-I.EAD'ING,  71,     A  misguiding. 
MIS-LEARN'ED,  (lern'ed  or  -lemd',)  o.    Not  really 

or  properly  learned. 
MIS-LED',  pp.  of  Mislead.     Led  into  error;   led  a 

wrong  way. 

—  To  irivf  ihic  light 
To  the  misled  ami  luinly  ir.ivellcr.  Mlton. 

MIS'LK-TCE,  n.     See  MisTiETnc. 

MIS-LIKE',  r.  L  or  t.    To  dislike;  to  disapprove  ;  to 
have  aversion  to ;  as,  lo  viislike  a  man  or  an  opinion. 
Ralegh.     Sidney.     Milton. 
[For  tkis  word  Dislike  is  generally  used.] 

MIS-LTKE',  n.     Dislike;  disiipprolmtion  ;  aversion. 

MIS-LIK' /•:!>,  (-I.ki',)  pp.     Di>liked  ;  disapproved. 

MIS-LIK'EK,  w.     One  that  dislikes. 

MIS-LTK'ING,  ppr.    Disliking;  (lisapproving. 

MIS'LIN.     See  Meslin. 

MIS-LIVE',  (uiis-liv'.)  p.  L     To  live  amiss,     [Obs.] 

MIS-LUCK',  w.     Ill  luck  ;  misfortune. 

MIS'LY,  a.  [See  Misle  and  Mist.]  Raining  in  very 
small  drops. 

MIS-MAN'AtjE,  V.  t.  To  manage  ill;  to  administer 
improperly  ;  as,  to  mismanasre  public  affairs. 

MlS-MAN'AtlE,  V.  i.  To  behave  ill ;  to  conduct  amiss. 

MIS-MAN'A-(j*:i>,  pp.     lil  managed  or  conducted. 

MIS-MAN'A6E-MEXT,  n.  Ill  or  improp«r  manage- 
ment; ill  conduct  ;  as,  the  mimnanagement  of  public 
or  private  affairs. 

MIS-MAN'A-dER,  n.     One  that  manages  ilL    Burke. 

MIS-MAN'A-GL\G,  ppr.     Managing  ill. 

MIS-MXRK',  1).  t.  To  mark  with  the  wrong  token  ;  to 
mark  ernme^^usly.  Ctdlicr. 

MIS-.MXRK'Kn,  (  m;lrkt',)  pp.    Wrongly  marked. 

MIS-MXRK'ING,  ppr.     Marking  erroneously. 

MIS-MATCH',  B.  (.     To  match  unsuitably.     Southern. 

MIS-MATCH'£D,  C-macht',)  pp.  Unsuitably  matched ; 
ill  Joined. 

MIS-MATCH'ING,  ppr.  Matching  in  an  unsuitable 
manner, 

MIS-MEAS'TIRE,  r.  (.    To  measure  incorrectly. 

MIS-.NaMK',  v.  t.     To  call  by  the  wrong  name.  Boyle 

MIS-NaAI'KI),  pp.     Called  by  a  wrong  name. 

MlS-NAM'ING,/>pr.    Calling  by  a  wrong  name. 

.MIS-N5'MER,  II.  [Old  Fr.  mcj,  wrong,  and  nontmer, 
to  name.] 

In  law,  the  mistaking  of  tho  tnie  name  of  a  per- 
son :  a  misnamins.  [Misnosmeh.  as  wriitrn  by 
Itlackstone,  must  be  a  corrupt  ortliograpliy.  ,Jn  no 
diiUect  has  name,  L.  novien,  been  written  with  s,  un- 
less by  mistake.] 

MIS-O-Be'DI-ENCE,  7»,  Erroneous  obedience,  or  dis- 
obedience.    [Jiot  used.]  Milton. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  aa  K ;  0  as  J ;  K  as  Z ;  CH  as  SIf ;  TH  as  in  THia 

Tisr 


MIS 

MIS-OH  SERVE',  (-7,erv'.)  r.  L  To  observe  innccu- 
rniely  ;  to  mistake  in  observing.  Idicke, 

MI-J?O0'A-MIST, «,     [Gr.  /ikjcu),  to  Iiate,  and  ;n/j  i$t 
mnrriaf^e.] 
A  iKtter  of  rauriage. 

IHT-SO(;'A-MY,  n.     Hatred  of  marriage. 

MI-80G'V-NIST,  (me-aoj'e-nist,)  «.  [Gr.  /fiofiw,  to 
hate,  and  y  ^'vn,  woman.] 

A  woman-bater.     [UnusualA  FuUrr. 

MI-SOG'Y-NY,  n.    [Sujira.]     Hatred  of  llie  female 

MlS^b-PIN'ION,  C-yun.)  ii.    Erroneous  opinion. 

Bp.  HaiL 

MIS-OR'nER,  V.  C  To  order  ill  j  to  manage  erroneous- 
ly.    fOb^.]  JUckaia. 
2.  To  manage  ill ;  to  conduct  badly.  [Obs.]     SKak. 

MKS-OR'DER,  «.  Irregularity  ;  disorderly  proceedings. 
r  H'e  n»»  use  Disoeder.]  Camden. 

Mi;i-i)R'I>EH-LY,  a.     Irregular  ;  disordt-rly.    AscXam. 

MIS-OR-DI-N.^'TION,  n.     Wrong  ordination.    Mer^ 

MIS-PELL',  MIS-PENU',  &.c  See  MissrKU.,  Mis- 
spend. 

MIS-PER-Sr.\DE',  (-swade',)r.  £.  Topeisuade  amiss, 
or  to  lead  to  a  wrong  notion.  Hooker. 

MIS-PER-SUA'SION,  (-swa'zimn,)  w.  A  false  por- 
masion  :  wrvtng  notion  or  opinion.     Decay  0/  Pifttt. 

MIS-PICK'iuL,  w.  Arsenical  pyrites  ;  an  ore  of  arsen- 
ic, containing  this  metal  in  combination  witb  iron, 
sometimes  found  in  cubic  crystals,  but  more  ol^en 
witlniui  any  regular  form.  Foarcroy. 

MIS-PL.^CE',  r.  L  To  put  in  a  wrong  place  j  as,  the 
book  is  misplnced. 

2.  To  place  on  an  improper  object ;  as,  lie  mi^ilacnl 
his  confidfiice.  South. 

MIS-PLAt"A'D,  (-plast'j)  pp.  or  a.  Put  in  a  wrong 
place,  or  on  an  improper  object. 

MIS-PLACE'MENT,  lu  The  act  of  putting  in  the 
wrong  place. 

MIS^PLAC  IXG,  ppr.  Putting  in  a  wrong  place,  or 
on  a  wrong  object. 

MIS-PLP.AD'   v.i.    To  err  in  plcadinc.    BlaeXHone. 

HIS-PL^.AD'ING,  ppr.  Making  a  misUike  m  plead- 
ing. 

MTSi-PLEAD'ING,  «.    A  mistake  in  pleading. 

MIS-POiNT',  r.  U  To  point  improperly  j  to  err  in 
punctuation. 

MIS-POINT'ED,  pp.     Pointed  wrong. 

MIS-POL'1-CV,  «-    Wrting  piJicy  ;  impolicy. 

Ml.S-PR.\€'TICE,  n.     Wrung  practice.  More, 

UIS-PKINT',  V.  c.  To  inislake  in  printing ;  to  print 
wrong. 

MIS-PRIXT',  «.  A  mistake  in  printing;  a  deviation 
from  tht'  c«*py.  CA.  Obs. 

MlP-Pli  I  NT'  KI>,  pp.  or  a.    Erroneously  printed. 

MIS-PKIN T'lNG,  ppr.     I*riniing  wmng. 

MI^PRINT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  printing  wrong;  a 
mi-<prinL  BatUr. 

UIS-PRISE',  r.  U  [Ft.  meprendrt,  mepris ;  mes,  wrong, 
and  prmdre,  to  take.] 

To  mis^ike.  Shak. 

MIS-PRIS'IO.V,  (mi»-prizh'un,)  n.  [Supm.]  Neglect ; 
contempt. 

S.  In  2aw,  any  high  offens«  under  the  degree  of 
capital,  but  nearly  htirdering  thereon.  MUprUion  is 
contained  in  every  treason  and  felony.  Misprisions 
are  divided  into  ne^atire  and  positire  ;  ne^attre,  which 
consist  in  tlte  conccaimenlof  something  which  ought 
to  be  revealed  ;  and  yasitivey  which  consist  in  the 
commission  of  something  which  ought  not  to  be 
done.  Misprisitm  nf(rfa*MB,  consists  in  a  bare  knowl- 
edge and  concealment  of  treason,  without  assenting 
to  It.  Blarkst-ite. 

Halad ministration  in  offices  of  high  public  trust, 
is  a  positire  mifprision.  Blackstone, 

3.  Mistake;  oversight;  contempt.    [J^'otin  twr.] 

Shak. 
BUS-PRIZE',  V.  U    {mis  and  priie.]    To  slight  or  un- 
dervalue. 

0  for  thott  Tu^hnl  hottn,  ao  much  nutprixtd.       HilOioustt 

MIS  PRO-CEED'ING,  «.  Wrong  or  irregiilar  proceed- 
ing. Baeoru 

MIS^PRO-FESS',  r.  L  To  make  a  false  profession  ;  to 
make  pretensions  to  skill  which  is  not  posscsord. 

Dimne. 

MIS-PRO-NOUNCE',  (mis-pro-nouns',)  c.  L  To  pro- 
nounce erroneously;  as,  to  ntisproRvunce  a  word,  a 
name,  &c. 

MIS-PRO-XOU\CE',  (mis-pro-Douns',)  r.  i.  To  pro- 
nounce incorrectly.  •    Miltun. 

MIS-PRO-NOUNC'£D,  (-pro-nounst',)  pp.  Pronounced 
incorrectlv. 

MIS-PRO-XCX-CI-i'TIOX,  k.  A  wrong  or  improper 
pronunciation.  Swift, 

MIS-PRO  PoR'TION,  V.  L  To  err  in  proportioning 
one  thing  to  another ;  to  join  without  due  propor- 
tion. 

MIS-PR0-PC5R'TI0N-ED,  pp.  Joined  without  due 
proportion. 

MLS-PROUD',  a.    Viciously  proud.  [J^ot  tuteti.]    Shak. 

MIS-aUO-TA'TION,  n.  An  erroneous  quotation  ;  the 
act  of  quoting  wrong. 

MIS-Q,u6TE',  r.  f.  To  quote  erroneously ;  to  cite  in- 
correctly. 


MIS 

MlS-UrfiT'Ef),  pp.     Incurn'cily  iptoted  or  cited. 

MIS-UL'CT'IXt;,  ppr.     Quoting  or  citing  erroneously. 

MIS-R.\TE',  V.  L  To  nile  erroneously;  to  estimate 
falsflv-  Barrow. 

MIS-RE-CKl  VE',  V.  t.    To  receive  erroneously. 

MIS-RE-CTP'AL,  a.     An  inaccurate  recital. 

MIS  RE-CITE',  r.t.  To  recite  ernmeously.  Brainkall. 

MlS-RE-rlT'ED,  pjt.     Recited  incorrectly. 

MIS-RE-Crr'I.NG,  ppr.     Reciting  erroneously. 

MIS-RECK' UN,  V.  t.    To  reckon  or  compute  wrong. 

SiciJlL 

MIS-RECK' OX-ED,  (-rek'nd.)  pp.  Reckoned  or  com- 
puted erronenuslv. 

MIS-KECK' OX-IXG,  ppr.  Reckoning  wrong;  and 
as  a  ticuN,  an  erroneous  compuiatiun. 

MiS-RE-LATE',  v.  U  To  relate  falsely  or  inaccurately, 

Boulf. 

MIS-RE-LAT'ED,  pp.     Erroiieo«isly  related  or  told. 

AIIS-RE-LAT'IXG,  ppr.  Relating  or  telling  errone- 
ously. 

MlS-liE-LA'TION,  n.  Erroneous  relation  or  narra- 
tion. Bramhalt. 

MIS-RE-.MEM'BKR.  v.t.  To  mistake  in  reuuniber- 
ing  ;  not  to  rt-nieuiber  correctly.  Bi'ijtc. 

MIS-RE-MEM'nER-/:n,  pp.    Inacnimtely  recoll.cted. 

MlS-RE-MEM'IiEU-IXG,  ppr.  Remembering  inaccu- 
rati'ty. 

MIS-RE-PORT',  V.  (.  To  report  erroneously  ;  tu  give 
an  inrorri'ct  account  of.  Locke. 

MIS-REPORT',  n.  An  erroneous  roi>ort ;  a  fal.-*e  or 
incorrect  account  given.  Dfnham.     Souih. 

MIS-RE  rORT'EI),  pp.     Incorrectly  repnrted. 

MIS-RE  POKT'IXG,  ppr.     Kpp*.rting  incorrectly. 

MIS-RKP-RE-SEXT',  r.  U  To  npresent  falsely  or  in- 
correctly ;  to  give  a  false  or  emmeous  representa- 
tion, either  maliciously,  ignorantly,  or  carelessly. 

Sictft. 

MIS-REP-RE-»EXT-A'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  giving  a 
false  or  erroneous  represeni-ation.  StriJI. 

2.  A  false  or  incorrect  account  given,  either  friun 
mistake,  cart*lessness,  or  malice.  Aticrbunj. 

JVftff.  —  This  word  is  so  rtistomarily  used  for  an 
euphemism,  or  as  a  softiT  expression  for  /t>  or  faUe- 
kood^&a  to  convey  the  idea  generally  of  intentional 
falsehood.  'J'his  signification,  however,  is  not  ikeces- 
sarily  implied. 

MIS-REP  KE-SEXT'ED,  pp.  Falsely  or  erroneously 
represented. 

MIS-REPUE  SEXT'ER,  n.  One  who  gives  a  false  or 
emmi'tms  account. 

Mls.REP-RE-i*EXT'IXG,  ppr.  Giving  a  false  or  er- 
roneous representation. 

MIS-Rbl-PCiTE',  V.  U    To  have  in  wrong  estimation. 

MIS-RE-POT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Erroneously  reputed. 

MiUon. 

MIS-RCLE',  w.  Disorder;  confusion;  tumult  from 
insubordination. 

Eiiormooa  not  aoU  misruU.  Pope. 

2.  Unjust  domination. 
Lord  of  misrule.     See  Lord. 
MIS-RO'LY,  fl.  Unnily  ;  ungovernable;  turbulent,  TlaU. 
51ISS,   n.     [Supposed  by  Dailey  to  be  contracted  from 
mintress.     But  probably  it  is  from  the  Armoric  mcsell, 
a  young  lady,  or  contracted  from  Fr.  demoiseUcy  Sp. 
damivola.     See  Damsel.] 

1,  The  title  of  a  young  woman  or  girl ;  as,  little 
masters  and  misses.  Swiji. 

2.  A  kept  mistress  ;  a  prostitute  retained  ;  a  con- 
cubine. Drydeiu 

[When  this  title  is  applied  to  two  or  more  ladies  of 
the  same  name,  there  is  a  diversity  of  usage.  In  con- 
versation^  we  say,  the  Miss  Smiths,  and  this  was  for- 
merly the  custom  in  writing,  as  shown  in  the  prac- 
tice of  Burke,  Boswell,  and  many  others.  Of  late, 
it  has  become  customary,  in  wriiins^  to  use  mlgses ; 
as,  the  Misses  Smith  ;  and  although  there  is  still  some 
diversity,  this  may  be  considered  as  the  prevailing 
U!^ige.  Such  are  the  statements  of  the  latest  English 
grammarians.  Ed.] 
MISS,  r.  (.  [Sax.  vtissian;  D.  and  G.  missen;  Sw. 
mixta;  Dan.  mister ;  allied  perhaps  to  1*.  mitto^  misi ; 
omitto,  omisi.  Dut  this  is  not  certain.  The  Welsh 
hits  the  word  in  mcfAu,  to  fail,  to  miss,  to  become 
aburlive,  to  miscarry,  to  decay.  See  Class  Md,  No. 
8,  12,  13,  14,  16,     Hence  the  prefix  mis.] 

1.  To  fail  in  aim  ;  to  fail  of  reaching  the  object ; 
not  to  hit ;  as,  to  miss  the  mark ;  to  miss  the  object 
intended. 

2.  To  fail  of  finding  the  right  way ;  to  err  in  at- 
tempting to  find  ;  as,  to  miss  the  way  or  the  road. 

3.  To  fail  of  obtaining. 

Ot^u*  learcd  nothing  tnit  to  mitt  Prirlhcniii.  Sidney. 

4.  To  learti  or  discover  that  something  is  wanting, 
or  not  where  it  was  supposed  to  be  ;  a.-?,  to  miss  one's 
snuff-box  ;  I  missed  the  first  volume  of  Livy. 

Neither  nutted  we  any  thing.     Noitiing  wa«  mitted  of  all  that 
p«t&ioed  to  him.  —  1  Sjid.  xxt. 

5.  To  be  without ;  as,  we  can  not  miss  him.  [0&*.] 

Shak 

6.  To  omit ;  to  pasii  by ;  to  go  without ;  to  fail  to 
have ;  as,  to  miss  a  meal  of  victuals. 

She  wouM  never  miia  one  day 

A  Aalk  ao  fine,  a  •iglit  su  ^j.y.  Prior. 


MIS 

7.  To  perceive  the  want  of. 

What  by  me  thou  hiut  luu,  thou  least  •liall  in»«.  MUUm. 

U«  who  Iins  B  Ann,  uiic/^re  frit.'nd,  nuiy  woiit  all  the  rcct  M-Uliout 
mituing  Uk'hi.  South, 

8.  To  fail  of  seeing  or  finding. 

M ISS,  p.  i.    To  fail  to  hit ;  to  tly  wide  ;  to  deviate  from 

the  true  direction. 

Flylnjt  btillotJ  now, 
To  rxmur  his  rag"-,  npp«ir  too  siow  : 
'I'lvy  miatt  ur  iwix-))  but  common  aoula  nway.  Waller. 

S.  Not  to  succeed  ;  to  fail  • 

Mm  obirrve  whc-n  ttunga  hit,  and  not  when  they  vUmm.  Bacon, 

3.  To  fail ;  to  miscarry,  as  by  accidenL 

Tlf  hiv^nilon  all  admired,  and  each  how  he 

Tu  be  Die  inventor  mi»gtd.  •  MUton. 

4.  To  fail  to  obtain,  Icam,  or  find ;  with  of. 

On  thr  least  rvOocliuji,  w«  caii  not  mUe  qflhtia.     Auerbury. 

5.  To  fail ;  to  tfiistnke.  Spenser* 
MISS,  n.     Lnss  ;  want. 

TliTc  will  lie  no  gn-at  mi»»  of  those  which  are  lost.       Z^cke. 

Q.  Mistake ;  error. 

lie  dill  with'jtit  nny  great  tntea  in  tlic  haMcst  pc^nli  of  rrnniinnr, 
|/,i((j>  uiie't.\  Asduim. 

3.   Harm  from  mistake.     [Ohs.]  Spetu-nr. 

MIP-SAII)',  (-scd,)  pp.     Said  wrong. 
MIS'S.Mj,  71.     [It.  messale;  Fr.  misseU     See  Mabs.] 

The  Roman  Catholic  mass-book.        Stilltn^Jiitt. 
MIS-SAY',   V.  L     To  say  wrong ;  to  slander.     [Little 

lued.]  Spenser. 

MIS-SaY',  v.  i.     To  speak  ill.  Spr,nser. 

MIS-S.\Y'IXG,  n.     Wrong  expression.  Miltun. 

MISS'/.'D,  (mist,)  pp.    Failed  in  aim  or  in  reaching 

the  object. 
MIS-SEEM',  V.  i.    To  make  a  false  appearance. 

SpcHsrr. 
2.  To  misbecome.     [OA;*.]  Spenser. 

MIS'9EL,  I  }i.    A  singing  bird,  the  largest  of 

MIS'SEI<-niRD,  \      the  European   thrushes,  Turdus 

viscivurus.  Edin.  Eneyc 

MIS'SKL-UIXE,  n.    The  mistletoe.     [Oi.*.]  Barret. 
MIS-c:^E.^i'BLANCE,  n.    False  resemblance. 

Spelmau. 
MIS-SEND',  V,  t.    To  Rend  amiss  or  incorrectly. 
MIS-SENT',  pret,  and  pp.  of  Misbend. 
MIS-SERVE',  (uiia-tierv',)  v.  L    To  serve  unfaithfully. 

Jlrbathnot- 
MIS-SERV'KD,  pp.    Served  unfaitlifully. 
MIS-SHAPE',  V.  t.     [See  Shaie.]     To  shajw  ill;  to 
give  an  ill  form  to  ;  to  deform. 

Aivl  horril'ly  rjUMshapea  with  ugly  aJghla.  Spenarr, 

A  tnittha/ted  figure.  Pope. 

tHis»ha]>«n  niouiiuina.  BenUey. 

MTS-FIIAP'/;D,  C-shSpt,)     \pp.  or  a.     Ill-formed;  de- 

MlS-Sll.U"f:N,  (-shap'n,)  j      farmed;  ugly. 

MJS-Sn.AP'/':N-LY,  ado.    In  a  misshapen  war. 

MIS-SHAP'i'X-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  badly 
shaped.     • 

MIS-SHAP'I.XG,  ppr.    Giving  an  ill  shape  to. 

MIS-SilKATH'AD,  a.     Sheathed  by  mistake.       Shik. 

MIS'SIUC,  (mis'sil,)  a.  [L.  missilisi,  from  missus,  sent ; 
mitto^  to  send.] 

Tlirown  or  sent,  or  that  may  be  thrown.  A  mis- 
sile weapon  is  one  that  is  thrown  by  the  hand,  or 
from  an  engine  in  war,  in  distinction  from  sucli  as 
are  held  or  retained  in  the  hand,  or  fixed.  An  ar- 
row, a  dart,  a  javelin,  a  stone,  a  bullet,  a  bomb,  are 
missile,  weapons. 

MIS'SILE,  n.  A  weapon  thrown,  or  intended  to  be 
thrown,  for  doing  execution,  as  a  lance,  an  arrow, 
or  a  bullet. 

MISS'ING,  ppr.  [from  miss.]  Failing  to  hit,  to  reach, 
or  to  find  ;  discovering  to  be  wanting. 

2.  a.  Lost ;  abiient  from  the  place  where  it  was  ex- 
pected to  be  found  ;  wanting.  My  horse  is  missing; 
my  pen  or  my  book  is  missing: 


For  a  lirtie  caught  up  to  Gwi,  ai  once 
Mu»'8  wiis  ill  tfic  iiiuiitii,  and  muting  long. 


Milton. 


MISS'ING-LY,  adp.     At  intervals  ;  occa.sionaIly.  Shak. 
MIS'aiON,  (mirth'un,)  n.     [Ij.  missioy  from  mUlOy  to 

send.] 

1.  A  sending  or  being  sent,  usually  the  latter;  a 

being  sent  or  delegated   by  aiilhurity,  with  certain 

powers  for  transacting  liusinuss ;   commission;   as, 

sent  on  a  foreign  mission. 


How  to  br-jin,  how  to  accomplish  b^ 

Hia  end  of  ix.iiig  on  earth,  and  mit/don  high. 


imiton. 


2.  Persons  sent ;  any  number  of  persons  appointed 
by  authority  to  perform  any  service  ;  particularly, 
the  persons  sent  to  propagate  religion  or  evangelize 
the  heathen.  The  societies  for  propagating  tlie  gos- 
pel have  missions  in  almost  every  country.  I-ast 
week  a  mission  sailed  for  the  Sandwich  Isles.  We 
have  domestic  missiujts  and  foreign  missions. 

3.  A  station  of  missionaries. 

4.  Dismission ;  discharge  from  service;  a  Roman 
use  of  the  word ;  in  EnglLth^  obsolete.  Bacon. 

5.  Faction  ;  party.     [J^ot  in  use.^  Shak. 
MIS'SION-A-RY,  n.     [Fr.  missionaire.] 

One  st'ut  to  propagate  religion.  Christian  mission^ 
aries  are  called  missionaries  of  the  cross. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII^T.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.- 


51  IS 


MIS 


MIT 


Pertaining  to  missiuns  -,  as,  a 
;  a  missionary  fund. 

Tu  act  as  a  uii^jsiunary.     [J^'ot 


MIS'SION-A-RY,  o. 
missionary  meeting 

MIS'SION-ATE,  r.  i 
tcell  a'lthoriicd.] 

MtS'StON-EK,  for  Missiohart,  is  not  used. 

MIS'SIVE,  a.  [Fr.l  Such  as  is  sent ;  as,  a  letter  mis- 
sive. 

a.  Thrown  or  sent,  or  such  as  may  be  sent ;  as,  a 
ni^ve  weapon.  Dryden. 

MIS'SIVE,  n.    A  letter  sent,  or  a  messenger. 

Bacon.     Shak, 

MIS-SPEAK',  V.  u  [See  Spbak.]  To  err  or  mistake 
in  speaking.  Shak. 

MIS-SPkAK',  r.  L    To  utttjr  wrong.  Donne. 

MIS-SPELL',  V.  L  To  spell  wTong  ;  to  write  or  utter 
with  wrong  letters. 

MIS-SPELL'£D,  >  pp.     Spelled  wrong,  or  with  wrong 

MIS-SPELT',        \      letters. 

MIS-SPELL'IXG,  ppr.    Spelling  wrong. 

MiS-SPELL'LNG,  B.  A  wrong  8[Jl:Iliiig;  false  orthog- 
raphy. 

MIS-SPEXD',  r.  L    To  spend  amiss  ;  to  waste  or  con- 
sume to  no  purpose,  or  to  a  had  one  :  ns,  to  misayend 
time  or  money  ;  to  tKisspend  life.       Dnjderu     Rogers. 
2.  To  waste. 

Thff  fjcnial  mois'tire  due 
To  apples  otherwise  mittpttuU  ii*cir.  Philipt. 

MIS-SPEXD'ER,  B.  One  that  consumes  prodigally  or 
iinpropi'riy.  JsTorris. 

MIS-SPEN'b'ING,  ppr.  Spending  to  no  purpose,  or 
to  a  bad  one. 

MIS-.SPE.\SE',  (niia-spens',)  n.  A  spending  improp- 
erly ;  a  wasting. 

MIS-'SPEN'T',  pp.  at  a.  Ill  spent  ;  expended  or  con- 
sumed to  no  purpose,  or  to  a  bad  one  ;  as,  misspent 
time  or  life. 

MI^^^P^K'fV    [  ^^'    ^^'^^^^^  ^^  spoken  amiss. 

MIS-STATE',  p.  (.  To  state  wrong  ;  to  make  an  er- 
roneous represi-ntation  of  facts ;  as,  to  misstate  a 
questi4jn  in  debate.  Sanderson. 

MIS-STAT'ED,  pp.    Stated  erroneously. 

MIS-STATE'ME.\T,  TU  A  wrong  statement;  an  er- 
roneous representation,  verbal  or  writtt:n  ;  a?,  a  mis- 
$tiUemejit  of  facts  in  testimony,  or  of  accounts  in  a 
report.  Hainiltun. 

MTS-STAT'I\G,  ppr.     Stating  falsely  or  erroneously. 

MIS-STA  V'KD,  a.     Havins  missed  stiys,  as  a  ship. 

MIS-SUM-MA'TIOX,  ji.     Wrong  summation.       Scvtt. 

MIST,  n.  [Sax.  misti  O.  mist;  L.  miztus^  mittas^  from 
iitiscea,  to  mix.] 

1.  Water  falling  in  very  numerous,  but  fine  and 
almost  imperceptible  drops. 

A  tnu{  ii  a  multitude  nf  unall  but  lolid  gldralca,  which  th<°rprore 
dcKcnd.  OrtiB, 

2.  That  which  dims  or  darkens,  and  obscures  or 
intercepts  vision. 

Hu  ptMion  caM  *.  mitt  before  his  khm.  Drydtn. 

MIST,  r.  L    To  cloud  ;  to  cover  with  vapor.      Shak. 
MIST,  D.  t.    To  rain  in  ver^-  fine  drops    as  it  mlits. 

America. 
MIST-EN-CUM'BER-£D,  a.    Loaded  with  mist. 

J.  Barlotr, 
MIS-TAK'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  misconceived  or 

miiftaken.  Brown. 

MIS-TAKE',  V.  L  To  take  wrong  ;  to  conreive  or  un- 
derstand erroneously  ;  to  misunderstand  or  misap- 
prehend. 

Tid  in  mittakt  Ovrm  costs  ihr  time  and  fain.  Pop*. 

S.  To  take  one  thing  or  person  for  another. 

Wr  mutakt  lh»  etoqiu-actf  of  aelPapolofj  lur  tli"  animation  of 

cuosduus  iiifrriiy.  DtukminBlmr. 

A  DiAn  niity  muiak*  tiie  love  of  virtue  lor  tbe  pfaciic^  ol  xx. 

Jahnton. 

MIS-TAKE',  V.  L    To  err  in  opinion  or  judgment. 

Servanitf  nuatakt,  %nA  sometime*    occasioa   tiiuuiulcrsliit'liii^ 
Bmon{  fncn<ts.  Sa{ft. 

MIS-TAKE',  to  An  error  in  opinion  or  Judgment; 
misconception. 

laClltit«IU^  la  an  absaliite  securi^  of  Uie  uuderMaudin^  from  all 
powiliility  of  mUtakt,  IVtowon. 

S.  A  clip ;  a  fault ;  an  error.    There  ia  a  mtntoJlre 
in  the  nrc'iunt  or  in  the  date. 

MIS-TAK'/^.\,  pp.  In  the  une  of  this  participU^  there 
is  a  peculiarity  which  ought  to  bo  carefully  noticed. 
When  used  i.>i  pernons^  it  signifios  to  he  in  an  error^  to 
be  lerun^ ;  ns,  lam  muttakm^  you  are  mL*titk'n,  he  is 
midtakcH.  But  when  used  of  thiaffit,  it  signifies  mu- 
understuody  miscaaeeitetl ;  as,  the  sense  of  llic  pas- 
sage is  mistaken,  that  is,  not  rightly  under-ttood. 
2.  Emmenus  ;  incorrect;  a^,  a  mhffAJkeri  notion. 

MI8-TAK'A:\-LY,  adv.    By  mistakp. 

MIS-TAK'ER,  R.  One  that  mistakes  or  mluundcr- 
Ktands. 

MIS-TAK'I.VG,  ppr.  Making  a  mistake;  erring  from 
the  truth  ;  misconceiving. 

MIS-TaK'ING,  n.     An  error;  a  mistake.  HalL 

MI8-TAK'T\G-LY,  arfr.    Erroneously  ;  falsely.   Boyle. 

MI8-TAU(;HT',  (mis-iawt',)  pp.  Wronjily  taught; 
M,  a  misiauffht  youth.  L* Ejttran i/C. 

MIS-TEACH',  p.  (  I  See  Teach]  To  teach  wrong; 
to  Instruct  erroneously,  Sanderson, 


MIS-TkAOH'ING,  ppr.     Instructing  erroneously. 

MIS-TEM/,  r.  t.     [See  Tell.]     To' tell  erroneously. 

MIS-TEM'PER,  P.  (.     To  tompcr  ill  :  to  disorder. 

MIS-TKM'PER-KD,  pp.     Tem|wred  ill.  [Shak. 

MIS'TER,  n.  [The  prununcJaiinn  of  this  word  is  prob- 
ably from  the  Welsh,  German,  or  Dutch  dialect.  See 
Master.] 

The  common  title  of  address  to  gentlemen,  and  to 
men  tif  all  classes.  In  vsriliii^,  it  is  expressed  by  the 
abbreviation  Mr. 

MIS'TER,  I'.  (.  [Sw.  mista.]  To  be  needful  or  of 
use.     [06^.] 

As  for  my  nAme,  it  mittertih  not  to  K>]1.  Spemer. 

MIS-TERM',  V.  U  To  term  or  denominate  errone- 
ously. Shali. 

MIS-TKRM'ED,  pp.     Wrongly  denominated. 

MIS-TF.RM'ING,  ppr.     Denominating  erroneously. 

MIST'FCIi,  a.     Clouded  witii  nii.-t. 

MIS-THr.NK'.  r.  i.  [See  Tikkk.]  To  think  wrong. 
[  IAuIp  usnl.  ]  Shak. 

MIS-THOUGHT',  (-thawt',)  pp.  of  Misthink. 
Thought  wrong  of. 

Adam  mitlhoughi  of  her  to  Uifo  bo  dear.  Milton. 

MIST'I-LY,  adv.    With  mist ;  darkly  ;  obscurely. 

SinarL 

MIS-TIME',  V.  C  To  time  wrong  ;  not  to  adapt  to 
the  lime. 

MIS-TIME',  r.  £.    To  neglect  the  proper  time. 

MIS-TIiM'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Ill-timed  ;  done  at  a  wrong 
time. 

MIS-TIM'ING,  ppr.     Ill-liming  ;  doing  unseasonably. 

MIST'I-,\ESS,  n.  [See  Mist.]  A  state  of  being 
misty  ;  a  state  of  tiiick  rain  in  very  small  drops. 

Bacon. 

MIS'TION,  (mis'chun,)  n.  [L.  mistus^  mixtus.  See 
Mix.] 

I.  A  state  of  being  mixed. 

9.  Mixture;  a  mingling.  Boyle-. 

MIS-TI'TLE,  r.  (.    To  call  by  a  wrong  title  or  name. 

MIS-TI'TL/oD,  pp.    Wrongly  named.     [Warburton. 

MIS'TLE,  (miz'l,)  v.  i.  [from  mist.]  To  fall  in  very 
fin''  drops,  as  rain.     [See  Misle.] 

MIS'TLE-Tf>E, )  ,    .„,    .   ( Tt.    [Sax.  t7ii*'ff/(fl;  Dan. 

MIS'LE-TOE,  jtn"Z'-i<i'J  j  rfnu^f/,  the  same  shrub, 
and  birdlime  ;  G.  itL] 

A  plant  or  shrub  that  grows  on  trees.  It  is  of  the 
genus  Visctim.  The  berry  contains  a  glutinous  sub- 
stance, and  the  shrub  is  said  to  be  propagated  by 
birds.  This  plant  was  held  in  great  venemtion  by 
the  Druids.  Baron.     MUler.     Enc-vc 

MIST'-LIKE,  a.     Resembling  mist.  Sh^ik. 

MIS^'li^LI)',  pp.     Erroneously  told.     [See  Tell.] 

MIS-TQOK',/>rrf.  of  Mistake. 

MIS-TKX1i\'',  r.  (.  To  train  or  educate  amiss.  Spmser. 

MIS-TRANSLATE',  r.  L     To  transslate  ern.ne.msly. 

Miiekni^hi. 

MIS-TRANS-LAT'ED,  pp.  Erroneously  rendered  in- 
to anoih'-r  language. 

MI.<  TRA.XS-LAT'ING,  ppr     Translating  incorrectly. 

MIS-TRAXS-LA'TION,  n.  An  erroneous  translation 
or  version. 

MIS-TRkAT',  v.  L     To  treat  amiss  ;  to  abuse. 

MIS'TRESS,  n.  [Fr.  maitrrjtse  ;  It.  mocvrri,  m/ieslressa; 
Sp.  mat-atra  i  L.  magistra;  Ir.  tnaigh  is  treas.  See 
KIaster.] 

1.  A  woman  who  govt-rns  ;  correlative  to  ScnvANx, 
Slave,  or  Sl"rject, 

Mj  mittrttt  hrre  lies  munV-T^d  in  her  l>?d.  Shak. 

2.  The  fi-malc  hrad  of  a  family. 

3.  I'hat  which  governs;  asuvereign.  Rome  was 
mi-ttress  v(  the  world, 

4.  One  that  comrimnds,  or  has  possession  and  sov- 
ereignty.    The  queen  is  mL-tres.i  of  the  Indii-s. 

5.  A  female  who  is  well  skilled  in  any  thing;  as, 
shi-  is  mittresg  uf  arithmetic. 

r>.  A  woman  teacher;  an  instructress  of  a  school. 

Str^ift. 
7.  A  woman  beloved  and  courted.        Clarendon, 
e.  A  Woman  in  keeping  for  lewd  purposes. 
9.  A  t(>rm  uf  conteniptuiius  address.  Shak. 

MIS'TRESS,  r.  L    To  wait  ujwn  a  mistress  ;  to  be 

courting.  Dunne. 

MIS'TRESS-PIECE,  n.    A   chief  performance  of  a 

Woman.  Lord  IhrbtrL 

MIS'Tin:SS-SniP,  n.    Female  rule  or  domiiiitm. 

Hall 
MIS-TRT'AL,  n.    In  laio,  a  trial  which  is  erroneous 
through  Some  defect  in  tlie  process  or  the  trial. 

Buitcier. 
MIS-TRUST',  n.     [Dan.  mL-frffsf.    See  Trust.] 

Want  of  conflduiice  or  trust ;  suspicion.   Milton. 
MIS-TRUST',  V.  L     [Dan.  mistroer  ;  Sw.  misstro.  See 
Tkl*»t,] 

To  suspect;  to  doubt ;  to  regard  with  jealousy  or 
suspicion. 

Faie  b^r  own  book  mutriuUc/  at  the  Mgbt.  Cotcley. 

MIS-TRUST'ED,  pp.     gusiierted. 
MlS-TRUST'FpL,  a.    Suspicious;   doubting;  want- 
ing confidence  in.  fVailrr. 
MIS-TRIIS'J'FUL-LV,  flrfr.    With  suspicion  (,r  doubt. 
MI8-TRUST'F(JL-NESS,n.    Suspicion;  doubt. 

Sidney. 


MIS-TRUST'ING,  ppr.  Suspecting;  having  no  con- 
fidence in. 

MIS-TRUST'ING-LY,  aiiv.  With  distrust  or  suspi- 
cion. 

MIS-TRUST'LESS,  a.     Unsuspecting  ;  unsuspicious. 

Carew. 

MIS-TOXE',  V.  t.  To  tune  wrong  or  erroneously  ;  to 
put  out  of  tune.  Sbelton 

MIS-TON'KD,  j>p.     Put  out  of  tune. 

MIS-TURN',  v.  e.    Toi>ervert.     [J^otused.] 

MrS-TC'TOR,  V.  t.     To  instruct  amiss. 

M  IS-TO'TOR  f:D,  pp.     Instructed  amiss. 

MIST'Y,  a.  [from  mist.]  Over»ipread  with  mist;  filled 
with  very  minute  drops  of  rain  ;  as,  mi-ttij  wealiier ; 
a  misty  atmosphere ;  a  misty  night  or  day. 

Spenser.     Pope. 
2.  Dim  ;  obscure  ;  clouded  ;  as,  misty  sight. 

MIS-UNDERSTAND',  v.  u  To  misconceive;  to 
mistake  ,   to  take  in  a  wrong  sense. 

Locke.     Addison, 

MIS-UN-DER-STAND'ING,  ppr.  Mistaking  the  mean- 
ing. 

MrS-UN-DER-STANDTNG,  n.  Misconception  ;  mis- 
take o(  the  meaning  ;  error.  Bacon. 

2.  Disagreement;  ditTorence;  dissension;  some- 
times a  softer  name  for  Uuaubei..  Swift. 

MIS-UN  DER-STQOD',;^).  Misconceived  ;  mistaken  ; 
understwid  erroneously.  South. 

MIS-US'AGE,  (mis-yuz'aje,)  n.     Ill  usage;  abust?. 

MIS-IJSE',  (mis-yuze',)  v.  t.     [Fr.  mesuser.    See  Use.] 

1.  To  treat  or  use  improperly  ;  to  use  to  a  bad  pur- 
pa*<e.  Milton. 

2.  To  abuse  ;  to  treat  ill. 

MIS  IJSE',  (mis-yuse',)  n.  Ill  treatment;  improper 
use  ;  employment  to  a  bad  puriwsc  ;  as,  the  mitu.-*c  of 
mercies.  Addison. 

2.  Abuse  ;  ill  treatment.  Shak. 

3.  Wrong  ap[)licati(in  ;  misapplication  ;  erroneous 
use  ;  as,  the  misuse  of  words.  Loeke. 

MIS-US' EDj  fmis-yuzd',)  pp.  or  a.     Improperly  used 

or  applied  ;  misapplied  ;  misemployed  ;  abused. 
MIS-TS'ER,   V.     In /nw,  an  unlawful  use  of  a  right; 

or  a  neglect  of  using  it  in  a  proper  manner. 

Bouvier. 
MIS-l^S'ING,  (mis-yuz'ing,)  ppr.     Using  improperly  ; 

ai>using  :  misapplying. 
MIS-VOUCH',  V.  t.     To  vouch  falsely. 
MIS-WEAR',  B.  (.     To  wear  ill.     [Obs.]  Bacon. 

MISW'EO',  r.  f.    To  wed  improperly. 
MIS-WED'DED,  pp.     Ill-matched. 
MIS-WEEN',  V.  u    To  misjudge  ;  to  distrust. 

Spensn', 
MIS-WEND',  r.  I.  To  go  wrong.  [Obs.]  Spenan: 
MIS-WK/TE',  (-rUe',)  v.  t.    [See  VVrite  ]    To  \yrite 

iiicorrectlv.  Bp.  Cosin. 

MIS-WROUGHT',  (mis-rawt',)  a.     Badly  wrought. 

Bacon, 
MIS- YOKE',  r.  t.    To  yoke  or  join  improperly. 
MIS-VAK'ED,  (-yokt',)  pp.     Improperly  yoked. 
MIS-YAK'ING,  ppt      S'oking  improp«»rIy. 
MIS-ZEAL'OUS,   (mis-ztl'us,)  a.     Actuated  bv  false 

Tieal.  Bp.  Hall. 

MI'I'E,   n.     [Sax.  mite;  D.  mvt ;  Dan.  mid;  Fr.  mite; 

HeU  and  Ch.  Oyo,  small.     Class  Md,  No.  17.] 

1.  A  very  small  insect  of  Ilie  genus  Acarus. 

2.  In  Sc-ipture^  a  small  piece  of  mnniy,  the  quarter 
of  a  denarius,  or  about  seven  English  farthings. 

Encyr. 

3.  Any  tiling  proverbially  vCr>'  small ;  a  very  little 
particle  tir  qtinntity.  Dryden. 

4.  The  twentieth  part  of  a  grain.  Arbtithnut, 
AII-TEL'LA,    u.     An   herb;   the  name  of  a  gcnuH  of 

herb"  of  the  saxifrage  tribe. 
MI'TER,  >  n,      [It.  and  Sp.  initra;   Fr.  mitre;    Arm. 
MI'TRE,  \      vniitr.] 

1.  A  crown  or  ponlifiral  ornament  worn  on  the 
head  by  archbishofw  nnd  bishops,  and  sometimes  by 
ablKtts,  on  solenm  occasions.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  In  architrcliire,  an  angle  of  A^  degrees.   (heilL 

3.  In  Irish  history,  a  sort  of  base  money  or  coin. 

Kvcyc, 

4.  Figuratively,  the  dignity  of  an  archbishop  or 
bishop,  sometimes  of  an  ahbut, 

MI'TRf'  i  "*  '•    '^"  "***""  ^^'^''  *  miter. 

2.  To  unite  at  an  apglc  of  4,5  degrees. 
MT'TER-BOX,  (  n.     A  fr.ime  for  cutting  off  any  thing 
MI'TRE-HOX,  j      at  an  angle  of  45  degrees. 

Buchanan. 

MI'TIuVd,    '  i  W-  **■■  "•     ^Vearing  a  miter. 

2.  Honored  with  the  privilege  of  wearing  a  miter. 
3    Cut  or  joined  at  an  angle  of  45  degrees. 

MITII'ie.     See  MvTHic. 

MITII'RI-DATE,  n.  In  pharmacy,  an  antidote  against 
[Kjison,  or  a  composition  in  form  of  an  electuary,  sup- 
posed to  serve  either  as  a  remedy  or  a  preservative 
agaiuf-t  poison.  It  takes  its  name  from  Mithndatcs, 
king  of  PoiiIUfl,  the  supjiostid  inventor.  Encm. 

MITH-RI-D AT'ie,  a.  IVriaining  to  milhridate,  or  its 
inventor,  Mithri^lates. 

MIT'l-GA-RLE,  a.     That  may  be  mitigated.  Barrow. 

M  IT' I -G  A  NT,  a,  [L.  miligansy  mitigo,  from  mitis, 
mild  ;  W.  mcial,  8ofl.J 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE,  — AN"GER,  Vl"CrOUS.— €  aa  K ;  0  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  8H ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


»i 


Till 


MIX 

1.  Softening;  lenteiit;  lenitive. 

2.  Diininisbm^  ;  tMsing,  n^  pitin. 
MlT'l'UATK,   p,  L     [It.  iitiUgOj  (win  nti'fu,  soft,  ititid, 

-?  - 

W.  meialy  Ir.  maoCA,  muadh ,-  Ar.  ^L«,  to  be  tender 

or  smooih.    Claw  Md,  No.  1,  6,  25,  28.] 

I.  To  alleviate,  as  suffering;  to  assuage;  to  lessen; 
u,  to  miU^au  pitin  or  grieC 

And  couiurl  mUtgVti  ihe  fnsbrM  aittut.  Sptnmr. 

3.  To  make  less  severe :  as,  to  mitiffote  doom. 

3.  To  abate ;  to  make  less  ripHous ;  to  moderate  ; 
as,  to  miti^aU  cold ;  to  wutigmU  the  severity  of  tlie 
season. 

4.  To  temper;  to  moderate ;  to  softea  In  harshness 
or  severity. 

Wr  cuiiM  wkh  tiiM  ibe  rifur  of  tMr  opinwns  w«re  aJl-^jrH  uul 
Miafojfrf.  Hookw . 

5.  To  calm  ;  to  appease  ;  to  modenitc  ;  as,  to  nict- 
gmte  the  fierceness  uf  party.  Spfctator, 

6.  To  diminish;  to  render  more  luJerable ;  as,  to 
mti^ate  Uie  evils  or  calamities  of  life ;  to  mitigatt 
puiiislimenL 

7.  To  rediire  in  amount  or  severity,  as  a  penalty. 
B.  To  steiftcu,  or  make  mild  and  accessible  j  ui  « 

liUrai  senje. 

It  wu  ihM  ooiaiaa  vbkb  wutigait^  kinn  huo  commnions. 
iViuumU,)  Burkt, 

MIT'I-GA-TED,  pp.  or  a.      SoAened  ;   alleviated  ; 

moderated  ;  diminished. 
MIT'l-GA-TINii,  pftr.    Softening;   alleviating;  lem- 

Kring;  m.Hlrrating;  akiting, 
*-l-0A'T10X,  «.     [L.  mUi^alut.] 
Alleviation  ;  abaiemt-nt  ur  diinitiutJon  of  any  thing 

painful,  harsh,  sfverc,  ufflictive,  or  calamitous;  as, 

the  miti^aiii/H  of  p^iiit,  grief,  rigor,  severity,  puniah- 

m«nt,  or  p-naltv. 
MIT'i-GA-ri\%  a.     Lenitive  ;  tending  to  alleviate. 
MIT'I-GA-TOR,  a.     He  or  that  which  mitigatea. 
HI'TKAL,  0.    Pertaining  to  a  mitrr ;    resembling  a 

tuiter;  as,  the  mitrai  vtJves  of  the  lel\  ventricle  of 

the  hearL  FvrsyOu 

MI'TRE.    See  Miraa. 
UIT'RI-PORM.  a.     In  ftaCaxy,  conical,  faoUow,  and 

corn  at  the  tupL  P.  Cye. 

MIT'TEM,  K.    [Ft.  mitauu;  Ir.  mitsg}  perhaps  from 

autLh,the  liand.J 

1.  A  cover  fur  the  hand,  worn  to  defend  it  from 
cold  or  other  injur}-.  It  differs  from  a  glove  in  not 
having  a  separate  cover  fur  each  finger. 

3.  A  rover  fur  the  ann  only. 

T*  tUMdU  wUMmit  mittens ;  to  tietX  roughly  ;  a  pop- 
itlar  eoUttouiai  pkra»e. 
MlT'TE.N'i'.  a.     [L.  mUtens,  from  mitUy  to  send.] 

Sending  forth  ;  etuitiiiig.  [.Wt  used.]  Wueman. 
MIT'TI-ML'S,  «.  [U,  wesend.j  In /aw,  a  precept  or 
cummaud  in  writing,  under  the  hand,  or  hand  and 
•enl,  of  a  justice  of  the  peace  or  other  proper  officer, 
directed  to  the  kee{K-r  of  a  prison,  reqiiiring  ium  to 
im|iridou  an  offender  ;  a  warrant  uf  cummitioeat  to 
prison. 

2.  A  writ  for  removing  records  from  one  court  to 
another.  Brande. 

MI'ITS,  n.  pi.  Mittens  ;  partitulart^^A  covering  for  the 
hand  or  arm  only,  and  nut  for  the  hngen).  .VeCuUocA. 

MI'TL^,  R.  A  fowl  uf  tJie  turkey  kind,  found  in 
BrnziL 

MI''I'V,  a,  [from  mite.]  Having  or  abounding  with 
mites. 

MIX,  e.  f..*pre<.and  pp.  Mixed  or  Mixt.  [Sax.  miscan  ; 
G.  mucluH :  Sp.  atecer ;  Pott,  mrxer^  to  :itir,  shake, 
mix  ;  L.  mucctf,  miitam  ;  iL  mlschiare  ;  Ir.  meas^adk  ; 
W.  mif^gu  i  .Arm.  gemtsga  ;  Kus^.  nushaiju.  The 
Gr.  piiVKu  funiLi  ^itJLi.'.  These  words  seem  to  coin- 
cide with  the  Heb.  and  Ch.  *l^^i  ^"^  Ar.  ^Vamh« 

auuJkaou,  to  mix.  The  Sanscrit  misrCj  to  mix,  may 
be  the  same  word.  The  radical  sense  is,  probably,  to 
stir,  shake,  or  agitate.] 

1.  To  unite  or  biend  promiscuously  two  or  more 
ingredienid  into  a  ni.-tss  ur  corniioiind  ;  applied  both 
to  !H>lids  and  liquids ;  a^,  to  mtz  dour  and  salt  ;  lu 
mix  wines. 

2.  Tojoin  ;  toassociate;  tonnite  with  in  company 

Eplmini,  be  balh  wiswd  hiioBelf  »mott%  tbe  [>x>ple.  —  Hm.  vit. 

3.  To  join  ;  to  mingle. 

Tub  max  jovx  sulaev  wUi  •ome  fear.  Shak. 

A.  To  unite  with  a  crowd  or  inultiiude. 
MIX,  r.  L.  Tu  lieconic  united  or  blended  promiscuously 
in  a  mass  or  compuund.     Oil  and  water  will  ntA,  mix 
withiHit  the  iifter^'ention  of  a  third  substance. 

2.  To  be  joined  or  associated  ;  as,  to  raix  with  the 
multitude,  or  to  mix  in  society. 
MIX'A-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  mixed. 
M1X'£D,  (mikiat,)  pp.     United  in  a  promiscuous  mass 
o)  compound  ;  blended  ;  joined  ;  mingled  ;  associated. 
2.  a.     Promiucuuu-s ;  consisting  uf  various  kinds  or 
d  fferent  thmgs  ;  a.«,  a  mixed  multitude. 


MOB 

MIX'ED-LV,  mitc.  In  a  mingled,  promiscuous  man- 
ner. 

MIX'KN,  u.     A  citin|Ki«t  heap.  Farm.  Enajc. 

MIX'EK,  M.     One  whti  mixes  or  mingles. 

MIX'I.N'G,  ;»/>r.  Uniting  or  blending  in  a  mass  or  com- 
puund ;  joining  in  company  ;  nttsuriating. 

MlX-Tl-LIN'E-AL,  >  a.     [Umi-rfiw,  mixed, and/iJiM, 

MIX-TI-I.L\'E-AR,  t       line.] 

Contiiining  a  mixture  of  line.-",  right,  curved,  Ac.  ; 
a-*,  B  mutiliHfar  angle,  i.  e,,  an  angle  coiitaineii  by  a 
straight  tine  and  a  curve.  Duncan, 

MIXTMON,  (mixt'yun,)  n.     [Fr. ;  from  L.  mixtu,^.] 
Mixture  ;  protiiiscuou:*  assemblage.  Brown. 

MIXT'LY,  (irfp.     With  mixture.  Bacon, 

MlXT't'KE,  (mixt'yurj)  n.     [L.  mUtura.) 

I.  The  act  of  mixing,  or  suite  of  being  mixed. 
Compounds  are  made  by  the  mixture  of  diilerent 
substances 

a.  A  mass  or  compound,  confiisting  of  different 
ingredients  blended  without  order.  In  this  lite  there 
ia  a  mixtMrt  uf  good  and  evil.  Most  wines  in  market 
are  base  mixturf^, 

3.  The  ingredient  added  and  mixed.  Cicero 
doubted  whether  it  is  pa-wible  for  a  community  to 
e:tist  without  a  prevailing  mixture  of  piety  in  its 
con:jt)tution. 

4.  In  pharmacy^  a  liquid  medicine  which  receives 
into  it^  composition  not  only  substances  soluble  in 
water,  but  substances  not  soluble.  Encyc, 

5.  lu  chemi^try^  mixture  differs  from  combination. 
In  mere  mixture^  the  several  ingredients  are  blended 
without  an  alteration  of  the  substances,  each  of 
^vhich  still  retains  its  own  nature  and  properties.  In 
strict  combination^  the  substances  unite  by  r hemicul 
attraction,  and,  losing  their  distinct  pmprrties,  they 
form  a  conip»iind,  differing  in  its  properties  from 
either  of  the  ingredients. 

MIZ'MAZE,  n.    A  cant  word  fur  a  maze  or  labyrinth. 

Locke. 
MI7.'Z£N',  (miz'n,)  n.     [It.  mrzzanaj  mizzen,  that  is, 
middle,  from  meiio,  middle,  half.] 

In  sea  laRtruairr,  the  aftermost  of  the  fixed  sails  of 
a  ship,  extended  sometimes  by  a  gaff,  and  sometimes 
by  a  yard  which  crosses  the  mast  ubtiquely. 

,  Mar.  DieU 

MIZ'ZKX-MXST,  ».    The  mast  which  supporu  the 

aftersails,  and  stands  nearest  to  the  stem. 
MIZ'ZLE,  e.  i.    To  rain   in  very  fine  drops.    [See 

MisTLE.]  Spenser. 

MIZ'ZLING,  ppr.  or  a.    Falling  in  very  fine  drops  ; 

as,  miziiitig  rain.  Spenser. 

MIZ'ZY,  n.    A  bog  or  quagmire.  Ainsworth. 

MNE-MON'l€,  (ne-mon'ik,)  a.     [Infta.]     Assisting 

the  memory'. 
MXE-MON'ieS,    n.       [from  Gr.    pi'rmoyticosy    from 
pianpiitf  to  remember.] 

The  art  of  memory  ;  the  precepts  and  rules  in- 
tended to  teach  the  method  of  assisting  the  memory. 

BitUey. 
M\E-MOS'Y-XE,  n.    [Gr.]    In  mythology,  the  god- 
dess of  memory. 
MXii'MO  TECH-NY,  B.  [G. /d-^i/i we  and  rcxvi;.]  The 

»auie  as  MrfEMONics. 
MO,  a.  or  ado.    [Sax.  ma ;  Scot.  ni&] 

More.     [OAa]  Spenser. 

MCAN,  V.  t.  [Sax.  mtpnan  ;  to  moan,  also  to  mean,  in- 
tend, signify.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  reach  or 
stretch  fttrward,or  to  throw  out.} 

To  lament ;  to  deplore ;  to  bewail  with  an  audible 
voice. 

Y<!  flooU,  ye  woods,  ye  echoes,  moan 

Mjr  dear  Cwluntbo  deiul  aitd  gone.  Prior, 

MCAN,  V.  L    To  grieve  ;  to  make  lamentations. 

Unpitied  and  uobe&nt,  where  misery  moant.  Thom»on. 

MCAN^,  n.  Lamentation  ;  audible  expression  of  sor- 
row or  suffering ,  grief  expressed  iu  \vords  or  cries. 


Sullen  FTionnt, 


Pope. 


MOAN'KD,pp.    Lamented;  deplored. 

MoAX'FUL,  fl.    Sorrowful  ;  expressing  sorrow. 

Mo.\X'FpL-LY,  adv.     With  lamentation. 

SlOAX'ING,  7i;/r,     Lamenting;  bewailing. 

JMOAT,  n.  [Ir.  mota  ;  Sp.  id.  j  Fr.  motte.  The  word 
signifies  a  bank  or  mound,  that  is,  a  mass  or  collec- 
tion. This  sense  is  transferred  to  the  ditcji  adjoin- 
in  _■,  as  dikf  is  transferred  to  the  bank.] 

In  fortification,  a  dilcli  or  deep  trench  round  the 
rampart  of  a  castle  or  other  fortified  place.  It  is 
sometimes  filled  with  water.  Encyc. 

MOAT,  F.  (.  'I'o  surround  with  a  ditch  for  defense; 
as,  a  moatrd  castle.  Dryden, 

MOB,  a.     [from  L.  mobilis,  movable,  variable.] 

1,  A  crowd  or  promiscuous  multitude  of  people, 
rude,  tumultuous,  and  disorderly. 

2,  A  diiwrderly  assembly. 

Hid  every  AUicnUo  eJtio'n  be^n  a  Socrutes,  CTery  AlbcDi&s 
assembly  would  still  luve  been  a  mob. 

F^deraUal^  MadUon. 

3,  A  kind  of  female  undress  for  the  head. 

Johnson. 
MOB,  V.  L    To  attack  in  a  disorderly  crowd  ;  to  harass 
tumuttuously. 
2.  To  wrap  up  in  a  cowl  or  vail. 


MOC 

MOIVBA'D,  pp.     Attacked  by  n  disorderly  crowd. 
MOB'Bli\<«,  ppr.     Attacking  in  a  disorderly  crowd. 
MOH'BISIl,   a.     Like   a   niub  ;    tumultuous;    mean; 
MOU'CAI*,  n.     [U.  mo;..]  [vulgar. 

A  plain  cap  or  hend-dress  for  females. 
MO'BILE,  (mo'hil,)  o.     [Fr.]    Movable.     [JVot  used.] 
MO'BILE,  (inO'bil,)  n      [Fr.,  from  L.  mobilis.] 

The  mob  ;  the  populace.  South. 

MO-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  mobUiti  i  L.  mobUitas,  from 
moveo,  to  move.] 

1.  Susceptibility  of  motion  j  capacity  of  being 
moved.  tVotton, 

S.  Aptitude    to    motion ;   activity ;   readiness    to 

move.  Arbuthiwt. 

3.  In  cant  lan/rua^e,  the  populace.  Drijdrn. 

A.  Fickleness  ;  inconstancy.  Mnstoorlh. 

MOB'LE,  ».  (.     To  wrap  the  head  in  a  hood.      Shak. 

MOB'LfJD,  pp.  or  a.     MutHed  ;  covered  with  a  coarse 

or  careless  head-dress.  Shak.     Toone.. 

MOe'CA-SIN,  n.  [An  Indian  word.  Algonquin, 
vtakisiii.] 

I.  A  snoe  or  cover  for  the  feet,  made  of  deer-skin 
or  other  soft  leather,  without  a  sole,  and  ornamented 
on  the  upper  side  ;  the  custumar}'  shoe  worn  by  the 
American  Indians. 

3.  A   poisonous   water    serpent   of   the   Southern 
United  Slates,  the  T^iTonocephaliis  piscivoriu. 
MO'CIIA-STOXE,  n.     [from  Mocha,  in  Arabia.! 

Dendritic  agate;  a  mineral  in  the  interior  or  which 
appear  brown,  reddish-brown,  blackish  or  green  de- 
lineations of  shrubs  destitute  uf  leaves.  Thise,  iu 
some  cases,  may  have  been  pinduced  by  the  filtration 
of  the  oxyds  of  iron  and  manganese;  but,  in  other 
cases,  they  appear  to  be  vegetable  fibers,  sometimes 
retaining  their  natural  form  and  color,  and  sometimes 
conti'd  by  oxyd  of  iron,  Clcaveland. 

MOCK,  V.  t,  [Fr.  moquer ;  Gr.  it'OKaui  ;  W.  mociaWy  to 
mock,  and  moc^  a  mimic  ;  Ir.  vtasradh  or  mofradh,  a 
mocking  ;  Ch.  and  Syr,  p^O,     Class  Mg,  No.  10,] 

1,  Properly,  to  imitate  ;  to  mimic  ;  hence,  to  imi- 
tate in  contempt  or  derision  ;  to  mimic  for  the  sake 
of  derision^  to  deride  by  mimicry, 

3,  To  deride  ;  to  laugh  at ;  tu  ridicule ;  to  treat 
with  scorn  or  contempt. 

As  he  WM  pM'ng  up  by  tli?  way,  there  wme  forth  Hale  chi!dn-n 
out  of  the  city,  and  mocktd  him,  suyiug,  Uo  up,  (huu  bald 
head.  — 2  Kiu^  ti.     Murk  x. 

3,  To  defeat ;  toitludo;  to  disappoint;  to  deceive; 
as,  to  mock  expectation.  - 

Thou  hfvst  mocked  me,  nnd  told  me  lies,  —  Judges  xvi. 

4.  To  fool ;  to  tantalize  ;  to  play  on  in  contempt. 

He  will  not 
MoA  us  with  his  blest  sight,  then  saatch  him  lience.      Milton. 

MOCK,  V.  i.  To  make  sport  in  contempt  or  in  jest,  or 
to  speak  jestingly. 

Wlteo   thou  mockttt,  shiUl   no  maii   inalift  the«    ashamed?  — 
«  Job  xi. 

MOCK,  n.  Ridicule;  derision  ; 'sneer  j  an  act  mani- 
festing contempt. 

Fools  make  a  mock  at  iin.  —  Pror.  xir. 

What  shall  1«  the  portiua  of  those  who  tnalce  a  mock  at  every 
thing  Kicred  i  TiUotaon. 

9.  Imitation  ;  mimicry.    '[Little  used.]    Crashaw. 
MOCK,  a.     False  ;   counterfeit ;   assumed  j   imitating 
reality,  but  not  real. 

That  superior  greatness  and  mock  majesty.  Spectator. 

MOCK'A-BLE,  a.     Exposed  to  derisioru     [Little  vsed.] 

Shak. 
MOCK'ACJE,  n.     Mockery.     [JVwt  used.]  Elyot. 

MOCK'/JD,  (inokt,)  pp.    Imitated  or  mimicked  in  de- 
rision ;  laughed  at ;  ridiculed  ;  defeated  ;  illuded. 
MOCK'ER,  TU    One  tlmt  mocks;  ascorner;  a  scoffer  j 
a  derider.  South. 

2.  A  deceiver;  an  impostor. 

MOCK'ER-Y,  TI.  The  act  of  deriding  and  exposing 
to  contempt,  by  mimicking  the  words  or  actions  of 
another. 

2.  Derision  ;  ridictile  ;  sportive  in^lt  or  contempt  j 
contemptuous  merriment  at  persons  or  things. 

Grace  at  menls  is  now  pener.iily  so  peiTarmed  as  to  look  more 
tiktr  mockery  upon  (Uivoiiou,  than  any  kolemn  applicitiion  of 
the  miud  to  tJod.  Law. 

3.  Sport;  subject  of  laughter. 

Of  the  holy  pl,ice  Ihey  made  a  mocktry.  Maccabeee, 

4.  Vain  imitation  or  effort;  that  which  deceives, 
disappoints,  or  frustrates. 

It  is  OS  the  nir,  mvuht^raLile, 

And  our  v^iti  blows  m<iliciouB  mockery.  Shak. 

5.  Imitation;  counterfeit  appearance;  false  show 


And  bear  about  the  mockery  of  woe 
To  nikUiigiit  dances, 


Papt. 


MOCK'ING,  ppr.  Imitating  in  contempt ;  mimicking: 
ridiculing  hy  mimicry ;  treating  with  sneers  and 
scorn  ;  defeating;  deluding. 

MOCK'ING,  n.     Derision;  insult, 

MOCK'ING-BIRD,  n.  An  American  singing  bird  of 
the  thrush  kind,  remarkable  for  it^  exact  imitations 
of  the  notes  of  other  birds;  the  Tard.ts  pobjitlottua 
of  Linnffus.  Wilson. 

MOCK'Ii\G-LY,  adv.  Bv  way  of  derision  ;  in  con- 
tempt. 


FATE.  FAR,  FALL,  WH.^T,— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.— 

7^ 


MOD 

MOCK'KVG-tiTOCK,  n.     A  butt  of  sport. 

MOCK'LK.  fiiiok'l.)     See  Mickle. 

MOCK'-LEAU,  (-led,)  i  «.    A  sulpliuret  of  zinc,  the 

MOCK'-ORE,  \      same  as  IIlend,  which  see. 

MOCK'-OR'ANGE,  n.  A  shrub  of  Ihe  genua  Phila- 
delphus,  or  svringa  kind. 

MOCK'-PBI  VET,  n.  A  shrub  of  the  genus  Phil- 
Ivrea. 

M^eO,  n  A  Sotilh  American  ro<!ent  quadruped,  of 
the  geuus  Kerodon,  allied  lo  the  Guinea  pig. 

F.  Cuvier. 

MO'DAL,  a.  [See  Mode.]  Consisting  in  mode  only  ; 
relating  to  form;  having  the  form  without  the  es- 
sence or  reality;  as,  the  mudat  diversity  of  the  fac- 
ulties of  the  soul.  Olanville. 

MO-DA  L'l-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  modal,  or 
being  in  form  only. 

MODE,  n.  [Fr.  mode;  L.  modus;  Sp.  and  It.  modo  ; 
W.  moi :  It.  modh  :  Sax.  mete,  iremet  or  gemett,  from 
metun^  gemctan^  to  mrct^  to  tind,  to  measure  or  mete^ 
L.  mttior.  The  primary  sensa  of  mode  is  measure, 
hence  form.  Measure  is  from  extending,  the  extent; 
hence  a  limit,  and  hence  the  derivative  sense  of  re- 
straining.   See  Meet  and  Mtisi-BE.] 

1.  Manner  of  existing  or  being  ;  manner;  method; 
form;  fashion  ;  cusioin  ;  way;  as,  the  moJe  of  speak- 
ing :  the  mode  of  dressing;  modes  of  receiving  or  en- 
tertaining company. 

The  duty  of  itscir  being  resolrcil  on,  the  mode  of  doin?  it  maj 
be  eaatly  fouuil.  Ttylor, 

ft  is  applicable  to  particul.ir  acts,  or  to  a  series  of 
acts,  or  to  the  common  usape  of  a  city  or  nation. 
One  man  has  a  particular  made  of  walking  ;  another 
has  a  singular  mode  of  dressing  his  hair.  We  find  it 
neces^iry  to  conform  in  some  measure  to  tlie  usual 
modes  of  dress. 

2.  Gradation;  degree. 

WtLit  mode»  of  si^Ul  bettreeo  each  vide  extreme  I  Popt. 

3.  State;  quality.  Skak. 

4.  In  metaphysics,,  the  dependence  or  affection  of  a 
substance.  Such  complex  idras  as  contain  not  in 
them  the  siippiwition  of  subsisting  by  themselves, 
but  are  considered  as  dc tendencies  or  affections  of 
substances,  Locke  calls  modes.  Of  these  he  makes 
two  kinds  ;  simple  modesy  which  are  only  variations 
or  different  cnmbinatitms  of  the  same  idea,  asarfoicn, 
which  consists  of  so  many  units  added  toKethcr ;  and 
*^'crd  inodrs,  which  are  cornpoundt^d  of  simple  ideas 
uf  several  kinds,  an  beauty,  which  is  compounded  of 
color  and  figure. 

A  mods  a  xtvH  which  can  noC  aiibsKt  in  iin<l  of  Itc^ir,  biit  is  p» 
tMrm^'t  as  b^lutigin*  lo  «ml  snliii&un^  bjr  the  h^lp  of  •omc 
•ufaK.in<^  which  i^i  that  nrLiiun  U  bdleU  it«  buEj^mu    WatU. 

5.  In  ancient  musicy  the  order  of  the  sounds,  form- 
ing what  may  be  called,  in  modem  lansniace,  the  dif- 
ferent stfllcs,  (n  modern  music,  a  scale  of  intervals  ; 
the  same  as  Key.  P.  Cijr.. 

6.  In  gramsaar,  a  particular  manner  of  coujug;aing 
verbs  to  express  manner  of  action  or  bring,  as  aflinn- 
ation,  command,  condition,  and  the  like;  usually, 
thouch  unfortunatt-ly,  written  Mood.  Mood  is  a 
word  of  different  signification.  »[See  Mooo.] 

7.  A  kind  (jf  8l!k. 

MOD'EL,  n,  [Fr.  modellr;  I*  modulus,  from  modus,  a 
measure,  rule,  or  manner.] 

1.  A  pattom  of  sonifthing  to  be  maHe  ;  any  thing 
of  a  particular  form,  shnp<<,  or  construction,  intended 
for  imitation;  primarily,  n  small  pattern;  a  form  in 
miniature  nf  something  to  be  made  on  a  larger 
scale;  as,  the  model  uf  a  building;  the  model  of  a 
fort. 

2.  A  mold ;  something  intended  to  give  shape  lo 
ca«tine«.  SA«ft. 

3.  Pattern  ;  example  ;  as,  tn  fnrm  a  government 
on  Ihe  miidel  of  the  Britiitli  or  .American  constitution. 

4.  Standard;  that  by  which  a  thing  is  to  be  meas- 
ured. 

U«  Ui-ii  rkapain  meuiin:*  Pruridence  by  bis  own  contmded 
modsl.  South. 

5.  In  paintintr  and  sculpture,  that  which  is  to  be 
copied  or  imitated,  as  the  naked  human  form. 

fi.  A  pattern  ;  any  thing  to  be  imital<Ml.  Take 
Cicent,  Luril  Ch:tthani,  or  Burke,  a<:  a  model  of  elo- 
quence; take  Wa-Jhinglon  as  a  mndrl  of  prudence, 
inlr^grity,  and  palrinlism  ;  above  all,  let  Chri.-'t  be  the 
model  uf  our  benevolence,  humility,  obedience,  and 
patience. 

7,  A  cnpj- ;  representation;  something  made  in  im- 
itation of  real  lif";  as  anatomical  m^drls,  repres),'nt- 
ing  the  parts  of  the  body.  G.-neral  PfifTiT  constructed 
a  model  of  tile  mountainous  parts  of  Switzerland. 

MOD'EL,  V.  L     [Fr.  modder.] 

To  plan  or  form  in  a  particular  manner;  to  shape  ; 
to 'imitate  in  planning  or  forming;  as,  to  model  a 
hoM^e  or  a  government ;  lo  model  an  edifice  accord- 
ins  to  the  plan  delmeated. 

MOU'EL,  H,  (.  or  r.  In  the  five  arfs,  to  make  a  pattern 
fmm  which  gome  work  is  to  be  executed.  Also,  lo 
ftvm  a  work  of  some  plastic  material ;  as,  to  model  in 
wax. 

MOD'KL-KD,  pp.  Formed  according  to  a  model ; 
planned  ;  shaped  ;  formed. 


MOD 

.\U)1VEL-KR,  n.     A  planner;  a  contriver    Spex:tator. 

MOD'EL-L\G,  ppr.  Forming  according  to  a  model ; 
planning;  forming;  shaping. 

MOD'EL-ING,  n.  In  Uie  fine  arts,  the  making  of  a 
model  from  which  a  work  of  art  is  to  be  executed. 
Also,  the  formation  of  a  work  of  art  from  some  plas- 
tic material ;  as,  the  vwddiug  of  a  countenance  in 
waT._  Brande^ 

MO-!)E'N.\,  n.     A  crimson-like  color.  Oood. 

MOD'ER-ATE,  a.  [L.  vwderaXus,  from  moderoTy  to 
limit,  from  modus,  a  limit.] 

1.  /,jrera//(/,Hiniited  ;  restrained  ;  hence, temperate; 
observing  reastmable  hotinds  in  indulgence;  as, moJ- 
erale  in  eating  or  drinking,  or  in  other  gratifications. 

2.  Limited  in  quantity  ;  not  excessive  or  expensive. 
He  keeps  a  moderate  table. 

3.  Restrained  in  passion,  ardor,  or  temper ;  not  vi- 
olent ;  as,  moderate  men  of  both  parlies. 

4.  Not  extreme  in  opinion  ;  as,  a  moderate  Calvin- 
ist  or  Luthentii. 

5.  Placed  between  extremes  ;  holding  the  mean  or 
middle  place  ;  as,  reformation  of  a  moderate  kind. 

6.  Temperate;  not  extreme,  violent,  or  rigorous; 
as,  moderate  weather ;  a  modcratt  winter ;  moderate 
heat ;  a  moderate  breeze  of  wind. 

7.  Of  a  middle  rate  ;  as,  men  of  moderate  abilities. 

8.  Not  swift  ;  as,  a  moderate  walk. 
MOD'ER-ATE,  r.  (.    To  restrain  from  excess  of  any 

kind  ;  to  reduce  from  a  state  of  violence  ;  to  lessen  ; 
to  allay ;  to  repress ;  as,  to  moderate  rage,  action,  de- 
sires, &c. ;  to  moderate  heal  or  wind. 

2.  To  temper ;  to  make  temperate  ;  to  qualify. 

By  ils   astringent  quality,  it  moderates  Die  reliutiur  qi>.-\liiy  of 
warm  wul«r.  Arbu^not. 

MOD'ER-ATE,  v.  i.  To  become  less  violent,  severe, 
rigorous,  or  intense.  The  cold  of  winter  usually 
moderates  ill  March  ;  the  heat  of  summer  mtK^cratM  in 
September. 

3.  To  preside  in  a  meeting.  Smart 
MOD'ER-A-TEU,  pp.    Reduced  in  violence,  ri^or,  or 

intensity  ;  allayed  ;  lessened  ;  tempered  ;  qualified. 

MOD'ER-ATE-LV,  adc.  Temperately  ;  mUdly  ;  with- 
out violence. 

2.  In  a  middle  degree  ;  not  excessively  j  as,  water 
moderately  warm. 

E.ich  nymph  but  moderately  f;iir.  Waller. 

MOD'ER-.\TE-NESS,  n.  SUite  of  being  moderate; 
temperaleness  ;  a  middle  state  between  extremes; 
as,  the  moderateness  of  the  weather;  used  commonly 
of  tftinffs,  as  moderation  is  of  persons.  Johnson, 

MOD'ER-A-TING,  ;>/>r.  Reducing  in  violence  or  ex- 
cess; atlaving;  tempering;  becoming  more  mild. 

MOD-ER-A'TION,  ti.     [L.  inoderatio.] 

1.  The  state  ot^  being  moderate,  or  keeping  a  due 
mean  between  extremes  or  excess  of  violence.  The 
general*9  moderation  after  victory  was  more  Iionora- 
ble  tlian  the  victory  itself. 

In  moderadon  placing  all  my  riory, 

While  tohca  call  me  whig,  Knil  whiga  a  tory.  Pope, 

2.  Restraint  of  violent  passions  or  indulgence  of 
appetite.  Eat  and  drink  with  moderation;  indulge 
with  moderation  in  pleasures  and  exercise. 

3.  Calmness  of  mind;  equanimity;  as,  to  bear 
prosperity  or  adversity  with  moderation. 

4.  Frugality  In  expenses,  JUnsworth. 
MOD-h>RA'TO,   [It.]    Inmu-fic,  denoting  movement 

between  andante  and  allegro. 
MOD'ER-A-TOR,  n.     \\a  or  that  which  moderates  or 
rcHtmins.     Contemplation  is  an  excellent  moderator 
of  the  passions. 

2.  The  person  who  presides  over  a  meeting  or  as- 
sembly of  people  to  preserve  order,  propose  ques- 
tions, regulate  the  proceedings,  and  declare  the  vote; 
as,  the  moderator  of  a  town  meeting,  or  of  a  society. 

Watts. 

3.  In  the  English  vnirrrsities,  one  who  su|)erin- 
tends  the  exercises  and  disputations  in  phiUwophy, 
and  the  examination  for  the  degree  of  I).  .\. 

Cam.  Oil. 
MOD-ERA'TOR-SHIP,  n.    The  office  of  a  moderator. 

Klmt. 
MOD'ERN,  a.      [Fr.   modeme:    It.   and  Sp.  moderno. 
This  word  seems  to  be  formed  from  L.  modo,  and  em, 
which  we  find  in  other  Latin  words  that  have  refer- 
ence to  lime,  as  in  hodiernus,  Hestennis.] 

1.  PertJiining  to  the  present  time,  or  time  not  long 
past;  lale  ;  recent;  not  ancient  or  remote  in  past 
timtf;  at»,  modern  days,  ages,  or  time;  modem  au- 
thors; fflufiern  fashions ;  modem  taste;  modern  prac- 
tice. Baeorr.     Prior. 

2.  Common  ;  mean  ;  vulgar.  [JVot  u.^ed.]     S/itik. 
MOD'ERN,  n.     A   person   of  modern  times  ;  opposed 

to   an   .^MCIBNT. 

The  moderns  are  those  of  modern  nations,  or  of 
nations  which  arose  out  of  the  ruins  of  the  empires 
of  Greece  and  Rome,  the  people  of  which  are  called 

the  ancients.  Smart. 

MOD'ERN-!S.M,  n.  Modem  practice;  something  re- 
cently formed,  particularly  in  writing.  Siriji. 

MOD'ERN-IST,  n.    One  who  admires  the  moderns. 

Sicift. 

MOD'ERN-TZE,  v.  t.  To  render  modern;  to  adapt 
ancient  compositions  to  modern  persons  or  things,  or 


MOD 

rather  to  adapt  the  ancient  style  or  idiom  to  modern 

style  and  ta.!ite. 
MOb'ERN-IZ-KD,  pp.  or  a.    Rendered  conformable  to 

modern  usage  or  style. 
MOD'EilN-I/ER,  n.    He  that  renders  modern. 
MOD'ERX-IZ-IXG,  ppr.     Rendering  modern. 
MOD'ERN-LY,  adv.     In  modern  times.    [JVot  in  ust.] 

MUtoTi. 
MOD'ERN-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  modern; 

rccenlness;  novelty. 
MOD'EST,  0.     [Fr.  vwdeste;  L.  modestus,  from  modus^ 

a  limit.] 

1.  Properltj,  restrained  by  a  sense  of  propriety ; 
hence,  not  forward  or  bold  ;  not  presumptuous  or  ar- 
rogant ;  not  boa.stful ;  as,  a  modest  youth  ;  a  modest 
man. 

2.  Not  bold  or  forward  ;  as,  a  modest  maid.  The 
word  may  be  thus  used  without  reference  to  chas- 
tity. 

The  blushing  beautiea  of  ft  modttt  maid.  Dryden. 

3.  Not  loose  ;  not  lewd. 

Mn.  Font,  the  honest  woman,  the  modetl  wife.         Shnk. 

4.  Moderate  ;  not  excessive  or  extreme  ;  not  ex- 
travagant ;  as,  a  mudat  request;  modest  joy  ;  a  mod- 
est couiputation.  ^ddisoiu 

MOD'Er?T-LY,  adv.  Not  boldly  ;  not  arrogantly  or 
presumptuously  ;  with  due  respect.  He  niodcstlij  ex- 
pressed his  opinions. 

2.  Not  lotisely  or  wantonly  ;  decently ;  as,  to  be 
modcsllij  attired  ;  to  behave  modestly. 

3.  Not  excessively  ;  not  extravagantly. 
MOD'EST-Y,  n,     [L.  viodestla.] 

1.  That  lowly  temper  whicli  accompanies  a  mod- 
erate estimate  of  one's  own  worth  and  imporUtnce. 
This  temper,  when  natural, springs  in  some  measure 
from  timidity,  and  in  young  and  ine\|>erienced  per- 
sons, is  allied  to  bashfulness  and  difiidence.  In  per- 
sons who  have  seen  tlie  world,  and  lost  their  natural 
timidity,  modesty  springs  nu  less  from  principle  than 
from  feeling,  and  is  manifested  by  retiring,  unulitrii- 
6ive  manners,  assuming  less  to  itself  than  others  are 
wilting  to  yield,  and  concedin<;tu  others  ull  due  hon- 
or and  respect,  or  even  moru  than  they  expect  or  re- 
quire. 

2.  Modesty,  as  an  act  or  series  of  acts,  consists  in 
humble,  unobtrusive  d^-purtment,  as  opposed  to  ex- 
treme boldness,  forwardness,  arrogance,  presump- 
tion, audacity,  or  impudence.  Thus  we  say,  the  pe- 
titioner urged  his  chiims  w\ih  mode^-ity  ;  the  speaker 
addressed  the  audience  with  modesty. 

3.  Moderation  ;  decency.  Skak. 
A.  In  females,  modesty  has  the  like  character  as  in 

males  ;  but  the  word  is  used  also  as  synonymous  with 
chastity,  or  purity  of  manners.  In  this  sense,  mod- 
esty results  from  purity  of  mind,  or  from  the  fear  of 
disgrace  and  ignominy,  fortified  by  education  and 
principle.  Unaffected  modesty  is  the  sweetest  charm 
of  female  excellence,  the  richest  gem  in  the  diadem 
of  their  honor. 

MOD'EST- Y-PIkCE,  n,  A  narrow  lace  worn  by  fe- 
males over  the  bosom.  .Addison. 

MOU'ieUM,  n.     [L.]     A  little;  a  small  quantity. 

T^yden. 

.MOD'J-FI-A-RLE,  a.  ffrorn  modify.]  Th:it  may  be 
modified  or  diveraifiecl  by  various  forms  and  differ- 
ences ;  as,  modyiablc  matter.  Locke, 

MOD'I-FI-eATK,  p.  t.     To  qualify.  Pearson, 

M01)-I-FI-€A'TI0N,n.  [Uom  modify.]  Tlie  act  of 
modifying,  or  giving  to  any  thing  new  forms,  or  dif- 
ferences of  external  qualities  or  modes. 

IT  t)i»«^  powers  of  cogHtitJon,  volition,  and  MxntiiTlon,  ntn  not  !n> 
hrn>nt  ht  m-itirr  na  aitch,  nor  actjuiniLIc-  lu  rruiit''rr  l<y  any 
nMiiun  or  tTxodi/icaiiun  uf  it.  Btnlit}/. 

2.  Particular  form  or  manner ;  as,  the  various  wjorf- 
}fication.i  of  light  or  sound.  The  treaty,  in  fevi-ral  of 
its  modiUcations,  was  held  to  he  objectionable.  Holder. 

M()D'I-FI-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Changed  in  form  or  external 
qualities  ;  varied  ;  diversified. 

2.  Moderated;  lemiwred  ;  qualified  in  exceptiona- 
ble parts. 

MOD'I-FT-ER,  M.     He  or  that  which  modifies. 

MOD'l-F?,r.  f.  [Vt.  modifier  ;  It.  nwdificarr. ;  Sp.  m(»- 
diftear:  \j.tiiodiJicori  modus,  limit,  manner,  and  faeioj 
to  make.] 

1.  'I'o  change  Ihe  form  or  external  qualities  of  a 
thing  ;  to  shape  ;  to  give  a  new  form  of  iM-inp  to  ;  as, 
to  modify  matter,  light,  or  sound.    J^aeto7i.     Holder. 

2.  To  vary  ;  to  give  a  new  form  to  any  thing  ;  as, 
to  modify  the  terms  of  a  contract.  A  prefix  modifies 
the  sense  of  a  verb. 

3.  To  modcra-te  ;  to  qualify  ;  to  reduce  in  extent  or 
degree. 

Of  his  i^TTvce 
H«  modijita  his  finit  severe  d';cree.  Dryden. 

MOD'I-F?,  V.  i.     To  extenuate.  VEstrnnge. 

M0D'1-F9-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Changing  the  external 
qualities  ;  giving  a  new  form  to  ;  moderating. 

MO-DIL'LION,  (m<Hdiryun,)  n.  [H. modify'! ione;  Fr. 
modillon  ;  from  L.  modiohis,  from  viodus.] 

In  architecture,  an  ornament  in  the  cornice  of  the 
Ionic,  Corinthian,  and  Composite  columns  ;  a  snitof 
bracket  serving  to  support  the  projocture  of  the  lar- 
mier or  drip.  Brande, 


TCNE,  DULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J  j  S  as  Z ;  CH  a9  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS, 


7*^ 


MOI 

M^'UI-O-I.AR,  a.    Sh<i|H-il  likf  a  bushel  im':istire. 
Mo'DISII,a.     [fruiii  mo^U.]     .Vronlitig  lo  the   mtuJe 

•if  custnninn'    manner ;    fashionnblti  ;    a^,  a  mwli-'ih 

rtrrss  ;  a  maji^h  l'fa>t,  Drifleiu 

MO'OISH-LV,  aJe.     Faahionahly  ;  in   the   cusu.man- 

mtxte.  Linke, 

MO'DlflH-NESS,  n.    The  atnip  of  being  fashionable, 
i  Alft'clation  of  Ihe  fashion.  Jukn.<i>n, 

MOD'U-LATE,  r.  L     [L.  uiudulvry  from  mot/u.^  hniit, 

measure.] 

1.  To  lorm  sonnd  lo  a  certain  key,  or  lo  a  certain 
prtiporiion.  J^hn^oH.    Kutye, 

2.  To  vary  or  inflrrl  sound  in  a  iintiind,  cnsiomn- 
r>',  or  musical  mann.-r.  Thus  the  orpins  of  spewh 
madultae  Ihe  voice  in  reading  or  s[»t^aking. 

Couhl  any  pfrton  »  modtUaia  brt  voke  u  to  iWdw  lo  many  I 

MOD'^^LA-TED,  ^.  or  «.    Formed  lo  a  certain  key  ; 

varierf  ;  inflt-cled. 
MUD'12-LA-TI\(J>  j»pr.    Forming  lo  a  certain  proixir- 

lion;  vftr\inR;  intiecting. 
MOO-tI-L.VTU)\.  i».     [U  moduJatio^  Ft.  mnduUtunu] 
1.  The  act  of  fiinniiti;  any  thini;  to  a  certain  pro- 
portion ;  as,  the  UiflcTeut  propurtiun  anJ  modHUtion 
of  mattor.  H'oodirard, 

a.  The  act  of  inllertin|!  or  varying  the  vi'ice  in 
resiling  ur  fipeakiiig;  a  rising  or  fiilhng  of  Iht*  voice. 

F.HTife-. 

3.  In  musie^  the  mannt-r  of  a<)certaining  an<t  m;m- 
aitinc  the  uuMles  ;  or,  more  penemlly,  th«  art  of  con- 
ducting the  hnnuony  and  air  ihrtmgli  stveral  muiles, 
in  a  niunncr  ajfriH^'able  to  the  car  and  conformed  lo 

The  tmnsition  from  one  key  lo  another.      Jiush, 
A.  StMintI  modulated  ;  melmlv.  T/io>Hsun. 

MOO'U-I.A-TOR,  n.     He  or  tlml  wliich   nuKhilaies. 
The  toniue  is  a  principal   modulator  of  the  human 
MODT'LB,  ■,     [Fr.,  from  L.  modmiu*.]  [voice. 

1.  A  m<Klel  or  repre!>f  ntaiion. 
9.  In  «r<-^.fr, '  j-^.    :i  i-rr!  irn  measare  nr  size  taken 
nl  pten-'  '^  ■  proportion  of  ciOtimns 

nnd  thr  :i"n  of  the  wholr  huild- 

ing.    Th  ^  •  olumn  i«  its  9emi-t]inm- 

eler  at  lite  l>u>e  of  t))*!  f<h.il\,  thoufjh  sometiuv^  the 
diameter  is  taken.  This  is  divided  into  part^  or  mtn- 
uttr*,  GteiU.     P.  Otc. 

MODTLE,  tr.  t    To  model;  lo  shape;  lo  modulate. 

[Little  msfd.] 
,MO0'C-LUS,  a.    [L.]    In  analyH/t,  the  conrtanl  coef- 
ficient or  multiplier  in  a  f'lnrtion  of  n  rnriahU  qum- 1 
titv^  I'y  n»eans  of  wbirh  the  function  is  acci*mniiKla- 

tej  to  a  ;>  irli.  iilar  •i\  -Icin  or  lj:i-r,  TIlUs,  in  t'le  llie- 
f  ■     -  ■  -  \,y  which   all  the 

I  1:^1  henttilliplied, 

li.  Ill  another  sc.ile. 

ffrande. 

MO'DCa,  m.  [L.]  A  compensation  for  lithe^;  an 
equivalent  in  money,  or  other  certain  thing,  given  lo 
a  parson  or  vicar  b)'  the  owners  of  land  in  lieu  of 
tithes.  The  whole  phmse  is  modiU  decimandi;  but 
modus  alone  is  commonly  u$«'d.  Bladcstnne. 

Mtynus  OPE-R.iJ^I)t,[LA    Manner  of  opt-mina. 

MOD'WALL,  n.     A  bird  that  destroys  bees.     Smart. 

MCEf  H.  A  dit-tortL'd  muutli.  .\lst>,  as,  a  rcrfc,  lo  muke 
mouth!).     [See  Mow.]  Skck, 

MOE,  a.  or  ada.     More.     f-Wd  wifd.]  Hooker, 

MOi-SO-GOTH'IG,  a.  Belonging  to  the  Mwso-Oittha, 
a  branch  of  the  G<rth9  who  settled  in  M(E:*in.  The 
Bible  was  translated  into  their  language  bv  Ulphilaj. 

P.  Cue 

MO-GUl.',  n.  The  name  of  a  prince  or  emperor  of  the 
nation  in  Asia  called  Moguls^  or  JMon^uis. 

MO'lIAIR,  a.  [G.  ntoAr,  mohair  and  a  Moor;  Fr. 
moire :   lluss.  ntor.l 

The  hair  of  a  kind  of  goat  in  Turkey,  of  which 
Are  made  camlets,  which  are  sometimes  ailled  by  the 
same  tiame.  Encyc. 

MO'ilAlR-SHELL,  a.  In  eoncholosp,  a  peculiar  spe- 
cies of  V'oluta,  of  a  closely  and  linely  reticulated 
V-Mure,  resembling  on  the  surface  mohair,  or  a  close 
web  of  the  silk-worm.  Eneye. 

MO-HAM'.MED  AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Mohammed  or 
Mahomet. 

MO-IIAM'MED-AN,  a.  A  follower  of  Mohammed, 
Ihe  founder  of  the  religion  of  Arabia  and  Persia. 

MO-HAM'MED-IS.M,  j  a.    The   relieion,  or  doc- 

M0-HAM'MED-A\-1SM,  t  trines  and  precepU,  of 
MoUamnied,  contained  in  the  Koran. 

MO-HAM'MED-IZE,         ie.L    To  make  conforma 

MO-HAM'MED-AN-IZE,  i  ble  to  the  principles,  or 
modes  and  rites,  of  Mohammeil. 

MO'HAU'K,  i  a.    The  appellation  given  to  certain  nif- 

MO'HOCK,  \  fians  who  infeiited  the  streets  of  Lon- 
don, 9o  called  from  the  nation  of  Indians  of  that 
name  in  America.  Prior. 

MO'HUR,  w.  A  British  Indian  gold  coin,  value  fifteen 
rupees,  Malcom. 

MOI'DORE,  n.  A  gold  coin  of  Portugal,  valued  at  $6, 
or  £1  Is.  sterline. 

MOl'E-TY,  n.  [Fr.  nwitirf ;  L.  mtdietas ;  It.  metaiSp. 
mitad.] 

The  half;  one  of  two  equal  parts  ;  as,  a  moietif  of 
an  estate,  of  goods,  or  of  protits  ;  the  moiety  of  a  jurj', 
or  of  a  nation.  Clareiulon,     Addison. 


MOL 

MOIL,  r.  f,     [Fr.  moaiUrrA 

1.  To  daiil) ;  to  make  tlirty.  [Little  luted.]     KnoUes. 

2.  To  weary.     [See  the  next  word,]      Chapmun, 
MOIL,  V.  u    [Gr.  fiohai,  fiwAf $,  labor,  combat ;  fnoXeiOt 

to  strive,  to  fight;  L.  mc/ior,  nnd  miles;   Ar.    V^X 

omi/a,  to  Work,  labor,   perform,  to  strive,  to  war  ; 
Ileb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Sam.  Soy,  iiL     Class  ML  No.  15, 

To  labor  ;  to  toil ;  to  work  with  patnfiil  elTorts. 
Ni>w  lie  mutt  moil  unit  dru.lge  for  one  hf  luiitht^.       Dryden. 
MOIL,  n.     A  spot,     [Sax.  mal.]     U^'ot  m  use.] 
MOl'XEAU,(moy'n6,)  n.    A  «m;«U,  llat  bastion,  raised 
in  fnuit  of  an  intended  furtiUcation,  to  defend  it 
airiinst  attacks  from  small  arms.  Hrande, 

MOIST,  a.  [  Fr.  moite^  for  nutlitc ;  Arm.  moueat :  Riiss. 
motzu,  to  wet.  If  the  last  radical  letter  is  a  dental, 
this  word  mav  belong  to  the  family  of  L.  madro^  Gr. 
pi,l......     See  Class  Ms,  No.  1,  and  Class  Md,  No.  1,] 

1.  Moderately  wet ;  damp ;  as,  a  moust  atmosphere 
or  air. 

Exh:i1n(ioii  dusk  ftml  mrntU  Milton, 

2.  Containing  water  or  other  liquid  in  a  percepti- 
ble degree. 

MOIST  as  a  verb,  is  obsolete. 

MOIST^KN,  (mois'n,)  v,  t.  To  make  damp;  towel  in 
a  small  degree. 

A  fiipe  A  liltlr  moiftmed  on  the  insitle.  Bacon, 

IIU  bones  nr?  mmiUned  with  tnAirow.  —  Job  XtL 

MOIST'/vN-ED,  (mois'nd,)  pp.  or  a.    Made  wet  in  a 

small  degree. 
MOIST'KN-ER,  (raois'n-er,)  n.     lie  or  that  which 

moisten^. 
M01ST'£N-ING,  (mois'n-ing,)  ppr.    Wetting  moder- 

alelv. 
MOIS'T'-Eff-£D,  (-Ide,)  a.    Having  moist  eyes. 

Cotcridffe. 
MOI.=«T'FITL,  a.     Full  of  moisture.  Drayton. 

MOIST'NLSS,  a.     Dampness ;  a  small  degree  of  wet- 

ne^-i.  Adiiisotu 

MOIST'VRE,  a.     [Fr.  moiirur.] 

\.  A  moderate  degree  of  wetness. 

Set  Mich  pl&nu  M  ivquin  much  laowtur*  on  nndj,  dij  gmnudt. 

9.  A  small  quantity  of  any  liquid  ;  as,  the  moisturt 
of  the  iKNiy.  Skak, 

MOIST'URE-LESS,  a.     Without  moisture. 
MOIST'V,  «.    Drizzling,     rJVut  in  use.] 
M^KES,  (of  a  net ;)  tlie  mciiheg.     [AVt  in  use."] 

JiinsworOu 
MO'K Y,  a.     [\V.  mwg ;  from  the  rool  of  smoke.] 
Muffgy  ;  dark  ;  murky.    [Obs.] 

Having  power  to  grind;  grinding;  as,  the  molar 
teeth.  Biicon. 

MO'LAR,  a.    A  grinding  tooth,  or  grinder. 

MO-LASSE',  a.      [L.  mMlis^  soft.] 

A  Hoft  tertiary  sandstone  ;  applied  to  a  rock  occur- 
ring in  Switzerland.  Dana. 

MO-LAS'SES,  a.  siiij-.  [It.  melassa  ;  Sp.  mclaza  ;  Fr. 
melasse  ;  Port,  metago  ;  from  Gr.  ^It\l,  honey,  or  ^t^  i?, 
black.  The  orthography  Wklasses,  used  by  Ed- 
wards, in  his  History  uf  the  West  Indies^  is  more  ac- 
cerdani  with  etymulocy.] 

The  sirup  which  drains  from  Muscovado  sugar 
when  cooling  ;  treacle. 

MOLI>,     i  H.     [Sax.  mtdd,  molda^  myl ;  W.  mot ;  D.  and 

MCl'LD,  \  Dan.  miU ;  Sw.  and  G.  mutt;  probably  al- 
lied to  meUntp;  L.  mollis.  (See  Meli-ow,  Meal,  and 
Mill.)  The  prevalent  sptclling  is  Mould  ;  but  as  the 
u  has  been  omitted  in  the  other  words  of  this  class,  as 
ftoW,  ^Id,  oht^  cold,  &.r.,  it  seema  desirable  to  com- 
plete the  analogy -by  dropping  it  in  this  word,  as  was 
done  by  Spenser,  South,  and  many  others.] 

1.  Fine,  soft  earth,  or  earth  ea»<ily  pulverized,  such 
as  constitutes  soil ;  as,  black  mold. 

EdwardSj  W.  Indies. 
A  mortal  tiitsL-uice  at  t?  rmtrisi  moid.  Itoola. 

2.  A  substance  like  down,  which  forms  on  bodies 
which  lie  long  in  warm  and  damp  air.  The  micro- 
scope exhibits  this  substance  as  consisting  of  small 
plants.  Encyc, 

3.  Matter  of  wliich  any  thing  is  formed. 

Naiiire  formed  me  of  her  softcat  mold,  Addupn. 

MOLD,  i  n.  [Sp.  moUCf  a  mold  or  matrix  ;  moldar^ 
MOL'LD,  {  amoldar,  to  cast ;  Port,  mol'ie,,  moUar,  id. ; 
Fr.  moule  i  Arnu  vund:  Dan.  ran/,  miitd;  W.  mold, 
whence  moldiaip,  to  mold,  work,  or  knead.  This  may 
be  radically  the  same  word  as  mold,  fine  earth,  a  name 
taken  fn>mthe  material  ofmoldi.  The  connection  of 
matrix  with  nwtrr  and  materia  fortifies  this  conjecture. 
For  spelling,  see  Mold,  above.] 

I.  The  matrix  in  which  any  thing  is  cast  and  re- 
ceives its  form.  Molds  are  of  various  kindrt.  Molds 
for  casting  cannon  and  various  vessels  are  c<miposed 
of  some  species  of  earth,  particularly  clay.  Molds  for 
other  purposes  consist  of  a  cavity  in  some  spf;cies  of 
metal,  cut  or  formed  to  the  shape  designed,  or  are 
otherwise  formed,  each  for  its  particular  use. 


He  who  molds  or  forma  into  shape. 


MOL 

2.  Cast ;  form  ;  as,  a  writer  of  vulgar  mcW.     Waller. 
CrcA'ii'-d  with  nn  Brchltnire  of  nitiiqiK^  mold.  Pop€. 

3.  The  suture  or  contexture  of  the  ukull.  .^tn^neorth. 

4.  The  btMly,  as  giving  shape  to  the  garments. 

Shak. 

5.  In  ship-buUdinff,  a  thin,  flexible  piece  of  limber, 
used  as  a  pattern  by  which  to  form  the  curves  of  the 
timbers  and  com)>nssJng  pieces.  Encyc. 

G.  AniNUg  gold-beaters,  a  number  of  pieces  of  vel- 
lum, or  a  like  substance,  laid  over  one  another,  be- 
tween which  the  leaves  of  gold  and  silver  are  laid 
for  beating.  Encyc. 

M6LD,     j  v.t.     [For  s[)elling,  see  Mold,  above.]     To 

MOULD,  i      cause  lo  contract  mold.  Knolles. 

9.  'i'o  cover  Willi  mold  or  soil.  Edu-ords. 

MOLD,     )  V,  L     Toctmtracl  nuild  ;  to  become  moldy. 

MOITLD,  Jiacon. 

MOLD,     Iv.  t.    To  form  into  a  particular  shape ;  lo 

MOULD, }     shape  ;  lo  model. 

!li>  foriT'lh  iind  moldrlh  ovlnit.  Hail. 

Did  I  ri (i'i-«i  ihce,  Mnker,  from  my  cl;iy 

Tu  mold  me  nun  r  Milton. 

9.  To  knead  ;  as,  to  mold  dough  or  bread. 

Jiiiunoorth. 
MOLD'A-BLR,     )  a.    Thai  maybe  molded  or  formed. 
MOULD'A-ULE,  i  Bacon. 

MOLD' El),     \  pp.    Formed  into   a  particular  shape; 
MOULD'ED,  \      kneaded. 

3.  Covered  with  mold, 
MOLD' Ell,     t 
MOLILD'ER,  1 
MOLD'KR,     (  r.  i.    [Dan.  mulner ;  Sw.  multna,  to  grow 
MOCLD'ER,  \      moldy.l 

1.  To  turn  to  du.st  by  natural  decay  ;  to  crumble  ; 
to  perish  ;  to  waste  away  by  a  gnidual  separation 
of  Ihe  component  particles,  without  the  presence  of 
water.  In  this  manner,  animal  and  vegetable  sub- 
stances laoldcry  and  so  also  do  stones  and  shells. 

When  flUiuifs  motder,  nn<l  wlw^n  nrch<i  tall.  Prior. 

2.  To  be  diminished  ;  to  waste  away  gradually. 

ir  he  h.»d  sAt  siiti,  ibe  enemy'i  nnny  would  have  motdgred  to 
DoUimf.  Clartndon. 

MOLD'ER,     ;  p.  (.    To  turn  to  dust;  to  crumble;  lo 
MoULD'ER,  i     waste. 

Some  fell  Uio  Bilent  itroka  of  moMering  «ffc.  Pope. 

MOLD'ER-ED,     )  pp.  or  n.    Turned  to  dust;  wasted 

MOULD'ER-KD,  \     awav. 

MOLD'ER-ING,     ippr.  or  a.    Turning  to  dust;  crum- 

MoULD'ER-lNG,  i      bling  ;  wasting  away. 

MOLD'l-.N'ESS,     |n.  [from  moWy.]  The  state  of  being 

MOCLD'LNESS,  \      moldy.  Bacon. 

MoLD'iNG,     ippr.  [from  moW,]  Forminginto  shape  ; 

MoCLD'LN'G,  \      kneadinc. 

MOLD'I.N'G,     J  n.    Anything  cast  in  a  mold,  or  which 

MOULD'IN'G,  \  appears  to  be  so;  hence,  in  archiuc- 
ture, a  projectiire beyond  the  wall,  column,  \<ainscoat, 
tc,  an  assemblage  of  which  forms  a  cornice,  a  dtnir- 
case,  or  other  decoration.  Encyc 

MOLD'WARP,     \  n.    [Sax.  moll  and  weorpan^  lo  turn. 

MOULD'VVaKP,  i      See  Mols.] 

A  mole  i  a  small  animal  of  the  genus  Talpa,  that 
moves  tinder  ground,  and  turns  up  the  mold  or  sur- 
face of  the  earth.  Spmscr.     Careto. 

MOLD'Y,     i  a.     [from  nwld.]    Overgrown  with  mold. 

MOULD'Y,}  .^ddisun. 

MOLE,  «.     [iSax.  ma;l,  mal ;  D.  maal :  G.  makl.] 

1.  A  spot,  mark,  or  small  [lermanenl  proiuburanre 
on  the  human  body,  from  which  often  issue  one  or 
more  hairs, 

2.  [L.  mola.]  A  mass  of  fleshy  matter  of  a  spher- 
ical ngure,  generated  in  the  uterus.  Encyc. 

MOLE,  n.  [L.  moles;  Fr.  mole;  W,  mffd,  a  heap,  or 
viwl,  a  mass  ;  Gr.  fitoXog.] 

1.  A  mound  or  massive  work  formed  of  large 
stones  laid  in  the  sea  by  means  of  coffer  dams,  ex- 
tend<d  either  in  a  right  line  or  an  arch  of  a  circle  be- 
fore a  port,  which  it  serves  lo  defend  from  the  vio- 
lent impulse  of  the  waves;  thus  protecting  ships  in 
a  liarUir.  The  word  Is  sometimes  used  for  the  har- 
bor itself.  Brande. 

2.  Among  the  Romans,  a  kind  of  mausoleum,  b:iilt 
like  a  round  tower  on  a  wqitare  base,  insulated,  en- 
compassed with  columns,  and  covered  with  a  dome. 

Encyc, 

MOLE,  n.  [D.  mol;  G.  mtviicurf,  mtpldwarp;  Sw 
mullsork,  mullrad  or  mnU-icarpH  ;  Uan.  inutdvarp.] 

A  small  animal  of  the  g^yvi  Talpa,  which,  in 
search  of  worms  or  other  inie^'is,  forms  a  road  just 
undT  the  surface  of  the  grou.i.^,  raising  the  srjil  into 
a  little  ridge  ;  from  which  circrnn-'t:<nce  it  is  called  a 
mouldwarp^  ot  motdd-tarner.  'j'he.inie  has  very  small 
eyes.  Ray. 

Learn  of  the  moU  to  plow,  the  worm  to  w«a»e.  Pop*. 

MOLE,  V.  t.     To  clear  of  mole-hills.     {JMcal.'\     Pejrge. 

MOLE'-HAT,  n.  A  fiih  resembling  a  i!iapeles3  lump 
of  flesh.  -Ash. 

MOLE'-eAST,  a.  A  little  elevation  cf  earth  nmae 
bv  a  mole,  Mortimer. 

MOLE'-CATCH-ER,  n.  One  who^e  cn^plcjnient  i» 
lo  catch  moles.  Tx^-^cr. 

MOLE'-€RICK-ET,  n.     An  insect  of  Jit  genua  Gryl 


FATE.  FAR,  FALI>,  WHAT.— M£TE,  PREY.— PIXE,  MARtNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- 

_  — ^ 


MOL 

lus,  or  Grj'lIoi;il[Ki,  which  burrows  under  gnmnd, 
an<l  if  said  lo  devour  the  roots  uf  plants.       P.  Cyc 

MO-LK€'lI-LAK,  a.  Belonging  to  or  consisting  of 
moleniles.  ProuL 

MOLE'CITLE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  mote.]  A  name  given  tn 
the  iiiinuie  ^nuticles  uf  which  bodies  are  supposed  lo 
bf--  cuniposed.  Dana. 

MOI.E'-E?-KD,  (-Ide,)  a.     Having  very  small  eyes  ; 

MOLE'-HILL,  n.     [W.  vmIut.]  [blind. 

A  little  hillock  or  elevation  of  earth  thrown  up  by 

motes  working  under  ground  ;  hence,  prorrrbiaUy^  a 

very  small  hill,  or  other  small  thing,  compared  with 

a  larger. 


MO-LEST',  c.  (.     [Fr.  molester ;  It.  molestare  ;  Sp.  mo- 
lestar:  from   L.  motestus,  troublesome;  Sp.  mofcr,  to 
grind,  to  molest,  to  vex,  L.  molo.    See  Mill.] 
To  trouble  ;  to  disturb  ;  to  render  uneasy. 
Tixy  hare  molested  the  chureb  with  ueeilleu  oppusUion. 

Hooktr, 

M0L-EST-A'T!OX,  n.  Disturbance  ;  annoyance  ; 
uneasiness  given.  [It  usually  expresses  less  than 
Vexatio^.1  Brown. 

MO-LEST'ED,  pp.    Disturbed  ;  troubled;  annoyed. 

MO-LEST'ER,  n.     One  that  disturbs 

MO-LEST'FUL,  a.     Troublesome. 

MOLEST'ING,  ppr.     Disturbing  ;  troubling. 

MoLE'-TR.'\CK,  n.  The  course  of  a  mole  tinder 
gro  u  n  d .  Mortimer. 

MoLE'-\V.\RP,  71.  A  mole.  [See  Mole  and  Mould- 
WarpJ    '■ 

M0'L1-En,  n.     A  flowering  tree  of  China.    Orosicr. 

MO-LlM'I-i\OUS,  a.     [from  L.  molimat.] 

Vf  ry  important.     [J^ot  useti.]  Jifore. 

MO'LIN-ISM,  H.  The  doctrines  of  the  Molinists, 
somewhat  resembling  the  tenets  of  the  Arminians. 

MO'LIN-IST,  n.  A  follower  of  the  opinions  of  Mo- 
lina, a  SiKinisli  Jesuit,  in  respect  to  grace  ;  an  op- 
poscr  of  the  Jansenrsis. 

MOL'LAH,  a.  The  title  of  the  higher  order  of  Turk- 
ish judges. 

MOL'LI-EN'T,  a.     [L.  moUien.f, molUo.    See  Mellow.] 
Softening;    assuaging;    lessening.     [See  Emolli- 
E?CT,  which  is  generally  used.] 

M(1L  LI-E.VT  LY,  adp.     Assnagingly. 

MOL'LI-FI-A-BLE,  a.  [from  moU^fy.]  That  may  be 
softened. 

MOl^LI  FI-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  mollifying  or 
softening. 

2.  Mitigation  ;  an  appeasing.  Skak. 
M0L'LI-FI-*:D,  pp.    .*Joftened  :  appealed. 
MOL'LI-PT-ER,  7u    That  which  softens,  appeases,  or 

miti<£ate8. 
'2.  He  that  softens,  mitigates,  or  pacifies. 
MOL'LI-FY,  r.  t.     [L.  moUio ;  Fr.  moUir.    See  Mei^ 

LOW.] 

I.  To  soften  ;  to  make  soft  or  tender.    Ts.  i. 

3.  To  Bssuage,  as  j»am  or  irritation. 

3.  To  appease  ;  to  pacify  ;  to  calm  or  quiet. 

Dryden. 

4.  To  qualify  ;  to  reduce  in  harshness  or  asperity. 

Clarendon. 

MOL'LI-F?-INfi,  ppr.     Softening;  assuaging. 

MOL'LI-F^-ING,  a.  AdaiHiid  to  mitigate,  soften,  or 
aisuage. 

MOL-LrS'€A,  «.  pi.  [A  loft-shellcd  nut,  from  L. 
mvtlij,^  twift.] 

One  of  the  four  sub-kingdoms  into  which  onimals 
are  divided,  comprising  sp*-cies  whose  bodies  are 
soft  and  inarticulate.  Some  of  tht:m  are  naked, 
while  others  are  envtrlop«,-d  in  a  ^hell.  With  the  ei- 
ceptinn  of  a  single  family,  they  have  no  dif^tincl  or- 
gan of  sense,  except  eyes,  and  these  are  wanting  in 
some  species. 

This  division  includes  the  snail  and  oyster,  and 
the  whole  class  of  shell  animals,  together  with  the 
cuttle-hsh  and  the  ascidisr.  Dana, 

MOI*-LUS'€AN,  n.     A  molhmk  ;  one  of  !hc  molhisea. 

MOI,-LL'S'eAi\,     >  a.     Pertaining  to  the  mollii-ica,  or 

MOI^LL'S'eOUS,  \  partaking  of  their  propertu-s. 
[.MoLLi'''cot;i   is  used,    but  is  less  analogical  than 

MoiXL'JCA?*.] 

MOL'LUSK,  n.    One  of  the  mollusca.    [See  Mol- 

LI'SCA.J 

MO'I-Oell,  (mo'lok,)  n.  In  Scripture,  the  deity  of  the 
Ammonites,  lo  whom  human  sacrifices  were  offered 
in  the  valley  of  Tophct- 

.MO-LOS'SL'S,  It.  [Gr.]  In  Greek  and  Latin  verse^  a 
foot  of  three  long  syllables. 

MOLT,      i  V.  i,     [\\.  mod,  bald,  bare,  nl-Wjat  a  noun, 

MOULT,  \  a  heap,  pile,  or  conical  hill  with  a  stniMith 
top;  mo«/t,  to  her>p  or  pile,  to  make  biild.  Ho  balH, 
in  English,  seems  to  be  connected  wiih  bold,  that  is, 
prominent.  The  prevalent  spelling  is  .Moult  ;  but  as 
Iheu  has  been  omitted  in  theuth'-r  words  of  this  dats, 
as  boU,  catty  dalt,  Sec  y\X  would  be  desirable  to  complete 
the  nnnlogy  by  dropping  it  in  this  word,  as  many 
distinguished  writers  have  don<-.] 

To  shed  or  cast  the  hair,  ftathers,  skin,  horns, 
fcc,  as  an  animal.  Birds  moh  by  Inking  their  ftaih- 
ers,  bea^Ls  by  losing  their  hair,  srrpenls  by  casting 
their  skins,  and  deer  their  horns.  7'he  molting  of 
the  hawk  is  called  mewing. 


MON 

MOLT,     >  n.   The  act  or  process  of  changing  the  foath- 

MOL'I/r,  i      crs,  skin,  &.c. ;  molting.  P.  Cyc. 

MOLT'IXG.     i  ppr.  Casiingorsheddinganaturnl  cov- 

MOULT'ING, )    erine,as  hair,  feathers,  skin,  or  horns. 

MOLT'IN'G,     j  71.     The  act  or  operation  by  which  cer- 

MOULT'ING,  (  tain  animals,  annually  or  at  certain 
times,  cast  off  or  lose  their  hair,  feathers,  skins,  horns, 

MoLT'£.\,  pp.  of  Melt.     Melted.     [Obs.]  [&c. 

2.  a.  Melted  ;  made  of  melted  metal ;  as,  a  molten 

MO'LY,  n.     [L.,  from  Gr.  ^wAtt.]  [image. 

Wild  garnc,  a  plant  having  a  bulbous  root:  Allium 
Moly. 

MO-LYB'DATE,  rt.  A  compound  of  molybdic  acid 
with  a  base. 

MO-LYB-De'NA,  71.  rGr.;i"A)p/?.!«Ma,amassoflcad.] 
An  or"  of  a  diirk  lead  color,  occurring  in  flexible 
lantinx,  like  plumbago.  It  is  distinguished  from  this 
mineral  by  its  sulphureous  odor  before  the  blow- 
jitpe,  a  lighter  sliade  of  color,  and  a  more  greasy  feci. 
It  consists  of  sulphur  and  molvbdenum.         Dana. 

MO-LVB'DE-NITE,  M.  Sulphurelof  niolybdena.  Dana. 

MO-LYB-Di5'NOUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  inolybdena,  or 
obtained  from  it.  The  molybdenotut  acid  of  Bucholz 
is  a  salt,  the  bimolybdate  of  the  deutoxyd  of  molyb- 
denum. 

MO-LVB-DE'MJM,n.  A  metal  which  has  not  been 
reduced  into  masses  of  any  magnitude,  but  has  bi'on 
obtained  only  in  sjnall,  sei>arate  globules,  in  a  black- 
ish, brilliant  mass.  These  are  brittle  and  extremely 
infusible.  .N'icholson.     Ure. 

The  most    common    natural    compound    of  this 
metal  is  a  sulphurrt.  Brande. 

MO-LYB'Die,  a.  Pertaining  to  molybdena.  MoUjbdic 
acid  is  ail  acid  obtained  from  molybdate  of  lead,  or 
by  acidifying  molybdena.  SUhman. 

MOME,  n.     (Fr.  momon.     See  Mi'M.J 

A  dull,  silent  person  ;  a  stupid  fellow  ;  a  stock  ;  a 
post.  Johnson.     Spenser. 

Mo'MEiN'T,  71.  [L.  momentum.  This  woni  is  con- 
tracted from  motamentum,  or  some  other  word,  the 
radical  verb  of  which  signifies  to  move,  rush,  drive, 
or  fall  sudilcniy,  which  sense  gives  that  of  force. 
The  sense  of  an  instant  of  time  is  from  falling  or 
rushing,  which  acwirds  well  with  that  of  meet.] 

1.  The  most  minute  and  indivisible  part  of  time  ; 
an  instant. 

Ill  n  mom«»t,  \n  the  twinkling  of  an  ryr,  —  I  Cor.  xv. 

2.  Force  ;  impulsive  power. 
(  of  impulse, 

Mlllon. 

Little  vsed  ;  hut  hence, 

3.  Importance  ininftuenceorefrect;  consequence; 
weight  or  value. 

Il  it  an  iilMtruse  cp-^ulition,  but  ulso  of  far  I^w  mom^nl  to  ut 
Ot-in  Uic  utber*.  Benliey, 

MO-MENT'AL,  a.     Important.     [J^'ot  in  use.] 

MO-MENT'AULY.  adv.     For  a  moment.        Brown. 

MO-MENT-A'XE-OUS,  iVIO'ME.\T-A-NV,  not  used. 
See  MoMEXTABV. 

Mo'MEN'r-A-RI-LY,  adr.     Every  moment  S/ienstone. 

MO'ME\T-A-R.Y,  a.  Done  in  a  moment ;  continuing 
only  a  moment ;  lasting  a  very  short  time  ;  as,  a  mo- 
mentary i>ang. 

Momentary  aj  a  aound, 
8wi(l  aa  a  >)ku]uw,  aliort  as  any  Ur«am.  Shak. 

MO'MEXT-LY,  adv.     For  a  moment. 

9.  In  a  moment ;   every  moment.     \Ve  momently 
expect  the  arrival  of  the  mail. 

MO-MENT'OUS,  fl.  Imi>ortant;  weighty;  of  conse- 
quence. IiCit  no  false  std^  be  made  in  the  momentous 
conrerns  of  tlie  soul. 

MO  MENT'OUS-LY,  adv.     Weightily;  importantly. 

MO-MENT'OUS-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  of  great 
imiM.rtanre. 

MO  MENT'IJ.M,  n. ;  pi.  Momenta,  [L.]  In  mechan- 
ics, imi»eius  ;  the  quantity  of  motitm  in  a  moving  body. 
This  is  always  proportioned  to  the  quantity  of  matter 
multiplird  into  the  velocity.  Olmsted. 

MOM' l-KR,  (mum'nie-er,)  ti.  [Pr.]  A  name  some- 
times giv(;n  in  n-pro:irii  to  the  evangelical  Protestants 
of  Fnmee  and  Switzerland. 

MOM'MER-Y.     See  .Mummerv. 

MO'MOT,  71.  The  name  of  certain  birds  In  South 
America,  so  named  from  their  monotonous  note. 
Their  habiL-t  and  tongue  resemble  the  toucan's. 

MO'.MUS,  71.     [Gr.  //(tj/*o(,  derision.]  [Swainson. 

In  mytholofry,  the  deity  of  ridicule  and  raillery. 

MON'A-eHAL,  (nmn'a-kal,)  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ttiotio- 
c/tM,*,  Gr.  ft  nax"^,  a  monk.] 

Pertainine  lo  monks  or  a  monastic  life  ;  monastic. 

MON'A-€III#M,  (mon'a-kizm,)  a.     [Fr.  monachisme ; 
It.  monarhismo.     See  Munk.] 
The  state  of  monks  ;  a  mtmastic  life. 

MOi\'.\I),  n.     [Gr.  /ini'ii,  unity,  from  fiofo^y  sole.] 

1.  An  ultimate  atom,  or  simple,  unextended  point. 

Letbniti. 

2.  An  indivisible  thing.  Good. 

3.  A  name  given  to  the  simplest  kind  of  minute 
animalcules.  Dana, 

MON-A-DEI/PHI-A,  n,  [Gr.  poy^i^  sole,  and  aaeX- 
0rj(,  brother.] 

In  botany,  a  cl.iss  of  plants  whose  stamens  are 
united  in  one  body  by  the  filaments.  LmntBos. 


MON 

MO.\-A-DEL'PHI-AN,  \  a.    Having  the  stamens  unit- 
MON-A-DEL'PIIOUS,  \      ed  in  one  body  by  the  fila- 
ments. 
MO-NAI)'l€,         (  a.    Having  the  nature  or  character 
MO-NAD'ie-AL,  i      of  a  monad.  More. 

MO-NA\'DRI-A,  n,  [Gr.  iiovoq,  one,  and  nvnp,  a  male,] 
In  botany,  a  class  of  monoclinous  plants,  having 
one  stamen  oiity,  not  at  all  connected  with  the  pistil, 

Littiutiis. 
MO-NAX'DRI-AN, )  a.     Mon(M!linous,    and     having 
MO-XAN'DKOUS,  \     one    stamen    only,    not   con- 
nected with  the  pistil. 
MO\'AR€H,  (mon'ark,)  ti.     [It.  and  Sp.  monarca ;  Fr. 
vwjiarque ;  Gr.  poiiioxri^;  povos^  Sole,  and  tt(>X"f)  * 
chief.! 

1.  The  prince  or  ruler  of  a  nation,  who  exercises 
all  the  powers  of  government  without  control,  or 
who  is  vested  with  absolute  sovereign  power;  an 
emperor,  king  or  prince,  invested  with  an  unlimited 
power.    This  is  the  strict  sense  of  the  word. 

S.  A  king  or  prince,  the  supremo  magistrate  of  a 
nation,  whose  powers  are  in  some  respects  limited  by 
the  constitutitm  of  the  government.  Thus  we  call 
the  king  of  Great  Britain  a  vtonarck,  although  he 
can  make  no  law  without  the  consent  of  parliament. 

3.  He  or  that  which  is  superior  lo  others  of  the 
same  kind  ;  as,  an  oak  is  called  the  monarch  of  the 
forest ;  a  lion,  the  monarch  of  \vild  beasts. 

4.  One  that  presides  ;  president ;  as,  Bacchus, 
monarch  of  the  vine.  Shak. 

MO\'.\ReH,a.  Supreme;  ruling;  as,  a  inoTUircA  sav- 
age. Pope. 

MO-NAReH'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  monarch  ;  suiLing 
a  monarch  ;  sovereign  ;  regal ;  imperial. 

S^tAii,  whom  now  Ir.MufCcndi'iil  jiory  raised 

Abiive  hU  b^lluwi,  wiUi  mottarc/uti  pritto.  Milton. 

MON'ARt'H  ESS, 71.     A  female  monarch  ;  nn  empress. 

MO-NXneil'ie,  ia.     Vested   in  a  single  ruler; 

MO-XXReil'ie-AL,  \     as,  mwMarcAica/ government  or 
9.  Pertaining  to  monarchy.  ("(wwer. 

MON'AIieH-ISM,  H.  The  principles  of  monarchy  j 
love  or  preference  of  monarchy.  Jeffrrsoa. 

MON'AK€H  1ST,  n.    An  advocate  of  monarchy. 

MOX'AKGH-IZE,  v.  i.  To  play  the  king  ;  to  act  the 
monarch.  S/iak. 

MOi\'AR€H-rZE,  v.  t.     To  rule;  lo  govern. 

9.  To  convert  to  a  monarchy.  Milton. 

MOiV'AReH  IZ-iCD,  ;)p.     Converted  lo  a  monarchy. 

MO\'AR€H-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Governing;  changing  to 
a  monarchy. 

MON'AReH-Y,  71.  [Gr,  tinvapxia.  See  Monarch.] 
1.  A  state  or  government  in  which  the  supreme 
power  is  lodged  in  the  hands  of  a  single  person. 
Such  a  state  ia  usually  called  an  empire  or  a  kingdom  ; 
and  we  usually  give  this  denomination  to  a  large 
state  only.  But  the  same  name  is  sometimes  given 
to  a  kingdom  or  stale  in  which  the  power  of  the  king 
or  supreme  magistrate  is  limited  by  a  constitution,  or 
by  fundamental  laws.  Such  is  Ihe  British  monarchy. 
Hence  we  speak  of  absolute  or  despotic  monarchies^ 
and  uf  limited  monarchies. 

A  fiw  gi>vi"ninirnt  haa  a  great  advantage  over  a  aimnlf  mon- 
archy.  J.  A'lam*. 

9.  A  kingdom  ;  an  empire.  Shak. 

MON-AS-Tic'RI-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  monnsti-rv. 

MON'AS-TER-Y,  n.  [Fr.  monast^re;  It.  mona^ti^ro  i 
Sp.  mono-ilerio ;  I>ow  L.  monasteriami  Gr.  povaari- 
ptoi'y  from  tiov'Sy  sole,  separate  ;  W.  m8n.] 

A  house  of  religious  retirement,  or  ol  seclusion 
from  ordinary  temporal  concerns,  whether  an  abbey, 
a  priory,  or  a  nunnery.  The  word  is  nsiinlly  applied 
to  the  houses  of  monks,  mendicant  friars,  and  nuns. 

Encvc. 

MO-NAS'TIC,  \a.     [Pr.  monastirpte :   It.  monasti- 

MO-NAS'Tie-AI.,  i  co;  Low  L.  monasticus ;  Gr, 
p  ivaoTtK"!;,  from  /ni^ij,  sole,  separate.] 

Pertaining  to  monasteries,  monks,  and  nuns;  re- 
cluse i  secluded  from  the  tem[K»ral  concerns  of  life, 
and  devoted  to  religion  ;  as,  a  monastic  life  ;  monastic 
orders  Denham, 

MO-NAS'Tie,  n.     A  monk. 

MO-NAS'Tie-AL-LY,  adv.  Reclusely;  in  a  retired 
manner;  in  the  manner  of  monks.  Sicifi. 

MO-NAS'TI-CISM,  n.     Mimaslic  life.  Mitncr. 

M0-NAS'TI-€ON,  tu  A  bmik  giving  an  account  of 
monasteries. 

MON'DAY,  (nmn'dy,^  ti,     [Sax.  monandaff ;  D.  maan- 
da^:  G.  montav ;  moon  and  day;  being  formerly  sa- 
cred to  that  planet.] 
The  second  day  of  the  week. 

MONDE,  71.  [Fr.]  'i'he  world  ;  also,  a  globe,  an  en- 
sign of  authority.  Drummimd. 

MO  Nk'CIAN  and  MO-Ne'CIOUS,  SeeMoptcEciAM 
and  MoNo:rn>i-8. 

MON'E-TA-RY,  (mun'e-ter-ry,ja.  Pertaining  to  mon- 
ey or  consisting  in  money.  Quarf.  Reo, 

MON'EY,  (mun'e,)  n. ;  p^  Monetb.     [Sax.  my/iff  ,■  D. 
miint,    mint;    G.   m^inze ;    Sw.    mynt ;    Dan.    mijndt^ 
money    or    mint;    Fr.     monnoie;    Ir.    monadk  ;    W. 
mwnai ;    Sp.    moneda ;    Port,    moeda,  contracted  ;    I*.    , 
and  U.  moncta.    Money  and  mint  are  the  same  word   ' 
varied.] 
1.  Coin  ;   stamped  metal ;   any  piece    of  metal. 


TONE,  BVM',  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS C  as  K  j  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  8H  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


725 


MON 

usually  ^uld,  silver,  or  copper,  ftUiinpeil  by  public 
RUtlturity,  and  us«i]  as  the  mi'diuiii  uf  cointmrce. 
We  iinneiimes  dive  the  name  ol'  mvne^io  t»Uur  coined 
DitiLiLi,  and  tu  any  other  materinl  which  rude  nations 
use  ad  a  uietlium  of  trade.  Hut,  nm(uig  modern 
commercial  nations,  gold,  silver,  platinum,  aitd  cop- 
per, are  the  only  uietald  used  fur  Uiis  purpose.  Gitld, 
platinum,  and  silver,  cuntaiiiiiiK  great  vatm^  in  a 
small  cumpa.<s,  and  beini:,  therefore,  of  easy  convey- 
ance, and  being,  also,  durable,  and  lilllf  liable  to 
diminution  by  use,  are  the  m(K*l  convenient  nietaU 
for  coin  or  money,  wliich  is  the  representative  of 
ciuninodities  of  all  kuuU,  of  lands,  and  of  every 
thing  that  u  capable  of  being  transferred  in  com- 
merce. 

a.  Bank  notes  or  bills  of  credit  i-wued  by  authority, 
and  exchangeable  for  coin,  or  a'dtomable,  are  al«u 
called  nufitrff :  as  such  notes,  in  modern  times,  repru- 
sent  coin,  and  are  used  as  a  sub:^titute  for  it.  If  a 
man  pay::  in  hand  f^r  gmtd^  in  bank  notes  which  are 
current,  he  is  said  to  p:iy  in  ready  moHCg*  - 

3.  WmUU)  i  alfluencu. 

Ahm&jf  am  ncMMV  open  arm  •*«»ics  U>  ptoworea,  nor  block  gp 
the  piwuw  of  aofobli.  Hainbler. 

M0X'EY-A6E,  n.  JincirnU^^  in  Eji^fem/,  a  general 
land  inx  levied  by  the  two  fin^t  Norman  kings,  a 
shilhng  on  each  hearth.  Hume. 

MO.N'EV-UAG,  n.    A  bag  or  purse  for  holdiuz  money. 

M0\'EY-ROX,  n.    A  box  or  till  to  hold  money. 
MON'EY-BRc)K,'ER,n.    A  broker  who  deals  in  money. 

JuhiLson. 
MOX'EY-CHAXG'ER,  n.      A  broker  who    deals  in 

money  or  exchanges.  ^rbuUittoL 

MON'EY-EO,  (mnn'^id,)  o.  Rich  in  money  ;  having 
'  money  ;  abU'  to  command  money  ;  used  often  in  op- 
position to  such  as  have  their  wealth  in  real  estate. 

Inviw  vtottfyed  mm  to  lernJ  U»  the  in^rch.inU.  Baevn. 

2.  Consisting  id  money  ;  as,  moneyfd  capital. 

HamiltoH'j  RrporL 
MON'EY-ER,  n,    A  banker ;  one  who  deals  in  money. 
[Utde  used.] 

Q.  In  eoimaiTf^  a  responsible  and  authorised  manu- 
facturer of  coin.  Brxtnde. 
MOX'EY-LEND'ER,  «.    One  who  lends  money. 
MON'EY-LESS,  «.     Destitute  of  money  ;  pennyless. 

MOVEY-MAT'TER,  m.  An  account  consisting  of 
charges  of  money  ;  an  account  between  debtor  and 
creditor.  JSrhtUkMttt. 

MO.VEY-,«eRIVE'NER,  (-skriv'ner,)  n.  A  person 
who  raises  monev  for  otlters.  ArbutknoL 

MfiN'EY-SPIN'NER,  «.    A  small  spider. 

MO\'EY**-\VORTH,  (nmn'ez-wunh,)  n    Something 
th.it  will  bring  money. 
2.  Full  ^-ahie  ;  the  worth  of  a  thing  in  money. 

MON"EY-\VORT,  «.  An  evergreen  tr;iiling  plant  of 
the  genus  Nummularia,  or  of  the  geniu  Lysimachia. 

Loiidon. 

MON'G'-CORN,  M.    [mmoKg  and  eamJ]    Mixed  com. 

MON"GER,  Onung'ger,)  n,  [Sax.  muMgtn,  fVomaia*- 
^iojt,  to  trade,  D.  wumger-l 

A  trader  ;  a  dealer ;    now  used  only  or  chiefly  in 
composition  \    as,  fisb-nttfaj^ert   iron-monjrer,  news- 
atmver,  cheese  manner. 
MON'^GREL,  (muug  grel,)  a.     [from  Sax.  mengajtj  (0 
mix.     See  Mingle.] 
Of  a  mixed  breed  ;  of  difierent  kinds.  Stcift. 

MO\"GREL,  a.    An  animal  of  a  mixed  breed. 
MO-XIL'l-FORM,  a.     [L.  moniUt  a  necklace,  and 
form.] 

Like  a  necklace.  Encyc 

MOX'I-MENT,  n.  [L.  nu>nintentuiR,  from  mcKM,  to 
admonish.] 

1.  An  iitscripcion ;  something  to  preser^'e  memory. 
[Obs.] 
9.  A  mai^  ;  an  image  ;  a  superscription.  Spmser. 
MOX'KSH,  e.t.    To  admonish;  to  warn.    [JVotu^ed.] 

rSee  AoMorvtsH.] 
MON"ISH-ER,  w.    An  admonisher,  which  see. 
MO\'l8H-MEXT,  n.     Admonition.     [Obs.] 
MO-M"TIOX,  (-nish'un,)  n.     [Fr.,  from  I,,  mnnitio,] 

1.  Warning  ;  instruction  given  by  way  of  caution  ; 
as,  the  mouitunu  of  a  friend.  Sieift 

2.  Infonnalion ;  indication. 

We  hare  do  vWble  wtomAMV  e(  t^hn  period*,  Mieb  u  wr  hare 
of  the  day  by  auceewTC  liftit  uid  awfcoa>.  Holder. 

MOX'I-TrVE,  «.  Admonibvy;  conveying  admo- 
nition. Barrow. 

MOX'I-TOR,  a.  [U]  One  who  warns  of  faults  or 
informs  of  duty  ;  one  who  gives  advice  and  instruc- 
tion by  way  of  reproof  or  caution. 

Yoa  seed  not  be  a  axwdfor  to  the  king.  Baeon. 

Sl  In  8cJio9is  or  mtuversitiesy  a  pupil  i^elected  to  look 
to  the  scholars  In  the  absence  of  the  instructor,  or  to 
notice  the  absence  or  faults  of  the  schohirs,  or  to 
instruct  a  division  or  class. 

3.  In  loi/foffy,  a  genus  of  lizards  inhabiting  the 
warmer  tKirts  of  the  eastern  continent,  so  called 
from  being  supposed  to  give  warning  of  the  vicinity 
of  crocodUes.  P.  Cyc 


MON 

MOX-I-T6'RI-AL,  ^i.    rerlmning  to  a  monitor. 
3.  Performed  by  a  munitur. 

3.  Conducted  or  taught  by  monitors  ;  as,  a  monito- 
rial school;  tnonifcru/  system. 

4.  Communicated  by  monitors;  as,  numttortal  in- 
struction. 

MON-l-TO'RI-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  monitorial  manner. 

MOXM-TO-RY,  a.  Giving  admouiliou ;  warning ; 
instructing  by  way  of  catiiion. 

Lunra.  nuacarriagv«,  u>d  diKijipoimmrnts,  ure  monitory  nnd  iit- 
•tniaj»f.  L'  K*trange. 

MON'J-TO-RY,  a.     Admonition  ;  warning.     Bacon. 

.MOX'I-TRESS,  It-    A  female  monitor. 

MOXK,  (intink,)  n.  [Gr.  fiayax-i,  from  ftoyjf,  W. 
laGn,  Sole,  separate ;  whence  L.  monachiLj ;  Sax. 
monec,  munuci  Fr.  motHt;  Arm.  mannacJii  \V,  mt/- 
iMTf ;  Sans,  muai.] 

.\  man  who  retires  from  the  ordinary  temporal 
concerns  of  the  world,  and  devotes  Inmself  to  re- 
ligion. Monks  usually  live  in  monasteries,  on  enter- 
ing which  they  take  a  vow  to  observe  certain  rules. 
Some,  however,  live  as  hermits  in  solitude,  and  oth- 
ers have  lived  a  strolling  life,  without  any  lixed  res- 
idence. Knctjc. 

MOXK'ER-Y,  n.  The  life  of  monks;  the  monastic 
life  ;  a  term  usually  applied  by  way  of  reproach. 

MOXK'EY,(m(ink'e,)  «.;/»/.  Mo.tkeys.  [lu  moniechio.] 

1.  The  popular  name  of  the  ape  and  baboon.  But 
in  zoology,  moftknj  is  nuire  properly  the  name  of 
those  animals,  of  the  genus  Simia,  which  have  long 
tails.  Ray  distributes  animals  of  this  kind  into  three 
classes;  apes,  which  have  no  tails  ;  monkeys,  witli 
long  tails;  and  baboons,  with  short  tails.      Kncyc 

2.  A  name  of  contempt,  or  of  slight  kindness. 

JoliTuon. 

3.  The  weight  of  a  pile-driver  ;  (.  e..  a  very  heavy 
mass  of  iron,  which,  being  on  high,  uesccnds  with 
great  momenium  on  the  head  of  tlie  pile,  and  forces 
it  into  the  earth. 

MONK'HOOD,  n.  The  character  of  a  monk.  Atterbury. 
MO.N'K'ISH,'  a.    Like  a  monk,  or  pertaining  to  monks  ; 

monastic  ;     as,   monkish  manners  ;    moiUiish   dress ; 

monkish  solitude. 
MOXK'S'-HEAD,  (munks'hed,)  ».     A  plant  of  the 

genus  Leontodon. 
M0NK*S'-HOQD,  n.  An  herb  of  the  genus  Aconitnm. 
MONK'S-RHO'BARB.  a.    An  herb  of  the  genus  Ru- 

mex,  a  species  of  dock. 
MOX-O-eXR'DI-AX,  a.    [Gr.  n-'voq  and  xao^ta.] 
Having  a  single  heart,  as  fishes  and  reptiles.    It 

may  be  used  as  a  noun. 
MoX-O-CARTOi;:^,  a.    [Gr./iovof,  sole,  and  Koniroiy 

fruit.] 

Hearing  fruit  but  once,  and  dying  after  fructitica- 

lion,  as  wheat,  &.c.  Ltndley. 

MO-NOC'E-ROS,  H.  [Gr.  ^o)/o(,  sole,  and  c£p(i$,  horn.] 

The  unicorn. 
MOX-OeilLAM-YD'E-OUS.    a.       [Gr.    novo^    and 

In  botany,  having  a  single  covering,  that  is,  a 
calyx  without  a  corol,  or  a  corot  without  a  calyx. 

Liiidley. 
MON'O-enORD,  (mon'o-kord,)  it.    [Gr.  /iof  f$,  sole, 
only,  and  \'>^)'^i,  chord.] 

A  musical  instrument  of  one  string,  used  for  the 
purpose  of  ascertaining  and  demonstrating  the  rela- 
tive proportions  of  musical  sounds.  P.  Cye. 
M0X'O-eHR0.ME,  n.     [Gr.  ftovjs,  sole,  and   xp^^faj 
color.  ] 
A  iKiinting  with  a  single  color.  Klmes. 
MON-O-CHRO-.MAT'ie,  a. '  Consisting  of  one  color, 
or  presenting  rays  of  light  of  one  color  only. 

^uart.  Joarn.     Jourm.  of  Science, 
MO-NO€'LI-N.\TE,  a.  [Gr.  fjovo^y  one,  and  xAu-u,  to 
incline.] 

In  mineralogy  a  term  applied  to  crystals  in  which 
one  of  the  axes  is  obliquely  inclined,  as  the  oblique 
rhombic  prism,  and  right  rhumboidal  prism. 
MO-XOe'LI-XOCS,rt.  [Gr.i.'u-^i;.one,and*fA(i'ri,bed.] 
In  botany,  hermaphrodite,  or  having  both  stamens 
and  pistils  in  every  flower. 
MOX'OeaTYLE,  )  a.    Having  only  one 

MOX-0-€0-TYI^E'DOX-OUS,  \      seed-lobe  or  sem- 
inal leaf.  Mariyn.    Milne. 
MOX-O-eO-TYL-E'DON,  n.    [Gr.  /lyvt/s,  sole,  and 
ito-v>'?'^!jf,  a  hollow.] 

In  botany,  a  plant  with  only  one  cotyledon, or  seed- 
lobe. 
MO-NOe'RA-SY,  n.     [Gr.  fiovos,  sole,  and  KpariM,  to 
govern.] 
Government  by  a  single  person. 
MOX'0-€RAT,  «.     One  who  governs  nione. 
MO-XOe'U-LAR,     (a.     [Gr.  //avoj,  sole,  and  h.  oe- 
MO-XOe'l|-LOUS,  i      ulus,  eye.] 

Having  one  eye  only.  HotoeU. 

MOX'O-eULE,  n.     [Supra.]    An  insect  with  one  eye. 

PennanU 
MOX-O-DAC'TYL-OUS,  o.  [Gr.  jiofOf  and  iaKTiXog.] 

Having  one  finger  or  toe  only. 
MOX'0-DIST,  n.   One  who  writes  a  monody.    ScotL 
MOX'O-DON,  n.     [Gr.  ftoi'nSovi,  having  one  tooth  or 
shoot.] 

The  sea-unicorn,  a  cetaceous  mammal,  which  has 
a  remarkable  horn-like  tusk  projecting  from  its  head. 


MON 

There  is  a  rudiment  of  another  tusk,  but  only  one  of 
them  is  usually  developed.  It  is  called  also  the 
MoNocERi's,  or  IIoRKCD  X^awHAL.  Its  usual  size  it 
from  sixteen  to  twenty  feet.  Cuvier.     Encyc. 

MUX-O-DKA  MA'J''ie,a.     Pertaining  to  a  monodram. 

MO.X'O-UUAME,  «.     [Gr.  ^tovos  and  &na,ia.] 
A  dmniatic  performance  by  a  single  person. 

MOX'O-DY,  H.  [Gr.  ;iov<cJ(«;  /iui'o{,  sole,  and  o-^ij, 
song.] 

A  species  of  poem  of  a  mournful  chamcler,  in 
which  a  single  mourner  is  supposed  to  bewail  him- 
self. Brande. 

MO-XQil'CIA,  71.  pK  [Gr.  itovug  and  o(\o5.]  In  bot- 
any, a  class  of  plants  whose  stamens  and  pistils  are 
in  distinct  flowers  in  the  same  plant.  LinntfuH. 

MO-NOI'Cl  AN,  (-nC'shan,)    )  a.    [Gr.  fiovo^,  sole,  and 

MO-NCE'CIOUS,  (-ne'shus,)  \      oik  >i,  house.] 

In  botany,  a  term  applied  tu  a  cla-^s  fif  plants  whose 
stamens  aiid  pistils  are  in  d  istinct  flowers,  both  grow- 
ing upon  the  same  individual. 

M0X-O-G.^'MI-A,n.p/.[Gr.  /luvoj,  sole,  and  }aMJ(, 
marriage.] 

In  botany,  an  order  of  plants  having  a  simple  flow- 
er, though  the  anthers  are  united.     Linn<Bus.     Lee. 

MOX-0-GA'MI-.\N, )  a.     In  botany,  pertaining  to  the 

MO-XOG'A-MOUS,  I  order  Monogaiuia,  having  a 
simple  flower  with  united  anthers.  Lcr. 

MO-NOG'A-MIST,  a.  [tjupra.]  One  who  disallows 
second  umrriagca.  Johiwon. 

MO-XOG'A-MOUS,  a.  Having  one  wife  only,  and 
not  permitted  to  marry  a  second. 

MO-NOG'A-MY,  M.  [Supra.]  The  marriage  of  one 
wife  only,  or  the  state  of  such  as  are  restrained  to  a 
single  wife.  Bp.  Htdl. 

MON'0-GRAM,Ti.  [Gr.M'X'OSiSoIe,  and  jpa^/i^i,  letter.] 
A  character  or  ciplier  comjhwed  of  one,  two,  or 
more  letters  interwoven,  being  an  abbreviation  of  a 
name  ;  used  on  seals,  &c.  Brande. 

MON'O-GRAM-MAL,  o.  Sketching  in  the  manner  of 
a  monogram.  .  Fotherby. 

MOX-O-GRAM'Mie,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  monogram. 

MOX'O-GRAPH,  n.  [Gr.  ^iopos,  sole,  and  }pu<f>r,^ 
description  ] 

A  written  account  or  description  of  a  single  thing, 
or  cliLss  ctf  things  ;  as,  a  monojrrapk  of  violets  in  bot- 
any ;  u  monograph  of  an  Egyptian  mummy 

Jaurn.  of  Science. 

MO-NOG'RA-PHER,  n.    A  writer  of  a  monograph. 

Parti  afftoru 

MOX-O-GRAPH'ie,         }  a.    Drawn  in  lines  without 

MOX-O-GRAPHMC-AL,  j      colors.        BaUey.     Ash. 
2.  Pertaining  to  a  monograph. 

MO\-0-GRAPll'i€^AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a 
mnnoernph  ;  in  the  form  of  a  monograph. 

MO-XOG'RA-PillST,  »i.  One  who  writes  a  mono- 
graph. Keith. 

MO-XOG'RA-PHY,  n.    [Gr. /iO(/oj,  sole,  and  j/jai^w, 
to  describe.] 
1.  \  descripiinn  drawn  in  lines  without  colors. 
%  A  monograph,  or  written  account  of  some  sin- 
gle subject  or  class  of  things. 

MOX-O-GYN'I-A,  71.  [Gr.  n"voi,  sole,  and  p^v^^jja  fe- 
male,] 

In  botany,  an  order  of  plants  having  only  one  stjJe 
or  stigmn.  Smitk, 

MON-O  6YN'I-AN,  j  a.     Pertaining  to  the  order  Mon- 

MO  NOO'YN-OUS,  \  ogynia  ;  having  only  one  style 
or  stigma. 

MON'O-LITH,  71.     [Gr.  /iovos,  and  \iOoi,  a  stone.] 
A  pillar,  column,  &.C.,  consisting  of  a  single  stone. 

M0N-O-LITH'I€,   j  a.     Consisting  of  a  single  stone  ; 

MON'0-LITH-AL,  \      as,  moiiolithic  temples  of  Xubia. 

HuascL 

MO-XOL'O-GIST,  n.  [Gr.  fiovoi,  sole,  and  Xoyosj 
Xi)  (.1,  to  speak.] 

One  who  soliloquizes. 

MOX'O-LOGUE,  (mon'o-log,)  n.  [Gr.  fiovoXo^taj 
pov'ts,  sole,  and  Xoyu^y  spcecli.] 

1.  A  soliloquy  ;  a  speech  uttered  by  a  person  alone. 

Drydcn. 

2.  A  poem,  song,  or  scene  composed  for  a  single 
performer.  Busby. 

MO-NOM'A-€HIST,  tu    One  who  fights  in  single  com- 
bat ;  a  duelisL 
MO-XOM'A-€HY,  (mo-nom'a-ke.)  a.  [Gr. /iovo/iax'a; 
ftovoi,  sule,  and  /t<(\r;,  combat.] 
A  duel  ;  a  single  combat. 
MON-O-MA'XI-A,  71.     [Gr.  iiovos  and  fiavin.'] 

Derangement  of  a  single  faculty  of  the  mind,  or 
with  regard  to  a  particular  subject,  the  other  faculties 
being  in  regular  exercise. 
MOX-O-Ma'XI-AC,  n.    A  person  affected  by  mono- 
mania. 
MOX-0-Ma'XI-A€,  ff-    Affected  with  monoraania,or 

p<irtial  derangement  of  intellecL 
MOX'OME,  71.    [Gr.  fioini,  sole,  and  ovofm,  name.] 
In  algebra,  a  quantity  that  has  one  term  only. 

Brande. 
MOXOM'E-TER,  n.    A  rhythmical  series,  consisting 

of  a  single  meter. 
MOX-O-MET'Rie,  a.     [Gr.  /lot-of ,  one,  and  iiLrpov, 
measure.] 

In  mineralogy,  a  tenn  applied  to  (^r>'stal3  with  the 
axes  equal  or  of  one  kind,  as  the  cul>e,  octahedron. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— MeTE,  PREY.— PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 
_ 


31  ON 

and  dodecabedron.    The  same  are  also  called  tesseral 

MO-NO'MI-AL,  Ti.  In  al^ebraj  a  quaulily  expressed 
bv  one  lenn  only.  Brande. 

MO-NOP'A-THV,  n.  [Or  /tovos,  sole,  and  raytia,  suf- 
fering * 

Solitary  Ruffenng  or  sensibility.  Whitloclt. 

M0N-0-PET'AL-0lI3,  a.  [Gr. ^iv^oj,  only,  and  jrera- 
A  '»•,  flower-leal*.] 

In  botany^  having  only  one  petal,  or  a  one-petaled 
coTol  :  as/a  woncpefo^fit*  corol  or  flower.     Marttjn, 

MOX'OPII-TUO.VG,  n,  [Gr.  /luj/u*,  sole, and  q>'Joy}uSt 
sound.] 

A  letter  havinir  one  sound.  Beattie. 

MON  OPI!-THON"G.\L,  a.  Consisting  of  or  having 
a  single  sound.  Ruak. 

MO-i\OPH'YLr-LOUS,a.  [Gr.  i-oi/of, sole,  and  ^LiAX^v, 
leaf  J 

Havine  one  leaf  only. 

MO-\OPiry-SrrE,  ».  [Gr,  novoi,  only,  and  ^rtrif, 
nature.] 

One  of  a  sect,  in  llie  ancient  church,  who  main- 
tained that  the  human  and  divine  natures  in  Jesus 
Christ  hecaine  so  hlended  and  confounded  as  to  con- 
stitute trnt  one  nature.  Jtlardock. 

MO-.NOP'O-LIST,       I  ru      [Sp.    and    It.    monopolista. 

MO-.\*OP'0-LIZ-ER,  i      See  Monopolize.] 

One  that  monopolizes;  a  person  who  engrosses  a 
commodity  by  purchasing  Ihe  whole  of  that  article 
in  market,  for  the  purpuse  of  selling  at  an  advanced 
price  ;  or  one  who  has  a  license,  or  privilege  granted 
by  authority,  for  the  sole  buying  or  selling  of  any 
commwiity.  The  man  who  retains  in  his  hands  his 
own  pr(»duce  or  manufacture,  is  not  a  monopolist 
within  the  meaning  of  the  laws  for  preventing  mo- 
nopolies. 

MO-.\OP'0-LIZE,  V.  t.  [Gr.  /ioi-c-j,  sole,  and'TwAioj, 
to  sell  i  Fr.  moaopoler.] 

1.  To  purchase  or  obtain  possession  of  the  whole  of 
any  commodity  or  goods  in  market,  with  the  view  of 
selling  them  at  advanced  prices,  and  of  having  the 
power  of  commanding  the  prices;  as,  to  mompoUte 
sugar  or  te& 

2.  To  engross  or  obtain  by  any  moans  the  exclu- 
sive right  of  trading  to  any  place,  ami  the  sole  power 
of  vending  any  commodity  or  e<Mids  in  a  particular 
phice  or  country;  as,  to  monopolize  the  India  or  Le- 
vant tnide. 

;>.  Figuratively^  in  a  wider  sense^,  la  enprciss  or  ob- 
tain the  whole  ;  as,  to  monopoiiie  advantag<-s. 

Ftderali^t^  Jay. 

Mn-XOP'0-LIZ-£:D,  pp.  Obtained  and  enjoyed  wholly 
or  exrlusivelv  ;  engrossed. 

M0-\0P'O-LIZ-L\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Engrossing  sole  pow- 
er or  exclusive  rigtit ;  obtaining  possession  uf  the 
wh<^>le  of  any  thing. 

MO-NOP'O-LV,  a.  [Fr.  monopole;  It.  monopotium ; 
Gr.  (i'li'j'rtuAtd  ,•  pijyiK  and  jtcjAew.] 

The  sole  power  of  vending  any  species  of  goods, 
obta  ned  either  by  engrossing  the  articles  in  market 
by  purchase,  or  by  a  license  from  the  government 
contirniing  this  privilege.  Thus  Die  Ea-^t  India  Com- 
pany, in  Great  Britain,  once  had  a  monopoly  of  the 
tniile  to  the  Elast  Indies,  granted  to  them  by  charter. 
Monopolies  by  individuals,  obtained  by  engrossing, 
are  an  offenw:  proliilnted  by  law.  But  a  man  has  by 
nntunil  right  the  exclusive  power  of  vt* ndtnii  his  own 
produce  or  manufactures,  and  Xu  retain  that  exclusive 
right  is  not  a  mvnopoltf  within  the  meaning  of  law. 

MON-0-POL'Y-LOGL'E,  n.     [Gr.  pofust  ffoAus,  and 

An  exhibition  in  which  an  actor  sustams  many 
characlers. 
MO-.NOP'TER-AL,  a.  or  n.    [Gr.  povos  and  irrcpovf  a 
wing.] 

In  archiUeture.f  a  term  applied  to  a  temple  or  circular 
inrlowiire  of  column?,  without  a  cell. 
MO-.\OP'TOTE,n,[Gr.;i'i*"y,  only,  and  TTrwffif,  case.] 

A  noun  having  only  one  case.  Clarke. 

MOX'O-RHVME,  n.     [Gr.  povus  and  pvOpoi,  rhyme.] 
A  composition  in  verse,  in  which  all  the  tines  end 
with  the  same  rhyme. 
MON-O  SEP'AI^OL'S,  a.     [Gr.  povo^  and  sepal.] 

Having  one  sepal,  that  is,  when  the  nepals  are  uni- 
ted at  the  margin.  Lindley. 
MON-O-SPEKM'OUS,  a.     [Gr.  /lovoj,  only,  and  a:itp- 
p  -,  seed.] 
Ilavinjf  one  seed  only. 
M0.\-O  SPIIER'IC-AL,  a.     [Gr.  povoi  and  Tphtre.y 
Consisting  of  one  iiphere  only.  Umart. 
MON'O.STICH,  (mon'o-stik,)  n.      [Gr.  popoanxovi 
P'V'ii^  only,  and  irny?,  verse.] 

A  composition  consisting  of  one  verse  only. 
MON  O-STROPH'IC,0.  [Gr.  pivocrpuipoiy  having  one 
fltrfjphe.  ] 

Having  one  strophe  only  ;  not  varied  in  measure  ; 
written  in  unvaried  measure.  Miuon. 

MON-O-SYL-LAIi'ie,  a.  [See  Mowo9Vll*ble.1  Con- 
sisting of  (me  syllable;  as,  a  monasijUnbic  word. 

2.  (.%msisting  of  wurdii  of  one  syllable  ;  as,  a  mon- 
otyllahic  verse. 
»IO.\-0-SYL'LA-BLE,  n.     [Gr.  povoi^  only,  and  fftV 
A.j/^v.  asvUable.] 
A  word  of  one  syllable. 


MON 

MON-0-SYL'LA-BL£D,  a.  Formed  into  one  sylla- 
ble. Cleaoeland. 

MON-O-TIIAL'A-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  pjvoi^  only,  and 
0oAii/i!if,  chamber.] 

One-chambered;  applied  to  cephalopods  having  a 
unilocular  shell.  P.  Cyc 

MON'O-THE-ISM,  n.  [Gr.  uoi-os,  only,  and  Oeof, 
God.] 

The  doctrine  or  belief  of  the  existence  of  one  God 
only.  ^siat.  Res. 

MON'O-THE-IST,  n.  One  who  believes  in  one  God 
only. 

MOX-O-THE-IST'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  monotheism. 

MO-XOTH'E-LITE,  «.  [Gr.  u>vi>s,  one,  and  ^tA/jcif, 
will.] 

One  of  an  ancient  sect,  who  held  that  the  union  of 
two  natures  in  Christ  produced  hut  one  will. 

Murdoch. 

MO-NOTH'E-IJT-ISM,  n.  The  doctrine  of  the  mo- 
nuthelites. 

MO-.\OT'OM-OUS,  a.     [Gr.  p'ivoq  and  Tc^ii-w.] 

In  miiieraloify^  having  its  cleavage  distinct  only  in 
a  single  direction.  Shepard. 

M0N'0-T5NE,  n.  [See  Monotony.]  The  utterance 
of  successive  syllables  on  one  unvaried  key  or  line 
of  pitch.  E.  Porter. 

M0\-0-T0X'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  monotone. 

MO-NOT'O-NOUS,  a.     Continued  with  dull  uniform- 

MO-NOT'0-NOUS-LY,  ado.    With  one  uniform  tone. 

A'ares. 
M0-\0T'0-NY,  n.     [Gr.  pnvorovta  ;  /iucoj,  sole,  and 
r'n.»f,  sound.] 

1.  A  frequent  recurrence  of  the  same  modifications 
of  tone  or  sound,  producing  a  dull  uniformity.  [It 
is  not  the  same  with  the  monotone^  which  is  often 
used  with  propriety  in  emiUiasis,  solemn  siieakiug, 
&c.] 

2.  Fifruratitely^  an  irksome  sameness  or  want  of 
variety. 

Al  Ben,  ev^ry  iliin^  lliat  brcAla  the  mtmotony  of  the  (urrounding 
exjxiiiae  aitrjcU  atlpnliun.  IrvUig. 

M0N-0-TREM'A-T0U3,  a.  [Gr.  povoi  and  rprjpa^ 
perforation.] 

Having  only  one  external  opening  for  urine  and 
other  excrements,  as  certain  aniiuuls  of  the  order 
Edentata. 

MON-O-TRIG'LYPH,  n.  A  kind  of  intercolumniation 
in  which  only  one  triglyph  and  twometoi»a  are  intro- 
duced. Qwilt. 

MO-NOX'Y-LON,  n.     [Gr.  /i -k  <«  and  ^.Ao.-.] 

A  cam>e  or  boat  made  from  one  piece  of  timber. 

;i/0A'-S7Ef//i',  (mos-seer',)  H.  fFr.J  Sir ;  .Mr. ;  some- 
times used  for  a  Frenchman.  "  Johnson. 

MON-SOON',  n.  A  periodical  wind,  blowing  six 
months  from  the  same  quarter  or  point  of  the  com- 
pass, then  changing  and  blowing  the  same  time  from 
the  opposite  quarter.  The  monsoons  prevail  in  the 
East  Indies,  and  are  called  also  trade  winds.  But 
we  usually  give  the  denomination  of  trade  winds  to 
those  wliich  blow  the  whole  year  from  the  same 
point,  as  the  winds  within  Uic  tropics  on  the  Atlan- 
tic. 

MON'STER,  n.  [L.  monstrum,  from  mon.'^tro,  to  show. 
So  we  say  in  English,  n  jfi<[ht.    See  Musteh.] 

1.  An  animal  produced  with  a  shape  or  with  parts 
that  are  not  natural,  as  when  the  body  is  ill  formed 
or  distorted,  or  the  limha  too  few  or  loo  many,  or 
when  any  part  is  extravagantly  out  of  proportion, 
either  through  defect  or  excess. 

2.  Any  unnatural  production  ;  something  greatfy 
deformed.  Monsters  are  cunmion  in  the  vegetable 
kingdom.  F.ncye. 

3.  A  person  sn  wicked  as  to  appear  horrible  ;  one 
nnnatiirally  wicked  or  mischievous.  So  a  parricide 
is  called  u  monster. 

MON'STER,  V.  L    To  make  monstrous.    [A*o(  used.] 

Shak. 

MON'STER-TA.M-ING,  a.    Taming  monsters. 

Hamilton. 

aiON'STRANCE.  n.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  a 
framework  of  gold  orsilvcr,  in  which  the  consecrated 
wafer  or  host  is  held  up  to  view  before  the  congre- 
gation.     [See  KemonstrajtVe.]        Glosg.  of  .^r chit. 

MON-STKOS'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  monstrous, 
or  out  of  the  common  order  of  nature. 

We  oftf  It  irnil  of  moiuiroua  btdh* ;  but  we  m«  a  ^rwilpr  man. 
«tro«i(y  ill  <Hliicatiun,  when  a  fiitbef  bcgi^U  n  ion  ■(!<!  tr.iina 
htm  up  itito  K  hcAtl.  South. 

2.  An  unnatural  production ;  that  which  is  mon- 
strous. 

Fiittri  nmn^^  ilUloriona,  gibboMtict,  t«itnora.  Sic,,  tn  Oin  claw 
of  niuT\iific  monttrotititt.  Encyc. 

A  mon^lrtniiy  n^ver  ehatig«a  tbd  Diune  or  uJTccU  the  imnmUbil- 
lly  j(  K  apecirs.  Adatuon. 

MOX'STROUH,  a.     [L.  monstrosus.] 

1.  Unnatiiml  in  form  ;  deviating  greatly  from  the 
natunil  form  ;  out  of  the  ctimmon  course  of  nature  ; 
as,  a  monstrous  birth  or  production. 

2.  Strange;  very  wonderful ;  generally  expressive 
of  dislike.  Shak. 

3.  "Enormous ;  huge;  extraordinary;  aa,  a  mon- 
gtroiLs  hight  ;  a  monstrou-*  tree  or  mountain.    Pope. 

4.  Shocking  to  the  sight  or  other  senses;  hateful. 


MON 

MON'STROUS,  adc.  Exceedingly;  reiy  much;  a», 
monstrous  hard  ;  monstrous  thick. 

Aiul  will  be  tnoittlroua  wiuy  i>ii  Uie  poor.  Drydtn. 

[This  use  is  colloquial  and  vulgar.] 
MON'STROUS-LY,a<^r.     In  a  manner  out  of  the  com- 
mon order  of  nature;  hence,  shockingly  :  terribly; 
hideously  ;  horribly;  as,  a  man  monstrously  wicked. 
2.  Tn  0  great  degree  ;  enormously  ;  extravagantly. 
Who  whh  hif  wife  u  motmrotisly  in  luve.  Drydcn, 

MON'STROUS-XESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  mon- 
strous. 
9.  Enormity;  irregular  nature  or  behavior.   Shak. 

M0N-TA\'1€,  a.  [L,  montanus,  from  mons^  mountain.] 
Pertaining  to  mountains  ;  consisting  m  mcpiintains. 

Kir  wan. 

MON'TAN-ISM,  n.    The  tenets  of  Montanus. 

MON'TAN-IST,  n.  A  follower  of  Montanus,  a  Phr>-g- 
ian  bishop  and  enthusiast  (»f  the  second  century,  who 
claimed  that  the  Holy  Spirit,  the  Paraclete,  dwelt  in 
him,  and  employed  him  as  an  instrument  fur  purifying 
and  guiding  men  in  the  Christian  life.       Murdock. 

MO.\-TA\-IST'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  heresy  of 
Montanus. 

MO.\'TA\-IZE,  V.  i.  To  follow  the  opinions  of  Mon 
taniis.  Jlooker. 

MONT'ANT,  n.     [Fr.,  from  mmUer^  to  mount.] 

1.  A  term  in  fencing.  Shak. 

2.  An  upright  piece  in  anv  framework. 
MOJ^rr  DK  PJETF,.     See  Lombabd  House. 
MON'TEM,  n.     A  custom  among  the  scholars  at  Eton 

school,  England,  of  going  every  third  year,  on  Whit- 
Tuesday,  to  a  hillock,  (L.  ad  rnuntem^  whence  the 
name,)  and  exacting  money  from  all  passers  by,  to 
support  at  the  university  tiie  senior  scholar  of  the 
schtml.  Brande, 

MON-Te'RO,  n.     [Sp.  montera,] 

A  horseman's  cap.  Bacon. 

MOX-TETH',  n.  A  vessel  in  which  glasses  are 
washed  ;  so  called  from  the  name  of  the  inventor. 

Kinff, 

MONTH,(munth,)  n.  [Sax.  monathyfrom  TnOTia,the  moon ; 
D.  maandi  G.  monatk ;  Sw.  manad;  Dan.  moaned; 
L.  mensis ;  Gr.  pnvj  a  month,  from  ut^viy  the  moon.] 
A  space  or  period  of  time  constituting  one  of  the 
larger  divisitmsof  the  year.  Month  properly  signifies 
the  period  of  the  moon's  revolution  from  any  point 
in  the  heavens  round  to  ihe  same  point  again,  called 
a  lunar  month.  One  species  of  this,  called  the  synodi- 
ca/ wio/UA,  is  the  time  from  one  conjunction  or  new 
moon  to  another,  a  period  of  29  days,  12  hours,  44 
minutes,  and  3  seconds  ;  another  species,  called  the 
sidcrial  monthy  is  the  time  between  the  moon's  passing 
from  any  star  and  its  return  to  the  same  star  again, 
a  period  of  27  days,  7  hours,  43  minutes,  and  11,^ 
seconds.  The  term  solar  month  has  been  applied  to 
the  space  of  time  in  which  the  sun  passes  through 
one  sign,  or  a  twelfth  part  of  the  zodiac.  The 
mean  length  of  this  period  is  30  days,  lU  hours,  29 
minutes,  4  seconds. 

In  popular  lan'^ua^p-,  four  weeks  are  called  a  montA, 
being  nearly  the  length  of  the  lunar  month.  A  cal- 
endar month  consists  of  twenty-eight,  twenty-nine, 
thirty,  or  thirty-one  days,  as  the  months  stand  in 
calendars  or  almanacs.  Olmsted.     Barlow, 

MO.NTH'LING,  (munth-)  n.    The  being  of  a  nuuith. 

MONTH'LY,  (muiith'le,)  a.  Continued  a  month  or 
perfitrmed  in  a  month  ;  as,  the  monthly  revolution  of 
the  moon. 

2.  Dune  <tr  happening  once  a  month,  or  every  month ; 
as,  the  monthly  concert  of  prayer ;  a  monthly  visit. 

MONTH'LY,  H.  A  publication  which  appears  regu- 
larly once  a  month. 

MOXTH'LY,  adv.  Once  a  month  ;  in  every  month. 
The  m(K»n  changes  monthly. 

2.  As  if  umler  the  influence  of  the  moon  ;  in  the 
manner  of  a  lunatic.     [JVotvsed.]  Middlrton, 

M0XTU'S'-MIXl),7i.  Earnest  desire;  strong  inclina- 
tion. Hndibras. 

This  phrase  originated  in  the  remembrance  days 
of  monkish  times,  when,  at  periodical  seasons,  the 
mind  or  memory  of  a  bountiful  testator  was  to  be 
kept  alive  by  masses  and  prayers.  Smart. 

MON'TI^CLE,  II.  A  little  mount;  a  hillock;  some- 
times written  MosTicui-E.  Li/cU. 

MON-TIO'E-XOUS,  a.     [L.  monj  and  Gr.  ycvoi.] 
Produced  on  a  mountain. 

MONT-MXK'TRITE,  7(.  A  mineral  of  a  yellowish 
color,  occurring  massive,  and  found  at  Montmnrtre, 
near  I'aris.  It  is  soft,  but  resists  the  weatht-r.  It  is 
a  compound  of  the  sulphate  and  carbonate  of  lime. 

Ure. 

MOX'TOIR,  (mon'twor,)  n.  [Fr.]  In  horsemanship^  a 
stone  used  I'nr  aiding  to  mount  a  horse. 

MOX-TKOSS'.     [See  Matross.] 

M0X'TI;RE,  n.  [Fr.]  Literally,  that  on  which  one 
is  mounted  ;  a  saddle  horse.  Spenser.      Toune. 

MOX'li-MENT,  71.  [L.  monumcntum,  from  moneu,  to 
admonish  or  remind.] 

I.  Any  thing  by  which  the  memory  of  a  person  oi 
an  event  is  preserved  or  perpetuated  ,  a  building, 
stone,  or  other  tiling,  placed  or  erected  to  remind 
m>n  of  the  person  who  raised  it,  or  of  a  person  de- 
ceased, or  of  any  remarkable  event;  as  a  mausuh  .im, 


TONE,  BI;LL,  tJNlTE.  — AN"GER,  VfCIOUS.— C  as  K  j  6  as  J ;  8  as  Z  j  CH  qs  SlI  v  TII  as  in  THIS 


MOO 

a  pillar,  a  pyramid,  a  Iriitmptinl  nrch,  a  tombstone, 
and  the  likr.  A  pillar  of  300  feet  in  lii^tit,  coiniM>sed 
of  Portland  stone,  was  cr-cij'd  in  London  as  a  manu- 
ment  to  preserve  the  uu-rnory  of  the  grt-at  ctinflapra- 
tion  in  1666.  A  monumnit  is  erected  on  Rnnker  Hill 
to  commemoraCe  the  batllf  of  June  17,  1775. 

2.  A  stone,  or  a  heap  of  stonps,  or  other  durable 
thing,  intended  to  mark  the  bounds  of  slates,  towns, 
or  distinct  ptissessious,  and  preserve  the  memory  of 
divisional  lines.  A>»  EngtaKiL 

3.  A  thing  that  reminds  or  gives  notice. 
MO.\-lJ-ME\T'AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  monument; 

as,  a  moHumental  inscription 

^  8er\'ing  as  a  monument ;  memorial;  preserving 
memory. 

Of  pine  or  mofutrntntal  o»)c.  Aftlton. 

A  woffc  ouUnMiiix  MowuuMtal  bnu*.  Pop9^ 

3.  BelonglQK  to  a  tomb  ;  aa,  wMmtmeidal  rest 

CruAov. 
MON-XJ-MENT'AI^-LY,  arfr.    By  way  of  memorial. 

%  By  means  of  monuments.  Oliddoiu 

MOO,  0.  t.    To  make  the  noise  of  a  cow ;  a  eAUd}* 

Wir^  Smart, 

MOOD,  «.     [Ft.  tnode  ;  L.  modus.     See  Mode.] 

1.  In  loffu.,  the  form  of  a  syllogistic  argument;  the 
regular  detennination  of  propositions  according  t<) 
their  quantity,  as  universal  or  particular,  and  their 
quality,  as  atfimmtive  or  negative.     fVatts.    Encyc, 

2.  Style  of  music,  MtlLm.     Eacgc 

3.  The  variation  of  a  verb  to  expre?*  manner  of 
action  or  bfing.     [See  Mode.] 

In  theforefioing  senses,  and  in  all  cases,  this  word, 
when  der'ved  from  the  Latin  modus,  onchl  to  be 
written  Mods,  it  being  a  distinct  word  from  the  fol- 
lowing. 
MO(Jr>,  n.  [Goth,  mod,  anger;  Sat.  mod,  Sw.  mod, 
the  mind,  a  lofty  mind,  pride,  violence  ;  modig, 
proud,  spirited  ;  G.  muth,  mind,  nnvKl,  courage, 
mettle,  spirit  ;  D.  moed :  Dan.  mood,  mod,  heart, 
courase,  mettle.  We  observe  these  words  unite  the 
sense  of  mimi  with  that  of  spirit,  courage,  an^er, 
for  the  primary  sen-w  is  derived  from  movin",  driv- 
ing, or  rushing  forward,  or  from  exciting.  We  ob- 
serve analogous  coses  in  the  L.  ajumiu  and  Gr.  Qvit-ii, 
Class  Md,  No.  19,  34,  25.] 

1.  Temper  of  mind  :  temporarj-  state  of  the  mind 
in  regard  to  pa^siun  or  feeling  \  humor  ;  as,  a  inelun- 
dioly  moodi  an  angry  m*tod;  a  suppliant  mood. 

IhTfdgn.    JSddisoM, 
i.  Anger  ;  heat  of  temper.  Hooker. 

[In  this  sense  tittle  used,  unless  qualified  by  an 
adject  ive.1 
MOOD'I-LY,  adv.     [from  moorfy.]    Sadly.    [Oi*.] 
MOOD'I-NESS,  a.     Anger;  peevishness, 
UOOD'Y,  a.    [Sax.  mm^,  angry.] 

1.  .\ngry  :  peevish  ;  frrtful ;  out  of  humor. 

Ev-Tj  p^eriafa,  Moady  fnaloAMnil.  /Sow*. 

3.  MenLiI ;  itit^lectual ;  aa,  moody  food.    [OA*.] 

3.  Sadi  pen^^**.  [SUA. 

4.  Violent  ;  furkms> 

MOON,  n.  Sax.  mona  ;  Goth,  mena  ;  Dan.  maane  ; 
8w.  auRia  ,-  D.  moan;  G.  mond  i  Gr.  fttju^j  Doric, 
ftaia;  Lapponic,  manrt.] 

1.  The  heavenly  orb  which  revolves  round  the 
earth  ;  a  secondarj'  pl:tn'-t  or  satellite  of  the  earth, 
whose  light,  l>orrowed  from  the  sun,  is  retlected  to  the 
earth  and  serves  to  di^jiel  the  darkness  of  night. 
Its  mean  distance  fr«im  tlie  earth  is  about  (30  semi- 
diameters    of   the  earth,    or   *23d,>15    miles.      [See 

MoxTH.] 

a.  A  month.  Thi"  is  the  sense  in  which  rude  na- 
tions use  the  name  of  the  mo^m  ;  as,  seven  moons. 

Haif-moott;  in  /ortijcatufa,  a  figure  resembling  a 
crescent. 
MOOX'-BEAM,  a.    A  lay  of  light  from  the  mfton. 

DrydeiL, 
MOON'-BLXST-ED,  a.    Blasted  by  the  influence  of 

the  moon.  Colrrid^f. 

MOON'-CALF,  C-kif,)  n.  A  monster;  a  false  con- 
ception. Shak, 

a.  A  mole  or  mass  of  fleshy  matter  generated  in 
Ibe  litems. 

X  A  dult ;  a  stupid  fellow.  Dryden, 

MOO\'-ei;L'MIN-A-TL\G,  a.     A  term  applied  to  a 
star  which  culminates  or  comes  to  the  meridian  at  or 
abotit  the  same  time  with  the  moon.  £.  C.  HerruJc. 
MOON'KD,  a.     Taken  for  the  moon.  -Vi//«n. 

MOON'ET.  «.     A  mUe  moon.  Iftdt. 

MOON*'-EVE,  11.     An  eve  affected  bv  the  moon. 
MOON'-E^-KD,  C-We,)  a.     Having*  eyes  affected  by 
the  revolutions  of  the  moon. 

2.  Dim-ev'-d  ;  purblind.  Ainsicorth. 
M00\'-FIS"H,  n,    A  fish  whose  tail  fin  is  shaped  like 

a  half-moon.  OretD. 

MOON'ISH,  a.     Like  the  moon  ;  variable.         Shak. 
MOOX'LESS.  a.  .\oi  favored  with  moonlighL  Dryden, 
MOOX'LTGHT.ju    The  light  afforded  by  the  moon. 
MOCN'LTGHT,  ( lite,)  a.    Illuminated  by  the  moon  ; 

as,  moonlitrhi  revels.  Shak, 

MOON'LING,  n.     A  simpleton.  B  Jonson. 

MOO.V'-LOV-£D,  (-luvd,)  o.    Loved  when  the  moon 

shines.  Milton, 


MOO 

MOON'-SEED,  n.  A  climbing  plant  of  the  genus 
Menispermum,  so  called  fruni  the  crescent  like  form 
of  the  seeds.  p.  Cyc 

MOON'SHEK,  n.  The  name  given,  in  India^  to  a 
Mohammedan  professor  or  teacher  of  language. 

Maleom, 

MOON'PHTNE,  n.    The  light  of  the  moon.      DrydeH, 

2.  Figuratively,  show  without  substance  or  reality. 

3.  In  burlesque,  a  month.  Shak. 
A  matter  of  moonskint ;  a  matter  of  no  consequence, 

or  of  indifference. 

MOON'SHINE,   j  a.     Illuminaled  by  the  moon  ;  as,  a 

MOON'SIII.N-V,  \      fair,  moonshine  night.     Clarendon, 
I  w?ut  to  K>e  ihem  iti  r  tnootuhiny  iil^bc.  Aii^ton. 

MOON'-STOXE,  «.  A  nearly  pellucid  variety  of  feld- 
BjKir,  or  ndularia,  showing  pt^arly  or  opaline  reflec- 
tions from  within.  It  is  cut  with  u  spheroidal  surface, 
and  employed  as  a  gem.  Dana. 

MOOX'STKUCK,  a.  Affected  by  the  influence  of  the 
nti>on  ;  liiiialrc  ;  as,  moonstruck  m;iilness.       Milton. 

MOON'-TRk'FOIL,  ».  An  evergreen  shrub  of  Smith- 
ern  Europe,  McdJcago  arborea ;  also  called  Tree- 
MCDtc.  Limdon. 

MOOX'-WORT,  n.  An  herb  of  the  genus  Lunaria, 
often  called  Honesty  ;  ai:$o,  a  fern  of  the  genus  Bo- 
irvrhimn.  Loudon. 

MObX'V,  o.  Lunated  ;  having  a  crescent  for  a  stand- 
ard ;  in  resembl:ince  of  the  moon  ;  as,  the  moony 
trooi>s,  or  moony  host,  of  the  sultans  of  Turkey. 

Philips.     Fenton. 

MOOR,  n.  fSnx.  mor,  a  mountain,  a  pool  or  lake,  a 
plain;  D.  moer;  G.  inohr;  Fr.  mare;  Dan.  myr«.] 

A  name  given  to  extensive  wastes  covered  with 
heath,  and  having  a  p>kor,  light  soil,  but  sumetimes 
marshy,  and  iibonnding  in  [>eal.  P,  Cye. 

MOOR,  M.  [D  moor:  G.  mohr ;  Fr.  manre;  Gr.  ap.av- 
f/ci,  iMj'-iiof,  dark,  obscun'.] 

.\  native  of  the  northern  cotfit  of  Africa,  called  by 
the  Romans,  from  the  color  of  the  p<'ople.  Maurita 
nia,  the  country  of  dark-couipl.^xioncd  people.  The 
&'ime  country  is  now  called  Montcco,  Tttnis,  Algiers, 
ice. 

MOOR,  p.  L  [Sp.  and  Port,  amarra,  a  cable,  and  a 
command  to  belay  or  fasten  ;  amarrar,  to  moor,  as  a 
ship;  Fr.  amarreri  Arm.  amarra;  l>.  maaren;  allied 
probably  to  L.  moron  Fr.  Uemeurer,  to  delay.  It  is 
composed  of  the  same  elements  as  the  Saxon  merran, 
onerroa,  amyrrcn,  to  hinder,  to  mar.] 

To  confine  or  secure  a  ship  in  a  particular  stJition, 
as  by  cables  and  anchors,  or  by  cliains,  or  weights 
beneath  the  water.  A  ship  is  never  said  to  be  moored 
when  she  rides  by  a  single  anchor.  Mar.  Diet. 

MOOR,  p.  i.    To  b^  confined  by  cables  or  chains. 

On  oasj  grauiwl  hia  rallfja  moor.  Dryden. 

M00R'A6E,  b.     a  place  for  mooring. 
MOOR'-t\)rK,   (  n.    Names  nf  the  red  grouse  or  gor- 
MOOR'-FOWL,  j      cock;  Tetrao  S<-oti>iuof  Linnieus. 

P.  Cjfe.     Ed.  Eiin/e. 
MOOR'-HEX,  n.     The  common  English  name  for  the 
gallinule  or  wnter-hfn  ;  Fulica  ehloropus  of  Linnxus. 
MOOR'-GAME,  «.     Grouse  ;  red-gatne.  [P.  Cyc. 

MOOR'ED,  pp.     Made  fust  in  a  station  by  cables  or 

chains, 
MOOR'IXG,  ppr.     Confining  to  a  station  by  cables  or 

chain'*. 
MOOR'IXG,   n.     In  seamen^s  languatre,  moorin/rg  are 
the  anchors,  chains,  and  bridles,  laid  athwart  the 
bottom  of  a  river  or  harbor  to  confine  a  ship. 
MOOR'ISIl,  a.     Marshy;  fenny;  watery. 

Along  lli'^  moo'Uh  Teiia.  TtiomMm. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  Moors  in  Africa. 
MOOR'LAND,  n.     A  marnh  or  tract  of  low,  watery 
ground.  Mortimer.     SwifL 

2.  Land  rising  into  moderate  hills,  foul,  cold,  and 
full  of  bogs,  as  in  Staffordshire,  England. 
MOOR'-ST6XE,  n.  A  species  of  English  granite,  used 

as  a  coarse  building  stune.  Owilt. 

MOOR'Y,  o.     Marshy;  fenny;  boggy;  watery. 

Aa  wlwrn  thick  misU  arise  fruin  moory  v:\\n.  Fairjis. 

MOOSE,  (moos,)  n.  [A  native  Indian  name;  Kniste- 
neaux,  inoiM-ioaA;  Algonquin,  ni»7rt5c.    Mackenzie^ 

An  animal  of  the  genus  C'crvus,  and  the  largest  of 
tlie  deer  kind,  growing  sometimes  to  the  hight  of  17 
hands,  and  weighing  1300  pound-;.  'J'liis  animal  has 
a  short,  thick  neck,  and  an  upright  mane,  and  the 
body  is  covered  with  long,  coarse  hair.  The  male 
has  large,  palmated  horns.  The  eyes  are  sm:ill,  the 
ears  a  foot  long,  very  broad  and  slouching  ;  the  upper 
lip  is  square,  hangs  over  the  lower  one,  and  has  a 
deep  sulcus  in  the  middle,  so  as  to  appear  bifid.  This 
animal  inhabits  cold,  northern  cllmrttes,  being  found 
in  the  American  forests  of  Canada  and  New  Eng- 
land, and  in  the  corresponding  latitudes  of  Europe 
and  Asia.    It  is  the  Elk  of  Europe.     Eneye.  Amer. 

MOOT,  V.  C  [Sax.  motian,  to  meet,  to  debate  ;  Sw. 
mSta,  to  meet,  to  fall,  to  come  to  or  on  ;  Goth,  motyan. 
(See  Meet,  of  which  this  word  is  a  different  orthog- 
raphy.) The  sense  of  debate  is  from  meeting,  like 
encounter,  from  the  French  ;  for  meeting  gives  rise  to 
the  sense  of  opposing,  and  the  Dan.  mod,  ar»d  Sw. 
emot,  against,  a  preposition  answering  to  L.  contra, 
Fr.  centre,  is  from  this  root.] 


MOR 

To  debate ;  to  discuss ;  to  argue  for  and  against. 
The  word  is  applied  chiefly  to  the  disputes  of  stu- 
dents in  law,  who  state  a  question  and  discuss  it, 
by  way  of  exercise  to  qualify  themselves  for  arguing 
causes  in  court. 
MOOT,  V.  i.  To  argue  or  plead  on  a  supjMMed  cause. 
MOOT,  1  M.    A  point,  case,  or  question,  to  be 

MOOT'-CASE,    >      mooted  or  debated  •  a  disputable 
MOOT'-POINT,  >     case  ;  an  unsettled  question. 

In  tliia  moot-coMe  your  Jml^nir-iit  to  refuac.  Drydtn. 

MOOT'A-BLEjfl.  Cn|iable  of  being  mooted  ordebatt-d. 
MOOT'-€6URT,  n.    In  law  schooh,  a  meeting  or  court 

held  for  the  purjKJse  of  discussing  points  of  law. 
MOOT'ED,  pp.  oT  a.     Debated;  disputed;  controvert- 
MOOT'ER,  M.     A  disputer  of  a  mooted  case.  fed. 

MOOT'-HALL,    i  n.    A  town  hall ;  hall  of  judgment, 
IvrOOT'-IlOUSK,  i      [Obs.]  tViclif. 

MOOT'ING,  ppr.     Disputing  ;  debating  for  exercise. 
MOOT'ING,  n.   The  exercise  of  disputing  or  debating. 
MOP,  n.     [W.  mop,  or  mopa  ;  L.  mappa.'\ 

1.  A  piece  of  cloth,  or  a  collection  of  thrums  or 
coarse  yarn,  fastened  to  a  handle,  and  used  for  clean- 
ing floors.  Sierft, 

2.  A  wry  month.     [JsTot  Used.]  Siiak. 
MOP,  r.  t,     'i'o  rub  or  wi|>e  with  a  mop. 

MOP,  r.  i.     To  make  a  wry  mouth.  jAo(  used,]     Shak. 
MCPE,  V.  L     [I  have  not  found  this  word,  unless  in 

the  I),  moppen,  to  [tout.] 

To  be  Very  stupid  ;  to  be  very  dull ;  to  drowse  ;  to 

be  spiritless  or  gloomy. 

Doiiiuiiiac  pUrcTUjr,  moping  ni«lanchoIy.  MUUtn. 

Or  but  n  sickly  ptirt  ul'  one  true  hsnm 

CuiilJ  not  Ml  mope.  Shak. 

MOPE,  r.  L    To  make  stupid  or  spiritless. 

MOPE,  n.     A  stupid  or  lt)W-spirited  person  ;  a  drone. 

MOP'ED,  (mopi,)  pp.     Made  stupid. 

A  yovng,  low-apiritml,  moped  creature.  Lock*. 

MOPE'-E?-f;D,  (mcpe'ide.)  a.     [au.  Gr.  pvu^^i^.] 

Short-sighlod  ;  purblind. _  BramhalL 

MOP'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Affected  with  dullness;  spirit- 
less ;  gkKimy. 
MOP'ISII,  a.     Dull ;  spiritless  ;  stupid  ;  dejected.     . 
MOP'l."^II-LV,  adi\    In  a  mopish  manneV. 
MoP'ISILXE.'^S,  M.     Dejection;  dullness;  stupidity. 
MOP'PKD,  (mopt,)  pp.     Rubbed  or  wiped  with  a  mop, 

MOP'PET,    i  rf  T  , 

AIOP'SEY    (  "'     L"**'"  "'"Pj  1^  vmppa.] 

A  rag  baby;  a  puppet  made  of  cloth;  a  fondling 
name  of  a  little  girl.  Dryden. 

MOP'PIXG,  ppr.     Rubbing  or  drying  with  a  mop, 
MO'PUS,  n.    A  mope  ;  a  drone.  Swift 

MORAINE',  n.  [Fr.]  A  term  applied  to  lines  of 
bhtcks  and  gravel  extending  along  the  sides  of  sejf- 
nmte  glaciers,  and  along  the  middle  part  of  glaciers 
formed  by  the  union  of  one  or  more  separate  ones, 
MOR'AL,  a.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  mural  i  It.  morale  :  L.  nitira- 
lis  :  from  moa,  moris,  manner.  The  elements  of  this 
word  arc  probably  Mr  ;  but  I  know  not  the  [irimary 
The  word  coinciaes  in  elements  with  Ar. 


y^  marra,  to  pass,  to  walk.    If  the  original  sense 

of  the  L.  7/1(7.?,  maris,  was  settled  custom,  the  word 
may  be  from  the  root  of  moror,  to  stop,  delay  ;  Eng. 
demur.'] 

1.  Relating  to  the  practice,  manners,  or  conduct  of 
men,  as  social  beings,  in  relation  to  each  otlier,  and 
with  reference  to  right  and  wrong.  The  word  moral 
is  applicable  to  actions  that  are  good  or  evil,  virtuous 
or  vicious,  and  has  reference  to  the  law  of  God  as 
the  standard  by  which  their  character  is  to  be  deter- 
mined. The  word,  however,  may  be  applied  to  ac- 
tions which  affect  only,  or  primarily  and  principally, 
a  person's  own  happiness. 

K^-p  ai  (he  l''iwt  within  ih?  compaaa  of  moral  Kclioni,  which 

h^v;  in  th'^ni  vice  or  virtue.  Hooktr. 

Mankind  m  broken  louuc  from  moral  bancU.  Dryden. 

9.  Subject  to  the  moral  law,  and  capable  of  moral 
actions  ;  bound  to  perform  social  duties  ;  as,  a  vioral 
agent  or  being. 

3.  Supported  hy  the  evidence  of  reason  or  proba- 
bility ;  founded  on  experience  of  tlie  ordinary  course 
of  things  ;  as,  moral  certainty,  distinguished  fmm 
physical  or  mathematical  certainty  or  demonstration. 

Physical  nnd  iiialhr-maticnl  cirtiinty  may  b°  atykil  inf^tUiblc,  and 
moral  c«rt-iiuty  may  be  properly  aiyled  iiiilubiUibl''. 

WUkina. 
Thinn  of  a  vwral  nature  may  be  proved  by  jTwral  Rreamenia. 

TillQtson. 

4.  Conformed  to  rules  of  right,  or  to  the  divine  law 
respecting  social  duties  ;  virtuous  ;  just ;  as  when  we 
say,  a  particular  action  is  not  moral. 

5.  Conformed  to  law  and  right  in  exterior  deport- 
ment ;  as,  he  leads  a  good  moral  life. 

6.  Reasoning  or  instructing  with  regard  to  vice 
and  virtue. 

Whilat  tliou,  a  moral  fool,  tit'at  atill  and  crl'at.  Shak. 

7.  Jn  general,  moral  denotes  something  which  re- 
spects the  conduct  of  men,  and  their  relations  as  so- 
cial beings  whose  actions  have  a  bearing  <m  each 
other's  rights  and  happiness,  and  are  therefore  right 
or  wrong,  virtuous  or  vicious  ;  as,  moral  character ; 
moral  views;  moral  knowledge;  moral  sentiments; 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PRgY.— PINE,  MARtXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK  — 
723 


MOR 

moral  mnxims  ;  moral  approbation;  moral  doubts; 
nurat  jii:*tice  ;  moral  virtues  ;  moral  oblig:Ui<iii!»,  &c. 
Or  mural  denotes  suinetbiiig  wbicli  res|)ects  the  intel- 
lectual powers  of  man,  as  distinct  I'roni  his  physical 
powers.  Thus  we  sjn-ak  of  moral  evidi^nce,  moral 
areuuients,  moral  persuasion,  moral  certainly,  moral 
force,  which  operate  on  the  mind. 

Moral  law  ;  the  law  of  God,  which  prescribes  the 
monil  or  social  duties,  and  prohibits  tlie  tninsgrc:fsion 
of  them. 

Moral  philosophy ;  the  science  of  duty ;  the  sci- 
ence which  tre:ttij  of  the  nature  and  comlition  of 
man  as  a  stxiai  bein^,  of  tbe  duiit^s  wliicJi  result 
from  bis  social  relations,  and  the  reasons  on  which 
(buy  ore  founded. 

Moral  settle;  an  innate  or  natund  sense  of  rij;ht 
and  wronf;;  an  instinctive  perception  of  what  is 
riRht  or  wrong  in  moral  conduct,  wliich  aiipruves 
some  actions  and  disjipproves  others,  ind'.'pciuient  of 
education  t>r  the  knowledse  vf  any  positive  rule  or 
law.  Uut  the  existence  of  any  such  moral  sense  is 
very  much  dctubted-  Paleij.     F.acyc. 

MOR'AL,  n.     Morality  ;  tbe  doctrine  or  practice  of  the 
duties  of  life.     [jYot  much  uscd,\  Prior. 

2.  Tbe  doctrine  inculcated  by  a  fiction  ;  the  ac- 
commodation of  a  fable  lo  form  the  morals. 

The  moral  is  the  finl  busnrw  of  the  pocl,  Dryriett. 

MOR'AL,  r.  u    To  moraliae.     [JVot  in  i/wc] 
MOR'ALr-ER,  n.     A  inorulizer.     [J\rot  in  use.]    Shak. 
iMOR'AL-IST,  H.     [U.  moraltsta ;  Fr  maraliste.] 

1.  One  who  teaches  the  duties  of  life,  or  a  writer 
of  essays  intended  lo  correct  vice  and  inculcate 
moral  duties.  Ji'tdLfon. 

2.  One  who  practices  moral  duties ;  a  mere  moral 
person.  Hammond. 

aiO-RAL'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  woraUti.] 

1.  The  doctrine  or  system  of  moral  duties,  or  tbe 
duties  of  men  in  tiieir  social  character  ;  utbics. 

Tlie  lyM'rni  of  morality  to  J>*  puliT'd  from  lli^  writjn^  of  m- 
deat  uge«  rill«  very  iliurt  of  ihaL  detivenxl  ui  Uie  gu^p^l. 

SiBift. 

2.  The  practice  of  the  moral  duties  ;  virtue.  We 
often  admire  the  politeness  of  men  whose  morality 
we  question. 

3.  Tbe  quality  of  an  action  which  renders  it  good  ; 
the  conformity  of  an  act  to  the  divine  law,  or  to  the 
principles  of  rectitude.  This  conformity  implies  j 
that  the  act  must  be  performed  by  a  free  agi*nl,  and  | 
from  a  motive  of  obedience  to  tbe  divine  will.  This 
is  the  strict  theological  and  scriptural  sense  of  m(>- 
raMty.  But  we  often  apply  tbe  word  to  actions 
which  accord  with  justice  and  humnn  laws,  without 
reference  to  the  motives  from  which  they  proc.-ed. 

4.  A  kind  of  allegorical  play,  so  termed  because  it 
consisted  of  moral  discour-ies  in  praise  of  virtue,  be- 
tween sncb  characters  as  Charity,  Faith,  Death,  tc. 
Such  plays  were  occasionally  exhibited  as  late  as  the 
reign  of  Henry  V'lII.  Encyc^  Jtmcr, 

MOR-AL-I-ZA'TIOX,  n.     Moral  reflections,  or  the  act 
of  making  moral  reflections.  Wartan. 

2.  Explanation  in  a  moral  sense.  Elyot. 
MOR'.-\L-IZE,  e.  U     [Fr.  moralucr;  Sp.  mondiiar  i  It. 

muralizzareA 

1.  To  apply  lu  a  moral  purpose,  or  to  explain  in  a 
moral  seiue. 

Thli  fftblc  is  moPvllMd  in  tt  common  prornti.        t-'Estningt. 
Did  hp  Mut  momiut  ihi*  ipcOnclr  t  Shak. 

5.  To  nirnisb  with  manneni  or  examples.    Spensrr. 

3.  To  render  moral  or  virtuous ;  to  correct  tlie 
morals  of. 

moralizing  the  poor  whit*  pwrpti-  of  thr 
Namittm. 


h  h-Kl  n  \at]^  tlinre  ii 


[This  sense,  though  the  most  strictly  etyinologiuil, 
is  rirr",  but  not  to  be  condemned.] 
MOR'AI*-fZE,  c.  t.    To  speak  or  writn  on  moral  sub- 
jects, or  to  make  moral  reflections. 
MOICAI^-IZ-ZCIJ,  ftp.     Applied  to  a  moral  purpose,  or 
explairit'it  in  a  moral  sense. 
'2,  Rcuilered  moral  or  less  corrupt.  Ch.  Reiig.. Appeal. 
MORAL  IZ-ER,  n.     One  who  moralizes. 
MOR'AL-IZIN*;,  ppr.     Applying  to  n  moral  purpose, 
or  e.xpl;)ining  in  a  nioril  sense. 
2.  Making  moral  refl-ctions  in  words  or  writing. 
MOR'AL-IZ-t\G,  n.      The  aoplica'.ion  of  farts  to  a 
moral  purpose,  or  the  making  of  moral  rtfleclious. 

Ilia  mamlixMtgt  un>  nlw^ira   pkiuMnt,  and  be  dues  fmi  fmp', 
«  h-rc  h--  liaakit  it  us.  r>il  to  momlue,  Ch.  Ob. 

MOR'AL-LY,  o//r.     In  a  moral  or  ethical  sense ;  ac- 
cording to  the  rules  of  morality. 


u  ciLll'.'d,  bonum  hontatam  t 


tghl  dii'  nj  lob 


9.  Virtuously;  honestly;  according  to  nmril  nilea 
In  external  deportment.     He  resolves  to  live  moralln. 

3.  Accordmg  to  the  rules  of  tbe  divine  law.  An 
action  is  not  in  strictness  morally  go«td,  which  drM^s 
not  pn»ceed  from  good  motives,  or  a  principle  of  hjve 
and  obedience  Ut  the  divine  law  and  to  the   law- 

SIver.     Charity  besti^iwrd  lo  gratify  pride,  or  jiistice 
one  by  compulsion,  can  not  be  morally  gtu.d  in  the 
sight  of  God. 

4  According  to  the  evidence  of  human  reason,  or 
of  probabilities,  founded  on  facts  or  e;[p<Tience ;  ac- 


MOK 

cording  to  the  usual  course  of  things  and  human 

judgment. 

ft  i>  rnonu'ly  impci*»iUe  fur  n  hypocrite  to  keep  hhnwlf  ]ang  on 
hi:F  giuivl.  '  I.' Ettratig: 

From  tit"  nulure  of  tilings,  I  am  monUhf  certiln  ih^u  tt  mittil  frre 
frujii  pisicion  and  pr'tiK^o*  iij  iiiurt^  tit  lo  p^ua  n  trii<>  juilg- 
iiKiU  lliiii  one  bi;is«^l  by  nffeciiuii  ami  iuUrtwl.       Wilkifit. 

MOR'ALS,  n.  pi.  The  practice  of  the  duties  of  life  ; 
as,  a  man  of  correct  moraL\ 

a.  Conduct ;  behavior  ;  course  of  life,  in  regard  tu 
good  and  evil. 

SuiiK',  as  currupl  in  their  morals  aa  vice  conid  make  them,  hnve 
b^ii  •olicltous  LO  have  Iheir  children  viituouftl;  hikI  pii>ut>l7 
e^lucuir-d.  South. 

Whalcati  laws  do  withoiH  mcralt  7  J-yankiin. 

MO-RASS\  It.  [D.  moeros,  from  moer,  a  marsh  ;  Sw 
mora*;  G.  morast ;  Sax.  mersc ;  Fr.  marais ;  from 
mare  or  moor,  a  tract  of  level  ground.] 

A  marsh  ;  a  fen  ;  a  tract  of  soft,  wet  ground. 

fFaHi.     Thomson. 
MO-RASS'V,  o.     Marshy;  fenny.  PennanU 

MO-Ka'VI-A\,  a.     Pertaining  to  Moravia,  or  to  the 

United  Rrethren. 
MO-Ra'V1-A\,  «.    One  of  a  religious  sect,  colled  the 

Uiiitrd  Brtthren. 
MO-Ka'VI-AN-ISM,  n.     The  religious  system  of  the 

Moravians. 
MOR'BID,  a.     [L.  morhidus^  from  morbus^  a  disease, 

from   tlie  root  of  marior,   to  die  ;  \V.  iwarto,   to  die, 

from  mar.,  laid  flat.     The  sense  of  the  verb,  then,  is, 

to  fall,  fail,  or  sink  ;    Ir.   marbh,   \V.    marip,    dead. 

In  Ch.  p-*n  is  to  lu-  sick.     Class  Mr,  No.  12.] 
Diseased  ;   sickly  ;   not  sound  and  healthful ;  as, 

morbid   humors;    a   morbid  constitution;    a   morbid 

stale  of  the  juices  of  a  plant ;  a  morbid  sensibility. 
MOR'BID-LY,  adr.     In  a  morbid  or  diseased  manner. 
MOR'BID-NESS,  n.     A  state  of  beiugdiseased,  sickly, 

or  iinsotitid. 
MOIMUF'ie,  I    a.      [Fr.    morhifiqur ;    L.    morbu^^ 

MOR-BIF'ie  AL,  \       disease,  and  fario,  to  make.] 
Causing  disease;   generating   a   sukly  stale;    as, 

morbiftr  matter. 
MOR-IUL'LOUS,  fl.     [L.  m.)rW/i,  measles,  a  medical 

ti'rni,  fnini  morbus.'] 

Periaiuing  to  the  measles;  nn'asly  ;  partaking  of 

tbe  n:Uure  of  mesisles,  or  resemtiliug  the  eruptions  of 

MOK-HoSE',  a.     [L.  morbosas,]  [that  disease, 

I'roceeding  from  disease;    unsound;    unheallhy ; 

as,  a  miirbott^  tumor  or  excrescence  in  plants.    Ray. 
M<lK-ROS'|-TY,  n.     A  diseased  state.  Brown, 

MOHCEAV^  (mor-s6',)  n.     [Fr.]     A  bit ;  a  morsel, 
MOR-DS'CIOUS,  C-shus,)  a.     [L.  viordax^  infra.l 

1.  Biting;  given  to  biting.  Koelyn. 

2.  FijTurativrly^  sarcastic.  Smart. 
MOR-Da'CIOUS-LY,  oJu.     In  a  biting  manner  ;  sar- 

casticallv.  H'^aterfiouse. 

M0R-I)AC'I-TY  (-das'e-te,)  m.  [L.  mordacitas,  from 
mordro,  to  bite.] 

T'  e  (pinlity  of  biting. 
MOR'DANT,  0.     [Fr.]     Biting. 

MOK'DAXT,  n,  (Fr.,  biting.]  A  substance  which 
has  a  chemical  aflinity  for  coloring  niatt.'r,  and 
serves  to  fix  colors  ;  such  as  aluin.  Fourcroy. 

2.  In  irildinif^  any  sticky  matter  by  which  the  gold 
leaf  is  made  to  ndhere. 
MOR'DA.NT,  o.     Having  the  quality  of  seizing  hold 

or  of  fixing  colors. 
MOR'OA.VT-LY,  ode.     In  the  manner  of  »  mordant. 
MOR'I)I-€A\-CY,  n.      A   biting   quality  ;   corrosive- 

ness.  Hrrlyiu 

MOK'»I-€A.\T,  a.     [Fr. ;  from  U.  mnrrfro,  to  bite.] 
Biting  ;  acrid  ;  as,  the  laordir^nl  quality  of  n  liotly. 

Jtoyle. 
MOR  TH-€A'TIO.V,  n.     [from  I.,  mordfo,  t<.  bite.] 
The  act  of  biting  or  corroding  ;  corrosion. 

Another  caiu^  ii  ih**  fflordfcnlfam  of  tbe  ox'lfic^m,  caprcially  ot  tlic 
iiiraBoUry  vrina.  Bncon. 

M(5RE,  fl.  [Sax.  morr,  mara^  or  mare, more  or  greater; 
U.  metr  i  G.  mfhr;  Dan.  merre :  Sw.  mer.  The 
Haxon  ma  and  mn,  in  Chaucer,  have  the  wime  Kense. 
In  W.  mairry  Ir.  mer,  signifies  ifrfat^  in  the  positive 
degree.  'I"he  word  may  be  contracted  from  m</^,  tbe 
nxit  of  L.  maifiii  mare,  for  ma f^er ;  but  this  is  con- 
jecture.] 

1.  Greater  in  quality,  degree,  or  amount  ;  in  a  ^rn- 
€tal  sense;  as,  mure  land  ;  more  water  ;  more  cour- 
age ;  more  virtue;  more  [Kiwer  or  wisdom;  more 
love ;  mure  praise  ;  more  licht.  It  is  applicable  to 
every  thing,  material  or  immaterial. 

2.  Greater  in  number;  exceeding  in  numbers;  as, 
more  men  ;  more  virtues  ;  more  years. 

Th^  childn  n  ut  lararl  are  mort  tlian  wc.  —  Ek.  1. 

a  Greater. 

The  tnort  part  kii«w  Dot  wity  dry  hid  C(jitic  togfthor.  —  Acu 

4.  Added  to  some  former  number  ;  additional. 

But  M'tnUjue  dpinnnda  on-  l.it")r  vii/rt.  Addiaon. 

MORE,  adv.    To  a  greater  degree. 

\f.w\  lovwl  Ji«cph  morw  Ihaii  lil  his  children G*'ii.  xritU. 

2.  -It  is  Used  with  the, 

T\\cj  hali-d  him  yx  iht  mort.-~Gtn.  xxxvU. 

3.  It  is  used  lo  modify  an  adjective,  and  form  the 


MOR 

comparative  degree,  having  the  same  force  and  ef- 
fect as  the  termination  er  in  monosyllables  ;  as,  more 
wise;  more  illustr'ous  ;  wore  contemptible  ;  morr  du- 
rable. It  may  be  used  betbro  all  adjectives  which 
admit  of  conipiirison,  and  must  be  used  before  poly- 
syllables. 

4.  A  second  or  another  time ;  again.  I  expected 
to  hear  of  him  no  mtfre. 

The  dove  nrtunied  not  to  (liin  s^ii  any  more,  —  Gen.  Tib, 
JVtf   7riore  ;    not  continuing  ;    existing   no  longer  ; 

5 one  ;  deceased  or  destroyed.  Cassius  is  no  more. 
'roy  is  no  more,. 

J^'o  more  is  used  in  commands,  in  an  elliptical  form 
of  address.  JV*o  mure!  that  is,  say  no  more;  let  me 
hear  ho  more.  In  this  use,  however,  more,  when 
the  sentence  is  complete,  is  a  noun,  or  substitute 
fur  a  noun. 

Much  more ;  in  a  greater  degree,  or  with  more  read- 
iness; more  abundantly. 

More  and  more;  with  continual  increase. 

Amon  treapuucd  mort  atut  mort.  — 2  (Jtiron.  xxxtii. 

MCRE,  a  noun,  or  substitute  for  a  noun.  A  greater  quan* 
tity,  amount,  or  number. 

They  gatliered  ionic  mort,  Home  Iftw, —  Ex.  ttI. 

They  w-tp  more  wlio  died  by  hail-non»a   thiio  they  whom  tlie 

childmi  ol  Israel  sl^w  with  ihe  swunl.  —  Juab.  X. 
God  do  8o  to  th»^  and  more  «lso.  —  1  Sam.  tii. 
There  wi*re  vtort  than  forty  who  had  made  Uiia  conspiracy.  — 
Acu  xxtii. 

2.  Greater  thing  ;  other  thing ;  something  further. 
Here  we  rest ;  we  can  do  no  7»orc.     He  conquered 
his  enemies  ;  he  did  more,  he  conquered  hunsclf. 
MORE,  n.     [Sax.  mor.] 
I.  A  hill. 

9.  [Sax.  moran.]     A  root.  Spenser. 

MORE,  V.  t.    To  make  more.     [04.*.]  Omocr. 

MO-REEN',  n.     A  stout  woolen  stuff,  used  foi  cur- 
tains, &c. 
MOR'EL,  «.    An  edible  mushroom,  found  in  orchards, 
woods,  and  cinder  walks,  in  Europe.     It  is  called  by 
bot;inists  MorcheUa  esculenta.     It  is  more  used  in  u 
dried  state  for  sauces  tlian  when  fresh.        Loudon. 
y.  A  kind  of  cherry. 
MORE'LAND.    See  Moorlanu 
MORE'NESS,  tt.     Greatness.    [Obs.]  Wiclif. 

MoRE-0'VER,  adr.  [comp.  or  more  and  orcr.]  Be- 
yond what  has  been  said  j  further;  besides;  also; 
likewise. 

Moreooer,  by  lliem  ii  ihy  •eiTaat  warned-  —  P«.  x\x. 

MO-RESaUE',  (mo-resh',)  «.  [Fr.,  from  It.  more-^-i^ 
from  Mora,  a  Moor.] 

Done  alter  the  manner  of  the  Moors  ;  the  name  as 
Arabesque. 

MO-RESUUE',  B.  A  species  of  painting  or  carving 
done  after  tbe  Moorish  manner,  consisting  of  gro- 
tesque pieces  and  coniparlnienls  promiscuously  intcr- 
sptTsed  ;  arabesque.  ^tcilt. 

MOR-GAN-AT'!€-MAR'RIAGE,n.  [from  the  Gothic 
wonrjan,  to  shorten.]     See  Lekt-handkd. 

MOR'GAY,  7».  A  sjK'cies  of  shark,  Seyllium  canieula^ 
also  called  the  smuU-spottcd  dof^fish,  or  bounce.  It  is 
widely  disUibnted,  and  is  re[)resenled  as  very  vora- 
cious. Its  ordinar>-  length  is  between  two  and  three 
feet.  Jardine's  JVat.  Lib. 

MOR'GLAY,  n,  [L.  mors,  death,  and  Celtic  glaive, 
sword.] 

A  deadly  weniwn. 

MORGUK,  (morg,)  n.  [Fr.J  A  place,  in  many  towns 
in  France,  where  the  bodies  of  persons  found  dead 
are  exiKwed,  that  they  may  h<'  recognized   by  their 

MOR'I-BUND,  a.     In  a  slate  of  dying.  [friends. 

MOR'I-BITXI),  n.     A  dying  person.  Cye. 

MOR'ICE,     See  Moaisco. 

MO  RIOSIER-ATE,  r.  i.    To  obey.     [JVot  usrJ.] 

MO  KIO-ER-A'TION,  B.  [_Sce  ftfoRicKaouB.V"  Obse- 
quiousness; obedience.     [06^.]  Bacon. 

MO-RIG'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  viori^eras;  ntos,  moru,  man- 
ner, and  I'rro,  lo  carry.] 
Olicdieiit ;  obsequious.     [Little  used.]  Diet, 

MOR'IL,  n.     [Fr.  mordle.] 

A  nuishroom  of  the  sv/.e  of  a  walnut,  abounding 
with  little  holes.     [See  Morel.]  F.ncyc. 

MO-KIL'M-FORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of  the  nioril, 
It  mushroom. 

MO-RIL'EON,  n.  The  golden  cye,  a  species  of  the 
duck  faniilv.  P.  Cye 

MO-RIX"<iA,  n.  A  plant,  Ilyperanthcra  Moringa,  a 
native  of  Egy|)t  and  the  Eiist  Indies.  It  has  been 
8U[>posed  lo  produce  the  nephritic  wiHid. 

M0R'I-O\,  n.     [Fr.,  from  It.  morione.] 

A  kind  of  open  helmet,  without  visor  or  beaver, 
somewhat  resembling  a  hat.  Encyc.  -^m. 

MO-RIS'CO,  i  n.     [from  Moor.]     A  term  variously  ap- 

MORISK,  (  plied  by  old  writers  to  the  work  ralleij 
more.iqitr^  to  the  Moori:*h  language,  also  to  a  dance, 
or  a  dancer  of  the  morris  or  Moorish  dance,  [Seo 
Morris.]  Shak, 

MOR'KIiV,  rt.  [Sw,  murken,  putrefied  ;  or  Fr.  moH,  I* 
mortumt,  dead,  and  kin,  kind.) 

Among  hunters,  a  beast  that  has  died  by  sfckneai 
or  mischance.  Bailey 

MOR'LAM), 

MORE'LAM); 


Monrland,  which  see. 


TCNE,  Bi;i,L,  UNITE.— A.V'GER,  VI"C10US C  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  Sil  ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


1)9 


790 


nioR 

MoSV'^uSbj"-     [Fr.m.re,dead.] 

\ViN>)  pluckfd  frum  n  di'ad  stieep.         ^inswortJk, 

MOR'.MU.  A.    [*;r.  ;!■.,.....] 

A  buebear  ;  fMse:  terror.  JohTtson. 

BIOR'.MUN,  R.  The  name  of  a  sfct  in  the  United 
Stnie^a,  folluwers  of  one  Joiieph  Smith,  who  claimed 
to  work  uiimcles,  and  to  havn  found  an  aildition  to 
th-  Bible,  engraved  on  colden  plate*,  which  he  pub- 
lished under  the  n;»nie  of  the  Book  of  Mormon. 
2.  A  generic  name  of  the  piithiiii.  lUiger. 

MORN,  H.  [Sax.  mttrnf,  mar ^rttt,  mrrjrnt,  moreen,  Dan. 
D.  and  G.  mor-jm,  Sw.  morgomy  mom,  morning,  or 
momtw.  In  W.  wory,  Ir.  maraek,  is  morrow  ;  Scot. 
morn,  or  mcrne,  morruw.  In  Goth,  mrryan  sicnifies 
to  publish,  that  is,  to  open,  or  throw  forth  ;  Orient. 
■^OK.  In  Rii5s.  m&r^'tift  sipnifies  to  wink  or  twinkle; 

Ice.  tnor^rnar^  to  grow  lighL] 

The  first  part  of  the  day;  the  morning;  «  Wfrd 
KfOd  e<Ucfly  **  poetry, 

Antt  Uoommg  peace  AaS  evrr  Utm  thjr  mom.  Prior. 

MORX'IXG,  ».     [Saj.  margene^  morgetu     See  Moart.] 

I.  The  fintt  p:irt  of  the  day,  bt-ginninj;  at  twelve 
oVlock  at  night,  and  extending  to  twelve  at  noon. 
Thus  we  say,  a  star  rises  at  one  o'clock  in  the  m»pji- 
tuf.  In  a  more  Untiled  *^)ije,  morning  i^  the  lime  be- 
ffinntng  an  hour  or  two  before  sunrise,  or  at  break  of 
day,  and  extending  to  the  hour  of  breakfast  and  of 
bt-ginninx  the  labor*  of  the  day.  Amons  men  cfbu.-fi- 
ness  in  large  cities^  the  taorntng  extends  to  ttic  hour 
of  dining. 

S.  The  Arst  or  early  part. 

In  tb^  morning  of  life,  derote  Tounelf  to  the  aertiot  of  the  MoA 
Higti.  J.  Ciarkt. 

MORN'ING,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  first  part  or  early 
port  of  the  day  ;  being  in  the  early  part  of  the  day  ; 
as,  vunujtg  dew  ;  monunf  light ;  morning  aerrice. 
Shr  looks  a*  cl«tr 
ill  wmrmng  roan  onrly  waabnl  with  iJfw.  Shak. 

MORN'I\G-GOWN,  n.    A  gnwn  worn  in  the  morn- 
ing before  oor^  is  formally  dresi^d.  .^lUlison. 
MORX't.\R-STAR,  n.     The  planet  Venus,  when  it 

S recedes  iht*  sun  in  rising,  :uid  slimes  in  the  morning. 
^ROeeO,  B.      A  fine   kind   of  leather,  prep-ired 
commonly  from  goatskin,  (though  an  infi-riur  kind  is 
made  of  sheep^ikin,)  and  tanned  with  sumacb;  aajd 
to  be  borruwed  from  the  MiM>rs. 
MO-R0\E%    x.     A  deep-crimson  color.     [Se«  Ma- 

■00!«,1 

MO-RO^E',  a.  [L.  morosus :  It.  and  F*p.  moroso,  stow, 
tanfy.  In  Pomigii^se,  mmr^so  signifies  dwelling  on 
lewd  thiMightsi  marosiJatU^  the  act  of  dwelling  on 
such  thoughts.  .Vtrrosr,  then,  is  from  the  rvil  of 
L.  morar^  to  delay,  stop,  hmder,  whence  eomaunvr^ 
to  dwell,  Fr.  demrMrer^  Eiig.  demur.  The  customary 
sense,  iht-n,  is  derived  from  the  gloomy,  sullen  tem- 
per formed  by  babitnally  Axing  the  thoughts  on  tome 
object.] 
Of  n  soar  temper ;  severe ;  sullen  and  austere. 

3cMBe  luTC  doBrrTfld  eenauK-  for  «  ni0*-o«e  mmI  alTrctH  tMhttnit- 
tjr ;  Mben  have  mwta  ipwhw,  Uhnijb  thcjr  had  noihiti;  to 
ny.  WaXU. 

MO-ROSE'LV,  adv.     Sourly  ;  with  sullen  austerity. 
M0-ROSE'\ESS,  K.     Stuirness  of  temper  ;  stilli'nne:^. 
MuToxene^s  is  not  precisely  peevtahnejs  or  fretfulnesSy 
though  (tflen  accompanied  with  it.     It  denotes  more 
of  silence  and  sevt-rity,  or  ill  humor,  than  the  irrila- 
tability  or  irritation  which  cl1an1cteri7.es  ;Ffert5Ane^. 
Ijann  ^xvkI  h)imor,  it^rT  to  oppc*r  wiihoul  Just  r»«ufi :  iUmki 
mine  ilf^rwof  [)n>l«  and  moro^trutt.  HoIU. 

MO-RO.=:'I-TY, «.     Moroseness.     [.Vol  vsed.]     Skak. 
MO-RO.\'ITE,  n.     [U  munt.-,  a  mulb.rr>-treeJ 

A  variety  of  native  phosphate  of  lime,  of  a  mul- 
berr>"  color. 
M0-R"0X-VL'I€,  a.    Momrylie  acid  ;  a  vegWable  acid 
obtained  from  a  saline  exudation  from  the  Moms  al- 
ba, or  while  mulberrv. 
MOR'PIIE-CS,   «.     [Gr-l      In   myfAo/o^y,   the  god  of 

dreams.     In  the  cl;is-tics,  pnmotmced  Mor'pke^. 
MOR'PHEW.  (mor'fu,)  «.     [It.  mor/ea.] 

A  scurf  on  the  face. 
MOR'PHEW,  r.L    To  co**er  with  scurC    Bp.  HaXL 
MOR'PHI-NA,  ) 

MOR'PHI-A,    \  a.    [Gr.  ;top<*njf,  the  god  t}f  sleep.] 
MOR  PHINB.   ) 

\  vegetable  alkaloid    extracted    from  opium,  of 
which  it  constitutes  one  of  the  narcotic  principles. 
Bigeiuic.      Ure, 
M0R-PH0-L06'ie-.\L,  a.    Pertaining  to  morphology. 
MOR-PHOL'O-GY,  n.     [Gr.  ^oo;o  and  A  .j-os.] 

In  Maxy,  a  treatise  or  description  of  tlie  metamor- 
phosis of  organs. 
MORRIS,     )        ™  r         «#       -1 

MOR'RICE  I  *•    '        moresque ;  from  Moor.^ 

I.  A  Moorish  dance ;  a  dance  in  imitation  of  the 
Moors,  as  samband-:,  chacons,  tc,  usually  performed 
with  castanets,  tambors,  t-c,  hy  young  men  in  their 
shirts,  wi:h  l>ells  at  thtir  feet,  and  ribbons  of  various 
colors  tied  round  their  arms  and  dung  across  iieir 
Bfafuiiders.  Entfc. 

a.  A  kind  of  game,  somf-timos  plaved  in  the  5eld, 
With  nine  holes  in  the  ground,  and  called  nine  nen^s 
some  times  played  on  a  board.    Shak.    i  *orl>y. 


MOR 

MOR'RIS-DANCE,  n.    A  kind  of  dance.    [See  Moa- 

nrs.l 
flIOR'KIS-DAN'CER,  n.     One  wlio  dances  a  morris- 

daiice.  'J'einule. 

MOR'RIS-PIKE,  ».     .\  Moorish  pike. 
MOR' ROW,  H     [Sax.  morgen.     But  it  seems  rather  to 

be  the  Welsh  mory,  morrow.] 

1.  The  day  next  aAer  the  presenL 

TL"  tha  ttfirmjr  ntjhi  a  foin?, 

Anil  th'  ctrntnl  morrow  Jawd.  Crashtut. 

This  word  is  often  preceded  hy  on  or  to. 

Th-*  Loni  ili.i  thii  thiiijy  on  the  morroio.  — Ex.  Ix. 
7V-morrui«  tir.\l]  lliu  tigu  be.  —  Kx.  viii. 

So  we  say  to-night,  t*Mlay.  To-morroie  is  equiva- 
lent to  on  the  morrow. 

2.  The  next  day  subsequent  to  any  day  specified. 

But  if  the  Bttcrific«  of  hia  oDerinr  shnll  be  a  *o\r  or  ».  TolunUrr 
ofipiinp,  it  thall  be  csti-n  the  wmo  ilay  lliat  he  olfervlh  liii 
•acrific«  ;  And  oa  the  vtomtm  ivl>o  the  rviruuiider  of  it  tlrnU 
be  eiili^.  —  Lev.  rii. 

Oood  marrow;  a  term  of  salutation;  good  mom- 
MORSE,  (mors,)  n.     [Russ.  morj.]  [i»g- 

In  zoiilo^jy  the  sea-horse  or  walrus,  an  animal  of 
the  genus  Trichechus,  which  sometimes  grows  tn  the 
length  of  eighteen  feet.  This  animal  has  a  round  head, 
small  mouth  and  eyes,  thick  lips,  a  short  neck,  and  a 
body  thick  in  the  middle,  and  tapering  toward  the 
tail.  His  skin  is  from  one  to  two  inches  thick,  and 
covered  with  close  hair.  His  Ii'gs  are  short  and 
loosely  articulated,  and  he  has  five  toes  on  each  foot, 
connected  by  webs.  The  tusks  usually  weigh  from 
five  to  ten  pounds  each,  and  are  from  Iifteen  to  twen- 
ty inches  in  length,  though  they  are  s^oineiinies  near- 
ly twice  this  size.  These  animals  are  gregarious, 
but  shy,  and  very  fierce  when  attacked.  They  in- 
habit the  shores  of  Spitzbergen,  Iludson^s  Bay,  and 
other  places  in  high  northern  latitudes. 

Jardine^s  JVat.  Lib.     P.  Cyc 
MOR'SEL^  n.     [from  L.  morsus,  a  bite,  from  mordeo.] 
1.  A  bite  ;  a  mouthful ;  a  small  piece  of  food. 

EveiT  morttl  to  s  Atisfifd  btiDg«r  b  only  a  new  labor  to  h  tired 
(li^<»Lioa,  SouA, 

S.  A  pieice ;  a  meal ;  something  to  be  eaten. 

On  lhr«e  hrrta,  nnd  fhiits,  and  flown, 

P>-«d  first,  on  each  beut  next,  and  liih  and  Ibwl, 

No  boinrij  morteU.  ^filton. 

3.  .A  small  quantity  of  something  not  eatable.  {Im- 
proper.] Boyle. 

MOR'SCRE,  (mor'shur,)  n.     The  act  of  biting. 
MORT,  n.     [Fr.     See  AIortal.]     A  tune  sounded  at 
the  death  of  game.  Skak. 

*2.  A  siilmon  in  his  third  year.  Todd, 

MOR'T.AL,  a.  [L.  mortalLi^  from  mors,  death,  or  mo- 
riar,  to  die,  that  is,  to  fall ;  W.  mano  ;  Fr.  mourir ; 
Arm.  mervelj  It.  nton're ;  Sp.  fnortr.  See  Class  Mr, 
No.  \%  14.] 
1.  Subject  to  death  ;  destined  to  die.  Manismortoi. 
S.  Deadly;  destnictive  to  life;  causing  death,  or 
that  must  cause  death  ;  as,  a  nu»^al  wound  ;  mortal 
poison. 

The  fruil 
Of  tfiBt  foitWden  tree  whooe  mortat  taste 
Brought  death  into  the  wurld,  and  all  our  woe.  Milton. 

3.  Bringing  death  ;  tenninating  life. 

Snfp  in  ihf-  hand  of  one  disfKvin^  power, 

Or  in  tlie  nauX  or  the  mortal  hour.  Popt. 

4.  Deadly  in  malice  or  purpose;  as,  a  mortal  foe. 
In  colloquial  language.,  a  mortal  X'w,  is  an  inveterate  foe. 

5.  Exposingtocerlain  death  ;  incurring  the  penalty 
of  death  ;  condemned  to  be  punished  with  death ; 
not  venial ;  as,  a  mortal  sin. 

6.  Human;  belonging  to  man  who  is  mortal;  as, 
mortal  wit  or  knowledge  ;  mortal  power. 

Th^  Toioe  of  God 
To  mortal  ear  is  dreadltil. 


7.  Extreme;  violent ;  as,  a  morUd  fright.  [Abe  el- 
egant,] 

8.  Vexing;  tormenting;  as,  six  mortal  hours  did  I 
endure  her  loquacity  ;  usually  a  portion.  Walter  Scott. 

The  nymph  grew  pale,  and  in  a  rjiorlal  fright.  Dryden, 

MOR'TAL,  n.    Man  ;  a  being  subject  to  death  ;  a  hu- 
man being. 

Warn  poor  mortnU  left  behind.  7Vjt</. 

It  is  often  used  in  ludicrous  and  colloquial  lan- 
guage. 

1  cxn  behold  no  morlai  now.  Prior. 

MOR-T.\L'I-TY,  fi.     [L.  mortalitas.] 

1.  Subjection  to  death,  or  the  necessity  of  dying. 

When  I  saw  h«r  die, 
I  then  did  chink  on  your  morta^iy.  Carev. 

2.  Death. 

Gl!tdt7  would  I  meei 
AlortaJity,  m;  ■enteiice.  Afi/Ion. 

3.  Frequency  of  death ;  actual  death  of  great 
numbers  of  men  or  beasts ;  as,  a  time  of  great  mor- 
tality. OraunU 

4.  Human  nature. 

Take  (heae  tears,  morlality't  relief.  Pope, 

5.  Power  of  destruction. 

Mortality  and  mercy,  in  Vienna, 

Live  in  ihy  tonjue  nnd  heart.  Skak, 


MOR 

M(JR'TAL-IZE,  r.  L    To  make  mortal.        Broome. 
MOK'TAL-r/-i;i>,  pp.     Made  mortal. 
MUR'rAL-TZ-li\G,;»;»r.     Making  mortal. 
MUlfl'-Al-  LV,a(/c.     Irrrcovtrably  ;  in  u  manner  that 
must  cause  death  ;  as,  mortally  wounded.     Dryden. 
"i.  In  the  highest  possible  dtrgree. 

Adritn  morudty  envitsl  porta,  |MUiitera,  cind  artificers,  in  worka 
wlierein  he  had  a  vein  u»  exci^l.  Bacvn. 

MOR'TAR,  n.  [L.  mortorium;  Fr.mortier;  Sp.  mor- 
tero  ;  It.  mortaio  ;  Dan.  morter  ;  D.  mortier ;  G.  rniir- 
ser i  Russ.  morter;  Arm.  mortrz  ;  lU  moirtrai  ;  allied 
perhaps  to  Fr.  mtirteau  ;  Sp.  mariilla,  a  hammer,  and 
named  from  beating.     See  Class  Mr,  No.  10,  IC,  25.] 

1.  A  vessel  of  wood,  metal,  sttme,  gla.ss,  &c.,  in 
form  of  an  invt^rted  bi'll,  in  which  substances  are 
pounded  or  bruised  with  a  iwstle. 

2.  A  short  piece  of  ordnance,  thick  and  wide,  used 
for  throwing  bombs,  carcasses,  shells,  &,c. ;  so  named 
from  its  resemblance  in  shape  to  the  utensil  above 
described. 

MOR'TAR,  n.  [D.mortel;  Fr.  mortier;  G.  mdrtel;  Sp. 
mortero  ;  It.  vwirteaL  In  other  languages,  as  in  Eng- 
lish, the  orthography  of  this  word  and  of  the  last  Ts 
the  same,  and  pt^rhaps  this  name  is  token  from  beat- 
ing and  mixing.] 

A  mixture  of  lime  and  sand  with  water,  used  as  a 
cement  for  uniting  stones  and  bricks  in  walls.  If  the 
lime  is  recently  slaked,  and  the  materials  mixed  with 
lime-water,  the  cement  will  be  much  stronger. 

Tkanvfon. 
MORT  D'AJ^CES-TOR,  [Fr.,  death  of  the  ances- 
tor.]    In  laiB^  a  writ  of  assize,  by  which  a  demand- 
ant recovers  possession  of  an  estate  from  which  be 
has  been  ousted,  on  the  death  of  his  ancestor. 

BlackstOTU. 
MOR'TER,  n.     [Fr  mortier.'] 

A  chamber-lamp  or  light.     [Ois.]  Chaucer. 

MORT'CAGE,  (mor'gajc,)  n.  [Fr.  7n<n-(,  dead,  and 
gaffe,  pledge.] 

1.  Literally,  a  dead  pledge  ;  the  grant  of  an  estate 
in  fee  as  security  fur  the  payment  of  money,  and  on 
the  condition  that  if  the  money  shall  be  paid  ac- 
cording to  the  contract,  the  grant  shall  be  void,  and 
the  mortgagee  shall  reconvey  the  estate  to  the 
mortgager.  Fonnerly  the  condition  was,  that  if  the 
mortgager  should  repay  the  monry  at  the  day  speci- 
fied, lie  might  then  re-enter  on  the  estate  granted  in 
pledge  ;  but  the  modt-rn  practice  is  for  the  mortgagee, 
on  receiving  payment,  to  reconvey  the  land  lo  the 
mortgager.  Before  the  time  specified  for  payment, 
that  is,  between  the  time  of  contract  and  the  time 
limited  for  payment,  the  estate  is  conditional,  and  the 
mortgagee  is  called  tenant  in  mort<^age ;  but  on  fail- 
ure of  p:iyment  at  the  time  limited,  the  estate  be- 
comes absolute  in  the  mortgagee.  But  in  this  case, 
courts  of  equity  interpose,  and  if  the  e.'state  is  of 
more  value  than  the  debt,  they  will,  on  application, 
grant  a  reasonable  time  for  the  mortgager  to  redeem 
the  estate.     This  is  called  the  equity  of  red  emption. 

Blackstone. 

2.  The  state  of  being  pledged ;  as,  lands  given  in 
mortgage. 

3.  A  pledge  of  goods  or  chattels  by  a  debtor  to  a 
creditor,  as  security  ftir  the  debt.  Kent, 

[This  use  is  of  modern  originj 
MORT'GAOE,  (mor'gajt--,)  v.  U  To  grant  an  estate  in 
fee  as  security  for  money  lent  or  contracted  to  be  paid 
at  a  certain  time,  uti  condition  that  if  the  debt  shall  be 
discharged  according  to  the  contract,  the  grant  shall  be 
void,  otherwise  to  remain  in  full  force.  It  is  custom- 
ary to  give  a  mortgage  for  securing  the  repayment  of 
money  lent,  or  the  payment  of  the  purchase  money 
of  an  estate,  or  for  any  other  debt. 

2.  To  pledge;  to  make  liable  to  the  payment  of 
any  debt  or  expenditure. 

Already  a  portion  of  the  entire  capital  of  the  nation  b  mort- 
gaged fur  Uic  eupport  of  drunkorda.  L.  Beechtr, 

M0RT'GA6-KD,  (mor'gajd,)  pp.  or  a.  Conveyed  in 
fee  as  security  for  the  payment  of  money, 

MORT'GAGE-DEED,  (mur'gaje-deed,)  n.  A  deed 
given  by  wav  of  mortgage. 

MORTGAGEE',  (mor-ga-jee',)  n.  The  person  to 
whom  an  estate  is  mortgaged. 

M0RT'GA-6ER,  (mor'ga-jer,)  n.  [from  mortgage. 
MoRTGaaoR  is  an  orthogra|>liy  that  should  have  no 
countenance.  If  accented  on  the  last  syllable,  the 
spelling  should  be  Mortuaoeor.] 

The  person  who  grants  an  estate  as  security  for 
debt,  as  above  specified. 

M(-)RT'GA-ChVG,  (mbr'ga-jing,)  ppr.  Conveying  in 
fee  as  security  for  the  payment  of  money  ;  pledging. 

MOR-TIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L,  morUfer  ;  mors,  death,  and 
fero,  to  bring.] 

Bringing  or  producing  death  ;  deadly  ;  fatal ;  de- 
structive. Hammond, 

MOR-TI-FI  CA'TION,  n.     [Fr.     See  Mortify.] 

I.  In  medicine  and  surgery,  the  death  of  one  part 
of  an  animal  body,  while  the  rest  is  alive  ;  or  the 
loss  of  vitality  in  some  part  of  a  living  animal ;  gan- 
grene; sphacelus.  Mortifcation  is  the  local  ^eath  of 
a  part  of  a  living  animal  body,  which,  if  not  arrested, 
soon  extinguishes  life  in  the  whole  body.  We  usu- 
ally apply  mortif  cation  to  the  local  extinction  of  life 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T.  — M£TE»  PRfiY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.  — 


He  mordjied  pearls  in  rini>^r. 
duickMlrrr — mortified  »iUi  turpmiine. 


MOR 

in  a  part  of  a  livtnp  body.    The  dissolution  of  the 
Khole  ttody,  after  death,  is  called  putrefaction. 

3.  Ill  Scripture,  the  act  of  sulKtuing  the  {m!)sion8 
and  api>eiites  hy  penuncc,  abstinence,  or  painful 
severities  inflicted  on  the  body.  The  tiwrtiJicatJon  of 
the  body  hy  fastiug  has  been  the  practice  of  almost 
all  nations,  and  the  mortification  of  the  appetites  and 
passiLins  by  self-denial  is  always  a  Clinstian  duly. 

3.  Huunliatton  or  vexation  ;  the  state  of  b;iing 
humbled  or  depres::;ed  by  disappointment,  vexation, 
crosses,  or  any  tiling  that  wounds  or  abasefi  pride. 

k  ■  oif^  of  the  vrxnlioiis  mortififotions  of  x  studious  man  to 
hare  hi>  (iiou^liu  ilisorJr.-ivJ  by  a  lediuua  visit. 

L'  Ettmngt. 

He  null  ihp  morlijtcaiion  to  lose  si^t  of  Munich,  Au'tburg, 
Kiid  Ritt«tiuu.  AJraton. 

4.  Destruction  of  active  qualities  ;  applied  tb  met- 
als.    [See  MoRTifY,  but  I  believe  not  used.]    Bacon. 

5.  In  Scottish  tuKf  a  bequest  to  some  literary  or  re- 
ligious insiitutioni  nearly  synonymuud  with  Mort- 
main.! Brande. 

510R'Tl-FT-ED,  pp.  or  a.     AfTecled   by  sphacelus  or 

2.  Humbled  ;  unbdued  ;  abased.  [gangrene. 

MOR'TI-PT-£D-XE.SS,  n.     Humiliation  ;  snbjeclion  of 

the  passions.  Taylor. 

MOR'TI-Fl  ER,  n.     He  or  that  which  mortifies. 
MOR'T!-F?,  V.   t.     [Fr.  morttjier ;  \U  viortificare ;  Sp. 

mortificar :  L.  mor.i^  death,  and  facio^  to  make,] 

1.  To  destroy  the  organic  texture  and  vital  func- 
tions of  some  part  of  a  living  animal  ;  to  change  to 
sphacelus  or  gangrene.  Extreme  inflammation  speed- 
ily mortifies  flesh. 

2.  To  snbdue  or  bring  into  subjection,  as  the  bod- 
ily appetites  by  atislinence  or  rigorous  severities. 

We  mortify  oarvUn  with  fiah.  Brown. 

Witii  foaurig  mordfigd,  worn  oul  with  tcar».  HarU, 

3.  To  subdue  ;  to  aba^ ;  to  humble ;  to  reduce  ; 
to  restrain  ;  as  inordinate  passions. 

Worti/y  ihy  lenrneti  last.  Prior. 

Morajy,  therefore,  your  onembcra  wlilcb  a.re  upon  the  esu^h.  — 
Col.  iii. 

4.  To  humble;  to  depress;  to  afiect  with  slight 
vexation. 

How  ofti^n  is  Uw  imbitioin  iron  mor&Jird  wKh  tli'>  v^rr  pr^iar^a 
he  rrc«Tc»,  if  ihey  do  not  rise  so  high  as  he  thinkit  they 
oafht  I  Additon. 

Be  is  controlled  bj  «  nod,  tncrr^/kd  by  a  frown,  and  lr.in«pQrv-d 
with  4  smilj;.  Addiaoii. 

5.  To  destroy  active  powers  or  essential  qualities. 

HaJieurUl. 
Bacon, 
[Tbeliere  this  application  is  not  note  in  use.] 
MOR'TI-FV,  V.  i.    To  lose  vitality,  as  flesh  ;  to  gan- 
grene. 
9.  To  be  subdued.  Johnson. 

3.  To  practice  severities  and  penance  from  religious 
motives. 

This  mak^  him  gi»e  alma  of  all  thai  he  hath,  watch,  Cisi,  and 
mort^^.  Lau. 

MOR'TI-FV-ING,  ppr.  Changing  from  soundness  to 
gangrene  or  sphacelus. 

2.  Subduing;  humbling;  restraining. 

3.  a.  Humiliating;  tending  to  humble  or  abase. 
He  m-'t  with  a  mortt/tfin^  repulse, 

MOR'TI-F?-I\G  LY,  flrfp.     Ilumiliatinglv. 

MOR'TISE,  (mor'tis,)  n.  f  Fr.  morUti^e  ;  Arm.  morlez  ; 
Sp.  mortaja  i  Ir.  mortis.  The  .Armoric  mortei  signifies 
both  a  mortar  and  a  mortise^  and  the  Spani-th  mortaja 
Fignifies  a  mortise  and  a  winding-sheei  orshrutid.  In 
the  latter  sense,  the  Portuguese  Uife  mortalha^  from 
mortai.  These  alliances  indicate  that  these  words 
are  all  from  the  root  of  mors,  death,  which  may  be 
from  beating  or  throwing  dnwn.] 

A  cut  or  hollow  place  made  in  timber  by  the  auger 
and  chisel,  to  receive  the  tenon  of  another  piece  of 
timber. 

MOR'TISE,  V.  t     To  cut  or  make  a  mortise  In. 

2.  To  join  timbers  by  a  tenon  and  mortise  ;  an,  to 
mnrtisr  a  beam  inin  a  po5i,  or  a  joist  into  a  girder. 

M(iR'TIS-f:D,  (mor'list,);>/i.  Having  a  mortise  j  joimd 
by  a  ni'-rtise  and  tenon. 

MOR'TIS-I.NG,  ppr.  Making  a  mortise  ;  uniting  by  a 
miTti""*  and  tenon. 

MORT'MAIN,  n,  [Fr.  mart,  dead,  and  main^  hand.] 
In  laiD^  possession  of  lands  or  tenements  in  dejid 
hands,  or  handii  that  can  not  alienate.  Alienation 
in  mortmain  is  an  alienation  of  lands  or  tenements  to 
any  corporation,  sole  or  aggregate,  ecclesiastical  or 
teinp>inl,  particularly  to  retieious  houses,  by  which 
the  estate  bfconies  perpetually  inherent  in  the  rorjw- 
ration,  and  unalienable.  Btackstone. 

MORT'PAV,  n.  (Fr.  morf,  dead,  and  pay.]  Dead 
pay  :  payment  not  made.     [JVot  used.]  Bacon, 

MOR'TRESH,  n,  [fnjm  morfar.]  A  dieh  of  meat  of 
variona  kinds,  beaten  tog<;ther.     [.A'wf  used.]   Bacon. 

MOR'TIJ-A-RY,  n.  [Fr.  morfHaire,  pertaining  to  the 
dead.] 

I.  A  sort  of  ecclesiastical  heriot,  a  customary  gift 
claimed  by  and  due  to  the  minister  of  a  pari>ih  nn  the 
death  of  a  pariwhioner.  It  seems  in  have  been  orig- 
inally*a  vnluntary  bequest  or  donation,  intended  to 
make  amends  for  any  failure  in  the  payment  of  tithes 
of  which  the  deceased  had  been  guilty.    Bfnrk-tone-. 

3.  A  burial-place.  Whittock. 


MOS 

MOR'TU-A-RY,  a.  Belonging  to  the  burial  of  the 
dead. 

Mfi'RUS  Mt;L-TI-eAU'LIS,n.  [L,  many-leafed  mul- 
berry.] A  sort  of  mulberry,  called,  also,  the  Chi- 
nese flluLBEBRv,  whose  leavcs  are  much  used  for 
feeding  silk-worms. 

MO-SA'ie,  in.      [Fr.   mosaique;    It.  mosaico ; 

MO-ffA'ie-VVORK.  i       Sp.  mosayco  :  L.  mwrivum.] 
An   assemblage  of  little  pieces  of  glass,  marble, 
precious  stones,  4tc.,  of  various  colors,  cut  square, 
and  cemented  on  a  ground  of  stucco,  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  imitate  the  colors  and  gradations  of  paititing. 

Encyc. 

MO-S.yie,         I  a,    [from  Moses.}    Pertaining  to  Mo- 

MO-Sa'IC-AL,  i      ses,  the  leader  of  the  Israelites; 
as,  the  Mosaic  law,  rites,  or  institutions. 
2.  Pertaining  to  or  coni[K)sed  of  mosaic, 

MOS-A-SAU'RUS,  n.  [L.  Mosa^  the  latin  name  of 
Majstriciit,  and  Gr.  <r  »fp  j(,  a  lizard.] 

The  name  of  a  saurian  reptile,  related  to  the  croc- 
odile, whose  remains  are  found  in  beds  of  clay,  near 
MiEstricht,  in  Germany. 

MOS'GHA-TEL,  n.  [from  Gr,  noa\oSj  L.  miwciw, 
musk.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Adoxa,  hollow  root,  or  inglo- 
rious. There  is  one  species  only,  whose  leaves  and 
flowers  smell  like  musk  j  and  hence  it  is  sometimes 
called  Mljsk-cbowfoqt.  £neye.     Luwlon. 

MOS'LEM,  iu  A  mussuhuan  ;  an  orthodox  Moham- 
medan. 

MOSUL'E, }  (mosk,)  n.   [Fr.  nwsquie ;  It.  moschca ;  Sp, 

MOSK,        )  S  u  ^  -    ^    ^ 

mezquita;   Ar.  *X^£V<mwC  masjidon,  from  iX^Z^am 

sajnday  to  bend,  bow,  adore.] 

A  Mohammedan  temple  or  place  of  religious  wor- 
ship. Mosques  are  square  buildings,  generally  con- 
structed of  stone.  Before  the  chief  gate  is  a  square 
court  paved  with  while  marble,  and  surrounded  with 
a  tow  gallery,  whose  roof  is  supported  by  pillars  of 
marble.  In  this  gallery,  the  worshipers  wash  them- 
selves before  they  enter  the  mosque.  Encyc 

MUS-Q,Ut'TO,  (mos-ke'to,)  ».    See  Musqueto. 

MOSS,  n.  [Sax.  meos ;  G.  moos ;  D.  mos  ;  Sw.  mossa  ; 
VV.  mwstpg^  fmm  mtps,  that  shoots  up,  and  of  a  strong 
scent ;  L.  muscus  :  Gr.  ;jai7\'>s.  The  two  latter  sig- 
nify moss  and  musky  both  from  shooting  out ;  hence. 
It.  musco.  muschio  ;  Sp.  viiisco  ;  Port,  musgo ;  Fr. 
mousse.  The  Greek  word  signifies,  also,  a  young 
animal,  and  a  shoot  or  twig.  From  the  French 
moujse  comes  mottsseline,  muslin,  from  its  softness  or 
resemblance  In  moss.  Lunier  says  it  is  from  Mossoul, 
a  city  of  Mesopotamia.] 

1.  The  mosses  are  one  of  the  families  or  classes 
into  which  all  vegetables  are  divided  by  Linnsus,  in 
the  Philosophia  Botanica.  In  Kay's  method,  the 
mosses  form  the  third  class,  au  1  in  Tournefort's, 
they  constitute  a  single  genus.  In  the  sezual  syst^my 
they  are  the  second  order  of  the  class  Cr>  ptogamia, 
which  contains  all  the  plants  in  which  the  parts  of 
the  flower  and  fruit  are  wanting  or  nut  conspicuous. 

Mil»(- 
The  mosses,  musd^  form  a  natural  order  of  small 
plants,  with  leafy  stems,  and  narrow,  simple  leaves. 
Their  flowers  are  generally  montEcious  or  dimcious. 
and  their  seeds  are  contained  in  a  capsule  coverea 
with  a  cnlyptra  or  ho  >d.  F^.  Encijc. 

The  term  moss  is  also  popularly  npplied  to  many 
other  small,  cryptogamic  plants,  particularly  licheiLs^ 
species  of  which  arc  called  tree-moss,  ruck-moss^  coral- 
moss^  St.c..  The  fir-moss  and  club-moss  arc  uf  the 
genua  I^ycopodium. 

2.  [Sw.  mast.}  A  bog  \  a  place  where  peat  is 
found. 

MOSS,  r.  u    To  cover  with  moss  by  natural  growth. 

Ao  oak  whoae  bou^lis  titn  vuttd  wiUi  sp-.  Shnk. 

MOSS'-GAP-PiED,  (-kapt,)  a.  Capped  or  covered  with 
moss.  Mrs.  Butter. 

MOSS'-CLAD,  a.    Clad  or  covered  with  moss. 

Littieton. 

MOSS'KD,  (most,)  p;».     Overgrown  with  moss. 

MOSS'-GRoVVN,  a.  Overgrown  with  moss ;  as,nio«s- 
proien  towers. 

MOSH'I-,\ESS,  n.  [from  mojf*y.]  The  state  of  being 
overgrown  with  mtws.  Bacon. 

MOSS'-LA.ND,  n.  Land  produced  by  the  nctumuta- 
tioii  of  aquatic  plants,  forming  peat-bogs  of  more  or 
less  consistency,  ua  the  waler  is  drained  off"  or  re- 
Uiined  in  its  pon^s.  p.  Cyc 

MOSS'-TllOOP-ER,  Tt.  [moss  and  trooper.]  A  tenn 
applied  lo  certain  bandits  that  formerly  infested  the 
iKirder  country  between  Englnud  and  Scotland.  The 
name  is  derived  from  the  character  of  the  country 
over  which  they  "trooped,"  it  being  extensively  mo<« 
or  mt  trass. 

MO.^^S'Y,  a.  Overgrown  with  moss  ;  abounding  with 
moss. 

Old  tr?ra  are  mor*  mtuty  than  young.  Bacon. 

Q.  Shaded  or  covered  with  moss,  or  bordered  with 
moss  ;  as,  mossy  brooks  ;  mossy  fountains. 

Pope.     Cowlry. 
MOST,  o.  f  suptrL  of  MovK.     [Sax.  Tn««C,  that  is,  ma 


MOT 

and  est ;  Goth,  muisis  ;  D.  and  Dan.  meest ;  G.  meist ; 
Sw.  mest,  mast.] 

1.  Consisting  of  the  greatest  number.  That 
sch«mu  of  life  is  to  be  preferred,  which  presents  a 
prospect  of  the  most  advantages  with  the  fewest  in- 
conveniences. 

Motl  men  will  proclaim  Ofery  one  hia  own  goodoeu.  —  Pror, 
XX, 

3.  Consisting  of  the  greatest  quantity;  greatest; 
as,  the  most  part  of  the  land  or  the  mountain. 

MOST,  adc.  In  the  greatest  or  highest  degree.  Pur- 
sue that  course  of  life  which  will  7nost  tend  to  pro- 
duce private  happiness  and  public  usefulness.  Con- 
templations on  the  works  of  God  expand  the  mind 
and  tend  to  produce  most  sublime  views  of  his  power 
and  wisdom. 

As  most  is  used  to  express  the  superlative  degree, 
it  is  used  before  any  adjective;  as,  most  vile,  most 
wicked,  7iwst  illustrious. 

MO:?T,  7t.  [Used  as  a  substitute  for  a  noun,  when  the 
noun  is  omitted  or  understood.]  The  greatest  num- 
ber or  part. 


[This  use  seems  to  have  resulted  from  the  omis- 
sion of  part,  or  some  similar  word,  and  wio.vf,  in  this 
case,  signifies  greatest,  that  is,  the  grcate^st  part.] 

2.   The  most;  the  greatest  value,  amount,  or  ad- 
vantage, or  the  utmost  in  extent,  degree,  or  eflect. 
A  covetous  man  multes  lA«  mott  uf  what  he  bos,  and  can  gci. 
L'Bttrange. 
At  the  most ;  the  greatest  degree  or  quantity  ;  the 
utmost  extent.     Stock  brings  six  per  cent,  interest  at 
the  most^  often  less. 
MOS'Tie,  n.     f  G.  mahlerstock,  contracted.] 

A  maulstick  or  painter's  staff  or  stick  on  which 
he  rests  his  hand  in  painting.  Ainsteorth, 

MOST'LY,  adv.     For  the  greatest  part.    The  ex|>orts 
of  the  United  States  consist  mostly  of  cotton,  rice, 
tobacco,  flour,  and  lumber. 
MOST'WH^T,  adc.    For  the  most  part.    [Obs.] 

fiammortd. 
MOT,  [Fr.]  Literally,  a  word;  hence,  a  motto.  Bp.  Hall. 

"2.  A  note  or  bri^;f  strain  on  a  bugle.        fV.  Scott. 
MOTE,  in  FUkmotCy  &c,,  signifies  a  meeting.     [Sax, 

Vtot,  ircoiuL] 

MOTE,  tt.  [Sax.  mot ;  Sp.  mota ;  W.  ysmot^  a  patch  or 
spot.] 

A  small  particle  ;  any  thing  proverbially  small ;  a 
spot. 

Why  lifholdest  thou  the  moM  in  thy  brother's  eye  t  —  Matt.  rii. 
The  littk  tnotcM  in  Uie  sun  do  t;ver  stir,  ttiuu^  Uiere  is  no  wind. 

Bncon, 

MOTE,  for  MouGHT,  Might, or  Must, obsolete.  Spenser. 

MO-TET',  ji.  [Fr.]  A  musical  composition  of  a  sa- 
cred character,  consisting  of  from  one  to  eight  parts. 

Brande. 

MOTH,  n.  [Sax.  mogthe,  mohth,  moiA,  or  maUta  ;  Goth. 
viatha  ;  D.  mot :  G.  miitte.] 

1.  An  animal  of  the  genus  Phalsena  of  Linnaeus, 
which  breeds  in  yarn  and  garments,  and  often  does 
injury  by  eating  the  substance  and  destroying  the 
texture.    Matt.  vi. 

The  name  is  also  applied  to  the  whole  genus. 

2.  FiguratiK^ly,  that  which  gradually  and  silently 
eats,  consumes,  or  wastes  any  thing.  Idle  persona 
are  a  vuiih  to  the  community. 

MOTH'K.\T,  V.  U     [moth  and  eat.]     To  eat  or  prey 

U[M)n,  as  a  moth  eats  a  garment.  Herbert. 

MOTH'i?,AT-KN,  pp.  or  a.     Eaten  by  moths.    Job  xiii. 

MO'rH'A:N,  a.     Full  of  moths.     [JV*wt  in  use.]      Fulke. 

MOTH'ER,    (muth'er,)    n.     [Sax.    moder  ;    I),    moeder^ 

mother,   and   modder,  mud;  ftoar-wioet/cr,  the  womb ; 

moer,  mother,  dam,  womb,  lees ;  moerspul,  hysterics  ; 

(moer  seems  to  be  a  contraction  of  moedrr;)  moeder- 

naakt,  stark  naked  ;  G.  mutter,  mother,  and  the  thick, 

slimy  concretion  in  vinegar  ;  bannuttcr,  the  womb  or 

matrix  ;  mutter-fieber,  a  hysteric  fit;  mutter-lamm  and 

muUerschaf,  a  ewe  or  female  sheep;    mutter-JlecJien 

and  muttrr-makly  a  mole;  mutter-pferd,  a  mare,  the 

female  of  the  horse  kind  ;  muuer-schiedey  the  vagina  ; 

mtitter-nackt,  sliirk  naked  ;  moder.,  mud,  mold. 

Sw.  moder,  mother ;  vin-moder,  mother  of  wine  ; 
moderfally  prolapsus  uteri ;  moderlify  the  womb  or 
matrix. 

Dan.  moder,  mother ;  vioderske^de,  the  vagina  ; 
moderen  i  quinxier,  the  matrix  ;  modder  or  mudder^ 
mud, 

Ir.  maihair,  a  mother,  and  matter,  pus. 

Gr.  itarfio,  mother,  and  pnr'ui,  matrix. 

L.  mater,  mother;  matrix,  the  womb;  materiaj 
matter,  stutF,  materials  of  which  any  thing  is  made. 

It.  madre,  mother,  cause,  origin,  root,  spring,  a 
mold  or  form  for  castings  ;  matn-a  or  materia,  matter, 
subject,  cause  ;  matrice,  the  matrix. 

Sp.  madre,  mother,  matrix,  womb,  the  bed  of  a 
river,  a  sink  or  sewer;  madrii,  matrix;  materia,  mat- 
ter, purulent,  running. 

Port,  mailre,  a  mother,  the  matrix,  the  channel  of  a 
river  ;  materia,  matter,  pus. 
u .,    ^ 

Pers.  ».^L«  madar,  a  motlier. 


TONE,  BULL,  TINITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUa-€  as  K ;  0  aa  J ;  «  ai  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


7'Jl 


MOT 

Saii!4.  Mdi/a,  inadra,  malitrti,  ur  Htata,  tllutlUT. 

Riis^  iHat^  iii:it<.T,  iiiutlHT ;  matka,  a  tViuule,  n 
niiiirix. 

Fr.  «<T«,  molln-r,  cuntntrt<'il  fr»mi  ilic  Uiiin. 

\V.  mAdrei,  iiiiitter,  punili'itl  diriolmrgf. 

W'e  (ibisrrve  timt  in  some  oilii-r  laiigMii;;e«,  a*  well 
as  in  EiiKh^^h,  ttie  ftaine  won!  ^j|:nifi''!<  n  Tininle 
prtrent,  and  tlit*  Ihirk  sliiitc  foriiiftl  in  vnu'gnr;  iiiul 
in  nil  the  Iftnttuagi's  of  Eiirt>iK*  Iuti-  cilnl,  the  orthnc- 
raphy  is  nearly  ihe  sanu'  as  ihal  of  mwl  and  mattrr. 
Tilt-  question  Iht-n  »KTur#,  whellitT  Ihi-  nnrnf  of  n  fo- 
malf  piirt-ni  ori«inaifJ  in  a  worj  e  pre^sinj;  w<i«fr, 
mold  ;  eillif  r  ihc  soil  of  the  eartli,  as  ilir  prtMliicer, 
or  ttii^  like  substance,  when  Nhafieil  and  nttt-d  an  a 
moid  fur  castings  ;  or  « h'-thcr  the  name  is  con- 
nected Willi  the  opinion  th:U  the  earth  is  tlie  mothn- 
of  all  productions;  whence  the  word  mvlhrr-rartk. 
We  are  informed  by  a  fragment  of  Sanrltoihatljon, 
ihai  the  ancient  Phenicians  coii'^idercd  m«i/,  c'.ir,  lo 
be  the  siib^itance  from  which  all  things  were  formed. 
(Sec  Mt'D.)    The  word  matter  is  evidently  from  the 


Ar.  bX^  matUa^  to  serrete^  eject,  or  diacliarge  a 
purulent  substance;  and  1  think  ran  not  have  any 
direct  connection  with  mati.  (tut  in  the  Italian, 
Sp:inish,  and  Portupuese,  Ihe  same  w»>rd  matire  si([- 
nitics  mother,  and  a  mold  for  c.^^iIt|^l  ;  and  the 
northern  lan^iages,  particularly  the  German  and 
Danish,  seem  to  ei^tatdisli  the  fact  that  the  proiier 
sense  of  mothfr  is  matrix.  Il.*nce  muthrr  of  pearl, 
the  matrix  of  pearl.  If  this  word  had  its  urizin  in 
the  name  of  the  earth  used  for  the  forms  of  castiii)!s, 
it  would  not  be  a  sin^iular  fact ;  for  our  word  m«/i/, 
in  this  sense,  1  supp«)se  to  be  so  named  frun  moUl^ 
fine  earth.     The  question  remains  .vnA  jadice.] 

1.  A  female  (Kirenl ;  e^fcuUltf^  one  of  the  human 
race;  a  woman  who  has  borne  a  child;  corrclutive 
to  Sijw  or  UArcHTER, 

2.  That  which  h:is  produced  any  thing. 


MOT 


AUi  ?  ixxir  cntniiry  !  kt  e«n  not 

B*  cjilK!  our  -imJitr,  but  o^u  fr.irp. 


ShaJt. 


So  our  native  I md  is  ralleil  mnthtr  country,  ami  a 
plant  from  which  a  ^lip  or  cion  is  taken  is  called  the 
motAfT  plant.  In  this  use,  motAtr  may  be  considered 
as  an  adjtTtive. 

3.  That  which  has  preceded  in  liruo  ;  the  (ddesC  or 
chief  of  any  thing  ;  as  i^  morArr-church. 

4.  Hysterical  passion.     [AU  MMrf.]  OrauiU. 

5.  A  familiar  term  of  address  or  appellation  nf  an 
old  woman  or  matron. 

6.  An  appellation  itiwn  to  a  woman  who  exer- 
cises care  and  lendenteM  toward  anottn-r,  or  pive? 
parental  adric«  ;  as,  when  one  >ay«,  a  "  woman  ha^ 
been  a  mothtr  to  me.*' 

7.  A  thirk,  slimy  substance  concreted  in  liquors, 
particularly  in  vinegar,  very  difTL-renl  from  scum  or 
FoiimHin  lees, 

MO'fH'ER  OF  PEARI>,(-pert,)«.  The  hard,  silvery, 
brilliant,  internal  layer  of  several  kinds  of  shell's, 
p.-intcitlarly  oyster*,  which  is  often  varicf;ated  with 
chaiiirinc  ptirple  and  axiire  cohtrs.  Ure, 

MOTH'ER  OF  rilV.ME,  n.  A  small  aromatic  plant, 
also  colled  Wii^  Thyme;  Thymus  scrpylUiin. 

P.   Cyr. 

MOTH'ER,  (muth'er,)  a.  Native;  natural;  received 
by  birth  ;  as,  motJter  wit. 

2,  Native  ;  vernacular  ;  received  from  parents  or 
ancestors  ;  as,  mother  tongtie. 

MOTH'ER,  (muth'er,)  e.  i.  To  concrete,  as  the  thick 
matter  of  liquors.  Dntden* 

MOTH'ER,  F.  t.    To  adopt  as  a  son  or  daughter. 

y/0«>eU. 

MOTH'ER  CA'REV**  CHICK'EN,  a.  A  name  given 
by  sailors  to  the  storm-petrel. 

MOTIFER-HQQD,  a.    The  state  of  being  a  mother. 

Di'une. 

MOTH'ER-ING,  a.  To  gm  a  motJurimfr,  is  to  visit  pa- 
rents on  Midlent  Sunday.    This  is  also  called  Mid- 

1.K!<T1!<0. 

MOTH  ER-IN-LAW,  a.    The  mother  of  a  husband 

or  wiff-.  • 

MOTH'ER-L.AXD,  a.    The  land  of  one's  mother  or 

Sireni*. 
TH'ER  LESS,  a.     Destitute  of  a  mother;  having 

lost  a  mother  ;  as,  motherle,^  children. 
MOTH'ER-LY,    (muth'er-le,)    a.        Pertaining    to    a 

mother  ;  as,  moVuHy  power  or  authority.      Hooker. 
2.  Becomin*    a    mother  ;    tender  ;    parental  ;    as, 

notArrlif  love  or  care.  Jlrbuthnot. 

MOTH'ER-LV,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  mother. 

Donne. 
MOTH'ER-WA'TER,   n.      A    solution    from   which 

cr>-t:taU  have  been  obtained,  and  which  still  conta:ns 

d'-liniiesceni  sails  and  impurities.  Ure. 

MOTH'ER-VVIT.  n      Native  wit;  common  sense. 
MOTH'ER-WORT,  (muth'e^-wur^)   a.     An    herb  of 

the  eenus  Leonurus,  of  a  bitter  taste,  used  popularly 

in  medicine. 
MOTH'ER-Y,  (muth'er-  ,)  o.    Concreted  ;  resembling 

or  partaking  of  the  nature  of  mother;  as,  the  tsutA- 

erv  substance  in  liquors. 
MOtH'MUl^LEiN,  n.     A  plant  MiUer. 


MorirWOR  r,  (molh'wurt,)  ».     A  pla 
MOTirV,   u.     [iroin    muOt.]     Full  of  i 


lant. 
moths  ;   as,  an 
old  'HutHv  saddl<!.  Skak. 

MOTIF  rC,  a.     [L.  modi*  find  facto.] 

PriHliiciiig  miition.  Oood, 

.MOTION,  M.     [L.  mvtio:  Fr.  nwtioiu     See  Move] 

I,  The  act  or  process  of  chanjiine  place  ;  change 
of  U>c:il  position  ;  the  psi^isiiig  of  a  body  from  one 
place  to  another;  chaage  of  distance  between  bod- 
ies; opposed  to  Re»t. 

.9n:mal  mutiun  is  that  which  is  performed  by  ani- 
mals in  ronsefiuenceof  voliiiun,oran  act  t>f  tliewill ; 
hut  how  the  will  o|iemtes  on  the  body  in  prodiiciiiK 
ini>tiun.  we  can  not  e.\plu<n.  Mfcftanicul  ytotioH  is 
ell*  cteJ  by  the  force  or  power  of  one  IxMly  aciiuir  on 
anolhtT.  Perpetual  motion  is  that  which  is  effected 
or  supplied  by  itself,  without  the  impulse  or  interven- 
tion of  any  external  cause.  Hitherto  it  has  been  ftund 
ini[X)ssilde  to  invent  a  machine  that  has  this  principle. 

'i.  Animal  life  and  action. 

DcvoiJ  vf  K-uMf  And  iiioUon.  Miilon. 

3.  Manner  of  moving  the  body  ;  port ,  gait ;  uir. 

Kxeh  member  niorr  »nfl  every  motion  ^iiEile,  Blackntorw. 

4.  Change  of  posture  ;  action. 

Watchiny  ilw  motion  of  hor  p&troii's  eye.  Drydtn, 

5.  Military  march  or  movement.  Milton, 
fi.  .Agitation  ;  H*^  the  motioHti  of  the  sea. 

7.  Internal  action  ;  excitement ;  as,  the  motions  of 
the  breast.  ^  Oay. 

8.  Direction ;  tendency. 

Ill  our  proper  motion  we  Ascend.  Milton. 

9.  The  effect  of  impulse  ;  action  proceeding  IVom 
any  c:iu<e,  external  or  internal.  In  the  growth  of 
plants  and  animal^,  there  must  be  a  motinn  of  the 
compimeiit  parts,  though  invisible.  Attraction  or 
chemical  atlinity  prtnluces  sensible  motion  of  the  parts 
of  iKiitif-s.  MoiioH-t  of  the  mind,  ascribed  to  the 
invisible  agency  of  the  Supreme  Being,  are  called 
good  motions* 

W:\  ft  p>e>I  man  otiry  creij  fooA  motion  risinj^  In  hU  hoart, 
knuwiiitf  tlut  evrry  tvtch  motion  pruc^cik  from  God.    £bu:A. 

10.  Propttsal  m.ide  ;  pntposition  offered  ;  particu- 
laHify  a  pro|M>sition  made  in  a  deliberative  assembly. 
A  mot'tm  is  made  for  a  committee;  a  motion  for  in- 
tntducing  a  bill ;  a  muiion  to  adjourn. 

I I.  A  pup[kJt-show  or  puppeL     [JVot  used.)    Shak. 
.MO'TION,   c.   I.      To  propose.      [Litle  used.]      [See 

Move.] 
MO'TION,  r.  u    To  make  a  significant  movement  or 
gesture,  as  with  the  baud;  as,  to  motion  to  one  to 
Like  a  seat  tValler  Scott, 

a.  To  make  pniposal ;  to  offer  plans.     [  Little  tLscd.] 

Milton. 
M0'TlON-f:0,  p/».     Moved;  proposed. 
.MO'TION-ER,  n.     A  mover.     [AVit  lued.] 
MO'TION-ING,  ppr.     Proposing. 
MO'TION-IST,  a.    One  who  makes  a  motion. 
MO'TION-LESS,  a.     Wanting  motion  ;  being  at  rest. 
I  grow  n  suttie,  fixetl  and  motion!ett.  Drylen. 

MO'TIVE, a.  [Seethe  noun.]  Causing  motion  ;  hav- 
ing power  to  move  or  tending  to  move  ;  as,  a  motive 
argument;  mofiee  power.  Hooker.     Bentley. 

MO'TIVE,  n.  [It.  Sp.  and  Port,  vwtico ;  Fr.  motif. 
See  Move.] 

1.  That  which  incites  to  action  ;  that  which  deter- 
mines the  choice,  ttr  moves  the  will.  Thus  we 
speak  of  good  motives  and  bad  motive^i ;  strong  and 
weak  mottpc,*.  The  motive  to  continue  at  rest  is  ease 
or  salisf:tction  ;  the  motice  to  change  is  uneasiness, 
or  the  prospect  nf  good. 

2.  That  which  may  or  ought  to  incite  to  action , 
reason  ;  ciuse. 

3.  A  mover.     [JVof  in  use,]  Skak, 
MO-TIV'I-TV,  n.    The  jHiwer  of  producing  motion. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  influenced  by  motivfs. 
Dr.  DwiifhL 
MOT'LEYjO.     [VV.  y.<7nof,  a  spot;  ysmotiaiOy  to  sjiot, 
to  dapple  ;  Sp^  motear,  id. ;  Eng.  mote,] 

\.  Variegated  in  color  ;  c(»nsisting  of  different  col- 
ors ;  dappled  ;  as,  a  motley  coat.  S'lak. 

The  domestic  fool  of  "the  great  formerly  wore  a 
party-colored  coat  of  calfskin  Hence,  in  Skaksptare^ 
Lear  says, 

A  worthy  Pool ;  ftioUey  *«  yoiir  only  we^tr. 
9.  Composed  nf  different  or  various  parts,  charac- 
ters, or  kinds ;  diversified  ;  as,  a  motley  style. 

And  ilo'iln*  of  moCty  liue.  DryUn, 

[This  word  primarily  means  spotted;  but  it  n»ay 
signify,  also,  MripfiL] 

MOT'I/EY-MIND'ED,  a.  Having  diversified  views 
and  feelings.  ShiUt, 

MO'TOR,  n.  [L.  from  moreo,  to  move.]  A  mover. 
The  nif'tais  are  called  motors  of  electricity.     Volta. 

MO'TO-RY,  a.     Giving  motion  ;  as,  mot^ry  muscles. 

Ray. 

MOT'TLED,  (mot'tld,)  a.  Marked  with  spots  of  dif- 
ferent colors  or  shades  of  color,  as  if  stained ;  macu- 
lated. 

MOT'TO,  n,,-  pi.  Mottoes.  [It.  id;  Sp.  and  Port. 
mote  i  Fr.  mot ;  Sax.  m^tAelan^  to  speak  ;  Ir.  meadkair^ 


MOL 

Calk,  discourse;  Goth.  mathUi.  id.:  Gr.  uvQ  f,  v- 

Oe.'o,,  ,„•*>:  'fin..] 

Primarily^  a  word  ;  but  more  commonly,  a  sentence 
or  phrase  prefixed  to  an  essay  or  discourse,  contain- 
ing Ih-'  subject  of  it,  or  added  to  a  device. 

In  heraliirn,  the  motto  in  carried  in  a  scroll,  alltid- 
ing  to  the  b'  aring  or  to  the  name  of  the  bearer,  or 
expressing  some  important  idea. 
MOUGMT,   (inowt,)  the  obsolete   preterite   of  Mat. 

We  now  use  .Mioht. 
MOl'LD,  *  m  [Sax.  mold,  molda^  myl;  W.mol;  D.  and 
.MOLD,  i  Dan.  mul:  Sw.  and  G.  mull;  probably  al- 
lied to  mrlltup;  L.  molli.t.  (See  Mellow,  MKAi.,aiid 
Mill.)  The  prevalent  spelling  is  .Mould  ;  but  aa  the 
u  has  been  omitted  in  the  other  words  of  this  class, 
as  froW,  i'oW,  -Id,  colli.  &c..  It  seems  desirable  lo  com- 
pttte  the  analogy  by  dropping  it  in  this  word,  as  was 
done  by  SjK!nser,  South,  and  many  others.] 

1.  Fine,  soft  earth,  or  earth  easily  pulverized,  such 
as  constitutt-s  soil ;  as,  black  mold. 

Hitwards^  Hist.  W.  Indies. 
A  mortiil  8iib«unce  of  Urreatri^il  mould.  fioole. 

2.  A  siihsiunce  like  down,  which  forms  on  bodies 
which  lie  long  in  warm  and  damp  air.  The  micro- 
scope e.xhibiis  this  substance  as  consisting  of  small 
plants.  Zitcyc 

3.  .Matter  of  which  any  thing  is  formed. 

N.ttiira  Ibrinf^cl  me  of  Ii'T  Hufli-at  mould.  Addison, 

MOITLD,  i  n.  [Sp.  wohlr,  a  mold  or  matrix  ;  moUar, 
MOLD,  (  amoldar^  to  cast ;  Port,  molde,  mnldar^  id. ; 
Fr.  numir  i  Arm.  moul ;  Dan.  hih/,  muld;  W.  moW, 
whence  moldiato,  lo  mold,  wt>rk,or  knead.  This  may 
be  radirally  th<' same  Word  as  moW,  fine  earth,  a  name 
taken  fnun  the  material  of  molds.  The  connection  of 
tTiflfrij- with  mater  nnil  m(i(«-ia  fortifies  this  conjecture. 
For  spelling,  see  Mourn,  above.] 

1.  The  iiinlrix  in  which  any  thing  is  cast  and  re- 
ceives its  form.  Molds  are  of  various  kinds.  Molds 
for  casting  cannon  and  various  vessels  are  composed 
of  some  spt'cies  of  earth,  particularly  clay.  Molds  tor 
other  purposes  consist  of  a  cavity  in  some  species  of 
metal,  cut  or  formed  to  the  shape  designed,  or  are 
otherwise  formed,  each  for  its  particular  use. 

2.  Cast ;  form  ;  as,  a  writer  of  vulgar  moLl.   Waller. 
CniWTK-d  wiUi  nn  arclilinvc  of  niiiique  mould.  Pop*. 

3.  The  suture  or  contexture  of  the  skull. 

Jiinswnrtll. 

4.  The  body  as  giving  sliape  to  the  garments,  Skak. 

5.  In  ship-huilditiff^  a  thin,  fiexible  piece  of  timber, 
used  as  a  pattern  by  which  to  form  the  curves  of  the 
limbers  and  coin{>assing  pieces.  F.neyr.. 

0.  Among  goUl'beatersy  a  number  of  pieces  of  vel- 
lum, or  a  like  substance,  laid  over  one  another,  be- 
tween wliicii  the  leaves  of  gold  and  silver  are  laid 
for  b'-aling.  Encyc. 

MOULD,  >  (J.  (.     [For  spelling,  see  Mould, above.]  To 
MOLD,      i      cause  lo  contract  mold.  Knollea. 

2.  To  cover  wilh  mold  or  soil.  F.ifwards. 

MOI'LD,  )  V.  i.     To  contract  mold  ;  to  become  moldy. 
MOLD,      i  Bacon. 

MOULD,  I  p.  t    To  form  into  a  particular  shape;  to 
MOLD,     i      shape  ;  to  model. 

11"  fr.Tf^iU  itiid  mouldeth  m.-i;it».  HaU. 

Did  I  pt}iii'«  [lii-e,  MiikiT,  from  my  day 

'I'a  mould  me  man  i  Miilon. 

2.  To  knead  ;  as,  to  mold  dough  or  bread. 

.^insiporth. 
MOULD'A  HLE, )  a.    That  mayhem  Ided  or  formed. 
MOLD'A-RLE,      j  Bacon. 

MOtJIiD'En,  /  pp.     Formed   into  a  particular  shape; 
MOLD'En,     i      kneaded. 

3.  Ciivered  with  mold. 

MOULD'ER,/        „       ^  ,A         ,  ... 

MOLD'ER      I  "*  molds  or  forms  into  shape. 

MOITLD'EK,  >  r.  L      [Dan.    mulner;    Sw.  multna.  to 
MOLD'ER,     (      grow  moldy.] 

1.  To  turn  to  dust  by  nattiral  decay  ;  to  crumble  ; 
to  perish  :  to  wa-'le  away  by  a  gmdual  sep-iration  of 
the  comi>onenl  particles,  without  the  presence  of  wa- 
ter. In  this  manner,  animal  and  vegetable  substances 
moldrr,  and  so  also  do  stones  and  shells. 

WhPn  PLiUir'«  moulder,  and  when  arches  fall.  Prior, 

2.  To  be  diminished  ;  to  waste  away  gradually. 

If  he  h.id  ttt  Blill,  ihe  ent'iny's  anny  would  bare  moufrUrtd  to 
nulhing.  Clarendon. 

MOTTLD'ER,  {v.L    To  turn  to  dust :  to  crumble  ;  to 

MOLD'ER,     i      waste. 

Some  fdt  the  silent  siruke  of  mouldering  a^.  Pope. 

MOULD'ER-KD, )  pp.  or  a.     Turned  to  dust :  wasted 

M0LI)'ER-/;D,     i      away. 

MOULD' i:K-ING,  ippr.  or  a.    Turning  to  dust ;  crum- 

MOLIl'ER  ING,     1      bling;  wasting  away. 

MOULD'I-NESS,  \  n.     [from  moldy.]    The  slateof  be- 

MOLD'LN'ESS,      \      ing  moldy.  Bacon. 

MOULD'ING, /ppr.      (from    mi>ld.]      Forming    into 

MOLD'ING,     \      ahape;    kneading. 

MOlTIiDING,  i  n.     Any  thing  cast  in  a  mold,  or  which 

MOLD'ING,  i  appears  to  be  so  ;  hence,  in  architee- 
ture,  a  projecliire  beyond  the  wall,  column,  wains- 
coat,  &c.,  an  assemblage  of  which  forms  a  cornice, 
a  door-case,  or  other  decoration.  Eneyc 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PR£Y.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BQOK.- 
732 


MOU 

>l6rLD'-VVARP,  (  ».     rsai.   m»td  and   weornan.  to 
MOI.I)'-\VAkP,     (      turn      See  M   le.] 

A  tntile  ;  a  small  animal  of  tlie  ^entiH  Trtlpn,  that 
niovw  under  ground,  and  turns  up  H»e  mold  or  sur- 
f:H-e  of  the  earth.  Spenser.     Carnu. 

Mfil'LD'Y,  (  a.     [from  moll.}     Overgrown  with  nu)ld. 
iMOLD'Y,      \  .^dilL^on. 

MCl'LT,  i  V.  i.  [\V.  moel,  bald,  bare,  also  as  a  noun, 
5I6LT,  )  a  heap,  pile,  or  conical  hill  with  a  smooth 
t<ip ;  moeli,  to  heap  or  pile,  to  make  bald.  So  balil, 
in  English,  seems  ti)  be  connected  with  AwW,  that  is, 
prominent.  The  prevalent  spelling  is  Moult  ;  but 
as  the  u  has  been  omitted  in  the  other  wordfi  of  this 
cla-*^.  as  bolt^  (lult,  colt,  &.C.,  it  would  be  desirable  to 
complete  the  analogy  by  dropping  it  in  this  word,  as 
many  disstinguished  writers  have  done.] 

To  shed  cir  cast  the  hair,  feathers,  skin,  horns, 
&c.  i  as  an  animal.     Birds  molt  by  losing  their  feath- 
ers, beasts  by  losing  their  hair,  serpents  by  casting 
their  skins,  and  deer  their  horns.     The  molting  of 
the  hawk  is  called  mewing. 
MftULT,  i  n.     The  act  or   process  of   changing  the 
MCLT.      I      feathers,  skin,  &.c.  ;  molting.      P.  Cyc. 
MOULT'IXG,  j  ppr.      Casting  or  shedding  a  natural 
MoLT'ING,     )      covering,  as  hair,  feathers,  skin,  or 

b{>ms. 
M^MJLT'LVG,  J  «.  The  act  or  operation  by  which 
MOLT'IXG,  )  certain  animals  annually  or  at  cer- 
tain times,  cast  off  or  lose  their  hair,  feathers,  skins, 
horns,  &c. 
MOUNCH,  >  »,  (.  To  cheiv.  [.See  Mu:»ch.]  [Obs.] 
MAUNCH,  i  Chaucer. 

MOUND, It.  [Sax.  mundi  VV.  mam/,  from  mtcn\  L. 
vums.     See  Mol'.'vt.] 

Something  raised  as  a  defense  or  fortification,  usu- 
ally a  bank  of  earth  or  stone  ;  a  bulwark ;  a  rampart 
or  fence. 

-Gi'I  h:ii  ihrovL-fi 
Thai  mo'intiin  as  hi«  g^rdni  mound  liigh  mised.  MUton, 

To  lUriil  thr  Uiicketa  ur  to  leap  (he  tnounrtt.  Dryden. 

2.  Something  raised  ;  an  artificioi  elevation  of 
earth. 

MOL'ND,  r.  L    To  fortify  with  a  motmd.      Jnhnson. 

MOUND'ED,  pp.  Surrounded  or  defended  by 
moimds. 

MOITNO'ING,  ppr.     Defending  by  a  mound. 

MOUNT,  n.  [Ft.  mont:  Sas.  munt;  \U  Port,  and  Sp. 
mnnU  :  Ann.  menei,  mene  ;  \V.  mvtnt,  a  mount,  moun- 
tain, or  mound,  a  lieap  i  L.  rn»n.s,  literally  a  heap  or 
an  elevation;  Ir.  main  or  miuRe:  Basque,  mendia. 
au.  Gr. /yfl.>  t.] 

1,  A  mass  of  earth,  or  earth  and  rock,  rising  con- 
siderably above  the  common  surface  of  the  surround- 
ing land.  Maant  is  used  for  an  eminence  or  eleva- 
tion of  earth,  indi-finite  in  hight  or  size,  and  may  be 
a  hillock,  hill,  or  mountain.  We  apply  it  to  Mount 
Blanc,  in  Switzerland,  to  Mount  I'otn  and  Mount 
Ilolyoke,  in  Ma^t^chusetts,  and  it  is  applied,  in 
Scripture,  to  the  small  hillocks  on  which  sacrifice 
was  offered,  as  welt  as  to  Mount  Sinai.  Jacob  offered 
sacrifice  on  the  mount  or  heap  of  atones  raised  for  a 
witness  between  him  and  Lahan.     Oea.  x.ixi. 

2.  A  mound  ;  a  bulwark  for  offense  or  defence. 


3.  Formerly,  a  bank  or  fund  of  money.    [06*.] 

Bacon. 
MOUNT,  V,  L     |"Fr.   mimter ;    It.    montare ;    Sp.    men- 
tor.] 

1.  To  rise  on  high;  to  ascend;  with  or  wilh-j 
out  up. 

Dolh  ibrr  mg\f  mount  up  at  th;  cornmarxl  f  —  Job  xxxis. 
Tt«  Are  of  uvea  and  bouM-a  tnuunu  uii  tilgli.  Cotelty, 

2.  To  rise ;  to  ascend  j  to  tower;  to  be  built  to  a 
great  altitude. 

Thoogi)  Kkl^loB  fbotiU  mounl  op  to  hntvrn.  —  itj.  li. 

3.  To  get  on  horseback.  Shak. 

4.  To  leap  tijHtn  any  animal. 

5.  To  amount ;  to  rise  in  value. 

Bfin;  Th^n  \ivv,  bl>^«iinga  to  n  itrict  uxouttl, 

MiiLe  fjiir  (leilucoem,  kc  to  whM  U^y  mou(i(,  Popt, 

MOUNT,  V.  t.    To  raise  aloft  ;  to  lift  on  high. 

What  pewpr  k  K  wtiith  nxmntf  my  lore  ao  hig-h  i        Shak. 

2.  To  ascend  ;  to  climb;  to  get  upon  an  elevated 
place  ;  as,  to  mount  a  throne. 

3.  To  place  one's  self  on  Horseback  ;  as,  to  -mintnt 
a  horse. 

4.  To  furnish  with  horses;  as,  to  mount  a  troop. 
The  dragoons  were  well  mounted. 

5.  To  prepare  fnr  use ;  to  set  off  to  advantage  or 
embellish.  Thus,  to  mount  a  sword  is  to  furnish  it 
with  a  hilt,  scabbard,  &.c. ;  to  mount  a  map  is  to  pre- 
pare it  for  u^e  by  attaching  it  to  canvas,  &.c. ;  to 
mouM  a  diamond  is  to  set  it  in  framework. 

6.  To  carry  ;  to  be  furnished  with  ;  as,  a  ship  of 
the  line  mounts  seventy-four  guns;  a  fort  mounts  a 
hundred  cannon. 

7.  To  raise  and  place  on  a  carriage ;  as,  to  mount 
a  cannon. 

To  mount  guard  {  to  Uke  the  station  and  do  the 
duty  of  a  aentineL 


MOU 

MOUNT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  ascended  or 
mounted. 

MOUNT'AIN,  (mount'in,)  n.  [Fr.  monfaoTie  ;  Sp. 
motttana  :  It.  montag'ia  :  L.  (adjective)  mtntianu:/.] 

A  large  mass  of  earth  and  rock,  rising  aiiove  the 
common  lev*!  of  the  earth  or  adjacent  land,  but  of 
no  definite  a!titudt>.  We  apply  mountain  to  the  larg- 
est eminences  on  the  globe  ;  but  sometimes  the  word 
is  used  fur  a  large  hill.  In  gi-ueral,  mountain  denotes 
an  elevation  higher  and  larger  than  a  hill ;  as,  the 
Altaic  mountains  iu  Awia,  the  Alps  in  Switzerland, 
the  Andes  in  South  America,  tlie  .Alleghany  inonn- 
Uiins  in  Virginia,  the  Kaalskill  in  New  York,  the 
While  mountaitis  in  New  lluinjishire,  and  the  Green 
mountains  in  Vermont.  The  word  is  applied  to  a 
single  elevation  or  to  an  extended  range. 

MOUNT'AIN,  tt.  Pertaining  to  a  mountain  ;  found 
on  mountains  ;  growing  or  dwelling  on  a  moun- 
tain ;  as,  mountain  air;  tnoantaia  pines;  mountain 
gnats. 

MOUNT'.VrX-ASH,  n.  An  ornamental  tree,  of  the 
genus  I'yrus  or  Sorbust,  with  beautiful  bunches  of 
red  berries.  Its  leaves  are  pinnate,  and  its  flowers 
white,  iirowiug  in  fragrant  clusters.  P.  C>ic. 

MOUNT'.MN-BLOE,  n.    Blue  nndachite  or  carbonate 

of  COppiT. 

MOi;\T'AIN-€ORK,  n.     A  variety  of  nsbestns,  re- 

semblingcork  in  its  texture.  Dana. 

MOUNT'AIN-DEVV,  (mount'in-du,)  n.  A  name  giv- 
en to  genuine  Scotch  whisky,  as  being  ottcn  secretly 
distilled  in  the  mountains  of  Scotland.  Enci/c.  Jim, 

MOUNT-AIN-RER',  (  n.     An  inhabitant  of  a  uiount- 

MOUNT'AIN-ER,       (      nin. 

9,  A  rustic  ;  a  freebooter  ;  a  savage.        Milton. 

MOUNT'AIN-ET,   n.     A  small  mountain;  a  hillock. 

fj^ftt  tuipii.'\  Sidney. 

)UNT'Ar\-GREEN,  n.    Green  malachite  or  car- 
bonate (if  cop[>er.  Dana. 
MOUNT'AIN-LEATH'ER,   (-Ictti'cr,)   n.     A  variety 
of  asbestus,  resembling  leather  in  its  texture. 

Dana. 
MOU\T'.\IN  OUS,   a.     Full  of  mountains;   as,  the 
mouiitainutLi  country  of  the  Swiss. 

S.  Large  as  a  mountain  ;  huge  ;  as,  a  mountainous 
heap.  Prior. 

3.  Inhabiting  mountains.     [Aflt  u-vfrf.]        Bacon. 
MOUNT' AIN-OUS-NESS,  n.     The  state  of  being  full 

rf  mountains.  Brrrncood. 

M0UNT'AI.\-PARS'LEY,7i.    A  European  herb,  Ath- 

amanta  oreosellnum.  Forsyth. 

MOU\T'AIN-R6SH,  «.     A  plant. 
MOUNT'AIN-SCAP,  ».     A  soft,  earthy  miuerd,  of  a 
pale,  bruwnish-black  color.      It  is  used    in  crayon- 
painting.  Ure. 
MOUNT'AIN-TAL'L6W,   n.     A   mineral,   found  in 
Sweden  and  Scotland,  which  melts  at    118°  Fahr., 
and  is  soluble  in  alcohol.                             Buchanan, 
MOUNT'ANT.  a.     [Fr.  mvntant.] 

Risiiic  on  high.  Shak. 

MOUNT'E-BANK,  n.  [It.  vionlarCy  to  mount,  and 
bancoy  trench.] 

I.  One  who  mounts  a  bench  or  stage  in  the  market 
or  other  public  place,  boasts  of  his  skill  in  curing  dis- 
eases, vends  medicines  which  he  pretends  are  infal- 
lible remedies,  and  thus  deludes  the  ignorant  multi- 
tude. Persons  of  this  character  may  be  indicted  and 
punished. 
3.  Any  boastful  and  false  pretender. 


MOUNT'E-BAXK,  «.  (.  To  cheat  by  boasting  and 
falsf  prelensex  ;  to  gull.  Hhak. 

MOUNT'E-IIANK-ER-Y,  n.  Quackery  ;  boastful  and 
vain  pretenses.  Hammond. 

MOL'NT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Raised  ;  seated  on  hctrseback  ; 
placed  *  in  a  carriage  ;  prepared  for  use  or  emltel  i  ished  ; 
furnished  with  i:iius. 

MOUNT'EN-AUN'CE,  n.  Amount  in  space,  [JVot 
usril.]  Spenser. 

MOUN'T'ER,  n.    One  that  mounts  or  ascends. 

Stci/t. 

MOUNT'INO,  ppr.  Rising:  soaring  ;  placing  on  horse- 
back ;  ascending  an  eminence  ;  preparing  fur  use  or 
embellishing. 

MOUNT'IN<i,  n.  In  general,  the  ocl  of  mounting; 
as,  **  there  vvai«  mtmntinir  in  hot  haste."  Byron. 

2.  The  act  of  pre[>aring  for  use,  or  embellishing. 
[See  Mot-NT,  v.  t..  No.  5.] 

3.  That  by  which  any  thing  is  prepared  for  use,  or 
set  off  lo  ndvaiitnge  ;  etpiipinent ;  enibelliiihmcnt ; 
as,  the  monnltniT  of  a  sword  or  diamond. 

MOUNT'ING-LY,  adv.     By  rising  or  ascending. 

MOUNT'Y,  Ti.     The  rise  of  a  hawk.  Sidney. 

MfiURN,  ».  i.  [SnJ[.  mnrnan^  mi/rnan  ;  L.  mtrreo ;  al- 
lied [».>rha|is  to  G.  and  D.  murren^  to  murmur;  Fr. 
monir,  sad,  sullen.  See  MraHUit,  and  the  root  of 
amaru.^,  bitter.     Class  Mr,  No.  7.] 

1.  To  expn^ss  grief  or  sorrow  ;  to  grieve  ;  to  be 
sorrowful.  Mourning  may  be  expressed  by  weeping 
or  audible  sounds,  or  by  sobs,  Kighs,  or  inward, sUent 
grief. 

Abr.»l»r»m  C*me  to  mourn  for  Sarah,  «ijd  lo  wn^p.  — Orn.  xjfii. 
Blcw^t  Hre  U)py  th^u  mourn,  for  Uiey   •tnitl   oe  conifoivrd. — 
MaU.  T. 


MOU 

2.  To  wear  the  customary  habit  of  sorrow. 

We  mourn  in  bl.ick.  Shak. 

Orif'vf  for  an  liotir  perhnpa,  ibun  mourn  k  y«ar.  Pope. 

MOURN,  r.  (.  To  grieve  for  ;  to  lament.  But  there  is 
an  ellipdisof/dr,  the  verb  not  being  transitive.  When 
we  say,  wo  mourn  a  friend  or  a  child,  the  real  sense 
and  Complete  plirase  is,  we  mourn  fur  a  friend,  or 
mourn  for  the  loss  of  a  friend.  "  He  mourned  his  ri- 
vaFs  ill  success,"  that  is,  be  mourned  fur  his  rival's 
ill  success.  Addison. 

9.  To  utter  in  a  sorrowful  manner. 

The  luve-lonri  nigliiiag^le 
Nightly  to  thee  hnr  Kid  »oii|f  moumeth.  wcU.  M'titon, 

MOURNE,  (mom,)  ».     [Fr.  mtn-ne.] 

The  round  end  of  a  staff;  the  part  of  a  lance  to 
which  the  steel  is  fixed,  or  the  ferrule.     {J^ot  usrrf.j 
Sidney,    Johnson, 
M0URN'/:D,  pp.     IJewailed  ;  lamented. 
MOURN'ER,  n.    One  tliat  mourns  or  is  grieved  at  any 
loss  or  misfortune. 

2.  One  that  follows  a  funeral  in  the  habit  of  mourn- 
ing V  Estrange. 

3.  Something  used  at  funerals. 

The  mourner  yt^-v  anil  builder  oak  wow  there.  Dryden. 

MOUROi'FJJL,  a.  Intended  to  express  sorrow,  or  ex- 
hibiting the  appearance  of  grief;  as,  a  mournful  bell; 
mournful  music.  Sftak.     Drydai. 

No  funeral  rites,  nor  man  In  movmful  weeds.  Shak. 

2.  Causing  sorrow  ;  sad  ;  calamitous  ;  as,  a  mournv- 
ful  death.  aiiah. 

3.  Sorrowful ;  feeling  grief. 

TXi"  mourn/ul  T'Jr — 
Shtdl  visit  her  <!iaitiigiiis!ie<l  um.  Prior. 

MOURN'FJJL-LY,  adc.  In  a  manner  expressive  of 
sorrow  ;  with  sorrow.    Mai.  iii. 

MOURN'FiJL-NESS,  n.      Sorrow  ;-  grief  ;    state  of 
mourning. 
9.  A[)pearance  or  expression  of  grief. 

MSURX'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Grieving;  lamenting;  sor- 
rowing ;  wearing  the  ap[«;anince  of  sorrow. 

MOURN'ING,  M.  The  act  of  sorrowing  or  expressing 
grief;  lamentation;  sorrow. 

2.  Tlie  dress  or  customary  Iiabit  worn  by  mourn- 
ers. 

And  e'en  tlie  paTcmena  were  with  mourniiig  hid.       Drydtn. 

MCURN'ING-DOVE,  (-dnv,)  n.  A  species  of  dove 
ftnind  in  the  United  Slates,  the  Columba  C'arolinien- 
sis,  so  named  from  its  plaintive  note  ;  also  called  the 
Carolina  Turtle  Dove.         Pcabody"'.-!  Mas.s.  Rrp. 

MfiURN'ING-LY,  adv.  With  the  appearance  of  sor- 
row. Shak. 

MOUSE,  n. ;  pL  Mice.  [Sax,  m\ts',  Sw.  mnit;  D.viuis; 
G.maus:  Dan.  frtriat,  muus :  L.  mus :  Gr.  ^  5  ;  Russ. 
vii-ihc.  The  I*,  mus  forms  murts  in  the  genitive,  and 
the  root  is  not  obvious.] 

1.  A  small  rodent  quadruped,  of  the  genus  Mus, 
inhabiting  houses.  The  name  is  also  applied  to  many 
other  species  of  the  genus,  as  the  Jield-mouscy  mcadoto- 
mouse,  rock-mouse^  &.C. 

9.  Among  seamen^  a  knob  formed  on  a  rope  by  siHin 
yam  or  parceling.  Mar.  Diet. 

MOUSE,  (mouz,)  v.  i.    To  watch  for  and  catch  mice. 

Sliak. 

2.  To  watch  for  or  pursue  in  a  sly  or  insidious  man- 
ner. John  Foster. 

MOUSE,  (mwiz,)  v.  U  To  tear,  as  a  cut  devours  a 
mouse. 

To  mouse  a  hook^  with  seamen,  is  to  fasten  a  smaU 
line  across  the  upper  part,  to  prevent  unhi>oking. 

Mar.  Did. 

MOUSE'-KAR,  (mous'Cr,)  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
llieracium  ;  also,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Myosutis, 
called  likewise  mouse-ear  scorpion- grass.  They  are 
BO  named  fn)in  the  shape  and  velvety  surface  of  their 
leaves.  'I'he  mouse-ear  chickwccd  is  of  the  geims  Ce- 
rastium.  Lcc.     Loudon. 

MOUSE'-HAWK,  n.     A  hawk  that  devours  mice. 

MOUSE'-llfiLE,  (iniHis'hflle,)  n.  A  hole  where  mice 
enter  ur  pass ;  a  very  small  hule  or  entrance. 

lie  CAii  cn^p  in  nt  n  mouM-Aote.  Stillingjteet. 

MOUSE'-HU?fr,  n,     A  hunting  for  mice, 

9.  A  m<»user;  ope  that  hunts  mice.  Shak. 

MOUS'EK,  (iiiouzVr,)  n.  One  that  catches  mice.  The 
cat  is  a  gfwd  mouser. 

MOUSE'-TaIL,  71.  An  annual  plant,  of  the  genua 
Myosurus,  whose  seeds  are  situated  on  a  long,  slen- 
der receptacle  resembling  the  tail  of  a  mouse. 

Loudon. 

MOT'SR'-TRAP,  n.     A  trap  for  catching  mice.    Prior. 

MOUS'ING,  ppr.  Pursuing  or  catching  mice  ;  tearing, 
as  a  cat  devours  a  mouse. 

MfiUS-TACMFJ.     See  Mubtache. 

MOUTH,  n.  [Sax.  rnuth.  As  this  word  does  not  oc- 
cur in  the  other  Teutonic  dialects,  and  as  n  is  some- 
times casually  introduced  into  words  before  dentals, 
H  is  not  impntbable  that  the  Goth,  munths,  Q.  and 
Dan.  inund,  Sw.  man,  and  D.  mond,  may  be  the  same 
word.  The  Saxon  mutk  coincides  in  elements  with 
motto,  Gr.  iifli  s.] 

I.  The  npi-rture  in  the  head  of  an  animal,  between 
the  lips,  by  which  he  utters  his  voice  and  receives 


TONE,  BI;LL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8 €  aa  K ;  6  aa  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TII  as  in  THIS, 


733 


MOV 

food.  lo  «  mnre  general  srnse^  the  mouth  conitistfl  of 
tlie  lips,  the  gtiniA,  the  iusides  of  the  cheeks,  the  pal- 
ate, thf  salival  glanits,  the  uvula,  nnd  tonsils.  Encyc 
Q.  The  opening  of  a  vessel,  by  which  it  is  tilted  or 
emptied  \  as,  the  mouth  of  ajar  or  pitcher. 

3.  The  part  or  channel  of  a  river  by  which  its  wa- 
ters art  discharged  into  the  ocean  or  into  a  lake.  The 
Mississippi  and  the  Nile  discharge  their  waters  by 
Bevt;ral  utoaths. 

4.  The  opening  of  a  piece  of  ordnance  at  the  end, 
by  which  the  charge  issues. 

5.  The  aperture  of  a  vessel  in  animal  bodies,  by 
which  rtuids  or  other  mnner  is  received  or  discharged  ; 
as,  the  mouth  of  the  lacteals. 

t>.  The  opening  or  entrance  of  a  cave,  pit,  well,  or 
den.     £>dii.  viii. 

7.  The  insiniment  of  speaking  ;  as,  the  story  Ib  in 
every  b<idv*s  mouth.  South.    Locke. 

a  A  principal  speaker ;  one  that  uuers  the  com- 
mon opinion. 

Emry  eotfre-homB  bM  •on*  ■fcxtramnn  belonging  to  iL  wha  b 
the  mowA  ot  the  Mieet  wbeiv  be  lira.  Addison, 

9.  Cry;  Tolee. 

AIlapndtlMka 

IOl  In  Seripture^  words  uttered. 


Tha  f-«ffiil  dogi  <Srid« ; 
rtb  aloft,  but  Done  alwle. 


i>ryd«n. 

Job  xiz.    Is.  xllx. 
Ps.  Ixxiii. 

11.  Desires;  necessities.     P*.  cHi. 

12.  Freedom  and  boldness  of  speech  ;  force  of  ar- 
gument.    Luha  zxi. 

13.  Btvisting;  vaunting.    Jud^ej  iz 

14.  Testimony.     Dfut.  xvii. 

15.  Reproaches;  calumnies.    Job  v. 

To  vutke  a  mouth  i )  to  distort  the  mouth  ;  to  make 
To  make  mouths;   \      a  wr>'  face  ;  hence,  to  deride 
or  treat  with  scorn.  Skak.    Addison. 

2.  To  pout ;  lo  treat  disdainfully. 
J>pteM  in  the  m9ulk  ;  dejected  ;  mortified. 

UKftranze. 
To  hare  CfiuPs  lute  in  the  mouth :  to  converse  much 
on  it,  and  delight  in  it.    Krod.  xiii. 

To  dram  near  to  God  with  the  mouth :  to  make  an 
external  appearance  of  devotion  and  worship,  while 
there  is  nu  regard  to  him  in  ih**  heart.     Is.  xxix. 

ji  froward  mouth ;  contradictions  and  disobedience. 
Prov.  iv. 

jff  smofOh  tmcuth  ;  soft  and  flattering  language. 
Prvv.  V. 

To  iAof  the  wtouth  ;  to  silence  or  to  be  silent ;  to  put 
lo  shame  ;  to  confound.    Aom.  iii. 

To  (sy  the  hand  on  the  mouth ;  to  be  struck  sitent 
with  shafnc    MU.  rii. 

Tit  eel  the  mouth  agninst  the  kecvens .-  to  speak  arro- 
gantly and  blas^emously.    Ps.  Ixxiii. 
MOUTH,  p.  L    To  utter  with  a  voice  afll-ctedly  big  or 
swelling ;  as,  to  m*wik  words  or  language. 

TwiKhnI  bf  U>e  ■!—?«,  lie  ncNMi*  k  bor  »ml  mate,  Drgdm. 

S.  To  take  into  the  moath ;  to  seixe  wMh  the  mouth. 

Dryden. 

3.  To  chew  ;  to  grind,  as  Ibod  :  to  eat :  to  devour. 

ShMk. 

4.  To  form  by  the  mouth,  as  a  bear  her  cub.  [AVt 
used.]  BrowtH. 

5.  To  reproach  ;  lo  insitli.  Blair. 
MOUTH,  p.  i.     To  speak  with  a  full,  round,  or  loud, 

afl^ecuti  voice  ;  to  vociferatS  ;  to  rant ;  as,  a  mouthing 
actor.  Dryden. 

I'll  bellow  out  for  Rome,  nnd  tor  vnj  cotintiy, 
Ami  diomA  at  Goar,  till  I  ahake  the  wiidti^  Additon, 

MOUTH'ED.  pp.    Uttered  with  a  full,  swellinc.  aflect- 

2.  Taken  into  the  mouth  ;  chewed.  [ea  voice. 

3.  a.  Furnished  with  a  mouth  ;  used  chiefly  in 
composition;  ks^  veW-meuthed ;  fuul-m<?HMn/,  contu- 
melious, reproachful,  or  obscene  ;  nwAXy-motdhed^ 
bashful,  reserved  in  speaking  tlie  plain  truth  ;  h.-ird- 
mmuthedy  as  a  horse  m>t  obedient  to  the  bit,  difficult  to 
be  restrained  or  governed  by  the  bridle. 

4.  Borne  down  or  overpuwered  bv  clamor. 
MOUTH'ER,   n.      One    who    mouths  j    an    affected 

speaker  or  declalmer.  Smart. 

MOUTH'-FRIEND,  (frend,)  n.     One  who  pr.ifcsses 
&iendship  without  entertaining  it;  apreiended  iri'^nd. 
•  Shak. 

MOUTH'FyL, «.    As  much  as  the  mouth  contains  at 
once. 
2.  A  quantity  proverbially  email ;  a  small  quantity. 

L*Eatran^e,      tirydm. 

MOUTH '-HON'-OB,  (-on-ur,)  n.  Civility  expressed 
without  sincerity.  Shak. 

MOUTH'INO,  ppr.oT  a.  Uttering  with  an  affected, 
swelling  voice. 

MOUTH'ING,  n.  The  utterance  of  words  with  an  af- 
fected fullness  of  sound. 

MOUTH'LES-S,  a.     Destitute  of  a  mouth. 

MOUTH'-MADE,  a.  Expressed  without  sincerity ; 
hypocritical. 

MOUTHTIeCE,  n.    The  piece  of  a  musical  wind  in- 
strument lo  which  the  mouth  is  applied. 
2.  One  v*'ho  delivers  the  opinions  of  others. 

MOV'A-BLE,  (moov'a-bl,)  a.  [fr  m  moet.]  That  may 
be  moved  ;  that  can  or  may  be  lifted,  carried,  drawn, 
turned,  or  conveyed,  or  in  any  way  made  to  change 
place  or  posture ;  susceptible  uf  motion. 


MOV 

2.  That  may  or  does  change  from  one  time  to  an- 
other ;  as,  mi'vahle  feasts,  i.  e.,  churrh  festivals  com- 
memorating different  events  recorded  in  the  New 
Testament,  the  time  of  which  varies  from  year  lo 
year. 

A  movable  letter,  in  Hebrew  grammar,  is  one  that  is 

Sronounced,  as  opposed  to  one  that  is  quiescent. 
V'A-BLE-NESS,  n.     The  state  or  quality  of  being 
movable;  mobility;  susceptibility  of  motion. 

MOV'A-BLi;«,  rnioov'a-hi/.,)  n.  ;»/.  Goods;  wares; 
commodities  ;  furniture  ;  any  species  of  properly  not 
fixed,  and  thus  distinguished  from  houst-s  and  lands. 
The  singular,  movable,  is  sometimes  used. 

MOV'A-BLY,  ade.     So  that  it  may  be  moved.      Orne. 

MOVE,  (niotiv,)  V.  t.  [h.  movea ;  lUmoverei  Sp.  mo- 
cer;  Fr.  mouvoir  i  \V.  muilate.  It  is  probably  a  con- 
tracted Word.    Class  Md.] 

1.  To  imi>el ;  to  c^rry,  convey,  or  draw  from  one 
place  to  anuther ;  to  cause  to  change  place  or  posture 
in  any  manner  or  by  any  means.  The  wind  moves  a 
ship;  the  cartnun  moves  goods  ;  the  horse  moves  a 
cart  or  carriage.  Mere  matter  can  not  more  itself. 
Machines  are  moved  by  springs,  weights,  or  force  ajv- 
plied. 

2.  To  excite  into  action  ;  ^l  atfect ;  to  agitate  ;  to 
rouse  ;  as,  to  move  the  passions. 

3.  To  cause  to  act  or  deteruiine ;  as,  to  move  the 
will. 

4.  To  persuade;  to  prevail  on;  to  excite  from  a 
slate  of  rest  or  indifference. 

Miiida  (iMirou*  uf  revenge  were  not  mot>ed  »-ith  gold.   KnoUet. 

Bitl  wlifii  no  fciiiiUe  arta  hi>  minil  couM  move, 

She  tuni(;>i  10  furious  bate  her  itnplaiu  love.  Drydtn. 

5.  To  excite  tenderness,  pity,  or  grief  in  the  heart; 
to  affect ;  to  touch  pathetically  ;  to  excite  feeling  in. 

Tbe  uac  o(  imxg^a  m  orauoiu  Kiid  poetry  a  to  mov  pUy  or 
terror.  I'Yiion. 

When  he  taw  the  niultituiica,  tie  wu  mooed  with  compauion  on 
them.  —  M.IIU  ix. 

6.  To  make  angry  ;  to  provoke  ;  to  irritate.     Shak. 

7.  To  excite  tumult  or  commotion. 

When  they  bn<]  eoine  to  Bethlrlicin,  &II  Ibe  city  wu  mooed  about 
Mtem.  —  Ruth  i.     MatL  szi. 

&  To  influence  or  incite  by  secret  agency. 

God  moved  them  lo  deprnt  from  bitn. — 2ChniD.  xriiL    8  PeCt. 

9.  To  shake  ;  to  agitate. 

The  kinploms  were  mooed.  —Pi.  xlrl,    Jer.  xlix. 

10.  To  propose  ;  lo  offer  for  consideration  and  de- 
termination ;  as,  to  move  a  resolution  in  a  delibera- 
tive assembly. 

11.  To  propose  ;  to  recommend. 

They  at«  to  be  Uameri  kllkfl  who  moee  and  vho  decline  war 
upon  puticulAT  rapecta.  Uayteard. 

13.  To  iNvmpt;  to  incite  :  to  Instigate.  Acts  xvii. 
MOVE,  (moov,)  v.  i.  To  change  place  or  po«<ture  ;  to 
stir;  to  pass  or  go  in  any  manner  or  direction  fi'om 
one  place  or  part  of  f>paee  lo  another.  The  planets 
more  in  their  orbits  ;  the  uarth  mores  on  its  axis ;  a 
ship  mores  at  a  certain  rate  an  hour.  We  move  by 
walking,  running,  or  turning;  animals  move  by  creep- 
ing, swimming,  or  flying. 

On  the  green  baiik  I  Kit  and  listened  long. 

Nor  till  lirr  lay  wa«  eniled  could  1  mvoe.  Dryden, 

2.  To  have  action. 

In  him  we  lire,  and  more,  and  have  our  being.  —  Acts  xvii. 

3.  To  have  the  power  of  action. 

E*er7  momng  thing  that  liveth  ihatl  be  meat  for  you.  —  Geo.  Ix. 

4.  To  walk. 

He  tnovet  with  manly  graee.  Dtyden. 

5.  To  march.  The  army  moved,  and  took  a  posi- 
tion behind  a  wood. 

6.  To  tremble  ;  lo  shake. 


7.  To  change  residence.  Men  move  with  their  fam- 
ilies frtMn  one  house,  town,  or  state  lo  another. 

8.  To  propose  something  to  an  organized  meeting 
for  consideration  and  determination. 

MOVE,  n.     The  act  of  moving  ;  a  movement ;  the  act 

of  transferring  from  place  to  place,  as  in  chess. 
M0V'/:D,  pp.     Stirred  ;  excited.  [Cowley. 

MOVE'LESS,  0.     That  can  not  be  moved  ;  fixed. 

The  Grecian  phalanx,  movelett  an  a  lower.  Pope. 

MOVE'MENT,  n.     [Fr.  mourrmm(.] 

1.  Motion;  a  passing,  progression,  shaking,  turn- 
ing, or  flowing;  any  change  of  position  in  a  material 
body  ;  as,  the  movement  of  an  army  in  marching  or 
maneuvering  ;   the  movemeiU  of  a  wheel  or  a  ma- 

2.  The  manner  of  moving,  [chine. 

3.  Excitement ;  agitation  ;  as,  the  movemeytt  o{^  the 
mind.  Pope. 

4.  In  music,  any  single  strain  or  part  having  the 
same  measure  or  time. 

Any  chan*^  of  tmke  a  a  change  of  movement.         Bu^y. 

5.  In  horology,  the  entire  wheel-work  of  a  clock  or 
watch  ;  all  except  the  case. 

6.  fn  European  politics,  the  movement  denotes  o  par- 
ty who  are  aiming  at  continual  advances  toward 
the  establishment  of  popular  rights.  It  is  opposed  to 
the  conservative  party.  Brande. 


MUC 

MO'VENT,  a.     [U  movens.] 

Moving  ;  not  quiescent.     [Little  used.]         Oreto. 
MO'VEiNT,  n.    That  which  moves  any  thing.    [/Jttle 

Uiied.]  Olanvdle. 

MOVER,  n.    The  person  or  tiling  that  gives  motion 

or  imi»el8  to  action.  Shak.     tVUkins. 

2.  He  or  that  which  moves. 

3.  A  proposer ;  one  that  offers  a  proposition,  or  rec- 
ommends any  thing  ftir  com^idemtion  or  adoption ; 
aa,  the  mover  of  a  resolution  in  a  legislative  body. 

MO  V'lNG,  ppr.  or  a.  Changing  place  or  posture  ;  caus- 
ing to  niuve  or  act ;  impelling  ;  instigating  ;  persuad- 
ing ;  inthiencing. 

2.  a.  Exciting  the  passions  or  affections ;  touch- 
ing ;  i>athelic  ;  affecting  ;  adapted  to  excite  or  affect 
the  passions  ;  as,  a  moving  address  or  discourse. 

MOVING,  H.     Motive;  impulse.  SouOi. 

MOV'I.\G-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  excite  the  pas- 
sions or  affect  sensibility  ;  pathctir^lly. 


Ilia  nir,  his  votco,  hia  tooki,  and  honeat  soul, 
Sjiettk  all  to  tncvingly  in  his  hclialf. 


Addieon. 


MOVING-NESS.  n.  The  power  of  affecting,  as  the 
pa^siuns. 

MOW,  M.  [Sax.  mow*?,  or  muga;  Jumucchio,  a  heap 
or  mass;  Sp.  mucho,  much;  Sw.  mycken,  many, 
•much.] 

A  heap,  mass,  or  pile  of  hay ;  sheaves  of  grain  de- 
posited in  a  barn. 

[  IVe  never  give,  this  name  to  hay  piled  in  the  field  or 
open  air.     The  latter  is  called  a  Stack  or  Rick.] 

MOW,  r.  L  To  lay  hay  or  sheaves  of  grain  in  n  heap 
or  mass  in  a  barn,  or  to  lay  it  in  a  suitable  manner. 

MOW,  (mo,)  v.U  i  pret.  Mowed  ;  pp.  Mow£d  or  Mown. 
[Sax,  mawan;  D.  maaijen  or  maayen  ;  Sw.  mct/o  ; 
Dan.  mrjcr;  G,  mdhen.  In  Sp.  and  Port,  mocftar  is  to 
cut  off.  The  L.  has  meto,  and  the  Gr.  (t/irtw,  to 
mow  or  reap.  The  latil  radical  letter  is  not  as- 
certained,] 

1.  To  cut  down  with  a  scythe,  as  grass  or  other 
plant?.     We  say,  to  mow  grass. 

2.  'i'o  cut  the  grass  from  ;  as,  to  moic  a  meadow. 

3.  To  cut  down  with  speed  ;  to  cut  down  indis- 
criminately, or  in  great  numbers,  or  quantity.  We 
say.  a  discharge  of  grape  shot  mows  down  whole 
ranks  of  men.  Hence,  Saturn,  or  Time,  is  repre- 
sented with  a  scythe,  an  emblem  of  the  general  and 
indiscriminate  destruction  of  the  human  race  by 
death. 

MOW,  r.  i.      To  cut  grass  ;  to  practice  mowing  ;   to 

use  the  scythe.     Does  the  man  mow  well  ? 
2.  To  i»erform  the  business  of  mowing  ;  to  cut  and 

make  grass  into  hay  ;  to  gather  the  crop  of  grass,  or 

other  crop. 
•     [In  America,  mow  is  not  applied  to  the  cutting  of 

wheal  or  rye.    When  these  are  cut  with  a  scythe, 

they  nre  said  to  be  Cradled.     Oats  and  barley  are 

sometimes  mowed.] 
MOW,  71.    [from  mouth.]    A  wry  face.    [Obs.]    Shak. 
MOW,  r.  i.    To  make  mouths.    fOfis.]  Ascham. 

MOW'BURN,  r.  t.    To  heat  and  ferment  in  the  mow, 

as  hay  when  housed  too  green.  Mortimer. 

MOW'BURN-ED,  (-burnt,)  pp.  or  a.    Overheated  and 

fermented  in  tl»e  mow. 
MUWE,  u.  i.    To  be  able;  must;  may.     [Obs.] 
MOW'/TI),  pp.     Put  into  a  mow.  [Chaucer. 

mow'n!^*  i  PP'  *"*  ''■    *^"*  "''^^  ^  ^^5''^^* 
2.  Cleared  of  grass  with  a  scythe,  as  land. 

MOWER,  n.  One  who  mows  ;  a  man  dextrous  in  the 
use  of  the  scythe. 

MOWING,  j»;7r.     Putting  into  a  mow. 

MOWING,  ppr.     Cutting  down  with  a  scythe. 

MOWING,  71.    The  act  of  cutting  with  a  scythe. 
2.  Land  from  which  pmss  is  cut. 

MOX'A,  n.  The  down  of  the  mugwort  of  China  ;  a 
soft  lanufiinous  substance  prepared  in  Japan  from 
the  young  leaves  of  a  ppecies  of  Artemisia.  In  the 
Eastern  countries,  it  is  used  for  preventing  and  curing 
many  disorders,  by  burning  it  on  the  skin.  This 
produces  a  dark  colored  spot,  the  ulceration  of  which 
is  promoted  by  applying  a  little  t'arlic.  Brande. 

The  term  has  been  extended  to  any  substance 
whose  gradual  combustion  on  or  near  the  skin  is 
used  for  the  relief  or  cure  of  disease.  p.  Cyc. 

MOY'A,  n.  A  term  applied,  in  South  .America,  lo  mud 
poured  out  from  volcanoes  during  eruptions,  Lyell. 

MOYLE,  H.     An  old  spelling  of  moil,  and  also  of  mule, 

MR,  An  abbreviation  of  7nu(fr,  ihe  common  title  pre- 
fixed to  the  names  of  men  of  all  classes.  [See 
Mister.] 

MRS.  An  abbreviation  of  mistress,  the  common  title 
prefixed  lo  the  name  of  every  married  lady,  and  col- 
loquially pronounced  mis'ses.  In  England,  tlie  title 
is  also  prefixed  to  the  names  of  elderly  unmarried 
tadies. 

MUCH,   a,      [Sw.  mycken;    Sp,  mucho;   It.   mucehio. 
(See  Mow.)    The  sense  is,  probably,  a  heap  of  mass, 
and  it  may  be  allied  to  mickle,  great,  Gr.  pt)  a.] 
1.  Great  in  quantity  or  amount. 

Thou  «hall  curry  much  seed  into  the  field,  and  gather  but  little 

in.  —  Deui.  xxviii. 
Man.-iueh  wrought  mu£/L  wickedness  in  the  sight  of  the  Lord  to 

pruvoke  hini  lo  ang^r.  — 3  Kings  xzi. 
Return  with  much  riches  lo  your  tents. —Josh.  xxil. 


Fate,  FXE,  fall,  what.— METB,  PR£Y.  — riXE,  MARJXE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK 

f^  -^  — 


MUC 

3.  Long  in  fliimtion.    Uow  much  time  is  spent  in 
triflinc  nmusemonts! 
3.  Many  in  number. 

Edom  CHxne  out  a^iinai  him  uith  much  people.  —  Num.  xx. 
[This  application  of  much  is  no  lonper  used.] 
MUCH,  ode.  In  a  great  degree;  by  far;  qualifying 
adjeciices  of  Vie  camparatire  degree ;  as,  much  more, 
much  stronger,  much  heavier,  much  more  splendid, 
much  higher.  So  we  say,  much  less,  viack  smaller, 
much  Itss  distinguished,  much  weaker,  much  finer. 

2.  T<>  a  great  degree  or  extent ;  qualifying  verbs  tuul 
participles. 

Jonathan,  Saul'sson,  delisted  muck  in  David.  —  1  Bnm.  xtx. 
Tbe  •oil]  of  ihe  people  w^u  much  iiiiiCountg>;d  because  of  the 

way.  —  Num.  xxi. 
A  much  afflicted,  much  cnduKnf  m&a.  Pope. 

3.  Often  or  long. 

Thiikk  muck,  apeak  little.  Dryden. 

4.  Nearly. 

All  left  the  worid  much  as  they  found  iL  TempU. 

5.  An  exclamation  of  contempt,  implying  a  sneer- 
ing disbelief  of  an  assertion. 

Whatl  with  two  points  in  rour  thouliierf    Much  I        Shale. 
MUCH,  x.     A  great  quantity  ;  a  great  deal. 

He  iliat  gathcrptl  tnuck  hail  nothing  over.  —  Ex  ■  xri. 
To  w>Mm  much  is  given,  of  tiiiu  mucA  will  be  m^uired.  —  Luke 
xii. 

a.  More  than  enough  ;  a  heavy  service  or  burden. 

H<r  ilio'ighi  not  mucA  to  clothe  his  enemies.  Milton. 

Who  thought  it  much  a  nun  khouJd  die  of  love.  Dryien. 

X  An  uncommon  thing;  something  strange. 

It  was  ynuek  that  one  who  waa  to  great  a  lover  of  peace  should 
be  happy  in  war.  Bacon. 

Jis  much  ,■  an  equal  quantity  ;  ustd  as  an  adjective  or 
noun.  Return  as  much  bread  as  you  borrowed.  If 
you  borrow  money,  return  as  much  as  you  receive. 
8o  we  say,  twice  as  much.  Jive  times  as  mttch,  that  is, 
twice  or  five  times  the  quantity. 

2.  A  certain  or  suitable  quantity. 

Then  lake  ai  much  a*  thy  loul  deiireth. —  1  S.im.  ii. 

3.  To  an  equal  degree  ;  adcerbiallt/.  One  man 
loves  power  as  much  as  another  loves  gold. 

So  much  ;  an  equal  quantity,  or  a  certain  qtiantity, 
as  a  noun  ;  to  an  equal  degree,  or  to  a  certain  degree, 
as  an  adverb. 

Of  iweet  cinnamon  h!<lf  *o  muck.  —  Ex.  xxx. 

la  all  Isnwl,  there  was  uone  to  be  «o  muck  piaised  as  AUalom. 
—  2Snin.  xiv. 

Too  much  ;  an  excessive  quantity,  as  a  noun  ;  to  an 
excessive  degree,  eis  an  adverb. 

To  make  much  of:  to  value  highly  ;  to  prize  or  to 
treat  with  great  kindness  and  attention.       MUaer. 
2.  To  fondle. 

Much  at  one  ;  nearly  of  equal  value,  effect,  or  in- 
fluence. Dryden. 
MUCH'\E9S.  n.    Quantity.                            Wkately. 
It  is  still  used  in  the  vulgar  phrase  much  of  a  much- 
ne.iSf  i.  e.,  much  of  the  same  kind.  SmarL 
MUCH-RFi-GRET'TEn,  a.     Deeply  regrelt*;d. 
MUCH'WII.>T,a^p.     Nearly ;  almost.     [JSTut  elegant,] 

lA>cke. 
MO'CIG,  tf.     [from  muciis.'\     The  mticic  acid    is   the 
same  aa  the  saccholac(,Jc.    It  is  obtained  from  gums, 
&ic.  Ure. 

M^'CID,  a.     [L.  mucidus^  from  muceo.1 

Musty  :  moldy  ;  slifuy. 
Mr'CID-NI->"S,  a.  Miisiiness;  sliminess.  Jiinstcorth, 
MC'CI-L.\GE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  I>.  mucus^  the  »ilimy  dis- 
charges from  the  nose  ;  mucro^  to  grow  muldy  or 
mu^ty  \  IL  muciUaggiiie  ;  Sp.  mucilajro  'I'lie  L. 
mucus,  in  Ir.,  is  smug;-  smugaim,  to  blow  the  nose. 
It  is  probably  allied  to  En^.  muck:  Ileb.  Ch.  :i'^D  or 
pio,  to  dissolve,  to  putrefy.     Clajss  Mb,  N<>.  8,  10.] 

1.  In  chemistnjy  one  of  tbe  proximate  elements  of 
vegetables.  The  same  substance  is  a  gum  when 
solid,  and  a  mucilage  when  in  solution.    Tlutmson. 

Both  the  Inrredipnla  improve  one  anoihr;  for  the  mucHa^e 
BilfU  to  trie  lubricity  of  the  oil,  and  tlie  oil  prewrvr*  Uir-  mu- 
Hlngt  fmm  inspisbttit^.  Ray. 

Mueiiage  ia  oli^ilaed  trotn  veg«ubl«  or  animal  «uhst»nc^, 

J^ichol»on. 

2.  The  liqnor  which  moHrtens  and  lubricates  the 
ligaments  and  cartilages  of  the  articulations  or  joitila 
in  anifniit  bodies.  Enciic. 

MU-CI-LA<5'IN-OU3,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  secreting 
mucilage  ;  as,  the  mucilaginruLs  gland«i.  Kncyc. 

2.  Slimy;  ropy;  ukmsI,  soft,  and  lubricous;  par- 
taking of  the  nature  of  mucilage  ;  as,  a  mucUagirtous 
jnim.  Ore>e. 

MU-CI-LAG'IN-OUS-NESS,  n.  Sliminess  }  the  alale 
of  being  mucilagiuouo. 

MU-CIP'A-ROUS,  a.     Secreting  or  producinc  morns. 

MUCK,  n.  [Sax.  meoz^  viiox :  Dan.  miig,  dung  ;  mug, 
mold,  soil;  lj.mucu-i;  qu.  from  moisture  or  putrefac- 
tion.* In  W.  mmg  is  smokr,  which  may  be  allied  to 
Eng.  mw^^,  from  dissolving,  wasting.  Pn  in  French 
fumer,  to  wmoke,  to  dung,  or  muck.  See  the  Heb. 
and  Ch.  Verbs  under  Ml'cml^ge.  In  Russ.  mocAu  is 
to  mot<en,and  makayu,  to  dip,  to  soak.] 

1.  Dung  in  n  moii^t  state,  or  a  maj»s  of  decaying  or 
putrefied  vegetable  matter. 

With  fnuenin;  muck  tiesnrkear  the  roota.  Philips, 


MUD 

2.  Something  mean,  vile,  or  llthy. 
To  run  a  muck;  to  run  madly  and  attack  all  we 
meet.  Pope.     Dryden, 

Running  a  muck,  is  a  phrase  derived  from  the 
Malays,  (in  whose  language  anwek  signifies  to  kill,) 
applied  to  desperate  persons  who  intoxicate  them- 
selves with  opium,  and  then  arm  themselves  with  a 
dagger  and  attempt  to  kill  all  they  meet.  Ed.  Eneyc, 
MUCK,  r.  f.    To  manure  with  nntck.  Tusser. 

MUCK'E\-DER,n.     [Sp.  mocarfero,  from  moco,  mucus  ; 
Fr.  vwiichuir.] 

A  pocket  handkerchief.     [A"o(  used.']         Dorset. 
MUCK'ER,  r.  f.    [from  muck.]    To  scrape  together 
money  by  mean  labor  or  shifts. 
[JVyf  used  in  .America,] 
MUCK'ER-ER,  n.    A  miser;  a  niggard.    [J^otused.] 
MllPIfiri?  4P    1  Chaucer. 

MUCK' HILL       "•    A  heap  of  muck.  Burton. 

MUCK'I-NESS,  n.     Fitlhiness  ;  nastiness.   Johnson. 
MUCK'LE,  a.     [Sax,  myccU] 

Much.     [Obs.] 
MUCK'RAKE,  n.    A  nike  for  turning  and  collecting 

muck.  Bunyan. 

MUCK'SWEAT,  (-swet,)  n.     Profuse  sweat.  Johnson. 
MUCK'VVORM,(wurm,)n.  A  worm  that  lives  in  muck. 
2,  A  miser;   one  who  scrapes  together  money  *y 
mean  labor  and  devices.  Banyan, 

MUCK'Y,  0.     Filthy;  nasty.  Spenser. 

MO'GOR,  n.     [L.]     .Moldincss.     A   genus  of  Fungi. 
All  mold  is  considered  to  consist  of  small  fungi  or 
mushrooms. 
MUeo'SO-SAe'CHA-RIXE.  (rlne  or  -rin,)  a.     Par- 
takiug  of  the  qualities  of  mucilage  and  sugar. 

Fourcroy. 
MO'eOUS,   (mu'kus,)   a.     [See  Mucus.]     Pertaining 
to  mucus  or  resembling  it ;   slimy,  ropy,  and  lubri- 
cous ;  as,  a  mucous  substance. 

2.  Secreting  a  slimy  substance  ;  as,  tlie  mucous 
membrane. 

Tlie  mucous  membrane  lines  all  the  cavities  of  the 
body  which  open  e.Ktemally,  and  secretes  the  fluid 
railed  mucus.  BichaL 

MCeOUS-NESS,  n.     The  state  of  being  mucous; 

sitminess. 
MCCRO-N-ATE,      i  a,     [L.  mucronatus,  from  mucro, 
MO'CRO-NA-TED,  i      a  point,] 

Narrowed  to  a  point ;  terminating  in  a  point. 
MCeU-LENT,  fl.     VL,  mueulerttus.]        [n'oodtmrd. 

tSliniy  ;  moist  ana  moderately  viscous. 
MC'CL'S,  n.  [L.  See  Mucilage  and  Muck.]  A 
viscid  fluid  secreted  by  the  mucous  meinbnine,  which 
it  serves  to  moisten  and  defend.  It  covers  the  lining 
membranes  of  all  the  cavities  which  open  external- 
ly, stich  as  those  of  the  mouth,  n  se,  lungs,  intesti- 
nal canal,  urinary  passages,  &,c.  It  dillers  from  gela- 
tine. Pai-r.     Ure. 


2.  This  term  has  also  been  applied  to  other  animal 

fluids  of  a  viscid  quality,  as  the  synovial  fluid,  whicli 

lubricates  the  cavities  of  the  joints. 

MUD,n.     [D.modder;  G.modcr     (See  Motheh.)     E< 

T"v    avrrtv   ovfinK'tKTjs    rnv    TTPCVpiiroi   tjffcro   tiuiT. 

Mot,  id  est,  modi  Phfcnices  ita  scribebant.  Bochart, 
Phfpn.  lib.  2,  cap.  2. 
This  is  said  to  be  a  fragment  of  Sancbonianthon's 
•  Phenician  history,  translated  hy  Philo  and  preserved 
by  Eusebius.  This  Phenician  word  mod.  fiojr,  ren- 
dered in  Cir.  iXi'i,  is  precisely  the  Engli.'^h  mud,  the 
matter,  material,  or  siibsuince  of  which,  according 
to  tiM!  ancients,  all  things  were  formed.  See  Castel. 
(Col.  2011),)  and  the  word  Mother.  Plutarch,  de  Iside, 
says  the  Egyptians  crilled  Isis  mitth,  tUal  \».  inotJier. 
This  is  a  reiimrkiible  fact,  anit  pruves  beyono  contro- 
versy the  cdUinion  origin  of  the  Phenician,  Celtic, 
and  Teutonic  nations.  Mud  may  perhaps  be  named 
from  wetness,  and  be  connected  with  L.  madeo,  Gr. 
iitf^ucii,  VV.  tnttydau),  to  wet.] 

Moist  and  soft  earth  of  any  kind,  such  as  is  found 
in  marshes  and  swanijis,  at  the  bottom  of  rivers  and 
prmds,  or  in  highways  aflnr  rain. 
MUD,  r.  L    To  liiiry  in  mud  or  slime.  Shak. 

9.  To  make  turbid  or  foul  with  dirt ;   to  stir  the 
(■ediment  in  liquoni.  OlanvUle. 

MUD'DI-^D,  (mud'did,)  pp.  or  a.    Soiled  with  mud  ; 

n-ndered  turbid  ;  confu.sed  in  mind. 
MUD'DI-LY,  adv.     [from  mudily.]    Turbidly ;   with 
foul  mixture  ;  cloudily. 

I.iiciliiis  —  writ  looarly  aiu)  muddily,  Dryden. 

MUD'DI-NESS,  n.  Turbidness;  foulness  caused  by 
mud,  dirt,  or  sediment;  as,  the  viuddinest  of  a 
stream.  .Addison. 

2.  Figuratively,  intellectual  cloudiness  or  dullness. 
MUD'DLE,  V.  t.    [from  mud.]    To  make  foul,  turbid, 
or  muddy,  as  water. 

(le  ilwl  it]  lo  muddle  t)>e  wnter.  L'Eetrangt. 

2.  To  intoxicate  partially  ;  lo  cloud  or  stupefy,  par- 
ticularly with  liquor. 

He  wna  uflr-n  drunk,  alwnyt  muddled,  Arbulhrtot. 

Kpicurus  aeenia  lo  have  hnil  hia  br-iins  muddUd.  Benllcy. 

MUD'DL£D,7>p.  Made  turbid  ;  halfdnink;  stupefied. 


MUG 

MUD'DLINfi,  par.    Making  foul  with  dift  or  dregs, 

making  half  drimk  ;  stupefying. 
MUD'DV,   a.      [frum   mud.]     Foul   with  dirt  or  fine 

earthy  particles  ;  turbid,  as  water  or  other  fluids  ;  as, 

a  muddy  stream.   Water  running  on  fine  clay  always 

appears  muddy. 

2.  Containing  mud;  as,  a  muddy  ditch  ;  a  muddy 
road.  Shak. 

3.  Dirty;  dashed,  soiled,  or  besmeared  with  mud; 
as,  muddy  boots. 

4.  Consisting  of  mud  or  earth  ;  gross.;  impure  ;  as, 
this  muddy  vesture  of  decay.  Shak. 

5.  Dark  ;  of  the  color  of  mud ;  as,  muddy  cheeks. 

Swift. 

6.  Cloudy  in  mind  ;  dull ;  heavy  ;  stupid. 

DoU  think  I  am  so  muddy  7  Shak. 

MUD'DY,  V.  L    To  soil  with  mud  ;  to  dirty  ;  to  render 

turbid. 
2.  To  cloud  ;  to  make  dull  or  heavy.  Orew. 

MUD'DY-ING,  ppr.      Soiling  with   mud;    rendering 

turbid  ;   clouding. 
MUD'DY-HEAD'ED,  (hed'ed,)  o.     Having  a  dull  un- 

der!<tanding. 
MUD'DY-MET'TLED,  a.    Dull -spirited.  Shak. 

MUD'-FISH,  n,     A   fish,   a  specius   of  the  cyprinus 

kind.  Dict.JVat.  Ili^ 

MUD'-SILL,  n.     In  bridges,  the  sill  that  is  laid  at  the 

bottom  of  a  river,  lake,  &:c.     [See  Sill.] 
MUP'-SUCK-ER,  n.     An  aquatic  fowl.         Drrham. 
MUD'-WALL,  n.     A  wall   composed  of  mud,  or  of 

materials  laid  in  mud  without  mortar.  South, 

9.  A  bird  ;  the  apiaster.  Jlinstr-trrth. 

MUD'-WALL-i-'D,  a.     Having  a  mud  wall.     Prior. 
MUD'WO'ftT,  (mud'wurt,)  n.   A  species  of  Liniosella, 

the  least  water  plantain.  Lee, 

MCE.     See  Mew. 
MU-EZ'ZIN,  n.    A  Mohammedan  cfter  of  the  hour  of 

prayer. 
MUFF,  n.     [Dan.  muff  ot  mnffe;  D.  mof;  G.  muff;  Fr. 

moiijle,  mittens  ;  Sp.  muflas,  thick  gloves.] 

A  warm   cover  for  receiving  the   hands,  usually 

made  of  fur  or  dressed  skins.  Locke.     Dryden. 

MUF'FIN,  n.     A  light,  round,  spongy  cake,  baked  on 

a  griddle,  and  buttered  for  the  less  substantial  meals. 

Smart. 
MUF'FLE,  V.   t,      [D.  moffden;    G.  muffcln:    It.  ca- 

muffare,  lo  disguise  or  mask.] 

1.  To  cover  frotii  the  weuiner  hy  cloth,  fur,  or  any 
garment;  to  cover  close,  particularly  the  neck  and 
face. 

You  most  be  muJUed  np  like  ladica.  Dryden, 

The  fiicc  liis  mujled  up  witliiu  ilit  gajtnenL  Additon. 

2.  To  blindfold. 

Atiis !   ilvit  love  whose  vii>w  is  muj^ed  still.  Shak. 

He  muffifd  with  a  cloud  hii  niounitul  eyea.  Dryden. 

3.  To  cover  ;  lo  conceal ;  lo  involve. 


4.  J n  seamanship,  lo  put  malting  or  other  sofl  sub- 
stance round  an  oar,  to  prevent  its  making  a  noise. 

5.  To  wind  something,  as  cloth,  &.C.,  round  the 
strings  of  a  dnnn  to  prevent  a  sharp  sound,  or  to 
render  the. sound  grave  and  solemn. 

MUF'FLE,  V.  i.    To  mtil^er  ;  to  speak  indistinctly,  or 

without  clear  articulation.  Holder. 

MUF'FLE,  n.     [Sp.  mujla.] 

In  chemistry  and  mrtallurgy,  an  oven-shaped  vea 
sel,  used  for  the  purification  of  gold  and  silver  by 
means  of  a  cupel  made  of  bnne  ashes.       Silliman. 
MUF'FLED,  pp.   or  a.     Covered    closely,   esi)ecially 
about  the  face  ;  involved;  blintlfolded. 
Muffled  drum.     See  the  verb  Muffle. 
MUF'FLER,  n.    A  cover  for  the  face  ;    a  part  of  fe- 
male dress.  Shali.     .Arbuthnot. 
MUF'FLING,  ppr.     Covering  closely,  especially  about 
the  face  ;  wrapping  ditse ;  involving;  blindfolding. 
MUF'FLON,  Tf.     The  wild  sheep,  or  mnsnum. 
MUF'TI,(murty,)n.  An  official expounderof  Moham- 
medan law,  in  Turkey.     There  is  one  in  every  large 
town,  and  over  all  these  the  Mufti  of  Cimslantinople 
exercises  an  influence  and  control.  P.  Cyc 
MUG,  Ti.     [I  kftow  not  whence  derived.]     A  kind  of 
eirlhen  or  metal  cup,  from  which  liquors  are  drank. 
In  America,  the  word  is  applied  chiefly  or  solely  lo 
an  earthen  cup. 
MUG'GARD,  a.     [See  Muoot.J     Sullen  ;  displeased. 

rjVo(  m  use.] 
MUG'GENT,  n,    A  species  of  wild  fresh-water  duck. 

Diet.  JVat.  Hi^t. 
MUG'GY,       \a.     {W.mwcan,  a  cloud  of  fog;   mwg^ 
MUG'Gy-II,  I      smoke ;  or  from  the  root  of  muck.] 
J.  Moist;  damp  J  moldy;  &»,  muggy  %ir-\w. 

Mortimer. 
2.  Moist,  or  damp  and  close  ;  warm  and  unelastic  ; 
as,  m^fhi  air.     [This  is  the  principal  use  of  the  word 
in  Ai^-tcn.] 
MUG'IIOUSE,  n.     [from  mug.]     An  alehouse. 

'  Ticket. 

MC'6I-ENT,  a.     [L.  mugio,  to  bellow.] 

Lowing;  bellowing.     [JVot  used.]  Brown. 

MUG'VVEED,  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Valantia. 
MUG'\UORT,  V.     [^nj.mugwyrt.] 

An  herb  of  the  genus  Artemisia.        Parhnglon, 


TCNE,  BJ/LL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS €  uK;dasJ;SaflZ;CHa8  Sif;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

735" 


MUL 

MU-LAT'TO,  K,:  f»l.  Milattoks.  [?p.  muUito,  that 
is,  uiuled,  of  a  mixed  breed,  from  mu/o,  L.  mulus,  a 
nmie ;  Fr  muliitre.] 

A  person  lliui   is  the  (iff^prinp  of  a  neprrss  by  a 
wlijit'  iiKtn^  or  uf  a  wliite  woiiiuii  by  a  iit- uru. 
MUL'BER-KY,  n.     fSw.  mulbar:  G.  mau/6crr«0 

The  bcrrj-  or  fruil  of  a  tree  of  the  genus  Slorus  ; 
nlwj»  the  tree. 
MUL'BER-RY-TREE,  n.    The  tree  which  produces 

the  mulbt-rr}'. 
MULCH,  II.     [Hfh.  n^D,  to  dissolve.] 

llalf-roUen  straw.  BaUq, 

MULCT,  lu     [U  mulctay  or  muUa.\ 

\  fine  iin[Kksed  on  a  person  trmlty  of  •ome  offense 
or  misdemeanor,  usuallv  a  jiecuniarj-  fine. 
MULCT,  F.  (.     [L.  muUlo  i  Fr.  miLkter.] 

To  fine  ;  to  punish  for  an  offense  or  misdcmoanor 
by  ini(K)sing;  a  pecuniary  fine.  Bacon. 

MULCT'  KD,  pp.    Fined  Tpmiished  by  a  pecuniary  fine. 
MULCT'l^-A-KV,  a.     Imposing  a  pecuniary  penally. 

Ovcrbury, 
MCLE,  fi.     [Sp.  and  It.  nulo;  L.  mulusi  Sax.  mut ;  D. 
nriti/,  or  muilezeli  G.  maulesel :   Sw.  mulasne;  Dan. 
midei  Fr.id.;  Arm.  mules ;  Ir.muiU;  W.  muL     The 
latter  sifinifies  a  mule,  and  bashful,  simple.] 

1.  A  quadruped  of  a  numgrel  breed,  usually  gener- 
ated between  an  ass  and  a  iuare,soHici>nies  brtween 
a  horse  and  a  she-ass.  But  the  name  is  applied  to 
any  animal  produced  by  a  mixture  of  dillVrtiit  spe- 
cies. Kncfic. 

2.  A  plant  or  vegetable  produced  by  impregnating 
the  pistil  of  one  species  with  the  firin  or  fecundating 
diLit  of  anotlier.    This  is  called  also  a  Hybrid. 

Enevc     Martyn, 

3.  An  instrument  used  in  spinning  cotton;  colled 
ats4>  a  Mui-E-JENNT. 

MCLE'-SPIN-NKR,  ».    One  who  spins  on  a  mule. 

MU-LET-EKR',  n.     [It.  mulaltitrf  :  Fr.  muletier.] 
One  who  drives  mules. 

MCLE'WORT,  ».    A  plant  of  the  genus  Hemionitis. 

MU-LI-EB'RI-TV,  n.  [from  L.  muiubriSffrom  muiirr, 
a  woman.] 

'VVonianmxMl ;  the  state  of  being  a  woman  ;  a  state 
in  fem.-ties  corre5|K>nding  to  virility  in  man  ;  also,  ef- 
feminacy ;  suAiiess. 

MC'LI-KR,  n,  [L-]  In  ^ir,  lawful  issue  born  in  wed- 
lock, thiHigh  begotten  before.  Encye. 

MCL'I^^U,  a.     Like  a  mule  ;  sullen  ;  stubborn. 

MC'L'ISM-LY,  adc.    Stubbornly,  like  a  mule. 

MOL'ISH-NESS,  K.  Obstinacy  or  stubbornness,  as  of 
a  mule. 

MULL,  r.  L  [Qm.  L.  moUio^  to  soflen,  or  VV.  mir//, 
warm,  or  Pp.  mullir,  to  beat.] 

1.  losollen,or  brin^  down  in  spirit;  or  to  heat, 
sweeten,  and  enrich  with  spices  ;  as,  to  mitU  wine. 

Drink  new  cuier,  iHuUsd  with  fiagcr  vum.  Oay. 

3.  To  dispirit  or  deaden.  Skalu 

MULL,  R.  In  StoUmA,  a  term  almost  synonymous  witii 
Cafe  or  Headland. 

2.  A  snuff-box  made  of  the  small  end  of  a  horn. 
[Obs.] 

3.  Dirt;  rubbish.     [Ob.i.] 

IklULL,  n.     A  thin,  soA  kind  of  muslin,  called  also 

MULL-MULU 

MVL'Lji^  n.    The  name  ofli  priest  among  the  Tartars. 

MUL-LA-GA-TAW'XV.  n.  LUtraUi,,  pepper-water; 
the  name  of  an  East  Indian  ciirry  soup.         Smurt. 

ML'L'LEN,    /  n.     [Old  Fr.  moUnt;  probnbly  so  named 

MUL'LEIN,  \  from  the  nx)i  of  L.  «w/iw,  soft.  ^  in 
Ger.  icollkrauty  wool-plant.] 

A  well-known  plant  of  the  genus  Verbascum, 
pT'Winp  In  roads  and  neglected  fields. 

MUL'LER,  n.  [Fr.  mu/iere,  vwUtte ;  L.  motaruij  from 
wioia,  a  mill-stone.] 

L  A  stone  held  m  the  hand  with  which  colors  and 
other  matters  are  ground  on  another  stone  ;  used  by 
painters  and  apothecaries.  BaHry.     Heberi. 

a.  An  instrument  used  by  class  grinders,  being  a 
piece  of  wood  with  the  piece  of  glass  to  be  ground 
cemented  to  one  end,  either  convex  in  a  hnsin,  ur 
concave  in  a  sphere  or  bowl.  HtberL 

MUL'LET,  n.  [Fr.  mulft-,  a  mullet,  aad  a  great  mule  ; 
Gr.  /ibAA'if  ;  L.  ifiit^u.«.J 

1.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Mugil.  The  lips  are  membra- 
naceous, the  inferior  one  cariiiatt-d  mward  ;  it  has 
no  teeth,  and  the  body  is  of  a  whitish  cnlor.  This 
fish  frequents  the  shore,  and  root*  in  the  sand  like  a 
hog.     It  is  an  excellent  fish  for  Ihe  table.        Kncyc. 

'2.  In  kfraUry,  a  figure  in  shape  like  the  rowel  of  a 
spur,  used  as  the  filial  di^^tinction  of  the  third  son. 

MUL'LI-GRUB?,  n.  A  twisting  of  the  intestines; 
suUennCKS.     [jj  hie  tDord.] 

MUL'LIOX,  (miil'yun,)  n.     [Fr.  moulurf.) 

An  upright  bar  or  division  in  a  window-fmme. 

MUL'LION,  r.  L  To  shape  into  divisions  by  mul- 
lioiis.  ^Shak. 

MUL'LION-ED,  pp.     Shaped  into  divisions  by  mul- 

MUL'LOCK,  n.     Rubbish.  /lions. 

MULSE,  n.     [L.  muUtiS.] 

Wine  boiled  and  mingled  with  boney. 

MULT-AN"GU-LAR,  a.  [L.  mvltus,  many,  and  o»- 
gulu3y  angle ;  Basque,  mola^  a  multitude  j^  mu/tM, 
much.]  ^ 


MUL 

Having  mauv  ancles  ;  po)ygon:il.  Martyn. 

MUL'r-.\.N"GU-LAR-LY,  (-ang'gu-lar-le,)  adc.    With 

nianv  angles  or  corner».  Orrtr. 

MUL'r-AX"GU-LAR-NESS,  n.     The  state  of  being 

|H)lvsonal. 
MUL"'I*-XR-Tie'tI-LATE,  a.    Having  many  ioints. 

BraHiir. 
MUL-TE'I-TY,  n.    The  state  of  being  many  ;  nmlti- 

plicitv.  Cvlerid^e. 

MUL-TI-t'AP'SU-LAR,  tu  [L.  muZ/iw,  many,  and 
capsula^  a  chesL] 

In  ^ofdiiv,  having  many  capsules.  Martrpi. 

MUL-TI-Ca'VoUS,  n.    [L.  muUas,  and  cavus,  hollow.] 

Having  many  holes  or  cavities.  Diet, 

MUUTI-DEX'TATE,  a.     [L.  multus  and  dens.] 

Armed  with  many  teeth. 
MULTI-Fa'RI-OUSjO.     [L.mult{faritut.    a».varius.] 
Having  great  multiplicity;  having  great  diversity 
or  varietv  ;  as,  viuU{farious  artifice.  More. 

MUL-TI-F'.X'RI-OUS-LY,  adr.    With  great  multiplici- 
ty and  diversity ;  with  great  variety  of  modes  and  re- 
lations. Bentley. 
MUL-TI-FS'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.     Multiplied  diversity. 
MUL'TI-FID,  fl.     [L.  mult(fi.dua i  multus^  many,  and 
fndo,  to  divide.] 

Having  niaiiy  divisions  ;  many-cleft;  divided  into 
several  parts  by  linear  (Minuses  and  straight  margins  ; 
as,  a  muUifid  leaf  or  corol.  Martyn. 

RIUL-TIF'ID-OUS,  a.    Having  many  divisions  or  par- 
titions. 
MUL-'IIF'LO-ROUS,  a.    [L.  multtut,  many,  and  fios, 
tlower.] 

Many-flowered  ;  having  many  flowers.    Marfyv, 
MUL'TI-FCLD,   o.     Many  times  doubled  ;  manifold; 

numerous. 
MUL'TI-FORM,  a.     [L.  multiformis;   multusf  many, 
and  formay  fcnii.] 

Having  many  forms,  shapes,  or  appearances;  as, 
the  multiform  o[>enition5  of  the  air-pump.       Watts. 
MUL-TI-FOR.M'I-TY,  n.     Diversity  of  f..rms  ;  variety 
of  shapes  or  appearances  in  the  same  thing.  Johiuon. 
MUL-TI-FORM'OUS,  o.     Having  many  fonns. 

Taylor. 
MUL-TI-GEX'ER-OUS,  a.      [L.  muUigenus;  muUiu, 
many,  and  genusy  kind.] 

Having  manv  kinds.  Diet. 

MUL-TI-JO'Got'S,  a.    [L.  muituSj  many,  and  ju^m, 
a  yoke,  a  pair.] 
Consisting  of  many  pairft. 
MUL-TI-LAT'ER-.AL,a.    [U  multus,  many,  and  la- 
tus,  E>ide.] 

Having  many  sides.     A  multilateral  figure  must 
also  be  mnltangnlar. 
MUL-TI-LIN'E-AL,  a.    Having  many  lines, 
MUUTI-LOC'U  LAR,  a.    [L.  multus^  many,  and  loc- 
uIuji,  a  cell.] 

Having  many  cells  or  compartments ;  as,  a  multi- 
locular  shell. 
MUL-TIL'O-aUENCE,  a.  Use  of  many  words;  talk- 

at  i  ve  ness.  Adam.t. 

MUL-TIL'0-aU0U9,a.  [L.  muUusy  many,  and  lo- 
quor^  to  speak.] 

S(»eakiiiff  much  ;  ver>-  talkative  ;  loquacious.  Diet. 
MUL-TI-.VO'DATE,  a.     Having  many  knots. 
MUL-TI-NC'MI-AL,  a.  or  n.    In  algebra.    See  Polv- 

Mi;UTl-\OM'IX-.AL,     )a.     [L.  multu.f,  manv,  and 

MUL-TI-NOM'IN-OUS,  j      nomen,  name.] 

Having  many  names  or  terms.  Diet  • 

MUL-TIP'A-ROUS,  a.  [L.  multus^  many,  and  pario, 
to  bear.] 

Producing  many  at  a  birth.  A  serpent  is  a  multip- 
arous  animal. 

MUL-TIP'AR-TTTE,  a.  [L.  multus,  many,  and  parti- 
(«.<,  divided.] 

Divided  into  many  parts  ;  having  several  parts. 

MUL'TI-PED,  n.     [L.  muHus,  many,  and  pea,  foot.] 
An  insect  that  has  manv  feet. 

MUL'TI-PED,  a.     Having  many  feet. 

MUL'TI-PLE,  (mul'te-pl,)  a.     [L.  multiplex;  multus, 
many,  and  plieoy  to  fold.] 
Containing  many  times. 

MUL'TI-PLE,  n.  In  mathematies,  a  quantity  which 
conttins  another  a  certain  numherof  times  without 
a  remainder.  A  common  multiple  of  two  or  more 
numbers  contains  each  of  them  a  certain  numlier  of 
times  exactly  ;  thus  34  is  a  common  mulliplr.  of  3  and 
4.  But  the  least  common  multiple  is  Ihe  least  number 
lh.1t  will  do  this ;  thus  1'2  is  thi:  least  common  multiple 
of  3  and  4. 

MUL'TI-PLEX,  a.  [L.]  Many  fold  ;  having  petals 
Ivins  over  each  other  in  folds.  Marttin. 

i  MUL'TI-PLI-A-BLE,  a.    [Fr.    See  Multiplt.]    That 
may  be  multiplied. 

MUUTI-PLI'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Capacity  of  being 
multiplied. 

MUL'TLFLrCA-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  multiplied. 

Mt'L-Tl-PLI-C.VA'D',  n.  [U  multipUcandus.  See  Mul- 
tiply.] 

In  arithmetic,  the  number  to  be  nmltiplied  by  an- 
other, which  is  called  the  multipHrr. 

MUL'TI-PLI-CATE,  a.     [L.  vtultiplicntus.] 

1.  Consiriting  of  innny,  or  mure  than  one.  Derham. 

2.  A  mulLiplicati:  fluwer  is  a  sort  ttf  luxuriant  (low- 


MUL 

er,  having  the  corol  multiplied  so  far  as  to  exclude 
only  some  of  the  stamens.  Martyn. 

MUL-Tl-PLI-CA'TION,  n.     {U  multipUcatio.] 

1.  'i'he  act  of  multiplying  or  of  increasing  number  ; 
a-s,  the  multiplicatiutt  of  the  human  species  by  natural 
generation. 

S.  In  arithmetic,  a  rule  or  operation  by  which  any 
given  number  may  be  repeated  or  added  to  itself  any 
number  of  liuie^  pniposed.  Thus  10  multiplied  by  5 
is  increased  to  50. 

MUL'TI-PLl-CA-TIVE,    a.      Tending  to   multiply; 
having  the  power  to  multiply  or  increase  numbers.' 
Med.  Repos. 

MUL-Tt-PLI-CA'TOR,  n.  The  number  by  which  an- 
other number  is  multiplied  ;  a  multiplier. 

MUL-TLPLI"CIOUrf,  C-pl»sh'us,)a.  Manifold.  [JVot 
used.] 

MUI^TI-PLIC'I-TY,  (-plis'e-le,)  n.  [Fr.  multiplicity, 
from  L.  Tiiultiplei.] 

1.  A  slate  of  being  many;  as,  a  multiplicity  of 
thoughts  nr  objects. 

2.  Many  of  the  same  kind.  The  pagans  of  an- 
tiquitv  had  a  multiplicity  of  deities. 

MUI/'l'l-PLI-Z-D,  ;»p.  of  a.  Increased  in  numbers; 
repeated. 

2.  Numerous;  often  repeated  ;  as,  multiplied  ag- 
gressi(ui8. 

MUL'TI-PLI-ER,  n.  One  who  multiplies,  or  in- 
creases number. 

S.  1'ho  number  in  arithmetic  by  which  another  is 
multiplied. 

MUL'Tl-PLT,  v.  t.  [L.  muWplieo  ;  multus,  many, 
and  plicoy  to  fold  or  double,  Gr.  ttAcww,  W.  plygu, 
Fr.  ptier,  multiplier,] 

1.  To  increase  in  number;  to  make  more  by  natu- 
ral generaticm  or  production,  or  by  aildition  ;  as,  to 
multiply  men,  horses,  or  other  animals;  tu  multiply 
evils. 

I  will  muitiply  nijr  sirni  and  wonden  in  Egyp..  —  Ex,  vii. 
Iiiiputiiiy  will  multiplj/  iiiudvet  to  duiubi-dieucr-.  Ames. 

2.  In  arithmetic,  to  repeat  or  add  to  itself  any 
given  nunilier  as  many  liiues  as  there  are  units  in 
any  other  given  number.  Thus  7  X  8=5G,  tliat  is,  7 
multiplied  by  8  produces  the  number  6ti. 

MUL'TI-PLy,  v.  i.    To  grow  or  increase  in  number. 

B"  fruitful  mid  mullipty.  —  Ofii.  L 

Wb'ti  ini*ii  U'pan  lo  mtiltipiy  on  the  face  of  IheearUi.— Gen.  vi. 

2.  To  increase  in  extent ;  to  extend  ;  to  spread. 

Tlio  wortl  of  Goil  gruvr  and  muldplitd.  —  Acu  jcii. 

MUL'TI-PI^V-ING,  ppr.  Increasing  in  number;  re- 
peating. 

2.  Growing  or  l>ccomlng  numerous. 
MUL'TI-PLV-li\G-GLAS.S,  n.    A  glass  or  lens  which 

represents  a  single  objtxt  to  the  eye  as  if  it  were 
many.  It  consists  of  several  plane  surfaces,  dis- 
posed into  a  convex  form,  through  every  one  of 
which  the  object  is  seen.  Hation. 

MUL-T1P'0-TE.\T,  a.  [h.muUipotens;  multus.many, 
much,  and  potcns,  imvverful.] 

Having  manifold  i>ower,  or  power  to  do  many 
things  ;  as,  Jove  multipotent.  Shak. 

MUL-Tl-PRES'ENCE,  ju  [L.  multus,  many,  and 
prai'^CHtia,  presence.] 

The  iK>wer  or  act  of  being  present  in  many  places 
at  once,  or  in  mtire  places  than  one.  Hall. 

MUL-TI-UA'DI-ATE,  a.     Having  many  rays. 
MUL-TIS'CIOUS,   fnml-tish'us,)   a.     [L.   multvsciua.] 

Having  variety  of  knowledge 
MUL-TI-aiL'1-QUOUS,  a.      [L.  multus,  many,  and 
siliqua,  a  pod. J 

Having  many  pods  or  seed-vessels.  Baiiey. 

MUL-TIS'^O-^OUS,  a.  [L.  muitu-g,  many,  and  eonus, 
sound.] 

Having  many  sounds,  or  sounding  much.     Bailey. 
MUI--'i'l-SPI'R.\L,  a.     [L.  muUus  and  .fpirn.] 

In  conchology,  a  term  applied  tu  the  opercula  of 
shells  wliich  exhibit   numerous  coils  round  a  sub- 
median  center.  Brande. 
MUI^TI-STKT'.ATE,  a.     Having  many  streaks. 
MUL-TI-SYL'LA-BLE,  n.     A  word  of  many  sylla- 
bles ;  a  polysyllable. 

[The  latter  is  mostly  used,] 
MUL'TI-TUDE,  n.      [Fr.,  from  L.  mulUtudo,  from 
multus,  many.] 

1.  '1  he  state  of  being  many  ;  a  great  number. 

3.  A  number  collectively  ;  the  sum  of  many.  ILile. 
3.  A  great  number,  indefinitely. 


4.  A  crowd  or  throng  ;  the  populace  ;  applied  to 
the  populace  when  assembled  in  great  numbers,  and 
to  the  mass  of  men  without  reference  to  an  assem- 
blage. 

He  the  vnsi  hisstnff  muliitutU  admirei.  Addison, 

Tbc  inuitUutU  b^vc  ulwayi  been  crcduloua,  and  the  lew  anfui. 

J.,  Adams. 

MUL-TI-TO'DIN-A-RY,    a.     Multitudinous  ;   mani- 

ftild. 
MUL-TI-TC'DIX-OUS,  a.     Consisting  of  a  multitude 

or  great  number. 

2.  Having  the  appearance  of  a  multitude;  as,  the 
mullitudiiiou-H  sea.  S/uUc 

3.  Manifiild;  n^,  Ihe  multUud in o us  tongue.    Skuk, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE.  PREY.  — PI\E.  MAIUXE,  BIRD.  — NoTE,  DOVE,  M^VE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 


736 


MUM 

MrL-TI-TC'DIN-OUS-LV,  orfr.  In  a  multituclinoiw 
nnnner. 

MUX.  TI  V'A-GOUS,  j  '^     [^  mulUvaffu^.] 

Wandering  much.     [Al^r  used."]  Diet, 

MTL'Tl-VALVE,  n.     [L.  wuUuSj  many,  and  valvay 
v;i!ves,  folding  doors.] 
A  nkuUusk  wbich  bas  a  shell  of  many  valves. 

>.i  L  L'tI'vaLV^U-LAR,  \  '^     "^''"e  nKiny  valves. 
ML  L-*nV"ER-SANT,    a.       [L.   multas,    many,    and 
vcrio,  to  furm.] 

Protean;  turning  into  many  shapes;  assuming 
manv  f>rms.  Journ.  of  Scimce. 

ML'L-tlV*I-OUS,o.  [L.  m«7fK5,  many,  and  rm,  way.] 
Ilavfng  fnany  ways  or  roads.     [Littlr  iL-ed.]     DtcL 
MVL-TO'CJI^  n.     The  Turkish  code  of  law.     Brandt. 
MUL-TOC'li-LAB,  a.     [L,  rntiUttSj  many,  and  octUuSj 
evf.J 
'  Having  many  eyes,  or  more  eyes  than  two. 

Derfiam. 
MVVTUM  /JV  PAR'VO.    [L.j      Murh  in  a  little 

cimpnss. 
MULT-UN"GU-LATE,  a.    Having  the  htH>f  divided 

into  more  than  two  parts.  Brande. 

MUL'TURE,  71.     [V.molUura^  a  grindinp.    See  Mili,] 
1.  In  Scots  laie,  the  toll  or  emolinnnii  given  to  ih« 
proprietor  of  a  mill  tor  grinding  grain.  Encyc 

•X  A  grist  or  grinding. 
MUM,  a.     [See  Mumble,  Muhm,  and  Ml'mmery.] 

1.  Silent  j  not -speaking. 

The  eiliieni  are  mum  ;  liiy  not  *.  wonl.  SKai. 

2.  As  an  exclamation  or  command  ;  be  silent ;  huatu 

idum  tben,  mxul  no  more  pr3c«ed.  ShaJc, 

3.  As  a  ROHii,  silence.  Hadibras. 
MUM,  H.     rC.  and  Dan.  mvmme;  D.  mom.'^ 

A  species  of  malt  liquor  much  used  in  Gennany. 
It  is  made  of  the  malt  of  wheat,  !<even  Iiushi'Is,  with 
one  bushel  of  oatmeal  and  a  busht-l  of  (rround 
beans,  or  in  the  same  propiirtion.  1'liis  is  brewed 
with  U3  gallons  of  water,  and  boiled  till  one  third  is 
evaporated.  F.nctfc. 

MUM'-BUIX5'ET,t«ffr;.  [mxim  and  bud-jft.]  An  ei- 
pres!*ion  denoting  secrecy  as  well  as  silencr  \  used  in 
a  contemptuous  or  ludicrotis  manner. 

MUM'-CHANCE,  «.  A  game  of  hazard  with  cards. 
[Ural.] 

2.  A  fool.     [Locai.] 

MU.M'BLE,  r.  u  [G.  mummeln  ;  D.  montflett^  mompc- 
len:  Sw.  mumla;  l»an.  mumler.  This  word  seems  to 
be  connected  with  mum,  in  the  sense  of  closeness  of 
the  lips.] 

1.  To  mutter;  to  spc^ak  with  the  lips  or  other  or< 
gans  partly  closed,  so  as  to  tender  the  soumtn  inar- 
ticulate and  imperfect ;  to  utter  words  with  a  grum- 
bling tone. 

Pejic,  yoM  mumbling  Toil.  Sf-ai. 

Pickiug  dry  mckt  and  mumbiing  to  hrrarlC  Olw^y. 

3.  To  chew  or  bile  soflly  ;  to  eat  with  the  lips 

c!o«e.  Drudrn. 

Ml'M'BLE,  V  (.  To  utter  with  a  low,  inarticulate 
voice. 

H«  with  mumbled  prayer*  Ktoni^i  the  flHiy.  Uryrfen. 

3.  To  mouth  gently,  or  to  eat  with  a  muttering 
sound.  Pope. 

3.  To  suppress  or  utter  imperfectly.  Ih-tjden. 

MUM'BLKD,  }tp.  or  a.  Uttered  with  a  low,  inarticu- 
lalf  vtiice;  chewed  softly,  or  with  a  low,  muttering 
sound. 

MUM'BLE-NEVVS,  (nuze,)  n.    A  kind  of  tnlcbearer. 

UUM'BLER.  H.  One  thftt  Kpeaks  with  a  low,  tnar- 
ticulnte  voice. 

MUM'BLING,  ppr.ota.  Uttering  with  a  low,  Inar- 
ticulate voice  i  chetvtng  soltly,  or  with  a  grumbliof 
•nund. 

MUM'BLING-LY,  adv.  With  a  low,  inarticulate  ut- 
terance. 

[MumhU  and  mutfrr  are  not  always  synonymotia  ; 
mii«<T  ofleo  expresses  |>eevislineris,  wJiich  mumhU 
diws  ntit.] 

MUMM,  r.  t.  [Dan.  mummfy  a  mask  ;  D.  mommen,  to 
mask  ;  G.  mumme,  a  ma'^k  or  muffle;  miDnmr/n,  to 
mask,  to  mumble  ;  Fr.  mummer;  Hw.  formumma,  to 
personate  ;  probably  allied  to  the  Gr.  /I'.u-os,  Mumus, 
the  deity  of  sport  and  ridlculi:,  a  butfoon  ;  for,  In 
Rabbinic,  this  word  is  used  furn  mask.  Buxt.  1919. 
The  primary  sense  of  this  word  and  mum  is  evi- 
dently to  close,  shut,  or  lovcr.J 

To  mask  ;  to  sjwn  or  make  aiversion  in  a  mask  or 
difpiiise.  Hubberd^s  Tale.. 

MUM'MBR,  n.  One  who  masks  himself,  and  makes 
divopiion  in  di-'^iruiHt*  ;  ort<riiialltj,  one  who  made 
spurt  by  gestures  without  speaking. 

Sn%%ifn  and  d.\nc-r*,  nntics,  mummert.  MilUm. 

HU.M'MER-V,  n.      [Fr.  womeriti  Sp.  momrria.     See 

MuMM.] 

t.  Masking  ;  sport ;  diversion  ;  frolicking  in  masks ; 
low,  conteicpLible  amuiiement ;  bufibtmery. 

Voiir  fitth'ri 
PkfUined  tbn  nwmiMry  of  iurrk^a  mxaWen.  Fenian. 


MUN 

2.  Farcical  show  ;  hyiwcritical  disguise  and  parade 
to  delude  vulgar  minds. 

MUM-MI-FI-Ca'TLOX,  n.  The  act  of  making  into  a 
mummy. 

MUM'jMI-FT-i=:D,  pp.    Made  into  a  mummy. 

MUM'.Ml-FOKM,  a.     Resembling  a  mummy. 

MUM'MI-F?,  v.t.  To  enihalm  and  dry  as  a  mummy; 
to  make  into  a  mummy.  Juurn.  of  Science. 

MUM'MI-F?-ING,  ppr.     Making  into  a  mummy. 

MUM'MING,  71.    The  sports  of  mummers. 

MUM'MIXG,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  si>orLs  of  mum- 
mers. 

MUM'MV,  n.     [It.  viummia ;  Sp.  and  Port,  momia.     In 

Arabic,  L^k-«  fc..-0    momia^  is   wax,   bees-wax,  and  a 


mummy ;  Pers. 


r-^ 


mourn,  wax.] 


1.  A  dead  human  body  embalmed  and  dried  after 
the  manner  of  the  ancient  Egyptians  ;  a  name  per- 
haps given  to  it  from  the  substance  used  in  preserv- 
ing it.  The  term  mammy  has  been  extended  so  as  to 
include  the  bodies  of  men,  and  sometimes  of  ani- 
mals, which  are,  by  any  means,  preserved  in  a  dry 
state  from  the  process  of  putrefaction.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  Among  gardeners^  a  sort  of  wax  used  in  grafl- 
ing  and  planting  trees.  Chambers. 

To  beat  to  a  mummy  ;  to  beat  soundly  or  to  a  sense- 
less mans. 
MUM'MV-CHOG,  ti.    A  small  fish  of  the  carp  kind. 

PentianL 
MUMP,  r.  (.  or  u     [D.  mompen,    'Bee  Mum  and  Mum- 
ble.] 

1.  To  move  the  lips  with  the  mouth  almost  closed  ; 
hence,  to  nibble;  to  chew  with  continued  motion; 
as,  a  mumping  squirrel.  Oticay. 

9.  To  tilk  low  and  quick. 

3.  Tt»  implore  with  a  beggar's  accent  and  motion 
of  the  mouth.  Ainsworth,    Burke. 

4.  To  deceive  ;  to  cheat. 

MUMP'ER,  Tu     A  beggar.  Johnson. 

MUMP'ING,  n.    Begging  tricks  ;  foolish  tricks  ;  mock- 

MUMP'IN'G,  ppr.    Chewing  with  continued  motion; 
nibbling. 

2.  Begging  with  false  pretense. 
MUMP'ISH,  a.    Dull ;  heavy  ;  sullen  ;  sour 
MUMP'ISH-LV,  adr.     Dully  ;  wearily. 
MU.MP&,  n.     [See  Mum,  Mumule,  Mumm.] 

1.  Sullennesa  ;  silent  displcasiire.     \^[Atde  used.] 

Skinner. 

3.  A  disease  ;  a  peculiar  and  sjiecific  unsuppu- 
retive  inflammation  of  the  parotid  glands. 

MUNCH,  r.  (.     [Perhaps  Fr.  manger^  or  from  tlie  same 
root.] 
To  chew  by  great  mouthfuls.     [yulgarJ]      Skak. 
MUNCH,  r.  i.    To  chew  eagerly  by  great  mouthfula. 

r  F'utirar.']  Drydcn. 

MUNCH'ER,  n.     Oue  that  munches.  Johnson. 

MUNCH'ING,  ppr.  Chewing  by  great  monthfuls. 
MUND  [i^ax.  mund^  protection,  patronage,  peace]  is 
found  m  old  laws  ;  as,  mundbrcce,  that  is,  a  breaking 
or  violation  of  the  peace.  It  is  retained  in  names, 
as  in  h^imvjul,  Fax.  endmund^  happy  peace,  as  in  Gr. 
Irtnaus,  Hesychius.  Gibson. 

JtfUN'DAN'E,   a.      [L.  mundaausy   from  mundusy  the 
world.] 

Belonging  to  the  world  ;  as,  mundane  sphere ;  mun- 
dane spare.  Bentley. 
MUN-DAN'1-TY,  n.    Worldliuess.    [JVo(  used.] 

JUoutttagu* 
MUN-DA'TION,  7(.    [L.  mundus,  clean,] 

The  act  of  cleansing.     [J^ot  itsed.] 
MUN'DA-T(>-RV,  a.     [L.  mundo,  to  cleanse.] 

Cleansing ;    liaving    power    to    cleanse.       [Little 
vsed.) 
MUN'nie,  «.  The  name  given  by  the  Cornish  miners 

to  iron  or  arsenical  pyrii  s.  Urc 

MUN-I)IF'[-CAN  r,  a.    [L.  muitduSj  clean,  and  /acio, 
to  make.] 

A  term  applied  to  certain  healing  and  cleansing 
ointnu-uts. 
MUN-DI-FI-CA'TION,  «.     [U  wiMuJiw,  clean,  and 
facioy  to  make.] 

The  act  or  operation  of  cleansing  any  body  from 
dross  or  extraneous  mailer.  Quincy, 

MUN-DIF'I-CA-TIVE,    a.      Cleansing;    having   the 

power  to  cleanse.  fFiseman. 

MUN-DIF'ICA-TIVE,  n.    A  medicine  that  has  the 

quality  of  cleansing. 
MUN'DI-F^,  V.  U    [L.  muadtLSy  clean,  and /acio,  to 
make.] 

To  cleanse.     [LiUte  used.]  Harvey. 

MUN-UIV'.\-GANT,  a.     [L.  mundua  and  vngnr,  vn- 
gans.] 

Wandering  over  the  world. 
MUN-DUN"GUS,  n.    Tobacco  of  an  ill  smell 
MO'NF.R-A-RV,  a.     [L.  manus,  a  gift.] 

Having  the  nature  of  a  gift.  [Little  vned,]  Johnson. 
MO'NER-ATE,  MU-NEtt-A'TlON.    i^Totmed.]    See 
Remunerate. 


MUR 

MUN"GREL,  ?i.  [See  Mokgbel.]  An  anhnal  gen- 
erated between  different  varieties,  as  a  dog. 

MUN"GREL,  fl.  Generated  betvyeen  different  vaiie- 
ties  ;  degenerate.  Stuik.     Dnjilrv. 

MU-N[C'I-PAI-,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  muniripaUs,  fr<Mn 
munieepn,  a  person  who  enjoys  the  rights  i>f  a  free 
citizen  ;  muhtw,  offlfce,  duly,  and  capin,  lo  take,] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  corporation  or  city;  as,  munici- 
pal rights  ;  municipal  officers. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  state,  kingdom,  or  nation. 

Muiucipal  law  is  propprly  defined  to  Ik-  a  rule  of  civil  conduct 
IircscriUxl  by  tiic  supreme  powirr  in  a  stAte.      Blackttotie. 

Jlfunicipal,  as  used  by  the  Romans,  originally  des- 
ignated that  which  pfirtained  to  a  vninicipiiim,  a  free 
city  or  town.     Jt  still  retains  this  limited  sense;  hut 
we  have  extended  it  to  what  belongs  to  a  state  or  na- 
tion, as  a  distinct,  independent   body.      Municipal 
law  or  regulation    respects  solely  the  citizens  of  a 
state,  and  is  thus  di.stinguished  from  commercial  law, 
political  law,  and  the  law  of  nations. 
MU-NIC-I-PAL'I-TY,  n.     In  France^  a  municipal  dis- 
trict.   In  J^ew  Orleans^  a  district  of  the  city  corre- 
sponding to  a  ward. 
MU-NrF'l-CATE,  r.  i.     To  enrich.     [Kot  in  use.] 
MU-NIF'I-CEN'CE,  n.      [Fr.,   from    L.   munifcentia  ; 
munus,  a  gift  or  favor,  r^nd  facio,  to  make.] 

1.  A  giving  or  bestowing  liberally  ;  bounty  ;  libe- 
rality. To  constitute  viunijicence^  the  act  of' confer- 
ring must  be  free,  and  proceed  from  generous  motives. 

A  Matr  of  poveny  otacures  all  the  vinue»  of  liU-ntlilv  uiid  mu- 
mficenix.  Xddiaon. 

2.  In  S;»fn5cr,  fortification  or  strength.  Vlt.munio. 
to  fortify.]    l^Tot  used.] 

MU-NIF'I-CENT,  a.     Liberal  in  giving  or  bestowing ; 

generous  ;  as,  a  munificent  benefactor  or  patron. 

jittrrbury. 
MU-NIF'I-CENT-LY,  arfr.  Liberally  ;  generously. 
MO'NI-MENT,  n.     [L,  munimentum^  from  munio,  to 

fortify.] 

1.  A  fortification  of  any  kind;  a  strong  hold  ;  a 
place  of  defense. 

2.  Support  i  defense.  Shak. 

3.  In  laWf  a  record ;  a  writing  by  which  claims 
and  rights  are  defended  or  maintained. 

Johnson^s  Rep. 

MU-NITE',  r.  (.    To  fortify.     [JVot  in  use.)     Bacon. 

MU-NI"TION,  (mu-nish'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  muni- 
tio,  from  munio,  to  fortify.  The  primary  sense  is, 
that  which  is  set  or  fixed,  or  that  whicJi  defends, 
drives  buck,  or  hinders.    Indeed,  both  senses  may 

be  from  the  same  root,  Heb.  and  Ch.  J7:n,  Ar.  k.X^ 

manaa,  or  Heb.  pM,  amen.     Class  Mn,  No,  10,  13.] 

1.  Fortification.     [Obs.]  Hale. 

2.  Amnninition  ;  whatever  materials  are  used  in 
war  for  defense,  or  for  annoying  an  enemy.  The 
word  includes  guns  of  all  kinds,  mortars,  ice,  and 
their  loading. 

3.  Provisions  of  a  garrison  or  fortress,  or  for  ships 
of  war,  and  in  general  for  an  army;  stores  of  all 
kinds  fur  a  fort,  an  army,  or  navj-. 

Munition  ships;  ships  which  convey  military  and 
naval  stores  of  any  kind,  and  attend  of  fuHow  a  fleet 
to  stipplv  ships  of  war,  " 

MC'NI-TY,  n.  Freedom  ;  security.  [JVot  used.]  [See 
iMMurcrxv.] 

MUN-JEET',  7t.    A  kind  of  madder  in  India. 

MUNN'ION,  (mun'yon,)  n.  [See  MuNrTto?r.]  An 
upright  piece  of  timber  which  separates  the  several 
lights  in  a  window-frame.     [See  lMuLLIo^■.]    Moxon. 

MUNlV*    I  "•  ^^'     '^"''''  '"*^"*''  ""•*  chops.     [Vulgar.] 
MO'RAO'e,  n.     [L.  mums,  a  wall.] 

Money  paid  for  keeping  walls  in  repair.     Termes 

de-  la  ley.  Johnson. 

MO'RAL,  a.     [I-.  viuralis,  from  murus,  a  wall  ;    W. 

mur,  that  which  is  fixed  or  firm  ;  muriniB ;  to  fix  or 

estalflish.    It  set'ins  to  belong  to  the  root  of  moor,  to 

make  fast,  as  a  ship.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  wall. 

Soon  rtpftirrd  her  mural  bn-ach.  Milton. 

2.  Resembling  a  wall ;  perpendicular  or  steep;  as, 
a  mural  precipice. 

Mural  circle;  in  astronomu,  a  graduated  circle,  usu- 
ally of  very  large  size,  rixed  permanently  in  the 
plane  of  the  meridian,  and  attached  firmly  to  a  per- 
pendicular wall ;  used  for  measuring  arcs  of  the  me- 
ridian. Olmsted. 

Mural  crown  ;  among  the  ancient  Romans,  a  golden 
crown  or  circle  of  gold,  indented  and  embattled, 
bestowed  on  him  who  first  mounted  the  wall  of  a 
besieged  place,  and  there  lodged  a  standard.  Encye. 
Mural  quadrant;  in  astronomy,  a  fourth  of  a  circle, 
sometimes  u?ted  instead  of  the  mural  circle,  and  ad- 
justed in  the  same  manner.  Olmsted. 

MUR'Clll-SON-ITE,  n.  [from  Murchi^on.]  A  vari- 
ety of  feldspar. 

MUR'DER,  n.  [Sax.  mortker,  fhjm  morfA,  death  ; 
mijrthian,  to  murder;  D.  moord;  G.  Dan.  and  Sw. 
vwrd  ;  Ir.  marbh  ;  \,.moTs;  Sp.  muerte;  It.' morte ; 
Pehlavi,  murdan,  to  die;  Sans,  marana;  W.  marw, 


TONE,  BI;LL,  UNITE. —AN"GER,  Vi"CIOUS €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  «  as  Z  •  CH  as  811-  TH  as  in  THIS. 


liJ 


7.t7 


MUR 

to  die,  which  seems  to  be  from  mortA,  lying  flat  or 
plain;  marthu,  to  flatten,  tn  (icadf-n.  If  this  is  ilie 
sensf,  the  jirimary  idea,  is  to  fail  or  fall,  or  to  beat 
down.     The  old  urthogr.iphy,  Mi-bther,  is  obsolete. 

1.  The  net  of  unlawfully  killing  a  human  beinp 
with  premeditated  malice,  by  a  pcrst»n  of  sotind 
mind.  To  con«ititute  murder  m  law,  the  person  Kill- 
ing  another  nmst  be  of  sound  mind  or  in  possession 
of  his  reason,  and  the  act  must  be  done  with  malice 
pre[H-nse,  aforethought,  or  premeditated;  but  malice 
may  be  implied,  as  well  as  express. 

0>ke.     Blaekstonf. 

2.  An  exclamation  or  outcry,  when  lift*  ia  in  danger. 
MUR'DER,   r.   L      [^ax.   mtjrthinn;  D.   moorden;   G. 

mordfH ;  Sw.  labrda.] 

1.  To  kill  a  human  being  with  premeditated  mal- 
ice.    [See  the  nonn.] 

2.  To  destroy  ;  to  put  an  end  to. 

Canst  ihou  municr  Uiy  Im-alli  in  the  iiiidJlo  of  a  word  ?      SSak. 

MUR'DER-iCD,  pp.  or  a.    Slain  with  malice  prepense. 

MUR'OER-ER,  n.  A  person  who,  in  possession  of  his 
reason,  unlawfully  kills  a  human  being  with  pre- 
meditated malice. 

2.  A  small  piece  of  ordnance  ;  a  murdering-piece. 
MUR'DER-ESS,  a.     A  female  who  commits  murder. 

Drijdtn. 

MUR'DER-IXG,  ppr.  Killing  a  human  being  with 
malice  premeditated. 

MUR'DER-IXG-PIECE,  ii.  A  small  piece  of  ord- 
nance. Shak. 

MUR'DER-0U3,  a.  Guilty  of  murder  ;  as,  the  mur- 
derous  king.  JUilton. 

3.  Consisting  in  murdet;  done  with  murder ; 
bloody  ;   cruel ;   as,  murJerous  rapine. 

3.  Bloody ;  sanguinary  ;  cnmmiuing  murder ;  as, 
mitrderous  tyranny. 

4.  Premeditating  murder ;  as,  murderous  intent  or 
design. 

MUK'DER-OUS-LY,  adc.    In  a  murderous  or  cruel 
MORE,  n.    [L.  Kttnu.]  [manner. 

A  wall.     [Mt  usel]  SMak. 

MCRE,  r.  L     [Pr.  murer,} 

To  inclose  in  walla  ;  to  wall.  JPnottes, 

[But  Immure  is  chiefly  used.] 
MCkEX,  «.    [L.]    A  genus  of  marine,  carnivorous 

mollusca.  P.  Cye. 

MC'RI-A,  n,  [L.,  sea-water,  brine;  amartts,  biiU'r. 
Ch.  Heb.  PvT.  Sam.  Elh.  Ar.  tiD  marar^  to  be  bitter. 
Class  Mr,  S'a  7.1 

Sea-water ;  salt  water ;   brine.     In  ehrmistry^  the 

substance  from  which  are  extracted  various  nucnts. 

MC'RI-A-CrrE,)i.     [See  Muria.J    A  stone  composed 

of  salt,  sand,  and  g)i«um. 
MO'Rl-.ATE,   n,      A  term    formerly    applied    to    the 
chlorids   before  their  true  composition  was   under- 
stood, and  while  they  were  erroneously  supposed  to 
be  coni(>*>iinds  of  an  acid  with  an  oxytl.  Sec. 
MC'Rl-A-TED,  II.    A  term  now  known  to  be  equiva- 
lent to  chloridized,  but  originally  applied  under  the 
supposition  that  tlie  chlorids  were  compounds  of  an 
acid  and  an  oxydizcd  base. 
a.  Put  in  brine.  Evelyn. 

MU-RI-AT'IC.  a.  Haring  the  nature  of  brine  or  salt 
water;  pertaining  to  sea  salt.  The  muriatic  acid  is 
now  known  to  be  a  compound  of  one  equivalent  of 
hydrogen,  which  piTforms  the  functions  of  a  base, 
and  one  equivalent  of  ciilorine,  which  jierforms  the 
functions  of  an  acidifier.  The  name  which  correct- 
ly expresses  the  com^Kisition  of  this  acid  is  chlorohy- 
dric  acid. 
MU-RI-A-TIF'ER-OUS,  a.  Producing  muriatic  sub- 
stances or  salL 
MU-RI-€AL'CITE,  n.     Rhomb-spaj;,  Ure. 

MP'RI-CATE,      \a.     [L.  muricflf  jut,  fmm  murexy  the 
MO'RI-Ca-TED,  \      point  of  a  rock.] 

1.  Formed  with  sharp  points  ;  full  of  sharp  points 
or  prickles. 

a  In  botany,  having  the  surface  coverd  'vith  sharp 
points,  or  armed  with  prickles.  Lte,    Jilartj/iu 

MO'RI-CITE,  n-  Fossil  remains  of  the  Murex,  a  ge 
nus  of  shells  ;  the  mineral  .Vnbydrite,  which  see. 

Dajta. 
MCRI-FORM,  a.     [L.  vtitrtts  and  fiyrma.]     In  hvtany^ 
resembling  the  bricks  in  the  wall  of  a  house.  P.  Cyc 
HC'RIXE,  (niu'rin,)  a.     [l^  muri/iu^,  from  taiu,  muru, 
a  mouse.] 

Pertainmg  to  a  mouse  or  to  mice. 
MC'RI.NES,  (rinz,)  n.  pL     The  name  of  a  tribe  of 
rodent  quadrupeds,  including  rats,  mice,  fcc.  Brande. 
MURK,  n      rSw.  mbrker;  Dan.  viHrkhedi  Rusa.  mrak.'] 

Darkness.     [UtSie  u.icd.]  Shak. 

MT;rK'I-LY,  oAp.     Darkly  ;  gloomily. 
MURK'V,  a.      [Dan.  mSrk  ;   Sw.  mdrk,  dark,  obscure. 
morka^  to  darken  ;    Russ.  m^ri-nu,  to  obscure  ;    alliea 
perhaps  to  Moorman  African;  Gr.  u^aw.ioj.] 
Dark  ;  obscure  ;  gloomy. 
A  murh/  norm  deep  lowerinj  o*fT  O'jt  tieada.  Addison, 

MUROIUR,  n,  [I^  See  the  verb.]  A  low  sound 
continued  ur  continually  repealed,  as  that  of  a  stream 
running  in  a  stony  chaiine:,  or  that  of  flame. 


Black  m^Uucholf  siu, 
DwpptM  lh.e  murmur  ot  ihe  r^tlllng  flttods, 
And  brraih^  a  browner  horror  ou  the  woodi. 


Pope. 


MUS 

&.  A  complaint  half  suppressed,  or  uttered  in  a 
low,  nmttering  voice. 

Sonto  dieciiiib^rils  t)iere  an>,  tmtv:  idle  murrnuri.  £h-yiUn, 

MUR'MUR,  V.  i.  [L.  munnu.ro;  Gr.  fjoi>nvput;  Fr. 
nturmurer  ;  Arm.  munnuli;  Bp.  and  Port,  murmurar; 
It.  mormorare.  This  seems  to  be  a  duplication  of 
the  ntot,  which  it-  retained  in  the  D.  marren,  G.  mur- 
ren,  Sw.  tnurru,  Dan.  murrer^  to  mutter,  growl,  or 
murmur;  Sp.  morro,  purring,  as  a  cat;   Sw.  7Horr,  a 

mannara.    Class  Mr,  No.  7. 


r*^ 


grumbling ;  Ar. 

It  seems,  also,  to  l>e  connected  with  moum^  Sai. 
muTNaR,  fflurrHififi,  to  murmur.] 

1.  To  make  a  low,  continued  noise,  like  the  hum 
of  bees,  a  .stream  of  water,  rolling  waves,  or  like  the 
wind  in  a  forest ;  as,  the  murmuring  surge.     Shak, 

The  foiwi*  murmur,  and  Uie  surgn  rosLT.  Pope. 

2.  To  grumble  ;  to  complain;  to  utter  complaints 
in  a  low,  hulf-articulated  voice  ;  to  utter  sullen  dis- 
content ;  with  at  before  Ihe  thing  which  is  the  cause 
of  discontent ;  ns,  murmur  not  at  sickness  ;  or  with 
at  or  airainst  before  the  active  agent  which  produces 
the  evil. 

The  pt?o[Je  murmured  agcdntt  Mows.  —  Ex.  xtH. 

MUR'MUR-ER,  n.  One  who  murmurs;  one  who 
complains  sullenly  ;  a  grumbler. 

MUR'iMUR-ING,  pin-,  or  a.  Uttering  complaints  in  a 
low  voice  i>r  sullen  manner  ;  grumbling  ;  complain- 
ing. 

MUR'.MUR-IXG,  n^  The  utterance  of  a  low  sound  ; 
complaint. 

MUR'MUR-ING-LY,  adv.  With  a  low  sound  ;  with 
complaints. 

MUR'MUR-OUS,  a.    Exciting  murmur  or  complaint. 

MURR,  n.     A  catarrh.     [Ao(  tn  ua-c]  Oaseoifrne. 

MUR'RAIN,  (nmr'rin,)  n.  [Sp.  viorrina,  a  disease 
among  cattle  ;  sadness  ;  Port,  morrinha  ;  It.  vtoria^ 
morirt;  Port,  mcrrir,  Sp.  morir,  L.  morior^  to  die.] 

An  infectious  and  fatal  disease  among  cattle. 
Kiod,  ix.  Bacon.     Oarth. 

MURRE,  «.    A  kind  of  bird.  Carew. 

MUR'REY,  a.  [from  the  root  of  Moor,  an  African.] 
Of  n  dark-red  color.  Bacon,     Boyle. 

MUR'RHINE,  C -rin,)  a.     [L.  murrhinu.^.] 

Among  the  aneienis,  on  epithet  given  to  a  delicate 
kind  of  ware,  made  of  ttuor-s|)ar  or  flnorid  of  cal- 
cium, brought  from  the  E.'ist ;  Pliny  says  from  Car- 
mania,  now  Herman,  in  Persia.     Eneyc.     Pinkerton. 

MUR'RI-ON,  n.  [Port  morriam ;  It  morione;  from 
the  root  of  L.  murus,  a  wall.     See  Mukai„] 

A  hemlet ;  a  co^ue ;  armor  for  the  head.  Written 
also  Morion.  Kinff. 

MUR'ZA,  «.  The  hered!tar>'  nobility  among  the  Tar- 
tars. The  word  nmst  not  be  confounded  with  the 
Persian  Mibza.  Brande.. 

MC'SARD,  n.  TFr.  See  Muse]  A  dreamer;  one 
who  is  apt  to  be  absent  in  minu.     [Ofrw.]       Chaucer. 

MUS'eA-DEL,    \a.       [It.    moscaUUo;    Port-    and   Hp. 

MUS'G.A-DIXE,  >     mogcateti    Fr.    museatf    muscadin, 

MUS'GA-TEL,  J  mrtsc/tdet:  from  It.  7noj*eado,  musk, 
or  muscata,  [nosf  moscada,]  a  nutmeg,  P'r.  muscade, 
from  JHusc.  Hence,  in  Italian,  vin  muttcata,  muscat, 
or  muscadine  wine.] 

1.  An  api>eIlation  given  to  a  kind  of  rich  wine,  and 
to  the  grapes  which  produce  it.     The  word  is  als» 

2.  A  sweet  pear.  [used  as  a  noun. 
MUS'CAT,  n.    [Fr.]    A  sort  of  grape  and  of  wine. 

See  MrscADEL. 

MUFCH'EL-KALK,  n.  A  German  term  for  shell  lime- 
stone, whose  strata  belong  to  the  new  red  sandstone 
formation.  MaiUeU. 

MUS'CLE,  (mus'l,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  Ij.museuhis,  a  mus- 
cle, and  a  little  mouse ;  D.  Sw.  and  Dan.  inuskel ;  G. 
muschd  ;  Gr.  y(vs,  a  mouse,  and  a  nmscle.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  nmscles  are  the  organs  of  mo- 
tion, consisting  of  fibers,  or  bundles  of  fibers,  in- 
closed in  a  thin  cellular  membrane.  The  muscles 
are  susceptible  of  contraction  and  relaxation,  and  in 
a  healthy  state  a  part  of  the  muscles  are  subject  to 
the  will,  and  are  called  voluntary  muscles.  But  oth- 
ers, as  the  heart,  the  urinary  bladder,  the  stomach, 
&.C.,  which  are  of  a  muscular  texture,  and  suscepti- 
We  of  contraction  and  dilatation,  are  not  subject  to 
the  will,  and  are  therefore  culled  involuntary  mus- 
cles. The  red  color  of  the  muscles  is  owing  to  the 
blcKid-vessels  which  they  contain.  The  ends  of  the 
muscles  are  fastened  to  the  bones  which  they  move, 
and  when  they  act  in  opposition  to  each  other,  they 
are  called  antagtmisU  Encye. 

Muscles  are  divided  into  the  head,  belly,  and  tail. 
The  head  is  the  part  fixed  on  the  immovable  joint 
called  its  origin,  and  is  usually  tendinous  ;  the  belly 
is  the  middle  fleshy  part,  which  consists  of  the  true 
muscular  fibers  ;  liie  tixil  is  the  tendinous  portion  in- 
serted into  the  part  to  be  moved,  called  the  insertion  ; 
but  in  the  tendon,  the  fibers  are  more  compact  than 
in  the  belly  of  the  muscle,  and  do  not  admit  the  red 
globules.  Parr. 

2.  A  liivalvular  shell  fish  of  the  genus  Mytilus  of 
Unuffius  ;  sometimes  written  Mussel. 


MUS 

MUS'eoiD,  a.     [Gr.  /wcx't  and  tuUi  ] 
In  hotiiiitjf  niuss-like  ;  resemliling  moss. 

Ml'S'GOlD,  Ti.  A  moj>s-like  plant,  flowerless,  with  a 
distinct  stem  having  no  vasctitor  system,  but  often 
leaves.  Lindley. 

MUS-eOS'I-TY.n.     Mossiness. 

MUS-GO-V^'DO,  II.  [Sp.  and  Port.  wuwcaAarfo,  com- 
pounded of  mo.*,  more,  but^  and  acaboda,  ended,  fin 
ished.  JMiucabado  is  an  adjective,  signifying,  further 
advanced  in  the  process  than  when  in  sirup,  or  im- 
perfectly tinished;  from  acabar,  to  finish;  ad  and 
cabo,  head,  like  Fr.  achccer.] 

Unrefined  sugar;  the  raw  material  fmm  which 
loaf  and  lump  sugar  are  pr()cured  by  refining.  Mus- 
covado is  obtained  from  the  juice  of  the  sugnr-eaue 
by  evaporation,  and  draining  ofl' the  liquid  part  cull.ul 

molasses.  Kilirard.-*, 

[This  word  is  used  either  as  a  noun  or  an  adjec- 
tive ;  primarily  an  adjective.] 

MUS'eO-VY-DUCK,  w.  A  species  of  duck,-4»tt..  ;»o.^ 
chata  of  Llnnaiua,  larger  than  the  connnon  duck, 
often  raised  in  poultry  yards;  sometimes  called  the 
Musk-duck.  Kdin.  Encyc. 

MUS'eO-VY-GL.i^SS,  n.    Mica,  which  see. 

MUS'€U-LAU,  a.  [from  7nuscte.]  Pertaining  to  a 
muscle  ;  as,  muscular  fiber. 

2.  Performed  by  a  muscle  ;  as,  muscular  motion. 

3.  Strong;  brawny;  vigtjfous  ;  as,  a  ?rtU5cu/ar  body 
or  frame. 

MUS-eU-LAK'I-TY,  n.    The  state  of  being  muscular. 

Orcw. 

MUS'eU-L.AR-LY,    adv.      In  a  muscular  manner ; 

stronglv. 
MUS'CU-LITE,  n.    A  petrified  muscle  or  shell. 

Kirican. 
MUS'GU-LOUS,  a.     [L.  musculosus.] 
1.  Full  of  muscles. 
9.  Strong ;  brawny. 

3.  Pertaining  to  a  muscle  or  to  muscles. 
MCSE,  n.     [L.  musa:  Gr.  ^invca.     See  the  verb.] 

1.  Propcrlii,  s«uig  ;  but  in  usage,  the  deity  or  power 
of  poetry.  Hence  poets,  iu  modern  times,  as  in  an- 
cient, invoke  the  aid  of  the  Muse,  or,  in  other  words, 
the  genius  of  poetry.     [See  Muses.] 

(imnrille  cotnmtnds;  your  aid,  0  Mutes,  lirin"  r 

What  mute  fwt  Limitvillu  csii  n^fime  lo  aing  i  Pope. 

9.  Deep  thought;  cltjse  attention  or  contemplation 
which  abstracts  the  mind  from  passing  scenes; 
hence,  sometimes,  absence  of  mind. 

A»  10  preat  mute,  iio  wonl  to  cr«>Uire  apake.  Spenae? . 

He  whb  lillcil 
With  admimdon  aiid  dwp  muse  to  hear 
Of  thing*  no  high  urid  Htraii^e.  Milton. 

MCSE,  r.  i.  [Fr.  viusftr,  to  loiter  or  trifle  ;  It.  viusare, 
to  gaze,  to  stand  idle  ;  allied  lo  this  word,  probably, 
are  L.  mu^'so  and  mussito,  to  nmtter  or  murmur,  to 
demur,  to  l)e  silent.  The  Greek  pv^'>  siguifies  to 
press,  or  utter  sound  with  the  lips  compressed.  'I'he 
latter  verb  belongs  to  Class  Mg  ;  for  pv)fia,  a  sound 
uttered  through  the  nose,  or  with  close  lips,  is  of  the 
same  family,  I.,  mussitatio.  The  word,  then,  prima- 
rily denotes  what  we  cull  humming,  to  hum,  as  per- 
sons do  when  idle,  or  alone  and  steadily  occupied. 
If  the  elements  of  the  word  are  Ms,  it  may  be  re- 
ferred to  the  Ar.  and  Syr.  ,  j^^^^^jb  hamasa.  Class  Ms, 
No.  35.] 

I.  To  ponder;  to  think  closely;  to  study  in  si- 
lence. 

He  mused  upon  aome  dittigcrons  plot.  Sidney. 

I  muse  on  Ihe  works  of  ihy  hands.  — Ps.  cxliit. 

9.  To  be  absent  in  mind  ;  to  be  so  occupied  in 
study  or  contemplation,  us  not  to  observe  passing 
scenes  or  things  present.  Shak. 

3.  To  wonder. 

Do  not  mute  of  me.     \Obt.]  Shak. 

MCtSE,  u  t.     To  think  on  ;  to  meditate  on.  Thomson. 
MCS'ED,  pp.     Meditated  ;  thought  on. 
MtJSE'FlIL,  a.    Thinking  deeply  or  closely  ;  -thought- 
ful, silently. 

Full  of  museful  mopinga,  Dryden, 

Mt'SE'FUL-LY,  ado.     Thoughtfully. 
MOSE'LESS,  a.     Disregarding  the  power  of  poetry. 

Milton. 
MCS'ER,  n.    One  who  thinks  closely  in  silence,  or 

one  apt  to  be  absent  in  mind.  John.wn. 

MO'SES,  n.  pZ.     [L.  MastB;  Gr.  Movaai.]     In  mythol- 
ogy,  the  nine  sister  goddesses,  supposed  to  preside 
over  the  liberal  arts. 
Mu'SET,  n.     A  gap  in  a  hedge  ;  the  place  through 
which  the  hare  goes  to  relief;  a  hunting  term. 

_  Bailey. 

MU-Sk'UM,  n.  [Gr. /i^vo-tioi',  a  place  for  tl)e  muses, 
or  for  study.] 

A  repository  of  natural,  scientific,  and  literary  ctt- 
riosities,  or  of  works  of  art.  Otcilt. 

MUSH,  n,     [G.  mus,  pap.] 

The  meat  of  maize  boiled  in  water. 
MUSU'ROOM,  71.     [Fr.  mousseron,  the  white  mush- 
room, from  mousse,  moss,  or  the  same  root,  bearing 
the  sense  of  softness  or  nap.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRBY.  —  PL\E,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.- 


MUS 

1.  The  common  name  of  numerous  cryptocamic 
lilnnts  of  the  natural  onter  of  Fiitici.  Some  of  tliern 
are  esculent,  others  pcisotmus.  Muslironms  ^row  on 
dunghills,  and  in  moist,  rich  ground,  and  ollen  spring 
up  in  a  short  time. 

The  origin  rf  man,  In  iYk  tIcw  of  ihe  mbeisl,  is  the  wm?  with 
Oli.1  <d(  \he  muxhruom.  Dwight. 

The  term  mushroom  is  somt'tim»'s  npplied  to  ilii>tin- 
^ish  the  edible  fungi  from  tht;  toadstiHiIs.  whicii  arc 
poisonous. 

2.  An  upstart ;  one  that  rises  suddenly  from  a  low 
condition  in  life.  Bacon. 

MO'Sie,  71.  [L.  mu^ica,'  Gr.  fiovtrtitrj;  Fr.  wusique. 
See  Mi-3E.] 

1.  Melodv*  or  harmony  ;  any  succession  of  sounds 
So  modiilntfd  as  to  please  the  ear,  or  any  combina- 
tion of  sininltaneous  soundit  in  accordance  or  har- 
mony. Music  is  voctd  or  in;ftramrntal.  f'ocut  music 
is  the  melody  of  a  single  voice,  or  the  harmony  of 
two  or  more  voices  in  concert.  JnslrumetUal  music 
is  that  proiluced  by  one  or  more  instruments. 

By  mtttit  uuiids  an  equaJ  temper  know.  ^        Pop*. 

&  Any  entertainment  consisting  in  melody  or  har- 
mony. 

What  rminc,  ami  dnndng,  an.l  (Ii'"T»!oii«.  rmJ  mr\s;s  nf  to  many 
ill  ihe  world,  Utai  prayer*,  and  ddvoiioiu,  ami  psaiinn  are  to 
70U.  LaiB, 

3.  The  science  of  harmonica)  sounds,  which  treats 
of  the  principles  of  harmony,  or  the  properties,  de- 
pendencies, and  relations,  of  sounds  to  eath  other. 
This  may  be  called  specaUiive  or  UiearcJJcal  wii-Wc. 

Knrjjc 

4.  The  art  of  combining  sounds  in  a  niainurr  to 
please  the  ear.  This  is  practical  music  or  composi- 
tion. Eneijc 

5.  Order ;  harmony  in  revolutions ;  as,  the  mtisie 
of  the  spheres. 

Music  ofOu  spheres:  the  harmony  supposed  by  the 
ancients  to  be  produced  by  the  accordant  movements 
of  the  celestial  orbs. 
HC'SI€!-AL,  a.     Belonging  to  music  ;  as,  musieai  pro- 
portion ;  a  musical  instrument. 

2.  Producing  mtisic  or  agreeable  sounds  ;  as,  a  mu- 
sicat  Voice. 

.3.  Melodious;  harmonious;  pleasing  to  the  ear; 
as,  musical  sounds  or  numbers. 

MilkumI  glasses  :  a  musical  instrument  consisting 
of  a  number  of  glass  goblets,  phiyed  upon  with  tlie 
end  of  the  linger  damped. 

MO'SIC-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  melodious  or  harmonious 
manner  ;  with  sweet  sounds. 

MO'Sie-AT^iNESS»n.  The  quality  of  being  melodi- 
ou>  or  harmonious. 

MC'Sie-B^QK,  n.  A  book  containing  tunes  or  songs 
fur  the  Voice  or  for  instruments. 

MU-SI"CIAN,  (mu-zish'an,)  n.  One  that  sings  or 
performs  on  instruments  of  music  according  to  the 
rules  of  the  art. 

2.  A  person  skilled  in  the  science  of  music.  In 
this  sense,  it  has  commonly  some  qualifying  term  ; 
as,  a  scientific  mtisiciuii.  SmarL 

MC'SIC-MAS-TER,  n.    One  who  teaches  music. 

MC'SIC^-STOOL,  71.  A  stool  or  seat  for  one  who  per- 
forms on  a  piano-foite  or  similar  instrument. 

MCS'INO,  ppr.  or  o.     Meditating  in  silence. 

MC£'ING,  n.     Meditation  ;  contemplation. 

yrs'ING  LV,  adv.    By  musing  ;  in  a  musing  way. 

ML'^K,  R.  [L.  museus  ;  Gr.  fi-'cxn^,  muHk,  and  moi^s  ; 
It.  mujtco  and  musekio :  Sp.  mageo  i  Fr.  and  Arm. 
ntiLic  ;  \V.  mwdg.  The  latter  Owen  derives  from  mw/i, 
which,  as  a  noun,  signifies  something  that  slioots 
out,  etHuvia,  and  as  an  adjective,  of  a  Rtritng  scent. 
The  Arabic  word  coinciding  with  these  is  found  un- 
der ij^  vu-i.it  masaka^  to  hold  or  contain,  and  the 
name  is  interpreted  to  signify  iKith  the  follicle  con- 
taining the  matter,  and  the  sub.>l:inc*  contained.] 

A  strong-scented  substance,  obtained  from  a  cyst 
or  bag  near  the  nave)  of  the  Thibet  nmsk ^  Mogchus 
mrt.«cA(/rru*,  an  animal  that  inhabits  the  Asiatic  Al{w, 
esfiecially  Ihe  Altaic  chain.  Thi^  animal  is  a  little 
more  than  three  feet  in  length  ;  the  head  resembles 
that  of  the  roe;  the  fur  is  coarse,  like  that  of  the 
crvine  race,  but  thick,  erect,  smooth,  and  soft.  It 
has  no  horns,  but  the  male  has  two  long  tusks,  one 
on  each  side,  projecting  from  the  mouth.  The  female 
i^  srti.-iller  than  the  male,  and  has  m-ither  tusks  nor 
follicle.  The  cyst  of  the  male  is  about  Ihe  si/.e  of  a 
hcn^s  pge,  oval,  flat  on  one  side  and  rountled  on  the 
other,  having  a  small  orifice.  This  contains  a  clot- 
ted, oily,  fnablc  matter,  of  n  dark  brown  color,  which 
is  the  true  musk,  one  of  the  strongest  odors  or  per- 
fumes m  nature.  We  give  tho  name  to  the  sub- 
stance and  to  the  aninial.  Knajc.    P.  Cye. 

MUSK,  n,    Gnipe-hyacinth  or  grnpe-flowec 

Jo/iruen, 

MUSK,  r.  t.    To  perflime  with  musk. 

MUHK'-AP  ri,E,  n.     A  partiruirir  kind" of  apple. 

MI'SK'-GAT,  B.     The  animal  called  musk,  which  see. 

MrHK'-C'HKR  RY,  n.     A  kind  i.f  cherry. 

MIJHK'-DERR,  n.  Tlie  common  name  of  the  animal 
called  mu^k.     [See  M'"»k.]  P.  Cye. 


MUS 

MUSK'-DUCK,  7t.     A  species  of  duck,  so  called  from 

its  musky  odor;  the  >Iuscovy  duck. 
MUtf'KET,  n.     [It.  moscheVo;  Sp.  mosquete  ;  Fr.  motw- 

quet     It  seems  to  be  formed  from  Sp.  laoscuy  L.  mua- 

eo,  a  fly.] 

1.  A  sitecies  of  fire-nrms  used  in  war,  and  origi- 
nally fired  by  means  of  a  lighted  mulcli.  This  man- 
ner of  tiring  was  in  use  as  late  as  the  civil  war  in 
England.  The  name  is  now  applied  to  fusees  or 
fire-locks  fired  by  a  spring-lock.  Knctjc. 

2.  A  male  hawk  of  a  small  kind,  the  female  of 
whicli  is  the  sparrow-hawk.         Dnjdcn.     Ilanmer. 

MUS-KET-EER',  71.     A  soldier  armed  with  a  nmsket. 

Clarcntion. 
MUS-KET-OON',11.     [Vr.vtotuiqueton.      See  Musket,] 

1.  A  short,  thick  nuisket,  carrying  five  ounces  of 
iron,  or  seven  and  a  half  of  lead  ;  the  shortest  kind 
of  blunderbuss.  Ennjc 

2.  One  who  is  armed  with  a  musketoon.     Herbert. 
MUS'KET-PROOF,  o.    Capable  of  resisting  the  force 

of  a  musket-ball. 

MUS'KET-RY,  n.     Muskets  in  general,  or  their  fire. 

MUSK'I-NESS,  n.     [from  mask.\     The  scent  of  nmak. 

Johnson. 

MUSK'MEL-ON,  n.  [mnsk  and  melton.]  A  delicious 
species  of  melon  ;  named  probably  from  its  fragrance. 

RIL'SK'-OX,  n.  The  Ovibos  nioschatus,  a  ruminant 
mamm;il  of  the  bovine  tril>e,  which  inhabits  the 
country  about  Hudson^s  Hay.  It  has  large  horns 
united  at  the  skull,  but  turned  downward  on  each 
side  of  the  head.  The  hair  of  this  animal  is  very 
louii  and  fine.  Encijc.     P.  Cijc. 

MI'HK'-PEaR,  n.  A  fragrant  kind  of  pear.  Johnson. 

xiUSK'RAT,     I   n.     An  Ameri<*n  animal,  the  Fiber 

MUS'UU.\?II,  j  zibethicHs.  It  has  a  compressed, 
lanceol.Vted  tail,  with  toes  separate.  It  has  the  smell 
of  nnisk  in  summer,  but  loses  it  in  \vinter.  The  fur 
is  used  by  halters.  Its  popular  name  in  America,  is 
MusqiA-H,  the  Indian  name.  Belknap. 

MU?K'-UoSE,  n.  A  species  of  rose  ;  so  called  from 
its  fragrance.  Bacon.    MtUon, 

MUSK'-SEED,  h.  The  seed  of  a  plant  of  the  genus 
Hibiscus. 

MUc^K'-WpOD,  n.  The  wood  of  a  species  of  tree  of 
the  geniis'Trichilia. 

MUSK'Y,  a.    Having  the  odor  of  musk  ;  fragrant. 

AIUS'LIN,  V.  [Fr.  vwussdine  ;  It.  mussoUaa^  massola  i 
Sp.  mosclina  or  musuliaa.  This,  if  a  compMind 
word,  if*  •formed  of  Fr.  mousse^  moss,  or  its  rtK>t,  on 
account  of  its  soft  nap,  and  Un,  flax.  The  opinion 
of  Lunier,that  it  is  named  from  Moussoul,  in  Mesopo- 
tamia, is  probably  unfounded.] 

A  sort  of  fin»^,  thin,  cotton  cloth,  which  bears  a 
downy  nap,  on  its  surface.  Brande, 

MUS'LIX,  a.     Made  of  muslin  ;  as,  a  m\i.tlin  gown. 

MUS'LIX  DE  LAIXE,  n.  [Fr.  moussdine  de  lainc.] 
Litrralhj,  woolen  muslin  ;  a  woolen  fabric  of  ex- 
tremely light  texture,  used  for  ladies'  dresses,  &.c. 

MUS-LIX-ET',  T?.     A  sort  of  coarse  cotton  cloth. 

MIJS'MOX,     i   n.     An  animal  esteemed  a  Bp<!cies  of 

MUS'I-MOX,  t  sheep,  described  by  the  ancients  as 
coinm()n  in  Corsica,  Sardinia,  and  llarbarj'.  Rulfon, 
and  other  naturalists  consider  it  to  be  the  sheep  in  a 
wild  state.  Sioaaison. 

MU3'ai/ASII.    See  MusKRAT. 

MUS-Qri'TO,  > , „..,,    .  \  n.       [Sp.    and    Port. 

MLTS-K£'TO,i  ('""«■*'''*  *°'>  i  iHc^qliUo,  from  Sp. 
mosca,  L.  musco,  a  fly.] 

A  small  insect  of  tlie  genus  Cnlex,  that  is  bred  in 
water ;  a  species  of  gnat  that  abounds  in  mar?ihes 
and  low  lands,  and  whose  sting  is  peculiarly  painful 
and  vexatious. 

Tliis  word  has  been  spelled  in  various  ways,  but 
MujVJiTo  and  MosQfriTo  are  most  prevalent,  though 
the  anglicized  form  Musketo  would  be  preferable  to 
either. 

MUS'ROEE,  n.     [Fr.  musrroUe^  from  museau,  muzzle.] 
The  nose-band  of  a  horse's  bridle.  Bailey. 

MITP.S,  B.     A  scmmhlc  ;  a  cctnfused  stmirgle.     Shak. 

MIJS'SKI,,  n.     A    bivalve  shell  fi-^h.     [See    Mi'scle.] 

MUS'srre,  n.  [from  tlie  v:Uley  oi  Massa^  in  Pied- 
mont.] 

A  variety  of  pyroxene  of  a  greenish-white  color; 
otherwise  called  DiopiiDG.  Diet.  J^at.  Ifist. 

MUS'Sl7l4-MAX,n.;  yl.  Mussclmaws.  A  Mohamme- 
dan, or  follower  of  Mohammed. 

I'his  word  Is  said  to  signify  rpsijrted  to  God.  It  is 
the  dual  number  of  mo^lcm^  of  which  the  plural  is 
TnosUmim.  Brttrnlfi. 

MUS-SUL-MAX'ie,  o.  Pertaining  to  Mussulmans, 
or  like  them  or  their  cuntoms.  Damns. 

MUS'Sri^MAN-I.^H,  a.     Mohammedan.      HerbrrU 

MCS'SUL-MAN-LY,  adv.  U\  the  manner  of  Mus- 
suhnans.  , 

MU."^T,  r.  t.  [Sax.  moAt ;  D,  mortrn,  moe.it ;  Sw.  mastc  : 
<>.  mfisscn.  It  is  uned  as  an  auxiliary  verb,  and  lias 
no  variation  to  express  |>erson,  time,  or  numlier.  Its 
primary  sense  is,  probably,  to  be  strong  or  able,  as  tl  is 
rendcrefl  in  Saxon  ;  fnmi  pressing,  straining.  Class 
M.K,  No.  25.     Ch.  and  No.  31.] 

I.  To  be  obliged  ;  to  be  necessitated.  It  expre-'^s<'» 
both  physical  and  moral  nece.ssity.  A  man  must  cat 
for  nourishment,  nnri  he  mwit  sleep  for  refVeshment. 
We  must  submit  to  the  laws  or  be  exposi^I  to  pun- 


MUT 

ishnient.     A  bill  in  a  legislative  body  must  havetlire« 
readings  before  it  can  pass  to  be  enacted. 

2.  It  expresses  moral  fitness  or  propriety,  as  neciis- 
sary  or  essential  to  the  character  or  end  proposed. 
"  Deacons  mast  Imj  grave  ;  "  "a  bishop  muni  have  a 
good  rejiorl  of  them  that  are  without."  1  Tim.  ill. 
MUST,  w.  [lj.inustum;  Sax.  must;  It.  Sp.  and  Port. 
vtosto  ;  Russ.  mst:  Fr.moUt:  D.  and  G.most;  Ilcb. 
and  Ch.  xon,  to  ferment.  Class  Ms,  No.  38.] 
Wine  pressed  from  the  gra{)C  but  not  fermented. 

Brands. 
MUST,  r.  t.     [Fr.  moisi,  moldy  ;    Ir.  musjam^  to  be 
musty.    Q.U.  W.  mws^  of  a  strong  scent.] 

To  make  moldy  and  sour.  Moi-timcr. 

MUST,  p.  i.    To  grow  moldy  and  souri  to  contract  a 

fetid  smell. 
MUS'TAG,  «.    A  small  tufted  monkey. 
MrS-TXClIE',  (muB-tish',)  it.  s.  \    [Fr.  moiuitaclies  i 
MUS-TaCH'ES,  n.  pU  )       Sp.  mostar-ho,  a 

whisker;  It.  mostacchio;  Gr.  ^voraj,  the  upper  lip, 
and  the  hair  growing  on  it.]  ^ 
Long  hair  on  the  upiK'r  lip. 
MUS-TACII'IO,  (mus-fish'o,)  n.    [It]    The  same  as 

MCSTICHE. 

MUS-TXCll'10-ii;D,  a.     Having  mustachios. 
MUS'TARD,  71.     [It.  mostarda;    Fr.  tnoutarde ;  Arm. 

mustard;  Port,  mostarda ;  Sp.  mo.ftaza  ;  W.  mw.-itari; 

mw.v,  that  has  a  strong  scent,  and  tun,  a  breaking 

out.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Sinapls,  and  its  seed,  which 

has  a  pungent  taste,  and  is  a  powerful  irritant.     It  is 

used  externally  in  cataplasms,  and  internally  as  a 

diuretic  and  irritant.  Encyc. 

M  US-TEE',  >  71.    The  child  of  a  white  person  and  a 
MES-TEE',  (       quadroon.  West  Indies. 

MUS'TE-LtXE,  a.     [L.   miLsteUnus^  from   viv^tcla^  a 

weasel.j 
Pertaining  to  tho  weasel  or  animals  of  the  weasel 

family,  constituting  the  genus  Mustela  of  Linnxus  ; 

as,  a  musteline  color. 
MUS'TER,  v.  t.     [G.  niu.'ifrm,  D.  monstcren,  Sw.  mtfra- 

strOy  Dan.  mynstrer,  to  muster ;  It.  mostrarc^  Sp.  and 

Port,   mostrar,  Fr.    montrer^    L.    monstro^    to    show. 

Either  71  has  been  lost  in  some  of  these  languages, 

or  it  is  not  radical  in  the  Latin.] 

1.  Proprrly^  to  collect  troops  for  review,  parade, 
and  exercise  ;  but,  in  ffettcral^  to  collect  or  assemble 
troops,  persons,  or  things.  The  officers  muster  their 
soldiers  regularly  ;  they  muster  all  their  forces.  The 
philosopher  musters  all  tho  wise  sayings  of  the 
ancients,  Spenser.    Loclie,     Tillotson, 

2.  To  muster  up;  to  gather  or  obtain,  usually  with 
some  difticulty  ;  as,  to  mtLster  up  courage. 

7'o  muster  troops  into  service,  is  to  inspect  and  enter 
them  on  the  nmster-roll  of  the  army. —  To  muster 
troops  out  ofacrvicc,  is  to  inspect  and  enter  them  on 
a  muster-roll,  iiccording  to  which  they  receive  pay 
for  the  last  time,  and  are  dismissed.  Cutler. 

JMUS'TER,  V.  i.     To  assemble ;  to  meet  in  one  place. 

MUS'TER,  7t.  [It.  and  Port.  Tnos/rn,  a  show  or  muster ; 
Sp.  THucstra,  a  pattern,  a  model,  a  muster-roli ;  G. 
muster,  a  pattern,  a  sample  ;  D.  monster ;  Dan.  myn~ 
sUr  ;  L.  motislriim,  a  show  or  prodigy.] 

1.  An  assembling  of  troops  fur  review,  or  a  review 
of  troops  under  arms.  Encyc. 

2.  A  register  or  roll  of  troops  mustered. 

Ve  fivililisli  the  mut:erg  of  your  own  tanila.  Hooker, 

3.  A  collection,  or  tlie  act  of  collecting. 

.^insworth. 
To  pass  muster ;  to  pass  without  censure  through  a 

muster  or  iiispertion.  South. 

MUS'TER-BOQK,  71.    A  book  in  which  forces  are 

registered.    '  Shak. 

MUS'TER-f.'D,  pp.    Assembled,  as  troops  for  review. 
MUS'TER-FILE,  n.    The  same  as  a  muster-roll. 

Shak. 
MUS'TER-MXS  TER,7».    One  who  takes  an  account 

of  troops,  and  of  their  arms  and  other  military  ap- 

{mratus.    Tho  chief  otficer  of  this  kind  is  called 

miiater-master-!(eneraL  Encyc, 

MUS'TEU-KOLL,  n.    A  roll  or  register  of  the  troops 

in  each  company,  lro<tp,or  regiment.  Brande. 

Ml'S'TI-I.Y,  fliii'.     [fVom  7nu.-7y.]     Moldily  ;  sourly. 
MUS'TI-NESS,  Tf.     The  quality  of   being   musty  or 

sour;  moldiness  ;  damp  foulness.  Evelyn. 

MUS'TY,   a.     [from  must.]     Moldy;   sour;  foul  and 

feti4l  ;  as,  a  mu.fty  cask  ;  ynusty  corn  or  straw  ;  musty 

2.  Stale  ;  spt^iled  by  age.  [books. 

The  proverb  !•  itomewliiil  musty.  Shak. 

3.  Hiiving  an  ill  flavor;  as,  musty  wine.      Pope. 

4.  Dull ;  heavy  ;  spiritless. 

That  he  limy  not  grow  jnuisly  niul  unfit  fur  ctmfomtion. 

Athlinon. 

MU-TA-Rl  L'l-TY,  n.  [Fr.  mutabilite  ;  It.  muUibiUtd  ; 
I,,  mutahititas,  from  muiahilis,  muto,  to  change.] 

1.  Changeablcness ;  su.-;ceptibilily  of  clningo  ;  the 
quality  o(^  being  subject  to  change  or  alteration,  either 
in  form,  state,  or  essential  qualities. 

PI.\lo  cunt'-Hca  thnt  tho  hpa»Pn»  and  the  (r\n\r  k\  in«  wnriil  arc 
corporeal,  and  Ihercf-itc  Mit)Jeet  to  mutriii/iJy.    SiUtingJictt. 

a.  The  state  of  habitually  or  (Vequently  changing. 
3.  Changeablenes8,as  of  mind,  disposition,  or  will ; 


TONE,  BJJLL,  nxiTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOU8.  — €  as  K ;  d  as  J ;  «  m  2;  CH  as  SH j  TH  as  in  THlfa. 


MUT 

jnronstnnry  ;  instability ;  aft,  the  mtUaiUity  of  opin- 
it>ti  or  (iiirp««e. 

MP'TA-Bl.E,€i.  [It.  mutabile ;  Ij.  mutabilis,  from  muto, 
to  rlmnue,  \V.  mudaw.    See  Mbw.1 

1.  Suhjpct  to  change;  changeable;  thatmaybenl- 
ter»*il  in  form,  qualities,  or  nature.  Almost  every 
thins  we  see  on  earth  is  mntabU ;  substances  nre 
mutable  in  their  form,  and  we  all  know  by  sad  ei- 
pericnce  how  mvtabU  are  the  conditions  of  life. 

9.  [n<*on!«tant ;  unsettled  ;  unstable  ;  susceptible 
of  change.  Our  opinions  and  our  puriKi.>cs  are 
mtitabU.  , .,, 

MO'TA-ULfi-NESSjU.  Changeableness ;  mutability; 
instability. 

MO'TA-HLY,  athf.     Changeably. 

MO'TAGE,  «.  A  process  fur  checking  the  fermenta- 
tion uf  the  must  of  grapes.  Ure, 

MU-TA'TK)N,  n.     [I.-  mmiatio.] 

I.  The  act  or  process  of  clianginic. 

3.  Change  ;  alteration,  either  in  form  or  qualities. 

The  vifisiotii  !••  or  tni::aaana  in  Ihe  •upctior  ylut*  are  no  fit  mat 
ut  l-Jt  iba  prv«em  arxumeut.  Bacon. 

MU-T,VTrS  MU'T.iJ^DfSy    [L.]     The    necessary 

changes  being  mode. 
MCTE,  a.     [h.  mtUHs;  W.  wiftrf;  Fr.  mnrt;  It.  muto; 

Sp.  muJo;  Ir.  tauite  ;  Arm.  mud  or  simudet,] 

1.  Silent ;  not  s|>eaking ;  not  uttering  words,  or 
not  having  the  power  of  utterance;  dumb.  Jilute 
xnny  express  temporary  silence,  or  permanent  ina- 
bility to  speak. 

To  ibe  Bftulc  my  *pe«H  U  lost.  DryUn. 

In  this  phrase,  it  denotes  unable  to  utter  words. 
JUpre gfnrralltft  it  denotes  temporarily  silent;  assail 
■at  mute. 

All  thr  btfB*euIj  choir  stood  mutt.  Mttim. 

2.  Uttering  no  sound  ;  as,  mntt  sorrow. 

3.  Silent ;  not  pronounced  ;  as,  a  mute  letter. 
MCTE,  «.     A  person  who  can  not  speak,  or  who  re- 
mains silent ;  as,  a  mute  in  a  pl:iy. 

9.  In  late,  a  person  thnt  stands  speechlera  when  he 
ought  to  answer  or  plead. 

3.  In  Turkry,  a  dumb  officer  who  acts  as  execu- 
tioner of  persons  of  hieli  nmk.  Brandt. 

4.  In  £jiWoiu/,  a  pers<in  employed  by  undertakers 
lo  stand  be?ore  the  door  of  a  house  in  which  there  is 
I  corpse. 

5.  In  grammar,  a  letter  that  represents  no  sound  ; 
a  close  artinilntion  which  inlerce|»tsihe  voice.  Mutrs 
are  of  two  kimls,  pure  and  impKrr.  The  pure  mmUt 
instantly  and  entirely  intercept  the  voice,  as,  ft,  p, 
and  r,  in  the  syllables  cjt,  /p,  cf.  The  impure  mutes 
intercept  the  voice  less  suddenly,  as  the  articulations 
are  less  cloKe.  Such  are  A,  <f,  and  ^ ,  as  in  the  sylla- 
bles cA,  eJ,  t^. 

6.  In  mu-Wf,  a  little  utensil  of  worn!  or  brass,  used 
on  a  violin  to  deaden  or  soAcn  the  sounds.    Bushy. 

MOTE,  r.  i.     [Fr.  i-irfp-.] 

To  eject  the  contents  of  the  bowels,  as  birds, 

B.  JtmsoHt 
MtTE,  a.    The  dung  of  birds.  Hudibrtu. 

MCTE'LY,  ode.    Silently  ;  withmil  uttering  words  or 

Bounds.  Milton. 

MOTE'NESS,  B.    Silence;  forbearance  of  speaking. 
MOTI-LATE,  r.  L    [I*  mutilo,  probably  from  the  root 
of  meto,  to  cut  off":  rr.  mutiUr;  It.  mafiVure.] 

1.  To  cut  otr  ft  limb  or  essential  part  of  an  animal 
body.  To  cut  off  the  hand  or  foot  is  to  mutilate  the 
body  or  the  persun. 

2.  To  cut  or  break  ott',  pr  other^vise  separate  any 
Important  part,  as  of  a  statue  or  building.      Eaeyc. 

3.  Tu  retrench,  destroy,  nr  nniove  any  material 
I»rt,  so  as  lo  render  the  filing  imperfect ;  as,  to  ibm- 
tiUle  tlw  poems  of  Homer,  or  the  orations  of  Cicero. 

Aama^  ibe  mutUMtid  porU  of  ■ntiqtntT,  tlirrv  is  non*  whoM 
ftrngnmtU  an  m>  bc^uui'iJl  aa  tboae  ot  Sappho.      Additon, 

MO'TI-LA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Deprived  of  a  limb,  or  of 
an  essential  part. 

MO'Tl-LA-TED,  >  a.  ln*or««y,  the  reverse  of  Lliuhi- 

MO'Tl-LATE,  \  &!«t;  not  producing  a  corol,  when 
not  regularly  apelaluus  ;  apphed  to  Jtmnera, 

Lee.     MarbnL 

HOTI-LA-TING,  ppr.  Retrenching  a  limb  or  ah  es- 
sential part. 

MU-TI-L.\'TIO.\,  m.    [L.  mutilatio.] 

1.  Tbe  act  of  mutilating  i  deprivation  of  a  limb  or 
of  an  eaeenttal  part. 

S.  MutilaiioM  is  a  term  of  very  general  import,  ap- 
plied to  bodies,  to  statues,  to  buildings,  and  to  writ- 
ings ;  btit  apprvpnateiy,  it  denotes  the  retrenchment 
of  a  human  limb  or  member,  and  particularly  of  the 
malp  oreans  of  generation. 

MO'TI-LS-TOR,  n.    One  who  mutilates. 

MC'TI-LOLS,a.  .MulU-ited  ,def(Ctive  ;  imperfect.  Rmt. 

MC nXE,  a  mutineer,  and  MCTINE,  lo  mutiny,  are 
not  m  use. 

MU-TI-.NEER',  n.  [See  Miitist.]  One  guilty  of 
mutiny  ;  a  person  in  militjiry  or  naval  service,  who 
rises  in  opposition  to  liie  authority  of  the  officers, 
who  openly  resists  the  government  of  the  army  or 
nav%',  or  attempts  to  destroy  due  subordination. 

MOT'ING,  a.    The  dung  of  birds.  Jfvre. 

MC'TI-XOUS,  a.    Turbulent;  disposed  lo  resist  the 


MUT 

authority  of  laws  and  regulations  in  an  army  or  na- 
vy, or  oiieiily  nsisiing  such  authority. 
iL  Seditious.     [See  MurfNt.] 

MO'TI-NOUS-LY,  arfr.  In  a  manner  or  with  intent 
to  oppose  lawful  authority,  or  due  subordination  in 
militarv  or  naval  service. 

MO'TI-NOfS-XESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  muti- 
nous ;  opposition  lo  lawful  nulhorily  among  military 
men. 

MO'TI-NY,  n.  [Fr.  mu/iH,  refractor>-,  stubborn,  mu- 
tinery  to  mutiny  or  rise  in  arms  ;  mutinerie^  mutiny  ; 
Sp.  TRutiH,  a  mutiny  ;  amotinar,  to  excite  rebellion  ; 
It.  mutimire^  to  mutiny ;  Port,  motim  ;  D.  muiten,  mu- 
tiny, iind  as  a  verb,  to  mutiny,  and  to  m^^tr,  to  molt  or 
cast  the  feathers,  coinciding  with  the  Fr.  muer,  Eng. 
lo  nicie;  G.  meulercy,  mutiny,  and  mauseny  to  mew 
or  molt ;  Dan.  itnjterie  ;  Sw.  mytteriy  nuitiny  ;  Arm. 
uiuid,  tu  mew  or  moll.  We  see  that  these  words, 
mutiny  and  wrtP,  are  from  the  same  root  as  L.  muto, 
lo  change,  VV.  Mut/aie,  Which  is  radically  the  same 
word  as  L.  vwtOj  to  move.  Mutiny  is  formed  from 
the  French  iniuiii,  a  derivative  word,  and  ntrto  from 
the  root  or  verb.  So  motin^  in  Spanish,  is  a  deriva- 
tive, while  mudaj  cliuiige,  and  Fort  mudar,  to  change 

feathers,  are  directly  from  the  verb;  Eth.       •lTIIi 

mitf  to  turn ;   Ar.  It?.^  matau,  to  move  or  drive, 

or  laL«  mata,  to  drive.     Class  Md,  No.  14,  10.] 

An  insurrection  of  stildiers  or  seamen  against  the 
authority  of  their  commanders  ;  open  resistance  of 
officers,  or  opposition  tu  their  authority.  A  mutiny  is 
properly  the  art  of  numbers,  but  by  statutes  and  or- 
ders for  governing  the  army  and  navy  in  different 
countries,  the  acts  which  constitute  mutiny  are  mul- 
tiplied and  defined;  and  acts  of  individuals,  amount- 
ing to  a  resistance  of  the  authority  or  lawful  com- 
mands of  officers,  are  declared  to  be  umtiny.  Any 
attempt  to  excite  op|>asition  to  lawful  authority,  or 
any  act  of  contempt  toward  officers,  or  disobedience 
of  commands,  is  by  Ihe  British  .Mutiny  Act  declared 
lo  be  mutiny.  Any  concealment  of  mutinous  acts, 
or  neglect  to  attempt  a  suppression  of  them,  is  de- 
clared also  to  be  mutiny. 

J^''otf.  —  In  gotwl  authors  who  lived  a  century  ago, 
mutiay  and  mulinoKs  were  applied  to  insurrection  and 
sedition  in  civil  society.  Hut  I  believe  tliet^e  words 
are  now  applied  exclusively  to  soldiers  and  seanien. 

MO'TI-XY,  r.  L  To  rise  against  lawful  authority  in 
military-  and  naval  service  ;  to  excite,  or  attempt  to 
excite,  opposition  to  the  lawful  commands  uf  miliury 
and  naval  officers  ;  to  commit  some  act  which  tends 
to  bring  the  authority  of  officers  into  contempt,  or  in 
aiiy  way  to  pnunotc  insubordination. 

MUT'TER,  r.  i.  [L-  mii/j«,  wiMW«»,and  muaso^mussito; 
allied  perhaps  to  muse,  which  s«e.] 

1.  To  utter  words  with  a  low  voice  and  compressed 
lips,  with  sullenne^s  or  in  complaint ;  to  grumhle ;  to 
murmur. 

Mfwnlinw  jour  filthy  hmgan  will  atAR, 

And  Mtiitfr  to  liiiiiaelf.  Drydtn. 

2.  To  sound  with  a  low,  rumbling  noise. 

Thick  ligliuiin^  Haah,  ihr:  v\ultering  ttiundor  rolls.  Pope. 

MUT'TER,  V.  L  To  utter  with  imperfect  articulations, 
or  with  a  low,  murmuring  voice. 

Your  lipi  ha»(r  ■pokfii  liei,  your  Longuc  h-ilh  muttered  pcrverec- 

Dca*.  —  U.  Iix. 
They  iii  ale^p  will  mutler  their  afl'.iin.  Shot, 

MUT'TER,  n.     Murmur;  obscure  utterance.    MiUon. 

MUT'TER-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Uttered  in  a  low,  murmur- 
ing Viiice^ 

MUT'TER-RR,  ju    A  grumbler;  one  that  mutlers. 

MUT'TER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Uttering  with  a  low,  mur- 
muring voire;  grumbling;  murmuring. 

M  UT'TER-ING-LY,  a^c.  With  a  low  voice;  without 
distinct  articulation. 

MUT'TON,  (mut'n,)  n.  [Fr.  moi/fon,  for  moulton  :  W. 
mollt,  a  wether;    Arm.  maud}    Ir.  melt.     Q.u.  Gr. 

1.  The  flesh  of  sheep,  raw  or  dressed  for  food. 

2.  A  sheep.  [But  tJtis  sense  is  now  obsolete  or  ludi- 
crous.] Baron. 

MUT'TON-CHOP,  ».  A  rib  of  mutton  for  broiling, 
having  the  bi>ne  cut  or  chopped  off  at  the  small  end. 

MUT'TO\-FIdT,  ».     A  large,  red,  brawny  hand. 

Dnjden. 

MO'TU-AL,  (mut'yu-aU  a.  [Fr.  mutuel;  L.  mutuus, 
from  mutoy  to  change.] 

Reciprocal ;  interchanged  ;  each  acting  in  return 
or  correspondence  to  the  other  ;  given  and  received. 
Mutual  love  is  thai  which  is  entertained  by  two  per- 
sons each  for  the  other  ;  mutual  advantaee  is  that 
which  is  conferred  by  one  person  on  another,  and  re- 
ceived by  him  in  return.  So  we  say,  muluat  assist- 
ance; mutual  aversion. 

And,  what  should  most  excitn  a  mutual  tinme, 

Your  rtira!  cam  and  plenmnrMi  are  ll»e  aaine.  Pope. 

MU-TU-AL'I-TY,  n.    Reciprocation;  interchange. 

Sfmk. 


MYU 

M0'TU-A1--LY,  fmufyu-al-le,)  adv.  Bee  procally  ; 
in  the  maimer  of  giving  and  receiving. 

'I*he  tuiig^ii'*  and  th?  pm  mutuatly  umiat  Qn«  another.     Holder. 

Jsfote. — Mutual  and  ?nu(«aHy  properly  refer  to  twti 

persons,  or  their  intercourse;  but  they  msy  be,  and 

often  are,  applied  to  numbers  acting  together  or  in 

MU-TU-A'TION,  n.     [L.  muluatio.]  [concert. 

The  act  of  borrowing,     [Little  used.']  Hall. 

MO'TULE,  (mut'yule,)  n.    [Fr.  mutule^ 

In  architecture,  a  projecting  bliK'k  under  the  corona 
of  the  Doric  cornice,  in  the  same  situation  ns  the 
modillion  of  other  orders.  Oloss.  of. Orckit. 

MUX,  n.     For  Muck.     Dirt.  (-^ose. 

MrX'V,  a.     Dirty;  gloomy.  Lemon. 

MUZ'ZLE,  a.  [Fr.  wuwmm,  mur.zte  or  snout  ;  Ann. 
masell;  prohably  from  the  rw»t  of  mouth,] 

1.  The  mouth  of  a  thing;  the  extreme  or  end  fur 
entrance  or  liisrharge  ;  applied  chiefly  to  the  end  of 
a  tube,  as  the  open  end  of  a  connuou  fusee  or  pistol, 

'    or  of  a  bellows. 

2.  The  projecting  mouth  and  nose  of  an  animal, 
as  of  a  borse. 

'X  A  fastening  for  the  mouth  which  binders  from 
biting. 

With  ^lil?Q  muzztee  all  iheir  moutlu  ven  bouod.     Dryden. 

MUZ'ZLE,  r.  e.  To  bind  the  mouth  ;  to  fasten  the 
mouth  to  prevent  biting  or  eating. 

Thou  thBlt  not  muzzle  il»c  ox  when  he  treadelh  out  tbc  com. — 
Dcut.  xxy, 

9.  To  fondle  with  the  mouth  close.    [Lov>.] 

3.  To  restrain  from  hurt. 

My  dagger  muzzled,  Stiak. 

MUZ'ZLE,  V.  I    To  bring  the  mouth  near. 

The  Ix^ar  muzzlet  and  ■mf'lli  to  him.  L'Ettrringt. 

MUZ'ZLjED,  pp.     Fastened  by  the  mouth  to  prevent. 

biting  or  eating. 

MUZ'ZLE-LASH'ING,  n.  The  lashing  by  which  the 
muzzle  of  a  gun  is  secured  to  the  upper  part  of  the 
pfirt  in  a  ship, 

MUZ'ZLE-KING,  n.  The  metalline  ring  or  circle 
that  surrounds  the  mouth  of  a  cannon  or  other  piece. 

MUZ'ZLING,  por.    Fastening  the  mouth. 

MUZ'ZV,  a.  [from  muse.'\  Absent  in  mind;  be- 
wildered.    [wVot  in  use,] 

MT,  pronom.  adj.  [Contracted  from  migen,  mine.  Me 
was  originally  miffy  and  the  adjective  migen.  So  in 
L.  mcits.     See  Mins.] 

Ilelonging  to  me  ;  aa,  this  is  my  book.  Formerly, 
mine  was  used  before  a  vowel,  and  my  before  a  con- 
sonant ;  my  is  now  used  before  both.  We  say,  my 
book  ;  my  own  book  ;  my  old  friend.  Mine  is  still 
used  after  a  verb  ;  as,  tliis  hook  is  mine, 

MYL'O-DON,  n.  An  extinct  edentate  animal,  allied 
lo  the  meeatherium.  Lyell. 

MYN'CHKN,  71.     A  nun.     [Obs.] 

MY.N'CH'ER-Y,  a.  The  Saxon  name  for  a  nunnery; 
a  term  still  applied  to  the  ruins  of  certain  nunneries 
Jn  England.  Qlosa.  ofArcliit. 

MVN-UEER',  n.  [D.,  ray  lord  or  master.]  A  Dutch- 
man. 

MV-0-GRAPH'ie-AL,  a.  [See  Mtographt.]  Per- 
taining to  a  d'^scription  of  the  muscles. 

MY-OG'RA-1'IIIST,  n.  One  who  describes  the  mus- 
cles of  animals. 

MY-OG'RA-PHY,  n.    [Gr.  /ivf,  /juoy,  a  muscle,iind 
ypatiiMy  to  describe.] 
A  description  of  the  muscles  of  the  body. 

M?-0-LOG'ie-AL,  a.  [See  Mtologt.]  Pertaining 
lo  tile  description  and  doctrine  of  the  muscles. 

M?-OL'0-GlST,  «.  One  who  is  versed  in  myology, 
or  who  treats  of  the  subjccL 

M?-OL'0-GY,  n.  [Gr.  ^1$,  /juoj,  muscle,  and  Aoyoy, 
discourse.] 

A  description  of  the  muscles,  or  the  doctrine  of 
Ihe  muscles  of  the  human  body.     Chcyne.     Kncye. 

MY'OPE,  n. ,'  pL  Mr'orES.  [Gi'.pvtDi}/}  ^uo),  to  shut, 
and  onp,  the  eye.] 

A  short-«ighted  person.  .Sdams. 

M?'0-PY,  n.     Short-sightedness.  Encyc 

MY-OT'O-MY,  n.    [Or,  /-ws  and  ro//7r,  a  cutting.] 
A  dissection  of  the  muscles. 

MYR'I-AD,  (mir'e-ad,)  n.  [Gr.  fivptus,  from  in'ptn^, 
extreme,  innumerable  ;  VV.  myr,  that  is,  inlinite, 
fluctuating,  ants,  emmets;  mi/rt,  infinity,  a  myriad, 
ten  thousand.  Here  we  see  the  origin  of  the  Gr. 
pvofi'ii,  ^><pti')(,  an  ant,  so  named  from  numbers  or 
motion.  See  FtRVEr^T.] 
1.  The  number  of  ten  thousand. 
9,  An  immense  number,  indefinitely.        Milton. 

MYR'I-A-GRAM,         )  n.     [Gr.  /ium.i,  ten  thousand, 

MrR'L.^-QR,^MME,\       and  yfa^/ia.] 

A  French  weight  equal  to  ten  thousand  grams  or 
ten  kilograms,  or  23.0485  lbs.  avoirdupois. 

Lunicr.     Mc  Cnlloch. 

MYR-I-AL'I-TER,  /  n.      [Gr.    fivpia    and  Afrp^i,  a 

MYR'1-.^-Lr-TRE,  (       pound.] 

A  French  measure  of  capacity  containing  ten 
thoiisiind  liters,  or  610,280  cubic  inches,  about  A2 
hogsheads  of  English  wine  measure.    McCulloch. 

MVR-l-AM'E-TER,  ( n.     [Gr.    //.loci,  ten 

MYR'I-^-ME-TRE,  (-ma-ter,)  i  thousand,  and /xtr- 
p  'V,  measure.] 


Fate,  far.  FALU  \VH.^T MeTE,  PREY.  — pine,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BpQK*  — 

740 


N 

In  thi  rifw  system  of  Frmch  metunires^  tlie  length 
of  ten  thousand  mrters,  equal  to  6  miles,  1  furlong, 
and  28  rods  of  our  long  measure.  McCulloch. 

MVR'l-A-POD,«,  [Gr.  /lupm^ten  thousand, and  noSe^, 
feet.] 

One  of  an  order  or  class  of  insects  having  many 
feet  or  legs.  BetL 

MYR'i-XRCH,  (mir'e-ark,)  «.     [Gr.  ftvptaytea  thou- 
sand, and  upxuf,  chief.] 
A  captain  or  commander  often  thousand  men. 

MYR'I^iRE,  ft.     [Gr.  fivoin  and  are,  L.  area,] 

A  French  linear  measure  of  ten  thousand  acres,  or 
100,000  square  meters,  nearly  247  English  acres. 

J\lc  Cu  lloch .     Lu  n  irr, 

MYR'[-CIX,  n.  The  substance  which  remains  after 
bees-wax,  or  the  wax  of  the  Myrica  cerifera  of  South 
Africa,  has  been  digested  in  alcohul.  It  is  in  fact 
one  of  the  proximate  principles  of  wax.  It  diflVrs 
from  cerin,  the  other  proximate  principle,  in  being 
incapable  of  being  converted  into  a  soap  by  caustic 
pi>tassa.  Dr.  John. 

MVR-I-O-LOG'IC-AL,  a.    Relating  to  a  mvriologue. 

MYR-I-OL'O-dlST,  n.  One  who  composes  or  sings  a 
mvriologue,  usually  or  always  a  female. 

MYU'1-O-L.OGUE,    n.      [Gr.  inpi^St    extreme,   and 

In  .modem  Oreeef-y  an  extemporary  funeral  song, 
composed  and  sung  on  the  death  of  a  friend. 

MVR-1-O-RA'MA,  n.  [Gr.  ftvpiosj  infinite,  and  opati^j 
to  see.] 

.Views  of  objects  in  numbers  indefinite;  sections 
80  contrived  that  they  may  be  combined  into  pictures 
to  an  indefinite  extent. 

MYR'MI-DON,  (mur'me-don,)  n.  [Gr.  ^iW/iifJoii',  a 
multitude  of  ants  ;  VV*.  myr ;  qu.  so  called  from  their 
numlier^  or  from  their  industry.] 

Printarily,  the  Myrmidons  are  said  to  have  been  a 
people  on  the  borders  of  Thessaly,  who  accompanied 
Achilles  to  the  war  again-st  Troy.  Hence  the  name 
came  to  signify  a  soldier  of  a  rough  character,  a  des- 
I>erate  poldier  or  ruffian  under  some  daring  leader. 
■MVR-.MI-DO'NI-AN,  a.  Like  or  pertaining  to  myrmi- 
dons. 

MY-ROB'A-LAN,  n.  [L.  myroholanum  ;  Gr.  pvpo- 
0aXavoi  ,-  iivp'iv^  unguent,  and  iia\'ii">i,  n  nut.] 

A  dried  fniit  whifh  is  a  drupe,  brought  from  the 
East  Indies,  of  which  there  are  .several  sorts,  all 
slightly  piirgative  and  aslringrnt,  btil  not  now  used 
in  medicine.  Theyaretlie  produceof  several  species 
of  Tenninalia,  and  of  one  sptfcies  at  le.ist  of  Phyllan- 
Ihus.  The  term  myrobtUan,  then,  comprehends  sev- 
eral different  fruits.  Parr.     Encye. 

MY-ROP'0-LIST,  n.  [Gr. /iwooi-,  unguent,  and  irwAcw, 
to  sell.] 
One  that  sells  unguents.    [Little  used.] 

MYRRH,  (mur,)  n,     [L.  mprka ;  Gr.  ftvp^a  or  apivpva  ; 


8p.  and  It  mirra;    Ft.  myrrhe;   Arabic,  from  w« 
Bwrra,  to  be  bitter.     Class  Mr.]  ^ 

An  inspissated  sap  that  comes  in  the  form  of  drops 
or  globules  of  various  colors  and  sizes,  of  a  pretty 
strong  but  agreeable  smell,  and  of  a  hitter  taste.  It 
is  imported  from  Esjpt,  hut  chiefly  from  the  southern 
or  eastern  parts  of  Arabia.  As  a  medicine,  it  Is  a 
good  stomachic,  antispasmodic,  and  cordiat.  It  is 
the  produce  of  a  species  of  Rulsamodendmn. 

Parr.      Fourcroy.     Encye, 
MYR'RHINK.  (-rin,)  a.     [l^.  mtjrrhinus.] 

Made  nf  the  murrhine  stone,  or  tluorid  of  calcium, 
1.  e.,  ftiior  Mpar.     [See  MfBRHi!<E.]  Milton. 

MYR'TI-FORM,  a.     [L.  mvrfM.*,  myrtle,  and/orm.] 

Resembling  mvrile  or  myrtle  biirrtes. 
MYR'TLE.  (mur'Il,)  ».     [L.  myriM-i :  Gr.  yi-nrfl?.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Myrtus,  of  several  species. 
The  common  myrtle  rises  wth  a  shnibby,  Tipright 
stem,  eight  or  ten  feet  high.  Its  branches  form  a 
close,  full  head,  closely  garnished  with  ovate  or  lan- 


Nis  the  frmrteenth  letter  of  the  English  alphabet,  and 
an  articulation  formed  by  placing  the  end  of  the 
tongue  against  the  root  of  the  up[>er  teeth.  It  is  nn 
imp»*rfect  mute,  or  semi-vowel,  and  a  nasal  letter, 
the  articulation  being  accompanied  with  a  souna 
through  the  nose.  It  has  one  sound  only,  and  after 
m  is  silent,  or  nearly  so,  as  in  hymn  and  condrmn, 

N,  among  thf  antients,  was  a  numeral  letter  signi- 
fying 910,  and  with  a  stroke  over  it,  N,9000.  Among 
Ote  lavryrr.'ty  A".  L.  stood  for  non  liquet,  the  case  is  not 
clear. 

N.  is  used  as  an  abbreviation  of  north.  N.  E. 
stands  for  north-fast ;  N.  W.  for  ii©rtA-«ft»f ;  N.  N.  E. 
for  noTth-narth-tAst ;  N.  N.  W.  for  nortAriufrtX-Vfrst, 
&c. 


NAB 

ceolate  evergreen  leaves.  It  has  numerous  small, 
pale  flowers  from  the  axils,  singly  on  each  footstalk. 
The  ancients  considered  it  sacred  to  Venus. 

P,  Ctjc     Loudon. 

MYR'TLE-BER.RY,  n.    The  fruit  of  the  myrtle. 

MYR'TLE-VVAX,  n.  A  concrete  oil  or  vegetable 
wax,  produced  by  certain  plants  called  Mybica,  or 
Candleherry  myrtle.  Enaje.  ^mrr. 

MT'RUS,  11.  A  species  of  conger-eel,  found  in  the 
Mediterranean,  Anguilla  myrus.        ^sh.     P.  Cye. 

MY-SELF',  proru  A  compotmd  of  my  and  self,  used 
after  I,  to  exjiress  emphasis,  marking  emphatically 
the  distinction  between  the  speaker  and  another 
persim  ;  as,  I  myself  will  do  it ;  I  have  done  it 
myscif.  * 

2.  In  the  objective  case,  the  reciprocal  of /.  I  will 
defend  myself. 

3.  It  is  sometimes  used  without  /,  particularly  in 
pcciry. 

.Vy/et/'  ihaJI  iroiint  the  ro«tniin  in  hi>  Eivor.  A'tduon. 

MYS-TA-GOG'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  interpre- 

talio;;  of  mysteries. 
Miy'TA-GOGUF-,  (mys'La-gog,)  n.     [Gr.  /(i-r'75,  one 

iniiiaf^d  in  mysteries,  and  a>  a>>os,  a  leader.] 

1.  One  who  interprets  mysteries.  Bailnj. 
S.  Otie  that  keeps  church  relics,  and  shows  them 

to  straneers.  Bailey. 

MV'S-Te'RI-AL,  a.     Containing  a  mystery  or  enigma. 

B.  Jirnson. 
MYS-Te'RI-XRCH,  n.     [Gr.  livrnpioi-,  mystery,  and 

a  X''ii  chief.] 

One  prc-jiding  over  mvsteries.  Johnson. 

MYS-Tk'RI-OUS,    a.      [See    Mystery.]      Obscure  ; 

hid  from  the  understnnding  ;  not  clearly  understood. 

The  birth  and  connections  of  the  man  with  the  iron 

mask  in  France  are  jnysterious,  and  have  never  been 

explained. 

2.  In  relifr'tnn,  obscure;  secret;  not  revealed  or 
explained  ;  hidden  frnm  human  understanding,  or 
unintellipihie  ;  beyond  human  compreh<rnsi<»n.  Af>- 
plied  to  the  divine  counsels  and  gnvemm'-nt,  the 
word  often  implies  sotnething  awfully  obscure  ;  as, 
the  ways  of  God  are  often  vtystKrioiis. 

MYS-Tk'UI-OUS-LY,  odio.  Obscurely;  enigmatic- 
ally. 

2.  In  a  manner  wonderfully  obscure  and  unintel- 
ligible. 

MVS-TF:'RI-OUS-NESS,   a.     Obscurity;  the  quality 
of  being  hid  from  the  understanding,  and  calculated 
to  excite  curiosity  or  wonder. 
2.  Artful  [K-rplexity. 

MYS'TER-TZE,  r.  L     To  express  in  enigmas. 

MYS'TER-IZ-ED.  pp.     Expres-^cd  enigmatically. 

MYS'TER-IZ-ING,  npr.     Expressing  m  enigmas. 

MYS'TER-Y,  n.  f L.  inysteriuiiiy  Gr.  uvs'no^ov,  a 
secreL  This  word  in  Greek  is  rendered  also  mu- 
rium lafi/mlam;  but  probably  both  senses  are  from 
that  of  hiding  or  shuitin^f ;  Gr.  ^utu,  to  shut,  to  con- 
ceal.] 

1.  A  profound  secret ;  something  wholly  unknown, 
or  something  kept  cautiously  concealed,  and  there- 
fore exciting  curiosity  or  wonder;  such  as  the  mys- 
tery of  thi:  man  with  tin;  iron  mask  in  France. 

2.  In  reliiTion,  any  thing  in  the  character  or  attri- 
butes of  God,  or  in  the  economy  of  divine  provi- 
dence, which  is  not  rcvialcd  to  man. 

Prejuident  Moore. 

3.  That  which  is  beyond  human  comprehension 
Until  explained.  In  this  »on'*t\  mystery  oflvn  conveys 
the  idea  of  somi-thing  awfully  sublime  or  im]>ortant ; 
8om»ritiTM'  Ill-It  '-xrites  wonder. 

r;r  /  irf  pxlliti.'w.  —  I  Tim.  iii. 

II  .  1  (i>  ua  Uto  my»Ury  of  ti«  will.  —  Eph.  L 

\>  '     ,  '  111  uf  Uwl  ill  n  m^tttrjf.  —  1  Ci>r.  II. 

4.  An  enigma;  any  thing  artfully  made  ditlicult. 

5.  A  kind  of  nide  drama,  of  a  religious  character, 
called  a  mysteryy  or  miracU,  because  it  represented  , 


N. 


In  commerce,  JVo.  is  an  abbreviaticm  of  the  French 
nrrmfrrc,  nnd  stands  for  numher. 

N.  B.  stands  for  L.  ntita  bcnCj  observe  well. 
N.  9.  stands  for  new  atyle. 
NAB,  71,     The  summit  of  a  mountain  or  rock.  [Kncal.] 
NAB,  V.  t.     rSw.  nnppa;  Dan.  napper;  G.  and  ft.  knap- 
pen.     Pep  K.-^Ar.] 

To  rntch  sudd**nly  ;  to  seize  bv  a  sudden  grasp  or 
thnist  ;  a  word  little  »w(v/,  and  only  in  low  Utnguage, 
NAB'BKI),  pp.     Caught  sudtlenlv. 
NAB'BLVG,  ppr.     Seizing  suddenly. 
NA'BOB,  n.     A  deputy  or  viceroy  in  India  ;  prnpfrhjy 
a  subordinate  provincial  governor  under  a  subahdur; 
hence, 
Q.  A  man  of  great  wealth. 


NAC 

the  mysterious  doctrines  of  Christianity,  or  its  early 
miracles.  Bp.  Percy, 

6.  A  trade  ;  a  calling  ;  any  mechanical  occui»!ilion 
which  supposes  skill  or  knowledge  (ifculiar  to  those 
who  carry  it  on,  and  therefore  a  secret  to  others. 

[The  worilj  in  the  latter  sense,  has  been  supprjsed 
to  nave  a  difitTent  origin  from  the  foregoing,  viz.,  Fr. 
metier^  Norm,  inestier,  business,  trade,  occujtation,  aa 
if  from  Norm,  vicstie,  master.  But  this  is  probably 
incorn-ct.] 

7.  The  mysteries,  among  the  anrienti,  were  a  kind 
of  secret  religious  worship,  to  which  none  were  ad- 
niitt*:d  excejrt  those  who  had  been  initiated  by  certain 
preparatory  ceremonies. 

Mi'S'Tie,  «.     One  who  holdi  the  doctrines  of  mysti- 


[  a,   [U.mystieus;  Gr. pvarixoi.] 


MYS'Tie, 
MYS'T1€-AI.,  i 

1.  Obscure;  hid;  secret.  Dryd^cn. 

Q.  Sacredly  obscure  or  secret ;  remote  from  human 
comprehension. 

Goii  liadi  n.'vwOed  &  wny  myidcnl  and  »(ipcm;itiira].     Hooker. 

3.  Involving  some  secret    meaning  ;    allegorical ; 
emblematical ;  as,  mystic  dance  ;  mystic  Babyhm. 
Milton.     Burnet. 

MYS'TIC-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  by  an  act  ira- 
plving  a  secret  meaning.  Donne. 

MYS'Tle-AL-NESS,  h.  The  quality  of  being  mystic- 
al, or  of  involving  some  secret  meaning. 

MYS'TI-CISM,  71.     Obscurity  of  doctrine. 

9.  The  doctrine  of  the  Mystics,  who  profess  a  pure, 
sublime,  and  perfect  devotion,  wholly  disinterested, 
and  maintain  that  in  calm  and  holy  contemplation 
they  have  direct  intercourse  with  the  divine  Spirit, 
and'  acquire  a  knowledge  in  divine  things  which  is 
unattainable  by  the  reasoning  faculty.        Murdoch. 

MYS'TICS,  n.  pi.  A  class  of  religious  people  who  pro- 
fess to  have  direct  intercourse  with  the  Spirit  of  God 
in  c:Um  and  holy  contemplation,  and  to  receive  such 
impressions  as  are  true  religious  knowledge. 

MYS-TI-FI-GA'TtON,  n.  'Ihe  act  of  rendering  any 
,  thing  mysterious. 

MYS*TI-FI-£D,  ;ip.  Involved  in  mystery  so  as  to 
mislead. 

MYS'TI-F7,  V.  t.  To  involve  in  mystery  so  as  to 
mislead. 

MYS'TI-F?-IXG,  ppr.    Involving  In  mystery  so  as  to 

MYTH,  71.     [Gr.  f,v6oi.]  Imislend. 

A  fictitious  or  fanciful  narrative,  having  nn  analo- 
gy more  or  less  remote  to  some  real  event.  Fosbroke, 

SlYTH'i&AL,  i  '^     t**^**'"  ^''  ^"*'"^'  *  ^''**'^-J 

Fabulous.  Shuck  ford. 

MYTH'ie-ALr-LY,  ado.  By  means  of  mylliical  fables 
or  allegories. 

MY-THOG'RA-PHER,  n.     [Gr.  pvOog  and  ypa<pu>.] 
A  composer  of  fables. 

MYTH-O-LOG'ie,         I  a.     [See   Mythoi-ooy.]     Re- 

MYTH-O-hOG'It^AL,  i  lating  to  mythology  ;  fabu- 
lous. 

MYTH-0-LOG'I€-AL-LV,  adv.  In  a  way  suited  to 
the  system  of  fables. 

MY-THOL'O  GIST,  ti.  One  versed  in  mythology; 
one  who  writes  on  mythology,  or  explains  the  fables 
of  the  ancient  [Kigans.  J^orris. 

MY-THOL'O-GIZE,  v.  i.  To  relate  or  explain  the 
fabulous  history  of  the  heathen. 

MY-THOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  iiutiuf,  a  fable,  and  Aoyoj, 
discourse] 

A  system  of  fables,  or  fabulous  opinions  and  doc- 
trines, respecting  the  deities  which  heathen  nations 
have  suptMtsed  to  preside  over  the  vvoild,  or  to  inllu- 
ence  the  aflairs  of  it. 

MT'TMO-PLASM,  7i.     A  narration  of  mere  fable. 

MYT'I-LTTE,  n.     [Gr.  /ii-r(Aw?,  a  kind  of  shell.] 

In  ffeology,  a  petrified  muscle  or  shell  of  the  genus 
Mviilus.  Kirwan. 

MY,\'ON,».     [Gr.pv(oi.] 

A  fish  of  the  mullet  kind.  J3sh. 


NAC'A-RAT,  n.    [."^p.  nncar,  mother  of  pearl.] 

1.  A  pale  nul  color,  with  a  cast  of  orange. 

2.  Fine  linen  or  crape  dyed  of  this  color.        Ure. 
NACK'ER  or  NA'KER.     See  Nache. 

NA'CRR,  (nii'ker,)  n.  [Fr  ]  A  beautiful  iridescent 
Buhsianre  which  lines  the  interior  of  some  shells, 
and  is  most  perfect  in  the  molher-of-pearl. 

Buchanan. 

NA'CRE-OtJS,  a.  [See  Nacre.]  Having  nn  irides- 
cent  lust'.T  like  the  mother-of-pearl.  Bramte.. 

NA'CUITE,  n.  [See  Nacre.]  A  mineral  consisting 
of  fine  pearly  scales,  and  having  a  greasy  feel.  It 
resembles  some  white  or  greenish-whit*!  varieties  of 
L-ilc,  but  contains  alumina  in  combination  with  sili- 
ca, instead  of  magnesia.  Dana. 


TCNE,  BJJLL..  UNITE. --AN"GER,  VF'WOns C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  9  aa  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TII  aa  in  TltlB. 


NAK 


NZDIRi  m.    [At.  -jJaS,  from  jtj  fuUarOj  to  be 

like,  proportional,  corretiponding  to,  opposite.] 

That  point  of  the  heavens  or  lower  heniispnere  di- 
r*ctly  opiKKsitc  to  the  zenith  ;  the  poini  directly  under 
the  place  where  we  eland. 
NA'DLE-STEIX,  it.     [ G.  «aJW  and  sUitu] 

Needle-stone  ;  niiilf.  C^e. 

N.-EVE,  B.     [L.  TwrPtts,] 

A  8|K>t.  Dryden, 

N-B'VO^E,  a.    Spotted  ;  (Veckled. 
N  \FF'  i  ^     '^  '''"**  '■'^^  tuftfd  sea-fowl.        Chalmers. 
NAG,  n.    A  small  horse  \  a  horse  in  general,  or  rather 
a  sjiriRhtlj-  horse.  Vffstrange, 

3.  A  paramour,  tn  eontOHpU  Sfuik, 

NAGIJY,  a.    Contentious.  JV.  of  Eng. 

NX'IAD,  (Di'yad,)  k.    [Gr.  tantSss^  naiads,  from  i"ia>, 
to  How.] 
In  mjftialofifj  a  water  nym{ih  ;  a  female  deity  that 

frrsidt'S  over  nvers  and  springs. 
■  I  A-i>f.S,  (ni'ya-deez,)  n.  pL    Water  nymphs  j  na- 
iads.    [i?ee  Naiad.] 
a.  In  conthology^  a  family  of  fresh-water  hivalvi*s. 

P.  Cyc. 
9L  In  ftobziiy,  an  order  of  indogenous  aquatic  ptunts. 

P.  Cvc 
NAIL,  lb  [Sax.  magel;  Sw.  G.  and  D.  nagtl:  Dan. 
HMgU  i  Rius.  mmgot;  8ans.  nagtL,  or  nakha.  If  the 
word  was  originally  applied  to  a  claw  or  talon,  the 
[niroary  aeiis^  may  be  to  catch,  or  it  may  be  a 
sbootj 

1.  The  claw  or  talon  of  a  bird  or  other  animal. 

S.  The  horny  substance  growing  at  the  t\\^  of  the 
fauman  tingt-rs  and  toes. 

3.  A  small  pointed  piece  of  metal,  usually  with  a 
head,  to  be  driven  into  a  board  or  utht-r  pitcu  of  tim- 
ber, and  serving  to  fasten  it  to  other  timber.  The 
largiT  kinds  of  instruments  of  this  sttrt  are  called 
Spikes  :  and  a  long,  thin  kind,  with  a  dattish  head, 
is  called  a  Brad. 

4.  \  Dtud  or  boss  ;  a  shcut  nail  witli  a  large,  broad 
bead.  StcifL 

5.  A  measure  of  length,  being  two  inches  and  a 
quarter,  or  the  sixteenth  of  a  yard. 

On  the  nail ;  in  hand ;  immediately  \  without  de- 
lay or  time  of  credit ;  as,  to  pay  money  on.  the  naU. 

Swift 
To  kit  Uo  naii  ox  the  head ;  to  bit  or  touch  the  exact 
point. 
NAIL,  c.  t    To  fasten  with  noils ;  to  unite,  close,  or 
make  compact  with  nails. 

2.  To  stud  with  nails. 

Tbe  lifTtt  of  your  unw  wen  naStd  with  gold.  Drydtn. 

3l  To  Mop  tbe  Tent  of  a  cannon  ;  to  rpike. 

HAM/ED^ff.    Pancenedwith  nails;  studded. 

NAII/GIL  K.    Od<*  ivho^e  orcDpaitnn  is  to  make  nails. 

NAIL'ER-Y,  a.   A  m:iniit*:irli)ry  whtTC  nails  are  made. 

NAIL'ING,  ror.     Fastening  with  naii^  ;  stiiddinc. 

NAIVE,  (ni  C-ve,)  a.  [Fr.]  Having  native  or  unaf- 
fected ^■implicity  ;  ingenuous. 

NA'tVE-LV,  nilc.     [Fr.  natf,  from  I*.  Tuifinw.] 
With  native  orunaffecled  simplicitv. 

JfA'TyE-TE,  (na'5v-ia,)»i.  Native  simplicity;  unaf- 
ferted  plainness  or  ingenuousness.  Gray. 

NA'KED,  0.  (^x.  nacod  ;  G.  nacirt,  naekt ;  D.  naakt : 
8w.  ntfbeii :  Dan.  niSgfm ;  Russ.  fui<ffi,  na^^^  and 
mgotOj  nakedness  ;  Jr.  nocMta,  open,  discovered  ; 
maehdmi^he,  naked  ;  nochduiffkimy  to  strip.  Class  Ng, 
No.  5.  10,  47,  and  15,  16.1 

1.  NiiC  covered  ;  bare  ;  naving  no  clothes  on  ;  as,  a 
naked  body,  or  a  naked  limb. 

8.  Unarmed  ;  defenseless ;  open  ;  exposed  ;  having 
no  means  of  defense  or  protection  against  an  ene- 
my's attack,  or  against  other  injur}-. 

BeboU  mj  boanai  noHd  to  your  i*-ords.  Additon. 

3.  Open  to  view  ;  not  concealed  ;  manifest.    Heb. 

4.  Destitute  of  worldly  gotujs.    Job  i.  [iv. 
5k  Exposed  to  shame  and  disgrace.    Ezod.  xxxii. 

6.  Guilty  and  exposed  to  divine  wrath.    Rev.  iii. 

7.  Plain;  evident;  undisguised;  without exagger- 
■Xkm  ;  as,  the  naJud  truth. 

&  Here  ;  bare  ;  simple  ;  wanting  the  necessary  ad- 
ditions. God  requires  of  man  something  besides  the 
iMJked  belief  of  bis  being  and  his  word. 

9l  In  hoUmy,  destitute  of  the  customary  covering ; 
as  a  flower  without  a  calyx,  a  stem  without 
leaves,  &c. 

10.  Not  assisted  by  glasses  ;  as,  the  jinked  eye. 

Jt'nkfd  Jlotrrin^y  in  Mryc.ifry,.  is  the  timber-work 
which  supports  a  floor.  Owilt. 

NA'KED-LY,  adv.    Without  covering. 

2.  Simply  ;  barely;  merely;  in  the  abstract, 

3.  Evidently.  [Holder. 
NA'KED-NES:?,  a.  Want  of  covering  or  clothing;  nu- 
dity ;  bareness. 

Bam,  the  father  of  Caaami,  hot  tte  nakMfnrw  t4  hia  ktJHT. 

Cea-U. 

3.  Want  of  means  of  defense. 

Ye  an>  qpin ;  to  ace  ttw  vakoditen  of  the  k»d  *n  ye  oome.  — 
•  Geo.  x\a. 


NAM 

3.  Plainness;  openness  to  view.  Sliak. 

To  UHcoter  nakedness^  in   Scripture^  is  to  have  in- 
cestuous or  unlawful  commerce  with  a  female. 
NA'KEIt,n.     [Sp.  Hocar;  It.  naechfra ;  Fr.  aarrc] 

Mother  of  pearl  or  nacre,  which  see. 
NA'KIR,  n.    A  wandering  pain  passing  from  one  limb 

to  another.  Schenk. 

NALL,  n.     [Dan.  naal^  a  needle.] 

An  awl,  such  as  cotlar-umkcrs  or  shoemakers  use. 
rA"«(  ttSfil^y  or  loeaL]  Joknsoyt. 

NAM'nY-P.\M'BY,  n.  or  o.    A  term  applied  to  that 
which  is  contemptible  for  affected  prcltiness. 

Smart. 
NAME,  n.  [Sax.  noma ;  D.  naam  ;  G.  name  ;  Sw.  namn  ; 
^un.  nam ;  Ice.  aqfn ;  L.  nomrn ;  Gr.  itvotia  ;  It.  and 
Tort,  none :  Sp.  nombre ;  Fr.  nam ;  Pers.  nam, 
namak:  Sans,  and  Hindoo,  vama,  nom  :  Malay  and 
Bengalee,  namma;  Ostiak,  nemen.     Uu.  Heb.  DK3.] 

1.  That  by  which  n  thini;  is  called  ;  the  sound  or 
combination  or  sounds  used  to  express  an  idea,  or 
any  matHrinl  subeftunce,  quality,  or  act ;  an  appella- 
tion attached  to  a  thing  by  customary  use,  by  which 
it  may  be  v<»cally  tli^tinguished  from  other  things.  A 
name  may  be  attached  to  an  individual  only,  and  is 
then  proper  or  approprialf^tv*  John y  Tkomoji,  London, 
Paris !  or  it  may  be  attached  to  a  spt^cies,  genus,  or 
class  of  things,  as  sheep,  f^otit,  horse,  tree,  animal, 
which  are  called  commim  names,  sprc^/ic,  or  generic. 

2.  The  letters  or  characters,  written  or  entrnived, 
expressing  the  sound:^  by  which  a  person  or  thing  is 
known  and  distinguished. 

3.  A  person. 

They  Um  »-iih  women  foch  ile gcncratr  namt.  "         Dn/den. 

4.  Repuuition  ;  character  ;  that  which  is  commonly 
said  of  a  person  ;  as,  a  good  name  ;  a  bad  name. 

Clarendon. 

5.  Renown;  fame;  honor;  celebrity;  eminence; 
praise  ;  distinction. 

Wiini  men  of  ftaia*  moit  to  him  t  £7kdA. 

But  in  this  sense,  the  word  is  often  qualified  by  an 
epithet  ;  as,  a  great  name  ;  a  mighty  name. 

6.  Remembrance ;  memory. 

TV  I.onl  ahoJl  blot  oui  hia  naiTM  from  andcr  bearea.  —  DeuL 

xxiz. 

7.  Appearance  only ;  sound  only;  not  reality;  as, 
a  friend  in  name.     Rev.  iii. 

8.  Authority;  behalf;  i>art ;  as,  in  the  tianw  of  the 
people.  WiD'n  a  man  speaks  or  acts  in  the  name  of 
anotlier,  ho  does  it  by  their  authority  or  in  their  be- 
half, as  their  represeiiLative. 

9.  Assumed  character  of  another. 

IIvl  liarfnd  « trraaon  la  my  pninm's  namg.  Zhyten. 

10.  In  Ser^tiire,  tbe  ndfR«of  God  signifies  his  titles, 
his  attribntes,  hu  will  or  purpose,  his  h(mor  and  glo- 
ry, his  word,  bts  grace,  his  wisd  >m,  |Kiwer,  and  good- 
ness, his  worship  or  service,  or  God  himself. 

11.  Issue  ;  [K>sterity  that  preserves  the  name. 
Dntt.  XXV. 

la.  In  grammar,  a  noun. 

To  call  namen :  to  apply  opprobrious  names  ;  to  call 
by  n'pronchful  appellations.  Swiji. 

To  take  the  name  of  Ood  in  rain  :  to  swear  falsely  or 
profanely,  or  to  use  the  name  of  God  with  levity  or 
contempt.     Erod.  \x. 

To  kitoir  by  name;  to  honor  by  a  particular  friend- 
shin  or  familiarity.     Krod.  xxxiii. 

Christian  juime;  the  name  a  p*-'rson  receives  by  bap- 
tism, as  distinguished  from  surname. 
NAME,  V.  t.     [Sax.  naman,  nemnan,  Goth,  namnyan,  to 
call,  to  name,  tn  invoke  ;  D.  nocmcn  :  G.  nennen ;  Sw. 
ndmna :  Da.n.  Turvner.] 

1.  To  set  or  give  to  any  person  or  thing  a  sound  or 
combination  of  sotinds  by  which  it  may  be  known 
and  distinguished  ;  to  call ;  to  give  an  appellation  to. 

She  named  the  etiiltl  IchnboH.  —  I  Sam.  It. 
Thus  wiu  the  Ixiildin^  I>-fc 
,        Rii]icul(nji,  and  the  work  confiuii'ii  named.  Milton. 

2.  To  mention  by  name  ;  to  utter  or  pronounce  the 
sound  or  sounds  by  which  a  person  or  thing  is  known 
and  distinguished. 

NciDvr  lue  thyself  \a  the  mmirtg  of  the  Holy  Oa«.      Eedu». 

3.  To  nominate ;  to  designate  for  any  purpose  by 
name. 

Tbou  shall  anoint  lo  mc  bim  whom  I  name  to  th-?e. .—  1  Sam. 

XTl. 

4.  To  entitle.  JifiHon, 
To  name  the  name  of  Christ ;  lo  make  profession  of 

faith  in  him.    2  Tiin.  iv. 
NAM'jED,  pp.     Called  ;  denominated;  designated  by 

name. 
NA.ME'hESS,  a.     Without  a  name  ;  not  distinguished 

by  an  appellation  ;  as,  a  nnmeles^  star.  Waller. 

2.  Noting  a  pennon  or  tiling  whose  name  is  not 

kncwn  or  mentioned.  JStterbury.  . 

NAME'LESd-LV,  ado.     In  a  nameless  manner. 
NAME'LY,  adc.     To  mention  by  name;  particularly. 

For  th*  *'xwll''ncy  of  Ihe  loii!,  namely,  iu  power  of  iliTining  ■ 
dr'^m*;  ih-u  acTcro]  audi  iliviu.tt;oua  have  been  mrtfk,  ion? 
on  qu?atJOO.  Addi»on, 

NAM'ER,  n.    One  that  names  or  calls  by  name. 
NAME'SAKE,  n.    One  that  has  the  same  name  as  an- 
other. .Addison. 


NAU 

NAM'ING,  pffr.     Culling;  nominating;  meiiiiuning. 

NAM'lNti-LY,  ade.     Ily  name. 

NAN  ;  a  Welsh  word  signifying  what,  used  as  an  inter- 
rogative. [This  Word  has  been  oxti^isively  used 
within  my  memory  by  the  common  people  of  New 
Englsiud.] 

N.\N'DU,  H.  The  American  ostrich,  Rhea  Americana. 

Brands, 

NAN-KEEN',  w.     [JVankin,  a  Chinese  word.] 

A  spi^cies  uf  cloth,  of  n  firm  te.vturc,  from  China, 
made  of  a  sort  of  cotton,  viz.,  Gossypiuin  religiosum, 
that  XA  naturally  of  a  kind  of  yellow  color,  which  is 
quite  indestnictible  and  [KTiimnent.  This  cloth  la 
now  imitated  by  the  manufacturers  in  Great  Britain, 
though  with  far  less  pL>rinancncy  of  color.  It  is  now 
made  in  Georgia  of  cotton  raised  in  that  State. 

N.\P,  If.  [Sux.  httuppian,  Qii.  its  connection  witb 
hnepan,  to  lean,  that  is,  to  nod.] 

A  shi^rt  sleep  or  slumber.     [  CoUotiaiai.]      Sidney, 

NAP,  V.  i.     To  liave  a  short  sleep  ;  to  bo  drowsy. 
2.  To  be  in  a  careless,  secure  state.  tVlclif. 

NAP|  K.     rSax.  hnoppa,  nap  ;  It.  najtpa,  a  tassel ;  Ar. 
s   , 
i_jlJi^^  kinabon.     Class  Nb,  No.  20,] 

1.  Tbe  woolly  or  villoits  substance  on  the  surface 
of  cloth. 

2.  The  dnwnv,  or  soft,  hairy  substance  on  plants. 

3.  A  knop.     [See  K.nop.J  [Martyn. 


NAPE,  n,    [Sax.  ciutp,  a  knob  ;  Ar. 


kanaba, 


to  be  hard  or  callous,  whence  a  callus.    Class  Nb, 
No.  20.] 
The  prominent  joint  of  the  neck  behind.  Bacon. 
NA'PER-Y,  71.     [Fr.  nappe  ;  It.  iiappa,  iiajrparieA 

Linen  for  the  table;  table-cloths  or  linen  cloth  in 
general.     [ObsA  ShcUon.. 

NA'PIIEW,  (na'fu,)n.  [L.  na/Jiw,  a  turnip  ;  Sax.cjurp, 
a  knob.] 
A  plant,     [See  Navew.] 
NAPU'TIIA,  (nap'tha,)  n.    [L.  Gr.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Ar., 

from  yi^'*  nafata,  to  push  out,  as  pustules,  to  throw 
out,  to  boil,  lo  be  nngr>-.  In  Amhnric,  nr/l,  or  nepht, 
from  this  sense,  signifies  a  gun  or  musketj 

A  volatile,  limpid,  liitiimiiious  liquid,  ota  strong, 
peculiar  odor,  and  generally  of  a  liglit-ycllow  color  ; 
but  it  may  be  rendered  colorless  by  careful  distilla- 
tion. It  is  very  inflammable,  and  burns  with  a  white 
rtauif,  mixed  with  much  smoke.  U  is  insoluble  in 
water,  but  unites  in  every  proportion  with  absuliile 
alcohol.  Turner.  By  long  keeping  it  hardens  into 
a  stibslance  resembling  vegetable  resin, and  bcctwies 
blark. 

Naphtha  exudes  from  the  earth  in  Persia,  and,  as 
Is  said,  in  the  neighborhood  t>r  Ilahylnn.  Naphtha 
may  be  obtained  by  the  distillation  of  asphiill  from 
the  Dead  Sea,  and  of  petroleum  from  Trinidad. 

Napiiiha  consists  of  carbon  and  lijdrogen  in  equal 
equivalents.  Thomson. 

NAril-TIIAL'ie  AC'in,  n.  A  crystalline  product,  in 
nppeamnce  resembling  bcnz-oic  acid,  obtained  from 
naplithaltne.  Brande. 

NAPII'THA-LINE,  (-Iin,)H.  A  pf-ruliar,  white,  cr>'s- 
tallizable  substance,  deposited  from  na|)hlha  distilled 
frtmi  coal  tar,  consisting  of  hydrogen  and  carbon.  It 
is  heavier  than  water,  has  a  pungent,  aromatic  taste, 
and  a  peculiar,  faintly  aromatic  odor, not  unlike  that 
of  the  Narcissus.  Brande. 

NA'I'l-FOR.M,  a.  [L.  napus,  a  turnip,  and  forma, 
form.] 

Having  the  shape  of  a  turnip,  swelled  in  the  upper 
part  and  becoming  nmro  slender  lulow.  Beck. 

NAP'KIN,  w.  [Fr.  nape,  cloth  ;  of  which  -napkin  is  a 
diniintilive] 

1.  A  cloth  used  for  wiping  the  hands  ;  a  towel. 
9.    A  handkerchief.     [OA..]  Shak. 

NAP'LESS.  a.     Without  nap;  Ihreadhane.         Shak, 

NA'PLAS-YEL'LOW,  n.  A  tine  yellbw  pigment, 
used  in  oil  painting,  also  for  porcelain  and  enamel. 
It  has  long  been  prepared  in  Itily  by  a  secret  process. 

Vre. 

NAP'PAL.  n.     Soap  rock.  Pinkertou. 

NAP'Pl  \E.S.S,  n.  The  quality  of  being  sleepy,  or  in- 
clined to  take  na(>s. 

2.  'Ihe  quality  of  having  a  nap;  abundance  of 
nap,  as  on  cloth. 

NAF'PING,  ppr.     Having  a  .short  sh-ep. 

NAP'PY,  a.  [from  nap.]  Frothy  ;  spumy  ;  as,  nappy 
beer.  On  If. 

NAP'-TAK-ING,  a.    Taking  naps. 

NAP'-TaK-ING,  n.  A  taking  by  surprise,  as  when 
one  is  not  on  his  guard  ;  unexpected  onset,  when 
one  is  unprepared.  Otreio. 

NAR,  a      Nearer.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

An  alkiiloid  obtained  from  opium,  in  tlie  form  ot  a 
white  crystalline  solid,  with  a  slightly  bitter  and  gal- 
vanic taste. 


Fate,  far,  fall,  what.— mete,  prey pi.ve,  marln'e,  bird note,  dove,  move,  wqlf,  boqk.- 

742 


NAR 


NAS 


NAT 


1  \vho  \ 


NAR-CIR'3U8,  n.    [I-.  ;  Cr.  i..iu«i,t<tus. 

1.  In  mytlwU'^i,  a  beautiful  youlli  wTlo  was  inam- 
orcd  of  his  iiwii  imace  as  seen  in  a  founUiin,  and 
was  chaiie-(l  into  ihe  ftower  called  by  his  Tiame. 

2.  In  biitauv,  a  pcnus  of  flowerini!  plants  of  sev- 
eral s]iecies,coDiiirising  the  dalFiHlils,  jonquils,  &c. 
Thcv  are  biilbous-ruoted,  perennial  in  root,  bnt  with 
annual  li-avcs  and  flower-stalks.  Eiicue.    Partington. 

NAK-eO 'SI.*,  ».     [f5t-.>  infra.]     The  effect  of  a  nar- 
cotic whether  medicinal  or  poisonous. 

NXR-eOT'ie,  a.     [Gr.  ►,.t«:<jri«.-s,  from  i.up«oo),  to 
render  lornid.]  .■,■,-. 

In  medicinal  doses,  allavin?  morbid  susceptibility, 
relieving  pain,  and  producinit  sleep.  In  |K>is(mour 
do.^3,   producing  stu|«>r,   coma 


and    convulsion; 
and,  if  pushed  to  a  sufficient  extent,  death.   /  nilii. 

NXR  eOT'lC  n.  A  medicine  which,  in  medicinal 
doses,  allavs  morbid  susceptibility,  relieves  iiain,  and 
produces  sleep;  but  which,  in  iKiisonous  doses,  pro- 
duces stu|K>r,  coma,  convulsions,  and,  if  pushed  lar 
enouch,  death.  ^      jf  ""V- 

NXB-euT'ie-.M^LY,  adr.  Operating  aftjr  the  man- 
ner of  a  narcotic  Wlmhck. 

NAR  eOT'lC  NE.-^P,  n.  The  quality  of  opcratins  as 
a  narcotic.     [JV"o(  usedA         .  ■ ,  „„, 

NAR-eOT'ie.O-.\e'IUl),  a.  In  medutnr,  acrid-nar- 
cotlc ;  a  term  denoting  a  combination  of  acrid  and 
narcotic  properties.  .     .     .     _,  r 

NXR'eo  T-I.SE,  (in,)  n.  .\n  alkaloid  obtjiined  from 
opium,  and  one  of  its  active  narcotic  principles.  It 
is  a  white  crvstalline  solid,  nearly  destitute  of  taste. 

NAR'eO-TIsSl,  n.  The  effect  of  a  narcotic,  whether 
medicinal  or  poisonous.     [Lialtnsed.] 

NARD.  n.  [  L.  tiardus,  ttarium ;  Gr.  rafitcf  .'  '">"•  'h" 
Arabic,  n.eiiician,  Syriac,  or  Persian,  probably  the 

°I    A  plant  usually  called  sjiiiraarrf,  .•pica  n'"-'''! 
hi"'hly  valued  by  the  ancients,  both  as  an  articlttol 
luxury  and  of  medicine.    It  is  odorous  or  aromatic. 
'    ^   An  unguent  prepared  from  Ihe  plant 
NARD'I.NE,  fin,)  a.    Pertaining  to  nard  i  having  the 

qualities  of  spikenard.  Aauit,  Res. 

NSRE,  n.     [UnarU.] 

The  nostril.     [JVut  usrd.]  HiuUirci. 

N^RI-FORM,  n.     Formed  like  the  nose. 
NAR'RA-IILE,  a.     [U  iiarrahiiii.    See  NiBnATi;.] 

That  may  be  related,  told,  or  narrated.     [JVel  loci.J 

NAR'R.ME  or  N.UI-RaTE',  v.  t.     [I-- ""^o  ■  }\'T; 

ran  :  Sp.  nnrrar ;  Fr.  unrrcr.     Class  Nr,  No.  2,  5,  b.] 

1.  To  tell,  rehearse,  or  recite,  as  a  story  ;  to  relate 
the  particulars  of  any  event  or  transaction,  or  any 
series  of  incidents.  * 

2.  To  write,  as  the  particulars  of  a  story  or  histo- 
ry We  never  sav,  to  narrau  a  sentence,  a  sermon, 
or  an  oration,  but' we  narratt  a  story,  or  the  particu- 
lar events  which  have  fallen  under  our  observation, 
or  which  we  have  heard  related. 

NAR'R.^-TED,  rp.     Related  ;  Uild. 
NAR'RA-TING  fpr.     Relating;  telling;  reciting. 
NAR-Ra'TION,  n.     [L.nwrralw.]       ^  ^.      ,  , 

1.  The  act  of  telling  or  relating  the  particulars  of 
an  event ;  reheanwl ;  recital. 

o  Relation  ;  storv  ;  history  ;  the  relation  m  words 
or~writing  of  the  particulars  of  any  transaction  or 
event,  or  .if  any  series  of  transacli..ns  or  events. 

3.  In  omteri/,  that  part  of  a  discourse   winch  re- 
cites the  time,  manner,  or  consequences  of  an  ac- 
tion, or  simply  states  the  facts  connected  with  the 
NAr.'RA-TlVE,  a.     [Fr.  B«rrali/.]  [subject. 

1.  Ri  lating  the  particulars  of  an  event  or  transac- 
tion ■  giving  a  particular  or  continued  account. 

2.  Apt  or  inclined  to  relate  stories,  or  to  tell  partic- 
ulars of  events ;  storytelling. 

But  win!  Uiroujh  liiH*  >nd  nflrmlioe  with  051?.  Pop4. 

NAR'RA-TIVE,  n.  The  n-ciual  of  a  story,  or  a  con- 
tinued account  of  the  particulars  of  on  event  or 
transaction  ;  story. 

Cyntliip  «■*■  niiich  tnltcn  with  iny  norrojie*.  Tatler. 

NAR'B\-TIVE-LY,  adv.  By  way  of  narration,  story 
or  recital.  ■«!'''^'- 

NAR-RA'TOR,  «.  One  that  narrates;  one  that  re- 
lates a  series  of  events  or  transactions.  tiatts. 

N  HR'R A-TO-RY,  c    Giving  an  acc<mnt  of  events. 

Uottell. 


.">.  Contracted  ;  of  confined  views  or  sentimenla ; 
very  limited. 

Tlie  ^realj^t  mitlt-reutiditip  ia  narrow.  Or*te. 

In  this  sense  and  the  former,  it  is  often  prefixed 
to  mind  or  soul,  &c. ;  as,  iiarrum-minded  ;  iiurrow- 
souled  ;  narrow-he.artcd. 

6.  Near  ;  within  a  small  distance.  Drydm. 

7.  Close;  near;  accurate;  scrutinizing;  as,  a 
Tuirroi^  search  ;  narrmc  inspectitm. 

8.  Near ;  barely  sufficient  to  avoid  evil  j  as,  a  nar- 
row esca|)e. 

NAK'RflVV,  >i,  (  A  strait ;  a  narrpw  passage 
NAK'KOWS,  w.  p'.  i  through  a  mountain,  or  a  nar- 
row channel  of  water  between  one  sea  or  lake  ami 
another;  a  sound.  It  is  usually  in  the  plural,  but 
soiiK-tiines  in  the  singular.  H'axhiuston,  Miifurd. 
N.VR'ROVV,  V.  1.  To  les.sen  the  breadtll  of;  to  con- 
tract. 

A  ffnvemmpnt,  liy  ali-tiatiiig  ihc  aflV-cdyiia  of  the  poopK  ni«y  be 
6.U1I  to  narrum  ite  liotiuiii.  Jeinple. 

2.  To  contract  in  extent ;  as,  to  varrow  one's  in- 
fluence ;  to  narrow  the  faculties  or  capacity. 

3.  To  draw  into  a  smaller  compass ;  to  contract  ; 
to  limit  ;  to  confine  ;  as,  to  iien-ora  our  views  or 
knowledge  ;  to  narrow  a  question  in  discussion. 

A.  Ill  kniltinsr,  to  contract  file  size  of  a  stocking  by 
taking  two  stitclios  into  one. 
N^R'ROW,  V.  1.     To  become  le.ss  broad  ;  to  contract 
in  breadth.  At  that  place,  the  sea  norroic.t  into  a  strait. 

2.  In  harsrmanshlf,  a  horse  is  said  to  norrutc,  when 
he  does  not  take  ground  enough,  or  bear  out  enough 
to  the  one  hand  or  the  ollittr.  Far.  Diet. 

3.  To  contract  tlie  size  of  a  slocking  by  taking  two 
stitches  into  one. 

NAR'Rf>W-J=;D,pp.or(i.  Contracted;  made  less  wide. 

NAR'R6\V-ER,  n.  lie  or  that  which  narrows  or  con- 
tracts. ,  .      .       .        . 

NAR'ROVV-ING,;ipr.  Contracting  :-makingli!ss  broad. 

NAR'ROVV-ING,  lu     The  act  of  narrowing  or  con- 
tracting. . 
2.  The  part  of  a  stocking  which  is  narrowed. 

NAR'ROVV-LY,  <i.(o.     With  little  breadth. 

2.  Contractcdiy  ;  without  much  extent. 

3.  Closely  ;  accurately  ;  with  minute  scrutiny  ;  as, 
to  loiik  or  watch  narrowlil,  to  search  narrowltj. 

4.  Nearly  ;  within  a  little  ;  by  a  small  distance ; 
5    Sparingly.  [as,  he  narrawhl  esca|)ed. 

NAR'ROW-.MIND'ED,  a.  Illiberal;  mean-spirited; 
of  confined  views  or  sentiments. 

NAR'RfiW-MIND'En-NESS,  71.  Confined  views  or 
'sentiments;  illiberality. 

NAR'RfiW-NES!*,  n.  Smallness  of  breadth  or  dis- 
tance from  side  to  side  ;  as,  the  narrovncss  of  cloth, 
of  a  street  or  highway,  of  a  stream  or  sea. 

2.  Sinallness  of  extent;   contractedness 
narrowness  of  caiiacity  or  comprehension 
of  knowledge  or  attainments. 

3.  Pniallncss  of  estate  or  means  of  living  ;  pover- 
ty as,  the  iiarruKjiess  of  fortune  or  of  circumstances. 


the 
narroicness 


South. 
covctousness. 


,    enlarged, 
narrotcnesj  of 


N  \R'RI-F?,  V.  I.    To  relate  ;  to  give  account  of. 

Sftak. 


N.\K'RnW,  a.  [Sal.  »Mra,  ntam,  nraru,  nrarrir.  I 
suspect  this  word  and  near  10  be  contracted  by  the 
loss  of  "•.  W.  nty,  narrow,  strait ;  nitiaw,  to  narrow  ; 
for  the  D.  has  »o<iii»,  narrow,  ritoe,  G.  grnao,  with 
a  prefix.  In  this  case,  the  word  iK-longs  to  file  root 
of  m>»i  I).  noiui">,  toappnnch.l 

1.  (Jf  little  breadth  ;  not  wnbt  or  broad  ;  having 
little  distance  from  side  to  side  ;  as,  a  narrow  b*uird  ; 
a  Twrreio  street ;  a  narrow  sea ;  a  n«r7-07c  hem  or  bor- 
der. It  Is  only  01  chiefly  ap|ilied  to  the  surfarx  of 
flat  or  level  bodies. 

2.  Of  little  extent ;  very  limited  ;  as,  a  narraw 
■pace  or  compass.  .        , 

3.  Fignratavely,  limited  as  10  means ;  straitened ; 
as,  a  narrow  fortuntt. 

4.  Covetous ;  not  liberal  or  bountiftll ;  as,  a  nar- 
rvw  heart 


4.  Contractedness  ;  penurii>usness 
as,  narrowness  of  heart. 

5.  Illiberality;  want  of  gencroui 
charitable  views  or  sentiments ;  a; 
mind  or  views. 

NAR'ROW-SIOIIT'ED,  a.    Having  a  narrow  sight 

SrIwh'X'iJ-   ["•"""'""•l 

The  Monodon  wonorfros,  a  cetaceous  mammal 
found  in  the  northern  sca-s,  which  grows  to  twenty 
f,  It  in  length.  The  spinide  of  this  animal  is  on  the 
anterior  part  ortlic  skull.  When  young  it  has  two 
tusks,  but  when  old  it  has  but  one,  which  projects 
from  the  iipp<r  jaw,  anil  is  straight.  From  this  cir- 
cumstance of  its  having  one  fiisk  only,  it  has  ob- 
tained the  nameof  tho  Ska  Umcorv  or  Unicohs 
p,,„  Pennant,     hncyc. 

NASt,  IV.r  Nr  HAS.     lias  not     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

NA'SAI.,  o.     [L.  ii<i«».',  nose;  It  TiosaW 

Pertaining  10  the  nose  ;  formed  or  affected  by  the 
nose ;  as,  a  na.iat  sound  ;  a  na.<al  lelter. 

NA'«AL,  n.    A  letter  whose  sound  is  affected  by  the 

o  \  medicine  that  operates  through  the  nose  ;  an 
errhine.  .       ,,   ."'"■"•"■  , 

NA  SAI.'I-TY,  II.    The  state  or  quality  of  being  nasal. 

NA'f«AI^TZK,  r.  f.    To  render  nn-sal,  as  pound. 

NA'HAI.-IZ-KD,  (ni'zal-lzd,)  pp.  or  a.     Rendered  na- 
sal, as  sound.  .      . 

NA'SAl^l-Y,  adr.     In  a  nasal  manner ;  by  Ihe  nose. 

N.\S'CAI.,  1".     A  kind  of  pessary.  Frrrand. 

A  iiessary  niadeof  wo<.l  orcotftm,  to  raise  file  nose 
when  couipntssed.  .  ^^"'• 

NAH'('E\-CY,  n.    The  beginning  of  production. 

NA.^'CENT,  a.     [\..  na^cens^  nnscor^  to  be  born.] 

1.  Beginning  to  exist  or  to  grow. 

2.  In  chmiistry,  in  the  act  of  being  prodijiced  or 


NAS'I-FORM,  a.     [L.  nasns,  nose,  and  form.'] 

Having  llie  shape  of  the  nose. 
NAS'TI-LY,  ade.     [from  nasty.']     In  a  nasty  manner; 
flltliily;  dirtily. 
2.  Obscenely. 
NXS'TI-NESS,    n.     Extreme  (iltliincss  ;   dirtiness  ; 
filth.  -    ,. 

2.  Obscenity  ;  ribaldry.  ionth. 

NAS-TUR'TIU.M,  (  n.    [L.  nasiiirtiiiiji ;   quod   ntisum 
NAS-TUR'TIO.N,  (      torqueat     Varro.] 

An  American  annual  plant,  with  pungent  fruit, 
belonging  to  tlie  genus  Tmpaiolum  ;  Indian  cjressea. 
Botanists  apply  the  name  nasturtium  to  the  water- 
cress and  plants  allied  to  it.  P.  Cijc. 
NAS'TY,  a.     [Origin  unknown,     (lu  G.  nass,  wet] 

1.  Disgustingly  filthy  ;  very  dirty,  foul,  or  defiled  ; 
nauseous.  Atterbury. 

2.  Obscene. 
NA'SUTE,  a.     [L.  nasutns.] 

Critically  nice  ;  captious.  Bp.  Oauden. 

NA'TAL,  a.     [L.  natalis,  from  tiiKCor,  to  be  liorn.] 
Pertitining  to  birth.    The  iiotul  day  is  the  day  of 
birth  or  nativity.    So  we  say,  natal  hour  ;  natui  place. 
Canulen.      Prior. 
N.X-TAL-r'TIAL,  (-ish'al,)      )  a.    [L.  TietoK(iiui,frt.m 
NA-TAL-I"T10US,  (-ish'us,)  (      Tia.scor,  to  be  born.] 
Pertaining  to  one's  birth  or  birthday,  or  consecra- 
ted to  one's  nativity.  Evelyn. 
NA'TALS,  n.  pi.    Time  and  place  of  nali.vity. 
NA'T.\NT,  o.     [L.  natans^  from  nuto,  to  s.wim.] 

In  botany,  swimming;  floating  on  the  surface  of 
water,  as  the  leaf  of  an  .aquatic  plant. 

Lee.    Martyn. 
NA'T.\NT-LY,  adv.     Swimmingly  ;  floatingly. 
NA-TA'TION,  n.     [L.  tmta(i<i,  from  nolo,  to  swim.] 
A  swimming ;  the  act  of  floating  on  the  water. 
{Little  used.]  Brown. 

NA-TA-TO'RI-AL,  a.  In  omithohtry,  swimming,  or 
adapted  to  swimming  ;  a  term  applied  to  such  birds 
as  habittiallv  live  upon  the  water.  Stcfliw.s^en. 

\A'TA-TO-liV,  a.     Enabling  to  swim.      Brit.  Crit. 
NAl'CH,>i.  [for  Notch.]     The  part  of  an  ox  between 

the  loins,  near  the  rump.  MarabaL 

N  ATH'LESS,  adv.  [Sax.  natheles  ,'  nn,  the,  and  less,  not 
the  less.]  , 

Nevertheless  ;    not    the    less  ;     notwithstanding. 
{Obs.]  Milton. 

NATH'MORE,   ado.      [na,  the,  and  more.]     Not  the 

more  ;  never  the  more.    [Obs.]  Spenser. 

NA'TION,  71.  [L.  iiatto,  from  natu.t,  horn  ;  nascor,  to 
be  born  ;  perhaps  Ileb.  fi:.] 

1.  .\  body  of  people  inlialiiting  the  same  country, 
or  united  under  the  same  sovereign  or  government ; 
ns  the  Engli.sh  nalion;  the  French  nnttoTi.  It  of^en 
hapiiens  th.at  many  nations  are  subject  to  one  govern- 
ment, in  which  case,  the  word  Tiolion  usually  denotes 
a  boliy  of  people  speaking  the  same  language,  or  a 
body  that  has  formerly  been  under  a  distinct  gnvern- 
mer'it,  but  has  been  conquered,  or  incorporated  with 
a  larger  nation.  Thus  the  empire  of  Russia  compre- 
hends many  nations,  us  did  formerly  the  Roman  and 
Persian  emfiires.  AVifion,  as  its  etymology  imjiorts, 
originally  ihtliotod  a  family  or  race  of  men  descended 
from  a  common  progenitor,  like  tribe,  but  bv  rmlgra- 
tion  coii<|uest,  and  iiiteruiixture  of  men  of  different 
families,  this  distinction  is  in  most  countries  lost, 
a.  A  great  number,  by  way  of  emphasis.  Youne. 
NA'TION-AL,  (nii'shun-al  or  nash'un  ill,)  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  a  nation  ;  as,  national  customs,  dress,  or  lan- 
guage. 

2.  Public;  general;  common  to  a  nation;  as,  a 
7tatii77i«i/  calamity. 

3.  Attached,  or  unduly  attached,  to  one's  own 
country.  The  writer  manifested  much  riudiuuiJ 
nreiudice.     He  was  too  national  to  be  impartial. 

A-otional  guards  i    in  F)rance,  the  militia  of  the 

kingilom.  .  ,        .  ,p,,_ 

NA'TION-AI.-ISM,   (na'shun- or  nash'un-,)  n.     Jne 

state  of  being  national ;  nationality. 
NA-TION-'AI,'l-TY,  (na-shun-  or  nash'un-,)  n.    fta- 
iniil  character  ;  also,  tile  quality  of  being  national, 


evolved,  as  a  gas. 


Blarli. 


NABK'BEK-UV,  71.    The  fruit  of  a  tropical  free  of  Itic 
genus  Achrns.  London. 

NAS'l-COR-NfJUS,  a.      [L.  nasus,  nose,  and  eornu, 
horn.] 

Having  a  horn  growing  on  the  nose.         Brown. 


or  strongly  attached  to  one's  own  nation.    Boswell. 

NA'TION-AI,-IZE,  (nS'sliun-  or  nash'un-,)  e.  «.  to 
make  national ;  to  give  to  one  the  character  and 
habits  of  a  nation,  or  the  [leculiar  nttachmenti  which 
belong  to  citizens  of  the  same  nation. 

NA'TION-AI.-I'/.-Kn,  pp.    Rendered  national. 

NA'T10N-AI.-IZ-IX<i,  ppr.  Making  national  ;  giv- 
ing one  the  character  and  habits  of  a  natuin. 

NA'TION  A1--LY,  (na'shun-  or  nash'un-,)  ode.  In 
regard  to  the  nation  ;  lis  a  whole  nation. 

The  Jl'wi  —  Ixung  nal'iooally  eapoiiscil  to  God  I7  coveiiniit. 
Na'TION-AL-NF.SS,  11.  state  of  lieing  national. 
NA'TIVF.,  a.     [L.  7iuHci«,  from  naseor,  nalus,to  bo 

"1  Proiluced  by  nature;  original;  bom  with  the 
being  ;  natural ;  not  acquirial  ;  us,  naftee  genius  ;  71a- 
tive  aflcctitHiB  ;  a  native  talent  or  disposition  ;  7iatiM 
cheerfiiluesa  ;  iiolire  simplicity.  „■«,,,. 

2.  Produced  by  nature  ;  not  laclitiousor  artificial ; 
as,  native  ore ;  native  color.  ,       .    • 

3.  Conferred  by  birtli ;  an,  Mtait  rights  and  pnvi- 
Ifges. , 


TONE,  BWLL,  UNITE.- AN"GER,  VI"C10US.-e  a.  K ;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z  j  CH  as  SH  j  Til  «.  to  THIB^ 


743 


NAT 

4.  Pertaining  to  the  place  uf  birtU  ;  a«,  nativf  soil ; 
native  country  ;  native  grace;*,  Sbak. 

5.  Original ;  tbol  of  whicb  any  thing  is  made  ;  as, 
man's  natire  iliisL  .MUton. 

(\  Born  with  ;  congenial.  Shuk. 

KA^'IVE,  n.    One  born  in  anyplace  in  said  to  he  a 

naUre  of  that  place,  whellaT  country,  city,  or  town. 

2.  OtTspring.    [.V»(  lit  lute.]  Sh^tk, 

3.  In  uatunil  history,  plants  and  anininls  Rr«  said  to 
-  be  natires  of  that  country  or  phice  from  winch  they 

oriciiialty  carae.    Thus,  the  puinea-piK  and  tlie  pitla- 
to  are  natives  of  South  .America.  Khcvc.  Jim. 

NJn:*IVE-LY,  (w/r.     By  birth  ;  naturally;  ori^iinally. 
Tctilor.     Lijhf/Mt* 

NATIVE-NESS,  «.  Statu  of  being  produced  by  na- 
ture.           Jokiuon. 

NA-TIV'I-TY,  n.  Birth  ;  the  cominp  into  life  or  the 
world.  The  feast  of  Christmas  is  observed  in  mem- 
ory of  Christ's  Rotirify. 

5.  Time,  [>]ace,  and  manner  of  birth. 

3.  State  or  place  of  being  produced. 

Tb«w,  to  tMr  dut  nali>4iy,  thtr  dtrp 

BbaiX  jiefcl  a*  prcfuutl  » iui  intrm-U  tmrnt,  ASHtan, 

4.  In  mstruUgy/^  a  representation  of  the  positions  of 
the  heavenly  bodies  at  the  niomt-nt  of  one's  bihh, 
supposed  to  indicate  his  future  destinies  ;  as  to  cal- 
culate one*8  nattpitv.  Brandc. 

NAT'KA,  II.     A  birif,  a  pprcies  of  shrike.     PennaHL 
NA'TRO-LTTE,  n.     A  xeolite,  iKcnrring  generally  in 
inipl.-intt-d  i;ri>ups  of  glassy,  acicular  rr>'stals,  and  in 
fibrous  concretions.    It  consii^ts  of  silica,  aUuiiina, 
and  soda,  and  is  part  of  ilie  old  species  niesotype. 

Dana. 
NATRON",  n.    Native  carbonate  of  soda  :  another  of 
soda,  witii  half  more  of  carbflnic  acid,  in  called  Tro- 
if&.  Dana, 

NAT'T|-LV,  adv.     In  a  natty  manner. 
NAT'TY,  fl.    Neatly  fine  ;  spruce.     [CoUoiiuial.] 
NAT'U-RAU  (nal'yu-ral,)  a.     [Ft.  naturel :  L.  nattira- 
iu,  from  natura,  nature,  from  iuktc«r,  to  be  bom  or 
produced.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  nature;  produced  or  effected  by 
nature,  or  by  tlie  laws  of  growth,  formation,  or  mo- 
tion, inipre««ted  on  bodies  or  beings  by  divine  power. 
Thus  we  speak  of  the  matitral  growth  t>f  animals  or 
idants ;  the  luuurml  moCion  of  a  gravitating  body ; 
mattrml  r^trentith  or  disposition  ;  the  natmral  beat  of 
the  body ;  twOra/  color ;  nafim/  beauty.  Ib  tUf 
■ense,  n'o/urat  is  opposed  to  mri^taml  or  ocfinrsd. 

2.  According  to  like  staled  oourM  of  Ihinga.  Pov- 
erty and  shame  are  the  natarat  coaaequenoes  of  cer- 
tain ^^c**s, 

X  N^4  forc'^  ;  not  for  fetched  ;  nch  at  ia  dictated 
by  nature.     Ttie  gtstures  of  the  onUor  are  u^mrmL 

4.  .'\croplmg  to  the  life  ;  as,  a  mmXtaral  representa- 
tkM  of  the  fiure. 

5b  Consonant  to  natnre. 

Fin  smI  wutnth  ga  Mfrdwr,  and  m>  ■ww  to  enrrf  with  thnn  u 
tmlmrml  ui  endeow  h  MU^rldeni  imUs  UicBadvm. 

Lock*. 

6.  Derived  from  nature,  as  ofipaaed  to  H4aiTUAL. 
The  love  of  pleasure  Is  natural;  the  love  of  study  is 
usually  habitual  or  acquired. 

7.  riiscovtriible  by  reason  ;  not  revealed  ;  as,  natu- 
ral relFgion. 

8.  Pn»duce^  or  coming  in  the  ordinary  course  of 
things,  or  the  progress  of  animals  and  vecetabk-s ; 
as,  a  natural  death  i  opposed  to  Violemt  or  Fbeha- 

TURE. 

9.  Tender ;  affectionate  by  nature.  Shak. 

10.  Unalfectt'd  ;  unassumed ;  according  to  truth 
and  reality. 

Wh-it  aat  b>>  morr  fwlwm/  ttnti  tlir  cErcumitanm  of  the  liha- 
■w'tat  at  ihoas  vmucb  »bo  bAd  lu«t  ibvtr  buatKiuU  on  Utk 
feuj  (U;  i  AJdismi. 

11.  Illttgitimate ;  born  out  of  wedlock  ;  as,  a  natu- 
ral son. 

12.  Native ;  vernacular ;  as,  one's  natural  language. 

Smfu 

13.  Derived  fh>m  the  study  of  the  works  of  nature ; 
as,  natmrml  knowledge.  .MdiMn. 

14.  A  nrntmrnl  note,  in  music,  »  that  which  is  ac- 
cording to  the  Dsual  order  of  the  scale  ;  opposed  to 
JUu  and  skarp  notes,  «vbicb  are  called  ari^doL 

A'ofvra/  kutmnft  in  its  most  extensive  sense,  is  the 
description  of  wliatever  is  created,  or  of  the  whole 
•  universe,  including  the  heavens  atid  ih'»  earth,  and 
all  the  pntductions  of  the  eartii.  Bui  mure  gem-rally, 
natural  history  is  limited  to  a  description  of  tlie  earth 
and  iu  prodoctiona,  inchidipg  xuiSugy,  botany,  ge<^ 
ogy,  minemloKy',  Ax. 

Matmml  vrdars^  in  AsCcny,  are  groups  of  genera  r&- 
aemUing  each  other. 

MktmrtipkiUmopkaf  originally  signified  the  study  of 
nature  in  general.  In  present  uMQgf,  natural  or  me< 
chanical  phtiosophv  relates  to  the  phtruimena  and  laws 
of  masses  of  matter,  and  coniJiders  those  efft-ct;!  only 
which  are  not  attended  by  any  rhungc  of  nature,  as 
molion,  &c  It  U  distinguished  ftum  chemi^ry-, 
which  relates  to  the  phenomena  and  laws  of  parti- 
cles of  matter,  and  embraces  their  changes  of  nature. 
OlTnstfd.  It  is  di.-<tinguii:hed  fnim  intelUetual  and 
moral  philosophy,  which  respect  the  mind  or  under- 
Ktanding  of  man,  and  the  (lualiut-s  of  actions. 


NAT 

NAT'l^-RAL,  (nat'yu-ral.)  n.  An  idiot  j  one  bom 
without  the  usual  powers  of  reason  or  understand- 
ing.    This  is  probably  elliptical  for  natural  fO'il.] 

2.  A  native  ;  an  original  inhabitant     f  A"of  in  «■■?.] 

Half^rh. 

3.  Gift  of  nature  ;  natural  qunlity.    [J^i^t  in  use.] 

B.  Jitnson.      fVotton. 

4.  In  TMMvtV,  a  character  used  to  restore  to  its  natu- 
ral or  usual  svtund  a  note  which,  according  to  a  pre- 
vious charai'tcr,  would  h«  tial  or  sharp, 

NAT'II-RAL-ISM.H.  Mere  state  of  n.iiure.  lAtrittirton. 
2.  'i'lio  doctrine  of  tlu«e  who  deny  a  sujwrnatund 
agency  in  the  mimctes  and  revelations  recorded  in 
the  Ilible,  and  in  tlie  gmce  which  renews  and  sanc- 
tifies men.  J.  Mitrdock. 

NAT'^^RAUIST,  n.  One  that  studies  natural  his- 
tory  and  philosophy,  or  physics  ;  one  that  is  versed 
In  natural  histttry  or  phihiso|ihy.  It  is  nion'  gener- 
allv  a|>[ilied  to  one  that  is  versed  in  natural  history. 

NaT-^-RAL'I-TV,  b.  The  state  of  being  natural. 
[Oft-.] 

NAT-lj:-RAUI-ZA'TION,n.  [See  NAXuaALitK.]  The 
act  of  investing  an  alien  with  the  rights  and  privi- 
leges of  n  native  subject  ur  citizen.  J^Taturatiiation, 
in  Great  Britain,  is  only  by  act  of  [>arliament.  In 
the  United  States,  it  is  by  act  uf  congress,  vesting 
certain  tribunals  with  the  jtowcr. 

NAT'U-RAL-IZE,  (nat'yu-ral-Ize.)  o.  U  [from  nata- 
ro/,  nature,]  To  confer  on  an  alien  the  *ights  and 
privileges  of  a  native  subject  or  citizen ;  to  adopt 
foreigners  into  a  nation  or  state,  and  place  them  in 
the  condition  of  natural  tH)rn  subjects. 

2.  To  make  natural ;  to  render  easy  and  familiar 
by  custom  and  habit  j  as,  custom  jiaturalizM  labor  or 
study.  South. 

3.  To  adapt ;  to  make  suitable  j  to  acclimate  j  as, 
to  natnraliie  one  to  a  climate. 

4.  To  receive  or  adopt  as  native,  natural,  or  ver- 
nacular; to  make  our  own  ;  as,  to  naturaliie  foreign 
words. 

5.  To  accustom  ;  to  habituate  ;  as,  to  nnturalize  the 
vine  to  a  cold  climate.  {iibbim. 

NAT'1;-RAL-IZ-/:D,  pji.  ora.  Invested  with  the  priv- 
ileges of  natives;  rendered  easy  and  familiar; 
adapted  to  a  climate;  acclimated;  received  as  na- 
tive. 
NAT'lT-R.VL-rZ-IXG,  yjw.  Vesting  with  the  rights 
of  native  subjects ;  making  easy ;  acclimating  ; 
adxpiing. 
NAT'li-RAL-LY,  (nat'yn-ral-e.)  adv.  According  to 
nature  ;  by  the  force  or  impulse  of  nature  ;  not  by 
art  or  habit.     We  are  naturally  prone  to  evil, 

2.  According  to  nature  ;  without  affectation  ;  with 
Just  representation  ;  according  to  life. 

X  According  to  tlie  usual  course  of  things  ;  as,  the 
effect  or  consequence  naturally  follows. 

4.  Spontaneously;  witliout  art  or  cultivation.     Ev- 
er)- plant  mu=t  have  grown  naturally  in  some  place  or 
other, 
NAT'li-RAL-NESS,  n.    The  sUite  of  being  given  or 
produced  by  nature  ;  as,  the  naturalness  of  desire. 

South. 
Q.  Conformity  to  nature,  or  to  truth  and  reality  ; 
not  affectation  ;  as,  the  naturalness  of  the  eyebrows. 

))ryden. 
NAT'l^-RALS,  n.  pL  Among  physicians,  whatever  be- 
longs naturally  to  an  animal;  opposed  to  Nok-nat- 
URAL9.  [It  may,  perhaps^  be  sometimes  u^ed  in  ttu 
inrt'Tular.] 
NA'TURE,  (nat'yur,)  n.  [Fr.  id. ;  L.  Pp.  and  It.  na- 
tura  f  from  natus,  born,  produced,  from  nascor.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  whatever  is  made  or  pro- 
duced ;  a  word  that  comprehends  all  the  works  of 
God  ;  the  universe.  Of  a  pheuix  we  say,  there  is  no 
such  thing  in  nature. 


And  took  Ui^-iu^  fialurt  up  to  nature'^  Otxl. 


Pope. 


2.  By  a  metonymy  of  the  effect  for  the  cause,  na- 
ture is  used  for  the  agent,  creator,  author,  producer, 
of  thing!',  or  for  the  powers  that  produce  them.  By 
the  expression,  "trees  and  fossils  are  produced  by 
nafurf,"  we  mean,  they  are  formed  or  produced  by 
certain  inherent  powers  in  matter,  or  we  mean  that 
they  are  produced  by  God,  the  Creator,  the  Atithor  of 
whatever  ia  made  or  produced.  The  opinion  that 
things  are  produced  by  inherent  powers  of  matter, 
independent  of  a  supreme,  intelligent  Author,  is 
atheism.  But  generally,  men  mean  by  nature,  thus 
used,  the  Author  of  created  things,  or  the  opiiTation 
of  his  pciWfT. 

X  The  essence,  essential  qualities,  or  attributes, 
of  a  thini;,  which  constitute  it  what  it  is;  as,  the 
mature  of  the  soul  ;  the  nature  of  blood  ;  tlie  nature 
of  a  tluid  i  the  nature  of  plants,  or  of  a  metal  ;  the 
nature  u(  a  circle  or  an  an^le.  \Vh<*n  we  speak  of 
the  nature  of  man,  we  understand  the  (»eculiar  con- 
stitution of  his  body  or  mind,  or  the  qu:ilities  of  the 
fpecies  which  distinguish  him  from  other  animals. 
When  we  speak  of  the  nature  of  a  man,  or  an  indi- 
vidual of  the  race,  we  me.in  his  particular  qualities 
or  constitution  ;  either  the  peculiar  temperament  of 
bis  body,  or  the  affections  of  his  miml,  his  natural 
appetites,  passions,  disposition,  or  temper.  So  of 
irrational  animals. 


NAU 

4.  The  established  nr  regular  course  of  things  ;  as 
when  we  say,  an  event  is  not  according  to  nature,  or 
it  is  out  of  the  order  of  nature.  Boyle. 

5.  A  law  ur  principle  of  action  or  motion  in  a  nat- 
ural body.    A  stone  by  nature  falls,  or  inclines  to  fall. 

Boyle. 
G.  Constitution  ;  nggrecnte  powers  of  a  body,  es- 
pecially a  living  one.    We  say,  nature  is  strong  or 
Weak  ;  nature  is  almost  exhausted.  Boyle. 

7.  The  constitution  and  appearances  of  things. 

Tbo  wurki,  whMher  ot  ptx^u,  pnintcn,  moraJiiU,  or  hutoriant, 
wlikh  nre  built  u^ioii  gencnu  naturt,  live  bievci.  Rtynolda. 

8.  Natural  affection  or  reverence. 

llnYi*  we  not  teen 
The  munVrin?  ton  B>&-nit  hia  reirent'i  ted, 
TKrOKffli  vtul^Xfil  nature  forcu  ait  way  ?  Pop€. 

9.  System  of  created  things. 

lie,  Uiulhtg  nature  f-itl  in  fiito, 

Li  It  cxjiiack'4ic(;  lrt!«  niitl  will.  Pope. 

10.  Sort;  species;  kind;  particular  character. 

A  ili'iputn  uf  this  nature  caused  niucliief  lo  *.  kLnf  Rod  nn  ftreb' 
LiLsWp-  Dryddn. 

11.  Sentiments  or  images  conformed  to  nature,  or 
to  trutli  and  reality. 

Only  nalure  cua  platue  those  taste*  which  an  unprejudieed  and 
rcfiiii^d.  Additon. 

19.  Birth.    No  man  Is  noble  by  nature. 
NA'TfIRE,  (nat'yur,)  v.  t.    To  endow  with  natural 

qualities.     KW(  in  it^c]  Quwer. 

NA'TIIR-IST,  n.     One  wlio  ascribt^s  every  thing  to 

nature.  Buyle,, 

NA-TC'RI-TY,  n.    The  quality  or  state  of  being  pro- 
duced by  nalure.     [A  very  bad  word,  and  nut  used.] 

Brown, 
NAU'FRAGE,  n.     [L.  naufragiwn  ;  navis,  a  ship,  and 

frango,  to  break.     See  Wreck,  which  is  from  the 

same  root,  break,  VufractusA 

Shipwreck.     [Ao(  in  use.]  Brown. 

NAU'FRA-GOUS,  a.      Causing  shipwreck.      [LitUe 

used.]  Taylor. 

NAUGHT,  (nawt,)  ti.     [Sax.  Jiaht,  nauht,  compounded' 

of  ne  and  aught  or  v>iht,  a  creature,  wight ;   Guth. 

niteaikt.     fVaiht  coincides  with  -wight,  L.  quid,  quod. 

(See    Aught.)      This    -word    should  not    be   written 

Nought.] 
Nothing. 

Duih  Job  serve  God  for  nat^Ar7  —  Jub  L. 
Thou  Kllest  Uk/  pi-uplc  fur  naught.  -^  Pa.  xllr. 

To  set  at  naught ;  to  slight,  disregard,  or  despise. 
Ye  have  ttl  at  naught  all  my  counsel.  —  Prov.  i. 
NAUGHT,  (uawl,)  adv.     In  no  degree. 

To  wejillh  ur  sovi-n'igii  fwwcr  he  naugh'  Hiti^tied.       Fatrjixx. 

NAUGHT,  (nawt,)  a.    Bad;  worthless;  of  no  value 
or  account. 

ThJiipi  naufht  and  Uiin^  Indifl'crerit.  Hooker, 

It  u  naught,  il  U  naugid,  says  the  buyer.  —  Prov.  ix. 

NAUGHT'I-LV,  (nawt'i-ly,)  ado.     Wickedly;   cor- 

"rnpilv. 
NAUGIIT'I-NESS,  (nawt'i-ness,)n.    Badness;  wick- 
edness ;  evil  principle  or  purpose. 

1  know  thy  pride  and  the  naughdnete  of  thy  hc;irt. —  I  Sam. 

xvii. 
2.  Plight  wickedness  of  children  ;   perverseness  ; 
mischievousness.  Dn/dr.n.     Shak.     Sidney. 

NAUGHT'Y,  (nawt'y,)  «•    Wicked  ;  corrupt. 

A  naughty  pcnon,  a  wlck'td  mau,  walkcth  with  a  froward  mouth. 
—  Fruv.  vi. 

2.  Bad ;  worthless. 

The  other  basltel  had  very  naughty  figs.  —  Jcr.  txW, 

3.  Mischievous;  perverse;  froward  ;  as,  a  nau^Afy 
child.  It  is  now  seldom  used  except  in  the  latter 
sense,  as  applied  to  children,  or  iu  ludicrous  cvn- 

NA,UL'AGE,  H.     (L.  nauhim.]  [sure. 

"  The  freight  of^passengers  in  a  ship.     [Little  used.] 
NAU'MA-CIIY,  «.       [L.   naumachia;    Gr.    fui'/iax'u; 

fui^i,  u  ship,  and  /ia\»'»  fiffht.] 

1.  Among  the  ancient  7f(/;/ui?u,  a  show  or  spectacle 
representing  a  sea-fight. 

2.  The  place  where  these  shows  were  exhibited. 

Eneyc. 

NAUS'CO-PY,  n.     [Gr.  vavSf  a  ship,  and  axuiz'.ui,  to 
view.] 

The  art  of  discovering  the  approach  of  ships,  or 
tlte  vicinity  of  land,  at  a  distance.  Maty. 

NAU'SEX,  (naw'shei,)    n.      [L.,   from   Gr.   vavata^ 
from  va^'i,  a  ship.] 

Originally  and  properly,  seasickness  ;  hence,  any 
similar  thickness  of  the  stomach,  accompanied  with  a 
projwnsity  to  vomit;  qualm;  loathing;  squeamish- 
ness  of  the  stomach. 

NAU'SE-AXT,  (-she-ant,)  n,      A  substance  which 
produces  nausea. 

NAU'SE-aTE,  (naw'she-ate,)  v.  i.     [h.  naiisco.l 
"  To  become  squeamish;  to  feel  disgust;  to  be  in- 
clined to  reject  from  the  stomach. 

NAU'SE-ATE,  (naw'she-ate,)  v.  I.     To  loathe  ;  to  re- 
ject with  disgust. 

The  piviient  nauaealee  and  lt>atfip«  wholesome  foods.  Blackmor*. 

Old  iige,  wilh  silent  pitCH,  comes  creeping  on, 

Nauteatee  the  pniise  which  in  her  youth  she  woo.        Drydtn. 

2.  To  affect  with  disgust.  Swift 


b:--: 


FiTE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHIST METE,  PKEY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQpK.— 


NAV 

NAIJ'SE-S-TED,  pp,     Rt'jectetl  with  disgust. 

NAU'SE-A-TLNG,  p;*r.  Loaihing  ;  rejecting  with  dis- 
gust. 

NAU'SE-A'TION,  n,     Tlie  act  of  nauseating. 

NAU'SEOL'S,  (naw'shus,)  a.  Loallisoine  :  disgust- 
ful; di-<igusting ;  reearded  with  abhorrence;  as,  a 
naiisroH.i  drug  or  medicine. 

NAL''SEOl'S-LY,  lulo.     Loathsomely  ;  disgustfully. 

NAU'SEOl'S-NESS,  n.  Loaihsoinfness  ;  qurOity  of 
excitin<;  disgust;  as,  the  nauseousnes^  of  a  drug  or 
medicine. 

The  naiucotwneM  of  auch  company  tliaguata  a  rcas'^n.-ibli;  tn.-m. 

Dryden. 

NAU'TIG,  I  a,     [I*,  naitticus^  from  naiita,  a  sea- 

NAU'TIG-AL,  \       man,   from    nacisy    a    ship.      See 

iS'aVT.] 

Pertaining  to  seamen  or  navigation ;  as,  nautical 
skill ;  n  nnnrical  almanac. 
NAU'TI-LT'i'E,  n.     [from  L.  naut'dtis^  a  shell-fish.] 

A  fwisil  nautilus.  Kirtran.     Diet, 

NAU'TI-LOID,  o.    Resembling  the  nautilus  in  form 

or  shape. 
NAU'TI-LOID,  n.     [Xautilus  and  ruUi;.] 

That  which  has  tlie  form  of  the  nautilus. 
NAU'TI-LUS,   «.       [L.;   Gr.   vavrtUs^  from   j-auj,  a 
ship.] 

L  The  name  of  a  small  genus  of  cephalopodous 
moUnsca.  The  animal  has  the  sack,  eyes,  parrot- 
beak,  and  funnel  of  the  other  cephalopods ;  hut  its 
mouth,  instead  of  the  large  arms  and  feet,  is  sur- 
rounded by  several  circles  of  numerous  small  tenta- 
cles without  cups.  The  shell  is  a  spiral,  symmetri- 
cal, and  chambered  shell,  i.  e.  divided  into  several 
cavities  by  partition.-'.  Its  laminx  cross  suddenly, 
even  in  the  last  turns  of  the  spine,  which  not  only 
touch  the  preceding  ones,  but  envelop  them.  The 
siphon  occupies  the  center  of  each  partition. 

Curier. 
2.  A  loose,  popular  name  applied  to  the  shells  of 
several  different  genera  of  molhisca.  The  animal 
which  is  s.iid  to  sail  in  its  shell  upon  the  surface  of 
the  water,  is  the  Argonauta  Arco,  verj'  dilferent 
from  the  nautilus.  Perhaps  nautilus  may  be  said  to 
be  its  poetical  name. 

Lenra  of  the  lUtlc  nautiHug  to  sail.  Pop*. 

NA'VAL,  fl.    JL.  Tiavalisy  from  navisy  Gr.  vnif,  a  ship.] 

1.  Consisting  of  «htps ;  as,  a  naval  force  or  arma- 
ment. 

2.  Pertaining  to  ships  or  to  a  navy ;  as,  naval 
stores. 

NA'VAL  OFTI-CER,  lu  In  a  UnitpA  States  eusUym- 
kause^  an  olhcer  who  assists  the  collector  in  col- 
lecting the  customs  on  merchandise  imported. 

Btmvicr. 
NA'VALB,  n.  pL    Naval  affairs.     [jK'ot  used.] 

Ciaratdon. 
NA'VXReil,  (naV4rk,)  n.    [Gr.  vwaoyo^.) 
In  ancient  OreeeCy  the  commander  of  a  fleet. 

Mttford. 
N-X'VXRGH-Y,  n.     [from  L.  nararehusy  an  admiral.] 
Knowledge  of  managing  ships.  Petty. 

NAVE,  n.  [i*ax.  na/<i,  nafu;  Dan.  nar;  G.  nabe;  Sw. 
naf,] 

1.  The  thick  piece  of  timber  in  the  center  of  a 
wheel,  in  which  the  spokes  are  inserted  ;  call<?d  also 
the  IIcB  or  Hob. 

2.  'I'he  middle  or  body  of  a  church,  extending 
•  from  the  baluster  or  rail  of  the  chiiirlo  the  principal 

•■nlrance.  OwilL 

NA'VKL,  (na'vl,)  «.  [Sax.  nn/c/a,  from  no/ii,  nave; 
D.  navel;  G.  nabel;  aw.  nafie ;  Dan.  TiatU ;  Zend. 

nafo ;  Pehlavi,  n^f,  Sann.  nabha ;  Pers.  oL»  no/.] 

The  center  of  the  lower  part  of  the  abdomen,  or 
the  point  where  the  umbilical  cord  passes  out  of  the 
fetus.  The  umbilical  cord  is  a  cullection  of  vessels 
by  which  the  fetus  of  an  animal  communicates 
with  the  parent  by  means  of  the  placenta,  to  which 
it  is  attached.  Kneyc. 

NA'V/JL-GALL,  n.  A  bniise  on  the  top  of  the  chine 
of  (he  hack'  of  a  horse,  hrhind  the  f>addlc.     Joknsim, 

NA'V/:L-STRING,  n.  The  umbilical  cord.  [See 
Nat  EL.] 

NA'Vn^WORT,  n.  A  succulent  plant  of  the  genus 
Colvledon.    Il  has  the  appearance  of  house-leek. 

Miller. 

NA'VEW,  (nS'vu,)  n.    [h.napvs;  f ax.  n<pp^.] 

A  plant,  the  Bmftsica  Naptts ;  also  called  the 
French  turnip.  It  has  a  spindle-fhaped  root,  lesa 
than  the  turnip.  Kncyc.     Miller, 

NA-VIC'U-LAR,  a.     fL.  ■nacieula,  a  little  ship.] 

1.  Rtliittng  to  small  ships  or  boats.  Bryant, 

2.  Shai»ed  like  a  boat ;  cymbiform.  The  navicular 
bene  is  Uic  scaphoid  bone  of  the  wri^t. 

Coze.     Quinerj. 
NAV'I-GA-BLE,  a.     [L.  navagahUiSy  from  narigOy  to 
sail,  from  nart>,  a  ship.] 

1  hat  may  be  navigated  or  passed  in  ships  or  ves- 
PcU  :  as,  a  varijabfe  river. 
NAV'I-GA-BLE-NESS,  i  n.    The  quality  or  slate  of 
NAV-I-GA  niL'I-TY,     i      being  navigable. 
NAV'I-GA  IlLY,  adv.     In  a  navigable  manner. 


NEA 

NAVIGATE,  V.  i.     [1..  naxigo^  from  narw,  a  ship ; 
Ir.  snamhaim.] 
To  pass  on  water  in  ships  ;  to  sail. 
1'be    PhcnicioQs  navigated  to  Uie  eztreinidra  of  the  Wr«tcm 
Ocean.  Arbuthnol. 

NAV'I-GATE,  V.  L    To  pass  over  in  ships  ;  to  sail  on  ; 

as,  Co  navigate  the  Atlantic. 
2.  To  steer,  direct,  or  manage  in  sailing ;  as,  to 

navitrate  n  ship. 
NAV'I-GA-'l'ED,  pp.  or  a.      Steered   or  managed   in 

passing  on  the  water  ;  passed  over  in  sailing. 
NAV'I-GA-TING,  ppr.     Passing  on  or  over  in  sailing  ; 

steering  and  managing  in  sailing. 
NAV-I-GA'TION,  n.     [L.  naviifatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  navigating;  the  art  of  passing  on 
water  in  ships  or  other  vessels  •  the  state  of  being 
navigable. 

2.  The  science  or  art  of  conducting  ships  or  ves- 
sels from  one  place  to  another.  Thin  comprehends 
not  only  the  management  of  the  sails,  but  the  direct- 
ing and  mea.suring  of  the  course  of  ghi|)s  by  tlie 
laws  of  geometry,  or  by  astronomical  principles  and 
observations.  Brands. 

3.  Ships  in  general. 

Jlerial  navigation  ;  the  sailing  or  floating  in  the  air 
by  means  of  balloons. 

Inland  navitration ;  the  passing  of  boats  or  small 
vessels  on  rivers,  lakes,  or  canals,  in  the  interior  of 
a  country  ;  conveyance  by  boats  or  vessels  in  the  in- 
terior of  a  countrj'. 

NAV'I-Ga-TOR,  n.  One  that  navigates  or  sails  ; 
chiefiy,  one  who  directs  the  course  of  a  ship,  or  one 
who  is  skillful  in  the  art  of  navigation.  \Ve  say,  a 
bold  navigator,  an  experienced  navigator^  an  able 
nari-rator, 

Na'VY,  71.  [h.nacis;  Gr.  i  arc,  from  vfti',  to  swim, 
L.  no,  nato ;  Sans,  nau;  Armenian,  nato;  Pers.  nao- 
dan.  The  elements  of  the  verb  are  probably  JVrf,  co- 
inciding with  Eng.  nody  L.  nut4>.  To  swini,  then,  is 
to  move  up  and  down.    Class  Nd,  No.  3,  9.] 

1.  A  fleet  of  ships;  an  assemblage  of  merchant- 
men, or  so  many  as  sail  in  company. 

The  navy  of  Hiram  brought  golJ  from  Ophir.  —  1  King^  x. 

2.  The  whole  of  the  ships  of  war  belonging  to  a 
nation  or  king.  The  navy  of  Great  Britain  is  the  de- 
fense of  the  kingdom  and  its  commt^rce.  This  is 
the  usual  accepUttiiin  of  the  word. 

3.  The  officers  and  men  belonging  to  a  navy. 

Smart, 
NAVV^L,  n.     An  awl.     [JVot  in  iise.] 
NXV,  adv.      [A   contracted    word  ;  L.  ne<ro;  Sw.  ney 
or  nej,  from  neka,  to  deny ;  W.  jiac,  from  nacoy  to 
deny.t 
1.  No;  a  word  that  expresses  negation. 

I  (ell  you  Ttay;  btit  except  ye  repent,  ye  muII  all  likewise  |ieruU. 
—  Luke  xiii. 

S.  It  expresses  also  refusal. 


NEA 

any  other  period  in  tiie  month.    They  arc  opposed 
Ut  yprinff  tide.f. 
NkAP,  n.    A  neap  tide.     [See  the  adjective.] 


NkAP'ED,  (neept,) 


usrd.] 
Sfuik. 


[In  these  senses  it  is  now  rarely  used  ;  no  being 
Bubstitulod.] 

3.  Not  only  so  ;    not  this  alone  ;  intimating  that 
something   is  to  Ik;  added  by  way  of  amplification. 
He  requested  an  an^^wer;  wflj/,  he  urged  it. 
NAV,  n.     Denial;  refusal. 
NXY,  V.  t.     To  refuse.     [J^ot  in  vfte.] 
NAV'WARD,  n.    Tendency  to  denial.     [^"01 

NAY'WORD,  (nS'wurd,)  n.  A  by-word  ;  a  proverbial 
reproach;  a  watchwonl.     [Oft«.]  Shak. 

N.\/--A-RR'AN,  in.      One   of  a   sect  of   Judaizing 

NAZ-A-RkNE',  )  Christians  In  the  second  century, 
who  observed  the  laws  of  Moses,  and  rejected  the 
commonly  received  Gusjiels,  holding  a  [xiculiar  one  of 
their  own.  MuriLock. 

NAZ-A-Ri:.\E',  n.  An  inhabitant  of  Nazareth  ;  one 
of  the  early  converts  to  Christianity  ;  in  contempt. 
Acts  xxiv. 

NA7/A-RITE,  n.  A  Jew  who  Iwund  himself  by  a 
vow  lo  extraordinary  purity  of  life  and  deviption. 

Mardock. 

NAZ'A-RIT-ISM,  n.  The  vow  and  practice  of  a  Naz- 
arile.  Burder, 

NAZE.TF.  A  flifl'or  headland,  Banie  as  a  Ness.  Smart. 

N£,  [Sax.]  not,  is  obsolete.  We  find  it  in  early 
English  writers,  prefixed  to  other  words  ;  as,  niW, 
for  ne  trill,  will  not;  na.i,  for  ne  kajt,  haii  not;  nis, 
for  ne  is,  is  not.  Spenser. 

N£AF,  (neef,)  n.     [Ice.  «</Sj  Scot,  nieve.] 

The  fist     [Obs.]  Shak, 

N£AL,  (neel,)  v.  t.     [Sax.  anatlan,  to  kindle.] 

To  temper  and  reduce  to  a  due  consistence  by 
heat.     But  Neal  is  now  rarely  used.     [See  A:ini:al.1 

NkAL,  c.  i.  To  bo  ttmipcred  by  heat.  {Little  used.] 
£See  A-fWEAL.]  Bacon. 

Nf.AP,  (neep,)  w.     [This  word  may  Iwlong  to  the  root 
of  neb,  nib;  Ice.  ntf,  nose  ;  Eth.  anaf.] 
Tho  tongue  or  pole  of  a  cart,  sled,  or  wagon. 

JWw  England. 

NEAP,  a.     [^ajc-  hnipan,  to  Incline,  to  fall.] 

Low.  The  neap  tides  are  those  whic:h  happen  near 
the  first  and  last  quarters  of  the  moon,  when  the  dif- 
ference between  high  and  low  water  is  less  tlian  at 


)  a.     Left  aground.    A  ship  is 

BE-NeAP'AD,  (neept,)  (  said  lo  be  nfa;*rf/ when  left 
aground,  particularly  on  the  hight  of  a  spring  tide, 
so  that  she  will  not  float  till  the  return  of  the  next 
spring  tide.  ToUtn. 

NE-A-POI/I-TAN,  a.    Belonging  to  Naples,  in  Italy. 

NE-.A-POL'I-TAN,  n.  An  inhabitant  or  native  of  the 
kincdom  of  Naples. 

NeAP'-TIDE,  n.  A  name  given  to  certain  tides.  [See 
Nrap,  a.] 

NicAR,  (neer,)  a.  [Sax.  ner,  or  ncara,  nigber.  Tliii 
seems  to  bo  a  contracted  word,  from  mgher,  the  com- 
pamtive  of  nek,  nik,  or  ni'fA,  D.  naauai,  G.  nahe,  Sw. 
vnr,  Dan.  tubTj  W.  nig^  strait,  narrow ;  nigiaw,  to 
narrow.] 

1.  Nigh  ;  not  far  distant  in  place,  time,  or  degree. 
Regularly,  T?far  should  be  followed  by  to,  but  this  is 
often  omitted.  We  say,  a  house  stands  near  a  river  ; 
a  friend  sits  near  me  ;  the  man  fell,  and  was  near  de- 
struction. 

Ami  Jacob  wont  n«ir  to  Isaac  liis  Tithpr,  —Gpo,  xxvil. 

Now  la  our  »aIvaUoii  f«0!rer  Ihan  when  we  beliereil.  —  Horn,  xUi. 

2.  Closely  related  by  blood. 

Bhc  b  ihv  fatlior'a  near  kintwoman.— :Ije».  xviiJ. 

3.  Not  distant  in  ntreclion,  support,  or  assistance ; 
present;  ready;  willing  to  aid. 

Cad  upon  the  LonI  white  h«  is  ntar,  —  U.  It, 

4.  Intimate ;  united  in  close  ties  of  affection  or  con- 
fidence ;  as,  a  near  friend. 

5.  Dear;  affecting  one's  interest  or  feelings ;  as,  a 
near  concern. 

My  nearttt  life.  Shak. 

6.  Close;  parsimonious. 

7.  Close ;  not  loose,  free,  or  rambling ;  as,  a  version 
near  the  original 

8.  Next  lo  one  ;  on  the  left ;  opposed  to  Ovv  ;  as, 
the  near  horse  or  ox  in  a  team. 

NEARjA/fy.  Almost;  within  a  little.  It  is  nror  twelve 
o'clock.  The  payment  of  such  a  sum  would  go  near 
to  ruin  him.  Addison. 

Near,  r.  (.  To  approach;  to  come  nearer;  js,  the 
ship  neared  the  laud;  a  seaman^s  phrase.  Alt^o  used 
intransitively. 

Nf.AR'EST,  a.,  [superi.  of  TirarJ  Shortest;  most  di- 
rect ;  as,  the  nearest  way  to  London.  Bo  we  uso 
Nearer  for  Shorter. 

[  This  use  of  tlicse  words  is  not  correcty  but  very  com- 
num.'] 

NftAR'LY,  adv.    At  no  great  distance  ;  not  remotely. 

2.  Closely  ;  as,  two  persons  nearly  related  or  allieil. 

3.  Intimately  ;  pressingly  ;  with  a  close  relation  to 
one's  interest  or  happiness.  It  nearly  concerns  us  to 
preserve  peace  with  our  neighbor. 

4.  Almost;  within  a  little.  The  fact  is  nearly  de- 
monstrated. 

5.  In  a  parsimonious  or  niggardly  manner. 
NfiAR'NESS,  71.      Closeness  ;   small  distance.     Tho 

nearness  of  a  place  lo  a  market  enhances  the  value 
of  lands. 

2.  Close  alliance  by  blood  ;  propinquity  ;  as,  the 
nearness  of  brothers  and  sisters,  parents  and  children. 

3.  Close  union  by  ofleclion ;  intimacy  of  friend- 
ship. 

4.  Parsimony;  closeness  in  expenses.         Baton. 
NeAR'-SIGHT'ED,  (neer'slt'ed,)  a.    Short-sighted; 

seeing  at  a  pniall  distance  only. 

NEAR'-SIGIIT'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
short-sighted, 

NEAT,  (neel,)  n.  [Sax.  neat,  ncten,  niten,  nytcn  ;  Sw. 
nUt;  Dan.  nSd.  In  ^\\\.  geneat  is  a  herdsman.  In 
Spanish,  ganadn  is  cattle,  and  vermin  ;  doubtless  the 
same  word  with  a  prefix.  In  W.  cnud  is  a  group. 
J^cat  coincides  with  the  root  of  need  in  elements,  and 
if  connected  with  it,  the  s^nso  is,  a  herd,  or  collec- 
tion, from  crowding,  pressing  ;  but  this  in  doubtful.] 

1.  Cattle  of  the  bovine  genus,  as  bulls,  oxen,  and 
cows.  In  America,  this  word  is  used  in  composition, 
as  in  neat's-tongue,  ncoi'j-foot  oil,  and  lautologically 
in  neaf-cQtlle. 

2.  A  single  cow.  Tusscr. 
NEAT,  a.     I  It.  netto  ;  Sp.  wrto  ,•  Fr.  net ;  Arm.  neat,  or 

vee-t;  L.  nitidm,  niteo,  to  shine,  to  be  clean,  fair,  or 
fine;  W.  n'lth,  pure  ;  nithiaw,  to  purify,  lo  winnow.]  « 

1.  Very  clean  ;  free  from  foul  or  extraneous  mat- 
ter ;  as,  neat  clothes.  The  vessels  arc  kepi  neat:  the 
woman  keeps  her  house  very  neat. 

2.  Pure  ;  free  from  impure  words  and  phrases ;  as, 
a  neat  style. 

3.  Cleanly;  preser\-ing  neatness  ;  as,  ancaf  woman. 

4.  Pure  ;  unadulterated  ;  as,  neat  wine.     [  0/ts.] 

Chapman. 

5.  Free  from  tawdry  appondnges,  and  well  adjust- 
ed ;  as,  a  neat  dress, 

6.  Clear  of  the  cask,  case,  hag,  box,  tc;  as,  neat 
weight.     It  isusuallv  written  Net  or  Next. 

NeAT'HERD,  71.     [Sax.  neathTfrd.] 

A  person  who  has  tho  caro  of  cattle  ;  a  cow-keep- 
er. Dryden. 

NiiiAT'I-Y,  adv.  With  neatness;  in  a  neat  manner; 
in  a  cleanly  manner ;  as,  a  gannent  neatly  washed. 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GEn,  VT"CIOUS €  as  K ;  fi  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SII ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 

04  ""  7^r» 


NEC 

S.  With  gmxl  inste ;  without  tawdry  ornunients ; 
OS,  a  Lilly  neatly  dressed. 
3.  Nirely  ;  handsonuly  ;  ns»  a  vessel  nratly  (rilt. 

NftAT'NES'S,  n,  Kxact  cleanliness;  entire  t'reedom 
from  foul  matter;  as,  ilie  neatness  of  a  tloor  or  of  a 
ptrment. 

9.  Purity ;  freedom  from  ill  cha'wn  words  j  as,  the 
neatness  of  style, 

X  Freedom  from  useless  or  iawdr>-  omamenta ; 
with  good  adjustmoDt  of  the  several  paru ;  as,  the 
neatness  of  a  dress. 

NfiAT'RESS,  ■.  [from  neat,  callle.]  A  fi-mnle  who 
takes  care  of  cattle.     [JV".*i  used  in  the  United  States.] 

Warner. 

NEAT'S'-I-VQT  OIL,  «.  The  oil  obtained  by  boiling 
Olives*  feet.  Qardner, 

NEU,  m.  [Sax.  ii«A,  or  naMf  {  Ice.  iteU*,  or  nef\  l>an. 
nfft,  iwA,  and,  with  a  prefix,  noM;  Sw.  rnifi  D,  twA, 
sntb  ;  G.  sehnabeL  In  the  different  dialects  it  signi- 
lic-9  a  bill,  beak,  the  nose,  or  the  face,  from  extend- 
ing, or  fibootinc  Sec  Class  Nb,  No.  S,  3, 6,  6,  10,  13, 
15,  91,  94.     It  ia  also  written  Nib.] 

The  nose  \  the  beak  of  a  bird ;  the  bill }  the 
mouth. 

NKB'NEB.  n.    The  East  Indian  name  of  Bablah. 

NEB'U-LA,  n. ;  pL  Nebul-S.  [L.  Hebula;  Gr.  vc>i>oiy 
ktipcXi} :  G.  nebetf  D.  nn^W ;  Ir.  n/all,  neut,  by  contrac- 
tion ;  IL  nebbia :  Sp.  nirbla,  fo^,  mist ;  ^ans.  nabka, 
a  cloud.  Probably  the  primary-  sense  \s,  thick,  or 
mixed.] 

1.  A  white  spot,  or  a  slight  opacity  of  the  cornea. 

Cpc 

2.  In  astronamtfy  a  name  given  to  faint,  misty  ap- 
prarances,  which  are  dimly  seen  among  the  stars, 
resembling  a  comet  or  a' speck  of  fog.  They  are 
usually,  but  not  always,  resolved  by  the  telescope 
into  myriads  of  small  stars.  Olnutrd, 

3.  [In  hrratdry,  it  is  used  to  describe  a  line  drawn 
with  undulations  resembling  the  form  of  clouds;  or 
a  shield  or  charge  divided  by  several  such  lines 
drawn  across  it.  —  E.  H.  Barker.] 

NEB'I^LAR,  fl.     Pertaining  (o  nebiile. 

JCebular  hypothesis ;  a  celebrated  hypothesis,  framed 
by  Laplace,  the  principles  of  which  are  as  follows  : 
It  su[>f)ose8  that  the  Uwlies  composing  the  solar  svs- 
tem  <mre  existed  in  the  fumi  of  a  nebula;  that  tliis 
had  a  revolution  on  \U  own  axis  from  wo«t  to  east ; 
that,  by  the  effect  of  gravity,  the  matter  composingthe 
nebula  gradually  became  condensed  toward  the  cen- 
ter; tiiat  the  exterior  portions  thus  had  the  velocity 
of  their  revolution  increased,  until  by  the  centrifugal 
force  they  were  separated  from  the  mas-*,  and  lert 
behind  in  the  form  of  a  ring  ;  that  thus  the  material 
of  each  of  the  tdanets  was  separated,  while  the  main 
\><M\y  was  condensed  toward  the  center,  forming  the 
sun  ;  and  finally,  that  each  of  the  planetary  rings,  by 
a  similar  process,  was  condensed  into  the  planet,  de- 
positing in  the  mean  time  rings  out  of  which  its  sec- 
ondaries were  formed.  Oimxltd. 

NEB-U-LOS'I-TY,  n.  [from  iicfriilinw.]  Tin  sute  of 
being  cloudy  or  hazy.  Med.  JUpoa, 

S.  In  astronomy^  a  name  given  to  the  faint,  misty 
apftearances  surrounding  certs:n  stars.        Olntsted. 

NEB'U-LOUS,  tt.     [L.  ntbulosus.] 

1.  "Cloudy  ;  hazy.     [See  Nebvla.] 

2.  In  ostnmtfmw,  pertaining  to,  or  faaving  the  ap- 
pearance of,  a  nebula. 

NEC-ES-PA'RJ-AN,  n.  [See  Necessart.]  An  advo- 
cate for  the  doctrine  of  philoeopbical  necessity  ;  more 
properly,  NECEsstTABiAit.  Prie^ey. 

NEC'ES^A-RIE?,  (rtz,)  n.  pZ.     See  Necessibt. 

NEC'ES-SA-RI-LV,  adv.  By  necessity  ;  in  such  a 
manner  that  it  can  not  be  otherwise.  Tnitli  is  neze^ 
sarilif  opposite  to  falsehood.  A  square  i«  necessarily 
different  from  a  circle, 

a.  Indispensably.  Most  men  are  iifce«5an7!/ occu- 
pied in  procuring  their  subsistence. 

3.  By  unavoidable  consequence.  Certain  infer- 
ences neeesamrilm  result  from  particular  premises. 

NEC'ES-SA-RI-NESS,  «.     Thev^tate  of  being  neces- 
NEC'ES-SA-RY,  «.     [L.  nreessarius.]  [sary. 

1.  That  must  be  ;  that  can  not  be  otherwije ;  in- 
dispensably requisite.  It  is  necessary  that  every  effect 
should  have  a  cause. 

S.  Indispensable;  requisite;  essential;  that  can 
not  be  otherwise  without  preventing  the  purpose  in- 
tended. Air  is  necesi^ry  to  support  animal  life  ;  food 
is  n^esivtrv  to  nourish  the  body  ;  holintrss  is  a  neces- 
tary  quali location  f(tr  happiness  ;  health  is  ne£gs.mry  j 
to  the  enjoyment  of  pleasure  ;  subjection  to  law  is 
necesi^ary  to  the  safiHy  of  persons  and  property. 

3.  Unavoiilable ;  as,  a  necfsjiory  indirence  or  con- 
•equence  from  facta  or  arguments. 

4.  .Acting  from  necessity  or  compulsion  :  opposed 
to  Free.  Whether  man  is  a  necessary  or  a  free  agent 
is  a  question  much  discussed. 

NEC'ES-SA-RY,  ».    [froni  the  adjective.]    Something 

necessar>-  or  indispensable  to  some  purpose  ;  as,  a 

necessary  of  life  ;  mere  ctntmoniy  usid  in  the  pUtraL 

NEC'ES-^A-RY.  n.     A  privy.  '^ 

gE-CES-SI-TA'RI-AN,  j  n.     One  who  maintains  the 

AEC-ES-SA'RI-AN,        \      doctrine   of  philosophical 

necessity  in  regard  to  the  origin  and  existence  of 

*hing3.  Beattie. 


NEC 

NI>CEri'SI.'r.ATE,  P.  t.     [from  L.  neces^itas.] 

To  make  necessary  or  indispensable  ;  to  render  un- 
avoid.-iMo  }  to  comiHil. 

The  Marqiits  of  Nfvctutlp,  being  pm««M  on  both  ■id'-B,  w«a 

tfcetribUxd  to  dmw  ull  liia  nnny  itiio  York.      Ciartrulon, 
Sickiit'M  mi^bt  tttet^titatt  hb  n;inuval  frum  court.  Soultt. 

NE-CES'SI-TA-TED,  pp.  Made  necessary,  indispen- 
sable, or  unavoidable. 

NE-CES'SI-TA-TING,  ;>pr.  Making  necessary  or  in- 
dispensable. 

NE-CES-SI-TA'TION,  ti.  The  act  of  malting  neces- 
snry  ;  compulsion.     [Little  used.]  Bram/uill. 

NE-CES'Sl  TI-f;U,  (^d,)  a.  in  a  state  of  want. 
rA*«(  in  use.] 

NE-CES'SI-I'OUS,  a.  Very  needy  or  indigent ;  pressed 
with  poverty. 

There  Are  niullitikltfa  of  ntctttilout  hcira  and  pcnurtoiM  pxrenU. 

9.  Narrow  ;  destitute  ;  pincJiIng  ;  as,  necessitous 
circumstances. 

NEi-CES'Sl-TOUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  necessitous  man- 
ner. 

NE-CES'SI-TOUS-NESS,  71.  Extreme  poverty  or  des- 
titution of  tlie  means  of  living  ;  pressing  want. 

Burnet. 

NE-CES'SI-TUDE,  n.  Necessitousness ;  want.  [ JV*u£ 
nsfd.)  HtUt. 

NE-OES'SI-TY,  n.     [L.  necessttas.] 

1.  That  which  must  be  and  can  not  be  otherwise, 
or  the  cause  of  that  wliicli  can  not  be  otherwise.  It 
is  of  necessity  that  a  thing  can  not  be  and  not  be  at 
the  same  time.  It  is  of  necessity  that  two  contradic- 
tory pmpositions  can  not  both  be  true. 

2.  Irresistible  power;  compiil:«ive  force,  physical 
or  moral.  If  man's  actions  are  determined  by  causes 
beyond  his  control,  he  acta  from  necessity^  ami  ia  not 
a  free  agent.  J^ecessity  compelled  the  general  to  act 
on  the  defensive, 

3.  IndisiK-nsableness  ;  the  slate  of  being  requisite. 
The  necfA*t7y  of  funds  to  supixirt  public  credit,  no 
man  questions.  The  necessity  of  economy  in  domes- 
tic concerns  is  admitted.  No  man  can  plead  necessity 
in  excuse  for  crimes. 

4.  Extreme  indigence ;  pinching  poverty ;  pressing 
need. 

The  c«iur  Of  all  (he  dbbiuttoiu  in  hli  court  or  »rmj  proe>r>«led 
from  tb«  exuviue  pu*«r(y  &nd  nectseiry  hla  nuJ'-Bt.*  wsa  hi. 
Oartndon. 

5.  Unavoidablenesa  ;  inevitablenesa ;  as,  the  ne- 
eessUy  of  a  conse<)uence  from  certain  premises. 

(>.  In  tA«  plural^  things  requisite  for  a  purpose. 

Tb««e  itoould  ba  faoun  loe  fwoeutd**, 

Not  for  ddigbu.  SAo*. 

NECK,  n.  [Sax.  Ahms,  Anseea,  necea  ,-  G.  nick,  genicky 
the  nape  of  the  neck ;  D.  mk :  Sw.  nacke  {  Dan. 
nakke  ;  It.  Port,  and  Sp.  nuea.  This  word  is  property 
the  nape  or  vertebra  of  the  neck  behind,  and  is  so 
rendered  in  other  languages,  L.  nux,  that  is,  a  nob  or 
mass ;  W.  cnusc] 

1.  The  part  oi  an  nnimaPahody  which  is  between 
the  head  and  the  trunk,  and  connects  them.  In  man 
and  many  other  animals,  this  part  is  more  slender 
than  the  trunk  ;  hence, 

a.  A  long,  narrow  tract  of  land  proji^cting  fVom 
the  main  body,  or  a  narrow  tract  connecting  two 
larger  tracts  ;  as,  tin;  neck  of  land  between  Boston 
and  Roxbury. 

Any  part  corresponding  to  a  neck  ;  the  long,  slen- 
der part  of  a  vessel,  as  a  retort ;  or  of  a  plant,  as  a 
gourd  ;  or  of  any  instrument,  as  a  guitar. 

Jl  stiff  neck,  in  Scripture,  denotes  obstinacy  in  sin. 

Or  the  neck  ;  immediately  after ;  following  closely. 

Pir«t  bf  conuphUit^  one  sin  on  tft«  tuck  of  another,    PerkinM, 

[This  pKrase  is  not  much  used.  We  more  fre- 
quently say,  on  tke  heels.) 

To  break  the  neck  t^f  an  affair;  to  hinder,  or  to  do 
the  principal  thing  to  prevent. 

To  harden  the  neck ;  to  grow  obstinate  ;  to  be  more 
and  more  perverse  and  rt;bellious.    JVeh.  ix. 
NECK'A-TEE,  n.     A  neckerchief.     [Obs.] 
NECK'BKEF,  t*.    The  coarse  flesh  or  the  neck  of  cat- 
tle, sold  at  a  low  price. 

A»  cheap  as  ntckbetf.  SmfL 

NECX'CLOTK,  n.    A  piece  of  cloth  worn  on  the  neck. 
NECK'KD,  (nekt,)  a.    Having  a  neck;  as  in  stiff- 

netSied, 

NECK'ER-CHIEF,  (-chif,)  v.  A  gorget;  a  kerchief 
for  the  neck  ;  it  was  formerly  appliud  only  to  female 
attire.  Smart. 

NECK'LACE,  n.  A  string  of  beads,  or  precious  atones, 
worn  by  women  on  th,»  neck.  Jlrbuihnot. 

NECK'LAC-Z;D,  (neck'last,)  a.  Marked  as  with  a 
necklace.  Sir  W.  Jtmts. 

NECK'i^VND,  n.    A  neck  or  long  tract  of  land. 

HakewelL 

NECK'-T7E,  TI.  A  neckhandkcrchi.  f.  M.  F.  Tapper. 

NECK' VERSE,  it.  The  verse  formerly  read  to  entitle 
a  party  to  the  benefit  of  clrrgy,  saiu  to  be  the  first 
verse  of  the  fifty-first  p£alm,  ^'Miserere  0^:1,"  Si.c. 

Tindsll. 

NECK'WEED, »».  Ifcmp;  in  ridicule,  because  used 
in  hanging  criminal''. 


NEE 

NEC'RO-LITE,  n.     A  variety  of  trachyte. 
NEC-RD-LOCIC-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to,  or  giving  an 

account  of,  the  dead,  or  of  deaths. 
NEC-ROL'O-GIST,  n.    One  who  gives  an  account  of 

deaths. 
NEC-ROL'O-GY,  lu    [Gr.  i-M^of,  dead,  and  Uyoi, 
discourse,] 

An  account  of  the  dead,  or  of  deaths  \  a  register  of 
deirtha. 
NEC'RO-MAN-CER,  n,     [.See  Necromawct.]      Prop- 
erly, one  who  pretends  to  furttcll  future  events  by 
holding  converse  wiili  de|Kirted  spirits.  Swift. 

2.  One  who  uses  enchantments  or  practices  sor- 
cery. The  latter  ia  now  the  mere  usunl  sense.  Smart, 
NEC'RO-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  »'£Apo(,  dead,  and  /itnT^ia, 
divination.] 

I.  Properly,  the  art  of  revealing  future  events  by 
means  uf  a  pretended  communicution  with  the  dead. 
This  imposture  is  prohibited.     Dent,  xviii. 

'■2.  Enchantment ;  conjuration.  This  is  now  the 
more  usual  st-nse.  Smart, 

NKC-RO-MAN'Tie,  a.    Pertaining  to  necromancy; 

(x-rtVirmed  by  nerromanry. 
NEC-KO-.MAN'TltJ,n.    Trick ;  conjuration.     Young. 
NE€-UO-MAN'Tie-AL-LY,  adc.    By  necromancy  or 

the  black  art ;  by  conjuration.  Oregory. 

NEf'RO-NITE,  71.     [Or.  w-c^f.?,  dead.] 

Fetid  feldspar,  a  mineral  which,  when  Ktruck  or 
pounded,  exhales  a  fetid  odor  like  that  of  putrid  tlesh. 

Hay  den, 
NEC-ROPH'A-GOUS,  a.     [Gr.  vCKpo^  and  0fl;  oj.j 

Eating  or  feeding  on  the  dead.  Kirby, 

NEC-ROP'O-LIS,  n.     [Gr.  vcKfios  and  iroXis.] 

A  city  of  the  dead. 
NE€-RO-SeOP'ie,  a.    [Gr.  viKof^^  and  ajtowcw.] 

Relating  to  post-mortem  examinations. 
NE-CRO'SIS,  n.     [Gr.  vtKpi^ai<..] 

1.  Among  pAi/tftcmrLs,  mortification ;  the  dry  gan- 
grene. 

2.  Among  surgeons,  an  inflammation  of  a  bone 
terminating  in  its  death. 

3.  In  botany,  a  disease  of  plants,  consisting  of 
small  black  spots,  beneath  which  the  substance  of 
tke  plant  decays.  Brande. 

NECTAR,  71.     [L.,  from  the  Greek.]      In  mythology 
and  portrij,  the  drink  of  the  gods  ;  hence, 
9.  Any  very  aweet  and  pleasant  drink. 
NEe-TA'RE-AN,    i    a.      Resenibiing   nectar;    very 
NEC-TA'RE-OUS,  j       sweet  and  pleasant. 

Tlic  jiiice  ntctareous  and  the  balinj-  dew.  Popt. 

NEe'TARJED,  a.  Irnhued  with  nectar;  mingled  with 
nectar;  abounding  with  nectar.  MUton. 

NEC-Ta'RE-OUS  LY,  ado.    In  a  nectareous  manner. 

NE€-TA'RE-OUS-NESa,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
nectareous. 

NEe-TA'RI-AL,  o.  Pertaining  to  the  nectary  of  a 
planL 

SlAineiti  inaerled  Inlo  the  margin  of  a  glaiiduloui  necliriaZ  rin;. 

A*,  lita. 

XEe-TAR-If'ER-OUS,  a.  [nectar  and  L.  fero,  to 
bear.] 

Producing  nectar  or  honey ;  as,  a  nectariferous 
glandule.  Lee. 

NEC'TAK-INE,  (in,)  a.     Sweet  as  nectar.    Milton. 

NEC'TAR-INE,  n.  A  fruit  resembling  tlie  peach,  but 
with  a  smooth  rind.  It  is  the  Persica  Imvis  of  De 
CandoUe. 

NE€-TA'RMJM,  n.  That  part  of  a  flower  which  se- 
cretes a  honey-like  substance  ;  the  nectary. 

NEC'TAR-fZE,  v.  t.    To  sweeten.  Cockeram. 

NEC'TAR-IZ-/:!),  pp.     Sweetened. 

NEC'TAR-TZ-ING,  ppr.     Sweetening. 

NEC'TAR-OUS,  a.     Sweet  as  nectar.  M'dtnn. 

NECTAR- Y,  77,  [from  nectar.]  In  botany,ih»i  mellif- 
ertius  part  of  a  vegetable,  peculiar  to  the  liower.  It 
usually  makes  a  part  of  the  corol,  but  is  sonittimea 
distinct  from  it.  Sometimes  it  is  in  the  form  of  a 
horn  or  spur;  sometimes  in  that  of  a  cup;  whence 
it  is  called  the  Hokev-citp,  Martm 

NED'DER.  n.     [W.  nadyr ;  Sax,  nedder.] 
An  adder.     [Oi^.] 

NEED,  n.      [S'dx.  nead,  neod,  nyd ;    D.nood;   G.noth; 

Sw.  rtodi  Dan.  n'dd ;  Eth.  l^  I  nadei,  to  be  in 
want.  Tlie  primary  sense  is,  to  press.  Cla^s  Nd,  No. 
7,  24.1 

1.  Want;  occasion  for  something;  necessity;  a 
state  that  requires  supply  or  relief.  It  sometimes  ex- 
presacTS  urgent  want-;  pressing  exigency. 

W  hat  further  nted  have  we  of  M-itnecacs  ?  —  MaU,  xx^i. 
For  ye  hnrc  need  of  pilitnct',  —  Hcb,  x. 

2.  Want  of  the  means  of  subsistence  ;   poverty  ; 

indigence. 

I  know  how  to  abound  and  to  auffer  need.  — Phil.  W. 
NEED,  V.  U   [Sax.  gentadan,  genedan,  to  compel ;  Dan. 
niidrr.] 
To  want ;  to  lack ;  to  require,  aa  supply  or  relief. 

Tb<-y  that  be  whole  na»d  not  a  phyatfrian,  but  they  that  ure  aick. 

—  MaU.  ix. 

NEED,  V.  i.    To  be  wanted  ;  to  be  necessary. 

Whrii  we  ha»e  done  it,  we  ha»e  ihjne  a 
and  all  Ui^il  neeiU.     [S-A  uaed.\ 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL.  WHAT — MeTE,  PREV.  — PI.NE,  MARINE,  BTRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOIJ",  BOOK.— 


NEG 

J^Teed  ia  otlen  used  as  an  auxiliary,  or  at  least  with- 
out the  persotittl  tcrminatiun. 

Aoii  ihe  lender  need  uot  k\r  be  shall  be  inlurfd. 

Anacliarnt,  TYanw, 
NERD'ED,  pp.  oro.    Wante<I. 
N'KED'ER,  n.     One  that  wants. 
NEBD'FtJL,  0.     Necessary,  as  supply  or  relief;  requi- 
site. 

All  thingv  nee^ui  Car  dAfeoac  abound.  Dryden. 

XEED'FVI^LY.  ado.     Necessarily.  B.  Jonson, 

NEED'I-LY,  adx}.  [from  needi/.]  In  want  or  pov- 
erty. 

NEED'I-NESS,  n.  [from  neerfy.]  Waut ;  poverty  j 
intiipence.  Bacon, 

NEED'IXG,  ppr.  Wanting;  requiring,  as  supply  or 
relief. 

NEEDLE,  n.  [Sax.  nedl,  nadl;  G.  nadd ;  Goth,  ne- 
thal;  Arm.  nadoz ;  It.  snathad;  \V.  nydirijz^  from 
niedy  something  sharp  or  pointed.  It  may  be  allied 
to  nettle.  \ 

1.  A  small  instrument  of  steel  pointed  at  one  end, 
with  an  eye  at  the  other  to  receive  a  thread  ;  used  in 
sewing  and  embroidery.  Needles  are  abo  used  by 
surgeons  in  sewing  up  wounds. 

2.  A  small  pointed  piece  of  steel  used  in  the  mari- 
ner's compasij,  which,  by  its  magnetic  quality,  is  at- 
tracted and  directed  to  the  pole,  and  thus  enables 
navig-ators  to  steer  their  ships  the  course  intended  ; 
often  called  the  Magnetic  Needle. 

3.  Any  crystallized  substance  in  the  form  of  a  nee- 
dle. 

Dipping  needle.    See  Dippino  Needle. 

NEE'DLE,  p.  (.  To  form  crystals  in  the  shape  of  a 
ne<"dle. 

NEE'DLE,  r.  i.  To  shoot  in  crystallization  hito  the 
form  of  neiidles  ;  as,  needled  prisms.  Foureroy. 

NEE'DLE-RQOK,  n.  A  place  for  slicking  needles  on 
cloth,  protected  by  covers  like  those  of  a  book. 

Coaper. 

NEE'DLED,  (nee'dld,)  pp.  or  a.  Crystallized  in  the 
form  of  needles. 

NEE'DLE-FLSH,  n.  A  name  of  certain  fishes  of  the 
family  Pyngnathidie,  or  old  genus  Syngniithns,  also 
called  Pi  Pc-Fi9HEs.  They  have  a  long  and  vory  sli-n- 
der  body.  Jnrdiuc^s  A'aL  Lib. 

NEE'DLE-FiJL,  n.  As  much  tliread  as  is  put  at 
once  in  a  niiedle. 

NEE'DLE-MAK-ER,  (  ft.      One    who    manufaeturefl 

NEE'DLEK,  \      netdl-rs. 

NEE'DLE-6rE.  n.     Acicular  ore  of  bismuth.      Dana. 

NEE'DLE-POI  NT-ED,  a.     Pointed  as  needles. 

NEE'DLE-STONE,  tu  A  mineral  of  the  zi-..lite  fam- 
ily.  ClenvefamL 

NEE'DLE-VVOUK.  (nee'dl-wurk,)  n.  Work  exe- 
cuted with  a  nr^iilc  ;  or  the  businews  of  a  seamstress. 
It  is  us«'d  prirticularlv  for  cnil»roidery. 

NEE'DLE-VVORK-KD,  a.     Worked  with  needles. 

NEE'DLf^-ZK'O-LTTE,  n.  A  species- of  zeolite  of  a 
eriyish-while  color.  Ure. 

NEED'LESS,  a.     Not  wanted  ;  unnecessary  ;  not  re- 
quisite ;  a«,  nredlf.ts  labor  ;  needUsa  expenses. 
9.  Not  wanting.     [Oftx.j  Shak. 

NEED'LE-<.-^J*Y,  arfo.     Withnut  necessity. 

NEED'LESS-NErS.S,  ».     Unnfcessaritirss.        Locke, 

NEE'DI.ING,  ppr.     Fonniiigcr^'stjUs  like  needles. 

NEED'AIENT,  n.  Something  needed  or  wanted. 
[^itt  u^ed.]  Shak. 

NEEDS,  a</p.     [from  need;  Sax.  n«fc.».] 

Necetnarily ;  indispensably  ;  generally  used  with 
musL 

A  thai  al  law  mtut  n««l«  be  innncftnt  in  itr_\t.  KetOaweti. 

NEED'Y,  a.  Ncces^ttwis ;  indigent;  very  poor;  dis- 
tressed by  want  of  the  means  of  living. 

To  r«li'-r>  Uiw  nec/y  nnd  comfort  ibr^  arfliclcU  ara  dulW  HtW  fall 

m  oiir  wny  pTt-ry  <Ut.  Aii-liMon. 

Spare  Uw  Uiiabea  of  netdy  intriL  DieigkU 

NEEI/GHAU,  n.    See  NrLGH*tT. 

NE'ER,  (nfire  ;)  a  contraction  of  Never. 

NEESE,  (neez,)  r.  i.     [G.  neejttni  D.  niezeni  Sw.  Tii- 

usa ;  Dan.  nystr ;  Ar.    Km*.)  ntuthaa  {  hence,  sneeze. 
Class  Ns,  No.  30.1         *^ 
To  sneeze.     [(Ms.] 

[See  Sneeze,  which  is  formed  on  this  word.] 
NEE^E'WORT,  (nucz'wurt,)  n.     A  plant.     Sherwood. 
NEKS'ING,  w.     A  sneezing.     [Obs.] 
JV*/;  EX'h^ATy  [L.]     In  fair,  a  writ  to  prevent  a  pt-r- 
son  fmm  going  out  of  the  country  without  a  license. 

Bouvier, 

NEF,  It.    The  nave  of  a  church.    [A'ot  -used.}     [See 

N*»E.l 

NP:-FAN'OOUS,  a.     [U  nrfundiiAy  not  to  be  epoken.] 
Nnt  to  l>e  named  ;  nlKinii liable.  Hheldim, 

NE-FA'lll-OIJS,  a.  iL.  nefaHus,  from  ni/oj,  unlaw- 
ful, or  ne  and  far,  fari,  to  utter.] 

Wicked  in  the  extreme ;  abominable;  atrociously 
itinfiil  or  villainous;  detestably  vile. 

NEFA'KI-OUS-LY.flrfy.  With  extreme  wickedness  ; 
abominnlily.  MUtan. 

NE-FA'UI-OUS-NE3S,  n.  The  quality  of  being  nefa- 
rions 

NE-G2^tON,  M.      [Xj.  tuffotiOf  from  nego,  to  deny. 


NEG 

Sw.  nrka,  Dan.  nseirtrr^  W.  Jiaca,  jwcftu,  nagit^  Fr. 
mer^  from  L.  «<«■(».  'I'he  sense  is,  to  thrust,  to  stop  or 
rejtcl ;  for,  in  Italian,  negare  is  to  deny,  and  annegare 
is  to  deny,  and  to  drown,  to  stifle  in  water  ;  Sp.  nc~ 
gar,  to  deny  ;  annegary  to  drown  or  inundate,  Fr. 
noyfT.'\ 

1.  Denial;  a  declaration  that  something  is  not; 
opiKjsed  to  Affirmation  ;  as,  the  soul  ia  iwt  matter. 

3.  In  logic,  description  by  denial,  exclusion,  or  ex- 
ception. 

Negation,  ia  the  ab»^nce  of  thai  which  doci  not  belotiff  to  the 
Uiiiig  vre  are  apt-aking  of.  WatU. 

3.  Argument  drawn  from  denial. 

It  mi».T  be  proved,  by  way  of  negndon,  ih«t  they  cnme  not  from 
Europe,  na  Itaviii^  no  iciiiiutider  of  ibe  orta,  learning,  and 
civilitu^  of  iu  Heylin. 

NEG'A-TIVE,  a.     [Fr.  vegatlf;  L.  negativus.] 

1.  Implying  denial  or  negation  ;  opposed  to  Af- 
firmative, as  a  negative  proposition  is  that  which 
denies.     Matter  is  not  spirit. 

2.  Implying  absence;  opposed  to  Positive. 

There  ia  a  negatijte  way  of  dfiiying  Christ,  when  we  do  not 
acknowledge  and  conli-ai  him.  SottOi. 

3.  Having  the  power  of  stopping  or,restraining. 
A  negative  voice,  in  legislation,  is  a  voice  or  vote  to 
prevent  the  passing  of  a  law  or  decree. 

JtTegative  sign  ;  in  algebra,  the  sign  of  subtraction, 
a  sign,  thus,  — j  which  indicates  that  the  quantity  to 
which  it  is  prehxed  is  to  be  subtracted.  It  is  opposed 
to  Positive  or  Affirmative. 

^''egatice  qvaHtitu;  in  fl/o-cfrrfl,  a  quantity  which  is 
required  to  be  subtracted.  J.  Day. 

jsTe^alive  electricity,  according  to  Dr.  Franklin,  ia  a 
deficiency  of  the  electric  fluid  in  a  substance,  or  less 
than  the  substance  naturally  contains. 
NEG'A-TIVE,  n.  A  proposition  by  wliich  something 
is  denied  ;  as,  matter  htis  not  the  power  of  moving 
itself. 

9.  A  word  that  denies  ;  as,  not,  no. 

3.  In  IrgLstatioit,  the  right  or  power  of  preventing 
the  enaction  of  a  law  or  decree.  The  governor  has 
not  a  negative  on  the  proceedings  of  the  legislature, 
but  each  branch  ha.4  a  negative  on  the  other. 

JVf.gat.ive  pregnant :  a  negation  of  one  thing,  im- 
plying the  atlirmation  of  ani>ther. 
NEG'A-TIYE,  o.  t.    To  disprove;  to  prove  the  con- 
trary. 

The  ominioii  or  Infrftiiiency  of  auch  recItaU  doea  not  negatiae 
tl»e  eiiittencc  of  iniraclL'a.  PaUtf. 

2.  To  reject  by  vote  ;  to  refuse  to  enact  or  sanc- 
tion.   The  senate  negatived  the  bill. 

3.  To  resist  a  choice  or  what  is  proposed. 
NEG'A-TIV  i^D,  pp.     Disproved  ;  rejected  by  vote. 
NEG'A-TIVE  LV,  adv.     With  or  by  denial;   as,  he 

answered  ne^aticely.  Boyle. 

2.  In  the  torm  of  speech  imfilying  the  absence  of 
something;  opposed  to  Positively. 

I  jh.ill  chow  wliiU  ihia  image  cif  God  in  mnn  U,  negntioely,  by 
•bowing  wbcK-in  it  dix-a  noi  conibl,  and  posilivt-lv,  by 
ehowing  wlitiviit  it  do^a  conaiat,  SouCh. 

3.  JiTegatively  charged  or  electrified ;  In  Dr.  Prank- 
H»*s  theory  of  e!ect.ricU.y,  havluf^  a  deficiency  of  tlie 
electric  fluirl.     [See  Positively.] 

NEG'A-TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  nega- 
tive. 

NEG'A-TO-UY,  a.  That  denies;  belonging  to  nega- 
tion.    [LitJJe  icsed.] 

NEGLECT',  r.  f,  {XifveglectHi>,  from  negtigo.  In  G. 
the  corres [ton ding  Wf>rd  is  naehtassen,  D.  nalaatcn, 
compounds  of  nack,  na,  after,  and  lasscn,  laatnt,  to 
let,  to  leave,  to  suffer  to  pass,  Eng.  let,  Fr.  taiti.-ier. 
The  sense  of  the  latter  words,  then,  is,  to  leave  be- 
hind, or  permit  to  remain  ;  Dan.  naehlies.tig,  negli- 
gent. I  susiwct  the  Ij.  nrgtigo  to  be  comjwsed  of  the 
same  prefix,  neg  for  nacA,  and  lintfuo,  lictum,  as  n  is 
not  radical  in  the  latter.  But  of  this  1  am  not  confi- 
dent.] 

1.  To  omit  tiy  carelessness  or  design  ;  to  forbear  to 
do,  use,  emttloy,  promote,  or  uttend  to ;  ns,  to  7icj^- 
lect  duly  or  business  ;  to  neglect  to  pay  honest  debts  ; 
to  neglect  our  interest  or  policy  ;  to  neglect  the  means 
in  our  power. 

2.  To  omit  to  receive  or  embrace ;  to  slight. 

Bow  ahall  we  oacApe,  if  we  n4 fUct  *o  great  ailvaUon  ?  —  Ileb.  11, 

3.  To  slight ;  not  to  notice ;  to  forbear  to  treat 
with  attention  or  respect.  Among  [)eople  of  good 
breeding,  strangers  seldom  complain  of  being  neg- 
lected. 

4.  To  pn9t|K)ne.     [JSTof  in  i**c.]  Shak. 
NEG-LECT',   H.     Omission  ;    forbt^arance   to  do  any 

thing  that  can  \ie  done  or  that  requires  to  be  done. 
J^eglfct  may  be  from  carelessness  or  inattention. 
'I'he  neglect  of  business  is  the  cause  of  many  fail- 
ures ;  but  neglect  of  economy  is  more  frequent  and 
more  injurious. 

2.  Slicht  ;  omission  of  attention  or  civilities. 
JVeglect  of  due  notice  and  attention  to  strangers  is 
characteristic  of  ill  breev^ing. 

3.  Negligence ;  habitual  want  of  regard. 

Age  kFTeeda  neglect  in  all.  Dtnham. 

4.  State  of  being  disregarded. 

Reacue  niy  poor  temaiiTt  from  vile  negUtt.  Prior. 


NEG 

NEG-LEe'l''En,  pp.  or  a.    Omitted  to  be  done;  alight- 
ed ;  disregarded. 
NEG-LECT'EU-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  neglected. 
NEG-LECT'ER,  n.    One  that  neglects.  [More. 

NEG-LECT' F^'L,  a.     Heedless ;  careless  ;  inattentive. 

Ijjcke. 

2.  Accustomed  or  apt  to  omit  what  may  or  ought 

3.  Treatine  with  neglect  or  slight.        [to  be  done. 

4.  Indicating  neglect,  slight,  or  indilTerence  ;  as,  a 
negle'-J/u.f  countenance.  Locke, 

NEG-LEeT'F[JL-LY,  adv.  With  neglect ;  with  heed- 
less inattention;  with  careless  indifference. 

NEG-LECT'ING,  ppr.  Omitting;  passing  by;  for- 
bcariiia  to  do  ;  slighting ;  treating  with  indifference. 

NEG-LE€T'ING-LY,  ado.     Carelessly  ;  heedlessly. 

Smk. 

NEG-LEC'TiON,  n.  The  state  of  being  negligent. 
[.V()(  used.]  Shak. 

NEG-LECT'lVE,  o.  InattenUve  ;  regardless  of.  [Lit- 
tle, utied.]  K.  Charles. 

NEG-LI-GEK',  (neg-Ie-zha',)  n.     [Fr.  negliji.] 

A  kind  of  gown  formerly  worn.  OoldsmWu 

NEG'LI-GENCE,  n.     [L.  negUgentia.] 

1.  Neglect ;  omission  to  do.     Jlfore  generally, 

2.  Habitual  omission  of  that  which  ought  to  be 
done,  or  a  habit  of  omitting  to  do  things  either  from 
carelessness  or  design.  J^egligcnce  is  usually  the 
child  of  sloth  or  laziness,  ancf  the  parent  of  disorders 
in  business,  often  of  poverty. 

NEG'LI-CENT,  a.  Careless  ;  heedless  ;  apt  or  accus- 
tomed to  omit  what  ought  to  be  done  ;  inattentive  to 
business  or  necessary  concerns.  It  is  applied  to  a 
particular  instance  of  neglect,  or  it  denotes  habitual- 
ly careless  or  inattentive.    2  Chron.  xxix.    2  Pet.  i. 

Ue  that  Ihinlu  be  can  afford  to  be  negligeiU,  Ja  not  for  from  Iwmg 
poor.  Rambler. 

2.  Regardless. 

Be  thou  negiigent  o(  fame.  Su^ft, 

NEG'H-GENT-LY,    arfr.      Carelessly  ;    heedlessly  ; 
without  exactness ;  as,  a  person  negligently  dressed  ; 
a  piece  negligently  written  ;  a  farm  negligently  culti- 
vated. 
2.  With  slight,  disregard,  or  inattention. 

NE-GO-TIA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  beiK^  •**- 
gotiable  or  transferable  by  indorsement. 

SewaU.     r^alsh. 

NE-GO'TIA-BLE,  a.  [from  negotiaU.]  That  may  be 
transferred  by  assignment  or  indorsement ;  that  may 
be  passed  from  the  owner  to  another  person  so  as  to 
vest  the  properly  in  the  assignee ;  as,  a  negotiable 
note  or  bill  of  exchange.  fVaUlt. 

NE-Go'TIANT,  (ne-go'shant,)  n.  One  who  nego- 
tiat<*R  ;  a  negotiator.     [J^ot  used.]  Ralegh. 

NE-GO'TIATK,  (ne-gO'shate,)  r.  i.  [L.negotior;  It. 
negoziare ;  Sp.  negociar ;  Fr.  negocier ;  from  L.  nego- 
tium,  business,  employment ;  W  neges,  an  errand, 
busine-ss  ;  negeseua,  to  go  on  errands,  to  negotiate.] 

1.  To  transact  business  ;  to  treat  with  another  re- 
specting purchase  and  sale;  to  hold  intercourse  in 
bargaining  or  trade,  either  in  person  or  by  a  broker 
or  substitute  ;  as,  to  negotiate  loitJi  a  man /or  the  pur- 
chase of  goods  or  a  farm. 

2.  To  hold  intercourse  with  another  respecting  a 
treaty,  league,  or  convention  ;  to  treat  with  respect- 
ing peace  or  commerce. 

It  )■  n  crime  fnr  an  aniU-issaflor  to  bi'tray  hii  primy,  for  whom  he 
aliould  t.cgoliaU.  Decay  of  Piety. 

NE-GO'TISTE,  (ne-go'shatc,)  v.  L  To  procure  by 
mutual  intercourse  and  agreement  witli  another  ;  as, 
to  negotiate  a  loan  of  money. 

Ship  broken  and  ioterpfftcra  nagolials  afl'HghtmcntB.     IValak. 

2.  To  procure,  make,  or  establish  by  mutual  inter- 
course and  agreement  with  others.  Mr.  Jay  negotia- 
ted a  treaty  with  the  British  ministry  in  1794. 

3.  To  sell ;  to  pass  ;  to  transfer  for  a  valuable  con- 
sideration ;  as,  to  negotiate  a  bill  of  exchange. 

The  notea  wvrv  not  negoJiaied  to  ihcm  in  the  usual  course  of 
buuncsi  or  tnidc.  Kent. 

NE-GO'TL^-TED,  pp.  Procured  or  obt-iined  by  agree- 
ment with  another ;  sold  or  transferred  for  a  valuable 
consideration. 

NE-GO'TlA-TING,  ppr.  Treating  with  ;  transacting 
business. 

NE-GO-TI-A'TION,  (-she-a'-,)  «.  The  act  of  negotia- 
ting; the  transacting  of  bupiiness  in  traffic  ;  the  treat- 
ing with  another  resjiecting  sale  or  purchase. 

2.  The  transaction  of  business  between  nations; 
the  mutual  intercourse  of  governments  by  their 
agents,  in  making  treaties  and  the  like  ;  as,  Die 
vegotiafion.1  at  Ghent- 

NE-G5''l'IA-TOR,  ji.  One  that  negotiates  ;  one  that 
treats  with  others  either  as  principal  or  agent,  in  re- 
spect to  purchase  and  sale,  or  public  compacts. 

Swift-. 

NE'GRESa,  n.  [See  Neobo.]  A  female  of  the  black 
race  of  Africa. 

NE'GRO,  n.  [It.  and  Sp.  negro,  black,  from  L.  nigrr.] 
A  native  or  descendant  of  the  black  race  of  men 
in  Africa.  The  word  is  never  applied  to  the  tawny 
or  olive-colored  inhabitants  of  the  northern  coast  of 
Africa,  but  to  the  more  southern  race  of  men  who  are 
quite  black. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  aa  K  ;  0  as  J ;   8  as  Z ;   CM  as  SII;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


NEI 

Nft'GRO-LOID,  a.     [negro  and  Gr.  £i^a$.l 

Pertaiuiug  to  mea  who  have  a  reseiuulaoce  to  ne- 
groes. 

NE'GUS,  n.  A  liquor  made  of  wine,  water,  sugar, 
nutmeg,  and  lemun  juice  ;  so  called,  it  is  said,  fruoi 
iu  first  maker.  Colonel  AVjfUs. 

N£IF,  (neef,)  n.    [Ice.  nt/LJ 

1.  Tlie  neaf  or  risL     [MetwedL]  Slutk. 

S.  A  slave.     [i^Tot  kmo.] 

N£IGH,  (naO  c.  i.  [Sax.  Juuij^tmi  Sw.,pt£^f/a;  Dan. 
kma^ffori  IL  Mmicchiare.  In  W.  eiuem  signifies  to 
jar  or  quarrel ;  owe,  a  sliarp  noise.] 

To  uuer  the  voice  of  a  horse,  expressive  of  want 
or  desire  ;  to  whinny. 

NglGH,  (na,)  «.    The  voice  of  a  horse;  a  whinnying. 

NfilGH'COIl,  (ni'bur,)  n,  [Sai.  tuAtur^  ruAfebur,  a 
nigh  hour,  a  boor  or  countryman  living  nt;^  (see 
Nigh  .)  G.  nachbar;  D.  nubutwi  Sw.  u^o  ;  Dan.  na- 
boe.  (See  Boor.)  The  true  orthography,  as  this 
word  18  now  pronounced,  is  Nkhbuok  ;  cax.  tiM, 
nigh,  and  boor.] 

1.  One  who  lives  near  another.  In  large  towns,  a 
nfigkbor  is  one  who  lives  within  a  few  di>ors.  In  the 
country,  a  meigkbor  may  live  at  a  greater  distance  ; 
and  in  new  settlements,  where  the  people  are  thinly 
scatt^ed  over  the  counlr>',a  neighbor  may  be  distant 
sevenU  milea.  Such  is  the  use  of  the  word  in  the 
United  Slates. 

"2.  Ona  who  lives  In  familiarity  with  another;  a 
word  of  civility.  Skak. 

3.  An  intimate;  a  confidant.     [Abt  H5e<f.]  S/iak, 

4.  A  fellow-being,    jictsvii. 

5.  One  of  the  human  nice;  any  one  that  needs 
our  help,  or  to  whom  we  have  an  opportunity  of  do- 

6.  A  countr>-  thj|t  is  near.  [ing  good.    Luke  x. 
NEIGH'BOR,  (iia'bur,)  a.    Near  to  another  ;  adjom- 

ing :  next.  Smart. 

N£fGH'BOR,  (na'bur,)  v.  t.  To  adjoin;  to  contiueon 
vT  be  near  to. 

TfaBW  frow  oa  the  hUls  Uwt  nai^tbor  the  shote.  &utd)ft. 

3.  To  acquaint  with ;  to  make  near  to,  or  make 
familiar.    [JVot  iwrJ.]  SAo*. 

To  ncj^kifor  it ;  in  coUivjuial  lananage^  to  cultivate 
friendlvlnterrouree  bv  mutual  visits. 
NBIGirhoR-HpQD,  (iia'bur-,)  n.    A  place  near;  vi- 
cinity ;  the  adjoining  di^itrict  or  any  place  not  distanL 
He  lives  in  my  ndgkborkaod. 

Q.  Sute  of  being  near  each  other ;  as,  several  states 
in  a  neigkborhocd.  Stcifl. 

3l  The  inhabitants  who  live  In  therldnityof  each 
other.    The  fire  alaimed  all  the  neighborluod. 
NSIGH'BOR-IXG,  a.    Living  or  bemg  near;  as,  Uie 
mri^hbm-ittg  inhabitants ;  Htiffkboring  countries  or  na- 
tions. Palfy 
KBIGII'BOR-Lt-JfESS,  a-    State  or  quality  of  being 

ntfishborlv.  SeotL 

XBIGII'lJOR-LY,  a.  Becoming  a  neighbor;  kind; 
civil. 

J(jd««  if  Oua  be  (wi/AAorry  dealing'.  ArhulbmaL 

2.  Cultivating  familiar  intercour^  ;  interchanging 
frequent  visits  ;  social.  Friend,  you  are  not  neighborly. 

N£IGU'BOR-LY,  adv.    With  social  civility;  as,  to 

live  nri^bhorhi, 
KEIGH'BOR-SHIP,  a.   State  of  being  neighbors.  [JTot 

i*  use,]  JUiss  Bailtle. 

NBIGH'IXG,  (na'ing,)  ppr.    Whinnying. 
NBIGH'ING,  (na'ingO  n.    The  voice  of  a  horse;  a 

whinnying.    Jrr.  viii. 
NeI'THER,  (nE'ther  or  nl'tfier.    The  former  is  given 
in  most  dictionaries,  and  still  prevails  in  America. 
The  latter  is  now  ctHnmon  in  England,)  compound 
prmunMj  yronowuM^  adjtetivt,  or  a  sub^Uate.     [:?ax. 
aaljter,  natAtfr,  nauUter^  or  noutJur ;  n<,  nut,  and  eitiier 
or  «Si<r,  not  either,  or  not  other.    So  in  L.  neuUr, 
me  and  uter.] 
Not  either ;  not  the  one  or  the  other. 
I.  It  refer?  to  individual  things  or  persons;  as, 
which  nv-ul  sliall  I  uike?    JVcithrr^  take  neitker  road. 
The  upright  judge  inclmes  lo  neitker  party. 

ll  is  u^  as  a  substitute  ;  as,  the  upright  Judge  in- 
clines tu  nedkcr  of  the  parties. 
He  wmOi*r  lore*. 
Nor  either  cmu  for  tiim.  Shak. 

9.  It  refers  lo  a  sentence ;  as,  "  Ye  shall  not  eat  of 
to,  n^lur  shall  ye  touch  it ; "  that  is,  ye  shall  not 
eat,  imC  titJur  or  other  shall  ye  touch  it ;  ye  shall  not 
aat,  nor  shall  ye  do  the  other  thing  here  mentioned, 
that  is,  touch  it.     Qtn,  iii. 

"  Fight  neiiktr  with  small  nor  great,  save  only  with 
the  king;"  that  is,  fight  not,  cither  with  small  or 
great.    1  Katgs  xxii. 

Jtreic*<r,  in  the  first  part  of  a  negative  sentence,  is 
followed  by  mar  in  the  subsequent  part.  It  is  neither 
the  one  nor  the  other.  But  or  would  he  most  proper, 
for  the  negative  in  neither  applies  to  both  parts  of  the 
sentence 

It  is  often  used  in  the  last  member  of  a  negative 
sentence  instead  of  nor,  as  in  the  passage  above 
cited.  **  Ye  shall  not  eat  it,  neither  shall  ye  touch  it." 
Here  neither  is  improperly  used  for  iurt,  for  not  in  the 
first  clause  refers  only  to  that  clause,  and  the  second 
n  ;gative  refers  only  to  the  second  clause.  "  Ye  shall 
net  e^  it,  nor  shall  ye  touch  it." 


NEP 

In  the  sentences  above,  neither  is  considered  to  be 
a  conjunction  or  connecting  word,  though  in  fact  it 
ij  a  pronoun  or  representative  of  a  clause  of  a  sen- 
tence. 

3.  Neither  primarily  refers  to  two ,'  not  either  of  two. 
But  by  usage  it  is  applicable  to  any  nuniher,  referring 
to  individuals  separately  considered.  Five  or  ten  per- 
sons being  charged  with  a.  niit<(lemeanor  or  riot,  each 
may  say,  neitker  of  ua  was  present. 

4.  AVifArr  sometimes  closes  a  sentence  in  a  pecul- 
iar manner,  thus :  "  Men  come  not  to  the  knowledge 
of  ideas  thought  to  be  innate,  till  they  come  to  the 
use  of  reason  ;  nor  then  neither."  Locke. 

That  is,  not  either  when  thoy  come  to  the  use  of 
reason,  or  before. 

Formrrlyy  in  EngHnK^  as  in  Greek  and  French^  two 
negatived  were  used  for  one  negation.     But  in  such 
phrases  as  that  above,  guod  siH^ukers  now  use  either  ; 
"  nor  then  either." 
NEM'A-LTXE,  a.     [Gr.  i-nttn,  a  thrend.] 

In  miaeralogy,  having  the  form  of  threads  ;  fibrous. 

Shepard. 
NEM'A-LITE,    a.      [Gr.    vi^fm,    tlircad,  and  Xidusy 
stone.] 
A  fiurous  hydrate  of  magnesia.  Dana, 

XEM.  €OX.,  for  Nemine  Contr^diceste,  [Ij.]     No 
one  contradicting  or  opposing  ;  ttiat  is,  unaniiiiou^ly  ; 
without  opiKxsttion. 
NEM.  DISS,  for  Ncui.'fB  Dissb.ttikitte,    [L.]    No 

one  diiisenting. 
NE-.Mk'AN,  a.    Relating  to  Ncmea,  in  Argolis,  where 

gamt-s  were  celebrated  every  third  year. 
NE.M'O-LITE,  II.    [Gr.  vifnii^  a  wood,  and  AtOuj,  a 
stone.] 
An  arborized  stone.  Diet.  JVat.  Hist 

NEM'0-RAL,  11.     [L.  nemoralis^  from  nemus,  a  wm>d.J 

Pertaining  to  a  wood  or  grove.  Diit. 

NEM'O-ROUS,  a.     [L.  nemorosus.] 

Woody.  Eceh/n. 

NEMP'NE,  D.  c    [Sax.  nemnan,  to  name  or  call.] 

TocalL     [Obs.]  Chaueer. 

N£'NI-A,  n.    [Gr.J    A  funeral  song ;  an  elegy.    [J^Tot 

NEN'U-PHAR,  n.    The  great  white  Water  Lily  of 

F-iimiv,  or  Nynipha^a  alto. 
NE-OD'A-MOI»E,  n.    [Gr.  »'f'>(*a/«cj(fi)s ;   vios,  new, 

and  i^riiioiins-,  pt>pular  ;  fV/f,o(,  people.] 

In  ancient  Oreece^  a  person  newly  admitted  to  cit- 
izenship. Mitford. 
NE-OG'A-MIST,  n.    [Gr.  kiij,  new,  and  ja/xctu,  to 

marr)*.] 
A  person  recently  married. 
NE-O-LOG'ie,         I  a.    [from  nerlogy.]      Pennining 
NE-O-LOG'IC-AL,  t      to  neology;  employing    new 

words.  Chesterfield. 

NE-O-LOG'ie-AL-Ll;',  adv.    In  a  neologicjil  manner. 
NE-0L'0-<5ISM,  n.    The  introduction  of  new  words 

or  doctrines. 
2.  A  new  word,  expression,  or  doctrine 
NE-OL'O-GIST,  n.     One  who  introduceii  new  words 

into  a  language.     Lavoisier  has   been  a  successful 

neologist.     [Disused.^  Med.  Rcpos. 

2.  An  innovator  in  theology;  one  who  introduces 

rationalistic   views    subversive  of    revealed    truth. 

[This  is  now  thepreraHing  settse.']  Murdack. 

NE-OL-O-61-ZA'TION,  a.    The  act  of  necdogizing. 

J^erson. 

NE-OL'O-^IZE,  V,  i.    To  intH>duce  or  use  new  terms. 

NE-OL'0-GY,  n.   [Gr.  vcoi,  new,  and  A'>vos,  a  word.] 

1.  The  introduction  of  a    new  word,  or  of  new 

words,  into  a  language.     The  present  nomenclature 

of  chemistry  is  a  remarkable  instance  of  neology. 

[DL*used.'\ 

2-  Rationalistic  views  in  theology  subversive  of  re- 
vealed truth.  The  term  is  applied  especially  to  the 
new  philosophical  tlicologj-  of  the  Germans.  [  This 
is  nov  the  prevailing  sCTise.]  Murdoek. 

NE-O-No'MI-AN,  n.  [Gr,  itof,  new,  and  i-"/i  -s,  law.] 
One  who  advocates  new  laws,  or  desires  Gud*s 
law  to  be  altered.  ScotL 

N£'0-PII5TE,  n.  [Gr.  wcf,  new,  and  ^uror,  a 
planL] 

1.  A  new  convert  or  proselyte. 

2.  A  name  given  by  the  early  Christians,  and  still 
amons  the  Roman  Catholics,  to  such  as  have  recent- 
ly embraced  tlie  Christian  faith,  and  been  admitted 
to  baptism.  Brande. 

3.  A  notice;  one  newly  admitted  lo  the  order  of 
priest,  or  into  a  monastery. 

4.  A  tvro  ;  a  beginner  in  learning. 
NE-O-TER'ie,  i  a.     [Gr.  ytoircptKOi,  young,from 
NE-O-TER'ie-AL,  i       nos,   new ;    Low   L.    neoter- 

ictts.] 
New  ;  rerent  in  origin  ;  modern.  Bacon. 

XE-0-TER'I€,  fu     One  of  modern  times.      Burton. 

NEP,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Nepeta ;  catmint,  or 
calnip 

NE-PEN'THE,  n.  [Gf.  ir/rc^Oz/s  ;  pt}^  not, and  wlvO'js, 
grief.] 

A  drug  or  medicine  that  relieves  pain  and  exhila- 
rates,    ff-itt'*  «*«i  '  Milton. 

NE-PEN'THeS,  n.  'A  genus  of  remarkable  Asiatic 
planta,  having  a  kind  of  cylindrical  urn  connected 
with  the  leaf,  usually  filled  with  sweet  and  limpid 


NEK 


I  n.    [Gr.  v£<}>e\nt  a  cloud.] 


water,  and  closed  with  a  sort  of  lid ;  also  called 

I'lTOHEB-PLANTS.  Koq/C  Am.       f*   C^i 

NEPH'E-LIN, 

NEPll'E-LliNE, 

A  iniiuTiil  occurring  in  glassy  crystals,  nearly  trans- 
parent, having  the  form  of  six-sided  prisms  ;  also,  in 
tmnslucent  and  nearly  ojKique  masses  of  grayish, 
greenish,  and  reddish  shades  of  color,  having  a 
greasy  luster.  This  last  variety  has  been  callt-d 
Elaotite,  from  cXaiuv  oil.  The  first  occurs  in  the 
lavas  of  Vesuvius,  Dana. 

NEPH'EW,  (nef  u,)  n.  [Ft.  neveu  ;  L.  nepos;  II  nr- 
pote  ;  D.  netf;  G.  neffe;  Sans,  naptri ;  VV,  nai,  con- 
tracted.] 

1.  The  son  of  a  brother  or  sister.  Dryden. 

2.  A  grandson  ;  also,  a  di;scend:int.  [A'ut  much 
Meed.)  [English  authorities  pronounce  this  word 
iiffc'u.]  Hooker. 

Nr^PIIKAI/GT-A,  («.    Disease  or  pain  in  the  kid- 

NE-PMllAL'OY,     \      ncys. 

NEPIl'U.ITE,  n.  [Gr.  ^tJil/JtTijj,  from  vcip^o^y  the  kid- 
neys.] 

The  same  mineral  with  Jade.  It  was  formerly 
worn  as  a  remedy  for  di^iases  of  the  Kidneys, 
whence  its  name.  Dana. 

NE-PHRIT'ie,         )  a.    [Gr.  fc^/Jirntojjfrom  vappoit 

NE-PllRIT'ie-AL,  i     the  kidneys.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  kidneys  or  organs  of  urino ; 
as,  a  nephritic  disease. 

2.  Affected  with  a  disease  of  the  kidneys  ;  as,  a 
nephritic  patient. 

3.  Relieving  disorders  of  the  kidneys  in  geneml ; 
OS,  a  nephritic  medicine. 

J^ephritic  stone  i  a  stone  of  the  silicioas  kind, 
called  Jade, 

J^ephritic  wood  ,•  a  species  of  compact  wood  of  a 
fine  grain,  brought  from  New  Spain,  which  gives  a 
blue  color  to  spirit  of  wine  and  to  water  ;  which  col- 
or is  changed  to  yellow  by  acids,  and  again  to  blue 
by  alkalies.  Sup[)osed  to  be  the  Ilyperanthera  ftlo- 
ringa.  J^icholson.     Kncyc. 

NE-PURIT'ie,  n.  A  medicine  adapted  to  relieve  or 
cure  the  diseases  of  tlie  kidneys,  particularly  the 
gravel  or  stone  in  the  bladder.  Ctje. 

NE-PHRI'TIS,  n.  In  //ictiicwe,  an  inllammation  of  the 
kidneys. 

NE-PIIROT'0-MY,  n.  [Gr.  i-c^pof,  a  kidney,  and 
roiir/,  a  cutting.] 

In  surgery^  the  operation  of  extracting  a  stone  from 
the  kidney,  by  cutting.  Cyc. 

JV£  PLUS  UL'TRA.  [L.,  no  further.]  To  the  ut- 
most extent.  It  is  customary  to  omit  the  last  word, 
and  say,  JVeplus. 

NEP'0-TiSM,  n.  [Fr.  JVepotisme,  from  L.  nepo$f  neph- 
ew.] 

1.  Fondness  for  nephews.  ~  Addison. 

2.  Undue  attachment  to  relations;  favoritism 
shown  to  nepliews  and  other  relations. 

NEP'O-TIST,  TU     One  who  practices  nepotism. 

NEP'TI^NE,  n.  [L.  J^cptunus.]  In  rnythology,  tlie  god 
of  the  ocean. 

2.  A  large  planet  beyond  Uranus,  discovered  in 
consequence  of  the  computations  of  Le  Verrier,  of 
Paris,  by  GaJle,  of  Berlin,  September  23,  1841).  Its 
mean  disiuiiec  from  tJie  sun  is  about  285(1,000,000 
miles,  and  its  period  of  revolution  is  about  168  years. 

NEP-TlJ'.M-AN,  a.    [from  J\'-eptune.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  ocean  or  sea. 

2.  Formed  by  water  or  aqueous  solution;  as,  n^>- 
tunian  rocks. 

JVeptunian  theory  ;  in  geology,  the  theory  of  Wer- 
ner, which  refers  the  formation  of  all  rocks  and  strata 
to  tlic  agency  of  water;  opposed  to  the  Plutonic 
theorv.  Brande. 

NEP-T"0'NI-AN,  \  n.     One  who  adopts  the  theory  that 

NEP'TU-NIST,  J  the  whole  earth  was  once  covered 
with  water,  or  rather  that  the  substances  of  the  globe 
were  formed  from  aqueous  solution.  Pinkerion.    Good. 

J^F.  i^UID  J^I'JillS,  [L.]  Not  too  much;  let  all  ex- 
cess be  avoided. 

Nk'RE-ID,  n.  [Gr.  vTifiTji^ts^  pL  of  vrjfJi'it  from 
N/jptif,  a  marine  deity;  Sans,  nara,  water;  Ar. 
and  Heh.  ■\n3,  to  flow.     See  Narbate.] 

In  mythology,  a  sea  nymph,  in  ancient  monuments, 
the  nereids  are  represented  as  riding  on  s<;a  horses, 
sometimes  with  tlie  human  form  entire,  and  some- 
tunes  with  the  tail  of  a  fish.  They  were  the  daugh- 
ters of  NereuH,  a  marine  deity,  and  coiwUinlly  at- 
tended Neptune.  Fmcijc    Brande. 

NER'lTE,  n.  A  mollusk  of  the  genus  Nerita,  having 
a  iinivalvular  shell. 

NERTl'-ITE,  n.  A  petrified  shell  of  the  genus  Neritiu 
[.Yotused.] 

NER'O-LI,  «.  The  essential  oil  of  orange  flowers, 
procured  by  distillation.  Ure. 

NERVE,  (rierv,)  n.  [L.  ncT-mw,-  Fr.  ncrf;  W.  ncrth, 
strength  ;  Gr.  vcvpov,  nerve ;  probably  allied  to  u^t/o, 

a  man,  L.  vir ;  Pers.    yj  war,  the  male  of  any  an- 


■r 


imal ;    Sans,  nar,  a  man.     In  Welsh,  n6r,  denotes 
one  that  possesses  self-energy,  and  hence  an  epiUiet  I 
of  God  ] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MkTE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- 


NES 

1.  Ad  or^nii  of  sensiiijun  und  motion  in  unirnnis. 
The  nerves  are  proU'nsiitioij.s  of  tlie  medullary  sub- 
stance of  the  hraiu,  spinal  cord,  and  f^L-miliinar  gan- 
glion, which  ramify  and  extend  to  every  pan  of  the 
budy.  Encjfc,     Parr. 

3.  Strength ;  firmness  of  body  3  as,  a  man  of 
neree. 

3.  Fortitude  ;  firmness  of  mind  ;  courage 

4.  Strength ;  force  ;  auUiority  ;  as,  the  iiffprr*  of 
discipline.  Qibboa. 

a.  In  botaittty  a  name  given  to  parall*"!  vessels,  or 
fibers  extending  from  the  base  to  tlie  apexuf  a  IvaL 

Litulley. 
Pope  has  used  nerve  for  sinew  or  tendon. 
NERVE,  r.  U     To  give  strength  or  vigor  ;  to  arm  with 

force  ;  as,  fear  nerted  liis  arm,  Ames. 

NERVED,  p;».    Armed  witlt  strength. 

3.  a.     In   botany,  having  ve.-^^els  simple   and  iin- 
branched,  extending  from  the  base  to  the  tip  ;  as,  a 
verced  leaf. 
NERVE'LESS,  (nerv'less,)  a.    Destitute  of  strength  j 

weak.  Pupe. 

NERVE'-SHaK-£N,  o.    Affected  by  a  shaking.  ScotU 

2.  Shocked  ;  overcome  or  oppressed  by  some  vio- 
lent influence,  impression,  or  sensation. 

NERVINE,  (nerv'in.J  a.     [Low  1,.  ncrvinus.] 

That  has  the  quahty  of  acting  upon  the  ner^'ea. 
NERV'INE,  71.     A  medicine  that  operates  upon  the 
NERVOUS,  a.     [L.  wrrrosujf.]  [nerves, 

1.  Strong  ;  vigorous  ;  as,  a  nerrous  ann. 

9,  Pertaining  to  the  nerves  ;  seated  in  or  affecting 
the  nerves  ;  as,  a  nervous  disease  or  f<-ver. 

3.  Having  the  nerves  afiected  ;  hence,  easily  agi- 
tated ;  a  colloquial  use  of  the  tcord. 

4.  Possessing  or  manifesting  vigor  of  mind  j  char- 
acterized by  strength  in  sentiment  or  style;  as,  a 
nervous  historian.  .^dmns, 

NERVOSE,'!*^    Inftotany.     [See  Nkr»bo,  No.  9.] 
NERVOUSLY,  adt.    With  strength  or  vigor. 

It'arton. 

2.  With  weakness  or  agitation  of  the  nerves.  [Col- 
loqu  ial.  ] 

NERVOUS-NESS,  ju    Strength  ;  force;  vigor. 

Warton. 

3.  The  state  of  being  composed  of  nerves. 

QoldsmiVi. 
3,  Weakness  or  agitation  of  the  nerves.    [CoUo- 

quiaU 

NER'Vl^RE,  n.  A  name  given,  in  botany,  to  the  veins 
of  leaves,  and,  in  entomology^  to  Uie  corneous  divis- 
ions in  the  wings  of  insects.  Buchanan. 

NERVY,  a.     Strong  ;  vigorous.  S/«iA. 

NES'CIENCE,  (nesh'ens,)  n,     [L.  ncscteTts,  ncfcto ;  ne 
and  jcio.] 
Want  of  knowledge  :  ignorance.  Bp.  Halt 

NESII,  a.     [Sax.  nesc] 

Sofl ;  tender;  nice.     [«Vot  u.«erf.]  Chaucer. 

NESS,  a  termination  of  names,  signifies  a  promontory, 
from  the  root  of  ao,«,  which  see. 

NESS,  a  termination  of  appellatives,  [Sax,  ««.«, 
nyASK^\  denotes  state  or  quality,  as  in  goodness, 
grealness. 

NEST,  u.  [Sax.  nest ;  G.  and  D.  nest ;  S\v.  ndste ;  W. 
nytA !  L.  nidus  ;  Fr.  nid :  It.  and  Sp.  nido ;  Arm.  neiz ; 
Ir.  neadi  R»9n.  gnizdo,' Gr.  uiocrott^y  rertamn,  fcnrr/a, 
tmicss  the  latter  are  from  vius.  In  Persic,  nisim  is  a 
nt'St,  nashiman,  a  mansion,  and  niahashiaay  to  sit 
down,  to  dwell,  or  remain.] 

1.  The  place  or  bed  formed  or  used  by  a  bird  for 
incubation  or  the  mansion  of  her  young,  until  they 
are  able  to  fiy.  The  word  is  used  also  for  tlie  bed  in 
which  certain  insects  deposit  Iheir  egg^. 

2.  Any  place  where  irrational  animals  are  pro- 
duced. Benttey. 

3.  An  abode ;  a  place  of  residence  ;  a  receptacle 
of  numbers,  or  the  collectiou  itself;  usually  in  an  ill 
tense;  as,  a  nest  of  rogues. 

4.  A  warm,  close  place  of  abode ;  generally  in 
contempt.  Spen.ier. 

5.  A  number  of  boxes,  coses,  or  the  like,  inserted 
In  each  other. 

6.  In  geology,  an  aggregated  mass  of  any  ore  or 
mineral,  in  an  isolated  state,  within  a  rock.  Dana. 

NEST,  r.  i.    To  build  and  occupy  a  nebt. 

Tbe  ktnc  tA  txnb  ni$ltd  wiUi  ill  leave*,  Uoittll, 

NF.ST'-EG<;,  n.  An  egg  left  in  Ihe  nest  to  prevent  the 
Iirn  from  forsaking  it  Hudibras. 

N1>T'LE,  (nes'I,)  r.  i.  To  settle  ;  to  harbor ;  to  lie 
close  and  snug,  zn  a  bird  in  her  nest. 

Tbe  kJHg-flBhT  n^*tlM$  in  hollow  bunks,  L'Ettrange. 

Theit  pMTffjte  wna  u   forii^  in  totnc  trang  place  of  thr  wild 
country,  nud  there  ttttUe  uJl  succora  came.  Bactjn, 

Q.  To  move  about  in  one*s  seat,  like  a  bird  when 
forming  her  nest ;  as,  a  child  nestles. 
NEST'LE,  (nes'l,)  v.  L  To  house,  as  in  a  nest.  Donne. 

2.  To  cherish,  a^  a  bird  her  young.         Chapman. 
NEST'L£D,   pp.      Houi^ed,   as  in   a   nestj    snugged 

closely. 
NEST'LiNG,  ppr.    Lying  close  and  snug. 
NE.ST'LINO,  n.  A  young  bird  in  the  nest,  or  Just  tak- 
en from  the  nesL 
2.  A  nest.     [AT>(  used.]  Bacon. 


NEU 

NEST'LING,  a.  Newly  hatched;  being  yet  in  the 
nest.  Barrington. 

NES-TC'RI-AN,  n.  An  adherent  of  JVc^fwijf^,  patri- 
arch of  Cuiiiftaniiuople,  in  the  fifth  century,  who 
was  deposed  and  condemned  as  a  heretic  for  main- 
taining that  the  two  natures  in  Christ  were  not  so 
blended  and  confounded  as  to  be  undistingiiishnble. 

Murdoek, 
2.  The  term  is  also  applied  to  those  modern  Chris- 
tians of  Persia  and  India  who  are  the  remains  of  the 
Nestorian  S(;ct.  Murdoek. 

NET,  n.  [Sax.  nrt,  nyt ;  D.  and  Dan.  net:  G.  neti; 
Sw.  ndt,  not ;  Goth,  nati,  from  the  root  of  knit,  Sax, 
cnyttan,  whence  knot ;  L.  nodus.'] 

1.  An  instrument  fr  catrlijng  fish  and  birds,  or 
wild  beasts,  formed  with  twine  or  thread  interwoven 
with  meshes, 

2.  A  cunning  device  ;  a  snare,    Jineah  vii. 

3.  Inextricable  ditficuUy.    Job  xviii. 

4.  Severe  afflictions,    Jo6xix, 

NET,  V.  U     To  make  into  a  net  or  net-work.  Seward. 
NET,  a.     [Fr.  net ;  It,  ^«o.    See  Neat.] 

1.  Neat  J  pure;  unadulterated,  as  wines. 

Brande. 

2.  Being  without  flaw  or  spot.     [Little  itseiL] 

3.  Being  beyond  all  charges  or  outlay;  as,  net 
profits. 

4.  Being  clear  of  all  tare  and  tret,  or  all  deductions  ; 
as,  net  weight.  It  is  sometimes  written  Nett,  but 
improperly,  JV'rf  is  properly  a  mercantile  appropria- 
tion of  neat. 

NET,  r,  t.    To  produce  clear  profit. 

NETU'ER,  a.  [Sax.  neotAer :  G,  nieder;  D.  and  Dan. 
naler.  This  word  is  of  the  comparative  degree  ;  the 
[lositive  occurs  only  in  composition,  as  in  beneath. 
Sax.  neuOian.  It  is  used  only  in  implied  comparison, 
as  in  the  nether  part,  the  nether  millstone  ;  but  we 
never  say,  one  part  is  nctJter  than  another.] 

1.  Lower  ;  lying  or  being  benealli  or  in  the  Icwer 
part ;  op|tosed  to  Uppcr  ;  as,  the  nether  millstone. 

Disiurfxi  all  my  nether  sb.'ipe  tliua  grew 

Triuisk.rme»l.  MUlon. 

2.  In  a  lower  place, 

Twixt  upper,  nether,  end  surrounding  ^rea.  Milton. 

3.  Retonging  to  the  regions  below.  Zhyden. 
N^TH'ER-MOST,  a.    Lowest ;  us,  the  nethermost  hell ; 

the  nethermost  abyss.  South.     Milton. 

NETH'IN-I.M,  H.  pi.  Among  the  Jews,  servants  of  the 
priests  and  Levites;  erroneously  written  Nethin- 

1M9. 

NET'TED,  pp.  or  a.  Made  into  a  net  or  net-work; 
reticulated, 

NET'TING,  n.  [from  net.]  A  piece  of  net-work. 
2.  A  complication  of  ropes  fastened  across  each 
other,  to  be  stretched  along  the  up^H-r  part  of  a  ship's 
quarter,  to  contain  hammocks.  Netting  is  also  em- 
ployed to  hold  the  fore  and  main -lop- mast  sails  when 
stowed.  Netting  is  alsoextcnded  along  a  shiii's  gun- 
wale in  engagements,  to  prevent  the  enemy  from 
boarding.  Mar.  Diet. 

NET'TLE,  (net'l,)  n.  [Sax.  nett,  netele;  D,  7tctd;  G. 
nessd ;  Sw.  ndssla  ;  Or.  Kftt^ii  from  the  root  of  «i'i^fji, 
Kyua;,  to  scratch,] 

A  plant  <if  the  genus  Urtica,  whose  prickles  fret 
the  skin  and  occasion  very  iMiinful  sensations. 

And  near  the  noiaome  neUU  bluonii  the  ruK.    liatnbttr,  motto, 
NET'TLE,   r.  L    To  frel  or  sting  ;  to  irritate  or  vex  ; 
to  excite  sensations  of  displeasure  or  uneasiness,  not 
amounting  to  wrath  or  violent  anger. 

The  princM  were  nettled  at  the  KandAl  of  tliia  nffronl. 

L'Etbnnge. 

NET'TLKD,  pp.     Fretted  ;   Irritated. 

NET'TLER,  n.  One  that  provokes,  stings,  or  irritates. 

Milton. 

NET'TLE-RASH,  n.  An  eruptive  disease  resembling 
the  sting  of  a  nettle. 

NET'TLE-TREE,  n.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Celtis,  of 
which  there  are  several  species.  The  several  sorts 
of  nettle-tree  have  a  considerable  resemblance  to,  and 
a  nttar  affinity  with,  the  elms, 

NET'TLINt;,  ppr.     Irritating;  vexing, 

NET'-WORK,  (-wurk,)  n.  A  complication  of  threads, 
twine,  or  cords,  united  at  certain  distances,  forming 
meshes,  interstices,  or  open  spaces,  between  the 
knots  or  intersections  ;  reticulated  or  decussated 
work,  Addison, 

NEU-RAL'GI-.'V, )  ji.  [Gr.  vcvpdy,  a  nerve,  and  aAyos, 

NEU-RAL'6Y,     i      pain.] 

An  idiopathic  pain  of  a  nrrve  of  common  sensa- 
tion, i.  c,,  a  pain  not  preceded  or  occasioned  by  any 
other  disease.  Tally. 

NF.a-RAL'Gie,  a.     Pertaining  to  neumlgia. 

NEU-RO-LOG'ie-AL,  a.  [See  Nei  noLonr,]  Per- 
taining to  neurology,  or  to  a  description  of  the  nerves 
of  animals. 

NEU-ROL'O-dlST,  n.  One  who  describes  the  nerves 
of  animals. 

NEU-ROL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  vivp;v,  a  nerve,  and  A^jo?, 
discourse.] 

A  description  of  the  nerves  of  animal  bodies,  or 
the  doctrinfl  of  the  nerves. 

NEU-UOP'TER,  n.  >  [Gr.  v€vp'>v,  a  nerve,  and 

NEU-R0P'TER-A,7i.pI.i     nrcpo,',  a  wing,] 


NEU 

The  ucuropters  are  an  order  of  insects  having  four 
membrHnous,  transparent,  and  generally  naked 
wings,  reticulated  with  numerous  nerves,  as  the 
dmgon-lly. 

NEU-ROI*'TER-AL,     )  a.     Belonging  to  the  order  uf 

NEU-ROP'TER-OUS,  \      the  neuroptera. 

NEO'RO-SPAST,  n.     [Gr.  vcvpaoTias'toj,  to  draw  witli 
strings.] 
A  pup|iet ;  a  little  figure  put  in  motion.       More. 

NEU-KOT'ie,  a.     [Gr.  ftvoov,  a  nerve.] 

1.  Relating  to  Ihe  nerves ;  seated  in  the  nerves  ; 
as,  a  neurotic  disease. 

2,  Useful  in  disorders  of  the  nerves. 
NEU-HOT'ie,  «.    A  disease  having  its  scat  in  the 

nerves. 
2.  A  medicine  useful  in  disorders  of  the  nerves. 

Eneyc. 
NEU-RO-TOM'ie-AL,  a.    [See  Neurotomv.]    Per- 
taining to  the  anatomy  or  dissection  of  nerve.s. 
NEU-ROT'O-xMIST,  ti.     One  who  dissects  the  nerves. 
NEU-R()T'0-MY,  «.     [Gr.  vcvpov^  a  nerve,  and  ra//Vj 
a  cutting.] 

L  The  dissection  of  a  ner\'e.  Coze. 

2.  The  art  or  practice  of  dissecting  the  nerves. 
NEO'TER,  (nu'ier,)   o.     [L. ;  compounded  of  ne  and 
uter,  not  either.] 

1.  Not  adhenn^  to  either  party;  taking  no  part 
with  either  side,  either  when  persona  are  contending, 
or  questions  are  discussed.  It  may  be  synonymous 
with  IsniFFEBENT,  or  it  may  not.  The  United  States 
remained  neuter  during  the  French  revolution,  but 
very  few  of  the  people  were  indifferent  as  to  the  suc- 
cess of  the  parties  engaged.  A  man  may  be  neuter 
from  feeling,  and  he  is  tnen  indifferent ;  but  he  may 
be  neuter  in  fact,  when  he  is  not  in  feeling  or  princi- 
ple. A  judge  should  be  perfectly  ncu/er  in  feeling, 
that  he  may  decide  with  impartiaJiiy. 

2.  In  grammar,  of  neither  gender  ;  an  epithet 
given  to  nouns  that  are  neither  masculine  nor 
leminino  ;  primarily,  to  nouns  which  express  neither 
sex. 

3.  In  botany,  having  neither  stamens  nor  pistils. 
NEO'TER,  (nu'ier,)  n.    A  person  that  takes  no  part 

in  a  contest  between  two  or  more  individuals  or 
nations ;  a  person  who  is  either  indifferent  to  Ihe 
cause,  or  forbears  to  interfere. 

2.  An  animal  of  neither  sex,  or  incapable  of  propa- 
gation. Tlio  working  bees  rave  been  considered  neu- 
ters, but  are  really  undeveloped  females.        Jluhcr. 

3.  In  botany,  a  plant  having  neither  stamens  nor 
pistils. 

J\'eutcr  verb  :  in  grammar,  a  verb  which  expresses 
an  action  or  state  limited  to  the  subject,  and  which 
is  not  followed  by  an  object ;  as,  I  go  ;  I  sit ;  I  am ; 
I  run,-  I  walk.  It  is  better  denominated  intransitive. 
NEC'TRAL,  (nii'tral,)  a.  [Fr.  neutre}  L.  neutralise 
from  7i«u(cr,l 

1.  Not  engaged  on  either  side  ;  not  taking  an  ac- 
tive jMirt  with  either  of  contending  partie.s.  It  is 
policy  for  a  nation  to  be  neutral  when  other  nations 
are  at  war.  Bclligereuls  often  oblain  supplies  from 
neutral  states. 

2.  Indifferent;  having  no  bias  in  favor  of  either 
side  or  party. 

3.  Indifferent ;  neither  very  good  nor  bad. 

Some  tiling  ^r>^o.l,  and  some  things  ill  do  Mcro, 

And  neutral  aoxuc  iii  her  knloniic  eye.  DavUa. 

4.  In  botany,  a    proposed  English  substitute  for 

neuter;  having  ncilher  stamens  nor  pistils. 

J^eutnil  salt ;  in  chemistry,  a  salt  composed  of  an 
equal  number  of  equivalents,  both  of  acid  and  base ; 
a  salt  in  which  none  of  the  properties,  either  of  the 
acid  or  base,  are  perceptible. 
NEO'TRAL,  (nfi'lral,)  n.  A  person  or  nation  that 
takes  no  part  in  a  cuntesi  between  others. 

The  neutral,  u  litriu  his  coinmcrc«  exmnds,  bccomr-a  a  fmrt^  in 
the  war.  Ji.  G,  Harper. 

NEO'TRAL-IST,  ti.    A  neutral.     [Little  used.] 
NEU-TBAL'I-TY,  n.     The  stale  of  being  unengaged 
in  disputes  or  contests  between  others  ;  the  state  of 
taking  no  part  on  either  side.    States  oAcn  arm  It 
maintain  their  neutrality. 
a.  A  state  of  indifference  in  feeling  or  principle. 

3.  Indifference  in  quality ;  a  state  neither  very  gooi 
nor  evil.     [Little useA.]  Donne. 

4.  A  roiubinittion  of  neutral  powers  or  states  ;  as 
the  armed  neutrality. 

NEU-TKAL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  [from  neutralize.]  Th* 
act  of  neutralizing  or  destroying  the  peculiar  prop 
crties  of  a  body  by  combinHtion  with  another  hotly 
or  siilpsiance. 

2.  'J'lie  act  of  reducing  to  a  state  of  indifference  or 
neutrality, 

NEC'TRAL-TZE,  r.  t.  To  render  noutrol ;  to  reduce 
to  a  state  of  indifference  between  dificrent  parties  or 
opinions. 

2.  in  eJirmistry,  to  destroy  or  render  inert  or  im- 
perc(;ptiblc  the  peculiar  properties  of  a  body  by  com- 
bining it  with  n  different  substance.  Thus  to  neu- 
tralize acids  and  alkalies,  is  to  combine  them  in  such 
proporti<ms  that  lite  compound  will  not  exhibit  the 
qinlities  of  either. 

3.  To  destroy   the  |)eculiar  properties  or  oj>[(ositc 


TONE,  BI;LL,  unite.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUa  — e  aa  K;  O  «■  Jj  «  as  Z;  CH  as  SII;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


\ 


740 


NEW 

dispMitions  of  parties  or  otlicr  t)im<^,  or  reduce  them 
to  a  state  of  indidfrrcnce  or  inactivity ;  as,  to  n/u- 
traiiie  parties  in  goveniment ;  to  neutrtUize  oppo- 
sition. 

The  beneflu  t(  univenitiM  — rvutro^indbr  monl  evfli. 

Cfc.  06*. 
A  doud  of  counlar  citatkuu  UuU  mvtraJixt  fch  othrr. 

S.  E9*rta. 

NEO'TRAL-IZ-£D,  fna'traHzd,)  pp.  or  a.  Keiluced 
to  neulmlilv  or  inditft-n-nce. 

NEC'TRAL-tZ-KH,  ».  That  which  neutmlizes;  that 
which  destroys,  dis^iises,  or  rendi'is  inert  the  pecu- 
liar prupertit's  of  n  body. 

NEO'TRAL-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Destroying  or  rendering 
inert  ttie  pt-niliar  properties  of  a  substance;  rcdu- 
cinE  to  inditfen*nce  or  inactivity, 

NEO'TRAHZ-LNG,  o.  Having  the  quality  of  ren- 
dering neutral. 

NEC'TRAL-LV.orfn.  Without  taking  part  with  either 
side;  indilf'-rentlv. 

NEC'TRALr-TINt,  m.  The  lint  or  purple  hue  which 
distant  hill9  assume. 

JV££/-f•.^/A*»",  B.  pL  [Fr.  neuf,  nine.]  In  the  Ro- 
man CatMoiic  ckmrtkypnyct*  offered  up  for  nine  suc- 
cessive days.  Brantie. 

NEV'ER,  ade.     [Sax.  nafrti  Jir,  not,  and  ay're,  ever.] 
1.  Not  ever :  nnt  at  any  time  ;  at  no  time.    It  re- 
fers to  the  past  or  the  future.    This  man  was  never 
at  Calcutta  ;  be  will  Hner  be  tliere. 

S.  It  has  a  particular  use  in  tlie  following  sen- 
tences. 

Atk  me  nnvr  id  mueti  dow«r  and  ^.  —  0«ii.  xxxfr, 

Whkfa  wfll  not  hrwkrn  to  the  moe  of  dkiniK-n,  chiumlng 

wp*r  »  wtorty.  —  Pa.  Wi8. 
A  Au-  of  tMUerjr,  -.-  tboujb  nctwr  ao  vrtl  grouikd<>d,  b  no  du- 

nm.  Biaektlont. 

This  b  a  genuine  EAclish  use  of  luvtr^  found  in 
OUT  S&xoQ  authors,  nud  it  imght  to  bo  retained. 
**  Ask  tae  so  much  dower  as  necn-  was  done  ; "  that 
is,  dower  to  any  extent.  The  practice  of  using  ever 
in  such  phrases  is  cunti(rt.  It  not  only  destroys  the 
fofce  but  the  pro|Victy  of  the  phnixe. 

Burkt.  CbM^M.  frtuktmgttnu  QoldnmitJL  Hooke, 

3l  In  DO  degve* ;  sot. 

WbaevarhMftblnid  to  guide  Uia,tMX  0017 hbvxeib  anoiher 

maa'a  ImmI,  and  jn.  mem  mmmmr  xha  vafia.  Satitk. 

4.  It  is  used  for  moL  He  answered  him  never  a 
word  -y  that  is,  mrt  evfr.    I'his  use  is  not  common. 

5.  It  is  much  ttsed  in  composition  ;  aK«  in  nrrer- 
ending,  tmrr^falting,  ner^r-dying,  ■rt>«r^c4uing, 
K^^rcr-raJins ;  but  in  oil  such  cojn|H>unda,  ii«vcr  re- 
tains its  true  meaning. 

NEV'ER-C£AS-1NG,  a.  Having  no  cessation  or 
pause. 

NEV'ER-S.VTED,  n.     Never  satisfic-d.  «rrfry. 

NEV-ER-THE-LES:?',  [cump.  of  ntvrr^  Vu  and  less.] 
Not  the  less  ;  notwiihstanding  ;  that  is,  in  opposi- 
tiou  to  any  thing,  or  without  ree&nlingit.  '*  It  niiue<!, 
iwvertMes*  we  proceeded  on  our  journey  ;  "  we  did 
90t  tke  Um  proceed  on  our  journey  ;  we  proceeded  in 
opposition  to  the  Tain,  without  regarding  it,  or  with- 
out beinc  prevented. 

NEV'ER-TiR-ING,  a.      Never  enduring  weariness. 

Verplanck, 

NEW,  (nu,)  a.     [Sax.  ««»,•  D.  uimw;  G.n^uf  Sw. 

and  Dan.  ny;  L.  nocus  i  lu  nuovo  ;  Sp.  nuevo;  Gr. 

vcoi ;   Fr.  nenf;   Arm.   iieoez ;    Ir.   nwa,   nuatlh;  W. 

neityti  Russ.  ft^me ;  Hinduo,mira,  nou  .*  Sana.  Tiaica; 

o^ 

Pers.  ^  nait.\ 

1.  Lately  made,  invented,  prrKluced,  or  come  into 
bein^-,  that  has  existed  a  short  time  only;  recent  in 
origin  ;  novel ;  oppose-d  to  Old,  and  used  of  things  ; 
as,  a  new  coat ;  a  nete  house  ;  a  nrie  book  ;  a  new 
fashion ;  a  new  theorj- ;  the  new  chemistry  j  a  new 
discovery. 

2.  Lately  Introduced  to  our  knowledge;  not  before 
known;  recently  discovered  ;  as,  a  nnt  mt-tal ;  a 
neir  ppecies  of  animals  or  plants  found  in  foreign 
countries  ;  the  unc  continent. 

3.  Modem;  not  ancient. 

4.  Recently  produced  by  change  ;  as,  a  new  life. 

Put  ou  Ibr  »n0  man.  —  Eph.  ir. 

5.  Not  babKuated  ;  not  familiar ;  unaccustomed. 

Bemiea  and  auck  mm  inaiilt  their  poaoo  iDto  nrit  iiiinda. 

Hooker. 
Ktm  to  (fae  plav,  n^nactkad  in  the  Inee.  Pope. 

6.  BesoTMled ;  repsired  so  u  to  recover  the  first 
state. 

Mm,  aftiFr  fcag  ffiilJiig  tSets,  wax  phioip,  ftd,  and  almcMl 
mew.  Bmcon, 

7.  Fresh  after  any  event. 

New  from  her  acknM*  to  that  oorthem  air.  Dryden. 

8.  Not  of  ancient  extraction  or  a  family  of  ancient 
distinction. 

Br  raprrior  aifmAy  and  esloorira  knovledgs,  a  mmm  man  often 
a  lo  bvor.  Adduon. 


9.  Not  before  used  ;  strange  ;  unknown. 

Th-y  Bhall  •jn^k  w  iih  new  toogues.  —  Mark  x»i. 

10.  Recently  commenced  ;  as,  the  new  year. 


NEW 

11.  Having  {lassed  the  change  or  conjunction  with 
the  sun  ;  :is,  the  neic  uioon. 

13.  Not  cleared  and  cultivated,  or  lately  cleared  ; 
as,  new  land.  Jimcriea. 

13.  That  has  lately  appeared  for  the  first  lime  ;  as, 
a  new  star. 

AVw  ia  much  used  in  composition  to  qualify  other 
Words,  and  always  bears  its  true  sense  of  late,  recent, 
novel,  fresh  ;  a-*,  in  nrto-born,  Mcw-made,  n<*o-grown, 
n^^w-fornied,  nrfr-fiMind.  In  this  use,  new  may  be 
cnnsidt-red  asndvt-rbial,  or  as  a  partof  tlie  eomp<nind. 

NEU',(nu,)e.  (,   To  make  new.    {JVot  used.]    Ootoer. 

NEW-BORN,  fnu'bom,)  a.     Recmtlv  born.  1  Pet.  ii. 

NEW'-eoiN-El),  a.  Fresh  from  the  mint;  newly 
funned. 

NEW-eOM'ER,  n.   One  who  has  lately  come,  frvinff-, 

NEWEL,  (nu'el,)  n.     In  architecture,  the  upright  |x»sl 

about  which  are  formed  winding  stairs, or  a  cylinder 

formed  by  the  end  of  the  steps  of  the  windini;  stairs. 

Q.  Novelty.     [.Vi/t  %std.'\  Spniser. 

NEWER,  a.  ccmp.  Mure  new;  more  recently  in- 
trodticen.  . 

NEWE^Tj  «,  mpsri.  Most  new;  most  recently  in- 
troduced. 

\E\V-FAn'RT-€A-TED,  ti.    Newly  made.       Burlcc 

NE\V-FA\'(-'I  /;n,  (nu-tau'sid,)  a.     Newly  fancied. 

NE\V-FAN"GLE,  (nu-fung'gl,)  r.  L  To  change  by 
introducing  novelties.  Milton. 

NEVV-FAN''GLKD,  (nu-fang'gld.)  a.  [neiB  and  fan- 
gte.'\  New  made  ;  formed  with  the  afieclalion  of 
novelty ;  in  contempt. 

Nev-fangled  de»ic".i.  AlUrbury. 

NEW-FAN"GL/:n-NESS,  J  (nu-faiig'gl-,)    n.      Vain 
NEW-FAN"GL£-NES3,      \      or  atiected  fashion   or 

form.  Sidney.     CitrfD. 

NEW-FASII'ION-KD,  (nu-fash'und.)  a.    Made  in  a 

new  form,  or  lately  come  into  fashion. 
NEW-FOUND',  a.  Newly  discovered. 
NEWING,  n.     Veasl  or  barm.  Ainsieorth. 

NEW-IN-VENT'ED,  a.     Newly  invented. 
NEWISH,  a.    Somewhat  new  ;  nearly  new.  Bacon. 
NEWLY,  (nQ'le,)  adp.     Lately  ;  freshly  ;  recently. 
lie  nittoai  it  o'er  vitti  neipfy  gathered  mint.  Drydcn, 

2.  With  a  new  form,  dificrent  from  tlie  former. 

Aod  the  refined  miud  dolh  m*wty  faahi«a 

lolo  a  kirer  funu.  Spentmr. 

3.  In  8  manner  not  existing  before. 
NEW-MADE,  «.    Newly  made  or  formed.    Moore, 
NEW-MOD'EL,  r.  L    To  give  a  new  form  to. 
NE\V-MOI>'EL-ED,pp.  oro.   Formed  after  anew  mod- 
NEW-MOD'EL-ING,  p;/r.  Givinca  new  form  to.     [el. 
NEWNESS,  n.     Lateness  of  origin  ;  recentnoss  ;  state 

of  being  lately  invented  or  produced  ;  as,  the  neto- 
ness  of  a  dress  ;  the  newness  of  a  system. 

3.  Novelty;  the  state  of  being  first  known  or  in- 
troduced.   The  newness  of  the  scene  was  gratifying. 

3.  Innovation;  recent  change. 

A  bsppy  neicnewM  thai  intends  old  n^ht.  BhiA. 

4.  Want  of  practice  or  familiarity. 

Uia  ncvneu  riumed  most  of  the  otli<^n'  lung  exerciae.    Sidney. 

5.  Ditfcrent  state  or  qualities  introduced  by  change 
or  regeneration. 

Eren  mo  we  also  tbnuld  wnlk  in  newfWtm  of  lif>, .—  Rotn.  tI. 

NEW-RED-SAND'STCNE,  n.  In  ffeotoinj,  the  for- 
mation immediately  above  the  coal  meaF^ures  or 
strata.  iSrande. 

NEWS,  (niiz,)  n.  [from  nejo  ;  Fr.  nouvellcs.  'i'his 
word  has  a  plural  form,  but  is  almost  always  united 
with  a  verb  in  the  singular.] 

1.  Recent  account ;  fresh  mformalion  of  something 
that  has  lately  taken  place  at  a  distance,  or  of  some- 
thing before  unknown  ;  tidings.  We  have  news 
from  Constantinople;  news  has  just  arrived;  this 
news  is  favorable. 


Eril  neat  rVW  fast,  while  good  newt  balta. 
*   '■  no  neifff  '      -  •         ■  -     ■ 

and  lich. 


It  ta  no  neifff  for  the  fresk^aod  poor  to  tie  a  pre;  to  thf  Btmn^ 


^fi!Ion. 

the  Btron 

/Eatmnge. 


2.  A  newspaper. 

NEU'S'BOY,  (nflz'boy,)  n.  A  boy  who  carries  and 
delivers  n^'wspapers. 

NEW»'MON"GER,  (nuz'munp-ger,)  w.  One  that 
deals  in  news ;  one  who  employs  much  lime  in 
hearing  and  telling  news.  jSrbutAnot. 

NEW8'Pa-PER,  n.  A  sheet  of  paper  printed  and  dis- 
tributed, at  short  intervals,  for  conveying  intelligence 
of  passing  events  ;  a  public  print  that  circulates 
news,  advertisements,  proceedings  of  legislative  bod- 
ies, public  documents,  and  the  like. 

NEW-STYLE.     See  Style. 

NEWS'-VEND-ER,  tu     A  seller  of  newspafwrs. 

NEWT,  (nute,)  n.     A  small  lizard  ;  an  eft.      Eneye. 

NEW  TES*i''A-MENT,  n.  That  portion  of  the  Bi- 
ble which  comprises  the  writings  of  Uie  apostles  and 
their  immediate  disciples, 

NEW-To'NI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Sir  Isaac  Newton, 
or  formed  or  discovered  by  him  ;  as,  the  J^cwtonian 
philosophv  or  system. 

NEW-TO'NI-AI^,n.  A  follower  of  Newton  in  philos- 
ophv. 

NEW'-YEAR'S  day,  n.  The  day  on  which  the  new 
year  commences. 


NIC 

N£W-Y£AK'S  GIFT,  n.  A  present  made  on  the 
first  day  of  the  year. 

NEW  YORK'ER,  n.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  New 
York. 

NEW  ZEA'LAND  FLAX,  n.  A  plant,  \\\g  phormium 
Unaxy  having  broad,  stifi*  leaves  of  extraordinary 
strength,  whose  fibers  make  excellent  cordage. 

Loudon. 

NEX'I-BLE,  a.  [L.  nexihiUs.^  That  may  be  kuit  to- 
gether. 

NEXT,  0. ;  9vperL  of  Ni  oh.  [Sax.  next  or  nczsta^  from 
neA,  n«aA,  nigh  ;  G.niUhst;  "D.mutst;  Sw.na^£;Dau. 

1.  Nearest  in  place  ;  that  has  no  object  intervening 
between  it  and  some  other;  immediately  preceding, 
or  preceding  in  ordt-r.  We  say,  the  next  person  be- 
fore or  after  another. 

Her  princrly  (fo'^ 
Wna  next  her  ijde ;  in  order  wit  the  rt-st.  Dryden, 

2.  Nearest  in  time  ;  as,  the  next  day  or  hour ;  the 
next  day  before  or  after  Easter. 

3.  Nearest  in  degree,  quality,  rank,  right,  or  rela- 
tion ;  as,  one  man  is  next  to  another  in  excellence; 
one  is  next  in  kindred ;  one  is  next  in  rank  or  dig- 
nity. Assign  the  property  to  him  who  has  tlic  ttext 
claim. 

NEXT,  adv.  At  the  time  or  turn  nearest  or  imme- 
diately succeeding.  It  is  not  material  who  follows 
next, 

NI'AS,  for  As  etas,  a  young  hawk.  B.  Jonson. 

NIB,  n.  [^Sax.  neb,  nebb.  See  Neb,  the  same  word 
differently  written.] 

1.  The"bill  or  beak  of  a  bird. 

2.  The  point  of  any  thing,  particularly  of  a  pen. 
NIB'BKD,  (nibd,)  a.     Having  a  nib  or  pomt. 
NIB'BLE,  V.  t.     [from   nib.]     To  bite  by  little  at  a 

time  ;  to  eat  slowly  or  in  small  bits.    So  sheep  are 
said  to  nibble  the  gniss.  Skak, 

2.  To  bite,  as  a  fish  d(M;s  the  bait ;  to  carp  at ;  just 
to  catch  by  biting.  Oay. 

NIB'BLE,o.i.    Tobiteat;  as,  fi^^bes  ni^^Ie  at  the  bait. 

Qrcw, 
2.  To  carp  at;   to  find  fault;   to  censure  little 
faultt. 

]iMt(M(l  of  n-ttirninf  0.  full  aniver  to  my  book,  he  manifcatly 
ntbliUa  at  a  Bn^ff  [Huisagi'.  TUlotton. 

NfB'BLE,  n.    A  little  bite,  or  seizing  to  bite. 
NIB'BLER,  n.    One  that  bites  a  little  at  a  timej  a 

NIB'BLIXG,  ppr,  or  a.     Citing  in  small  bits  ;  carping. 

NIB'BLL\(;-LY,  adr.     In  a  nibbling  manner. 

Nie-A-RA'GlTA-WOQLl),  n.  The  wood  of  the  Cassal- 
pinia  echinata,  a  tree  growing  in  Nicaragua,  in  Cen- 
tral America.     It  is  used  in  dyeing  red.  Ure. 

NICE,  (1.  [Sax.  nese  or  linesci  ii.  nesch,  soft,  lender; 
G.  wo.fcAcn,  to  eat  dainties  or  sweetmeats ;  Dan.  kn^Sy 
dainties.] 

1.  /Vopcr/y,  soft  ;  \vhent^e,  delicate  ;  tender;  dain- 
ty; sweet  or  very  pleasant  to  the  taste;  as,  a  nice 
bit ;  Ric-  food. 

2.  Delicate;  fine;  minutely  elegant ;  applied  to  tex- 
ture, compusition,  or  color ;  as,  cloth  of  a  nice  texture  ; 
nice  tints  of  color. 

3.  Accurate;  exact;  precise;  aB,  nice  proportions; 
nice  sj'mnietry  ;  nice  workmanship;  nice  rules. 

4.  Requiring  scrupulous  exactness ;  as,  a  nice 
point. 

5.  Perceiving  the  smallest  difference  ;  distinguish- 
ing accurately  and  minutely  by  perception  J  as,  a  per- 
son of  ?ttce  taste  ;  hence, 

G.  Perceiving  accurately  the  smallest  faults,  errors, 
or  irregularities;  distinguishing  and  judging  with 
exactness;  as,  a  nice  judge  of  a  subject;  a  nice  dis- 
cernment. 

Our  HUthoT  happy  in  a  Judge  to  nice.  Pope. 

7.  Over  scrupulous  or  exacL 

Ciirioui,  not  knowing  ;  not  exact,  but  race.  Pope. 

6.  Delicate  ;  scrupulou^^ly  and  minutely  cautious. 

The  letter  wna  not  nice,  but  full  of  charge 

Of  dear  import.  Shak. 

Deur  luve,  cunliuue  nice  and  chaate.  Donne. 

9.  Fastidious ;  squeamish. 

And  to  tarte 
Think  not  I  •h:til  be  nice.  MlUon. 

10.  Delicate  ;  easily  injured. 

How  nice  ttie  reputation  of  the  nwdd  I  Boacommon. 

11.  Refined;  as,  nice  and  subtle  happiness. 

Milton. 

12.  Having  bicky  hits.     [.ATot  used.]  Shak. 

13.  Weak;  foolish;  effeminate.     [Obs.]    Oower. 

14.  Trivial;  uniiiiporlant.  Sfmk. 
To  make  nice;  to  be  scrupulous.  Shak. 

NrCE'LY,  adc.  With  delicate  perception  ;  as,  to  be 
nicely  sensible. 

2.  Accumlely;  exactly;  with  exact  order  or  pro- 
portion ;  as,  the  parts  of  a  machine  or  building  nicely 
adjusted  ;  a  shajie  nicely  proportioned  ;  a  dress  nicely 
fitted  to  the  l)o<ly  ;  tl>e  ingredients  of  a  medicine 
nicety  proportioned  and  mixed. 

3.  In  colloquial  lanipiajrej  well ;  cleverly  ;  dextroua- 
ly ;  handsomely;  in  the  best  manner;  as,  a  feat  is 
nicely  dune. 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BpQK.- 
7^0 


NIC 

NI'CENE,  a.  Pertaining  to  Nice,  a  town  of  A^ia 
Minor.  The  JVicene  creed  was  a  summary  of  Chris- 
tian faith,  cuinposed  by  the  council  of  Nice  against 
Ahanism,  A.  1).  3^25,  altered  and  conlirined  by  Die 
council  of  Constantinople,  A.  D.  381.  The  council 
of  Nice  was  the  first  and  most  import:uit  general 
council  ever  hekl  by  the  Christian  church.    P.  Cyc. 

NICE'NESS,  n.  Dtlicacy  of  perception  ;  the  quality 
of  perceiving  small  diflerences ;  as,  niceness  of  ta»te. 
3.  Extreme  delicacy  j  excetis  of  scrupulousness  or 
exactness. 

UaUk«  the  Tnuntww  tit  our  nKHlern  damet.  Drydtru 

3.  Accuracy;  minute  exactness;  as,  niceiies»  of 
work  ;  Jiicene^  of  texture  or  proportion. 

Where's  now  Uie  Ubor»]  nictnest  in  th;  tireu  t  Dryden. 

NI'CE-TY,  n.     Niceness  ;  delicacy  of  perception. 

2.  Excess  of  delicacy  ;  fastidiousness ;  equeamisli- 
ness. 

So  love  doth  loatlie  duJaiitfuI  mctty.  Spet%ser. 

3.  Minute  dilFerence  ;  as,  the  niceties  of  worda. 

4.  Minuteness  of  observation  or  discrimination  j 
precision.  The  connoisst'ur  judges  of  the  beauties 
of  a  painting  with  great  nicety, 

5.  Delicate  management ;  exactness  in  treatment. 

Lo«e  Slid)  nicety  requires, 

One  U.iA  will  put  uitt  aI]  hit  fires.  Swi/L 

6.  Niceties ;  in  tAe  piaral^  delicacies  for  food ; 
dainties. 

Nl'CHAR,  H.     A  plant.  MUlfr. 

NICHE,  »t.  [Fr.  niche ;  Sp.  and  Port.  nuAo  ;  It.  aiccAia, 
properly  a  nu<*&,  corner,  and  nicchio,  a  shell,  it  seems 
to  be  a  different  ortliugraphy  of  Xgok.] 

A  cavity,  hollow,  or  recess,  within  the  thickness 
of  a  wall,  fur  a  statue,  bust,  or  other  erect  ornament. 

Pupe. 

NICH'ED,  fnichl,)  o.     Placed  in  a  niche.     Sedgvick. 

NICK,  n.  In  the  norOiera  mttiiiula^,  an  evil  spirit  of 
the  waters  ;  hence  the  modern  vulgar  phrase,  Old 
M'ick,  the  evil  one. 

NICK,  a.  [Sw.  nick;  Dan.  nik;  D.  Icnik,  a  nod  ;  G. 
nicJtm,  to  nod  ;  ffeiiiek^  the  nape  :  genicke-^  a  contin- 
ual niidding.  1'he  word  secuis  to  signify  a  point, 
from  shooting  furward.J 

1.  The  exact  point  oflime  required  by  nec*^ssity  or 
convenience,  the  critical  time.  V Estrange. 

2.  [G.  knickyVi  flaw.]  A  notch  cut  into  something, 
and  lience  a  sctire  fur  Keeping  an  account ;  a  reckon- 
ing. Skak, 

3.  A  winning  throw.  Prior. 
NICK,  V,  t.    To  hit  i  to  touch  luckily  ;  to  perform  by  a 

slight  artifice  used  at  the  lucky  time. 

Tbe  JiMcc  ara«»n  of  doing  Lhiiigs  ehuM  be  mdked,  and  all  accilenti 
uiipruved,  L'Euran^t. 

2.  To  cut  In  nicks  or  notches.     [See  Notch.] 

3.  To  suit,  as  lattices  cut  in  nicks.    [Obs."] 

Camden. 

4.  To  d'-ffat  or  cozen,  as  at  dire  ;  to  disappoint  by 
some  trick  or  unexpected  turn,     [Ofe.]  iihak. 

NICK,  V  U     [G.  knieken,  to  flaw.] 

To  notch  or  make  an  incision  in  a  horse's  tail,  to 
makv  him  currv  it  higher. 

NUK' AR-TKI:E,  I  n.    A  tree  of  the  genua  Guilandina. 

NICK'EIl-TKEE,  }  which  grows  in  the  Ea*;t  ami 
West  Indies,  and  bears  a  ^mall  hard  nut  of  ttaa  siza 
of  a  finiall  nutmeg  ;  bImo  called  Hunduc. 

N1CK'>;D,  Cnikt,)pp.     Hit ;  touched  luckily. 

2.  Notched  ;  made  on  Incision  in,  as  in  a  horse's 
tail. 

NICK'EL,  n.  A  metal  of  a  white  or  reddish-white 
color,  of  great  hardness,  very  dithcuU  to  be  purified, 
always  magnetic,  and,  when  perfectly  pure,  mallea- 
ble and  ductile.  It  is  generally  obtained  frum  its 
flulphiiret. 

NICK'EI*-ie,  «.    Pertaining  to  or  containine  nickel. 

NICK'ER,  M.  One  who  watches  fur  o[Pi>ortunilie8  to 
pilfer  or  practice  knavery.     [.4  cant  wvrd.] 

JirbuthnoU 

NICR'ING,p;rr.  Hitting-,  touching  luckily  ;  notching; 
making  an  incision  in  a  horse's  tall,  to  make  him 
carry  it  higher. 

NICK'ING,  n.  In  farriery,  an  o[icration  performed  on 
tbe  tail  of  a  horse,  to  niuce  hiin  carr>'  it  birtttT. 

Fann.  Encyc 

NICK'NACKS,  n.  pL  Small  wares ;  bawbles ;  tri- 
fles. 

NICK'.NAME,  n.  [In  Fr.  nuiur  Is  a  term  of  contempL 
Jn  G.  neck^H  is  to  banter.  In  Ch.  i:n  signifies  to  sur- 
namn,  to  call  by  a  name  of  reprtkich.  ] 

A  name  given  in  contempt,  derision,  or  reproach  ; 
an  opprobrious  appellation.  Baeon. 

NICK'.N'A.ME,  p.  I.  To  give  a  name  of  reproach  ;  to 
coll  by  an  opprobriuus  appellation. 

Yuu  nicknaToa  virtue  rtu.  Shak. 

NrCK'\AM-/;D,pp.     Named  in  derision. 

N1('K'NAM-I\0,  ppr.  Calling  by  a  name  in  contempt 
or  dt  rision. 

NI€%0-LA'I-TAN,  n.  A  term  applied  to  certain  cor- 
rupt perilous  in  the  early  church  at  Epbesus,  who  are 
c#^<ured  in  Hm.  iL,  but  of  whom  little  can  be  known 
with  certainty.  Murdoch. 


NIG 

NI-C6'TIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  denoting  tobacco; 
and  us  a  notin^  tobacco;  so  called  fnim  Nicot,  who 
first   introduced   it   into  France,  A.  D.  15ii0. 

Brande, 

Nie-O-TIAN'I-NA, )  n.     A  concrete  or  solid   oil  ob- 

Nieo'TIA-NINE,  \  tained  from  tobacco,  and  one 
of  its  active  principles.  It  smells  like  tulxicco  smoke, 
tastes  bitterish  and  slightly  aroinutic,  and  is  emi- 
nently poisonous.  Tully. 

NIC'O-TIN,  n.  An  alkaloid  obtained  from  tubaeco, 
and  one  of  its  active  principles.  In  its  purest  state, 
it  is  in  small  crystalline  plates,  wliich  rapidly  absorb 
moisture  and  liquefy.  Its  taste  is  very  acrid,  and 
continues  lung  in  tlio  mouth.  It  ia  eniiucutly  poi- 
sonous. 

NICTATE,  r.  t.     [L.  victOj  to  wink.] 

To  wink.  Ray. 

Nlf'TA-TING,        \ppr.   or  a.     Winking.     The  nic- 

NICTI-TA-TING,  (  titating  mernbr^ine  is  a  thin, 
pdlucid  membrane,  liy  which  the  process  of  winking 

■  is  performed  in  certain  animals. 

Nie-Tf-TA'lTbN   i  **•    '^^^  ^^^  °^  winking 

NlUE,  n.     [L.  nufiw,  a  nest.] 

A  brood;  as,  a  yiide  of  pheasants.     [JVot  in  use.] 

NIDG'ET,  n.     A  dastard.     [.Vot  ia  use.)        Cainden. 

NIU'I-FI-CATE,  V.  i.     [L.  mdificOj  from  nidus,  a  nest.] 
To  make  a  nest. 

NII>-I-FI-€A'TION,  n  The  act  or  operation  of  build- 
ing a  nest,  and  the  hatching  and  feeding  of  young  in 
the  nest.  Drrhanu 

NI'DING,  n.     [Sax.  mtAiitfr;  Dan.  and  Sw.  niding.] 
A  despicable  coward  ;  a  dastard.     [Ofrs.] 

NI'DOR, ».     [L.]     Scent;  savor.  Bp.  Tat/lor. 

NI-DOR-OS'I-TV,  n.  Eructation  with  the  taste  of 
undigesitd  roast  meat.  Floyer. 

NI'DOR-OUS,  a.  Resembling  the  smell  or  taste  of 
n>asted  meaL  Bacon. 

NID'l|-LANT,  a.     [L.  niduloTy  from  nidus,  ncsL] 

In  botany^  nestling  ;  lying  loose  in  pulp  or  cotton, 
within  a  berry  or  pericarp.  Marhm^     f.ee. 

NID-U-LA'TION,  n.  The  time  of  remaining  in  the 
nest ;  as  of  a  bird.  Brown 

NI'DLTS,  n.    [I..]    A  neat ;  a  repository  for  the  eggs 
.of  birds,  insects,  jcc. 

NIkCE,  (nese,)  n.     [Fr.  niicei  Arm.  ntiM,  vyes,  W, 
nith  ;  qii.    The  D.  has  wjo-f,  and  the  G.  nicMe.] 
The  daughter  of  a  brother  or  sister.         John.yon. 

NI-EL'LO,  n.  [It,]  A  species  of  ornamental  en- 
graving used  by  the  Romans  and  the  modern  Ital- 
ians, somewhat  resembling  damask-work,  made  by 
enchasing  a  black  composition,  said  to  have  been 
composed  of  silver  and  lead,  into  cavities  in  wood 
and  metals.  FJmes.     P.  Cyc. 

NIF'LE,  n.     [Norm.]     A  trifle.     [Obs.]         Chaucer. 

NIG'GARD,  n.  [W.  niJ',  straight,  narrow,  or  G. 
hiickcr,  a  niggard,  and  a  nod  or  nodding;  knickern, 
to  haggle,  to  be  sordidly  parsimonious;  \)tki\.  gnier, 
for  itiitker  or  ffni^er,  a  niggard.  This  word  seems  to 
belong  to  the  family  of  I),  knikken,  G.  nicken,  Dan. 
nikkrr,  to  nod,  and  this  to  Dan.  knikker,  to  crack  ; 
exhibiting  analogies  similar  to  those  of  vreteh,  wreck, 
and  hasrirle,    Ard  is  a  termination,  as  in  dotard.] 

A  misL-r;  a  i)crson  meanly  close  and  covetous;  a 
sordid  wretch  who  savud  every  Cent,  or  spends 
grudgingly. 


SiTre  liim  a*  a  ^I'l^iii?  mnM^r, 

Aa  a  p.-nitriniia  tafxtird  u(  bia  w«t]lh. 

Be  niggarda  vt  .idvicc  oii  tio  pntL'iiao. 


Miitnn. 
Popi. 

NIG'GARD,  a.  Miserly;  meanly  covetous;  sordidly 
jNirsimonious.  I>rgdeiu 

a.  Sparing ;  wary. 

Must  fvre  of  qii'-atl'in,  bui  to  our  dcmaiida 

IViggard  in  hi*  n-plv.  iSTlaAr. 

NIG'GARD,  P.  £.     To   stint;   to   supply  sparingly. 

[f.inle  tt-^rd.)  SMak. 

NIG'GARD-ISE,  n.    Niggardliness.    [JVot  in  we.] 

Spender. 
NIQ'GARD-Isn,a.    Somewhat  covetous  or  niggardly. 

Ju/iHaon. 
NIG'GARD-LI-NES3,7?.     Mean  covet. msness  ;  sordid 
parsimony ;  extreme  avarice  manifested  in  sparing 
ex  [tense. 

Siggardlintat  la  not  ^onil  hiuiMndty.  A'Uu6n. 

NIG'GARD-hY,  a.  Meanly  cttvetous  or  avaricious; 
sordidly  parsimonious  ;  extremely  sparing  of  ex- 
pense. 

WWre  ihc  owner  of  Ihr  houw  will  be  bountiful,  i(  ia  not  f:<i  Uic 
Mi^wanl  tu  be  niggardiy.  Hail, 

2.  Sparing;  wary;  cautiously  avoiding  profusion. 

Stdney. 
NIG'GARD-LY,  adv.    Sparingly;  with  cautious  p  .^- 
Bimnny.  Shak. 
NIG'GAJID-NESS,  n.    Niggardliness.    [J\rot  ivfrd.] 

Sidney. 
NIG'GARD- Y,  n.     Niggardliness.     [JVot  u.ied.] 
NIG'GLE,  V.  L  and  L     To  mock  ;  to  trifle  with.     [JWi 

rn  use.]  Be^uin.  4*  '^ 

NIG'GLKD,  (nig'gld,)  pp.    Trifled  with. 
NIG'GLERf  n.     One  who  niggles  at  any  handiwork. 

Sjnart. 
NIG'GLING,  ppr.    Mocking. 
NIGH,  (nl,)  a.     [Sax.  «mA,  neahg,  neA,  for  nig;   G. 


NIG 

nu/ie,  nigh.    This  is  the  G.  nach,  D.  lu,  a  preposition 
signifying    to,  on,  or   after,  that  is,  approaching, 
pressing  un,  making  toward  ;  D. naaibni,to  approach; 
W.  7«>,  Strait,  narrow.] 
I.  Near ;  not  distant  or  remote  in  place  or  time. 

Tiie  loud  tutnuU  ahuwi  the  batlle  ragh.  Prior. 

When  Uie  fig-tree  jiuHcUi  furtb  leave*,  JO  know  that  aummcr  i* 
nif/u— Matt.  xxiT. 

S.  Closely  allied  by  blood  ;  as,  a  nigh  kinsman. 

Knollci. 

3.  Easy  to  be  obtained  or  learnt ;  of  easy  access. 

Tlir  word  ia  very  nigh  lo  thee.  —  Deal,  xxx, 

4.  Ready  to  support,  to  forgive,  or  to  aid   and 
defend. 


5.  Close  in  fellowship ;  intimate  in  relation. 

Ye  are  7iiade  nigh  by  Uie  blood  of  Chrlit.  —  Eph.  iL 

f>.  Near  in  progress  or  condition.    Jleb.  vi. 
N^GH,  (ni,)  ado.     Near;  at  a  small  distance  in  place 

or  time,  or  in  the  course  of  events. 

lie  waa  sick,  nigh  to  death.  —  Phil.  IL 

2.  Near  tu  a  place. 

He  drew  nigk.  M'ulon. 

3.  Almost ;  near.     He  was  nigk  dead. 

JWo-A  is  never  a  preposition.  In  the  phrase,  "  AV^/A 
this  recess,  with  terror  they  survey,"  there  is  an  clliit- 
sis  of  (0.    They,  nigh  to  Uiis  recess,  survey,  fee. 

NIGH,  (nl,)  V.  L  To  approach;  to  advance  or  draw 
near.     [A'ot  used.]  Hubberd. 

NIGH'LY,  (nl'ly,)  adv.    Nearly;  within  a  little. 

A  cube  and  a  sphere  nighty  of  the  aune  bi^neaa.     [iVof  uaed.] 

Locke. 

NIGH'NESS,  (nl'ness.)  n.  Nearness;  proximity  in 
place,  time,  or  degree. 

NIGHT,  (nite,)  7t.  [Sax.  niht;  Goth,  nahts;  D.  yiagt; 
G.  nac/it ;  Sw.  nail ;  Dan.  nat,  contracted  ;  L.  nox ; 
Gr.  vv(  ;  8p.  noche ;  Port.  nOite ;  It.  notte ;  Fr.  nuit  ,* 
Ir.  nocht ;  Kusf  nock ;  Slav,  nosch ;  Sans,  nischa. 
The  sense  may  ue  dark,  black,  or  it  may  be  tlie  de- 
cline of  tbe  da  /,  from  declining,  departing,  like  the 
Shemitic  aiy-J 

1.  That  part  of  the  natural  day  when  the  sun  is 
beneath  the  horizon,  or  the  time  from  sunset  to  sun- 
rise. 

2.  The  time  after  the  close  of  life ;  death.  John  ix. 
She  cloiied  her  eyoa  io  everlaeting  nighl.  LhyUn. 

3.  A  sbite  of  ignorance ;  intellectual  and  moral 

darkness;  heathenish  ignorance.     iJont.  xiii. 

4.  Adversity;  a  state  of  aflltction  and  distress. 
Is.  xxi. 

5.  Obscurity ;  a  state  of  concealment  from  tbe  eye 
or  the  mind  ;  unintelligibleness. 

NatuTO  aod  oature'a  work*  lay  hid  In  ni^L  Pop*. 

In  the  nighl ;  suddenly  ;  unexpectedly.     Luke  xit 
To-night;  in  this  night.     To-night  the  moon  will 
bo  eclipsed. 
MGHT'-AN^GLING,  (nTte'ang'gling,)  tu      Tho  an- 
gling for  or  catching  fish  in  the  night.  Encyc. 
NIGHT'-BIRD,  n.     A  bird  that  flies  only  in  the  night. 

Jlall. 
NIGHT'-IILOOM-ING,  a.     Blonming  in  the  night. 
NKJHT'-HORN,  a.    Produced  in  darkness. 
NIGHT'-UR|\VVL-EIt,  n.    One  who  excites  brawls, 

or  tnakes  a  tumult  at  night.  Shak. 

NIGHT'CAP,  tu    A  cap  worn  in  bed  or  lu  undress. 

SwifL 
NlGHT'-€aOVV,  n.    A  bird  that  cries  in  the  niyht. 

Shak. 
NTGUT'-DEVV,  n.    The  dew  formed  In  tbe  night. 

Drudcn. 
NTGHT'-DOG,  n.    A  dog  that  hunts  in  tlic  night,  used 

bv  deer-stealers,  Shak, 

NTGHT'-DHESS,  n.    A  dress  worn  at  night.    Pope. 
NIGHT'ED,  (nit'ed,)  a.    Darkened;  clouded;  black. 

Shak. 
The  close  of  the  day  ;  evening. 
Swijt, 
NIGHT'-FAR-ING,  a.     Traveling  in  the  night. 

Oay. 

NIGHT'-FTRE,  n.      Ignis  fatuus  ;  Will-witb-a-wisp  ; 

Jack- with-a -lantern.  Herbert. 

2.  Firi'  burning  in  the  night.  Iroing. 

NIGHT'-FLT,  n.    An  insect  that  flies  in  the  night. 

Siiak. 
NIGHT'-FLV-ER,  ».     An   insect  that  flies  in  the 

night. 
NIGHT'-FOUND-ER-KD,  (nlt'found-erd,)  a.    Lost  or 

riij^trpHscd  in  the  night.  Milton. 

NIGIIT'GOWN,  n,    A  loose  gown  used  for  undress. 

Ad^Iison, 
NIGHT'-HAG,  n,     A  witch  supposed  to  wander  in 

tho  nJKht.  Milton, 

NIGHT'-HAWK,  n.  A  well-known  bird  of  the  Uni- 
ted Stati:H,  Caprimulgus  Amcricanus,  allied  to  the 
night-jar.  It  hunts  Us  prey  toward  evening,  and 
often,  diving  down  perpendir.ularly,  produces  a  hul- 
low,  jarring  sound,  like  that  of  a  spinning-wheel. 
NIGHT'i^HER-ON,  n.  A  wading  bird,  of  the  genus 
Nycticonix,  {Ardea,  Linn.,)  allied  to  the  herons  and 


NIGHT'ED,  (nit'ei 

[lAtlte  u.'<nIA 
NIGHT'FAlX,  n. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"OER,  VI"C10U.S C  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  a  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


NIG 

bittpnis.    It  seeka  its  liiod  in  the  evening,  when  it 
utters  a  dmsrecable,  croaking  noise. 

/*,  Cue,     Edin.  Cvc. 
NTGTIT'IN-GALE,  n.     [Pax.  nihUgale :   S\v.    nachttr- 
gal:    D.   nagUgaal;   G.   naeJui trail ;    Dan.   naiter^td ; 
composed  of  Hight  and  Wax.  galan^  lo  sing.] 

1.  A  small  bird  that  sinps  at  night,  of  the  penus 
Philomela  Motacilla  ;  Philomela,  or  Phitomel.  It  is 
celebr:ited  for  its  vocnl  iMiwirs.  Shtik.     "'J;""'"' 

2.  A  word  of  cndi-armi-iit.  shuk. 
NTGIIT'ISII,  a.     Pertaining  to  night,  or  attaclieJ  to 

Ihf  nifiht.  . .   ,    „      ■      ,        r- 

NIGHT'WAR,  «.  A  British  bird,  Capriraulgus  Euro- 
pipus,  also  railed  Goat-slckkb,  distin^nished  by  the 
wide  gape  of  its  b.'ak.  It  lmnL<  its  prey  in  the  dusk, 
and  is  nniarkable  f-r  the  lond  sound  it  emits,  hke 
the  jarriita  of  a  spiiiniiig-wht.til.  It  U  allied  lo  the 
nichtha«\.  P*  Cyc* 

XTiJHT'LESS,  a.    Ilnvinc  no  ni«hl. 

NIGHT'LV,  a.  Dime  bv  niglu ;  happening  in  the 
night,  or  appearing  in  t}ie  nittlit ;  as,  ni^htli/  sports  ; 
nightln  dew*. 

2.  Ooae  every  nighL  Tlic  walcfa  goes  bis  niffhtty 
round. 

NIGUT'LY,  (nTto'le,)  adtu    By  night 

Thr«,  Siun,  Mtd  Ih*  floweiy  bimki  baaMlh, 

S.  Erery  night.  jSdJifon, 

NTGHT'-MAX,  «.  One  who  empties  privies  in  cities 
by  night. 

NIGHT'MARK,  n.  [night  and  Sax.  marOy  incubus, 
nightmare.  Mara  may  be  from  the  root  of  merran^, 
to  stop,  to  binder,  fsee  Mooa ;)  or  it  may  be  the  Rab- 
binic ICO,  an  erii  spirit  or  demon.  The  common 
eprlling,  ni^iUmar*,  i*  erroneous,  and  lends  to  mis- 
lead ihl"  reader.] 

Incubus ;  a  sensation  in  sleep  resembling  the  pres- 
sure of  a  weight  on  the  breast,  generally  seeming  to  be 
that  of  s»me  hideous  monster  or  phantom,  interrupt- 
ing tht>  <^lr-<  p  with  violent  struggl*  and  tremor. 

NTGHT'-Pl£CE,  (nlle'pees,)  a.  \  piece  of  [lainting 
so  colored  as  to  be  snpiNMed  seen  <y  candle-light. 

mGHT'-RAIL,  a.  [ai>Al  and  Sax.  rr/f,  or  rather 
Arwjfls,  a  garment  or  robe.] 

A  loose  robe  or  garment  worn  over  the  dress  at 
ni£ht.     [.Vol  usfJ.]  .-ffWiAm. 

NIGtrr'-RA-V£N,  M.  A  bird  of  ill  omen  that  cries 
in  the  night  i  the  night-heron. 

S^Kmttr,     Skak.     Edin.  Entve, 

NTGHT'-RGST,  s.    Rest  or  repoee  at  nlghL      Shck. 

NTGHT'-ROB-BER,  a.  One  that  rubs  or  steals  in  the 
night.  ^enxer. 

MGMT'-RCLE.  a.    A  tumult  or  frolic  in  the  night. 

MGHT'SIIADE,  a.     fSar.  ntktMaJa.}  [Siutk. 

A  plant  of  the  genus  S<Uanum.  The  dtadiif  nifkt- 
tkade  is  of  the  genu.«  Atropa ;  the  .tfawricoa  niVAi- 
wkotU  of  the  genus  rh>  tolacca ;  the  htLMtard  nigklskotie 
of  the  gemis  Rtvina  ;  ihe  riicA««(«r's  nifktdtoie  of  the 
genus  Cirrsa;  the  .ValabarniglUAkad*  of  the  gi^nus 
Rasctla  :  and  Uie  tkrrt-ieactd  nighuhade  of  the  genus 
Trillium.  Fam,  vf  Plants. 

NIGHT'-^IirX-IXG,  fl.  Shining  in  the  night;  lumi- 
noti!'  in  darknr^^^.  iVilkins. 

MGHT'-SHRIeK,  (nlte'shreck,)  n.  A  shriek  or  out- 
cr>-  in  the  night.  Shak. 

KIGHT'-SOIlI,  a.  The  contents  of  necessarit-s  ;  so 
colled  becauiw  collected  in  cities,  and  carried  away 
as  a  manure  by  night. 

KIGHT'-SPELL,  a.  A  charm  against  accidents  at 
niehL  Ckauecr. 

MGHT'-TRIP-PING,  a.  Tripping  about  in  Uie  night ; 
as,  a  nipht-tripping  fairy.  Shak, 

MGHT'-VIS-ION,  (nltc'vizh-»in,)  «.  A  vision  at 
niEhL 

NTGHT'-^VAK-ING,  o.    Watching  in  the  night. 

KIGHT'-WALK,  (niU'wawk,)  «.  \  walk  in  the 
ev.'ning  or  nizbL  H'dlUm. 

MGHT'-WALK-ER,  a.  One  that  walks  in  his  sle^p; 
a  somnambulist. 

!!.  One  that  roves  about  in  the  night  for  evil  pur- 
poses.   ^igkt-Ktilktrs  are  punii^babie  by  law. 

MGHT'-WALK-IXG,  a.     Roving  in  the  nieht. 

NIGMT'-WALK-LNG,  a.  Walking  in  one's  sleep; 
somnambulism.  . 

^  A  roving  in  the  streets  at  night  with  evil  de- 
signs. 

NTGUT'-WAN-DER-ER,  a.    One  roving  at  night. 

Skak, 

KIGHT'-WAN-DER-ENG,*.  Wandering  in  the  nighL 

Shak, 

NTGHT'-W.\R-nUNG,  «.  Warbling  or  sinking  in 
the  nisht.  "  .Mdtvtu 

MGUT'WARD,  a.    Approaching  toward  night. 

^Sdton. 

NIG»T'-W.\TCH,  (nTte'wotch,)  a.     A  period  in  the 
nicht,  as  distinguished  by  the  change  vf  the  watch. 
J^'ight'itatche^,  however,  in  tke  PsaL-ns^  soems  to  mean 
the  night,  or  time  of  sleep  in  gen*  rj. 
9.  A  watch  or  guard  in  the  night. 

NTGHT'-W^TCH-ER,  n.  One  that  watches  in  the 
night  with  evil  designs. 

NTGHT'- WITCH,  a  A  night-hag ;  a  witch  'that  ap- 
pears m  the  night. 


aiv 


NIN 

M-GRES'CENT,  a,     fU  nigre^ro,  to  grow  black.] 
Growing  black;   clianging  lo  a  black  color; 
priKicliing  to  blackness. 

Ni'GRlNE,  11.  An  ore  of  titanium,  found  in  black 
grains  or  rolled  pieces.  Vre. 

Xl'HIL  AL'BUM,  a,  [I*.,  while  nothing.]  In  chcm- 
istry,  a  name  formerly  given  lo  the  flowers  or  white 
oxytl  of  zinc,  a  wtwily-lookinp,  white  matter,  formed 
by  the  combustion  of  zinc,  and  so  mtntitety  divided 
as  to  be  carried  up  mechanically  and  float  in  the  air. 

C/r«. 

JsrVlIlL  DE'BET,  [L.,  ho  owes  nothing.]  A  plea  de- 
nying a  debt. 

^tUuL  Dl'Crr^  [I*,  he  says  nothine.]  In  laia,  a 
judgment  by  nihil  dicit^  is  when  tlie  dufcndLiiit  makes 
no  answer. 

NT'HIL-lSM,  n.     Nothingness  ;  nihility.        Ditight. 

NI-llIL'I-TV,  a.  [L.  HtAi/um,  ntAiV,  nothing;  tie  and 
hiluiH.] 

Nothingness  ;  a  stale  of  heing  nothing.      ffatts. 

JS'IL  DES-PE-RjiX'DUM,  [U]  Ut  there  be  no  de- 
spair.    The  phrase  was  originally, 

A7/.  DES-PE-R^JSr'DUM  DE  HEPUB'LI-CA.  Let 
there  be  no  despair  resi>ecting  the  commonvveallh  or 
state. 

NILL,  V.  L  fSax.  ndlan^  that  is,  n«,not,  and  wUlariy  to 
will ;  L.  nwo  ;  ne  and  volo.] 

Not  lo  will  ;  to  refuse  ;  to  reject.    [06s.]     Spenstr. 

NILL,  p.  u    To  be  unwilling.  Shak. 

NILL,  n.  The  shining  sparks  of  brass  in  trying  and 
meltine  the  ore  Jvkns(m. 

Nr-LO.M'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  NciAoj,  Nile,  and  /icrpai', 
measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  rise  of  water  in 
the  Nile  during  the  flood. 

NT-LOT'ie,  o.  Pertaining  to  tlie  River  Nile  in 
Egypt. 

NI.M,  e.  L     [?ax.  ncntdn,  nimon,  Goth,  ntmaa,  V.nee- 
men,  G.  nMmra,  lo  take.] 
To  lake  i  to  steal ;  to  filch.     [Obs,] 

HutiibriLi.     L'Estrange. 

NIM'BLE,  a.  [Q,u.  W.  mryr,  liveliness.  In  Dan,  item 
is  sharp,  acute.] 

Light  and  quick  in  motion  ;  moving  with  ease  and 
celerity :  lively  ;  swift    It  is  applied  chiefly  to  mo- 
tions  of  the  feel  and  hands,  sometimes  to  other 
tilings ;  as,  a  nimbte  boy ;  Uie  ataiMe-footed  deer. 
Throu^  tb^  iDid  M«a  the  iomU*  plnnaM  Mlb.  Pope. 

NI.M'BLE-FQQT-ED,  a.    Running  with  speed  ;  light 

of  fttot- 
Nl.M'BLE-NESS,  a.    Lightness  and  agility  in  motion  ; 

quickness;  c<-lerity  ;  speed;   swiftness.      It  implies 

lightness  and  springiness. 

The  m»f  Uwu^t  U  belKr  u>  Unat  lo  [be  frimUerwH  oT  hia  f'-H. 

Oviil  mtpMl  OTCT  Psm&tttii  «4tb  gnat  aimbUntst  sml  »L''!>iy. 

AtUtiton, 

NIM'BLESS,  n.     Nimblencss.     [06*.]  Spenser. 

NIM'BLE-VVIT-TEU,  a,    Uuick  ;  ready  lo  Biwak. 

Bacon* 
NIM'BLY,  adv.    With  agility;  with  light,  quick  mo- 
tion. 

He  cipen  nimbly  in  a  lady'i  diumbcr.  Shai. 

NIM'BUS,  n.     [L.]     A  circle  or  disk  of  rays  of  light 

around  the  heads  of  divinities,  saints,  and  sovereigns, 

ujx^n  raeduls,  pictures,  &-c.  Bramie. 

2.  In  meUoroIotpj,  a  name  given  to  the  rain-cloud, 

(ine  of  the  four  fundamental  clouds.  Olmsted. 

NI-Mt'E-TY,  n.     [L.  nimietas.] 

The  slate  of  being  too  much,     [^ot  in  use.] 
NIM'.MER,  n.     [Sax.  Himan,  to  lake.] 

A  thief.     [JVbt  in  use.]  Iliidibras 

NIN'€O.M-POOP,  n.     [Said  to  be  a  corruption  of  L 

non  eomposj  not  of  sound  mind.] 

A  fool;   a  blackhead;   a  trilling  dotard.     [.4  low 

vonL]  .Addison. 

NINE,  0.      [Goth,  niun  ;  G.  veun ;  Sw.  nijo  ;  Dan.  ni ; 

L.  tumus ;  probably  contracted,  as  the  Sax.  is  nigan, 

and  the  Dutch  nigen,  Hindoo  note,  Burnian  no,  or 

nvnatp.] 
Denoting  the  number  composed  of  eight  and  one  ; 

a.«,  nine  men  ;  nine  dayei. 
NINE,  a.    The  niimbLT  composed  of  eight  and  one; 

i:r  the  number  less  by  a  unit  than  ten;  three  times 

three- 

The  nine ;  among  Envtlsh  poets,  the  nine  Muses. 
NTNE'F^LD,  a.     Nine  times  repeated.  MUton. 

NINE'-HOLES,  n.     A  pirae  in  which  holes  are  made 

in  the  ground,  Into  .wliicb  a  pellet  is  to  be  bowled. 

£h-aijton, 
NTNE'-MEN'S-MOR'RIS,  n.     See  Mobbis. 
NINE'PENCE,  ju    A  silver  coin  of  the  value  of  nine 

pence. 
NTNE'-PINS,  n.     A  play,  originally,  with  nine  pins  or 

pieces  of  wood  set  on  end,  at  wliich  a  bowl  is  rolled 

for  throwing  them  down.     We  say,  to  play  at  nine- 

pirm,  UT  a  game  at  nine-pins.     In  the  United  Status, 

tn  pins  are  sometimes  used  for  this  game. 
NINE'-SCORE,  a.     Noting  nine  times  twenty,  or  one 

hundred  and  eighty.     [See  Scobe.] 
NINE'-SeOUE,   n.     The    number    of    nine    times 

Iwentv. 
NLN'E'TEEN,  a.     [Sax.  niganhrne.'] 


NIT 

Noting  the   numlk-r  of  nins  and  ten  united  ;  as, 
vinetet-n  yenrs. 
NINE'TEENTII,  a.     [Sax.  niganu^the.} 

1'he  ordinal  of  nineteen  ;  designating  nineteen. 
NTNE'TI-ETH,  a.    The  ordinal  of  ninety. 
NINE'TV,  a.    Nine  limes  ten  ;  as,  ninety  years. 

f -*- 
NIN'NY,  n.     [Pp.  niilo  ;  L.  nana.^,  a.  dwarf;  Ar.  U  L> 
nana,  weak  in  mind.] 

A  ItHtl ;  a,  simpleton.  Strift. 

NIN'NY-IIAM-MEK,  n.    A  simpleton,     [little  used.] 

^rbuthtiot. 
NINTH,  a.     [Sax.  nigetha,  nigotha:  but  jiintk  in  Eng- 
lish is  formed  directly  from  vine;  Sw.  nijtide.] 

The  ordinal  of  nine  ;  designating  the  nuriibt>rnine, 
the  next  preceding  ten  ;  as,  the  ninth  day  or  iiionib. 
NINTH,  n.     A  ninth  part, 

3.  In  musie.^  an  interval  containing  an  octave,  with 
a  lone  or  sejiiitone  additional. 
NTNTH'LY,  adv.     In  the  ninth  place. 
Nl-0'BI-UAI,  n.     [from  JViobe.]     A  nutal  recently  dis- 
covered in  Columbite. 
NIP,  c.  t,     [D.  knippcn,  to  nip,  to  clip,  lo  pinch  ;  Sw. 
knipa  ;  G.  kneif,  a  knife,  a  nipping  tool ;  kncifp-a.,  to  nip^ 
lo  cut  oir,  to  pinch  ;  knijf,  a  pinch,  a  nimiiug;  kvlpp, 
a  fillip,  u  snap;  VV.  cneiviair,  lo  clip.     These  words 
coincide  witli  kn\fe.  Sax.  C7i\f,  Fr.  gaiiify  or  canif.] 

1.  'I'o  cut,  bite,  or  pinch  off  the  end  or  nib,  or  to 
pinch  ofl'  with  the  ends  of  the  tingerri.  Thi^  word  is 
used  in  both  senses;  the  former  is  probably  the  true 
sense.     Hence, 

2.  To  cut  olflhc  end  of  any  thing  ;  to  clip,  as  with 
a  knife  or  scissors ;  as,  to  7ti;>  off  a  shoot  or  twig. 

3.  To  blast;  to  kill  or  destroy  the  end  of  any 
thing;  hence,  to  kill;  as,  the  frost  has  nipped  the 
corn  ;  the  leaves  are  nipped ;  tlie  plant  was  ntpped  in 
the  bud.  Hence,  to  nip  in  the  bwtf  is  to  kill  or  de- 
stroy in  infancy  or  youth,  or  in  the  first  stage  of 
growth. 

4.  To  pinchj  bite,  or  affect  the  extremities  of  any 
thing ;  as,  a  nipping  frost ;  hence,  to  pincli  or  bite  in 
general ;  to  clieck  growth. 

5.  To  check  circulation. 

Wticn  blood  b  mpL     [Unusual.]  Shak. 

6.  To  bite  ;  to  vex. 

And  iharp  reinorie  hii  heart  dkl  prick  and  rup.  Spensgr, 

7.  To  satirize  keenly ;  to  taunt  sarcastically. 

Hulberd. 
NIP,  n.    A  seizing  or  closing  in  upon  ;  as,  in  the  north- 
ern seas,  the  nip  of  the  ire. 

2.  A  pinch  with  the  nails  or  teeth.  Ascham. 

3.  A  small  cut,  or  a  cutting  off  the  end. 

4.  A  blast;  a  killing  of  the  cnda  of  plants;  de- 
struction by  frost. 

5.  A  biting  sarcasm  ;  a  taunt.  Strpncy. 

6.  A  sip  or  small  draught ;  as,  a  nip  of  toddy.  [G. 
nippen,Di\n.  niiipcr,  to  sip.] 

NIP'P£D,  (nipt,)  (pp.     Pinched;  bit;  cropped:  blust- 
NIPT,  i      ed. 

NIP'PER,  n.     A  satirist.     [JVot  used.]  Ascham, 

2.  A  fore  tooth  of  a  horse.     The  nippers  aie  four. 
NIP'PI''R-K1N,  n.     Asmallcup. 
NIP'PEKS,  n.pl.     Small  pincers. 
NIP'PING,  ppr.  or  a.     Pinciiing  ;  pinching  off;  biting 

off  the  end  ;  cropping;  clipping;  blasting;  killing. 
NIP'PING-LY,  adv.  With  bitter  sarcasm.  Johnson. 
NIP'PLE,  n.     [Sax.  nypele  ;  dim.  of  nib,  neb.] 

1.  A  teat;  a  dug;  the  spongy  protuberance  by 
which  milk  is  drawn  from  the  breasts  of  females. 

Ray.     Encyc. 

2.  The  orifice  at  which  any  animal  liquor  is  sepa- 
rated. Dcrham. 

NIP'PLE-WnRT,  n.  An  herb  of  the  genus  Lapsana, 
formerly  Ufied  as  an  external  application  to  the  breasts 
of  women.  Loudon, 

NlS,  [Sax.]     Is  not.     [Obs.]  Spfnser. 

NI'SAN,  n.     [Heb.  and  Ch.  p"':.] 

A  month  of  the  Jewish  calendar,  the  first  month 
of  tlie  sacred  year,  and  seventii  of  the  civil  yenr,  an- 
swering to  the  latter  p;irt  of  March  and  beginning  of 
April.  It  was  originally  called  Abib,  but  began  to  be 
called   J^isan  after  the   captivity. 

Gesenius.     P.   Cue. 

NI'SI  PRI'US,  n.  [L.]  In  lare,  a  writ  which  lies  in 
cases  where  tlic  jury,  being  inipanneled  and  relumed 
before  the  justices  of  the  bench,  one  of  the  parties 
requests  to  have  tliis  writ  for  the  ease  of  the  county, 
that  the  cause  may  be  tried  before  the  jut^tices  of  the 
same  county.  The  purport  of  the  writ  is,  that  the 
sheriff  is  commanded  to  bring  lo  Westminsit-r  the 
men  impaiincled  at  a  certain  day,  before  the  justices, 
nisi  prius,  tliat  is,  unless  the  jnstices  shall  first  come 
into  the  county  to  take  assizes.  Hence  the  courts 
directed  to  try  matters  of  fact  in  the  several  counties 
are  called  Courts  of  JV\si  Prius,  or  JVlsi  Prius  Courts. 
In  some  of  the  United  States,  similar  courts  are  es- 
tablished, with  powers  defined  by  statute. 

NIT,  n.     [Sax.  hnitu ;  G.  niss  i  D.  neet ;  Sw.  ^Tict ;  Dan. 
gnid  ;  W.  neieny  n^i.] 
The  egg  of  a  louse  or  other  small  insect. 

Dcrham. 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MkTE,  PRgY.— PINE,  MARLXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF.  BpOK.. 


NO 

NI'TKN-CY,  n.     [from  L.  nitro,  to  shine.] 

1  Brightness  ;  luster.     [LitUe  itsfd.] 

2  [L.  nitvr,  to  strive.]     Endeavor j  effort;  sprinK 
to  expand  itself.     [Little  used.]  Boyle. 

NT'TER,  (  ».    [Fr.  nitrt;  Sp.  and  It.  nitro;  L.  nitrum. 
NI'TRE,  (      Gr.  vtroov  i   Heh.  and  Hyr.  "ina  j  Ar, 

mbvtui.  In  Hebrew,  the  verb  under  which 


yJai 


this  word  appears  signifies  to  spring,  leap,  shake 
and  to  strip  or  loose  ;  In  Ch.  to  strip,  or  to  fall  off 
in  yyriac,  the  same  j  in  Sam.  to  keep,  to  watch  or 
guard  ;  in  Ar.  the  same  ;  in  Eth.  to  sliine." 

A  salt,  called  also  Saltpeter,  [stone-salt,]  and  in 
the  modem  nomenclature  of  chemistry,  Nithatk  of 
Potassa.  It  exists  in  large  quantities  on  or  near  the 
surface  of  the  earth  ;  and  is  continually  formed,  in 
inhabited  places,  on  walls  sheltert-d  from  rain,  and 
in  all  situations  where  animal  matters  are  decom- 
posed, under  stables  and  barns,  &,c.  It  is  of  great 
use  in  the  arts;  is  the  principal  ingredient  in  gun- 
p^jwder,  and  is  useful  in  medicine-^,  in  preserving 
meat,  butter,  &c.  It  is  a  white  crjstalliue  salt,  and 
has  an  acrid,  bitlPrish  taste.        ffvoprr.     Fourcroy. 

NITH'IN'G,  B.  [Sax.]  A  cowani ;  a  dastard  ;  a  pol- 
troon.    [See  Nidi  so.) 

NIT'ID,  a.     [h.nitulust\ 

1.  Bright;  lustrous;  shining.  Boyle, 

2.  Gay  ;  spruce  j  fine  ;  applied  to  persons.  (LiuU 
used.  ]  Reeve. 

NI'TRATE,  n.  Asalt  formed  by  the  union  of  the  nitric 
acid  with  a  base ;  as,  nitrate  of  soda. 

LavoLiier.     Fourcroy. 

NT'TRA-TED,  a.    Combined  with  nitric  acid. 

NT'TUE.R..    See  Niter. 

NT'TRie,  a.  Impregnated  with  nitric  acid.  JVIfru 
acid  is  composed  of  oxygen  and  nitroeen  or  azote,  in 
the  proportions  of  five  equivalenta  of  the  former  to 
one  if  the  latter. 

Al/ric  ozyd  is  composed  of  ox>'gen  and  nitrogen.  In 
the  proportion  of  two  equivalents  of  tJie  former  to  one 
(if  the  latter. 

NI-TRI-FI-€A'TION,  n.  The  process  of  forming  or 
converting  into  niter. 

Nl'TRI-F?,  V.  L     [niter  and  L.  fiuio.] 
To  convert  into  niter. 

NI'TKI TE,  n.  A  salt  formed  by  the  combination  of 
the  nitrous  acid  with  a  base. 

NI'TRO  GEN,  B.  [Gr.  ifrpo*-,  niter,  and  jcv^acj,  in 
produce.] 

That  element  which  is  the  basis  of  nitric  acid  and 
the  principal  ingredient  of  atmospheric  air.  In  a  pure 
Htatt;,  it  is  a  colorless  gas,  wholly  devoid  of  smell  and 
taste.  It  was  first  noticed  by  Dr.  Rutherford,  in  the 
year  177'2.     [See  Azote.] 

NT-TROG'&.VOUS,  a.     Pertaining  to  nitrogen. 

NI-TRO-LF-C'CIG,  a.  Designating  a  8Uppt»sod  acid, 
obtained  from  leucine  acted  on  by  nitric  acid.  It  is 
qow  supposed  to  be  a  compound  of  nitric  acid  and 
leucine,  and  therefore  is  nut  pro()erIy  an  acid. 

Braconnot, 

NITRO M'E-TER.  n.  [Gr.  virnov  and  /ifrptw,  to 
measure.] 

An  instrument  for  a.scertaining  the  quality  or  value 
of  niter.  l/re. 

NI-THO-MU-RI-AT'ie,  a-  The  nitro-muriatic  acid  is 
formed  by  mixing  nitric  and  muriatic  (or  hydrocli- 
li*ric]  acid,  and  is  a  compound  of  nitrogen,  oxygen, 
and  chKkrine.  It  was  formerly  Ciilled  aqua  rttrui,  from 
lis  solvent  power  over  gold,  Uie  king  ot  the  metals. 

Brande. 

NT'TROUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  niter  ;  partaking  of  the 
qualities  of  niter,  or  resembling  it.  J^ttroux  acid  is 
one  of  the  compounds  furmrd  of  nitrogen  and  oxy- 
gen, in  which  the  oxygen  is  In  a  lowe-r  proportion 
than  that  in  which  the  same  elements  form  nitric  acid. 
Jsntrous  oryd ;  sometimes,  from  its  effects  on  the 
animal  system  when  inhaled,  called  tzhilaratinw  or 
lauirking  gas;  a,gas  comjiascd  of  one  equivalent  of 
ox\  gen  and  one  of  nitrogen. 

NI''I*RY,  a.  NiUous;  pertaining  to  niter;  producing 
niter.  Oay. 

MT'TKR,  x.  [from  niL]  The  horse  bee,  that  depos- 
its nits  on  horsea.  MeA.  Rejws. 

NIT'TI-LY,  adv,    [from  nitty.]    Loueily.    [A^«l  used.] 

Jfitittrard, 

NIT'TY,  a,  [from  nit]  Full  of  nits;  abounding 
with  nils.  Joknsotu 

NI'VAL,  a.    [L.  niratLi,  from  hit,  mnV,  snow.] 

Abounding  with  snow  ;  snowy.    [JV«i  iLned,]    Diet. 

NIV'E-OfS,  a.     [L.  Hivriu.] 

Snowy  ;  resembling  snow  j  partaking  of  the  qual- 
tttes  of  snow.  Brown, 

NI-ZAM',  »  The  title  of  one  oftho  native  sovereigns 
of  India. 

NO  i  an  abbreviation  of  number,  Fr.  lunnbre  ;  as,  ^''o.  8, 
A*o.  10. 

Nf),  adn.  [Sax.  na  or  ne  ;  W.  na;  Russ.  ne;  Sans.iwj 
Pcrs.  ZetMl.  id.] 

1.  A  word  oi  denial  or  refusal,  expres.-»ing  a  nega- 
tive, and  equivalent  to  nay  and  not.  When  it  ex- 
prcMes  a  negative  answer,  it  is  opposed  tu  Vet  or 
Yk*.    Win  you  go  f    AV. 


NOB 

It  is  frequently  used  in  denyi^f  propositions,  and 
opposed  to  affirmation  or  concession.  "  That  I  may 
prove  them,  whether  they  will  walk  in  my  law  or 
no."  Kxod,  xvi.  JVo^  in  this  use,  is  deemed  less  el- 
gant  than  nof,  but  the  use  is  very  general. 

2.  After  another  negative,  it  repeats  the  negation 
with  great  emphasis. 

Tl»ere  ta  none  righteoui,  no,  not  one.  —  Rom.  iii,     1  Cor.  ». 

Sometimes  it  follows  an  affirmative  proposition  in 
like  manner,  but  still  it  denies  with  emphasis,  and 
gives  force  to  the  ftdlowing  negative. 

To  whom  we  gave  place  hy  ■ubJ^Uoa,  no,  not  for  an  hour. — 
GkI.  iL 

Sometimes  it  begins  a  sentence  with  a  like  emphat- 
ical  signification,  strengthening  ttie  following  nega- 
tive. 

No,  not  the  how  which  w  adorns  the  eWki, 

So  glorious  IB,  or  boasu  mi  many  ily<^s.  WaiUr, 

3.  Not  in  any  degree  ;  as,  no  longer  ;  no  shorter  ; 
no  more  ;  no  less. 

4.  When  no  is  repeated,  it  expresses  negation  or 
refusal  with  emphasis  ;  as,  no,  no. 

NO,  a.     Not  any  ;  none. 

Lei  there  be  rxo  •trile  between  thoe  and  me.  —Gen.  xiii. 

2.  Not  any  ;  not  one. 

Thou  ahalt  worship  no  other  GoJ.  —  Ex.  txxiv. 

3.  When  it  precedes  tchrre,  as  in  no  where,  it  may 
be  considered  as  adverbial,  though  originally  an  ad- 
jective. 

NO-A'€HI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Noah,  the  patriarch, 

or  to  his  time.  Phillips,  Oeol. 

NOB,  B.     The  head.     [In  riditttle.    A  low  irorrf.] 
NO-BIL'I.A-RY,  n.     [See  Noble.]     A  history  of  no- 
ble families.  Encyc. 
NO-BIL'I-TATE,  v.  t     [L.  nabilito.    See  Noble.] 

To  make  noble  ;  to  ennoble. 
NO-BIL-I-TA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  making  noble. 

More. 
NO-BIL'I-TY,  n.     [L.  nobilitas.] 

1.  Dignity  of  mind  ;  greatu'-ss  ;  grandeur  ;  that 
elevation  of  stml  which  comprehends  bravery,  gen- 
erosity, magnanimity,  intrepidity,  and  contempt  of 
ever>'  tiling  that  dishonors  character. 

Though  ihe  haiwi  AmphUlus,  yet  the  noW.'ify  of  her  coiimge 

pn-Tailr-d  %}vi-r  it.  Sidney. 

Th-y  itujuflii  H  gTPxt  thiir  soverngn  to  control, 
And  aanietl  their  pride,  nobtUt^  of  mni\,  Drydtn. 

5.  Antiquity  of  family  ;  descent  from  noble  nnrcs- 
lors ;  distinction  by  blood,  usually  Joined  with  riches. 

When  I  tnok  up  Boccace  unnwan-B,  I  Til  on  the  riino  argument 
of  pnTfTring- virtue  to  nobi-itif  v(  blood  and  tiiiea,  in  Uio  acury 
ol  f>igi>i(iiiiida.  Dnften. 

3.  The  qualities  which  constitute  distinction  of 
mnk  in  civil  society,  according  to  the  customs  or  laws 
of  the  country  ;  that  eminence  or  diunity  which  a 
man  derives  from  birth  or  title  conferred,  and  which 
places  liitn  in  an  order  above  common  men.  In  Oreat 
Britain,  nobility  is  extended  to  five  rinks,  those  of 
duke,  marquis,  earl,  viscount,  and  baron. 

4.  The  ptrrsnns  collectively  who  enjoy  rank  above 
comnumers  ;  the  peerage  ;  as,  the  English  nvbUity  ; 
French,  German,  Russian  mibUity. 

NO'BLE,  a.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  noble;  Port,  nofrrc;  It.  no- 
bile  ;  !>.  nobUin,  from  nosco,  nori,  to  kno>v.] 

1.  Great;  elevated;  disiiified  ;  being  above  every 
thing  that  can  dishonor  reputation  ;  as,anoMriiiitid  ; 
a  noble  courage  ;  noble  deeds  of  valor.  Milton. 

3.  Exalted  ;  elevated  ;  sublime. 

Stitn'^,  wiih  wtmliiig  iry  crowiievl,  belotif 

I'o  nobltr  poets  Ibr  a  noLUr  totig,  Drydsn. 

3.  Magnificent;  stately;  splendid;  as,  a  KuA/f!  par- 
ade ;  R  noble  edifice. 

4.  Of  an  ancient  and  splendid  family  ;  as,  noble  by 
descent. 

5.  Distinguished  from  commoners  by  rank  and 
title  ;  as,  a  noble,  personage. 

6.  Free  ;  generous  ;  libi'ral  ;  as,  a  noble  heart. 

7.  Principal;  capital;  n.t,  the  noble  parts  of  the 
bo«Iy.  Johnnon, 

8.  Ingenuous  ;  candid  ;  of  an  excellent  disposi- 
tion ;  roady  to  receive  truth.    Acts  xvii. 

9.  Of  the  best  kind ;  choice  ;  excellent ;  as,  a  no- 
ble  vine.    Jer.  it 

ynble  metals;  a  name  given  to  gold,  silver,  and 
platinum.  Ore. 

NO'BLE,  n.  A  person  of  rank  above  a  commoner  ;  a 
nobleman;  a  peer;  as,  a  duke,  marquiii,  earl,  vis- 
count, or  baron. 

9:  In  Scripture^  a  person  of  honorable  family,  or 
distingiiisn«'d  by  station.    FjoiI.  xxiv,    JV>A.  vi. 

3.  Formerly,  a  gold  Coin,  but  now  a  money  of  ac- 
count, value  tw.  Bd.  sterimg,  or  $1.48  cts.     Camden. 
NO'BLE-MAN,  n,     A  noble  ;  a  peer  ;  one  who  enjoys 
mnk  above  a  commoner,  cither  by  virtue  of  birth,  by 
office,  or  patent.  Dniden. 

NO'BL,E-NE.^S,  n.  Greatness;  dignity;  ingenuous- 
ness ;  magnanimity  ;  elevation  of  mind  or  of  condi- 
tion, particularly  of  the  mind. 

Ilia  purpoaea  are  full  of  hooeaty,  vohltnw,  and  Intrgrfiy. 

taylor. 
GreaifieM  of  mind  and  no&ten«M  ibcir  aeat 

Milton. 


NOD 

9.  Distinctitm  hy  birth  ;  honor  derived  from  a  no- 
NO'BLEK,  a.     More  noble.  [ble  ancestry. 

NO-BLESS',      )         vv        ,.t         ^        cT         L,       ■, 
NO-BLESSE'    \  "*     *■       noblesse,  from  Sp.  nobleza.] 

1.  The  nobility;  persons  of  noble  rank  collective- 
ly ;  including  males  and  females.  J)njilen, 

S.  Dignity;    greatness;    noble  birth   or  condition 
[//(  fhese  sr.iise.s,  not  now  vscd.]     Speiuser.     B.  Jonaon. 
NO'BLE.-^T,  a.     Most  noble. 
NO'BLE-WOM-AN,  n.    A  female  of  noble  rank. 

Cavendish. 
NO'BLY,  adv.     Of  noble  extraction  ;  descended  from 
a  family  of  rank  ;  as,  nobly  born  or  descended. 

Urydcn. 
9.  With  greatness  of  soul ;   heroically  ;  with  mag- 
nanimity ;  as,  a  deed  Ttobly  done.     He  nobly  preferred 
death  to  disgrace. 

3.  Splendidly ;  magnificently.     He  was  nobly  en- 
tertained. 

Where  could  an  emperor'i  aahei  have  been  *o  nob!)/  lodged  ai 
in  the  iniiJri  of  his  nwiropuUs,  and  on  the  top  of  »w  es<dtL-d  a 
inoiiuii'eut  i  Addiaon. 

NO'BOD-Y,  n.     [no  and  body.]     No  person  ;  no  one. 

Stcift. 
No'CENT,  a.     [L.  nocens,  from  noceo,  to  hurt,  from 
striking.     See  Annuv.] 

Hurtful;  miscliievous ;  injurious;  doing  hurt;  oa 
nocrnt  ipialities.  fVatts. 

No'CEyV-LY,  adv.     IIu rt fully  :  injuriously. 
NO'CiVE,  a.     [h.  nocioas.] 

Hurtful ;  injiiriuns.  Hooker 

NOCK,  n.     A  notch.     [06.*.]     [See  Notch.] 
NOCK,  r.  (.    To  place  in  the  notch.     [06:^ 

Chapman. 
NOC-TAM-BU-La'TIO\,  71.     [L.  noz,  night,  and  am- 
bulo,  to  walk.] 

A  rising  from  bed  and  walking  in  sleep.     Beddoes. 
NOe-TAM'BU-LIST,   n.      One  who   rises  from  bed 
and  walks  in  his  sleep.     Arbuthnot  uses  noctambulo 
in  the  same  sense  ;  but  it  is  a  less  analogical  word. 
NOe-TID'I-AL,  B.     rU  noz,  night,  and  dies^  day.] 
CoM;prising  a  niglit  and  a  day.     [Little  used.] 

Holder. 
NOC-TIF'EU-OUS,  a.     [L.   nor,  night,  and  fero,  to 

bring.]     Bringing  niglil.     [JVot  used.]  Diet. 

NOC-TfL'li-CA,  n.  [L.  noXj  night,  and  luceoj  ip 
shine.] 

A  species  of  phosphonis  which  shines  in  darkness 
wiihont  the  [irevious  aid  of  solar  rays.  Ei'cyc. 

NOt'-TIL'U-€UUS  a.  Shining  in  the  night.  PennanL 
NOe-TlV'A-GANT, /a.  [L.  noj,  night,  and  va-/or, 
NOe-TIV'A-GOUS,   j      to  wander.] 

Wandering  in  the  night,  as  annuals  for  prev. 
N0e.TlV-A-G.\'TlON,  n.     A  roving  in  the  night. 

Qayton. 
NOC'TU-A-RV,  n.     [from  L.  nor,  night.] 

An  account  of  what  passes  in  the  niglit.    Addison. 
NOe'TULE,  H.     [from  L.  noz,  niglit.J 

A  large  species  of  bat.  Jarduie^s  J^at.  Lib. 

NOG'TURN,  n.     [L.  noctumus,  by  night.] 

An  oltice  of  devotion,  or  religious  service  by  night. 
Stillin-rjlfei. 
NOe-TURN'AL,  a.     [L.  noc(imiH,f,  from  iwz,  night.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  night  ;  as,  nocturnal  darknt'ss. 

2.  Done  or  happening  at  night ;  as,  a  nocturual  cx- 
}K!ditioii  or  assault;  a  nocturnal  visit. 

3.  Nightly  ;  done  or  being  every  night. 

From  gililt'd  roofs  depending  lamps  display 

Noctumai  beams,  tiiat  emulate  the  d«y.  Drydtn, 

NOC-TURN'AL,  n.  .\i\  instniment  for  taking  the  al- 
titude of  the  stars,  &c.,  formerly  used  at  sen.  rOij«.] 

Barlow. 

NOe  TURN'AL  LY,  adv.     By  night ;  nightly. 

NOCt^-iMENT,  n.  [L.  nocumcntum^  from  noceo,  to 
hurt.] 

Harm.     [JVo(  used.] 

NOe'(J-OlM,  a.     [I,,  nocwi/^.l     Hurtful.  Badcy. 

NOe'U-OUS-LY,  adv.     Ilurtfully  ;  injuriously. 

NOD,  u,  i.  [L.  nuto  ;  Gr.  ccik.j,  contracted  ;  W.  am- 
naid,  a  nod  ;  amnridiawy  to  nud,  to  beckon,  from 
naid,  a  leap,  a  spring  ;  neidiaw,  to  leap,  to  throb,  or 

beat,  as  the  pulse  ;  Ar.  ^L>  nada,  to  nod,  to  shake  ; 
Heb.  Ch.  and  Syr.  113,  to  move,  to  shake,  to  wander. 
It  coincidi's  in  elements  with  L.  nato,  to  swim. 
Class  Nd,  No.  3,  9,  10.] 

1.  To  incline  the  head  with  a  quick  motion,  either 
forward  or  sidewise,  as  perstms  nod  in  sleep. 

9.  To  bend  or  incline  with  a  quick  motion  ;  as, 
noddinif  plumes. 

The  nodiling  vcnlure  of  its  brow.  71W*aon. 

3.  To  be  drowsy. 

Your  predec^ttors,  contrary  to  other  nuthora,  n'^rcr  pleiwed  their 
ruiidvra  (iiwre  than  wlwn  thi^y  were  nodding.        Addison. 

4.  To  make  a  slight  bow  ;  also,  to  beckoc  with  a 
nod. 

NOD,  r.  t.     To  iiirline  or  bend  ;  to  shake.  Shak. 

2.  To  signify  by  a  nod  ;  as,  to  nod  approbation 
NOD,  n.    A  quick  declinatitm  of  the  hcaJd. 


TONE,  ByLU  qXITa  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J  j  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


D5 


753 


NOI 

2.  A  quick  declination  or  Inchuation. 

l.ikr  A  druntiru  tailur  o»  \  moN, 

KeAdjr  with  vvrry  ngd  to  tujiible  tlowo.  Sfak. 

3.  A  quick  inclination  of  the  iiead  in  drowsiness 
or  sleep.  Locke. 

4.  A  slight  obeisance.  Sfuik. 

5.  A  command;  as  in  L.  mtntfit,  for  mutameH, 
NC'DA-TED,  a,     [L  nodatus.] 

Knotted.  A  Hcdated  hyperbola,  in  geometrp^  is  a 
curve  having  two  branches  which  intersect  each 
other.  -*.  l>-  Stanley. 

NO-Oit'TION,  n.     [I*,  nadatio,  from  nodo,  to  tie.] 

The  act  of  making  a  knot,  or  slate  of  being  knot- 
ted.    [Little  used.] 
NOD'DED,  pp.     Bent ;  inclined  ;  signified  by  a  nod. 
NOD'DEX,  a.     Bent ;  inclined.     [J^ot  in  usr.] 

Thomson, 
NOD'D£R,  n.    One  who  nods  ;  a  drowsy  person. 

Pop^ 
NOD'DIXG,  Tpr.  or  a.    Inelinine  the  head  wtlh  a 
short,  quick  motion  ;  pignifying  by  a  nod. 

2.  In  boUmtf^  a  substitute  iur  the  terra  nuUtnti 
h.nving  the  too  b<-nt  downward. 

NOD'DLE,  fu  [Uu.  L.  modulus^  a  lump;  or  from  nod.] 
The  head,  m  euntempu 

Coat,  uwaUT,  1  hB««  a  project  in  a^  noiiU.        L'Sttrmngk. 

NOD'UY,  n.    [Qu.  Gr.  ^w3»k.] 

1.  A  sirapletun  ;  a  foot. 

a.  A  aea  fowl  of  the  genus  Btemai  Ter>*  simple 
and  easily  Uken.  Ii  is  found  principally  along  liie 
American  coasts  in  warm  latitudes.  P,  C^ 

3.  A  game  at  card^.  S.  Johsoh, 
NODE,  ■.     [I*  nodiUj  Eng.  knot;   allied  probably  to 

kmH,  Sax.  cnytfun.] 

1.  Prmpmriff^  a  knot ;  a  knob  ;  bence, 

Sl  In  tmrgin/y  a  swelling  of  the  periosteum}  ton- 
doQs,  or  bone*. 

3.  In  MJtrmtomy^  the  point  where  the  orbit  of  a 
plaaeC  Inlenects  tbe  ecliptic.  These  points  are  two, 
and  that  where  a  planel  croaset  the  plane  of  the  eclip- 
tic frun  •oath  to  north  la  called  the  tttrndim^  nodt^ 
or  drmt9M*M  keadi  that  where  a  planet  crosses  it  from 
north  to  south,  is  called  the  dttcending  nodtj  or  draff- 
•»'<  tad.  BartoiP, 

4.  In  ps€<iy,  the  knot,  intrigue,  or  plot  of  a  piece, 
or  the  principal  difficulty. 

5.  In  dimliMfy  a  point  or  hole  in  the  gnomon  of  a 
dial,  by  the  shadow  or  light  of  which,  either  the 
hour  of  the  day  in  dials  without  furniture,  or  the 
parallels  of  the  sun*s  dedlnntinn  and  hi->  place  in  the 
ecliptic,  4t.c.,  in  dials  with  furniture,  are  t'linwn. 

&  In  MOTfi  the  point  of  a  stem  from  winch  leaves 
srise.  LindUy. 

JVMv or  JVMal  points:  in  mit^ic,  the  fixed  points 
of  a  sunoPODS  chord,  at  which  it  divides  ititelf,  when 
h  vibnitee  by  aliquot  parts,  and  produces  the  har- 
monic iti»unds  ;  at  the  strings  of  the  Eolian  harp. 
NO-D^SE',  «.     [U  uoddsu^,  from  nodus^  knoU] 

Knotted  ;  havine  knocoor  swelling  joints.  Martfn. 
NO-noS'l-TY,  n.     Knottiness.  Brown. 

NOD'l^-I.AR,  a.     Pertaining  to,  or  in  the  form  of,  a 
NOD'ULE,  II.     (L.  noduliu*.]  [nodule  or  knot. 

A  munded  mint-mi  mass  of  irregular  shape. 
NOD'l^L-fTD,  c  Having  little  knots  orlump^  Darwin, 
NO-ET'ie,  a.     [Gr.  ...-rM  v,  from  v.vi,  Ihc  mind.] 

Intellectual ;  pt'rformed  by  the  understanding. 
NOG,  a.     [ab^ee.  of  noggin.]     A  little  pi.t ;  ali«j,  ale. 

Skinner.     Siri/t. 
NOG'GEN,  A.    Ilard  ;  rough  ;  barslu    [A'ot  M.-«i.l 

Sitff  Carles. 
NOG'GIX,  a.    A  small  mug  or  wood'^n  cup. 
NOG'GIXG,  a.    A  partition  of  scantlings  filled  with 

bricks.  Mason. 

NOI'.\NCE,  «.    [3ee  A:<?toT.J    Anno}-ance  ;  trouble  ; 
^     '  (A'utused.]  "■    • 


Shak. 
Tasser. 


mischief;  inconvenience. 
N01E,far  A:«:fov,  \ 

NOI'Ei;,  Toi  .\ssorER,  >  are  not  in  use. 
NOrOUS,  tr<wibIeaome,  ) 
NOISE,  (noiz,)  «.     [f->.  iu>u«,  strife,  squabble,  dispute  ; 

Arm.  nocf.     Class  Na,  Ar.  11,  Syr.  24,  aud  L.  noza. 

noxim.    CUss  Ng,  No.  33.1 

1.  Sound  of  any  kind,  or  proceeding  from  any 
cause,  as  the  sound  made  by  the  organs  of  speech, 
by  the  wings  of  an  insect,  Uie  rushing  of  the  wind, 
or  the  roaring  of  the  sea,  of  cannon,  or  thunder,  a 
low  sound,  a  nigh  sound,  &c. ;  a  word  ofgena-al  sig- 

3.  Outcry  ;  clamor ;  loud,  importunate,  or  contin- 
ued talk  expressive  tui  boasting,  complaint,  or  quar- 
reling.   In  quarreling,  it  expreaaea  leas  than  uproar. 

What  moim  )»*«  ve  alioui  UuMphaUtioo  of  dkeuo  uid  tnui*. 
fittkMi  U  Uoo-i  I  Baktr. 

3.  Frequent  talk  ;  much  public  conversation. 

fioci»',«  tirM  in  Athra*  during  tb«  gmtl  phfw  which  hu  made 
ao  laucli  M«uf  lo  >J  i^ffe*.  uid  oerer  c&urbl  the  least  infc*- 
<wn.  SpeckiUtr. 

4.  Music,  in  general ;  a  concert.    [Od«.]      Skak. 
NOI«E,  (noiz,)  r.  i.    To  sound  loud. 

Harm  Uumc  terrois  did  me  oooe,  though  WMing  loud.    AfiUm. 

NOISE,  (noiz,;  v.  i.    To  spread  by  rumor  or  report. 

AW  ih**?  aajuig*  were  nouef  timmA.  —  Lake  L 

2.  To  disturb  With  noise.  [A"w  ouMffriiwt]  Dryden. 


NOM 

N01»'f;n,  pp.     Pprond  by  report  ;  much  talked  of. 

NOlSE'l'ijL,  jjnoia'fui,)  o.  Loud;  clamurous  ;  mak- 
ing nui(-ti  noise  or  talk.  Dryden. 

NOlSE'LEdS,  (noiz'less,)  a.  Making  no  niiise  or 
bustle  ;  silent  ^  as,  the  noiseless  foot  of  time.  Shak. 

So  ftai»tlf$  would  1  live.  Ihyden, 

NOI8E'l.E.^.S-LY,  ade.     Without  noise  ;  silenUy. 
NOl8E'LESS-NESS?,  n.     A  stale  of  silence. 
NOI8E'-.MAK-ER,  (noiz'mikk-er,)  n.     One  who  makes 

a  clamor.  VEntrange. 

NOIS'1-LV,  (noiz'e-le,)  adv.    With  noise  ;  witii  mak- 
ing a  noise. 
NOIS'I-.NESS,  (noiz'c-ness,)  «.    The  state  of  being 

noisv  ;  loudness  of  sound  j  clamorousncss. 
NOIS'ING,  (noiz'ing,)  ppr.     Spreading  by  R-port. 
NOI'SO.ME,  (noi'sum,)  a.     [Norm,  noisifc;  It.  nocivo^ 
noioso.     This   word    is  fonued   with   tiie  Teutonic 
joiitr,  united    with   Ilie   It.  hoiVim,  Fr.   nuire.nuisantj 
from  the  L.  noza,  No«eo,  to  hurt.     Class  N'g.J 

I.  Noxious  to  health  \    hurtful ;  mischievous ;  un- 
wholesome; insalubrious;  dcstnictivi* ;   as,   noisome 
winds;  iiowotHf  etlluvia,  or  miasmata  ;  nouome  pesti- 
lence. Milton.     Drtfden. 
3.  Noxious ;  injurious. 

3.  Offensive  to  the  smell  or  other  senses  ;  disgust- 
ing; fetid. 

Foul  brrmth  U  tvMtomt.  Shak, 

NOI'SOME-LV,    (noi'sum-Ie,)    ado.      With    a    fetid 

strhf  li ;  with  an  infectious  steam. 
NUI'SOME-NESS,  (noi'sum-ness,)  n,     Oircnsiveness 

lo  the  smell  ;  quality  that  disgusts.  South. 

NOIS'V,  (noiz'y,)  a.    [from  nuise.]     Making  a  loud 
sound. 
Q.  Clamorous  ;  turbulent;  as,  the  noisy  crowd. 
3.  Full  of  noise. 

O  Itave  the  noi#y  town.  Dryisn. 

J^rO'LFJV'S:  rO'LE^rs,  [L.]  Unwilling  or  wiilicg  ; 
wht-ther  he  will  or  nut. 

JVO'  Ll-MEr-T.^J*''  ti  ERE,  n.  [L.,  touch  me  not.] 
1.  A  plant  of  the  cenus  linpatiens,  called  also 
fijiLSAMiNE,  so  named  l^ecause,  on  U^ing  touched 
when  ripe,  it  discltnrges  its  seeds  from  the  capsule 
Willi  considerable  force;  also,  a  plant  of  the  genus 
Slomordica,  or  Ecbaliuni,  one  species  of  which  is 
called  the  icild  or  spurting  cucumber. 

Loudon.     F.ncyc. 
S.  Among  ;)Aystciaiw,  an  ulcer  or  cancer,  a  species 
of  herpes.  Cozt^ 

NO-L1"TION,  (no-Iish'un,)  a.  [I^  nolo^  that  is,  n« 
voloy  I  will  not.] 

Unwillingness;  oppoaed  to  Volition.  [Little 
u»ed.]  Ilal*. 

NO  LL,  n.    [Sax.  hnol^  cnoU,  knoll.  ] 

The  bead  ;  the  noddle.    [Avt  used.) 

J^OVLE  PROS'E-QUT^  [L.]  In  late,  these  words 
denote  that  a  plaintiff* or  attorney  for  the  public  wiita- 
drawa  a  suit. 

No'MAU,n.  [Gr.  i")f<a;,  co/ia(5o(, living  on  pasturage, 
from  fiftfjf  lo  distribute  or  divide,  to  feed.  This 
verb  is  connected  with  c£M"f»  I^  ncmusj  a  wood,  a 
pl.ice  overgrown  with  trees,  and  also  a  pasture,  the 
primary  sense  of  which  is,  probably,  tu  spring  or 
shoot,  for  the  verb  fiftu  signifies,  ntnong  other 
thiniTA,  to  leap,  to  dance,  and  may  be  allied  to  Eng. 
nimble.  Cattle  originally  subsisted  by  browsing,  as 
they  still  do  in  new  settlements.] 

One  who  leads  a  wandering  life,  and  subsists  by 
tending  herds  of  cattle  whicti  graze  on  herbage  of 
spontaneous  growth.  Such  is  the  practice  at  this  day 
in  the  central  and  norihern  p:trts  of  Asia,  and  the  Nu- 
midians  in  .Africa  are  supposed  to  have  been  so  called 
from  this  practice.  Tooke.     Encyc. 

NO-MAD'ie,  a.     [^Gr.  vaunSixoi.] 

Pai^tontl ;  subsisting  by  the  tending  of  cattle,  and 
wandering  for  the  sake  of  pasturage  ;  as,  the  nomad- 
ic tribes  of  Asia. 

Nri'MAD-lSM,n.     The  state  of  being  a  nomad. 

NO'-MAD-IZE,  V.  i.  To  wander  with  flocks  and  herds 
for  the  sake  of  finding  pasturage  ;  to  subsist  by  the 
grazing  of  herds  on  herbage  of  natural  growth. 

Tbe  Vo^l<?s  nomadiz*  diitfly  ahout  the  Riven  Irtish,  Oby,  Ka- 
ma, uid  Yolgx,  Tookt. 

NO'M.\D-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Leading  a  pastoral  life,  and 
wandering  or  removing  from  place  to  place  for  the 
sake  of  finding  pasture. 

NO'MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  oio;*ti,  L.  nomen,  name,  and 
pavTua,  divination.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  divining  the  destiny  of  per- 
sons by  the  letters  which  form  their  names.     DicL 

XOM'BLES,  (num'biz,)  n.  p/.  [Fr.J  The  entrails  of 
a  deer.  Johnson. 

NOM'BRIL,  n.  [Fr.,  the  navel.]  The  center  of  an  es- 
cutcheon. Cvc 

J^OM  DE  QUERRE\  (nom'de  gar',)  [Fr.]  Liieral- 
ly,  a  name  during  the  war;  a  fictitious  name,  or  one 

N6SiE,  n.     [Gr.  vy/io;.]  [assumed  for  a  time. 

1.  A  province  or  tract  of  country  ;  an  Egyptian 
government  or  division.  Maurice. 

2.  In  the  ancient  Oreck  music,  any  melody  deter- 
mined by  inviolable  rules.  Cyc 

3.  [L.  noiuen.]     In  alffebra,  a  term,  which  see. 

4.  [Gr.  iffici,  to  eat.]  In  surgery,  a  phagedenic  ul- 
cer, or  species  of  herpes.  Cyc. 


NON 

N0'MEN-€LA-TOR,  n.  [L.;  Fr.  nomendateur ;  L. 
nomen,  name,  and  calo,  Gr.  KaAcii,  to  cull.1 

1.  A  person  who  calls  things  or  persons  by  their 
names.  In  Rome,  candidates  for  omce  were  attend- 
ed each  by  a  nomendator,  who  informed  the  candi- 
date tif  the  names  (if  the  persons  Ihey  met,  and  whoso 
votes  they  wished  to  solicit.  BranUe. 

S.  In  modem  usage,  a  person  who  gives  names  to 
things,  or  who  settles  and  adjusts  the  names  of 
things  in  any  art  or  science. 

NO'MEN-eLA-TR£SS,  n.    A  female  nomenclator. 

Addison. 

NO-ME\-€LX'TlJR-AL,  a.  Pertaining  or  according 
to  a  noToenclature.  Barton. 

NO'MEN-CLA -TliKE,  n,     [L.  nomenclatura.     SeeNo- 

UENCLATOR.] 

1.  A  list  or  catalogue  of  the  more  usual  and  impor- 
tant words  in  a  language,  with  their  significations  ; 
a  vocabulary  or  dictionary. 

2.  The  names  of  things  in  any  art  or  science,  or 
tlie  whole  vocabulary  of  names  or  technical  terms 
which  are  appropriated  to  any  particular  branch  of 
science  ;  as,  the  numendature  of  botany  or  of  chem- 
istry ;  the  new  nomenclature  of  Lavoisier  and  his  o»- 

NO'AIl  AL,  n.     [from  L.  nomen,  a  name.]       [sociales. 

In  algrhra,  a  term,  which  see. 
NOM'IN-AL,    a.      [L.    iwminalis,  from  nomen.     Sefc 
Name.] 

1.  Titular;  existing  in  name  only;  as,  a  nominal 
dif^tinction  or  dillereuce  is  a  difference  in  nam^,  aud 
not  in  rcali:y. 

2.  Pertaining  to  &  name  or  names ;  consisting  in 
names. 

NOM'IN  AI^IST,  I  n.    The  Nominalists  were  a  sect 

NOM'IN-AL,  i      of  philosophers  m   the   middle 

ages,  wbo  at'opted  Ote  opinion  of  Ruscelin,  that  gen- 
erals, or  the  terms  used  to  denote  the  genera  and 
species  of  things,  are  not  properly  designations  of 
tilings  that  exist,  but  mere  names  for  the  resemblances 
and  evidences  of  things.  They  were  the  founders  of 
the  university  of  Leipsic.  Murdock. 

NOM'IN-AL-ISM,  n.  Tbe  principles  of  the  Nomin- 
alists. 

NOM'IN-AL-TZR,  r.  u  To  convert  into  a  noun.  [JVwt 
t'n  use,  and  ill  formed.] 

NOM'IN-AL-LY,  adp.    By  name,  or  in  name  only. 

NOM'IN-ATE,  tJ.  (.  [L.  Tiomino,  from  nomen,  name. 
See  Name.] 

1.  To  name  ;  to  mention  by  name.  Wotton. 

2.  To  call ;  to  entitle;  to  denominate.     Spenser, 

3.  To  name  or  designate  by  name  for  an  office  or 
place  ;  to  appoint ;  as,  to  nominate  an  heir  or  an  ex- 
ecutor. Locke-. 

4.  Usually,  to  name  for  an  election,  choice,  or  ap- 
pointment ;  to  propose  by  name,  or  offer  the  name  of 
a  person  as  a  candidate  for  an  ofiice  or  place.  This 
is  the  principal  use  of  the  word  in  tlie  United  States  ; 
as  in  a  public  assembly,  where  men  are  to  be  selected 
and  chtwen  to  office,  any  member  of  the  assemldy  or 
meeting  nominates,  that  is,  proposes  to  the  chairman 
the  name  of  a  person  whom  he  desires  to  have 
elected. 

NOM'IN-A-TED,  pp.  Named  ;  mentioned  by  name  ; 
designated  or  proposed  for  an  office,  or  for  election. 

NOM'IN-ATE-LY,  adv.     By  name;  particularly. 

Spdman. 

NO.M'IN-A-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Naming ;  proposing  for 
an  office,  or  for  choice  by  name. 

NO.M-IN-A'TIOiN  n.  The  act  of  naming  or  nomin- 
ating ;  the  act  ot^  proposing  by  name  for  an  office. 

2.  The  power  of  nominating  or  appointing  to  of- 
fice. 

The  itominaHon  of  peisotu  to  pluei  beuig  a  preroiritlTe  of  tbo 
kitif.  Clarendon. 

3.  The  state  of  being  nominated.  A  B  is  in  nom- 
ination for  governor. 

NO.^'IN-A-TIVE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  name  which 
j>recedes  a  verb,  or  to  the  first  case  of  nouns  ;  as, 
the  vominatipp-  case,  or  nominative  Vtord. 

NOM'IN-A-TIVE,  n.  In  grammar,  the  first  case  of 
names  or  nouns,  and  of  adjectives  which  are  declina- 
ble. 

NOM'IN-A-TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  the 
nominative. 

NOM'L\-A-TOR,  n.     One  that  nominates. 

NOM-IN-EE',  n.  In  law,  the  person  who  is  named  to 
receive  a  copy-hold  estate  on  surrender  of  it  to  the 
lord  ;  sometimes  called  the  surrenderee,      Blackstone. 

2.  A  person  named  or  designated  by  another. 

Patnf. 

3.  A  person  on  whose  life  depends  an  annuity. 
NOM'IN-OR,  n.    He  who  points  out  or  nominates  to 

an  office,  &.c. 
NO-MOG'RA-PHY,  n.    [Gr.  vupos,  law,  and  jpa^w 

to  write.] 

A  treatise  on  laws. 
NOM'O-THKTE,  n.     A  lawgiver.  SmarL 

NOM-O-THET'ie,  )         rn.  ,..     a.,«.  i 

NOM-O-THET'ie-AL,  \  "'     ^^''  yopo^'^rr,i.] 

Legislative  ;  enacting  laws.  Bp.  Bartom. 

NON,  arfo.     [L.]     Not.    This  word  is  used  in  the  Eng 

li-ih  language  as  a  prefix  only,  for  giving  a  negaiiv# 

sense  to  words,  as  in  non-residence,  non-performance. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MF.TE,  PRgY.— PI.VE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


NON 

Hffft-eiistence,  non-payment,  Mon-concurreiice,  non- 
adniisijion,  non-appearance,  non-attendance,  non- 
confunnity,  HOR-compliance^  non-coinnmnion,  and 
the  tike. 

NON-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  A  want  of  ability  ;  in  law,  an 
exception  taken  against  a  plaintitf  in  a  cause,  when 
he  is  unable  legally  to  commence  a  suit. 

XON-A€-0eD'(XG,  a.    Not  acceding. 

NOX-AC'ID,  a.     Not  having  the  qualities  of  an  acid. 

NON-Ae-aUAlNT'ANCE,  n.  Want  of  acquaint- 
ance. Barroto. 

NON'AGE,  It.  fnon,  not,  and  a^e.]  Minority  ;  the 
time  of  life  before  a  persun,  according  to  the  laws  of 
his  country,  becomes  of  age  to  manage  his  own  con- 
cerns. Legal  maturity  of  age  is  different  in  different 
Countries.  In  this  country,  as  in  Great  Britain,  a 
nmn*ti  nonage  continues  till  he  has  completed  twen- 
ty-one years.  J^onage  is  sometimes  the  period  under 
fourteen  years  of  age,  as  in  caj^  of  marriage. 

Bailey.     Encyc. 

NON-A-GE\-A'RI-AN,  n.   One  ninety  years  old. 

NON-A-GES'I-MAL,  a.  and  n.  [L.  nonagcsimust  nine- 
tieth.] 

A  term  applied  to  the  highest  pvint  of  the  ecliptic 
above  the  horizon. 

NON'A  GON,  71.     [L.  nontt^,  nine,  and  Gr.  yojfta,  an 
angle.] 
A  plane  figure  having  nine  sides  and  nine  angles. 

Brande. 

N0N-,\P-PEAR'AN'CE,  n.  Default  of  appearance,  as 
in  court,  to  prosecute  or  defend. 

NOX-AP-POINT'MENT,  n.  Neglect  of  appointment. 

fYanklin. 

JVOJV-JtS-SUMP'STT,  [L.]  The  plea  of  the  defend- 
ant, in  an  action  of  assumpsit,  that  "  be  did  not  un- 
dert.ike  and  promise,"  &.c.  Bourier. 

NON-AT-TEND'ANCE,  n.  A  failure  to  attend; 
omission  of  attendance. 

NOX-ATTEN'TION,  n.    Inattention.  Smft, 

NON-BI-TC'MIN-OUS,  o.    Containing  no  bitumen. 
Juurn.  of  Science. 

NONCE,  n,  [Corruption  of  once.'\  For  the  nonce,  for 
the  once  ;  for  the  present  call  or  occasion.  [  Obsolete 
or  coUoquiaL] 

NON'CnA-LXNCE',  Cnon'sha-llns',)  n.  [Ft.]  In- 
difference; carelessness;   coi>lness. 

NON'CHA-LXNT',  (non'sha-ling',)  a.  [Ft.]  Indif- 
ferent ;  can-less ;  cool. 

NON'-CLAIM,  n.  A  failure  to  make  claim  within  the 
time  limited  by  law  ;  omission  of  claim.       Bailnj. 

NO\-eO-HE'S'tON,  n.     Want  of  cohesion.    Lindley. 

N'ON-eO-I.\'CI-DE\T,  a.     Not  coincident. 

NON-eOM-MIS'SION-£D,  a.  Not  having  a  commis- 
sion, ^'on-commissioned  officers^  in  the  ai-my^  are 
those  below  the  rank  of  ensign  or  cornet,  and  in 
the  naoy,  thoM  below  the  rank  of  lieutenant. 

NON-€OM-MIT'TAL,  n,  A  slate  of  not  being  com- 
mitted or  pledged  ;  forbearance  of  committing  one's 
self.  .American  politics, 

NON-eOM-MON'ION,  (mun'yun,)  n.  Neglect  or 
failure  of  coinmnnton.  B.  Trumbull. 

NON-COM-PH'A.\CE,  n.  Neglect  or  failure  of  com- 
pliance. 

NO.\-eO.M-PLY'ING,  a.  Neglecting  or  refusing  to 
comply.  Hamilton. 

^rOM"  CO.^rPOS  MEJ^'TIS,  \  [h.]      Not  of   sound 

.AfOJV  COJifPOSj  \     mind ;    not   having 

the  regular  Uf*e  of  reason  ;  as  a  noun,  an  idiot ;  a  lu- 
natic ;  one  devoid  of  reason,  either  by  nature  or  by 

NO.\-eON,     See  NoN-ConiEMT.  [accident. 

NON-eON-GLCD'ING,  a.    Not  ending  or  closing. 

Baiter. 

NON-€ON-€UR',  v.  i.    To  dissent  or  refuse  to  concur. 

NON-eON-eUR'RENCE,  n.     A  refusal  to  concur. 

NON-€ON-DUeT'ING,  a.  Not  conducting;  not 
transmitting  another  fluid.  Thus,  in  electricity, 
wax  is  a  non-conducting  substance. 

NON-CONDUCTION,  n.     A  ncm-conductinp.     Urf. 

NON-eON-DUCT'OR,  n.  A  substance  which  does 
not  conduct,  that  is,  transmit  another  substance  or 
Auid,  or  which  transmits  it  with  difficulty.  Thus 
wo(tl  is  a  non-conductor  of  heat ;  glass  and  dry  wood 
arc  non-conductors  of  the  electrical  fluid. 

NON-€ON-FOKM'IST,  n.  One  who  does  not  corn- 
form  to  an  establi-hed  church  ;  ■particularly,  in  Eng- 
land, one  who  refused  to  conform  to  the  established 
church  at  the  restoration  of  Charlie's  II. 

Blackstxine.     Swi^ 

N0N-€ON-FORM'(-TY,  n.  Neglect  or  failure  of  con- 
formity. 

a.  The  neglect  or  refusal  to  unite  with  an  estab- 
lished church  in  its  rites  and  mode  of  worship. 

Btackjitone. 

NON-rON-TA'GtOUS,  (jus,)  a.     Not  contagious. 

NON-eON-TA'GlOU.S-NESS,  «.  The  quality  or  state 
of  b>-ing  not  communicable  from  a  diseased  to  a 
healthy  body. 

NO.\-€ON-TENT',  n.  In  the  British  house  nf  lords, 
one  who  gives  a  negative  vote,  an  not  being  satisfied 
with  thr  measure.  The  word  is  sometimes  abridged 
into  Noo-CoN,  and  applied  to  any  one  wtio  dis- 
sents or  expn«ses  dirfsatiKriclion.  Jofin  Faster. 

N0N-€ON-TRIB'U-TING,  a.    Not  contributing. 

Jefferaon. 


NON 

NON-eO-TEM-PO-RA'NE-OUS,  a.  Not  being  co- 
temiwrarj",  or  not  of  cotemporary  origin. 

Ji)urn.  of  Science. 
NON-DE-LIV'ER-Y,  n,     A  neglect   or  failure  of  de- 
li ver>-.  B!ack.ttone. 
NON-DEP-0-*I"TION,  (-zish'un,)  n.    A   fuUure  to 

deposit  or  throw  down. 
NON'-DE-SfRIPT,  a.     [L.  non,  not,  and  descriptusy 

described.] 
That  has  not  been  described. 
NON'-DE-SCRIPT,  n.    Any  thing  that  has  not  been 

described.   Tlnis  a  plant  or  animal  newly  discovered 

is  c:illed  a  nondescript. 
NON-DE-VEL'OP-MENT,  n.    A  failure  of  develop- 

ment.  Lindley. 

NON-DI3-eOV'ER-Y,  n.    Want  of  discovery. 

Bueklawl. 
NONE,  (n5ne  or  nun,)  a.    [Sax.  non;  ne,  not,  and  ane, 

one.    The  Latins  use  nnno,  neminis,  that  is,  ne  and 

man.] 

1.  Not  one  ;  used  of  persoTts  or  things. 
There  is  non<  tliai  doeth  good  ;  no,  not  one.  —  Pi.  I'vr. 

2.  Not  any  ;  not  a  part ;  not  the  least  portion. 

Six  days  shnll  ye  gfnthcr  it,  biil  on  the  leviMith  dny,  which  li  the 
Sdijbath,  in  it  Uiere  ah-iil  be  non«. —  Ex.  xvi. 

3.  It  was  formerly  used  before  nouns  ;  as,  "  Thou 
Bhalt  have  non?  assurance  of  thy  life."  This  use  is 
obsolete  ;  we  now  use  no  ;  thou  sh;i!t  have  no  assur- 
ance. '*  This  is  non«  other  but  the  house  of  God  ;" 
we  now  say,  no  other. 

4.  It  is  used  as  a  substitute,  Uie  noun  being  omit- 
ted. "  He  walketh  through  drj-  places,  seeking  rest 
and  finding  none ;  "  that  is,  no  rest.    Matt.  xii. 

5.  In  the  following  phrase,  it  is  used  for  nofAin^,  or 
no  concern.  •'  Israel  would  none  of  me,"  that  is,  Is- 
rael would  not  listen  to  me  at  all ;  they  would  have 
no  concern  with  me  ;  they  utterly  rejected  my  coun- 
Bels. 

6.  As  a  substitute,  none  has  a  plural  signification. 

Terra*  of  pface  were  nonx  vouchralVil.  MUton. 

NON-E-LECT',  n,     [L.  non^  not,  and  electusy  elect- 
ed.] 
One  who  is  not  elected  or  chosen  to  salvation. 
//(/  ntington, 
NON-E-LE€'TION,  n.    Failure  of  election. 

Jefferson. 
NON-E-LEC'TRTC,  a.     Conducting  the  electric  fiuid. 
NON-E-LEC'TRie,  n.     A  substance  that  is  not  an 

electric,  or  which  transmits  the  fluid,  as  metals. 
NON-EM  PHAT'iC,  )  a.      Having  no  emphasis; 

NON-EM-PHAT'ie-AL,  i      uncmphalic.      Benttie, 
NON-EN'TI-TY,  n.    Non-existence;  the  negation  of 
being.  Bentley. 

2.  A  thing  not  existing. 

ThfTC  was  no  iiich  Uiingaa  rendering  evil  for  evil,  when  eril  wu 
a  norwntity.  South. 

NON-E-PIS'€0-PAL,  a.  Not  Episcopal ;  not  of  the 
Episcopal  church  or  denomination.      J.  M.  Mason. 

NON-E-PIS-eO-PA'LI-AN,  n.      One   who  do<'8  not 
belong  to  the  Episcopal  church  or  denomination. 
J.  M.  Mason, 

NONES,  n.pC  [L.  nonte;  perhaps  Goth,  niun,  Eng. 
nine.] 

1.  In  the  Roman  calendar,  the  fifth  day  of  the 
months  January,  Februarj-,  April,  June,  August, 
September,  Novembrr,  and  December,  and  the 
seventh  day  of  .March,  May,  July,  and  October. 
The  nones  were  nine  days  from  the  ides,  reckoning 
inclusivtlv,  according  to  the  Roman  method. 

2.  Prayers,  formerly  so  called.  Todd. 
NON-ES-SEN'TIAL,  n.      Non-essentials  are  ihtngs 

not  essei.tial  to  a  particular  puriKJse.    J.  M.  Maxon. 

J^OJ^  EST  l^yt^N-'TUSy  [LJ  He  is  not  found. 
In  latp,  the  return  of  the  shi-rilf  on  a  writ,  when  the 
defendant  is  not  to  be  ftnind.  Bourier. 

NONE'SUCII,  n.  [mme  and  such.]  An  extrdordinary 
thing ;  a  thing  that  has  not  its  equal. 

2.  A  name  given  to  various  plants,  as  black  medic, 
a  variety  of  apple,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Lych- 
nis, &c. 

NON-EXeOM-MC'NieA-BLE,  a.  Not  liable  to  ei- 
cominnnication. 

NON-EX-E-CO'TION,  n.  Neglect  of  execution; 
non-performance. 

NON-EX -IST'ENCE,  (i  like  gz^)  n.    Absence  of  ex- 
istence; the  negation  of  being. 
2.  A  thing  that  has  no  existence  or  being.     Broton. 

NON-EX-IST'ENT,  (i  like  gz^)  a.  Not  having  ex- 
istence. ■  B.  Godwin. 

NON-EX-POR-TA'TIOxV,  n.  A  failure  of  exporta- 
tion ;  a  not  exporting  goods  or  commodities. 

NONEX-TEN'SILE,  a.    That  can  not  be  stretched. 

NON-FRA'SANCE,  n.     In  law,  a  failure  to  perform. 

NON  FJ;L-FILL'MENT,  n.  Neglect  or  failure  to  ful- 
fill. 

NO-NILL'ION,  (-yun,)  n.  [L.  nonu.?,  nine,  and  mil- 
lion.] 

According  to  the  English  notation,  the  number  pro- 
duced by  involving  a  million  to  the  ninth  power;  a 
unit  with  54  ciphers  annexed.  According  to  the 
French  notation,  a  unit  with  30  ciphers  annexed. 

NON-IM-PORTA'TION,  n.  Want  or  failure  of  im- 
portation ;  a  not  importing  goods. 


NON 

NON-IM-PoRT'ING,  a.  Not  bringing  from  foreign 
Countries. 

NON-JOIN'DER,  n.  The  omission  of  some  person 
who  ought  to  have  been  made  a  plaintitT  or  defend- 
ant in  a  suit.  Bouvtcr. 

NON-JC'R'ING,  a.  [L.  non,  not,  and  juro^  to  swear.] 
Not  swearing  alleciance  ;  an  epithet  applied  to  the 
party  in  Great  Britain  that  would  not  swear  allegi- 
ance to  the  Hanoverian  family  and  government. 

NON-JO'UOR,  n.  Ill  Oreat  BrUain,  one  who  refused 
to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  government  and 
crown  of  Enttland  at  the  revolution,  when  James  II. 
abdicated  the  throne,  and  the  Hanoverian  family 
was  introduced.  The  non-jurors  were  tlie  adhe- 
rents of  James. 

JVO^r  LVQ.UETy  [L.]  It  is  not  clear;  a  term  used 
when  a  pi-rson  votes  on  neither  side  of  a  question, 
because  undecided  in  his  mind.       % 

NON-.MA-LIG'NANT,a.  Not  malignant,  as  a  disease. 

NON-MAN-II-FAC'TTTR-ING,  a.  Not  carrying  on 
manufactures  ;  us  non-manufttcturing  States. 

Hamilton. 

NON-MEM'BER,  v.     Not  a  member. 

NON-MEM'BER-SHIP,  n.  State  of  not  being  a  mem- 
ber. 

NON-ME-TAL'Lie,  a.    Not  consisting  of  metal. 

Coie^s  Orjila. 

NON-NAT'U-RALS,  n.  p*.     [L.  non-naluralia.] 

In  medicine,  this  quaint  phrase  is  employed  to  des- 
ignate deficiencies, excesses, and  irregularities:  1,  in 
sleeping  and  watching  ;  2,  in  exercise  and  rest ;  3,  in 
the  afiU'Ctioiis  and  passions ;  4,  in  the  secretions  and 
excretions;  5,  in  eating,  drinking,  and  abstinence; 
6,  in  exposure  to  vicissitudes  or  alternations  of  tem- 
perature :  these  are  all  that  were  reckoned  by  the 
ancients  ;  but,  to  the  same  class  of  agencies  belong 
undoubtedly,  7,  exposure  to  vicissitudes  or  alterna- 
tiitns  of  drought  and  moisture;  and  8,  exposure  to 
the  effluvia  or  exhalations  from  known  and  palpable 
dead  and  decomposing  matter;  or,  in  other  words, 
fermrmting  and  putrefying  vegeUible  and  animal  sub- 
stances, as,  for  example,  cabbages,  onions,  &,c.,  or  car- 
casses antl  otfals  of  markets  and  slaughter-houses, 
fi>h  used  as  a  mnnure,  &.C.,  the  ordinary  excretions 
from  living  animals  in  a  state  of  vitiation  from  ac- 
cumulation, confinement,  increased  temperature,  and 
decomposition  ;  as,  for  example,  the  halitus  from  the 
lungs,  the  perspired  fluid,  the  urine,  and  the  intes- 
tinal discharges  ;  also,  from  more  simple  chemical 
actions,  which  extricate  copiously,  and  in  very  near- 
ly, if  not  quite  a  pure  state,  carbonic  acid  gas,  ni- 
trous acid  gas,  sulphohydrous  acid  gas,  chlorine  gas, 
&c.  All  of  these  operate  in  the  same  manner,  and 
stand  in  the  same  relation,  as  respects  the  causation 
of  disease. 

NON-0-BE'DI-ENCE,  n.    Neglect  of  obedience. 

M'dner. 

NON-OB-SERV'ANCE,  n.  Neglect  or  failure  to  ob- 
serve or  fulfill. 

J\rOJ^  OB-STJiJSr'TE,  [L.]  Notwithstanding;  in 
opposition  to  what  has  been  stated,  or  is  to  be  stated 
or  admitted. 

A  clause  in  statutes  and  letters  patent,  importing  a 
license  from  the  king  to  do  a  thing  which,  being  re- 
strained by  act  of  parliament,  cannot  be  done  with- 
out such  license.  Eneyc. 

NONPA-REIL',  (non-pa-rel',)  n.  [Fr.  nony  not  or  no, 
and  pareil,  equal.] 

1.  Excellence  uncquated.  Shak. 

2.  A  sort  of  apple. 

3.  A  sort  of  printing  type,  very  small,  and  tJie 
smallest  now  used  except  three,  viz.^  ruby,  pearl, 
and  diamond. 

NON-PA-REIL',  (non-pa-rel')  a.  Having  no  equal; 
peerless,  Whitlock. 

NON-PA  Y'MENT,  n.     Neglect  of  payment. 

S.  E.  Ditight. 

NON-PER-FORM'AXCE,  n.     A  failure  to  perform. 

NON'PLUS,  n,  [L.  non,  not,  and  plus,  more,  fur- 
ther.] 

Puzzle;  insuperable  difficulty;  a  state  in  whith 
one  is  unable  to  proceed  or  decidt;.     Locke.     South. 

NON'PLUS,  r.  (.  'I'opUK/.Ie;  to  confound;  to  put  to 
a  stand  ;  to  stop  by  embarrassment.  Dryden, 

Your  lituation  bai  nonplused  me.  T.  ScotL 

N0N'PLUS-£D,  (non'plust,)pp.     Puzzled  ;  put  to  a 

stand. 
NON-PON-DER-OS'I-TY,  n.    Destitution  of  weight ; 

levity.  Black. 

NON-PON'DER-OITS,  a.     Having  no  weight. 
NON-PRODUCTION,  n.     A  failure  to  produce  or 

exhibit. 
NON-PRO  FES'.SION.AL,  (-pro-fesh'un  al,)  a.    Not 

belonginc  to  n  profession  ;  not  done  by  or  proceeding 

from  professional  men.  Miner. 

NON-PR0-FI"CIEN-CY,  n.    Failure  to  make  prog- 

ress, 
NON-PRO  FI"CIENT,  (-fish'ent,)  n.     One  who  has 

failed  to  improve  or  make  progress  in  any  study  or 

pursuit.  Bp.  Hah 

JVOJV  PROS.      [Contraction   of  L.   non  pTosejuttar.\ 

In  law,  a  judgment  entered  against  the  plaintiff  in  a 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SlI;  TH  os  In  THIS. 


755 


NON 

Buit   where  be  does  not  appear  to  prosecute.     It  Is 
UM-d  al?K>  as  a  verb. 
NON-PROS'S£D,  (-proBt,)  a.    Denoting  a  suit  which 

is  dmpped,  not  prosecuted. 
NOX-RE-GXRD'ANCE,  n.    Want  of  due  regard. 

Diet. 
KON-HE'GEXT,   n.      In   the   Enirlish  vnivfrgities,   a 
tcnu  applied  to  those  nia--ters  of  arts  wriose  regency 
has  ci'asi'd.     f?ee  Rcoest.1 
NON-REN-Dl''TION.  (-dishorn,)  n,    Nee'cct  of  ren- 
dition ;  the  not  rendering  wliat  is  due. 

The  noo-P«iyn»Mil  of  &  H***,  or  the  non-rtndiiion  of »  •"•rrfce 
which  f«  dup,  k  an  injury  for  which  the  nit<aequem  irpua^ 
ttooof  thek«»uiocd— hw>  »u»emeoL         _    ,  . 

S.  St  XnMf  At. 

NON-RE-SEM'BL.\NCE,  n.  Unlilieness;  dlssimi- 
Isriiv. 

NON-RES'I-DENt'E,  w.  Failure  or  nrplect  of  re- 
sidini;  ni  the  place  where  one  is  tttiitioned,  or  where 
oAcial  duties  require  one  to  reside,  or  on  one*s  own 
lands.  Swift 

NO. \- RES' I -DENT,  a.  Not  residine  in  a  particular 
place,  oo  one's  own  estate,  or  in  one's  pniper  pliice  ; 
as,  •  nem-rtsiilgHt  clerg>'rann  or  propritrtor  of  lands. 

NON-REa'I-DENT,  tu  "One  who  docs  not  resi.le  on 
one*s  own  lands,  or  in  (he  place  where  official 
duties  require.  In  t^n^ltuni,  nom-rtxidritt  is  p;irttcu- 
larly  applied  to  clert\ men  who  live  away  from  tlieir 
cures.  In  tMe  Cniied  Stated^  lands  in  one  slate  or 
township  beloncin^  to  n  pt-rson  residinp  in  another 
state  or  township,  are  called  the  lands  of  non-re^i- 
dmts. 

NON-RE^SIST'AXCE,  n.  The  omission  of  resist- 
ance ;  passive  obedience ;  submission  to  authority, 
piwer,  nr  n-«nrpalion  without  oppti^iiion. 

NON-RE-»l:?T'ANT,  a.  Making  no  resistance  to 
power  or  oppression.  Jtrbathnot. 

NO.\-UE«lt!T'A.NT,  i*.  One  who  maintains  that  no 
resistance  should  t»e  made  to  the  injuries  indicted  by 
others. 

NON-SANE',  a.     [I*  non^  not,  and  atmus,  sound.] 

Unsound  -y    not  perfect  j  as,  a  person   of  nonsant 
memorw  Blaekjtome. 

NON  SENi'E,  «.  No  sens*  ;  words  or  langiiajje  which 
have  nt>  meaning,  or  which  convey  no  just  ideas  ; 
absunlily.  Dryden. 

2,  Trifles  ;  things  of  no  importance.      Thomtwn. 
■X'ottsrHse  rer,-tf*,  are  lines  ni:tde  stplely  fur  improve- 
ment in  versificaiion,  by   Uikiug  any  words  which 
occur,  without  reference  to  furuiiug  any  connected 
iiense. 

NON'-£!ENS'I&AL,  «.    Unmeaning  j  absurd  ^  foolish. 

Rny. 

NON-SENS'ie-.^L-LY,  adv.  Absurdly  ;  without 
mf'aning. 

NUN-fiENS'IC-AL-N"ESS,  «.  Jargon  ;  absurdity  ; 
that  which  conreva  no  pniper  ideas. 

NON-S£N±5'l-TIV£^  a.    Wanting  seoae  or  perception. 

FeltMam, 

JfOX-SE^'UITURy  (-sck'we-tur,)  [L.]  It  does  not 
fulhiw. 

In  loffie^  an  inference  which  does  not  follow  from 
the  prrmi^'es. 

NON-SLA  VE'imLD-ING,  a.     N..t  possessing  slaves. 

NON-^O-LO'TIOX,  it.  Filure  of  solution  or  expla- 
nation. Bn>ome. 

NON->'OLV'EX-rY,  a.     Inability  to  pav  debts.  Sttijt 

NON-SOLV'EXT,  a.  Not  able  to  jiay  debts  ;  insolv- 
ent. Johnson, 

NOX-SOLV'EXT,  ■.     An  insolvent.  Smart. 

NON-SPAR'IXG,  a.  Sparing  none;  all-destroying; 
merciless.  Shak. 

NOX-SUB-MIS'PION,  n.    Want  of  submission. 

NO.\-.'^L'B-MlS'SI\E,  a.     Not  submi^ive. 

NOX'SrCH.     See  Xoxesuch. 

NOX'PCIT,  a.  In  law,  the  default,  neglect,  or  non- 
appearance of  the  plaintifl*  in  a  suit,  wh'>n  called  in 
court,  by  which  the  plaintiff  si^nities  his  intention 
to  drop  the  suiL  Hence,  a  noa^Htt  BIIt^unts  to  a  stop- 
page of  the  suit.  A  nonsuit  differs  fmm  a  retmrit :  a 
ntnunit  is  the  defmlt  or  neglect  of  Ihe  plaintilT,  and 
alter  this  he  may  bring  another  suit  for  Ihe  same 
canse;  but  a  rftrazit  is  an  open,  positive  renuncia- 
tion of  the  suit,  by  which  he  forever  loses  his  action. 
[See  the  verb.]  BlackjOone, 

NOX  SCIT,  r.  t.  To  determine  or  record  that  the 
plaintitT  dmps  his  suit,  on  default  of  appearance 
when  called  4n  court.  When  a  plaintiff,  being 
called  in  court,  declin*-*  to  answer,  or  when  he  neg- 
lects to  deliver  his  declaration,  he  is  supposed  to 
dmp  his  suit;  he  is  thrn-fore  noMjuirprf,  that  is,  his 
non-appearnnce  is  entered  on  the  record,  and  this 
entry  amounts  to  a  judgment  of  the  court  that  the 
plaintiff  has  dropped  the  suiL 

When  two  ue  Wined  ia  a  wvA,  and  ooe  b  Mmniitotf. 

Z.S>tift. 

NON'SOIT,  a.    Xonsuited. 

Thr  pUntiff  in«isi  tvcome  nonmiC.  Tyng'a  Rgp. 

NON'Ft>IT-ED,  pp.     Adjudged   to  hate  deserted  the 

suit  by  dffault  of  appearance  ;  as  a  plaintiff. 
NOX*'SCIT-IXO,  ppr.     Adjudging  to  have  abandoned 

the  snii  hy  non-appearance,  or  other  neglect,  as  a 

plaintiff. 
NON-TEX'URE,  a.    In  Imr,  a  plea  of  a  defendant, 


NOR 

that  he  did  not  hold  the       id,  as  affirmed  by  the 
plaintiff. 

NOX'-TERM,  n.  A  vacation  between  two  terms  of  a 
court. 

NOX-II'XI-FORM-IST,  «.  One  who  believes  that 
past  changes  in  the  structure  of  the  earth  have 
proceeded  from  causes  more  violent  than  are  now 
operaiinp.  Jim,  Ectect, 

NON-i;S'AXCE,  (non-yu'zanse,)  n.  Neglect  of  using. 

BroiCtt, 

NON-l^S'ER,  (non-yQ'zer,)  «.    A  not  using;  failure 
to  use  ;  neglect  of  otiicial  duly  ;  default  of  perform- 
ing tlia  duties  and  services  required  of  an  otHcer. 
An  office  m^y  hr  forfrltml  hj  niisuaer  or  non-uter.     BUuJcstatte. 

2.  Neglect  or  omission  of  use. 

•  A  franchise  mnf  bo  loM  \>y  miauMr  or  non-%iitr. 

Huprtm*  Court,  V.  S. 

NOO'DLE,  n.     A  simpleton.     [^  vulffar  tcorrf.] 
NOQK,  n,     [See  Niche.]     A  corner  ;  a  narrow  place 
formed  by  an  angle  in  bodies  or  between  bodies  ;  as, 
a  hollow  nook.  Milton. 

NOON,  n.  [Sax.  non  :  D.  noen  ;  W.  nAirn,  that  is,  at 
the  summit  i  said  to  be  from  nair,  that  is,  up  or  ulti- 
mate, that  limits,  also  nine.  It  has  been  suppitsed 
that  the  ninth  hour,  among  the  Romans,  was  the 
tinte  of  eating  the  chief  meat ;  tliis  hour  was  three 
o'clock,  P.  M.  In  Danish,  none  is  un  after  nooning, 
a  collation.] 

1.  The  middle  of  the  day  ;  the  time  when  the  sun 
is  in  the  meridian  ;  twelve  o^clock. 

2.  Dr>den  and  others  have  "noon  of  night,"  for 
midnight. 

NOON,  a.     Meridional. 

Uow  oU.  the  noon  bell.  Young. 

NOON'DAY,  M.    Midday  ;  twelve  o'clock  in  the  day. 

Botjle. 
NOOX'DAY,  a.     Pertaining  to  midday  ;  meridional  ; 

as,  the  nomidaif  heaL 
NOOX'IXG,  H. '  Repose  at  noon  ;  sometimes,  repast  at 

nf>on.  Jiddifon, 

NOOX'STE.\D,  (-Sled.)  «.    The  staUon  of  the  sun  at 

noon.  Droyton. 

NOOX'TIDE,  a.     [See  Tipe,  which  signifies  time.] 
The  time  of  nmtn  ;  midday.  Shjtk. 

NOOX'TIDE,  a.    Pertaining  to  noon  ;  meridional. 

Mtiton. 
NOOSE.  (noo7.,)  n.     [Ir.  nast  a  band  or  tie  ;  ntu^aim, 
to  bina  or  tie.] 

A  running  snot,  which  binds  the  closer  the  more 
it  is  drawn. 

Wh«ip  Ih^  hnnj^mn  do^t  rltfipoae 

To  •[■■cal  fneotj  Utf  knut  of  noott.  HudQmu, 

NOOSE,  (nooz,)  r.  t    To  tie  in  a  noose  ;  to  catch  in  a 

nof)f«e  ;  to  entrap  ;  to  insnare. 
NOO»'£D,  rnoozd,}  pp.    Caught  in  a  noose. 
NOOTH'S    AP-PA-RA'TUS,  n,      A   series  of   three 
glass  vessels,  placed  vertically,  for  the  purpose  of 
impregnating  water  with  cnrt>onic  acid  gas.     Brande. 
NO'PAL,  II.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Cactus,  or  0(«iniia, 
from  which  the  cochineal  is  collected  in  Mexico;  In- 
dian fig. 
NOPE,  K.    A  provincial  name  for  the  bullfinch. 

Eiiin.  Eneyc, 
NOR,  connretive,     [ne  and  or.}     A  word  tliat  denies  or 
renders  negative  the  second  or  subsequent  part  of  a 
pn>position,  nr  a  profHwrii'  n  following  another  nega- 
tive proposition  ;  correlative  to  Neither  or  Not. 
I  infith^r  \o-n  nor  fcar  Ih^e.  Skat, 

Fi^tit  n>-iihT  with  »mall  nor  ^r^au —  I  Kin»s  xxii. 
E.V!  h.»th  not  ■rcii,  nor  ear  beanJ.  —  1  Cor.  U. 

2.  JVor  sometimes  begins  a  sentence,  but  in  this 
case  a  negative  proposition  has  preceded  it  in  the 
foregoing  sentence. 

3.  In  some  cases,  usually  in  poetry,  neither  is 
omitted,  and  the  negation  which  it  would  express  is 
included  in  nor. 

SimnU  nor  Xsnthua  ihaU  be  w&nun^  there.  Dryden. 

That  is,  neither  Simois  nor  Xanthiis. 

4.  Sometimes,  in  poetry,  nor  is  used  for  neithery  in 
the  first  part  of  Ihe  proposition. 

1  wliorn  nor  avarke  nor  pleasures  move.  Waith. 

NOR'FOLK  eR,\G,  n.  In  geoloay,  an  English  terti- 
ary formation,  consisting  of  irregular,  ferruginous, 
san4ty  clay,  mixed  with  marine  shells.     Buchanan. 

XCIU-UM,  n.    A  metal  recently  discovered  in  Zircon. 

XOR'MAL,  o,  [L.  norwalisy  from  normo,  a  square,  a 
rule.] 

1.  According  to  a  square  or  rule ;  perpendicular; 
forming  a  right  angle. 

2.  Regular;  according  to  an  established  law,  rule, 
or  principle. 

3.  Relating  to  rudiments  or  elements;  teaching 
nidiuients  or  first  principles;  as,  nor/noi  schools  in 
France. 

NOR'MAL  GROL'P,  in  ^eolotry,  is  a  group  of  certain 
rocks  taken  as  a  rule  or  standard.  LyelL 

NOR'MAL,  n.  A  peri»endicular.  In  the  geometry  of 
curve  lines,  the  normal  to  a  curve  at  any  point  is  a 
straight  line  per|>endicnlar  to  the  tangent  nt  that 
point,  and  included  between  the  curve  and  the  axis 
of  Ihe  abscissa. 


NOS 

NOR'MAL  SCHOOL,  n.  An  institution  for  training 
up  persons  to  teach  common  schools. 

NOK'MAX,  71.  In  seamen^s  lanpuufre,  a  short,  wooden 
bar,  to  be  thrust  into  a  lioTe  of  the  windlass,  un 
which  to  fasten  the  cable.  Mar.  Diet. 

NOR'MAX,  n.  [mrrth-fnan  or  nord^man,]  A  Norwe- 
gian, or  n  native  of  Normandy. 

XOR'MAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Normandy  or  to  the 
Normans  ;  as,  the  Gorman  language. 

NORXS,  n.  pi.  In  Scandinavian  inutfiolofrij,  the  three 
Fates,  past,  present^  and  faturCy  whose  decrees  were 
irrevocable. 

NOR'ROY,  n.  [north  and  roi/,  north  king.]  The  title 
of  (he  third  of  the  three  kings  at  anus  or  prnvincitd 
heralds.  Burke. 

NORSE,  n.    The  language  of  ancient  Scandinavia. 

XORTH,  n.  [Sns.  nwfA:  G.  Sw.  and  Dnn.mrrd;  D. 
noord ;  It.  norte;  Fr.  nord ;  Arm.  id.;  Sp.  non/,  the 
north  winil,  and  norte  north,  the  arctic  pole,  and  n 
rule  or  guide.  I  know  not  the  origin  of  this  word, 
nor  its  primary  sense.  It  may  have  been  applied 
first  to  the  [Kjle  star,  or  to  the  wind,  like  Burrag.] 

One  of  the  cardinal  points,  being  that  point  of  the 
hori/.on  which  is  directly  opposite  to  the  sun  in  the 
nuTidinn,  un  the  left  hand,  when  we  stand  with  the 
face  to  the  east ;  or  it  is  that  point  of  intersectiim 
of  the  huri/.ou  and  meridian  which  is  nearest  our 
pole.  Cyc. 

NORTH,  a.  Being  in  the  north  ;  as,  the  north  polar 
star. 

NORTH-P.AST',  n.  The  point  between  the  north  and 
east,  at  an  equal  distance  from  each. 

NOKTH-KAST',  a.  Pertaining  to  the  north-east,  or 
proceeding  from  that  point ;  as,  a  north-east  wind. 

NORTH-kAST'ER-LY,  a.     Toward  the  north-east. 

XOKTII-r:AST'ERN,a.  Pertaining  to  or  being  in  tlie 
north-east,  or  in  a  direction  to  the  north-east 

NORTH'ER-LY,  a.     Being  toward  the  north. 
2.  From  the  north. 

[We  use  this  word  and  Northebw  with  consider- 
able latitude.] 

NORTH'ER-LY,  ado.  Toward  the  north  ;  as,  to  sail 
northerly. 

2.  In  a  northern  direction  ;  as,  a  course  northerly. 

3.  Proceeding  from  a  northern  point. 
NORTHERN,  a.     Being  in  the  north,  or  nearer  to 

that  point  than  to  the  east  or  west. 

Q.  In  a  direction  toward  the  north,  or  a  point  near 
it ;  as,  to  steer  a  northern  course. 

JVorthcrn  lights.     See  At'BosA  Borealis. 

NORTH'ERN-ER,  n.  One  a  native  or  resident  in  the 
north  ;  in  (Ac  United  States,  opposed  to  Southebne-h. 

NORTU'ERN-LY,  ado.  Toward  the  north.  [JVoe 
vard.  ]  HakejetU. 

NORTII'ERN-M5ST,a,  Situated  at  the  point  furthest 
north. 

NORTH'IXG,  n.  Distance  northward  fl*om  any  point 
of  departure,  measured  on  a  meridian. 

NORTH'MAN,  n,  ,■  pi.  Northmew.  A  name  given  to 
the  inhabitants  of  the  north  of  Europe,  the  ancient 
Scandinavians;  whence,  JsTorman. 

NORTH'-STAR,  n.     The  north  polar  star. 

NOKTH'VVARD,  a.     [Sax.  north  and  weard.] 

Being  toward  the  north,  or  nearer  to  the  north  than 
to  the  east  and  west  points. 

NORTH'WAKD,  ado.  Toward  the  north,  or  toward 
a  point  nearer  to  the  north  than  the  east  and  west 
points.  Bacon.     Dryden. 

NOHTH'WARD-LY,  a.     Having  a  northern  direction. 

NORTH'WAIU)-LY,  adv.     In  a  northern  direction. 

NORTH-WEST',  71.  The  point  in  the  horizon  be- 
tween the  north  and  west,  and  equally  distant  from 
each. 

NORTH-WEST',  a.  Pertaining  (o  the  point  between 
the  north  and  west ;  being  in  the  north-west ;  as,  the 
norih-we^t  coast. 

2.  Proceeding  from  the  norlh-wcst ;  as,  a  north  we^t 
wind. 

NORTH-WEST'ER-LY,  a.     Toward  the  north-west. 
2.  From  the  north-west,  as  a  wind. 

NORTH-WEST'ERX,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  being  in 
the  north-west,  or  in  a  direction  to  the  north-west ;  as, 
a  vorth'icrstem  course. 

NOR  TH'-WIND,  n.  The  wind  that  blows  from  the 
north.  fVatti. 

NOR-Wf/GI-AN,  a.  Belonging  to  Norway.  Shak- 
spi^are  has  Nobwetai*. 

NOR  We'CjI-AX,  n.     A  native  of  Norway. 

Nose,  n.  [Sax.  nose,  jurse.^  nase ;  G.  nose;  D.  neus ; 
Sw.  Tidsa  ;  Dan.  mxse  ;  L-  nasus  ;  It.  va.so  ;  Fr.  nez ; 
Russ.  nos :  Dalmatian,  nooss ;  Sans.  Tio-^a.  (lu.  Or. 
f/TTof,  an  ii^Ie.  It  occurs  in  Peloponnesus,  the  pmm- 
ontory  of  Pelops.  It  seems  to  be  the  same  word,  or 
from  the  same  root,  as  ness,  in  Shr.erne^s.] 

1.  The  prominent  part  of  the  face,  which  is  the 
organ  of  smell,  consisting  of  two  similar  cavities 
called  nostrils.  The  nose  serves,  also,  to  modulate 
the  voice  in  speaking,  and  to  discharge  the  tears 
which  flow  through  the  lachrymal  ducts.  Through 
this  organ,  also,  the  air  usually  passes  in  respiration, 
and  it  constitutes  no  small  part  of  the  beauty  of  the 
fare.  In  man,  the  nose  is  situated  near  the  middle 
of  the  face  ;  but  in  qiiadnipcds,  the  nose  is  at  or  near 
the  lower  extremity  of  the  head. 


Fate,  FXR,  FALL,  WHJ^T.  — METE,  PRgY.  — PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD,  —  NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.- 


NOT 

Q.  The  end  of  any  thing  ;  ss,  the  nose  of  a  bellows. 

HvLder. 
3.  Scent ;  sagacity. 

Wo  are  not  uff^nded  with  ■  do' for  a  liclter  note  than  his  inul<^r. 

ColiUr. 
To  lead  by  the  nose  ;  to  lead  hiindly. 
To  be  led  by  Vu  note;  to  follow  another  obsequious- 
ly, or  to  be  led  without  resistance  or  inquiring  the 
rea^Hin. 

To  thrust  one^s  nose  into  the  affairs  nf  others ,-  to 
meddle  orticiously  in  other  people's  matters  j  to  be  a 
bujiybody. 

To  put  one's  nose  out  of  joint ;  to  alienate  thi)  aficc- 
tron^  from  another. 
NOSE,  P.  e.    To  smell ;  to  scenU  Shak. 

2.  To  face  ;  to  oppose  to  the  face.  Wood. 

NOSE,  P.  i.     To  look  big  ;  to  bluster.     [J^ot  usfd.) 

Sliak, 
NO?E'-B.\G,  n.     A  bap  to  be  tied  to  a  horse's  nose, 

conlamins  a  feed  of  oats,  maize,  &.c. 
NOSE'-BAND,  n.      That    jwirt  of  the  headstall  of  a 
bridle  which  comes  over  a  horae's  nose. 

Farm.  Encye. 
NoSE'BLEED,  n.    A  hemorrhage  or  bleeding  at  the 
nose. 
2,  A  plant  of  the  penus  Achillea. 
NoS'ED,  (nozd,)  a.     Having  a  nose  ;  as  in  Ion2-no>«cA 

2.   Having  sagacity.  Midillcton. 

NoSE'-FI.SH,  n.     A  fish  of  the  leather-mouthed  kind, 
with  a  flat,  blunt  snout;  called,  also,  Hboad-swout. 
Dirt,  JsTitt.  Hist, 
NOSE'GXY,  n.     [nose  and  Celtic  geac,  a  bough.] 

A  bunch  of  (lowers  used  to  regaie  the  sense  of 
smelling. 

As  on  the  nottgixy  in  her  brrost  recliaed.  P<^. 

\OSK'LE.^S,  a.     Destitute  of  a  nose.  Shak. 

\o?i:'."^MART,  n.     A  plant,  Nasturtium  ;  cresses. 
NOSE'THRIU     See  Nostril. 
No'SLNG,  n.     The  molding  or  part  of  the  tread-board 

of  a  stair,  which  projects  over  the  riser. 
NOa'LE.  (noz'zJ,)  n.     [from  nose.]     A  little  nose;  the 
extremity  of  a  thing  j   as,  the  noete  of  a  bellows. 
[See  NoxzLE.l 
NO-SO-€O.M'I€-AL,  a.    Relating  to  a  hospital. 
NO-SOG'RA-PHY,  n.    The  science  of  the  description 

of  diseases. 
aoS-O-LOG'lG-Al^a.     [See  Nosologv.]     Pertnining 
to  nosolog>',  or  a  systematic  classification  of  dis< 

N0-S0L'0-6IST,  «,  One  who  classifiM  diseases, 
arranges  them  in  ordur,  and  gives  tlicm  suitable 
names. 

NO-SOL'O-CY,  n.  [Gr.  votroi,  disease,  and  Xoyos, 
discourse.] 

1.  A  systematic  arrangement  or  classification  of 
diseases  with  names  and  definitions,  according  to 
the  distinctive  character  of  each  class,  order,  genus, 
and  species.  Kncye. 

2.  That  branch  of  medical  science  which  treats  of 
the  classification  of  diseases. 

NO-SO-PO-ET'ie,  a.  [Gr.  foaoi,  disease,  and  irotrw, 
to  produce.] 

Producing  diseases.     [LittU  vsed.]        .Arhutknot. 
NOS-TAL.'01-A,  n.     [Gr.  fturrccj,  to  return,  and  aX>os, 
grief] 

Homesickness  ;  a  species  of  melancholy,  resulting 
from  absenc«  from  one's  home  or  country. 

Rnctjr.  Jim,     Brandt, 
NOS-TAI/6ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  nostalgia. 
NOH'TRIL,  n.     [Sax.  nosnhyrl,  mBestkiirl,     Thyrl^  or 
tkirrl^  is  an  opening  or  perforation  ;  thirliany  thyrlian^ 
to  bore,  to  perforate,  to  (An//,  to  drilL     8ee  Dbili-J 

An   aperture  or  passage  through  the   nose.     The 
noNtrils  are  the  passages  through  which  air  is  inhaled 
and  exhaled  in  respiration. 
NOS'TRUM,  B.     [U,  from  nostrr^  ours.] 

A  medicine,  the  ingredients  of  wliich  are  kept 
secret  for  the  purpose  of  restricting  the  profits  of  sale 
to  the  inventor  or  proprietor  ;  a  quack  medicine. 

Pope. 
NOT,  adv.     [Sax.  naht  or  nofu^  naught,  that  is,  ne  and 
airiJU,  not  any  thing ;  I),  ntet;  G.  nicht;  Russ.  tiief«; 
Scot.  nockL     See  Naiioht.] 

1.  A  word  that  expresses  negation,  denial,  or  re- 
Aisal;  as.  he  will  not  go;  wilt  you  remain.'  I  will 
not.  In  the  first  member  of  a  sentence,  it  may  be 
followed  by  nor  or  neither ;  as,  not  for  a  price  nor  re- 
ward ;  I  was  not  in  safety,  neither  had  I  rest. 

2.  With  the  substantive  verb  in  the  following 
phrase,  it  denies  being,  or  denotes  extinction  of  ex- 
istence. 

Tliinr  pfn  are  «f«n  Dpon  mm,  and  I  nm  noL  — Jul)  tU. 

JfO'TA  BE'J^Ey  [L.]    Observe  well ;  take  particular 

notice. 
NO'TA-BLE,  o.     [Fr.  notable  ;  "L.  notabUiSf  from  nottui, 

known  ;  nosco,  to  know.] 

1.  Worthy  of  notice;  remarkable;  memorable; 
Doted  or  distinguished. 

2.  In  Scripture^  conspicuous  ;  sightly  ;  as,  a  notable 
horn.     Dan,  viii. 

3.  Notoriotxs;  well  known.    MaU.  zxvlii. 

4.  Terrible,    .^cta  ii. 

5   Known  or  apparenL    Acts  tv. 


NOT 

NOT'A-BLE,  a.  Active;  industrious;  distinguished 
for  good  niiUiagcmcnt ;  a.s,  a  notable  woman  or  house- 
keeper. 

NO'TA-BLE,  n.     A  person  of  note  or  distinction. 

2.  In  France^  the  assembly  of  the  notables,  before 
the   revolution,  consisted  of  a   number  of  persons, 
chiefly  of  the  higher  orders,  appointed  by  the  king  to 
constitute  a  representative  body  of  the  kingdom. 
Kdin,  F.ncyc. 

NO'TA-BLE,  n.  A  thing  worthy  of  observation. 
[Rare.]  Addison. 

NO'TA-BI.E-NE?'S,  n.     RemarkaWeness. 

NOT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Bustling  activity ;  induslrious- 
ness.     [fJttle  vsfd,] 

NO'TA-BLY,  adv.     Memorably  ;   remarkably ;   emi- 
nently. Bacon. 
2.  With  show  of  consequence  or  importance. 

Addison, 

NOT'A-BLY,  adv.  With  bustling  activity;  industri- 
ously. 

NO-TA'RI-AL,  a,     [from   notary.']     Pertaining   to  a 
notary  ;  as,  a  notarial  seal ;  notarial  evidence  or  at- 
testation. 
9.  Done  or  taken  by  a  notary. 

NO-TA'Rf-AL-LY,  ailv.     In  a  notarial  manner. 

No'T.^-RY,  n,  [L.  notaritis,  from  nottis.  Known,  from 
nosco. I 

1.  Primarily^  a  person  employed  to  take  notes  of 
contracts,  trials,  and  proceedings,  in  courts  among 
the  Romans. 

2.  In  modem  u-^arre,  an  officer  authorized  to  attest 
and  protest  notes  and  contracts  or  writings  of  any 
kind,  to  give  them  the  evidence  of  authenticity. 

NO'T.\-RY  PL'B'Lie,  n.  A  notary;  one  appointed 
to  attest  deeds  and  other  instruments,  to  protest  notes, 
and  certify  copies  of  agreement,  &c  Bouvier. 

NO-TA'TI0.\,  n.     [L.  notatio,  from  noto,  to  mark.] 

1.  The  act  or  practice  of  recording  any  thing  by 
marks,  figures,  or  characters;  particularly,  in  aritfi- 
mctic  and  aljrehra,  the  expressing  of  numbers  and 
quantities  by  figures,  signs,  or  clioracters,  appropri- 
ate for  the  purpose. 

2.  Meaning ;  signification. 

Contci^tic,  acconlin^  to  tif  very  notation  ot  the  word,  Imixirta 
a  douLite  knuwl'fj^.     [l/nutuai.]  South. 

NOTCH,  n.  [qu.  G.  knieken,  to  crack  or  flaw,  Dan. 
knikker.  It  seems  to  be  the  same  word  in  origin  as 
niche^  nick.     Class  Ng,  No.  49.] 

1.  A  hollow  cut  in  any  thing ;  a  nick  ;  an  indenta- 
tion. 

And  on  the  stick  ten  eqiiril  nolchet  makes.  SiM/t. 

2.  An  opening  or  narrow  passage  through  a  moun- 
tain or  hill.     We  say  the  notch  of  a  mountain. 

United  Slate.t. 

NOTCH,  V.  t.  To  cut  in  small  hollows  ;  as,  to  notch  a 
stick.  Pope.,. 

NOTCH'-BOARD,  n.  The  board  which  receives  the 
ends  of  the  step">  in  a  staircase. 

NOTCH'El),  (notcht,)  pp.     Cut  into  small  holIo\vs. 

NOTCirr.XG,  ppr.     Cutting  into  small  hollows. 

NOTCHING,  n.  The  act  of  cutting  into  small  hol- 
lows :  also,  the  small  hollow,  or  hollows  cut. 

NOTCH'-WEED,  n.     A  plant  called  Orach.  Johnson. 

NOTE,  for  Nk  VV' ote  ;  knew  not,  or  could  not. 

Chaucer.     Spenser. 

NOTE,  M.  [L.  nota ;  Fr.  note ;  W.  nod ;  from  L.  notusy 
noscOf  to  know.] 

1.  A  mark  or  token  ;  something  by  which  a  thing 
may  be  known  ;  a  visible  sign. 

Tbej  who  appertain  to  the  visible  chiuch  bare  all  the  notes  of 
extrniaf  prortaaion.  Hooker. 

2.  A  mark  made  in  a  book,  indicating  something 
worthy  of  particular  notice. 

3.  A  short  remark  ;  a  pa«snge  or  explanation  in  the 
margin  of  a  book. 

4.  A  minute,  memorandum,  or  abort  writing  in- 
tended to  assist  the  memory. 

5.  Notice ;  heed. 

Gire  onlcr  to  my  vrranU  ihJll  the*  tnka 

No  note  at  all  ot  our  bein^  absent  bfoce.  Sluik. 

6.  Reputation;  consequence  ;  distinction  ;  as,  men 
of  note.     ArXs  xvL 

7.  State  of  l)eing  observed. 


Scnnll  matters,  contiriualljr  in  u 


a  and  not*.     [IMlle  userf.] 

Baco^i, 


Th"  wnkr^iil  hint  tunes  h»r  nociiimal  note. 
One  commcm  nou  on  eitber  tyre  did  s(rik«. 


8.  In  mnsie,  n  character  which  marks  a  sound,  or 
the  sound  itself;  as,  a  semibreve,  a  minim,  &c. 
Notes  are  marks  of  sounds  in  n-latittn  to  elevation 
or  depressicm,  or  to  the  time  of  continuing  sounds. 

9.  A  sound  in  music;  tune;  voice;  harmonious, 
or  melodious  sounds. 

Miimn. 

Dryden. 

10.  Abbreviation;  symbol.  Bakifr. 

11.  A  short  letter  ;  a  billet.  Dnjdcn. 

12.  Annr)tation  ;  a  comment,  or  observation  on  an 
author;  usually  placed  at  the  bottom  of  the  page; 
as,  the  notes  in  Scott's  Bible :  to  write  notes  on 
Homer. 

13.  A  written  or  printed  paper  acknowlo<Iging  a 
debt  and  promising  [»nyment ;  as,  a  promissory  note; 
a  bank-7to£c  ;  a  note  of  hand  ;  a  negotiable  note. 


NOT 

14.  A'wfM,  pt,  i  a  writing  ;  a  written  discourj^e  ;  ap- 
plied equally  to  minutes  or  heads  of  a  discourse  or 
urguineni,  or  to  a  discourse  fully  written.  The  ad- 
vocate often  has  notes  to  assist  his  memory,  and 
clergymen  preach  with  notes  or  without  them. 

1.5.  A  diplomatic  communication  in  writing ;  an 
official  paper  sent  from  a  minister  to  an  envoy,  or  an 
envoy  to  a  minister. 

My  note  ot  January  lOth  still  remains  ununswereO.     OalUidn. 

NOTE,  V.  L    [L.  noto.] 

1.  To  observe;  to  notice  with  particular  care;  to 
heed  ;  to  attend  to. 

No  more  of  th.il ;  I  have  noted  tt  well.  Sfiak. 

I'beir  manners  noted  and  their  states  survejed.  Pop*. 

9.  To  set  down  in  writing. 

A'ote  it  in  a  book.  —  Is.  xxz. 

3.  To  charge,  as  with  a  crime  ;  with  of  or  for. 

They  were  both  noud  o/iricontinencj.     (O^.]  Dryden. 

To  note  a  bill  or  draft.  This  is  done  by  a  n  tary, 
who,  when  acceptance  is  refused,  notes  the  fact  on  the 
back  as  the  ground  of  a  protest.  Brande. 

NOTE,  77.  (.     [Sax.  hnUan.] 

To  butt ;  to  push  witli  the  horns.     [Obs.]     Ray. 
N*OTE,  for  Nk  Wote  ;  did  not  know  how  to;  could 

not.  Spntser. 

NOTE'-RpQK,  n.    A  book  in  which  memorandums 

are  written.  Shak, 

9.  A  btwk  in  which  notes  of  hand  are  registered. 

NOT'ED,  pp.     Set  down  in  writing. 

2.  Observed  ;  noticed. 

3.  a.  Remarkable  ;  nurch  known  by  reputation  or 
repwrt ;  eminent;  celebrated;  as,  a  noted  author;  a 
noted  commander  ;  a  noted  traveler. 

NOT'EI>-LY,  adv.     With  observation  or  notice.  Shak. 

NOT'ED-NESS,  n.  Conspicuousness  ;  eminence  ; 
celebrity.  Boyle, 

NOTE'LESS,a.  Not  attracting  notice  ;  not  conspicu- 
ous. Decker, 

NOTE'LESS-NESS,  n.    A  state  of  being  noteless. 

Knowle^. 

NOT'ER,  B.    One  who  takes  notice  ;  an  annoiator. 

OresroT^. 

NOTE'WOR-THY,  (-wur'tfee,)  a.  Worthy  of  obser- 
vation or  notice.  Shak. 

NOTH'ING,  or  NOTH'ING,  n.  [no  and  Vtin^.]  Not 
any  thing;  not  any  being  or  existence;  a  word  that 
denies  the  existence  of  any  thing;  non-entity;  op- 
posed to  SoMETHi.to.  The  world  was  created  from 
nothiniT. 

2.  Non-existence;  a  state  of  annihilation.    Shak, 

3.  Not  any  thing;  not  any  particular  thing,  deed, 
or  event.  JV^othing  was  done  to  redeem  our  char- 
acter. He  thought  notiiing  done  while  any  thing  re- 
mained to  be  done. 

A   cleteniirn!\iion  to  choose  noAing  is  a  determination   not  t* 
cb'>uee   the  iruib.  J.  M.  Mason. 

4.  No  other  thing. 

Nothing  but  this  u  ill  entitle  you  to  God's  acceptance.     Wai^ 

5.  No  part,  portion,  quantity,  or  degree.  The 
troops  manifested  nothing  of  irresolution  in  the 
nttack. 

Yet  had  his  aspect  rwtktng  ol  aerci*.  Ihydtn, 

6.  No  importance;  no  value  ;  no  use. 

Behold,  ye  are  of  nothing,  aiid  your  work  of  naught.  —  Is.  xli. 

7.  No  possession  of  estate  ;  a  low  condition. 

A  man  that  from  fcry  nothing  is  grown  to  an  uiispeakuble  estate. 

ShaJc. 

8.  A  thing  of  no  proportion  to  something,  or  of 
trifling  value  or  advantage. 

The  char^  of  mftkiiiE  Uw  ground,  and  otherwise,  is  gTr-at,  but 
nothing  to  the  prufit.  iJacon. 

0.  A  trifle ;  a  thing  of  no  consideration  or  im- 
portance. 

'Tis  nothing,  any  th-  fool  ;  biit,  says  the  friend, 
This  noOitiig,  sir,  will  bring  you  to  your  eml.  Drylen. 

To  make  nothing  of:  to  make  no  difficulty,  or  to 
consider  as  trifling,  light,  or  unimportant. 

We  «r'  iiidiisirioiiM  to  pres-rve  our  bodrrs  from  slavery,  but  wo 
vtakt  nothing  qj  suiiVring  our  souls  to  be  slaves  to  our  lusts. 

//ay, 

NOTH'ING  or  NOTH'ING,  adv.  In  no  degree  ;  no! 
at  all. 

Aflnm,  with  such  counsel  nofAInf  swayed.  Wi//on. 

In  the  phrase  nothing  worth,  the  words  are  trans- 
posed ;  ihe  natural  order  being,  worth  nothing. 
NOTH'ING-NESaorN0TH'ING-NESS,n.   Nihility; 
non-existence.  '  Donne. 

9.  N  thing:  a  thing  of  no  value.  Iludibras. 
NO'TICE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  no(((ifl,  from  n of o  or  notiun.] 

1.  Observation  by  the  eye,  or  by  the  other  sinses. 
We  take  notice  of  objects  passing  or  standing  before 
ns  ;  we  take  notice  of  the  words  of  a  speaker  ;  we 
take  notice  of  a  peculiar  taste  of  food,  or  of  the  smell 
of  an  orange,  and  of  our  p<eculiar  sensations.  Nt>- 
lice,  then,  is  the  act  by  which  we  have  knowledge 
of  something  within  the  reach  of  the  senses,  or 
the  edict  (if  an  impression  on  some  of  the  senses. 

2.  Observiiti<m  by  the  mind  or  intrllertual  power: 
at,  to  L-ike  notice  of  a  distinction  between  truth  and 
veracity. 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  TTNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z  j  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS 
—       —  —  >_ 


NOT 

3.  InrormntioD ;  Intelligence  by  whatever  mcnns 
cnmmunicAtfd  ;  knowledge  given  or  received  ;  as,  I 
received  notice  by  a  messenger  or  by  letter.  He  gave 
notice  of  his  anivnl.  The  bell  gives  notie*  uf  the 
hour  of  the  d&y.  The  merchant  gives  nwice  that  a 
bill  of  excbann  is  not  accepted. 

4.  A  paper  IhM  conimiiniciites  information. 

5.  Attention;  respectful  treatment  j  civility. 
t».  Ri-mark  j  obsen'niion. 

NO'TICE,  r.  L  To  observe ;  to  see.  We  notierd  the 
conduct  of  the  speaker ;  we  noticed  no  improper 
conducL 

S.  To  heed  ;  to  regard.  His  conduct  was  rude, 
but  I  did  not  notice  iL 

3.  To  remark;  to  mention  or  make  observations  on. 

Tha  plant  df^rrea  lo  be  ndemt  In  (hia  pUce.  7bo<fc«. 

Aaotfarr  drcumaUiiee  ««■  moHead  in  eooneetion  vkh  the  wur- 


NOU 


NOV 


4.  To  treal  with  BttentSoo  and  cIvOitles ;  as,  to 
icws  suaogera, 

5.  Td  oImwi  99  teteHectiially. 
NOnriCE-A-BLK, «.    That  may  be  observed  ;  worthy 

of  observation. 

NO'TIC-£D,  (na'listO  pp.  Observed ;  seen  ;  remark- 
ed ;  treated  with  attention. 

NO'TIC-ING,  ppr.  Observing  ;  seeing  ;  regarding  ; 
remark  inft  on  ;  treating  wiih  attention. 

K6-TI-FI-€A'TION,  r.  [See  Notift.]  The  net  of 
mtiifying  or  giving  notice  ;  the  act  of  making  known, 
particularly  tJie  act  of  giving  otRcial  notice  or  infor- 
niatiun  to  the  public,  or  to  individuals,  corporations, 
cumpanies,  or  societies,  by  words,  by  writing,  or  by 
Other  meuia. 
ft.  Notice  given  in  words  or  writing,  or  by  signs. 
3.  The  writing  which  communicates  information  ; 
an  advertisement,  cii.tiion,  &.C. 

N0'TI-FI-£I),(n6'ief  Ide,)pp.  Made  known  ;  applied 
to  tkinfs.  Tills  design  of  the  king  was  not{/ied  to 
the  court  of  Berlin. 

2.  Informed  by  words,  writing,  or  other  means; 
applied  t»  ptraona.  I'he  inhabitants  of  the  city  have 
been  notified  that  a  meeting  is  to  be  held  at  the  state 
bouaft. 

NCTI-FT,  ».  t  [Fr.  notifier;  It.  not'^fieare;  U  HoCtu, 
known,  and  facU,  to  make.] 

I.  To  make  known  ;  to  declare ;  to  publish  ;  often 
with  to  ,*  as,  to  nHtff  a  fact  to  a  person.  The  laws  of 
God  M<i^  to  man  his  will  and  our  duty. 

'■L  To  make  known  by  private  communication  ;  to 
pive  ialbnnation  of.  The  allied  sovereigns  have  no- 
t^«d  the  Spanish  court  of  their  purpose  of  mainialit- 
inc  lecitimate  goremment. 

3.  To  cive  Dolke  to ;  to  Inform  by  words  or  writ- 
iBg,  hi  peraMi  or  by  measage,  or  by  any  signs  which 
aie  WMentood.  Tbe  constable  has  not^/Ud  the  citi- 
leiia  to  meec  at  the  city  hall.  The  bell  nsti/Ut  ua  of 
the  ttaw  of  maethic. 


Ths  pnMem  tT  ths  Dahed  Sium  1m  mMCM  Ibe  Bow  of 
BcpRMBUlivw,  itmt  fas  hu  Kppnved  mkI  %ned  the  ma. 

Ati(^  — This  apT^ication  of  notify  luu  been  con- 
demned ;  but  it  is  In  constant  good  use  in  the  United 
States,  and  in  perfect  accordance  with  the  use  of 
»ert{fy. 

NO'TI-FT-IXG,  ppr.    Making  known;  giving  notice 
to. 

N^T'IN'G,  ppr.    Setting  down  In  writing. 

NO'TION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  notio^  from  lujdu,  known  ; 
nosco^  to  know.] 

1.  Conception  ;  mental  apprehension  of  whatever 
may  be  known  or  imagined.  We  may  have  a  just 
a«<um  of  power,  or  false  twtions  respecting  spiriL 

AbtioK  and  idai  are  primarily  different ;  idtc  being 
the  conception  of  somithing  visible,  as  the  idea  of  a 
square  or  a  triangle  ;  and  notion  the  conception  of 
things  invisible  or  intellectual,  as  the  notinn  we  have 
of  spirits.  But  from  negligence  in  the  use  of  idea, 
the  two  words  are  constantly  confounded. 

What  fanlk  taaa  pnenJIy  sgRed  en,  I  content  laywelt  to  Mauroe 
mdn  ita»  MOm  of  priiioptf.  Na^ton. 


used.} 
4.  In 


Fnr  mgnm  la  Ifadr  mliomm  «toal  tfarw  woHs.  CA«yM. 

Thftt  ■odon  of  fatH^cr,  coU,  aomd,  cotor,  tbonght,  wish,  ur  Iror, 
wbkh  b  ta  Ihs  aiad,  b  oikd  the  idea  of  buofer,  cold,  Ac 

WtttU, 

2  Sentiment ;  opinion  ;  as,  the  extravagant  notiona 
they  entertain  of  themselves.  Jiddison. 

3.  Sense ;  understanding ;  intellectual  power,  [^'ot 
"•]  Skak. 

Inclination  ;  m  vutffor  mm  ;  as,  I  have  a  notum 
to  do  this  or  that. 
KO'TION-AL,  a.    Imaginary  ;  ideal ;  existing  in  idea 
only  ;  visioaary  ;  fantasticaL 

NoHammt  good,  fey  &nc?  onlr  made.  Prw^. 

A  motkum  aaa  fanogituur  ihiaf .  B^tuUy. 

a  Dealing  in  Imaginary  things;  whimsical ;  fanci- 
ful ;  as,  a  neti^iMi  man. 

NO-TIOX-AL'I-TV,  n.  Empty,  ungrounded  opinion. 
[•JVo*  iwei]  GlanriUe. 

No'TIOX-AI^LY,  mdv.  In  mental  apprehension ;  in 
conception  ;  not  in  reality. 

Two  Imcxitie*  mokmally  or  really  dUlinct.  Sttrrit. 

K0'T10.\-IST,  n.  One  who  holds  to  an  unsroundcd 
»P'"'o"-  Bp.  Hopkins. 


NO-TO-Rt'E-TV,  n.     [Fr.  notorieU^  from  notoire.    See 

NoTClBIOVS.] 

1.  K\iM»siirc  to  the  public  knowledge  ;  the  state  of 
being  puMicly  or  genenUIy  known  ;  as,  the  notoriety 

2.  Public  knowledge  [of  a  crime. 

TbcjF  w^rr  not  iiibjecu  in  ibelr  own  nature  to  cxoowhI  lo  nubile 
notuntty.  Adduon. 

NO-TC'RI-OUS,  a.  [It.  and  Sp.notorio!  Fr.  notoire; 
from  Low  L.  notoritis^  from  notus,  known.] 

1.  Publicly  known ;  manifest  to  the  world ;  evi- 
dent ;  usually,  known  to  disadvai)ta{;e  ;  hencr,  almost 
alica^a  used  in  an  ill  senjse;  as,  a  noturioiis  thtef;  a 
notorious  crime  or  vic«i  a  man  notoriotu  for  lewd- 

2.  In  a  good  atnst.  [ness  or  gaming. 

Tour  coodiwn, 
Slnee  you  provolre  me,  diall  be  mmx  notoriou:  Shok. 

NO-TO'RI^US-LY,  adv.  Publicly ;  openly  ;  in  a 
manner  to  be  known  or  manifest  beyond  denial. 

Str'ifi.     Drydm. 
NO-TO'RI-OUS-NESR,  a.    The  slate  of  being  open  or 

known  beyond  denial;  notoriety.  Overbury. 

NOTT,  a,     [Sax.  knot] 

Shorn.     [Obs.]  Ckauetr. 

NOTT,  r.  L     To  shear.     [Obs.]  Stowe. 

J>rO'  TUS,  n.    [L.]    The  south  wind.  Milton. 

NOT'WIir.AT,  n.     [Sax.  Knot,  smooth,  shorn.] 

Wheat  not  beartled.  Careie. 

NOT-WITH-STAND'ING  ;  the  paHiciple  of  With- 
stand, with  not  prefixed,  and  signifying  not  opposing, 
nevertheless.  It  retains  in  all  cases  its  |>articipial  sig- 
nification. For  example:  "I  will  surely  rend  the 
kingdom  from  thee,  and  will  give  it  to  thy  servant; 
nottritk.>tanditt!T^  in  thy  days  I  will  not  do  it,  for  Da- 
vid thy  father's  sake."  1  King-s  xi.  In  this  passage 
there  is  an  ellipsis  of  tk^  after  notwitkstanfUntr.  That 
refers  to  the  former  part  of  the  sentence,  /  will  rend 
tke  kingdom  from  tkee:  notwithstanding  lAa(,  (decla- 
ration or  determination,)  in  thy  days  I  will  not  do  it. 
In  this  and  in  all  cases,  notitUhgtanilinff,  either  with 
or  without  tkat  or  fAt5,  constitutes  the  case  absolute 
or  independent. 

*'  It  is  a  rainy  day,  but  nottDitkjitanding  tkat,  the 
troops  must  be  reviewed;"  that  is,  the  rainy  day 
not  opposing  or  preventing.  Tkat,  in  this  case,  is  a 
substitute  for  the  whole  first  clause  of  the  sentence. 
It  is  to  that  clause  what  a  relative  is  toaiinntecedent 
noun,  and  itkick  may  be  used  in  the  place  of  it ;  jtot- 
vithgtandinff  vAtcA,  that  is,  the  rainy  day. 

^^  Christ  enjoined  on  his  followers  not  to  publish 
the  cures  he  wrought ;  but  nottcitkstandintr  his  injune- 
ttons,  they  proclaimed  them."     Here,  notxcitksfandmg 
kis  imjiinctions  is  the  case  independent  or  absolute  ; 
the  injunctions  of  Christ  not  opposing  or  preventing. 
This  word  answers  precisely  to  the  Litin  non  ob- 
stoato,  and  both  are  used  with  nouns  or  with  substi- 
tutes for  nouns,  for  sentences  or  for  clauses  of  sen- 
tences.   So  in  the  Latin  phrase,  koc  non  obstante^  koe 
may  refer  to  a  single  word,  to  a  sentence,  or  to  a  se- 
ries of  sentences. 
NOUGHT,  (nawt ;)  a  wrong  melting.    See  Nadght. 
NOUL,  It.     [Sax.  knol.] 

The  top  of  the  head.     [Ay(  in  use.]  Spenser 

NOULD,  (nuld.)     [ne  would.]     Would  noL    Spenser. 
NOUN,  n.     [altered  from  L.  nomen,  name.] 

In  grammar,  h  name;  that  sound  or  combination 
of  sounds  by  which  a  thing  is  called,  whether  mate- 
rial or  immaterial.     [See  Name,] 
NOUR'ICE,  (nur'ris,)  ji,     [Fr.  nourrice.] 

A  nurse.  Spenser. 

NOUR'ISH,  (nur'ish,)  r.  f.  [Fr.  nourrir  :  It.  nutrire; 
Sp.  and  Port,  nutrir;  from  I*,  nitlrio.  The  G.  ndhren, 
Sw.  ndra,  Dan.  n^trer,  to  nourish,  can  not  be  the  same 
word  unless  they  have  lost  a  dental,  which  may  per- 
hai»  be  the  fact.] 

1.  To  feed  and  cause  to  grow  ;  to  supply  a  living 
or  organized  body,  animal  or  vegetable,  with  matter 
which  increases  its  bulk,  or  supplies  the  waste  occa- 
sioned by  any  of  its  functions ;  to  supply  with  nutrv- 
roenu 

2.  To  support ;  to  maintain  by  feeding.     Qen.  xlvii. 
Whn«l  I  in  Ireland  nourish  a  mighty  tmnd, 

1  will  *\it  up  in  Cugland  aume  black  ttorm.  Shak. 

3.  To  supply  the  means  of  support  and  increase; 
to  encourage ;  as,  to  nourish  rebellion  ;  to  nourish  the 
virtues. 

What  infidn«>a  was  U,  with  •uch  proofs,  to  noumft  their  con- 
tention* 1  Hooktr. 

A.  To  cherish  ;  to  comfort.    James  v. 
5.  To  educate  ;  to  instruct;  to  promote  growth  in 
attainments.     1  Tim.  iv. 
NOUR'ISH,  (nur'ish,)  v.  i.     To  promote  growth. 

Graing  and  root!  nouruA  more  than  le.-ivr^.  [Elliptical.]  Bacon. 

2.  To  gain  nourishment.     [UnusvaL]         Bacon. 

NOUR'ISH-A-BLE,  (nur'ish-a-bl,J  o.  Susceptible  of 
nourishment;  as,  the  nourishable  parts  of  the  body. 

Orew. 

NOUR'ISH-ED,  (nnr'isht,)  pp.  Fed ;  supplied  with 
nutriment  ;  caused  To  grow. 

NOUR'ISM-ER,  (nur'ish-er,)  n.  The  person  or  thing 
that  pourishes.  Bacon.     Milton. 

NOUR'ISIMNG,  (nur'ish-ing,)  ppr.  Feeding  ;  supply- 
ing with  aliment ;  supporting  with  food. 


Q.  a.  Promoting  growth  ;  nutritious  ;  as,  a  nour- 
iaking  diet, 

NOUR'ISII-ING-LY,  adv.     Nutritively;  cheriahingly. 

NOUR'ISll-MENT,  (nur'ish-mcnl,)  n.  That  which 
serves  to  promote  the  growth  of  animals  or  plants,  or 
to  repair  the  woste  of  animal  bodies ;  food  ;  suste- 
nance ;  nutriment.  JVeieton. 

2.  Nutrition  ;  support  of  animal  or  vegetable  bodies. 
Blackviore. 

3.  Instruction,  or  that  which  promotes  growth  in 
attainments  ;  as,  nourishment  ana  growth  in  grace. 

So  ihey  maj  teani  to  •«!(  the  nourUhmtut  of  their  kjuI*. 

NOUR'I-TURE.    See  Nurturb.  *^* 

NOURS'LE,  0  £.    To  nurse  up,  Spenser, 

NOURS'LING.     SeeNoasLiNo. 

A'Of/S,  fnowae,5  h.  The  Greek  word  vnvs,  humorous- 
ly us.>d  in  England  for  intellect  or  talent.       SmarL 

NOUS'LE,  j  (nux'zl.)  [corrupted  from  noursle.]    To 

NOUS'£I-,  \      nurse  up.  Shak. 

NOUS'LE,  I  (nuz'zl,)  v.  t.    To  insnare;  to  entrap,  as 

NOUS'A'L,  \      in  a  noose  or  trap.  - 

NO-VA€'^-LITE,  n.     [L.  novacula,  a  razor.] 

Razor-stone  ;  Turkey-hone  ;  coticular  schist ;  whet- 
slate,  a  variety  of  argillaceous  slate,  of  which  hones 
are  made  for  sharpening  razors.     Brongniart.     Ure. 

NO-Va'TI.\N,  n.  In  church  history,  one  of  the  sect 
of  JVarflfM.s,  or  JVm'rt(t«7iiw,  who  held  that  the  lapsed 
might  not  he  received  again  into  communion  with 
the  church,  and  that  second  marriages  are  unlawful. 

NO-Va'TIAN-ISM,  n.    The  opinions  of  the  Novatians. 
Oue  Ilypolhtia,  a  Ronun  ptesb/ter,  had  bees  aeducfd  into 
Novatianitm.  AlUjter. 

NO-VA'TION.     See  IrvwoTATiow. 

NO-VA'TOR.     See  IifNovATOR. 

NOV'EI^,  a.  [L.  novellas,  from  novus,  new;  It.  no- 
veUo  i  Sp.  novel.] 

1.  New;  of  recent  origin  or  introduction;  not 
ancient;  hence,  unusual  ;  as,  a  novel  heresy  ;  novel 
opinions.    The  proceedings  of  the  court  were  novel. 

2.  In  the  ciril  law,  the  novel  constitutions  are  those 
which  are  supplemental  to  the  code,  and  posterior  in 
time  to  the  other  books.  These  contained  new  de- 
crees of  successive  emperors. 

3.  In  the  common  lau>,  the  assize  of  novel  disseizin 
is  an  action  in  which  the  demandant  recites  a  com- 
plaint of  the  tiisseizin  in  terms  of  direct  averment, 
whereupon  the  sheriff  is  commanded  lo  reseize  the 
land  and  chattels  thereoij,  and  keep  the  same  in 
custody  till  the  arrival  of  liie  justices  of  assize. 

Blackstptie. 
NOVEL,  n.    A  new  or  supplemental  constitution,  or 
decree.     [See  the  adjective.] 

2.  A  fictitious  tale  or  narrative  in  prose,  intended 
to  exhibit  the  operation  of  the  passions,  and  particu- 
larly of  love. 

The  coxcomb'«  novel,  and  the  dninkard'i  loart.  Prior. 

NOV'EU-ISM,  n.  Innovation.  [Little  used.]  Dering. 
NOV'EL-IST,  71.    An  innovator;  an  asserter  of  nov- 
elty. Bacon.     White. 

2.  A  writer  of  a  novel  or  of  novels.         Warton, 

3.  A  writer  of  news.     [jSTot  used.]  Toiler, 
NOVELIZE,  r.  i.     To  innovate.     [JVotinvse.] 
NOVEL-STUD-I-ii:D,«.  Studied  in  novels.  Tucker. 
NOVEL-TV,  n.    Newness;  recentness  of  origin  or 

introduction.  Hooker. 

Novelty  \t  the  frent  pnrent  of  pleasure.  South. 

9.  A  new  or  strange  thing. 
NO-VEM'BER,  n.     [L.  from  norem,  nine;  the  ninth 
month,  according  to  the  ancient  Roman  year,  begin- 
ning in  IVIarch.] 
TJie  eleventh  month  of  the  year. 
NCVE.\-A-RY,  n.     [L.  novrnarius.  from  novem,  nine.] 

The  number  nine  ;  nine  collectively. 
N6'VE\-A-RV,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  number  nine. 
NO-VEN'NI-AL,   a.      [L.   novem,   nine,   and    annus, 
year.] 

Done  every  ninth  year.  Potter, 

NO-VER'GAL,  o.    [L.  novrrca,  a  step-mother.] 

Pertaining  to  a  step-mother;  suitable  to   a  ste[>- 
moiher;  in  the  manner  of  a  step-mother,  Derham. 
NOVICE,  (nov'is,)  n.     [Fr.,  from    L.   novitius,   from 
novus,  new.] 

1.  One  who  is  new  in  any  business  ;  one  unac- 
quainted or  unskilled  ;  one  in  the  rudiments;  a  be- 
ginner. 

I  am  young',  a  mmec  In  the  tnule.  DryUn. 

2.  One  that  has  entered  a  religious  house,  as  a 
convent  or  nunnery,  but  has  not  taken  the  vow  ; 
a  probationer.  Shak. 

3.  One  newly  planted  in  the  church,  or  one  newly 
converted  to  the  Christian  faith.     1  Tim.  iiL 

NO-VI-LC'NAR,  a.     [L.  novilunium.] 

Pertaining  to  the  new  moon. 
NO-VI"TIATE,  (no-vish'ate,)  n.    [Fr.  nmUiat ;  It. 
Tioviziato.     See  Novice.] 

1.  The  state  or  time  of  learning  rudiments. 

2.  In  religious  hnu.ies,  as  convents  and  nunneries, 
a  year  or  other  time  of  probation  for  the  trial  of  a 
novice,  lo  determine  whether  he  has  the  necessary 
qualities  for  living  up  to  the  rule  to  which  his  vow  is 
to  bind  him. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.— 
75Q 


NOY 

3.  One  who  \s  going  through  a  nuvUiate  or  period 
of  probation  ;  a  novice.  jSdUUon. 

NO-VI"TIOUS,  (no-visli'us,)  a.     [L.  novUius.] 

Newly  inveoud.     [.\'ot  lued.]  Pearson. 

NOV'I-TY,  «.     [L.  nomttt^.] 

Newness.     [A"o(  ustd,]  Broiert. 

j^O'vus  HO'MOi  pi,  JsrO'rT  Iro^rr-^£:s,  tl.] 

Among  the  Rontaas,  a  designation  of  one  who  had 
raised  himself  from  obscurity  to  distinction  without 
the  aid  of  family  connectloiia. 
NOW,  flf/p.    [Sax.   n«,  D.  Sw.  Dan.  and  Goth.  na. 
The  G.  has  nun,  Gr.  trvy,  L.  nunc.] 

1.  At  the  present  time. 

I  hite  a  mUeiit  now  Imng  al  an  advanced  age,  who  iHschnrged 
bioxl  IroiQ  hU  luiigv  Uiirtjr  ^eara  ngn.  ArbuVmot. 

2.  A  little  while  ago  j  very  lately. 

Tli'-y  thM  but  now,  for  honor  and  for  plalc, 

M.Lde  the  ko.  Uuih  wiUi  L>l»od,  n->.i^i  Uiejr  bate.  TVtUter. 

3.  JWto  —  now  i  alternately  ;  at  one  time  —  at 
another  time. 

A'o^  high,  twiff  low,  now  master  up,  now  misa.  Pope. 

A.  JVoto  sometimes  expresses  or  implies  a  connec- 
tion between  the  subsequent  and  ^ceding  proposi- 
tion ;  often  it  iiitnxluces  an  inference  or  an  explana- 
tion of  what  precedes. 

Not  tb!k  man,  but  Buabbaa ;   WTw  Barabbaa  wa«  a  robber.  — 

John  xr'ui. 
Then  a^d  Micah,  Now  I  know  that  the  Lord  will  do  me  gT>od, 

m&f'iag  I  have  a  Lerile  for  my  priemt.  —  Jiid^  xvii. 
The  oiher  frtat  niischicf  which  befjila  men,  is  by  thHr  Mag 
misnTW^sented.    Now,  t^  calling  eril  good^a  man  u  mbrep- 
rcM.-uted  to  oD*ers  in  the  way  of  slander.  South. 

5.  After  tliis  ;  things  being  so. 

Ilow  shall  any  man  (Usungutsh  now  betwixt  a  parasite  and  a  man 
of  honor'?  L'Esttange. 

6.  In  supplieationy  it  appears  to  be  somewhat  cm- 
phatical. 

I  be«v?ch  thee,  0  Lord,  lerosmber  now  how  I  bar*  walk*^  before 
Ibee  in  truth  and  with  a  perfect  bean.  —  2  Kings  xx. 

7.  JVmr  sometimes  refers  to  a  particular  lime  past 
specified  or  understood,  and  may  be  delined,  at  t/uit 
timf.    He  was  noir  sensible  of  his  mistake. 

A'ow  and  then  ;  at  one  lime  and  anuther,  indefi- 
nitely ;  occasionally  ;  not  often  ;  at  intervals. 

Th^y  now  onrf  then  appear  in  offices  of  religion.  Rogtra. 

If  there  wrre  any  tucli  tiling  as  spottUneoiis  generatioi),  a  itew 
»peci>-«  wouiti  now  and  then  iippear.  vlnon. 

Q.  Applied  to  places  which  appear  at  intervals  or 
in  succession. 

A  mead  here,  there  a  heath,  and  now  <Ufd  thtn  a  wood. 

Dra\/ton. 

Jfow^  notr,  repf^ated,  is  used  to  excite  attention  to 
something  immediately  to  happen. 
NOW,  n.    The  present  lime  or  moment. 

Nothing  IS  thT*  lo  come,  and  nothing  past. 

But  an  eternal  now  does  ever  last.  Cov>l£t/. 

NOW'A-DAYS,  adv.    In  this  age. 

What  men  of  spirit  noieadayi, 

Coine  to  gWf  soLer  Judgment  of  new  pl.tys  I  Garridt. 

[This  is  a  eommon  colloquial  phra^ie,  but  not  elegant 
in  writing,  unU^is  of  the  more  familiar  kinds.] 
NO'WAY,    >   adr.     [no  and  way.]     In  no  manner  or 
NO'WAYS,  i       degree.     [These  can  hardly  bo   con- 
sidered as  compound  words.] 
NOW'ED,  fnoo'edj)  a.     [Fr.  noui.] 

Knotted  ;  tied  in  a  knot ;  used  in  heraldry. 

NOW'EL,  ti.     [Fr.noel.]  [Encyc 

A  shout  of  joy,  or  Christmas  song.    [06*.] 

Chaucer. 
NOWES,  (noo7.,)  n.     [Fr.  non.l 

The  marriage  knoL     [0/k*.1  Crashaw. 

NO'WHBRE,  [comp.of  noandwAcre  ;  ^;ix.  rm-irhare.] 
Not  in  any  place  or  state.     Happiness  ia  mncherclo 
be  found  but  in  the  practice  of  virtue. 

But  it  is  better  to  write  no  and  where  as  separate 
words. 
NO'W^SE,  [comp.  of  no  and  wu« ;  often  by  mistake 
written  NovfATs.] 

Not  in  any  manner  or  degree.  Bentleif. 

NOX'IOUS,  (nuk'shus,)  a.       [L.  noriiw,  from  nocevy 
to  hurt.] 

1.  Hurtful ;    harmful ;   baneful ;    pernicious  ;   de- 

rtntctive  ;  unwholesome;    insalubrious  ;  ax,  noriow 

air,  fiM)d,  climate  ;  pernicious  ;  corrupting  tu  morals  ; 

as,  norioua  practices  or  examples  \  noxious  huunt't  of 

3.  Guilty  ;  criminal.  [vice. 


3.  Unfavorable ;  injurious. 

Too  fr^'fnt  appearance  in  pia£ija  ot  public  resort  b  noxious  to 
spiritual  prurn>'tion.  Sm/I. 

S OX' lOilS-hY,  ado.     HnrtfuIIy;  perniciously. 
NOX'IOIJS-NHSS,  n.     Hnrtfulnesi* ;  the  quality  that 

injures,  impain*,  or  destroys  j  insalubrity ;  as,  the 

noTiott.'mesi  of  foul  air. 
2.  The  quality  that  corrupts  or  perverts  ;  as,  the 

vttTioumtejia  of  doctrine?. 
NOY.NOV'ANCE,  NOY'F.R,  NOY'FIJU  NOY'OUS, 

NOY'SA.VCE.     See  Awxor  and  Nuisance. 
NO'YAU,  (nO'yo,)  «.     [Fr  ,  the  nut  of  a  fruit,  as  of  a 

peach  or  cherr>'.] 
A  cordiai  flavored  with  the  kernel  of  Ihe  nut  of 


NUL 

the  bitter  almond,  or  with  the  kernel  of  the  |>each 

stone.  Brande. 

NOZ'ZLE,  (noz'zl,)  n.     [from  nose.']     The  nose  ;  the 

extn-Muity  of  any  thing;  the  snout.  .Arbathnat^ 

NUB'BIN,  iu    A  small  or  imperfect  ear  of  maize. 

.America. 
NUB'BLE,  V.  t.     [for  Knubblk,  from  knob^  the  fist.] 
To  beat  or  bruise  with  the  fist.     {J^'ot  u.sed.] 

Ains\oorth, 
NU-RIF'ER-OUS,  a,     [L.  nubifer  ;  ntibes,  a  cloud  or 
fop,  and /cro,  to  produce.] 

Bringing  or  producing  clouds.  Diet. 

NO'BILE,  (-biljjo.     [Fr.,from  L.  nubUis^  from  nuAo,  to 
marrj'.]^ 
Marriageable  ;  of  an  age  suitable  for  marriage. 

Prior. 
NU-BIL'I-TY,  n.    The  state  of  being  niarriagealile. 

Mez.  Walker. 
NCBIL-OUS,  a.     [L.  nubilus^  from  nubcs.] 

Cloudy.  Baileif. 

NU-CIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  nwr,  nut,  and/n-o,  to  bear.] 

Bearing  or  producing  iiut:j.  DtcU 

NU-€Le'I-FORM,  a.     Formed  like  a  kernel. 
NO'CLE-US,  n.     [^L.,  from  nui,  a  nut.] 

1.  Properly,  the  kernel  of  a  nut ;  but  in  usage,  the 
central  part  of  any  body,  or  that  about  which  matter 
is  collected.  Woodward, 

9.  The  body  of  a  comet,  called  also  its  head, 
NU-UA'TION,  n.     [L.  nudiitio^  from  nm/o,  to  make 
bare.} 
'i'he  act  of  stripping,  or  making  bare,  or  naked. 
NODE,  a.     [L.  nudas.] 

1.  Bare. 

2.  In  /rtw,  void  ;  of  no  force ;  as,  a  nude  contract  or 
compact.     [See  Nudum  Pactum.]  Blackstone. 

NUDGE,  p.  U  To  touch  gently  as  with  the  elbow,  in 
order  to  call  attention  or  convey  intimation. 

Miss  Pickering. 

NU-DI-BRANCH'T-ATE,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  order  of 
molluscous  animals  having  no  shell  whatever. 

NO'DI-TY,n.     [U  nudaasj] 

1.  Nakedness. 

2.  J^aditits;  in  the  pltiral,  naked  parts  which  de- 
cency requires  to  be  concealed.  Dnjdcn. 

3.  In  painting  and  sculpture^  the  naked  parts  of  the 
human  figure,  or  parts  not  covered  with  drapery; 
also,  naked  figures. 

J^tT'DUM  PJiOTUM,  [L.]    In  law,  a  contract  made 
without  any  consideration,  and  therefore  void, or  not 
valid  according  lo  the  laws  of  the  land.       Bouvier. 
NU-GAC'I-TY,  n.     [L.  nugaz,  from  nuga;,  trifles.] 
Futility  ;    trilling  talk  or  behavior. 

More,     Johnson. 
NU-GA'TIOX,  n.     [L.  nugor,  to  iriflo.J 

The  act  or  practice  of  Iritiing.     [LittU  used,] 

Bacon. 
NC'GA-TO-RY,  a.     [L.  nugatoriu.t.] 

1.  Trifling;  vain;  futile,  insignificant.      Bentley. 

2.  Of  no  force;  inoperative;  ineffectual.  The 
laws  arc  sometimes  rendered  nugatory  by  inexecu- 
tion.  Any  agreement  may  be  rendered  nugatory  by 
something  which  contravenes  its  execution. 

NOI'SANCE,  (nu'sans,)  n.  [Fr.  nuisance,  from  nuire, 
L.  noceu,  to  annoy.  BlacKstone  writes  Nusance, 
and  it  is  desirable  that  his  example  may  be  follow- 
ed.] 

1.  That  which  annoys  or  gives  trouble  and  vexa- 
ti4>n  ;  that  which  is  offensive  or  noxious.  A  liar  is  a 
nuisance  lo  society. 

2.  In  lavs,  that  which  incommodes  or  annoys; 
something  thai  produces  inconvenience  or  damage. 
Nuisances  are  public  or  private  ;  public,  when  they 
annoy  citi/.cns  in  gL-nenil,a.'f  obstructions  of  the  high- 
way ;  ;jrirafr,  when  they  affect  individuals  only,  as 
when  one  man  erects  a  hnu^c  so  near  his  neighbor's 
as  to  throw  the  water  off  the  roof  u[K)n  his  neigh- 
bor's land  or  house,  or  lo  intercept  the  light  that  his 
neiglib<ir  liefore  enjoyed.  Blackstane. 

NUL,  in  lain,  signifies  wo,  not  any  ;  as,  nul  disseizin  ; 

Hul  tiel  record  ;  nut  tort. 
NUIjL,r.  f.     [L.  milliis;  ne  and  tillus,  not  any.] 

To  annul ;  to  deprive  of  validity  ;  to  destroy.  [J^ot 

much  used.]     [See  An:<uu]  Milton. 

NULL,  a,     [L.  nuUus.] 

Vtiid  ;  or  no  legal  or  binding  force  or  validity  ;  of 

no  efficacy  ;  invalid.    The  contract  of  a  minor  ianixU 

in  law,  except  for  necessaries. 
NULL,  n.    Something  that  has  no  force  or  meaning. 

A  cipher  is  called  a  nulL     [JVot  used.]  Bacon. 

NUI^LI-FI-CA'TION,  n.    The   act  of  nullifying;  a 

rendermg  void  and  of  no  effect,  or  of  no  legal  ef- 

ftrt. 
NUI^LI-FID'I-AN,    a.      [L.   nullus,  none,  and  jSrfw, 

faith.] 
Of  no  faith  ;  of  no  religion  or  honesty.  [Mitused,] 

Frltham. 
NUI/LI-Ft-KD,  (fide,)  pp.  Annulled  ;  made  void. 
NUL'LI-PI-ER,  n.     One  who  makes  void ;  one  who 

maintains  the  right  to  nullify  a  contract  by  one  of  the 

parties. 
NUL'LI-FI?,   V.   t.      [L.  nuUuSf   none,  and   facio,  to 

make.] 
To  annul;  to  make  void;  to  render  Invalid;  to 

deprive  of  legal  force  or  efllcacy.  .^mes. 


NUM 

NUL'LI-PORE,  n.  [L.  nuUus,  none,  and  poms,  pore.J 
A  kind  of  marine  plant,  secreting  lime  on  its  surface, 
and  hence  resembling  coral.  It  was  formerly  con- 
sidered a  kind  of  zoiiphite.  Dana. 

NUL'LI-FV-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Annulling ;  making 
void. 

NUL'LI-TY,  n.     [It.  nuUUd ;  Fr.  nuUiU ;  from  L.  nul- 
lus.] 
1.  Nothingness;  want  of  existence.  Bacon. 

3.  Want  of  legal  force;  that  which  wants  legal 
force. 

NUMB,  (nuin,)  a.  [Sax.  numen,  the  participle  of  Sax. 
niman^  Goth,  niman,  lo  lake,  to  seize,  whence  beni- 
man  or  benyman,  to  deprive  ;  benum,  benumen,  stupe- 
fied, that  is,  seized,  arre±itcd,  held,  stopped;  D.  nea- 
men  ;  G.  nehmen.     Class  Nm,  No.  7,  9.] 

1.  Torpid  ;  destitute  of  the  power  of  sensation 
and  motion  ;  as,  the  fingers  or  limbs  are  numb  with 
cold. 

2.  Producing  numbness  ;  benumbing  ;  as,  the  numi, 
cold  night.     [JVot  used,  nor  proper.]  Sltak. 

NUMB,  (num.)  v.  t.  To  make  torpid;  to  deprive  of 
the  power  of  sensation  or  motion  ;  to  deaden  ;  to  be- 
numb ;  to  stupefy. 

Forlary  wiiiKrr  numht  the  laboring  hand.  Jhyd^n. 

And  numbing  coliiucsa  li.is  embraced  the  ear.  Prior. 

NUMB'^D,  (numd,)  pp.    Rendered  torpid. 

NUM'BER,  n.  [Fr.  nombre  ;  L.  numerus  ;  It.  Sp.  and 
Fort,  numero;  Arm.  and  W.niver;  It.  nuimhir.  I 
know  not  whether  the  elements  are  J^m  or  JVft, 
Probably  the  radical  sense  is,  to  speak,  name,  or  tell, 
as  our  word  tell,  in  the  other  dialects,  is  to  number. 
JVumber  may  be  allied  to  name,  as  the  Spaniards  use 
nombre  for  name,  and  the  French  word,  written  with 
the  same  letters,  is  number.     Class  Nm,  No.  1.] 

1.  A  unit,  considered  in  reference  to  other  units, 
or  in  reckoning,  counting,  enumerating;  as,  one  is 
the  first  7tumber  i  a  simple  number. 

2.  An  assemblage  of  two  or  more  units.  Twoisa 
number  composed  of  one  and  one  added.  Five  and 
three  added  make  the  number  eight.  JVumber  may  be 
applied  lo  any  collection  or  multitude  of  units  or  in- 
dividuals, and  thereftire  is  indefinite,  unless  defined 
by  other  words,  or  by  figures  or  signs  of  definite  sig- 
nification.   Hence, 

3.  More  than  one  ;  many. 

Ladies   are  always  of  great  use  to  the  party  they  espouse,  and 
never  fail  to  wiu  over  nutnbert,  AddUon, 

A.  Multitude. 

Number  itself  importeth  not  much  in  armies,  where  the  men  are 
of  weuk  counge.  Bacon. 

5.  In  poetry,  measure;  the  order  and  quantity  of 
syllables  constituting  feet,  which  render  verse  mu- 
sical tu  the  ear.  The  harmony  of  verse  com^ists  in 
the  proper  distribution  of  the  long  and  short  sylla- 
bles, with  suitable  pauses. 

In  oratory,  a  judicious  disposition  of  words,  sylla- 
bles, and  cadences,  constitutes  a  kind  of  measure 
resembling  poetic  numbers. 

6.  Poetry ;  verse. 

1  lisped  ill  nuTidxrt,  for  tljc  nwnbert  came.  Pope. 

Here  the  first  word  numbers  may  be  taken  (or poet- 
ry or  verse,  and  the  second  fur  measure, 

Yet  should  the  Muses  bid  my  number§  roll.  Pope. 

7.  In  gram^ar^  the  difference  of  termination  or 
form  of  a  word,  to  express  unity  or  plurality.  'J'he 
termination  which  denotes  one,  or  an  individual,  is 
the  singular  ■numbrr;  the  termination  that  denotes 
two  or  more  individuals,  or  units,  constitutes  the  plu- 
ral number.  Hence  we  say,  a  noun,  an  adjective,  a 
pronoun,  or  a  verb,  is  in  the  singular  or  the  plural 
number. 

8.  In  nia(Afmaf*c5,  number  is  variously  distinguish- 
ed. Cardinal  numbers  are  those  which  express  the 
amount  of  units;  as,  1,  2,  3,4,  5,  6,  7,8.  9,  10.  Or- 
dinal numbers  are  those  which  express  order  ;  as,  first, 
second,  third,  fourth,  &c. 

Homogeneal  numbers,  are  those  referred  to  the  same 
units ;  those  referred  to  different  units  are  termed 
hetcrogrneal. 

Whole  numbers,  are  called  integers. 

A  rational  tititnbcr,  is  one  commensurable  with  uni- 
ty. A  number  incommensurable  with  unity,  is 
termed  irrational  or  surd. 

A  prime  or  primitive  number,  is  divisible  only  by 
unity  ;  as,  three,  five,  seven,  &,c. 

A  perfect  number,  is  that  who«c  aliquot  parts  added 
together,  make  the  whole  number,  as  28,  whose  ali- 
quot parts,  14,  7,  4,  0,  1,  make  the  number  28. 

An  imperfect  number,  is  that  whose  aliqnttt  pnrts, 
added  together,  make  more  or  less  than  the  number. 
This  is  abundant  or  defective;  abundnnt,  as  12, 
whose  aliquot  parts,  6,  4,  3,  2,  1,  make  10  ;  or  defec- 
tive, as  10,  whose  aliquot  parts,  8,  4,  2,  I,  make  15 
only. 

A  sifuare  number,  is  the  product  of  a  number  mul- 
tiplied by  ilsrlf ;  as,  10  is  the  square  number  of  4. 

A  cubic  number,  is  the  product  of  a  square  number 
by  its  rotpt ;  as,  27  is  the  product  of  Die  square  num- 
ber 9  by  its  root  3.  Enctje. 

Oolden  number;  a  number  showing  what  year  of 
the  lunar  cycle  any  given  year  is.  Barlirw. 


TCNE,  BULL.  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VfCIOUS.  — C  aa  K  ;  6  aa  J ;  8  as  Z  -,  CH  as  SH  j  TH  as  in  THIS. 


NUM 

NUM'OER,  r.  L     [U  numer«,] 

I.  To  count ;  to  ruckun  ;  to  ascertain  the  units  of 
any  sum,  collection,  or  multitude. 

U  a  TDAD  can  number  (he  dtot  of  Uic  earth,  then  ■hall  th;  sent 
kIsu  be  wmte'W. — Oen.  xiii. 

C  To  reckon  as  one  of  a  collection  or  multitude. 

He  «iu  Nunieratf  with  the  tnra^nwon.  — !«.  liii. 

NlIM'BER-ED,;fj».     Counted  ;  entimemted. 

NUM'BERER,  «.     One  that  nuinbtnt. 

NITM'BKR-FJJL,  a.     Many  in  number  ;  numerous. 

NUM'UER-lSu,  ppr.  Counting;  ascertaining  the 
untt!<  of  a  multitude  or  collection. 

NUM'BER-LESS,  o.  That  can  not  be  counted;  in- 
numentble.  MUton. 

NUMBERS,  n.  The  title  of  the  fourth  book  of  the 
Prnlatf'uch. 

Nr.MB'l.NG,  {num'mtng,);p^.  or  a.    Making  torpid. 

NUM'BL^rs,  n.  pL     [Fr.  nambUs.] 

The  entrails  of  a  deer.  Bailey. 

NUMB'NESS,  (num'ness,)  ji.  Torpor;  that  state  of  a 
living  body  in  which  it  has  not  the  |tower  of  feel- 
ing or  motion,  as  when  paralytic  or  chilled  by  cold. 

NC'.MER-A-BLE,  a.     [U  numerubilis.} 
That  may  be  numbered  or  counted, 

NtyMCR-AL,  a.     [Fr. ;  L.  numtralis.) 

1.  Pertaining  to  number  ;  conaisting  of  number. 

Tte  dependeooe  of  «  ton*  inin  of  numentl  progi^MJam.  Lockt. 

2.  Expressing  number  ;  representing  number  ; 
standing  as  a  substitute  for  figun^  ;  tut,  numrral  U-t- 
ten  ;  as  X  for  10  ;  L  for  50  ^  C  for  100  ;  D  fur  500  ^ 
M  for  lOOa 

3.  Expressing  numbers ;  as,  numeral  characters. 
The  figures  we  now  use  to  express  numbers  are  I, 
2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,9,  0.  Ther  are  said  to  be  of  Ara- 
bian origin  ;  but  the  Arabians  might  have  received 
them  from  India.     This  is  a  controverieil  question. 

NO'MER-AL,  «.  A  figure  or  character  used  to  express 
a  numb4>r  ;  as,  the  Arabic  nufjterals,  1,  2,  3,  ice 

NO'MER-AL-LY,  adv.  According  to  number;  In 
number. 

NO'MER-A-RY, «.    Belonging  to  a  certain  number. 

A  sapemaineruT  eanoBf  wbm  be  obuiua  a  {vcbeml,  bfcomrs  h 
num*rmty  cutotk.  AyUff*. 

NO'MER-ATE,  r.  U  In  aritkmetK^  to  divide  off  and 
read  according  to  the  rules  of  numeration  j  as,  to  ■■- 
merate  a  row  of  figures. 

NC'MER'A-TED,  pp.  Divided  off  and  read,  as  fig- 
ures. 

N'O'MER-A'TING,  ppr.  Dividing  off  and  reading,  as 
figures. 

NU-MER-A'TIO.\,  «.     [U  mmmeratlo.} 
1.  Tlie  act  or  art  of  nambering. 


^tMMrviofi  h  but  Mill  tbr  wAAif^  at  « 
to  (he  whole  a  new  nxae  or  vf^ 


2.  In  mriikmetie^  the  act  or  art  of  dividing  off  a  se- 
ries of  figures  according  lo  their  %*alues,  and  express- 
ing them  in  words ;  the  act  or  art  of  readmg  num- 
ber*.   Tliu^,  ft»r  50,  we  read  fil^v. 

NC'MER-A-TOR,  a.     [L.]     One  that  numbers. 

2.  In  arUkmetic^  the  number  in  vulgar  fVactions 
which  shows  hoiv  many  parts  of  a  unit  are  taken. 
Thus,  when  a  unit  is  divided  into  9  parts,  and  we 
take  5,  we  ex|)ress  it  thus,  &-9,  that  is,  five  ninths  ; 
5  being  the  "uaurator,  and  9  the  denominator. 

NU'MER'IC,  i  a,      [It.  numerico;    Fr.  ji umrrique ; 

NU-MER'ie-AL,  i      from  L.  nuraerus^  number.] 

1.  Belonging  lo  number;  denoting  number  ;  con- 
sisting in  numbers  ;  as,  nuiaerkal  algebra  ;  numerical 
citardcters. 

2.  ,Yuraerical  di^rrence^  is  a  difference  in  respect  to 
number.  Thus,  there  m.iy  be  a  numerical  difference 
between  things  which,  in  other  respects,  are  not  dis- 
tinguishable. 

NU-MEK'ie-AL-LY,  adr.  In  numbers;  as,  parts  of 
a  tiling  niLmrrically  expressed. 

2.  With  respect  to  number,  or  sameness  in  num- 
ber ;  as,  a  thing  is  numericaUy  the  same,  or  numer- 
tca//v  different. 

NC'MER-I:^',  «.    One  that  deals  in  numbers.    [AV( 

Mstd.}  BroiCH. 

NU-MER-OS'I-TY,  a.    The  slate  of  being  numerous  ; 

harmonv  ;  flow.     [.Vot  used.]  Brown. 

NO'MER-OL'S,  a.     [L.  numcrosus.l 

1.  Being  many,  or  consisting  of  a  great  number  of 
individuals  ;  as,  a  numrreus  army  ;  a  numeruuj  body  ; 
a  iiiinirroti.<  people. 

Sl  CoRsiiitiiig  of  poetic  numbers;  melodious  ;  mu- 
sical. In  prose,  a  style  becomes  numerous^  by  the 
alternate  disposition  or  intennixture  of  long  and 
short  syllables,  or  of  long  and  fliort  words  ;  or  by  a 
judici  us  selection  and  disposition  of  smooth,  flow- 
ins  words,  and  by  closing  the  periods  wiih  imjXirtant 
or  well-sounding  words.  Kncyc 

KC'MER-OCS-LY,  (nir.  In  or  with  great  numbers, 
as.  a  meeling  n}emerously  attended. 

NC'MEH-OL'ri-NESS,  «.  The  quality  of  being  nu- 
mt-fous  or  many  ;  ihe  quality  of  c^msisting  of  a 
great  number  of  individuals  ;  as,  the  numa-otuiUM  of 
an  army  or  of  an  assembly. 

2.  The  quality  of  consisting  of  poetic  numbers ; 
meiodiousDess  ;  musicalness.  Encyc. 

NU-MIS-MAT'1€,  (nu-miz-mat'ik,)  a.      [L.  numunui, 


NUR 

money,  coin  ;  Gr.  vofttatia,  fnun  fu;ii(cj,  to  supixMW, 
lo  sancliou,  fnun  yvftosy  law  or  custotti.] 
IVrtaining  (o  money,  coin,  or  medals. 

Nl^-.MIS-M.Vr'ieSj  n.  The  science  of  coins  and 
medals. 

NU-MIS-«A-T0L'0-GIST,  n.  One  versed  in  the 
knowledge  of  coins  nnd  medals. 

i\U-Ml*-MA-T0L'0-6Y,  u.  [Gr.  i-o^ia/io,  coin,  and 
Aoj   s,  discourse.] 

The  branch  of  historical  science  which  treats  of 
coins  and  medals.  • 

N'J.M'MU-L,\R,  a.     [L.  nummus^  a  coin.] 

Pertaining  to  coin  or  money.  Diet. 

NUSl'MU-LrrE,  n.  [L.  nummus^  money,  from  its  re- 
semblance to  coin.] 

A  fussil  of  a  flattened  fonn,  resembling  a  small 
coin.  Ed.  Encyc. 

NUM-MU-LIT'ie,  a.  Composed  of  or  containing 
numniulites. 

NU.MPS,  H.    A  dolt;  a  blockhead.    [JVot  itserf.] 

Parker. 

NUM'SKULL,  ».  [numb  and  aktiU.]  A  dunce  j  a 
doll ;  a  stupid  fellow.  Prior. 

NL'M'SKULL  tD,  a.  Dull  in  intellect ;  stupid  ;  dolt- 
ish. ArbuOinoL 

NUN,  It.  [Sax.  nunne ,-  Dan.  nunne  ;  D.  aon ,-  G.  nonne ; 
Sw.  Hunna  ;  Fr.  horr^.] 

A  Woman  devoted  to  a  religious  life,  nnd  w*hn 
lives  in  a  cloister  or  nunnery,  secludea  from  tlie 
world,  under  a  vow  of  perpetual  chastity. 

NUN,n.  H'hitenu/t  is  a  provincial  name  of  the  smew, 
a  web-footed  water-fowl  of  the  size  of  a  duck,  with 
a  while  head  and  neck.  P.  Cyc 

2.  Tlie  blue  titmouse,  Parus  carulcus.       P,  Cyc, 

NUN'CIUOX,  B,  A  portion  of  fat«l  taken  between 
meals.     [Qu.  from  nooiij  or  a  corrtiption  of  luncheon.] 

.Hinswvrth, 

NUN'CIA-TT^TRE,  n.  [See  Nlncio.]  The  office  of  a 
nuncio.  Clarendon. 

NUN'CIO,  (nun'sho,)  a.  [It.  numio,  from  L.  nuncius, 
a  messenger.] 

1.  An  embassador  from  the  pope  to  an  emperor  or 
king.  His  envoy  to  snuillcr  courts  and  republics  is 
called  an  Nterkunciu.  F^eyc,  Am. 

2.  A  messenger  ;  one  who  brings  intelligence. 
NUX'eiT-PATE,  r.  U     [L.  nuHcupo.]  {Shak, 

To  declare  publicly  or  solemnly.     [JWC  useH.] 

Barroie. 
NUN.€U-PA'TIOX,  n.    A  naming,  Ckaueer. 

Nl^N-eCPA-TIVE,     (a.     [It  nuHcupatiro  i  Fr.  nitii- 
MIN-CO'PA-TO-RY,  |      eupatifi  from  I*  nuneupo^  lo 
declare.] 
I.  ^'ominal ;  existing  only  In  name.  Eneyc. 

S.  Publicly  ors<ilemnIy  declarator)-.        Fotherby, 

3.  Verbal,  not  written.  A  HuncupaUve  will  or  tes- 
tament is  one  which  is  made  by  the  verbal  declara- 
tion of  the  testator,  and  dept-nds  merely  on  oral  testi- 
mony for  proof,  though  afterward  reduced  to  writing. 

BlAdistone. 
NITN'DI-N'AL,       >  a.       [L.  mundinalis,  from    nundtna, 
NUN'DI-NA-RY,  \      a  fair  or  market,  quasi  novem-di- 
na.  everj'  nine  days.]^ 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  fair  or  to  a  market  day. 

2.  A  nundinal  letter,  niiumg  the  Rutnan--'^  was  one 
of  the  first  eight  letters  of  the  alphabet,  which  were 
repeated  successively  from  the  first  to  the  Inst  ilay  of 
the  year.  One  of  these  always  expressed  the  market 
davs,  which  returned  every  nine  days. 

NUN'IiI-NAL,  n.    A  nundinal  letter. 
NUN'DI-NaTE,  v.  i.     To  buy  and  sell  at  fairs.     [JVut 

used.] 
\U.\-I)I.\A'TION,  Ji.    Tmflic  in  fairs.     [JVot  usrd,] 
NUN-NA'']*ION,   n.       In   Arabic   grammar^   from    the 

name  of  n,  the  pronunciation  of  n  at  the  end  of 

words. 
NUN''NE-RY,  n,    A  house  in  wliich  nuns  reside ;  a 

cUiister  in  which  females,  under  n  vow  of  chastity 

and  devoted  to  religion,  reside  during  life. 
NUN'NISH-NESS,  n.  The  habits  or  manners  of  nuns. 

Fox. 
NUP'TI.\L,  (nup'shal,)  a.     [L.  nuptialisy  from  nuptus, 

nuboy  to  marry.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  marriage  ;  done  at  a  wedding  ;  as, 
nuptial  rites  and  cereiiioniea;  nuptial  torch. 

2.  Constituting  marriage  ;  as,  the  nuptial  knot  or 
band. 

The  Bible  has  mitigRlprl  the  horrora  of  wur ;  it  liiu  fi^en  cflbcl- 
Udl  oUigiiLion  lo  ihc  nuptial  vow,  G.  Sjtritig, 

NTJP'TI.'\LS,  n.  pL  Marriage,  which  see.  Dnjden. 

NURSE,  (nurs,)  n.  [Fr.  nourrice,  from  nowrrir,  to 
nourish.] 

1.  A  woman  that  has  the  cnre  of  infants,  or  a  wo- 
man einpUned  lo  tend  Ihe  children  of  others. 

2.  A  woman  who  suckles  infants. 

3.  A  woman  that  has  the  care  of  a  sick  person. 

4.  A  man  who  has  the  cire  of  the  sick. 

5.  A  person  that  breeds,  educates,  or  protects; 
hence,  that  which  breeds,  brings  up,  or  causes  to 
grow  ;  as,  Greece,  the  nurse  of  the  liberal  arts. 

G.  An  old  woman  ;  in  contempt.  Blackmore, 

7.  The  state  of  being  nursed  ;  as,  to  put  a  child  to 
nurse.  Cleaveland, 

6.  In  composition^  that  which  supplies  food  ;  as,  a 
Rur5e-pond.  Walton. 


NUT 

9.  In  horticulture^  a  shrub  or  irtw  which  protects  a 
young  plant,  Gardner. 

NuRsE,  (nurs,)  r.  t.  To  lend,  as  infants;  as,  lo 
nurse  a  child. 

2.  To  suckle  ;  to  nourish  at  ihe  breast. 

3.  To  attend  and  take  care  of  in  child-bed  ;  as,  to 
nurse  a  woman  in  her  illness. 

4.  To  tend  Ihe  sick  ;  applied  to  malr.i  and  females. 

5.  To  feed  ;  lo  maintain  ;  to  bring  up.     Z^.  Ix. 

fi.  To  cherish ;  lo  fusier  ;  to  encourage ;  to  pro- 
mote growth  in.  We  say,  to  nurse  a  feeble  animal 
or  plant. 

By  what  hands  hu  vice  been  nurted  Inlo  n  uncotiUolIcd  r  do- 
minion t  Locke. 

7.  To  manage  with  care  and  economy,  with  a 
view  to  increase  j  as,  to  nurse  our  national  re- 
sources. 

NURS'£D,  (nurst,)  pp.  Tended  in  infancy  or  sick- 
ness ;  nourished  from  the  breast ;  maintained  ;  cher- 
ished. 

NURS'ER,  n.  One  that  cherishes  or  encourages 
growth. 

NURS'ER-Y,  n.  The  place  or  apartment  in  a  house 
appropriated  to^^e  care  of  children.  Bacon. 

2.  A  place  wTiere  young  trees  are  propagated  for 
the  purpose  of  being  transplanted  ;  a  plantation  of 
young  trees.  Bacon. 

3.  The  place  where  any  tiling  is  fostered  and  the 
growth  promoted. 

To  Bcc  fiiir  Pudua,  nurtery  of  uti,  Shak. 

So  we  say,  a  nursenj  of  thieves  or  of  rogues.  Ale- 
houses and  dram-shojis  are  the  fiur^eriof  of  intemper- 
ance. 

CbriKian  ramiUoe  are  the  nurterUi  of  111*^  church  on  earttt,  km  die 
is  Uie  nurtfry  of  ihe  church  in  heiivon.         J.  M.  Maton. 

4.  That  which  forma  and  educates.  Commerce  is 
the  nursery  of  seamrn, 

5.  The  act  of  nursing.     [Litlle  used.]  Shak. 

6.  That  which  is  the  object  of  a  nurse's  care. 

Milfon. 
NURS'ING,  ppr.    Tending ;  nourishing  at  the  breast ; 

educating ;    maintaining. 
NUR.S'LL\G,  «.     An  infant;  a  child.  Dryden. 

2.  One  that  is  nursed.  Spenser. 

NUR'TL'RE,  n.  [Fr.  nourriturc,  from  nourriT^  to  nour- 
ish.] 

1.  That  which  nourishes  ;  food  ;  diet.      Milton. 

2.  That  wliich  promotes  growth;  education;  in- 
strticiion.    Eph.  vi.  • 

NUR'TI:RE,  v.  L    To  feed  ;  to  nourish. 
2.  To  educate  ;  to  bring  or  train  up. 

Uc  was  nurtured  where  he  was  bora.  Wotton. 

NUR'TUR-£D,  pp.   Nourished  ;  educated  ;  trained  up. 
NUS'TLE,  (nusM,)  v.  U     To  fondle;  to  cherish. 
NUT,  n.     [Sax.  hnut ;  D.  noot ;  G.  nuss ;  Sw.  niit ;  Dan. 

itHdd  ;  Ir.  cnudli ;  W.  cna,  cuau.     it  seems  to  be  allied 

to  kmit,  a  bunch  or  hard  lump.] 

1.  The  fruit  of  certain  trees  and  shrubs,  consisting 
of  a  hard  ^hell  inclosing  a  kernel.  Various  kinds  of 
nuts  are  distinguished  ;  as,  walnut,  chestnut,  hazelnut. 

2.  A  small  block,  of  metal  or  wood,  containing  a 
concave  or  female  screw  ;  called  also  a  Buhr. 

3.  The  projection  near  the  eye  of  an  anchor. 

Jllar.  Diet. 

NUT,  r.  i.     To  gather  nuts.  tVood. 

NO'TANT,  a.     [L.  nutans.] 

Nodding  ;  having  the  top  bent  downward. 

NU-Ta'TION,  b.  [L.  jiutalio,  a  nodding,  from  nufo, 
to  nod.] 

In  astronomy,  a  vibratory  motion  of  the  earth's  ax- 
is, arising  from  periodical  fluctuations  in  the  obliqui- 
ty of  the  ecliptic.  Olmsted. 

NUT'-BREaK-ER,  ji.  The  European  nut-batch.  [See 
NuT-HATeH.l  Edin.  Encyc. 

NUT'-BROVVN,  o.  Brown  as  a  nut  h.ng  kept  and 
dried.  Milton. 

NUT'-CRACK-ER,  n.  An  instrument  for  cracking 
nuts.  Addison. 

2.  A  European  bird,  of  the  genus  Nucifniga,  be- 
longing to  the  crow  family.  It  feeds  on  nuts,  in- 
sects, &c.  P.  Cyc. 

NUT'GALL,  n.  An  excrescence  of  the  oak.  [See 
Gall.]  Brown. 

NUT'-HATCII,  n.  The  common  nameof  birds  of  the 
genus  Siita,  having  miich  of  the  habits  of  ttie  wood- 
peckers, and  living  on  nuts,  insects,  &c.  The  com- 
mon European  nut-hatch  is  called  also  Nut-jobbeb, 
and  NuT-p»;cKER.  P.  Cyc.     Johnson. 

NUT'-riOOK,  n.  A  pole  with  a  hook  ut  the  end,  to 
pull  down  boughs  for  gathering  the  nuts  ;  also,  the 
name  given  to  a  tliief  that  stole  goods  from  a  win- 
dow liy  means  of  a  l)W)k.  Shak. 

NUT'MEG,  71.  [L.  nux  moschataj  It.  voce  moscada; 
Port,  noz  moscada;  Fr.  miiseade^  or  noix  muscade.  But 
it  may  be  questioned  whether  the  last  syllable  in 
English  mciT  i^  not  from  L.  inacis,  mace,  the  bark 
that  envelops  the  nut.] 

The  kernel  of  the  fruit  of  the  tree  called  Myrislica 
moschiita.  This  fruit  is  nearly  a  spherical  drupe,  of 
the  size  and  somewhat  of  the  shape  of  a  pear.  The 
fleshy  part  is  of  a  yellowish  color  without,  almost 
white  within,  and  four  or  five  lines  in  thickness,  and 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BpQIC  — 
7g^ 


OAF 

o[>ons  into  two  nearly  I'ljual,  Itingiiudinal  V!ilve,-j,  pre- 
senting to  view  the  imt  surruuniltd  hy  its  arillus, 
wtiicli  13  mnce.  The  nut  drops  out,  and  the  itriKu:^ 
withers.  The  nut  is  oval,  tho  shell  very  hard,  and 
dark -hrown.  This  ininiedialt'ty  envelops  the  kernel, 
which  is  the  nutmeg  as  commonly  sold  in  the  sjjop-;. 
The  tree  producing  this  fruit  grows  principally  in 
the  [elands  ofBanda,  in  the  East  Indiets.  It  reaches 
the  height  of  twenty  or  thirty  feet,  |>roducing  nu- 
merous branches.  The  color  of  the  bark  of  the 
tnmk  is  a  reddish-brown  ;  that  of  the  young 
brtnches  a  bright  green.  The  nutmeg-  is  an  aro- 
matic, very  grateful  to  the  taste  and  smell,  and 
niitrb  used  in  ci>okerv. 

NO'Tttl-A,  n.     [Sp.  nutria,  alter.] 

In  contmercCy  the  name  given  to  the  skins  of  the 
IklyopiitaniUH  Bonariensis,  a  native  of  South  Ameri- 
ca, resembling  the  beaver,  but  smaller.  J^uiria  fur 
is  l:ir2elv  used  in  the  hat  manufacture.  McCuUoch. 

Nt;-TKI-€A'TION,  n.  Manner  of  feeding  or  being 
fed.     [vVot  in  use.) 

NC'TRI-EXT,  a.    "[L.  nMtrio.] 

Nourishing;  promoting  growth. 

NC'TRI-ENT,  R.  Any  substance  which  nourishes  by 
promoting  the  growth  or  repairing  the  waste  of  ani- 
mal hodie!*.  Darwin. 

NC'TKI-ME\T,  n.  [L.  nutrimenfum,  from  Mu/n'o,  to 
nouri»(h.] 

1.  'i'liat  which  nourishes;  that  which  promotes 
tne  growth  or  repairs  the  natural  waste  of  animal 
bodies, or  that  which  promotes  the  growth  of  vegeta- 
bles ;  food  ;  aliment.  Siiuik. 

9.  That  which  promotes  enlargement  or  improve- 
ment :  a-S,  the  nutriment  of  the  mind. 

NU-TRI-MENT'AL,  a.  Having  tlie  qualities  of  fiwd  ; 
alimentnl.  Jirbuthnot, 

NU-TRI"TIO\j  (nu-trish'un,)  n.  [L.  nutritio,  from 
nutrt4),Xo  nourish.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  promoting  the  growth  or 
repairing  the  waste  of  animal  bodies  ;  the  act  or  pro- 
cess of  promoting  growth  in  vegetables.     Darwin. 

2.  That  which  nourishes  ;  nutriment. 

Fix>-d  lik<>  a  pUnt  on  hia  p"ciilUr  ipot, 

T%>  ilnw  nutUion,  pn>pi^dt'',  auil  rut.  Pofie, 

Th^rr  u  no  nutrUion  id  ardent  ajxHu.  L.  Beechrr. 

NU-TRI"T10U8,  (Du-trish'ua,)  «.    Nourishing  i  pro- 


Ois  the  fifteenth  lettor,  and  the  fourth  vowel,  in  the 
English  alphabet.  The  shape  of  this  letter  seems 
to  have  been  taken  from  the  circular  configurniion  of 
the  lips  in  uttering  the  sound.  It  corres^Mrnds  in 
figure  with  th*"  Coptic  O,  and  nearly  with  the  SyrJac 
initial  and  final  rfiu,and  the  Elhiopic  ai».  In  wonts 
derived  froni  tne  Oriental  lanpiages,  it  often  repre- 
sents the  cau  of  those  languages,  and  sometimes  the 
aitt :  the  ori^i'ial  sound  of  the  latter  brinir  formed 
deep  in  the  throat,  and  with  a  greater  aperture  of  the 
muiith. 

In  Engtish^  O  has  a  long  sound,  as  in  tane,  honf, 
f^nan^  eiouk,  roU^  dnAl :  a  short  sound,  as  in  lot,  ploil, 
rod,  jiunff,  tofftre,  and  the  sound  of  ou,  or  the  Italian 
u,  and  Frenrh  on,  as  in  mor^,  prove.  This  sound  is 
shf>rtened  in  wordtf  ending  in  a  close  articulation,  as 
in  h/ioky/itot. 

The  long  sound  of  O  is  usually  denoted  hy  c,  at 
the  end  of  a  word  or  syllable,  as  in  bone,  lon^hj ;  or 
by  a  wrvile  a,  as  In  moan,  fual.  It  is  generally  l<»ng 
before  II,  as  in  roll :  but  it  is  short  in  dolt,  loll,  and  in 
words  of  more  syllables  than  one,  as  in  fullij,  roltry. 

As  a  numeral,  O  was  sometimes  used  by  the  an- 
cients fur  II,  and,  with  a  dash  over  it,  (0,)  for 
11,00  p. 

Among  the  friik,  O,  prrfiied  to  the  name  of  a  fam- 
ily, denotes  progeny,  or  is  a  character  of  dignity  ;  a«, 
0»Neil ;  O'Carrol. 

Among  Oie  aneirnfjt,  O  was  a  mark  of  triple  time, 
from  itie  notion  that  the  ternary,  or  nunihcr  3,  Is  the 
most  (K-rfcct  of  numberi»,  and  properly  expreBsed  by  a 
circle,  the  most  perfect  llgure. 

O  is  often  used  as  an  exclnm:ttion,  expressing  a 
wish. 

O,  w^r-  he  pnaent  I  Dryien. 

It  sometimes  expresses  surprise. 
.Shakitpearc  uses  O  for  a  circle  or  oval. 

WlUiin  thii  wockIco  O. 

O.  p.  rtand  for  Old  Stifle. 
f)Al>,  (5de,)  for  Woad.     r-^""'  uted.) 
OAF,  rflfe,)  n.    [said  to  be  a  corruplinn  of  oupk  or  elf, 
a  fairy  or  demon,  and  to  denote  a  foolish  child  left  hy 
fa>rie^<  in  the  place  of  one  of  better  intellects,  which 
they  rteal.     Johnson.] 

I.  A  changeling  i  a  foolish  child  left  by  fairies  jn 
the  place  ttf  another.  Drayton, 

3.  A  dolt ;  an  idiot;  a  blockhead. 


OAR 

nioting  the  gruwtli,  or  repairing  the  waste  of  animal 

bodies.      Millt  is  very  nutritious. 

NtJ-TRI"TIOUS-LY,  (nu-trish'us-ly,)  adv.  Nourish- 
inciy- 

NC'TRI-TI  VE,  a.  Having  the  quality  of  nourishing ; 
nntrimental ;  nlimental ;  as,  a  nutritive  food. 

NO'TRI-TIVE-LY,  ado.     Nourishtnely- 

NO'TRI-TIVE-\ESfci,n.  Qunliiy  of  nourishing.  Ellis. 

NO'TRI-T^RE,  n.  The  quality  uf  nourishing.  [JVot 
v.^ed.J  Harvey. 

NUT'SHELL,  «.  The  hard  shell  of  a  nut;  the  cov- 
ering of  the  kernel. 

2.  Proverbially,  a  thing  of  little  compass,  or  of  lit- 
tle value.  VElslrant^e. 

XL'T'TALL-TTE,  n.  [from  Prof  JVuftoH.]  A  mineral 
found  in  Bolton,  Mass.,  occurring  in  prismatic  crys- 
tals. It  is  supposed  by  some  to  be  identical  with 
Sc  A  POLITE.  Dana. 

NUT'TING,  ppr.  or  a.     Gathering  nuts. 

NUT'TING,  n.     The  act  of  gatliering  nuts. 

NUT'-TREE,  n.     A  tree  that  bears  nuts. 

NUX  VOM'I-CA,  71.  [L.]  The  fn.it  of  a  tree  of  the 
genus  Strychnos,  growing  in  the  East  Indies.  It  is 
a  very  virulent  poison.  P.  Cye. 

NUZ'ZLE,  v.t.  [Uu.  from  nnurslc]  To  suckle  ;  to 
foster,  or  nurse  up.     [  yulgar.] 

NL'Z'ZLE,  tJ.  i.  [Uu.  from  nose  or  noursle.]  To  hide 
the  head,  as  a  child  in  the  mother's  bosom.  liaileu- 

NUZ'ZLE,  v.t.  [Uu.  «ourW«  or  nestle.]  To  nestle; 
to  house,  as  in  a  nest. 

NUZ'ZLK,  V.  L  [Q,u.  from  nose]  To  work  with  the 
nose,  like  a  swine  in  the  mud  ;  as,  the  nuziling  eel. 

He  »om»-lim'^  ch;>rgv,l   throurh  an  oriiir  or  lawyr*  swyrd  iu 
iuKiil,  aiid  ■oincuiTi^'*  nuziied  like  mi  t^'\  in  tlir  inuJ. 

Arbuihnol'g  John  BvU. 

2.  To  go  with  the  nose  thrust  out  and  down,  like 
a  swine. 

Sir  Ro^T  shook  Ii!b  »nra  and  nuzzUd  slaog,  well  latlaAed  tliat 

he  W.1*  tloitig  a  chiritaMj-  wurk,  ArbuAmL 

Th"*  U'-Mr-il  b>-iti-rit,  not  ifc-re  coiitii>e4| 
Drop«  to  the  thinl,  whu  nuzzlta  cliMe  behind.  Pope. 

NYe-TA-I,fi'PI-A,  (  n.     [Gr.  ki  «ra>(Ojr(a  ;  vv(,  night, 
NYe'TA-LO-PY,     i      and  toii/,  the  eye.] 

A  disease  in  which  vision  is  painfully  acute  in  a 
strung  light,  but  clear  and  pleasant  in  a  dark  shade 
or  in  the  dusk  of  the  evening.  Oood. 


OAT 


o. 


OAF'ISH,  a.    Stupid  ;  dull  ;  doltish.     [Little  used.l 

OAF'IS[I-NESS,Ti.  Stupidity;  dullness;  folly.  fLil- 
Ve  uufd.] 

OAK,  (6ke,)  TU  [Sax.  ac,  ac :  D.  elk,  or  eikboom:  G. 
eiche  or  eichbaum;  8w.  ek :  Dan.  ee<re-trt2e,  oak-tree. 
It  is  probable  that  the  first  syllable,  oak,  was  origi- 
nally an  adjective  expressing  some  quality,  as  hard 
or  strong,  and,  by  the  disuse  of  tree,  oak  became  the 
name  of  \)n-  tree.] 

A  tree  of  the  genus  Quercus,  or  nither  the  popular 
name  of  the  genus  itself,  of  which  there  are  many 
species.  The  white  oak  grows  to  a  great  size,  and 
f^irnishes  a  most  valuable  timber  ;  hut  the  live  oak 
of  the  Unile'l  States  is  the  nmst  durable  timber  for 
ships.  In  Hartford  still  Ktand-i  the  venerable  oak,  in 
the  hollow  Btetn  of  which  was  concealed  and  pre- 
served the  colonial  charter  of  Connecticut,  when 
Pir  E.  Andros,  by  authority  of  n  writ  of  quo  war- 
ranto from  the  Kritish  crown,  attempted  to  obtain 
p«>8»eBsron  of  it.  in  1(567.  As  it  was  then  a  large 
tree,  it  must  now  lie  nearly  three  hundred  years  old. 

OAK'-AP-PLE,  (oke'ap  pl,)"rt.  A  kind  of  spongy  ex- 
crescence on  oak  leaves  or  tender  branches,  fee,  pro- 
duced in  consequence  of  tlie  puncture  of  insects. 
It  is  called,  also,  otik-lcaf  ffoll.  Baron.     Enciic. 

OAK'-BARK,  «.  The  bark  of  the  oak-tree,  which  is 
preferred  to  all  others  for  the  purposes  (»f  tanning. 

OAK  O'PKN-ING,  n,  A  term  applied,  in  the  Western 
States,  to  tipenings  or  thinly-w<»oded  spaces  in  oak 
fore.-*ts,  which  are  free  from  underwood,  and  resem- 
hU'  an  English  [Kirk. 

OAK'KS,  (o'kn.)  a.  Made  of  oak  or  consisting  of 
oak  ;  as,  an  oaktn  plank  or  bench  ;  an  oukcn  bower. 

Ml!  tun. 
5.  Coinp«jscd  of  branches  of  oak  ;  as,  an  oakm  gar- 
land. Jidiiison. 

OAK'£N-PIN,  H.  An  apple,  so  called  from  its  hard- 
ness. Mortimrr. 

OAK'UNG,  n.     A  young  oak.  F.cclyn. 

OAK'L'M,  n.  [^!\x.  ttcemba,  ireunihe,  tow.  'I'he  latter 
iwri  of  the  word  m^iy  be  Sax.  rmth,  n  comb.] 

The  Hiibstance  of  old  ropes  nntwisted  and  pulled 
into  Umse  hemp;  used  for  calking  the  seams  of 
ships,  Ktopi»ing  leaks,  &.C.  That  ftirmed  from  un- 
tarred  ropes  is  called  vhite  onkum. 

OAK'V,  a.    [from  oak.]    Hard  ;    firm  ;  strong.    Hall. 

OAR,  (Sre,)  n.     [Sax.  ar ;  Sv  .  ara  ;  Norm,  ower.] 


NYC'TA-LOPS,  n.     [Gr.  ^t)«raAs.>4/ ;  .'if,  night,  and 
toipy  the  eye.] 
One  altiicted  with  nyctalopia. 

N7E,  rt.     A  brood  or  fiock  of  pheasants. 

NYL'GHAU,    i  «.     A  ruminant  mammal  of  the  Cap- 

NYL'GAt),        >      rid  tribe,  as  large  as  or  larger  than 

NEEL'GHATJ,  )  a  slag.  The  horns  are  short  and 
bent  forward  ;  there  is  a  beard  under  the  middle  of 
the  neck  -,  the  hair  is  grayish  ;  there  are  strongly- 
marked  rings  on  all  the  feet,  Just  above  the  hoofs  ; 
the  female  has  no  horns.  It  is  the  Damalis  Ki^^ia  of 
modern  naturalists,  and  the  Aniiloue  picta  of  the 
older  ones.     It  inhabits  Northern  India. 

NYMPH,  (ninif,)  n.     [L.  nympha  ;  Gr.  vn/n/ii?.] 

1.  In  mythology,  a  godde!>»  of  the  mountains,  for- 
ests, meadows,  or  waters.  According  to  the  ancients, 
all  the  world  was  full  of  nymphs,  some  terrestrial, 
others  ccles^tiul ;  and  these  had  names  assigned  to 
them  according  to  their  place  of  residence,  or  the 
parts  of  the  world  over  which  they  were  supposed  to 
preside.  Brnnde. 

9.  In  poetry^  a  lady.  JfaWrr. 

NYMPH,       I  n.     Anotiier  name  of  the  pupa,  chrysa- 

NYMPH'A,  i  lis,  or  nurelia  ;  the  second  state  of  an 
inspect,  passing  to  its  perfect  form. 

NYMPH-6'AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  nymphs  ;  inhabited 
by  nvmphs  ;  as,  a  nympheau  cave.  Faher. 

NYMPH'ie-Ah,(nimfik-aI,)a.  Pertaining  to  nymphs. 
Paunania.1,  Trans. 

NYMPH-IP'A-ROUS,  a.    [I.,  nympha  and  pario.] 
Producing  nytnphs. 

NYMPH'ISH,  a.     Relating  to  nymphs  ;  lady-like. 

Drayton. 

KYMpil'T  Y       '  ( '^*  Resembling  nymphs.  Drayton. 

NYMPH-O-Ma'nKa,  fi.  Morbid  and  incnntrollable 
sexual  desire  in  fetnales,  breaking  the  bounds  of 
modest  demeanor;  always  attended  with  agitation 
both  of  body  and  mind,  and  constituting  a  true  and 
projRT  disease,  which  is  no  more  under  the  control 
of  the  will  than  tetanus. 

NVS,    [ne  and  w.]    None  is;  is  not.    [(J6.^■. ] 

Spenser. 

NYS-TAG'MUS,  n.     [Gr.  wora^tio^.] 

Nictation  or  winking  of  the  eye,  as  in  a  druwf^y 
person. 


An  InBtrument  for  rowing  boats,  being  a  piece  of 
timber  round  or  square  at  one  end,  and  fiat  at  the 
other.  The  round  end  is  the  handle,  and  the  flat 
end  the  blade. 

To  boat  the  oars;  in  #eaman.sAip,  to  cease  rowing, 
and  lay  the  oars  in  tlie  boat. 

To  ship  the  oars ;  to  )>lace  them  in  the  row-locks. 
To  unship  the  oars  i  to  take  them  out  of  the  row- 
locks. Mar.  Diet. 
OAR,  r.  t.     To  row.  Popr. 
OAR.  V.  t.     To  impel  by  rowing.  Shak. 
OAR'KU,  p;<.     rui[»elled  by  rowing. 

9.  Furnished  witli  oai^  ;  used  in  eomposition  ;  as,  s 
foiir-oflrrrf  boat, 
OAR^-FQQT-EU,  a.     Having  feet  for  cars,  as  certain 

animals. 
OARS'MAN,  n.    One  who  rows  at  the  oar. 
OAR'Y,  a.     Ilaving  the  form  or  use  of  an  oar;  as,  tlie 

swan  8  oary  feet.  Milton,     Jlddisim. 

O'A-SIS,  n.  .■  pi.   Oases.      [L.j     A  fertile  place  in  a 
sandy  or  barren  desert.     I'his  name  Is  particularly 
applied  to   such    spots,  watered  by  springs,  in  tJie 
deserts  of  Egjpi,  Lybia,  and  other  parts  of  Africa. 
Russell.     D'JinciUe.     Bruce. 
OAST,  -i 

OST,     }n.     [qii.  Gr.  eana,  or  L.  ustus.] 
OUST,  > 

A  kiln  to  dry  hops  or  malt.  Mortimer. 

OAT,  n.     [Sax.  ate^  oat  or  cockle,  daniel  j  Rusa.  ores 
or  onctzi.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Avena,  and  ntore  usually  the 
seed  of  the  plant.  'J'he  word  is  commonly  used  in 
the  pluntl,  oaL-!.  This  plant  flourishes  best  in  cold 
latitudes,  and  degenerates  in  the  warm.  The  meal 
of  this  grain,  ontmeal,  forms  a  considerable  and  very 
valuable  article  of  food  for  man  in  Scotland,  and 
every  where  oats  are  excellent  food  for  horses  and 
cattle. 
OA'J''-CAKE,  n.    A  cake  made  of  the  nical  of  oats. 

Peacham 
CAT'EN,  (5l'n,)   a.      Made  of  oatmeal  ;   as,  oaten 
cakes. 

9.  Consisting  of  an  oat  straw  or  stem  ;  as,  an 
oaten  pipe.  Milton. 

OATH,  (6th,)  n,     [Sax.  ath;  Goth,  alths ;  D.  eed;  G. 
cid;  Sw.  (■(/;  Pan.  a-rd.] 
A  solenm  afiirmation  or  declaration,  made  with  an 


TCNE,  BULL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8.— C  a«  K ;  G  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


96 


701 


OBE 

appeal  tn  God  fur  the  truth  of  whnt  is  afrinncd. 
The  appeal  to  Oih]  in  an  oath  implies  timl  the  pi-r- 
■on  iiiiprocalfM  liU  v«'iiceuiice,  uiid  n'lioiinct'H  liis 
favor,  if  ihf  dectumiioit  is  false  ;  or,  if  the  dt-clara- 
lum  IS  a  jimtiiist*,  tht>  |k;rsiiii  invokeM  ilir  vengt-ance 
of  OiMl  If  hv  should  fail  to  fumU  iL  A  falsL>  oath  i* 
Calk'd  perjurtf. 

OA'III'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  havIoB  an  oath  admin- 
iatereil  to.     [M\;t  used,]  SAak. 

OATH'-nUEAK-ING,  n.  The  violation  of  aa  oath; 
p»*rjurv.  Skak, 

6AT'-MAI.T,  n.     Slalt  made  of  oats.         Mortimer. 

OAT'M  kAL.  m.    Meal  of  oat*  produced  by  grinding  or 

potindin".  Oav. 

a.  A  plant.     [AW  used.]  -«^A. 

OAT'-TIIIS-TLE,  (-ihis'l.l  N.     A  plinL    ^imncortM. 

OB,  a  Uitio  pr»'(xwii^  Timarily,  in  front, 

before,  and  h<  iice  :  i  .  tis  in  ofrfirju,  ti» 

object,  that  t?),  tu  i:  '■     It   hnn  alito  the 

force  of  in  or  tin;  Us  iit  •.■i'.ru.J.C:,  tu  lhni!<t  on.  In 
a^mponition^  the  letter  6  '\»  t'rt'U  ch:\nced  into  the  first 
lelter  of  the  word  to  which  it  i»  preljxed  ;  as  in  occa- 
«t0H.  offTt  »pp«-e. 

OB-AMUU-LATE,  r.  i.     [I*.  •AuAaid.] 

To  walk  alKXiL     [J^ot  used.]  Corkeram, 

OB-AM-UU-LA'TION,  a.     A  walking  about,    [^ot 

OB-ULI-GA'TO,  «.     [IL,  bound.]     ZacvWiw,  b«und  or 
coaAned  ;  a  inu^ical  lemi  applied  to  a  cmniHi-'ilion  or 
nMWeinent    wntteo    espres«ly    fur    the    instrumrnt 
named  ;  and  al-^o  to  a  niuvemunt  re^traiuL-d  I»y  cer- 
tain mle«  to  a  particular  passage,  &,c.  Brand*, 
OB-Co.N'IC,          i  a.     [ob  iiiid  conic]     Jn  bvttuty,  con- 
OB-l'(^.\'ie-AL,  I      ical»  but  having  the  apex  down- 
wan] . 
OB-€ORD'ATE,  a.    fl*,  fWMn  oh  and  «w,  the  heart.] 
In  Kc««y,  shaped   hke  a    heart,   with  the  apeji 
downward  ;  as,  an  ^cordate  pvLii  or  legume. 

Marpfn, 
OE-DOR-.Vr'TIO.V.  (-roish'un,)  a.    [L.  a^donau!.] 

8leep  ;  sound  xleeiK     [LilUt  lunL]  UtitL 

OB-DOt'C,  r.  L     [U  «Mmo  ;  ob  and  dmt^,  to  lead.1 

To  draw  over,  a~s  a  covering.     [LittU  ust4,]  Hide, 
OB-I>ireT'.  r.  L     [L.  •AJiice.J 

To  draw  over ;  lo  cover.    [A'trf  ia  ajr.l    Brotitm. 
0B-r>Ue'TIO\,  a.     [L.  ebdmctio.] 

Tlie  net  of  drawme  over,  ns  a  covering ;  Uio  act 
of  livine  i»Vt-r.     [f^itU  m.^fd.]  Cockmtm. 

OB'Dli-RA-CV  or  OB  DCRA-CY,  n.  [See  Oaou- 
a«TK.]  Invincjttli.'  hnidiie&i^  of  benrt ;  im|ienitcnce 
thai  can  not  be  tfubdued ;  inilexiUe  persistency  in 
aio  ;  obstinacy  in  wickedness. 

to 


OB'm'  RATE  or  OB-DO'RATB.  «.     [I* 

1,.     ■  ■  ■     •        :] 

irt ;  inflexibly  bard  j  persisting 
^  impenitence. 

■J.  li.irii.-nra  n!:jm«t  good  or  favor;  Btubborn  ;  hn- 
yielding ;  inflexible. 

The  ninm  of  eril  nshn  the  hnm  oWaroto  ifsliMl  wtatanrrrr 
loMTueikMW  IB  tte  taaUKTj,  Hooker. 

3.  Harsh:   ragsed;   aa,   an    obdmraU   conaonanL 
[Uttlt  used.]  SitifL 

OB'mJ-RATE,  r.  L     To  harden.     TAV  »*?(/.]     More. 

OB'DU-RATE-I.V  or  OIM)C'RATE-LV,  ado.    Stub- 
bornly ;  inflexiblv;  with  utiiiirnatr>  impenitence. 

OB'I»U"-RATE  .\ES.<    or    OB-DC'RATIi-XESS,     «. 
8lnbtH)rnn*'$s  ;  indexible  persistence  in  sin. 

OB-DIT-RA'TIO\,  m.     The  hardening  of  the  heart; 
hardness  of  heart ;  stubbornnetis. 

Hooker.    Hamnumd. 

OB-PCRE'.  e.  i.    [L.  chdurc.] 

1.  To  harden;  to  render  obstinate  in  sin.    [lAttU 
w^l  IlerbtrU 

2.  To  render  inflexible.     [Littleuged.]  Hall. 
OB-nCR'XU,  pp.  or*.    Hardened  :  inflexible;  impen- 
itent.                                                              Mthan, 

OB-DCR'ED-NESS,  a.    Hardnefs  of  heart ;  stubbom- 
neaa.     f  i*tti«  a***.]  Halt 

{XBE-AH,  a.    A  species  of  witchcraft  practiced  among 
the  African  negroes.  Ehcvc  .dm. 

0-B£'DI-£NCE,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  obediemtia.     £oe 
Obit.] 

Ctunplianca  with  a  command,  prohibition,  or 
known  law  and  rule  of  duty  prescribed  ;  the  per- 
formance of  what  is  required  or  enjoined  by  author-  I 
ity,  or  the  abstaining  from  what  is  pmhi'bited,  in 
compliance  with  the  command  or  prohibition.  To 
constitute  obedience,  the  act  or  forbearance  lo  act  | 
most  be  in  submiasion  to  autliority ;  the  command  j 
mu<  be  known  to  the  person,  and  bis  compliance 
miist  be  in  consequence  of  it,  or  it  is  not  ol>edience. 
Obedlenct  is  n<i«  synonj-mons  with  ohse^juiougne^s  t 
the  latter  often  impl>ing  meanness  or  servility,  and 
obedience  beinc  merely  a  proper  submission  to  au- 
thority. That  which  duty  requires  implies  dignity 
of  conduct  rather  than  servility.  Obedience  may  be 
voluntary  or  incoluniary.  F'oiuMtdoy  obediauc  alone 
can  be  acceptable  to  God. 

Cov«fniwnt  trt'iM.  comjirl  tte  oheSgne*  of  indrridiMls ;  o(b»r> 
wme  wbo  »ill  wck  lu  pratectioo  ot  kmi  its  reng«auc»  t 


OBF 

,  0-BE'DI-Ei\T,  a.     [L.  obediena.] 

Submissive  to  authority  ;  yielding  compliance 
with  rt.irimands,  orders,  or  injunctions;  pcrfunniiig 
what  i:^  required,  or  ab:^atning  from  what  is  forbid. 

The  cfai<-f  hi*  ork<n  giT<«  ;  Utr  obrdCicnt  ImiuI, 

Willi  duff  oUcrvjiioc-,  w*it  Uk  cIimtI^s  coiniiiand.  Pq}i4. 

O-BE-DI-E.N'TIAL,  a.     TFi.  obtdiencieL] 

According  to  the  rufo  of  obedience;  In'  compli- 
ance with  commands  ;  as,  obediential  submission. 

Hammond. 
0-Bi>,'Dr-EXT-LV,  adr.    With  obedience;  with  due 
siibmissitm  to  commands;  wiUi  bubmission  or  com- 
pliance with  orders.  IHIlot^on. 
O-BEI'.SAXCE  or  O-BBI'SANCE,  a.    [Fr.  obeUianeCy 
from  obfir,  to  ol»ey,  L.  vbedio.] 

A  bow  or  courtesy  ;  an  act  of  reverence  made  by 
an    inclmation  of  the    body  or  the    knee.      Gen. 
xixvii. 
0-Bi;I'SA\T  or  0-B£l'SA.NT,  a.     Reverent;  sub- 
missive. 
OB-E-LIS'€AL,  a.    In  the  form  of  an  obelisk. 

Stuketey. 
OB'E-LISK,  a.     [L.  obeOscus ;  Gr.  o/JeXtOKOi,  dmi.  of 
o/>£\oj,  a  sp't.] 

1.  A  tall,  four-aided  pillar,  gradually  tapering  as  it 
rises,  and  cut  off  at  the  top  in  the  form  of  a  flat  pyra- 
mid. The  shaft  i-«  pn>iK'rly  made  of  one  entire  stone, 
as  in  the  E^^vptian  nbtlisks,  which  are  also  ofli-ri 
clnrced  with  inscriptions  or  hierot;lyr)hics.  Some 
nnrirnt  obelisks  appe.ir  to  have  been  erected  in  Jionor 
of  diiitinpiished  persons  or  their  achievements.  Ptol- 
emy Phitadelphus  raised  one  of  b8  cubits  high  in 
honor  of  Arsinoe.  Augustus  erected  one  in  thy  Cam- 

tius  Martins  at  Rome,  wiiich  served   to  mark   the 
lours  on  u  horizontal  dial  drawn  on  the  jKivement. 

f.ncjte. 

2.  In  writing  and  printinff,  a  reference  or  mark  re- 
ferring the  reader  to  a  note  in  the  margin,  thus,  f. 
It  is  used  also  for  a  mark  of  censure,  or  for  desig- 
nating obsolete  words,  or  f .  r  other  purposes,  at  the 
piKisure  of  the  writer. 

OB'E-LIZE,  r.  L  To  desif^nate  with  on  obelus;  to 
mark  a^*  doubtful  or  t^puriuus. 

OB'E-Lt'S,  a.  [fir.  'i/iiA-j,  a  needle.]  In  ancient  man- 
uscript^fy  a  mark,  thus,  — ,  or  -h,  so  called  fnun  iL-*  re- 
semblaucc  to  a  needle.  It  was  used  by  Oritfen  in  his 
Hexapla,  to  mark  p:i«sages  of  tlie  Sepluagiiit  which 
are  not  found  in  the  Hebrew.  Brandr. 

OB-EU'UI-TATE,  e.  i.  {X^  ohe^iuto ;  ob  und  cvaiio, 
to  ride  ;  ff  HIL4,  a  horse.] 

To  ride  abouL     fJVU  used,]  Cnckeram. 

OB-BQ-UI-TA'TION.  a.  The  act  of  riding  about. 
[Mbt  used,]  Corkeram. 

OB'E-RON,  a.  Tlie  king  of  the  fairies.  Sc-e  Shak- 
•peare*s  Midsununtr  Migta'^s  Dream. 

Oli-ER-RA'TION,  a.    [L.  Qberro ;  ub  and  erro,  to  wan- 
der.] 
The  act  of  wandering  abouU    [UtHe  wed.] 


O-BfLsE',  a.     [U  ehe^us^ 

Fat  ;  fleshy.     \Uttle  used.] 


Qayton. 
0-BES'l-TY,       i  "•     t^  ohesda*.] 

Excessive  fatness;  fleshiness;  tucumbrancc  of 
flesh.  OreiD. 

O-BBV",  C'*-***'^)  »•  ^  [Fr-  "Afir,  contracted  from  L. 
ohrdio.  It.  ubbtdire ;  supiKtined  lo  be  contracted  from 
ob  and  audio^  to  hear.     Ciee  Gr.  f(aK<n>ui.] 

1.  To  comply  with  the  commands,  orders,  or  in- 
structions of  a  superior,  or  with  the  reqiiiremenls  of 
law,  moral,  political,  or  municipal ;  to  do  that  which 
is  ciunmandcd  or  rcqtiircd,  or  to  forbear  doing  that 
which  is  prohibited.  He  who  has  learned  to  obey 
will  know  how  to  command. 

Chiiilr*"!!,  oVy  your  p«retia  in  ihe  Lonl.  —  Eph.  rf. 
Servania,  obey  to  &I1  Uuiigi  your  mtutera.  —  Cul.  iii. 

2.  To  submit  to  the  government  of ;  to  be  ruled  by. 

All  lumtl  obtj/0d  Solomon.  —  1  Chron.  Jtxlx.    D.m.  vu, 

3.  To  submit  to  the  direction  or  control  of. '  Sea- 
men say,  the  ship  will  not  obry  the  helm. 

Lrt  not  Hn  ibfT  fore  rrien  in  ya>ir  mort-il  bttily,  thiit  ye  should 
obey  it  iu  ihe  liuU  (henwfl  —  Kom.  vu     James  iii. 

4.  To  yield  to  the  impulse,  power,  or  operation  of; 
as,  to  obey  stimulus.  Darwin. 

R^lriiiJrw  Time,  dettrojrlnp  power, 
Whom  uoiic  iind  bnun  obey. 

O-BEV'/H),  (o-bade',)  pp.  Complied  with;  por- 
f(»rmed  ;  as  a  command  ;  yielded  to. 

O-IJBV'ER,  71.    One  who  yields  obedience. 

O-Bt'V'IXG,  ppr.  Complying  with  commands;  sub- 
mitting to. 

O-HEY'IXG-LY,  (o-ba'-,)  adv.  Complyingly  ;  submis- 
sivi'Iy. 

OR-FTRM',  (f.b-ferm',)  )  v.  t.    To  make  firm  ; 

OF-KIRM'.^TE,  (ob-fenn'ate,)  ]  to  harden  in  resolu- 
tion.    [A"..*  used.]  Hall.     Sheldon. 

OB-FU.S'€aTE,  r.  (.     [L.  oh  and  fusco,  t<»  obscure.] 
To  darken  ;  to  obscure.  IVaterhmtse. 

OB-FUS'eA-TED,  pp.     Darkened  in  color.  Shenstone. 

8B-FUS'CA.TING,  ppr.     Darkening  ;  obscuring, 
B-FUS-eA'TIO.N,  n.     The  act  of  darkening  or  ren- 
dering obscure ;   the  state  of  being  darkened ;    a 
clouding. 

06/u«ciilfemj  of  the  coraem.  DarvAn, 


OBJ 

OB'IT,  n.    [L.  obiit^  obioU ;  ob  and  c»,  to  go.1 

Proprrtyy  death  ;  decease  ;  hence,  funeral  solemni- 
ties ;  also,  an  anniversary  service  for  the  soul  of  the 
deceased  on  the  djiy  of  his  death.    Kncyc.  Moantagtu 

OB'l-TER,   [L..]     In  passing;  iiicideutaily  ;  as,  ubUcr 
dictum,  a  thing  iucideiiially  said. 

0-BIT'l|-AL,  a.     [L.  obeo,  Ui  die  ;  obittu,  death.] 

Pertaining  to  obits,  or  the  days  when  funeral  so- 
lemnities are  celebrated  ;  as,  obitual  doys.      Kneuc. 

0-BIT'lT-A-RY,  n.    JFr.  obUaaire.]  * 

1.  An  account  of  [ktsous  deceased  ;  notice  of  the 
death  of  a  person,  accompanied  with  a  brief  bio- 
gntphical  sketch  of  his  character. 

2.  In  the  Roman  CathvUc  churth^  a  list  of  the  dead, 
or  a  register  of  obitual  anniversary  days,  when 
service  is  (>erformed  fur  the  dead.  Encyc. 

O-BIT'U-A-RI-LY,  ado.    In  the  manner  of  an  obit- 
uary. 

O-BIT'lT-A-RV,  a.    Relating  to  the  decease  of  a  per- 
son or  persons  ;  as,  an  obituary  notice. 

OB'JEGT,  n.      [Fr.  objct;  L.  objcctum.  objectus.    See 
the  verb.]  '■  ■'  ^  .      j 

1.  'J'hat  about  which  any  power  or  faculty  is  em- 
ployed, or  something  apprehended  or  presented  to 
the  mind  by  sensation  or  imagination.  Thus  that 
quality  of  a  rose  which  is  pt-rceived  by  the  sense  of 
smell,  is  an  object  of  |«;rceplion.  When  the  object  is 
not  in  contact  with  the  organ  of  sense,  there  must 
be  some  medium  thnuiph  which  we  obtain  the  p*'r- 
ceptitm  of  it.  The  impression  which  objects  make 
on  the  senses  must  be  by  the  immediate  application 
of  them  to  the  organs  of  sense,  or  by  means  of  the 
medium  that  intervenes  between  the  organs  and  the 
obje-ct.'t. 

■a.  That  to  which  the  mind  is  directed  for  accom- 
plishment or  attainment ;  end  ;  ultimate  purpose. 
Happiness  is  the  objeu  of  every  man's  desires;  we 
all  strive  to  attain  to  that  objecL  Wealth  and  honor 
are  pursued  with  eagerness  as  desirable  objects. 

3.  Something  presented  to  the  senses  or  the  mind, 
to  excite  emotion,  aflectiun,  or  passion. 

Thii  paiwcngvr  frit  lome  doyreo  of  concern  at  \he  lAght  of  so 
inoviiij  an  ot{ject.  AtUrbury. 

In  this  sense,  the  word  uttered  with  a  particular 
empha:iis,  signifies  something  that  may  strongly 
move  our  pity,  abhorrence,  or  disgust.  What  an  ob- 
ject! 

4.  In  grammar^  that  which  is  produced,  influ- 
enced, or  acted  on  by  something  else;  that  which 
follows  a  transitive  verb.  When  we  say,  "  God 
created  the  world,"  world  denotes  the  thing  pro- 
duced, and  is  the  object  after  the  verb  created. 
When  we  say,  *'  The  light  atfecls  the  eye,"  eye  de- 
notes that  which  is  aflected  or  acted  on.  When  we 
siy,  "  Instruction  directs  the  mind  or  opinions," 
mind  and  opinions  are  the  objects  influenced. 

OB'J  ECT -GLJiSS,  n.     In  a  telescope  or  microscope^  the 

glass  placed  at  tiie  cud  of  a  tube  next  the  objuct. 

Its  otlice  is  to  form  an  image  of  the  object,  which  is 

then  viewed  by  the  eye-glass. 
OB-JECT',  V.  L    [L.  objicioi  ob  and  jocio,  to  throw 

against.] 
1.  To  oppose  ;  to  present  in  opposition. 


pjillat  (o  ihi-lr  evit 
The  mist  objected,  tvml  couileiisfd  the  kIuci. 


Popt. 


2.  To  present  or  ofler  in  opposition,  as  a  charge 
criminal,  or  as  a  reason  adverse  to  something  sup- 
posed lo  be  erroneous  or  wrong  ;  with  to  or  again.iL 

Tlie  book  —  ffi ire th  liberty  to  al^tct  iiny  crime  against  »iich  as  nn; 

to  bf  ortl-irvil.  WhUgi/ta. 

The  Rilvcrfcirifi  of  religion  object  againat  pKifi-wors  Uie  irrvgii- 

Uriiy  of  th.'ir  livw,  und  too  often  with  Justice.  Anon. 

Their  WII8  this  niii^lo  fault,  that  Crasmua,  thou'h  nn  ^ni-niy, 

coiiid  object  to  bun.  AlUrbury. 

3.  To  ofl>r;  to  exhibit.     {Little  used.]     JTarburton. 
OB-JE€T',  I?,  t.    To  opjiose  in  words  or  arguments; 

to  oflTer  reasons  against.     The  counsel  objected  lo  the 

admission  of  the  plaintiff's  witnesses. 
OB-JEGT',  a.  Opposed  ;  presented  in  opposition.   [JVot 

itsed.]  Sanrlys. 

OB-JECT'.A-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  opposed.     Taylor. 
OB-JEGT'ED,  pp.     OpjKJsed  in  words ;  ofitTed  reasons 

against. 
OB-JECT'ING,    ppr.      Opposing  ;    offering   reasons 

against. 
OB^JEe'TlON,  7»,     [h.  objrctio.] 

1.  The  act  of  objectin}:. 

2.  Tliat  which  is  presented  In  opposition  ;  adverse 
reason  or  argument.  The  defendant  urged  several 
objections  to  the  plaintiff^s  claims.  The  plaintiff  lias 
removed  or  overthrown  those  objections. 

3.  That  which  may  be  ortlrcd  in  opposition  ;  rea- 
son existine,  though  not  offered,  against  a  measure 
or  an  opinion.  We  often  have  objections  in  our  minds 
which  we  never  offeror  present  in  opposition. 

4.  Criminal  charge  ;  fault  found. 
OB-JEC'TION-A-BLE,  a.    Justly  liable  to  objections; 

such  as  muv  be  objected  against. 
OB-JE€T'IVE,  a.     [Fr.  objccti/A 

Literally,  pertaining  or  relating  to  an  object. 
Hence, 

1.  In  philosophy,  an  epithet  applied  to  whatever  ia 
exterior  to  ttic  mind,  or  which  is  the  object  of  thought 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PRBV- -.- PINE,  MAR^tNB,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  Bp<?K.— 


OBL 

or  feelinf; ;  oiitwanl ;  exteninl.    It  is  opposed  to  Sdb- 
jECTtVE,  wUich  see  for  a  t'uiler  explanation. 

OkfteOm  cenaiayt  is  wbrn  the  propMidoo  is  orruiitty  true  in 
iurif ;  afM]  suUi'aiTv,  wt^ii  wv  are  oertaiu  of  tite  tmtti  of  it. 
Tbe  oa^  k  in  tun^,  tbe  ocber  In  our  minds.  H'atU. 

9.  tn  iframmart  llie  ohjective  case  is  that  which  fol- 
lon-s  a  traninitive  vtrb  or  a  preposition  ;  that  case  in 
which  the  ubjeft  of  the  verb  is  placed,  when  produced 
or  affected  by  the  act  expressed  by  the  verb.  This 
case  tn  English  answers  to  the  obl'ique  cases  of  the 
Latin.  LowOt. 

OBJEGT'IVE-LY,  arfp.     In  an  objective  manner;  as, 

a  determinate  idea  objeciicelt/  in  ttie  mind.     Locke, 

9.  In  the  state  of  an  object.  Broicn. 

OB-JEeT'IVE-XES3,  n.    The  stale  of  being  objective. 

Ii  ihtrr  «uch  ft  roouoo  or  oA/fctismesj  of  eitemsd  bodies,  which 
projucttii  ligUi }  fiaie. 

OBJEG-TIVI-TY,  n.     The  state  of  being  objective. 

OBJECT-LESS,  a.     Having  no  nhject.      Coleruiffr. 

OB-JE€T'OR,  n.  One  thai  objects;  one  that  olfers 
arguments  or  reasons  in  opposition  to  a  proposition 
or  measure.  BentUy, 

OIK)UR'GATE,  v.  f.     [L.  objurgo ;  ob  and  jur^o,  to 
chide,] 
Tt>  chide ;  to  reprove.     [J\*>(  usrd.] 

OB-JlTR-tiA'TION,  «,     [L.  cbjur^atio.] 

The  act  of  chiding  by  way  of  censure ;  reproof; 
repr*'hensioii.     {l.iuie  u^ed.]  BraraJlaU. 

OB-jrR'OA-TO-RY,  a.  Containing  censure  or  re- 
pnxif;  ciilintor>'.     [Little  msetL]  HotrelL 

OB-LATE', a.    [LcAZ-j/ms,  ojpro;  ob  and/n-o,  to  bear.] 
In  geometrii,  flattened  i>r  deprfsscd  at   (he  poles  ; 
as,  an   ob!att  spheroid,  niuch  is  the  Hgiire  of  the 
earth.  Chnme. 

OB-LATE'XESS,  ».  The  quality  or  state  of  beinR  ob- 
late. Flfmin^. 

0I^LA'TIO^*,  n.  [L.  oblatUt  from  ^ffhv ;  eb  and  /era, 
lo  bear  or  bring.] 

L  Any  thinje  olfi-red  or  presented  in  wwship  or  sa- 
cred service ;  on  otFering  ;  a  sacrifice. 

Bring  no  man  run  obleuionM.  —  li.U 
2.  In  the  farlp  Christian  cAurrA,  a  ffift  or  contribu- 
tion f  rt"  the  expenses  of  the  euch:irisi,  or  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  clerty  and  the  poor.  H,tok. 

OB-LA'TIOX-ERJ  b.  One  who  makes  an  offering  as 
an  act  of  worsliip  or  reverence. 

OB-LRC'TA TE,  p.  t.     [L.  ohleetif.] 

Tu  d>  licht ;  to  plca.se  hishly.    [Abe  km^.] 

OB  LEC-TA'TION,  «.  The  act  of  pleasinf  hlRhly  ; 
deh|;ht.  Ffitkam, 

OB'LI-GATE,  t».  (.  [L.  obti^a:  ob  and  h>o,  to  bind.] 
To  bind,  as  one's  self,  in  a  monil  and  lennl  senw  ; 
to  impose  on,  aa  a  duty  which  the  law  or  pood  faith 
may  enforce.  A  mm  may  oMtsrtttti  hiinsulf  to  pay 
money,  or  erect  a  hoiixe,  either  by  bond,  by  cove- 
rant,  or  by  a  verbnl  promise.  A  man  obUffates  him- 
self only  iiy  a  pcwitive  act  of  hi«  own.  We  never 
ray,  a  man  obligates  hid  hfirs  or  executors.  L'niil  re- 
cently, the  s»-nvc  of  this  word  has  bt-en  rfstricled  to 
pr><iUiT<.<  and  persimal  act'* ;  and  when  moral  duly  or 
law  binds  a  person  to  do  <Mmieihrns,the  word  Oblige 
ha4  be(>n  used.  But  ihL*  distinction  is  not  now  ob- 
served. 

The  miUiims  of  icuuikind,  m  one  vtut  fritpmlti',  ihMild  tM  o&- 
lifsuif  \)f  «  mffttf  or  liiRf  mm!  tka  faDpnue  tt  •frcdon,  to 

Mdi  ntbrr. 
Thsi**  Tour  tnu-^pUn,  to  o&'i^atf 

The  I«Tr«riit  liliiiWrr  of  tLiW. 


ChmdkiS, 


On'LI-<;A-TE0,  pp.     Bound  by  contract  or  promise. 

OB'LI-GA-TINO,  ppr  Binding  by  cuvenul,  contract, 
promise,  or  bt>nd. 

OB-LI-r.A'T!0\,  a.    [h.  obliffafio.] 

I.  The  bindmz  power  of  a  vow.  [vomiw,  oalh,  or 
contract,  or  of  law,  civil,  poliilral,  or  moral,  inde- 
pendf*!!!  of  a  pn.mis*e  :  thai  wbirh  CtmsHittite*  legal 

or  mnr--'    '■■• '  ••■  '■■  '■  '  TV  a  pi-w-jn  liable  lo 

rtKTi  :  ktine  il.  The  laws 

and  '  ^1  lis  an  obligation  to 

hive  h..M  ^  .,-....->,. , i^^libur  OS  ouraelves. 

Every  citizen  u  under  an  obUifatton  to  obey  the  laws 
of  tht!  !^t:iU'.  ^tonl  obh^wn  binds  men  without 
prouir»e  ur  contrirt. 

Q.  The  binding  force  <tf  civility,  kindneHii,  or  grati- 
tude, whrn  thr  [»-  rf.>rinaiicp  of  a  duly  cjin  not  be 
enforced  by  law.  Favor*  ronfcrred  impose  on  men 
an  obU^tion  to  makr  tiuiinhle  rMurni. 

3.  Any  act  by  which  a  (M-rson  becomes  bound  to 
do  something  to  or  for  another,  or  to  forbear  some- 
thing. Taylor. 

4.  In  6tio,  a  bond  with  a  condition  annexed,  and  a 
penalty  fur  non-fkiltlllmont. 

OfifJOA'TO.     Sec  OnnLrrtATo. 

OH'LI-fJA-TO  RV,  a.  Rinding  in  law  or  conscience  ; 
imposing  duty  ;  rrqulrinff  perftHTnanee  or  forbearance 
of  some  act ;  followeit  by  tfM  ,*  to  la  obaolet& 

As  ton;  ■•  taw  Is  oUifUary,  so  Idpg  iWrobtdhuCi  lidwK. 

Wnpfer. 

O-RLICE',  (pronf}vnr*it  as  terittnt^  not  o-Weej',)  v.  t 
[Fr.  obU^n-:  It.  vhhh^^arf,  Sp,  ohlirar  :  fn»m  I4.  obU- 
go:  ob  and  Hgo,  to  bind  ;  Riissi.  oblagayu^  or  oMrffayu^ 
to  enrompaiu  or  mmmnd.] 

I.  To  C4in!«lrain  by  niTessily  ;  lo  compel  by  pliys- 


OBL 

ical  force.  An  admiral  may  be  oblijftd  to  surrender  his 
shi)is,  or  he  may  be  obliged  by  adverse  winds  to  de- 
lay sailing. 

2.  To  constrain  by  legal  force ;  to  bind  in  law. 
We  are  obliged  to  pay  toll  for  supporting  roads  and 
bridges. 

3.  To  bind  or  constrain  by  moral  force.  We  are 
obliged  to  believe  positive  and  unsuspected  testi- 
mony. 

4.  To  bind  in  conscience  or  honor ;  to  constrain  by 
a  sense  of  propriety.  We  are  often  obliged  to  con- 
form to  established  customs,  rites,  or  ceremonies. 
To  be  obliged  to  yield  to  fashion  is  often  the  worst 
species  of  tyranny. 

5.  To  do  a  favor  to;  to  lay  under  oblication  of 
gratitude  ;  as,  to  oblige  one  with  a  loan  of  money. 

6.  To  do  a  favor  to ;  to  please  ;  to  gratify.  Oblige 
us  with  your  company  at  dinner. 

7.  To  bring  under  obligation. 

To  those  hills  we  An  obHftd  for  sll  our  met&ls.  B*niity, 

0-BLTCi'£D,  pp.  Bound  in  duty  or  in  law ;  compelled  j 

Constrained ;  favored  ;  indebted. 
OB-LI-CEE',  n.     Tbe  person  to  whom  another  is 
bound,  or  the  person  to  whom  a  bond  is  given. 

Blackstone. 
0-BLI<SE'MENT,  n.    Obligation,    [j^iffi*  u*erf.] 

MiUoH,     Drydcn. 
O-BLI'GER,  a.    One  that  obliges. 
O-BI.I  tSlNG,  ppr.      Binding  in  law  or  conscience  ; 
S.  Doing  a  favor  to.       [compelling;  constraining. 

No  Tomn  cuo  Ion;  bu  Ute  riiemy  of  one  whom  he  it  In  Uk>  hnLit 
of  ttHginf,  H.  Humphrty. 

O-BLT'CING,  a.     [Fr.  obUgeanL] 

Having  the  disposition  to  do  favors,  or  actually 

conferring  them  ;  as,  an  obliging  man  ;  a  man  of  an 

i^hj*iNY  disposition  ;  hence,  civil ;  conijilaisnnt ;  kind. 

Mods.  Siroul  Kts   mnnj  C(inntiii<^,  ftntl  is  trry  obli^ng  to  s 

stran5»'r  ikit  Ji-xtn*  lin-  sight  of  them.  AiULion. 

O-BLI'GING-LY,  ode.    With  civility;   kindly;  com- 

plaisantlv.  Jlddison.     Swift, 

O-BLI'GLNG-NESS,  n.    Obligation.     [LitUe  used.] 

Hammond. 
2.  Civility ;  complaisance ;  disposition  to  exercise 

kindness.  iVaUtm, 

OB-LI-GOR',  n.    The  person  who  binds  himself,  or 

gives  his  bond  to  another.  BlackOone. 

OB-LI-OUA'TIOX,  n.    [L.  obUquo^  Oom  obliquusy  ob- 

liqtiej 

1.  Declinalton  from  a  straight  line  or  course;  a 
turning  to  one  side  ;  a«,  the  oblit/uation  of  the  eyes. 

2.  Deviation  fh^m  moml  rectitude.  [AVirfoM. 
OB-I.TaLfE'    (ob-like'  or  ob-lcck',)  a.     [L.  obUquM ; 

Fr.  oblique.] 

1.  Deviating  from  n  right  line;  not  direct;  not 
perpendicular  ;  not  parallel ;  aslant. 

It  hu  K  liiiTCtion  oWifW  to  th.it  of  the  f>^nner  motion.     CA^yntf. 

.\n  oblique  angle  is  either  acute  or  obtuse  ;  any  an- 
gle except  a  right  angle. 

An  oblique  line  is  one  that,  (hlling  on  another,  mokes 
oblique  angles  with  iL 

Oblique  planes,  in  dialings  are  those  which  decline 
fVom  the  zenith,  or  incline  toward  the  horizon. 

Oblique  sathng,  is  when  a  ship  sails  u|ion  some 
rhumb  between  the  four  cardinal  (minis,  making  an 
obliipie  angle  with  the  meridian.     Braitde.     Enc^e. 

2.  Indirect ;  by  a  side  glance  ;  as,  an  oblique  hint. 

SAak. 

3.  In  grammar^  an  obU^ut  case  is  any  case  except 
the  nominative. 

OB-LiarE'-A\"GLED,  o.     Having  oblique  angles; 

as,  an  obUqne-amgled  triangle. 
OB-LlurEXV,  ado.     In  a  line  deviating  from  a  right 

hne  ;  not  directly  ;  not  perpendicularly. 

rVdining  from  thr  noon  of  dr«T, 

Tbr  sun  obii^ttmlf  shoots  his  tninilng  t»y.  Pop*. 

S  Indirectly;  by  a  side  glance;  by  an  allusion; 
not  in  the  direct  or  plain  meaning. 

Uis  Aix*i\ijw!  lends  obO^ittljf  to  the  tti?tn£ting  from  othrn. 


0B-I.TarE'XE3S,  n.     Obliquily. 
OB-Lia'UI-TY,  (ob-lik'we-te,)  k.    [L.  Mi^uitasi  Fr. 
ohtiquiti,'^ 

1.  Deviation  from  a  right  line  ;  deviation  frompar- 
allelif«m  or  por|i«-ndieularity  ;  as,  the  obliquity  of  Ihe 
ecliptic  to  the  equator, 
a.  Deviation  from  moral  rectitude. 

To  ttiaiitt"]r  OchI,  or  oppose  his  will  in  sny  thing,  impnru  n  monl 
ab^tfNily.  South, 

.1.  Irreffiilarily  ;  deviation  from  ordinarj-  nile*. 
OBLIT'ER-ATE,  r.  (.    [L.  oWifer-t*;  oA  and  hVera,  let- 
ter.] 

I.  To  efface  ;  to  enf*e  or  bltd  out  any  thing  writ- 
ten ;  or  to  cffacf  any  tiling  engraved.  A  writing  may 
be  oblitrrated  by  i'ni.«iin',  by  blutling,  or  by  the  slow 
operation  f>f  time  or  natural  cau^e!<. 

3.  To  efface  ;  to  wear  (Hit ;  to  deslmy  by  time  cr 
other  means  ;  as,  to  obliterate  ideas  or  impressions  ; 
Xo  eblitrrate  the  monuments  of  antiquity  ;  to  06/ifer- 
aie  reprxMch.  Ihile,     lAteke. 

3.  To  reduce  to  a  very  low  or  imperceptible  state. 


IV  lorpor  of  tbe  «aaeul»r  qrocni  suU  oUilMraUd  nn\tf. 


W.  W*JM>t. 


OBS 

OB-LIT'ER-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Effaced  ;  erased  ;  worn 

out ;  destroyed. 
OB-LIT'EK-A-TIXG,  ppr.     Effacing;   wearing  ouli 

destroying. 
OBLIT-ER-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  effacing  ;  efface- 
mcnt ;  a  blotting  out  or  wearing  out ;  extinction. 

llaU. 
OB-LIV'ION,  «.     [L.  oWiVw.J 

1.  Forgetfulness  ;  cessation  of  remembrance. 

Among  our  chmra  oUinon  may  be  set.  Drytm, 

Q.  A  forgetting  of  offenses,  or  remission  of  punish- 
ment.    .An  act  of  oblivion  is  an  amnesty,  or  gfneral 
pardon  of  crimes  and  olfenses,  gruited  by  a  sovereign, 
by  which  punishment  is  remitted. 
OB-LiV'I-OUS,  a.     [L.  oblipiosus.] 

1.  Causing  forgcttVlness.  Shak. 
The  obUvhut  CAlm  of  indifleivnce.  J.  M.  Mason. 
Bcliolil  ilie  wonders  of  th'  obiivioua  InJce.  Pope. 

Q.  Forgetful.  Cavendish, 

OB-LIV'I-OUS-LY,  adv.     Forgetfully. 
OB-LOC'l^-TOR,  It.    A  gainsayer.    \JCot  in  «*e.] 

Bull, 
OB'LON'G,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  oblongusJ] 

Longer  than  broad.  Harris. 

OB'LONG,  n,     A  figurt  which  Is  longer  than  it  is 
bniad. 

2.  In  geometry^  a  rectangle  which  is  longer  than  it 
is  broad. 

OB'LO.N'G-ISH,  a.     Somewhat  oblong. 
OB'LONG-LY,  a.     In  an  oblong  form.  Cheyne. 

OB'LO-NG-NESS,  n.    The  slate  of  being  longer  than 

broad. 
OB'LO.VG-O'VATE,  a.     In  botany,   between   oblong 

and  ovate,  but  inclined  to  the  latter.  Martym, 

OB-LO'QLTI-OUS,   a.      [See   Oblohuv.]     Conlaining 

obloquy  ;  reprt>achful.     [Little  used.]  JVauuton. 

OB'LO-UUY,    a.      [L.  obloquor ;    oh    and    toquor^  to 

speak.] 

1.  Censorious  speech  ;  reproachful  language  ;  lan- 
guage that  casts  contempt  on  men  or  their  actions. 

Shall  nnmes  that  m^de  your  city  the  giorjr  ol  the  enrth,  !*■  nicn- 
tiunM  wiiti  obioquy  and  tttrtrrkction  t  Adi!i»vn. 

2.  Cause  of  reprtsach  ;    disgrace.     [JVot  ujted.] 

Shak, 
OB-LUC-TA'TION,  n.    [L.  oblmctor ;  ob  and  lucUyr,  to 
struggle.] 

A  struggle  or  striving  against ;  resistance.    [Little 
iwerf.l  FvtArrby. 

OB-MU-TES'CEN'CE,  n.    [L.  obmutescOy  to  be  silenL] 

1.  X.OSS  of  speech  ;  silence.  Brmen, 

2.  A  keeping  silence.  Patey. 
OB-NO.X'IOUS,  (ob-nok'shus,)  a.     [L.  obnoxiuji    ob 

and  vorius,  hurtful,  from  noceo.] 

1.  Subject;  answerable. 

The  wriliirgs  of  I.iwj-eis,  wliicta  are  tied  utd  obnoiieut  to  their 
pAniciUttT  la.%-*.  Baton. 

2.  Liable;  subject  to  cognizance  or  punishment. 

We  know  ourselvrs  obnoziout  to  Go<i's  severe  ju»tice.     Cnlamy. 

3.  Liable ;    exposed ;   as,  friendship  obnnzious  to 
jealousies.  Hntivard. 

4.  Reprehensible;  censurable;  not  approved;  as, 
obRoiioHs  authors.  Fell. 

5.  Odious;   hateful;  offensive:  with  to:  as,  the 
minister  was  obnoxious  to  Uie  whigs,  Burke. 

R.  Hitrtlul ;  noxious.  Milton, 

OH-\OX'10US-LY,  flrfc.    In  a  slate  of  subjection  or 
liability. 
2.  Itepn'hensibly  ;  odiously  ;  offensively. 
OB-NOX'IOU'SS-N'ESS,  n,    Subjection  orliableness  to 
punishment.  Iltdi. 

2.  OdioUf<ne8s;  offensiveness.    The  obnoriousness 
of  tht*  law  rendered  the  legi»>Ialure  unpopular. 
OB-XCBI-LATB,  r.  U     [L.  obnubUon  ob  and  nubilo; 
nubes,  mist,  cloud.] 

To  cloud  ;  toobscure.  Burton. 

on  NP'IU-LA-TKD.  pp.     Clouded  ;  obscured. 
OH-MMU-LA'TiON,    n.      The    act  or  o|>erntion    of 

making  dark  or  obscure.       Beddoe.i.     R'nterhousr. 
O'HO-E,  n.    [It,]    A  wind-instrument  of  music  sound- 
ed through  a  reed  ;  also  written  Hai'trot. 
OlVOl.E,  n.     [L.  obolus.] 

In  pA^rmacir,  the  weight  of  twelve  grains;  some 
sav,  ten  grains.  J3sh, 

OR'b-LU.S,  n.     [L.,  from  Gr.  o/?oXr.f.] 

A  small  silver  coin  of  Athens,  the  sixth  part  of  a 
drachma,  about  two  cents  in  %'alue,  or  a  pinny  far- 
thinc  sterling. 
2.  An  aneicnl  weight,  the  sixth  part  of  a  drachm. 
OR-^'VATK,  o.     In  botany,   inversely  ovate  ;    having 
the  narrow  end  downward  ;  as,  an  obovate  \enf. 

'  Mart  If  n. 
OllREl'TIO.V,    n.       [L.    obrepa ;    oh    and    repo,    to 
cre.'p.] 
The  act  of  creeping  on  w  ith  secrecy  or  by  surprise. 
CiidteerfA. 
0B-REI»-TI"TIOUS,  (-tish'us,)a.     [Supra.]     Doneor 
obtained   by  surprise  ;  with  secresy,  or  by  conceal- 
ment of  the  truth.  Enetje. 
OB'RO-GATE,  r.  f.     [I^  obrvgo.] 

To  proiKwe  or  proclaim  a  new  and  contmrj'  law, 
tn»>t('iid  01  annulling  the  old  one.     [JV*»{  in  use.] 
OB-l<CRNE',  a.     [Fr.,  fnw  I«  obsearnus.] 


TONE,  BI.TJ.L,  IINITR  — AN"GER,  VfCIOUS.  — €  m  K  ;  tt  as  J ;  «  as  7. ;  Cll  a«  Sll ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


76a 


OBS 

I.  Oftensive  to  chastity  and  df  Jicacy  ;  impure  ;  ex- 
pressing ur  prr'siMiting  to  (he  mind  or  view  some- 
thins  which  delicacy,  purily,  nnd  decency  forbid  to 
be  cxjiused  ;  as,  obscrne  lanijuage  \  obncrne  pictures. 

"H.  Foul ;  fillhy  ;  offensive  ;  disgusting. 

X  ginlh  foul  wub  gvxte  btada  hi*  o6«cm«  attire.         Drydan. 

3.  Inauspicious;  ill-omened. 

At  the  choerful  li^ht, 
The  groaning'  gitosu  &n(i  Unia  oifcene  take  fliphC        DryUn. 

OB-SCivNE'LY,  aiir.     In  a  manner  offensive  to  chas- 
tity or  puriiv  ;  impurely;  unchastely.  Milton, 

0B-SCP..\E'S'E:SS,    >*.      [Vr.  obsceRiU;    L.    ottsatni- 

OB^CEN'I-TV,         i      tas.] 

1.  Impurity  in  expression  or  representation;  Ihat 
qiKility  in  words  or  things  which  presents  what  is 
ofll-nsive  to  chastity  or  piirity  vi  mtnd  ;  ribaldry. 

Co«  Icjr  uarnt  [>l^u!>  thai  oftamury  liai  tio  \l\oe  in  wit. 

Tbow  t-Me%  vfn  irmpen^I  «ilh  tbe  lulian  mrrtiXy.  airl  frM 

Troin  Aitr  iii>C?  of  inLiFTiy  or  tbtmtgnttM,  Aryfcn. 

No  p.mJon  Ti)f  otecrwiy  thoukl  fiml.  Pxrp*. 

Q.  Unchaste  actions ;  lewdness. 

To  wash  Ih*  o6MmilM*  of  ni^  away.  7)ry(/«N. 

OB-S€U-RA'TION,  n.     [L.  o6sciirai«..] 
1.  Tbe  sec  of  darkeoinp. 

S.  Tbe  stale  of  being  darkent'dorohscurrd  \  as,  tbe 
tikacMrmtimt  of  the  moon  in  an  ecli)Me. 
OB-S€0RE',  a.     [L.  ob:ieurus;  IL  oxuntj] 

1.  Dark  ;  destitute  of  liglit. 

WbuM  etirarih  hk  (atber  or  mother,  his  lamp  sbalt  be  put  out  id 
o6«rur«  dxrknraa.  —  Pror.  xx. 

2.  Living  in  darkness  ;  as,  the  oh-icure  bird.     Skak. 

3.  Not  ejisily  understood ;  not  obviously  intelligi- 
ble; abstruse  ;  as,  an  obscurt  passage  in  a  writing. 

IVyrfeit. 

4.  Ntrt  much  known  or  observed  ;  retired  ;  remote 
flfom  observBtion  -,  as,  an  ob.<eitre  retreat, 

5.  Not  noted  ;  unknown  ;  unnoticed  ;  humble  ; 
mean ;   as,  an  ebscurt  person  ;  a  person  of  obscure 

Wrth.  Attrrbury. 

6.  Not  easily  lecible  ;  a«,  en  obscurt  in.Hcnption. 

7.  Not  clear,  full,  or  distinct ;  imperfect ;  as,  an 
•bsettrt  view  of  remote  objects. 

OB-SeCRE',  r.  L    [U  oftscKTo.l 

1.  To  darken  ;  to  make  darV  The  shadow  of  the 
earth  obscures  the  nHx>n,  and  the  body  of  the  moon 
m^Murfs  the  sun,  in  nn  eclii>^e. 

2.  To  cItMid  ;  to  make  [Kirtially  dark.  Thick  clouds 
t^icmrt  tbe  day. 

3.  Tb  hide  from  the  view  ;  as,  clouds  obscure  the 

4.  To  make  less  visible.  [sun. 

oAe»  of  (fiMofctr,  lovau 
iteuM  te  •tocmd.  A^ 

5.  To  nwke  len  legible ;  as,  time  has  sistaiarf  the 

writtngi 
&  To  make  len  intelligible. 

Tka«  li  KM«r  any  duty  which  hu  been  ao  obaeuracf  tnr  the 
wxWnfB  of  the  kancd  ■•  jim.  Wakt. 

7.  To  make  less  glorious,  beautiful,  or  illustrious. 

And  •?««  not  tin  6h»atrta  thy  roiQik?  rrame  i  Dryten, 

8.  To  conceal ;  to  make  unknown.  Milton, 

9.  To  tarnish  ;  as,  to  obscure  bnclilnf><ts. 
OB-SeCR'£D,  y>».    Clouded,  or  made  partially  dark  ; 

roncealed. 
OB-SeOREXY,  adv.     Darkly  ;  not  clparly ;  imperfect- 
ly ;  as,  an  object  obscureltf  seen  ;  obacHveiy  visible. 

%  Out  of  sight ;  in  a  stale  not  to  be  noticed  ;  pri- 
vately ;  in  retirement ;  not  con.^picuously. 

Thre  live  iriipHl ; 
Content  ihjaelf  U>  be  obscurely  ^ocA.  AddUtm. 

3.  Ntrf  clearly  ;  not  plainly  to  the  mind ;  darkly ; 
as,  fultirw  events  obicnreiy  revealed. 

4.  XiU  pl-tinlv;  indirectly;  by  hints  or  allusioiu 
OB-SCCKE  .NE8S,i         „      *    '    .     i 
OB-SeC'RI-TY,      i  "■     i^  obscar%t4is,} 

1.  Darkness  ;  want  of  light. 

We  wait  ix  Sfht,  but  brbuJd  obMwi/y-  —  la.  lix. 

SL  A  state  of  retirrmeni  fh»m  the  world  ;  a  state  of 
being  unnoticed  ;  privacy. 

Too  are  i»o*  far  obwa*ri:y  dnipmrd.  DryUn. 

3.  Darkness  of  meaning ;  itnTntellicnhlencss ;  as, 
the  ob-^ettritti  of  writines,  or  of  a  particular  pasi^age. 

4.  lilegibieness  ;  as,' the  obscurity  of  letters,  or  of 
an  in^rijKion. 

5.  A  stale  of  being  unknown  to  fame;  humble 
condition  ;  as,  the  obscuritH  of  birth  nr  parentage. 

OB-SeOR'ER,  H.     He  or  that  which  obscures  or  dark- 
ens- Lord. 

OB-SCPR'ING,  ppr.    Darkening;  making  less  visible 
or  fntelligihle  ;  tarnishing. 

OB'SE  CRATE,  r.  L     [L.  obnero.] 

To  beseech  j  to  entreat ;  to  supplicate ;  to  pray 
erim*«'tlv.  Cock-tram. 

OB'SE  CRX-TED,  pp.     Entreated;  prayed  earnestly. 

OB'PEeRATING,  ppr.    Suppiicating  ;  be?«eeching. 

OB-SE-GRA'TION,  n.     Entreaty  ;  supplication. 

SUttinfrfitfet 

2.  A  neureof  rhetoric,  in  which  the  orator  implores 
the  a-^-manre  of  God  or  man.  Encuc. 

OB'SE-QIJENT,  a.     [U  obsfq^n^s.) 

Obedient;  submissive  to.     [lAtUe  v.»fd.]     FoOurby. 


X2ri: 


OBS 

OB'SE-UUrES,  (oh'ae-kwiz,l  n.  jtL  [Fr.  obsiques, 
from  L.  ob.seguiam,  complaisance,  from  obsequory  to 
follow.] 

Funeral  rites  and  solemnities  ;  the  last  duties  per- 
formed to  a  deceased  person.  Dryden. 

{MiHoH  uses  fie  ttord  OBSE*iur,  in  the  jiiH^ntiar,  but 
the  eommon  usatre  is  different.) 
OB-Si5'aUI-OUi?,  a.      [fn-m  L.  obsr^ium^  complai- 
sance, frtim  obsequor,  to  follow  ;  ob  and  sequor.] 

1.  Promptly  obedient  or  siibminsive  to  the  will  of 
another;  compliant;  yielding  to  the  desires  of  oth- 
ers, pr«;(rr/y  lo  the  will  or  command  t>f  a  suiwrior; 
but  in  actual  asCy  it  often  dignities  yielding  U*  llie  will 
or  desires  of  such  as  have  ni>  right  to  conlrol. 

IIU  aervaiiU  WM-jiliif, 
Oht^quioua  to  hia  orlpra,  bciir  him  LiiiKT.  AdiUaon, 

a.  Servilely  or  meanly  condescending  ;  compliant 
lo  excess  ;  as,  an  obsequious  flatterer,  minion,  or  par- 
asite. 

3.  Funereal  j  pertammg  to  funeral  rites.  [JVot 
used,]  S/uik. 

OB-Sr,UlUI-OUS-LY,  adn.  With  ready  obedience  ; 
witji  prompt  compliance. 

They  Tw\  ami  wiiJi  irap^iftil  awe. 

At  tiiQ  wunl  giv.-n,  ofw/uioux/y  wiihilmw,  Dryien, 

2.  With  reverence  for  the  dead.    [J^Tot  used.] 

Shak. 
OB-Si^'aUI-OUS-NESS,  n.  Ready  obedience;  prompt 
compliance  with  the  orders  of  a  superior. 

S.  :^rvile  submission ;  mean  or  excessive  com- 
plaisance. 

Thfy  applT  th«nwlt*»  bo(h  to  hia  inWrwt  and  humor,  whh  all 
ibo  aru  of  fi.ktti-ry  ami  obuguiouBneat,  .SoutA. 

OB'SE-aUY,  It.     Funeral  rite.     [See  Ob»e(IOis«.] 
2.   Oh?»equiousness.     [JK'ot  in  use.]         B.  Jonson. 

OB'SE-RATE,  ».  t.     [L,  oltstro,] 
To  lock  up.     [A't/t  u.-icd.] 

On'SE-RA-TEn,  jrp.     LtK-ked  up. 

OB'SE-HA-TING,  ppr.     Locking  up. 

OB-»ERV'A-BLE,  a,  [See  Ohservb.]  That  may  be 
observed  or  noticj'd. 

2.  Worthy  of  observation  or  of  particular  notice  ; 
remarkable. 

I   took  a  jual  account  of  '■rr-Tj  obatrvabl*  clnumatniiOQ  of  the 
mnh,  flimp,  ni#t.il,  or  tAttn  nialti-r.  M'oodieard. 

OB-SERV'.\-BLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  worthy  of  note. 

firotpii. 

OB-?ERV'A.N'CE,  n.  [Fr.  See  Obskrve.]  The  act 
of  observing;  the  act  of  keeping  or  adhering  to  in 
praclice ;  perftnnance  ;  as,  the  observance  of  rules, 
hits,  ceremonies,  or  laws. 

Xjorr  rir*'!  hun^wy, 
And  ■trict  oh*«rDone«  tjf  itnpartui  Uwi.  Roteommon. 

Q.  Respect;  ceremonial  reverence  in  practice. 

To  >ln  ohttrtanct  oo  the  moni  of  M.ty.  'Shak. 

3.  Performance  of  rites,  religious  ceremonies,  or 
extern'tl  service. 

Sunn^  rrj'iraifnt  to  tbrnurtn-s  ibr  whule  of  rrli^un  aa  conaiMtnj^ 
in  ■!  fi-w  cMy  obtervoneta,  Rogera. 

4.  Rule  of  practice  ;  things  to  be  observed.     SKak. 

5.  Observation;  attention  to.    [^LitUe  used.]     Uale. 

6.  Obedient  regard  or  attention. 

Ilarin?  hnd  r-xpericnce  of  hia  Adelily  and  ^atrvanca  ftbrosul. 
\Soluaed.\  WoOon. 

OB-SER.VAN'DA,n.  pi.    [L.]    Things  to  be  observed. 

SmifL 

OB-SERV'ANT,  a.  Taking  notice  ;  attentively  view- 
ing or  noticing ;  as,  an  observant  spectator  or  trav- 
eler. 

2.  Obedient ;  adhering  to  in  practice  ;  with  pf.  He 
is  very  observant  of  the  rules  of  his  orddT. 

We   are  t"lil    how  obtervant   Alex.-uider  waa  of  hia  mnaler, 
Ahsiatlr-.  Digby, 

3.  Carefully  attentive  ;  submissive.  Ralegh. 
OB-SERV'ANT,  n,   A  slavish  attendant    [JVut  in  use.] 

Shak. 

2.  A  diligent  observer.  Hooker. 

3.  Among  monks,  one  of  a  community  which  pro- 
fesses lo  observe  perfectly  llie  rule  of  the  order  as 
oricinally  established.  Murdoch. 

01»-?r,RV''ANT-LY,  adv.     In  an  observant  manner; 

att'-iitivelv. 
OBSERV-a'TION,  n.    [U  obsertatio.    See  Obsehte.] 

1.  The  act  of  observing  or  taking  notice  ;  the  act 
of  Si-eing  or  of  fixing  the  mind  on  any  tiling.  VVe 
apply  the  word  to  simple  vision,  as  when  one  says, 
a  spot  on  the  siin*s  disk  did  not  fall  under  his  obstr- 
ration:  or  lo  the  notice  or  cognizance  of  the  mind, 
as  when  one  says,  the  distinction  made  by  the  orator 
escaped  his  observation.  When,  however,  it  express- 
es vision,  it  often  represents  a  more  fixed  or  [articu- 
lar view  than  a  mere  transient  sight ;  as,  an  astro- 
nomical obsrrration. 

2.  Notion  gained  by  observing;  the  effect  or  result 
of  seeing  or  taking  cognizance  in  the  mind,  and 
either  rcuiined  in  the  mind  or  expressed  in  words; 
inference,  or  somethinz  arising  out  of  the  act  of  see- 
ing or  noticing,  or  that  which  is  produced  by  think- 
ing and  reflecting  on  a  subject ;  note;  remark  ;  ani- 
madversion. W'e  oflen  say,  I  made  Ui«  observation 
in  my  own  mind  ;  but  propt;rIy  an  observation  is  that 


OBS 

which  is  expressed  as  tlie  result  of  viewing  or  of 
thinking. 

In  inaiu-ni  of  htiman  pnidenw,  wc  ahall  And  ihe  gnraif^l  a<lTan- 
Uige  \>y  rriikkiiig  wiae  ob«iroalioi\a  on  uur  couiluct.      WaUa. 

3.  Ohser\*ancu  :  adherence  lo  in  praclice  j  perform- 
ance of  what  is  prescribed. 

He  frcwi  the  Chrfailwn  church  fhMn  the  external  ofcatrwirion  and 
olKtrb-iiec  of  Icgid  prt-crpu  not  lormally  monU.         Wkila. 

4.  In  astronomy^  an  angular  measurement  of  any 
space  on  the  celestial  splh-re.  Olmstrd. 

OB-SERV-a'TIO.\-AL,  a.   Consisting  of  or  containing 

remarks  or  observations.  SturtcvanL 

OB-SERV-A'TOU,  n.     [Fr.  obserrateur.] 

1.  One  that  observes  or  lakes  notice.  H(Ue, 

2.  A  remarker.  Dryden. 
OB-SERV'A-TO-RV,  n.     [Fr.  obsercatoire.] 

A  place  or  building  for  making  oliservations  on  the 
heavenly  bodies  ;  as,  the  royal  obstrvatory  ut  Green- 
wich. 
OB-SERVE',  Cob-zcrv',)  v.  U  [U  obserco;  ob  and 
servo,  to  keep  or  bold.  The  sense  is,  to  hold  in 
view,  or  lo  keep  the  eyes  on.  See  Class  Sr,  No.  3-1, 
38,  45,  and  Class  Dr,  No. :«.] 

1.  To  see  or  behold  with  some  attention  ;  to  no- 
tice ;  as,  to  observe  a  halo  round  the  moon  ;  I  observed 
a  singular  plienomenon  ;  we  observe  strangers  or  their 
dress.  I  saw  tlie  figure,  but  observed  nt>thing  pecu- 
liar in  it. 

2.  To  lake  notice  or  cogniz^ince  of  by  the  intellect. 
We  observe  nice  distinctions  in  arguments,  oi  a  pecu- 
liar delicacy  of  thought. 

3.  To  utter  or  express,  as  a  remark,  opinion,  or 
sentiment ;  lo  remark.  He  observed  that  no  man  ap- 
pears great  to  his  domestics. 

4.  To  keep  religiously  ;  to  celebrate. 

A  niffhi  to  lie  much  obaerved  to  the  Lord.—  Ex,  xt!. 

Ye  HxM  tAaerva  the  feaai  of  unlravnietl  bread.  —  Kx.  xii. 

Yc  o6c«ro«  il.i>'B,  and  inonlha,  nnd  umc*,  and  jrcan.  —  Ual.  Ir. 

5.  To  keep  or  adhere  to  in  practice;  to  comply 
with  ;  to  obey  ;  as,  to  observe  the  laws  of  the  state  ; 
lo  observe  the  nilea  and  regulations  of  a  society. 

Teachln<r  thi-m  to  obaarva  nil  ihiuga  wlwlaoever  I  huvc  coni- 
nianilrd  you.  —Mull.  xxviiL 

6.  To  practice. 

In  the  duya  of  ICnoch,  the  people  obatrvtd  not  circumcision  or 
Uie  S.iU*ith.  Whiu. 

OB-SERVE',  (ob-zerv',)  v.  L     To  remark.     I  have 
heard  the  gentleman's  arguments,  and  shall  here- 
after observe  u\ton  them. 
2.  To  be  attentive. 
OB-SERV'£D,  pp.     Noticed  by  the  eye  or  the  mind. 

2.  Kept  religiously  ;  celebrated;  practiced. 
OB-8ERV'ER,  w.    One  who  observes  ;  one  that  takes 
notice  ;  particularly^  one  who  looks  to  with  care,  at- 
tention, or  vigilance. 

Carfful  obaervrra  may  foretell  the  hovi. 

By  a'lr?  pnjgiioaiic,  when  lo  dre^d  a  ahower.  Surift. 

Crediiurs  nre  gnjai  obaerwra  of  act  ilaya  iind  time*.    PraMin, 

2.  A  beholder  ;  a  looker  on  ;  a  spectator.    South, 

3.  One  who  keeps  any  law,  custom,  regulation,  or 
rite ;  one  who  adheres  to  any  Ihing  in  pnictice  ;  one 
who  performs  ;  as,  a  great  observer  of  forms  ;  an  ob- 
server of  old  customs.  liacon. 

4.  One  who  fulfills  or  performs  ;  as,  he  is  a  strict 
observer  of  hia  word  or  promise.  Prior. 

5.  One  who  keeps  religiously;  as,  an  observer  of 
the  Sabhatli.  .Stterbury. 

OBSERVING,  ppr.    Taking  notice  by  the  eye  or  the 
intellect. 

2.  Remarking. 

3.  Keeping;  adhering  to  in  pmctica  ;  fulfilling. 

4.  a.  Giving  particular  attention  ;  habitually  tak- 
ing notice  ;  attentive  lo  wliat  passes.  He  is  an  ob- 
servinir  man. 

OB-SERV'ING-LY,    adv.       Attentively;    carefully; 

with  close  observation.  Shak. 

OBSESS',  r.  i.     [L.  obsideo,  obsessus;  ob  and  sedeo,  to 

sit.l 

To  besiege.     [JVnt  u^ed.]  Elyot 

OB-SES'SION,  (-sesh'un,)  n.     [L.  obsessio.] 

1.  The  act  of  besieging. 

2.  The  state  of  a  person  vexed  or  besieged  by  an 
evil  spirit,  anlecedent  lo  possession.     [Little  used.] 

Burton. 
OB-SID'I-AN,  71.  A  kind  of  glass  produced  by  volca- 
noes. It  is  usually  of  a  black  color,  and  opaque,  ex- 
cept in  thin  splinters.  A  variety  of  it  has  a  bluish  or 
grayish  color,  and  a.  pearly  luster,  and  is  c;illed 
Pea  blsto  s  e.  Dana, 

On-SIIVI-ON-AL,  a.     [L.  obsidionalis ;  ob  and  sedeo, 
lo  sit.] 

Pertaining  to  a  siege  ;  as,  an  obsidionat  crown,  one 
bestowed  upon  a  general  who  raised  the  siege  of  a 
beleaguered  place.     It  was  formed  of  grass  growing 
on  Iht"  rampart. 
OB-SIG-IL-LA'TION,  n.     [L.  ob  and  siffHto.] 

A  sealing  up.     [JVat  in  use.] 
OB-SIG'NaTE,  v.  U     [U  obsigno;  ob  and  signOy  to 
seal.] 

To  seal  up;  to  nitify.     {Little  used.]         Barrow. 

OR-SIG-Na'TION,  n.    The  act  of  sealing  ;  n.lificalion 

by  sealing  ;  confirmation.  Taylor, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — Ml"cTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

764 


-*- 


OBS 


Ratifying  ;   confirming    by 
fVard, 
The  state  of  becoming  obso- 

Crombie. 
[L.   ohseleseOf   to  go  out  of 


OB-SrC'NA-TO-RY, 

sealing. 
OB-tJO-LES'CENCE, 

lete. 
OB-SO-LES'CENT, 

use.] 

Going  out  of  use ;  passing  into  desuetude. 

All  iJie  wonia  cotnpoitixW  of  here  itnil  a  preposition,  except 
h»reafbtr,  are  oUolcW  or  obtoletceni.  Campbell. 

OB'SO-LeTE,  o.     [L.  obsoUttLs.] 

1.  Gone  into  disuse  ;  disused  ;  neglected  ;  as,  an  oh~ 
tolete  word;  an  obsolHt  statute;  applied  chiefly  to 
word^  or  writings.  Dn/den.     Sicift, 

2.  In  natural  history,  obscure;  not  very  distinct; 
nidiniental. 

OB'SO-Lgrn-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  neglected 
in  U!«e  ;  a  state  of  desuetude.  Johnson. 

2.  In  natural  history,  indistinctness;  want  of  de- 
velopment. 
OB'STA    PHLV-CIP'r-lS,    [L.]       Resist    the    begin- 
nings, 
OB'STA-CLE,  n.    [Fr..  from  h.  obsto,  to  withstand  ; 
ob  and  stv,] 

That  which  opposes  ;  any  thing  that  stands  in  the 
way  and  liinders  progress  ;  hinderancc  ;  obstruction, 
either  in  a  physical  or  moral  sense.  An  army  may 
meet  with  obsiacifs  on  its  march  ;  bad  roads  are  ob- 
stacles to  traveling  ;  prejudice  is  an  obstaclf  to  im- 
provement;  want  of  union  is  often  an  insuperable 
obttacle  to  b''nefieial  measures. 
OB'STAi\-CY,  n.     [U  obstanUa;  ob  and  sto.} 

Opposition;  Impediment;  obstruction.  [J^utused.'] 
B,  Junson, 
OB-STET'Rie.  a,     fL.  obstetrix,  a  midwife;  ob  and 
sto,  to  stand  before.) 

Pertaining  to  midwifery,  or  the  delivery  of  women 
in  childbed  ;  as,  the  obstetric  art. 
OB-STET'RieATE,  p.    i.      [See   Opstetbic]      To 
perform  the  otfice  of  a  midwife.    {LittU  itscrf.] 

OB-STET'RI-CATE,  r.  t.     To  assist  as  a  midwife. 

[Liale  Bjferf.]  Walerhoase. 

0B-8TE T-RI-CA'TIO.V,  n.    The  act  of  assisting  as  a 

midwife, 
a.  The  office  of  a  midwife.  ITiilL 

OB-STET-RI"CIAN,  (rish'an,i  n.      One  skiUed  in 

the  art  of  assisting  women  in  parturition. 

Med.  Repos. 
OB-STET'RieS,  n.    The  science  of  midwifery;  the 

art  of  as-^isiing  women  in  parturition.  F.ncyc. 

OB'STi-NA-CV,  n.    [L.  obstinatio,  from  obgto,  to  stand 

against,  tu  oppo»e  ;  ob  and  gto.'] 

1.  A  fixednes?  in  opinion  or  resolution  that  can 
not  be  shaken  at  all,  ur  not  without  great  difficulty  ; 
finn  and  usually  unreasonable  adherence  to  an  opin- 
ion, purp<ise,  or  systi-in  ;  a  fixedness  that  will  not 
y|t-ld  to  persuasion,  argumenis,  or  other  nuans.  Ob- 
stinant  ni;iy  not  always  convey  the  idea  of  unreason- 
able or  iinjuslifiable  firnmess;  as  when  we  say,  sol- 
diers tight  with  obgtinacif.  But  of^en,  and  perhaps 
usually,  ttie  uord  denotes  a  fixedness  of  resolution 
which  ia  not  to  be  vindicat^^d  under  the  circum- 
stances; siubbiirnness  :  pertinacity;  persistenry. 

2.  Fixedness  that  will  not  yield  to  application,  nr 
that  yields  with  difficulty ;  as,  the  objtuuicy  of  a  di»- 
ease  or  evil. 

OB'STI-NATE,  a.     [L.  obstinatus.] 

1.  Stubborn  ;  pertinaciously  adhTing  to  an  opin- 
ion or  purpow  ;  fixed  firmly  in  resolution  ;  not  yield- 
ing to  reason,  arguments,  or  other  means. 

1  hare  known  gnat  cum  donr  ly  obtHruUt  trwtlutJoai  of  drink- 

\ng  no  wine.  Temple. 

No  am  >o  n>c«k,  no  km  to  obstinate.  Pi^, 

2.  Not  yielding,  or  not  easily  subdued  or  removed  ; 
as,  an  obstinatt  teVKt ;  obstinate  obstructions ;  an  ob- 
gtinate  cough. 

OB'S  ri-NATE-LV,  arfr.  Stubbornly  ;  i»ertinaciousIy  ; 
with  fixedness  of  purpose  not  to  be  shaken,  or  not 
wiihout  difficulty;  as,  a  sinner  obstittatety  bent  on 
his  own  dcstrurtton. 

Inflexible  (o  ill  and  obetinaUly  Juit,  Additon. 

OB'STI-NATE-NESS,  n.    Ptublmrnnewi ;  pertinacity 

in  iinininM  or  purpose;  fixed  determination.  IfalL 
OB-STI-PA'TION,  n.      [L.  obMpo i   ob  and  stipo,  to 

crowd.] 

1.  The  act  of  stoppingup  ;  a«,  a  passage. 

2.  In  medicine,  cos*(ivenesji. 
OB-STREP'KR-Oi;S,  a.  [L.  eb^trrperus^  from  obslTepo\ 

to  roar  ;  ob  and  xtrepo.] 

I^Hid  ;  noisy  ;  clamorous;  vociferous  ;  making  a 
tumultuous  noise. 

The  Pl»y^«  do  not  only  ronnlTe  at  hU  ohttreperoua  approtw 
Uttn,  but  f^ii  at  llwir  own  eort  whaic»er  cljmnp«  \ve 
makea.  A'Ubeon. 

OB-STREP'ER-OUS-Lr,  adv.    Loudly  ;  clamorously  ; 

with  tumultuous  noise. 
OB-STRF.P'ER-OUS-NESS,  n.     loudness;    clamor; 

noiay  turbub-nr^. 
OB-STRie'TION,   Ji.       [L.  obstHctuitj   obstrinffc ;    ob 

and  .itritifo,  to  strain.] 
Obligation  ;  bond.  JtrUton, 

OB-STKUeT',  V.  u      \h.  obstnioi  ob  and  struo,  to 

set.] 


OBT 

1.  To  block  up  ;  to  stop  up  or  close,  as  a  way  or 
passage  ;  to  fill  with  obstacles  or  imi>»*diments  that 
prevent  passing  ;  as,  to  obstruct  a  road,  highway,  or 
channel ;  to  obstruct  the  canals  or  fine  vessels  of  the 
body. 

2.  To  slop  ;  to  impede  ;  to  hinder  in  passing;  as, 
the  bar  al  the  mouth  of  the  river  obstructs  the  en- 
trance of  ships  ;  clouds  obstruct  the  light  of  the  sun. 

3.  To  retard  ;  to  interrupt ;  to  render  slow.  Prog- 
ress is  often  obstructed  by  difficulties,  though  not  en- 
tirely stopped, 

OB-STRU€T'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Blocked  up  ;  stopped  ;  as 

2.  Hindered  ;  impeded  ;  as  progress.       [a  passage. 

3.  Retarded  ;  interrupted. 
OB-STRUeT'KR,  n.     One  that  obstructs  or  hinders. 
OIt-STRU€T'I.\G, /.;«-.     Blocking  up;  slopping;  im- 

p**dng;  interrupting. 
OB-STRU€'TIOx\,  n.     [L.  obstructio.] 

1.  The  act  of  obstructing. 

2.  Obstacle  ;  impediment ;  any  thing  that  stops  or 
clases  a  way  or  channel.  Bars  of  sand  at  the  mouths 
of  rivers  are  often  obstructions  to  navigation. 

3.  That  which  impedes  progress  ;  hinderance. 
Disunion  and  party  spirit  are  often  obstmctioTis  to 
legislative  measures  and  to  public  prosperity. 

4.  A  heap.     [J^ot  proper.]  SH^k. 
OB-STIlU€T'IVE,  a.     [Ft.  obMructifi   It,  o.sstrvttivo.] 

Presenting  obstacles ;  hindering  ;  causing  impedi- 
ment. Hammond. 
OB-STRUeT'IVE,  n.     Obstacle  ;  impedimenU     [LU- 

tle-  used.}  Hammond. 

OB-tsTRLTeT'IVE-LY,  adv.     By  way  of  obsUuction. 
OB'S  TRU-ENT,  a.     [L.  obstruem.] 

Blocking  up;  hindering. 
OB'STKU-ENT,  n.     Any  thing  that  obstructs  the  nat- 
ural psissages  in  the  body.  Quincy. 
OB-STU-PE-FAC'TION,  ».     [L.  obstupcfacw.] 

The   act   of   making  stupid   or  insensible.     [See 
Stupefaction,  which  is  generally  used.] 
OB-STU-PE-F ACTIVE,  a,     [L.  obstupt^facio.] 

StU[>efying;  rendering  insensible,  torpid,  or  inert. 
[Little  useA.]     [See  Stiipefactive.]  AbboL 

OB-STO'PE-FY,  r.  (.    To  stupt^fy.     [J\''ot  used.] 
OB-TAIN'',  r.  t.     [L.  obtineo ;   ob  and  Unco,  to  hold; 
Fr.  obtenir ;  It.  ottcncre.'] 

1.  To  gel ;  to  gain  ;  to  procure  ;  in  a  general  sense, 
to  gain  possession  of  a  thing,  whether  teiu[H)rary  or 
permanent;  to  acquire.  This  word  usually  implies 
exertion  to  get  possession,  and  in  this  it  differs  from 
Receive  which  may  or  may  not  imply  exertion.  It 
differs  from  Acquibe,  as  genus  from  species;  acquire 
being  properly  applied  only  to  things  [permanently 
possessed  ;  but  obtain  is  applied  both  to  things  of 
temporary  and  of  permanent  possession.  We  obtai 
loans  of  money  on  application  ;  we  obtain  answers  to 
letters;  we  obtain  spirit  from  liquors  by  distillation, 
and  salts  by  evaporation.  We  obtain  by  seeking  ; 
we  often  rcccire  without  seeking.  We  acquire  or 
obtain  a  good  title  to  lands  hy  deedj  or  by  a  judgrnent 
of  court;  but  we  do  not  acquire  spirit  by  distillation  ; 
nor  do  we  acquire  an  answer  to  a  letter  or  an  appli- 
cation. 

H«  ihnll  obtain  the  kin^lom  by  Rnttr-rW.  —  Dnn.  xL 
In  suhom  we  have  obtatned  au  iiihentince.  —  Epti.  i. 

2.  To  keep  ;  to  hold.  Milton. 
OB-TAIi\',  r.  i.    To  Imj  received  in  customary  or  com- 
mon use;  to  continue  in  use;  to  be  established  in 
practice. 

The  Thfwtodan  eoUr,  WT»*raI  himdird  ymn  after  Jiminlan'a 
tiinc,  obtain^  in  Uw  wntoni  {lorta  ol'  the  empire.    Baker. 

2.  To  be  established  ;  to  subsist  in  nature. 

The  pt-nrrnl  lawi  of  fluidity,  rlsatkiiy,  and  gmvily,  obtain  tn 
aiiimrj  and  inaaiinaie  tiitm.  Ckeyne. 

3.  To  prevail ;  to  succeed.     [Little  used.]    Bacon. 
OB-TAIN'A-BLE,  a.     That   may  be   obtained  ;   thai 

may  bfl  pntcured  or  gained.    Jirbuthnot.    KcttUweU. 
OB-TAIVKI), /fp.     Gained;  procured;  acquired. 
OB-TAIN'ER,  71.     One  who  obtains. 
OB-TAI.N'I.\G,  ppr.     Gaining;  procuring;  acquiring. 
OB-TAI\'MKNT,  n.     The  act  of  ubtatning.  Miltxnt, 
OB-TEtJT'EI),  a.     [L.  obtectus.] 

Covert^-d. 
OB-TKM'PER-ATR,  r.  f.    [L.]    To  obey.     [JVnftwfii] 
Olt-TKNI)',  V.  t.    [l^  obtenda;  ob  and  tendo;  lileraUy, 

to  sireich  against  or  before.] 

1.  To  oppose;  to  hold  out  in  opposition.    Dryden. 
9.  To  pretend  ;  to  offer  as  the  reason  of  any  thing. 

[J^ttt  used.]  Drydetu 

[//'his  iBitrd  is  rixreUi  vsed.] 
0B-TE.\-E-BRA'TI0N,  h.     [from  L.  ob  and  tenebra, 
darkness.] 
A  darkening  ;  act  of  darkening  ;  darkness. 

In  rTf-ry  mrgrim  or  Trrtigo  Ib-fp  ii  an  oblenefyrnlion  Joined  with 
a  «rnlil«iicc  of  tuniiiig  ruund.     [LiiUe  uerA.)         Bftcon. 

OB-TEN'SION,  n.   The  act  of  ©blending.    [JV«r  used.] 
OB-TEST',  V    t.     [L.  oblcstor;  ob  and  tester,  to  wit- 
ness.] 
To  beseech  ;  to  supplicate 

UbUet  Ilia  zlf.tiKOcy.  Dryden. 

OB-TE.^T',  r.  I.    To  protest.  Wntcrhoust. 

OB-TEHT-A'TION,  n.     Supplication  ;  enlreatv. 

2.  Solemn  injunction.  [FJyot. 


OBV 


OB-TEST'IXG,  npr.     Beseeching;  supplicating. 
0B-TRE€-TA'TI0N,  71.     [L.  obtrectutio,  from  obtrccto  i 
ob  and  tracto,] 
Slander;  detraction;  calumny.     [Little  used.] 

Barrow, 
OB-TRODE',  r.  U     [L.  obtrudo  ;  ob  and  trudo,  Eng.  to 
thrust/] 

1.  To  thrust  in  or  on  ;  to  throw,  crowd,  or  thrust, 
into  any  place  or  state  by  force  or  imjM»siiion,  or 
without  solicitation.  Men  obtrude  ihaitwiin  specula- 
tions upon  the  world. 

A  cativ.  of  common  TTor  u  the  credulity  of  nien,  that  ia,  i»n  easy 
Ki^c.nl  to  wkil  ii  oblrwUd.  Broion. 

The  objfvu  of  our  seiii^  obtrude  thctr  paTticul.-ir  Ideua  ttpim  our 
mimic,  whether  we  will  or  not.  Locke. 

9.  To  offer  with  unreasonable  Importunity ,  to  urge 
,   upon  against  the  will. 

Why  ■honldti  thou  then  obtrude  ih'm  diligence 

In  v:iin,  wlicre  no  acceptoice  U  can  find  f  Milton, 

To  obtrude  one's  self;  to  enter  a  place  where  one  is 
not  desired;  to  thrust  one's  self  in  uninvited,  or 
against  the  will  of  the  company. 
OB-TRODE',  V.  i.    To  enter  when  not  invited. 

2.  To  thrust  or  be  thrust  U[>on. 
OB-TROD'ED,  pp.    Thrust  in  by  force,  or  unsolicited. 
OR-TROD'ER,  7i.     One  who  obtrudes.  Boyle. 
OB-TR0D'!NG,  ppr.    Thrusting  in  or  on  ;  entering 

uninvited. 

OB-TROD'ING,  n.  A  thrusting  in,  or  entrance  with- 
out right  or  invitation. 

OB-TRUXe'ATE,  r.  (.     [I^  obtruneo  ;  ob  and  trunco, 
to  cut  off.] 
To  deprive  of  a  limb ;  to  lop.    [Little  used.] 

Cockeram. 

OB-TRUN-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  lopping  or  cut- 
ling  off.     [LitUe  used.]  Cockeram. 

OB-TRC'SrON,  (-7,hun,)  n.     TL.  obtrudo,  obtnisus.] 
The  act  of  obtruding;  a  ihnisting  upon  others  by 
force  or  unsolicited  ;  as,  the  obtrusion  of  crude  opin- 
ions on  the  world. 

OB-TRO'SIVE,  a.  Disposed  to  obtrude  any  thing 
upon  others  ;  inclined  to  intrude  or  thrust  oiie'a  self 
among  others,  or  to  enter  uninvited. 

Not  obvious,  not  obtrusive,  but  retired, 
The  more  tlcsir.iblc.  Milton, 

OB-TRO'SIVE  LY,   adv.     By   way   of   obtnision,  or 

Ihnisting  uixm  others,  or  entering  unsolicited. 
OB-TUNI)',  V.  t.     [L.  obtundo  ;  ob  and  tuntlo,  to  beat,] 
To  dull ;  to  blunt ;  to  quell ;  to  deaden  ;  to  re<lnce 
the  edge,  pungency,  or  violent  action  of  any  thing ; 
as,  to  ohtund  tlie  acrimony  of  the  gall.  Harvey. 

OB-TUNO'ED^jp.     Blunted;  quelled;  deadened. 
OB-TUiVD'ENT,  n.     In  medicine,  a  subsLince  which 
sheathes  or  blunts   irritation,  usually  some   bland, 
oily,  or  mucilaginous  matter;  much  the  same  with 
Demulcemt.  Forsiith, 

OB-TU-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  obturatus,  from  obtu'ro,  to 
stop  up.] 
The  act  of  stopping  by  spreading  over  or  covering. 
OB-TU-RA'TOR,  n.  In  anatomy,  the  obturators  are 
muscles  which  rise  from  the  outer  and  inner  side  of 
the  pelvis  around  the  foramen  ihyroideum,  and  are 
rotators  of  the  thigh,  fVistar.     Coxe. 

OB-T0S-AN"GU-LAR,  a.     [obtuse  and  angular.] 

Having  angles  Ihat  are  obtuse,  or  larger  than  right 
angles. 
OB-TOSE',   a.       [L.   obtusus,   from    obtundo,  to  beat 
against.] 

1.  Blunt;  not  pointed  or  acute.  Applied  to  angles, 
it  denotes  one  that  is  larger  than  a  right  angle,  or 
more  than  ninety  degrees. 

2.  Dull;  not  having  acute  sensibility;  as,  obtuse 
senses.  Milton. 

3.  Not  sharp  nr  shrill ;  dull ;  obscure ;  &s,  obtuse 
sound. 

OB-T0aE'-AN"GLKD,  a.    Having  an  obtuse  angle  j 

as,  an  obtuse-angled  triangle. 
OB-TOSE'LY,  adv.     Without  a  sharp  point. 

'J.  Dully  ;  stupiillv. 
OB-TOSE'NESS,  n.  '  Blunlness  ;  as,  the  ohtasenes*  of 

an  edge  or  a  point. 

2.  Dullness;  want  of  quick  sensibility;  as,  the 
obtusrness  of  the  senses. 

3.  Dullness  of  sound. 

OB-TO'SION,  C-zhun,)  n.    The  act  of  making  blunt 
2.  The  state  of  being  dulled  or  blunted ;  as,  the 
obtusion  of  the  senses. 
OB-UM'BRATE,  r.  (.    [L.  obiimbroi  ob  and  umftra,  a 
shade.] 

To  shade ;  to  darken  ;  to  cluud.     [Little,  ^mfd.] 

HuicrlL 
OB-UM-BRA'TION,  71.    The  act  of  darkening  or  ob- 
scuring. 
OB-VEN'TIO.\,   n.      [L.   obvenio;    ob  and   venio,   to 
come.] 

Something  occasional  ;  thai   which   happens    not 
regularly,  birl  incidentally.     [JVot  used.]      Spe/iser. 
OB-VERH'ANT,  a.     [L.  obveraans,  obversor ;   ob  and 
versnr,  to  turn.] 

Conversant ;  familiar.     [JVot  used.]  Bacon, 

OB-VERSE', (ob-vers',)  a.    In  bolany,naving  the  base 

narrower  than  the  top,  as  a  leaf. 
OB'VERSE,  71.    The  face  of  a  coin  ;  opposed  to  Re- 
verse. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE. -AN"QER,  Vl"CIOUB.-e  as  K ;  6  ns  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


ReraoTed,  as  objections  or  difli- 


WoOtr. 


occ 

OB-VERSE'LY,  tulv.     In  an  obverse  farm  or  manner. 

OB-VERT',  F.  f.     PL.  ubcerto;  ob  and  vertOj  to  iiirn.] 
To  turn  lowant  ff^titts. 

OB-VRRT'Kl>,  pp.    Turned  towanl. 

OB-VERT'tNG,;»;7r.     Turning  toward. 

OB'VI-ATE,  V.  U  [Fr.  obcier ;  It.  ovviare ;  Sp.  obviar  f 
from  L.  obriits ;  ob  and  via,  way.] 

Properly^  to  meet  in  the  way ;  to  oppose  ;  hence, 
to  prevent  hy  inierreption,or  to  remove  at  the  begin- 
ning or  in  the  outset ;  hence,  in  prc-ient  tuna^e,  to  re- 
move in  general,  as  difficulties  or  objections  ;  to  clear 
the  way  of  obstacles  in  reasoning}  deliberating,  or 
planning. 

To  lay  down  trr^ry  thing  ia  tu  fuJl  U^t,  ao  w  to  9^^*_^}j^' 
oeptioni. 
OB'VI-A-TED,  pp. 

ciilties.  ^ 

OB'VI-S  TING,  ppr.    Removing,  as  objections  in  rea- 
soning or  planning. 
OB'VI-OUe,  a.     [L.  obrius.    See  the  verb.] 
1.  Meeting ;  opposed  in  front. 

I  lo  ite  evil  mm 
Mr  ohwiauM  facMM.     {.Vof  mam  UMi.]  MUton, 

S.  Open;  exposed.    [Little  ms^d,]  JUitton. 

3.  Plain  ;  evident ;  easily  discovered,  seen,  or  un- 
derstood ;  readily  perceived  by  the  eye  or  the  intel- 
lect. We  say,  a  phenomenon  obrious  to  the  sight,  or 
a  truth  obriau3  to  the  mind.  MUton,     Dryden, 

OB'VI-0US-LY»  adr.     Evidently;  plainly;  apparent- 
ly ;  manifestly.    Men  do  not  always  pursue  what  is 
obviously  their  interest. 
t].  Naturally.  Botj/day, 

3.  Eisily  t(t  be  found.  Setden, 

OB'VI-OUS-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  plain  or  evident 

to  the  eve  or  the  mind.  Boyle, 

OB'VO-Ll'TE,      {  a.     [L.  obrolHtus,  obvolco ;  ob  and 
OB'VO-LU-TED,  j      volco,  to  roll.] 

In  botany,  obtvtute  foliation  is  when  the  margins  of 
the  leaves  alternately  embrace  llie  straight  margin  of 
the  opposite  leaf.  Mcriyn, 

OG-€A'SION,  (ok-ka'zhun,)  n.  [L.  eceiuw,  ttom  oed- 
dOy  to  fall ;  ob  and  cado.'] 

1.  Properly,  a  falling,  happening,  or  coming  to  ;  an 
occurrence,  casualty,  incident  ;  something  distinct 
from  the  ordinary  course  or  n'gular  order  of  tilings. 

Hocker. 
S.  Opportunity;  convenience ;  favorable  time,  sea- 
son, or  circumstances. 

VU  ttin  th*  »wiia<i  wUch  ha  gin«  ta  Max 
Htm  to  hfa  daMh. 

Cm  Mt  liboctjr  tir  MVoeeuiM  to  lb?  Bnli.— Git 
fib,  taUaf  ornimm  bf  ttte  eni— ndiowa,  decdnd  me,  — 
Rocn.  tL 

3.  Accidental  cause;  incident,  event,  or  fact,  giv- 
ing rise  to  something  else.  What  was  the  occasitm 
of  Ibis  custom .' 

H«T  bemvty  vaa  the  oetaaitm  of  the  wur.  Dryiat. 

4.  Incidental  need;  casual  exigency;  opportunity 
accompanied  with  need  or  demand.  So  we  say,  we 
have  oeatsion  for  all  our  resources.  We  have  frequent 
•ccaaimu  for  assisting  each  other. 

Tto  aoeieM  wdoob  <mv  wcU  fitted  for  the  ocauion  o(  Of  church 
b  its  pufer  *fe«.  Baktr. 

Mr  ocoMiOfW  h&n  fbood  time  to  tin  tb^ni  toward  »  tunplr  of 
ntancf.  SlCak. 

Oe-€J'aiON,  V.  U     [Fr.  oecasionner.] 

I.  To  cause  incidentally ;  to  cause ;  to  prodtice. 
The  expectation  of  war  occasions  a  depression  in  the 

Kice  of  stocks.     Consumptions  are  oflen  ocauioned 
■  colds.      Indigei^tion  occasions  pain  in  the  head. 
lieat  occasions  lastsitude. 

5.  To  inlluence  ;  to  cause. 

IT  WT  inqiiirv  what  it  ia  that  oeauions  m««  lo  m.ik«  acrerxt  com> 
binauoiM  of  simple  ideua  into  iluiuiict  modr-s.  Locke. 

0€^^X'^IOX-.\-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  caused  or  oc- 
eastoned.     [  Little  used,]  Barrov). 

Oe-e.\'SlON-AL,  a.     [Fr.  oecasionnfl] 

I.  Incidental ;  casual;  occurring  at  times,  but  not 
regular  or  systematic;  made  or  happening  as  oppor- 
tunity requires  or  admits.  We  make  occasional  re- 
marks on  the  events  of  the  age, 

%  Produced  by  accident ;  a?,  the  occasional  origin 
of  a  thing.  Brotciu 

3.  Produced  or  made  on  some  special  event ;  as,  an 
occasional  discourse. 

An  occasional  eause^  in  mettrpkysicsy  is  some  circum- 
stance preceding  an  effect,  which,  without  beins  the 
real  cause,  becomes  the  occasion  of  the  etfert's  being 
produced  by  a  truly  efficient  cause.  Thus,  the  act  of 
touching  E'lnpowder  with  fire  is  the  mrctwiona/,  but 
not  the  efficient  cause  of  the  explosion. 

Oe-CA'SIGN-AI^ISM,  i».  The  s>-5tem  of  occnsional 
causes;  a  name  given  to  certain  theories  of  the  Car- 
tesian school  of  philosophers,  by  which  they  account 
for  the  apparent  action  of  the  soul  on  the  body,  as  in 
voluntary  action.  Brandt. 

Oe-eA'SION-AL-LY,  adv.  According  to  incidental 
exigence;  at  times,  as  convenience  requires  or  op- 
portunity offers;  not  regularly.  He  was  occasionally 
present  at  our  meetings.  We  have  occasionally  lent 
our  aid. 

OC-€A'SION-i:D,  pp.  Caused  incidenully ;  caused ; 
produc€wl. 


occ 

0€^eA'*ION-ER,  M.  One  that  causes  or  produces, 
eitlier  incidentolly  or  otherwise. 

He  «'M  llic  occAtio'UT  of  iuu  tu  lib  nvighlor.  Sindrrwon, 

OC-€A'SION-ING,  p/ir.  Causing  incidentally  or  otli- 
erwise. 

0€^■€A'SIVE,  a.  Falling;  descending;  western;  per- 
taining to  the  setting  sun. 

Amplitude  li  oniv«  or  ocautvt.  Ena/c, 

Oe-CE-€A'TiO\,  n.     [L.  ocateatio;  ob  and  wco,  to 
blind.] 
The  act  of  making  blind.  [Little  used.}   Santlrrxan. 
0€'CI-DE.\T,  n,     [L.  occidens^  occidvy  to  fall  ;  ob  and 
eado.] 

The  west ;  the  western  quarter  of  the  hemisphere  ; 
so  called  from  the  decline  or  full  of  the  sun.  Kncyc 
Oe-CI-DENT'AL,  a.     [L.  oecidentalis.] 

Western  ;  opposed  to  OnrsNXAL  ;  pertaining  to  the 
western  quarter  of  the  hemisphere,  or  to  some  part 
of  the  eiirth  westward  of  the  speaker  or  speclator; 
as,  occidental  climates ;  occidetital  i>earl ;  occidratal 
gold.  Kncyc.     JIoaelL 

0€-CID'tT.OUS,  a.     [L.  occido,  oeciduus.] 

Western.     [Little  usrd,] 
0€-CIP'IT-.\L,  a.    [from  L.  occi/iut,  the  back  part  of 
the  head  ;  oh  and  caput  1 

Pertaining  to  the  back  part  of  the  head,  or  to  the 
occiput. 
0€'CI-PUT,  Ti.     [L.  ob  and  caput,  head.] 

The  hinder  part  of  the  head,  or  that  part  of  the 
skull  which  forms  the  hind  part  of  the  head. 
0€J-CIS'ION,(ok-sizh'un,)  n.    [L.  oMi^io,  from  occido^ 
to  kill ;  ob  and  C4Pdo.] 
A  killing  ;  tlie  act  of  killing.     [JVot  vsrd.]    Hall. 
0&€LCI}E',   r.  L     [L.  occlude ;  ob  and  c/iuto,  claudo, 
to  shut.] 

To  shut  up;  to  close.     [Little  used.]  Brovn. 

Oe-€L0SE',  a,     [L.  oeclusus,] 

ehnt ;  clo^-ed.     [Little  vseii.]  Holder. 

O€-€L0'SION,  (ok-klQ'zhun,)  «.    [L.  occlusio.] 
A  shutting  up;  a  closing.  Howell. 

[This  is  an  elegant  word,  though  little  used.] 
OC-€^CIjT',  a.    [L.   occultuSf  occalo;  ob  and  celo^  to 
conceal.] 

Hidden  from  the  eye  or  understanding  ;  invisible  ; 
secret;  unknown;  undiscovered;  undetected;  as, 
the  occult  qualities  of  matter.  JVcutoit. 

The  occhU  tfciencrs,  in  the  middle  ages^  were  magic, 
alchemy,  necn)mancy,  ic. 

OeeuU  line ;  in  ^w»mrtry,  a  dry  or  obscure  line  which 
is  drawn  as  n  necessary  part  of  the  construction  of  a 
figure  or  problem,  but  which  is  not  intended  to  appear 
after  the  plan  is  finished.  BarlinD. 

Oe-et'LT-A'TION,  n.     [L.  oeeultatio.] 

1.  A  hiding. 

2.  In  astronomy^  the  hidingof  a  heavenly  body  from 
our  sight  by  the  intervention  of  some  other  of  the 
heavenly  Ixidies. 

Oe-eULT'ED,  a.     Hid  ;  sccrt-t.     [JVot  used.]     Shak, 
2.  In  astronomif,  a  term  applied  to  a  heavenly  body 

hid  or  concealed  by  the  intervention  of  some  other 

heavenlv  body  Brandt. 

0€-CULt'NE::^3,  n.     The  state  of  being  concealed 

fniTU  view  ;  secretness. 
OC'eU-PAN-CY,  n.     [L.  oec»po,  to  take  or  seize;  ob 

and  eapia  to  seize.] 

1.  The  act  of  taking  or  holding  possession. 

2.  In  law,  the  taking  passession  of  a  thing  not  be- 
longing to  any  person.  The  person  who  first  takes 
possession  of  land,  is  said  to  have  or  hold  it  by  right 
of  occupancy. 


0€'eU-PANT,  n.    He  that  occupies  or  takes  posses- 
sion ;  he  that  has  possession. 

2.  In  /aw,  one  that  fir>a  takes  possession  of  that 
which  has  no  legal  owner.  The  right  of  property, 
either  in  wild  beasts  and  fow*l9,  or  in  land  beltmging 
to  no  person,  vei^ts  in  the  first  occupant.  The  prop- 
erty in  these  cases  follows  the  possession. 
OCeU-PATE,  V.  U     [h.  ouupo.] 

To  hold  ;  to  possess  ;  to  take  up.     [AT?(  used.] 

Bacon, 
0€-€U-P.^'TION,  n.     [L.  occvpaiio.] 

1.  The  act  of  taking  possession.  Bacon. 

2.  Possession  ;  a  holding  or  keeping ;  tenure ;  use ; 
as,  lands  in  the  occupation  of  A  B. 

3.  That  which  engages  the  time  and  attention  ; 
employment ;  business.  He  devotes  lo  study  ell  the 
time  that  his  other  occupations  will  permit. 

4.  The  principal  busmess  of  one's  life  ;  vocation  ; 
calling  ;  trade  ;  the  business  which  a  man  follows  to 
prociirea  living  or  obtain  wealth.  Agriculture,  man- 
ufactures, and  commerce,  furnish  the  most  general 
occupations  of  life.  Painting,  statuary,  music,  are 
agreeable  occupattojis.  Men  not  engaged  in  some 
useful  occupation  commonly  fall  into  vicious  courses. 

OCeU-PT-^D,  pp.     Possessed  ;  used  ;  employed. 
0€'CU-PI-£R,  n.     One  that  occupies  or  takes  possw-s- 
sion.  Raleglu 

2.  One  who  holds  possession. 

3.  One  who  follows  an  employment.     Ezek.  xxvii. 
OC'€U-Pr,  ».  t.     [L.  occupoj  ob  and  a^no,  to  seize  or 

take.] 


OCH 

1.  To  take  possession.  'J*he  i>erson  who  first  oc- 
cupies land  which  has  no  owner,  has  the  right  of 
property. 

2.  Tu  keep  in  p«issesstott  ;  to  possess ;  to  bold  or 
keep  for  use.  The  tenant  occumes  a  farm  under  a 
lease  of  twenty-one  years.  A  lodger  occupies  an 
apartment ;  a  man  occupies  the  chaTr  In  which  he 
sits. 

X  To  take  up ;  to  possess  ;  to  cover  or  fill.  The 
cani\i  occupies  five  acres  of  ground.  Air  may  be  so 
rarefied  as  to  occupy  a  vast  space.  The  writing  occu- 
pies  a  sheet  of  p:ipcr,  or  it  occupies  five  lines  only. 

4.  To  employ  ;  to  use. 

The  nrcliUithop  may  haYc  occ;\»!on  lo  occupy  tnorf  cliaiilxlm  ihnu 
■ix.  Eng.  6taluU. 

5.  To  employ;  to  busy  one*3  self.  Every  man 
should  be  occupied^  or  should  occupy  himsf.'lf,  in  some 

ti.  To  follow,  as  business.  [useful  labor. 

All  the  ahips  of  the  ar^  with  (h'ir  mariiien  were  tu  ihce  U>  oc- 
cupy thy  nierchiuidiac., —  Huik,  x«»ii. 

7.  To  use;  to  exiHjnd, 

AH  lite  lEfoKI  that  wna  occupied  for  the  work.  —  Ex,  zxxvIU. 
[Not  noia  in  uae.\ 

OC'€U-PV,  0.  i.    To  follow  business  ;  to  negotiate. 

Occupy  till  I  corn*", .—  Luke  six. 

Oe'CU-PV-ING,  ppr.    Taking  or  keeping  possession  ; 

enipl  hying. 
OC-CUR',  V.  L     [I*,  occurro :  ob  and  curro,  to  run.] 

1.  Primarily f  to  meet ;  to  strike  against ;  to  cl:ish  ; 
and  so  used  by  Bentlnj,  but  tftijt  application  is  obsolete. 

2.  To  meet  or  come  to  the  mind  ;  to  be  presented 
to  the  mind,  imagination,  or  memory.  We  say,  no 
better  plan  occurs  to  me,  or  to  my  mind  ;  it  does  not 
occur  to  my  recollection ;  the  tiiouglit  did  not  occur 
to  me. 


There  doth  rot   occur  to  me  wiy  i 
profit. 


;  of  this  experiment  for 
Oacon. 


3.  To  appear;  to  meet  the  eye;  to  be  found  here 
and  there.  This  word  occurs  in  twenty  places  in 
the  Scriptures ;  the  other  word  does  not  occur  in  a 
single  place;  it  docti  not  occur  in  the  sense  sug- 
gested. 

4.  To  oppose  ;  to  obviate.     [JVot  used.]     Bentley, 
OCeUR'RENCE,  n.     [Fr.]      Literally,  a  coming  or 

Jiappening ;  hence,  any  incident  or  accidrntat  event ; 
that  which  hapjKms  without  being  designed  or  ex- 
pected ;  any  single  event.     We  speak  of  on  unusual 
occurrence,  or  of  the  ordinary  occurrences  of  life. 
2.  Occasional  presentation. 

VoyAfrrt  detain  the  mind  by  the  perpetual  occurrence  and  ex- 
pi'cUtiun  of  sontetlkiiig  new.  WatU. 

OeCUR'RENT,  TU  Incident;  any  thing  that  hap- 
pens.    [Oft*.]  Bacon. 

Oe-CUR'SlON,  n.  [L.  occursio,  from  occurro,  to  meet.] 
A  meeting  of  bodies  ;  a  clash.  Boyle. 

O'CEAN,  (o'shun,)  n.  [L.  oeeanvs;  Gr.  wKtavoii  Fr. 
ocean;  Ir.  ocein^  aij/ein;  W.  eigiawn,  aij*,  or  ci^on. 
In  Welsh,  the  word  is  rendered,  the  great  source,  the 
middle,  the  abyss,  or  great  deep,  and  is  allied  in  or- 
thography to  eigian,  force,  or  a  forcing  out,  a  produ- 
cing ;  fiViaio,  to  bring  fiirth,  from  aig^  what  brings 
forth,  the  feutale,  the  wottih,  the  sea,  a  shoal  of  fish- 
es, a  fitwk  ()r  herd.  Bochart  cites  many  atiihoriiies 
to  prove  that  the  ancients  understood  the  oc<;an  lo 
encompass  the  earth  ;  and  he  supposes  it  to  be  de- 
rived from  tJie  Heb.  Ch.  and  Syr.  Jin,  ho^,  to  encom- 
pass, whence  a  circle.  This  is  probably  an  error. 
The  word  seems  to  have  for  its  origin  greatness  or 
extent.] 

1.  The  vast  body  of  water  which  covers  more  than 
three  fifths  of  the  surface  of  the  globe,  called  aliso  the 
Sea,  or  Great  Sea.  It  is  customary  to  speak  of  the 
ocean  as  if  divided  into  five  parts;  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  the  Pacific  Ocean,  the  Indian  Ocean,  the 
Arctic  Ocean,  and  the  Antarctic  Ocean  ;  but  the 
ocean  is  one  mx«s  or  body,  partially  sepjirated  by  the 
continents  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa,  on  one  side, 
and  by  America  on  the  other. 

2.  An  immense  expanse  ;  as,  the  boundless  ocean 
of  eternity  ;  oceans  of  dunition  and  space.     I^iche. 

O'CEAN,  (o'shun,)  a.  Pertaining  to  the  main  or  great 
sea  ;  a",  the  ocean  wave  ;  ocean  stream.         Milton, 

0-CE-AN'ie,  (o-she-an'ik,)  a.  Pertaining  to  the  ocean  , 
found  or  formed  in  the  ocean.  Cook. 

O'CELf-LA-TED,  a.  [L.  ocellatus,  from  ocellus,  a  little 
eye.] 

1.  Resembling  an  eye.  Derliam. 

2,  Formed  with  the  figures  of  little  eyes. 
O'CE-LOT,  n.    The  Fnncli  popular  name  of  a  digiti- 

grade  carnivorous  mammal,  of  the  cat  kind.  It  is 
the  Felts  Pardalis  of  Linnffius,  and  it  inhabits  Mexi- 
co. It  is  likewise  the  French  popular  name  of  sev- 
eral other  nearly  allied  American  species  of  Felis. 

O'CHKR,  i  (6'ker,)  n.     [Fr.  ocre  ;  L.  ochra;  Gr.  (oxooj 

O'CIIUE,  i      from  (JY.o'^s,  pale.] 

A  variety  of  fine  clay,  deeply  colored  by  the  ses- 
qnoxyd  of  iron.  It  ia  of  various  colors;  as  yellow, 
(which  is  most  common,)  red,  green,  blue,  and  black. 
It  is  used  a.4  a  pigment. 

O'eilEK-OUS,  >  a.    Consisting  of  ocher;  containing 

O'CHRE-OUS,  t      ocher  ;  as,  ocherous  matter. 
2.  Resembling  ocher  ;  as,  an  ochcroti.i  coltir. 


FXTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.\T.  — METE,  PREV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  nQQK.— 
766 


OCT 

0'€HER-Y,  |a.    Pertaining  to  ocher  ;  containing  or 
0'€HKY,      )      resembling  ocher.  Ur'e. 

Oeil'I-.MY,  (ok'e-me,)  n.    [corru|>ted  from  alc/i£my.] 

A  mixed  base  metal.  Johtuiun.     Todd. 

Oeil-LOe'RA-CY,   B.     [Gr.  ox>^oKptiTta;  «xAos,  the 

people  or  a  multitude,  and  Kft^ircu},  to  govern.] 
A  form  of  government  in  which  the  multitude  or 

common  people  rule.  Encyc.     Jones. 

0-€HKA'CEOUS,  (shus.)  a.     Of  an  ocbor  color,  or 

yellow  running  into  brown.  Lindley. 

5'CHRE-A,  H.     In  botany,  a  term  applied  to  two  slip- 

ulp--i  united  round  the  stem  in  a  kind  of  sheath. 
OCirROrrE,  a.    Cerile;  which  see.  {Decand. 

6'CRA,  n.     See  Okba. 
Oe'TA-CHORD,  n.    An  instrument  or  system  of  eight 

MMindn.  Busby. 

0€'TA-GON,  n.    [Gr.  okt'^^^  eight,  and  >  wctn,  angle.] 

1.  In  geometniy  a  plane  figure  of  eight  sides  and 
eight  angles.  \Vlien  the  sides  and  angles  are  equal, 
it  is  a  regiUar  octagon  which  may  be  inscribed  in  a 
circle.  Brands. 

2.  In  foH\ficatiottj  a  place  with  eight  sides  or  bas- 
tions. Brnnde. 

Oe-TAG'ON-AL,  o.  Having  eight  sides  and  eight 
angles. 

OC-TA-Hk'DRAL,  fl.  [See  Octahedron.]  Having 
eight  equal  faces  or  sides. 

0€)-TA-HK'[)RrrE,  w.  Anatase,  an  ore  of  titanium, 
occurring  in  oeUihedral  crj-stals.  Dana. 

0€-TA-H£'ItRO.\,  a.  [Gr.  u«ro),  eight,  and  £^/ja,a 
base.] 

In  ireometry,  a  solid  contained  by  eight  equal  and 
eipiilateral  ifiangtes.  It  is  one  of  the  five  regular 
iKkiies.  J.  Day. 

0€-'rAN'DRI-A,  n.  [Gr.  okt(Dj  eight,  and  a^'np,  a 
male.] 

In  botany,  a  class  of  monoclinons  or  hermaphrodite 
plants,  having  eight  stamens,  which  are  distinct  from 
each  other,  and  diiitinct  frttm  Ihc  pistil.      LiniKeus. 

Oe-TAN'DRI-AN,  i  a.     Pertaining  to  the  class  Octan- 

Oe-TAXH)KOUS,  j  driai  having  eiglit  distinct  sta- 
mens. 

Oe-TAN"GU-LAR,  b.     [L.  octo,  eight,  and  angular.] 
Having  eight  angles. 

Oe  TA.\"GU-LAR-XESS,  n.  The  quality  of  having 
eight  angles. 

OCTANT,  n.  [I*,  octans,  an  eiglith  part,  from  octOy 
eight.] 

1.  In  geomrtnj,  tlie  eighth  part  of  a  circle,  contain- 
ing 45  degrees. 

2.  \n  astronomy,  the  point  in  the  orbit  of  a  heav- 
enly body  which  lies  half  way  between  the  conjunc- 
tions, or  opjKtsitions,  and  the  quadratures. 

Oe'TA-STVI-E,n.     See  Octostyle. 
Oe'TA-TECen,  (ok'ta-iake,)  n.  The  first  eight  books 

of  the  Old  Testament.  Hanmer. 

[  This  is  an  inrproper  tcord ;  there  beino  no  alliance  in 

the  jirst  eight  books  more  than  in  the  Jirst  tea  or  Jifteen 

bnokn.] 
0€TAVE,  a.     [Infra.]     Denoting  eight.       Dryden. 
OC  TAVE,  M.    [Fr.,  from  L.  ortavus,  eighth.] 

1.  The  eighth  day  at\er  a  church  festival,  the  festi- 
▼al  it-*elf  being  includi-d.  Brandt. 

2.  Eight  days  togethi  r  after  a  church  festival,  the 
festival  itaelf  being  inclodiMl.  Jiinjworth. 

3.  In  musicy  an  eighth,  or  an  inier%'al  of  seven  de- 
grees or  twelve  semitones.  The  octave  is  (he  most 
perfect  of  the  chords,  consisting  of  six  full  tones 
and  twt>  semitones  major.  It  containti  the  whole  di- 
atonic scale.  P.  Cijc. 

0€-TA'VO,  n.     [U  oeterrw,  eighth.] 

A  hook  or  form  in  which  a  !thect  )s  folded  into 
eight  leaves.  The  word  is  used  as  a  noun  or  an  ad- 
jt^rtive.  We  say,  an  octaeo,  or  an  octaco  volume. 
The  tnie  phrase  is,  a  book  in  octavo. 

Oe-TE\'NI-AL,  a,     [I*  orfo,  eight,  and  anniur,  year.] 

1.  Happening  every  eighth  year. 
3.  Toasting  eight  years. 

OC  TEN'.M-AL-LY,  ade.    Once  In  eight  years. 

OC'I'ILE,  n.     The  same  as  Octawt,  supra. 

OC-TIL'LION',  n.  Accordmg  to  the  EngVuih  notntian, 
the  number  produced  by  involving  n  million  to  the 
eighth  power;  a  unit  with  forty-eight  ciphers  an- 
nexed. 

According  to  Oie  French  notation,  a  unit  with  twen- 
ty-tpven  ciphers  annexed. 

OC-Tfi'BER,  n,  [L.,  from  octo,  eight;  the  eighth 
month  of  the  primitive  Roman  year,  which  began  in 
March.] 

The  tenth  month  of  the  year,  in  our  calendar, 
which  follows  that  of  Numa  and  Julius  Cssar. 

2.  A  kind  of  ale,  jocosely  so  called. 
Oe-TO-DEC'I-MAL,  a.     [L.  octOy  eight,  and   decern, 

ten.] 

In   erystallogriiphy,n   term   designating  a  crj'stal 
whofie  prisms,  or  the  middle  part,  has  eight  faces, 
and  the  two  summits  together  ten  faces. 
OC-TO-OEC'I-MO,  a.     [L.  octodrcim,  eighteen.] 

Having  or  consisting  of  eighteen  leaves  to  a  sheet. 
Oe-TO-DEC'I-MO,  n,    A  book  in  which  each  sheet  is 

folded  into  eighteen  leaves. 
Oe  TO-DEN'TATE,  a.     [L.  octo,  eight,  and  dentatua, 
UHiibed.J 
Having  eight  teeth. 


ODD 

0€'TO-FID,  a.     f  L.  octo,  eight,  and  jiiido,  to  cleave.] 
In  botany,  cleft  or  separated  into  eight  segments  : 
as  a  calvx.  Martyn. 

Oe-'i'0-GE-\A'Rr-AN, )  n.    A  person  eighty  years  of 
0€'T0-(5E-NA-RY,        \      age.  J.  Adams. 

Oe'TO-GEl-N.\-RY,  a.     [L.  octogenarius,  from  octog^ 
Ri,  eighty.] 
Of  eightv  years  of  age. 
0€'T0-<5I5-N.4-RY,  n.  An  instrument  of  eight  strings. 
0€-TO-LOC'U-LAR,  a.     [L.  octo,  eight,  and  locus, 
place.] 

In  botany,  having  eight  cells  for  seeds. 
Oe'TO-NA-RY,  a.     [L.  octonarius.] 
Belonging  to  the  number  eight. 
Oe-TO-NOe''U-LAR,  a.    [L.  octo^  eight,  and  oculus, 
eye.] 

Having  eight  eyes.  Derham. 

Oe-TO-PET'AI^OUS,  fl.    [Gr.  oktio,  eight,  and  ncT- 
a>^ov,  a  petal.] 

Having  eigiit  petals  or  flower-leaves.  DicL 

Oe'TO-POD,  w.      [Gr.  oktm,  eight,  and  nov^,  foot.] 
A  inollusk  or  insect  having  eiglit  feet  or  legs. 

Kirby. 
Oe-TO-RA'DI-A-TED,  a.     [L.  octo,  eight,  and  rixdtits, 

H:iving  eight  rays 
Oe-TO-SPERM'OLIS,  a.    [Gr.  oicroj,  eight,  and  atrtp- 
f/a.,  sued.] 

('outaining  eight  seeds. 
Oe'TO-STTLE,  n,      [Gr.  oktu,  eight,  and  ffruAoy, 
style.] 

In  ancient  architfcture,  a  term  denoting  an  edifice 
or  portico  adorned  with  eight  columns,  or  a  range  of 
eight  columns.  Encyc 

0€-TO-SYL-LAB'ie,  a.     [L.  octo,  eight,  and  syllaba, 
syllable.] 

Consisting  of  eight  syllables. 
[OcTosyLLABLE  hos  been  used.] 
OC'TROI',  (ok-trwa',),  7i.    [Fr.]     A  tai  levied  at  the 
gates  of  French  cities  on  articles  brought  in. 

Diet,  de  VAcad. 
Oe'TU-PLE,  a.     [L.  octuplus ;  octo,  eight,  and  plico, 
to  fold.] 
F.ightfold.  Diet. 

OG'II-LAR,  0.     [Ft.  oculaire  i  L.  ocularius,  from  ocu- 
lus,  eye.] 

Depending  on  the  eye  ;  known  by  the  eye  ;  received 
by  actual  sight ;  as,  ocular  proof  j  ocular  demonstra- 
tion or  evidence. 
0€'l|-LAR-LY,  adv.     By  the  eye,  sight,  or  actual 

view.  Brojcn, 

OG' IT-LATE,  a.     [L.  oeulatus.] 

Furnished  with  eyes  ;  knowing  by  the  eye. 

Johnson, 
OC'T^-LI-FORM,  a.    [L.  oeulus,  eye,  and  forma,  form.] 
In  the  form  of  an  eye;  resembling  the  eye  in  form  ; 
as,  an  oculiform  pebble.  Fourcroy. 

0€'IJ-LlaT,  n.    ^from  L.  oeulus,  the  eye.] 

One  skilled  m  diseases  of  the  eyes,  or  one  who 
pr»)fcsses  to  cure  them. 
0' DA  Llsq^UE,  n.     [Turkish  odah,  a  chamber.] 

Tile  name  of  the  female  slaves  or  concubines  in 
the  harem  of  the  Turkish  sultan.  The  word  is  prop- 
erly Odah-lic.  Encyc.  Am. 
ODD,  a.  [Sw.  udda,  odd,  and  udd,  udde,  a  point ;  Dan. 
o</(/,  a  point  or  tip.  In  W.-od  is  ntptable,  singular, 
and  odui  a  rarity.     In  Kuss.  odin  or  odno  is  one.] 

1.  Not  even  \  not  divisible  into  two  equal  whole 
numbers  ;  as  one,  three,  five,  seven,  &c. 


Good  luck  lie*  in  odd  nuinbGra. 


Shak. 


2.  Left  or  remaining  after  the  union,  estimate,  or 
use  of  even  niimliers  ;  or  remaining  after  round  num- 
bers, or  any  number  specified  ;  as,  the  odd  number ; 
the  odd  man. 

Sixteen  iMiri'lml  nnd  odd  jtt&n  ttftrr  Ibe  earth  waa  mnilf*,  it  wu 
tl«Uuj'c>l  \if  a,  ili-iiige.  Burnet. 

3.  Singular;  extraordinary  ;  differing  from  \vhat  is 
usual  ;  strange  ;  as,  an  odd  phenomenon.     JVewton. 

It  sometimes  implies  dislike  or  contempt ;  as,  an 
odd  fellow. 

4.  Not  noted  ;  unheeded  ;  not  taken  into  the  com- 
mon account. 

Thrre  ore  jct  mlMing  >ome  few  odd  liuJs  that  you  rv-irwrmber  not. 

ahaJe. 

5.  Uncommon  ;  particular. 

The  odd  man  to  perfoim  oil  three  perTectly  b  Joannei  Stiirmlui. 

A$cham. 

(i.  Uncommon  ;  in  nppearnncfi  improper,  or  not 
likely  to  answer  the  purjKJse.  This  is  an  odd  way  of 
doing  things. 

L.ocke'a  >lanT  .wOiiM  be  lU)  odd  bonk  for  A  tnftn  to  mnke  himtclf 
uuuHer  ot.  Who  wouM  ^1  u  rupuLitJuu  by  his  cnLic.-U  writing*. 
Spectator. 

7.  Separate  from  that  which  is  regularly  occupied  ; 
remaining  unemployed.  I  will  take  some  odd  time 
to  do  this  businesi*.     He  may  do  it  at  odd  times. 

ODD' EST,  a.  suprrl.     Most  odd. 

ODD'-FEL'LOWS,  n.  pi  Tlie  name  of  a  secret  Boci- 
eiy  for  social  enjoyment  and  mutual  assistance. 

ODD'I-TY,  n.  Singularity  ;  siriingeness  ;  as,  the  odd- 
ity of  dress,  manners,  or  shape  ;  oddity  of  appear- 
ance. 


ODD 

2.  A  singular  person  ;  in  colloquial  language.    This 
man  is  an  oddity. 
ODD'-LOQK-ING,  a.    Having  a  singular  look. 
ODD'LY,  adv.     Not  eveidy.     [Ltttle  used,] 

a.  Strangely  ;  unusually  ;  irregularly  ;  singularly  ; 
uncouthly  ;  as,  oddly  dressed  ;  oddly  formed. 

A  ficpire  oddly  titrned.  l^odce. 

A  black  Bubatance  lying  on  the  grouail  rer;  oddly  ihapcd. 

ODD'NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  not  even. 

2.  Singularity;  strangeness;  particularity;  irregu- 
larity; nncouthness;  as,  the  oddness  of  dress  or 
shape ;  the  oddness  of  an  event  or  accident. 

Dryden,     Swift, 
ODDS,  n.     [It  is  used  both  in  the  singular  and  plural.] 

1.  Inequality  ;  excess  of  either  compared  with  the 
other;  difference  in  favor  of  one  and  against  an- 
other. 

Preeminent  by  ao  much  oddt.  Milton. 

In  this  example,  much  marks  the  singular  number, 
and  via;ny  can  not  be  used. 

Cromwell,  with  odda  of  number  and  of  fnte.  Waller. 

Ail  the  oadM  between  them  has  been  the  different  •cope  riven  to 

their  uiHieraianitings  to  mrige  in.  Cocke. 

Judging  is  biJancUtg  an  account  mid  determining  on  which  side 

the  odda  lie.  Lockt. 

There  apjxrured  at  Icait  four  to  one  odda  agaiiwt  them.    Sieifl. 

2.  Advantage  ;  superiority.  Hadibras. 

3.  Quarrel;  dispute;  debate.  SAoA, 
/( is  odds;  more  likely  than  the  contrary. 

It  is  odda  thai  he  will  find  a  shrewd  temptatioa.  South. 

At  odds ;  in  dispute  j  at  variance  j  in  controversy 

or  quarrel. 

Thfy  set  us  all  at  odda.  Shak. 

Or  thcjr  rousl  always  be  at  odda.  Sm/t. 

ODE.  n,     [L.  ode  ,•  Gr.  uSn.] 

A  short  poem  or  sorig ;  a  poetical  composition  prop- 
er to  be  set  to  music  or  sung  ;  a  lyric  poem.  The  ode 
is  of  the  greater  or  less  kind  ;  the  less  is  characterized 
by  sweetness  and  ease  ;  the  greater  by  sublimity,  rap- 
ture, and  quickness  of  transition.  Johnson, 

Pindar  has  left  Olympic  odes,  Pythian  odes,  Neme- 
an  odes,  and  Isthmian  odes, 

I'hc  oda  consists  of  unequal  renes  Eu  stansu  or  strophes. 

_  Butby. 

O-De'ON,  Tt.    [Gr.  oj^itov,  from  (>)^n,  a  song.] 

In  ancient  architecture,  a  kind  of  theater  in  Greece, 
in  which  poets  and  musicians  submitted  their  works 
to  the  approval  of  the  public,  and  contended  for 
prizes.  Elmes. 

O'DI-BLE,  a.     [L.  odi,  I  hate.] 

Hateful ;  that  may  e.\cite  hatred, 

O'DIN,  Ti.    A  Scandinavian  deity  ;  the  Woden  of  the 
Saxons. 

O'DI-OUS,  a.     [L.  odiosus,  from  odi,  I  hated,  Eng 
hate.] 

1.  Hateful ;  deserving  hatred.  It  expresses  some- 
tliing  less  than  Detestable  and  Aoohinable;  as, 
an  odious  name  ;  odious  vice. 

Ail  wickfHlness  is  odioua.  Sprat. 

2.  Offensive  to  the  senses  ;  disgusting;  as,  an  odif 
ous  sight ;  an  odious  smell. 

3.  Causing  hate  ;  invidious  ;  as,  to  utter  odious 

4.  Exposed  to  hatred  ;  hated.  [truth 
He  rendered  hiinsrlf  odious  to  the  piuiiaroenL         Clarendon. 

O'DI-OUS-LY,  adv.    Hatefully  ;  in  a  manner  to  de- 
serve or  excite  hatred.  Milton. 
a.  Invidiously  j  so  as  to  cause  hate.          Dryden. 
O'DI-OUS-NESS,  n.      Hatefidness  ;   the  quality  that 
deserves  or  may  excite  hatred ;  as,  the  odiousness  of 
sin.  fVake. 
a.  The  state  of  btaug  hated.    [.Voe  usxtaU]     Sidney. 
O'DI-UM,  n.     [L.1     Hatred;    ilislike.     This  mea-suro 
brought  a  geiieml  odium  on  his  government. 
3.  The  quality  that  provokes  hatred  ;  ollensivcness. 
She  tliivw  ihi-  odiam  of  the  fact  on  me.                  Dryden, 

O'DI'UM  TIlE-O-L0<^'I-CUM,     [L.]  The  hatred  of 

couteniliiig  theologians. 
O-DO.M'E-TER,  n.    [Gr.  o6os  and  nerpov.] 

An  instrument  attached  to  the  wheel  of  a  carriage, 
to  measure  distance  in  traveling.  Jefferson. 

O-DO-MET'RIC-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  an  odometer  or 

its  nieatsuremcnL 
0-I)ON-TAL'Gl-A,  »  n.    [Gr.  oSoi's,  tooth,  and  aXyog, 
O'DON-TAL-GY,     \      pam.] 

Toothache, 
0-DO\-TAI/Gie,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  toothache. 
ODONTAL'OIC,  n.    A  remedy  for  the  toothache. 
O-DON'TA-LITE,  n.     A  petrified  tooth  or  bono. 
O-DON'TOID,  a.    [Gr   oSovs,  tooth,  and  etfos,  like- 
ness. ] 
Tooth-like. 
O-DON-'IOL'O  GY,  n,     [Gr.  oSovs  and  Xoyoi.] 

That  branch  of  anatomical  scient:ewliich  treats  of 
the  teeth. 
O'DOR,  n.    [L.]    Smell;  scent;  Iragrance;  a  sweet 
or  an  olTcnsive  smell ;  perfume.        Bacon.    Addison. 
To  be  in  bad  odor ;  to  be  out  of  fttror.         Burke. 
O'DOR-A-MENT,  n.     [L.  odorametiiiim.] 

A  perfume  ;  a  strong  scent.  /iurton. 

O'DOR-ATE,  a.     [L.  odorntus.] 

Scented  ;  having  a  strtmg  scent,  fetid  or  fVngrant. 

Bacon. 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOU8.  — €  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CU  aa  SH;  TH  aa  In  THIS. 


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flan 

OIN 

OG-GA-NI"TION,  (-nish'un,)  n.  [U  o»fo»ni#,  »gga- 
Kio,  to  growL] 

The  murmuring  of  a  dog  ;  a  pmrabling  or  snarl- 
ing.    [AVe  used,]  .MmntajfU, 
OG'HASI,  H,     A  particular  kind  of  stpnoRnipIiy,  or 
U'liting  in  cipher,  practiced  by  the  ancit^nt  liiDh. 

Jistle.     Brande. 
COn^E,  (O'jiv,)  «.     In   areMt^ctur^t  a  term   used  by 
Frvnch  architects  to  denoto  the  Gothic  vatilt,  wiih 
its  ribs  and  cross  sprincers,  &.c.  OwUt, 

O'GLE,  (6'gl,)  r.  t,  (from  D.  oo^,  Uie  eys,  Sax,  eagj 
h.  ocuius.    See  Ers.] 

To  view  with  nide  glancp8,aa  in  fondneAs,  or  wllb 
a  design  to  attract  notice. 

AihI  Ofiiiv  aU  tt>^  ftudieiuv,  then  tboy  wpoik.  Dryd&n. 

O'GLE,  n.     A  side  glance  or  look.  jSddisom, 

O'GLER,  K.    One  that  ogles.  JSdduom, 

O'GLING^  ;»pr.    Viewing  with  side  glances. 

O'GLI.VG,  II.    The  act  of  viewing  with  side  glances. 

OG'LI-0,  (6'Ie-o  ;)  now  written  Olio,  which  sec. 

iVGRE,  (S'gur,)  n.     (Fr.  oip-f.] 

An  imaginaiy  monster  or  hideous  giant  of  fairy 
tales,  who  lived  on  human  beings,    jlrabiaii  ^^iffhta, 

O'GRESS,  n,     A  female  ogre. 

0'GKE:?S,  K.  In  keruldry^  a  cannon-ball  of  a  black 
color.  Ashtjwle, 

r  A  black  roundel. —  E.  H.  Barker,] 

O-CVG'I-AX,  0.    Pertaining  It^  O^tgrsy  the  most  an- 
cient monarch  in  Greece,  and  to  a  great  deluge  in 
Attica  in  his  days. 
2.  Of  great  and  dark  antiquity.  Lrmprirre, 

6H,  exetam,  denoting  surprise,  pain,  sorrow,  or  anx- 
iety. 

OIL,*  m.  [Sax.  W.  It  seems  to  be  named  from  its  in- 
flammability, for  cidK  is  to  kindle,  and  to  oil ; 
hence,  aumLm^  to  amiuai :  ^Ird,  tire  ;  Dan.  i/t/,  whence 
the  name  of  HUdebrand^  Dan.  Ildtitrand,  firebrand  ; 
D.  0^;  Q.  •di  Sw.  oija;  Dan.  oUe;  Fr.  Aui/c ;  It. 
9iio ;  L.  WnuH ;  Gr.  cAaitif  ;  VV.  oUw  ;  Ir.  ola ;  Ann. 
Sp.  and  Port.  «Im.1 

An  unctnous  suoetance  expressed  or  drawn  from 
various  animal  and  vegetable  substances.  The  dis- 
tinctive characters  of  oil  are  indamuiabilily,  fluidity, 
and  insolubility  in  water.  Oils  are  Axed  and  gn-nsy, 
fixed  and  euential,  and  volatile  and  essential.  Tliey 
lave  a  smooth  feel,  and  most  of  tht-tn  have  little 
Usla  or  satelL  Animal  oil  is  found  in  all  animal 
■nbsuaees.  Vegetable  oils  are  produced  by  expres- 
sioo,  JnAision,  or  distillation.  Bucjfc  JVidioUun. 
Oil  pf  citriol ;  sulphuric  acid. 
Oil  of  trinf  ;  a  name  given  to  two  oils  obtained  bv 
the  action  of  sulphuric  acid  on  alcohol.  RMeremi  mi 
«/  wme  is  (enanthic  ether.  Omkam. 

OIL,  V.  t  To  smear  or  rub  over  with  nil ;  to  lubricate 
with  oil ;  to  anoint  with  oil.  IVotten.     Swift 

OIL'-BAG,  a.  A  bag,  cyst,  or  gland  in  animals  con- 
taining oil. 

OIL'-eAKE,  a.  A  cake  or  mass  of  compressed  flax- 
.seed  fVom  which  oil  haa  been  extracted. 

OIL'-CLOTH,  a.  Cloth  oiled  or  painted  for  covering 
floors. 

OIL'-GOL-OR,  a.  A  color  made  by  grinding  a  color- 
ing substance  in  oil.  Boyle. 

OIL'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Smeared  or  anointed  with  oil. 

Jfutocu 

OIL'ER,  n.  One  who  deals  In  oils  ^  formerly^  one  who 
dealt  in  oils  and  pickles. 

OIL'-GAS,  n.  Inflammable  gas  procured  from  oil 
and  used  for  lighting  stn-elsand  apartments  in  build 
ings. 

OIL'I-XESS,  n.    The  quality  ofbeing  oily  ;  unctuoiis- 
ness;  greasiness  ;  a  quality  approaching  that  of  oil. 
Bacon,     ArbuthnoL 

OIL'ING,  vpr.    Smearing  or  anointing  with  oil. 

OIL'-MAN,  n.     One  who  deids  in  oil*.  Johnsoru 

OIL'-NUT,  a.    The  butternut  of  North  America. 

Carver, 
3.  \  North  American  shrub,  Hamiltonia  oleifera 
of  Muhlenberg. 

OIL' -NUT,    I  a.    A  plant,  a  species  of  Ricinus,  the 

OIL'-TREE,  \  PaJma  Chnsti.  from  which  >s  pro- 
cured ca«tor-oiI.  Fam.  of  PUihL*.     Eneyc. 

OIL'-PaIXT-ING,  a.     The  art  of  painting  in  oil- 
colon. 
9l  A  picture  painted  in  oil-colors. 

OIL'-SUOP,  a.     A  shop  where  oils  are  sold. 

OIL'V,  a.  Consisting  of  oil ;  containing  oil ;  having 
the  qualities  of  oil ;  as,  oUp  matter  or  subsunce. 

Bacon, 

2.  Resembling  oil ;  aa^an  e3jf  appearance. 

3.  Fatly  ;  greasy.  Sftak. 
OIL'Y-GR.\I\,   a.     A  plant,  sesame  or  sesamum, 

which  see.  MtUer. 

OIL'Y-PXLM,  a.  A  palm-tree  of  the  genus  Elmis, 
from  the  fruit  of  which  palm  oil  is  obtained. 

P.  Cye. 
OINT,  V.  L      [Fr.  oiadre,  oint;  Sp.  and    Port,  untar. 
The  French  oindre  is  formed  from  tlie  L.  ungo^  like 
joindre^  from  jtuigoJ] 

To  anoint ;  to  smear  with  an  unctuous  substance. 

Th^y  oitU  their  naked  limU  with  motbered  oU.  DrytUn. 

OINT'ED,  pp.  Anointed  j  smeared  with  an  oily  or 
greasy  matter. 


OLE 

OI.NT'ING,  npr.    Anointing. 

OIX'I''.MENT,  n.  Uupuent ;  any  sofl,  unctuous  sub- 
stance or  comi>ound,  used  for  :jmearing,  particularly 
tlu5  btnly  or  a  diseased  j»art. 

OIS'.\-i\t'rE,  a.  The  same  mineral  with  Anatasb, 
which  see.  Dana. 

OKE,  «.  An  Egyptian  and  Turkish  weight,  equal  to 
alKtut  two  p«^iunds  and  three  quarters,  English  avoir- 
du[Kiis  weight.  Kton. 

O'KKR,    SoeOcHLB 

O'KRA,  I  a.      .'\n  annual  plant,  Hibiscus,  esculenius, 

O'KRO,  \  whose  green  pods,  atiounding  in  nutri- 
tious mucilage,  are  much  used  in  the  West  Indies, 
&.C.,  for  soujw  or  pickles.       Farm,  Eueiic.     P,  Cye. 

Gl.l),  a.  [Sax.  ctiid;  G.  alt ;  D.  oud;  Dan.  aide,  old 
age.] 

1.  Advanced  far  in  years  or  life  ;  having  lived  be- 
yond the  middle  |>eriod,  or  rather  toward  the  end  of 
life,  or  towanl  the  end  of  the  ordinary  term  of  living  ; 
applied  to  animals  or  plants  ;  tu^,  an  old  man  ;  an  old 
age ;  an  old  camel  or  horse  ;  an  old  tree.  'I'tiis  ad- 
jective is  {ilaced  after  the  noun  tiiat  designates  the 
time  lived. 

Abraham  wm  wvcnly-fiTe  yttn  old  when   he  tlpjpiined  from 
Htuuu.  —  Gcii.  xii. 

2.  Having  been  long  made  or  used  ;  decayed  by 
time  ;  as,  an  old  garuu'tit ;  an  old  house. 

3.  Being  of  long  continuance  j  begun  long  ago  j 
as,  an  old  acquaintance. 

4.  Having  buen  long  made  ;  not  new  or  fresh  ;  as, 
old  wine. 

5.  Being  of  a  former  year's  growth  ;  not  of  the  last 
crop  ;  as,  old  wheat ;  old  hay. 

6.  Ancient;  that  existed  in  former  ages;  as,  the 
old  inhabitants  of  Britain  ;  the  oht  Romans. 

7.  Of  any  duration  whatever;  as,  a  year  old; 
seven  years  old.     How  old  art  thou  ? 

8.  Subsisting  bcfure  something  else,  lie  built  a 
new  house  on  the  site  of  the  old  one.  The  old  law 
is  repealed  by  the  new. 

9>  Long  practiced.  He  is  grown  old  in  vice.  He 
is  an  old  odTonder. 

10.  That  has  been  long  cultivated  ;  as,  old  land  ; 
an  old  farm  ;  opposed  to  netc  land,  land  lately  cleared 
and  cultivated.  America. 

l\.  More  than  enough ;  great. 

If  •  nutn  were  povter  of  faeDgalr,  he  shuuKt  hK<re  old  turniiir  of 
Uu  key.  Sluii. 

12.  In  THlgar  Umfttmge,  cr.ifiy  ;  cunning. 
Of  old ;  long  ago ;  from  ancient  times  ;  as,  in  days 
1^  old.  I)ryden. 

We  apply  old  chiefly  to  things  subject  to  decay. 
We  never  say,  the  old  sun,  or  an  old  mounUiin. 
OLD'-AGE,  a.    Advanced  years  ;  the  latter  period  of 

life. 
CLO  BACII'E-LOR,  n.     An  unmarried  mnn   some- 
what advanced  in  years. 
OLI)'f;\,  a.     Old  ;  ancient.  Shak. 

OLD'EK,  a.  comp.     More  old. 
OLD'EST,  o.  guperL     Most  old. 

0LD-FASn'ION-£D,  a.  Formed  according  to  obso- 
lete fashion  or  custom  ;  as,  an  uU-faskioHtit  dress. 

Old-fashioned  men  of  uiL  Addison. 

OLD-GENTLE-.MAN-LY,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  old 
gentleman,  or  like  one. 

6LD'ISH,  a.     Somewhat  old.  Shcrtrood, 

OLD  MAID,  n.  An  unmarried  female,  somewhat  ad- 
vanced in  years. 

OLD'NESS,  n.  Old  age  ;  an  advanced  state  of  life  or 
existence  ;  as,  the  oldne^s  of  a  man,  of  an  elephant, 
or  a  tree. 

2.  The  state  ofbeing  old,  or  of  a  long  continuance; 
as,  the  oldne^^  of  a  building  or  a  gannenL 

3.  .Antiquity  ;  as,  the  oldiiejis  of  monuments. 
OLD-RE D-S AN D'STOXE,  ».     In  ffcolofry,  a  scries  of 

red  sandstone  rocks,  Iving  below  the  coal  fMruiation. 

OLD'-STIfLE.     See  Style.  [Brande. 

OLD-TEST' A-MENT,   n.      That  part  of  the    Bible 

which  contains  the  collected  works  of  the  ins|)ired 

writers  previous  to  Christ.  Brande, 

OLD'WIFE,  n.    A  contemptuous  name  for  an  old 

prating  woman.     1  Ttm.  iv. 

•2.  A  fish  of  the  wrasse  kind,  or  genus  Labrus, 
and  another  of  the  genus  Batistes.  F.ncyc. 

0-LE-AG'IN-0U3,  a,     [L.  oleaginus,  from  oleum,  oil.] 
Having  the  qualities  of  oil ;  oily  ;  unctuous. 

Arbuthnot, 
O-LE-AG'IN-OUS-NESS,  n.     Oiliness.  Boyle. 

0-LE-A.N"DER,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Nerium,  the 
rttsebay  or  South  Sea  rose  ;  a  beautiful  evergreen 
shrub  with  flowers  in  clusters,  of  a  fine  color,  but  of 
an  indiflerent  smell.  The  pl;int,  espficially  the  bark 
of  the  ruot,  is  medicinal,  and  of  course  poisonous. 
Kncvc.  LoiLdon, 
O-L&AS'TER,  n.     [U,  from  olea,  the  olive-tree.] 

A  shrub  or  tree  of  the  genus  Elieagnus,  niuch  re- 
sembling the  olive.  Partingi^n. 
O'LE-ATE,  n.    A  compound  of  oleic  acid  with'a  sali- 
fiable base,  Cfiecreul. 
O'LE-FI-ANT,  fl.     [L.  oho,  olfacio.1 

Olefiant  gas  is  a  compound  of  two  equivalents  of 
carbon,  and  two  of  hydrogen.  It  was  discovered  in 
179(3.     It  is  colorless,  tastelc.'is,  and  combustible. 


DLL 

Otcjiant  pas,  is  so  called  from  its  property  of  form- 
ing Willi  cnUirine  a  compound  resembling  oil. 

O'LE-It',  a.  [fnnn  oxL]  The  oleic  acid  is  obtained 
from  a  soap  made  by  digesting  hog*s  lard  in  poUisli 
b'R-  •  Chevrenl. 

O-LE-IF'ER-OUS,  a.  Producing  oil;  as,  oU{ferouM 
seed*. 

0'LE-IN,m    The  thin,  oily  part  of  fats. 

O-LR-OM'E-TEH,  h.     [olvam  and  iifrpov.} 

All  instrument  to  ascertain  the  weight  and  purity 
of  oil.  This  term  should  have  been  Eleometer, 
from  Gr.  iKaarv,  oil,  &,c. 

O'LE-ON,  71.  A  peculiar  liquid  obtained  by  the  distil- 
l:ition  of  a  nitxiure  of  oleic  acid  and  lime. 

O-LE-O-RES'IX,  n.  A  natural  mixture  of  a  terebin- 
tliiuate  oil  and  a  resin. 

O-LE-O-SAC'eHA-RUM,  n.  A  mixture  of  oil  and 
dugar.     More  proiwrly,  ELSotAccHAnuM.  Ure. 

O'LE-OUS,  r*     IL.  o/*o5i«.] 

Oily.     [LUile  uwrd.]  Ray. 

OL-E-RA'CEOL'S,  f-.'^hu.s,)  a.  [L.  oleraceus,  from 
oluf,  olcri:!,  iwl-heros.] 

PertJiinjng  to  pol-herbs;  of  the  nature  or  qualities 
of  herbs  for  cookery.  Lee.     Bruicn. 

OL-FACT',  V.  t.  [L.  o{facto,  olfacio ,  oUo^  to  smell, 
anil  facu>,  to  nmke.] 

'i'o  smell;  used  in  burlesque,  but  not  ntbcrwise 
authorized.  JluUibruji. 

OL-FACT'O-RY,  a.     [L.  o^acto,  supra.] 

Pertaining  to  smellmg  ;  having  the  sense  of  smell- 
ing ;  as,  olfactory  nerves.  Locke. 

luhanon ;  with  the 


O-LIB'A-NUM,  )  n.     [At. 


.U 


OL'l-BAN,  ,  ^.. 

adjective  al,  the,  cornipted  into  oL  The  word  signi- 
fies, then,  fmnkincensc,  and  it  is  so  named  from  its 
whiteness.] 

An  inspissated  sap  obtained  from  the  tree  called 
Boswellia  scrraUt.  It  is  in  spuii-lrans[Kirenl  globules, 
of  a  pink  color,  brittle,  and  adhesive  when  warm; 
its  taste  is  bitterish,  somewhat  pungent,  and  aro- 
matic. It  burns  for  a  long  time,  with  an  agrecnble 
odor,  and  a  steady,  clear  light,  and  is  the  frankin- 
cense (Oiun)  of  the  ancients.  It  is  not  easily  extin- 
guished. It  is  brought  from  Central  India.  In  Ara- 
bia, luhan  is  applied  lo  benzoin,  which  is  generally 
used  for  incense,  and  olibiin  is  called  candur,  whence 
Gr.  \"if6p<'i.  In  medicine  it  is  used  in  fumigations  as 
a  resolvent,  Fourcroy.    Eiicyc. 

Oi'md'oUS   1  '^'    t^"  "'"^"^j  '^'''^"*  °^^°t  '*'  smell. J 

Fetid  ;  having  a  strong,  disagreeable  smell.     [Lit- 
tle luetl.]  Boyle.     Brown. 
OI^I-GAKCII'AL,        I  a.      [See   Oligarchv.]      Fer- 
OL-I-GXKCH'ie-AL,  j      taining  to  oligarchy,  or  gov- 

erninerit  bv  a  few.  Burke. 

OL'l-GARe'H-Y,  rt.     [Gr.  oAi)«PX'«  ;  "Aiyof,  few,  and 
ui>\»),  rule.] 

A  fiTui  of  government  in  which  the  supreme  pow- 
er is  placed  in  a  few  hands ;  a  species  of  aristocracy. 

SwifU 
OL'I-fllST,         )  rr-        %  1        »n 

oL-r-GisT'ie,  1  ^   ^^^'  "^'>  '^"^'  ^^^^^^ 

specular  iron  ore,  presenting  a  steel-gray  colur  and 
a  brilliant  luster  when  in  crystals.  -  Dana. 

O'LI-O,  n.     [It.,  from  Sp.  ollai  Fort,   vlha,  a  dish  of 
meat  boiled  or  stewed  ;  L.  olla,  a  poU] 

1.  A  mixture  ;  a  medley.  '  Dryden. 

9.  A  miscellany  ;  a  collection  of  various  pieces  ; 
applied  to  musical  coUectio-ns. 
OL'I-TO-RY,  0.    [L.  oUtor,  a  gardener,  from  olu^,  pol- 
herlis.] 
Belonging  to  a  kitchen-garden  ;  as,  olitory  seeds. 

Evelyn. 

fit  may  perhaps  be  used  as  a  noiin.] 
-V.^'CEOUS,  a.     [from  L.  u/irc,  ofive.] 
Of  the  color  of  the  olive ;  olive-green  ;  green  mi  xed 
with  brown.  Lindley.     Pennant. 

OL-I-VAS'TER,  a.     [Fr.  oliv&tre,  from  L.  o^ira,  olive.] 
Of  the  color  of  the  olive  ;  Uiwny.  Bacon. 

OL'IVE,   71.     [L.  oliva,  from  olca,  an  olive-tree  ;  Fr. 
olive;  Gr.  cXaia.     See  Oil.] 

A  plant  or  tree  of  the  genus  Olea,  the  emMem  of 
peace.  The  conunon  olive-tree  grows  in  warm  cli- 
mates, and  rises  to  the  height  of  twenty  or  thirty 
feet,  having  an  upright  stem  with  numerotis  branches. 
This  tree  is  mucli  cultivated,  in  the  south  of  Euro|>e, 
for  its  fruit,  also  called  the  olice^  from  which  is  ex- 
pressed the  olive  oil,  and  which  is  used  also  fur  pick- 
les. Brande. 

OL'IVE-BRXNCH,   71.     A  branch  of  the  olive-tree; 
the  emblem  of  peace. 

OL'IV-KD,  a.     Decorated  with  olive-trees.    Warton. 

OL'I-VEN-ITE,  Ti.     An  olive-green  ore  of  copper,  con- 
taining arsenic  acid.  Dana. 

OL'IVE-YARD,   71.     An  inclosure  or  piece  of  ground 
in  which  olives  are  cultivated.    Ezod.  xxiii. 

OL'I-VILE,  TJ.     A  peculiar  amylaceous  or  crystalline 
substance  obtained  from  the  gum  of  the  olive  tree. 

OL'I-VIN,     1 71.     [from  olive.]     A  variety  of  Chryso- 

OL'I-VINE,  (      lite,  which  see,  Daiui. 

OL'LA,  71.     An  olio. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRgY.— PLXE,  ALVRfNE,  BIRD.— NCTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.— 

^70  -  : 


OMI 

OL'LA-PO-DRI'DA,  n,  [Sp.]  A  favorite  Siranish 
dish,  consisting  of  a  mixture  of  all  kinds  of  meat 
chopped  tine,  and  stewed  wiili  vegetables.  Hence, 
the  term  is  used  metaphorically,  for  any  incongruous 
melange. 

OL'O-GRAPH.    See  HoLoGRArB. 

0-LYM'PI-AD,  n.  [L.  Otymplas  :  Gr.  OXr^Tifts,  from 
OXvuTioi,  Olympus,  a  mountain  of  Macedonia.] 

A  period  of  four  years  reckoned  from  one  celebra- 
tion of  the  Olympic  pames  to  another,  and  constitut- 
ing an  important  tpuch  in  hi.sinry  and  chronolopy. 
The  first  Olympiad  commenced  770  years  before  the 
birth  of  Christ,  and  23  years  Ifcfore  the  foundiition  of 
Rome.  The  computation  by  Olympiads  ceased  at  the 
three  hundred  and  sixty  fourth  Olympiad,  in  the  year 
440  of  the  Christian  era.  .  Enajc  Mm. 

0-LYM'PI-A.V,  a.  Pertaining  to  Olyrapua ;  or  to  Olym- 
pia,  a  town  in  Greece. 

Olympic  games,  or  Olympics;  solemn  games  among 
the  ancient  Greeks,  dedicated  to  Olympian  Jupiter, 
and  celebrated  once  jn  four  years  at  Oiympia.  [See 
Olympiad.] 

OM'BRe'  (  **    [f^')*''**^'*  ^P*  Atw^',  man,  L.  homo.'] 
A  game  at  cards,  borrowed  from  the  Spaniards, 
Usually  played  by  three  persons,  though  sometimes 
by  two  or  five.  Eiicyc. 

OM-HROM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  ofx/3pQs,  rain,  and  /^'f/jov, 
measure.] 

A  machine  or  instmmcnt  to  measure  the  quantity 
of  rain  that  falls  ;  a  rain-gauge.  Brande. 

O-ME'GA,  n.     [Gr.,  great  <).] 

The  name  of  the  la^t  letter  of  the  Greek  alphabet, 
as  Alpha,  A,  is  the  first.  Hence,  in  Scripture,  Jilpha 
and  Omttra,  denotes  the  first  and  the  last,  the  begin- 
ning and  the  ending.     Rev. 

OM'E-LET,  n.     [Ft.  omelette.] 

A  kind  of  pancake  or  fritter  made  wiUi  eggs  and 
other  ingredients.  Brande. 

O'MEN,  It.  [1^  omen;  but,  according  to  Varro,  it  was 
originally  osmen^  that  which  is  uttered  by  the  mouth, 
denoting  wish  or  vnw,  and  with  him  agree  Festus 
and  Nonius,  says  Vossius.  Another  author  derives 
the  word  from  the  Heb.  t;^,  an  augur.  Cicero  as- 
signs to  the  word  the  same  origin  as  Varro.  **  Voces 
hominum,  f\nm  vocent  omi«(i."  But  the  word  came 
afterward  to  denote  things  rather  than  words.] 

A  sign  or  indication  of  sotne  future  evi-nt ;  a  prog- 
nastic.  Superstition  and  ignorance  multiply  ojtiens; 
philosophy  and  truth  reject  all  oiiujis,  except  such  as 
may  be  called  caiues  of  the  events.  VViihout  a  mira- 
cle, how  can  one  event  be  the  omen  of  another  with 
which  it  has  no  connection  .' 

0'ME.\-£I),  a.    Containing  an  omen  or  prognostic. 

Pope. 

O-.MEN'TUM,  Ji.  [L.]  In  anatomy,  the  caul  or  epip- 
loon ;  a  memhranaceoua  covering  of  the  bowels,  at- 
tached to  the  stontach,and  lying  nn  tin;  anterior  sur- 
face of  the  intestines,  Forsyth.     Brande. 

O'MER,  n.  [Heb.]  A  Hebrew  measure,  the  tenth  of 
an  epha.     Kxod.  jtvi.  36. 

OM-I-LET'I€-AL,  a.     fGr.  o^(>r?r.»'.y.] 

Affable;  polite;  gifted  in  conversation.  [.Vol  in 
nsr.]  Farindon. 

OM'I!V-ATE,  r.  t     [L.  ominor^  from  omen.] 

To  presage  j  to  foreshow ;  to  foretoken.  [Little 
vg'-d.]  Decay  of  Piety. 

O.M'iy  ATE,  V.  L    To  foretoken. 

OM-IN-A'TIO,\,  ».  A  foreboding ;  a  presaging ;  prog- 
nof^tic.     {Little  im^d.]  Brown. 

O.M'IN-OlJS,  a.     [L.  ominoms.] 

1.  Foreboding  or  presaging  evil;  indicating  a  fu- 
ture evil  event;  inauspicious. 

la  the  h^»llMi  worabip  of  God,  a  natiHtx  wiUioitt  »  hrnrt  wu 
accouiited  ominout.  JHoulh. 

3.  Foreshowing  or  exhibiting  signs  of  good. 

Tlvni^h  hff  hft'1  K  rood  ominout  name  u>  tuw  tnndr  pp«c«, 
DoUiiiif  foUtnrea.  Baa>n. 

O.M'IN-OUS-LY,  adv.    With  good  or  bad  omen)«. 

Fotherby. 
OM'IN-OUS-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  being  oniii- 

OU9.  Burnet, 

0-.MIS'SI-BLE,  a.     [L.  omustu.    See  Omit.] 

That  may  be  omitted.  ParkAursU 

O-MIS'SIOX,  (o-miBh'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  fmm  L.  ot«u.«o, 
from  omitto,  omissus.] 

1.  Neglect  or  failure  to  do  sonieihing  which  n  per- 
son had  power  to  do,  or  whirh  duty  required  to  be 
done.  Omis/rion  may  be  innocent  or  criminal ;  inno' 
cent  i^hen  no  duty  demands  performance,  but  crinh- 
inat  when  duly  is  neglected. 

Tbr  mnct  nitiural  divuri'>n  of  nil  ufTrnv*  ii  Into  tfioac  of  omUtion 
asiii  Llioac  of  comrTtunon.  Adiliton. 

S.  A  leaving  out;  neglect  or  failure  to  insert  or 
m«'ntion  ;  as,  the  or.ii-i.tion  of  a  word  or  clause. 
O-MIS'.SIVE,  a.     Leaving  out.  Sttukh^use. 

0-MIS'.«rVE-LY,  fulv.     lly  l-aving  rmt. 
O-Ml'J"',  V.  t,     [I>.  omitto  ;  oh  and  mitto,  to  send.] 

1.  To  leave,  pasn  by,  or  neglect ;  to  fail  or  forbear 
to  do  or  to  use  ;  as,  to  omit  an  o[iportunity  of  writing 
«  letter.    To  omit  known  duly  is  criminal. 

3.  To  leave  out ;  not  to  insert  or  mention  ;  as,  to 
»mit  an  important  word  in  a  deed  ;  to  omit  invidious 


OMP 

comparisons ;  to  omit  a  passage  in  reading  or  tran- 
scribing. 
0-MlT'TANCE,7u  Forbearance  ;  neglect.  [JVotused.] 

Shak. 
O-MIT'TED,  pp.    Neglected  ;  passed  by  ;  left  out. 
O-MIT'TING,  ppr.    Neglecting  or  failing  to  do  or  use  ; 

passing  by  ;  leaving  out. 
OM'NI-liUS,  n.    [L.  plural  dative,/or  aUj  from  omitto, 
all.] 

A  covered  vehicle,  commonly  a  large  carriage  with 
seats  running  lengthwise,  used  for  convening  passen- 
gers a  short  distance,  in  a  city,  or  from  village  to  vil- 
lage, or  from  a  city  to  its  environs. 
OM-NI-FA'RI-OUS,  a.     [Low  L.  omnifarius.] 

Of  all  varii:ties,  forms,  or  kinds.  Bentley. 

O.M-MF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.   otnnifcr ;   omnis^   all,   and 
/fro,  to  l>ear.] 

All-bearing  ;  producing  all  kinds.  Diet. 

OM-NIF'ie,  o.    [L.  omnis,  all,  and  facto,  to  make.] 
All-creating. 

Thou  dMp,  p^ace ! 
Sivid  tlien  Ih'  omni/le  word,  your  diacorJ  eud.  MUlon. 

OM'NI-FORM,  a.     [L.  omnis,  all,  and  forma,  form.] 
Having  every  form  or  shape.  Diet. 

O.M-NI-FOR.MI-TY,  n.     The  quality  of  having  every 

form.  More. 

OM-NIC'EN-OUS,  a.     [h.  omnigenus ;  mnni^,  all,  ev- 
ery, and  ^enus,  kind.] 

Consistin;,'  of  all  kinds.  DicL 

OM-NI-PAR'I-TY,  n.     [L.  omnis,  all,  and  par,  equal.] 

General  equality.  tVhite. 

OM-NI-PER-CIPa-ENCE,   n.     [L.  omnts  tind  percipi- 
CTw,  perceiving.] 

Perception  of  every*  thing.  More, 

OM-Nl-PEIt-ClP'I-E^iT,  a.    Perceiving  ever>-  thing. 

More. 
OM-NIP'O-TENCE,   }  n.     fL.  omnipotens;  omnis,  all, 
O.M-NIP'O-TEN-CY,  i      and  porcn^-,  powerful.] 

I.  Almighty  power;  unlitnited  or  infinite  power; 
a  word  in  strictness  applicable  only  to  God.  Hence 
it  is  sometimes  used  for  Goo.  The  works  of  creation 
demonstrate  tiie  omnipotence  of  God. 


Will  OmrtipoUnce  nrglr^  to  ia»e 

The  ■ud'eiiiig  virtue  oT  Uic  wuc  tuid  tirare  1 


Pope. 


9.  Unlimited  (wwer  over  particular  things  ;  as,  the 
omnipotence  of  love. 
0.M-N1P^0-TE\T,  a.    [Supra.]    Almighty;  possessing 
unlimited  power  ;  all-powerful.    The  Ueing  iliat  can 
create  worlds  must  be  omnipotent. 

2.  Having  unlimited  power  of  a  particular  kind; 
as,  omnipotent  love.  Shak. 

OM-NIP'O-TENT-LY,  ado.     Witli  almighty  power. 

Young. 
OM-NI-PRES'ENCE,    n.        [L.    omnis    and   presens, 
present.] 

Presence  in  every  place  at  the  same  lime  ;  un- 
bounded  or  universal    presence  ;   ubiquity.     Omni^ 
presence  is  an  attribute  peculiar  to  (Jt»Jl. 
0MNI-PRE8'ENT,  a.     Present   in  all  places  at  the 
same  time ;  tibiquitarv  ;  as,  the  omnipresent  Jehovah. 
OM-NI-PRE-SE.\'TIA"L,    (-zen'shul,)    a.      Implying 

universal  presence.  South. 

OM-MS'CIE\CE,   >   n,     [L.  omnij,  all,  and  scientia, 
O.M-MS'CIEN-CY,i       knowledge.] 

The  quality  of  knowing  all  things  at  once;  uni- 
versal knowledge;  knowledge  unbounded  or  infinite. 
Omniscience  is  an  attribute  pi'culiar  to  God. 
OM-NIS'CIENT,  a.     Having  universal  knowledge  or 
knowledge  of  all  things ;  infinitely  knowing ;  atl- 
seelng  ;  as,  the  omniscient  God. 
O.M-Nl.S'CIENT-LV,  adv.     Hy  omniscience. 
OM-NIS'ClOlIS,a.     [1..  vmni-v,  all,  and  tfciw,  lo  know.] 

Alt-knowing.     [Jv'ot  used.]  JlakeieilL 

OM'NI-UM,  n.     [L.  omitw,all.] 

The  aggregate  of  cerUtin  portions  of  ditferent  stocks 
in  the  public  funds  ;  a  word  in  uj*e  among  dealers  in 
the  English  stvckjf. 

Omnium  denotes  all  the  particulars  included  in  the 
contract  between  government  and  tlie  public  for  a 
loan.  Cue. 

OM'NI-UM-GATH'ER-UM,  n.     A  cant  name  for  a 
miscellaneous  collection  of  things  or  persims. 

Selden. 
OM-NIV'A-GANT,  a.     [U  omnis  and  vagor.] 
W'anderine  any  where  and  every  wliero. 
OM-NIV'0-ROU.S,fl,     [U 
voro,  to  cat.] 

AlUlevouring;  eating  every  thing  indiscriuituatcly 

Burke. 
OM'OPl.ATE,  JI.    [Gr.  w/ioj,  shouldt-r,  and  irXarvi, 
broad.] 
The  shoulder  blade  or  scajitila. 
OM'PHA-CINE,  (oni'fa-«in,)  a.     [Gr.  op^aKti"ii,frt}ni 
"/"/'"(»  unripe  fruit.] 

Pertaining  to  or  expressed  from  unripe  fniit, 
Omphaeine  oil,  or  omphaeine,  is  a  viscous  brown 
juice  i^xlraclfd  from  green  olives.  With  ttiifl  the 
wrcsUf^rs  in  the  ancient  gymnastic  exercises  used 
to  anoint  their  b(»dics.  Kncyc. 

OM'PHA-CITE,  n.    A    variety    of  augite  of  a  pale 

leek  green  color.  Dana. 

OM-PHAL'ie,  a.    [Or.  eti<}>a\nf,  the  navel.] 

Pertaining  to  the  iiaveL  AsiaL  Res. 


licorousi  omnis,  all,  and 


ON 

OM'PHA-LO-C£L£,  n.      [Gr.  ojitpaXos,  navel,  and 
KiiXn,  tumor.] 
A  rupture  at  the  navel.  Coxe. 

OM-PHA-LOP'SY-€HrrE,n.  [Gr.o/i0aXos,tbe  nave., 
and  li^vxri,  spirit.] 

One  of  a  sect  which  pretended  to  derive  pleasure 
fjom  sitting  with  their  eyes  fixed  on  the  navel. 

Bib.  Rcpos.  2,  249. 

OM-PHA-LOP'TER, )  n.    [Gr.  optpaUs,  navel,  and 

OM-PH.\-LOP'Tie,  i        oirr(*rof,  optic] 

An  optical  glass  that  is  convex  on  both  sides; 
commonly  called  a  convex  lens.  liutton. 

OM-PHA-LOT'O-MV,  n.     [Gr.  o}t<pa\oi,  Uie  navel, 

■   and  rf/ii/at,  to  cut.] 

The  operation  of  dividing  the  navel-string. 

O'MY,  a.     Mellow  ;  as  land.     [JVof  in  use.]        Ray. 

ON,  prep.  [G.  an;  D.  aan ;  Goth.  o;m  ;  Gr.  ai/o' ;  L. 
in;  Gr.  ev.  The  Sax.  in  is  our  m,  and  un  is  a  nega- 
tive ;  but  probably  all  these  words  are  radically  the 
same.  The  primary  sense  of  the  verb  from  wliicli 
these  words  must  he  derived,  is  to  pass,  to  approach, 
to  come  to,  or  to  meet.  Hence,  they  denote  near- 
ness, closeness,  or  contiguity,  and  from  meeting  the 
Latin  in  and  the  Englisii  nn  have  their  power  of 
negation  or  opposing.] 

1.  Being  in  contact  with  the  surface  or  upjwr  part 
of  a  thing  and  supported  by  it;  placed  or  lyinn  in 
contact  with  the  surface  ;  as,  my  book  is  on  the  table  ; 
the  table  stands  on  the  floor ;  the  house  rests  on  its 
foundation  ;  we  lie  on  a  bed, or  stand  on  the  earth. 

2.  Coming  or  falling  to  the  surface  of  any  thing ; 
0.*!,  rain  falls  on  the  earth. 

Whoaoercr  ihall  full  on  this  slono,  aball  be  brokoii.  —  Matt.  xxl. 

3.  Performing  or  acting  by  contact  with  the  sur- 
face, upper  part,  or  outside  of  any  thing ;  as,  to  play 
on  a  harp,  a  violin,  or  a  drum. 

4.  Noting  addition ;  as,  heaps  on  heaps;  mischief 
on  mischief;  loss  on  loss. 

5.  At  or  near.  When  we  say  a  vessel  is  on  shore, 
we  mean  that  she  is  aground  ;  but  when  we  say,  a 
fleet  or  a  ship  is  on  the  American  coast,  or  an  isle  is 
situated  on  the  coast  of  England,  we  mean  only  that 
it  is  near  the  coast.  So  we  say,  on  eacti  side  stands 
an  armed  man,  that  is,  at  or  near  each  side. 

So  wo  say,  Philadelphia  is  situated  on  the  Dela- 
*  ware;  Middlcbury  is  on  the  Otter  Creek;  Guilford 
stands  on  ihe.^ound  ;  that  is,  near  the  river  or  sound, 
instead  of  on  the  bank,  side,  or  shore. 

6.  It  denotes  resting  for  support ;  as,  to  depend  on^ 
to  rely  on  ,■  hence,  the  ground  of  any  thing ;  as,  he 
will  C4,ivenant  on  certain  considerations  or  ctuidi 
tions ;  the  considerations  being  the  support  of  the 
covenant. 

7.  At  or  in  the  time  of;  as,  on  the  Sahbaih  we  ab- 
stain from  lalKir.  We  usually  say,  at  the  hour,  on  or 
in  the  day,  in  or  07t  the  week,  month,  or  year. 

8.  At  the  time  of,  with  some  reference  to  cause  or 
motive.  On  public  i>ccasions,  tlie  olRcera  appear  in 
full  dress  or  uniform. 

9.  It  is  put  before  the  object  of  some  passion,  with 
the  sense  of  toward  or  fur.  Have  pity  or  cotnpusiiion 
on  him. 

10.  At  the  peri!  of,  or  for  the  safety  of. 

Hence,  on  Ihy  life.  Dryden. 

11.  Denoting  a  pledge  or  engagement,  or  put  be- 
fore the  thing  pl^-dged.  He  allirnied  or  promised  on 
his  word,  or  on  his  lK)nor. 

12.  Noting  imprecation  or  invocation,  or  coming 
to,  falling,  or  resting  on.     On  us  be  all  the  blame. 

IIi«  M-xkI  Leon  t«,  biiiI  on  out  cliiUlrrn.—  Malt,  xxvii. 

13.  In  consequence  of,  or  immediately  after.  On 
the  ratification  of  the  treaty,  the  armies  were  dis- 
banded. 

14.  Noting  part,  distinction,  or  opposition;  as,  on 
one  side  and  on  the  other.  On  our  part,  expect 
punctuality. 

On  the  way,  on  the  road,  denote  proceeding,  trav- 
eling, jouriuying,  or  making  progress. 

On  the  alert;  in  a  slate  of  vigilance  or  activity. 

On  high  ;  in  an  elevated  place  ;  sublimely. 

Onjirc;  in  a  state  of  burning,  or  inflammation; 
and  metaphorically,  in  a  rage  or  passion. 

On  a  sudden  ;  audilmly. 

On  the  wing;  in  flight;  flying;  metopAoriea//i/,  de- 
parting. 

On  it,  mOt,  is  used  for  ofiU     I  heard  nothing  on^t. 

The  gamester  has  a  poor  trade  on't.  [This  use  is 
now  vulgar.] 

Upon  is  used  in  tlje  same  sense  with  on^  often  with 
elegance,  and  frequently  without  necessity  or  advan- 
tage. 
ON,  adv.    Forward,  in  progression;    as,  move  on; 
go  on. 

2.  Forward,  in  succession.  From  father  to  son, 
from  the  son  to  the  granilson,  and  so  on. 

3.  In  continuance;  without  interruption  or  ceas- 
ing ;  as,  sleep  o»,  take  your  ease ;  say  on  i  sing  on ; 
write  on. 

4.  Adhering;  not  off";  as  in  the  phrase,  "  He  is 
neither  on  nor  o#,"  that  is,  be  ia  not  steady ;  he  is 
irresolute. 

5.  Attached  to  the  body ;  as,  his  clothes  arc  not  on 


TONE,  BJJLt,  UNITE.- AN"GER,  VI"C10US.— €  as  K ;  6  a«  J ;  i  as  Z ;  CH  as  SU ;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


ONE 

7\)  put  en  ;  lo  nltach  to  the  body,  ns  clothes  or  nrin: 
On,  when  it  expresses  contact  with  the  surface  of 
a  tbinSf  is  opposed  to  Uhugr,  Off,  or  \Vithi:<,  and 
wben  tt  expre^jses  contact  with  the  side  of  a  thing,  is 
opiKtsod  to  Off. 

On  is  sometimes  used  as  an  exclamation,  or  rather 
as  a  command  to  move  or  proceed,  some  verb  beiiiR 
underitood  ;  aa,  cheerly  o«,  courageous  friends  j  that 
Is,  ffo  on,  move  cm. 
ON'A  OER,  n.  [L.]  The  wild  ass,  Equus  Asinus,  a 
Boliped  pachydermatous  mammal,  originnHy  inhabit- 
ing the  great  deserts  of  Central  Asia,  and  still  found 
there  in  its  wild  state. 
O'NAN-ISM.n.   [from  Omii,  in  Scripture.]  Thecrirae 

»f  self-[KiIlution. 
ONCE,  (wuns,)  adv.    [from  one.    So  D.  eea«,  from  em, 
and  G.  n'fut,  from  nn,  one.] 
1.  One  time. 

Ttw«  that  bear  miM  m«  fniilful  bul  one*  kn  two  jrttn.   Battm. 

3.  One  time,  though  no  more.  The  mind  onet 
tainted  with  vice  n  prone  to  grow  won>e  and 
worse. 

3.  At  one  former  time ;  formerly. 

Hj  loul  had  ONO*  «KM  foriiA  ftrnduc**  lor  Uwe ; 

Bui  htooa  *!«  (om.  XiidUon. 

<  At  the  same  point  of  time  ;  not  gradually. 

At  ona  the  winds  aiiM, 
TV  ttiuQik-n  n>U.  Z>rylm. 

Jtt  onee ;  at  the  same  time  ;  as,  they  all  moved  at 

M«f ;  hence,  when  it  refers  to  two  or  more,  the  sense 

is,  UigetXtTy  as  OH  A, 

Ty>h  iMifa  bII  'Ob  fane  mt ohm,  on  ibe  6nt  bnptenioa.  AUnimy, 
One*  is  uaed  as  a  noun,  when  preceded  by  tkU  or 

tAol .-  as,  this  aNce,  that  once. 
ONCE,  (ons,)  n.    [Ft.]     Felis  Unria,  a  digitigmde, 

carnivorous  mammal,  of  the  f:at  kind.    It  hai^  a  lt)ng: 

tail,  and  a  whitish  body,  covered  with  irregular, 

simple,  black  spots.     It  inhabits  Persia. 
<XV  U/T,  (on'da,)  [Fr.]     Tliey  say,  or  it  is  said ; 

lience,  a  tlying  nimor. 
ONE,  (wun,)  a.     [S&x.  oa,  gn;  D.  mm;  O.  an;  Sw. 

at  t  DfUk.  en  or  een ;  Ice.  ebm ;  W.  un  or  yn;  L.  unus ; 

Gr.  iff  IL  and  8p.  iiiu>;  Port,  ktunt  Fr.  >m;  Ann. 

Hiwji ;  Ir.  an^  aan.] 

1,  Single  m  number;  individual;  as,  one  maa ; 
•w  book.  Tbers  is  one  sun  only  in  our  system  of 
planets, 

5.  Imd^fimtdv,  some  or  any.  You  will  one  day  re- 
pent of  your  folly.  But,  in  tliis  phraae,  one  dof  is 
equivalent  to  somefulurs  tima. 

Z.  It  follows  any. 

Wbes  My  ew  iKsmh  tbe  word  of  Ibe  kins«lo<ti.  — Mmtt.  xnL 

4.  Difltaent ;  diverse ;  t^ipoeed  to  AnoTHaa.  It  is 
9ne  thfni;  to  promise,  and  mmoUter  to  AilAIL 

6.  It  is  used  with  aiutAer,  to  denote  mutuality  or 
reciprocation.    Be  kind  and  asnst  one  anotker. 

6.  It  is  used  with  anolMer,  to  denote  average  or 
mean  proportion.  The  coins,  one  with  amothery  weigh 
seven  penny  weight  each, 

7.  One  or  two^  opposed  to  Other. 

Aak  fnm  om  die  of  iKsrcn  to  the  otAcr.  — Drut  k. 

&  Single  by  union  ;  undivided  ;  the  same. 

The  chureb  b  ibercfun  ont,  thou^  tbe  mrmben  nugr  bv  Trany. 

9.  Single  in  kind  ;  tbe  same. 

Otm  ph^iie  WKS  on  joa  *1\  &aJ  on  joar  lorJft.  —  1  S&m.  W, 

One  dni ;  on  a  certain  or  particular  day,  referring 
to  time  post. 

On*  rfoy  wbro  Phmhe  (Wir 
With  aH  ber  bknd  «n«  fJtlovmp  the  chAM.  Sftenter. 

2.  Referring  to  future  time ;  at  a  future  time,  in- 
definitely.   [See  0»B,  "No.  2.] 

jSU  one ;  just  the  same  ;  as,  it  is  aH  one  what  course 
you  take. 
JStone;  in  union ;  in  agreement  or  concord. 

The  kin;  Tvsolml  to  keep  PenUrauMJ  nod  Philip  at  on*  wilb 
*"  *  Bacon. 


In  one  i  in  union  ;  in  one  united  body. 

Oite,  like  many  other  adjectives,  is  used  without  a 
noun,  and  is  to  be  considered  aa  a  substitute  for 
some  noun  understood.  Let  the  men  depart  one  by 
one:  count  tliem  one  by  one  ;  every  one  has  his  pecu- 
liar habits  ;  we  learn  of  one  nnotlier,  that  is,  we 
learn,  one  tk  us  leams  of  another. 

In  this  USA,  as  a  substitute,  one  may  be  in  the  plu- 
ral ;  as,  tbe  great  omee  of  the  earth  j  they  came  with 
tbeir  little  onej. 

It  also  denotes  union,  a  united  body. 

Ye  uv  ill  one  in  Chrirt  itwu.  —  Gal,  m. 

One  o*elock  ;  one  hour  nf  the  clock,  that  is,  as  sig- 
nified or  represented  by  the  clock. 

One  is  used  indefinitely  for  any  person ;  as,  one 
sees  ,■  one  knows  ;  after  the  French  manner,  on  voit. 
Our  ancestors  used  man  in  this  manner  ;  man  sees  ; 
man  knows ;  "  man  brohte,**  man  brought,  that  is,  they 
broughL     [SoTtfn,] 

This  word   we  have    received    from  the    Latin, 
through  the  Italian  and  French.    The  same  word, 
from  our  Saxon  ancestors,  we  write  As. 
ONE'-ARCH-£D,  (wun'ilrcht,)  a.    Having  one  arch. 


ONS 

OXF.'-nER-RY,  (\vun'ber-ry,)  a.      An  herb  of  the 

B.MtUJ!  Paris  ;  true  luVf.  fam.  uf  Plants. 

Ors'E'-ET--t.'l>,  (wun'Sde,)  a.    Having  one  eye  only. 

Dryden. 
0-NET-RO-eRIT'ie,«.     (Gr.  ovcipoKptriKOs ;  ompovt 

a  dronui,  and  K-nrtKot,  discerning.] 

An  interpreter  of  dreams  ;  one  who  judpefi  what 

i»  signified  by  dreams.  H'arfturton.    .Addison. 

O-NEI-ROeRIT'ieS,  a.  jtl    The  act  of  interpreting 

dreams.  ffarburton. 

O-NKI  RO-CRlT'ie,  >  a.  Pertaining  to  tlie  inter- 
0-\KT  UOCKIT'ie-AL.J  prelation  of  dreams,  or 
O-M-RO  CRIT'ie,  >     pretending  to  judge   of 

future  events  signified  by  dreams. 

My  onfiroeritieai  CiirretjKmduut.  Addieon. 

O-NET'RO-MAN-CY,  n.  [Gr.  ovetpovt  a  dream,  and 
^.iirrifi,  divination.] 

Divination  by  dreams.  Spender. 

ONE'MENT,  (wun'ment,)  n.  State  of  beinp  one. 
[J>rot  in  use.]  Bp.  HaU. 

ONE'NESS,  (wun'ness,)  n.  [from  one.]  Singleness 
in  number;  individuality;  unity;  the  quality  of  be- 
ing one. 

OiiT  Ood  it  one,  or  rathor  rory  onenett.  Hooker, 

ON'ER-.^-RV,  a.  [L.  onerarwj  from  onus^  a  load; 
onrroj  to  load.] 

Fittfd  or  intended  for  the  carriage  of  burdens ; 
comprising  a  burden. 
ON'ER-ATE,  r.  f.    fL.  oncro,  from  onus,  a  burden.] 

'I'o  IiKid  ;  to  burden. 
ON'ER-A-TED,  pp.     Loaded;  burdened. 
0.\-KR-A'TION,  II.    The  act  of  Kwiding. 
0\'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  onrt-owiw,  from  oniu,  a  load.] 
L  Burdemwme  ;  oppressive.        A^liffe,    Burton. 
3.  In  Scots  taw,  iK-ing  for  the  advantage  of  both 
parties  ;  as,  an  oneroue  contract ;  opposed  to  Gratu- 

ITDUS, 

ON'ER-OUS-LY,  adv.    Oppressively. 
ONE'-SID-ED,  (wun-,)  a.    ll.iviug    one  side  only; 

hence,  limited  to  one  side;  partial;  aa,  a  onesided 

view  itr  statement. 
0NF.-SID'E1>-NESS,  (wun-,)  n.    Sute  of  being  one- 

sidt  d.  fVe^L  Rev, 

ON'EV-ER,  n.    An  accountant  of  the  excJiequer. 

Shak, 
ON'ION,  (un'yiin,)  n.    [Fr.  oipion;  Arm.  ouiffnoun; 

Ir.  uinniHiii.     In  W,  e^ninen  \*  a  leek.] 
A  well-known  plant  of  the  gcntis  Allium  ;  and 

partunlartyf  its  bulbous  root,  much  used  aa  an  article 

of  food. 
ON-KOT'O-MY,  H.    [Gr.  o> xof,  tumor,  and  rc/zvoi,  to 

cut.] 
In  eurffvry,  tbe  opening  of  a  tumor  or  abscess. 

Encyc. 
0\'LI-\E.SS.  n.  The  state  of  being  alone.  J.  Uowe. 
ON'LY,  a.     [Sax.  tfitJie,  one-like.] 

1.  Single  ;  one  alone ;  as,  John  was  the  only  man 
present. 

5.  This  and  no  other.    This  is  an  only  child. 
3.  This  above  all  others.    He  is  the  only  man  for 
mn»ic.  Johnson. 

ON'LY,  wfe.  Singly;  merely;  barely;  in  one  manner 
or  for  one  purpose  aJone. 

BumeL 
Dryden. 

2.  This  and  no  other  wise. 

Evn7  jinngination  of  the  Utouglita  of  hii  heart  WW  only  evil 
coittiniiallj.  —  Gen.  vi. 

3.  Singly ;  without  more  ;  as,  oviy  begotten. 
ON'O-MAN-CY,  n.    [Gr.  oio/io,  name,  and  pavritay 

divination.] 
Divination  by  the  letters  of  a  name. 

Destinies  weic  iupcntitioiulj,  b;  onomancy,  deciphTPtl  out  ot 
aamet.  Camden, 

ON-O-MAN'Tie,  j  a.  Predicting  by  names,  or 
ON-O-MAN'Tie-AL,  \  the  letters  composing  names. 
ON-O-MAS'TI-€0N,  n.     [Gr.  "voti-u]  [Camden. 

A  dictionary  ;  a  common-place  book. 
ON  O-.MA-TECH'N'Y,  n.     [Gr.  oi.,^a  and  Tix^n-] 

Procnosticatiun  bv  the  letters  of  a  name. 
ON-O-MA-TOL'O-GiST,  n-  One  versed  in  the  histoiy 

of  names.  Culcman. 

ON-0-MA-TOL'0-<3Y,  n.    [Gr.  ovnfiara  and  A,;voy.] 
A  di'scourse  or  treatise  on  names,  or  the  history  of 
th"*  names  of  persons. 
ON-0-MA-TO-PCE'IA,  n.     [Gr.  ovopaTowotia  ;  ovofiaf 
name,  and  t'^icm,  to  make.] 

1.  In   {rrammar  and   rhrtorie^   a   figure  in    which 
words  are  formed  to  resemble  the  sound  made  by  the 

,  thing  signified  ;  as,  to  bun,  as  bees;  to  crackle^  as 
burning  thorns  or  brush.  Encyc. 

2,  A  wnrd  whoso  souna  corresponds  to  the  sound 
of  the  thing  sisnifitd. 

O-NOM-A-TO-PO-ET'ie,  a.  Formed  to  resemble  the 
sound  of  the  thing  signified.  Robinson. 

ON'SET,  n.  [f^nand  scL]  A  rushing  or  setting  upon  ; 
a  violent  attack  ;  assault ;  a  storming  ;  appropriately^ 
the  assault  of  an  anny  or  body  of  troops  upon  an  en- 
emy or  a  fort. 

Thp  shout 
or  fanlllc  now  began,  aiid  nuhing  soond 
Of  enteU  Milton. 


I  prnpoBp  mt  thpuffhti  Ofi^y  »■  cotiJedunTi. 

Ao'l,  (o  be  loTrd  Kiincctf,  tioedi  oniy  to  be  koowD. 


OPA 

2.  An  attack  of  any  kind;  as,  the  impetuous  oiuet 
of  grief,  Fkilips. 

ON'SET,  p.  (.    To  assault ;  to  begin,    [^rot  uted'] 

Carta. 

ON-SET'TIXG,  n.    A  rushing  or  assaulting. 

ON'SLAUGHT,  (on'slawt,)  n.  [Sax,  onsUaffon,  to 
strike,  tt)  dash  against,] 

Attack;  onset:  aggression  ;  assault.      Hadibras. 

ON'STEAD,  (-sled,)  tu     A  single  farm-house.    Grose. 

ON-TO-LOG'ie,  }  a.     [See  OriToLooT.]     Ptrtiiin- 

ON-TOLOG'ie-AL,  \  ing  to  the  science  of  being  in 
general  and  its  attributes. 

Ontoto-rical  proof;  the  a  priori  argument  for  the 
being  of  God,  derived  from  tlie  necessary  existence 
of  time  and  space,  and  hence  the  necessary  existence 
of  some  being  to  fill  and  occupy  them.    Encyc.  Jim. 

ON-TO-LOfi'I€-/tL-LY,  ado.  In  the  manner  of  on- 
tology. 

0N-TOL'0-6lST,  n.  One  who  treats  of  or  considers 
the  nature  and  qualities  of  being  in  general. 

ON-TOL'0-OY,  7*.  [Gr.  ovra,  from  ci^i,  and  Aojwf, 
discourse.]  * 

That  part  of  the  science  of  metaphysics  which  in- 
vestigates and  explains  the  nature  and  essciKC  of  all 
beings,  their  qualities  and  attributes.      Eiicye.  .dm. 

0'.^'US,  n.     [L.]     The  burden. 

O'JVUS  PRO-BjiJV^Dl,  [L.]     The  burden  of  proof. 

ON'VVARD,  ado,  [Sax.  oiidward,  andiceard;  on  and 
MJcarrf,  L.  versus.] 

J.  Toward  the  point  before  or  in  front;  forward; 
progressively  ;  in  advance  ;  as,  to  move  onward. 

Nut  one  Itxiks  backward ;  onieard  etill  he  gof^t.  Pope. 

9.  In  a  state  of  advanced  progression. 

3.  A  little  further  or  forward. 

ON'VVARD,  a.  Advanced  or  advancing;  as,  an  on^- 
tcard  course. 

2.  Increased  ;  improved.  Sidney. 

3.  Conducting  i  leading  forward  to  perfection. 

Jlome. 
ON'Y-CHA,  n.     [from  Gr.  ovuf.j 

The  shell  or  cover  of  a  species  of  muscle,  found  in 
the  lakes  of  India  where  the  nard  grows,  and  which, 
when  burned,  emits  a  musky  odor.    Ezod.  xxx. 

Ocifnius. 
ON'Y-eHITE,  n.     A  kind  of  marble  or  alabaster. 

[Obe.]  .dsh. 

0'\V-eHO-MAN-CY,n.     Divination  by  the  nails. 
O'NYX,  n.     [Gr.  of  ujf,  a  nail ;   L.  onyr.] 

Chalcedony  consisting  of  parallel  layers  of  differ- 
ent shades  of  color,  ond  usttd  for  making  cameos, 
Itie  figure  being  cut  in  one  layer  upon  the  next,  as  a 
basis  or  background.  Dana. 

O'O-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  wor,  an  egg,  and  AiOt/j,  stone, 
from  its  resemblance  to  the  roes  of  fi!:;h.] 

A  variety  of  limestone  consisting  of  round  crains, 
as  smalt  as  the  roe  of  a  fish.  It  soinctimes  conxtilutes 
extensive  beds.  The  proper  o'dUte  formation  belongs 
to  the  medial  secondary,  in  tlic  geological  scries,  be- 
tween the  chalk,  and  the  lias.  Dana. 
0-0-LIT'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  oolite ;  composed  of  or 

resi^mbling  ucJiite. 
OOZE,  (ooz,)  V.  i.     [The  origin  of  this  word  is  not 

easily  ascertained.     In  Eth.    vL' rnH  signifies  to 

flow.    In  Amharic,  vfrlU  signifies  lo  sweat.    In 

Ethiopic,  vi/Bil  signifies  to  wsite,  to  come  or  go 
out,  and  this  is  the  Ileb.  nx'».  In  Sax.  wirs  is  water,  G. 
wasser.  These  words  seems  to  be  nearly  allied.  See 
Issue.] 

To  now  gently  ;  to  percolate,  as  a  liquid  through 
the  pores  of  a  substance,  or  through  small  openings. 
Water  oozes  from  the  earth  and  through  a  filter. 

The  latent  rill,  scarce  ooxing  thruiigh  the  gntM.        Thornton, 

OOZE,  Ti.  Soft  mud  or  slime  ;  earth  so  wet  as  to  flow 
gently,  or  easily  yield  to  pressure.  Carcw. 

3.  Soft  (low  ;  spring.  Prior. 

3.  The  liquor  of  a  tan-vat. 
OOZ'IXG,  p/)r.    Flowing  gently  ;  percolating. 
OOZ'INGS,  11,  pi.     Issues  of  a  fluid.  KcaU. 

OOZ'Y,  a.     Miry;  containing  soft   mud;  resembling 

ooze  ;  as,  the  ooui  bed  of  a  river.  Ptipc. 

O'PA-CaTE  or  O-fA'CATE,  v.  U     [L.  opaco.] 

To  shade  ;  to  darken  ;  to  obscure ;  to  cloud.  [J^ot 
used.]  Boyle. 

O-PAC'I-TY,  (o-pas'e-te,)  n.     [L.  opacitas.] 

1.  Opaqueness  ;  the  quality  of  a  body  which  ren- 
ders it  impervious  to  .  the  rays  of  light ;  want  of 
transparency.  Opacity  may  exist  in  bodies  of  any 
color.  • 

2.  Darkness;  obscurity.  OlanviUe. 
O-PA'COUS,  a.     [L.  opacas.] 

1.  Not  pervious  to  the  rays  of  light ;  not  trans- 
parent. 

2.  Dark;  obscure.     [See  Opake.] 
0-PA'€OUS-NESS,  n.    Imperviousness  to  light. 

Evelyn. 

O'PAH,  71.  A  large  sea-fish,  Lampris  guttatus,  also 
called  the  Kiwn-risH.  Its  back  is  of  a  steel-blue 
color,  its  flanks  of  a  rich  green,  and  its  abdomen  of 
a  rose  color.  Jardine^s  JVat.  Lib 

OPAKE'.    See  Opaque. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII^T.  — METE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.  — 
7=^ 


OPE 

O'PAL,  r.    [Ij.  opalus  or  vpalum.] 

A  minenil consisting ufsilt'x  and  a  few  percent,  of 
walfr  T\w  pricwu.i  iipo/  preiJent!'  a  pfjciilJar  play  of 
colors  of  delicate  tints,  and  is  hij^lily  estcenu'd  as  a 
gem.  The  Jire  opal  is  less  transpart-nl,  and  the  col- 
ore are  like  the  red  and  yellow  of  name.  Commcm  opal 
has  &  milky  appt'arance.  Meuilite  is  a  brown,  im- 
pure variety,  occurring  in  concretions  at  Mcnil-AIon- 
lanl,  near  i*aris.  Dana. 

O-PALr-ESCE',  {-em',)  v.  i.  To  give  forth  a  play  of 
colors,  like  llie  opal.  CleavetantL 

0-I*AL-ES'CE.\CE,  n.  A  reflection  of  a  milky  or 
pearly  liiihi  from  the  interior  of  a  mineral.     Dana. 

0-PAL-E:>'CENT,  a.  Kedecting  a  milky  or  pmrly 
light  from  the  interior.  Kirwan. 

f)'PAL-IXE,  a.     Ptirtaining  to  or  like  opal. 

O'PAL  IZE,  V.  L  To  convert  into  a  substance  like 
opal. 

0'PAL-T7.-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Converted  into  a  substance 
resembling  opal  \  as,  opaiizcd  wood.       Clitwelaiid. 

0-P'^KE'    *  j  °'     ^^'  ^'^'^^  '  ^^-  '*?«9"«-] 

1.  Impervious  to  tho  rays  of  lipht ;  not  transpa- 
rent. Chalk  is  an  opaque  substance.  {This  ia  Vu 
tcord  now  generally  used.l 

2.  Dark  ;  obscure. 

0-PaQUE'\ESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  impervious 
to  light ;  want  of  transparency  ;  opacity. 

OPE,  a.  Open.  [Obs.  In  Sax.  yppe  is  open,  mani- 
fest, ypparif  to  open  j  to  disclose.] 

OPE,  V.  t  To  open  ;  used  only  in  poetry,  and  proba- 
bly a  contracted  word. 

0'P£N,  (o'pn,)  a.  [Sax.  open ;  D,  open  ;  G.  o_ffin ;  Sw. 
Upen ;  Dan.  aaben.) 

1.  Unclosed  ;  not  shut ;  as,  the  gate  is  open  ;  an 
opfH  door  or  window  ;  an  npai  book  ;  open  eyes. 

2.  Spread  ;  expanded.  He  received  his  sun  with 
open  arms. 

3.  Unsealed  ;  as,  an  open  letter. 

4.  Not  shut  or  fast ;  as,  an  open  hand. 

&.  Not  covered  ;  as,  the  open  air  ;  an  open  vessel. 

6.  Not  covered  with  trees ;  clear ;  as,  an  open 
country  or  field. 

7.  Not  stopped  ;  a.s,  an  open  bottle. 

8.  Not  fenced  or  obstructed  ;  as,  an  open  road. 

9.  Not  frosty ;  warmer  than  usual  i  not  freezing 
severely  ;  as,  an  open  winter. 

An  optn  uid  wana  vintcr  portendcth  a  hot  and  dry  ctimnxr. 

Bacon. 

Johnson  inlerpreta  open,  in  this  passage,  by  nr.i 
cloudy,  not  gloomy.  I  think  the  definition  wrong. 
In  .America,  an  open  winter  is  one  in  which  the 
earth  is  not  bound  with  frost  and  covered  with 
snow. 

10.  Public  ;  before  a  court  and  its  suitors.  His  tes- 
timony was  given  in  open  court. 

U.  Admitting  all  persons  without  restraint;  free 
to  all  comers.     He  keeps  open  house  at  the  election. 

12.  Clear  of  ice ;  as,  tlie  river  or  the  harbor  is 

OperK 

13.  Plain;  apparent;  evident;  public;  not  secret 
or  concealed  ;  as,  an  open  declarntiun  ;  open  avowal ; 
open  shame  ;  open  defiance.  The  nations  contend  In 
open  war,  or  in  open  arms. 

14.  Not  wearing  disguise;  frank  ;  sincere;  unre- 
served ;  candid  ;  artless. 

n<  wu  li>?|rl  a  m^ci  op(Tt  :\nd  of  gvoil  TaUh.  Baron, 

Hia^rteroiu,  optn,  uQ^iij^niiif  hrdrt.  Addison. 

15.  Not  clouded;  not  contracted  or  frowning; 
having  an  air  of  frankness  and  sincerity;  as,  an  open 
look. 

With  aipcct  optn  ahoJl  en-ct  \ik  head.  PojM. 

16.  Not  hidden  ;  exposed  to  view. 

We  arc  la  cxerctK  our  thou^U  and  lay  open  the  trr^uiirea  of 
divine  tmih.  BuriM. 

17.  Ready  to  hear  or  receive  what  is  offered. 

Ilia  ttan  ore  optn  to  Uiclr  err.  —  Pi.  xxxiv. 

18.  Free  to  be  employed  for  redress ;  not  restrained 
or  denied  ;  not  precluding  any  person. 

The  law  b  open.  —  AcU  xU. 

19.  Exposed  ;  not  protected;  without  defense.  The 
country  is  open  to  invaders. 

IU(b  left  me  Optn  \o  all  Injuries.  SKak. 

20.  Attentive;  employed  in  inspection. 

Thine  eya  nre  open  upiin  all  the  wnya  of  the  K>n«  of  men.  — 
Jer.  xxiii. 

21.  Clear;  nnob«tructed  ;  as,  an  open  view. 

23.  Unsettled  ;  not  balanced  or  closed  ;  as,  an  open 
account. 

Open  accAitnU  between  merchint*.  Johruon^t  Rep, 

03.  Not  closed  ;  free  to  be  debated  ;  as,  a  question 
open  for  discussion. 

24.  In  magic,  an  open  note  is  that  which  a  string  ia 
tuned  to  pniduce,  Busbi/. 

0*P£N,   (o'P"*)  *'•   ^     [Sax.   openian ;    D.  opeahn ;  G. 


tfffnen!  Sw.  Ifpna;  Dan.  aabnrr ;  Ar.  /.w  Safw 


tauna.    Class  Bn,  No.  3.] 
1.  To  unclose     to  unbar; 


to  unlock ;   to  remove 


OPE 

any  fastening  or  cover  and  set  open  ;   as,  to  open  a 
dunr  or  <z;ite  ;  to  open  a  desk. 
9.  To  break  the  seal  of  a  letter  and  unfold  it. 

3.  To  separate  parts  that  are  close  ;  as,  to  open  the 
lips  ;  to  open  the  moutli,  or  eyes,  or  eyelids  ;  to  open 
a  book. 

4.  To  remove  a  covering  from  ;  as,  to  open  a  pit. 

5.  To  cut  through;  to  perforate;  to  lance;  as,  to 
open  the  skin  ;  to  opeit  an  abscesn, 

6.  To  break  ;  to  divide;  to  split  or  rend;  as,  the 
earth  was  opened  in  many  places  by  an  earthcjuake ; 
a  rock  is  opened  by  blanting. 

7.  To  cl?ar ;  to  make  by  removing  obstructions ; 
as,  to  0]>en  a  road  ;  to  open  a  passage ;  tho  heat  of 
spring  o})en3  rivers  bound  with  ice. 

6.  To  spread  ;  to  exp:ind  ;  as,  to  open  the  hand. 

9.  To  unstop ;  as,  to  op«i  a  bottle. 

10.  To  begin  ;  to  make  the  first  exhibition.  The 
attorney- general  open*  the  cause  on  the  part  of  the 
king  or  tho  State.  Homer  opens  hia  poem  with  the 
utmost  simplicity  and  modesty. 

11.  To  bIiow  ;  to  bring  to  view  or  knowledge. 


12.  To  interpret;  to  explain. 

Wlul.3  heope/MiJ  to  ui  the  Sccptinvs.  —  Lulie  xxir. 

13.  To  reveal;  to  disclose.  He  opened  his  mind 
very  freely. 

14.  To  make  liberal ;  as,  to  rrpen  the  heart, 

15.  To  make  the  first  discharge  of  artillery  ;  as,  to 
open  a  heavy  fire  on  the  enemy. 

16.  To  enter  on  or  begin  ;  as,  U>  open  a  negotiation 
or  correspimdence  ;  to  open  a  trade  with  the  Indies. 

17.  To  begin  to  see  by  the  removal  of  something 
that  intercepted  the  view  ;  as,  we  sailed  round  the 
point,  and  opened  the  harbor. 

0'P£N,  (o'pn,)  r.  i.  To  unclose  itself;  to  be  unclosed  ; 
to  be  parted. 

The  earth  opened  itnd  iwallowr^t  up  Dathau,  and  covered  (he 
cott.paiiy  of  Aljijmm.  — Pt.  cvi. 

9.  To  begin  to  appear.  As  we  sailed  round  the 
point,  the  harbor  opened  to  our  view. 

3.  To  ctmimeuce  ;  to  begin.  Sales  of  stock  opened 
at  par. 

4.  To  bark  on  scent  or  view  of  the  game ;  a  term 
in  hunting, 

0'P/;N-jED,  (o'pnd,)  pp.  Unclosed  ;  unbarred  ;  un- 
sealed ;  uncovered  ;  revealed  ;  disclosed  ;  made 
plain  ;  freed  from  obstruction. 

0'P£N-ER,  (o'pn-er,)  n.  One  that  opens  or  removes 
any  fastening  or  covering.  Milton. 

2.  One  that  explains  ;  an  interpreter.  Shak. 

3.  That  which  separates;  that  which  rends. 

Boyle. 

4.  An  aperient  in  medicine. 
OTAW-ET-ED,  (6'pn-Ide,)  a.    Watchful;  vigilant. 

Shak. 

0'P/:N-HAND'ED,  (5'pn-hand'ed,)  a.  caierous ;  lib- 
eral ;  munificent.  Rowe. 

0'P/':.\-HEART'ED,  (a'pn-hart'ed,)  o.  Candid  ; 
frank  :  generous.  Dryden. 

O'PKN-HEART'EU-LY,  adv.  With  frankness  ;  with- 
out reserve.  Ch.  Rcli<r.  Jlppeat. 

O'PAN-HEART'ED-NESS,  If.  Frankness;  candor; 
sincerity  :  munificence  ;  generosity.  Johnson. 

O'Pi^JN-ING,  (6'pn-ing,)  ppr.  Unclosing;  unsealing; 
uncovering;  revealing;  mterpreting. 

2.  a.  First  in  order;  as,  an  opening  speech. 
O'PA'N-ING,  (6'pn-ing,)  n.     A  breach  ;  an  aperture;  a 

hole  or  i>erforalion. 
2  A  place  admitting  entrance;  as  a  bay  or  creek. 

3.  Beginning;  commencement;  first  appearance; 
as,  the  opening  of  a  speech. 

The  opting  ot  your  glory  wm  like  Ihal  of  light.        Drydm. 

O'PKN-LY,  (S'pn-ly,)  adv.  Publicly  ;  not  in  private  ; 
without  secrecy;  as,  to  avow  otu  sins  and  follies 

openly. 

Uo-w  ^ttimIt  and  openly  do  mtinj  of  tu  contradict  the  prrcrpta 
of  Uio  gtMpel  by  uur  uiigodlincM  and  wurtilly  luata  I 

TilloUon. 

9.  Plainly  :  evidently  ;  without  reserve  or  disguise. 
O'PEN-MOtJT H-ED,     (o'pn-)    a.     Greedy  ;    clamor- 
ous ;  as,  an  open-mouthed  lion.  L'Kstrange. 
0'P£N-NEHS,(a'pn-ne9s,)  n.    Fn*cdom  from  covenng 
or  obstruction  ;  as,  the  opmntsa  of  a  country. 

a.  Plainness  ;  clearness  ;  freedom  from  obscurity 
or  ambiguity;  as,  deliver  your  answers  with  more 
openness.  Shak. 

3.  Freedom  from  disguise  ;  unreservcdness;  plain- 
ness. Felton. 

4.  Eipreflsion  of  frankness  or  candor;  as,  openness 
of  countenance. 

5.  Unusual  mildness  ;  freedom  from  snow  and 
frost ;  as,  the  ojtrnness  of  a  winter. 

OP'E-RA.n.  [It.  Sp.  and  Fr.,  from  L.  opera,  work, 
labor.] 

A  dramatic  composition,  set  to  munic  and  sung  on 
the  Stage,  accompanied  with  musical  instruments, 
and  enriched  with  magnificent  dresses,  machines, 
dancing,  «tc.  Encyc. 

OP'KR-A-BLE,  a.    Practicable.     [JVot  used.]    Brown. 

OP'E-RA-GLASS,  n.     A  small  perspective  glass  used 


OPE 

in  theater!,  operas,  &c.  One  kind  is  simply  a  spy- 
glass. Another  kiud  is  designed  for  seeing  objects 
thai  do  nut  lie  directly  befure  the  eye  ;  it  lins  a  hole 
in  its  side,  through  which  the  rays  coming  from  the 
object  are  receivt-d  on  a  plane  mirror  placed  oblique- 
ly within  the  tube,  and  thence  reflected  to  the  eye  at 
the  end  of  tho  tube.  Brande.     IJutton. 

OP'E-RA-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  or  Ihuater  for  the  rep- 
reBentiitii>n  of  operas, 

OP-E-RAM'E-TER,  n.    [L.  opera  and  Gr.  ptrpoi:] 
An  apparatus  for  ascertaining  the  nnmber  of  rota- 
tions made  by  a  machine  or  wheel  in  manufacturing 
cloth.  Ure. 

OP'ER-ANT,  a.  [See  Operate,]  Having  power  to 
produce  an  effect.  [JVwt  used.  We  now  use  Opera- 
tive.] SItak. 

OP'EK-ANT,  n.    One  who  operates.  Coleridge, 

OP'ER-aTE,  v.  i.     [L.  operoTj  Sp.  operaar ;  Fr.  operer; 

Eth.    /"1 1^  gabcr,  to  make,  do,  form,  or  ordain  ;  de- 

riv.  I  II  l4  (<7^aZ»ar,to  work,  to  operate,  to  labor,  to 
till ;  W.  ffobent,  to  operate ;  Arm.  ober  or  gober,  to 
make;  ober  or  euffr,  work  ;  Ir,  obair ;  Sp.  and  Port. 
obra;  Fr.  ffitrrc,  otwrage.  'I  he  corresponding  verb  in 
Hebrew  and  Chaldee  naa,  signifies  to  be  strong,  to 
prevail,  and  in  Arabic,  to  bind  fast,  to  consolidate,  to 
repair.  The  primary  sense  is  to  strain  or  press,  to 
exert  force.    Class  Br,  No.  14.] 

1.  To  act ;  to  exert  power  or  strength,  physical  or 
mechanical.  External  bodies  operate  on  animals  by 
means  of  perception  ;  sound  operatej*  upon  the  audi- 
tory nerves  through  tlie  medium  of  air;  medicines 
operate  on  tlie  body  by  increasfng  or  diminibiiing  or- 
ganic action. 

2.  To  act  or  produce  eflTuct  on  the  mind  ;  to  exert 
moral  power  or  influence.  Motives  operate  on  tlie 
mind  in  determining  the  judgment;  examples  operate 
in  producing  imitation. 

The  virtuea  of  pritfale  person*  operate  hot  on  a  few.    Aaerburt/. 

A  pLmn,  convincing  re.ison  ojxralea  on  tlte  iriind  hulh  of  a  liwrned 

and  an  i^onuit  ht^axir  aa  lixig  ua  he  livca.  HuifL 

3.  In  surgery,  to  perform  some  manual  act  in  a 

methodical  manner  upon  a  human  body,  and  usually 
with  instruments,  with  a  view  to  restore  soundness 
or  health,  as  in  amputation,  lithotomy,  and  the  like, 

4.  To  act ;  to  have  agency  ;  to  produce  anv  effect. 
OP'ER-ATE,  V.  U    To  effect ;  to  produce  by  a"gency. 

The  lamc  (xiuifc  would  ojierate  a  diiriiiiuCiQii  ofihe  value  of  Muck. 

liantUlon, 

[  TViis  use  is  not  frequent,  and  can  hardly  be  said  to 

be  well  aut/iorized.] 
OP-E-RAT'ie,         la.    Pertaining  to  the  opera;  re- 
OP-E-RAT'IC-AL,  \      sembling   the    opera;    a    leord 

used  by  musicians.  Busby. 

OP'ER-A-TING,   ppr.      Acting;    exerting  agency   or 

power;  performing  some  manual  act  in  surgery. 
OP-Ett-A'TION,  n.    [L,  operatio.] 

1.  Tho  act  or  process  of  operating ;  ngencji ;  the 
exertion  of  power,  physical,  meclianical,  or  moral. 

Spcf.ula(iv«  ]>ainiinff',  without  the  nuiitance  of  manual  operation, 
(a»n  never  ntt-iki  tu  perli'cUun.  Dryden. 

The  pain  and  aickncM  cauacd  by  manna  are  the  eflccis  ol'  \u  op- 
eration on  the  atamach.  Locka. 

So  we  speak  of  the  operation  of  motives,  reasons, 
or  arguments,  on  the  mind,  the  operation  of  caus- 

5.  Action;  effect.  [es,  t.c. 
Many  medicinal  drugj  t.f  rare  operadon.  IleyHn. 

3.  Process  ;  manipulation  ;  series  of  acts  in  exper- 
iniimts  ;  as  in  chemistry  or  metallurgy. 

4.  In  surgery,  any  methodical  action  of  the  hand, 
or  of  the  hand  with  instruments,  on  the  human 
body,  with  a  view  to  heal  a  part  diseased,  fractured, 
or  dislocated,  as  in  amputation,  Slc. 

5.  Action  or  movements  of  an  army  or  fleet;  as, 
military  or  naval  operation.-!. 

6.  Movements  of  machinery. 

7.  M(»vement3  of  any  physical  body. 
OP'ER-A-TIVE,  a.     Having  the  power  of  acting  ;  ex- 
erting force,  physical  or  moral;  having  or  exerting 
agency  ;  active  in  the  production  of  effects. 

In  actions  ofi'i^lii^'on  we  Bhonld  be  zealous,  active,  and  ovrmtive, 

an  Tiira*  pnidi'nce  will  permiL  TayUtr. 

It  holda  in  all  opet-aiiot  princiiik-a,  ccpecbdly  in  morality.  South. 

9.  Efficacinus  ;  producing  the  effect. 

OP'ER-A-TIVE,  n.  A  laboring  man  ;  a  laborer,  arti- 
san, or  workman  in  manuf;ictories. 

OP'ER-A-TOR,  rt.  He  or  that  which  operates;  he  or 
that  which  produces  an  eflect. 

2.  In  surgery,  the  person  who  performs  some  act 
uptm  the  human  body  by  means  of  tlui  hand,  or  with 
instninii-nts  ;  as,  a  skillful  operator. 

0-PER'€IJ-LATR,      )  a.     [L.  oiJcrciUatus,  from  opcrio, 
O-PER'CU-LA-TED,  ]      to  cover.] 

In  botany,  having  a  lid  or  cover,  as  a  capsule. 

Martyn. 
0-PER'eU-LI-FORM,  a.    [L.  operculum,  a  lid,  and 
form.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  lid  or  cover.  Say, 

O-PER'CU-LUM,  n.  [I^,  a  lid  or  cover.]    Particularly, 

1.  In  botany,  the  lid  of  a  pitchcr-furm  leaf. 

2.  Tho  cover  of  the  seed-vessel  of  certain  mosa- 
like  plants. 


TONE,  BI;LL,  IpIITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUa  — C  as  K  ;  0  as  J ;  »  as  Z ;  CH  as  8H ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


773 


OPI 

3.  In  eoneholo^y  the  homy  or  stony  piece  with 
which  tlie  anititaiura  univtilve  closes  Ita  shell  on 
relrirunit  itself. 

4.  In  ichtAyoto:ry^  the  appamtus  supported  by  bones 
which  prntcclfl  Uie  gills  of  fishes.  Brande, 

OP-ER-Ot?E',  a.     [L.  operosus,  from  aptray  aperor.] 
Laborious  ;  atteodcd  with  labor  ;  tedious. 

SumrU 
OP-ER-0SE'NES3,  n.    The  slate  of  being  laborious. 

More, 
OP-ER-OS'I-TY,  n.    Lnbortousness.     [JVot  u.-'ed.] 
OPE'TIDE,  n,    [ope  and  tide.]    The  ancient  time  of 
marriage,  from  Epiphany  to  Ash-Wed nosti ay. 

Dp'  Bfui, 
OPH'I-€LEIDE,  «.     [Gr.  *.*(?  and  rXri^.l 

Tlie  largest  brass  wind  instrument  of  the  trumpet 
kind,  used  in  the  orchestra.    It  has  a  comtNisii  of 
three  octaves. 
0-PIUD'I-AN,  C-fid'e-an,)  n,     [Gr.  ^.^ff,  a  serpent.] 
.■\n  animal  of  the  serpent  kind,  as  the  boa,  ral- 
tlfsnake,  adder,  and  viper.     The  order  is  called 
Ophidia. 
O-PHIIVI-AN,  &    [Gr.  o-/"!?,  a  serpent.] 

rertaining  to  srrpenis ;  d'vicnatinc  an  order  of 
vertebral  animals  dP!»titule  of  feet  or  fin^. 
O-PHID'I-0N%  a.     [Gr.,  fn»m  >^(j,  a  serpent.] 

A  fish  of  the  ansuillifiirm  kind,  reseniMmg  the 
common  eel,  but  shorter,  nn^re  depressed,  and  of  a 
paler  color  \  found  io  the  Mediterranean. 

Dicu  A'di.  Hist. 

0-PHI-OL'0-GlST,a.    One  versed  in  the  natural  his- 
tory fk  serpents. 
0-PHI-0L'0-6y,  m.    [Gr.  o^ij,  serpent,  and  Aoj-oj, 
discourse.] 

That  part  of  natural  history  which  treats  of  ser- 
pents, or  which  arranges  and  describes  the  several 
kinds.  FA.  Encyc. 

O'PHI-O-M AN-CY,  n.    [Gr.  o^if,  a  aerpent,  and  fiav- 
Tcta,  divination.] 

In  oHtiqitity^  the  art  of  divining  or  prediclinji  events 
by  serpents,  as  by  their  manner  of  eating  or  by  their 
coiln.  EnnfC 

O-PHI-O-MORPH'OtrS,  o.      [Gr.  o^iy  and   /lo^i?, 
form.] 

Havins  the  form  of  a  serpenL  Ran, 

O-PIII-OPH'A-GOUS,  0.     [Gr.  o^if,  a  serpent,  and 
f<i>(j,  to  eaL] 
Eating  or  feeding  on  serpents.  Broxtn. 

O'PUrrE,  «.    [Gr.  o^ij,  a  scrpenu] 

Pertaining  to  a  serpent.  llibceJL 

^ypUITE,  n,    [Gr.u^ff,  a  serpent,  whence  a^irq;,  a 
stone  spotted  like  a  serpent.] 

Green  porplljrry,  or  serpentine  ;  a  variety  of  preen- 
BtoDe  of  a  dusky  green  color  of  diffbrent  shades, 
qirliiUed  with  apola  of  a  liKhter  green;  in  other 
wcfds,  containing  greenish- while  crystals  of  feld^tiar. 

Cfeovriaiu^ 
G'PHTTES,  n.  pL     One  of  the  Gnostic  sects  of  the 
second  centuiy,  who  paid  wonibip  to  a  serpent. 

Murdoek. 
OPH-I-Ii'€HUS,  n.    [Gr.  i>^»«t'X«s.*  o^»«,  a  serpent, 
and  fxut,  to  have.] 
A  constellation  m  the  northern  hemisphere. 
OPII-THAL'.MI-A.     Pee  Ophthalmt.  [MUtoiu 

OPII-TIIAL'Mie,  (ofthal'mik,)  a.  [SeeOrHTHALMT.] 

Fertainina  to  the  eye. 
0PH-THAL-M0S'€0-PY,  n.    [Gr.  Oi^e^Xfioi,  the  eye, 
and  ac**f(t),  to  view.] 

A  branch  of  physiopnomy  which  deduces  the 
knowledge  of  a  man's  temper  and  manner  from  the 
appearance  of  the  eves.  Encyc. 

OPH-THAI^MO-TOL'O-GIST,  n.  One  versed  in  oph- 

tbalmotologj*. 
OPH-THAUMO-TOL'O-^y,  it.    Science  of  ophthal- 
mia, or  a  treatise  on  it.  Med,  Joum. 
OPH'TH.AIyMY,{orthaI-me,)  n.    [Gr.  a!^daA/<ta,from 
o^(?aX<'0$,  the  eye.] 
Inflammation  of  the  eye  or  its  appendages.    Oood. 
CPI-.ATE,  n.     [from  opivrtu]     Primarily,  a  medicine 
of  a  thicker  consistence  than  sirup,  prepared  with 
opium.  Encyc 
A  soft  electuary. 

BeclouKt  wb«i  Md  tre  uH^  opiata.  Parr. 

But  in  modem  usage^  generally, 

5.  .\Dy  medicine  that  contains  opium,  and  has  the 
quality  of  inducing  sleep  or  repose ;  a  narcotic. 

Encyc, 
3.  That  which   induces   rest   or   inaction }   that 
which  quiets  uneasines* 

Tbey  cfaij«e  aibflwn  u  ut  opialc  Bentley. 

G'PI-ATE,  o.    Inducing  sleep;  soporiferoua;  somnif- 
erous ;  narcotic  Bacon. 
2.  Caii><ing  re^  or  inaction.                          MiUon. 
O'PI-A-TED,  a.    Mixed  with  opiates  3  under  Uie  influ- 
ence of  opiates. 
O-PIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [U  ops^  opis^  and  fero.'] 

R  insing  help. 
OP'I-FICE,  n.     [L.  ops^eium.']     Workmanship. 
O-PIF'I-CER,  R.    [L.  opifezf  opits,  work,  and  facio^ 
to  do.] 

One  who  performs  any  work.  [.Yot  used.]   Bmtley. 


OPI 

O-PTN'A-nLE,  a      [L.  opinorJ] 

That  in:iv  be  thou|;ht.     [JVo(  used.]  Diet. 

OP-I-NA'TION,  %.    Act  of  thinking  ;  opinion.    [JVot 
used.]  Diet. 

O-PIN'A-TIVE,  o.    StiflT  in  opinion.    [JWt  used.] 

Burton. 

OP-I-NA'TOR,  n.     One  fond  of  his  own  opinions ; 
one  who  holds  an  opinion.     [JVet  in  use.]     OUtnvUle^ 

O-PTNE',  r.  i.     [Uopinor.] 

To  think  ;  tusup)>«ise.     [Obsolete  or  quaint.]   South. 

O-PIN'KI),  ;»/!.    TlioURhl;  conceived.     [Obs.] 

O-PT.N'K.K,  H.    One  wlio  thinks  or  holds  an  i>pinion. 
[Obs.]  Taylor. 

0>IN-r  ASTER,        ) 

O-PI.\-IAS'TR0US,  J  a.     [Fr.  opinihtre,] 

0-PI\-iA'TRE,  > 

Unduly  attached  to  one*8  own  opinion,  or  stiff  in 
adherinu  to  it.     [  Obs.]  Ralegh. 

0-PIN'IATE,  {o-pinVat***)  i"-  t.     To  mc^ntain  one's 
opinion  with  obstinnry.     [06*.]  Barroip. 

0-PI.\'IA-TED,  a.      Uuduly  attached  to  one's  own 
opinions.  Shenstone. 

O-PIN  lA'TER,  I  A.    StUf  in  opinii^  :  obstinate. 

0-PIX-I-.\'TRE,  \  Barrow. 

0-PL\'IA-TIVE,  a.    Very  stiff  in  adherence  to  pre- 
conceived notions.  Sandys. 
2.  ImaciiH'il ;  not  proved.                         Glanviile. 

0-PIN'lA-TIVE-NE:?.S,n.    Undue  stiffness  in  opin- 
ion. Ralegh. 

0-PIN-IA'TOR  )  n.    One  undnlv  nttarhed  to  his  own 

0-PI.\-l.\'TRE,  j      opinion.     [Obs.] 

O-PIN'IA-TRV,    n.       Unreasonable     attachment    to 
one's  own  notions;  obstinacy  in  opinions.     [OA^.] 

Bruwn. 

O-PTN'ING, /jpr.    Thinking.    [Obs.] 

O-PTX'I.NO,  M.     Opinion  ;  notion.     [Obs.]      TayUw. 

O-PIN'I0.\",  (o-pin'yun,)  n.    [Fr.  td. ;  L.  opinio^  from 

-'£ 
cpinoTy  to  think,  Gr.  en-tfoco),  or  Ar.   ..^J)  abana^  to 

think,  to  suspccL    The  primary  sense  is  lo  set,  to  fix 
in  the  mind,  as  in  L.  svppono.] 

1.  The  judgment  which  the  mind  forms  of  any 
pni[H>siiiori,  slateni'-nt,  theory,  or  event,  the  truth  ur 
falsiihxid  of  which  is  supintrted  by  a  degree  of  evi- 
dence that  renders  it  probable,  but  docs  nut  produce 
absolute  knowledge  or  certainly.  It  has  been  a  re- 
ceived opinitm  that  all  matter  Is  comprised  in  fuvir 
elements.  This  opinion  is  pn>ved  by  many  discov- 
eries tu  be  false.  From  circumstances  wo  form  opin^ 
ions  respecting  future  events. 

Opimvn  b  wbea  dK  ksant  ci  Um  imdenUDdlaf  b  m  far  gnlnrd 
bj  eridnae  of  pratNbilH7i  tMt  it  naber  it^iun  u>  onrr  p^r- 
■uMkM  Uhui  loanodier,  ym,  not  wkfaoat  k  mixiurc  uT  uncer- 
tainljr  ot  doobtiog.  Halt. 

2.  The  Judgment  or  sentiments  which  the  mind 
forms  of  persons  or  their  qualities.  We  speak  of  a 
good  opiiuan,  a  favorable  opinion,  a  bad  opinion^  a  pri- 
vate opiHuniy  and  public  or  general  opinion,  &,c 

FliemtiUp  ^m  ft  man  a  pccuLur  nglit  and  daiin  to  th^  p>od 
opunon  ol  hi*  rncmt.  SouDi. 

3.  Settled  judgment  or  persuasion ;  as,  religious 
opinions;  political  o]ntiion. 

4.  Favorable  judgment ;  estimation. 

Iq  actions  of  arma,  naall  imU^ra  are  of  grnU  moment,  npedall; 
wIkm)  \ixy  tern  to  rtuaa  an  opinion  of  comnuindcn, 

JIayipard, 
However,  I  hare  110  opinion  of  thrae  tbinga.  liacon, 

O-PIN'ION,  r.  (.    To  think.     [JVotused.]       Brovm, 

0-PIN'IO.\-ATE,      ia.    Stiff  in  opinion ;    firmly  or 

O-PIN'ION-A-TED,  \      unduly  adhering  to  one's  own 
opinion  ;  obstinate  in  opinion.  Bedell. 

0-PIN'ION-ATE-LY,  adv.     Obstinately  ;  conceitedly. 

FeltJtam. 

O-PIN'ION-A-TIVE,  a.     Fond  of  preconceived  no- 
tions ;  unduly  attached  to  one's  own  opinions. 

BuimeL 

0-PIN'ION-.\-TIVE-LY,  adv.    W^ith  undue  fondness 
for  one's  own  opinions  ;  stubbornly. 

O-PIN'ION-A-TIVENESS,    ji.        Excessive    attach- 
ment t"  one's  own  opinions  ;  obstinacy  in  opinion, 

0-PIN'ION'-£D,  a.     Attached  to  particular  opinions; 
conceited.  South. 

O-PXN'ION-IST,  n.     One  fond  of  his  own  notions,  or 
one  unduly  attached  to  his  own  opinions.    Glanville. 

O-PIP'A-ROUS,  a.     [L.  opiparus.]     Sumptuous.   Diet. 

O-PIP'A-ROUS-LV,  a/lv.    Sumptuousry  ;  abundantly. 

O-PIS'TliO-DO.ME,  n.     [Gr.  otticMios,  that  is  behind, 
and  i'>fioi,  house.] 

In  Greece^  a  building  in  the  rear  of  a  temple,  for 
containing  its  treasures.  Smithes  DicL 

O-PIT-TJ-LA'TION,  n.     Help,     [^oi  used.] 

O'PI-U.M,  n.  fL.  opium  .■  Gr.  ojrejr,  from  ojrif,  juice.] 
Opium  is  the  inspissated  juice  of  the  Papaver  som- 
niferum,  or  somniferous  poppy,  with  which  the  fields 
in  Asia  Minor  are  sown,  as  ours  are  with  wheat  and 
rye.  It  flows  from  incisions  made  in  the  heads  of 
the  plant,  and  the  best  flows  from  the  first  incision. 
It  is  imported  into  Europe  and  America  chiefly  from 
the  Levant.  It  is  broucht  in  cakes  or  masses  weigh- 
ing from  eight  ounces  to  a  pound.  It  is  heavy,  of  a 
dense  texture,  of  a  brownish-yellow  color,  not  per- 
fectly dry,  but  easily  receiving  an  impression  from 


OPP 

the  finger ;  it  has  a  faint  smell,  and  its  taste  is  bitter 
atid  acrid.     Opium  is  of  great  use  as  a  medicine. 

O'PLE-TREE,  n.     [L.  opulus.]  [Bravde.      Ure. 

The  witch-hazel.     [Obs.]  AinsteorOi. 

O-PO-RAL'SAM,  n.  [L. ;  Gr.  ofoj,  juice,  and  L.  bal- 
samum.] 

The  balm  or  balsam  of  Gilead.  It  has  a  yellowish 
or  greenish -yellow  color,  a  warm,  bitterish,  aromatic 
taste,  and  an  acidulous,  fragrant  smell.  It  is  held  in 
esteem  as  a  medicine  and  as  an  odoriferous  unguent 
and  cosmetic.  The  shrub  or  tree  producing  this  bal- 
sam is  Balsamodendron  Gileadensc,  wliich  grows 
Biwmtaneously  in  Arabia  Felix.  Encyc. 

O-PO-DEL'DOe,  n.  The  name  of  a  plaster,  said  to 
liavfi*^eeu  invented  by  Minderertis  ;  but,  in  modem 
usage, 

2.  A  sni>onaceou9  camphorated  liniment;  a  solu- 
tion of  soap  in  ardent  spirits,  with  the  addition  of 
camphor  und  essential  oils.  JViekoLion. 

O-POP'A-NAX,  n,  [L. ;  Gr.  oiruf,  juice,  and  trava^y  a 
plant.] 

An  inspissated  juice  of  a  tolerably  firm  texture, 
brought  in  loose  granules  or  drops,  sometimes  in 
larger  masses.  This  substance  on  the  outside  is  of  a 
brownish-red  color,  with  sj^cks  of  white,  and  within 
of  a  dusky-yellow  or  whitish  color.  It  has  a  strong 
smell  and  an  acrid  taste.  It  is  obtained  from  the 
r»K>t  of  ati  umbelliferous  plant,  the  Opopanax  C'hiro- 
niuni,  und  is  brought  from  Turkey  and  the  East  In- 
dies. Encyc.     Parr. 

O-POS'SUM,  n.  [This  name  is  pronouiice<l  pctsum^ 
which  perhaps  may  be  its  true  orthography.] 

The  (wpular  name  of  several  species  of  Didelphis, 
a  genus  of  marsupiate,  carnivorous  manunals.  One 
siiecies  only  of  seventeen  inhabits  the  United  f^'tates, 
and  this  is  one  of  the  six  species  whose  females 
liave  an  abdominal  pouch,  in  which  they  protect 
and  carry  their  young.  The  Didelphis  Virginiana  has 
a  prehensile  tail  by  which  it  easily  suspends  itself. 

OP'l'I-llAiN,  7t.  [L.  oppidanus^  from  oppidum,  a  city  or 
town.] 

1.  An  inhabitant  of  a  town.     [JVot  used.]   Wood. 

2.  An  apiM'llation  given  lo  those  students  of  Eton 
school,  in  England,  who  board  in  the  town. 

Rich.  DicU 
OP'PI-DAN,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  town.    [Xut  vse^.] 

Howell. 
OP-PIG'NER-ATE,  v.  t.     [1..  onpignero ;  ob  and  pi^- 
nero,  to  pledge,  from  pigniis,  pledge.] 

To  pledge  ;  to  pawn.     [A"o(  in  useT]  Bacon. 

OP'PI-LATE,  V.  L     [L.  irjjpiln  ;  ob  and  pilo,  to  drive,] 

To  crowd  togetlier  ;  to  fill  with  obstructions, 
OP'PI-LA-TED,  pp.     Cro^vded  together. 
OP'PI-LA-TL\«.  ppr.     Filling  with  obstructions. 
OP-PI-LA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  fillmg  or  crowding 
together;  a  stopping  by  redundant  matter;  obstruc- 
tions, particulaily  in  the  lower  intestines. 

Eiuyc.    Hartcy. 
OP'PI-LA-TIVE,  a.     [Fr.  oppilatif.] 

Obstructive.  Sherwood. 

OP-PLF:'r'ED,  o.     [U  opptetus.] 

OP  I 


Filled  ;  crowded.  [J^Tot  in  use.] 
I'oNE',  r.  (.  iJj.  oppono;  ob  and 
To  oppose.     [Vo(  used.] 


and  pono,  to  put.] 
B.  Jonson. 

OP-P0'NEN-CY,'n.  [See 'Opponent.]  The  opening 
of  an  academical  dis|>utation  ;  the  proposition  of  ob- 
jections to  a  tenet ;  an  exercise  fur  a  degree.  {I  be- 
lieve, not  used  in,  .America.]  Todd. 

OP-Po'NENT,  a.     [h.  opponens,  oppono;  ob  and  pono, 

to  set,  put,  c     lay,  that  is,  to  thrust  against ;  Heb. 

Syr.  Ch.  and  *kr.  n:3,  to  build,  that  is,  to  set,  to  founds 

L.  /undo.] 

That  opposes,  opposite;  adverse.  Prior. 

OP-Po'iNENTj  n.  One  that  opposes  ;  particularly,  one 
that  i>pposes  m  controversy,  disputation,  or  argument. 
It  is  sometimes  applied  to  the  person  that  begins  a 
dispute  by  raising  objections  to  a  tenet  or  doctrine, 
and  is  correlative  to  DEFESDAm  or  Resi-ondent. 
In  common  usage,  however,  it  is  applicable  to  either 
party  in  a  controversy,  denoting  any  person  who  op- 
poses another  or  his  cause.  Opponent  may  sometimes 
be  used  for  adversary,  and  for  antagonist,  but  not  with 
strict  propriety,  as  the  word  does  not  necessarily  im- 
ply enmity  nor  bodily  strife.  Nor  is  it  well  used  in 
the  sense  of  rival  or  competitor. 
[Op'po-nent  is  incorrect] 

OP-POR-TCNE',  a.  \^L.  opportunus :  06  and  porfn,  to 
bear,  or  bring ;  probably  from  the  root  of  fero,  or  pot- 
to, to  bear.  The  sense  of  the  verb  opporto  would  be, 
to  bring  to  or  upon.  (See  Import,  Importune.)  In 
this  und  all  words  of  like  signification,  the  primary 
sense  is,  to  fall,  come,  or  bring  to.  See  Luck,  For- 
tune, Season.] 

Properly,  having  come  or  being  present  at  a  proper 
time  ;  hence,  seasonable  ;  timely  ;  well  limed.  It 
agrees  with  Sea3o.nabi-e  rather  than  with  Conveni- 
EttT,  though  the  sense  of  the  latter  may  be  included 
in  it. 

Perhfip*  in  view 
or  ihow  tjriffht  eonfinca,  whi-nce,  wiih  neIg1it<oriiig  arnit, 
Aii<i  opportune  excurMon,  we  ma;  cbanc« 
Re-enler  heaven.  Milton. 

OP-POR-TCNE'LY,  adv.  Seasonably  ;  at  a  time  fa- 
.vorable  for  the  purpose.    It  has  been  applied  lo  place. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WU.\T.  — MeTE,  PRgY.— PTXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.— 
— 


OPP 

as  well  as  lo  time,  but  its  proper  application  is  to  (im^, 
and  hence  it  accords  with  ^EAsortAULv,  rattiur  than 

with    CortTKNIKNTLT. 

i>P-POR-T0\E'NE.SS,  n.     In  seasonable  lime. 
^  »l'-POR-TC'NI-TY,  It      [L.  oppartunit(u.] 

1.  Fit  or  convenient  lime  ;  a  time  favorable  for  the 
purpose  ;  suitable  tinic  combmed  wilh  other  favora- 
ble circumstances.  Suitableness  of  time  is  tlie  pre- 
dominant sienilication,  but  it  includes  generally  cir- 
cumstancea  of  place  and  other  conveniences  adapted 
to  the  end  desired. 

A  wUe  man  will  make  more  cpportunitieg  than  be  finds.  Ba4!on. 
I  had  an  opjtortunitt/  to  vs  llie  cloud  dcsceiid.  liroum, 

Ne^lpct  no  opporlunuy  of  doin^  good.  AtUritury, 

2.  Conv':nient  means.  I  tvid  an  opportunity  of 
sending  the  letter,  orno  op-/>ort«H(/it/ to  send  it.  Op- 
portuMtiies  rarely  occwr,  or  freqiienily  offer. 

OP-P^S'A-BLE,  a.  That  mav  or  can  be  opposed. 
OP-PfiS'AL,  n.  Opposition.  [JV<.(  used.]  Herbert 
OP-POSE',  r.  t  [Fr.  opposer ;  ob  and  poser,  to  set ;  L. 
oppono,  opposui.  It  is  doubtful  whether  Fr.  posrr, 
and  the  preterit  and  participle  [lassive  of  the  Latin 
verb  beKmg  to  pono.  The  ciian^c  of  n  into  s  is  un- 
U!iual.  Two  different  verbs  m;iy  be  used,  as  in  L. 
/trro,  tulL     See  Pose.] 

1.  To  set  against ;  to  put  in  opposition,  with  a  viexv 
to  counterbalance  or  coiiiitervnil,  and  thus  to  hinder, 
defeat,  destroy,  or  prevent  effect ;  as,  to  oppose  one 
ar{;uinenl  to  another. 


2.  To  act  against  ;  to  resist,  either  by  physical 
means,  by  arpiments,  or  other  means.  The  anny 
opposed  the  progress  of  the  enemy,  bul  without  suc- 
cess. Several  members  of  the  house  strenuously  o;»- 
/uto'Cf/  the  bill,  bul  it  passed. 

3.  To  check  ;  to  resist  effwtually.  The  army  was 
not  able  to  oppose  the  progress  of  the  enemy. 

4.  To  place  in  front;  to  set  opposite,  Shak. 

5.  To  act  against,  as  a  competitor. 
OP-POSE',  V.  L    To  act  adversely  ;  with  a<rainst ;  as, 

a  servant  oppos^A  against  the  act.  [.A'or  used.'\  Shak. 
2.  To  object  or  act  against  in  controversy. 

Johnson. 
OP-POS'ED,  pp.    Set  in  opposition  ;  resisted. 

2.  a.  Being  in  opposition  in  principle  or  in  act ; 
adverse. 

Ceitnin  cHarulns  mm  tanar^j  oppottd  to  K.   fltdtratut.  Jay. 

OP-POSE'LESS,  o.  Not  to  be  opposed  j  irresistible. 
[A'cf  in  use.]  Shak. 

OP-POS'ER,  «.  One  that  opposes;  an  opponent  in 
party,  in  principle,  in  controversy,  or  argument.  We 
speak  of  the  opposers  of  public  measures  ;  the  oppos- 
fr.*  of  ecclesiastical  discipline;  an  opposer  of  CJiris- 
tianity,  or  of  orthodoxy. 

2.  One  who  acts  in  opposition;  one  who  resists; 
as,  an  opposer  of  law,  or  of  the  execution  of  liuv. 

3.  An  antagonist;  an  adversary;  an  enemy;  a 
rival. 

OP-POS'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Acting  against;  resisting. 
OP'PO-»lTE,  (-zit,)  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  opnositus.) 

1.  Standing  or  situated  in  front;  facing;  as,  an 
edilire  opposite  to  the  Exchange.  Itronktyn  lies  ojipa- 
site  to  New  York,  or  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river. 

3.  Adverse ;  repugnant. 

No»et«,  by  whirh  tte  fpadrr  w  m'biW  iiitn  anoth^  »ort  nf  pl*ti»- 

UP!  opponU  to  U»l  dpii^nwl  in  an  epic  poem.       Dtyaen. 
3.  Contrary  ;  as,  words  of  opposite  significations  ; 
opposite  terms     The  medicine  had  an  effect  opposite 
to  what  was  expected. 
OP'PO-SITE,  (-zit,)  n.    An  opponent ;  an  adversary  ; 
an  enemy  ;  an  antagonist.  Shak,     Dnjdetu 

2.  That  which  is  opposed  or  contrary.    ' 
OP'PO-SITE-LY,  adv.    In  front ;  in  a  situation  to  face 

each  other.  Orete. 

S.  .\dverscly ;  against  each  other. 

Wiiidi  from  lUl  qiuuten  oppo»iuly  blow.  May. 

0P'PO-SITE-NES8,  n.  The  slate  of  being  opposite 
or  contrarv. 

OP-POK-I  fl-F0'LI-OU9,  a.  [L.  oppositas  and  foli- 
um, a  leaf.} 

In  botany f  opposite  to  the  leaf ;  as,  an  oppositifoUo-.ta 
peduncle.  Ler. 

OP  PU  SF'TION,  for»-po-zi«h'un,)  n.     [L.  ojrpnsitio.] 

1.  Hituntion  so  as  to  front  something  else ;  a  stand- 
ing over  against ;  as,  the  opposition  o\  \.wo  muunt;iins 
or  buildings. 

2.  The  act  of  opposing  ;  attempt  to  check,  re^ftrain, 
or  defeat.  He  makes  opposition  to  the  measure  ;  the 
bill  passed  without  opposition.  Will  nny  opposition 
be  made  to  the  wuit,  to  the  claim  or  demand  ? 

3.  Obstacle.  The  river  meets  with  no  opposition 
in  its  course  to  the  ocean. 

4.  Resistance ;  as,  the  opposftiim  of  enemies.  Vir- 
tue will  break  through  all  opposition. 

5.  Contrariety  ;  repugnance  in  principle  ;  ss,  the 
opposition  of  the  heart  to  the  laws  of  Gi>d. 

6.  Contrariety  of  Interests,  measures,  or  designs. 
The  two  parties  are  in  opposition  to  each  other. 

7.  Contrariety  or  diversity  of  meaning ;  as,  one 
term  used  in  opposition  to  another. 

8.  Contradiction  ;  incnnsistpncy.  Locks. 


OPT 

9.  The  collective  body  of  opiwsers ;  in  England, 
the  party  in  parliament  which  opiwses  the  ministry  ; 
in  America^  the  party  ttiat  op^iuses  the  existing  admin- 
istration. 

10.  In  astronomy^  the  situation  of  two  heavenly 
bodies,  when  distant  from  each  other  180". 

OP-PO-SI"TIO\-iST,  n.  One  that  belongs  to  the 
party  opposing  the  administration. 

OP-POS'I-TIVE,  a.     That  may  be  put  in  opposition. 

Hall. 

OP-PRESS',  V.  t  [Fr.  oppre.-iscr ;  L.  oppressus,  from 
opprimo  ;  ob  and  premoy  to  press.] 

J,  To  load  or  burden  with  unreasonable  imposi- 
tions ;  to  treat  with  unjust  severity,  rigor,  or  hard- 
ship ;  as,  to  oppress  a  nation  with  taxes  or  contribu- 
liuns ;  to  oppress  one  by  compelling  him  to  perform 
unreasonable  service. 

2.  To  overjMiwer ;  to  overburden  j  as,  to  be  op- 
pressed wilh  grief. 

3.  To  sit  or  lie  heavy  on  ;  as,  excess  of  food  op- 
presses liie  stomach. 

OP-PRESS'f:D,  (op-presl',)  pp.  or  a.  Burdened  with 
unreasonable  impositions;  overpowered;  overbur- 
dened ;  depressed. 

OP-PRESS'ING,  ppr.    Overhurdcning. 

OP-PKES'SION,  (-presh'un,)  n.  The  act  of  oppress- 
ing ;  the  imposition  of  unreasonable  burdens,  eiUier 
in  taxes  or  services  ;  cruelty  ;  severity. 

2.  The  stale  of  being  oppressed  or  overburdened  ; 
misery.  Shak. 

The  lyonl  —  saw  lh«  opprrttion  of  InueL  —3  Kings  xi'ii. 

3.  Hardship  ;  calamity.  Addison. 

4.  Depression  ;  dullness  of  spirits  ;  lassitude  of 
body.  JirbutknoL 

5.  .\  sense  of  heaviness  or  weight  in  the  breast,  &:c. 
OP-PRESS'IV'E,  a.      Unreasonably  burdensome  ;  un- 
justly  severe  ;  as,  oppressive  tuxes ;    oppressive  ex- 
actions of  service. 

2.  Tyrannical ;  as,  an  oppressive  government, 

3.  Heavy  ;  overpowering  ;  overwhelming  ;  as,  op- 
pressive grief  or  woe. 

OP-PRESri'lVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  oppress; 
with  unreasonable  severity.  Burke. 

OP-PRESS'IVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  oj^- 
pri:ssive. 

OP-PRESS'OR,  n.  One  that  oppresses  ;  one  that  im- 
poses unjust  burdens  on  others;  one  that  harasses 
others  with  unjust  laws  or  unreasonable  severity. 

PowT,  when  employed  to  relieve  tlii  opprewtd  and  to  punish 
Uie  opprestor,  bi.-conKa  a  grva-t  U-'niuiig.  Swi/t. 

OP-PRO'BRI-OUS,  a.  [See  Opprohrium.]  Reproach- 
ful and  contemptuous;  scurrilous;  ua,  opprobrious 
language  ;  opprobrious  words  or  terms. 

2.  Blasted  with  infamy ;  despised  ;  rendered  hate- 
ful ;  ns,  an  opprobrious  name.  Milton.     Daniel. 

OP-PRO'BRI-OUS-LY,  adv.  With  reproach  mingled 
with  cnntempt ;  scurrilously.  SAdJk. 

OP-PRO'BRI-OUS-NESS,  «.  Reproachfulnesa  miu- 
gl.'d  with  contempt;  scurrility. 

OP-I'Ro'BRI-U.M,  n.     [L.  ob  and  probrumy  disgrace.] 
Reproach  mingled  with  contempt  or  disdain. 

OP-PRO'BRY.  n.     Opprobrium.     [JVot  used.) 

OP-PCiCN',  (o[>-pane',)  V.  L  [L.  oppufeno  i  ob  and 
puirno,  to  light,  from  pugnus^  the  nst,  Sp.  puno^  Fr. 
poinff'] 

To  attack  ;  to  oppose  :  to  resist. 

They  Mdd  the  mantur  of  their  lmp'"achiTwnt  ih^  could  not  but 
conc'ive  clid  oppugn  lite  ri^liti  of  parliaitictiU     Claren/lon. 

[It  is  never  used  in  the  literal  sense,  to  Jisrkt.] 
OP-PUG'NAN-CY,  n.    Opposition  ;  resistance.     Shak. 
OP-PUG'NANT,  a.     Opposing  ;  resisting. 
OP-PnC-NA'TION,  n.    Opposition;  resistance.   Hall. 
OP-PPGN'f.O,  (op^pand',)pp.     Opiwsed  ;  resisted. 
OP-PC'GN''ER,  (op-pQn'er',)  It.      One  wlio  opposes  or 

attacks  ;  Ihal  which  opposes.  Boyle. 

OP-PPGX'ING,   (op-pfln'ing,)  ppr.      Attacking;    op- 
posing. 
OP-SI  M'A-TIIY,n.    [Gr,  oxptpa^cta;   o\p£y  late,  and 
pavc-ai-tiiy  to  learn.] 

I,ale  education ;  education  late  in  life.  [Liule 
Hsrd.]  Hales, 

OP-SI-OM'E-TER,  n.     [Or.  oxljiq  and  ptrpop.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  extent  of  the 
limits  of  distinct  vision  in  diirerent  individuals,  and 
from  that  to  detcnnine  the  ft>ral  length  of  a  lens  ne- 
ccHsary  to  correct  imperfect  sight.  Braiide. 

OP-rif  )-NA'TION,  n.     [L.  obsono,  to  cater.] 

A  catering  ;  a  buying  of  provisions.     [J^t  used.] 
OP'TA-BLE,  a.     [L.  optabdis,  from  opto^  to  desire.] 

Desirable.     [JV«e  used.] 
OP'TATE.  r.  •      [L.  oplo.]    To  choose ;  to  wish  for  ; 

to  di-fire.  Cotgraoe, 

OP-Ta'TIO\,  n.     [L.  optatio.] 

A  deMiring  ;  the  expression  of  a  wish.     Pearham. 
OP'TA-TIVE,  a.     [L.  optiitivus,  from  trj>to,  lo  desire. 
Expressing  desire  or  wish.    The  optative  mmle,  in 
Frammary  is  that  form  of  the  verb  in  which  wish  or 
desire  is  exiwessed, 
OP'T.\-TIVE,  n.     Something  to  be  desired.     [fAtUe 

usrii.]  Bacon, 

OP'Tie,         )  a.    [Cr.  otttkos,  from  'jittouui,  lo  see 
OP'Tie-AI..  i      f..0,  theeye.] 

I.  Relating  or  pertaining  to  vision  or  sight. 


OR 

2.  Itclating  to  the  science  of  optics. 
Optic  angUy  is  the  angle  included  between  the  two 
rays  drawn  from  the  two  extreme  points  of  an  object 
to  the  center  of  the  pupil  of  th6  eye  ;  also  called  vis- 
ual ansfU.  Mutton. 

Optic  axis,  is  a  line  drawn  through  the  center  of  the 
eye  perpendicular  lo  il£  anterior  and  posterior  surfaces. 

Olmsted. 
OP'Tie,  lu     An  organ  of  sight  Trumbull. 

OP'Tie-AL-LV,  ado.     By  optics  or  sight. 
OP-TI"CIAN,  (op-tish'anj  n.     A  person  skilled  in  the 
science  of  optics.     [Little  used.]  Smith, 

2.  One  who  makes  or  sells  optic  glasses  and  in- 
struments. Adams. 
OP'TICS,  M.    The  science  which  treats  of  light  and 

vision.  Brande. 

OP'TI-GRAPII,  n.  [G.  onTopat,  to  see,  and  }pa<poij 
to  write.] 

A  telescope  made  for  the  purpose  of  copying  land- 

sca[ies,  Edin.  Eitcije. 

OP'TI-MA-CY,  n.     [L.  optimalcs,  grandees,  from  op- 

timiis,  best,] 

The  biidv  of  nobles  ;  the  nobility.  HoweH. 

OP-TI-MA'TESyn.  pi.    [L.]    The  Roman  nobility; 

and  hence  a  nol>ilily  in  general. 
OP'TI-Mk,  n.     The  title  of  those  who  stand  in  the 
second  rank  of  honors,  immediately  after  the  wran- 
glers, in  tlie  University  of  Cambridge,  Eng.    They 
are  divided  into  senior  and  junior  optimes. 
OP'TI-MISM,  n.     [L.  optimus,  best.] 

The  opinion  or  doctrine  that  every  thing  in  nature 
is  ordered  for  the  best ;  or  the  order  of  things  in  the 
universe  that  is  adapted  to  produce  the  most  good. 

The  Inie  and  amiable  piiilusopliy  of  optiTnitm.  Walth. 

A  system  of  itiict  optintism  iiia;  tw  the  real  ayitem  in  both 
cases.  •  Paley. 

OP'TI-MIST,  71.  One  who  holds  the  opinion  that  all 
events  are  ordered  for  the  best.  Stewart. 

OP-TIM'I-TY,  n.     The  state  of  being  best. 

OP'TION,  n.  [L.  optio,  from  opto,  to  wish  or  de- 
sire.] 

1.  The  power  of  choosing  ;  the  right  of  choice  or 
election  ;  as,  the  archbishop's  option  tn  collating  lo  a 
vacaiil  benefice. 

There  U  an  option  left  to  the  United  Sl&les  of  America,  whether 
lUry  wiil  be  rwspfctable  and  proapcroUB,  or  wntetnpliblo  nnd 
uiisi-mble,  as  a  nation.  Wathinston. 

2.  The  power  of  wishing  ;  wish. 

3.  Choice  ;  election  ;  preference.  He  ought  not  to 
complain  of  his  lot ;  it  was  his  own  option.  We 
leave  this  to  your  own  option. 

4.  In  the  stock  exchange,  a  percentage  paid  for  the 
'*  option  "  of  selling  or  of  buying  slock  at  a  certain 
price,  nnd  at  a  given  future  lime.  Brande. 

Ol"TIOX-AL,  a.    Left  to  one's  wish  or  choice;   de- 
pending on  choice  or  preference.     It  Is  optional  wilh 
you  to  go  or  stay. 
2.  Leaving  something  to  choice. 

Original  writs  arc  cither  optiojial  or  peremptory.     Black ttane, 

OP'TION-AL-LY,  adv.     With  the  privilege  of  choice. 

OP-TOM'E-TER,  n.  An  instruuien^&r  measuring 
the  limits  of  direct  vision.  ^  Buchanan. 

OP'U-LENCE,  V.     [L.  opnlenfiay  from  opes^  wealth.] 
Wealth;  riches;    ntlluence.      [Opulekct  is  little 
used.]  Swift. 

OP'U-LENT,  a.     [L.  opulmtus.] 

Wealthy  ;  rich  ;  affluent ;  having  n  large  estate  or 
property.  Bacon.     South. 

OPUf-LEXT-LY,  adv.    Richly ;    with  abundance  or 

0-PUS'€ULE,  n.     [L.  opuscuUtm.]  [splendor. 

A  small  work-  Jones. 

O'PUS  OPF^RA'TUM,  [L.,  the  thing  done.]  In 
theolo-pty  an  expression  applied  to  the  mere  outward 
administration  of  a  sacriimcnt  or  rite,  which  is  sup- 
posed by  many  to  be  in  all  cases  altendei^  with  a 
spiritual  effect.  Hook. 

OK,  a  termination  of  Latin  nnnns,  is  a  contraction  of 
pir,  a  man,  or  fmm  the  same  radix.  The  same  word, 
vir,  is  in  our  mother  tongue,  wer,  and  from  this  we 
have  the  English  termination  er. 

It  denotes  an  agent,  as  in  actor,  creditor.  We  an- 
nex it  lo  many  words  of  English  origin,  as  in  lessor; 
as  we  do  cr  to  words  of  Latin  and  Gr.  origin,  as  in 
astronomerj  laborer.  In  general,  or  is  annexed  lo 
words  of  Latin,  and  erto  those  of  Englii^h,  origin. 

OR,  eonj.  [Sax.  other;  G.  oifer.  It  seems  that  or  is  a 
contraction  of  other.  "  'I't;ll  us  by  what  auctoritie 
thou  duest  thes«  thynges.  Other  who  is  he  that 
gave  tlie  thys  auctoriie  ?  "  7)fndale^sJVew  Testament.] 
A  connective  Ihat  marks  an  alternative.  "You 
may  read  or  may  write  ?*'  that  is,  you  may  do  one 
of  the  things  at  your  pleasure,  hut  not  both.  It  cor- 
responds to  fifAtr.  You  may  fitAfr  ride  lo  London, 
or  lo  Windsor.  It  often  c<mnect8  a  series  uf  words  or 
propositions,  presenting  a  choice  of  either.  He  may 
study  law,  or  medicine,  or  divinity,  or  he  may  enter 
Into  trade. 

Or  sometimes  begins  a  sentence,  but  in  this  case 
it  expresses  an  alternative  with  tlie  foregoing  sen 
tence.    Matt,  vii.  and  Ix. 
In  poetnj,  or  is  sometimes  used  for  either 

For  thy  vn«t  hoiintlea  are  to  numberiflM, 

Thai  tii''iii  or  to  conceal  or  clae  to  IflU 

U  equally  Impoulble.  Cottley 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  —  AN"OER,  VI"CIOU9 e  ns  K  ;  0  aa  J  j  «  as  Z  ;  CH  m  SH  ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 

"775" 


ORA 

Or  13  uflen  used  lo  express  an  alternniive  of  tiTina, 
definitions,  or  explanniions  of  the  same  thing  in  dif- 
ferent words.  Thus  we  say,  o  thing  is  a  squate,  or 
a  Gi^ure  under  four  rqual  sides  and  angles. 

Or  ever.     In  this  phrase,  or  is  a  corniption  of  ere, 
Sax.  *«,  before  ;  that  is,  bcforr  fver. 
OR,  in  ktnUdry,  gold.    [Fr.  or,  L.  atirwm.]    [Expressed 

in  engraving  by  dots.  —  K.  H.  Bnrkrr.] 
0'RA,n,     A  money  of  accninit  among  the  Anglo-Sax- 
ons, valued  in  the  Dooin^driy  Honk  at  twenty  m-nce 
sterling.  /*.  Cj/c 

OR'ACH,      (  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Airiplex,  soine- 
OR'RACH,  j     times  used  as  a  suhstitute  lor  spinage. 

Partimgton* 
Wili  orach  is  of  the  genus  Chcnopodinm. 
OR'A-e/.E,  (oKa-kl,)  k.    [Fr.,  from  L.  oraeulum^tmta 
pro,  to  utter  ;  ^p.  oracKlo  ,*  IL  oracolo.] 

1.  Among  jMffans,  the  answer  of  a  god,  or  somA, 
person  reputed  lo  be  a  ^ml,  to  an  inquiry  made  re- 
specting some  affair  of  importance,  usually  respect- 
ing amne  fbture  event,  as  the  success  of  an  enter- 
prise or  battle. 

2.  The  deity  who  gave,  or  was  supposed  to  give, 
answers  to  inipiiries  ;  as,  the  l>elphic  oracte. 

3.  The  place  where  the  answers  were  given. 

Br«nde, 

4.  Among  Otristuxna,  eraelea^  tn  thE  plural,  denotes 
the  communications,  rt-velations,  or  messages  deliv- 
ered by  God  to  prophets.  In  this  sense,  it  is  rarely 
used  in  the  singular ;  but  we  «uy,  the  oracUa  of  God, 
divine  oraeles^  meaning  the  Scriptures, 

5.  Thesanctuar}',or  most  holy  place  in  the  temple, 
In  which  was  deposited  the  ark  of  the  covenant. 
I  ITtmffi  vL 

6.  Any  person  or  place  where  certain  deci-^ions 
are  obtain^.  Pt^e. 

7.  Any  person  reputed  uncommonly  wise,  whose 
determinations  are  not  disputed,  or  whose  opinions 
are  of  great  authority. 

8.  A  wise  sentence  or  decision  of  great  authority. 
OR'A-€l.E,  p.  L    To  utter  oracles.  Mdten. 
0-RAe'l;-LAR,    )  a.    Uttering  oracles;  as,  an  erue- 
0-&A€'\l'hOVS,  S      *iar  tongue. 


r.  Pop*, 

fi.  Grave ;  voDcnble ;  like  an  oracle ;  as,  on  tnve- 
lUor  shade. 


•  Tbey  hate  ■ 

fimviif  Kad  Jwrtiw  in  tbe  expwJiw.  J'af^. 

X  PoailiTe ;  antboritative ;  magfsteri&l ;  as,  oroctt- 
temt  evpreaaioas  of  sentiments.  OlamrUie 

4.  Obaeura;  ambiguous,  like  tlie  oracles  of  pagan 
deities.  Kinj^. 

O  RA€'f'-LAR-LV,    |  aJr.     In  the  roanaer  of  an 

O-RAer-LOUS-LY,  (       oracle.  Brvwiu 

a.  AulhoritatiVflv;  positively.  Burke, 

0-RAe't;-LOUS-XESS,  K.  The  slate  of  being  orac- 
ular. 

OR'AI-SOX,  (or'e-zun,)  «.     [Fr.  oraiMon;  L.  oratio.) 
Prayer  :  verliat  supplication,  or  oral  worship ;  now 
written  Ormox.  Skak.     Drydem. 

CRAL,  fi.    [IB  from  L.  os,  oru,  the  mouth.] 

Ptrtaininglo  the  mouth  ;  nliered  by  the  month,  or 
in  words;  spoken,  not  written;  as,  oral  traditions; 
oral  testimony  ;  oral  law.  Addlnon, 

O'RAL-I-Y,  adv.  By  mouth  ;  in  words,  without  writ- 
ing ;  as,  traditions  derived  oralli/  from  ance.stors. 

OR',\NCE,  K.  [Fr.,  from  L.  auraittixm;  so  named 
from  aKntm,  gold,  which  the  orange  resembles  in 
color ;  It.  araxcio  ;  Sp.  naranjo ;  Port.  Uiranja  ; '  D, 
»ruHJe ;  G.  orange,] 

The  fruit  of  a  species  of  Citrus  which  prows  in 
warm  cliraalea.  The  fniit  i.i  round  and  depressed  ; 
h  has  a  rouEh  rind,  which,  when  rii>e,  is  yellow. 
This  ct>ntains  a  vesicular  pulp  iuclastd  in  nine  cells 
for  seeds.  The  tree  producing  oninces  grows  to  the 
hight  of  ten  or  twelve  feet,  and  bears  the  same 
name. 

OR'AXGR,  (I.  Pertaining  to  an  orange  j  of  the  color 
of  an  orange. 

OR'AXGE-ADE',  w.  A  drink  made  of  orange  juice, 
corresponding  to  lemonade  ;  orange  sherbt:t. 

Smart.     Etcitc,  of  Dom.  F.con. 

0R'AX-GF~9T^  (or'an-zhat,)  [Fr.]  Orange  peel  cov- 
ered with  candy. 
2.  Oranffeade.  Eacvc  Dom.  Kcon, 

OR'.\XGE-COL'OR.ED,  (-kul'lurd,) '  a.  Having  the 
color  of  an  orange. 

OR  AXGF^MEX,  B.  pf.  TTie  name  given  to  an  Irish 
Pmlestant  soriety  which  was  8up|>re?=sed  in  183G, 

OR'AXllE-MUSK,  «.     A  si^ci-s  of  pear. 

OR'AN(_*;E-PEEL,  a.  The  rmd  uf  an  orange  separated 
from  the  fruit. 

0R'A.\^:;ER-Y,  n.     [Fr.  enm^frie,-] 

A  place  for  raising  oranges  ;  a  plantation  of  orange- 
trees. 

OR'ANGF^TAW'XY,  a.  Of  a  color  between  yellow 
and  bmwn.  Smart. 

OR'AXCE-TAW'XY,  n.  A  color  between  yellow 
and  brnwn.  SmorL 

OR'ANCE-WTFE,  n.    A  woman  that  sells  oranges. 

C-RANG'-OU-TANG',  n.  {Oran^  is  said  to  be  the 
ftlalay  for  man,  that  is,  reasonable  being,  and  outang- 
is  said  lo  be  the  Malay  of  wild,  that  is,  of  the  woods,] 


ORB 

A  quadrunianous  mammal,  the  Pythecua  Satyrus, 
orSimiuSatynis.  Tlii.s  animal  seems  to  be  confinea 
to  Borneo,  Sumatni,  and  Malacca.  It  approaches 
the  nittst  nearly  to  man  of  any  animal  of  its  tribe. 
It  is  utterly  incapable  of  walking  in  a  pi'rfeclly  erect 
posture,  its  boay  is  covered  with  coarse  hair  of  a 
bruwnixh  red  color.  In  some  places  on  its  back  it  is 
six  inches  long,  and  on  its  anus  t\ve  inches.  'J'he 
hight  of  the  adult  animal  is  not  known.  A  siuule 
specimen  suppttsetl  to  be  of  this  species  has  been 
killed,  which  measured  at  leastsix  feet.  It  eats  both 
animal  and  vegetable  food. 

Tbe  African  animal  resembling  it,  is  the  chim- 
panzee, {Suaia  troglodyte^:,  or  Troglodytes  nigtr.) 

Cuvier. 
0-RA'TION,n.     [L.  orafio, from  oroyio  pray, to  utter.] 

1.  A  speech  or  dittcourso  conijtosed  according  to 
the  rules  of  oratory,  and  s)>okeu  in  public.  Uratioiis 
may  be  reduced  to  three  kinds,  demonstrative,  de- 
liberative, and  judicial.  Encyc. 

a.  In  modern  u.*a;fr,  an  orattoo  differs  from  a  ser- 
mon, from  an  arpunient  at  the  bar,  and  from  a  speech 
before  a  delilu'rative  assembly.  The  word  is  n«iw 
applied  chiefly  to  discourses  pronounced  on  speci:U 
occasions,  as  a  funenil  oration^  an  oration  on  souie 
anniversary,  &c.,  and  to  academic  declamations. 

3.  A  harangue  ;  a  public  speech  or  address. 
OR'A-TOR,  It.  [L.]  A  public  sp«;nker.  In  ancient 
Rome,  orators  were  advocates  for  clients  in  the  forum, 
and  before  the  senate  and  people.  They  were  em- 
ployed in  causes  of  inipt.irtance  instead  of  the  cont- 
mon  n:ttron.  Kncyc. 

2.  In  modem  usage^  a  person  who  pronounces  a 
discourse  publicly  on  some  speci:d  in^casion,  as  on 
the  celebratitm  of  some  memorable  event. 

3.  .'\n  eloquent  public  speaker  ;  a  speaker,  by  way 
of  eminence.  We  say,  a  man  writes  and  reasons 
well,  but  is  nu  orator.  Lord  Chatham  was  an 
orator. 

4.  In  France^  a  speaker  in  debate  in  a  legislative 

5.  In  chancery^  a  pi-titioner.  [body. 
G.  An  othcer  in  the  universities  In  England. 

OR-A-T^'RI-AI-*,     (  a.    Pertaining  tti  an  orator  or  to 

OR-A-TOK'I€-AL,  \  oratory  ;  rb.^torical ;  becoming 
an  orator.  \Vc  say,  a  man  has  many  oratorical 
flourishes,  or  he  speaks  in  an  oratorical  way. 

fVaUs. 

OR-A-TO'RI-AL-LY,     (  adv.  In  a  rhetorical  manner. 

OR-A-TOR'ie-AL-LY,  \  Taylor. 

OR-.\-T0'HI*O,  K.  [It]  .\  sacred  musical  composi- 
tion, consisting  of  airs,  recitatives,  duets,  trios, 
choruses,  &c.  The  subjects  are  mostly  Uiken  from 
the  Scriptures.  Tbe  text  is  usually  in  a  dramatic 
form,  sometimes  in  the  form  of  a  narrative.  Brandt, 
2.  A  place  of  worship  ;  a  chnpeL 

OR'.\-TO-Ry,  «.     [Low  L.  oratorio^  from  orator.] 

1.  The  art  of  sp.'aking  w«dl,  or  of  speaking  ac- 
cording to  the  rules  of  rhetoric,  in  order  to  iwrsnatf''. 
To  constitute  oralorv^  the  speaking  must  be  just  and 
pertinent  to  the  subject  ;  it  must  be  methodical,  all 
parts  of  the  discourse  being  disiMjscd  in  due  order 
and  connection  ;  and  it  must  be  embellished  with 
the  bc>auties  of  language  and  pronounced  with  elo- 
quence. Oratory  consists  tif  four  parts,  invention^ 
disposition^  eltteution,  and  pronuTiciatioti.   Kncije.    Cijc. 

2.  Exercise  of  eloquince.  ArbuthnoU 

3.  .Among  the  Roman  Catholics,  a  close  apartini-nt 
near  a  bed-chamber,  furni^lied  with  an  altar,  a  cni- 
cifix,  &.C.,  for  private  devotions. 

4.  A  small  chapel  or  place  allotted  for  social  prayer. 

Hooker.     Taylor. 
Priests  of  the  oratory  ;  among  Roman  Catholics,  ec- 
clesiastical persons    living  in  community  without 
being  bound  by  any  special  vow.  Brandc 

OR'A  TRE*^S    1 
0R'\-TR1X     \  **•    A  female  orator.  Warner. 

ORB,  n.     [L.  orbis :  Fr.  It.  and  Sp.  oric] 

1.  \  spherical  bt»dy  ;  as,  the  celestial  orbs. 

2.  In  old  astronomy,  a  hollow  globe  or  sphere. 

Brande. 

3.  A  wheel ;  a  circular  body  that  revolves  or  rolls  ; 
as,  the  orbs  of  a  cluiriot.  Milton. 

4.  A  circle;  a  sphere  defined  by  a  line;  as,  he 
moves  in  a  larger  orb.  Holiday.     Shak. 

5.  .\  circle  described  by  any  mundane  sphere  ;  an 
orbiu  Dn/den. 

6.  Period  ;  revolution  of  time.  Shak. 

7.  The  eye.  Milton. 
6.  In  tactics,  the  circular  form  of  a  body  of  troops, 

or  a  circular  body  of  troftps.  Encyc. 

The  ancient  astronomers  conceived  the  heavens 
as  consisting  of  several  vast  azure  transpart-nt  orbs 
cff  spJieres  inclosing  one  another,  and  including  tiie 
bttdies  of  the  planets.  Hutton. 

ORB,  r.  t.    To  form  into  a  circle.  Milton. 

OK'BATE,  n.     \\^.  orbatus.] 

Bereaved  ;  (atherk-ss  ;  childless. 
OR-Ba'TION,  n.     [L.  orbatio,  from  orbo,  to  bereave.] 
Privation  of  jiarL-nts  or  children,  or  privation  in 
general.     [JVot  vsed.] 
ORB'£n,  fl.     Round;  circular;  orbicular.  Shak, 

2.  Formed  into  it  circular  or  round  shape.  Milton. 

3.  Rounded  or  covered  on  the  exterior. 

Tbe  whc-'b  wpre  orbed  wiib  gohl.  AddUon. 


ORD 

OHB'ie,  a.     Spherical.  Bacon. 

OR-  BICH^-LAR,  a.    [Fr.  orbiculaire,  from  L.  orbUaius.] 
Spheric4il ;  circular  ;  in  the  form  of  an  orb. 

MUton.    Adduon. 

OR-BIC'U-LAR-LY,  arfr.     Spbericallv. 

OR-BIC'lJ-LAR-NESS,  n.  Sphericity;  the  state  of 
being  orbicular. 

OR-Bie'U-LATE,      J  rt    ™i.-    i  *      ^ 

OR-Bie'Q-LA-TED,  1   ^     t^.  orbtcvlatvs.] 

Maile  or  being  in  the  form  of  an  orb.  In  botany, 
an  orbiculate  or  orbicular  leaf  is  one  that  has  the 
periphery  of  a  circle,  or  both  its  longitudinal  and 
transverse  diameters  equal.  Martiin. 

OR-Bie-li-LA'TION,  n.  The  state  of  being  made  in 
the  form  of  an  orb.  More 

ORB'IXG,  ;]j)r.     Fonning  into  a  circle. 

ORB'IS,  i   n.    A  fish  of  a  circular  form,  the  ehato- 

OKB'-FISH,  (  don  orbis  of  Gmelin.  inhabiting  the 
Indian  seas.  It  is  covered  with  a  firm,  hard  skin,  full 
of  small  prickles,  but  is  destitute  of  scales.  It  is 
unfit  for  food.  Diet,  JVuU  //(>/. 

ORlt'IT,  Jt.  [Fr.  orbile  !  L.  orblta,  a  trace  or  track, 
from  orbis,  a  wheel.] 

1.  In  astronomp,  the  path  described  by  a  heavenly 
body  in  its  iforiodical  revolution;  as,  tliu  orbit  of 
Jupiter  or  Mercury.  The  orbit  of  the  eartli  is  nearly 
one  hundred  and  ninety  millions  of  miles  in  diam- 
eter. 'I'ho  orbit  of  the  moon  is  four  hundred  and 
eighty  tliousand  miles  in  ilianietcr.  The  orfri/^i  of  the 
planets  are  elliptical. 

2.  A  small  orb.     [JSTot  proper.]  Young. 

3.  In  anatomy,  the  cavity  in  which  the  eye  is  situ- 
ated. 

4.  In  ornithology,  the  skin  which  surrounds  tbe 
eye, 

OR»'IT-AL,      \  a.     Pertaining  to  the  orbit. 

ORU  IT'U-AL,  \  Med.  Repos.     Hooper. 

[OntuTAL  is  the  preferably  word.] 
ORB'I-TUDE, 
OKB'l-TY, 


[L.  orbttas.] 


Bereavement  by  loss  of  parents  or  children.    [lAt- 
tic  u.'icd.]  Halt. 

OllB'I.TKB,  a.    Resembling  an  orb. 
ORIJ'Y,  a.    [from  orh.]    Resembling  an  orb.  Chapman. 
ORC,  n,     [L.  orca  ;  Gr.  opvya.] 

A  cetaceous  mammal  of  uncertain  and  unsettled 
character  ;  a  species  of  whale.  I>rayton. 

l*he  Delphinus  orca  of  Liniiieus  is  the  grampus. 
OR'CHAL,^ 
" '      See  Abchil. 


OK'CnAl^, ) 
OR'CIIEL,  > 
OR'CHIL,  > 
OU'eilA-NET, 


A  plant,  Anchusa  tinctoria. 

.^instrorfh. 

OR'CHARl),  n.  [Sax.  ortgeard ;  Goth,  aurtigards; 
Dan.  urtegaard ;  Sw.  drtcgard;  that  is,  wort-yard,  a 
yard  for  herbs.  Tbe  Germans  call  it  baumgarten, 
trt.-e-gnrden,  and  the  Dutch  boomgaard,  tree-yard. 
See  Yard.] 

An  incliwure  or  assemblage  of  fruit-trees.  In 
Great  Britain,  a  dejnrtment  of  tlie  garden  appropri- 
ated to  fruit-trees  of  nil  kinds,  but  chietiy  to  apple- 
trees.  In  .America,  any  piece  of  land  set  with  apple- 
trees  is  called  an  orcliard;  and  orchards  are  usually 
cultivated  land,  being  either  grounds  for  mowing  or 
tillage.  In  some  parts  of  the  country,  a  piece  of 
ground  planted  witli  peach-trees,  is  called  a  peach-or- 
chard. But  in  most  cases,  I  believe  the  orchard  in 
both  countries  is  distinct  from  the  garden. 

OR'ClI.\RD-ING,  n.    The  cultivation  of  orchards. 

Evelyn. 
2.  Orchards  in  general.  United  Stales, 

OR'CHARD-IST,  n.    One  that  cultivates  orchards. 

OR'€HES-TRA,  (or'kes-tra,)  (  n.     [L.  orchestra  i   Gr. 

OR'eilES-TER,  (or'kes-ier,W      opxnorpa,  from    up- 

OR'CHES-TRE,  (or'kes-ter,)  (  xi'rrnp,  a  dancer, 
from  op\t"nat,  to  dance  ;  originally,  the  place  for  the 
chorus  of  dancers.] 

1.  The  part  of  atlieator  or  other  public  place  appro- 
priated to  the  musicians.  In  Ute  Orecian  thrat(rs,  the 
orchestra  was  a  circular  level  space  between  the 
spectators  and  the  stage,  and  was  used  by  the  chorus 
fttr  its  evolutions  and  dances.  In  the  Roman  theaters, 
it  was  no  part  of  the  scene,  hut  was  situated  in 
friint  of  the  stage,  and  was  occupied  by  senators 
and  otlier  [wrsons  of  distinction.  Smithes  Diet. 

2.  The  body  of  performers  in  the  orchestra. 

Buy  hi/. 
OR'eHES-TRAL,  a.     [Supra.]    Pertaining  to  an'  or- 
chestra ;  suitable  for  or  performed  in  the  orchestra. 

Biisby. 
OR-enr-DA'CEOUS,  (or-ke-da'shns,)   a.     Perlaiuing 

to  tliat  eroup  of  plants  of  which  Orchis  is  the  type. 
OR-CHID'E-OUS,  a.  [Infra.]^  Pertaining  to  Orchis. 
(;R'€HIS,  (or'kis,)  n.    \h.  orchis;  Gr.  opxiq.] 

A  genus  of  plants,  many  of  which  have  fragrant 
and  beautiful  flowers  of  singular  forms.       P,  Cye. 
OR'GIN,  n.     A  crystallizable  coloring  matter  obtained 

from  a  species  of  lichen. 
ORD,  n.     [Sax.]     An  edge  or  point,  as  in  ordTtelm. 

Ord  signifies  beginning,  as  in  ords  and  ends. 
OR-DaIN',  v.  L     [L.  ordino,  from  ordo,  order  ;  Fr.  or- 
donner  ;  It.  ord  in  are ;  Sp.  ordenar  ;  Ir.  orduighim.] 
1.  Projjerly,  lo  set;   to    establish   In    a   iwrticiilar 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  \VHAT._M£TE,  PREY.  — PL\E,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


ORD 

office  or  order;  hence,  to  invest  with  a  ministerial 
function  or  sacerdutul  p*)wer  ;  to  iiitroiliice  ami  es* 
tablish  or  settle  in  tlie  pai^toral  office  with  tlie  cttstnin- 
ary  forms  anil  solemtiitios  ;  asy  to  ordnia  £  iitiniMter 
of  the  gospel.  In  ^mtrica,  men  are  ordained  over  a 
particular  church  ami  congregation,  or  as  evangelists 
without  ilie  charge  of  a  [larticular  churcli,  or  as  dea- 
cons in  the  Episcopal  ciinrcb. 

2.  To  appoint ;  to  decree. 

Jefobodfn  ordaitud  a  fcwrt  ii»  tli?  eighth  motiih.  —  1  Kiiijra  rii. 
As  many  M  were  ordained  luetern;iJ  lir>-  beli'-vcJ. —  Act*  xiii. 

Til*  f«i.il  wiHj 
The  Keae  of  de&di  and  (dace  ordain^  for  puutshnient. 

Dryden, 

3.  To  set ;  to  establish  ;  to  institute  ;  to  constitute, 

Muhnutii^ 
Ordainfd  our  laws.  Skak. 

A.  To  set  apart  for  an  office  ;  to  appoint. 

JeatM  ordaiiitd  iwcItp,  iIiae  ih'^y  iliouM  be  witli  him,  —  Mark  iii. 

5.  To  appoint ;  to  prepare. 

Fur  Tophet  U  ordatntd  of  oU.  — 1<.  xxz. 

OR-DAr\'A-BLE,  o.     That  may  be  appointed.      HaU. 

OR-DaIS' ED,  pp.  or  a.  Appointed;  instituted;  es- 
tabli.^hrd  ;  invested  with  ministerial  or  pastoral 
functions  ;  settled. 

OR-DAIN'ER,  n.  One  who  ordains,  appoints,  or  in- 
vests with  sacerdotal  powers. 

OR-DAIN'I.\G,  ;f;»r.  Appointing;  establishing;  in- 
vesting with  sacerdotal  or  pastoral  functions. 

OR-nAIN"[\G,  a.  That  ordains,  or  that  has  the 
right  or  power  to  ordain  ;  as,  an  vrdaininir  council. 

OR-DAIN'.ME\T,  n.    The  act  of  ordaining.  Burke. 

OR'DE-AL,  n.  [Sax.  ordal  or  ordal  :  G.  urtheit ;  D. 
ordeeL  The  last  syllable  is  dftU^  to  divide  or  distrib- 
ute. The  sense  of  the  prefix  is  less  obvious.  Wil- 
kins  supposes  or  to  signify  without,  w  in  some  Saxon 
words  it  has  tliat  sense,  and  ordeal  to  signify  without 
difference  or  distinction  of  persons,  entire  judgment. 
In  Saxon,  ord  signifies  origin,  cause,  beginning, 
prime.  In  G.  ur  signifies  prime,  very,  original ;  ur- 
iporf,  primitive  word.  In  Dutch, oor  is  the  ear :  oorhg^ 
war.  But  this  prefix  would  seem  to  be  the  same  as 
in  furlotc,  (furlough  ;)  for,  in  G.  urtaub,  D.  oorlof, 
Dan.  orlov,  Sw.  orlqf,  is  a  furjow,  and  this  indicates 
that  or  is  a  corruption  of  far  or  for.  In  Welsh,  tliis 
word  is  gordai,  which  Owen  compounds  of  gor^ 
high,  su(>eri<ir,  extreme,  above,  and  tal,  reivard,  re- 
quit;il ;  and  gordal  signifies  not  only  ordeal^  but  an 
over-payment, a  making  satisfaction  over  and  above. 
Or.  thvn,  may  signify  out,  away,  and  in  ordeal  may 
denote  ultimate,  ^nal.  But  the  real  sense  is  not  ob- 
vious. The  practice  of  ordeal,  however,  seems  to 
have  had  its  origin  in  the  belief  that  the  substances 
used  had  each  its  particular  presiding  deity,  tliat  had 
perfect  control  over  it.] 

1.  An  ancient  form  of  trial  to  determine  guilt  or 
innocence,  practiced  by  the  rude  nations  of  Europe, 
and  still  practiced  in  the  East  Indies.  In  England, 
the  ordeal  was  of  two  sorts,  Jire-ordral  and  tnatcr-vr- 
deali  the  former  being  confined  to  persons  of  higher 
rank,  the  latter  to  the  common  people.  Both  might 
be  performed  by  deputy,  but  the  principal  was  to  an- 
swer for  the  success  of  the  trial. 

Firt-ordeal  wa^^  performed  either  by  taking  in  the 
hand  a  piece  of  red-hot  iron,  or  by  walking  barefitot 
and  blindfold  over  nine  red-hot  plowshares,  laid 
lengthwise,  at  unequal  distances;  and  if  the  persim 
escaped  unhurt,  tic  was  adjudged  innocent  ;  other- 
wise he  was  condemned  as  guilty. 

ffatrr-ordeai  was  performed,  either  by  plunging 
the  bare  ann  to  the  elbow  In  boihng  water,  or  by 
castins  the  person  suspected  into  a  river  or  jtond  of 
cold  water,  and  if  he  floated  without  an  effort  to 
swim,  it  was  an  evidence  of  gaUl,  but  if  he  sunk  he 
was  acquitted. 

Both  in  England  and  Sweden,  the  clergy  presided 
at  this  trial.  It  was  at  lust  condenined  as  unlawful 
by  the  canon  law,  and  in  England  it  was  abolished 
by  an  order  in  council  of  Henry  III.       Blackntune. 

It  is  probable  our  proverbial  phrase,  to  go  Uirough 
fire  and  vDoUr,  denoting  severe  trial  or  danger.  Is  de- 
rived from  the  ordeal  ;  as  also  the  trial  of  witches  by 

2.  Severe  trial ;  accurate  scrutiny.  [water. 

OE'DER,  n.     [L.  ordo ;  (qu.  Pen.  si,  radah,  order, 

series;)  Fr.ordre;  It.  ordtne ;  8p.  orden ;  Sw.  Dan. 
G.  and  Russ.  id. ;  Ir.  ord ;  but  all  from  the  Latin  ex- 
cept the  Persian.] 

1.  Regular  disposition  or  methodical  arrangement 
of  things ;  a  word  of  eztcntire  application;  as,  the 
order  of  troops  on  |>arade ;  the  order  of  books  In  a 
library  ;  the  order  of  proceedings  in  a  legislative  as- 
sembly.    Order  is  the  life  of  business. 

Oooil  ordgr  k  the  rouiiiiAtioo  of  all  good  Uiiiigs.  Burke. 

S.  Proper  state ;  as.  the  muskets  are  all  in  go<»d 
order.  When  the  bodily  organs  are  in  order,  a  per- 
son is  in  health  ;  when  they  are  out  of  order,  he  is 
indispofied. 

3.  Adherence  to  the  point  in  disrusaion,  according 
to  established  rules  of  debate  ;  os,  the  member  is  not 
In  ord^Tf  that  is,  he  wanders  from  the  question. 


ORD 

4.  Established  mode  of  proceeding.  The  motion 
is  not  in  unler. 

5.  Regularity  ;  settled  mode  of  operation.  This 
fact  could  not  occur  in  the  order  of  nature;  it  is 
against  the  natural  order  of  things. 

6.  Mandate  ;  precept ;  coniinand  ;  authoritative  di- 
rection. I  have  received  an  order  from  the  com- 
mander-in-chief. The  general  gave  orders  to  march. 
There  is  an  order  of  council  to  issue  letters  of 
marque.  • 

7.  Rule  ;  regulation  ;  as,  the  rules  and  orders  of  a 
legislative  house. 

8.  Regular  government  or  discipline.  It  is  neces- 
sary for  society  that  good  order  should  be  observed. 
The  meeting  was  turbulent;  it  was  imiiossible  to 
keep  order. 

9.  Rank  ;  class  ;  division  of  men  ;  as,  the  order  of 
nobles ;  the  order  of  priests  ;  the  higher  orders  of  so- 
ciety ;  men  of  the  lowest  order;  order  of  knights; 
military  orders.  See. 

10.  A  religious  fraternity;  as,  the  order  of  Bene- 
dictines. 

11.  A  division  of  natural  objects,  generally  inter- 
mediate between  class  and  genus.  'J'he  classes,  in 
the  Linniean  artificial  system,  are  divided  into  or- 
ders, which  include  one  or  more  genera.  Linnaius 
also  arranged  vegetables,  in  his  natural  system,  into 
groups  of  genera,  called  orders.  In  the  natural  sys- 
tem of  Jussieu,  orders  arc  subdivisions  of  classes. 

12.  Measures;  care.  Take  some  order  for  the  safe- 
ty and  support  of  the  soldiers. 

ProviJe  me  »nMii>n 
Whilst  I  lake  order  far  my  ovn  aflaire.  Shalt. 

13.  In  rhetoric,  the  placing  of  words  and  members 
in  a  sentence  in  such  a  maimer  as  to  contribute  to 
force  and  beauty  of  expression,  or  to  the  clear  illus- 
tration of  the  subject.  Ennjc. 

14.  The  title  of  certain  ancient  books  containing 
the  divine  office,  and  manner  of  its  performance. 

Ene\jc. 

15.  In  architecture,  n  system  of  several  members, 
ornaments,  and  pro[K>rtions  of  columns  and  pilas- 
ters ;  or  a  regular  arningement  of  the  projecting 
parts  of  a  building,  especially  of  the  columns,  so  as 
to  form  one  beautiful  whole.  The  orders  are  five, 
the  Tuscan,  Doric,  Ionic,  Corinthian,  and  Com|ios- 
ite.  The  onler  consists  of  two  principal  members, 
the  eolumii  and  the  entablature,  each  of  which  is 
composed  of  three  principal  parts.  Tliose  i»f  the 
column  are  the  base,  the  shaft,  and  the  capital ; 
thcwe  of  the  entablature  are  the  architrave,  the 
frieze,  and  the  cornice.  The  highl  of  the  Tuscan 
column  is  14  modules  or  seniidlarneters  of  the  shatl 
at  the  bottom,  and  that  of  the  entabhiturc  3  1-^. 
The  bight  of  the  Doric  order  is  IG  modules,  and  that 
of  the  entablature  nearly  4  ;  that  of  the  Ionic  is  18 
modules,  and  that  of  the  entablature  4  2-3  ;  that  of 
the  Corinthian  order  Is  20  modules,  and  that  of  the 
entablature  5.  The  hight  of  the  Comixjsile  order 
agrees  with  that  of  the  Corinthian.  GiciU. 

Order  of  the  day  ;  in  deliberative  assemblies,  Ihe  par- 
ticular business  previously  assigned  fur  the  day. 

In  order;  for  the  purjiose  ;  to  the  end  ;  as  means 
to  an  end.  The  best  knowledge  is  (hat  which  is 
of  the  greatest  use  in  order  to  our  eternal  happi- 
ness. 

General  orders;  the  commands  or  notices  which  a 
military  commander-in-chief  issues  to  the  troops  un- 
der his  command. 

Holy  orders  ',  in  tAs  Episcopal  churchy  the  Christian 
ministry. 

tii  orders;  in  the  Episcopal  church,  ordained  ;  in  the 
sacred  office. 

To  take  orders;  in  the  Episcnjtal  church,  to  be  or- 
dained ;  to  enter  into  the  sacred  ministry. 
OR'DER,  r.  t.  To  regulate  ;  to  mellUKlize  ;  to  system- 
ize  ;  to  adjust ;  to  subject  to  system  in  management 
and  execution  ;  as,  to  order  domestic  affairs  with 
prudence. 

2.  To  lead;  (o  conduct;  to  subject  to  rules  or 
laws. 

To  him  Ihnt  ordertth  Ym  convvnadon  aright,  will  I  ahtnv  the 
H.l««tii>u  of  UtxI.  —  Pa.  I. 

3.  To  direct ;  to  command.  The  general  ordered 
bis  troops  to  advance. 

4.  To  manage ;  to  treat. 

How  thrill  we  ortUr  the  child  I  —  JudgrtxiiU 

5.  To  ordain  ;  to  put  into  lioly  orders. 

Com.  Prayer. 
0,  To  direct ;  to  dispose  in  any  particular  manner. 

Order  my  turpm  in  thy  won!.  —  P*.  cxix. 

OR^ER,  V.  i.     To  give  command  or  direction. 

Miltcn. 

OR'DER-f:D,  pp.    Regulated  ;  methodized  j  disposed  ; 
commanded  ;  manaf;ed. 

OR'DER-ER,  n.    One  that  gives  orders. 
2.  One  that  methodizes  or  regulates. 

OR'DER-ING,  ppr.     Regulating;  systemlzing ;  com- 
manding-, disftosing. 

OR'DER-IiNG,  n.     Disposition;  distribution;  manage- 
ment.   2  Chron,  xxiv, 

OR'DER-LESS,  a.     Without  regularity;   disorderly; 
out  of  rule.  Shak. 


ORD 

OR'DER-LI-NE.SS,   n.      [from  orderly.]     Regularity; 

a  stale  of  being  methodical. 
2.  The  state  of  being  orderly. 
OR'DER-LY,  a.     Methodical ;  regular.  Hooker. 

2.  Observant  of  order  or  methiKl.  Chapoian. 

3.  Well-regulated  ;  performed  In  good  order  ;  not 
tumultuous  i  as,  an  orderly  march.  Clarendon. 

4.  According  to  established  method.  Hooker. 

5.  Not  unruly  ;  not  inclined  to  break  from  inclo- 
sures;  peaceable.     We  say,  cattle  m^  orderltf 

G.  Being  on  duty  ;  as,  orderly  officer,  the  officer  of 
the  day.  CampbelCs  Mil.  DicL 

Orderly  book ;  fn  military  affairs,  a  book  for  every 
company,  in  which  the  sergeants  write  general  and 
regimenliil  orders.  Cue. 

Orderly  sergeant;  a  military  officer  who  attends  on 
a  superior  officer. 
OR'DER-LY,  oJf.      Methodically;    according  to  due 

order;  regularly  ;  according  to  rule.  Shak. 

OR-DI-NA-BIL'I-TY,  n.    Capability  of  being  appoint-  ' 

ed.     rJV.;(  itverf.]  Ball. 

OR'DI-NA-BLE,  a.    Such  as  may  be  appointid.    [J^Tot 

used.]  Hammond. 

OR'DI-NAL,  a.     [L.  ordinalis;  Fr.  ordinal.] 

Noting  order;  as,  ilm  ordinal  numbers,  first,  sec- 
ond, third,  &c. 
OK'DI-NAL,  n.     A  number  noting  order. 

2.  A  book  containing  the  ordination  service,  as 
prescribed  in  the  English  church  Murdoch. 

OR'Dl-NANCE,  u.     [It.  ordinama;  Fr.  ordonnance.] 

1.  A  rule  established  by  authority  ;  a  permanent 
rule  of  action.  An  ordinance  may  be  a  law  or  stat- 
ute of  sovereign  power.  In  this  sense  it  is  often  used 
in  the  Scriptures.  Ezod.  xv.  JVum.  x.  E'.ra  iii.  It 
may  also  signify  a  decree,  edict,  or  rescript,  and  the 
word  has  sometimes  been  applied  to  the  statutes  of 
parliament ;  but  these  are  usually  called  acts  or  laws. 
In  Ihe  United  States,  it  is  never  applied  to  the  acts  of 
Congress,  or  of  a  State  legislature. 

2.  Observance  commanded.  Taylor. 

3.  .4p[Hilnlment  Shak. 

4.  Estsibhshed  rile  or  ceremony.  Heb-ix.  In  tliis 
sense,  baptism  and  the  Lord's  supper  are  denomi- 
nated ordtnaiice^, 

5.  Ordinance,  a    cannon,  is    now    written    Ord- 

OR'DI-NAN'D,  n.     One  about  to  be  ordained. 

OR'DI-NANT,  n.     One  who  ordains. 

OR'DI-NANT,  a.     [L.  ordinans.] 

Ordaining  ;  decreeing.     [JVut  used,]  Shak 

OR'DI-NA-RI-LY,  ade.  Primarily,  act  ording  to  estab- 
lished rules  or  settled  method  ;  hence,  commonly  ; 
usually;  in  most  cases ;  as,  a  winter  more  than  t/r- 
diiiartly  si'vere.  Olanville. 

OR'l)l-NA-RY,  a.     [L.  ordinarius.] 

1.  According  to  established  order  ;  methodical  ; 
n-giilar;  customary;  as,  the  ort/oiury  forms  of  law 
or  justice.  .iddison. 

2.  Common  ;  usual. 

MpUio>1  Is  not  leu  reqiiisiie  in  wdiuary  convcniUion  than  la 
wntitig.  Addi$on. 

3.  Of  common  rank  ;  not  distinguished  by  superi- 
or excellence  ;  as,  an  ordinary  reader ;  men  of  t^rdt- 
nary  judgment.  Honker. 

4.  Plain  ;  not  handsome  ;  as,  an  ordinary  woman  ; 
a  i>erson  of  an  ordinary  form ;  an  ordinary  face. 

5.  Inferior;  of  little  merit;  as,  the  book  is  an  or^ 
dinary  performance. 

fi.  An  ordinary  seaman  is  one  not  expert  or  fully 
skilled,  and  hence  ranking  below  a  seaman. 
OR'DI-NA-RY,  n.  In  the  common  and  cnnon  lavs,  one 
who  has  ordinary  or  immediate  Jurisdiction  in  mat- 
ters ecclesiastical  j  an  ecclesiastical  judge.  Ui  Eng- 
land, the  bishop  of  the  diocese  is  commonly  the  or- 
dinary, and  the  archbishop  is  the  ordinary  of  the 
whole  province.  The  ordinary  of  assizes  and  ses- 
sions was  formerly  a  deputy  of  the  bishop  ap[)ointed 
to  give  malefactors  their  neck-verses.  The  ordinary 
of  Newyate  is  a  clergyman  who  attends  on  con- 
demned malefactors  to  prepare  them  for  death. 

Ejicyc.    Brande. 

2.  Settled  establishment.  Bacon, 

3.  Regular  price  of  a  meal.  Sfiak. 

4.  A  place  of  eating  where  the  prices  are  settled. 

Sw{fl, 

5.  In  the  navy,  the  establi.shment  of  the  shipping 
not  in  actual  service,  but  laid  up  under  the  charge  of 
officers.  Brande 

Inordinary;  in  actual  and  constant  service  ;  stat- 
edly attending  and  serving  ;  as,  a  physician  or  chap- 
lain in  ordinary.  An  embassador  in  ordinary,  is  one 
constantly  resident  at  n  foreign  court. 

OR'DI-NARY,  n.  In  heraldry,  a  portion  o(  Ihe  escutch- 
eon comprised  between  straight  or  other  lines.  It  is 
tlie  simplest  spi-cies  of  charge.  Brat  de. 

[They  are  divided  into  grtater  ordinaries,  w\minre 
the  pale,  the  bend,  the  fess,  the  chief,  the  cross,  the 
saltier,  the  chevron,  and  the  border  ;  and  les.ser  ordi- 
nari/is,  as  the  fieur-de-lis,  the  annulet,  the  lozenge, 
the  martlet,  &.c.—  E,  H.  Barker.] 

OR'DI-N'aTE,  v.  t.    To  appoint.     [J^ot  used.] 

OR'DI-NATE,  fl.     [L.  ordinaJus.] 

Regiihir;  methodical.  An  ordinate  figure  is  one 
whose  sides  and  angles  are  equal.  R  ;y. 


TONE,  BJ;LL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US e  as  K;  6  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS 


ua 


777 


ORG 


OKI 


ORl 


OR'DI-N'ATE,  «.  In  ffttm ftni,  &  ^imictii  line  dniwn 
fntm  niiv  poinl  in  n  ciirvf  (WjKiidiculur  to  amillier 
striiijcUt  Mne  cnllcd  the  aii.vei.vA-a.  Bramle. 

OR'l)l-*\ATK-LV,  adv.  In  a  regular,  meiiiudiciil  man 

ner.  Skelton. 

OR-OI  NA'TIO.N,  *.     [U  orHinatio.^ 

I.  llie  sinte  of  being  oriluined  or  appointed  ;  e» 
tablisbetl  order  or  teiiJency  cons«H]uent  on  a  decree. 
Vinup  ai)d  Tlop  turn  a  naiiirO  onfintuion  lo  the  hitppliK'n  Aiid 
Rtbri;  of  lite  rrapecuvelT.  SorrU. 

S.  In  tA«  Episcopal  cAwkA,  the  art  of  conferring 
holy  orders  or  sact^rdotal  power;  called  al^o  Cunsb- 
CR.iTTo?i.  Eneyc 

3.  \u  tkf  Prfsbttterian  ami  Comgrej^etitmal  ckurckeSj 
the  act  of  Mauling  or  estaldi-shinx  a  licensed  clergy- 
uinn  over  a  rtiurch  and  congregation  with  pastoral 
cliargv  and  niithurily  ;  also,  the  act  of  conferring  on 
a  rl(Tsyiii:in  ilie  )H»\vcrs  uf  a  settled  minister  of  the 
gos|K'l,  without  the  charge  or  oversight  of  a  particu- 
br  clnircli,  but  wiili  the  genenU  powers  of  an  evan- 

Slfcrt,  rt  ho  \s  atithohseil  to  form  churches  and  ^diniu- 
er  the  K,icraitmnU  of  baptism  and  the  I^rd'd  sup- 
per, wherever  he  may  be  called  to  officiate 
OR*Ul-NA-TIVE,  a.    'Directing  ;  giving  order. 

Cot'Tave. 
OR'DI-NA-TOR,  n.    One  who  ordains  or  establishes. 

Baxtrr. 
ORD'NANCE,  m,    [fmm  on/ijujice.]    Cannon  or  great 

guns,  tnurtars,  and  howitzers  ;  artillcr>-. 
OH' OOJV^-.I.VCRj  n.  [Fr.]  In  fAcort,*,thedispo9ition 
•    of  the  \KiTU  either  in  regard  to  the  whole  piece  or  to 

the  several  paixa,  Elmes. 

OR'UQRE,  ».    [Fr.]    Dung;  excrements.        Shak. 
ORE,   a.     [Sax.  orej  ora  ;  D.  erti  :  G.  en.     Qu.   1*.  <rj, 
*rur,  bras^  ;  Rabbinic,  1^7,  a  minenl.] 

1.  The  compound  of  a  nicta)  and  some  oUier  »ub- 
•lance,  as  oxy<;en,  sulphur,  or  carbon,  called  its  min~ 
eraUttTy  by  which  its  properties  are  disguised  or  lo»t. 
MetaU  fo«md  free  from  such  combination,  and  exhib- 
.  Icing  naturally  their  appropriate  character,  am  not 
called  iTr.i,  but  Hafne  ineUils.  Olmsted. 

3.  Metal ;  as,  the  liquid  ore,  Mdtott, 

CRE-AD,  M. ;  pL  Oreads,    [from  Gr.  apof^  mountain.] 
A  tnoiintain  nymph.  MUum. 

O'RF.  TE^US^  [L.]    By  word  of  mouth. 
ORF'GILD,  K.    [Sax.  01/,  cattle,  and  geid^  payment.} 
The  restitution  of  goods  or  money  stulen,  if  taken 
in  the  daytime.  •tfuuvsrCA. 

OR'FKAYS,  a.     TFr.  orfroL] 

Fringe  of  gold  ;  gold  enibroidery.  Ckauetr. 

OR'GAL,  m.    Argal ;  unrefined  or  crude  tutar.  Ure. 
OR'GA.N,    a.     [L.  mrffamum  :  Gr.  aoyavat  ;  Sp.  and  It. 
9rg*m»;  Fr.  #r/aji«:  D.  and  G.  orgcl;  Pew.  and  Ar. 

1.  A  natural  in^truntent  of  action  or  operation,  or 
by  which  »t>ine  process  is  carried  on.  Thu*  the  arte- 
ries and  vems  of  animal  bodies  are  »rgMM*  o€  ctrg|i. 
latron  the  !iinc«  are  wrfaa:*  of  respiration  ;  the  nerves 
are  arfiuu  of  t>erception  and  sensation  ;  tlie  mutates 
an-  ar-raits  of  inoiiun  ;  the  ears  are  organs  of  hearings 
the  tongue  is  the  orga*  of  speech. 

2.  The  instniuient  or  means  of  conveyance  or  com- 
munication. A  secretar>'  of  state  is  the  origan  of 
cuminunicjttion  between  the  government  and  a  for- 
eigii  |>ower. 

3.  The  largest  and  most  harmoninus  of  wind  in- 
stnimcnis  of  nuisic,  consisting  of  pi(»e8  which  are 
filled  with  wind,  and  stops  touched  by  the  fingers. 
It  i-*  hbiwn  by  a  b'-llows.  Johnson.     Encye, 

OB'GAN-BiriLD'ER,  (-bild'er,)  a.    An  artist  whose 

occup.*ition  is  to  cun^ruct  organs. 
OR-GA\IC,  /.      ri  1 

OR-GA.S'IC-AL,!'-     [^  organicHs.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  an  organ  or  to  organ.i ;  consisting 
of  organs  or  c«^tntniiiing  them  ;  as,  the  organic  struc- 
ture of  the  human  tntdy  or  of  plants. 

2.  Produced  by  tlie  orgous ;  as,  organic  pleasure. 

JCame^. 

3.  Instrumental;  acting  as  instntments  of  nature 
or  art  lo  a  certain  end  ;  as,  argamic  arts.        MiUon. 

OrgMMic  baaits,  are  aucb  as  powss  CMvans,  on  the 
actioo  of  nrhk-Ji  depend  their  growth  and  perfection  ; 
•a  animab  and  plants. 

Orgamk  smbstAMcej,  are  mb^^tances  which  proceed 
ftom  or  constiiuia  organic  bodies. 

Orgmmie  rtrntaimsy  arc  the  remains  of  animals  or 
Tegetablea  petrified  or  imbedded  in  stone. 

OrgOMiemi  dtaerrptiou  of  a  cur\'e  ;  in  geometry^  the 
deM^nplion  of  a  curve  on  a  plane,  by  means  of  in- 
stnimenis.  Srande. 

OR-GA.N"ie-AL-LV,  ade.     With  organs  ;  with  organ- 
Seal  nructure  or  disposition  of  part-^     The  bodies  of 
annual]*  and  plants  are  organicali^  framed. 
2-  By  iiir-ans  of  organs. 
OR-GAN'ie-AU-XES;?,  a.    The  state  of  being  organ- 

ical.  JoluuoM. 

OR'GA\-ISM,  n.     Organical  structure ;  as,  the  orgam- 

ism  of  iKHlies.  Orew. 

OR'GAN-IST,  a.     One  who  plays  on  the  organ. 

Boule, 
2.  One  who  sung  in  parts  ;  aa  old  musical  use  of  the 
word. 


OR-GAi\-I-'/,A'Tin.N,  «.  The  act  or  process  of  form- 
ing organs  or  instntments  of  action. 

*J.  The  act  of  forming  or  nmtnging  tho  part**  nf  a 
compound  or  complex  liody  in  a  suitable  nu-.tiner  for 
use  or  service;  the  act  of  distributing  into  suitable 
divisions  and  appointing  the  proper  oflicersi  as  an  ar- 
my or  a  government. 

The  flrtt  orgnmxation  of  ihe  grnrru  ffoTcmiwnU    PUktring. 
3.  Structure;   form;   suitable  disiK^ition  of  jmrts 
which  are  Ui  act  togeihtr  iu  a  compound  bi>dy. 

OR'GAN-IZE,  p.  L  [Fr.  orgOHiger;  It.  organiziare; 
Sp.  organizar.] 

1.  To  form  with  suitable  organs ;  to  construct  so 
that  one  part  may  co<tperate  with  another. 

Tbcw  noUcr  foculiit^  of  ilie  toui  orgnnix^d  iiiaRcr  eouKl  iwTcr 
prwiuee.  /joy. 

S.  To  sing  in  parta ;  as,  to  or^oatu  the  halleluiah. 

BtLtb^. 

3.  To  distribute  into  suitable  parts,  and  app«>int 
proper  officers,  that  the  whole  may  act  as  one  bodj- ; 
as,  lo  or^aniie  an  army.  So  we  say,  to  organize  the 
house  of  representative:*,  which  is  uiuie  by  the  ap- 
pointment of  officers  and  verification  of  the  powers 
of  the  several  utenibers.  So  we  say,  n  clul),a  party, 
or  a  faction  is  orgamzcdf  when  U  takes  a  systumized 
form. 

Thii  oiigioal  uid  wpmne  will  orgatdm  the  gorrrnmenl. 

W.  Cranch. 

OR'GAN-TZ-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Formed  with  organs  ;  con- 
structed organically  ;  systemized  ;  reduced  to  a  form 
in  which  all  the  parts'ntay  act  together  to  one  end. 
Animals  and  plants  are  orfaniiet/  bodies.  Minerals 
are  not  organized  bodies. 

OR'GAN-IZ-IXG,  ppr.  Constructing  with  suitable  or- 
gans ;  reducing  to  system  in  order  to  produce  united 
action  to  one  end. 

OR'G.\N-LOFT,  n.    The  loft  where  an  organ  stands. 

Tatler. 

OR-GAN-O-GRAPH'IC,        i  a.    Pertaining  to  organ- 

OR-GA\-0-GRAPH'ie-AL,  >      ography. 

OR-GAN-OG'RA-PHIST,  n.  One  who  describes  the 
organs  of  animal  or  vegetable  t>odies.  tindiea. 

ORGAN  OG'RA-PH  Y,  «.    [Gr.  op^ui..!-  and  >  oa^'o.] 
In  botun^,  a  deM:ription  of  the  organs  of  plants,  or 
of  the  names  and  kinds  of  tlieir  organs.  De  Caud. 

OR-GAN-OL.'0-GY,  n.  Thai  bninch  of  physiology 
which  treats,  in  particular,  of  the  dtirerenl  organs 
of  anipiala,  especially  of  the  human  s|iecies. 

Eneuc-  Am. 

OR'G.\-NON,  [Gr.]  )  a.     In  phUosophical  language,  a 

OR'G.VNUM,  [L.]  i  term  nearly  synonymous  with 
M«THoo,  and  implying  a  body  of  rules  and  canons 
fur  scientific  iuve^^tigation.  Brandt. 

OR'GA.N'-PrPE^n.  The  pipe  of  a  musical  organ.  Shak. 

0R'GAN-RE:ST.  n.  [In  heraldry,  a  figure  of  uncer- 
tain origin,  borne  by  iheGranviilea  and  other  ancient 
fan  Jies.—  £.  H.  Barker.] 

OR'GAX-^TOP,  a.  Tlie  stop  of  an  organ,  or  any  col- 
lection of  pipes  under  one  general  name.       Btuby. 

OR'GA-.\Y.     SeeOaiGA:*. 

OR'GA.V-'/INE,  (zin,)  it.  Thrown  silk  ;  that  is,  silk 
twisted  like  a  rope  with  different  strandu,  so  us  to  in- 
crease its  strength.  Encijc.  Dotru  Econ. 

OR'GASM,  n.  [Gr,  op>aff/iOf,  from  0,0;  aw,  to  swell ; 
oo^a^r,!,  to  irritate.] 

Immoderate  excitement  or  action  ;  as,  the  orgasm 
of  the  blood  or  spirits.  Blackmore.     Derham. 

OR'(5EAT,  (or'zhat,)  a.     [Fr.,  from  orge,  barley.] 

A  liquor  extracted  from  barley  and  sweet  almonds. 

Mason. 

OR'GE-IS,  n.  A  fish,  called  also  OaoiN-LiNc  ;  sup- 
pt»sed  to  be  from  Orkneys,  on  tlie  coast  of  which  it  ia 
taken.  Johnjion, 

OR'OIES,  (or'jiz,)  n.  pU  [Gr.  ooyia,  from  apyauif  to 
swell ;  ''u>  ij,  fury  ;  L.  orgia :  Ft.  orgies.] 

1.  Frantic  nocturnal  revels  at  the  feast  in  boixor  of 
Bacchus,  or  the  feast  itself.     Hence, 

2.  Dninken  revelry,  chiefly  by  nighL 
OR'GIL-LOUS,  a.     [Fr.  orgueilieux,  from  orgveil.  Sax. 

ofjrtli  pride,  haughtiness;  Gr.  ooyaoj,  to  swell.] 
Pmud  ;  haughty.     [JVot  used.]  Shak. 

ORGUESS,  (orgz^)  n,  [Fr.|  In  the  military  art,  long, 
thick  pioces  of  timber,  pointed  and  stiod  with  iron, 
and  hung  over  a  gateway,  to  be  lei  down  in  case  of 
atLick.  Bra/ide. 

2,  The  term  also  denotes  a  machine  comjMised  of 
several  musket  barrels  united,  by  means  of  which 
several  explosions  are  inade  al  once  to  defend 
breaches.  Brande. 

OR  I-t'HAL'€UM,  \    n,       [L.    orichaleum,    mountain 
OKI-eilALGH,       \        brass;   Gr.  opoi  and  x'^^<"ii 
or  aurichalcum,  gold-bnuis.] 

A  metallic  substxince,  resembling  gold  in  color,  hut 
inferior  in  value  ;  a  mixed  metal  of  the  ancients,  re- 
i<emhling  brass.  Speiuer,     Braade. 

o'SIiSlJ"-     [Old  Fr.  <^i.;.] 

1.  In  Oothie  architecture,  a  bay  window.  Brande. 

2.  A  small  apartment  next  a  hall,  where  particular 
person-:  dine  ;  a  sort  eif  recess.     [  Obs.]  CoweU. 

0'R!-EN-CY,n.  [See  Orient.]  Brightness  or  strength 
of  color.     [Little  tiscd.]  H'aterhouse. 


O'RI-ENT,  a.     [\,.  oriens,  ftxim  oriirr,  to  arise.] 
1.  Rising,  as  the  sun. 


Moon,  tlint  now  tnMl'it  the  oristil  iud. 
The  orient  iimrn. 


AJi'ton. 
NUton. 


2.  Eastern ;  oriental. 

3.  Bright;  shining;  glittering ;  as,  orient  pearls. 

Oryden. 

O'RI-ENT,  n.  The  cast ;  the  part  of  the  horizon  where 
the  sun  tir^t  nppi>ars  in  W\t.  morning. 

O'RI-ENT,  r.  (.  In  surveying,  to  orient  a  plan  signi- 
fies to  mark  its  situation  or  bearing  with  respect  to 
the  fnur  cardinal  points.  Brande. 

0-Rl-E\T',\L,  a.  Eastern  ;  situated  in  the  east ;  par- 
ticularly, in  or  about  Asia  ;  as,  oriental  seas  or  coun- 
tries. 

2.  Proceeding  from  the  east;  as,  the  oriental  radia- 
tions of  tile  sun.  Brown. 

0-RI-E\T'AL,  n.  A  native  or  inhabii.iiit  of  some 
easii-rn  part  of  the  world.  We  give  the  apijeliatitm 
to  the  inhabitants  of  Asia,  from  the  IleDespont  and 
Mediterranean  to  Japan. 

O-RI-ENT'AL-IS.M,  n.  A  term  applied  to  doctrines  or 
idioms  of  the  Asiatic  nations. 

O-RI-ENT'AL-IST,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  the  eastern 
jKirts  of  the  worltl.  Peters. 

2.  One  versed  in  the  eastern  languages  and  litera- 
ture. Ouseley. 

O-RI-ENT-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  oriental 
or  eastern.      [JViH  used.]  Brown. 

OR'I-FICE,  (or'e-fis.)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  orificiam;  os, 
oris,  mouth,  and /aciu,  to  maki;.] 

The  mouth  or  aperture  of  a  tube,  pipe,  or  other  cav- 
ity ;  as,  the  orifice  of  an  artery  or  vein  \  the  ori/ice  ol 
a  wound. 

The  or\fk*  ot  Etiia.  Adduon. 

OR'I-FLAMME,  ;         ,„         .. 

OK'1-FLAMI),      i"*     l^r.  oriJUimme.} 

The  ancient  royal  standard  of  France.    Ainsworth. 

OR'I-GAN,  i  Ti      e         ^ 

O-RIG'A-NUM,  i  "•     l.'^*  ""'"  ^'■-  optyai-ov.] 

Marjoram,  a  genus  of  plants.  One  species  of  this 
genus  is  a  rich  aromatic,  excellent  for  culinary  pur- 
poses. 

OR'I-GEN-ISM,  ?i.  The  opinions  of  Origen  of  Alex- 
andria, one  of  the  earliest  and  most  learned  of  the 
Greek  fathers.  He  supposed  that  human  stalls  ex- 
isted before  their  union  with  bodies  ;  that  they  were 
originally  holy,  but  became  sinful  in  the  pre^xislent 
stjtte  ;  that  all  men,  probably,  will  at  last  be  saved  ; 
and  that  Christ  is  again  to  die  for  the  salvation  of 
devils,  &c.  Mnrdoek. 

OR'I-GEN-IST,  n.  A  follower  of  the  opinions  of  Or- 
igen. 

OR'l-Gl\,n.  [Fr.  andlt.  m-i^W;  Sp.  origen;  l^origo.) 

1.  The  first  existence  or  beginning  of  any  thing  ; 
as,  the  origin  of  Rome.  In  history,  it  is  necessary, 
if  practicable,  to  trace  all  events  to  tiieir  origin. 

2.  Fiiuntain  ;  sourc*  ;  cause  ;  that  from  which  any 
thing  primarily  proceeds  that  which  gives  existence 
or  beginning.  The  apostasy  is  believed  to  have  been 
the  origin  of  moral  evil.  The  origin  of  many  of  our 
customs  is  lost  in  antiquity.  Nations,  like  individ- 
uals, are  ambitious  to  trace  their  descent  from  an 
honorable  origin. 

O-RlG'lN-A-ltLE,  a.     That  may  be  originated. 
0-Rl6'IN-AL,  n.     Origin.     [See  Origin,  with  which 
it  accords  in  signification.] 

2.  First  copy  ;  archetype  ;  that  from  which  any 
thing  is  transcribed  or  translated,  or  from  which  a 
likeness  is  made  by  the  pencil,  press,  or  otherwise. 
Thus  we  say,  the  translation  is  not  equal  to  the  origi- 
nal. If  the  original  can  not  be  produced,  we  are  per- 
mitted to  offer  an  authenticated  copy. 

0-RlG'lN-AL,  a.     [Fr.  originet :  L.  originalis.l 

1.  First  in  order ;  preceding  all  others;  ns,theori^- 
inal  state  of  men  ;  the  original  laws  of  a  country  ;  orig- 
inal riirhts  or  powers  j  the  original  question  in  debate. 

9.  Primitive;  pristine;  as,  the  original  perfection 
of  Adam. 

Original  sin,  as  applied  to  Adam,  was  his  first  act 
of  disobedience  in  eating  the  forbidden  fruit ;  as  ap- 
plied to  hif  posterity,  it  is  understood  to  mean  either 
the  sin  of  Adam  imputed  to  his  posterity,  or  thai  cor- 
ruption of  nature,  or  total  depravity,  which  has  been 
derived  from  him  in  consequence  of  his  apostasy. 
On  this  subject  divines  are  not  agreed. 

In  strictness,  original  sin  is  an  improper  use  of 
words,  as  sin,  ex  vi  termini,  iiiiplies  volition  and  the 
transgression  of  a  known  rule  of  duty  by  a  moral 
agent.  But  this  application  of  the  words  lias  been  es- 
tablished by  long  use,  and  it  serves  to  express  ideas 
which  many  wise  and  good  men  entertain  on  this 
subject. 

3.  Having  the  ptnver  to  originate  new  thoughts  or 
combinations  of  thought ;  as,  an  original  genius. 

O-RlG-lN-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
originnl. 

2.  The  power  of  originating  or  producing  new 
thoughts,  or  uncommon  combinations  of  though*.; 
as,  originality  of  genius. 

O-RIG'IN-AL-LY,  adv.  Primarily;  from  the  begin 
ning  or  origin. 

God  ia  originally  holj  In  hiniKlf.  Pearion. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PL\E,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

773  " 


ORN 

2.  At  first ;  at  the  origin.  H'oodtrard. 

3.  Bv  ilie  firet  author  j  as,  a  book  originallij  written 
hv  ant^tier  hainl.  Roscommon. 

0-Rl6'l\-AL-NESS,  n.    The  quaJity  or  slalu  of  being 

original. 
0-KIG'IN-A-RV%  a,     [Fr.  orifrinaire,] 
L  Productive  ;  causing  exiiatence. 
The  prwluctiort  of  aoiiiinU  in  the  originary  way,  rcquiTpa  a  cei^ 

Uln  degree  of  warniUi.  Cktyne. 

2.  Primitive  ;  original.  Sandys, 

fThii  wortl  is  litUe  usedJ] 
iS'lN-ATE,  r.  L  To  cause  to  be  j  to  bring  into  ex- 
istence J  to  produce  what  is  new 

The  changr  is  lo  be  rtWfd  wnthoui  a  dp  composition  of  th^  whole 
ciril  -tnd  pulilical  in^ias.  for  lli*  purpw  o{ Qriginatin^  a.  hcw 
ci»il  onier  wut  of  ih^  clepr.ents  of  •ociWy.  Bnrke. 

That  matter,  which  can  not  thiulc,  will,  or  originate  motion, 
■h<ikilJ coinmuiiicaie  thou^L, tuUuoq, Aiid  ntotivityJs  pltiiUy 
iinpoMiUe.  Dimght. 

0-RlG'T\-ATK,  r.  t.  To  take  first  existence  ;  lo  have 
origin  ;  to  be  begun.  The  scheme  oriff'mated  with  the 
governor  and  cuuncil.  It  originated  in  pure  benevo- 
lence* 

O-RIG'I-NA-TED,  pp.     Brought  into  existence. 

0-RICJ'I-NA-TI\G,  ppr.  or  a.    Bringing  into  existence. 

0-RIG-I\-A'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  bringing  or  coming 
into  existence  ;  first  production. 

Descart"*  first  introvluc-^l  tli^  fancy  of  miking  a  worM,  and  d^ 
diicinfi;  Uie  origituitian  of  the  univerne  from  iri«Kaiiic;U 
pniicijiles.  A>ii. 

Q.  3{ode  of  production  or  bringing  into  being. 

This  CTUCO  is  propignl'id  by  snim.ti  p.irmts,  lo  wll,  IxitlTilip*, 
afler  the  conunoii  origituidon  <j(  oil  CiitiTpitlan.  Hai/. 

0-Rl6'IN-A-T0tt,  n.  A  person  who  originates  or 
C'immences. 

O-RIL'LON,  n.  [Fr.]  In  fortijieation,  n  rounding  of 
earthy  faced  with  a  wall,  raised  on  the  shoulder  of 
those  bastions  that  have  c-isematea,  to  cover  the  can- 
nun  in  the  retired  flank,  and  prevent  their  being  dis- 
mounted. Ehciic     Braade. 

6'RI-OLE,  «.  The  popular  name  of  several  species  of 
bird.4  allied  tn  the  thnislies,  having  their  p1um;ige  of 
a  eolden-yellow  mixed  with  black.  Parlington. 

0-RI'ON,  n.  [Gr.  '.>y/it.jf :  unfi>riiinately  accented  by 
the  p<»et8  on  the  second  Hyll.ible.] 

A  large  and  briglit  constellation  on  both  sides  of 
the  equinoctial.  Brandt. 

0-RIS-MO  LOGTG-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  ori.smi>logy. 

O-RIS-MOI/O-OY,  n.  [Gr.  opitr^of,  a  term,  and  Ao- 
>oi,  a  discourse.) 

In  natural  hittoryy  that  department  which  treats  of 
terms,  whether  descriptive  or  denominative. 

OR'I-SON",  H.     [Fr.  orai.^on^  from  L.  oratto,  from  oro.] 
A  prayer  or  supplication. 

I/Jttly  th'-y  bowi^i  adoring,  and  tw"-\n 
Tbt-ir  oruoTU,  each  nioniiiig  duly  pud.  A/iIton. 

ORK,  «.     [L.OTra.1 

A  spixies  of  whale.     [See  One.] 
ORI.E,  n.     [Infra.]     In  hrrafdrv^  an  ordinary  in  the 
form  of  a  nllet,  round  the  shield. 

[An  inescutcheon  voided.  —  E.  H.  Barkcr-I 

IlU'i^'p  N-    fFr.  (wr/rt.  It.  or/o,  a  hcm.    Qu.  Ileb. 

OK'LO^i     nW,  and  Ch.  Syr.] 

In  architectHre,  a  fiHet  under  the  ovolo  of  a  capital. 

OR'LOP,  n.  [D.  overloop,  a  runnine  over  or  overflow- 
ing, an  nrlop,  that  i»,  a  spreading  over.] 

The  lower  deck  of  a  ship  «>f  the  line ;  or  that,  In 
all  Vfrs8/*N,  on  which  th**  cnble*  are  Kt(»wed.  Tottfn. 

OR-MO-LO',  ft.  [Fr.]  Brass  which  by  a  chemical 
process  is  made  to«B''utnH  liie  apiM-antoro  of  being 
gilt.     It  is  used  in  making  lamps,  giraiuloles,  Slc. 

OR'NA-MENT,  n.  [L.  oritamrHtum,  from  orno,  to 
adorn.  Varro  informs  us  that  this  was  primltivelv 
osnamentum;  but  this  is  improbable.  8ee  Adorx.J 
1.  Thai  which  embellishes  ;  something  which, 
added  to  another  thing,  renders  it  more  beautiful 
to  the  eye. 

The  chains,  and  (he  brnoH'^a,  and  (he  mtifllen,  lh«  bonn^ta,  attd 
the  ornamtnlt  </  UK  \rgw.  —  la.  Ui. 

a.  In  architrcture,  ornaments  are  iiculptnre  or  carved 
work. 
3.  Embellishment;  decoration;  additional  beauty. 

The  omamtnt  of  a  m-^k  and  otii  -t  •piril,  which  la  in  Ute  t-'ght 
of  I  iod  (if  gTf-at  price.  —  I  P*-t,  iii. 

OR'NA-xMENT,  v.  L  To  adorn;  to  deck;  to  embel- 
lish. Warburtan. 

OR-N'A-MEXT'AL,  a.  Serving  to  decorate;  giving 
additional  beauty  ;  cmbf.-lli.'ihing. 

Some  think  it  Rio«t  omam«nfai  li  wntr  their  t/r:ic  !"(>  on  lltcir 
wri*U  ;  orhTi  about  thrir  usttlci.  Brown. 

OR-N'A-MENT'AL-I.Y,  adti.    In  such  a  manner  as  to 

add  embfllislimenl. 
OR'\A-M  ENT-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Decorated  ;  embellished  ; 

b  niitjfied.  Shetvitoiie. 

OR'.W-.MENT-ING,  ppr.    Decorating;  embellishing. 
OR'.NaTE,  o.  e.     [L.  omo.] 

To  adorn. 
OR'  SAT  K,  a.     [L.  omattut.] 

Adurned  ;  decorated  ;  l>eatitifiil.  Milton, 

OR'NX  TED   pp.    Adorned;  ornamented. 
OK'NATE  LY,  arfo.     With  derorntinn.  SkrlUnu 

OR'NATE-NESS,  n.    i*tnie  of  Iw-ing  adorned. 


ORR 

OR'NA-TING,  jtpr.     Embellishing. 

OR'N  A  TUKE,  .i,     Decoraliun.     [LitUe  used.] 

OR-NIS-COP  ICS,  tt.    Divination  by   the  obseivation 

of  birds.  Bailey. 

OR-MS'eO-PIST,  n.  [Gr.  opvi^,  a  bird,  and  ctkottew, 
to  view.] 

One  who  views  the  flight  of  birds  in  order  to  fore- 
tell future  events  by  their  manner  of  flight.  [Little 
used.]  Johnson. 

OR-NITH  leH'NITE,  n.  [Gr.  epnf,  a  bird,  and 
tX'"'4»  *  track.] 

In  geolvsy.,  a  name  given  to  the  foot-marks  of  birds, 
occurring  in  different  strata  of  stone.        Hitchcock. 
OR-NITH'O-LITE,  71.     A  name  given  lo  fossil   birds, 
and   also  to  stones  of   various  colors  bearing  the 
figure  of  birds.  Buchanan. 

ORM-THO-LOC'ie-AL,fl.  Pert.iinmgtoorniiliology. 
Olt-M-THOL'O-CIST,  n.  [See  Ornithology,]  A 
person  who  is  skilled  in  the  natural  history  of  birds, 
who  understands  their  form,  structure,  habits,  and 
usrs  ;  one  who  describes  nirds. 
OR-M-TUOL'OC;Y,n.  [Gr.  o/;nf,  abird,  and  Xoyo^y 
discourse.] 

The  science  of  birds,  which  comprises  a  knowledge 
of  their  form,  structure,  habits,  and  uses. 
OR-MTH'O-MAX  CY,  w.      [Gr.    opvi^y  a  bird,  and 
/iuir^i'i,  divination.] 

Augurv,  a  species  of  divination  by  means  of  birds, 
tht'ir  fiieht,  &c.  Brande. 

OR'.\!TnON,  n.    fGr.,  an  aviary.]    A  building  for 

the  keeping  of  birds.  Elraes. 

OR'NI-THO-RIIYNeH'US,  n.  [Gr.  o/jks,  oi-viOog, 
a  bird,  anil  p-'j-X"--'*  ^  beak.] 

An  efibdient  monotremaiousmrimmal,  with  a  homy 
beak  resembling  that  of  a  duck,  and  two  merely 
fibrous  cheek-teeth  on  each  side  of  both  jaws,  not 
fixed  in  any  bone,  but  only  in  the  gum ;  with  pen- 
tadaclytous  paws  webbed  like  the  feet  of  a  bird  and 
formed  fur  swimming,  and  with  a  spur  behind  in  the 
hinder  f(-et,  emitting  a  poisonous  liquid  from  a  reser- 
voir in  the  solo  of  the  fmjt,  supplied  by  a  gland  situa- 
ted above  the  pelvis,  and  by  the  side  of  the  spine. 
The  animal  is  covered  with  a  brown  fur.  It  is 
fuiind  only  in  New  Holland,  and  is  sometimes  called 
iVATEB  Mole. 
OR-O-LOCie-AL,  a.      [See   Oroloot.]      Pertaining 

to  a  description  of  mountains. 
O-ROL'O  ("il^iT.  ".      ^  .leschber  of  mountains. 
O-ROij'O-GV,  rt.     [Gr.  upos,  a  mounUiin,  and  Aujof, 
discourse.] 
'I'he  science  or  description  of  mountains. 
O'RO-TUND,  n.      [L.   os  and   rotundum.]     A  mode  of 
intonation  directly  from  the  larynx,  which  has  a  full- 
ness, clearness,  strength,  smoothness,  and   ringing, 
or  musical  quality,  which  form  the  highest  perfec- 
tion of  the  human  voice.  Rn-th. 
OR'PH  AN,  n.     [Gr.  oo^mvog  ;  It.  m-fino  i  Fr.  orphelin.] 
A  child  who  is  bereaved  of  father  or  mother, 
or  both. 
OU'PHAN,  a.     Bereaved  of  parents,                 Sidney. 
OR'PHA\-AGE,  i   7t-     The  state  of  an  orphan. 
OR'PHAN-ISM,   J                                                Shmrood. 
OR'PHAN-£D,  a.     Bereft  of  parents  or  friends. 

Youn/r. 
OR-PHAN-OT'RO-PnY,    n,      [Gr.   op^avoi^  orphan, 
and  rouiPn^  food.] 

A  hospital  for  orphans.  Chalmers. 

OR'PH  Ai\»-eOITRT,«.  A  court,  in  some  ofihe  states 
of  the  Union,  having  jurisdiction  of  the  estates  and 
ptTsons  of  orphans.  Bouvier. 

OR'PIIE-AN,  I  o.    pertaining  to  Orpheus,  the  poet 
OR'PIIIC,       t       and  musician  ;  as,  Orphic  hynms. 

Bryant. 
OR'PHE-U9,  n,     [Gr.  Oo^sj-j.] 

In  ctojificat  mythology, n  iMttt  who  Is  represented  as 

having  had  the  power  of  moving  innnimtite  budies 

by  the  music  of  his  lyre.     [In  the  classics,  Or'phHijt.] 

OR'PI-MKNT,  n.     [I*,    auripigmentam ;   auritm,    Re'd, 

and  piffmnit-Hm.] 

Sesqnisutphurel  of  arsenic,  f(»und  native,  and  then 
an  ore  of  arsenic,  or  artificially  compi*s<'ii.  The 
n.iiivp  ori»iment  appears  in  yellow,  hrillinnt,  and 
seemingly  talrky  masses  of  variiius  si^es.  The  red 
orpimeni  is  called  Kkai.dar,  and  is  a  protosulphurrt 
of  arsenic.  It  is  more  or  less  lively  and  tr:uispur'-nt, 
and  often  crystallized  in  bright  needle--i.  In  this  form 
it  is  called  RuMv  oy  AiisEitiic. 

Fourerny.     JVichvLton.     Eneyr.     ITrr. 
OR'PIN,  n.     [Fr.]     A  yellow  color  of  various  degrees 

of  intfusitv,  approaching  also  to  red.  Brande. 

OR'PINE,  (or'pin,)  n.     [Fr.  orpin.] 

A  succulrnt  plant  of  thr  gtnus  Pedum,  lesser 
hou«eleek,  or  livf-long.  Also,  a  pinni  of  Southern 
Europe  belonging  to  the  genus  Tehphinm.  The 
boj-tard  orpine  Is  of  the  genus  Andnichne;  the  Irxscr 
orpine  of  the  geniM  Trasstila.  Partington.  iMiidon. 
OR'RACH.    See  Orach. 

OK'RE-RY,  n.  An  astronomical  machine  for  exhibit- 
ing the  several  motions  of  the  heavt-nly  bodies. 
This  machine  was  invented  by  George  Graham,  but 
Rowley,  a  workman,  borrowed  one  from  him,  and 
made  a  copy  fi»r  the  earl  of  Orrery,  after  whom  it 
was  named  by  Sir  Richard  Steele.  Similar  machines 
are  culled  also  Plakei  arii'mb.  Barlow. 


CRT 

OR'RIS,  n.  The  plant  iris,  of  which  orris  seems  to  be 
a  corniption;  fleur-de-lis,  or  flag  flower.  Its  root 
bos  an  agreeable  odor,  resembling  that  of  violets. 

Eneyc* 
2.  A  sort  of  gold  or  silver  lace.    Qu.  Orfrntis. 

JuhlUOH, 

ORSE'DEW,  (-du,)  n,     Diitcli  gold,  which  see. 

ORT,  11.     A  fragment ;  a  refuse.  Shak. 

OR'THITE,  n.     [Gr.  oodag^  straight  ] 

A  variety  of  Allanite,  an  ore  of  cerium,  occurring 
in  long  acicular  crystals,  of  a  brownish-black  color, 
and  semi-metallic  appearances.  Dana. 

OR-TIK)-CER'A-TrTE,  (  n.pL     [Gr.  op^-s,  straight, 

OR-THO-CER'A-TA,       (       and  Icoai,  a  horn.] 

Terms  applied  tu  an  extinct  genus  of  ceplialu[H»da, 
inlmbitingstniighi,  many-chambered  rthefls.   P.  CV- 

OR'THO-[)OX,  a.  [See  Orthoootv.]  Sound"  In 
the  Christian  faith  ;  believing  the  genuine  doc- 
trines tauyht  in  the  Scriptures  ;  opposed  to  HcHEn- 
CAi. ;  as,  an  ortliodoz  Chiistian. 

S.  According  wiiii  the  doctrines  of  Scripture  ;  as, 
an  orthoduz  creed  or  faith. 

OR'TIIO  DOX-LY,  adv.    With  soundness  of  faith. 

Baton. 

OR'THO-DOX-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  sound 
in  the  faith,  or  of  according  with  the  doctrines  of 
Scripture. 

OR'THO-DOX-Y,  n.  [Gr.  opBo^olia  ;  onOo^,  right, 
true,  and  ^o(u,  opinion,  from  Soke  -,  to  think.] 

1.  Soundness  of  faith  ;  a  belief  in  the  genuine  doc- 
trines taught  in  the  Scriptures. 

Basil  bears  full  aud  clear  testimony  to  Gregory's  orlhodory. 

WaUrland. 

2.  Consonance  to  genuine  scriptural  doctrines;  as, 
the  orthodozi/  of  a  creed. 

OR-THO-DROM'ie,  a,  [See  Obthodbomt.]  Per- 
taining to  orthodromy. 
OR-TIlO-DROM'ies,  n.  The  art  of  sailing  in  a  direct 
course,  or  on  the  arc  of  a  great  circle,  which  is  the 
shortest  distance  between  any  two  points  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  giol)e.  Brande. 
OR''lMIO-DRO-MY,  n.  [Gr.  opdus,  right,  and  6popoi, 
course.] 

The  sailing  in  a  straight  course. 
OR-THO  EP'ie-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  nrthoCpy. 
OR'THO-E-PIST,   w.      [See   Obtmoepv.]     One   who 
pronounces  words  correctly,  or  who  is  well  skilled 
in  pronunciation. 
OR'THO-E-PY,  n.    [Gr.  opOocweia;  op0of,  right,  and 
£fr.Jt,  word,  or  fTw,  to  speak.] 

The  art  of  uttering  words  with  propriety  ;  a  correct 
pronunciation  of  words.  JVures. 

OR'THO-GON,  n.  [Gr.  opd-jf,  right,  and  jwt-ia, 
angle.] 

A  rectangular  figure,  or  one  which  has  all  its  angles 
right  andes.  Pracham. 

OR-THOG'UN-AL,  o.    Right-angled;  rectangular. 

Sclden. 
OR-THOG'RA-PHER,   )    n.       [See    OBTHor.RAPHr.l 
OR-TIIOG'RA-PHIST,  i         One    that    spells    words 
correctly  or  properly,  according   to  common  usage. 

Shak. 
OR-THOGRAPII'ie,         \    a.        Correctly    spelled  ; 
OR-TIIO-GRAPH'l€-AL,  \       written  with  the  prop- 
.  er  letters. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  spelling  of  words ;  as,  to 
make  an  orthographical  mistake. 

Orthographic  projrctiitn  i  in  geomrtn/,  the  projection 
of  points  on  a  plane  by  straight  lines  at  ri;;hi  angles 
Iti  the  plane.  Branite. 

Orthojrrapfiic  projection  of  the  .vphere  :  a  delineation 
of  the  s|there  upon  a  plane  that  cuts  it  in  the  middle, 
the  eye  being  sujiposed  to  be  placed  at  an  inflnite 
distance  from  it.  Barlow. 

OR-THO  GRAPine-AI^LY,  adv.    According  to  the 
rules  of  pnifter  spelling. 
2.  In  tile  manner  of  an  orthographic  projection. 
OR-TIIOG'RA  PHY,    n.       [Gr.    oodj}iJa<pia  ;    opO^y, 
right,  and  >o"0r^,  writing.] 

1.  The  art  of  writing  words  with  the  proper  letters, 
according  to  common  usage. 

2.  The  part  of  grammar  which  treats  of  the  nature 
and  properties  of  letters,  and  of  the  art  of  writing 
words'  correctly.  Enctjc. 

3.  The  practice  of  spelling  or  writing  words  with 
the  proper  ktters.  Stri/t. 

4.  In  geometry,  the  art  of  delineating  or  drawing 
the  front  of  an  object,  and  extiibitins  the  hights  or 
elev.itions  of  ihe  several  parts  ;  so  called  heraiise  it 
determines  things  by  perpendicular  lines  fullinc  on 
tht"  geumetrlral  plane.  Burlotp,     Qwilt. 

OR-THOL'O-GY,  n.      [Gr.  op0of,  right,  and    Auj/.y^ 

disrnurse.] 
The  right  description  of  things.  Fotherhy 

OR-TIIOM'E-TRY,  n.    [Gr.  o/j^-m,  right,  and  peTpov^ 

measure.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  cnnstnictingverse  correctly  ; 

the  laws  of  correct  versification.  S.  Jona 

OR-THOP-NCE'A,  *   ju     [Gr.  oo'y  -n-i-oia  ;  ooOoi,  right, 
OR-THOP'NY,        i       erect,  and  ffroij,  breath  ;  ir^tw, 

to  breathe.] 

1.  A  disease  in  which  respiration  csn  be  performed 
only  in  an  erect  posture.  JIurtiry. 

2.  Any  difliculty  of  breathing.  Parr. 


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OB-THOP'TKR-A,  n.  pL     [Gr.  op(*o?,  straight,  and 

An  onier  of  insects,  so  named  from  the  straight  or 
lonfEitudiiial  foIilinjE  of  their  winps.  The  grasshop- 
pers, CdCKruaches,  and  crickets,  are  examples  of  this 
ordt-r,  Partintrton.     P.  Cyc 

OR  THOP'TEROUS,  a.     rtrtaininR  to  the  order  Or- 

(hoptem  ,  f.dding  the  wins*  Mmijiht. 
OR' THO-STADE,  «.  [Gr.  opOm^  straight,  and  is"a>">t» 
to  stand.)  ,  ,        .  . 

Ir»  ancient  costume,  n.  long  and  ample  tunjc,  with 
straifTht  or  upright  folds.  ames. 

OR-THOT'RO-POL'S,  a.     [Gr.  np0(»$  and  rocrc-..] 

In  botanv,  erect  on  the  emboo  of  a  plant.    LinUley. 
OR-THOT'Y-POUS,  a.     [Gr.  u^os,  straight,  and  rv- 
»os,  form.]  ,.     .       - 

In  mmentlairy,  having  a  perpendicular  clenvajje. 

ShepartL 
OR'TIVE,  a.     (1*.  orlirujt^  from  orfM*,  orior,  to  rise.] 
Rising  or  eastern.    The  ortipe  amplitude  of  a  plnn- 
etisan  arcof  the  horixon  intercepted  between  the 
point  wheife  a  star  rises,  and  the  east  point  of  the 
horiion.  Brande. 

OR'TO-LAN,  n,    [It.  ortotano^  a  pardener,  an  vrto/m, 
L.  AortvfaniM,  from  horius,  a  garden.] 

A  sinetn^-bird,  the  Eniberiza  hortutana,  abont  the 

siie  of  the  lark,  with  black  wings.     It  is  found  in 

Bi>uthem  Eunipe,  feeds  on  seeds,  and  is  delicious 

food.  P'  Cijc, 

ORTS,  n.  pi.    Fragment-*;  pieces  ;  revise.  [See  Obt,] 

OR'VAI.,  m.     f Fr.  (trvaie,] 

The  herb  clary.  I>*ct, 

OR-VI-l":'TA\,  n.    [IL  orvietamo,  ao  named  from  a 
moniitehatik  at   Orrjrfo.] 
An  antidote  or  counter  poison.    [AW  usedj] 

Brands 


OR-y&TOG-NOSTie, « 


Pertaining  to  or>-ciognosy. 
Kirwan. 


OR-YC-TOG'NO-SY,  a.   [Gr.  oorcroy,  fossil,  and^i-w- 
C15,  knowledpe.] 

The  science  which  has  for  its  object  the  dcscnp- 
tion  and  classification  of  minerals,  according  to  well- 
aiKertained  characters,  and  under  appropriate  denotn- 
innttons ;  mineralogy. 

Oryrtt>aTi*».<y  consists  tn  the  descrii»«ton  of  minemls, 
the  dei«^nnination  of  their  mMnenclaitire,  antl  the 
Bvsteniatic  arrangement  of  their  different  sjiecies. 
fi  coincidtrs  nearly  with  .Mi:«Ka4U>or,  in  its  mod- 
ern arcet>t:»tinn.  OtaretiXHd. 
OR-V€>TOG'R.\-PHY,  «.  [Gr.  opu^ros,  foisil,  and 
ypa*u.  10  describe.] 

That  p«t  of  natural  history  in  which  fossils  are 
dracrihed.  Cye. 

OR-VC-TG-LOG'ie-AL,  «.    Pertaining  to  oryctology. 

Humble. 
OR-Ve  TOL'O-GY,  m.  [Gr.  oprcros,  fossil,  and  A^yji, 
discoufse.] 
That  port  oT  natural  hisctory  which  treats  of  fossils. 

Cyc 
OS,  fi.     [l-]     A  bone.     [TeeJtHicat.] 
OS'CHE-OCELE,  B.    [Gr.  offxi,  the  acrotum,  and 
Kii^n,  a  tumor.] 
Any  tumor  irf  the  sCrotum  ;  a  scrotal  h'*rnia. 

C>e.     Cox*. 
OS-CIL-LA'RI-A,  m.  pL    See  O^cillatokia. 
OS'CIL-LATE,  v.L     [L.  o«ctUo,  from  ant.  cii/o,  Gr« 
jt<>Xt.i,  to  move.] 

To  swing;  to  move  backward  and  forward;  to 
vibrate.  Chancers* 

OS-CIULA'TION,  a.     [L.  oscOIatio.] 

Vibration ;  a  miAing  backward  and  forward,  or 
swingin<;  like  a  pendulum. 
OS-CIULA-T0'RI-.^,ii.  pi.  In  natvral  history,  :ieroup 
of  minute,-filamentnns,  organized  beings  whirh  have 
oscillatory  motions.  It  was  at  first  donbte^t  whether 
they  helung  to  the  animal  or  vegetable  kingdom. 
OS'CIL-LA-TO-RY,  a.  .Moving  backward  and  for- 
ward like  a  pendulum  ;  swinging  ;  as,  an  osctUatory 
motioTU  ArbuihaoL 

OS'CI-TAN-CY,  a.    [U  MciC«,  lo  yawn,  from  os^  the 
mouth.] 
1.  Tbe  act  of  gaping  or  yawning. 
9.  Unoanal  aloepjaeaa  ;  drowsiness  ;  dullness. 

U  ni^  procMd  bom  tb*  oteiianey  of  tnnacriben.     JUdigon, 
OS'CI-T.\NT,  «.    Yawning;  gaping. 
a.  Sleepy  ;  drowsy  ;  dull ;  sluggish. 

Dctay  of  Pirty. 
OS'CI-TA.VT-LY,  adv.     Careleasly.  Mere. 

OS'CI-TATE,  r.  i.     [L.  OMita.] 

To  vawn  ;  to  gape  wiU»  sleepiness. 
OS-CI-T.\'TIO\,  a.    The  act  of  yawning  or  gaping 
wfrnni  sleepiness. 

OS'GL'-LANT,   a.    That  adheres  closely;  that  em- 
braces ;  applied  to  certain  creeping  animals,  as  cat- 
erpillars. Kirby. 
0S-€L'-La'T10N',  m.     [I*  osmlatio,  a  kissing.] 

In  geeM0try^  the  contact  between  any  given  curve 
and  Its  oacuIaior>-  circle,  that  is,  a  circle  of  the  same 
ctirratare  with  ihe  given  curve  at  the  point  of  con- 
tacu  Barlow. 

OS'CU-LA-TORY,  a.  An  o*cii/a/«ri/ circle,  in  ifpom- 
tCry,  is  a  circle  having  the  same  curvature  with  any 
curve  at  any  given  prjinu  Bartoit. 


GST 

0S'€U-LA-T0-RY,  n.  In  church  history.n  tablet  or 
board,  with  the  picture  of  Christ,  or  tite  Virgin,  &c., 
which  is  kissed  by  the  priest,  and  then  delivered  to 
the  people  for  the  same  purpose.  Cyc. 

OS'eULE,  n.     [L.  osculum,  a  small  mouth.] 

A  senall  bi-labiale  aperture. 
O'SIER,  (O'zher,)  n.     [Fr.  wirr:  Sax.  hos.     Qn.] 

A  species  of  willow,  or  watcr-wilhiw,  or  the  twtg 
of  the  willow,  used  in  making  baskets.  Pope. 

O'SIK.R  ETi,  a.     Covered  or  adorned  with  osiers. 
O'SIER-MOLT,  n.     [Sax.  holt,  a  wot^dj 

In  F.mrlandj  a  place  where  willows  for  basket-work 
are  cjiliivnte(l.  Jfookrr*s  Brit.  Flora. 

OS'MA  ZOME,  a.  [Gr.  orfir,  odor,  and  ^t<>ftof, 
juice.] 

A  substance  of  an  aromatic  flavor,  obtained  from 
muscular  fiber.  It  is  of  a  yellowish-broxvn  color,  is 
soluble  both  in  w.iter  and  alcohol,  whether  cold  or 
hot,  but  it  does  not  form  a  Jelly  by  concentmtion.  It 
gives  the  characteristic  odor  and  taste  of  soup. 

Thenard. 
OS'MI-UM,  n.     [Gr.  '"t/itj^  odor.] 

A  metal  contained  in  Ihe  ore  of  platinum.    A  na- 
tive alloy  of  this   metal  with   iridium   is  found    in 
grains  along  the  rivers  in  South  America.     Osmi- 
um has  a  dark-gray  color;    it  Is  not  volatile  when 
heated  in  close  vessels,  but  heated  in  the  open  air, 
it  absorbs  oxygen  and  forms  a  volatile  oxyd,  or  rath- 
er acid,  which  is  insoluble  in  the  ncids,  readily  solu- 
ble in  {Mitassa,  and  very  volatile.     It  takes  its  name 
from  the  singular  smell  of  this  oxyd  or  acid.     Cyc 
OS'MUNO,  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Osmunda.     The 
most  n-marknble  species  is  the  osmitnd  royal  or  flow- 
ering fern,  growing  in  shady  bogs,  the  root  of  which 
boiled  is  very  slimy,  and  is  used  in  stifl'ening  linen. 
Encye.     Fontyth. 
OS'N.\-BURG,   (oz'na-burg,)   n.     A  species  of  coarse 
linen  imported   originally  from   Osnaburg,   in  Ger- 
many. 
OS'PRAY,  n.     [L.  ossifra^a  f  os,  a  bone,  arid  frango^ 
lo  break  ;  the  bone-breaker.] 

The  fishing-eaglej  or  b;dd  burzard,  Faico  or  Pnn- 
dion  haliiptus.  This  is  our  fish-hawk.  It  feeds  on 
fish,  which  it  takes  by  suddenly  darting  upon  them 
when  near  the  surface  of  the  water.  P.  Cyc 

The  name  has  also  been  given  to  the  sea-eagle. 
[See  0«iiF«AGB.]^  Edin.  Encyc. 

OS'SE-LET,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  os,  ossis,  a  bone.] 

A  hard  substance  growing  on  Uie  inside  of  a  horse*s 
knee,  among  the  small  hones.  Far.  Diet. 

0S'SE~OUS.  a.     [I*  ossrxu,  from  05,  a  bone.] 
Bony  ;  compoaed  of  bone  ;  resembling  bone. 

ParkhursU 
OsMWH-v  hrtetia ;  a  breccia  made  up  of  fragments  of 
bone,  found  in  certain  caverns  and  fissures  of  rocks. 

Brande. 
OS'SI-CLE,  (os'se-kl,)  a.     [L.  ossiciditm,] 

A  small  bone.  Holder. 

OS-SIF'ER-OU8,  a.    [L.  m,  a  bone,  ud  fero,  to  pro- 
duce.] 
Producing  or  furnishing  bones.  Backland. 

OS-SIF'ie,  a.     [L.  o.*,  a  bone,  and  facto,  to  make^] 
Having  power  to  ossify  or  change  cameoiis  and 
membranous  substances  to  bone.  Wiseman. 

OS-SI-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [from  ossifyA  The  change  or 
process  of  changing  from  Hesh  or  other  matter  of  an- 
imal bodies  into  a  bony  substince ;  as,  the  ossification 
of  an  arierj'.  Sharp. 

3.  The  fijrmation  of  bones  in  animals. 
OS'SI-FT-£D,  (-fide.)  pp.  or  a.     Converted  into  bone, 

or  a  hard  substance  like  bone. 
OS'SI-FRAOE,  n.     [L.  ossifra^a.     See  Osprat.] 

The  sea-eagle,  Xquila  ossifraga  of  Brisson,  now 
considered  the  ycmng  of  the  white-tailed  or  cinereous 
eacle,  FaIco  or  Aquita  albicilla.  In  Leviticus  xi.  13, 
it  denotes  a  different  bird,  supposed  to  be  the  Lam- 
mtrgeir,  Gyptetos  bnrbatus.  Kitto's  Cye.  P.  Cyc 
OS'SI-FV,  V.  t.     [L.  08,  bone,  and  facio,  lo  form.] 

To  form  bone;  to  change  from  a  soft  animal  sub- 
stance into  bone,  or  convert  into  a  substance  of  the 
hardness  of  bones.     This  is  done  by  Ihe  deposition 
of  calcareous  phosphate  or  carbonate  on  the  part. 
Sharp.      Urc 
OS'SI-FV,  V.  L    To  become  bone  ;  to  change  from  soft 

matter  into  a  substance  of  bony  hardness. 
OS'Sl-FV-lNG,  ppr.  or  o.     Changing  into  bone;  be- 
coming bone. 
OS^IV'O-ROUS,  a.     [L.  os,  bone,  and  r<«-o,  lo  eat] 
Feeding  on  bones;   eating  bones  i  as,  ossivorous 
qiiadrupfds.  Derham, 

OS'SU-A-RY,  (osh'yu-a-ry,)  n.     [L.  osmiartum.] 

A  charnel-house  ;  a  place  where  the  bones  of  the 
dead  are  deposited.  Diet. 

OST,     i  n.     A  kiln  for  drjing  hops  or  mall.     [See 
OUST,  (      Oast.1  Diet.  En^. 

OS-TEN-Sl-BIL'I-TY,  n.     [See   Ostensible.]     The 

quality  or  stale  of  appearing  or  being  shown. 
OS-TEN'Si-BLE,  a.     [It  ostensibUe,  from  L.  ostendoj 
to  show.] 

1.  That  may  be  shown ;  proper  or  intended  to  be 
phown.  fVartoiu 

2.  Plausible  ;  colorable.  Pownall. 

3.  Appearing  ;  seeming ;  shown,  declared  or  avow- 
ed.    We  say,  the  ostensUile  reason  or  motive  for  a 


OST 

measure  may  bf  the  real  one,  or  very  difl^'n-ut  from 
Ihe  real  one.  This  is  the  common,  and  1  bi-lieve  the 
only  sense  in  which  the  word  is  used  in  America. 

One  of  th''  o^tetuMt  jmiinda  on  which  Uie  prophpiora  hod  oty 
Uiiifd  tli.-irdmrwr.  Wowwny. 

OS-TEN'SI-BLV,  adv.    In  appearance  ;  in  a  manner 
that  is  declared  or  pretended. 

An  f  mljargu  ainl  non-Inlf-rcour**!  which  totttlly  dffi«t  the  itjtiT»^U 
itvy  AH-  iMtennfrfy  ilcalincil  to  pruiiHibP.  Walth. 

OS-TEX'SIVE,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  ostcndo.} 
Showing  ;  exhibiting. 

0.stmsive  demonstration^  in  mathematics.  Is  one 
which  plainly  and  directly  demonstmtes  the  truth 
of  a  pro[K)sition,  as  opposed  to  the  apaguqical  or  t»- 
dirrrt  method.  Hutton, 

OS'TENT,  n.     [L.  ostentum,  from  ostendo.\ 

1.  Appearance  ;  air ;  manner  ;  mien.     [L'tth  used.] 

Shak 

2.  Show;  manifestation;  token.    [Little  iufii.\ 

Shak. 

3.  A  prodigy;  a  portent;  any  thing  ominous. 
[Little  used.]  Cltapmatt.     Dnjden. 

OS'TENT-ATE,  v.  L     [I^  ostmto.] 

To  make  an  ambitious  display  of ;  to  show  or  ex- 
hibit boastingly.     [JVot  used.]  Taylor. 
OS-TENT-A'TION,  «.     [L.  nstentatio.] 

1.  Outward  show  or  appearance.  Shak. 

2.  Ambitious  display  ;  vain  show  ;  display  of  any 
thing  dictated  by  vanity,  or  intended  to  invite  praise 
or  flattery.  Oste.nttition  of  endowments  is  made  by 
boasting  or  self-commendation.  Ostentation  often 
appears  in  works  of  art,  and  sometimes  in  acts  ol 
charity. 

He  knew  thnt  gocxl  lutd  bountiful  mlndi  u«  •onirtiin'>>  ineUnml 
ti)  oitentatton.  AtterbMry. 

The  [MUiiicr  is  to  mnke  no  otUnladon  of  the  mcniu  liy  whidi  ho 
Airikes  t)te  imasiiiativD.  Heytwida. 

3.  A  show  or  spectacle.     [J^ot  uxed.']  Shak. 
OS-TENT-A'TIOUS,   (-shns,)  o.      Making  a  display 

from  vanity  ;  boastfVil  ;  fond  of  presenting  one's  en- 
dowments or  works  to  others  in  an  advantageuuk 
light 

Your  moclcBty  U  lo  far  Ironi  bcln^  o»ttnUitiou»  of  Iherood  you 
do.  I^ydtn. 

Q.  Showy;  gaudy;  intended  for  vain  display;  as 
ostentatious  ornaments. 
OSTENT-A'TIOLTS-LY,  adv.      With  vain  display; 

boastfully. 
OS-TENT-A'TIOUS-NESS,  n.    Vain  display;  boast- 
fulness  ;  vanity. 
OS-TENT-a'TOR,  a.    [L.]    One  who  makes  a  vain 

show  ;  a  boaster.     [Little  used.'\  Sherwood. 

03-TENT'OUS,  a.     Fond  of  making  a  show.     [Little 

used.  ]  Feltham. 

OS-TE-O-COL'LA,  n.  [Gr.  otrrcoi',  a  bone,  and  Ko\Xa, 
glue.] 

1.  A  carbonate  of  lime  Incrusting  the  stem  of  a 
plant.  It  takes  its  name  from  an  opinion  that  it  has 
the  quality  of  uniting  fractured  bones.     [Oftjf.l 

JVichijlson.     Clea  veland. 
3.  An  inferior  kind  of  glue  obtained  from  bones. 

Ure. 
OS'TE-O-eOPE,  n.     [Gr.  oerrruf,  a  bone,  and  Konos, 
labor,  unnasiness.] 

Pain  in  the  bones;  a  violent,  fixed  pain  in  any 
part  ot  a  bone.  Quincy.     Coze. 

OS-TE-OG'E-NY,  a.    [Gr.  oaTeov^  a  bone,  and  yei" 
vii'ii,  to  gf'nerate.] 
The  formation  or  growth  of  bone.  Brande. 

OS-TE-OL'O  GER,   >  71.       [See    Osteoloot.)       One 
OS-TE-OL'O-GIST,  I      who   describes  the   bones  of 

animals.  Smith. 

OS-TE-0-LOG'ie,         \  a.     Pertaining  to  a  descrip- 
OS-TE-O-LOG'IG-AL,  \      tion  of  the  bones. 
OS-TE-0-L0G'r€-AL-LY,   adv.    According  to  oste- 
ology. Lawrence.  LecL 
OS-TE-OL'0-GY,  71.     [Gr.  oaTEOv,  a  bone,  and  Xoj  o?, 
discourse.] 

1.  A  description  of  the  bones ;  that  part  of  anato- 
my which  treats  of  the  bones.  Encyc 
3.  The  system  of  animal  bones. 
OS-THEX'Y,   n.     [Gr.]     The  ossification  of  soft  parts 
OS'TI-A-RV,  71.     [U  ostium,  rcf  nth.]         [of  the  body. 
The  mouth  or  opening  by  which  a  river  discharges 
\\»  waters  into  the  sea,  or  mto  a  lake.           Brousn. 
OST'LER.     See  HosxLEa. 
OST'LER-Y.     See  HosTLEnv.    • 
OST'MEN,  71.  pi.    East  men  ;  Danish  settlers  in  Ire- 
land, so  called.                                                     Lyttlcton. 
OS-TRA'CEANS,  (-shanz,)  ti.  pi,     A  family  t>f  liivalve 

shell  fi:Jh,  of  which  the  oyster  is  the  type.   Brandt. 
OS'TRA-CISM,  71.     [Gr.  narpuKiaiius,  from  oaTpuKuv, 
a  shell,  or  potter's  ware.] 

1.  In  Grecian  antiquity,  banishment  by  the  people 
of  Athens,  of  a  person  whose  merit  and  influence 
gave  umbrage  to  them.  It  tikes  this  name  from  the 
tihell  on  which  the  name  or  the  note  of  acquittal  or 
condemnation  was  written.  It  is,  however,  most 
probable  that  this  shell  was  a  piece  of  baked  earth, 
rendered  by  the  Latms  ttita.  P.  Cyc 

2.  Banishment;  expulsion;  separation. 
Scntrnc^fl  to  a  p?rp»rtiial  oitrafism  from  the  pst/rm,  and  confi- 

duuce,  and  Donor*,  &u<l  emoluinenu  or  h'ta  coiiniTy. 

Fe<Urahat,  //omillM. 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PHBY.— PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BpOK — 


780 


OTH 

OS'TRA-CITE,  n,  [Gr.  oo-ronKir/js,  from  ooT,oa«ov,a 
shell.] 

An  oysier-shell  in  its  fussU  state.     [OJj.l 

0S'TRA-C!ZE,  p.  f.  [See  Ostracism.]  To  banish 
by  the  popular  voice,  particularly  a  person  eminent 
for  puhlic  services,  but  who  has  lost  Itis  popularity. 

JMarvel. 

OS'TRA-CIZ-£D,  pp.  Banished  by  the  popular 
viiice. 

OS'TRA-CTZ-I\G,  ppr.  Banishing  or  eipcIJing  by 
fhe  iwpular  voice. 

OS'TlllCH,  s.  [Fr.  autnuhe;  gp.  avestruz ;  Port. 
abesfruz:  It,  stmizo  ;  G.  strauss ;  D.  struts  or  struis- 
vo§;tl;  Dan.  stnuLt ;  Sw.  strtLsa  ;  I«  struthio-camelus  ; 
Gr.  TTOMtSf,  a  sparrow,  and  an  ostrich.  TJie  mean- 
in?  of  this  name  is  not  obvious.  The  word  stratL<s,  in 
German,  signifies  a  bush,  a  tuft,  a  bunch  ;  but  the 
latter  p.irt  of  this  nnme,  t-truzy  struf/s,  strauss,  coin- 
cides also  with  the  Eiig.  strut,  Dan.  strutter^  G.  strot- 
len :  and  this  is  the  L.  struOiio,  Gr.  ctudv'^  j.  The 
first  part  of  the  word  in  Fr.  Sp.  and  Port,  is  from  L. 
oris.  The  primary  sense  of  struz,  strufhio,  &.c.,  is  to 
reach,  stretch,  extend,  or  erect ;  but  whether  this 
name  was  given  to  the  fowl  from  its  stati-ly  walk  or 
apt>eanince,  or  from  some  part  of  its  plumage,  let 
the  reader  judge.] 

The  popular  name  of  a  bird,  which  is  one  of  the  ape- 
cies  of  the  genus  Struthio.  The  true  ostrich,  a  n:iti\  e  of 
Africaand  Arabia,  is  the  largest  of  all  birds,  beingfour 
feet  high  from  the  ground  to  the  top  of  the  back,  and 
seven,  eight,  and  it  is  said  even  ten,  to  the  top  of  the 
head,  when  standing  erect.  Its  thiglis  and  the  sides 
of  the  body  are  naked,  and  the  wings  are  so  short  as 
to  be  unfit  for  flying.  The  plumage  is  elegant,  and 
much  used  in  ornamental  and  showy  dress.  The 
speed  of  this  bird  in  running  exceeds  that  of  th0< 
fleetest  horse.  P.  O/e.     Partington. 

OS'TRO-GOTH,  n.  One  of  the  eastern  Goths,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  Visigoths,  or  western  Guths. 

OT-A-eOCS'TI€,  a.  [Gr.  cjra,  ears,  and  axuvu},  to 
hear.] 

Assisting  the  sense  of  bearing  i  as,  an  otacoustic 
insiniment. 

OT-A-eOL'S'TIC,  )n.   An  instrument  to  facilitate 

OT-A-eOUS'TI-€ON,  J      hearing,  as  an  ear-trumpet. 

0-TAL'Gr-.\,  J  .  „.     .     ,,  {Barlow. 

O-TAI/GY      1        A  pain  in  the  ear.  i^"'^"'*'. 

O'TA-RV,  n.     [Gr.  ouj,  wr-.j,  the  ear.] 

Eared  seal ;  a  name  given  to  all  those  animals  of 
the  seal  family  which  have  extenial  ears. 

Jarditie'a  ^aX.  Lib. 
OTH'ER.  Culli'er,)  a,     [Sax.  other;  Coder:  Gr.  sr?- 
p  >f  ;  Goth,  anthar ;  G.  and^.     Qu.  Sp.  otro.     If  the 
radical  letters  are  TV,  qu.  Hcb.  and  Ch.  nn>,  residue. 
The  French  autre  is  from  the  Latin  aUtr.] 

1.  Not  the  same ;  difierent ;  not  tliia  or  these. 

Vh-n  the  oAfT  company  which  ia  left  ihall  eKape.  —  Gen.  xxxil. 
B'holJ,  it  wu  tumH  again,  lu  lu«  other  flnh.  —  Ex.  ir. 
OAer  lonis  b^siiira  ihce  have  had  (toiiiiiiioa  over  u»,  — Ii.  xx»L 
Tl»er*;  »  one  Owl,  and  iheie  ia  none  oOier  Lut  be.  —  Mark  xiL 

2.  Not  this,  but  the  contrary;  a.*!,  on  this  side  of 
the  river  stands  Troy,  on  the  other  side  stands  Al- 
bany. 

WhoMwver  ahsll  miite  Uiee  on  Uij  right  check,  turn  (o  him  (he 
aUter  &lso.  — MaU.  t. 

3.  Noting  something  besides.  To  the  knowledge 
of  the  Latin  and  Greek,  join  as  much  other  learning 
as  you  can. 

4.  Correlative  to  eaehy  and  applicable  to  any  num- 
ber of  individuals. 

They  lukcd  each  other  of  their  wel&re.  —  Ex.  xriil. 

5.  Opposed  to  PoMK  ;  as,  "  $omt  fell  among  thorns 
—  but  uther  fell  into  good  ground.'*    .Malt.  xiii. 

6.  The  next.  shak. 

7.  The  third  part.  B.  Jojt-^on. 
Other  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  a  noun,  and  in 

this  une  has  the  plural  number  and  the  sign  of  the 
possessive  case. 

The  (ool  and  the  brutUh  pereon  die,  uid  leare   their  wealth  to 

Othtra.  —  Pa,  xlix. 
What  do  ye  more  Uwn  othera  7  —  Matt.  r. 
We  wriT-  cliittlrr-n  of  wrath  e*en  aa  oihert.  —  FT>h.  H. 
The  eonftifitm  ariara,  when  the  one  will  put  thtir  »ickle  into  the 

oOur'a  liarveaU  Lesln/. 

With  the  sign  of  the  possessive,  other  is  preceded 
by  fA/,  as  in  the  last  example. 

OOier  Is  sometimes  put  elHptically  for  ofAw  (Ainff. 
From  such  a  man  we  can  expect  no  other. 

The  other  day  ;  at  a  certain  time  past,  not  distant, 

but  indefinite  ;  not  long  ago. 

OTH'ER-GATES,  fuih'er-,)  adv.     [ofher  and  jrate,  for 

way,  manner.)     in  another  manner.     [OA.*.]      Shah. 

OTII'ER-GUISE,  adv.      [other  and  gauie,   ntanner.] 

Of    another   kind.       [Corruptly  pronounced    other- 

OTH'ER-WHgRE,  odp.  [other  And  where.]  In  some 
oihpr  place  :  or  in  other  phtces.  Milton. 

OTH'ER-WIITLE.    i  ode,       [other    and    vhile.]      At 

O'f  H'ER-\vniI,E?,  1      other  times. 

O'f  U'ER-WTSK,  (tith'er-wizc,)  adv.  [other  and  wUe^ 
manner.]    In  a  diflV-rrnt  manner. 

Thy  father  waa  a  worthy  prlncff, 
Aiwl  mrriu^d,  ulaa  I  a  l>^l(>-r  Tata; 
Bot  Hr«*eii  tltoufttt  othMntiiM.*  AdflUon. 


OUR 

2.  By  other  causes. 
Sir  John  Num*  failed  in  the  attempt  of  I^labon,  and  relumed 

wiUi  the  loaa,  by  ucknea  and  olhttnnM,  of  8000  ;.ien. 

JtaUgh. 

3.  In  other  respects. 

It  ia  aaid  truly,  that  the  hr^  men  olhtneUt  are  not  alwars  the 
boat  in  i¥gT\rd  to  lociety.  Hooker. 

O'TT-UM  CUM  DIQ-J^i^TA'TE,  (S'she-um-,)  [L.] 
Dignified  leisure. 

So 
OT'TAR,  )  , 

OT'TO,     1  «•    [from  Ar.  rt-Ug  denoting  aroma.] 

The  aromatic  principle ;  as,  the  "  attar  of  roses,"  a 
hiubly  fragrant  concrete  oil  obtained  from  the  petals 
of  the  rose  ;  spelled  also  Attar.    Castetl.  Jisiat.  Res. 

OT'TER,  n.  [Sax.  oter,  otvr,  or  titter;  G.  otter,  an  ot- 
ter, an  ailder  or  viper ;  D.  oUer :  S w.  utter.  The  Lat- 
in lutra,  Fr.  loutre.  It.  lontra,  Sp.  nutri^t,  may  possi- 
bly be  the  same  word  varied  in  dialect.] 

The  ptipularname  of  digitii*rade  carnivorous  mam- 
mals, of  the  genus  Luira,  of  which  about  nine  spe- 
cies are  described.  They  all  have  large,  flaliish 
heads,  sliort  ears,  webbed  toes,  crooked  nails,  and 
tails  slightly  flattened  horizontidly.  They  are  aquat- 
ic, and  feed  on  fish. 

OT'TER,  n.  A  colored  farinaceous  pulp,  in  a  dry 
state,  which  Rurronn<ls  the  seeds  within  the  peri- 
carp, of  the  Bixa  Oreilana,  a  small  tree  or  shrub  in- 
digenous to  the  warmtT  parts  of  America.  This  8ul>- 
stance  is  called  Urueo,  or  by  contraction  Bucok, 
and  also  Ariwtto  and  Anotta.  It  is  much  used  to 
give  a  kind  of  salmon  color,  and  it  ia  reputed  to  be 
medicinal. 

OT'TO,  n.     Essential  oil  of  roses.     [See  Ottar.] 

OT'TO-M.\N,  a.  Designating  sometniiig  that  pertains 
to  the  Turks  or  to  iheirgovcrnment ;  as.the  Ottoman 
power  or  empire.  The  word  originated  in  Othman 
or  Osman,  llie  name  of  a  sultan  who  assumed  the 
government  about  the  year  1300.  Eton. 

OT'TO-M,\N,  n.    .\  sort  of  thick-stuflTed  mat  used  in 
a  A  stool  with  a  studied  seaL  [Turkey. 

OUBUETTES',  (oo-ble-et',)  n.  pi  [Fr.]  A  dun- 
geon with  an  opening  only  at  the  top,  for  persons 
condemned  to  perpetual  imprisonment,  or  to  perish 
secrf  lly.  Diet,  de  VAcad. 

OUCH,  n.    A  bezil  or  socket  in  which  a  precious  stone 
or  seal  is  set.    F^od.  xxxix. 
9.  A  carcanet  or  ornament  of  gold.        Fusbroke. 
3.  The  blow  given  by  a  boar's  tusk.     [06><.] 

Ainsworth. 

OUGHT.     See  Auoht,  the  true  orthography. 

OUGHT,  (awt,)  r.  imperfect.  [This  word  seems  to  be 
the  preterit  tense  of  tlie  original  verb  to  owe,  that  is, 
Sax.  agan,  Goth,  aijran,  Sw.  d^a,  to  have  or  posse.<!8, 
the  radical  sense  being  to  holil,  to  restrain  or  stop ; 
hence  the  passive  participle  would  signify  held, 
bound.  In  this  sense  it  was  used  by  Spt.'hnan  and 
Dryden.  But  aught,  as  used,  is  irregular,  being  used 
in  all  persons,  both  in  the  present  and  past  tenses; 
as,  /  ou^ht,  thou  ougktesty  he  oug/it ;  ice,  ye,  they 
ought.] 

1.  lobe  held  or  bound  in  duty  or  moral  obliga- 
tion. 

Theae  mifht  ye  fo  hare  done,  and  not  to  le!i»e  the  other  nndone. 

—  Mutt,  xxiii. 

We  th.it  are  atrooj  ought  to  bear  the  infirmiltc*  of  the  weak.  — 

Rum.  XT. 
Thou  ourAXfat  therefore  to  have  put  my  money  to  the  exchaiigeii. 

—  Mull.  XXY. 

9.  To  be  neces-oary  ;  to  behoove. 

Ought  not  Christ  to  h.-xte  luQereU  Uicae  ihinga,  and  to  enter  into 
giory  I  —  Ijiike  xxir. 

3.  To  be  fit  or  expedient  in  a  moral  view. 

My  brethren,  iheae  ihiiigf  ought  not  ao  to  (le,  — J.imea  til. 

4.  Aa  a  participle,  owed  ;  being  indebted  for. 

The  lo*e  and  dnty  I  tony  h.-**?  ottfht  you.  Sptlmnn, 

Thai  followe^l,  air,  whicJi  lo  myaell  1  ought.  hryden. 

f/n  (Aw  sense,  obsolete.] 

5.  In  Chaucer's  lime,  ft  was  used  impersonally. 
*'  VVel  ou^At  us  werke,"  that  is,  well  it  behooveth  us 
lo  work. 

OUNCE,  (ouns,)  n.  [I*  uneia,  the  twelfth  part  of  any 
thing  ;  Gr.  cvj  >  m  ;  out  the  Greek  is  from  the  Latin  ; 
Fr.  once ;  It.  oneia,  an  ounce,  and  an  inch  ;  gp.  onza  ; 
D.  once  ;  G.  unze.  Inch  is  from  the  same  rbot,  being 
the  twelAh  part  of  a  foot.] 

1.  A  weight,  the  twelfth   part  of  a  pound  troy, 
and  the  sixteenth  of  a  pound  avoirdu[»ois.     In  troy 
weight,  the  ounce  is  twenty  pennyweights,  each  of 
twenty-four  grains, 
S.  An  animal  of  the  genus  Felis.     [See  OncE.l 
OUND'ED,    i         rv  ,      T         J    1 

OUND'ING,  i  "■     t"-  '""^'^  •■  ^  ""^'^•J 

Waving.     [-Vo(  used,]  Chaucer. 

OUPHE,  (oof,)  B,  [Teutonic  flK^;  but  probably  con- 
tracted from  eif,  G.  alp.  ] 

A  fairy;  a  goblin;  an  elf.     [Obs.]  Shak, 

OUPH'EN,  (oofn,)  a.     Elfish.     [  Obs.]  Shak. 

OUR,  a.     [Sax.  lire;  in  the  oblique  cases,  vrum,  urne, 

whence  our  vulgar  owrBf  Sw.  rar;  Dan.  cor,  Ir.  ar ; 
Basipie,  ffiire.] 

I.  Pertaining  or  belonging  tQ  us ;  as,  our  country  ; 
cur  rights  ;  mr  troo[>s. 


OUT 

2.  OurSt  wh:ch  is  primarily  the  possessive  case  of 
our,  is  never  used  as  an  adjective,  but  as  a  sulistitute 
for  th<;  udjettive  and  the  noun  to  which  it  belongs. 
Your  hoijse  is  on  a  plain  ;  ours  is  on  a  hill.  This  is 
gotvj  English,  but  certainly  ours  must  be  the  nomi- 
native to  is,  or  it  has  none. 

Their  org^na  are  better  diipoted  than  oura  for  recei'lny  fratrful 
imprvaaioiia  from  aenatUe  oLiJccia.  AlUtbury. 

Here  ours  stands  in  the  place  of  our  organs,  and 
can  not,  in  conformity  with  any  rule  of  construction, 
be  in  the  possessive  case. 

The  same  thing' waa  t]one  by  them  fn  auin*  latbefr  coiirta,  which 
is  now  done  by  ua  in  suing  in  oura.  KeltJeteorVl. 

OU-RANG'-OU-TANG',  n.     See  Oramo-outamg. 
OU-RA-NOG'RA-PHY,  a.     [Gr.  uvpauos,  heaven,  and 
ypn(pn,  description.] 

A  description  of  the  heavens.    HLsU  Roy.  Society. 

[See  Urawogbaphy,  the  more  common  term.] 

OU-KOL'O  GY,     ;  rr.  IX  1 

OU-ROS'eO-PY    I  "•  l^^- ovpov  Bjia  X"yfi  or  aK->7;£f,>.] 

The  judgment  of  diseases  from  an  examination  of 
the  urine. 
OUR-SELF',  prort.  reciprocal,  [our  and  self.]  This  is 
added  after  tee  and  «,■;,  and  somtnimes  is  used  wirh- 
out  either,  for  myself,  in  the  regal  style  only  ;  as,  we 
ourseif  will  follow.  Shak. 


Unlcaa  we  would  denude  o 


te^of  all  force  to  defend  us. 

Clartndon. 


OURSELVES',  pi.  of  OuRsELr.    We  or  us,  not  oth- 
ers ;    added  to  we  by  way  of  emphasis  or  opposition. 
We  ourselvee  mfj[ht  diBtiitcily  number  In  wonli  a  gfai  deal 

farther  than  wc  uauttlly  do.  Locke. 

Siifc  iu  ounetvea,  while  on  oumlott  we  stand.  X^n/dtn. 

OUSE.     See  Oozk. 
OUS'KL,  (oo7.'l,)n.     [Sax.  osle.] 

A  name  common  to  several  species  of  birds  of  the 
thrush  family.  One  of  them  is  the  Euroi>ean  black- 
bird. Shak. 
OUST,  V.  t.  [Fr.  6ter,  for  ouster.  It  seems  lo  be  a 
contracted  word,  for  in  Norman,  oghsta  is  ousted.  I 
take  this  to  be  our  vulgar  oost,  used  in  the  sense  of 
lifL  The  usual  signification,  then,  will  be  that  of 
the  Latin  toUo,  sustuU.] 
\.  To  lake  away  ;  to  remove. 

MultipliciUons  of  nctiona  upon  the  caae  were  rare  tbrmerly.  and 
thereby  wagt^r  of  law  otuted.  Hall. 

2.  To  eject ;  to  disseize. 

Afterward  tlin  lessor,  reversioner,  or   remnindcr-mnn,  or  any 
B[r.tti^r,  doUi  eject  or  ousf  the  lesaee  of  his  term. 

Biadttlons. 

OUST'ED,  pp.    Taken  away  ;  removed  ;  ejected. 
OUST'ER,  n.    Removed   from  possession  ;  disseizin  ; 
disiwsscssion  ;  ejection.  Blackstone. 

Ouster  of  the  freehold  is  efl7;cted  by  abatement,  in- 
trusion, disseizin,  discontinuance,  or  deforcement. 

Bladistone. 
Ouster  le  main,  [ortster  and  Fr.  le  main,  the  hand.] 
A  delivery  of  lands  out  of  the  hands  of  a  guard- 
ian, or  out  of  the  king's  hands;  or  a  judgment  given 
for  that  purpose.  Blackstone.     Encije. 

OUST'iNG,  p/)r.     Taking  away  ;  removing;  ejecting. 
OUT,  arfy.     [Sax.  «f;    D.uit;G.aus;    Dun.  wrffSw. 
uf-     In  Scotland,  it  is  used  as  a  verb,  to  lay  out.  The 
primary  sense  of  the  verb  must  be  to  issue  forth,  to 
deiuirt.     In  Russ.  ot  signifies  from.] 

1.  Without ;  on  the  outside  ;  not  within  ;  on  the 
exterior  or  beyond  the  limits  of  any  inclosed  place  or 
givt'u  line  ;  opposed  to  In  or  Within  ;  as,  to  go  out 
and  come  in ;  lo  rush  out, 

2.  Abroad;  not  at  home.  The  master  of  the  house 
is  out;  a  colloquial  phrase  for  gone  ouL 

3.  In  a  slate  of  disclosure  or  discovery.  The  se- 
cn^t  is  out,  that  is,  has  come  outy  is  disclosed.  We 
shall  find  out  the  rogue. 

4.  Not  concealed. 

-n  these  are  rone, 

Shak, 

5.  In  a  state  of  extinction.  The  candle  or  the  fire 
is  out, 

6.  In  a  Plate  of  being  exhausted.    The  wine  is  out. 

7.  In  a  slate  of  destitution.  We  are  out  of  breatl 
corn. 

8.  Not  in  oflice  or  employment.  I  care  not  who  is 
in  or  who  is  out.     He  is  out  of  business. 

9.  Abroad  or  from  home,  in  a  parly,  at  church,  in 
a  parade,  &c.  He  was  not  out  to-day.  Tlie  militia 
companies  are  onL  The  man  was  out  in  a  frolic  last 

10.  To  the  end.  [night. 

Hear  me  out.  thyden, 

n.  Loudly  ;  without  restraint ;  as,  to  laugh  out. 

12.  Not  in  the  hands  of  the  owner.  The  land  If 
out  upon  a  lease. 

13.  In  an  error. 

As  a  musician  that  will  always  play, 

And  yet  ia  always  out  at  the  same  note.  Botcommon, 

14.  At  a  loss  ;  in  a  puzzle. 

I  h.ive  forgot  my  part,  and  I  am  oiil,  Shak, 

m.  Uncovered  ;  with  clothes  lorn  ;  as,  to  be  out  at 
the  knees  or  elbows. 

16.  Away,  so  aa  lo  consume  j  as,  to  sleep  out  Uio 
best  time  in  the  morning. 


TONE,  B(;LL,  TZNITE,_AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-€  M  K ;  6  a«  J ;  ■  M  Z  j  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


OUT 

17.  Deficient ;  having  e.Ti>ende*l.  He  was  ovt  of 
pocket ;  lie  was  out  1^(iy  (Kiundx.  Frtl. 

18.  Il  ia  ii«ed  as  an  e.\claiii:ition,  with  the  force 
or  commiuid  ;  away  ;  begone  i  as,  out  with  the  ilog. 

Shak, 
Out  upon  ym,  out  upon  it;  expressions  of  dislike 
or  rontetopl. 

Out  is  much  used  as  a  modifier  of  verbs ;  as,  to 
come  Qtu^  to  go  outj  to  lead  out,  to  run  out^  to  leak 
omC,  to  creep  out,  to  flow  out,  to  pass  out,  to  look  «iU, 
to  bum  out,  to  cut  out,  to  Kiw  out,  to  grow  out,  to 
spin  out,  to  write  out,  to  boil  out,  to  beat  ^ut,  &c., 
bearing  the  sense  of  inning,  extenains*  drawing 
froin,  separating,  bringing  to  open  view,  or,  in  short, 
the  paxsing  uf  a  limit  that  incloses  or  restrains  ;  or 
bearing  the  metaphorical  sense  of  vanishing,  coming 
to  an  end. 

Out  uf.  Id  this  connection,  out  may  be  considered 
as  an  adverb,  and  o/as  a  preposition. 

I.  ProceediDg  fifwa  ;  as  produce  Planti  grow  out 
^tba  eaith  ;  be  paid  me  out  ttfhia  own  funds. 

Keep  Ui7  hMit  »tdi  aU  tfiUptter,  far  out  <^  it  &r  the  Imum  of 

Ifr.  —  Pre».  i». 
Owl  ff  the  Mine  moaUi  pnieecdolh  Mtmng  antl  cunin; .  ~ 

9:  From  or  proceeditif:  fVoin  n  place,  w  the  interior 
of  a  place ;  as,  to  take  any  thing  out  it/*  the  house. 
.If art  xiiL 

3.  Beyond  ;  as,  omt  of  the  power  of  fortune. 

Th^ir  ven  utoonhnl  omt  q^  meiwiirp.  —  M&rk  x, 

4.  Prom,  noting  taking  or  derivation. 

To  vhoB  be  CTpoanded  umJ  laaUAed  the  kinplom  of  OocL  per- 
■Boding  ihwD  oonamkkif  ieoao,  boUt  ouJ  <^  the  Uw  of  mo- 
■n,  Md  OHl  q/'tbe  pm^nett — Acu  xxriit. 

5.  Not  in,  noting  extraordinary  exertion. 

B«  UuUnl  in  araaoa,  out  q/traAon.  — *2  Tun.  ir. 

6.  Not  In,  noting  exclusion,  di^niis^ion,  departure, 
absence,  or  dereliction  ;  as,  out  of  favor ;  out  ofu^e  ; 
9B<«/ place  ;  out  of  fashion. 

7.  Not  in,  noting  unfitness  or  Impropriety.  He  is 
witty  oni  ^season  ;  the  aeed  was  sown  out  ^seaaoa. 

A.  NoC  within,  noting  extraordinary  delay;  aa,  a 
aliip  out  o/time. 

9.  Not  within;  abroad;  as,  ant  ^  the  door  or 
house. 

1(L  From,  noting  copy  fttun  an  original ;  as,  to  cite 
or  copy  out  of  Horace. 

II.  Frunii  noting  rescue  or  liberation  j  as,  to  be  de- 
livered »ut  VaffliOioDS. 

Chrirtonhy  wowwl  tke  Uv  of  nature  out  of  ^1  tb><«^  errors. 

1^  Not  in,  noting  deviatioa,  exorbitance,  or  ir- 
regulauity.  This  is  *hI  o/all  method ;  oml  qf  all  rule  ; 
be  goes  out  pf\m  way  to  find  cause  of  censure ;  be 
is  e«(  */ order. 

IX  From,  noting  dereliction  or  departure.  He  will 
not  be  fiaitereil  or  frightened  ojtt  o/bia  duty ;  be  at- 
tempted to  laugh  men  out  «/ virtue. 

14.  From,  noting  loss  or  change  of  state.  The 
mouth  is  o9l  0/ taste  ;  Ibe  instniment  is  oui  u/tune. 

BscvM. 

15.  Not  according  to,  noting  deviation  ;  as,  he  acts 
or  speaJts  out  o/ character. 

1&  Beyond;  n<rt  within  the  limits  of ;  as,tobe«Mf 
of  hearing,  out  of  sight,  out  iff  reach.  Time  oW  of 
mind,  is  time  beyond  tiie  reach  of  memar>-. 

17.  Noting  loss  or  exhaustion )  as,  to  be  ou<  0/ 
breath. 

le.  Noting  loss  ;  as,  sal  q^bope. 

19.  By  means  oC. 

On  V  Ibol  will  I  atwc  thoae  of  Cjprut  lo  mutiny.         SAoi. 

SOi  In  consequence  of,  noting  the  motive,  source, 
orreaMMi. 

Whu  Ihey  do  iMt  fjnA  omt  of  th*  f^oeiwitj  rf  tVir  nKlare, 
Ap;  omj  fruit  oul  ^xattK  imputrucR.  Smairidg*. 

So  we  say,  a  thing  Is  done  mtt  ^env>*,  spite,  or 
ambition. 

OfA  ^  hand;  immediately,  as  that  is  easily  used 
which  is  ready  in  the  band. 

GotfacrweotvfiraBiouf  q/'hood.  S^ak. 

Out  offfi^  denotes  that  a  book  is  not  in  market, 
or  to  be  putctuaed  ;  the  copies  printed  having  been 
all  sold. 
OL'T,  e.  L    To  eject;  to  expel;  to  deprive  by  expul- 
sion. 

The  Prvnch  ban  been  (HOxf  of  tbeir  botdi.  BtyOn. 

In  eompogition^  out  signifies  beyond,  more,  ejection, 
or  extension. 

[For  the  participles  of  the  following  compounds, 
•«?  the  simple  verbs.] 
OUT-ACT',  B.  L    To  do  beyond  ;  to  exceed  in  act. 

He  bu  moiie  me  brir  lo  Iratcorro, 

Would  amka  roe  otuaet  k  re«l  wiiow'f  wUnhtf.  Otwoff, 

OUT-AE'GOE,  r.  u    To  argue  better  than  another. 
Oirr-BAL'ANCE,  tj.  t    To  outweigh;  to  exceed  In 
weight  or  effect 

L^[  ditll  Atsx  be«r  kwxv  tut  riffht, 

Whm  &il  im  dayi  ouAcUanc€  thm  one  ni'bt.  DryUn, 

OrT-BAL'AN-CED,  (baransi,)  pp.    Outweighed. 
OUT-BAR',  e.  L    To  shut  out  by  bars  or  fortification. 

Throi?  to  OMlbor  wiih  painful  piotungt.  Spenatr. 


OUT 

OITT-BXR'RKI),  pp.     Shut  out  by  bars. 
OUl'-BIU',  r.  £.    To  bid  more  than  another;  to  offer  a 
higher  price. 

For  Inilitin  spic^*,  for  P^nivinn  (rol<l, 

Prefeiil  Uie  ffwtsiy  tkrul  oulUd  ihe  boM.  Pop*. 

OUT-BID',  \  pp.      Exceeded    in    the    price   of- 

OUT-RID'DICN,  J      fered. 
OUT-BIO'DER,  H.     One  that  outbids. 
OUT-BID'DLVG,  ppr.     Bidding  a  price  beyond   an- 
other, 
OUT-BLCWN',  pp.    Infiated  ;  swelled  with  wind. 

Dnideti. 
OUT-BLUSH',  ».  t.    To  exceed  in  rosy  color. 

Shipman. 
OUT'BORN,  a.    Foreign  ;  not  native.    [Little  used.] 
OUT'KOUND,  a.      Destined    or  proceeding    from   a 
country  or  harbor  lo  a  disUint  country  or  |iort  ;  as,  an 
outbound  ship.  Dryden, 

[1'he  usual  phrase  among  seamen  is  Oltwabd- 

BOUftO.l 

OUT-BRAVE',  r.  (.  To  bear  down  by  more  daring 
or  insolent  conduct. 

I  would  ounoan  the  Mnnvst  eji^  that  look, 
(hubrawo  the  bewt  rooM  danug  ou  the  outh, 
To  wiu  tbee,  \iu\f.  ShaJt, 

St.  To  exceed  in  splendid  appearance. 

Tbe  (owrn  u  veil  m  nien  Obl6niM  the  akj.  Cavity. 

OUT-BRAZ'£V,  V.  t    To  bear  down  with  a  brazen 

face  or  impudence. 
OUT'BREAK,  «,    A  bursting  forth  ;  eruption. 

The  fU«h  And  ouibrea.k  of  t  firry  mind,  Shak. 

OUT'BREAK-ING,  n.    That  which  bursts  forth. 

NeHtert 
OUT-BREATIIE',  c.  L     To  weary  by  having  better 
brtstth.  S/iak. 

2.  To  expire.  Spensrr. 
OUT-BUD',  r.  L    To  sprout  forth.  ^m,ter. 
OUT-BUILD',  ^out-bild'.)  c.  L    To  exceed  in  build- 
ing, or  in  durability  of  building. 

OUT-BURN',  c.  L  or  t.    To  exceed  in  burning. 

Mantell. 
OUT'BURST,  a.     [out  and  burst.]    A  breaking  or 

bursting  out. 
OUT-CANT'  p.  L    To  surpass  in  canting.         Pope. 
OUT'exST,  pp.  or  o,     [Sw.  utka.^ta,  to  cast  out.] 
Cast  out ;  thrown  away  ;  rejected  as  useless. 

Spntser. 
OUT'eAST,  ».    One  who  is  cast  out  or  expelled  ;  an 

exile  ;  one  driven  from  home  or  country,    /.ta.  xvi. 
OUT-OEPT',  for  Excxpt,  is  not  in  use.     B,  Johsoiu 
OUT-CHEAT',  F.  e.     To  exceed  in  cheating. 
OUT-CUkAT'F.I),  pp.     Exceeded  in  clieating. 
OUT-CHF:AT'L\G,  ;»pr.     Surpassing  in  cheating. 
OUT-CLIMB',  r.  L     To  climb  beyond.        DaveiiaiU. 
OUT-C0M'PAis:S,  v.  L    To  exceed  due  bounds. 

Bacon, 

OUT-CRAFT',  ».  L    To  exceed  in  cunning.     Shak, 
OUT'CROP,  a.     In  gtelogif^  the  coming    out  of  a 

ftmtttm  to  the  surface  of  the  ground.  LyeLl. 

OUT'CROP,  r.  i.     In  gtolagUt  to  come  out  to  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground  ;  appludts  gtruta. 
OUT'CRY,  n,    A  vehement  or  loud  cry;  cry  of  dis- 
tress. Denkam. 
S.  Clamor;  noisy  opposition  or  destestation. 

SotUh, 

3.  Sale  at  public  auction.  Ainsinorth. 
OUT-DARE',  e.  u    To  dare  or  venture  beyond.    Shak. 
OUT-DATE',  V.  t.     To  antiijuate ;  as,  out-dated  cere- 
monies.    L/VoC  used.]  Hammond. 

OUT-DAZ'ZLE,  r.  (.    To  surpass  in  dazzling. 
OUT-DAZ'ZL£D,  pp.    Sur|>as.^ed  in  dazzling. 
OUT-DO',  V.  U;  preL  Outdid;  pp.  Outdone.     [See 
DoJ 
To  excel ;  to  surpass  ;  to  perform  beyond  another. 

An  impoatara  outdota  the  on^nat.  L'Sttrange. 

1  grieve  lo  \x  ottldont  bj  Gay.  Swi/t, 

OUT-DO'ING,  ppr.  Excelling ;  surpassing  in  perform- 
ance. 

OUT-DO'ING,  n.    Excess  in  performance.        Pope. 

OUT-DONE',  pp.  of  Outdo. 

OUTDOOR',  a.     Being  without  the  house. 

OUT-I>0OR«',  adv.     Abroad  ;  out  of  the  house. 

OUT-DRINK',  V.  U  [See  Drink.]  To  exceed  in 
drinking.  Donne. 

OUT-DWELL',  F.  L     To  dwell  or  stay  beyond. 

Sfiak. 

OUT'ED,  o.    Put  out ;  extinguished ;  ended. 

Iludibraa. 

OUT'ER,  a.  [comp.  of  Opt.]  Being  on  the  outside  ; 
external  ;  opjioscd  to  Inner  ;  as,  tlie  outer  wall ;  the 
outrr  [Kirt  of  a  thing ;  the  outrr  court  or  gale. 

OUT'ER-LY,  adv.    Toward  the  outside.  Oreio. 

OUT'ER-MoST,  ff.  [superL  from  ovtcr.]  Being  on 
the  extreme  external  part ;  remotest  from  the  midst; 
nf>,  the  outer-moH  row.  Boyle. 

OUT-FACE',  r.  L    To  brave  ;  to  bear  down  w  ith  an 
imposing  front,  or  with  impudence  ;  to  stare  down. 
Shak.     Ralegh, 

OUT'FALL,  n.    A  fall  of  water  ;  a  canal. 

OUT-FAWN',  e.  U  To  exceed  in  fawning  or  adula- 
tion. Hudibrag. 

OUT-FgAST',  V.  L    To  succeed  in  feasting.     Taijlor. 


OUT 

OUT-FRAT',  v.  t.    To  BurpaBs  in  performing. 

OUT'FIT,  M.  A  fitting  out,  as  of  a  nhip  for  a  voyage  ; 
UHimlly  in  (Acp/ara/,  OiJTriTs,the  expcns^es  iu'.urred, 
or  the  articles  Piiipioyed,  iu  equipping  and  .'urninhing 
a  ship  for  a  voyage. 

2.  An  allowance  equal  to  one  year's  salary,  made 
to  a  public  minister,  going  to  a  foreign  country,  be- 
yond ))is  salary.  United  States. 

OUT-FLANK',  v.  t.  To  extend  the  flank  of  one  ar- 
my beyond  that  of  another. 

OUT-FLASH',  V.  t    To  surpass  !n  flashing. 

OUT-FLASH'tNG,  ppr.     Surpassing  in  flashing. 

OUT-FL?',  V.  t.  To  fly  faster  than  another;  to  ad- 
vance before  in  flight  or  progress.  Oarth. 

OUT-FOOL',  p.  (.     To  exceed  in  folly.  Younff. 

OUT'FORM,  n.     External  appearance.      B.  Jonson. 

OUT-FROWN',  tJ.  u  To  frown  down  ;  to  ov.rbear 
by  frowning.  Shak. 

OUT'GATE,  n.    An  outlet;  a  passage  outward. 

Spensrr. 

OUT-0E\'ER-AL,  f.  U  To  exceed  in  generalship ;  to 
gain  advantage  over  by  superior  military  skill. 

Chtsttrfeld. 

OUT-GEN'ER-AL-£D,  pp.  Exceeded  in  military 
skill. 

OUT-GIVE',  (out  giv',)  v.  t.    To  surpass  in  giving. 

Dryden, 

OUT-GO',  r.  t      [See  Go.]    To  go  beyond  ;  to  ad- 
vance before  in  going  ;  to  go  faster. 
9.  To  surpass  ;  to  excel.  Carew.     Dryden. 

3.  To  circumvent ;  to  overreach.  Denham. 
OLTT-GO'INO,  ppr.     Going  beyond. 
OUT-G6'l\G,  n.     The  act  of  going  out. 

2.  The  state  of  going  out.     Ps.  Ixv, 

3.  Utmost  border;  extreme  limit.    Josh.  xvii. 
©UT-GONE',  (oui-gnwn',)  pp.    Gone  beyond. 
OUT-GRIN',  r.  (.    To  surpass  in  grinning.     Addison. 
OUT-GROW',  r.  (.     To  surpass  in  growth. 

2.  To  Eruw  too  great  or  loo  old  for  any  thing.  Chil- 
dren tfuforoto  their  garment-*,  and  men  outgrow  their 
usefulness. 

OUT-GROWN',  pp.  of  OuTOROw. 

OUT'GUXRD,  n.  A  guard  at  a  distance  from  the 
main  body  of  nn  army  ;  or  a  guard  at  the  farthest 
distance;  any  thing  for  defense  placed  at  a  distance 
from  the  thing  to  be  defended.         Dnjden.     South, 

OUT-IIER'OD,  V.  t.  To  ovemct  the  character  of 
Herod,  which,  in  the  old  plays,  was  always  a  vio- 
lent one.  Smart. 

OUT-HER'OD-ED,  pp.     Surpassed  in  cruelty. 

OUT'HOUSE.  n.  A  small  house  or  building  at  a  lit- 
tle distance  from  the  main  house. 

OUT'ING,  H.  A  going  from  home;  an  airing.  [Lo- 
cal.] 

OUT-JEST',  r.  t.    To  overjmwer  by  jesting.    Shak. 

OUT-JEST'ED,  pp.     Overpowered  by  jesting. 

OUT  JUG'GLE,  c.  t     To  surpass  in  jupsling.      HalL 

OUT-KNAVE',  (out-nave',)  c.  t.  To  surpasjiin  knave- 
n".  L'' Estrange, 

OUT'LAND,  a.    [Sax.  utlande,  a  foreigner.] 

Foreicn.     [Obs.]  StrittL 

OUT'LAND-ER,  n.  .\  foreigner;  not  a  native.  [Obs.] 

Wood. 

OUT-LAND'ISH,  a.     [Sax.  utlasndisc;  out  and  land.] 
1.  Foreign  ;  not  native.  Donne. 

Nert^Ttheless,  ereo  bim  did  outlandish  women  cauae  to  fin.  — > 
Neb.  xiii. 

S.  Born  or  produced  in  the  interior  country,  or 
among  rude  people;  hence,  vulgar;  rustic;  rude; 
clownish. 

[  This  is  the  sense  in  which  the  word  is  among  us  most 
generally  used.] 

OUT-LAST',  r.  U  To  last  longer  than  something 
else  ;  to  exceed  in  duration.  Candlt^s  laid  in  bran 
will  outlast  others  of  the  same  stuff.  Baron. 

OUT-LAST'ED,pp.  Lasted  longer  than  something 
else. 

OUT'LAW,  n.     [Pax.  utlaga ;  out  and  law.] 

A  person  excluded  from  the  benefit  of  the  law,  or 
deprived  of  its  protection.  Formerly  any  person 
might  kill  an  outlaw  ;  but  it  is  now  held  unlawful 
for  any  person  to  put  to  death  an  outlaw,  except  the 
sheriff,  who  has  a  warrant  for  that  purpose. 

BlcLckston^. 

OUT'LAW,  V.  I.     [&ax.ullasian.] 

To  ileprive  of  the  benctit  and  protection  of  law  ; 
to  prescribe.  Blackstone. 

OUT'LAW-£D,pp.  ora.  Excluded  from  the  benefit 
of  law. 

OUT'LAW-ING,  jrpr.  Depriving  of  the  benefit  of 
law. 

OUT'LAW-RY,  n.  The  putting  a  man  out  of  the  pro- 
tection of  law,  or  the  process  by  which  a  man  is  de- 
prived of  that  protection  ;  the  punishment  of  a  man 
who,  when  called  into  court,  contemptuously  refuses 
to  appear.  Blackstone. 

OUT'LAY,  n.  A  laying  out  or  expending  ;  expendi- 
ture. 

OUT-L£AP',  V.  t.  To  leap  beyond ;  to  pass  by  leap- 
ing. 

OUT'LEAP,  n,    Sally;  flight;  escape.  Locke, 

OUT-Li^AP'ED,  (leept  or  -lept,)  pp.    leaped  beyond, 

OUT-LgAP'ING,  ppr.     leaping  heyond. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PRfiY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BOQK.- 

782 


OUT 

OUT' LET,  H.  Passage  outward  j  tiiu  place  or  the 
means  by  whirli  any  lliing  escapes  or  is  dUcharged. 
A  gale  is  tiie  outlit  of  a  city  or  fort,  Tlie  mouth  of  a 
river  is  its  vutleu  Colonies  are  the  outlets  of  a  [lopu- 
lous  natiiin.  Bacon. 

OUT'LICK-ER,  n.  In  ships^  a  small  piece  of  limber 
faiftened  to  the  top  of  the  poop. 

OUT-LIE',  V.  L     To  exceed  in  lying.  HcUl. 

OUT'LI-EU,  n.  One  who  lUtea  not  reside  in  the  place 
with  which  his  office  or  duty  connects  him.  frcwen. 
2.  A  part  of  a  rock  or  stratum  lying  without,  or 
beyond  the  main  body.  Mantcll. 

OUT'LI.N'E,  n.  Contour;  the  line  by  which  a  figure 
is  defined  ;  the  exterior  line. 

2.  The  first  sketch  of  a  figure. 

3.  First  general  sketch  of  any  scheme  or  design. 
OUT'LT.N'E,  r.  L     To  draw  the  exterior  line  ;  to  de- 
lineate ;  to  sketch. 

OUT'LIN-ED,  pp.     Marked  with  an  outline. 

OUT-LIVE',  (out-Iiv',)  o.  u  To  live  bi-yond  ;  to  sur- 
vive ;  to  live  after  something  has  ceased ;  as,  a  man 
may  outline  his  children  \  a  person  may  outlive  his 
estate,  his  fame,  and  his  usefulness. 

The;  live  uw  long  who  happiiieM  ouUice.  Drydtn, 

2:  To  live  belter,  or  lo  better  purpose,  Scott. 

OUT-LI  V'KD,  pp.    .Survived;  lived  bevond. 
OUT-LIVER,  n.     A  survivor. 
OUT-LIVING,  ppr.     Living  beyond  another's  life. 
OUT-LOQK',  c.  f.    T"  face  down  j  to  browbeat.  Shak, 

2.  1  o  select.     [A'oi  in  iLse.] 
OUT'LQQK,  «.     Vigilant  watch  ;  foresight.      Young, 


[But  LooK-ouT  is  generally  used.] 


OUT-LQQK'£D,  (-lwt^^)  pp.  Faced  down ;  brow- 
beaten. 

OUT'LOPE,  n.  [See  Lope  and  Leap.]  An  excur- 
sion.    [JVot  used,]  Flurio. 

OUT-LUS'TER,  iv,t.     To  excel  in  brightness. 

OUT-LUS'TRE,  \  Sk>tk. 

OUT-L?'ING,  a.    Lying  or  being  at  a  distance  from 

the  main  body  or  de±iign.  Temple,    AiUiinon, 

2.  Being  on  the  exterior  or  frontier.  Oibbon. 

OUT-MA-N'EC'VER,   >  r.  t.     To  surpass  in  maneu- 

OUT-MA-NCEO'VRE,  \      vering. 

OUT-MARCH',  r.  (.  To  march  faster  than  j  to  march 
so  as  to  leave  beliind. 

The  horae  ovCnarched  the  /boL  Onrendon. 

OUT-MARCil'EI),  pp.    Left  behind  in  a  march. 

OUT-MEAS'l^E,  (out-mezh'ur,)p.  t.  To  exceed  in 
measure  or  extent.  Broun. 

OUT-MEAS'UR-£D,  pp.     Exceeded  in  extent. 

OUT'MO.ST.o.  Fartliest  outward  ;  most  remotefrom 
the  middle.  MHum. 

OUT-\A.\IE',  ©.  t.  To  exceed  in  naming  or  describ- 
ing. 

OUT  NUM'BER,  v.  U  To  exceed  in  number.  The 
troops  outnumbered  those  of  the  enemy. 

OUT-NUM'BER-£D,  pp.     Exceeded  in  number. 

OUT-PaCE'.  v.  l    To  outgo;  to  leave  behind. 

Cfiapman. 

OUT-PAR'A-MOUR,  r.  t.  [See  Paramopb.]  To  ex- 
ceed in  keepmg  mistresses.  Shak. 

OUT'PAR-Isn,  n.  A  parish  lying  without  the  walls, 
or  on  the  border.  Oraunl. 

OUT'PART,  n.  A  part  remote  from  the  ct-nter  or 
main  part,  ^yliffe. 

OUT-PASS',  V.  L  To  pass  beyond  ;  lo  exceed  in  prog- 
ress. Kirttan. 

OIT-PEER',  r.  (.    To  surpass  or  excel.  Shak. 

OI;T-PijI»E',  (out-poiz',)  c.  (.    To  outweigh.  tfoweU. 

((L'T'PORCII,  B,     An  entrance.  Mdton. 

OUT' PORT,  n.  In  Ortat  Britain^  a  port  at  some  dis- 
tance from  the  city  of  L*»nd.in.  Jish. 

OUr'P6ST,  ji,     A  postor  station  without  the  limits  of 
a  camp,  or  al  a  distance  from  ihe  main  body  of  an 
army. 
2.  The  troops  placed  at  such  a  station.     MarshalL 

OUT-POUR',  v.t.  To  pour  out;  to  stnd  forth  in  a 
stream.  MUton. 

2.  To  effuse. 

OUT-P0UR'A;D,pp.    sent  forth  in  a  stream. 

OUT'POUR-LSG,  K.     A  pouring  out ;  elfusion, 

Milner.     BofruB, 

OUT-PRAV,  V.  t.    To  exceed  in  prayer  or  in  earnest- 
ness of_entn'aty.  ScstL 
OUT-PltEACII',  r.  U     To   surpass  in  preaching;  lo 
produce  more  effect  in  inculcating  lessons  or  truth. 
Anil  for  K  rilUin'a  quick  eont^mion 
A  pillory  can  outprtaeh  a  piraon.                      /.  TrumimU. 

OUT-PRIZE',  p.  U  To  exceed  in  value  or  estimated 
worth.  Shak. 

OUT'RAOE,  r.  L  [Fr.  outrager  :  Ann.  outrarhi^  out- 
rank; It.  oltra^gkore;  Sp.  and  Port,  uitmjar ;  from 
the  L  ukra,  beyond.  It.  oUrt:,  with  ihe  common  ter- 
mination age  ;  or  more  proh;i(.Iy  it  is  a  compound  of 
tttta^  oltra^  outre,  with  the  Sp.  ajar,  to  8p<.il,  to  mar, 
to  abuse  with  injurious  language.] 

To  trf'at  with  violence  and  wrong  ;  tn  abuse  by 
nide  or  insolent  language  ;  to  injure  by  rough,  rude 
Uealmcnt  of  any  kind. 

Bum  snH  Inaoirnl  iiibwla  outntgt  men,  whet  tivy  hnTf-  bopfa  of 
ilumg  it  wiOioui  a  rHum.  AUerburu. 

'  Tlu»  iiitoTfkrw  outragra  lOi  drcrrcjr.  Broomg. 


OUT 

OUT'RAGE,  V.  I.     To  rouiniit   exorbitances  ;    lo    be 

guiltv  of  violent  rudnness.  Jlseham. 

OUT'RAiSE,  «.  [I'r.  U. ;  It.  oUraggio  ;  Sp.  and  Port. 
ultraje.] 

Injurious  violence  offered  to  persons  or  things; 
excessive  abuse  ;  wanton  mischic-f.  Kude,  abusive 
language,  scurrility,  or  opprobrious  and  cimtemptu 
ous  Wordii,  may  be  an  outrage  to  i^ersons,  or  to  de- 
cency and  civility.  A  viulent  attack  uiKin  person 
or  property  is  an  outrage. 

He  wrmight  yrcat  outrages,  wftitinff  all  tha  country  where  he 
v<-i*u  SjMTiter. 

OUT'RA-OED,  pp.  or  a.     Treated  with  violence  or 

wrong;  abused  by  insolent  language. 
OUT-RA'GEOUS,  a.     [It.  oltra-rgiuso :  Fr.  outrarreux.] 

1.  Violent ;  furious ;  exorbitant ;  exceeding  all 
bounds  of  mc^leniiion  ;  as.  outrageou-i  villainies  ; 
outrageous  talk  ;  oulra^fous  abuse.  Sidney,     Spenser, 

2.  Excessive  ;  exceeding  reason  or  decency  ;  as, 
outrageous  panegjTlc.  Dryden. 

3.  Enormous  ;  atrocious  ;  as,  outrageous  crimes. 

4.  Tumultuous  ;  turbulent.  [Shak. 
OUT-Ua'GEOUS-LY,    adv.     With    great    vu.lence ; 

furiously  ;  excessively  Spemin-.     South. 

OUT-RA'GEOUS-NESS,  n.     Fury  j   violence;   enor- 

mily.  Uryden. 

OUT-RAZE',  p.  t.    To  raze  to  extermination.  Sandys. 
OtJ-TRE',  (oo-tra',)  a.     [Fr.]     Being  out  of  the  com- 
mon course  or  limits  ;  extravagant  Oeddes. 
OUT-RkACII',  r.  L    To  go  or  extend  beyond.  Brown. 
OUT-RkACH'KD,  (-reecht',) pp.     Reached  beyond. 
OUT-ReAS'ON,  (-re'zn,)  v.  u    To  excel  or  surpass  in 

reiisoning.  South. 

OUT-RP:AS'0N-ia),pp.    Surpassed  in  reasoning. 
OUT-RECK'0\,  V.  U     To  exceed  in  assumed  ctunpu- 

talion.  Pearson. 

OUT-RECK' ON-i.-D,  pp.     Excelled  in  compulation. 
OUT-REIG.\',  r.  (.    To  reign  through  Ihe  whole  of. 

Spenser. 
OUT-RIDE',  V.  t.    To  pass  by  riding  ;  to  ride  faster 

than.  Hall. 

OUT-RTDE',  r.  L    To  travel  about  on  horseback,  or 

in  a  vehicle.  Addison. 

OUT'RID-ER,   n.     A   summoner   whose   office   is  to 

cite  men  before  the  sheriff.     [JVo(  u^ed.}  DicU 

2.  One  who  travels  alwut  on  horseback. 

3.  A  servant  on  liorseback  who  attends  a  carriage. 
OUT'RIG-GER,  n.      In  seamen's  language,  any  project- 
ing spar  or  piece  of  timber  for  extending 'ro|)es  or 
sails,  or  for  other  tem|>orary  purposes.  Brande. 

OUT'RIGHT,  (out'rile,)  ado.  .  Immediatelv ;  without 

delay  ;  at  once.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Completely.  Addison. 

OUT-RI'VAL,  V.  U     Tosnrpassin  excellence.  Addison. 

OUT-ROAR',  p.  u    To  exceed  in  roaring.  Shak. 

OUT-ROAR'ED,  pp.     Surpassed  in  roaring. 

OUT'RoDE,  n.     An  excursion.     1  Mace.  xv. 

OUT-ROOT', n.  U    To  eradicate;  to  extirpate.     Roioe. 

OUT-RUN',  V.  L  To  exceed  in  running;  to  leave 
behind  in  nmning.  Dryden. 

2.  To  exceed  ;  n8,to  outrun  one's  income.  Addison. 

OUT-SAIL',  r.f.  To  sail  faster  than  ;  to  leave  behind 
in  sailing.  Broome. 

OUT-SAIL'£D,  pp.     Sailed  faster  than. 

OUT-SAIL'ING,  ppr.     Leaving  behind  in  sailing. 

OUT'SCAPE,  ji.     Power  of  escaping.     [JVot  used.] 

Chapman, 

OUT-SCORN',  p.  (.  To  bear  down  or  confront  by 
contcmpl;  to  despise. 

0UT-SeOUR'L\GS,  n.  pt.  [out  and  scour.}  Sub- 
stances washed  or  scoured  out.  Buckland. 

OUT-SELL',  p.  L    To  exceed  in  amount  of  sales. 

2.  To  exceed  in  the  prices  of  things  sold, 

3.  To  gain  a  higher  price.  Shak. 
OUT'SET,  n.     Beginning ;    first    entrance  on    any 

business.  Mason.     Smith. 

Every  tiling  nlmctA  depends  upon  giving  s  proper  rfin*etion  to 
Uiu  ouUet  of  hiv.  J.  ilaiaes. 

OUT-SIIINE',  p.  L  To  send  forth  brightness  or  lus- 
ter. Shak. 

2.  To  excel  in  luster  or  excellence;  ns,  Homer 
outshineji  all  other  poets,  Addison. 

OUT-SIIOOT',  F.  t.     To  exceed  in  shooting.    Orvden. 
2.  To  shoot  beyond.  JVurris. 

OUT-SHUT',  p.  (.    To  shut  out  or  exclude.    Donne. 

OUT-SIDE',  n.  The  external  part  of  a  thing;  the 
part,  end,  or  side  which  forms  the  surface  or  super- 
ficies. Baron.     Dryden. 

2.  Suiierficial  appearance;  exterior;  as,  Ihe  outskle 
of  a  man  or  of  manners. 

Cn;rtt«l  being»  miv  noxhin^  but  our  ouUid».  Addison. 

3.  Person  ;  external  man.  Shak.     Bacon. 

4.  The  part  or  place  that  lies  without  or  beyond  an 
inclosure. 

I  Uir»wopen  Ihe  door  of  my  chamber,  and  fouDQ  the  feinLT«!.Tr-d- 
iiiK  ou  Uto  ouuide.  SpectaUr. 

5.  The  utmost.  Mortimv 
OUT'SIDE,  a.    On  th«  outside  ;  exterior;  external 
OUT-SIN',  V.  L    To  sin  b<-yond.                 KillenbeJi. 
OUT-SIT',  r.  (.    To  sit  beyond  the  time  of  any  'nicj 
OUT-SKIP'  p.  L    To  avoid  by  tiight.        B  Jffn^n. 
OUT'SKIRT,  n.     Border;  outpost ;  suburb 


OUT 

OUT-SLEEP',  r.  L     To  sleep  beyond.  Shak. 

OUT-SOAR',  V.  L    To  soar  beyond. 

Ooc.  of  the  Tongue, 

OUT-SOUND',  p.  U     To  surpass  in  sound.  Ha^nd, 

Ol'T-SPAKK'LE,  v.  U     To  exceed  in  sparkling. 

OUT-SPA  RK'Li-JO,  pp.    Surpassed  in  sparkluig. 

OUT-SPA RK'LIXG, ppr.    Surpassing  in  sparkling. 

OUT-SPkAK',  v.  t,     Po  speak  something  beyond  ;  to 
exceed.  Shak, 

OUT-Si'ORT',  V.  L    To  sport  beyond ;  to  outdo  in 
sporting.  Sh4ik. 

OUT-SPREAD'    (out-spred',)  »,   U    To  extend  ;  to 
spread;  to  diffuse.  Pope. 

OUT'SPREAD,   (out'spred,)    pp.  or  a.      Extended; 
expa)ided. 

OUT-SPREAD'ING, ppr.     Extending;  diffusing. 

OUT-SPREAD'ING,  n.    The  act  of  spreading  over  or 
diffusing. 

OUT-STAND',  p.  t.     To  resist  effectually;  to  with- 
stand ;  to  sustain  without  yielding.     {Little  used.] 

Woodwara. 

2.  To  stand  beyond  the  proper  time.  Shak. 
OUT-STAND',  p.  L    To  project  outward   from  the 

main  bttdy. 
OUT-STAND'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Resisting  effectually. 
[Little  used.]^ 
9.  Projecting  outward. 

3.  Not  collected  ;  unpaid  ;  as,  outstanding  debts. 
The  w-hoIcEunouut  of  revenue! — u  well  ouuiandin;  Mcolli-cted. 

Bumilum. 
OUT-STARE',  P.  f.    To  face  down  ;  to  browbeat ;  to 
outface  witli  effrontery ;  as  we  say,  to  store  out  of 
countenance.  Shak, 

OUT-STAR'ED,  pp.     Outfaced  with  effrontery. 
OUT-START'I\G,  a.     SUirtingout.  Coleridge. 

OUT-STEP',  V.  u    To  step  or  go  beyond  ;  to  exceed. 

CumherlatuL 
OUT-STEP'  PED,  (-slept,)  pp.     Stepped  beyond. 
OUT-STORM',  0.  L     To  overbear  by  storming. 

Iitsulu  Ihe  tempeu  and  ouUtorTnt  Uie  kldex.  J.  Barloa. 

OUT'STREET,  n.    A  street  in  the  extremities  of  a 
town. 

OUT-STRETCir,  p.  u    To  extend;   to  stretch  or 
spread  <put ;  to  expand.  Mdtun, 

OUT-STRETCH'/:i),pD  or  a.  Extended;  spread  out. 

OUT-STRETCIl'ING,i.pr.     Spreading  out;  expand- 
ing. 

OUT-STRIDE',  p.  t    To  surpass  in  striding. 

B.  Jonson. 

OUT-STRIP',  p.  U     To  outgo  ;  to  outrun  ;  to  advance 
beyond.  South.     Dryden. 

OUT-STRIP'P£D,  (stript',)  pp.     Outrun. 

OUT-SWEAR', p. t.    To  exceed  in  swearing;  to  over^ 
power  by  swearing.  Shak. 

OUT-S\VEET'£N,  p.  L    To  exceed  in  sweetness. 

Shak. 

OUT-SWELL',  p.  u  To  overflow  ;  to  exceed  in  swell- 
ing. 

OUT-TALK',  (out-tawk',)   p.  u     To  overpower   by 
talking  ,  to  exceed  in  talking.  Shak. 

OUT-TALK'tD,  (4awkl',)pp.  Overpowered  by  talk- 
ing. 

OUT-THROW',  p.  (.  To  throw  out  or  beyond.  Swift 

OUT-TOIL',  p.  (.    To  toil  to  a  degree  beyond  another. 

OUT-T0.\GUE',  (out-tung',)  p.  (.     To  bear  down  by 
talk,  clamor,  or  noise.  Shak, 

OUT-TOP',  p.  (.     To  overtop.  [J>rotvsed.]   WilUama. 

OUT-V.\L'UE,  p.  (.    To  exceed  in  price  or  value, 

Boyle. 

OUT-VEN'OM,  P.  u    To  exceed  in  poison.       Shak. 

OUT-VIE',  p.  t.    To  exceed  ;  to  surpass. 

Dryden,     Addison, 

OUT-VIL'LAIN,  p.  e.     To  exceed  in  villainy.  Shak. 

OUT-VOICE',  (out-vois',)  p.  «.     To  exceed  in  roaring 
or  clamor.     [M'ut  used.]  Shak. 

OUT-VOTE',  V.  t.     To  exceed  in  the  number  of  votes 
given  ;  to  defeat  by  plurality  of  suffrages.      South. 

OUT-VOT'EI),  pp.     Defeated  by  plurality  of  suffrages. 

OUT-WALK',  (oul-wawk',)  r.  t.  To  walk  faster  than  ; 
to  leave  behind  in  ualking. 
2.  To  exceed  the  walking  of  a  specter.  B.  Jonson. 

OUT-WALK'£D,  (out-wawkt',)  pp.     Left  behind  in 
walking. 

OUT'WALL,   n.    The  exterior  wall  of  a  building  or 
fortress. 
2.  Superficial  ap|)earance.     [Unusual.]         Shak. 

OUT'WAIID,  a.     [Sax.  ututeard^  or  uteweard  !  «f,  out, 
and  wrard,  h.  i^ersus.] 

).  External  ;  exterior  ;  forming  the  superficial 
part ;  as,  the  outward  coat  of  an  onion  ;  an  outward 
garment. 

2.  External;  visible;  opposed  to  Inward;  as,  out- 
ward  hate. 

3.  Extrinsic  ;  adventitious. 

An  ouIiMrd  honor  for  an  inward  toil.  Shak. 

4.  Foreign  ;  not  intestine  ;  as,  an  outward  war. 
M)t  now  used.]     We  now   say,  external  or  foreign 

war.  Uayward. 

5.  Tending  to  the  exterior  part. 

The  Rre  will  force  its  outaard  way.  Dn/den. 

6.  In  Scripture,  civil ;  public  ;  as  opposed  to  Relio- 
iou».    1  Chron,  xxvi. 


TONE.  ByLU  tINITE.-AN'fGER,  VI"CIOUS.-€  m  K ;  O  a.  J ;  ■  m  Z ;  Ca  ii  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


7163 


OVA 

7.  In  tiu^gift  carnal  ;  fleshly ;  corporeal  j  not 
spiritual ;   as,  tbe  outtoard  tnan. 

OUT'WARU,  n,     ExterniU  form.  Shak. 

OUT'VVARD,  ««fe.  To  Uie  outer  parts  i  tending  or  di- 
rected toward  tlie  exterior. 

The  Ufbt  flailing  on  tbem  [bUck  bodies]  ti  not  Rfleeted  outiKtnL 

2.  From  a  port  or  country ;  as,  a  ship  bound  out- 
wnril. 

OUT'WARD-BOUND',  a.  Proceeding  fn>m  H  port  or 
country. 

OUT'WARD-LY,  «rfr.  Externally;  opposed  to  Ik- 
WARDLT  ;  as,  outiDcrdlif  content,  but  intoardly  un- 
easy. 

2.  In  appearance  ;  not  Btncerely.  Many  may  in- 
wardly reverence  the  goodness  which  they  outwanUjf 
seem  to  deKpise. 

OUT-VV/lSH'.  (-wosh',)  c.  «.    To  wash  ot«  ;  to  cleanse 

fmm.     [LUtU  used,]  Donnr, 

OUT-W/^TCir,  P.  t    To  surpass  in  watching. 

B.  Jonson, 
OUT-WEAR',  v,UTo  wear  out.  '^AV  twerf.J  DonM. 
SL  To  pasa  tediously  to  the  end. 

Br  tbtt  stmia,  if  1  Um  ni^  omIwmt.  Vopt. 

3.  To  last  loniier  than  tomething  else.    [TIUs  is 

Vu  common  si^^/kttiom,'] 
OUT-WEED',  ».  «.    To  weed  out;  to  extirpate,  a«  a 

weed.  Spenser. 

OUT-WEEP',  r.  L    To  exceed  in  weepinp.  hmden. 
OUT-WBIGH',  (out-wa',)  r.  U     [See  Weigh.]     To 

exceed  in  weight.  IVUkins. 

2.  To  exceed  in  Talue,  Influence,  or  importance. 

One  Mlf-npprorinf  hour  whul«  ye&n  oujic#tfA« 

or  vtupid  stntvn  and  of  loud  busu.  Popt. 

OUT-WglGHTD,  (otil-wade'O    r?'      Exceeded  In 

weicln.  vuIiip.  or  importanre. 
OUT-WBiGIl'ING.  (out-wi'ing,)  pjrr.    Exceeding  in 

weight,  value,  or  influence. 
OUT-WELL',  r.  (.  or  i.     To  pour  out     {Xot  used.] 
OUT-WENT',  prrt.  of  Outqo.  [Spensrr, 

OUT-WHORE'^  V,  t.    To  exceed  in  lewdness.  Popt, 
OUT-WTN',  p.  e.    To  get  out  of.    [AV  used.]  Sptusrr. 
OUT-WX.VD'    e.  t.    To  extricate  by  winding;  to  uih 

OUT-WING',  r,  t  To  move  faster  on  the  wing ;  to 
outstrip.  Oarik. 

OUT-WIT',  e.  t  To  surpass  in  design  or  straUgem  ; 
to  overreach  ;  to  dc-feat  or  (histiate  by  superior  inge- 
nuity. Vrydem. 

OUT-WIT'TED,  pp.  Overreached  ;  defeated  by  stinl- 
acem,  or  by  superior  tnceniiitv. 

OUT- WORK',  (out-wurit',)  r.'c  To  surpass  in  work 
or  Ubi>r. 

OUT' WORK,  n.  A  term  applied  to  all  works  of  a  for- 
tresa  which  are  situated  without  the  principal  wall, 
within  or  beyond  tbe  principal  ditch. 

fbicyc.  Am.     Bacon, 

OUT-WORX',  pp,  [See  Wkar.]  Worn  out ;  con- 
sumed by  use.  jViiton, 

OUT-WORTH',  (-wurth',)  r.  t    To  exceed  in  Talue. 

OUT-WREST',  (out-rest',)  p.  t  To  extort;  to  draw 
from  nr  Tortb  by  violence.  Sjpeiuer. 

OUT-WRITE',  .oul-rlte',)  p.  L    To  surpass  In  writing. 

Jiddison, 

OUT-WROUGHT',  (out-rawt',)  pp.  [See  Work.]  Out- 
done ;  exceeded  in  act  or  efficacy. 

OUT-ZA'X\',  p.  L    [See  Zast.]    To  exceed  in  buf- 

OUZE,  n.    See  Ooie.  ffoonery. 

O'VAL,  o.     [Fr.  ovale,  from  L,  evum^  nn  epg.j 

1.  Of  tbe  shnpe  or  figure  uf  an  egg;  oblons:  and 
curi'ilinear,  with  both  ends  of  the  same  breadth  ; 
lesetobling  the  lungitudiuol  section  of  an  ejig. 

Brandt.     Ltndley. 

3.  Pertaining  to  eggsj  done  in  the  egg;  as,  oral 
conceptions.  Brovnu 

O'VAL,  ■.  A  body  or  figure  In  the  shape  of  an  egg, 
or  of  an  ellipse.  .  Watts. 

CV  AL-BO'.MEX,a.    Thealbumenor  whiteof  an  egg. 

0'V.\L-LY,  adv.    So  as  to  be  oval.  [Brande. 

O-VAL-iiHAP-irD,  (-shipt,)  a.     OvnL 

0-VA'RI-AN,  Om    Belonging  to  the  female  ovar^-. 

O-VA'RI-OUS,  a.  Consisting  of  eggs;  as,  ovarious 
food.  Tkotason, 

O-FA'RI-U.Vjn.;  pLOwttLtA.  [L.]  An  ovaT>-,  which 
see. 

O'V.A-RY,  n.     [Fr.  ovaire ;  I*,  ovarium^  from  ontm,  an 

1.  The  part  of  a  female  animal  in  which  the  eges 

are  formed  or  lodged  ;  or  the  part  in  which  the  fetus 

I     b  supposed  to  be  formed.  Eneuc     Coze. 

3.  In  betanpy  a  hollow  case  or  covering  inclosing 

ovules.    It  contains  one  or  more  cavities  called  eelU. 

Lindlta. 
O'VATE       1 
O'VA-TED,  i  ••    P*  •<«««»»  from  eimia,  an  egg.] 

Egg-shaped,  with  the  lower  extremities  broadest ; 
as,  an  orot^  leaf. 
O'V.aTE-LAN'CE-O-LATE,  a.    Between  ovate  and 

lanceolate.  Martyn. 

O'VATE-SUB'IT-LATE,  c    Between  ovate  and  sub- 
ulate. 
O-VATION,  M.     [L.  ontaio,] 

In  Reman  antiquity,  a  lesser  triumph  allowed  to  a 


OVE 

commander  for  a  victory  nut  deserving  a  triumph,  in 
tlie  strici  ««n-*e.  P.  Cifc. 

0-VA-TO-OU'LONG,  a.    Between  ovale  and  oblVmg. 

Jifartvn, 

OVEN,  (uv'n,)  B.  [Sax.  ofen  ;  G.  qfrn ;  p.  oven  ;  *Dan. 
ovn.  Uu.  Gr.  iTTvai,  8w.  uffn.  In  KuitH.  ovini  aio 
small  wooden  kilns  for  dryini;  com.     Tooke.] 

I.  A  place  arched  over  with  brick  or  sU>ne  work, 
for  baking,  heating,  or  drying  any  substance.  Ovens 
are  mndi^  in  chimneys  or  sot  in  the  open  air. 

S.  The  term  has  been  extended  so  as  to  include 
various  apparatus  for  baking  or  drying;  as.  a  tin 
ootm,  Hebert. 

O'V'ER,  prrp.  [Sax.  oftfr,  c/crj  Goth,  vfari  G.iiber; 
D.  and  Dan.  over:  Sw.  o/vrr ;  Gr.  vitcp^  whence, 
probitbly,  L».  super  i  Arm.  urar,  var,  oar,  ar  ;  Ir.  ar, 
formerly  fair  or  frr ;  W.  or ;  Corn.  uar.  Clu.  Gr. 
ita^ta.  This  word  corresponds  in  sense  with  137  In 
the  Shemitic  dialects,  signifying  to  pass,  in  almost 
any  manner  ;  to  pass  over,  as  a  river,  to  pasH  beyond, 
to  pass  awny,  to  pass  by  ;  in  short,  to  move,  depart, 
or  go,  Sax.  Jaran^  to  fare.  Hence  the  derivative 
sense  of  beyond,  either  on  the  other  side  or  above  ; 
hence  the  sense  of  excess,  which  supposes  the  pass- 
ing of  a  limit ;  hence  the  sense  of  oppo;<Ue  or  a<rainst, 
in  the  Gr.  vTcp,  for  the  further  side  of  a  river  is  the 
op|>osite  side.  VVe  do  not  use  the  word  in  this  sense, 
except   with  against.    See  Class   Br,  No.  23.     The 

Persian  corresponding  word  is  \yi  fara,  which  co- 
incides nearly  with  the  Greek  Tropa,  and  both  seem 


to  be  more  directly  from  tlie  Ar.  %j\  abara,  to  go 
beyond.     Class  Br,  No.  37.] 

1.  Across:  from  side  to  side;  implying  a  passing 
or  moving  either  above  the  substance  or  thing,  or  oh 
the  surface  of  it.  Thus  we  say,  a  dog  leaps  orer  a 
stream,  or  orrr  h  table ;  a  boat  sails  over  a  lake. 

S.  Above  in  place  or  position  ;  opposed  10  Below  ; 
as,  the  clouds  over  our  heads.  The  smoke  rises  over 
tbe  city. 

Tbo  meiey-«c*t  lh*t  h  ovtr  the  lesiimony.  —  Ex.  xxx. 

3.  Above,  denoting  superiority  in  excellence,  dig- 
nity, or  value ;  as,  tiie  udvanLigcs  which  the  Chris- 
tian world  has  over  the  heathen.  Swift, 

Yoang  Pkllax  riione  oooBpicuoui  o'ar  the  mt.  Drydtn, 

4.  AI>ove  in  authority.  Implying  the  right  or  power 
of  superintending  or^overning  ;  opposed  to  Under. 

Tboti  ahall  be  ooer  tny  boiiae.  —  Oen.  xti, 

I  will  make  thee  niler  over  rntinj  ihingv.  —  MaU.  xxr, 

5.  Upon  the  surface  or  whole  surface;  through 
the  whole  extent ;  as,  to  wander  ooer  Uie  earth  ;  to 
walk  oeer  a  field,  or  over  a  city. 

6.  Upon.    Watch  over  your  children. 

Doat  Ukki  Dot  vkieb  over  my  ml  —  Job  xlr. 

Ub  trader  metcle*  &re  ovrr  all  hi«  woriia.  —  Pa.  czlr. 

7.  During  thR  whole  time  ;  from  beginning  to  end  ; 
as,  to  keep  any  thing  over  night ;  to  keep  corn  over 
winter. 

8.  Ahove  the  top;  covering;  immersing;  as,  the 
water  is  over  the  shoes  or  boots. 

Over  nifflu.  To  do  a  thing  over  nia^ht  is  to  do  it  on 
the  evening  previous,  or  before  retiring  to  rest  for  the 
niEhl ;  as,  when  preparing  for  a  journey,  we  pro- 
vide things  necessary  over  niirht. 

Orery  in  poetrp,  is  often  contracted  into  o*er. 
O'VER,  adv.     From  side  to  side;  as,  a  board  a  foot 
orrr;  a  tree  a  foot  orer,  a  fool  in  diameter. 

2.  On  the  opposite  side.    The  boat  is  safe  over. 

3.  From  one  to  another  by  passing ;  as,  to  deliver 
over  goods  to  another. 

4.  From  one  country  to  another  by  passing  ;  as,  to 
carr>'  any  thing  over  to  France,  or  to  bring  any  thing 
over  to  England.  Bacon. 

5.  On  the  surface. 

6.  Above  the  top. 

Good  mpa>itr^,  prr«»-d  down,  and  shiVrn  togvthiT,  and  ninmaj 
ooer,  Gb-ill  iii*^!!  five  into  your  Ixmom.  —  Luke  vi. 

7.  More  than  the  quantity  assigned  ;  beyond  a 
limit. 

H^  (hat  ^Ihored  much  hail  nothing  orer.  —  Ex,  xr\. 

8.  Throuehoul  ;  from  beginning  to  end  ;  com- 
pletely ;  as,  to  read  over  a  book  ;  to  argue  a  question 
over  again. 

Orcr  and  over;  repeatedly  ;  once  and  again. 

And  CT"^  night  reriewed  it  oW  and  o'er.  Harte. 

Over  again  ,-  once  more  ;  with  repetition, 

O,  kill  not  all  tny  kindred  o'er  again.  DrytUn, 

Over  and  above;  besides  ;  beyond  what  is  supposed 

or  limited- 
He  g^iitifd,  over  and  ahooe,  the  gt>od  will  of  the  per>nle. 

L'Eatrange, 
Over  against ;  opposite  ;  in  front 
OofT  against  thia  church  standa  a  lar^  hoapital.        Adt&Mon. 
Over  is  used  with  rolling  or  turning  from  side  to 

side  ;  as,  to  turn  over;  to  roll  over. 

To  give  over ;  to  cease  from  ;  as,  to  give  over  an 

enterprit*. 


OVE 

Q.  To  consider  as  In  a  hopeless  state  ;  as,  the  pby- 
sicinns  Imve  given  over  their  patii-nt. 

Orrr,  in  eotnposiiiun,  den  tea  spreading,  covering 
above  ;  us  in  overcast,  over/low  ;  or  across,  as  to  over- 
krar;  or  above,  as  to  overhang  ;  or  turning,  chlinging 
sides,  as  in  overturn;  or,  more  general ly,  lieynnd,  im- 
plying excess  or  superiority,  as  in  overact,  overcome, 

O'V^ER.o.     Past, 

The  Olympic  gaine*  were  omt.  Militer. 

Q.  Upper  ;  covering ;  as,  otwr-shoes ;  o»«--lenther. 

O-VER-A-BOUND',  r.  t.  To  abound  mure  (ban 
enough  ;  to  be  supentbundanL  Pi^e. 

O-VER-ACT',  r,  (.  To  act  or  perform  to  excess  ;  as, 
he  overacted  his  part.  .^tterbury. 

O-VEK-ACT',  r.  i.    To  act  more  than  is  necessary. 

B.  Jonson, 

O-VER-AGT'ED,  pp.    Acted  to  excess. 

O-VER-ACT'ING,  ppr.  Performing  more  Ihon  is  ne- 
cessary. 

O-VER-AC'I-TATE,  v.  t.  To  agitato  or  discuss  be- 
yond what  is  expedient.  Hall, 

O'VER  ALLS,  n,  pi.    A  kind  of  trowsers  worn  over 

O-VER-ANX'IOUS,  a.     Anxious  to  excess.       [olherrt. 

O-VER-XRCH',  tj.  L  To  arch  over;  to  cover  with  an 
arch. 

Brown  with  o'erarehing  ahadea.  Pop*. 

O-VER-AWE',  (o-ver-aw',)  r.  t.  To  restrain  by  awe, 
fear,  or  superior  influence. 

The  kin?  waa  prt^rnt  in  person  to  o»eriook  the  maeia|rat'>a  and 
oceratet  (he  subjccia  with  the  terror  of  hii  aworJ.     Speruer. 

O-VERtAW'ED,  pp.    Restrained  by  awe. 

O-VER-BAL'ANCE,  v.  U  To  weigh  down;  to  ex- 
ceed in  weight,  value,  or  importance.  Tlie  evils 
which  spring  from  vice  overbalance  alt  its  plciasures. 

O-VER-BAL'ANCE,  n.  Excess  of  weight  or  value; 
soinetiiing  more  than  an  equivalent ;  as,  nn  overbal- 
ance of  exports  ;  an  overbalance  of  probabilities. 

Temple.     Locke. 

0-VER-BAL'ANC-O),  (-bal'ansl,)  pp.  Weighed 
down  :  exceeded  in  weight  or  importance. 

O-VER-BAL'ANC-ING,  ppr.  Exceeding  in  weight, 
value,  or  importance. 

O-VFR-BA T'TLE,  o.    [Qu.  from  the  root  of  batten,  to 
fatten.] 
TiM)  fruitful ;  exuberant.     [JVot  used.]       Hooker. 

O-VEU-BEAR',  V.  t.  [See  Bkab.]  To  bear  down  j 
to  repress  ;  to  subdue. 

The  point  of  reputation,  when  the  newa  first  came  of  (he  bnUte 

loai,  did  overbear  the  reason  of  war.  JSocon. 

Y''t  rirtiiiii^,  vttlor,  all  u  ooerborrte 

By  niii[il"T!(.  Derhnm. 

Till  ooerboTTte  with  weight  the  Cyprinna  fell.  Dryden. 

O-VER-BEAR'ING,  ppr.     Bearing  down  ;  repressing. 
2.    a.      Haughty    and    dogmatical  ;    disiwsed     or 
tending  to  repress  or  subdue  by  insolence  or  etfront- 
er>-. 
O-VER-BEAR'ING-LY,   adv.      Haughtily;  dogmatic- 
ally. 
0-VER-BEND',  r.  t.    To  bend  or  stretch  to  excess. 

Donne, 
O-VER-BID',  V.  t.     To  bid  or  offer  beyond. 

9.  To  bid  or  olfer  more  than  an  equivalent. 
O-VER-BLOW',  13.  i.    To  blow  witli  too  much  vio- 
lence ;  a  seaman's  phrase. 

2.  To  blow  over,  or  be  past  its  violence.     [J^ot 
used/] 
O-VEIl-BLOW,  V.  t     To  blow  away  ;  to  dissipate  by 

wind.  fValler. 

O-VER-BLOWN',  pp.    Blown  by  and  gone  ;   blown 

away  ;  driven  by  ;  past.  Dryden. 

And  when  ihia  cloud  of  aorrow  'a  overbloten.  Waller. 

O'VER-BOARD,  adv.     [over  and  Fr.  bord,  side.] 

Literally,  over  the  side  of  a  Fhip  ;  hfuce,  out  of  a 

ship  or  from  on  hoard  ;  as,  to  fall  overboard;  which, 

of  course   is  to  fall  into  the  water.  Mar.  Diet. 

O-VER-BROW',  r.  (.    To  hang  over  CoUins. 

O-VER  BUILT',  (o-ver-bilt'O  pp.     Built  over.  Milton. 
O-VER-BULK',  r.  U    To  oppress  by  bulk.  [JTot  used.] 

Shak. 
O-VERBUR'lJEN,  v.  U     To  load  with   too    great 

weight.  Sidney. 

O-VER  BITR'DKN-KD,  pp.  or  a.     Overloaded. 
0-VER-BUR'DK\-ING,  ppr.     Overloading. 
OVER-BURN',  V.  L     To  bum  too  much.  Mortimer. 
O-VER-BUS'V,  (o-ver-biz'zyO  o.  Too  busy  ;  officious. 

Decay  of  Piet.y. 
O-VER-RU?',  V.  t  To  buy  nt  too  dear  a  rate.  Dryden. 
0-VER-€AN'0-PY,  r.  (.    To  cover  as  with  a  canopy. 

Shak. 
O'VER-CARE,  w.     Excessive  care  or  anxiety.  Dnjden. 
O-VER-CaRE'FJJL,  a.     Careful  to  excess. 
O-VER-CAR'RI-i-rU,  (-kar'rid,)  pp.     Carried  too  far. 
O-VEU-CAR'RV,  V.  t.     To  carry  too  far  ;  to  carry  or 

urcP  heyonfi  the  propf'r  point.  Hayward. 

0-VER-CAST',  V.  L     To  cloud  ;  to  darken  ;  io  cover 

with  gloom. 

The  cloud*  th^t  overaut  our  mom  ahali  fiy.  Zhydtn. 

%  To  cast  or  compute  at  too  high  a  rale ;  to  rate 
too  high. 

The  kine,  in  hii  account  of  peace  and  calm*,  did  much  ovtreast 
his  ySrtunea.  Bacon, 

■  3.  To  sew  over. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 

764 


OVE 

O  VER-exST',  pp.    Clouded  ;  overspread  with  clouds 
or  gluoin 

Thr  diwri  It  ot>M-nu(.  Ad'lieon, 

Our  dnj»  ui  agtf  »fc  anJ  anJ  owroul.  Itn-cgh, 

2.  Sewed  over. 
0-VER-eX3TMXG,  ppr.    Overspreading  with  clouds 

or  gliH>ra  \  sewine  over. 
O-VER-CAU'TIOUS,  (-shus,)  a.  Cautious  or  prudent 

to  excess.  Addison. 

0-VER-€AU'TIOL*S-LY,  adv.    Cautiously  to  excess. 
O-VEK-CilARGE',  r.  U    To  charge  or  load  to  excess ; 
to  cloy  ;  to  oppress. 

Tbe  beavy  lottd  of  abuudance  with  wlilcb  we  ovenharge  nntun. 

haltgh. 

S.  To  crowd  too  tuuch. 


Our  laJi£Uip  ii  ooerdiarged  wilh  coosouanU. 


Additon, 


3.  To  burden.  Shak. 

4.  To  fill  to  excess  ;  to  surcharge ;  as,  to  overcharge 
the  memory.  Locke. 

5.  To  load  with  too  great  a  charge,  as  a  pun. 

Dcnham. 

6.  To  charge  too  much  ;  to  enter  in  an  account 
more  than  is  just. 

0'VER-CIUR6E,  n.     An  excessive  load  or  burden. 
3.  A  charge  in  an  account  of  more  than  is  just. 
3.  An  excessive  charge,  as  of  a  gun. 

O-VER-CHARG'KD,  pp.  or  a.  Loaded  to  excess  ; 
charged  more  than  is  proper. 

O-VER-CUMB',  C-kllme',)  v.  t.    To  climb  over. 

Surrey. 

O-VER-CLOUD',  V.  (.  To  cover  or  overspread  with 
clouds.  Tickd. 

O-VER-eLOlTD'Ep,  pp.     Overspread  wilh  clouds. 

O-VER  CLOY',  r.  L    To  fill  beyond  satietv.     Shak. 

O-VER-COU)',  a.     Cold  to  excess.  tVUcman. 

O-VER-eOME',  (-kum',)  r.  (.  [See  Come.]  To  con- 
quer ;  to  vanquish  ;  to  subdue ;  as,  to  overcome  ene- 
mies in  battle. 

2.  To  surmount ;  to  get  the  better  of;  as,  to  over- 
come difficulties  or  obstacles. 

3.  To  overflow  ;  lo  surcharge.     [JVo(  used.] 

PItUips. 

4.  To  come  upon  ;  to  invade,    l-^ot  iiseti.] 
O-VER-eOME',  (-kum',)  v.  i.     To  gain  the  superi- 
ority ;  to  be  victorious.     Rom.  iii. 

0-VER-COM'ER,  ju  One  who  vanquishes  or  sur- 
mounts. 

O-VER-COM'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Vanquishing;  subdu- 
ing ;  getting  the  better  of. 

0-VER-eOM'ING-LY,  adv.    With  superiority.    More. 

0-VER-eO\'FM>E\CE,  n.     Excessive  confidence. 

0-VEK-CON'FI-DE\T.  a.     Confident  to  excess. 

*.  VER-eON'FI-DENT^LY,  adv.  With  loo  much 
contidence-  Barlrr. 

OVER-CORN'  r.  t.    To  com  to  excess.      AddL^on. 

O-VER-eOUNT',  V.  t.    To  rate  above  the  true  value. 

Shak. 

0-VER-eOUNT'ED,pp.     Rated  above  the  value. 

0-VER-COV'ER,  r.  C    To  cover  completely.    Shak. 

O-VER-eRED'U-LOUS.  «.     Too  apt  to  believe.  Shak. 

O-VER-CROW'  ».  L    To  crow  as  in  triumph. 

O-VER-eO'Rl-OUS,  a.    Curious  or  nice  lo  excess. 

Bacon. 

O-VER^DXTE',  r.  e.  To  date  beyond  the  proper  pe- 
riftd.  Milton. 

O-VER-DTGIIT',  (-ditc',)  a.    Covered  over.     \Oba.\ 

0-VER-DIL'I-6ENT,  fl.     Diligent  to  exa-ss. 

OVER-DO',  r.  U     To  do  or  perform  too  much.  Shak. 

2.  To  harass  ;  to  fatigue  ;  to  oppress  by  too  much 
action  or  labor. 

3.  To  lioil,  bake,  or  roast  loo  much.  Swift. 
O-VER-DO',  o.  i.    To  labor  too  hard  ;  to  do  too  much. 

Qreio. 
O-VER-DO'ING,  n.    Excessive  labor  or  exertion. 
0-VER-DO'ING,  ppr.     Doing  to  exces=). 
O-VER-DONE',  C-dun',)  pp.     Overacted  ;  acted  to  ex- 

2.  Wearied  or  oppressed  by  too  much  labor,    [resa. 

3.  Boiled,  baked,  or  roasted  too  much.         Stn/t. 
O'VER-DOHE,  n.    T(»o  great  ii  dose. 
O-VER-DRAW,  V.  L     To   draw  beyond  the   proper 

hmits  ;  to  draw  an  order  for  a  larger  sum  than  is  due, 

or  for  a  sum  beyond  one's  credit  in  the  books  of  a 

company  ;  as,  to  overdraie  the  sum  standing  to  one's 

creilit  in  the  books  of  a  banking  cfinipany. 
O-VER-DR^  WING,  ppr.     Beyond  ihe  proper  limits  ; 

drawing  fttr  more  than  one  is  entitli>d  to  receive. 
O-VER  DRAWN',   pp.      Drawn    beyond   the    proper 

limiU;  drawn  upon  beyond  the  credit  or  funds  of 

the  drawer. 
0-VER-DRES3',  v.  L    To  dress  to  excess  ;  to  adorn 

t^Ki  much.  Pope. 

O-VER-DRESS'ED,  (-drest','*  pp.     Adorned  to  excess. 
O-VER-DRINK',  r.  U    To  drink  to  excess. 
OVER-DRIVE',  F.  t    To  drive  too  hard,  or  beyond 

■treneth.     Oen.  zxxiii. 
0-VER-DRIV'£i\,  pp.     Driven  too  hard. 
O-VER-DR?',  V.  U    To  dry  too  much.  Burton. 

O-VER-DCE',  a.    Past  the  time  of  payment;  as,  an 

overdue  note. 
O-VER-EA'GER,  «.    Too  eager;  loo  vehement  !n  de- 

■irp.  Ooodmnn. 

0-VER-EA'OER-LY,arfr.    With  excessive  eagerness. 
O-VER-EA'CER-NESS,  «.     Excess  of  earnestness. 


O-VER-FE0',Bp. 
O-VER-FEED'^,  v. 


OVE 

O-VER-F.AT',  r.  £.    To  eat  to  excess. 
0-V'ER-i:A'l''£N,  ;»;>.  w  a.     Having  eaten  too  much. 
O-VER-EL'E-GANT,  a.     Elegant  to  excess.    John-^oa. 
0-VER-EMl"TY,  t:  t.     To  nirtke  too  emptv.  Carew. 
O-VER-ES'TI-MATE,  ».  L     To  cytiimite  loo  highly. 
O-VER-Eri'TI-MATE,  «.     An   estiniatii   that   is  too 
O-VEK-EX-CIT'ED,  a.     Too  much  excited.        [high. 
0-VER-E.\-CtTE'MENT,  ri.     Excess  .  f  excitement. 
O-VER-EYE',  (6-ver-I',)  r.  £.     To  superintend  ;  to  in- 
spect.    [Little  used.} 
9.  To  observe  ;  to  remark.  ShaJi. 

O'VER-FALL,  n.     A  cataract^  the  fall  of  a  river. 

Ral€<rh. 
O-VER-FA-TIGUE',  (o-ver-fa-teeg',)    n.     Excessive 

fatigue. 
0-VER-FA-TXGUE',(o-ver-fa-teeg',)  v.  U    To  fatigue 
to  exces^J.  WaUs. 

Fed  to  excess. 

.     To  feed  to  excess.       I>njd<m. 
0-VER-FILL','r.  U     To  fill  to  excess  ;  to  surcharge. 

Dryden. 
O-VER  FLO.\T',  V.  U     To  overflow ;  to  inundate, 

Drtjdcn. 
0-VER-FL5UR'ISH,  (o-ver-flur'ish,)  v.  t.     To  make 

excessive  display  or  flourish.  Collier. 

OVER-FLOW,  r.  (.  To  spread  over,  as  wjiter ;  to 
inundate  ;  to  cover  with  water  or  other  fluid. 

2.  To  fill  beyond  the  brim. 

3.  To  deluge  ;  to  overwhelm  ;  to  cover,  as  with 
numbers. 

The  northrm  nndotu  overfiowtd  all  Chmlf  ndom.       Spenter. 

O-VER-Fl-OW,  V.  i.  To  run  over ;  to  swell  and  run 
over  the  brim  or  banks.  J>rydcn. 

2.  To  be  abundant ;  to  abound  ;  to  exuberate  ;  as, 
orn-jioitiji  IT  plenty.  Rogers. 

0'VER-FL6VV,  n.  An  inundation;  also,  superabun- 
dance. Bacon. 

0-VER-FL6W'£D,pp.  Run  or  spread  over,  as  water  ; 
deluged. 

O-VER-FLOWrXG,  ppr.  Spreading  over,  as  a  fluid  ; 
inundating  ;  running  over  the  brim  or  banks. 

OVER-FLOWING,  a.  Abundant;  copious;  exu- 
berant. 

0-VER-FLOWING,  n.     Exuberance  ;  copiousness. 

Dcnham, 

O-VER-FLOW'ING-LY,  adv.  Exuberantly  ;  in  great 
abundance.  Boyle. 

O-VER-FLUSH',  r.  t    To  flush  to  excess. 

0-VER-FLU:?H'KD,  (  flusht',)  pp.  Fluslied  to  excess ; 
reddened  to  excess. 

9.  El.-iti'd  to  excess.  Addison. 

O-VER-FLY',  V.  t.     To  pass  over  or  cross  by  fliglJt. 

0-VER-FO\U',  a.     Fond  to  excess.  [Dnjdcn, 

O-VER-FOU'WARD,  a.     Forward  to  excess. 

0-VER-F(JR^WARD-NESS,  n.  Too  great  forward- 
ness or  readiness  ;  ofliciousness.  Hale, 

0-VKR-FREIGHT',(o-ver-frrtte',)r.  (.  [See  Freight.] 
To  load  too  heavily  ;  to  fill  with  too  great  quantity 
or  numbers  ;  as,  to  overfreight  a  boat. 

O-VER-FRCIT'FUL,  o.  Too  rich;  producing  super- 
abundant crops.  Drudca. 

0-VER-F!JLL',  a.    Too  full, 

OVER  GET',  V.  U  To  reach ;  to  overtake.  [A"«£ 
useii.J  Sidtiey. 

OVER-GILD',  V.  t    To  gild  over  ;  to  varnish, 

O-VER-GIRD',  V.  U    To  gird  or  bind  loo  closely. 

Milton. 

O-VER-GLANCE',  r.  L  To  glance  over ;  to  run  over 
with  the  eye.  Shak. 

O-VER-<i0',  c,  (.    To  exceed  ;  to  surpass.       Stdnz-y. 
2.  To  cover.     [J^otused.]  Chapman, 

0-VER-GONE',  (o-ver-gawn',)  pp.    Injured;  ruined. 

Shak. 

0-VER-GORCE',  (o-ver-gorj',)  v.  f.  To  gorge  to  ex- 
cess. Shak. 

0-VER-GRX.SS'/:D,  (grist',)  a.  Overstocked  with 
gra-*K ;  overgrown  with  grass.  Spmser. 

O-VER-flREAT',  a.     Too  great.  Locke. 

O-VERGROW,  r.  ^    To  cover  wilh  growth  or  herb- 
age, Spenser. 
2.  To  grow  beyond  ;  to  rise  above.        Mortimer. 

OVER-GROW,  r.  i.  To  grow  beyond  the  fit  or  nat- 
ural si7.e  ;  aai,  a  huge,  ovrrgroivn  ox,      L''E.<tran<Tt. 

O-VER-GROWN',  pp.  or  a.     Covered  with  herbage; 
2.  Groivn  beyond  Uie  natural  si/.e.       [risen  nhove. 

O'VER  GROWTH,  n.    Exuberant  or  excessive  growth. 

OVER-HALE',    See  Ovkrhaijl.  [Baeon. 

O-VER-HAND'LE,  v.  U  To  handle  too  much;  lo 
mention  t<io  often.  S}iak. 

0-VER-IIANG',  r.  (.    To  impend  or  hang  over. 
2.  To  jut  or  project  over.  Milton. 

0-VER-HANG',  r.  t.    To  jut  over.  Miltoa. 

OVER  If  ANG'ING,  ppr.  oia.    Hanging  over  or  above. 

0-VER-HARD'£N,  r.  L  To  harden  too  much  ;  to 
make  too  hard.  Buyle. 

O-VER-HA.^TE',  n.    Too  great  haste. 

O-VER-HAST'I-LY,  a«/o.     In  too  much  haste,    ITale^. 

0-VER-HAST'I-NEriS,  n.  Too  much  haste  ;  precipi- 
tation. Rcre^by. 

0-VER-HAST'Y,  o.    Too  harfly  ;  prccipitntf. 

Hammond. 

0-VER-Hj\UL',  V.  t.    To  spread  over.  SimiAcr. 

2.  To  turn  over  for  examination  ;  to  examine  or 
inspect. 


OVE 

3.  To  draw  over. 

4.  To  examine  again,  as  one's  accounts. 

5.  To  gain  upon  in  a  chafe  ;  to  overtake. 
0-VER-HAUL'i;D,  pp.     Turned  over  for  examina- 
tion. 

2.  Overtaken  in  a  chase. 

0-VER-HEAD',  (overbed',)  adv.  Aloft;  above;  In 
the  zenith  or  ceiling.  M'dtoiu    Addison. 

O-VER-IIfiAR',  V.  t.  To  hear  by  accident;  to  hear 
what  is  not  addressed  to  the  hearer,  or  not  intended 
to  be  heard  by  him.  fVotton,    Milton. 

OVER-HEARD',  (herd',)  pp.    Heard  by  accident. 

O-VER-HkAT',  v.  L     To  heal  lo  excess.      Addison. 

O-VER  Hr;AT'i;D,pp.  or  u.     Healed  to  excess. 

O-VER-HPXE',  v.  u    To  cover  over.    [JVor  used.] 

B.  JoHson. 

O-VER-HEND',  v.  u    To  overtake.    [J^ot  used.] 

0-VER-HUNG',  pp.     Hung  over.  [Spenser. 

2.  Covered  or  overcast,  as  with  clouds. 

0-VER-IS'SUE,  (-ish'shu,)  7i.     An  issuing  to  excess  ; 
OS,  the  twerissves  of  bank  notes,  an  issuing  notes  be- 
yond the  capital  stock,  or  beyond  the  public  wants. 
Boston  Hesvlations. 

O-VER-JOY',  V.  t.  To  give  great  joy  to  ;  lo  transport 
with  gladness.  Taylor. 

O'VER-JOY,   fi.    Joy  to  excess ;  transport 

0-VER-JOY'£D,  pp.     Transported  wilh  gladness. 

0-VER-LA'BOR,  r.  f.    To  harass  wilh  toil.  Dnjdetu 
2.  To  execute  with  too  much  care. 

0-VER-LA'BOR-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Labored  to  excess. 

Scott. 

OVER-LADE',  v.  L  To  toad  with  too  great  a  cargo 
or  other  burden. 

0-VER-L.aD'£N,  pp.  Overburdened  ;  loaded  lo  ex- 
cess. 

O-VER-LAID',  pp.  [SeeOvKRLAT.]  Oppressed  with 
weight ;  smothered  ;  covered  over. 

O'VER-LAND,  a.  Passing  by  laud;  as,  an  overland 
journev. 

0-VER-!.AP'.  V.  e.     To  lap  over.     [Tantoloiriral.] 

O-VER-LXRGE',  a.     Too  large  ;  too  great.    Collier. 

O-VER-LARGE'NESS,  n.     Excess  of  size. 

O-VER-LASH',  V.  i.     To  exaggerate,     [Little  used.] 

BarrotB. 
2.  To  proceed  lo  excess.     [Little  used.]         Boyle. 

O-VEll-LASH'lNG-LY,  adv.     With  exaggeration. 

OVER-LA  V'ISH,  a.     Lavish  lo  excess. 

O-VER-LAV',  v.  t.  To  lay  loo  much  upon  ;  to  oppress 
with  incumbent  weight ;  as,  a  country  overlaid  wilh 
inhabitants.  Ralegh, 

Our  Bins  havi>  overlaid  our  hopci.  K.  Charier. 

2.  To  coi'er  or  spread  over  the  surface  ;  as,  to  oi^er- 
lay  capitals  of  columns  with  silver  ;  cedar  overlaid 
wilh  gold. 

3.  To  smother  with  close  covering  ;  as,  to  overlay 
an  infant.  Milton. 

4.  To  overwhelm  ;  lo  smother. 

A  hcHp  of  ashes  that  o'erlayt  jrour  firfl,  Dn/den, 

5.  To  cloud  ;  to  overcast. 

As  wh?n  fk  cloud  his  liram  doth  overlay,  Spenaer. 

6.  To  cover ;  to  join  two  opposite  sides  by  a  cover. 

And  overlay 
Wilh  this  portentous  brid^  the  durk  uhyw.  Milton, 

O-VER-LAY'ING,  n.    A  superficial  covering.    Exod. 

xxxviii. 

O-VEK-I.RAP',  r.  (.  To  leap  over;  to  pass  or  move 
from  side  lo  side  by  leaping;  as,  to  overleap  a  ditch 
or  a  fence.  Dry  den. 

0-VER-LP..\F'/CD,(-ieepl'or-lept',)/)p.  Leaped  over ; 
passed  bv  leaping. 

C'VER-LEATH  ER,  (letfi-er,)  n.  The  leather  which 
forma,  or  is  intended  to  form,  the  upp<T  part  of  a 
shoe  ;  Hint  which  is  over  the  foot.  [With  us,  this  is 
called   Ui'PEKi.KATMEn.]  S/iak. 

O-VER-LEAV'^N,  (o-ver-Iev'n.)  v.  t.  To  leaven  too 
much  ;  to  cause  lo  rise  and  swell  too  nnich. 

B.  Jon.wn. 
2.  To  mix  too  much  with  ;  to  corrupt.  Sliak. 

O-VER-LIII'ER-AL,  a.  T(m>  liberal ;  too  free  ;  abun- 
dant to  excess  ;  as,  oBerUHcral  dieL  Biicon. 

0-VER-LIE',  r.  ^    To  lie  over  or  upon  something. 

MantiU, 

0-VER-LTGHT',  (-llle',)  it.    Too  strong  a  lighl. 

O-VER-LIVE',  (o-ver-liv',)  r.  (.  To  outlive  ;  to  live 
longer  than  another  ;  to  survive.  [We  generally  use 
Outl;  V  E.  1  Sidnnj. 

O-VER-LIVE',  (o-ver-liv',)  v.  t.    To  live  Ino  long. 

Milton. 

0-VER  LIVER,  n.  One  that  lives  longest ;  a  survi- 
vor. Baeon, 

O-VER-LOAD',  r.  (.  To  load  with  ton  heavy  a  burden 
or  cargo  ;  to  fill  to  excess  ;  as,  to  overload  tin;  stonuicn 
or  a  vehicle. 

O-VER-LOAD'ED.pp.oro.  Loaded  too  heavily;  filled 
to  excess. 

O-VER-LOAD'ING,  ppr.  Pulling  on  too  heavy  a  bur- 
den ;  filling  to  excess. 

OVER-LONG',  a.     Too  long.  Boiile. 

0-VER-LQQK',   v.  L    To  view  from  a  higher  place; 
applied  Ui  persona  i  as,  to  stand  on  a  hill  and  overlook 
a  city. 
2.  To  stand  In  a  more  elevated  place,  or  lo  rise  to 


TONE,  DULL,  II.MTE — AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS — €^  K;  6  as  J;  8  oa  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


m 


rso 


OVE 

bigh  fts  to  nfford  the  me^ns  of  looking  down  on  ;  ap- 
plied to  things.    The  lower  overlooked  llie  town. 

3.  To  see  from  boliind  t»r  over  Ihe  shoulder  of 
another;  to  see  from  a  higher  p«.>sitiou;  af«,  to  over- 
lank  a  paper  when  one  is  writing.  IJrtiUeiu 

4.  To  view^  fully  ;  to  |>enise.  Shak, 

5.  To  inspect ;  to  ^superintend  ;  to  oversee  j  imply- 
ing core  and  walchfiilriess. 

He  WM  prrs^ni  in  pfif^u  lo  otwWoot  tha  mafiiumtM.   l^Mn»ar. 

6.  To  review  ;  to  examine  a  second  time  or  with 
care. 

The  l!m*  (ind  care  thai  are  Mmred 

To  overlook,  ami  fiie  iiiid  pol'tsh  well.  Roteommon. 

7.  To  pass  by  indulgently  ;  to  excuse ;  not  to  pun- 
ish or  ensure  :  as,  to  orrrtook  faults.  Jtddison, 

8.  To  neglect ;  to  slighU 

Titcy  or*rlotik  truth  m  the  Jtulfnu^ut  titfj  pMB  oo  advcnitjr  and 
pnxpi'rity.  AUxrltitry. 

0-VER-l.O0K'ED,    (-I^kt',)  pp.      Viewed  from  a 

hicher  pl;tVe  ;  seen  fruin  over  the  shoulder;  passed 

bv  indultr>'nilv  :  neglected  ;  slighted. 
O-VKR-I.OQK'ER,  »u    One  that  overlooks  ;  a  super- 
intendent, 
O'VER-LOOP  ;  now  written  Orlop,  which  see. 
O-VER-I>0VE\   (luv'O   v.L     To  love  to  excess;  to 

prize  or  viUue  too  much.  HalL 

O'VER  LV,  a.     [Sax.  o/erlUf.] 

Careless;  negligent;  inattentive.    [A'otus^d,] 

HaO. 
0-VER-LT'I\G,  ppr.  or  o.    Lving  over. 
O-VER-MXST',  r.  £.    To  furnish  with  a  mast  or  with 

masts  tliat  are  too  long  or  too  heavy  for  ttie  weight  of 

keel. 
O-VER-MXST'ED,  pp.    Having  masts  too  long  or  too 

heavv  for  the  ship.  -         Mar.  Diet, 

O-VER-MAS'TER,  r.  (.    To  overpower ;  to  subdue  ; 

to  \iinqutsh  ;  to  govern.  M'Uton. 

O-VER-MATCH',   v.  U    To  be  too  powerful  for;  to 

conquer;  to  subdue  ;  to  suppress  by  superior  force. 

Drydem, 
O-VER-MATCH',  n.  One  sujierior  in  power;  one  able 

to  overcome.  Milton.     .^Mlsoh. 

0-VER-.MATCH'i:D,  (-machl',)  pp.  or  o.     Exceeded 

in  power. 
O-VER-MEAS'^RE,  (o-ver-mezh'ur.)  r.  L    To  meas- 
ure or  eslimntt;  tiK>  largely.  Bacon. 
0-VER-MEA»'1;RE,  Co-ver-mezh'«r,)   n.     Excess  of 

measure ;  suraethmg  that  exceeds  the  measure  pro- 

pomd. 
O-VER-MIX'  r.  L    To  mix  with  too  much.  CrffeX 
O-VER-MOD'EST,  d.     Modest  to  excess ;  ba^ihfiil. 

Halts. 
O'VER-MOST,  o.   Highest ;  over  the  rest  in  authority. 

.^ifUttortJL 
O-VER-MUCH',  a.    Too  much;  exceeding  what  is 

necessary-  or  proper.  Locke. 

O-VRR  Ml'Cir,  adc,  Tn  too  great  a  degree.  Hooker. 
O-VER-MUCH',  ■.  More  than  sufficient.  Milton. 
O-VER  MCl'H'.NESS,     it.      Superabundance.      [JVof 

m^rtt,  and  barSdrntis.']  B.  Jon.ton. 

O-VER-MrL'TI-TCDE,   r.  (.    To  exceed  in  number. 

[A'u/  tued.}  Milton. 

O-VER-NAME',   r.  C    To  name  over  or  in  a  series. 

ysTol  tt^d.]  Shak. 

O-VeR-XkAT',  o.  Eicessivelv  neaL  Spectator. 
O-VERNiailT',   (-nlte'O   n.    ■^■ight  before  bed-lime. 

fSt-e  Over,  prep.]  Sh4ik. 

O-VER-XOiSE',  (o-ver-noiz'O  r.  t.     To  overpower  by 

noise.  Coirley. 

O-VER-OF-FEXD'ED.  a.    Offended  to  excess.  Steele. 
O-VER-OF'FICE,  c.  t.    To  lord  by  virtue  of  an  office. 

0-VER-OF-FI"CIOUS,  C-fi'^h'usO  »•    Too  busy  ;  too 
ready  to  intermeddle  ;  too  importunate.         Collier. 
it   O-VER-PaID',  pp.     Paid  more  than  is  due. 
2.  Rewarded  beyond  meriL 
O-VER-PAIXT',  r.  £.  To  color  or  describe  loo  strongly. 

Bill 
O-VERPXSS',  V.  (.    To  cross  ;  to  go  over.  Drydciu 

2.  To  overlook  ;  to  pass  without  regard. 

Milion,     Hooker, 

3.  To  omit,  as  in  reckoning.  RaUgk. 

4.  To  omit ;  not  to  receive  or  include.      Hooker. 
0-VER-PAPS'£D,  >  po.    Passed  by;   passed  away; 
O-VER  PAST'         (     '  gone;  past.  Shak. 
0-VER-PA:^'SlOX-ATE,  a.    Passionate  to  excess. 
O-VER-PAS'SIOX-ATE-LY,  ode.     With  too  much 

pa3::ion. 
O-VER-PA'TIEN'T,  (-shent,)  a.     Patient  to  excess. 
O-VER-Pa  Y',  r.  u    To  pay  too  much,  or  more  than  ia 

due. 
2.  To  reward  beyond  the  price  or  merit.     Prior, 
0-VER-PEER',  r.  (.   To  overlook  j  to  hover  over.  [JVo£ 

u.<cd.]  Shak. 

O-VER-PEO'PLE,  p.  U  To  overstock  with  inhabitants. 

Johnson. 
O-VER-PE0'PL£D,  pp.  or  a.    Overstocked  with  in- 

habitant.o. 
O-VER  PERCH',  r.  (.    To  perch  over  or  above  :  to  fly 

over.  Shak. 

O-VER-PER'EMP-TO-RY,  a.    Too  peremptorv-. 
O-VER-PER-SCADE',  e.  t.     To  persuade  or  influence 

aguinst  one's  inclination  or  opinion.  Pope. 


OVE 

O-VER-PER-SUAD'ED,  pp.  Influenced  beyond  one's 
inclination  or  opinion. 

O-VER-PIC'Tl^RE,  V.  t.  To  exceed  the  representa- 
tion or  picture.  Shak. 

O'VER-PLUS,  H.  [over  and  h,  plus^  more,  or  perhaps 
G.  itberjlusst  overflow.] 

Surplus  ;  tlial  which  remains  after  a  supply,  or  be- 
yond a  quantity  proposed.  Take  what  is  wanted, 
and  return  the  overplus. 

It  would  loot  like  a  Eible  to  wpoit  that  thb  genlloman  ^vea 
awujr  all  wliicb  k  the  ootrplut  of  a  grnat  font.Dfi.   AdtUsoti. 

O-VER-PLT',  v.t  To  ply  to  excess  ;  to  exert  with 
Ux>  much  vigor.  MUton. 

O-VER-POISE',  (o-ver-po!z',)  v.  u    To  outweigh. 

Brovm, 

O'VER-POrsE,  n.    Preponderant  weight.      Dryden. 

O-VER-POL'ISH,  V.  L    To  polish  too  much. 

Black-walL 

0-VER-PON'DER-OUS,  a.  Too  heavy  ;  too  depress- 
ing. Milton. 

O- VER-POST',  r.  t    To  hasten  over  quickly.  Shak. 

O-VER-POWER,  r.  (.  To  atfect  with  a  iwwer  or 
force  that  can  not  be  borne  ;  as,  the  light  overpowers 
the  eves. 

2.  To  vanquish  by  force ;  to  subdue  ;  to  reduce  to 
silence  in  action  or  submission  ;  to  defeat. 

Drydrn.      Ifatts. 

0-VER-POW'ER-£D,  pp.  Vanquished  by  superior 
force. 

O-VER-POVV'ER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Subduing;  dedu- 
cing to  submission. 

O-VER-POWER-ING-LY,  adv.    With  superior  force. 

0-VER-PRESS',   V.  ^    To  bear  upon  with  irresistible 
force  ;  to  crush  ;  to  overwhelm.         Sidney.     Swift. 
a.  To  overcome  by  importunity. 

O-VER-PRIZE',  V.  u  To  value  or  prize  at  too  high  a 
rate.  JVottvn. 

O-VER-PRO.MPT',  a.  Too  prompt ;  too  ready  or 
eager. 

O-VER-PROMPT'NESS,  n.  Excessive  promptness; 
precipitation. 

0-VER-PRO-POR'TION,  v.  t.  To  make  of  loo  great 
proportion. 

U-VER-QUI'ET-NESS,  n.    Too  much  quietness. 

Broirn. 

O-VER-RAKE',  r.  t.  To  break  in  upon  n  ship.  When 
tbo  waves  break  in  Ufton  a  ship  at  anchor,  with  her 
head  to  the  sea,  it  is  said,  they  occrrake  her,  or  she 
is  orerraktd.  Mar.  DicL 

0-VER-RA.\K',  a.     Too  rank  or  luxuriant.   Mortimer. 

OVER-RATE',  r.  L  To  rale  at  loo  much;  lo  esti- 
mate at  a  value  or  amount  beyond  the  truth. 

I>ryden. 

O-VER-RAT'F.n,  pp.     Estimated  at  loo  high  a  rale. 

O-VER-RAT'IXG,  ppr.     Placing  too  high  a  value  on. 

O-VER-KKACH',  r.  L  To  reach  beyond  in  any  di- 
rection ;  to  rise  above  ;  to  extend  beyond.    BumeL 

2.  To  deceive  by  cunning,  artifice,  or  sagacity  ;  to 
cheat.  TiUot^on. 

O-VER-REACH',  V.  L  Applied  to  htrrses,  to  strike  the 
toe  of  the  hind  fool  against  the  heel  or  shoe  of  the 
fore  foot. 

O'VER-ReACH,  n.  The  act  of  striking  the  heel  of 
(he  fun;  ftmt  with  the  toe  of  the  hind  fool.     Encye. 

O-VER-ReACH'ER,  n.  One  tiiat  overreaches;  one 
that  deceives. 

O-VER-REACH'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Reaching  beyond  ; 
cheating. 

O-VER-RkACH'ING,  n.  The  act  of  deceiving  ;  a 
reaching_too  far. 

0-VER-ReAD',  v.  i.  To  read  over;  to  peruse.  [JVot 
vse.d.  ]  Shak. 

O-VER-READ'I-LY,  adv.     With  too  much  readiness. 

O-VER-READ'I-NESS,  n.    Excess  of  readiness. 

0-VER-READ'Y,  (-red'de,)  a.     Too  ready. 

OVER-RED',  V.  L  To  smear  with  a  red  color.  [JVot 
used.]  Shak. 

oXli-RlD'hE^.W'    Rid  to  excess. 

O-VER-RIDE',  V.  L    To  ride  over.    [JVot  used.] 

Chauecr. 
2.  To  ride  too  much  ;  to  ride  beyond  the  strength 
of  the  horse. 

0-VER-KIPE',  a.     Matured  to  excess. 

O-VER-RIP'EX,  tJ.  t.     To  make  too  ripe.  Shak. 

0-VER-RriAST',  V.  L     To  roast  too  much.        Shak. 

0-VER-IluLE',  V.  t.  To  influence  or  control  by  pre- 
dominant power;  to  subject  to  superior  autlKjrily. 
The  law  must  overrule  all  private  opinions  of  right 
and  wrong. 

Hi*  paaaoQ  and  animosity  overruled  hts  conscience.     Clarendon, 

2.  To  govern  with  high  authority.  Haijward, 

3.  In  laiD,  to  supersede  or  reject;  as,  the  plea  was 
overruled  by  the  court. 

0-VER-RCL'£D,  pp.      Influenced   by   predominant 
power. 
2,  Superseded  or  rejected. 
O-VER-RCL'ER,  n.      One  who  controls,  directs,  or 

governs.  -  Sidvey. 

0-VER-RCL'ING,  ppr.  Controlling;  subjecting  to 
author!  ij% 

2.  a.  Exerting  superior  and  controlling  power; 
as,  an  overruling  Providence. 


OVK 

a  VER-ROL'INGLY,  mlv.     Controllingly. 

O-VER-RUN',  r.  (.  To  run  or  spread  over;  to  grow 
over;  lo  rover  all  over.  The  sluggard's  farm  is 
averrun  with  weeds.  Some  plants  unchcckei]  will 
soon  overrun  a  field.  The  Canada  thii^lte  is  overrun- 
ning the  northern  parts  of  New  England,  as  it  bus 
overrun  Normandy. 

2.  To  march  or  rove  over  ;  to  harass  by  hostile  in- 
cursions ;  to  ravage.  The  south  of  Europe  was  for- 
merly overrun  by  the  Goths,  Vandals,  and  other  bar- 
barians. 

3.  To  outrun  ;  to  run  faster  than  another  and 
leave  him  behind. 

Aljimi\nt  ran  by  the  way  of  Ibe  plain,  and  ottrran  Cushl.— 2 
Sam.  xviii, 

4.  To  overspread  with  numbers.  Were  it  not  for 
the  ibis,  it  has  been  supposed  Egypt  would  be  over- 
run with  criwodiles. 

5.  To  injure  by  treading  down. 

6.  Among  printers^  to  change  the  disposition  of 
types,  and  carry  those  of  one  line  into  another,  either 
in  correction,  or  in  the  contraction  or  extension  of 
columns. 

OVER-RUN',  r.  t.    To  overflow  ;  to  run  over.  Smith, 

O-VER-RUN',  pp.  Run  or  spread  over  ;  grown  over  ; 
injured  bv  treading  down. 

0-VER-RUN'NER,  n.    One  that  overruns. 

0-VER-RUN'NING,  ppr.  or  «.  Spreading  over;  rava- 
ging ;  changing  Ihe  disposition  of  types. 

0-VER-RCN'NING,  n.  The  act  of  overflowing  or 
running  over. 

O-VER-SAT'll-RATE,  v.  t.    To  salumle  lo  excess. 

O-VER-SAT'lT-RA-TED,  pp.    More  than  saturated. 

O-VER-SAT'U-RA-TING,  ppr.      Saturating  to   ex- 

O-VEk-S€R0'PU-LOUS,  a.    Scnipulous  to  excess. 

Mitford. 
O-VER-SGRU-PU-LOS'I-TY,       (  n.     Excess  of  scru- 
O-VER^SCRC'PU-LOUS-NESS,  (      pulousness. 
0-VER-SRA',  a.     Foreign  ;  from  beyond  sea.   Wdson. 
O-VER-SEE',  V.  t.     To  superintend  ;  to  overlook,  im- 
plying care. 

2.  To  pass  unheeded;  to  omit;  lo  neglect.  [JVo( 
used.]  Hudibrus, 

O-VER-PEEN',  pp.     Puiwrintended. 

'J.  Mistaken;  deceived.     [■N'ot  used,]        Hooker, 
0-VER-SEER',  n.    One  who  overiooks  ;  a  superinten- 
dent ;  a  supervisor. 

U.  An  officer  who  has  the  care  of  the  poor  or  of  an 

idiot,  &c. 

O-VER-SEE'IN^G,  ppr.     Superintending  ;  overlooking. 

0-VER-SET',  V.  t.    To  turn  from  the  proper  position 

or  basis;  to  turn  upon  the  side,  or  to  turn  bottom 

upward  ;  as,  to  overset  a  coach,  a  ship,  or  a  building. 

2.  To  subvert;  to  overthrow;  as,  to  overset  the 
constitution  of  a  slate  j  to  overset  a  scheme  of  pol- 
icy. 

3.  To  throw  ofl!"  the  proper  foundation.     Dryden. 
0-VER-SET',  V.  i.     To  turn  or  be  turned  over  ;   to 

turn  or  fall  oflT  the  basis  or  bottom.    A  crank  vessel 

is  liablf  to  overset. 
O-VER-SET'TING,  ppr.     Turning  upon  the  side,  or 

bottom  upward  ;  subverting  ;  overthrowing. 
0-VER'SHAl)E',  r.  t.     To  cover  with  shade  ;  to  cover 

with  any  thing  that  causes  darkness  ;  lo  render  dark 

or  gloomy.  Bacon.     Dn/den. 

0-VER-SHAD'5\V,  v.  t.    To  throw  a  shadow'  over; 

to  overshade.  Milton, 

2.  To  shelter  ;  to  protect;  to  cover  with  protecting 

influence.  MUton. 

0-VER-SHAD'5W-£D,  pp.    Overshaded ;  sheltered  ; 

protected. 
O-VER-SHAD'oW-ER,  n.     One  that  throws  a  shade 

over  any  thing.  Bacon. 

O-VER-SHAD'OW-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Throwing  a  shade 

over ;  protecting. 
O-VER-iiHOOT',  v,  U    To  shoot  beyond  the  mark. 

TilltiUon. 
2.  To  pass  swiftly  over.  Harte. 

To  overshoot  one's  self;  to  venture  loo  far ;  to  as- 
sert tr>o  much.  Hooker. 
O-VER-SHOOT',  V.  i.    To  fly  beyond  the  mark. 
O-VER-SHOT',  pp.     Shot  beyond.                   [Collier. 
0'VER-SHOT-WHEEL',n.  A  wheel  which  is  turned 

by  water  which  shoots  ouer,  or  flows  on  to  the  lop 

of  it. 
O'VER-SIGHT,  (-slte,)n.    Superintendence;  watch- 
ful care.     1  Pet.  v. 
2.  Mistake;  an  overlooking)  omission;  error. 

Pope. 
0-VER-SiZE',  V.  t.    To  surpass  in  bulk  or  size.   [JVot 

much  iLfed.]  Sandys, 

2.  To  cover  with  viscid  matter.  Shak. 

0-VER-SKIP',  v.  U    To  skip  or  leap  over ;  to  pass  by 

leaping.  Hooker. 

2.  To  pass  over.  Donne, 

3.  To  escape.  Shak. 
O-VER-SLEEP',  V.  t.    To  sleep  too  long ;  as,  to  over- 
sleep the  usual  hour  of  rising. 

O-VER-SLEPT',  pp.     Slept  too  long. 

0-VER-SLIP',  r.  L  To  slip  or  pass  without  notice  ; 
to  pass  undone,  unnoticed,  or  unused  ;  to  omit;  lo 
neglect ;  as,  to  overslip  time  or  opportunity. 

Hammond. 


FATE,  FAR,  Fi^LL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRfiY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- 


766 


OVE 

O-VERr-SLOW,  r.  (.  To  render  elow ;  to  clieck  ;  to 
ciirh.     f.V('(  u-^ed.]  Hammond. 

O-VER-SNOW,  V.  L  To  cover  with  snow.  [JVot 
mueft  used.'\  I}ntden. 

OVER-SOLO',  pp.    Sold  at  too  high  a  price.  Dryden, 

O-VER-SOON'   (if/u.    Too  soon.  Sidney. 

O-VER-SOR'ROW,  v.  L  To  grieve  or  afflict  to  ex- 
cess. AlillOlU 

OVER-SPAN*',  V.  U    To  reach  or  extend  over. 

OVER-SPkAK',  v.  L  To  speak  too  much  ;  to  use 
t<H)  many  words.  Hales. 

0-VER-SPEXT',  pp.  [See  Spend.]  Harassed  or  fa- 
tigued to  an  extreme  ae^ee.  Dryden. 

O-VEU  SPREAD',   {o-ver-sprcd' )  r.   t.      To    spread 
over ;  to   cover  over.      The   aehige  overfipread  the 
earth. 
2.  To  scatter  over. 

0-VER  SPREAD',  (o-ver-spred',)  r.  t.  To  be  spread 
or  scattered  over. 

O-VER-STA.ND',  v.  t.  To  stand  loo  much  on  price  or 
conditions  J  to  tuse  a  sale  by  holding  the  price  too 
hiph.  Drydeit. 

O-VER-STXRE',  v.  L    To  stare  wildly.     [A'ol  used.] 

^scham. 

O-VER-STATE',  r.  t  To  exaggerate  in  statement; 
to  !--late  in  too  strong  terms.  D.  tVebster. 

O-VER-STEP',  r.  (.  To  step  over  or  beyond  ;  to  ex- 
ceed. S/iak. 

0-VER-STEP'P£D,  (-^tept.)  pp.  Exceeded  or  slept  be- 
yond prop!  r  bounds. 

O-VER-STOCK',  n.  Superabundance;  more  than  is 
SHfficieiiL  Tatier. 

O-VER-STOCK',  r.  t.  To  fill  too  full ;  to  crowd  ;  to 
supply  with  more  than  is  wanted.  Ttie  world  may 
be  overidocked  with  inhabitants;  the  market  is  oflcn 
octTStocked  with  goods. 

2.  To  furnish  with  more  cattle  than  are  wanted ; 
as,  to  orerstock  a  frtnn. 

3.  To  supply  with  more  seed  than  is  wanted  ;  as, 
to  overstock  land  with  clover. 

O-VER  STOCK'.ED,  (stokt',)  pp.  or  a.  Filled  •oo 
full ;  crowded  ;  furnished  with  more  cattle  than  are 
wanted^:*  a  farm. 

OVER-STORE',  ».  U  To  store  with  too  much  ;  to 
supply  or  fill  with  superabundance.  Haie. 

O'VER-STO-RY,  n.    The  clear-story  or  upper  story. 
Qloss.  c/Jirchit. 

O-VER-STRAIN',  r.  i.  To  strain  to  excess  :  to  make 
too  violent  efforts.  Dryden. 

O-VER-STR  A  IN',  V.  L    To  stretch  too  far.     Ayliffe, 

0-VER-STR  E VV,  J  r.  L    To  spread  or  scatter  over. 

O-VER-iJTR0\V',  i  SAG*. 

O  VEK-STRfKE',  r.  (.    To  strike  beyond.    Spenser. 

0-  VER-STRO WN',  pp.    Spread  or  scattered  over. 

J.  BarloiD. 

O-VER-STUFF'ED,  (-stuft',)  a.     Stuffed  to  excess, 

O-VER-SUP-PLT',  V.  U  To  furnish  more  than  is  suf- 
ficient. Melmotk. 

0-VER-SVVARM'ING,  a.    Swarming  to  excess. 

0-VER-S\VXY',  v.  u  To  overrule ;  to  bear  down  ;  to 
control.  Hooker, 

O-VER-SWELL',  r.  L  To  swell  or  rise  above ;  to 
overflow.  Sfiak. 

O-VER-SWELL'EO,  pp.     Swelled  to  excess. 

O'VERT,  a.  [Fr.  ouvert^  from  ourrir,  to  open,  It. 
aprire,  L.  aperio.] 

Open  to  vic-w  ;  public  ;  apparent ;  as,  overt  virtnca  ; 
an  overt  e»*ay.  But  ihe  word  is  now  used  chiefly  in 
law.  Thus,  an  overt  act  of  treason  in  distinguished 
from  secH't  design  or  intention  not  carried  into  eff^'ct, 
and  even  from  words  spoken.  A  ntarket  overt  is  a 
place  where  poods  are  publicly  exposed  to  snlc.  A 
pound  oerrt  is  one  open  overiicad,  as  distingul^^hed 
fnmi  a  pound  covert  or  close.  Blaelutone. 

O-VER-TAKE',  r.  L  To  come  up  with  in  a  course, 
pursuit,  progress,  or  motion  ;  to  catch. 

Tbr  fn<^nly  taid,  I  will  piirmur,  I  will  avtrtakt.  —  ¥.%.  rr. 

S.  To  come  upon  ;  to  fall  on  aflerward.   Vengeance 
shall  overtake  the  wicked. 
3.  To  lake  by  surprise. 

Bn-diP'n,  ir«  mnn  br  vftnoktn  tn  n  twii,  T?  whkhni*-  •piritu&l, 
DMpn  auch  Ml  ooe  la  the  ■firii  ot  nMrekncM.  — GaI.  vi 

O-VER-TAK'EN,  pp.  Come  up  with  In  pursuit; 
caucht :  takf^n  by  surprise. 

OVER-TASK',  V.  U  To  impose  too  heavy  a  task  or 
injiinrtion  on.  Hartley, 

O  VER-TA3K'£D,  (-taskt',)  pp.  or  a.  Talked  too 
h»*nvily. 

O-VER-TAX',  V.  L    To  tax  too  heavily, 

O-VER-Tf/DI-OUS,  a.    Too  tedious. 

OVER-THROW,  w.fc  [SeeTHHOw.]  To  turn  up- 
side down. 

U'ti  wife  ov*nhrev  the  table.  TTnylor. 

2.  To  throw  down. 

3.  To  ruin  ;  to  demolish. 

Wbcit  tb>!  wiklls  of  Ttiebrt  h«  ooerArea.  Drydtn, 

4.  To  defeat ;  to  conquer ;  to  vanish  ,  as,  to  over- 
throie  nn  army  or  an  enemy. 

5.  To  subvert;  to  destroy;  as,  to  overihrov)  the 
constitution  or  state  ;  to  overthruie  religion. 

6'VER  THROW,  71.  The  state  of  bcmg  overturned 
or  turned  off  the  basis. 


OVE 

2.  Ruin  ;  destruction  ;  subversion  ;  as,  the  over- 
throw  of  the  state. 

3.  Defeat ;  discomfiture  ;  as,  the  overthrow  of  ene- 
mies. Dryden. 

4.  Decrndiition.  Shak. 
O-VER-THRoVV'ER,  n.     One  that  overthrows,  de- 
feats, or  deftrovs. 

O-VER-THROW'ING,  ppr.     Turning  upside  down; 

throwing  down  ;  ruining;  subverting. 
OVER-THROWN',  pp.    Turned  upside  down;   de- 
molished ;  defeated. 
0-VER-THWART',a.    Opposite;  beingover the  way 
or  street.  Shak. 

2.  Crossing  at  right  angles. 
3    Cross;  perverse;  adverse  ;. contradictious. 

Clarendon. 
O-VER-THWART',  prep.     Across  ;  from  side  to  side. 
O-VER-THWART'LY,  ado.     Across;  transversely, 

Peacham. 
2.  Perversely. 
O-VER-THWART'NESS,  n.     The  state   of  being 
athwart  or  lying  across. 
2.  Perverseness ;  pervicacity,  Johnson. 

0-VER-TIRE',  V.  t.    To  tire  to  excess;  to  subdue  by 

fatiffue.  Milton. 

0-VER-TI'TLE,  v.  L    To  give  too  high  a  title  to. 

Fuller. 
0'VERT-I,Y,  adv.     Openly  ;  in  open  view  ;  publicly. 
O-VER-TOOK',  prff.  of  Overtake. 
O-VER-TOF",  r.  (.    To  rise  above  the  top.         Shak. 

2.  To  I'Xcel  ;  to  surpass.  Harvey. 

3.  To  obscure  ;  to  make  of  less  importance  by  su- 
perior exreilence.  Swift. 

OVER  TOP'PKD,  f-topt',)  pp.  Risen  above  the  top ; 
excelled  ;  obsrurea. 

O-VER-TOW'ER,  v.  t.     To  soar  too  high.       Fuller. 

O-VER-TRADE',  v.  i.  To  trade  beyond  capital,  or  to 
purchase  gmuls  beyond  the  means  of  payment,  or  be- 
yond the  wants  of  the  community. 

0-VEK-TRAD'rN(;,7»pr.  Trading  to  excess,  beyond 
capital  or  the  public  want-j. 

O-VER-TRAU'ING,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  buying 
goods  beyond  the  means  of  payment,  or  beyond  the 
wants  of  the  communilv. 

0-VER-TRlP',  V.  L  To'  trip  over;  to  walk  nimbly 
over.  Shak. 

OVER-TRUST',  v.  t.  To  trust  with  too  much  con- 
fidence. HaU. 

O'VER-TIIRE,  Ji.     (Fr.  ouvertare.     See  Overt.] 

1.  Opening;  disclasure  ;  discovery.  Shak. 
[Fn  this  literal  sense,  little  used.] 

2.  Proposal ;  something  offerrd  for  consid<Tation, 
acceptance,  or  rejection.  The  prince  made  overtures 
of  peace,  which  wer«  accepted. 

3.  A  kind  of  musical  prologue  or  composition,  for 
a  full  instmmental  band,  introductory  to  an  oratorio, 
opera,  or  ballet.  P.  Ci/c. 

O'VER-TITRE,  V.  t.     In  the  Pre.shrjtcrian  church,  to  lay 

before  an  ecclesiastical  body  an  overture  or  subject 

f<tr  considf^ration. 
OVER-TURN',  V.  t.     To  overset;  to  turn  or  throw 

from  a  basis  or  foundation  ;  as,  to  overturn  a  carriage 

or  a  building. 

2.  To  subvert ;  to  ruin  ;  lo  destroy, 

Locke.     Jilt^rhury. 

3.  To  overpower  ;  to  conquer.  JUdton. 
O'VER-TURN,  n.     Stal«  of  being  overturned  or  sub- 
verted ;  overthrow. 

O-VER-TURN'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  overturned. 

[A'('(  much  M.<f'/.] 
O-VER-TURN'/.n,  pp.    Overset ;  overthrown. 
O-VER-TURN'EU,  a.    One  thai  overturns  or  subverts. 

Sinji. 
O-VER-TURN'rNG,  ppr.      Oversetting;    ovcrthrow- 

tne  ;  siibvcrtinff. 
O-VER-TURN'ING,  lu    An  oversetllng;  subversion; 

change  ;  revolution* 
O-VER-VAIE',  (  c.u    To  cover;  to  spread  over. 
O-VER-Vgll/,  \  Shak. 

0-VER-VAL'UE,  V.  U    To  rate  at  too  high  a  price. 

Iliiokcr. 
O-VER-VAT/U-FD,  pp.     Placed  too  high  a  value  on. 
0-VER-VAL'li-ING,  ppr.     Valuing  loo  highly. 
O'VER-VOTE',  r.  (.     To  outvote;    to  outnumber  in 

votes  givpn.  K.  Charles. 

O-VER-VVATCir'.  C-woch',)  r.  f.    To   watch   to  ex- 
cess ;  to  subdue  bv  long  want  of  rest.  Dn/den. 
0-VER-WATCH'£D,  (-wocht',)pp.  or  a.    Tired  by  too 

much  wotching.  Siilneii. 

O-VER-WkAK',  n.     Too  weak  ;  too  feeble.    Rnle'gh. 
OVER-WP.A'RY,  t?.  (.    To  subdue  with  fatigue. 

Dryden. 
O-VER-WEATII'ER,    (o-ver-wetft'er,)    v.    t.       [See 

Weather.]      To  bruise  or   batter   by   violence    of 

weather 
0-VER\VEEN',  r.  i.    [Wekm  Is  obsolete  except  in 

composition.    See  the  word.] 

1.  To  think  too  highly;  to  think  arrogantly  or 
conceitedly. 

2.  To  r«ich  beyond  the  truth  in  thouchl ;  to  think 
too  favornhtv.  Shak.     MUfon. 

O-VER  WEEN'ING,  ppr.      Thinking   loo   highly   or 
conceitedly. 
2.  a.  That  thinks  too  higltly,  particularly  of  one's 


ovu 

self;  conceited;  vain;  as,  ovenoeaiing  prido  ;  an 
ovPnceeninff  brain.  Locke. 

0-VER-WEEN'ING-LY,  adv.  With  too  much  vanity 
or  conceit. 

0-VER-WBIGH',  C-wa',)  v.  U  To  exceed  in  weight  , 
to  cause  to  preponderate  ;  to  outweigh  ;  to  over- 
balance. Hooker. 

O'VER- WEIGHT,  C-wate,)  -a.  Greater  welghl ;  pre- 
ponderance. Baeon. 

O-VER-WHELM',  c.  (.  To  overspread  or  crush  be- 
neath something  violent  and  weighty,  that  covers 
or  encompasses  the  whole ;  as,  to  overwhelm  with 
waves. 

2.  To  immerse  and  bear  down  ;  in  a  Jiffyrative 
sense  ;  as,  to  be  overwhelmed  with  cares,  atlliclious, 
or  business. 

3.  To  overlook  gloomily.  Shak. 

4.  To  put  over.     [J^ut  used.] 
O'VER-WHELM,  n.    The  act  of  overwhelming. 

Voting. 

O-VER-WIIELM'ED,  pp.  Crashed  with  weight  or 
numbers. 

0-VER-WHELM'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Crushing  with 
weight  or  numbers. 

O-VER-WHELM'ING-LY,a<^0.  In  a  manner  to  over- 
whelm. 

O-VER-WING',  V.  t  To  outflank  ;  to  extend  beyond 
the  wine  of  an  army.  Milton. 

OVER-WISE',  a.     Wise  to  affectation.  Frclus. 

O-VER-WISE'N'ESS,  n.  Pretended  or  affected  wis- 
dom. Ralerrh. 

O-VER  WORD',  (wurd',)  v.  t.     To  say  too  much. 

O-VER-WORK',  (-wtirk',)  v.  t.  To  work  beyond  the 
strength  ;  to  cause  to  labor  too  much  ;  lo  lire.   South. 

O'VER-WORK,  (5'ver-wurk,)  n.  Work  done  beyond 
the  amount  required  by  stipulation. 

O-VER-W0RK'KD,pp.ora.   Worked  beyond  strength. 

O-VER-WORK'ING,  m»r.     Working  to  excess. 

OVER-WORN',  a.    Worn  out ;  subdued  by  toil. 

Dryden. 
2.  Spoiled  bv  time.  Shak. 

O-VER-WRES'TLE,  (o-ver-reaH,)  r.  L  To  subdue  by 
wre.-"!  line.  Spenser. 

O-VER-VVROUGHT',  (o  ver-rawt',)  pp.  Labored  to 
excess.  Dryden. 

2.  Worked  all  over;  as,  overwrouglU  with  orna- 
ments. Pope. 

0-VER-YEAR'£D,  a.    Too  old.    [JVot  used.] 

Fairfax. 

O-VER-ZeAL'ED,  a.  Too  much  excited  wiih  zeal; 
nilcd  bv  too  much  zeal.  Fuller. 

0-VER-ZEAL'OUS,  (o-ver-zel'us,)  a.  Too  zealous; 
eaiji-r  to  excess.  Locke. 

0-Vl€'ULAR,  a.    [from  L.  ovuvi,  an  egg.] 

Pertaining  tu  an  egg.  Bryant. 

0-VII>'l-AN,  a.  Belonging  to  or  resembling  the  Latin 
poet  Ovid. 

O'VI-DUGT,  n.     [L.  oci/rn,  an  egg,  and  ductus,  n  duct.] 
In  animalSf  a  passage  for  the  ovum  or  egg  from  the 
ovarj  ti.)  the  womb|  or  to  an  external  outlet. 

Brande. 

0-VlG'ER-OUsI  i  '^     f^*  '^""*  ^"'^  ■^'^'''  *"■  ^'^"■^ 
Ej;;;-bearing  ;  an  epithet  applied  to  certain  recepta- 
cles fur  eggs,  alter  being  excluded  from  the  formative 
organs. 
O'VI-FORM,  a,     [L.  ovnm,  egg,  and  forma,  form.] 

Having  the  form  or  figure  of  an  egg.         Burnet. 
O'VINE,  a.     [L.  ovinus,  from  ovit,  slu^ep.] 

Pertaining  to  sheep;  consisting  of  sheep, 
0-VIP'A-ROUS,    a,      [L.    ovum,  egg,  and    pario,  to 
produc*^] 

Producing  eggs,  or  producing  young  from  eggs, 
which  are  developed  after  exclusion  from  the  body. 
Fowls  and  reptiles  are  oviparous  animals. 
0-VI-POS'IT,  r,  (.    A  term  applied  to  the  act  of  in- 

st  cts,  &.C.,  in  de|)osiiing  their  eggs. 
0-VI  PO  Sl"TION,  I   n.     [L.  oBwm,  egg,  and  positio, 
O-VI-roS'lT-ING.   (       a  deiH)siting.] 

The  laying  or  de(K)siting  of  eggs.  Kirhy. 

O-VI-POS'IT-OR,  lu  [L.  ovum,  egg,  and  positor,  a 
placer.] 

The  organ  by  which  eggs  are  deposited.    In  some 
ichneumons  it  is  long  and  fitted  to  pierce  the  e^gs  or 
larves  of  insects,  in  order  to  lay  their  own  eggs  with- 
in tbe  same.  Dana, 
0'VI-SA€,  rt.     [L.  ovum,  egg,  and  saecvs,  sack.] 

The  cavity  in  an  ovary  wiiich  contains  the  egg  or 
ovum. 
O'VOID,         )   a.       [I*    0T,'u;n,  egg,    and    Gr.    ci^Jwy, 
O-VOID'AL,  (        form.] 

1.  Having  a  shape  resemblinf*  that  of  an  egg. 

2.  In  botany,  terete  and  swelling  toward  the  base, 
or  with  the  outline  of  an  entire  egg  of  the  dunghill 
f(.wl. 

O'VO-LO,  n.  In  architecture,  a  round  molding,  the 
quarter  of  a  circle;  called  also  the  Uuaster  Round. 

Eneye. 
O-VO-VI-VIP'AR-OUS,   a.     [L.  ovum,  egg,  vivo,  to 
live,  and  pario,  to  pro<tuce.] 

Producing  a  living  fetus,  by  excluding  tt  from  an 
ege-covering,  as  the  marsupials. 

O'VU-lOm,  !  "•    tfrora  I"  wm™-] 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IINITE — AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8 C  as  K ;  Cl  as  J  ;  «  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


Trt7 


OWN 

In  botanif,  a  body  bt>rne  by  the  placcnia  vf  a  plants 
and  destined  to  bt^om^  n  need.  It  U  inclosed  or 
naked.  It  is  compiwed  of  two  sacs,  one  within 
nriMthtT,  which  are  called  priinine  and  sectindiue, 
and  of  a  nucleus  within  Itio  sacs.  Lindley. 

O'Vr-Lri'E,  n.     A  fossil  ecg. 

O'VIJ.M,  ii.;  p/.  Ota.    [I..,  an  ece.] 

1.  In  «i«t«M|r,  the  bmly  formed  by  iho  frmiile.  in 
which,  after  impregnati,  n,  the  development  of  the 
fetns  takes  place 

a.  In  architecture,  n  tenn  applied  to  oniamenta  in 
the  sha{>e  of  an  egg,  into  which  the  echimis  or  ovolo 
i^  orten  carved.  GteiWs  Enctje.  o/jJrck. 

OWE,  (d,)  p.  ^  [A  rcpular  verb,  prru  ami  pp.  Owed  ; 
us*d  with  the  auxiliar>'  Aarf,  h^d.  but  not  with  the 
siib^itantive  verb  to  be.  The  verb  is  doubtless  Uie 
Sax.  agwt,  Goth,  aisran,  Sw.  d»«,  Ice.  e^,  to  have  or 
possess,  that  is,  to  hold,  or  retain,  coinciding  with 
the  Gr.  ev****  The  Sax.  {hirticiple  Cffrn^  Dan.  effft^  is 
the  English  own.  Ou/At  is  a  derivative  tense,  and 
was  formerly  used  in  the  sense  of  owed.  The 
pn^i^r  sense  of  owe,  is  to  be  held,  or  bound  to  pny  ; 
nearly  as  we  now  use  kav«  in  the  phrases,  "  I  Aors 
to  pay  a  sum  of  uioney  to-morrow,"  **  1  hact  to  go 
lo  town  to-day."] 

1.  To  be  indebted  ;  to  be  obliged  or  bound  to  pay. 
The  nwretuuits  eise  a  large  sum  to  foreigners. 

A  KM  o<M«  help  and  honor  to  hi*  father.  Holybty. 

One  WKS  liruuffht  ta  hiui  who  ow«f  him  tea  thomunl  uk-nu.  — 

M«tt.  xviii. 
Oc*r  DO  nun  uir  thing,  but  to  love  one  luiotlwr.  — Rom.  xM. 

SI.  To  be  obliged  to  ascribe  to;  to  be  obliged  for; 
OS,  thai  he  may  owe  lo  me  all  his  delivcrnnce. 

MUt4nu 
3.  To  possess ;  to  hare  ;  to  be  the  owner  of. 
[This  is  the  original  sense,  but  now  ob^udete.     In 
place  of  it,  we  use  Ovr:t,  from  the  participle.     Bee 
Own.] 

TboudoM  hen  oturp 
The  DUae  ihMi  omeM  not.  Shak. 

A.  To  be  due  or  owing. 

0,  dMTti  th;  b31  net  owrf  to  mui^  dacne.  Pope. 

TTkia  pasAveform  it  not  mow  usei,1 
OWE.  r.L    To  be  bound  or  obliged.  Bp.  Flskrr. 

0\V'EL-TY,  n.  The  diifercnce  which  is  paid  or  re- 
ceived by  one  coparcener  to  another,  for  the  purpose 
of  equalizing  a  p-Trtilion.  Baurirr. 

OWING,  pjfr.  [This  is  u?ed  in  a  passive  fcirui,  con- 
trary to  analog}-,  for  Owsx  or  Owed.  But  the  use  is 
Invpterately  e^ablished.1 

I.  Due  ;  that  moral  obligation  requirt^s  to  be  paid  ; 
as,  the  money  ovin^  to  a  laborer  tor  services,  or  to 
another  countr>-  for  goods. 

9.  Consequential ;  aacribable  to  as  the  cauv.  Mis- 
fortunes are  often  owmf  to  vices  or  miscalculations. 
;i.  Imputable  to  as  an  agent.  His  recover>'  from 
sickness  is  ^iriit^  less  to  his  physician  than  to  tlie 
strength  of  his  constitution. 
OWL,  n.  [Sax.  kIo,  «/« ;  D.  atJ ;  C.  etiU  ;  Sw.  vi^fa,  or 
uggla;  I^  itiula.  Tlie  orthography,  except  in  the 
Swedish,  coincides  with  howL  L.  ululo  ;  but  the 
radical  letters  are  not  obviou*;.] 

A  bird  of  the  genus  Strix,  that  flies  chiefly  in  the 
nighL  The  popular  name  of  a  grtiup  of  nocturnal 
accipiirtne  birds,  comprehended  under  the  Linnffi.in 
genus  Strix,  which  has  been  subdivided  by  later 
naturalists. 
OWL'ER,  n.     [Qu.  from  we/,  or  from  v:ool.]     One  that 

conveys  contraband  goods.  Swi/L 

OWL'ET,  n.     [Fr.  hutoOe.] 

.\n  owl,  which  see. 
OWL'-ET  .ED,  (-ide,)  a,     Ilavine  eyes  like  nn  owl's. 
OWL'ING,  a.    The  otren.*e  of  iran5|»ortint;  wotd  or 
dieep  out  of  England,  contrar>-  to  the  statute. 

Blaekstone., 
[This  explanation  of  owlimg  favors  the  derivation  of 
the  word  from  wooL] 
OWL'ISH,  a.     Resembling  an  owl.  Oraj/. 

OWL'-LIGHT,  C-Iite,)  «.    Glimmering  or  imperfect 

lighL  Warbmrton. 

OWL'-LIKB.  a.    IJke  an  owl  in  look  and  habits. 
OWN',  a.     [Sax.  ajrrn;  Sw.  and   Dan.  e^en;  D.  and 
G.  eig^en ;  tlie   partiei[)le  of  £;ax.   OffaUj   lo  posset's. 
See  Ow«  and  OrcHT.] 

1.  Belonging  to;  po-*9Pssed  ;  peculiar;  usually  ex- 
pressing prtjperty  with  emphasis,  or  in  express  exclu- 
sion of  others.  It  follows  my,  your,  Ai^,  their^  tAiir, 
kor.  God  created  man  in  kit  vwn  image.  Adam 
begat  a  son  in  kis  men  likeness.  l.et  thrm  fall  hy 
tieir  owm  counseL  He  washed  us  from  our  sins  in 
ki*  owm  blood.  Serij>ture. 

In  the  phrases,  bis  ow»  nation,  his  Men  country, 
the  word  tnen  denotes  that  the  person  belongs  to  the 
nation  or  coiintr>'. 

S.  Oica  often  follows  a  verb ;  as,  the  book  is  not 
my  ova,  that  is,  my  own  book, 

3.  It  is  used  as  a  sabstitate. 

Thai  they  ma;  dwell  in  K  pI.-iM  ol  their  owit.— 28mii.  tB. 
In  this  use,  a  noun  can  not  follow  own. 

4.  "  He  came  to  his  own,  and  bis  own  received  him 
not,'*  that  is,  his  ottn  nation  or  people  ;  own.  being 
here  used  as  a  substitute,  like  many  other  adiec- 
Uvea.  ' 


OXY 

OWN,  «.  I.  [from  the  adjective.]  To  have  the  legal 
or  rightful  title  to  ;  to  have  the  exclusive  right  of  pos- 
ses-sion  and  use.  A  freeholder  in  the  United  Stales 
oitnji  his  f:inn.  Men  often  own  land  or  goods  which 
are  not  in  their  por*session. 

2.  To  have  the  legal  right  to,  without  the  exclusive 
.  right  to  use  ;  as.  a  man  «w«-*  the  land  iu  front  of  bis 

farm  to  the  middle  of  the  highway. 

3.  To  acknowledge  to  belong  to  J  to  avow  or  admit 
that  the  property  belongs  to. 

Wh^n  you  contr,  find  ro«  out 

Aiul  (MMi  me  for  jour  >on.  Dryden, 

4.  To  avow  ;  to  confess,  as  a  fault,  crime,  or  other 
act;  that  is,  lo  acknowled:je  that  one  has  done  the 
act ;  as,  to  own  -the  faults  of  youth  ;  to  ovn  our 
guilt.  The  man  is  charged  with  theft,  hut  he  has 
not  owned  it. 

5.  In  gt-neraty  to  acknowledge  ;  to  confess  ;  to 
avow  ;  to  admit  to  be  true  ;  nut  to  deny  j  as,  to  own 
our  weakness  and  frailty 

MxDj  own  tho  ^pe)  or  Mlr&tiou  more  from  euttom  than  con- 
viction. J.  M.  MuMn, 

O^VN'ED,  pp.    The  legal  title  being  vested  inj  as,  the 

iwoperty  is  owned  by  a  company. 
2.  Acknowledged  ;  avowed  ;  confessed, 
OWN'ER.n.     The  rightful  proprietor;  one  who   haa 

the  legal  or  rightful  title,  whether  he  is  the  possessor 

or  noL 

Th»^  ox  knowrih  hit  o*entr.  —  It.  1. 

Tlif  crniutiou  btlicved  thr  iiia«ter  uid  owner  of  tlie  ship.  —  Acta 

XXTU. 

OWN'ER-SIIIP,  n.  Property;  proprietorship;  exclu- 
sive right  of  posscasion  ;  legal  ()r  just  claim  or  title. 
The  ownership  of  the  estiile  is  in  .\  J  ihc  possession 
is  in  B. 

OWN'ING,  ppr.    Having  the  legal  or  jii.«t  title  to. 
2.  Acknowledging;  avowing:  conft^sing. 

OWRE,  (our,)  n.     [I^  urmA 

A  bea.<t  not  accurately  known,  larger  than  a  buf- 
falo.    [-Vt)(  used-l  Smart. 

OW9E,  R.  Bark  of  oak  betilen  or  ground  to  small 
pieces.  ^.-.A. 

OW»ER,  n.    Bark  and  water  mixed  in  a  tan-piL  AsK 

OX,  n. ; pL  Oxbk,  (ox'n.)  [Sax.  oxa;  G.  oehs,  ocJute;  D. 
os;  Sw.  and   Dan.  oxe;    Sans.  idbtAa,  or  turan ;  W. 

-  yck;  Erse,  agh;  Arm.  os.] 

The  male  of  the  bovine  genus  of  quadrupeds,  cas- 
tmtetiand  grown  to  its  sixe,  or  nearly  so.  The  yming 
male  is  called  in  America  a  steer.  The  same  animal, 
not  castrated,  is  called  a  bulL  These  dlsiinrtiona  are 
well  e«uhlished  with  us  in  regard  to  domestic  ani- 
mal* of  this  genu*.  When  we  speak  of  wild  ani- 
mals of  this  kind,  oz  is  sometimes  applied  both  to 
tJie  male  and  female  ;  and  in  zoology,  the  same  prac- 
tice exititis  in  regard  to  the  domestic  animals.  So  in 
common  usage,  a  pair  of  bulls  yoked  may  be  some- 
times called  ozen.  We  never  apply  the  name  ox  to 
the  row  or  female  of  tlie  domestic  kind.  Ozcn^  in 
tJtf  pluralj  may  comprehend  both  tlw  male  and  fe- 
male. 

OX'A-LATE,  n,  [See  Oxalic]  In  ehemittry,  a  salt 
fonucd  by  a  combinaiioti  of  the  oxalic  acid  wiUi  a 
base. 

OX-AL'IG,  0.  [Gr.  of.iXi?,  sorrel,  from  o^v?,  acid.] 
Pertaining  to  sorrel.  The  ozalic  acid  is  the  acid  of 
sorrel.  It  is  composed  of  two  equivalents  of  carbon, 
and  three  t»f  oxygen.  It  is  commonly  manufactured 
by  the  action  of  nitric  acid  upon  saccharine  and  far- 
inaceous substances.  SUliman. 

OX'BANE,  n.     A  plant,  Buphonos.  Ainswtirth. 

OX'-BOW^,  n,  A  curved  piece  of  wood  encircling  an 
ox's  neck  when  yoked. 

OX'-EYE,  (-i,)  n.  [oz  and  nje.]  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Bnphthalmum  ;  another  of  ilie  genus  Authemis  ;  also, 
the  ox-<"yc  daisy  or  Chrj-santhcmum.  Loudon. 

0X'EV-/:D,  (  ide,)  a.  Ilaving  large,  full  eyes,  like 
those  of  an  ox.  Burton. 

OX'FLY,  n.    A  fly  hatched  under  the  skin  of  cattle. 

OX'GA.VG,  n.  [uz  and  ean:r^  going.]  In  nncient 
^w.<,  as  much  hind  as  an  ox  can  plow  in  a  year; 
said  to  be  fifteen  acres,  or,  as  others  allege,  twenty 
a*:  res. 

OX'lIF:AL,  n.  A  plant,  bear's  foot,  setterwort,  or 
stinking  hellebore,  Hellehorus  fceiidas.  Booth. 

OX-I-OD'ie,  a.  Pertaining  lo,  or  consisting  of,  a 
compound  of  oxygen  and  itwline.    fVebM.er''3  Manual. 

OX'LTKE,  a.     [ox  and  like]     Resembling  an  ox. 

SandyB. 

OX'LIP,  n.     A  plant,  the  Primula  elatior. 

OX'STALL,  n.     A  stall  or  sUind  fur  oxen. 

OX'TEtt,  B.    [Sax.  ozton.]     T!ie  armpit. 

OXTONGUE,  (ox'tung,)  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Picris. 

OX'Y-€RATE,  n.  [Gr.  ojuj,  acid,  and  Ktpaui^  to 
mix.] 

A  mixture  of  water  and  vinegar.     [Litiie  used.] 

Wiseman, 

OX'YD,  n.  [Gr.  ''Jj?,  acid,  sharp  ;  fij'js,  vinegar.  'J'he 
true  orthography  of  this  word  is  ozyd,  as  originally 
written  by  Lavoi.sier  and  his  associates.  No  analogy 
in  the  language  is  better  established  than  the  uniform 
translation  of  the  Greek  "  into  the  Eiji:li^h  y,  as  in 
I>atin,  and  it  is  very  absurd  to  preserve  this  analogy 


DYE 

in  ozygen,  oxymariatz  and  kydrogenf  and  depart  from 
it  in  onjfl.] 

In  chemt.-^try^  a  compound  of  oxygen  and  a  base 
destitute  of  acid  and  salifying  projierties. 

OX-YD-A-niL'l-TY,  n.  The  capability  of  being  con- 
verted into  an  oxyd,  Med.  Rrpo$. 

OX'YD-A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  converted  into  an 
oxyd. 

OX'YD-XTE,  V.  u  To  convert  into  nn  oxyd,  as  met- 
als and  t>ihi-r  substances,  by  combination  with  oxy- 
gen. It  dilft-rs  from  acidify,  to  make  acid,  or  lo  coii- 
vert  into  an  acid,  as  in  oxydation  the  oxycen  that 
enters  into  contbination  is  not  suflicient  to  form  an 
acid. 

OX'YD-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Converted  into  an  oxyd. 

OX'YD-A-TING,  ppr.  or  a.     Converting  into  an  oxyd. 

OX-YD-A'TION,  n.     The  operation  or  process  of  ton- 
verting  into  an  oxyd,  as  metals  or  other  substances, 
by  combining  with  them  a  certain  portion  of  oxygen. 
Lavoisier.     Ore. 

OX'YD-A-TOR,  n.  A  contrivance  for  causing  the  ex- 
tenial  current  of  air  to  impinge  on  the  flame  of  the 
Argnnd  lamp. 

0X'Y1)-T/.E,  V.  t.    To  oxydate,  which  see. 

OX'YD-TZ-KI),  pp.  or  a.     Oxydated. 

OX'YD-IZK-MENT,  n.    Oxydation. 

OX'YD-TZ-ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Oxydating. 

[OxYDizE,  and  its  derivatives,  are  now  more  gen- 
erally used  than  Oxydate,  though  there  seems  to  be 
no  ground  for  the  preference.] 

OX'Y-OENjTi.  [Gr.  ofwf,  acid,  and  ycvpaatf  to  gen- 
crate.] 

In  chemistni,  an  electro-negative  basifying  and 
acidifying  elementary  principle,  itisthevilal  part 
of  the  atmosphere,  and  the  suppiirter  of  ordinary 
combustion.  It  was  named  from  its  property  of  gen- 
erating acids.  Modern  expiTimcnts  prove  that  it  is 
not  necessary  in  all  cases  to  combustion  or  lo  acidi- 
ty. O.xygen  is  a  permanently  elastic  fluid,  invisible, 
inodorous,  and  a  little  heavier  than  atmospheric  air. 
In  union  with  azote  or  nitrogen,  it  forms  atmospheric 
nir,  of  which  it  constitutes  about  a  fifth  part.  Water 
contains  about  89  per  cent,  of  it,  and  it  exists  in 
most  vegetable  and  animal  products,  acids,  sails,  and 
oxvds. 

OX'V-OEN-ATE,  V.  L  To  unite  or  cause  to  combine 
with  oxvgen. 

OX'Y  OE'N-A-TED,pp.  or  a.    United  with  oxvgen. 

OX'Y  GEN-A-TING,ppr.    Uniting  with  oxygen. 

OX-Y-GKN-A'TION,  71.  The  act,  operation,  or  pro- 
cess  of  combining  with  oxygen. 

OX'Y-GEN-IZ-,\-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  oxygen- 
ized. 

OX'Y-GE\-tZE,  V.  t.    To  oxygenate,  which  see. 

OX'Y-GKN  TZ  >:n,  pp.  or  o.    Oxygenated. 

OX'Y-GEN-IZE-MENT,  n.     Oxygenation. 

OX'Y-GEN-IZ-ING,  ppr.     Oxygenating. 

OX-YG'EN-OU9,a.  Pertaining  to  oxygen,  or  obtained 
from  it. 

OX'Y-GON,  Tt.    [Gr.  ofni,  sharp,  and  yiovta,  an  an- 
gle.] 
A  triangle  having  three  acute  angles.      Brandt. 

OX-YG'ON-AL,     /         o     ■  .  ,         I,    , 

OX-Y-G0'\I-AL  \  ***     "•^^'"8  acifte  angles.    Barlow. 

OX-Y-HY'DRO-SeN,  o.  A  name  given  to  a  certain 
kind  of  blowpipe,  in  which  oxygen  and  hydrogen 
gases  are  burned  together  in  order  to  produce  an  in- 
tense heat ;  also,  tc>  a  kind  of  micro8coi>e. 

OX-V-I'O-DINE,  n.  In  chemistry,  a  compound  of  the 
chloriodic  and  oxiodic  acids.  Davy. 

OX'Y-MEL,  «.     [Q.T.  "(vs,  acid,  and  /kXi,  honey.] 
A  mixture  of  vinegar  and  honey.         JirbuthnoU 

OX-Y-M5'RON,  n.  [Gr.  y^.^iw-.n,-,  a  smart  saying, 
which  at  first  view  appears  foolish.] 

A  rhetorical  figure,  in  which  an  epithet  of  a  quite 
contrary  signification  is  added  to  a  word ;  ^s,  cruel 

OX-Y-Mu'KI-ATE,  h.     Chlorid.  [kindness. 

0X-Y-MU-RI-AT'1€,  a.     [Gr.  oj^s  and  Lat.  muria.] 
An  epithet  given  to  an  acid ,  now  called  Chlo- 
rine. 

OX-Y-PRtJS'Sie  ACID,  n.  An  incorrect  and  ex- 
ploded name  for  the  protochlorid  of  cyanogen,  which 
is  entirely  destitute  of  any  acid  or  salifying  proper- 
ties. 

OX-YR'RHO-DINE,  (ox-ir'ro-din,)  n.  [Compounded 
of  Gr.  "J"c,  acid,  and  ftu^oy,  rose.j 

A  mixture  of  two  parts  of  the  oil  of  roses  with  one 
of  the  vinegar  of  roses.  Floycr. 

OX'Y-SALT,  i  n.     In   chemistru,  a   compound  of  an 

0X'Y-S£L,  i  acid  and  a  bjise,  both  of  which  con- 
tain oxygen.  Si'.liman. 

0X'Y-T6NE,  a.     [Gr.  oji-s,  sharp,  and  ro^os,  tone.] 
Having  an  acute  soimd.  Walker. 

OX'Y-TGNE,  71.    An  acute  sound. 

O'YER,  7t.     [Norm,  oyer,  hearing  ;  Fr.  ouir,  to  hear.] 

1.  In  laiD,  a  hearing  or  trial  of  causes.  A  court  of 
oyer  and  terminer  is  constituted  hy  a  commission  to 
inquire,  hear,  and  determine  all  treasons,  felonies, 
and  misdemeanors.  Blackstone. 

2.  The  hearing,  as  of  a  writ,  bond,  note,  or  other 
specialty  ;  as  when  a  defendant  in  court  prays  oyer  of 
a  writine.  Blackstone. 

OYEZ,  [Fr.  oyez,  hear  ye.] 

This  word  is  used  by  the  shcriflf  or  his  substitute 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.\T.— METE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  W<?LF,  BpQK.— 

7^  ' 


PAC 

in  making  proclamalion  in  court,  requiring  silence 
and  attentiun.  It  is  tlihce  repeated,  and  commonly 
pronounced  O  yes. 

OY'LET-HCLE.    See  Etelbt-IIolk 

OY3'TER,  n.  [G.  ouster;  D.  oestrr :  Sw.  ostra  ;  Dan. 
outer ;  Fr.  huttre ;  Ann.  hi-gtrenn  or  eistren ;  Russ. 
ystrilz  ;  Corn,  estren  ;  L.  ostrea ;  Gr.  os'pc"v  i  proba- 
bly connected  in  origin  with  o>-£o»',  bone,  and  named 
from  its  hardness.] 


PAC 

A  bivalviilar  tectJiceous  animnl,  found  adhftinc  to 
rocks  or  other  fixed  Hubatnncet*  in  salt  water  which  is 
shallow,  or  in  the  motJths  of  rivers.  Oysters  are 
deemed  nonrishinK  and  delicious  fo<.Ml. 

OVS'TKR-PI.ANT,  h,  Sal^afy :  a  plant  of  th«  g"- 
nus  lrago|xigon,  so  called  from  its  taste  when 
cooked. 

OYS'TER-SIIELL,  n.  The  hard  covering  or  sheU  of 
the  oyster. 


PAC 


OYW'JEK-WK.NCH,  )  n. 
OV.S'TER-Wn-E,  S  1 
OVS'TER-\VO.M-AN, ) 


A  woman  whose  occupa- 
tion \»  to  sell  oyslors  ;  a  low 
woman.  Shak. 

OZ-;_an  abbreviation  used  for  ounre  or  ounces. 
O-'/E'NA,  n.     [Gr.  usoi^a.]    A  fetid  ulter  in  the  nos- 
tril. 
07'0-CENTR,  n,     A  fossil  wax. 
0-ZO-€e'Rn*E,  n,      A  mineral  like  resinous   wax, 
which  is  sometimea  made  into  candles.       Dana, 


P. 


Pis  the  sixteenth  letter  of  the  En^litiili  alpliabet, 
and  a  labial  articulation  formed  by  a  close  com- 
pression of  the  anterior  part  of  the  lips,  as  in  rp.  It 
is  convertible  into  b  and  /,  somLtimes  into  i',  and  in 
Greek  into  <!>.  This  letter  is  found  in  the  oriental 
languages,  from  which  it  was  received  into  the 
Greek  and  Latin ;  except,  however,  the  Arabic, 
which  has  not  this  letter,  and  the  Arabians  can  not 
easily  pronounce  it.  In  some  words,  which  we  have 
borrowed  from  the  Greek,  p  is  mute,  as  in  psalm^ 
ptimn  ;  but  is  not  silent  in  Enptish  words,  unless 
it  may  be  in  receipt,  and  a  few  irregular  words.  P 
aspirated,  or  followed  by  A,  represents  the  Greek  ^, 
which  answers  to  the  En^h^h  /,  as  in  philosophic 

As  an  abbrrriiUion,  P.  stands  for  PubHus,  pondo^ 
kc.  i  P.  A.  DIG.  for  patricia  tli^titas  ;  P  C.  for  pa- 
tres  con-scripti :  P.  K.  for  Pubtius  Fabiug ;  P.  P.  for 
propoaitum  publUe;  P.  R.  for  popular  Roinanun ;  P. 
R.  J^.  for  pratoris  aenUntia ;  P.  R.  S.  P.  for  praises 
proeiaci^B. 

P.  M.  stands  for  po.<!t  mnndinn,  afternoon. 
As  a  numeral,  P,  like  G,  stands  for  one  hundred, 
and  with  a  dash  over  it,  P,  for  four  hundred  thou- 
sand. 

Among  phystcians,  P.  stands  for  pueil,  or  the 
eighth  part  of  a  handful ;  P.  JE.  fur  partem  eeqnaUt, 
equal  parts  uf  the  ingredients;  P.  P.  for  pulcvi  pa- 
irumy  or  the  Jesuits'  bark  in  powder;  and  jt^L  for 
prteparattUy  prepared.  Fvrsyth,     Eticyc* 

PA'AGE,  n.     [Norm,  paa^e,  payment     See  Pav.] 

A  toll  for  passage  over  another  person's  grounds. 
[JVot  used.]  Burke. 

PAB'^-LAR,  a.     TL.  pabulum,  f.KMl.] 

Pertaining  to  food  ;  affording  food  or  aliment. 
PAB-IJ-LA'TION,  n.     [L.  pabuLUw,  from  pabular,  to 
feed.] 

The  act  of  feeding  or  procuring  provendet 
PAB'IJ-LOUS,  a.     [L.  pabulum,  ftwd.]       [Cockeram. 
Affording  aliment  or  food  ;  alimeninl.        Brotcn. 
PAB'tJ-LUM,  Tu     [L.]     Food;  aliment ;   that  which 
feeds. 

9.  Fuel ;  that  which  supplies  the  means  of  com- 
hustion.  Encye. 

P.\'CA,  n,  A  name  sometimes  applied  to  two  sjiecies 
of  rodent  mammalia,  Celogenys  subnipra  and  C 
fulva,  small  animals,  the  one  brown,  the  oih«r  ful- 
vouft,  and  both  spotted  with  white,  which  inhabit 
f^ouih  America,  particularly  Brazil  and  Paraguay. 
They  are  nearly  allied  to  the  Agouti,  the  Guinea- 
pie,  L.C. 
PA-€XN'E',  n.  A  Fpeciea  of  hickorj-.  Sec  Pkcaw. 
PA 'GATE,  a.     [L.  pacatiu.) 

Peaceful ;  tranquil.     [^Vo(  used,] 
PA'CA-TED,  a.     Appeased.     [LiUle  used.]      BaUey. 
P.\-CA'TION,  n.     [L.  paco^  to  calm  or  appease.] 

The  act  of  appeasing. 
PACE,  n.     [Fr.  pas:  IL  p/isso ;  Pp.  paso;   L.  nassvs, 
from  panda,  to  open,  or  Gr.   n-uriw,  to  tread.    See 

1.  A  step. 

2.  The  space  between  the  two  fert  in  walking,  es- 
timated at  two  feet  and  a  half.  But  the  gcunietricat 
pace  is  five  feet,  or  the  whole  space  passed  ovrr  by 
the  same  f(K)t  from  one  step  to  another.  Kncye. 

3.  Manner  of  walking;  gait;  as,  a  languishing 
pace ;  a  heavy  pace ;  a  quick  or  slow  pace. 

j9dJisoji, 

4.  Step;  gradation  in  business.    [LUtle  used.] 

Temple. 

5.  A  mode  of  stepping  among  horwrs,  in  which 
the  legs  on  the  same  side  are  lifted  Uigeiher.  In  a 
f^rnrrtd  sev-te,  the  word  may  be  applied  to  any  other 
mode  of  stepping. 

C.  Degree  of  celerity.    Let  him  mend  his  pace. 

To  mniTow,  Knd  to-morrow,  and  to-morrow, 

Cn:epi  in  Uiis  p-Hj  poet  from  Uaji  to  <i*y.  Shak. 

To  keep  or  hald  pace ;  to  keep  up  ;  to  go  or  move  as 
fant  as  something  else 
PACE,  e.  1.    To  go  ;  to  walk  ;  to  move. 

Spenarr.     Shak. 
9.  To  go,  move,  or  walk  slowly. 
3.  To  move  by  lifting  the  legs  on  the  same  side 
toother,  as  a  horse. 


PACE,  V.  U    To  measure  by  steps  ;  as,  to  pace  a  piece 
of  ground. 
2.  To  regulate  in  motion. 

If  ynii  C!\n,  pact  your  wif«Hom 

III  that  guo(l  piith  itmt  I  would  wish  it  |fo.  Shak. 

PACED,  (past,)  a.  Having  a  particular  gaitj  used 
chieflv  in  com|xisition  ;  as,  s\ow~paced, 

2.  In  composition,  going  all  lengths  ;  as,  a  thorough- 
paced  intriguer. 

Pa'CER,  n.    One  that  paces  ;  a  horse  that  paces. 

PA-CH.;\',  Cpa-shaw'.)     [Fr.]     See  Pashaw. 

PA-CHAL'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  government  of  a 
pacha.     [See  Pashawlic] 

PAeH-Y-DAC'TYL,  n.    [Gr.  iroxrf,  thick,  and  6aKTV- 
Au^,  a  toe.] 
A  bird  or  other  animal  having  thick  toes. 

Hitchcock. 

PACH'Y-DERM,  n.  [Gr.  jrax'ff,  thick,  and  dcp;iu, 
skin.] 

A  non-piminant  hoofed  animal. 

PACH-Y-DERM'A-TA,  «.  pL  In  zoolo^j,  an  order  of 
nianimals  wiiicli  have  ht>ofs,  but  do  not  ruminate, 
distinguished  for  the  thickness  of  their  skins,  in- 
cluding the  elephant,  niaf^tudon,  hippopotamus,  rhi- 
noceros, tapir,  horse,  hop,  &.c. 

PACH-Y-DERM'A-TOIJS,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  pachy- 
derm, or  to  the  order  Pachydennala. 

PA-CIF'I€,  a.  [L.  pac^ficus,  from  pac\fico,  to  make 
peace.     See  Peace.] 

1.  Peace-making  ;  conciliatory ;  suited  to  make  or 
restore  peace  ;  adapted  to  reconcile  differences  ; 
mild  ;  appeasing;  as,  to  offer  pacific  propositions  to  a 
belligerent  power.  The  measures  proposed  are  in 
their  nature  pacific. 
9.  Calm  ;  tranquil ;  as,  a  pacific  slate  of  things. 

PA-CIF'ie,  n.  The  appellation  given  to  the  ocean 
situated  between  America  on  the  west  and  Asia  ;  so 
called  on  account  of  its  exemption  from  violent  tem- 
pests. 

PA-CIF-IC-A'TION,  n.     [L.  pacificado.     See  Pacift.] 
1.  The  act  of  making  peace  between  nations  or 
parties  at  variance.  Bacon,     SoutA. 

9.  The  act  of  appeasing  or  pacifying  wrath. 

Hooker. 

PA-CIF'ie  A-TOR,  n.  [L.]  A  peace-maker;  one 
that  restores  amity  between  contending  parties  or 
nations.  Bacon. 

PA-ClF'I€7-A-TO-RY,  a.  Tending  to  make  p(?ace  ; 
conciliatorj'.  Bamiio. 

PAC'l-FT-f:n,  (-fide,)  pp.     Appeased;  tranquilized. 

PAC'I-FT-ER,  71.     One  who  pacifies. 

PAC'I-FY,  r.  t.  [Fr.  pacifier  t  Sp.  parificar  ;  It.  pacifi- 
care :  L.  pac\fico ;  pax,  pacis,  peace,  and  facio,  to 
makej 

1.  To  appease,  as  wrath  or  other  violent  passion  or 
appetite  ;  to  calm  ;  to  still ;  to  tpiiet ;  to  allay  agita- 
tion or  excitement ;  as,  to  pacify  a  man  when  angry, 
or  to  pactfy  his  wrath  or  rage;  the  word  being  ap- 
plied botii  to  the  person  and  to  the  jMission.  So  we 
say,  to  pacify  hunger,  to  pacify  importunate  de- 
mands. 

2.  To  restore  peace  to ;  to  tranquiljze  ;  as,  to  pacify 
countries  in  contention.  Bacon. 

PAC'I-FV-ING,  ppr.     Appeasing;  tranquilizinp. 
PACING,  ppr,  or  a.    Measuring  by  steps  ;  ambling, 

as  a  horse. 
PACK,  n.     [D.  pak  ;  G.  and  Sw.  park.     See  the  verb.] 

1.  A  bundle  of  any  thing  inclosed  in  a  cover  or 
bound  fast  with  cords;  a  bale;  as,  a  packot  poods 
or  cloth.  The  soldier  hears  a  pack  on  his  back.  A 
pack  of  wool  is  a  horse-load,  or  240  pounds.      Smart. 

2.  A  burden  or  loud  ;  as,  a  pack  of  sorrows.     Shak. 

3.  A  number  of  cards,  or  the  number  used  in 
games  ;  so  called  from  being  inclosed  together. 

Jiddison. 

4.  A  number  of  hounds  or  dogs,  hunting  or  kept 
together,  that  is,  a  crowd  or  assemblage  united. 

Dryden. 

5.  A  number  of  persons  united  in  a  bad  design  or 
practice  ;  as,  a  pack  of  thieves  or  knaves.        Swift. 

6.  A  great  number  crowded  together;  as,  a  pack  of 
troubles.     [J^,.t  used,]  JUnaworth. 

7.  A  loose  or  lewd  person;  one  who  deceives  by 


false  appearances.      [Sax.  paean,  to  deceive.     [JVo( 
nscd.]  Skciton. 

PACK,  V,  L  [D.  pakken  ;  G.  packen  ;  Sw.  packa  ;  L. 
pango,  pactum,  pactus;  impingo,  compingo :  Gr.  rrjy- 
vvo>,  JTuxrf,  rr;v(.f  f  Dan.  pagt,  a  covenant,  a  farm; 
hence,  dispatch,  to  send  away.  The  sense  is,  to 
aend,  to  drive,  whence  to  press,  to  make  compact. 
Hence  we  say,  to  pack  off,  Sw.  packa,  that  is,  to  de- 


part with  speed  ;  Ar. 


dC 


bakka,  to  be  compressed, 


to  press,  Ch.  pan.     Class  Bg,  No.  18.     See  also  No. 
33,  m,  32.] 

1.  To  place  and  press  together ;  to  place  in  close 
order  ;  as,  to  pack  goods  in  a  box  or  chest. 

2.  To  put  together  and  bind  fast ;  as,  to  pack  any 
thing  for  carriage  with  cords  or  straps. 

3.  To  put  in  close  order  with  salt  intermixed  ;  a% 
to  pack  meat  or  fish  in  barrels. 

4.  To  send  in  haste.  Shak. 

5.  To  put  together,  as  cards,  in  such  a  manner  as 
to  secure  the  game  ;  to  put  together  in  sorts  with  a 
fraudulent  design,  as  cards  ;  hence,  to  unite  persona 
iniquitously,  with  a  view  to  some  private  interest; 
as,  to  pack  a  jury,  that  is,  to  select  persons  for  a  jury 
who  may  favor  a  party  ;  to  pack  a  parliauieiit ;  to 
pack  an  asseuiljly  of  bishops. 

Pope.     Butler      Atterhury. 
PACK,  p.  i.    To  bo  pressed  or  close  j  as,  the  gdixls 
pack  well. 

2.  To  close  ;  to  shut.  Cleaveland, 

3.  To  depart  in  haste ;  with  off. 

Poor  Stella  miisl  pack  qfto  towo.  Sur^/i. 

4.  To  unite  in  bad  measures  ;  to  confederate  for  ill 
purposes;  to  join  in  collusion. 

Go,  pack  witli  him.  Shak, 

PACK'AGE,  n.     A  bundle  or  bale  ;  a  quantity  pressed 

or  hound  together  ;  as,  a  package  of  cloih. 
2.  A  charge  made  for  packing  goods. 
PACK'CLOTii,  B.     A  cloth  for  imcking  goods,  or  in 

which  they  are  tied. 
PACK'KD,  (pakl,)  pp,  or  a.    Put  together  and  pressed  ; 

tied  or  bound  in  a  bundle  ;  put  dowit  and  salted,  as 

meat;  sent  off;  united  iniquiUiusly. 
PACK'ER,  n.    One  tliat  packs  ;  an  officer  appointed 

to  pack  meat,  as  beef,  pork,  fish,  Slc.     Stnt.  af  Conn. 
PACK'ET,   n.     [Fr.  paquet;    Sj).   and   Port,  panuelci 

from  paclc] 

1.  A  small  pack  or  package  ;  a  Utile  bundle  or  par- 
cel ;  as,  a  packet  o(   letters.  Bacon, 

2.  A  dispatch-vessel ;  a  ship  or  other  vessel  em- 
ployed by  government  to  convey  letters  from  country 
to  country,  or  from  |>ort  to  port.  [Originally,  ;jacAt(- 
boat,  Sp.  paqae-bote,  Fr.  paqueboL] 

3.  A  vessel  employed  in  conveying  dispatches  and 
pa-ssengers  from  place  to  place,  or  to  carry  passengers 
and  giMids  coastwise.  United  Stnles. 

PACK'ET,  V.  i.  To  ply  with  a  packet  or  dispatch- 
vessel.  United  Stalea. 

PACK'ET-BOAT.    See  PiCKET. 

PACK'ET-SHIP,  n.  A  ship  that  sails  regularly  be- 
tween distant  countries  for  the  conveyance  of  dis- 
patches, letters,  passengois,  Slc. 

PACK'FONG,n.  The  Chinese  name  of  the  alloy  called 
white  copper,  or  Qcrman  sdver.  Ure. 

PACK'HOKSE,  n,  A  horse  employed  in  carrying 
packs,  or  goods  and  baggage.  Locke, 

2.  A  bnast  of  burdtm, 

PACK'ING,  ppr.  Laying  together  in  close  order; 
binding  in  a  bundle;  putting  in  barrels  with  salt, 
&c.  ;  uniting,  as  men  for  a  fraudulent  purpose. 

To  send  packing,  is  to  bundle  a  person  off,  or  to 
dismiss  Jiim  without  ceremony. 

PACK'ING,  n.     Any  material  used  in  packing  or  mak- 
ing close,  as  the  substance  around  the  piston  of  a 
pump  or  other  tube,  to  make  it  water  ur  air  tight. 
2.  A  trick;  collusion.     [Oba.]  Bate. 

PACK'MAN,  n.     A  peddler. 

PACK'SAD-DLE,  n.  A  saddle  on  which  packs  or 
burdens  are  laid  for  conveyance. 

PACK'STXFP,  n.  A  staff  on  which  a  traveler  occa- 
sionally supports  his  pack.  Bp  Hall. 


TONE,  BUi^u,  tJNITE.— AN"GER,  vr"CIOUa-e  as  K ;  <S  as  J  ;  S  as  55  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 
'  ~~~  "TOT 


PAD 

PACK'THR£AD,  (tfarf d,)  n.  Strong  thread  or  twiue 
used  in  tvinfc  up  jiarcels. 

PACK'\Va\,  w.  a  large  tendon  or  cartilage  in  the 
m-ck  of  un  auiinrU  ;  called  alao  Paxwax.  Muy. 

VA'VOj    i  n.    The  Alpaca,a  ruminant  nminmal  ufthe 

PA'eOS,  \  Camel  tribe,  the  Auchi-nia  Paco,  inliabil- 
ing  the  Peruvian  and  Chilian  Andes.  It  has  been 
domesticated,  and  it  remains  also  in  a  wild  state.  Its 
lenulh  is  about  three  feet ;  its  hair  is  lunp,  soft,  and 
wiKtllj ,  of  a  delicacy  ami  elasticity  approaching  to  tliat 
of  the  Angora  goat.  Its  riesh  is  an  excellenl  arucle 
of  fo«^.     ^ce  AxrACA.] 

a.  The  Peruvian  name  of  an  earthy-Iookinf  or«, 
eonsi^aing  of  brown  oxyd  of  iron  with  minute  parti- 
cles of  native  silver.  t-Ve. 

PACT,  n.     [Ft.  ;  L.  pactum,  from  pamg-o.     See  Pack.] 
A  contract ;  an  agreement,  or  covenant.    Bae»n, 

P.\€'TIOX,  n.     [Upactio.     See  Pw;e.J 

An  aereement  or  cnntracL  HayicariL 

PAC'TION-.^L,  «.    By  way  of  agreement. 

Swutownb 

PAC-Tr'TfOUS,  (-tish'us,)  «.  Settled  by  agivement 
or  stiptilatiou. 

PA€^TO'LI-A.\,  o.  Pertainlpg  to  Pactolus,  a  liver  in 
Lydta,  famous  for  its  et  l<J<'n  sands. 

PAD,  K.   j  Sax.  ^y<  for  DdU.    See  Path.  1 

1.  A  foot-path  ;  a  roRd.    £JVW  wtm  ibrcj.]     Prior, 

2.  An  easy-paced  bone.  Jtddumu    Pope, 

3.  A  robber  that  infests  tb«  rood  on  foot ;  usuutly 
called  a  FuoT-r^o. 

PAD,  a.  Any  thing  flattened  or  laid  fiat,  as  a  pad  of 
straw.  Rich.  Did, 

3.  A  mft  saddle,  cushion,  or  boli^ter  stuffed  with 
straw,  hair,  or  <>thLr  soft  substance.  QumiUh, 

PAD,  •.  L    To  stuiT  or  furnish  with  paddin;:. 

S.  To  imhiie  cloth  equally  with  a  mordant.     Ure, 
PAD,  V.  i.     [Gr.  r^trtj.    See  Path.] 

1.  To  travel  slowly. 

2.  To  rob  on  (txA, 

3.  To  beat  a  way  smooth  and  level. 
PAiyAR,  n.    Grouts  ;  cixirw  tlour  or  meal.     Wottan, 

[A'ot  ^eii  in  Vu  United  StaUi.'\ 
PAh'DED,  pp.  or  a.    Stuflfed  with  a  soft  substance. 
PADU>KR,  K.    A  robber  on  fool ;  a  bigbwayman. 

PAD'DING,  «.  ThelmpregiutSon  of  cloth  witba  mor- 
danu 

3.  The  material  with  wbicb  a  nddle,  prment,  &c., 
are  stuffed. 

PAD'DLC,  r.  i.  [The  French  pah^mSOm  tlgnifies  to 
pam^  to  paddle,  and  hence  the  English  patrol  This 
word  aeeav  lo  be  from  pattf^  a  paw,  allied  perhnps  to 
L,  psMj  ptdii,  the  foot,  and  this  is  allied  to  the  Gr. 
Ta-r%  ',  to  tread.  To  paddle,  then,  is  to  use  the  paw. 
But  perhaps  it  is  from  the  noun,  which  see.] 

I.  To  row  ;  lo  beat  the  ivater,  as  with  oars.    Oay. 
3.  To  play  in  the  water  with  the  hands,  as  chil- 
dren ;  or  with  the  feet,  as  waterfowls  or  other  ani- 
mals, 
a  To  finger.  SJuk, 

P.AD'DLG,  r.  u    To  (ffope I  by  an  oar  or  paddle. 

PAD'DLE,  a.  [In  L.  betUlms  is  a  pnddle-staff;  in  Gr. 
rarraXoi  is  a  pole  ;  in  \V.  padtU  is  a  pan.  The  lat- 
ter would  exi>ress  the  broad  part  of  an  oar  \  but  it 
may  have  no  connection  with  paddle.^ 

1.  An  oar,  but  not  a  large  oar.  It  is  now  applied 
to  a  sort  of  short  oar  with  a  broad  blade,  used  in  pro- 
pelling and  steering  cinoes  and  boal^ 

2.  Tba  Made  or  the  brood  part  of  an  oar  or 
weapon. 

Tbou  ibaJt  lave  a  pndd3t  on  thj  weapon.  >-  Detit.  xsiH. 

3.  A  term  applied  to  the  broad  boards  at  the  cir 
cumferenee  of  a  water-wheel. 

4.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  feet  of  tortoises, 
erocodiVs,  Ac 

PAD'DLE-BOX,  a.  A  term  apiJied  to  the  wooden 
projections  on  each  side  of  a  sleam boat,  within  which 
are  the  paddle-wheels. 

P.\D'I>LKO,  pp,    Prv>pelled  by  an  oar  or  paddle. 

PAD'DL.CR,  a.     One  that  paddles. 

PAIVDLE-STXFF,  ■.  A  staff  headed  with  broad 
iron,  used  by  plowmen  to  free  the  share  from  earth, 
stubble,  Blc  Hall. 

PAD'DLE^-WHKEL,  a.  A  waler-whetl  used  in  pro- 
pelling steamboats. 

PAD'DOCK,  n.     [Sax.  pada  or  pad :  0.  pad,  padder.] 
A  large  toad  or  frog.  H'ailon.     t>nidcn. 

PAD'DOCK,  a.  [Said  to  be  comtpted  from  Sax.  pcr- 
nw,park.] 

1.  A  small  inclnoure  onder  pasture,  immediately 
adjoining  the  stables  of  a  domain.  Braiuie. 

^  Formerly,  aa  incloeure  for  races,  with  hounds, 
tc  Brande, 

X  A  toad.     {ObsJ]  Sprnser. 

PAD'DOCK-PIPE,  a.    A  plant,  Equieetum  paluslre. 

Booth. 
PAD'DOCK-STOOL,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Agar- 

icus  ;  a  mushroom,  vulgarly  toadstooL 
PAD'DY,  n.     A  cant  word  for  an  Irishman. 

2.  In  th4  East  Indies,  rice  not  divested  of  the  busk 

Maiatm. 
PAD-E-LI'ON,  n.    fFr.jwu  d«ii«i,  lion's  foot.] 

An  herb,  lion's  foot.  Ask. 


PAO  

PA-DYS'HA,  n.  A  title  of  the  Turkish  sulLan  and  the 
Persian  shah,  denoting  protector,  or  throne  prince. 

Bra  tide. 

PAD'LOCK,    n.      [Clu.  D.  paddCy  a  toad,  from    its 
shape.] 
A  luck  to  be  hung  on  a  staple  and  held  by  a  link. 

Prior. 

PAD'LOCK,  r.  u  To  fasten  with  a  padlock  ;  to  stop ; 
to  shut ;  to  confine  Bull.    Milton. 

PAD'NAG,  n.    An  ambling  nag.  Dr.  Pope. 

PAU'OW-PIPE,  n.     Aplanu     [See  P^ddock-pii-e.] 

PX'DRA,  H.     A  kind  of  black  tea  of  superior  (juality. 

PAI>-i;-A-SOY',  «.  [fhjui  Padua,  in  Italy,  and  Fr. 
soicy  fiilk.] 

A  particular  kind  of  silk  stuff. 

P.f  AX,  J  n.      [Gr.   n-fjiaf.]^     Among  the  aneimtSy  a 

P£'AN,  {  song  of  rejoicmg  in  honor  of  Apollo; 
hence,  a  loud  and  Joyous  song ;  a  song  of  triumph. 

Pope. 

PiE'ON,  n.  [Gr.  iraiw*'.]  In  ancient  poetry^  a  foot  of 
four  syllables  ;  written  also,  though  less'  correctly, 
PjEAX.  Of  this  there  are  four  kinds  ;  the  lirsi  consist- 
ing of  one  limp  and  three  slmrt  syllables,  or  a  trochee 
and  a  pyrrhic,  as  tfrnpOrfbiis ;  the  second,  of  n  tihort 
syllable,  u  loii^  and  two  short,  or  an  iiunbus  and  a 
pyrrhic,  as  pSteuna  ;  tlio  third,  of  two  short  syllables, 
along  and  a  short  one,  ur  a  pyrrhic  and  a  trochee, 
as  UniiaAiiU ;  the  fourth,  of  three  short  syllables  and 
a  lung  one,  or  a  pyrrhic  and  iambus,  as  t^lirttSit. 

Brande. 

PA'G.\N,  a.  [L.  pa^aniM,  a  pe-asant  or  countryman, 
from  pa^us,  a  village.! 

A  heathen  ;  a  Gentile  ;  an  idolater  ;  one  who  wor- 
ships false  gu<1s.  This  word  was  originally  applied 
to  the  inhabitants  of  the  country,  who,  in  the  early 
ages  of  the  church,  adhered  to  the  worship  o(  false 
gods,  or  refused  to  receive  Christianity,  after  it  had 
been  received  by  tlie  inhabitants  of  the  cities.  In 
like  manner.  A«a(Aen  stgnilies  an  inhabitant  of  the 
tUath  or  wt»ds,  and  caffrr^  in  Arabic,  si^uities  the  in- 
habitant of  a  hut  or  ci^tuige,  and  one  that  docs  not 
receive  the  religion  of  Mohammed.  Pagan  is  used 
to  distinguish  one  from  a  Christian  and  a  Moham- 
medan. 

PA'GAN,  a.    Heathen}   heathenish  ;  Gentile  ;   noting 
a  penmn  who  worships  false  gods. 
2.  Pertaining  to  the  worship  of  false  gods. 

PA'GAN-ISH,  a.    [Sax.  pagamise,] 

Heathenish  ;  pertaining  to  pagans.  STtng. 

PA'GA\-19M,  n.     [Fr.  paffamisme  :  It.  paganesimo.] 
Heathenism ;    the  worship  of  IHIse  gods^  or  the 
•ystein  of  religious  opinions  and  worship  maintained 
by  pagans.  AUdiaon.    Hooker. 

Mro  InMnNUd  ftoai  Ibelr  bbacy  In  ihe  princtpWaml  du^M  of 
CfacWuHf,  aaver  itak  to  the  d^nuLuioo  of  pagaiiiam. 
O.  Spring. 

PA'G.\N-IZE,  r.  C.  To  render  heathenish ;  to  convert 
to  heathenism.  Ch-  Obs. 

PA'GAN-IZE,  r.  i.    To  behave  like  pagans.  Milton. 

P.\'GA\-IZ-f.'D,  pp.  or  a.     Rendering  heathenish. 

P.\'GA.\-rZ-I\G,  ppr.  Rendered  heathenish  ;  behav- 
ing like  pagans  J  adopting  heatlien  principles  and 
practice. 

PAGE,  a.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  page ;  lu  paggio  Port,  pagem  ; 
Arm.  paich  ;  Sw.  poike  :  Dan,  pog  ;  Russ.  pn;,  a  boy, 
a  page.  The  Gr.  irtitf,  a  boy,  is  undoubtedly  a  con- 
tracted form  of  the  same  word  ;  for  itai^fo,  from 
irii$,  forms  Tdtf.',  Ta:\0(ti;  hence  it  maybe  in- 
ferred that  jro($  was  originally  ra/\(c.  The  Enp.  boy 
is  a  contraction  of  this  word  ;  W.  ba^gen,  a  boy,  a 
o     ^ 

child,  from  6flf,  small;   Pers,  ^\^  fuig«y  a  foot- 
man or  lackey.]  (Z  " 

1.  A  boy  attending  on  a  great  person,  rather  for 
formality  or  show  than  for  servitude. 

llr  h^l  iwo  pnge»  of  hi^iKtr,  on  either  hnnd  one.  Awn. 

2.  A  boy  or  man  that  attends  on  a  legislative  body. 
In  Maxsachusetls,  the  page  is  a  boy  that  conveys  pa- 
pers from  the  members  of  the  house  of  representa- 
tives to  the  speaker,  and  from  the  speaker  or  clerk  to 
the  members. 

PAGE,  a.     [h.  pagina;  Fr.  page.] 

1.  One  side  of  a  leaf  of  a  book.  B^atts. 

2.  A  book  or  writing,  or  writings;  as,  the  page  of 
hisuiry. 

3.  Pagesy  in  the  phiral,  signifies  also  books  or 
writings  ;  as,  the  sacred  pages. 

PAGE,  F.  e.     To  mark  or  number  the  pages  of  a  book 

or  manuscript. 
2.  To  attend,  as  a  page.  Shall. 

PA'GEANT,  (p-i'jent  or  [Kij 'ent,)  tu     [L.  pegma;  Gr. 

ffrfj^i'i,  something  showy  carried  in  triumph.] 

1.  A  statue  in  show,  or  a  triumphal  car,  chariot, 
arch,  or  other  pompous  tiling,  decorated  with  flags, 
ice,  and  carried  in  public  shows  and  processions. 

Cyc. 

2.  A  show  ;  a  spectacle  of  entertainment ;  some- 
thing intended  for  pomp. 

Ill  plajr  mj  port  in  rortunc'a  pa^eanL  Shak. 

3.  Any  thing  showy,  without  stability  or  duration. 

7*hiu  unlam^ntMl  p^w  ih""  promi  rwbjt, 

Tlie  g»V!  of  faoli,  and  pageant  oi  ■  day.  Pope. 


PAI 

PA'GEAxNT  or  PAG'EANT,  a     Showy;  pompous; 

ostentatious.  Dryden. 

PA'GEANT,  V.  L    To  exhibit  in  show  j  to  represent. 

Shak. 
PA'GEANT-RY  or  P.\0'EANT-RY,  a.    Show  ;  pom- 
pous exhibition  or  specUiclc. 

StKh  pagtanby  be  to  Uw  people  abown.  Drydtn. 

PAG'ED,  (pajd,)  pp.     Marked  or  numbered,  as  the 

)>ages  of  a  book. 
PAGK'HQOD,  n.    The  state  of  a  page. 
PAG'1-\AL,  o.    Cuiisistmg  of  jKiges.  Brown. 

PACING,  n.    Tlie  marking  of  the  pages  of  a  book. 
PA'<iOD,       )n.       [Pers.    pout  ghud.,  or   boot   khuda,  a 
PA-GO'DA,  j      house  of  idols,  or  abode  of  God  ;  Hind. 

boot  kuda.     Thomson.     Fryer.'] 

1.  A  temple  in  the  East  Indies  in  which  idols  are 
worshiped.  Pope, 

2.  An  idol ;  an  image  of  some  supposed  deity. 

Stillingfieet. 

PA-GO'DA,  Ti.  A  gold  or  silver  coin  current  In  Hin- 
dosian,  of  different  values  in  different  parts  of  India, 
from  SI  75  cts.  lo  $3,  or  IVom  8  io  9*.  sterling. 

PA'GOD-TTE,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  mineral  of 
which  the  Chinese  make  their  jHtgodas,  It  is  called 
also  lardite,  koreitc,  and  agalmatolite. 

PAID,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Pat;  paid  for  payed. 

PaI'(;LE,  I  n.     A  plant  and  flower  of  the  genus  Pri- 

PA'GlL,     {     mula  or  primrose  ;  ruwslif>-primro»ie. 

PAIL,  7(.     [W.  paeol;  Gr.  teAAa.]      [Fam.  of  Plants. 
An  open  vessel  of  wood,  tin,  &.C.,  used  in  families 
for  carrying  liquids,  as  water  and  milk,  usually  con- 
taining from  eight  to  twelve  quarts. 

PAIL'rjJL,  71.    The  quantity  that  a  pail  will  hold. 

PAIL-MAIIV.     See  P*llmall. 

PAIULASSK',  (pal-yas',)  n,  [Fr.]  An  under  bed  of 
straw.  Encyc.  of  Dom.  Econ. 

PAIN,  n.  [W.  poen;  Corn.  Ami.  poan;  Ir.  pian;  Fr. 
peine  c  Norm,  pene,  peine;  D.  pyn  ;  Sax.  pin  or  pine: 
G.  pein  f  Dan.  pine ;  Sw.  pina ;  It.  Sp.  and  Port,  pena ; 
Ij.  pana;  Gr.  iroifn,  penalty,  and  n-ofof,  pain,  labor  ; 

8ans.pana  ,-  Ar.  . -i  fann<{,  to  drive,  afflict,  distress. 

Class  Bn,  No.  92,  23,  96.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  An  uneasy  sensation  in  animal  bodies,  of  any 
degree  from  slight  une^isiness  to  extreme  distress  or 
torture,  proceeding  from  pressure,  tension,  or  spasm, 
separation  of  jiarts  by  violence,  or  any  deningement 
of  functions.  Thus  violent  pressure  or  stretching  of 
a  limb  gives  pain;  inflammation  produces  pain; 
wounds,  bruises,  and  incisions  give  pain. 

2.  Labor ;  work  ;  toil ;  laborious  effort.  In  this 
»f  nse,  the  plural  only  is  used  ;  as,  to  take  pains ;  to 
be  at  the  pains. 

Ilt^h  wilhoiit  lakintr  paint  to  Hbp.  Waller. 

'I'tic  Buite  Viilhpaim  we  gtun,  but  lose  with  eajK.  Popt. 

3.  Labor ;  toilsome  effort ;  task  ;  in  the  singular. 
[A'tff  Jiow  iww/.]  Spenser.      Waller. 

A.  Uneasiness  of  mind;  disquietude;  anxiety; 
solicitude  for  the  future;  grief,  sorrow  for  the  past. 
We  suffer  pain  when  we  fear  or  expect  evil ;  wc  feel 
pain  at  the  Igss  of  friends  or  property. 

5.  The  throes  or  distress  of  travail  or  childbirth. 
Sbe  bowrd  hTseir  and  Iravmlcd,  for  hor  paitu  came  upon  Uar.  — 

I  S:ini.  iv. 

6.  Penalty ;  punishment  suffered  or  denounced ; 
suffering  or  evil  inflicted  as  a  punishment  fur  a 
crime,  or  annexed  to  the  commission  of  a  crime. 

None  shall  pr^nme  to  fly  under  pom  of  dcatb.  Addison. 

Ii)tprpo»-,  on  jHiin  of  my  diopkasure, 

Ik-iwixl  ihf-ir  «wunl».  Dryden. 

PAIN,c.(.  [W.  poeni;  T^oTin. pniner ;  Tr.priver;  Sp. 
pcnar;  It.  penare;  D.  pyncn:  Dan.  piner ;  Sw.  pina; 
Sax.  pinan;  Gr.  irui'tw.  The  primary  sense  is,  to 
strain,  urge,  press.     See  the  noun.] 

1.  To  make  uneasy  or  to  disquiet ;  to  cause  uneasy 
sensations  in  the  bo^ly,  of  any  degree  of  intensity  ; 
to  make  sitnply  uneasy,  or  to  distress,  to  torment. 
The  pressure  of  fetters  may  pain  a  limb;  tlio  rack 
paiii-s  thi^  body. 

2.  To  afflict;  to  render  uneasy  in  mind  ;  to  dis- 
quiet ;  to  distress.  We  are  pained  at  the  death  of  a 
friend  ;  grief  paiiis  the  heart  ;  we  are  often  pained 
with  fear  or  solicitude. 

1  am  pained  at  my  very  heart.  —  Jer.  iv. 

3.  Reciprocally,  to  pain  one's  self;  to  labor ;  to 
make  toilsome  efforts.     [Little  used.]  Spenser. 

PAIN'^D,  pp.     Disquieted  ;  afflicted. 
PAIN'FIJL,  a.     Giving  pain,  uneasiness,  or  distress  to 
the  body  ;  as,  a  painful  operation  in  surgery. 

2.  Giving  pain  to  the  mind;  afflictive;  disquieting; 
distressing. 

E»iU  hare  been  more  pait\ful  to  ua  in  the  prospect  thnn  in  the 
«£lud  procure.  AdUison. 

3.  Full  of  pain  ;  producing  misery  or  affliction. 

MUton. 

4.  Requiring  labor  or  toil ;  difficult ;  executed  wi:h 
laborious  effort ;  as,  a  painful  service.  The  army 
had  a  painful  march. 

.5.  Laborious;  exercising  labor;  undergoing  toil; 
industrious. 

Nor  must  the  pain/ul  hiubandman  be  utmI.  Dryden, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.^T.— METE,  PRfiY.  — PTNE,  MARtNE,  liTRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  npOK — 

730  ■  ■ 


PAI 

PAIN'FJJL-LY,  ado.  Witb  suffering  of  body ;  with 
alflicttMii,  unonsiness,  or  distress  of  mind. 

2.  LuborioiLsly  j  with  toil;  with  laborious  effort  or 
diligence.  R'degh. 

PAIX'FJ^L-NESS,  «.    Uneasiness  or  distress  of  body. 

South. 

2.  Affliction  ;  sorrow ;  grief  i  disquietude  or  dis- 
tress of  mind. 

3.  Laborious  effort  or  diligence  ;  toil.        Hooker. 
PAI'NIM,  71.     [Norm,  paijnim  ;  Ft.  paieni  ponlracted 

from  pagan.] 

A  paean  ;  an  infldel.     [JiTot  vsfd,]  Peaeham-. 

PAI'Nni\  a.     Pagan;  infidel.     [J^otused.]     MiUon. 
PSIN'ING,  ppr.     Makin«:  uneasy;  afflicting. 
PaIN'LESS.  o.    Free  from  pain.  FeU^ 

2,  Free  from  trouble.  Dryden. 

P.TINS'TAK-ER,  n.     A  laborious  pereon.  Oay. 

PaINS'TAK-ING,  a.    Laborious;  industrious. 

irarris. 
PSIXS'TAK-ING,  n.     Labor;  great  industry. 
PAINT,  V.  t.     [Ft.  pe'mdre^  peigtiant,  peint;  L.  p'tngo, 
pictus  ;  Sp.  ptntur  ;  It.  pigitere  or  ptn/rrf,  to  tlirow, 
to  push,  to  paint.    The  elemunts  are  probably  Pg  or 
Pk,  as  in  Jingo^  fetus.] 

1.  To  cover  or  besmear  with  color  or  colors,  either 
with  or  without  figures ;  as,  to  paitU  a  cloth  ;  to  paint 
a  hou.se. 

2.  To  form  a  fiRiire  or  likeness  in  colors ;  as,  to 
paint  a  hero  or  a  landi^upe. 

3.  To  represent  by  colors  or  images  j  to  exhibit  in 
form. 

Wb^D  folly  gTowi  rom&uljc,  we  muM  paint  it.  Pop*. 

4.  To  represent  or  exhibit  to  the  mind  ;  to  present 
in  form  or  likeness  to  the  intellectual  view ;  to 
describe. 

Disloynll 
The  void  k  too  gocxi  to  patTtt  out  h^r  wickednen.  Shak, 

5-  To  color;  to  diversify  with  colors.       Spenser. 
6.  I'o  lay  on  artificial  color  fur  ornament. 
Jewbel  jtainltd  her  fice  and  tired  her  h-'ad.  —  2  Kin^  Ik 
PAINT,  r.  L    To  lay  colors  on  the  face.    It  is  said  the 
ladies  in  France  paint 
2.  Tt>  practice  paintinp.    The  artist  paints  well. 
PAINT,  n,    A  coloring  substance;  a  substance  used 
in  painting,  either  simple  or  compound  ;  as,  a  white 
paint,  or  n-d  paint. 

2.  Color  laid  on  canvas  or  other  material ;  color 
representing  any  thing.  Pope.    j9ifdison. 

3.  Color  laid  on  the  face  ;  rouge.  Young. 
PAINT'ED,  pp.   or  a.      Colored;    rubbed   over   with 

paint ;  nsy  a  painted  house  or  cloth. 

2.  Represented  iu  form  by  colors. 

3.  Deticribed. 

PAINT'ER,  n.     One  whose  occupation  is  to  paint ;  one 

skilled  in  representing  things  in  colors. 
PAINT'ER,  n.    [qu.  Ir.  painter^  a  snare,  that  which 

holds.] 
A  rope  at  the  bow  of  a  boat,  used  to  fasten  it  to  a 

ship  or  otht-r  object.  Totten. 

PAINT'ER?-COL'ie,  ».     A  peculiar  disease,  usually 

terminating  in  piil^iy  and  nienL-il  iiDbecility,  to  which 

painters  are  subject,  and  also  others  who  handle  lead 

pt^iisnn^.  Brande, 

PAINT'ER-STAIN'ER,  «.     A  painter  of  coats   of 

amis.  Buchanan. 

PAINT'ING^ppr.    Representing  in  colors;  laying  on 

colors. 
PAINT'ING,  n.    The  act  or  employment  of  laying  on 

colors. 

2.  The  art  of  forming  figures  or  resembling  objects 
in  colors  on  canvas  or  other  material,  or  the  nrt  nf 
representing  to  the  eye,  by  means  of  figures  and  col- 
ors, any  object  of  sight,  and  sometimes  the  emotions 
of  the  mind.  Encyc 

3.  A  picture  ;  a  likeness  or  resemblance  in  colors. 

Skak. 

4.  Colors  laid  on.  Shak, 
PaINT'RE^S,  n.     A  female  who  paints. 
PAINT'l^RE,  n.     [Fr.  peintare.] 

The  art  of  painting.  Dryden. 

PAIR,  n.  [Fr.  pair;  L.  Pp.  and  Port,  par;  It.  pari; 
Arm.  par;  D.  paar ;  G.  par,  paar ;  Pw.  par:  Norm. 
par  (it  pcir;  \r.  pfire :  ^:xx.  gefrrn,  w'Wh  a  prefix.  In 
yf.par  signifies  what  is  contiguous  or  in  continuity, 
A  state  of  readiness  or  prfparednfjtg,  a  pair,  fellow, 
matrh.  or  couple,  and  para  signifies  to  endure,  to 
cr»niinu(;,  to  persevere  ;  paru^  to  couple  or  join.  In 
thi^  language,  as  in  Spanish,  jmr,  pair,  is  shnwn  to 
be  connected  with  the  L.  paro^  to  prepare.  Now,  in 
Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Eth.  "\an  signifies  to  join,  couple, 
or  associate,  and  the  noun,  an  associate,  evidently 
this  very  word,  which  goes  far  to  prt>ve  that  n^n  is  a 
derivative  of  the  root  K"^a,  from  which  tlie  Latins 
probably  have  paro.  See  Class  Br,  No.  I'J.  The 
primary  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  throw,  strain, and  ex- 
tend, and  hence  par^  equal,  is,  extended  to,  near,  con- 
tiguous, or  equally  extended.] 

1.  Two  things  of  a  kind,  similar  in  form,  applied 
to  the  same  piirposc,  and  suited  to  each  oihi^r  or  tisi-d 
together  ;  as,  A  pair  of  gloves  or  stockings  ;  a  pair  of 
shoes  ;  a  pair  of  oxen  or  horses. 

2.  Two  of  a  sort  ;  a  couple  ;  a  brace  ;  as,  a  pair  of 
nerves  ;  a  pair  of  doves.    Luke  ii. 


PAL 

PAIR,  V.  i.  To  be  joined  in  pairs  ;  to  coujilc  ;  as  birds 
ptur  in  summer. 

2.  To  suit ;  to  fit ;  as  a  counterpart 
KihL'iiiida, 
My  heiTt  was  made  to  tit  and  pair  with  thine.  Rowt. 

PAIR,  V.  t  To  unite  in  couples  ;  as,  minds  paired  in 
heaven.  Dryden. 

2.  To  unite  as  correspondent,  or  rather  to  contmsL 

Glouy  Jet  is  ptured  with  fhiiiitig  white.  Pope. 

PAIR,  r.  L    To  impair.     [See  Impair.] 

PXlR'ED,pp.    Joined  in  couples;  fitted  ;  suited. 

PAIR'ING,  ppr.     Uniting  in  pairs  ;  fitting. 

PAIR'ING-OFF,  n.  In  legi-ihtive  bodies^  a  practice 
by  which  two  members  of  opposite  political  opinions 
agree  to  absent  themselves  from  voting  during  a 
staled  period.  This  practice  is  said  to  have  origi- 
nated in  the  lime  of  Cromwell. 

PAIR'ING-XrME,  n.    The  time  when  birds  couple. 

SmarL 

PAIR  OFF',  r.  i.  To  separate  and  depart  from  a  com- 
pany in  pairs  or  couplets. 

9.  In  legislative  bodies,  two  members  are  said  to 
pair  o^  when,  being  of  opposite  parties,  they  agree 
to  be  absent  when  the  vote  is  takcu.  [See  Pairino- 
Ovr.] 

PAIX'HAN  GUN,  n.  [from  the  name  of  the  invent- 
or.] A  howitzer  of  great  weight  and  strength,  for 
tlirowing  shells  of  a  very  large  size.  Park. 

PAL' ACE,  ju  [Ft.  palais;  L.  palatium;  It.  palazzo ; 
Sp.  palacio  ;  G.  pfah,  whence  pfulzgraf^  palsgrave  ; 
VV,  paU  ;  Russ.  palata.] 

1.  A  magnificent  house  in  which  an  emperor,  a 
king,  or  oilier  distinguished  perstm,  resides  ;  as,  an 
imperial  palace ;  a  royal  palace ;  a  pontifical  palace ; 
a  ducal  palace. 

2.  A  splendid  p)ace  of  residence ;  as,  the  sun's 
bright  palace.  Addiaon. 

PAL'ACE-COURT,  n.  The  domestic  court  of  the 
kings  of  Great  Ilritain,  which  administers  justice  be- 
tween ttie  king's  domestic  servants.  It  is  held  once 
a  week  before  the  steward  of  the  household  and 
knight  marshal ;  its  juristliction  extending  twelve 
miles  in  circuit  from  his  majesty's  palace. 

Blackstone. 

PA-LA'CIOUS,  (-shus,)  a.  [from  palace]  Royal; 
noble  ;  magnificent.     [J^'ot  tuied.]  Oraunt. 

PAL'A-DIN,  n.     A  knight  errant. 

PA-L/E'O  or  PA-LE'O  ;  initial  syllables,  from  the 
Greek  TfiXainf.    Pee  Paleogbapht,  Palkologi',&c. 

PA  L^S'TRA.    See  Palestba. 

PAL-AN  KEEN',  ),„,„„  ^„„„,  -.  (  n.      [In    Hindoo, 

PAL-AN-aUtN',  Cfwl-an-keen',)  j  ^^^^^^^  apfmrent- 
ly  from  Sans.  na/uA,  a  couch.  But  it  accords  better 
with  Sji.  and  It.  palanca,  a  [Jole,  Pt>rt.  palantfue.] 

A  covered  carriage  used  in  India,  China,  &,c., 
bonie  on  the  shoulders  of  men,  and  in  which  a  sin- 
gle person  is  conveyed  from  place  to  place. 

PAL'A-TA-BLE,  o.  [from  palate.]  Agreeable  to  the 
taste ;  savory.  Jiddison. 

2.  That  is  relished. 

PAL' A-TA-BLE  NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
agreeable  to  the  taste  ;   relish.  .^ikin. 

PAL'A-TA-BLY,  ado.  In  a  palatable  manner  ;  agree- 
ablv. 

PAL'A-TAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  palate  ;  uttered  by 
the  aid  of  the  palate. 

P.\L'A-TAL,  n.  A  letter  pronounced  by  the  aid  of  the 
pnlatc,  or  an  articulation  of  the  root  of  Iho  tongue 
with  the  roof  of  the  month  ;  as  g  and  k,  in  eg,  ek. 

PAI/ ATE,  n.  [L.  palatum,  properly  the  arch  or  cope 
of  heaven.] 

1.  The  roof  or  upper  part  of  the  mouth.  In  man, 
it  is  composed  of  two  parts,  one  of  which,  called  the 
hard  palate,  forms  an  nrcli  in  ihe  anterior  part  of  the 
mouth,  and  the  other,  called  the  foft  palate,  lying  in 
the  posterior  part  of  the  mouth,  consists  of  a  mem- 
branous curtain  of  muscular  and  cellular  tissue,  from 
the  middle  of  which  hangs  the  uvula.  P.  Ct/c 

2.  'I'aste. 

Hard  Uuih  (o  hit  Ih*-  palaUt  of  inch  gtwst).  Pope. 

[This  signification  of  the  word  originated  in  the 
opmion  that  the  palate  is  the  instrument  of  taste. 
This  is  a  mistake.  In  itself,  it  has  no  power  of 
taste.] 

3.  Mental  relish  ;  intellectual  taste. 

Miiii  I'f  \\\V  pniatee  could  nut  nrluili  Aristotle,  ui  Jn^w^d  up  by 
the  acliooliiiva.  Baker. 

4.  In  botany,  the  convex  base  of  the  lower  lip  of  a 
personate  corolla.  Brandt. 

PA  L' ATE,  V.  U    To  perceive  by  the  taste.    [JVai  used,] 

Shak. 
PA-LA'TIAL,  (-shal,)  a.     [from  palate.]     Pertaining 
to  the  p;ttate  ;  as,  the  ;>iiAifux/ retraction  of  th'^'  tongue. 

Barrow. 
PA-LA'TIAL,  a.     [from  h.patatinm,  palace.] 

Pertaining  to  a  palace;  becoming  a  jmlace  ;  mag- 
nificent. Drummond. 
PAL'A-TIC  or  PA-LAT'IC,  a.     Belonging  to  the  piU- 

ate.  Ihdder. 

PA-LAT'IN-ATE,  it.    [It.  pa/ttti»w((i,from  L.  palatinus. 
See  PALATrrcE.] 
Tho  province  or  seicnory  of  a  palatine  ;  a  name 


PAL 

given  to  two  states  of  the  old  German  empire,  called 
the  Upper  and  Lower  Palatinate.  P.  Cye. 

PAL'A-TINE,  (-tin)  a.  [Ft,  palatin;  It.  palatino  t 
from  X^palatinus,  from  ptdatium,  palace,] 

Pertaining  to  a  palace  ;  an  epithet  applied  origi- 
nally to  persons  holding  an  office  or  employment  in 
the  king's  palace  ;  hence  it  imports  ^jossessing  royal 
privileges  ;  as,  a  count  palatine. 

In  England,  formerly,  were  three  counties  pdatine, 
Chester,  Durham,  and  Lancaster;  the  two  former  by 
prescription,  the  latter  by  grant  of  Edward  III.  They 
were  so  called,  because  the  pnipriettirs,  the  earl  of 
Chester,  the  bishop  of  Durham,  and  the  duke  of 
Lancaster,  possessed  royal  right*",  ils  fullv  as  the 
king  in  his  palace.  Of  these,  the  county  of"  Durliam 
is  the  only  one  now  remaining  in  llie  hands  of  a  sub- 
ject. BUichftone. 

PAL'A-TINE,  n.  One  invested  with  royal  privileges 
and  rights.  A  palatine,  or  count  palatine,  on  the  con- 
tinent of  Europe,  was  originally  one  delegated  by  a 
prince  to  hold  courts  of  justice  in  a  province,  or  one 
who  had  a  palace  and  a  court  of  justice  in  his  own 
house.  P.  Cyc. 

PAL'A-TIVE,  a.     Pleasing  to  the  taste.     [JVot  used,] 

Brou^H. 

PA-LA'VER,  n.     [Pp.  palabra.  Port,  palaora,  a  word, 
(in.  W.  lUtrnr,  utterance  ;  with  a  prefix.! 
L  Idle  talk. 

a  Talk  intended  to  deceive;  flattery;  adulation. 
This  is  used  with  us  in  the  vulgar  dialect. 

3.  A  conference  or  deliberation  ;  a  sen^e  used  in. 
.Africa,  as  appears  kij  the  relations  of  missionaries. 

PA-LX'VER,  V.  t.  or  V.  i.  To  deceive  by  wonis  ;  to 
flatter  ;  to  use  idle,  deceitful  talk  ;  to  hold  a  palaver. 

PA-LA'VER-ER,  n.     One  who  palavers. 

PALE,  a,  [Fr.  pale,  palir;  L.  pallco,  pallidus ;  Russ. 
bielte,  white  ;  bieliju,  to  whiten.  It  is  probably  allied 
to  Sax.  fulejre,  fralo,  fallow,  pale  red  or  yellow,  D. 
vaal,  from  the  sense  of  failing.,  withering;  W.pallu, 
to  fail.     See  Class  Bl,  No.  6,  7,  13,  18.] 

L  White  or  whitish  ;  wan;  deficient  in  color  j  not 
ruddy  or  fresh  of  color ;  as,  a  pale  face  or  skin  ;  pale 
checks.  We  say,  also,  a  pale  red,  a  pale  blue,  that 
is,  a  whitish  red  or  blue.  Pale  is  not  precisely  synon- 
ymous with  white,  as  it  usually  denotes  what  we 
call  Iran,  a  darkish  dun  white. 

2.  Nut  bright ;  not  shining ;  of  a  faint  luster ; 
dim ;  as,  the  pale  light  of  the  moon. 

The  nijlit,  methinks,  ia  hut  the  daylight  aJck; 

It  look*  a  little  paUr.  Shot. 

PALE,  r.  i.    To  turn  pale.    [PoeticaU 

Miss  Pickering, 

PALE,  t?.  (.    To  make  pale.  Shak.     Prior. 

PALE,  n.  [Pax.  pal;  G.  pfahl;  G.  paal;  Sw.  pale; 
Dan.  pail;  W.pawl;  h.  palus ;  coinciding  with  Eng. 
pole,  as  well  as  pale ;  Russ.  palUz,  a  stick  or  club.  It 
has  the  elements  of  L.  pala,  a  spade  or  shovel,  and 
the  mdical  sense  is,  probably,  au  extended  thing,  or  a 

shoot.     Q.U.  Ar.    Vjo  nabala,  to  dart.    Class  Bl,  No. 
IS.]  '^^^ 

1.  A  narrow  board,  pointed  or  sharpened  at  one 
end,  used  in  fencing  or  inclt>sing.  This  is  with  us 
more  genemlly  called  a  Pitket. 

2.  A  pointed  stake  ;  hence,  to  empale,  which  see. 

3.  An  inclosure  ;  properly,  that  which  incloses,  like 
Fe:«c£,  Liuit  ;  hence,  the  space  inclosed.  He  was 
born  within  Ihe  pale  of  the  church ;  within  the  pale 
of  Christianity.  Atttrbury. 

4.  District ;  limited  territory.  Clarendon. 

5.  In  heraldry,  one  of  the  greater  ordinaries,  being 
a  brtKid,  perpendicular  stripe  in  un  escutcheon, — 
K.  I  I.  Barker.] 

PALE,  V.  t.     [D.  paalea ;  G.  pfdhlen.] 

1.  To  inclose  with  pales  or  stakes,        Mortimrr. 

2.  To  inclose  ;  to  encompass.  Shak. 
PA-LE-A'CEOUS,(-shus,)a.     [L.  palca,  straw,  chaff.] 

1.  Chaffy;  resembling  chaff,  or  consisting  of  it ; 
as,  a  paleaceous  pappus.  Lre. 

2.  Chaffy ;  furnished  with  chaff ;  as,  a  paleaceous 
receptacle.  Martyn. 

PAL'ED,  pp.    Inclosed  with  pales  or  pickets. 

2.  Ptrmed. 
PALE'-Ey-f:n,  (-Ide,)  a.   Having  eyes  dim.  Milton. 
PaLE'-FAC-SD,  (fisle,)  a.    Having  a  pale  or  wan 
face. 
2.  Cousing  paleness  of  face  ;  as,  pale-faced  fear. 

Shak. 
PALE'-IIEXRT'ED,  a.     Dispirited.  Shak. 

PALE'LY,  fl-^/y.     Wanlv  ;  not  freshly,  or  ruddilv. 
PAL'EN-DAR,  n.    A  kind  of  coasting  vessel.     tObs.] 

Kn  idles. 
PALE'NESP,  n.     Wanness  ;  defect  of  color;  want  of 
freiihness  or  ruddiness  ;  a  sickly  whiteness  of  look. 
Th'-  hloo.1  ths  vir^n'a  ch-rk  f.>r«oc')t, 
A  livkl  paleneet  spr^ada  u'ur  all  her  look.  Pope. 

2.  Want  of  color  or  luster;  as,  the  pateness  of  a 
flower.  Shak. 

PA-LE-OG'RA-PIIER,  n.  One  skilled  in  paleogra- 
phy. 

PA-LR-O-GRAPH'IG,         }  0.     Pertaining  to  paleoc- 

PA-LE-0-GRAPII'ie-AL,  laphy. 


TONE,  BPLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUa  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  9  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


L 


781 


PAL 

PA-LE-OG'RA-PHy,  n,  [Gr.  naXaioSy  ancient,  and 
)f>n<pnt  writing.] 

1.  The  siiuly  of  ancient  writings;  the  art  of  de- 
cipherinie  ancient  wntin};3. 
•2,  Au  ancient  niunnur  uf  writing  ;  as,  Punic  pal»- 

PX-LE-0L'0-<5IST,  n.    One  who  writes  on  antiquity, 

or  one  convers&nt  with  antiquity.  Good, 

PX-LE-OL'CMaY,    N.      [Gr.    TaAut'»f»   ancient,   and 

itfjoi*,  di^tcourse.] 
A    discourse    or   treat i.<te   on    antiquities,  or   the 

knowIed(;e  of  ancient  Ihinp*. 
PA-LE-0\-T0-L0G'IOAL,  a.    Belonging  to  paleon- 

totoev. 
PA-LE-ON-TOL'O-CIST,  ■.    One  vensed  in  paleon- 

tolncw 

PA-LE-ON-TOL'O-6  Y,  w.  [Gr.  ir<iA.ito>-,  ancient,  and 
ontoiof^^  thesrirnce  of  bt-ins.] 

The  science  of  ancient  beings  or  creature!  ;  applied 
to  the  science  of  the  foH«il  rv-niains  of  animab  and 
plants  now  extinct.        Journ.  of  Scimce,    JUoMtcU, 

Pi-LE-O-SAU'RCS,  ».      [Gr.  :ru><iioc  and  iravp-ii.] 
A  penu>  of  fuft&il  saurL-ius  faund  in  magnejuan 
limestone. 

PA-LE-0'TH£'RI-AN,  d.  Pertaining  to  the  paleo- 
tbehum. 

PS-I.E-0-THP.'RI-UM,)  n.     [Gr.  p«X-i,^?,  ancient, 

PA'LE-OTHERE,  \       and  O,,otn>.,  beast.] 

A  quadniped  of  the  pachydermatous  ord^r,  re- 
■eniblinx  the  pig  or  tapir,  but  of  a  very  large  size, 
now  extinct.  LyrU. 

In  ftoU^,  a  term  denoting;  the  lowejit  fossititerous 
strata  ;  and  also,  the  earliest  forms  of  life.     Dana, 

PA'LE-OUS,  a.     fL  »aUa^  chaff] 

ChatTy  :  like  chaiff.  Broiciu 

PA-LE-O-ZO'ie,  a.  [Gr.  iraAatof,  ancient,  and  ^bi^v^ 
animal.] 

P.VLES'TR.A,  M.  [Gr.  raAairpa,  from  jraA»f,  wrest- 
lini;.] 

A  wrestling  ;  the  place  of  wrestling  ;  exercises  of 
wrestlliie  ;  a  place  fur  athletic  exercises  in  Greece. 

PA-LK^'TRI-AN,    )  a.    [Gr.  »aXair/Ji*o<,from  iraAij, 

PA-LES'TRie,        >     aslruft|[lingor  wrestling;  wa~ 

PA-LES'TRie-AL,  >     Aoiw,  to  wrwtle,  to  strire.} 
Pertaining  to  itie  exercise  of  wrestling.    MryaML 

PAL'CT,  a.     [  Pr.  peiotc,  a  talU 

The  crown  of  the  bead.    UfU  MMi.]       SkeUmt. 

PAL'ETTa    S«e  Pallbt. 

PAL'FREY,(pawl'fre,)  ■.  [TT.naltfnri;  Xu  vat^frtno  ; 
^  pml^frrm  ;  Port  paU^frtm  :  W.  palrrt.  Ainsworth 
gives  for  Uw  originai  word,  in  Low  Latin,  f«rmtrtdiy 
(plur.  of  MrW««,)  boraea  of  a  laree  aixe,  used  for 
carrying  tlie  tag^Bga  of  an  army.  Spelman  says  the 
•ariifndma  wu  a  post-horse.  Tbe  last  ^llaUe  is 
mxn  OU.  wretfas.] 

1.  A  borse  used  1^  noblemen  and  olhen  for  state, 
di»tiDiniifihed  from  a  vrar  borse.  Brnq/e, 

i.  A«m»I]  horse  fit  for  ladles.  JvAmmi.  ^svtoter. 

PAI.'KREV-/:n,  (pawl'fted,) «.    Riding  on  a  palfVey. 

PAI^1-FI-€A  TtON,  a.  [r>om  L.  jmIum,  a  slake  or 
post.] 

I'he  act  or  practice  of  driving  piles  or  posts  Into 
the  cround  for  making  it  firm.  fFotton, 

P.\-LIL'0-<5Y,  a.    [Gr.  raX  •■  and  X  n  ■«.] 

In  rhfioriCf  the  repetition  of  a  word  or  part  of  a  sen- 
tence for  the  sake  of  creatcr  eni-rev. 

PA'LIMP-SEST,  Ft.     [Gr.  raA.v  and  i-i'.-.] 

A  parchment  from  which  one  writing  ha^i  been 
erased,  and  on  which  another  has  been  written. 

PAL'L\-DROME,)u  [Gr.  T,.>i»-<t,o(?,<;'';  ir-iXii-jagain, 
and  finnfiiio,  or  cpf^it  i,  to  nin,  JwH^erf.] 

A  word,  verse,  or  sentence,  ihnt  is  the  same  when 
read  backward  or  forward  ;  oj,  mailam^  or  Homa  ttbi 
ntbilo  moUbus  ibU  amor.  Juhojtotu     Eaeye. 

PAL'IXG,  ppr.    Inclosing  with  pali-s. 

P.IL'ING,  n.  Pales  in  general,  or  a  fence  formed  with 
pales. 

PAL-I\-CE-N*E'St-A,  (  a.      [Gr.   iraXYyiytata.)      A 

PAL-IX-GEX'E-SY,  t  new  birth  or  transition  from 
one  state  to  another ;  a  regeneration. 

PAL'l.N-ODE,   i   n.     [Gr.   xa\ivo<^ia;    ira\iv,   again, 

PAL'l.\-0-DYy  \      and  w^o,  a  song.] 

A  recantation,  or  declaration  contrary  to  a  former 
one.  Encvc.     Sandtjs, 

PAL-I-SADE',  n.  [Fr.  palissade  ;  fp. ' palizada  :  IL 
pcliziata ;  from  pile  or  the  ftame  rout.  Tbe  WeUh 
baspaliSj  a  thin  partition  of  boards,  or  latlis,  a  wain- 
scot ;  fciuaie.  to  wainscoL] 

A  fence  or  fortificallon  consistin*  of  a  row  of  stakes 
or  postd  sharpened,  and  set  firmly  in  the  irround.  In 
Jbrt^fi£tUw»^  tbe  posts  are  act  two  or  three  inches 
apart,  parallel  to  tbe  parapet  in  the  covered  way.  to 
inevent  a  surprise.  Palisades  ser%'e  nUo  to  fortify 
the  avenues  of  open  forts,  gorges,  half  moon!«,  the 
bottom  of  ditches,  fcc.  Eucyc. 

PAL-I-SaDE',  r.  L  To  surround,  inclcr?e,  or  fortify, 
with  stakt's  or  posts. 

PAL-!-SaD'ED,  pp.     Fortified  with  stakes  or  posts. 

PAL-I-SaD'ING,  par.     Fortifving  with  posts. 

PAL-I-Sa'DO,  n.     Palisade,  which  see. 

PAL'ISH,  a.  [from^oif.]  Somewhat  pale  or  wan; 
as,  a  palish  blue.  .^rbuUtnot. 

P^ALL,  u.  [L.  palHtim;  Sax.  pattej  It.  pallio  ;  Arm. 
palUn;  It.  peall.] 


PAL 

1.  A  cloak  ;  a  mantle  of  state.  Milton, 

2.  The  mantle  of  an  archbishop.  Jlylifff. 

3.  The  cloth  tliruwn  over  a  dead  body  at  furierals. 

l>ruth-H. 
•I.  .\  detent  or  click,  i.  e.,a  sin:ill  piece  of  nieiiil  or 
wood,  which  falls   between   the   teeth  of  a  rnchet 
wheel,  or  of  a  windlass,  to  prevent  its  revolving 
backward. 
P/^LL,  n.    In  AeroWry,  a  figure  like  the  Greek  Y. 

Eneyc. 
PALL,  r.  U    To  cloak  ;  to  cover  or  invest.        Shak. 
PALL,  e.  i.     [\V.  pallu^  to  fail  j  allied  to  pah^  and  to 
Gr,  (TiiX-uot,  old  ;  Heb.  Ch.  and  Ar.  nSa  i  Heb.  '733. 
(See  F*iL.)    Class  ni,  No.  6,  IS,  21.] 

1.  To  become  vapid  ;  to  lose  sirength,  life,  spirit, 
or  taste  ;  to  become  insipid  ;  as,  the  liquor  palls. 

BenittT  aoon  gTO*-«  fiFnUnr  In  ihp  loTcr, 

f\ult-a  in  the  fjK,  aiiU  pcUlM  upon  (Jte  icnw.  AdJiian. 

PALL,  r.  c    To  make  vapid  or  insipid. 

Rcuon  .Mill  rrfi.'ciion  — blu.u  the  wlg«  of  tlie  kcrm*»t  rfi-iln^ 
uhI  pail  all  hb  rnjoynteuu.  AlUrbury. 

SL  To  make  spiritless  ;  to  dJApfrit ;  to  depress. 

The  more  wc  rvlar  our  Iot«, 
The  more  wp  pail,  and  cool,  an.!  kill  ha  mxior.  DrydMn. 

3.  To  weaken  ;  to  impair  ;  as,  to  pall  fortune. 

4.  To  cloy  ;  as,  the  palled  appetite.  Tntter. 
PALL,  71.  Nausea  or  nauseating.  Shaftesbury. 
PALL'-BEAR-ER,  n.     A  term  applied  to  tiio^e  who 

attend  the  coffin  at  a  fttiieml,  so  called  from  the  pall 

or  covering  of  the  l»ody  which  they  formerly  carried. 
PAL'LA,  n,    [L.]    Among  the  Romans^  a  large  upper 

robe  worn  bv  ladies.  Elmes. 

PAULA'DI-USf,  n.     [Gr.  iraXXaJiov,  from  Pallas,  the 

goddess.] 

1.  Pritrtarihj^ti  statue  of  the  goddess  Pallas,  which 
represented  her  as  silting  with  a  pike  in  her  right 
hand,  and  in  her  lefl  a  di^iialf  and  spindle.  On  the 
preservation  of  this  statue  depended  the  safety  of 
Troy.     Hence, 

2.  Something  that  affords  effectual  defense,  pro- 
tection, and  safety  ;  as  when  we  say,  the  trial  by  jury 
is  the  palladium  of  our  civil  rights.  Blackistone, 

3.  A  metal  discovered  in  1803  by  Wollaston,  and 
found  in  very  small  grains,  of  a  steel-gray  color  and 
fibrous  stnicture,  in  auriferous  and  plaliniferous  sand. 
It  is  infusible  by  ordinary  heal,  and  wlien  native,  is 
alloyed  with  a  little  platinum  and  iridium. 

DicU  JVaL  THsU 
PAL'LA.S,  n.    [Gr.J    In  myVioh>gy^  the  Grecian  god- 
dess of  wisdom,  Identified,  at  a  later  period,  with 
tbe  Roman  Minerva.  Brande. 

9.  In  oidronomy^  one  of  the  small  planets  or  aster- 
oids which  revolve  between  the  orbits  of  Mars  and 
Jupiter. 
PALL'KD,  pp.  or  a.    Made  insipid. 
PXL'LET,  a.     [Fr.  palette;   It.  paletta^  a  fire-shovel  j 
8p.  paleta  i  from  L.  pala^  W.  pAt,  a  shovel,  a  pcW.] 

1.  Among  ;>atn£«r«,  a  little  oval  table  or  board,  or 
piece  of  ivory,  on  which  the  painter  places  the 
colors  to  be  used.  On  the  middle  the  colors  are 
mixed,  to  obtain  the  tints  required.  Kncyc 

2.  Among  potters,  crucible  makem.  tc,  a  wooden 
instrument  for  forming,  heating,  and  rounding  their 
works.     It  is  oval,  round,  Sec.  Kncyc. 

3.  In  ffildin^y  an  instrument  made  of  a  squirrel's 
tail,  to  take  up  the  gold  leaves  from  the  pillow,  and 
to  apply  and  extend  them.  Encyc. 

4.  In  Afra/<iry,  a  smalt  pa^f.     [See  Pale.] 

5.  A  term  applied  to  the  pieces  connected  with  the 
pendulum  of  a  clock,  or  the  balance  of  a  watch, 
which  receive  the  immediate  impulse  of  the  swing- 
wheel,  or  balance-wheel.  It  is  sometimes  written 
Fallat.  Brande. 

G.  A  measure  formerly  used  by  surgeons,  contain- 
ing three  ounces.  Hakcwill. 
PAL'LET,  n.     [paUlet^  Chaucer;  Fr.  paille,  L.  palea^ 
straw;  Ir.  ;rAuf,  a  couch.] 

A  small  bed.  Milton. 

PAL'LI-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  mantle,  especially  the 

mantle  of  shell  fishes.  Smart, 

PAL'LI-A-ME\T,  n.     [L.  pallinm,  a  cloak.] 

A  dress ;  a  robe.     [Jv'vt  used.]  Shak. 

PAL'LIARD,  (pal'yard,)  n.    [Fr.]    A  lecher ;  a  lewd 

pt-rson.     frfVof  used,  nor  Kn^rli^k.] 
PAL'LIARD-ISE,  n.    Fornication.     [J>,'ot  used.] 

Buck. 
PAL-LIASSE',  (pal-yas',)n-    [Fr.]    An  under  bed  of 

straw.     [See  Paillasse.] 
PAL'LI-ATE,  r.  t.     [Fr.  pcdUcr;  Sp.  paliar;  It.  pal- 
Itare ;  from  Low  L.  pallio,  from  pallium,  a  cloak  or 
rohe.]^ 

1.  To  clothe.    [Ohs.] 

2.  To  cover  with  excuse  ;  to  conceal  the  enormity 
of  offenses  by  excuses  and  apologies  ;  hence,  to  ex- 
tenuate ;  to  lessen  ;  to  soften  by  favorable  repre- 
sentations }  as,  to  palliate  faults,  offenses,  crimes,  or 
vices.  Dryden. 

3.  To  reduce  in  violence  ;  to  mitigate  ;  to  lessen  or 
abate  ;  as,  to  palliate  a  disease. 

PAL'LI-ATE,  a.     Eased  ;  mitigated.     [Wot  used.] 
PAL'Ll-A-TED,  pp.    Covered  by  excuses;    extenu- 
ated ;  softened. 


PAL 

PAL'LI-A-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Concealing  the  enormity 
or  most  censurable  part  of  conduct;  extenuating; 
8<in(>ning. 

PAL  LI-A'TION,  n.    The  net  of  palliating;  conceal- 
nu'nt  (if  the  most  tlagmnt  circumstances  of  an  of- 
fense ;  extenuation  by  favorable  representation  ;  as, 
the  pulliation  of  faults,  offenses,  vices,  or  criuies. 
2.  Mitigation;   alleviation;   abatement;  as  of   a 

PAL'LI-A-TIVE,  a.     [Ft. palliatif.]  [disease. 

1.  Extenuating;  serving  to  extenuate  by  excuses 
or  favorable  representation.  Wartoiu 

2.  Mitigating  ;  alleviating;  as  pain  or  disease. 

Jirbuthnot. 
PAIi'LI-A-TIVE.  n.    That  which  extenuates. 

2.  That  which  mitigates,  alleviates,  or  abates  the 
violence  of  pain,  disease,  or  other  evil.  Swift. 

PAL'LII),  a,  \l^pallidus,Uon\piUleo,Xo  become  pale. 
See  Pale.] 

Pule  ;  wan  ;  deficient  in  color ;  not  high  colored  ; 
Qs,  a  pallid  countenance  ;  pallid  bhte. 

Spenser.     Thomson,     llarte. 
PAL-LID'I-TY,«.     Paleness. 

PAL'LID-LY   a//r.     Palely  ;  wnnly.  Taylor 

PAL'LID-NESS,  tl     Paleness  ,  wanness. 
PALL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Cloying;  making  insipid. 
PALL'ING,  n.     Slate  of  being  cloyed.  Bulwcr. 

PAL'Ll-UM,  n.     [L.]     In  tJie  Rttman  Catholic  church  a 
short,  white  cloak,  with  a  red  cross,  encircling  the 
neck  and  shoulders,  and  falling  on  the  back.  Brande, 
PALL-MALL',  (iwl-mel',)  n.    [L.  pila,  a  ball,  and  mal- 
leus, mallet  ;  It.  palla,  a  halt,  and  vuilleo,  a  tiainmer.] 

1.  A  [ilayin  which  a  ball  is  driven  through  an  iron 
ring  by  a  mallet ;  also,  the  mallet.  Johnnon, 

2.  A  street  in  London,  so  called  from  its  having 
once  been  the  place  for  playing  the  game  called 
pallmnll. 

PAL'LOR,  n,     [L.]    Paleness.  Taylor, 

PALM,  (pim,)  n.  \lt.  palma  ,■  W.  palv  ;  from  spread- 
ing.] 

1.  The  inner  part  of  the  hand. 

2.  A  hand  or  hand's  breadth  ;  a  lineal  measure  of 
three  inches.  The  great  Roman  jKilm  wasihe  Icngiu 
of  the  hand,  or  about  S\  inches.  Barlow. 

3.  The  broad,  triangular  part  of  an  anchor  at  the 
end  of  the  arms. 

4.  The  name  of  many  species  of  plants,  but  par- 
ticularly of  the  date-tree  or  great  palm,  a  native  of 
Asia  and  Africa. 

The  palms  constitute  a  natural  order  of  monocot- 
yledonous  plants,  with  a  straight  unbranching  cylin- 
dric  stem,  terminating  in  a  crown  of  leaves,  with- 
in which  rises  a  tuft  of  flowers  and  fruits  ;  nil  na- 
tives of  warm  climates.  They  vary  in  size  from  2 
to  more  than  100  feet  in  hight.    Jussica.     Linnaxu. 

5.  Hmnches  of  tlie  palm,  being  worn  in  token  of 
victory  ;  hence  the  word  signifies  superiority,  victory, 
triumph.  The  palm  was  adopted  as  an  emblem  of 
Victor}',  it  is  said,  because  the  tree  is  so  elastic  as, 
when  pressed,  to  rise  and  recover  its  correct  pttsition. 

Encyc. 
Natnur  subducxl  \x  England's  palm  alone.  Dryden. 

6.  Among  ^'^I'ncn,  an  insft'umcnt  fitted  to  the  hand, 
and  used  in  sewing  canvas,  instead  of  a  thimble. 

PALM,  (pim,)  r.  L  To  conceal  in  the  palm  of  the 
hand. 

They  palmed  ihe  trick  ih-il  lost  the  game.  Prior. 

2.  To  imjwse  by  fraud. 

For  you  m\y  paim  upon  us  new  for  old.  Dryden. 

3.  To  handle.  Prior. 

4.  To  stroke  with  the  hand.  .Ainsworth. 
PALM'-OIL,  (p'im'oil,)  n.    A  vegetable  oil,  obtained 

from  the  fruit  of  several  species  of  palms,  and  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  soap  and  candles.   McCulloch. 

PALM'-SUN-DAY,  (pdm'sun-dy,)  n.  The  Sunday 
next  before  Easter  ;  so  called  in  commemnrstion  of 
our  Savior's  triumphal  entry  into  Jerusalem,  when 
the  multitude  strewed  palm  branches  in  the  way. 

PALM'-TREE,  (plm'tree,)  n.  The  name  of  many 
species  of  trees  belonging  to  the  natural  order  of 
palms.     [See  Palm.] 

PAL'MA  CHRIS'TI,  n.  [L.]  An  annual  plant, 
whose  Beedei  furnish  the  welt-known  custor-oit  of 
medicine.  Loudon. 

PAL'MAR,  a.     [L.  palmaris.] 

Of  the  breaath  of  the  hand.  Lee. 

PAL'MA-RY,  a.     [h. palmaris.} 

Chief;  principal.  Bp.  Home. 

PALM'A-RY,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  palm. 

PAI 'M  S  TED    i  "*     [^'  P*^'""^'"*)  ^'■'J'"  palma,  palm.] 

1.  Having  the  shape  of  the  hand  ;  resembling  a 
hand  with  the  fingers  spread  ;  as,  palmaLcd  leaves  or 
stones.  Encyc. 

2.  Entirely  webbed ;  as,  the  palmatcd  feet  of 
aquatic  fowls. 

PALM'/TD,  (p'imd,)  pp.     Imposed  by  fraud. 

PALM'ER,  (i)ani'er,)  n.  One  that  returned  from  the 
Holy  Land  bearing  branches  of  palm  ;  a  piljirim  or 
crusader.  Pope. 

PALM'ER-WOKM,  (pam'er-wunn,)  n.  A  worm  cov- 
ered with  hair  ;  supfiosed  lo  be  so  called  becrause  he 
wanders  over  all  plants.    Joel  i.  Julitisun. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT M£TE,  PRgY.— PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

__  _____  _  -         -  ■  ~ 


PAL 

PAL-MET'TO,  n.  A  species  of  palm-tree  pmwini;  in 
the  West  Indies  and  :SuuIhern  United  St:itc!4,  vf  the 
g«-nu>*  Cbaiiiiirrop:*.  T/uim.-'un. 

PAL'Mie  ACID,  n,  A  kind  of  acid  obtained  from 
p.'ihnin''. 

PAU  .MIF'ER-OU?,  a.     [L.  patina  ^ndfcro,  to  bear.] 
Bearing  palms.  Diet. 

PAL'MIXE,  (-win,)  n.  A  white,  waxy  substance, 
obtained  frimi  caj^tor-oil. 

PALMING,  ppr.     Imposing  by  fraud. 

PAL'MI-PED,  a.     [U  patma  and  pes^  f,^ot.] 

Web-footed  ;  having  the  toes  connected  by  a  mem- 
brane ;  as  a  water  fowl. 

PAL'MI-PED,  n.  A  swimmin?  bird;  one  that  has 
wehlied  feet,  or  the  toes  connected  by  a  rnt'nilirane. 

PAL'MIS-TER.  n.     [L.  ptihna.]  [Hramle. 

One  who  deals  in  palmisstry,  or  pretends  to  tell 
P'rtunes  by  (lie  palm  of  the  hand. 

PAL'MIS-TRV,  B.     [L.  palma^  palm.] 

1.  The  art  or  practice  of  divining  or  telling  for- 
tunes by  the  lines  and  marks  in  the  palm  of  the 
hind  ;  a  trick  of  imposture,  much  practiced  by  gip- 
sies, 

3.  Addison  uses  it  humorously  for  the  action  of 
the  hand.  Spectutor. 

PALM'V,  (pikm'y,)  a.  Bearing  palms.  SJuik. 

Hence, 

2.  Flourishing;  prosperous  ^  victorious. 

A  jointed,  sensifrrous  organ,  attached  in  pairs  to 
the  back  or  side  of  the  lower  jaw  in  many  insects  ; 

PALP,  V.  t.     To  feel.     [,Yot  authorized.]  [a  feeler. 

PAl^PA-BIL'I-TV,  «.  [from  palpable.]  The  quality 
of  being  perceptible  by  the  touch.  .ArbuthnvL 

PALPABLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  palpor,  to  feel  i  It. 
palpabile.] 

1.  Perceptible  by  the  touch  ;  that  may  be  felt ;  as, 
a  palpable  sub:ilance  ;  palpable  darkness.  Skak, 

2.  Gross  ;  coarse  ;  easily  perceived  and  detected  ; 
as,  a  palpable  absurdity.  TdU>tson. 

3.  Plain  ;  obvious  ;  easily  perceptible  ;  as,  palpable 
phenomena;  pa/p<jWe  proof.        H^^vker.     Olanville, 

PAL'P.WJLE-NESS,  n.  'J'he  quality  of  being  palpa- 
ble ;  plainness;  otiviousness ;  grossness. 

P.\L'PA-BLY,  adv.    In  such  a  manner  as  to  be  per- 
ceived by  the  touch. 
2.  Grossly  ;  plainly  ;  obviously. 

Clixlios  waa  ncquiitnl  by  n  corrupt  Yay  thai  bad  patpabiy  takm 
rii&iv*  of  tiiuoef .  iJocvn. 

PAL-PA'TION,  71.  [L.  palpatio^  from  palpo^  to  feel,  to 
stroke,  from  the  root  of  /re/,  and  Gr.  jrnAAdi,  to  shake. 
Probably  the  primary  sense  is  to  beat  or  strike  gently, 
or  to  touch,  or  to  spring,  to  leap,  allied  to  Gr. /?aAAaj, 
Fr.  baUer.\ 
The  act  of  feeling. 

PAL'PE-BRAL,  o.     Pertaining  to  the  eyebrow. 

PAL'PE-BROUS,  a.     Having  large  eyebrows.    SmarU 

P.\L'PI-FORM,fl,    Having  the  form  of  palpi  or  feelers. 

PAL-PIG'ER-OUS,  a.     Bearing  palpi  or  feekrs.  Ktrbv. 

PAL'PI-TATE,  p.  i.  [L.  palpito^  fruin  palpo.  PalpUo 
illustrates  the  primary  sense  of  palpo.] 

To  bent  gently  ;  to  beat,  as  the  heart ;  to  flutter, 
that  is,  to  nii've  with  lilile  throws ;  as  we  say,  to  go 
pit-a-^at;  applied  particularly  to  a  preternatural  or 
excited  movi^meat  of  the  heart. 

PAL'PI-TA.TING,ppr.  or  a.  Beating  gently;  flutter- 
ing. 

PAL-PI-TA'TIOX,  n.     [L.  palpitatio.] 

1.  A  beating  of  the  heart ;  parttfularhj.  a  preter- 
natural beating  or  pulsntinn  excited  by  violent  action 
of  the  body,  by  fear,  fright,  or  disease. 

Harvnj.     .^rbutkn^L 

2.  A  violent,  irregular  motion  of  the  heart. 

Cullnt.     Parr. 
PALS'GRAVE,  (pawlz' grave,)  n.     [G.  pfidigraf,  from 
"p/o/;,  contracted  from   I*  palaUum^  juilace,  and  ^ra/, 
an  earl ;  O.  paUsgraaJi  Sax.  gcrtfa^  a  rerwc,  whence 

th(TXff.'\ 

A  count  or  earl  who  has  the  superintendence  of 
the  king*s  p.ilace.  Diet. 

PAL«'GRA-VtNE,  n.     The  consort  or  widow  of  a 

pal:ienive. 
P^L'»I-€AL,  a.     [from  pa£*y.]     Affected  with  paUy  ; 

i>anilviic. 
PAL'si-ED,  (pawl'zld,)  pp.  or  a,     [ft^om  pa/yy.]     Af- 
fected with  pal!«y. 
PAL'SY,  It.    [Supposed  to  ba  contracted  from   Gr. 
"na--aXvs\%,  relaxation  •,  irioaXw.',  to  lottsen  or  relax.] 
An   abolitiiin   of  function,   whether  of   intellect, 
special  sensation,  voluntary  motion,  common  sensa- 
tion, or  sympathetic  motion. 
PjVL'SV,  r.  i.     To  paralyze  ;  to  destroy  function. 

2.  To  distroy  action  or  energy.  Dteif^kl. 

PAL'SV-ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Destroying  fiincTion. 
PAL'TER,  V.   u     [Probably  allied  lo  fauUer  or  faher, 
*VV.  paltu,  Kttg.  fail ;  Sp.  and  Purl,  /altar,  to  want,  to 
fail,  to  miss,  to  balk,  to  come  short,    tiee  Fail  and 
P*hi-] 
To  shift ;  to  dodge  ;  to  play  tricks.  Johnson. 

Rather,  to  fail ;  to  come  short  j  to  balk. 

Roamm,  U»t  tM««  apobe  tte  word, 

AaO  wUi  not  potter.  Sftai. 


PAN 

PAL'TER,  V.  t.     To  squander.     Ou.     [JVcJt  used.] 

Jiinnwurth. 
PAL'TER  ER,  h.     One  that  palters,  fails,  or  falls  short. 
PAL'TRLLV,  adv.     Despicably  ;  meanly. 
PAL'TRI-NESS,  n.     [fn.ni  paltry.]     The  state  of  be- 
ing paltry,  vile,  or  worthless. 
PAL'TRY,   a.    fSw.  paltoy  plur.   pastor,  rags ;    Dan. 

piaJt^  a  rag ;  pialtcd,  ragged  ;  S«t)t,  paltrie  or  pcltrie. 

vile  trash  ;  It.  paltone,  a  vag-.tbond.     It  may  be  nliieu 

to  Gr.  ./.<ir'A()5,  vile,  and  to  fait.     Qu.  Fr.  piitrCj  a 

contracted  word.] 

Ragged  ;  mean  ;  vile  ;  worthless  ;   despicable  ;  as, 

a  paltry  boy  j  &  paltry  slave  ;  a  paltry  trifle. 

Shak.    Addison. 
PA-LC'DAL,  n.     [h.palus.] 

Periainine  to  marshes  ;  marshy. 
PAL-IT-DI'NA,  n.     [L.  palus,  a  jkwL] 

A  genus  of  fresh-water  snails.  Mantell. 

PA-Lu'DIiN'-OUS,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  piiludina. 
Pa'LY,  a.     [from  pale]     Pale;  wanting  color;  used 

only  in  poetry.  Shak.      Gay. 

2.  In  heraldry^  divided  by  pales  into  four  equal 

parts,  Encyc 

PAM,  n.     [Supposed  to  be  from  pa/w,  victory.]     The 

knave  of  clubs.  Pope. 

PAM'PAS,  n.  pi.     The  name  given  to  vast   prairies 

ill    the    southern   part  of   Buenos   Ayres   in   South 

America.  Encye.  Jim. 

PAM'PER,  r.  t.     [from  It.  pambere,  bread  and  drink  ; 

pambrrato,   pampered,    well    fed  ;    pane^   bread,   and 

bere^  to  drink,  L.  bibo.] 

1.  To  feed  to  the  full ;  to  glut ;  to  sapjnate  ;  to  feed 
luxuriously  ;  as,  lo  pamper  the  body  or  the  appetite. 

Spenser. 

We  Hrf  r^"'^  of  B  body  fHEteiiiu^  for  worms  &nd  pampered  for 
Corru[.iUOD  and  ih?  gr^vc.  £}inght. 

2.  To  gratify  to  tlie  full ;  to  furnish  with  that 
which  delights  ;  as,  to  pamper  the  imagination. 

PAM'PER-ioD,  pp.  or  a.  Fed  high;  glutted  or  grati- 
fied to  the  full. 

PAM'PER-IXG,  ppr.  Glutting  ;  feeding  luxuriously  ; 
gnitifving  to  the  full. 

PAM'PEIMXG,  n.     Luxuriancy.  Fulke. 

PAM'PHLET,  (pjim'fli't,)  n.  [Sp.  papehn,  from  papcl, 
paper.  Ti)e  word  signifies  buth  a  pamphlet  and  a 
bill  ported.  Sp.  papalcta,  a  slip  of  jKiper  on  which 
any  thing  is  written;  papel  volantc,  a  small  pam- 
phlet. It  has  also  been  deduced  from  pawfict^  pa- 
ffina  Jiltita,  a  word  said  to  liavo  been  used  by  CoJC- 
ton.] 

A  small  book  consisting  of  a  sheet  of  paper,  or  of 
sheets  stitched  tocether,  but  ni't  bound. 

PAM'PHLET,  r.  L   To  \vrite  a  pamphlet  or  pamphlets. 

Howell. 

PAMPHLETEER',  (pam-flet-eer',)  n.  A  writer  of 
pamphlets:  a  scribliler.  Tatter. 

PAM-PHLET-EER'LNG,   a.     Writing  and  publishing 
pampliku. 
9.  n.    The  writing  and  publishing  of  pamphlets. 

PAM'PRE,  n.  [Fr.]  In  Sculpture,  an  (imament  com- 
posed of  vinfl  leaves  and  hunches  of  grapes  ;  used 
fiT  decorating  columns.  Oicilt, 

PAN,  H.  [Sax.  panna ;  Sw.  panna  ;  G.  pfanne  ;  D.  pan  ; 
W.  id.] 

1.  A  vessel  broad  and  snmewliat  hollow  or  de- 
pressed in  the  middle,  or  with  a  raisud  border;  used 
lor  setting  milk  and  otIu;r  domestic  purposes. 

Dryden, 
9.  The    part   of  a    gun-lock   or   other  fire-arms 
which  holds  the  priming  that  communicates  with 
the  charge. 

3.  Homcthing  hollow  ;  an,  the  brain  pan. 

4.  Among /anner.«,  the  hard  stratum  of  earth  that 
lies  below  the  soil ;  called  the  hard  pan. 

5.  The  top  of  the  head.  Chaucer. 
PAN,  V.  t.    To  join  ;  to  close  logelher.     [Local.] 

Bailey. 
PAN,  n.    [Cr.]    In  mytJtaloffy,  the  deity  of  shepherds. 

[See  pANrcJ 
PAN'A-RASE,  n.     [Gr.  raf  and  base.] 

A  gray  copper  ore. 
PAN-A-Ce'A,  II,     [L.,  from  Gr.  vavuKtia  }  nai',  all, 
and  ^^K€o^lal,  to  cure.] 
1.  A  remedy  for  all  diseases  ;  a  universal  medicine. 

If 'art  OH. 
Q.  An  herb,  Ain.^irorth. 

PA-N.^'DA,  /  Tt.     [Fr.  panade.  fVom  L,  panis,  Sp.  pan^ 
PA-NA'DO,  (      iLpane,  bread.] 

A  kind  of  food  moile  by  boiling  bread  in  water  to 
the  consiiJtence  nf  pulp,  and  swcLtenud.   Wiseman. 
PAN'A-RY,  a.     [L.  panli.] 

Prrt-iining  to  iiread. 
PAN'CAKE,  n.    A  thin  cake  fried  in  a  pan  or  baked 
on  an  iron  plate. 

Some  fulki  think  it  will  nvnx  t»  good  Umea  lHI  hoiir-a  Rrc  tiled 
with  pancaktt.  t\anklin. 

P.AN'eXRTE,  ti.  A  royal  charU'r  confirming  to  a  sub- 
ject all  his  possessions.  Urande. 

PANCII,  n.     [W.  panu,  to  form  n  texture,  to  full.] 

Among  seamen^  a  thick  find  strong  mat,  li>  be  fast- 
enrd  on  yards  to  prevent  friction. 

PXNCH'WaV,  rt.  A  Bcneal  four-oared  boat  for  pas- 
84.'ngers.  Malcom. 


PAN 

PAN-CRAT'ie,  \a.     [Gr.    rar,    all,   ond   Koarou 

PAN-€RAT'I€-AL.  (      stnncth.] 

Excelling  in  alt  gymnastic  exercises ;  very  strong 

or  robust.  Broicn. 

PAN'CRA-TIST,  n.     One  who  excels  iu  gymwutic 

exercises. 
PAiN  CRA'TI-UM,  (-«he-um,)  n.    [Qt.  ra»  and  «/>«- 

TLt^u] 

Among  the  ancients^  an  athletic  contest  which 
combined  boxing  and  wreidling. 

PAN'€RE-AS,  n.    [Gr.  n-,.. ,  all,  and  «-,of<fs,  flesh.] 

A  gland  of  the  body  situaied  between  the  l)uttom 
of  the  stomach  and  the  vertebra;  of  the  loin^,  reach- 
ing from  the  liver  to  the  spleen,  and  attached  to  the 
peritoneum.  It  is  two  fingers  in  breadth,  and  six  in 
teniith,  soft  and  supple.  It  secretes  a  kind  of  saliva, 
and  pours  it  into  the  duodenum.        ^uincy.     Coze. 

P.\\-€UlE-AT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  paiVrcas  ;  as, 
pancreatic  juice.  .^rbuthnoL 

PAN'CV.     See  Panbt. 

PAN-De'AN  pipes,  n.pr.  A  wind  instrument  of  an- 
tiquity made  of  reeds  fastuned  together  side  by  side, 
gradually  lessening,  and  tuned  to  each  other. 

PAN'DECT,  n.  [iL  pandecto!,  from  Gr.  TTat/ieKTra; 
ffai',  all,  and  &z\o(iiHy  to  contain,  to  take.] 

1.  A  treatise  which  contains  the  whole  of  any  sci- 
ence. Swift. 

2.  Pandect<fy  in  tfie  plural,  the  digest  or  collection  of 
civil  or  Roman  law,  made  by  order  of  the  emperor 
Justinian,  and  containing  5;t4  decisions  or  judgments 
of  lawyers,  to  wiiich  the  emperor  gave  the  force  and 
authority  of  law.  This  com[»i!ation  consists  of  fifty 
books,  forming  the  first  part  of  the  civil  law. 

PA.N-DE.M'ie,  a.     [Gr.  JTut-,  all,  and  S'lpo^j  people.] 
Incident  to  a  whole  people;  epidemic;  as,  a  pan- 
detnic  disea.s»*.  Ilarveti.     Parr. 

PAN-DE-MO'M-UM.R.  [Gr.  iru(,  tto.',  all,  and  dat- 
p  'V,  a  demon.] 

\n  fabulous  story,  the  great  hall  or  council-chamber 
of  demons  or  evil  spirits.  JUdton. 

PAN'DEK,  w.     [Qu.  It.  paaderCy  to  set  abroad,  or  Pan- 

darusy  in  Chaucer.    In  Pars.   .'AJLi  bondar,  is  the 

keeper  of  a  warehouse  or  gmnary,  a  forestaller  who 
buys  anil  lumrds  goods  to  enhance  the  price  ;  an- 
swering to  L.  mango.  But  the  real  origin  of  the 
word  is  not  obvious.] 

A  pimp  ;  a  procurer  ;  a  male  bawd  ;  a  mean,  profli- 
gate wretch,  who  caters  for  the  lust  of  others. 

£>rydm.     Shak. 
PAN'DER,  r.  (.    To  pimp;  to  procure  lewd  women 

for  others.  Sluik. 

PAN'DER,  tJ.   I.     To  act  as  agent   for  the  lusts  of 
2.  To  be  subservient  to  lust  or  passion.        [others. 
PAN'DER-AGE,  n.   A  procuring  of  sexual  connection. 

Ch.  Rdiir.  Aftpeal. 
PAN'DER-ISM,  n.     The  employment  or  vices  of  a 

jMiiider;  a  pimping.  Swift. 

PAN'DER'LY,  n.     Pimping;  acting  the  pander.  Shak. 
PAN-DI€-U-LA'TION,  n.     [L.  pandiculor,  to  yawn, 
to  siretrli.] 

A  yawning  ;  a  stretching  ;  the  tcnsiim  of  the  sol- 
ids that  accomiiauics  yaw  ning,  or  that  restlessness 
and  stretching  that  accompany  the  cold  fit  of  an 
intermittent.  Encyc     Flayer. 

I't^N'OlT*  i  "*    '"  Hindoostan^  a  learned  Brahmin. 

PAN'DOOR.n.  A  name  given  to  a  kind  of  light-in- 
fantry soldiers  in  the  Austrian  service.        Brandc. 

PAN-DO'RA,  n.    [Gr.  nav,  all,  and  6<.>o„v,  a  gift.] 

In  mytholoiry,  a  fabled  female  who  received  a  va- 
riety of  gift--^.  Jupiter  gave  her  a  box  for  her  hus- 
band, who  opened  it,  and  out  rushed  a  niuUituile  of 
evils.  Lempriere. 

An  int-trument  of  music  of  the  lute  kind  ;  a  ban- 

dori'.  r>ravton. 

PAN-DC'RI-FORM,  o.     [L.  pandura,  from  the  Gr.] 
In  botany,  obovate,  with  a  deep  recess  or  sinus  on 

carh  side,  like  the  body  of  a  fiddle  or  violin. 
PANE,  n.     [Fr.  pan,  from  extending,  whence pauncau, 

a  panel  ;  Arm.  paneU  ;  6p.  entrepaho  ;  D.  pancd.] 

1.  A  square  of  glass. 

2.  A  piece  of  any  tiling  in  variegated  works. 

Donne. 
PAN  E-6YR'ie,  Ji.      [Fr.   panrffyrique:   It,   and   Fp, 
pane^irico;  L.  pane^yrieus,  from  Uie  Gr.  fravnyvfii. 
a  public  meeting  or  celebration  3  nnf,  n'Uf,  all,  and 
ayvfHi,  an  assembly.] 

1.  An  oration  or  eulogy  in  praise  of  some  distin- 
guished pirson  or  achievement;  a  forma!  or  elabo- 
rate encomium.  StiUlnfrfleet, 

2.  An  encomium  ;  praise  bestowed  on  some  emi- 
nent perjjfm,  action,  or  virtue.  Dryden. 

PAN-E-GVR'ie,        ia.  Containing  praise  or  eulogy  ; 

PAN-E-GVK'IC-AL,  ]      encomiastic. 

PAN-EG'Y-RIS,  ».  [Gr.  Tzai'Tjyvpis.]  A  festival;  a 
public  meeting.  JililUm. 

P.'\N-E-GYR'IST,  n.  One  who  bestows  praise;  n 
eulogiat ;  an  encomiast,  either  by  writing  or  speak- 
ing. Camden. 


TONE,  BULL,  t^NITE.— AN"GEU,  VI"CI0U8 C  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  g  as  Z  ;  CH  ai  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


100 


793 


PAN 

PAN^'  '  ■  ■  "    1",  r.t.    To  praise  highly ;  lo  write  or 

pr  -::)'  on.  Ck,  Obs. 

PA.N  .  i\  i.    To  bf^tow  praises.  .Vit/onL 

PAN  f.  o\   i.i/-  >.l),  p;>.     lliglilv  praisod  or  piilogized. 
PAN'E-OY-RIZ-IXG,    ppr.      Praising    highly ;    eulo 

pxinp. 
PAN'EU  »-     [Pr.  panneau;  Sw.  pa»na,  pnii  ;  pannela, 

lo    WTiinscol .    Kuss.    panrl^    ct-iliiij:,     or     waiiiscol ; 

pfohnblv  named  from  breadUi,  extension.] 

I.  .\  piece  of  board  whose  edpes  nre  inserted  into 

the  eroove  of  a  thicker  surrounding  frnme  ;  ns,  the 

paii^  of  &  door.  jftiUiton.     Swifi. 

9.  A  piece  of  parchment  or  schedule,  contatnin^ 

the    names  of  persons  auminoned  by  the  sherifl*. 

Hence,  imyrf  ^nerally^ 
a  The  whole  jur>'- 

4.  In  Scoti  i«K>,  a  prisoner  at  the  bar.     Emjc  jSm, 
PAX'EL,  r.  L    To  form  with  puiels;  as,  lo  pmmel  a 

wainsct^  Pouwjil. 

PAX'EL-KO,  pp.  or  a.    Formed  with  panels. 
PilN'R't.KSS,  «.     VVit)iotit  pan>'«  of  glass.     SImuImu. 
PA.N*'BL-ING,  ppr.     Ponntng  into  parel*. 
P.Wti,  «.    [D.  fyaiffl*,  G.  priMigeny  to  torture,  from 

pifm^  /M*iM,  pain  i  Sax.  pimen.    See  Pai?(-] 

Gxtreine  pain  ;  anpiiith  ;  agony  of  body  ;  partieu- 

tor/yt  a  eudden   paroxysm  of  extreme  pain,  as  in 

«pa«m,  or  chddbinli.    Is.  xxi. 


Gno  in  the  jMK^f  of  «laiufa. 


AJduon. 


PANG,  »  t    To  toitnre ;  to  give  extreme  pain  to. 

SkaJi, 

P.\N'GO-LIN,  n.  A  name  npplied  to  two  spec.e-s  of 
Manis,  a  genus  of  edeniate  nmiumnls,  tlte  one  in- 
habiting Bengal,  and  the  oilier  CentniJ  Africa.  They 
are  replrle-hke,  and  their  bodies  nre  covered  with 
hard  scales  or  plal*js,  and  can  be  rolled  into  a  spheri- 
cal shai>e. 

PAN-HEI<-Le'NI-UM,  m.     [Gr.  t.ii«>Xii»  t-f.] 
The  national  council  or  congress  of  Greece. 

jimtlrrafn. 

PAN'ie,  n.  [Sp.  and  lU  panico;  Fr.  paniquf ;  Gr. 
wa^-K  '<  :  W.  ;>4iiiiH,  to  cau!«e  to  sink,  to  depress  or 
hollow,  to  cause  a  panic.  The  primar>-  sense  is  in- 
transitive, to  shrink,  or  transitive,  to  cause  to  shrink  ; 
benre  the  fabled  Pcx,  the  frightful  deity  of  the 
woods  or  shepherds.] 

A  sudden  fright ;  p«rficit/«rfy,  a  sudden  fright  with- 
out reaJ  cause,  or  terror  inspired  by  a  trilling  cause 
or  mtaapprehcnsion  of  danger;  as,  the  troups  were 
•eiKrd  with  n panic;  Ibey  tted  in  a  pawc 

PAN'IC,  a.  Extreme  or  sudden  ;  appUal  to  fright ;  as, 
M»ic  fear. 

PAN'IC,  ■.    The  grain  of  the  panic  grass. 

PAN'IC  GRASS,  n.     A  pl.inl  »>f  the  genus  Pnnicum. 

P.\N'I-CLK,  »,  [L.  poiwc«.'a,  down  upon  reeds,  cat's 
tiil,  allied  lo  U.  pdiijiiu,  dutti ;  W.  p^n,  nap,  down, 
the  fiilliiie  of  cloth  ;  p^iiK,  lo  cover  witli  nap,  to  full 
or  mill  cloth,  to  beat,  lo  bang.  The  primarx'  sense 
is,  to  drive,  strike,  or  press  ;  hence,  to  full  ur  make 
thick.] 

In  froiajty,  a  species  of  inflorescence,  in  which  the 
flowrn*  ttr  fruits  are  ecaliered  on  peduncles  variously 
subdivided,  as  in  oats  and  some  of  the  grasses.  The 
panicle  is  of  various  kinds,  as  the  dense  or  close,  the 
spiked,  the  squeezed,  the  spreading,  the  diflfused,  the 
divaricating.  Martyn. 

PAX'I-CLED,  o.     Furnished  with  panicles.    ijttoM. 

PAX'IC-STRUCK,  0.  Struck  with  a  panic,  or  sudden 
fear. 

PA-NI€'U-LATE,      )  a.    Having  branches  variously 

PA-\ie'C-l^-TCD, }  subdivided)  as,  a  paniculate 
stem. 

3.  Having  the  flowers  in  panicles;  as,  apaniciUate 
tntlorr^cence.  Lee. 

PA-NI  V'O-ROrS,  a.     [L.  pamu  and  wro.] 
F.atins  bread  ;  subsisting  on  bread. 

PAN-.NaDE, B.    Thecun-etofaborse.    [SeepAitic] 

jSinsWorth, 

PAN'NA6E,  n.     [from  L.  pamU.] 

The  food  of  si^'ine  in  the  woods ;  as  beach-nuts, 
acorns,  ^c,  called,  also,  pamut :  also,  the  money 
taken  by  agistors  for  the  mast  of  the  king*s  forest. 

QnecL 

PAN'NEI<,  m.  [W.  pandy  something  plaited  or  mal- 
ted ;  L.  poMJiK^,  cloth.] 

1.  A  kmd  of  nisUc  saddle.  7\.Mer. 
S.  The  stomach  of  a  hawk.  JiinsaortX 
[For  other  senses,  see  Pa^kl.] 

PAN- N EL-LA 'T ION,  n.    The  act  of  impsnneling  a 

Jnry.     \jKot  kmI]  ffood, 

PAX.N'IER,  (pan'yer,)  a.  [Fr.  pataen  \U  paniera :  Sp. 
pojura,  a  jMiJuucr,  and  a  granary ;  from  L.  panuy 
bread.] 

A  wicker  basket ;  primariJ^y  a  bread-basket,  but 
used  for  carrying  frtiit  or  other  things  on  a  hor^^e. 

Jiddigon. 

2.  In  mrduUetmrty  the  same  as  corbel,  which  see, 

<hciU. 
PAN'NI-KEL,  a.     The  brain  pan  or  skull.     [Aot  in 

Mse.]  Spenser. 

PAN'O-PLIED,  (-plid,)  a.     Completely  armed. 
PAN'O-PLY,  a.    [Gr    rayoirAia  f  rar,  all,  and  ovXa, 

arms.] 


PAN 

Complete  armor  or  defense. 

\W  l)uJ  ii<-r<l  to  ukc  Uw  Chrwliui  ptutopljf,  to  |Htt  oD  the  vhtde 
nrinor  uC  OikI.  ijoy. 

PAN-OP' ri-CO.V,  n.    A  prison  so  constructed  that  the 

inspector  can  see  each  of  the  prisunurs  at  all  times, 

without  being  seen  by  them.  J.  BcHtham. 

PAN-O-KA'.MA,  «.    [Gr.  ttui,  all,  and  opufiu,  view, 

from  iif)'(u>,  to  see.] 

1.  LiteraUjff  a  complete  or  entire  view  in  every  di- 
rection. 

a.  A  picture  presenting  from  a  central  point  a  view 
of  objects  iu  everj'  directitin,  represented  on  the  in- 
terior tiurface  of  a  cylindrical  wall  or  rututuhu  It  is 
lighted  froui  above,  and  viewed  from  a  platform  in 
Uie  center. 
PAN-O-RAM'ie,  0.    Pertaining  to  or  like  a  panorama, 

or  coniplite  view. 
PAN-SOiMI'!C-AL,  a.     [See  pArtsoPHT.l    Pretending 

to  have  a  knowledge  ol  evcr\'  thing.    tVortMnirton. 

PAN'SO-PHV,  n.     [Gr.  n-tf^  nil,  and  oo^m,  wisdom.] 

Universal  wisdom  or  knowledge.    fUute  used.] 

Hardth. 
PAN-PTE-RE-0-RX'MA,  n.    A  model  of  a  town  or 
cuuntr)*   in    wood,  cork,  pasteboard,  or   other  sub- 
stance, showing  every  [Kirt  in  relief.  Brande. 
P.W'SY,  B.     [Fr.  pcn/6e,  fancy  or  thought,  from  pen- 
ser^  lo  think.] 

A  plant  and  flower  of  the  genus  Viola  ;  the  Fiola 
tricolor^  or  garden  violet;  al^o  called  Huart's-ease. 

Brande. 
PXNT,  e.  i.     [Fr.  pantdcr^  probably  from  tlie  root  of 
\V.  p<iMu,to  Deat,    See  Pa.mcle,  and  qu.  Gr.  TrKfu.] 

1.  To  palpitate  ;  lo  beat  with  preternatural  vio- 
lence or  mpidily,  as  the  heart  in  termr,  or  after  hard 
labor,  or  in  anxious  desire  or  suajK-nse. 

Yet  miglit  titT  pitcout  heart  be  seen  U>  pant  &a<l  quidift. 

Sptn*er, 

2.  To  have  the  breast  heaving,  as  in  short  respirar 
tion  or  want  of  brealh. 

Pluto  panu  f'>r  lP-.ilh  from  out  hla  cdl.  Dryden. 

3.  To  play  with  intermission  or  declining  strength. 

Pn^tM  on  the  Iortm  mmI  ilirs  itE>oa  Sue  \xvc%.  Pop*. 

4.  To  long ;  to  desire  ardently. 

Who  pantt  fat  ginrr  AiiiU  but  «h<>rt  r^pow.  Pope, 

Aa  the  hut  pnniriA  afb-r  ih^  w;iiffr.LiruokB,  wo  panttth  uijr  sou] 


•Iter  tbae.  U  litxi.  —  Pk.  xlii 


SAaJu 


PXXT,  n.    Palpitation  of  the  heart. 

PAN'TA-GRAPH,  a.     See  Pastogbaph. 

PA  N-TA-LETri',  n.pL  Loose  drawers,  resembling  pan 

tal(Htn-<,  worn  by  females  and  children. 
PAX-TA-LOON',  n.     [Fr.  pantalon.     Uu.  W.  pannu, 

to  involve,  ur  panu,  to  cover,  and  Fr.  (a^n,  the 

heel.] 

1.  .\  garment  for  males,  in  which  breeches  and 
stockings  are  in  a  piece.    [0&^.] 

2.  In  the  plural,  panuUooiu,  a  species  of  close,  long 
trowscrs. 

3.  A  ridiculous  character  in  the  Italian  comedy, 
pantalonCy  and  a  buffoon  in  pantomimes;  so  called 
fn>ni  his  cK»s>e  dress.  ^Addison. 

PAN-TA-.MORPII'IC,  o.    [Gr.  n-of,  iravra,  and  ^../j0o.] 
TakiuK  all  forms. 

PAN-TEeH'M-COX,  n.  {irav  and  Tr.xvr}.}  A  place 
where  every  species  of  workmanship  is  collected 
and  exposed  for  sale.  Bratuie. 

PXNT'ER,  ju     One  that  pants. 

PANT'EK,  n.    [Ir.  painter^  a  snare.] 

A  net.  Chancer. 

PX  XT' ESS,  n.  [from  panL]  The  difficulty  of  breath- 
ing in  a  hawk.  jiinswortk. 

PAX'TIIE-ISM,  n.  [Gr.  trai',  all,  and  Oios,  God, 
whence  (A^tsm.] 

The  doctrine  that  the  universe  is  God,  or  the  sys- 
tem of  theology  in  which  it  is  maintained  that  the 
universe  is  the  supreme  God.     Encyc    ^.itat.  Res. 

PA.N'THE-IST,  n.  One  that  believes  the  universe  to 
be  Gi»d  ;  a  name  given  to  the  fullowers  of  Spinosa. 

The  earlJwl  Grvdiin  pantheUl  uf  wliom  w  read  ia  Orphpin, 

Encyc. 

PAN-THE-IST'I€,  )  a.     Pertaining  to  pantheism  ; 

PAN-THE-IST^e-AL,  \  confounding  God  with  the 
universe.  Enfield.      Waterland. 

2.  In  iKu/pfurf,  a  term  applied  to  statues  and  fig- 
ures which  bear  the  symbuU  of  several  deities  to- 
gether. _  Brande. 

PAN-THe'ON,  iu  [Gr.  raj,  irar,  all,  and  eeof, 
God.] 

A  temple  or  magrnificent  edifice  at  Rome,  dedi- 
cated to  all  the  god?.  It  is  now  converted  into  a 
church.  It  was  built  or  embellished  by  Agrippa, 
son-in-law  to  Augustus,  is  of  a  round  or  cylindrical 
form,  with  a  spherical  dome,  and  144  feet  in  diam- 
eter. Brande. 
In  the  classics,  pronounced  pan'the-on. 

PAX'TIIER,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  iravOrjp.  Qu.  Oi?/),  a 
wild  beast.] 

A  fierce,  carnivorous  quadruped  and  digitigrade 
mammal,  the  Felis  Pardus,  of  the  size  of  a  large 
dog,  with  short  hair,  of  a  yellow  color,  diversified 
with  roundish,  black  fsprit.?.  This  animal  will  climb 
trees  in  pursuit  of  eniall  animals.     It  is  a  native  of 


PAP 

Africa.    The  name  is  also  applied  to  other  species  of 

the  genus,  a-^  the  cougar. 
PAX'TILE,  lu     [qu.  \V.  punfu,  to  dhnpte,  to  sink  in, 

to  become  hutlow ;  pctn,  a  bowl,  a  pan  ;  or  Fr.  pente, 

a  bending.] 

A  lile  with  a  curved  or  hollow  surface.    But  qu. 

pent  He, 
PXNT'ING,  ppr.   or  a.      [Seo   Pjnt.]      Palpitating; 

breathing  with  a  rapid  successtoil  of  mspirutions  and 

expirations  ;  longing. 
PXNT'ING,  «.  Palpitation  ;  rapid  breathing;  longing. 
PXNT'ING-LY,    ado.        With    palpitation    or   rapid 

brttathing. 
PANT'LER,   n.      [Fr.  panctirr,  from  paia^  L-  panw, 

bread.] 
I'he  officer  in  a  great  family  who  has  charge  of  the 

bread.  Shak, 

PAN-TO.CHRO-NOM'E-TER,  n.     [Gr.  ira*-,  xpovos, 

and  /iiriiuc] 

An  instrument  which  combines  the  properties  of 

the  comp'isj,  Run-dial,  and  the  universal  time-dial, 

and  used  for  all  three  of  them.  Brande. 

PAX-TO'FLE,  (pan-loo'fl,)n.    [Fr.  pantoufie;  It.  pan- 

tvfolajJi  slipper;  Sp.  pantufio  :  Sw.  tojfta,  tojfdj  a  slip- 
per or  sandal ;  Dun.  tiifel ,-  Kuss.  tufcl.] 
A  slipper  fi)r  the  fotit- 
PAX'TO-GRAPU,  n.    [Gr.  iravrj,  all,  and  ypaiPi,  de- 
scription.] 

An  instrument  for  copying,  reducing,  or  enlarging 

maps,  plans,  and  figures.  P.  Cyc. 

PAN-TO-GRAIMI'IC,  }  a.     Pertaining  lo  a  panto- 

PAN-TO-GR.\PH^ie-AL,  i      graph;   performed  by  a 

pantograph. 
PAN-TOG 'RA-PHY,  n.     General  description  ;    view 

of  an  entire  thing. 
PAN-TO-LOG'ie-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  jMintoIogy. 
PAN-TOL'O-GIST,  n.    One  writing  on  or  conversant 

wilh  imntolopy. 
P.\N-TOL'0-GY,  n.    [Gr.  rras  and  Xdjo?.] 

A  work  of  universal  information  ;   a  systematic 

view  of  all  bmnchea  of  human  knowledge. 
PAN-TOM'E-TER,  n.    [Gr.  nuiru,  all,  and  perpewy 

to  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  all  sorts  of  eftvations, 

angles,  and  distances.    [JYuK  luied.]  Bailey. 

PAN-TO.M'E-TRY.n.    Universal  measurement.    [JYoe 

UJ*P</J 

PA-N'TO-MTME,  n.  [L.  pantomimujt ;  Gr.  TravTopitios; 
irai,  iruf,  all,  and  /ii/j<'5,  a  mimic] 

1.  One  that  imitates  all  sorts  of  actions  and  char- 
acters without  speaking ;  one  that  expresses  hla 
meaning  by  mute  action.  Tlie  pantomimes  of  an- 
tiquity used  to  express  in  gestures  and  action  what- 
ever the  chorus  sung,  changing  their  countenance 
and  behavior  as  the  subject  of  the  sung  varied. 

Encyc 

2.  A  scene  or  representation  in  dumb  show. 

3.  A  s|>ecie3  of  musical  entertainment  connected 
with  dumb  show.  Busb^. 

P.\X'TO-MIME,  fl.  Representing  only  in  mute  action. 

Smitk. 
PAX-TO-MIMTC,        ia.      Pertaining  to  the  panto- 
PAN-TO-MLM'ie-AL,  i      mime;    representing  char- 
acters and  actions  by  dumb  whow. 
PAN-TO-MIM'ie-Al^LY,  ado.  In  tlie  manner  of  pan- 
tomime. 
PAN'TO-MIM-IST,  n.    One  who  arts  in  pantomime. 
PAN'TON,  )  n.      [Uu.  L.    pando,    to 

PAN'TON-SIIOE,  C-ahoo,)  j      open.] 

A  horscjihoe  contrived  to  recover  a  narrow  and 
hoof-bound  heel.  Far.  Did. 

PAN-TOPH'AGIST,  n.     An  animal  or  person  that 

eats  every  tiling. 
PAN'TUY,   n.     [Fr.  panetiire.v^  shepherd's  scrip;  L. 
pauarium,  from  panis^  bread.] 

An  apartment  or  closet  in  which  provisions  are 
kept. 
PAN'UR-GY,  71.    [Gr.  Kavovpyta}  ^av*  all,  and  cpyov^ 
work.] 
Skill  in  all  kinds  of  work  or  business ;  craft 

Bailey^ 
PAP,  71.     [L.  papilla.] 

A  nipple  of  the  breast ;  a  teat.  Dryden. 

PAP,  n.  [Low  \j.papa;  li, pappa;  D.papf  Pers.  bob, 
food.] 

1.  A  soft  food  for  infants,  made  with  bread  boiled 
or  softened  with  water.  Boyle. 

%  The  pulp  of  fruit.  Ainsworth. 

PAP,  r.  t.    To  feed  with  pap. 

PA-PX',  n.  f  L.  and  Fr.  papa  ;  D.  and  G.  id. ;  Gr.  Tra-T- 
irui ;  It.  and  Sp.  papa,  the  p<rpe ;  n  word  used  by  the 
ancient  Scythians,  as  also  in  tiie  Syriac  and  Chal 
daic] 

Father;  a  word  with  us  used  by  children.  Stc\ft. 
PX'PA-CY,   n.     [Fr.  papauti;   It.  papato ;  from  papa, 
the  pope.] 

1.  The  office  and  dignity  of  the  pope  or  pontiff  of 
Rome ;  hence,  the  popes,  taken  collectively. 

Bacon, 

2.  Papal  authority  or  jurisdiction;  popedom. 

Mdne. 
PA'PAL,  a.     [Fr.,  from  pape^  the  pope.] 

1.  Belonging  to  the  pope  or  pontiff  of  Rome  ;  pop- 
ish ;  as,  papal  authority  ;  the  papal  chair. 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRfiY.  — PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — N5TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- 


794 


PAP 


PAR 


2.  Pioceediiig  from  the  po[«  ;  as,  a  fopai  license  or 
indulgeTice  ;  a  pajKil  edict. 

3.  Annexed  to  the  bishopric  of  Rome. 
Pa'I'.VLIN,  II.     A  papist.    T.V.'l  ustiL]  irertrrt. 
Pa'PAL-IST,  11.    One  who  favoni  papal  power  or  doc- 
trines. Baxter. 

P.* TAL-IZE,  f.  ».    To  make  papal. 
Pa'PAI^IZE,  v.  L    To  conform  to  popery.     CoKper. 
P.A'PAl.-LY,  ailv.    In  a  papal  manner  i  [wpishly. 
PA-PA  S'-ER-A'CEOUS,  a.     Belonging  to  the  lioppy. 
P.\-P.\V'EiR-0LI3,  a.    [1*.  papavercus,  from  papacer,  a 

Ke'senihling  tlie  poppy  ;  of  the  nature  or  qualities 
of  poppies.  Broaru 

P.\-P.\\V',  n.     [Ft.  papayir.} 

1.  '.\  tree  anil  its  fruit.  The  Carica  papaya  grows, 
in  warm  climates,  to  the  height  of  eighU'en  or  twenty 
feet,  with  a  soft,  herhaceous  sU'm,  naked  nearly  to 
the  lop,  where  the  leaves  issue,  on  every  side,  on 
long  footstalks.  lietween  the  leaves  grow  the  flow- 
er and  the  fruit,  nhicll  is  of  the  sizji  of  a  melon. 
The  juice  is  acrid  and  milky,  hut  the  fruit,  when 
boiled,  is  eaten  with  meat,  like  other  vegetahles. 

Eticyc    P.  Cyc 

2.  The  papaw  of  North  .\merica  belongs  tu  the  ge- 
nus Anona  or  custard  apple. 

PIPE, «.    TJlepope.    XObMkte.l 

PA'PER,  n.  [Fr.  ;>a;^uw,-  It. />a;/iro.- Port,  and  5p.7>a- 
pet;  I),  and  G.  papirr ;  W.  papyr:  Gr.  n-firvp  (,-  L. 
papyrtt.-:,  the  name  of  an  Egyptian  plant,  from  which 
was  made  a  kind  of  p  ipi^r.  This  word  is  said  to  be 
formed  from  tci<j,  to  feed,  and  iree,  fire,  from  the  use 
of  the  plant  as  fuel.    Elmt.^.  Qm.] 

1  A  substance  formed  into  Uiin  sheets,  on  which 
Icners  and  figures  are  written  or  printed.  Paper  is 
made  of  dilTi  rent  materials  ;  but  among  us  it  is  usu- 
ally made  of  linen  or  cotton  rags.  A  line  paper  is 
made  of  silk,  particularly  for  bank  notes,  which  n- 
qaire  to  be  veiy*  thin. 

2.  A  piece  of  paper,  Locke 

3.  A  single  sheet  printed  or  written  ;  as,  a  daily 
faptr;  a  weekly  paperi  a  periodical  paper  I  referring 
to  essays,  journals,  newspa(iers,  tc. 

4.  J»ny  written  instrument,  whether  note,  receipt, 
bill,  invoice,  bond,  memorial,  deed,  and  the  like. 
The  papers  lie  on  the  speaker's  table. 

They  broughl  a  paptr  w  me  to  be  aigned.  DryiUn, 

&.  A  promissijr^'  note  or  notes,  or  a  bill  of  exchange ; 
as,  negotiaitle  paper.  Kent. 

6.  Hangings  printed  or  stamped;  paper  for  cover- 
ing th-  walls  nf  rooms. 
PA'PER,  a.     .Made  of  paper ;  con.=istting  of  paper. 

2.  Thin  J  slight ;  as,  ^  paper  wall.  Burnet. 

PA'PER,  v.t.  To  cover  with  paper ;  to  furnish  with 
paiier-hangings  ;  as,  to  paper  a  room  or  a  house. 

2.  To  register.     [-Vyr  itse</.]  Shak. 

3.  To  f.-ld  or  inclose  in  paper. 
PJl'PER-CKEU'IT,  n.     Evidences  of  debt :  promisso- 
ry notes,  &.C.,  passing  current  in  comuiercial  transac- 
tions. 

2.  Notes  or  bills  emitted  hy  public  authority,  prom- 
ising the  payment  of  money.  The  revolution  in 
North  America  was  carried  on  by  means  ol  paper- 
crrttU. 
PTPKR-rn,  pp.  or  a.  Covered  with  paper. 
PA'PEtt-FAC-£D,  (-fiste,)  o.  Having  a  face  as  white 
as  paiier.  S*<^:  ^ 

PA'PER-II.^NG'ING?,  n.  pi.  Paper  ornamented  with 
culorejl  figures,  pa-^ted  against  the  walN  of  apart- 
ments, tc.  The  term  Aair'i«i's  was  originally  ap- 
plied to  the  woven  or  embroidered  mpestry  with 
w  hich  Uie  walls  of  elegant  ruums  were  covered. 

P.  Cije. 
PA'PER-KITF.,  n.    A  light  fnime  covered  with  pa|ior, 

fur  living  in  the  air  like  a  kite.  »'arti>n. 

PAPER-MAK'KR,  n.     One  that  manufactures  |«a|ier. 
PA'PER-MaK'ING,  ».    The  art  or  business  of  manu- 

fartiiring  p!i[(e-r. 
PA'PER-MILL,  H.  A  mill  in  which  paper  is  manufac- 
tured. .... 
PA'PEK-.MON'EY,  (mun'ne,)  ».   Notes  or  bills  issued 
by  authority,  and  promising  the  payment  of  money, 
circulated  as  the  representative  of  coin.     We  a|iply 
the  word  usually  to  notes  or  bills  issued  by  a  State, 
or  by  an  authorized  banking  corporation. 
PA'PER-STAI.N'ER,  n.    One  that  stains,  colors,  or 

stanifiA  paper  for  hangings. 
PA-PES'CE.N'T,  a.   [from  p<!;i.]    Containing  pap  ;  hav- 
ing the  qualities  of  pap.  jirbaVtnvt. 
PAPE.-';'.  n.     A  female  pope.  Hall. 
PJIPKTh.RIF;  (pap'tree,)  n.     [Fr.]     An  ornamented 
case  or  box  containing  paper  and  other  materials  for 
writing. 
PA'Pni-A.N',  a.    Pertaining  to  the  rites  of  Venus. 
pyiPir.R-.MA'ritF.,   fpap'yS-ml'sha,)   n.     [Fr.]      A 
hard  substance  made  of  a  pulp  frcim  rags  or  paper 
mixed  with  size  or  glue,  and  cast  in  a  mold.    It  is 
used  fur  large  tea-boards,  trays,  and  various  orna- 
mental works.                 "        Encye.  of  Dvm.  Jioa. 
PS-PIIJIJI,  n.     [L.]     A  small  pap  or  nipple. 

2.  PaptlM,  pi.,  are  minute,  projecting  filaments,  be- 
ing the  termination  of  nerves,  as  on  the  tongue, 
skin,  ^r. 


P.A-PIL'IO,  (iia-pil'vo,)  n.  [U]  A  butterfly.  In  zo- 
o(u»j',n  genus  of  insects  of  numerous  species.  These 
insects  are  produced  from  the  caterpillar.  The  chrys- 
alis is  tile  tomb  of  tlie  caterpillar  and  the  cradle  of 
the  butterfly.  BarbaU 

PA-PIL-IO-NA'CEOUS,  (-shus,)  a.  Resembling  the 
butterfly  ;  a  term  in  botany,  used  to  describe  the  cor- 
ols  of  plants  which  have  the  shape  of  a  butterfly, 
such  as  that  of  the  pea.  The  papilionaceous  plants 
are  of  the  leguminous  kind.  Eitnjc.     Qja/ici/. 

The  papiIi(uiaceous  corol  is  usually  four-pctaled, 

having  an  iipjier  spreading  petal,  called  the  6«7J«erj 

two  side  petals  called  uiin^.«,  and  a  lower  petal  called 

the  keel.  Martyn. 

PAP'IL-LA-RY,  (  a.     Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the 

PAP'IL-LOUS,    i      nipple  or  the  papilla;  ;    covered 

wilh  papilte.  Drrllam. 

PAP'1L-L.\TE,  r.  i.    To  grow  into  a  nipple.  Fiemins- 

P.\P'IL-LOSE,  a.     Nipply  ;  covered  with  fleshy  dots 

or  points ;  verrucose  ;  warty  ;  as,  a  papillose  leaf. 

Jlfartyn. 
2.  Covered  with  soft  tubercles,  as  the  ice-plant. 

SmitJl. 
PAP'IL-I.OTE,  n.     [Fr.l     The  name  nf  small  pieces 

of  paper  on  which  ladies  roll  up  their  hair. 
Pi'PlS.M,  n.     [from  Fr.  pape,  pope.] 

Poiiery.  Bedell. 
■"          .  .      T.    — -•••-■  from  Fr.i«ip«, 


Pa'PIST,  n.    [Fr. papiitf ;  It.  papista; 
pope.] 

A  Roman  Catholic  ;  one  that  adheres  to  the  church 
of  Rome  and  the  authority  of  the  pope.  Clamnlon. 
PV-PIST'lC,         la.     Popish;   perttiining  to  popery; 
P.\-PlST'le  -AL,  (      adherent  to  the  church  of  Rome 

and  its  doctrines  and  ceremonies.  Whitgifte^ 

PA'PIST-RY,   M.     Poperv  ;  the  doctrines  and  ceremo- 
nies of  the  church  of  liome.    Ateham.     WhitgifU. 
Pa'PIZ-£D,  r-plzd,)  a.    Conformed  to  popery. 

Fuller. 
PAP-POOSE',  n.      Among  the  native  Indians  of  J^ew 

Entrlanir,  a  babe  or  young  child. 
PAP'POUS,  o.     ffrimi  L.  pappu.^  i  Gr.  iraTirot.] 

Downy  ;  furnished  will!  a  pappus,  as  the  seeds  of 
certain  plants,  such  as  thistles,  dandelions,  Sec. 

Ray. 
PAP'PUS,  n.    [!>.,  from  Gr.  Tairirot,  an  old  man  or 
grandfather ;  hence,  a  substance   resembling   gray 
hairs.] 

The  hairy,  feathery,  or  membranous  calyx  ot  the 
individual  florets,  in  certain  couiixiund  flowers  be- 
longing to  the  Linnaian  class  Syngenesia. 
PAP'PY,  a.    Itratu  pap.]     Like  pap ;  soft — 


succulent. 
Burnet. 

PAP'U-L/E,  ti.  pf.  [U]  Pimples;  a  sort  of  eruption 
on  the  skin,  consisting  of  small,  acuminated  eleva- 
tions of  the  cuticle,  not  containing  a  fluid,  nor  tend- 
ing to  suppuration  ;  commonly  terminating  in  scurf. 

P^P'll-LoSE,  a.  Covered  xvith  papuliE  ;  as,  a  papu- 
lo.-e  leaf.  Martyn. 

PAP'U-LOUS,  a.     Full  of  pimples. 

P  \P-Y-Ra'CE01;S,  (  a.    Belonging  to  the  papyrus  or 

PA-PVR'E-AN,  (      papyri.  ,  .    ,    , 

PA-PT'RUSl,  „.  [U]  An  Egyptian  plant,  a  kind  of 
reed,  of  which  the  ancients  made  a  material  for  writ- 
ing 

2.  Papyri,  pi. ;  a  manuscript  written  on  membranes 
of  the  papyrus.  Oliildun. 

PAR,  ».  [L.-  par,  equal :  W.  par,  that  is  upon  or  con- 
tiguous, thai  is  in  continuity,  a  state  of  readiness  or 
preparedness,  a  jwir,  a  fellow,  Eng.  peer.  The  word 
seems  to  be  formed  on  the  rimt  of  L.  pcro,  and  the 
ghemitic  M'>2,  and  the  primary  sen.se,  to  extend  or 

1.  SLntc  of  equalitv  ;  equal  value  ;  equivalence 
without  discount  or  premium.  Bills  of  exchange 
are  at  par,  above  par,  or  below  par.  Bills  are  at 
pur  when  they  are  sold  at  their  nominal  amount 
for  coin  or  its  equivalent. 

2.  Equalitv  in  condition. 
PARA',  n.     in  Turkvtk  money,  the  fortieth  part  of  a 

piaster,  or  about  one  fourth  of  a  cent.    JUcCulluch. 
PAR'A-HLE,  a.     [L.  parahilij..] 

Easily  procured.     [A'i:l  i/.«fJ.l  brown. 

PAR'A-BI.E,  n.     [Fr.  parabole,  from  I.,  parabola;  Or.  | 
ir^oKi/J'.Xr/,  from  »..,,..;(u.\Aai,  to  throw  forward  or 
against,  to  com|i.are  ;  ira;"i,to  or  against,  and  /(r.AAoi, 
to  throw  ;  as  in  eaiifrro,  cotUlum,  to  set  together,  or 
one  thing  with  another.] 

A  fable  or  allegorical  rel.ation  or  representation  ot 
something  real  in  life  or  nature,  from  which  a  inoral 
Is  drawn  for  instruction  ;  sucli  as  the  parable  of  the 
trees  clroising  a  king,  Jud^eJ  ix.  ;  the  parable  of  the 
poor  man  and  his  laliib,  2  Sam.  jii. ;  the  parable  of 
the  ten  virgins,  JUat!.  xsv. 

PAR'A  BLE,  c.  t    To  represent  by  fiction  or  fable. 

Milton. 

PAR'A-BI.ED,  pp.     Represented  by  fable. 

PA-RAB'0-LA,n.  [1..  Sec  P»»»ble.]  A  conic  sec 
lion  arising  from  cutting  a  cone  by  a  plane  parallel 
to  one  of  its  sides.  Barlmo. 

PA-RAB'O-l.E.n.  [Sec  PiB^BLE.]  In  oraturi;,  siuilll- 
tiide  ;  comparison.  Encyc. 

PAR-A-BOI.'IC,         )   0.      Expressed    by  parable    or 

PAB-A-BOI.'IC-AL,  (  allegorical  representation  ; 
as,  parahotical  instruction  or  descriptiim.     Breton. 


PAR 

2.  [frxjiu  parabola.]    Having  the  form  of  a  parabola  , 
as,  a  parabolic  curve.  Cbeyne. 

3.  G<-nerated  by  the  revolution  of  a  parabola ;  as,  a 
parabolic  conoid. 

PAR-A-BOL'IC-AL-LY,  adv.      By  way  of  parable. 

Brotoiu 
2.  In  the  form  of  a  parabola. 

PAR-A-BOL'I-FORM,  a.  Resembling  a  parabola  In 
form.  ,     ,        ,     , 

PA-RAB'0-LISM,  n.  [from  parabola.]  In  algebra, 
the  division  of  the  terms  of  an  equation  by  a  known 
quantity  tliat  is  involved  or  multiplied  in  the  first 
term.     [JVel  used.]  .^''V 

PA-RAB'0-LOID,  a.  [Gr.  irapa/iaXij  and  udot, 
form.] 

1.  The  solid  generated  by  the  rotation  of  a  parab- 
ola about  its  axis  ;  a  parabolic  conoid.  Brawle. 

2.  The  term  ;«raAe/ei(/ has  sometimes  been  applied 
to  the  parabolas  of  tile  higller  orders.  llulton. 

PARA-CEI.'SIA.N,  71.  A  physician  who  follows  the 
practice  of  Paracelsus,  a  Swiss  physician  of  celebrity, 
who  lived  at  the  close  of  the  fifteenth  century. 

Ferrand. 
P.\R-A-CEL'SI.\N,  (Shan,)  a.     Denoting  the  medical 

practice  of  Paracelsus.  HakewilL 

PAR-A-CEN-TE'SIS,  n.  (Gr.  mipaiccvrnaii  i  napa, 
through,  and  kcvt^oj,  to  pierce.] 

In  aurtrrry,  the  perforation  of  a  cavity  of  the  body 
either  wUli  a  trocar,  lancet,  or  other  suitable  instru- 
ment, for  the  evacuation  of  any  elTused  fluid. 

Encye. 
P.'^R-.VCEN'TRie,  j   a.     [Gr.  irnoa,  beyond,  and 

PAB-A-CE.\'TRie-AL,  j       «£i/r()0^,  center.) 

Devi.ating  from  circularity.  Cbei/ne. 

Paracentric  motion  ;  the  space  by  which  a  revolving 
planet  approaches  nearer  to,  and  recedes  further  from, 
the  siiu,  or  center  of  attraction.  Hatton. 

PA-RACU'RO-NIS-M,  n.  [Gr.  napa,  beyond,  and 
XP"Vi)i,  tune.] 

An  error  in  chronology  ;  the  mistake  of  making 
the  date  of  an  event  later  tlian  it  was  in  reality. 

Encyc. 
PAK'A-CHROSE,  a.     [Gr.  irafiaxpami.] 

Ill  mineralogy,  changing  color,  by  exposure  to  the 
weather.  ■'"'''^■'• 

PAR'.'i-CHUTE,  (par'a-sliute,)  ii.  [Gr.  irapa,  against, 
and  Fr.  chnU,  a  fall.] 

in  aerostation,  an  instniment  in  the  form  of  an 
umbrella,  to  jirevent  the  rapidity  of  descent. 
PAR'A-el.icTE, n.  [Or.  ir.i/j..»X7,7-us,frouiiru/<i«aAi:ai; 
iru,"!,  to,  and  «.  .»  ci,  to  call.] 

Properly,  an  advocate  ;  one  called  to  aid  or  sup- 
port ;  hence,  the  consoler,  comforter,  or  intercessor, 
a  term  applied  to  the  Holy  Spirit.     Pearson.    Bait. 
PAR' A  CLOSE,  n.    A  screen  separating  a  chapel  from 

the  body  of  a  church.  /took. 

PAR-A-CROS'Tie,  n.  A  poetical  composition  in 
which  the  first  verse  contains,  in  order,  all  the  let- 
ters which  commence  the  remaining  verses  of  the 
poem.  ,    Brandt. 

PAR-A-Ct-AN'0-(jEN,  n.     [Or.  iripn  and  ci/onoyea  ] 
A  brownish-black  insoluble  substance,  which  re- 
mains after  the  decomposition  of  the  cyanid  of  mer- 
cury by  heat.    It  is  apparently  isomoric  with  cyan- 
asen.  ^'  Silliman,  Jr. 

PA-RADE',  n.  [Fr.  pnru.Je,  parade,  and  a  parrjing  ; 
It.  parata;  Sp.  paraJa,  a  stop,  or  stopping,  halt,  end 
of  a  course,  a  fold  for  callle,  a  relay  of  horses  a 
dam  or  hank,  a  stake,  bet  or  wager,  a  parade. 
This  is  from  the  rout  of  L.  paro,  Sp.  parar,  to  pre- 

""'ifln  milUary  affairs,  the  place  where  troops  as- 
semble for  exercise,  mounting  guard,  or  other  pur- 
pose. ^     ,  •B"'"'"- 

2.  Show  ;  ostentation  ;  display. 

Be  rich,  but  of  your  wealth  make  no  ;WJ-iKt*.  Stei/U 

3.  Pompous  procession. 

The  rllea  performed,  the  pnnion  paKI, 
In  Bliile  relurrn^d  the  graiul /Jamde. 


Sv!^ft. 

4.  Military  order  ;  array  ;  as,  warlike  parade. 

Milton. 

5   State  of  preparation  or  defense.  Litckc. 

(>.  The  action  of  parrying  a  thrust.  [Fr.]  F.ncye. 

PARADE'   I'.'.     To  nssemlile  and   array  or  marshal 

in  military  order.    The  general  gave  orders  to  parade 

the  troops.    The  troops  were  paraded  at  the  usual 

2.  To  exhibit  in  a  showy  or  ostentatious  manner. 

PA-RADE',  r.  t.    To  assemble   and  bo  marshaled  in 

military  order.  . 

2.  To  go  about  in  military  procCTSlon. 

3.  To  walk  about  for  show. 
PA-RAD'ED,  pp.     Assembled  and  arrayed. 
PAR'A-DIG.M,  (par'a-dim,)  n.    [Gr.rm,j.i(i£i)(.»;  irnfa 

and  (!ci>ioi,  example,  from  iSei.nyi,  to  show.] 

An  example ;  a  model.     In  grammar,  an  example 
of  a  verb  conjugated  in  the  several  modes,  lenses, 

and  persons.  rr-„i. 

■  ...—..«  1    -      Exemplary.     [/.itu« 

e.d.]  More. 

,,..   .„,  church  history,  a  writer 

of  the  uienioirs  of  religious  persons,  by  way  of  ei- 

aioples  of  t'hristtan  excellence. 


Scott. 


and  persons. 
PARA  IIIG-MAT'IC,  a.     Exe 

PARA  DIG  MAT'ie-AL,  i        «se.d.] 
PAR  A-llKi-.MAT'ie,  ri.     In  ebureb 


TCNE,  BULL,  IINITP— AN"CEU,  VI"ClOU3.-e  aa  K  ;  O  aJ  J ;  »  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  j  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


735 


PAR 

PAR-\-niG'MA-TT7E,  r.  f.  To  set  forth  as  a  model, 
I'f  cxninpli*.      [Little  tstd.]  IlammoHd. 

PA-KAh'INO,  ;i^r.    Ai^sf nihling  niul  arniying  in  due 

onl'T;  innkiiig  an  o-ticnlntKiUM  nhow. 
PA-RArVING,  n.    The  art  of  tnnking  a  parade. 
PAR'A-niSE,  «.     [Gr.  iiHf.a^i,a  i.] 

1.  Thf  frard^n  uf  Eden,  in  which  Adam  and  Eve 
were  placed  immi'diately  after  their  creation. 

^.Milton. 
9.  A  place  of  bliss  ;  a  region  of  supreme  felicity  or 
delight.  * 

Shall  all  be  ptuvdu*.  fifilton. 

3.  Heaven,  lh«  blissful  seat  i^ Banctified  sotils  after 
death. 

ThM  dttj  ahalt  dKiu  be  vith  m*  la  panHat,  —  Luke  xxJJL 

4.  Primmribi,  in  PantHL,  a  pleamre-canleii,  with 
.  park*  iind  other  appendage*.  Mit/m^. 

F'AR-A-DIS'E-A,  k.      A    f:enus  of  passerine    btrd^, 
called,  in   English,  birds  tif  paradise,  natives  of  the 
i.<tes  in  the  East  Indies,  and  i>f  New  Guinea.  P,  Ctte, 
PAR-A-UI-SI'Ae-AL,  (I.     Pertainint;  to  Eden  or  para- 
dise, or  to  a  place  of  felicity. 
9.  Suitine  paradi^ie  ;  like  paradise. 
PARA-I»IS'K-A\,  PAR-A-I)I-SA  ie,PAR-A-DIS'I€, 

and  rAR-A-DIS'l-AL,  are  not  uw-d. 
PAR'A-UOX,    a.     [Fr.   paradote:    It.   paraJosso:    Gr. 
r  If  u'o^'tu  .-  r-.va,  beyond, and  (^t;(a, opinion  ;  (^ok£c>, 
lo  think  GT  suppow.] 

A  tenet  or  pn)[KK«ition  contrar>'  to  received  opinion, 
or  SMHtUBgly  absurd,  yet  true  in  facL 

A  ^liM  tbprr  ta  tB  tcUiT  tb«t  pnrwfar,  mid  makf  K  ^ipp'^r  in 
•bow  iiot  b>  Ui  alU'^rttirr  iit)rMAOUdiJ4c.  Hooktr. 

PAR-A-DOX'ie-AL,  a.  Having  the  nature  of  a  par- 
adox. Brotcn.    .V«m>. 

9.  Inclined  to  tenets  or  notions  contrary  to  received 
opinions  ;  applied  ta  p^sons, 

PAR-A-r)OX'ie-Al*-LY,  adr.  In  a  paradoxical  man- 
ner, or  in  a  manner  seeniinpiv  absurd.  CoUirr. 

PAR-A-DOX'ie-AL-N'ESS,  a.  State  of  being  para- 
doxlcal. 

P.\R-A-D0X-OL'O-6Y,  n.     {pamdex  and  Gr.  >oy»ff, 
disrounte.] 
The  use  of  parndoxe!!.     [ATvl  usedA  Br«wn. 

PAR'A-PROME,  a.     [Or.  vap<f(t->„r^l 

A  gallery  or  jiassage  without  any  coTering  over- 
head. jisK 

PAR'AF-Ff XE,  a.  [I*  pantm.  Httle,  and  ajinis^  akin.] 
A  substance  contained  in  the  products  of  the  dia- 
tillation  of  the  tar  of  beech-wond  ;  a  tastele*'s,  inodo- 
rous, fatty  maitiT,  fiHtble  at  lit?',  and  resisting  the 
mction  of  acids  and  alkalies.  It  is  so  named  from  its 
little  affinity  for  other  substances^  Brande, 

PAR'.\-GO-0E,  n.  [Gr.  rj^a/wjiTi  »  drawing  out ; 
sroiT*  and  ■'}  f.'.] 

The  addition  of  a  letter  or  sjUable  to  the  end  of  a 
word  :  as  dicier  for  dicL  'thia  is  railed  a  flsiire  in 
eranimar.  Fmcvc 

PAR-A-GOC'IG,  )   a.     Pertaining  to  a  paneoge  ; 

PAR-A-G06'I€VAL,  I  lenirthenins  a  word  hy  the 
addition  of  a  letter  or  syllable.    Parkhumt.   Miltcn. 

PAR'A-GO\, n.  [Fr. paraitgnn, C(tmpari;^ii, a  patleni  ; 
It.  paraaone^  fmm  parat^'jitt,  comparison  ;  Sp.  pam- 
goH,  moiiel ;  from  L.  par,  equal.] 

A  model  or  pattern  ;  a  mudrl  by  way  of  distinc- 
tion, implying  superior  excellence  or  perfection  ;  as, 
m  paraxon  of  beauty  or  et^tquence. 

2.  A  companion  ;  a  fellow.     [Oft.-.-.]  Spntsrr. 

3.  Emulation;  a  match  for  trial.  fOijit.]    Spensrr. 
PAR'A-GO.N,  r.  L     [Sp.  para^omar;  IL  paragonart^  lo 

compare,  t4»  equal ;  Fr.  parttngonner.'] 

1.  To  compare  ;  to  parallel. 

Tb^  fictuT*  ot  V*ivri\,  m  Uut^  form,  be  worr  tn  s  tnbt'K,  pnr- 
{■Mtn^  |o  paragon  ite  ItUle  one  with  Anr«u'a  length.  {iMr 
B*  IMM.]  Ht'lnty. 

2.  To  equal.     {Uule  nseA,'\  Sbak. 
PAR'A'GOX,r.  t.    To  pretenu  comparison  <v  equality. 

f  L'ttie  uxed.]  Scott. 

PAR'AJIRAM,  a.     [Gr.  s-jfaypatipa.] 

A  pinv  upon  words,  or  a  pun.  JIddiMm. 

PAR  A  GRAM'M.VTIST,  a.     A  punster.    Jlddvmu 

P.AR'A-GRAPH,  a.  [II.  parcgr^fo;  Fr.  paragrapke; 
Gr.  ru^ijf'a^/^,  a  marginal  note ;  rtifii.^'i^bi,  to 
write  near  or  beyond  the  text ;  ropa,  beyond,  and 
>/!«>    J  to  write.] 

A  distinct  part  of  a  disrourse  or  wrrling  :  any 
ponitin  or  section  of  a  writing  or  chapter  which  re- 
lates tn  a  parlictil.ir  point,  whether  cttnsisting  of  one 
sentencf^  or  ni-my  sfniences.  A  p:»raEnitih  is  Sdiiie- 
times  mark'd  tte^^  ^-  I'nt  more  genemlly,  a  para- 
graph is  disiiii^uished  only  by  a  break  in  the  compo- 
sition or  lines.' 

PAR'.\-GRAPIi,  r.  t.    To  form  or  WTite  paragraphs. 

PAR'A  GRAPH -CT),  (par'a-graft,)  pp.  Formed  or 
written  in  p^mcraphs, 

PAR-A-GRAPH'ie,         \  a.   Consisting  of  paragraphs 

PAR-A-GRAPH'ie-AL,i      or    short     divisions    with 
[         breaks. 

PAR-A-GRAPH'ie-AL-LY,  adt.  By  paragraphs; 
with  disiinc!  hr-aks  or  divisions. 

PAR-A-LEIP'>I3,  {  n.      [Gr.   t  ./.-.Xrni-.f.    omUsion  ; 

PAR-A-LIP'SIS,  J  raoa,  beyond  or  by,  and  Ana-oj, 
to  leave.] 


PAR 

In  rkrU'ric,  a  pretended  or  apparent  ouiisslon  ;  a 
(ignn-  by  which  a  speaker  pretends  to  pass  by  what 
nt  the  s:iuie  time  he  really  nientinns.  Eacyc. 

PAH-A-LI-POM'E-\A,  a.  pL  [Gr.  ira/iaAnaw.  to 
omit ;  irnpd,  beyond,  and  Atirci),  to  leave.] 

Things  omitted  ;  a  supplement  containing  things 
omitted  in  the  preceding  work.  The  books  of  Chron- 
icles are    so  called.  Brande, 

PAR-AULAt'Tie,         \a.    [Pee    Parvllax.]     Per- 

P.\R-AL-LAC'Tie-AL,  j  laming  to  the  parallax  uf  a 
heavenly  bi>dy. 

PAR'Ab-L.\X.  ».  [Gr.  irapaXAofif,  from  Trup'iAXiirfroi, 
lo  vary,  to  aecline  or  wander,  Trupa,  beyond,  and 
uXA  ii7rT(o,  to  change.] 

In  astronmny,  the  chance  of  place  in  a  heavenly 
body  in  consequence  of  being  viewed  from  diflferent 
poiiita. 

Diumtd pamUax ;  the  diflerenre  between  the  place 
of  a  celestial  boily,  as  seen  from  the  surface,  and 
fmm  the  center  of  the  earth,  at  the  same  instant. 

Annual  parallax :  the  change  of  place  in  a  heavenly 
body,  in  consequence  of  being  viewed  at  opposite 
extremities  of  the  earth's  urbit.  Olmxted. 

PAR'.AI<-LEL,  a.  [Gr.  TrauaXA/jXiJC  ;  trapaj  against  or 
opjKisite,  and  aXAr^AtO' ,  one  the  other.] 

1.  In  iTfometni,  a  term  applied  to  lines  or  sjjrfaces 
extended  in  the  same  direction,  and  i:i  all  parts 
equally  dist:»nL  One  surface  or  line  is  paralH  to 
another,  when  the  surfaces  or  lines  are  at  an  equal 
distanre  throughout  the  whole  length. 

2.  Having  the  same  direction  or  tendency;  run- 
ning in  accordance  with  something. 

Whpn  honor  riiru  pomllel  wiih  th<>  Uwa  of  GmI  and  our  coim- 
uy,  it  cnii  HOt  be  too  mudi  dicnahfU.  AddUon. 

X  Continuing  a  resemblance  throngh  many  partic- 
ulars ;  like  ;  similar  ;  equal  in  all  essctiiial  parts  ; 
as,  a  parallel  case  ;  a  parallel  passage  in  the  evangel- 
ists. fVatLt. 
PAR'Alr-IjEL,  n.  A  line  which,  throughout  its  whole 
extent,  is  equidistant  from  another  line  ;  as,  parallels 
of  latitude. 

Who  mailp  ih*  iptdcr  pamUtlB  df^rn, 

Sure  tu  De  Moi»n.>,  without  ml*  or  llue  ?  Pop4. 

3.  A  line  on  the  globe  making  the  latitude. 

3.  Direction  conformable  lo  tliat  of  another  line. 

QarOt. 

4.  Conformity  continued  thmugh  many  particulars 
or  in  all  essential  points;  resemblance  ;  likeness. 

Twill  (Ntfthly  frtnnic*  And  tiie  mooo 

All  paraiUU  exactly  run.  Svi/L 

5.  Comparison  made ;  as,  to  draw  a  parallel  be- 
tween two  charMCleia.  Jiddiaon. 

6.  Any  thing  equal  lo  or  resembling  anoUier  in  all 
essential  particulars. 

Nonr  btit  thjwlf  »n  be  thj  paraliMl,  Popt, 

PAR'AL-LEL,  r.  u  To  place  so  as  to  keep  the  same 
direction,  and  at  an  equal  distance  from  something 
else.  Broien. 

2.  To  level  ;  to  equal.  FelL     ShaJt. 

3.  To  correi'pond  to.  Burnet, 

4.  To  be  equal  to  ;  to  resemble  in  alt  essential 
points.  .       Lhnjden, 

.").  To  compare.  Locke. 

PAR'AI^LEI^A-nCE,   a.       Thai    may   be    equaled. 

[A'ttt  mufh  fi-vr</J  Hall. 

P.\R'AI^LEL-f-'D,  p;i.   I>*veled  ;  equaled  ;  ct-mpared. 
PAR'AI^LEL-IS.M,  n.     State  of  being  parallel.   More. 

2.  Resemblance  ;  equality  of  state  ;  comparison. 
PAR'AL-LEL-LY,  a<Ir.     In  a  parallel  manner;  with 

parallelism.  Scott. 

PARALrl.EL'O-GRAM,    n.      [Gr.   ra/iaAAijAoj   and 

jp««;j(i.] 

1.  In  fftometry^  a  right-lined  quadrilateral  figure, 
whose  opposite  sides  are  panillel,  and  consequently 
equal.  Barlovc. 

2.  In  fommffit  use,  this  word  is  applied  toqnadrilat- 
enil  figures  of  more  length  than  breadth,  and  this  is  its 
sense  in  the  passage  cited  by  Johnson  from  Brown. 

ParaUeloirrain  of  forcen :  a  phrase  denoting  the 
composition  of  forces,  or  the  finding  of  a  single  force 
which  shuli  be  equivalent  to  two  or  more  given  forces 
wh'-n  actine  in  given  directions.  Ilfbrrt, 

PAR  AI^LKI^O-GRAM'I€,         )  a.    Having  the  prop- 

PAR-AI^LEUO-GRAM'ie-AL,  i  erties  of  a  parul- 
lelngram. 

PAR-AL-LEL-O-PI'PED,  n.  {paraUel  and  Gr.  twt, 
on,  and  rtft  -p ,  a  plain.] 

In  e^'ometrii,  a  regular  solid  comprehended  nnder 
six  p-irallelciErams,  the  np[>osite  unes  of  which  are 
similar,  parallel,  and  equal  lo  each  otlitr;  or  it  is  a 
prism  whose  base  is  a  parallrlncmm.  It  is  always 
triple  to  a  pyramid  of  ihe  same  base  and  hight.  Or 
a  parallelopiped  is  asolid  figure  bounded  by  six  faces, 
parallel  to  each  olh*T,  two  and  two.  Barlow.    P.  Cye, 

PAR-AL-LEUO-PiP'£D-0-\,  n.  A  parallel o pi p<;d, 
which  see.  Hutton. 

PA-RAL'O-GlSM,  n.  [Gr.  tTaonXoYiTnoi  ;  tt  ipn,  be- 
yond, and  Ao^io/tos,  reasoning;  A"/o$,  discourse, 
reason.] 

In  logie^  a  reasoning  which  is  false  In  point  of 
form  ;  ).  e.,  in  which  a  conrhision  is  drawn  from 
premises  which  do  not  logically  warrant  it    Brande. 

PA-RAL'O-GTZE,  c.  i.    To  reason  falsely,  Asfu 


PAR 

PA-RAI/0-6Y,Ti.   False  reasoning.   [Pupra.]  Brovm. 

PA-RAL'Y-SIS,  n.  [Gr.  rr.iy-iAuffn,  frtun  r.i./.uAu.  ,lo 
loosen,  dissolve,  or  weaken  ;  ira^a  iiiid  Xcw.] 

An  abolition  of  function,  whether  of  intellect, 
special  sensation,  Tolontary  motion,  common  sensa- 
tion, or  sympathetic  motion. 

2.  Inclined  or  tending  to  palsv. 
PAR-A-LYT'ie,  n.    A  person  affi-cted  with  pal=v.  Hall. 
PAR'A-LTZR,  r.  f.     [Gr.  ro/JoAuw,  naoaXvcti.] 

To  arteci  with  palsy. 
PAR'A-LYZ  /:n,  pp.  or  a.     Affected  with  jwilsy. 
PAR'A-LVZ-ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Palsying;  destroying 

function. 
P.\-RAM'E-TER,n.     [from  Gr.  Traoaiirrpe':] 

1.  In  conic  aeetionsy  a  third  pntporiional  to  any  di- 
ameter and  its  conjugate.  In  the  parabuta,  a  third 
proportional  to  any  absciss  and  its  ordinate.  The 
parameter  is  sometimes  called  the  lafus  rectum, 

2.  In  o  general  scTtse,  in  grometnjy  a  constant  quan- 
tity which  enters  into  lite  equation  of  a  curve. 

Brande. 
PAR'A-AI0^'NT,a.     [Norm,  peramont ;  prrand  mount, 
^monf  jr  montir,  to  ascend.] 

1.  Sup<:rior  to  all  others  ;  possessing  the  highest 
title  or  jurisdiction  ;  as,  lord  paramount,  the  chief 
.ord  of  the  fee,  or  of  lands,  tenements,  and  heredit- 
aments. In  England,  the  king  is  lord  paramount,  of 
whom  all  the  land  in  the  kingdom  is  sup|H»sed  to  be 
held.  Hut  in  some  cases  the  lord  of  several  manors 
is  called  the  lord  paramounL  Blackstone. 

2.  Eminent ;  of  the  highest  order.  Bacon. 

3.  Su[ierior  to  all  others  ;  as,  private  interest  is 
usually  paramount  to  all  other  conwideratitms. 

PAR'A 'MOUNT,  n.    The  chief;  the  highest  in  rank 

or  order.  Milton. 

PAR'A-MOUR,  w.  [Fr.  par,  Ij.  p<»r,and  amour;  Norm. 
paraimer,  to  love  atfectionntely.] 

1.  A  lever;  a  wooer.  .      Milton, 

2.  A  mistress.  Shak. 
PAR-A-NAPH'THA-LINE,  (-lin,)  rt.  [Gr.  raoa  and 

naphthaUne.'\  ^ 

A  substance  closely  resembling  naphthnTine,  and 

Bp|>arentlv  a  mixture  of  paraffine  and  naphthaline. 
PA-RAN 'THINE.     [See  .Scapolite.]  [Brande. 

P.AR'A-NYMPH,  n.     [Gr.    irtijoa,   by,   and    vifi^ny  a 

bride  or  spouse.] 

1.  A  brideman ;  one  who  leads  the  bride  to  her 
marriage.  Milton. 

2.  One  who  countenances  and  supports  another. 

Taylor, 
PAR'A-PEGM,  Cpar'a-pem,J  n.    [Gr.  rraoarr,)  p,,,] 

A  brazen  table  fixed  to  a  pillar,  on  which  laws 
and  proclamations  were  anciently  engraved;  also,  a 
table  set  in  a  ptiMic  place,  containing  an  account  of 
the  rising  and  setting  of  the  stars,  eclipses,  seasons, 
ic,  Phillips. 

PAR'A-PET,  Tt.  [Fr.  Sp.  naraprto ;  It  parapeUo; 
para,  for,  anfl  petto,  breast,  L.  prctu.i.] 

In  fortification,  literally,  a  wall  or  rampjul  lo  the 
breast,  or  breast  high  ;  but  in  practice,  a  wall,  ram- 
part, or  elevation  of  earth  for  covering  soldiers  from 
an  enemy's  shot. 

2.  In  common  lanffvai^e,  a  brcnst-wnll,  raised  on  the 

edge  of  a  bridge,  quay,  &.C.,  to  prevent  people  from 

falling  over.  Brande. 

PAR'APH,  (par'af,)  n.   [Gr.  impn  and  oTrc),  to  touch.] 

The  figure  or  flourish  made  by  a  pen  under  one's 

sicnature,  formerly  used  to  provide  against  forgery. 

PAR-.A-PIIER'NAL,  a.     Pertaining  to  or  consisting  in 

panipherna  ;  as,  paraphernal  property.  KcnL 

PAR-A-PHER-Na'LI-A,  (    B.    pi.      [Gr.     itanu-t>ipva ; 
PAR-A-PHER'NA,  (      TTup.i,  beyond,  and  tpcfivt), 

dower.] 

1.  The  articles  which  a  wife  brings  with  her  at 
her  marriage,  or  which  she  possesses  beyond  her 
dower  or  jointure,  and  which  remain  at  her  disposal 
after  her  husband's  death.  Such  are  her  apparel 
and  her  ornaments,  over  which  the  executors  have 
no  control,  unless  when  the  assets  are  insufficient  to 
pjiy  the  debts.  Black^tone. 

Hence, 

2.  Appendacps;  ornriments  ;  trappings, 
PAR-A-PHI-MO'SIS,  ".     [Gr.  Tr,i,o,i0<M("S'5.1 

A  disease  when  the  prepuce   can  not  be  drawn 
over  the  clans. 
PAR-A-PMO'NI-A,  «.     [Gr.  napa  and  (^wci?.] 

An  alteration  of  voice. 
PAR'A-PIIRASE,   n.      [Gr.   irapa'-Ppaffia    irapa,  be- 
yond, and  iPfiants,  phrase.] 

An  explanation  of  some  text  or  passage  in  a  book, 
in  a  more  clear  and  ample  manner  than  is  expressed 
in  the  words  of  the  author.  Such  as  the  paraphrase 
of  the  New  Testament  by  Erasmus. 

In  paraphrase,  or  tmnilniion  with  latitude,  the  author'^  word» 
an.'  nut  »o  atricLlf  fuUowcd  u  ht»  «en»e.  Drydtn, 

PAR'A-PHRASE,  v.  U  To  explain,  interpret,  or 
translate  with  latitude  ;  to  unfuld  the  sense  of  an 
author  with  more  clearness  and  particularity  than  it 
is  exprps<»ed  in  his  own  <\-ords. 

PAR'A-PHR;SSE,  B.i.  To  interpret  or  explain  amply; 
to  make  a  paraphrase.  Felton. 


FATE,  FXR,  FATX,  WHAT.— MkTE,  PRgY.  — PTNE,  MARtNE,  RTRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK. 

796 


PAR 

PAR'A-PIIRAS-£D,  pp.     Amply  explained  or  Uans- 

Ittfrl. 
PAR'A-PIIR.^S-IXG,  ppr.    Explaining  or  translating 

nniply  :iriri  freely. 
PAR' A-PilRAST,  71.     [Gr.  irap'VbparniA 

One  tliat  pariplirases  ;  one  that  expTuins  or  trans- 
lates in  wonU  more  aiuple  and  clear  ilian  the  words 
of  the  ntithor.  Hooker. 

PAR-A-PHRAST^re,         )  a.     Free,  clear,  and  ample 
PAR-A-PHRAST'ie-AL,  (      in  explanation  ;  explain- 
ing or  translating  in  words  more  clear  and  ample 
than  those  of  the  author  ;  not  verbal  or  literal. 
PAR-A-PIIRAST'ie-AL-LY,  arfo.    lo  a  paraphrastic 

manner.  Jlimell, 

PAR-A-PirRE-NI'TIS,  n.     [Gr.   vaoa  and   tpfje^ins, 
delirium.] 
An  inflammation  of  the  diaphragm.      ^rbuVinoL 
PAR-A-PLic'Gl-A,  (  n.      [Gr.    jtu^  i,     beyond,     and 
PAR'A-PLE-GY,     J       irXnynt    stroke ;     7rA»7o-(rw,    to 
smite.] 

That  kind  of  palsy  which  affects  the  lower  part  of 
the  botly.  Oood. 

PAR-A-aUET',  (par-a-kct'O     )  n.    A  small  siwcies  of 
PAR-A-aUl'TO,  (par-a-ke'to,)  J    parrot.   [See  Pabb*- 

KEET.]  Shak. 

PAR'A-SANG,  n.  A  Persian  measure  of  lent^th, 
*vhich  Heroiiotus  states  to  be  thirty  stadia,  nearly 
four  English  miles  ;  but  indilforent  times  and  places, 
it  has  been  thirty,  forty,  or  sixty  stadia. 

Herod.  Euterp.     P.  Cue. 
PAR-A-SCkXE'  }         r^  ,  , 

PAR-A-SCE'M-UM,  \  "•     L*^''-  '^"'"'  """  (TK'iuf].] 

Among  the  Ramans,  an  apartment  in  the  back  part 
of  a  theater,  used  by  the  actors  for  robing  and  unrob- 
inc  themselves.  Elmes. 

PAR^A-SCEU-AS'Tie,  (su-as'lik,)  a.     Preparatory. 
PA-RA-SCe'VE,  n.   JGr,  7T,ti,a<JKe\'Tj,  prepanition.] 
Preparation  j  the  Sabbatli-«ve  of  the  Jews. 

Chalmers, 
PAR-A-SE-1,K'NE,  n.:  pi  Par.vskle5.e.     [Gr.  jtu^o, 
about  or  near,  and  crqXnfny  the  moon.] 

A  mock  moon  ;  a  luminous  ring  or  circle  encom- 
passing the  moon,  in  which  s<jmetinies  are  other 
bright  spots  bearing  some  resemblance  to  tlie  moon. 

Eitcyc 
PAR'A-STTE,    n.       [Fr.  para.fUe;    It.   parassito ;    Sp. 
parasUo:  I*,  parasita  %  from  Gr.  irnpafnTuii  'Ti^'a^  by, 
and  (jfros,  corn.] 

1.  Literally,  one  who  dines  with  others.  In  Orrecf, 
the  term  was  first  applied  to  one  whose  office  was  to 
gather  of  the  husbandmen  the  corn  allotted  for  public 
sacrifices.  It  had  afterward  the  modern  senses. 
The  public  storehouse  in  which  this  corn  was  dei»os- 
iled  wa^  called  Ta-iiiiro*'.  The  parasites  also  super- 
intended the  sacrifices.  Potter*^  Jinttq. 

9.  In  modern,  usa^e,  a  trencher  friend  ;    one  that 
frequents  the  tables  of  the  rich  and  earns  his  wel- 
come by  flattery' ;  a  hanger  on  ;  a  fawning  llalterer. 
Miltotu     Dry  lien. 

3.  In  botany,  a  plant  without  the  means  of  provid- 
ing nutriment  for  itself,  or  of  elaborating  crude  sap 
into  proper  sap,  but  obtaining  nourishment  immt-di- 
ately  fn>m  other  plants  to  which  it  uttaciies  itself, 
and  whose  juices  it  absorbs.  A  parasite  is  different 
from  an  epiphyte,  —  which  see. 

4.  In  entomulo^yy  parasites  are  insect'*  which,  in 
some  stage  of  their  exi-itenre,  eat  the  bodies  or  the 
egE»  of  other  insects,  and  fr-quently  destroy  them. 

5.  In  ivUlosttj,  a  term  applied  to  animals  which 
live  on  the  bodies  of  other  animals,  as  lice,  &.c.,  and 
also  as  a  partufitic  animal,  to  those  birds  which  seize 
on  the  neists  of  other  birds  fur  their  habitation. 

PAR-A-.*^lT'ie,  >  a.    Flattering;  wheedling,  fawn- 

QR-A-SIT'ie-AL,  \      ing  for  bread  or  favors. 

▼  2.  Growing  as  a  parasite  grows. 

3.  Living  on  some  other  l>ody  ;  as,  a  parasitic  ani- 
mal. 

PAR-A-SIT'ie-AL-Ly,aJr.  In  a  flaturingor  wheed- 
ling manner  ;  by  dependence  ui\  another. 

PAR'A  rflT-lSSM,  H.  The  behavior  or  manner*  of  a 
parasite.  JUiUoa. 

PAR'A-SOL,  n.  [Fr.  .«p. ;  It.  parasole:  Gr.  naoa, 
acaintt,  or  It.  parare,  to  paiyy,  and  L.  gotj  Fr.  «w/«/, 
It.  .'^ole,  the  sun.] 

A  small  umbrella  used  by  ladies  to  defend  them- 
selves frum  rain,  or  their  faces  from  the  sun'ii  rays. 

PAR-A-SOUETTE',  n  A  small  parasol  or  sun- 
sh:ide. 

PAR-A-aV-MEX'IS,».     [GrJ     An  unlawful  meeting. 

PAR  A-TAX'IS,  «.  [Gr.]  The  oppiwite  of  Stxtax  ; 
the  mere  ringing  of  propositions  one  after  another, 
Without  connection  or  dependence.  Brandr. 

P.VRATU'E-rtlS,    a.      [Gr.    ir^tta^taii  ,-    rri-ja    and 

1.  In  grammar,  xhe  placing  of  two  or  more  nouns  in 
the  same  case  or  in  apposition.  Junes. 

2.  A  parenthetical  notice,  printed  thus  [  ]. 
PARAT'O  MOUS,  a.     [Gr.  ra/i-,  about,  and  r^Avt^, 

to  cleave.] 

In  mtneriilosif,  having  the  faces  of  cleavage  of  an 
Indeterminate  number.  Shfpard. 

PAR-A-VaIL',  a,     [.Norm,  par,  by,  and  arailr,  profit.] 

In  feudal  law,  the  tenant  pararail^  Is  the  lowest 
tenant  holding  under  a  mean  or  mediate  lord,  as  dis- 


PAR 

tinguisli<>d  from  a  tenant  in  eapite^  who  holds  imme 
diately  of  the  king.  Blackstune. 

PAR'A-VANT,     >     ,        re  A  .1^1 

PAR' A- VAUNT   t  **""■     [Fr.  par  and  at'anf,  before.] 

In  front ;  publicly.     [JVuf  English,  nor  used.] 

Spenser. 
PAR'BOIL,  c.  (.     [rr.  parbouiUir.    BouiUir  is  to  boil 
and  in  Arm.  porboUcn  is  a  pustule  or  little  push.] 

1.  To  biiil  in  part;  to  boil  in  a  moder.ite  degree. 

2.  To  cause  little  vesicles  on  the  skin  by  means  of 
heat ;  as,  parboiled  wretches.  Donne. 

PAR'lJOIL-i;0,  jtp.  or  a.  Boiled  moderately  or  in 
part. 

PaR'UREaK,  tJ.  i.  or  v.  t,  [See  Break.]  To  vomit. 
[Obs.)  Skdlon. 

PAR'BREAK,  m     Vomit.     [Obs.]  Spe^iscr. 

PAR'BLJCK-LE,  h.  Among  seamen,  a  purchase  formed 
of  a  single  riipe  around  any  weighty  body,  jis  a  spar 
or  cask,  by  which  it  is  lowered  or  hoisted.  As  a 
verb,  lo  hoist  or  lower  by  means  of  a  parbuckle. 

ToUen. 

PXR'CEL,  n.  [Fr.  pareeUe,  contracted  probably  from 
L.  pariicula,  particle,  from  pars,  part.] 

1.  A  part ;  a  portion  of  any  thing  taken  separately. 
The  same  cxperiinciiu  eticceod  on  Wo  parctU  of  Uie  whicr  of  an 

cg^.  Arbulhnot. 

2.  A  quantity  ;  any  mass.  J^ewton. 

3.  A  part  belonging  to  n  whole;  as,  in  law,  one 
piece  of  ground  is  part  and  parcel  of  a  greater  piece. 

4.  A  small  bundle  or  jKickage  of  goods. 

5.  A  number  of  persons,  in  contempt.  Shak. 

6.  A  number  or  quantity,  in  contempt :  as,  a  parcel 
of  fair  words.  VE.-*trange. 

PAR'CEL,  V.  t.  To  divide  into  parts  or  poitiuns  ;  us, 
to  pared  an  estate  anmng  heirs. 

Th'-se  ghoaily  king*  would  jxirc«Z  out  my  power.        Dryden. 

2.  To  make  up  into  a  mass.     \^Little  used."]   Shak, 
To  parcel  a  rope,  in  seameti'*^  language,  to  wind 
tightly  around  it  strips  of  tarred  canvas.        Totten. 

PXR'CEL,  a.  Part  or  half;  as,  a  parcel  bawd,  a 
parcel  ptjet. 

PAR'CEL-ED,  pp.     Divided  into  portions. 

PAR'CEL-liNG,  ppr.     Dividing  into  portions. 

PAR'(;EL-IXG,  h.  Among  scatneH,  long,  narrow  slijw 
of  canvas  daubed  witIV  tar  and  bound  about  a  rope 
like  a  bandage,  before  it  is  sewed.  It  is  used  also  to 
raise  a  mouse  on  the  stays,  &c.  JIar.  Diet. 

PAR'CE-\A-RV,  n.     [Norm,  parcenier.] 

Co-hi'irship;  the  holding  or  occupation  of  lands  of 
inheritance  by  two  or  more  persons.  It  dilTers  from 
joint-tenancy,  which  is  created  by  deed  or  devise  ; 
whereas  parccHcriu, or  co-parcenary,  is  creit'^d  by  the 
descent  of  lands  from  an  ancestor.  Blackntime. 

PAR'CE-.\ER,  n.  [Scot,  parsenere;  Norm,  parcon- 
nier  ;  from  part,  L.  pars.] 

Parcener,  or  co-parcener,  is  a  co-heir,  or  one  who 
holds  lands  by  descent  from  an  ancestor  in  common 
with  another,  or  with  others  ;  as  xvhen  land  descends 
to  a  man's  daughters,  sisters,  aunts,  cousins,  or  their 
representatives.  In  this  case,  all  the  heirs  inherit  as 
parceners  or  co-heirs.  Blnckstone. 

PARCH,  r.  L  [I  know  not  from  what  source  we  have 
received  this  word.  It  corrc-ijxmds  rn  eleinenLs  with 
the  It-ilian  bruciare,  to  burn  or  ruaSt.  fiu.  L.  perareseo.] 

1,  Til  burn  the  surface  of  a  thing ;  to  scorch  ;  as, 
to  parcfi  the  skin  ;  to  parch  corn. 

2.  To  dry  to  extremity  ;  as,  the  heat  of  the  sun's 
rays  ptircAr^  the  ground  j  the  mouth  is  parchttt  with 
thirst  Milton.     Dryden. 

PARCH,  r.  i.     To  be  scorched  or  superficially  biunt ; 
as,  corn  will  dry  and  parch  into  barley.    Mortimer. 
2.  To  become  very  dry. 

PARCIl'f;D,  (parcht,)  pp.  or  a.  Scorched;  dried  to 
extremity. 

PARCU'ED-NES.*',  n.  The  state  of  being  scorched  or 
dried  lo  extremity. 

PARCH'IN'G,  ;»;/r.     Scorching;  drying  lo  extremity. 
2.  a.     Having  the  ipiality  of  burning  or  drying;  as, 
th'^  parchinif  he;it  of  African  sands. 

PARCll'ING-I-Y,  adv.     Scorchingly. 

PARCH'ME.NT,  n.  [Fr.  parchemin  ;  It.  partrameno  ; 
S]}.  pargaruitto  ;  Arm.  parich  or  parirhevun  ;  u.  parke- 
ment:  G.  pergament ;  L.  pergametia;  Bii[)posed  to 
be  from  Pergamus,  In  whose  king  Eumenes  the 
invention  has  been  ascribed.  This  is  probably  a 
mere  conjecture,  originating  in  a  re.'^emblanco  of  or- 
thogniphy  ;  such  conjectures  being  very  common. 
In  Spanisli,  parche  is  parchment,  and  a  piece  of  linen 
covered  with  ointment  or  plaster.  It  is  mure  proba- 
Mi-  that  the  first  syllable  is  from  pome  root  that  sig- 
nifies 1(1  cleanse,  purify,  or  make  clear,  perhaps  the 
riKit  of  L.  purgii,  or  the  UrienUil  p->3  or  J-^D.  (See 
McMBRA!«B.)  8ce  Class  Hr,  No.  9,  and  Class  Urg, 
No.  4,5.] 

The  skin  of  a  cheep  or  goat  dressed  or  prepared 
and  rendered  fit  for  writing  on.  I'his  is  done  by  sep- 
arating all  the  flesh  and  hair,  nibbing  the  skin  with 
pumice-stone,  and  reducing  its  thickness  with  a  sharp 
instrument.  Vellum  is  made  of  Uie  skins  of  lambs, 
kids,  or  very  young  calves.  Ure. 

PARCH'MEST-.MAK'ER,  1%.  One  who  dresses  skins 
for  parchment, 

PAR'CITY,  ^    Pparingncss. 


PAR 

PARD,n.  [lA.pardus;  Gr.  n<tpfi'i;  ^yr.bardona.  The 
word  signifies  s[Hitted,  fmrn  "T>a,  to  hail,  properly,  to 
scatter  or  sprinkle,  as  with  hail.] 

The  leopard  ;  or,  in  poetry,  any  spotted  beast.  In- 
stead of  ;»ard,  we  generally  use  Leopard,  the  lion- 
pard.     Paruale,  from  the  Latin  pardalLs,  is  not  used. 

PAR'DON,  (par'dn.)  u.  (.  [Ft.  pardonner  ;  It.  perdo- 
nare  ;  Sp.  perdonar ;  Vorl.  perdvar ;  L.  per  and  dono, 
to  give  ;  per  having  the  sense  of  the  English  for  in 
forgive,  and  re  in  L.  remitto,  properly,  to  give  back  or 
away.] 

1.  '1  o  forgive ;  lo  remit ;  as  on  offense  or  crime. 
Ouilt  implies  a  being  hound  or  subjected  to  censure, 
penalty,  or  punishment.  To  pardon  is  to  give  up 
this  obligation,  and  release  Die  offender.  He  apply 
tlie  word  to  the  crime  or  to  the  person.  We  pardon 
an  offense,  when  we  remove  it  from  the  offender  and 
consider  him  as  not  guilty  ;  we  pardon  the  offender, 
when  we  release  or  absolve  him  from  his  liability  to 
suffer  punishment. 

1  pray  ihcc,  pardon  my  sin.  —  1  Sam.  xr. 

2.  To  remit,  as  a  penalty. 

I  panlon  ihee  thy  life  before  ihou  ask  it  Shak, 

3.  To  excuse,  ns  for  a  fault.  Dryden. 

4.  Panlon  me,  is  a  phrase  used  when  one  asks  for 
excuse,  or  makes  an  apology,  and  it  is  often  used  in 
this  sense,  when  a  person  means  civilly  to  deny  or 
contradict  what  anoiiier  athrms. 

PAR'DON,  Ti.  Forgiveness  ;  the  release  of  an  offense, 
or  of  the  obligation  of  the  offender  to  suffer  a  penal- 
ty, or  to  bear  the  displeasure  of  the  offended  party. 
We  seek  the  pardon  of  sins,  transgressions,  and  of 
fenses. 

3.  Remission  of  a  penalty.  An  amnesty  is  a  gcn- 
etiil  pardon. 

3.  Forgiveness  received.  South, 

PAR'DON-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  pardoned  ;  applied 
to  persons.     The  offender  is  pardonable.. 

2.  Venial ;  excusable  ;  that  may  be  forgiven,  over- 
looked, or  passed  by  ;  applied  to  things  ;  as,  a  pardoiu- 
able  offense. 

PAR'DON-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
pardonable  ;  venialness  ;  susceptibility  of  forgive- 
ness ;  as,  the  panlonableness  of  sm.  HalL 

PAR'DON-A-BLY,  a(/p.  In  a  manner  admitting  of 
pardon;  viMtially;  excusably.  Dryden. 

PXR'1>0\-KU,  pp.  or  a.     Forgiven  ;  excused. 

PAR'DON-ER,  w.     One  that  forgives;   one  that  ab- 
solves an  ull'ender. 
2.  One  that  sells  the  pope's  indulgences.      Cnwell. 

PAR'DON-ING,  ppr.  Forgiving  ;  remitting  an  offense 
or  crime;  absolving  from  punishment. 

PAR'DO.N-ING,  a.     Disposed   to   pardon;    forgiving; 
as,  a  pardoning  God. 
2.  'i'liat  has  the  right  or  power  to  pardon. 

1  ke\  lUe  uLiiiost  nnxKif,  wbeo  the pardorung  power  is  nppenled 
lo,  on  such  occusion*.  CUnlon. 

PXRE,  V.  L  [Fr.  parer;  Arm.  para,  to  dress,  to  trim, 
to  parry  or  ward  off,  to  stop  ;  t?p.  and  Port,  parar,  to 
parry,  *o  slop,  to  prepare;  Port,  aparar,  to  pare,  and 
to  parry  ,■  L.  paro  ;  W.  par,  a  slate  of  readiness,  also 
a  pair;  para,  to  continue,  to  persevere,  lo  last,  to  en- 
dure ;  Fr.  purer  des  cairs,  lo  dress  or  curry  leather  ; 
parer  le  pied  d'un  chevul,  to  pare  a  horse's   foot  or 


hoof;    Pcrs.    /«iXj  »J  poridan,lo  pare  01  cut  off; 

(qu.  Gr.  jTijAnf,  lame  ;  ir^jpooj,  to  mutilate;)  Ar.  i^j 

to  be  free,  to  free,  liberate,  or  absolve,  lo  dismiss,  to 
remit,  lo  create  ;  Heb.  Ch.  ^yr.  and  Sam.  Ki3,  to  cre- 
ate ;  Heb.  and  Ch.  id.,  to  cut  off.  The  primary  sense 
is  lo  thnisl  or  drive  ;  hence,  to  drive  off,  lo  separate, 
lo  stop  by  setting  or  rejM-lling,  as  in  parry,  orio  drive 
off  or  out,  as  in  separaiing  or  producing.  In  Portu- 
guese and  Welsh,  it  has  the  sense  of  stretching,  ex- 
tending, and  the  Welsh  unites  par,  equal,  a  |jair, 
with  the  root  of  this  word  ;  par,  a  pair,  what  is  con- 
tinued to  or  contiguous.  See  *i"*3  and  H"ii,  Class 
Br,No.  6,  7,  8,  10.] 

1.  To  cut  off,  as  the  superficial  substince  or  ex- 
tremities of  a  thing;  to  shave  off  with  a  sharp  in 
slniment ;  as,  to  pare  an  apple  or  an  orange ;  lo  pare 
the  nails;  to  pure  a  horse's  hoof;  to  pare  land  in  ag- 
riculture. 

2.  To  diminish  by  little  and  little. 

The  king  begun  lo  pan  a  liUk  Ihe  privilege  of  clergy.     Bncon. 

When  pare  is  followed  by  the  l^ing  diminished, 
the  noun  is  in  the  objective  case;  ns,  to  pore  the 
nails.  When  the  thing  separated  is  the  object,  pare 
is  followed  by  off  or  away  ;  as,  to  pare  off  the  rind  ol 
fruit ;  to  pare  away  redundances. 
PAR'f^D,  pp.  or  a.     Freed  from  any  thing  superfluous 

on  the  surface  or  at  the  extremities. 
PAR-E-GOR'I€,   a.     [Gr.   ffiJ/j;;j.o/jijfos,    from    itapr} 
yupit.i,  to  mitigate.] 

Mtiigating;  assuaging  pain  ;  as,  paregoric  elixir 
PAR-E-GOR'l€,  n.     A  medicine  that  mitigate>i  pain  ; 
an  anodyne.  Encyr. 

Paregime,  or  paregoric  elixir,  ft  camphorated  tinc- 
ture of  opium  linciured  with  nromatics. 


TONE,  BULL,  TTMTE.— AN"GER.  VI"CIOUa  — C  as  K ;  0  ns  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  m  Tllia 

— —  —  ^gy- 


PAR 

PA-REL'eON.  M.    [Gr.  rao(A«<.',  to  draw  out] 

lu  ^Tumirtrtr,  ihe  aiMitioii  of  a  sylUble  or  particle 
tu  tht>  riid  of  a  pronoun,  verb,  or  adverb. 
PA-RE.M'BO-LE,  n.    [Gr.  auoi^oXn,  insertion.] 

In  rketariTy  the  insertion  of  something  relating  to 
the  subject  in  tbeuiiilille  of  a  perioil,  with  which  it 
does  not  grammatically  coliere.  It  diflTers  from  the 
p4utHtJusu  only  in  this:  lUe paremboU  relalea  to  the 
Bubject,  the  pareiUkcgis  is  foreign  from  it. 

Eaq/c     f'ossius. 
PA-REXTHY-MA,  (pa-ren'kp-ma,)  ■.      [Gr.   jra^i*;- 
XP»«».  from  raocy  \vo>,  to  euiruse.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  *olid  and   interior  port  of  the 

viscera,  or  the  subi^tance  contained  in  the  interstices 

between  the  blood-vesseli  of  the  viscera ;  a  spong}* 

substance.  Cirt.     P.  Cyc 

PtMmekjfmm  is  tbe  substance  or  boi^is  of  the  glandd. 

Cyc 
S.  In  hotMny.  tbepUh  or  pulp  of  plnnt<i.     F.ncye. 
PAR-EN-€HVM'A-TA.  n.  pi.    The  order  of  Eutozoa. 
comprising  those  species  in  which  the  body  is  fillea 
with  a  cellular  substance,  or  even  with  a  continuous 
parenchyma,  the  only  alimentary  orenn  it  contains 
beini;  ramiiied  canals,  which  distribute  nourishment 
to  it.«  dilferent  points,  and  which,  in  most  of  them, 
originate  from  suckers  visible  eiterually. 
PAR-EX  OHY-M'A-TOUS, )  a.     [See  the  noun.)    Per- 
PA-REX  CHY-.MOUS,         (    taining  to  inrenchyma; 

spiuisy  ;  Siilt ;  ptiirous.  Orew.     ChtynA. 

PA-K£N'B-S1S,  ■.  [Gr.  wapat¥tctsi  rapaiveia,  to  ex- 
hort.] 
Perrniaston  ;  exhortation.    [LiuJ*  u»e(L]        DicL 
PAR-E-XET'I€,         to.    Hortalory ;  encouraging. 
PAR-E-XET'ie-AL,  \  PoUtr, 

PAR'ENT,  N.  [L.  parenA,  from  fwrio,  to  produce  or 
brin^  forth.  The  regular  partici|He  of  paria  is  paritms, 
and  yams  is  tbe  regular  participle  of  ^rco,  tn  ap- 
pear.   Bui  both  vertM  probably  belong  to  one  fanu- 

ly  J  Eih.  4J4P  fori  or  feri,  to  hwi  Ctasa  Br,  No. 
35;  Heb.  n-tc/tMO,  id.  Nou  33.] 

I.  A  father  or  mother ;  he  ur  she  that  produces 
young.  Tbe  duties  of  ^r^ittj  to  their  children  are 
to  maintain,  protect,  and  educate  them. 

Wb-.  B  p«>vM»  uc  wmAting  ki  autkoni^  cMUnb  ua  WMrtbtg  In 
duly.  ilaw*. 

S.  That  which  produces ;  cause ;  aooree.  Idle- 
Bess  is  Uw  jMrtmt  of  rice. 

The  pronnnciatioa  •tfjr'pnir  is  erroneonji. 
P5REXT-AGE,  »!,    [Fr.]    Ettmriion  ;  birth  ;  condi- 
tion with  respect  to  the  rank  of  parents  ;  as,  a  man 
of  mean  parcmUg* ;  a  gentleman  of  noble  pttrtmtug*. 

Skat. 
PA-REXT'AL,  a.    [It.  pcmtaU,] 

1.  Pertaining  to  parents;  as,  partntal  govern- 
ment. 

2.  Becoming  parents;  tender;  oflectionale;  as, 
pitrtntat  rare  or  solicitude. 

PA-REXT'.\L-LY,  arfr.    In  a  tender  or  parental  man- 
ner. 
PAR-EXT-XTIOV,  a.     [ftorn  U  parrnto.] 

Sometliing  done  or  said  in  honor  of  the  dead. 

Pptter.     Jokmsoit, 
PA-RE.V'THE-SIS.  n.     [Gr.   !raoci^Si(r*j ;    jr<i,on   and 
iwT  ■?'><(,  to  insert.] 

A  wnience,  or  certain  words  inserted  in  a  sentence, 
which  intemipt  the  senfw  or  natural  c<mneciinn  of 
word.-*,  but  serve  to  explain  or  qualify  the  sense  of 
the  principal  s»nieuce.  The  parenthesis  is  usually 
included  in  books  w  curved  lines,  thus  (  ). 

TlMap  oAofn,  vbsm  Ui^;  taSl  csD  btshofw,  nn  to  be  dieted  (o  k 
{■•viNMi  oom{uiMirriy  mnu,  Utmuch  tho  ntna  nru,  (UuU 
it,  AlcciiimMniif  mrU,)  by  n»n  at  iJl  n-ti^ui  b-nru  tbiit 
«■  kinnrn  or  t»n  he  ii»»»^i(/^i.  Bur^, 

Ik»  bm  «aS^  t'rrrr  occuioo*!  tbougbt  10  0UT7  70a  swbv  into  m 

PAR-EN-THET'ir,         )  a.    Pertafning  to  a  paien- 
PAR-EX-THET'IC-AL,  \     thesis ;  expresMMl  in  a  pa- 
renthesis. Bales, 
9.  t'sins  parenlhe^e*. 
PAR-EX-THET'ie-AH.V,  a^r.    In  the  manner  or 

f'-rni  <.*(  a  pareiithes-is  ;  l>^  ian-nthesi«.       CnmpbdL 
P.VRFXTM-TPE,  n.     [ll  paratj  and  c«rfo.] 

-  a  parent.  Bailey, 

PAl.  -.  1.     Deprived  of  parent*. 

PAH  m  part,]   Ho  or  that  which  pares ;  an 

in<tniiii' lit  f_>r  paring.  Tusser. 

PAR'ER-GY,    a.     [Gr.    ra/o,   beyond,   and    ip}f>v^ 

work,] 
Something  unimportant,  or  done  by  the  bv.    [.Xot 

iL'fd,]       •  BrotDm. 

PAR'G AS-TTE,  II.   [from  tbe  We  Parson,  in  Finland.] 
A  mineral  of  a  (rrayi^h  or  blui.«h  preen,  in  roimded 

grains,  having  much  luster.    It  is  a  variety  of  horu- 

W-nde. 
PAR'GET,  ■.    [Sp.  pardu,  a  plaster}  empardutr^  to 

plast' r.    Q.U.] 

1.  Gypsum  or  plaster  stone.     [O&s.l  Eneye, 

2.  Plaster  laid  ■  n  roofs  or  walls,  f  Oft*.''   '^pem^er. 

3.  Painu     [06*.]  Drayton. 

4.  in  pre.iftit  arduifOnral  «M«-e,  parffft  denotes  the 
rough  piaster  used  for  lining  chimney  flues. 

OtoUt.     Brande, 


PAR 

PXR'GET,  V.  t.    To  plaster  walls. 

2.  To  paint ;  to  cover  with  paint.  B,  Junson. 

PXR'GET-EI),  pp.     Pla:stered  ;  stuccoed. 
rxR'OET-ER,  It,     A  iilasierer. 
PAR'GET-ING,  ppr.     Plastering  j  as  a  noun,  plaster 

or  siucco. 
TAR-HpiL'IOX,  Cp*r-hLryun,)n.,pL  Parhkha.  [Gr. 

irupa,  near,  and  ('jAiuj,  the  sun.] 
.\  mock  sun  or  meteor,  appearing  in  the  form  of  a 

bright   light  near  the  sun  ;   sometimes  tinged  with 

colors  like  tho  rainbow,  with  a  luminous  train. 
PA'RI-AII,  n.     The  name  of  the  lowest  class  of  people 

in  llindoostan,  who  have,  pro[>erly speaking, no  cost;. 

an  outcast. 
PA-RI'AL,  )  n.    Three  of  a  sort  in  certain  games 

P.\IR'-ROY'AL-i      of  cards.  Butler. 

PA'RI-A\,  a.    Pertaining  to  Paros,  an  isle  in  the  Ege- 

anSca  ;  as,  Parian  marble. 

Parian  chronicle  ;  a  chronicle  of  the  city  of  .Athens, 

enfT-avcn  on  marble  in  capital  letters  in  the  Isle  of 

Faros.      It  contained    a    chmnnlocieal    account   of 

events  from  Cecrops,  1582  years  before  Christ,  to  the 

nrchonship  of  DittRuetus,  2C4  years   before  Christ; 

but  the  chronicle  of  tho  last  90  years  is  lost.    This 
eas  pi 

ttie  earl  of  Arundel,  and,  being  hntken,  the  piece's 


marble  was  procured  from  Asia  Minor  in  ltl27,  by 

roken,  the 
are  railed  Arumtdian  marbles.     They  are  now  deptts- 


ited  in  the  University  of  Oxford.    The  luitiquity  of 
the  inscription  lias  been  disputed. 

P.  Cye,     Eftin.  Eitrije, 
P.\-RI'E-TAL,  a.     [from  L.  paries,  a  wall,  properly  a 
partition  wall,  from  the  root  of  part  or  pare] 
I.  Pertaining  to  a  wall. 

0.  The  parvfal  bones  form  the  sides  and  upper  part 
of  the  skull.  They  are  so  called  because  Uiey  deund 
the  brain  like  walls.  Parr. 

3.  In  botany,  a  term  applied  to  any  organ  which 
grows  from  the  inner  lining  or  wall  of  another. 

Lindley. 

P.\-RT'E-TA-RY,  a.  [Fr.  parUudre,  from  L.  parie^^  a 
wall.] 

A  plant,  the  pellitory  of  the  wall,  of  the  genus 
Pariet.iria. 

P.VRrE-TIXE,n,    [L.  pariw,  wall.] 

A  piece  of  a  wall.     [.Vof  used.]  Burton. 

PAR'ING,  jfpr.  Cutting  or  shaving  ofi*  tbe  extremities 
of  a  thing. 

PAR'IXG,  a.  That  which  is  pared  olT;  rind  separated 
from  fruit ;  a  piece  clipped  off.       Mttrtimcr.     Pope. 

£.  The  act  or  pmctice  of  cutting  off  the  surface  of 
^r\s^  land,  for  tillage. 

Pa'RJ  PAH'SU,    [L.]    With  equal  pace,  or  progress. 

PAR'IS,  n.  A  plant,  herb  Paris  or  true-love,  or  rather 
a  genus  of  plants  of  two  species,  at  lea:it,  if  not 
more. 

P.iR'ISn,  a.  [Fr.  paroisse;  IL  parroechia:  Sp.  varro- 
quia  ;  Arm.  parres ;  U.parrtiistt ;  ustmlly  deduced  from 
the  Low  lj.paroekia,  Gr.  troAMixici,  a  dwelling  or  near 
residence;  iraaa,  near,  and  ik«  s,  house  or  oikid,  to 
dwell ;  or  miwe  probably  from  the  Greek  iTaoo\r},  a 
salar>'  or  larsess,  an  allowance  for  support,  from  irapc- 
\(.),to  afford, yield, or  supply,  whence  L.  parnrAa, en- 
tertainment given  to  embassadors  at  the  public  ex- 
iH'nse;  whence  It.  ;»arri>cfA».  lf;iam-A  is  lobe  deduced 
from  either  of  these  sources,  it  Is  probably  from  the 
latter,  and  parigk  is  equivalent  to  beneflco,  tivine,  as 
prebend,  from  I*,  prtrbco.  In  German,  pfarre  signi- 
fies a  benefice  or  parish  ;  pfarrer,  or  pfarrherr,  a  par- 
son, the  lord  of  a  living  or  parish,  and  this  is  evi- 
dently from  the  same  root  as  parson.  I  know  not 
the  origin  of  pfitrre,  but  it  coincides  in  elemr-nts  with 
the  W.  port,  to  graze.  Corn,  peuri,  L.  roro,  Gr.  fi  'f.a. 
The  Italian  and  Spanisli  words  are  undoubtedly  from 
the  Latin  and  Greek,  and  the  French  paroisse  may 
be  from  the  same  source.] 

1.  The  precinct  or  terr:torial  jurisdiction  of  a  secu- 
lar priest  or  ecclesiastical  society,  or  the  pntcinci, 
the  inhabitants  of  which  belong  to  the  same  church. 

2.  In  some  of  the  American  Stales,  parish  is  an 
ecclesiastic^al  society  not  bounded  by  terr  lorinl  lim- 
its ;  but  the  inhabitants  of  a  t"Wn  belonging  to  one 
church,  though  residing  promiscuously  among  llie 
people  belonging  ti>  another  church,  are  called  a  par- 
iih.  This  is  particularly  the  case  in  Massachusetts. 
In  Connecticut,  the  legal  a|ipeIlationof  such  a  society 
is  ecclesiastical  society.  In  Louisiana,  the  State  is 
divided  inlo  parishes  which  correspond  to  counties. 

Bouvier. 
PAR'ISH,  a.     Belonging  to  a  pariah;   as,  a  parish 
church  ;  paritk  records. 

2.  Belonging  to  a  parish  ;  employed  in  the  spiritual 
or  ecclesiastical  concerns  of  a  parish ;  as,  a  pariih 
priest  Drydrn. 

3.  Maintained  by  the  parish  ;  as,  parish  \wot.    Gay. 
PAR'ISH  CLERK,  n.     A  layman   who  leads  in  the 

responses  and  otherwise    assists  in  the  Episcopal 
service. 
PA-RISH'IOX-ER,  n.    One  that  belongs  to  a  parish. 

Addison, 
PA-RIS'I.\X',  n.     A  native  or  resident  of  Paris. 
PAR-I-SVL-LAn'TC,  \  a.     [L.  par,  equal,  and  *w(- 

PAR  I-SYl^LAU'ie-AL,  (      laba,  syllable.] 

A  term  applied  to  a  word  which  has  the  same 
number  of  syllables  in  all  its  inflijctions. 


PAR 

PAR'I-TOR.  «.  [for  apparitor.]  A  beadle  ;  a  sum- 
moncr  of  the  courts  of  civil  law.  f>niden. 

PAR'I-TY,  71.  [Fr.  parite  :  It.  paritd;  from  I*  par, 
equal,    f^ve  Pair  and  Peer.] 

1,  F^iualiiy  ;  as,  ;*aWty  of  reason.  South. 

2.  Equality;  like  state  or  degree;  as,  a  parity  of 
orders  or  persons. 

PARK,  n.  [Sax.  parrue,  prarruc;  Scot,  parrok;  \V. 
paire :  Fr.  id.;  It.  parco ;  Sp.  parque ;  It.  pairc ;  G. 
and  Sw.  park:  D.  perk.  It  coincides  in  elements 
with  L.;>arcu£,  saving,  and  the  Teutonic  ftcr^M,  to 
keep.] 

1  -  A  large  piece  of  ground  inclosed  for  chase  or  other 
purposes  of  pleasure.  Parks,  in  England,  were  origi- 
nally grants  out  of  forest  lands  with  privileges  which 
lasted  only  while  they  were  kept  inclosed.    SmarL 

2.  .An  inclosed  jtlace  in  cities  for  exercise  or 
amusement. 

Park  of  artillery  or  artillery  park  ;  a  place  in  the 
rear  of  b4)th  lines  of  an  army  for  encampmg  the  artil- 
lery, which  is  formed  in  lines,  the  guns  in  front,  the 
ammunition  wagtms  behind  the  guns,  and  the  pon- 
toons and  tumbrils  forming  tho  third  line.  The 
whole  is  surrounded  with  a  ropo.  The  gunners  and 
mnlrtisses  encamp  on  tho  flanks ;  the  bombardiers, 
pontoon-men,  ana  artificers  in  the  rear.         Eneye. 

Also,  the  whole  train  of  artillery  belonging  to  &| 
army  or  division  of  troops. 

Park  ofprof!isioHs;  the  place  where  the  sutlers  pitch 
their  tents  and  sell  provisions,  and  that  where  the 
!>read  wagons  are  stationed. 

PARK,  w.  (.     To  incbtso  in  a  park,  SAoft. 

2.  To  bring  together  in  a  park  orcompact  body ;  as, 
to  park  Ihe  artillery.  Cutter. 

PARK'/:D,  (pilrkt,)  771.     Inclosed  in  a  park, 
2.  Hrought  togeiber  in  a  park,  as  artillery. 

PXRK'ER,  H.     The  keener  of  n  park. 

PARK'LkAVES,  n.  A  plant,  Hypericum  Androsa- 
mum,  also  called  Tutsaw.  Booth. 

PAR'LAXCE,  Ti.  [Xorm.,from  Fr.  j>arter,  to  speak; 
ptarl.  parlant.  It.  parlante.] 

Ccmversation  ;  discourse;  talk.  Woodeson. 

PARLE,  (pirij  n.  Conversation;  talk;  oral  treaty  or 
discussion.     [J^'ot  used.]     [See  Parley.]      •  Shak. 

PARLE,  r.  i.  [Fr.  paWrr,]  To  talk  ;  to  converse  ;  to 
discuss  any  thing  orally.  Shak. 

PAR'LEY,  r.  i.  [Fr.  parler,  It.  parlare,  Sp.  partar,  W. 
parliair,  to  speak  ;  !r.  ftraWa,  language,  from  bearadh, 
or  beirim,  to  Bi)eak,  to  tell,  relate,  narrate,  to  bear,  to 
carry  ;  Goth,  bairan,  Sax.  b<rran,  to  bear,  L.  fcrOf  or 
pario.    So  we  have  report,  from  L.  porto.\ 

In  a  general  sense,  to  speak  with  anotner;  to  dis- 
course ;  but  appropriately,  to  confer  with  on  some 
point  of  nmtual  concern;  to  discuss  orally;  hence, 
to  confer  with  an  enemy  ;  to  treat  with  by  words  ; 
as  on  an  exchange  of  prisoners,  on  a  cessation  of 
arms,  or  the  subject  of  peace.        Knvlles.     Broome.. 

PAR'LEY,  n.  Mutual  discourse  or  conversation  ;  dis- 
cussion ;  but  appropriately,  a  conference  with  an 
enemy  in  war. 


We  jrield  on  parley,  but  are  atormrd  in  rain. 


Dryden. 


To  bent  a  parley  ;  in  military  languajre,  to  beat  a 
drum  or  sound  a  trumpet,  as  a  signal  for  holding  a 
confrn-nce  with  Ibo  enemy, 
PAR'LIA-MEXT,  (pUr'le-mcnt,)  n.  [Fr.  parlement; 
Sp.  It.  and  Port,  parlamrnto  ;  Ann.  parlamand ;  com- 
posed of  Fr.  parlcr,  Sp.  pnrlar,  to  speak,  and  the  ter- 
mination wcttt,  as  in  complement,  &.C.,  noting  state. 
See  PARLEY.] 

1.  Literally,  a  speaking,  conference,  mutual  dis- 
course or  consultation  ;  hence, 

9.  In  Great  Britain,  the  grand  assembly  of  the 
three  estates,  the  lords  spiritual,  lords  temporal,  and 
the  commons ;  the  general  council  of  the  nation 
constituting  the  legislature,  summoned  by  the  king's 
authority  to  consult  on  the  affairs  of  the  nation,  and 
to  enact  and  re[>enl  laws.  Primarily,  the  king  may 
be  considered  as  a  constituent  branch  of  parliament ; 
but  the  word  is  generally  used  to  denote  the  three 
estates  above  named,  consisting  of  two  distinct 
bnmches,  tbe  house  of  lords  and  house  of  commna. 

The  word  parlinment  was  introduced  into  England 
under  the  Xonnan  kings.  The  supreme  council  of 
the  nation  was  called,  under  tbe  Saxon  kings,  trt/fena- 
gemole-,  the  meeting  of  wise  men  or  sages. 

3.  The  supreme  cuncil  of  Sweden,  consisting  of 
four  estates  ;  Ihe  nobility  and  representatives  of  the 
gentry  ;  the  clergy,  one  of  which  body  is  elected 
from  every  rund  deanery  of  ten  parii?hes ;  the 
burjihers,  elected  by  tlie  magistrates  and-  council  of 
every  corporation  ;  and  the  peasants,  elected  by  per- 
sons of  their  own  order. 

4.  In  France,  brftire  the  revolution,  the  title  of  cer- 
tain high  courts  of  ju.stice.  Brande. 

PAR-LIA-ME\T-A'RL.\N,  (n.     One  of  those  who 
PAR-LIA-MEXT-EER',        )      adhered  to  the  pariia- 

nieni  in  the  time  of  Charles  I,  Aubrey. 

PAR  LIA-ME.XT-A'RI-AX,   a.      Serving  the   pariia- 

mcnt,  in  opposition  to  King  Charles  I.  Wood. 

PAR-LIA-MENT'A-RY,  a.    Pertaining  to  pariiament ; 

as,  parliamentary  authority. 

2.  Enacted  or  done  by  parliament ;  as,  a  parlia- 
mentary act. 


FATE,  FAR.  FALL,  WH^T.  — M£TE,  PREY.— PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


PAR 

3.  According  to  the  n(!es  and  nsnsesof  pnriianient, 
or  to  til*'  ruled  mill  customs  of  legislative  bodies. 

PXK'LOR,  «.  [Fr.  parloir;  II.  aiitl  Sp.  parlutorio ; 
W.  parlaKr;  from  Fr.  paHer,  Sp.  partar,  to  speak.] 

Primarifti,  thf  ajKirtmeiii  in  a  nunnery  wn<Te  the 
piniB  arc  |»eriiiittt;(l  lo  meet  and  converse  «  ilh  each 
other;  hence,  wiili  us,  the  ruom  in  a  house  wJiith 
the  family  Ur^ually  occupy,  ant!  where  they  rece  ve 
coniinon  visitors, 'as  distinguished  from  a  drawing- 
nxim  set  apart  for  the  reception  of  company,  or  from 
a  diiiinn-room,  when  a  distinct  apartment  is  allotted 
for  that  p(ir|M.se.  Ja  many  huU!^-!<,  the  parlor  is  also 
the  (liiiiiis  room. 

PAR'LOUS,  a.     [from  Fr.  parter^  to  speak.] 

Keen  ;  sprishtly  ;  wai;;;ish.     [.Vet  u.^ed,]     Dryden. 

PAR'L0L'S-XE:3S,  «,  Quicknes:^ ;  keenness  of  tem- 
per. 

PXR-MA-CIT'Y,  n.     Ppermaceti.     [Obs.]  ShaJ:. 

PAR-ME  SAN'  CHEESE,  n.  A  delicate  kind  of  cheese 
made  at  Parma,  in  Italy. 

P.5^R-NAS'SI-AX,  (nash'e-an,)  a.  Pertaining  to  Par- 
nassus. 

PAR-iN.AS'SbS,  fl.  A  celebrated  mountain  in  Greece, 
comiidered  in  mythology  a^  sacred  to  Apollo  and  the 
Muses. 

PAR'NEL,  n.  [The  diminutive  of  IL  prtronella.]  A 
wanttm,  immodest  girl ;  a  slut. 

PA-R(^  €HI-AL,  a.     [from  L.  parochia.] 

IJelon-jing  to  a  parish ;  as,  parvchiat  clerp^' ;  paro- 
ehta!  duties.  ^ttrrbury. 

PA-K0-€1II-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  paro- 
chial. Mariot. 

PA-RO'€!II-AL-LY,  adv.     In  a  parish  ;  by  a  parish. 

P.\-Rf>'eHI-A\,  a.     PertaJning  to  a  pari!*h.     Bacon. 

PA-RO'CHI-AN,  n.     [Supra.]     A  parishioner. 

Barirhlev. 

PA-ROD'ie,        )  a,     [See  Pakodt.]     Copying  after 

PA-ROD' le-AL,  \      the  manner  of  parody.   Warton. 

PAR'O-DIST,  n.    One  who  writes  a  parody. 

Ctfleridgf. 

PAR'O-DY,  n.  [Fr.  parodie;  Gr.  Trap';)fJi(i;  TTupu  and 
oAijy  ode.] 

1.  \kmd  of  writing  in  wlitch  the  words  of  an 
author  or  his  Ihnught-i  are,  by  some  slieht  alteration^ 
adapted  to  a  difTrrent  purpiise  ;  a  kind  of  poetical 
pleasantry,  in  which  verst-s  written  on  one  subject 
are  alterea  and  applied  to  another  by  way  of  bur- 
Icpque.  Johii.^on.     Eiicye. 

2.  A  popular  maxim,  adage,  or  proverb.    Kneye. 
PAR'O-DY,  F.  f.     To  alter,  as  verses  or  words,  and 

apply  to  a  purpone  difTercut  from  that  uf  the  original. 

I  h-irc  Uuml-iif-d,  or  rather  parodied,  ■  po«n  of  Hornw.   Pope. 

P,\-R6L',     tn,  [W.  poryif  It.  poro/a ;  Fr.  pwrw^-r,  from 

PA-RfiLE',  \     parln-y  to  speak  ;  or  contracted  from  L. 

parabola.] 

1.  Prapertij,  a  Word  ;  hence,  in  a  legal  smsf,  words 
or  oral  d*,-c)aration  i  word  of  mouth.  Ft>rmerly,  con- 
veyances were  made  by  parol,  or  word  of  inoutli, 
only.  Btackstoae. 

2.  Pleadings  in  a  suit;  as  anciently  all  pleadings 
were  vica  race,  or  ore  tenus. 

T)m  parol  majf  deiaur.  Bladcalone. 

PA-R^L',    i  a.    Given  by  word  of  mouth  ;  oral ;  not 

PA-R6L.E',  i      written  ;  as,  parol  evidence. 

BlarJcsione. 
[It  would  be  well  to  write  this  word  parole,  in  nni- 
fr>rmity  with  the  following,  tliero  being  no  good  rea- 
son fur  a  distinction.]^ 

PA-KOLE',  n.  [See  Parol.]  Word  of  mouth.  In 
miliiari/  affairs,  a  pronii^ie  civen  by  a  prisoner  of  war, 
will  n  he  has  leave  to  depart  from  custody,  that  he 
will  return  at  the  time  ap[Miiuted,  unless  discharged. 
A  parole  is  pro[)erIy  n  verbal  or  unwritten  promise ; 
but  I  tielieve  it  is  cuatoaiary  to  take  a  promise  in 
writing. 

a.  A  word  given  out  every  day  in  orders  by  a  com- 
manding officer,  in  camp  or  garrixon,  by  which 
frundf*  mav  be  distinguislied  from  enemies.      i-Jnci/c. 

PAK-0-.\i>MA  glA,  *  n.       [from   Gr.   s-o -O"' /itw,   to 

P.^R-O-.N'O.'M'A  SY.    \      transgress  law  <t  rule.] 

A  play  u|«in  words;  a  rhetorical  figure,  by  which 
the  same  word  i.-*  used  in  dilforent  muiseH;  or  words 
Himilar  in  i«uund  are  set  in  opr>ot;ition  to  eacli  other, 
mt  m  lo  give  a  kind  of  antithetical  force  to  the  sen- 
fnce.  Brande. 

PAR  O-NO-MA.S'Tie,         )  a.      Pertaining    lo    paro- 

PAK-O-.NO-MAS'Tie-AL,  i  nomasy  ;  consi.'iting  in 
a  plav  upon  words.  JUorc. 

PAR-0'.\Y€n'I-A,  II.  [Gr.  napiofvxtai  naou,  by, 
and  ofi'^,  the  nail.] 

In  furirrrit,  a  whitlow  or  fehm.  Quinep. 

PA-RO\'Y-.MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  jtafjiavvfioe  i  napix  and 
u^"  ^  J ,  name.] 

A  term  applied  to  words  of  the  «ame  derivation ; 
kindred  ;  n>*.man,  manhoud,  mankind.  H'ltlt/t. 

PAR'O-UUET,  >  It.    A  small  species  of  parrot.    [See 

PAIt'O  KET,      i      Parrak£p.t.]  GrAe. 

PA  ROT'ID,  a.     [Gr.  ruoi,  near,  and  '»r(,  t.^ra,  ear.] 
pertaining  to  or  denoting  certain  glands  below  and 
before  the  ears,  or  near  the  articulation  of  the  lower 
jaw.     The  parotid  glands  secrete  a  portion  of  the 
saliva.  Parr.     Coze.     Qrew. 

PA-RO'TIS,  n.     [Gr  vapuyrtf.    See  Parotid.] 


PAR 

The  parotid  gland  ;  n  secreting  salivary  conglom- 
erate gland  below  and  before  the  ear.  Parr. 

PAR'OX-YSM,  71.  [Gr.  naif^vn-uoi,  from  irnyu^vvtu, 
to  excite  or  sharpen  ;  ra,"i,  and  o^"?,  sharp.] 

A  fit  of  any  disease.  When  a  disease  occurs  by 
fits  with  perfect  intermissions  or  suspensions,  such 
fits  are  termed  paroxyttms.  A  paroxysm  ia  always 
to  be  distinguished  from  an  exacerbation. 

PAR-OX- VS'.MAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  paroxysm  ;  as,  a 
paroxysmal  disposition.  Aaiut.     Res. 

2.  Caused  by  paroxysms  or  fits.  Hitchcock. 

PAR'aUET-RY,  H.     [tVoni  Tt.pnrqueU] 

A  species  of  joinery  or  caltinet  work,  consisting  in 
making  an  inlaid  floor  composed  of  small  pieces  of 
wood,  of  difierent  figures.  Elmes. 

PARR.  n.  A  name  applied,  in  most  parts  of  England 
and  Scotland,  to  the  young  of  the  salmon,  up  to  near 
the  end  uf  their  second  year.  Brande. 

PAR'RA-KEET,  n.     A  small  species  of  parrot. 

PAR'REL,  «.  [Port,  aparclho,  from  aparclhar,  to  pre- 
pare ;  Sp.  uparrjo,  from  tackle  and  ringing,  from  apare- 
jar,  to  prejmre,  L.  paro.  It  coincides  witli  apparel^ 
which  see.] 

Among  seamen,  an  apparatus  or  (Vame  made  of 
ropes,  trucks,  and  ribs,  so  contrived  as  to  go  round  the 
mast,  and,  being  fastened  at  both  ends  to  a  yard, 
serves  to  hoist  it.  F.iicvc. 

PAR-RHk'SIA,  n.  [Gr.]  Boldness  or  freedoin  of 
speech. 

PARRI-CI'DAL,        )  o.     [See  Parricide.]     Pert-iin- 

PAR-RI-CID'I-OUS,  1      ing  to  parricide;   containing 
tlie  crime  of  murdering  a  parent  or  patron. 
2.  Committing  parricide. 

PAR'RI-CTDE,  n,  [Fr.,  from  L.  parricida,  from  pater, 
father,  and  catdo,  to  kill.] 

1.  A  person  who  murders  his  fntlier  or  mother. 

2.  One  who  murders  an  ancestor,  or  any  one  to 
whom  he  owes  reverence.  Blackstone  applies  the 
word  to  one  who  kills  his  child. 

3.  The  murder  of  a  parent,  or  one  to  whom  rever- 
ence is  due.  Bacon. 

4.  One  who  invades  or  destroys  any  to  whom  he 
owes  particular  reverence,  as  his  country  or  patron. 

PAR'RI-KD,  (pnr'rid,)  pp.  [See  Parbv.]  Warded 
off;  driven  aside,  Johnson. 

PAR'ROCK,  n.     [Sax.  parruc] 

A  crofl  or  small  field  ;  now  corrupted  into  paddock, 
[/.oeal.] 

PAR'ROT,  n.  [Supposed  to  be  contracted  from  Fr. 
pcrroquet.] 

A  name  applied  to  various  species  of  scansorial  birds 
of  tlie  Psittacid  tribe,  but  more  especially  to  those 
which  belong  to  tho  genus  Psittacii«.  The  hill  is 
hooked  and  rounded  on  all  sides.  The  hooked  bill 
of  the  parrot  is  used  in  climbing.  These  birds  are 
found  almost  every  where  in  tropical  climates.  They 
breed  in  hollow  tree.i,  and  subsi:jt  on  fruits  and 
seeds.  They  are  also  remarkable  for  the  brilliancy 
of  their  colors  and  their  faculty  of  making  indistinct 
articulations  of  words,  in  imitation  of  the  human 
voice 

PAR'ROT-FISI!,  n,  A  fish  of  the  genus'Scanis,  in- 
habiting the  tropical  seas  ;  so  named  from  its  resem- 
blance to  the  parrot  in  the  brilliancy  of  il^  colors  and 
the  peculiar  form  of  its  jaws.      P.  Cue.     Sicainaon. 

P.\R'ROT-RY,  n.  Acting  the  part  of  a  parrot ;  servile 
im  itat  ion.  Coleridge, 

PAR'RY,  r.  t  [Fr.  pnrrr;  It.  pararf,  to  adorn,  to 
parry  ;  Sp.  parar,  to  atop  ;  Port,  id.,  to  slop,  lo  parry  ; 
from  the  TW\io\  pare,  to  cut  off,  to  separate.  See 
Pire] 

1.  In/cTifinjr,  to  ward  off;  lo  stop  or  to  put  or  turn 
by  ;  as,  to  pnrry  a  thrust 

2.  To  ward  olT;  to  turn  aside  ;  to  prevent  a  blow 

3.  To  avoid  ;  to  shift  off.  [from  taking  effect. 

The  French  govonunoDt  ba« porrwti  the  payment  of  our  diuina. 

E.  Eoerea. 

PAR'RY,  V.  i.  To  ward  off;  lo  put  by  thnists  or 
strokes  ;  to  fence.  Locke. 

PAR'RY-ING,  ppr.    Warding  off,  as  n  thrust  or  blow. 

PARSE,  fp'tr»»,)  r.  U  [from  L.  pars^  part,  <»r  one  of  the 
Sheinitic  roots,  D-iD,  to  divide,  or  ly-^iJ,  to  spread.] 

In  grammar,  to  resolve  a  sentence  into  its  ele- 
ments, or  to  flhiiw  tlie  several  parts  of  speech  com- 
posing a  sientence,  and  Ihttir  relation  to  each  other  by 
government  or  agreement. 

PAR'SEE,  n.  A  nam«  given  to  the  Persian  fire-wor- 
shipers living  in  Inilia.  In  Persia,  they  are  called, 
by  the  Mohammedans,  Guehers,  orGuKBRss,  (i.  c., 
ginoam,  infidelx.)  Their  sacred  books  are  called  the 
Zrnd-JiBesta,  The  Pareees,  who  reside  near  Sural 
and  Bombay,  are  an  honest,  thrifty  people,  and  num- 
ber about  7l)i(,000.  Mardock. 

PAR'SEE-ISM,  ».  The  religion  of  the  Parsecs,  which 
j8  subiiiantinltv  that  of  the  ancient  Persians. 

PAR-SI-.Mrj'M-OUH,  a.  [Sec  Parsimonv.]  Sparing 
in  the  use  or  exjwnditdrc  of  money  ;  covetous  ;  near ; 
close.  It  differs  from  Frugal  in  implying  more  close- 
ness or  narrowness  uf  mind,  or  an  attachment  to 
property  somewhat  excessive,  or  a  disposition  to 
spend  less  money  than  is  necessary  or  honorable. 

Exlr»oi\Hnnr7  fundi  for  one  enmpai»n  may  »pam  na  Ihc  cxpeiiw* 
of  many  ynn;  w)i«;pr:\a  a  \»uf^,  parnmoniout  wur  will 
drHin  UB  of  more  ineti  and  moat^y.  AJdiaon, 


PAR 

[Jt  is  sometimes  used,  in  a  good  sense,  for  Fru- 

OM..] 

PAR-SI-M0'N!-OUS-LY,  adv     With  a  very  sparing 

use  of  nifiney  ;  Covetously 
PXR-SI-M5'.\l-OUS-NES3,  n.    Avery  sparing  use  of 

money,  or  a  dii^poisition  to  save  expen!«e. 
PAR'SI-MO-NY,  n.  [L.  parsimonia,  from  pareus,  sav- 
ing ;  literally,  close.  Parens  seems  to  be  from  the 
nK)t  of  the  G.  D.  ber^ren.  Sax.  beorgan,  to  save  or 
keep,  Eng.  park.  So  in  Russ.  beregu  is  to  keep  or 
save,  whence  bcrejlivei,  parsimonious.  And  this 
seems  to  be  the  root  of  burg,  a  borough,  originally 
a  fortified  hill  or  castle.] 

Closeness  or  sparinguess  in  the  use  or  expenditure 
of  money  ;  sometimes  used,  perhaps,  in  a  good  sense, 
im|>lying  due  or  justifiable  caution  in  expenditure,  in 
wiiich  sense  it  differs  little  from  Frugality  and 
Economy.  JHore  generally,  it  denotes  an  excessive 
caution  or  closeness ;  in  which  case,  it  is  allied  lo 
CovETousNEss,  but  It  implies  less  meanness  Ihan 
Ni«gardli:?es5.  It  generally  implies  some  want  of 
honorable  liberality. 

The  wavB  to  enrich  are  many ;  partimony  ii  one  of  the  N^t,  and 
yet  in  not  inikooent,  for  it  wiihboldcUi  men  from  wurkii  of  U> 
ernliiy.  Bacon. 

PARS'ING,  ppr.  Resolving  a  sentence  into  its  ele- 
ments. 

PXRS'ING,  71.  The  act  or  art  of  resolving  a  sentence 
into  its  elements. 

PARS'LEY,«.  {Fr.prrsil;  Sf*.  pererU :  VorU  pfrrexil ; 
It.  petroselino,  corrupted  to  petrosemolo  ;  Sax.  peterse- 
li^e ;  G.  peter silie  ;  D.  pifterstlie;  8w.  persUiat  Dan. 
petersillr,  persUle :  It.  peirsU  ;  W.  perlUjs ;  L.  petrosel- 
inon  t  Gr.  nErpocrcXn'oi'  i  irerpu^,  a  stone,  and  ctAi- 
vuv,  parsley ;  stone-parsley,  a  plant  growing  among 
rocks.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Petroselinum.  The  leaves  of 
parsley  are  used  in  cookery,  and  the  root  is  an  aperi- 
ent medicine. 

PARS'XEP,  n.  [The  last  syllable  of  this  word  is  the 
Sax.  ntpjie,  L.  napiis,  whicli  occurs  also  in  (Mriii/;.J 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Pastinaca.  The  root  of  the 
garden  parsuep  is  deemed  a  valuable  esculent. 

PAR'SON,  (pilr'sn,)  n.  [G.  pfarrherr,  pfarrer,  lord  of 
the  pfarre,  benefice  or  living.  I  know  not  from  what 
root  pfarre  is  derived.     See  Parish.] 

1.  The  priest  of  a  parish  or  ecclesiastical  society; 
the  rector  or  incumbent  of  a  parish,  who  has  the  pa- 
rochial charge  or  cure  of  souls.  It  is  used  in  this 
sense  by  all  denominations  of  Christians  ;  but  among 
Independents  or  Congregationalists  it  is  merely  a  col- 
loquial word. 

2.  A  clergyman ;  a  man  that  is  in  orders,  or  has 
been  licensed  to  preach.  Shak. 

In  English  law,  fourrequisites  are  necessary  to  con- 
stitute a  parson ;  viz.,  holy  orders,  presentation,  insti- 
tution, and  induction.  Brande. 

PAK'SON-ACE,  n.  In  .^mrrica,  the  glebe  and  house 
belonging  to  a  parish  or  ecclesiastical  society,  and  ap- 
propriated to  the  maintenance  of  the  incumbent  or 
settled  fmstor  of  a  church. 

9.  In  Eiiirland,lhe  benefice  of  a  parish,or  the  house 
appropriated  to  the  residence  of  the  incumbent. 

.Addison.     Oray. 

PAR-SoN''I€-AL-LY,  in  Chesterfield,  is  not  an  au- 
thorized word. 

PAKr,n.  [l^  pars,  pnrtis ,  Fr.pnH;  Sp.  It.  pflWe ;  W. 
parlA  :  from  TiD,  or  D1C,  or  x*^B,  which,  in  the  Sbe- 
initic  languages,  signify,  to  separate,  to  break.] 

1.  A  portion,  piece,  or  fragment,  separated  from 
a  whole  thing ;  as,  to  divide  an  orange  into  five 
parts. 

2.  A  portion  or  quantity  of  a  thing  not  separated 
In  fact,  but  considered  or  mentioned  by  itself.  In 
what  part  of  England  is  Oxford  situated.'  So  we 
say,  the  uit[)er  paii.,  or  lower  part,  the  fore  part,  a 
remote  part,  a  small  part^  or  a  great  part. 

The  p-oplc  elood  al  die  nolbcr  part  of  tlie  njount.  —  Ex.  xix. 

3.  A  portion  of  number,  separated  or  considered 
by  itself;  as,  a  part  of  the  nation  or  congregation. 

4.  A  portion  or  component  particle  ;  as,  the  com- 
ponent parts  of  a  fossil  or  metal. 

.5.  A  ptirtion  of  man  ;  as,  the  material  part  or  body, 
or  the  intellectual  part,  the  soul  or  understanding; 
Ihe  perishable  part ;  the  immortal  part* 

6.  A  member. 

AU  the  parU  were  formed  in  hi«  mind  into  one  harmonio'tg  hody. 

Lockt. 

7.  Particular  division  ;  distinct  sjiecies  or  sort  bft- 
longing  tp  a  whole  ;  as,  all  the  uarts  of  domestic 
business,  or  of  a  inanufiicttire. 

6.  ln<!redient  in  a  mingled  mass;  a  portion  In  a 
comiK)und. 

9.  That  which  falls  lo  each  in  division ;  share ;  as, 
let  me  bear  my  part  of  the  danger.  Dryden. 

10.  Proportioniil  quantity ;  as,  four  parts  of  lime 
with  three  of  sand. 

Jl.  Share;  concern;  interest. 

ShcbaKiid,  We  h.ive  no/wrlln  Davttl.  —  2  Sara,  xx, 

12.  Side  ;  party  ;  interest ;  faction. 

And  miUto  whole  liingtiom*  take  her  brother*!  port.       Waller 

13.  Bomething  relating  or  belonging  to ;  that  which 


TONE,  BULL.  XpS'ITE.  — AN"GER,  VfCIOUS €  ■■  K ;  0  a«  J  j  S  u  Z;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


PAR 


for  bU  pari;  fur  her 


cooccm*  i  u,  for  your  jmH 

For  AT  fart  I  bftvt  ■•  wrvBt  end  in  mf  Inbur.  II'oi1i>m. 

14.  i^hare  of  Inbor,  action,  or  influence;  particular 
office  or  bUHiness. 

AccuM-  not  Nrttur*  ;  At  hath  done  hrr  j««trt ; 

IX)  thou  b»t  iluue.  AJUlon. 

15.  Cbamcier  appropriated  in  a  play.  The  parts  of 
the  comedy  were  judiciously  ciLsl  and  admirably  per- 
formed. 

16.  In  mujric,  one  ot  the  divisions  which  make  op 
ttie  harmony  or  nine,  as  the  treble,  base,  tenor,  &c. 

17.  Action  ;  C(»nducl.  Skak. 
IS.  In  matietHotiesy  such  a  portion  of  any  qnaniity, 

as,  when  taken  a  certain  number  of  times,  will  eiact- 
Iv  L     '1  ■•  'ixantity.     Thus  3  iii  apart  of  12.     It  is 

t'  MlLTIPLB. 

-  ;</Hrai,  qualities;  powers;  foctilties  ; 

ac-— ..,--- at?. 

Bueb  Woi-i^aom  /artt  IBod  toe  tte  wMl  put  to  tfae  hrnl  of  tbt 

Port*,  appUod  to  ftae*!  aipiifi^  quarters,  regions, 
distrktiL 

W1ir«  fa«  ted  pM*  onr  thaw  M)^,  and  had  glwa  them  miieh 


B  into  GrvGP.  — ActM  XX, 

AD  fortt  nmmmd  wkh  tumttlti,  pl^iuis,  &diI  fern.       />ry(Arn. 

In  /ciwrat,  ^trCt  Is  used  for  excellent  or  superior 
endowments,  or  more  than  ordinar>*  talents.  This 
is  what  we  understand  by  the  phrat^e  a  man  qf 
pdrts, 

Im  goodjmri  t  an  well  done  ;  farnrably  ;  acceptably  ; 
in  B  uiendly  miunoer ;  not  in  displeasure. 


Im  31  f€H;  as  UI  done;  unfavorably;  wltb  dte- 
plettMire. 

Far  tk$  wMt  pmrt;  commonly  ;  oftener  than  other- 
wise, lieylin. 

hpmrt;  in  some  degree  or  extent :  partly. 

Ltfiaal  part ;  among  «cA««ia»eit,  a  divisitm  of  some 
anivanal  as  Ua  whole ;  in  which  sense,  species  are 
ports  of  a  genns,  and  individtials  are  parts  of  a  spe- 
cieSL  Encjfc 

Fkfsie^i  parts,  aia  of  two  kinds,  Asiag/iwssaa  and 
tanv/cMMi* ;  the  fine  is  of  the  same  denomination ; 
Uie  second  of  difi^rent  ones. 

MfoBipart,  tssach  apart  of  a  nnmber  or  quantity 
as  is  contained  In  it  a  certain  nnrober  of  times,  with- 
ool  a  remainder.    Tints  6  is  an  ^tiqaol  part  of  d4. 

Jli»fK«s<  pmrt,  is  a  part  ot  a  number  or  quantity 
wbieb  will  nut  exactly  divide  it ;  a»,  5  Is  an  sliynaat 
paH  of  17.  Barbfm. 

Part  ^sptaekfin  /reinisp,  a  aott  orclasaof  words 
'  of  a  paitiealar  cteiacier.  Tbus  tbe  noon  is  a  part  of 
gpmek  denoting  tbe  names  of  tbin^  or  tboae  Tocal 
sounds  wbicb  nsaga  has  aiiacbed  to  IbJnirs.  Tbe 
verb  is  a  p^t  ^f  MpiaA  expreaaing  motion,  action,  or 
being. 
PART.  r.  t.     [U.  pariio  ;  Tr.  partir ;  W.  partku.] 

1.  To  divide,  to  separate,  or  brealc ;  to  sever  into 
two  or  more  pieces. 

2.  Ti>  divide  into  fihares  :  to  distribute,    ^tis  ii. 

3.  Toseparai*' or  disunite,  as  tiiingswhich  arc  near 
each  i<her.     RitA  i. 

4.  To  keep  a.«under ;  to  separate.  A  narrow  sea 
parts  Kngland  from  Franre, 

5.  1'u  separate,  as  cumbatants.  Night  parted  the 
armies. 

6.  To  secern  ;  to  secrtte. 

TV;  lirrr  n>!r«I*  hm  own  «ffsir, 

Aud  porta  **k1  •inuua  the  nul  yikr^. 

7.  In  ««aawa*s  Immgmagtj  to  break 
partad  her  cables. 

8.  To  separate  metal*. 

PART,  r.  i.    To  t»e  separated,  removed,  or  detached. 

Pswrtful  tMn4>  wCI  not  part 
CwHf  friMB  pamrmmoa  wco  viifa  «nij«. 

!L  To  quit  each  other. 


as,  tbe  ship 


3.  To  take  or  bid  fiirrwelL  SvifL 

4.  To  have  a  share. 

Ttatj  aiwll  part  sL'H.  —  I  Sim.  sxx. 

5.  {Fr.  partir.\    To  go  away  ;  to  deparL 

Tht  fn'ii-r 
Enitiaoed  we,  portnf  fcr  th'  Etruri.ui  ianU.  Dryd^n. 

A.  To  break  ;  to  betom  asunder.    The  cable  parted. 
TV  port  wHk;  to  quit;  to  resign;  tn  hwej  to  be 
separated  from^as,  to  pat  vitk  near  friends. 

OUx,  fcr  Ay  s*hr,  I  part 

IHflk  all  Umi  fnm  ki  near  mj  hsait,  VoS^r. 

PART'A-BLE.     See  PiBTmu:. 

PART' AGE,  ■.    Division;  severance;  the  act  of  di- 
viding or  sharing;  a  Frsack  aard.     [l^Ue  u^rd.] 

Locke, 

PAR-TAKE',  r.   i. ;  prrf,    Pastooe  ;   flp.   Partake:*. 
[part  and  take,] 

1.  To  take  a  part,  portion,  or  share  in  common 
with  others  ;  to  have  a  share  or  part ;  to  participate  ; 
usually  followed  by  o/,  souietimes  iess  properiy  by 
la.     .\U   men  partake   of  the   common   bounties   of 


PAR 

Providence.    Clodiua  was   at  tlie  feast,  but  could 
not  pttriake  oflUo  enjoyments. 

'2.  To  li:ive  sttmL'thing  of  thu  property,  nature, 
claim,  ur  right. 

Tiie  AliunM-y  ot  tif  Diiehf  of  lAncoMtfT  partaku  pinly  qf  % 
Jadjf:*,  aiiJ  |i*nljr  of  na  »ltunn.7-|fi.-o>'ral.  btx*-on. 

3.  To  be  admitted  ;  not  to  be  excluded.        Shak, 
PAR-TAKK',  V.  C     To  have  a  port  in  ;  tu  share. 

I^l  e*cnr  one  parUxJtt  the  ({T>iirnU  Joy.  Dryilsn, 

[This  is  probably  elliptical,  of  being  omitted.] 
2.  To  admit  to  a  part.     [J\'*yi  ii-.rrf.]  Shak. 

PAR-TAK'A".V,  p^.     Shared  with  others;  partici|mied. 
PAK-TAK'CK,  M,     One  who  lia?*  or  lakes  a  |>art,  Hhare, 
or  portion,  In  common  with  tilhers  ;  a  sharer ;  a  par- 
ticipator ;  usually  followed  by  tif. 

If  lh«  Grntllos  haw  been  maddpartatfrtq^  their  sjiiituol  thing*. 
—  Rom.  XT. 

Sometimes  followed  by  itu 

WUb  me  partaktr  in  ihv  bApptiwo.  Shnk. 

If  wv  bail  U-en  i»  the  iliyt  ul  uur  fiUi-ni,  ws  trnuKI  not  h.ire 

\r^t\  partaktr§  witli  them  in  the  Lduuil  of  tlie  pruphctx. — 

M«tt.  zxiii. 

9.  An  accomplice;  an  associate. 

>VIi«n  thou  Mwrst  n  thief,  thou  oofw^nttilsc  with  biin,  (uul  hut 
Xit^a  partaker  witti  ttJulU-fcr*.  — Pf.  1. 

PAR-TAK'ING,  ppr.  Sharing  with  others;  partici- 
patinff. 

PAK-'I'XK'ING,  n.  An  associating;  combination  in 
an  evil  design.  Hale. 

PART'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Separated  ;  divided  ;  severed. 

PAKT'ER,  71.     One  that  parts  or  separates.    [SidHni. 

PAR-TEKRE',  r[Klr-tar',>  w.  [Fr.]  In  ffardenin^,  a 
systi'in  of  beds  of  dilTcrent  stiajies  and  sizt'p,  in 
which  flowers  nre  cuItivat<Ml,  connected  toaetht-r, 
with  intervening  spaces  of  gravel  ur  turf  Tt  walk- 
inc  on.  Bramle. 

-2.  The  pit  of  a  theater.  Brande. 

PAR-THEN'ie,  o.     (Gr.  T./>9r..oc.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Spartan  Parthenin  or  sons  of 
viririns. 

PAR'THE-NON,  n.     [Gr.  tioO-i.  -c,  a  virgin.] 

A  celebrated  temple  of  Minerva,  at  Athens  in 
Greece. 

PAR'TIAL,  (pax'shal,)  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  para  ;  It.  par- 
tiala.] 

1.  Binned  to  one  party  ;  Inclincil  to  f  ivor  one  i»ar!y 
III  a  cause,  or  one  side  of  a  question,  more  than  the 
other;  not  indlfferenL  It  ia  iuiportaut  to  justice 
that  a  judge  should  n<M  be  partiaL 

8c\t-'Mrt  will  make  max  partial  to  tfaemarin*  and  tricndi. 

Lock: 

2.  Inclined  to  favor  without  rea*on.  Authors  are 
partial  Ui  their  wit,  and  critics  to  their  judicment. 

3.  Affbcling  a  part  only  ;  not  gL-nenil  or  universal ; 
not  totil.  It  baa  been  much  disunited  whether  the 
deluge  was  partiai  or  total. 

AS  partial  vrtl,  untrenal  good.  Pope. 

i.  More  strongly  inclined  to  one  thing  than  to 
others.     [  Cotlo^uiaL] 

5.   In  botany,  subordinate  ;  applied  to  svbdirL'nons  f 

as,  n  partial  umbel  or  umliellulf  ;  a  partial  peduncle. 

A  partial  involucre  is  placed  at  the  foot  uf  a  partial 

umbitl. 

PAK'TIAL-IST,  n.    One  who  Is  partial.     [Untutual.] 

Bp.  Murtan, 
Q.  One  who  holds  that  the  atonement  was  made 
only  for  a  jvirt  of  mankind,  i.  e.,  the  elect.  Murduck. 
PAR  TIAL'I-TY,  (par-slmi  e-te,)  n.  Inclination  to 
favor  one  party  or  one  side  of  a  question  more  than 
the  other;  an  undtie  bias  of  mind  toward  one 
party  or  side,  which  is  apt  to  warp  the  judt^int^nt. 
Pariiality  springs  from  the  will  and  affections,  rather 
than  from  a  love  of  truth  and  ju!<tice. 

3.  A  stronger  inclination  to  one  thing  than  to  oth- 
ers ;  as,  a  partiality  for  poetry  or  painting ;  a  collo- 
tfv'uil  use. 
PAR'TIAL-TZE,  r.  U     To  render  partial.     [JV*o(  used.] 

Shak. 
PAR'TIAI^LY,  adv.     With  undue  bias  of  mind    to 
one  party  or  side  ;  with  unjust  favor  or  dislike  ;  as, 
to  judge  partially. 

2.  In  part ;  not  totally  ;  as,  the  story  may  be 
partially  tnie  ;  the  body  uiny  be  partially  atfected  with 
disease ;  the  sun  and  n'loon  ore  oflun  partially 
eclipsed. 
PART-I-BIL'I-TY,  it.  [See  PARTinti:.]  Susceptibil- 
ity of  division,  partition,  or  severance  ;  separability  ; 
a«,  the  part'bility  of  ail  inh-'ritance. 
PAKT'1-BLE,  a.     [It.  partibile,  partire^  to  part.] 

Divisible  ;  separable  ;  susceptible  of  severance  or 
partition  ;  as,  an  estate  of  inheritance  may  be  parti- 
blr-  BlacksUme. 

PAR'TI-CEPS  Cnnri-^riS,  [L.]      a  partaker  in  a 

crime  ;  an  accomplice. 
PAR-TIC'1-PA-BLE,  a.      [See  Pabticipate.]     That 

miy  be  participated  or  shared.  J^''(*rris. 

PAR-TIC'I-PAXT,  a.     [See  Participatk.]     Sharing; 
having  a  share  or  part  ;  followed  by  of. 
Tbe  prino*  k»w  b^  shoulfl  cnnf'T  w 
tiun  mwtikifih  ipeculations. 


PAR 

PAR-TIC'I-PANT,   a,     A  partaker;    one    having  a 
share  or  part.  Bacon. 

PAR-TIC'l  PAXT-LY,  adv.    In  a  participating  man- 
ner. 

PAR-TIC'I-PATE,  V.  i.     [L.  participo  ,•  pars,  part,  and 
capio,  to  take] 

I.  To  partake  ;  to  have  a  share  in  common  with 
others,     i'iie  heart  of  st-nsibiliiy  participates  in  the 
Buflerings  of  a  friend.     It  is  soinetiuies  followed  by  vf. 
lie  would  particlpnte  <i^lliplr  wahu.  llaytoard. 

S.  To  have  part  of  more  things  tlian  one. 

Few  ereaturcs  parhnpait  uf  Oie  nauin;  of  pUuu  ami   meuJi 
LkjIIi.  Baron. 

PAR-TIC'I-PATE,  V.  U    To   partake;    to  share;    to 
receive  a  part  o(. 

r-iiow«hip 

Bitch  W  1  •ccV,  fit  \a  partinijMiU 

All  rKtion&l  lirli^bt.  MUlon. 

PAR-TIC'I-PA-TED,  pp.     Shared   in  common   with 

others ;  partaken. 
PARTlC'I-rA^TI-\G,ppr.     Having  a  part  or  Khare  ; 

{Mtrtnking. 
PAR-TIC-I-PA'TION,   n.     The  stale  of   slmring  In 
comtiion  with  others;  as,  a  participation  of  joys  or 
sorrows. 

a.  The  act  or  state  of  receiving  or  having  part  of 
something. 

Tho»"  ricitif^  kk  to  by  participation,  and  •uU)rv)ii)»te   to  tba 
Siijir.'nic,  Sui.ingjt€tf. 

*3.  Distrihulion  ;  division  into  sh.ares.  Ralrgh. 
PAR-TIC'l-l'A-TIVE,  a.  Capable  of  participating. 
PAR-TIC'1-PA-TOR,    n.      One  who    i)art!Lkt:s  with 

anuilier. 
PAR-Tl-CIP'1-AL,  a.     [h.  participiaUs.     See  Pabti- 

CIPLE.J 

1.  Ilaving  the  nature  and  use  of  a  participle. 

2.  Formed  from  a  participle  ;  as,  a  participial  noun. 
PAR-TI-C'[P'1-AL-L\,  adii.     In  the  sense  or  maimer 

■  of  a  participle. 

PAR'TI-CI-PIjE,  n.     [L.  parttcipium,  from  participo i 
pars,  part,  and  eapio,  to  take.] 

1.  In  g-rammar^a.  word  sti  called  because  it  partakes 
of  the  propertieif  of  a  noun  and  of  a  verb  ,  a^,  hnc- 
ifljj-,  makius,  iti  Enplish  ;  habeas,  facinis,  in  Latin. 
The  EncLish  participles  havinff,  rnakin<^,  become 
nouns  by  prefixing  the.  to  them;  as,  the  haviitir  of 
proptTty  i  tke  making  of  instruments.  But  all  [larti- 
ciples  do  not  partake  of  the  properties  of  a  noun,  as 
the  passive  participles,  for  example,  had.,  viade. 

Participles  8t)metiniea  lase  the  properties  of  a  verb 
and  become  adjectives ;  as,  tDtiUng^  in  the  phrase,  a 
wiilinsf  heart  ;  engaging,  as  en^a^ing  manners  ;  ac- 
compVuhed,  as,  an  ai-cumplished  orator. 

2.  Any  thing  that  participates  of  different  things. 
[ATof  uHrdA  Baeon. 

PAR'TI-€LE,  (pir'le-kl,)  n.      [\X.  paHicola ;  Ft.  parti- 
eale  ;  I>.  particula,  frttm  pars,  part-] 

1.  A  minute  |>art  or  portittn  of  matter;  as,  &  parti- 
cle of  sand,  of  lime,  or  of  light. 

2.  In  physics,  a  minute  part  of  a  body,  an  aggrega- 
tion or  collection  of  which  constitutes  the  whole 
body  or  mass.  The  word  is  sometimes  used  in  the 
same  sense  as  atom,  in  the  ancient  Epicurean  phi- 
losophy, and  corpuscle  in  the  latter.  In  this  sense, 
particles  are  the  elements  or  constituent  parts  of 
bodies.  Eucyc. 

3.  Any  very  small  portion  or  part  ;  as,  he  has  not 
a  particle  of  patriotism  or  virtue ;  be  would  not  re- 
sign a  particle  of  his  property. 

4.  In  the  Human  Cat/tolic  church,  a  cminh  or  little 
piece  of  Consecrated  breatl.  Also,  the  smaller  breads 
distributed  in  the  communion  of  the  laity. 

Fitzpatrick. 

5.  In  grammar,  a  word  that  is  not  varied  or  in- 
flected, as  a  pn"[)osition. 

Organic  partidcn ;  very  minute  moving  bodies, 
perceptible  only  by  the  help  of  the  microscope,  dis- 
covered in  the  semen  of  anini-als.  Encyc. 
PAR-TI€'U-LAR,  a.  [Sp.  and  Port,  id.;  It.  partico- 
larci  Fr.  particulier ;  LuW  L.  particularis,  from  par- 
ticula.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  single  person  or  thing ;  not  gen- 
eral ;  as,  this  remark  has  a  particular  application. 

2.  Individual;  noting  or  designating  a  single  thing 
by  way  of  dietinctltpn.  Each  plant  has  its  particidar 
nutriment;  most  iwjr-sons  liave  a  particular  trait  of 
character  ;  he  alludes  to  a  particular  person. 

3.  Noting  some  property  or  thing  peculiar. 

Of  tliU  prince  tlicre  U  liule  particular  memory.  Bacon, 

4.  Attentive  to  things  single  or  di.^tinct;  minute. 
I  have  bfen  particular  in  examining  the  reasons  of 
this  law. 

5.  Single  ;  not  general. 

6.  Odd;  sintrular;  having  something  that  emi- 
nently distinguishes  one  from  others. 

7.  Singularly  nice  in  taste  ;  as,  a  man  very  parties 
viar  in  his  diet  or  dress. 

8.  Special ;  m^re  than  ordinary.  He  has  brought 
no  particular  news. 

9.  Containing  a  part  only ;  as,  a  particular  estate, 
precedent  to  the  estate  in  remainder.       Btackstone. 

10.  Holding  a  particular  estate ;  as,  a  particular 
tenant.  Black^tone. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — M£TE,  PR£Y.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


PAR 

II.  In  tkevto^,  Uiia  term  wag  fonnorlj*  used  in 
reference  to  the  Varticularists,  or  those  who  held  the 
Jo€trine  of  particular  election,  &.C.,  and  is  still  re- 
tained in  the  appeliatiou  Particular  Baptists. 

Brande. 
PAR-Tie'tJ-LAR,  n.     A  single  instance;  a   single 
point. 

1  miigt  rwerr*  tome  par&eiilar$,  which  It  b  not  lawful  for  me 
10  reveal.  Jiacon. 

2.  A  distinct,  separate,  or  minute  part  ;  a.*",  he  told 
me  all  the  particulars  of  the  story.  Addison. 

3.  An  individual ;  a  private  person.   VEstran^e, 
A.  Private  interest;  as,  they  apply  their  minds  to 

those  branches  of  public  prayer,  wherein  tlieir  own 
parficular  is  moved.     [JVo£  in  use.'\  Hooker. 

5.  Private  character;  state  of  an  individual. 

Tat  \m  partiatlar,  I  will  reecire  him  gladly.     [Not  in  u«.| 

Shak. 

6.  A  minute  detail  of  things  singly  enumerated. 

The  rrailcr  ha«  a  particulaT  of  the  books  whercia  thii  Iaw  wtia 
wricten.     \Nol  in  me.)  Ayliffe. 

In  particular ;  specially;  peculiarly;  distinctly. 

This,  in  particular,  happens  to  the  tungs.  B'.ackmore. 

PAR-Tie'U-LAR-ISM,  n.    The  doctrine  of  particular 

election.  Murdoch. 

PAR-Tie'II-LAR-IST,  n.     One  who  holds  to  the  doc- 
trine of  God's  particular  decrees  of  salvation   and 
reprobatinn. 
PARTie-IJ-LAR'T-TY,  n.    Distinct  notice  or  specifi- 
cation of  particulars. 

Even  deKcndiu^  Xo  particularilMt,  what  kiii^Iotna  he  should 
overeoroe.  Sidney. 

2.  Singleness ;  individuality;  single  act;  single 
case.  Hooker. 

3.  Petty  account ;  minute  incident. 

To  lee  the  tnl"»  thai  were  most  agreeable  to  such  an  emperor  — 
with  ill';  like  f)artii:ularitiet.  Addiaon. 

4.  Something  belonging  to  single  persons.   Shak* 

5.  Something  peculiar  or  singular. 

I  MW  an  uM  heathen  altar  with  this  partuularitu,  thit  It  was 
hollowed  like  a  dish  at  one  end,  but  not  the  end  on  which  the 
ncrifice  waa  laid.  Addison. 

6.  Minuteness  in  detail.  He  related  the  story  with 
great  partitularitv. 

PXR-TI€-q-L.AR-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  particu- 
larizing. 

PAR-TI€'U-LAR-IZE,  r.  t.  To  mention  distinctly  or 
in  particulars  ;  to  enumerate  or  specify  in  detail. 


He  not  oiiIt  booMs  of  his  pir^ntnge  oa  a 
larittt  hit  diracent  from  Benjamin. 


lanelito,  btit  particu- 
AUerhury. 

PAR-TI€'t;-LAR-IZE,  v.L    To  be  attentive  to  single 

things.  Herbert. 

PAR-TI€'tI-LAR-TZ-ED,  pp.    Enumerated  in  detail. 
PAR-TI€'U-LAR-IZ-U\G,  ppr.    Specifying  minutely 

or  in  detail. 
PAR-TI€'U-LAU-LY,  adv.    Distinctly ;  singly. 

South 
S.  In  an  especial  manner. 

This  eiaa  propriety  of  Virgil  I  pardeularly  regarded  as  a  great 
part  of  his  chdracter,  Drydtn. 

PXR-Ticn-LATE,  to  mention,  is  not  in  use. 
PXUT'ING, ;7;»r.    [fromyari.]     Dividing;  separating; 
breaking  in  pieces. 

2.  a.  Given  at  separation  ;  as,  a  parting  kiss  or 
look. 

3.  Departing;  declining;  as,  the  partrnw- day. 

Pope. 
PART'ING,  B.    Division;  separation.    Ezek.  xx\. 

2.  In  chemvitry,  an  operation  or  proce»9  by  which 
gold  and  silver  are  separated  from  each  other.    Vre. 

:(.  In  seamcn'a  lan^uagty  the  breaking  of  a  cable 
by  violence. 
PA  R'TI  S A.N,  n.     [Fr.,  from  parti,  partiV.] 

1.  An  adheront  to  a  party  or  friction.       Adilisoru 

2.  In  war^  the  commander  of  a  corps  of  light 
tr<)opf«  designed  to  surprise  the  enemy,  and  carry  on 
a  desultory  warfare. 

3.  By  teaij  of  distinction,  a  person  able  In  command- 
ing a  party,  or  dextrous  in  obtaining  intelligence,  in- 
tercepting convoys,  or  otherwise  anngyingan  enemy. 

4.  A  commander'.-^  leading  staff*.  Jimsxoorth. 

5.  A  kind  of  halberd.  [Fr.  ptrtuisanci  ll.  parti^i- 
Ann.] 

PAR'Tl-SAN,  a.    Denoting  those  engaged  in  irregular 

warfare  on  outpo«its  ;  as.  a  partisan  officer  or  corps. 
PAR'TI-SAX-SIIIP,  n.    The  state  of  being  partisans; 

adherence  to  a  party, 
PAR'TM'E,  a.     [L.  partUus,  fVom  partio.  to  divide. 
See  Part.] 

In  6tf/afli/,  divided  nearly  to  the  base.  A  partite 
leaf  is  a  simple  leaf  separated  down  nearly  to  the 
hwe.  Lindlnj.     Lee. 

PARTr'TION,  (-tish'un,)  n,    [h.  parttti/j,  from  partioy 
to  divide.) 
i.  The  act«f  dividing,  or  state  of  being  divided. 
9.  Division  ;  separation  ;  dit^tinction. 

And  good  ftom  bad  find  no  partition.  Shak, 

9.  Separate  part ;  as,  lodged  in  a  small  partition. 

Milton. 
4.  That  by  which  different  parts  are  separated  ;  as, 
a  partition  of  wood  or  stone  in  a  building. 


PAR 

5.  Pari  where  separation  is  made. 

No  sight  coiihl  pass 
Bftwixt  the  nice  pardliotu  of  the  gr.i».  Diyden. 

6.  Division  of  an  estate  into  severalty,  which  is 
done  by  deed  of  partition.  Blackstone. 

PAR-TI"TION,  V.  u    To  divide  into  distinct  parts; 
as,  to  partition  the  floor  of  a  house. 
2.  To  divide  into  shares  ;  as,  to  partition  an  estate. 

PAR-TI"TION-Kn,  (par-ti^Vund,)  ;-;).  Divided  into 
distinct  parts  or  Hharea. 

PAR-Tl"TION-ING,  ppr.  Dividing  into  distinct 
parts. 

PAR'TI-TIVE,  o.  In  grammar,  distributive;  as,  a 
noun  partitive.     It  is  often  used  as  a  noitiu 

PAR'TI-TIVE-LY,  odu.  In  a  partitive  manner;  dis- 
tributively.  LUiy, 

PART'LET,  n.  [from  part.']  A  ruff;  a  band  or  col- 
lar for  Uie  neck,  fonutrly  worn  by  women  ;  so  called 
because  it  was  ti»e  parting  between  the  head-dress 
and  Uody-dress.     [06.*.]  Hall.     Smart. 

2.  A  hen  ;  so  called  from  the  ruffling  of  her  feath- 
ers.    [  Obs.]  Shak.     Smart. 

PART'LY,  adv.    In  part  ;  in  some  measure  or  degree ; 

not  wholly. 
PART'NER,  n.     [from  part]     One  who  partakes  or 

shares  with  another ;  a  partaker ;  an  associate  ;  as, 

she   is  tJie  partner  of  my  life,  of  my  joys,  of  my 

griefs. 

the  untx-liering 

Rciiegh. 

9.  An  associate  in  any  business  or  occupation  ;  a 
joint  owner  of  stock  or  capital,  employed  in  com- 
merce, manufactures,  or  other  business.  Men  are 
sometimes  partnrrs  in  a  single  voyage  or  adventure, 
sometimes  in  a  tirm  or  standing  company. 

3.  One  who  dances  with  another,  eiUier  male  or 
female,  as  in  a  contra  dance. 

4.  A  husband  or  wife. 

PART'NER,  F.  u  To  Join  ;  to  associate  with  a  part- 
ner.    [Little  used.]  Shak. 

PART'NERS  Tt.  In  a  skip,  a  framework  of  short 
timber  fitted  to  the  hole  in  a  deck,  to  receive  the 
heel  of  a  mast  or  pump,  Sec.  R.  H.  Dana,  Jr. 

PART'NER-SHIP,  n.  The  association  of  two  or  more 
persons  for  the  purpose  of  undertaking  and  prose- 
cuting any  business,  particularly  trade  or  manufac- 
tures, at  their  joint  expense.  In  this  case,  the  con- 
nection is  formed  by  contract;  each  partner  furnishing 
a  pjirt  of  the  capital  stock,  and  being  entitled  to  a 
proportional  share  of  profit,  or  subject  to  a  propor- 
tional share  of  loss  ;  or  one  or  more  of  the  partners 
may  furnish  money  or  stock,  and  the  other  or  others 
contribute  their  services.  The  duration  of  the  part- 
nership may  be  limited  by  the  contract,  or  it  may  be 
left  indefinite,  subject  to  be  dissolved  by  mutual 
agreement.  A  partnership  or  association  of  this  kind 
is  a  standing  or  iwrmanent  company,  and  is  denom- 
inated a  firm  or  house.  We  say,  A  and  B  entered 
into  partnership  for  the  importation  and  sale  of  goods, 
or  for  manufacturing  cotton  or  glass. 

Partnerships  may  be  and  usuMIy  are  associations 
of  private  persons,  not  incorporated.  In  other  cases, 
the  company  is  incorporated.  Banking  companies, 
in  the  United  States,  are  usually  incorporated,  and 
are  essentially  partnerships,  but  do  not  bear  that 
name.  Manufacturing  companies  are  also  frequently 
incorporated. 
2.  Joint  interest  or  property.  Lhyden. 

PAR-TOOK',  pret,  of  Partake. 

PAR'TRIDOE,  71.  [Pr.  perdrix;  It.  pemice ;  Sp.  per- 
diz  ;  L,  pcrdix  ;  Gr.  ncfjii^  ;  1).  patrys  ;  Ir.  patrtjig.] 

A  vague,  popular  name  of  a  considerable  number 
of  s[>ecies  of  gallinaceous  birds  of  the  tctraonid 
tribe,  some  of  which  belong  to  the  genus  Perdix, 
some  to  Allagis,  some  to  Ortyx,  some  to  Tetrno,  &c. 
Within  small  sections  of  country,  even  in  New  Eng- 
land, this  name  is  differently  and  variously  applied, 
so  that  it  is  impossible  to  say  exactly  to  what  bird  it 
propcrlv  betongf. 

PAR'TRiDGE-WQQDjTt.  A  variegated  tropical  wood, 
much  esteemed  in  England  for  cabinetwork.  P.  Cyc. 

PARTS,  n.  pU     F.aciilties;    talents;  mental  powers; 
often,  uncommon  powers  of  mind. 
2.  Applied  to  place,  region  ;  district  of  country, 

PAR-TC'RI-ATE,  v.  i.  [L.  parlurio,  from  paHus, 
birth,  from  pario,  to  bear.] 

To  bring  forth  young.     [Little  used.] 

PAR-TO'KI-KNT,  a.     (L.  paHuriens.] 

Bringing  forth,  or  about  to  bring  forth  young. 

PAR-TU-Rt'TION,  (-rish'iin.)  n,     [L.  parturio.] 

The  act  of  bringing  forth,  or  being  delivered  of 
young,  Kncyc. 

PAR'TY,  n.     [Fr.  partie,  from  L.  pars.     Bee  Pabt.] 

1.  A  number  of  persons  united  in  opinion  or  de- 
sign, in  opposition  to  others  in  the  community.  It 
differs  from  Faction,  in  implying  a  less  dishonorable 
association,  or  more  justifiable  designs.  ParttM  exist 
in  all  governments :  and  free  governments  are  the 
hot  beds  of  parttj.  The  political  parties  in  England 
are  called  whigs  and  tories, 

2.  One  of  two  litigants  ;  the  plaintiflT  or  defendant 
in  a  lawsuit. 

The  cause  of  both  partU$  shall  come  before  the  Judgi^.  —  Ex. 


PAS 


3.  One  mnccrned  or  interested  in  an  affair.  This 
man  was  not  a  party  to  the  trespass  or  affray.  lie  is 
not  a  parfy  to  the  contract  or  agreement. 

4.  Side  ;  persons  engaged  against  each  other. 

The  pence  boUi  partitu  want  is  like  to  last.  JTryden. 

BiaoM  parties  make  tip  in  diliguitc«  what  they  want  in  nuiiibuii. 

Johnaon. 

5.  Cause;  side. 

£?le  came  In  to  make  their  party  good.  Dtyddm. 

6.  A  select  com)>any  invited  to  an  entertainment ; 
as,  a  dining  party  ,■  a  tea  party  ;  an  evening  party. 

7.  A  company  made  up  for  a  given  occasion  ;  as,  a 
riding  party;  a  fishing  party. 

8.  A  single  person  distinct  from  or  opposed  to  an- 
other. 

If  tlie  Jury  found  tliat  the  parly  slain  was  of  English  race,  It  had 
been  adjudged  luluoy,  Daviet, 

9.  In  military  ajfairs,  a  detachment  or  small  num- 
ber of  troops  sent  on  a  particular  duty,  as  to  inter- 
cept the  enemy's  convoy,  to  reconnoiter,  to  seek 
furage,  to  (lank  the  enemy,  &lc. 

Party  is  used  to  qualify  other  words,  and  may  be 
considered  either  as  part  of  a  compound  word,  or  as 
an  adjective;  as,  party  man,  party  rage,  party  dis- 
putes, &c. 

PAK'TY-eOL'OR-£D,  C-kuI'lurd,)  a.  Having  divers 
colors  ;  as,  a  varttj-colored  flower. 

PAR'TY-FENCE^WALL',  ti.  A  wall  separating  the 
vacant  ground  in  one  occupation  from  that  in  an- 
other, owilt. 

PAK'TY-ISlVr,  n.    Devotion  to  party.     [JVew.l 

PAK'TY-JtJ-UY,  n.  A  jury  consisting  of  half  natives 
and  Jialf  foreigners. 

PAR'TY-MAN,  n.  One  of  a  party ;  usually  a  factious 
man  ;  a  man  of  violent  party  principles ;  an  abettor 
of  a  partv. 

PAR'TV-SPIR'IT,  n.  The  spirit  that  supports  a 
jKirty. 

PAR'TY-WALL,  lu  A  wall  that  separates  one  house 
front  the  next.  Jtfoxon. 

PA-RU'LIS,  71,     A  etim  boil.  Brande. 

PAR'VE-NO',  w.  [Fr.J  An  upstart,  or  one  newly 
risen  into  notice. 

PAU'VIS,  n.  [Fr.]  A  church  porch  ;  also,  a  room 
over  the  church  porch  for  a  school,  &c.  [JVot  used.] 
Chaucer.     Owilt. 

PAR'VI-TUDE,  J         .-...  rx^. 

PAR'VI-TY         I"*    Littleness.    [J^ot  used.] 

PAS,  (pa,)  >u     [Fr.  paSf  a  step.] 

1.  Step. 

2.  Right  of  going  foremost;  precedence.  [JVot 
used.]  Arbuthnot, 

PAir^eil,  Cpfis^,)  «•    [Gr.  Ttatrxfl.]    The  passover;  the 

feast  of  Easter. 
PAS'CIIAL,  (pas'kal,)  a.      [L.  paschai  Gr.  Traoxetf 

from  the  Heb.] 
Pertaining  to  the  passover,  or  to  Easter. 

Pa~^chal  JIvwer,     See  PAsquE  Flowbr. 
PAS€1I'-EGG,  (pask'epg,)  n.    An   egg  stained  and 

presented  to  young  persons,  about  the  time  of  Easter. 
PASeH'-FLOW-ER.    See  PAsquK  Flowkb. 
PASII,  n.     [Sp.  faz,  L.  faciesj  face.] 

1.  A  face      [JVot  used.]  Hanmer, 

2.  A  blow.     [J\rut  used.] 

PASH,  tJ.  L     To  strike  ;  to  strike  down,     [JVot  used.] 
^  ^  I>ryden. 

PA-SH^W',  71.    [Pers.  UiL  posAaw.] 

In  the  Turkish  dominions,  a  viceroy,  governor,  or 
commander  ;  a  bashaw.  Castle.    Eaton. 

PA-SHA W'Lie,  n.     The  jurisdiction  of  a  pashaw. 

PA-SIG'RA-PIIY,  n.     [Gr.  ttos,  and  )/m</.fj.j 

A  system  of  universal  writing,  or  a  manner  of 
writing  that  may  be  understood  and  used  by  all  na- 
tions. Oood. 

PASaUE'-FLOW-ER,  (pask'flow-er,)  n.  A  flower,  a 
species  of  Anemone,  Anemone  Pulsatilla,  growing 
in  Eurojw,  and  usuiUIy  flowering  about  Easter. 

P.  Cyc. 

PAS'aUIL,  (pas'kwil,)  n.  and  v.  U  Sometimes  used 
for  Pastiuir*. 

PAS'aUIL-ANT,  rt.    A  lampooner.  Coleridge, 

PAS'tiUII^ER,  n.     A  lampooner.  Burton, 

PAS'UUIN,  71.  A  mutilated  sliitue  at  Rome,  in  a  cor- 
ner of  the  palace  of  Ursini,  so  called  from  a  cobbler 
of  that  name  who  was  remarkabi  i  for  his  sneers  and 
gibes,  and  near  whose  shop  the  statue  was  dug  up. 
On  this  statue  it  has  been  customary  to  paste  satiric 
pa[K'rs.     Hence,  a  lampoon.  Encyc.  Jimer. 

PAS'aUIN,  ;  t?.  t.     To  lampoon;  to  satirize. 

PAS-aUIN-ADE',  i  Burton. 

PAS-dUIN-ADE',  Tt.    A  lampoon  or  satirical  writing. 

Tatlcr. 

PASS,  V.  i,  [Fr.  passer.  It.  passare,  Sp.  paaar,  Port. 
passar,  to  pass  ;  G.  pass,  fit,  which  is  the  Eng.  pat, 
and  as  a  noun,  a  pass,  n  defile,  an  ambling,  pace  ; 
passen,  to  be  fit,  to  suit ;  D.  pas,  a  pace,  a  step,  a  pass, 
a  passage,  a  defile,  time,  season ;  can  pas,  fit,  con- 
venient, pat  in  time  ;  passen,  to  fit,  to  try,  to  mind, 
tend,  or  watt  on,  to  make  ready,  topass;  Dan.  pas,  a 
pass  or  passport,  a  mode  or  medium  ;  passer,  to  be 
fit,  to  suit,  to  be  applicable ;  passerer,  to  pass,  to 
come  or  go  over ;  Sw.  pass,  a  pass  or  passage,  a  pass- 


TONE,  BULL,  I2NITE.^AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUB.-e  as  K  j  0  a.  Jj  «  a»  Z;  CH  M  SH ;  TH  la  in  THIS. 


lot 


801 


PAS 

port )  pmssa,  to  fit,  lo  suit,  tu  adapt,  u>  become  ;  )nv- 
0m*,'to  pass ;  W.  phsj  that  is,  expulsive,  that  causes 
to  paas,  a  p<u»,  an  exit,  a  cutif;h,  h(M>pine-cough; 
yawaw,  to  paaa,  to  cause  an  exit,  tu  expel ;  Hjt.  pasar, 
to  paas,  to  go  or  travel,  to  bring  or  convey,  to  prn«- 
trate,  to  exceed  or  surpass,  to  depart,  to  suITer,  bear, 
ondergo,  (L.  potwr,  whence  passiom,)  to  happen  or 
come  to  pass ;  poMor,  to  walk  ;  jmmp,  a  walking ;  a 
gait )  p«M,  a  pace,  a  stop,  gait,  (Gr.  iranu  :>  iL  pa»- 
««r«,  to  pass ;  poAM,  a  pace,  a  step ;  poraoMM,  tolera- 
Ue ;  pmbiU^  sutiTerinK.  We  observe  thai  this  word 
wiites  paw,  the  L.  patior^  to  suder,  aod  p«i«,  atmptioy 
in  the  sense  or>t.  The  Gr.  warttay  to  walk  or  step, 
and  ira«^b>,  to  sulTer,  are  from  the  same  root.  The 
word  pAM  coincides  with  LT  poMvc,  a  step,  and  this 
18  from  pMtdOf  to  extend  ;  «  UNnf;  casual,  the  original 
wmdwnapado.  The  radical  sense  is,  to  ittretch,  reach, 
extend,  to  open  ;  a  poM  is  the  reach  of  the  foot,  and 
JtiMWf  is  from  r»ching  or  coming  to,  like  eomvenient. 
VVe  learp  ftom  this  word  that  the  sense  of  tufierimg 
ia  (hun  extemdiMg,  kMimg  ea,  or  tmitmuimg.    See  Kns 

in  the  Introduction.    Ar.  »^li  /at«,  to  pass  ;  Hcb. 

nsc  FVO,  Cb.  FDD;  Class  Bd,  No.  45,  01,  and  Ba  or 
Bz,  No.  50,  53,  70.] 

1.  To  move,  in  almost  any  manner ;  to  go ;  to  pro- 
ceed (hun  one  place  to  another.  A  man  may  p««f  on 
foiit,  on  horseback,  or  in  a  carriage ;  a  bird  and  a 
meteor  pass  through  the  air ;  a  ship  passu  on  or 
through  the  watt-r  :  light  passt*  fVom  the  sun  to  the 
planets ;  it  power  from  the  sun  to  the  earth  in  about 
eight  minutes. 

3.  To  move  (Vom  one  state  to  another ;  to  alter  or 
change,  or  to  be  changed  in  condition ;  as,  to  pass 
from  health  to  sickness  ;  to  pass  from  just  to  unjusL 

Tbs^e. 

3.  To  vanish ;  to  disappear ;  to  be  losL  In  this 
sense,  we  usu^jr  say,  to  pass  ate^. 

B»iit7  ii  •  ctanot  but  Mos  tb*  ebuia  wiB  pMC       Diyiwm. 

4.  To  be  spent }  to  go  on  or  away  progresstTely. 

Tba  line  vbra  Che  lldtac  viteed  k  lk»  kka  of  dM  nwB  <f 
danHoB  wWA  fsmmi  bnwwB  imm  Ix«1  perkid  vaA  ibt 
bEfaif  of  tku  ttfitg.  Ueka. 

5.  To  die :  to  depart  from  life.    {Uale  %»ed,'\  Skak. 
8.  To  be  in  any  slato;  to  undergo;  with  aaJcr; 

Bs,  tOMsr  Karf«r  the  rod. 

7.  To  bo  enacted ;  to  rseohre  the  sanction  of  a 
legislative  house  or  body  by  a  m^^ority  of  volet. 

Ndthtf  of  IkBM  bib  kM  rM  sMMd  tke  bouK  of  eatMMOB. 

8.  To  be  current ;  to  gain  reception,  or  to  be  gen- 
ttally received.  BankbiUspaMasasubirtitateforcoln. 

INitlH  diqwBaapMM*  voty  wbnv  tnw  li  dm  ■■ihfood. 


9l  To  be  refarded ;  to  be  received  in  opinion  oc  c 


TUiwfQ  oOtpawferklkuHiBhim,  tfllkkproTed  toteoMb 


10.  To  occur ;  to  be  present ;  to  lake  place ;  as,  to 
notice  what  pasaea  in  the  mind.  WktU. 

11.  To  be  dcMie. 

Provided  DO  iiidbMt  MX  pM«  itpoB  oar  pnjms  t»  diAle  them. 

13.  To  determine ;  to  give  judgment  or  sentence. 

Thotigh  w«ll  we  m«]r  not  pius  upoa  hia  life.  Shak. 

13.  To  thrust ;  to  make  a  push  in  fencing  or  fieht- 
ing.  ShaL 

14.  To  omit ;  to  suffer  to  go  unheeded  or  neglected. 
We  saw  the  art,  hut  let  it  past, 

15>.  To  move  through  any  duct  or  opening,  as 
substances  in  the  stomach  that  will  notpoM,  nor  be 
coBverted  into  aliment.  JiTbutknot, 

16.  To  percolate  ;  to  be  secreted,  as  Juices  that 
pa«t  fVom  the  glands  into  the  mouth. 

17.  To  be  in  a  tolerable  stale. 

A  BaaaOmm  eon  oT  <amm  «m  icA  wcO  eam^  bylita  Uwr  to 
pa«e,  M  he  eoaJd  oever  Unk  ha  had  MMnyli,  m  lon^  u 


I8l  To  be  transferred  fVoro  one  owner  to  another. 
The  land  article  pasaed  by  livery  and  seizin. 

19.  To  go  be>-ond  bounds.  [Obs.]  For  this  we 
generally  use  Sosfasi.  SAak. 

90.  To  run  or  extend,  as  a  line  or  other  thing. 
The  north  limit  of  Massachusetts  pause  three  miles 
north  of  the  Met  rimac 

3>  eamu  to  paaa  t  to  happen  ;  to  arrive  ;  to  come  j 
to  be  ;  to  exist ;  a  pkraae  siscA  used  ta  Uu  Seriptarea. 

Tia  paaa  oooy  ,*  to  move  from  sight ;  to  vanish. 

2.  To  be  spent ;  to  be  lost 

Ageodpmof  theirliwsp—eeeaMOywkhentCMoMng.   Ladta. 

Ta  pasa  hf ;  to  move  near  and  beyond.  Be  pasaed 
^  as  we  stood  in  the  road. 

TV  poM  ou ;  to  proceed. 

To  paaa  avar ;  to  go  or  move  from  side  to  side ;  to 
cross ;  as,  to  paaa  over  to  the  other  aide. 

Tapaasimtat  to  unite  and  blend,  as  two  substances 
or  colors,  in  such  a  manner  that  it  is  impossible  to 
tell  where  one  ends  and  the  other  begins. 
PASS,  p.  £.  To  go  beyond.  The  sun  has  passed  the 
meridian.  The  young  man  has  ncrt  paased  the  age 
of  frivolousnesa. 


PAS 

3.  To  go  through  or  over  ;  as,  to  pass  a  river. 

3.  To  spend  ;  to  live  through  ;  as,  to  pass  time  ;  to 
pa55the  night  in  rvvelry,  and  the  day  in  slt-ep 

4.  To  cause  to  move  ;  to  send  ;  op,  to  pass  the 
bottle  from  one  guest  to  another  ■,  to  pass  a  jiauper 
from  one  town  to  another ;  to  pass  a  rope  round  a 
yard ;  to  pass  the  blood  from  the  right  to  tlio  left 
ventricle  of  the  heart.  Darham. 

5.  To  cause  to  move  hastily. 

1  had  only  time  to  pom  my  eye  orer  the  medals,  which  are  in 
gnu.  nuinber,  Addiaon. 

6.  To  transfer  froat  one  owner  to  another ;  to  sell 
or  assign  ;  as,  to  pass  land  from  A  to  B  by  deed ;  to 
foss  a  note  or  bit). 

7.  To  strain ;  to  cause  to  percolate ;  as,  to  pass 
wine  through  a  filter.  Aaron. 

8.  To  utter;  to  pronounce;  as,  to  pass  compli- 
ments ;  to  pas*  sentence  or  judgment ;  to  pass  cen- 
sure on  another^s  works.  tVaUs, 

9.  To  procure  or  cause  to  go. 

Waller  patfd  ova  fire  tboueuid  hone  aod  fix>t  by  NewhH>1g«. 

Ctartndon. 

10.  To  put  an  end  to. 

Thii  nfg:ht 
Well  patt  the  bmiiieaa  printply  awl  well.  SUmk. 

]  1.  To  omit ;  to  neglect  either  to  do  or  to  mention 
I  pa»f  their  warlike  parap,  their  proud  army.  Dryitn. 

13.  To  transcend  ;  to  transgress  or  go  beyond  ;  as, 
to  pass  the  bounds  of  moderation. 

13.  To  admit  i  to  allow  ;  to  approve  and  receive 
as  valid  or  just;  as,  to  pasa  an  account  at  the 
war-office. 

14.  To  approve  or  sanction  by  a  constitutional  or 
legal  majority  of  %'ote3 ;  as,  the  bouse  of  representa- 
tives passed  the  bill.     Hence, 

15.  To  enact;  to  carry  through  alt  the  forms 
necessary  to  give  validity  ;  as,  the  legislature  passed 
the  bill  into  a  law. 

15.  To  impose  fraudulently  ;  as,  she  passed  the 
child  on  her  husband  for  a  boy.  Dryden. 

17.  To  practice  artfully  ;  to  cause  to  succeed  ;  as, 
to  paaa  a  trick  on  one. 

16.  To  surpass  ;  to  excel ;  to  exceed. 

19.  To  thrust;  to  make  a  push  in  fencing. 

To  aea  thee  flgfat,  to  eee  thee  paaa  thy  ptincto.  Shak. 

To  paaa  tttoaif  ;   to  spend  ;   to  wasto ;   as,  to  paw 
cmry  the  flower  of  life  In  idleness. 
To  pass  hy ;  to  pass  near  and  beyond. 
S.  To  overlook ;   to  excuse ;  to  forgive ;   not  to 
censure  or  punish  ;  as,  to  pasa  fry  a  crime  or  fkulu 
3.  To  neglect ;  to  disregard. 

Ceiula  pejeafce  of  Scripture  w«  can  ttot  paaa  Ay  without  injury 
to  tnalL.  BumeL 

Ta  pMaa  oeer ;  to  move  from  side  to  side  ;  to  cross ; 
as,  tOMst  over  a  river  or  mountain. 

3.  To  omit ;  to  overlook  or  disregard.    Ue  pasted 
atat  one  charge  without  a  reply. 
PASS,  a.     [W.  pA».] 

1.  A  narrow  passage,  entrance,  or  avenue  ;  a  nar- 
row or  dillicult  place  of  entrance  and  exit ;  as,  Kpasa 
between  mountains.  Encyc.     Clarendon. 

2.  A  [Kisaage  ;  a  road.  RaUgK, 

3.  Permission  to  pass,  to  go  or  to  come ;  a  license 
to  pass ;  a  passport. 

A  eciiUeman  bui  k  paaa  to  go  beyond  Itie  aciu.        Gartiuion. 
A  uiip  Huling  under  the  fljg  tuid  pott  of  ao  enemy.        Kent. 

4.  An  order  for  sending  vagrants  or  impotent  per- 
sons to  their  place  of  abode.  Johnson. 

5.  In  fencing  and  fighting^  a  thrust ;  a  pusti ;  at- 
tempt to  stab  or  strike ;  as,  to  make  a  pasa  at  an 
antagonist.     Hence, 

6.  A  term  applied  to  the  manipulations  of  an  oper- 
ator in  mesmerism. 

7.  State ;  tumdition  or  extreme  case ;  extremity. 

To  wbU  *.paaa  are  our  ininda  broiighL  Sidna/. 

Klauen  have  been  brou^t  to  \ia%pa*a.  South. 

PASS'-BpQK,  «.  A  book  in  which  a  merchant  or 
trader  enters  the  articles  bought  on  credit,  for  the 
information  of  the  purchaser.  Bouvier. 

PASS-PA-ROLE',  K.  [pass  and  parole,]  In  mUitarv 
affairs,  a  command  given  at  the  head  of  an  army  and 
c^tmmunicated  by  word  of  mouth  to  the  rear. 

Encye. 

PASS'-WORD,  n.  A  word  to  be  given  before  a  per- 
son is  allowed  to  pass ;  a  watch-word. 

PASS'A-BLE,  a.     [IL  passabiie.] 

1.  That  may  be  passed,  traveled,  or  navigated. 
The  roads  are  not  passable.  The  stream  is  passa- 
ble in  boats. 

2.  That  may  be  penetrated  ;  as,  a  substance  passa- 
ble by  a  fluid. 

3.  Current ;  receivable  ;  that  may  be  or  ia  trans- 
ferred from  hand  to  hand  ;  as,  bills  passable  in  lieu 
of  coin.     False  coin  is  not  passable, 

4.  Popular ;  well  received.  Bacon. 

5.  Tolerable  ;  moderate  ;  as,  passable  beauty. 
PASS'A-BLY,  adv.    Tolerably. 

P  \*^SA'Do'  (  ^     ■^  P"^**  °^  thrust. 
PAS-SADE',  iu    [Fr.]    In  the  manege^  a  turn  or  course 
of  a  horse  backward  or  forward  on  the  same  spot  of ! 

ground.  £ncye.      I 


PAS 

PAS'a.A.ClE,  n.     [Ft.  paasage;  Sp.  pasage;  It  pasfag- 
ffio.} 

I.  The  act  of  pausing  or  moving  by  land  or  water, 
or  through  the  air  or  other  substance  ;  as,  the  passage 
of  a  man  or  a  carriage  ;  thcpasico^eofaslnpor  a  fowl ; 
the  passage  of  light  or  a  nuleor ;  the  passage  of 
fluids  through  the  pores  of  the  body,  or  froio  the 
glands.     Clouds  intercept  the  passage  of  solar  rays. 

9.  The  time  of  passing  from  one  place  to  another 
What  passage  had  you  .'  We  had  a  passage  of 
twenty-live  days  to  Havre  de  Grace,  and  of  tfiirty- 
eight  days  from  England. 

3.  R«Mid  ;  way  ;  avenue  ;  a  place  where  men  or 
things  may  pass  or  be  conveyed.  Temple. 

And  with  hi*  pointi\l  dnrt 
Eiplopv  l\f  nfixtcAl paataga  tu  hu  lieint.  Dryden. 

4.  A  iMiss  or  ertcounter ;  as,  a  passage  at  arms. 

Sir  IV.  Scoa. 

5.  Entrance  or  exit. 

W  tial  1  are  my  doon  oppoaed  agidiut  my  paaaagt  7        Shak. 

6.  Right  of  passing ;  af,  to  engage  a  passage  on 
board  a  ship  hound  to  India. 

7.  Occurrence  ;  event ;  incident ;  that  which  hap- 
pens ;  as,  a  remarkable pasaa^e  in  the  life  of  New- 
ton. [See  the  Spanish  verb,  supra.  This  sense  is 
obsolescent.] 

8.  A  passing  away;  decay.    [LtUle  used.]     Shak. 

9.  Intellectual  admittance  ;  mental  reception. 
Amon^  whom  1  expect  tliis  tn'ntiae  wHi  hare  a  fuir'T  paaaagt 

Uun  among  Oiuim  dec-ply  iiiitiued  with  other  priiicipK-B. 

DiglAf. 

10.  Manner  of  being  conducted  ;  management. 

On  coiitUlmvtiun  of  the  conduct  aud  paaiage  of  aiTaln  in  former 
time*.  Daviea. 

II.  Part  of  a  book  or  writing ;  a  single  clause, 
place,  or  part,  of  indelinite  extent. 

How  conimeutHton  each  Aaxkjtaaaage  ihun.  Young. 

12.  In  vtusie,  a  short  portion  of  an  air  or  tune. 

13.  Enactment;  the  act  of  carrjing  through  all 
the  regular  forms  necessary  to  give  validity ;  as,  the 
passage  of  a  law,  or  of  a  bill  into  a  law,  by  a  legis- 
lative body.  Hopkiiison.     fVheatoa's  Rep. 

Hm  ae*'ncy  in  procuring  the  paaiage  of 'the  aUmp  act  was  more 
than  (lupfNiaed.  Hoaadc. 

14.  The  part  of  a  building  allotted  for  giving  ac- 
cess to  the  ditferent  apartments.  Brande. 

Bird  of  passage  :  a  bird  that  passes  at  certain  sea- 
sons from  one  climate  to  anotlier,  as  in  autumn  to 
the  south  to  avoid  the  winter's  cold,  and  in  spring 
to   the   north  for   breeding.      Hence,  the   phrase  is 
sometimes    applied    to    a    man  who  has  uo   fixed 
residence. 
PAS'SA-CER,  71.     [Fr.,frompfl.?sa^e;  li.  passaggiere.] 
The  regular  orthography  of  PAsa£i«GER,  which 
see. 
PAS'SANT,  a.    In  heraldry^  walking,  from   Fr.  paa- 
tant,  a  passenger,  traveler. 

2.  Cursory  ;  careless.  Barrow. 

On  tpaaaanl  n-view  of  what  I  wrote  to  the  bishop. 

Sir  Peter  PeU't  Pre/ace  ta  Bp.  Barloto^a  Gen.  Remaine. 

En  passant,   (iln -pis 'sing,)    [Fr.]      By  the  way; 
slightly  ;  in  haste 
PASS'£1>,  )  pp.  or  a.     Gone  by  ;  done  ;  accomplished  ; 
PAST,         i      ended. 

2.  Enacted ;  having  received  all  the  formalities 
necessary  to  constitute  a  law. 
PAS'SEN-JGER,  n.  Literally,  one  who  passes ;  as, 
passengers  over  a  bridge.  Usually,  one  who  travels 
in  some  established  conveyance,  as  a  stage-coach, 
steamboat,  &c. 
Passenger  falcon }  a  kind  of  migratory  hawk. 

.^insieorth. 
PXSS'ER,  n.    One  that  passes  ;  a  passenger.    Rotce. 
PASS'ER-BV,  n.     One  who  goes  by  or  near. 
PAS'SER-eS,  n.  pi.      [L.,  sparrows.]     See  Fasseb- 

INES. 

PAS'SER-INE,  (-in,)  a.     [L.  passer,  a  sparrow.] 

Pertaining  to  sparrows,  or  to  the  order  of  birds  to 
which  sp.irrowa  belong,  the  Passeres. 
PAS'SER-IXES,  n.  pi.    The  order  of  birds  to  which 
the  sparrows  belong.     They  usually  feed  on  insects, 
fruit,  or  grain.  Brande. 

PAS-SI-BIL'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  passibHili,   from  passible. 
See  Paesiox.] 

The  quality  or  capacity  of  receiving  impressions 
from  external  agents  ;  aptness  to  feel  or  suffer. 

HakewiU, 
PAS'SI-BLE,   a.      [Fr.    passible;    It.   passibile.      See 

PaS9I0!T.] 

Susceptible  of  feeling  or  of  impressions  from  ex- 
ternal agents. 

Apolliaarius  held  even  Deity  to  be  paaaihla.  Hooker, 

PAS'SI-BLE  NESS.    The  same  as  pASiisiuTT. 
pjiS'SIM,  [h.]    Here  and  there ;  every  where. 
PASS'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Moving;  proceeding;  going  by. 

2.  a.  Exceeding;  surpassing;  eminent.      Fairfax, 

3.  Adverbially  used  to  enforce  or  enhance  the 
meaning  of  another  word  ;  exceedingly ;  as,  passing 
fair ;  passing  strange. 

PASS'ING,  n.     TiiG  act  of  passing  or  going  past. 
PASS'ING-BELL,  n.     The  bell  that  rings  at  the  hour 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — M£TE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 


PAS 

of  death  to  obtain  prnyen  fur  the  passinjr  soul.  It  la 
also  used  fur  the  bell  that  rings  imiucdiutety  after 
death.  Sicift, 

VXSS'lSGhY,  adv.    Exceedingly.     [Obs.]     IVteiif. 

PASS'I>G-NOTE,  71.  In  miuiCf  a  note  introduced  be- 
tween two  others  for  the  purpose  of  aofWning  a  dis- 
tance or  melodizing  a  passaf^e.  Busty. 

PAt?'SIO\,  (pasb'un,)  n.  [L.  passioj  from  potior^  to 
sufferj 

1.  The  impression  or  effect  of  an  external  agent 
upon  a  body  ;  that  which  is  suffered  or  received. 

A  boJf  m  mt  &Soni»  ua  no  Mea  of  unj  active  power  to  moTP, 
aiiil  wbcn  aet  in  motkiQ,  U  is  ralher  a  paction  thaji  nn  nciioD 
id  it.  Locke. 

3.  Susccptibilitjr  of  impressions  from  external 
agents. 

The  diflrTrnoes  of  moldnble  and  not  moldable,  Ac,  and  mxny 
mh'-T  ptuiiotu  of  matter,  an  plebeian  notiona.  [Liolt 
uMd.]  Baion. 

3.  Suffering;  aptpAaticdZIff,  the  last  Buffering  of  the 

Savior. 

To  whom  nlso  he  showed  hirruelf  allre  after  hii^»«non,  bj  mon^ 
itifaltible  prooA.  —  AcU  i. 

4.  The  feeling  of  the  mind,  or  the  sensible  effect  of 
impression  ;  excitement,  perturbation,  or  agiL-ttion  of 
mind,  as  desire,  fear,  hope,  joy,  grief,  love,  hatred. 
The  eloquence  of  the  orator  is  employed  to  move  the 
ptLiitions. 

5.  Violent  agitation  or  excitement  of  mind,  partic- 
ularly such  as  is  occasioned  by  an  offense,  injnr>',  or 
insult;  hence,  violent  anger.  Watts. 

6.  Zeal  i  ardor ;  vehement  desire. 

Wben  fiatrvarn  are  m1^  by  ttciton  and  interest,  tbey  cnn  hare 
ao  pastion  for  the  gloiy  of  their  counlij,  Additon. 

7.  Love. 

Be  owiked  hiapaatum  for  Amettiia.  Rove. 

8.  Eager  desire  j  as,  a  violent  passion  for  fine 
clothes.  Swift. 

PAS'SION,  (pasb'un,)  P.  !•  To  be  extremely  agitated. 
[A'-ot  useA.]  Skak. 

PAP'SION-FI^pW-ER,  B.  A  flower  and  plant  of  the 
genus  Pa'siflora.  This  genus  was  so  named  from 
being  supposed  to  represent,  in  the  appendages  of  its 
flower,  the  p:i5sion  of  our  Savior.  Lovtion. 

PAS'PION-V\'EEK,  n.  The  week  immediately  pre- 
ceding the  festival  of  Easter ;  so  called  because  in 
that  week  our  Savior's  passion  and  death  took  place. 

PAS'SION-A-RY,  n.  A  btKik  in  which  are  described 
the  siifferincs  (tf  saints  and  martyrs.  JVarUm. 

PAS'SIOX-ATE,  a.     [It. passionato ;  Ft.  pas-^ionni.] 

1.  Ea-sily  moved  to  anger  ;  easily  excited  or  agi- 
tated by  injury  or  insult ;  applied  to  persons. 

BomT'i  AchiIlr-9  u  haughty  and  pairionaU.  Prior, 

2.  Highly  excited  ;  vehf-ment  j  warm ;  applied  to 
things;  as,  passioJuUc  affection ;  poj^iono^  desire; 
^4.«ioitnf«  concern. 

3.  Expressing  strong  emotion;  animated;  bs^  pas- 
sionate eloquence. 

PAS'SION-ATE,  p.  r.  To  affect  whh  passion  ;  to  ex- 
press passton,ntely.     [Aof  used.]        Spenser,     Shak, 

PAS'PION-ATE-LV,  adv.  With  passion  ;  with  strong 
feeling;  ardently;  vehemently;  as,  to  covet  any 
thing  passionateiy  ;  to  be  pasfumateiy  fond. 

S.  Angrily;  with  vehement  resentment;  as,  to 
speak  pns.*iovatehi. 

PAS'SIOX-ATE-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  subject  to 
passion  or  anger. 
2.  Vehemence  of  mind.  Boyle, 

PAS'SIO\-£D,  (pash'und,)  a.  Disordered  ;  violently 
affected.  Spenser. 

2.  Expressing  passion.  Spenser. 
PA.S'SIO.N-LESS,  a.    Nol  easily  excited  to  anger  ;  of 

a  calm  temper.  Skelton, 

3.  Void  of  pa»iBion. 

PAS'srVB,  a.  [lupasswof  8p.  ;»ajipi»;  Tr.passif;  L. 
passivusy  from  passus,  potior,  to  suffer.] 

1.  .Suffering  ;  not  acting  ;  not  receivmg  or  capable 
of  rrceiving  impressions  from  external  agents.  We 
were  passive  sp«:-ctators,  not  actors  in  the  scene. 

The  mlitd  w  whoHjr  pasgioe  in  the  reception  of  all  iu  timple  liieaa. 
God  b  oot  In  an;  p^peci  ptativt,  Bradtenrdint. 

2.  Unresisting;  not  opposing;  receiving  or  suffer- 
ing without  resistance;  as, jxun're  obedience;  pas- 
wive  submission  to  the  laws. 

Passive  verb,  in  grammar,  is  a  verb  which  ciprfsses 
passion,  or  the  effect  of  an  action  of  som*;  agent; 
as,  in  I.,  doeenr^  I  am  taught ;  in  English,  nhi^ishred 
and  admired  by  her  friends;  he  is  assailed  by  «Iaiidor. 

PoK-tire  obedience,  as  used  by  writers  on  gnvcrn- 
ment.  dt.'Uutes  not  only  c|uiet,  unresisting  submission 
lo  power,  but  implies  the  denial  of  the  right  of  re- 
sistance, or  the  recoenition  of  the  duty  to  submit,  in 
alt  cases,  to  the  existing  government. 

Passift  praycTy  among  miwtw  divines^  1ft  a  sus- 
pension of  Itie  activity  of  the  sdul  or  intclli-ciual 
faculties,  the  soul  rt-mainin);  quiet  and  yielding  only 
to  the  impulses  of  grace.  h'.nnic. 

Passive  commerce  ;  trade  in  which  the  proiluctions 
of  a  country  are  carried  by  foreigners  in  their  own 
Wtttnms.     [See  Actite  Commerce.] 
PAS'SIVE-LY,  adv.    With  a  passive  nature  or  tom- 


PAg 

per  ;  with  a  temper  disposed  to  submit  to  the  acts  of 
external  agents,  without  resistance.  Drydtn. 

2.  Without  agency.  Pearson. 

3.  After  the  form  of  the  passive  verb.  Lilly, 
PAS'S1VE-NE.SS,   n     Quality   of  receiving   impres- 
sions from  external  agents  or  causes;  as,  the  poa- 
siveness  of  matter. 

2.  Passibility  ;  capacity  of  suffering. 

We  shall  lose  oi\t  pasaioeneei  with  our  being.  Demy  of  Piety, 

3.  Patience  ;  calmness  ;  unresisting  submission. 

FfU. 

PAS-SIV'I-TY,  n.  Passiveness,  which  see.  [LUde 
*"^1,  Cheyne. 

2.  The  tendency  of  a  body  to  persevere  in  a  given 
state,  either  of  motion  or  rest,  till  disturbed  by  an- 
other body.  Oood. 

PXSS'-KeY,  (-kS,)  n.  A  key  for  opening  many 
locks. 

PASS'LE.SS,  a.     Having  no  pass  or  passage.     Cowley. 

PASS'O-VER,  n.  [pass  and  ever.]  A  feast  of  the 
Jews,  instituted  to  commemorate  the  providential 
escape  of  the  Hebrews,  in  Egypt,  when  God,  smiting 
the  first-born  of  the  Egyptians,  passed  over  the 
houses  of  the  Israelites,  which  were  markec^  with 
the  bkHKl  of  the  paschal  lamb. 

2.  The  sacrifice  offered  at  the  feast  of  the  pass- 
over. 

PASS'FORT,  n.  fFr.  passeport;  passer,  to  pass,  and 
porter,  to  carry  ;  It.  passaparto  ;  Sp.  pasaporte.] 

1.  A  written  license  from  a  King,  or  other  pmper 
authority,  granting  permission  or  safe  conduct  for 
one  to  pass  tlirough  his  territories,  or  to  pass  from 
one  country  to  another,  or  to  navigate  a  particular 
sea  without  hinderance  or  molestation. 

2.  A  license  for  importing  or  exporting  contraband 
goods  or  movables  without  paying  the  usual  duties. 

3.  That  which  enables  one  to  pass  with  safety  or 
certainty. 

Hia  pa»tport  ii  hia  innocence  and  gmce.  Dn/den. 

PAS'SY-MEAS'lTRE,  (-mezh'ur,)  n.     [It.  passamtizo, 

middle  pace  or  step.] 
An  old  stately  kind  of  dance ;    a   cinquc-pace. 

[Obi.]  Skak. 

PAST,  pp.  or  0.  from  Pass.    Gone  by  or  beyond;  not 

present ;  not  future. 
2.  Spent:  ended;  accomplished. 
PAST,  a.    Elliplically,  past  time;  aa,  indemnity  for  the 

past.  '  Fenton. 

PAST,  prep.     Beyond  in  lime.     Heb.  x\. 

2.  Having  lost;  not  possessing;  as,  he  was  past 
sense  of  feeling. 

3.  Beyond  ;  out  of  reach  of;  as,  he  was;ja*£  cure 
or  help.  ^ 

LoTe,  when  once  paal  ^arcTmatnl,  la  conteqiienllv  «i«(  ahrnne. 

A.  Beyond  ;  fiirtlier  than  ;  as,  past  the  boundary. 

5.  Above  ;  more  than. 

The  nonh*TTi  Iriah  ScoU  have  bowa  not  pail  three  qwartTs  of  a 
yani  long.  Spenter. 

[Atft  noiD  used.] 

6.  After  ;  beyond  in  time.  The  company  assem- 
bled at  half  past  seven,  that  is,  at  half  an  hour  after 
seven. 

PASTE,  n.  [Ft.  p&te,  for  past  ;  It.  and  Sp.  pa,«(a.  Qxi. 
L.  pistus,  or  Gr.  nanab^,  in  sprinkle,  or  some  root 
which  signifies  to  mix  and  knead.] 

1.  A  soft  composition  of  substances,  as  flour  moist- 
ened with  water  or  milk  and  kneaded,  or  any  kind 
of  earth  moistened  and  formed  to  the  consistence  of 
dough,  ns  in  making  jxiiter's  ware. 

a.  A  kind  of  cement  made  of  flour  and  water 
boiled,  used  for  uniting  paper  or  other  substances. 

3.  A  fine  and  brilliant  kind  of  glass  used  in  mak- 
ing imitations  of  precious  stones  or  gema. 

4.  In  minrraloi^,  the  mineral  substance  in  which 
other  minerals  are  imbedded. 

PASTE,  V.  L  To  unite  or  cement  with  paste  ;  to  fas- 
ten Willi  paste.  Watts. 

PASTE'B(^ARD,  n.  A  species  of  thick  paper,  formed 
of  several  single  sheets  pasted  one  upon  another,  or 
by  macerating  paper  arid  casting  it  in  moIrln,  &c.  It 
is  used  for  the  covering  of  books,  for  bonnets,  &c. 

PAST'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Cemented  with  paste. 

PAS'TEL,  «.  [Fr.]  A  plant  aUbrding  a  blue  dye,  the 
wood  iKatlt  linrtaria,  Ed.  Kncyc,     Ore. 

2    [Sp.]     A  colored  crayon.     [See  Pa»tii-J 

PAS'TERN,  n.     [Pr.  pftturon.] 

1.  The  part  of  a  horse's  leg  between  the  joint  next 
the  foot  and  the  coronet  of  the  lioof.    Farm.  Knnjc. 

2.  The  human  leg,  in  contempt.  Dnjdm. 
PAS'TERN-JOI?n',  n.     The  joint  in  a   horse's  leg 

next  the  foot, 
PASTICCIO,  (plU-tich'y6,)  n.    [It.]     A  medley;  an 
olio.  SiBinbuime. 

2.  In  painting,  n  picture  painted  by  a  master  in  a 
style  dissimilar  to  that  which  he  usually  adopted. 

Brande. 
PAS'TIL  in.     [Ia.  paMillus ;  It.  pasliglia ;  Fr.  pas- 

PASTILLE',  j      tille.    See  I'astb.] 

1.  A  roll  of  paste,  or  a  kind  of  paste  made  of  dif- 
ferent colors  ground  with  gum-water,  and  used  like 
a  crayon.  Encyc, 


[It.]     A  musical  composition, 
es  of  6-4  and  6-B  time,  iu  a  eootb- 


PAT 

2.  In  pharmacy,  a  dry  composition  of  sweet^mell- 

ing  resins,  aromatic  woods,  &.c.,  burnt  to  clear  and 
scent  the  air  of  a  room.  Hebert. 

3.  An  agreeable  kind  of  sugar  confectionery. 
PAS'TIME,  re.     [passnnA  (jthc]     Sport;  amusement; 

diversion ;  that  which  amuses  and  serves  to  make 
time  pass  agreeably.  MUton.     H'atts. 

PAS'TIME,  V.  i.  To  sport;  to  use  diversion.  [Little 
used.] 

PAST'ING,  ppr.    Cementing  with  paste. 

PAS'TOR,  n,  [L.,  from  pasco,  pasUimy  to  feed,  Gr. 
ffofTKw^  vV.  pesgi,  Arm.  pasqa,  Fr.  paitre,  for  paistre^ 
like  naitre,,  from  L.  nasco  ;  n.\iss.  pastoruyu,  pasu.  It 
seems  to  be  allied  to  bush,  D.  bosch,  G.  busch,  Sw 
buska,  Dan.  busk,  as  browse  is  to  brusk;  It.  brasca} 
Gr.  /ipt^'rK<.<.] 

1.  A  sheplierd ;  one  that  has  the  care  of  flocks  and 
herds.  Dryden, 

2.  A  minister  of  the  gospel  who  has  the  charge  of 
a  church  and  congregation,  whose  duty  is  to  watch 
over  the  people  of  his  charge,  and  instruct  them  in 
the  sacred  doctrines  of  the  Christian  religion. 

PAS'TOR-AL,  o.     [l,.  pastoralis,]       [Soxitk.     Swift. 

1.  Pertaining  to  shepherds ;  as,  a  pastoral  life  ;  pas- 
toral manners. 

2.  Descriptive  of  the  life  of  shepherds ;  as,  a  pas- 
toral poem. 

3.  Relating  to  the  care  of  souls,  or  to  the  pastor  of 
a  church;  as,poji(orai  care  or  duties;  a  pa^tora^  letter. 

Hooker.     Dryden. 
Piety  is  the  life  and  soul  of  pattoraX  fidelity.     II.  Humphrey. 

PAS'TOR-AL,  n.  A  poera  describing  the  life  and 
manners  of  shepherds,  or  a  poem  in  imitation  of  the 
action  of  a  shepherd,  and  in  which  the  speakers  take 
upon  themselves  the  character  of  shepherds;  an  idyl ; 
a  bucolic  Pope. 

A  pattOTOl  ia  a  poem  In  which  any  action  vr  pctaaion  ia  npt^ 
Bentc<l  by  its  ctfecU  on  a  country  life.  Ranibltr. 

PAB-TO-RA'LE,  n, 

generally  in  measures 

ing.  tender  style. 
PAS'TOR-ATE,  ti.    The  office,  state,  or  jurisdiction, 

of  a  spiritual  pastor.  President  StUcs.     Tooke. 

PAS'TOR-LESS,  a.     Having  no  pastor. 
PAS'TOR— I  TKE    ) 
PA^'TOR~IV      '  [  "*    I^ecoming  a  pastor.     Milton. 

PAS'TOR-SHIP,  n.    The  office  or  rank  of  pastor. 

Bull. 
PaS'TRY,  re.     [from  pa.ite,]     Articles  of  food  in  gen- 
eral which  are  made  of  paste  or  dough,  or  of  which 
paste  constitutes  a  principal  ingredient,  as  pies,  tarts, 
cake,  and  the  like. 
9.  The  place  where  pastry  is  made,  Shak. 

PAS'']'RY-eQ9K,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
make  and  sell  articles  of  food  made  of  paste. 

.^rbuthnot, 
PAS'THR-A-BLE,  a.    [from  pasture,]    Fit  for  pasture. 
PAS'TT:R-AGE,  n,     [Fr.  pdturage.    See  Pasture.] 

1.  The  business  of  feeding  or  grazing  cattle. 

Spenser. 

2.  Grazing  ground;  land  appropriated  to  grazing. 

.Addison. 

3.  Grass  for  feed.  Arbuthnot. 
PAS'TIJRE,  re.     [Fr.  p^ure,  for  pasture,  from  L.  pw 

cf>,pastum,  to  feed,  Gr.  fJooKoj,] 

1.  Grass  for  the  food  of  cattle ;  the  food  of  cattle 
taKen  by  grazing.  Brovm. 

2.  Ground  covered  with  grass,  to  be  eaten  on  the 
spot  by  cattle,  horses,  &c.  The  farmer  has  a  hun- 
dred acres  of  pasture.  It  is  sometimes  called  Pai- 
tore-i-ano. 

3.  Human  culture;  education.    [iN'otused.] 

DrydeTt, 
Common  of  pasture,  is  the  right  of  feeding  cattle 
on  another's  ground. 
PASTURE,  V.  L    To  feed  on  grass,  or  to  supply  grass 
for  food.    We  apply  the  word  to  persons;  as,  the 
farmer  pastures  fifty  oxen ;  or  to  ground;  aa,  tha 
land  will  pasture  fifty  oxen. 
PAS'TURE,  V.  i.    To  graze;  to  take  food  by  eating 

grass  from  the  ground.  Mnunu 

V\?>''WK-EV>,pp.    Fed  on  grass. 
PA S'TU RE-LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  pasture. 
PAS'TUR-lNGj  ppr.     Supplying  with  grass  for  food. 
PAS'TY,  a.    Like  paste  ;  of  the  consistence  of  paste. 

Cooper, 
PAS'TY,  re,     [from  vaste.]     A  pie  made  of  paste  and 

baked  without  a  uish.  Pope.     King. 

PA1',  a.     [G.  passi  D.  pas.     See  Fit  and  Pass.] 
Fit;  convenient;  exactly  suitable  either  as  to 
time  or  place. 

[Not  an  elegant  word,  admissible  In  burlesque.] 
Jilicrburv.     Swift. 
V\T,adv.    Fitly ;  conveniently.  Shak. 

PAT,  re,     [W.  fat,  a  blow  ;  fatiavi.  to  strike  lightly, 
to  pat.     [Uu.  Fr.  paUr.] 

1.  A  light,  quick  blow,  or  stroke  with  the  flngen 
or  hand. 

2.  A  small  mass  which  is  beat  into  shRi"  ly 
pats  ;  as,  a  pat  of  butter.     |  English  u.ie.  \     S" 

PAT,  v.t.  ToBlrike  gently  with  the  fingers  or  h  ""  ; 
to  tap. 

Gay  patt  my  Btioiilder,  ami  you  T>nuh  quilB.         Pop*. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"OER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  8  aa  Z  ;  CH    m  dU ;  'f  H  aa  in  THia 


PAT 

PA-TA'€A,  )  M.     [from  the  Sp.]     A  Spanish  coin 

PAT-A-eoON',  i  of  the  value  of  4j.  Sd.  sierlinc,  or 
about  $1.04  cents.  Sp.  Vict, 

PA-TACHE',  (pa-tilsh'O  i»-  [Sp.]  A  lender  or  small 
vessel  employed  in  conveying  men  or  orders  from  one 
Bhip  or  place  to  anotiier.  Sp.  Viet. 

PAT-A-VIN'I-TY,  n.  The  use  of  local  words,  or  the 
peculiar  style  or  diction  of  Livy,  the  Roman  histori- 
an ;  so  denominated  from  Patavmm  or  PaduOt  the 
place  of  his  nativity.  Brandt.    Lempriere. 

PATCH,  n,  [It.  pez-jif^  piece,  Fr.  piAct^  Am.  p«,  Sp. 
pieta.     Uu.] 

1.  A  piece  of  cIoUi  wwed  on  a  gannent  to  repair 
it,  Dnfdm: 

2.  A  small  piece  of  any  thing  used  (o  repair  a 
breach. 

3.  A  small  piece  of  silk  used  to  cover  a  defect  on 
the  face,  or  to  add  a  charm. 

4.  A  piece  inserted  in  mosaic  or  variegated  work. 

5.  A  small  pieco  of  ground,  or  a  small  detached 
piece.  Skak. 

&  A  paltiy  fellow.    This  use  is  sometimes  beard 
in  vulgar  laoguace ;  lu,  a  croas-potdk. 
PATCU,  e.  t    To  mend  by  sewing  on  a  piece  or 
pieces;  as,  to  patch  a  coot. 

2.  To  adorn  with  a  patch  or  with  patches. 

Id  llw  nld4V  box**  wa«  ■ercnl  ladiea  who  patAtd  both  ddca 
at  tbrir  ftoea.  Spectator. 

3.  To  mend  with  pieces  ;  to  repair  clumsily.  Shak, 

4.  To  repair  with  pieces  fastened  on ;  as,  to  patch 
the  roof  of  a  house. 

5.  To  make  up  of  pieces  and  shreds.        Raif^k. 

6.  To  dress  in  a  party-colored  coaL  Skak, 

7.  To  make  suddenly  or  hastily ;  to  make  without 
ref^ard  to  fonns  ;  as,  ii\  patch  up  a  piece. 

PATCH'fiU,  (palchl,)  pp.  or  o.    Mended  with  a  patch 

or  patches  ;  mended  clumsily. 
PATCU'EU,  «.     One  thai  patches  or  botches. 
PATCU'EU-Y.ii.  Bungling  work  :  bolchcry  \  ftwgery. 

Shttk. 
FATCH'ING,  f|>r.    Mending  with  a  piece  or  {ueces; 

botch  ins. 
PATCH'WORK,    (-wiirk,)   «.     Work    composed  of 

pieces  of  ^'arious  fieurL^s  sewed  ttigether. '   Skji/I. 

2.  Work  composed  of  pieces  clumsily  put  tof^ther. 

Sictfl. 
PiTE,  n.  [On.  Ir.  hathoM^  a  top ;  or  Sp.  and  IL  patntL] 
1.  The  head,  or  rather  the  top  of  the  bead.   Jipplied 
U  MTMiu,  il  u  ««B  nMd  m  cmiemfi  or  ridiatlt, 
S.  The  skin  of  a  cairs  bead. 

3.  In  fartifioa^en^  a  kind  of  platfocm  resembling 
what  ta  called  a  h»rMt  stos.  Smaje. 

PJIT'EO,  «.    In  ctmp»mtitm,  having  a  pale;  as,  lonz- 
paud^  eunning;  ahallow-^aCetf,  having  weak  intel- 
lect. 
PA-TEE',     {  M.    In  hrraldm,  a  cn^s  small  in  the  cen- 
PAT  TEE',  1     ter,  and  widening  to  the  extrtmilies, 

whfcb  are  broad.  Brandt. 

PAT-E-FAeTIOX,  ».  [UyaMfiuti«;pafe0,  toopcn, 
and  /tri«,  lo  make.] 

The  act  of  opening  or  manifesting ;  open  declara- 
tion. Pearson. 
PA-TELX.\,  m.    [L.]    The  knee-pan  or  cap  of  the 
knee. 
3.  A  nnivnlvular  shell-fish  \  the  limpet 
3.  A  small  va«e. 
PA-TEL/LI-FORM,  a.    [L.  pazeUa,  a  dish,  and  form.] 

Of  the  form  of  a  dish  or  saucer.  Barton. 

PAT'EL-LTTE,  k.    Fossil  remains  of  the  patella;  a 


PAt'iN-'I"-     [L.3««^] 
1.  A  plate.    [AUmmkLI 


plate.    [AbC  nmkL]  Shak. 

2.  The  plate  or  vessel  on  which  the  consecrated 
bread  in  the  euchari^t  is  placed.  In  Vu  Roman  Cath- 
alic  churchy  it  is  usually  small,  and  so  formed  as  to  fit 
the  rhaltce  or  cup  as  a  cover.  Smyth, 

PAT'ENT,  o.      [Fr.-  from  1*.  patfnsy  from  paUo^  to 
open  ;  Gr.  zsrau*^  Ch.  nnc,  to  0[>en,  dilate,  or  ex- 
pand ]  Syr.  and  Sam.  ti.    Class  Bd,  No.  C3,  &4,  65.] 
Open  ;  spread  ;  expanded. 

1.  In  AsCasjr,  spreading :  forming  an  acute  angle 
nearly  approaching  to  a  right  angle  with  the  stem  or 
branch  ;  as,  a  paUmt  leaf.  Martyn. 

2.  Open  to  the  perusal  of  all  j  as,  letters  paUmL 
[See  Letteb.} 

3.  Apfvoprisled  by  letters  patent. 

MadiW—  la  the  time  of  Ckolcs  the  Flnt,  wma  made  a  jiaient 
mrtitMOkj.  MoJiimer, 

4.  Apparent ;  cnnsplcuons.  Hor$tey. 
PAT'ENT,  «.  A  writing,  given  by  the  proper  author- 
ity and  duly  authenticated,  granting  a  privilege  to 
some  person  or  persons.  By  patents,  or  letters  patent, 
that  is,  open  letters,  the  king  of  Great  Britain  grants 
lands,  boncws,  and  franchises. 

2.  A  similar  writing  securing  to  a  person,  for  a 
term  ofyears,  the  exclusive  ripht  to  an  invention. 
PAT'ENT,  V.  u    To  grant  by  intent. 

2.  To  secure  the  exclusive  right  of  a  thing  to  a  per- 
son ;  as,  to  patent  an  invention. 
PAT'E.\T-A-BLE,  a.    That  can  be  patented. 
PAT'E\T-ED,  pp.  or  o.    Granted  by  patent ;  secured 
hy  patent  or  by  law  as  an  exclusive  privilege. 


PAT 

PAT-ENT-EE',  n.  One  towhomaprant  ia  made  or 
a  privilege  secured  by  pat^int  or  by  law. 

PAT'EiNT-ING,  j/pr.  Granting  by  putunt;  securing 
as  a  privileee. 

PAT'ENT-OF'FICE,  n.  An  oflice  for  the  granting  of 
patents  for  inventions. 

PAT'EXT-ROLLS,  n.pL  The  records  or  registers  of 
jKitents. 

P.\-TER'N.\L,  a.  [Fr.  paternd ;  L.  paternus,  from  pa- 
ter, father.] 

1.  PertaininR  to  a  father;  fatherly;  as,  paternal 
care  or  ntfectinn  ;  patfmat  favor  or  admonition. 

2.  Derived  from  the  father  j  hereditary;  as,  apa- 
(frndf  estate.  Dry  den.     Addison. 

PA-TER'NAULY,  adv.    In  a  paternal  manner. 
PA-TER'.M-TY,  «.     [Fr.  piUrrniti;  It.  patcrniid.1 

Fathership;  the  relation  of  a  father. 

The  woriJ,  while  it  hnd  »caiTity  ofpcool',  undenrcnt  no  other 
duiuluion  than  patervit^  uid  eRnmiip.  Raltgh. 

PA'TER-NOS'TER,  h.  [L!,  our  Father.]  The  Lord's 
pmycr. 

PA'  TKR  PA'  TRI-^y  [L.]  The  father  of  his  coun- 
try. 

PATH,  n, ;  pL  Paths.  [Sax.  prtM,  p«r/A,  or  paad^  paat ; 
D.  pad :  G.  f/rtrf ;  Sans,  patfta ;  Gr.  r(ir«s,  from  n^urci, 
to  tread.  The  sense  of  path  i8,  beaten,  trod  j  but  the 
primary  senite  of  treading,  stepping,  is  probably  to 
open,  stretch,  extend.] 

1.  A  way  beaten  or  trodden  by  the  feet  of  man  or 
beast,  or  made  hard  by  wheels  ;  that  part  of  a  high- 
way on  which  animals  or  cnrriapes  ordinarily  i>a83  ; 
applied  to  the  ground  only^  and  never  to  a  paved  street 
in  a  city. 

2.  Any  narrow  way  beaten  by  the  foot. 

3.  The  way,  course,  or  track,  where  a  Iwdy  moves 
in  the  atmosphere  or  in  space ;  as,  the  polA  of  a  plan- 
et or  comet ;  the  path  of  a  meteor. 

4.  A  way  or  passage. 

5.  Course  of  life. 

Bs  nufeBlh  aQ  mj  paths.  —  Job  xxxUL 

6.  Precepts ;  rules  prescribed. 

Cpbold  my  goings  In  U15  paOtt.  — Ps.  zrQ. 

7.  Course  of  providential  dealings}  moral  govern- 
ment. 

AU  Ihe  paAM  of  the  Lord  are  moKf  and  truth  to  aucb  aa  keep 
ha  corcnanL^  Pa.  xxt. 

PATH,  e.  L     [Sax.  peththian.] 

1.  To  make  a  path  by  treading  ;  to  bent  a  path,  as 
in  snow.  United  Slates. 

2.  To  push  forward  ;  to  cause  to  go;  to  make  way 
for.  Shak. 

FATH,  r.  i.    To  walk  abroad.  Shak. 

PATir^^D,  (piithd,)  pp.    Beaten  Into  a  path. 

PATH-E-M.\T'ie,  a.     [Gr.  nutiij^ia,  what  is  suffered.] 
Pertaining  to  or  designating  affection,  or  that  which 
is  suffered.  Mackintosh, 

PA-TIIET'ie,         la.     [Gr.  nadrriKo^,  from   jnifiof, 

PA-THET'IC-AL,  \      passion  ;  jratrxw,  to  suffer.] 
.\fffcling  or  moving  the  passions,  particularly  pity, 
sorrow,  grief,  or  other  tender  emotion  ;  us,  a  pathetic 
song  or  discourse ;  pathetic  expostulation.  Spectator. 


PA-THET'IC,  m.  Style  or  manner  adapted  to  awaken 
the  passions,  especially  tender  emotions. 

A  matician  at  T^nke  b  aald  to  hare  bo  excelled  in  tlie  pathetu:, 
as  to  be  able  to  pla^  an^  of  hJa  auditu.'a  laU)  dutnicii-in. 

Etttyc. 

PA-THET'ie-AI,-LY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as  to 
excite  the  tender  passions. 

PA-THET'I€-AL-NES3,  n.  The  quality  of  moving 
the  tender  passions. 

P.\TH'E-TlSiM,  n.     [Gr.  ttuOoc] 

The  agency  by  which  one  person,  by  manipula- 
tion, prepuces  emotion,  feeling,  passion,  or  other 
physical  or  mental  effect,  in  the  system  of  another; 
susceptibility  of  emotion  or  feeling,  of  any  kind, 
from  physical  contact,  or  sympathy  with  the  will 
of  another;  another  name  for  Mesmerism. 

SunderloTld. 

PATH'-FLY,  n.    A  fly  found  in  foot-paths. 

PATIl'IC,  n.    [from  the  Gr.  Tr-iSos.] 

A  catamite ;  a  male  that  submits  to  the  crime 
acainst  nature.  GiUies. 

PXTH'-KEEP-IXG,  a.     Keeping  in  the  path. 

PATH'LESS,  a.  Having  no  beaten  way  ;  untrodden  ; 
as,  a  pathless  forest ;  a  pathless  coast.  Prior. 

PA-THOG-NO-MON'ie,  a.  [Gr.  naeoyv(o,wviKOi  ; 
iroflo?,  passion  or  suffering,  and  yvw/iw*',  from  yt- 
vu>(TK(->,  to  know.] 

Indicating  that  which  is  inseparable  from  a  disease, 
being  found  in  that  and  in  no  other;  hence,  indicat- 
ing that  by  which  a  disease  may  be  certainly  known ; 
characteristic  ;  as,  pathog-nomonic  symptoms. 

PA-THOG'NO-MY,  n.  [Gr.  naSoi  and  j'i'w///?,  signi- 
fication.] 

Expression  of  the  passions;  the  science  of  the 
signs  by  which  human  passions  are  indicated. 

Good. 

PATH-0-L06'I€,        \  a.    [See  Patholoot.]      Per- 

PATn-0-L06'I€-AL,  J     taming  to  pathology. 


PAT 

PATH-O-LOO'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  pa- 
tholocy. 

PA  TIK)L'0-GIST,  n.     One  who  treats  of  pathology. 

PA-TIIOL'0-GY,  n.  [Gr.  JtaOo%,  passion,  suffuriug, 
and  Xo>  oy,  di(»coarse.J 

That  part  of  medicine  which  explains  the  nature 
of*diseases,  their  causes  and  symptoms  ;  or  the  doc- 
trine of  the  causes  and  nature  of  diseases,  compre- 
hending nosology,  etiology,  symptomatology,  and 
therapeutics.  Kncyc     Coze. 

PATH-0-P(E'IA,  n.  [Gr.  naOo-nona  ;  from  TraOuj,  pas- 
sion, and  TTutcoj,  to  make.] 

A  speech,  or  figure  of  speech,  contrived  to  move 
the  passtions.  Smart 

PA'THOS,  n,    [Or.,  from  rratr^w,  to  suffer.] 

Faasion ;  warmth  or  vehemence,  in  a  speaker;  or 
in  language^  that  which  excites  emotions  and  pas- 
sions. Mason. 

The  term  is  now  chiefly  restricted  to  that  which 
awakens  tender  emotions.  Rich.  DicL 

PATH'WAY,  w.  A  path ;  usually,  a  narrow  way  to 
be  passed  on  foot.  Oay. 

2.  A  way  ;  a  course  of  life.     Prov.  xil. 

PAT'I-HLE,  a,     [L.  patibilis^  from  patior,  to  suffer.] 
Sufferable;  tolerable;  that  may  be  endured.  [Mtt 
vsriL]  Diet, 

PA-TIB'IJ-LA-RY,  a.  .[Fr.  palibulairef  from  lu  patib- 
ulum.  a.  gallows.] 

Belonging  to  the  gallows,  or  to  execution  on  the 
cross.  Diet. 

Pa'TIENCE,  (pa'shens,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  patientia, 
from  patior,  to  suffer ;  It.  paiienza ;  Sp.  and  Port,  pa- 
eicncio.  The  primary  sense  is,  continuance,  holding 
out,  from  extendinfj.  Hence  we  see  the  connection 
between  pasSyAnd  h.  pandOypassuSj&utX  Gr.  rraTtw, 
See  Pass.] 

1.  The  suffuring  of  afflictions,  pain,  toil,  calamity, 
provocation,  or  other  evil,  with  a  calm,  unruffled  tem- 
per ;  (-ndurance  without  niuruiuring  or  frutfulness. 
Patience  may  si)ring  from  cimstituiionol  fortitude,  from 
a  kind  of  heroic  pride,  or  from  Christian  submission 
to  the  divine  will. 

2.  A  calm  temper,  which  bears  evils  without  mur- 
muring or  discoutenL 

3.  The  act  or  quality  of  waiting  long  for  justice  or 
expected  good  without  discontent. 

Havc  patience  with  me,  %)id  1  will  pay  thee  all.  —  MatL  xviii. 

4.  Perseverance ;  constancy  in  labor  or  exertion. 

He  learnt  with  j>adence,  and  witti  mcclineM  tatiglit.        HarU. 

5.  The  quality  of  bearing  offenses  and  injuries 
without  anger  or  revenge. 

Ilii  rage  wni  kindled  and  hia  padenct  goae.  Harte. 

6.  Sufferance ;  permission.   \^Xot  used."]   Hooker. 

7.  A  plant,  a  species  of  Rumex  or  dock.    Loudon, 
PA'TIENT,  (pa'shent,)  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  patiens.] 

1.  Having  the  quality  of  enduring  evils  without 
murmuring  or  frelfulness  ;  sustaining  afflictions  of 
body  or  mind  with  fortitude,  calmness,  or  Christian 
Bubmi:iision  to  the  divine  will;  as,  a  patient  penrm, 
or  a  person  of  patient  temper.  It  is  followed  by  of 
before  the  evil  endured  j  aa,  patimt  of  labor  or  pain  j 
patient  o/heat  or  cold.  Ray. 

2.  Not  easily  provoked ;  calm  under  the  suffer- 
ance of  injuries  or  offenses ;  not  revengeful. 

Be  padent  towiurd  all  men.  —  1  Then.  t. 

3.  Persevering;  constant  in  pursuit  or  exertion; 
calmly  diligent. 

WhaiRTer  I  hare  done  !■  due  to  patient  thought.         Aetflon. 

4.  Not  hasty ;  not  over  eager  or  impetuous  ; 
waiting  or  expecting  with  calmness  or  without 
discontent. 

Not  patUnt  to  expect  the  tumi  of  fiite.  Prior. 

PA'TIENT,  71,  A  person  or  thing  that  receives  im- 
pressions from  external  agents  ;  he  or  that  which  is 
passively  affected. 

Malice  IB  a  prission  >o  tmpftuoiii  nnd  precipitate,  (hat  it  oftca 
involves  the  agf.-nt  and  the  padtnt.      Gov.  qfOts  Tongue. 

9.  A  person  diseased  or  suffering  bodily  indisposi- 
tion. It  is  used  in  relation  to  the  physician  :  as,  the 
physician  visits  his  patient  morning  and  evening. 

3.  It  is  sometimes  used  absolutely  for  a  sick  person. 


PA'TIENT,  V.  L    To  compose  one's  self.    [JVot  used."] 

Shak. 
PA'TIENT-LY,  adv.    With  calmness  or  composure  ; 

without  discontent  or  murmuring.     Submit  patiently 

to  the  unavoidable  evils  of  life. 

2.  With  calm  and  constant  diligence ;  as,  to  ex- 
amine a  subject  patiently. 

3.  Without  agitation,  uneasiness,  or  discontent  ; 
without  undue  haste  or  eagerness ;  as,  to  wait 
patiently  for  more  favorable  events. 

PA-Tl'N/V,  n.  [It.]  Among  arti-rfji,  the  color  or  incrus- 
tation which  age  gives  to  works  of  art.    Algarotti. 

PAT'IN.     See  Paten. 

PAT'LY,  a*ft?.    [(tompaul    Fitly;  conveniently. 

PAT'NESS,  n.  [from  paU\  Fitness  ;  suitableness  ; 
convenience.  Barrow. 

PAT-OIS',  (pat-waw',)  ?i.  [Fr.1  A  dialect  peculiar  to 
the  lower  classes ;  a  provincialism. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHyi'.— MeTE,  PRfiY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 
604  ^^ 


PAT 

PA-TON'Cty.    See  Pomhb. 

Pa'TRI-ARGII,  n.     TL.  patriarcAa;   Gr.  Trar;)ja/>XTy  • 

rr.ir,jiii,  a  family,  irom  ffarr,/),  father,  and  a/j^"?)  * 

cliicfJ 

1.  The  fulhLT  and  nilcr  of  a  family;  one  who 
governs  by  p:ilernal  right.  It  is  usually  a[»plied  to 
ilie  progenitors  of  the  Israelites,  Abraham,  Isaac, 
Jacob,  and  the  sons  of  Jacob,  or  to  the  heads  of 
families  before  the  fiood  ;  as,  the  antediluvian 
patritu-chs. 

%  A  learned  and  distinguished  character  among 
the  Jews. 

3.  In  the  Eastern  churche^a  dignitary  superior  to 
the  order  of  archbishops  ;  as,  the  patriarch  of  Con- 
stantinople, of  Alessandria,  or  of  Ephesus. 
Fa-TRI-ARCH'AL,  ^   fl.      Belonging    to    patriarchs; 
PA-Till-AReH'ie,    t        possessed  by  patriarchs;    as, 
patriarfhat  power  or  jurisdiction  ;    a  patriarchal  see. 

2.  Subject  to  a  patriarch  ;  as,  a  patriarchal  church. 
Patriarchal  crossy  in  heraUlnj,   is  that  where  the 

shaft  is  twice  crossed,  the  lower  arms  beinc  longer 
than  the  upper  ones.  Encyc, 

PA-TR[-XReH'ATE,  n.    The  office,  dignity,  or  juris- 
diction of  a  patriarch  or  ecclesiastical  suiierior. 

Sdden. 
9.  The  residence  of  a  patriarch. 

JifisMonanj  ITerald. 
PA'TRI-.AReiMSM,  It,     Government  by  a  patriarch, 
or  the  head  of  a  family,  who  was  both  ruler  and 


priest,  as  Noah,  Abraham,  and  Jacob. 


PA'TRI-XRCII-3HIP,  n.  The  office,  dignity,  or  juris- 
diction of  a  patriarch.  JSyliffi:. 

PA'TRI-AReil-Y,ii.  The  jurisdiction  of  a  patriarch  ; 
a  patriarchate.  Srereicood. 

PA-TRr'CIAN,  (pa-trish'an,)  o.  [Fr.  palricien;  L. 
patriciujj  from  paUr,  father.] 

Senatorial ;  noble ;  not  plebeian.  This  epithet  is 
derived  from  the  Roman  patres,  fathers,  the  title  of 
Roman  senators  ;  as,  patrician  birlh  or  blood  ;  patri- 
cian families.  Jiddison, 

PA-TRI"CIA.V,  «.  A  nobleman.  In  tlie  Roman  state^ 
the  patricians  were  tlie  descendants  of  the  first 
Roman  senators. 

PAT-RI-M5'\I-AI.,  fl.  [Fr.  Sec  P^TRtMoxv.]  Per- 
taining to  a  patrimony  ;  inherited  from  ancestors  ; 
as,  a  patrimonial  estate. 

PAT-IU-ilO'M-AI^LY,  adv.     By  inheritance. 

DavenanL 

PAT'RI-MO-NY,  B.  [L.  patrimonium^  frum  pattr^ 
father.] 

1.  A  right  or  estate  inherited  from  one*8  ancestors. 

Drydm. 

2.  A  church  estate  or  revenue ;  as,  Sl  Peter's 
patrimonit. 

PA' TRI-O'r  or  PAT'RI-OT,  n.  [Fr.  patriate,  from  L. 
patrioj  une^s  native  country,  from  patCTj  father.] 

A  person  who  loves  his  country,  and  zealously 
supports  and  defends  it  and  its  interests. 

Such  («an  na  patrioU  alvrd  for  dying  laiws.  Pope, 

PA'TRI-OT  or  PAT'RI-OT,  a.     Patriotic  ;  devoted  to 

ihe  welfare  of  one's  country  ;  as,  patriot  zeal. 
PA-TRI-OT'I€  or  PAT-Rf-OT'IG,  a.     Full  uf  patriot- 
ism ;  actuated  by  the  love  of  one's  country  j  as,  a 
patriotic  hero  or  statesman. 

2.  Inspired  by  the  luve  of  one's  country  ;  directed 
to  Ihe  public  fsafelv  and  wptfarc  ;  as.  patriotic  zeal. 
PA'TRI-or-ISM  or  PAT'R(-OT-iaM,  n.  Irfjve  of 
one's  country  ;  the  passion  which  aims  to  ser^'e  one's 
country,  eiiiier  in  defending  it  from  invasion,  or 
protecting  iU  rights,  and  maintaining  its  taws  and 
institutions  in  vigor  and  purity.  Patriotism  is  the 
characteristic  of  a  good  citizen,  the  noblest  panion 
that  animates  a  man  in  the  character  of  a  citizen. 
PA-TRI-PAS'SIANS,  n.  pi.     [h.  pater  and  pnssia.] 

An  ancient  sect,  who  taught  that  God  the  Father 
Fuffer^d  with  Christ.  Murdock. 

PA-TRIS'Tie,  i   a.     [from   L.    pater^  patres^    fa- 

PA-7  RIH'Tie-AL,  i       thers.] 

Pertaining  to  the  ancient  fathers  of  the  Christian 
ch'irch.  M.  Stuart. 

PA-TROC'I-NATE,  r.  L    To  patronize.     [JW(  used.] 
PA-TROC-I-.\A'TION,  n.      Countenance  ;    8up[H>rt. 

rjVo(  iwfrf.]  I/all. 

PA-TR^L',  Ji.  [Fr,  patrouUU;  &p,  pairulla  f  Port. 
patrulha.     Bee  the  verb.] 

1.  In  Mvir,  B  round  ;  a  walking  or  marching  round 
by  a  guard  in  the  night,  to  watch  and  olwerve  what 
pns<<f!*,  and  to  secure  the  peace  and  nafety  of  a  camp 
or  other  place. 

9.  The  guard  or  persons  who  go  tite  roundp  for  ob- 
Mrvatinn  ;  a  detachment  wliuse  duty  is  to  patrr^. 
Ib  (Viiice,  tbrn  ta  ai.  anit/  of  palrois  to  vcun  li<-r  fitcA]  r*^. 
Inuuni.  HamUUin, 

PATROL',  p.  I.  [Fr.  patrouilltT,  to  paddle  or  pud- 
dle, to  patrol,  to  fumble  ;  Bp.  patruUar.  Hence  the 
word  seems  to  be  formed  from  Ih^*  name  of  the  foot. 
pad^  or  ped^  paw.  In  our  vulgar  dialect,  pad  is  used 
in  the  sense  of  walking  or  stepping  about.  It  seems 
to  be  allied  to  Gr.  irariM.] 

To  go  the  rounds  tn  a  camp  or  garrison  ;  to  march 
about  and  observe  what  passes,  as  a  guard. 

Eneye. 

PA  TROTiT/INO,  ppr.    Going  the  ronnds,  as  a  guard. 


PAT 

PA'TRON  or  PAT'RON,  n.  [L.  patroniu  ;  Gr.  ita- 
Tfiioi',  from  7rari7/),  father.] 

1.  Among  the  Riymans,  a  master  who  had  fVeed  hia 
slave,  and  retained  some  rights  over  him  after  his 
emancipation  ;  also,  a  man  of  distinction  under 
whose  protection  another  placed  him.setf.     Hence, 

2.  One  who  countenances,  supports,  and  protects 
either  a  person  or  a  work.  Prior. 

3.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  churchy  a  patron  saint  is 
one  regarded  as  the  peculiar  protector  of  a  country, 
community,  prufession,  &c.,  or  of  an  individual. 

Bra  nde. 

4.  In  the  canon  or  common  taw^  one  who  has  the 
gift  and  di-^position  of  a  benefice.  Encyc. 

5.  An  advocate  ;  a  defender  ,  one  that  siwcially 
countenances  and  supports,  or  lends  aid  to  advance  ; 
as,  patrons  of  the  arts  ;  a  patron  of  useful  under- 
takings ;  the  patrons  of  virtue.  Locke. 

6.  In  seamen's  lansua^c,  the  commander  of  a  small 
vessel  or  passage-boat ;  also,  one  who  steers  a  ship's 
long-boat. 

PAT'RON-ACiE,  n.  Si)ecial  countenance  or  support  ; 
favor  or  aid  atfordcd  to  second  the  views  of  a  person 
or  to  promote  a  design.  Sidney.  ■ 

2.  Guardianship,  as  of  a  saint.  Addlton. 

3.  Advowson  ;  the  right  of  presentation  to  a  church 
or  ecclesiastical  benefice.  Enajc, 

PAT'RON-AGE,  V.  t.  To  patronize  or  supporU  [J^ot 
used.]  Shak. 

PAT'RON-AL,  a.  Doing  the  office  of  a  patron  ;  pro- 
tecting; supporting;  favoring;  defending.  {Litde 
useA.]  Brown. 

pA'TRbi\-ES9  or  PAT'RON-ESS,  n.  A  female  Uiat 
favors,  countenances,  or  supports. 

Nnw  iii;l)(  crtm«  down,  nnd  ruse  full  sood 

TUAt patrx?neit  of  ru^itcs,  the  mooiL.      TYumbuWa  M'Fingal, 

2.  A  female  gimrdian  saint. 

3.  A  female  that  has  tlie  right  of  presenting  to  a 
church  living. 

PAT'RON-tZE,  V.  U  To  support  ;  to  countenance  ; 
to  defend  ;  as  a  patron  his  client. 

2.  To  favor  ;  to  lend  aid  to  promote  ;  as  an  under- 
taking. Drydciu 

3.  To  maintain  ;  to  defend  ;  to  support. 

This  iilra  tia*  been  patruTVzed  by  two  etatc*  only.     HamUUM. 

PAT'RON-IZ-ED,  pp.  Defended  J  supported;  fa- 
vored ;  promoted. 

PAT'RON'-TZ-ER,  n.  One  that  supiwrts,  counte- 
nances, or  favois. 

PAT'RON-IZ-ING,ppr.  ora.  Defending;  supporting; 
favoring  ;  promoting. 

PA'TRO.N-LESS  or  PAT'RON-LESS,  a.  Destitute 
of  a  patron.  Shaftesbunj. 

PAT-RO-NO-.MA-TOL'O-OY,  n.  [Gr.  Trar/?/),  ovopa^ 
and  Xoj^'f.] 

An  essay  on  the  origin  of  the  names  of  men,  il- 
lustrating their  relation  to  the  arts,  professions,  qunl- 
iljes,  or  oilier  facts  or  circiinistances  from  which  they 
originated.  The  naine  of  Smi^A,from  smite,  denoting 
a  beater  or  striker  of  metals,  is  more  general  than 
any  otlicr;  proving  that  the  art  of  working  on  met- 
als was  one  of  the  first  arts  practiced  by  men,  and 
one  of  the  mo«>t  common. 

PAT-RO-NYM'ie,  n.  [Gr.  TraTpbyvvaiKO^  f  L.  patro- 
nymietLSi  from  Gr.  )rirr7o,  father,  and  ovo/i't,  name.] 

A  name  of  men  or  women  derived  from  that  of 
their  jmrents  or  ancestors ;  as,  Tijdides,  the  son  of 
Tydcus ;  PtlideSf  the  son  of  Peleus,  that  is,  Achilles. 

P.  Cyc. 

PA-TROON',»i.  [D.  patroon,  a  protector,]  The  name 
given  in  the  Ptate  of  New  York  to  the  first  prfiprie- 
tors  of  certain  tracts  of  land  with  manorial  privi- 
leges, and  descending  with  tlie  property  to  the  oldest 
son. 

PAT'TED,  pp.    Struck  gently  with  the  fingers. 

PAT'TE.N,  It.  [Fr.  potiii,  probably  from  tJie  name  of 
the  fiHJt.] 

1.  The  base  of  a  column  or  pillar.        .^ingworth. 

2.  A  wooden  shoe  with  an  iron  ring,  worn  to  keep 
the  shoes  from  the  dirt  or  mud.        Camden.      Ony. 

PAT'TEN-.MAK  ER,  ju     One  that  makes  pattens. 
PAT'TER,  V.  i.    [from  fot,  to  strike  gently;  or  Fr. 
pattc,  the  foot.] 

To  strike,  as  falling  drops  of  water  or  hail,  with  a 
quick  succession  of  small  sounds  ;  as,  pattrrinfr  hail. 

Drydcn, 
The  al«nllng  •hower  I*  Kaxtn  to  palter  brant.  Thomson. 

PAT'TER-iH),  pp.  Struck  with  a  quick  succession  of 
small  ROtmd*'. 

PAT'TER-INO,  ppr.  or  a.  Striking  with  a  quick  suc- 
cession of  small  sounds. 

PAT'TER-I.NG,  «.  A  striking  with  a  quick  succes- 
sion of  HHialt  sounds. 

PAT'TERX,  n.  [Fr.  patron;  Arm.  patroum ;  D.  pa- 
troon.    See  Pathoh.] 

1.  An  original  or  model  proposed  fur  Imitation  ; 
the  archetype;  an  exemplar;  that  which  is  to  be 
copifd  or  imitated,  either  in  things  or  in  actions  ;  as, 
the  patttm  of  a  m.'ichlne;  a  pattern  of  patience. 
Christ  was  the  most  perfect  patttm  of  rectitude,  pa- 
tience, and  submission,  ever  exhibited  on  earth. 

3.  A  specimen  ;  a  sample ;  a  part  showing  the  fig- 


PAY 

ure  or  quality  of  the  whole  ;  as,  a  pattern  of  silk  or 
cloth. 

3.  Figure  or  style  of  ornamental  execution ;  as, 
chintz  of  a  beautiful  pattern. 

4.  A  qua  itity  of  cloth  sufficient  for  a  garment;  as, 
a  vest  patte  «. 

5.  An  inniance  ,  an  example.  Hooker, 

6.  Any  thing  cut  or  formed  into  the  shape  of 
something  to  Xte  made  after  it. 

PAT'TERX,  r.  (.  To  make  in  imitation  of  some 
model ;  to  copy.  Shak. 

2.  To  serve  as  an  example  to  he  followed.  S/wA. 
To  pattern  after  ;  to  imitate  ;  to  follow. 
PAT'TERN-£D,  p;?.     Copied  ;  made  in  imitation  of. 
PAT'TKRN-IXG,  ppr.     Imitating  ;  following. 
PAT'TY,  n.     [Fr.  pate,  paste.] 

A  little  pie. 
PAT'TY-I'.AN,  n.    A  pan  to  bake  a  little  pie  in. 
PAT'l|-LOUS,a.    [L.  pa(M/u.»,  from  patco,to  be  open.] 
Spreading  ;  as,  a  patulous  calyx  ;  bearing  the  flow- 
ers loose  or  dispersed  ;  as,  a  patulous  peduncle. 

Lee.     Jfartya. 
PAU-CIL'0-QUY,  jt.    [L.  paucus,  few,  and  loguor,  to 
speak.] 
The  utterance  of  few  words.     [Little  used.] 
PAU'CI-TY,  n.     [L.  paucitas,  from  paucusy  few.] 

1.  Fewness;  smallness  of  number  ;  as,  the  paucity 
of  schools.  Hooker. 

2.  Smallness  of  quantity ;  as,  paucity  of  blood. 

BrotPTU 

PAU'LINE,  a.     Pertaining  to  Paul.  £c.  Rev. 

PAUM,  V.  L  To  impn.se  by  fraud  ;  a  corruption  of  po^m. 

PAUNCE,  re,     A  pansy.     [See  PansyJ  [Swift. 

PAUNCH,  n,  [Fr.  panse:  It.  and  Sp.  panza ;  Port. 
pan^a ;  D.  pens ;  Basque,  pontia  ;  L.  pantcx.  Q,u. 
G.  inanst.] 
.The  belly  and  its  contents. 
ThepflHTifA,  in  niminating  quadrupeds,  is  the  first 
and  largest  stomacii,  into  which  the  food  is  received 
before  rumination.  Monro. 

PAUNCH,  V.  t.  To  pierce  or  rip  the  belly ;  to  eviscer- 
ate i  to  take  out  the  contents  of  the  belly. 

Shak.     Garth, 

PAUNCH'ING,  ppr.  Eviscerating;  taking  out  the 
contents  of  the  belly. 

PAU'PER,  71.  [L.  pauper,-  Fr.  pauvre;  Sp.  pobre;  It. 
povcro.] 

A  poor  person  ;  particularly^  one  so  indigent  as  to 
dcptmd  on  the  parish  or  town  for  maintennnce. 

PAU'PER-IS.M,  iu  The  state  of  being  poor  or  desti- 
tute of  the  means  of  support  ;  the  state  of  indigent 
persons  requiring  support  from  the  community.  The 
increase  of  pauperijsm  is  an  alarming  evil. 

PAU-PER-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  actor  process  of  re- 
(lucins  to  pauperism. 

PAU'PER-IZE,  V.  U    To  reduce  to  pauperism. 

PAU'PER-IZ-i:D,  pp.    Reduced  to  pauperism. 

PAU'PER-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Reducing  to  the  condition  of 
a  pauper. 

PAUSE,  (pawz,)  n.  [L.  Sp.  and  It. pn?wa;  Fr. pause; 
D.  poos;  S\v.  pans;  G.  and  Dan.  pause;  Gr.  jruucris, 
from  TTdiK.i,  to  cease,  or  cause  to  rest.] 

1.  A  slop;  a  cessation  or  intermission  of  action, 
of  speaking,  singing,  playing,  or  tlie  like  ;  a  tempo- 
rary stop  or  rest.  Hooker.    Locke. 

2.  Cessation  proceeding  from  doubt ;  suspense. 

I  itivnd  iapauts  where  I  ehalt  first  begia.  S^ioJc. 

3.  Break  or  paragraph  in  writing.  Locke. 

4.  A  temponiry  cessation  in  reading.  The  use  of 
punctuation  is  to  mark  the  pauses  in  writing.  In 
verse,  there  are  two  kinds  of  pausc.i,  the  cesuraJ  and 
the  final.  The  cesural  pause  divides  the  verse  ;  the 
final  ptausc  closes  it.  The  pauses  which  mark  the 
sense,  and  which  may  be  culled  scnttjitial^  are  the 
same  in  prose  and  verse. 

5.  A  mark  of  cessation  or  intermission  of  the 
voice  ;  a  point. 

PAUSE,  (pawz,)  r.  i.    To  make  a  short  stop ;  to  cease 
*io  speak  for  a  time  ;  to  intermit  speaking  or  action. 
Pausing  a  whll«,  thin  to  herself  ahc  ntiucd.  MUton. 

2.  To  Stop  ;  to  wait ;  to  forbear  for  a  time. 

Tarry,  paute  a  dny  or  two, 
Before  you  hazard.  SJtak. 

3.  To  be  intermitted.     The  music  pauses. 

To  pause  upon  ;  to  deliberate.         Shak,    KnoUes. 
Pj^US'ER,  71.    One  who  pauses  ;  one  who  deliberates. 

Shak. 
PAUS'ING,  ppr.     Stopping  for  a  time;   ceasing  to 

'spc;ak  or  act ;  deliberating. 
PAUS'ING-LY,  adv.     After  a  pause ;  by  breaks.  SItak. 
PA-Va1)E',  lu     A  short  dagger. 

PAV'AN,  n.  [Sp.pa»a?ia,  from  pavon,  L.paro,  a  pea- 
cock.] 

A  grave  dance  among  the  Spaniards.  In  this 
dance,  the  performers  muke  a  kind  of  wheel  before 
each  other,  the  gentlemen  dancing  with  cap  and 
Bword,  princes  witli  long  robes,  and  the  ladies  with 
Icmg  trails  ;  the  motions  resembling  the  statelv  steps 
of  the  i>eacock.  Encyc,     Sp.  Diet.     Shak. 

PA-VFJ,  (pk-vi',)  n.     [Fr.]     'i'he  pavement. 
PAVE,  o.  U     [Fr.  paver}  L.  pavio {  Gr.  iraito,  to  beat, 
to  strike.] 
1.  To  lay  or  cover  with  stone  or  brick  bo  as  to 


TONE,  KlJSA.y  ITNITE.— AN^'GER,  VI"CI0U8.  — €  M  K;  0  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CII  as  SII  j  TH  as  in  THIS. 


805 


PAW 

make  a  level  or  convenient  surface  fur  horses,  car- 
riages, or  foot  passengers  ;  to  fliKjr  with  brick,  stone, 
or  other  solid  material ;  as,  to  pave  a  street ;  to  pave 
a  sidewalk. 

S.  To  prepare  a  passage  ;  to  facititatf  the  introduc- 
tion of.  The  invention  of  printing  pace4  the  way 
for  intellectual  improvement. 

PA\''£D,  pp.  ox  a.  Laid  over  with  stones,  hricks,  or 
other  solid  material ;  prepared  j  as  a  way* 

PiVE'MENT,  n.     [L.  pavimentum.] 

A  floor  or  covering  consisting  of  stones,  bricks,  or 
other  solid  material,  laid  on  the  earth  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  make  a  hard  and  convenient  passage  ;  as,  a 
riremeiU  of  pebbles,  of  bricks,  or  of  marble. 
VE'MENT,  ».  L  To  pavej  to  floor  with  atone  or 
brick.     [UutLsuttL]  Bp.UalL 

PAVER,  {  ■•    One  who  Ia}'a  stones  for  a 

PIV'IER,  (pav'yer,)  {  floor,  or  whose  occupation  is 
to  pave.  Ony, 

PA' vI-AtiE,  n.  A  contribution  or  tax  for  paving  the 
etreeu  or  highways.  BoucUr* 

PAV'ID,«.    [Uparidwt.^ 
Timid      [AM  used.\ 

PA-VID'I-TY, «.     Fearfiilnesa.     U^otuaMA 

PA-VIL'IO.V,  Cptt-vil'yun,)  a.  [Fr.  fvOloHi  Sp^  pa- 
Mlant  Port.  pmniUmm;  Arm.  variMoa  ;  W.  pabeUt 
IL  Mt*^fli#iw  and  ftdifUotuf  UipcpUio^  a  butti^rtly, 
ana  a  pavilion.  According  to  Owen,  the  Wel;$h 
fobell  signifies  a  moving  habitation.] 

1.  A  lent ;  a  temporary'  iiiorable  habitation. 

2.  In  arcMUertitre,  a  kind  of  turret  or  building, 
nsually  insulated  and  contained  under  a  single  roof; 
sometimes  square  and  sometimes  in  the  fonn  of  a 
dome.  Sometimes  a  pavilion  is  a  projecting  part  in 
the  front  of  a  building  ;  sometimes  it  flanks  a  corner. 

Oteilt, 
The  name  is  somctim;^,  though  improperiy,  given 
to  a  snnimer-boiise  in  a  garden.  Bnutde, 

3.  In  military  affairsy  a  tent  raised  on  posts.  The 
word  is  sometimes  used  fur  a  flag,  colors,  ensign,  or 
banner. 

4.  In  hfraldry,  a  covering  in  form  of  a  tent,  invest- 
ing the  armories  of  kings. 

5.  Among  jetceiers,  the  under  side  and  corner  of 
brilliants  Iving  between  the  girdle  and  colleL 

PA-VIL'ION,  r.  L    To  furnish  with  tents.     jVOCm. 

2.  To  shelter  with  a  tent.  Pope, 
PA-VIL'IO.\-£D,  pp.     Furnished    with    pavilions; 

shelterL'd  by  a  tenL 
PAV'i.NG,^^.    Flooring  with  stones  or  bricka. 
PAV'ING,  ft.    The  act  o?  laying  a  pavement. 
9.  Pavement ;  a  floor  of  stones  or  bricka. 
PAV'IOR,  (p^v'yur,)  a.    One  that  paves;. 
PA'VO,  a.     [U,  a  peacock  ;  \V.  paw,  spreading.] 

A  constellation  in  the  southern  hemisphere,  south 
of  Sagittarius. 
PA-V6XE',  «.    [Uj>«w.l 

A  peacock.    [JVM  mmo.]  Spauvr. 

PAV'0-XIXG,  a.     [L.  jwmmmiu,  (hun  paoo,  a  pea- 
cock.] 
Resembling  the  tan  of  a  peacock ;  IridescenL 

CUavelaiuL 
Pi^W,  R.    [W.  fneen,  a  paw,  a  hoof;  Ann.  pan ;  Uin- 
u  ^ 

doo,  pauw ;  Pers.  isVj  pd,  the  foot ;  perhaps  con- 
tracted from  pad  or  pat,  a^  the  Dutch  have  poot,  and 
the  Fr.  patu.  If  so,  the  word  coincides  in  elements 
with  L.  pesypedisy  Gr.  irop(,  Eng.  foot,  Gr.  irarrcij.J 

1.  The  foot  of  beasts  of  prey  having  claws,  as  the 
lion,  the  tiger,  the  dog,  cat,  &,c    Leu.  xi. 

3.  The  band,  in  contempt.  Drydfn. 
PAW,  r.  i.    To  draw  the  fore  foot  along  the  ground  ; 

to  scrape  with  the  fore  foot  j  as,  a  fiery  horse  pateing 
with  his  hoof.  Stc\fL 

Be  pamHh  b)  the  nOt^f.  — Job  xxxix. 

PiyW,  r.  U    To  scrape  with  the  fore  foot. 

Um  hot  canxtet  pamui  th'  Uangumo  plain.  TUkei. 

S.  To  handle  roughly  \  to  acratcb. 
X  To  fawn ;  to  natter.  jfifwvortA. 

PA\V'£D,  pp.    Scraped  with  the  fore  foot 
Q.  a.  Having  paws. 

3.  Broad  footed.  Johnson. 

PA^V'IN'G,  ppr.    Scraping  with  the  fore  fooL 
PAWK'Y,  a.    [from  Sax.  ptrcojt,  to  deceive.] 

Arch  ;  cunning.     [LocaL]  Orose. 

PAWL,  a.    [W.  paw/,  Eng.  pole,  L-tw/m.    See  Polk.1 
Among  seamm^  a  short  bar  of  wood  or  iron  fixed 
close  to  Uie  capstan  or  windlass  of  a  ship  to  prevent 
it  from  ratling  back  or  giving  way.  Mar.  DicL 

PAWN,*.  [D.pand;  G.  pfand;  Sw.  pant;  Port,  pfa- 
Mor ;  It.  pfgTto  ;  Sp.  empino  ;  L.  pi^u«.  The  sense 
may  be  that  which  is  laid  down  or  deposited.] 

1.  Something  given  or  deposited  as  security  for  the 
payment  of  money  borrowed ;  a  pledge.  Paten  is 
applied  only  to  goods,  chattels,  or  money,  and  not  to 
Tealeal^e, 

Mni  wfQ  Dot  uke  ponu  vhhout  me.  Bacon. 

2.  A  pledge  for  the  fulfillment  of  a  promise.    Shak. 

3.  A  common  man  at  chess.     [See  Peo;*.]  CowUt/. 
Inpaxm,  at  pawn;  the  state  of  being  pledged. 

^^^^^    Svcn  ^mte,  my  honor  i%  at  pawn.  Shak. 


PAY 

P^WN,  r.  e.  [D.  panden;  Sp.  empeiiar ;  Port,  empen- 
har;  It.  tTTtpeg-narc ;  L.  piii-Hcro,] 

I.  To  give  or  de|K>8)t  in  pledge,  or  as  security  for 
the  payment  of  money  borrowed  ;  to  pledge  ;  as,  slie 
pawned  the  last  piece  of  plate. 

Q.  To  pledge  for  tlie  fulfillment  of  a  promise  ;  as, 
to  pairn  one's  Word  or  honor  that  on  agreement  shall 
be  fulfilled. 

PAWN'UROK-ER,  n.  One  who  lends  money  on 
pledge  or  the  deposit  of  goods.  JfrbutAnot. 

P^WX'BROK-ING,  N.  The  business  of  a  pawn- 
broker. 

P/^W'S'EDj  pp.    Pledged  ;  given  in  security. 

PJ^WN-EE',  n.  The  person  to  whom  a  pawn  is  de- 
livered OS  security  ;  one  tliat  takes  any  thing  in  pawn. 

If  Uio  n&wn  b  tiiid  up  aud  the  paiene*  rubbed,  he  la  not  n.n•we^ 
able.  Ena/t. 

PAWN'ER,  a.  One  that  pledges  any  thing  as  se- 
curitv  for  the  payment  of  borrowed  money. 

Pi^Wli'IMG,  ppr.  Pledging,  as  goods ;  giving  as  ae- 
curity. 

PAX,  n.     [h.  pnz,  ponce.] 

A  small  plate  of  polu,  silver,  Jtc,  with  the  image 
of  Christ  on  the  cross  on  it,  which  people,  before  tho 
refonnntion,  used  to  kiss  after  tho  service  ;  the  cer- 
emony being  considered  as  Uie  kiss  of  peace.      Todd. 

P.\X'VVAX,  n.  A  name  given  by  EnRJisli  butchew  to 
a  strong,  stifl*  cartilage  running  along  tho  sides  of  a 
large  quadruped  to  the  middle  of  the  tuick,  as  in  an 
ox  or  hurse.  It  seems  intended  to  support  tho  head 
in  a  horizontal  position.  Paley. 

PAY,  r.  L  i  pret.  and  pp.  Paid.  [Fr.  payer.  Norm,  pair, 
contractoci  from  It.  pagare.  Tort,  and  9p.  pa^ar. 
Arm.  paca.  Class  Bg.  From  tho  different  applica- 
tions of  pay,  the  sense  appears  to  be,  to  send  or 
send  to;  fur,  in  our  vulgar  language,  to  pay  on,  is 
to  strike,  to  beat ;  and  to  pay  with  pitch,  is  to  put  on 
or  rub  over.  In  the  sense  of  strike,  this  coincides 
with  the  Gret^k  jthk-i,  ejtiraiu},  W.  pwyaw.  In  an- 
other seamen's  phrase,  the  word  signifies  to  loosen 
or  slacken,  as  lo  pay  out  cable,  that  is,  to  send  or  ex- 
tend. But  this  word  can  not  bc-toiig  to  the  root  of 
the' Greek  and  Welsh  vvurds,  unles^s  these  are  con- 
tracted from  Pf  or  Pk.] 

1.  To  diwharge  a  debt;  to  deliver  to  a  creditor 
the  value  of  the  debt^  either  in  money  or  goods,  to 
his  acceptance  or  satisfaction,  by  which  the  obUga- 
tjon  of  the  debtor  is  discharged. 

2.  To  discharge  a  duly  created  by  promise,  or  by 
custom,  or  by  the  moral  law ;  as,  to  pay  a  debt  uf 
honor  or  uf  kinduess. 

You  hare  piud  down 
Mon  prnilence,  tJun  doae  uvipoM.  Shak. 

3.  To  fulfill ;  to  perform  what  is  promised  ;  as,  to 
pay  one's  vows.  Scripture. 

4.  To  render  what  is  due  to  a  superior,  or  de- 
manded by  civility  or  courtesy  ;  as,  to  pay  respect  to 
a  magistrate  ;  to  pay  due  honor  to  parents. 

5.  To  retort  upon  another  an  injury  received  ;  as, 
I  will  pay  you  for  this  trick.  Hence,  it  sometimes 
implies,  to  t>eat. 

Far  which,  oi  pay  we  quickl/,  or  III  pay  fuu.         B.  Jonson. 

6.  To  reward  ;  to  recompense ;  as,  to  pay  for  kind- 
ness with  neglect.  Diyden. 

To  pay  firr :  to  make  amends  ;  to  atone  by  sufler- 
ing.  Men  often  pay  for  tht-ir  mistakes  with  loss  of 
property  or  reputation,  sometimes  with  life. 

2.  To  give  an  equivalent  fur  any  thing  purchased. 

To  pay,  or  pay  ocer  ;  in  seamen'g  language,  to  daub 
or  besmear  the  surface  of  any  body,  to  preserve  it 
from  injury  by  water  or  weather. 

To  pay  the  bottom  of  a  vessel ;  to  cover  it  with  a 
composition  of  taltow,  sulphur,  resin,  &c. ;  to  bream. 

To  pay  a  Jiiast  or  yard  ;  to  besmear  it  with  tar,  tur- 
pentine, resin,  tallow,  or  varnish. 

To  pay  a  seam ;  to  pour  melted  pitch  along  It,  eo  as 
to  defend  the  oakum. 

To  pay  off;  to  make  compensation  to  and  dis- 
charge ;  as,  lo  pa:y  off  the  crew  of  a  ship. 

To  pay  out;  to  slacken,  extend,  or  cause  to  run 
out ;  as,  topoy  out  more  cable.  Mar.  Diet. 

PAY,  V.  i.    To  recompense. 

To  pay  off,  among  atamen,  is  to  fall  to  leeward,  as 
the  head  of  a  ship.  Mar.  Diet, 

To  pay  on  ;  to  beat  with  vigor  ;  to  redouble  blows. 
[CoiloquiaL] 
PAY,  n.  Compensation  ;  recompense  ;  an  equivalent 
given  for  money  due,  goods  purchased,  or  services 
performed  ;  salary  or  wages  for  services;  hire.  The 
merchant  receives  pay  fur  goods  sold  ;  the  soldier  re- 
ceives pay  for  his  services;  but  the  sfjidiera  of  the 
American  revolution  never  received  full  pay, 

2.  Compensation  ;  reward. 

Hen  only  merit  conatAut  pay  recHTCt.  Pope, 

PAY'A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.]  That  may  or  ought  to  be  paid. 
In  general,  money  is  payable  as  soon  a«  it  is  due,  or 
at  the  time  payment  is  stipulated,  or  at  the  expintiun 
of  the  credit ;  but,  by  the  usage  of  merchants,  three 
or  more  days  of  grace  are  allowed  to  the  debtor,  and 
a  note  due  at  the  day  when  payment  is  promised  is 
not  payable  tilt  the  expiration  of  the  days  of  grace,  j 
2.  That  can  be  paid  ;  that  there  is  power  to  pay. 
Tlianks  ore  a  uibuw  payable  by  the  poorcaL  South.      \ 


PEA 

PAY'-BILL,  R.  A  bill  of  money  to  be  paid  to  the  sol- 
diers of  a  company. 

PAY'-UAY,  71.  Thedny  when  payment  is  to  bo  made 
or  debts  discharged  ;  the  day  on  which  wages  or 
money  is  stipulated  to  be  paid.  Locke. 

PAY-EE',  n.  The  person  to  whom  money  is  to  be 
l>aid ;  the  person  named  in  a  bill  or  note  to  whom 
tho  nmouiil  is  promised  or  directed  to  be  paid. 

PAY'ER,  n.  One  that  pays.  In  hilUi  of  exchange,  the 
person  on  whom  the  bill  is  drawn,  and  who  is  di- 
rected to  pay  this  money  to  the  holder. 

PAY'ING,  ppr.  Discharging  a  debt ;  fulfilling  a  prom- 
iRe ;  rewarding. 

PAY'MAS-TEIl,  n.  O^ne  who  is  to  pay;  one  from 
whom  wages  or  reward  is  received.  Taylor. 

2.  In  Oie  army,  an  officer  whose  duty  is  to  pay  the 
oflicers  and  soldiers  their  wages,  and  who  is  intrusted 
with  money  for  this  purpose. 

PAY'ME^T,  71.  The  act  of  paying  ot  giving  compen- 
sation. Bacon. 

2.  'J'ho  thing  given  In  discharge  of  a  debt  or  fulfill- 
ment of  a  promise.  Sha}u 

3.  Reward  ;  recompense.  South, 

4.  Chastisement;  sound  beating.     [J^otuscd.] 
PAY'NIM.     See  Painim.  [Ainswrth. 
PAY'-OF-FICE,  n.    A  place  or  olfico  where  payment 

is  made  of  public  debts. 

PAYSE,  PAYS'ER,  for  Poise,  PoisEa,  are  not  used. 

Spenser. 

P£A,  TL  [Sax.  pisa;  Fr.  poia ;  It.  piadlo}  ll  puum; 
Gr.  iriaijv  i  W .  py.ij  pysen ;  Ir.  pu.] 

A  plant  and  its  f^ruit  of  the  genus  Pisum,  of  many 
varieties,  much  cultivated  fur  fuod.  This  plant  has 
a  papilionaceous  flower,  and  the  pericarp  is  a  legume, 
called  in  popular  language  a  pod.  In  Uie  plural,  we 
write  peas,  for  two  or  more  individual  seeds ;  but 
peajie  for  an  indefinite  number  in  quantity  or  bulk. 
We  write  two,  three,  or  four  peas,  but  a  bushel  of 
pease.     [  TTiis  practice  is  arbitrary  and  ijnpropcr.] 

Peace,' (puse,)  n.  [Sax.  pais;  Nurm.  pai'j  ;  Fr.  pcii; 
!t.  pace;  Sp.  and  Purl,  pui ;  Ann.  peocA,  from  pcoh; 
h.  paz.  Qu.  Russ.  pokoi.  The  elements  arc  Pg,  or 
their  cognates  ;  for  the  L.  hiis  paco,  to  appease,  coin- 
ciding with  the  root  of  pack,  and  signifying  to  press 
or  to  stop.] 

1.  \i\  a  general  senar,^  state  of  quiet  or  tranquillity  ; 
freedom  fruin  dislurbutice  or  agitation  ;  applicable  to 
society,  to  individuals,  or  to  the  temper  of  the 
mind. 

2.  Freedom  from  war  with  a  foreign  nation ;  pub- 
lic quiet. 

3.  Freedom  from  internal  commotion  or  civil 
war. 

4.  Freedom  ftoin  private  quarrels,  suits,  or  dis- 
turbance. 

5.  Freedom  from  agitation  or  di!*turbance  by  the 
posslons,  ns  from  fear,  terror,  anger,  anxiety,  or  tlie 
like;  quietness  of  mind;  tranquillity;  calmness; 
quiet  of  conscience. 

Gre&t  ptacm  hare  Uti-ij  that  love  thy  law.  —  Pa.  cxix. 

6.  Heavenly  rest;  the  happiness  of  heaven. 

Is.  Ivii. 

7.  Harmony ;  concord  ;  a  state  of  reconciliation 
between  parties  at  variance. 

8.  Pul>lic  tranquillity  ;  that  quiet,  order,  and  secu- 
rity which  is  guarantied  by  the  laws;  as  to  keep  the 
peace;  to  break  the  peace. 

9.  This  word  is  used  in  commanding  eilence  or 
quiet  j  as,  peace  lo  Uiis  troubled  soul. 


Peace  I  the  lovera  are  nalcep. 


Craehav). 


To  be  at  peace ;  lo  be  reconciled ;  to  live  in  har- 
mony. 

To  make  peace ;  to  reconcile,  as  parties  at  variance. 

To  hald  the  peace ;  to  be  silent ;  to  suppress  one's 
_thought3  ;  not  to  speak. 
PkACE'A-BLE,  a.    Free  from  war,  tumult,  or  public 
commotion.     We  live  in  peaceable  times.     The  ref- 
ormation was  introduced  in  a  peaceable  manner. 

2.  Free  from  private  feuds  or  quarrels.  The  neigh- 
bors are  peaceable.     These  men  are  peaceable. 

3.  Ciuiet ;  undisturbed  ;  not  agitated  with  passion. 
His  mind  is  very  praceabU. 

4.  Nut  violent,  bloody,  or  unnatural;  as  to  die  a 
peaceable  death. 

PkACE'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  peace- 
able ;  quietness. 

2.  Dii^pcisition  to  pear©.  Hammond, 

Pe.\CE'A-BLY,  ado.  Without  war;  without  tumuli 
or  couiinotion  ;  without  private  feuds  and  quarrels. 

2.  Witliout  disturbance;  quietly;  wiUiout  a^'ita- 
tion  ;  witliotit  interruption. 

PeACE'-BREaK-ER,  71.  One  that  violates  or  disturbs 
public  peace. 

PeACE'FJJI--,  a.  Quiet ;  undisturbed  ;  not  in  n  state 
of  war  or  commotion  ;  as,  a  peaceful  time  ;  a  peaceful 
countr>'. 

2.  Pacific  ;  mild  ;  calm  ;  as,  peaceful  words  ;  a 
peaceful  tempfr. 

3.  Removed  from  noise  or  tumult ;  still ;  undis- 
turbed ;  as,  ihe peaceful  cottage;  the  peaceful  scenes 
^f  nirnl  life. 

PeACE'FJjL-LY,  adv.    Without  war  or  commotion. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PR£Y.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK-  — 


PEA 

2.  Quietly  ;  without  disturbance. 

Our  loved  earth,  wl»ew  peac^uUtf  we  alcpL  Drydtn, 

3.  Mililly ;  gentlv. 

PeACE'FI.L-.NESS',  71.  Quiet;  freedom  from  war, 
tUDiulI,  jistorbance,  or  discord. 

2.  Freedoui  from  mental  perturbation ;  nSyptactfui- 
ness  of  mind. 
PeAOE'LESS,  o.    Without  peace  ;  disturbed.  Sandys. 
PkACE'MAK-ER,  n.    One  who  makes  peace  by  rec- 
onciling parties  tliat  are  at  variance. 

BleswHl  are  th«  (wac«fnain-«,  for  they  thai  1  be  c&Ued  the  clitldrea 
c/  ijoj.  —  Matu  T. 

PEACE'-OF-FER-ING,  »u  Among  (Ae  Jew*,  a  volun- 
tary offering  to  God,  in  thankfulness  for  iiis  benefits, 
or  to  ask  favors  from  him,  or  merely  to  satisfy  the 
desires  of  a  devout  mind  and  give  honor  to  G(k1. 

Ltciticus. 
9.  In  common  usage,  satisfaction  offered  to  an  of- 
fended person,  especially  to  a  superior. 

PEACE'-OF-FI-CER,  n.  A  civil  olficer  whose  duty 
is  to  preserve  the  puhhc  peace,  to  prevent  or  punish 
riot;!,  &.C. ;  as  n  sheritf,  or  constable. 

PeACE'-PXUT-ED,  a.  Dismissed  from  the  world  in 
peace.  Sftak. 

PkACE'-PXR-TY,  n.  A  party  that  favors  peace,  or  the 
making  of  peace.  Mitford. 

PEACH,  TU  [FT.piehe;  Tt.pesca;  Arm.  pechesen.] 
A  tree  and  its  fruit,  of  the  genus  Persica  or  Ainyg- 
dalua,  of  many  varieties.  This  is  a  delicious  fruit, 
the  produce  of  warm  or  temperate  climates.  In 
America,  the  peach  thrives  and  comes  to  perfection 
In  the  neighborhood  of  Boston,  northward  of  which 
it  usually  fails. 

PP.ACII,  for  Impeach,  is  nnt  used.  Zhydm, 

PkACH'-€OL-OR,  (peech'kul-lur,)  n.  The  pale-red 
color  of  the  peach  blossom. 

PEACH'-eOtrOR-£D,  (peecli'kul-lurd,)  «.  Of  the 
culor  of  a  peach  blossom.  Shak. 

PftACH'ER,  «.     An  accuser,     {^"ot  used.]  Fuz, 

PEA'CHICK,  n.  The  chicken  or  young  of  the  pea- 
cock. SouUiem, 

PeACH'-TREE,  n.  The  tree  that  produces  the  peach. 

PeA'COCK,  n.  [Pfd,  iu  this  word,  is  from  L.  pavo. 
Bnx.  patea;  Fr.  paon,  contracted  from  pavonLi ;  It. 
patone;  Sp.  paFOn;  D.  paauto ;  G.  p/au  ;  VV.  pairan, 
from  ptie,  spreading,  extending.] 

A  large  and  beautiful  gallinaceous  fowl  of  the 
genus  Pavn,  properly  the  male  of  the  species,  but  in 
usage  the  name  is  applied  to  the  species  in  general. 
The  feathers  of  this  fowl's  tail  are  ver>'  long,  and 
variegated  with  rich  and  elegant  colors.  The  i)ea~ 
cock  is  a  native  of  India. 

PEA'eOCK-FiSH,  n.  A  beautiful  fish  of  the  Metfiler- 
raiit-an,  Labrus  Pavo  of  Liniiseus. 

PEA'IIEN,  n.     [Gr.  pfauhenne  or  pfauen  ;  D.  paaumn.'] 
The  hen  or  female  of  the  peacock. 

PEA'-JACK-ET,  n.  A  thick  woolen  jacket  worn  hy 
seamen,  &c, 

PEAK,  (peek,)  n.  [Sax.  pfoc;  W.pigi  Ir.pem;  Eng. 
pikcy  baik  ;  Fr.  pique ;  IL  becco :  Sp.  pico.  These  are 
of  one  family,  signifying  a  point,  from  shooting  or 
thrusting.] 

1.  The  lop  of  a  hill  or  mountain,  ending  in  a  point; 
as,  the  penk  of  Teneriffe. 

2.  A  point ;  the  end  of  any  thing  that  terminates 
In  a  point. 

3.  The  upper,  outer  ctirner  of  a  sail  which  is  ex- 
tended by  a  gaff  or  yard  ;  also,  the  extremity  of  the 
yard  or  gaff.  Mar.  Diet. 

Peak,  o. ».    To  look  sickly  or  thin,  [^rot  used.]  Shak. 
3.  To  make  u  mean  figure  ;  to  sneak.    [Act  used.] 

Shak. 
PEAK,  15.  £.    To  raise  a  gaff  or  yard  more  obllfiuely  to 

the  mast.  Mar.  DicL 

PEAK'ED,  (pe'ked  or  peekt,)  a.    Pointed  ;  ending  in 

a  pnint. 
PP.AK'ING,  a.     Mean;  sneaking;  poor.     [Vulgar.] 
PEAK'ISH,  a.  Denoted  or  belonging  to  an  acuminated 

iitUAtion.  Drayton. 

2.  Having  features  that  seem  thin  or  sharp,  as  from 
sickness.     yCoilvquioL]  Smart. 

PE.\L.  (peel,)  n.  [from  L.  peZ/o,  whence  appelloj  to 
appraL  The  sense  is,  to  drive  ;  a  peal  is  a  driving  of 
sound.  This  word  seems  to  belong  to  the  family  of 
L.  balOj  and  Eng.  to  bawl^jubiUfy  bell,  Ace] 

A  loud  sofind,  usually  a  succession  of  loud  sounds, 
as  of  belts,  thunder,  cannon,  shouts  of  a  multitude, 
&.C.  Bacon,     Milton.    .Addison. 

PEAL,  V.  i.  To  utter  loud  and  solemn  sounds  ;  ns  the 
pealing  organ.  MUton, 

PeAL,  v.  l    To  assail  with  noise. 

Nor  wa«  bii  ear  leta  peaUd,  Milton. 

S.  To  cause  to  ring  or  sound  ;  to  celebrate. 

1'he  iranior'*  n&ino 
Though  pealtd  and  chimed  oa  ail  tba  loojfuea  of  txmf, 

J.  Barto*. 

3.  To  stir  or  agitate.    \J^ot  uatd.]        ^innoorth. 
PEAI^'/'O,  pp.     Assailed  with  sound;    resounded; 

celebrated. 

PEAL'ING.ppr.  or  a.  Uttering  a  loud  sound  or  suc- 
cessive sininds  ;  resounding. 

PB'AN,n.     [Ihpiran;  Gr. -natav,] 
A  iBong  of  praise  or  triumph. 


PEB 

PE'AN-ISM,  n.  The  song  or  shouts  of  prai-^e  or  of 
battle  ;  shouts  of  triumpli.  Mitford. 

PEA'NUT,  n.  Tlie  Araciiis  Hypoga;a,  or  ground  nut, 
sometimes  called  Pisdar. 

PeA'-ORE,  n.  An  argillaceous  oxyd  of  iron,  occur- 
ring in  round  grains  of  the  size  of  a  pea.     Humble. 

PEAR,  (pare,)  n.  [Sax.  ptra,*  Pp.  Port,  and  It.  prra; 
D.  peer;  G.  birnf  Sw.  paron ;  Dan.  pa^re;  Arm. 
peren  ;  W.per;  h.  pyrum.] 

The  well-known  fruit  of  the  Pyrus  communis,  of 
many  varieties,  some  of  which  are  delicious  to  the 
taste. 

PEARCH  (perch.)     See  Perch. 

PEARL,  (perl,)  ji.  [Fr.  pcrle;  It.  and  Sp.  peria;  Ir. 
pearla ;  Sax.  pearl ;  Sw.  p'drla  ;  D.  paarl ;  G.  pprle ; 
W.  perlyn.  This  may  he  radically  the  same  word  as 
beryl^  and  so  named  from  its  clearness.] 

1.  A  white,  hard,  snnxith,  shining  body,  usually 
roundish,  found  in  certain  testaceous  fish  of  the 
oyster  kind.  It  is  found  in  the  Persian  seas,  on  the 
Coast  of  Ceylun,  and  in  many  parts  of  the  ocean 
which  washes  the  shores  of  Arabia  and  the  continent 
and  isles  of  Asia,  and  is  taken  by  divers.  Pearls  are 
of  different  sizes  and  colors;  the  larger  ones  approach 
to  the  figure  of  a  pear ;  some  have  been  found  more 
than  an  inch  in  length.  They  are  valued  according 
to  their  size,  their  roundness,  and  their  luster  or  pu- 
rity, which  appears  in  a  bright,  transhicent,  silvery 
whiteness.  McCulloch.     P.  Cyc. 

2.  Poetieallyy  something  round  and  clear,  as  a  drop 
of  water  or  dew.  Draytoiu 

3.  A  white  speck  or  film  growing  on  the  eye. 

Ainstcorth. 

PEARL,  (perl,)  r.  U    To  set  or  adorn  with  pearls, 

PEARL,  (pt^rl,)  V.  i.    To  resemble  pearls.       Spenser. 

PEARL-A'CEOUS,  a.     Resembling  mother-of-pearl. 

PE.\RL'ASH,  (perl'ash,)  n.  A  somewhat  impure  car- 
iKinate  of  potassa,  obtained  by  calcining  potashes  up- 
on a  reverberatory  hearth,  Ure. 

PEARL'-DIV-ER,  ti.    One  who  dives  for  pearls. 

Carlisle. 

PEARL'£D,  (perld,)  a.    Set  or  adorned  with  pearls. 

MiUun. 

PEARL'-E7-ZD,  (perPlde,)  o.  Having  a  speck  in  the 
eye.  Jnhason. 

PEARL'-OYS-TER,  n.  The  oyster  which  yields 
pearls. 

PEARL'-SIN-TER,  n.  Fiorite  ;  a  variety  of  silicious 
sinter,  the  color  gray  and  white.  Ure* 

PEARL'-SPXR,  (perl'sp'lr,)  n.     Brown  spar. 

PEARL'-^TONE,  n.  A  variety  of  obsidian,  of  a  blu- 
ish or  grayish  color,  and  pearly  luster.  Dana. 

PEARL-Sf  UD-DED,  a.     Studded  with  pearls.  Scott. 

PEARL'-VVnrrE,  n.  A  white  powder  precipitated 
from  the  nitrate  of  bismuth  by  a  solution  of  sea-salt. 

Ure. 

PEARL'-WORT,  }  n.    An  annual  plant  of  the  genus 

PEARL'-GRXSS,  \      Sagina,  Loudon.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

PEARL'V,  (perl'e,)  a.  Containing  pearls  ;  abounding 
with  pearls  ;  as,  pearly  shells  ;  a  pearly  shore. 

2.  Resembling  pearls;  clear;  pure;  transparent; 
as,  the  pearly  flood  ;  pearly  dew.  Drayton.  Dryden. 

PEAR'MAIN,  n.     A  variety  of  the  apple. 

PEAR'-TREE,  n.    The  tree  that  produces  pears. 

PEAS'ANT,  (pez'ant,)  lu  [Vt.paysam  Sp.  and  Port. 
paisano  ;  (Voin  the  name  of  country  ;  Fr.  pais^  or  pays, 
Sp.  and  Port,  pais.  It.  paese :  VV.  peiw,  a  place  of 
rest,  a  country,  from  pau^  coinciding  with  Gr.  navto^ 
to  rest.] 
A  countr>'man  ;  one  whose  business  is  rural  labor. 

PEAS'ANT,  (pez'ant,)  a.     Rustic  ;  rural.      Spenser, 

PEAS'ANT-LTKE,  >  a.     Rude;   clownish;   illiterate; 

PEAS'ANT-LY,       \      resembling  peasants.  Milton. 

PEAa'ANT-RY,  (iM-z'ant-ry,)  n.  Peasants;  rustics j 
the  body  of  country  people.  Locke. 

2.  Rusticity.     [A'ot  used.]  Butler. 
PEAS'-€OD,     )  n.  The  legume  or  pericarp  of  the  [>ea. 
PEA'-SIIELL,  1                                          IValton.     Gay. 
PEA'-STONE,  R.    Pisolite,  which  see. 

Pease,  (pcez,)  R.  pL  Peas  coUectively,  or  used  as 
fo<^d.     [See  Pea.]  ArbiUlittoU 

PE.\T,  n.    [G.  p/ii/M,  a  bog.] 

A  substance  of  vegetable  origin,  always  found 
more  or  less  saturated  with  water.  It  consists  of 
roots  and  fibers  in  every  stage  of  deconi[Hjsitlon, 
from  the  natural  wood  to  the  c«>mpletely  black 
vegetable  mold.  When  dried,  it  forms  a  valuable 
kind  of  fuel.  P.  Cyc. 

PEAT,  n.     [Tt.  petit] 

A  small,  delicate  person.  Ifalliwell. 

PEAT'-MOSS,  a.  [peat  and  mo4s.]  The  same  as  Pkat, 
which  see. 

3.  A  fen  producing  peat 

PEAT'Y,  a.    Composed  of  peat ;  resembling  peat. 

Brande. 

[Sax.  paboby  papolstana,] 


PER'RLE, 
PEU'BLE-STONE 


1.  In  papular  usage,  a  roundish  stone,  of  any  kind, 
from  the  size  of  a  nut  to  that  of  a  man's  head. 

2.  Among  opticians,  transparent  and  colorless  rock- 
crystal.  Brande. 

PEIi'ULE-eRYS'TAL,  n.  A  crystal  in  form  of  nod- 
ules, found  In  earthy  stratums,  and  irregular  in 
shape.  WoodiBard. 


PEC 

PEH'BLf;n,  a.     Abounding  with  iK-bbles.  71iomi>on. 
PEB'BLY,  a.    Full  of  pebbles ;  abounding  with  small, 

roundish  stones. 

PE-CAiN',     I  n.    A  species  of  hickory,  Carya  olivifor- 

PE-CX'NA,  1      mis,  and  its  fruit,  growing  in  North 

America.     The  nuts   are  oblong,  very  smooth,  an 

inch  or  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  with  thin  shells, 

and  form  a  small  article  of  trade  in  the  southern 

part  of  the  vaHey  of  the  MisaJssippL  P.  Cyc. 

PEC'A-RY,  n.    See  Peccart. 

PEC-CA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [ftom  oeceaMe.]  State  of  be- 
ing subject  to  sin  3  capacity  of  sinning. 

Decay  of  Piety. 
PEC'C  ABLE,  a.     [from  L.  veceoy  Ir.  peachadhy  W.  pec, 
prcawd,  sin  ;  pecu,  to  sin ;  Fr.  pecker ;  It.  peccart ;  Sp. 
pccar  ] 

Liable  to  sin  ;  subject  to  transgress  the  divine  law. 
Priejiilev. 
PEC-CA-DIL'LO,  71.     [Sp.,  dim.  from  pecado,  L.  pccca- 
turn;  Fr,  peccadille.     See  Peccable.]     • 

L  A  slight  trespass  or  offense  3  a  petty  crime  or 

fault.  Drydnt. 

2.  A  sort  of  stiff  ruff.  B.  Taylor. 

PEC'CAN-CY,  71.     [from  peccant.]     Bad  quality ;  as, 

the  peccancy  of  the  huuiors.  Wlicman. 

9.  Offense.  Mountaspt. 

PECCANT,  a.     [L.  peccans;  Fr.  peccant.    See  Peoca- 

DLE.] 

1.  Sinning;  giiilty  of  sin  or  transgression;  crim- 
inal ;  as,  peccant  angels.  Miltoit. 

2.  Morbid  ;  bad  ;  corrupt  j  not  healthy ;  as,  peccant 
humors.  Arbuthuut, 

3.  Wrong  ;  bad  ;  defective  j  informal ;  as,  a  peccant 
citation.     [JV«(  used.]^  .^vUffe. 

PECCANT,  n.     An  offender.     [J^otused.]    Whitiock. 

PEC'CANT-LY,  adv.     Sinfully  ;  transgressingly. 

PEC'GA-RY,  n.  The  popular  name  of  a  pachyderma- 
tous mammal,  belonging  to  the  genus  Dicotyles.  It 
is  nearly  related  to  the  hog.  There  are  two  species, 
the  one  inhabiting  the  eastern  side  of  South  Ameri- 
ca, and  the  other  Paraguay.  There  is  an  opening  on 
the  back,  from  which  is  extracted  a  fetid  humor  se- 
creted within. 

PEC-C.^'Vr,  [L.,  I  have  offended.]  A  colloquial  word 
used  to  express  confession  or  acknowledgment  of  an 
offense.  .Aubrey. 

PEC  I  I'BXxENDE,  n.  [G.  peck,  pitch,  and  Wende,  blend.] 
Pitchblende,  which  see. 

PECK,  V.     [Arm.  pecJt,  a  fourth  ;  Fr.  pieotin.] 

1.  The  fourth  part  of  a  bushel ;  a  dry  measure  of 
eight  quarts  ;  as,  a  peck  of  wheat  or  oats. 

2.  In  low  language,  a  great  deal ;  as,  to  be  in  a  peck 
of  troubles.     Ciu.  pack. 

PECK,  V.  L  [It.  bccr.are;  Sp.  picnr;  Fr.  beeqiictcr  ;  D. 
pikeii ;  G.  ptckea ;  Dan.  pikkcr.  This  verb  is  connect- 
ed with  the  nouns  beak  and  pike.] 

1.  To  strike  with  the  beak  ;  to  thrust  the  beak  in- 
to ;  as,  a  bird  that  pecks  a  hole  in  a  tree. 

2.  To  strike  with  a  pointed  instrument,  or  to  delve 
or  dig  with  any  thing  pointed,  as  with  a  pick-ax. 

Camp. 

3.  To  pick  up  food  with  the  beak.  I>rydm. 

4.  To  strike  with  small  and  repeated  blows;  to 
strike  in  a  manner  to  make  small  impressions.  In 
this  sense,  the  verb  is  generally  intransitive.  Wo 
Bay,  to  peck  at.  South. 

[This  verb  and  Pick  are  radically  the  same.] 
PECK'i-rD,  (pekt,)  pp.    Struck  or  penetrated  with  a 

beak  or  pointed  instrument. 
PECK'ER,  n.  One  that  peeks  j  a  bird  that  pecks  holes 

in  trees  ;  a  wood|R'cker.  Dnjden. 

PECK'ING,  ppr.    Striking  with  the  bill ;  thrusting  the 

beak  into  ;  thrusting  into  with  a  pointed  instrument  j 

taking  up  food  with  the  beak. 
PECK'LKh,  for  Speckled,  is  not  used.  Walton. 

PEC'TATE,  n.    A  compound  of  pectic  acid  with  a 

base. 
PECTEN,  n.  [L.]    A  vascular  membrane  on  the  eyes 

of  birds. 
2.  A  genus  of  bivalves ;  the  clam.  Brandt. 

PECTIC  ACID,  TI.     [Gr.  rrfjirrcf,  coagiilum.] 

The  acid  of  many  species  of  vegetables,  so  called 

from  its  tendency  to  form  a  jelly.    It  may  be  obtained 

by  the  action  of  an  alkali  on  pectin.  Ure. 

PECTIN,  n.    [Gr.  itr}Kroi.] 

The  gelatinizing  principle  of  certain  vegetables, 

as  apples. 
PECTIN-AL,  a.    [L.  pecten,  a  comb  ;  perfo,  to  comb, 

Gr.  JTtJfTEf.),  from  tieku^.] 
Pertaining  to  a  comb  ;  resembling  a  comb. 
PEC'i'IN-AL,  n.    A  fish  whose  bones  resemble  Uie 

teeth  of  a  comb.  Bruwn. 

?ii''?lN:A-TE'D,  i  -■     [<■""■  I"  ?«'™'  "  '""""■^ 

Having  resemblance  to  the  teeth  of  a  coaib.  In 
botanvt  a  pectinate  leaf  is  a  sort  of  pinnate  leaf,  in 
which  the  leaflets  are  toothed  like  a  comb. 

Marlyn. 
A  mineral  is  pectinated,  when  it  presents  short  fila- 
ments, crystals,  or  branches,  nearly  parallel  and  equi- 
distant. Pfiillips. 
PEC'TIN-ATE-LY,  adv.     In  a  pectinate  manner. 
PEC-TIN-A'TION,  n.    The  state  of  being  nectinatod. 
2.  A  combing;  the  combing  of  the  heau.       Cyc. 


TONE,  BJ;LL,  IJNITE.— AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS €  as  K;  0  as  J;  9  as  Zj  CH  as  SH  j  TH  as  in  THIS. 


PED 


PEe-TlN-I-HRANeH'I-ATE,  a.  [L.  pr^ten  and  branch- 

w.l 

In  maUeotogy^  b&ving  pectiiialed  gills, 
PEC'TIN-rrE,  11.     [L.  pecten,  a  comb.] 

A  fossil  Pecten  or  scallop.     [Ohs.]  Kirwtn. 

PECTORAL,  a.     [L.  pectaralu/,  from  pectus^  breast.] 
Pertaining  to  the  breast ;  as,  Uie  pectoral  muscles  ; 
pe^titral  medicines.  Miltvn. 

The  prctoral  Jins,  or  prctemUy  of  a  fish,  are  sHualed 
on  the  sides  of  the  fish,  behind  the  pills. 
PEC'TO-RAL, ».     A  bresBtplaie.     l^u^c.    Johnson. 
a.  A  sacerdotal  habit  or  vesiinent  worn  by  the  Jew- 
ish high  priest,  called,  in  our  version  of  the  Bible,  a 
Breastplate.  **"?»?•, 

a  A  medicine  adapted  to  cureor  relieve comptainta 

of  the  breast  and  lungs. 

4.  In  UhtkuoUi^^  a  pectoral  fin. 
PEe-TO-RI-LOHiCl-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  of  the 

nature  of  peciorihxiuy. 

PEC-TO-Ri^'O-UUY,  «.  [L.  pectus,  the  breast,  and 
lomtor^  to  speak  ;  a  speaking  fnun  llie  breast.] 

Id  medicin*^  when  a  i»atient*3  voice,  disiinclly  ar- 
ticulated, seems  to  pruceed  from  the  [H>iiit  ut  Ilie 
cbeiit  on  whicli  the  ear  or  a  stetlK>scijp«  is  placed, 
there  is  said  to  be  ptctonUttfvy.  CoUim, 

An  exalt'-d  defjree  of  bnmchophony,  resembling 
the  sound  heard  by  placing  a  stethoscope  on  the 
trachea  when  a  person  speaks.  Jlall. 

FEe-TUi\€'lI-LUS,  n.  [L.]  \  genus  of  marine  bi- 
valves, having  the  hinge  of  the  shell  arched,  with 
numerous  narrow  teeth.  MatUelU 

PEC'Q-LATE,  r.  i.  [L.  pecutatusy  pfculor,  from  pecu- 
iiuMj  private  property,  from  pecus,  cattle.] 

1.  To  defraud  the  public  of  money  or  goods  in- 
trusted to  one's  care,  by  appropriating  the  property  to 
one's  own  use  ;  to  defrnnd  by  embezzleuH>nt. 

2.  Among  eimtians,  to  steal.  Ennjc 
PEe'Q-LA-TING,   ppr.     Defrauding   the    public   of 

money  or  goods. 

PEC-IJ-LA'TION,  n.  The  act,  practice,  or  crime  of 
defrauding  the  public  by  appropriating  to  one's  own 
tue  the  money  or  goods  intrusted  to  one'a  care  fur 
management  or  disbursement ;  embezzlement  of  pub- 
lic money  or  goods. 

PECU-LA-TOR, «.  [L.]  One  that  defrauds  the  pub- 
lic by  appropriating  to  bis  own  use  money  intrusted 
to  his  care. 

PE-eOL'IAR,  (pe-ktil'yftr.)  «l  [I*,  pecuiiaris^  from  pe- 
aiiium,  one's  own  property,  fruin  pftus^  cattle.] 

1.  Appropriate  ;  belonging  to  a  person,  and  to  him 
only.  Almost  every  writer  baa  a  pteuliar  style. 
Most  men  have  mannsra  psmliv  to  ibemaelves. 

5.  Singular ;  particular.  The  man  baa  Huoething 
petMliar  in  bis  aep<.>rtuitmU 

3.  Particular;  speciaL 

M;  bleb  JuDoSiiMMtjawwttBr  can.  Drjfdfn. 

{MoMt  can  not.  In  strict  propriety,  be  prefixed  to 
jwcKJiar,  but  it  is  used  tu  z\ve  empbasia  to  the  word.] 

4.  Belonging  to  a  nation,  system,  or  other  thing, 
and  not  to  others. 

PE-€CL'IAR,  »,  Exclusive  property  ;  that  which  be- 
longs to  a  person  in  exclusion  of  others.       Miltoru 

2.  In  the  hZx<^lish  caHon  hiK^  a  particular  pnrisli  or 
church  which  ha^  the  probate  of  wills  within  itself, 
exempt  from  the  jurisdiction  of  the  ordinary-  or  bish- 
op's court.  Ericyc 

Court  of  peculiars^  in  England,  is  a  branch  of  the 
court  of  arches.  It  has  jurisdiction  over  all  the  par- 
ishes dispersed  through  the  province  of  Canterbury, 
in  the  midst  of  otb»r  dioceses,  which  are  exempt 
from  the  ordin:iry  jurisdiction,  and  subject  to  the 
metropolitan  only.  Blackstone. 

PE-eCL-IAR'I-TY,  (pe-kul-yar'e-te,)  n.  Something 
peculiar  to  a  person  or  thing  ;  Ihnt  which  belongs  to, 
or  is  found  in,  one  person  or  thing,  and  in  no  other; 
as,  a  ptculiarUy  of  style  or  manner  of  thinking  ;  pe- 
euliarity  in  dress. 

PE-€CL'IAR-IZE,  r.  L  To  appropriate ;  to  make  pe- 
culiar. SmUh. 

PE-etL'IAR-TZ-£D,  pp.  Appropriated;  made  pe- 
culiar. 

PE  €OL^AR-IZ-I^'G,  ppr.    Making  peculiar. 

PE-eCL'I.\R-LY,  ode.    Particularly  ;  singly. 

fVoodicard. 

5.  In  a  manner  not  common  to  others.    DrayUm. 
PE-€CL'IAR-XESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  peculiar ; 

af^roprintion.     [Little  used.]  Mede, 

PE-€C'LI-UM,  a.  [L.]  In  the  Roman  law^  the  prop- 
erty which  a  slave  might  acquire  independently  of 
the  control  of  his  master.  Brande. 

PE  €CN'I.A.-R1-LY,  ode.    In  a  pecuniary  manner. 

fFesL  Rev, 
PE-CCX'IA-RY,  (pe-kQn'ya-re,)  a.     [Fr.  pectmiaire ; 
lUpecuniaU;    L.  peiuniariuSj  from  pfcanui,  money, 
from  pfcus,  cattle.] 

1.  Relating  to  money ;  as,  peeuniary  affairs  or 
losses. 

2.  Consisting  of  money  ;  as,  a  peeuniary  mulct  or 
penalty.  Bucon. 

PE-€0'NI-OUS,  a.    Full  of  money.    [JVof  luerf.] 

Shmeond, 

PED,*.    fforPiD.]    A  small  pack-saddle.      Tus:ier. 

S.  A  basket ;  a  hamper.  Spenser. 


PED 

mm 
PEIVA  GOi^'ir,  I  a.     [from  pfda>rofrue.]     Suiting 

PKD-A-006'ie-AI-.,  i      or  belonging  to  a  teacher  of 

children,  or  to  a  pedagogue. 
PED'.V-GOG-ISM,  n.  The  business,  character,  or  man- 
ners of  a  pi'dfigogue. 
PED'A-tiOGl'E,   0>ed'a-gog,)  n.      [Gr.   naiiaytoyoi  t 
nais,  a  child,  and  ujot,  to  lead.] 

1.  A  teacher  of  children  ;  one  whose  occupation  is 
to  instmct  young  children  ;  a  schoolmaster. 

2.  A  pedant. 

PED'A-GOGUE,  r.  U  To  teach  with  the  air  of  a  ped- 
agogue ;  to  instruct  superciliously.  Prior. 

PEU'A-GO-CY,  n.  Instruction  in  the  first  rudiments  ; 
preparatory  discipline.  South. 

PK'DAL,  a.    [U  pedalis,  from  pesypedis^  foot.] 
Pertaining  to  a  foot. 

PED'.M.,  n.    A  contrivance  attached  to  the  Iiarp,  or- 
gan, piano-forte,  tc,  acted  upon  by  the  foot,  (whence 
the  name,)  and  designed  to  modify  thu  tone  or  swell 
of  tlie  instrument. 
2.  A  fixed  or  stationary  base.  Busby. 

PED'AL-NOTE,  n.    In  niusict  a  holding-note.  Busby. 

PE-D.\'NE-0US,  a.    [L.  pfdaneus,  from  pes,  Uie  foot.] 
Going  on  foot ;  widking.  Diet, 

PED'.W'T,  «.     [Ft.  peitant;    It.  Sp.  and  Port. ;>c(iaiii<. 

See    pEDAOOOt'B.] 

1.  A  schoolmaster.  Shak, 

2.  A  person  who  makes  a  vain  display  of  his 
learning.  .Addison. 

PE-DA.\T'I€,         i    tu      Ostentatious    of    learning; 

PE  DA.NT'ie-AL,  (  vainly  displaying  or  making  a 
tihow  of  knowledge  ;  applied  to  persojis  or  thingi ;  as, 
a  pedantic  writer  or  scholar  ;  a  pedantic  description  or 
expression. 

PE-DANT'I€-AL-LY,  (w/p.  With  a  vain  or  boastful 
display  of  learning. 

PED'AXT-IZE,  r.  i.  To  play  the  pedant;  to  domi- 
neer over  l;ids  ;  to  use  pouanlic  expressions. 

PED'ANT-RY,  a.     [Kr.  pedaiUtrie.]  [Cotfrrave. 

Vain  ost(.-ntation  of  learning  j  a  boastful  display  of 
knowledge  of  any  kind. 

Hontcv  h:u  entiecd  nt«  iiiU>  tUtptdafdry  of  MMation.    Cowtey. 
Ptdanby  ii  the  uiMe— onabto  oMenUdoa  of  learuiii£.    Hambixr. 

PE-DA'EI-AX,  n.  One  of  the  pedarii  in  the  Roman 
aenatc,  who  were  not  really  senators,  but  only  enti- 
tled tu  a  sent  by  the  ofiice  which  they  held,  and  who, 
not  l>cing  authorized  to  vote,  expressed  their  prefe- 
rence by  umlidng  over  to  the  party  they  wished  to  join. 
Smith's  Diet. 

PED'ATE,  a.     [l-pedatus,  from  pes,  the  foot] 

In  botany^  when  the  footstalk  of  a  leaf  is  divided 

.  at  the  top,  with  a  leaflet  in  the  fork,  and  several 
leaflets  on  each  division,  it  is  said  to  he  pedate. 

PE-DAT'I-FID,  o.     [J*,  pes,  fot.t,  and^ado,  to  divide.] 
A  pedatifid  leaf,  in  botanv,  is  one  whose  parts  are 
not  entirely  separate,  but  divided  in  a  podnte  man- 
ner. Mariyn. 

PED'DLE,  p.  t.  [Perhaps  from  the  root  of  pcUy^  W. 
f  i/ip,  Fr.  petit,  small.] 

1.  To  be  busy  almut  trifles. 

S.  To  travel  about  the  country  and  retail  goods. 
He  peddlts  for  a  living. 
PED'DLE,  r.  u    To  sell  or  retail,  usually  by  traveling 

about  the  country. 
PED'DLER,  n.     [from  peddle,  to  sell  by  traveling;  or 
from  L.  pes,  pedis,  the  fooL] 

A  traveling  foot-trader;  one  that  carries  about 
^mall  commodities  on  his  back,  or  in  a  cart  or  wagon, 
and  sells  them.  Spenser.     Swifl. 

PED'DLER-ESS,  n.     A  female  peddler.      Overbury. 
PED'DLER- Y,  n.    Small  wares  sold  or  carried  about 

for  sale  by  peddlers. 
PED'DLING,  ppr.    Traveling  about  and  selling  small 

2.  a.  Trifling;  unimportant.  [wares. 
PED'E-RAST,  n.     [Gr.  iraiScpaarsSt  fro«  »raij,  a  boy, 

and  c,oft>$,  luve.] 

A  sodomite.  Encyc. 

PED-E-RAST'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  pederasty. 
PED'E-RAST- Y,  n.    Sodomy ;  the  crime  against  na- 

tureJ 
PED-E-Re'RO,  n.     [Sp.  pedrero,  from  piedra,  a  stone, 
L.  pfira,  Gr.  viro'"; ;  so  named  from  the  use  of  stones 
in  the  charge,  before  the  invention  of  iron  balls.] 
A  swivel  gun  ;  sometimes  written  paterero. 
PED'ES-TAL,  n.       [^\i.  pedestal ;    It.  piedestallo;   Fr. 
piedcstal ;  L.  pes,  the  foot,  and  Teut.  stall ;  G.  atdlen, 
to  set.] 

In  architecture,  the  lowest  part  of  a  column  or  pil- 
lar; the  part  which  sustains  a  column  or  serves  as 
its  fooL  It  consists  of  three  parts,  the  base,  the  die, 
and  the  cornice.  Addison.     OwiiL 

PE-DE.S'TRI-AL,  o.     [L.  pedestris.] 

Pertaining  to  the  foot.  Moseley. 

PE-DES'TRI-AN,  a.    TL,  pedestrts,  from  pes,  the  foot.] 
Going  on  foot ;  walking ;  performed  on  foot ;  as,  a 
pedestrian  journey. 
PE-DES'TRI-AN,  n.    One  that  walks  or  journeys  on 
foot. 

2.  One  tliat  walks  for  a  wager;    a  remarkable 
walker. 
PE-DES'TRI-AN-ISM,  n.    A  walking;  usually  for  a 
wager. 
2.  The  practice  of  walking. 


PEE 

rE-DES'TUI-AN-IZE,  v.  i.    To  practice  walking. 
PE-DES'TRl-OUS,  a.    Going  on  foot;  not  winged. 

Brousn. 

PED'I-€LE*  !  ^     ^^'  P^'^'^^^y  f"^""*  y"'  **'6  *"""*•] 

1.  In  bvtany,  the  ultimate  division  of  a  common 
peduncle;  the  stalk  that  supports  one  flower  only, 
when  there  are  several  on  a  pedunclo.  Any  short 
and  small  footstalk,  although  it  does  not  stand  upon 
another  footstalk,  is  likewise  called  n  pedicel. 

Martyn. 

2.  In  roStosryy  a  footstalk  or  stem  by  which  ceruiin 
animals  of  the  lower  orders  are  attached.       Dana. 

PED'I-CEL-LATE,  a.    Having  a  pedicel,  or  supported 

by  a  )>ed)cel. 
PE-Die'U-LAR,     )  a.     [L.  pcdicuUris,  from  pediculus, 
PE-DIC  l^-LO  US,  i      a  louse.l 

Lousv  ;  having  the  lousy  distemper. 
PE-DIG'EK-OUS,  a.     [U  pes  and  gero.] 

Having  feet. 
PED'I-GREE,  n.     [Probably  from  L.  om,  pedis,  foot, 
like  D.  stam,  G.  stamm,  stem,  slock,  degree.] 

1.  Lineage  ;  line  of  ancestors  from  whicii  a  person 
or  tribe  descends  ;  genealogy. 

Allrmtiorii  of  Kumiuiiei  —  have  ob*ciir«tl  tlic  Iruih  of  onr  pfdi* 
grtei.  Cmwien, 

2.  An  account  or  register  of  a  line  of  ancestors. 

The  Jcwt  preserved  the  pedigreet  of  tljelr  aevcnU  trito^. 

AlUrbury, 

PED'I-LU-VY,  n.     [L.  p«s,  foot,  and  lavo,  to  wash.] 
The  bathing  of  the  feet ;  a  bath  for  the  feel. 

PED'I-MENT,  /I.     [from  U  pes,  the  foot.] 

In  architecture,  an  ornament  that  finishe.<i  the  fronts 
of  buildings,  and  serves  as  a  decoration  over  gates, 
windows,  and  niches.  It  is.  of  two  forms,  triangular 
and  circular.  A  pediment  is  properly  the  representa- 
tion of  the  roof.  Encyc.    Brande. 

PED'I-l'ALP,  n.     [L.  pes  and  palpo.] 

One  of  an  order  of  Amchnidans  or  spiders,  whose 
feelers  are  extended  before  the  head,  armed  with  a 
forceps. 

PED-I-PALP'OUB,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  pedipalps. 

PED'I-REME,  n.     [h.  pes,  a  foot,  and  remus,  an  oar.] 
A  crustaceous  animal,  whose  feet  serve  the  purpose 
of  oars. 

PED'LKR.     Hee  Peddler. 

PE  DO-BAP'TIS.VI,  n.    [Gr.  Kat^t  irai^off,a  cbild,and 
fSarrrtftfia,  baptism.] 
The  baptism  of  infants  or  of  cliildren. 

PE-DO-BAP'TIST,  n.  One  that  holds  to  infant  bap- 
tiiim ;  one  that  practices  the  baptism  of  children. 
Most  denominations  of  Christians  are  pedobaptists. 

PE-DOM'E-TER,  71.  [L.pM,tho  foot,  and  Gr.  pirpov, 
measure.] 

An  instrument  by  which  paces  are  numbered  as  a 
person  walks,  and  the  distance  from  place  tn  place 
ascertained.  It  also  marks  the  revolutions  of  wheels. 
This  is  done  by  means  of  wheels  with  teeth,  and  a 
chain  or  string  fastened  to  the  foot  or  to  the  wheel 
of  a  carriage  ;  the  wheels  advancing  a  notch  at  every 
step,  or  at  every  revolution  of  the  carriage  wheel. 

Hehcrt. 

PED-0-MET'Rie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to,  or  measured 
I)V,  a  p<'flometer. 

PE-DUN'€LE,  Cpe-dunk'I,)  n.     [L.  pes,  the  foot.] 

1.  In  botany,  the  stem  or  stalk  that  supports  the 
fructification  of  a  plant,  i.  e.,  the  flower  and  the 
fruit.  Martyn. 

2.  In  conchology,  a  sort  of  stem,  by  which  certain 
shells  are  attached  to  wood  or  otlier  objects. 

ITumble. 

PE-DUNG'U-LAR,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  peduncle  ;  grow- 
ing from  a  peduncle;  as,  a, peduncular  tendril. 

Martyn. 

PE-DUNC'T^-LATE,      ;  a.  Having  a  peduncle  ;  grow- 

PE-DUNC'IJ-LA-TED,  i  ing  on  a  peduncle;  as,  a 
pedunculate  flower. 

PEE,  p.  i.    To  liwk  with  one  eye.    {J>rotvsed.1  Ray 

PEED,  a.    Blind  of  one  eye.     [J^ot  used,]  Ray. 

PEEK,  in  our  popular  dialect,  is  the  same  as  Peicf,  to 
look  through  a  crevice. 

PEEL,  V.  t.  [Fr.  peter,  pilter;  Sp.  pelar,  pillar;  Port. 
pelar,  pUhar  i  It.  pigliare;  L.  pilo,  to  pul!  ofl"  hair 
and  to  pillage  ;  Arm.  pilha;  W.  piliaw,to  take  ofl'the 
surface  or  rind.  The  first  verb  pelcr,  pelar,  seems  to 
be  formed  from  L.  pilus,  the  hair.  The  Eng.  peel  is 
therefore  from  the  other  verb.  See  Pill.  Class  Bl, 
No.  39,  44,  51.] 

1.  To  strip  off"  skin,  bark,  or  rind,  without  a  cut- 
ting instrument;  to  strip  by  drawing  or  tearing  olf 
the  skin  ;  to  bark  ;  to  fiay  ;  to  decorticate.  When  a 
knife  is  used,  we  call  it  paring.  Thus  we  say,  to 
peet  a  tree,  to  peel  an  orange  ;  but  we  say,  to  pare  an 
apple,  to  pare  land. 

2.  In  a  general  sense,  to  remove  the  skin,  bark,  or 
rind,  even  with  an  instrument. 

3.  To  strip;  to  plunder;  to  pillage;  as,  to  peel  a 
province  or  conquered  people.        Milton.     Dryden. 

PEEL,  V.  L     To  lose  tho  skin,  bark,  or  rind.    Smart. 
PEEL,  jt.     [L.  peliis,  Fr.  peaa,  G.  fell,  D.  vel,  skin; 

from  peeling.] 
The  skin  or  rind  of  any  thing ;  as,  the  ped  of  an 

orange. 


FATE.  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARKNE,  BIRD.  — N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


PEG 

P£EL,  n.  [Fr.  peUt;  I-  Sp.  and  It.  pa/a;  W.  ya/, 
probably  from  thrusting,  throwing,  L.  pelio ;  Gr. 
ffa^Xwy  like  Eng.  ^Aodc/,  from  shcve;  or  from  spread- 
ing-] 

A  kind  of  wooden  shovel,  used  by  bakers,  with  a 
broad  palm  and  long  handle  ;  hence,  in  popular  use 
in  America,  any  large  fire-shovel. 

PEEL'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Stripped  of  skin,  bark,  or  rind; 
pluniit'red  ;  pillaged. 

PEEL'ER,  n.     One  that  peels,  strips,  or  flays. 
2.  A  plunderer;  a  pillager. 

PEEL'I.VG,  ppr.  Stripping  off  skin  or  bark  j  plunder- 
ing. 

PEEP,  c.  i.  [It.  piobam,  to  pipe,  to  peep  ;  D.  piepen,  to 
pipe,  to  chirp ;  G.  pfeifen ;  Sw.  pipa ;  Dan.  piper, 
pipper  i  L.  piftio.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  open  or  to 
shoot,  to  thrust  out  or  forth;  Dan.  pipper  f rem ^  to 
sprout,  to  tiud.  This  coincides  with  pipe^  Ji/e,  fitc, 
lleb.  33\  to  cry  out,  -^*/6,  &c.] 

1.  To  begin  to  appear;  to  make  the  first  appear- 
ance ;  to  issue  or  come  forth  from  concealment,  as 
through  a  narrow  avenue. 

I  cnii  tee  liJi  rn<l« 
Peep  ihroufh  eacli  pan  of  Uiio.  SKak. 

Wlicii  flowen  Gittjieeped.  Dryden. 

2.  To  look  through  a  crevice ;  to  look  narrowly, 
closely,  or  slily. 

A  tool  wHI  pftp  in  at  the  door.  Ecehu. 

TtiDU  art  ft  ntaid,  ajyl  must  uut  peep.  Prior. 

3.  To  cr>-,  as  chickens  ;  to  utter  a  fine,shril!  sound, 
as  through  a  crevice;  usually  wriitfii  Pip,  but  wi(h- 
(uit  reason,  as  it  is  the  same  word  as  is  here  dtrfiited, 
and,  in  America,  is  usually  pronounced  prep. 

PEEP,  n.     First  appearance  ;  as,  the  peep  of  day. 

2.  A  sly  look,  or  a  look  through  a  crevice.  Swift. 

3.  The  cry  of  a  chicken. 

PEEP'ER,  ju    A  chicken  just  breaking  the  shell. 

Bramstan. 
2.  !n  familiar  language,  tlie  eye. 
PEEP'-HOLE  I  n.      A  hole  or  crevic«   through 

PEEP'IN'G-lloLE,  i     which  one  may  peep  or  look 

without  being  discovered. 
PEEP'IN'G,  ppr.    Looking  through  a  crevice. 

2.  Crying,  like  a  chicken.  * 
PEER,  «.     [Fr.  pair;  L.  pari  It.  pari}  Sp.  par.     See 

Piiiu] 

I.  An  equal ;  one  of  the  same  rank.  A  man  may 
be  familiar  with  his  peers. 

Z*  An  equal  in  excellence  or  endowments. 

In  wn^  he  never  bad  hU  peer,  Dryden. 

3.  A  companion  ;  a  fellow  ;  an  associate. 

He  all  bis  petrt  in  beauty  did  turpoii.  Spenwr. 

A.  A  nobleman  ;  as,  a  peer  of  the  realm  ;  the  house 
of  peerSf  so  called  because  noblemen  and  barons 
were  originally  considered  as  the  companions  of  the 
king,  like  L.  comes,  count.  In  England,  persons 
belonging  to  the  five  degrees  of  nobility  are  all  peers. 
PEER,  F.  i.     [h.pareoi  Surm.  perer.     See  Appeab.] 

1.  To  come  just  in  sight ;  to  appear ;  a  poetic  word. 
So  honor  neerelA  in  the  meanrmt  hsbit.  Shale, 
See  bow  his  gotg^p^ers  abure  bii  (own.            B.  Jonson, 

S.  To  look  narrowly;  to  peep;  as,  the  peering 
day.  JHUton, 

Peering  in  map*  Tor  porti,  and  plen,  and  roada.  ShaJt. 

PEER' AGE,  n.  [See  Peer,  an  equal.]  The  rank  or 
dignity  of  a  peer  or  nobleman.  BlackMone. 

2.  The  body  of  peers.  Dryden. 
PEER'DOM,  (peer'dum,)  n.  Peerage.  [AVt  used.\ 
PEER'ESS,  n.    The  consort  of  a  peer  ;  a  noble  lady. 

P'lpt. 
PEER'LES.S,  a.    Uneqiialed  ;  having  no  peer  or  equal ; 

as.  peerless  beauty  or  majesty.  VrytUiu 

PEER'LESS-LY,  ado.     Without  an  equal. 
PEER'LESS-XESS,  «.    The  state  of  having  no  equal. 
PEE'VI.SH,  a.     [In  Scot  peic  is  to  complain  or  mutter. 

It  ii  probably  a  contracted  word,  and  perhaps  from 

the  root  of  pet,  petulauL] 

1.  Fretful ;  petulant ;  apt  to  mutter  and  complain  ; 
easily  vexed  or  fretted  ;  querulous ;  hard  to  please. 

She  ia  peevuh,  auJieQ,  froward.  Shak. 

2.  Expressing  discontent  and  fretfutness. 

I  will  not  preiume 
To  aenEl  luch  peevish  tukeoa  u  a  Idn;.  Stude. 

3.  Sillv:  childish.  Shak. 
PEE'VIHH  LY,  a^ir.    Fretfully;  petulantly;  with  dis- 

eonlent  and  mtirmuring.  Ilayviard. 

PEE'VlfiH-NKSH,  «.  Fretfulness;  petulance;  dis{K>- 
sition  to  murmur;  touruess  of  temper;  as,  childish 
ptecishnesg. 

Wh-n  peeviehfuaB  and  aptreo  aoecewd.  Swift. 

PEG,  a.  ['Ttiis  is  probably  from  the  root  of  L.  pango, 
pmetus,  Gr.  Tr/>  Wfii ;  denoting  that  which  fastens,  or 
allied  to  beak  and  pieket.] 

I.  A  small,  pointed  piece  of  wood,  used  in  fasten- 
tns  boards  or  other  work  of  wood,  Slc.  It  dt»es  the 
office  of  a  nail.  The  word  is  applied  only  to  small 
pieces  of  wood  painted  ;  to  the  larger  pieces,  thus 
pointed,  we  give  the  name  of  pijw,  and  pins,  in  ship 
carpentry,  are  cilted  tree-nails  or  trenails.  Coxe,  in 
hi«  Travels  in  Russia,  speaks  of  poles  or  beams, 
fastened  into  the  ground  with  pegs. 


PEL 

2.  The  pins  of  an  instrument,  on  which  the  strings 
are  strained.  Slutk. 

3.  A  nickname  for  Margaret. 

To  take  a  peg  lower ;  to  come  down  ;  to  sink. 

I{adibras. 
PEG,  V.  L    To  fasten  with  pegs.  Evelvn. 

PEG'A-SUS,  n.  [L..  from  Gr.  II^jj  acof.]  In  fabulous 
history,  a  winged  horse. 

2.  In  astro7w my,  one  of  the  northern  constellations. 

3.  In  loiilogy,  a  genua  of  fishes  with  large  pectoral 
fins,  by  means  of  which  they  take  short  fiights  or 
leaps  through  the  air. 

PEG'GED,  pp.  or  a.     Fastened  or  furnished  -villi  pegs. 

PEG'GER,  H.    One  that  fastens  with  jiegs.  Siierwovd. 

PEG'GIXG,  ppr.    Securing  with  pegs. 

PkGM,  (pern,)  n.     [Gr.  wnyn'i.] 

A  sort  of  moving  macliine  in  the  old  pageants. 

B.  JoHson. 

PEG'.MA-TTTE,  n.  A  variety  of  granite,  composed 
essentially  of  lamellar  fcld^iiKir  and  quartz  ;  frequent- 
ly with  a  mixture  of  mica.  In  it  are  found  kaolin, 
tin,  tourmalin,  beryl,  ctilumbile,  tungsten,  and  other 
valuable  minerals.  Fr.  Diet,  ofJSTat.  Hist. 

PEI-RAM'E-TER,  n.  An  instrument  for  measuring 
the  amount  of  resistance  to  wheel  carriages  on  roads 
of  different  construction.  Francis. 

PEI-RAS'Tie,  a.  [Gr.  iretparcruf,  flrom  ffcipaw,  to 
strain,  to  attempt.] 

1.  Attempting;  making  trial. 

2.  Treating  of  or  representing  trials  or  attempts; 
as.  the  peirastie  dialogues  of  Plato.  Enfield. 

PEISE.    See  Poise. 

FEK'AN,  71.     A  carnivoro?is  quadniped  of  the  weasel 

family,  Mustela  Canadensis,  found  in  Canada  and 

the  Northern  Unite4l  States  ;  also  called  the  Fisher. 

It  grows  to  the  length  of  from  three  to  four  feet. 

Kncyc.  .din, 
PEK'0E,7i.     A  kind  of  black  tea,  said  to  be  scented 

with  a  shrub  called  pekoe. 
PEL'AGE,  H.     [Fr.,  from  L.  pHus,  hair.] 

The  vesture  or  covering  of  wild  blasts,  consisting 

of  hair,  fur,  or  wool.  Bacon. 

PE-LAG'ieV^'  i  °'     ^^  P^'^iT"*,  the  sea.] 

Pertaining  to  the  sea,  or  deep  sea;  as,  pelagian 
shells.  Juurn.  of  Science. 

PE-LA'GI-AN,  n.  [from  Petagius,  a  native  of  Great 
Britain,  who  lived  in  the  fourth  century.] 

A  follower  of  Pt-lagius,  a  monk  of  Ilanchor  or 
Bangor,  who  denied  original  sin,  and  asstTted  the 
doctrine  of  free  will  and  the  merit  of  good  works. 

Bp.  Hail. 
PE-LA'GI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Pelagius  and  his  doc- 
trines. SouOu 
PE-LA'GI-AN-[S.M,  n.    The  doctrines  of  Pelagius. 

South. 
PEL-AR-Go'Nl-UM,  n.     [Gr.  ff£>.ipj  nf,  a  stork.] 

A  genus  of  ornamental  plants  allied  to  the  gera- 
nium, and  belonging  to  the  same  naturni  order. 
PEL'E-RINE,  H.     A  lady's  long  capo,  with  ends  com- 
ing down  btjfore. 
PELF,  JU     [Probably  allied  to  pilfer.']     Money  ;  riches  ; 
but  it  often  conveys  the  idea  of  something  ill  gotten 
or  worthless,     it  has  no  plural. 
PEL'FRY  or  PEl.'FRAY;  formerly  used  for  Pelf. 
PEL'l-CAN,  B.    [Low  L.  pelecanus  f  Gr.  jrtAi/tJc;  Fr. 
pelican.] 

1.  A  palmiped  water  fowl  of  the  genus  Pelecanus. 
It  is  larger  than  the  swan,  and  remarkable  for  its 
enormous  bill,  to  the  lower  edges  of  the  under  chop 
of  which  is  attached  a  [kiucIi  or  bag,  capable  of  being 
distended  so  as  to  hold  many  quarts  of  water.  In 
this  bag  the  fowl  deposits  the  fish  it  takes  for  food. 

P.  Cyc, 

2.  A  chemical  glass  vessel  or  alembic  with  u  tubu- 
lated capiuU,  from  which  two  op|>osite  nnd  crooked 
beaks  pass  out  and  enter  again  at  the  belly  of  the 
cucurbit.  It  is  desi|;ned  for  continurd  distillation 
and  cohobation  ;  the  volatile  parts  of  the  substance 
distilling,  rising  into  the  capital,  and  returning 
Ihrough  the  benks  into  the  cucut*it.         J^idLolson. 

PE'LI-OM,  n.     [Gr.  mXtiya,  black  color.] 

A  min'-ral,  a  variety  of  itdite,  Cleaveland. 

PE-I*tSSE',  (pe-lees',)  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  pellis,  skin.] 
OrigiHalhj,  a  furred  robe  or  coal.     But  the  name  is 
now  given  to  a  silk  coat  or  habit  worn  by  ladies. 
PELL,  n,     [L.  peilis,  It.  pelle^  a  skin.] 

1.  A  skin  or  liide. 

2.  A  roll  o(*parchnient. 

Clerk  of  the  pells  ;  in  F.ngUnd,  an  officer  of  the  ex- 
chequer, who  enters  every  teller's  bill  on  the  parch- 
ment rolls,  the  roll  of  receipts,  and  the  roll  of  dis- 
bursements. 
PEL'LET,  Ti.  [Fr.  peloU;  W.  peUen^  from  L.  pila,  a 
ball:  It.paWtf,] 

1.  A  little  ball ;  as,  a  pellet  of  wax  or  lint. 

Bacon.     tVisernan, 

2.  A  bullet ;  a  ball  far  fire-«rms.    [ATi^t  now  used.] 

Bacon.     Roy. 
PEL'LET-ED,  a.     Consisting  of  bullets.  Shak. 

PEL'LI-CLE,  (pcl'le-kl,)  n.  [U  petlicula,  dim.  u(  pei- 
lis, skin.] 

1.  A  thin  skin  or  film.  SItarp.     Encyc. 

2.  Among  chemists,  a  thin,  saline  cnist  ftintied  on 


PEN 

the  surface  of  a  solution  of  salt  evaporated  to  a  cer- 
tain degree.  'J'his  pt-Uicle  consists  of  saline  parti- 
cles crystallized.  J^ic/wl^on.     Braitde, 

PEL'Ll-TO-RY,  7t.  [Sp.  pelitre;  corrupted  perhaps 
from  L.  parietaria,  the  wall  plant,  from  paries.] 

The  name  of  several  plants  of  different  genera, 
sometimes  used  in  medicine.  The  pelUtory  of  the 
mall,  or  common  pellitary,  is  of  the  genus  Parietaria  ; 
the  bastard  pettitory,  of  the  genus  Achillea;  and  the 
peUitory  of  Spain,  is  the  Anthemis  pyrcthrum. 

Lee.     Parr, 

PELL-MELL',  adv.     With  confused  violence. 

Shak.     Hudibras. 

PELLS,  TI.  pi     Clerk  of  the  pells.     [See  Pell.] 

PEL-LC'CID,  a.  [L.  petlucidus  ;  per  and  luciilus,  very 
bright.     See  Light.] 

Perfectly  clt^ar ;  transparent ;  not  opaque ;  as,  a 
bodv  as  prlliicid  as  crj'Stal.  Woodward. 

PEL-LU-CID'I-TY,   ( n.      Perfect    clearness;    Irans- 

PEL-LCCID-NESS,  \  parency  ;  as,  the  pellucidtty 
of  the  air  ;  the  pdlacidne^s  of  a  gem.  Locke.     EciL 

PEL-LC'CID-LY,  atlo.    Transparently  ;  clearly. 

PE-Lo'Pl-UM,  H.  A  metal  recently  discovered  in  Co- 
lumbile.  .  Jouru.  of  Science. 

PEL-0-PON-N£'SIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Peloponne- 
sus. 

PEL-O-PON-Ne'SUS,  n.  [Gr.  HEXoiToyvfjaOi,  island 
of  Pelops.]  A  celebrated  peninsula,  comprehending 
the  southern  part  of  Greece  ;  now  called  Jilorea. 

PELT,  n.     (G.  petz  ;  Sp.  pdatla ;  L.  peilis.     See  Fell.] 

1.  The  skin  of  a  beast  with  the  hair  on  it ;  a  raw 
hide.  Brovm. 

2.  The  quarrj'  of  a  hawk  all  torn.        Jiinsworth, 

3.  A  blow  or  stroke  from  something  thrown.    [In- 

PELT,  r.  (.  [Fr.  pelotcr,  from  pelote,  a  ball ;  or  con- 
tracted from  pellet.  In  Sw.  bulta  is  to  beat.  The 
word  is  from  Fr.  pelote,  a  little  bull,  or  from  L.  pello, 
Gr.  /y«AAcj.] 

1.  Properly,  to  strike  with  something  thrown, 
driven,  or  falling;  as,  to  pelt  with  stones;  pelted 
with  hail. 

Tbe  ctilJiiig  billuwi  seem  tojiell  ihe  clouda.  Stutk. 

2.  To  drive  by  throwing  something.      JStterbury. 
PELT'-WOOL,  T(^    Wool  plucked  from  the  pelts  or 

skins  of  sheep  after  they  are  dead. 

Fixed  to  the  stalk  by  the  center,  or  by  some  point 
distinctly  wilhin  the  margin.  Martyn. 

PELT'ATE-LY,  ado.     In  a  peltate  manner.     Eataiu 

PELT'ED,  pp.  Struck  witii  something  thrown  OT 
driven. 

PELT'ER,  n.  One  that  pelts  ;  also,  a  pinchpenny  ;  a 
mean,  i^ordid  person.  HuloeU 

PELT'ING,  ppr.  Striking  with  something  tltrown  or 
driven. 

PELT'IKG,  n.    An  assault  with  any  thing  thrown. 

Shak. 

PELT'IXG,  a.  In  Shakspcarc,  mean;  paltrj'.  [/m- 
proper.  ]  ^ 

PELT'-MON"GER,  (-mung'ger,)  n.  A  dealer  in  pelts 
or  raw  hides. 

PELT'RY,  n.  [from  pelt,  a  skin.]  The  skins  of  ani- 
mals producing  fur;  skins  in  general,  with  the  fur 
on  them ;  furs  in  general.  SmolletL 

PEL'Vie,  a.     Pertaining  lo  the  pelvis.        lAiwrcnce. 

PEL-VlM'I'VrEK,  n.  [L.  piivis  nnd  Gr.  ^irpoVf 
measure.] 

An  instrument  to  measure  the  dimensions  of  the 
feniale  pelvis.  Coxe. 

PEL'VIS,  n,     \lu  pelvis,  n  basin.] 

The  cavity  of  the  body  formed  by  the  os  sacntm, 
OS  coccturis,  and  ansa  innominata,  constituting  the 
lower  part  of  the  abdomen. 

PE.M'MI-CAN,  n.  Meal  cured,  pulverized,  and  mixed 
with  fat.  It  contains  much  nutriment  in  sm&ll  com- 
pass, and  is  of  great  use  in  long  voyages  of  explora- 
tion. 

PEN,  71.  [L.  penna;  Sax.  pinn;  D.  pen;  It.  penna,ti 
feather,  a  pen,  and  a  top;  W.  pen,  top,  summit, 
head  ;  Ir.  brann,  beiiin,  written  also  ben.  The  Celtic 
nations  called  the  peak  of  a  mountain  ben  or  pen. 
Hence,  the  name  Jlpennine,  a[)plied  to  the  mountains 
of  Italy.  It  may  belong  to  the  same  root  as  L.  pinna, 
a  fitt,  that  is,  a  shoot  or  point.] 

1.  An  instrument  used  for  writing,  UFually  made 
of  the  quill  of  u  goose  or  other  bird  ;  but  it  may  be  of 
any  other  material,  as  of  steel,  gold,  Ate. 

2.  A  feather  ;  a  wing.     [M>t  used.]  Spenser. 
PEN,  V.  U  ;  prct.  and  pp.  Pen  wed.    To  write ;  to  com- 
pose and  couunit  to  paper.                                Addison, 

PEN,  n.  [Sax.  pinan,  to  press,  or  p\indav,  to  pound  or 
shut  up  ;  both  probably  from  one  root.] 

A  small  ineloHiire  for  beasts,  as  for  cows  or  sheep. 

PEN,  V.  t. ;  prct.  and  pp.  Penxed  or  Pent.  To  shut  in 
a  pen  ;  to  confine  in  a  small  inclosure  :  to  coop  ;  to 
confine  in  a  narrow  place;  usually  followed  by  up, 
which  is  redundant.  Boyle.    Mdton. 

PEN'-€UT-TER,  ».  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
make  pens. 

Pii'NAL,  a.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  id.;  It.  ptmale;  Oom  L. 
pa-jia,  Gr.  trotfr},  pain,  punishment.     Bee  Pain  ] 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8.  — C  as  K;  0  as  J ;  9  as  Z ;  CII  as  SH ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


103 


800 


1.  Enacting  punishment ;  denouncing  the  punish- 
ment of  offenses  ;  as,  a  pcual  law  or  statute  ;  the  pe- 
mul  code.    PchoI  statutes  must  be  construed  strictly. 

Black^tonc 

2.  Inflicting  punishment. 

AdAinsiitiue  cfaoiiH  aai\p€nai  fire.  JUUlon. 

3.  Incurring  punishment ;  subject  to  a  penalty ;  as, 
n  penal  act  or  offense. 

PE-NAL'I-TY,   n.      Liablcness  or  condemnation    to 

punishment.     [JVot  used,]  Brmen. 

Tk'XAL-LY,  adv.    In  a  penal  manner.    ,  ,     „     „ 
TEN'Al^TY,  a,     [It  jteiialud;  Sp.  peMUdad,    See  Tk- 

'i.'Wsufferiiig  in  person  or  property  which  is  on- 
nexed  by  law  or  judicial  decision  to  the  commisiiion 
of  a  cnme,  offense,  or  tres|»ass,  as  a  punishment.  A 
fine  is  a  pecuniar)-  penalty.  The  usual  prnaltifs  in- 
flicted on  the  person  are  whipping,  cropping,  brand- 
ing, imprisonment,  hard  labor,  tninsijortation,  or 
death. 

2.  The  suffering  to  which  a  person  subjects  himself 
by  covenant  or  agreement,  in  case  of  non-fulfill- 
ment of  his  stipulations;  the  forfeiture  or  sum  to  be 
forfeited  for  non-payment,  or  for  non-compliance 
with  an  agreement ;  as,  the  penalty  of  a  bond. 

PEN'ANCE,  II.  [Sp.  penante^  from  penary  It.  penare, 
to  suffer  |»in.    See  Pain.] 

I.  The  suffering,  labor,  or  pain  to  which  a  person 
vohiniarily  subjecU  himself,  or  which  is  imposed  on 
him  by  authority  as  a  puniahmenl  for  his  faults,  or 
as  an  expre^oion  of  penitence  ;  such  as  fasting,  Hag- 
ellatiun,  wearing  chains,  tc.  Pmance  is  one  of  the 
seven  sacrameuu  of  the  ftoman  Catholic  church. 

Kncye. 
9.  Repentance.    [Obs.]  Wiclif. 

PE-NA'TP.«,  n.  pL  [L.]  The  household  gods  of  the 
ancient  Italians. 

PE.N'CE,  (peuse,)  n.  The  plumi  of  Pcnt*t,  when 
used  of  a  sum  of  money  or  value.  When  piece*  of 
coin  fire  mentioned,  we  use  Pennies. 

PEN  CHX.VT',  (jan-slang',)  «.     [Fr.l     Inclination. 

PEN'CIL,  n.     [Fr.  piiieeau  :  Sp.  piHcel ;  I..  peaiciUtui.) 

1.  .\  small  brush  used  by  painters  for  laying  on  col- 
ors. Hence,  JiguraticiJy,  tlie  art  of  |)ainting.  'i'he 
proper  pencils  are  made  of  fine  hair  or  bristles,  as  of 
camf'l^,  badgers,  or  squirrels,  or  of  the  down  of 
Rw»ns,  inclosed  in  a  quill.  The  larger  pencils, 
made  of  8Wine*s  brisUej*,  are  called  Brvbhcs. 

Kncue* 

2.  Any  instrumeni  formed  of  black  lead  or  red 
chalk,  with  a  point  at  one  end,  used  fur  writing  and 
drawing.  E»cyt, 

3.  Any  inacrument  odT  writing  without  ink. 

Jtknson, 

4.  In  «pCwf,  an  aggregaXe  or  collection  of  rays  of 
light 

PEJS'CIL,  XI.  L    To  paint  or  draw ;  lo  write  or  mark 

with  a  pencil.  Shak,     ilnrte, 

PE\'CIL-£I),  pp.  or  a.    Painted,  drawn,  or  marked 

with  a  pencil. 
2.  Radiated  ;  having  pencils  of  rays. 
PEN'CILr-I.NG,  ppr.    Painting,  drawing,  or  marking 

with  a  pencil. 
PEX'CIUNG,  n.    The  act  of  painting  or  sketching. 
PEX'CIL-SHAP-ED,  (-«hapt,)  a.    Having  the  shape  of 

a  pencil. 
PEN'eRAFT,  n.    Penmanship;  chirographv.  Bnue. 
PEND'AXT,  H.     [Ft.,  from  L.  paideoj  to  hang,  or  Sp. 

femdon.    See  Pe:«no:».] 

1.  An  ornament  or  jewel  hanging  at  the  ear,  usu- 
ally ccunposed  of  pearl  or  some  precious  stom\  Pope. 

2.  A  hanging  ornament  on  roofs,  ceilings,  &c., 
much  used  in  Gothic  architecture.      Oloss.  of  Archit. 

3.  Any  thing  banging  by  way  of  ornament. 

iVallrr. 

4.  In  tke  fine  arts,  a  picture  or  print  which,  from 
uniformity  of  size  and  subject,  hangs  as  a  companion 
of  an(4her.F  Bratuie^ 

5.  In  keriUdry,  a  part  hanging  from  the  label,  re- 
sembling the  drops  in  the  Doric  frieze.  Encye. 

6.  A  long,  narrow  piece  of  bunting,  worn  at  the 
mast-heads  of. vessels  of  war.    [See  Pkwsast.] 

Totten. 
The  broad  pendant  is  a  square  piece,  carried  in  the 
same  wav,  in  a  commodore's  resaet. 

R.  IT.  Dana,  Jr, 

7.  A  rope  to  which  a  purchase  is  hooked. 

There  aremany  other  pendants consistingof  a  rope 
or  ropes,  to  whose  lower  extremity  is  attached  a  block 
or  tackle.  The  rudder- pendant  is  a  rope  made  fast 
to  the  nidder  by  a  chain,  lo  prevent  the  lods  of  the 
rudder  when  unshipped.    [See  Petikant.] 

JVar.  Diet. 

8.  A  pendulum.     [jVodw^i]  Digby. 
PEXD'EXCE,  n.     [L.  pendens,  pendeo^  to  bang.] 

Slope  ;  inclination.  Wvtton. 

PEN'D'E\-CY,  K.     [L.  peTidenSjpendeo,  supra.] 

Suspense  ;  the  state  of  being  undecided  ;  as,  to 
wait  during  the  pendency  of  a  suit  or  petition. 
PEND'E.NT,  a.     rt^  pendens.]    ■ 

1.  Hanging ;  faj<tened  at  one  end,  the  other  being 
Jotise. 

Wtth  nUwiwprMbtii,  (bring  about  bet  head.  ^tak. 


3.  Jutting  over  ;  pn>jecting ;  as,  a  petuient  rock. 

Shak. 
3.  Supported  above  the  ground.  Milton. 

PEJsr-DEJ^TE  Ll^TJC,  [I*]    Pending  the  suit  or  ac- 
tion. 
PEN"-DE.VT'IVE,  n.    In  architecture,  the  portion  of  a 

vault  bi'tween  the  arches  under  a  dome. 
PEND'ENT-LY,  adv.  In  a  i>endent  or  projecting  man- 
ner. 
PEND'ING,  ppr.     [I*  pendeo,  to  hang ;  pendente  Ute,] 
Dcp  nding;  remaining  undecided}  not  termina- 
ted,   'j  his  was  done,  pending  the  suit 
PKND't^LE,  jt.     A  i)endulum.  Evelyn. 

PEXD-lj-LOSa-TY,       I  n.     [See  PisoirLous.]     The 
PEND'Q-LOUS-NESS,  I      state  of  hanging  i  suspen- 
bion. 

[The  latter  is  the  preferable  mord.] 
PEXD'IJ-LOUS,  a.      [L.  pendulas,  from  pendeo,  to 
hang.] 

Hanging  ;  swinging  ;  fastened  at  one  end,  the  oth- 
er being  movable.  The  dewlap  of  an  animal  is  p«nrf- 
vlouji. 
PEND'U-LUM,  rt.     [L.  pendulm,  pendulum.] 

A  body  suspended  by  a  right  line  from  a  fixed 
point,  and  moving  freely  about  that  point  as  a  cen- 
ter ;  as,  the  pendulum  of  a  clock.  The  oscillations 
of  a  pendulum  depend  on  gravity,  and  are  always 
performed  in  nearly  equal  times,  supi^osing  the 
length  of  the  pendulum  and  the  gravity  to  remain  the 
same. 

BaUistie  pendulum;  a  pendulum  used  to  ascertain 
the  momentum  of  cannon  or  musket  balls.  It  usu- 
ally consists  of  a  heavy  log  of  wood  suspended  so  as 
to  move  freely. 

Cvrnpensation  pendulum ;  a  pendulum  containing 
some  contrivance  f«kr  countemcting  the  exp:uision  of 
the  rod  by  heat,  and  it5  contraction  by  cold,  so  os  to 
keep  the  i>endulum  always  of  the  same  effective 
length.  Olmsted, 

Oridiron  pendulum ;  a  species  of  compensation  pen- 
dulum, consisting  of  parallel  bars  of  different  metals, 
so  arranged  that  the  length  of  the  pendulum  remains 
unaltered  by  changes  of  tempemlure. 

Mereuriul  pendulum ;  a  spt-cies  of  compensation 
pendulum,  having  the  rod  made  of  steel,  and  the 
weight  formed  by  a  glass  vessel  filled  with  mercury, 
which,  by  its  expansion  or  contraction,  cuiupensaics 
ftir  the  changes  in  the  length  of  the  rod.  Bramle. 
PEX-ETRA-BIL'l-TY,  n.  [from  penetrable.]  Sus- 
ceptibility of  being  penetrated,  or  of  being  entered 
or  passed  through  by  another  body. 

Tliere  hc'mg  no  tOMO  belweeD  pmclraUS^  and  impenrtnliilU;. 

CfMyrM. 

PEX'E-TRA-BLE,  a.    [Fr.,  from  L.  p«trfra*t/w.    See 

PartETRATK.] 

1.  That  may  be  penetrated,  entered,  or  pierced  by 
another  body. 

Let  htm  tr^  tt^  dart. 
And  pime  Ms  onljr  pautm*  put.  Dryden. 

3.  Susceptible  of  moral  or  intellectual  impres- 
aion. 

I  am  not  nuide  of  alone, 
But  ptnttrahU  to  yuur  kiuil  eottvatu.-a,  Shalt. 

PEJV'-E-TRA'LI^,  n.  pi.  [U]  The  recesses  or  in- 
nermost parts  of  any  place,  as  of  a  temple,  p;ilace, 
&c  ;  hence,  the  hidden  things  or  secrets.  The  an- 
glicized form,  Penetrail,  is  not  used. 

PEX'E-TRAN-CY,  n.     [L.  penetrans.] 

Power  of  entering  or  piercing  ;  as,  the  penctraney 
of  snbtilt'  efiluvia. 

PEN'E-TRANT,  o.     [L.  penetrans.] 

Having  the  power  to  enter  or  pierce;  sharp;  sub- 
tile ;  as, pntftranf  spirit ;  fuod  subtilized  and  rendered 
fluid  and  penetrant.  Boyle.     Ray. 

PE.\'E-TRA1  E,  u.  L  [L.  penetro,  from  the  root  of 
pen,  a  point] 

1.  To  enter  or  pierce ;  to  make  way  into  another 
body  ;  as,  a  sword  or  dart  penetrates  the  body  ;  oil 
penetrates  wood;  marrow,  the  most  pcHf(r«i(nrt- of 
oily  substances.  .^rbuthnoL 

a.  To  affect  th«  mind  ;  to  cause  to  feel.  I  am  p*n- 
etrated  with  a  lively  sense  of  your  generosity. 

3.  To  reach  by  the  intellect;  to  understand;  as, to 
penetrate  the  meaning  or  design  of  any  thing. 

4.  To  enter;  to  pass  into  the  interior;  as,  to  pen- 
etrair  a  country. 

PEN'E-TRATE,  v.  i.    To  pass  ;  to  make  way. 

Soro  when  Uenrcn'i  influence  icnrci^  ctm  venttraie.       Pope. 
3.  To  make  way  intellectually.     He  had  not  pejt- 
etrated  into  the  designs  of  the  prince. 
PEX'E-TRa-TED,  pp.     Entered;    pierced;    under- 
stood ;   fathomed. 
PEX'E-TR.\-T1XG,  ppr.    Entering;  piercing;  under- 
standing. 

2.  a.  Having  the  power  of  entering  or  piercing 
another  body ;  sharp  ;  subtile.  Oil  is  a  penetrating 
substance. 

3.  Acute;  discerning;  quick  to  understand ;  as,  a 
penetratiniT  mind. 

PEX'E-TRa-TING-LY,   adv.      Piercingly  j   discern- 
ingly. 
PEX-E-TRa'T10N,  n.    The  act  of  entering  a  body. 

JiJilton. 


2.  Mental  entrance  into  any  thing  abstruse  ;  as,  a 
penetration  into  the  abstruse  ditficulties  of  algebra. 

fVatts. 

3.  Acutrnusa  ;  sagacity ;  as,  a  man  of  great  or 
nice  penetration. 

PEX'E-TRA-TIVE,  fl.     Piercing;  sharp;  subtile. 

2.  Acute;  sagacious;  discerning;  aa, penetrative 
wisdom.  Sioi/l. 

3.  Having  the  power  to  affect  or  impress  the  mind  ; 
as,  penetmtire  shame.  Shak. 

PEX'E-1'KA-TIVE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being 

penetrative. 
PEN'FISH,  n.    A  kind  of  eelpout  without  n  smooth 

skin.  Diet.  Mit.  Hist. 

PEX'GUIN,  (pen'gwin,)  n.  fVV.  pen,  head,  and^iot/n, 

white  ;  or  L.  pin/riiidme,  with  fatness.] 

1.  The  penguins  constitute  a  genus  of  sea  fowls, 
.^ptctwdjftes,  allied  to  the  Auks.  One  species  of  pen- 
guin is  an  aquatic  fowl  with  very  short  legs,  with 
ftiurloes,  three  of  which  are  webbed;  the  body  is 
clothed  with  short  feathers,  set  as  compactly  us  the 
scales  of  a  fish ;  the  wings  are  small  like  fiuN,  and 
covered  with  short,  scale-like  feathers,  so  that  they 
are  useless  in  flight.  Penguins  seldom  go  on  shore, 
except  in  the  season  of  breeding,  when  Uiey  burrow 
like  rabbits.  On  land  they  stand  erect;  they  are 
tame,  and  may  be  driven  like  a  fiock  of  eheep.  In 
water  they  swim  and  dive  with  rapidity,  being  as- 
sisted with  their  wings.  The  penguins  arc  found  only 
in  the  southern  latitudes.    Enajc.  Jimer.     Partinirton. 

2.  A  species  of  West  India  fruit  Miller. 
PEX'I-CTL,  n.     [L.  penicilUw.]     Among  physicians,  a 

tent  or  pledget  for  wounds  or  ulcers. 
2.  A  sjkecies  of  shell. 
PEX-1-CIL'LATE,  a.     [L.  peniciltus,  a  i>encil  or  small 
brush.] 

In   natural  history,  having  the  furm  of  a   pencil  ; 
consisting  of  a  bundle  of  short,  compact,  or  close 
fibers. 
PEX-IX'SU-IiA,  n.     [L.  pcne,  almost,  and  insula,  an 
isle;  U.  penesola.] 

1.  A  portion  01  land,  connected  with  a  continent 
by  a  narrow  neck  or  isthmus,  hut  nearly  surrounded 
with  water.     Thus  Hoston  stands  on  u  peninsula. 

2.  A  large  extent  of  country  joining  the  main  land 
by  a  part  narrower  than  tlie  tract  itself.  Thus  Spain 
and  Portugal  are  said  to  be  situaU.'d  on  a  peninsula. 

PEX-IN'SU-LAR,  a.  In  the  form  or  sLite  of  u  penin- 
sula ;  pertaining  to  a  peninsula;  inhabiting  a  penin- 
sula. 

PEN-IN'SU-LATE,  v.  u  To  encompass  almost  with 
water  ;  to  form  a  peninsula. 

South  River  ptnintulaUt  Castlu  liill  farm,  nnd  nt  his-h  U>W  »iip. 
roiiiiiU  it.  tUntlei/'g  Uisl.  CoU. 

PEN-IN'SU-L.X-TED,  pp.     Almost  surrounded  with 

water. 
PEN-IN'SU-LA-TING,  ppr.    Nearly  surrounding  with 

water. 
Pf.'NIS,  n.    n*.]    The  male  organ  of  generation. 
PEN'I-TE.XCE     in.     [Ft.  penitence,  (wm  L.  pimiten- 
PEN'I-TEN-CY,  I      tia,  from  panitco,  from  pa'na,  pain, 

punishment     See  Pai.-*.] 

Repentince  ;  pain  ;    sorrow  or  grief  of  heart  for 

sins  or  offenses ;  cjmtrition.     Real  pevitmce  springs 

from  a  conviction  of  guilt   and  in(;ratitude  to  God, 

and  is  followed  by  amendment  of  life. 
PEX'I-TENT,  a.     [Ft.,  from  L.  pcenUens.] 

Suffering  pain  or  sorrow  of  heart  on  accoTint  of 

sins,  crimes,  or  offenses  ;  contrite  ;  sincerely  affected 

by  a  sense  of  gutlt  and  resolving  tm  amendment  of  life. 

The  proud  be  unied,  theptnUtnt  he  chcenxj,  Drydtn, 

PEN'I-TENT,  7t.  One  that  repents  of  sin  ;  one  sor- 
rowful on  account  of  his  transgressions. 

2.  One  under  church  censure,  but  admitted  to 
penance.  StUlingJlf.ct. 

3.  One  under  the  direction  of  a  confessor. 

Penitents  is  an  appellation  given  to  certain  frater- 
nities in  Roman  Catholic  countries,  distinguished  by 
their  habits  and  employed  in  charitable  acts.    Encye. 

Order  of  penitents  ;  a  religious  order  established  by 
one  Bernard  of  Marseilles,  about  the  year  1272,  for 
the  reception  of  reformed  courtesans.  The  conjrre- 
ffolion  of  penitents,  at  Paris,  was  founded  with  a  sim- 
ilar view.  Encyc. 

PEN-I-TEX'TIAL,  (pen  e-ten'sha!,)  a.  [Fr.  peniten- 
tiel;  It.  penitchiiale,] 

Proceeding  from  or  expressing  penitence  or  contri- 
tion of  heart  ;  as,  penitential  sorrow  or  tears.  South. 

PEx\-I-TEN'TIAL,  n.  Among  the  Roman  Catholics, 
a  book  containing  the  rules  which  relate  to  penance 
and  the  reconciliation  of  penitents.  Encifc. 

PEX-I-TEN'TIAI-^LY,  ado.     In  a  contrite  manmr. 

PEX-I-TEX'TIA-RY,  (share.)  a.  Relating  lo  pen 
ance,  or  to  the  rules  and  measures  of  penance. 

Bramhall. 

PEN-I-TEX'TIARY,  n.  One  that  prescribc:s  the 
rules  and  measures  of  penance.      Bacon.    Jiylijfe. 

2.  A  penitent  ;  on e^  that  does  penance.  Hammond. 

3.  At  the  court  of  Rome,  an  office  in  which  are  ex- 
amined and  delivered  out  the  secret  bulls,  graces,  or 
dispensations  relating  to  cases  of  conscience,  con- 
fession, &-C.  Eneyc. 

4.  An  officer  in    some  cathedrals,  vested   with 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PRgY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.-, NOTE,  DOVfi,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.— 

—  


PEN 

power  from  the  hUiiop  to  ubsulve  in  cases  re.s(>rvL'd 
to  him.  The  pope  Jins  a  grand  penittiitiarj',  who 
is  a  cardinal  and  is  chief  of  the  other  penitentia- 
ries. Kncye. 

5.  A  bouse  of  correction  in  which  otTenders  are 
confined  fur  punishment  and  reformation,  and  com~ 
pelird  to  labor ;  a.  work-house.  A  state  prison  is  a 
peniteiitifirff, 

PE\'ITENT-LY,  aiiv.  With  penitence j  with  re- 
pentance, sorrow,  (»r  contrition  fur  sin. 

PEN'KiMFE,  (-nlfe,)M.  [See  Pen  and  Knife.]  A 
small  knife  used  for  making  and  mending  pens. 

FEN'MAX,  «.;  pi.  Pesmk.t.     [See  Pex  and  Man.] 

1.  A  man  tliat  professes  or  teoclies  the  art  of 
writing.     Jforc  generaUt/y 

S.  One  that  writes  a  gix>d  hand. 
3.  An  author  ;  a  writer  ;  as,  the  sacred  penmen. 

Addison. 
PEN'M.-VN'-SHIP,  B.    The  use  of  the  pen  in  writing  ; 
the  art  of  writing. 

2.  Manner  of  writing  ;  as,  good  or  bad  penmanship. 
PE\'.\ACH-£D,   (pen'nasht,)    a.      [Fr.  pmixache  or 

panachi,  from  panache^  a  phime  or  bunch  of  feathers.] 
Radiated  ;  diversified  with  natural  stripes  of  vari- 
ous colore,  as  a  flower.     [LilUe  iwerf.]  Evelyn. 

PEN'NA"N"r,  /  «.     [Fr.  fan'ion^   pennon  ;    It.  pennone  ; 

PEN'NON,  i  Sp,  pend&n  ;  W.  peaum  ,•  Goth,  fana  . 
L.panrfiL<,  a  clotll.] 

1.  A  small  flag  ;  a  banner. 

2.  In  naval  affairs^a.  long,  narrow  piece  of  bunting, 
worn  at  the  mast  Iieads  of  vessels  of  war.  ToUen. 

Broad  pennanty  is  a  square  piece,  carried  in  the 
same  way,  in  a  commodore's  vessel. 

R.  It.  Dana,  Jr. 

3.  A  rope  or  strap  to  which  a  purchase  is  hooked. 

R,  H.  Dana^  Jr. 
PEX'NATE,      )  a.     [L.  pennatus,  winged,  from  peaiutj 
PEX'XA-TED,  \     a  quill  or  wing.] 

1.  Winged. 

2.  In  botiimty  a  pennate  leaf  is  a  cnmponnd  leaf  in 
which  a  simple  petiole  has  several  leaflets  attached 
lo  eacli  side  of  it.     [See  Pinnate.] 

PEX'NED,  pp.     Written. 

PEX'XKD,  fl.     Winged;  having  plumes.        HuloeU 

PEX'NER,  n.     A  writer. 

3.  A  (t»;n-caso.     \jA>tal.'\  Ainsworth. 
PEX'.Vl-FORM,  a,     [L.  penna,  a  feather  or  quill,  and 

form.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  quill  or  feather.        Encyc. 

PEX  XU-.'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  penna  and  gero.'] 
Ht-arine  featliers  or  quills. 

FEX'Xl-LESS,  a.  [from  penny.}  Moneyless;  desti- 
tute of  money  ;  poor.  ArbuVinot. 

PEX'XI-LESS-XESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  money- 

PEX'N'IXG,  ppr.     Committing  lo  writing.  [less. 

PHX'XIXG,  ju     Composition;  style  of  writing.    Shah. 

PKX  XOX.    See  Penwant. 

PEX'XY,  «. ;  pi.  Pennies  or  Pence.  Pennies  denotes 
the  number  of  coins  ;  pmex  the  amount  of  pennies  in 
valtie.  [Sax.  penig ;  D.  and  6w.  penning  {  G.  pfen- 
vi'j  ;  Dan.  pen^e,  money.] 

1.  An  ancient  English  silver  coin;  but  now  a 
ropjier  one,  twelve  of  which  are  equal  to  n  shilling. 
It  is  the  radical  denomination  from  which  Englii^h 
coin  is  numlwred.  JohnAun* 

2.  In  aneient  Blaglith  gtatutes^  any  or  all  silver 
money. 

3.  ProvrrhiaHy,  a  pmall  sum.    He  will  not  lend  a 

4.  Money  in  general.  [penny. 

3^  tun  u>  turn  ih^  penny.  Dryten. 

PEX'XY-A-LfX'ER,  n.  A  term  of  contempt  for 
those  who  furnibh  matter  fur  public  journals  at  a 
pcnnv  a  line. 

PEX'XY-P^ST,  n.  A  post  that  carries  letters  from 
tlie  po^l  (iflice  and  dt-livers  th'-m  to  the  proper  i>er- 
st.ns  for  a  penny  or  other  small  compensation. 

PEX-XY-R'  »Y'AL,  n.     An  aromatic  herb. 

Till*  Engli'*h  pennyroyal  is  the  Mentha  pulegium  ; 
the  North  American  pennyroyal  is  the  Iledeoma 
pnlegioiil'-''.  Parr.     Bi^rhto. 

PEX' W-WglGHT,  (-wale,)  n.  A  troy  weight  con- 
taining iweniy-fuurgrnins,  each  grain  beinic  eqiml  in 
weight  to  a  grain  of  wheat  from  the  middle  of  the 
ear,  w«ll  dried.  It  was  anciently  the  weight  of  a 
silver  penny,  whence  the  name.  I'wenty  penny' 
wriirhts  make  an  ounce  iroy. 

PEX'Xy-WISE,  a.  Saving  iimall  sums  at  the  hazard 
of  larger;  nicc^rdty  on  iniportanl  occasions.    Bacon. 

PEX'XV- WORTH,  (-wurth,)  n.  As  much  as  is  bought 
for  a  pfnny. 

2.  Any  purchase;  any  thing  bought  or  sold  for 
money  ;  that  %vhich  is  worth  the  money  given. 

South. 

3.  A  good  bargain ;  something  advantageously 
purchased,  or  for  less  than  it  i^  worth.        J^njilm. 

4.  A  siinll  quantity.  SicifL 
PE-XO-LOG'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  public  punish- 
ment. 

PE-NOL'O-GY,  n.    [Gr.  irotpn,  h<  pana^  pain,  and 

Aiji    i,  discourse.! 
The  science  wnich  treate  of  public  punishments, 

as  they  res<iK.Tt  the  public  and  the  sufferer. 
PEX'BILE,  (-^il,)  a.  [^L.  pcn-niis,  from  pendeo, to  hang.] 


PEN 

1.  Hanging  ;  suspended  ;  as,  a  pensile  bell. 

Bacon.     Prior. 

2.  Supported  above  the  ground  ;  as,  a  pensile  gar- 
den. Prior. 

PEN'SILE-XESS,  ji.    The  state  of  hanging.  Bacon. 
PEN'SION,  (-shun.)  n.     [Fr.  and  Sp.irf.;  lupensione; 
from  L.  pciisio,  from  potdo,  pensum^  to  pay.] 

1.  An  annual  allowance  of  a  sum  of  money  to  a 
person  by  government  in  consideration  of  past  ser- 
vices, civil  or  military.  Men  often  receive  pensions 
for  eminent  services  on  retiring  from  office.  But  in 
particular,  officers,  soldiers,  and  seamen,  receive  pe/i- 
sions  when  they  are  disabled  for  further  services. 

2.  An  annual  payment  by  an  individual  to  an  old 
or  disabled  servant. 

3.  An  annual  allowance  made  by  government  to 
indigent  widows  of  officers  Killed  or  dying  in  public 
service, 

4.  Payment  of  money  ;  rent.     I  Esdraa. 

5.  A  yearly  payment  in  the  inns  of  court.    Eng. 
G.  A  certain  sum  of  money  paid  to  a  clergj-man  in 

lieu  of  tithes,  Cyc 

7.  An  allowance  or  annual  payment,  considered  in 
the  lifflit  of  a  bribe. 

PEX'SIOX,  V.  t.  To  grant  a  pension  to;  to  grant  an 
annual  allowance  from  the  public  treasury  to  a  per- 
son fur  past  services,  or  on  account  of  disability  in- 
curred in  public  service,  or  of  old  age. 

PEN'SION-A-IIY,  a.  Maintained  by  a  pension  ;  re- 
ceiving a  pension  ;  as,  pensivruz-^y  spies,        Donne. 

2.  Consisting  in  a  pension  ;  tit,  a  pensionary  pro- 
vision for  maintenance. 

PEX'SION-A-RY,  n.  A  person  who  receives  a  pen- 
sion from  government  fur  past  services,  or  r  yearly 
allowance  from  some  prince,  company,  or  individual. 
2.  Fornierlity  Oie  first  magistrate  of  the  slate  or  re- 
public of  Holland  ;  commonly  called  the  grand  pen- 
sionary. The  name  was  also  given  lo  the  chief 
municipal  magistrates  of  the  towns  in  Holland  and 
Zealand.  P..  Cyc 

PEN'SION-KD,  pp.  or  a.     Having  a  pension. 

PEX'SIOX-ER,  71.  One  to  whom  an  annuol  sum  of 
money  is  paid  by  government  in  consideration  of 
past  services. 

2.  One  who  receives  an  annual  allowance  for  ser- 
vices. 

3.  A  dependent. 

4.  In  (Ac  University  of  Camhridge^  Ensland^andinthat 
of  Dublin,  a  student  of  the  seconii  rank,  (correspond- 
ing to  CoMHoNER  at  Oxford,)  who  is  not  dependent 
on  the  foundation  for  support,  but  pays  for  his  board 
and  other  charges.  [Fr.  pena-uxnnaire^  one  who  pays 
for  his  board.]  Brande.     Huber. 

5.  One  of  an  honordilo  band  of  gentlemen  who 
attend  on  the  king  of  England,  and  receive  a  pen- 
sion or  an  annual  allowance  of  a  hundred  pounds. 
This  band  was  instituted  by  Henry  VII.  Their  duty 
is  to  guard  the  king's  person  in  his  own  house. 

Encyc-      Cyc, 
PEX'SION-IN^G,  ppr.    Granting  an  annual  allowance 

for  past  services. 
PEX'SIVE,  o,     [It.  pensivo,  pmsicrcso  ;  Sp.  prnsalivo  ; 
Ft.  pensif  from  penscr^  to  think  or  reflect  j  L.  pcn^o, 
to  weigh,  lo  Consider  ;  pernio^  to  weigh.] 

1.  /.('(frdUt/,  thoughtful  ;  eiuplnyed  in  serious  study 
or  reflection;  but  it  often  implies  some  degree  of 
sorrow,  anxiety,,  depression,  or  gluom  of  mind  ; 
thoughtful  and  sad,  or  sorrowful. 

Anxkxii  earra  <hfi  ptna'ioe  tijrmph  opi'r^Mcd.  Pope. 

3.  Expressing  thoughlfutnrsii  with  sadness  ;  as, 
pensive  numbers;  pensive  strains.  Prior. 

PEX'8!VE-LY,  adv.  With  tlioughtfulness  ;  with 
gloomy  seriousness  or  some  degree  of  melancholy. 

Spenser. 

PEX'SIVE-NESa,  n.  Gloomy  ihoughlfulness  j  mel- 
ancholy ;    seriousness  from  depressed  spirits. 

Hooker. 

PEN'STOCK,  n.  [pen  and  stock.}  ^  narrow  or  con- 
fined place  formed  by  a  fnime  of  limber  planked  or 
boarded,  for  holding  or  conducting  the  water  of  a 
mill-pond  to  a  wheel,  and  furnished  with  a  flood-gate 
which  may  be  shut  or  opened  at  pleasure.  The  up- 
right post  of  a  pump,  in  which  the  pi.*>ton  plays,  and 
through  which  the  water  passes  up. 

2.  ihe  handle  used  with  a  metallic  or  other  pen. 
PEXT,  pp.  or  a.     [from  pen.]     fclhut  up;  closely  con- 
fined ;  often  with  vp. 

PEX'TA-eHORD,  n,     [Gr.  Ttvrr,  Ave,  and  ehord.] 

1.  An  instrument  of  mu^ic  with  five  strings, 

2.  An  order  or  system  of  five  sounds,        Bushif. 
PEN-TA-eoe'COUS,  a.      [Gr.  rt^r',  five,  and*  L. 

coccusy  a  berry.] 

Having  or  containing  five  grains  or  seeds,  or  hav- 
ing five  united  cells  with  one  seed  in  each. 

Martyn, 
PEX-TA€'RI-NrrE,  n.    [Gr.  nzrrc,  five,  and  koivov, 
lily.] 

A  fossil,  allied  to  the  encrinite,  so  called  from  the 

pentagonal  form  fif  its  joinli^d  pedicel.  Dana. 

PEX-TA-eROS'Tie,a,     [Gr.  Jtim,  five,  and  acrostic'] 

Containing  five  acrostics  of  the  same  name  in  five 

divisions  of  each  verse. 

PEN-TA-CROS'Tie,  n.    A  set  of  verses  so  disposed 


PEN 

as  to  have  five  acrostics  of  the  same  name  in  five 
divisions  of  cai-h  verse.  Encyc 

PEN-T.VDAe'TVL,  n.    [Gr.  irf it£,  five,  and  (JaKrvAuf, 
finger.] 

1.  In  &otanv,  a  plant  called  Five  Fingers  ;  a  name 
given  to  the  fticinus  or  Palma  Christi,  from  the  shape 
of  its  leaf.  Encyc. 

9.  In  icktJt^alogyt  the  five-fingered  fish  ;  a  name 
given  to  n  hsh  common  in  tlie  East  Indian  seas, 
which  has  five  black  streaks  on  each  side,  resembling 
the  prints  of  five  fingers.  Encyc 

PEN'TA-GON,  71.      [Gr.   TrfATf,   five,  and   yotvia^  a 
corner.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  plane  figure  having  five  angles, 
and  consequently  five  sides.  Jfatton. 

2.  In  fortiticaiionj  a  fort  with  five  bastions. 
PEN-TAG'ON-AL,     )  a.    Having  five  corners  or  an- 
PEX-TAG'ON-OUS,  j       gles. 

tVoodward.    Lre.    Martyru 
PEN-TAG'OX-AI^LY,  qdv.    With  five  angles. 
PEX'TA-GRAPH,  n.     An  instrument  for  copying,  re- 
ducing, or  enlarging,  plans  and  figures.     [This  word, 
from  its  derivation,  is  more  properly  written  Pawto- 

ORAFH.] 

PEX-TA-GRAPH'IG,         )   a.     Pertaining  to  a  pen- 
PEX-TA-GRAPlI'ie-AL,  i      tagraph  ;  performed  by 

a  peiitagraph. 
PEN-TA-<5YN'I-A,  n.     [Gr.  ircvrcy  five,  and  yvvr},  a 
female.] 
In  botany^  an  order  of  plants,  having  five  styles. 

Linnmus. 
PEX-TA-GYX'l-AN, )  a.       In    botany,   having    five 
PEX-TAC'YN-OU3,  styles. 

PEN-TA-HS'nRAL,    >  ti     -       «  .v. 

PEX-TA-IIi?.'nROUS,  i  "•    "^^'"g  fi^*^  equal  sides. 
PEN-TA-H£'DRON,  Ju    [Gr.  irei-TC,  five,  and  £iJ>>fl,  a 
side  or  base.] 

A  solid  figure  having  five  equal  sides. 
PEN-TA-HE.\-A-HE'DRAL,  a.    [Gr.  iriyre,  five,  and 
hejiahe4ral.'] 

in  crystallography,  exhibiting  five  ranges  of  faces 
one  above  anotlier,  each  range  containing  six  faces. 

Cleavcland. 
PEN-TAM'E-TER,  n.     [Gr.  jrrirc,  five,  and  pcrp^v, 
measure.] 

In  ancient  poetry,  a  verse  of  five  feet.  The  two 
first  feet  may  be  either  dactyls  or  spondees  ;  the  third 
is  always  a  si»ndee,  and  the  two  last,  anapesis.  A 
pentameter  verse  subjoined  to  a  hexameter  con- 
stitutes what  is  called  elegiac.  Encyc 
PEN-TAM'E-TER,  a.  Having  five  metrical  feet. 
PEX-TAN'DRl-A,  n.  [Gr.  irivre,  five,  and  airip,  a 
male.] 

In  botany,  a  class  of  hermaphrodite  plants  having 
five  stamens  with  distinct  filaments  not  connected 
with  the  pistil, 
PEN-TA.N'DRI-AN,  >  a.     Hermaphrodite,  having  five 
PEX-TAN'DROUS,  (       stamens   with    distinct    fila- 
ments not  connected  wiih  the  pistil. 
rEN-TAN"GU-LAR,  a.  [Gr.  -rnvTi,  five,  and  angular.] 

Having  five  corners  or  angles.  Orctv. 

PEX-TA-PET'AL-Oas,    a.       [Gr.    ttci'te,    five,  and 
TTETiiXitv,  a  petal.] 

Having  five  petals  or  flower  leaves.  Encyc 

PEN-TAPH'YL-LOUS,    a.       [Gr.    irEirc,    five,    and 
ilivXXot;  a  leaf.] 
Having  five  leaves. 
PEX'TAItCH-Y,  «.     [Gr.  rrcirc,  five,  and  apxv,  rule.] 
A  government  in  the  hands  of  five  |)ersons. 

Bracer, 
PEX'TA-SPAST,  n.    [Gr.  itzvti,  five,  and  anaoj,  to 
draw.] 
An  engine  with  five  pulleys.  Diet. 

PEX-TA-SPERM'OUS,   a.      [Gr.    jrcirr,    five,   and 
trtreinm,  seed.] 

Containing  five  seeds.  Encyc 

PEX'TA-STICH,  (-stik,)  n,      [Gr,    ncvrc,  five,  and 
S-iX>'S,  verse.] 

A  romfmsitron  consisting  of  five  verses.      Diet. 
PEX'TA-STVLE,  tj.    [Gr.  mure,  five,  and  s-uA.)S,  a 
column.] 

In  architecture,  an  edifice  having  five  columns  in 
front.  Etmes. 

PEX'TA-TECCH,  (-take,)  n.    [Gr.  Trfirf,  five,  and 
rti'Y'-s,  a  book  or  composition.] 
The  first  five  books  of  the  Old  Testament. 
PEX'TE-eON-TER,  n.   [from  the  Greek.]    A  Grecian 
Vessel  of  fifty  oars,  smaller  than  a  trireme. 

Miford. 
PEN'TE-€OST,  n.      [Gr.    ncvTCtcoamt    n€VTCKuaTus, 
fiaielh.] 

1.  A  solemn  festivalof  the  Jews,  so  called  because 
celebrated  on  the  fiftieth  day  after  the  feast  of  the 
passovcr.  It  was  called  the  feast  of  leeelis,  l)(!caii'<e 
U  was  celebrated  seven  weeks  after  the  sixteenth 
day  of  Nisan,  or  third  day  of  the  passover.  It  was 
instituted  lo  oblige  the  people  to  repair  to  the  temfile 
of  the  Lord,  tiiere  to  acknowledge  his  absolute 
dominion  over  the  country,  and  offer  him  the  first 
fruits  of  their  harvest ;  also,  that  they  might  call  tit 
mind  and  give  thanks  to  God  for  the  law  which  he 
had  given  them  at  Sinai  on  the  fiftieth  day  from  their 
departure  from  Egypt.  Calmet.    Kitto. 

2.  Whitsuntide,  a  festival  of  the  Roman  Catholic 


TONE,  BJ;LI.,  IINITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CI0US €  aa  K ;  0  as  I ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  Til  as  In  THia 


311 


ffnttan. 


PEO 

and  nihtr  churches,  in  commemoration  of  ihe  de- 
scent 111*  the  Holv  Spirit  on  the  apu^^tles.    jfee^  ii. 

PEN  TK-eOST'AL,  a.  FerUitniug  to  Penitcijst,  or 
to  Whit.'aiintide.  Samtrrspn. 

PEN-'l'K-tX»ST'ALS,  n.  pi  Oblations  fornu-rly  made 
by  panMhioners  to  the  pnrish  priest  at  Whitsuntide, 
and  suinetimea  by  inferior  churches  to  the  mother 
church.  CcweL 

PEN'TE-eOS-TER,  m.  [Gr.]  In  ancient  Greece,  a 
niilitar\-  officer  commanaing  fitty  men  j  but  the  num- 
ber vafit'd.  MitfonL 

PEX'TE  i'OS-TYS,  n.  [Gr.l  A  body  of  fifty  sol- 
dier^ ;  but  the  number  varied.  Mitford. 

PEN'T'MOl'SB.  II.  [Fr.  peute,  a  slope  and  house.  In 
VVel-ih, /»«!/*.] 

A  shed  sLinding  aslope  tmm  the  main  wall  or 
btiildinft. 

PEX'TICE,  n.    [lU  fotdUe^  a  declivity,  from  L. 
to  bend.| 

A  jilopmg  roof.     \JUttU  used  ] 

PEN'TTLE,  n.    See  Paxtilb, 

PEX'TRE-MtTE,  n.    A  fossil,  allied  to  the  encrinitea. 

PE.N'T'ROOF,  n.  A  roof  all  of  whose  slope  is  on  one 
side.  BucXanaK. 

PE'S'ITLT,  n.     [I^  ftnnXUmusi  pene,  almost,  and  uUi- 
vttuf,  la.«LJ 
The  lif^t  svllable  of  a  word  eicept  one. 

PB-NULT'l-MA,  n.     The  same  as  Pt:<uLT. 

PE-NULT'I-MATE,  o.  [Supra.]  The  last  but  one  ; 
a  word  used  of  the  last  syllable  of  a  word  except 
one.     It  may  be  sometimes  used  as  a  noun. 

FB-NUM'BRA,  n.     [U^ime,  i^ltnmt,  and  umbra,  shade.] 
1.  In  astronammj  a  paitial  shadow  or  obscurity  on 
the  margin  of  the  perfect  shadow  in  an  eclipse,  or 
between  the  perfect  shadow,  where  the  light   is  en- 
tirely inlercepted,  and  the  full  light.  Huiton. 

12.  In  painting,  the  point  of  a  picture  where  the 
shade  Mends  with  the  light.  Elme^. 

PE-.\C'RI-OUS,  a.  [It.  penttrioso,  from  L.  penuria, 
scarcity,  want ;  Gr.  nevniy  poor,  ovayos,  rare.] 

I.  Excessively  saving  or  sparing  in  Ihe  use  of 
money  ;  parsimonious  to  a  fault ;  sordid  ;  as,  a  penu- 
rious man.    It  expresses  somewhal  less  tban  Nio- 

OARDLT. 

3.  Scanty ;  alTording  little  ;  as,  a  pemnrwiu  spring. 

PE-NC'RI-OUS-LY,  «rfp.    In  a  saving  or  parsimonious 

mannt'r;  with  scantv  supply. 
PE-.N'C'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.     Parsimony  ;  a  sordid  dis- 
position lo  save  money.  jf  Jduon. 
a.  Scantiness;  nut  plenty. 
PEX't.;-RY,  n     [L.  pemmrim^  from  Gr.  irrvi)?,  needy.] 
Want  of  property  ;  indigence  ;  extreme  poverty. 

AH  ImMOmt,  Ibry  w«n  expiMMl  to  huitibip  and  ptfutry.  SpraL 

Pe'ON.  K.  In  aimdostoM,  a  foot-soldier,  or  a  footman 
armea  with  sword  and  tancet ;  said  to  be  corrupted 
from  piadaJL     [Qm.  L.  pes,  paiiji.]     Hence, 

3.  In  PrancA,  a  common  man  in  chess ;  usually 
written  and  csdled  P»wk. 

P£'0-N'V,  n.     [U.  p^ottia;  Gr.  waiatna,  from  rauiir, 

Ap..no.] 

A  plant  and  flower  of  the  genns  Paeonfa. 
PEO'PLE,  (pee'pl,)  ■.  [Fr.  prupU :  L.  popmlus:  W. 
paith^  pob,  each,  every  one  ;  poblac,  common  people  ; 
G.  pobei ;  It.  pupai,  pabal ;  Sp.  pueblo  ;  Russ.  bohirl^  a 
peasant  This  word  coincides  in  elements  with  babe 
and  pupil;  and  perhaps  originally  signitied  the  cliil- 
dren  of  a  family,  like  gms.] 

1.  The  body  of  persons  who  compose  a  commu- 
nity, town,  city,  or  nation.  We  say,  the  prople  of  a 
town;  the  pecpU  of  London  or  Paris;  the  En^li^h 
peopU.  In  this  sense,  the  word  is  not  used  in  the 
plural,  but  it  comprehends  all  classes  of  inhabitants, 
considered  as  a  collective  body,  or  any  portion  of  the 
inhabitants  uf  a  city  or  country. 

3.  The  vulgar ;  the  mass  of  illiterate  person^ 

Tbe  haowiof  uiat  nuy  Judf«  bettrr  thin  ibe  peopU.     WalUr, 

3.  The  commopal^,  aa  distinct  from  men  of  rank. 

Myuttt  riHd  aMVDt  the  natrsm  In  hk  f%v<jr, 

And  Krin  M  fain  bb  pudjo  frum  the  pco^         AASsott. 

4.  Persons  of  a  particular  class ;  a  part  of  a  nation 
or  community ;  as,  country  people. 

5.  Persons  in  general;  any  persons  indefinitely; 
like  «m  in  French,  and  mau  in  Saxon. 

iiopU  wot  trmpud  to  kod  fa^  gteU  ptrnuum  uid  lar^fr  ta> 

&  A  conectMB  or  community  of  animals. 

The  urti  Me  a  peopb  not  «n«  j,  frt  Ihry  pnpsre  Ihdr  ment  in 
the  BonuDer.  —  Pn>v.  xix. 

7.  When  peopU  signifies  a  separate  nation  or  tribe, 
it  has  the  plural  number. 

Thoa  muM  proplwT  ngwt  bckm  man;  peopla.  —  R*»,  x. 

8.  In  Seripturf,  fathers  or  kindred.     Qen,  xxv 

9.  The  GenUles. 

To  bim  ifa^  Uk  subeiinr  of  Ihe  ^mjik  be.  —  Gen.  xlix. 

PEO'PLE,  e.  L    [Ft.  pnijrfn-.] 

To  slock  with  inhabitants.  Emigrants  from  Eu- 
rope have  peopled  the  United  Stales. 

Peopled,  pp.  oro,  stocked  or  furnished  with  in- 
habitants. 

PeO'PLING,  ppr.    Stocking  with  inhabitants. 


PER 

PkO'PI.ISII,  o.     Vulgar.  Chaucer. 

PE-PAS^'ri€,  H.    [Gr.  frcffdicw,  to  concoct  or  mature.] 
A   medicme  used  to  promote   proper  supi>uration 
and  granulation  in  wounds  not  healed  by  the  first 
iiitf-ntinn,  and  in  ulcers. 

PEP-ER-1'iNO,  N.  [it.]  A  volcanic  rock,  formed  by 
the  cementing  together  uf  sand,  cinders,  &.C. 

Brande. 

PEP'PER,  B.  [L.  piper;  Sax.  pepor  ;  D.  pepper;  Sw. 
peppar;  G.p/efer;  Dan.  peber;  Fr.  poit-re ;  It.  prpe ; 
Gr.  trctrept  i  Hindoo,  pt/>c/;  Sanscrit,  pipali;  Pers. 
pUpiL] 

A  plant  and  its  fruit,  of  Ihe  genus  Piper,  of  which 
there  are  very  numerous  species.  The  stem  of  the 
black  pepper  plant  is  a  vine  requiring  a  prop,  which 
is  usually  a  In-e.  The  leaves  are  oval  and  the  flower 
white.  We  have  four  kinds  of  pepper,  the  black, 
the  white,  the  long,  and  cuhebs.  The  bl^ck  pepper 
is  the  produce  of  Java,  Sumaira,  Ceylon,  and  other 
Asiatic  countries  ;  the  white  pepper  is  the  black  pep- 
per decorticated;  the  long  ik'pper  is  the  fruit  of  a 
different  species,  also  from  the  Kast  Indites.  It  con- 
sists of  numerous  grains  attached  to  a  cuiiiman  foot- 
stalk. Cubebs  are  bruughl  from  Java,  Nepal,  Sierra 
Leone,  nnd  the  Isle  of  France.  Pepper  has  a  strong, 
aromatic  smelt  and  a  pungent  taste. 

jisiat.  Res.     P.  Cye. 
[See  also  Cates:?e  Pepper  and  Guinea  PEPpiia.] 

PEP^PER,  V.  U     To  sprinkle  with  pepper. 

3.  To  beat ;  to  pelt  with  shut ;  to  mangle  with 
blows.  Shak. 

PEP'PER-BOX,  n.  A  small  box  with  a  perforated 
lid,  used  for  sprinkling  pulverized  pepper  on  food. 

PEP'PElUeAKE,  a-  A  kind  of  spiced  cake  or  gin- 
gerbread. 

PEP'PER-eORN,  ju  The  beny  or  fruil  of  the  pepper- 
plant. 

2.  Something  of  inconsiderable  value;  as,  lands 
held  at  the  rent  of  a  pepper-corru 

PEP'PER-£D,  pp.  or  o.  Sprinkled  with  pepper  ; 
pelted  ;  siKitted. 

PEP'PEU-GIN'GER-BREAD,  (-bred,)  n.  A  kind  of 
cake  made  in  England. 

PEP'PER-GRASS,  n,  A  trailing  plant  of  the  genus 
Pihilnria;  also,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Lepidium,  a 
kind  of  cress,  sometimes  cultivated  for  the  table. 

PEP'PER-IDGE,  B.  A  name  given  to  the  tuptio  or 
black  gum,  n  tree  with  very  tough  wood,  belonging 
to  Ihe  genus  Nyssa. 

Pepprridge  bush ;  the  barberry*  a  shrub. 

PEP'PER-ING,  ppr.    Sprinkling  with  pepper;  pelting. 
>Z  a.  Hot ;  pungent  j  angry.  Sie^fU 

PEPPERING,  a.    A  pelting  with  shot  or  blows. 

SmarL 

PEP'PER-MINT,  a,  A  plant  of  the  genus  Mentha. 
It  is  aromatic  and  pungent.  Also,  a  liquor  distilled 
fmm  the  plnnL 

PEP'PER-MINT-TREE,  h.  The  Eucalyptus  piperita, 
an  indigenous  tree,  native  of  New  South  Wales. 

P.  Cyc 

PEP'PER-WA'TER,  n.  A  liquor  prepared  from  pow- 
dered black  pepper;  used  in  microscopical  observa- 
tions. Encyc 

PEP'PER- WORT,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Lepidium. 

PEP'PER-Y,  a.     Having  the  qtinliiies  of  pepper. 

PEP'SIN,  «.  [Gr.  7r£i^(s,  digestion,  from  77£ooa>  or 
ff£irrw,  to  digest.] 

A  substance  secreted  by  the  stomach  of  animals, 
nnd  present  in  the  gastric  juice.  It  is  prepared  arti- 
ficially from  renncL  Orakam, 

PEP'Tie,  a      [Gr.  7r£ffri«05,  from  fffTTT-oj,  to  digesL] 
Promoting  digestion;   relating  to  digestion;  as, 
peptic  pffcepto.  Kitchener. 

PER;  a  Latin  preposition,  denoting  through,  passing, 
or  over  the  whole  extent,  as  in  perambulu.  Hence  it 
is  sometimes  equivalent  to  very  in  English,  as  in 
peracutus,  very  sharp.  As  a  prefix,  in  English,  it 
retains  'hese  significations,  and,  in  chemistry,  it  is 
used  to  denote  very  or  fitlhj^  to  the  vttnoxt  erient,  as  in 
peroiyd,  a  substance  oxydated  to  the  utmost  degree  ; 
so  also  perchlorid,  itc 

Per  is  used  also  for  by;  a£i,  per  bearer,  by  the 
bearer. 

PER-A€T',  P.  u    To  perform  ;  to  practice. 

PER-A-COTE',  a.  [L.  peracutus }  per^  through,  and 
acutua,  sharp.] 

Very  sharp ;  very  violent ;  as,  a  peracvte  fever. 
[Little.  iLied.]  Harvey. 

PER-AD-VE.\'TTyRE,  adv.  [Fr.  par  aventure;  par, 
by,  and  aventure,  from  L.  re/tio,  to  come.] 

By  chance  ;  perhaps  ;  it  may  he.  Honker. 

It  has  been  used  as  a  noun  for  doubt  or  question, 
but  ratlftr  improperly.  The  word  is  obsolescent  and 
inelegant. 

PER'A-GRATE,  r.  i.  [L.  peragro ;  per,  through,  over, 
and  a^er,  a  field.] 

To  travel  over  or  through  ;  to  wander  :  to  ramble. 
[Little  used.] 

PER-A-GRA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  passing  through 
any  spac« ;  as,  the  perap-ation  of  the  moon  in  her 
monthly  revolution.    [Little  used.]    Brown.  Holder. 

PER-AM'nU-LATE,  r.  £.  [L.  perambulo;  per  and 
ambulo,  lo  walk.] 

To  walk  through  or  over  ;  properly  and  teehnieal- 


PER 

Ii/,  to  pass  through  or  over  for  the  purpose  of  sur- 
veying or  examining  Homrihing ;  to  visit  as  over- 
seers ;  as,  to  perambulate  a  parish.  So,  in  New 
England,  the  laws  require  the  selectmen  of  towns 
to  appoint  suitable  persons,  annually,  tu  perambulate 
the  liorders  or  bounds  of  the  township,  and  renew 
the  boundaries,  or  see  that  the  old  ones  are  in  a  good 
slate. 

PER-AM'BU-LA-TED  pp.     Passed  over;  inspected. 

PER-AM'HU-LA-TING,  ppr.  Passing  over  or  through 
for  the  purpose  of  inspection. 

PEK-AM-IIULA'TION,  n.     The  act  of  passing  or 

walking  through  or  over.  Bacon. 

2:  A  tmveling  survey  or  inspection.  Hvtcell. 

3.  A  district  within  which  a  person  has  the  right 
of  insiK!cliun  ;  jurisdiction.  Holiday. 

4.  Annual  survey  of  the  bounds  of  a  parish  in 
England,  or  of  a  township  in  America. 

PER-AM'BULA-TOR,  n.  An  iiisirununt  for  meas- 
uring distances.  It  consists  of  a  wheel,  with  an 
apparatus  of  clock-work,  and  a  dial-plnXe,  upon 
which  the  distance  traveled  over  is  shown  by  an 
index.  p.  Qyc. 

PER  JlJV'JVUM,  [L.]  By  the  year ;  in  each  year 
successively. 

PER  CAP'I-T^,    [L.]     By  the  head  or  poll. 

PER-CASE',  adv.     {per  and  case,  by  case.] 

Perhaps;  perchance.     [J^ot  used.]  Bacon. 

PER'CE-ANT,  a.     [Fr.  pergant.] 

Piercing  ;  penetrating.     [JVot  used.]  Spenser. 

PER-CiClV'A-BLE,  o.  [See  Perceive.]  Perceptible; 
that  may  be  perceived  ;  that  may  fall  under  percep- 
tion, or  the  cognizance  uf  the  senses;  that  may  be 
felt,  seen,  heard,  smelt,  or  tasted.  We  say,  the 
roughness  of  cloth  is  perceivable;  the  dawn  of  the 
morning  is  perceivable  f  the  sound  of  a  bell  is  prr- 
ceivable;  the  scent  of  an  orange  is  perceivable;  the 
difference  of  taste  in  an  apple  and  an  orange  is  per- 
ceivable. 

2.  That  may  be  known,  understood,  or  conceived. 
[Less  proper.] 

PER-CEIV'A-BLY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as  to  be 
perceived. 

PER-CeIV'ANCE,  n.  Power  of  perceiving.  [JVot  in 
"*e- 1  Mtlum. 

PER-C£IVE',r.  (.  [L.  prrcipto ;  perand  capm,  totake.] 
L  To  have  knowledge  or  receive  impressions  of 
external  objects,  through  the  medium  or  Instrument- 
ality of  the  senses  or  bodily  organs;  as,  to  perceive 
light  or  color ;  lo  perceive  tlie  cold  of  ice  or  the  taste 
of  honey. 

2.  To  know  ;  to  understand  ;  to  observe. 

TjJI  wf  oiirarlr™  ara  U  with  our  own  vji^,  unit  perceivt  it  by  our 
own  understanding,  we  are  in  Uie  dark.  Locit. 

3.  To  be  affected  by;  to  receive  impressions  from. 

Tlie  iipprr  n-gion*  of  ihr  a\r  perceive  the  collection  of  th**  mntter 
ortcmpcsu  before  ihfi  air  below.  Bacon. 

PERCEIVED,  (-seevd',)  pp.  or  a.     Known  by  the 

senses;  fell  •,^undi  rslood  ;  observed. 
PER-CeIV'ER,  n.     One  who  perceives,  feels,  or  ob- 
serves 
PER  CENT'AGE,  n.     [from  the  Latin  percentum,  per 

cent.] 
In  enmmerce,  the  allowance,  duty,  or  cummission 

on  a  hundred. 
Per  centum,  per  cent.,  [L.]     By  the  hundred. 
PER-CEP-Tl-BII/I-TY,  ji.      The  slate  or  quality  of 

being  perceptible;  as,  the  perceptibility  of  light  or 

color. 

9.   Perception.     [Less  proper.]  More. 

PER-CEP'TI-BLE,  o.     [Fr. ;  from  L.  percipio,  percep- 

ius.] 

1.  That  may  be  perceived  ;  that  may  impress  the 
bodily  organs  ;  that  may  come  under  the  c(»gnizance 
of  the  senses  ;  as,  a  perceptible  degree  of  heat  or 
cold;  a  perceptihle  odor;  a  perceptible  sound.  A 
thing   may  be  too  minute    to   be  perceptible  lo  the 

2.  That  may  be  known  or  conceived  of.       [touch. 
PER-CEP'Tl-ELY,  adv.      In  a  manner  to  be    per- 
ceived. 


decays  ptrctp&bly  ercrj  week. 


Pope. 


PER  CEP'TION,  n.     [h.  pereeptio.     See  Perceite.] 

1.  The  act  of  perceiving,  or  of  receiving  the 
knowledge  of  external  objects  by  impressions  or 
the  senses  ;  or  that  act  or  process  of  the  mind  which 
makes  known  an  external  object.  In  other  words, 
the  notice  which  the  mind  takes  of  external  objects. 
We  gain  a  knowledge  of  the  coldness  and  smooth- 
ness of  marble  by  perception. 

2.  In  philosophy,  the  (acuity  of  perceiving  ;  the 
faculty  or  peculiar  part  of  man's  consliiution,  by 
which  he' has  knowledge  through  the  medium  or  in- 
strumi;nlality  of  the  bodily  organs.     Reid.    Eneyc 

3.  Intellectual  discernment  of  apprehension  ;  idea; 
notion  ;  as,  a  nice  perception  of  differences.      Hall. 

4.  The  stale  of  being  affected,  or  capable  of  being 
affected  by  something  external. 

This  experiment  diKorera  perception  in  plants.  Bacon. 

PER-CEP'TIVE,  a.    Having  the  faculty  of  perceiving. 

OlanvilLe. 
PER-CEP-TIV'I-TY,  tu    The  power  of  perception  or 
thinking.  Locke 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH-ST — MeTE,  PRgY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOk.. 

R12  ^""^ 


PER 

PIIRCH,  M.  [Fr.  pereke;  l^  pcrca  ;  Gr.  ireoKn;  G.  bars^ 
a  perrh,  ana  barsch^  sharp,  keen,  pungent ;  D. boars; 
i^w,  abbore ;  Dan.  alH-n-e.  It  would  seem  from  the 
GiTinan,  that  this  fish  is  named  from  its  prickly 
spines,  and  the  name  allied  to  perk,] 

The  popiilar  name  of  several  species  of  a  pfniis  of 
aranthiiptery^ious  fishes,  called  by  nauiralisls  Ptrca, 
They  have  powerful  dorsal  fins,  with  strong  and 
sharp  spines.  The  scales  are  moderately  large,  with 
the  posterior  edge  toothed.  They  all-feed  on  marine 
inserts,  and  inhabit  frei^h  water. 

PERCH,  «.  [Fr.  perche  ;  L.  pertim ;  W.  perc;  Arm. 
perchen ;  probably  allied  to  the  former  word  in  the 
sense  of  sharpness,  shooting,  ur  extending.  See 
Pere.] 

1.  A  pole  ;  hence,  a  roost  ftir  fowl3,  which  is  often 
a  pole ;  also,  any  thin^  on  which  they  li^ht. 

2.  A  measure  of  length  containing  five  yards  and 
a  lialf ;  a  rod.  In  the  popular  language  of  America, 
rod  is  chiefly  used  ;  but  rod,  pole,  and  perch,  all  sig- 
nifying the  same  thing,  may  be  used  iiidiirerently. 

3.  In  land  or  square  measure,  a  square  rod  ;  the  for- 
tieth pan  of  a  rood.  [This  sense  is  more  common 
than  the  second.] 

4.  In  solid  measure,  a  mass  16^  feet  each  way. 
PERCH,  V.  L     To  sit  or  roost,  as  a  bird. 

2.  To  light  or  settle  on  a  fixed  bttdy,  as  a  bird. 

PERCH,  V.  U    To  place  on  a  fixed  object  or  [wrch. 

More. 

PER-CHXNCE',  ado.  [per  and  chance.]  By  chance  ; 
perhaps.  fVoUon, 

PERCH'i^D,  (percht,)  pp.    Placed  on  a  perch. 

PERCH'ER,  n.  One  of  an  order  of  birds  which  perch 
or  light  on  trees,  tc.  These  have  four  toes,  three 
Ix'fore  and  one  behind.  Kirbi/. 

PERCH'ERS,  n.  pi.  Paris  candles  anciently  used  in 
England  ;  aUo,  a  larger  sort  of  wa.x  candles  which 
wtTe  usually  set  on  the  altar.  Bailey. 

PERCH'I.NG,  pjir.     Placing  on  a  perch. 

PER-eHL6'R.\TE,  r.  A  compound  of  perchloric 
acid  with  a  base. 

PER-CHLORie,  o.  Perchloric  acid  is  chlorine  con- 
verted i[ito  an  acid  by  combining  with  a  maximum 
of  oxvgen.  SiUiman. 

PER-€HLO'RID,  n.  That  chlorid  of  a  given  base 
which  contains  the  greatest  quantity  of  chlorine  ;  as, 
perehlorid  of  gold  ;  perchlorii  of  phosphorus. 

Oraham. 

PERCH'PEST,  n.  A  amall^  cni5taceotis  animal  that 
attaches  itself  to  the  moutn  of  a  perch.  Kirby. 

PER-CiP'I-E.\CE,  n.     Act  of  perceiving;  perception. 

PER-CIP'I-ENT,  a.     [U  percipifns,]  [ff(uslam. 

Perceiving  ;  having  the  faculty  of  perception.  An- 
imals are  percipient  beings  j  mere  matter  is  not  per- 
cipieiiL  Benlley. 

PER-CIP'IENT,  B.  One  that  perceives  or  has  the 
faculty  of  perception.  More. 

PERCLfiSE',  n.    Conclu.=?ion.    {J^'otused.]    Ralajh. 

PER'eOID,  a.     [Gr.  -rrtoKn,  perch,  and  tirf.'V,  form.] 
In  icfUAyohgijy  resembling  the  perch  ;  of  the  [Kirch 
family.  Jardine.     P.  Cyc. 

PER'eO-LATE,  V.  t  [L.  pcreolo  j  per  and  colo,  to 
Btniin  ;  Fr.  covler,  to  flow  or  riin.j 

To  Birain  through  ;  to  cause  to  pass  through  BmaJI 
inter*lice«,  as  a  liquor  ;  to  filter.  Hale. 

PER'€0-LATE,  v.  i.  To  pass  through  small  inter- 
Hlices  ;  to  filter ;  as,  water  percolates  through  a  porous 
stone. 

PER'€0-L;(-TED,  pp.  Filtered  ;  passed  tlirongh  small 

PER'CO-LS-TLNG,  ppr.     Filtering.  [interrfices. 

PER-€0-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  straining  or  filter- 
ing; filtration  ;  the  act  of  passing  through  small  in- 
terstices, as  liquor  thrmigh  felt  or  a  porous  stone. 

PtrcoUUion  te  Intended  for  th«  purificatioo  of  liquon.    Bacon. 

PER'CO-LX-TOR,  n.     A  filtering  machine.      Francis. 
PER-eUR'SO-RY,  a.     [L.  percursus.) 

Cursory  ;  ninning  over  slightly  or  in  haste. 
PER-€IJ8S',  V.  U      [L.  percus^us^   from  percutio^  to 
■trike.] 

To  strike  forcibly  ;  particularly,  to  strike  upon,  in 
order  to  a<cert:<jn  the  resulting  sound.  Bacon. 

PER  ei-'S'SION,  (-kush'un,)  n.     [L.  peraissio.] 

1.  The  act  of  striking  one  body  against  another, 
with  some  violence ;  as,  the  vibrations  excit«:d  in  the 
air  hy_perctiJi*ion,  JVcirton. 

2.  The  shock  produced  by  the  collision  of  bodies. 

Barltnc. 

3.  The  impression  or  effect  of  sound  on  the  ear. 

Rxjmrr. 
Cfftfr  of  percussion;  In  a  moving  body,  the  point 
about  which  the  impetus  of  the  parts  is  balanced  on 
evrry  side,  so  that  it  may  Xte  stopped  by  an  itninova- 
!»!'•  iih«iarlr  .it  this  point,  and  rest  on  it.        Barloie. 

PER  CUS'S10.\-€AP,  n.  A  small  copper  cap  or  cup, 
coplaming  fulminating  powder,  and  used  in  a  per- 
cussion-lock to  expl  de  gunpowder. 

PEK-CUS'SION-LOCK,  n,  A  lock  of  a  gun  in  which 
gunp«jwdcr  is  ex(>lod<d  by  firt;  obtained  from  the 
pert'ussion  of  fulmiiiating  jtowder.  W.  I!.  O. 

PER-eUS'tflVE,  a.  tjlriking  against;  as,  percussive 
force. 

PER-fO'TIENT,  (-ahent.)  n.     [h.  pcrcutiena.] 

That  which  strikes,  or  has  power  to  strike.  Bacon. 


PKR 

PER  orfXV,  [L.1     Hy  the  day. 

PER'DI-FOIL,  n.  [L.  perdo,  to  lose,  and  folium^ 
.  leaf.] 

A  plant  that  annually  loses  or  drops  its  leaves;  op- 
posed to  ErERCRCEN. 

The  poJBioH'floWT  of  America  and  the  Jaamine  of  Malnlwr, 
wliicli  are  erergTi*»?ni  in  th^-ir  nntivc  climate*,  become  ptrdi- 
foUa  when  traLtuplnnWl  into  BrilAin.  Barton. 

PER-DI"TION,  (-dish'un,)  n.  [L.  perditio,  from 
perdo,  to  lose,  to  ruin.  Qu.  per  and  do,  or  Gr. 
utoBu}.] 

i.  Entire  loss  or  nitn ;  utter  destruction ;  as,  the 
prrdition  of  the  Turkish  fleeL  SliaJi. 

[In  this  sense,  liie  word  is  now  nearly  or  wholly 
obsolete.] 

2.  The  utter  loss  of  the  soul,  or  of  final  happiness 
in  a  future  state  ;  future  misery  or  eternal  death. 
The  impenitent  sinner  is  condemned  to  final  perdi- 
tion. 

If  we  reject  the  Irulh,  we  •eal  our  own  ptrdiaon.   J.  M.  Mason. 

3.  Loss.     [JV«(  used.]  Shak. 
PER-DC,     (  adv.  [Fr.  pffrrfu, lost,  from  pcrdre,  to  lose, 
PER-DCE',  i       L.  perdo.l 

Close;  in  concealment. 

Til""  moderator,  out  of  tIpw, 

Bcrneail)  the  desli  hud  \n\a  ptrdue.        TYumhull't  M^Pingal, 

PER-DO',  Tt.     One  that  is  placed  on  the  watch  or  in 

nmbu^^h.  Sltak. 

PER-DO',  a,      Abiftidoned  ;    employed   on   desperate 
purposes;  accustomed  to  desperate  purposes  or  en- 
terprises. Benum.  Si  Fletcher. 
PEU'DU-L0U3,  a.     [Fr.  perdu,  from  L.  perdo.] 

\jfis\  ;  thrown  away.     [.AT»(  used.]  Bramhall. 

PER-DO'RA-BLE,a.  [Fr.,  from  'L.  perdu.ro  :  per  and 
duro,  to  last.] 

Very  durable;  lasting;  continuing  long.  [JVot 
used.]  SheOi.     Draifton. 

PER-DC'RA-BLY,  adv.     Very  durably.     [JVb(  i'u=ed.] 

Shak. 
PER-DU-RA'TION,   n.      Long   continuance.      [JVot 

used.]  Ainsworth. 

PER'DY,  adv.     [Fr.  par  Dim.] 

Certainly  ;  verily  ;  in  truth.     [06.*.]         Spenser. 
PER'E-GAL,  a.     [Fr.  per  and  e^oi  equal.] 

Equal.     [JSTot  tued.]  SpcTtser. 

PER'E-GRIN-ATE,  v.  t  [L.  peregrinor,  from  pere- 
grinus,  a  traveler  or  stranger;  peragro,  to  wander; 
per  and  afrer.] 

To  travel  from  place  to  place,  or  from  one  country 

to  another;  to  live  in  a  foreign  country.  Diet. 

PER  E-GRi.V-A'TION,    n.       A    traveling    from    one 

country  to  another  ;  a  wandering  ;  abode  in  foreign 

cotintrjps.  Hammond.     Bentley. 

PER'E-GRIN-A-TOR,    n.      A    traveler    into    foreign 

countries.  Casaubon. 

PER'E-GRINE,  (-grin,)  a.     TE.  pereprinus.] 

Foreign  ;  not  native.     {Little  used.]  Bacon. 

Pereip-ine  falcon;   a  species  of  hawk   or  falcon, 

Falco  peregrinua,  found   in   America,  Europe,  and 

Asia,  and  which  wanders  in  summer  to  the  Arctic 

circle.  Pettnarit. 

PER-E-GRIN'I-TY,  n.    Strangeness.     [JVot  used.] 

Cook. 
PER-EMPT',  V.  L     [L.  peremptits,  perimo,  to  kill.] 
In  law,  to  kill ;  to  crush  or  destroy.    [JVut  used.] 

Ayliffe. 
PER-EMP'TION,  n.     [L.  perempHo.] 

A  killing;  a  quashing;  nonsuit.    [J^Qtused.] 

Ayliffe.. 
PER'EMP-TO-RILY,  adc.     [from  perempti*ry.]     Ab- 
solutely ;  positively  ;  in  a  decisive  manner  ;  so  as  to 
preclude  further  debate. 

Nc»crJu(1jf/>errmplori/y  on  firit  appeRrancPi.  Ciarista, 

PER'EMP-TO-RI-NESS,  n.  Positivcness ;  absolute 
decision ;  dogmatism. 

PtrampUjrintat  ia  of  twoKirU;  onr,  ■  mngittoriAtnfw  in  mnttm 
»(  vpUikiu ;  the  other,  t  poaiUvi-neM  m  tn»ll  ri  o(  fjci. 

Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

PER'EMP-TO-RY, o.  [Fr.  prremptoire;  It.  perentorio; 
L.  pernitptorius,  from  peremptun,  taken  away,  killed.] 

1.  Express;  [Ki.iitive ;  absolute;  decisive;  authori- 
tative ;  ni  a  manner  to  preclude  debate  or  exfKtstula- 
tion.    The  orders  of  the  commander  are  peremptory. 

2.  Positive  in  opinion  or  judgment.  The  genuine 
effect  of  sound  learning  is  to  make  men  less  peremp- 
tory in  their  dtrterniinations. 

3.  Final;  determinate;  as,  a  perem/»tori/ pale.   . 

4.  Peretnptory  challenge,  in  laui,  a  challenge,  or 
right  of  challenging  Jurors,  without  showing  cause. 

PER-EN'NI-AL,  a.  [L.  perennis;  per  and  annus,  a 
year.l 

1.  Lasting  or  continuing  without  cessation  through 
the  year.  Ckeyne. 

2.  Perpetual;  unceasing;  never  failing.  Jfamey. 

3.  In  Itotaiiy,  conlltniing  more  than  two  years  ;  as, 
a  perennial  stem  or  rtKit.  Martyn. 

4.  Continuing  without  intermission,  aa  a  fever. 

Coie. 
PER-EN'NI-AL,  ti.  In  botany,  n  plant  which  lives  or 
continues  more  than  two  years,  whether  it  retains 
its  leaves  or  not.  That  which  retains  its  leaves 
during  winliT  is  called  an  evergreen;  that  which 
casts  its  leaves,  deciduous,  or  a  perdifoil. 


PER 

PER-EN'NI- AL-LY,  adv.    C<mtinuaIIy ;  without  ceas- 
ing,    ft. 
PER-E.V'NI-TY,  B.     [L.  peratnitas.] 

An  enduring  or  continuing  through  the  wliole  year 
without  ceasing.  Derham. 

PER  ER-RA'TIO.V,  n.     [L.  pererro;  per  and  erro,  to 
wander.] 
A  wandering  or  rambling  through  various  places. 

Ifotccll. 

PER  FAS  ET  ^TE'FAS,    [L.]    Through  or  by  right 

and  wrong  ;  by  any  means. 
PER'FECT,  a.     [L.  pcrfectus,  perfieio,  to  complete; 

per  and  facio,  to  do  or  make  through,  to  carry  to  the 

end.] 

1.  Finished;  complete;  consummate;  not  defect 
tive ;  having  all  that  is  requisite  to  its  nature  and 
kind  ;  as,  a  perfect  statue ;  a  perfect  likeness ;  a  per- 
fect work  ;  a  perfect  system. 

As  full ,  M  perfect  in  a  hair  a*  lie«rt.  Pope. 

2.  Fully  informed;  completely  skilled  ;  as,  men 
perfect  in  the  use  of  arms  ;  perfect  in  discipline. 

3.  Complete  in  moral  excellences. 

Be  ye  thi'iTfotr  perfed,  e»en  aa  yout  Father  which  is  in  bearen 
it  perfect.  —  Mult.  v. 

4.  Manifesting  perfection. 

My  stren^h  is  made  perfect  in  weakncu.  —  2  Cor.  xll. 

Perfect  chord;  in  muaic,  a  concord  or  union  of 
sounds  which  is  perfectly  coalescent  and  agreeable 
to  the  ear,  as  the  fifth  and  the  octave ;  a  perfect 
consonance. 

A  perfect  Jlower,  in  botany,  has  both  stamen  and 
pistil,  or  at  least  anther  and  stigma.  Martyn. 

Perfect  number;  in  anthmetic,  a  number  equal  to 
the  sum  of  alt  its  divisors,  as  the  number  6. 

Brande. 

Perfect  tense;  in  grammar,  the   preterit  tense;   a 
tense  wfiich  expresses  an  act  completed. 
PER'FEGT,  or  PER-FECT',  v.  t.     [L.  pcrfectus,  per- 
fieio.] 

1.  To  finish  or  complete,  so  as  to  Ie:ive  nothing 
wanting  ;  to  give  to  any  thing  all  that  is  requisite  to 
its  nature  and  kind  ;  as,  to  perfect  a  picture  or 
statue.     2  Chron.  viii. 

Inquire  into  the  natum  and  propertin  ol  things,  and  thereby 
perfect  otir  idem  of  distinct  «i>'cW.  iMcka. 

If  we  luve  one  nuolher,  Ciod  dwelU-th  in  us,  and  his  love  is  per' 
ftcted  ill  us.  —  1  John  vr. 

2.  To  instnict  fully  ;  to  make  fully  skillful ;  as,  to 
perfect  one's  self  in  the  rules  of  music  or  archi- 
tecture ;  \.o  perfect  soldiers  in  disci'iline. 

PER'FE€T-ED,  pp.  or  a.     Finished";  completed. 

PER'FE€T-ER,  n.    One  that  makes  perfect. 

Broome. 

PER-FECT-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [from  perfectible.}  The 
capability  of  becoming  or  being  made  perfect. 

PER-FECT'I-BLE,  a.  Cni)able  of  becoming  or  being 
made  perfect,  or  of  arriving  at  the  utmost  perfection 
of  the  species. 

PER'FE€T-ING,  ppr.  Finishing;  completing;  con- 
summating. 

PER-FEC'TION,  (-shun,)  n.     [L.  paftctio.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  perfect  or  complete,  so  that 
nothing  requisite  is  wanting  ;  as,  perfection  in  an  art 
or  science  ;  perfection  in  a  system  of  morals. 

2.  Physical  perfection,  is  when  a  natural  object  has 
all  its  powers,  faculties,  or  qualities  entire  and  in 
full  vigor,  and  all  its  parts  in  tlue  proportion.  Kncye. 

3.  Metaphysical  or  transcendental  perfection,  is  the 
possession  of  alt  the  essential  attributes,  or  all  the 
parts  necessary  to  the  integrity  of  a  substance.  This 
IS  absolute,  where  all  defect  is  precluded,  such  as  the 
perfection  of  God ;  or  according  to  its  kind,  as  in 
created  things.  F.ncye. 

4.  Moral  perfection,  is  the  complete  possession  of 
nil  moral  excellence,  as  in  the  Supreme  Heing;  or 
the  p«>ssession  of  such  moral  qualities  and  virtues  as 
a  thmt*  is  capable  of. 

5.  A'  quality,  endownient,  or  acquirement  com- 
pletely excellent,  or  of  great  worth.  • 

[In  this  sense,  the  word  has  a  plural.] 

What  tongue  can  her f*r/eclion*  t'.U  I  SidMtf, 

6.  An  inherent  or  essential  attribute  of  supreme  or 
infinite  excellence;  or  one  perfect  in  its  kind;  a?, 
the  perfections  of  God.  The  infinite  power,  holiness, 
justice,  benevolence,  and  wisdom  of  God  are  de- 
nominated his  per/rc/ionj. 

To  perfection ;  perfectly  ;  in  the  highest  degree  of 

excellence  ;  as,  to  imitate  a  model  to  perfection. 
PER-FE€'TIO\,  r.  (.    To  complete  ;  to  make  perfect 
PKll-FEC'TION-AL,  a.     Made  complete.     Pearson. 
PER-FEe'TION-ATE,  used  by  Drydc-n  and  Tooke,  in 

lieu  of  the  verb  to  Perfect,  is  a  useless  word. 
PKR-FEe'TION-/;n,  pp.     Made  perfect. 
PER-FEC'TU)N-ING,  ppr.     Making  perfect. 
PER-FEC'TION-ISM,  n.      The  doctrine  of  llie  per- 

fpclionists. 
PER-FEC'TION-IST,  n.    One  pretending  to  perfec- 

tion  ;  an  enthusinsi  in  religion.  South. 

2.  One  who  believos  tJiat  some  persons  actually 

attain  to  moral  pcrfeftiun  in  the  present  life. 
PER-FEC'TION-MENT,  n.    State  of  being  perfect. 

/.  Taylor. 


TCNE,  BJlLL,  ITMTE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOL'S C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SU :  TU  as  in  THIS. 


PER 

PER-FECT'lVB,  «.  Conducing  to  make  pezfecl  or 
brinx  to  perfection  ;  foUpwed  by  iff.  *^ 

Prtwe  Mitt  Kdontkm  sre  BiOiodt  prr/tctipt  of  (he  aoul.    Mon. 

PER-FECT'IVE-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  that  brings 

to  perflation.  Orew. 

PER'FF.eT-LY,  adv.  In  the  highest  degree  of  excel- 
lence. 

3.  Totally ;  completely  ;  as,  work  prrfectly  exe- 
cuted or  performed  ;  a  thine  perfectly  new. 

3.  Exactly  j  accurately ;  as,  a  proposition  perfredif 
nnderstofxl. 
PERTECT-iVESS,  u.     Completeness;    consummate 
exceilrnce ;  perfection. 

Q.  'I'he  highest  degree  of  goodness  or  holiness  of 
which  man  is  capable  in  this  hfe. 

Aui)  Abotf  nil  ihinn  put  oa  chkritft  wMeb  )i  the  bood  ofptr- 
ftciittt*.  —  Cul.  ik. 

3.  Arcirrnte  skill.  Shak, 

PER-FI"CIE\T,  (-fish'ent,)  »,     [U  ferfieUiu.] 

One  who  endows  a  charity. 
PER-FIU'I-OUS,  a.     [  L.  per/Ums;  ptr  andjWiw,  faith- 
ful.   Prr.  in  this  word,  signifies  througky  brifvnd^  or 
*y^  asidf,] 

1.  Violating  good  faith  or  vows;  folse  to  trustor 
confidence  repo«<ed ;  treacherous ;  aa,  a  pcrjidwus 
agent;  a ^«:;i^<nu  friend.    [See  pERnor.] 

2.  Proceeding  from  lrenrher>',  or  consisting  in 
breach  of  failh  ;  as,  a  prrjidiou.-t  act. 

3.  Guilty  of  vinlated  allegiance ;  a-s,  a  perfidious  citi- 
zen ;  a  nnn  prrfiJious  to  hi:^  countrv- 

PER-FU)'I-OL'8.LY,iidr.    Treacherously  ;  traitorons- 

Iv  ;  hy  breach  of  faith  or  allcciance.  Stcifl. 

PER-FIDTOLS-NE^iS,    «.      The    quality    of   being 
perfidious  ;    treachery  ;    iraitorousness  ;    breach   of 
faithf  of  rows  or  allegiance. 
PER'FI-DY,  ■.     [L.  ptrHdia  :  prr  and/rfft»,  faith.] 

The  act  of  violating  faith,  a  promise,  vow,  or 
allegiance;  treacher>- ;  the  violation. of  a  tnist  re- 
posed. Ptrjidy  is  not  applied  to  violations  of  con- 
tncU  ia  ordinary  pecuniary  transactions,  but  to 
violatkms  of  fatib  or  trnst  in  friendship,  in  agency 
and  office,  in  allegiance^  in  connubial  engagements, 
and  in  the  iransactions  of  kings. 
PER'FLA-BLE,  a.    t^*  P*^'\ 

That  ninv  be  blown  throu^     [JfH  a^edL] 
PERFLATE',  r.  L     [l^perpn  per  andjia,  to  blow.] 
To  blow  through.  Harvey, 

PER-FLA'TED,  pp.    Blown  thmurfi. 
PER-FLA'TION,  «.    The  act  of  blowing  through. 

Wooditard. 
PER-FO'U-ATE.  a.    [Uprr  and/o/inm.  a  leaf.] 

In  h€tmnif,  a  prrfoliate  leaf  is  one  that  has  the  base 
enliffvly  Mirrounding  the  stem  tranaversoly. 

PER'FO-RXTT,  V.  e.  [L.  ftrjbre  ,*  per  and  font,  Eng. 
to»«^.J 

1.  To  bore  throagh. 

2.  To  pierce  with  a  pointed  in^^mment;  to  make 
a  hole  or  boles  through  any  thing  by  boring  or 
driving ;  as,  lawrforatt  the  bottom  of  a  vessel, 

PER'FO-RA-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Bored  or  pierced  through  ; 

pierced. 
PER'FO-RA-TI^G,  ppr.    Boring  or  piercing  through ; 

piercing. 
PER-FO-Rl'TION,  n.    The  act  of  boring  or  piercmg 

through. 
2.  A  hole  or  aperture  passing  through  any  thing,  or 

into  the  interior  of  a  substance,  whether  natural  or 

made  hv  an  instmment. 
PER'FO-RA-TIVE,  a.     Having  power  to  pierce,  as 

an  instrumenL 
PER'FO-RA-TOR,  n.     An  instmmcnl  that  bores  or 

ptrforales.  Sharp, 

PERFORCE',  adv.     [per  and  forte,^     By  force  or  vio- 
lence. SAaJt. 
PER-FORM',  v,u    [L.  per  and/ffrmo,  to  make.] 

1.  To  do ;  to  execute  ;  to  accomplish  ;  a^,  to  per- 
/ormlwo  days*  labor  in  one  day  ;  to  ptrform  a  noble 
deed  or  achierement 

2.  To  execute  ;  to  discharge  ;  as,  to  pci/omi  a  duty 
or  office. 

3.  To  fulfill ;  as,  to  perform  a  covenant,  promise, 
or  contract ;  In  perform  a  vow. 

PERFORM',  r.  i.  To  do  ;  to  art  a  part.  The  player 
prrfarms  well  in  different  characters.  The  musician 
p^fttrmx  wfll  on  the  orcan. 

PER-FORM'.A-BLE,  a.  Thai  may  be  done.executed 
or  fiilfillinl ;  pmcticable.  Broicn, 

PER-FORM'AXCE,  «.  Execution  or  completion  of 
any  thing  ;  a  doing  ;  as,  the  ptrfarmantt  of  work  or 
of  an  tindertaking  ;  the  prrfornumxt'tii  duty. 

2.  Action  ;  deed  ;  thing  done.  SKak, 

3.  The  af-ting  or  exhibition  i-f  character  on  the 
sinee._  Garrick  was  celebrated  for  his  theatrical 
prrformancta. 

4.  Composition  ;  work  written. 
Few  of  our  cotnic  perfm-maneeM  p*e  food  exsmfdci. 


5.  The  acting  or  exhibition  of  feats  ;  as,  perform- 
anem  of  horsemanship. 

PER-FORM'ED,^;*.     Done  ;  executed;  discharged. 

PER-FORM'ER,  «,  One  that  performs  any  thing,  par- 
ticularly in  an  art ;  as,  a  good  performer  on  the  violin 


PER 

or  organ  ;  a  celebrated  performer  in  comedy  or  trage- 
dv,  or  in  the  circus. 

PER-FORM'ING,  ;ipr.  Doing;  executing;  accom- 
plishing. 

PER-FORM'ING,  «.  Act  done;  deed;  act  of  execu- 
ting. SwifU 

PER'FRI-CATE,  r.  (,     [L.  perfrico.] 
To  rub  over. 

PER'FRl-CA  TED.pp.     Rubbed  over. 

PER'FRl-eA-TlNG,  ppr.     Rubbing  over. 

PER-FC'MA-TO-RY,  0.  [from  pcr/umc]  That  per- 
finnes.  Leigh. 

PER-FOME'  or  PER'FUME,  n.  [Fr.  parfum;  It. 
prifamo  :  Pp.  perfume  ;  L.  per  and  fumujSy  smoke,  or 
/iirno,  to  futui^rate.] 

1.  A  substance  that  emits  a  Rcent  or  odor  which 
aflbcts  agreeably  the  organs  of  smelling,  as  musk, 
civet,  spices,  or  aromatic;*  of  any  kind  ;  orany  com- 
position of  aromatic  suhiitances. 

2.  The  scent,  t>dor,  or  volatile  particles  emitted 
from  sweet-smelling  substances. 

No  ricJi  j-er/urnri  pfrrsh  U»e  fiuitful  firlil.  Popt. 

PER-FOME',  V.  U  To  scent;  to  fill  or  impregnate 
with  a  gratt'ful  odor;  as,  to  perfume  an  apartment; 
io  perfume  a  garment. 

And  Cuiiirl'i  fluwrrj  (up  ptrfumet  ihe  akica.  Pop*. 

PER-FOM'ED,  pp.  ur  a.    Scented  ;  impregnated  with 

fragrant  odors.  • 

PERFOM'ER,  n.     He  or  that  which  perfumes. 

•     2.  One  whose  trade  is  to  sell  perfumes.     Bacon, 
PER-FPM'ER-Y,  n.     Perfumes  in  general. 

2.  The  pre(>araiion  of  perfumes. 
PER-FCM'ING,  ppr.    Scenting;   impregnating   with 

sweet  (KJors. 
PER-FU.N€'TO-RI-LY,   adv.     [U  perfanetorie^   from 

prrfuMiTur !  prr  and/un^or,  to  do  or  to  execute.] 
Carelessly;   negligently;  in  a  manner   to  satisfy 

external  furui.  Clarendon. 

PER-Fl^NC'TO  RI-NESS,n.    Negligent  performance  ; 

cnrela^sness.  WhiVock, 

PER-FUNe'TO-RY,  o.    [Supra.]    Slight;  careless; 

"negligent.  H'oodward, 

3.  Done  only  for  the  sake  of  getting  rid  of  the  duty. 

Bickerstdh. 
PER-FCSE',  V.  t,     [L.  perfususy  perfundo;  per    and 

fundoj  to  i»our.] 

To  sprinkle,  pour,  or  spread  over.  Harvey. 

PER-FCS'f.D,  pp.     Poured  or  spread  over. 
PER-FC'SIVE,  a.    Sprinkling;  adapted  to  spread  or 

sprinkle. 
PER-GA-ME'NE-OUS,o.   [L.  pcr^ttmena,  pvirchmcnt.] 

Like  parchment, 
PER'GO-LA,  n.     [It.]     See  Pekoul*. 
PER'GU-LA,  n.      [L.J     In   aneient  arrAtffcturc,  a  sort 

of  gailer>'  or  balcimy  in  a  house.    Some  suppose  it 

to  be  an  arbur  in  a  garden,  or  a  terrace  overhanging 

one.  Brande, 

PER-H.^PS',  ojfr.    [;>erand  Adp.    See  Hapfer.]    By 

chance  ;  it  may  be. 

Ptrkapm  her  love,  ptrhapt  her  kltigtlotn  chumnl  hfm.     SmSK. 
PE'RI,  «.     In  Persian  mtftholojry^  an  imaginary  being 
like  an  elf  or  fairy,  represented  ns  a  descendant  of 
fallen  angels  excluded  from  paradise  tilt  iheir  penance 
is  accomplished. 
PER'I-ANTH,  n.     [Gr.  reor,  about,  and  a<  0  jj,  flower.] 
That  calyx  winch  envelops  only  a  ^*ingle  flower, 
and  is  immediatelv  contiguous  to  it. 
PER'I-AP T,  n.     [Gr.  rrcoiaTr-na,  to  fit  or  tie  to.] 

An  amntct ;  a  charm  worn  to  defend  agamst  dis- 
ease or  miflrhief.     [JV«t  used.]  Hanmer.     Shak. 
PER-I-AU'GER,  ;„^p,„   ^.,„ 
PER-I-X'GITA,     1  ^  P»«"*="E. 

PE-RIB'O-LOS,  K.  [Gr.  JTEoi  and  f^aWtd.]  A  court 
entirely  round  a  temple,  surrounded  by  a  wall. 

Brande. 
PER-I-€XR'DI-AN,  a.    Relating  to  the  pericardium. 
PER-l-eXR'DI-L'M,ii.     [Gr.  rf.ot,  around,  and  «a.'.^ja, 
the  heart.] 

A  membrane  that  incloses  the  heart.  It  contains 
a  liquor  which  prevents  the  surface  of  the  lieart 
from  becoming  dry  by  its  continual  motion.  Qinncy. 
PER'I-eXRP,  If.  [Gr.  rem,  about,  and  Kaonn,  fruit,] 
The  seed-vessel  of  a  plant ;  a  genera!  name,  in- 
cluding the  capsule,  legume,  silique,  follicle,  drupe, 
pome,  berry,  &,c.  Mariyn. 

PER-l-€XRP'l-AL,  0.    Belonging  to  a  pericarp. 

LindJey. 
PE-RI-eili^^'TIAL,  a.   Pertaining  to  the  perichsetiiim. 
PE-RI-CHvE'TIUM,  71.    [Gr.  rroc  and  >acT„.l    A  term 
applied  to  certain   narrow  and  pointed   leaflets,  (dif- 
ferent from  the  other  leaves  of  the  plant,)  which 
surround  the  bulbous  ha.sc  of  ihcscta.  which  usurtlly 
elevates  the  .fporaTiiritim  or  theea,  (a  hollow,  urn-like 
body,)  which  contains  the  spanttes  of  the  Bryacea 
and  Andr^acetE.    The  perichtrtivm  has  been  C(»nsid- 
ered  as  a  sort  of  calyz,  and  has  been  called  an  invol- 
ucre. 
PER'I-CLASE,  n.  [Gr.  Trent,  around,  and  jcXacrif,  IVac- 
ture.] 

A  mineral  from   Vesuvius,  occurring  in  greenish 
octahedrons,  and  supposed  to  be  pure  magnesia. 
PE-Rie^Ll-TATE,  v.  U     [L.  perielitor.] 
To  endanger. 


PER 

PE-RI€-LI-TA'T10N,  n.     A  hazarding  or  exposing  to 

peril. 
PER-I-CRA'NI-UM,  n.    [Gr.  Tre/x,  about,  and  Kpavm-j 
the  skull.] 

The  periosteum,  or  membrane  that  invests  the 
skull.  Coze. 

PE-RIC'U-LOUS,  a.     [L.  perieulosus.    See  Peril.] 
Dangerous  ;  haxarunus.  Broicn. 

PER-I-DO-DEe-A-HLi'URAL,  a.  [Gr.Trc^iand  dodec- 
ahedral.] 

A  term  desipnnling  a  crystal  whose  primitive  form 
is  a  four-sided  prism,  aiul  in  its  secondary  form  is 
converted  iuto  a  prism  of  twelve  sides, 

Clraveland, 
PER'I-DOT,  n.    [Fr.]  *  The  same  with  Chrtbolite, 

which  see.  Dana. 

PER'I-DROME,  n.     [Gr.  ircfn  and  ifwiioi,  court<e.l 
In  architecture,  that  part  of  a  (leripter}',  wtiicli,  in 
form  of  a  gallery  or  alley,  was  led  between  the  col- 
uniuM  and  the  walls;  used  as  a  promenade.  Klmest 
PER-I-E'CIA\,  n.     [Gr.  ircpioiK  .i.] 

An  inhabitant  of  the  np[>osite  side  of  the  globe,  in 
the  satiie  nnrallel  of  latitude. 
PEK-1-KR'GY,  B.     [Gr.  jt./ji  and  epyoi^.] 

Needless  caution  or  diligence.  ' 

PER'I-GEE,       I  n.      [Gr.  rept,  about,  and  yr],  Iho 
PER-I-Gk'UM,  i     earth.] 

That  point  in  the  orbit  uf  the  sun  or  moon  in  which 
it  is  at  the  Ica^t  di-itance  from  the  earth  ;  opposed  to 
Apogee.  Hutton, 

PER'l-GRAPH,  n,  [Gr,  irtp',  about,  and  ypa*/"?,  a 
writing.] 

1.  A  careless  or  inaccurate  delineation  of  any 
thing. 

2.  The  white  lines  or  impressions  that  appear  on 
the  musculus  rectus  of  the  abdomen.  Kncye. 

PE-RIG'YN-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  nt/x,  about,  and  yvi'ii,  fe- 
male.] 

Growing  upon  some  body  that  surrounds  the  ova- 
rium. Botanists  are  in  the  habit  of  saying  that  the 
stamens  are  inserted  into  the  calyx  or  corolla,  i.  e., 
are  peritfynous,  though  they  always  originate  from 
the  space  between  the  base  of  the  petals  and  the 
base  of  Ihe  ovary.  Lindley. 

PER-MlEL'ION,    \n.     [Gr.  n-cpi,  about,  and   »,A.oy, 

PER  I-HE'M-riM,  \      the  sun.J 

'J"hat  part  of  the  orbit  of  a  planet  or  comet,  in 
which  it  is  at  its  least  distance  from  the  sun  ;  op- 
posed to  ApHEMojf.  Brande. 

PER-I-HEX-A-HE'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  irzpi  and  heiahtn 
dral.] 

A  ti-rm  designating  a  crystal  whose  primitive  form 
is  a  four-sided  prism,  and  in  the  secondary  form  is 
Converted  into  a  prism  of  six  sides.         Cleavdand. 

PER'lL,  »i.  [Fr,;  li.  pcrigUo ;  Sp.  peligro;  Port,  perl- 
po:  from  I«  pericaliim,  from  Gr.  iruoa'-*,  to  try,  to 
attempt,  that  is,  to  strain  ;  ttci-kj,  an  attempt,  dan- 
ger, hazard  ;  allied  to  Treipw,  to  pass,  to  llirust  in  or 
transfix  ;  rtma  is  alt^o  the  point  or  edge  of  a  sword, 
coinciding  with  \V.  ber  and  pdr,  a  spit,  a  spear  or 
pike.  Hence  L.  eiperinr,  Ktip.  erperience.  The 
Greek  ttci/xim  is  expressed  in  Dutch  by  vaaren,\o  go, 
to  sail,  to  fare  I  geraar,  danger,  peril;  G.  gefahr^ 
from  fahren.  These  words  arc  all  of  one  family. 
(See  Pirate.)  The  primary  sense  of  peril  is  an  ad- 
vance, a  pushing  or  going  forward  ;  tlie  radical  sense 
of  boldness.  The  Wel,-h  has  periff,  perilous,  from 
p^r,  and  prri,  to  bid  or  command,  the  root  of  L.  im- 
pero,  from  the  same  rt>ol.] 

1.  Danger;  risk;  hazard;  jeopardy;  particular 
exposure  of  person  or  property  to  injury,  loss,  or 
destruction  from  any  cause  whatever. 

In  peril*  of  watfrs ;  in  jterila  of  robber*.  — 2  Cor,  xl. 

2.  Danger  denounced  ;  particular  exposure.  You 
do  it  at  your7>cri7,  or  at  ihe  peril  of  your  father's  dis- 
pleasilre. 

PF.R'IL,  r.  i.     To  he  in  danger.  Milton. 

PER'IL,   r.  (.     To  hazard  ;  to  rii?k  ;  to  expose  to  dan- 
ger. 
PER'IIi-KD,  pp.     Exposed  to  danger  or  loss. 
PER'IL-I.VG,  ppr.     Hazarding;  risking. 
PER'II^OUS,  a.     [Fr.  prrdeuz.] 

1.  Dangerous  ;  hazardous  ;  full  of  risk  ;  as,  a  per- 
ilous undertaking  ;  a  perilous  situation. 

2.  Vulgarly  used  for  Very,  like  mighty  ;  as,  peril- 
ous shrewd.     {Obs.]  Hadibras. 

'X  Smart  ;  witty ;  as,  a  perilous  [parlous]  boy. 
f  Fultrnr  and  obsoletf.] 

PER'IL-OUS-LY,  adv.     DangeroiK^ly  ;  with  hazard. 

PER'IL-OUS-NESS,  n.  Dangerou.sness  ;  danger;  haz- 
ard. 

PE-RI.M'E-TER,  iu  [Gr.  itc/ji,  about,  and  ptrpov, 
measure.] 

In  ff-«omr(7-t/,  the  outer  boundary  of  a  body  or  figure, 
or  the  sum  of  all  the  sides.  The  prrimetrrs  of  sur- 
faces or  figures  are  lines ;  those  of  bodies  are  surfaces. 
In  circular  figures,  instead  of  perimeter,  we  use  cir- 
cumference or  periphery.  Bartow. 

PER-i-Oe-TA-HE'DKAL,  a.  [Gr.  ircpi  and  octahe- 
dral.] 

A  term  designating  a  crystal  whose  primitive  form 
is  a  four-sided  prism,  and  in  its  secondary  form  is 
converted  into  a  prism  of  eight  sides. 


I 


FITE,  Far,  fall,  WHAT METE,  PKEY FINE,  MARINE,  BIRU— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BC?<?K.- 


814 


PER 

P£'RI-OD,  n.  [h.periodus;  Fr.  periode;  It.  Sp.  and 
Port,  periodo;  Gr.  Treoto^oi ;  nepty  about,  and  b^o^j 
war.] 

I.  Properly,  a  circuit ;  hence,  the  time  which  ia 
taken  up  by  a  planet  or  comet  in  making  its  revolu- 
tion round  the  sun,  or  the  duration  of  its  bourse  till 
it  returns  to  the  point  of  its  orbit  where  it  befran. 
Thus,  the  period  of  tlie  earth,  or  its  annual  revolu- 
tion, IS  365^  days.  Barloto. 

S.  In  ehronolooij,  a  staled  number  of  years  j  a  rev- 
olution or  series  of  years  by  which  time  is  measured  ; 
a«,  the  Calippic  period ;  the  Dyonisian  period ;  the 
Julian  period. 

3.  Any  series  of  years  or  of  days  in  which  a  revo- 
lution is  completed,  and  the  same  course  is  to  be  be- 
gun. 

4.  Any  specified  portion  of  lime,  designated  by 
years,  mouih?,  days,  or  hours,  complete  ;  as,  a  pe- 
riod of  a  thousand  years  ;  the  period  of  a  year  ;  the 
period  of  a  day. 

5.  End  ;  conclusion.  Death  puts  a  period  to  a  state 
of  probation. 

6.  .^n  indefinite  portion  of  any  continued  state, 
existence,  or  series  of  events  ;  as,  the  first  period  of 
life  i  the  List  period  of  a  king*s  reign  ;  the  early  pe- 
riods of  history. 

7.  State  at  which  any  thing  terminates  ;  limit. 

8.  Length  or  usual  length  of  duration. 

Soine  expriiitciiu  wouKl  t>>   matle  how  by  art  to  mak'*  jilrtiita 
mure  IjjjUiig'  thau  their  onliri.iry  period.  Bacon. 

9.  A  complete  sentence  from  one  full  stop  to  an- 
other. 

Periods  are  tcautiful  when  ihey  are  not  too  iuag.    B.  Jorfon. 

10.  The  point  that  marks  the  end  of  a  complete 
sentence  ;  a  full  stop,  thus  [ .  ]. 

II.  In  iritAmrtif,  a  distinction  made  by  a  pointer 
comma  placed  resnlarly  aftnr  a  ccrtjiin  number  of  fig- 
ures ;  used  in  notation,  in  the  extraction  t>f  ro«»ts,  and 
in  circulating  drcimals.  .^.  D.  Stauiey. 

12.  In  medieint^  the  time  of  the  exacerbation  and 
remission  of  a  disease,  or  of  the  paroxysm  and  inter- 
mission. Ennje. 

Julian  period;  in  ehrenolopii,^  period  of  7960  years  ; 
n  number  produced  by  multiplying  28,  the  years  of 
the  wilar  cycle,  mto  19,  the  years  of  the  lunar  cycle, 
and  their  product  by  15,  the  years  of  the  Roman  in- 
dict ion. 
rCKI-OD,  r.  t.   To  put  an  end  to.  [JVot  used.]  SJuJt, 

P&RI-OD'l€>AL   i  °*     ['t*P"'''"^'«'^'"  Vt.  periodiqite.] 

1.  Performed  in  a  circuit,  or  in  a  regular  revolution 
in  a  certain  time,  or  in  a  series  of  successive  circuits ; 
«»,  the  p^utdic4il  motion  of  the  planet^i  round  the  sun  ; 
the  periodical  motion  of  the  moon  round  the  earth. 

IVaUs. 

2.  Happening,  by  revolution,  at  a  stated  time  ;  as, 
the  conjunction  of  the  suu  and  moon  is  periodical. 

3.  HapfH-ning  or  returning  regtilarly  in  a  certain 
period  of  time.  I'he  Olympiads,  among  the  Greeks, 
were  periodical^  as  was  the  Jubilee  of  tlie  Jews. 

4.  Perfiirmirig  some  action  at  a  stilled  time;  as, 
the  pm«(/ic.i/ fountains  in  Switzerland,  which  issue 
only  at  a  particular  hour  of  the  day.  .Addison, 

ft.  Prrtaiuing  to  a  period  i  constituting  a  complete 
Bcntenre.  Jldarns^s  LecL 

6.  P(;rtaining  to  a  revolution  or  regular  circuit. 

Broom. 

PER-I-OD'IC  ACID,  w.  An  acid  annlogons  to  per- 
chl'tric  acid,  and  composedof  one  equivalent  of  iodine 
with  seven  of  oxygen.  Brande. 

PE-RI-OD'IGAL.ii.  A  magazine  or  other  publication 
that  is  piiblii^ticd  at  Mated  or  regular  peri<Hls. 

PE-RI-OU'l€-AL-IST,  «.  One  who  publishes  a  peri- 
odical. 

PE-Rl-OD'Te-AL-LY,  adr.  At  staled  periods;  as,  a 
fpsiival  c«^lt'brat'-d  perio'iicallt/. 

PERl-OniC'I  TV,  n.  The  state  of  having  regular 
p«Tiod-<i  in  cliangus  ur  conditi»ns.  tVkewelL 

PErt-ljE'Crf  *'*** !  "•  '''•    ^^^  Pkh'ecia:.. 
PER  1-OS'TE  UM,  «,    [Gr.  irroi,  about,  and  ortov^ 
bone.) 

A  nervous,  vascular  membrane  Immediately  invest- 
ing the  bones  of  aiiimaU.  Encyc,     Coze. 

The  periosteum  has  vc-ry  little  sensibility  in  a  sound 
Mate,  but  in  some  cases  of  disease  it  appears  to  be 
Vf-ry  urnsihle.  iVUtar. 

PER-I-PA-TET'ie,  a.  [Gr.  Tr/xrarijri*©?,  from  ^cpi- 
jfiir".',  to  walk  about ;  rroi  and  irfirtf.i.l 

Pertaining  to  Ari.'»l(.lle's  system  of  pnilosophy,  or 
to  Ibi-  M-il  (if  hi*!  followers. 
PER  1-PA-TET'I€.  n.  A  follower  of  Aristotle,  so 
cnlh-d  hecuusp  the  found  -r  of  thin  philotiophy  taught, 
or  his  fMltowt-ra  disputed  questions,  trfj/^niT  in  the 
Lyr^iini  at  Athens.  p.  Cijc. 

2.  It  is  ludicrously  applied  to  one  who  is  oMiL'ed  to 
walk,  or  cnn  nnt  nffiird  to  ride.  Tntirr. 

PER  l-PA-TET'I-CISM,  n.  The  notions  or  philo- 
sophical system  of  Aristotle  and  his  fullowcrs. 

Barrow. 
PR  RtPH'FR-AL,  a.    Peripheric.  F/^mini^. 

PEIM  PIIEU'IC,         (a.    Pertaining  to  a  periphery; 
PER  I-PHER'ie-AL,  (      constituting  a  periphery. 


PER 

FE-RIPirE'RV,  »  [Gr.  ireptj  around,  and  ipepto,  to 
bear.] 

The  circumference  of  a  circle,  ellipsis,  or  other  reg- 
ular curvilinear  figure.  Brande. 

PER'I-PHRASE,  n.  [Gr.  vcpi^ppams;  irepi^  about,  and 
ippn<,Mt  to  Speak.] 

Circutnliicution  ;  a  circuit  of  words ;  t^e  use  of 
more  words  than  are  necessary  to  express  the  idea  ; 
a  figure  of  rhetoric  employed  to  OjVoid  a  common  and 
trite  manner  of  expression.  Enctje. 

PER'I-PHRASE,  V.  t.    To  express  by  circumlocution. 

PER'I-PHRASE,  V.  i.    To  use  circunducuHon. 

PER'l-PHRAS-f:D,  pp.     Expressed  by  circumlocution. 

PER'I-PHRAS-ING,  ppr.  Expressing  by  circumlocu- 
tion. 

PE-RIPH'RA  PIS.    See  Periphrase. 

PER-I-PHIIAS'TI€,         (  a.  Circumlocutory;  express- 

PER-I-l'HRAS'Tie-AL,  i  ing  or  expressed  in  more 
words  tlian  are  necessary  ;  expressing  the  sense  of 
one  word  in  many. 

PER-I-PHRAS'TIU-AL-LV,  adv.  With  circumlocu- 
tion. BoswclL 

PERT-PLUS,  n.  [Gr,  irEpnrXovs  i  nc/x,  about,  and 
TrA  ci>,  to  sail.] 

Circumnavigation ;  a  voyage  round  a  certain  sea 
or  sea-coast.  Vincent. 

PER-lP-NEIJ-MON'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  peripneumo- 
nv  ;  consisting  in  an  inflammation  of  the  lungs. 

PER-IP-.N'EO'MO-^NY,  n.  [Gr.  vipc,  about,  and  jrvtu- 
/niii-,  the  lungs.] 

An  inflammation  of  the  lungs.  An  old  and  not 
very  correct  term,  for  which  P«eumo«itis  is  now 
substituted. 

PER-M'O-LYG'ON-AL,  a,     [Gr.  vtm  and  poh/^on.] 
In  crvxtnUotrraphy^  having  a  great  number  of  sides. 

PE-RIP''rER-AL,  a.  [Infra.]  A  term  applied  to  an 
eilifice  bavin?  a  range  of  columns  all  around. 

PE-RIP'TER-OUS,  n.     [Gr.  itpi  and  •rTtj,ov.] 
Feathered  on  all  sides. 

PE  RIP'TER-Y,  n.  [Gr.  r  pi,  and  Trrcpoe,  a  wing,  and 
rr  rw,  to  expand.] 

In  architecture,  an  edifice  or  temple  environed,  on 
its  exterior  circumference,  by  a  range  of  insxilated 
culiimtis,  distant  from  the  wall  to  the  extent  of  the 
intercolumniation.  Elines. 

PE-RIS'CIAN,  (perish'yan,)  n.  )     [L.    Periscii  i     Gr. 

PE-RIS'CI-I,  (pe-rish'e-i,)  m.  pi.  \  -rrtpiaKioi  }  ircptj 
around,  and  n«fi«,  shadow.] 

An  inhabitant  of  a  frigid  zone  or  within  a  polar 
circle,  whose  shadow  moves  round,  and,  in  the 
course  of  the  day,  falls  in  everj'  point  of  compass. 
The  Latin  word  Prrisdi,  in  the  plural,  is  generallv 
used  in  geographies;  but  the  English  word  is  pref- 
erable. 

PE-RIS'CI.\N,  a.  Having  the  shadow  moving  all 
around. 

PER'I-iseOPE,  n.     [Gr.  t£,oi  and  cKoTrtu.] 
A  general  view. 

PER-l-H€OP'ie,  a.  Viewing  on  all  sides  ;  a  term  ap- 
plied to  si)ectjicles  having  concavo-convex  glasses, 
for  the  purpose  of  increasing  the  distinctness  of  ob- 
jects wlien  viewed  obliquely.  OUnsted. 

PER'lf^H,  V.  i.  [Fr.  perir,  perissant:  It.  perire ;  Sp. 
prrecrr:  from  h.  perco,  supposed  to  be  compounded 
of  per  and  eo,  to  go  ;  Htemlly,  to  depart  wholly.] 

1.  To  die  ;  to  lose  life  in  any  manner;  applied  to 
animals.  Men  perish  by  disease  or  decay,  by  the 
sword,  bv  dniwning,  by  hunger,  or  famine,  &.c, 

2.  To  (lie  ;  to  wither  and  decay  ;  applied  to  plants. 

3.  7'o  waste  away ;  as,  a  leg  or  an  arm  has  per- 
ished. 

4.  To  be  in  a  state  of  decay  or  passing  away. 

Duntiun,  ami  tlm^,  which  is  a  part  of  il,  !■  the  idea  wc  have  of 
parithing  JisdLnc*.  Loekt. 

5.  To  be  destroyed  ;  to  come  to  nothing. 

P^rUK  thf  Iwro  Owl  ileuletta  youitj  doirv.  Anon. 

fi.  To  fail  entirely,  or  to  be  cxtiriKited.    2  Kinifs  ix. 

7.  To  be  burst  or  ruined;  as,  the  bottles  shall 
perish.     Luke  v. 

8.  To  be  wa-ited  or  n-ndered  useless.    Jer.  ix. 

9.  To  be  injured  or  tormented.     I  Cor.  viii. 

10.  To  he  lost  eternaUy  ;  to  be  sentenced  to  endless 
mtsorv.    2  Prt.  li. 

PER'ISH,  V.  L     To  destroy.     [JV"«(  leintimate.] 
PER-lSH-A-niL'I-TY,  n.     Perishnbleness. 
PER'ISHA-liLR,  a.     LiaMu  to  (K-rish  ;  subject  to  de- 
cay and  dectniciion.      The  bodies   of  aniinnis  and 
plants  are  perishable ;  the  souls  of  men  are  not  perish- 
able. 
2.  Subject  to  speedy  decay. 

Pn^p-fty  or  a  jKriihabtt   nniiir**,  wvcd  from  a  wn^V,  m^y  be 
kiM  wKlilf)  a  vcur  ami  a  rluy.  Stal.  o/  Conn. 

PER'ISH-A-BLE-NESS,   n.     Liableness  to  decay  or 

de^it^lctil.^.  J^cke. 

PF,RTSH-A-HLY,  adr.    In  a  perishing  manner. 
PMR'ISIl-^l),  (per'ishl,)  pp.  or  a.     Decayed;  wasted 

au*av  :  destroyed. 
PER'TsH  ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Dying;  decaying;  coming 

to  notliirig. 
PER'I-SPERM,  n.    [Gr.  ript,  around,  and  trTreppa, 

seed.] 

A    thick,   farinaceous,  fleshy,   homy,  woody,  or 

bony  part  of  the  seed  of  plants,  either  entirely  or 


PER 

only  partially  surrounding  the  embryo,  and  inclosed 
within  the  Investing  membrane.  It  is  the  albumen  of 
Gajrtner.  Jassieu.     Smitk, 

PER-I-SPHER'ie,  a,     [Gr.  vtot  and  iriuc/jd.] 
Globular;  having  the  form  of  a  ball. 

Joum.  of  Science, 
PER-IS-SO-LOG'ie-AL,  a.     Redundant  in  words. 
PER-IS-SOL'O-CY,  n.     [Gr.  xcoiarruXoi  i:i ;  Trt/jid^jf, 
redundant,  and  A  *>os,  discourse.! 

Superfluous  words ;  much  talk  to  little  purpose. 
[LilUe  iwfrf.l  Campbell. 

PER-I-STAL'Tie,   a,     [Gr.    TtEptToKriKoi^  from    m- 
pircAX6»,  to  involve.] 

Spiral ;  vermicular  or  worm-like.  The  peristaltic 
motion  of  the  intestines  is  perfonned  by  the  contrac- 
tion of  the  circular  and  longitudinal  fibres  comjKtsing 
their  fleshy  coats,  by  wliich  the  chyle  is  carried 
downward  to  the  orifices  of  the  lacteals,  nnd  the 
cxcrr  ineiits  are  protruded  toward  the  aim.s.  Encyc 
PER-IS-T£'RI-ON,  n.    [Gr.]    The  herb  vervain. 

Ditt. 
PER-I-STREPH'ie,  a.    [Gr.  irtpt  and  trr/Ji^w.]    Turn- 
ing round,  or  rotary,  revolving. 
PER'I-STVLE,  71.    JGr.  ntpiS"»^ov ;  jrfpt^  about,  and 
arvXog^  a  column.] 

A  range  Of  columns  round  a  building  or  square,  or 
a  building  ejicompassed  with  a  row  of  columns  on 
the  outside.  Johnson.     Owilt. 

PER-1-SYS'TO-LE,  71.     [Gr.  Kept,  about,  and  crur"X^, 
contraction.] 

The  pause  or  interval  between  the  systole  or  con- 
traction, and  the  diastole  or  dilatation,  of  the  heart. 

Qhiwcw. 
PE-RTTE',  a.     \\..  peritus.] 

Skillful.     [Little  used.]  Whitaker. 

PE-RIT'O-MOUS,  o.     [Gr.  irtpiy  around,  and  rf/ii/w, 
to  cleave.] 

In  mineraloay^  cleaving  in  more  directions  than  one 
parallel  to  the  axis,  the  faces  being  all  of  one  quality. 

Shepardt 
PER-I-TO-NR'AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  peritoneum. 
PER-I-TO-Nk'LTM,  n.     [Gr.  j^HHTovafjv  ;  Trtpt,  about, 
and  rHi'oo),  to  stretch.] 

A  thin,  smooth,  serous  membrane,  investing  the 
wh<de  internal  surface  of  the  abdomen,  and  more  or 
less  completely  all  the  viscera  contained  in  it. 

Encyc.     Parr. 
PE-RI-TRO'eHI-UM.     See  Axis  in  Peritbochio. 
PER-I-TRC'PAL,  a.     [Gr.  ircpt  and  rpoitti.] 

Rotary  ;  circuitous. 
PER'I-VViG,  n.      [Ir.   percahhic.     Qu.  D.  paruik ;   G. 
perri'cke:  Dan.  perryk  :  Fr.  perru^te  ;  JU  parrucea,] 

A  small  wig  ;  a  kind  of  close  cap  formed  by  an  in- 

tertexture  of  false  hair,  worn  by  men  for  ornament 

or  to  conceal  baldness.     Periwigs  were  in  fashion  in 

the  days  of  Addison. 

PER'I-\VIG,  V.  t.     To  dress  with  a  periwig,  or  with 

false  hair,  or  with  any  thing  in  like  form.  Swift. 
PER'I-VVINK-LR,  (per'e-wink-l,)  n.  [Sax.  peruince; 
It.  prrvinca;  Fr.  pervevche;  ]j,  vinca ;  Sax.  wincle.^  n 
shell  fish.  If  n  is  casual,  vinea  may  he  and  jirohahly 
is  the  \V.  ff-wiCf  for  wic,  a  squeak,  whence  g^wiciad,  a 
periwinkle.] 

1.  A  sea  ^nail,  or  small  shell  fish,  Turbo  littorcus  of 
Linnaeus. 

2.  A  flowering  plnnt  of  the  genus  Vinca. 
PER'JURE,  (per'jur,)  r.  (.     [L.  perjuro  ;  per  and  juro, 

to  swenr  ;  that  is,  to  swear  aside  or  beyond.] 

Willfully  to  make  a  false  oath  when  administered 
by  lawful  authority  or  in  a  court  of  justice;  to  for- 
swear ;  a^*,  the  witness  perjured  himself. 
PER'JURE,  n.     A  perjured  person.     [JV*o(  used.] 

Shak. 
PER'JUR-KD,  pp.  or  a.    Guilty  of  perjury;   having 

sworn  falsely. 
PER'JUR  ER,  n.    One  that  willfully  takes  a  false  oath 

lawfully  administered. 
PER'JUR-liNG,  pjrr.    Taking  a  false  oath  lawfully  ad- 

miii'stered, 
PEK-JO'Rl-OUS,  o.     Guilty  of  perjury;    contaiging 

perjurv.  Coke. 

PKR'J  V'HYy  n.     [L,  perjurium.] 

The  act  or  crime  of  willfully  making  a  false  oath, 
when  lawfully  administered  ;  or  a  crime  committed 
when  a  lawful  oath  is  administered  in  some  judicial 
proceeding,  to  a  person  who  swears  willfully,  abso- 
lutely, and  falsely,  in  a  matter  material  to  the  issue, 

Cnke. 
PERK,  a.     [VV.  perCy  compact,  trim,  perk  ;  as  a  noun. 
something  that  is  close,  compact,  trim,  and  a  percluj 
Properly,  erect ;  hence,  smart ;  trim. 
PERK,  r.  1/    [W.prrcu,  to  trim,  to  make  smart.] 

To  hold  up  the  head  with  affected  smatlness.  Pope. 
That  Edwnnl'i  miM  thiii  perkt  it  In  your  face.  Pop*. 

PERK,  V.  t.    To  dress  up;  to  make  trim  or  smact;  to 
prank.  Shak. 

PER'KIN,  n.     Ciderkin  ;  a  kind  of  weak  elder,  made 
by  su  e|iing  the  refuse  pumice  in  water.         Encyr. 

PER'LATE  ACID,  the  acidulous  phosphate  of  soda. 
Chemistry.     J^icholnon. 

PER'LA-TED  ACID,  or  PU-RET'lC  ;  biphospliale  of 
suda. 

PER'LOUS,  for  Perilous,  is  not  used.  Spenser. 


TOxXE,  BULL,  IIMTE.  — AN"CEK,  VI"CIOUS,  — C  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  8  aa  Z ;  CH  aa  SH ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


8)5 


PER 

PER-LrS-TRA'TrON,    n,      [L.    perlustnti    per  and 
i»L-trii,  to  survey.] 

The  act  of  viewing  all  over.  HousrlL 

PER'MA-6Y,  «.     A  mile  Turkish  boat  Diet. 

PER'MA-NENt'E,   (  n.     [See  Pebmanknt.]     Contin- 
PER'MA-NE.N'-CY,  (     luince  in   tho  same  stale,  or 
without  a  chanf^e  tliat  destmys  the  form  or  nature 
of  a  Ihinp:  duration  ;  flxedness  ;  as,  the  pemtaHtnee 
of  a  government  or  state  ;  the  permanence  of  institu- 
tions or  of  a  i<ystem  of  principles. 
2.  Continuance  in  the  same  place,  or  at  rest. 
PER'MA-NENTjO.     [U.  prrmanens^  permaneo  ;  perKaA 
maneo,  to  remain.     Cla-cs  Mn.] 

Durable  \  lasting;  continuins  in  the  same  state,  or 
without  any  change  that  destroys  the  form  or  nature 
of  the  thine.  The  laws,  like  the  character  of  Gix!, 
are  unalterably /^^nnaMfRt.  Human  laws  and  institu- 
tions may  be  to  a  degree  permanent,  but  they  are  sub- 
ject to  cliangc  and  overthrow.  We  speak  of  a  per- 
wtmuMt  wall  or  building,  a  permitHtnt  bridge,  wlien 
tbey  are  so  constructed  ma  to  endure  long ;  in  which 
examples,  parmanefU  is  equivalent  to  durable  or  last- 
in^,  but  nut  to  undeeaifing  or  unaUerahle.  So  we  say, 
a  pemuutettt  residence,  a  permanent  intercourse,  per- 
maneHt  friendship,  when  it  continues  a  long  time 
without  interruption. 
PER'MA-\E.\T-LV,  ode.  With  long  continuance  ; 
durably  ;  in  a  fixed  sUito  or  place  j  as,  a  government 
prrmanentlv  established. 
PER-MAN'SIOX,  (-shun,)  n.     [L.  pemuu^sioA 

Continuance.    TAol  i(»y</.]  Brown, 

PER-ME-A-BIL'I-TV,  h.     [Infra.]     The  qnalily  or 

state  of  bein"  permeable.  Journ,  of  Science. 

PER'ME-A-BLE,  a.     [L.  permeo ;  per  and  mev^  to  pass 
or  gl  ide.] 

That  may  be  passed  through  withont  rupture  or 
displacement  of  its  parts,  as  solid  matter;  applied 
particularly  to  substances  that  admit  the  passage  of 
fluids.  Thus  clnlh,  leatht-r,  wood,  are  permeahU  to 
water  and  oil ;  glass  is  permeable  to  light,  but  not  to 
water. 
PER'.ME-A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  permeable  mnnner. 
P£R'ME-A\T,  a.    [Supra.]    Passing  through 

Brotm. 
P£R'ME-2TE,  r.  L    [L.  permeo  {  per  and  meo,  to  glide, 
flow,  or  pass.] 

To  pass  throngh  the  pores  or  interstices  a(  a  body  ; 
to  penetrate  and  pass  through  a  substance  witliout 
rupture  or  displacement  of  its  parts ;  applied  particu- 
larly to  fluids  which  pass  through  substance*  of  loose 
texture ;  as,  water  pn  ma^tg  sand  or  a  filtering  alone ; 
light  penmemUe  glan. 
PER'ME-.%-TED,ifp.  Passed  through,  as  bv  a  fluid. 
PER'ME-.X-TING,  ppr.    Passing  through  tJie  pores  or 

interstices  of  a  substance. 
PER-ME-A'1'IOX,  a.    The  act  of  passing  through  the 

pores  or  interstices  of  a  body. 
PBR-MIS'CI-BLE,  a.    [L.  pcrmuceci  per  and  mwcm, 
to  mix.] 

Th-kt  mav  be  mixed.     [LiUle  natd.] 
PER-MIS'Sl'nLE,  a.    [See  Pkbhit.]    That  may  be 

permitted  or  allowed. 
PER-Mlti'Sl-BLY,  adv.     In  the  way  of  permission. 
PEROIld'SIOX,  (^-mish'un,)  «.      [L.  pcrmuno,  from 
permitto^  to  permit.] 

1.  The  act  of  permitting  or  allowing. 
a.  Allowance  ;  license  or  liberty  granted. 

You  hsTF  girea  me  your  jwraiuxum  Tor  Uib  a4ilreas.     DryUn, 

PER-MIS'SIVE,  a.    Granting  liberty ;  allowing. 

Miitan. 
9.  Granted;  suffered  without  hlnderance. 


1  emboldcuiH  'iKkv,  ftntl  freeioin  lued 

Moer,  uuJ  ueepbocc  Ibiuid.  JtfUton. 

PER-MIS'SIVE-LY,  adv.      By    allowance;   without 

prohibition  or   hlnderance. 
PER -MIS'TION,  C-mist'yun.)   \  a.     [L.  permistio,  per- 
PER-MIX'TIOX,  (niixt'ynn,)  \      mixti*.] 

t  The  act  of  mixing  ;  the  state  of  being  mingled. 
PER-SllT',  r.  r,     [L.  permitto  ;  per  and  miUo,  to  send ; 

Fr.  permettre ;  iLpermetUre:  Sp.  prrmitrr.] 

1.  To  allow  ;  to  grant  leave  w  liberty  to  by  ex- 
press conseuL  He  aaked  my  leave,  and  I  permitted 
bim. 

2.  To  allow  by  silent  consent,  or  by  not  prohibit- 
ing ;  to  suffer  without  giving  express  authority.  The 
taws  permit  us  to  do  What  is  not  expressly  or  impli- 
edly forbid. 

Wlui  Gtvl  nriiliPT  wnigwiwh  nor  fbrtails,  b«  permit*  with  ap- 
pn>tulK>n  lo  be  done  or  kft  undone.  Jiouker. 

3.  To  afford  ability  or  means.  Old  age  does  not 
permit  us  to  retain  the  vigor  of  youth.  The  man's 
mdigence  does  not  permit  him  to  indulge  in  luxu- 
ries. 

4.  To  leave ;  to  give  or  resign. 

ly^  us  noi  agsTATitc  our  aorrowi, 

But  to  the  sods  ptrwH  ibe  ercnt  of  thin^  AdiHMon. 

[The  latter  s-nse  is  obsolete  or  obsolescent.] 
PER-MIT'  or  PER'MIT,  n.      A  written  license  or  per- 
mission from  Uie  custom-house  otTicer,  or  other  prop- 
er authority,  to  esporl  or  transport  goods,  or  to  land 
goods  or  persons. 
a.  Warrant ;  leave  ;  permission. 


PER 

PER-MIT'TANCE,   n.      Allowance;   forbearance   of 

pruhihlTion  ;    permission.  Derham. 

PER-MIT'TER,  n.      He  who  permits.    PthMiTTtx, 

for  tlie  one  {lermilted,  is  rare. 
PER  MIX'TIOX.     See  Pekmistio-*. 
PER-MC'TA-DLE,  o.    That  may  be  changed  one  for 

the  otll^r. 
PEK-MO'TA-BLE-NESS.  m.    Slate  of  being  permu- 

tahle. 
PER-MP'TA-BLY.orfp.    By  interrhange. 
PEH-MU-TA'TIOX,  ti.     [L.  permutatio^  ptrmuto;  per 

and  muto,  to  change.] 

1.  In  commerce,  exchange  of  one  thing  for  another; 
barter.  Baron. 

2.  \n  the  canon  taWf  the  exchange  of  one  benefice 
for  another.  Efcue. 

3.  In  algebra^  the  arrangement  of  any  deterininate 
number  of  tilings  or  letters,  in  all  possible  orders, 
one  after  the  other.  Brande^ 

PER-MOTE',  r.  L  [L.  permuto;  per  and  maio,  to 
change.] 

To  exchange  ;  to  barter.     [JVot  uscil.] 
PER-MCT'ER,  n.     One  that  exchanges.     [JVot  used.] 
PER'NAX-CY,  n.     [Xorm.  perner,  to  lake.] 

A  taking  or  reception,  as  the  receiving  of  rents  or 
tithes  in  kind.  Blachstone. 

PER-XI"CIOUS,  (-nish'us,)  a.  [L.  pernicio.-^us,  from 
pcrnicies ;  pernecOf  to  kill ;  per  and  nf  r,  neci-i^  death.] 

1.  Destructive  ;  having  the  quality  of  killing,  de- 
stroying or  injuring  ;  ver>- injurious  or  mischievous. 
Food,  drink,  or  air  may  be  pernicious  lo  life  or 
healtl). 

2.  Destructive;  tending  to  injure  or  destroy.  Evil 
exam{>Ies  are  pernicious  to  morals.  Intemperance  is 
a  pernicious  vice. 

3.  [L.  prrniz.]^    Quick.     [JVbt  used,]  Jitilton. 
PER-XI"CIOi;S-XY,  flt/c.     Deslrucfively  ;  with  ruin- 
ous tendency  or  efTfCts.                                   Asekam. 

PER-XI"CIOL'S-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  very 
injurious,  mischievous,  or  destructive. 

PER-XIC'I-TY,  n.     [L.  pernicitas,  from  pem%x.\ 

Swiftness  of  motion  ;  celerity.     [Little  usedA  Ray, 

PER-XOe-TA'TlON,  n.  [L.  pernocto  ;  per  and  noz, 
night.] 

The  act  of  passing  the  whole  night ;  a  remaining 
all  night.  7'uw/cr. 

►PE^ROGUE'.    See  Pirogde. 

PER'O-NATE,  a.  In  botany^  laid  thickly  over  with  a 
wooly  substance  ending  in  a  sort  of  meal.     P.  Cije. 

PER-O^RA'TIOX,  *.  [L.  perorutio^  from  peroroiper 
and  orO:,  to  pray.] 

The  concluding  part  of  an  oration,  in  which  the 
speaker  recapitulates  the  principal  points  of  his  dis- 
course or  ailment,  and  urges  them  with  greater 
earnestness  and  force,  with  a  view  to  make  a  deep 
impression  on  his  hearers.  Encyc 

PER-OX'YD,  «.  [per  and  orW.]  That  oxyd  of  a  given 
base  which  contains  the  greatest  quantity  of  oxygen  ; 
a  bad  term,  which  ought  to  l)e  entirely  rejected,  since 
dilTerent  peroxyds  do  not  always  contain  the  same 
quantity  of  oxygon,  the  peroxyd  of  mercury  being  a 
protoxyd,  the  pemxyd  of  iron  a  seaquoxyd,  the  per- 
oxyd of  tin  a  deutoxyd,  and  the  peroxyd  of  g  Id  a 
tritovyd. 

PER-OX'YD-IZE,  c.  (.  To  oxydize  to  the  utmost  de- 
gree. CulbtLsh. 

PER  PAfS.  [Norm.  French.]  In  /aw,  by  the  coun- 
try, that  is,  by  a  jury. 

PER  PA'RSS.     By  the  peers  or  one's  peers. 

PER-PE\D',  r.  L  [L,  perpendo  i  per  and  pendoy  to 
weigh.] 

To  weigh  in  the  mind  ;  to  consider  attentively. 
[Little  icsed.]  Skak.    Brown. 

PER-PEXD'ER,  )         rv.  ■      ^ 

PER'PEXT-STOXE,  j  ""     L^^*  P^rP*"*"^-] 

A  large  stone  reaching  through  a  wall  so  as  to  ap- 
pear on  both  sides  of  it,  and  therefore  having  the  ends 
smooth.  Oloss.  ofjIrchiL 

PER-PEX'Dt-€LE,  (-pen'de-kl,)  n.  [Fr.  perpendUule^ 
from  Jj.  perpendieulum.] 

Something  hanging  down  in  a  direct  line  ;  a  plumb 
line.  BicL 

PER-PEX-Die'U-LAR,  a.  [L,  perpmdicularisy  from 
perpendicttlum^  a  plumb  line  ;  perpcndco  ;  per  and  pen- 
tteo,  to  hang.] 

1.  Hanging  or  extending  in  a  right  line  from  any 
point  toward  the  center  of  the  earth  or  of  gravity,  or 
at  right  angles  with  the  plane  of  the  horizon. 

2.  In  frfometnj,  a  terra  applied  to  a  line  or  surface 
at  right  angles  to  another  line  or  surface.  The  line 
A  is  perpeniiicnlar  to  the  line  B, 

PER-PEX-DI€'i;-LAR.  n.  A  line  falling  at  right  an- 
gles on  the  plane  of  the  horizon,  that  is,  extending 
from  some  p«)int  in  a  right  line  toward  the  cetit«;r  of 
the  earth  or  center  of  gravity,  or  any  body  standing 
in  that  direction. 

2.  Ill  ffevmetry,  a  line  falling  at  right  angles  on  an- 
other line,  or  making  equal  angles  with  it  on  each 
side.  Barlow. 

PER-PEN-Die-lI-LAR'I-Ty,  n.  The  state  of  being 
perpendicular.  fVatts. 

PER-PEX-DICq  LAR-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  fall 
on  another  lint'  at  right  anslt^s. 
2.  So  as  to  fall  on  the  plane  of  the  horizon  at  right 


PER 

angles ;  in  a  direction  toward  the  center  of  the  earth 

or  of  gravity. 
PER-PEX'SION,  n.     [h.  perpenda.] 

Consideration.     [}^ot  tued.]  Brown. 

PER-PI>?'SION,  (-pesh'un  )  n.  [U  perpessio,  perpetior^ 

toSUfT<'r;  pfr  and  ;«i/ior.] 
SuflV-ring;  endurance.     [JVot  used.]         Pearson. 
PER'PE-TRATE,  r.  (.     JL.  perpetro;  per  and  patro, 

to  go  through,  to  finiMh.] 

To  do  ;  to  commit ;  to   perform  ;  in   an  ill  sense^ 

that  is,  always  used   to  express  an  evil  act;  as,  to 

perpetrate  a  crime  or  an  evil  design.  Drydea. 

PERTE-TRA-TED,  pp.     Done;    committed;   as  an 

evil  act. 
PER'PE-TRA-TING,  ppr.     Committing,  as  a  crime 

or  evil  act. 
PER-PE-TRA'TIDN,  n.    The  act  of  committing  a 

crime.  fVotton. 

2.  An  evil  action.  K.  Clutrles. 

PER'PE-TRA-TOR,  n.     One  that  coiimiits  a  crime. 
PER-PET'lJ-AL,  a.   [Fr.  perpeluel;  L.  perpetuus,  f mm 

perpes,  pcrpetisi  per  and  pes,  from  a  root  signifying 

lo  pass.] 

1.  Never  ceasing;  continuing  forever  in  future 
lime  ;  destined  to  he  eternal  ;  as,  a  perpetual  cove- 
nant;  a  perpetual  statute.  [Litemlly  true  with  re- 
spect to  the  decrees  of  the  Supreme  Being.] 

2.  Continuing  or  continued  without  inlermi^ision  : 
uninterrupted  ;  as,  a  perpetual  stream  j  the pcrpciuoi 
action  of  the  heart  and  arteries. 

3.  Permanent ;  fixed  ;  not  temporary  ;  as,  a  per- 
petual law  or  edict ;  perpetual  love  or  amity  ;  perpet- 
ual incense.     Exod.  xxx. 

4.  Everlasting;  endless. 
r>cstriicliinifl  are  conir  to  n  perjictual  end.  —  Pa.  ix. 

5.  During  the  legal  dispensation.     Ex.  xxix. 
Perjietual  curacy,  is  where  all  the  tithes  are  appro- 
priated and  no  vicarage  is  endowed.        Black-^tone. 

Perpetual  motion ;  a  motion  that  is  supplied  and  re- 
newed from  itself,  without  the  intervention  of  any 
external  cause.  Hutton. 

•    PfTpeiual  screw  :  a  screw  that  acts  against  the  teeth 
of  a  wheel,  and  contiimes  its  action  without  end. 

WUkins. 
PERPET'TJ-AI^LY,  adv.  Constantly;  continually; 
applied  to  things  which  proceed  without  intermis- 
sion, or  which  occur  frequently  or  at  intervals,  with- 
out limitation.  A  perennial  spring  Hows  perpetually; 
the  weather  varies  perpetually. 

The  Bil'le  and  Common  Pnycr  Buok  in  the  Tiilear  tongue,  bcinr 
perpetuallt/  rend  in  churches,  Ivive  provdrii  kind  of  sctnif 
&rd  for  lanfUAffC.  SieiJU 

PER-PET'lT-ATE,  b.  ^     [L.  perpeluo.'] 

1.  To  make  pirrpdual  ;  to  eternize. 

2.  To  cause  to  endure  or  to  he  continued  indefinite- 
ly, to -preserve  from  extinction  or  oblivion;  as,  to 
perpetuate  the  remembrance  of  a  great  event  or  of^an 
Illustrious  character.  The  monument  in  London 
perpetuates  the  remcinhrance  of  the  conflagration  in 
l(iGG.     Medals  may  perpetuate  the  glories  of  a  prince. 

.Addison. 

3.  To  continue  by  repetition  without  limitation. 
PER-PET'lJ-A-TED,  pp.  or  <i.     Made  perpetual ;  con- 
tinued through  eternity,  or  for  an  indefinite  time, 

PER-PET'U-A-TING,  ppr.  Continuing  forever  or  in- 
definitely. 

PER-PET-IT-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  making  perpetu- 
al, or  of  preserving  from  extinction  or  oblivion 
through  an  endless  existence,  or  for  an  indefinite  pe- 
riod of  time.  Brown. 

PER-PE-TOa-TY,  jf.     [L.  perpetuitas.] 

1.  Endless  duration  ;  continuance  to  eternity. 

2.  Continued,  uninterrupted  existence,  or  duration 
for  an  indefinite  period  of  lime  ;  as,  the  perpetuity  of 
laws  and  inptitutions  ;  the  perpetuity  of  fame. 

3.  Something  of  which  there  will  be  no  end. 

Houtk. 

4.  In  the  doctrine  of  annuities^  the  number  of  years 
in  which  the  simple  interest  of  any  sum  becomes 
equal  to  the  principal ;  also,  the  sum  which  will  pur- 
chase an  annuity  to  continue  forever. 

PER-PHOS'PIIATE,  n.  A  phosphate  in  which  the 
phosphoric  acid  is  combined  with  an  oxyd  at  the  max- 
imum of  oxydation. 

PER-PLKX',  V.  t,  [L.  perplexus,  perplexor ;  per  and 
ptecUir,  to  twist,  from  the  root  of  Gr.  jrA«w,  L.  plico. 
to  fold.] 

1.  'l"o  make  intricate  ;  to  involve  :  to  entangle  ;  to 
make  complicated  and  dilficult  to  be  understood  or 
unraveled. 

What  W.1S  thought  obacure,  perplexed,  xnA  too  hnrd  foroiirweak 
pan«,  will  lie  open  to  the  und<;rBUadiiig  in  a  fair  view. 

Locke. 

2.  To  embarrass ;  to  puzzle;  to  distract;  to  tease 
with  suspense,  anxiety,  or  ambiguity. 

We  can  diHtingiiiah  no  gpner^  tnilhi,  or  at  least  sludl  be  apt  to 

jierpltx  the  mind.  Lode. 

We  are  perpleTed,  but  not  ia  despair. —  3  Cor.  ir. 

3.  To  plague  ;  to  vex.  OlanviUe. 
PERPLEX',  fl.    Intricate  ;  difficulL    [Aol  used.] 

OlanviUe. 
PER-PLEX'KD,  (-plext',)  pp.  or  a.    Made  intricate; 
embarrassed  ;  puzzled. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  M.UltXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.— 
~  616  ■        


PER 

PER-PLEX'ED-LY.orfr.  Intricately;  with  involution. 

["Milton  has  Perplexlt.] 
PER-PLEX'ED-XESS,  n.      Intricacy  j  difficulty  from 
want  of  order  or  precision. 

2.  Embarrassment  of  mind  from  doubt  or  uncer- 
tainty. 
PEK-PLEX'IXG,  ppr.     Making  intricate  or  perplexed. 

9.  o.    Troublesome  ;  embarrassing;. 
PER-PLEX'I-TY,  n.     Intricacy;  entanglcmen*.    The 
jury  were  embarrassed  by  the  perplexity  of  the  case. 

2.  Embarrassment  of  mind  ;  disturbance  from  doubt, 
confu!<ion,  difficulty,  or  anxiety. 

Perplexity  not  luSerin^  tbeio  U>  be  idle,  the;  think  and  Jo,  as  it 
were,  in  a  plirenay.  Hooker. 

PER-PO-TA'TIOX,  n.    [L.  per  and  poto.] 

The  act  of  drinking  largely. 
PER'UUI-SITE,  (per'kwe-zit,)  n.    [L.  perquisUas,  per- 
quiro  ;  per  and  qtuero,  to  seek.] 

A  fee  or  pecuniary  allowance  to  an  officer  for  ser- 
vices, beyond  his  ordinary  salary  or  settlt-d  wac<*s; 
or  a  fee  allowed  by  taw  to  an  officer  for  a  specific 
service,  in  lieu  of  an  annual  salary. 

[  T/i£  latter  is  'the  common  acceptation  of  the  word  in 
America.] 
PER'aUI-«IT-ED,  a.    Supplied  with  perquisites. 

[j1  bud  word,  and  not  ased.]  [Savage, 

PER-QUI  «I"TION,  Cper-kwe-zish'un,)  n.  {L.per- 
quisitas.'] 

An  accurate  inquiry*  or  search,  Ain-ticorih, 

PER'RO.N",  B.  [Fr.]  "A  staircase  outside  of  a  build- 
ing, or  a  flight  of  steps  leading  into  the  first  stury. 

Owdt. 
PER-RO-QUET',  n.    [Fr.]    A  parrakeet,  which  see. 

2:  Perroqurt  auk:  the  A!ca  Psittacula,  an  aquatic 
fowl  inhabiting  Kamtschatka  and  other  northern  re- 
gions. P.  Cyc. 

PER'RV,  n.     [Fr.  poiri,  from  poire,  W.  pir,  a  pear.] 
The  fermenrerl  juice  of  pears,  prcpiired  in  the  same 

PFM  S.iL'TUM.  [L.l     By  a  leap.        .  (way  as  cider. 

PER-SCRU-Ta^TIOX,  n.    [L.  perscratatw,  pcrserutor.'^ 
A  searching  thoroughly  ;  minute  search  or  inquiry. 

PER  SE,  [L.]  By  itself;  by  himself,  &.c. ;  apart  from 
others. 

PER'SE-COT,  n.  [Fr.]  A  kind  of  cordial,  made  of 
the  kernels  of  apricots,  nectarines,  &c.,  with  refined 
spirit.  Encffc,  Dom.  Econ, 

PER'SE-€CTE,  r.  U  [Fr.  persecuter ;  It.  perseguitare  ; 
8p.  penteguir ;  L.  ptrsrquor ;  per  and  sequor,  to  pur- 
sue.    See  Seer  and  Essay.] 

1.  In  a  general  sease^  to  pursue  in  a  manner  to  in- 
jure, vex,  or  affiict ;  to  harass  with  uu^isl  punish- 
ment or  penalties  for  supposed  oU'enses;  to  indict 
pain  from  hatred  or  malignity. 

a.  Jlppropriatfhj,  to  afflict,  harass,  or  destroy,  for 
adherence  to  a  particular  creed  or  system  of  rclipious 
principles,  or  to  a  mwle  of  worship.  Thus  Nero  prr- 
seeuted  the  Christians  by  crucifying  some,  burning 
othtrs,  and  condemning  others  to  be  worried  by  dogs. 
See  AcLt  xxii. 

3.  1'o  harass  with  nolicilnlions  or  importuuitv. 
PER'SE-eO-TED,  pp.  or  a.     Harassed   by  troubles  or 

punishments  unjustly  inflicted,  particularly  for  relig- 
ious opinions. 

PER'SE-CO-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Pursuing  with  enmity 
or  vengeance,  particularly  for  adhering  to  a  particu- 
lar religion. 

PER-8E-CO'TION,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  nerse- 
eating  ;  the  intliction  of  pain,  punixhutent,  or  death, 
upon  athen  unjustly,  p:trticularly  for  adhering  to  a 
religious  creed  or  mini*;  of  worship,  either  by  way  of 
penalty,  or  for  compi-tling  them  to  renounce  their 
principlfS.  lli.^lorians  enumerate  ten  pernreutions 
Bufftrred  by  the  Christians,  beginuine  with  that  of 
Nero,  about  A.  D.  G^,  and  ending  witli  that  of  Di- 
ocletian, A.  D.  303  to  311. 

2.  The  state  of  being  persecuted. 

Our  nfcka  are  uader  perterution ;  we  labgr  and  have  no  tfU. — 
Lairi,  ». 

PER-SECn-TIVE,  o.     Following;  persecuting. 

PER'SE  eU-TOR,  n.  One  that  persecutes;  one  that 
pursues  another  unjnsily  and  vexaliously,  (larticu- 
larly  on  account  of  religious  principles. 

Henry  re}'^tM  the  por>-'«  •iipn-macjr,  but  nrtnlned  eTTy  wr- 
mpUon  beaklt;,  aiul  Ix-ciiiic  a  CukI  persecuUjr,  Si^i/t. 

PER'SE  US,  n.     [Or.  Hrpatvf.] 

1.  A  famou?!  Grecian  hero  who  slew  Mcduon. 

2.  A  con!«telI;itioti,  situated  north  of  the  Pleiades, 
containing  AI(;ol,  Algenib,  and  several  other  bright 
stars.     [In  the  classics,  Per'sefitt.] 

PER-8E-VER'ANCE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  perseverantia. 
Bee  Pessevere.] 

I.  P.;rsistence  In  any  thing  undertaken  ;  continued 
pursuit  or  prosecution  of  any  business  or  enterprise 
brgun  ;  applied  alike  to  good  and  evil. 

Pwrtevrraita  ki^^ii*  honor  brif  hi.  ^uxJe. 

Psuifiiio?  And ptrgevemnce  oyrcome  the  grenteal  iii(Bc'iIti'«. 

C'Xarura. 

3.  In  theology,  continuance  In  a  state  of  grace  to  a 
•tale  of  glory  ;  sometimes  called  final  pergrverance. 

Hammond, 
PER-9E-V£R'ANT,  a.    Constant  in  pursuit  of  an  un- 
dertaking.    [A*0t  used.]  Ainjmorth. 


PER 

PER-SE-V£RE',  v.  u  [L,  persevero.  The  last  compo- 
nent  pan  of  this  word,  sevrro,  must  be  the  same  as 
in  asseBerOy  with  the  radical  sense  of  set,  fixed,  or  con- 
tinued. So  persi:it  is  formed  with  per  and  suto,  to 
Bland.  Constant  and  continue  have  a  like  primary 
sense.     So  we  say,  to  hold  on.] 

To  persist  in  any  business  or  enterprise  undertak- 
en; to  pursue  steadily  any  design  or  course  com- 
menced j  not  to  give  over  or  abandon  what  is  under- 
taken ;  applied  alike  to  good  and  etiU 
Thrice  happy,  !f  they  knaw 
Thrir  happiness,  aiid  jtertevere  uprigfhl!  Millon. 

To  perteoert  in  any  evil  coune  miLkc.-s  you  unhappy  in  this  life. 

WaJce. 

PER-SE-Vr.R'ING,  ppr.     Persisting  in  any  business 

or  course  bepin. 
9.  a.     Constant  in  the  execution  of  a  purpose  or 

enterprise  ;  as,  a  pfrseverinf  student. 
PER-SE-VkR'ING  LY,   ado.     With  perseverance  or 

cnntirtiied  pursuit  of  what  is  undertaken. 
PFIl''^I  \  \    i 
PFR'Sie'  '  (  ''•     Pfrtaiuing  to  Persia. 

PEIi'SIAN-BER'RY,  a.  A  sort  of  berr>-  used  in  dye- 
ing yellow.  It  comes  from  Persia,  and  iss:iid,like 
the  French  berry,  to  be  the  fruit  of  a  sjiecies  of  buck- 
thorn callfd  Rhamnus  infectorins.      Ure.     P.  Cyc. 

PER'SIA.N'-WMEEI^,  n.  In  mechanics,  a  contrivance 
for  raising  water  to  some  highl  above  the  level  of  a 
stream,  by  means  of  a  wheel  with  buckets  on  its 
rim.  Brande. 

PER'sre,  n.    The  Persian  language. 

PER'SI-FLAdE^  (par'se-flizh,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  per- 
sifirr.  1 

Light  talk,  In  which  all  subjects  are  treated  with 
banter.  H.  More. 

PER-SIM'MON,  n,  A  tree  and  its  fruit,  a  species  of 
Diospyros,  a  native  of  the  States  south  of  New  York. 
The  fruit  is  like  a  pliiin,  and,  when  not  ripe,  very 
harsh  and  astringent,  but,  when  ripe,  luscious  and 
highly  nutritious.  Mease.     Farm.  Kncye. 

PER-SIST',  V.  i.  [L.  pcrsisto  ;  per  and  sijto,  to  stand 
or  be  fixed.] 

To  continue  steadily  and  firmly  in  the  pursuit  of 
any  business  or  course  commenced  ;  to  persevere. 

[Persist  is  nearly  synonymous  with  persevere ;  but 
persist  frequently  implies  more  obstinacy  than  perse- 
vere, particularly  in  that  which  is  evil  or  injurious  to 
others.] 

If  ihey  perwiMt  in  pointing  their  baltpriea  a^inst  particular  pei^ 
roiis,  no  \\*'%  of  war  Turbid  the  making  reprisals,    Addison, 

PER-SIST'EXCE,   \n.  The  state  of  persisting  ;  steady 

PER-S1ST'E\-CY,  i      pursuit  of  what  is  undertaken  ; 

perseverance  in  a  pood  or  evil  course,  more  generally 

in  that  which  is  evil,  and  injurious  to  others,  or  un- 

advisable. 

2.  Obstinacy  ;  contumacy.  Shak. 

3.  In  natural  pftilosopkti,  the  continuance  of  an  ef- 
fect after  the  cause  which  first  gave  rise  to  it  is  re- 
moved ;  as,  thf^  persLilence  of  the  impression  of  light 
on  the  eye,  after  the  luminous  object  is  withdrawn  ; 
the  persiitenee  of  the  motion  of  an  object,  after  the 
moving  force  is  withdrawn.  Olmsted. 

PER-SIST'ENT,  j  fl.     In  botany,  not   falling  off,  but 

PERSIST'ING,  (  remaining  gr«-en  until  the  part 
which  bears  it  is  wholly  matured,  as  the  leaves 
of  f  vergrern  plants  ;  op|K>sed  to  Caducous.    Lindley. 

PER-SIST'I\G,  ppr.  Continuing  in  the  prosecution 
of  an  iindt'rtaking  ;  persevering. 

PEK-SIST'ING-LY,  adv.     Perseveriniily  ;  steadily. 

PER-SIST'IVE,  a.  Steady  in  pursuit;  not  receding 
from  a  purpose  or  undertaking  ;  persevering.  Shak. 

PER'SON,  (|>er'sn,)  ii.  [L.  persona;  said  to  be  com- 
pounded of  per,  through  or  by,  and  gonux,  sound  ;  a 
Latin  word  signifying  primarily  a  mask  used  by  act- 
ors on  the  stage.] 

L  An  individual  human  bring  consisting  of  body 
end  soul.  We  apply  the  word  to  liring  l«Mngw  only, 
possessed  of  a  rational  nature;  the  body  when  dead 
is  not  called  a  person.  It  is  applied  alike  to  a  man, 
woman,  or  child. 

A  perton  U  a  Ihlnktng,  Intel'i^nt  b^in^.  Locke. 

3.  A  man,  woman,  or  child,  con^iderrd  as  opposed 
to  things,  or  distinct  from  them. 

A  zeiil  for  ptrtont  is  far  mora  easy  to  bo  pirvcrtcd,  than  n  zeal 
fur  thin;;a.  tiprat. 

3.  A  human  being,  considered  with  respect  to  the 
living  body  or  corporeal  existence  only.  The  form 
of  her  person  is  elegant. 

Vou'll  fiftfi  h''r;>er#on  dlffleiill  to  rain.  Dryden, 

The  fUls  KuinLiifird  Ih'-  fl^lit  rlr  a  iniall  Unje,  aiid  fur  their 
ptr»onM  slwiwird  no  want  of  cuuntgo.  Bacon. 

4.  A  human  being,  indefinitely;  one;  a  man.  L.el 
a  prrjfonV  attainments  be  never  so  great,  he  should 
remember  he  is  frail  and  iin[)erfecL 

5.  A  human  being  n^presented  in  dialogue,  fiction, 
or  on  the  stage  ;  character.  A  player  appears  in  the 
person  of  King  Lear. 

Theae  Uhks,  Cie^ro  pronouncM  tindrr  the  pereon  of  Crasatis, 
were  of  more  uac  and  authority  than  all  the  books  of  the 
philosophy*.  Baker. 

6.  Character  of  office. 

How  diflpn-nt  ia  the  nme  man  from  hlma«lf,  aa  ho  tustnina  the 
pfreon  of  a  ruajislral*?  and  thai  of  a  friend  I  Houlh. 


PER 

7.  Formerly,  the  parson  or  minister  of  a  parish. 

Smart. 

8.  In  grammar,  the  subject  of  a  verb  ;  the  agent 
that  permrnis  or  the  patient  that  suffers  any  thing  af- 
firmed by  a  verb  ;  as,  /  write  :  he  is  smitten  ;  she  is 
beloved  ;  the  rain  descends  in  torrents.  /,  thou  or 
you,  he,  she,  or  if,  are  called  the  first,  secoud,  and 
third  persons.  Hence  we  apply  the  word  person  to 
the  termination  or  modified  form  of  the  verb  used  in 
connection  with  the  persons ;  as,  the  first  or  third 
person  of  the  verb  ;  the  verb  is  in  the  second  person. 

9.  In  laic,  an  artificial  person  is  a  corporation  or 
body  politic.  Blackstone. 

In  person  i  by  one's  self;  with  bodily  presence  ;  not 
by  representative. 

The  kifijj  in  person  viaiia  all  around.  Dryden, 

PER'SON,  V.  t.  To  represent  as  a  person  ;  to  make  to 
resemble;  to  image.     [J^ut  in  use.]  Milton. 

PER'SON-A-BLE,  a.  Having  a  well-fonned  body  or 
person  ;  graceful ;  of  good  appearance  ;  as,  a  person- 
able man  or  woman.  Ralegh. 

2.  In  law,  enabled  to  maintain  pleas  in  court. 

Cowel. 

3.  Having  capacity  to  take  any  thing  granted  or 
given.  Plowden. 

[The  two  latter  senses,  I beliere,  are  little  used.] 
PER^SON-AGE,  n.     [Fr.  personnaire,] 

1.  A  man  or  woman  of  distinction  ;  as,  an  illustri- 
ous personage. 

9.  Exterior  appearance ;  stature  ;  air  ;  as,  a  tall 
personage  ;  a  stately  per.^onage.        SJtak.     Hayward, 

3.  Character  assumed. 

The  Veneiiana,  niiturally  ^iive,  love  to  give  in  lo  the  Ibllie*  of 
Euch  seoaons,  when  du){;tiia(i>d  in  a  tiUti  personage. 

Addison. 

4.  Character  represented. 

Some  persona  [iioal  be  found,  already  known  in  history,  whom 
we  iniiy  make  itie  actors  and  persottages  of  thiii  l:iljfi>. 

Broome. 
PER'SON-AI-,  a.     [L.  personalis.] 

1.  Belonging  to  men  or  women,  not  to  things ;  not 
real. 

Every  man  so  termed  by  way  of  personal  difference  only. 

i/oolcer. 

5.  Relating  to  an  individual ;  affecting  individuals; 
peculiar  or  proper  to  him  or  her,  or  to  private  actions 
or  character. 

Th*^  words  are  cotiditiotial,  —  Ifthou  doest  well,  —  and  to  ptrwottat 
to  Cain.  Locke. 

Chancier  anil  luicess  depend  more  on  personal  efTort  tlinii  on 
any  external  advnnUgea.  J.  HaiMS, 

So  we  speak  of  personal  pride. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  corporal  nature  ;  exterior;  cor- 
poral ;  as,  personal  charms  or  accomplishments. 

,^ddvion, 

4.  Direct  or  in  pi^rson  ;  without  the  intervention  of 
another  ;  as,  a  personal  interview. 

The  immediote  and  personal  speaking  of  God  Almighty  to  Abra^ 
ham,  Job,  and  Moics.  White, 

5.  Applying  to  the  character  and  conduct  of  indi- 
viduals in  u  disparaging  manner  ;  as,  personal  retlec- 
tions  or  remarks. 

G.  Denoting  the  person  ;  having  the  modifications 
of  the  three  grammatical  persons;  as,  a, personal  pro- 
noun; a  personal  vurb. 

Personal  estate  or  property  :  in  law,  movables  ;  chat- 
tels ;  things  belonging  to  thi;  person  ;  as  money,  jew- 
els, furniture,  &,c.,  as  dit-tinguished  (toui  real  estate 
in  land  and  houses. 

Personal  action;  in /cw,  a  suit  or  action  by  which 
a  man  claims  a  debt  or  personal  duty,  or  damages  in 
lieu  of  it ;  or  wherein  he  claims  sati.«faetion  in  dam- 
ages for  an  injury  to  his  person  or  property  ;  an  ac- 
tion founded  on  contract  or  cm  tort  or  wrong  ;  as  an 
action  on  a  debt  or  promise,  or  an  action  for  a  Ires- 
puss,  assault,  or  defamatory  words;  opposed  to  real 
actions,  or  such  as  concern  real  property. 

Blackstone, 

Personal  identity;  in  metaphysics,  snmone^s  q{<  be- 
ing,  of  which  consciousness  is  the  evidence. 
PER'SO\-AL,  n.     A  movable.     [JVutinuse.] 
PER-SON-AL'I-TY,  n.   That  which  constitutes  an  in- 
dividual a  distinct  person,  or  that  which  constitutes 
individuality. 

Tlie  peraonalUy  of  an  InV'lli^ent  being  ex^■tAdB  ilsrlf  U^yond 
present  uxisteiice  l»  what  U  past,  oiily  by  conecioitsnetu. 

Lockt. 

9.  An  application  of  remarks  to  the  conduct  and 
character  of  individuals  by  way  of  disparagement. 
Avoid  per.ionalifies. 

PKR'SO.N-AL-r/E,  r.  (.     To  make  personal. 

PER'SON-AI^IjY,  adv.  In  person  ;  by  bodily  pres- 
ence ;  not  by  representative  or  substit'ite  ;  as,  lo  be 
personally  present  ;  to  deliver  a  Iett--r  personally. 
They  personally  declared  their  assent  '.o  the  meas- 
ure. 
9.  With  respect  to  an  individual ;  particularly. 

She  bore  a  mon.^l  hatred  lo  the  honsc  of  Lancaster,  and  ptrgot^ 
ally  to  lite  king.  Bacon, 

3.  With  regard  to  numerical  existence. 

The  converted  man  Is  personally  the  same  he  was  Mc  v. 

Rogers. 
PER'HON-AL-TY,  n.     Personal  estate. 


TCN%  BULL,  IGNITE.— AN"0ER,  VI"CI0US €  as  K ;  d  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CU  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


10  J 


817 


PER 

PER'SOX-ATE,  r.  C  To  reprcstiu  by  a  fictitious  or 
assumed  cbaracter,  so  as  lo  pass  for  llie  person  repre- 
sented. Bacon, 

2.  To  represent  by  action  or  nppwnrancei  to  as- 
sume the  ctiaracter  and  act  the  ptirt  of  another. 

3.  To  pretend  hypurritically.    [Liule  used.] 

Swift. 

4.  To  counterfeit;  to  feign;  as,  a  personated  devo- 
tion.  ISammond. 

5.  To  resemble 

The  lofty  cedar  ptr*onaH»  thw.  SSak. 

6.  To  make  a  representation  of  as  in  picture. 
10**.]  Shaiu 

7.  To  describe.     [04*.]  Skak, 

8.  To  celebrate  loudly.     {L.  persona.']     [AVt  used.] 

MUtoH. 

PER'SOX-ATE,  a.     [I*  prrsona^  a  mask.] 

Masked  ;  a  term  apphed  to  a  monnpelalous  corol, 
the  liuib  of  which  i^  unequally  divided,  the  upper 
division  or  lip  being  arched,  the  lower  prominent 
and  pressed  against  it,  so  that,  when  compressed, 
the  whole  resembles  the  luouth  of  a  gaping  animal. 

Litulley. 

PER'SOX-A-TED,  ;7».  or  tt.  Represented  by  an  a»- 
sumt-d  character. 

PEK'80X-A-TI.\G,  ppr.  Counterfeiting  of  another 
person  ;  resetnhliug. 

PER-SOX-A'TIOX,  a.  The  counterfeiting  of  the  per- 
son or  chancier  of  another.  Bacon. 

PER'SO\-A-TOR,  «.    One  who  assiunes  the  charac- 
ter of  aniilher.  B.  Jonson. 
2.  One  that  acts  or  performs.  B.  Jonson. 

PER-SO\-I-n-€A'TlOX,  n.  [from  prrsonifiu]  The 
giving  to  an  inanimate  being  the  figure  or  the  senti- 
ments and  Uingiiaue  of  a  rational  being;  prosopopceia; 
as,  "  Confusion  heard  his  voice,"  jiltUtm. 

PER-SON'I-FI-^D,  {-rule,) pp.  Represented  with  the 
attributes  of  a  person. 

PER-SON'I-F?,  p.  t,     [h.  persona  anil  facio.] 

To  give  animation  to  inanimate  objrcts  ;  to  ascribe 
to  an  inanimate  beinji  the  tsenliment.';,  actions,  or 
langUQge,  of  a  ntional  beine  or  pt-rson,  or  to  repre- 
sent an  inanimate  being  with  the  affections  and  ac- 
tifms  of  a  person.  Thus  we  say,  the  plants  tAirst  for 
rain. 

The  tpw^  mU  to  Om  If^ne,  Come  thou,  wtd  ret^  ater  us.  — 
Jtklfn  ix. 

PER-80X'I-F?-IXG,  ppr.     Giving  to  an  inanimate 

being  the  attributes  of  a  person. 

PER'SOXrZE,  r,  L    To  personify.    [JVU  vuuA  used.] 

JUckardsom, 

PER-Sav-J^L\  Cl»r-90-nel'  )  ■.  [Fr.]  A  terra  do- 
noting  the  ptraons  employed  In  some  public  service, 
as  the  army,  navy,  &.c,  as  distinguished  frcm  the 
M%TERiEU  Diet,  df  PAead. 

PER-SPKC'TIVE,  o.    [Infra-]    Pertaining  to  the  sci- 
ence of  optica  :  ojiiical.  Bacou. 
i  Ppftaininff  to  the  art  of  periprctive.        Eiu}^ 

PER-SPEC'TIVE,  n.  [Fr.;  It.  prrgpftlim :  Sp.  ptr- 
spectica  :  from  L.  prr-tpteia  ;  prr  and  spriie^  to  see.] 

1.  A  glass  through  which  objects  are  viewed. 

Temple.. 

2.  The  application  of  geomr-irical  principles  to 
drawing  on  a  plane  surface  tnie  resemblances  or 
pictures  of  objects,  as  the  objects  app.L'ar  to  the  eye 
from  any  given  disLince  and  situation,  real  or  imagi- 
nary ;  as,  the  rules  of  prr.ipfctire.      P.  Cue,     Brandt. 

3.  A  representation  of  objects  in  perspective. 

RnevKu 

4.  View  ;  vista  ;  as,  perspectives  of  pleasant  shades. 

Dryden. 

5.  A  kind  of  painting,  often  seen  in  gardi^-ns,  and 
at  the  end  of  a  galler>',  designed  expressly  to  deceive 
the  sight  by  representing  the  continuation  of  an  al- 
ley, a  biiitdine,  a  landscape,  or  the  like. 

Aerial  perspective ;  the  art  of  civing  due  diminu- 
tion to  the  :>trength  of  tight,  shade,  and  colors  of  ob- 
jects, according  to  llieir  distances  and  the  quantity 
of  light  ftltmg  on  them,  and  to  the  medmm  throngti 
which  they  are  seen.  E/tcwe. 

Uttmetrtcal  pergpectiee^  is  the  art  of  drawing  in  per- 
spective, as  a  building^  for  instance,  with  each  part 
of  the  same  relative  sue,  the  more  distant  objects 
being  undiminished  by  diittauce,  as  in  ordinary  per- 
spective. Ifaldeman. 

PER-SPEG'TIVE-LY,  mdv.  Optically  j  tliroagh  a 
glass.  Shak. 

2.  According  to  the  rules  of  perspective. 

PER-SPEC'TO-GRAPH,  »,  An  instrument  for  ob- 
taining, or  transferring  to  a  picture,  the  points  and 
outlines  of  original  objects.  Variouj:  in^-iniments  are 
called  bv  this  name.  Bitrelorc. 

PER'-^Pl-eA-BLE,  a.     Discernible.  HerberL 

PER-ifPI-€A'(  IOCS,  (-ka'shus,)  a.  [I^  per^picax^ 
from  p<T?(pif .  i».  ] 

1.  Uuick  sighted  ;  sharp  of  sight. 

2.  Of  arute  discernment.  South. 
PER-SPI-eA'ClorS-XESS,  ».  Acuteness  of  sight. 
PER-SPI-€AC'1-TY,  m.     [L.  perspieacita.^.] 

\.  Acutrness  of  sight ;  quicliness  of  sight. 
2.  Acuteness  of  discernment  or  understanding. 
PER'SPI-GA-CY,  R.    Acuteness  of  sight  or  discern- 
ment B.  Jonson. 


PER 

PER-SPI"C!ENCF.,  (-spish'erw,)  n.    [U  pcrspicientia.] 

The  act  of  litoking  with  sharpness. 
PER't^Pl-l'II*,  ft.     [L.  per  and  speculum,  a  glass.] 

An  optic  glass.     [Little  used.]     Crashaic.   Glaiicille. 
PER-SPI-€C'I-TV,  n.     [Fr.  perspicuity;  L.  perspicui' 
tas,  from  perspicio.] 

1.  Transparency;  clearness;  that  quality  of  a  sub- 
stance which  renders  objects  visible  tlirough  it. 
[Little  used.]  Brown. 

2.  Clenniess  to  mental  vision  ;  easiness  to  be  under- 
8t(H>d  ;  freedom  from  obscurity  or  ambiguity ;  that 
quality  of  writing  or  language  which  readily  presents 
to  the  mind  of  another  the  precise  ideas  of  the  au- 
thor. Perspicuity  is  the  first  excellence  of  writing  or 
speaking. 

PER-SPie't:-OU3,  a.     [L.  perspieuus.] 

1.  Transparent ;  translucent.    [Little  used.] 

Peachatn. 

2,  Clear  to  the  understanding ;  thai  may  be  clearly 
understood  ;  nut  obscure  or  ambiguous.  Language 
is  perspicuous  When  it  readily  presents  Ui  the  reader 
or  hearer  the  precise  ideas  which  are  intended  to  be 
expressed.  Meaning,  sense,  or  signification  is  per- 
gpicuouSf  when  it  is  clearly  and  easily  cuuipre- 
lunded. 

PER-SpI€'lJ-OUS-LY,  adc.      Cleariy ;   plainly;   in  a 

manner  to  be  ea:«ilv  understood.  Bacon. 

PER-SPl€'lJ-OUS-.\ESS,  n.    Clearness  lo  intellectual 

vision  ;  phiinness  ;  freedom  from  obscurity. 

[We  generally  apply  Perspiciolb  to  objects  of  in- 

tellrci,  and  Cossptcuous  to  objects  of  ocular  sight] 
PER-SPI-RA-BIL'I-Ty,  n.     [from  perspirable.]     The 

quality  of  being  perspirable. 
PER-SPIR'A-ULE,  a.     [from  L.  perspiro.     See  Per- 

1.  l^iat  may  be  pt^rspired  ;  that  may  be  evacuated 
through  the  fH^res  of  the  skin.  Arbutknot. 

2.  Emitting  perspiration.     [A'ut  proper.]     Bacon. 
PER-t?PI-RA'TiOX,  K.     [U  perspiro.     See  Perspire.] 

1.  The  act  of  perapirmg  ;  excretion  by  the  cuticu- 
lar  exhalents  n\A.  condensed  into  sensible  moisture 
on  the  surface;  insensible  evacuation  of  the  fluids 
of  the  body  through  the  excretories  of  tlie  skin. 

2.  Matter  [terspired.  [£mcvc    ArbuthnoU 
PER-SPIR'A-TIVE,  o.    Performing  the  act  of  perspi- 

nlion. 
PER-SPIR'A-TO-RY,  a.     Perspirative.         Berkeley. 
PER-t^PIRE',  r.  i.     [L.  per  and  spiro,  lo  broaihe.l 

1.  To  evacuate  the  lluids  of  the  body  through  the 

excretories  of  the  skin  without  sensible  condensation 

of  moisture  upon  tlie  surface  ;  as,  a  person  perspires 

freely. 

3.  To  be  evacuated  or  excreted  insensibly  through 
the  excretories  of  the  skin  ;  as,  a  fluid  perspires. 

PER-SPIRE',  V,  L     To  emit  or  cracuale  insensibly 

IhrniiRh  the  excretories  of  the  skin.  SmoUett. 

PER  <VXR'EU,  (per-spird',)   pp.      Excreted  through 

the  pores  of  tlie  skin. 
PER-SPIR'IXG,  ppr.    Emitting  moisture  through  the 

pores  of  the  skin. 
PEU-STRINGE',  (per-strinj',)  v.  t.      [L.  yerstringo ; 

per  and  stringOy  to  graze  or  brush.] 

T(}  craze  ;  to  glance  on.  Burton. 

PERSUAD'A-BLE,  0.    [See  Persuade.]    That  may 

hi?  piTsnaded. 
PER-SUAD'A-BLY,  adr.     So  as  lo  be  persuaded. 
PERSUADE',  (per-swade'j)  v.  U     [L.  perstutdeo;  per 

and  saadeo,  to  urge  or  incite.] 

1.  To  influence  by  argument,  advice,  entreaty,  or 
exp(»stulatitm  ;  lo  draw  or  incline  the  will  to  a  deter- 
mination by  presenting  motives  to  the  mind. 

1  •botild  be  gl^A  if  I  couUl  perauadd  him  to  write  such  anolhcr 

erilic  on  »ny  thin*  of  mine,  DrytUn. 

Altttoat  tiioa  perauaiUai  tnc  lo  be  a  ChrisUiui.  —  Acta  xxvi. 

2.  To  convince  by  arcument,  or  reasons  offered; 
or  to  convince  by  reasons  suggested  by  reflection  or 
deliberation,  or  by  evidence  presented  in  any  man- 
ner tu  the  mind. 

Blorp.1,  wr  *n  ptrfuadtd  belter  thingi  of  you.  —  Heb.  vf. 

3.  To  inculcate  by  argument  or  expostulation. 
[Liule  used.]  Taylor. 

4.  To  treat  by  persuasion.     [J^ol  in  use.]      Shak. 
PER-HUAD'En,  pp.     Influenced  or  drawn  lo  an  opin- 
ion or  di-termination  by  argument,  advice,  or  reasons 
sugge-Jt.'d  ;  convinced  ;  induced. 

PER-r^CAD'ER,  M.    One  that  persuades  or  influences 
another.  Bacon. 

2.  That  which  incites. 

Hims^r  niiJ  [hint  at  >>iica 
Powerful  pertuaJtrt  I  MilUm. 

PER-SUXD'IXG,  ppr.     Influencing  by  motives  pre- 
sented. 

PER-SCA-SI-BIL'I-TY,  n.    Capability  of  being  per- 
suaded. ILiilyweU. 

PER-SUA'SI-BLE,  a.     [\^  persvaMhUis.] 

That  may  be  persuaded  or  influenced  by  reasons 
oflfered. 

PER-SUA'SI-BLE-XE5P,  n.     The  quality  of  being 
influenced  bv  persuasion. 

PER-8UA'Sl6X,  (pur-swa'zhun,)  ».      [Fr.,  from  I* 
pn-sunsio.] 

1.  The  act  of  persuading;  the  act  of  influencing 
the  mind  by  arguuienis  or  reasons  offered,  or  by  any 


PER 

thing  tlKU  moves  the  mind  or  paj;sions,  or  inclines 
tile  vvdl  to  a  determination. 

Fur  I  him  bnjl  «ll  thr  kfU  or  floe  ptrtuanon.  Ot^oay. 

9.  The  Htate  of  being  persuaded  or  convinced  ; 
seiiled  opinion  or  convicti(»n  proeeeding  from  argu- 
ments and  reasons  oflcred  by  others,  or  suggested  by 
one's  (iwii  reflections. 

Whon  wr  hi\Te  no  other  certalnljr  of  being  in  lh<i  right,  bill  our 
oVn  per§ua4ion  that  we  are  m.  Gov.  q/lftc  'I\>ngue. 

3.  A  creed  or  belief;  or  a  sect  or  party  adhering  to 
a  creed  or  system  of  opinions  ;  as,  men  of  the  same 
persuasion  ;  all  persuasions  concur  in  the  measure. 

PbR-SUA'SIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  of  persuading; 
influencing  the  mind  or  passions  ;  as,  persuasive  elo- 
quence ;  ppr.+twjiue  evidence.  Hooker.     South. 

PER-.'^UA'SIVE,  n.  That  which  persuades;  an  in- 
citement ;  an  exhortation. 

PER-SUA'HIVE-LY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as  lo 
persuade  or  convince.  MUum. 

PER  srA'SIVK  NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  having  in- 
IliirnriMiii  the  mind  or  passions.  Taylitr. 

P1;K-SU.\'S0-KV,  (-«wa'so-ry,)  c.  Having  povvcr  or 
tentlency  to  persuade.  Brvmn. 

PER-t-UL'PHATE,  n.  A  combination  of  sulphuric 
acid  with  a  peroxyd.  SUliinaa. 

PER-SUL-TA'TIOX,  n.     [L.  prrsulto.] 

An  eruption  of  the  blood  from  an  artery. 

PERT,  o.  [\V.  pert,  smart,  spruce  ;  probably  allied  to 
perk  ^primarily,  erect,  from  shooting  up  or  forward.] 

1.  Lively ;  brisk  ;  smart. 

Awake  ihc  peil  tin4  nimble  •pirit  of  rolnh,  Shak. 

On  tli<^  I.iwiiy  s.-iji.ts  an.]  ihrWet, 

Trill  the  pert  r.tiries,  Rnd  ihe  lUppor  elves.  MUlon. 

2.  Forward  ;  saucy  ;  bold  ;  indecorously  free. 

A  Udy  bida  ra«  In  a  rery  pert  mauiier  mlud  my  own  nllairs. 
_  AiUiiion. 

PERT,  n.    An  assuming,  over-forward,  or  impertinent 

person.  (iuUhmith. 

PERT,  V.  i.    To  behave  with  pertness  ;  to  be  saucy. 

Bp.  Oauden. 
PER-TAIN',  p.  i.     [L.pcrttneo;  per  and  tcneo,  to  hold  ; 
It.  pertenrre.] 
1.  To  belong  ;  to  be  the  property,  right,  or  duty  of. 

Mt-'U  hale  thow  who  Klfcct  honor  by  snit>itJoii,  wiiich  pertahulh 

'i  King! 


not  10  ihi-m. 
He  took  Ihc  lunifieU  citiei  which  pertained  lo  Jt)d;tb.  - 


h  ptrtaina  to  the  gojenor  to  open  the  porta  by  procL-unntfon. 

Anon. 

2.  To  have  relation  to.    Acts  \. 
PER-TER-E-BRA'TION,  n.     [L.  per  and  terebratio.] 
The  act  of  boring  through.  Ain^wortk. 

PER-TI-NA'CIOLTH,  (per-te-ni'shus,)  a.    [I.,  pcrtiaaz  ; 
per  and  teneo^  tu  hold.] 

1.  Holding  or  adhering  to  any  opinion,  purpose,  or 
design  with  obstinacy  ;  obstinate  ;  perversely  reso- 
lute ;  as;  pertinacious  in  opinion ;  a  man  of  pertina- 
ciotts  confidence.  fVaiton. 

2.  Resolute  ;  firm  ;  constant ;  steady. 

Diligence  ia  a  ati^^tdy,  constant,  perdnaciout  amdj.        South. 

[This  word  often  implies  a  censurable  degree  of 
firmness  or  constancy,  like  obstitiacij.] 
PER-TI-NA'CIOUS-LY,  adv.    Obslinnlely  ;  with  firm 
or  perverse  adherence  lo  opinion  or  purpose.     He 
prrtinaciouslu  nifiititains  his  first  opinions. 
PER-Tl-XAC'I-TY,  )         ,.  ..  -, 

PER-TI-XA'CIOUS-XESS,  i  "'     1^*  T"''''"""^"'-] 

1.  Firm  or  unyielding  adherence  to  opinion  or 
purpose;  obstinacy.     He  pursues  his  scheme  with 

2.  Resolution;  constancy.  [pertinaeity. 
PER'TI-NA-CY,  n.     [Supra.]     Obstinacy;    stubborn- 
ness;  persistency;  resolution;  steadiness.     [Little 
u.-^ed.]  Taylor. 

PER'Tl-XEXCE,    )   n.      [l>.  peHinens,  pertineo ;    per 
PER'TI-XEN-CY,  \      and  fcneo,  to  hold.] 

Justness  of  relation  lo  the  subject  or  matter  in 
hand  ;  fitness ;  appositeness  ;  suitableness. 

I  have  shown  the  ftiiifn  And  pertinency  of  tlie  apoatlir'a  dlKoiirae 
to  ihe  p-.niona  hu  ud([r>:£«i,-d.  Bentiey. 

PER'TI-XEXT,  a.     [h.  jfrtinewi.] 

1.  Related  to  the  Mibyni  or  nntter  in  hand  ;  just  to 
the  pur;M)se  ;  adapted  to  the  end  proposed  ;  apposite  ; 
not  fnreiirn  lo  the  thing  intended.  We  say,  he  used 
an  argument  not  pcrtiuent  to  his  subject  or  design. 
The  discourse  abounds  with  pertinent  remarks.  He 
gave  pertinent  answers  to  the  questions. 

2.  Regarding  ;  concerning  ;  belonging.  [Little 
iLsed.]  Hooker. 

PER'n-NENT-LY,   adv.      Appositely  ;    to  the   pur- 
pose.    He  answered  pertinentUj, 
PER'TI-XEXT-XESS,  n.     Ap()4.sitenei»8. 
PER-TIX'GEXT,  a.     [U pcHingens.] 

Reaching  to. 
PERT'LY,  (Kio.    Briskly;  smartly;  wilh  prompt  bold- 
ness. 

2.  Saucily ;   with  indecorous  confidence  or  bold- 
ness. Stcifi. 
PERT'NESS,  n.     Briskness  ;  smartness. 

2.  Sauciness  ;  forward  iprompiness  or  boldness  ; 
implying  less  than  Effromtebt  cr  Implde-ice. 

Ptrtn4t»  and  Ivnonnce  nmy  a«k  a  qur-stion  in  'hne  \ini-t,  which 
il  will  coel  K'liruin;  and  in jermiijf  tliiny  p-igee  to  ititaw^r. 
O.Sprmg. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRtY.  — PlXE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


PER 

3.  Peity  liveliness  ;  sprightliness  without  force, 
dignity,  or  solidity. 

There  i»  in  Sliafteatury  '■  worics  a.  liTcly  pertnest  anil  a  paraile  of 

PER-TURB',  {   v.t     [L.  perturho  :  per  and  turbo, 

PEK'TIRB-ATE,  i       properly,  to  turn,  or  to  stir  by 
turnins:.] 

1.  To  disturb  ;  to  agitate ;  to  disquiet. 

2.  To  disorder  ;  to  confuse.  Broim. 
[This  verb  is  little  used.     Tlie  participle  is  in  use.] 

PER-TCRB-A'TION,  n.     [L.  perturbatio.] 

1.  Disquiet  or  agitation  of  mind.  Milton. 

2.  Kestlfssness  of  passions  ;  great  uneasiness. 

3.  Disturbauce ;  disorder ;  coiumotion  in  public 
affaJf:;.  Bacon. 

4.  Disturbance  of  passions  ;    commotion  of  spirit. 

5.  Cause  of  disquiet.  [fi.  JooMn, 

O  potiiibeil  perturbation,  goldeh  care  1  Skat. 

G.  In  astronomy,  an  irrepilarity  in  the  motion  of  a 
lieaveiilv  body  through  its  orbiL  D.  Olmsted. 

PER'TUKB  A-TOR, )   n.     One  that  disturbs  or  raises 
PER-TUKB'ER,         j       commotion.     [Little  used.l 
PER-TURB'JED,  pp.  or  a.     Disturbed;  agitated;  dis- 
quieted. 

Rprt,  n%t,  perturbed  spirit.  Shot. 

PER-TURB'ING,  p;>r.     Disturbing;  agitating. 
PER-TCSE',      (    a.     [L.  perta.^'iLs,  pcrtundo ;   per  and 
PER-TCS'i:D,  \       tundo,  to  beat.] 

1.  Punched  ;  pierced  with  holes. 

2.  In  botaiiyy  perforated  or  pierced  irregnlarty  with 
holes.  Liudley. 

PER-TO'SION,  n.     [L.  pertujnis^  pertundo,] 

1.  The  act  of  punching,  piercing,  or  thrusting 
through  with  a  pointed  instrument. 

The  fnitnn^r  of  opening  «  rein  in  Hippocrate»'«  limp,  was  by 
■libtin^  or  perfusion.  ArbutJiitoL 

2.  Aliule  hole  made  by  punching;  a  perforation. 

Bacon. 
PER'UKE,  (per'ruke,)  n.     [Fr.  pemiqite  ;  It.  perr»icca; 
Sp.  peluca  ;  D.  paruik  ;  G,  pfrriicAe  ;  Sw.  periik.] 
An  artificial  c;ip  of  hair  ;  a  periwig.      Wiseman. 
PER'UKE,  c.  i.    To  dress  in  adscititious  hair.    [LiltU 

a-teii.  1 
PER'UKE-MaK'ER,  tu    A  maker  of  perukes  ;  a  wig- 
maker. 
PE-RC'»AL,  n.    [from  peruse,^    The  act  of  reading. 

Thi»  tr?atia^  irqnire*  ».pplicaUO[i  ill  \i\r  perueal,     Wooduard, 

2.  Careful  %iew  or  examination.      [Cniisuai.l 

Taller. 
PE-ROSE',  V.  t,    [Probably  L.  prr  and  ittor,  iwiw.] 

1.  To  read,  or  to  read  with  attention.      Addison. 

2.  To  observe  ;  to  examine  with  careful  survey. 
[0*J.] 

I  \%-itr  peTU»td  liT  wtl.  Shak, 

My^'lf  I  IJi'jo  perused,  aiid  limb  by  limb 

Siirvyod.  Milton. 

PE-RfS'Kn,  pp.    Read;  observed;  examined. 
PE-RC'S'ER.  H.     One  that  reads  or  examines. 

tVoodward. 
PE-RCS'IXG,  ppr.     Beading;  examining. 
PE-RO'VI-AN,    a.      Pertaining    to    Peru,    in    South 
Am'^rica. 

Pmtrian  balsam.  See  Balsam  of  Pebu. 
Perarian  bark,  the  hark  of  several  species  of  Cin- 
chona, trees  of  Peru  :  called  also  Jesuits^  bark. 
The  tane  is  bitter  and  astringent,  and  it  is  used 
as  a  tonic,  in  cases  of  debility,  and  particularly  in 
inicnnittent& 
PERVADE',  r.  L  [L.  percado  ;  per  and  vado,  to  go, 
Eng.  to  wade.] 

1.  To  pass  through  an  aperture,  pore,  or  interstice  j 
to  permeate  ;  as,  liquors  that  pervade  the  pores. 

JWicfon. 

2.  To  pass  or  spread  through  the  whole  extent  of 
a  thing  and  into  every  minute  part. 

WhJl  1...1  God 
Perva/tea,  kdj'uta,  and  ajiliu-a  ih^  whole  f  Thameoi 

3.  We  use  this  verb  in  a  transitive  form  to  express 
a  passive  or  an  intransitive  signification.  Thus 
wht-n  we  say.  "  the  electric  fluid  percaties  the 
earth,!'  or  **  ether  perrade^  the  universe,"  we  mean 
only  that  the  fluid  is  diffused  through  the  earth  or 
universe,  or  exists  in  all  parts  of  them.  So,  when 
we  say,  '*  a  spirit  of  conciliation  pervade  nil  classes 
<if  men,**  we  may  mean  that  such  a  spirit  passes 
tkrott^k  all  cla-^ses,  or  it  exists  among  all  classes. 

PER-VAD'ED,pp.     Passed  through  i  permeated;  pen- 
etrated in  ever>'  part. 

PER-V'AD'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Passing  through  or  extend- 
ing to  ever>'  pari  of  a  thing. 

PER-VA'alON,  (vi'zhun,)  n.     The  act  of  pervading 
or  passing  through  the  whole  extent  of  a  thing. 

Boyle. 

PER-VA'SIVE,  0.    Tending,  or  having  power  to  per- 
vade. 

PERVERSE',  (pcr-vers',)  a.    [L.  pervertu*.    See  Pkr- 

▼  KRT.J 

1.  Citerallify  ttimed  aaide ;  hence,  distorted  from 
the  rittht.  Mdton. 

2.  Obstinate  in  the  wrong  ;  disposed  to  be  con- 
trary ;  stubborn  ;  unlractable. 

To  ao  perverae  k  fx  ftll  jtracft  ia  vain.  Dryden. 


PES 

3.  Cross  ;  petulant ;  peevish  j  disposed  to  cross 
and  vex. 

I'll  frown  Riid  be  perverse,  «nd  wy  thee  nay. '  SSiak. 

PER-VER.'JE'LY,  flrfp.  With  intent  to  vex;  crossly; 
peevishly  ;  «.bstin;ite!y  in  tlie  wrong.  Locke.    Swift. 

PER-VEU^E'NESS,  H.  Disjmsition  to  cross  or  vex; 
untrnctableness  ;  crossness  of  temper ;  a  disposition 
uncomplying,  unacconmiodating,  or  acting  in  oppo- 
sition to  what  is  pr<'per  or  what  is  desired  by  others. 

Hf  r  whom  he  wishes  moat,  slui]]  ■oldom  g^D 

Through  het  pervervetteas.  Milton. 

2.  Perversion.     [JVbf  usrd.]  Bacon. 

PER-VER'SION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  perversus.] 

The  act  of  perverting ;  a  turning  from  truth  or 
propriety  ;  a  divertingfrom  tlie  true  intent  or  object ; 
change  to  something  worse.  We  speak  of  the  per- 
vnvivn  of  the  laws,  when  they  are  misinterpreted  or 
misapplied  ;  a  pcrnersion  of  reason,  when  it  is  mis- 
employed ;  a  pn-persion  of  Scripture,  when  it  is  will- 
fully misinterpreted  or  misapplied,  &.c, 

PER-VERS'l-TY,  n.  Perverseness ;  crossness ;  dis- 
position to  thwart  or  cross.  J^Torris. 

PER-VERSTVE,  a.     Tending  to  pervert  or  corrupt. 

PER-VERT',  r.  (.  [L.  pcrvcrto ;  per  and  vcrto^  to 
turn.] 

1.  To  turn  from  truth,  propriety,  or  from  its  proper 
purpose  ;  to  distort  from  its  true  use  or  end  ;  as,  to 
pervert  reason  by  misdirecting  it ;  to  pervert  the  laws 
by  misinterpreting  and  misapplying  them  ;  to  pervert 
justice  ;  to  pervert  the  meaning  of  an  author  ;  to 
pffrcerf  nature  ;  to  perprrl  truth.     Milton.     Dryden. 

2.  To  turn  from  the  right ;  to  corrupt. 

He  in  the  ierpent  hail  perverted  Eve.  fitUton, 

PER-VERT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Turned  from  right  to 
wrong;  distorted;  corrupted;  misinterpreted;  mis- 
em  ployed. 

PER-VERT'ER,  n.  One  that  perverts  or  turns  from 
right  to  wrong ;  one  that  distorts,  misinterprets,  or 
misapplies. 

PER-VERT'I-BLE,  o.    That  may  be  perverted. 

Ainstcorth, 

PER-VERT'L\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Turning  from  right  to 
wrong;  distorting;  misinterpreting;  misapplying; 
corrupting. 

[Pervert,  when  used  of  persons,  usually  implies 
evil  desicn.] 

PER-VEri'TI  GATE,  v.  t.  [L.  percestigo ;  per  and 
ve^ti^o,  to  trace  ;  vestig-ium,  a  track.] 

To  find  out  by  research.  Cockeram. 

PER-VES-TI-GA'TION,  n.  Diligent  inquiry  ;  thorough 
research.  Chillingwortk. 

PER-VI-CA'CIOUS,  (-shus,)  a.  [L.  pervicaz;  com- 
posed perhaps  of  per  and  Teutonic  wigan^  to  strive 
or  contend.] 

Very  obstinate ;  stubborn ;  willfully  contrary  or 
refrnctorv.  Denham. 

PER-Vl-€"A'CIOUS-LY,iH/r.     With  willful  obstinacv. 

PER-VI-eA'CIOUS-NES3,  >  n.    Stubbornness;  will- 

PER-VI-€AC'I-TV,  i       ful  obstinacy.     [LiUle 

U8ed.\ 

PER-VlC  IL-A'TION,  n.     [L.  pervigilatio,  pervigilo.] 
A  careful  watching. 

PER'VI-OUS,  tt.  ri-..  perrius ;  per  and  via,  way,  or 
from  the  root  of  that  word.] 

1.  Admitting  passage;  that  maybe  penetrated  by 
another  body  oi  substance  ;  permeable;  penetrable, 
VVe  say,  glass  is  pervious  to  light ;  a  porous  stone  is 
peroiniui  to  water  ;  a  wood  is  pervious  or  not  pervious 
to  a  body  of  troops. 


2.  That  may  be  penetrated  by  the  mental  sight. 

By  ditrkaea  tfaey  mesa  God,  whoae  KcrcU  &r«  perviout  lo  no 
eyo.  Taylor. 

3.  Pervading;  permeating;  ns^ pervious  fire.  [JVot 
proper.]  Prior. 

PER'VI-OUS-NESS,  ».  The  quality  of  adniitting 
passage,  or  of  b^ing  penetrated  ;  as,  the  per^usness 
of  Eliiss  to  light-  Boyle, 

PE-SAI)E',  n.     [Fr.  pasj^ade.     See  Pasb.] 

The  motion  of  a  horse  whi-n  he  rjises  his  fore 
quiirtiTH,  keeping  his  hind  feet  on  the  ground  with- 
out advancing.  i'^or.  DicU 

PES'SA  RY,  n.    [Fr.  peitjairr  ;  It.  pessario;  L,  prssus.] 
An  instrument  that  is  inlroiluced  into  the  female 
vagina  to-supiMirl  the  mouth  and  neck  of  the  uterus. 
It  is  made  of  wood,  caoutchouc,  waxed  linen,  &c. 
Hooper.     Cooper. 

PES'SI-MIST,  n.  One  who  complains  of  every  thing 
as  being  for  the  worst ;  opposed  to  an  Optimist. 
[Rare.]  SmarL 

PES'SO-MAN-CY,  n.     Divination  by  pebbles.  SmarU 

PEST,  n,  [Fr.  pe,^tr ;  L.  pest  is ;  It.  peste,  whence 
opprntar.:,  to  inf<xt  or  corrupt,  Sp.  ape.«t/ir.  These 
words  may  \n>  allied  to  the  Web.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Eth. 
CN3,  to  be  fetid,  Ar.  to  beat  or  throw  down,  or  to  a 
verb  of  that  family.  The  primary  sense  is  probably 
to  strike  or  beat,  hence  a  stroke.  See  Class  Bs,  No. 
S-l,  39,  48.] 

1.  Plague;  pestilence;  a  fatal  epidemic  disease. 

Let  (Irrce  Achill'-t 
The  goA  proj^tliUe,  and  ih?  peat  t^MSuagr-.  Pope. 


PET 

2.  Any  thing  very  noxious,  mischievous,  or  de- 
structive. 'I'lie  talebearer,  the  gambler,  the  libertme 
the  drunkard,  are  pe^-ts  to  society. 


Of  all  Tirt'ii^,  Jmrtici-  is  tb«  best  ; 
Valnr  witltuni  il  U  &  conuaoti  pent. 


Walter. 


PEST'ER,  r.  (.     [Fr.  pester.] 

1.  To  trouble ;  to  disturb ;  to  annoy ;  to  harass 
with  little  vexations. 

We  are  peaUred  with  n»iw  and  rat«-  More, 

A  mukkude  of  icriljblera  daily  peeler  the  world  vilh  tb^'ir  insuA 
t^T.iUe  Wufl".  Vrytien. 

2.  To  encumber.  Milton. 
PEST'ER-KD,  p;».  Troubled;  disturbed;  annoyed. 
PEST'ER-ER,  n.    One  that  troubles  or  harasses  with 

vexiition. 
PEST'ER-I\G,  ppr.    Troubling  ;  disturbing. 
PEST'ER-OUS,  a.    Encumbering;  burdensome.    [Lit~ 

tie  u.seil.]  Bacon. 

PEST'-HOUSE,  n.     A  house  or  hospital  for  persons 

infi'cted  with  any  contagious  and  mortal  disease. 
PEST'I  DUCT,  H.     [L.  pestis  and  duco.] 

That  which  conveys  contagion  or  infections. 
PEST-IF'EU-OUS,  a.     [L.  peslisy  plague,  and  fero,  to 

produce.] 

1.  Pestilential;  noxious  to  health ;  malignant;  in- 
fectious ;  contagious.  Arbullumt. 

2.  Noxious  to  peace,  to  morals,  or  to  society  ;  mis- 
chievous j  destructive. 

3.  Troublesome  ;  vexatious.  Sltak. 
PEST-IF'ER-OUS-LY,  adv.   Pestilentially  ;  noxiously. 
PEST'l-LENCE,   n.      [L.  pestilential   from  pe^tUens ; 

pestiiy  plague.] 

1.  Plague,  appropriately  so  called  ;  but,  in  a  general 
sense,  any  contagious  or  infectious  tlisease  that  is 
epidemic  and  mortal.  SAak. 

2.  Corruption  or  moral  disease  destructive  to  hap- 
piness. 

ProRig^le  hah'ts  cany  pes6lene»   into   the  bosom  of  domr'slic 
■ociety.  J.  Al.  Maaon. 

PEST'I-LEXT,  a.    [L.  pestUens  ;  from  pestif,  plague.] 

1.  Producing  the  plague,  or  other  malignant,  con- 
tagious disease ;  noxious  to  health  and  life ;  as,  a 
pestilent  air  or  climate.  Bacon- 

2.  Mischievous;  noxious  to  morals  or  .society  ;  de- 
structive ;  in  a  general  sense  ;  as,  pestilent  books. 

3.  Troublesome ;  mischievous;  making  dislurb- 
anre  ;  corrupt  :  a»;  a  pestilent  fallow.    Acts  xxiv. 

PEST-l-LEX'TIAL,  (-.shal,)a.  Partaking  of  the  na- 
ture of  the  plague,  or  other  infectious  disease;  as,  a 
pestilential  fi'Vi-r. 

2.  Producing,  or  tending  to  produce,  infcctioun 
disease  ;  as,  pestilential  vapors. 

3.  Mischievous;  destructive;  pemiciona.  So7ith. 
PEST'I-LENT-LY,  arf».  Mischievously:  destructively. 
PES-TIL-LA'TIUN,  n.  [from  L.  pistiUum,  Eng.  pestle.] 

The  act  of  pounding  and  bruising  in  a  mnrtar. 
[Little  used.]  Brown. 

PES'TLE,  (pes'l,)  n.  [L.  pistHlam,  and  probably  pinso, 
far  piso,  to  [M)und  or  beat;  Sw.piskd,  to  strike.  See 
Pe      ' 


:9T.] 
1.  An  i: 


nstrument  for  pounding  and  breaking  sub- 
stances in  a  mortar.  Locke. 

2.  A  short  bludgeon,  (so  called  from  its  shape,) 
formerly  carried  by  otTicers  of  the  peace.        Toone. 

Pestle  of  pork  i  a  leg  of  pork,  so  called  from  its 
shnpe.  Toone. 

PET,  n.  [This  word  may  be  contracted  from  petulant, 
or  behing  to  the  root  of  that  word.  Peevi^,  which 
is  evidently  a  contracted  word,  may  be  from  the 
same  root.] 

A  slight  fit  of  peevishness  or  fretful  discontent. 

Life  given  for  noble  pnrpotrs  murt  not  be  Uirown  Rwny  in  »  pet, 
nor  wliiiicd  away  in  love.  Collier. 

PET,  n.  [Formerly  Peat.  Qu.  W.  pHh,  n  little  ;  pSthan, 
a  babe  or  little  thing;  D.  6wm(,  a  duck  or  dear;  Ir. 
baidh,  love;  L.  peto,  or  Gr.  no'Joi^  Trofto).    in  Pers. 


tlXj  6«'>  ifl  an  Idol,  a  dear  friend,  a  mistress.    In 

Russ.  piUyu  signifies  to  feed,  nouriph,  or  bring  up. 
The  real  origin  of  the  word  is  doubtful.] 

1.  A  cade  lamb  ;  a  lamb  brought  up  by  hand. 

2.  A  fondling;  any  little  animal  fondled  and  in- 
dulged. TaUer. 

PET,  V.  t.    To  treat  as  a  pet ;  to  fondle  ;  to  indulge. 
PET'AL,  or  Pk'TAL,  n.     [Fr.  petah  t    Gr.  TrrT«A'>»', 

from  iTfraoJ,  to  expand,  h.pate^.     Class  Bd,  No.  65, 

&c.] 
In  botany,  a  flower  leaf;  a  rerm  applied  to  the 

separate  parts  of  a  corol.     When  a  cornl  consists  of 

but  one  piece,  it  is  said  to  be  nionojietalous ;  when 

of  two  pieces,  dipetnlous,  &c. 
PET'AL-/:D,     i  a.     Having  petals  ;  as,  a  petalrd  flow- 
PET'AL-OUS,  i      er  ;  opposed  to  Apetalous.     This 

word  is  much  used  in  compounds;  as,  one-pf^j/cJ  ; 

IhrfP-petaled. 
PET'AL-INE,  (-in,)  a.   Pertaining  to  a  petal ;  attached 

to  a  petal ;  as,  a  petaline  nectary.  Bartoiu 

PET'AL-ISM,  n.     [Gr.  irtTaXi(i(i'ii.     See  Petal.] 

A  form  of  sentence  among  the  ancient  Syracusnns, 

by  which  they  banished  for  five  years  a  citizen 

whose  wealth  or  popularity  alarmed  their  jealousy. 


TONE,  BpJLU  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS,— €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  OH  as  SU ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

"  sTo" 


PET 

or  who  was  suspected  of  aspiring  to  sovereign 
power.  •The  mode  was  to  give  Ihfir  voles  by  writiitg 
his  name  on  a  leaf.  Pftalista  in  Syracuse  aiinwered 
nenrlv  to  o*tracL*m  in  Athens.  Brande, 

PET'.Vl^n'E,  It.     [Gr.  iri-aXnv,  a  leaf.] 

A  rare  titineml,  occurring  in  masses,  having  a 
foliated  structure  ;  its  color  milk-white,  or  shaded 
with  Cray,  red,  or  green.  The  alkali  Hihia  was 
first  discovered  in  tins  mineral.  Cleareland. 

PET'AI^r  ll>,  a.     [petal  and  Gr.  f.f'fls,  form.l 

Havir  i.  the  form  of  a  petal.    Barton.    R<ijtntsquf. 

PET'AL-  -SHAPED,  a.     Having  the  shape  of  a  petal. 

PE  TARI)',  t  n.     [It  and  Sp.  prtarth  ;  Vr  petard.] 

PE-TXR',     i  An  engine  of  war   made  of  metal, 

nearly  in  the  shape  of  a  hat,  to  be  loaded  with 
powdVr  nnd  fixed  on  a  madrier  or  plank,  and  fi>nner- 
ly  asrd  to  break  gates,  barricades,  draw-bridges,  and 
the  I  ke,  by  explosion.     [Pet»r  is  obs.]        Bramde. 

PET'A-Sirs,  H.     [U  ;  Gr.  rtruffuj.] 

The  winged  cap  of  Mercury  ;  a  broad-hrimmed  hat. 

PE-TA(I'RIST,  n.     [Gr.  rcr.i ..  and    voa.] 

One  of  a  genns  of  marsupial  animals,  which  take 
short  riights  in  the  air  by  extending  the  folds  between 
the  fore  and  hind  extremities,  and  by  an  expanded 
tail,  as  the  tlving  squirrel.  BraRde. 

PE-TE€'eHI-".E,  n.  pL     [  It.  petecekia  i  Sp.  prtequia.] 
Purple  sp<^its,  which  appear  on  the  skin  in  maJig- 
nant  fevers, 

PE-TEe'CHI-AL,  a.     [It.  petrcchiale ;  Pp.  petequiaL] 
Spotted.    A  petrcfhial  fever  is  n  malignant  fever, 
nrcompanied  with  purple  spots  on  the  skin. 

PET'EK-EL,  n.     See  Petrel. 

PE'TER  PE.N'CE,  n.  An  annual  tar  or  tribute,  for- 
merly paid  by  the  Enj-lish  people  to  the  pope  ;  being 
a  penny  for  ever>*  house,  payable  at  L:immas-day. 
It  tvas  ralle*!  also  RomfscvL  HalL 

PE'TER-WORT,  m.     A  plant.     [See  Saixt  Pktkr*i 

WOBT.] 

PET'l-O  LAR,      \  o.    Pertaining  to  a  petiole,  or  pro- 
PET'1-O-LA-RV,  i     ceeding  from  it;  as,  a  petiolar 
tendril. 
Q.  Formed  from  a  petiole  ;  as,  a  pttUUr  bud. 
3.  Growing  on  a  petiole  ;  as,  a  pftiolar  gland. 
PET'I-O-LATE,  (a.     Having  a  petiole ;  as,  a  p«ti0l«tt 
PET'l-O-LED,     \      leaf.  Jlfartyw. 

PET'I-OLE,  R.  [L.  petiulus^  ivubably  a  diminutive 
from  pf^t  pedis.] 

In  hotaHii,  a  leafstalk ;  the  foot-stalk  of  a  leaf, 
connecting  the  blade  with  the  stem.  Martjfn, 

PET'I-O-LL'LE,  a.     A  small  p.tioIe. 
PET'IT,  (pet'ly,)  o.     [Fr.     l?ec  Pkttt.] 

Small  ;  little  ;  mean.  South. 

[This  Word  petit  is  now  genera!  ly  written  Pkttt.] 
Pttit  cfiHictabte  :  nn  inferior  civil  otTicer,  subordinate 
to  the  high  constable. 

Prtit  >«r»;  a  jury  of  twelve  citirens,  who  are 
empanneled  to  try  causes  at  the  bar  of  a  court ;  so 
called  in  distinction  from  the  grand  jury,  which 
tries  the  truth  of  indictments. 

Ptitit  larceny ;  the  stealing  of  goods  of  the  value  of 
twelve  pence,  or  under  that  amount,  in  England,  or 
twenty- five  dollars  in  New  York  ;  opposed  to  fraud 
Urernp. 

Petit  scr^eantry;  in  Eitjy/ta*  low,  the  tenure  of  lands 
of  tiie  king,  by  the  service  of  rendering  to  him 
annually  some  implement  of  war,  as  a  bow,  an 
arrow,  a  sword,  lance,  tc. 

Petit  treofOR  ;  the  crime  of  killing  a  person,  to 
whom  the  otfender  owes  duty  or  subjection.  Thus, 
il  is  petit  treason,  for  a  wife  to  kill  her  husband,  or  a 
servant  bis  lord  or  master.  Blackstone. 

PET'IT-MAI'TRE,  (pel'te-ma'tr,)  m.  [Fr.,  a  Uttle 
master.] 

A  spnice  fellow  that  dangles  about  females ;  a 
fop  :  a  coxcomb.  JiddLon. 

PE-Tr'TIOX,  (pe-tish'un,)  n.  [L.  petitio,  from  prto, 
to  ask,  prvptriy  to  urge  or  press.  Sax.  biddan,  Goth. 
bidyan^  G.  biUen,  D.  bidden^  Sw.  6edid,  Dan.  beder^  Sp. 
pedtry  .Arm.  puJi,  Ir.  impidlum^  Com.jndzka.  Qu.  Ch. 
trs,  to  supplicate.    See  Class  Bd,  No.  57,  63^  &4.] 

1.  In  a  gtneral  saws,  a  requeit,  supplication,  or 
prayer  ;  but  eJtirJbf  and  appropriattlf.,  a  solemn  or  Sat- 
mal  supplication  ;  a  prayer  addressed  by  a  person  to 
the  Supreme  Being,  for  something  needed  or  desired, 
or  a  branch  or  particular  article  of  prayer.        Late. 

S.  A  formal  request  or  supplication,  verbal  or 
written  ;  partieulariy,  a  written  supplicarion  from  an 
inffrior  to  a  superior,  either  to  a  single  person  clothed 
with  power,  or  to  a  legislative  or  other  body,  solicit- 
ing some  favor,^rant,  right,  or  mercy 

3.  The  paper  containmg  a  suppllcallon  or  solicita- 
tion. Much  of  the  time  of  our  legislative  bodies  is 
consumed  in  attending  to  private  petitions.  The 
speaker's  table  is  often  loaded  with  petitions.  Peti- 
tions to  the  king  of  Great  Britain  must  contain  noth- 
ing reflecting  on  the  administration.  Encyc, 
PE-Tl"TlON,  p.  u  To  make  a  request  to  ;  to  ask 
from;  to  solicit;  parUcularly,  to  make  supplication 
to  a  superior  for  some  favor  or  right;  as,  toprtitton 
the  legislature  ;  to  petition  a  court  of  chancery. 

The  mttUKT  jttti6ontd  hrr  goddwB  to  Ict(ow  on  them  th*  great- 
eat  gift  that  could  be  girc-n.  Addison. 


PET 

PE-TI"TION-A-IH-LY,  adv.  By  way  of  begging  the  I 
question.  Broveiu 

PE-Ti"TION-A-RY,  a.  Supplicatory ;  coming  with  a 
petition. 

Pa^lon  tlijr  ptlidonan/  canrxKrynwn.  Shak. 

9.  Containing  a  (M-tition  or  request ;  as,  &  petitiona- 
ry pmyer  ;  a  petitionary  epistle.  Hooker.     Swift. 

PE-TI"TION-£D,  pp.    Asked  as  a  favor  ;  solicited. 

PE-Tr'TION'-EE',  B.  A  person  cited  to  defend  against 
a  petition. 

PE-TI"T10N-ER,  n.  One  that  presents  a  petition, 
either  verb.il  or  written. 

PE-TI"T10N-1NG,  pjtr.  Asking  as  a  favor,  grant, 
right,  or  mercv  :  supplicating. 

PE-TI"TION  ING,  a.  The  net  of  asking  or  solicit- 
ing; solicitation;  supplication.  Tumultuous  peti- 
tianinff  is  made  penal  bv  statute. 

PBTP'TIO  PRLY-CIP'I-T,  (tish'e-o,)  [L.]  A  beg- 
ging of  the  question  ;  a  Uicit  assumption  of  the 
propo>;ition  to  he  proved  as  a  premise  in  the  argu- 
ment bv  which  it  is  to  lie  proved. 

PET'1-TO-RV,  o.     Petitioning;  soliciting.  [JVotused.] 

Brewer. 

PE-TONG',  n.  The  Chinese  white  copper,  an  alloy  of 
copper  and  nickel.  Brand*. 

PE-TRk'AN.  a,     [L.  petra,  a  rock.] 

Pertaining  to  nwrk  or  stone.  Faber. 

PET'REL,  n.  A  name  common  to  the  long-winged, 
web-fiHited  sea-fowls,  constituting  the  Linneean  ge- 
nus I'rocellaria. 

PE-TREri'UEXCE,  n.  The  process  of  changing  Into 
stone.  Kirwan. 

PE-TRES'CE\T,  a,     [Gr.  Trr rooj,  a  stone,  L.  petra.] 
Converting  into  stone;  changing  into  stony  hard- 
ness. Boyle. 

PET-RI-FA€'TION,  n.  [See  Pktrift.]  The  pro- 
cess of  changing  into  stone  ;  the  conversion  of  wood 
or  any  animal  or  vegetable  substance  into  stone  or 
a  hotly  of  stony  hardness.  This  is  eflVcted  by  the 
gradual  disiitncenient  of  the  particles  of  the  sub- 
stance said  to  be  petrified,  and  the  intillraiion  of  sili- 
ctous  earth,  or  lime  in  composition  with  iron  or  iron 
pyTites.  BelL 

When  the  ••ntti  in  which  trooil  ti  lodjrM  b  »li^lly  Impi^gnated 
with  peliracrttt  p.irude«,  the  peiH/action  jctj  lUfwIy  (flkca 
pl«ce.  Kirwan. 

9.  That  which  is  converted  from  animal  or  vege- 
table substAnce  into  stone. 

The  okmnoat  pttri/iution  t»Ited  ostroedla.  JCirtoan. 

An  organised  body  rendered  hard  by  depositions 
of  sUmy  matter  in  its  cavities.  Ure. 

3.  In  popular  usa^e.^  a  body  tncrustcd  with  stony 
matter;  an  incrustation.  fid.  Encyc 

PET-RI-FA€'T1VE,  a.     Pertaining  to  petrifaction. 
2.  Having  p<iwer  to  convert  vegetable  or  animal 
substances  into  stone.  Brown. 

PE-TRIF'I€,  a.    Having  power  to  convert  into  stone. 

MiUon. 
Th?  cotJ,  dnr,  pttrifie  maoe  of  a  f&tae  and  uofcvling  philoiophy. 

Burkt. 

PET'RI-FI-€ATE,  r.  U    To  petrify.    [J^'ot  tusd.] 

Hall 
PET-RI-FI-CA'TION,  n.    The  process  of  petrifying. 

2.  That  which  is  petrified  ;  a  petrifactioo.    [The 
latter  word  is  generally  used.] 

3.  Obduracy;  callousness.  HaUywelL 
PET'RI-FT-£U,  yp.  or  a.    Changed  into  stone. 

2.  Fixed  in  amazement. 
PET'RI-F?,  r.  L     [L.  petra^  Gr.  inTfioi^  a  stone  or 
rock,  and  facto,  to  make.] 

1.  To  ctmvert  to  stone  or  stony  substance,  as  an 
animal  or  vegetable  substance. 


S.  To  make  callous  or  obdurate  ;  as,  to  petrify  the 
heart. 

And  petrify  a  gcniiia  to  a  dunce.  Pop*. 

3_To  fix  ;  as,  to  petrify  one  with  astonishment. 

PETtII-FY,  r.  t.  To  become  stone,  or  of  a  stony 
hardness,  as  animal  or  vegetable  substances  by 
means  of  calcareous  or  other  depositions  in  their 
cavities. 

PET'RI-F^-ING,  pjrr.  or  a.  Converting  into  stone; 
as.prtrifuinf  oijeratlon.  Kirwan. 

PE-TRo'LE-tTM,  n.  fFr.  petrole,  from  Gr.  fftrpos,  a 
stone,  and  t^mui',  oil  ;  quasi  petrolaion.] 

Rock  oil,  a  liquid,  infiammnhle  substance  or  bitu- 
men exuding  from  the  earth  and  collected  on  the 
surface  uf  the  water  in  wells  and  fountains,  in  various 
parts  of  the  world,  or  oozing  from  cavities  in  rocks. 
It  is  essentially  composed  of  carbon  and  hydrogen. 
[Petrol  has  sometimes  been  used.] 

Faurcroy.     Kirwan.     Cue. 

PET'RO-LINE,  C-Iin,)  n.  A  substance  obtained  by 
distilling  the  petrolt-um  of  Rangoon.  Brande. 

PET'RO-NEL,  n.  A  kind  of  carabine  or  large  horse- 
man's pistol. 

PET-RO-SI'LEX,  n.  [L.  petra^  Gr.  Triroos,  a  stone, 
and  silexy  flint.] 

Rock  stone;  rock  flint,  or  compact  feldspar. 

PET-RO-SI-Lr'CIOUS,  f-ae-lish'us,)  a.  Consisting 
of  pclrosilex  ;  as,  petrosUicious  breccias.      Kirwan. 


PHA 

PE'TROUS,  a.     [L.  petra^  a  stone.] 

Like  stone  ;  hard  ;  stony.  Hooper. 

PET'TET),  pp.  or  a.     Treated  as  a  pet ;  fondled. 

PET'TI-eOAT,  n.     [Fr.pnU,  petty,  and  coat] 

A  IcMise  under  garment  worn  by  females,  and  cov- 
ering the  Inwer  limbs. 

PET'TI-FOG^  r.  i.     [Fr.  petit,  small,  and  voguer^to 
row.      But   in   Norman,  vopuer  is  rendered  to  call 
again,  to  return,  as  if  fromX.  voco,  like  advocate.] 
To  do  small  business,  as  a  lawyer,     [f^ulffar.] 

PET'TI-FOG-GER,  n.  An  inferior  attorney  or  law- 
yer who  is  employed  in  small  or  mean  business. 

PET'TI-FOG-GEH-y,  n.  The  practice  of  a  pettifog- 
ger: tricks;  quibbles.  MUton. 

PET'TI-NESS,  n.  [from  peUy.]  Bmallness  ;  little- 
ness. Shak. 

PET'TING,  ppr.    Fondling;  indulging. 

PET'TISH,  a.  [from  pet.]  Frelftil  ;  peevish  ;  sub- 
ject to  freaks  of  ill  temper.  Crefch. 

PET'TISH-LY,  adv.  In  a  pet;  with  a  freak  of  ill 
temper. 

PET'TISH-NESS,  n,  Fretfulness;  petulance;  peev- 
ishness. Collier. 

PET'TI-TOES,  n.  pi.  \prtty  and  toes.]  The  toes  or 
feet  of  a  pig,  often  used  as  f(x>d  ;  sometimes  used  for 
the  human  feet,  in  contempt.  Shak. 

PET'TO,  H.     [It.,  from  L.  pectus,  the  breast.] 

The  breast ;  hence,  in  pctto^  in  secrecy  ;  in  re- 
serve. Chesterfield. 

PET'TY,  a.     [Fr.  petit.] 

1.  Small  ;  little;  trifling;  inconsiderable;  as,  a 
petty  trespass  ;  a  petty  crime.  Milton. 

2.  Inferior;  as,  a  petty  prince.  DenAam. 
We  usually  write  petty  constable,  pe«y  jury,  petty 

larcenv,  p^tty  treason.     [See  Pbtit.] 

PET' rV-CH.^PS,  n.  A  small  singing  bird,  found  in 
various  parts  of  Europe.  '  It  lives  chiefly  on  insects, 
ami  belongs  will)  the  nightingale  to  the  genus  Sylvia 
of  Latham.  Ed.  Encyc. 

PET'TV-COY,  n.    An  herb.  Jiinsworth. 

PET'U-L\N-C^  (  "■  [^'P'''"''^"'"*'  f'"*7"''"'o"«*] 
Freakish  passion  ;  peevishness  ;  pettishness  ;  sau- 
ciness.  Peevishness  is  not  precisely  synonymous 
with  petulance  i  the  former  implying  more  perma- 
nence of  a  sour,  fretful  temper  ;  the  latter  more  tem- 
ponir)'  or  capricious  irritation. 

That  which  looked  tike  pride  in  aome,  Kn<l  petu!ane«  in  olhrn. 

Ciaremion 
Th«  pride  ntid  pttulance  of  youth,  Wattt. 

PET'U-LANT,  a.     [h.  petulans.} 

1.  Saucy  ;  pert  or  forward  with  frelfulness  or  sour- 
ness of  temper  ;  as,  a  petulant  youth. 

2.  Manifesting  petulance  ;  proceeding  from  pettish- 
ness ;  as,  a  petulant  demand  ;  a  petulant  answer.  • 

3.  Wanton;  freakish  in  passion. 
PET'lJ-LANT-LY,  adv.     With  petulance ;  with  saucy 

pertnoss. 

PE-TUNSE',     )  (  w.     A  Chinese  name  for 

PE-TrXTSE',  S  (pe-tuns',)  \     fre^horundtconnHJsed 

PE-TUNTZE', )  (      feldspar    ground   very 

fine,  and  used  with  kaolin  to  form  porcelain. 

Encyc.  of  Dom.  Econ. 

PECR'MI-CAN,  n.     Potted  beef.     [See  Pemmican,] 

PEW,  (pu,)  71.     [ti.puye;  L.  podium.] 

An  inckised  seat  in  a  church.  Pews  were  for- 
merly made  square  ;  in  modern  churches,  in  America, 
they  are  generally  long  and  narrow,  and  sometimes 
called  SLf  pa. 

PEW,r.;.    Tofiirnlsh  with  pews.    [Little  used.]   j9sh. 

PEW'-FEL-LOW,  n.     A  companion.  Bp.  Hall. 

PP'WIT     i 

PP'Wn'   t  ""   The  lapwing  or  green  plover. 

2.   Pncit  gull,  or  Pewit ;  the  sea  crow,  or  mire  crow. 

PEW'TER,  (pu'ter,)  n.     Tit.  peltro  i  Sp.  pcltre,  from 

which  pewter  is  formed  by  a  change  of  I  into  »,  as 

the  French  change  belle  into  beau.    We  receive  the 

word  from  the  Norm,  peaufre.] 

1.  A  composition  of  factitious  metol,  consisting 
mainly  of  tin  and  lead.  'I'in  alloyed  with  small 
quantities  of  antimony,  copper,  and  bismuth,  forms 
the  best  pewter.  Inferior  sorts  contain  a  large  pro- 
portion of  lead.  Pewter  was  formerly  in  extensive 
use  in  domestic  utensils  or  vessels ;  but  being  a  soft 
composition,  and  easily  melted,  is  now  less  used. 

2.  Vessels  or  utensils  made  of  pewter,  as  plates, 
dishes,  porringers,  and  the  like.  .Addison. 

PEW'TER-ER,  n.     One  whose  occupation  is  to  make 

vessels  and  utensils  of  jievvtcr.  Boyle. 

PEW'TER-V,  a.     Belonging  to  pewter  j  as,  a  pcwtcry 
PEX'I-TY,  n.    The  nap  of  cloth.  [taste. 

PHA'E  TON,  TI.     [Gr.,  from  ibaivw,  to  shine.] 

1.  In  mythology,  the  son  of  Phoebus  and  Clymene, 
or  of  Cephalus  and  Aurora,  that  is,  the  son  of  light, 
or  of  the  sun.  This  aspiring  youth  begged  of  Phce- 
bus  that  he  would  permit  him  to  guide  the  chariot  of 
the  Sim,  in  doing  which  be  manifested  want  of  skill, 
and  being  struck  with  a  thunderbolt  by  Jupiter,  he 
was  hurled  headlong  into  the  River  Po.  This  fable 
probably  originated  in  the  appearance  of  a  comet 
with  a  splendid  train,  which  passed  f^om  the  sight 
in  the  norih-west  of  Italy  and  Greece. 

2.  An  open  carrioge  like  a  chaise,  on  four  wheels, 
and  drawn  by  two  horses. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARtN%  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE.  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


PHA 

3.  In  ornithoiogy^  a  genus  of  palmiped  birds,  the 
tropic  bird. 

PHAO-E-De'NA,  n,     [Gr.  dayeSaifo.] 

A  spreading,  obstinate  ulcer  j  a  canine  appetite. 

PHA(5-E-DEN'l€,  a,  [Gr.  ipti} eSattiKoi,  from  0uja», 
to  eau] 

Pertaining  to  phagedena  ;  of  the  nature  and  char- 
acter of  phagedena ;  as,  a  pkagedcnic  ulcer  or  medi- 
cine. 

Pkairedeiiie  toater^  is  made  from  quick-lime  and 
corrosive  sublimate,  and  therefore  is  composed  of 
chlnrid  of  calcium  and  red  oxyd  of  mercury. 

PHAG-E-DEX'[e,  n.  A  medicine  or  application  th:it 
causes  the  absorption,  or  tbe  death  and  sloughing  of 
fungous  flesh.  Encyc.     Hooper. 

PM  AG-E-De'XOU3,  a.  Causing  absorption  of  the  flesh, 
as  in  phagedena  ;  of  the  nature  of  phagedena. 

PHA-LAX"GAL,    >  a.      Belonging  to  the  phalanges, 

PHA-LAN'GI-AL, )  or  smallbonea  of  the  lingers 
and  toes. 

PIIALAN'GER,  n.  [from  phalanx,  phaianee^J]  A 
name  common  to  several  species  uf  marsupial  quad- 
rupeds, of  the  genus  Phaiariata,  inhabiting  New  Hol- 
land, Van  Diemen's  Land,  and  the  islands  north  of 
New  Holland.  The  hinder  feet  have  a  large  oppo- 
sable thumb,  which  is  nailless,  with  four  tt»es  armed 
with  claws,  and  the  two  innermost  of  the  toes  are 
joined  together  almost  to  the  extremity.  They  are 
nocturnal  in  their  habits,  and  live  in  trees. 

Jardine'a  A*«/.  Lib, 

PHA-LAX'GeS,  n.  pi.  [from  phalunz.]^  In  anatomy, 
the  small  bones  of  the  nngers  and  toes. 

PHA-LA.\'GI-0US,  a.  [Gr.  ^uAajnoi',  a  kind  of 
spider,  from  tfiaXay^.l 

Pertaining  to  the  genus  of  spiders  denominated 
tt>aXa^  tin  ,  phalangium.  Brown, 

PHAL'AN-<5ITE,  n,  [Gr.  ^aAayytr/jf,  a  legionary- 
soldier.] 

A  9t)ldier  belonging  to  a  phalanx.  Mitftyrd. 

PHAL-A.V-STE'Rf-AX,  n.  A  friend  of  social  science, 
the  new  philosophy  nf  Fourier. 

PHAL-A\-S Te'RI  AN,  a.  Relating  to  phalanslerian- 
ism,  or  the  doctrine  of  association. 

PHAL-AN-STE'RI-AN'-lSM,n.  The  system  of  Charles 
Fourier,  whose  leading  inculcation  is,  that  the  evils 
which  mainly  afflict  mankind  are  social  in  their  na- 
ture, and  that  their  only  remedy  is  in  a  reorganiza- 
tion of  society  upon  principles  analogous  to  those  of 
a  joint-sifkck  company;  each  community  to  consist 
of  from  500  to  2OO0  persons,  living  in  one  spacious 
edifice,  cultivating  a  large  domain,  prttsecuting  in- 
dustry m  common,  but  sharing  its  proceeds  according 
to  their  capital,  skill,  and  labor.  Orecley. 

PHAL'AN-STE-RY,  n.  (from  pkalanz.]  A  name 
given  to  the  grand  edifice  which  is  to  ne  the  com- 
miin  dwelling  of  all  the  inhabitants  or  members  of 
an  association,  according  to  the  theory  and  projection 
nf  Charles  Fourier. 

PHAL'AXX,  (fal'anks,)  n.  .  [L. ;  Gr.  (^1Anl)^] 

1.  In  Orecian  antiquity,  a  square  battalion  or  body 
of  soldiers,  formed  in  ranks  and  files  close  and  deep, 
with  their  shields  joined  and  pikes  crossing  each  olher, 
BO  as  to  render  it  almost  impossible  to  break  iU  The 
Macedonian  phalanx,  celebraird  for  its  force,  con- 
sisted of  6000  men;  but  sm'tllcr  bodies  of  soldiers 
Were  called  by  the  same  name.       Enryc.     Mttfurd. 

2.  Any  body  of  troops  or  men  formed  in  closer 
array,  or  any  combination  of  people  distinguished  for 
firmness  and  solidity  of  union. 

3.  In  anatomy,  the  rows  of  small  bones  farming 
the  fingers,  or  the  toes. 

PHAL'A-ROPE,  n.  The  name  of  several  species  of 
wading  birds  of  the  genus  Phalarnpus.  They  are 
chicdy  northern  in  locality,  breed  on  thp  seashores, 
and  freely  swim,  sometimes  venturing  far  nut  to  sea. 

Jar  dine, 
PHAN-E-RO-GX'MI-AN,)  a.      [Gr.    >t<avcpoiy    man- 
PMAN-E  RO-GAM'ie,      >      ifest,  and   yiji-^j,  mar- 
PHAN-E  ROG'A-MOU3,  )       riage.] 

Plants  having  vi!>ible  flowers,  containing  stamens 

and  pistils,  are  called  phanerogamic  or  phanerogamoug. 

PH.\N'TA«M,  (fan'tazm,)   «.     [Gr.   •^mfTaa^m,   from 

<^<i»<rfi^(L»,  to  show,  from  the  root  of  ipnivM,  to  shine  ; 

<P'iiv  flit,  to  appear.] 

That  which  appears  to  the  mind  ;  the  image  of  an 
external  object ;  hence,  an  idea  or  notion.  It  usu- 
ally d-notes  a  vain  or  airy  appearance;  something 
imagined. 

All  (he  ini<^m  it 
I.ili?  ft  pkanttum,  or  k  hideous  ilrpam.  Shak. 

PHA\-TAS-MA-G<^'RI-A,  (  n,       [Gr.  (fiavraffpa  and 
PIIAN-TAS'MA-GO-RY,      \        ayopAnfia,.] 

A  term  applied  to  representations  made  by  a  magic 
laniTH  ;  also,  a  magic  lantern. 
PM  W-TAS-MA  GO'RI-AL,  o.  Relating  to  the  optical 
PThibiU'.n  c^Ueil  phanta/muigoria. 

PiIaN'TaIsv!^'  t    ^^  Fantastic  and  Fasct. 
PHAN'TOM     T 

phantajtma.j 

1.  Something   that   appears 
specter. 

Stnn^  pfiATOoms  rving  u  the  mlxti  arin.  Pop«. 

2.  A  fancied  vision.  Pope. 


[Ft.   fantdmBy   corrupted    from    I*, 
an    apparition  ;   a 


PHA 

PHA'RA-ON,  n.  The  name  of  a  game  of  chance; 
now  written  Fmo. 

PHAR-A-ON'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Pharaohs  or 
kings  of  Eg>pt,  or  to  the  old  Egyptians.     J^ehukr, 

PIlAK-I-SA'ie,         (   a.      [from    P/tarLtee.]      Perlain- 

PHAR-I-S.\'ie-AL,  (  ing  to  the  Pharisees  ;  resem- 
bling the  Pharisees,  a  sect  among  the  Jews,  distin- 
guished by  their  zeal  for  the  traditions  of  the  elders, 
and  by  their  exact  observance  of  these  traditions  and 
the  ritual  law.  ftence  pharutaic  denotes  addicted 
to  external  forms  and  ceremonies;  making  a  show 
of  religion  without  the  spirit  of  it ;  as,  pharisaic  holi- 
ness. Bacon. 

PHAR-I-SA'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  Phar- 
isees. 

PHAR-I-SA'ie-AL-NESS,  n.  Devotion  to  external 
rites  and  ceremonies  ;  external  show  of  religion 
without  the  spirit  uf  it. 

PHAR'I-SA-ISM,  n.  The  notions,  doctrines,  and  con- 
duct of  the  Pharisees,  as  a  sect. 

9.  Rigid  observance  of  external  forms  of  religion 
without  genuine  piety  j  hypocrisy  in  religion. 

Encyc.     Mdner. 

PHAR-I  Sfi'AN,  a.  Following  the  practice  of  the 
Pharisees.  Milton. 

PHAR'I-SEE,  n.     [Heb.  DIB,-  to  separate.] 

One  of  a  sect  among  the  Jews,  whosj?  religion 
consisted  in  a  strict  observance  of  rites  and  ceremo- 
nies and  of  the  traditions  of  the  elders,  and  whose 
pretended  holiness  led  them  to  separate  themselves 
as  a  sect,  considering  themselves  as  more  righteous 
than  other  Jews. 

PHAR-MA-CEO'Tie,  \   a,       [Gr.    0apfiaK£VTtKOgj 

PHAR-M.\-CEO'Tie-AL,  i  from  ^a^^axci-w,  to 
practice  witchcraft,  or  use  medicine  j  <i>appaK0Vf 
poison,  or  medicine.] 

Pertaining  to  the  knowledge  or  art  of  pharmacy, 
or  to  the  art  of  preparing  medicines, 

PHXR.MA-CEO'TI€-.\L-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of 
pharmacy. 

PHAR-MA-CEC'Ties,  (-su'tiks,)  n.  The  science  of 
preparing  medicines.  Parr. 

PHXR-MA-CEO'TIST,  n.  One  who  prepares  medi- 
cines. 

PHAR-MAC'O-LITE,  n.  Native  arseniate  of  lime, 
snow  white,  or  milk  white,  inclining  to  reddish  or 
yellowish  white.  It  occurs  in  small,  reniform,  bot- 
r}'oidal,  and  globular  masses,  and  bos  a  silky  luster. 

Diet. 

PIUR-MA-€OL'0-GIST,    n.       [Gr.    <(>apiiaKov     and 

One  that  is  well  skilled  in  or  writes  on  dnigs,  or 
the  composition  and  preparation  of  medicines. 

Woodward. 
PHAR-MA-€OL'0-GY,  n.     [Supra.]      Tbe  science  or 
knowledge  of  drugs,  or  tlie  art  of  preparing  medi- 
cines. 
2.  A  treatise  on  the  art  of  preparing  medicines. 

Encyc. 
PMXR-MA-eO-PCE'IA,  Ti.     [Gr.  0a^/-a»fOf  and  Jryutj, 
to  make.] 

A  disi>ensatory ;  a  book  or  treatise  describing  the 
prr-p;irat)ons  of    the    several    kinds    of    medicines, 
cither  with    or  without  their   uses   and    manner  of 
appliriititin. 
PIIAR-MA-eOP'0-LIST,n.  [Gr.  ^ap/icritoi/and  jrwXcw, 
to  sell.] 
One  that  sells  medicines  ;  an  apothecary. 
PHAR'MA-CY,   n.      [<ir.   ^  i^/iaiccia,  a   medicament, 
whether  salutary  or  poisonous.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  pre|Kiring,  preserving,  and 
compounding  sntistances,  whether  vegetable,  mineral, 
or  animal,  for  the  pur)K>ses  of  medicine  ;  the  occupa- 
tion iif  an  a|x>thecary.  Encyc. 
PHA'ROH,  n.  [Gr.  Ai^oz,  This  word  is  generally 
supposed  to  be  taken  from  the  name  of  a  small 
isle,  near  Alexandria,  in  Egypt.  But  qii.  is  not  tbe 
Word  fi'tim  the  root  of  fire^  or  from  the  Celtic  fairim., 
to  watch,  and  the  isle  so  called  from  the  tower 
upon  It  ?  J 

1.  A  lighthouse  or  tower  which  anciently  stood 
on  a  small  isle  of  th<at  n:ime,  adjoining  the  Egyptian 
shore,  over  against  Alexandria.  It  consisted  of  sev- 
eral ittjtries  and  galleries,  with  a  lantern  on  tbe  top, 
which  was  kept  burning  at  night  as  a  guide  to  sea- 
men. Encyc,  Amtr.     IIcberL 

S.  Any  lighthouse  fur  the  direction  of  seamen  ; 
a  wjitrhlnwer  ;  a  t>eacon. 
PIIA  RYN'GE-AL,o.    Belunginglo  or  connected  with 

the  pharynx. 
PI!AR-YN-GOT'0-MV,n,    [Gr.  ^ap»->f.lhe  muscular 
and  glandular  bag  that  leads  to  the  esophagus,  and 

TlfiV    ',  to  CUt.j 

The  operation  of  making  an  incision  into  the 
pharynx,  to  remove  a  lumor  or  any  thing  that  ob- 
structs the  passage.  Coze. 

PHAR'YNX,  (far'inkB,)n.  [Gr.]  The  upper  part  of 
the  esophagus ;  or  a  muscular  bag  leading  to  the 
esophagus. 

PHASE,     (  n. ;  pi,  Ph^ibi.     [Gr.  ifflcif,  from  0aica), 

PHA'SI.S,  i      it.a>o,  to  shine.] 

I.  In  a  general  senile,  an  appearance  ;  that  which 
is  exhibited  to  the  eye;  apprajrriatcty,  any  apoear- 
ance  or  quantity  of  illuniinatiun  of  the  moon  or 


PHI 

other  planet.    The  moiut  presents  ditferent  phases  at 

the  full  and  the  quadrature. 

.  9.  In  mineraiogy,  transparent  green  quartz.    Cyc. 
PHA'if  EL,  n.     [Gr.  .>'«ff'(Ao;  or  ^'iat..X„^] 

Tlie  French  bean  or  kidney  bean. 
PH \SM         I 
PHAS'MA    i  "*     t*'')  f™™  (JtaivbJ,  ipao>y  supra.] 

Appearance  ;  fancied  apparition  ;  phantom.  [Lit- 
tle u-^pd.'l  Hammond. 

PHAS'SA-CHATE,  n.  The  lead-colored  agate.  [See 
AoATE.J  Encyc. 

PHEAS'ANT,  (fez'ant,)  n.  [FT.faisan;  Jt,  fa giano  ; 
Sp,faysan;  L.  pkasianus;  Gr.  ipamaioa  Rusn.  pfia- 
zaa;  supposed  to  be  so  named  from  the  River  I'hnsis, 
in  Asia.  But  is  it  nut  from  some  root  signifying  to 
be  spotted  7    fc?ee  Class  Bs,  No.  34  I 

A  name  common  to  several  species  of  gallinaceous 
birds,  principally  of  the  genus  Phasianus.  They  are 
highly  esteemed  fur  the  beauty  of  their  plumage,  the 
elegance  of  their  forms,  and  the  delicacy  of  theii 
flesh.    All  the  known  species  are  natives  of  Asia. 

Partington. 

PHEAS'ANT-RY,  n.  A  building  or  place  for  keeping 
and  rearing  pheasants.  Otrilt, 

PHEER,  71.    A  companion.    [Sax.  tfr/cro.l    [See  Peek.] 

PHEESE,  V.  t.     To  comb.     [See  Fease.J 

PHEES'KD,  pjj.     Combed;  fleeced. 

PHEN'^jFTE,  n.  [Gr.  ipcyyirm,  from  ^t/^w,  to 
shine.] 

A  beautiful  species  of  alabaster,  superior  in  bright- 
ness to  most  species  of  marbles.  Encyc. 

PHEX'I-CIN,  n.     [Gr.  .po.y,^,  purple.] 

A  purple  powder  precipitated  when  a  sulphuric  so- 
lution of  indigo  is  diluted  with  water. 

PHEN-I-€OPn'ER,B.  [Gr.^o.i-KoTrrKo.f, red-winged, 
iftotviKoii  red,  and  ttteooc,  wing.] 

A  grallatiiry  bird  of  the  genus  Phanicopterus,  the 
flamingo,  inhabiting  the  warm  latitudes  of  both  con- 
tinents. HakeicilL 

PHe'NIX,  ((«'niks,)  n.  [Gr.  (potvt^ ;  L.  phttnix,  the 
palm  or  date  tree,  and  a  fowl.] 

1.  The  fabulous  bird  which  is  said  to  exist  single, 
and  to  rise  again  from  its  own  ashes ;  hence,  used  as 
an  emblem  of  immortality.  Locke 

2.  A  person  of  singular  distinction. 

3.  A  southern  constellation,  near  Achemar. 


>a/iosO 


PHEN-O-GA'MI-AN,) 

PHEX-O  GAM'ie,      }  a,    [Gr.  ^aii-w  and 

PHE-XOG'A-MonS,  ) 

In  botany,  having  stamens  and  pistils  distinctly 
visible. 

PHE-XOM'E-NAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  phenomenon, 
or  appearance.  .  Bib.  Rep. 

PHE-NOM'E-NAL-LY,  adv.     As  a  phenomenon. 

PHE-NOM-E-NOL'O-GY,  ?i.  [phcnomaion  and  Gr. 
X<'}  OS,  a  discourse.] 

A  description  or  history  of  phenomena.     Encyc. 

PIIE-NOM'E-NON,  n. ;  pi.  Phenomena.  [Gr.  ipat- 
I'ljf'Ei-oi',  from  >i>aii'op'it,  to  appear.] 

In  a  general  sense,  an  appearance  ;  any  thing  visi- 
ble ;  wTialever  is  presented  to  the  eye  by  observation 
or  experiment,  or  whatever  is  discovered  to  exist; 
as,  the  phenomena  of  the  natural  world  ;  the  phenome- 
na of  lieavenly  bodies,  or  of  terrestrial  substances  ; 
the  phenomena  of  heat  or  of  color.  It  sometimes  de- 
notes a  remarkable  or  unusual  appearance,  or  an  ap- 
p»*nrance  whose  cause  is  not  immediately  obvious. 

PIIk'ON,  71.  In  heraldry,  the  barbed  iron  head  of  a 
dart. 

PIII'AI^,  (ft'nl,)  Jt,  [L.  phiala;  Gr.  ^laX//,-  Pcrs.  pia- 
lah!  It.  Jiale;  Ft,  JioU-] 

1.  A  glass  vessel  or  bottle  ;  In  eomm(m  usage,  a 
small  glass  vessel  used  for  holding  liquors,  and  par- 
ticularly liquid  medicines.  It  is  often  written  and 
pronounced  Vial. 

2.  A  large  vessel  or  bottle  made  of  glass ;  as,  the 
Leyden  phial,  which  is  a  glass  vessel  partly  coated 
with  tin  foil,  to  be  used  in  electrical  experiments. 

PHI'AL,  V.  t.     To  put  or  keep  in  a  phial.    Shenstone, 

PHIL-A-DEI.'Pin-AX,  a.     [Gr.  ^.A-v  and  af>i\^'<^.] 
Pertaining  to  Philadelphia,  or  to  Ptolemy  Philadel- 
phus. 

PHIL-A-DEL'PHI-AN,  ti.  One  of  the  Family  of  I.ove, 

Taller. 

PHIL-AN-THROP'I€,         \  a,     [See  Philanthrofy.] 

PHIL-AN-THROP'rC-AL,  (      Possessing   general  t»e- 

nev<iler)ce  ;  entertaining  good  will  toward  all   men  ; 

a.  Directed  to  the  general  good,    [loving  mankind. 

PHIL-AN-THROP'ie-AL-LY,  ado.  With  philantJiro- 
py  :  benevolently. 

PHI-LAN'THRO-PIST,  n.  A  person  of  general  be- 
nevolence ;  one  who  loves  or  wishes  well  to  his  fel- 
low-men, and  who  exerts  himself  in  doing  them  good. 

PHI-LAN'THRO-PV,  n.  [Gr.  0i>c..p,  to  love,  or  <^<- 
Artc,  a  friend,  and  apOfium  'Sj  man.] 

1  he  love  of  mankind  ;  benevolence  toward  the 
whole  human  family  ;  universal  good  wilt.  It  diflc'rs 
from  Friendship,  as  the  latter  is  an  affection  for  in- 
dividuals. Encyc.    .AitdLion. 

PIllL-HAR-MON'ie,  a.    Loving  harmony  or  music. 

PHII-r-HEL'LEX-IST,  n.     [Gr.  0iA.-s  and  'EAAr/^i(.] 
A  friend  of  Greece  ;  one  who  supports  the  cause 
and  interests  of  the  Greeks;  particularly  one  who 
supported  them  in  their  late  struggle  with  the  Turks. 


TONE,  BJ;LL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — €  as  K;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

cf2l 


?III 

PHIL'I-BEG,  n,    A  plaid  or  garment  reaching  only  to 

llie  knees.     [SffltcA.] 
PHIL-IP'Pie,  n.     An  omiion   of  Demosthenes,   the 

Grecian  orator,  agninst  Philip,  king  t»f  Macedon.  in 

which  the  orator  annisied  the  Athenians  fn>n»  their 

indolence.     Hence,  the  word   is  used   to  denote  any 
jscoursH  or  declamation  full  of  acrimonious  invec- 

iive.    The  fourteen  orations  of  Cicero  against  Mark 

Antonv  ar»^  also  called  Philippics. 
PHIL'IP-PIZE,  V.  u    To  write  or  utter  invective  ;  to 

dtMTlaim  against.     [UHUsuaL]  Burke. 

i  To  side  with  Philip;  to  support  or  advocate 

Pliilip.  ,  „  ^""'A 

PIHL-IS'TINE,  (-tin,)  n.    An  inhabitant  of  Paleslme, 

now  Svria. 
PlilLr-IS'Tir^-ISM,  «.    Manners  of  the  Philistines. 

Carlylf. 
PniL'LIPS-ITE,  n.     [frfim  W.  Phillip^.]     A  mineral 

allied  Ui  Marinotone,  from  which  it  dilTers  in  cuu- 

tnininit  lime  instead  of  han'ta.  Dana. 

PHl-LOl.'O-0KR.   in.    One  versed  in  the  history  and 
PHI-LOL'O-OIST,  t      consiruclion  of  language.  Phi- 

uiLOGisT  is  generally  used. 
PHIL-O-I*0G'ie,         (  a.       [See  Pmjloloot.]      Per- 
PHIUO  LOO'ie-AL,  i      lainine  to   plidulogy,  or   to 

the  studv  and  knowledge  of  lancuniie.  Watts. 

PHIUO-LOO'IC-AU-LV,  ada.    Iii  a  philological  man- 
ner. 
PHI-LOL'O-0l2E,  r.  i.    To  offer  crilicisma.    [Little 

MStd.]  EvAiin. 

PHI-LOL'0-GY,  w.    [Gr.  ipiXiXoyta;  ^tX^w,  to  love, 

aud  Auj '»(,  a  word.] 

1.  Primariiuy  a  love  of  words,  or  a  desire  to  know 
the  origin  and  construction  of  language.  In  «  more 
gaurml  stmse, 

a.  That  branch  of  literature  which  compn-hends  a 
knowledge  of  the  etymology  or  orii:in  and  conibina- 
tiim  of  words  ;  grammar,  the  construction  of  sen- 
tences or  use  of  words  in  lantit^c  ;  cniicistn,  the 
interpretation  of  authors,  itte  atliHittes  of  dilfercnt 
|jing"ag*<*T  and  whatever  n'lates  tu  the  history  or 
present  aCaie  c^  languages.  It  so»i«'tiines  includes 
rbetoric,  po(*liy,  history,  and  antiquities. 

PHI'LO-MATH,  n.    [GV.  ^lAs^atf^t;  tfiiXos,  a  lover, 
and  ;i<i»-'^ii>'<>i,  to  learn.] 
A  lover  of  learning. 

PHM.O-MATH'ie,  a.  PeitaininK  to  tbe  love  of  learn- 

■UK. 

2.  Having  a  love  of  letters.  Med.  Rrpo», 
PIUL'O-MA TH-Y,  «.    The  love  of  lenminff. 
PEU'LO-MF.L,       \  n.      [from    Philomela^   daiichtcr    of 
PlllL-0-Mi^/LA,  {      Pandion,  kmg  of  Athen.s  who 

was  chansfd  into  a  nightingale.] 
Thf  niehtingate.  Pop*. 

PHIL'O-MUT,  a.    [Comtpted  from  Pr.  fiuUit  iwrto.a 
dead  le:if.] 
Of  the  color  of  a  dead  leaC  jSddisan. 

PHIL-O  MC'»IC-AL,  a.    Loving  mnslc.         Busbg. 

PHIL-O-PE'N'A,  n.  A  small  present  mide  in  accord- 
ance with  a  custom  said  to  have  bt-en  introilured 
from  Germany.  A  person  who,  in  eating  aluiond.t, 
finds  one  containinc  two  kernels,  presents  one  of 
Ih'-m  to  a  person  f>f  the  opp-isite  sl-x.  and  whichever, 
when  they  next  met-t,  sh;tll  first  say,  Phihtpena,  isen- 
tiilfd  to  receive  from  the  oih^r  a  present  be^armg  this 
name.  The  expression  in  German  is  riel  Uehcken^ 
much  l'»ved,  pronounced  somewhat  Irke  p>>U-ip'ken. 
fik>me,  therefore,  sup(io»e  this  to  be  the  orij;in  of  the 
word,  by  a  change  of  termination  into  pena,  (I.. 
po-fiA,)  from  an  idea  that  the  gift  was  a  pt-nalty. 
Oth'-rs  would  d'-rive  it  directly  from  ^tAuj,  a  friend, 
and  ptrwfl,  penalty.  —  Ed, 

PHII^O-PO-LEM'IC,  a.  [Gi;  ffiAif,  a  lover,  and 
r..>  11(^15,  warlike.] 

Ruling  over  opposite  or  contending  natures;  an 
epithet  of  Minerva.  Pausanias,  Trans. 

PHT-LO-PRO-GEX'I-TIVE-NESS,  n.  Among  phr^ 
nohgistL*^  the  love  of  offaprme  or  of  voung  children. 

PHI-LOS'O-PHAS-TER,  n.  A  pretender  to  philoso- 
phv. 

PHI-LOS'O-PHATE,  r.  i.     [L.  philosopkory  phiUtsopha- 

To  play  the  philosopher ;  to  moralize.    [.Vof  ujted.] 

BarroiD.. 

PHM-OS-O-PHXTIOX,  a.  Philosophical  discussion, 
[JVot  used.]  PeUy, 

PHI-LOS'O-PHEME,  n.     [Gr.  otXjT-^nfi.'] 

Principle  of  re3-*onin?;  a  theorem.     [Little  used.] 

PHI-LOS'O-PHER,  n.  [See  Philob  -pht.]  A  jierson 
vcrwd  in  philosophy,  or  in  the  princiides  of  nature 
and  morality  ;  one  who  devote:*  himself  to  the  study 
of  physics,  or  of  moral  or  intellectual  scionce. 

2.  In  a  ftneral  sensCfOne  who  is  profoundly  versed 
In  any  science. 

philosopher's  ftoiu;  a  stone  or  preparation  which 
the  alchemists  formerly  sought,  as  the  instrument  of 
convertin"  the  baser  melals  into  pure  gnld. 

PH!1^050PM'ie,  (o.     Pertainmg  to  philosophy; 

PHIl^O^OPH'ie-AL,  i  as,  a  pkitosopfuad  experi- 
ment or  problem. 

2.  Proceeding  from  philosophy  ;  as,  philosophic 
pride 

3.  Suitable  to  philosophy  ;  according  to  philoso- 
phy ;  as,  philosophical  reasoning  or  arguments. 


PHL 

4.  Skilled  in  philosophy;  w^y  ^  philosophical  histo- 
rian. 

5.  Given  to  phihi^ophy  ;  as,  ^  philosophical  mind. 

6.  Retiulated  by  philosophy  or  the  rules  of  reason  ; 
as,  philosophic  fare.  lyrytlen, 

7.  Calm ;  cool ;  temperate ;  rational ;  such  as 
characterizes  a  philosopher. 

PHIL-0-.SOPH'ie-AULY,   adr.      In   a   philosophical 
manner  ;  according  to  the  rules  or  principles  of  phi- 
losophy ;  ns,  to  argue  philosophically. 
2.  Cnlnilv  ;  wisely  ;  rationally. 

PHI-LOS'O-PIIISM,  a.  [Gr.  .p.Xos,  a  lover,  and  no- 
tpitr/t  ,  sophism.] 

1.  The  love  of  fallacious  arguments  or  false  rea- 
son inc. 
9.  The  practice  of  sophistry.  Ch.  Obs. 

PHI-LOS'O-PIIIST,  n.  A  lover  of  «ophistr>' ;  one 
who  practices  sonhisir\ .  Portrits. 

PHI-LOS-O-PHlST'ie,'        )  a.  Pertaining  to  the  1  ve 

PHI-L0S-O-PHIST'I€VAL,  t  or  pnclico  of  sophis- 
try. 

PHI-LOS'O-PHIZE,  r.  i.  [from  philosophy.]  To  rea- 
son like  a  philosopher  ;  to  sciirch  into  the  reason  and 
nature  of  things  ;  to  investigate  phenomena  and  as- 
sign rational  causes  for  their  existence.  Sir  Isaac 
Newton  lays  down  four  niles  for  philosophiityiff. 

"Vwo  d'lctori  of  thi?  Bchnoli  wrn"  pliL'otophi^ng  on  th'?  mlvan- 
(Ag»-«  uf  mankind  «bo»c  nil  outer  cnwuiirs.     L't^itrange. 

PHI  LOS'O-PHTZ-ER,  n.    One  who  philosophizes. 
PHI-LOS'O-PHTZ-ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Senrching  into  the 

reasons  of  things  ;  assigning  reasons  for  phenoinena- 
PHI-LOS'O-PHV,  B,     [\^  phdosophia  ;  Gr.  ^(Xjno^fa  ; 

<^i.Vui,  love  ;  0(Acb>,  to  love,  and  a'njiia,  wisdom.] 

1.  Literally^  the  love  of  wisdom.  But  in  tuoitrm 
arteptation^  philosophy  is  a  general  term  denoting  an 
exp^lanalion  of  the  rea-sons  of  things  ;  or  jfti  investi- 
gation of  the  causes  of  all  phenomena,  both  of  mind 
and  of  matter.  When  applied  to  any  particular  de- 
pr\rtrnent  of  knowledge,  it  denotes  the  colleciicui  of 
genenil  laws  or  princ))^es  under  which  all  the  sub- 
ordinate phenomena  or  facts  relating  to  that  subject 
are  comprehended.  Thus,  that  hmnch  of  philotiophy 
which  treats  of  God,  &c.,  is  called  theolo^j  i  that 
which  treats  of  nature  is  called  physics^  including 
natwml  philosophy  and  natural  hi.ifvry ;  that  which 
treats  of  man  is  called  lo^ic  and  etAvc-4,  or  mttral  yhi- 
loMopkjf:  th.it  which  treats  of  the  mind  is  called  iatel- 
Ifftt/^l  or  mental  philosophy^  or  metaphysics. 

The  objects  of  philosophy  are  to  ascertain  facts  or 
truth,  and  the  causes  of  things  or  their  phemunena  ; 
to  enlarge  our  views  of  G(«I  and  his  works,  and  to 
render  our  knowledge  of  both  practically  useful,  and 
subservient  to  human  happiness. 

Tnir  If  ti^D  Ki»I  true  ptuliw>ph;  miiat  ulUmabrl^  ^n^vf  m  the 
ftuiiv  priiKiple.  S.  S.  SmiOt. 

2.  Hypiuhesis  or  system  on  which  natural  effects 
are  explained. 

Wc  shKll  in  T&ln  Inlrrpirt  ihHr  wonli  by  the  notions  of  our 
jtlUloaopky  uul  thr  ductnnea  in  our  acbooli,  Locke. 

3.  Reasoning  ;  argumentation.  MitUm. 

4.  Co<(rse  of  nciencea  rend  In  the  schools.  Johnson. 
PHII-^-TEeii'MG,   a.      Having  an    attachment  to 

the  arts. 
PHIL'TER,   (ftl'ter,)  n.     fFr.  philtre;  L.  pfiittra  ;  Gr. 
0i>r/)r)v,  from  hiXo'U  to  love,  or  r/iiAoi-] 

1.  A  potion  intended  or  adapted  to  excite  love. 

.dddison. 

2.  A  charm  to  excite  love. 

PHIL'TER.  V.  u    To  intprcgnale  with  a  love  potion  ; 

as,  to  philter  a  draught. 
2.  To  clmrm  lo  love  J  to  excite  to  love  or  animal 

desire  hv  a  potion. 
PHII.'TER-ED,  pp.     Impregnated  with  a  love  potion. 
PHIZ,  (fiz,)  n.    [Supposed  to  be  a  contraction  of  pkysi- 

eg-nntny.]  ' 

The  f;ice  or  visage,  in  contempt.  Stepney. 

PHLE-BOT'O-MIST,  n.     [Sue   Phlerotomt.]      One 

that  ojwn^  a  vein  for  letting  blood  ;  a  blood-letier. 
PHLE-BOT'O-MTZE,  r.  U     To  let  blood  from  a  vein. 

I/oicell. 
PHI-E-BOT'0-MTZ-£r>,pp.     Having  blood  let  from  a 

vein. 
PHLE-BOT'O-MTZ-ING,  ppr.    Letting  blood  from  a 

vein. 
PHLE-ROT'O-MY,   »i.      TGr.   xp\i(SoTopta ;    ip\:ip^    a 

vein,  and  reiii-to^  to  cut.] 
The  act  or  pmclice  of  opening  a  vein  for  letting 

blood  for  the  cure  of  diseases  or  preservine  health. 
PHLEGM,  (tlem,)  ».     [Gr.  c-Xcvpt^  inflammation,  and 

pituitous  matter,  from   li^'y-',  to  burn  ;    hence,  the 

word    must    have   originally   expressed   the   matter 

formed  by  suppuration.] 

1.  Cold  animal  fluid;  watery  matter;  one  of  the 
four  humors  of  which  the  ancients  supposed  the 
bkwd  to  be  composed.  Core.     Eaeyc. 

2.  In  common  vsai^e^  bronchial  mucus;  the  thick, 
viscid  matter  secreted  in  the  throat. 

3.  Among  cAemistit  water,  or  the  water  of  distilla- 
tion.    [Obs.]  Core. 

4.  Dullness ;  coldness ;  sluggishness ;  indiffer- 
ence. 

PHIrf:G'MA-GOGUE,  (phleg'ma-gog,)n.  [Gr.  <p\cypa, 
phlegm,  and  a;  ■■•,  to  drive.] 


or  a.     Combined  with 
The  act  or  process  of 


PHO 

A  term  anciently  used  to  denote  a  medicine  sup- 
nosed  to  possess  tiie  properly  of  expelling  phtegui. 
[  (>*,■».]  Encye.     Floyer, 

PllLEG-MAT'ie,  a.     [Gr.  (pUypartKni.] 

1.  Abounding  in  pnlegm  ;  as,  pHe^mattc  humors; 
a  phleirmatic  Constitution.  Ilarery. 

a.  Gt>neraTing  phlegm  ;  as,  p/c,^a(ic  meat.      Sltak, 
.1.  Watery.  AVirfon. 

4.  Cold;  dull;  sluggish;  heavy;  not  easily  ex- 
cited into  action  or  passion  ;  as,  n  phlegmatic  temper 
or  teni|»eramerit.  Jidiluson. 

PHLEG-MAT'ie-AL-LY,  ado.    Coldly  ;  heavily. 

IVarburton. 
PHLEG'MOXjTi.  [Gx,  i},\cYpovT,,  from  'bXiyM^Xo  hum.] 
A  specific,  cutaneous,  hemispheric,  and  defined 
inflammatory  tumor,  red,  tensive,  glabrous,  painful, 
polarized,  suppurating,  pus  perfect,  bursting  at  the 
p<ile.  TulUt. 

PHLEG'MON-OUS,  a.  Havinji  the  nature  or  pmi»er- 
ti'  s  of  !i  phlegmon  ;  being  of  the  same  specific  intlnm- 
malion  as  a  phlegmon  ;  as,  a  phlegmonous  Pnetimoni- 
tis.  Harvey. 

PHLkME,  tu      [.^rm.  JUmm,  a  sharp  point.]      See 

Flkam. 
PHLO-GIS'TIAN,  (flo-Ji«t'yan,)  a.    A  believer  in  the 

existence  of  (ihlogistcm. 
PHLO-dlS'Tie,  a.     [See  pHLociiTorr.]    In  chemistry, 
partaking  of  phlogiston  ;  inflaming.  Jidams. 

2.  In  medicine,  entimic  or  sthenic,  that  is,  aliPiicled 
with  a  preternatural  degree  of  vital  energy  and 
streiigtl)  Inaction  tn  the  heart  and  arteries. 

PHLO  GlS'Tie-ATE,  u.  U  To  combine  phlogiston 
with. 

PHLO-GlS'Tie-A-TED,  pp. 
phlogiston, 

PHLO-GlS-Tie-A'TION,  n. 
ctunbining  with  phlogiston. 

PHLO-OIS'TO\,  (tlo-jis'ton,)  it.  [Gr.  ^Aoj-iros,  fnmi 
^A'»)  i^io,  to  burn  or  inflame  ;  *i>\t)  o),  to  burn.] 

The  principle  of  inilamnmbility  ;  the  matter  of  hre 
in  composition  with  other  bodies,  Siahl  gave  thi:» 
name  ton  hypothetical  element,  which  he  supinised  to 
be  pure  fire  fixed  in  combustible  bodies,  in  order  to 
distinguish  it  from  fire  in  action  or  in  a  state  i>f  lib- 

erlv.  Eartrnvi. 

PHLO-RID'ZIN,  n.  [Gr.  ^Aoios,  ^X"ws,  bark,  and 
^1^0,  root.] 

A  crysiallizable  substance  closely  allied  to  salitin, 
of  a  bitter,  astringent  taste,  ohtained  from  the  bark  uf 
the  rtK>l  of  the  apple,  pear,  and  some  other  trees, 

Graham. 

PHCCA,  n.  [Gr.  and  L.,  a  seal.]  In  zo'dloLnj,  a  genus 
of  niiiMinrils  ;  the  seal ;  sea-bear  ;  sea-calf. 

PHO-t"K'M.V,  M.     [Gr.  0'.'iffli.«,  a  porpoise.] 

A  fatty  substance  contained  in  the  oil  of  the  por- 
poise.    Ilv  saponification,  plioccnic  acid  is  formed. 

PHO'CIXE',  (-sin,)  a.     Pertaining  to  the  seal  tribe, 

PlirE'BUS,  (H-'bu-s,)  n.  In  mylholofry,  a  name  of  A|k)IIo, 
often  used  to  signify  the  sun. 

PHCE'NIX.     See  Phenix. 

PlIO'LA-DTTE,  n.  A  petrified  bivalve  shell  of  the 
deiiii!*  Pholiis.  Jameson. 

PHO-NET'ie,  a.  [Gr.  ^wj'jjTiAvs,  vocal,  from  ^pujyq, 
sound.]  • 

1.  Vocal.  Russell. 

2.  Representing  sounds  ;  ns,  p/wnctic  characters, 
which  stand  ftir  sounds  ;  opiMJsed  to  Ideugbaphic. 

PHO-NET'IG-AL-LY,  odD.  In  a  manner  expressive 
of  sounds  or  letters.  Qliddon. 

1.  The  doctrine  or  science  of  sounds,  especially 
those  uf  the  human  voice.  Brandt. 

2.  The  art  of  combining  musical  sounds.       Bn^by. 
PHO-NO-GAMP'Tie,    a.       [Gr.    0(..rr,,    sound,    and 

KaiirTTut,  to  inflect.] 
ilaving  the  power  to  infiect  sound,  or  turn  it  from 

its  direction,  and  thus  to  alter  it.  Derham. 

PHONO-GRAPn're,         \    a.       Descriptive    of    the 
PIlO-NO-GRAPH'ie-AL,  i        sounds  of  the  voice. 
PHO-\OG'RA-PHIST,  n.   One  who  explains  the  laws 

iif  the  voice. 
PHO-NOG'RA-PHY,  n.     [Gr.  ^.i.ivr)  and  joa-^r,.] 

1.  A  description  of  the  laws  of  the  human  voice, 
or  6f  sounds  uttered  by  the  orcans  of  speech. 

2.  A  representation  iTsoundsj'each  by  its  distinct- 
ive character. 

PHO'NO-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  (io.-^,  sound,  and  AifJcs, 
stone.] 

Sounding  stone  ;  a  name  proposed  as  a  substitute 
for  Cl.ir*KsTor»E.  •  Dana. 

PHO-NO-LOG'I€>AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  phonology. 

PHO-NOL'O-GIST,  a.     One  versed  in  phonology. 

PlIO-NOL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  0^1/;?,  sound,  voice,  and 
Auj^i?,  discourse,] 

A  treatise  on  sounds,  or  the  science  or  doctrine  of 
tlie  elementary  sounds  uttered  by  the  human  voice 
in  speech,  including  its  various  distinctions  or  subdi- 
visions of  tone's.  Du  Ponceau. 

PHO'NO-TYP-Y,  ru  A  proposed  mode  of  printinc,  in 
which  each  sound  of  the  voice  shall  be  represented 
by  a  distinct  letter  or  type. 

PHOR-O-NO.M'ieS,  n.     [Gr.  <t)cn'>j  and  I'o/.if.J 

The  science  of  motion  ;  an  old  term  for  Mechaivics. 


Fate,  far,  FALL,  WH.\T.— MeTE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MAittNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQ9K.— 


622 


PHO 

fHOS'GEN,   a.      [Gr,    .^ws,  light,  and    yevMo^,  to 

generate.] 
Generating  Hp;ht,      Phosgen  gas  is  generated   by 

Uie  action  of  liplii  on  chlorine  and  carbonic  oxyd  gas. 

It  rs  composed  of  one  equivalent  of  carbon,  one  of 

oxygen,  and  one   of  chlorine;   and    is  now  cafled 

Chloro-*-arbo:*ic  Acid,  the  name  of  Phos'-eh  Gas 

having  fallen  into  disuse.  SiUiman. 

PHOS'PIIATE,   B.      [See    Phosphor  and   Phospho- 

mrs.] 

A  B-'ilt  formed  by  a  combination  of  phosphoric  acid 

with  a  srilifiable  base.  Larobi'rr. 

PHOP'PHITE,  m.    A  salt  formed  by  a  combination  of 

lih(«phoro«s  acid  with  a  salifiable  base.    Laroisier. 
PifOS'PHO-LTTE,  ».      [phosphor  and    Gr.   XiHo^^   a 

siont'.] 

An  enrth  united  with  phosphoric  acid.      Kintan, 
pnOS'PHOR,  (fos'for,)  n.     [Gr.0wnv'.nf^«?;  i5(Jf,  light, 

from  'P'Hii,  to  shine,  and  ^t.ow,  to  bring.    See  Phos- 

PH'iBl'S.] 

The  morning  star  or  Lvicifer;  Venus,  when  it 
precede^  thif  sun  and  shines  in  the  morning  In  this 
sensp.  it  is  al'so  written  Phosphorus.  Pd/w. 

PHOSPHOR  ATE,  r.  (.  To  combine  or  impregnate 
with  phosuhctnrs. 

PHOS'PHOK-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Combined  or  impreg- 
nated wiih  phoeiphorus. 

PHO.-^'PHOR-A-TING,  ppr.  Combining  with  phos- 
phorus. 

PlIOpJ-PHOR-ESCE',  (fos-for-esa,')  v.  u  [See  Phos- 
phorus.] 

To  shine,  as  phosphorus,  by  e.xhihiting  a  faint 
light  without  sensible  heat. 

Anmto'iHi*  liiiieMoiie  phosjthotetcet  in  the  d:irk,  whrn  tcntpcd 
with  a  knife.  Alrtpon. 

PHOP-PIIOR-ES'CEXCE,  n.  A  faint  liiihl  or  hjmi- 
nonsmess  of  a  budy,  unaccompanied  with  sensible 
heat.  It  is  exhibited  by  certain  animals,  as  well  as 
bv  vegelable  and  mineral  substances. 

PHOS-PHOR-KS'f'EXT,  a.  Shining  with  a  faint 
lieht;  tuminous  without  sensible  heat. 

PHOS-PHORES'CIiNG,  ppr.  Exhibiting  light  without 
sensitile  heat.  Cleardamt. 

PHOJit-PHOK'IC,  o.  Pertaining  to  or  obtained  from 
pho«phonis.  The  phosphoric  acid  is  formed  by  a 
combination  of  phosphorus  with  oxygen  to  satura- 
tion. 

PHOH'PHOR  ITE,  n.     A  varielv  of  apatite.     DaJta. 

PHOS  PilOR-IT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  phc»sphorite,  or 
of  the  nature  of  phosphorile.  Sftallanzani, 

PHOS'PIIOR-OUS,  a.  The  phosphorous  acid  is  formed 
by  a  cfimbinatinn  of  phosphnnis  with  oxyeen,  in  the 
proportion  of  two  equivalents  of  phosphorus  lu  three 
of  oKveen. 

PHOH'PHOR-US,  ^  »u      [L.,   from    the    Greek,      See 

PliOs?'PHOR,         i      Phuiphor.] 

1.  'I'he  morning  star. 

2.  Plto^ptutrwti  in  chemistry,  a  combustible  sub- 
stance, hitherto  undecom|»osed.  It  is  of  a  yellowish 
coh>r,  nn'l  semi-ininsparent,  resembling  fine  wax.  It 
burns  in  comnmn  air  with  great  rapidity,  and  in  ox- 
ygen gas  with  the  greatest  veheuience.  Ev(;n  at  the 
common  temperature,  it  combines  with  oxygen,  un- 
dergoing a  slow  combustion  and  emitting  a  Ui:ninous 
vapor.  It  was  originally  obtained  from  urine  ;  hut  it 
is  now  manufactured  from  bunf-s^  which  cunsist  in 
p:irt  of  (thiwpliate  of  lime.  Ohnslrd. 

PHO.S'PHU-RET,  n.  A  combination  of  phosphorus 
with  a  base ;  as,  phonphnret  of  iron  or  copper. 

IToeper. 

PHOP'PIIU-RET-ED,a.    Combined  with  phosphonis. 

PHCTI-ZITE,  B.    A  mineral,  an  oiyd  of  manganese. 

PhtUipa, 

PHO-TO-6EN'ie,  a.  [Gr.  ^ws,  ^wros,  ligiit,  and 
yiifva-.y^  to  generate:.] 

Producing  lisht,  or  converting  black  into  white. 
The  word  is  applied  to  the  drawing  oriaking  of  a 
pirture  by  meiins  of  the  action  of  tlie  sun's  rays  on 
a  chemicallv-prcpared  ground. 

PHO-TOG'K.N'  Y,  «.  Theartof  Uiking  pictures  bv  the 
action  of  light  on  a  chemically-prepared  crouml.  It 
was  iiivi-nted  by  .Mr.  Fox  Tiilbot.  Buchanan. 

PHO'TO-GRAP/i,  rt.  A  picture  obtained  by  photog- 
raphy. 

PMO  TOGRAPII'IC,  (a.     Pertaining  to  photog- 

PilO-TCMJRAPH'IC-AL,  )      mpbv. 

PHO-TOO'RA-PIIIST,  n.  One  who  practices  photog- 
raphy. 

PHo  TOG'RA  PIIY,  n.     [Gr.  i^ws,  0  .ro?,  light,  and 


.-o'A  -p,  to  describe.] 


art  or  practice  of  fixing  images  of  the  camera 

oh^cura  on  plates  of  cripper,  covered   with   a   thin 

coating  of  silver.     [.See  HtLioGRAPHV.]       Da^aerre. 

PHOTO  LDG'te,  (a.      [See    pHoToLorjr.j      Per- 

PHO-TO-LOO'ie-AL,  \      laming  to  photolopy,  or  the 

doctrine  of  lifiht. 
PHO-TOL'O-OY,  n.    [Gr.  (p'Jt,  light,  and  Aojos,  dis- 
course] 

The  doctrine  or  Rciencc  of  nght,  explaining  its  na- 
ture and  phenomena.  MilchiU. 
PHO-TOM'E-TER,  n.    [Gr.  ^wf,  light,  and  p'.rpjv^ 
measure.] 

An  instrument  for  mea.suring  the  relative  intensi- 
ties of  HjilU  Riiirford.     Leslie. 


PHT 

PH0-TO-MET'RI€,  )  a.     Pertaining  to  or  made 

PHO-rO-MET'RI€^AL,  \      by  a  photometer. 
PilO-TOM'E-TRY,  «,     [Gr.  .put  and  fierooi'.] 

The  science  which  treats  of  the  measurement  of 
licht. 
PIIO-TO-PHC'BI-A,  rt.    [Gr.  (t>m  and  4,o!3e<.\'\ 

A  dread  or  intolerance  of  light ;  a  symptom  of  in- 
ternal ophthalmy.  Brande. 
PlIO-TOP'SY,  H.     [Gr.  ^'..?,  light,  and  "t//(i,  sight.] 
An  affection  of  the  eye.  in  wliich  the  patient  per- 
ceives luminous  ravs,  ignited  lines,  coruscations,  &c. 
PHR.aSE,  n.     [Gr.  (fiaais^  from  0^,a;<.),  to  speak.] 

1.  A  short  sentence  or  expression.  A  phrase  may 
be  complete^  as  when  it  conveys  complete  sense  ;  as, 
kumanum  eM  errare,  to  err  is  human  ;  or  it  may  be 
incomplete,  as  when  it  consists  of  several  words  with- 
out athrming  any  thing,  or  when  the  noun  and  the 
verb  do  the  ofiice  of  a  noun  only  ;  as,  that  which  is 
trHe,  that  is,  truUt,  salipfies  the  mind.  Kncyc, 

2.  A  particular  mode  of  s[ieech  ;  a  peculiar  sen- 
tence, or  short,  idiomatic  expression;  as,  a  Hebrew 
phrase;  an  Italian  pAra^f. 

3.  Style ;  expression. 

Thou  speak  V 
In  beUer  phra*e.  ShaJc. 

4.  In  rwa-^ie,  any  regular,  symmetrical  course  of 
notes  which  begin  and  complete  the  intended  ex- 
pression. Buabij. 

PI1R.a?E,  p.  £.  To  call ;  lostylej  to  express  in  words 
or  in  peculiar  words. 

Th^»p  s'in«, 
For  ao  thcjr  phrase  tlt«iii.  Shak. 

PHRSSE'-BQpK,  n.  A  book  in  which  ditficult 
phrases  are  explained. 

PHR.aS'KD,  pp.     Styled  ;  expressed  in  peculiar  words. 

PHK.xSE'LKSS,  a.     Not  to  be  expressed  or  described. 

PHR.^-*K  O-LO^'ie,  I  a.    Peculiar  in  expression  ; 

PHRA  ?E-O-L0(i'ie-AL,  \  consisting  of  a  peculiar 
form  of  words. 

PHRA.atE-OL'0  45Y,  n.  [Gr.  ^.oufft?,  phrase,  and 
Xrj  w,  to  speak  J 

1.  Manner  of  expression ;  peculiar  words  used  in 
a  sentence  ;  diction. 
9.  A  collection  of  phrases  in  a  lancnage.    Encye. 

PHRE-NET'ie,  n.  [Gr.  Aohetik;*;.  See  Phre>st.] 
Subject  to  I'mng  or  violeiU  sallies  of  imagination 
or  excitement,  which  in  s«»me  measure  pervert  the 
judgment,  and  cause  the  person  to  act  in  a  manner 
diffi-rent  from  the  more  rational  part  of  mankind  ; 
wild  and  erratic  ;  partially  mad.  [It  has  been  some- 
times written  Phrkstic,  but  is  now  generylly  writ- 
ten FranticJ 

PHRE-NET'ie,  n.  A  person  who  is  wild  and  erratic 
in  his  imacination.  If'oodtrard. 

PHRE-\ET'ie-AL-LY,  ado.  In  the  manner  of  fren- 
zy or  delirium. 

PMRKN'ie,  a.    [from  Gr.  <pntvr^,  the  diaphragm.] 
Belonging  to  the  diaphragm  ;  as,  a  phrenic  vein. 

PIIRE-NI'TIS,  It.  [Gr.  0.)t»'irif,  from  <f>nT}v,  the 
mind.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root  of  this  word 
is,  to  move,  advance,  or  rush  forward  ;  as  in  L.  a«i- 
mus,  animosus.  and  the  Teutonic  inod^  Eng.  mnod.'\ 

1.  In  metiictne,  an  intlammation  of  the  brain,  or 
of  the  meninges  t)f  the  brain,  attended  with  acute 
fi'ver  and  delirium.  Fttrsijth. 

2.  Delirium  ;  phrensy.  [It  is  generally  written 
In  English,  Phrensv  or  Frenzy.] 

PHRFV.VO  I,Oii'ie-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  phrenology. 

PllRE-XO-LOCl€-AL-LY,  adv.  By  the  principles  of 
phrenoleigy. 

PHRE-NOL'O-dST,  n.    One  versed  in  phrenology. 

PlIftlC-NOL'OCY,  n.  [Gr.  ^/>i7*',  the  mind,  and  Xo- 
yoi,  diiicourse.] 

i'he  science  of  the  human  mind  a^  conncrtt>d  with 
the  supposed  organs  of  thought  and  pa-^sion  in  the 
brain,  maintained  by  Gall,  who  sup[>o(ied  each  fac- 
ulty or  propimsity  to  have  a  particular  organ,  and 
this  manifr.su-d  in  the  form  of  tlie  skull ;  craniology. 

PHRE-NO-MAG'NET-IB.M,  n.  [Gr.  V/"/''.  the  mind, 
and  magTtrtifm.] 

The  power  of  exciting  the  organs  of  the  brain 
through  magnetic  influence. 

PHREN'»Y,  (fren'ze,)  n.  [.^upra.]  Madness  ;  delir- 
ium, or  that  (Kirtial  madness  which  m;iiiife>ts  itself 
in  wild  and  erratic  Rallies  of  the  imagination.  It  is 
written,  also,  Krenxt. 

Di-monLit  PAr*»#y;  inaplng  MHancholy.  Milton, 

PHROX'TIS-TER-Y,  n.     [Gr.   ^poovriaTnfi'Ji',   from 
iP>o:eo>,  to  think  j  ^tinv,  mind.] 
'  A  school  or  aemiiiary  of  learning.     [AX  iwcrf.J 
PHRYG'I-AN,  a.     [from  Phrtjfria,  in  Asia  Minor.] 

Pertaining  to  Phrygia;  an  epithet  applied  to  a 
sprightly,  animating  kind  vf  music.         ^rbulhnot. 

Phry<rion  alone  ;  a  stone  described  by  the  ancients. 
Used  in  dyeing;  a  tight,  Fpongy  stone,  resembling  a 
pumice,  said  to  be  drying  and  astringent. 

Pliny.  Dinscorides. 
PHTHIS'ICj  (tiz'zik,)  71.  A  mere  conversion  of  the 
term  phthutji  into  English,  and  hence  its  synonym. 
This  term  is  sometimes  applied  popularly,  but  erro- 
neously, to  any  difficulty  of  breathing,  and  more 
esjiccially  to  chronic  dyspna^a,  from  the  mi-staken 
notion  that  these  affections  are  mucii  the  same  as 
phthisis.     [Little  wicd.] 


PHY 

PHTIirs'ie-AL,  (tiz'zi-kat,)  a.  [Gr.  0(?tffuo«.  See 
Phthisis.] 

Having  or  belonging  to  the  phthisic  ;  breathing 
hard  ;  as,  a  phihtfiical  consumption.  Harvey. 

PHTHISTCK-Y,  ttiz'zik-e.)  a.  Having  or  pertaining 
to  the  phthisic. 

PHTHI'SIS,  (ihT'sis,)  n.  [Gr.  ^'Jfaij,  from  ^Oiw, 
ipd.M,  to  consume.] 

A  disease  of  some  part  of  the  pulmonary  appara- 
tus, niarked  by  cough,  gradually  progressive  emacia- 
tion and  exhaustion,  hectic,  and  usually  copious  ex- 
p>xti>ration. 

PH?-eO-MA'TER,n.    [Gr.  Avkq^  and  pTjTnp.] 

The  gelatine  in  which  the  sponilea  of  afgaceous 
plants  fir:*t  vegetate.  Brande. 

PHY-LAe'TER,  n.     See  Phvlactert. 

PH  Y-LAe'TEK-/;i>,  a.  Wearing  a  phylactery  ;  dressed 
like  the  Pharisees.  Oreen. 

PHY-LAC'TER-ie,         }  a.      Pertaining    to    phylac- 

PHY-LAe-TER'IC-AL,  \      teries.  Jtddison. 

PHY-LAC'TKR-Y,  Ti.  [pr.  ^u^affrrj.oioi-jfrom  ipfXaa- 
<rw,  to  defend  or  guard.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  any  charm,  spell,  or  amulet, 
worn  as  a  preservative  from  danger  or  disease. 

2.  Among  the  Jews^  a  slip  of  parchment  on  which 
was  written  some  text  of  Scripture,  particularly  of 
the  decalogue,  w(»rn  by  devout  p«jrsons  on  the  fore- 
head, breast,  or  neck,  as  a  mark  of  tlieir  celigion. 

Kucye. 

3.  Among /A^  ;)ri»nir[re  CkristianSyVt  case  in  which 
they  inclosed  the  relics  of  the  dead.  Encye. 

PHVLXRCH,  n.     [Gr.  '^irX,,,  tribe,  and  npx-?,  rule.] 
The  chief  or  governor  of  a  tribe  or  clan. 

Robinson. 
PHY'LXRCH-Y,  n.    Government  of  a  tribe  or  clan. 
PHYL'LITE,  n.     [Gr.  ^uAA<'i',  a  loaf,  and  XiUoq,  a 
stone.] 

A  p<-trified  leaf,  or  a  mineral  having  the  figure  of  a 
leaf.  Lunicr. 

PHYI^LO'DMJM,  n.     [Gr.  0uAA'.c.] 

In  botany,  a  petiole  without  a  lamina,  but  so  much 
developed  in  some  way,  as  to  perform  the  functions 
of  a  perfect  leaf.  Lindley. 

PHYL-LOPH'O-ROUS,  a.  [Gr.  f  yAAor,  a  leaf,  and 
A'U'.',  to  bear.] 

Leaf-be-Tring  ;  producing  leaves. 
PHYL'LO-POD,  n.     [Gr.  ^vXXoy  and  novs.) 

One  of  a  tribe  of  crustaceans  whose  feet  have  a 
flattened  form,  like  that  of  a  leaf. 
PHVS'A-LITE,  w.     [Gr.  ^uauu.,  to  swell  or  inflate, 
and  XtiJ-'i,  a  stone.] 

A  mineral  of  a  greenisli-white  color,  a  subspecies 
of  prismatic  toi>a7. ;  culled  also  Pyrophvsalite,  as  it 
inlunie;.ces  in  heat.  Jameson.     Phillips. 

PHYS'E-TER.     .See  Cachalot. 

PHYS-I-AN'THRO-PY,  «.  [Gr.  </.i.(7if,  nature,  and 
ai'OpuiTfJs,  man.] 

The  philosophy  of  human  life,  or  the  doctrine  of 
the  constitution  and  diseases  of  man,  and  tlie  reme- 
dies. Jilcd.  Rrpos, 
PHYS'ie,  n.     [Gr.  0y(T(<ff;,  from  ^uuiy,  nature;  fvu-^ 
to  pnxiuce.] 

1.  The  art  of  healing  diseases.  This  is  now  gen- 
erally called  Medicine,  Encye. 

2.  Medicines;  remedies  for  diseases.  We  desire 
phy^e.  only  for  the  sake  of  health.  Hooker 

3.  In  popular  langvace,  a  medicine  that  purges;  a 
purge;  a  cathartic.  [In  technical  and  elegant  lan- 
guage, this  sun^ie  is  not  used.] 

PHYS'IG,  r.  U     To  treat  with  physic  j  to  evacuate  the 

bowels  with  a  cathartic  ;  to  purge.  Sliak. 

a.  To  cure.  Shah. 

PIIYS'IC-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  nature  or  natural  pro- 
ducti«ms,  or  to  material  things,  as  opposed  to  things 
moral  or  imaginary.  We  speak  of  physical  force  or 
power,  with  reference  to  material  things;  armies 
and  navies  are  the  physical  force  of  a  nation ; 
whereas  wisdom,  knouii-dge,  skill,  tc,  constitute 
mvral  force.  A  physical  point  is  a  real  point,  in 
distinction  from  a  mathematical  or  imaginary  pohit. 
A  phtfsical  body  or  substance  is  a  material  body  or 
substJince,  in  distinction  from  spirit,  or  metaphysical 
substance. 

9.  Pertaining  to  the  material  part  or  structure  of 
an  organized  being,  particularly  man  ;  as,  physical 
strength. 

3.  External;  perceptible  to  the  senses;  as,  the 
physical  characters  of  a  mineral ;  opptJsed  to  chemical. 

Phillips. 

4.  Relating  to  the  art  of  healing;  as,  a  physical 
treatise. 

5.  Having  the  property  of  evacuating  the  bowels ; 
as,  physical  herbs. 

6.  Medicinal ;  promoting  the  cure  of  iliseases, 

7.  Resembling  physic;  as,  a;*/ijjiicai  taste. 

.John /ton. 
[In  the  three  latter  senses,  nearly  obsolete  among 
jirofesjJional  men.] 

Physical  education;  the  education  which  is  directed 
to  the  object  of  giving  strength,  health,  and  vigor  to 
the  bodily  organs  and  powers. 
PHVS'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  According  to  nature  ;  by  nat- 
ural power,  or  the  operation  of  natural  laws  in  the 
material  system  of  things,  as  distinguished  from 


DNE,  BjJLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIO[JS.  — €  a*  K ;  0  a«  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 

8^ 


PHY 


PIC 


moral  powt-r  or  influence.      We  suppwe   perpetual 
OiMiun  to  be  physiruUy  impossible. 

I  lun  noi  now  ircnlinj  jAi/ncaUif  of  light  or  coion.        Lock*. 

2.  According  to  the  art  or  rules  of  medicine.  [Obs.) 

He  that  live*  pliytieaUjf,  matt,  li»e  niiacrvUy.  ChtjfM. 

PHY-Sr'CrA\»  (fe-zish'an.)  «.  A  person  skilled  in 
the  art  of  healing;  one  whose  prufession  is  to  pre- 
scribe remedies  for  disease*. 

9.  In  «  spiritual  teiue,  one  that  heals  moral  dis- 
eases 1  as,  a  pkvsiciaH  of  the  soul. 

PHys'I-CO-L06'I€,  n.  Logic  illustrated  by  natural 
philosophy.  _        .   .  .      i 

PIlVS'I*eo-L06'ie-AL,  o.  Pertaining  to  physlco- 
lofiic.     [UtVeustd.]  ^""^  , 

PHVS'I-eO-THE-0L'0-G\%  n.     [pkysie^  or  yhtfsual, 

and  tJteolofry-]  ,  :-        .   1. 

Theology  or  divinity  Illustrated  or  enforced  by 
ph\^ics  or  natural  philosupby. 

PHYS'ieSi,  n.  In  its  mart  ejtensire  sensfy  the  science 
of  nature  or  of  natural  objects,  comprehending  the 
study  or  knowledge  of  whatever  exists. 

9:  In  Uis  msmal  mud  wu/rt  limittd  stnse^  the  science 
of  the  nuterial  system,  including  natural  history'  and 
philoftophy.  This  science  is  of  vast  extent,  compre* 
bending  whatever  can  be  discovered  of  the  nature 
and  properties  of  bodies,  their  causes,  effects,  affec- 
tions, operations,  phenomena,  and  laws. 

PIIVSH-OCNO-MKR.    See  pHtiiocxoMisT. 

PHV?-I-OG-NOM'ie,  (a.     [See  Phtsiogsomt.] 

PIIY»-I-OG-NOM'ie-AL,  i  Pertainine  to  physiog- 
nomy; expressing  the  temper,  disposition,  or  other 
qualities  of  the  mind,  by  signs  in  the  countenance; 
or  drawing  a  knowledge  of  the  state  of  the  uiind 
fmm  the  features  of  the  face. 

PHVS-l-OG-NOM'ies,  n.  Among  phyncians,  signs 
in  the  countenance,  which  indicate  the  state,  tem- 
perament, or  constitution  of  the  body  and  mind. 

Eneye, 

PUYS-I.OG'NO-MIST,  h.  One  that  is  skilled  in 
physiognomy ;  one  that  is  able  to  judge  of  the  par- 
ticular temper  or  other  qualities  of  the  mind,  by 
signs  in  the  countenance.  Dryden. 

PHYS-I-OG'NO-MY,  ».  [Gr.  ^vatoyviit^ovta ;  ^dcs, 
nature,  and  ^vu/iovicof,  knowing;  >  irutrxu,  to 
know.] 

1.  The  art  or  science  of  discerning  the  character 
of  the  mind  from  the  features  of  the  face  ;  or  the 
art  of  discovering  the  predominant  temper,  or  other 
characteristic  qualities  of  the  mind,  by  the  form  of 
the  body,  but  e^pt-cially  by  the  cxtenial  signs  of  the 
countenance,  or  the  combination  of  the  features. 

Bacam^     Lmcaur. 

2.  The  face  or  countenance,  with  respect  to  the 
temper  of  the  mind  ;  particular  configuration,  cast, 
or  eupresskm  of  countenance.  Drytirm. 

[This  word    formerly  comprehended  the    art  of 

foretelling  the  future  fortunes  of  persons  by  indica- 

titms  of  the  countenance.] 
PHYS-I-O-GRAPH'ie-AL,  a.    Pertaining  lo  physiog- 

raphv. 
PIIYSI-OG'RA-PIIY,    n.      [Gr.  ^uffi,,   nalun;,  and 

jpa^dj,  lo  describe.] 
A  description  of  nature,  or  the  science  of  natural 

objects.  Journal  ^  Science 

PHYS-I-OL'O-GER,  «.    A  pliysiolugisu 

[The  laiter  is  gt-nerTilly  used.] 
PHYS-I-O-KOC'IC,         I   a.     [See  Phtsiglogt.] 
PH  V5-I-0-L0G'ie-AL,  i        Pertaining  U)  pliysidogy  ; 

relatins  to  the  science  of  the  properties  and  fuuctions 

of  living  beiiiss. 
PIIV»-I-0-L0G'IC-Al4-LV,  ado.      According  lo  the 

princi^es  of  phvsiology.  LatcreHce^s  Lett, 

PHYS-1-OL'O-OIST,  «.     One  who  is  vtrsed  in  the 

science  of  living  beings,  or  in   the   pn>pcrties  and 

functions  of  animals  and  plants. 
2.  One  that  treaU  of  physiology. 
PHYS-I-OL'O-GY,  n.     [Gr.  AvaioXa^ta;  ^ditk,  na- 
ture, and  Xf  ^  u,  to  discourse.] 

1.  According  to  the  Greek,  this  word  signifies  a 
disco*trse  or  treatise  of  nature  ;  but  the  moderns  use 
the  word  in  a  more  limited  sense,  fur  the  science  of 
Uic  functions  of  all  the  different  parts  or  organs  of 
animals  and  plants,  or,  in  other  words,  the  otiices 
which  they  perform  in  the  economy  of  Uie  individual. 

2.  The  "science  of  the  mind,  of  its  various  phe- 
nomena, aflVctions,  and  powers.  Brown, 

PHYS'NO-MY,  for  Phtsioc^omt,  Is  not  used. 

PHYS'O-GRADE,  «.     [Gr.  (>td(t  and  L.  ^rodiflr.] 
One  of  a  tribe  of  xoophytes,  which  swtm  b]»means 
of  air-btadders. 

PHYS'Y,  for  Fusst.     [A'«(  lUcA]  Locke. 

PHY-TIV'O-ROLS,  o.  [Gr.  ^t-r.;*',  a  plant,  and  L. 
TWO,  to  eaU] 

Feeding  on  {dants  or  hertiage  -j  asy  pkytitorou-i  ani- 
mal.''.  Ray. 

PHV-TOeil'I-MY,  n.    The  chemistry  of  plants. 

PHV-TOG'E-NY,  tt.  The  doctrine  of  the  generation 
uf  plants. 

PH?-TO-GRAPH'I€^AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  de- 
scription of  plants. 

PUV-TOG'RA-PIIY,  n.  [Gr.  tpi-rjy,  a  plant,  and 
^  pa^ni  descriptiun.] 


1.  The  science  of  describing  plants  in  a  systematic 
manner. 

2.  A  description  of  plants. 

PHY'TO-LTTE,  H.  [Gr.  ^urj*-,  a  plant,  and  \tdoqy  a 
Ktuiie.]  > 

A  plant  petrified,  or  fossil  vegetable. 
pnt-TO-LOG'ie-AL,  o.     Pertaining  to  phyttdogy ; 

botanical.  LyelL 

PH^-TOL'O-GrST,    n.      [St>e    Phytologt.J       One 

versed  in  plants,  or  skilled  in  phytology  ;  a  botanist. 

Evelyn. 
PHY-TOL'0-GY,  II.    [Gr.  ^wrov,  a  plant,  and  Xoyos, 
disct>urse.] 

A  discourse  or  treatise  on  plants,  or  the  doctrine 
of  plants  ;  description  of  the  kinds  and  properties  of 
plants ;  botany. 
PHY-TO.N'OMY,  n.     [Gr.  -^.roi-  and  i-n,i  (.] 

The  science  of  the  origin  and  growth  of  plants. 
PHT-TOPH'A-GOUS,  a.     [Gr.   ^urof,  a   plant,   and 
lpa^  (ti,  to  eat.] 

Eating,  or  subsisting  on    plants. 
PKT-TO-ZO'ON,  n.     )      [Gr.    (/.t-r-i',    a    plant,    and 
PHY-TO-ZO'A,  M.  j>/.  i         .-f'j  -»,  an  animal.] 

Terms  applied  to  zoophytes ;  also  to  certain  ma- 
rine animalcules  living  in  tiie  tissues  of  plants. 

Dana. 
PT,  n.    A  term  applied  to  printers'  types,  when  con- 
fusedly mixed  or  unsorted. 
Pi'jl  MA'TER,  [L.]     In  amtoiny,  a  thin  membrane 

immediately  investing  the  brain.  Cojre. 

PI-A'BA,  n,    A  small,  fresh-water  fish  of  Brazil,  about 

the  size  of  the  minnow,  much  esteemed  for  food. 

Encyc. 
PI'A-CLE,  (pi'a-kl,)  n.     [L.  piaculum.] 

An  enormous  crime,     [.Vol  use*i.]  IloweU. 

PI-Ae'U-LAR,     to.     [L.  piacularLi^  from  pio^  to  expi- 
PI-AO'tJ-LOL'S,  i      ale.] 

I.  Expiatory  ;  having  power  to  atone. 

S.  Requiring  expiation.  Brown. 

3.  Criminal  ;  atrociously  bad.  Olanville, 
[Thrse  words  are  little  used.] 

PI'A-NET,  n.     [I.,  pica  ot  pUas.] 

1.  The  magpie. 

2.  A  bird,  the  lesser  woodpecker.     [Obs,]     BaUey. 
PT-JI-JVIS' SI-MO.     In  T^ikMC,  very  soft. 
Pl-A'NIST,  n.    A  performer  on  the  forw-piano,  or  one 

well  skilled  in  it.  Busby. 

PT-A'J^O.     In  miuic,  soft. 

PI-X'i\O-F0R'Tg,  n.  [It  piano,  from  L.  pionw, 
plain,  smtx>th,  and  U.  Jhrie^h.  forii.«,  strong.} 

A  keyed  musical  instruinrnt,  of  German  origin, 
and  of  the  harpsichord  kind  ;  so  called  from  its  softer 
notes  or  exprcs>ions.  Its  tones  are  produced  by 
hammers  instead  of  quills,  and  of  alt  the  keyed  instru- 
ments it  seems  to  deserve  the  preference  on  account 
of  the  superior  tone,  sweetness,  and  variety,  of 
which  it  is  susceptible.  P.  Cyr^     JieberU 

PI-AS'TER,  n.  [It.  /iiosCrd,  a  thin  plate  of  metal, or  a 
di>llar.    gee  Plate.! 

An  Italian  coin  of  about  80  cents  value,  or  3«.  7d. 
sierling.  But  the  value  is  different  in  different  states 
or  counirieA.  It  is  called,  also,  a  Pikce  of  Eight. 
The  S|ianish  piastt^r  i»  the  same  as  the  Spanish  or 
.American  dollar.  The  Turkish  pi.'ister,  formerly 
worth  •i'i  cents,  is  now  worth  only  about  8  cents. 

PI-A'TION,  «.     [L.  piatio.]  {McCuUoch. 

The  act  of  making  atonement. 

PI-AZ'ZA,  It.  [It.  for  piazza  i  Sp.  p/a:a  ;  Port  praga, 
for  pliiCa;  Ft.  place;  Eng.  id.;  D.  plaats;  G.  platz  ; 
Dan.  pbuls  ,-  Sw.  plats.^ 

1.  In  buildings  a  portico  or  covered  walk  supported 
by  arches  or  Columns.  P.  Cye. 

2.  In  Italian,  it  denotes  a  square  open  space  sur- 
rounded by  buildings.  Qwilt. 

PIB'-eoR\,  n.  [\V.,  pipe-horn.]  Among  tA«  Welsh, 
a  wind  instrument  or  pips  with  a  horn  at  each 
end. 

PI'BROeH,  a.  [GaeL  pwiaireacAd, pipe-music;  Celtic, 
pib^  ptob,  a  pipe.] 

A  wild,  irregular  species  of  music,  peculiar  to  the 
Iliulilands  <if  Scotland.  It  is  |)erfiirn»ed  on  a  bag- 
pi[K-,  and  adapted  to  excite  or  assuage  passion,  and 
particularly  to  rouse  a  martial  spirit  among  troops 
going  to  battle.  Encyc    Jamieson. 

PI'CA,  w.     In  ornithology,  the  pie  or  magpie. 

2.  In  rau/iciRf,  a  vitiated  appetite  which  makes  the 
patient  crave  what  is  unfit  fur  food,  as  chalk,  ashes, 
coat,  &.C. 

3.  A  printing  type,  of  two  sizes,  small  pica  and 
pica,  the  former  of  which  is  next  in  size  above  long 
primer ;  probably  named  from  lUera  picaia,  a  great 
black  letter  at  the  beginning  of  some  new  order  in 
the  liturgy  ;  hence, 

4.  Pica,  pyty  or  pie ;  formerly,  an  ordinary,  a  table, 
or  directory'  for  devotional  services  ;  also,  an  alpha- 
betical catalogue  of  names  and  things  in  rolls  and 
records.  Encyc. 

PI'CA  MA-Rl'NA,  tL  The  sea-pye  or  oyster-catcher; 
a  grallatory  aquatic  fowl,  the  Hajmatopus  ostralegus. 
This  fowl  feeds  on  oysters,  limpets,  and  marine  in- 
sects. 

PIC'A-MXU,  n.     [L.  pix  and  amarum.] 

The  bitter  principle  of  pitch,  an  oil-like,  transpa- 
rent tluid. 


PIC 

PI€-A-R0ON'  n.  [Fr  picoreur,  from  picorer,  to  plun- 
der ;  Sc<»t.  puiory,  rapine  ;  from  tiie  root  of  picky  pccJi, 
Sp.  picar.] 

A  plunderer  ;  a  pirate.  This  word  is  not  applied 
to  a  highway  robber,  but  to  pirates  and  plunderers  of 
wrecks. 

In  M  witn,  Coreica  atul  Majorca  hftTe  been  dcrU  uf  vifaroont. 

reinplt. 

PIC-A-YCNE',  «.  A  small  coin  of  the  value  of  61 
cents. 

PIC'CA-DIL,         )  n,     [Probably  from  the  root  of  pike. 

PIC'CA-UIL  LY,  \     peak.]     A  high  collar,  or  a  kind 

PICK'AR-UIL,      )      of  ruff.  H'iUon. 

Pie'CAGE,  n.    [Norm,  pecker,  to  break  open  ;  from 
the  root  of  pick,  peck.] 
Money  paid  at  fairs  for  breaking  ground  for  booths. 
.^insworth, 

PICK,  V.  U  [Sax.  pyean  :  D.  -ikken  ;  G.  picken  ;  Dan. 
pikker;  Sw,  picka ;  VV,  pigaw,  to  pick  or  peck:  Sp. 
picar  :  Ft.  pitiuer  ;  Gr.  ^^£^(J  or  ttcuw  ;  L..pecto  The 
verb  may  be  radical,  (see  Class  Bg,  No.  tJl,  62,  65,) 
or  derived  from  the  use  of  the  beak  or  any  pointed 
instrument.  It  belongs  to  a  numerous  family  of 
words,  at  least  if  connected  with  beak,  pike,  &.c.j 

1.  To  pull  off  or  pluck  with  the  fingers  something 
that  grows  or  adheres  to  another  thing;  to  separate 
by  the  hand,  as  fruit  from  trees ;  as,  to  pick  apples  or 
onnpes;  to /jirft  strawberries. 

2.  To  pull  oir  or  separate  with  the  teeth,  beak,  or 
claws  ;  as,  to  pick  flesli  from  a  bone  ;  hence, 

3.  To  clean  by  the  teeth,  fingers,  or  claws,  or  by  a 
small  instrument,  by  separating  something  that  ad- 
heres ;  as,  lo  pick  a  b4)ne,  to  pick  the  ears. 

4.  To  take  up  ;  to  cause  or  seek  industriously  ;  as, 
to  pick  a  quarrel. 

5.  To  separate  or  pull  asunder  ;  to  pull  into  small 
parcels  by  the  fingers  ;  to  separate  locks  for  loosening 
and  cleaning  ;  as,  lo  pick  wool. 

6.  I'o  pierce  ;  to  strike  with  a  pointed  instniment ; 
as,  lo  pick  an  apple  with  a  pin.  Bacon. 

7.  To  strike  with  the  hill  or  beak  ;  to  puncture. 
In  this  sense,  we  generally  use  peck. 

8.  To  steal  by  taking  out  with  the  fingers  or  hands  ; 
as,  to  pick  the  pocket.  South. 

9.  To  open  by  a  pointed  instrument ;  as,  to  pick  a 
lock. 

10.  Toselect;  locull  ;  to  separate  particular  things 
from  others  ;  as,  to  pick  iJie  best  men  from  a  com- 
pany. In  ttiis  sense,  the  word  is  often  followed  by 
out, 

11.  To  pitch  or  cast.     \Obs.]  Shak. 
To  pick  off;  lo  separate  by  the  Angers  or  by  a  small 

pointed  instrument. 

Tu  pick  oiU  i  to  select ;  to  separate  individuals  from 
numbers. 

Tu  pick  up;  to  take  up  with  the  fingers  or  beak  ; 
also,  to  lake  particular  things  here  and  there  ;  lo 
gather  ;  to  glean. 

To  pick  a  hole  in  ohcV  coat :  to  find  fault. 
PICK,  V.  i.    To  eat  slowly  or  by  morsels  ;  to  nibble. 

J^rydcn. 
2.  To  do  any  thing  nicely,  or  by  attending  to  small 
things.  Dryden. 

PICK,  n.     [Fr,  pitine  ;  D.  pUc.l 

1.  A  shari>-pointed  tool  for  digging  or  removing  in 
small  quantities. 

W  hat  ihe  miners  call  chert  and  wheni  —  li  lO  hard  that  ihe  picka 
will  ntH  touch  iu   -^  Woodward, 

2.  Choioe ;  right  of  selection.  You  may  have 
your  pick. 

3.  Among  printers,  foul  matter  which  collects  on 
printing  types  from  the  balls,  bad  ink,  or  from  the 
paper  impressed. 

PICK'A-PACK,  i:dv.    In  manner  of  a  pack.   [  Vulgar.] 

L*  Estrange. 
PICK'AX,  n.    [pick  and  ax.'\     An  ax  with  a  sharp 
point  at  one  end  and  a  broad  blade  at  the  other. 

Milton. 
PICK'BACK,  o.    On  the  back.  Iludibras. 

PICK'ED,  (pikt,)  pp.  or  a.  Plucked  off  by  the  fingers, 
teeth,  or  claws  ;  cleaned  by  picking;  opened  by  an 
instrument ;  selected. 


PICK'ED, 


a.    Pointed  ;  sharp. 


PIK'ED, 

Let  the  alake  be  nuule  picked  at  tJie  top.  MorHrrur. 

9.  In  old  authors,  sprucely  or  foppishly  dressed.  [  Oi^.] 
PICK'ED-NESS,  n.     State  of  being  pointed  at  tlio 
end  ;  sharpness. 
2.  Foppery  ;  spmceness.  Johnsoju 

PICK-EER',  V.  t.     [Fr.picoreri  from pict.] 

1.  To  pillage;  to  pirate.  Hndibras. 

2.  To  skirmish,  as  soldiers  on  the  outpost  of  an 
army,  or  in  pillaging  parties. 

PICK'ER,  «.     One  that  picks  or  culls.         Mortimer. 

2.  A  pickax  or  instrument  for  picking  or  sepsiraling. 

Mortimer. 

3.  One  that  excites  a  quarrel  between  himself  and 
another. 

PICK'ER-EI*,  n.  [from  pike.]  A  name  somewhat 
loosely  applied  to  several  species  of  fresh-water  fish 
belonging  to  the  pike  family. 

PICK'ER-ELr-VVEED,  n.  A  water  plant,  so  called  be- 
cause it  was  supposed  to  breed  pickerels.     Walton. 


FATE,  FAR,  Fi\LL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.- 


PIC 

PICK'ER-Y,  n.     Petty  theft.  W.  Scott. 

PICK'ET,  n.     [Fr.  piquet ;  Russ.  beket.] 

1.  A  slake  sharpened  or  pointed,  used  in  fortifi- 
cation and  encampments. 

2.  A  narrow  board  pointed,  used  In  raakingfence. 

3.  A  guard  posted  in  front  of  an  army  to  give  no- 
tice of  tbe  approach  of  the  enemy.  MarshatL 

4.  A  game  at  cards.     [See  Piqdet.] 

5.  A  punishment  which  consists  in  making  tbe 
offender  stand  with  one  foot  on  a  pointed  stake. 

PICK'ET,  r.  t.     To  fortify  witli  pointed  stakes. 

3.  To  inclose  or  fence  with  narrow,  pointed  boards. 

3.  To  fasten  to  a  picket.  Moore. 

4.  To  torture  by  compelling  to  stand  with  one  foot 
on  a  painted  stake. 

PICK'ET-ED,  pp.    Fortified  or  inclosed  with  pickets. 

PICK'ET-GUARD,  n.  In  an  army^  a  guard  of  horse 
and  foot  always  in  readiness  in  case  of  alarm. 

PICK'ET-IXG,  ppr.  Inclosing  or  fortifying  with  pick- 
ets. 

PICK'ET-IXG,  n,  A  kind  of  torture  by  forcing  a  per- 
son to  stand  with  one  foot  on  a  pt>inted  stake. 

PICK'ING,  ppr.  Pulling  ofl' with  the  fingers  or  teeth  ; 
selecting. 

PICK'IXG,  n.  The  act  of  plucking;  selection  ;  gath- 
ering ;  gleaning. 

PICK'LE,  (pik'l,)  n.     [D.  pekel ;  G.  pSfcrf.] 

1.  Brine  ;  a  solution  of  salt  and  water  or  of  vine- 
gar, sometimes  impregnated  with  spices,  in  which 
fiesh,  fish,  or  other  substance,  is  preserved  ;  as,  pickle 
for  beef;  pickle  for  capers  or  for  cucumbers;  pidde 
for  herring. 

9.  A  vegetable  or  fruit  preserved  in  pickle. 

3.  A  state  or  condition  of  difHcuIty  or  disorder;  a 
V)ord  used  in  ridicule  or  contempt.  You  are  in  a  fine 
piekU. 

How  cam'st  tbou  in  thb  jAdcle  7  Shai. 

A.  A  parcel  of  land  inclosed  with  a  hedge.  {LocaL] 
PICK'LE,  r.  t.    To  preserve  in  brine  or  pickle  ;  as,  to 

2.  To  season  in  pickle.  \^ickU  herring. 

3.  To  imbue  highly  with  any  thing  bad;  as,  a 
pickled  rogue. 

PICK'LED,  pp.  or  a.    Preserved  in  brine  or  pickle. 

PICK'LE-HER'RIXG,  n.  A  merry  Andrew ;  a  zany ; 
a  biiffot>n.  Spectator. 

PICK'LIXG,  ppr.    Seasoning  in  pickle. 

PICK'LIXG,  n.  The  preservation  of  vegetables  or 
nifats  in  vinegar  or  brine.  Oardner. 

PICK'LOCK,  n,  [pick  and  loelL]  An  instrument  for 
opening  locks  without  the  key. 

ArbuthnoU     V  Estrange. 
2.  A  person  who  picks  locks. 

PICK'MCK.    SeePicsic. 

PICK'POCK-ET,  n.  One  who  steals  from  the  pocket 
of  aniilher.  .Arbuthnot. 

PICK'PURSE,  n.  One  that  steals  from  the  purse  of 
another.  Swifl. 

PICK'THANK,n.  An  officious  fellow  who  does  what 
he  is  not  desired  to  do,  fur  the  sake  of  gaining  favor; 
a  whisperins  parasite.  South. 

PICK'TOOTH,  n.  An  instrument  for  picking  or 
cleaning  the  teeth.  [But  Toothpick  is  more  gener- 
ally used.] 

PICXIG,  n.  Originally^  an  enle  vainment  at  which 
each  person  contributed  some  dish  or  article  for  the 
general  table.  The  term  is  now  ap[ilied  lo  an  enter- 
tainment carried  with  them  by  a  party  on  an  exciir- 
siun  of  pleasure  into  tlie  country,  and  also  to  the 
party  itself. 

Pl'CO.  n.  [ap.  See  Peak.]  A  peak;  the  pointed 
h''nd  of  a  mountain. 

PI'eitA,  «,     TGr.  hon  niKpa^  sacred  bitter.] 

The  popular  name  of  the  ofiicinal  ^^Pauder  ofJVoes 
teith  Canella,"  which  is  composed  of  aloes  one 
pound,  caaella  three  ounces.  It  is  employed  as  a 
cathartic 

PIC'RO-LITE,  u.  [du.  Or.  xup  ^y,  bitter,  and  >i9of, 
stone.] 

A  fibrous  varietv  of  serpentine.  Dana, 

PIG'RO-MEL,  H.    fGr.  rupos,  bitter.] 

The  f  ha  met  eristic  principle  of  bile.  Ure. 

Pie-ROS'MLNE,  tt.  [Gr.  rtxpoi^  bitter,  and  ocrfiij, 
smell.] 

An  order  of  minerals,  which,  when  moistened, 
have  an  argillaceous  smell.  Shepard, 

Also,  a  greenish  magnevian  mineral  characterized 
by  this  order.  Dana. 

Pie-RO-TOX'IN,n.  [Gr.  jrupoj,  bitter,  and  L.  toxi- 
eum.) 

A  white  crystalline  substance  obtained  from  the- 
fruitof  Anamirta  paniculata,  (commonly  called  coe- 
evliu  fadieiLf,)  and  perhaps  of  Cocculiis  subemsus, 
and  one  of  tlieir  active  principles.  It  is  composed  of 
carbon,  hydrogen,  and  oxygen,  and  appears  to  be  a 
fprlile  acid;  and,  as  such,  it  is  called  Picrotuxic 

PICT,  n.     [L.  picttis,  pingo.]  [Acid. 

A  person  whose  body  is  painted. 

PieTS,  n.  pi.  A  tribe  of  Scythians  or  Germans  who 
nettled  in  Hcotland. 

Pie-T^'RI-AL,  a.    [L.  pirftw,  a  painter.] 

Pertaining  to  pictures;  illustrated  by  pictures; 
forming  pictures  :  as,  npKtoruU  imagination. 

PIC-TO'RI-AI^I.Y,  a>tv.     With  pictures 


PIE 


PIE 


Pie'Tl^R-AL,  n.    A  representation.    [JVut  in  use.] 

Spenser, 
Pie'TlJRE,  Cpikt'yur,)  n.    [L.  pictura,  from  pingo,  to 
paint ;  It.  pittura,] 

1.  A  painting  or  drawing  exhibiting  the  resem- 
blance of  any  thing ;  a  likeness  drawn  in  colors. 

Picturta  and  «hape«  are  but  ■wontlMy  object*.  Bacoru 

2.  The  works  of  painters;  painting. 

Q,uimaian,  whrn  he  mw  nnj  wcU^crpres*^  bnage  of  grief, 
either  in  picture  or  «cuipture,  would  uiually  weep.    WoUon. 

3.  Any  resemblance  or  reprcsenLation,  either  to 
the  eye  or  to  the  understanding.  Thus  we  say,  a 
child  is  the  picture  of  his  father;  the  poet  has  drawn 
an  exquisite  picture  of  grief. 

PICTURE,  r.  L    To  paint  a  resemblance. 

Lore  is  like  a  painter  who,  in  drawin?  the  picture  of  a  friend 
having  a  bloniish  In  one  eye,  wouiU  picture  only  the  other 
»ide  of  tfap  luce.  South. 

2.  To  represent ;  to  form  or  present  an  ideal  like- 
ness. 

I  do  picturm  it  In  my  mlud.  Spe/iser. 

Pie'TlJR-KD,  pp.  or  a.  Painted  in  resemblance  ; 
drawn  in  colors ;  represented. 

PI€'TITRE-FRAME,  n.  A  frame,  more  or  less  orna- 
mented, which  surrounds  a  picture,  and  sets  it  o^'  to 
advantage. 

Pie'TlJRE-GAL'LER-Y,  n.  A  gallery  or  large  ap- 
partment  in  which  pictures  are  hung  up  for  exhibi- 
tion. 

Pie'TQRE-LIKE,  a.    After  the  manner  of  a  picture. 

Shak. 

Pie-TUR-ESaUE',  (prkt-yur-«sk',)  a.  [Fr. piUorcsque; 
iLpiUoregeo;  from  tlie  L.  pictura  or  pictor.  In  Eng> 
Usb  this  would  be  pieturi^h.] 

Expressing  that  jieculiar  Kind  of  beauty  which  is 
agreeable  in  a  picture,  natural  or  artificiaJ  ;  striking 
the  mind  with  great  power  or  pleasure  in  represent- 
ing objects  of  vision,  and  in  painting  to  the  imagina- 
tion any  circumstance  or  event  as  clearly  as  if  deline- 
ated in  a  picture.  Orau. 

Pie-TIJR-ESUUE'LY,  (pikt-yui-eak'ly,)  adv.  In  a 
picturesque  manner.  Montgomery. 

Pie-TUR-ESaUE'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  pic- 
turesque. Price. 

PICUL,  n.  In  CAiM,  a  weight  of  I33j  lbs.  It  is 
divided  into  100  catties,  or  IGOO  taels.  The  Chinese 
call  it  Tan.  Malcom. 

PID'DLE,  e.  i.  [This  is  a  different  spelling  of  Peddle, 
or  from  the  same  source.] 

1.  To  deal  in  tritles  ;  to  spend  time  in  trifling  ob- 
jects ;  to  attend  to  trivial  concerns  or  the  small  parts 
rather  than  to  the  main.  J3insworth. 

%  To  pick  at  table;  to  eat  or  drink  squeamishly 
or  without  relish.  Swifl. 

This    word    is  now  scarcely  used,  except  as  a 
child*s  word,  in  the  sense,  to  make  water.     Smart. 
PID'DLER,  n.    One  who  busies  himself  about  little 
things. 

2.  One  that  eats  squeamishly  or  without  appetite. 
PIE,  (pi,)  n.     [Itpiii-Ac,  pcjfhaps  from  the  paste;   Gr. 

naxui,  thick  ;  or  from  mixing.] 

An  article  of  food  consisting  of  paste  baked  with 
something  in  it  or  under  it,  as  apple,  minced  meat, 
&c. 
PIE,  n.     [L.  pica ;  W.  piog.] 

1.  The  magpie,  a  party-colored  bird,  or  Pica.  It  is 
sometimes  written  Fye. 

2.  The  old  Roman  Catholic  service-book,  supposed 
to  be  so  called  fn»m  the  dilfcrenl  color  of  the  text  and 
rubric,  or  from  litrra  picata^  a  large  black  letter,  used 
at  the  beginning  of  each  order. 

3.  Printers'  tyfies  mixed  or  unsorted. 

Cock  and  pie;  an  adjuration  by  the  pie  or  service* 
book,  and  by  the  sacred  name  of  the  Deity  corrupted. 

Shak. 
PIE'BALD,  a.     [Sp.  pio,  of  various  colors.] 

Ol*  various  colors  ;  diversified  in  color;  as,  a  pie- 
bald horse.  Pope. 
PTE'-PLA.NT,         i  n.    TTio  garden  rhubarb,  used  asa 
PTE'-R1I0'B\&D,  I     substitute  for  apples  in  making 

pies. 
PlitCE,  (pccse,)  n.     [Fr.  piiee;    It.  pezio;  Sp.  pifzat 
Port.prfflf  Ir.  pioja;  Arm.  pft.     if  llie  elements  of 
this  wi.rd  are  Bi,  it  mny  he  from  the  Ileb.  Ch.  Syr. 
and  Ar.  yx3,  to  cut  off  or  clip.] 

1.  A  fragment  or  part  of  any  thing  separated  from 
the  whole,  in  any  manner,  by  cutting,  splitting, 
breaking,  or  tearing;  as,  to  cut  in  pieces^  hreak  in 
pieces,  tear  in  pieces,  pull  in  pieces^  Sec, ;  &  piece  of  a 
rock  ;  a  piece  of  paper, 

2.  A  part  of  any  thing,  though  not  separated,  or 
se)>arated  only  in  idea;  not  the  whole;  a  portion; 
an.  apiece  of  excellent  knowledge.  TilUtUon. 

3.  A  distinct  part  or  cpiantity  ;  a  part  considered 
by  itself,  or  separated  from  the  rest  only  by  a  boun- 
dary or  divisional  line  ;  as,  a  piece  of  land  in  the 
meadow  or  on  the  mountain. 

4.  A  separate  part;  a  thing  or  portion  distinct 
from  ollier»  of  a  tike  kind  ;  as,  apiece  of  timber;  a 
piece  of  cloth  ;  apiece  of  paper-hangings. 

5.  A  composition,  essay,  or  writing,  of  no  great 
length;  as,  a  piut  of  poetry  or  prose;  a  piece  of 
irusic. 


6.  A  separate  performance;  a  distinct  portion  of 

labor;  as,  api^r?  of  work. 

7.  A  picture  or  painting. 

If  unnatural,  the  finect  colors  are  but  daubing,  and  ihstnec*  is  a 
be^iiiilul  inonstdr  at  the  beiL  Dryden. 

8.  A  coin  ;  as,  a  piece  of  eight. 

9.  A  gun  or  single  part  of  ordnance.  We  apply 
the  word  to  a  cannon,  a  mortar,  or  a  musket  Large 
guns  are  called  battering  pieces ;  smaller  guna  are 
called  field  pieces. 

10.  In  heraldry,  an  ordinary  or  charge  The  fess, 
the  bend,  the  pale,  the  bar,  the  cross,  the  saltier,  the 
chevron,  are  callea  httnorable  pieces. 

11.  In  ridicule  or  contempt.  A  piece  of  a  lawyer 
is  a  smattercr. 

12.  A  castle  ;  a  building.  [J^otin  use.]  Spenser, 
apiece ;  to  each  ;  as,  he  paid  the  men  a  dollar  apiece. 
Of  apiece;  like  ;  of  the  same  sort,  as  if  taken  from 

the  same  whole.     They  seemed  all  qf  apiece.    Some- 
times followed  by  wUh. 

The  poet  muBl  'b^qfa  piece  with  the  ipectaton,  to  gain  iT>putar 
tiau.  Drydgn. 

_  Piece  of  eight ;  a  piaster,  wliich  see. 
PIKCE,  V.  t.    To  enlarge  or  mend  by  the  addition  of  a 

piece  ;  to  patch  j  as,  to  piece  a  garment ;  to  piece  the 

time.  Slujk. 

To  piece  out ;  to  extend  or  enlarge  by  addition  of  a 

piece  or  pieces.  Temple, 

PIkCE,  r.  i.    To  unite  by  a  coalescence  of  parts ;  to 

b^  compacted,  ns  parts  into  a  whole.  Bacon. 

P1eC'£I),  (peest,)  j>p.  or  a.    Mended  or  enlarged  by  a 

piece  or  pieces. 
PIkCE'LESS,  a.    Not  made  of  pieces;  consisting  of 

nil  entire^thing.  Donne. 

PIeCE'MeAL,  ode.    [piece  and  Sai.  me/,  time,    Ciu.] 

1.  In  pieces ;  in  fragments. 

On  which  iipiacemtal  broke.  ChapTJUin. 

2.  By  pieces ;  by  little  and  little  in  succession. 

Piecemeal  ihoy  win  this  acre  finl,  ih^n  that.  Pope. 

PIeCE'MeAL,  a.    Single;  separate;   made  of  parts 

or  pieces.  South. 

PIeCE'MeAL-JED,  a.    Divided  into  small  pieces. 
_  Cotgrave, 

PIeC'ER,  n.     One  that  pieces  ;  a  patrher. 

Pir:CE'\VORK,  n.    Work  done  by  the  piece  or  job. 

PIeC'ING,  ppr.     Enlarging  ;  patching. 

PIED,  (pide,)  a.  [Allied  prubably  to  pic,  in  piebald,  and 
a  contracted  word,  perhaps  from  the  root  of  L. 
pictus.] 

Variegated  with  spots  of  different  colors  ;  spotted. 
We  now  apply  the  word  chiefly  or  wholly  to  animals 
which  are  marked  with  large  spots  of  different 
colors.  If  the  spots  are  small,  we  use  Speckled. 
This  distinction  was  not  formerly  observed,  and  in 
some  cases,  pied  is  elegantly  used  to  express  a  diver- 
sity of  colors  in  small  spots. 

Mciulows  trim  with  dahwa  pUd.  AHlton, 

PTED'NESP,  rt.     Diversity  of  colors  in  spots.     Shak. 
PIE  DROIT,  (pee  drwil,)  n.     [Fr.]     In  architecture^  a 
pier  or  square  pillar,  without  base  or  capital,  partly 
hid  within  a  wall.  Brande. 

PlitVKD,  (peeld)  a.     [See  Peel.]     Bald  ;  bare. 
PIE'POU-DRE,  I  n.      [Fr.  pied^  foot,  and  poudreux, 
PIE'POW-DER,  i      dusty,  from  poudre,  dust ;  or  pied 
puldreauxy  a  peddler.] 

An  oncient  court  of  record  in  England,  incident 
to  every  fair  and  market,  of  which  tiie  steward  of 
him  who  owns  or  has  the  toll  is  tbe  judge.  It  had 
jurisdiction  of  all  causes  arising  in  the  fair  or  market. 

Blackstone, 
PIER,  n.     [Sax.  per,  p ere ;  D.  beer,  steene  beer.     If  this 
word  is  from  the  French  pierre,  it  is  a  contraction  of 
L.  petra.     But  more  probably  it  is  not  from  the 
French.] 

1.  A  mass  of  solid  stone-work  for  supporting  an 
arch  or  the  timbers  of  a  bridge  or  other  building. 

2.  A  mass  of  stone-work,  or  a  mole,  projt;cting  in- 
to the  sea,  for  breaking  the  force  of  the  waves  and 
making  a  safe  harbor. 

3.  A  projecting  wharf  or  landing-place.  ^ 

4.  A  part  of  the  wall  of  a  house  between  windows" 
or  doors  of  a  building. 

PIkR'AGE,  n.    Toll  for  using  a  marine  pier.  Smart. 

PIeR'-GIjXSS,  n.  A  mirror  or  glass  hanging  between 
windows. 

PIeR'-TA-BLE,  n.  A  table  standing  between  win- 
dows. 

PIeRCE,  (peers,)  v.t.  [Fr.  pfrccr;  Gr.trctpu.  The 
primary  sense  is  prohably,  to  thrust  or  drive,  and  the 
word  may  be  connected  in  origin  with  the  W.  bcr,  or 
pSr,  a  spit,  a  spear,  Ir.  bior,] 

1.  To  thrust  into  with  a  pointed  instrument ;  as, 
to  pierce  tlie  body  with  a  sword  or  spear ;  to  jiierce  the 
Bide  with  a  thorn. 

2.  To  penetrate  ;  to  enter  ;  to  force  a  way  into ;  as, 
a  column  of  troops  pierced  the  main  body  of  the  en- 
emy ;  a  shot  pierced  the  ship. 

3.  To  penetrate  the  heart  deeply  ;  to  touch  the  pas- 
sions;  to  excite  or  affect  the  passions.     1  Tim.  vi. 

4.  Todive  or  penetrate  into,  as  a  secret  or  purpose. 
PIeRCE,  f .  i.    To  enter,  as  a  pointed  instrument 

2.  To  penetrate  ;  to  force  a  way  into  or  through 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K  j  6  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  Til  as  in  THI3. 


104 


825 


PIG 


PIL 


any  thing.    The  shot  pieretd  through  tho  side  of  the 
ship. 

Het  teon  wiU  ;iwrc»  into  m  maiUe  beait.  Shot. 

3.  To  enter ;  to  dive  or  penetrate,  as  into  a  secret. 

Bto  wooltl  not  pi4r€»  fuither  Into  hb  meaning  tb«a  hlnwelf  "hould 
declare.  SidMy. 

4.  To  affect  deeply. 

PIkRCE'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  pierced,  denser. 

PlfiRCKD,  Cpeerst,)  rp-  or  "■  Perforated  ;  penetrated  ; 
eriU'red  by  force;  traiisfixt^J. 

PlKRC'liU,  n.  An  instrument  thai  pierces,  penetrates, 
or  bores, 
a  One  that  pierces  or  perforates. 

PIERCING,  ppr.  Peneirating  ;  perforating;  entering, 
as  a  pointed  instnimeutj  making  a  way  by  force  in- 
to another  b*idy. 

a  Aflecling  deeply  ;   as,  eloquence  pitrdng  the 
hearL 
3.  a.    Affecting;  cutting;  keen. 

PIERCING,  m.    The  act  of  penetrating  with  force. 

PIeKC'ING-LY,  orfc.  With  penetrating  force  or  ef- 
fect ;  sharply. 

PIkKC'ING-NESS,  II.  The  power  of  piercing  or  pen- 
etrating; sharpness;  keenness.  Dcrkam. 

PI-E'RI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  muses. 

Dtiiik  dwp,  or  tajte  Dot  the  Pi4rian  tpriag.  Pop«. 

PT'ET  or  PI'OT,  n.     rf«>m  p»«.]    A  magpie. 

PI'E-TISM,  «.  [See  Piktt.J  The  ferment  religion  of 
the  German  Pietists. 

PI'E-TlST,n.  An  appellation  given  to  Spener,  Franke, 
and  other  German  rfformera,  wlio  endeavored  to  re- 
vive piely  in  the  Lutheran  clmrclies,  ne.ir  the  close 
of  the  seventeenth  century.  They  published  many 
books  on  experiment.-il  and  practical  rt^ligion,  estab- 
lished the  Orphan  House  at  Halle,  educated  many 
pious  ministers  for  Germany,  and  raised  up  mission- 
aries for  the  Eaet  Indies,  and  fur  the  United  Stales. 
But  many  disliked  and  opposed  ihetn,  and  the  name 
of  Pietist  became,  in  Germany,  nearly  equivalent  to 
that  of  MetJuydist  in  England.  Murdoek, 

PI-E-TIST'I€,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Pietists. 

PI'E-TY,  «.  [L.  pi>f*i5,  from  piits,  or  its  nx>t,  probably 
a  contractea  word ;  Fr.  pieti ;  IL  pietd^  pi^ty,  and 
pity;  Sp.  piedad^  piety,  pity,  charity.] 

1.  Piety  in  priMcipity  ia  a  compnnnd  of  veneration 
or  reverence  of  the  Supreme  Being  and  h)ve  of  his 
character, or  veneration  accompanied  with  love  ;  and 
piety  in  practice^  is  the  exercise  of  these  alfections  in 
obedience  to  bis  will  and  devotion  to  his  service. 

Piitf  k  Ite  oa]7  pniKT  >Bd  ■^equate  relief  of  ckc«;fnf  muv. 

Aimfcter. 

a  Reverence  of  parents  or  friends,  accompanied 
with  affection  and  devotion  to  their  honor  and  hap- 
jMaeMk 
pf£-ZOM'E-TER,  a.    [Or.  Ttr;b»,  to  press,  and  /jcr- 
/»or,  measurp.] 

An  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  comiw^ibiniy 
of  water,  and  the  degree  (rf*  such  compressibility-  un- 
der any  eiven  weigbu  Perkins. 
PIG,  a.  [D.  big.  In  Bar.  ^ga,  Dan.  ptg-f,  is  a  little 
girl ;  Sw.  pigOf  a  maid  servanL  The  word  signifies 
a  little  one,  or  issue.] 

1.  The  young  of  swine,  male  or  female. 

2.  An  oblong  mass  of  unforged  iron,  lead,  or  other 
metaL  A  pig  of  lead  is  the  eighth  of  a  fother,  or  250 
pounds.  Encyc 

PIG,  r.  t.  or  C    To  bring  forth  pigs. 

2.  To  lie  together  like  pigs.  Burke. 

PIG'-ET-£D,  (-ide,)  a. '  Having  small  eyes  sunk  deep 
in  the  heaiL 

PIG'-I-RON,  (-I-um,)  n.  Iron  in  pigs,  or  as  first  ex- 
tracted from  the  ore. 

PIG'-LEAD,  (-led,)  n.  Lead  in  pigs,  or  as  first  ex- 
tracted from  the  ore. 

PIO'EON,  (pij'un,)  ».  [Fr.  id. ;  It.  piccione.  This 
word  seems  to  belong  to  the  family  of  pick^  peek, 
pie,  piro.] 

A  gallinaceous  bird,  of  the  genus  Columba,  of  sev- 
eral species,  as  the  stock-dove,  the  ring-dove,  the  tur- 
tle-dove, and  the  migratory  or  wild  pigeon  of  Amer- 
ica. The  domestic  pigeon  breeds  in  a  box,  often  at- 
tached to  a  building,  called  a  dov^^ote  or  pigeon^ 
koiLse.  The  wild  pigeon  builds  a  nest  oa  a  tree  in 
the  forest. 

[To  pigeon,  is  a  cant  word  for  to/*e«,  or  strip  of 
monev  by  the  arts  of  gambling.     SmarL] 

PIG'EO'N-FQOT,  m.     A  pianL  ^inworth. 

PiO'EON-IiEART'ED,  a.    Timid  ;  easily  frightened. 

Seaum. 

PIti'£0.\-HOLB,  n     A  bole  for  pigeons  to  enter  their 
dwelling.    Hence, 
2.  A  little  opening  or  division  in  a  case  for  papers. 

PIG'EOX-HOLES,  m.  pL  An  old  English  game  in 
which  balls  were  rolled  through  little  cavities  or 
arches.  Suerens. 

P1G'E0N-LIV'ER-£D,  a.  Mild  in  temper ;  soft  ;  gen- 
tle. Shak, 

PiG'EOX-PgA,  a.  A  plant  and  its  seed,  a  kind  of 
pulse,  used  for  food  in  the  East  and  West  Indies.  It 
is  the  Cylisus  Cajan  of  Linnxus.     P.  Cyc  Loudon. 

PIG'GER-Y,  n.  An  inclosure  containing  a  collection 
of  small  sties  for  swine.  ^■a.  Rev. 


PJG'GIN,  n.     [Scot.,  a  milking  pail.]    A  small  wood- 
en ve--»sel  with  an  erect  handle,  used  as  a  dipper. 
riG'-HEAD-EU,  C-hcd-cd,)  a.     Having  a  large  head  ; 

stupid.  B,  Jonson. 

PIGHT,  (pite,)  pp.  {Bc,oX,pighttOXpicM.;  Uompitchj 
W.  piciaiD.] 

Pitched;  fixed;  determined.     [O65.]  Shak, 

PIGHT,  (pile,)  V.  t.     [\\.  pigaw.] 

To  pierce.     [OhsA  Wiclif. 

PTGH'TEL,  n.     A  little  inclosure.     [Local] 
P1G-Mk'A.\,  a.     [from  pigmtj.]     Very  small;  like  a 
pigmy ;  as,  an  imago  of  pigmean  size.    [See  Pygmb- 
AN.l  Parkhurst. 

PIG'MENT,  n.  [L.  pigmeatum,  from  tho  root  of  pingo^ 
to  paint.] 

Paint ;  a  preparation  used  by  painters,  &c.,  to  im- 
part colors  to  bodies.  Eiicyc. 
PlG-aiENT'AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  pigments. 

Pritchard. 
PIG'MY,  rL    [It   Bp.  and  Port,  piffmeof  L.  pygwaus; 
Gr.  xvyftatoiy  from   irvyftrt,  the  fist.] 

A  dwarf ;  a  person  of  very  small  stature  ;  a  name 
applied  to  a  fabled  nation  said  to  have  been  devoured 
by  cranes. 
PIG'.MY,  a.    Very  small  in  size;  mean;  feeble;  in- 
con  iiiderable. 
PIG-NO-RA'TION,  n.     [L.  pignero^  to  pledge.] 

The  act  of  pledging  or  pawning. 
PIG'NO-RA-TIVE,   a.    Pledging ;  pawning.      [Little 

used.]  t>ict. 

PIG'-^LTT,  n.    [piVand  BMt.]    The  ground-nut;  the 
root  of  a  plant  of  the  genus  Itunium  ;  al:»o,  a  tree 
and  its  fruit  of  the  genus  Car>'a,  a  species  of  hick- 
ory. 
PIGS'NEY,  n.     [Sox,  pi>a,  a  little  girl.] 

A  word  of  endearment  to  a  girl.     [LittU  usfid.] 

Hudibras. 
PIG'-PTT,  n,     A  sty  or  pen  for  nigs. 
PIG'TAIL,  n.     [pijf  and  toiX]     'j'lie  tail  of  a  pig. 

2.  A  cue  ;  the  hair  of  the  head  tied  in  the  fbrm  of 
a  pig's  tail. 

3,  A  small  roll  of  tobacco. 
PIG-WID'OEON,  (-wid'jun,)   n.     [pig  and  widgeon.] 

A  fairy  ;  a  cant  word  fur  any  thing  very  small. 
PIKE,  n.  [This  word  belongs  to  a  numerous  family  of 
wortlscxprcbsing  something  pointed,  or  a  sharp  point, 
or,  as  verbs,  to  dart,  to  tlirust,  to  prick  ;  Sax.  piicj  a 
small  needle;  W.  pig,  a  point,  a  pike;  pigaw,  to 
prick  ;  pieiaiDj  to  dart;  IL  pica,  a  pike  ;  piccare,  to 
prick  or  stmg ;  Sp.  pica,  picar;  Fr.  pique^  piquer; 
Arm.  pie^t  P'c?^  )  D-  p^  >  G.  pieke  ;  Sw.  and  Dan. 
pik  i  Eng.  i^eak,  beak,  &.c    Class  Ilg.l 

1.  A  military  weajjon  consisting  of  a  long  wooden 
shaft  or  staff,  with  a  fiat  steel  head  pointed,  called 
the  sptar.  This  weap<.m  was  formerly  used  by  in- 
funtr}-,  but  its  use  is  now  liuiited  to  officers,  and  it  is 
called  a  SrurtTo.^,  ur  Spoktoo.**.  Its  use  among  sol- 
diers is  BU^tcrsedtrd  by  the  bayonet. 

2.  A  fork  used  in  husbandry  ;  but  we  now  use 
Fork,  or  Pitchfork.  Tusser. 

3.  Among  turners,  the  iron  sprigs  used  to  fasten 
any  thing  to  be  turned.  Mozon. 

4.  In  ichtkyoUtgy,  a  fish  of  the  genus  Esox,  so 
named  from  its  long  shape,  or  from  the  form  of 
its  snout.  It  ia  a  fresh-waler  fish,  living  in  deep 
water,  and  very  voracious,  but  very  jKLlatable  food. 

The  pii(,  Uw  t/nxnt  of  the  flood.  Pop«. 

PTX'ED,  fpTkt,)  a.  Ending  in  a  point ;  acuminated. 
PTKE'LET,  i  n.  A  light  cake  or  muffin.  [  Camden. 
PIKE'LIN,  \  Seward's  LeUers. 

PliCE'MAN,  n.    A  soldier  armed  with  a  pike. 

KnoUes. 
PIKE'STAFF,  n.    The  staff  or  shaft  of  a  pike. 

Tader. 
PIK'RO-LITE,  n.    [au.  Gr.  vtKpos,  bitter,  and  XtOas, 
a  stone.] 
A  variety  of  serpentine.     [See  Picbolite.] 

Cleaveland. 
PI-LAS'TER.  n.     [It.  pitastro ;  Fr.  pHastre;  Sp.  piUa- 
tra,  from  pita,  a  pile,  whence  pillar.] 

A  square  column,  sometimes  insulated  ;  but  usual- 
ly set  within  a  wjill,  and  projecting  only  a  fourth  or 
fifth  of  its  diameter.  Their  bases,  cajiitals,  and  en- 
tablatures, have  the  same  parts  as  those  of  columns. 

OwiU. 
PI-LAS'TER-£D,  a.    Furnished  with  pilasters. 
PiLCH,  n.     [It.  pelliccia  ;  Fr.  pelisse  f  Sax.  pylca^py- 
Uce ;  L.  pellis,  a  skin.] 

A  furred  gown  or  case  ;  something  lined  with  fur. 
[JVoi  usejl.]  Chaucer.     Sitak. 

PIL'CHARD,  Ti.     [Ir.  pUseir.] 

A  fish  resembling  the  herring,  but  thicker  and 
rounder  ;  the  nose  is  shorter,  and  turns  up  ;  the  un- 
der jaw  is  shorter;  the  back  more  elevated,  and  tho 
belly  less  sharp.  These  fishes  are  caught  on  the 
Cornish  coast,  in  England,  about  the  middle  of  July, 
in  immense  numbers,  and  furnish  a  considerable  ar- 
ticle of  commerce.  P.  Cyc.  Jardtne's  J^aL  Lib, 
PILCH'ER,  71.     Any  thing  lined  with  fur,  as  a  gown. 

2.  A  fish.     [See  Pilchard.]  Milton. 

PILE,  n.  [Sp.  and  It.  pila  ;  Port.  pUfia  ;  Fr.  pUe ;  from 
L.  pUa;  Gr.  triXoj.  The  £o^i,  mentioned  by  Pau- 
saniaa,  were  heaps  of  stones.] 


PlL 

1.  A  heap;  a  mass  or  collection  of  tilings  in  a 
roundish  or  elevated  form  ;  as,  a  pile  of  stones  ;  a 
pile  of  bricks  ;  a  pile  of  wood  or  timber ;  a  pile  of 
ruins. 

2.  A  collection  of  combustiblea  for  burning  a  dead 
body  ;  as,  a  funeral  pile. 

3.  A  larg^  building  or  mass  of  buildings  ;  an 
edifice. 

The  piit  oVrlookcd  liic  town  and  drew  lh«  ti^t.        OryiUn, 

4.  Ahenpof  ballsnrshot  laid  in  horizontal  courses, 
rising  into  a  pyramidicat  form. 

PILE,  n,  [I),  paal;  G.  pfa/ili  Sw.  and  Dai),  pot,  a 
pole ;  L.  palui ;  U.  ptjl,  an  arrow  or  dart ;  Sw.  and 
Dan.  pit,  id. ;  W.  pill,  a  stery.  These  have  the  same 
elements  and  the  lilce  radical  meaning,  that  of  a 
shoot  or  extended  thing.] 

1.  A  large  stake  or  piece  of  timber,  pointed  and 
driven  into  the  earth,  as  at  the  boiioni  of  a  river,  or 
in  a  harbor  where  tho  ground  is  soft,  for  the  support 
of  a  building  or  other  superstructure.  The  stadihuuse 
in  Aiuriterdain  is  supported  by  piles. 

2.  One  side  of  a  coin;  originally,  n  punch  or 
puncheon  used  in  stamping  fifjiires  on  coins,  and 
containing  the  figures  to  be  im|)rt;ssed.  Hence  the 
arms-side  of  a  coin  is  called  the  pUe,  and  the  head 
the  eru^i.'i,  wJiicl)  was  formerly  in  the  place  of  tho 
head.     Hence,  crocus  and  pile.  Encyc. 

3.  In  heraldry,  [one  of  the  lesser  ordinaries,  re- 
sembling a  pile  used  in  laying  the  foundations  of 
buildings  in  watery  places,  whence  it  has  its  name.  — 
E.  H.  Barker.] 

PILE,  n.    [D.pyl;  Dan,  and  Sw. pil;  t..  pilum.] 

'J'he  head  ot*^  an  arrow. 
PILE,  n.     [L.  pUusi   G.  boll;   Hindoo,  bal;   Gipscy, 
balloK.] 

Properly,  a  hair  ;  hence,  the  fiber  of  wool,  cotton, 
and  the  like  ;  hence,  the  nap,  the  fine  liuiry  sub- 
stance of  the  surface  of  cloth. 
PILE,  V.  t.    To  lay  or  throw  into  a  heap ;  to  collect 
many  things  into  a  mass  ;  as,  to  pile  wood  or  stones. 

2.  To  bring  into  an  aggregate;  to  accumulate; 
OS,  to  pile  quotations  or  comments. 

Altcrbury.     Fetton. 

3.  To  fill  with  something  heaped.  .Blbot, 

4.  To  fill  above  the  brim  or  lop. 

5.  To  break*)ff  the  awns  of  threshed  barley. 
ILocal] 

6.  To  drive  piles. 

Sheet  pile;  to  drive  a  piling  of  planks  edge  to 
edge.    Whence  the  noun  sheet-piling. 

PII  'F  ATE        } 

PIL'E-A-TED,  i  ''•    [L.piicii5,acap.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  cap  or  cover  for  the  head. 

PIL'£I),  pp.     Heaped.  [fVoodward. 

PILE'-DRIV-ER, )  n.    Art  engine  for  driving  down 

PILE'-EN-OL\E,  i       piles.  Brande. 

PILE'MENT,  n.    An  accumulation.    [J^ot  used.] 

IfalL 

PIL'ER,  n.  [from  pile,  a  heap.]  One  who  piles  or 
forms  a  heap. 

PILES,  n.pl.  The  hemorrhoidsj  a  disease  consisting  in 
tumors  formed  by  the  dilatation  of  the  blood-vessels 
about  the  verge  of  the  anus.  They  aro  called  bleed- 
ing-piles, whtin  there  is  a  discbarge  of  blood,  and 
blind  piles  when  i.jere  is  none.  Forsyth, 

PILE'WORM,  n.    A  worm  found  in  piles  in  Holland, 

PILE'WORT,  (-wurl,)  n.  A  plant,  Ranunculus  flcaria 
of  Linnwus,  whose  tuberous  roots  have  been  used  in 
poultices  as  a  specific  for  the  piles.  Forsyth. 

PIL'FER,  r.  i.     [W.  yspciliata,  to  pilfer;  yspcUiav,  to 

spoil,  to  ravage  ;  Sp.  pellizcar,  to  pinch,  to  pilfer,  to 

take  little  food.    It  seems  to  be  allied  to  peel ^ pillage.] 

To  steal  in  small  quantities ;    to  practice  petty 

theft  ;  as,  a  boy  accustomed  to  pilfer. 

A  pilfering  IibikI,  Dryden. 

PIL'FER,  V.  t  To  Steal  or  gain  by  petty  theft;  to 
filch. 

He  wouIJ  not  pilfer  the  victory,  and  the  defeat  waj  cuv. 

Bacfm. 
PIL'FER-i^D,  pp.  or  a.    Stolen  in  small  parcels. 
PIL'FER-ER,  n.    One  that  pilfers  or  practices  petty 

theft.  Young. 

PIL'FER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Stealing;  practicing  petty 

thefts. 
PIL'FER-ING,  n.    Petty  theft. 

pilfering  was  bo  uriivcnnl  in  all  (he  South  Sea  IilancU,  that  it 
w&M  hardly  rccognizod  In  tlie  moral  cudu  of  the  nutivi's  ag  au 
oirt-UK,  much  k&a  a  cfiiiie.  J.  Sparkt, 

PIL'FER-IN'G-LY,  ado.    With  petty  theft ;  filchingly. 

PIL-GAR'Lie,  )   n.     [pilled,  peeled,  and  garlic.] 

PILL-ED-GAR'Lie,  ]  One  who  has  lost  his  hair  by 
disease  ;  a  poor  forsaken  wretch.  Stevens. 

PIL'GRIM,  n.  [G.  pUger  ;  Fr.  pelcrin;  It.  pdlrgrino  ; 
Sp.  and  Port,  pcregrino ;  L.  peregrinus.  tiu.  L. 
peragro,  to  wander.  In  W.  pererin  is  a  pilgrim,  and 
pelbjttig  is  wandering,  far-roaming,  from  prlUiu,  to 
remove  far,  coinciding  with  the  L.  palor.  The  Corn. 
pirgrin  and  Arm.  pirchirin  seem  to  be  the  L.  pere 
grtnus.  The  D.  palsrok,  a  pilgrim's  coat,  and  palster- 
slok,  a  pilgrim's  staff,  indicate  that  the  first  syllable 
is  from  the  root  of  L.  palor,  to  wander.  The  uncer- 
tainty of  the  true  original  orthography  renders  the 
derivation  uncertain.] 


FITE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHXT.  — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  &L\RINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 
^36 


PIL 

1.  A  wanderer;  a  traveler;  partictitarly^  one  that 
travel:?  to  a  distance  frutn  his  own  country  to  visit  n 
holy  place,  or  to  pay  his  devotion  to  the  remains  of 
dead  saints.     [See-PiLCHtMACi:.] 

2.  In  Scripture,  one  that  has  only  a  temporary  resi- 
dence on  earth.     Neb.  xi. 

PIL'GRIM,  r.  t.    To  wander  or  ramble.    [JVot  used.] 

Ortie. 

PIL'GRTM-ACE,  n.  A  long  journey,  particularly  n 
journey  to  some  place  deemed  sacred  and  venerable, 
in  oriler  to  pay  devotion  to  the  relics  of  some  de- 
ceased saint.  Thus,  in  the  middle  apes,  kings, 
princes,  bishops,  and  others,  made  pilgrimatrfs  to 
Jerusalem,  in  pious  devotion  to  the  Savior.  Pilgrims 
now  resv.rt  to  Loretto,  in  Italy,  to  visit  the  chamber 
of  the  blessed  Virjrin,  and  the  Mohammedans  make 
pilgrimages  to  Mecca,  where  their  prophet  was 
buried. 

3.  In  Scripturty  the  journey  of  human  life.  Oen. 
xlvii. 

3.  Time  irksomely  spent.  Shak. 

PIL'GRI.M-TZE,  t>.  t.    To  wander  about  as  a  pilgrim, 

r.A'bf  «.•*«/.]  B.  Jotison, 

PrLIF'EU-OUS,  a.    Bearing  hairs.  Loudon. 

PI-LIC'ER-OUS,  a.     [h.  pUiis  and  gero.] 

Bearing  hair;  covered  with  hair. 
PTL'iS'G,  pjrr.     Heaping. 
PILL,  n.     f  L.  pjVa,  a  ball ;  pUula,  a  little  ball  ;  W.  pel, 

a  ball ;    Ir.  piltim,  to   roll.     It  is  probable  that  this 

word  and  ball  are  of  the  same  family.] 

1.  In  pharmacy,  ;i  medicine  in  the  form  of  a  little 
ball  or  small  round  mass,  to  be  swallowed  whole. 

Bacon. 
9.  Any  thing  nauseous.  Young, 

PILL,  u.  (.     [Fr.p(H«-;  ll.  pigliare;  3p.  piUar.] 

To  rob  ;  to  plunder ;  to  pillage,  that  is,  to  peel,  to 
Btrip.    [See  Peel,  the  same  word  in  the  proper  Eng- 
lish orthography.] 
PILL,  r. ».    To  be  peeled  ;  to  come  off  in  flakes. 

Shak,     Drydeiu 

2.  To  rob.     [See  Peel.] 

PIL'LA6E,  n.     [Fr.,  from  pUler,  to  strip  or  peel.] 

1.  Plunder ;  spoil  ;  that  which  is  taken  from 
another  by  open  force,  particularly  and  chiefly  from 
enemies  in  war. 

2.  The  act  of  plundering.      ^ 

PIL'LAGE,  V.  L  To  strip  of  money  or  goods  by  open 
violence  ;  as,  troops  pUlage  the  camp  or  towns  of  an 
enemy;  to  plunder;  to  spoil.  It  differs  from  steal- 
ing, as  it  implies  open  violt-nce,  and  from  robbery, 
which  may  be  committed  by  one  individual  on 
another ;  whereas  pillaging  la  U:»ually  the  act  of 
bands  ornumbers.  To  pi7/ao-e  and  to  rob  are,  how- 
ever, sometimes  used  synonymously. 

PlWh.\-G  f^D,  pp.     Plundered  by  open  force. 

PIL'LA-GER,n.  One  that  plunders  by  open  violence  j 
a  plunderer. 

PIL'LA  <5I\G,  TOT.     Plundering;  stripping. 

PIL'LAR,  n.  [Fr.  pilier;  Sp.  and  Port.  pUar;  It.  pUa 
or  pdiere ;  L.  pila,  a  pile,  a  pillar,  a  mortar  and  pestle. 
The  li-pUa  denotes  n  heap,  or  things  thrown,  put, 
or  driven  together  ;  W.  pilcr  ;  Ir.  pUcir;  Sw,  pelare; 
Van.piUe;  tt.pylaar:  G.pfcder.] 
Literally,  a  pile  ur  heap.     Hence, 

1.  A  kind  of  irregular  column,  round  and  insulate, 
but  deviating  from  the  proportions  of  a  just  column. 
Pillars  are  either  too  massive  or  loo  blender  for  regu- 
lar architecture  ;  they  are  not  restricted  lo  any  rules, 
and  their  parts  and  proportions  are  arbitrary.  A 
square  pillar  is  a  massive  work,  called  also  a  Pier  or 
PiEDRoiT,  serving  to  support  arches,  ^c 

QicdU     Glosg.  ofArchit. 

2.  A  supporter  ;  that  which  sustains  or  upholds; 
that  on  which  some  superstructure  rests.     Qal.  iL 

Shak. 

3.  A  monument  raised  to  commcmomte  any  per- 
son or  remarkable  transaction;  it  may  be  a  single 
stone. 

Aod  Jncob  set  a  jnllar  on  ber  grave. — Grn.  xxxr.    3  S.-im. 
xriti. 

4.  Something  resembling  a  pillar;  as,  a  pillar  of 
salL     Oen.  Xix. 

Po  a  pillar  of  cloud,  a  pillar  of  fire.    Ezod.  ziii. 

5.  Foundation  ;  support.    Job  \x. 

6.  In  ships,  a  stanchion  of  wood  or  iron  fixed  per- 
pendicularly under  the  middle  of  the  beams  fiir  sup- 
porting the  decks.  Ctjc. 

7.  In  the  manege,  the  center  of  the  vo'ta,  ring,  or 
mant* ce  ground,  around  which  a  horse  iuni«.  There 
are  also  pillars  on  the  circumference  or  side,  placed 
at  certain  di-stancc-i  by  two  and  two. 

PIL'LAR-KD,  a.    SupiK)rted  by  pillars.  Miltcm. 

2.   Having  the  form  of  a  pillar.  Thomson. 

PIL'LAR-IST,  n.     [from  pillar.l     A  stylitc  ;  one  of  an 

ancient  sect  of  Christians  who  stood  continually  on 

a  pillar,  by  way  of  mortification,  or  for  a  trial  of  their 

patience.     [.See  Httlite-]  Coleman. 

PIL-LAU',  7u    Boiled  rice  and  mutton  fat,  a  Turkish 

dish. 
PILl/fm,  (pild,)  pp.     Robbed  ;  peeled. 
PIL'LER,  n.     One  that  pills  or  plunders.     [JVof  used.] 

Chaucer. 
PIL'LER-7,fi.  Plunder;  pillage;  rapine.  [J^olxmue.] 

Huloet. 


^ PIM 

PIL'LION,  (pil'yun,)  »i.  [Ir.piUin;  {rom  pde,  L.  pilus, 
hair,  or  from  slutting.    See  Pillow.] 

1.  A  cushion  for  a  woman  to  ride  on  behind  a  per- 
son on  horseback.  Swift. 

2.  A  pad  ;  a  pannel ;  a  low  saddle.  Spenser. 

3.  The  pad  of  a  saddle  that  rests  on  the  horse's 
PIL'LO-RI -ED,  a.  Put  in  a  pillory.  [back. 
PIL'LO-RY,  n.      [Ir.  pilori,  pioloir;  Fr.  pilori;  Arm. 

bouilhouTi  from  the  root  of  L.  palus,  a  slake,  a  pile, 
G.  pfaht.    An  dea  pfakl  stcllen,  to  put  in  the  piiloryA 

A  frame  of  wood  erected  on  posts,  with  movable 
boards  and  holes,  through  whicli  are  put  the  head 
and  hands  of  a  criminal  for  punishment. 
PIL'LO-RY,  V.  L    To  punish  with  the  pillory. 

Oov.  of  the  Tongue.. 
PIL'LOW,  n.     [Sax.  pile,  or  pylc  ;  Ir.  pilliur  ,■  L.  pulvi- 
nor ;  from  L.  piltts,  hair,  or  from  stuffing.] 

1,  A  long  cushion  lo  support  the  head  of  a  person 
when  reposing  on  a  bed  ;  a  sack  or  case  filled  with 
feathers,  down,  or  other  soft  material. 

2.  In  a  ship,  the  Mock  on  which  the  inner  end  of 
a  bowsprit  is  supported.  Mar,  Did. 

The  pi/low  of  a  plow,  is  a  cross  piece  of  wood 
which  serves  to  mise  or  lower  the  beam.  Cyc 

PIL'LOW,  r.  (.     To  rest  or  lay  on  for  support.  Milton. 

PIL'l6\V-IHi:R,   ^71.      Theiiiovable  case   or  sack 

PIL'l6vV-€aSE,  \  which  is  drawn  over  a  pillow. 
Pillow-frifr  is  the  pillow-Afarfr. 

PIL'L6\V-£D,  pp.  or  a.     Supj)orted  by  a  pillow. 

PIL'L^W-ING,  ppr.     Resting  or  laying  on  a  pillow. 

PIL'LOVV-Y,  a.    Like  a  pillow.  Southey, 

PI  I  O'^F'   ) 

pyj.Qjjg '  I  a.     [L.  pilosus,  from  pdus,  hair.] 

Hairy.  A  piloi<e.  leaf,  in  botany,  is  one  covered 
with  long,  distinct  hairs.  A  pilose  receptacle  has 
hairs  between  the  florets.  Martyn. 

PT-LOP'I-TY,  n.     [Supra.]     Hairiness.  Bacon. 

PI'LOT,  n.  [Fr.  pilote  ;  It.  Sp.  and  Port,  piloto.  The 
French  word  piloter  signifies  to  drive  in  piles,  as 
well  as  lo  pilot,  and  pilotage  is  a  piling,  pile-work,  a 
foundation  of  piles.  Arm.  piloeha,  to  drive  piles. 
The  D.  touts,  G.  lofhse,  and  Dan.  lods,  are  from  lead ; 
the  pilot,  then,  is  the  lead-man,  he  that  throws  tlie 
lead.) 

1.  One  who  steers  a  ship  in  a  dangerous  naviga- 
tion, or  rather  one  whose  office  or  occupation  is  to 
steer  ships,  particularly  along  a  coa:^t,  or  into  and 
out  of  a  harbor,  bay,  or  river,  where  navigation  is 
dangerous. 

•J.  A  guide;  a  director  of  the  course  of  another 
person.     [/«  colloquial  use.] 
PI'LOT,  p.  u    To  direct  the  course  of  a  ship  in  any 
place  where  navigation  is  dangerous. 

2.  Figuratively,  to  guide  one  through  dangers  or 
difficulties. 

PI'L0T-A6E,  n.  The  compensation  made  or  allowed 
to  one  who  directs  the  course  of  a  ship. 

2.  The  pilot's  skill  or  knowledge  of  coasts,  rocks, 
bar^*,  and  channels.     [JVbt  note  used.]  Ralegh. 

PI'LOT-FISH,  K.  A  fish  of  the  mackerel  family  and 
genus  Naiicrates,  of  an  oblong  shape ;  so  named  be- 
cause it  oflen  accompanies  ships  ;  and  as  tliis  is  also 
done  by  sharks,  it  has  been  said  that  the  former  acts 
as  a  guide  or  pilot  to  the  latter.  Bwhanan. 

PI'LOT-ING,  ppr.  Steering,  as  a  ship  in  dangerous 
navigation. 

PI'LoT-ING,  ».    The  act  of  steering  a  ship. 

PI'LOT-ISM,  >  7t,     Pilotage  :  skill  iu  piloting.      [JVbe 

PI'Lf)r-RY,    j      used.] 

PI'LOUS,  a.    [I*  pilosas.    Pee  Pilose.] 

1.  Hairy  ;  abounding  with  hair.  Robinson, 

2.  Consisting  of  hair. 

PIL'SER,  n. «  The  moth  or  fly  that  runs  Into  a  flame. 

Ainsworth. 

PIM'F-LTTE,  n.     [Gr.  TrtprXi],  fat,  and  \iO-'i,  stone.] 
A  green  clay  or  earth,  colored  by  the  oxyd  of 
nickel.  Dana. 

PI'MKNT,  n.    Wine  with  a  mixture  of  spice  or  honey. 

PI-ME.\'T0,  (  „      ,-,„  „•■,„  T  IChaucer. 

PI-MEX'TaJ  \  "•    t^'^'  P'""'"^-] 

Jamairn  pepper,  popularly  called  Allspice.  The 
tree  producing  this  spice  is  the  Myrtus  Pimenta  of 
Linnsus,  and  the  Eugenia  Pimenta  of  He  Candolle. 
It  grows  spontaneously  in  Jamaica  in  great  abun- 
dance. P.  Cyc. 

PIMP,  n.  A  man  who  provides  gratifications  for  the 
lu't  of  othi;rs  ;  a  procurer  ;  a  pander.         Addison. 

PIMP,  r.  i.  To  pander;  to  procure  lewd  women  for 
the  gratification  of  others. 

PIM'PER-NEL,  i    n.      [L.    pimpinelUi }    Fr.    pimprt- 

PIM'Pl-NEL,       i        nelL] 

The  name  of  several  plants  of  different  genera. 
The  scarlet  pimpcmd  is  of  the  genus  Anagallis,  the 
water  pimpernel  of  the  genus  Veronica,  and  the  yel- 
lino  pimpernel  of  the  genus  Lysimachia.  I^e. 

PIM'PIL-LO,  n.  A  plant  of  the  order  Cactacea;,or 
Indian  fig  family. 

PIM-PI-N'EL'LA,  n.  A  genus  of  plants,  including 
the  hurnet  saxifrage  and  the  anise.  Loudon. 

PIMP'ING,  ppr.  Pandering;  procuring  lewd  women 
for  others. 

PIMP'ING,  a.     Little;  petty.  Skinner. 

PIM'PLE,  (pim'pl,)  n.  [Sai.  pinpd;  probably  from 
pin,  or  its  root.] 


PIN 

A  small,  acuminated  elevation  of  the  cuticle,  not 
containing  a  fluid,  nor  tending  to  suppuration  ;  com- 
monly terminating  in  scurf.  Good. 

PIM'PLi=:D,  a.  Having  pimples  on  the  skin;  full  of 
pimples. 

PIMP'LTKE,  a.    Like  a  pimp;  vile  ;  infamous  ;  mean. 

PIM'PLY,  a.     Pimpled  ;  having  pimples. 

PIN,  n.  [VV.  pin,  a  pin  or  pen  ;  piner,  piniau),  to  pin  , 
Ir.  pion ;  Sw.  pinne,  whence  pinn-suin,  pin-swine,  the 
porcupine;  Dan.  pind,  a  sprig;  pindsviin,  the  porcu- 
pine ;  Port,  pino,  a  peg ;  D.  pen,  penne,  a  pin  or  peg  ; 
G.  pinna,  a  pin  ;  pinsri,  a  pencil ;  Fr.  epine,  a  spine, 
and  qu.  epinglc,  a  pin  ;  L.  penna,  pinna ;  \V.  pen,  a 
summit ;  Sax.  pin,  a  pen,  and  pinn-treow,  the  pine- 
tree.  (See  PiwE,  Firf,  and  Porcupine.)  This  word 
denotes  a  sharp  point  or  end,  or  that  which  fastens  ; 
Sax.  pijian,  pyndan.  If  the  sense  is  a  point,  it  is  a 
shoot-    From  this  is  formed  spine,  W.  yspin,] 

1.  A  small  pointed  instrument  made  of  brass  wire 
and  headed ;  used  chiefly  by  fcmalea  for  fastening 
their  clothes. 

2.  A  piece  of  wood  or  metal  sharpened  or  pointed, 
used  lo  fasten  together  boards,  plank,  or  other  tim- 
ber. The  larger  pins  of  metal  are  usually  called 
bolts,  and  the  wooden  pins  used  In  ship-building  are 
called  treenails,  (trunnets.)  A  small  wooden  pin  is 
called  a  peg. 

3.  A  thing  of  little  value.  It  Is  not  a  jnn'j  matter. 
I  care  not  a  pin. 

4.  A  linclipin. 

5.  The  central  part  Shak. 

6.  A  peg  used  in  musical  instruments  in  straining 
and  relaxing  the  strings. 

7.  A  note  or  strain.     [  Vulgar^  and  not  used.] 

L^Estrange. 

8.  A  homy  induration  of  the  membranes  of  the 
eye.  Hanmer, 

9.  A  cylindrical  roller  made  of  wood.        Corbet. 

10.  A  noxious  humor  in  a  hawk's  foot,  Ainsioorth. 

11.  The  pin  of  a  block  is  the  axis  of  the  sheave. 
PIN,  V.  t.     rW.  piniaiD.] 

1.  To  fasten  with  a  pin  or  with  pins  of  any  kind  ; 
as,  lo  pin  the  clothes  ;  to  pin  boards  or  timbers, 

2.  To  fasten ;  to  make  fast;  or  to  join  and  fasten 
together. 

Our  ":ntM  —  we  hnre  but  ^'nncd  with  nnhes.  Shak. 

She  lifted  the  princess  frum  the  earth,  and  bo  lock*  her  in  em- 
bnbCiDf,  M  if  ilie  would  fan  heMo  her  heart.  Shak, 

3.  To        ose ;  to  confine.  Hooker. 
[See  the  verbs  Pen  and  Pound.] 

PIN,  n.  Ill  China,  a  petition  or  adtlress  of  foreigners 
to  the  emperor,  or  any  of  his  deputies. 

PLN'A-FORE,  tt.  An  apron  for  the  front  part  of  the 
body. 

PI-NAS'TER,  71.  [L.  See  Pine.]  The  specific  name 
of  the  Cluster-Pine  of  the  south  of  Europe. 

PIX'e^SE,  71.     A  case  for  holding  pins. 

PLN'CERS,  n.  ph  The  French  pincer  being  converted 
into  pinch,  in  English,  the  noun  derived  from  it  reg- 
ularly is  Pinchers,  which  is  the  word  commonly 
and  properly  used. 

PINCH,  V.  t.  [Fr.  pincer,  formerly  pinspr ;  Arm.  pin^ia  ; 
Pp.  pizear  ;  It.  piiiare,  piiiicare.  These  are  evidently 
from  the  root  of  It.  piccare,  to  prick,  smart,  itch,  to 
peck,  to  provoke,  Sp.  and  Port,  picar,  to  sting  or 
prick,  lo  peck,  to  dig,  lo  bite  or  pinch,  as  cold.  The 
root,  then,  is  that  of  peck,  pick,  pike  i  and  pinch  is 
primarily  to  press  between  two  sharp  points,  or  to 
prick.  Hence,  its  peculiar  application  to  pressure 
between  the  fingers.] 

1.  To  press  hard  or  squeeze  between  the  ends  of 
the  fingers,  the  teeth,  claws,  or  with  an  instru- 
ment, &.C. 

2.  To  squeeze  or  compress  between  any  two  hard 
bodies. 

3.  To  squeeze  the  flesh  tilt  it  Is  pained  or  livid. 

4.  To  gripe ;  to  straiten  ;  to  oppress  with  want ; 
as,  to  pinch  a  nation ;  to  pinch  the  belly  ;  to  be  pinched 
for  want  of  food. 

5.  To  pain  by  constriction ;  to  distress  ;  as,  piruhr' 
ing  cold.    The  winter  pinches. 

6.  To  press  ;  to  straiten  by  difficulties  ;  as,  the  ar- 
gument pinches  the  objector. 

Thft  respomient  ii  pinched  with  a  •trorg  objection.  WattM. 

7.  To  press  hard  ;  to  try  thoroughly.  Collier. 
PINCH,  V.  i.  To  act  with  pressing  force;  to  bear  hard  ; 

to  be  puzzling.    You  see  where  the  reasons  pinch. 

Dryden. 
2.  To  spare  ;  to  be  straitened  ;  to  be  covetous. 

The  WT*'tch  whom  avarice  bidi  to  jAncK  and  tpare, 

SiatTC,  •Leal,  and  pilfer,  to  enrich  an  heir.  PrankHn, 

PINCH,  n.  A  close  compression  with  the  ends  of  the 
fingers  ;  also,  that  which  is  taken  between  the  ends 
of  the  fingers.  Drydeiu 

2.  A  gripe  ;  a  pang.  Shak, 

3.  Distress  inflicted  or  sufl^ered  ;  pressure  ;  op- 
pression ;  as,  necessity's  sharp  pinch.  Shalt, 

4.  Straits  ;  difficulty  ;  time  of  distress  from  want. 

Bacon. 
PINCH'BECK,  n.    [Said  to  be  from  the  name  of  the 
inventor.]  .    . 

An  alloy  of  copper  and  zinc,  resembling  gold  in  it» 


TCNE,  BULL,  tINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  mK;  OaaJ;  BaaZ;  CHasSH;  TU  as  in  THIS. 

827 


PIN 


PIN 


appe-aranctt.    Tbe  proportion  of  ziuc  b  greater  (tian 
in  brass.  Vre. 

riNCH'ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  pinchca. 

PINCU'ERS,  n.  pL  [frum  pinch,  nol  frum  the  French 
piucetU.] 

An  instrument  for  drawing  nails  from  boards  and 
the  like,  or  for  griping  things  to  be  hfld  fast. 

[This  spelling  would  be  preferable  to  Piscbm,  be- 
cause it  truly  represents  tho  common  pronunciation 
of  the  word.] 

PINCH'FIST,        ).     A  miser  •  a  nieeard. 

PINCH'PE.VNY.     "•    Amiser.anlggaro. 

PIXCH'IN'G,  pvr.  or  a.  Compressing  with  the  ends  of 
tbe  fingers  ;  pressing ;  causing  pain  by  consuiction, 
as  cold  or  hunger.  .  ^    ^    « 

PINCU'ING,  n.    The  act  of  compresamg  with  the  fin- 
gers. 
Q.  In  gentralt  the  aa  of  squeezing  or  pressing. 

PI\CH'1NG-LV,  udc.    In  a  pinching  M-ay.- 

PiN'C|j3H-IO.\,  n.  A  small  case  stufit-d  with  some 
soft  matffrial,  in  which  females  slick  pins  fur  safety 
and  preservation. 

PIN'DAR,  «.  ThejfrocJku  kypogmayOt  ground-nut; 
tbe  peft-nut. 

PIN-DAR'ie,  a.  After  the  style  and  manner  of  Pin- 
dar. 

PIN.D.\R'I€,  n.  An  ode  in  imitation  of  the  odea  of 
Pindar,  the  Grecian,  and  prince  of  Uie  lyric  jxwls ;  an 
irregular  ode.  AddUon, 

PIN'-DL'ST,  n.  Small  particles  of  metal  made  by 
pointing  pins.  I^^g^- 

PTNE,  «.  [Fr-  pin;  Sp.  and  \U  pma;  U  jiinus;  Sax. 
piiiAtrfoit,  pin-tree ;  D.  pyjUwom^  W.  ptn-breny  pin- 
tree,  and  pinfficyz,  pin-wood.  These  words  indicate 
that  this  name  is  frum  the  leaves  of  the  pine,  which 
resemble  pins.  But  the  Welsh  has  also  feinid-wtfiy 
from /emu^  a  rising  to  a  pointy  fW>ro/aiR.a  cone, 
and  gvyif  wood.  The  latter  name  is  irom  the 
cones.] 

1.  A  tree  of  tbe  genus  Pinus,  of  many  species,  some 
of  which  ftimish  timber  of  the  most  valuable  kind. 
Tbe  niecles  which  nsually  bear  this  name  in  the 
United  Suues,  are  tbe  wkiu  pine,  Pinus  strobus,  the 
lirince  of  our  forests ;  tbe  yaUew  puis,  Pinus  resi- 
noea ;  and  the  piuA  pine,  PInua  rigtda. 
3.  In  England,  the  term  pmu  ia  often  applied  to 


PINB^i.     [Sax.  ] 


,  pinan,  to  pain  or  torture,  and  to 
pine  or  languish.  This  verb,  in  the  sense  of  pain^  is 
found  in  the  other  Teutonic  dialects,  but  not  in  the 
sense  of  languishing-    The  latter  sense  is  found  in 


tbe  Gr.  vfiraw,  rtPta.    See  Ar.     -9  fanna^  Clasa  Bn, 

— t 
No.  39,  and  ^JJ,  No.  25,  and  ^\  No.  29.] 

1.  To  languish  ;  to  lose  flesh  or  wear  away  under 
any  distress  or  anxiety  of  mind  j  to  grow  Icon  ,  fol- 
lowed sometimes  by  aieaj/. 

Ta  ittO  Dot  moara  nor  imp,  but  jt  tbaH  pint  lUMff  for  your 
teiqqHfas.  —  Eaek.  xzir. 

SL  To  languish  with  desire ;  to  waste  away  with 
longing  for  something;  usually  fi>llowed  by  for. 

UoknovlnfUut  she  j>Jtwd/i7r  your  iTtoiQ.  Lhyi*^ 

FINE,  17.  t.    To  wear  out ;  to  make  to  languish. 

WbPTc  •hireriar  cold  mod  uckocn  pitut  the  dintr*.        Shai. 
Betxie  fimd  wW»  pwn.  Dryden. 

S.  To  grieve  for ;  to  bemoan  in  silence. 

Abuhcd  tbr  drril  ttood  — 
Thtoe,  In  her  cm  ■Iwpe  bov  lorelj,  mv, 
And  jmtf  ha  km.  Miiton. 

[In  the  transitive  sense  this  verb  is  now  seldom 
used,  and  this  use  is  improper  except  by  ellipsis.] 
FINE,    n.     [Sax.  pin,  D.  jrya,  pain ;   Gr.  veyoftat. 

Woe  ;  want ;  penury ;  misery.  Spenser. 

[This  is  obsolete,    tfee  Pai:iJ 

FIX^E-AL,  a.    [Fr.  vimoU,  from  L.  phtus.] 

The  rnntxU  glana  is  a  part  of  the  bram,  a  henrt- 
Itke  substance,  about  the  bigness  of  a  pea,  situated 
immediately  over  the  corpora  quadrigcmina,  and 
banging  from  the  thalami  nervorum  opticorum,  by 
two  cnum  or  peduncles.  It  was  so  called  from  i^ 
■buie,  reaemUing  a  pine-apple.  It  was  con^idtred 
by  Deacartea  as  the  seat  of  the  souL  Ilooprr. 

PINE'-AP-PLE,   (-ap'pl,)  n.     The  j9nanas  Motitnts  of 
Schultes,  and    the    Bromelia  .Ananas   of  Linnceiis, 
atropic:d  plant  and  its  fruit,  so  called  from  the  re- 
semblance of  the  latter  to  the  cone  of  the  pine-tree. 
Miller.     Locke. 

PTXE-BAR'REN,  n.    Tract  of  barren  land.  prcKlucing 
pines.  United  States. 

FI.NE'-eLAD,  (  a.  Clad  or  crowned  with  pine- 

FrNE'-€ROWN-ED,  (      trees.  Hemans. 

PINE'FUL,  a.    Full  of  woe.     [JTot  u-^ed.]  HaU. 

PIN'E-H.Y,m.    A  place  where  pine-applea  are  raised. 

Todd. 

PTN'EY,*.    The  tallow-tree,  which  see. 

PIN'-FEATH-ER,  (-feth'er,)    n      A  small  or   short 
feather. 


PIN'-FEATH-ER-KD,  o.     Having  the  feathers  only 
bt'irinning  to  shoot;  not  fully  tU-dged.  Dryden. 

PINFOLD,  n.    [pin,  or  pettj  and  fold  i   VviU.  pindan, 
Eng.  to  pound,y 

A  place  in  which  beasts  are  confined.    We  now 
coll  it  a  PouifD. 

PIN"Gl.E,  n.    A  small  close.    [J^'ot  used.]  ^insvorth. 

PINX'Ti^*^*  i  "•    [Dutch.]    Whitsuntide. 
PlN"GiJID'  (plng'gwid,)  a.     [L.  pinguis;  Gr.  ira\uf, 
compact,  L.  partus,  Eng.  ;iacx.] 

Fat;  unctuous.     [JVut used.)  Morttnur. 

PIN-GUID'IN-OUS,  a.    Conlaining  fat 
PI.V'GUt-TUDE,  n.    Fatness  ;  a  growing  ftit. 
PIN'IIOLD,  n.  A  place  at  which  a  pin  holdsj  or  makes 

lasL  Smart. 

PIN'HOLE,  n.  A  small  hole  made  by  the  punctureor 
perforation  of  a  pin  ;  a  very  small  aperture. 

fViseman. 
PTN'ING,  p|w.    Languishing;  wasting  away. 
PIN'iNG,  n.    A  sute  of  languishing  or  wasting  away. 
PIN'ION.  (pin'yon,)  n.    [Fr.  pigmm,  tbe  cope  of  the 
ridge  of  a  house  ;  Norm,  id.,  a  pen  ;  Bp.  pinoitj  pin- 
ion ;  from  Celtic  pen,  top,  summit.] 

1.  The  Joint  of  a  bird's  wing  remotest  from  the 
body. 
a.  A  feather;  a  quill.  Shak. 

3.  A  wing. 

Hope  homblj  0)«D,  OB  trenibling  piniont  soar.  Pope. 

4.  A  smaller  wheel  with  notches  or  teeth  playing 
into  the  teeth  of  a  larger  wheel.  ffuttun. 

5.  A  term  applied  to  fetters  or  bands  for  the  arms. 

JSinsworth. 
PIN'ION,  (pin'yon,)  v.  U    To  bind  or  confine  the 
wings.  Bacon. 

3.  To  confine  by  binding  the  wings. 

3.  To  cut  otr  the  first  joint  of  the  wing. 

4.  To  bind  or  confine  the  arm  or  arms  to  the  body. 

jyryden. 

5.  To  confine ;  to  shackle ;  to  Chain ;  as,  to  be 
pinioned  by  formal  rules  of  state.  JVorris. 

6.  To  buid  ;  to  fasten  to.  Pope. 
TIS'WS'ED,  pp.  or  a.      Confined    by    the    wings; 

shackled, 
a.  a.     Furnished  with  wings.  Dryden. 

PIN'ION-ING,  ppr.  Shackling;  confining  the  wings 
or  arms. 

PIX'IO.\-IST,  n.  A  winged  animal;  a  bird.  [JVot 
uffrf.]  Brown. 

PIN'ITE,  m.  [from  Pint,  a  mine  in  Saxony.]  A  min- 
eral holding  a  middle  place  between  steatite  and  mi- 
ca; tbe  mlcarel  of  Kirwan.  It  is  found  in  prismatic 
cryatala  of  a  greenish-white  culor,  brown,  or  deep 
red.    It  occurs  also  massive.  Diet.  JV^at.  Hist. 

PINK,  II.  [In  Welsh,  fine  signifies  smart,  fine,  pay, 
and  a  fineh^  and  ptneiarr,  to  sprig.  This  is  by  Owen 
formed  from  ptti,  a  pen  or  pin.  But  in  Portuguese, 
picor,  to  sting,  to  prick,  to  pcck^  to  nip,  to  pinch,  to 
dig,  to  spur,  and  pic«io,  pricked,  pinAei/,  as  cluth,nre 
frum  the  root  of  peck,  picky  pica,  beak,  pike-^  Hp.  picar. 
It.  piceare.  The  latter  would,  with  n  casual,  give 
pink,  a  little  eye  or  perforation,  and  the  sense  of 
pink,  in  pink-itemed.  The  Welsh  gives  pinJb,  a 
flower.] 

1.  An  eye,  or  a  small  eye  ;  but  now  disused  ex- 
cept in  composition,  as  in  pinkreyed,  pink-eye.     Shak. 

2.  A  plant  and  flower  of  the  genua  Dianthus,  com- 
mon in  our  gardens. 

3.  A  light  red  color  used  by  painters  ;  from  the  col- 
or of  the  flower.  Dryden. 

4.  Any  thing  supremely  excellent. 

5.  A  ship  with  a  very  narrow  stern.  {Tt.pinque, 
D.  pink,  that  is,  piked,  n  being  casual ;  hence,  pink- 
atrrned.\ 

6.  A  fish,  the  minnow.  .Ainsitorth. 
PINK,  V.  t.    To  work  in  eyelet-holes  ;  to  pierce  with 

small  holes.  Carew.     Prior. 

2.  To  stab  ;  to  pierce.  Addison. 

PINK,  r.  i.     [D.  pinkm.] 

To  wink.     [AVt  used."]  VEgtranse. 

PINK'£D,  (pinJtt,)  pp.      Pierced  with  small  holes; 

stabbed. 
PINK'-E?-£D,  C-Ide,)  a.    Having  small  eyes. 

HoUand. 
PINK'-NEE-DLE,  n.    A  shepherd's  bodkin. 

ShcTncood. 
PINK'-ROOT,  n.    The  root  of  the  plant  called  India 
pink,  or  Carolina  pink,  Spigelia  Marilandica,  used  in 
medicine  as  a  vermifuge.  Forsyth.     C.  Dewey. 

PLNK'-STERN-£D,  a.    Having  a  very  narrow  stern 

as  a  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

PIN'-MAK-ER,  71.    One  whose  occupation  is  to  make 

pins. 
PIN'-MON-EY,    (-mun-ne,)  n.      A    sum    ol    money 
allowed  or  settled  on  a  wife  for  her  private  expenses. 

Addison, 

PIN'NACE,  n.     [Sp.  piiiaia ;  Fr.  pinasse ;  PorL  pinaga.' 

A  small  vessel  navigated  with  oars  and  sails,  anc 

having  generally  two  masts  rigged  like  those  of  a 

schooner ;  also,  a  boat  usually  rowed  with  eight  oars. 

Mar.  Diet. 
PIN'NA-CLE,  n.     [Fr.  pinocle ;  It.  pinacolo  ;  W.  piny- 
gyly  from  Celtic  pen,  summit,  L.  pjnna,] 


PIO 

1.  A  slender  turret,  or  part  of  a  building  elevated 

above  the  main  buildhig. 

Sunt«  rairtntpolla 
WIUi  plistcriiip  ajiim  and  yintuulea  adurm-d.  RJUtan. 

3.  A  high,  spiring  point;  summit.  Cowley. 

PIN'NA-CLE,  u.  (.    To  build  or  furnish  with  pinna- 
cles. tVartojf. . 
PIN'NA-€I^ED,  pp.    Furnished  with  pinnacles. 
PIN'NA-€LING,ppr.    Furnishing  with  pinnacles. 
P1N'NA6E,  II.  Poundage  of  caUle.    [JVotu^ed.]    [See 

POUND^ 

PIN'NATB,      )  a.     [L.  pinnatus,  from  pinna,  a  ft-ather, 
PIN'NA-TED,  i     or  fin.] 

In  botany,  a  pinnate  leaf  is  a  species  of  com[>ound 
leaf,  wherein  a  single  petiole  has  several  leaflets  at- 
tached to  each  side  of  it.  Martun, 
PIN-NAT'I-FID,  o.     [L.  pinna,  a  (feather,  and  Jindo,  to 
cleave.] 

In  botany^  feather-cleft.  A  pinnatijid  leaf  is  a  spe- 
cies of  simple  leaf,  divided  transversely  by  oblong, 
horizontiil  segments  or 'jags,  not  extending  to  the 
midrib.  Martyn. 

PIN-NAT'I-PED.  a      [L.  pinna  and  pes,  foot.l 

Fin-fouted ;  having  the  toes  bordered   by  mem- 
branes. Latham. 
PIN'NKD,  pp.    Fastened  with  pins;  confined. 
PIN'NER,  n.     One  that  pins  or  fastens ;  also,  a  pound- 
er of  cattle,  or  the  pound-keeper. 
3.  A  pin-maker. 

3.  The  lappet  of  a  head  which  flies  loose.     Oay. 
PIN'NI-PED,  n.     [L.  pinna  and  pea.] 

One  of  a  class  of  cnibs  having  the  last  pair  of  feet, 
or  more,  terminated  by  a  flattened  joint  fitted  for 
swimming. 
PIN'NITE,  n.    Fossil  remains  of  the  Pinna,  a  genua 

of  bivalves,  allied  to  the  muscles.     [JVo(  used.] 
PIN'NOCK,  n.     A  smoll  bird,  the  tomtit.  Ainsworth. 
PIN'NU-LATE,  a.     A  pinnulate  leaf  is  one  in  which 

each  pinna  is  subdivided.  Martyn. 

PIN'NULE,  n.    One  of  the  branchlets  of  a  pinnate 

frond  or  leaf. 
PINT,  w.     [D.  pint !  Fr.  pin(e ;  Sp.  pinta.] 

Half  a  quart,  or  four  gills.  In  jnedietne,  twelve 
ounces.  It  is  applied  both  to  liquid  and  dry  measure. 
PIX'TAIL,  n.  A  water-fowl  of  the  duck  family, 
Dafila  candacxita^Anas  acuta,  Linn.,)  with  a  long, 
wedge-sha|>ed,  acute  tail.  It  is  found  in  Europe, 
Asia,  and  North  America,  and  is  esteemed  excellent 
food.  P.  Cyc. 

PIN'TLE,   (pin'tl,)  n.    A  little    pin.    In  artillery,   a 

long  iron  bolt. 
PIN'QlES,  71.  p^    In  a*(ronoTnjr,  the  sights  of  an  as- 
trolabe.    [Obs.]  Diet. 
PI'NY,  a.    Abounding  with  pines. 
PI-O-NEER',  V.  U    To  go  before  and  prepare  a  way 

for  others. 
PI-O-NEER',  n.  [Fr.  pionnier^  contracted  from  piofA- 
nier,  from  pioehe,  a  pickax,  piocher,  to  dig,  that  is,  to 
peck,  W.  pi^w,  Sp.  and  Port,  picar.  The  Italians 
use  fTuaslatore,  Sp.  gasiador,  from  guastare,  ga.i(ar, 
to  waste,  to  wear  away.  The  Germans  use  schani- 
graber,  1).  sch^inseraarer,  a  trench-digger.] 

I.  In  tAc  art  and  practice  of  war,  one  whose  business 
is  to  march  with  or  before  an  army,  to  repair  the  mad 
or  clear  it  of  obstructions,  work  at  intrenchmenls, 
or  form  mines  for  destroying  an  enemy's  works. 

Bacon. 
3.  One  that  goes  before  to  remove  obstructions  or 
prepare  the  way  for  another. 
PT-0-NEER'£D,  pp.    Preceded  and  prepared. 
PI'O-NIjEU,  (-nid,)  a.     Abounding  in  pionics. 
PI'O-NhNG,  n.    The  work  of  pioneers.    [J^ot  used,] 
PI'O-NYj   i  n,     [Sax.  pionie,  from  L.  ptBonia;  Gr.  xai- 
Pe'O-NY,  (      oivia,  from  Traiwi/,  Apollo,  a  physician, 
and  a  hymn.] 

An  herbaceous,  perennial  plant,  Pa;onia  oflicinalis, 
with  tuberous  roots,  and  bearing  large,  beautiful,  red 
flowers.  Also,  the  popular  name  of  all  the  species  of 
the  genus  Pieonia,  the  individual  species  being  dis- 
tinguished by  prefixing  some  appropriate  descriptive 
epithet.  Encyc. 

PI'OUS,  o.  [L.  piu3  ;  Fr.  pieux  ;  Sp.  It.  and  Port.  pio. 
In  Sp.  and  It.  the  word  signifies  not  only  pious,  but 
mild  and  compassionate,  and  pity  and  pirty  are  ex- 
pressed by  one  and  the  same  word.     See  Pity.] 

1.  Godly;  reverencing  and  honoring  the  Supreme 
Being  in  heart  and  in  the  practice  of  the  duties  he 
has  enjoined  ;  having  due  veneration  and  affection 
for"  the  character  of  God,  and  habitually  obeying  his 
commands;  religious;  devoted  to  the  service  of 
God  ;  applied  to  persons. 

3.  Dictated  by  reverence  to  God  ;  proceeding  from 
piety;  ajrplied  to  things;  as,  pioiLs  awe;  pioxLs  ser- 
vices or  aflections  ;  pious  sorrow. 

3.  Having  due  respt;ct  and  affection  for  parents  or 
other  relatives  ;  practicing  the  duties  of  respect  and 
affection  toward  parents  or  other  near  relatives. 

Taylor.     Pope. 

4.  Practiced  under  the  pretense  of  religion;  as, 
pioiis  frauds, 

PI'OUS-LY,a(fr.  In  a  pious  manner;  with  reverence 
and  affection  for  God ;  relitiiously  ;  with  due  regard 
to  sacred  things  or  to  the  duties  God  has  enjoined. 

Jlammond. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,' WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MO\'E,  WQLF,  BQQK. - 


PIQ 

2.  With  »iue  re^rd  to  natural  or  civil  relations, 
nnd  tu  tbe  duties  which  spring  from  them.    Addison, 
PrOUS-MINU'ED,  a.     Of  a  pious  disposition. 
PIP,  B,     [p.p^^;  Ft.  pepic] 

1.  A  atseaae  of  fowls  ;  a  homy  pellicle  that  grows 
on  the  tip  of  their  tonpie.         Johnson,    Iludibras. 

2.  A  spot  on  cards.  Addison. 

3.  The  seed  of  an  apple,  orange,  or  simihir  fruit. 

Southey, 
TIP,  V.  L     [h.  pipio  :  W.  pipian  ;  Dan.  pyter.] 

To  cry  or  chirp,  as  a  chicken ;  commonly  pro- 
nounced prep.  Boyle,     . 
PIPE,  «.     [Sax.  pipe ;  W.  pib  ;  Ir.  m'6,  piob ;  Sw.  pip, 
pipa  ;  D.  pyp  ;  G.  p/ci/e,  whence  Eng.^/c;  Dan.  pifrc; 
Port.  Ii.  and  Sp.  pipa ;  Ft.  pipe  ;  Arm.  pip  or  pimp.'] 

1.  A  wind  instrument  of  music,  consisting  of  a 
long  tube  of  wood  or  metal ;  as,  a  rural  pipe.  The 
word,  I  believe,  is  not  now  the  proper  technical  name 
of  any  particular  instrument,  but  is  applicable  to  any 
tubular  wind  instrument,  and  it  occurs  in  bairpipe, 

2.  A  long  tube  or  hollow  body ;  applied  to  the 
veins  and  arteries  of  the  body,  and  to  mruiy  hollow 
bodies,  particularly  such  as  are  used  for  conductors 
of  water  or  other  fluids. 

3.  A  tube  of  clay  with  a  bowl  at  one  end,  used  in 
smoking  tobacco. 

4.  Tbe  organs  of  voice  and  respiration  ;  as  in 
icin/lpijte.  Peaehaxn. 

5.  The  key  or  sound  of  the  voice.  SAaA. 

6.  In  En^tand,  a  roll  in  the  eichequrr,  or  the  ex- 
chequer itself.  Hence,  pip«-<yn«  is  an  ot&ce  in  which 
the  clerk  of  the  pipe  makes  out  leases  of  crown 
lands,  accounts  of  sheriffs,  &c. 

7.  A  cask  usually  containing  two  hogsheads  or 
126  gallons,  used  for  wine  ;  or  the  quantity  which  it 
contains. 

S.  In  jnijiinjT,  a  pipe  is  where  the  ore  runs  forward 

endwise  in  a  liole,  and  does  not  sink  downward  or 

in  a  vein.  Encyc 

PIPE,  r.  i     To  play  on  a  pipe,  fife,  flule,  or  other 

tubular  wind  instrument  of  music.   Dryden.  Sw^ft. 

We  hare  piped  to  yon,  and  7«  bare  aot  ilaoc^.  —  M&U.  xi. 

2.  To  have  a  .■^hrill  sound  ;  to  whistle.  Shak. 
PIPE,  o.  c.    To  play  on  a  wind  instrument.    1  Cor. 

xiv. 

PTPE'-€LJtY,  B.  A  species  of  while  clay,  used  in 
milking  tobacco  pipes  and  various  kinds  of  earthen 
ware.  Brande. 

PIP'iCD,  (plpt,)  <u    Formed  with  a  tube  ;  tubular. 

Enfyc. 

PirE'FISH,  n.    A  fish  having  a  long  and  very  slender 

body,  with  an  elongated,  tubular  snout,  the  whole 

covered  with  bony  plates,  like  a  coat  of  mail.     The 

pipefishes  constitute  the  Linmean  genus  Syngnathua. 

Jardine^s  Jk''at,  Lib, 

PIP'ER,  n.  One  who  plays  on  a  pipe  or  wind  instru- 
ment. 

PIP'ER-ID6E,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  tupelo  or  blnck 
gum,  a  tree  with  very  tough  wood,  belonging  to  the 
genus  Nysaa. 

a.  Piprridge  biuh ;  a  shrub,  the  barberry.  [See 
Pepperidox.] 

PIt'ER-IN,  n.  A  peculiar  crystalline  substance,  ex- 
tracted from  black  pepper.  The  crystals  of  pipcrin 
are  tran=*parent,  and  they  assume  the  tetrahedral, 
prismritic  form,  with  oblique  summits.      Carpenter, 

PIPE'-TREE,  n.    The  lilac 

PIP'ING,  ppr.    Playing  on  a  pipe. 

•2.  (I.  Weak  ;  feeble  ;  sickly ;  from  the  weak  or 
piping  Voice  of  the  sick;  as,  these  piping  times  of 
peace.  Shak. 

3.  Very  hotj  boiling;  from  the  sound  of  boiling 
fluids. 


[(Tsed  in  vulgar  language.'] 
'i-PlS'TREL,  71.    A  Bma3l  b) 

England. 


A  smiul  bat,  the  common  bat  of 


PIP'KIN,  n,    [dim.  of  pipe,]    A  small  earthen  boiler. 

Pope. 
PIP'PI.N,  B.     ra  pippeling.] 

A  kind  of  apple ;  a  tart  apple.    This  name,  In 

America,  is  c'ven  to  several   kinds  of  apples,  as  to 

the  .Newtown  pippin,  an  excellent  wirit»;r  apple,  and 

the  summer  pippin,  a  lar^e  apple,  but  more  perishable 

than  tbe  Newtown  pippm. 
PiaU'AN-CY,  (plk'an-ay,)  m.     [Infra.]    Sharpness; 

pungenry;  tartness;  severity.  Borrow. 

PiaU'A.VT,  (pik'kant,)  a,     f  Fr.,  from  piyufr,  to  prick 

or  sting,  IL  piccarCf  8p.  ana  Port,  picar^  from  the  root 

of  pikf,  peak.  ] 

1.  Pricking;  stimulating  to  the  tongue;  as,  it  is 
Ba  piquant  to  the  tongue  as  salt  Addison. 

2.  Sharp;  tart;  pungent;  severe  ;  as,  piquant  rail- 
leries. Oov.  of  the  Tongue. 

PiaU'A.VT-LV,  pik'anl-IyO  adv.  With  sbarpnci^s  or 
puncency  ;  tartly.  Lorke. 

VtQVE,  (peek.)  n.  [Fr.  See  Phit7a:*t.]  An  off- nse 
taken  ;  usually,  slight  anger,  irritation,  or  displeas- 
ure, at  persons,  rather  temporary  than  permanent, 
and  dit'tinguiiihed,  either  in  degree  or  temporariness, 
from  settled  enmity  or  malevolence. 

Out  of  (ynouAl  ptipit  b»  those  ia  tenkr.  ho  ■tacula  u  n.  looker 
00,  •bra  Ibc  gumttuitKat »  axuckea.  Aiditon. 

2.  A  strong  pajwlon.  ITudibras. 


PIS 

3.  Point ;  nicety  ;  punctilio. 

Add  loii(r  pivacription  of  estnbliahrd  hwa. 

And  piytie  ot  houor  lo  inaiutalii  &  caUM.  Dryden, 

PtQUE,  (peek,)  r.  U     [Fr.  piquer.     See  Piqua«t.] 

1.  To  otTend  ;  to  nettle  ;  to  irritate  ;  to  sling ;  to 
fret ;  to  excite  a  degree  of  anger.    It  expresses  less 

than  EXA9FEBA.TE. 

Tho  Udy  was  piqued  fbr  ber  indiflbreaca.        t^nuUa  Quixot*. 

2.  To  stimulate;  to  excite  to  action;  to  touch  with 
envy,  jealousy,  or  other  passion. 

Piqued  by  Prologf^ncB'B  fame, 

From  Co  lo  Hhoclei  ApcUc*  came.  Prior. 

3.  With  the  reciprocal  pronoun,  to  pride  or  value 
one's  self. 

Men  piqut  OiemMlve*  on  their  Bkill  in  the  learned  langTiapr*. 

LwAt. 

PtaU'iCD,  (peekt,)  pp.    Irritated  ;  nettled  ;  offended  ; 

excited. 
PIQU-EER'.     See  Pickeer. 
PIQU-EER'ER,  n.    A  plunderer;  a  freebooter.    |;See 

PlCKEERER.l  SlClfL 

PIQU'ET.     See  Picket. 

PI-UUET',  Cpe-kel',)  n.  [Fr.l  A  game  at  cards  played 
between  two  persons,  with  only  thirty-two  cards; 
all  the  deuces,  threes,  fours,  fives,  and  sixes,  being 
set  aside.  Encyc 

PtUU'ING,  (peek'ing,)  ppr.  Irritating;  offending; 
priding. 

PI'RA-CY,  n.  [Fr.  piratcrie ;  L.  piratiaiy  from  Gr. 
rfip(iT£ifi,  from  Trfipiii.),  to  attempt,  to  dare,  to  enter- 
prise, whence  L,  ptrieidumy  ezprrior.  The  primary 
sense  of  the  root  is,  to  run,  rush,  or  drive  forward  ; 
allied  to  Sax. /aron,  Eng.  Xofare.     Class  Br.] 

1.  The  act,  practice,  or  crime,  of  robbing  on  the 
high  seas ;  the  taking  of  property  from  others  by 
open  violence  and  without  authority,  on  tbe  sea ;  a 
crime  that  answers  to  robbery  on  land. 

WaUer.     ArbuthnoU 
Other  acts  than  robl>ery  on  the  high  seas,  are  de- 
clared by  stitute  to  be  piracy.    See  act  of  congress, 
April  30,  1790. 

2.  An  infringement  of  the  law  of  copyricht,  or  the 
publishing  of  the  writings  of  another  without  per- 
mission. 

PT'llATE,  n,  [It.  pjra^o;  L.  and  Pp.  pirata;  Gr.  ttfi- 
parriz.,  from  r£t{iai>i.  (See  Piracv.)  Formerly  this 
word  signified  a  ship  or  sea  soldier,  answering  to 
the  marine  of  the  present  day.] 

1.  A  robber  on  the  high  seas  ;  one  that  by  o(>pn 
violence  takes  the  property  of  another  on  the  high 
seas.  In  strictntAs,  the  word  pirate  is  one  who  makes 
it  his  business  to  cruise  for  robbery  or  plunder;  a 
freebooter  on  the  seas. 

2.  An  armed  ship  or  vessel  which  sails  without  a 
legal  commission,  for  the  purpose  of  plundering 
other  vessels  indiscriminately  on  the  high  seas. 

3.  One  who  infringes  the  law  of  copyright,  or 
publishes  the  writings  of  other  men  without  permis- 
sion. Johnson. 

PI'RATE,  V.  i.     To  rob  on  the  high  seas.       jSrbuthnot. 
PI'RATE,  V.  t    To  take  by  theft  or  without  right  or 
permission,  as  books  or  writings. 

They  adferiiicd  they  would  pirnte  hia  edition.  Pope. 

PI'RA-TED,  pp.  or  a.     Taken  by  theft  or  without 

right. 
PI-RAT'IG-AL,  a.     [h.  piratieuJi.] 

1.  Robbing  or  plundering  by  open  violence  on  the 
high  8e.is  ;  as,  a  piratical  commander  or  ship. 

2.  Consisting  in  piracy  ;  predatory ;  robbing ;  as, 
a  piratical  trade  or  occupation. 

3.  Practicing  literary  theft. 

The  erron  ol  the  pnai  were  mullj  plied  by  piratical  prioten, 

Pnp«. 

PT-RAT'I€-AL-LY,  adr.     By  piracy.  Bryant. 

PI'RA-TING,  ppr.  Robbing  on  the  high  seas  ;  taking 
without  right,  as  a  book  or  writing. 

2.  a.  Undertaken  for  the  sake  of  piracy  ;  as,  a 
pirating  expedition.  Mitford. 

Pl-ROG(JE',  (pc-rSg*,)         )  n.      [Sp.   pirapia.      This 

PI-R^V'GCA,  (pe-rsw'gl,)  \  word  ia  variously  writ- 
ten, Pehiaoua  or  PiBootTE.  The  former  is  the  spell- 
ing of  Washington  and  Jefferson  ;  the  latter  of 
Charlevoix.] 

1.  A  canoe  formed  out  of  the  trunk  of  a  tree,  or 
two  canoes  united.  Charlnoix. 

2.  In  modern  unage  in  Jimnricay  A  narrow  ferry-boat 
carrying  two  masts  and  a  leeboard. 

PIR-OU-ETTE',  (pirKK>-et',)  n.  [Fr.]  A  whirling,  or 
lurniniE  about  on  the  tons  in  dancing. 

3.  The  circumvolution  of  a  horse  on  the  same 
ground. 

PIR'RY,  n.    A  rough  gale  of  wind  ;  a  storm.     [JVot 

■ttsf-d.\  Elyot. 

PIS'CA-RY,  Ti.     [It.  pescheria,  from  pf.frflrf,to  fish,  Sp. 

peacar ;  Fr.  pfchtrir.,  from  pGcher^  to  fish  ;  L.  piacis,  a 

fish  ;  piseor,  tn  fish.] 
In  mto,  the  right  or  privilege  of  fishing  in  another 

man's  waters.  Blacks-tone. 

PIS-€A'T10N,   n,      [L.  piseatio.      See   Piicart    and 

FlRH.j 

The  act  or  practice  of  fishing.  Broitm, 


PIS 

PIf^€A-TO'RI-AL,  )         7j      '.      r~      \ 
PIS'CA-TO-RY,        i"-     [L.pwcator«/j.] 

Relating  to  fishes  or  to  fishing ;  as,  a  piscatory  eo 
Idgue.  Addison, 

PIS'CEa,  n.  pi.     [L.  pisds.] 

In  astronomy^  the  Fishes,  the  twelfth  sign  or  con- 
stellation in  the  zodiac. 
PIS'CI-NAL,  a.     Belonging  to  a  fish-pond. 
PIS'CINE,  (-sin,)  a.    [L.  pisds,  a  fish.] 

Pertaining  to  fish  or  fishes ;  as,  piscine  remains. 

Kiraan. 
PIS-CIV'0-ROUS,  o.    [L.  piscisy  a  fish,  and  coro,  to 
eat.] 

Feeding  or  subsisting  on  fishes.    Many  species  of 
aquatic  fowls  are  piscivorous. 
PPiSE,  (pC'za)  n,    [Fr.]    A  si>ecies  of  wall  made  of 
stiff  earth  or  clay  rammed  in  between  molds  as  it  is 
carried  up.  Qwih. 

PISH,  ezclam.  [Perhaps  the  Oriental  Wt2  or  nta. 
Class  Bs,  No.  2,  3.] 

A  word  expressing  contempt;  sometimes  ^ken 
and  written  Pshaw. 
PISH,  r.  T.     To  express  contempt.  Pope. 

PI'Sl-FOltM,  a.     [h.  pisum,  a  pea,  and /orma,  form.] 
Having  tlie  form  of  a  pea. 

Masses  of  pis^/brm  argillaceoua  iron  ore.  Kirwajt. 

PIS'MIRE,  71.     [The  last  syllable   is   the  Sw.  myra, 
Dan.  myrc.y  D.  mier^  an  ant ;  Pax.  Tnyra,  tender.    I 
know  riot  the  origin  or  meaning  of  the  first  syllable.] 
The  insect  called  the  Ast  or  Emmet. 

Prior.     Mortimer. 
PI'SO-LITE,  lu      [Or.  ttktdi',  a  pea,  and    Xidog,  a 
stone.] 

A  calcareous  stone,  made  up  of  globular  concre- 
tions of  the  size  of  a  [wa ;  also  called  Peastowb. 
Oolite  is  similar  in  structure,  but  the  concrelinns  are 
as  small  as  the  roe  of  a  fish.  Dana. 

PI-80-LIT'IG,  <T.  In  mineralogy^  resembling  in  struc- 
ture peas  apclutinated.  JMantdU 
PIS'O-PHALT,  n.  Pea-mincral  or  mineral-pea;  a 
soft  bitumen,  black,  and  of  a  strong,  pungent  smell. 
It  appears  to  be  [wtroleum  passing  to  asphalt.  It  holds 
a  middle  place  between  pelml,  which  is  liquid,  and 
asphalt,  which  is  dry  and  brittle.      Diet.  J^at,  Hist. 

\.\  mistaken  orthography  of  Pissaifhalt,  and  not 
at  all  derived  from  TrKroi/,  n  pea.] 
PISS,  V.  t.     [D.  and  G.  pissen  ;  Dan.  putser;  Sw.  pissa ; 
Fr.  pisser ;  W.  pisaic;   Basque,  pisije ;    It.  pisciare; 

o    ^ 
Pers.  jl^CC^AJ  pishar^  urine.     Class  Br,  No.  61,  C9.] 

To  discharge  the  liquor  secreted  by  the  kidneys 
and  hKlged  in  the  urinary  bladder. 

PISS,  n.  Urine  ;  the  liquor  secreted  by  the  kidneys 
into  the  bladder  of  an  animal  and  disciiarged  through 
the  proper  channel. 

PIH.'5'A-BED,  n.  The  vulgar  name  of  a  yellow 
iluwer,  growing  among  grass,  the  dandelion. 

Loudon. 

PIS'SAS-PHALT,  n.  [Gr.  ■r:ionaoi})a\Tnv  i  Trtoaa, 
turpentine,  and  ao-i/ii^rns,  asphalt ;  Sp.  pu^asfalto.] 

Earth-pilrh  ;  a  soft  bitumen  of  the  consistence  of 
tar,  black,  and  of  a  strong  smell.  It  is  inflammable, 
and  intermediate  between  petroleum  and  asphalt, 
and  appears  to  be  a  combination  of  naphtha  and 
asphalL  It  is  now  considered  as  a  mere  variety  of 
petroleum.      Deprived   of   its   naphtha,  asphalt   re- 

PISS'BURNT,  a.     Stained  with  urine.  [mains. 

PI.ST,     in.    [Ft.  piste,  from  Sp.  and  Port,  pwta,  from 

PISTE,  \  Sp.  pistar,  to  beat,  or  pinonar,  to  ram  or 
drive.] 

The  track  or  footprint  of  a  horseman  on  the 
ground  he  goes  over.  Johnson. 

PIS-TA'OHIO,  (pi»-ta'Bho,)  n.     [Fr.  pistache ;  It.  pis- 

o  3  o  > 
taechioi  L,  pistachiai   Gr.  iris-aKia  ;   Pers. 

£?  -  o  ^ 
Ar.  v.^'^Ai»v5  fostakon.] 

The  nut  of  the  Pistacia  vers,  a  kind  of  turpentine- 
tree,  containing  a  kernel  of  a  pale  greenish  color, 
of  a  pleasant  taste,  resembling  that  of  the  almond, 
and  yielding  a  well-lawted  oil.  It  is  wholesome 
and  nutritive.  The  tree  grows  in  Syria,  Arabia,  and 
Persia,  and  also  in  Sicily.  Brande. 

PIS'TA  CITE,  i     a„„  i7„.^„,, 

PIS'TA-ZITE.  1     ^^«  Epioote. 

PIS-TA-REEN',  rt.  A  silver  coin  of  the  value  of  17  or 
18  cents,  or  9d.  sterling. 

PIS'TIL,  n,     [L.  pigtillum,  a  pestle.] 

In  botany,  the  female  sexual  organ  of  all  phenog- 
anious  plants.  It  is  situated  in  the  center  of  all 
hermaphrodite  and  female  fiowers,  and  generally 
consists  of  an  ovary,  one  or  more  styles,  and  one 
or  more  stigmas  ;  but  the  style  is  not  essential. 

PIS-TIL-I.A'CEOUS,  (-shus,)  a.  Growing  on  the  pis- 
til of  a  flower.  Barton. 

PIS'TIL-LATE,  fl.    Having  a  pistil. 

PIS-TIL-LA'TION,  n,    [L.  pvttiUum,  a  pestle,  that  Is, 
a  beater  or  driver.] 
The  act  of  pounding  in  a  mortar.    [Little  used.] 


TCNE,  ByLL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


PIT 

PIS-TIL-LIF'ER-OUS.  «.  [pistU  and  L.  /m>,  to 
bear.] 

Having  a  pistil  without  stamens,  as  a  fciu:Ue 
flower. 

PIS'TOL,  n.  [Ft.  pistottj  pistolet ;  tt.  and  Sp.  pistola^ 
a  pistol.  This  word,  like  pUutn  and  pr^f^^,  signifies 
a  driver,  or  a  canal  or  spout,  from  the  same  root. 
Class  B9.1 

A  small  fire-arm,  or  the  smallest  firtMirm  used.dif 
feriiig  from  a  musket  chiedy  in  9\7.e.  Pistols  are  of 
different  leugtlis,  and  bonu'  by  horsemen,  in  cases  at 
the  saddle-bow,  or  by  a  girdle.  Small  pistols  are  car- 
ried in  the  pocket. 

PIS'TOL,  r.  (.     [  Fr.  pistoUr.} 
Tn  about  with  a  pistol. 

PrS-TOLE',  n,  [Ft.]  A  gold  coin  of  Spain,  worth 
about  Iti  shilling  sterling,  or  $3.60  cents.  In  other 
countries,  it  raries  from  $3  to  $5.  McCuUock. 

Pl9'TOlrED,pp,    Shot  with  a  pistol. 

PIS'TO  LET,  It.     [FrJ     A  little  pistol. 

PIS'TOL-I.NG,  jmr.    Shooting  with  a  pistol. 

PIS'TON,  n.  { Fr.  and  Sp,  piston,  from  the  root  of  Sp. 
j>u«r,  pigtar :  L.  pinso^  ihe  priman,"  sense  of  which  is, 
to  pn^ss,  Bend,  drive,  thrust,  or  strike,  like  emboltts^ 
from  Gr.  euiiiiWM,  ^jAAw.] 

A  shurt  cylinder  of  metal  or  other  solid  substance, 
which  tits  exactly  the  cavity  of  a  pump  or  barrel, 
and  works  up  and  down  in  it  alternnlely.  It  is  used 
in  pumps  and  other  engines  or  machines,  for  various 
puyxwes.  Brandt. 

PIS'TON-ROD,  n.  The  rod  attaching  Iho  i>iston  to 
the  adjoining  machinery.  JlixUemaiu 

PIT,  n,  fSax.  pUor  pyt;  V.put:  W.pyd;  Ir.pU;  L. 
puteus ;  Sana,  put,  puU*  ;  W.  pydaio,  a  well  or  spring, 
an  oozing  fluid.  It  is  uncertain  whether  this  word 
originally  signified  a  hollow  place  dug  in  the  earth, 
or  a  natural  spring  of  water  and  its  basin.    See  Ar. 

UaJ  to  spring,  and  Class  Bd,  No.  58»  59,  63.] 

1.  An  artificial  cavity  made  in  the  earth  by  dig- 
ging ;  a  deep  hole  in  the  earth.  Baeoiu     Skak. 

2.  A  deep  place  ;  an  abyss;  {wofundity. 

lots  wlnt  pit  Utou  seeal 
rrom  vbU  hi^tit  f&llrn.  MUton. 

3.  The  grave.     Ps,  xxviit  and  xxx. 

4.  The  area  for  cock-tigliiing  ;  whence  the  phrase, 
to  fi^  tA9  pit  Locke.     Hudibras. 

5.  In  a  thfoter^  the  part  on  the  gmund  tloor  be- 
tween the  lower  range  of  boxes  and  the  stage. 

OieiH. 

6.  The  hollow  of  the  body  at  the  stomach.  We 
say,  the^  of  the  stomach. 

7.  The  cavity  under  the  shoulder  ;  as;,  the  ai-mpU. 

8.  A  dint  made  by  improssion  on  a  soft  substance, 
as  by  the  finger,  Slc 

9.  A  little  hollow  la  the  flesh,  made  by  a  pustule, 
as  in  the  small-pox. 

10.  A  hollow  place  in  the  earth  excavated  for 
catching  wild  beasts ;  hence,  in  Scripture,  whatever 
insnares  and  brings  into  calamity  or  misery,  fmin 
which  it  is  difficult  to  escape.  Ps.  vii.  Prov.  xxii. 
and  xxiiL 

11.  Great  distress  and  miser}-,  temporal,  spiritual, 
or  eternal.    /*.  xxxviiL    Ps.  xl. 

1'2,  Hell ;  as,  the  bottomlesd  pU.     Ren.  xi. 
13.   [Dutch.]    The  kernel  of  fruit,  as  of  a  cher- 
ry, &c 
PIT,  r.  I.    To  indent ;  to  press  into  hollows. 

3.  To  mark  with  little  hollows,  as  by  variolous 
pustules ;  as,  the  face  pitted  by  the  smalt-pux. 
3.  To  set  in  competition,  as  in  combat. 

Federalist^  Madison, 
PIT-A-HX'YA,  n.     A  shrub  of  California,  which  yields 
a  dt-Iicious  fruit,  the  Cactus  Pitajaya  uf  Jacqiiin,  or 
Cerus  Pitajava  of  De  Candolle.  Eneyc 

PIT'A-PAT,  orfp.   fProbably  allied  to  be^U.]    In  a  flut- 
ter; with  palpitation  or  quick  succession  of  beats; 
as,  his  heart  went  pitapat. 
PIT'A-PAT,  n.    A  light,  quick  step. 

Nov  I  bnr  tie  jnupax  ui  «  preUj  foot,  tfaroagfa  Ute  dArit  aDsy. 

DrytUn. 

PrrCH,  n.  [Sax.  pic ;  D.  pik :  G.  peek  ;  Sw.  beck ;  Dan. 
hegy  or  bteg :  Ir.  pic,  or  peck ;  W.  py^ ;  Sp.  prt :  It. 
ptcc;  Ir.  poiz;  L.  piz:  Gr.  Trttjoa,  or  Turra;  most 
probably  named  from  its  thickness  or  inspissation, 
from  the  root  of  irf7j.'£t>,  -rr}'.  vvti,  TTtcato.  L.  figo.  See 
Class  Bg.  Na  23,  94,  33,  66.] 

1.  A  thick,  black  substance  obtained  by  boiling 
down  tar,  used  in  calking  ships,  Sec. 

2.  A  thick,  tenacious  substance,  the  juice  of  the 
silver  fir  of  Central  and  Sotithern  Europe,  Abies  pi- 
cea,  obtaijied  by  incision  from  the  bark  of  the  tree. 
When  melted  and  pressed  in  bags  of  cloth,  it  is  re- 
ceived into  barrels.    This  is  Burgundy  pitch. 

Foureroy. 
Mineral  pitek.     See  Bitumen  and  Abphalt. 
PITCH,  n.    [from  the  root  of  pike,  peak,  W.  pig.    See 
the  verb.] 

1.  LiteraUv,  a  point ;  hence,  any  point  or  degree  of 
elevation  ;  as,  a  high  pitck ;  lowest  piuk. 

Haw  hM  aj^iaA  lui  RKrfutioa  ■oatb  I  Sftak. 

■*^****'^  ^^J"^  (/  U>e  hM«  onum  of  hl>  ■««,  natvilfMUindmg 
be  Nved  wtm  leaming  wu  mx  iu  highest  pitA.    Additon. 


PIT 

2.  Highest  rise.  Skak. 

3.  Size  i  stature. 

So  like  in  pcnon,  g%xb,  and  piUh.  Hudibrae. 

4.  Degree ;  rate. 

HopitcJi  of  clo^^y  f««n  the  p»»c  ia  frw.  WaiUr. 

5b  The  point  where  a  declK-ity  begins,  or  the  de- 
clivilv  itself  i  descent ;  slope  ;  as,  the  pitck  of  a  hill. 

6.  The  degree  of  descent  or  declivity. 

7.  A  descent ;  a  fall ;  a  thnisting  down. 

8.  Degree  of  elevation  of  the  key-note  of  a  tune, 
or  of  any  note. 

PITCH,  r.  U  [Formerly  Pioht  ;  W.  pieiaa,  to  dnri, 
from  pig,  a  pontt,  a  pike  ;  D.  ptkken,  to  peek,  to  pick, 
to  pitch  ;  G.  picken  ;  Fr.  Jickfr ;  Arm.  JicAa ;  coincid- 
ing with  L.  Jgo,  to^,  and  uniting  pike,  pique,  with 
j£r,  Sp.  picur,  IL  piccare,  to  prick  or  sting.] 

1.  To  throw  or  thrust,  and  pritaarilif,  to  thrust  a 
long  or  pointed  object;  hence,  to  fix;  to  plant;  to 
set ;  as,  to  pitck  a  lent  or  pavilion  ;  that  is,  to  set  the 
stakes.  Dryden, 

2.  To  throw  at  a  point ;  as,  to  pitch  quoits. 

3.  To  throw  headlong  ;  as,  \o  pitch  one  in  the  mire 
or  down  a  precipice. 

4.  To  throw  with  a  fork  ;  as,  to  pUxh  hay  or  sheaves 
of  corn. 

5.  To  regulate  or  set  the  key-note  of  a  tune  in 
music 

6.  To  set  in  array  ;  to  mar^that  or  arrange  in  order ; 
used  chiefly  in  the  participle;  as,  a  pitcAed  battle. 

7.  [from  pitck.]  To  smear  or  pay  over  with  pitch ; 
as,  to  pitch  the  seams  of  a  ship. 

PITCH,  V.  i.  To  light ;  to  settle;  to  como  to  rest  from 
flight. 

Takf  n  bRuich  of  ihe  tree  on  which  (be  beei  pitek,  and  wipe  the 
hive.  Monimtr. 

2.  To  fall  headlong  ;  as,  to  pitck  from  a  precipice  ; 
to  pitch  on  the  head.  Dryden. 

3.  To  plunge  ;  as,  to  pitch  into  a  river. 

4.  To  fall  i  to  fix  choice  ;  with  on  or  upon. 

Pitch  upon  Ihe  beat  courae  of  life,  and  cuaiom  will  P'ndcr  It  the 
mart  eaay.  TUloUon. 

5.  To  fix  a  tent  or  temporary  habitation;  to  en- 
camp. 

Lahan  with  ha  bnrthreD  pitched  in  the  Mount  of  Gllead.  —  Or  a, 
xxxL 

6.  In  narigation,  to  rise  and  fall,  as  the  head  and 
stern  of  a  sltip  passing  over  waves. 

7.  To  flow  or  fall  precipitously,  as  a  river. 

Onr  Urn  rock  the  rirer  jibAt$  io  one  entin  ihect.  D.  TVumbuU. 

PITCII'-nLACK,  o.    Black  as  pilch. 

PITCH'BLE.NDE,  n.  An  oro  of  uranium,  of  a  black 
or  brownish  color,  and  semi-metallic  luster.  It  af- 
fords an  orange  color  in  painting.  I)ana. 

PITCH'ED,  fpitcht,)  pp  or  a.  Sot ;  planted  ;  fixed  ; 
tlirown  headlong ;  set  in  array ;  smeared  with  pitch. 

PITCH'ER,  n.  [Arm.  picker;  Basque, pe^ar ,-  froui  its 
spout,  or  from  throwing.] 

1.  An  earthen  vessel  with  a  spout  for  pouring  out 
liqnors.  This  is  its  present  signification.  It  seems 
fonnerly  to  have  signified  a  water-pot,  jug,  or  jar, 
with  ears.  Skak. 

2.  An  instrument  for  piercing  the  ground. 

Mortimer. 

3.  One  who  pilches  any  thing,  as  hay,  quoits,  &c. 
PfrCH'ER-PLANT,  n.    See  Nkpemthla. 
PITCH'-FAR-THING,  n.     A  play  in  which  copper 

coin  is  pitched  into  a  hole;  called  also  CHDcx-Fam- 
THiJffi,  from  the  root  of  choke. 

PITCH'FORK,  n.     [W.  picforg.] 

A  fork  or  farming  utensil  used  in  throwing  hay  or 
sheaves  of  grain,  in  loading  or  unloading  carts  and 
wagons, 

PITCH'I-NESS,  n.  [from  pitch.}  Blackness;  dark- 
ness.    [Little  used.] 

PITCH'iN'G,  ppr.     Setting;  planting  or  fixing  ;  throw- 
ing headlong;  plunging;    daubing  with   pitch;   set- 
ting, as  a  tune. 
2.  a.     Declivous  ;  descending  ;  sloping  ;  as  a  hill. 

PITCH'ING,  Ti.  In  navigatitm,  the  rising  and  falling 
of  the  head  and  stern  of  a  ship,  as  she  moves  over 
waves  ;  or  the  vertical  vibration  of  a  ship  about  her 
center  of  gravity.  Mar.  DicL 

PITCH'-CiRE,  tt.    Pitchblende,  an  ore  of  uranium. 

PITCH'-PIPE,  w.  A  wind  instniment  used  by  choris- 
ters in  regulating  the  pitck  or  elevation  of  the  key  or 
leading  note  of  a  tune.  Spectator. 

PITCH'-r-To\E,  n,  A  variety  of  obsidian,  being  an 
unstraiified  and  volcanic  rock,  having  the  appear- 
ance of  indurated  pitch.  [See  Obsidiaiv.]  It  occurs 
in  large  beds,  and  sometimes  forms  whole  mountains. 

.LyeU, 

PITCHT,  a.  Partaking  of  the  qualities  of  pilch ; 
like  pitch.  ffoodward. 

2.  Smeared  with  pitch.  Ih-yden. 

3.  Black  ;  dark  ;  dismal ;  as,  the  pitchy  mantle  of 
night.  Shak. 

PIT'-COAL,  n.  Mineral  coal ;  coal  dug  from  the  earth. 
PIT'E-OUS,  a.     [See  Pity.]     Sorrowful;  mournful; 

that  may  excita  pity  ;  as,  a  piteous  took. 
2.  Wretched  ;   miserable;  deserving  compassion  , 

as,  a.  piteous  condition. 


PIT 

3.  Compassionate  ;  affected  by  pity.    Prior.     Pope. 

4.  Pitiful ;  palto'  i  poor ;  as,  piteous  amends. 

Milton. 
PIT'E-OUS-LY,  adv.    In  a  piteous  manner ;    with 
compiission.  3/iak. 

9,  Horro\vfully ;  mournfully. 
PIT'E-OUS-XESS,  n.    Sorrow  fill  ness. 

2.  Tenderness  i;  compassion. 
PIT'FALL,  n.    A  pit  slightly  covered  for  concealment, 

and  intended  to  catch  wild  beasts  or  men. 
PIT'FALL.  V.  L    To  lead  into  a  pitfall.  Milton. 

-PITH,  «.     [Sax.  piaa  ;  D.  pit,  pilh,  kernel.] 

1.  The  soft,  sjwngy  subsUtnce  in  the  centJT  of 
plants  and  trees.  Bacon.    Encije. 

2.  In  animals,  the  spinal  cord.  Ray. 

3.  Strength  or  force.  ShtUt. 

4.  Energy  ;  cogency  ;   concentrated  force ;  close- 
ness and  vigor  of  thought  and  style. 

5.  Condensed  substance  or  matter;  quintessence. 
The  summary  contains  the  pith  of  the  original. 

6.  Weight;  moment;  importance. 

Eulcrpruca  of  gnuS.  jnSk  tdiA  moment.  Shak. 

PITH,  ».  t.  To  sever  the  spinal  cord  or  marrow,  as  by 
thrusting  in  a  knife,  A  mode  of  putting  animals  to 
dKalh.  Library  of  Entertaining  Knowledge, 

PITH'I-LV,  adv.  With  strength  ;  with  close  or  con- 
centrated force  ;  cogently  ;  with  energy. 

PITH'I-NESS,  n.  Strength;  concentrated  force;  as, 
the  pil/iinc^s  of  a  reply.  Spenser, 

PITH'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  pith  ;  wanting  strength. 
2.  Wanting  cogency  or  concentrated  force. 

PIT'-IIOLE,  n.    A  mark  made  by  disejise.    [Obs.] 

Bcaum.  ^  FL 

PITH'Y,  a.  Consisting  of  pith ;  containing  pith ; 
abounding  with  pith  ;  as,  a  pUJty  substance  ;  a  pithy 
stem. 

2.  Containing  concentrated  force;  forcible;  ener- 
getic ;  as,  a  pithy  word  or  expression. 

Thia  ptlhy  speech  pievailtij,  and  aU  agreed.  Dryden. 

3.  Uttering  energetic  words  or  expressions. 

In  all  theae,  Goodman  Fact  waa  very  ahort,  but  pithy.    Addiaon. 

PIT'I-A-JILE,  a.     [Fr.  pitmjable  ,•  from  pit^.] 

Deserving  pity  ;  worthy  of  compassion  ;   misera- 
ble ;  as,  pitiable  persons  ;  a  pitiable  condition. 

Atterbury. 

PIT'I-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  deserving  compas- 
sion. KetileiDcU. 

PIT'I-A-BLV,  adv.  In  a  manner  deserving  pity  ;  mis- 
erably. 

PIT'I^D,  (pit'id,)  pp.  Compassionated.  [See  the 
verb  to  Pitt.] 

PIT'I-JED-LY,  adv.    In  a  situation  to  be  pitied. 

PIT'I-FJJL,  o.  [See  Pitv.]  Full  of  pity;  tender: 
compassiunatG  ;  having  a  heart  to  feel  sorrow  and 
8y[n[Kitliy  for  Ihe  distressed.  James  v.  1  PcU  iii. 
[  This  is  the  proper  sense  of  ihe  toordA 

2.  Miserable ;   moving   compassion  ;    as,  a  sight 
motil pitiful ;  sLpitiful  condition.  Shak.     Ray. 

[This  is  a  very  improper  use  of  pUiful  (or  pitiable.] 

3.  To  be  pitied  for  its  littleness  or  meanness  ;  pal- 
try ;  contemptible ;  despicable. 

Thai's  vilKinoua,  and  shows  a  tnust  pil{/W  ambition  In  the  fool 
that  uses  it.  SJiak. 

4.  Very  small ;  insignificant. 
PIT'I-FJJL-LY,  adv.     With  pity  ;  comirassionntely. 

Pid/uUy  behold  the  sorrows  of  our  hearts.  Com.  Prayer, 

2.  In  a  manner  to  excite  pity. 

Thej  would  sigh  and  groan  as  pitifully  as  other  men. 

TUXoUon. 

3.  Contemptibly  ;  with  meanness.      Richardson. 
PIT'I-FUL-NESS,n.     Tenderness    of  heart  that  dis- 
poses to  pity  ;  mercy  ;  compassion.  Sidney, 

2.  Contemptibleness. 

PITT-LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  pity;  hard-hearted  ;  ap- 
plied to  persons  ;  as,  a  pitiless  master. 
2.  Exciting  no  pity  ;  as,  a  pitiless  state. 

PIT'I-LESS-LY,  adv.     Without  mercy  or  compassion. 

PIT'LLESS-NESS,  n.  Unmercifulness  ;  insensibility 
to  thu  distresses  of  others. 

PIT'MAN,  n.  The  man  that  stands  in  a  pit  when 
sawing  timber  with  another  man  who  stands  above. 

Moxon. 
2.  The  piece  of  timber  which  connects  the  lower 
end  of  a  mill-saw  with  the  wheel  that  moves  it. 

PIT'SAW,  n.  A  large  saw  used  in  dividing  timber, 
and  used  by  two  men,  one  of  whom  stands  in  a  pit 
below.  Moxon. 

PIT'TA-CAL,  n.  [Gr.  n-irra,  pitch,  and  «aAAo$, 
beauty.] 

A  dark-blue,  solid  substance,  somewhat  like  indi- 
go, obtained  from  wood  tar.  Ure. 

PIT'TANCE,  n.  [Fr.  piUmce;  It.  pietama ;  Port,  pi- 
td.nga.  The  word  signifles,  primarily,  a  portion  of 
food  allowed  to  a  monk.  The  Spanish  has  pitar,  to 
distribute  allowances  of  meat,  and  pif^nccro,  a  per- 
son who  distributes  allowances,  or  a  friar  who  lives 
on  charity.] 

1.  An  allowance  of  meat  In  a  monastery. 

2.  A  very  small  portion  allowed  or  assigned.  Shak. 

3.  A  very  small  quantity,  as  of  money,  &c. 

Arbulhnot. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.\T.— MeTE,  PR£Y — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  B{?QK.- 

830  


PLA 

riT'TED,  pp.  or  a.    [fmm  piL]     Marked  with  little 

holluw9  ;  sel  in  competition,  as  in  combat. 
PIT'TIXG,  ppr.    Marking  with  little  bollows  j  setting 

in  competition. 
PIT'TI-ZITE,  n,     [Gr.  maua  or  Trtrra,  pitch.] 

Piichv  iron  ore.  X7rr. 

Tl-TO'l~^A-R\\  a,    [L.  pihuto,  ptilegm,  rbeum  ;  Gr. 
rri'dj,  to  5pit.] 

That  secretea  phlegm  or  mucus  ;  as,  the  pituitary 
niemSrane.  Med.  Repos. 

The  pituitary  gland  is  a  small  oval  body  on  the 
lower  side  of  the  brain,  erroneously  supposed  by  the 
ancients  to  secrete  the  mucus  of  the  no&lrils. 

Parr.     Qutiicy. 
PIT'tJ-ITE,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  pituita.] 

Mucus. 
PI-TO'I-TOUS,  a.     [I^  pituUosus.] 

Consisting  of  mucus,  or  resembling  it  in  qualities 
PIT'Y,  n.  [Fr.  pitii ;  It.  pieid,  pity  and  piety;  Sp. 
pietady  pity  and  piety  ;  Port,  piedade,  id.  The  Latin, 
Italian,  Spanish,  and  Portuguese  languages  unite 
pity  and  piety  in  the  same  word,  and  the  word  may 
be  from  the  root  of  eovipfission  ;  L.  potior,  to  suffer  j 
It.  eompatire^  Sp.  and  Port,  compadecerse,  to  pity.] 

1.  The  feeling  or  suffering  of  one  person,  excited 
by  the  distresses  of  another  j  sympathy  with  the 
grief  or  misery  of  another;  compajision  or  fellow- 
suffering. 

He  ihit  tuLihpUy  upon  the  poorl^ndi^ihto  theLoni.  —  Prov.  xix. 

In  SeripturCy  however,  the  word  pity  usually  in- 
cludes compa^^sion  accompanied  with  some  act  of 
charity  or  benevolence,  and  not  simply  a  fellow-feel- 
ing of  distress. 

PUif  a  alwKys  pnindil,  yvt  alvrays  a^reeabto.  Kamtt, 

2.  The  ground  or  subject  of  pity  ;  cause  of  grief; 
thing  to  be  regretted. 

What  pittf  ta  it 
That  we  can  die  but  once  to  ».>rve  our  country  t  AddUon. 

Tbat  be  a  old,  ibe  roore  is  the  pity,  his  white  baira  do  wiltirsa  it. 

ShaJc. 

In  Ibis  sense  the  word  has  a  plural.  It  is  a  thou- 
sand pitie^i  he  should  waste  bis  estate  in  prodigality. 
PIT'Y,  r.  (.     [Fr.  pitoyer.] 

To  feel  pain  or  grief  for  one  in  distress  ;-to  have 
sympathy  for ;  to  compassionate  ;  to  have  tender 
feelings  for  one,  excited  by  his  unhappiness. 

Like  u  a  &tb^  jndeth  his  ditldrcu,  so  the  I^rd  pitieth  them 

that  fenr  him.  —  P«.  ciii. 
T»uff-btby  ihai  Power  vhopidet  me, 
I  (Mro  to  pity  tbem.  GoldsmUh. 

PIT'Y,  v.i.    To  be  compassionate  ;  to  exercise  pity. 

I  will  iwApity,  nor  spare,  nor  haTc  mercT.  —  Jcr.  xiii. 
ffluf  this  may  be  eanaidered  as  an  elliptical  phrase.'] 
PIT'V'-IXG,  n»r.     Compassionating  ;  sympathizing. 
PIT'Y-ING-lV,  adv.    Sympathizingly ;   compassion- 
ately. 
PIU.    flL]     In  mime,  a  little. 

PI  V'OT,  n.  [Fr.  In  Italian,  pivolo^  or  piulo^  is  a  peg 
or  pin.] 

1.  A  pin  or  sboit  shaft  on  which  any  thing  turns. 

Dryden. 

2.  In  military  affairs,  the  officer  or  soldier  upon 
whom  the  different  wheelings  are  made  in  the  vari- 
ous evolutions  of  the  drill.  Brande. 

PIX,  ».     [L.  pyris.] 

1.  A  little  box  or  chest  in  which  the  consecrated 
boet  i«  kept  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church. 

Ifanmfr. 

3.  A  box  used,  in  English  coinage,  for  the  trial  of 
gold  and  silver  coin.  Brande^ 

PIX'V,  n.     A  fairy.     [Locat  in  EngtajuL]     HoUmcay. 
PIZ'ZLE,n.     [D.  pee^,  a  tendon  or  strinc<] 

In  certain  quadrupeds,  the  part  which  is  official  to 

generation  and  the  discharge  of  urine.  Brown. 

PL^^CA-BIL'I-TY,      i  n.     [from  placable.]    The  qual- 
PLA'CA-BLE-NESS,  |      iiy  of  being  appeasable;  sus- 

ci'ptibilitv  of  being  pacified. 
PLA'CA-BLE,   a.     [It.  placabiU;  Sp.  placable :  h.  pla- 

eaidts,  from  plaeo,  lo  pacify  ;  probably  formed  on  the 

r<«»t  of  lay.     See  Please.] 

That   may  be  appeased  or  pacified  ;  appeasable ; 

admitting  its  passions  or  irritations  to  be  allayed; 

wjlting  to  forgive. 

M-.'tho(Jsht  t  wiw  him  plaeabl*  Mid  mOd.  MUton. 

PLA-eXRD',  n.  [Fr.  placard;  Sp.  placarte  ;  D.  plakaM  ; 
plakken,  to  paste  or  stick  ;  G.  and  Dan.  placat ;  Fr. 
pUupiery  to  clap  on.  Arm.  plaeqa.  According  to  the 
French  orthography,  this  wora  is  composed  of  pla- 
query  to  lay  or  clap  on,  and  carte,  card.] 

Properly,  a  writttn  or  printed  paper  posted  in  a 
public  place.  It  seems  to  have  been  formerly  the 
name  of  an  edict,  proclamation,  or  manifesto,  issued 
by  authority  ;  but  this  sen^e  Is,  I  brlieve,  seldom  or 
never  annexed  to  the  word.  A  placard  now  is  an 
advertisement,  or  a  libel,  or  a  paper  intended  to  cen- 
sure public  or  private  characters,  or  public  measures, 
posted  in  a  public  place.  In  the  case  of  libels  or  pa- 
pers intended  to  censure  public  or  private  characters, 
or  the  measures  of  government,  these  pap<^rrs  are 
usually  pasted  up  at  night  for  secrecy.  It  is  used 
abto  for  any  paper  posted  to  give  public  notice,  as  an 
advertisement. 


PLA 


PLA 


PLA-eXRD',  p.  (.  To  post,  as  a  writing  or  libel,  in  a 
public  place.     It  is  sometimes  used  in  a  good  sense. 

2.  To  notify  publicly. 

PLA-€K.RD'ED,  pp.  Posted  in  a  public  place;  noti- 
fying publicly. 

PLA-t'ARD'lNG,  ppr.     Posting  in  a  public  place. 

PLA'CATE,  V.  t.     [L.  placo,  to  appease.] 

To  apiMiase  or  pacify  ;  to  conciliate.  Forbes. 

PLACE,  n.  [Ft.  id.;  Sp.  plaia  ;  Port. pra^a:  ll. piaz- 
za, for  ptazza :  Arm.  plugz  ;  D.  plaats  ,■  G.  platz  ;  Sw. 
plats  i  Dan.  plads.  Words  of  this  signification  have 
for  their  radical  sense,  to  lay.] 

1.  A  particular  portion  of  space  of  indefinite  ex- 
tent, occupied,  or  intended  to  be  occupied,  by  any 
person  or  thing,  and  considered  as  the  space  where 
a  person  or  thing  does  or  may  rest  or  has  rested,  as 
distinct  from  space  in  general. 

Look  from  i^w  place  where  thou  nrt.  — Gen.  xiii. 

'Vhe place  whr'r<-OD  thou  siaiulcst  is  holy  ground. —  Ex.  iii. 

Everr  plact  whereon  Uie  soks  of  your  ^t  tbaii  tread  Bball  b« 

joMct.  —  Dcui.  xi. 
David's  place  was  empty.  —  1  Sam.  xx. 

•  2.  Any  portion  of  space,  as  distinct  from  space  In 
general. 

Eaiargx-ment  and   delivenincc    shall   arise   to   the    Jews  from 
another  place.  —  I'^th.  ir. 

3.  Local  existence. 

From  wh<.«e  fi»ce  the  earth  and  the  heaven  (led  away,  and  there 
was  found  no  place  for  thorn.  —  Rev.  xx. 

4.  Separate  division,  room,  or  apartment. 

His  catalogue  had  an  especial  place  for  aequcstered  divines. 

FeU. 

5.  Seat ;  residence  ;  mansion. 

The  Romans  shall  come  and  take  away  both  oai  place  and  na- 
tion.—  John  xi. 

6.  A  portion  or  passage  of  writing  or  of  a  book. 

The  place  of  the  Scripture  which  he  rvad  was  this.  —  Acts  viii. 

7.  Point  or  degree  in  order  of  proceeding;  as,  in 
the  first  place ;  in  the  second  place  ;  in  the  last  place. 
Hence, 

8.  Rank  ;  order  of  priority,  dignity,  or  importance. 
He  holds  the  first p/acc  in  society,  or  in  the  affections 
of  the  people. 

9.  Office  ;  employment ;  official  station.  The  man 
has  10.  place  under  the  govemmenL 

Do  you  your  office,  or  give  up  your  place.  Shak. 

10.  Ground ;  room. 

There  b  no  place  of  doubting  but  that  it  ts  the  very  same. 

Jlammond, 

11.  Station  in  life  ;  calling;  occupation  ;  condition. 
All,  in  their  several  places,  perform  their  duty. 

1-2.  A  city  ;  a  town  ;  a  village.  In  what  p&ice  does 
he  reside.'  He  arrived  at  this  place  in  the  mail-coach. 
Ont.  xviii. 

13.  In  military  affairs,  a  fortified  town  or  post ;  a 
fortress ;  a  fort ;  as,  a  strong  place  ;  a  place  ej^ily  de- 
fended.    The  place  was  taken  by  af^saulL 

14.  A  country;  a  kingdom.    England  is  the  place 

15.  Space  in  general.  [of  his  birth. 
But  she  all  place  within  benelf  eoafinea.  Daviee, 

16.  Room  ;  stead  ;  with  the  sense  of  substituCian. 

And  Joseph  said  (o  them,  Tear  not*  lor  I  am  in  Ute  place  of  God. 
—  Gon.  I. 

17.  Room  ;  kind  reception. 

My  word  hath  no  place  in  you.  .—  John  viii. 

18.  The  place  of  a  heavenly  body,  in  astronomy,  is 
the  sign  and  degree  of  the  zodiac  in  which  it  is  at 
any  given  time  ;  usually  expressed  either  by  its  lati- 
tude and  longitude,  or  by  its  right  ascension  and  dec- 
lination. Iluttan. 

To  take  place;  to  come  ;  to  happen  ;  to  come  into 
actual  existence  or  operation  ;  as  when  we  say,  this 
or  that  event  will  or  will  not  take  place.  The  perfect 
exemption  of  man  from  calamity  can  never  lake  place 
in  this  state  of  existence. 

2.  To  lake  the  precedence  or  priority. 

.Addison.     Locke. 

To  take  the  place,  but  sometimes  to  take  place,  omit- 
ting the  article,  is  lo  occupy  the  placo  or  station  of 
another. 

To  have  place;  to  have  n  station,  room,  or  seat. 
Such  denires  can  have  noplace  in  a  good  hcajt. 

2.  To  have  actual  existence. 

To  ffive  place ;  to  make  room  or  way.  Otve  ptaceto 
your  superiors. 

2.  To  give  room  ;  to  give  advantage ;  to  yield  to 
the  influence  nf ;  to  listen  to. 

Neither  give  place  to  the  devD.  —  Rph.  Ir. 

3.  To  give  way ;  to  yield  to  and  suffer  to  pass 
away. 

Ififfh  place ;  in  Scripture,  a  mount  on  which  sacri- 
fices were  offered. 
PLACE,  r.  t.     [Ft.  placer.] 

1.  To  put  or  set  in  a  particular  part  of  space,  or  in 
a  particular  part  of  the  earth,  or  in  something  on  its 
surface  ;  to  locate  ;  as,  to  place  a  house  by  the  side  of 
a  stream  ;  to  place  a  book  on  the  shelf;  to  place  a 
body  of  cavalry  on  each  flank  of  an  army. 

2.  To  appoint,  set,  induct,  or  establish,  in  an  of- 
fice. 

Thou  shalt  provide  out  of  all  the  people  ftble  men,  such  a«  frar 


(v*l,  men  of  truih,  haUne  fiovplousness ;   and  plae$  tacit 
wi-r  them  to  1-?  nilers  of  ihuiisands,  &c.  —  Ex.  xviii. 
It  is  a  hiffh  morul  duty  of  »oT.T.-igns  and  supreme  maiistr»te« 
and  councils,  to  place  in  o&ce  men  of  uaqaesticno^  vinua 
and  laleau.  Anon. 

X*To  put  or  set  in  any  particular  rank,  state,  or 
condition.  Some  men  are  placed  in  a  condition  of 
rank  and  opulence,  others  are  placed  in  low  or  nar- 
row circumstances ;  but  in  whatever  sphere  men  are 
placed,  contentment  will  insure  to  them  a  large  por- 
tion of  happiness. 

4.  To  set;  to  fix ;  as,  to  place  one*B  affections  on 
an  object;  to  place  confidence  in  a  friend. 

5.  To  put ;  to  invest ;  as,  to  place  money  in  the 
funds  or  in  a  bank. 

6.  To  put  out  at  interest ;  to  lend ;  as,  to  place 
money  .n  good  hands  or  in  good  security. 

PLAICE' BO,  71.     [L.  placeo.] 

1.  Ill  the  Roman  Catholic  churchy  the  vesper  hymn 
for  tlie  dead,  beginning,  "  Placebo  Domijto." 

Fosbroke, 

2.  In  medicine,  a  prescription  more  to  please  than 
benefit  the  patient.  Forsyth. 

PLACED,  (pliist,)  pp.  Set;  fixed;  located;  estab- 
lished. 

PLACE'M  AN,  n.  One  that  has  an  office  under  a  gov- 
ernment. 

PLA-CEN'TA,  71.  [L. ;  probably  from  the  root  of  D. 
plakken  ;  Fr.  plaquer,  to  stick  or  clap  together.] 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  substance  that  connects  the 
ovum  to  the  womb,  a  soft,  roundish  mass  or  cake 
by  which  the  principal  connection  is  maintained  be- 
tween th£  parent  and  the  fetus.        Coze.     Q^uiney. 

2.  The  part  of  a  plant  or  fruit  to  which  the  seeds 
are  attached.  Coze.     Parr. 

PLA-CEN'TAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  placenta. 

H'aterhouse. 
PLAC-EN-TA'TION,  n.     In  botany,  the  disposition  of 
the  cotyledons  or  lobes  in  the  vegetation  or  germina- 
tion of  seeds.  Martyn. 
PLAC-EN-TIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  placenta  and  fcro,] 
In  botany,  bearing  or  producing  a  placenta. 

Lindley. 
PLA'CER,  n.    One  who  places,  locates,  or  seta. 

Spenser, 
PLACID,  a.     [L.  placidms,  from  plaeo,  to  appease.] 

1.  Gentle;  quiet;  undisturbed;  equable;  as,  a 
placid  motion  of  the  spirits.  Bacon. 

2.  Serene;  mild;  unrnffied  ;  indicating  peace  of 
mind  ;  as,  a  placid  countenance  or  smile. 

3.  Calm;  tranquil;  serene;  not  stormy;  as,  a 
placid  sky. 

4.  Calm ;  quiet ;  unruffled  ;  as,  a  placid  stream. 
PLAC'ID-LY,  ado.     Mildly  ;  calmly  ;  quietly  ;  without 

disturhance  nr  passion. 
PLAC'ID-iVESS,  )  n.    Calmness  ;  quiet ;  tranquillity: 
PLA-CID'I-TY,    i      unruffled  state. 

2.  Mildness  ;  gentleness  ;  sweetness  of  disposition. 

Chandler. 
PLAC'IXG,  ppr.    Setting;  fixing;  establishing. 
PLAC'IT,(plas'il,)n.    [L.p/acieHm,that  which  pleases, 
a  decree,  from  plaeeoy  to  please.] 
A  decree  or  determination.     [Aoi  in  use.] 

QlanviUe. 
PLACI-TO-RY,  a.    Relating  to  pleas  or  pleading  in 

courts  of  law,  Clayton, 

PLACK'ET,  n.  [from  the  Fr.  plaquer^  to  clap  on. 
See  Placard.] 

A  petticoat.    If  this  is  the  sense  of  the  word  in 
Shakspuare,  it  is  derivative.     The  word  signifies  the 
opening  of  the  garment;  but  it  is  nearly  or  wholly  , 
obsolete, 
PLA-eoID'I-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  placoidians. 
PLA-eOID'I-ANS,  n.  pi.     [Gr.   jtA.i^,   a  plate,   and 
ti^'jf,  form.] 

The  first  order  of  fishes  in  the  arrangement  of 
Agassiz,  having  the  skin  covered  with  enameled 
plates,  as  (he  sharks,  rays,  lampreys,  &.c. 
PLA-FONI)',Ti.   [Fr.]    Theccilingof  a  room,  whether 

fiat  or  archf  d  ;  any  soffit. 
PLA'GAL,  a.     [Gr.  TrXayto';.] 

Plajral  melodies,  in  music,  are  such  as  have  their 
principal  notes  lying  between  the  fifth  of  the  key 
and  its  octave  or  twelfth.    [See  Authentit:.] 

Brande. 
PLA'GI-A-RISM,  Ti.     [from  plagiary.] 

The  act  of  purloining  anuther  man's  literary  works, 
or  introducing  jMissaRes  from  another  man's  writings, 
and  putting  them  off  as  one's  own  ;  literary  theft. 

Swift. 
PLA'CI-A-RIST.  n.     One  that  purloins  the  writings 

of  another,  and  puts  them  off  as  his  own. 
PLA'Gl-AKIZE,  r.  (.    To  steal  or  purloin  from  the 

writings  of  another. 
PLA'GI-A-RrZ-£D,  pp.    Stolen  from  the  writings  of 

another. 
PLA'OI-A-RIZ-ING,  ppr.    Purloining  from  the  writ- 
ings of  another. 
PLA'CI-A-RY,  n.     [L.  plajrium^  a  kidnapping,  prob- 
ably from  ptafTo:,  nets,  toil,  that  which  is  layed  or 
spread,  from  the  root  of  Eng.  lay.    The  L.  plaga,  a 
stroke,  is  the  same  word  differently  applied,  a  laying 
on.] 
1.  A  thief  in  literature  ;  one  that  purloins  anoth- 


TCNE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS €  aa  K ;  0  a«  J;  «  aa  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  la  THIS. 


PLA 

eT*s  writings,  and  otTers  them  to  the  public  as  his 
own.  South,     Ih-yden. 

a  The  crime  of  literary  theft.    [AVt  ustd.] 

Broicn, 
PLA'Ol-A-RY,  a.    Stealing  men;  kidnappine.    [JV^e 

9.  rmclicind  literary  theft.  "«''• 

PLS'CI-ON  ire,  «.  [Gr.  irAayiof,  oblique,  alluding 
to  the  cr^'stnliizatiun.J 

A  blackish,  lead-gniv  ore  of  antimony  and  lead. 
PLAGUK,  Cp!.ig,)  n.  [^p.  pla^a  or  //a.i.'-a,  a  wound,  a 
plague  ;  It.  /nui'd,  for  pUts*^  i  G-  an**  l**^"-  P'"/*  •  ^''*'* 
»ia/ra ;  \V.  ;»/«,  plague  ;  Uac,  a  slap  ;  UadaVy  to  strike, 
to  lick,  to  cudpel ;  If.  pi*">  ;  L.  pUi?a,  a  stroke,  Gr. 
irA^yv»).  {^e  Lick  and  Lat.)  The  primary  sense 
is,  a'  stroke  or  ^trikinK.  So  agUct  is  from  the  root  of 
JUtgy  and  probably  of  the  same  family  a«  T^Agu*,'\ 

1.  Any  thing  'troublesome  or  vexatious;  but,  in 
Ibis  sense,  applied  to  the  vexations  we  sutfer  from 
men,  and  not  to  the  unavoidable  evils  indicted  on 
us  bv  divine  Prttvidence.  The  application  of  the 
word  to  the  latter  would  now  be  irreverent  and  re- 
proachful. 

3.  A  pestilential  disease  ;  an  acute,  maliiinant, 
febrile  disease,  that  often  prevails  in  £gy)>t,  Syria, 
and  Turkey,  and  has  at  tinifs  prevailed  m  the  large 
cities  of  Europe,  with  fnjihti'ul  mortality. 

3.  A  state  of  miser>'.     Ps.  xxxviii. 

•4.  Any  gn>at  natural  evil  or  calamity  ;  as,  the  ten 
plants  of  Egjpt. 
PLAGUE,  (plig,)  V.  U     [Sp.  planar;  W.  plaeavn  It. 
piagnrt;  6.  pUgen;  Dan.  plager;   Sw.  plaga;  from 
tbe  noun.] 

I.  To  infest  with  disease,  calamity,  or  natural  evil 
of  any  kind. 

Thtta  ytm  lixf  ptagumt 
And  vom  with  Umiae.  AftUon. 

S.  To  vex ;  to  tease :  to  baran  ;  to  trouble ;  to  em- 
barrasfl  ;  a  vay  gemtni  amd  imd^/ttU*  Mgnifieation. 

IT  bn-  nMare  tx  ■>, 
Th^n  »b«  wH]  pfofur  the  nun  Uut  lora  ber  bmmL     Speruer. 

PLAGUE'FIJL,  «.  Abounding  with  plagues;  infect- 
ed with  plaeuea. 

PLAGt'E'LESS,  a.     Free  fVom  plaptes  or  the  plague. 

PLAGU'l-LY,  (plag'e-lc,)  ado.  Vexatiously  ;  in  a 
manner  to  vex,  hanus,  or  eqabanaBa ;  greatly ;  hor- 
riblv.     [/a  vutgmr  mm.]  Sm^     Vnfdem, 

PLAGUT,  (pla^e,)  a.  VexatSous ;  troublesome  ;  tor- 
menting.   [  FulfarA  Uadihras. 

PLAICE,  \  M.    [Fr.  plu  i  So.  pU^ ;  O.  ptatirUt  t  Dan. 

PiaiSE,  i     pCu-Juk,  flat-fish  ;  from  plat,  flat.] 

A  fish  of  the  genus  Plafcessa,  (Pleuronectea,  J^an.,) 
allitd  to  the  flounder,  and  growing  to  the  size  of 
eight  or  ten  pounds  or  more.  Tbia  fish  is  more  flat 
and  square  than  the  halibut. 

PLAICE'MOUTH,  m.     A  wr>-  mouth.        B.  Jonson, 

PLAID,  (plad,)  m.  [Qu.  U*.  plaid^  a  partition  ;  diver- 
sity of  colors  being  often  named  from  dividing.] 

A  striped  or  variegated  doth,  worn  as  an  over- 
garment by  tbe  Highlanders  in  Scotland.  It  is  a 
oarruw  woolen  stud;  worn  round  the  waist  or  on  the 
shoulders,  reaching  to  the  knees,  and,  in  cold  weath- 
er, to  the  feeL    It  is  worn  by  both  sexes.    PennanU 

PLAIN,  «.  [Fr.  plain  i  IL  piano;  iSp.  ptanOj  Uanoi 
PorL  piano,  from  L.  planus:  U.  and  Sw,  plan;  D. 
pUat;  dw.  Dan.  D.  and  G.  plan,  a  plan  or  scheme; 
W.  plan^  a  plane,  a  plantation,  a  shoiH  or  cton,  a  ray 
of  light,  whence  plants  children,  i^i^aiie;  pUiniaw,  to 
radiate  ;  ptenig,  radiant,  splendid,  whence  t/^tptaK, 
clear,  bright,  splendid,  and  ytplander,  L.  gplendor. 
The  Gr.  TT\aiauif  to  wander,  ia  from  the  i^ame  root. 
Here  we  have  decisive  evidence,  that  plain^  plan, 
•JojU,  and  spUmdm'j  are  from  the  same  i^ix.  (See 
Plamt.)    Class  Ln,  No.  4,  6,  7.] 

1.  Smooth ;  even  ;  level ;  flat ;  without  elevations 
and  depressions ;  not  rough  ;  as,  plain  ground  or 
land ;    a  plain    surface.      In   this  sense,  in   philo- 
sophical writings,  it  is  written  Pi^:ve. 
a.  Open;  clear;  unencumbered;  fair. 

Our  Uoopa  beat  ao  umj  io  platM  &gixl  uid  ofra  field.  /VUom. 

3.  Void  of  beau^  or  wnamenl;  simple;  as,  a 
ylom  dress. 

PUm  wkfaout  pomp,  aod  rich  without  k  shov.  Drydert. 

4.  Artless;  simple:  unlearned;  without  disguise, 
canning,  or  affectation;  without  refioement ;  as, 
men  of  the  pUiner  sort.     Oen.  xxv.  Bacon. 

Plain,  b>Jt  pioos  Chratuot.  ffammoivL 

5.  Artless;  simple;  unaffected;  unembellished ; 
as,  a  pUtin  tale  or  narration. 

6.  Honestly  undisguised;  open;  frank;  sincere; 
unreserved.    I  will  tell  you  the  pUan  truth. 

(Utc  me  le«re  to  bi^  piain  viih  joa.  Bacon. 

7.  Here ;  bare ;  as,  a  plain  knave  or  fool. 

SAaJc    Pope, 
&  Evident  to  tbe  understanding:  clear;  manifest; 
not  obscure ;  as,  plain  words  or  language ;  a  plain 
difference  ;  a  pimn  argument. 

It  mpiain  in  the  himary,  tbnt  E«ao  vu  never  wUect  to  J»Mb. 

Locke. 

9,  Not  much  varied  by  mrwiulations ,  as,  a  plain 
song  or  tune. 


PLA 

10.  Not  high  seasoned  ;  not  rich ;  not  luxuriously 
dressed  ;  n^,  a  plain  dieL 

11.  Nut  oniaitH-nled  with  figures;  as, plain  muslin, 
la.  NotdytHl,  ^ 

13.  Not  difficult;  not  embarrassing;  as,  a  p2atn 
case  in  law. 

14.  Easily  seen  or  discovered  ;  not  obscure  or 
diflicult  to  be  found  ;  ns,  a  plain  road  or'pnth.  Our 
course  is  very  plain.     Ps.  xxvii. 

PLAIN,  adv.  Not  obscurely ;  in  a  manner  to  be  easily 
understood. 

2.  Distinctly  ;  articulately  ;  as,  to  speak  plain. 
Mark  vii. 

3.  With  simplicity;  artlessly;  bluntly. 
PLAIN,  R.     [Ir.  cluain;  VV.  Uan;  Fr.  plaiue,    See  tho 

adjective.] 

1.  Level  land ;  usually,  an  open  field  with  an 
even  surface,  or  a  surface  little  varied  by  iui-quali- 
ties ;  as,  all  the  plain  of  Jordan.     Oen.  xiii. 

S.  Field  of  battle.  JlrbuthnoL 

PLAIN,  V,  L  To  level ;  to  make  plain  or  even  on  the 
surface.  Hayteard. 

-2.  To  lament  or  wail ;  as,  to  ^ta  one*s  case. 

Spenser. 
PLAIN,  F.  i.     [Fr.  pJaindrt;  L.  planffo.] 

To  lament  or  bewail.   [JVodwfrf.]   [SeeCoHPLAiH.] 
PLAIN'-CHXNT,  M.     See  Plain  Song. 
PLAIN'-DCAL-ER,  n.     One  who   sjieaks   out   his 

views  with  great  plainness. 
PLAIN'-DeAL-LVG,  o.     [plain  and  deal] 

Dealing  or  communicating  with  frankness  and 
sincerity  ;  honest ;  open  ;  speaking  and  acting  with- 
out art:  BS^  a  plain-dealing  liiAn.  Skak.  L* Kutranfre. 
PLAIN'-DeAL-ING,  n.  A  speaking  or  communi- 
cating with  openness  and  sincerity ;  maaagt;ment 
without  art,  stratagem,  or  disguise ;  sincerity. 

l^ryden, 
PLAIN'-HEART'ED,   a.      Having  a   sincere   heart; 
coninitintcnting  without  art,  reserve,  or  hypocrisy; 
of  A  frank  disposition.  Milton. 

PLAIN'-IIEART'EU-NESS,  n.     Frankness  of  dispo- 
sition ;  sincerity.  Jiailywell. 
PLAIN'ING, ».     CompIainL     [Obs.]     Shak. 
PLAIN'LV,  adv.     With  a  level  surface.     [LittU  used.] 

2.  Without  cunning  or  di8pii!>e. 

3.  Without  ornament  or  artificial  embellishment; 
as,  to  be  plainljf  clad. 

4.  Frankly;  honestly  ;  sincerely;  as,  deal  plainly 
with  me.  Pope. 

5.  In  earnest ;  fairly.  Clarendon. 

6.  In  a  manner  to  be  easily  seen  or  comprehended. 

Tbuu  ahftlt  writt  oa  tho  Uonei  til  the  woi\l«  of  lhi<  law  rery 
plainly.  —  DruL  xxvi. 

7.  Evidently;  clearly;  not  obscurely.  The  doc- 
trines of  grace  are  plainly  taught  in  the  Scriptures. 

PLAIN'NESS,  n.     I^velness  ;  evenness  of  surface. 

2.  Want  of  ornament ;  want  of  artificial  filutw. 

Bo  modcM  ptainnttt  kU  off  tpnghi\y  wit.  Pope. 

3.  Openness;  rough,  blunt,  or  unrefined  frank- 
ness. 

Yetapteiimen  utd  ^ur  •hortnen  pteaae  me  well.         Shak. 

A,  Artlessness;  simplicity;  candor;  as,  unthink- 
ing plainness.  2>rydcn, 
5.  Clearness  ;  openness  ;  sincerity. 

Seeing,  then,  we  haTc  luch  hope,  we  u*e  freftt  pUunnew  of 
•IKecli.  —  3  Cor.  iii. 

PLAIN'-SONG,  n.  An  ecclesiastical  chant  In  duple 
measure  with  notes  of  equal  length,  and  rarely  ex- 
tending beyond  the  compass  of  an  octave.  P.  Cije. 

PLaIN'-SP6K-£N,  a.  Speaking  with  plain,  unre- 
served sincerity.  Dryden. 

PLAINT,  71.  [Fr.pi«i«(r,from  plaindre^  to  lament,  from 
L.  plango,  to  Rtrtke,  to  beat,  to  lament,  whence  com- 
plaint;  Gr.  3rA»?(rCTo>,7TAijrrw,to  strike,  from  the  root 
jrXrjxw,  rfisTwcrf,  whence  T>>;yi7,  a  stroke,  t*,  pla^a, 
Bag.  plaffue :  Golh.  Jlckan,  to  lament  ;Sp.  p£anir,  from 
the  Latin.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  strike,  that  is,  to 
drive  or  thrust,  applied  to  the  hand  or  to  the  voice  ; 
or  the  sense  of  complaint  and  lamentation  is  from 
beating  ttie  breast,  as  in  violent  grief;  Hw,  plagga^ 
to  beat.] 

1.  Lamentation  ;  comi^aint ;  audible  expression  of 
sorrow. 

From  inwani  grief 
Hu  ttunting  puuoD  into  plaints  thua  poured,  Millon. 

S.  Complaint;  representation  made  of  injury  or 
wrong  done. 

There  &ie  three  ]iwt  grouDda  cf  w&r  »'Uh  Spain  ;  one  of  plaints; 
two  upoo  defeoae.  Bacon, 

3.  In  law,  a  private  memorial  tendered  to  a  court, 
in  which  the  person  sets  forth  his  cause  of  action. 

Blackstone. 

4.  In  law,  a  complaint;  a  formal  accusation  exhib- 
ited by  a  private  person  against  an  offender  for  a 
breach  of  law  or  a  public  offense. 

Laws  of  JtTew  York  and  Conn, 
PLAINT'FJJL,   a.     Complaining  ;    expressing  sorrow 
with  an  audible  voice  ;  as,  my  plaintful  tongue. 

Sidney. 
PLAINT'IFF,  n.      [Fr.   plaintiff  mournful,   making 
complaint.] 

In  law,  the  pORon  who  commences  a  suit  before  a 


TLA 

tribunal,  for  the  recovery  of  a  claim  ;  opposed  toDx- 

[Prior   uses    this  word    at  an    adjective,  In  the 
French  sense,  for  plaintive,  but  the  use  is  nut  au- 
thorized,] 
PLAINT'IVE,  a.     [Ft.  plaint^f,] 

1.  Lamenting  ;  complaining ;  expressive  of  sor- 
row; as,  a  plaintive  sound  or  song.  2>ryden. 

S.  Complaining;  expressing  sorrow  or  grief;  re- 
pining. 

To  •ootlio  the  ■omwi  of  her  plaintipe  aon.  Dryden. 

PLAINT'IVE-LY,  adv.      In  a  manner  expressive  of 

grief. 
PLAINT'IVE-NESS,  ti.    The  quality  or  state  of  ex- 

pres^iing  prief. 
PLALNT'LESH,  a.     Without  complaint ;  unrepining. 
PLAIN'-WORK,  (-wurk,)  n.    Plain  needlework,  as 

distinguished  from  embroidery.  Pvpc. 

PLAIT,  n.     [W.  plelh,  a  plait  or  fold  ;    phtku,  to  plait 

or  braid,  Uomlleth;  Sw.  fidta.  Van.  fietter,  to  plait, 

braid,  twist,  Russ.  plcta,  opletayu,   Fr.  plisser,  with 

a  dialectical  change  of  i  to  s.    Q,u.  Gr.  xXuiiJto,  to 

twist.] 

1.  A  fold  ;  a  doubling  ;  as  of  cloth. 

It  b  rrrr  ditTicult  (o  trac^  out  (lie  figure  of  a  rest  throurh  all  tbe 
plaka  and  fuUling  of  (he  drnpery.  .Aui/uon. 

2.  A  braid,  as  of  hair  or  straw. 

PLAIT,  V.  t.  I'o  fold  ;  to  double  in  narrow  streaks; 
OS,  to  plait  a  gown  or  a  sleeve,  Oay. 

3.  To  braid  ;  to  interweave  strands ;  as,  to  pUiit 
the  hair, 

3.  To  entangle  ;  to  involve.  Shak, 

PLAIT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Folded  ;  braided  ;  interwoven, 
PLAIT'ER,  n.    One  that  plaits  or  braids. 
PLAIT'ING,  Mr.     Folding;  doubling;  braiding. 
PLAN,  n.     [Fr.  G.  D.  Dan.  Sw.  and  Rush,  plan.     The 
Italian  has  pianta,  a  plant,  and  a  plan,  and  in  Welr<h, 
plan  is  a  shoot,  cion,  plantation,  or  planting,  and  a 
plane.     Hence  plan,  plain,  plane,  and  plant,  are  from 
one  root.    The  primary  sense  of  the  verb  is  to  ex- 
tend.] 

1.  A  draught  or  form  ;  pr&perbj,  the  representation 
of  any  thing  drawn  on  a  plane,  as  a  map  or  ctiart, 
whicli  is  a  representation  of  some  portion  of  laml  or 
water.  But  the  word  is  applied  particularly  tu  the 
model  of  a  building,  showing  the  form,  extent,  and 
divisions  in  miniature,  and  it  may  be  applied  to  the 
draught  or  representation  of  any  projected  work  on 
pai>er,  or  on  a  plane  surface ;  as,  the  plan  of  a  town 
or  city,  or  of  a  harbor  or  fort.  The  form  of  a  ma- 
chine in  miniature  is  called  a  Model. 

2.  A  scheme  devised  ;  a  project ;  tbe  form  of  some- 
thing tu  be  done  existing  in  the  mind,  with  the  sev- 
eral parts  adjusted  in  idea,  expressed  in  words  or 
comiuittcd  to  writing  ;  as,  tlic  plan  of  a  constitution 
of  government ;  the  plan  of  a  treaty  ;  the  plan  of  an 
exp''tliiiun. 

PLAN,  r.  u  To  form  a  draught  or  representation  of 
any  intended  work. 

2.  To  scheme ;  to  devise ;  to  form  in  design ;  as, 
to  plan  the  conquest  of  a  country  ;  to  plan  a  reduc- 
tion of  taxes,  or  of  the  national  debt. 
PLA'NA-RY,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  plane.  Diet. 

PLANCH,  V.  t.     [Fr.  planche,  a  plank.     Bee  Plahk.] 

To  pbink  ;  to  cover  with  planks  or  boards.  Gorges. 
PLANCH'/;D,  (pluncht,)  pp.     Covered  or  made   of 

planks  or  boards. 
PLANCH'ER,  71.     A  floor.  Bacon. 

PLANCH'ET,  T».     [Fr.  planchette.    See  Plank,] 

A  flat  piece  of  metal  or  coin.  Knciic, 

PLANCH'LNG,  n.    The  laying  of  floors  in  a  building; 

also,  a  floor  of  boards  or  planks.  Carcw. 

PLANE,  a.  [L.  planus.  See  Plain.]  Without  ele- 
vations or  depressions  ;  even  ;  level ;  flat ;  as,  a  plane 
surface. 

Plane  chart ;  a  chart  constructed  on  the  supimsition 
of  the  earth  and  sea  being  an  extended  plane  surface, 
with  tlie  degrees  uf  latitude  and  longitude  every 
where  equal. 

A  plane  fignre,  in  geometry,  is  a  surface  in  which, 
if  any  two  points  are  taken,  the  straight  line  which 
joins  them  lies  wholly  in  that  surface. 

A  plane  angle,  is  one  contained  between  two  lines 
or  surfaces,  jn  contradistinction  to  a  solid  angle.  Enr.yc. 
Plane  sailing ;  in  navigation,  the  art  of  determin  i  ng 
the  ship's  place,  on  the  supposition  that  sne  is  mov- 
ing on  a  plane.  Brande. 
PLANE,  n.     [from  L.  planus.     See  Plain.] 

1.  In  geometry,  an  even  or  level  surface,  like  plain 
in  popular  language. 

2.  In  asironumii,  an  imaginary  surface  supposed 
to  pass  throuuh  any  of  the  curves  described  on  the 
celestial  sphere;  as,  the  plane  of  the  ecliptic;  the 
plane  of  a  planet's  orbit ;  the  plane  of  a  great  circle. 

3.  In  mechanics.    See  Plane  Figure. 

4.  In  joinery  and  cabinet  -work,  an  instrument  con- 
sisting of  a  smooth  piece  of  wood,  with  an  aperture, 
through  which  passes  obliquely  a  piece  of  edged  steel 
or  chisel,  used  in  paring  or  smoothing  boards  or  wood 
of  any  kind. 

A  horiiontal  plane  is  parallel  to  the  horizon. 
An  inclined  plane  is  any  plane  inclined  to  the  hori- 
zon, by  whatever  angle. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.^T.  — M£TE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.  — 


PLA 

PLANE,  r,  e.    To  make  smouth  ;  to  pare  off  thu  in- 
equalities of  the  surface  of  a  board  or  other  piece  of 
wood  by  the  use  of  a  plane. 
2.  To  free  from  ineqnalities  of  surfice.   ^rbuthnoL 

PLAN'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Made  smooth  with  a  plane  ;  lev- 
eled. 

PLAN'ET,  R,  [Ft,  planete;  IL  pianeta;  L.  Sp.  and 
Port.  ;>/dn«ta ;  W.  planed;  Gr.  TrAai-rjrfjs,  wandering, 
from  -rXafatjj  to  wander,  ^lied  to  L.  planus,  Fr.  lain. 
See  Pla^t.] 

A  celestial  body  which  revolves  about  the  sun, 
in  an  orbit  of  a  moderate  degree  of  eccentricity,  in 
distinction  from  a  comets  which  has  a  very  eccentric 
orbiL  The  planets  are  sometimes  called  primary 
planets,  in  distinction  from  those  bodies  called  sec- 
ondary planets,  moons,  or  satellites,  which  revolve 
about  some  planet  as  their  center,  and  with  that  re- 
volve about  the  sun.  The  primary  planets  are  named 
Mercury, Venus.  Earth,  Mars,  Jupiter,Patum, Uranus, 
and  Xeptune.  Five  smaller  planets,  denominated  by 
some  asteroids,  namely,  Ceres,  Pallas,  Juno,  Vesta, 
and  Asinea,  have  recently  been  discovered  between 
theorbitsof  Mars  and  Jupiter.  Mars,  Jupiter,  Saturn, 
Uranus,  and  Neptune,  being  without  ilie  eartli's  orbit, 
are  sometimes  called  tlie  superior  planets  ;  Venus  and 
Mercury,  being  within  the  earth's  orliit,  are  called 
t«/m(«- planets.  The  planets  are  opaque  bodies,  which 
receive  their  light  from  the  sun.  They  are  so  named 
from  their  motion  or  recolation,  in  distinctitm  from 
the  ixed  stars,  and  are  distinguished  from  the  latter 
bv  their  not  twinkling. 

PLXNE'-Ta-BLE,  n.  An  instrument  or  board  marked 
off  into  degrees  from  the  center,  used  in  surveying 
land,  by  which  the  draught  or  plan  is  taken  on  the 
spot  during  the  progress  of  the  survey.         Hutton. 

PLAN-ET-A'RI-UM,  «.  An  astronomical  machine 
which,  by  the  movement  of  its  parts,  represents  the 
motions  and  orbits  of  the  planets,  agreeable  to  the 
Copemican  system.  Barlow. 

PLANET-A-RY,  a.     [Fr.  planetairt.'] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  planets  ;  as,  planetary  inhabit- 
ants ;  planetary  motions. 

2.  Consisting  of  planets  ;  as,  a  planetarii  system. 

3.  Under  the  dominion  or  influence  of  a  planet; 
as,  a  planetary  hour.     [Astrology.']  Dryden. 

4.  Produced  by  planets  ;  as,  platutary  plague  or  In- 
fluence. Shak. 

5  Having  the  nature  of  a  planet ;  erratic  or  re- 
volving. Blackmore. 

Planetary  days ;  the  days  of  the  week   as  shared 
among  the  planets,  each  having  its  day,  as  we  name 
the  days  of  the  week  after  the  planets.         Hutton. 
PLAN'ET-En,  a.    Belonging  to  planets.         Youn^. 
PLA-NET'ie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  planets.  [JSTotujed.] 

BrotPn. 
PLANE'-TREE,  «.  [L.  platantu;  Fr.  plane,  platane.] 
A  tree  of  the  genus  Platanus.  The  oriental  plane- 
tree  is  a  native  of  Asia  ;  it  rises  with  a  straight, 
smooth,  branching  stem  to  a  great  liight,  with  pal- 
mated  leaves,  and  long,  pendulous  peduncles,  sus- 
taining ieveral  heads  of  small,  close-sitting  flowers. 
The  seeds  are  downy,  and  collected  into  round, 
rough,  hard  balls.  The  occidental  plane-tree,  which 
grows  to  a  great  hight,  is  a  native  of  North  Ameri- 
ca;   it   is  called   also  Button-wood  and  Butto.-*- 

TREE. 

PLAN'ET-STRUCK,  a.  Affected  by  tlie  influence  of 
planets  ;  blasted.  SucA/injj-. 

PLAN'ET-ULE,  n.    A  little  planet.  Comjbeare. 

PLAN-l-MF.T'Rie,  i  a.     Pertainingto  the  mensu- 

PLANI-MKT'RIC-AL,  S      ration  of  plane  surfaces. 

PL,\-NLM'E-TRV   n.     [U.  pfantw,  plain,  and  Gr.  ,ut- 
ptot,  to  measure.} 
The  mensuration  of  plane  surfaces.  Jftttixtn, 

PL.AX'Isn,  V.  L  [from  plane.)  To  render  a  metallic 
surface  level  and  smooth,  by  pounding  it  gently  with 
1  smooth-faced  hammer;  as,  to  planisK  silver  tea- 
spoons or  tin  plate.  Ilcnry^^  Cftern. 

PI<AN'ISII-fiD,  (plan'islit,)  pp.  Made  smooth  by 
hammerine. 

PLAN'ISM-IN'G,  ppr.     Makingsmooth  by  hammering. 

PLAN'I-SPIJeRE,  n.     [h.  planus^  plain,  and  sphere.] 
A  sphore  prDJtTied  on  a  plane.     In  this  sense,  majta 
in  which  are  exhibited  the  meridians  and  other  cir- 
cles are  planv/rphrres.  HuiUm. 

PI*ANK,  n.  [Fr.  planeJu  ;  Arm.  plane/pienn,  pi.  pltneh ; 
W.  plane;  D.  plank;  G.  and  Dan  planke  ;  Sw. 
planka;  Russ.  placfui,^  board  or  plank.  Probably  n 
i«  cafiial,  and  the  word  belongs  to  Class  l,g.] 

A  brrmd  piece  of  sawed  timber,  differing  from  a 
board   only   in    b<-ing  thicker.      In   America,  brnad 

fiieces  of  sawed  timber,  which  are  ndt  more  than  an 
nch  or  an  inch  and  a  quarter  thick,  are  called  bnartLt ; 
like  piece*,  fr4tm  an  inch  and  a  half  to  three  or  four 
inches  thick,  ore  called  planks.  Sometimes  pieces 
more  than  four  inches  thick  are  called  planks. 

PLANK,  r.  fc,  To  cover  or  lay  with  planks;  as,  to 
plank  a  flfMjr  or  a  ship. 

PLANK'KI),  (piankt,);ip.    Covered  with  planks. 

PIMNK'ING,  ppr.     Laying  with  planks. 

PLAN'LE.'JH,  a.     Having  no  plan. 

PLAN'.Vf.D,  p/?.     Devised;  schemed. 

PLAN'NER,  JL.  One  who  plans  or  forms  a  plan ;  a 
projector. 


PLA 

PLAN'NJNG,  ppr.     Scheming;  devising;  making  a 

plan. 

PLA'NO-CON'CAVE,  a.  Flat  on  one  side  and  con- 
cave iin  the  other. 

PLA'NO-fON'IC-AL,  a,  [plainand  conical.]  Plane 
or  level  on  one  side  and  conical  on  the  oilier. 

Greuj. 

PLA'NO-eON'VEX,  a,  [plain  and  cmvez.']  Plane 
or  flat  on  one  side  and  convex  on  the  other ;  as,  a 
plano-eonm  lens.  Jifewton. 

PLA'NO-IIOIM-ZOX'TAL,  a.  Having  a  level  hori- 
zontal surface  or  position.  Lee. 

PLA-NOR'BIS,  n.     [U  planus  and  orhis.'] 

A  genus  <tf  fresh-water  snails,  having  shells  of  a 
discoidal  form.  Mantell. 

PLA'NO-SUB'lJ-L.\TE,a,  [See  Subulate.]  Smooth 
and  awl-shaped.  - 

PLANT,  n.  [Fr.  plants;  It.  ptanta;  L.  Sp.  Port,  and 
Sw.  planta  ;  Ir.  plaunda;  D.  plant;  G.pjlanze:  Dan. 
plante;  Arm.  plantenn  ;  W.  plant,  issue,  offspring, 
children,  from  plan,  a  ray,  a  shoot,  a  plantation  or 
planting,  a  plane  ;  planed,  a  shooting  body,  a  planet; 
pleiniait,  to  radiate  ;  pleni^,  radiant,  splendid;  plent, 
that  is  rayed  ;  ptcntyn,  a  child  ;  planta,  to  beget  or  to 
bear  children.  In  It.  Sp.  and  Port,  planta  signifies  a 
plajtt  and  a  plan.  Here  we  find  plan,  plane,  plant, 
planet,  all  from  one  stock,  and  the  Welsh  pleiniaw,  to 
ndiate,  shows  that  the  L.  splendeo,  splendor,  are  of 
the  same  family.  The  Celtic  clan  is  probably  the 
Welsh  plan,  plant,  with  a  different  prefix.  The  radi- 
cal sense  is  obvious,  to  shoot,  to  extend.] 

1.  A  vegetable  ;  an  organic  body,  de.stitute  of  sense 
and  spontaneous  motion,  adhering  to  another  body 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  dniw  from  it  its  nourishment, 
and  having  the  power  of  propagating  itself  by  seeds  ; 
"whose  seed  is  in  itself."  Oen.  i.  This  definition 
may  not  be  perfectly  correct,  as  it  respects  all  plants, 
fur  some  aquatic  planta  grow  witiiout  being  attached 
to  any  fixed  body. 

The  woody  or  dicotyledonous  plants  consist  of 
three  parts;  the  bark  or  exterior  coal  which  covers 
the  wood  :  the  wood,  which  is  hard,  and  constitutes 
the  principal  part ;  and  the  pith  or  center  of  the  stem. 
In  monocotyledonous  plants,  the  ligneous  or  fibrous 
parts,  and  the  pithy  or  iwirenchymalous,  are  equally 
distributed  through  the  whole  internal  substance  ; 
and  in  the  lower  plants,  fungi,  sea-weed,  &c.,  the 
substance  is  altogether  parenchymatous.  By  means 
of  proper  vessels,  the  nourishing  juices  are  distrib- 
uted to  everj*  part  of  the  plant.  In  lis  most  general 
sense,  plant  comprehends  all  vegetables,  trees,  shrubs, 
herbs,  grasses,  &.c.  In  popular  language,  the  word 
is  generally  applied  to  the  smaller  species  of  vege- 
tables. 

S.  A  sapling.  Dryden. 

3.  In  Scripture,  a  child  ;  a  descendant ;  the  inhab- 
itant of  a  country.     Ps.  cxliv.    Jer.  xlviii. 

4.  The  sole  of  the  foot.     [Little  used.] 

5.  The  fixtures  and  tools  necessary  to  carry  on  any 
trade  or  mechanical  business.     [Local.] 

Sra-plant ;  a  plant  that  grows  on  the  sea  or  in  sail 
water ;  sea-weed. 

Sensitive   plant;  a   plant  that  shrinks   on  being 
touchfrd  ;  a  s{>ecies  of  the  Mimosa. 
PLANT,  V.  (.     To  put  in  the  ground  and  cover,  as  seed 
for  growth  ;  as,  to  plant  maize. 

2.  To  set  in  the  ground  for  growth,  as  a  young  tree 
or  a  vegetable  with  roots. 

3.  To  engender;  to  set  the  germ  of  any  thing  thai 
may  increase. 

Ii  cng>;ivli?n  choler,  ptantiA  utgcr.  Shak. 

A.  To  set  firmly  ;  to  fix. 
Ilis  KnaiUnl  pianttd  oo  L&ureohim**  towen.  Dryden. 

5.  To  settle  ;  to  fix  the  first  inhabitants  ;  to  estab- 
lish ;  as,  to  plant  a  colony. 

6.  To  furnish  with  plants  ;  to  lay  out  and  prepare 
with  plants  ;  as,  Ui  plttnt  a  garden  or  an  urchurd. 

7.  To  set  and  direct  or  point ;  as,  to  planl  cannon 
against  a  fort. 

6.  To  introduce  and  establish ;  as,  to  plant  Chris- 
tianity among  the  heathen. 

I  iMVf  jilanud,  Apullus  wkiered,  but  God  ^ve  the  IncreaM.  — 
1  Cut.  iii. 

9.  To  unite  to  Christ,  and  fix  in  a  state  of  fellow- 
ship with  him      Ps.  \c\\. 
PLANT,  V.  I.    To  pcrform-the  net  of  planting.  Pope. 
PLANT'A-IJLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  planted. 

Edwards,  West  Indies, 
PLANT'AGE,  ii.     [L.  planta^o.) 

An  herb,  or  herbs  In  general.     [JVwi  in  use.} 

Shak. 
PLANT'AIN,  (plant'in,)  n.     [Fr. ;  from  L.  plantago; 
It.  piantaiTijtne.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Planlago,  of  many  species. 
The  common  plantain  is  fuund  near  the  abode  of 
civilized  m;in  in  all  parts  of  the  world.  The  water 
plantain  \»  of  the  genus  Alisma.  Loudon. 

PLANT'AIN,  >  rffn     y^J^fr,nf.^ 

PLANT' AIN-TREE,  i  "*     t^P- P^'"""-] 

A  tropical  tree  of  the  genus  Musa,  the  most  re- 
markable Ppi^cies  of  which  are,  the  paradi.fiaca  or 
plantain,  and   the  sapientuyn  or  banana-tree.      The 


PLA 

Elantaln  rises  with  a  soft  stem,  fifteen  or  twenty  feet 
igh,  and  the  fruit  is  a  substitute  for  bread. 

Encye.  A"^ 
PLANT'AL,  a.    Belonging  to  plants.    [JVot  u.'*ed.} 

Olanville, 
PLANT-A'TION,  n.      [L.  plantation  from    ptanto,  lo 
plantJ 

1.  The  act  of  planting  or  setting  in  the  earth  for 
growth. 

3.  The  place  planted  ;  applied  to  ground  planted 
with  trees,  for  the  purpose  of  producing  timber,  or 
for  ornament,  &c  Addison. 

3.  In  the  United  States  and  the  West  Indies,  a.  large 
estate,  cultivated  chiefly  by  negroes^  either  slaves  or 
free,  who  live  in  a  distinct  community  on  the  estate, 
under  the  control  of  the  proprietor  or  master. 

4.  An  original  settlement  in  a  new  country ;  a 
town  or  village  planted. 

Wliilc  IheM  pianla&ons  were  forming  In  Connec'iciit, 

ii.  TrumbuU. 

5.  A  colony.  Bacon. 

6.  A  first  planting;  introduction;  establiahmcnt ; 
OS,  the  plantation  of  Christianity  in  England. 

K.  Charles. 
PLANT'-eANE,fi.     In  (Ac  West  Indies,  a  term  applied 
to  the  original  plants  of  tho  sugar-cane,  pro^liiced 
from  germs  placed  in  the  ground  ;  or  canes  of  the 
first   growth,   in    distinction    from   the   ratoons,  or 
sprouts  from  the  roots  of  canes  which  have  been  cut. 
Edwards,  W.  Indies. 
PLANT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Set  in  the  earth  for  propagation; 
set;  fixed;  introduced;  established. 

2.  Furnished  with  seeds  or  plants  for  growth  ;  as, 
a  planted  field. 

3.  Furnished  with  the  first  inhabitants;  settled; 
as,  territon'  planted  with  colonists. 

4.  Filled  or  furnished  with  what  is  new. 

A  niau  in  all  Uie  world's  new  fashion  planted.     [See  Oef.  3.] 

Shak. 

PLANT'ER,  n.  One  thai  plants,  sets,  introduces,  or 
establishes  ;  as,  a  planter  of  maize  ;  a  planter  of 
vines  ;  the  planters  of  a  colony. 

2.  One  that  settles  in  a  new  or  uncultivated  terri- 
tory ;  as,  the  fit sX  planters  in  Virginia. 

3.  One  who  owns  a  plantation  ;  used  in  the  West 
Indies  and  Southern  States  of  America. 

4.  One  that  introduces  and  establishes. 
The  apo«t!es  were  tbe  lint  planlert  of  Chiislianily. 

S^tiMOn.    Additon, 

PLANT'ER-SniP,  n.    The  business  of  a  planter,  or 

the  management  of  a  plantation,  as  in   the   VVest 

Indies.  Encye. 

PL.\NT'I-€I-E,   (plant'e-kl,)   n.     A  young   plant,  or 

plant  in  embryo.  Darwin. 

PLANT'I-GRADE,  n.  [L.pian(a,lhe  sole  of  the  foot, 
and  ffradiur,  to  walk.] 

An  animal  that  walks  or  steps  on  the  sole  of  the 
foot,  as  the  bear.  Bdl. 

PLANT'I-GRAUE,  a.    Walking  on  the  sole  of  the 

foot, 
PLANT'ING,  ppr.    Setting  in  the  earth  for  propaga- 
tion ;  setting;  settling;  introducing;  establishing. 

3.  Consisting  of  or  pertaining  to  planters  ;  as,  a 
planting  community,  U.  Slates. 

PLANT'INC,  71.  Tlie  act  or  operation  nf  setting  in 
the  ground  for  propagation,  us  seeds,  trees,  shrubs, 
ate. 

a.  In  England,  the  art  of  forming  plantations  of 
trees.  Brande. 

PLANT'LET,  n.     A  little  plant,  Keith. 

PL.\NT'-LOUSE,  n.     An  insect  that  infests  plants; 

a  vine-fretler;  tlie  puceron. 
PLANT'ULE,  n.    Tho  embryo  of  a  plant 
PLASH,    «,     [D.   plas,   a   puddle  j    G.  pldtsehem,   to 
plash,  to  dabble  ;  Dan.  plasker,  to  plash  ;  Cr.  ttAu^oj, 
superabundant  moisture.     Clu.  rraXuna-u] 

1.  A  small  collection  of  standing  water  ;  a  puddle. 

Bacon.     Pope. 
9.  The  branch  of  a  tree  partly  cut  or  lopped  and 
bound  to  other  branches,  Mortimer. 

PLASH,  r.  i.     To  dabble  in  water  ;   usually  Sflash, 
PLASH,  V,  t.     [Fr.  plisser.    (See  Plait.)     But  periiaps 
originally  pleach,  from  L.  piico,  to  fuld.] 

To  interweave  branches  ;  as,  to  plash  a  hedge  or 
quicksets. 

[In  JVVw  England,  to  Splice.] 
PL.-VSH'/i:!),  (plasht,)  pp.    Interwoven,  as  branches. 
PLASll'iNG,  ppr.      Cutting   and    interweaving,    as 

brjinches  in  a  hedge. 
PLASH 'ING,  n.    The  act  or  operation  of  cutting  small 
trees   half  through   and   intc^rweaving  them,  as   in 
hedges.  Brande. 

Q.  The  dashing  or  sprinkling  of  coloring  nuitter 
on  the  walls  of  buildings,  as  an  imiuaion  of  granite, 
&c. 
PLASII'y,  a.    Watery  ;  abounding  with  puddles. 

San  dps. 
PLASM,  n.     [Gr.  rrAaff/ia,  from  irXafTot.i,  to  fcirm.J 
A  mold  or  matrix  in  which  any  thing  is  ciist  or 
formed  lo  a  particular  shape.    [Little  used.] 

Woodward. 
PLAS'MA,  n.     A  variety  of  quartz,  of  a  color  bo- 
tween  grass-green  and  leel^-green)  occurring  in  an- 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER.  VI"CIOU6 €  as  K;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1U5 


sr!3 


PLA 


PLA 


gulnr  pieces  in  beds,  luwwciated  witti  common  chal- 
c«(lonv.  aud  uintmg  the  ruins  of  Kunie. 

Dana.     Ure. 
l'..A»-MAT'rC,  \   a.     Givine  shaiw  ;  h:iving  ihe 

PLA»-MAT'ie-AL,  \      power  of  fiiviiig  form. 

Mare. 

PLXS'TER, «.  [G.  pJUilfr;  D,  pUsi-Hre;  Sw.  planter  ; 
Dan.  piaMer;  Vr.  pl^re;  Arm.  pla^^tr :  W.plaatyr, 
It.  pUsUr^  pUstraU  ,■  Sp.  empltisto  i  PorU  ui.,  or  *m- 
prasto;  It.  Uiaiaslro:  1*  «m;»ia^riMii ;  Gr.  fftvX<t<rpoy^ 
from  fHjrAaoffc',  to  daub  or  smear,  properly  to  lay  or 
spread  an  ;  trAuffjcu,  to  daub,  or  u>  fashion,  mold,  or 
shape.]  ,  , 

1.  A  composition  of  lime,  water,  nnd  san.I,  woll 
mixed  iLtoa  kind  of  paste  and  ustd  for  ctKiting  walls 
and  partitions  of  houses.  This  comiK»sition,  when 
dry,  b«comes  Iiiird,  but  still  rt-lains  the  name  of 
ptasifr.  Plaster  is  aumetiniea  made  of  dilffrent  ma- 
lariaJs,  as  chalk,  ^psutn,  iVc,  and  is  snmetimcs  used 
to  coTer  the  whole  surface  oC  a  huitdiug.  The 
term  pUiter  is  also  applied  to  the  malt^rial  composed 
of  plaster  of  Paris,  of  which  ornaments,  figures, 
moldin£s,  &c.,  are  made. 

2.  la  pkarmaey^  an  external  application  of  a  harder 
consistence  than  an  oiittmeut,  to  be  spread,  accord- 
ing to  didercnl  circumstances,  either  on  linen  or 
leather.  Enfyc 

PlasUr  nf  Paris;  a  composition  of  several  species 
of  gypsum,  dug  at  Mi>ntn>artre,  near  Paris,  in 
France,  used  in  building  aiid  in  ca.«ling  busti  and 
statues.  In  popular  Uutg-ua^tt^  this  name  is  ajiplied 
improperly  to  plaster-stone,  or  to  any  species  of 
g>psiim. 
PI*XS'TER,  V.  L  To  overlay  witlj  plaster,  as  the  par- 
Ijtions  of  a  huus(>,  walU,  tie. 

9.  To  cover  with  a  piaster,  ns  a  wound. 

3.  lu  popular  loAffuoffr,  to  smooUi  over ;  to  cover 
or  conceal  defects  or  irregularities. 

PLXS'TER-KD,  pp.  or  o.     Overlaid  with  i^aster. 
PLAS'TEU-ER,  n.    One  that  uverlays  with  plaster. 
2.  One  thai  makes  fipires  in  plas-ier.         H'l'tUtn, 
PLAS'TER-l.NG,  ppr.     Covering  Willi   or  laying  on 

pla-^l'T. 
PlAS'TEK-ING,  «.    The  act  or  operation  of  over- 

layine  with  plaster. 
2.  The  plaster-work  of  a  building;  a  covering  of 

plaster. 
PLAS'TER-STfVXE,  m.    Gypsum,  which  see.    This, 

when  pulverized,  is  extensively  used  as  a  manure. 
PLA:!!'Tie,    •.      [Gr.    xAnriKO^i    fttjm    xXaaaw,    to 

form.! 

1.  Hanng  the  power  to  f,\ve  form  or  fashion  to  a 
mass  of  matter  ;  as,  the  pliustic  hand  of  Ihe  Creator; 
the  ]^ajUc  virtue  of  nature.         Prior.      H'oodicard, 

SL  Capable  of  being  molded,  formed,  or  modeled  ; 
Bi,  aiastie  maleriaL 

PUstic  dof  I  one  of  the  bods  of  the  eocene 
period,  so  called  b<K:ausc  used  in  making  poiUT\'. 

LyeiL 
PLAS-TIC'I-TV,  a.    The  quality  of  giving  form  or 
ahape  to  matter.  Encye. 

S.  Capability  of  being  midded,  formed,  or  modeled. 
PLAS-TOCRA-PIIY,  m.    The  act  of  funning  figures 

in  plaster. 
PLAS'TROX,  n.     [See  Plastkb.J     A  piece  of  leather 
stutfed  ;  used  by  lencera  to  deleud  tlie  body  a^inst 
pushes.  Drydtm, 

PLAT,  tj.  t.    [from  plait^  or  ptat^  flat]    To  weave  ;  to 

form  by  texture.    .VaU.  xxvii.  Ray,     Spectator. 

PLAT,  (  n.    Work  done  by  platting  or  inter- 

PLAT'TIXG,  S       weaving. 

PLAT,  n.  [Dan.  and  D.  plat,  flat ;  Fr.  id. ;  G.  plaU : 
\V.  plad^piAf  :  Gr.  TAarpj,  broad,  h.  latas  :  or  from 
the  root  of  p/<w^,  G.  platz.  (?ee  Plot,  the  same  word 
diflerently  written.)  But  probably  these  are  all  of  one 
family.    The  sense  is,  laid,  tprtad.] 

A  small  piece  of  ground,  ii^ually  a  portion  of  flat, 
even  ground  ;  as,  a  fioweiyplot;  nplat  of  willows. 
MiUom.     ^Spectator, 
PLAT,  o.     Plain  ;  flat.     [AVt  u^ed.}  Chnucer. 

PLAT,  ada,    Phiinly ;  flatly  ;  downiright.    [.\'ot  msedJ] 

CkoMcer, 

2.  Smoothly  ;  evenly.    [-VW  use^l  Drowr. 
PLAT'ANE,  n.    [L.  platmus,}    The  plane-txee,  which 

Sfe.  Miitim. 

PLAT'BAXD,  a.  A  border  of  flowers  in  a  garden, 
along  a  wiUl  or  the  side  of  a  paru^rre ;  hence,  a 
border. 

2.  In  crdUteetars,  a  flat,  square  molding,  whose 
bight  much  axcaeds  its  projecture,  such  as  tlie  faces 
of  an  architrave. 

3.  7'he  lintel  of  a  door  or  window. 

4.  A  list  or  fillet  between  the  flutings  of  a  column. 

Cue, 
PLATE,  a,  [D.p/<uii,G.;>Iaff«,  plate  :  ^w.platt:  Dan. 
and  D.  plat,  G.  platty  flat ;  U.  p(a«a,  flat,  and  piastra  ; 
^p.  plata;  Ir.  id. ;  W.  plM,  a  plate  ;  probably  allied 
to  Gr.  Tr.\ariF{,  L.  latLs,  with  the  radical  seniie  of 
laid,  iPprmd,'] 

1.  A  piece  of  metal,  flat,  or  extended  in  breadth. 

Bacon,     SovXk, 

2.  Armor  of  plate,  composed  of  broad  pieces,  and 
thus  distinguished  from  M&iu  Speitser. 


3.  The  name  commonly  given  to  Rold  and  silver 
wrougbt  into  articles  of  household  furniture. 

vVcCu/ZocA. 

4.  A  small,  shallow  vessel,  made  of  silver  or  other 
metal,  or  of  earth  glazed  and  baked,  fh>m  which  pro- 
visions are  eaten  at  table. 

A  wooden  plate  is  called  a  Thencheh. 

5.  The  prize  given  for  the  best  horse  in  a  race. 

C  in  architecture^  the  piece  of  timber  which  sup- 
ports the  ends  of  the  niflers. 

7.  For  eopperidate^  a  printed  representatipn  or  im- 
pression from  an  engraved  plate. 

8.  A  page  of  stereotype  or  Axed  metallic  tyi>os  for 
printing. 

9.  [In  heraldry^  a  roundel  of  silver.  —  E.  21.  Bar- 
ker.] 

PLATE,  v.  t.  To  cover  or  overlay  with  plate  or  with 
metaJ;  used  particularly  of  silver  :  VkS.pltUed  vessels. 

2.  To  arm  with  plate  or  metal  for  dtfense  ;  as,  to 
plaU  sin  wiUi  gold.  Sltak, 

Whjr  plated  in  hubtlinteiiu  of  war  i  ShaJt. 

3.  To  adorn  with  plate  ;  as,  a  pl^ed  Jiarness. 

4.  To  beat  into  thin,  flat  pieces  or  laminte. 

Dryden.     J^'ewton, 
PLATE'-GLASS,  a.    A  fine  kind  of  glass,  cast  in 
thick  platus,  and  used  for  mirrors  and  the  best  win- 
dows. Francij, 
PLATEAU',  (pn-to',)  n.    [Fr.,  a  platter.] 

1.  A  plain;  a  flat  surface. 

2.  A  large  ornamental  dish  for  the  center  of  a 
table.  SmarL 

PLAT' ED,  pp.  or  a.    Covered  or  adorned  with  plate  ; 

armed  with  plate  ;  beaten  into  plates. 
PLAT'EN,  n,     [from  its  flatness.]     Among  printers^ 

the  flat  part  i>i  a  press  by  which  the  iuiprcssion  is 

made. 
PLATE'Y,  rt.     Like  a  plate;  flat,  Gregory. 

PLAT'FORM,  n.     [ ;./«/,  Hal,  and  form.']    The  sketch 

of  aiif  thing  horizontally  delineated;  the  ichnogra- 

pby.  Sandys, 

2.  \  place  laid  out  after  any  model.  Pope. 

3.  In  the  mHitary  arty  an  elevati(m  of  earth  or  a 
floor  of  wikod  or  stone,  on  which  cannons  are 
mounted  to  Are  on  an  enemy.  Eacyc. 

4.  In  arcHUetturey  an  assemblage  of  timbers  for 
carrying  the  flat  covering  of  a  house,' or  tlie  flat  cov- 
ering itM.-lf.  OwilL 

5.  A  kind  of  terrace,  or  broad,  smooth,  open  walk 
on  the  lop  of  a  building,  as  in  the  oriental  houses. 

OioUt, 

6.  In  shipgj  the  orlop.     [Sec  Orlop.] 

7.  Any  number  of  planks  or  other  materials  form- 
ing a  floor  for  any  purpose.  Mar.  Diet. 

6.  A  plan  ;  a  scheme  ;  groundwork.  Bacon. 

9.  In  gome  of  the  AVto  Enjfland  States,  an  ecclesi- 
astical constitution,  or  a  plan  for  the  government 
of  churches;  as,  the  Cambridge  or  Sa} brook  pUUr 
form. 

PLA 'Tie  AS'PECT.  n.  In  astrology,  a  ray  cast  from 
one  planet  to  another,  not  exactly,  but  tvithin  the 
orbll  uf  its  own  lighL  Bailey. 

PLAT'I-XA.     See  Platisum. 

PLAT'IXG,  ppr.  Overlaying  with  plate  or  with  a 
metal  -  beating  into  thin  laniinse. 

PLAT'lAG,  A.  The  art  or  operation  of  covering  any 
thing  with  plate,  or  with  a  metal,  particularly  of 
overlaying  a  baser  metal  with  a  thin  plate  of  silver. 
The  coating  of  silver  is  soldered  tn  the  metal  with 
tin,  or  a  mixture  of  three  parts  of  silver  witli  one  of 
brass. 

PLAT-I-XIF'ER-OUS,  a,  [pUtUnum  and  L.  fero,  to 
produce.] 

Producing  platinum ;  as,  platinifcrtnis  sand. 

Diet,  Mat.  nisU 

PL.\T'I-NUM,  n.  [Sp.  ptatina,  from  plata,  silver.] 
A  metal  discovered  in  1741,  in  the  mines  of  Choco, 
in  Peru,  by  Charles  W(K>d,  assay-master,  Jamaica, 
nearly  of  the  color  of  silver,  but  less  bright,  and  the 
lieaviest  of  the  metals.  Its  s|>ecitic  gravity  is  to  that 
of  water  as  20  to  1,  and  may  be  increased  by  heat 
and  pressure  till  it  becomes  as  21.5  to  I  It  is  harder 
than  iron,  undergoes  no  alleration  in  air,  resists  the 
artiun  of  acids  and  alkalies,  is  ver>-  ductile,  and  ca- 
pable of  being  rolled  into  thin  plates.  P.  Cyc. 

This  metal  has  since  been  found  in  Brazil,  also 
near  Carthagena,  in  Antioquiu,  in  SL  Domingo,  and 
on  the  Uralian  Mountains.  It  was  first  called  Plat- 
iHum.  by  Linnsus,  and  has  been  so  called  by  nearly 
ail  the  chemists  since  his  time. 

Spon^  platinum,  or  platinum  sponge  ;  metallic  plat- 
inum in  the  form  of  a  porous,  dull,  brown  mass.  It 
is  nmch  used  in  chemical  experiments. 

Platinum  black:  metallic  (>Iatiniini  in  the  form  of  a 
black  powder,  obtained  by  decomposing  a  weak  solu- 
tion of  chlorid  uf  platinum  by  the  agency  of  galvan- 
ism. B.  Silliman,  Jr. 

PLAT'I-TUDE,  n.  [Fr.]  Flatjjess;  dullness;  insi- 
pidity. 

PL.A-TON'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  Plato  the  philosopher, 
or  to  his  philosophy,  bis  school,  or  his  opinions. 

The  Platonic  bodies,  are  the  tive  regular  geometrical 
solids,  viz. :  the  tetrahedron,  hexaliedron  or  cube,  oc- 
tahedron, dodecahedron,  and  icosahedron. 


PLA 

Platonic  tone,  is  a  pure,  spiritual  aflection  Hul>siat- 
ing  between  the  sexeft,  unmixed  with  carnal  desires, 
and  regarding  the  mind  only  and  it-i  excellences; 
a  species  of  love  for  which  Plato  won  a  warm  advo- 
cate. 

Platonic  year;  the  great  year,  or  &  period  of  time 
determined  by  the  revolution  of  the  equinoxes,  t>r  the 
space  of  time  in  which  the  stars  and  constellations 
retnrn  to  their  former  places  in  respect  to  the  equi- 
noxes. This  revolution,  which  is  calculated  by  the 
precession  of  the  equinoxes,  is  accomplished  in  about 
20,000  years.  Barlow. 

PLA-TON'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  After  the  manner  of  the 
Platonists.  WutUm. 

PLA'T0-NI9M,«.  The  doctrinesof  Plato  and  his  fol- 
lowers. Plato  believed  God  to  be  an  infinitely  wise, 
just,  and  powerful  Spirit ;  nnd  that  he  formed  the 
visible  universe  out  of  preexislent  amorphous  mat- 
ter, acc^trding  to  perfect  [latterns  ot  ideas  eternally 
existent  in  his  own  mind.  Philosophy  he  considi-red 
as  being  a  knowledge  of  the  true  nature  uf  tbingij,  as 
discpvcrable  in  those  eternal  ideas  after  which  all 
things  were  fashioned.  In  other  words,  it  is  the 
knowledge  of  what  is  eternal,  exists  necessarily,  and 
is  unchangeable  ;  not  of  the  temporary,  the  depend- 
ent, and  changeable  ;  ^nd  of  course  it  is  not  ob- 
tained through  the  senses ;  neither  is  it  the  product 
of  Ihe  understanding,  which  concerns  itself  only 
with  the  variable  ana  the  transitory;  nur  is  ii  the 
result  of  experience  and  observation.  But  it  is  the 
product  of  our  re^ison,  which,  as  partaking  of  the  di- 
vine nature,  has  innate  ideas  resembling  the  eternal 
ideas  of  God.  By  contemplating  these  innate  ideas, 
reasoning  about  them,  and  cunipariiig  them  with  their 
copies  in  the  visible  universe,  reastm  can  attjiiu  that 
true  knowledge  of  tilings  which  is  called  phihsoplnj. 
Sucli  ap|)earstn  have  been  tlie  system  of  Plato  hiiu- 
self,  so  far  as  it  can  be  gathered  from  his  Dialogues, 
which  are  not  systematic  treatises,  but  free  conver- 
sations. His  professed  followers,  the  Academics  and 
the  New  Platonists,  diflVrcd  considerably  from  him, 
yet  are  callt:d  Platonists.  .Murdock. 

PLA'TO-NIST,       I  n.    One  that  professes  tu  be  a  fol- 

PLA'TO-MZ-ER,  i  lower  of  Plato,  and  to  pliiloso- 
pllize  as  he  did.  Hammond. 

PLA'TO  XIZE,  i:,  i.  To  adopt  the  opinions  of  the 
Platonic  schiHil.  Miluer. 

PLA'TO-A'IZE,  V.  L  To  explain  on  the  principles  of 
the  Platonic  school,  or  to  uccommudate  to  Uiosb  prin- 
ciples. Eiijield. 

PLA'TO-NlZ-£D,  pp.  Conformed  to  the  views  of 
Platonists.  En  Held. 

PLA'TO-XIZ-IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Adopting  the  views  of 
the  Platonists.  Eitjietd. 

PLA-TOON',  ji.     [Fr.  peloton,  a  ball  of  thread,  a  knot 

of  men,  from  pelote,  n  ball ;  Sp.  pcluton.    See  Ball.] 

Formerly,  a  small   body  of  soliliera  or  musketeers, 

drawn  out  uf  a  battalion  of  ft^Hit  when  they  form  a 

hollow  square,  to  strengthen  the  angles. 

In  present  usage,  two  files  forming  a  subdivision 
of  a  company. 

PLAT'TER,  «.  [from  plate.]  A  large,  shallow  dish 
for  holding  the  provisions  of  a  U-ible.  Drydtn. 

2.  One  that  plats  or  forms  by  weaving.  [See 
Plat.] 

PLAT'TER-FAC-£D,  (-faste,)  a.  Having  a  broad 
face. 

PLAT'TIXG,  Pin-.    Weaving  ;  formed  by  texture. 

PLAT'TIXG,  «.  Slips  of  bast,  cane,  straw,  tc, 
woven  or  plaited  for  making  into  liuts,  &.c. 

McCtiUoch. 

PLAT'Y-PUS,  Ti.  [Gr.  irXarv^,  broad,  and  ttous, 
fool.] 

A  name  given  to  two  quadrupeds  of  New  Hol- 
land, now  called  Ornithorkynchus  pariuloiui  aud  0. 
fuscus.  They  are  monutreniatuus  edentate  mam- 
mals, the  body  covered  with  hair,  a  bill  tike  a  duck, 
teeth  planted  in  a  kind  of  gums,  webbed  feet  with  a 
venomous  spur  on  the  hinder  leg,  coniK^cted  with  a 
reservoir  of^  poison  in  the  soles  of  the  feet,  which 
is  supplied  by  glands  situated  by  the  side  of  the 
spine,  just  above  the  pelvis. 

PLAUD'IT,  n.  [L.  plaudo,  to  praise,  said  to  be  taken 
from  plaudiXe,  a  demand  of  applause  by  players, 
when  they  left  the  stage.] 

Applause;  praise  bestowed.  Dnikam.. 

PLAfJD'IT-O-RY,  a.     Applauding;  commending. 

PLACS-I-BIL'I-TY,  JI.     [See  Plausible.] 

"speciousnoss  j  superficial  appearance  of  rijiht 

Sicijt. 

PLAUS'I-BLE,  a.  [L.  plausibilis,  from  plaitdo,  to  clap 
hands  in  token  of  approbation  ;  W.  btoci,  an  outcry  ; 
blueziaw,  to  shout;  blozest,  applause,  acclamation; 
Ir.  bladh,  blaodft:  from  the  root  of  Gr.  kXho},  L.  laus, 
laudo,  Eng.  loud.] 

1.  That  may  be  applauded;  that  may  gain  favor 
or  approbation  ;  hence,  superficially  pleasing  ;  ap- 
parently right ;  specious  ;  popular  ;  as,  a  plausible 
argument ;  a  plausible  pretext ;    a  plausible  doctrine. 

2.  Using  specious  arguments  or  discourse ;  as,  a 

Plausible  man. 
AL'S'I-BLE-NESS,    n.      Specionsness ;    show    i.f 
right  or  propriety  ;  as,  the  plausibleness  of  Arminian- 
ism.  Sanderson, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH/^T.  — MeTE,  PRfiY I'LXE,  ALVRIXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


PLA 

PLAUS'I-BLY,  orfr.  With  fnir  show  ;  speciously  ;  in 
a  iiianner  ad.ifited  to  gain  favor  or  ftpprubation. 

Thcjf  eoulU  talk  pLatttibly  about  what  Ihey  did  not  uniierrtiuid. 

CoUitr. 

PLAU'SIVE,  a.    Applauding;  manifesting  praise. 
•2.   Plausible,  Shak. 

PLAY,  r.  i.  [Sax.  ph<rnn^  ptt^ian^  to  play,  to  joke,  to 
perform  on  an  instrument  of  music,  to  move  or  vi- 
brate, to  clap  or  applaud,  to  deride  or  make  sport  of; 
pteg;ran,  in  ply  or  bend  to,  or  to  lean  or  lie  on  ;  ffc- 
pla^an,,  to  play,  and  to  dunce  or  leap.  The  S\v.  /eXa, 
Dan.  legrr^  to  pfay,  are  the  same  word  without  a  pre- 
fix, and  in  the  northern  counties  of  England,  leka  is 
used  as  it  is  in  Sweden.  This  word  seems  to  be 
formed  on  the  same  root  as  i<i_ir.] 

1.  To  nse  any  exercise  for  pleasure  or  recreation  ; 
to  do  something  not  as  a  task  or  fur  profit,  but  for 
amusement ;  as,  to  play  at  cricket. 


2.  To  sport ;  to  frolic  ;  to  frisk. 

Th^  hir-b  ihT  rioi  doom*  to  Ni^ed  to-day, 

H^d  lie  thy  renion,  would  be  ikip  and  j^y  7  Pope. 

3.  To  toy  ;  to  act  with  levity.  Milton. 

4.  To  trifle  ;  to  act  wantonly  and  thoughtlessly. 
M«n  nx"-  apt  lo  play  with  tbnir  healths  aad  their  lives  ns  th^y  do 

with  their  cfuUm.  Temple. 

5.  To  do  something  fanciful ;  to  give  a  fanciful 
torn  to  ;  as,  to  play  upon  words.  Shak. 

6.  To  make  sport,  or  practice  sarcastic  mcrrfment. 

1  wi  ill!  tnnke  itse  of  it  rather  to  jday  upon  thow  1  despise,  thftfi 
[rifle  wrth  those  I  lore.  Pope, 

7.  To,  mock  ;  to  practice  illusion. 

Art  thoa  ulire. 
Or  is  il  fancy  ptaye  upon  our  eyesi|fhl  ?  Shak. 

8.  To  contend  in  a  frame ;  as,  to  pUty  at  cards  or 
dice  ;  to  play  for  diversion  ;  to  play  for  money. 

9.  To  practice  a  trick  or  deception. 

His  mother  played  ix\v;  with  a  aniitb.  Shak, 

10.  To  perform  on  an  instrument  of  music  ;  as,  to 
play  on  a  Hute,  a  violin,  or  a  harpsichord. 

Play,  my  (ri<>nd,  and  chum  ihe  channir,  GrfmviUe. 

11.  To  move,  or  to  move  vith  alternate  dilatation 
and  C4>niractiun. 

Tbe  benrt  Iwau,  the  Mood  dieulatn,  the  \ang%  pbu/.     Cheyne, 

12.  To  operate  ;  to  acL  The  engines  play  against 
a  fire.  DrydrnJ 

13.  To  move  irregularly  ;  to  wanton. 

Cveo  u  the  wavinj  trAgrtp!ay  with  wind.  Shak. 

Tbe  srtitiij  sun 
Play*  an  ui'^t  ihinin;  arms  and  burnished  tvlmets.    Addiaon, 
All  UiiK"  is  f>r-ij5n  but  of  iroe  d-s"!!, 
Play»  round  the  IkraU,  but  coincs  not  to  the  heart.  Pope. 

1 1.  To  act  a  part  on  the  stage ;  to  personate  a  char- 
iscter. 

A  lord  will  bnr  you  ptmy  to-ni^t.  Sfiok. 

\ft.  To  represent  a  standing  character. 

i..oints  arc  ihra>n  wh-ire  some  men  play.  Donne. 

IG.  To  act  in  any  particular  character  ;  as,  to  play 
the  fool  i  to  play  the  woman  j  to  play  the  man. 

Shak, 

17.  To  move  in  any  manner ;  to  move  one  way 
and  anolht-r,  as  any  part  of  a  machine. 

18.  To  gamble. 

PL^Y,  r.  f.    To  put  )n  action  or  motion  ;  as,  \o  play 
cannon  or  a  fire-engine, 

2.  Til  use  an  inslnimt-nt  of  music  ;  as,  to  ploy  the 
flute  or  the  orcan.     [FJUpticMl.]  Gay. 

3.  To  act  a  ii{>ortive  part  or  character. 

N.tture  here 
WnnUnvHt  xs  in  her  prime,  and  played  at  will 
llrr  vif^ii  fuDci-.-s.  Milton, 

4.  To  art  or  perform  hy  representing  a  character  ; 
a*,  to  play  a  comeily  ;  V>  play  the  part  of  Kinij  Lear. 

5.  Tn  act ;  to  perform  ;  as,  to  play  wit  p;irts  well 
on  the  fiace  of  life. 

fi.  To  perform  in  contest  for  amuwmcnt  or  for  a 
prize  I  a.-*,  taplay  a  game  at  whist. 

Tt)  play  fljf .  to  display  ;  to  show  ;  to  put  in  exer- 
cise ;  as,  to  play  ^jf  tricks. 

To  play  on  or  upon  ;  to  deceive  )  to  mock  or  to  trifle 
with. 

2.  To  give  a  fanciful  turn  to. 
PLAY,  n.    Any  exercise  or  scrie«  of  actions  intended 
for  plira^ure,  amuseint^nt,  or  diversion,  as  at  cricket 
or  <pioit  or  at  blind  man*s  buff. 

2.  Amusement ;  sport ;  frolic ;  gambols.      Sprjiser. 

Two  grntle  Tawns  at  play.  Milton. 

3.  Game;  gaming;  practice  of  crntending  for  vic- 
tory, for  amusement,  or  for  a  prize,  aa  at  dice,  cards, 
or  hiliardif. 

4.  Practice  in  any  contest ;  as,  sword-p/aj^. 

He  was  r^snlved  not  to  speak  diitiiictly,  knowia;  bis  hr^piay  to 

be  ht  the  dart.  TVloUon. 

John  BaUirally  lo*ed  roaf  h  p^ay.  AriruAnol. 

5.  Action  ;  use  ;  employment ;  ofRce. 

Btit  Juatiflea  tho  n'-at  who  comes  In  pUty,  Dryden. 

6.  Practice  ;  action  ;  manner  of  acting  In  contest 
or  negotiatton ;  as,  fair  play  :  foul  play. 


PLE 

7.  A  dramatic  composition  ;  a  comedy  or  tragedy  ; 
a  composition  in  which  diameters  are  represented 
by  dialogue  and  action. 

A  play  ought  lo  be  a  Just  imngf  of  hiimim  nature,      Dryden. 

8.  Representation  or  exhibition  of  a  comedy  or 
tragedy  ;  as,  to  be  at  ttie  play.  He  attends  every 
play, 

9.  Ferfonnance  on  an  instniment  of  music. 

10.  Motion  ;  movement,  regular  or  irregular  j  as, 
the  play  of  a  wheel  or  piston. 

11.  State  of  agitation  or  discussion. 

r.tany  ha»e  been  saved,  and  many  nijiy, 

Who  never  hc&nl  this  quesliou  bruuglit  in  play.  DrytUn. 

12.  Room  for  motion. 

The  Joints  are  let  exLictly  into  one  another,  that  they  have  no 
plat/  between  lliem.  A/aroti. 

13.  Liberty  of  acting  ;  room  for  enlargement  or  dis- 
play ;  scope  ;  as,  to  give  full  play  to  mirth.  Let  the 
genius  have  free  play. 

Play  of  colors;  an  appenmnce  of  several  prismatic 
colors  in  rapid  succession  on  turning  an  object,  as  a 
diamond.  Dana, 

PLAY'BILL,  n.  A  printed  advertisement  of  a  play, 
with  the  parts  assigned  to  the  actors. 

PLAY'-HQOK,  n.     A  book  of  dramatic  compositions. 

PLAY'-DaY,  n.  A  day  given  to  play  or  diversion  ;  a 
dav  exempt  from  work.  Swifl. 

PLAY'-DEBT,Cp!i'dei,)n,  A  debt  contracted  by  gam- 
ing. Arhutknot, 

PLAY'ED,  pp.     Acted  ;  performed  ;  put  in  motion. 

PLAY'ER,  M.     One  who  plays  in  any  game  or  sport. 

2.  An  idler.  Shak. 

3.  An  actor  of  dramatic  scenes  ;  one  whose  occupa- 
tion is  to  imitate  characters  on  the  stage.       Bacon, 

4.  A  mimic  Thryden, 

5.  One  who  performs  on  an  instrument  of  music. 

6.  A  gamester. 

7.  One  that  acts  a  part  in  a  certain  manner. 

Carrw. 

PLAY'FEL-LCW,  n,  A  companion  in  amusements 
or  sports.  Sidney. 

PLAY'FeRE,  n.  [jplay  and  fere.  See  Fere.]  A 
playfellow. 

PLAY'FJJL,  a.  Sportive;  given  to  levity  ;  as,  a  play- 
ful child.  Spectator. 

2.  Indulging  a  sportive  fancy ;  as,  a  playful 
genius. 

PLAY'FJJL-LY,  adv.    In  a  sportive  manner. 

PLAY'rijUNEaS,  n.     Sportiveness. 

PLAY'-GAME,  «.     Play  of  children.  Locke. 

PLAY'-GO-EK,  n.     One  who  frequents  plays. 

PLAY'-Go-ING,  a.  Frequenting  the  exhibitions  of  the 
stage. 

PLAY'-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  appropriated  to  the  exhi- 
bition of  dramatic  compositions  ;  a  theater. 

Pope.     Dryden, 

PLAY'ING,  ppr.     Acting;  performing;  sporting. 

PLAY'ING,  n.  The  act  of  playing;  particularly  of 
performing  on  an  instnmient  of  music. 

PLAY'iMATE,n.  A  phiyfellow  ;  a  companion  in  di- 
versions. More. 

PLAY'-PLEAS-URE,  (pla'plezh-ur,)  n.  Idle  amuse- 
ment,    f  Awt  iwcW.]  Bacon. 

PLAY'SOME,  (pla'sum,)  o.     Playful ;  wanton. 

Shelton. 

PLAY'POME-NE.SS,  n.     PlayOiIness  ;  wantonness. 

PLAY'THING,  «.  A  toy  ;  any  thing  that  serves  to 
amuse. 

A  child  knows  his  nurse,  and  by  dejrre*  the  plnythinge  of  a  Hide 
more  advanced  ngt.  Locke. 

PLAY'WRTGIIT,  f-rlte.)n.    A  maker  of  plays.     Pope. 

PLf:A,  (pU'e,)  n,  [Nonn.  plait^  plrt^  plaid,  pie  ;  pi.  p/ii, 
pleyti ;  Fr.  plaidrr,  to  plead;  plaidoyer,  a  plea;  IL 
pidfo,  a  plea;  piatire.ln  pleaii ;  Sp.  plnjtOy  dispute; 
plnjtear,  to  plead  ;  plryteador,  a  plea<ier ;  Port,  pleito, 
pteitrar ;  V.  pleit^  pleitrn.  The  Hpanivh  word  plnjto 
signifies  a  dispute,  contest,  debate,  lawsuit,  and  a 
Covenant,  conlmcl,  or  bargain,  and  pleyta  is  a  plaited 
Btmnd  of  brass.  The  Portuguese  verb  p/ci/Mr  signi- 
fies to  plead,  to  go  to  law,  to  strive  or  vie.  The  ele- 
ments <if  this  word  arc  probably  Ld  or  Pit.  In  the 
sense  of  pleading,  the  word  accords  with  the  Gr. 
Xirrji  and  in  that  tif  striving,  with  the  L.  lis,  litis.] 

1.  In  law.  that  which  is  allrged  by  a  party  in  sup- 
port of  his  (Icmand  ;  but  in  a  more  limited  and  techni- 
cal senge,  the  answer  rf  the  defendant  to  the  plain- 
tiff's derlantion  and  demand.  That  which  the 
plaintiff  nllepes  in  his  declaration  is  answered  and 
rei«:I!ed  or  justified  by  the  defendant's  pica.  Pleas 
are  dtlatorti,  OT  pleas  to  the  action.  Dilotirry  picas  TLie 
to  the  jiiri-'fliction  of  the  cuuri,  to  the  disability  of 
the  plaintiff,  or  in  abntement.  Pleas  to  the  action  are 
an  answer  tn  the  merits  of  the  complaint,  which 
confe.-<sos  or  denies  it.  PIea«  that  deny  the  plaintifTs 
compbiint  or  demand,  are  tho  genemi  iswue,  which 
denies  the  whole  declaration  ;  or  special  pleas  in  bar, 
which  state  something  which  precludes  the  plaintitTs 
right  of  recovery.  Blackstone^ 

2,  A  cause  in  court;  a  lawsuit,  or  a  criminal 
process ;  as,  the  plecu  of  tho  crown ;  the  court  of 
common  plea.<i. 

The  iuprfHi'-  judicial  court  ibnll  Live  cogniwnoe  of  pteae  real, 
pmonnl,  and  mixed.  Laiee  of  Mate. 


PLE 

3.  I'hat  which  is  alleged  in  defense  or  justifica- 
tion ;  an  excuse  ;  an  apology  ;  as,  the  tyrant's  ;i/«a. 

When  such  occ.isions  are, 
No  plea  must  serve ;  'Us  cruilty  to  ^yi.\n.  Denham. 

4.  Urgent  praver  or  entreaty. 

PLEACH,  V.  L  [Fr.  plisser^  or  from  the  root  of  L. 
plieOf  Gr.  ir\cKa}?\ 

To  bend  ;  to  interweave  branches  of  trees.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Shak, 

PLEAD,  V.  i.  [See  Plea.]  In  a  p-rnrral  sense,  to 
argue  in  support  of  a  claim,  or  in  defense  against  the 
claim  of  another. 

3.  In  law,  to  present  an  answer  to  the  declaration 
of  a  plainttlf ;  to  deny  the  plaintiff's  declaration  and 
demand,  or  to  allege  facts  which  show  that  he 
ought  not  to  recover  in  the  suit.  The  plaintiff  de- 
clares or  alleges  ;  tlie  defendant  pleads  to  his  di^claror 
tion.  The  king  or  the  state  prosecutes  an  offender, 
and  the  offender  pleads  not  guilty,  or  confesses  the 
charge.  .  Blackstone. 

3.  To  urge  reasons  for  or_^against ;  to  attempt  lo 
persuade  one  by  argument  or  supplication  ;  as,  to 
plead  for  the  life  of  a  criminal ;  to  plead  in  iiis  favor  ; 
to  plead  with  a  judge  or  with  a  father. 

O  that  one  mi^lit  plend  for  a  man  with  God,  as  a  man  pleoilelh 
for  his  neighlKir  1  —  Job  xvi, 

4.  To  supplicate  with  earnestness. 

5.  To  urge  ;  to  press  by  operating  on  Uie  pas- 
sions. 

Since  you  can  lovr,  and  yet  your  error  see, 

Tlie  same  niuttlcM  power  may  plead  for  ino.  fhyden. 

PLEAD,  V.  t.  To  discuss,  defend,  and  attempt  to 
maintain  by  arguments  or  reasons  offered  to  the 
tribunal  or  person  wifo  has  tlie  power  of  determin- 
ing ;  as,  to  plead  a  cause  before  a  court  or  jury.  In 
ttiis  sense,  Argue  is  more  generally  used  by  law- 
yers. 

2.  To  allege  or  adduce  in  proof,  support,  or  vindi- 
catit»n.  Tho  law  of  nations  may  be  pleaded  in  favor 
of  the  rights  of  embassadors. 

3.  To  olfer  in  excuse. 

I  will  ntilii^r  plead  my  age  nor  aickneM  in  excuse  of  fniilts. 

Dryden. 

4.  To  allege  and  offer  in  a  legal  plea  or  defense, 
or  for  repelling  a  demand  in  law;  as,top/r«f/ usury  ; 
to  plead  a  statute  of  liuiiUitions.  Ch.  Kent. 

5.  In  Scripture,  to  plead  the  cause  of  the  riglilcous, 
as  Gt)d  is  to  avenge  or  vindicate  tlicm  against 
enemies,  or  to  redress  their  grievances.  /s.  li. 

PLkAD'A-ULE,  a.  TlKit  may  be  pleaded  ;  that  may 
be  alleged  in  proof,  defense,  or  vindication;  as,  a 
ri^ht  or  privilege,  pleadable  at  law.  Dryden. 

PLicAD'ED,  pp.  Offered  or  urged  in  defense  ;  alleged 
in  proof  or  support. 

PLEAD'ER,  n.     [Fr.  plaideiir.] 

1.  One  who  argues  in  a  court  of  justice.      Swift, 

2.  One  that  forms  pleas  or  pleadings  ;  as,  a  special 
pleader. 

3.  One  that  offers  reasons  for  or  against ;  one  that 
atti;mpts  to  maintain  by  arguments. 

So  f^ir  n  pleader  any  cause  may  gnin.  Dryden, 

PLEAD'ING,  ppr.  Offering  in  defense  ;  supporting 
bv  arguments  or  reasons;  wippllcating. 

PLkAIVI.N'G,  Tt.  The  act  of  supporting  byarguments, 
or  of  reasoning  to  persuade. 

PLEAD'ING-LY,  adv.     Hy  supplication. 

PLEAD'INGS,  n.  pi.  In /«?«,  the  mutual  altercations 
between  tho  plaintiff  and  defendant,  or  written 
Btatements<<if  tile  parties  in  support  of  their  claims, 
comprehending  the  declaration,  count,  or  narration 
of  tJie  plaintiff,  the  plea  of  the  defendant  in  reply, 
the  replicatinn  of  tiie  plaintiff  to  the  defendant's 
pli-a,  the  defendant's  rejoindt-r,  the  plaintiff's  surre- 
joinder, the  delVndunt'd  rebutter,  the  plaintiff's  sur- 
reliiitier,  &-C.,  till  the  question  is  brought  to  Issue, 
that  is,  to  re.-*t  on  a  single  [Ktint.  Blackstone. 

PLEAS'ANCE,  (plez'auce,)  n.      [Fr.  plaisance.     See 
Please.] 
Gayety  ;  pleasantry;  merriment.    [Ohs.] 

Spenser.     Shak. 

PLEAS'ANT,  (ploz'ant,)  a.  [Fr,  plaisant.  See 
Please.] 

1.  Pleasing  ;  agreeable  ;  grateful  to  the  mind  or  to 
the  senses  ;  as,  a  pleasant  ride  ;  n  pleasant  voyage  ;  a 
pleasant  view.  Light  is  pleasant  to  the  eye  ;  an  or- 
ange is  pleasant  to  the  taste  ;  harmony  is  pleasant  to 
the  ear  ;  a  rose  is  pleasant  to  the  smell. 

How  good  and  how  plenannt  it  b  for  brethren  to  dwell  toother 
in  unity  1  —  i's.  cxxxtii. 

9.  Cheerful;  enlivening;  as,  pleasant  society  or 
comptiny. 

3.  Gay;  lively;  humorous;  sportive j  as,  a  pleas- 
ant fellow.  .Addison. 

4.  Trifling  ;  adapted  rather  to  mirth  Uian  use. 

Locke, 
ti.  Giving  pleasure  ;  gratifying. 
[This  word  expresses  less  than  Deliohtjul,  lo  the 
mmd,  and  Delicious,  to  the  taste.] 
PLEA9'ANT-LY,  (plez'ant-ly,)  ado.    In  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  please  or  gratify, 
9.  Cayly  ;  merrily  ;  in  good  humor.      Clarendon, 
3.  Lightly  ;  ludicrously.  Broome. 


TO.XE,  BJJLL,  VNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— G  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  8  aj  Z ;  ClI  as  SII;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


PLE 


PLE 


PLBA«'ANT-NESS,  (plei'aiit-neBS,)  n.  Stale  of  be- 
ing plensanl  or  agreeable;  as,  tbe  pleasantnMs  of  a 
Biiuatron.  Sidnetf. 

2.  Cheerfiilnesa ;  gayety  j  merriment ;  as,  Uie  ple<ts- 
antness  of  yonlh. 

PLEA8'A.\T-KY,  (plez'ant-ry,)  n,    [Tt.  plaisanUru.] 
1.  Gayety ;  iiieniinenl. 

The  h»rahti'«  of  rcMccin^  ii  not  »  lilile  wfVned  and  iimoolhed 
by  ihe  iofgaioiit  U  mirth  mhI  pUiuontry.  AMtaon, 

S*.  Sprightly  saying;  lively  talk;  emision  of  hu- 
mor. 

ThB   rT»»e  »U>«nd  In  pitaaantriea,  the  da!!  In  rn^iw*  »nd 

PLEAS'ANT-TONGU-£D,  (pics'ant-tungd,)  a.  Hav- 
ing i>leasin(r  speech. 
PLCasE.  (plrezeO  p.  t.  [Fr.  p/«*re,  jtlatsant^  from  U 
plaeere,  placfo  :  Arm.  ptig-*^,  pti^omt ;  lU  piacere  ;  Sp. 
w«eer  .■  Corn.  j»//xifl ;  formed,  perliaps,  on  the  root  of 
hiu.     Class  Lp.] 

1.  To  excite  aereeable  sensations  or  emotions  in; 

to  gratify ;  aa,  topUate  the  lasle  ;  to  pUast  the  mind. 

Tbrir  vonb  ptm»ti  Baaor,  and  Sbectmn,  Hamor't  >on.  — 

Ou.  xil». 
LeKV7  ludi  10  triAe  whh  more  ^nce  than  taw. 
Whom  fuUrp^MMM,  and  wkMefaUicajil«aM.  iVip*. 

3.  To  aatisty  ;  to  content. 

WhMMXt  I  briv^alinn  pJasM 

Thy  wiih  exMUjr  to  thy  bewt's  doire.  Afillon. 

3.  To  prefer;  to  have  sslisAcUon  in  ;  to  like  ;  to 
choose.  ^ 

Mu)T  cT  our  mcMl  ikiUAtl  pakuen  mtn  pttasai  1o  rrcommrod 
UiM  autbar  to  tor.  thyden. 

To  h€  plesaed  in  or  tcitA ;  to  approve  ;  to  have  com- 
placeacy  in.    MatL  iii. 

T^pUast  Owl,  Is  to  love  his  character  and  law, 
and  perform  his  will,  00  as  to  become  the  object  of 
bis  apprubaiion. 

T)k.-y  that  AR  in  ih^  flesh  can  Dot  ptaam  Od^  —  Boot.  viU. 

FLCASE,  v..  i.    To  like ;  to  cbooM  j  to  prefer. 
Sfririta,  freed  ftwa  Monal  k«*,  with  tmm 
Ammrk  wbftl  Kxca  and  what  ahajn  tt^y  pUmm,  Popt. 

S.  To  conde«:end ;  to  comply ;  to  be  pleased ;  a 
word  v^  eeremojty. 

Pimm  you,  tonia. 
In  rf^  of  baib  ear  Wtllra  we  may  men.  AoJ 

The  SM  wonli  (bat  I  loanit  vnv  u  rspnn  my  dubv  that  be 
vwiM  yfMM  to  fin  ow  my  B»ity.  A^^ 

Pltmst  expresses  less  gratification  than  rfsIi^At. 
rL£AS'£D,  (pkwsd.)  pp.  oi  m.     Gratified;  affected 

with  aere«:able  sensations  or  emotions. 
PL£AS'£D-LV,  ode.    In  a  way  to  be  pleased. 

FtWkawL 

PLCAS'ED-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  pleased. 

J.  Edwards. 

PL£ASG'MAX,  11.  An  offlctoos  person  who  courts 
fhvtir  servilely  ;  a  picklhank.  Skak. 

PL^AS'HR,  n.  One  that  pleases  or  gratifies;  one 
that  courts  fnvnr  hy  humoring  or  flattering  compli- 
ances, or  a  Ehow  uf  obedience  ;  as,  men-pleasers, 
Rpk.  vi.     CcL  iii. 

FLCAS'tNG,  ppr.  Gratifying;  exciting  agreeable 
sens.ition<a  or  emotions  in. 

PLeAS'IXG,  a.      Giving    pleasure    or    satisfnctinn ; 
agree:itile  tu  the  senses  or  to  the  mind  ;  as,  a  pleasing 
prospect ;  a  pUa.nnff'  retlcciion  ;  pleasing  manners. 
Q.  Gaining  approbaliun.    I  John  iii. 

PLf.AS'IXG,  n.     The  act  of  gratifying. 

PLeAS'IXG-LY,  Oi/p.  In  such  a  manner  as  to  give 
pleasure.  Drylen. 

PL£AS'I\G-NESS,  «.  The  quality  of  giving. pleas- 
ure. 

PLEAS' UR-A-BLE,  (plezh'ur-a-bl,)  a.     [from  plcas- 

Fleftsing;  giving  pleasure  ;  alTording  gratification. 

nantktf  of  orchafd*  ii  very  profitable,  aa  well  aa  pttatvroAlt. 


PLEAS'VH-A-BLE-NESS,  ■.  The  quality  of  giving 
pleasure.  Fdtkam. 

PLEAS  I'R- ABLY,  orfp.  With  pleasure  ;  with  gratl- 
ficition  of  the  seniles  or  the  mind.  Harris. 

PLEAS  i; RE,  (plezh'ur,)  n.  [Fr.  plaisir;  Arm.  pli- 
rttuinr:  lu  piactrt;  Sp.  placer  i  Port,  prazer.  Hee 
Please.] 

1.  The  gratification  of  the  senses  or  of  the  mind  ; 
■freeable  sensaliona  or  emotions ;  the  excitrment, 
relish,  or  bapfuness  produced  by  enjoyment  or  the 
expectation  of  eood  ;  opposed  to  Pai:*.  We  receive 
pUojure  from  the  indulgence  of  appetite  ;  from  the 
view  <tf  a  beautiful  landscape;  from  the  harmony 
of  swinds  ;  from  agreeable  society  ;  from  the  expec- 
tation of  seeing  an  absent  friend  ;  frum  the  prospect 
of  ^in  or  success  ofany  bind.  Plfosure^  bodily  and 
mental,  camiil  and  spiriliial,  constitnti-s  the  whole 
of  positive  happiness,  as  pain  constitutes  the  whole 
of  miser>-. 

Pleasure  is  properly  positive  excitement  of  the  pas- 
sions or  the  mind  ;  but  we  give  the  namf  also  to  the 
absence  of  excitement,  when  that  excitement  is 
painful ;  as  when  we  cease  lo  labor,  or  repose  after 
fatigue,  or  when  the  mind  is  iranquilized  after  anx- 
iety or  agitation. 
PUmaure  is  susceptible  of  increase  to  any  degree ; 


but  the  word,  when  unqmilified,  expnisses  less  ex- 
citement or  happiness  iliiin  delight  or  joy. 
S.  Sensual  or  sexual  gmtificatiun. 

3.  Approbation. 

The  LonI  luketb  pluuurt  In  hi>  people.  —  P».  cxlvfl.  and  cxlix. 

4.  What  the  will  dictates  or  prefers  ;  will ;  choice  ; 
purpose ;  intention ;  command  ;  as,  use  your  pleas- 
ure. Shaft. 

Cyma,  he  b  my  abrpheni,  and  thall  peribnn  all  tny  pleamn.  — ^ 

Is.  xliv. 
My  coiiuai:!  •faall  Kaod,  and  1  will  do  all  my  pUantn.  —  la. 

xliv. 

5.  A  favor ;  that  which  pleases. 

Fntut,  willing  lo  do  the  Jewa  a  pira»w§f  anawend  PauL  — 
Acu  XXV. 

6.  Arbitrary  will  or  choice  He  can  vary  his 
scheme  nt  pleasure. 

PLEAS'URE,  (piezh'ur,)  t.  ^  To  give  or  afford 
pleasure  to  ;  to  pluase ;  to  gratify.       Bacon.     Shak. 

[jS  word  authoriied  by  some  good  writers,  but  super- 
fiuous  and  not  muek  used.] 

PLE  .AS 'IJ  RE- BO  AT,  n.  A  boat  appropriated  to  sail- 
ing for  [imusemenU 

PLEAS'URE-eAR'KI.AGE,  n.  A  carnage  for  pleasure. 

PLEAS' CrE-FJJL,  o.  I'leasant ;  agreeable.  [LUtle 
used,  1  Abbot. 

PLEAS'l^RE-GROUND,  n.  Ground  laid  out  in  an 
ornamental  manner,  and  appropriated  to  pleasure  or 
amu^ment.  Graves. 

PLEAS'UR-IST,  K.  A  person  devoted  to  worldly 
pleasure.     [Littlt  used.]  Brown. 

PLB^-Bfi'IA-V,  (ple-b5'yan,)  a,  [It.  plebeio;  Sp.  pie- 
beyo  :  L.  plebeius,  from  plebsy  the  common  people.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  common  people;  vulgar;  as, 
plebeian  minds  ;  plebeian  sports. 

2.  Consisting  of  common  people  ;  as,  a  plebeian 
throne. 

PLE-Bk'IAN,  k.  One  of  the  common  people  or  lower 
mnks  of  men.  Swift. 

[Usually  applied  to  the  common  pet^ple  of  ancient 
Rome.] 

PLE-BfrlANCE-a.  The  common  people.  [JVHinuse,] 

PLE-Bk'IAN  isSi,  n.    The  conduct  of  plebeians. 

PLEG'TOG-.NATIIES, )  n.  pi.  [Gr.  vXckm,  toconnect, 

PLEe-TOG'NA-THI,    \      and  j  i-utJoj,  a  jaw.J 

An  order  of  fiiihe-s  having  the  maxillary  bones  stiff- 
ly adhering  to  tlie  sides  of  the  intermaxillaries,  which 
alone  form  thejaws,  as  the  lile-lish.  Bntnde. 

PLEe-TOG-NATH'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  order  of 
fishes  described  above. 

PLECTRUM,  a.  [Im]  A  small  instrument,  com- 
monly of  ivory,  with  which  tiie  ancients  struck  the 
Ivr^. 

PLEDGE,  (plej,)  N.  [Fr.  pi<i;Te;  lupieageria',  Norm. 
plfgg.  This  is  evidently  the  Celtic  form  of  the  Teu- 
tonic ptiffkt,  Sax.  pftAt,  pUhtan,  (See  Pliuht.)  It 
coincides  with  L.|Wio»|  Gr.  irArKo),  W.  p/^^u,  to  fold, 
properly  to  toy  to,  to  put  or  throw  to  or  on.  A  pUttge 
IS  that  which  is  laid  or  deposited.] 

1.  Something  put  in  pawn;  that  which  is  depos- 
ited with  another  as  security  fur  the  repayment  of 
money  borrowed,  or  for  the  performance  of  some 
agreement  or  obligation  ;  a  pawn.  A  borrows  ten 
pminds  of  B,  and  depoi^its  his  watch  as  a  pletlge  that 
the  money  shall  be  repaid  ;  and  by  the  repayment  of 
the  money,  A  redeems  the  pldlge. 

2.  Any  thing  given  or  con^iiaered  as  a  security  for 
the  performrince  of  an  act.  Thus  a  man  gives  his 
word  or  makes  a  promise  to  another,  which  is  re- 
ceived as  a  pledge  for  fulfillment.  The  mutual  affec- 
tion of  husband  and  wife  is  a  pledge  for  tiie  faithful 
performance  of  the  marriage  covenanL  Mutual  in- 
terest is  the  beiit  pledge  for  the  performance  of 
treaties. 

3.  A  surety  ;  a  hostage.  Ralegh.     Dryden. 

4.  In  /air,  a  gage  or  security,  real  or  personal,  given 
for  the  repayment  of  money.  It  is  of  two  kinds ; 
vadium  cJrum,  a  living  pledge,  as  when  a  man  bor- 
rows money  and  grants  an  estate  to  be  held  by  the 
pledgee,  till  the  rents  nnd  profits  shall  refund  the 
money,  in  which  case  the  land  or  pledge  is  said  to  be 
living;  or  it  is  radium  mortuum,  a  dead  pledge,  called 
a  Mortgage.     \Sce  Mobtgage.J  Blackstone. 

5.  In  law,  bail ;  surety  given  lor  the  prosecution  of 
a  suit,  or  for  the  appearance  of  a  defendant,  or  for 
restoring  poods  taken  in  distress  and  replevied.  The 
distress  itself  is  also  called  a  pledge,  and  the  glove 
formerly  thrown  down  by  a  champion  in  trial  by 
battle,  was  a  pletlge  by  which  the  champion  stipu- 
lated to  encounter  his  antagonist  in  that  trial. 

BlacJcstone. 

6.  A  drinking  of  health  to  another.  See  verb. 
To  put  in  pledge  ,■  to  pawn.  [Nos.  5  and  6. 
To  hold  in  pledge;  to  keep  as  security. 

PLEDGE,  r.  L     [Fr.  pleiger.    See  Plight.]    , 

1.  To  depofiit  in  pawn  ;  to  deposit  or  leave  in  pos- 
session of  a  person  something  which  is  to  secure  the 
repiyment  of  money  borrowed,  or  the  perform- 
ance of  some  net.  [This  word  is  applied  chiefly  to 
the  depositing  of  goods  or  personal  pro[>eny.  When 
real  estate  is  given  as  security,  we  usually  apply  the 
word  Mobtoage.] 

2.  To  give  as  a  warrant  or  security  ;  as,  to  pledge 
one's  word  or  honor ;  to  pledge  one's  veracity. 


PLE 

3.  To  secure  by  a  pledge. 

I  acu-pt  hor, 
And  here,  \opUdgt  my  row,  I  give  my  hand.  [Unu§val,\  Shak. 

4.  To  engace  for  by  promise  or  declaration  ;  as,  to 
pledge  the  i>erform.ince  of  a  thing. 

5.  Formerly^  to  invite  to  drink  by  drinking  of  the 
cup  first,  and  then  handing  It  to  another,  as  a 
pledge  of  good  will  and  kindness.  This  practice 
originated  among  our  ancestors  in  their  rude  state, 
and  was  intended  to  secure  the  jMTson  from  being 
stabbed  while  drinking,  or  from  luing  p^iisoned  by 
the  liquor.  The  person  drinking  pledged  his  guest  by 
drinking  nrst,and  then  handing  the  cup  lo  his  guest. 
The  practice  is  frequent  among  the  common  people 
in  America  to  this  day  ;  the  owner  of  tlie  liquor, 
taking  (he  cup,  says  to  his  friend,  /  pledge  i/ou,  and 
drinks,  then  hands  the  cup  to  his  guest  ■  a  "remark- 
able instance  of  the  power  of  habit,  as  tlie  reason  of 
the  custom  has  long  since  ceased. 

B.  In  present  usage,  simply  to  drink  to  the  health 
of  another  as  a  pledge  of  interest. 

Pleilge  iTio,  my  friend,  and  driuk  (ill  (hou  bc'st  w»e.     Couley. 

PLEDG'KD,  pp.  or  a.  Deposited  as  security  ;  given  in 
warrant. 

PLEOG-EE',  n.  The  person  to  whom  any  thing  is 
pledged. 

PLEDG'ER,  a.  One  that  pledges  or  pawns  any  thing ; 
one  that  warrants  or  secures,  f  Pledgor,  in  Black- 
stone,  is  not  to  be  countenancen.] 

2.  One  who  invites  another  to  drink  by  drinking 
first. 

3.  One  who  drinks  the  health  of  another. 
PLEDG'ER-Y,  71.    A  pledging;   suretiship.    [JVof  in 

use.]  Encyc. 

PLEDG'ET,  n.  [from  folding  or  laying.]  In  surgery, 
a  compress,  or  small,  flat  tent  of  hnt,  laid  over  a 
wound  to  imbibe  the  matter  discharged  and  keep  it 
clean.  Encyc. 

PLEDG'ING,  ppr.    Depositing  in  pawn  or  as  security  ; 

giving  as  a  warrant  for  security  or  safety. 
PLi^:'IADS,  (pie'yadz,)  in.  pi.     [L.  Pleiades;  Gr. 

PLk'IA-DkS,  (piu'ya-dSz,) )  irXetadni,  supposed  to 
bo  formed  from  ttAcw,  to  sail,  as  the  rising  of  the 
seven  stars  indicated  the  time  of  s.ife  navigation.] 

In  tLitronomy,  Ihe  seven  stars,  situated  in  the  neck 
of  the  constelfation  Taurus.  The  Latins  called  them 
VERGiLt.t:,  from  ver,  spring,  because  of  their  rising 
about  the  vernal  equinox.  [Pleiad,  in  the  singular, 
is  sometimes  used.]  Encyc    Jiinsworth. 

PL£'iNAL,  0.    [See  Plbwart.]    Full.    [JVat  used.] 

Beaumont. 
PLe'XA-RI-LY,  flip,     [from  plenary.]     Fully ;  com- 
pletely. Ayliffe. 
PLk'NA-RI-NESS,  ».     Fullness;  completeness. 
PLEN'AR-TY,  It.    The  state  of  a  benefice  when  occu- 
pied.                                                                    Blackstone. 
PLe'NA-RY,  a.     [L.  plenus;  Fr.  plein  ;   It.  plenarin, 
pieno;  S^fi.  pleno,ileno  ;  W .  llawn  ;  Ir.  lain, Ian;  Arm. 
leun.    The  Russ.  has  polnei  and  pvlun,  full,  and  with 
a  prefix,  »a/>o/n(ay«,  to  fill.     Uu.  the  radical  letters, 
and  the  identity  of  the  Russ.  with  the  others.] 

Full ;  entire  ;  complete  ;  as,  a  plenat-y  license  ;  ple- 
nary consent ;  plenary  indti  Igence  The  plenary  indul- 
gence of  the  iK)pe  is  an  entire  remission  of  penalties 
due  to  alt  sins.  Encye. 

PLfi'NARY,  n.    Decisive  procedure.    [JWf  used.] 

Atjl'^e. 
PLENM-Lr'NAR,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  full  moon. 
PLE^M-LO'NA-RY,  a.     Relating  to  the  full  moon. 

Brotcn. 
PLEX'I-LUNE,  n.     [L.  plenilunium  ;  plenus,  full,  and 
lunn,  monn.] 
The  full  moon.     [JVof  twcd.l  B.  Jonson. 

PLEMP'0-TENCE,n.     [L.  plenus,  full,  sltiA  pottmtia, 
power.] 
Fullness  or  completeness  of  power.  Milton. 

PLE-NlP'0-TENT,  a.     [L.  plenipotens,  aupm.] 

Possessing  full  power.  Milton. 

PLEN-I-PO-TEN'TIA-RY,  71.  [Fr.  plcmpvtenliare. 
See  PLENiPOTErfCE.] 

A  person  invested  with  full  power  to  transact  any 

business;    usually,  an  embassador  or  envoy   to  a 

foreign  court,  furnished  with  full  power  lo  negotiate 

a  treaty  or  to  Iran'^act  other  business. 

PLEN-I-PO-TEN'TIA-RY,  tt.    Confining  full  power; 

as,  plenipotentiary  license  or  authority. 
PLEN'ISII,  for  REPLEtfisH,  is  not  used. 
PLfi'NIST,  n.     [L.  plenus.] 

One  who  maintains  that  all  space  is  flill  of  matter. 

Boyle. 
PLEN'I-TUDE,  n.     [L.  plenitudo,  from  plenus,  ftill.] 

1.  Fullness;  as,  thep/fm'/urfe  of  space.      Bentley. 

2.  Repletion;  animal  fullness;  plethora;  redun- 
dancy of  blood  and  humors  in  the  animal  bodies. 

Encyc. 

3.  Fullness;  complete  competence;  as,  the  ;j/em- 
tude  of  the  pope's  power  Bacon. 

4.  Completeness ;  as,  the  plenitude  of  a  man's  fame. 

Prior. 
PLEN'TE-OUS,  o.    [from  plenty.]    Abundant ;  copi- 
ous ;  plentiful  ;  sumcient  for  every  purpose ;  as,  a 
plcTUeous  supply  of  provisions  ;  a  plenteous  crop. 

Milton, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WlfAT.  — MeTE,  PRgY.  —  PI.VE,  MAUINT:,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


i 


PLE 

2.  Yielding  abuiid:ince  ;  as,  a  pleuteoua  fountain. 

Tbff  •even  plenttoat  ye;)ifc  —  Gcu.  «li. 

3.  Having  an  abundance. 

Th»  1  ^ni  ihall  make  Ihee  pUnUotu  in  gootU.  —  Dout.  xxriii, 

4.  Possessing  in  abundance,  and  ready  to  bestow 
liberally.     Ps.  Ixxivi. 

[This  word  is  less  used  than  Plentiful.] 

PLEX'TE-OUS-LY,  aJc.  In  abundance;  copiously; 
plentifiillv,  Milton, 

PLE.N'TE-'OUS-N'ESS,  ti.  Abundance;  copious  sup- 
ply ;  plenty  ;  as,  the  seven  years  of  plenteouA-ness  in 
Eevpt. 

PLEN'TI-FfJL,  a.  [from  plftity.]  Copious;  abun- 
dant ;  adetjuate  to  every  purpose  ;  as,  a  plmtifxd  crop 
of  grain;  a  pleHtiful  harvest;  a  plcHtiful  supply  of 
water ;  a  plcniiful  fortune. 

2.  Yielding  abundant  crops  ;  affording  ample  sup- 
ply ;  fruitful ;  as,  a  plentiful  year.  Bacon. 

PLEN'TI-F(;L-LY,  adv.  Copiously  ;  nbnndnntly  ; 
with  ample  supplv.  Addison. 

PLEN'T[-F(;L-NE"S3,  n.    The  state  of  being  plenti- 
ful ;  abundancu. 
9.  The  quality  of  affording  full  supply 

PLEN'TY,  n.     [from  L.  plenuj^.] 

1.  Abundance;  copiousness;  full  or  adequnte  sup- 
ply ;  as,  we  have  a  plenty  of  corn  for  bread  ;  the 
garrison  has  a  ;j/en(y  of  provisions.  Its  application  to 
personf,  as  a  piaUy  of  buyers  or  sellers,  is  inelegant. 

2.  Fruitfuiuess ;  a  poetic  use. 

The  teeming-  cloutli 
D-'^centl  in  gl.iiiaome  ptenly  o'er  Uk-  worlJ.  TTiomton, 

PLEN'TY,  a.    Plentiful ;  being  in  abundance. 

WVre  water  is  plenty.  T\itier, 

V  rr'aaoiis  wrre  u  pJentu  ai  bUtkberries.  Shak. 

in  e«*ry  couniry  where  liqiwrB  ut  pUttty.  Hit.  CoUfcdons. 
Tbe  emnmon  wrU  of  Towls  tuid  the  Mveral  ^illinnc^^u*  aprxtei 

*r«  pffty-  Twtkt,  Riu§.  Emp. 

A  mriet/  of  oihcr  hi?rt»  and  rooU  which  are  plenty.  Ailtur, 
Thej  ■e«m  forntml  <br  ihoae  couiitrics  where  shruU  &re  plenty 

«n<l  Wilier  scarce.  Ooldrmith. 

WJ*?n  laburers  ak  plenty,  iheir  wag^  will  be  low.  PrtuAlin. 
In  the  wemtry,  where  wood  u  more  plenty,  ibcy  make  thdr 

btrams  atronjer.  Encye. 

[The  u-*e  of  this  word  as  an  adjective  seems  too 
well  authorized  to  be  rejected.  It  is  universal  in 
conimnii  parlance  in  the  United  f^tales.] 

PLE'NUM,  n.  [L.]  Fullness  of  matter  ii>  space; 
opposed  to  Vacuum.  DeseaTtes. 

PIife'O-NASM,  n,  [L.  pleonasmus ;  Gr.  irXtoi-acpoij 
from  the  rof»t  of  ttAios,  full.  jrAf r»f,  more,  I*,  plco,  in 
impUOf  lo.tilL] 

Redundancy  of  words  in  speaking  or  writing  ;  the 
use  of  more  words,  to  expresi*  ideas,  than  are  neci^s- 
■ary.  This  may  be  justifiable  when  we  intend  to 
present  thoughts  with  partitular  perspicuity  or  force. 

PLe'O-NASTE,  n,  [Gr.  irA'o*'.ir"5,  abundant;  from 
il»  four  facets,  sometimes  found  on  each  solid  angle 
of  the  octahedron.] 

A  mint-ral,  commonly  considered  as  a  variety  of 
the  spmcllr  ruhy.     [See  Ckvlanite.] 

PI.E-O-NAS'Tie,         i  a.     Pertaining   to  pleonasm; 

PLE-O-N'Ad'Tie-AL, )  partaking  of  pleona?m  ;  re- 
dundant. BlackipalL 

PLE-O  NAS'TIG-AL-LY,  ado.  With  redundancy  of 
words. 

PLEROPIf'O-RY,  Ji-  [Gr.  irXi/o'^opta,-  jrXupf/j,  full, 
and  ^rn'.i,  to  bear.] 

Full  pi-rsuasion  or  confidence.  [Little  vse^."]     HalL 

PLESH,  for  Plash.     [J^.it  usf4.]  Spenser. 

PLE-SI  O-MORPiriSM,  n.     [Gr.  rr^n'ri-t^nd  ^oo-!jn.] 
The  state  of  crystallized  substnnces  which   nearly 
rewmlile  each  otlier  in  form,  hut  still  are  different. 

PLF^SI-O-MOKPH'OUS,  «.     Nearly  alike  in  form. 

PLEtfl-0-.SAU'RU9,  n.  [Gr.  ttAd^i  s,  nMt,  and 
<T(j"p'r(,  a  iV/^rd.] 

A  genus  of  extinct  marine  animals,  allied  to  the 
lizard  and  crocodile,  having  the  neck  very  long,  and 
the  tail  short ;  also  written  Plesiobaur.    Conyheare. 

ELETH'O-RA,  it.  [Gr.  jrAij^^wpa,  (Vora  irXrj^s,  full- 
ness.] 

1.  LiteraUy^  fullness. 

2.  In  medicine,  fullness  of  blotid  ;  excess  of  blood  ; 
rcpl''tion  i  the  state  of  the  vessels  of  the  human 
iHKly,  when  they  are  too  full,  or  overload. -d  with 
fin  id*.  Core.     Purr.     Ennjc 

PLETM'0-Rie,  a.    Having  a  full  habit  of  body,  or 

the  vr-^w^Is  overcharged  with  fluids.  jirbuthnoU 

PLF.TH'O-RY.    See  Plethora. 
PLETU'RON,  *         fp^  ^\,q„„„l 
PLETII'RCm',  i"-     [«r-'f^^9p°'-] 

Among  the  Greeks,  a  long  measure  of  100  feet; 
alsfi,  n  )4quare  measure  of  10,000  Icct.  Smith's  Diet, 
PLEC'RA,  n.    [Gr.,  the  side.] 

In  aiiatomtf,  a  thin   membrane,  which  covers  the 
Inside  of  the  thorax,  and  also  invests  the  lungs. 
PLE0'RI-8Y,   jt.      [Gr.  nXcuotTH,   from   irXcvp.t,  the 
side;   fr.  pleuresie  t  H.  pteurLiia.] 

An  inflammation  of  the  pleura,  or  membrane  that 
covers  the  inside  of  the  thorax.     It  is  accompanied 
with  fever,  pain,  difficult  rrspirntion,  and  cough. 
PI,E(J-RIT'ie,         I   a.     Pertaining   to   pleurisy;    as, 
PLEU-KIT'ie-AL,  i      pleuritic  symptoms    or   affec- 
tions. 
2.  Diseased  with  pleurisy.  .^rbathnot. 


PLl 

PLEV'IN,  n,     [Old  Fr.]     A  warrant  of  assurance. 

[  Obs.] 
PLEX'I-FORM,  fl.     [I>.  plexus,  a  fold,  and  form.'] 

In  the  form  of  net-work  ;  coui[ilicated.    Qwmcy. 
PLEX'US,  n.     [L.]     Any  union  of  vessels,  nerves,  or 

fibers,  in  the  form  of  net-work.  Coxe. 

PLI-A-BIL'I-TY,  w.     [from  pliable.] 

'J'he  quality  of  bending  or  yielding  to  pressure  or 

force  without  rupture;  flexibility;  pliableness. 
PLI'A-BLE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  plier,  to  bend,  to  fold  ;  I^ 

plico,   Gr.   v\eK'Of   VV.  plygu.   It.  piegare^   to    fold; 

pieffhevole,  pliable.] 

1.  Easy  to  be  bent;  that  readily  yields  to  pressure 
without  rupture ;  flexible  ;  as,  willow  is  a  pliable 
plant. 

2.  Flexible  in  disposition  ;  readily  yielding  to  moral 
influence,  arguments,  persuasion,  or  discipline;  as, 
a  pliable  youth. 

PLT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Flexibility;  the  quality  of 
yielding  to  force  or  to  moral  influence;  pliability; 
as.  the  pliabline^s  of  a  plant  or  of  the  disposition. 

PLT'.'V-BLY,  ado.     So  as  to  be  pliable.       IHammoiid. 

PLT'AN-CY,  n.     [from  pliant.'] 

1.  Easiness  to  be  bent,  in  a  physical  sense;  as,  the 
pliancy  of  a  rod,  of  cordage,  or  of*  limbs      addison. 

9.  Readiness  to    yield    to    moral    influence;    as, 
plianai  of  temper. 
PL.I'AN*T,  a.    [Fr.]    That  may  be  easily  bent ;  readily 
yielding  to  force  or  pressure  without  breaking;  flexi- 
ble; flexile;  lithe;  limber;  as,  a  piiant  thread. 

Spectator. 

2.  That   may  be   easily   formed   or -molded   to 
different  shape  ;  as,  pliant  wax. 

3.  Easily  yielding  to  moral  influence;  easy  to  be 
persuaded ;  ductile. 

The  will  wa«  thtn  mor 

PLT'ANT-LY,  flrfp.    Yieldingly;  flexibly. 

PLT'ANT-NESS,  n.     Flexibility,  Bacon. 

PLI'CA,  n.     [U,  a  fold.] 

Triehosis  plica  is  a  disease  of  the  hair,  peculiar  to 
Poland  and  the  neighboring  countries.  In  this  dis- 
ease, the  hair  of  the  head  is  vascularly  thickened. 
matted,  or  harled,  by  means  of  a  glutinous  fluid 
secreted  from  its  rooL  It  sometimes,  but  rarely, 
affects  the  beard,  the  hair  of  the  pudenda,  and  of 
the  rest  of  the  surface  of  the  body.  It  seems  to  pre- 
vail in  Poland  as  an  endemic  disease. 

PLICA-TED   I  °*     t^  plicattts ;  plico,  to  fold.] 
Plaited  ;  folded  like  a  fan  ;  as,  k  plicate  leaf. 

Lee,     Jlfartyn, 

PLI'€ATE-LY,  adv.    In  a  plicate  or  folded  manner. 

PLI-CA'TION,  n,     [from  L.  plico.] 
A  folding  or  fold. 

PLICA-T^KE,  n.     [L.  plicatura;  plico,  to  fold.] 
A  fold  ;  a  doubling. 

PI.T'KD,  (pllde,)  pp.  .Applied  to  closely;  employed 
diligently  ;  urged.     [See  Ply.] 

PLT'ERS,  n.  pi.     [Fr.  pUcr,  to  fold.    See  Ply.] 

A  kind  of  pincers,  by  which  any  small  thing  is 
seized  and  bent.  Moxon. 

PU'FORM    a.     [Fr.  p/i,  a  fold,  nmlform.] 

In  the  mrm  of  a  fold  or  doubling.  Pennant 

PLIGHT,  (pllte,)  V.  L  [Sax.  plihtan,  to  pledge,  and  to 
expose  to  danger,  or  rather,  perhaps,  to  perplexity  ; 
8w.  beplichta,  to  bind  ;  D.  plij^t,  duty,  mortgage  ; 
G.  pfticht^  (I'lty,  plf^dge  ;  Dan.  ;'/i>f,  duty,  obligation  ; 
ptifftiffj  bound,  obliged  ;  Sw.  plicht.  This  seems  to 
be  the  Teutonic  form  of  the  Celtic  pledge,  Fr.  plei/^e, 
plei/rer,  L.  ptico^  Gr.  TrXt^oj,  It.  piegare.  So.  plrifar. 
Ft.  plicr.  Arm.  plega,  \V.  pl'jsin,  to  fold  ;  ^p.  plcyto, 
a  covenant  or  contract ;  and  the  G.Jlcchtcn,  to  braid, 
coinciding  with  the  L.  flrcto,  to  liend,  appears  to  be 
of  the  same  family.  If  the  ebinents  are  Lg,  as  I 
twspccx,  ptedire  and  plight  are  formed  on  tlie  root  of 
laif.  Arm.  lacqaat.  To  plcdjre  or  plight  is  to  lay  down, 
throw  down,  set,  or  deposiL  Plight  may,  however, 
be  more  directly  fVom  the  root  of  L.  ligo,  but  this  is 
of  thf  wrime  family.    See  Alloy  and  Ply.] 

1.  To  pledge ;  to  give  as  security  for  the  perform- 
ance of  some  act ;  but  never  applied  to  property  or 
g-QO'ls.  We  say,  he  plighted  his  hand,  his  faith,  his 
vows,  his  h<mor,  his  truth  or  troth.  Pledge  is  ap- 
plied to  property  as  well  as  to  word,  faith,  tnith, 
honor,  tc.  To  plight  faith  is,  as  it  were,  to  deposit 
it  in  pledge  for  the  performance  of  an  art,  on  the 
n»m-pHrformanco  of  which,  the  pledge  is  forfeited. 

2.  To  weave  ;  to  braid.  Spenser.     MiU^fn. 
[This  Is  the  primary  sense  of  the  word,  L.  plico, 

hut  now  obsolete.] 
PLIGHT,  Cl'llte,)  B,  Literally,  a  state  of  being  in 
volved,  [L.  pliaitu-t,  implieatiis,  implicitus;]  hence, 
perplexity,  distress,  or  a  distressed  state  or  condition; 
as,  a  miserable  plight,  lint  the  word,  by  itself,  does 
not  ordinarily  Imply  distress.    Hence, 

2.  Condition;  state;  and  sometimes  good  case; 
as,  to  keep  cattle  in  plight, 

|ln  most  cases,  this  word  Is  now  accompanied 
with  an  adjective,  which  determines  its  significalion  ; 
as,  had  plight;  miserable  or  icrctched  plight;  good 
pliiiht.  ] 

3.  Pledge  i  gago. 

Tbo  lA)nl,  whose  hrvnd  mult  take  my  plight.  Shdk. 


PLO 

4.  A  fold,  {It-pl'ica;]  a  double;  a  plait. 
All  in  a  nilkpii  Camus,  Uljr  wtiite. 

Purflc-J  upon  with  aamy  a  fulde J /»IijAt.      [Ob*.]      Speneer. 

5.  A  garment.     [JVot  used.]  CliapmaJi. 
PLIGHT'ED,  (pllt'ed,)  pp.  or  o.    Pledged. 
PLIGHT'ER,  (plit'er,)  n.      One  that  pledges;  that 

which  plights. 
PLIGHT'ING,  (pllt'ing,)  ppr.     Pledging. 
PLIM,  V.  i.     To  swell.     [JVot  in  use..]  Orose. 

PLINTH,  n.  [Gr.  TrXiffltfs,  abrick  or  tile;  L.  plinthus.] 
In  architecture,  a  flat,  square  member,  in  form  of  a 
brick,  which  serves  as  the  foundation  of  a  culuum  ; 
being  the  flat,  square  table  under  the  molding  of  the 
base  and  pede,«tal,  at  the  bottom  of  the  order.  Vi- 
truvius  gives  the  name  to  the  abacus,  or  upper  part 
of  the  Tuscan  order,  from  its  resemblance  to  the 
plinth. 
Plinth  of  a  statue  is  a  base,  flat,  round,  or  squara 

Kneyc. 
Plinth  of  a  vail;  two  or  three  rows  of  bricks  ad- 
vanced from  the  wall,  in  form  of  a  platband  ;  and, 
in  general,  any  flat,  high  molding,  that  serves  in  a 
front  wall  to  mark  the  floors,  to  sustain  the  eaves  of 
a  wall  or  the  larmier  of  a  chimney.  Encyc. 

PLI'0-CENE,  a.  [Gr.  rXciwv,  more,  and  (cuicos,  re- 
cent.] 

In  geology,  a  term  applied  to  the  most  modern 
tertiary  de[>osit,  in  which  must  of  the  fossil  shells 
are  of  recent  species.  I/yell. 

PLOD,  t).  t.     [D.p/ots,  dull,  heavy.    Qu.] 

1.  To  travel  ot  work  slowly,  or  with  steady,  labori- 
ous diligence. 

A  plorMing  diligrnce  brinn  u>  iooiipt  to  our  Joum^y'a  end,  tliaa 

a  fliitfrrin^  w»5  of  uJvancin^  by  sUirta.  L'Ettrange. 

Some  stupid,  ptodiiing,  niunt'y-luviii^  wight.  Young. 

2.  To  study  heavily,  with  steady  diligence. 

Shale.     Swift 

3.  To  toil ;  to  drudge. 

PLOD'DER,  n.    A  dull,  heavy,  laborious  person. 

Shak. 
PLOD'DING,  ppr.    Traveling  or  laboring  with  slow 
movement  and   steady  diligence;    studying  closely 
but  heavily. 

2.  a.    Industrious  ;  diligent,  but  slow  in  contriv- 
ance or  execution. 
PLOD'DING,  n.    Stow  movement  or  study  with  stead- 
iness or  persevering  industry.  Prideaux. 
PLOD'DING-LY,  adv.     Industriously  ;  diligently. 
PLOT,  n.     [A  different  orthography  of  Plat.] 

L  A  plat  or  small  extent  of  ground  ;  as,  a  gardea 
plot.  Locke. 

h  was  a  chosr-n  plot  of  fertile  land.  Spenetr. 

Wh<*ii  wf  int-nn  to  build, 
We  first  BiirvRj  the  plot.  SJtat. 

2.  A  plantation  laid  out.  Sidney. 

3.  A  plan  or  scheme.    [Q,u.  the  next  word.] 

Spenser. 

4.  In  turveying,  a  plan  or  dmught  of  a  field  or 
piece  of  land,  work,  &,c.,  purveyed  and  delineated 
on  paper. 

PLOT,  TU  [The  French  retain  this  word  in  the  com 
pounds  complot,  complvter ;  Arm.  complod,  complodi 
It  may  be  from  the  root  of  plait,  to  weave,  Uuss. 
plelu,  whence  opietayu,  to  plait,  to  twist,  to  deceive  ; 
oplvt,  a  hedge.     See  Plait.] 

1.  Any  scheme,  stmlagem,  or  plan  of  a  complica- 
ted nature,  or  consisting  of  many  parts,  adapted  to 
the  accomplishment  of  some  purpose,  usually  a  mis- 
chievous one.  A  plat  may  be  formed  by  a  single 
person  or  by  numbers.  In  the  latter  case,  it  is  a  con- 
spiracy or  an  intrigue.  The  latter  word  more  gener- 
ally denotes  a  scheme  directed  against  individuals; 
the  former  against  the  government.  But  this  dis- 
tinction is  not  always  observed. 

O,  think  what  atixion*  nioitK'nU  paM  between 

Tlic  birth  of  plou,  Hnd  their  Imi  Uul  pcriudi  1  Addieon. 

2.  In  dramatic  wrdings,  the  knot  or  intrigue  ;  the 
story  of  a  play,  comprising  a  complication  of  inci- 
dents which  are  at  last  unfolded  by  unexpected 
means. 

If  the  plot  or  intrigue  muii  1*  iiatnml,  and  iuch  a«  tprines  from 
ihfi  aulijfcl,  Uv  winilidg  up  of  the  plot  must  be  a  pruhabto 
coiiaequcnce  uf  all  thai  went  before.  Pope, 

3.  Contrivance ;  deep  reach  of  thought;  ability  to 
plot. 

A  ntan  of  mtwh  plot.  DenKam. 

PLOT,  V.  i.  To  form  a  scheme  of  mischief  against 
another,  or  against  a  government  or  those  who  ad- 
minister it.    A  traitor  p/otj  against  his  king. 

The  wicked  ploUeth  against  the  ]u»U  —  Ps.  xxxtU. 

2.  To  contrive  a  plan  ;  to  scheme. 

The  prino:  did  plot  to  be  secretly  gone.  Wotton. 

PLOT,  V.  t.  To  plan  ;  to  devise  ;  to  contrive  ;  as,  to 
plot  an  unprofitable  crime.  ZVi/rfcn. 

2,  To  make  a  plan  of;  to  delineate.  Cartte, 

PLOT'FIIL,  a.     Abounding  with  plots. 

PLOT'TED,  pp.    Contrived  ;  planned  ;  delineated. 

PLOT'TER,  n.    One  that  ploti  or  contrives ;  a  con- 
triver. Shak. 
2.  A  conspirator.                                          Drydcn. 

PLOT'TL\G,p;<r.  Contriving ;  planning ;  forming  an 
evil  design  ;  deline-ating. 


TCNE,  B5;LL,  tTNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"0I0U8^€  as  K  ;  O  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


PLU 

PLOT'TING,  n.    The  act  of  contriving  or  fonn:»g 

schemes. 
-2.  The  act  of  laying  down  a  survey. 
PLOT'TIXG-SCALE, n.     A innihemniical  instnimeTil 

ust'd  in  plotting,  or  setting  olf  the  lengths  of  lines  in 

surveying.  BtohiU, 

PLOUGH.     See  Plow, 
PLOVER,  (pluv'er,)  w.    [Fr.  pluviery  the  water  bird, 

from  L.  ptuviatiSf  rainy  ;  pluo^  to  min.] 
The  common  name*  of  several  .ipecics  of  birds  that 

(Veqiieni  the  banks  of  rivers  ami   the  sea-shore^  be- 

iongttig  to  the  pentis  Cliaradrius  of  Linnwus.     Their 

flesh  bJ  ejtcellent  fiwd.  i*orfiJ»»toa. 

PLOW,  i  (ptouj  II.  [N'orm.  pfngt :  Sax.  pU>fftt  D. 
PLOUGH,!     phe^;  G.  pjtu^ •  l>;>n.  p/cH-?-,  ptor,-  Ice. 

plog  ;  Sw.  lU  ;  Riiss.  plitfT  ■  Polish,  ;»/«jr  •*  Sc*>t.  ptentk. 

pteug^L     It  currt'-^fMtiids  in  elements  with  pitigt  atia 

b^lh  perh:t|»s  from  thrusting.] 

1.  In  agriciltMrfiy  an  insinnnent  fitr  turaing  up, 
breaking,  and  prejiaring  the  ground  for  receiving  the 
seed.  It  is  drawn  by  oxen  or  hordes,  and  saves  tlie 
labor  of  digging;  it  is  therefore  the  most  useful  in- 
strument in  agriculture. 

Thtf  emperor  Inys  Imkf  of  ibp/>tet»  and  tuftis  up  wrntl  fiinmwm, 

Ctrruier,  Tmnt, 
Yfherv  fem  tnccMdi,  uncrUrfu)  to  the  plom.  DrydMH, 

2.  Fi^'uraticeiy^  tillage ;  culture  of  the  earth ;  ag- 
riculture. 

3.  A  joiner's  instninient  for  rrooving. 

[Plow  is  the  spelling  of  the  F.nglish  Rihie,  and  is 

pref -rable  as  more  nniumlly  rvprosenling  the  sound.] 

PLOW,      iv.u    To  trench  and  turnup  with  a  plow  ; 

PLOUGH,  t     a^  to  phu  the  ground  for  wheat;  to 

plow  it  into  ridges. 

3.  To  furrow  ;  lodivide  j  to  run  through  in  sailing. 

With  apeed  w  plo*»  lb?  wxiety  wk>«.  Popt. 

3  To  tear  ;  to  Airrow.  -  SAoit. 

4  In  Scripturtf  to  labor  in  any  calling. 

BcUmI^mA  AouM ploim  in  bop^.—  I  C«r.  Ix. 

TopUiP  OH  tXe  hack  :  to  scourge  ;  to  mangle,  or  to 
persecute  and  torment.    Ps.  cxxix. 

To  ptow  widt  ffm^s  heifer  ;  to  deal  with  the  wife  to 
cACaio  something  from  t)ie  husband.    Judges  xiv. 

TV  pimo  imqiutif  Or  wukednesf,  mtut  rtop  it :  ti<  devise 
sod  practice  it^  and  at  la«t  sulTcr  the  fmnishmcnt  of 
iL    J»b  xiv.     hoa.  X. 

To  pUte  M ;  to  cover  by  [dowing ;  as,  to  ptow  in 
wheat 

7>  pUm  lip  or  Mil;  to  torn  oat  of  the  ^raand  by 
plowing. 

TV  pill  one's  kamd  to  IM*  ptme  mtd  Uok  bmek,  is  to  en- 
ter on  the  service  of  Christ  and  allcn^'ard  abandon  iL 
XaJtrix. 

[The  difference  of  orthography  often  made  be- 
tween the  noun  and  verb  is  wlit>ily  unwarrantable, 
mod  contrary  to  settled  analogy  in  our  languaee. 
8uch  a  difference  is  never  m^de  in  changing  into 
verbs  ploij  karrom^  notUe,  quostion,  and  mo^  other 
words.    See  Pkacticc] 

PLOUG  H%?LE  (  •■  '*'***  ™"''  ^  plowed  ;  amble. 
PLOW'-.\LM*,  *j(-imz,)«.  A  pennv  formerly  paid 
PXjOUGH'-ALMS,  J    by  every  plowland  to  the  church. 

Coteel. 
PLOW'-BOTE,       I  «.     In  Kn^rhjtk  taw,  wood  or  tim- 
PLOUGH'-BOTE,  \      ber  allowed  to  a  tenant  for  the 

repair  of  instruments  of  hush.indr>'. 
PLOVV'BOY,       i  n.     A   boy  ihat  drives  or  guides  a 
PLOUGH'BOY,  t     team  in  plowing  ;  a  rustic  boy. 

H'a'tts. 
PLOWED,      i  pp.  or  a.    Turned  np  with  a  plow; 
PLOUGH'KD,  i     furrowed. 

PLOW'ER,  i  n.  One  Uiat  plows  land  ;  a  cultiva- 
PLOUGH'ER,  I      tor.  Spenser. 

PLOW'I.VG,  >  ppr.  Turuing  up  with  a  plow  j  fur- 
PLOUGH'ING,  i     rowing, 

PLOW'LNG,  >  a.  The  operation  of  turning  up 
PLOUGHING,  {     ground  with  a  plow;  as,  the  first 

and  second  plowin^s  ;  three  pleiriH^s. 
PLOW-LAND,       J  a.     Land  thnt  is  plowed,  or  suit- 
PLOUGH'-LAND.  i     able  for  ullage. 

2.  Tillage  ground. 

PLOUGII'M\N  I**    One  that  plows  or  holdn  a  plow. 

Xl  lax,  ttw  ratter  biadi  tba  ptomwmm,  ukI  curies  Um  off  with 
iIk  oxca.  apelman, 

S.  A  cuItivaUu' of  grain  ;  a  husbandman.  TempU. 

3.  A  rustic  ;  a  countryman  ;  a  hardy  laborer. 

Shak.     Arbnthvot. 
PLOW-MOV-DAY,       )  C-mnn-de,)  n.     The  .Monday 
PLOUGH'-.MOX-DAY,  t      after  Twelfth-dav.  Taster. 
PLOWVHaRE,       in.     [SeeSHEAB.]     The  part  of  a 
PLOUGH'SHARE,  \      plow  which  cuts  the  ground  at 

the  bottom  of  the  furrow,  and  raises  the  slice  to  the 

mold-board,  which  turns  il  over. 
PLOWTaIL,      1         -m.    ..     .1      -    *■       , 
PLOUGH'TaIL,  i  *■    ^<*  **'"^  P^^  ^^  *  P'**"^- 
PLUCK,  c.  L     [Sax.  phiccum,  which  seems  to  be  the 

same  word,  with  a  prefix,  as  lyctan  or  atuean,  aluc- 

ean,  to  pull  off  or  out ;  G.  pp>cken  ;  D.  plukken ;  Dan. 

plakker;   Sw.  phcka ;    Fr.    eplucJur ;   W,  pliciaw^  to 

pluck,  to  peel ;  plig,  a  peeL] 


PLU 

1.  To  pull  with  sudden  furce  or  effort,  or  to  pull 
off,  out,  or  from,  with  a  twitch.  Thus  we  say,  to 
ptack  feathers  from  a  fuwl ;  to  p/»ti-.V  hair  or  wool 
from  a  skin ;  to  plutk  grapes  or  other  fruit. 

TiKj  plutk  tbo  Mwikw  rrom  (be  breuL  —  J^b  sxir. 
B.  To  strip  by  pluckliif ;  as,  to  pluek  a  fowl. 

Thoj  ihat  pan  by  do  plmdt  b^r.  —  Pi.  IxJtx. 

The  sense  of  this  verb  is  modified  by  particles. 
To  ptueJi  awaif ;  to  pull  away,  or  to  separute  by 
pulling  ;  to  tt;ar  away. 

He  •liall  pluck  KVitjr  bia  crop  wltb  hl>  fcathcn.  —  Lev.  I. 

To  pluck  doirn ;  to  pull  down  ;  to  demolish  ;  or  to 
reduce  to  a  lower  state.  Shak. 

Topiuek  offy  is  to  pull  or  tear  off;  as,  to  pluck  off 
Uicskin.    Mie.  iii. 

To  pluck  on  ;  to  pull  or  draw  on.     [  Obs.]      Shak. 

To  pluck  up ;  to  tear  up  by  the  roots  or  from  tho 
foundutioii ;  to  eradicate;  to  exterminate;  to  de- 
stroy ;  as,  to  pluck  up  a  plant ;  to  pluck  up  a  nation. 
Jer.  xii. 

To  pluck  out  {  to  draw  out  suddenly,  or  to  tear  out ; 
as,  to  pluck  out  the  eyes ;  to  pluck  out  the  hand  from 
the  bosi>m.     Ps.  Ixxiv. 

To  pluck  up  ;  to  resume  courage  ;  properly,  to  pluck 
up  the  heart.     [Act  rlcpanL]  JCitoUrj:. 

PLUCK,  a.     The  heart,  liver,  and  lights  of  an  animal. 

2.  In  loWy  ^gurative  langva^y  vouiape,      Siaart, 
PLUCK'f;D,  (p!ukt,)/>p.  oro.    Pulled  off;  8tripi>ea  of 

feathers  or  hair. 

2.  A  cant  term  at  the  English  universities,  applied 
to  those  who,  for  want  of  scholarship,  are  refused 
their  testimonials  fur  a  degree.  Oifitrd  Outde, 

PLUOK'ER,  n.     One  that  plucks.  MoHimer. 

PLUCK'I.VfJ,  ppr.     Pulling  off;  stripping. 

PLUG,  n.  [U.  plttir:  Dan.  piy^,',-  Bw.pligg;  G.  pflock : 
W.  p/tf,  a  block  ;  ptuciaw,  to  Idock,  to  ;>/«».  It 
seems  to  be  the  same  word  radically  as  block.  W. 
Uoc.] 

A  stopple;  any  piece  of  pointed  wtHwl  or  other 
substance  used  to  stop  a  hole,  but  larger  than  a  peg 
or  spile,  '  BoifU.     Swift. 

liatrse-plug ;  In  marine  affairs,  a  plug  to  stop  a 
faawse-liole. 

Slkol-pluf;  a  plug  to  stop  a  breach  made  by  n  can- 
non-ball in  the  side  of  a  ship.  Afar.  DicL 

PLUG,  r.  L  To  stop  with  a  plug  ;  to  make  tiglu  by 
stopping  a  hole. 

PLUG'tSING,  ppr.    Stopping  with  a  ping. 

PLUG'GING,  H.     Act  of  stopping  with  a  plug. 

PLU.M,  n.  [Sax.  plume  i  G.  pfiaume;  Dan.  blomme ; 
Sw.  plommon  ;  Corn,  plutnan  ;   Ir.  plttma.] 

1.  The  fruit  of  a  tree  l>elonging  to  the  genus  Pni- 
nus.  The  fruit  is  a  drupe,  amtaining  a  nut  or  stone 
with  prominent  sutures,  and  inclosing  a  kernel. 
The  varieties  of  the  plum  are  numerous  and  well 
known 

2.  A  grape  dried  in  the  sun  ;  a  raisin. 

3.  The  sum  of  £11)0,000  sterling.  England. 
A.  .\  kind  of  play.  JltngirntrtJi. 
[Dr.   Johnson     remarks   thiU  this   word  is  often 

written  improperly  Plumb  ] 

PLC'.MAGE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  pfume.]  The  feathers  that 
cover  a  bird. 

StnU  with  h^r  raryiti^  plurrtage,  <pare  ihe  dove.  Pope. 

PLUMB,  (plum,)  n.  [Fr.  plomb  ;  Sp.  plomo  ,'  II.  piombo  ; 
W.  pltum;  L.  plumham.,  lead;  probably  a  dump  or 
lump.] 

A  mass  of  lead  nttacJied  to  a  line,  and  used  to  as- 
certain a  perpendicular  position  of  buildings  and  the 
like.  But  the  word  :ls  a  noun  is  seldom  used,  ex- 
cept in  composition.     [See  PLUMB-Lri«K.] 

PLUMB,  (plum,)  fl.  Perpendicular,  that  is,  standing 
according  to  a  plumb-line.  I'he  post  of  theliouse  or 
the  wall  is  plumb. 

[TVtis  is  Oie  common  Innguagf  of  our  m^cfuinics.] 

PLUMB,  (plum,)  adv.  In  a  per[iendicul.ir  direction  ; 
in  a  line  perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  the  horizon. 
The  wall  stands  plumb. 

Plumb  tio«n  h<;  fall*.  Afi/ton. 

2.  Directly ;  suddenly ;  at  once ;  as  a  falling 
mass;  usually  pronounced  plump,  lie  fell  plumb 
into  the  water. 

PLUMB,  (plum,)  e.  t.  To  adjust  by  a  plumb-line  ;  to 
set  in  a  per[>endicular  direction ;  as,  to  plumb  a 
buildinc  or  a  wall. 

2.  [W.  plymiaic]  To  sound  with  a  plummet,  as 
the  depth  of  water.     [Little  used.]  Stci_fl. 

PLUM-BS'GIN,  n.  A  crj'stallizable  substance  extract- 
ed from  the  root  of  the  plumbago. 

PLUM-BA6'L\-0US,  a.  Resembling  plumbago  ;  con- 
sisting of  plumbago,  or  partaking  of  its  prof»erties. 

PLUM-Ba'GO,  n.  [L.]  A  mineral  consisting  of  ca; 
bon,  usually,  but  not  necessarily,  with  a  little  iron  ; 
with  the  exception  of  diamond,  it  is  one  of  the 
purest  forms  of  carbon  ever  found  in  nature.  It  is 
used  for  pencils,  &.C.,  and  is  popularly  called  Black 
Leao. 

PLUM'BE-AN,    )  a.     Consisting  of  lead  ;  resembling 

PLUMBE-OUS,  i      lead.  FMis. 

2,  Dull  ;  hea\'y;  stupid.  J.  P.  Smith. 

PLU.MB'£D,  (p!umd,)  pp.  Adjusted  by  a  plumb- 
line. 


PLU 

PLUMU'ER,  (plum'mer,)  n.     One  who  works  in  lead. 

PLUMB'EK-V,  (pluui'mer-y,)  w.  Works  in  lead  ; 
inanui'jictures  of  lead ;  the  place  where  load  is 
wrought. 

2.  The  art  of  casting  and  working  lead,  or  of 
making  sheets  and  pijH-s  of  lead. 

PLUM'ltie,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  containing  lead. 

PLUM-BIF'ER-OUS,  c  IL.  plumbum,  lead,  and  fero, 
to  produce.] 

Producing  or  containing  lead.  Klrtean. 

PLU.MB'ING,  (plum'ming,)  ppr.  Adjusting  by  a 
plumh-line. 

PLUMB'LNG,  n.  The  art  of  casting  and  working  In 
lend,  unit  using  it  in  building.  Gwilt. 

PLUMB'-LINE,  (plum'line.)  7*.  A  line  perpendicu- 
lar to  the  piano  of  the  liori/.(m  ;  or  a  line  directed  to 
the  center  of  gravity  in  the  earth. 

2.  A  line  liavuig  a  weight  attached  to  its  end,  used 
to  determine  a  fterpeiidicular  ;  a  plummet. 

PLUMB'-KCLE.H.  A  narrow  board  having  a  pUnnb- 
line  suspended  from  its  top,  and  a  perpendicular 
mark  through  its  middle,  used  by  builJcra  to  deter- 
mine a  perpendicular. 

PLUM'-CAKE,  K,  Cuke  containing  raisins,  currants, 
or  other  fruit. 

PLC  ME,  n.  [Fr.  jdume ;  L.  and  Pp.  pluma  ;  It.  piuma  ; 
W.  p!u,  plur.] 

1.  The  fealher  of  a  bird,  particularly  a.  large  feather. 

Skak. 

2.  A  feather  worn  as  an  ornaidcnt,  particularly  an 
oslricli's  feather. 

Aa<i  bis  high  plum*,  that  nmldnl  u'er  his  ticail,  Drytlsn. 

3.  Pride;  towering  mien.  Shak. 

4.  Token  of  honor  ;  prize  of  contest. 

AiiiUiiuuk  lo  win  from  iite  tome  plume.  MUten. 

PLOME,  )  n.  In  6V(taHt^,  the  ascending  Kcaly  part 
PLO'MULE,  i  of  the  curculum  or  heart  of  a  seed; 
the  scaly  part  of  the  embryo  plant  within  the  seed, 
which  rises  and  becomes  the  stem  or  body.  It  ex- 
tends itself  into  the  cavity  of  the  lobes,  and  is  termi- 
nated by  a  small  branch  reseniMing  a  fealher,  from 
which  it  derives  its  name.  Marlyii.    Milne. 

PLOME,  o.  t.    To  pick  and  adjust  plumes  or  feathers. 

Swnni  tnusl  bf  kt^ft  in  some  iiiclo«^  pon  <,  when;  thcT  niKj  have 
room  to  come  ou  shore  &i)>l  plunie  thejuwrlves.     AlordintT. 

5.  To  Strip  of  feathers.  Carnivorous  animals  will 
not  take  pains  to  plume  the  birds  they  devour. 

3.  To  strip  ;  to  peel.  Bacon, 

4.  To  set,  as  a  plume  ;  to  set  erect. 

His  Btntiirr  renchml  the  iky  ;  Riid  on  hi*  erst 

Sat  tionor  plumed.  Milton, 

5.  To  adorn  with  feathers  or  plumes.  Skak. 
(t.  To  pride  ;  to  value ;  to  boast.     lie  plumes  him- 
self on  his  skill  or  his  prowess. 

PLCME-AL'U.M,  ff.     [L.  alumcn  plnmosum.]     Feath- 
ery nr  fihrous  alum. 
PLOME'LESS,  a.     Without  feathers  or  plumes. 

Eusden. 
PLCME'LET,  n.     A  small  plume.  Kirby. 

2.  A  little  plumule. 
PLU-.M IG'ER-OUS,  o.    [L.  pluma^  a  feather,  and  gero, 
to  wear.] 

Feathered  ;  having  fenthers.  Diet. 

PLU-MIL'I-FOUM,  a.     Having  the  shape  of  a  plume 

or  feather.  Dana. 

PLC'.MI-1'ED,  a.    [Infra.]     Having  feel  covered  with 

feathers. 
PLC'MI-rED,Ti.    [Uphima,  feather,  and  pM,  foot.] 
A  bird  that  has  feathers  on  its  feet.  Diet. 

PLUi\UMET,  n.     [Sp.  plomada.     See  Plumb.] 

1.  A  long  piece  of  lead  attached  to  a  line,  used  in 
BoundJne  the  depth  of  water. 

2.  An  instrument  used  by  carpenters,  masons,  &c., 
in  adjusting  erections  to  a  perpendicular  line,  and 
witli  a  square,  to  determine  a  horizontal  line.  It  con- 
sists of  a  piece  of  lead  fasUmed  to  a  line. 

3.  Any  weight.  Wilkins. 

4.  A  piece  of  lead  used  by  schoolboys  to  rule  their 
paper  fur  writing. 

PLUM'MING,  n.  Among  miners,  the  operation  of 
fintling,  by  means  of  a  mine  dial,  the  olace  where  to 
sink  an  air-shaft,  or  to  bring  an  adit  to  the  work,  or 
to  fitid  which  way  the  lode  inclines.  Encyc 

PLu'Mo?=E,  i  ri       7  1 

PLO'MOUS,  i  "^^     [^P''"««^»"-] 

1.  Feathery  ;  resembling  feathers. 

2.  In  botany,  a  plumose  bristle,  is  one  that  has  hairs 
growing  on  the  sides  of  the  main  bristle.  A  plumose 
pappus  is  composed  of  feathery  hairs.  Marlyn. 

PLU-.MOS'ITY,  n.     The  state  of  having  feathers. 
PLUMP,    a.      [Dan.  plomp,   phimp,   blunt,   unhandy, 

clownish,  rude;  Sw.  plump;    D.  phmp :    G.   plump. 

The  primary  sense  seems  to  be,  thick,  as  if  allied  to 

lump  and  clump.    See  the  noun.] 

1.  Full ;  swelled  with  fat  or  flesh  to  the  full  size  ; 
fat ;  having  a  full  skin  ;  round  ;  as,  a  plump  boy  ;  a 
plump  habit  of  body. 

The  6imUh<?d  crow  grows  plump  and  round.  Swift. 

2.  Full;  blunt;  unreserved;  unqualified;  as,  a 
plump  lie. 

PLUMP,  n.  A  knot;  a  cluster;  a  clump;  a  number 
of  things  closely  united  or  standing  together;  as,  a 


Fate,  far.  FALL,  WHAT METE,  PRgY.— PINE,  BIARXNE,  BIRD — NCTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK 


PLU 

plump  of  trees  ;  a  plump  of  fowls  ;  a  plump  of  bnrse- 
Dlpn.  Bacon.     Hayward.     Drydrn. 

[Tliia  word  is  not  now  used  in  this  sense  ;  but  the 
use  of  it  formerly  is  good  evidence  that  plump  is 
clump,  with  3  diflerent  prefix,  and  buUi  are  mdically 
one  word  with  lump.  Plumb  (L.  plumbum)  is  the 
same  word,  a  Ump  or  mass.] 
PLUMP,  V.  t,  ffroro  the  adjective.]  To  swell ;  to 
extend  to  fullness  ;  to  dilate  ;  to  fatten. 

The  partidn  of  air,  expantliu^  tbeuwlve*,  plump  out  the  ude* 

«  the  bladder.  Boyl; 

A  \e«ddiag  M  our  house  will  plump  me  up  with  good  clx-cr. 
{C9Uoqaial.\  L.' Latrange. 

2,  To  plump  a  vote.     See  Plumper. 

PLUMP,  u.  i.  [from  the  noun  ;  G.  plumpen,  D.  phmpeny 
Dan.  pUmper,  to  plunge.] 

1.  To  ptuuge  or  fall  like  a  heavy  mass  or  lump  of 
dead  matter  ;  to  fall  suddenly  or  at  once. 

9.  Toenlarge  to  fullness  ;  to  be  swclk-d.  ^insicorth. 
PLUMP,  adc.     Suddi'uly  ;  heavily  ;  at  ouce,  or  wiiha 

ttudden,  heavy  fall.  £.  Joit-^on, 

PLUMP' £-"D,  (plunipt,)  pp.      Swelled;    exiunded    in 

fullness. 
PLUMP'ER,  n.    Something  carried  in  the  mouth  to 

dilate  the  cheeks;  anything  intended  to  swell  out 

something  else.  Sufi/l. 

3.  In  Eng-tinh  elections,  a  vote  given  to  one  candi- 
date only,  when  two  or  more  are  to  be  elected,  thus 
giving  him  the  advantage  over  the  olhers.  He  who- 
gives  his  %'Ate  thus,  is  said  lo  plump  his  vote.    SnuirL 

3.  A  full,  unqualified  lie.     [lu  vulvar  use.] 
PLUM'-PTE,  (-pi,)  «■     A  pie  containing  plums 
PLUMP'LV,  ode.     Fully  ;  roundly  ;  without  reserve  ; 
OS,  to  assert  a  thing  pLumplij ;  a  ward  in  common  popu- 
lar U-if. 

PLUMP'XESS,  n.  Fullness  of  skin;  distention  to 
roundness  ;  as,  the  plurapness  of  a  buy  ;  plampnegs  of 
the  eye  or  cheek.  JVewton, 

PLUM-POR'RIDOE,  n.    Porridge  with  plums. 

.^dtlison. 

PLUM-PJJD^DING,  71.  Pudding  containing  raisins  or 
currants. 

PLU.MP'Y,  a.     Plump  ;  fat ;  jolly.     [J^ot  elegant.) 

PLUM'-TUEE,  n.     [Sax.  plum-trevic.]  [Sitak. 

A  tree  that  produces  plums. 

PLO'MULE,  n.     [L.  plumuia.] 

The  ascending  scaly  part  of  the  enibr>'0  plant, 
which  becomes  the  stem.     [See  Plume.] 

PLCM'V,  a.  [from  plume.]  Feathered;  covered 
with  feathers.  JttUtoit. 

2.  Adorned  with  plumes;  as,  a  plumy  credit. 

.Addison. 
PLUN'DER.  r.  L     [G.  plrindem  ;    D.  plunderen  ;    Sw. 
plundra;  Dan.  plgitdrer.     Qxi.  the  rotit  of  eloiirn.] 

L  To  pillage  ;  to  spoil ;  to  strip  ;  to  lake  ttie  goods 
of  an  enemy  by  open  force.  Nebuchadnezzar  pluii- 
dtred  the  temple  of  the  Jews. 

2.  To  lake  by  pillage  or  open  force.  The  enemy 
plundered  all  the  poods  they  found.  We  say,  he 
plundered  the  lent,  or  he  plundered  the  goods  of  the 
tent     The  first  is  the  proper  use  of  the  word. 

a.  To  rob,  as  a  thief;  lo  take  from  ;  to  sirip ;  as, 
the  thief  p/unrfcrft/  the  house;  the  robber  plundered 
a  man  (pf  his  money  and  watch  ;  pirates  plunder 
ships  and  men. 
PLUN'DER,  n.  That  which  is  taken  from  an  enemy 
by  force ;  pillage  ;  prey  ,  sjxiil. 

2.  That    which    is    lakun    by   theft,   robberj',  or 
fraud. 
PLUN'DER-AGE,  n.    In   iau?,  the  embezzlement  of 

good:^  on  board  a  ship.  Bouvier. 

PLUN'DER-KD,  pp.  or  a.     Pillaged  ;  robbed. 
PLUN  DER-ER,  w.    A  hostile  pillager;  aepoihr. 

2.  \  thief;  a  robber.  JIdditoA. 

PLl'N'OER-LNG,  ppr.  ot  a.     Pillaging;  robbing. 
PLUNtiE,  c.  t.      [Fr.  plonger;    Atiu.  plun-rea  or  plu- 
Sfin:  W.  ptwnffj  a   plunge,  fmni   Ihu   same  nutl  as 
llteiie  or  Uu)ng,  the  guild,  a  gulp  or  swalluw  ;  proba- 
bly connected  wilh  luncheon.] 

1.  To  thrust  into  water  or  other  (luid  substance,  or 
int4i  any  substance  that  is  pL-iiutrabh: ;  to  innnerse  in 
a  fluid  ;  to  drive  into  ticsh,  mire,  or  t-urth,  &.c. ;  as, 
to  planire  the  body  in  water  ;  to  pluntfe  tin*  arm  into 
fire  or  flame;  to  pluRij*  a  dagger  into  the  trreiNl. 

JLl'on.     Dryilen. 

2.  To  thnisl  or  drive  into  any  state  in  which  the 
thing  is  considered  as  enveloped  <>r  surrounded  ;  as, 
to  plunge  oite^s  self  into  dintculties  or  disUew ;  to 
pluHgf.  a  nation  into  war. 

3.  To  b;ipti2e  by  Immersion. 

PLU.\'<^E,  p.  i.  To  pitch  ;  to  thrust  or  drive  one's  a»lf 
into  water,  or  a  fluid  ;  lo  dive,  or  to  ru>h  in.  Ile 
plungeU  into  the  nver.  The  troops  plunged  into  the 
stream. 

Itia  eoaner  pfunged, 
And  ihirw  him  off;  the  w*»e«  whc[iii9tt  otm-  him,        DrytUn. 

0.  To  fall  or  nish  into  distress,  or  any  state  or  cir- 
cumstances in  which  the  pt^rson  or  thing  is  envel- 
oped, inclosed,  or  overwhelmed  ;  as,  to  plunge  into  a 
gulfi  to  pluni^e  into  debt  or  enibarrasMments  ;  to 
plunge  into  war ;  a  body  of  cavalry  plunged  into  the 
amUt  of  the  enemy. 

3.  To  pitch  or  throw  one^s  self  headlong,  as  a 
hone. 


PLU 

PLUNdE,  71.  The  act  of  thrusting  into  water  or  any 
penetnible  substance. 

2.  The  act  of  pitching  or  throwing  one's  self  head- 
long, like  an  unruly  liorse. 

3.  Uilficulty  ;  strait;  distress;  a  stateof  being  sur- 
rounded or  overwhelmed  wilh  ditBcullies. 

People,  when  put  u>  a  plunge,  cry  out  to  Heaven  for  help. 

L'E»trang€. 
And  vfllt  thou  not  reach  otit  a,  Tri'-iidly  arm. 
To  raise  rue  from  aniidtl  thia  plunge  of  aorrow  ?  AdtUaon. 

[Jn  this  sense,  the  word  is  ntne  little  iw«y  , 

PLL^'G'£D,  pp.  'J'hrust  into  a  fluid  or  other  penetra- 
ble substance  ;  immersed;  involved  in  straits. 

PLUN'CEON,  n.     A  sea  fowl,  the  diver.    JJiitsicortA. 

PLUNti'ER,  Ti.     One  lliat  plunges  ;  a  diver. 

2.  A  long,  solid  cylinder  used  as  a  forcer  in 
pumps. 

PLUiN'O'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Immersing ;  diving  ;  rushing 
headlong. 

In  war,  a  plunging  Jlre  is  one  poured  down'upon 
an  enemy  fiorii  some  eminence  above. 

PLUNG'Y,  rt.     Wei.     [Aw(  u.-.T'rf.]  Chaucer. 

PLUNK'ET,  n.     A  kind  of  blue  color.       Jiinsworth. 

PLU-PER'FECT,  a.  The  plupcrfcrt  tense,  in  gram- 
mar, is  ihe  tense  which  clenoies  thai  an  action  or 
event  took  place  previous  to  another  past  action  or 
event. 

PLC'RAL,  a.     [L.  plurnlis,  from  plus,  plnris,  more.] 

1.  Containing  more  than  one;  consisting  of  two 
or  more,  or  designating  two  or  more;  as,  &  plural 
Word. 

2.  In  grammar,  the  plural  number  Is  that  which 
deyipnales  more  than  one,  that  is,  any  number  ex- 
cept one.  Thus,  in  most  languages,  a  word  in  the 
plural  number  expresses  two  or  mon\  Uut  the  Greek 
has  a  dual  number  to  express  two  ;  and  the  plural  ex- 
pre^st^  more  than  two. 

PLO'RAL-IST,  n.     A  clerk  or  clergyman  who  holds 

more  ecclesiastical  benefices  than  one,  wilh  cure  of 

souls.  Jithitsoii. 

PLU-RAL'I-TY,  TI.     [Fr.  plnraUli,  fr(un  L.  pluraiis.] 

\.  A  number  consislingof  two  or  more  of  the  same 

kind ;  as,  a  plurality  uf  gods  ;  a  plurality  of  worlds. 

Kticyc. 

2.  A  greater  number;  a  slate  of  being  or  having  a 
greater  number. 

3.  In  elections,  a  plurality  of  votes  is  whon  one  can- 
didate has  more  votes  than  any  nlher,  but  fw.*  lAa» 
half  of  Ihe  whole  number  of  votes  given.  It  is  thus 
distinguished  from  a  majority^  which  is  more  thanhalf 
of  the  whole  number. 

4.  Plurality  of  benefices,  is  where  the  same  clergy- 
man is  possessed  of  more  benefices  than  one,  with 
cure  of  souta.  In  this  case,  each  benefice  thus  htdd 
is  called  a  plurality. 

PLO'RAL-TZE,  v.  t.  To  make  plural  by  using  the  ter- 
mination of  the  plural  number. 

PLC'RAL-LV,  adc.  In  a  sense  implying  more  than 
one. 

PLC-RI-LIT'ER-AL,  a.     [L.  phm  and  litera,  letter.] 
Containing  more  letters  than  three. 

PLC-RI-LIT'EK-AL,  71.  A  word  consisting  of  more 
letters  than  three. 

PLO'RI-SV,  71.     [L.  plus,  pluru*.\ 

Superabundance.     [JVof  usedt]  Shak. 

PLUS,  [L.,  more.]  In  algrbra,  a  character  marked 
thus,  4*,  used  as  a  sign  of  addition. 

PLUSH,  n.  [G.  pM.^ch,  shag;  D.  ptuis,  flock,  nap, 
plu^h  ;  pluiien,  to  fniy,  pick,  carp,  fleece,  (lu  Fr. 
peluche.  The  Italian  peluzzo  sicnifies  a  little  hair  or 
down,  from  prlo,  hair,  1*  pUus.] 

A  sjiccics  of  shaggy  cloth  or  sliifl",  with  a  velvet 
nnp  on  one  side,  comiiosed  n-gularly  of  a  woof  of  a 
single  thread  and  a  double  warp ;  Ihe  one,  wool  nf 
two  threads  twisted,  the  other  of  goat's  nr  camel's 
hair.  Ilut  Mitne  plushes  are  made  wholly  of  worsted, 
others  wholly  of  hair.  Ure. 

PLUSII'ER,  71.  A  marine  fish,  somewhat  like  the 
dog-fi^h.  Canto. 

PLO'TO,  n,  fl*:  Gr.  TrXovrtii*'.]  In  my£A»^a^,  the  god 
of  lh«  inft-rnat  region". 

PLU-TO'NI-AN,  a.     Philonir,  which  see. 

PLU-TC)'NI-AN,  71.  One  whr»  maintains  the  origin  of 
mountains,  &.c.,  lo  \h:  from  fire.     Journ.  of  Science. 

The  Plutonian  theory  of  Ihe  furrnation  of  rocks 
and  mountains  is  op|x>sed  to  the  JVcptunian. 

PLU-TON'ie   a.     [fnun  Pluto.] 

Pertaining  to  or  designating  the  system  of  the 
Plutunisls ;    igneoUfl;    00,  the  Plutonic  theory. 

Kirwan. 
Plutonic  action;  In  geolngy,  the  influence  of  vol- 
canic beat  and  other  subterranean  causes  under  pres- 
sure. LyelL 

Plutonic  rocks  ;  in  geology,  granite,  porphyry,  and 
other  igneous  rocks,  supposed  lo  have  consolidated 
from  a  melted  state  at  a  great  depth  from  the  sur- 
face. Lyt^lL 

PLC'TO-NISM,  71.    The  doctrines  of  the  Plulon'ists. 

PLO'TO-NIST,  71.  One  who  adopts  the  theory  of 
tlie  formation  of  the  world  in  its  present  stale  from 
igneous  fusion.  Good. 

PLf''VI-AL,     i  a.      [ti.  pluvialia,    f rotn  pluria,    min  ; 

PLO'VI-OUS,  i      Fr.  and  IL  pluviale;  iip.  plurial..] 
Rainy  ;  humid.  Brown. 


PNE 

PLC'VI-AL,  n.     {Vt.pluvial.] 

A  priest's  cop(\  JSinsworth. 

PLC-VI-AM'E-TER,  n.  [L.  pluvia^  rain,  and  Gr 
p£TQov,  measure.] 

A  rain-gage,  an  Instrument  for  ascertaining  the 
quantity  of  water  that  falls  in  rain,  or  in  rain  and 
snow,  in  any  particular  cliraaie  or  place. 

PLO-VI-A-MET'Rie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  pluvi- 
ameler;  made  or  ascertained  by  a  pluviameler. 

Journ.  of  Science. 

PLY,  V.  L  [Fr.  plier,  to  bend  or  fold,  formerly  written 
ptoyer whence^  employ ;  Arm. pie ^a^W. ply gu,  lUpiega- 
re,  Sp.  plegar.  Pott. pregar  ;  L.  plico,  Gr.  jrA£«w,lof<)ld  ; 
Sax.pleggan,  to  play  and  lo  lie  on  ;  D.  pleegen,  lo  use, 
to  exercise  ;  Dan.  plejcr,io  exercise,  to  perform  an  of- 
fice, lo  tend,  to  nurso  ;  G.  pjUgen,  id. ;  Sw.  pldga. 
I'hat  these  words  are  from  the  root  of  lie,  lay,  is  ob- 
vious, for  in  G.  liegen,  to  lie,  signifies  also  lo  ply,  to 
apply.  The  prefix  p  may  be  used  for  ihe  Teutonic 
be;  be-liegcn,  to  lie  close,  to  bend  to.    See  Lat  and 


LiK  ] 

LToI 


lay  on ;  to  put  to  or  on  with  force  and  repeti- 
tion ;  to  apply  to  closely,  with  continuation  of  efiurta 
or  urgency. 

And  ptiea  him  wilh  redoubled  ttroke*.  Dryden. 

Tlio  hero  h\>in  &(iiT 
PiieM  him  with  darla  and  uonu.  Dryden. 

We  retain  the  precise  sense  in  the  phrase  to  lay 
on,  to  put  It  on  him. 

2.  To  employ  with  diligence  ;  to  apply  closely  and 
steadily  ;  to  keep  busy. 

H*^r  ^emle  wit  •hp  pliet,  Spenser, 

The  wearied  'rrujiiiia  ply  Iheii  ahatlered  care,  Jjryden, 

3.  To  practice  or  perform  with  diligence. 

Ttki'lr  bloody  lask,  tuiwearied,  itiU  ihcy  vly.  Walltr. 

4.  To  urge  ;  to  solicit  with  pressing  or  persevering 
importunity. 

He  pliea  the  didte  at  morning  and  at  night.  SfiaJt. 

5.  To  urge  ;  to  press  ;  to  strain  ;  to  force. 
PLY,  V.  i.    'I'o  bend  ;  to  yield. 

Tb:  w  illow  plied  and  gnve  way  lo  the  guat,         L'Eatrange. 

2.  To  work  steadily. 

He  w:ia  forced  to  ply  in  the  atrceta.  Speciator. 

3.  To  go  in  haste. 

Tludirr  he  plui  undaunted.  Miitan, 

4.  To  busy  one's  self;  to  be  steadily  employed. 

I>rydeii. 

5.  To  endeavor  to  make  way  against  the  wind, 

Mar.  Diet. 
PLY,  n.     A  fold  ;  a  plait.  JSrbuthnvL 

2.  Itent ;  turn  ;  direction  ;  bias. 
Tlie  Ulc  tr-iurnen  can  not  so  well  Like  the  ply.  Bacon. 

PLY'EU,  71.  He  or  that  which  plies.  In  fortification, 
plyers  deiuiles  a  kind  of  balance  used  in  raising  and 
leiling  down  n  drawbridge,  consisting  of  timbers 
joined  in  the  form  of  St.  Antlrew's  cross. 

PLY'IXG,  ppr.  Laying  on  wilh  steadiness  or  repeti- 
tion ;  applying  closely  ;  employing  ;  performing  ;  urg- 
ing ;  pressing  o/  attempting  to' make  way  against  the 
wind. 

PLY'ING,  71.     Urgent  solicitation.  Jfamviond. 

2.  EiTort  lo  make  way  against  the  wind. 

PNEP-MAT'ie,  |(nu-mat-',)    a.     [Gr.   r^vevpan- 

PNEO-MAT'ie-AL,  i  ko<;,  from  mtvpa,  breath, 
spirit ;  vvf.M^  to  breathe  or  blow.] 

1.  Consisting  of  air,  as  a  thin,  compressible  sub- 
stance ;  op|K>sed  to  Di:n3B  or  Solid  substances. 

The  jmeumadc  aiiLftUnce  Iwing,  io  aome  bodica,  the  native  aj^rit 
of  Uie  i>mty.  Bacon. 

2.  Pertaining  to  air,  or  lo  the  philosophy  of  its 
properties i  as,  pneumatic  experiments;  a  pneumatic 
engine.  Locke.     Encye. 

3.  Moved  or  played  by  means  of  air  ;  as,  a  pneu- 
matic instrument  of  music. 

PNEO-MAT'ieS,  71.  The  science  of  elastic  fluids.  In 
ehemiitnt,  it  treats  of  the  peculiar  or  8i«;cific  proper- 
ties of  thu  various  gases  and  vapors  ;  in  mechanical 
philosophy^  It  treats  of  the  motion  and  pressure  of 
eliL-itic  fluids  in  general,  but  chiefly  of  air  and 
steam.  Olmsted. 

2.  In  the  schools,  the  doctrine  of  spiritunl  sub- 
stances, as  God,  angels,  and  the  souls  of  men. 

Diet. 
PNEO-MAT'O-CELE,  ti.    [Gr.  Trj'Ci!;/a,air,  and  k//Aij, 
a  tumor.] 
In  surgery,  a  distention  of  Ihe  scrotum  by  air, 

Coxe. 
PNEO-MA-TO-LOO'ie-AL,  a.     Pertaining  lo  pneu- 

matology.  Daoy. 

PNEO-MA-TOL'0-613T,  n.    One  versed  in  pneuma- 

tology.  .         ,  . 

PNE0-MA-TOL'O-GY,7t.  [Gr.  iri'ni/ia,air,aua  Xoyos, 
discourse.] 

1.  The  doctrine  of  the  properliea  of  elastic  fluids, 
or  of  spiritual  substances. 

2.  A  treatise  on  elastic  fluids,  or  on  spiritual  sub- 
stances. 

PNEO-MO'NT-A, )  n.    [Gr.  tti'Ct»;iwv,  the  lungs,  from 
PNECMO-NY,     \      7rt.£(.i,  lo  breaiht!.] 

In  viediciHCt  an  intlainmation  of  the  lungs. 


TONE,  B5JLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GEB,  VI"CIOUS,  — C  asl$;  O^J;  8asZ;  CHaa  SII;  TU  ad  In  THIS. 

~  839" 


POC 

PNE0-MON'I€,  a.     PertaJniug  to  the  lungs;   pul- 
monic. 
PNE0-MON'l€,  m.    A  medicine  for  affucUons  of  the 

luntrs.  Coxf. 

PNEC-MO-MT'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  pneumonilia. 
F*NEO-MO-NrTIS,  n,     Inflammaiion   of  the   luncs. 
This  is  the  most  concct  and   apprupriota  term  fur 
this  disease. 
PC  A,  n.     [Gr.  iroa,] 

A  botanic  name  of  certain  grasses. 
POACII,  r.  U     [Fr.  pochrr.     In  Fr.  potAe  is  a  pocket,  a 
bap  or  puree  net ;  poeheter  i/m  fruits^  to  m«Ilow  fruit 
in  the  pocket ;  Ir.  bimcquaat  is  lo  soften  ;  Sax.  poeca, 
B  pouch.] 

1.  To  cook,  as  eggs,  bv  breaking  them  into  a  ves- 
sel of  boiling  water.  They  are  also  frequently  broken 
into  a  saucepan,  with  btittcr,  and  constantly  stirred 
whilf"  o\-er  the  fire,  until  cooked. 
S.  1'u  begin  and  not  complete.  Bacon, 

3.  To  tread  soft  ground,  or  snow  and  wnttv,  as 
cattle,  whose  feet  penetrate  the  K>il  or  soft  substance 
and  leave  deep  tracks.  AVw  EHgtamd, 

A.  To  steal  game;  frvptrhg^  to  pocket  game,  or 
steal  it  and  convey  it  away  in  a  bog.    EnglaiU. 
5.  To  steal ;  to  plunder  by  stealth. 

Th^  poaA  P&rasMuB,  umI  Ujr  d.\iin  for  pruae.  OarA. 

POACII,  P.  (.  [Corn,  pokkia^  to  thrust ;  perhaps  Fr, 
pocket.  It  seems  to  be  allied  to  Eng.  pokf,  pokrr^ 
Norm,  pouchan^  a  puncheon.  If  so,  it  Is  frum  the 
root  of  L,  puxfo,  Eng.  to  punek ;  G.  pocken^  to 
knock.] 
To  stab  ;  to  pierce  ;  to  spear ;  as,  to  poacA  fiish. 

PO.\Cn,  tj.  i.  To  be  trodden  with  deep  tracks,  as  soft 
ground.  We  say,  the  ground  is  soft  in  spring,  and 
pcaeMss  badly. 

Cbalkj  uh)  ckj  Ituidt  bora  lo  hot  matbcr,  cfa.tp  in  ><immf>r,  ftnd 
poack  in  wuiter.  Aturiimtr. 

POACH'ARD,  I  n.    (from  poeck.]    The  English  name 

POCH'ARD,  \  of  certain  species  of  diving  ducks 
belonging  to  the  genus  Fuligula  of  Ray.  The  can- 
vas-back duck  of  North  America,  so  well  known  as 
a  luxury  of  the  table,  is  of  this  genus.  The  pockanU 
are  properly  fnsh-water  ducks,  but.  In  winter,  are 
found  on  the  sen-coasts.  Jardiue,     Partingtvn. 

P5ACH'/:D,  (pocht,)  pf,  or  «.  Slishtly  boiled  or  soft- 
ened ;  trodden  with  deep  footsteps  ;  stolen. 

POACH'ER,  n.    One  that  steals  game.  Mart. 

POACII'I-NESS,  «.  VVftness  and  softness  ;  the  state 
of  being  easily  penetrable  by  the  feet  of  beasts  ;  9^ 
plied  ta  tanH. 

PftACH'ING,  ppr.    Slizhtly  boiling ;  stealing  game. 

POACH'ING,  n.    Act  of  stealing  game. 

PO.\CirV,  «.  Wet  and  soft  ;  such  as  the  feet  of  caO- 
tle  will  penetrate  to  some  depth  ;  mpplUd  U  tmitd  or 
groumd  of  on^  kind. 

POCK,  K.  [i^ax.  pocy  or  pocc ;  P.  pck ;  Q.poeko;  Dan. 
pukkd :  W.  pir^,  that  BweIL>i  oot ;  Ir.  Aoeom,  to  swell, 
coincidfng  with  G.  kauck,  D  kuik,  Dan.  Ah«,  the  bel- 
ly, Eng.  fci>,  &C. ;  probably  all  of  one  family.] 

A  pii:^tulf  raised  on  the  surface  of  the  bcidy  in  the 
variutou<)  and  vaccine  diseases,  named,  from  the  pus- 
tules, »mall-pox, 

POCK'AR  RtD.    See  Po-  kfrkttkx. 

POCK'ET,  II.  [Fr.  pockctu^  from  poche^  pocket,  ponek ; 
Sax.  pocca.] 

1.  A  small  bag  inserted  in  a  garment,  for  carr>-ing 
small  articles. 

2.  A  small  bag  or  net  to  receive  the  balls  in  bil- 
liards. 

3.  A  certain  quantity  ;  as,  a  pocket  of  hops,  (about 
160  lbs.,)  as  in  other  cases  we  use  Sack.  [.Va£  used 
in  jSiNTteo.]  Jokn^on, 

POCK'ET,  r.  t.    To  pat  or  conceal  in  the  pocket ;  as, 
to  pocket  a  penknife. 
2.  To  take  clandestinely. 

TV  pocket  an  insult  or  n^nt ;  to  receive  it  without 
resenting  it,  or  at  least  without  seeking  redress.  [In 
popuUtr  use-} 

POCK'ET-B<>0K,  a.  A  small  book  of  paper  cov- 
ered with  leather;  used  for  carrying  papers  in  the 
pockeL 

POCKET-ED,  pp.    Put  or  concealed  in  the  pTckeL 

Pt.)CK'Er-GLXS3,  lu     A  portable  looktnp-glasa, 

POCK'ET-MOLE,  n.    The  opening  into  a  pt»ckeL 

POCK'ET  ING,  ppr.     Putting  in  the  pocket. 

K>CK'ET-L1D,  m.    The  flap  over  the  pocket-bole. 

POCKET-MON'EV,  (-mun'ne,)  a.  Money  (br  the 
p»>-ket,  or  fi>r  ocSalsional  expenses. 

POCK'FRET-Trx,  a.    Pitted  with  the  small-por. 

POCK'-H5LE,  a.    The  pit  or  scar  made  bv  a  pock. 

POCK'I-\E?iS,  n.    The  state  of  being  p<ic'ky. 

POCK'- MARK,  m.  Mark  or  scar  made  by  the  small- 
pox. 

POCK'WOOD,  «.  Guaiacum  officinale,  or  lignum  vi- 
tff,  a  vtry  hard  wood. 

POCK'V,  e.  [from  pock.]  Infected  with  the  small- 
pox;  full  of  pocks. 

2.  Vile;  rascally  imischievooa;  contemptible.  [In 
vulvar  MM.] 

PCyeO,  [IcJ    In  muMe,  a  little, 

POLO'S  ON,  a.    Reclaimed  marsh.    [Firfmii,] 

f^askin^ton. 


POE 

POe'U-LENT,  «.  [L.  poeuUntuSf  from  poeulum^  a 
cup.] 

Fit  for  drink.     [AV  used.] 

POC'U-LI-FORM,  a.    [L.  jMcaivst,  a  cup,  and  ^orma, 
form.] 
Cup-shaped. 

POD,  n.  [In  W.  podi  signifies  to  take  in  or  compre- 
hend ;  but  I  know  not  from  what  source  wu  have 
this  word.] 

A  vague  term  applied  to  a  considerable  number  of 
different  specific  pericarps  or  seed-vessels  of  plants, 
such  as  th»  legume,  the  loment,  the  silique,  the  sili- 
cte,  the  follicle,  the  coaceptucle,  and  uven  the  cap- 
sule, &.C, 

POD,  r.  i.    To  swell ;  to  fill ;  also,  to  produce  pods. 

PO-D.\0'Rie,  jo.       [L.    pvdusrai    Gr.    jro^djpaf 

PO-D.\G'Rl€^AL, )  TToi'i,  the  fool,  and  uj  p<i,  a  seiz- 
ure.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  gout }  gouty;  partaking  of  the 
gout. 

2.  Afflicted  with  the  gout.  Urnwn. 
POD'DKD,  pp.  or  a.  Having  its  pods  formed  ;  furnished 

with  pods. 
POD'DER,  n.     A  gatherer  of  pods. 
PO-DES'TX.  n.    Oneof  the  chief  magistrates  of  Genoa 

and  Venice. 
POD6E,  n,     A  puddle  ;  a  plash.  SKinnrr. 

PO'DI-IJ.M,    n.     [K]      In  architecture,  the  part  in  an 
amphitheater  projecting  over  the  arena.     Brande. 
9.  Also,  a  balcony  or  open  gallerv.  t^mes. 

P01)-0.<5VN'I-UM,  n.     The  same  as  Basigtmium. 
POD'O-tJpERM,  n.     [Gr.  izoi'i  and  »Tr(r.^,i.] 

In  botanuy  the  umbilical  cord  of  an  ovule;  a  little 
thread  connecting  an  ovule  with  its  placenta. 

Lijidlnj. 
PO-DRT'D.\,   H.     ff'p.]     Olla  podritta,  a  miscellaneous 

di^h  of  meats.     [See  Olla  Podi.ida.] 
P(E'Clb-ITE,  n.     [Infni.]     A  term  applied,  from  Its 

variegated  appearance,  to  the  new  red  sandst4>ne. 
P(E-CIL-IT'I€,  a.     [Gr.  Tr..i*r>Of,  variegated.] 

In  ecology,  an  epithet  applied,  from  its  variegated 
appearance,  to  the  new  red  sandstone  formatitm. 

Dana. 
PCE-CIL'O-POD,  n.     [Gr.  TrcnKi\»i^  various, and  Troiy, 
foot.] 

A  cmstaceotis  animal  having  vnrioiis  kinds  of  feet; 
viz.,  prehen9or>',  anibulatur)',  branchial,  and  nata- 
Ior\-.  Kirby. 

PO'EM,  «.  [L.  poema;  Gr.  rofr/i^,  from  rroif.',  to 
make,  to  compose  songs.  In  Russ.  poyu  signifies  to 
sing.    I'hc  radical  st^nse  is  the  same,  to  strain.] 

1,  A  metrical  composition  ;  a  composition  in  which 
the  verses  consist  of  certain  measures,  whether  in 
blank  verse  or  in  rhyme  ;  as,  the  poems  of  Homer  or 
of  Milton  ;  opposed  to  Prose.  Dryden. 

2.  1'his  term  is  also  applied  to  some  com|)ositions 
In  which  the  language  is  that  of  excited  imagination  ; 
as,  the  poems  of  Ossian. 

PO'&SV,  n.  [Fr.  pocsie ;  L.  poesis ;  Gr.  Troiriatf,  from 
T'lC'.',  to  make.] 

1.  The  art  or  skill  of  composing  poems ;  as,  the 
heavenly  gift  of  poetp.  Dnjden. 

2.  Poetry  ;  metrical  composition. 

MuMC  anil  potty  tuM  u>  qntckpD  yon.  Shak. 

3.  A  short  conceit  engraved  on  a  ring  or  other 
thing.  Shak. 

PO'ET,  n.  [Fr.  poeie;  L.  Sp,  and  lU  poeta  ;  Gr.  7^olf^ 
mc.    Bee  Poem.] 

1.  The  author  of  a  poem  ;  the  inventor  or  maker 
of  a  metrical  composition. 

A  poet  a  n  mak-.T,  fia  Uie  worrl  «i^ifir»  ;  and  hi  who  can  not 
uuike,  Ui.U  ia,  iuveiit,  hath  hi*  nama  fur  notJtiiig.    Dry<ien. 

9.  One  skilled  in  making  poetry,  or  who  has  a  par- 
ticular genius  fur  metrical  composition;  one  distin- 
guished for  poetic  talents.  Many  write  verses  who 
ran  not  be  called  poets. 

PO'ET-AS-TER,  K.  A  petty  poet;  a  pitiful  rhymer  or 
writer  of  verses.  Roscommon. 

PO'E T-ESS,  n.     A  female  poet.  HaU. 

PO-ET'ie,         I  a.     [Gr.   Tr'ttrjTiKos ;  L.  poeticus;  Fr. 

PO-ET'IC-AL,  \     poeti^ue.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  poetry  ;  suitable  to  poetry;  as,  a 
poetical  genius  ;  poetic  turn  or  talent ;  poetic  license. 

2.  Expressed  in  poetry  or  measure  ;  as,  a  poetical 
composition. 

3.  Possessing  the  peculiar  beauties  of  poetry  :  sub- 
lime ;  as,  a  composition  or  passage  highly  pocticaL 

PO-ET'IG-AULY,  adv.     With  the  qualities  of  poetry  ; 

bv  the  art  of  poetry  ;  by  fiction.  Dnjden, 

PO-ET'ieS,  n.     The  doctrine  of  poetry.        IVarion, 
PO'ET-IZE,  r.  t.     [Fr.  poetiser.] 

To  write  as  a  poet ;  to  compose  verse.       Denne, 
Pfi'ET-IZ-fNG,  ppr.     Making  poetry. 
PO'ET-LAU'RE-ATE,  n.     A  poet  employed  to  com 

pose  poems  for  the  birthdays  of  a  prince,  or  other 

special  occasion. 
PO'ET-MU-SI"CIAN,  r-zish'an,)  n.     An   appellation 

given  to  the  bard  and  lyrist  of  former  ages,  as  uniting 

the  professions  of  poetry  and  music.  Busby. 

PO'ET-RESS,  n.     A  female  poet;   a  poetess.     [Bad.] 
PC'ET-RY,  n.     [Gr.  ir.).//Toca.] 

1.  Metrical  composition;  verse  ;  as,  heroic  poetry; 

dramatic  poetry;  lyric  or  Pindaric  poetry. 


POl 

2.  The  art  or  practice  of  composing  in  verse.  He 
excels  in  poetry. 

;t.  Poems  ;  poetical  composition.  We  take  pleas- 
ure in  reading  poetry. 

4,  This  term  is  also  applied  to  the  language  of  ex- 
cited imagination  and  feeling. 

PO'ET-SHIP,  a.    The  state  of  a  poet 

POG'GY,  n,  A  salt-water  fish,  highly  esteemed  for 
food  ;  written,  also.  Pobgbe  and  Poroy,  which  see. 

POIGN'AN-CY,  (poin'an-sy,)  n.  [See  Puionawt.] 
Sharpness ;  the  power  of  stimulatmg  the  organs  of 
taste.  Swift. 

2.  Point ;  sliarimess ;  keenness ;  the  power  of  ir- 
ritation ;  asperity  ;  as,  the  poignancy  of  wit  or  sar- 

3.  Severity  ;  acuteness.  [casm. 
POIGN'ANT,  (poin'ant.)  a.     [Fr.  poiipiant,  participle 

of  poindre^  from  Ij.  pungere,  pungo^  ta  prick.] 

1.  Sharp;  stimulating  the  organs  of  taste;  as, 
poienant  sauce.  Dryden. 

2.  Pointed;  keen;  bitter;  irritating  ;  satirical ;  as, 
poignant  wit. 

3.  Severe;  piercing;  very  painful  or  acute;  as, 
poignant  pain  or  grief.  Jidrris,     South. 

PoIGN'ANT-LY,  (poin'ant-Iy,)  adv.  In  a  stimulating, 
pien-ing,  or  irritating  manner;  with  keenness  or 
point. 

POI-KIL-IT'IC.     See  P(ecilitic. 

POINT,  n.  [Fr.,  from  poind;  Sp.  and  It.  punto,punta; 
W.  pwnc :  from  L.  punctum,  from  pungo,  to  prick, 
pru(>eriy,  to  thrust,  pret.  pepugi,  showing  th.it  n  is  not 
radical.  Hence  it  accords  with  Norgn.  pouchon,  a 
puncheon,  Fr.  poin^mi,  Eng.  to  punch,  and  with  pukey 
poker,  Gr.  rijj  I'lfc,  &,c.] 

I.  The  sharp  end  of  any  instrument  or  body  ;  as, 
the  point  of  a  knife,  of  a  sword,  or  of  a  thorn. 
Hence,  a  steel  instrument  having  a  sharp  point  or 
enci,  used  by  engravers,  etchers,  &c. 

5.  A  siring  with  a  tag  ;  as,  a  silken  point.     Shak. 

3.  A  small  cape,  headland,  or  promontory;  a  tract 
of  land  extending  into  the  sea,  a  lake,  or  river,  be- 
yond the  line  of  the  shore,  and  becoming  narrow  at 
the  end  ;  as,  Point  Judith  ;  Montauk  Point.  It  ia 
smaller  than  a  cajKi. 

4.  The  sting  of  an  epigram  ;  a  lively  turn  of 
thought  or  expression  that  strikes  with  force  and 
agreeable  surprise. 

With  ppriolU,  poinU,  and  lropr«,  he  ihirs  hit  crimn.   Drydm, 

5.  An  indivisible  part  of  time  or  space.  We  say, 
a  point  of  time,  n  point  of  space.     Locke.     Daviea. 

6.  A  small  space  ;  as,  a  small  point  of  land.  Prior, 

7.  Punctilio;  nicety;  exactness  of  ceremony  ;  as, 
pointi  of  precedence. 

B.  Place  near,  next,  or  continuous  to  ;  verge  ;  eve. 
He  is  on  the  point  of  departure,  or  at  the  poi«t  of 
death. 

9.  Exact  place.  lie  left  off  at  the  point  where  he 
beenn. 

10.  Degree  ;  state  of  elevation,  depression,  or  ex- 
tension ;  as,  he  has  reached  an  extraordinary  point  of 
excellence.  He  has  fallen  to  the  lowest  point  of 
de  grail  at  inn. 

II.  A  character  used  to  mark  the  divisions  of  writ- 
ing, or  the  pauses  to  be  observed  in  readingor speak- 
ing ;  as  the  comma,  semicolon,  colon,  and  period. 
The  period  is  called  a/uU  slop,  as  it  marks  the  close 
of  a  sentence. 

12.  A  spot ;  a  part  of  a  surface  divided  by  spots 
or  lines  ;  as,  the  ace  point, 

13.  In  geometry,  that  which  has  neither  parts  nor 
magnitude.  Kudidt 

A  poltil  n  Uial  which  ha»  posilion,  but  uot  magiiitiKic,  Plaxjfair. 
A  point  a  u  Ihiiil  u-nniiinuiig  a,  hne.  Legendre. 

M,  In  ;ffM.Wc,  a  dot  or  mark  anciently  used,  like  our 
note,  to  distinguish  tones  or  sounds.  Hence,  simple 
counterpoint  is  when  a  note  of  the  lower  part  answers 
exactly  to  that  of  the  upper  ;  and  figurative  counter- 
point is  when  a  note  is  syncopated,  and  one  of  the 
parts  makes  several  notes  or  inflections  of  the  voice, 
white  the  other  holds  on  one.  Encyc. 

15.  In  modern  music,  a  dot  placed  at  the  riglit  hand 
of  a  note  to  raise  its  value  or  prolong  its  time  by  one 
half,  so  as  to  make  a  semibrevc  equal  to  three  min- 
ims, a  minim  equal  lo  three  quavers,  &c. 

1(J.  In  a^troHorni/,  a  division  of  the  great  circles  of 
the  horizon,  and  of  the  mariner's  compass.  The 
four  cardinal  pointt  are  the  east,  west,  north,  and 
south.  On  tlie  space  between  two  of  these  points, 
making  a  quadrant  or  quarter  of  a  circle,  the  com- 
pass is  marked  with  subordinate  divisions,  the  whole 
nuitiber  being  thirty-two  points. 

17.  In  ajtrononnj,  a  certain  place  marked  in  the 
heavens,  or  distinguished  for  its  importance  in  as- 
tronomical calculations.  The  zenith  and  nadir  are 
called  vertical  points ;  the  nodes  are  the  points  where 
the  orbits  of  the  planets  intersect  the  plane  of  the 
ecliptic  ;  the  places  where  the  equator  and  ecliptic 
intersect  are  called  equinoctial  points ;  the  points  of 
the  ecliptic  at  which  the  departure  of  the  sun  from 
the  equator,  north  and  south,  is  terminated,  are  called 
solstitial  pointf. 

18.  In  perspective,  a  certain  pole  or  place  with  re- 
gard to  the  perspective  plane.  Encyc. 

19.  In  manufactories,  a  lare  or  work  wrought  by 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRgV.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK-  — 

3^0   '  '  ; 


POl 

Uie  needle  :  as  point  U  VenUe.  point  de  Oenoa^  &.c. 
Sometimes  the  word  is  used  for  lace  woven  with 
bobbin  ». 

90.  The  piace  to  which  any  thing  is  directed,  or 
the  direction  in  which  an  object  is  presented  to  the 
eye.  We  say,  in  this  point  of  view  an  object  ap- 
pears to  advantage.  In  this  or  that  point  of  view 
the  evidence  is  important. 

21.  Particular:  single  thing  or  subject.  In  what 
point  do  we  differ?  All  points  of  controversy  be- 
tween the  parties  are  adjusted.  We  say,  in  point  of 
antiquity,  in  point  of  fact,  in  point  of  excellence. 
The  letter,  in  every  point,  is  admirable.  The  treaty 
ts  execult'd  in  ever>-  point. 

^  Aim;  purpose;  thing  to  be  reached  or  accom- 
l^ished  ;  as,  to  gain  one's  point. 

23.  The  act  of  aiming  or  striking. 

What  a/wnl  your  bicoa  miule  t  SKak. 

S4.  A  single  position  ;  a  single  assertion  ;  a  single 
part  of  a  complicated  question,  or  of  a  whole. 
These  arguments  are  not  sufficient  to  prove  the 
point. 

SiniRge  poini  and  new  ! 

DocUia«  w'hich  we  would  kuov  wbeiice  learned.  AfUlon. 

25.  A  note  or  tune. 

Turning'  your  lonjpje  dirine 
To  a  loud  uumprl,  and  a  point  of  war.  Shak. 

96.  In  heraldry^  points  are  the  several  different 
parts  of  the  escutcheon,  denoting  the  local  positions 
of  figurec  Encyc 

27.  In  electricity^  the  acute  termination  of  a  body 
which  facilitates  the  passage  of  the  fluid  to  or  from 
the  body.  Encije. 

98.  In  ffunnent,  point-blank  shot  denotes  the  shot  of 
a  gun  leveled  horizontally.  The  point-blank  ran^t 
is  the  extent  of  the  apparent  riyht  line  of  a  ball  dis- 
charged. In  shooting  point-blank,  the  ball  is  snp- 
e»»ed  to  move  directly  to  the  object,  without  a  curve, 
ence,  adverbially,  tlie  word  is  equivalent  to  directly. 

^.  In  marine  langua<re,  points  are  flat  pieces  of 
braided  cordage,  tapering  from  the  middle  toward 
each  end  ;  used  in  reefing  the  courses  and  top-sails 
of  square-rigged  vessels.  Mar.  Diet. 

Vowet-points.,  in  the  Hf-brrw  and  othrr  Ea.-<terH  lan- 
guages^ are  certain  marks  placed  above  or  below  the 
ronsonants,  or  attached  to  them,  as  in  the  Ethiopic, 
representing  the  vocal  sounds  or  vowels,  which  pre- 
cede or  follow  Uie  articulations. 

The  point  i  the  subject ;  the  main  question  ;  the 
precise  thing  to  be  considered,  determined,  or  ac- 
complished. This  argument  may  be  true,  but  it  is 
not  to  tA«  point 
POINT,  r.  L  To  sharpen  ;  to  cut,  forge,  grind,  or  file 
to  an  acute  end  ;  as,  to  point  a  dart  or  a  pin. 

2.  To  direct  toward  an  object  or  place,  to  show  its 
position,  or  excite  attention  to  it ;  as,  to  point  the  fin- 
ger at  an  object ;  to  point  the  finger  of  scorn  at  one. 

Shak. 

3.  To  direct  the  eye  or  notice. 

Whoaoever  ihould  be  puidwj  Ihroii^  hi*  bnillc*  by  Minprvs, 
knd  pointed  to  erery  aceoe  ot  Uieni,  would  kc  nothing  but 
■uLijn^ta  of  ■urpriao.  Pojte. 

A.  To  aim ;  to  direct  toward  an  object ;  as,  to 
point  a  musket  at  a  wolf^  to  point  a  cannon  at  a 
gate. 

5.  To  mark  willi  characters  for  the  purpose  of  dis- 
tinguishing the  members  of  a  sentence,  and  desig- 
nating the  pauses;  as,  to  point  a  written  composi- 
tion. 

6.  To  mark  with  vowel-pointa. 

7.  To  appoinL     [Awt  in  imc.1  Spenser. 
6.  To  fill  the  joints  of  with  mortar,  and  smooth 

them  with  the  point  of  a  trowel ;  as,  to  point  a  wall. 

To  point  out;  to  show  by  the  finger  or  by  other 
means. 

To  point  a  rope:  to  cause  it  to  taper  at  tlie  end,  as 
by  taking  out  a  few  of  its  yarns  and  with  these 
working  a  mat  over  it,  so  that  it  may  pass  easily 
through  a  bole. 

To  point  a  taili  to  affix  points  through  the  eyelet 
holes  of  the  reefs. 

To  point  the  yards  of  a  vessel ;  to  brace  them  so  that 
the  wind  shall  strike  them  obliqueU-,  ToUen, 

POINT,  V.  i.    To  direct  the  finger  for  designating  an 
object,  and  exciting  attention  to  it ;  with  tU. 

Now  iniut  Uk  world  point  nt  poor  Catharine.  Shak. 

Point  tU  ihe  tAtirred  coat  and  ngg^d  ahoe.  DrytUn. 

2.  To  indicate,  as  dogs  do  lo  sportsmen. 

He  tr««'U  with  caution,  and  be  point*  with  foar.  Gay. 

X  To  show  distinctly  by  any  means. 

To  point  a(  what  time  the  batariM  of  power  wna  moat  '■qiially 
beld  betwcMi  the  lorda  and  comiuona  at  Rome,  wuTttd  nci^ 
bnf»  admit  a  eoatroTerar.  Sitijl. 

4.  To  fill  the  Joints  or  crevices  of  a  wall  with 
mortar. 

Tt  point  at:  to  treat  with  acorn  or  contempt  by 

pointing  or  directing  attention  to. 
POINT'AL,  n.     In  botany,  the  pistil  of  a  plant. 
POI.VT'-RLANK,   n.      [Ft.)      In    ffunnerjj,  having   a 

horizontal  direction;  as,  a  point-btnnk  ahoU    Hence, 

2.  Direct;  as,  a pom(-6/anA  denial. 

3.  ado.     Horizontally  ;  directly. 


POl 

POIJrr  D^AP'PUl^  (pw4-dap'pu6,)  [Fr.]  Point  of 
support ;  basis  ;  a  fixed  point  at  which  troops  form, 
and  on  which  operations  rest. 

POKXT  DF^vrstV,  [Fr.]  Originally,  a  particular  sort 
of  patterned  lace,  or  a  device  worked  witli  a  point 
or  needle  ;  hence,  something  uncommonly  nice  and 
exact.  Shak.     Smart. 

POINT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Sharpened  ;  formed  to  a  point ; 
directed;  aimed;  marked  with  points;  filled  with 
mortar,  as  crevices. 

2.  Aimed  at  a  particular  pereon  or  transaction. 

3.  a.  Sharp ;  having  a  sharp  point ;  as,  a  pointed 
rock. 

4.  Characterized  by  keenness,  or  epigrammatical 
smartness  ;  as,  a  pointed  rebuke  ;  pointed  wit. 

POINT'ED-LY  adv.  In  a  pointed  manner;  with 
lively  turns  of  thought  or  expression. 

He  often  wrote  too  pointedly  for  hia  aubjcct.  Dryden. 

2.  With  direct  assertion  ;  with  direct  reference  to 
a  subject-,  with  explicitness ;  as,  he  declared  point- 
edly he  would  accede  to  the  proposition. 
POINT'ED-NESS,   iu      Sharpness ;    pickedness  with 
asperity.  Johnnon, 

2.  Epigrammatical  keenness  or  smartness. 

In  Uiia  jou  excel  Horace,  that  you  add  pointednett  of  ihou'ht 

Dryden. 

POINT'EL,  tt.    Something  on  a  point. 

Tbeae  poiaea  or  pdnteU  are,  for  the  most  part,  lilde  bnlla  aet  at 
the  lup  of  a  akuder  sialk,  which  Ihey  can  move  evi-ry  wuy 
at  pleasure.  Durham. 

2,  A  kind  of  pencil  or  style.  Wiclif. 

POINT'ER,  n.     Any  thing  that  points, 

2.  The  hand  of  a  timepiece.  Watts. 

3.  A  variety  of  dog,  trained  to  stop  and  point  out 
the  game  to  sjHirtsmen.  Oay. 

POINT'ING,  ppr.  Directing  the  finger ;  showing  ; 
directing. 

2.  Marking  with  points,  as  a  writing. 

3.  Filling  the  joints  and  crevices  of  a  wall  witli 
mortar  or  cement, 

POI.NT'ING,  n.  The  art  of  making  the  divisions  of 
a  writing ;  punctuation. 

2.  The  state  of  being  pointed  with  marks  or 
points. 

3.  The  act  of  filling  the  crevices  of  a  wall  with 
mortar,  &.c. ;  or  the  material  with  which  they  are 
filled. 

POINT'IXG-STOCK,  n.  An  object  of  ridicule  or 
scorn.  SUak. 

POrXT'LESS,  o.     Having  no  point  j  blunt  j  obtuse  ; 
as,  a  pointless  sword. 
2.  Having  no  smartness  or  keenness. 

POISE,  (poiz,)  n.  [W.  pwys,  weight  ;  Arm.  poes; 
Fr.  poids.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  Weight;  gravity;  that  which  causes  a  body  to 
descend  or  tend  to  the  center.  Spenser. 

2.  The  weight  or  mass  of  metal  used  in  weighing 
with  iiteelyards,  to  balance  the  substance  weighed. 

3.  Balance  ;  equilibrium  ;  a  state  in  which  things 
are  balanced  by  equal  weight  or  power;  equipoise. 
The  mind  may  re^t  in  a  poise  between  two  opinions. 

The  parllcl'-a  r>rmine  the  earth  must  couvena  from  all  qiwrten 
toward  ttie  miiKtlc,  which  would  ni&ke  the  whule  uiinpuuud 
feat  III  a  poite,  BenUey. 

4.  A  regulating  power;  that  which  balances. 

Men  or  an  unbounded  ima^nation  ofion  want  the  pott*  of  jutl^ 
ntenU  Df-yden. 

POISE,  (poiz,)  r.  L  [W,  ptry.ia»Oy  to  throw  down,  to 
press,  to  lean,  or  incline,  to  weigh  ;  Arm.  poesa;  It. 
pesare ;  Sp.  and  Port,  vesar;  Corn,  puia  ;  Fr.  peser.] 

1.  To  balance  in  weight ;  to  make  of  equal  weight ; 
as,  to  poise  the  scales  of  a  balance. 

2.  I'o  hold  or  place  in  equilibrium  w  equipon- 
derance. 

Our  nnlton,  with  utiH^d  hitrrrst  M^at, 

Nut  now  cuiiimt  lu  poise,  ali^ilt  away  the  reat.  DryUn. 

3.  To  load  with  weight  for  balancing. 

Wh'P*  cmld  th'")'  find  anolhT  fDrm  au  fit 

To  poiM  wkth  aulid  aenae  a  aprightly  wiif  Dryden. 

4.  To  examine  or  ascertain,  as  by  tJic  balance  ;  to 
weigh. 

He  can  not  conaiiW  the  alrvnglh,  poi»e  Ihe  weight,  and  diacem 
the  <^»fclene*  of  Uie  dcarfit  arg^iiatciilaliuiM,  where  ihey 
would  conclude  a^inal  hia  drairra.  South. 

5.  To  oppress;  to  weigh  down. 

L"*  k-atlen  al'iint^r  powa  me  down  to-morrow, 

Wlicn  I  ahuiild  mount  OU  wings  uf  victnry.  Sfuik. 

POIS'ED,  (poizd,)  pp.  Halnncod  ;  made  equal  in 
weight;  resting  in  equilibrium. 

POIS'INO,  ppr.     Ralancing. 

POlS' ON,  (poiz'n,)  n.  [Fr,  poison  ;  Arm.  empoesoun^ 
pouUon  :  ^[t.  ponzoria ;  rorl.  pe^onha,  U.U.  its  alliance 
to  L.  pus.    See  Class  Bs,  No.  25.] 

1.  Any  agent  capable  of  producing  a  morbid,  nox- 
ious, or  dangerc>us  eflt-'ct  u[>on  any  thing  endowed 
with  life.  All  midicines  possessing  suflicient  ac- 
tivity to  be  of  much  value,  are  always  poisons  in 
inordinate  or  excessive  quantities  ;  and  every  thing 
poisonous  is  capable  of  proving  mtdicinal  in  suitably 
reduced  quantities.  The  ancient  Greeks  employed 
the  same  word  both  for  a  m<;dicine  and  a  poison. 
There  are  as  many  different  ttiodes  in  which  poisons 


POL 

operate  as  there  are  different  and  distinct  medicinal 
powers  of  any  material  activity.  According  to  the 
popular  notion,  those  article's  only  are  poisonous, 
which  are  capahle  of  producing  incrtiid,  noxious, 
or  dangerous  effects,  in  comparatively  small  quan- 
tities ;  but  there  is  no  Just  foundation  for  such  a 
di  St  met  ion. 

2.  Any  thing  infectious  or  malignant ;  3LS,\hc  poison 
of  pestilential  diseases. 

3.  That  which  taints  or  destroys  moral  purity  or 
health  ;  as,  the  poison  of  evil  example;  the  poison  of 
sin.  South. 

TOW  ON,  V.  t.    To  infect  with  any  thing  fatal  to  life ; 
as,  to  poiion  an  arrow. 
2.  To  attack,  injure,  or  kill,  by  poison. 


^.  To  taint;  to  mar;  to  Impair;  af),  discontent 
poisons  the  happiness  of  life. 

Hoat  thou  not 
With  thy  fnlse  aria  poisoned  hb  ptrople'a  loyalty  t  Rotoe. 

4.  To  corrupt.  Our  youth  are  poisoned  with  false 
notions  of  honor,  or  with  pernicious  maxims  of  gov- 
ernment. 

To  auOer  the  lhou|fhti  to  be  vitiated,  ii  KopoUon  the  fountain!  of 
morality.  KaitMer. 

POIB'ON-A-BLE,  a.     That  can  be  poisoned. 

POIS'0N-£D,  pp.  or  o.  Infected  or  destroyed  by 
pctison. 

POIS'ON-ER,  n.  One  who  poisons  or  corrupts;  that 
which  corrupts. 

POIS'  ON-FpL,  a.     Replete  with  poison. 

P018'0N-ING,  ppr.  Infecting  with  poison;  corrupt- 
ing. 

POIS'ON-OUS,  a.  Having  the  qualities  of  poison; 
corrupting  ;  impairing  soundness  or  purity. 

POIS'ON-OUS-LY,  adv.  With  fatal  or  injurious 
effects. 

POIS'ON-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  fatal 
or  injurious  to  health  and  soundness. 

POIS'0X-TREE,n.  A  tree  that  poisons.  This  name 
is  given  to  Rhus- venenata,  or  Swamp-sumac,  Rhus- 
toxicodendron,  or  Climbing-sumac,  and  Rlius-pumila, 
or  Dwarf-sumac,  of  the  United  Stales  ;  to  Rhus- 
vernicifera,  or  the  Varnisb-suniac,  and  Uhus-siicce- 
danea,  of  Japan  ;  to  Rhus-perniciosa,  Rhus-juglan- 
difolia,  and  Hippomane-mancinella,  or  Manchineel 
tree  of  South  America  ;  to  Strychnos-tieut6,  and 
Antiaris-toxicaria,  the  two  Bohun  Upas  of  Java,  &c. 
All  of  these  are  valuable  medicines.  The  active 
principle  of  the  most  active  of  the  poison  trees  of 
Java,  has  long  been  kept  in  the  shops,  and  is  e.\ten- 
sivi  ly  used  by  physicians. 

POI'TREL,  ».  [Fr.  pottrail,  from  I*,  pectoralcy  from 
pectus,  the  brejwt.] 

1.  Armor  for  the  breast  of  a  horse.  Skinner. 

2.  A  graving  tool.     [Q,u.  pointel.}         .Ainswortk. 
POIZE.     An  old  spelling  of  Poise.     [See  Poise.] 
PCKE,  R.     [Sax.  pocca,  poha}    Fr.  podtCj  a  pouch  or 

bag.] 
A  pocket ;  a  small  bag  ;  as,  a  pig  in  a  poke. 

Camden.     Spectator. 
P6KE,  I   n.    The  popular  name  of  a  North 

POKE'-WEED,  (  American  herbaceous  plant,  bear- 
ing dark  purplejuicy  berries,  the  Phytolacca  decandra, 
otherwise  called  Pocan,  Cucum,  and  Garoet.  As  a 
medicine,  it  has  emetic,  cathartic,  narcotic,  and  even 
more  im[K>rtant  qualities,  and  it  has  had  some  repu 
taiion  as  a  remedy  for  rheumatism,  &c. 
P6KE,  V.  U  [Corn,  pokkta,  to  thrust  or  push.  In 
Armoric,  pochan  is  one  that  dives  or  plunges.] 

1.  Properly,  to  thrust ;  to  push  against  with  any 
thing  pointed  ;  hence,  to  feel  or  search  for  with  a 
long  instrument.  Brown. 

2.  To  thrust  at  with  the  horns,  as  an  ox  ;  a  popular 
u.ff  of  the  mord  in  J'lTew  England. 

POKE,  r.  i.    To  grope,  as  in  the  dark.  Prior. 

To  puke  at;  to  thrust  the  horns  at. 

POKE,  «.  In  AVw  England,  a  machine  (ii  prevent  un- 
ruly boasts  frnm  leapmg  or  breaking  through  fences, 
consisting  of  a  yoke  with  a  pole  inserted,  pointing 
forward. 

POKE,  r.  L    To  put  a  poke  on  ;  as,  to  poke  an  ox. 

Jfno  England. 

P0K'ER,7i.  [from  poke,]  An  iron  bar  used  in  stirring 
the  fire  when  coal  is  used  for  fuel.  Swift. 

POK'ER,  n.    [Dun.  pokker,  the  dense  ;  W,  pwca,  a  hob- 

?obliu  ;  bwg,  id. ;  bw^san,  a  bughear  ;  bic,  terror, 
right.  These  words  seem  to  be  allied  to  buw,  buwc, 
an  ox  or  cow,  L.  bos,  bovis,  and  nil  perhaps  froui  the 
bellowing  of  hulls.] 

Any  frightful   object,  especially  in    the  dark ;  a 
bugbear  ;  a  word  in  common  popvUir  use  in  .America. 
Hence  has  been  formed  the  adjective  PoBsniaii. 
POK'ING,  ppr.    Feeling  in  the  dark  ;  stirring  with  a 
poker;    thrusting   at  with  the  burns;    putting    a 
poke  on. 
POK'ING,  a.     Drudging;  servile.  [Collorpiial.']   Gray 
POK'ING-STICK,  n.    An  instrument  formerly  used 
in  adjusting  the  plaits  of  ruffs  then  worn. 

Middlrton.     Shak. 
PO-LAG'C A,  j  n.     [Sp.  polacre ;  Port,  polaca,  polhacra  ; 
PO-LA'eRE,  I      Fr.  polacre,  polague.] 


TONE,  BITLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER.  Vr'CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  0  oa  J ;  »  as  Z ;  CH  ns  SIf ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


106 


841 


POL 


A  vessel  with  three  niasta,  ua«d  in  the  Mediterra- 

mnn.    The  iitasts  ure   usually  of  one  piece,  so  that 

Ihey  have  neither  tops,  caps,  nor  tnws-trees,  nor 

horses  to  Iht'ir  upper  yards.        J\far.  Diet.    Encyc 

PO'UAR*  o.     [Ft.^laire;  iL  polart;  Sp.  polar.      See 

PoLsJ  .         . 

I  PertaiMini;  to  the  poles  of  the  earth,  north  and 
south,  or  to  the  poles  of  artificial  globes  ;  silunied 
neai  one  of  the  imles  -,  as,  polar  regions  ;  poUr  seas ; 
polar  ice  or  climated. 

a.  Proceediup  from  one  of  the  regions  near  the 
poles  ;  as,  ;»>/iw  winds,  . 

a  Pertaining  to  Uie  magnetic  oole,  or  to  the  point 
to  which  the  magnetic  needle  is  directed. 

POL'AR  ei!Y,  It.     [Gt.  rroAfs  and  apx»i.] 
Uovcniiuf  tit  bv  a  number  of  persons. 

PO-LAR-IZ'A-HLfe,  a.    Susceptible  of  ptdarizntion. 

PO-LAR'I-SeOPE,  n.  [poUr^  petty  and  Gr.  ex-'ireu,  to 
view.] 

An  tnstmment  used  in  exhibiting  the  phenomena 
of  the  polarization  of  light-  Francis. 

PO-LAR'I-TY,  «.  That  quality  of  a  body  in  virtue  of 
which  peculiar  pmperties  reRide  in  certain  points ; 
usually,  as  in  electrified  or  magnetized  bodies,  prop- 
erties of  attraction  or  repulsion,  or  tlie  power  of  tak- 
ing a  certain  direction.  Thus  we  speak  of  llie  po- 
larity of  the  muptift  or  mapnctic  neetile,  whose  pole 
is  ni'l  always  that  of  the  earth,  hut  a  point  somewhat 
easterly  or  wt^tcrly  ,  and  the  deviation  of  the  needle 
from  a  north  and  south  line  is  called  its  ranation. 
A  mineral  is  said  to  possess  putaritw^  when  it  attracts 
one  poll'  of  a  rnagnetic  needle  and  rept-ls  ihi-  other. 

PO-LAR-1-ZA'TION.  n.  The  act  of  giving  polarity  to 
a  body  ;  the  state  of  having  polarity. 

P^ariiati4fa  of  light;  a  change  produced  upon 
lieht  by  the  action  of  certain  media,  by  which  it 
exhibits  the  appearance  of  having  polaritt/,  or  jwlea 
possessing  dilferent  properties.  This  property  of 
light  waa  first  discovered  by  Hnygcns  in  his  investi- 
gation of  the  cause  of  double  refraction,  as  seen  in 
the  Iceland  cr>'stal.  The  attention  of  opticians  was 
more  particularly  directed  toward  it  by  Ihf^  discov- 
eries of  Malus,  1810.  The  knowledge  o:  this  singu- 
lar property  of  light  has  atftirdcd  an  explanalrun  of 
Bf  vemi  Ter>-  intricate  ptienomena  in  o[»tics. 

P0'1.AR-I7,E,  ».  L    To  communicate  polarity  ttx 

P6'LAR-I7--£D,  pp.  or  o.  Having  polarity  commu- 
nicatfd  to, 

PCLAR  IZ-IXG,  jwr.    Giving  polarity  to. 

Pf^'L.\R-V,  a.  [See  Poi^a.}  Tending  to  a  pole; 
having  a  direction  to  a  pt>le.  Bnntn. 

PGL'OER,  ■.  [0.]  In  Tfo/Zaiut  and  £ri^i«m,  a  tnict 
of  low  land  reclaimed  from  the  sea  by  means  uf  high 
emhankiuents.  P>  C«c 

POLE,  a.  [9ax.  »I,  pal:  G.  p/akl;  D.  paali  Sw. 
paU  ;  Dan.  p^  :  W.  pmtet ;  L.  paUs,    See  Pale.] 

1,  A  long,  slender  piece  of  wood,  or  the  stem  of  a 
small  tree  deprived  of  its  brandies.  Thiut  seamen 
use  poUs  ft<r  setting  or  driving  hoats  in  shallow 
water  :  the  stems  of  ^niall  trees  are  u«ed  fur  h<K>ps, 
and  called  Huup-poles  ;  the  stems  of  small,  but  Uill, 
Btraifht  trees,  are  used  as  poled  for  supporting  the 
•caOolding  in  building. 

9.  .\  M'd  ;  a  perf  h  ;  ameasnreoflenrth  of  SJ  yards, 
or  a  square  nieas'-ire  of  30^  f^qiiare  yards. 
3.  An  instrument  for  nieastinns.  Bacon, 

Bare  poles:  a  ship  ia  under  bare  poUs  when  her 
nils  are  all  furled.  Mar.  Diet. 

POLE,*.  [Fr.  pole;  It.  and  Sp.  polo;  G.  l)an.  and 
8w.  pol :  D.  pool  i  L.  potas  i  Gr.  ttoAo^,  from  v  'Afoj, 
to  turn.] 

1.  In  ajttronomy,  one  of  the  extremities  of  the  axis 
on  which  the  sphere  revolves.  These  two  points 
are  called  the  po/«^  of  the  vorUL 

iL  In  sphericity  a  point  equally  dLstant  from  every 
part  of  the  circumference  of  a  great  circle  of  the 
sphere  ;  or  it  is  a  point  Wt"  distant  from  the  plane  of 
acircle,and  in  a  line  parsing  perpmdir-ularly  thrmigh 
the  center,  called  the  azis.  Thus  the  zenith  and 
nadir  are  the  potts  of  the  horizon. 

3.  In  ffoffrapktf,  the  extremity  of  tlie  earth*s  axis, 
or  one  of  the  points  on  the  surface  of  our  globe 
through  which  the  axis  posses. 

4.  The  star  which  u  vertical  to  the  pole  of  the 
earth  ;  the  pote-^t^r. 

Poles  ftht  eeliptic,  are  two  points  on  the  celestial 
Fphere,  W  from  the  ecliptic.  They  are  ^S3^  30'  dis- 
tant front  the  poles  of  the  world. 

•Afa^aitK  polrj;  two  points  in  a  magnet  in  which 
tbe  power  seems  to  be  chiefly  concentrated. 

Olinsted. 
POLE,-  a.    [from  Pola-d.]    A  native  of  Poland. 
POLE,  a.  t.    To  furnish  with  poles  for  support  ;  as,  to 
poU  beans. 

2.  To  bear  or  convey  on  pdes ;  as,  to  pole  hay  into 
a  b.im. 

3.  To  impel  by  poles,  as  a  boat ;  to  push  forward 
by  the  use  of  poles. 

POLE'-AX,  a.  .\n  ax  fixed  to  a  pole  or  handle;  or 
rather  a  sort  of  hatchet  with  a  handle  about  fidren 
inches  in  length,  and  a  point  or  claw  bending  down- 
ward from  the  back  of  its  head-  It  is  principally 
used  in  actions  at  sea,  to  cut  away  the  rigging  of  the 
enemy  attemrAing  to  hoard;  sometimes  it  is  thrust 


POL 

into  the  side  of  a  ship  to  assist  in  mounting  the  ene- 
my^s  ship,  and  it  is  sometimes  called  a  Boaroinc-ax. 
Mar.  Diet.     Kneye. 
POLE'CAT,  n.      [Fr.  pen/',   a  hen,  and  cAut,  »  cat. 
i.  e.,  hen-cat,  because  it  feeds  on  poultry,  eggs,  &c,] 
The  popular  name  of  two  digitigrade  carnivorous 
maminaU,  the  Putorius  cumuiunis  and  the  Putorius 
nipinus.     These  are  small  qiiadrupt^ds    of  Europe, 
nt-arly  allied  to  the  weasel.     They  have  small  glands 
secreting  a  fetid  liquor  st>mewhut  like  that  of  the 
American  skunk.    The  fitchew  or  fiichet. 
POLE'DA- V  Y,  a,    A  sort  of  coarse  cloth. 

.^inswortft. 
POL'E-MAReil,  a.     [Gr.  roAf^apX'S  ;  iToX£(ioij  war, 
and  a,o\rr,  rule,  or  iio\os,  chief.] 

In  ^fhensy  oriffinaliy^  itiG  military  commander-in* 
chief;  but  t^cnenrds,  a  civil  magistrate  who  had 
under  his  care  all  strangers  and  stijourners  in  the 
city.  There  were  also  in  Ppnrta,  Thebes,  and  other 
parts  of  Greece,  potefitarch^,  who  were  high  officers, 
exercising  both  military  and  civil  functions. 

Smith'^s  Diet. 
PO-LEM'IG,  I  a.      [Gr.  roXcfiiKUi^  from  jruAc/ioj, 

PO-LEM'ie-AL,  i     war.] 

1.  Controversial;  disputative;  intended  to  main- 
tain an  opinion  or  system  in  opposition  to  otlieis  ;  as, 
a  potnnic  treatise,  discourse,  essay,  or  book  ',  polemic 
divinity. 

2.  Engaged  in  supporting  an  opinion  or  system  by 
controversy  ;  as,  n  polemic  writer.  South. 

PO-LEM'I€,  n.  A  disputant;  a  controvertist ;  one, 
who  writes  in  support  of  an  opinion  or  system  In  op- 
pr>sition  to  anotlier.  Pope. 

PO-LEM'I€S,  H.  Contest  or  controversy,  especially 
on  religious  subjects. 

P0-LEM'0-S€OPE,  a.  [Gr.  JioAt^of,  war,  and  cko- 
ri(.),  to  view.] 

An  oblique  perspective  glass  contrived  for  seeing 
objt-cts  that  do  not  lie  directly  before  tlie  eye.  It  is 
called  diagonai  or  .title  opera-trlass.  Hatton, 

PO-LFJVTAy  a.  [iLl  In  Italt/,  pudding  made  of  the 
flour  of  maize,  or  Indian  meal ;  formerly  ground 
chestnuts  were  used.  Jirtoni. 

POLE'-STAR,  n.    A  star  which  is  vertical,  or  nearly 
•o,  to  the  pole  of  the  earth  ;  a  lode-star.  The  northern 
pole-star  is  of  great  use  to  navigators  in  the  northern 
hemisphere. 
i2.  That  which  serves  as  a  guide  or  director 

Iturton. 

PO'LEV-GRASS,  n.    A  plant  ot  the  genus  liylhnini. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 
PO'LEY-MOUNT-AIN,  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus 

Ttucrium.  Fam.  of  Plauts. 

PO-LI-AN'TnE«,  n.    [Gr.  roXif,  a  city,  and  ^^flns,  a 

flower,  L.  e.,  rity-flower,  because  it  is  much  culti- 

vnted  in  cities  1 
The  namn  of  a  genus  of  plants,  one  species  of 

which,  viz.,  PoUomVus  tubrrvsa,  is  cultivated  for  its 

flowers  under  the  absurd  name  of  T^berose^  which 

is    merely  a  vicious  pronunciation  of  its  specific 

name. 
POLICE',  (po-lees',)  a.    f  Fr.,  from  L.  polUia ;  Gr.  ire- 

Xirci  I,  from  ro>K,  city.J 

1.  The  governnit'iit  of  a  city  or  town  ;  the  admin- 
istration of  the  laws  and  regulations  of  a  city  or  in- 
cor|x>rati'd  town  or  borough  ;  as  ihopoUce  of  London, 
ofiVew  Vork,or  Boston.  The  word  is  applied  also 
to  the  government  of  all  towns  in  New  England, 
which  are  made  corporations  by  a  general  statute,  for 
certain  purposes, 

2.  The  internal  regulation  and  government  of  a 
kingdom  or  state.  Blaekstone. 

3.  A  body  of  civil  officers,  especially  in  cities,  for 
enfiTciiigthe  laws. 

PO-LtC'*:D,  (po-leest',)  |    a.       Regulated     by    laws  ; 
POL'I-Cl-KD,  (-sid,)       j       furnished  with  a  regular 

system  of  laws  and  administration.      Bacon.     Burke. 
PO-LtCE'-MAN,  Tu     t3ne  of  the  ordinary  pt)lice. 

Smart. 
PO  LtCE'-OF'FI-CER,  n.    An  officer  intrusted  with 

the  execution  of  the  laws  of  a  city. 
POL'I-CY,  iu     [Fr.  pttlice:    L.  polUia;   Gr.  iroAircm, 

from  TnAif,  city.  Sans,  palya.] 

1.  Polity^  in  its  primary  signification,  is  the  same 
as  polity,  comprehending  the  fundamental  constitu- 
tion or  frame  of  civil  government  in  a  state  or  king- 
dom. Rut  hy  usag-e,  policy  is  now  more  generally 
used  to  denote  what  is  included  under  Irffinlution 
and  administration^  and  may  be  defined,  the  art  or 
manner  of  governing  a  nntion  ;  or  that  system  of 
measures  which  the  sovereign  of  a  country  adopts 
and  pursues,  as  tiie  best  nda]>ted  to  the  interests  of 
the  nation.  Thus  we  speak  of  domfstu:  policy,  or  the 
system  of  internal  regulations  in  a  naiioti ;  foreign 
policy,  or  the  measures  which  respect  foreign  na- 
tions ;  commercial  policy^  or  the  measures  which  re- 
spect commerce. 

2.  The  course  or  management  of  public  afl'airs, 
with  respect  either  to  foreign  powers,  or  to  internal 
arrangement.  It  has  l>cen  the  policy  of  France  to 
preclude  females  from  the  throne.  It  has  been  the 
policy  of  Great  BriLain  to  encourage  her  navy,  by 
keeping  her  carrying  trade  in  her  own  hands.  In 
this  she  manifests  sound  policy.     Formerly,  England 


POL 

permitted  wottl  to  be  exported  and  manufactured  in 
the  Low  Countries,  which  was  very  bad  policy. 

The  policy  of  all  Uwi  hw  made  ■oine  (brn>i  oecramxrj  m  the 
wordiiif  of  Imi  wills  tinii  leaUtnenU.  Blackttone. 

All  viulr'iti  jNj/icy  dffeKCs  tUclf,  Hamiitun, 

3.  In  common  usage,  prudence  or  wisdom,  in  rulers 
or  individuals,  in  the  management  of  public  or  pri- 
vate Concerns. 

4.  Stratagem;  cunning;  dexterity  of  management. 

5.  A  ticket  or  warrant  for  money  in  the  public 
funds.     [It.  poliiza.] 

6.  [Sp.  poliia.]  Policy ;  in  commtrce,  tbe  writing  or 
instruction  by  which  a  contract  of  indemnity  is  cflect- 
ed  between  the  insurer  and  the  insured ;  or  the  in- 
strument containing  the  terms  or  conditions  wi 
which  a  person  or  company  undertakes  to  indemnify 
another  person  or  company  against  losses  of  prnperty 
exjMsed  to  peculiar  hazards,  as  houses  or  gixxl.s  ex- 
posed to  fire,  or  ships  and  goods  exposed  to  destruc- 
tion on  the  high  seas.  I'his  writing  is  subscribed  by 
the  insurer,  who  is  called  the  underroriter.  The 
terms  policy  qf  insurance,  or  assurance,  are  also  used 
for  the  contract  between  the  insured  and  the  under- 
writer. 

Policies  are  valued  or  open  ;  valued,  when  the  proj*- 
erty  or  goods  insured  are  valued  at  prime  cost;  open^ 
when  the  goods  are  not  valued,  but,  if  lost,  their 
value  must  be  proved.  Park.    Blackslone, 

Wavering  policies,  which  Insure  sums  of  money, 
interest  or  no  interest,  are  illegal. 

All  inaurancca,  intr^rrst  or  no  tolorett,  or  wtthoirt  furllKr  proof  of 
Intcresl  Uinu  tbe  policy  iuelf,  Are  mill  anil  vukl. 

Biadctlons. 
The  word  policy  is  used  also  for  the  writing  which 
insures  against  other  events,  as  well  as  against  loss 
of  property. 

7.  In  Scotland,  the  pleasure-ground  about  a  gentle- 
man's seat. 

POL'ING,  n.  In  gardening,  the  operation  of  dispersing 
the  worm -casts  all  over  the  walks,  with  lung  ash 
IK>le3.  This  destroys  the  womi-casts,  and  is  bene- 
ficial to  the  walks,  Cyc 

POL'lNfj,  p/w.    Furnishing  with  poles  for  support. 

2.  Bearing  on  poles. 

3.  Pushing  forward  with  pities,  as  a  boat. 
PO'LlSIl,  a.     [from  Slav,  pvlcy  a  plain,  whence  Po- 
land.    See  the  verb.] 

IVrtaining  to  Poland,  a  level  country  on  the  south 

of  Russia  and  the  Baltic. 

POL'ISil,  r.  (.     [Fr.  potir,  polissant;    Arm,  pouligza; 

IL  polire  or  pulire ;  Sp.  ptdir,  pulir ;  tj,  polio ;  Dan. 

polerer;  Sw. polerei  Russ.  poliruyu;  W.  caboli,  with 

a  prefix;  Ar.  \x^^  ekafala,  to  polish.  Q,u»  its  alli- 
ance to^/e.l 

1.  To  make  smooth  and  glossy,  usually  by  friction  ; 
as,  to  polish  glass,  marble,  inetal^^,  and  the  like. 

2.  To  refine;  to  wear  off  rudeness,  rusticity,  and 
coarseness  ;  to  make  elegant  and  polite ;  as,  to  polish 
life  or  manners.  Milton. 

Ttte  Ureeka  wcie  poliihtd  bv  tbe  AaUtlci  and  ErrMiaru. 

S.  S.  SinUk. 

POL'ISII,  V.  i.  To  become  smooth  ;  to  receive  a  gloss , 
to  take  a  smooth  and  glossy  surface. 

S'^rel  will  po&ih  lUinoat  aa  wbito  and  bright  as  silver.     BatMO. 

POL'ISII,  n.    A  smooth,  glossy  surface,  produced  by 

friction. 

Another  prism  of  clearer  glass  aiid  better  ^JoiuA  seemed  free  from 

3.  Refinement ;  elegance  of  manners. 

Whnt  Mrc  ttirse  wnndroos  civitiung  tirts, 

'i'liis  Roman  polish  7  Additcn. 

POL'ISH-A-BLE,  a.     Capable  of  being  polished. 
POL'I.SH-i^D,  (pol'isht,)  pp.  or  a.     Made  smooth  and 

glossy;  refiiird  ;  (xtlite. 
P0L'It5II-ED-i\ESS,  71.     State  of  being  polished,  or  of 

being  refined  and  elegant,  Donne.     Coventry. 

POL'ISH-EB,  n.     The   person    or   instrument  that 

polishes.  Jiddison. 

POL'ISII-ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Making  smooth  and  glossy  ; 

refining. 
POL'ISH-ING,  n.     The  act  of  making  smooth  and 

glossy,  or  of  refining  manners. 
2.  Sniooihness ;  glossiness;  refinement. 

OoUlsmilh. 
POL'IPH-MENT,  n.     Refinement.  WaterlwiLoe. 

PO-LITE',  a.     [L.  politus,  polished,  from  polio,  supra.] 

1.  Literally,  smooth,  glossy;  and  used  in  this 
sense  till  wilhiu  a  century. 

R.iys  of  lifjht  f:illin»  on  a  polite  surface.  Newton, 

[This  application  of  the  word  is,  I  believe,  entirely 
obsolete.] 

2.  Being  polished  or  elegant  In  manners;  refined 
in  behavior;  well  bred. 

He  innincB,  buwa  ut  court,  and  grows  polita.  Pope. 

3.  Courteous;  comp^isant;  obliging. 

His  manners  were  worm  without  insincciit;,  &nd  potitt  withaut 
[lonip.  Anon. 

PO-LTTE'LY,  adv.  With  elegance  of  manners  ■  gen- 
teelly ;  courteously. 


FiTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — M£T^  PR£Y.— HNE.  ilARlNE.  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 

H2  -^-^  - 


POL 

PO-LITE'NESS,  H.  Polbh  or  elegance  of  manners; 
gentility;  good  breeding;  ease  and  gracefulness  of 
manners,  united  with  a  desire  to  please  others,  and 
a  careful  attention  to  tbeir  wants  and  wishes. 

2.  Courteousness  j  complaisance ;  obliging  atten- 
tions. 

POL-l-TESSE',  (-tess',)  n.     (Fr.]     Politeness. 

[An  affected  word,  unless  when  applied  by  way 
of  contempt  to  over-acted  politenesa.     Smart,] 

POL'I-Tie,  a.  [L.  poliUcus;  Gr.  iroAirtvos,  from 
ruXircia,  from  iroAis,  a  city.  This  word,  in  its 
origin,  is  the  same  as  Political,  and  was  formerly 
used  as  synonymous  with  it.  It  is  so  still  in  the 
phnue  body  politic,  Burke  used  politic  distinction 
for  political  distinction,  but  present  usage  does  not 
warrant  this  application.] 

1.  Wise  ;  prudent  and  sagacious  in  devising  and 
pursuing  measures  adapted  to  promote  the  public 
welfare  ;  applied  to  persons  ;  as,  a  politic  prince. 

3.  Well  devised,  and  adapted  to  the  public  pros- 
perity ;  applied  to  tJiings. 

This  land  was  TAmousl;  ennched 

With  polidc  grave  couuacl.  Sftak. 

3.  Ingenious  in  devising  and  pursuing  any  scheme 
of  personal  or  national  aggrandizement,  without 
regard  to  the  morality  of  the  measure;  cunning; 
artful ;  sagacious  in  adapting  means  to  the  end, 
whether  good  or  evil. 


4.  Well  devised  ;  adapted  to  its  end,  right  or 
wrong. 
PO-HT'I€VAL,  a.  [Supra.]  Pertaining  to  policy,  or 
to  civil  government  and  its  administration.  Political 
measures  or  affairs  are  measures  that  respect  the 
government  of  a  nation  or  state.  So  we  say,  political 
power  or  authority ;  political  wisdom ;  a  politiettl 
•chcme;  political  opinions.  A  good  prince  is  the 
political  father  of  his  people.  The  founders  of  a 
•tate,  and  wise  senators,  are  also  called  political 
fathers. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  nation  or  state,  or  to  nations  or 
Mates,  as  distinguished  from  cioU  or  municipal ;  as  in 
the  phrase  political  and  eicil  rights,  the  former  com- 
prehending rights  that  belong  to  a  nation,  or  perhaps 
to  a  citizen  as  an  individucU  of  a  nation  ;  and  the 
latter  comprehending  the  local  rights  of  a  corpora- 
tion, or  any  member  of  iL 

SprsJdne  of  the  poMcai  state  of  Europe,  we  ure  ueuMomed  to 
•ay  or  Sweden,  ibe  iou  her  liLeny  by  the  revolution. 

Pain/. 

3.  Public ;  derived  from  office  or  connection  with 
government ;  as,  political  character. 

4.  Artful ;  skillful.     [See  Politic.] 

5.  Treating  of  politics  or  government ;  as,  a  political 
writer.  Pale^, 

Political  arithmetic :  the  art  of  reasoning  by  figures, 
or  of  making  arithmetical  calculations  on  matters 
relating  to  a  nation,  its  revenues,  value  of  lands  and 
effects,  produce  of  lands  or  manufactures,  popula- 
tion, &.C. 

Political  economy;  the  administration  of  the  reve- 
nues of  a  nation  ;  or  the  management  and  regu- 
lation of  its  resources  and  productive  property  and 
labor.  Political  economy  comprehends  alt  the  meas- 
ures by  which  the  property  and  labor  of  citizens  are 
directed  in  the  best  manner  to  the  success  of  indi- 
vidual industry  and  enterprise,  and  to  the  public 
prosperity.  Political  economy  is  now  considered  as 
a  gcienee. 
PO-LlT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  With  relation  to  the  govern- 
ment of  a  nation  or  state. 

2.  With  relation  to  politics. 

3.  Artfully;  with  address.  [06.*.]  Knolles. 
PO-LIT'ie-AS-TER,  n.     A   petty  p<>iilician  ;   a  pre- 

t'^nder  to  polilirs,  V  fUtran^e, 

POL-l-TI"CIAN,  a.     Cunning;  using  artifice,   [Obs.] 
POL-I-TI"CIAN,  (pol-e-lish'an,)  n.     [Fr.  polUielen.] 

1.  One  versed  in  the  science  of  government  and 
the  art  of  governing;  one  devoted  to  politics. 

Dnjden.     Pope. 

2.  A  man  of  artifice  or  deep  contrivance  South. 
POL'I-Tie-LY,  ode.  Artfully.  Hhafc 
POL'I-T!e3,   n.      [Fr.  politique;   Gr.   iroXtriKH-     See 

PoLICT.] 

The  science  of  government ;  that  part  of  ethics 
which  consists  in  the  regulation  and  gfivrrnment  of 
a  nation  or  state,  for  the  pre  scr  vat  inn  of  its  safety, 
peace,  and  prosperity  ;  comprehending  the  defense 
of  its  existence  and  rights  aeain<;t  foreign  control  or 
conquest,  the  augmentation  of  its  strength  and  re- 
Bonrces,  and  the  protection  of  its  citizens  in  their 
rights,  with  the  preservation  and  improvemf^nt  of 
tbeir  morals.  Poliiics^  as  a  science  or  an  art,  is  a 
subject  of  vast  extent  and  importance. 

S.  In  a  looser  tfrru«,  political  affairs,  or  the  contests 
of  parties  for  power. 

POL'I-TIZE,  o.  l    To  play  the  politician.    IJVot  m 
use,]  Miilen. 

POI/I-TURE,  J*.     [See  Polish.]      Polish  ;  the   glois 
given  bv'polishing.     [J^otitsedA  Donne. 

POL'I-TY,  n.     [Gr.  TToii  raa.] 

1.  The  form  or  constitution  of  civil  government  of 


POL 

a  nation  or  state  ;  and  in  free  states,  the  frame  or 
fundamental  system  by  which  the  several  branches 
of  government  are  established,  and  the  powers  and 
duties  of  each  designated  and  defined. 

Everj  bnuich  of  our  civil  politu  lupporti  and  U  aupported,  res^i* 
latea  and  U  regiilahxi,  by  tne  real,  Blackstone. 

With  re»peci  to  their  inU-rior  polity,  our  colonic*  are  prop-  rly  of 
three  toru;  proTincial  e»tal(li>hiiieuta,  propricuiry  ^vem- 
menta,  and  charter  govcronteutJi.  Bladcstaru. 

The  word  seems  also  to  embrace  legislation  and 
administration  of  government. 

2.  The  constitution  or  general  fundamental  pr]nci~ 
pies  of  government  of  any  class  of  citizens,  consid- 
ered in  an  appropriate  character,  or  w  a  subordinate 
state. 

Werr  the  whole  Christian  world  to  reTcrt  back  to  the  original 
model,  hawfiir  more  ciinplo,  unifonn,  and  beautiful  wouM  the 
church  appt-iir,  find  how  f;ir  more  agreeable  to  the  ecclesia*- 
tical  poliiy  iiutitul^d  by  the  hoi/  apoMlei  1    Pretident  S6iet. 

POL'KA,  n.    A  fashionable  Hungarian  dance. 
POLL,  n.    [D.  bol,  a  ball,  bowl,  crown,  poll,  pate, 
bulb.1 

1.  The  head  of  a  person,  or  the  back  part  of  the 
head  ;  and  in  composition,  applied  to  the  head  of  a 
beast,  as  in  poll-evil. 

2.  A  register  of  heads,  that  is,  of  persons.  Shak, 

3.  The  entry  of  the  namss  of  electors  who  vote 
for  civil  officers.     Hence, 

4.  An  election  of  civil  officers,  or  the  place  of  elec- 
tion. 

Our  citizens  say,  at  the  opening  or  close  of  the 
poll,  that  is,  at  the  beginning  of  the  register  of  voters 
and  reception  of  votes,  or  the  close  of  the  same. 
They  say  also,  we  are  going  to  the  polls ;  many  voters 
appeared  at  the  polls.  A^nr  i'ork. 

5.  A  fish  called  aCnUBorCHEviw.  [See  Pollard.] 
POLL,  r.  t.    To  lop  the  lops  of  trees.  Bacotu 

2.  To  clip  ;  to  cut  off  the  ends  ;  to  cut  off  hair  or 
wool  ;  to  shear.  The  phrases,  to  poll  the  hair,  and  to 
poll  the  head,  have  been  used.  The  latter  is  used  in 
2  Sam.  xiv.  26.  To  poU  a  deed,  is  a  phrase  still  used 
in  law  language.  Z.  Swift. 

3.  To  mow ;  to  crop.     [JVot  used,}  Shak. 

4.  To  peel;  to  strip;  to  plunder.     [0&5.] 

Bacon.     Spenser. 

5.  To  take  a  list  or  register  of  persons ;  to  enter 
names  in  a  list. 

6.  To  enter  one*8  name  in  a  list  or  register. 

Dryden. 

7.  To  insert  into  a  number  as  a  voter.         Tickd. 

8.  To  bring  to  the  polls  ;  as,  to  poll  votes. 
POL'LACK,  (  n.    A  salt-water  fish  of  the  cod  family, 
POL'LOCK,  1      closely  allied  to  the  wliiling  and  coal- 
fish. 

POL'LARD,  Tt,  [from  poll.]  A  tree  having  its  top  cut 
off  at  some  bight  above  the  ground,  that  it  may  throw 
out  branches.  Bacon. 

2.  A  clipped  coin.  Camden. 

3.  'I'lie  chub  fish.  ,  AinsworUu 

4.  A  stag  that  has  cast  fiis  horns. 

5.  A  mixture  of  bran  and  meal.  .Ainsworth. 
POL'LARD,  p.  U  To  lop  the  tops  of  trees  ;  to  poll. 
POL'LARD-ED,  pp.  Lopped.  [Evelyn. 
POLL'/ID,  pp.     Lopped,  as  tops  of  trees,     [bee  Poll.] 

2.  Brought  to  the  poll,  as  votes. 
POL'LEN,  n.     [L.  pot/en,  poWw,  fine  flour;  Russ.  pil, 
pirf,  dust,  l^.pulms.] 

1.  The  fecundating  dust  or  fine  substance,  like 
flour  or  meal,  contained  in  the  anther  of  flowers, 
which  is  dis|iersed  on  the  stigma  for  impregnation  ; 
farina.  Encyc.     Milne.     Murtyn. 

2.  Fine  bran.  Bailey. 

POL-LEN-A'RI-OUS,  a.    Consisting  of  meal. 

POL'LEN-OER.n.     Bnishwixid.     [Obs.]       Tusser. 

POL'LEN-l.V,  n,  [from  pollen,]  A  substance  ob- 
tained from  the  ptillen  of  plants.  Pollenin  is  various, 
as  obtained  from  different  plants,  and  does  not  ap- 
pear, in  any  case,  to  be  a  distinct  proximate  princi- 
ple, and  therefore  is  not  entitled  to  an  appellation 
appropriated  to  such  proximate  principles. 

POLL'ER,  n.  [fnim  polL]  One  that  shaves  persona  j 
a  liarber.     [^ot  used.] 

2.  One  iliat  lops  or  jtolls  trees. 

3.  A  pillager ;  a  plunderer ;  oae  that  fleeces  by  ex- 
action.    [JVut  used.]  Bacon. 

4.  One  that  registers  voters,  or  one  that  enters  his 
name  as  a  voter. 

POLL'-E-V/L,  n.  [poll  and  evil.]  A  swelling  or 
a[H>sten)e  on  a  horse's  head,  or  on  the  nape  of  the 
neck  bet\veen  the  ears.  Farrier^s  Diet. 

rOL-LIC-LTA'TION,  n.     [L.  poUieitatto.] 

A  promise ;  a  voluntary  engagement,  or  a  (Kiper 
containing  it.  Hcnni^s  Britain. 

POL-LINC'TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  that  prepares  materi- 
als for  embalming  the  dead  ;  a  kind  of  undertaker. 

OreenhiU. 

POLL'LVG,  ppr.     I^opping  ;  an  the  tops  of  trees. 

2.  RegisU-ring  one's  name  as  a  voter.     [See  Poll.] 

3,  Bringing  to  the  poll,  as  votes. 
POI^Ll-MF'ER-OUS,  a.     [U  pollen  and/cro,  to  pro- 
duce.] 

Producing  imllcn, 
POL'Ll-WIG,  n.     A   tndp<ile.     Forhy.      In   jJmericay 
Poi.Liwoo.     Forby  thinks  it  to  be  from  periwig. 


POL 

POL'LOCK,  n.     A  fish,  the  Pollack,  which  see. 

PoLL'-TAX,  n.  A  tax  levied  by  the  head  or  poll ;  a 
capitation  tax. 

POLLOTE',  r.  t,  [L.  polluo;  Fr.  poUuer.  If  this 
word  is  compound,  as  I  suspect,  it  seems  to  be  com- 
posed of  the  preiwsiiion  po,  which  is  in  the  Russian 
language  and  retained  in  the  L.polluceo  and  posaideo^ 
and  according  to  .^insworth,  of  lavo.  But  this  com- 
bination would  not  naturally  give  the  signification. 
If  the  word  is  simple,  the  first  syllable  coincides 
with/uuZ.  But  neither  is  this  etymology  satisfactory 
Q,u.  Gr.  /foAvfo).] 

1.  To  defile ;  to  make  foul  or  unclean  ;  m  a  gen- 
eral  sense.  But  appropriately,  among  the  Jews,  to 
make  unclean  or  impure,  in  a  legal  or  ceremonious 
sense, so  as  to  disqualify  a  person  for  sacred  services, 
or  to  render  things  unfit  fur  sacred  uses.  JVum. 
xviii.     Ezod.  XX.    2  Kings  xxiii.    2  Citron.  xirvL 

2.  To  taint  with  guilt. 

Ye  jmUuu  youTvilyet  with  all  jour  Idola.  —  Euk,  xz, 

3.  To  profane ;  to  use  for  carnal  or  idolatrous  pur- 
poses. 

My  Sabbaths  UiRy  grvally  polluted.       E«k.  X». 

4.  To  corrupt  or  impair  by  mixture  of  ill,  moral  or 
physical. 

Enry  you  my  praiae,  and  would  d'>»troy 

With  griet'  my  pleasures,  and  poUtUa  my  Joy  ?  Drydan* 

5.  To  violate  by  illegal  sexual  commerce, 
POT.-LCTE',  n.     Polluted  ;  defiled.  Milton. 
POL-LOT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Defiled  ;  rendered  unclean  j 

tainted  with  guilt;  impaired;  profaned. 
POI^LOT^ED-LV,  adv.    In  a  stale  of  pollution. 

Heywood. 
POL-LOT'ED-NESS,  ».    The  stale  of  being  polluted  j 

defilt-menl. 
POL-LCT'ER,  n.    A  defiler ;  one  that  pollutes  or  pro- 
fanes. 
POL-LuT'ING,  ppr.     Defiling;  rendering  unclean; 
corrupting;  profaning. 
2.  a.     Adapted  or  tending  to  defile  or  infecL 
POL-LOT'ING-LY,  adv.     Corntptingly. 
POL-LC'TION,  Tt.     [L.  poUxUio;    Fr.  pollutiom   Sp. 
polucion  i  It.  pollazione.] 
\.  The  act  of  polluting. 

2.  Defilement;  unclcanncss;  Impurity;  the  state 
of  being  polluted. 

3.  In  the  Jeirish  eeonorni/,  legal  or  ceremonial  un- 
cleanness,  which  disqualified  a  person  for  sacred 
services  or  for  common  intercourse  with  the  people, 
or  rendered  any  thing  unfit  for  sacred  use. 

4.  In  medicine,  the  emission  of  semen  in  sleep. 

5.  In  II  religious  sauie,  guilt,  the  effect  of  sinj 
idolatry,  &c 

POL'LUX,  V.     [L.]     A  fixed  star  of  the  second  mag- 
nitude, in  the  constellation  Gemini,  or  the  Twins. 
2.  See  Castor.  [Brande. 

PO-LO-NAISE',  >  n.     A  robe  or  dress  adopted   from 
PO-LO-NeSE%  j      the  fashion  of  the  Poles;    some- 
times worn  by  ladies. 
PO-LO-Nl':SE',  71.    The  Polish  language.        Encye. 
PO-LO-NOISE',  (po-Io-naze',)  71.    In    wiiwic,  a  move- 
ment of  three  crotchets  in  a  bar,  with  the  rhythm- 
ical caesura  on  the  last.  Busby. 
POLT,  n.     [Sw.  bulla,  to  beat.] 

A  blow,  stroke,  or  striking  ;  a  word  in  common  iise 
in  JVrw  England,  Ilalliwell, 

POLT'-FQQT,  n.     A  distorted  foot.     [At»(  in  use.] 

Herbert. 
P0LT'-F9QT-ED,  a.    Having  distorted   feet.     [JVot 

in  use,]  B,  Jonsotu 

POL-TROON',  n.  [Fr.  poltron  ;  It.  poltrone^  an  idle 
fellow,  a  coward  ;  poltrire,  to  sleep,  to  be  idle,  to 
loiter  ;  Sp.  poltron,  idle,  lazy,  easy,  comniodious  ; 
Port,  poltram^  an  idler  ;  poltram,  pvUrona,  lazy,  cow- 
ardly ;  Arm.  poultroun  ;  certainly  not  from  pollice 
truncato.  The  primary  sense  is,  idle,  at  ease,  whence 
lazy  ;  perhaps  from  the  root  of  fail,  W.  pallu.] 

An  arrant  coward  ;  a  dastard  ;  a  wretch  without 
spirit  or  cotirage.  Drydcn. 

POL-TROOiN",  a.    Base;  vile;  contemplibte. 

Hammond. 
POL-TROON'ER-Yj   n.      Cowardice ;    baseness    of 

mind  ;  want  of  spirit. 
POL'VE-RINE,  n.     [L.  p»(t;t5,  dust  ;  It.  polverino.] 
The  calcined  ashes  of  a  plant,  of  the  nature  of  pot 
and  pearl  ashes,  brought  from  the  Levant  and  Syria, 
In  the  manufacture  of  glass,  it  is  preferred  to  otlier 
ashes,  as  the  glass  made  with  it  is  perfectly  white. 

K7icyc. 
PO'LY,     )  n.     [L,  polium;  Gr.   noXioi't  from  -noXtoi, 
rO'LEY,  \      white.] 

An  evergreen  undershrub  of  the  genus  Teucrium, 
found  near  the  Mediterranean.  Loudon^ 

The  grass  polcy  is  of  the  genus  Lyihrum. 

Deweij^s  Mass.  Hep. 
POL'Y,  in  compound  words,  is  from  the  Greek  ttoAuj, 
and  signifies  inajiy ;  as  in  polygon,  a  figure  of  many 
angles. 
POL^Y-A-eOUS'Tie,    0.      [Gr.    tioXvs,    many,  and 
ax'ivr.},  to  hear.] 

That  multiplies  or  magnifies  sound.  Aa  a  noun, 
an  instrument  to  multiply  sounds. 


TCNE,  BJ;LL.  liNITE.  — AN"GER.  VI"C10US.--e  as  K;  0  as  J  ;   8  as  Z;   CII  as  SII ;  Til  as  in  THIS 


POL 


POL-Y-A-DF.L'PHI-A,  k.  [Or.  voXvi,  many,  and 
ah\-po;,  brolhtT.] 

In  botan^^  a  class  of  plants  Imving  stamens  united 

in  three  or  morr  bodies  ur  bundles  by  the  filament''. 

POI--V'-A-DELTHI-AN, )  a.     Havinfi  stamens  united 

POL-Y-A-DEL'PHOUS,  \      in  three  or  more  bundles. 

POL-Y-AN'DRI-A,  B.     [Gr.  xoXvs,  many,  and  avupt 

a  male.) 

In  boUiny^  a  class  of  monoclinous  or  hermaphro- 
dite pInnU,  having  many  stamens,  or  any  number 
above  twenty,  inserted  in  the  receptacle. 
POlx-Y-AN'DRI-AiN, )  a.     Having  many  stamens,  thai 
FOL-Y-A.\'DROUS,  \      Is,  any  number  above  twen- 
ty, inserted  in  the  receptacle. 
POL-Y-A\'DRY,  n,     [Supra.]     The  practice  of  fe- 
males having  more  husbands  than  one  at  the  same 
lime;  plurality  of  husbands,  Furster^s  Obs. 

POL-Y-A.NTUrs,  It  fGr  ruXtj,  many,  and  ai'flos,a 
flower.] 

An  ornamental  plant  of  the  penus  Primula  or 
primrose,  ivhose  flower-slalks  pruduce  flowers  in 
clusters.  Loudaa. 

POL'Y-XRGH-Y,  n.     [Or.  jr.oX»$  and  aaxr}.] 

A  government  by  many  persons,  of  whatever  order 
or  class. 
POL-Y-AU-TOG'RA-PHY,  n.     [Gr.  rri>\vi,  many,  av~ 
TOft  he  himself,  and  ypii^w,  to  write.] 

The  act  or  practice  of  multiplying  copies  of  one's 
own  handwriting  or  of  manuscripts,  by  engraving  on 
stone  i  a  species  of  lithography. 

Delastryrie,    Med,  Repos. 
PO-LY8'.\-SrrE,  »,    [Or.  wjAts,  many,  and  jiaan^ 
base.] 

An  iron-black  ore   of  silver,  consisting  of  silver, 
Bulphur,  and  antimony,  with  some  copfier  and  ar- 
senic. 
POL'Y-€IIORD,  a.     [Gr.  roXi?,  many,  and  chord.} 
Uaving  many  chords  or  strings. 

CA.  ReUg.  JippraL 
POL'Y-eHREST,  n.    [Gr.  jroXv$,many,  and  ximaroiy 
useful.] 

In  pAorfiMcy,  a  medicine  that  serves  far  many  tieea, 
w  that  cure?  many  diseases,    f  OAa.] 

Polyekrt3t  mUt,  lunong  old  tkemiisUy  was  the  sul- 
phate of  polassa.  BrauiU, 
POL'Y-eHRO-ITE,  a.  [Gr.  stjAds,  many,  and  xp<"s'*'> 
to  color.] 

The  coloring  m.iiter  of  saflh>a.  Vrt* 

POI^Y-CHRO-MAT'ie,  a.  [Gr.  roXtfj,  many,  and 
Xo«M''»  color.] 

In  ■iuicp«/i>Fy,  exhibiting  a  play  of  colors.  Mohs. 
POI<-Y-<;0-TYL-i  'DON,  ».    [Gr.  n^At-s,  many,  and 

)t  has  many  or  more  than  two 
C'  :  be  seed.  JVortya. 

POI^.  ».  V  .  1  ^-..  ..■v^^-OUS,  d.  Having  more  than 
two  )oi>es  to  the  seed. 

POL-Y-k'DROX,    i  See  Polthkdrou  and  Polthb- 

POL-Y-E'DROUS.  I     DBAi- 

POL-Y-GX'MI-A,  K.  [Gr.  >roAr(,  many,  and  >a>i«5, 
marriage.] 

In  bota»if^  a  claas  of  plants  bearing  hermaphrodite 
flowers,  with  male  or  female  flowers,  or  bulb,  not 
inclosed  in  the  same  common  calyx,  but  scattered 
either  on  the  same  plant,  or  on  two  or  three  distinct 
individuals,  in  different  flowers.  Martya. 

POL-V-GA'MI-AN,  jo.  In  ioi/i'itf,  producing  herniaph- 

PO-LYG'.\-MOUS,  \  rodite  flowers,  with  male  or 
female  flowers,  or  boUi. 

PO-LYG'A-MIST,  n.  [See  PoLToiMr.]  A  person 
who  practices  polygamy,  or  maintains  its  lawfulness. 

Hammond. 

PO-LYG'A-MOUS,  a.    Consisting  of  polygamy. 

Encye, 
S.  Inclined  to  polygamy  ;   having  a  plurality  of 
wires. 

PO-LYG'.VSIY,  m.  [Gr.  roAif,  many,  and  ja/iof, 
marriage.] 

A  plurality  of  wii*es  or  husbands  at  the  same  time  ; 
or  the  having  of  such  plurality.  When  a  man  has 
more  wives  than  one,  or  a  woman  more  hvisbands 
than  one,  at  the  same  time,  the  offender  is  punisha- 
ble for  polygamy.  Such  is  the  fact  in  Christian  coun- 
tries. But  polygamy  is  allowed  in  some  cotintries,  as 
in  Turkey. 

POL'Y-GXR,  m.  In  Hindostan^  an  inhabitant  of  the 
woods. 

POI-r-Y-GAS'TRie,  a.  [Gr.  •:TQ\viy  many,  and  ynarnpt 
stomach.] 

Havins  many  stomachs. 

POUY-GAS'TRie,  n.  An  animal  having  many 
8tomarh«,  as  some  of  the  infusories.  Beil. 

PO-LYG'E-.\OUS,  a.  [Or  ttuAis,  many,  and  vcvoj, 
kind.] 

Consisting  of  many  kinds ;  as,  a  polyeenous  moun- 
tain, which  is  composed  of  strata  of  different  species 
of  stone.  Kinoau. 

POI/Y-GLOT,  a.  [Gr.  iroXo?,  many,  and  jAwrra, 
tongue.] 

Having  or  containing  many  languages  :  as,  a  poly- 
plot  lexicon  or  Bible. 

POL'Y-GLOT,  «.  A  book  containing  many  lan- 
guages, particulariy  the  Bible  containing  the  Scrip- 
tures in  several  languages. 


POL 

2.  One  who  understands  many  languages.  {J^ot 
in  usf.\  HotcelL 

POL'Y-(.0X,  n.  [Gr.  woAvf,  many,  and  yi^vta,  an 
anjile.] 

In  fffometry,  a  plane  figure  of  many  angles,  and 
consequently  of  many  sides  ;  partieularlvy  one  whose 
perimeter  consists  of  more  than  four  aides.     Brandt, 

POLYG'ON-UUS,  i    "•    Having  many  angles.  Z^<. 
Polyi^oHol  numbers ;    In   aritktnetie^  the  successive 
sums  of  a  series  of  numbers  in  arithmetical  progres- 
sion. Brandt, 

POL-Y-GON-OM'E-TRY,  n.     [potygon  and  Gr.  ^cr- 
pov.l 
The  doctrine  of  polygons.  Brandt, 

PO-LYG'ON-UM,  n.  [Gr.  s-oAwj,  many,  and  >ofv, 
knee  or  knot.] 

A  genus  of  plants  so  named  from  the  numerous 
joints  in  the  stem.  Some  of  tlie  most  remarkable 
species  of  polygonum  are  the  three  sorts  of  buck- 
wheat, the  medicinal  bistori,  the  water-pepper,  Ac 

FOL'Y-GRAM,  h.     [Gr.  iroAv(,  many,  and  jpaftnaj  a 
writing.] 
A  flgure  consisting  of  many  lines.  Barlow, 

POL'Y-GRAPII,  n.  [Sec  PoLVORAPwr.]  An  instru- 
ment fir  multiidying  copies  of  a  writing  with  ease 
and  exTH'dltioi). 

POL-Y-GRAPIi'ie,        \a.      Pertaining    to    polvgra- 

POL-Y-GR.\PH'I€-AL,  ]  phy  ;  as,  a  polygrapkU  in- 
strument. 

2.  Dune  witli  a  polygraph  ;  as,  a  polygraphie  copy 
or  writing. 

PO-LYG'R.-V-PIIY,  n.  [Gr,  iroAuj,  many,  and  ypatpnt 
a  writing  ;  >pjykj,  to  write.] 

The  art  of  writing  in  various  ciphers,  and  of  deci- 
phering the  same.  Diet.     Encyc 

POL'Y-GYN,  n.  )  [Gr.  ttoAvj,  many,  and  ywt], 

POL-Y-GYN^I-A,  It.  pi.  \      a  female.] 

In  botanVy  an  order  of  plants  havmg  many  8t>les. 

POL-Y-GY?J'l-.\N,  ;  a.      In    boUmy^    having   many 

PO-LYG'YN-OUS,   (       styles. 

PO-LYG'Y-NY,  n.  [Gr.  rroAff,  many,  and  yrvij,  a  fe- 
male.] 

The  practice  of  having  more  wives  than  one  at 
the  same  time.  Forsttr^s  Obs. 

PO-LY'HA-LITE,  n.  [Gr.  ToAuy,  many,  and  uAj, 
sail.] 

A  mineral  or  salt  occurring  in  masses  of  a  fibrous 
structure,  of  a  brick-red  color,  being  tinged  with 
irun.  It  contains  sulphate  of  lime,  of  magnesia,  of 
potash,  and  of  soda.  CleoveUind. 

POIv-Y-HE'DRAL,      I  a,     [See  Polyhedbow.]     Hav- 

POL-Y'-IIS'DROUS,  \  ing  many  sides,  as  a  solid 
body. 

POL-V-HE'DRON,  a,  [Gr.  woAus,  many,  and  tipa^ 
side.] 

1.  In  geomctryy  a  body  or  solid  contained  by  many 
sides  or  planes. 

2.  In  optics^  a  polyscope  or  multiplying  glass. 

JIuUon, 

PO-LYL'O-CY,  B>  {Qt*  roAvs,  many,  and  Aoy^s,  dis- 
course.] 

A  talking  much;  talkativeness;  garrulity.  [JSTot 
in  use.)  Granger. 

POL-Y-.MATH'ie,  a.  [See  Polvmatht.]  Pertaining 
to  polymathy. 

PO-LYM'A-THY,  n.  [Gr.  ttsAvj,  many  and  /laOijfftf, 
learning  ;  /lapOat^u),  to  learn.] 

The  Knowledge  of  many  arts  and  sciences;  ac- 
quaintance with  many  branches  of  learning,  or  with 
various  subject!".  Johnson.     Eneye. 

POL-Y-MIG'MTE,  Ji.  [Gr.  tt'jXvs,  many,  and  fityvv- 
111,  to  mix.] 

A  black,  shining  mineral,  containing  titanic  acid, 
zirconia,  yctria,  oxyda  of  cerium  and  iron,  &c.  Dana. 

POL'Y.M-NITE,  n.      [.stone  of  many  marshes.]      A 
stone  marked  with  dendrites  and  black  linos,  and  so 
disposed  as  to  represent  rivers,  marshes,  and  ponds. 
DicU  JVat.  Hist. 

POL'Y-MORPfl,  n.  [Gr.  ruAtj,  many,  and  pijp(}>n, 
form.] 

A  name  given  by  Soldani  to  a  numeroiis  tribe  or 
series  of  shells,  which  are  very  small,  irregular,  and 
singular  in  form,  and  which  can  not  be  referred  to 
any  known  genus.  DicL  J^aL  Hist. 

POL-Y-MORPH'OUS,  a.  [Supra.]  Having  many 
forms.  Bigelow. 

POL'YNEME,  n.  A  sea-fish  of  the  genus  Polyne- 
mu.s,  belonging  to  the  perch  family,  having  a  scaly, 
compressed  head,  with  a  blunt,  prominent  nose,  and 
pliform  appendages  to  the  pectoral  fins.      Pennant. 

POL-Y-Nk'SIA,  n.  [Gr.  roAvs,  many,  and  i'/jtoj,  isle.] 
A  term  in  geography,  used  to  designate  numerous 
groups  of  isles  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  especially  near 
the  tropics;  as  the  Peleiv  Isles,  the  Ladrones,  the 
Carolines,  the  Sandwich  Isles,  the  Marquesas,  the 
Society  Isles,  and  the  Friendly  Isles. 

De  Brosses.     Pinkerion. 

POl4-Y-\F:'STAN,  a.     Pertaining  to  Polynesia. 

POI^Y-NO'MI-AL,  n.  [Gr,  T.Aif,  many,  and  •vu/ia, 
name.] 

Ill  alfTetn-Oy  a  quantity  consisting  of  many  terms. 

POL-Y-NC'MI-AL,  a.  Containing  many  names  or 
terms. 


POL 

POI^Y-ON'O-MOUS,  a.  [Gr.  noAvj,  many,  and  ovo- 
fia,  name.] 

Having  many  names  or  titles  ;  many-titled. 

Sir  IV.  Jones. 
POL-Y-ON'0-MY,  H.    [Supra.]    Variety  of  different 

names.  Faber. 

POL-V-OP'TRON.  )  n.    [Gr.  iroAvt,  many,  and  otrro- 
POL-Y-OP'TKUM.  \      tin,,  to  sec.] 

A  glass  through  which  objects  appear  multiplied, 
but  diminislied.  Hutton.     Brandt. 

POl^YO-RX'MA,  «.    [Gr.  ttoAwj  and  opa^a,} 

A  view  of  many  objects. 
POL'YP,n.  An  aquatic  animal  of  the  Radiate  type,  hav- 
ing, in  general,  a  cylindrical  body,  at  one  extn^mity  of 
which  tliere  is  a  mouth,  surrounded  by  one  or  more  sc- 
ries of  arms  or  tentacles.  It  has  no  special  organs  of 
sense,  and  is  capable  of  multiplying  by  buds  and  ar- 
tificial sections  as  well  as  by  ova.  'J'be  name  is 
sometimes  used  in  a  restricted  sense  for  the  Hydra 
polyp,  but  property  includes  the  animals  of  all  zoci- 
I)hytes.  These  animals  form  coral  by  the  secretion 
of  calcareous  matter.  Dana, 

POL'Y-P.\-RY,  n.     [jtolyp  and  L.  pario,  to  produce.] 
A  name  given  to  coral,  because  ibrmed  by  polyps. 

Dana. 
POL-Y-PET' Algous,  a.     [Gr.  jtoAwj,  many,  and  itct- 
aXot'y  a  [>etal.] 

In  botany,  having  many  petals;  as,  a  polypetalous 
corol.  Jtlartyn, 

PO-LYPH'A-GOUS,  a,     [Gr.  iroXvs  and  lp(^y<^).] 

Eating  or  subsisting  on  many  things,  or  kinds  of 
food. 
POLr-Y-PIUR'MA-CY.n.  [Gr.  TroAuj  and  ipappaKCia.] 

Medicmet*  of  many  ingredients. 
POL-Y-PHON'ie,      (a.  [Infra.]  Having  or  consisting 
PO-LYPH'O-NOUS,  S     of  many  voices  or  sounds. 
PO-LVPirO-NI»M,  *n.    [Gr.  tthAhs,  many,  and  0a>- 
PO-LVPH'O-NY,       i      vf]y  sound.] 

Multiplicity  of  sounds,  as  in  the  reverberations  of 
an  echo.  Derham. 

PO-LYPH'O-NrST,  n.    One  who  professes  the  art  of 
multiplying  sounds,   or   who   makes    a  variety  of 
sounds  ;  a  vt  ntriloquist. 
PO-LYPH'YL-JLOUS,  a.     [Gr.  iroAuj,  many,  and  ^vA- 
Awv,  leaf.] 

In  butuny^  mauy-leafed  ;  as,  a  polyphylhus  calyx  or 
perianth. 
PO-LYP'I-DOM,  ».    [polyp  and  Gr.  Sonoi,  house.] 
Literally^  a  house  or  hive  of  polyps  ;  a  name  some- 
times given  to  coral.    The  term  is  incorrect,  as  coral 
is  an  internal  t^ecretion.  Dana. 

PO-L17"/-£/i,(po-lip'e-a,)n.    [Fr.]    Polypary,  which 

see. 
POL-Y-PIF'ER-OUS,  a.    [pohjp    and  fero.]     Produ- 
cing jKjIyiis.l 
POL'Y-PODE;  n.     [Gr.  iroXv^  and  iruvf.] 

An  animal  having  many  feet ;  the  millcped  or 
wotHl-Iouse.  CoTtt. 

PO-LYP'O-DY,  n.  [L.  pohjpodinm^  from  the  Greek. 
See  Polyp.] 

A  plant  of  the  S*'nus  Polypodium,  of  the  order  of 
Filler's  or  ferns.  The  fructifications  arc  in  roundish 
points,  scattered  over  the  inferior  disk  of  the  frons 
or  leaf.     There  are  numemus  sjwcies.  Loudon. 

POL'Y-POUS,  a.  [from  polypus]  Having  the  nature 
of  the  polypus  ;  having  many  reet  or  roots,  like  the 
polypus;  as,  apo6/p('iw  C(Uicretion.  Arbu.thnoU 

POL-Y-PRlS-MAT'ie,  a.  [Gr.  TroAvf,  many,  and 
prismatic.'^ 

In  cni.itaUograpky,  a  term  applied  to  a  prismatic 
cr>stal,  having  many  lateral,  secondary  planes,  with 
or  without  the  primary  planes.  Dana. 

POL'Y-PUS,  n.     [Gr.   noXvitovi }  ToAttf,  many,  and 

TTOUS,  foot.] 

1.  Something  that  has  many  feet  or  roots. 

2.  In  lodlogy,  a  polyp,  which  see. 

3.  A  tumor  with  a  narrow  ba.se,  somewhat  resem- 
bling a  pear;  found  in  the  nose,  titcrus,&.c.  Cooper. 

POL'Y-SeOPE,  n.     [Gr.  ttoAus,  many,  and  iT*c«7r£t.>,  to 

view.] 
A  glass  which  makes  a  single  object  appear  as 

many  ;  a  multiplying  glass,  which  see.         Hutton. 
POL-Y-SEP'A-LOUS,  a.     In   botany,  a   polysepalous 

calyx  is  that  which  has  more  than  one  sepal.    JAndley, 
POL'Y-SPAST,  n.     [Sp.  polUpa-stos  ;  Gr.  ttuAwSj  many, 

and  oTTau},  to  draw.] 

A  machine  consisting  of  many  pulleys.         Diet, 
POL'Y-SPERM,  n.     [Gr.  tt-Aus,  many,  and  ar.tn^at 

seed.] 

A  tree  whose  fruit  contains  many  seeds.  Evelyn. 
POL-Y-SPERM'OUS,  a.    Containing  many  seeds  ;  as, 

a  polyspermous  capsule  or  berry.  Maytyn, 

POL'Y-STTLE,  n.     [Gr.  rr-Ats  and  orv^Qi.] 

An  edifice  whose  columns  are  too  numerous  to  be 

readily  counted.  FAmes. 

POL-Y  SYL-LAB'I€,  jo.  [from polysyllablt.]  Per- 

POL-Y-SYL-LAB'I€^AL,  (      taining  to  a  polysyllable  ; 

consisting  of  many  syllables,  or  of  more  than  three. 
POL'Y-SYL-LA-BLE,  n.     [Gr.  -roAuj,  many,  and  av\- 

X't^Tjt  a  syllable.] 

A  word  of  many  syllables,  that  is,  consisting  of 

more  syllables  than  three,  for  words  of^a  less  number 

than  four  are  called  monosyllables,  dissyllables,  and 

trisyllables.  Eneyc 


Fate,  far,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BTRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


POM 

POL-Y-SYN'DE-TON,  n,     [Gr.  rnXuffwi'^fro*;  iroAuy, 

many,  and  awScroi^  connectinp.l 

A  figure  of  rjieloric,  by  which  the  copulative  is 

often  repeated  ;  as,  *^  We  have  ships,  and  men,  and 

money,  and  stores. 
P0L-Y-TECI1'M€,  a.     [Gr.  roAus,  many,  and  rfxvfj, 

artj 
Comprehendmu  many  arts  ;  applied  particularly  to 

a  school  in  which  many  brandies  uf  art  or  science 

are  tiusht. 
POL-Y-TIIAL'A-MOTJS,  a.     [Gr.  t^Au?,  many,  and 

da\a(i')ij  chamber.] 

Many-chambered  ;  applied  to  cepbalopods  having 

muliilocular  shells.  P.  Cvc 

POL'Y-THE-ISM,   n.      [Fr.  polytheisme;    Gr.   ttoXvs, 

many,  and  ccog,  god.] 

The  doctrine  of  a  plurality  of  gods  or  invisible  be- 
ings superior  to  man,  and   having  an  agency  in  the 

Bovernment  of  the  world.  StUlingfleet. 

POL'Y-THE-IST,  n.     A  person   who   believes  in   or 

maintains  the  doctrine  of  a  plurality  of  gods. 
POL-Y-THE-rST'ie,  la.    Pertaining  to  polythe- 

POI^Y-THE-IST'ie-AL,  J     ism  i  as,  polyVieistic  be- 
lief or  worship. 
2.  Holding  a  plurality  of  gods ;  as,  a  polytheistic 

writer.  Milncr.     Encyc. 

POL-Y-THE-IST'ie-AL-LY,  odr.    In  the  manner  of 

polv  theism. 
POL-Y-ZO'NAL,  o.     [Gr.  ito\vf  and  ^oivr/.] 

Consisting  of  many  zones  or  rings;  as,  a^ polyzonal 

lens,  Brncster. 

POM'ACE,  (pum'ase,)  n.     [from  L.  pomitm,  an  apple. 

It.  pome,  Sp.  porno,  Fr.  pomme.] 
Tlie  substance  of  apples  or  of  similar  fruit  crushed 

by  grinding.     In  America,  it  is  so  railed  before  and 

after  being  pressed.     [See  Pomp  and  Poumel.] 
PO-Ma'CEOU3,  (-€hus,)    a.     Consisting    of  apples ; 

aa,  pomaceons  harvests.  Pkilips. 

2.  Like  pomace. 

PO-MaDE',7i.     [Ft.  pomm/ide :  It.  pomatn  :  Sp.pomada, 
either  from  pomo,  fruit,  or  from  perfuming  ;  poma  sig- 
nifying, in  Spanish,  a  perfume-box.] 
Perfumed  ointment.     [Little  (wfJ.] 
PO-.MAN'DER,  n.     [Tx.  pomme  d^ambre.     Johnson.'] 
A  sweet  b^t  i  a  perfumed  ball  or  powder. 

Bncon.     Shak. 
PO-MA'TtTM,  »,     [Fr.  pommade  ;  It.  pomata  ,•  Sp.  po- 
madtL,    Sec  Pomade.] 

A  perfumed  unguent  or  composition  used  fn  dress- 
ing the  hair.     It  is  also  U!>ed  in  medicine.      Enevc 
PO-MA'TUM,  F.  ^     To  apply  pomatum  to  the  hair. 
P6ME,  u.     [l^pomum.]  [Dirt. 

1.  In  botany,  a  fleshy  or  pulpy  pericarp  wiiliout 
valves,  containing  a  capsule  or  capsules,  as  the  apple, 
pear,  fcc  Martyn. 

3.  A  name  given  in  America  to  baked  cakes  of 
maixe  or  Indian  meal,  about  the  size  of  an  apple. 

P5ME,  o.  i.     [Fr.  pommer.] 

To  grow  to  a  head,  or  form  a  head  in  growing. 

r.V'.(  u.'>eA.'\  Diet. 

POME-f'IT'RON,  n.     A  citron  apple.        B.  .Ton-^on. 
POME-GRAN'ATE,  (pum-gran'nate,)  n.     [L.  pomum, 

an  apple,  and  granatum,  grained.     See  GaAi.f  and 

GnAIVATB.] 

1.  The  fruit  of  a  tree  belonging  to  the  genus 
Punfca.  This  fntit  is  as  large  as  an  orange,  having 
a  hard  rind  filled  with  a  sofl  pulp  and  numerous 
seeds,    ft  is  of  a  reddish  color. 

2.  The  tree  that  produces  |»omegranaie8. 

3.  An  omnment  resembling  a  pomtgmnale,  on  the 
robe  and  cphod  of  the  Jewish  hiirh  priest. 

POME-r.RA.V'ATE-TREE,  n.    The  true  which  pro- 
duces pomegranates. 
POME'ROV,  (pum'roy,)  |  n.      Royal   apple;   a 

POME-ROY'AL,  fpum-roy'al,)  S      particular   sort    of 

apple.  jiiTtMWnrtA, 

POME'-WA-TER.  ».     A  sort  of  apple.  Shak. 

POM'EY.iu  [In  heraldry,  a  green  roundel.  — £.  //. 
B(irkrr.\ 

PO-MIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  pomum,  an  apple,  and  fero, 
to  produce.] 

Apple  bearing  ;  an  epithet  applied  to  plants  which 
bear  the  larger  fruits,  such  as  melons,  gourdi^,  pump- 
kins, cucumbers,  &.c.,  in  distinction  from  the  baccif- 
eroiis  or  berry-bearing  plants.         Ray.    ^rbuthnot, 

POM  MR,  )  n.     In  heraldry,  [never  occur  alone, 

POM-METTE',  t  but  only  in  union  wither^***;  as,  a 
cr  on  pom  me,  a  cross  of  which  ttie  ends  terminate  in 
three  half  circlets  resembling  apples.  There  are 
several  croaaeji  of  various  forms  ;  a:*,  the  cros*  moline, 
the  erosg  paUtnec, —  £,  3.  Barker.] 

Pn.M'MAC^E,  (pum'-)  n.      See  Pomac*. 

POM'MEL,  I'pum'mel,)  n.  [Fr.  pommean;  It.  pomo,an 
apple  \  porno  della  spada,  the  pommel  of  a  hilt ;  Sp. 
pumo,  L.  pomum,  an  apple,  or  a  similar  fruit;  VV. 
pirmp,  a  round  mass  or  lump.] 

1.  A  knob  or  ball ;  any  ornament  of  a  globular 
form.    9  Chron.  iv. 

3.  The  knob  on  the  hilt  of  a  sword  ;  the  pnituber- 
ant  part  of  a  saddle-bow ;  the  round  knob  on  the 
frame  of  a  chair,  &c. 

POM'MEL,  Cpum'mel,)  r.  t.  [from  the  noun.]  To 
beat  as  with  a  pommel,  that  is,  with  something  thick 
or  bulky  ;  to  bruise. 


PON 

[The  French  se  pommeler,  to  grow  dapple,  to  cur- 
dle, is  from  the  same  source ;  hut  tlie  sense  is  to 
make  knobs  or  lumps,  and  hence  to  variegate,  or 
make  spots  like  knobs.  The  Welsh  have  from  the 
same  root,  or  pwmp,  a  mass,  pipmpiaw,  to  form  a 
round  mass,  and  to  thump,  to  bang,  Erig.  to  bump,] 

P0M'MEL-^:D,  (pum'meld,)  pp.    Beaten  ;  bruised. 
S.  a.     In  heraldry,  having  pommels,  as  a  sword  or 
dagger. 

POM'MEb-ING,  ppr.     Beating. 

POM'MKL-ING,  n.     A  beating  or  bruising. 

POM-MkL'ION,  r-mel'yun,)  ru  [from  pommel.]  The 
cascabel  or  hindmost  knob  of  a  cannon. 

Mar.  Diet. 

PO-MO-LOG'ie-AL,  a.    Belonging  to  pomology. 

PO-MOL'0-GIST,  n.    One  interested  in  pomology. 

PO-MOL'O-GY,  n.  The  art  or  science  of  raising 
fruit. 

POMP,  n.  [L.  pompa  ;  Fr.  pompe:  Arm.  pomp;  pom- 
padiyto  boast  ;  It.  and  Sp.  pompa;  Sw.  pomp  ,■  D.  pomp^ 
a  pump,  and  pompoen,  a  gourd,  a  pumpkin  ;  G.  pomp, 
show,  and  pumpe,  a  pump.  These  words  appear  to 
be  alt  of  one  family,  coinciding  with  L.  bombus,  Sp. 
bomba,  Eiig.  bomb,  bombast.  Tlie  radical  sense  is,  to 
swell  or  dilate;  Gr.  Tr-finrif  nofiireia,  TT'^^iircvw.] 

1.  A  procession  distinguished  by  ostentation  of 
grandeur  and  splendor;  as,  the  pomp  of  a  Roman 
triumph. 

2.  Show  of  magnificence  ;  parade ;  splendor. 

llcarU  formed  for  lor«,  but  doomrd  in  ruin  to  ^bw 

In  piiaonoi  pomp,  anil  weep  in  aplendid  woe.     D.  Humphrtyt. 

POMP-AT'ie,  o.     [Low  If.  pompaHcus,  pompatus,] 
Pompous  ;  splendid  ;  ostentatious.     [JVu(  in  use,] 

Barrow. 
POMP'ET,  n.    The  ball  which  printers  use  to  black 

the  tvpe^.  Cotgrave. 

POM'PHO-LYX,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.TowJroXt-^  ;  to,*^o?, 
a  tumor  ;  Trtfi^i^,  a  blast,  a  puff,  a  bubble,  a  pustule. 
See  Pomp.] 

The  white  oxyd  which  sublimes  during  the 
combustion  of  zinc,  called  jiowers  of  zinc.  It 
rises  and  adheres  to  the  dome  of  the  furnace  and 
the  covers  of  the  crucibles.  HilL  J^Ticholson.  Ure. 
POMP'I-ON,  (pump'e-on,)  n.  ["D.  pompoen,  n  pumpkin, 
a  gnurd  ;  Sw.  pumpa.     See  Pomp  and  Pomace.] 

A  pumpkin ;  a  plant  and  its  fruit  of  the  genus  Cu- 
cnrbjta. 
POM'PIRE,  n.     [L.  pomum^  apple,  and  pyrus,  pear.] 
A  sort  t)f  pearmain.  JSinstcorth, 

POM-POSM-TY,  n,     [It.  pomposUd.] 

Pompousne^s  ;  ostentation;  boasting.  Jiikiiu 

POM-PO'SO,  [It.J     In  music^  grand  and  dignified. 
POMP'OUS,  a,     [Fr.  pompeux;  It.  pomposo.] 

1.  Displaying  pomp  ;  showy  with  grandeur;  splen- 
did ;  niagniiiccnt;  as,  a  pompous  procession  ;  a  pmn- 
pous  triumph. 

3.  Ostentatious  ;  boastful ;  as,  a  pompous  account 
of  private  adventures. 

POMl*'OtJS-LY,  odr.  With  great  parade  or  display  ; 
ningiiificently  ;  splendidly;  ostentatiously.     Dryden. 

PO.MP'OUS-NESS,  n.  Tlie  state  of  being  pompous; 
magnificence;  splendor;  great  display  of  show  ;  os- 
lentatiouaness.  Addison. 

POM'-Wi^-TER,  n.     The  name  of  a  large  apple. 

DicU 

PO.VD,  n.  [Sp.  PoVt.  and  It.  pantano,  a  pool  of  stag- 
nant water,  also  in  Sp.  hinderance,  obstacle,  diffi- 
culty. I'he  name  imports  stiniling  water,  from  set- 
ting or  confining.  It  may  be  allied  to  I.,  pnno  ;  Sax. 
pymhm,  to  pound,  to  pen,  to  restrain,  and  L.  pontas, 
the  sea,  may  be  of  the  same  family.] 

1.  A  body  of  stagnant  water  without  an  outlet, 
larger  than  a  puddle,  and  smaller  than  a  lake  ;  or  a 
like  body  of  wal<;r  with  a  small  outlet.  In  the  United 
States,  we  give  this  name  to  collections  of  water  in 
the  interior  country,  which  are  fed  by  springs,  and 
from  which  issues  a  small  stream.  These  ponds  are 
ciftf  n  a  mile  or  two,  or  even  more,  in  length,  and  the 
current  issuing  fnitn  them  is  used  to  drive  the  wheels 
of  mills  and  furnaces. 

2.  A  collection  of  water  raised  In  a  river  by  a  dam, 
for  the  purpose  of  prop«;lling  mill-wheels.  These 
artificial  ponds  are  called  MiLL-ronDs. 

PoniL,  for  fish.    See  Fisii-Pu-io. 
POND,  tf.  e.     [from   (he  notin.]     To  make  a  pond  ;  to 

collect  in  a  pond  by  stopping  the  current  of  a  river. 
POND,  r.  L     To  ponder.     [JVof  in  use.]  Spcnsrr. 

PON'DER,  V,   t,      [L.  pnndtro,  from   pondo,  pondns, 

a    pound  ;    pendeo,    pendoj    to    weigh ;    and    Pers. 

,  jA^ltltXiL*  pindashatan,   and     "  »Xjj)*Xaj   &?»- 

dazidan,  to  think,  to  consider.] 

1.  To  weigh  in  the  mind  ;  lo  consider  and  com- 
pare the  circumstances  orconseqtienrrs  of  an  event, 
or  thft  importance  of  the  reasons  for  or  against  a  de- 
cision. 

Nliirr  kfpl  all  th'we  Uibgi,  and  pandtred  llipui  la  hrr  beiirt.— 
I.ukt;  ii, 

2.  To  view  with  deliberation  ;  to  examine. 

Ponder  ihe  paUi  of  Uir  fiy t.  —  Pror.  i». 
The  \jQT^  potuUrtth  liw  brart*. —  Pruv.  xxi. 


PON 

To  ponder  on,  is  sometimes  used,  but  is  not  to  be 
countenanced. 
PON-DER-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.    The  state  of  being  pon- 
derable. 
PON'DER-A-BLE,  a.      That  may  be  weighed  ;   capa- 
ble of  being  weighed.  Brown. 
PON'DER-AL,  a,     [from  L,  pondus,  weiglit.] 

Estimated  or  ascertained  by  weight,  as  distin- 
guished from  Numeral;  aa,  q,  punderal  drachma. 

.^rbuthnoL 
PON'DER-ANCE,  n.    Weight ;  gravity.      Gretrory. 
PON'DER-ATE,  v.  t     To  weigh  in  the  mind  ;  to  con- 
sider.    [A*ot  in  use.]  Ch,  Rrlig.  .Appeal, 
PON-DER-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  weighing. 

JirbuiknoU 
PON'DER-£D, pp.     Weighing  in  the  mind;  consid- 
ered ;  examined  by  intellectual  operation. 
PON'DER-ER,  n.     One  that  weighs  in  his  mind. 

Whitlock. 
PON'DER-ING,ppr.  Weighing  intellectually  ;  consid- 
ering; deliberating  on. 
PON'DER-ING-LY,  adv.    With   consideration  or  de- 
liberation. Hammond. 
PON.DER-OS'I-TY,  «.    Weight ;  gravity  ;  heaviness. 

Brown,     Ray. 
PON'DER-OUS,  a.     [L.  ponderosus ;  It.  Sp.  and   Port. 
ponderoso.] 

\.  Very  heavy ;  weighty  ;  as,  a  ponderous  shield ; 
a  ponderous  load. 

2.  Im|iortant;  momentous;  as,  &  ponderous  pro- 
ject.    [  This  application  of  the  word  is  unusital,] 

3.  Forcible  ;  strongly  impulsive ;  as,  a  motion  ve- 
hement or  pojtdcrous ;  a  ponderous  blow. 

Bacon.     Dryden. 
Ponderous  spar ;  heavy  spar,  or  barytes. 

PON'DER-OUS-LY,  adv.     With  great  weight. 

PON'DER-OUS-NESS,  n.  Weight;  heaviness;  grav- 
ity. Boyle. 

PONDMVEED,  n.  [pond  and  weed,]  An  aquatic 
herb  of  the  genus  Potamogeton.  The  triple-headed 
pond-weed  is  of  the  genus  Zannichellia. 

PO'NENT,  a,  [[[.  ponenle,  the  west ;  L.  ponens,  from 
pono,  to  set.] 

Western  ;  as,  the  ponent  winds.     [Little  used.] 

Milton, 

PON-GEE',  n.    An  inferior  kind  of  India  silk. 

PON"GO,  71.  The  name  pon^o  was  applied  by  Buffon 
to  a  large  species  of  orangoutang,  which  is  now  as- 
certained to  have  been  an  imaginary  animal.  It  ia 
applied  by  Cuvier  to  the  largest  species  of  ajw  known, 
which  inhabits  Borneo,  and  resembles  the  trueorang 
outang  in  its  general  form  and  erect  [Xisition,  but  has 
the  cheek  pouches  and  lengthened  muzzle  of  the 
baboon.  It  has  also  been  applied  {Fd.  Encye.)  to  the 
Simla  troglodytes  or  chimpanzee  of  Cuvier,  a  native 
of  Western  Africa.  Cuvier.     Ed.  Encye. 

PON'IARD,  (pon'yard,)  n.  [Ft.  poignard ;  It.  pu- 
gnale;  Sp.punal;  PotU  punhaL  There  is  an  appear- 
ance of  the  formation  of  this  word  from  the  name  of 
the  fir^t,  Fr.  pom^,  Sp.  puho,  It.  pugito,  L.  pugnusj 
but  thin  is  not  obvious.] 

A  small  dagger;  a  pointed  instrument  for  stab- 
bing, borne  in  the  hand,  or  at  the  girdle,  or  in  the 
pocket.  Encye, 

PON'IARD,  (pon'yard,)  v.  t  To  pierce  wiUj  a  pon- 
iard ;  to  stxib. 

PON'IARD-ED, pp.   Pierced  with  a  poniard  ;  stabbed. 

PONK,  11.  [qu.  W.  pwca,  bwst  a  hobgoblin;  Ice. 
pake.] 

A  nocturnal  spirit ;  a  hag.     [JV*o(  in  use.]     Shak. 

PON'TAC,  n.     A  fine  species  of^  claret  wine. 

PON'TAGE,  n.  [I^.  pons,  pontis,  a  bridge,  Sp.  puente, 
W.  ponL] 

A  duty  paid  for  repairing  bridges.  Jtyli^. 

PON-TEE',  n.  In  glass  works,  an  iron  inslniment  used 
to  stick  the  glass  at  the  botront,  for  the  more  conven- 
ient fashioning  the  neck  of  it.  Cyc. 

PON'Tie,    a.       [L.    Pontus,   the    Euxine    Sea,    Gr. 

ItOVTOi.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Pontus,  Euxine,  or  Black  Sea. 
J.  Barlow, 
PON'TIFF,  n,     [Fr.  pontife;    L.   pontifex;  said  to  be 
from  pons,  a  bridge,  and  faeio,  to  make.     The  sec- 
ond /  would  more  properly  be  omitted  in  this  word, 
as  it  is  in  the  derivatives.] 

^  high  priest.  The  Romans  had  a  college  of  pon- 
tiffs; the  Jews  hart  the'iT  pontiffs;  and  in  modem 
times,  the  pope  is  called  pontiff,  or  sovereign  pontiff, 

Encye, 
PON-TIF'I€,  a.     Relating  to  priests  ;  popish. 

Milton,     Sfienstone, 
PON-TIFTC-AL,  a.     [L.  pontifical^.] 

1.  Belonging  to  a  high  priest ;  as,  pontifical  author- 
ity ;  hence,  belonging  to  the  pope  ;  popish.    Ralegh, 

2.  Splendid  ;  magnificcnL  ShaJi, 

3.  Bridge-building.     [JVot  used.]  Milton. 
PON-TIF'IC-AL,  n.    A  book  containing  rites  and  cer- 
emonies ecclesiastical.                    South.      StdlingJUet. 

PON-TIF-ie-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  and  government 
of  the  pope  J  the  papacy.     [J^ot  used.]  Usher. 

PON-TIF'ie-Al^LY,  adv.     In  a  pontifical  manner. 

PON-Tl  F'lC^ALSS,  n,  pL  The  dress  and  ornaments  of 
a  priest  or  bishop.  Lowih, 

PON-TIF'ie-ATE,  V.     [U  pontificat^is.] 


TONE,  BULL,  T^NITE.— AN"GER,  VF'CIOIJS C  as  K ;  ft  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  ClI  as  S»  j  TH  as  in  THIS. 

:  845" 


POO 


1.  The  stmie  or  dignity  of  n  high  priest }  porficu- 
far^,  the  office  or  dignity  of  the  pope. 


S.  The  reign  of  a  pope. 

Pslndnff,  wulpturr,  and  itrchitrettm,  Dny ftB  nearer  theiraflra 
unjw  Ihe  pnraenl  ptntificau,  Additon. 

PO\T'I-FICE,  (pont'e-flu,)  ti.    Bridge-work  ;  stnic- 

lure  or  edillce  of  a  bridge.  [Liule  lurd.]  JUUIan. 
PO.N-TI.FI"CIAL,  (-fish'al,)  o.     Pertainins  to  the 

pnpo.  ifurtun. 

PON-TI-FI''CIAN,  (-flsh'an,)  a,      Peitainiiig  to  the 

pope.  ^  """• 

FO.N'-Tt-FI"CIAN,  n.    One  that  adheres  to  the  pope; 

a  Ronmn  Catholic  Meuntagu. 

A  lemi  designating  a  large  marsb  between  Rome 
aiic)  \aplp*. 

PONT'LE-VIS,  n.  In  horsrmanshipy  a  dlsonlerly  re- 
sisting of  a  horse  by  rearing  repeatedly  on  his  hind 
lees,  so  as  to  be  in  danger  of  eoniing  over.   Bailrv. 

P<1N-TO-\IeR',     I  n.      A   term   applied   to  stiUtiers 

PON-TOX-NIeR',  i  having  U>e  charge  of  construct- 
ine  hrideres. 

PON-TOON',  n.  [Fr.  and  Sp  ponton^  from  Fr.  pont^ 
L.  p«m5,  a  bridge,  probably  from  the  root  of  jwro,  to 
lay.] 

1.  A  flat-bottomed  boat,  whose  frame  of  wood  is 
covered  and  lined  with  tin,  or  covt-red  with  copper; 
used  in  forming  bridges  ovt-r  rivtirs  fur  armies. 

P.  Cpe, 

2.  A  tighter;  a  low,  fiat  vessel,  rescrnbling  a 
barge,  riimisbed  with  cranes,  cniistans,  mid  other 
machinery  ;  used  in  careening  ships,  chiefly  in  the 
Mediterranean.  .Var.  Diet. 

p9uU>wm  ^ridgtj  Is  a  bridge  formed  with  pontuuns, 
anchored  or  made  fitst  in  two  parallel  lines,  a  few 
feet  asunder.  P.  Cyc 

Pontoon  ecrriagey  ts  made  with  two  wheels  only, 
and  two  long  side  pieces,  whose  fore  ends  are  sup- 
ported by  timbers.  C^ 

PiVNY,  «.  f  fL  Po?iiEs.    A  small  horse. 

POOD,  a.  A  Russian  weisht,  equal  to  40  Russian  or 
36  English  pounds  avoirdupois, 

POO'DLE,  a.  A  small  dog,  resembling  the  water  dog. 
covered  with  long,  silky  hair,  either  wholly  white  or 
with  black  patches.  Pa'riimaton. 

POOL,  m.  [Bax.  pol^ftU:  D.  pofl :  G,  pfuhl :  Dan.  ptil  ; 
W.  yteH,  a  pool  or  pit ;  Arm.  pent:  ll  pclus :  Gr.  irn- 
Xo$.'  [vobably  from  setting,  standing,  like  L.  stof- 
majR,  or  from  issuing,  as  a  spring.] 

A  small  collection  of  water  in  a  hollow  place,  sup- 
plied by  a  spring,  and  di.-^rhnrcing  it^  surplus  water 
by  an  outlet.  It  is  smaller  ih.in  a  take,  and,  in  New 
England,  Is  never  confounded  with  ponti  or  lake.  It 
signifies,  with  us,  n  spring  with  a  «mall  basin  or  res- 
er%'oir,  on  the  surface  v(  the  earili.  It  is  used  by 
writers  with  more  latitude,  and  sometimes  signifies 
a  body  of  stagnant  water.   MUUn,    Eneye,    Bacon. 

POOL,     ) 

POULE,! 


[Fr.pciJ*.] 

The  Aakes  played  for  in  certain  games  of  cards. 
POOI/ER,  n.     An  instrument  to  siir  a  tan  vat. 
POOP,  N.     [Fr.  poupe  :  IL  poppa  ;  Sp.  popa ;  L.  puppisi 

probably  a  projection.] 
The  highest  and  aftermost  part  of  a  ship,  reaching 

forward  to  the  mizzen  mast.  ToUtn. 

POCiP,  r.  u    To  strike  upon  the  stem,  as  a  heavy  sea. 
2,  To  strike  the  stem,  as  one  vessel  that  nins  her 

stem  against  another*s  stern.  Mar.  Did. 

POOP'EO,  (poopC,)  pp.  or  a.     Having  a  poop  j  struck 

on  the  poop  by  a  heavy  sea. 
POOP'ING,  M.    The  shock  of  a  heavy  sea  on  the  plcm 

or  quarter  of  a  ship,  when  scudding  in  a  tempest  -, 

also,  the  action  of  one  ship's  runnins  her  stem 

against  another's  stern.  Mar.  Diet. 

POOR,  o.     [L.  pauper;  Fr.  pauvrt ;  8p.  pobre ;  IL  po- 

vero:  Arm.  pacnr  ;  'Sorm.  ponr,  povier.] 

1.  Wholly  destitute  of  proprty,  or  not  having 
property  sufficient  for  a  comfortable  subsistence  ; 
needy.  It  is  often  synonymous  witli  I;fDir.£!(T,  and 
with  NECK9siTom,i{enttting  extreme  want;  it  is  also 
apjilted  to  persons  who  are  not  entin^ly  destitute  of 
property,  but  are  not  rich  ;  as,  a  pour  man  or  woman  ; 
po  r  people. 

2.  In  law,  so  destitute  of  pTi»perty  aa  to  be  entitled 
to  maintenance  from  the  public. 

3.  Destitute  of  strength,  beauty,  or  dignity;  bar- 
ren :  mean  ;  jejune  ;  as,  a  poor  compositiun  ;  a  poor 
essay  ;  a  poor  discourse. 

A.  Destitute  of  value,  worth,  or  importance ;  of 
little  use  ;  trifling. 

TliMt  1  tuve  wnmgcd  no  xnmn,  will  be  k  poor  plea  or  apoto^y  at 
(he  Um  dAj.  tMarny. 

&.  Paltry  ;  mean  ;  of  little  value  ;  as,  a  poor  coat ; 
a  poor  house. 

6.  Destitute  of  fertility ;  barren  ;  exhausted  ;  as, 
poor  land.     The  ground  is  become  poor. 

7.  Of  little  worth;  unimportant;  as,  in  my  poor 
opinion.  Sici/t 

8.  Unhappy;  pitiable. 

Vexed  Kulon  coi**  Ibe  raio 
F»  whkh  poor  abepberia  pray-d  in  raio.  K'^alUr, 


POP 

9.  Mean  ;  depressed  ;  low  ;  dejected  ;  destitute  of 
spirit. 

A  ioothM^er  mwlp  Antoniua  brliere  tltat  tua  r^niua,  wh'tcli  wm 
otherwbfl  brav«,  wax,  in  the  pnaence  ol  OcuiTtanii*,  poor 
luid  cowudljr.  liaicon. 

10.  Lean  i  emaciated ;  as,  a  poor  horse  ;  the  ox  Is 
poor. 

11.  Small,  or  of  a  bad  quality  ;  as,  a  poor  crop  ;  a 
poor  harvest. 

12.  Uncomfortable;  rcsilesa;  ill.  The  patient  has 
had  a  poor  night. 

13.  Destitute  of  saving  grace.     Rev.  iiL 

14.  /h  ^mrral^  wanting  go*»d  qualities,  or  the  qual- 
ities which  render  a  thing  valuable,  excellent, 
proper,  or  suflicient  for  its  purpose  ;  as,  a  poor  |»en  ; 
a  poor  ship  ;  a  poor  carriage ;  poor  fruit ;  poor  bread  ; 
poor  wine,  &,c. 

15.  A  word  of  tenderness  or  pity ;  dear. 

Poor,  liuJt:,  prt'tty,  fluiu-rinf;  Ihjng.  Prior. 

16.  A  word  of  slight  contempt ;  wretched. 

TtK  poor  niotih  nerrr  a&w  mxnj  of  Uie  deoTMa  Kod  councils  be 
hiiil  occ;uHuii  lo  uae.  Baker. 

17.  The  poor.,  collectively,  used  as  a  noun  ;  those 
who  are  destitute  of  property  ;  the  indigent ;  the 
needy.  In  a  lefral  sense,  ttiose  who  depend  on  char- 
ity or  maintenance  by  the  public 

I  harv  ohwfYfil  ihi?  more  public  provitiorai  an  made  for  titevoor, 
the  Icaathej  prori>le  for  Ihemsclvca.  ^Vantlin. 

Poor  in  spirit ;  in  a  scriptural  sense,  humble  ;  con- 
trite ;  abated  in  one's  own  sight  by  a  sense  of  guilt. 
Matt.  v. 

POOR' Ell,  a,  comp.     More  poor. 

POOR'EST,  a,  snprrL     Most  poor. 

POOR'-llOUSE,  M.  .K  public  establishment  for  the 
support  of  the  poor. 

POOR'JOHN,  (jon,)  n.  A  fish  of  the  cod  fhmily,  the 
comnion  hake,  Merluccius  vulgaris. 

Jardine*s  ^at.  Ub. 

POOR'-LAWS,  n.  pi.  Laws  for  the  support  of  the 
poor. 

POOK'LY,  adv.  Without  wealth  ;  in  indigence  or 
want  of  the  conveniences  and  comfurts  of  life  ;  as, 
to  live  poorly,  Sidtiey. 

2.  With  little  or  no  success ;  with  little  growth, 
profit,  or  advantage  ;  as,  wheat  grows  poorly  on  the 
Atlantic  borders  of  New  England  ;  these  men  have 
succeeded  poorhf  In  business. 

3.  Meanly  ;  without  spiriL 

Nor  ■  their  cour^p*  or  thrir  wealth  ao  low, 

nnlfton  hia  wnn  tbrj  poorti/  wuuld  n'tire.  Dnfden, 

A.  Without  excellence  or  dignity.     He  performs 
poorltf  in  elevated  characters. 
POOR'T.V,  a.     Somewhat  ill;    indisposed;    not    in 
health.     [  Familiar.  ] 

Fia  thn-«  or  Tour  wr<>ka  past  I  hnw  lost  ground,  hwrln;  beta 
poorly  In  health.  7*.  Scott. 

POOR'NESS,  n.  Destitution  of  property  ;  indigence  ; 
poverty  ;  want ;  as,  ilie  poorness  of  the  exchequer. 

No  kn  I  hate  him  than  the  gnVm  of  hrll, 

ThAi  poonte»»  am  fon^  an  untruth  to  trH.  Chapman, 

[In  this  sense  we  generally  use  Potertt.] 

2.  Meanness;  low  n  ess  ;  want  of  dignity ;  as,  the 
poome.vt  of  language. 

3.  Want  of  spirit ;  as,  poomeiss  and  degeneracy  of 
spirit.  -  Jidfli^on. 

4.  Rarrennesa  ;  sterility  ;  as,  tlie  poorness  of  land 
or  suil. 

5.  Unproductiveness ;  want  of  the  metallic  sub- 
stince  ;  as,  the  poorness  of  ore. 

6.  Smallness  or  bad  quality;  as,  the  poorness  of 
crops  or  of  grain. 

7.  ^Vant  of  value  or  importance ;  a«,  the  poorness 
of  a  plea. 

8.  Want  of  good  qualities,  nr  the  proper  qualities 
which  constitute  a  thing  good  in  it^  kind;  as,  the 
poorness  of  a  ship  or  of  cloth. 

9.  Narrowness  ;  barrenness  ;  want  of  capacity. 

Spectator. 
Poorness  of  spirit ;  in  a  theofogical  sense,  irue   hu- 
militv  or  contrition  of  heart  on  account  of  sin. 
POOR^PIR'IT-ED,  tt.     Of  a  mean  spirit ;  cowardly  ; 

base.  Denham. 

POOR-PPIR'IT-ED-NESS,  n.     ftlcanness  or  bnseness 

of  spirit :  cowardice.  South. 

POP,  n.  [D.  poep.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  drive  or 
thrust.] 

A  small,  smart,  quick  sound  or  report.    Spectator. 
POP,  t>.  i.     To  enter  or  issue  forth  with  a  quick,  sud- 
den motion. 

I  stxrtlM  Bl  hiMpoppirtf  upon  in"-  unexpectedly.  Adilitoru 

2.  To  dart ;  to  start  from  place  to  place  suddenly. 

Sirtift, 
POP,  V.  t.    To  thrast  or  push  suddenly  with  a  quick 
motion. 

He  peripetia  paper  into  hta  h;\n(l.  Millon. 

Diil^  ihou  never  pop 
Thy  h«ui  into  a  tinmnn's  sh'jp  f  Prior. 

To  pop  off;  to  thrust  away  ;  to  shift  off.      Locke. 

POP,  adv.  Suddenly ;  with  sudden  entrance  or  ap- 
pearance. 

POPE,  n.  [Gr.  TTOTra,  Trairras,  Traimn^  ;  Low  L.  pnpa; 
Hindoo,  bab  ;  Turkish,  baba  ;  Bithynian,  pappas  ;  Sp. 


POP 

It.  and  Port,  papa  ;  Fr.  pape ;  Scythian,  papa.  The 
Word  denotes  father,  and  is  among  the  first  words 
articulated  by  cliildreu.] 

1.  The  bishop  of  Rome,  the  head 'Of  the  Roman 
Catholic  church.  Encyc. 

2.  A  small  ti.sh  of  the  pereb  family,  called  aUo  a 
Ruff.  Walton. 

POPE'DOM,  M.    The  place,  office,  or  dignity  of  the 
p«>pe  ;  papal  4^nity.  Shak, 

'2.  1'he  jurisdictitm  of  the  pope. 
POPE'-JOAN',  (-jone'j)  n.     A  game  of  cards.    Jenner^ 
POPE'LING,  n.     An  adherent  of  the  pope. 
POP'ER-Y,  n.     The  religion  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
church,  c(miprcbending  doctrines  and  practices. 

Swift.     Encyc. 
P0PE'3'-EVE,  n.     [pope  and   eye.]     TUe  gland  sur- 
rounded with  fat  in  the  middle  of  the  thigh. 

Johvsoit. 
P6PE'S'-HEAD,  (bed,)  n.      A   largo,  round    brush, 

with  n  long  handle,  for  dusting  ceilings.    HalliweJl. 
POP'OtN,  n.    A  small  gun  or  tube  used  by  children 

to  shoot  wads  and  make  a  nuise.  Cheyne. 

POP'IN-JAY,  TI.     [!^[t.  papagayo  i  papa  and  ffayo  ;  Port. 
id. ;  It.  pappagallo.] 

1.  A  parrot.  Grew. 

3.  A  woodpecker,  a  bird  with  a  gay  head. 

Peacham. 
The    green  woodpecker,  a  bird  with    a   scarlet 
crown,  a  native  of  Europe.  Ed.  Encyc 

3.  A  gay,  trilling  young  man  ;  a  fop  or  coxcomb. 

Shak. 
PoP'It'H,  a.     Relating  to  the   pope;  taught  by  the 
)HiiH! ;  )K-rtaining  to  the  pope  or  the  Roman  Catholic 
church  ;  ns,  popish  tenets  or  ceremonies. 
POP'ISH-LY,  aiiu.     In  a  popish  manner;  with  a  ten- 
dency to  popery;  as,  to  be  popishly  affected  or  in- 
clined. 
POP'LAR,  n.      [L.  popalus ;  Fr.  peuplier;  It.  pioppo  ; 
D.   populicr ;    G.  pappel^  poplar  and   mallows  ;   Sw. 
poppel-trad :  Ir.  poblUar.] 

A  tree  of  the  genus  Populus,  of  several  species, 
as  the  abele,  the  white  poplar,  the  black  poplar,  the 
aspen-tree,  Ate.  The  species  are  all  of  rapid  growth, 
with  soft  wood.  LouiUm. 

POP'LIN,  n.     A  stuff  made  of  silk  and  worsted.    It 
contains  more  silk  than  bombazine. 

POPLITTef  ^'  I  a.    [from  L.  popUs,  the  ham.] 

Pertaining  to  the  posterior  part  of  the  knee  joint 
'  or  ham.  Brande.     Mfd.  Rrpus. 

POP'P/;i),  (popt,)  pp.    Darted  in  or  out  suddenly. 
POP'PET.     See  Puppet. 
PUP'PING,  ppr.      Entering  or  issuing  forth  with  a 

quick,  sudden  motion. 
POP'PY,  n.     [Sax.  ponc^-;  W.pabi;  Fr.  pamti  L.  pa- 
paver;  \i.  papavero.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Papaver,  of  sevcnil  species, 
from  one  of  which,  the  P.  somnifrrum,  or  white  [wppy, 
is  collected  opium.  This  is  the  milky  juice  of  the 
capsule  when  half  grown,  or  of  any  other  part  of  the 
plant  which  exudes  from  incisions  in  the  cortical 
part,  is  scrapt-d  off,  and  worked  in  the  sun's  heat  till 
it  is  of  a  consistence  to  form  cakes.  Encyc 

POP'U-LACE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  the  It.  popolaccio,  from 
populus.     See  People.] 

The  common  people;  the  vulgar;  the  multitude, 
comprehending  all  persons  not  distinguished  by 
rank,  educiition,  office,  profession,  or  erudition. 

Pope.     Swift. 
POP'^-LA-CY,  n.     The  populace  or  common  people. 

K.  Cftarle^. 
POP'lJ-LAR,  a.     [Fr.  populaire ;  It.  popolare ;  Sp.  popu 
lar;  Ij.  popularis.     See  People.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  common  people  ;  as,  tiiepopu~ 
lar  voice  ;  popular  elections. 

So  lUe  popular  vote  Jncliuea.  MUton. 

2.  Suitable  to  common  people;  familiar;  plain; 
ea^y  to  be  comprehended  ;  not  critical  or  abstruse. 

Homiiira  arc  plain  and  popular  insiructiona.  Hooker. 

3.  Beloved  by  the  people  ;  enjoying  the  favor  of 
the  people  ;  pleasing  to  people  in  general ;  as,  n  pop- 
w/flr  governor  ;  n  popular  preacher ;  a  pp/iu/ar  minis- 
try ;  a  popular  discourse  ;  a  ;?fl;7u/ar  administration  ; 
a  popular  war  or  peace.  Suspect  the  man  who  en- 
deavors to  make  that  popular  which  is  wrong. 

4.  Ambitious  ;  studious  of  the  favor  of  the  people. 

yopt 
ranie  and  lo  the  people. 

[This  sense  is  not  usuaL  It  is  more  customary  to 
apply  this  ejtithrt  to  a  person  loho  has  already  gained  the 
farm"  of  the  people.'l 

5.  Prevailing  among  the  [H-ople  ;  extensively  prev- 
alent ;  as,  a,  popular  disease. 

6.  In  law,  a  popular  action  is  one  which  gives  a 
penalty  lo  the  person  that  sues  for  the  same. 

Blackstone. 
J^ote. —  Popular,ji\  least  in  the  United  States,  is  not 
synonymous  with  vul<rar:  the  latter  being  applied  to 
the  lower  classes  of  people,  the  illiterate  and  low- 
bred ;  the  former  is  applied  to  all  classes,  or  to  the 
body  of  the  people,  including  a  great  portion,  at 
least,  of  well-educated  citizens. 


A  popular  man  ia  in  truth  no  better  than  a  proctjtute  to  common 
'  .... Dryttn. 


Fate,  far,  fall,  what.  — mete,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK- 

i4e 


POR 

POP-U-LAR'I-TY,  n.     [h.  populariUu,] 

1.  Favor  of  the  people ;  the  state  of  possessing  the 
affections  and  coniitlence  of  the  people  in  general ; 
as,  the  p"pularitif  of  the  ministry  ;  the  popularity  of  a 
public  otiicer,  or  of  a  preachor.  U  is  applied  also  to 
tliingii ;  as,  the  popularity  of  a  law  or  public  meas- 
ure ;  the  popularity  of  a  lMK>k  or  poem.  The  most 
valuable  trait  in  a  patriot's  character  is  to  forbear  all 
improper  compliances  for  gaining  po;;uiarify. 

I  ha»^  long  «ince  Iranipd  the  llUle  Tftlue  which  ii  to  be  plawd  in 
popularity  aequirfd  by  any  other  way  Uwn  »irtue  ;  I  haF« 
lUo  l<;arat^  tb-it  it  ia  cdVn  i>bfuivHl  by  othT  means. 

P.  Htnnf,  Wirt'a  Skttchtt. 

The  man  wbo«  nilinf  principle  w  duty  —  is  ne»er  perpk-xed 
with  anxious,  coirodiiif  cakulutioiu  of  interest  niid  jioyu- 
larUy.  J-  ffaiset. 

2.  Representation  suited  to  vulgar  or  common  con- 
ception ;  that  which  is  intended  or  adapted  to  pro- 
cure the  favor  of  the  people.     [Little  used.]       Bacon. 

POP'lI-LAH-TZE,  V.  U  To  make  common  or  suitable 
to  the  mind;  to  spread  among  the  people;  as,  to 
popularize  philosophy  or  physics ;  to  pcpiilarixe  a 
knowledge  of  chemical  principles.     Btddoes.    Ure. 

POP'tl-LAH-IZ-ED,  pp.  Made  popular,  or  introduced 
among  tlu-  people. 

POP'U-LAR-IZ-IiVG,  ppr.  Making  popular,  or  Intro- 
ducing among  the  people. 

POP'lJ-LAR-LY,  adv.  In  a  popular  manner  ;  so  as  to 
please  the  populace. 

The  TOlor  knight, 
Barrh'-aiWl,  popularly  low  had  bowed.  Drydtn. 

2.  According  to  the  conceptions  of  the  common 
people.  Bn'wn. 

POP'lJ-LATE,  r.  t.     [It.  popotare^  from  L.  populus.] 
To  breed  people  ;  to  propagate. 


POP'IZ-LaTE,  v.  t.  To  people;  to  furnish  with  in- 
habitants, either  by  natural  increase,  or  by  immigra- 
tion or  colonization. 

POP'U-LATE,  for  Populous,  ia  not  now  in  use. 

POP'U-LA-TED,  p;».  Furnished  with  inhabitants; 
peopled. 

POP'U-L.^-TING,  ppr.     Peopling. 

POP-lJ -LX'TION,  n.  The  act  or  operation  of  peo- 
pling or  furnishing  with  inhabitants  ;  multiplication 
of  inhabitants.  The  value  of  our  western  lands  is 
annually  enhanced  by  population.         United  States. 

2.  The  whole  number  of  people  or  iuhabitanLi  in  a 
country,  or  portion  of  a  country.  The  population  of 
England  is  estimated  at  ten  millions  of  souls  ;  that 
of  the  United  Stales,  in  1823,  was  ten  millions. 

A  country  may  ha»e  a  great  population,  and  yet  not  he  popu- 
loui.  Toukt. 

3.  The  state  of  a  country  with  regard  to  its  num- 
ber of  inhabitants,  or  rather  with  regard  to  its  num- 
bers compared  with  their  expenses,  consumption  of 
goods,  and  productions  and  earnings. 

Keithrr  i*  the  population  to  be  reclconed  only  by  number ;  for  a 
•mslter  numlier  that  ■p'-mJ  more,  and  earn  leia,  do  wenr  out' 
ail  mUIc  auoner  tkui  a  greater  number  Uwt  lire  Inwrr  and 
gslher  more.  Bttcon. 

POP'U-LIN,  n.  A  cr>-stalli7,able  substance  separated 
from  the  bark  of  the  Pi>pulus  tremula,  or  aspen. 

Brande, 

POP-II-LOST-TY,  n.    Populousnesa.    [Ao(  used.] 

Brown. 

POP'U-LOUS,  a.     [L.  populo-'us.) 

FuU  of  inhabitants;  contninfng  many  Inhabitants 
in  proportion  to  the  extent  of  the  countrj'.  A  terri- 
tory cont.iiiiing  fifteen  or  twenty  inhabitants  to  a 
iquare  mile,  is  not  tipoputouji  country.  The  Nether- 
lands, and  some  parts  of  Italy,  containing  a  hun- 
dred and  fifty  inhabitants  to  a  square  mile,  are 
deemed  pomdous. 

POP'U-LOUS-LY,  ado.  With  many  inhabitants  In 
proportion  to  the  extent  of  countr>'. 

POP'U-LOU9-NES9,  n.  The  slate  of  having  many 
inhabitants  in  proportion  lo  the  extent  of  country. 

By  popftlofitntt*,  in  Conlr^iditlinrtion  lo  population,  ia  irn'ter- 
Mood  the  proportiun  the  number  be>ira  lo  the  «urf.ic*t  of  the 
ground  they  live  on.  7\>okt. 

POR'BKA-GLE, ;  n.    A  species  of  shark  ;  theLamna 
PRO'BgA-GLE,  (       cornubica.  Tarretl 

POR'CA-TFfD,  i   "•     [^  P*^"*'  "  "'^K«-] 

Ridged  ;  formed  in  ridees-  ^siat.  Res. 

POR'CE-LAIN,  It,  [Sp.  and  P.irt.  porcelana;  U.  por~ 
erllana,  signifying  porcelain  and  pur.ilain,  a  plant  ; 
Fr.  portelaine,  porcelain,  the  sea-snail,  the  purple 
flsh,and  purslain  ;  Snn.  pott  re  f  lumen.  Our  ^r«^im  is 
doubtless  from  the  Latin  pr.rr«/a«i,  as  Pliny  writes  it, 
ot  poreulnla^  as  others  write  iL  But  I  know  not  the 
reason  of  the  name.] 

I.  The  finest  species  of  earthen  ware,  originally 
manufactured  in  China  and  Japan,  but  now  made  in 
several  European  countries.  All  earthen  wares 
which  are  white  and  semi-transparent,  are  called 
porcelains;  but  they  differ  much  in  their  fineness 
and  beauty.  The  porcelain  of  China  is  composed 
essentially  of  two  substances,  petuntse,  which  is 
fusible,  and  kaolin,  which  is  not  fusible,  or  not  with 
the  decree  of  heat  which  fuses  the  petuntse;  and  in 
porcelain  the  substances  are  only  seml-vitrified,  or 


POR 

^ne  substance  luily  is  vitrified,  the  other  not.  Hence 
it  is  concluded  that  porc^-lain  is  an  intermediate  sub- 
stance between  earth  and  glass.  Hence  the  second 
degree  of  fusibility,  of  which  emollescence  is  the  first, 
is  called  by  Kirwan  the  porcelain  state. 

J^ichiilso  n .     Kirwa  n.     Elmes. 
2,  The  plant  called  Pubslain,  which  see. 

.^insworth. 

POR-CEL-LA'NE-OUS,  a.  [from  porcelain.]  Pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  |K»rcelaiii  ;  as,  porcellaneous 
shells.  Ifatchett. 

POR'CEL-LA-NITE,  n,  A  semi-vitrified  clay  or  shale, 
somewhat  rescmblins  jasper.  Dana. 

PCRCH,  n.  [Fr.  porckc,  from  L.  portieusy  from  porta. 
agate,  entrance,  or  passage,  or  from  poWu^,  a  shelter.] 

1.  In  architecture^  a  kind  of  vestibule  at  the  en- 
trance of  temples,  halls,  churches,  or  otiier  build- 
ings. Brande. 

2.  A  portico  ;  a  covered  walk. 

3.  By  way  of  distinction,  tJie  porch  was  a  public 
portico  in  Athens,  where  Zeno,  the  philosopher, 
taught  his  (lisciples.  It  was  called  wnKiXnt  the 
painted  porch,  from  the  pictures  of  Polygnotus  and 
other  eminent  painters,  with  which  it  was  adorned. 
Hence,  the  porch  is  equivalent  to  the  school  of  the 
Stoics.  Enfield. 

POR'CINE,  o.     [L.  porcinus,  from  porcus.    See  Pork.] 

Pertaining  to  swine  ;  as,  the  porcine  species  oi 
animals.  Gregory. 

POR'€Lf-PI\E,  n.  [It.  poreo-spino.io,  the  spinous  hog, 
or  spine-hog ;  L.  porcus,  VV.  pore,  a  pig,  and  L.  spina, 
a  spine  or  thorn.  So  in  French,  ptn-c-epie,  the  spike- 
hoff !  Sp.  purrco-espin  ;  Port,  porco-espinho  ;  D.  yzer- 
varken,  iron-hog  ;  G.  MacheUchtctin,  thorn-swine  ; 
Sw.  pinsrin,  Dan.  pind-fviiji,  pin-swine.] 

In  loS/oiTJ',  ^  rodent  quadruped  of  the  genus  Hys- 
Irix  of  Linnieus,  furnished  with  pines  or  quills  ujxm 
the  body,  covered  with  prickles  which  are  very 
sharp,  and  some  of  them  twelve  inches  long';  these 
he  can  erect  at  pleasure.  When  attacked,  he  rolls 
his  body  into  a  round  form,  in  which  position  the 
prickles  are  presented  in  every  direction  to  the  en- 
emy. This  species  is  a  native  of  Africa  and  Asia, 
and  is  also  found  in  Italy.  Kncyc.  jSmer.  P.  Cijc 
POR'€U-PTMi-FISlI,  n.  A  tish'of  the  tropical  seas, 
which  is  covered  with  spines  or  prickles  capable  *>f 
being  erected  by  its  inllating  the  body.  It  is  the 
Diodon  hystrix  of  Bloch.  Jardine's  JVa/.  Lib. 

PORE,  n.  [Fr.  pore ;  Sp.  and  It.  poro  ;  Gr.  vfoog^  from 
the  root  of  Tr^ori-uHiii,  to  go,  to  pass,  Sax.  faran, 
Eng.  to /are.  See  Fare.  The  word,  tlien,  signifies  a 
passage.  ] 

1.  In  anatomy,  a  minute  interstice  in  the  skin  of 
nn  animal,  through  which  the  perspirable  matter 
passes  to  the  surface  or  is  excreted. 

a.  A  small  spiracle,  opening,  or  passage,  in  other 
substances;  as,  the  porej  of  plants  or  of  stones. 
Quincy.  Dry  den, 
PORE,  r.  i.  [Qu.  Gr.  €<{)oofOy  e<popa(^j  to  inspect.  In 
Sp.  porrear  is  to  dwell  long  on,  to  persist  impor- 
tunately; porroy  dull;  W.  para^  to  continue,  to 
persevere.] 

To  look  with  steady,  continued  attention  or  appli- 
cation. To  pore  on,  is  to  read  or  examine  with 
steady  perseverance,  to  dwell  on  ;  and  the  word 
seems  to  be  liniited  in  its  application  tti  the  slow, 
patient  reading  or  examination  of  books,  or  something 
written  or  engraved. 

Sl.ak. 


Piunrully  lo  port  upon  a  book. 

With  kharpeued  aighl  pale  ontiquark*  pora. 


PORE'BLTND,  <   „      rn..   rr  ^,.„,..  i 

Near-sighted  ;  short-sighted.  Bacon. 

POR'ER,  B.    One  who  pores  or  studies  diligently. 

Temple. 

POR'GEE,  )   B.      A   salt-water   fish  of  the   gilt-hend 

POR'GY,  (  kind,  much  esteemed  for  f(»od  ;  also 
written  Pooor. 

PO'RIFOUM.o.   Rf'sembtingapnreorsmall  punctttre. 

POR'l-NESS.  71.  [from  portj.]  The  state  of  being 
pory,  or  having  numerous  pores.  fViseman. 

POR'IN'G,  ppr.  Looking  with  steady,  continued  &[>- 
plication. 

PO'RISM.rt.  [Gr.  TTnptapo^,  acquisition,  from  Tropi^w, 
lo  gain,  from  iropoj,  a  passing;  jrnocv'>iiat,\o  pass.] 
\.  In  geometry,  a  proposition  affirminit  the  possi- 
bility of^finding  such  conditions  as  will  rmiler  a 
certain  problem  indetcrmin.ile  or  capable  of  innumer- 
able solutions.  Plaijftiir. 

2.  The  term  porhm  was  also  used  by  the  Greek 
geometricians  in  the  sense  of  corollary,         Brande, 

Pf>  HIS-MAT'IC,  )  a.     Pertaining  to  a  porism  ;  seck- 

PO-UIS'Tie,  >       ing  to  determine  by  what  means 

PO-RIS'TIC-AL,  )  and  in  how  many  ways  a  prob- 
lem may  he  solved. 

Po'KITE,  n. ;  pi.  Pobites.  A  name  given  to  those 
corals  which  have  the  surface  covered  with  very 
shallow  or  superficial  cells,  which  are  quite  small 
and  every  where  contigu(»us.  They  grow  often  to 
a  very  targe  size,  and  are  among  the  most  important 
constituents  of  coral  reefs.  Dana. 

PORK,  n.  [L.  poreus,  a  hog  or  pig;  Fr.  pore:  W. 
yiorf ;  Arm.  porcq,  porehell.     Qu.  from  the  shape  of 


POR 

his  back,  L,  poren,  a  ridge  ;  or  from  bis  snout  and 
rooting.     In  Sax.  berga  is  a  barrow.] 
'J'heJIeRh  of  swine,  fresh  or  salted,  used  for  food. 
PORK'-i:AT-ER,  n.    One  that  feeds  on  swine's  flesh. 

Shak, 
PORK'ER,  71.    A  hog.  W.  Scott. 

2.  A  young  pig  for  nmsting. 

Encffc  Dom.  Econ. 
PORK'ET,  n.    A  young  hog.  Dryden. 

PORK'LING,  n.    A  pig.  Tus^ier. 

PO-ROS'I-TY,  «.  [from  porous.]  The  quality  or 
state  of  having  pores  or  interstices  ;  opposed  to 
Density.  Bacon. 

PO'ROUS,  a.  [from  pore.]  Having  interstices  in  the 
skin  or  substance  of  the  body  ;  having  spiracles  or 
pas;;ages  for  fluids ;  as,  a  porous  skin  ;  porous  vvitod  ; 
porous  earth.  Mdton.     Chapman. 

Po'ROUS-LV,  adv.    In  a  ptirous  manner. 
PO'ROUS-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  having   pores  ; 
porosity  ;  as,  the  porousness  of  the  skin  of  an  animal, 
or  of  wood,  or  of  fossils. 
2.  The  porous  parts.     {J^ot  authorized.]      Digbti. 
POR-PHY-RIT'ie,  i   a.      [See  PoRPHrnY.]     Per- 

POR-PIIY  RA'CEOUS,  \  taining  to  porphyry  ;  re- 
sembling porphyry  ;  containing  distinct  feldspar 
crystals  uniformly  disseminated,  as  granite. 

2.  Containing  or  composed  of  porphyry  ;  as,  por- 
ph^rrnceous  mountains.  Kirwan. 

POR'PHY-RIZE,  P.  (.    To  cause  to  resemble  porphyry ; 

to  make  spotted  in  its  composition.  Cooper. 

POR'PHY-RIZ-£n,  pp.  or  a.    Caused  to  resemble  por- 
phyry. 
POR'PHY-RY,  n,     [Gr.  Trop.Jvpa,  purple;  L.  porphy- 
rites  ,•  Fr.  porphyre  ;  It.  and  Sp.  porfido.] 

A  rock  consisting  of  a  compact  feldspalhic  base, 
through  which  crystals  of  feldspar  are  disseminated. 
The  crystals  are  of  a  lighter  tint  than  the  base,  and 
often  white.  There  are  red,  purple,  and  green 
varieties,  which  are  highly  esteemed  as  marbles. 

Dana. 
POR' PHY-RY-S HELL,   n.    A  univalve  shell  of  the 

genus  Muri'X. 
POR'POISE,  cpor'pus,)  71.  [It.  porco^  a  hog,  and  pesce, 
fish  ;  hog-fish,  calletl,  by  other  nations,  sea-hog,  G. 
meersehwein,  Fr.marsouiny  Dan.  and  Sw.  Norwegian, 
nioryein,  Sw.  hqf^isvin.  In  W,  jnorhwe,  sea-hog,  is 
the  name  of  the  dolphin  and  grampus,  from  the  re- 
semblance of  iliese  animals  to  tlie  hog,  probably  from 
the  roundness  of  the  back,  as  iliey  apptar  in  the  wa- 
ter. PoRPEss,  according  to  the  derivation,  would  be 
a  better  spelling.] 

In  ioafoi?7/,  a  term  applied  to  cetaceous  maq^mals 
of  the  genus  Delphinus  of  Linnaius,  but  of  the  genus 
Phontna  of  more  recent  naturalists,  of  which  about 
five  species  are  known.  There  is  one  species  whosi 
hack  is  usually  blackish  or  brown,  whence  it  is  called, 
in  Dutch,  tn-uinKisck,  brown-fish  ;  the  body  Is  thick 
toward  the  head,  but  more  slender  toward  the  tail, 
whicli  is  semilunar.  This  mamma)  preys  on  fish, 
and  seeks  food  not  only  by  swimming,  but  by  root- 
ing like  a  hog  in  the  sand  and  mud,  whence  some 
persons  suppose  tlic  name  Iius  been  given  to  it. 

Of  eetaeeoua  ftih,  we  met  wilh  porpoutt,  or,  as  aorne  aailon  uQ 
Uicm,  Bea-liog».  Kaltn'i  Travtla. 

Naturalists  do  not  consider  the  Cetacea  as  fishes. 
POR  R.\'CEOUS,  ^-shus,)  a.     [L.  porraceus,  from  por* 
ruM,  a  leek  or  onion.] 

Greenitsh  ;  resembling  the  leek  in  color.    Wiseman. 
POR-RECT',  a.    In  zt^logy,  denoting  a  part  which  ex- 
tends forth  horizontally. 
POR-REG'TION,   ti.     [L.  porrectio,  porrigo  ;  per,  or 
por,  Eng.  fur,  fore  J  and  rego,  Eng,  to  reach.] 
The  act  of  stretching  forth.     [JVot  used.] 
POR'RHT,  71.     [l,.porrum;  It.  porro,  parreUOj  a  \eek,] 

A  Pc:i!Iion  ;  a  leek  or  small  onion.  Brown. 

POR'RIDCiE,  Ti.  [Uu.  pottage^  by  corruption,  or  L. 
farrago,  or  from  porrum,  a  Icek.l 

A  kind  of  food  made  by  boiling  meat  in  water; 
broth.  Johnson. 

This  mixture  js  usually  called  in  America  broth  or 
soup,  but  not  porr'ulge.     With  us,  porridge  is  a  mix- 
ture of  meal  or  flour  boiled  with  water.     Perhaps 
this  difiiinction  is  not  always  observed. 
POR'RIDGE-POT,  n.    The  pot  in  which  porridge  is 

boiled, 
POR'RIN-CER,n.  [Qm.  porridge,  ot  Vx.  potager ;  Com. 
pod-Jirr.] 

1.  A  small  metal  vessel  in  which  children  eat  por- 
ridge or  milk,  or  used  in  the  nursery  for  warming 
liquors. 

2.  A  head-dress  in  the  shape  of  a  porringer,  in  con- 
tempt. Shak. 

PORT,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  portus;  Sp.  puerto  ;  It.  porta  ; 
Arm.  pori;  VV.  porth :  from  L.  porta,  to  carry,  Gr. 
0  psr,>,  h.fero,  Eng.  to  brer.  The  Welsh  porth  unite* 
the  significations  of  L.  porta  and  portus,  and  the  Gr. 
A  p£t,}  and  TTopcvoiiat  are  probably  of  one  family. 
The  primary  sense  of  L.  portus^  Eng.  port,  is  prob- 
ably an  entrance,  place  of  entrance,  or  passage.] 

I.  A  harbor  ;  a  haven  ;  any  bay,  cove,  inlet,  or  r&- 
cess  «if  the  sea,  or  of  a  lake,  or  the  mouth  of  a  river, 
which  ships  or  vessels  can  enter,  and  where  they 
can  lie  safe  from  injury  by  storms.     Ports  may  be 


TONE,  BULL.  IJNITE AN"GER,  Vr'ClOUS.  — €  m  K;  6  aa  J;  «  as  Z;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


POR 

natural  or  artificial  antl  sometimes  works  of  art,  as 
pit'rs  and  iiiolcit,  are  added  to  the  natural  shores  of  a 
place  to  render  a  harbor  more  safe  The  word  port 
Is  generally  applied  to  spacious  harbors  much  re^oned 
to  by  ships  ;  as,  the  pitrt  of  Ltindon  or  of  Boston,  and 
not  to  small  bays  or  coves  which  are  entered  occa- 
sionally, or  in  stress  of  weather  only.  Harbor  in- 
cludes all  places  of  safety  for  shipping. 
S.  Agate,     [h.  porta.] 

rrom  tbrir  irory  pert  line  cbcmbim 

Fonh  iuued.  AHZiott. 

3.  An  embrasure  or  openinp  in  the  side  of  a  ship 
of  war,  through  which  cannon  are  discharged;  a 
port-hole.  RaUfk. 

4.  'i'he  lid  which  shuts  a  port-hole.      Mar.  DuL 

5.  Carriage  ;  air  ;  mien  ;  manner  of  movement  or 
walk  :  demeanor;  external  appeumnce  j  aa,  a  proud 
port  i  the  pore  of  a  gentleman. 

Tbeir  oorl  vu  mon  thui  hoiasa.  MBtom. 

wUnontenUcMrt 
TWMvdkM.  fiilipt. 

6.  In  seaaum^t  luuiM:^  tbfl  larboard  or  left  aide  of 
m  5hip  ;  as  in  the  phrase,  *'  the  ship  heels  to  port." 
"  Port  the  helm,"  is  an  order  to  put  the  helm  to  the 
larbaard  liiide, 

7.  A  dark-purple,  astringent  wine,  made  in  Portu- 
gal i  ao  called  from  OporlOf  whence  it  is  shipped. 

McCalloch. 
Pert  tf  eniry ;  a  port  where  a  custom-house  is  es- 
tablisbed  for  the  entry  of  goods. 

Port  of  the  rouM  !  in  music^  the  fhculty  or  habit  of 
making  the  shakes,  passages,  and  diminutions,  in 
which  the  beauty  of  a  song  consists.  Eneye, 

P<^R'r,  V,  L    To  carry  in  form  ;  as,  ported  spears 

MUton. 
9.  To  turn  or  put  to  the  left  or  larboard  side  of  a 
ship.  (See  the  noun,  No.  6.)  It  is  used  in  the  imper- 
ative. 
FORT-A-BfL'I-TY,  «.    Fitness  to  bo  carried.    [But 

PoRTiBLE:rES>  ts  mostly  used.] 
PORi'A-BLE,    a.      [lU  portabUe,   from   L.  pw-to,   to 
■carryj 

1,  That  may  be  carried  by  the  hand  or  about  the 
person,  on  horseback,  or  in  a  traveling  vehicle  ;  not 
bulky  or  beaTy  ;  ttmt  may  bo  easily  conreyod  from 
place  to  place  wkta  one's  traveling  baggage ;  as,  a 
fortabU  bureau  or  secretary. 

SL  That  may  be  carried  from  place  to  place. 

3.  That  may  be  borne  along  with  one. 

TbB  piaMiw  «f  tbs  refifiow  msa  b  ui  cm/  v»i  portatU 

4.  Sufferable ;  suf^Kmable.    l^Tot  ta  we.]    Sktk. 
PORT'A-BLE-NESS,  a.    The  quality  of  being  port- 

ah|.*. 
PORT' AGE,  m.   [Fr.  See  Port.]    The  act  of  carrying. 

2.  Tlie  price  of  carriage.  Fell, 
X  A  porthole.  [ Umtsval.]  SMak, 
4.  A  carrying  place  over  land  between  navigable 

waters.  Jrffa-svn.     OaUatui. 

PORT'AL,*.     {lU  porUlU  ;  Tr.  pt'rtaiL] 

1.  fn  arekUedmrt^  the  lesser  gate,  where  there  are 
two  gnu-s  of  different  dimensions.  OtcilL 

2.  Ftrrmerlii,  a  little  square  corner  of  a  room,  sepa- 
rated from  the  rest  by  a  wainscot,  and  fivniing  a 
short  passage  into  a  room.  Gicilu 

3.  The  frame-work  or  arch  of  a  door  or  gate. 

Oa-ilt, 

4.  A  gate  ;  an  opening  for  entrance  ;  as,  the  portals 
of  heaven. 

PORT'AXCE,  n.    [from  Fr.  porter,  to  carrj*.] 

Air;  mien;  carriage;  port;  demeanor.    [0A.«.] 
Spmser.     Shax. 

PORT'ASS,  K.  A  breviary  ;  a  prayer-book.  [  portttis, 
portMegt.]    [JVot  tufd.]     Spmsfr.  Camden.  Chaucer. 

PORT'A-TIVE,  a.     [Fr.  portat^f.l 

Portable,     (^'at  used.]  Chancn-. 

PORT'-BAR,  a.  A  bar  to  secure  the  ports  of  a  ship  in 
a  gale  of  wind. 

P5RT-eA\'ON,  n.  A  kind  of  boot,  or  rather  boot- 
top,  covering  the  knees.  Toone, 

P0RT-CHARG'E8,  n.  pL  In  commerce^  charges  to 
which  a  ship  or  its  cargo  is  subjected  in  a  harbor, 
as  wharfage,  tc 

FORT '-CRAY-OX,  n.  A  small  metallic  handle  with 
a  clasp  for  holding  a  crayon  when  used  in  draw- 
ing, &c.  Eitcve. 

PORT-€L'L'LIS,  n.  Tcouiisse.  in  French,  is  from" c<m- 
/er,  to  flow  or  slip  down.  It  signifies  a  groove  or 
gutter.    I  think  it  can  not  be  from  I*,  eiaiwnis.] 

1.  In  /ortifieation,  an  assemblage  of  timbers  joined 
across  one  another,  like  those  of  a  harrow,  and  each 
pointed  with  iron,  hung  over  the  gateway  of  a  forti- 
fied town,  to  be  let  down  in  case  of  surprise,  to  pre- 
vent the  entrance  of  an  enemy.  Brandc 

2.  In  heraldry,     [See  Pursuitawt.] 
PORT-€UL'LIS,  0.  L    To  shut ;  to  bar ;  to  obstruct. 

Shak. 

PORT-eUL'LIS-rD,  (-kul'list,)  o.  Ha>'ing  a  portcul- 
lis, ^ejistane. 

PORTE,  n.  The  government  of  the  Turkish  empire, 
officially  called  the  Sublime  Portz,  from  the  gate 
(port)  of  the  sultan's  palace  where  justice  was  ad- 
ministered. 


POR 

PORTE  CROIX,  C-krwa,)  m.    Iu  heraldry.     [See  Pua- 

■  I'lTAMT.] 

PORT'El),  pp.  or  a.    Having  gates.    [J\rot  used.] 

B.  Jonson. 
2.  Borne  in  a  certain  or  regular  order.         Junes. 
pORTB-FEUIL'LEy  (pOrt-ful'ye,)    [Fr.j     A  portfolio 
or  place  for  holding  pajiers,'  drawings,  &c.     Hence, 
2.  The  office  or  functions  of  a  minister  of  state. 
l>ict.  de  VAcad. 
PORTEND',  r.  U     [L.  portendo;  yor,  Eng.  fvre^  and 
tendof  to  stretch.] 

To  foreshow  ;  to  foretoken  ;  to  indicate  sometliing 
future  by  previous  signs. 

A  mout  umI  eocA  tumrocr  porltndt  m  hard  wint«r.        Bacon, 

POR-TEND'ED,  pp.    Foreshown  ;  previously  indica- 
ted by  signs. 

PORTENDING,  ppr.    Foreshowing. 

POR-TEN'SION,  («hun,)  n.    The  act  of  foreshowing. 
[A*y(  in  use.]  Brown. 

POR-TENT',  «.     [L.  portentum.] 

An  omen  of  ill ;  any  previous  sign  or  prodigy  in- 
dicating the  appro.ich  of  evil  or  calamity. 

My  loM  by  dire  portents  the  g^d  foretold.  Ihydtn. 

POR-TENT'OUS,  a.    [L.  porUntosus.] 

1.  Ominous;  foreshowing  ill.  Ignorance  and  su- 
perstition hold  meteors  to  be  portentous. 

2.  Monstrous;  prodigious;  wonderful ;  in  on  iU 
sense. 

No  bract  of  more  porttntout  site, 

Id  tli<;  Hercyiiiiin  L>n;s(  lit^  RoscomTHon. 

POR-TENT'OUS-LY,  adv.     Ominously. 
PORT'ER,  n.     [IL  portiereti  Fr.  portier;  Sp.  porteret 
from  L.  porta^  a  gate.  ] 

1.  A  man  that  has  the  charge  of  a  door  or  gate  ;  a 
door-keeper.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  One  that  waits  at  the  door  to  receive  messages. 

Pope. 

3.  [Fr.  porteury  from  porter^  to  carry,  L.  porto.]  A 
carrier ;  a  person  who  carries  or  conveys  burdens  for 
hire.  UowdL     H'atU. 

4.  A  mall-liquor,  of  a  durk-brown  color,  and  mod- 
erately bitter  taste,  and  possessing  tonic  and  intoxi- 
cating qunlities.  Ure. 

PORT'ER-AGE,  n.     Money  charged  or  paid   for  the 
carriage  of  burdens  by  a  pi>rter.  Tooke. 

2.  The  business  of  a  porter  or  door-keeper. 

Churchill. 
PORT'£R-LT,  a.    Conrso ;  vulgar.    [LiuU  used.] 

Bray. 
P0RT'E:SSE,    r.      A  breviary  or  portable  b<Kik  of 

prayers. 
PoRT'-FIRE,  n.  A  conii»osition  for  setting  fire  to 
powder,  &€,,  frequently  used  in  preference  to  a 
mutch.  It  is  comp(«ed  of  saltpeter,  sulphur,  and 
mealed  powder,  mixed  and  sifted,  well  rubbed,  and 
driven  into  a  case  of  strung  paper  for  use. 

CampbeWs  Md,  Diet. 
PORT-FO'UO,  C-dsryo,)  n,     [Fr.  porU-feuiUe  ;  porter, 
to  carry,  andfeuUle,  a  leaf,  Im  folium.] 

A  case  of  the  size  of  a  large  )>ook,  to  keep  loose 
papers  in. 

To  hare  or  hold  the  portfolio^  is  to  bold  the  office  of 
minifiter  of  foreign  affairs.  £.  Everett. 

PORT'GLA VE,  n.     [Tr.  porter,  to  carry,  and  W.  glaivj 
a  crooked  sword  ;  Uaiv,  a  shave,  Celtic] 

A  sword-bearer.     [A"o(  in  use.]  .^tjisieorth. 

PORT'GRAVE,  J  n,  J{L.port*L*,  a  port,  and  G.  graf, 

"""  =— -  —        tui/,  Sax.  ^'(Tf/a,  a  count, an 


FOK'r'GKAVE,  )  n,  (Up 
PORT'GREVE,  \  D.  ^m 
PORT'REEVE,  i       earl.] 


Formerly^  the  chief  magistrate  of  a  port  or  maritime 
town.    This  officer  is  now  called  Mavor  or  Bkmaft. 

PORT'-HOLE,  n.    [port  and  hole,]    The  embrasure 
of  a  ship  of  war.     [See  Poet.] 

POR'TI-CO,  r.     [It,  portico ;  L.  porticus,  from  porta  or 
portus.] 

In  architecture,  originally,  a  colonnade  or  covered 
ambulatory;  but  a/ ptmctU,  a  covered  apace,  inclosed 
by  columns  at  the  entrance  of  a  building.     P.  Cue. 

POR'TION,  n.     [L.  portio,  from  partio,  to  divide,  from 
pars,  part.     See  Part.] 

1.  In  generalydL.  part  of  any  thing  separated  from  it. 
Hence, 

2.  A  part,  though  not  actually  divided,  but  con- 
sidered by  itself. 

The«e  arc  pnru  of  bit  way* ;  but  how  little  n  portion  It  heard  of 
huDl  — Sob  xxvi. 

3.  A  part  assigned  ;  on  allotment;  a  dividend. 

How  smnJl 
A  portion  to  yonr  ihare  woiUii  fali  1  Waller. 

The  pri«^t«  hud  x  pardon  aseignod  them  by  Pbuaoh.  — Geo. 

xlvii. 

4.  The  part  of  an  estate  given  to  a  child  or  heir,  or 
descending  to  him  by  law,  and  distributed  to  him  in 
the  settlement  of  the  estate. 

5.  A  wife's  fortune. 

POR'TION,  V.  t.    To  divide  ;   to  parcel  j   to  allot  a 
share  or  shares. 

And  portion  la  bL*  Iribea  the  wide  domain.  Pi^. 

2.  To  endow. 

Him  pordontd  maida,  Kppreniiced  orphans  bjert.        Pop*'. 

POR'TION-^'D,  pp.    Divided  into  shares  or  parts. 
2.  Endowed  ;  furnished  with  a  ptjrtion. 


PCS 

POR'TION-ER,  K     One  who  divides  or  assigns  in 

sharc!^ 
POR'TION-ING, pjw.    Dividing;  endowing. 
POK'TION-IST,  H.  One  who  has  a  certain  academical 

allowance  or  portion.     [See  Postmaster,  No.  3.] 
2.  The  incuralienl  of  a  benefice  which  has  more 

reciiirs  or  vicars  than  one.  Life  of  A.  Wood. 

POR'TION-LESS,  o.     Having  no  portion. 
PORT'LAND-STONE,  n.     A  vellowiah-white  calcJi- 

reout*  freestone  from  the  Isle  of  Portland,  in  England, 

niiirli  used  in  building.  P.  Cyc. 

P0R'TOlSE,(p5r'tiz,)!  »•    The  gunwale  of  a  ship. 
To  lower  tlu  yards  a  porthul,  is  to  lower  them  to 
the  gunwale. 

To  ride  a  portoiie,  Is  to  have  the  lower  yards  and 
loi>-nmsts  struck  or  lowered  down,  when  at  anchor 
in  a  galo  of  wind.  Mar.  Vict. 

PORT'-LID,  n.    The  lid  that  closes  a  port-hole. 

Mar,  Diet. 

PORT'U-NESS,  n.     [from  porUy,]     Dignity  of  mien 

or  of  personal  appearance,  consisting   in  size   and 

symmetry  of  body,   with    dignified    manners  and 

demeanor.  .         Camden. 

PORT'LY,  a.    Ffrom   porL]     Grand  or  dignified  in 

mien  ;  of  a  noble  appearance  and  carriage.    Shak. 

2.  Bulky  ;  corpulent.  Shak, 

PORT'MAN,  n.    [port  and  man.]    An  inhabitant  or 

burgess,  as  of  a  cinque  port. 
POR'l'-MAN'TEAU,  n.     [Fr.  porte-mariteau,  from  por- 
ter, to  carry,  and  tnanteau,  a  cluuk,  L.  mantete,  It. 
mantello.     It  is  oflen  pronounced  portmantle.] 

A  hag  usually  made  of  leather,  for  carrying  ap- 
parel and  other  furniture  on  journeys,  particularly 
on  horseback, 
PORT'MOTE,  n.     [port  and  Sax.  mot,  a  meeting.] 
Anciently,  a  court  held  in  a  port  town. 

Blackstone. 
POR'TOISE.     See  Portlast. 

POR'TRAIT,  n.  [Fr.  portrait,  from  portraire.Ks  draw, 
Eng.  to  portray;  pour,  Eng.  for,  fore,  and  traire,  L. 
trahere,  Kng.  to  draw  ;  Arm.  pourtreit.  The  Italian 
is  ritratto,  Sp.  and  Port,  retrato,  from  L.  re  and 
tracto.] 

A  picture  or  representation  of  a  person,  and  es- 
pecially of  a  face,  drawn  from  the  life.  It  is  some- 
times applied  to  llic  picture  of  any  animal. 

In  porlrnilt,  the  gnf,  and  we  may  add,  the  likeneu,  coniiBts 
more  in  Ute  gviicnil  air  tluin  ia  the  exact  aiitiilitude  of  frvery 
feature.  HtynoUlt. 

POR'TRAIT,  r.  (.    To  portray  ;  to  draw.    [Jfut  used.] 

Spenser. 

POR'TRAIT-PAINT'ER,  n.  One  whose  occupation 
is  to  paint  portraits. 

POR'TRAIT-FAINT'ING,  n.  The  painting  of  por- 
traits. 

POR'TRAIT-IJRE,  n.    [Fr.j    A  portrait ;  painted  re- 
semblance. Mdlon.     Pope. 
2.  The  drawing  of  portraits.  JValpole. 

POR-TRA  Y',  V.  U     [Fr.  portraire.    Sec  Portrait.] 

1.  To  paint  or  draw  the  likeness  of  any  thing  in 
colors ;  as,  to  portray  a  king  on  horseback  ;  to  por- 
tray a  city  or  temple  with  a  pencil  or  with  chalk. 

2.  7'o  describe  in  words.  It  belongs  to  the  histo- 
rian to  portray  the  character  of  Alexander  of  Russia. 
Homer  portrays  the  character  and  achievements  of 
his  heroes  in  glowing  colors. 

3.  To  adorn  with  pictures  ;  as,  shields  portrayed, 

Milton. 

POR-TRAY'AL,  n.    The  act  of  portraying. 

POR-TRAY'£D,  (por-trdde',)  pp.  Painted  or  drawn 
to  the  life  :  described. 

POR-TRA  Y'ER,  n.  One  who  paints,  draws  to  the 
life,  or  describes. 

POR-TRA Y'ING,  ppr.  Tainting  or  drawing  the  like- 
ness of;  describing. 

POR'TRESS,      >  n.    [from  porter.]    A  female  guar- 

POR'TER-ESS,  t       dian  of  a  gate.  Milton, 

PORT'REEVE,  n.    [The  modern  orthography  of  Port- 
oreve,  which  see. J 
The  chief  magistrate  of  a  port  or  maritime  town. 

PORT'-ROPE,  n.    A  rope  to  draw  up  a  portlid. 

Mar,  Diet. 

PORT'-WINE.     See  Port,  n.  No.  7. 

POR'WIG-LE,  (-wig'I,)  n.  A  tadpole  ;  a  young  frog. 
fJVo*  used.]  Brown. 

PoR'Y,  a.  [tronxpore.]  Full  of  pores  or  small  inter- 
stices. Dryden. 

POSE,  n.  [See  the  verb.]  In  heraldry,  a  lion,  horse, 
or  other  beast  standing  still,  with  all  his  feet  on  the 
ground.  Enoyc. 

POSE,  n.     [Sax.  eeposeJ] 

Astuffingof  the  head;  catarrh.  [Ohs.]  Chancer. 

POSE,  V.  t.  [W.  posiaw,  to  pose,  to  make  an  incre- 
ment, to  gather  knowledge,  to  investigate,  to  inter- 
rogate ;  pos,  a  heap,  increment,  growth,  increase; 
posel,  curdled  milk,  posset;  Sax.  gepose,  heaviness, 
stuffing  of  the  head.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  set  or 
fix,  from  thrusting  or  pressing,  L.  posui,  Sp.  posar, 
Fr.  poser  ;  hence  the  sense  of  collecting  into  a  lump 
or  fixed  mass,  Ch.  and  Syr.  T3n,  to  press,  compress, 
collect,  coagulate.  Class  Bs,  No.  24.  See  also 
Ar.  No.  21,  31,  and  No.  32,  33,  35,  and  others  in 
that  class.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— M£TE.  PREY.  — PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 
SIS  " 


POS 

1.  To  puzzle,  [a  word  of  the  same  origin ;]  to  set ; 
to  put  to  a  Btand  or  stop ;  to  gravel. 

Ltftminc  wu  poa«l,  philoMphy  wu  «-t.  ITerbtrt. 

I  drmg^i  noi  to  poM  Ihem  with  tbon  cwnmon  enigmni  of  mag- 
netism. GUtiiriUe. 

S.  To  puzzle  or  put  to  a  stand  by  asking  difficult 
questions  ;  to  set  by  questions  ;  hence,  to  interrogate 
closely,  or  with  a  view  to  scrutiny.  Bacotu 

F09'£D,  pp.    Puzzled j  put  to  a  stand;  interrogated 

closely. 
PCS'ER,  Tu    One  that  puzzles  by  asking  difficult  ques- 
tions ;  a  close  examiner. 

3.  Something,  as  a  question,  argument,  &c.,  that 
puzzles  or  silences. 
POS'ING,  ppr,  era  Puzzling;  putting  to  a  stand  jques- 

tionins  closely. 
P0S'IN(5  LY,  adv.     Puzzlingly. 

POS'IT-ED,  a.  [L.  positus,  from  ponoy  to  put ;  per- 
haps, however,  pono  is  a  diilercnt  root,  and  posUua 
from  the  root  of  poseJ] 

Put ;  eet ;  placed.  Hale. 

PO-Sl"TION,  (po-zish'un,)  n.  [L.  posilio^  from  posUus. 
See  Pose  and  Posited.] 

1.  Slate  of  bf?ing  placed  ;  sittKition  ;  often  with 
reference  to  other  objects,  or  to  ditfLTc-nt  parts  of  the 
same  objecL 

We  h-iTc  dilfrrent  proappcU  of  the 
dill'erent  potUions  to  il. 

S.  Manner  of  standing  or  being  jilaced  ;  altitude  ; 
as,  &n  inclining  position. 

3.  Principle  laid  down  ;  proposition  advanced  or 
aifirmed  as  a  fixed  principle,  or  staled  as  the  ground 
of  reasoning,  or  to  be  proved.  , 

Lrt  not  the  proof  of  any  potition  depend  on  the  potidont  that 
follov,  but  alwayi  oa  those  whicn  precede,  tViUU. 

4.  The  advancement  of  any  principle.      Bromn. 

5.  State;  condition. 

Great  Brit»ia,  at  the  peace  of  I7S3,  flood  la  a  pon&on  to  pre- 
■cribe  her  own  (emu,  Amta, 

G.  State  in  relation  to  others  or  to  some  subject ; 
as,  to  be  in  a  false  position :  to  define  one's  poi^ition. 

7.  In  ffrainmar,  the  state  of  a  vowel  placed  before 
two  consonants,  as  in  pompous^  or  bL-fure  a  double 
consonant,  as  in  axle.  In  prosody,  vowels  are  said 
to  be  long  by  position. 

8.  In  arithmetiCf  a  method  of  solving  a  problem  by 
one  or  two  suppositions  ;  called  al^so  the  rule  of  trial 
cmd  CTTw.  Brande. 

PO-BI  'TION-AL,  (-zish'un-al,)  a.  Respecting  posi- 
tion     [J^ot  u^ed.]  Brown. 

POf'I-TIVE,  a.  [IL  positivo ;  Fr.  positif;  Low  L.  pos- 
ttivm.] 

1.  Property^  set;  laid  down;  expressed;  direct; 
eiplicit ;  opposed  to  Implied  ;  as,  he  told  us  in  posi- 
tive A^ords ;  we  have  his  positive  declaration  to  the 
fact :  the  testimony  is  positive, 

3.  Absolute;  expres.4 ;  not  admitting  any  condi- 
tion or  discretion.  The  commands  of  the  admiral 
are  posHire. 

3.  Absolute;  real;  existing  in  fact;  opposed  to 
Nkoative  ;  as,  positive  g«x>d.  which  exists  by  itself, 
whe/eas  netrative  good  is  merely  the  abf>ence  of  evil ; 
or  opposed  to  Relative  or  .\RRiTBARr  ;  as,b!^auty  fs 
not  a  positive  thing,  but  depends  on  the  ditfercnt 
Uutts  of  people.  Loake.     Enctfc. 

4.  Din^ct ;  expresi  ;  opposed  to  Circuustatitial  ; 
as,  positive  proof.  BlacLstone. 

5.  Confident ;  fully  assured  ;  applied  to  periions. 
The  witness  is  very  pojcifire  that  he  is  correct  in  his 
testimony. 

6.  Dogmatic;  over-confident  in  opinion  or  asser- 
tion. 

Some  potilivt  peniatitir  fopa  wc  know. 

That,  if  once  wroiif ,  y>-A\  needs  be  alwayi  ma.  Pop*. 

7.  Settled  by  arbitrary  appointment ;  opposed  to 
Natiral  or  Inbred. 

Id  laws,  that  vbiali  ii  natitnl  Unrfeth  unlretaailj  ;  thit  whlcta 
M  pa*idM,  not  to.  Hooktr, 

Althcxi^i  no  lawa  but ^*o«ttiM  are  muiabte,  7et  all  are  not  muta- 
U^  which  arp  pon&oe.  Hooker. 

8.  Havins  power  to  act  directly  ;  as,  a  positive 
voice  in  lestslalion.  Swift. 

Pciitive  tie^rety  in  grammar,  is  the  state  of  an  ad- 
Jftctive  which  denotes  simple  or  absolute  quality, 
without  comparison  or  relation  to  increase  or  diminu- 
tion ,  as,  leise^  noble. 

Pofitire  electricity ;  according  to  Dr.  Franklin,  the 
electricity  which  a  body  contains  alM)ve  its  natural 
■hare. 

Puaitive  tptantitii :  in  al^ebra^  an  affirmative  quan- 
ttly,  jr  one  to  be  added. 
POS'l-TIV'E,  n.     What  is  capable  of  being  affirmed  ; 
realiLV.  South. 

S.  That  which  settles  by  absolute  appointment. 
tVaierlaad 

3.  In  fframmoTy  a  word  that  affirms  or  asserts  ex- 
istence. Harris. 
POa'I-TlVE-LV,  adv.    Absolutely;    by  itself,  inde- 
pendent uf  any  thing  else  ;  not  comparatively. 

QolA  and  evil  remoTed  mM  be  eateemed  |^od  or  evil  compare 
tjvelj,  and  nut  poai&vtiy  or  limply.  Bacon, 

2.  Not  negatively  ;  really  ;  in  its  own  nature  ;  di- 
rectly ;  Inherently.'    A  thing  is  positively  good  when 


POS 

it  produces  happiness  by  its  own  qualities  or  opera- 
tion. It  is  nei^atively  good  when  it  prevents  an 
evil,  or  does  not  produce  it. 

3.  Certainly;  indubitably.  This  is  positively  y  out 
handwriting. 

4.  Directly  ;  explicitly  ;  expressly.  The  witness 
testified  positively  to  the  fact. 

5.  Peremptorily  ;  in  strong  terms. 

The  divine  law  posUivtty  requires  humUitj'  and  meeknen. 

Sprat 

6.  With  full  confidence  or  assurance.  I  can  not 
speak  positively  in  regard  to  the  fact. 

Positively  electrified.  According  to  Dr.  Franklin,  a 
body  is  po:fi«<o(riy  electrified,  when  it  contains  more 
than  its  natural  share  of  electrit:ity,  and  negatively 
electrified,  when  it  contains  less  than  its  natural 
share,  Olmsted. 

POS'I-TIVE-NESS,  n.  Actualness;  reality  of  exist- 
ence ;  not  mere  negation. 

The  poiidvenett  of  lina  of  commission  liei  both  in  the  habitude 
of  llie  will  mid  in  [lie  executed  act  too :  the  positiveneas  of 
siiu  of  oiniuiun  is  in  the  hAbiluue  of  the  Kill  oiiljr,     Norrit. 

3.  Undoubting  assurance  ;   full   confidence  ;   per- 
emptoriness  ;  as,  the  man  related  the  facts  with  post- 
tivene^is.     In  matters  of  opinion,  positiveness  is  not 
an  indication  of  prudence. 
POS-I-TI  V'l-TY,  n,     Peremptoriness.     [JVo<  used.] 

fVatts. 
POS'I-TTJRE,  for  Posture,  is  not  in  use.     [See  Pos- 

TfHE.] 

POa'NET,  n.     [W.  posnedy  from  posiaw.     See  Pose.] 
A  little  basin ;  a  porringer,  skillet,  or  saucepan. 

Ouien. 
PO.S-O-LO0'I€-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  posology. 
P0S*-OL'CM5Y,  n,    [Gr.  t^o-^j,  how  much,  and  Auyoj, 
discourse.] 

In  medicine^  the  science  or  doctrine  of  doses. 

.^incr.  Dispensatory. 
POS'PO-LITE, «.     A  kindof  militia  in  Poland,  which, 
in  case  of  invasion,  was  summoned  to  arms  for  the 
defense  of  the  country.  Edin.  Eneve. 

P03S,  V.  U     To  dash  abouU  HaUiwelt. 

POSSE  €OMI-TA'TUS^  [L.]  In  ?aw,  the  power  of 
the  county,  or  the  citizens  who  are  summoned  to 
a-ssist  an  officer  in  suppressing  a  riot,  or  executing 
any  legal  precept  which  is  forcibly  opposed.  The 
word  eomitatas  is  often  omijted,  and  posse  alone  is 
used  in  the  same  sense.  Blackstane. 

2.  In  lou)  lai'guagCy  a  number  or  crowd  of  people; 
a  rabble. 

POS-SESS',  V.  U  [L.  poasessus^  po-^sidco,  a  compound 
of  poy  a  Russian  preposition,  perhaps  by,  and  sedeo^ 
to  sit ;  to  sit  in  or  on.  We  have  this  word  from  the 
Latin,  but  the  same  compound  is  in  our  mother 
tongue.  Sax.  besittan,  to  possess ;  be,  by,  and  siitan^ 
to  sit ;  goiitlan,  be^ettan,  gesettan,  are  also  used ;  D. 
beiitten  ;  G.  be^Uien  :  Dan.  be^idder ;  Sw.  besiUa  ;  Fr. 
posscdrr  ;  Arm.  po^zedi ;  Sp.  posecr  ;  It.  possedere.] 

1.  To  have  the  just  and  legal  title,  ownership, 
or  property  of  a  thing  ;  to  own  ;  to  hold  the  title  of, 
as  the  rightful  proprietor,  or  to  hold  both  the  title 
and  the  thing.  A  man  may  possess  the  farm  which 
he  cultivates,  or  he  may  possess  an  estate  in  n  foreign 
country,  not  in  his  own  occupation.  He  may  possess 
many  farms  which  are  occupied  by  tenants.  In 
this,  as  in  other  ca^es,  the  original  sense  of  the  word 
is  enlarged,  the  Ituldiug  or  tenure  being  applied  to 
the  title  or  rirAi,  as  well  as  to  the  thing  itself. 

3.  To  hold }  to  occupy  without  title  or  owner- 
ship. 

I  raiae  up  the  ChaM'>nna  to  potttst  the  dwellin^pUcea  that  aie 

not  ihcin.  —  Hah.  ). 
KcithT  mM  nny  of  th'-in  that  au^ht  of  the  thlnp  whkh  he  }>or- 

attnd  woa  hi<  own.  —  Acta  iv. 

3  To  have;  to  occupy  The  love  of  the  world 
usually  posnesses  the  heart. 

4.  To  seize  ;  to  gain  ;  to  obtain  the  occupation  of. 

The  Engliah  mBred'^J  lownrd  th--  Rivrr  &l(e,  intending  to  poa- 
M««  a  hill  c^Utrd  UndrpEdie.  Jlayioard. 

5.  To  "have  power  over;  as  an  invisible  agent  or 
spirit.    Luke  viii. 

B'warr  wh:\t  iplrit  mp"»  In  your  hreart  ; 

VuT  ("u  insiNf-d,  lea  IhuiwAnd  »n  pouetted,       Roscommon. 

6.  To  afifect  by  some  power. 


I^t  not  jroiir  Ciin  (l'-«pi«c  my  lonjii», 

Whieli  ■b;ill  pottttt  Ihrm  v.  ith  Uic  Ite&vieal  aouud 

TUit  ever  yet  Un-y  hcdrd. 


Swifl. 


To  possess  ofy  or  witJt^  more  properly  to  possess  of, 
is  to  give  possession,  command,  or  occupancy. 

Of  fortune'!  favor  \onB  potn»»td.  Drydtn. 

TbU /M)«M«(c«  ui  i^Uie  muu  vivluaUe  bleuinf^  of  human  life, 
fticDiUhip.  Cfoo.  ^iha  Tongue. 

To  possess  one^s  f^fof;  to  take  or  gain  possession 
or  command  ;  to  mnke  one's  self  ma.ster  of. 

We  pOMMetted  aurtgloaa  of  the  kingilom  ol  Napl'-i.    AddUon, 

To  possess  with  :  to  furnish  or  fill  with  something 
permanent ;  or  to  be  retained. 

It  1«  of    iinipenlcible  ftdviinl.i^    to  postett  our  minds  wlh  a 

hidiltiiul  pK>d  Intention.  A'idiaon. 

If  thry  itre  poaatMud  wtlk  honest  minds.  A'idiaon. 

POS-SESS'£D,  pp.     Held   by  lawful   title;  occupied; 
enjoyed  ;  aflVcted  by  demons  or  inviKibte  apenta. 


POS 

POS-SESS'ING,  ppr.  Having  or  holding  by  absolute 
right  or  title  ;  occupying;  enjoying. 

POS^SES'HION,  (-scsh'un,)  n.'  *rhe  having,  holding, 
or  detention  of  properly  in  one's  power  or  command  \ 
actual  seizin  or  occupancy,  either  rightful  or  wrong- 
ful. One  man  #)ay  have  the  possession  of  a  tiling, 
and  another  may  have  the  right  of  possessiitn.  or 
property. 

If  the  poaattaion  la  sevcnxl  from  the  property  ;  if  A  hat  the 
right  of  propi-rty,  and  B  by  unlawful  meana  h-ia  guiniid 
poaattaion,  lliia  i»  itn  injury  to  A.  TUa  U  a  hire  or  niked 
potatttion.  BLacXatone. 

In  bailmenty  the  bailee  who  receives  goods  to  con- 
vey, or  to  keep  for  a  time,  h-is  the  possession  of  the 
goods,  and  a  temporary  right  over  Uiem,  but  not  the 
property.  Propertif  in  possession,  includes  both  tlie 
right  and  the  occupation.  Long  undisturbed  posses- 
sion is  presumptive  proof  of  right  or  prupi^ny  in  the 
possessor. 

2.  The  thing  possessed  ;  land,  estate,  or  goods 
owned  ;  as,  foreign  possessions. 

The  house  of  Jncob  fli.ill  possess  their ^fMvsIon*.  —  Obnd.  17. 
When  the  young  man  hejinl  thai  saying,  he  went  awuy  aorruW' 
ful,  for  he  had  great  posaesniona.  —  M-itt.  xJK. 

3.  Any  thing  valuable  possessed  or  enjctyed.  Chris- 
tian peace  of  mind  is  the  best  possession  of  life. 

4.  The  state  of  being  under  the  power  of  demons 
or  invisible  beings;  madness;  lunacy;  as,  demo* 
niacal  possession. 

Writ  of  possession  ;  a  precept  directing  a  sheriff  to 
put  a  person  in  peaceable  possession  uf  property  re- 
covered in  ejectment.  Blackstone. 

To  take  possession :  to  enter  on,  or  to  bring  within 
one's  power  or  cKCUpancy. 

To  give  possession ;  to  put  in  another's  power  or 
occupancy. 
POS-SES'SION,  (-sesh'un,)p.t.    To  invest  with  prop- 
erty.    [JVffi  used.)  Carew. 
POS  SES'SION-ER,  n.     One  that  has  possession  of  a 

thing,  or  power  over  it.     [Little  used.]  Sidney. 

POS-SESS'lVE,  a.     [L.  posse.'^sivus.] 

Pej-taining  to  po)«s«^sston  ;  having  possession. 
Possessive  case,  in  Enirlish.  grammarf  is  the  genitive 
case,  or  case  of  nouns  and  pronouns,  wtiich  express- 
es, 1st,  possession,  ownership ;  as,  John's  book;  or 
Sdly,  some  relation  of  one  thing  to  another  ;  nny  Ho- 
mer^s  ndmirers. 
POS-SESS'IVE-LV,  adv.     In  a  manner  denoting  pos- 

se.>«pion. 
POS-SESS'OR,  Ti.  An  occupant ;  one  that  has  pos- 
sessitm  ;  a  person  who  holds  in  his  hands  or  pc(Wer 
any  species  of  prop4.Tty,  real  or  |>er.sonal.  The  own- 
er or  proprietor  uf  property  is  the  permanent  possess- 
or by  legal  right ;  the  lessee  of  land,  and  the  bailee 
of  goods,  are  temporary  possessors  by  right ;  the 
tiisseizor  of  land  and  the  thief  are  wrongful  pos- 
sessors. 

2.  One  that  has,  holds,  or  enjoys  any  good  or  other 
thing. 

Think  of  the  happln-'ss  of  the  prnnhp'ta  and  apostles,  Bnints  and 
nmrtyrs,  poaaeaaora  of  eternal  glory.  Law. 

POS-SESS'O-llY,  a.  Having  possession  ;  as,  a  pos- 
sessory lord.  Howell. 

Possessory  action ;  in  /rtw,  an  action  or  suit  in  which 
the  right  of  possession  only,  and  not  that  of  properly, 
in  contested.  Blackstone. 

POS'SET,   n.     [W.  poscl,  from   the  root  o(  pose,  W. 
posiaw,  to  gather.    The  L.  posca  may  have  the  same 
origin.] 
Milk  curdled- with  wine  or  other  liquor. 

Dryden.    ArbuthnoU 

POS'SET,  r.  (.    To  curdle  ;  to  turn.  Shak. 

POS'SET-ED,  pp.     Curdled  ;  turned. 

POS'SET-ING.  ppr.     Curdling,  as  milk, 

POS-SI-niL'l-TY,  Tt.  [from  possible;  Tr.  possibility.] 
The  power  of  bein?  or  existing  ;  the  power  of  hap- 
pening ;  the  state  of  i>eing  (wssilde.  It  often  implies 
nn probability  or  great  nncertiiinty.  There  is  n  pos- 
giliility  that  a  new  star  nmy  appear  this  night.  There 
is  a  possibtlitit  of  a  Imrtl  frost  in  July  in  our  lalituile. 
It  is  not  expedient  to  hazard  much  on  the  bare  pos- 
sibility of  success.  It  is  prudent  to  reduce  contracts 
to  writing,  and  to  render  them  so  explicit  as  to  pre- 
clude the  possibility  of  mistake  or  conlroversy. 

POS'SI-BLE,  a.  [Pr.  ;  It.  possibile  ;  Pp.  posibU  ;  from 
L.  possihilis,  from  posse.     See  Power.} 

That  may  be  or  exist ;  that  may  be  now,  or  may 
happen  or  come  to  pass  ;  that  may  be  done  ;  nol  con- 
trary to  the  nature  of  things.  It  is  po-^sible  (bat  the 
Greeks  and  Turks  may  now  be  engaged  in  battle.  It 
is  possible  the  peace  of  Europe  nmy  continue  a  centu- 
ry. It  is  not  physically  possible  thiit  a  8t.re:im  should 
ascend  a  mountain,  but  it  is  possible  that  the  Su- 
preme Being  may  suspend  a  law  of  nature,  that  is, 
his  usual  course  of  proceeding.  It  is  not  po.'^sihle 
that  3  and  3  should  he7,  or  that  the  same  astion  .should 
be  morally  right  ami  morally  wrong. 

This  word,  when  pronounced  with  a  certain  em- 
phasis, hnplies  improliBbility.  A  thing  is  possible^ 
but  very  impr<ibable. 

POS'SI-BLY,  (ulv.  Uy  any  power,  moral  or  physi- 
cal, really  existing.  Learn  all  that  can  possibly  be 
known, 

C:»n  v,-o  poaaib'y  his  lore  deaert?  Milton. 


TCNB,  BpLL,  TiNITE AN"OER,  VF'CiOUS C  as  Kj  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  Cil  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


107 


&!<lli 


POS 

&  Petbapa;  vritbout  involving  impossibility  or  ab- 
surd ity. 

Aititnnr  power  lends  to  make  »  m«t  •  ImA  au««-rci^,  Abo 
nuAt  pM^tbty  Imtc  b«en  a  co<-itl  aoe,  bad  be  been  invrMod 
wiu  ftuChotitj  clRumacnbed  cy  Uw*.  ./Idiixoit. 

POS'SUM.    See  Oro»suK,  * 

To  ylay  possum^  lo  oc(  possum,  is  applied  to  a  per- 
son who,  when  caughl,  feigns  hiiuself  iliad,  from  a 
characU'rifstic  of  tlie  opossum.  America. 

POST,  a.    [from  Fr.  aposter.] 

Suborned ;  hired  to  do  what  is  wrong.  [~Vot  in 
MAt,]  Sandys, 

P6ST,  n.  [  W.  ptiH :  D.  Dan-  and  S\v.  p<ut  i  G.  pfoste, 
posteny  and  post :  Fr.  po^e :  Sp.  po^te^  posta  ;  It.  poaitL, 
posto  ;  L.  pikftii^  from  posUu.^,  llie  given  participle  of 
poHM,  to  place,  but  coinciding  with  Sp.  pasart  ll. 
posare^  to  put  or  set.] 

1.  A  piece  of  timber  set  upright,  usually  Larger 
than  «  suke,  and  intended  lo  support  something 
else ;  as,  the  pe^s  of  a  bouse  ;  the  pest*  of  a  door ; 
the  p0*tM  of  a  gate ;  the  posu  of  a  fence. 

a.  A  military  station  ;  the  place  where  a  single  sol- 
dier or  a  body  of  troops  is  stiitiuned.  The  sentinel 
most  laoC  desert  bis  post.  The  troops  are  ordered  to 
defend  tlie  post     Hence, 

3.  The  troops  stationed  at  a  particular  plnce,  orthc 
ground  they  occupy.  Marshall,     Eneijc. 

4.  A  public  office  or  emptoymcDt,  Ibal  is,  a  fixed 
place  or  station. 

When  <rior  pn-vub  mni  ImifaBi  BW«  bev  wwmy, 

Tbe  poM  ot  honor  ■  a  prirate  ■tation.  AiUiwon. 

5.  A  messenger,  or  a  carrier  of  letters  and  papers  ; 
one  that  goes  nt  stated  time»  to  convey  the  mail  or 
dispatches.  This  sense  alst^t  denotes  tixednesR,  ei- 
ther from  the  practice  of  u?inp  relays  of  horses  sta- 
tioned at  [Kirticular  places,  or  of  staiitiniiig  men  for 
carrying  dis[inrches,  or  from  the  fixed  stages  where 
they  were  to  be  supplied  with  refreshments.  [See 
Stage-]  Xenophon  informs  us  th;it  Cynis,  king  of 
JVrsia,  established  such  sUUioos  or  houses. 

G.  A  seat  or  situation.  Bumit. 

7.  A  sort  of  writing  paper,  such  as  is  used  for  let- 
ters ;  letter  pa|>er. 

8.  An  old  game  at  cards. 

9.  In  orekkMtwrt  and  scu^pterSf  >  tenn  Bpplied  to 
eaitain  ornaments  shaped  alter  the  manner  of  rolls 
or  wrcathings.  Baut, 

TV  rid*  pcjt ;  to  be  empli^ed  to  carry  dispntches 
and  paper*,  and  as  such  carriers  rode  ia  wute,  bence 
the  phmse  signifies  to  ride  In  haste,  Co  pass  with  ex- 
pedition. Post  is  used  also,  adverbially,  for  swiftly, 
expeditiously,  or  expressly. 

SoMboai  MedkfStf  u  C(rpL  Mttm. 

Bence,  to  tnivrf  poaL,  is  to  travel  expcditioasly  by 
the  use  of  f^esb  horses  taken  at  certain  stations. 
Kmigkl^tk*  post.    See  Kkight. 
P6ST,  V.  i.     [Fr.  poster ;  Sp.  poolear.] 

1.  To  travel  with  poet-horaea ;  hence, 
S.  To  travel  with  speed. 

And  poMt  e'ei  tead  mm!  obmh  vUiom  toC  MUofi. 

Pr>ST,  r.  e.  To  fix  to  a  post ;  as,  to  poH  a  notifica- 
tion. 

2.  To  expose  to  public  reproach  by  fixing  thename 
to  a  post ;  to  ex[xw>e  to  opprobrium  by  some  public 
action  ;  as,  to  post  a  coward. 

3.  To  advert)^  on  a  post  or  in  a  pnblic  place  ;  as, 
to  post  a  stray  horse.  Laies  ((f  Js'eio  England. 

A.  To  set ;  to  place  ;  to  station  :  as,  to  post  tnx>ps 
on  a  bill,  or  in  front  or  on  the  flank  of  an  army.  , 

5.  To  place  in  the  post-office ;  as,  to  post  letters. 
[Enff.l  Oif.  Guide. 

G.  In  book-keepinff,  to  carry  accounts  from  the 
waste-book  or  journal  to  the  Irdger. 

To  post  nfi  to  put  off;  to  delay.     [JVot  usfil.'] 

Shak. 
POST;  a  Latin    preposition,   signifying   after.      It  in 
used  in  this  sense  in  composition  in  many  English 
words. 
POST'.\-BLE,  o.    That  may  be  carried.     [.Yot  useA.] 

MtiHnttiffu, 

POST' AGE,  m.  The  price  established  by  law  to  be  paid 
lor  the  conveyance  uf  a  letter  or  parcel  in  a  public 
maiL 
a.  A  portage,     [JVW  itwsil  SmoUrtU 

POST'-BILL,  M.  A  bill  of  fetters  mailed  by  a  post- 
master. 

POST'-BOY,  m.    A  boy  that  riJes  as  post ;  a  coiirier. 

Tatter. 

POST'-CH.^ISE,  I  a.      [See    CHiisE.]       A    carriage 

POST'-eOACH,  i  with  four  wheels,  for  the  con- 
veyance of  travelers  who  tnivel  with  po«-4>orsc8. 

POST'-DaTE,  r.  I.  [U  post,  after,  and  da'.e,  h,  da- 
tum.] 

To  date  after  the  real  time  ;  as,  to  post-date  a  cr>n- 
tracl,  that  is,  to  date  it  after  the  true  time  of  making 
the  contract. 

POST'-Da T-ED,  pp.     Dated  after  the  real  time. 

POST'-DaT-ING,  ppr.     Dating  after  the  real  time. 

POST'-DAY,  Ji.  A  day  on  which  the  mail  arrives  or 
departs. 

FOST-DI  Lr'Vr-AL,  }  a.     [U  post,  after,  and  dUmi- 

POST-Dl-LO'VI-AN,  i      u™,  the  deluge.] 


POS 

Being  or  happening  posterior  to  the  flood  in  Noah's 
days,  IVvodward.     BuckUimL 

POST-DI-LO'VI-AN,  It.  A  person  who  lived  after 
the  flood,  or  who  has  lived  since  that  event.      Oreu?. 

POST-DIS-Sf.rZlN,  n.  A  subsequent  disseizin.  A 
writ  of  post-disseiiin  is  intended  to  put  in  possession 
a  person  who  ha.s  been  disseized  after  a  judgment  to 
recover  the  same  lauds  of  the  same  person,  under 
the  statute  of  Mcrton.  Blaekstoae. 

POPT-UIS-Sf.I'ZOK,  «.  A  person  who  disseizes  an- 
other of  lands  which  be  had  before  recovered  of  the 
saints  person.  Blaekstone. 

POST'E-A,  a-  [L.]  The  record  of  what  is  done  in  a 
cause  subsequent  to  the  joiuing  of  issue  and  award- 
in  z  of  trial.  Blaekstone. 

POST'ED,  pp.     Placed  ,  stationed, 

2.  Expi^ised  on  a  post  or  by  public  notice. 

3.  Curried  to  a  ledger,  as  accounts. 
POST'-E\-TRV,  «.    A  second  or  subsequent  entry,  at 

the  custom-house,  of  goods  which  had  been  omittod 
by  mistake. 

2.  In  book-keeping^  an  additional  or  subsequent 
entry.  MeCtdloch, 

FC^T'ER,  m.  One  w*bo  posts;  also,  a  courier;  one 
that  travels  expeditiously. 

2.  A  large  bill  posted  for  advertising. 
POS-T£'RI-OR,  a.      [from   L.  yosUrus^  from  post, 

after;  Tr.posterieur.'\ 
1.  Later  or  subsequent  in  time. 

llosioJ  was  poiltrior  to  Homer,  Brooms. 

S:  Ijiter  in  the  order  of  proceeding  or  moving; 
coming  after.     [  l/n/requent.] 
POS-TE-RI-OR'l-TY,  n.     [Fr.  postfrioriti.] 

The  state  of  being  later  or  subsequent ;  as,  posteri' 
ority  oftimeorof  au  event;  opposed  to  PaioBrTr. 

HaU. 
POS-TK'RT-OR-LY,  adv.     Subsequently  in  time. 
POS-TR'RI-ORS,  a.pi.    The  hinder  parts  of  an  ani- 
mal body.  Swift. 
POS-TER'I-TY,  »,     {Tt.  posteriti ;  L.  posteritas^  from 
poftents^  from  posty  after.] 

I.  IVscendauts  ;  children,  children's  children,  &c., 
indefinitely;  the  race  that  proceeds  from  a  progeni- 
tor. The  w'hole  human  rare  are  the  j)o*tcri/yof  Adam. 

3.  In  a  ^sasfW  5«iuc,  succeeding  genemtious  ;  op- 
posed to  Akcestors. 


Tb  ifae  onhnf^,  OuU  oolaaUy  Ueml, 
U««vm  fiTrs  /Kwlrri^r  v  m-nagt  Uw  dwd. 


Pf^. 


POS'TERN,  a.  [Fr.  p««rnf,  for  posternfj  /wm  L. 
pesf,  behind.] 

1.  /Vtmari7y,  a  back  door  or  gate ;  a  private  en- 
trance ;  hence,  any  smalt  door  or  gate. 

Dryden,     Locke. 
3.  In  fortJJifationy  a  small  gate,  usually  in  the  angle 
of  Uie  Hank  ofa  bastion,  or  in  that  of  the  curtain  or 
nenr  the  orillun,  descending  into  the  ditch.    Kncyc 

PCri'TER.N,  0.    Back  ;  being  behind  ;  private. 

£>rydai. 

POST-EX-IST'EXCE,  a.  Subsequent  or  future  exist- 
ence. Jlddison. 

P0ST'-FA€T,  o.     [L.  post/actum.l 

Relating  lo  a  fact  that  occurs  after  another  ;  or,  as 
a  Rt'un,  a  fact  that  occurs  after  another. 

P5.ST'-FIXE,  tt.  In  Enf^Ush  lav,  a  fine  due  to  the 
king  by  prerogative,  after  a  licmtia  con  cord andi 
given  in  a  fine  uf  lands  and  tenements  ;  called  also 
the  King's  silteiu  Btackstono, 

POST'FIX,  n.     [L.  posty  after,  and^z.] 

In  grammar,  a  leUer,  syllable,  or  word,  added  to  the 
end  of  another  word  ;  a  sufRx.  Parkhurst. 

POST-FIX',  r.  (,  To  add  or  annex  a  letter,  syllable, 
ar  word,  to  the  end  of  another  or  principal  word. 

ParkhursL 

POST-FIX'ED,  pp.    Added  to  the  end  of  a  word. 

P6:^T-FIX'I\G,  vpr.     Adding  lo  the  end  of  a  word. 

POST-IIACK'NEY,  n.  [post  And  hackney.]  A  hired 
post -horse.  fVoUon. 

POST'-IIASTE,  n.  Ilaste  or  speed  in  travelins,  like 
that  of  a  post  or  courier.  Shak. 

POST'-HASTE,  adv.  With  speed  or  expedition.  He 
traveled  post-haste,  that  is,  by  an  ellipsis,  with  post- 
haste, 

POST'-HORX,  n.  [po^f  and  Aom.J  A  horn  or  trum- 
pet carried  and  blown  by  a  carrier  of  tJie  public  mail, 
or  by  a  coachman.  Coitper. 

PO^T'-HORSE,  n.  A  term  applied  to  horses  stationed 
at  certain  distances  on  a  road  for  the  rapid  convey 
aiice  of  couriers,  passengi-rs,  &.c.  Sidney. 

POST'-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  where  a  post-office  is 
kept  for  receiving  and  dispatching  letters  by  puhlic 
mails  ;  a  post-office.  [  The  latter  word  is  note  in  gener- 
al use.] 

2.  A  hou*>e  wfaf-re  post-horses  are  kept, 
POST'MUME,  a      Posthumous.     [.Vot  used.]        TVatis. 
POST'HU-MOU.-?,  a.    [U  post, after,  and  humus,  earth  ; 

kumatus,  buned.] 

1.  Born  after  the  death  of  the  father,  or  taken 
from  the  dead  body  of  the  mother ;  as,  a  posthumous 
son  or  daiichter.  Blaekstone. 

2.  Published  after  the  death  of  the  author;  as, 
posthumous  Works, 

3.  Being  after  one's  decease;  as,  a  posthumous 
character.  .Addison, 


POS 

POST'IIU-MOUS-LY,  adv.     After  one's  decease. 
I'OtS'TIC,  fl.     [L.  poslieus.] 

Backward.     {J<^ot  used.]  Broien. 

POS'TIL,  n.     [It.  postilla;  Sp.  postila;  from  L.  posL] 

1.  .\  marginal  note  ;  originaUy,  a  note  in  thi^  mar- 
gin of  the  Bible,  so  caJtcd  because  written  after  the 
text.  Encyc. 

2.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  and  Lutheran  churches,  a 
homily  to  be  read  in  public  by  clergyuten  who  are 
incompetent  to  teach.  The  first  postils  were  com- 
I>osed  by  order  of  Charlemagne.  Luiher  also  wrote 
ppstils.  The  books  of  homilies  in  tlie  English  church 
were  postils  tmder  another  name.  Murdoch. 

POS'TIL,  V.  U     [It.  postiUare,] 

To  write  marginal  notes ;  to  gloss ;  to  illustrate 

with  marginal  notes.  Bacon. 

POS'TIL-f;D,  pj>.     Illustrated  with  marginal  notes. 
P0S''J'1Ij-KR,  n.     One   who  writes   marginal   notes; 

one  who  illustrates  the  text  of  a  book  by  notes  in  the 

ninrciu. 
POS'TIL-ING,  ppr.    Writing  in  marginal  notes. 
POS'TIL-LATE,   v.  i.  or  L     Fonnerly,   to  preach  by 

expounding    Scripture,  verse  by  verse,  in    regular 

order. 
POS-TIL-LA'TION,  n.     Exposition  of  Scripture  In 

preaching. 
POS'TIL-LA-TOR,  n.    One  who  expounds  Scripture, 

verse  by  verse.  Henry,  Brit. 

P03-TIL"L'IOi\,   (p6s-til'yun,)    n.      [Fr.    postilion,    a 

post-boy,  from  paste.] 
One  that  rides  and  guides  the  first  pair  of  horses  in 

a  coach  or  other  carriage  ;  also,  one  that  rides  one  of 

the  horses,  when  one  pair  only  is  used,  cither  in  a 

coach  or  post-chaise. 
POST'ING,  ppr.     Setting  up  on  a  post;  exposing  the 

name  or  character  to  reproach  by  public  udvertise- 

nieuL 

2.  Placing:  stationing. 

3.  Tninsferring  accounts  to  a  ledger. 

4.  Traveling  with  post-horses. 

POST'LNG,  n.     The  transferring  of  accounts   to  a 
ledger. 
2.  The  traveling  post,  or  with  post-horses. 

POS'TtUHE,  rt.  An  ornament  of  sculpture  superadded 
af^er  (he  onpinal  design  has  been  completed. 

PasT-M-.MlN'1-AK,     (     a.       [See     Postlimimum.] 

PO.'^T-LI  .MIN'I-OUS,  (  Contrived,  done,  or  existing 
subst-gueiitly  ;  as,  a  postlimiHioas  application. 

POST-M-.MIN'I-UM,  j  n.     [L.  pust,  after,  and  Umen, 

POST-MM'I-XY,         t      end,  limit.] 

Postliiuinium,  among  (Ac  Romans,  was  the  return 
of  a  (K-rson  to  his  own  country  who  had  gone  to  so- 
journ in  a  foreign  country,  or  had  been  banished  or 
tak'-n  by  an  enemy. 

In  the  modern  law  of  nulimis,  the  right  of  postliminy 
is  that  by  virtue  of  which  pirrsons  and  things,  taken 
by  an  enemy  in  war,  are  restored  to  their  former 
state,  when  coming  again  under  the  imvver  of  the 
nation  to  which  they  belonged.  The  sovereign  of  a 
country  is  bound  to  protect  the  person  and  the  prop- 
erty oi  his  subjects  ;  and  a  subject  who  has  suflcred 
the  loss  of  his  property  by  the  violence  of  war,  on 
being  restored  to  his  country,  can  claim  to  he  reestab- 
lished in  all  his  rights,  and  to  recover  his  properly.' 
But  this  right  does  nut  e.vtend,  in  all  cases,  to  person- 
al effects  or  movalib'S,  on  account  of  the  difficulty  of 
ascertaining  their  identity.        Fattel.     Du  Pvnceau. 

POST'AIAN,  Ti.     A  post  or  courier  ;  a  letter-carrier. 

Cfranirer, 

POST'MXRK,  n.  The  mark  or  stamp  of  a  posl-oHice 
on  a  letter. 

POST'.MXRK,  V.  t.  To  affix  the  stamp  or  mark  of  iho 
port-office,  as  to  letters,  &.c. 

POt^T'MAS-TER,  n.  The  officer  who  has  the  sui>cr- 
intenrience  and  direction  of  a  post-office. 

2.  On  the  continent  of  Europe,  one  who  provides 
post-horses. 

3.  In  Merton  College,  Oxford,  the  scholars  who 
are  supi>orted  on  the  foundation  are  called  Post- 
masters or  PoRTiowisTs,  (PortionisUs.)      Oif.  Guide. 

Postmaster-geacral  is  the  chief  officer  of  the  post- 
office  department,  whose  duty  is  to  make  contracts 
for  the  conveyance  of  the  public  mails  and  see  that 
they  are  executed,  and  who  receives  the  moneys 
arising  from  the  postafie  of  letters,  pays  the  expenses, 
keeps  the  accounts  of  the  otlice,  and  superintends  the 
whole  department. 

POST-.ME-RID'I-AN,  a.  [L.  postmendianus.  See 
Meridian.! 

Being  or  uclonging  to  the  afternoon  ;  as  postmeridi- 
an sleep.  Bacon. 

POST-MOR'TEM,  after  dealh.  A  post-mortem  ex- 
auiinatinn  of  a  body  is  one  made  after  the  death  of 
the  patient. 

POST'NATE,  a.     {J.,  post,  after,  and  natus,  born.] 
Subsequent.     [Little  used.]  Taylor. 

POST'-NOTE,  TI.  [post  and  vote.]  In  cojnmerre,  a 
prom  ssory  note  issued  by  a  hank,  and  made  payable 
to  order  at  some  future  si)ecified  time  ;  whence  its 
name  po,v/-note. 

P03T-i\L'P'TIAL.  (-shal,)  a.  [post  and  nuptial]  Be- 
ing or  happening  after  marriage;  as,  a  postnuptial 
Belllenient  on  a  wife.  Kent, 

POST-OB'IT,  Tu    [L.  post  and  obitus.] 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PRgY.— PT.\E,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK. — 

two 


POS 

1.  A  bond  in  which  the  obligor,  in  consideration  of 
having  received  a  certain  sum  of  money^  binds  him- 
self to  prty  a  larger  sum,  on  unusual  interest,  on  the 
death  uf  some  specified  individual  from  whom  he  has 
expectations.  Bourier. 

2.  Post-obit  is  used  by  physicians  precisely  like 
mo/tt-mifrtem, 

POST'-OF-FICE,  lu  An  office  or  house  where  letters 
are  received  for  delivery  to  the  persons  to  whom 
they  are  addressed,  or  to  be  transmitted  to  other 
places  in  the  public  mails. 

PoST'-PaID,  o.  Having  the  postage  paid,  as  a 
letter. 

P5ST-P0\E',  p.  C  [L.  postpono ;  post^  after,  and  pmo, 
to  puLj 

1.  1*0  put  off;  to  defer  to  a  future  or  Jater  time  ; 
to  delay  ;  as,  to  postpone  the  consideration  of  a  bill 
or  question  to  the  afternoon,  or  to  the  following 
day. 

2,  To  set  below  something  else  in  value  or  impor- 
tance. 

All  oih^r  conaidcradon*  ibould  give  way  and  be  postponed  to 
Ihia,  Ladce. 

P0ST-P5N'KD,  pp.  Delayed ;  deferred  to  a  ftiture 
time  :  set  below  in  value. 

POST-PG.VE'ME\T,  n.  The  act  of  deferring  to  a 
future  time  ;  temporary  delay  of  business. 

T.  Pickering.     KenU 

POST-POX'ENCE,  It.     Dislike.     [JVot  in  use] 

Johnson. 

P(^ST-PON'ER,  n.     One  who  postpones. 

P^3T-P0.V'I.\O,  ppr.     Deferring  to  a  future  time. 

PoST-PO-$I"TION,  (-zish'un,)™.    [post  and  position.] 
The  state  of  being  put  back  or  out  of  the  regular 
place,  Me*it, 

POST-POS'I-TIVE,  a.  Placed  after  something  else, 
as  a  word. 

r5ST-RE  MOTE',  a.  [jtost  and  remAe,]  More  re- 
mote in  Riibsequent  time  or  order.  Darwin. 

PoST-SCk'M-UM,  n.     The  back  part  of  the  stage. 

POST'St'RIPT,  n.  [L.  post^  after,  and  scriptum^  writ- 
ten.] 

A  parajn^ph  added  to  a  letter  after  it  is  concluded 
and  signed  by  the  writer;  or  any  addition  made  to  a 
book  or  composition  after  it  had  been  supposed  to  be 
finished,  containing  something  omitted,  or  something 
new  occurring  to  the  writer.  Locke.    .Addison. 

POST'S€RIPT-ED,  a.    Added  in  a  postscript, 

J,  Q.  Jidams. 

P6ST'-T0WN,  n.    A  town  in  which  a  post-office  is 
establi.-hed  by  law. 
2.  A  town  in  which  post-horses  are  kept. 

POST'l^-LAN'T,  rt.  [See  Postllate.]  One  who 
makes  a  r<'quest  or  demand. 

POST'U-LATE,  n.  [L.  poslulatum,  from  posUilo^  to 
d'.-mand,  from  the  root  vfposco^to  ask  or  demand. 
The  sense  is,  to  urge  or  push.] 

1.  A  position  or  supposition  assumed  without 
proof,  or  one  which  is  considered  as  self-evident,  or 
loo  phiin  to  require  illustration.  Eneye. 

2.  In  mathematics,  a  self-evident  problem,  answer- 
ing to  axiom,  which  is  a  self-evident  theorem. 

Olmsted. 
POST'U-LATE,  r,  U     [Supra.]     To  beg   or  assume 
without  prrnif.     [Little  u.ied.]  Brown. 

a.  To  Invite  ;  to  solicit  ^  to  require  by  entreaty. 

BurneL 

3.  To  assume  ;  to  take  ivithout  positive  consent. 

Tb«  Bjnnntiiie  empfrvn  npprar  to  hart  e«ercw^),  or  »t  Ictrt  to 
hare  postulaitd,  s  Mft  of  parainouiil  supTrmacy  ov»r  ihia 
iMlkm.  TXtoke. 

POST'tJ-LA-TED,  pp.  Assumed  without  proof;  in- 
vited. 

POST'TJ-1-.X-TING,  ppr.  Assuming;  inviting  j  solic- 
nine. 

POST  II-LA'TION,  11.     [T*  postalatio.'] 

1.  The  act  of  supposmg  witlwut  proof;  gratuitous 
assumption.  Hair. 

3.  Supplication  ;  intercession  ;  also,  suit;  cause. 
Pccrgnn.     BHrnet, 
POST'U-LA-TO-RY,  a.    Assuming  without  proof. 

2.  Assumed  without  proof.  Brotm. 
rOSTlJ-LA'TUM,  n.     [L.]     A  postulate,  which  see. 

^ddintm. 
POS'TT^RE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  po.iitura  ;  pono,  po.filiw.] 

1.  In />ain/injr  :tnd  #cH/;jfur«,  altitude  ;  the  situation 
of  a  figure  with  regard  lu  the  eye,  and  of  the  several 
princijial  members  with  regard  to  each  otht-r,  by 
whirh  action  is  express'-d.  Postureg  should  be  ac- 
comiiiodnted  to  the  character  of  the  figure,  and  the 
pnntiire  of  each  memlwr  to  its  office.  Postures  are 
natural  or  nrtiftriiil.  J^atvral  postures  are  such  as 
our  ordinary  actinna  and  the  occasions  of  life  lead 
UN  to  exhibit  ;  arii/ieial  p*>stures  are  such  as  arc  as- 
sumed or  learnt  for  particular  purpases,  or  in  partic- 
ular ucrupatiuns,  as  in  dancing,  fencing,  &c. 

Addison      Fnei/c. 

9,  Situation  ;  condition  ;  particular  state  wiifi  re- 
pard  to  somi'thing  else;  as,  the  posture  o(  public  af- 
fairs bffore  of  aft'-r  a  war. 

3.  Situation  of  the  body  ;  as,  an  abject  posture. 

Milton. 

4.  State  i  condition.  The  fort  is  in  a  posture  of 
dt-fpnw. 


POT 

5.  The  situation  or  disposition  of  the  seveml  parts 
of  the  body  witli  respect  to  each  otiier,  or  with  re- 
spect to  a  particular  purpose. 

He  easli 
His  ey^B  ftg^tnst  tht>  moon  In  tiioal  Strang  pottureg.         Shak. 
The  posture  of  a  poetic  figure  ia  a  deKripdoii  of  the  herop>  iit  the 
p?rformni)ee  of  auch  or  luch  an  nciton.  Drydtn, 

6.  Disposition  ;  frame ;  as,  the  posture  of  the  soul. 

Bailey. 
POS'Tl^RE,  V.  t.    To  place  in  a  particular  manner ;  to 
dispose  the  parts  of  a  body  for  a  particular  purpose. 

He  voM  raw  with  posturing  tiim»clf  acconling-  to  the  flirpclion 
of  the  chirurjcoiiji,  Brook. 

POS'TUR-ED,  pp.     Placed  in  a  particular  manner. 

POS'TIJRE-MAS-TER,  n.  One  that  teaches  or  prac- 
tices artificial  postures  of  the  body.  Spectator. 

POS'TUR-ING,  ppr.  Disposing  the  parts  of  the  body 
for  a  particular  purpose. 

P5'SY,  n.  [Uu.  poesy  ;  or  a  collection,  a  cluster,  from 
the  W.  posiaw,  to  collect.     See  Pose.J 

1.  A  motto  inscribed  on  a  ring,  &.c.         Addison. 

2.  A  bunch  of  flowers.  Spenser. 
POT,  »i.     [Fr.  pot;    Arm.  pod;   Ir.  pota ;   Sw.  potta; 

Dan.  potte ;  \V.  pot,  a  pot,  and  potd,  a  bottle  ;  poten,  n 
pudding,  the  paunch,  something  bulging  ;  D.  pot,  a 
pot,  a  stake,  a  hoard  ;  potten^  to  hoard.] 

1.  A  vessel  more  deep  than  broad,  made  of  earth, 
or  iron,  or  other  metal,  used  for  several  domestic  pur- 
poses ,  as,  an  iron  pot  for  boiling  meat  or  vegetables  ; 
a  per  for  holding  litiut>rs  :  a  cup;  as,  a  ;>oe  of  ale  j  an 
earthen  pot  for  planish,  called  a  jtoreer-pot^  &.c. 

2.  The  quantity  contained  iii  a  pot;  as,  a  pot  of 
ale,  i.  e.,  a  quarL 

3.  A  sort  of  paper  of  small-sized  sheets. 

To  ffo  to  pot:  to  be  destroyed,  ruined,  wasted,  or 
expended.     [A  loic  phrase.] 
POT,  V.  t.     1  o  preserve  seasoned  in  pots  ;  as,  potted 
fowl  and  fish.  Dryden. 

2.  To  inclose  or  cover  in  pots  of  earth.  Mortimer. 

3.  To  put  in  casks  fur  draining  ;  as,  to  pot  sugar, 
by  taking  it  from  the  cooler  and  placing  it  in  hogs- 
heads with  perforated  heads,  from  which  the  molas- 
ses percolates  through  the  spongy  stalk  of  a  plantain 
leaf.  FAitardsy  W.  Indies. 

P6'TA-BLE,  a.  [Fr. ;  I^w  L.  potabilis;  It.  potabUe: 
from  L.  poto,  to  drink  ;  polus,  drink,  Gr.  toroi,  from 
iri^'dj.  no^tut,  to  drink.] 

Dnnkable;  that  may  be  drank;  as,  water  fresh 
and  potable.  Bacon. 

Riven  run  potable  golrl.  AlUlon. 

F6'TA-BLE,  tl    Something  that  may  be  drank. 

PhUips. 

PO'TA-BLE-NESS,  tu  The  quality  of  being  drink- 
able. 

POT'AGE,  n.     See  Pottage. 

POT'A-GER,  B.     [from  potag-e.]     A  porringer.  Grew. 

PO-TAG'RO, ;  n,     A  kind  of  pickle  imported  from  the 

PO-TAR'GO,  j      West  Indies.  Kinff. 

POT'ALE,  n.  [pot  and  ale.]  A  name  in  some  places 
given  to  the  refuse  from  a  gmin  distillery,  used  to 
fatten  swine. 

POT-A-MOL'O-GY,  n.    [Gr.  jrorapoi,  a  river,  and 
Xoj'"S,  discourse.] 
A  treatise  on  rivers. 

PO'TANCE,  ti.  With  itatchmakcrs,  the  stud  in  which 
the  lower  piVot  of  the  Verge  is  placed.  Ash.    Scott. 

POT'AiSII,  n.  [pot  and  ashes;  D.  potasch ;  G,  pottas- 
du  ;  Dan.  potaske  ;  Fr.  potasse.] 

The  popular  name  of  the  vegetable  fixed  alkali  in 
an  impure  slate,  procured  from  the  ashes  of  plants 
by  lixiviation  and  eva|>onition.  The  matter  remain- 
ing after  evaporation  is  refined  in  a  crucible  or  fur- 
nace, and  the  extractive  substance  burnt  off  or  dis- 
sipated. Potash  refined  by  heat  la  called  Pearlash. 
The  plnntfl  which  yield  tlio  greatest  quantity  of  pot- 
ash are  wormwood  and  fumitory. 

Kirtean.     J^ichoUon.     Eneye. 
By  the  discoveries  of  Sir  H.  Davy,  it  appears  that 
the  exsential  part  of  potash  is  a  metallic  oxyd  ;  the 
metal  is  called  Potahsium,  and  the  alkali,  in  books 
of  science,  is  called  Potassa. 

PO-TAS'SA.  II.  'i'he  scientific  name  of  pure  potash 
or  protoxyd  of  potassium. 

PO-TAS'SI-UM.n.  'J'he  metallic  basis  of  pure  potash. 
AcrordinK  to  Dr.  Davy,  100  iwirts  of  potassa  consist 
of  Stj.I  paxU  of  the  basis,  and  13.9  of  oxygen. 

Med,  Repo.1. 
Potassium  has  the  most  powerful  affinity  for  oxy- 
gen of  all  substances  known  ;  it  takes  it  from  every 
other  compound,  and   hence  ia  a   most  important 
agent  in  chemical  nnalysts. 

P0-TA'TlON,n,     [li.  potatio.     See  Potable.] 

1.  A  drinking  or  drinking  bout. 

2.  A  draught.  Shak. 
n.  A  sp4-cies  of  drink.  Sftak. 

PO-TA'TO,  n.     [Ind.  batatas.] 

A  pliinl  and  the  esculent  part  of  the  root  of  the 
Solanum  tuberosum,  a  native  of  South  America. 
The  tuberous  jmrt  of  the  root  of  this  plant,  which 
is  usually  called  potato,  constitutes  one  of  the  cheap- 
est and  most  nourishing  species  of  vegetable  food  ; 
U  is  the  principal  food  of  the  poor  in  some  countries, 
and  has  often  contributed  to  prex'ent  famine.     It  was 


POT 

introduced  into  the  Dritish  dominions  by  Sir  Walter 
Ralegh  or  other  adventurers  in  the  K'tti  century;  but 
if  came  slowly  into  use,  and  at  this  day  is  not  much 
cultivated  and  used  in  some  countries  of  Europe.  In 
the  British  dominions  and  in  the  United  States,  it 
lias  proved  one  of  the  greatest  blessings  bestowed  on 
man  by  the  Creator. 
PO'TA-TO-RY,  a.    Pertaining  to  drinking;  as,  poUt- 

tar})  power 
POT^-BEL-LI-ED,  a.     Having  a  prominent  belly. 
POT'-BEL-LY,  Ti.     A  protuberant  belly. 
POT'-BOY,  n.     A  menial  in  a  public  house. 
POTCH,  V.  L     [Fr.  pockcr,  Eng.  to  poke.] 

1.  To  thrust;  to  push.     [JVotusfd.]  Shak. 

2.  To  poach  ;  to  boil  elightly.    [JV«i  used.] 

0  H^eman. 

POT-eOM-PAN'ION,  n.     An  associate  or  companion 

in  drinking;  applied  generally  to  habitual  hard  drink- 
PO-TEEN',  n.    Irish  wliiskey.  [ers. 

PC'TE-LOT,  n.     [Uu.  G.  potUoth^  D.  potlood^  black 

lead.] 

The  sulphurct  of  molybdenum.  Fourcroy. 

PO'TEXCE,  n.     [Fr.]     In   heraldry,  a  cross  whose 

ends  resemble  the  head  of  a  crutch  ;  also  called  a 

Cno33  PoTENCE.  Eneye. 

PO'TEN-CY,  n.      [L.  potentia,  from  poteiui  possum^ 

posse.     See  Power.] 

1.  Power;  physical  power,  energy,  or  efficacy; 
strength.  Shak. 

2.  Monil  power  ;  influence ;  authority. 

Now  nrriviiig 
At  place  of  potency  and  iway  o'  lb'  ilato.  Shak. 

PC'TENT,  a.     [h.  potcns.] 

1.  Powerful;  physically  strong;  forcible;  effica- 
cious ;  Qs,  a  potent  medicine. 

Moeesonce  more  hi*  potent  rod  extends.  Millan. 

2.  Powerftil,  in  a  moral  sense;  having  great  influ- 
ence ;  as,  potent  interest ;  a  potent  argument. 

Decay  qf  Piety. 

3.  Having  great  authority,  control,  or  dominion ; 
as,  a  potent  prince.  Shak. 

PO'TENT,  n.    A  prince  ;  B  potentate.    [J^ot  in  use.] 

Shak. 
2.  A  walking-staff  or  crutch.  [J^'ot  used.]  Chaucer. 
PO'TENT-A-CY,  u.     Sovereignty.     [JV'oi  used.] 

Barrow, 
PO'TEN'T-ATE,  n.     [Fr.  potrntat;  It.  potentato.] 

A  person  \Vho  possesses  great  power  or  sway;  a 
prince  ;  n  sovereign  ;  nn  emperor,  iting,  or  monarch. 

Exniiiiicr  him  not  only  nbove  carlhly  nrincoa  and  potenlat£»,  but 
atvvi>  the  highest  of  the  CelettUal  hkmrchy.  Boyle. 

PO-TEN'TIAL,  C-shal,)  a.     [L.  potentialis.] 

1.  Having  po\vei»to  impress  on  us  the  ideas  of  cer- 
tain qualities,  though  the  qualities  are  not  inherent 
in  the  thing  ;  as,  potential  heat  or  cold.         Encyct 

2.  Existing  in  possibility,  not  in  act. 

This  potenlinl  sJod  iniji^in.irj'  ma,u-ria  prima,  can  not  exist  with- 
out iurm.  Raiegh. 

3.  Efficacious;  powerful.     [J^otinuse.]       Shak. 
Potential  eautery,  in  surirery,  is  the  destruction  of 

vitality,  and  the  production  of  an  eschar  in  any  part 
of  the  body  by  an  alkaline  or  metallic  salt,  &c.,  in- 
stead of  a  red-hot  iron,  the  use  of  which  is  called 
acttial  cnutenj.  Eneye. 

Potential  modr,  In  tftammar,  is  that  form  of  the  verb 
which  is  Used  to  express  the  power,  possibility,  lib- 
erty, or  necessity,  of  an  action  or  of  being  ;  as,  I  may 
po;  he  can  write.  This,  in  English,  is  not  strictly  a 
distinct  mode,  but  the  indicative  or  declarative  mode 
affirming  the  potter  to  act,  instead  of  the  act  itself.  I 
may  go,  or  can  go,  are  equivalent  to,  I  have  power  to 

PO-TEN'TIAL,  n.    Any  thing  that  may  be  possible. 

Bacon. 
PO-TEN-TIAL'I-TY,  n.    Possibility  ;  not  actuality, 
Taylor.    Bentley. 
PO-TENTIAt^LY,  fldc.    In  possibility;  not  in  act; 
not  positively. 

Thi»  duration  of  human  aouIb  U  oa\y  votentiallu  Infinite. 

BenOey. 

2.  In  efficacy,  not  in  actuality  ;  as,  potentially  cold. 

Boyle-. 
PO'TENT-LY,  adv.    Powerfully  ;  with  great  force  or 
energy. 

You  are  potently  oppoted.  Shak. 

PO'TENT-NESS,  n.     Powerfulness  ;  strength ;  might. 

PO-TES'TA-TIVE,  a.     [ftom  L.  potestas.] 

Authoritative.     [JVvt  used.]  Pearson. 

POT'GUN,  for  PopouN.     [J^ot  vsrd.]  Sicijl. 

POT'-HANG-ER,  n.     [pot  and  hanger.]     A  pot-hook. 
POTU'E-GA-RY;  contracted  from  AruTiiECAKV,  and 

very  vulgar.     [See  the  latter.J 
POTH'ER,  n.      [This  word  is  vulgarly  pronounced 

bother.    Its  ongm  and  affinities  are  not  ascertained.] 

1.  BustiD;  confusion;  tumult;  flutter.     [Low.\ 

Shak.     SiBifl. 

2.  A  suffocating  cloud.  Zh-ayton, 
PQTH'ER,  V.  i.    To  make  a  Wurtcrin^i  ineffectual  ef- 
fort ;  to  make  a  stir. 

POTH'ER,  V.  t.    To  bantss  and  perplex  ;  to  puzzle. 

Locke, 


TONE.  BJiLL,  IJNITE.— AN"GER,  Vl"CIOU3  —  C  an  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  ai  in  THia 


POU 

POT'-HERB,  n.  A  term  npplipd  to  herbs  which  are 
added  lo  simps,  stews,  and  various  dishes,  to  incrcaso 
their  nutritious  qualities,  or  lo  give  ttiem  flavor^  aa 
parsley,  &.C.  Kncye.  of  Donu  £con. 

POTH'ER-KP, pp.    Harassed  and  perjilexed. 

POTH'ER  ING,ppr.     Perplexing;  pu7.zlinp. 

POT'-IIpgK,  n.  A  hook  on  which  pots  and  kettles 
ore  hung  over  the  fire. 

2.  A  leUer  or  character  like  a  pol-hook  j  a  scrawled 
letter.  Zhydeiu 

POT'-IIOUSE,  n.     An  ale-house.  fTtHon, 

PO'TION,  It.     [Fr.,  frotu  L.  potio;  poio^  to  drink.] 
A  dmucht :  usually,  a  liquid  medicine  ;  a  do8«. 
B^on.    Milton. 

POT'-LIP,  n.    The  lid  or  cover  of  a  pot      Derkam, 

POT'LUCK,  n.     Wlint  uny  chance  lo  bo  prdttded  for 

POT'-MA\,  n.     A  pot-comjvinion.  [dinner. 

POT'-MKT^fL,  n.  A  name  vulgarly  ci^en  to  the 
metal  from  which  iron  \t>A»  are  made,  fn>m  an  erro- 
neous idea  thai  it  is  somelliing  different  fVom  com- 
mon pic  iron.  IViicoz. 

POT'SHERD,  \  w.    {pot  and  Sax.  teeard^  a  ftapment, 

POT':?H  ARE,  I     fhim  seraran,  to  shear ;  D.  potscAerfi 
Cstkerbf.] 
A  piece  or  fragment  of  a  broken  pot.    Job  ti. 

POT'STOXE,  H,  Potsione  is  a  variety  of  steatite, 
Bometimes  manufactured  into  culinan'  vessels. 

ClfarelantL     Brandr, 

POTTACE,  n.  [from  pot :  Fr.  id. ;  It.  potaffgio  :  Port. 
pota^rm  :  \V.  potrs;  Arm.  podaiek.  The  early  orthog- 
raphy PoTAOB  would  be  prt  ft-mble.] 

A  species  of  fotKl  made  of  meat  (>oiled  to  softness 
ta  water,  usually  with  some  vegetables  or  sweet 
herbs. 

POT'TED,  pp.  or  a.  Preaervwl  or  inclosed  in  a  pot ; 
drained  in  a  cask.  Edwards, 

POT'TER,  n.  [fmm  pfl*.]  One  wboiie  occupation  ia 
lo  make  earthen  vessels.  Drydetu    Mortimer. 

POT'TER.     Ser  Pi-imca. 

POT'TEKX-ORE,  n.  A  specie*  of  ore,  which,  fmm 
its  aptness  lo  vitrify  like  the  glazing  of  potter's  ware, 
the  miners  call  bv  this  name.  BayU. 

POT'TEU'S-CLAY,  u.  A  variety  of  clay  used  by  pot- 
ters. 

POT'TER-Y,  n.    [Fr-  potme  ;  fVom  pot.] 

1.  The  vessels  or  ware  made  by  potters ;  earthen 
ware,  ela?.^  and  bnked. 

2.  The  place  where  earthen  vessels  an  manufac- 
tured. 

POT'TIXG.  «.     [trtym  pot.\    Drinkini? ;  tippling.  SSak. 

2.  A  placing  or  prest-rvmg  in  a  p**!. 

3.  In  tht  IVejft  ladifji,  the  pruce^  of  putting  sugar 
in  casks  for  draininir.  Edwards. 

POT'TIXG,  ppr.      Placing  or  "preserving  in  a  poC; 

drainine,  as  above  ;  drinkini;. 
POT'TLE,  n.     [W.  potrt.,  a  b< Jtle  ;  from  poL] 

1.  A  liquid  measure  of  four  pints. 

2.  A  vessel ;  a  pot  or  tankard. 

3.  Mor€  eommonljf  now,  a  vessel  or  small  baiiket  for 
holding  fhiiL  Smart. 

POT'tT-LENT.  a.     [L.  potnlentas.] 

1.  Xi-arlv  dnink  ;  rather  tipsy. 

2.  Fit  t4>'drink. 

Pt.»T-VAL'IA\T,  a.  [pot  and  ro/iont.]  Conragcous 
ever  the  cup  ;  hutited  to  valor  by  strong  drink.   ' 

^ddtMrn. 

POl  WAL'LOP-ER,  n.  A  term  applied  lo  voters,  in 
certain  bi>rouphs  in  ETicIand,  where  alt  who  boU  (wal- 
lop) a  pot  are  entitled  to  vote.  Kantc  j5i». 

POT-VV^L'LOP-IXG,  a.  A  term  applied  to  certain 
boroughs  in  England,  where  all  who  boUed  a  pot 
were  entitled  to  vole. 

POUCH,  n.  [Fr.  poche^  a  pocket  or  *o^,  a  purse-net, 
the  paunch  ;  Ir.  puam :  G.  banch^  D.  frwii',  Sw.  6uJt, 
Dan.  bu^,  the  belly,  from  bulgine  and  extending.] 

1.  A  small  bag  ;  usually  a  Icalltern  bag  to  be  car- 
ried in  the  pockeL  Steift. 
9.  A  protuberant  bt-IIy. 

3.  The  bag  or  eack  of  a-bird,  as  that  of  the  peli- 
can. 

POUCH,  r. «.    To  pocket  ;  lo  save.  TitAfrr. 

Sl  To  swallow  ;  used  of  fowls,  whose  crop  \^  called 
In  French  padu,  Derkam. 

3.  To  pouL     [.^"t>(  tL«n£.]  .^in-ntorth. 

POUCirKO,  (poucht,)  pp.     Pocketed  ;  swallowed. 
POUCH'IXG,  p/w.    Focketine;  saving;  swallowing. 
POUCH'-MOUTH-£D,  a.  Blubber- lipped.  [,\ot  use^.] 

Atmsteorth. 
POU^HOXO',  (poo-shone',)  n.    A  kind  of  black  lea. 
POU-DRETTE'.  «.     [Fr.f    A  ver>- powerful  manure, 
made  from  the  contents  of  necessaries  dried  and 
mixed  with  charcoal,  gjpsiiin,  ic  Gardner. 

POUL'-DA-VIS,  «,    A  sort  of  sail-cloth.    [JWtiwwi.] 
POULE.    See  Pool.  [AUswoHh. 

POULP,  It.     [Fv.poulpeA 

The  English  name  of  an  eight -footed  dibranchiate 
cephalopod,  the  octopus,  nearly  allied  lo  the  sepia,  or 
common  cuttle  fish.  Kirby. 

POULT,  n.     [Fr.  poMirt.     See  Poultet.] 

A  young  chicken,  partridge,  &c    [Utilt  used.] 

Kinv. 
POUL'TER-ER,  a.     [  Xorm.  poftaire.    See  Poultbt.] 
1.  One  who  makes  it  his  busmess  to  sell  fowls  for 
the  table. 


pou    

2.  Fi'nnrrtu,  in  England^  an  officer  of  the  king's 
household  w  ho  h:ut  tfie  charge  of  the  poultry. 

Shakspeare  uses  Poi'LTer. 

POUL'TICE,  n.  [IL  potta^  pap,  L.  piiZ*,  pultts,  Gr. 
jrti.\r<J(.] 

A  cataplasm  ;  a  soft  composition  of  meal,  bran,  or 
the  like  substance,  to  be  applied  to  sores,  intlamed 
parts  of  the  body,  &c.  Bacon. 

PoUL'TIL'E.  r.  u    To  cover  with  a  cataplasm. 

POUL'TIC-£D,  (pOI'tisi,)  pp.  Covered  with  a  cata- 
plasm or  poultice. 

P0UI.''1^1C-IXG,  ppr.    Covering  with  a  poultice. 

POUL'TIVE,  for  Poultick,  is  not  used.         Temple. 

POULT'RY,  n.  [from  Fr.  pou/f,  a  hen,  dim.  voulet; 
It.  poUoy  a  chicken  j  poUame^  jmullry  j  Sp.  polla  ;  L. 
puf/H^,  a  chicken,  or  other  young  animal;  allied  to 
Enp.  fool ;  \V.  ebawl,  eboles,  a  filly  or  colt ;  It.  pollare, 
to  sprout,  L.  puUulo.] 

Domestic  fowls  which  are  propagated  and  fed  for 
the  table,  and  for  their  epgs,  feathers,  &c.,  such  as 
cocks  and  hens,  capons,  turkeys,  ducks,  and  geese. 

POULT'RY-YARD,  n.  A  yard  or  place  where  fowls 
are  kept  for  the  use  of  the  table. 

POUNCE,  (pouns,)  n.  [Fr.  pierre-ponee,  pumice-stone ; 
poneer,  lo  nib  with  pumice-stone  ;  Arm.  fnara-punet, 
pumice-stone.] 

1.  A  fine  powder  used  to  prevent  ink  from  spread- 
ing on  paper,  as  sandarach  pulverized. 

S.  Charcoal  dust  inclosed  in  some  open  stuff,  as 
muslin,  itc,  to  be  passed  over  holes  pricked  in  the 
work,  to  mark  the  lines  or  designs  on  a  paper  tinder- 
neath.  This  kind  of  pounce  is  used  by  embroiderers 
to  transfer  their  patterns  upon  their  stuffs,  also  by 
lace-makers,  and  sometimes  by  engravers.  It  is  also 
used  in  \'arnishing.  Cye. 

3.  Cloth  worked  in  eyelet-holes.  Todd. 
POUXCE,  r.  t.    To  sprinkle  or  rub  with  pounce. 
POUNCE,  «.    [This  word  seems  to  be  connected  with 

the  It.  punzomfj  a  bodkin,  a  punch,  a  pusli,  which  is 
from  the  L.  pun^o^  whence  Sp.  puninr.] 
The  claw  or  talon  of  a  bird  of  prey. 

POUNCE,  r.  I.  To  fall  on  suddenly  ;  lo  fall  on  and 
seise  with  the  claws  ;  with  on  or  upon;  as,  a  rapa- 
cious bin!  pounces  on  a  chicken. 

POUNCE'-BOX,  n.  A  small  box  with  a  perforated 
lid,  used  for  sprinkling  pounce  on  paper.         Shak. 

POU.N'C'ED,  (pown3t,)pp.or  a.  Furnished  with  claws 
or  talims.  Thomson. 

a.  Sprinkled  with  pounce. 

POUX'CET-BOX  n.  A  small  box  with  perforations 
on  the  top,  to  hold  perfume  for  smelting. 

Shak,     Toone. 

POUN'crXG,  ppr.    Furnishing  with  claws. 

2.  Falling  suddenly  on,  and  seizing  with  the 
claws. 

3.  Sprinkling  with  pounce. 

POU.ND,  H.  rsax.  pund;  Goth.  8w.  and  Dan.  pumf  ,* 
D.  pond :  G.  pfund ;  L.  pondoy  pondusj  weight,  a  pound  ; 
pendOf  to  weigh,  to  bend,] 

1.  A  standard  weight  consisting  of  twelve  ounces 
troy,  or  sixteen  ounces  avoirdupois.  144  psitiidjav- 
oirdupois  are  equal  to  \75  pounds  troy  weight. 

McCuUoch. 

2.  A  money  of  account,  consisting  of  twenty  shil- 
lings, the  value  of  which  is  different  in  different 
countries.  The  pound  sterling  is  equivalent  to 
$4.44^,  money  of  the  United  States.  In  New 
Enslnnd  and  Virginia,  the  pound  is  equal  to  $3.33^  ; 
in  .Vew  York,  to  $2.50. 

POUND,  n.     [Sax.  pyndan^  pindan^  to  confine.] 

An  inclosure,  erected  by  authority,  in  which  cattle 
or  other  beasts  are  confined  when  taken  in  trespass- 
ing, or  going  at  large  in  violation  of  law  ;  a  pinfold. 

POUND,  r.  (.     To  confine  in  a  public  ground. 

POUND,  p.  e.  [Sax.  puntan ,'  \V.  ptrauizff,  to  beat  and 
to  load.] 

1.  To  beat ;  to  strike  with  some  heavy  instrument, 
and  with  repeated  blows,  so  as  to  make  an  impres- 
sion. 

VTiih  cruel  Uowa  the  pound*  her  blubbered  checks.      Dryden. 

2.  To  comminute  and  pulverize  by  beating;  to 
bruise  or  break  into  fine  parts  by  a  heavy  instru- 
ment ;   as,  to  pound  spice  or  salt. 

Loud  Btrokn  trkh  pounding  ipice  the  fabric  rend.  GarA. 

POUXD'.AGE,  n.  [from  pound.]  A  sum  deducted 
from  a  pound,  or  a  certain  sum  paid  for  each 
pound.  Swift 

Q.  In  Enfftand,  a  subsidy  oflQd.  in  the  pound,  for- 
merly granted  to  the  crown  on  all  goods  exported  or 
imported,  and  if  by  aliens,  more.  Blackstone. 

POUND'-BReACH,  71.  The  breaking  of  a  public 
pound  for  releasing  beasts  confined  in  it. 

Blackstone. 
POUXD'ED,  pp.  or  a.   Beaten  or  bruised  with  a  heavy 
instniment :  pulverized  or  broken  by  pounding. 
2.  Confined  in  a  pound  ;  impounded. 
POUND'ER,  n.  A  pestle;  the  instrument  of  pounding. 

2.  A  person  or  thing  denominated  from  a  certain 
number  of  pounds ;  as,  a  cannon  is  called  a  twelve- 
pounder ;  a  person  of  ten  pounds  annual  income  is 
called  a  ten-pounder.  Johnsoiu 

3.  A  large  pear.  Ih-yden. 


POW 

POUND    rOOL'ISH.       The   phrase   pniinj  wise  and 

pound  fooluihy  signifies  negligent  in  the  care  of  )arg» 

sums,  but  careful  to  save  small  sums. 
POUXD'ING,  ppr.    Beating;   bruisingj  pulverixlng; 

im  pound)  tig. 
POUND'-KEEP-ER,  n.    One  who  has  the  care  of  a 

pound. 
POUP'E-TON,  n.     [Fr.  poupee.] 

A  puppet,  or  little  baby. 
POU'Pies.  n.    In  eookery^  a  mess  of  victuals  made  of 

veal  steaks  and  slices  of  bacon.  Bailey. 

POUR,  V.  t.     [VV.  bwruiy  lo  cast,  send,  throw,  thrust.] 

1.  To  throw,  as  a  Huid,  in  a  stream,  cither  out  of  a 
vessel  or  into  it ;  as,  to  pour  WRiet  from  a  {tall,  or  out 
of  a  pail ;  to  pour  wine  info  a  decanier.  Pour  m  ap- 
propriately, but  not  exclusively,  applied  to  fluids,  and 
signifies  merely  lo  cast  or  throw,  and  this  sense  is 
modified  by  ou/,  from^  tn,  into,  a^ainjtt,  on,  upon,  un~ 
der,  &c.  It  is  applied  not  only  to  liquors,  but  to  oth- 
er fluids,  and  to  substances  consisting  of  fine  parti- 
cles ;  as,  to  pour  a  stream  of  gas  or  air  upon  a  fire  ; 
to  pour  out  sand.  It  expresses  particularly  the  be- 
stowing or  sending  forth  in  copious  abundance. 

I  will  pour  out  my  sphril  upon  all  flesh.  —  Joel  iL 
To  pour  out  (lust.  —  Lot,  xW. 

2.  To  emit ;  to  send  forth  in  a  stream  or  continued 
succession. 

London  doth  pour  out  her  citlieiu.  SJiok. 

3.  To  send  forth  ;  as,  to  pour  out  words,  prayers, 
or  sighs  ;  to  pour  out  tlie  heart  or  soul.     Ps.  Ixil. 

4.  To  throw  in  profusion  or  with  overwhelming 
force. 

I  will  shortly  pour  out  my  fury  on  thee.  —  Eack.  rB, 

POUR,  (p6re,)  v.  i.  To  flotv  ;  lo  issue  forth  in  a  stream, 
or  continued  succession  of  parts  ;  lo  move  or  rush, 
as  a  current.  The  torrent  poitrs  down  from  the  moun- 
tain, or  aloAg  the  steep  descent. 

2.  To  rush  in  a  crowd  or  continued  procession. 

A  ffhutly  bnnd  of  ^nnta, 
All  pouring  down  the  mouiitoju,  crowd  the  ahore.  Pop*. 

POUR'£D,  pp.    Sent  forth  ;  thrown,  as  a  fluid. 

POUR'ER,  n.    One  thnt  pours. 

FOUR'ING,  ppr.  Sending,  as  a  fluid;  driving  In  a 
current  or  continued  stream. 

POUR'LIEU.     See  Purlieu. 

POUR-PRES'TURE,  n.  [Fr.  pmir,  for,  and  prw, 
taken.] 

In  latCj  a  wrongful  inclosure  or  encroachment  on 
another's  property.  Encyc.     Cowei^ 

POUR'SUt-VANT.    See  Puef-ditant. 

POUR-VBY'ANCE.    See  Purtevanck. 

POUSSE  i  corrupted  from  Pulse,  peas.  Spenser. 

POUT,  a.  A  sea-fish,  of  the  Cod  kind,  about  a  loot 
in  length;  also  called  Xhe  whiting  pout.  It  has  the 
power  of  inflating  a  membrane  which  covers  the 
ej-ts  and  neighboring  parts  of  the  head. 

Partington.     YarreU, 
2   A  species  oi  bird.  Carcw. 

3.  A  fit  of  sullenness.    [Colloquial.] 

POUT,  V.  i.  [Fr.  bonder  ;  allied  probanly  to  iurf,  pud- 
dingy Gr.  (i-iravT\,  W.  potcn;  from  the  sense  of  bulg- 
ing or  pushing  oul.l 

1.  To  thrust  out  the  lips,  as  in  sullenness,  contempt, 
or  displeasure  ;  hence,  to  look  sullen.  Sfiak. 

2.  To  shoot  out ;  to  be  prominent ;  as,  pouting  lips. 

JOryden 
POUT'ING,  jrpr.    Shooting  out,  as  the  lips. 

2.  Looking  sullen. 
POUT'ING,  n.    Childish  sullenness. 
POUT'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  pouting  or  sullen  manner. 
POVERTY,  n.     [Norm,  poutrti;    Fr.  puurreti  i    It. 

povcrtd;  Sp.  and  Port,  pobreza;  L.  paupertas.  See 
Poor.] 

I.  Destitution  of  property;  indigence;  want  of 
convenient  means  of  subsistence.  The  consequence 
of  poverty  is  dependence. 

The  dniiilcaid  and  the  glutton  •ball  some  to  poverty. —  Pror. 
xxiii. 

5.  Barrenness  of  sentiment  or  ornament ;  defect ; 
as,  the  poverty  of  a  composition. 

3.  Want  i  defect  of  words  ;  as,  the  poverty  of  lan- 
gfiagb. 

POVV'DER,  n.  [Ft.  poudre^  contracted  from  povXdre; 
Arm.  pouUra  i  It.  polvere;  Sp.polvo;  h.  pulvis.  The 
G.  has  pudcTy  and  the  D.  poeder,  but  whether  from 
the  same  source  I  know  not.  Pulois  is  prtibably  from 
pulso,  pulto,  to  beat.] 

1.  Any  dry  substance  composed  of  minute  parti- 
cles, whether  natural  or  artificial  ;  more  generally,  a 
substance  comminuted  or  trituraled  to  fine  particles. 
Thus  dust  is  the  powder  of  earth  ;  flour  is  the  powder 
of  grain.  But  the  word  is  particularly  applied  lo 
substances  reduced  to  fine  particles  for  medicinal 
purposes. 

2.  A  composition  of  saltpeter,  sulphur,  and  char- 
coal, mixed  and  granulated  ;  gunpowder. 

3.  Hair-powder;  pulverized  starch. 
Powder  of  .Mlgaroth.     See  ALnAROTii. 

POWDER,  r.  u  To  reduce  to  fine  particles  ;  to  com- 
minute ;  to  pulverize  ;  to  triturate;  lo  pound,  gnn<?, 
or  rub  into  fine  particles. 

3.  To  sprinkle  with  powder ;  as,  to  powder  tbd 
hair. 


F.aTE,  far,  fall,  what.— METE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD NOTE.  DO\'E,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOpK.— 

^52  ■ 


POW 

3.  To  sprinkle  with  salt ;  to  corn,  as  meat. 

Bacon, 

POWDER,  V.  i.    To  come  violently.    [JVot  used.] 

VE^ftrangt. 

FOWDER-BOX,  n.  A  box  in  which  hair-powder  is 
kept.  Gay. 

POWDER-CXRT,  tu  A  cait  that  carries  powder  and 
shot  for  artillen'. 

POWDER-CHEST,  n.  A  small  boi  or  case  charged 
with  powder,  old  nails,  &c.,  fastened  to  the  side  of  a 
ship,  to  be  discharged  at  an  enemy  attempting  to 
board.  -Mar.  Diet. 

POWDER-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Reduced  to  powder  ;  sprink- 
led with  powder  ;  corned  ;  salted. 

POWDER-FLASK,  n.  A  flask  in  which  gunpowder 
is  carried. 

POWDER-HORN,  n.  A  horn  in  which  gunpowder 
is  carried  hy  sportsmen.  Swift. 

POWDER-IXG,  ppr.  Pulverizing  ;  sprinkling  with 
powder;  corning;  salting. 

POWDER-ING-TUB,  n.    A  tub  or  vessel  in  which 
meat  is  cornnd  or  salted. 
2.  Tlie  place  where  an  infected  lecher  is  cured. 

Shak. 

POWDER-MILL,  ju  A  mill  in  which  gunpowder  is 
made.  .drbuthnot. 

POWDER-MTNE,  n.  A  cave  or  hollow  in  which 
powder  ts  placed  to  be  fired  at  a  proper  time. 

Rowley. 

POWDER-ROOM,  n.  The  apartment  in  a  ship  where 
gunpowder  is  kept.  fValler. 

POWDERY,  a.     Friable  ;  easily  crumbling  to  pieces. 
2.  Dusty  ;  sprinkled  with  powder. 
'J.  Resembling  powder. 

POWDTKE,  n.     A  marsh  or  fen  dike.     [Local.] 

POVV'ER,  n.  [Fr.  pouvoir  ;  Norm,  potarc;  from  the 
root  of  Sp.  and  Port,  poder^  It.  podere ;  bt  rather  the 
same  word  varied  in  orthography.  The  Latin  has 
pos-ie^  possum^  potes,  potenUa.  The  primarj'  sense  of 
the  verb  is,  to  strain,  or  exert  force.] 

1.  In  a  philoiophieal  sense,  the  faculty  of  doing  or 
performing  any  thing;  the  faculty  of  moving  or  of 
producing  a  change  in  something  ;  ability  or  strength. 
A  man  raises  his  hand  by  his  own  power,  or  by  potD- 
er  moves  another  body.  The  exertion  of  power  pro- 
ceeds from  the  will,  and,  in  strictnes-!,  no  liuing  des- 
titute of  will  or  intelligence  can  exert  power.  Pow- 
er In  man  is  active  or  irpeculatite.  Actice  poirfristhat 
which  moves  the  body ;  speculative  pvrcer  is  that  by 
which  we  see,  judge,  remember,  or,  in  general,  by 
which  we  think. 

Power  may  exist  without  exertion.  We  have  pow- 
er to  speak  when  we  are  silent.  I^cke,     Reid. 

Power  has  been  distinguished  also  into  artipe  and 
passive,  the  power  of  doing  or  motrnf,  and  the  power 
at  receiving  impressions  or  ot  svffei-ing.  In  striet- 
jiM.*,  pax-fire  power  is  an  absurdity  in  terms.  To  say 
thit  gold  has  a  power  to  be  melted,  is  improper  lan- 
guage ;  yet  for  want  of  a  more  appropriate  word,  pow- 
er is  often  used  in  a  passive  sense,  and  is  considered 
as  twofold  ;  viz.,  aa  able  to  make,  or  able  to  receive, 
any  change.  Cyc 

2.  Force  ;  animnl  strength  ;  as,  the  power  of  the 
arm,  exerted  in  lifting,  throwing,  or  holding. 

3.  Force ;  streneth  ;  energy  ;  as,  the  paierr  of  the 
mind,  of  the  Imacinaiion,  of  the  fanry.  He  has  not 
powers  of  penius  adequate  to  the  work. 

4.  Faculty  of  the  mind,  as  manifested  hy  a  partic- 
ular mode  of  operation  ;  as,  the  pnwer  of  thinking, 
compnhnz,  and  judging;  the  reasoning  powers. 

5.  Ability,  natural  or  moral.  We  say,  a  man  has 
the  power  of  doing  eood  ;  his  property  gives  him  the 
power  of  relieving  the  distressed  ;  or,  he  has  the  poio- 
er  to  persuade  others  to  i*'  good  ;  or,  it  is  not  in  his 
pmetr  to  pay  his  debts.  Tlje  moral  power  of  man  in 
aUo  his  power  of  judging  or  discerning  in  moral  sut»- 
jects. 

6.  In  mfcAanicSf  that  which  produces,  or  tends  to 
produce,  motion.  It  is  opposed  to  the  weight,  or  that 
which  is  acted  upon.  [See  also  Mechanical.  Pow- 
ers.] 

7.  In  optirs^  the  degree  to  Which  a  convex  Icn?,  or 
concave  mirror,  maenifies,  Olmsted, 

8.  Force.  The  great  power  of  the  screw  is  of  ex- 
tensive use  in  compression.  The  power  of  steam  is 
immense. 

9.  That  quality  in  any  natural  body  which  pro- 
duces a  change,  or  makes  an  impression  on  another 
body;  Bs,  the  pwifrr  of  medicine  ;  the  power  of  heat ; 
the  power  of  sound. 

10.  Force  ;  strength  :  momentum  ;  as,  the  pnwer 
of  the  wind,  which  propels  a  ship  or  overturns  a 
building. 

11.  Influence;  that  which  may  prove  the  rnind  ; 
as,  the  power  of  arguments  or  of  persuasion. 

19.  Command  ;  the  right  of  governing,  or  actual 
governm'-nt ;  dominion  ;  nile;  sway  ;  authority.  A 
urge  piirtion  of  Asia  is  under  the  pnwer  of  the  Rus- 
sian empeior.  The  power  of  the  British  monarch  ia 
limited  by  law.  The  pcneers  of  guvcrninenl  are  leg- 
islative, executive,  judicial,  and  ministerial. 

Power  U  no  blfnaing  lo  tUelf,  but  when  It  ii  empktjred  to  prX^t 
the  loDoe^nt.  Sm/L 


POZ 

Under  this  sense  maybe  comprehendtd  civil,  po- 
litical, ecclesiastical,  and  military  power. 

13.  A  sovereign,  whether  emperor,  king,  or  gov- 
erning prince,  or  the  tegisl.iture  of  a  State  ;  as,  the 
powers  of  Europe  ;  the  great  powers :  the  smaller 
powers.  In  this  sense,  the  state  or  nation  governed 
seems  to  be  included  in  the  word  power.  Great 
Britain  is  a  great  naval  power. 

14.  One  invested  with  authority ;  a  ruler  j  a  civil 
magistrate.    Rom.  xiii. 

15.  Divinity  ;  a  celestial  or  invisible  beingor  agent 
supposed  to  have  dominion  over  some  part  of  crea- 
tion ;  as,  celestial  powers  ;  the  powers  of  da  kness. 

16.  That  which  has  physical  power  j  an  >irmy;  a 
navy  j  a  host ;  a  military  force. 

N<'Ttr  audi  a  poieer  — 
Wa,«  levied  iu  the  IxHiy  of  k  lAiid.  Shak. 

17.  Legal  authority ;  warrant ;  as,  a  power  of  at- 
torney ;  an  agent  invested  with  ample  power.  The 
envoy  has  full  powers  to  negotiate  a  treaty. 

18.  In  arithmetic  and  al-rehra,  llie  product  arising 
from  the  multiplication  of  a  number  into  itself;  as, 
a  cube  is  the  third  power;  the  biquadrate  is  the  fourth 
power.  Any  number  is  called  the  first  power  of  \l- 
aelf.*  Ration. 

19.  In  Scripture^  right;  privilege.  Jokn  i.  1 
Cor.  ix. 

20.  Angels,  good  or  bad.     Col.  i.    Eph.  vi. 

21.  Violence  ;  force  ;  compulsion.     Ezek.  iv. 

22.  Christ  is  called  the  power  of  Qod,  as  through 
him  and  his  gospel,  GJod  displays  his  power  and  au- 
thority in  ransoming  and  saving  sinners.    1  Cor.  1. 

23.  The  powers  of  heaven  may  denote  the  celestial 
luminaries.    Matt.  xxiv. 

24.  Satan  is  said  to  have  the  power  of  deaths  as  he 
introduced  sin,  the  cause  of  death,  temporal  and  eter- 
nal, and  torments  men  with  the  fear  of  death  and  fu- 
ture misery. 

25.  In  vulgar  language,  TL  large  quantity;  a  great 
number;  as,  a  power  of  good  things. 

[This  is,  I  believe,  obsolete,  even  among  our  com- 
mon people.] 

Power  of  attorney;  a  written  authority  given  to  a 
person  to  act  for  another. 
POWERFUL,  o.     Having  great  physical  or  mechan 
ical  power  ;  strong;   forcible  ;    mighty  ;  as,  a  power- 
ful army  or  navy  ;  a  powerful  engine. 

9.  Having  great  moral  power  ;  forcible  to  persuade 
or  convince  the  mind  ;  as,  a  powerful  reason  or  ar- 
gumeiiL 

3.  Possessing  great  political  and  military  power; 
strong  in  extent  of  dominion  or  national  resources  ; 
potent ;  as,  a  powerful  monarch  or  prince  ;  a  power- 
fal  nation. 

4.  Ertiracious  ;  possessing  or  exerting  great  force 
or  producing  great  effects  ;   as,  a  powerful  medicine. 

5.  In  general,  able  to  produce  great  effects  ;  exert- 
ing great  force  or  energy  ;  as,  powerful  eloquence. 

The  word  of  God  ia  tjuick  and  powtrfttl.  —  Hcb.  it, 

6.  Strong  ;  intense  ;  as,  a  powerful  heat  or  light. 
POWER-FJJL'LY,  adv.     With  great  force  or  energy  ; 

potently;  mightily  ;  with  great  effect;  forcibly;  ei- 
ther in  a  physical  or  moral  sense.  Certain  medicines 
opemle  puwcr/«Wi/ on  the  stomach;  the  practice  of 
virtue  Is  powrrfuihj  recommended  by  its  utility. 

P0VV'ER-FJJL-SE8S,  n.  The  quality  of  having  or 
exerting  great  iMjwcr;  force;  power;  might. 

HakewUL 

POWER-LE.'^S,  a.  Destitute  of  power,  force,  or  en- 
emy ;  weak  ;  imi>otent ;  not  able  to  produce  any  ef- 
fect. Shak. 

POWER-LES3-NES8,  n.    Destitution  of  power. 

Chalmers. 

POWER-LOOM,  n.  A  loom  worked  by  water,  steam, 
or  some  nierhanlcal  power, 

POWER-I*KE:?S,  n.  A  printing  press  worked  by 
steam,  water,  or  other  i>ower. 

POWL'DKOX,  n.     [Uu.  Fr.  rpaule,  the  shoulder.] 

In  heraUtryy  th.it  part  of  armor  which  covers  the 
Khoulderd.  Sandys. 

POWTER,  \  n,     A  variety  of  the  common   domestic 

POU'TER,   (      pigeon,  with  an  inflated  bn-ast. 

Ed.  Enryc. 

POWWOW,  I  n.    \moj\%  the  J^orth  American  Indians, 

PAWWAW,  S      a  priest,  or  conjurer.     Hence, 

2.  Conjurniion  performed  for  the  cure  of  diseases 
and  other  purposes,  attended  with  great  noise  and 
confusion,  and  often  with  dancing.  Career. 

POX,  n.  [A  corrupttim  of  pocks.  Sax.  poc  or  pace,  D. 
pot,  that  is,  a  push,  eniption,  or  pustule.  It  is  prop- 
erly a  plural  word,  hut  hy  tisacc  is  singular.] 

StricUy,  pustules  or  eruptions  of  any  kmd,  but 
chiefly  or  wholly  renricted  to  three  or  four  diseases, 
the  smallpox,  chicken-pox,  the  vaccine,  and  the 
venereal  diseases.  Poz,  when  used  without  an  ep- 
ithet, signifies  the  latter,  lues  venerea. 

POY,  TU  [Sp.  apoiio,  a  prop  or  stay,  Fr.  appui.  The 
verb  signifies,  to  bear  or  lean  upon,  from  the  root  of 
poiie.] 

A  rope-danccr*a  pole. 

PflZE.  for  Pose,  to  pU7.7.le.     [See  Pose.] 

POZ-Z(J-0-LX'NA,  I  n.     Volcanic  ashes,  used  in  the 

POZ-ZO-LX'NA,       \      manufacture  of  mortar,  which 


PRA 

hardens  under  water.  They  are  from  Puzzuoli,  in 
Italy.  Braride.     P.  Cyc. 

PRAe'TI€.  for  Practical,  la  not  in  use.  It  was  for- 
merly used  for  PnACTicAL;  and  Bpem^er  uses  it  in 
the  aenae  of  artful. 

PRAAM,  (prSm,)  n.  [D.]  A  flat-bottomed  boat  or 
lighter;  used  in  Holland  and  the  Baltic  fur  convey- 
ing goods  to  and  from  a  vessel,  in  loading  and  un- 
loading. 

PRAe-TI-€A.niL'I-TY,      \    n.       [from    practicable.'] 

PRAC'TI-eA-BLE-NESfl,  \  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  practicable ;  feasibility. 

PRA€'TI-€A-BLE,  a.  [ Fr.  praetieahUi  It.  practicabile ; 
Sp.  practicable.     See  Practice.] 

1.  That  may  be  done,  effected,  or  performed  by 
human  means,  or  by  powers  that  can  be  applied.  It 
is  sometimes  synonymous  with  Possible,  but  the 
words  differ  in  this  ;  possible  is  applied  to  that  which 
might  be  performed,  if  the  necessar>'  powers  or 
means  could  be  obtained  ;  practicable  is  limited  in  its 
application  to  things  which  are  to  be  performed  by 
the  means  given,  or  which  may  be  applied.  Ii  was 
possible  for  Archimedes  to  lift  the  world,  but  it  was 
not  practicable, 

2.  Tirat  may  be  practiced  ;  as,  a  practicable  virtue. 

Dryden, 

3.  That  admits  of  use,  or  that  may  be  passed  or 
traveled  ;  as,  a  practicable  road.  In  military  affairs, 
a  practicable  breach  is  one  that  can  be  entered  by 
trotips.  Mitford. 

Where  the  paaaa^  orcr  the  Buphritea  b  moit  praclicahle. 

Murphy. 

PRAC'Tr-CA-BLY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as  may 
be  performed.  *'  A  rule  pruetieably  applied  before  his 
eyes,"  is  not  correct  language.  It  is  probably  a  mia- 
take  f\tx  practically.  Rogers. 

PRAC'TI-CAL,  a.  [L.  practicus;  It.  pratico ;  Fr. 
pratique;  Sp.  practieo.     See  Practice.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  practice  or  action. 

2.  Capable  of  practice  or  active  use  ;  opposed  to 
SFECU1.ATIVE  ;  as,  a  practical  understanding. 

South. 

3.  That  may  be  used  in  practice  ;  tl  at  may  be  ap- 
plied to  use  ;  as,  practical  knowledge.  Tiilotton. 

4.  That  reduces  his  knowledge  or  theories  tu  actu- 
al use  ;  as,  a  practical  man. 

5.  Derived  from  practice  or  experience ;  as,  practi- 
cal skill  or  knowledge. 

PRA€'TI-€AL  JOKE,  ti.  A  trick  played  upon  some 
one,  usually  to  the  injury  or  annoyance  of  his  per- 
son. 

PRAC'TI-CAL-LY,  adv.    In  relation  to  practice. 

2.  By  means  of  practice  or  use ;  by  experiment ; 
as,  practically  wise  or  skillful. 

3.  In  practice  or  use  ;  as,  a  medicine  praeticaUy 
safe;  theoretically  wrong,  but  practically  right. 

PRAC'TI-eAL-NESS,  (  n.     The  quality  of  being  prac- 

PRAe-TI-CAL'I-TY,    (      tical. 

PRACTICE,  (prak'tis,)  iu  ISp.  practica ;  Jt.pratica; 
Fr.  pratitfuc  ;  Gr.  Trpnunwij,  from  the  root  of  TrpaffToi, 
TTpiiTTi.),  to  act,  to  do,  to  make.  The  rmit  of  this 
verb  is  TTpay,  or  irpoK,  as  appears  by  the  derivatives 
irpaypti,  npanrtKn,  and  from  the  same  root,  in  other 
languages,  are  formed  G.  brauchen,  to  use,  branch, 
use,  pmctice  ;  D.  gebruikcn,  to  use,  employ,  enjoy  ; 
bruikcr^  a  tenant,  one  that  occupies  a  farm  ;  Sax.  bru- 
can,  to  use,  to  enjoy,  to  eat ;  whence  Eug.  to  brook, 
and  broker ;  Dan.  bruger,  to  use  or  employ ;  brug, 
use,  practice;  8w.  bruka;  It.  fruor,  for  frugor,  or 
frucor,  whence  fructus,  contracted  into  fruit :  It. 
freacair,  use,  practice,  freqaeiiaj  ;  L.  frequens.  The 
W.  praith,  practice,  preithinw,  to  practice,  may  be 
the  same  word,  with  the  loss  of  the  palatal  letter 
c  or  g.] 

1.  Frequent  or  customary  actions  ;  a  succession  of 
acts  of  a  similar  kind  or  in  a  like  employment ;  aa, 
the  practice  of  rising  early  or  of  dining  late;  the 
practice,  of  reading  a  portion  of  Scripture  morning 
and  evening  ;  the  practice  of  making  regular  entries 
of  accounts  ;  the  practice  of  virtue  or  vice.  llt^U. 
is  the  effect  of  practice. 

2.  Use  ;  customary  use. 

Obaol'-te  wordi  mny  he  iT»i»f-d  wh^n  they  are  more  ■oiindlf.^  or 
tig^nitjc-inl  llian  tli«»;  in  practict.  Drydtn. 

3.  Dexterity  acquired  by  use.     [Unusual.]   Shak. 

4.  Actual  performance;  distinguished  froin  The- 

OBT. 

Thpp!  am  two  fiinctlona  of  the  «>ul,  contpmplntlon  and  pmc&ct, 
Rcconling  to  the  ^nernl  diviaioti  of  wbjfcis,  •ome  of  which 
only  cniRnaiii  our  •ptcuUtioiii,  others  employ  our  actirms, 

SouOi. 

5.  Application  of  remedies  ;  medical  treatment  of 
diseases.  Two  physicians  may  differ  widely  in  their 
practice, 

6.  Exercise  of  any  profession  ;  as,  the  practice  of 
law  or  of  medicine  ;  the  practice  of  arms. 

7.  Frequent  use  ;  exercise  for  instruction  or  disci- 
pline.    The  troops  are  daily  called  out  for  pra^Mcc. 

8.  Skillful  or  artful  management ;  dexterity  in  con- 
trivance or  the  use  of  means ;  art ;  stratngein  ;  arti- 
fice ;  usually  in  a  bad  sense. 

He  Bought  to  hare  that  by  practict  which  he  couM  not  hy  nmyet. 

(Money. 

[Thia  use  of  the  word  la  genuine ;  Sp.  praetico. 


TONE,  BJJLT.,  UNITF^— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;   8  aa  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


a53 


PRA 

Bkillful,  IL  pratico ;  like  expert-,  from  L.  experior.  It 
ia  nut  a  ini!<tak(7,  as  Jolmsoii  supfHtseii.  See  the  vcrb.l 
9.  A  rule  in  arithmetic,  by  which  the  operations  of 
the  Sf^neml  mk-s  are  ahrideed  in  iisi>. 
PRAe'TICK,  r.  t,  [From  the  noun.  Theorthocniphy 
of  the  verb  ought  to  be  the  same  as  thai  of  the  noun  ; 
U  tu  notice  and  to  notue.] 

1.  To  do  or  perform  frequently,  customarily^  or  ha- 
bitually ;  to  perform  by  a  succession  uf  acts  ;  as,  to 
prtiettct  gaminit ;  to  practice  fraud  or  deception  •■,  to 
prttctice  tl>e  virtues  of  charity  and  beneficence ;  to 
praciice  hypiM:risy.     h,  ixxii. 

Manjr  praiw  rtrtue  vho  tlo  not  prnc6t»  k.  Anon, 

2.  To  use  or  exercise  any  prt>fes.-iion  or  art ;  as,  to 
practicf  taw  or  medicine  ;  lo  practice  gunnery  or  sur- 
VevinR. 

3.  To  uw  or  excrcue  for  instniction,  discipline,  or 
drxtrrity. 

i/a^is  sense^  tkt  verb  is  nsuatlg  iHtra:isitive.  ] 
.  To  commit ;  to  per|>elrate  j  as,  the  horrors  prae- 
ticed  at  Wyoming.  MarshalL 

5.  To  use;  as,  a  practiced  road.     [UnusuaL] 

,Vit/>'rd, 
PRACTICE,  ».  t-    To  perfurm  certain  acts  frequently 
or  customarily,  either  for  iii-^tniction,  profit,  or  amuse- 
mcnl :  as,  to  practice  with  the  broadswurd  ;  lo  pnur- 
tice  with  the  riHe. 
3.  To  form  a  habit  of  acting  in  any  manner. 

Tbry  •lull  pmetct  how  ii>  li>r  Mxure.  tJiltan, 

3.  To  iranaact  or  oegotiaie  secretly. 

I  Initc  proe&eed  wiih  him, 
And  fcaad  wmxm  w  let  tbe  victor  know 
TlMt  ^jpbtLt.  maA  Sraqvumui  u«  bi>  frienda.  Adt&»on. 

4.  To  uy  artifices. 

Othet*.  by  pAtj  inttop  vtd  ktU 

Of  promoeo  UaJneM,  pr-actiord  oa  our  hauti..         OtiftnUt. 

5.  To  use  evil  arts  or  stratagems. 

If  jouihfm 
Dk)  pracdc*  OB  my  malm. 

&  To  use  medical  methods  or  experiments. 
1  ■■  Bute  iadliMd  IB  prueAet  oa  ocfaen,  mad  u  liole  ttut  othns 
riMuId  ^raetia  on  ms.  Tkmpt*. 

7.  To  exercise  any  employment  or  profession.  A 
physician  has  practietd  manv  years  with  success. 

rRAe'TIC-£D,  (prak'tist.)  pp.  Done  by  a  rrpelltion 
of  acts  ;  custnmanly  performed  or  used. 

3.  a.  Having  Imd  much  pcaciice;  as,  a  praetiui 
onOor. 

PR.AG'TI-CER,  Ik  One  that  practices ;  one  Uiat  cus- 
tomarily performs  certain  acts. 

3.  One  who  exercises  a  profession.  In  this  sense 
Practitioker  is  generaltv  tiaed. 

PRAC'TI-CING,/!^.  Perforrningorosiagciastoaiarfly; 
exercising,  as  an  art  or  profeesion, 

PRAC  TI-CING,  a.  Engaged  in  tbe  sas  or  exercise 
of  any  profession  ;  as,  a  pr^etidmg  physician  or  al^ 
tornrv. 

PRA€tt-9A\T,a.    An  agent    [A-^CMcd.]    Skak, 

PRACTISE,  r.  (.  and  t.    See  Practick. 

[There  is  no  reason  why  the  noun  and  verb  should 
not  txrfh  be  spelled  with  c,  as  in  notify  sacrifice,  up- 
prrmticf,  and  nil  like  cases  uht^re  the  accent  prtcntcs 
the  ]i\si  syllable  The  distinction  in  spelling  between 
the  nuun  and  the  verb  properly  belongs  only  to 
words  which  are  accented  on  tlw  last  sj-llahle,  as 
device  and  devise^  where  the  verb  has  the  sound  of 
lie.  Tbe  spelling  practise  tends  to  give  it  the  same 
sound,  as  we  see  in  uneducated  persons  ;  and  bence 
it  is  desirable  to  follow  the  regular  analogy  and  write 
the  noun  and  verb  alike.] 

PRACrr'TIOX-ER,  (prak-tish'un-er,!  n.  One  who 
la  encaged  in  the  actual  use  or  exercise  of  any  art  or 
prufessiun,  particularly  in  law  or  medicine. 

3.  One  who  does  any  thing  customarily  or  habitu- 
ally. iVhUg^e, 
3.  One  that  practices  sly  or  dangerous  arts.    Soutk. 

PR^-EC'l-PE,  (pres'i-py,)  a.  [1*.]  In  /aic,  a  writ  com- 
mandmg  something  lo  be  dune,  or  requiring  a  reason 
for  nt-filfcting  it. 

PR,e-eOG'.\I-TA,  TU  pi,  [L.,  before  known.]  Things 
previously  known  in  order  lo  understand  something 
else.  Thus  a  knowledge  of  the  stnicture  of  the  hu- 
man body  is  one  of  XOr  pratognila  of  medical  science 
and  skill. 

PR^M-U-NTRE,  (prem-yu-nl're)  a.  [A  corruption 
of  the  Ib^rcwoNerr,  to  p^^^lJulo^l^h.j 

1  A  writ,  or  the  offense  fur  which  it  is  eranted. 
The  offense  consists  in  introducing  a  foreign  author- 
ity or  power  into  England  ;  that  is,  introducing  and 
maintaining  the  papal  power,  crealinc  imperium  in 
Unperio,  and  yielding  tint  obedience  to  the  mandates 
of  the  pope,  which  constitutionally  belongs  to  the 
king.  Botii  tike  offense  and  the  writ  are  so  denomi- 
nated from  the  words  used  in  the  writ,  pramu^nire 
fad^t  cause  A  B  to  be  forewarned  to  appear  before 
ns  to  answer  tbe  contempt  wherewith  he  stands 
charged.  Black^tone,     Eneyc 

2.  The  penalty  incurred  by  infringing  a  statute. 

South. 

PRJO^-^O'MR.V,  n,  [L-1  Among  the  Ramans,  the 
first  name  of  a  person,  by  which  individuals  of  the 
same  family  were  distinguished. 


PRA 

PK.15-TEX'TA,  n.  [L.]  A  white  robe  with  a  purple 
bonliT,  worn  hy  a  Roman  boy  before  he  was  entitled 
to  wear  the  toga  virilis,or  until  n)H>ut  the  completion 
of  his  fourteenth  year.  It  was  worn  by  girls  until 
their  rnnrriagu.  SmiUi's  VicL 

PRA^'TOR,  V.     See  Pretor. 

PU.«-T6'KI-irM,  w.  [from  frrator.]  That  part  of  a 
Koman  camp  in  which  the  general's  tent  8itM>d. 

Bratide. 
2.  A  hall  of  justice  in  Rome;  also,  a  patrician's 
seat  or  m;tnnr  house.  Etmes, 

PRAG-.MAT'ie,  i  o.     [L.  pra^maticm  ;  Gr.  iro.ij 

PRAG  MAT'ie-AL,  i  ^mri*»s,  from  irp<ij/i.i,  busi- 
nes*     nfiaeTai,t,  to  do.    See  Phactice.] 

1.  Fonvnrd  to  intermeddle;  meddling;  imperti- 
nently busy  or  officious  in  the  concerns  of  olhera, 
without  leave  or  invitation. 

The  f.llow  jTvw  •o  prngma^fitJ,  thst  be  took  upon  Wm  ih^  ffoT- 
pinmriii  of  my  whuli-  Uiiiily.  ArbuAnol. 

Q.  In  Grrman  tcritersy  a  praeiniitic  history  is  a  his- 
tory whicli  exhibits  clearly  lUe  causes  and  the  con- 
sequences of  events.  Murdtick. 

Pra<rmatic  sanction  :  a  lemi  derived  from  the  By- 
zantine empire,  denoting  a  solemn  ordinance  or  de- 
cree of  the  head  or  legislature  of  a  st:ite  U|H)n  weighty 
matters.  In  Europt-an  hislor>",  two  decrees  under 
this  name  arc  particularlv  celebmted.  One  of  these, 
issued  by  Charles  VII.  "of  France,  A.  D.  1438,  was 
the  foundation  of  the  liberties  of  the  Gallican  church  ; 
the  other,  issued  by  Charles  VI.  of  Germany,  A.  U. 
1724,  settled  his  hereditary  dominions  on  his  eldest 
dauchter,  the  archduchess  Maria  Theresa.  P,  Cvc 
PRAG-MAT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  lu  a  meddling  manner  ; 
impertinently. 

2.  In  a  manner  that  displays  the  connection  and 
causes  of  <»ccurrences.  Murdock. 

PRAG-MAT'ie-AI^NEi»9,  n.  The  quality  of  inter 
meddlins  without  right  or  invitation. 

PRAG'SIATIST,  a.  One  who  is  impertinently  busy 
or  iiieddhng.  Reynolds. 

PRAI'RIE,  (pra're,)  a.     [Fr.  prairie.] 

An  extensive  tract  of  land,  mostly  level,  destitute 
of  trees,  and  covered  with  tall,  coarse  grass.  These 
prairies  are  numerous  in  the  United  States,  west  of 
the  Alleghany  Mountains,  especially  between  the 
Ohio,  MissiHsippi,  and  the  great  lakes. 

PRAI'RIF-DOG,  n.  A  smiill  rodent  animal,  the 
8|)ermophiIus  ludivicianus,  allied  to  the  marmot,  and 
found  on  the  prairies  west  of  the  Mississippi.  These 
animals  live  beneath  the  ground,  in  larpe  warrens, 
contiiining  many  hundred,  and  are  characterized  by  a 
sharp  bark,  like  that  of  a  small  dog.  Kirby.    IF.  Irving, 

PRAIS'A-BLE,  (praz'a-bl,)  a.  That  may  be  praised. 
[A-tft  used.)  mclif. 

PRAISE,  (prize,)  a.  [D.  prtf5,  praise  and  price;  G. 
frtisy  pmise,  price,  prize,  value ;  Dan.  priis,  Sw, 
prisy  id. ;  W.  pr\s,  price,  value  ;  Fr.  prix  :  It.  prezzo, 
Sp.  prteio,  price,  value  ;  prtsa,  a  prize  ;  W.  prid ;  L. 
prftium;  Sp.  yrez^  glorj',  praise;  Scot,  prysj  praise 
and  prize.     See  the  verb.] 

1.  Commendation  bestowed  on  a  person  for  his 
personal  virtues  or  worthy  actiims,  on  meritorious 
actions  themst-lves,  or  on  any  thing  valuable  ;  appro- 
bation expressed  in  words  or  song.  Praise  may  be 
expressed  by  an  individual,  and  in  this  circumstance 
differs  from  Fame,  Renown,  and  Celebritt,  which 
are  the  expression  of  the  approbation  of  numbers,  or 
ptiblic  commendation.  When  praise  is  applied  to 
the  expression  of  public  approbation,  it  may  be 
synonymous  with  Renowtt,  or  nearly  so.  A  man 
may  deserve  the  praise  of  an  individual,  or  of  a 
nation. 

There  an  mm  who  almyi  confound  (he  praitt  of  goodness  vnih 
tbe  practict.  Rambler. 

2.  The  expression  of  gratitude  for  personal  favors 
conferred  ;  a  glorifying  or  extolling. 

He  b.ith  put  m  ni^w  tone  into  raj  mouih,  even  praiat  to  our  God. 
—  P«.  xl. 

3.  The  object,  ground,  or  reason,  of  praise. 

He  is  thy  prai$t,  anti  hf  i>  thy  God.  —  Dcut.  X. 

PRAISE,  r.  L  [D.  pryien,  to  praise;  pr^zeertm,  to 
estimate  or  value  ;  G.  preisen^  to  praise  ;  Dan.  priser, 
to  praise,  extol,  or  lift  up;  Sw.  prisa  :  W.  prisiaw ; 
Arm.  presa ;  Fr.  priser,  to  prize,  to  value  ;  It.  prei- 
zarti  Sp.preciari  Port,  prciar,  to  estimate  i  prezarsCy 
to  boast  or  glory.  It  appears  tliat  praise,  price,  prize, 
are  all  from  one  root,  the  primary  sense  of  which  is, 
to  lift,  to  raise,  or  rather  to  strain.  So  from  L.  tollo, 
extollo,  we  have  extol.  Now,  in  Dan.  roser,  Sw.  rosa, 
signifies  to  praise,  and  it  may  be  questioned  whether 
this  is  praise  without  a  prefix.  The  Latin  premium, 
\V.  prid,  is  probably  from  Ihe  same  root,  denoting 
that  which  is  (aAen  for  a  thing  sold,  or  the  ri*in^  or 
amount,  as  we  use  high  ;  a  high  value  or  price  ;  corn 
o  ^ 

is  high.      In    Pers.  jlvi]   afaraz,   is    high,    lofty; 

•  Jvj  jijJl  afrazidany  to  extid.  Q,u.  Fr.  prtiner, 
for  prosner.^ 


PRA 

1.  To  commend  ;  to  applaud  ;  to  express  approba- 
tion of  personal  worth  or  actions. 

Wp  yrtun  not  Ilrctor,  tlioitph  Im  nanw  we  know 

la  grvEit  in  amia  ;   'tla  hnni  u<  firalte  t  foe.  DrytUn. 

2.  To  extol  in  words  or  song  ;  to  magnify  ;  to 
glorify  on  account  of  perfections  or  excellent  works. 

Prm*«  him,  all  hia  ang<-U;  yraitt  yc  bim,  all  hit  hoaia. — Pt. 
cxtviii. 

3.  To  express  gratitude  for  personal  favors.  Ps. 
cxxxviii. 

4.  To  do  honor  to  ;  to  display  the  excellence  of. 

All  ihy  worka  ah.ill  praise  tlirt- ,  O  Lord.  —  Pt.  c<l». 

PRAIS'KD,  (prazd,)  pp.    Commended  ;  extolled. 

PKAISE'FtjL,  a.  Laudable  ;  comnienduble.  [^Tot 
used,  ]  Sidneif. 

PKAIS'FU,  m.  One  who  praises,  commends,  or  extols  j 
art  iipplatider  ;  a  cnmmender.  Sidnni.     Dimne. 

PRAISE'LESS,  o.    Without  praise  or  commendation. 

Sidney. 

PRAISK'WOR-TIH-LV,  (prSzc'wur-the-Ie,)  adv.  In 
a  manner  deserving  of  commendation.         Spenser. 

PRAlSK'WOR-Tlll-iNESS,  «.  The  quality  of  deserv- 
ing r(iriMn<n(l;iii.'n.  '  Smttk.    • 

PRAISK'WOK  TilV,  (pnize'wur-the,)  a.  Dtserviiig 
of  priiise  or  applause;  commendable;  ns,  a  praise- 
icortfiy  action.  JirbulhnuU 

PRAIS'lNG,  ppr.     Commending;  extolling  in  words 

PRA.M,     /  rr^  1  [or  song. 

1.  A  (Int-botiomed  boat  or  ligliter  ;  used  in  Holland 
for  conveying  giHids  to  or  from  a  ship  in  lo:uling  or 
unltKiding.     [See  Praam.]  Encyc. 

2.  In  military  affairs,  a  kind  of  floating  battery  or 
flat-bottomed  vessel,  mounting  several  cannon  ;  used 
in  covering  the  disomlmrkaliou  of  troops.      Encyc. 

PRANCE,  (pr^ins,)  v.  i.  [W.  prand'iie,  to  frolic,  to 
play  a  pmiik,  from  rhanc,  a  re?ii;hing  or  craving,  Ihe 
same  as  r«/it ;  Ir.  rinctWj  to  dance;  Purt.  briticar,  to 
sport ;  Sp.  brincar,  lo  leap.  It  is  allied  lo  prank, 
which  see.] 

1.  To  spring  or  bound,  as  a  horse  in  high  mettle. 

Now  rule  tity  prancing  atced.  Ooy. 

2.  To  ride  with  bounding  movements;    to  ride 

ostentatiously. 

Th'  iaaiilliii^  tyrant  prandng  o'er  the  fif  Id.  Addtaon, 

3.  To  wnlk  or  strut  about  in  a  showy  manner  or 
with  warlike  parade.  Swift. 

PR.\NC'ING,  (prdns'ing,)  ppr.  or  a.  Sprin^^ing  ; 
boundinc  ;  riding  with  gallant  show. 

PRANCING,  n.  A  springing  or  bounding,  as  of  a 
high-spirited  horse.    .Judg.  v. 

PRANK,  r.  e.  [If  71  is  not  radical,  tliis  word  coincides 
with  G.  pracht,  D.  and  Dan.  pragt,i>w.  prackt,  pomp, 
magnlHcence;  also  with  G.  prangen,  to  shine,  to 
make  a  show  ;  D.  pronken,  to  shine  or  make  a  show, 
to  be  adorned,  to  stnil ;  Dan.  pranger,  lo  prance,  lo 
make  a  show,  to  sell  by  retail ;  the  latter  sense  per- 
haps from  breaking  ;  Sw.  prunka.  So  in  Port. 
brincar,  to  sport ;  Sp.  id.  lo  leap.    These  are  evidently 

the  Ar.  O  W  baraka,  to  adonii  to  lighten.    Prink  ia 

probably  from  the  same  root.] 

To  adorn  in  a  showy  manner;  to  dress  or  adjust 
to  osieniiition. 

In  aiimpluuua  lire  ahe  Joyed  hcrw-lf  lo  prank,  AJVlon. 

It  is  often  followed  by  vp. 

And  irif*,  poor  lowly  miid, 
Moat  foddeavlike  prankl  up,  Shak, 

PRANK,  11.     [W.  prane.] 

1.  Proprr/i/,  a  sudden  start  or  sally.  [See  Pbance.] 
Hence,  a  wild  flight ;  a  capering  ;  a  gambol. 

2.  A  car>riciou3  action  ;  a  ludicrous  or  m^-rry  trick, 
or  a  mischievous  act,  rather  for  sport  than  injury. 
Children  often  play  their  prauft*  on  each  other. 

In  came  the  liarpiea  mtd  played  tlK-ir  nccuatomi;il  prankt, 

Ralegh. 

PR.\NK,  a.      Frolicsome  ;   full  of  gambols  or  tricks. 

Brewer. 
PR  ANK'f  D    ) 

PRANKT        \  ^'     ^'^**''"^^  '"  "  showy  manner. 
PRANK'ER,  n.     One  that  dresses  ostentatiously. 
PRANKMNG,p/?r.     Setiine  ofT or  adorning  for  display. 
PR.ANK'ING,  11.     Ostentatious  display  of  dress. 
PRANK'I^H,  a.     Full  t)f  pranks.  [More. 

PRASE,  n.    A  silicious  mineral ;  a  subspecies  of  quartz, 

of  a  leek-prcen  color,  Cleaceland. 

PRAS'I-XOUS,  a.     [L.  prasinus.'] 

Grass  green  ;  clear  lively  grt;en,  without  any  mix- 
ture. Lindtry, 
PRa'SON,  (pri'sn,)  n.     [Gr.  Trpaonu.] 

A  leek  ;   also,  a  sea-weed  green  as  a  leek. 

Baitrif. 
PRATE,  V.  i.     [D.   praaten,  to    prate  ;    Sw.  prata,  to 
tattle  ;  Gr.  fpaSaot.     Uu.  allied  perhaps  to  Sax.  rad, 
speech.] 

To  talk  much  and  without  weight,  or  to  little  pur- 
pose ;  lo  be  loquacious  ;  as  the  vulgar  express  it,  to 
run  on. 

Tu  prau  und  talk  for  life  ajid  honor.  ShaJc. 

And  miike  a  fool  prcaume  lo  praU  of  loTe.  Drydtn. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.\T.  — MgTE,  PRgY PINE,  MARYNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK. 


PRA 

PRATE,  r.  (.    To  ulter  foolishly. 

What  nonaeiiao  would  ihe  fool,  lliy  maRter,  pralt, 
WtKD  Qmu,  Ui<  kaave,  cajt«i  i&tk  in  lucb  a  nte  I         Drydtn. 
PRATE,  n.    Continued  talk  to  little  purpose  ;  trifling 

talk  ;  unmeaning  luciuacity.  Shak.     Denham. 

PRAT'ER,  «.     One  that  talks  much  to  little  purpose, 

or  on  triAing  subjects.  Soutkfrn. 

PRAT'ING,  ppr-  or  a.    Talking  much  on  a  triding 

subject;  talking  idly. 
PRAT'ING,  «.     Foolish,  idle  talk. 
PRAT'ING-LY,  adtt,     Wiih  much  idle  talk  ;   with 

loquacity. 
PRATIQUE,  (prat'eek,)  n.     [It.  pratiea;  Sp.  practica ; 
Fr.  pralitfue.     See  Practick.] 

In  commerce^  primarily,  converse  ;  intercourse  j 
the  communication  between  a  ship  and  the  port  in 
which  she  arrives.  Hence,  a  license  or  permission 
to  hnld  intercourse  and  trade  with  the  inhabitants  of 
a  place,  after  having  performed  quarantine,  or  upon 
a  cerliticate  that  the  ship  did  not  come  from  an  in- 
fected place  ;  a  term  used  particularly  in  the  south 
of  Europe,  where  vessels  corning  front  countries  in- 
fected with  contagious  diseases  are  subjected  to 
quarantine. 
PRAT'TLE,  r.  t.  [dim.  oTpratf.]  To  talk  much  and 
idly  ;  to  be  loquacious  on  trilling  subjects. 

Locke,     Jiddison. 
This  word  is  particularly  applied  to  the  talk  of 
children. 
PRAT'TLE,  n.     Trifling  talk;  loquacity  on  trivial 
subjects. 

Mi^rB  prattle,  wiiboul  pmctice, 
Ii  kII  bij  Boloienhip.  Shot. 

PRAT'TLE-MEXT,  n.     Prattle.  ffaytry. 

PRAT'TLER,  n.     An  idle  talker.  Herbert. 

PRAT'TLING,  ppr.  or  o.  Talking  much  on  trivial 
affairs. 

PRAV'I-TY,  n.  [L.  pravitas,  from  pravas^  crooked, 
evil.] 

Deviation  from  right ;  moral  perversion  ;  want  of 
rectitude;  corrupt  state;  as,  the  pravUy  of  human 
nature  ;  thepraoity  of  the  will.        Milton.     South. 

PRAWN,  n.  A  smalt,  crustaceoua  animal  of  the 
!!|irimp  family,  with  a  serrated  beak  or  snout  bend- 
ing upward.     It  is  highly  prized  for  food.     P.  Cyc. 

PRAX'IS,  n.    (Gr.     See  Practice.]     Use  ;  practice. 

Ciitejttry. 
S.  An  example  or  form  to  teach  practice.    Loirth. 

PRAY,  p.  i.  [Vuprier;  It.  pr.'nare;  L.  precor ;  Rus3, 
pri/chu  ;  allied,  perhaps,  to  Uie  Sax.  fr^gnan^  G.  fra- 
gen^  D.  vraagen^  Sw.  fraga^  to  ask,  L.  proeo.  This 
word  belongs  to  the  same  family  as  pnach  and  re- 
proach^ Heb.  Ch.  Pyr.  Eih.  and  Ar.  Ti3,  to  bless,  Ut 
reproach ;  rendered  in  Job  ii.  9,  to  curse  ;  properly^  to 
reproach,  to  rail  at,  or  upbraid,  VV,  rhegu.  "The 
primary  sense  is,  to  throw,  to  {wur  forth  sounds  or 

words ;  for  the  same  word  in  Arabic,  v^vj  baraka^ 

signifies  to  pour  out  water,  as  in  violent  rain,  Gr. 
(Socxu,  (See  Rain.)  As  the  orientjil  wurd  signifies 
to  bless,  and  to  reproach  or  curse,  so,  in  Latin,  the 
same  word,  precor,  signifies  to  supplicate  good  or 
evil,  and  precis  signifies  a  prayer  and  a  curse.  (See 
Imprecate.)  Class  Srg,  Xo.  3,  and  see  No.  4,  6, 
7,  8.] 

J.  To  ask  with  earnestness  or  zeal,  as  for  a  favor, 
or  for  something  desirable  ;  to  entreat ;  to  supplicate. 

pray  for  ihem  who  dCMpitefully  uk  you  siul  pcrat-cute  jrou. — 
>Uu.  ». 

S.  To  petition  ;  to  a»)k,  as  fur  a  favor ;  as  in  appli- 
cation to  a  legi^-'lative  b(»dy. 

3.  In  tporshipy  to  address  the  Supreme  Being  with 
solemnity  and  reverence,  with  aduration,  confession 
of  sins,  supplication  for  mercy,  and  thanksgiving  for 
blessings  received. 

Wtieu  tiiou  prayett,  ^nt^r  into  ihj  cUm^t,  nnil  wh^n  thoti  hatt 
•hut  ihy  d'Hir,  pnu/  to  ihy  KiiOwr,  which  b  in  vcm,  and  ttijr 
Fatd'^r.  uhich  mmL  in  n-cn  I,  wiil  rrwiiij  Uiee  upruty.  — 
M4(t.  ri. 

4.  I  pray,  that  is,  /  pray  yon  tell  me,  or  let  me  knoVy 
Is  a  Common  mode  of  introducing  a  question. 

PRAY,  V.  t.    To  supplicate  ;  to  entreat ;  to  urge 

We  Dr«y  jou  in  Clirist'i  Mmd,  be  je  rrcondlrd  u>  God. —3 

2.  In  worship,  tn  supplicate;  to  Implore;  to  ask 
with  reverence  and  humility. 

Repent  ih'wfore  of  ihia  ihy  widcHn^u,  ftnd  proy(ii>l,  if  p-p- 
haj-^ltx.'  Oiuught  of  Ui'iMT  brAn  nujr  be  fergiwu  tlw-'c.  -  Acu 
viii. 

3.  To  petition.  The  plaintiff*  prayn  judgment  of 
the  court. 

He  ihnl  will  htrr  thf  >«>n<>fit  of  thii  >ct,  tnuai  pnty  «  pruliHiitkm 
briuie  «  wuieMCc  in  the  vccl'-aiiuiicnl  coiirt,''^  Ayiiifft. 

4.  To  ask  or  entreat  in  ceremony  or  form» 

Pray  mjr  euUrifor,  AoWalus,  I  ma/  apcAk  with  him. 

B.  JunMyn, 

[In  most  instances,  this  verb  is  transitive  only  by 
ellipMis.  'Vopray  God^  is  used  for  U)  pray  to  Oud;  to 
pruy  «  prohibition,  is  to  prat,  for  a  prohibition,  tc] 

To  pray  in  aid^  in  late,  is  to  coll  in  for  Itelp  one  who 
has  interest  in  the  cause. 


PRE 

PRA  Y'f:D,  CprS'li;,)  prrt.  and  pp.  of  Pra». 
PRAY'ER,  n.     In  a  generut  nense,  the  act  of  asking  for 
a  favor,  and  particularly  with  earnestness. 

2.  In  Worship,  n  suleinn  address  to  the  Supreme 
Being,  consii^iing  of  adoration,  or  an  expression  of 
our  sense  of  God's  glorious  perfections,  confession  of 
our  sins,  supplication  {or  mercy  and  forgiveness,  inter- 
eessioa  for  blessings  on  others,  and  thanks  writing,  or 
an  expresaion  of  gratitude  to  God  for  his  mercies  and 
benefits.  A  prayer,  however,  may  cimsist  of  a  single 
petition,  and  it  may  be  extemi>oraneous,  written,  or 
printed. 

3.  A  formula  of  church  service,  or  of  worship, 
public  or  private. 

4.  Practice  of  supplication. 

A  (  he  is  famed  for  milduou,  peiiiy,  and  prayer.  STiak. 

5.  That  part  of  a  memorial  or  petition  to  a  public 
body  which  specilies  the  request  or  thing  desired  to 
be  done  or  granted,  as  distinct  from  the  recital  of 
facts  or  reasons  for  the  grant ;  the  thing  asked  or  re- 
quested. VVe  say,  the  prayer  of  tile  pt.'tition  is,  that 
the  petitioner  may  be  discharged  from  arrest. 

PRAY'ER-UOpK,  n.  A  buok  containing  prayers  or 
the  fnrnis  of  devotion,  public  or  private.  Swift. 

PRAV'ER-FJJI,,  fl.     Devotional;  given  to  prayer;  as, 
a.  prayerful  frame  of  niind. 
2.  Using  much  praver. 

PRAY'ER-FJJULY,  adv.     With  much  prayer. 

PRAY'ER-FIJL-NESS,  «.     The  use  of  much  prayer. 

PRAY'ER-LE.SS,  a.  Not  using  prayer;  habitually 
neglecting  the  duty  of  prayer  to  God  ;  as,  a  prayer- 
lesj  family. 

The  noxt  dms  you  go  prttyerieia  in  bed.  Baxter. 

PRAY'ER-LE5S-LY,  a//p.    In  a  prayerless  manner. 

I'RAY'ER-LESS-NESS,  n.  Total  or  habitual  neglect 
of  prayer.  y.  tf.  Skinner. 

PRAV'IXG,ppr.     Asking ;  supplicating. 

2.  a.  Given  to  prayer;  as,  a  prayimr  mother. 

PRAY'ING-LY,  adv.     With  supplication  to  God. 

PRE,  an  English  prefix,  is  tlie  L.  pne,  before,  probably 
a  contracted  word  ;  Russ.  prcd.  It  expresses  priority 
of  time  or  rank.  It  may  be  radically  the  same  as  the 
Italian  prada,  the  prow  of  a  ship  ;  prode,  profit,  also 
valiant,  whence  proteess,  from  some  root  signifying 
to  adranee.  It  sometimes  signifies  beyond^  and  may 
be  rendered  eery,  as  in  prcpoirnt- 

PRE'-AeeU-SA'TION,  n.    Previous  accusation. 

Lee. 

PRkACII,  (preech,)  r.  u  [D.  prrcken ;  Fr.  pricker,  for 
preacher;  Arm.  pregnein  OT  prezecq  ;  W.  pre  «■,  a  greet- 
i"g  ;  pregeth,  a  sermon  ;  pregethu,  to  preach,  derived 
from  the  noun,  and  the  noun  from  rlug,  a  sending 
out,  utterance,  a  gift,  a  curse,  imprecation  ;  rhegu,  to 
send  out,  to  give  or  consign,  to  curse  ;  Heb.  Ch.  and 
Ar.  T^a  bardia,  L.  prtEco,  a  crier,  Sax.  fricca  orfryc- 
cea,  a  crier.  This  is  from  the  same  root  as  prav,'h. 
pretor,  and,  with  *  prefixed,  gives  the  G.  sprecken^ 
D.  sprefken,  Sw.  spraka,  to  speak  ;  Dan.  sprog,  speech. 
Class  Brg,  No.  9,  3,  4,  5.] 

1.  To  pronounce  a  public  discourse  on  a  religious 
Bubj«*ct,  or  from  a  text  of  Scripture.  The  word  is 
usually  applied  to  such  discourses  as  are  fornted  from 
a  text  of  Scripture.  This  is  the  modern  sense  of 
prrach. 

Q.  To  discourse  on  the  gospel  way  of  salvation,  and 
exhort  to  rep<-ntance  ;  to  discourse  on  evangelical 
tniths,  and  e.vhorl  to  a  belief  of  them  and  acceptance 
of  llie  terms  of  salvation.  This  was  the  extem|>ora- 
neous  manner  of  preaching  pursued  by  Christ  and 
lii^  apostles.  MatL  iv.  x.  Jicts  x.  xiv. 
PRcACll,  r.  u  To  proclaim;  to  publish  in  religious 
discourses, 

WItai  yn  bear  lo  the  ear.  (hut  preocA  ye  on  the  houBp-bMM.— 

MnU.  I. 
The  l^r>l  h^ih  anoloted  me  to  prtadi  gcMl  ddinp  to  die  meek. 

—  la.  Hi, 

2.  To  inculcate  in  public  discourses. 

I  ha»r  preachtd  riglitvoiiaiicu  in  Uie  great  congrrrntlon.  —  Pa. 
aI. 

lie  ofl  (o  ih'-m  preiuJud 
Conreraion  and  n-p(.-ntAiic«.  ATiiton, 

3.  To  deliver  or  pronounce ;  as,  to  preach  a  ser- 
mon. 

To  preach  Chrint  or  Christ  crucified;  to  announce 
Christ  as  the  only  Savior,  and  his  atonement  as  the 
only  ground  of  arceptimce  with  God.     1  Cor,  L 

To  preach  up;  to  discourse  in  favor  of. 

Can  ihfj  preaih  up  e<|ijAU(j  of  btrOi  I  Dryden. 

PRRACH,  n.    A  religious  discourse.    [A"wf  unedA 

lluoker, 
PREACH'ED,  pp.  or  a.     {pp.  pronounced  preedii,  and 
a.   prcech'ed.)      Proclaimed  ;   announced   in    public 
discourse  ;  inculcated. 
PRfiACH'ER,  n.    One  who  discourses  publicly  on  re- 
ligious subjects.  Bacon. 
2.  One  that  inculcates  any  thing  with  earnestness. 

No  praaehtr  it  liaiencd  to  but  linw.  Siei/L 

PUEACII'ER-SIIIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  preacher. 
[JVot  u.«rf.l  Jiall 

PUfiACH'ING,  ppr.  Proclaiming;  publishing  in  dis- 
course ;  inculcating. 


PRE 

PRKACn'I.N«,  n.  The  act  of  preaching;  a  public 
njicious  discourse.  Milner, 

PRkACH'MAN,  n.    A  preacher,  in  contempt. 

IfoweU, 

PREACH'MENT,  n.  A  discourse  or  sermon,  in  con- 
tempt ;  a  discourse  atfectedly  solemn.  Shak, 

PRE-AC-UUAINT'ANCE,  n.  Previous  acquaintance 
or  knowledge.  Harris. 

PRE-AG-aUAlNT'ED,  a.    Previously  acquainted. 

Sheridan. 

PUE-AD-AM'IC,  a.     Prior  to  Adam.  J.  Taylor, 

PUE-AU'A.M-TTE,  n.  [pre,  before,  and  ,^dam.]  An 
inhabitant  of  the  earth  that  lived  before  Adam. 

Percyra, 

PRE-AD-AM-IT'ie,  a.  An  epithet  designating  what 
existed  before  Adam  ;  as,  fictitious,  prenulamitic  pe- 
riods. Kirwan. 

PRE-AD-MIN-IS-TRA'TION,  n.  Previous  adminis- 
tration. Pear.-*on. 

PRE-AD-MON'ISH,  r.  t.    To  admonish  previously. 

PKE-AU-.MON'ISH-ED,  (-ad-mon'isht.)  pp.  Previ- 
ously admonished. 

PRE-AD-.MON'ISH-ING,  ppr.  Admonishing  before- 
hand. 

PKE-AD-MO  NI"TION,  (mo-nish'un,)  n.  Previous 
w^irning  or  admonition. 

PRK'AM-RLE,  n,  [iu  preambolo ;  Sp.  preambalo  ;  Fr. 
priambule :  L.  prep,  before,  and  ambulo,  to  go.} 

r.  Something  previous  ;  introduction  to  a  discourse 
or  writing. 

9.  The  introductory  part  of  a  statute,  which  states 
the  reasons  and  intent  of  the  law.      Encyc.     Dryden. 

PRe'AM-BLE,  r.  (.  To  preface;  to  introduce  with 
previous  remarks.  Feltham, 

PRk'AM-BL£D,  pp.  Introduced  with  previous  re- 
marks. 

PRE-AM'BU-LA-RY,  )   a.      Previous:    introductory. 

PRE-AM'BU-LOUS,    j      [JVot  used.]  Brown, 

PKE-AM'BU-LATE,  v.  L  \L.  pros,  before,  and  ambu- 
lo, to  walk.] 

To  walk  or  go  before.  Jordan, 

PRE-AM-BU-LA'TION,  n.  A  preamble.  [J^ot  in 
use.]  Chaucer. 

2.  A  walking  or  going  before. 

PRE-AM'BU-LA-TO-RY,a.  Goingbefore;  preceding, 

Taylor. 

PRE-AN-TE-PE-NULT'I  MATE,  a.  A  term"  indi- 
caiinn  the  fourth  syllable  from  the  end  of  a  word. 

PRE-AP-POINT',  V.  t.     To  ap|)oint  previously. 

PRE-AP-POINT'MENT,  n.     Previous  appointment. 

T'ucker. 

PRE-AP-PRE-HEN'SrON,  n,  [See  Apprehend.] 
Aji  npitiion  formed  before  examination.        Brown. 

PRkASE,  (pr5z,)  n.  Press ;  crowd.  [J^Tot  used.]  [See 
Press.]  C/utpman. 

PRliAS'I.NG,  ppr,  or  a.     Crowding.     [JVo(  used,] 

Spenser. 

PRE-AS-SOR'ANCE,  (ash-shur'ans,)  n.  Previous 
assunince.  Coleridge. 

PRE-AU'DI-ENCE,n.  [See  Audience.]  Precedence 
or  rank  at  the  bar  among  lawyers  ;  right  of  previous 
alidience.  Blackstone. 

PREB'E.ND,  n.  [It.  prebenda,  prebend,  provision  ; 
Sp. /ji-fftoirfu  ;  Fr.  prebendej  from  1*.  prabeo,  to  a.Sotd, 
to  allow.] 

1.  The  stipend  or  maintenance  granted  to  a  preb- 
endary out  of  tlie  estate  of  a  catlu-dral  or  collegiate 
church.  Prebends  are  simple  or  dignitary;  simple, 
when  they  are  restricted  to  the  revenue  only;  and 
dignitary,  wheu  they  have  jurisdiction  annexed  lo 
them.  p.  Cyc. 

2.  A  prebendary.     [JCot  in  use.]  Bacon. 
PRE-BE.\D'.'\L,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  prebend. 

Chesterjicld. 

PREB'END-A-RY,  n.     [Fr.  prebendirr.] 

An  ecclesiastic  who  enjoys  a  prebend  ;  the  stipen- 
diary of  a  c:ithedral  or  collegiate  church.         Swift. 

A  prebendary  dillers  from  a  canon  in  this;  the 
prebenilary  receives  his  jirebend  in  consideration  of 
his  ollicinting  in  the  church  ;  the  canon  has  liis  sti- 
pend merely  in  consequence  of  his  being  received 
into  the  cathedral  or  college,  Encyc. 

PREB'END  A-RY-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  prebend- 
ary ;  a  canonry.  H'otton. 

PRE-CA'RI-OUS,  a.  [L.  preearius,  from  precor,  to 
pray  or  entreat ;  primarily,  depending  on  request,  or 
on  the  will  of  another.] 

1.  Depending  on  the  will  or  pleasure  of  another  ; 
held  by  courtesy  ;  liable  to  be  changed  or  lost  at  the 
pleasure  of  another.  A  privilege  dei>ending  on 
another's  will  is  precarious,  or  held  by  a  precarious 
tenure.  Jlddison, 

9.  Uncertain  ;  held  by  a  doubtful  tenure  ;  depend- 
ing on  unknown  or  unforeseen  causes  or  events. 
Temporal  pros(MTily  is  precarious;  personal  advan- 
tages, health,  strength,  and  beauty,  arc  all  ;)rc(r(iritfUd, 
deprnding  on  a  thousand  accidents.  Rogers, 

\Ve  say  also,  the  weathtT  is  precarious ;  a  phrase 
in  which  we  depart  not  more  from  the  primary  sense 
of  the  word,  than  we  do  in  a  large  part  of  all  the 
words  in  the  language. 

PRE-€A'ttI-OUS-LY,  adv.  At  the  will  or  pleasure  of 
others;  dependently;  by  an  uncertain  tenure;  as, 
he  sub.sisf*  preearioushj.  Lesley,     Pope. 


TONE,  ByU*,  UNITE. -AN"OER,  VI"CIOUS.-€  as  K ;  O  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

'  855" 


PRE 

PBE-€A'RI-OUS-NBSS,  n.  Uncertainty;  depend- 
ence ou  the  will  or  pleasure  of  others,  or  unknown 
events  ;  ns,  lite  prtearimumes*  of  life  or  health. 

pSEe't^ali-j*-    [L.P«"^.topray.l 

Sup|))i:inl ;  beseeching.  Harris.    Hopkins. 

PRE-CAU'TION,  ».  [Pr.,  from  U  pnseamtusj  juteem- 
vttf :  yne,  t>efore,  and  caceo,  to  take  care.) 

Previous  caution  or  care  ;  caution  previously  em- 
ployed to  prevent  mischief  or  secure  good  in  pt>ssc»- 
sion.  JiJUifon. 

PRE-€AU'TION,r.  L  To  warn  or  advise  befordiand 
for  preventing  mischief  or  securini;  roikI.      Locke. 

PRE-e.^U'TION-AL,  a.     Preventive  of  mischief. 

PRE-CAO'TION-A-RY,  a.  Containing  previous  cau- 
tion ^"w-t  prremutioHMry  advice  or  ndin«uiIion. 

9.  PrucAeding  from  previous  caution  ;  adapted  to 
prevent  mischief  or  secure  gix>d  i  as,  preeatUwiuuy 
measures. 
PRE-eAL''TIOX-ED,  pp.    Warned  beforehand. 
PRE-€AL"TION-ING,  ppr.     Previously  advising. 
PRE-€AL''T10US,  (-ahuaj  a.    Taking  precautious  or 

preventive  measures. 
PRE  CAL'TIOUS-LY,  adv.    With  precaution. 
PRE-Ci:i-nA'NE-OUS.  a.    [from  pr^utde,  L.  pnuedo.] 
Preceding  ;  antecedent ;  anterior.  [JVotusmL]  Hale. 
PRE-C£DE'.  r.  L    [L.^mcW«;  pnr^  before,  and  CAio, 
to  move-] 

I.  To  go  before  in  the  order  of  time.    The  cor- 
ruption &t  morals  preetdfs  the  ruin  of  a  state. 
S.  To  go  before  in  rank  or  importance. 
3.  To  cause  something  to  go  before ;  to  make  to 
take  place  in  prior  time. 


PRE-CED'ED,  pp.    Being  gone  before. 
PRE-CkD'E\CE,    \  n.     The  act  or  stale  of  going  be- 
PRE-CeD'EN-CY,  i      fore  ;  priority  in  time  j  as,  the 
frtcsdencs  of  one  event  to  another. 

&  Tbe  Male  of  going  or  being  before  in  rank  or 
difnity  or  the  |dac«  of  honor  ;  the  right  to  a  more 
bcHMMabte  place  in  public  processions,  in  seats,  or  in 
the  civilities  of  life.  Precedence  depends  on  the  at- 
der  oX  nature  or  rank  fe«tablished  by  God  hiintielf,  as 
that  due  to  age  ;  or  on  couitesj-,  custom,  or  iMilitical 
distinction,  as  that  due  to  a  governor  or  senator, 
vbo,  though  younger  in  years,  takes  rank  of  a  sub- 
ordinate officer,  thou^  older ;  or  it  ia  settled  by 
authority,  as  in  Great  Britain.  In  the  latter  case,  a 
Tiolatioa  of  the  right  of  precedence  is  actionable. 

PT«€td»»es  wtxo.  kn  truck, 
And  be  vu  compMeot  vIh«s  jmcm  wu  mi.  Cbwpsr. 

3.  Tbe  foremost  in  ceremony.  JUSttam, 

4,  Si^erkinqr ;  aaperkir  impoitaiMe  or  iDfluenee. 

WUcfe  flf  d»  dMml  dirins  hss  jwMidtMy  la  dctennlning  itaa 
wiB  IB  lbs  sat  ■■<»  >  £«c*«. 

PRE-CEIVENT,  a.  Going  before  in  lime  ;  anterior  ; 
antecedent  \  as,  jreeedcnt  services  ;  a  jrtctdent  fault 
of  tbe  will. 

The  worid,  or  soy  part  ihcwiQ  caoU  not  be  prte^d^nt  to  the 
'-n  of  MMtt.  Hoi: 


Mffsttdmd  wadiciMi,  la  I«d,  is  a  condition  which 
must  happen  or  be  performed  bt-fore  an  estate  or 
some  right  can  vest,  and  on  failure  of  which  the 
estate  or  rieht  is  defeated.  Blackstone. 

PRECEDENT,  it.  Something  done  or  said  that  may 
serve  or  be  adduced  as  an  example  to  authorize  a 
subsequent  act  of  the  like  kind. 

Exunple*  for  mxcB  cao  but  diirct  u  pr*c»denu  only.    Hooker, 

Q.  In  Lne,  a  judicial  decision,  interlocutor)'  or  final, 
wbieta  serres  as  a  nile  for  future  determinations  in 
similar  or  aoaloiroiis  cases ;  or  any  proceedini;,  or 

.  ccHirse  nf  proceedings,  which  may  serve  for  a  rule  in 
subsequent  cases  of  a  like  nature. 

PREC'E-DENT-ED,  o.  Having  a  precedent ;  author- 
ised bv  an  example  of  a  like  kind. 

PRE-CE'DENT-LY.oAr.     Beforehand  ;  antecedently, 

PRE-C£D'I\G,  ppr.  or  a.  Going  before  in  time,  rank, 
or  imp<>rtance. 

PRE-CIX'LE\CE,  M.    Excellence.    [J^'ot  in  use,^ 

Sheldon. 

PRE-CEX'TOR,  a.     >Xow   L.  prmcentor:  Fr.  preem- 
Uur;  It.pree«Ktore;  l*pr«,before,and  canto,  losing.! 
1.  The  leader  of  the  choir  in  a  cathedral ;  called 
also  the  dtamter  or  master  of  tbe  choir.  ffook. 

9.  The  leader  of  the  congregation  in  the  psalmody 
of  Scottish  churches. 

PRE-CEX'TOR-SHIP,  a.  The  employment  or  office 
of  a  precentor. 

PRE'CEPT,  a.  [Fr.  pretejde;  Sp.  jn-ecepto:  It.  pre- 
ettto ;  lb  prmeeptum,  from  pracipio,  to  command  ; 
|»r«,  before,  and  eapio^  to  take.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  any  commandment  or  order 
intended  as  an  authoritative  rule  of  action  ;  but  ap- 
plied panirularly  to  commands  respecting  moral 
conducL  The  ten  commandments  arc  so  many  pre- 
cepts for  the  regulation  of  our  moral  conduct. 

'So  hzu  ut  wiihoat  thnr pretxpU.  Dryien. 

S.  In  Zat0,  a  command  or  mandate  in  writing. 

£aeyc 


PRE 

PRE-CEP'TIAL,  (-^hal,)  a.     Consisting  of  precepts. 

[.\"d(  ill  \Lse.\  Sltak. 

PRE  CEP'TION,  n.     A  precept.     [Xot  in  use.}    JlalL 
PRECEP'TIVE,  a,     [L,  prtBcrptivus.] 

I.  Giving  precL-pts  or  couiniands  fur  the  regulation 
of  moral  conduct ;  containing  precepts  ;  as,  the  pre- 
ceptive parts  of  the  Scriptures. 

'2.  Directing  in  raoml  conduct}  giving  rules  or  di- 
rections -J  didactic. 

1'Ik  l<>HK>n  fiv«n  us  hem  bprvorpfiM  to  ua.  L'Estrangt, 

Prwe»p&v  poKry.  Encyc. 

PRE-CEP'TOR,  n.     [U.  preceptor.     See  Precept.] 
1.  In  a  general  sense^  a  teacher ;  an  instructor. 
S.  In  a  restricted  sense^  tlie    teacher  of  a   school  ; 
sometimes  the  principal  teacher  of  an  academy  or 
other  seminary. 

3.  Among  tAc  kniglUs  temptar^  tlie  head  of  a  pre- 
ceptory.  Glass,  of  ArckkU 

PRE-CEP-TO'RI-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  preceptor. 
Ul.  Magaxint. 
PRE-CEPTO-RY,  a.     Giving  precepts.      Anderson. 
PRE-CEP'TO-RY,    a.      A    manor    or  estate    of   the 
knights  templar,  on  which  were  erected  a  church 
and   a  dwelling-house.     The  precqttorics  were  reli- 
gious houses,  subordinate  to  the  temple  or  principal 
house  of  ttie  knights.  Otcilt. 

PRE-CEP'TKESS,  It.     A  female  teacher. 
PRE-CES'SIO.\,  (-sesh'un,)  n.      [Fr.  precession;    It. 
precessions ;   from   the  L.  pmcessus^  pnecedo,  to   go 
before.] 

1.  Literally^  the  act  of  going  before. 

2.  In  astronomy,  the  precession  qfthe  equinoxes  is  a 
slow  but  continual  shifting  of  the  equinoctial  jxiints 
from  east  to  west.  The  amount  of  precession  annu- 
ally is  50  y^  seconds.  Hence  it  appears  that  the 
equinoctial  points  will  make  an  entire  revolution  in 
about  aSjB'iS  years.  Olmsted. 

PRit'CIXeT,  n.  [L.  pra-cinctus,  priscinfro,  to  encom- 
pass ;  prtB  and  einffo,  to  surround  or  pird,] 

I.  The  limit,  bound,  or  exterior  line  encompassing 
a  place  ;  as,  the  precincts  of  light.  Milton. 

3.  Bounds  of  jurisdiction,  or  the  whole  territory 
comprehended  within  the  limits  of  authority. 

Take  the  boiijr  of  A  B,  ir  to  be  found  within  ywir  prtcincU. 

Ttchnioat  Latea. 

3.  A  territorial  district  or  division, 
[It  is  to  be  ob-ierved  ttiat  this  word  is  generally 
used  in  the  plunti,  except  In  the  third  sen^e.] 

Id  cak-  oT  non-NCC-ptauc^  [of  ihr  ccillector)  th  ■  pariih  oi  ptecinct 
■hAll  ptvcred  to  a  new  choice.      Ijum  qf  MastachuaeU§. 

PRE-CI-OS'I-TY,  fur  PaKcioudNEss,  or  value,  is  not 
used.  Broken.     Mart. 

PRE"C10US,  (presh'us,)  a.  [Fr.  prexieux;  L.  pretio- 
suSf  from  pretinaiy  price.    See  Praise.] 

1.  Of  gri;at  price  ;  costly ;  as,  a  precious  stone. 
S.  Of  great  value  or  worth  ;  very  valuable. 

She  is  tnore  prtdouM  than  rubiua.  —  Prov.  iii. 

3.  Highly  valued  ;  much  esteemed. 

Tbe  void  ol*  the  Lonl  waa  prttiimt  Id  those  days ;  there  was  no 
upro  Tidoo.  —  t  Sam.  lu. 

4.  Worthless;  contemptible;  as,  this  is  a  precious 
mockery  ;  in  irony  and  cantempt.  Burke, 

Preeiirus  metals ;  gold  and  silver,  so  called  on  ac- 
count of  their  value. 
PRE"CIOUS-LY,  adc.    Valuably ;  to  a  great  price. 

2.  Contemptibly  ;  in  irony. 
PRE"CIOUS-.\ESS,   (presh'us-,)  n.      Vahiableness  ; 

great  value  ;  high  price,  tVilkins. 

PREC'I-PE,  (pres'e-py,)  n.  [L.  pracipio.  See  Pbe- 
CErr.] 

In  ^tr,  Q  writ  commanding  the  defendant  to  do  a 
certain  thing,  or  to  show  cause  to  the  contrary  ;  giv- 
ing him  his  choice  to  redress  the  injury-  or  to  stand 
the  suit-  Blackstone. 

PREC'I-PICE,  (pres'e-pis,)  n,  [Fr.,  from  L.  pnreipi- 
tiunt,  from  prcecepsy  headlong  ;  prte^  forward,  and  ceps^ 
(or  caput,  head.    See  Chikk.] 

1.  Strutly^a  falling  headlong;  hence,  a  steep  de- 
scent of  land  ;  a  fall  or  descent  of  laud,  perpendic- 
ular or  nearly  so. 

Wt^R  wexUth,  liice  fruit,  od  precipices  grew.  Dryden. 

3.  A  steep  descent  in  general. 

In  the  breakinjf  of  the  wav^  therfr  a  ever  a  precipice.    Bacon. 
Swift  down  the  prtdjace  of  lime  it  ^>x».  Dryden, 

PRE-CIP'I-ENT,  a.     [L.  prtecipicns.     See  Precept.] 
C(immanding;  directing. 

PRE-CIP-I-TA-BIVI-TY,  n.  \Uom  precipitablc]  The 
qualitv  or  state  of  being  precipitable. 

PRE-CIP'I-TA-BLE,  a.  [from  L.  yriBcipito,  fromprm- 
cep^,  headlong.] 

That  may  be  precipitated  or  cost  to  the  bottom,  as 
a  substance  in  solution, 

PRE-CIP'I-TANCE,    (  n.     [from  precipitant.]     Head- 

PRE-CIP'I-TA\-CY,  i  long  hurry  ;  rash  haste  ;  haste 
in  revolving,  forming  an  opinion,  or  executing  a  pur- 
pose, without  due  deliberation. 

Hurriml  on  by  \he  jtredpitance  of  yotitU-  Siei/t. 

Rashneaa  And  prtajAtance  uf  Jud^nmnL  WaU*. 

2.  Hurry;  great  haste  in  going.  M'dton. 
PRE-CIP'I-TAN'T,  0.     [L  pnecipitans, practpito,  from 

praceps,  headlong.] 


PRE 

1,  Falling  or  rushing  headlong;  rushing  down 
witli  velocity. 

They  Vbtp  ihrlr  IJtlJe  Urn 
Alwve  the  clouds,  precijAiant  lo  ciirth.  PMlipe. 

2.  Hasty  ;  urged  with  violent  haste. 

Sl^otild  Itr  return,  thatlruup  to  blithe  and  tiold, 

Precipitant  In  fear,  would  winf  thoir  flight.  Pope. 

3>  Rashly  hurried  or  hasty  ;  as,  precipitant  rebel- 
lion. K.  Charles. 
4.  Unexpectedly  brouf^lit  on  or  hastened.    Taylor. 
PRE-CIP'I-TANT,  71.    In  chemistry^  a  liquor  which, 
when  poured  on  a  sohiiion,  separates  what  is  dis- 
solved, and  makes  it  precipitate,  or  full  to  the  bottom 
in  a  concrete  state.  Encyc 
PRE-CIP'I-TANT-LY,  flrfr.    With  great  haste;  with 
rash,  unadvised  haste  ;  with  tumultuous  hurry. 

Milton. 
PRE-CIP'I-TATE,  V.  t     [L.  pracipito,  from  pra-ceps, 
headlong.     See  Precipice,] 

1.  To  throw  headlong;  as,  he  precipitated  himself 
from  a  nick.  Mtltan,     Drydcn. 

2.  To  urge  or  press  with  eagerness  or  violence ; 
OS,  to  preeipitate  a  flight.  Z>ryden. 

3.  To  hasten. 

EhoTt  intcmiiit^nt  nnd  awift  rccurmit  paina  do  predjAUtte  patJenta 
into  coiuuniptiona.  Jiarwy. 

4.  To  hurry  blindly  or  rashly. 

If  thej  b»  daring,  U  niiiy  predpilata  their  dc^^ia  and  proT« 
dangeroiia.  Bacon, 

5.  To  throw  to  the  bottom  of  a  vessel,  as  a  sub- 
stance in  solution. 

All  mi'tala  mny  be  predpilaUd  hj  allcallue  aalLi.  Encyc. 

PRE-CIP'I-TATE,  V.  i.    To  fall  headlong.  Shak. 

2.  To  fall  to  the  bottom  of  a  vessel,  us  sediment, 
or  any  substance  in  solution.  Bacon. 

3.  To  hasten  without  preparation.  Bacon. 
PRE-CIP'I-TATE,  a.    Fulling,  flowing,  or  rushing, 

with  steep  descent. 

PrecipiiaU  the  furioui  torrent  flows.  Prior. 

Q.  Headlong ;  over-hasty ;  rashly  hasty ;  as,  tbe 
king  was  too  precipitate  in  declaring  war. 

3.  Adopted  with  haste  or  without  due  deliberation  ; 
hasty  ;  as,  a  precipitate  niaasure. 

4.  Hasty  ;  violent ;  terminating  speedily  in  death; 
as,  a  precipitate  case  of  disease.  Arbuthnot, 

PRE-CIP'I-TATE,  71.  A  substance  which,  having 
been  dissolved,  is  again  separated  from  its  solvent, 
and  thrown  to  the  bottom  of  the  vessel,  by  pouring 
another  liquor  upon  it. 

Red  precipitate ;  the  red  oxyd  or  protoxyd  of  mer- 
cury, prepared  either  by  heating  the  iiitrutc  of  mer- 
cury till  it  is  decomposed,  or  by  tit-aling  metallic 
mercury.  Prepared  in  tiie  latter  mode,  it  is  the  pre- 
cipitate per  se.  B.  Silliman,  Jr. 

PRE-CIP'I-TA-TED,  pp.  Hurried;  hastened  rashly; 
thrown  headlong;  thrown  down. 

PUE-CIP'I-TATE-LY,  adu.  Headlong;  with  steep 
descent. 

2.  Hastily  ;  with  rash  haste  ;  without  due  caution. 
Neither  praise  nor  censure  precipiUttely. 

PRK-CIP'I-TA-TING,77;/r,  Throwing  headlong;  hur- 
r>'inp;  hastening  rashly. 

PKE-ClP-I-TA'TIOiV,  n.     [L.  pnedpititio.] 

1.  The  act  of  throwing  headlong,  Shak. 

2.  A  falling,  flowing,  or  rushing  down  with  vio- 
lence and  rapidity. 

The  hurry,  prtdpilaiion,  and  nvpid  motion  of  the  water. 

Woodward. 

3.  Great  hurry;  rash,  tumultuous  haste;  rapid 
movement. 

The  prgdjAtation  of  inexperience  ia  ofteu  reitralned  hy  ahame. 

liambUr, 

4.  The  act  or  operation  of  throwing  to  the  bottom 
of  a  vessel  any  substance  h<-Ul  in  solution.  Precipi- 
tation is  often  eifecied  by  a  dtiUble  elective  attraction. 

Encyc 
PRE-CIP'I-Ta-TOR,  n.    One  that  urges  on  with  ve- 
hemence or  rasliness.  Hammond. 
PRE-CIP'I-TOUS,  a.     [h.  prmeeps.'] 

1.  Very  steep  ;  as,  a  precipitous  cliff  or  mountain. 
?.  Headlong;  directly  or  rapidly  descending;  us, 

a  precipitous  full.  K.  Charles. 

.1.  Hasty  ;  rash  ;  heady. 

Advice  unaafi;,  precijdlout,  and  bo!d.  Dn/dtn, 

PRE-CIP'I-TOUS-LY,  adv.    With  steep  descent ;  in 

violent  haste. 
PRE-CIP'I-TOUS-NESS,  71.     Steepness  of  descent. 

2.  Rash  haste.  Hammond, 
PRE-CTSE',  a.     [L,  prxcisus,  from  pra-.cido,  to  cut  off; 

prcB  and  eado ;  literalUj,  cut  or  pared  away,  that  is, 
pared  to  smoothness  or  exactness.] 

1,  Exact;  nice;  definite;  having  determinate  lim- 
itations ;  not  loose,  vague,  uncertain,  or  equivocal ; 
as,  precise  rules  of  morality ;  precise  directions  for 
life  and  conduct. 

The  law  in  this  point  1i  predae.  Bacon. 

for  [he  honr  preds4 
Exact!  our  paning.  MiUon. 

2.  Formal  ;  sup^rstitiously  exact ;  excessively 
nice  ;  punctilious  in  conduct  or  ceremony.    Addison. 

PRE-CISE'LY,  adv.    Exactly  ;  nicely  ;  accurately  ;  in 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREY.  — PL\E.  MARINE.  BIRa— N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.— 


PRE 

exact  conformity  to  truth,  or  to  a  model.  The  ideas 
are  precisely  ei  pressed.  The  time  of  an  eclipse  may 
be  preeiseiy  determined  by  calculation. 

Wben  more  of  iheae  onlera  than  on«  Are  to  be  set  In  tevcra: 
■tohvi,  there  muit  be  an  exquitiie  care  to  place  th^  coluinr.< 
prtdnly  tme  otcf  uottaer.  Walton. 

Z.  With  exceas  of  formality  ;  with  scnipuloua  ex- 
actness or  punctiliousness  in  behavior  or  ceremony. 
PRE-CISE'NESS.   h.      Exactneaa ;   rigid  nicely;   as, 
the  preciseness  of  words  or  expressions. 

I  will  dUUn^uish  thf.  Cmc«;  thoug-li  fire  mc  l'*aT?,  in  han'llln; 
thrm,  not  to  Bcrer  thijin  with  too  much  precitetitit.    Boron. 

2.  Excessive  regard  to  forms  or  rules ;  rigid  for- 
maiitv. 
PRE-C!"»IAN,  (pre-sizh'an,)  iu    One  that  limits  or 
restrains.  Shak. 

2.  One  who  is  rigidly  or  ceremoniously  exact  in 
the  observance  of  rules.  Draijtoiu     Watts. 

PRE-CI"SIA.\-ISM,  (pre-sizh'an-izm,)  «.  Excessive 
exactness  ;  superstitious  rigor.  JUtUon. 

[Tht-se  two  words  are,  I  believe,  little  used,  or  not 
at  all.J 

PRE-Cr'SIO\,  (pre-sizh'un,)  lu  [Fr.,  from  L.  prtt- 
cisio.  ] 

Exact  limitation  ;  exactness;  accuracy.  Prttciswn 
in  the  use  of  words  is  a  prime  excellence  in  dis- 
course ;  it  is  indispensable  in  controversy,  in  legal 
instruments,  and  in  mathematical  calculations.  Nei- 
ther perspicuity  nor  ;n-ecio'ion  should  be  sachliced  to 
ornament. 

PRE-CT'SIVE,  a.  Exactly  limiting  by  separating 
what  is  not  relative  to  the  purpose  j  as,  preci<!ive  ab- 
straction. Watts. 

PRE-GLCDE',  V.  L  [L.  prtecludo ;  pra,  before,  and 
cludo,  elaudoy  to  shut.] 

1.  To  prevent  from  entering  by  previously  shut- 
ting the  passage,  or  by  any  previous  measures  ; 
hence,  to  hinder  from  access,  possession,  or  enjoy- 
ment. Sin,  by  its  very  nature,  precludes  the  sinner 
from  heaven  ;  it  precludes  the  enjoyment  of  God's 
favor  ;  or  it  precludes  the  favor  of  God. 

The  ra.Wea predvda  the  btoc^l  from  ^nl^ritiir  the  rcini     Darwin.^ 

a.  To  prevent  from  happening  or  taking  place. 

PRE-CLOU'ED,  pp.  Hindered  from  entering  or  en- 
joyment; debarred  from  something  by  previous  ob- 
stacles. 

PRE-€LOD'rXG,  ppr  Shiittmg  out ;  preventing  from 
arce<s  or  possession,  or  from  having  place. 

PRE€L0'8IO.\,  (pre-klu'zhun,)  n.  The  act  of  shut- 
ting out  or  preventing  frotu  access  or  possessinn  ;  the 
state  of  being  prevented  from  entering,  possession, 
or  enjovmenL  Rambler. 

PRE-eLt'SIVE,  a.  Shutting  out,  or  tending  to  pre- 
clude ;  hindering  by  previous  obstacles.         Burke. 

PRE-GLC'SIVE-LY,  ado.  With  hinderance  by  anti- 
cipation. 

PRE-CO'CrOUS,  (-k6'shu9,)  a.  [L.  precox;  pra,  be- 
fore, and  eoquo^  to  cook  or  prepare.] 

1.  Ripe  before  the  proper  or  natural  time  ;  as,  pre- 
eoeietts  trees.  Srotcn, 

3.  Premature. 

PRE  CO'CIOUS  LY,  adv.     With  premature  ripeness 

or  fiifwardneas. 
PREeO'CIOUS-NESS,  jn.     Rapid  growth  and  ripe- 
PRE-COC'I-TY,  \    nesa  before  the  usual  time  ; 

premalureness.  HoxeU. 

I  can  not  knni  that  be  |piT',  tn  his  ^oiilh,  any  rvifkricA  o(  lh:kt 
DTMOdiy  which  •omeliin«a  dudinruuliea  nncuinmon  gruUit. 
Wirl'M  Li/e  of  P.  Htnry. 

PRR-COO'I-TATE,  v.   i.       [L.  praeogito;   pnz    and 


Toct 


consider  or  contrive  beforehand.     \Little  usedj\ 
Shertcuod. 
PRE  €OC-r-TX'TIOX,  «.    Previous  thought  or  con- 

sidention.  Diet. 

PUE-eOG'NI-TA.     See  Pa.ccocirTA. 
PRE  €OGNI"T(ON,  (-kog-nish'un,)  «.     [L.  pne,  be- 
fore, and  eognitio,  knowledge.] 

1.  Previous  knowledge;  antecedent  examination. 

Fotherby. 
3.  In  SeoLs  hiv>,  an  examination  of  witnesses  to  a 
crtminal  art,  before  a  juflgr,  justice  of  the  peace,  or 
•hrriff,  before  the  prosecution  of  th*-  ofTi'nder,  in  or- 
der to  know  whrther  ttiere  if*  ground  of  trial,  and  to 
enable  the  pr(MM:cut4ir  to  set  forth  the  facts  in  the 
libel.  Kncvc. 

PRE-COL- LECTION,  n,      A  collection   previously 

made.  Bp.  nf  Chichestfr. 

PRE-eOM  POSE',  e.  L     [See  Comfose.]     'Io  com- 
pose Itofiirchnnii.  Johnson. 
PRE-eOM-pr>S'A;i),  pp.  or  a.     Composed  befurelmnd. 
PRE-€OM.Pfi!8'IXG,  ppr.     Composing  beforehand. 
PRE-eON-CKlT',  n.     [See  Precowceive.]     An  opin- 
ion Of  noticm  previouslv  formed.  /looker. 
PRE-eO.NCEIVE',  (-«£ve',)  p.  L     [h.  pra,    before, 
and  coHcipio,  to  conceive.] 

To  form  a  conception  or  opinion  beforehand  ;  to 
form  a  previous  notion  or  idea. 

Io  a  'l^-wl  piftiii,  tV  v^j  ir'ms  ihe  ione^r,  b.'«auae  the  rjc  has 
prtconcriotd  h.  ahorUrr  Uian  ttie  truui.  Bncon. 

PRE-€O.V-CfcIV'/;D,  pp.  or  a.  Conceived  before- 
hand ;  previously  formed  ;  as,  preconeeived  opinions ; 
preeoncetved  ends  or  purposes.  South. 


PRE 

PRE-eON-CBlIV'ING,  ppr.  Conceiving  or  forming 
befurehaiiil. 

PRE-€ON-CEP'TION,  n.  Conception  or  opinion  pre- 
viously formed.  HaketcUl. 

PRE-CON'CERT,  t».  (.  [pre  and  concert.]  To  con- 
cert beforehand  ;  to  settle  by  previous  agreement. 

PRE-CONCERT',  n.     A  previous  agreement. 

PRE-CON'-CERT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Previously  concerted 
or  settled.  M'artoiu 

PRE-CON-CERT'ED-LY,  adv.     By  preconcert. 

PRE-eON-CERT'ING,  ppr.  Contriving  and  settling 
beforehand. 

PRE-CON-CER'TION,  ti.  Act  of  concerting  before- 
hand.  Dwi^ht. 

PRE-eON-DEM-NA'TION,  n.  Condemnation  pre- 
vious to  exertion,  or  by  predestination. 

PRE-€0X-I-Za'TI0N,  b.  [L.  praconium^  from  prmco^ 
a  crier.] 

A  publishing  by  proclamation,  or  a  proclamation. 
[^rot  used.]  HaU. 

PRE-eO\-^GN',  (-kon-sine',)  v.  t.  [pre  and  con- 
sign.] To  consign  beforehand  ;  to  make  a  previous 
consijinment  of. 

PRE-COX-c^IGX'ED,  pp.    Consigned  beforehand. 

PRE-COX-SIGX'ING,  ppr.     Making  a  previous  con- 

.    signment  of. 

PRE-CON-SOL'ID-X-TED,  a.  Consolidated  before- 
hand. PMUips. 

PRE-CON'STI-TCTE,  r.  U     [pre  and  eonstUaU.] 
To  constitute  or  establish  beforehand. 

PRE-€ON'STI-T0-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Previously  estab- 
lished. Paley. 

PRE  eON'STI-TO-TING,  ppr.  Constituting  before- 
hand. 

PRE-eON'TRACT,  n.  [pre  and  contract]  A  con- 
tract previous  to  another.  Shak. 

PRE  CON-TRACT',  v.  t.  To  contract  or  stipulate 
previously. 

PRE-CONTRACT',  v.  L  To  make  a  previous  con- 
tract or  agreenii'nt. 

PRE-CON-TRACT'EU,  pp.  Previously  contracted  or 
stipulated  ;  previously  engaged  by  contract ;  as,  a 
wiMii.in  prpcontrctcied  to  another  man.  .^ijUffe. 

PRE-eON-TRACT'ING,  ppr.  Stipulating  or  cove- 
nantint:  beforehand. 

PRE-CORD'IAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  prscordia,  or 
parts  bffore  the  heart. 

PRE-CL'RS'.\-RI-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  indicating 
that  Something  is  to  follow. 

PRE-CURSE',  (pro-kurs',)  ji.  [L.  pnicursus^  pracurroi 
pra  and  dtrro,  to  run.] 

A  furerunning.     [JV^^f  used.]  Shak, 

PRE-€UR';?OR,  n.     fL,  pracursor^  supra.] 

A  forerunner  ;  a  liarbinger ;  he  or  that  which  pre- 
cedes an  event,  and  indicates  its  approach ;  as, 
Jove's  lightnings,  Xhe precursors  of  thunder.    Shak, 

Evil  thoughts  nre  the  Invuible,  airy  prtcuraorw  of  nil  the  stormi 
iin<J  leinpesU  u(  the  suul.  BuckTmnster. 

PRE-CUR'SO-RY,   a.     Preceding  as  the   harbinger; 
indicating  something  to  follow  ;  as,  precursory  symp- 
toms of  a  fever.  JHed.  Repos. 
PRE-CUR'SO-RY,  n.     An  introduction.     [Aot  used.] 

Ifammond, 
PRE-DA'CE.AN,  (-shan,)  n.     A  carnivorous  animal. 

Kirlty. 
PRE-DA'CE0U9,   (-alms,)   a,      [L.   pntdaceus^   from 
prtfi/a,  prey,  spoil.] 

Living  by  prey.  Dcrham. 

PRk'DAL,  a.     [L. pr<tda^  prey.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  prey. 

2.  Practicing  plunder.  Boyle. 
PREh'A-TO-RI-LY,  adn.     In  a  predatory  manner. 
PKElJ'.A-TO-RY,  a.       [L.  pnedatorius^   from    prada^ 

prey.] 

1.  Plundering;  pillaging;  characterized  by  plun- 
dering; practicing  rapine;  as,  a  predatory  war;  a 
pretiatory  excursion  ;  a  predatory  p;trty. 

2.  Hungry;  ravenous;  as^  predatory  spirits  or  ap- 
petite.    [Hardly  allowable-,]  Bacon. 

PRR-I)E-CEASE',  p.  i.  [pre  and  decease.]  To  die 
hrfore.  Shak. 

PRE  UE-Cr.AS'KI),  (-scesi',)  a.     Dead  before.     Shak. 

PRED-E-CES'SOa,  n.  [Fr.  prUice^seur ;  L.  proi  and 
decedo^  to  di-|iart.] 

A  person  who  has  preceded  another  in  the  same 
office.  The  king,  the  president,  tlTe  judge,  or  the 
mngistrile,  follows  the  steps  of  his  predercssor,  or  he 
does  n-it  imitate  the  example  of  his  predecessors,  ft 
in  distinguished  from  Anceitur,  who  is  of  the  same 
blood  ;  hut  it  may  |H--rhapa  be  sometimes  used  for  it. 
Hooker.     .Addison. 

rRE-nE-CL;\R'/;i),  a.     Declared  beforehand.     Rurke. 

PRE-DH-LIX-K-A'TION,  w.     Previous  delineation. 

PRE-DE-SIGN',  (-sine'  or  -zine',)  c.  (.  To  design  or 
purpose  lioforrhiind  ;  to  prodelerniine, 

PRE-I)E-SI(;N'KD,{-sInd'  or -zind',)  pp.  Purposed  or 
determined  previously.  Mitford. 

PRl-i-Uli  SKiiN'ING,  ppr.     Designing  previously. 

PRE-DES-TI-NA'R(-AN,  n.  j;.See  Pbeuestimate.] 
One  Uiat  believes  In  the  dtwtrme  of  predcstinatitm. 

Wt^ton. 

PRE-DES-Tl-NA'RI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  predesti- 
nation. 


PRE 

PRE-DES'TI-NATE,  a.    Predestinated  ;  foreordained. 

Burnet, 
PRE-DES'TI-NATE,  v.   t.     [It.  predeatinare ;  Fr.  pr^ 
destiaer;  h.  pradcitino ;  pr<B  and  dtstino^  to  appoint.] 
To  predetermine  or  foreordain  ;  to  appt>int  or  ot- 
dain  beforehand  by  an  unchangeable  purpose. 

Whom  liR  did  fumltnow,  hf  aIiu  iliil  predettinata  to  be  eouformed 

to  the  i]iK-i^»  ol  hia  Sun.  —Rom.  viii. 
lUviii;  prerUiUnaled  us  to  the  tuloptiun  of  children  b;  Jesua 
Chrut  tu  hiTii».-II.  —  Eph.  i. 

PRE-DES'T[-NA-TED,  pp,  or  a.  Predetermined; 
foreordained  ;  decreed. 

PRE-DES'TI-NA-TING,  ppr.    Foreordaining;  decree- 
ing ;    appointing    befurehatid  by  an   unchangeable 
purpose. 
2.  Holding  predestination. 

And  prick*  up  his  predeatinadng  ears.  Drydtn. 

PRE-DES-TI-NA'TION,  ».  The  act  of  decreeing  or 
foreordaining  events;  the  decree  of  God  by  which 
he  hath,  from  eternity,  unchangeahly  appointed  or 
determined  whatever  comes  to  pass.  It  is  used  par- 
ticularly in  theology  to  denote  the  preordination  of 
men  to  everlasting  happiness  or  misery.         Encyt. 

Predestination  is  a  part  of  the  unctiatigeable  plan 
of  the  divine  government;  or,  in  other  words,  the 
unchangeable  purpose  of  an  unchangeable  God. 

PRE-DES'TI-Na-TOU,  n.     Properly^one  Uiat  foreor- 
dains. 
9.  One  that  holds  to  predestination.  Cowley. 

PRE-DES'TINE,  (-tin,)  v.t.  To  decree  beforehand  ; 
to  foreordain. 

And  bid  prtdttdnsd  empires  ri*e  and  (M.  Prior. 

PRF^DES'TL\-KD,  pp.  or  a.    Decreed  beforehand. 

PRE^DES'TIN-ING,  ppr.     Foreordaining. 

PRE  DE-TER.M'IN-ATE,  a.  Determined  beforehand  ; 
as,  the  predi'trrminatf  counsel  of  God.        Parkhurst. 

PRE-DE-TERM-IN-A'TION,  7t.  [See  PnEDEXER- 
MiNE.]  Previous  determiiuition ;  purpose  formed 
beforehand  ;  as,  the  predetermination  of  God's  will. 

Hammond. 
2.  Premotion  ;  that  concurrence  of  God  which  de- 
termines men  in  their  a  tions.  Sneye. 

PRE-DE-TERM'INE,  t?.  (.  [pre  and  determine.]  To 
determine  beforehand ;  to  settle  in  purpose  or 
counsel. 

If  God  ibreMiea  CTeots,  he  must  havo  prtdMUmUtied  them. 

Hai€. 

2.  To  doom  by  previous  decree. 

PRE-DE-TERM'IN-£D,  pp,  or  a.  Previously  deter- 
mined. 

PRE-DE-TERM'IN-ING,  ppr.  Determining  before- 
hand. 

PRe'DI-AL,  a,  [Sp.  prcdialj  from  L.  prtEdium,  a  farm 
or  est.ite.] 

1.  Consisting  of  land  or  farms;  as,  predial  estate, 
i.  e.,  real  estate.  -^yliffc- 

2.  Attached  to  land  or  farms  ;  as,  predial  sltivcs. 

Brande. 

3.  Growing  or  issuing  from  land  ;  as,  predial 
tithes. 

PREL)-[-eA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [from  predicnhle.]  The 
quality  of  being  predicabfej  or  capable  of  being 
allirmed  of  something,  or  attributed  tosomctliinc. 

Rcid. 

PRED'I-CA-ULE,  a.  [L.  pradicabilis^  from  prasdico^  to 
atfiru)  ;  priE  and  f/iVo,  to  say.] 

That  may  be  atlirmed  of  something;  that  may  be 
attributed  to.  Anim:il  in  predicable  of  man.  Intelli- 
gence is  not  predicable  of  plants.  More  or  less  is  not 
predicable  of  a  circle  or  of  a  square.  WJiiteness  is 
iu)t  predicable  of  time. 

PRED'I-eA-BLE,w.  One  of  the  five  things  which  can 
be  nifirmed  of  any  thing.  Genus,  species,  dilfer- 
ence,  property,  and  accident  are  the  five  predieahles. 

Watts. 

PRE-DIC'A-MENT  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  proidicamcntum, 
from  prtedico,  to  aninn.J 

1.  In  lofrie,  a  name  given  to  a  certain  number  of 
general  heads  or  classes,  called  by  the  Gn-eks  Cate- 
gories, and  by  the  Latins  pREoicAMEriTs,  under 
some  one  of  which  every  term  may  be  arranged. 
Aristotle  made  ten  categories,  viz.,  siib.siancc,  quan- 
tity, quality,  relation,  action,  passion,  Linic,  place, 
situation,  and  hahil.  Brandt. 

2.  Class  or  kind  described  by  any  definite  marks; 
hence,  condition  ;  particular  situation  or  state. 

Sliak. 

3.  SoTHrfmifj,  a  bad  conditioner  position.  [C*jWd- 
■quiah]  Smart. 

We  say  the  coimtr}-  is  in  a  singular  predteamcnt. 
PRE-DIC-A-MENT'AL,  o.     Poitaming  to  a  predica- 
ment. *■  Ilalc. 
PRE1>'1-CANT,  n.     [I-,  jtrttdicans^  pnrdico.] 


PREO'I-CATE,  V.  £. 


0[iL'  tliiit  nllirins  any  thing, 
El 
sav. 


ny  tl 
[L. 


prtidico ;   pros  and  dico,  to 

^'o  atfirm  one  thing  of  another;  as,  to  predicate 
whiteness  of  snow.  Reason  may  be  predicated  of 
man. 

[It  is  a  great  but  common  error  to  give  this  word 
the  sense  of  found;  as,  to  predicate  an  argument  OB 
certain  principles. —  l>i.] 


TONE,  B]JLL.i  UNITE.-.  AN"GER,  Vr'ClOUS.  — €  aa  K ;  0  as  J  j  8  as  Z ;  Cll  as  SU ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


lOS 


S37 


PRE 

P&ED'I-€AT£,  V.  i.  To  afflrm  ;  to  compriiie  an  affir- 
matiun  Hale, 

PRED'l-€ATE,  n.  In  tope,  tlint  which,  in  a  projKwi- 
lion,  is  affirmed  or  denied  of  the  snhjpcL  In  these 
pixtpi^ition$T  **  paper  w  tehiie.^^*  *'iHjk  u  not  white j^* 
whitened  is  the  predicate  affirmed  of  paper  and  de- 
nied »»f  iiili.  WaUs. 

PREU'I-CATE,  a.     Predicated.  JVarsh^iU. 

PRED'ieA-TED,  pp.     Affirmed  of  another  thing. 

PRED'I-€A-T1\0,  ppr.     Affirming  of  another  thing. 

PRED-I-CA'TIO.V,  »,     [L,  pntUieatie  ] 

Affirmation  of  sometiimg,  or  the  act  of  arnrminc 
one  thins  of  another.  Lock*. 

PRED'ieA-TO-RV,  «.    Affirmative  ;  pttsitive. 

Bp*  Hall, 

PREDICT',  v.U  [L.  prmJiettUj  pr«dico  ;  ^r*,  befdre, 
and  ^i€Ot  to  tell.] 

To  foretell ;  to  tell  beforehand  something  that  is 
to  happen.  Moses  predicted  ihe  dis[ter$iun  of  the 
Israelites.  Christ  predicted  the  destruction  of  Jeru- 
salem. 

PRE-niCTT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Foretold;  told  before  the 
event. 

PRE-DICT'ING,  ppr,    Portitclllng. 

PRE-DIC'TION,  (-fthun,)  a.     [L.  prttdietio.^ 

A  foretelling ;  a  previoris  declaration  of  a  Atture 
event ;  prophecy.  The  fiitdllmeitt  oflhe  predietionsGf 
the  prophets  is  considered  to  be  a  strong  argument  in 
favor  of  ihe  divine  oripin  of  the  Scri(>lure3. 

PRE-DICT'IVE,  a.     FurelcHing;  prophetic.     Mare. 

FRE-DICT'OR,  n,     K  foreteller;  one  who  prophesies. 

SmifU 

PRE-DI-GES'TION,  (-de-ics'chun,)a.  [pre  and  diges- 
tionJ]     Too  hasty  digestion. 

Prtdigetbon  fith  the  body  wilh  cruJities.  Bacon. 

PRE-DI-LEC'TIO.N.ii.  [Fr. ;  \X.  predilezione  i  L.  prw, 
before,  and  dUectus,  dili^o^  to  love.] 

A  previous  liking  j  a  prepossession  of  mind  in  favor 
of  soniething.  IVartom. 

PRE-DIS-P^'NENT,  a.     That  which  predisposes. 

PRE-DIS-POSE',  r.  I,     \prf  and  di'^pose.]     To  incline 

beforehand  ;  to  give  a  prcvit»us  di-^iiositiun  to  ;  as,  to 

predispose  the  mind  or  temper  to  friendship.       Soutk. 

S.  To  fit  or  adapt  previously  ;  as,  debility  predis- 

posea  the  body  to  diiease. 

PRE  DIS-P68''£:D,  pp.  Pravkiudy  inclined  or  adapt- 
ed. 

PRE-DIS-POS'ING,  ppr.  Inclining  or  adapting  before- 
hand. 

S:  a.  Tending  or  able  to  givo  predi^posIiUin  or 
liableness  ;  as,  the  prfJL<nasiHif  c.iuses  of  disease. 

PRE-DIS-PO-»r'TUiX,  (-/.ish'un.)  «.  Previous  in- 
clinatioB  or  propensity  to  any  thing;  applitd  to  the 


%  Previous  fitness  or  adaptation  to  any  change, 
irapreasion,  or  purpose  ;  applied  to  a.atur ;  as^  the  pro- 
dispoaitioH  of  the  body  to  disease ;  the  produpositiom 
of  the  aeaaons  to  generate  disease*. 

fTLremam,  Baanu 
PRE-DOM'IX-ANCE.  (  ■.  [See  PasponiHAitT.] 
PRE-DOM'IN-A\-CY,  (  Prevalence  over  others  ; 
superiority  in  sirenfflh,  power,  inttuencc,  or  authority ; 
ascendency  ;  as,  the  preditninance  of  a  red  culor  in 
a  body  i)f  various  ctilors  ;  the  prrt^tminaue;  of  luve  or 
anger  among  the  passions ;  the  predominance  of  self- 
interest  over  all  other  considerations  ;  the  predami- 
nance  of  imperial  authority  in  the  confederacy. 

2.  In  astrnlosyi,  the  su[>erior  influence  of  a  planet. 
PRE-DO.M'I.\-A.S'T,  o.     [Fr.  predominant ;  lU  predomi- 
itante  :  L.  pr0  and  dotainans^  domimrr,  to  rule.] 

Prevalent  ovfr  others  ;  superior  in  strength,  influ- 
ence, or  authority -,  ascendant  i  nilini;;  contrulling; 
as,  a  predaminaat  Color  ;  predominant  beauty  or  cxcel- 
lenc«  ,  a  preduoiinant  passion. 

T%Me  btip*  —  wriv  jK^drnnhnutt  in  fbe  klng'i  mind.    Baton. 

^'oul  suL^^ftMUiw  ■  prviamiMtnl.  Sliak. 


PRE-DOM'IX-AXT-LY.  o^e.  With  superior  strength 
or  influence.  Brmon. 

PRE-DOM'L\-STE.  r.  i.  [Fr.  prodominer;  Sp.  pre- 
domiuar;  lu  prtdmnuttare  i  L.  pr«,  before,  and  dom- 
ts«r,  to  rule,  from  dominusy  lord.] 

To  prevail ;  to  surpaM  in  strength,  influence,  or 
anthority  ;  to  be  superior;  to  have  contntlling  influ- 
ence. In  some  peraana,  the  love  of  munry  predom- 
hutcj  over  alt  other  paasloiM ;  in  others,  ambition  or 
the  love  of  fame  prredominatet ;  in  mo^t  men,  self- 
interest  prodowmulu  Qra  patriotism  and  philan- 
ihroiqr- 

BsmucacBdbvetolwreMewed  lord 

PrmlomunmM  in  tbb  fair  hdr's  hrart.  Dnniet. 

The  rajs  kAccwI  leut  oUiqiarij  Buy  prtJoa^MMlt  orrr  ibe  rrct, 

PRE-DOM1N-XTE,  r.  L    To  rule  over. 

PRE-I>OM'IN-.\-TEn,  pp.     Prevailed  or  niled  over. 

PRE-DOMIN-A-Tl\G.  ppr,  or  a.  Having  superior 
Btreneth  or  influence  ;  ruling;  controlling. 

PRE-DOM-IN-A'TION.  a.  Superior  sUenpth  or  In- 
fluence. Browne. 

PRE  DOOM'ED,(i.     Antecedently  doomed.  Coleridge. 

PRE-E-LECT',  r.  L  [pre  and  e'UcL]  To  choose  or 
elect  befi.rfhand  Diet 

PRE-E-LECT'ED,  pp.     Elected  beforehand. 

PRE~E-LE€'T10\,  n.  Choice  or  election  by  previous 
determination  of  the  will.  Prideaux. 


PRE 

PREV-EM'I-NEN'CE,  n.  [Fr. ;  lu  preeminenxai  pre 
and  eminence.'^ 

1.  Superiority  in  excellence;  distinction  fn  some- 
thing commendable  ;  as,  pre-eminence  in  honor  or 
virtue ;  pre-eminence  in  eloquence,  in  lega^attoin- 
ments,  or  in  medical  skill. 

"Hie  pr9'4iautei*c*  o(  Cbnsti&niiy  lo  nnj  other  relij^oui  •ch«;m«. 

Additon. 

S.  Precedence ;  priority  of  place  ;  superiority  in 
rank  or  dignity. 

Tlul  in  «)l  thin^  he  mli^ht  ha»e  ihr  prfnUntnee.  —  C"ol.  L 

Painful  prt-tmtnonct  t  >»uraeir  to  view 

Abo««  iHe**  weaknna  and  its  comforU  too.  Popt. 

3.  Pupenoriiy  of  power  or  influence.         Ifuoker, 
A.  Sometimes  in  a  bad  sense ;    as,  pre-eminence  in 
guilt  or  crime. 
PRE-E.M'I-NENT,  a.     [Fr. ;  pre  and  eminent;  L.  prw, 
before,  and  eminens,  rmineo.     See  Memack.] 

I.  Superior  in  excellence  ;  distinguished  tor  some- 
thing commendable  or  honorable. 

Id  goodntm  and  In  power  prt-4tMntnL  MUtan. 

Z.  Surpassing  others  in  evil  or  bad  qualities;  as, 
pre-emineHt  in  crime  or  guilt. 
PRE^-EM'I-NENT-LY,  lulv.  In  a  pre-eminent  degree; 
with  superiority  or  distinction  above  others;  Ba,pre- 
eminentlu  wise  or  good. 

'i.  In  a  b(id  sense;  as,  pre-eminentltf  guilty. 
PRE-EMP'TION,   (-shun,)  n.     [h.  prw,  before,  and 
emptio,  a  buying ;  emo,  to  buy.] 

1.  The  act  of  purchasing  before  others. 

2.  The  right  of  purchasing  before  others. 

3.  The  right  of  a  squatter  on  the  lands  of  the 
United  States  to  purchase  in  preference  to  oUiers, 
when  the  land  is  snld. 

4.  Fimnerlyy  in  Envlandy  the  privilege  or  preroga- 
tive enjoyt-d  by  the  king  of  buying  provisions  for  his 
household  in  preference  to  others,  abolished  by  stat- 
tiU'  ID  Charles  II. 

PREE-V,  II.  [Scot,  prein,  pHn,  a  pen  ;  Dan.  prcenj  the 
point  of  a  graving  tool,  a  bodkin  ;  D.  pricmy  a  pin,  a 
spike  ;  G.  pfrieme^  a  punch.  These  are  probably  the 
same  word,  a  little  varied.] 

A  forked  instrument  used  by  clothiers  in  dressing 
cloth. 
PREE\,  o.  L  [Scot,  proyne^prunfie ;  Chaucer,  proine. 
This  word  is  probably  the  same  as  the  foregoing,  de- 
noting tlie  u»e  of  the  beak  in  cleaning  and  compos- 
ing the  feathers.  So  pikitJt,  in  Chaucer,  is  from 
pike,  pick. 

He  kembith  him  ;  be  proinith  him  and  pikith. 

Cunt.  Tales,  9885. 
If  not,  the  word  may  be  contracted  from  the  Fr. 
provifncTy  to  propagate  vines  by  laying  cuttings  in 
the  ground.] 

To  clean,  compose,  and  dress  the  feathers,  as  birds, 
to  enable  them  to  glide  more  easily  through  the  air 
or  water.  For  this  purpose  they  are  furnished  with 
two  glands  on  their  rump,  which  secrete  an  oily  sub- 
stance into  a  bag,  from  which  they  draw  it  with  the 
bill  and  spread  it  over  their  feathers. 

BaUey.     P.  Cye, 
PRE-EN-GA6E',  r.  L    [pre  and  engage..]    To  engage 
by  previous  contract. 

To  Cip«>?tM  bjr  hi*  friend*  hk  iiiit  he  moT«l, 

But  be  w.-u  pf-engagtd  by  former  tics.  Dryrlen. 

2.  To  engage  or  attach  by  previous  Influence. 

Tbf  world  has  the  unhappy  adrontagv  of  prt-engo-ginz  our  pn» 
•ion*.  Roger  $, 

3.  To  engage  beforehand. 
PRE-EX-GaG'SD,  pp.    Previously  engaged  by  con- 
tract or  influence. 

PRE-E\-GaGE'MENT,  n.  Prior  engagement ;  as  by 
stipulation  or  promise.  A  would  accept  my  invita- 
tion, but  for  his  pre-engagement  to  B. 

5.  Any  previous  attachment  binding  the  will  or  af- 
fections. 

My  pr*-€nga.gtmenla  to  other  theme«  were  not  unknown  to  tho»e 
fur  whom  1  wiu  to  write.  Boylt. 

PRE-EN'-GAG'ING,  ppr.     Previously  engaging. 

PR£EN'I\G,  ppr.  Cleaning  and  composing  the  feath- 
ers, as  birds, 

PRE-ES-TAB'LTSH,  p.  L  [pre  and  tstahlish.]  To 
establish  or  si-ltlp  beforehand.  Coventry. 

PRE-ES-TAB'IJSH-£D,  (-e3-tab'lisht,)pp,  or  a.  Pre- 
viously esLiblifihed. 

PRE-E.S-TAIl'LISIi-ING,  ppr.  Settling  or  ordaining 
beforehand. 

PRE-ES-TAU'LISH-MENT,  «.  Settlement  before- 
hand. 

PKE-EX-AM-rV-A'TION.  it.     Previous  examination. 

PRE-EX-AM'INE,  r,  U    To  examine  beforehand. 

PRE-EX-AM'IX-ED,  pp.     Previously  examined. 

PRE-EX-AM'I.V-I^'G,  ppr.    Examining  beforehand. 

PRE-EX-IST',  (-eg»4st',)  r.  i.  [pre  and  exist.}  To 
exist  beforehand  or  before  something  else.  It  has 
been  believed  by  many  philosophers,  that  the  souls 
of  men  pre-ezist^  that  is,  exist  before  the  formation  of 
the  bodv. 

PRE-EX-IST'E\CE,  (-egz-isl'ens,)  n.  Existence  pre- 
vious to  something  else. 

WlKiom  ci«lviroa  her  antiquity  and  pra-exiMtenee  to  all  the  work* 
of  this  earth.  Buinel. 


PRE 

2.  ExlRtenco  of  the  soul  before  its  union  with  the 
body,  or  before  the  body  is  formed  ;  a  unei  of  Eastern 
sni^e.1.  Jiddinun. 

PRE-EX-IST'EXT,  a.    ExlAing  beforehand  ;  preced- 
ing in  existence. 

What  tnortal  know*  hi*  prt  uUtmt  atale  t  Pope. 


KStial.) 
»REF'ER-. 


PREF'ER-A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.]  Worthy  to  be  preferred 
or  chosen  before  something  else ;  more  eligible ; 
more  desirable.  Virtue  is  i^T  preferable  to  vice,  even 
for  its  plca-^urcs  in  this  life. 

2.  More  excellent;  of  better  quality;  as,  Madeira 
wine  is  prrfrrable  to  claret. 
PREF'ER-A-BLE-NESS,  71.    The  quality  or  slate  of 

bf  insi  preferable.  JiTountagu. 

PREP'ER-A-BLY,  adv.  In  preference;  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  prefer  one  thing  to  another. 

How  comcE  he  to  chootc  Plautiu  prt/erahly  to  Terence  ? 

DennU. 

PREF'ER-ENCE,  n.  The  art  of  preferring  one  thing 
before  another;  estimation  of  one  thing  above  an- 
other; eh.  ice  of  one  thing  rather  than  another. 

Ijeave  thf*  critic*  on  pithfr  •idc  lo  contend  about  the  prf/trenc» 

due  to  till*  or  that  sort  of  poetry.  Dryden. 

It  has  toj  above,  brfore,  or  orrr,  before  the  thing 
postponed.  All  men  give  the  preference  to  llorr.er  as 
an  epic  poet.  The  human  body  has  the  preference 
above  or  biforc  those  of  brutes. 

The  knowIet!?e  of  ihinps  utrme  giTPs  a  value  to  our  reasoning*, 
anil  prt/erence  of  one  ntan'fc  kriowIc<i»e  over  anoUir^r'*. 

Lodca. 
2.  The  state  of  being  preferred. 


PRE-EX-IST-I-Ma'TION,  n.  Previous  esteem.  [Awf 
in  i(j*r.]  Brown. 

PRE-EX-IST'Ii\G,  ppr.  or  o.     Previously  existing. 

PRK-EX-PEeT-A''i*lOX,  n.  Previous  expectation. 
rUu.  is  not  this  tautology  ?]  Gerard. 

PR EF'ACE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  pn^atio ;  pra,  before,  and 
fur ^  fart,  ftitus^  to  speak.] 

Something  spoken  as  introouctory  to  a  discourse, 
or  written  as  introductory  to  a  book  or  essay,  in- 
tended to  inform  the  hearer  or  reader  of  the  luairi 
diwign,  or,  in  general,  of  whatever  is  necessjuy  to  tlje 
Uudonstanding  of  the  discourse,  book,  or  esi^ay  ;  a 
proem;  an  introduction  or  series  of  preliminary  re- 
mniks.  Milton. 

PREF'ACE,  V.  L  To  Introduce  by  preliminary  re- 
marks; as,  lo  preface  a  book  or  discourse.  The 
advocate  p/ViiCA/  his  arguments  with  a  history  of  the 

■    ease. 

3.  To  face ;  to  cover ;  a  ludicrous  sense. 

Not  prtfadng  old  nigi  with  plush.  Cleaoeland. 

PREF'ACE,  V.  i.    To  say  something  introductory. 

Spectator. 
PREF'A-C/:D,  (prefast,)  pp      Introduced  with  pre- 

litntnary  observations. 
PREF'A-CER,  n.     The  writer  of  a  preface.       Zhyden. 
PREF'A-CING,  ppr.     InlriHlucing  with  preliminary 

remarks. 
PREF'A-TO-RI-LY,  adv.     By  way  of  preface. 
PKEF'A-TO-RY,  a.      Pertaining  to  u  jireface;  intro- 
'duitory  to  a  book,  essay,  or  discourse.         Dryden 
PKk'FEGT,    n.       [L.    prafectus ;    prts,    before,    and 

foftas,  made  ;  but  directly  fr()m  pr<rj!civr,  prtrfectus.] 

1.  A  mtme  given  to  several  Roman  officers.  The 
prrfret  or  warden  of  the  city  at  first  exercised  within 
the  city  the  powers  of  the  kina  or  consuls  during  their 
absence;  afterward,  as  a  permanent  magistrate,  he 
was  empowered  to  matninin  pence  and  order  in  the 
city.  The  pretorinn  prrfect  was  the  commander  of 
the  pretorian  guards.  Under  Constantine,  the  pre- 
fects became  governors  of  provinces.       Smithes  Diet. 

2.  In  FraHff.  a  superintendent  of  a  department  or 
division  of  the  kinjidtiin,  who  has  tiie  direction  of  its 
police  establishment,  ttigcthor  with  extensive  powers 
of  municipal  regulation.  Brande. 

PRr/FEeTSHlP,  ( 71.     The  office  of  a  chief  magis- 
PRk'FECT-IJHE,  \      trate,  commander,  or  viceroy. 

2.  Jurisdiction  of  a  prefect. 
PRE-FER',  r.  (.     [L.  pro'frro;   prie,  before,  and /wo, 

to  bear  or  carry  ;  Fr.  prefercr ;  It  prrferire ;  Sp.  pre- 

fcrir.] 

1.  Literalhjy  to  bear  or  carry  in  advance,  in  the 
mind,  aflections,  or  choice  ;  hence,  to  retiard  mure 
than  another  ;  to  honor  or  esteem  above  another. 

It  is  sometimes  followed  by  above,  before,  or  to. 

!f  I  preftr  not  JcniBrtli-in  aoove  mv  clii'-f  Joy. —  P*.  cxixvJL. 
He  tlwl  Cometh  after  me  i*  ■preferrtd  btfort  n>e.  — Juiin  i. 

2.  To  advance,  as  to  an  office  or  dienity  ;  to  raiseJ 
to  exalt ;  as,  to  prefer  one  to  a  bishopric ;  to  prefer  an 
officer  to  the  rank  ofgener.il. 

3.  To  offer;  to  present ;  to  exhibit;  vsually,  with 
solt^miiity,  or  to  a  public  body.  It  is  our  privilege 
to  enjoy  the  right  of  preferring  petitions  to  rulers  for 
redress  of  wrongs. 

Mv  vow*  nnd  pnyen  to  thee  prtferrtd.  Sandyt. 

Pre/er  a  Lili  n^ainst  all  kiiigi  itud  porliamenU  since  Ih^  conqneat. 

Collier. 

4.  To  oflcr  or  present  ceremoniously,  or  in  ordinary 
familiar  language  ;  to  proffer. 

lie  *pake,  and  to  her  hand  prtferred  the  bowl.  Pcpt. 

[Tkis  is  aUowtUtlCy   at  least  in  poetry^  though  not 


FaTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRfiY       PIxVE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 

85g  - 


PRE 

PRE-FER'MEXT,  n.     [It.  jnreferimento.] 

1.  Advancemeni  to  a  higher  office,  dipiity,  or  ela- 
tion. Change  of  manners,  and  even  of  character, 
often  fottow a  preferment.  A  profligate  life  should  be 
considered  a  disqualification  for  pr^erment^  no  less 
Uian  want  of  ability. 

2.  Superior  place  or  office.  AH  pr^ermeiits  should 
be  given  to  competent  men. 

3.  Prt-ference.     [JVot  u.*^rf.l  Brown. 
PRE  FER'RED,  pp.    Regarded  above  others  ;  elevated 
PRE  FER'RER,  a.     One  who  prefers.          [in  station. 
PRE-FER'RIiNG,  ppr.     Regarding  above  others;  ad- 
vancing to  a  higher  station  ;  offering-,  presenting. 

PREF'I-DEXCE,  n.  A  previous  trusting.  Baiter. 
PREF'I-DENT,  a.  Trusting  previously.  Bailer. 
PRE^FIG'lJ-RATE,  v.   L       [See    Pbefiglbe.]       To 

show  by  antecedent  representation.     [Little  used.] 
PRE-FIG-U-RA'TIOX,  n.    Antecedent  representation 
by  similitude. 

A  T*r«y  of  prophede*  and  preJiguraUona  hud  ihelr  ptmclual 
acco'mpIUhinenl  in  the  auihor  of  this  institution.     Worrit. 

PRE-FIG'T^-RA-TIVE,  a.  Showing  by  previous  fig- 
ures, types,  or  gimtliiude.  The  sacrifice  of  the 
paschal  Iamb  was  preji^rative  of  the  dt>ath  of  Christ. 

PRE-FIG'URE,  (-fig'yur,)  o.  t.  [L.  prat,  before,  and 
Jiffuro,  to  fash  ion.  J 

To  exhibit  by  antecedent  representation,  or  by 
types  and  similitude. 

In  the  Olil  Testament,  ihiu^  are  prefigured,  which  are  performed 
in  itie  New.  Hooker. 

PRF,-FIG'1;R-£D,  pp.  or  a.     Exhibited  by  antecedent 

sictis,  types,  or  similitude. 
PRE  FIG'IJR-ING,   ppr.      Showing  antecedently    by 

similTtude. 
PRE  FI.VE',  r.  U     {!>.  prajinlo  i  pra^  before,  and/n/b, 

to  limit;  /ru,  limit.] 
To  liniit  beforehand.     [LittU  used.]  Knollej. 

PREF  I-Xr'TIO.V,  (-nish'un,)  n.    Previous  limitation. 

[Little  uied,]  Fotherby. 

PRE  FIX',  r.  U     [L.  pritfigo ;  prte^  before,  and  jl^'o,  to 

fix.] 

1.  To  put  or  fii  before,  or  at  the  beginning  of  an- 
other thing  ;  as,  to  prefix  a  syllable  to  a  word  ;  to  pre- 
fix an  advertisement  to  a  hook,  or  an  epithet  to  a  title. 

2.  To  set  or  appoint  beforehand ;  as,  to  pr(fiz  the 
hotir  of  meeting. 

A  li'ne  prefix,  and  think  of  me  at  laaL  Sandyt. 

3.  To  settle  ;  to  establish. 

1  wu«il(J  prefix  wme  cettain  boundary  between  the  old  itntuiea 
and  the  new.  Hale. 

PRF.'FIX,  71.  A  letter,  syllable,  or  word,  put  to  the 
beginning  of  a  word,  usually  to  vary  it^  signification. 
A  prefix  is  united  with  the  word,  forming  a  part  of 
it ;  hence  it  is  distinguished  from  a  preposition  ;  as, 
pre  in  prefiz;  con  in  conjure^  with  in  witfu-ttand.  Pre- 
fixes are  sometimes  called  particles^  or  inseparable 
prepo/fitions. 

PRE-FIX'ED,  C-fixt',);jp.  Set  before;  appointed  be- 
fort-hand  ;  settled. 

PRE-FIX'ING,  p;(r.  Putting  before;  previously  ap- 
pninlinB  ;  establishing. 

PRE-FIX'IOi\,  (-yun,)  n.     The  act  of  prefixing. 

PRE-FEORA'TCON,  n.  In  botany,  the  manner  in 
which  the  floral  envelopes  are  arranged  in  a  flower 
bff  ire  they  expand  ;  estivation.  Limllei/. 

PRE  FORM',  r.  £.  \jtre  and  form,]  To  form  bet'nre- 
hnnd.  Shak, 

PRE-FORM'A-TIVE,  n.  [L.  prtBj  before,  and  form- 
ative.] 

A  formative  letter  at  the  beginning  of  a  word. 

.V.  Stuart. 

PREFORM'ED,  pp.     Formed  beforehand. 


PItE-FOR.M'I.VG,  ppr.     Forming  beforehand. 
PRE-FUI/CEN-CY,   n.     '" 


L.  prtrfulgena  y  prts,  before, 
and/w/^eo,  to  shine.] 

Sup<;rinr  brightness  or  effulgency.  Barrow. 

PREG'NA-BLE,  a.     [Fr.  prenahle.] 

That  may  be  taken  or  won  by  force  j  expugnnbte. 
[Little  vjird.]  Cotgmre, 

PREG'NAN-CY,  n.     [See  Prsojtawt.]     The  stale  of 
a  fi-male  who  has  conceived,  or  is  with  child.      Ray. 
3.    Fertility  ;    fruitfiilness  ;    inventive  power;  as, 
the  pregnancy  of  wit  or  invention.  Prior. 

PHCo!f«<<cc,  in  a  like  s>-nsc,  is  not  used. 
PREG'NANT,  a.     fL.  prcegnntu ;  suppoHed  to  be  com- 
potindrd  of  pruf,  Wfore,   and  geno,  Gr.    j-ccvaw,  to 
bes<'t  ;   ft.  prcffnante  :  Sp.  prenado.] 

1.  Being  with  young,  as  a  female;  breeding; 
teeming. 

•».  Pniitful ;  fertile;  impregnating;  as,  pre;rnant 
Btrfams.  jyrytirn. 

3.  Full  of  consequence  ;  aa,  a  pre^iiuint  instance  of 
infatuation. 

Ao  'gT'glfiu*  and   pregTtant  ixiatinc«  hnw  far  »irtn<*  itirpnnrs 
lii|n-iiiil<y.  Woodioard, 

4.  Easy  to  admit  or  receive. 

I  am  pregnant  ut  good  piljr.       [Not  proper.]  Sluik. 

5.  Free;  kind;  ready;  witty;  opt.    [.\'ot  proper.] 

Skak. 
a   Plain  ;  clear;  evident;  full.    [JVot  in  uee.] 

Shak. 


PRE 

A  pregnant  construction,  or  eottstruetio  praffnans,  is 
one  in  wliicli  more  is  implied  than  is  said  or  seems  ; 
ss,  the  boast,  trembled  forth  from  their  dens,  i.  e., 
came  forth  tretnliling. 
PREG'NANT-LY,  adv.     Fruitfully. 

2.  Fully;  plainly;  clearly.    [J^otused.] 

Skali     South. 
PRE'GRA-VATE,  r.  t.     [L.  pnegravo.) 

To  bear  down  ;  to  depress.     [JVot  in  use.]     HalL 
PRE-GRAV'I-TATE,  v.  i.    To  descend  by  gravity. 

Boyte. 
PRE-GUST'ANT,  a.     [L.  prasgustans.] 

Ta-siing  beforehand.  Ed.  Rev. 

PRE  GUS-TA'TION,  tl  [L.  pr<B  and  gusto,  to 
taste.] 

The  act  of  tasting  before  another.  Diet 

PRE-HEN'SI-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  seized. 

Laiorence. 
PRE-HEN'SILE      ;  a.     [L.  prefundo^to  take  or  seize ; 
PRE-HE\'SO-RY,  (      preken s-u.".] 

Seizing;  grasping;  adapted  to  seize  or  grasp. 
The  tails  of  some  monkeys  are  prehensile. 

JVat.  Hist.     Encyc. 
PRE-HEN'SrON,  (-shun,)  ji.     A  taking  hold  ;  a  seiz- 
ing; as  with  tlic  hand  or  other  limb.        Lawrence. 
PREHN'I'l'E,  (pren'Tte,)  n.     [from  Prekn,  the  name 
of  the  person  who  first  brouglil  this  stone  from  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hoiie.] 

A  pale  green  mineral,  of  a  Wtrcous  luster,  occurring 
in  botryoidal  and  mamillary  concretions,  and  in 
small  prismatic  crystals,  usually  appearing  as  if 
made  up  of  a  serie-*  of  small  tables.  It  consists  of 
silica,  nhimina,  and  lime,  with  some  water.  It  is 
usttally  found  associated  with  the  zeolites  in  amyg- 
daloid, but  occasionally  in  granite  and  gneiss. 

Dana. 
PRE-IX-STRUCT',  r.  U     [pre  and  instruct.]     To  in- 

rtrurt  previouslv.  More. 

PRE-IN-STRLCT'ED,  pp.     Previously  instructed  or 

directed. 
PRE-IN-STRUeT'ING,ppr.     Previously  instructing. 
PRK-I\-TI-MA'TIO.N,  «.     [pre  and  intimation.]     Pre- 
vious intimation  ;  n  suggestion  beforchtfhd. 

T.  Scott-. 
PRE-JUDGE',  Cpre-judj',)  v.  t.    [Fr.  prejugcr ;  1..  pra 
and  jiidico,  to  judge.] 

1.  To  judge  in  a  cause  before  It  is  beard,  or  before 
the  arguments  and  facts  in  the  case  are  fully 
known. 

The  c<"inmiitc«  of  eonncil  iixih  prejudged  (he  whole  «vw,  by 
Ciilliti]^  the  uniicJ  sense  of  butb  bouses  of  parliament  a 
univi-nal  clamor.  SiM/l. 

2.  To  judge  and  determine  before  the  cause  is 
heard  ;  hence,  sometimes,  to  condemn  beforehand  or 
unheard.  Milton. 

PRI^-JUDG'ED,  pp.  Judged  beforehand;  determined 
utiht:ard. 

PRE-JUDG'IXG,  ppr.  Judging  or  determining  with- 
out a  hearing  or  before  the  case  is  fully  understood. 

PRE-JUDG'MEN'T,  n.  Judgment  in  a  case  without  a 
hf-aring  or  full  examination.  Knox. 

PRE-JC'I-JI-CA-CY,  «.  Prejudice;  prepossession. 
[JVut   vsed.]  BlovnU 

PREJO'DI-eATE,  r.  t  [L.  pra,  before,  and  jurfwro, 
to  judge.] 

To  pn-jiidge  ;  to  determine  beforehand  to  disad- 
vantage. 

Our  dfairsl  friend 
PrejudkateM  ttic  titisiticu.  Shak. 

PREJO'DI-CATE,  p.  i.  To  form  a  judgment  without 
dpe  examination  of  the  facts  and  arguments  in  the 
case.  Sidney 

PRtiJO'DI-CATE,  o.  Formed  before  due  examina- 
tion. Watts. 

2.  Prejudiced  ;  biased  by  opinions  formed  prema- 
turely;  as,  a  prrjiidicate  reader.     [Little  usett.] 

Brown. 

PREJCni-eA-TED,  pp.    Prejudged. 

PRE-JC'IH  CA-TING,  ppr.     Prejudging. 

PRE-JU-DI-CA'TION,  n.  The  art  of  judging  with- 
out due  examination  uf  facts  and  evidt-nce. 

Shenpood. 
2.  In  Roman  oratory^  prejudications  were  of  three 
kinds  ;  first,  precedents  or  adjudged  cases,  involving 
the  i*amy  points  nf  law  ;  second,  previous  decisions 
on  the  same  qnestiim  between  other  parties  ;  third, 
decisions  (if  tht;  same  cause  and  betwef-n  the  same 
parties,  before  tribunals  of  inferior  jurisdiction. 

j1dams''s  LecL 

PRF^JC'DI  CA-TIVE,  a.  Forming  an  opinion  or 
judgment  without  examination.  Alore. 

PKEJ'U-DICE,  (pred'ju-dis,)  n.  ^Fr.,  from  L.  prgu- 
dicium:  prtr  and  jiulieo.] 

1.  Prr-judgmenl ;  an  opinion  or  decision  of  mind, 
formed  without  due  examination  of  the  facts  or  ar- 
guments which  are  necussnry  to  a  just  and  impartial 
dt^frminalion.  It  is  used  in  a  good  or  bad  sense. 
iTinumerahle  are  the  prejudices  of  education  ;  wc  are 
accustomed  to  believe  what  we  are  taught,  and  to 
receive  opinions  from  oth(;rs  without  examining  the 
grounds  by  which  they  can  be  supported.  A  man 
has  strong  prejudices  in  favor  of  his  country  or  his 
party,  or  the  church  in  which  he  has  been  educated  ; 
and  often  our  prejudices  are  unreasonable.     A  judge 


PRE 

should  disabuse  himaclf  ofpr^tuft'ce  in  favor  of  either 
party  in  a  suit. 

Mj  comfort  ia,  XhMlhf'\T  munVi-M  pr^wtiee  to  jny  cauae  wfU  rrn- 
dor  tlipir  jmlgiiirnt  of  lea*  autborilj,  Drydtn. 

3.  A  previous  bent  or  bias  of  mind  for  or  against 
any  person  or  thing;  prepossession. 


3.  Mischief;  hurt;  damage;  Injury.  Violent  fac- 
tions arc  a  prejudice  to  the  authority  of  the  sovereign. 

How  [lUin  ttiii  abuae  b,  and  -whax  prtfvdiet  it  doea  to  the  onder^ 

■landing  of  ih-  a.icn-d  Scnpturca  I  Locke. 

[  This  ii  a  sense  of  tlie  word  too  well  established  to  be 
condemned.] 
PREJ'IJ-DICE,  r.  t.  To  prepossess  with  unexamined 
opinions,  or  opinions  formed  without  due  knowledge 
of  the  facts  and  circumstances  attending  the  ques- 
tion ;  to  bias  the  mind  by  hasty  and  incorrect  no- 
tions, and  give  it  an  unreasonable  bent  to  one  side 
or  other  of  a  cause. 

Suffer  not  any  beloved  study  to  prejudice  your  mind  so  far  m  to 
despise  all  oihir  Icnniiny.  WaiU. 

9.  To  obstruct  or  injure  by  prejudices,  or  an  undue 
previous  bias  of  the  mind;  or  to  hurt;  to  damage; 
to  diminish  ;  to  impair  ;  in  a  very  general  sense.  The 
advocate  who  altehipts  to  prove  too  much  may  pr*;^- 
udice  his  cause. 

I  am  not  to  prejudice  the  cause  of  my  fellow-poeta,  iJiough  I 
abandon  my  own  defense.  Dryden. 

PREJ'T2-DIC-ii:D,  (pred'ju-dist,)pp.  oro.    Prepossessed 
by  unexamined  opinions;  biased. 

PREJ-IT-DI"CIAL,    (pred-ju-dish'al,)    a.      Biased    or 
blinded  by  prejudices  ;  as,  a  prejudicial  eye.     [JSTut 

•  in  use.]  Hooker. 

2.  Htirlfiil  ;  mischievous  ;  injuricns  ;  disadvan- 
tageous;  detrimental;  lending  to  obstruct  or  im- 
pair. A  high  rate  of  interest  is  prc^urficwi  to  trade 
and  manufactures.  Intemperance  is  prejudicial  to 
health. 

Ilia  going  a\K-ny  the  next  morning,  with  all  hi*  troops,  wiia  most 
prejudUial  to  th'-  kind's  nrl'ttirs.  Clarettdott. 

One  nf  tbe  youn^  l.-idit-s  rends  wliilc  the  others  are  at  work ;  so 
that  the  Ifaniitig  ot  tlie  tkiiuly  it  not  at  all  pre/udiriai  to  its 
miinitfACKirva.  Addieon. 

PREJ-U-DI'^CIAL-LY,  adv.     Injuriously  ;  disadvan- 
lageouslv. 

PREJ-IT-[)I"CIAI^NES3,  n.    The  slate  of  being  prej- 
udicial ;  injtiriousness. 

PREJ'U-OIC-ING,  p/ir.     Prepossessing  ;  biasing. 

PRE-KNOWL'EDGE,  (pre  nol'lej,)  n.     Prior  knowl- 
edge. 

PREL'ACY  or  PRk'EA-CY,  n,    [from  prc/ote.]    The 
oflice  or  dignity  of  a  prelate. 

Prelaaea  may  lie  termed  the  greater  bene  fleet.  Ayli/^t. 

2.  Episcopacy  ;  the  order  of  bishops. 

How  m;uiy  are  th'-re  thit  cull  lhem»elv.->  Protes'^nfa,  who  nnt 
prelacy  and  popery  logr^'thcr  us  turms  coavi;nible  1     Suii/u 

3.  Bishops  collectively. 

Divers  of  the  reverend  prelticy.  tiooker. 

PREL'ATE  or  PRk'LATR,71.    [Fr.prc^if,;  lUprelato; 
from  h.  pra-latus,  pro'fcro.] 

A  clergyman  of  a  superior  order,  having  authority 
over  the  lower  clergy,  as  an  archbishop,  bishop,  &:c. ; 
a  dignitary  of  the  church.  Bacon. 

PREL'ATE-SIIIP,  n.     The  office  of  a  prelate. 

Harmar. 
PRR-EAT'ie,         I   a.     Pertaining  to  prelates  or  prel- 
PRE-LAT'IC-AL,  (       acv  ;  as,  prrlafical  authority. 
PRE-LAT'ie-AL-LY.aifr.    With  reference  to  prelates. 

Morton. 
PRE-LA'TION,  71.     [L.  pr<rlatio,  pnr/cro.] 

Preference;  the  selling  of  one  above  another. 
[Little  iwrrf.J  linle. 

PRI:L'A-TISM,  «.     Prelacy;  episcopacy.       Milton. 
PREL'A-TIST,  n.     [from  prelate.]     An  advocate  for 
prelacy  or  the  government  of  the  church  by  bishops ; 
a  high  churchman. 

I  am  nn  Episcopalian,  but  not  a  prelatiet.  T.  Scott. 

PREL'A-TTJRE,  )   ,      r«_  _.-/-,„-.  i 

PREL'A-TURE-SHIP,  i  "*    l^  r- prelaturs. ] 

The  state  or  dignity  of  a  prelate.  Diet. 

PREL'A-TY,  Tu     Episcopacy;  prelacy.     [JVbt  in  use.] 

Milton. 
PRE-LEGT',  V.  L     [L.  pralcctusf  pra;kgo;  pra,  before, 
and  legn^  to  read.] 

To  read  a  lecture  or  public  discourse.      Iloralcy. 
PRE-LEC'TION,  n.     [L.  prwlcclio.] 

A  lecture  or  discourse  read  in  public  or  to  a  select 
company.  Hale. 

PRE-LEG'TOR,  n.     A   reader  of  discourses  ;  a  lec- 
turer. Sheldon. 
PRE-LT-BA'TION,  ju     [from  L.  prmliboi  prm^  before, 
and  libo,  to  taste.] 

1.  Foretaste  ;  a  tasting  beforehand  or  by  anticipa- 
tion. Tlie  joy  that  proceeds  from  u  belief  of  pardon 
is  a,  prclifmtion  of  heavenly  bliss. 

2.  An  effusion  previous  to  tasting.    Q.\i. 

Jjhnson. 
PRE-LIM'IN-A-RI-L.y,  adv.    In  a  preliminary  man- 
ner. 
PRE-LIM'IN-A-RY,  «.      [Fr.  prelimntnre  t    It.  preli- 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE AN"CER,  Vl"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J;  9  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

85Sr 


PRE 


PRE 


PRE 


wamire :    Sp.  prrtiminar  ;   h.  /inSi  before,  and  limetij 
tbreslihoM  or  limit.] 

IniriMluctory  ;  previous  ;  proemial  ;  thai  precedes 
the  main  discourse  or  business  ;  as,  prfliminary  ob- 
servations to  a  discourse  or  btHik  ;  preUminary  arti- 
cles to  a  treaty  ;  ureltmiRary  measures. 

PRE-Lr.M'IN-A-RY,  «.  That  which  precede!  Ihe 
main  discourse,  work,  design,  or  business  i»me- 
Ihing  previous  or  preparatory  ;  as,  the  jfrdimimanes 
to  a  negotiation  or  treaty  ;  the  prtiiminarui  to  a  com- 
bat.   The  parties  met  to  settle  the  prdimtmaritM, 

PRE'LUDE  or  PREL't;DE,  n.  [Fr.  vU  ;  It.  and  Bp. 
yretudio  ;  Low  L.  pnelttdimmy  from  pnrludo ;  pne^  be- 
fore, and  ludo,  to  play.J 

1.  A  siiurt  rtiglii  of  music,  or  irrepular  air  played 
by  a  musician  before  he  begius  the  piece  to  be  plaj-ed, 
or  before  a  lull  concert.  finryc,     TaHnf. 

2.  Something  introductory,  or  that  shows  what  Is 
to  follow  ;  something  preceding  which  bears  some 
n-liition  or  resemblance  to  thai  which  is  to  follow. 

I'h?  lut  Georpc  wm  a  ^Dod  pr*tud»  to  tte  JEael*.    AMi»on. 

3.  A  forerunner  j  aomething  which  indicates  a 
niture  event. 

PRE-LCDE',  p.  L  To  introduce  with  a  previous  per- 
formance ;  to  play  before ;  as,  lo  prdutU  a  concert 
with  a  lively  air- 

■2,  To  precede,  as  an  introductory  piece  \  as,  a 
lively  air  prtlvtdes  the  concert. 

PRE-LCDE',  ».  i.    To  serve  as  an  introduction  lo. 

Dryden, 

PRE-LCD'ED,  pp.  Preceded  by  an  introductory  per- 
formance ;  preceded. 

PRE-LCD'ER,  m.  One  that  plays  a  prelude,  or  intro- 
duces bv  a  previous  irregiilai"  piece  of  music 

PRE-LOn'LXG,  ppr.  Playing  an  introduaory  airj 
preceding. 

PR£-L0'Di-OU3,  «.     Previous  ;  introductory. 

CUiLvelamd, 

PRE-LO'DI-UM,  M.    [Low  L.]    A  prtlude.  Dr^en. 

PRE-LO'SIVE,  «.  Previous  ;  intntductory  ;  ludica- 
tins  that  something  of  a  like  kind  is  to  follow  ;  as, 
preiusiva  drops,  Tkomson. 

lltlcil^M^J/,  j  «*•  P""^"-"')-  ■'  i-uoduclorily. 
PRE-LO'SO-RY,  a.    Previous  ;  introductory  ;  prelu- 
sive. Bueom. 
FRB-MA-TGRE',  a.    [Fr.  pr&matMrt^  from  L.  fr^mm- 
tunu :  pr^,  before,  and  matttrus^  ripe.} 

I.  Ripe  before  the  natural  or  proper  time ;  as,  the 
frrmaturt  fruits  of  a  hotbed. 

2:  Happening,  arriving,  performed,  or  adopted  be- 
fore Ibe  pn^ier  time ;  as,  a  yrftitrs  foil  of  snow  In 
autumn  ;  a  jireawtitrc  birth  ;  a  prtmrniitrt  ofrinlon }  a 
f  mufiir*  aieasure. 

3.  Arriving  or  received  without  due  authenticnlion 
or  evidence  i  as,  premature  report,  news,  or  intelli- 
gence. 
PRE-MA-TORE'LY,  arfr.  Too  soon  ;  loo  eariy ;  be- 
fore tho  proper  t'me  ;  ai*.  fruits  prtmatmreltf  ripened  ; 
opinions  prtmaturtlif  funned  ;  measures  prematurtly 
taken. 

3.  Without  due  evidence  or  authcnticatioa ;  as, 
Intelliponce  prrmatureiy  received. 
PRE:-M.\-TCRE'NESS,  \  n.    Ripeness  before  the  nat- 
PRE-MA-TC'RI-TY,       \      ural  or  proper  time. 
^  Too  great  haste ;  unseasonable  earlineas. 

Warton. 
PRE-MEO'LTATE,  t».  U     [Fr.  premediter ;  IL  premedi- 
tart ;    L.  pntmeditor ;  pr«,   bt-fure,   and   meditoTj  to 
meditate.] 

To  think  on  and  revolve  in  the  mind  beforehand  ; 
in  contrive  and  design  previously  j  as,  lo  premedilaU 
tbeit  or  robbery. 

W  itti  w<mh  ^rtwgJilBlHf  that  be  gdd.  Dr^fdtn, 

PRE-MED'I-TATE,  v,  L  To  think,  consider,  or  re- 
volve in  the  mind  beforehand;  to  deliberate;  to 
have  formed  in  the  mind  by  previous  thought  or 
meditation.  Hooker. 

PRB-MED'I-TATE,  a.  Contrived  by  previous  mcdi- 
lnti<m.  Burnet, 

PRE-.MED'I-TA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Previously  consid- 
ered or  meditated. 

a.  Previously  contrived,  designed,  or  intended; 
deliberate  ;  willful ;  as,  premeJittUed  murder. 

PRE-MED'I-TATE-LY,  orfo.  With  previous  medita- 
tion. FeWianu 

PRE-MKO'I-TA-TIXG,  p^.  Previously  meditating; 
routriving  or  inieudtng  bt-forehand. 

PRE-MED-I-TA'TION,  a.     [L.  prwmeditalio.] 

1.  The  act  uf  mediLtling  beforehand  ;  prcviotis 
deliber^Lion. 

■attne  un  nbe  without 
Drydtu. 

2.  Previous  contrivance  or  design  formed  ;  as,  the 
premeditation  of  a  crime. 

PRE-MER'IT,  B.  e.     [pre  and  merit]     To  merit  or  de- 
serve beforehand.     [Uttte  M*cd.l  K.  CharUs. 
PREM'I-CES,  a.  »/.     [Fr.,  from  L  prtmitue,  primus.] 
First-fruits.     [.Vot  ujed.]  Drydetu 
PREM'IER,(prem'yer,)  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  primus,  first.] 
First;   chief;    principal;   as,   the  prettuer  place; 
premier  minister.                                 Camden.     SwifL 


A  ■yddeq  tbov«tit  nny  be  faisher  II 


PREM'IKR,  (prem'yer,)n.  The  first  minister  of  state  ; 
tlie  prime  minister. 

PREM'IKR-SHIP,  II.  The  office  or  dignity  of  the  first 
niinistrr  of  state. 

PRE-MIL-LEN'LAL,  0.    Previous  lo  the  millennium. 

PRE-MISE',  r.  U  [L.  prmmixtuay  pnfftRiUt>,to  send  be- 
fore.! 

L  To  speak  or  write  before,  or  as  Introductory  lo 
the  main  subject ;  to  olfer  previously,  as  something 
to  explain  or  aid  in  understanding  what  follows. 

IprvNtJM  these  paniciibn  th.it  ihe  n-ftiler  i»v  kitow  i)i:ii  I  rnler 

upon  it  u  K  vcrj  un^Jteful  t:i»k.  AdiHton, 

%  To  send  before  the  time.     [Xot  in  use,]^    Shak. 

3.  To  lay  down  premises  or  first  propositions,  on 
which  rest  the  subsequent  reasonings.  BurueU 

4.  To  use  or  apply  previously- 

If  vonnccUon  aud  a  cunhartic  be  pretnued.  Darttin, 

PRE-MISE'  V.  i.    To  slate  nnteccdenl  propositions. 

Swift 
PREM'IPE,  (prem'is,)  ■.    See  Premises. 
PRE-MIS'£0,  pp.    gpoken  or  written  before,  as  intro- 
ductory" to  the  main  siibjecL 
PREM'I^ES,  B.  pL     [Fr.  premisses  ;  L.  prtxmissa.] 

1.  In  loificy  the  two  first  propositions  of  a  syllo- 
gism, from  which  the  inference  or  conclusion  is 
drawn  ;  as, 

All  sinners  deserve  punishment; 

A  B  is  a  sinner. 

These  propositions,  which  are  the  premise*,  being 
true  o{  admitted,  the  conclusion  follows,  that  A  B 
deserves  punishment. 

2.  Proiwsitioiis  antecedently  supposed  or  proved. 

While  the  premitet  sUnd  firm,  it  U  bnpUHiUe  to  shape  the  eoi>- 
dusion.  Dicay  of  Pitty. 

3.  In  /a»,  circumstances  premised  or  set  forth  pre- 
vious to  the  covenants,  tc  Also,  the  houses,  lands, 
k.c.^  proposed  to  he  conveyed  by  deed,  &.c.  Hence, 
the  term  is  applied  lo  a  building  with  its  adjuncts. 

PRE-.MIS'1\G,  ppr.  Speaking  ur  writing  before  ;  lay- 
ing down  the  premises. 

PREM'ISS-Ti.    A  premise.    [See  Prehisei.] 

iVhately.     Watts. 

PRE'MI-UM,  R.  [1*1  Prpperlify  a  reward  or  recom- 
pense ;  a  prize  to  be  won  by  comjR^tition ;  the  re- 
ward or  prize  to  be  adjudged  to  the  best  performance 
or  production. 

2.  The  recompense  or  prize  offered  for  a  specific 
discovery,  or  fi»r  success  in  an  enterprise  :  as  fi»r  the 
discovery  of  the  longitude,  or  of  a  nortii-west  passage 
to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

3.  A  bounty ;  something  ofl^ered  or  given  for  the 
loan  of  money,  usually^  a  sum  beyond  the  interest. 

4.  The  recompense  to  underwriters  for  insurance, 
or  for  undertaking  to  indemnify  for  losses  of  any 
kind. 

5.  It  is  sometimes  synonymous  with  Interest,  but 
generally,  in  obtaining  loans,  it  is  n  sum  percent, 
distinct  from  the  interest.  The  bank  lends  money 
to  government  at  a  premium  of  2  per  cent. 

6.  A  bounty. 

The  bw  that  obltgrs  p«ri*hra  to  iimport  the  poor,  oflere  a.  pra- 
■MKOi  fcr  lix  eocuunfement  oTiiileaeai.  Prank&n. 

PRE-MON'ISH,  e.  (.  [L.  praimoneo ;  prm  and  moneOt 
to  warn.] 

To  forewarn;  to  admonish  beforehand. 

PRE-MON'ISII-£D,  (-mon'isht,)  pp.     Forewarned. 

PRE-MON'ISH-I\G,  jo/rt".     Admonishine  bt-foreliand. 

PRE-MOi\'I8II-ME\T,  n.  Previous  warning  or  ad- 
monition ;  previous  infonnation. 

PRE^MO-\I"TIO.\,  (-mo-nish'un,)  n.  Previous  warn- 
ing, notice,  or  information.  Christ  gave  to  his  disci- 
ples premonitions  of  their  sufferings. 

PRE-MO.N'I-TO-RI-LY,orfp.     By  way  of  premonition. 

PRE-MON'I-TO-UY,  a.  Giving  previous  warning  or 
notice, 

PRE-MON'STRANT.S,  w.  pL     [L.  pramimstram.] 

A  religious  order  of  regular  canons  or  monks  of 
Preroonire  in  Picardy,  instituted  by  Norbert  in  1120. 
Th*'y  are  called  also  White  Canons.  These  monks 
were  pf*or  at  fir.-Jt,  but  within  thirty  years  they  had 
more  than  one  hundred  abbeys  in  France  and  Ger- 
many, and  in  time  they  were  established  in  all  parts 
of  Christendom.  Ejieyc* 

PRE-MON'STRATE,  r.  L  [L.  pramonstro;  prce^  be- 
fore, and  mon-itrOf  to  sliow.J 

'I'o  sliow  beforehand.     [Little  used.]         Hcrbrrt. 

PRE-MON-STUA'TION,  n,  A  showing  beforehand. 
[Little  vf^ed.]  Shelford. 

PRE-MOR:SE  ,  (pre-mors',)  a.      [I^.  preBmordeo^  pra- 
mtorsus  ;  priB  and  murdeOy  to  gnaw.] 
As  if  bitten  off. 

Premorse  roots  or  leaves,  in  botany,  are  such  as  have 
an  abrupt,  ragged,  and  irregular  termination,  as  if 
bitten  off  short.  Lindtey. 

PRE-MO'TION,  n.  [pre  and  motion.]  Previous  mo- 
lion  or  excitement  lo  action.  Encyc 

PREM -^-M'RE,  n.  [See  Pr.emunire.]  [If  really 
anglicized,  premunire  is  the  regular  orthography.  But 
this  is  ntrt  yet  settled.] 

1.  In  lao},  the  offense  of  introducing  foreign  au- 
thority into  England,  and  the  writ  which  is  grounded 
on  the  offense. 


•cupaney  of  it.  by  the  law  of  nature  and  nations. 
E-Oe'CU-PATE,  V.  t.     [h.  pruoccupo  I  pra  and  o 


3.  The  i>enalty  incurred  by  the  offense  above  de- 
scribed. 

Wolsej  incunctl  a  pt  tmuttb  a,  aad  fotkive*!  bb  honor,  estnt^,  and 
lUe.  South. 

PRE  >IU-NITE',  V.  U    To  guard  against  objection  ;  to 

fortify.     [Obs.] 
PRE-MU-M"TfON,  (-nish'un,)  n.      [L.  pnemunHie, 
from  pramunio.] 

An  anticipation  of  objections.  Diet. 

PRENO'MEX,  n.     [L.  pranometu] 

Amimg  tJie  Romans^  a  name  prefixed  to  the  family 
name,  answering  to  our  Christian  name;  as  Caius, 
Lucius,  Marcus,  &c. 
FRE-NUM'IN-ATE,  v  L    [L.pr<B  and  nomiao.] 

To  forename. 
PRK-XOM'IN-ATE,  a.     Forenamcd.  Shak. 

PRE  NOM'IN-A-TED,  pp.     Forenamed. 
PRE-NOM'IX-A-TING,  ppr.     Forenaming. 
PRE-NOM-IN-A'TION,  n.     The  privilege  of  being 

named  first  Broten. 

PRE-NO'TiON,  n.  [L.  prtenotio ;  pra  and  noseOy  to 
know.] 

A  notice  or  notion  which  precedes  something  else 
in  time  ;  previous  notion  or  thought ;  foreknowledge. 
Baeoju     Brown, 
PREN-SA'TION,  n,      [L.  prcnsatio,  from   prenso,  to 
seize.] 
'J'he  act  of  seizing  with  violence.    [Little  used.] 

Barrow. 
PREN'TICE  ;  a  colloquial  contraction  of  Apprenticb, 

which  sec. 
PREN'TICE-SHIP  j  a  contraction  of  Apprenticeship, 

which  see.  Pope, 

PRE-NUN-CI-A'TION,  n.  [L.  prarnMncio;  prai  and 
nuncio,  to  tell.] 

The  act  of  telling  before.    [JV'ot  used.]  Diet. 

PRE-On-TAIN',  V.  U  To  obtain  beforehand. 
PRE-OB-TaIN'£D,  pv.  Previously  obtained. 
PRE-Oe'eU-PAN-CY,  n.     [L.  pr^accupaiis.] 

1.  The  act  of  taking  possession  before  another. 
The  property  of  unoccupied  land  is  vested  by  prt- 
occupancy. 

9.  The  right  of  taking  possession  before  others. 
The  first  discoverer  of  unoccupied  land  has  the  pre- 
oca 
PRE 
cupo,  to  seize.] 

1.  To  anticipate  ;  to  lake  before.  Bacon. 

2.  To  prepossess  ;  to  fill  with  prejudices.  tVotton. 
[Instead  of  this.  Preoccupy  is  used.] 

PRE-Oe  i'U-PA'TlON,!!.  A  taking  possession  before 
anotli(-r ;  prior  occupation. 

2.  Anticipation. 

3.  Prepossession.  Barrington. 

4.  Anticipation  of  objections.  South. 
PRE-OC'CU-I'I-£n,    C-pide,)  pp.  or  a.     Taken    pos- 
session of  beforehand  ;  prepossessed. 

PRE-OC'CU-PI?,  r.  t,  [L.  prteoccvpo ;  pra,  before, 
and  oceupOy  to  seize.] 

1.  To  take  possession  before  another  ;  as,  to  preoc- 
cupy a  country  or  land  not  before  occupied. 

2.  To  prepossess;  lo  occupy  by  anticipation  or 
prejudices. 

I  think  it  inoir  rfiprelftil  to  the  rentier  to  IfiBve  ■onif-lhiii^  lo  re- 
flcciiona,  Ih'tn  lo  preoccupy  his  Jud^mcuL  Arhulhnot. 

PRE-Oe'€U-PV-ING,  ppr.  Taking  possession  of  be- 
forehand ;  occupying  by  anticipation. 

PUEOM'IN-ATE,  v.  t,  [L.  pra  and  ominor,  lo  prog- 
nosticate.] 

To  prognosticate  ;  lo  gather  from  omens  any  future 
event.  Brown. 

PRE-0-PIN'ION,  C-y""0  ^'  [pre  and  opinioH.]  Opin- 
ion previously  formed  ;  prepossession.  Brown. 

PRE-OP'TION,  n.  [pre  and  option.]  The  right  of 
first  choice.  Stackhouse. 

PRE-ORDAIN',  V.  U  [pre  and  ordain.]  To  ordain 
or  appoint  beforehand  ;  to  predetermine.  All  things 
are  supfwsed  to  he  preordained  by  God. 

PRE-OR-DAIN'£D,p;>.  or  a.  Antecedently  ordained 
or  determined. 

PRE-OR-DAL\'ING, ppr.    Ordaining  beforehand. 

PRE-OR'DI-NANCE,  n.  [pre  and  ordinance.]  Ante- 
cedent decree  or  determination.  Shak. 

PRE^OR'DI-NATE,  a.     Foreordained.     [Little  used.] 

PRE-OR-DJ-NA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  foreordaining  ; 
previous  determination.  Fotherby, 

PRE-PAID',  pp.  or  a.  Paid  in  advance,  as  postage  of 
letters. 

PRE-PAR'A-BLE,  a.  [See  Prepare.]  That  may  be 
prepared.  Btnjle. 

PREP-A-RA'TION,  n.    [L.  prtrparat.io.  See  Prepare.] 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  preparing  or  fitting  for  a 
particular  purpose,  use,  service,  or  condition  ;  as, 
the  preparation  of  land  for  a  crop  of  wheat ;  the 
preparation  of  troops  for  a  campaign  ;  the  preparation 
of  a  nation  for  war  ;  the  preparation  of  men  for  fu- 
ture happiness.  Preparation  is  intended  lo  prevent 
evil  or  secure  good. 

2.  Previous  measures  of  adaptation. 

I  will  show  what  preparatioTU  there  vtn  in  nature  Tor  lhi>  <lia- 
■oluUon.  BurneL 

3.  Ceremonious  introduction.    [UnusuaL]  Shak, 


FATF>,  FAR,  FALI,,  WHAT.  — Mf.TE,  PRgY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BpQK.- 


PRE 

4.  That  which  is  prepared,  made,  or  compounded 
for  a  p:irticular  purpose. 

I  wiki  ihe  £h«mkts  tud  beeo  aiure  ipojui^,  who  magTufy  th«ir 
prwparatkm:  Brown. 

5.  The  slate  of  being  prepared  or  in  readiness  ;  as^ 
a  nation  in  good  preparation  for  attack  or  defense. 

6.  Accomplishment  i  qualification.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

7.  In  pharmacy ^  any  medicinal  substance  fitted  for 
the  use  of  the  patient,  Encye. 

8.  In  anatomy,  a  name  given  to  the  parts  of  animal 
bodies  prepared  and  preserved  for  anatomical  uses. 

Encyc. 
Preparation  of  dissonances,  in  mtufic,  is  their  dispo- 
sition in  hannony  in  such  a  manner  that  by  some- 
thine  congenial  in  what  precedes,  they  may  he  ren- 
dered less  harsh  to  the  ear  than  they  would  be  with- 
out such  preparation.  Eneijc. 

Prfparatitm  of  medicines ;  the  process  of  fitting  any 
sub<itance  for  use  in  the  art  of  healing. 
PRE-PAR'A-TIVE,  a.     [It.  preparativoi  Fr.  prrpara- 

Fending  to  prepare  or  make  ready  ;  having  the 
power  of  preparing,  qualifying,  or  fitting  for  any 
thing  :  prepjuatory. 

He  Kpmt   mncli  time  in  quest  of  knowledge  preparation  (o  this 
work.  South. 

PRE-PAR'A-TIVE,  n.  Thai  which  has  the  power  of 
preparing  or  previously  fitting  for  a  purpose;  thai 
which  prepares. 

Ri?«oJv>filn<-M  in  >in  can  with  no  reason  be  imn^fned  n  prfjtara- 
6oe  to  wniiMion.  Decay  of  Piety. 

2.  That  which  is  done  to  prevent  an  evil  or  secure 
some  good. 

The  miseri'-i  we  tuSier  may  be  prtparadoe  of  future  bl*<9nn«s. 
K.  Charltt. 

3.  Preparation  ;  as,  to  make  the  necessary  prrparo- 
tires  for  a  voyage.  Drydcn. 

PRE-PAR'A-TIVE-LY,  adv.     By  way  of  preparation. 

Hale. 
PRE-PAR'ATO-RY,  a,     [It.   and   Sp.  preparatorio ; 
Fr.  prfparatoire.] 

1.  Previously  necessary;  useful  or  qualifying; 
preparing  the  way  for  any  thing  by  previous  meas- 
ures of  adaptation.  The  practice  of  virtue  and  piety 
is  preparaJ<mj  to  the  happiness  of  heaven. 

a.  introductory  ;  previous  ;  antecedent  and  adapted 

to  what  follows.  Hale. 

PRE-PARE',    0.  L     [Fr.  preparer;  It.  preparart ;  Sp. 

and  Port,  prcparar  ;  from  L.  pncparo  ;  pm  and  paro  ; 

Russ.  ubirayu ,-  W.  parodi.     The  L.  paro  is  probably 

t  --* 
the  Shemitic  N-^2,  I  jj  to  create  or  bring  forth,  co- 
inciding with  English  hear;  and  from  the  h.  are 
derived  Fr.  parer,  Sp.  and  Port,  parar,  IL  parart. 
The  sense  of  ;wppare  is  derived  from  many  kinds  of 
actions.     See  Nt3  in  the  Introduction.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  fit,  adaptj  or  qualify  for  a 
particular  purpose,  end,  use,  servu-e,  or  state,  by 
any  means  whatever.  We  prepare  ground  for  seed 
by  tillage  ;  we  prepare  cloth  for  use  by  dressing  ;  we 
prepare  medicines  by  pulveri!-.ation,  mixture,  i,c. ; 
we  jrrepare  young  men  for  college  by  previous  in- 
struction ;  men  are  prepared  for  professions  by  suita- 
ble »iudy ;  holiness  of  heart  is  necessary  to  prepare 
men  for  the  enjoyment  of  happiness  with  holy  be- 
ings. 

2.  To  make  ready  ;  as,  to  prepare  the  table  for  en- 
tertaining company. 

3.  To  provide ;  to  procure  as  suitable  ;  as,  tcr  pre- 
pare arms,  ammunition,  and  provisions  for  troops; 
to  prepare  ships  for  defense. 

Abwitom  prepartd  bim  cbnriots  and  tionrs,  and  fifty  mr^i  to  nin 
before  hlni.  — H  Sum.  zr. 

4.  To  set ;  to  establish. 

The  I<ord  haib  prepared  h'a  throne  In  the  heareivt.  —  Pi.  ciii 

5.  To  appoint 

It  sbal]  be  pivcD  to  them  lor  whom  Hit  prepared.  —  Matt.  xx. 

6.  To  guide,  direct,  or  establish.     1  Chron.  xxix. 
PRE-PARE',  ».i.    To  make  all  things  ready ;  to  put 

things  in  suitable  order;  as,  prepare  for  dinner. 

Shak. 

2.  To  take  the  necessary  previous  measures. 

IMo  preparing  to  lull  ItenelC.  Pea/:fiam. 

3.  To  make  one*8  self  ready. 

Prepare  lo  mcpt  thy  God,  O  Israel.  —  Amoi  It. 

PREPARE',  n.     Preparation.     [JVot  in  ii.«.]      Shak, 

yVLR-PAR'El),  pp.  or  a.  Fitted  ;  adapted  ;  made  suit- 
able :  made  ready  ;  provided. 

PRE-PAR'EI>-LY,adtJ.  With  suitable  previous  meas- 
ure**. Shak. 

PRf^PAR'ED-NESS,  ».  The  state  of  being  prepared 
or  in  readiness.  South. 

PRE-PAR'ER,  n.  One  that  prepares,  fits,  or  makes 
ready. 

2.  One  that  provides. 

3.  That  wltich  fits  or  makes  suitable  ;  as,  certain 
manures  are  preparer*  of  land  for  particular  crops. 

Mortimer. 


PRE 

PRE-PaR'ING,  ppr.      Fitting;    adapting;     making 

ready  ;  provitling. 
PRk-PAY',  b.  £."  To  pay  in  advance  or  beforehand,  as 

the  postage  of  a  letter. 
PRfi-PAY'MENT,  n.    Payment   in    advance,  as   of 

postage. 
PRE-PENSE',  (pre-pens',)   a.     [L.  prcepeiuius,  pra^pen- 

deo  :  prw  and  pendeo,  to  incline  or  hang  down.] 
Preconceived;  premeditated;  aforethought. 

Mtdice  prepente  ia  nccenary  lo  coiMtitute  munl'^r.    Blacktton*. 

PRE-PEXSE',  (pre-pens',)  f.  (.  [Supra.]  To  weigh 
or  consider  beforehand.     [JV*ot  used.]  Etyot. 

PRE-PENSE',  (pre-pens',)  v.  i.  To  deliberate  before- 
hand.    [AT?£  used.]  Spenser. 

PRE-PE.NS'jED,  (penst',)  m.  or  a.  Previously  con- 
ceived ;  premeditated.  \LittU  used.]  [See  Pre- 
pense.] 

PRE-POL'LEXCE,   )n.      [L.  pr,rpollens,    pra-poUeo . 

PRE-POL'LEN-CY,  \     pree  and  poUco.] 

Prevalence  ;  superiority  of  power.  Coventry. 

PRE-POI/hENT,  a.  Having  superior  gravity  or 
power;  prevailing.  Boyle. 

PRE-PON'DKR,t).£.  [SeePREFONDERATE.]  To  out- 
weigh.     \JVot  used.]  fVolton. 

PRE-PON'KER-ANCE,    )  ra       t>  t 

PKE-PON'DER-AN-C^,  \  "^     t^^*'  PaEPONDERiXE.] 

1.  An  outweighing  ;  superiority  of  weight.  The 
least  preponderance  of  weight  on  one  side  of  a  ship 
or  boat  will  make  it  incline  or  heel. 

2.  Superiority  of  power,  force,  or  weight,  in  a  figu- 
rative sense  ;  as,  a  preponderance  of  evidence, 

Locke. 
PRE-PO.\'DER-A\T,  a.     Outweighing.  Reid, 

PRE-PON'DER  ATE,  v.  t.  [L.  prtrpondcro:  pro;,  be- 
fore, and  punderoy  to  weigh.] 

1.  To  outweigh  ;  lo  overi>ower  by  weight. 

An  iiiconsiilfrable  weight,  by  dist\ncp  from  thr  ccnlrr  or  th"  bal- 
ance, will  preponderate  grentiT  niKgnitnilea.  Glanmlle. 

2.  To  overpower  by  stronger  influence  or  moral 
power. 

PRE-PON'DER-ATE,  v.  i.  To  exceed  in  weight; 
hence,  to  incline  ur  descend,  as  the  scale  of  a  bal- 
ance. 

That  is  no  Just  balance  in  which  the  hcavieit  ade  will  not  pre- 
ponderate.  WUkine. 

2.  To  exceed  in  influence  or  power;  hence,  to  in- 
cline lo  one  side. 

By  pnttinir  e»*ry  nrgiiment,  on  one  side  and  Uie  oiher,  into  the 
Udance,  we  niusl  fwnn  a  jwdpmenl  which  side  prepotuterateM. 

WaUt. 

PRE-PON'DER-A-TED,;^.    Exceeded  in  weight. 

PRE-PO.\'DER-A-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Outweighing; 
inelinine  to  one  side. 

PRE-POX-DER-A'TION,  n.  The  act  or  state  of 
outweighing  any  thing,  or  of  inclining  lo  one  side. 

Watts. 

PRE-POSE',   r.  L     [Fr.  preposer;   pre  and  poser,  lo 
puU] 
To  put  before.     [JVIo(  wuch  used.]  Focaloir. 

PREP-0-Sl"TION,  (-zish'un.)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  pra>- 
positio;  praponOj  propositus;  pr<e  and  pono,  to 
put.] 

In  {rrammar,  n  word  usually  put  before  another  to 
express  some  relation  or  qnntity,  action  or  motion  to 
or  from  the  thing  specified  ;  as,  medicines  salutary 
to  hea!*h  ;  music  agreeable  to  the  ear ;  virtue  is 
valued  for  its  excellrnce  ;  a  man  is  riding  to  Oxford 
from  London.  Prepositions  govern  rases  of  nmins, 
and  in  English  are  sometimes  placed  after  the  word 
governed  ;  as,  which  person  do  you  speak  to  7  for,  to 
which prr.ton  do  yon  speak?  This  separation  of  the 
preposition  from  the  governed  word  ia  sometimes 
allowable  in  colloquial  use,  but  is  generally  inele- 
gant 

PREP-O  sr'TION-AL,  (-zish'un-al,)  a.  Perlainingto 
a  prepiwition,  or  to  preceding  position.  Encyc. 

PRR-POS'I-TIVE,  a.  Put  before;  as,  a  prepo.ntive 
particle.  Jones. 

PRE-PO*'I-TIVR,  n.  [Supra.]  A  word  or  particle 
pul  before  another  word.  Jones. 

PRE-POS'I-TOR,  n.     [L.  prapotitor.] 

A  scholar  appointed  by  the  instructor  to  inspect 
other  srhdlars.  Todd, 

PRE  POS'I-TI;RE,  n.  The  office  or  place  of  a  pro- 
vost ;  a  provoatship. 

PRE-POH-SESS',  p.  (.  [pre  and  po.w.w.]  To  preoc- 
cupy, as  ground  or  land  ;  to  lake  previous  possession 
of.  Dnjden. 

2.  To  preoccupy  the  mind  or  heart  so  as  to  preelude 
other  things;  hence,  lo  bias  or  prejudice.  A  mind 
preposie.ised  with  opinions  favonihle  to  a  person  or 
cause,  will  not  readily  admit  unfavorable  opiniims  to 
take  possession,  nor  yield  to  reasons  thai  disturb  the 
possessors.  Wlien  n  lady  has  prepo.'tsessed  the  heart  or 
aflTections  of  a  man,  he  does  not  readily  listen  to 
Biiggestions  that  lend  to  remove  the  prepossession. 
Prepossess  is  more  frequently  used  in  a  good  sense 
than  prejudice. 

PRE-PO.S-.SESS'£D,  (-pos-se8t',)pp.  Preoccupied;  in- 
clined previously  to  favor  or  disfavor. 

PRE-POS-SESS'LNG,  ppr.  Taking  previous  posses- 
sion. 


PRE 

2.  a.  Tending  to  invite  favor;  having  power  to 
secure  the  [wssession  of  favor,  esteem,  or  love.  The 
countenance,  address,  and  manners  of  a  person  are 
soTneXimesprepnssessin^  on  a  first  acquaintance. 

PRE-POa-eESti'ING-LY,  ado.  In  a  prepossessing 
manner. 

PRE-POS-SES'SIOX,  C-sesh'un,)  n.  Preoccupation  ; 
prior  possession.  HammoniL 

9.  Preconceived  opinion  ;  the  effect  of  previous 
impressions  on  the  mind  or  heart,  in  favor  or  against 
any  i>en«on  or  thing.  It  is  often  used  in  a  good 
sense  ;  sometimes  it  is  equivalent  to  Prejudice,  and 
sometimes  a  softer  name  for  it.  In  genenil,  it  con- 
veys an  idea  less  odious  than  prejudice ;  as,  tin:  prepos- 
sessions of  education.  ^ulJi, 

PRE-POS'TER-OUS,  a.  [L.  pneposterus ;  pros,  before, 
and  posterus,  latter.] 

1.  Literally,  having  that  first  which  ought  lo  be 
last  ;  inverted  in  order. 

The  meihod  1  take  may  be  c^nstirc<l  as  prepotteroue,  hecauae  I 
treat  last  of  ilie  antediluvian  eanh,  wiiich  was  firet  in  the 
order  of  nature.  H'oouuard. 

2.  Perverted  ;  wrong;  absurd  ;  contrary  to  nature 
or  reason  ;  not  adapted  to  the  end  ;  as,  a  republican 
government  in  the  hands  of  females  is  preposterous. 
To  draw  general  conclusions  from  particular  facts 
is  preposterous  reasoning.  Bacon,      fVuodieard, 

3.  Foolish;  absurd;  applied  to  persons.         Shak, 
PRE-POS'TER-OUS-LY,  adv.     In  a  wrong  or  invert- 
ed order;  absurdly  ;  foolislily.  Shak.     Be.tttiey, 

PRE-POS'TEK-OUS-NESS,     «.       Wrung     order    or 

method  ;    absurdity  ;  inconsistency   with   nature   or 

reason.  FcUham. 

PRE-PO'TEN-CY,  n.     [L.  prtepotentia ;  pm  and  potent 

tia,  power.] 

Superior  power;  predominance.    [Little  used.] 

Broimu 
PRE-PO'TENT,  a.     VL.  prapotms.] 

Verv  powerful.     [Liale  used.]  Playfcre. 

PRk'PLJCE,  n.     [Ft.,  from  h.  pra-putium.] 

The  foreskin ;  a  prolongation  of  Ihe  skin  of  the 
penis,  covering  the  glans,  Encyc. 

PRE^PO'TIAL,  0.    Pertaining  to  the   prepuce  or  fore- 

Ekin. 
PRE-RE-MOTE',  a.     [pre  and  remote.]     More  remote 
in  previous  time  or  prior  order. 

In  some  c;tses,  two  more  links  of  causation  may  be  IntnHtiiced  ; 
one  of  them  miiy  be  termed  the  pre-remote  cause,  (he  other 
the  pusl-remoie  cfl'cct.  LkxruAn. 

PRE-RE-aUIRE',  V.  U  [pre  and  require.]  To  require 
previously.  Hammond. 

PRE  REQ'UI-SITE,  (rek'we  zit,)  a.  [pre  and  re^/ui- 
site.]  Previously  required  or  necessary  lo  suniething 
subsequent ;  as,  certain  atlainmcuts  are  prerct/uistte 
to  an  .idrnission  to  orders. 

PRE-REU'UI-SITE,  n.  Something  that  is  previously 
required  or  necessary  to  the  end  proposed.  An  ac- 
quaintance with  Latin  and  Greek  is  a  prerequisite  to 
the  admission  of  a  young  man  into  a  college. 

PRE-RE-SOLVE',  r.  L  [pre  and  resolve.]  'J'o  resolve 
previously.  Bering. 

PRE  RE-SOLVED,  pp.  Resolved  beforehand  ;  pre- 
viouslv  determined. 

PRE-Rhi-SOLV'ING,  ppr.     Resolving  beforehand. 

PRE-ROG'A-TIVE,  n.  [Fr,  id,;  It.  prcrorrativo ;  Sp. 
preroffativa;  L.  pratrogativa,  precedence  m  voting; 
pm,  before,  and  rogo,  to  ask  or  demand.] 

An  exclusive  or  peculiar  privilege.  A  royal  pre- 
rogative is  that  special  preeminence  which  a  king 
has  over  all  other  persons,  and  out  of  the  course  of 
the  common  law,  in  right  of  hii*  regal  dignity.  It 
consists  in  the  |>ossession  of  certain  rights  which  the 
king  may  exercise,  lo  the  exclusion  of  all  jmrtictiia- 
tion  of  his  subjects  ;  for  when  a  right  or  privilege  is 
held  in  common  with  the  subject,  it  ceases  to  be  a 
prerogative.  Thus  the  right  of  appointing  embassa- 
dors, and  of  making  peace  and  war,  are,  in  Great 
BriUiin,  royal  prerogatives.  The  right  of  governing 
created  beings  is  the  prerogative  of  the  Croalor. 

It  is  ihe  prerogative  of  the  house  of  peers,  in  Great 
Britain,  to  deciile  legal  questions  in  the  last  resort. 
It  is  the  prerogative  of  the  house  of  commons  to  de- 
termine the  validity  of  all  elections  of  their  own 
members.  It  is  the  prerogative  of  a  father  to  govern 
his  children.  It  is  the  prerogative  of  the  understand- 
iug  lo  judge  and  compare. 

In  the  United  Slates,  it  is  the  prerogative  of  the 
president,  by  and  with  Ihe  advice  and  consent  of  the' 
senate,  to  ratify  treaties. 

PRE-ROG'A-'JIVE  COURT,  n.  In  Great  Britain,  v. 
court  for  the  trial  of  all  testamentary  causes,  where 
the  deceased  has  left  bona  notabilia,  or  elTects  of  the 
value  of  five  pounds,  in  two  dilTerent  dioceses.  In 
this  case,  the  probate  of  the  will  belongs  lo  Ihe  met- 
ropolitan, or  archbishop  of  the  province,  and  the 
court  where  such  will  is  proved  is  called  the  Pre- 
rogative Court,  as  it  is  held  by  virtue  of  the  special 
prerogative  of  the  metropolitan,  who  appoints  the 
judge.  Blackstone. 

PRE-ROG'A-TIV-JED,  a.  Having  prerogative.  [Little 
used.]  Shak. 

PRE-ROG'A-TIVE-LY,  adv.  By  exclusive  or  peculiar 
privilege, 

PRE-ROG'A-TIVE  OF-FICE,n.    The  office  in  Which 


TONE,  B^LL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VVCIOUa— €  ss  K  ;  d  as  J ;  «  rs  2 ;  Cll  as  SH  ^  TII  as  in  THIS. 


PRE 

the  wills  provt>d  in  the  prerogative  court  are  regis- 
teretl .  Btacksl  tne. 

PBe'SACE  or  PRES'ACE,  n.  [Ft.  S,-.  ami  iL  ^rwo- 
ffio  :  Cn^m  L.  pnesa^um  i  prttt  before,  and  sajrioy  to 
perteive  or  fivretell.l 

Something  which  foreshows  a  ftiture  event;  a 
prognostic  ;  a  present  fact  indicating  sonietbing  to 
come. 

Joy  and  ihoot,  prttagt  of  tViarj,  Mi.tan. 

PRE-S;iGE',  r.  L  To  foreNotie  ;  to  foreshow  ;  to  indi- 
cate by  some  present  fnci  what  is  to  follow  or  come 
to  pas».  A  fop  rising  from  a  river  in  nn  autumnal 
morning  premgej  a  plencant  day.  A  physical  phe- 
nomenon can  ntt  bo  rnnsidered  as  yrfMgtn^  an 
event,  unless  it  has  sume  connection  with  it  in 
cau«e.  Hence  the  error  of  vulenr  superstition,  which 
prwMgt»  g<HMl  or  evil  fn>m  facts  which  can  have  no 
relation  to  the  future  event, 
2.  To  foretell ;  to  predict ;  to  prophesy. 
Thb  conwifion  mij^hl  b4»*  been  prtmtged.  //orrey. 

PRE-^A6E',  r.  t.  To  form  or  utter  a  prediction; 
•onietunes  w*ith  of.  We  may  pre^agt  iff  heals  and 
rains.     r.\«t  common^  nor  fifgant.]  IJr»de». 

PRE-SAC'f:D,  pp.    Fort-boded;  foreshown;  foniold. 

PRE-SAC;E'Fi,L,  a.  Full  of  presages  ;  containing 
presases.  Thaauon, 

PRE-SAGE'MEXT,  n.    A  foreboding  i  foretoken. 

tyuUon. 
S.  A  foretelling  ;  prediction. 

PRE-3AG'ER,  a.     A  forettUer  ;  ■  foreshower   Shak. 

PRE-SACING,  ppr,  or  a.     Foreshowing;  furetelling. 

PRES'BY  0-PV,  «.  A  defect  «.f  vision,  as  in  old  age, 
when  near  objects  are  seen  indistinctly,  but  di:>tant 
ones  more  plainly. 

PRES'BV-TER,  a.  [Gr.  ir^ecrtfvrcpoK,  ttom  wpsoffvsy 
old,  elder.] 

I.  In  the  primitivt  Christian  ckurth,  an  elder ;  a 
person  eoniewhat  advanced  in  age,  who  had  au- 
thority in  the  church,  and  wh<«e  duty  was  to  feed 
Um  flock  over  which  the  Hi^y  Spirit  had  made  him 


9.  A  priest ;  a  per^Mi  who  has  the  pastoral  char^ 
of  a  parUcular  church  and  congregation  j  called,  in 
the  Nuioo  Uws,  Masi-friest.  ILroktr. 

3.  A  Presh\terian.  Builer, 

PRES-B\*T'Eft-ATE,  ».     Presbytery.  Heher. 

PRES-BY-Te'RI-AL, /tt.    Pertaining  to«  presbyter, 
PRES-BY-Te'RNAX,  \     or  to  ecdesiafllical  govern- 
ment by  pr»rsbyteis. 

a.  Consisting  of  presbyters;  as,  prtsbyUrioJi  gov- 
ernmf  nL    The  government  of  the  church  of  Scot- 
land is  prt-.<l>titerian. 
PRES-Bv-Te'RI-AX,  a.    One  that  mainUins  the  va- 
lidity of  urdiiialion  and  govi-niment  by  presbyters. 

2."  One  Oiat  belongs  to  a  church  governed  by  prcs- 
bvlers. 
PRES-BY-Te'RI-ANMSM,  n.    That  form  of  church 
government  which  invests  presbytera  with  alt  spirit- 
ual power,  and  admits  no  prelates  over  them. 

Addison, 
PRES'BY-TER-Y,  a.    A  body  of  eldera  in  the  Chria- 
tion  church, 

M«flnet  Rol  Ihe  {tt  tbM  b  m  thr«>,  vbich  wm  cfv«ti  thee  by 
^to^f^f,  irHta  Uie  Uxing  ou  oT  the  h*a^  ot  w  prmbftary. 
—  I  Tint.  i». 

Q.  In  eefk^najtical  gtrtifmrnntt,  a  judicatory  consist- 
ing of  all  the  pastors  of  churches  within  a  certain 
district,  and  one  ruling  elder,  a  Iaym:in,  from  each 
9ansh  <ir  church,  commissioned  to  represent  the 
church  in  conjunction  with  the  minister.  This 
body  rec4  ives  appeals  from  the  church-session,  and 
appeals  from  the  prcsbyterj'  may  be  carried  to  the 
proviucial  synod. 

3,  The  preshytcrian  religion.  ToXler. 

4.  In  •^•cMttecture,  that  part  of  the  church  reserved 
for  the  ofTiciating  priests.  OmiU. 

PR£'SCI-{.NCE,  (pr€'she-ens,)  ■.  [Low  Upr^scicntia ; 
vrtf,  befcte,  and  scmnCio,  knowledge  ■,  Fr.  prtseience  : 
It.  premesia.  The  pronunciation  of  this  word,  prt'- 
jA«*s,  is  oadesimble.] 

Foreknowledge  ;  knowledge  of  events  before  they 
take  place.    Absolute  prescience  belongs  to  God  only. 

Of  iMngs  «f  the  moat  aoeaJeiial  «nd  muUble  DAtun,   God's 


FR£'SCI-E.VT,  (prS'sbe-ent,) «.    Foreknowing ;  hav- 
ing knowledge  of  events  before  they  take  place. 

Who  tavgte  tlw  nadom  of  dv  ftdd  wmI  wood, 
Pr«Macnt,thetidei«r  lemfciMiB  wUMttodr  Popt. 

PRB^CIXD',  «.  L     [L.  pmsewAi;  pr^  and  jciaio,  to 
cutj 
To  cut  off;  to  abstract.    [Little  used.}      Morris. 
PRE-SC1.\0'EXT,  a.    Cutting  off;  abstracting. 

Chetfnc 
PRE'SCIOUS,  (prS'shus,)  «.    [L.  jmejct**;  jwa  and 
scio,  to  know.]' 

Foreknowing ;  having  foreknowledge  i  as,  |ff*uetmw 
of  ills.  Dryden. 

PRE-SCRIBE',  F.  U     rU  ptvscribo,  to  write  before.] 

1.  In  medicine^  toairect,  as  a  remedy,  to  be  used  or 
applied  to  a  diseased  patient.  Be  not  offended  with 
the  physician  whoprfc*cr»6<y  hirsh  remedies. 

2.  To  set  or  lay  down  authoritatively  for  direction  ; 


Hooker. 


PRE 

to  give  as  a  rule  of  conduct  j  as,  to  prescribe  laws  or 
rules. 

Ttaerr*s)o)r,  when  (o  orLKI  will  you  \aw» prticribe.      Dryden. 

a  To  direcU 

I>l  lUeftaN  pTMcr^  th«ir  Tounutni  whrir  to  nin.      DryUn, 

PRE-SeniBE',  r.  i.  To  write  or  give  medical  direc- 
tions ;  to  direct  what  reuieilies  are  to  be  usud  ^  as,  to 
pre.fcribe  for  a  patient  in  a  fever. 

2.  To  give  law  ;  to  intlucncc  arbitrarily. 

A  forwardiKW  lo  prtMcribe  to  th«  opinion*  of  otfaon.       Lockt, 

3.  In  laiCt  to  claiiu  by  prescription  ;  to  claim  a  title 
to  a  thing  by  immemorial  use  and  *•  njoymcnt ;  with 
/or.  A  man  may  be  allowed  to  pre^crihe  for  a  right 
of  way,  a  conunon,  or  the  like  ;  a  man  can  not  pre- 
scribe for  a  castle  ;  he  can  prejfcribe  only  for  incorpo- 
real hereditaments.  Blackstone. 

4.  To  iiillui-nce  by  long  use.  [A"o/  in  use-.]    Brown. 
PRF--SrKTII'M>,  pp.  or  a.     Directed  ;  ordered. 
PRE-^CKIH'KK,  n.     One  that  prescribes. 
PRE^t^t'KIlI'LNG. />;«•.    Directing  j  giving  as  a  rulo  of 

cuniluct  or  ireatmeiit. 
PRK'^CKIPl',  a.     [L.  pnBserqttus.} 

Directed  ;  prescribed. 
PRF.'SeillPT,  n.     [L.  prifcripttim,] 

1.  A  direction  ;  a  uu-dicnl  order  for  the  use  of  nied- 
i  :ines.     But  PHEJCRtfTioN  is  chielly  used. 

2.  Direction  ;  precept  j  model  prescribed. 
PRE-j:€'inPT'I-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  prescribed  for. 
PRB-SeRIP'T10.\,    n.      [L.  pru:scriptio.      See    Pre- 

»CKIRE.] 

I.  The  act  of  prt'scribing  or  directing  by  rules  ;  or 
that  which  is  prescribed  ;  particuiarbu  a  medical  di- 
rection of  remedies  for  a  disease,  and  the  manner  of 
using  them  ;  a  recipe. 

5.  In  laWy  a  prescribing  for  title  ;  the  claim  of  title 
to  atliinf:  by  virtue  of  immemorial  use  and  enjoy- 
ment ;  or  the  right  to  a  thing  derived  from  such  use. 
Prfitcription  differs  from  cu^tum^  which  is  a  local 
usage.  Prescription  is  a  personal  usage,  usage  an- 
nexed to  the  [lerson.  Nothing  but  incorporeal  her- 
editaments can  bo  claimed  by  prescription. 

Blackstone. 
The  use  and  enjoyment  of  navigation  and  fishery 
tn  the  sea,  for  any  length  of  time,  does  not  create  a 
title  by  prescription.  The  common  right  of  nations 
to  the  use  and  enjoyment  of  tlie  sea  is  imprescrtpUblr. ; 
it  can  not  be  h»si  by  a  particular  nation  for  want  of 
use.  VattcK 

3.  In  Scots  law,  the  title  to  lands  acquired  by  unin- 
terrujited  pt>S8essinn  for  the  time  which  the  law  de- 
clares to  be  suthcient,  or  40  years.  I'liis  is  ptKiittvc 
prescription.  Ji^eatioe  prescription  is  the  loss  or 
omission  of  a  right  by  neglecting  to  use  it  during 
the  time  limited  by  taw.  1'his  term  is  also  used 
for  LiMiT*Tio:«,  in  the  recovery  of  money  due  by 
btind,  &.C.  Obligations  are  last  by  prescription ^  or 
neglect  of  prosecution  fur  the  time  designated  by 
law.  Encm. 

PKE^.seRIPT'IVE,  a.  Consisting  in  or  acquired  by 
immemorial  use  and  enjoyment ;  as,  a  preseriptice 
right  or  title. 

TV  rirhl  to  be  i\nvwy  Id  protrKted  loB  bMS  bf'come  pretcrip- 
Um.  J.  M.  Siaton. 

3.  Pleading  the  continuance  and  authority  of  cus- 
tom. Jiurd, 

PRe'SE-A.VCE,  n.  [Fr.]  Priority  of  place  in  sitting. 
[A*t»l  in  it^e,)  Carew. 

PRE8'E.\CE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  l^  prasejUiatpraj  before, 
and  esse^  to  be.] 

1.  The  existence  of  a  person  or  thing  in  a  certain 
place;  opposed  to  Absence,  This  event  happened 
during  the  king's  presence  at  the  theater.  In  exam- 
ining the  p:itient,  the  ;rrcyfnc<  of  fevt^r  was  not  ob- 
served. The  presence  of  God  is  not  limited  to  any 
place. 

2.  A  being  in  company  near  or  before  the  face  of 
itnnihcr.  We  were  gratified  with  the  presence  of  a 
person  so  much  respected. 

3.  Approach  face  to  face  or  nearness  of  a  great  per- 
sonage. 

M*"!!  Uiat  »enr  pretence  fear, 
Which  oncp  ih-^y  kitew  auihoriiy  ilid  bear.  Darnel. 

A.  State  of  being  in  view  ;  sight.  An  accident 
happened  in  the  presence  of  the  court. 

5l  By  way  of  distinction^  state  of  being  in  view  of  a 
superior. 

I  know  nut  bj  what  power  I  am  made  bold 

to  •uch  a  pTtaence  here  to  plead  my  Utoughta.  Shak. 

6.  A  number  assembled  before  a  great  person. 

O'lmar,  of  aJl  lV&.%  prteenee  (toe*  cotitnin, 

Gi»e  tier  your  wreatb  wtium  you  esti^m  moU  fair.       Dryden. 

7.  Port }  mien ;  air ;  personal  appearance ;  de- 
meanor. 

Virtue  ii  be«t  in  a  body  that  f«  coroHy,  aiid  that  haa  rather  rtignily 

of  preeence,  thiin  beauty  of  aspect.  Bacon. 

A  pnortul  pretence  bmpeaka  aceeptaiKC.  Collier. 

8.  The  apartment  in  .which  a  prince  shows  himself 
to  his  court. 

An't  pleaae  your  gnc«,  the  two  great  eardinaU 

Wait  in  the  preeence.  Shak. 

9.  The  person  of  a  superior.  Mdtan. 


PRE 

Presence  qfmiadi   a  calm,  collected  state  of   the 

mind  with  its  faculties  at    command  ;  undisturtied 

statu  of  the  thoughts,  which  enabk-s  a  )>ersun  to 
speak  or  act  without  disorder  or  cmbarrasdmetit  in 
unexpected  dilhcultics. 

Erritra,  not  lu  tr  ncAll-il,  do  lind 

Th'ir  bt«  rwln-iis  frwni  preetnce  qfthe  nund.  WaUer. 

PRES'ENCE-CHAM'DER,  (  n.    The  room  in  which 

PRES'ENCE-ROO.M,  J      a  great  |>ersunage  re- 

ceives comimny.  Addison, 

PRE-SEN  S.A'TiON,  n.  [pre  and  sensation.]    Previous 
notion  or  idea.  More. 

PRE-SEN'SION,  (-shun,)  it.    [h.  prttsensUt^  prasentio ; 
prm  and  seuttOy  to  perceive.] 

Previ(«is  perception.     [Ltttle  used.]  Brown. 

PRES'E.NTjO.     [Vr. present;  h.  pru>sc/ts ;  pm and sum^ 
essCy  to  be.] 

1.  Being  in  a  certain  place  ;  opposed  to  AB9r.7*T, 

2.  Being  before  the  fac^j  or  near ;  being  in  com- 
pany.    Inquire  of  some  of  the  gentlemen  present. 

Theae  things  hdve  I  ipokcn  to  you,  Uriug  ysl  present  wllh  you. 
—  Jolni  «iv. 

3.  Being  now  in  view  or  under  consideration.  In 
the  present  instance,  facts  will  not  warrant  the  con- 
clusion ;  the  present  question  must  be  decided  on  dif- 
ferent principles. 

4.  Now  existing,  or  being  at  this  time  ,  not  past  or 
future  ;  as,  the  present  session  of  congress  ;  the  court 
is  in  session  at  the  present  time.  We  say,  a  present 
goud,  the  present  y<%ar  or  age. 

5.  Ready  at  hand  i  quick  in  emergency  j  aa^ present 
wiL 

*Ti»  a  hi2;h  point  of  pliil^jsophy  and  virtue  for  a  man  to  be  prte- 
enl  to  hnnsrlf.  L'Estrange. 

6.  Favorably  attentive  i  not  heedless  j  propitious. 

Nurconlil  I  hope,  in  any  place  but  ^ere, 

To  find  a  god  so  preaenl  to  my  prayer.  Dryden. 

7.  Not  absent  of  mind  ;  not  abstmcted  ;  attentive. 
The  present;  an  elliptical  expression  (or  Uie  present 

time.  MUton, 

At  present ;  ellipticalhi,  for  at  the  present  time. 

Pre-^ent  tense;  in  ffrummar^  the  tense  or  form  of  a 
verb  which  expresses  action  or  being  in  the  present 
time  ;  as,  I  am  writing:  or  something  that  exists  at 
all  times  ;  as,  virtue  is  always  to  be  preferred  to 
vice;  or  it  expresses  habits  or  general  truths;  as, 
plants  spring  from  the  earth  ;  fi-'^hea  swim  ;  reptiles 
creep;  birds  Jlij ;  some  animals  subsist  on  herbage, 
others  arc  caniivorotis. 
PRES'ENT,  n.  [Fr.  id.  See  the  verb.]  That  which 
is  presented  or  given  ;  a  gift ;  a  donative;  something 
given  or  offered  to  another  gratuitously;  a  word  of 
general  application.     Gen.  xxxii. 

2.  The  present  time.     [Elliptical.]     Com.  Prayer. 

Presents,  in  the  plural,  is  used  in  law  for  a  deed  of 
conveyance,  a  lease,  letter  of  ati*irney,  or  other 
writing  ;  as  in  the  phrase,  "  Know  all  men  by  these 
presenti,"  that  is,  by  the  writing  itself,  per  presentes. 
In  this  sense,  it  is  rarely  used  in  the  singular. 
PRESENT',  r.  t,  [Low  L.  pnesento;  Ft.  jn-cscntcr  ; 
It.  prcsentare ;  Sp.  presentar ;  L.  praisens  ;  pra,  before, 
and  sum,  e.sse,  tn  be.] 

1.  To  set,  place,  or  introduce  into  the  presence  or 
before  the  face  of  a  superior  ;  as,  la  present  an  envoy 
to  the  king ;  and  witii  the  reciprocal  pronoun,  to  come 
into  the  presence  of  a  uuiterior. 

Now  Uiere  wna  a  day  when  tht  aooB  of  God  came  lo  preeent 
themselvee  twfore  the  Lord.  —  Job  L 

2.  To  exhibit  to  view  or  notice.  The  top  of  Mount 
Holyoke,  in  Hampshire  county,  in  Massachusetts, 
prejicnts  one  of  the  finest  prospects  in  America. 

a  To  offer  ;  to  exhibit. 

O,  hear  what  to  my  miivl  fSrat  thongtiM  jrreeent  t  Milton. 

Hb  i»  f»er  ready  to  pregent  lo  lu  Die  ihoughia  or  obsen'.tiiona  of 
otiieri.  WatU. 

.  4.  To  give  ;  to  offer  gratuitously  for  reception. 
The  first  president  of  the  American  Bible  Society 
presented  to  that  institution  ten  thousand  dollars. 

5.  To  put  into  the  hands  of  another  in  ceremony. 

So  |[ifhe«  in  romance  awist  their  knigbi, 

Pieeent  the  apear,  and  arm  hun  for  Uie  flghU  Pope. 

6.  To  favor  with  a  gift. ;  as,  we  present  a  man  with 
a  suit   of  clothes.     Formerly,  the  phrase  was,  to 

present  a  person. 

OcWvia  preeenud  the  poet,  for  hii  admir\tle  elegy  on  her  ami 
Marccllitt.  Dryden. 

[This  use  Li  ob.wlete.] 

7.  To  nominate  to  an  ecclesiastical  benefice;  to 
offer  to  the  bisliop  or  ordinary  as  a  candidate  for  in- 
Btitiilion. 

The  patron  of  a  church  may  jrrtetnX  tii  clerk  tn  a  pirsonige  ot 
ricarage;  that  i»,  may  oHer  liiin  to  the  biahup  of  ih.-  dt.-ceK' 
to  be  iiialiiutwl.  BincktI/me. 

Also,  to  nominate  for  support  at  a  public  school. 

C.  Lamb. 

8.  To  i>ffer. 

He  —  presented  Uittie  to  the  French  navy,  which  wai  refused. 

Ilai/ieard. 

9.  To  lay  before  a  public  body  for  consideration, 
as  before  a  legislature,  a  court  of  judicature,  a  cor- 
poration, &.C. ;  as,  to  present  a  memorial,  petition,  re- 
monstrance, or  indictmenL 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 
862  ~  ~ 


PRE 

10.  To  lay  before  a  court  of  judicature  ag  an  object 
of  inquiry;  to  give  notice  otficially  of  a  crime  or 
offense.  It  is  the  duty  of  gnind  juries  to  present  all 
breaches  of  law  within  their  knowledge.  In  Amer- 
ica, grand  juries  present  wjiatever  they  think  to  be 
pubhc  injuries,  by  notifying  them  to  tlie  public  with 
tljeir  censure. 

li.  To  point  or  direct  a  weapon,  particularly  some 
epecies  of  fire-arms  j  as,  to  prtseia  a  musket  to  the 
breast  of  another. 

I'i  In  military  tanguage^  to  present  arms  is  to  hold 
them  out  in  token  of  respect,  as  if  ready  to  dehver 
them  up. 

13.  To  indict ;  a  customary  use  of  the  toord  in  the 
United  States. 
PEESEN  T'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  presented  ;  that 
may  be  cxhibitfd  or  represented.  Burke. 

2.  That  may  be  offered  to  a  church  living ;  as,  a 
presentable  clergyman. 

3.  That  admits  of  the  presentation  of  a  clergy- 
man ;  as,  a  church  preseatable.     [Unusual.]    Jiijliffe. 

PRES-EN-TA'NE-OUS,  a.     [U.  prixsentaneus.} 

Ready;  quick;  immediate;  as,  presentanrous  poi- 
son. Harvey. 
FRES-ENT-ATION,  n.    [Fr.}    The  act  of  pres^^nt- 
ing. 

Prajen  nxe  Bometimea  a  presentation  of  mere  (Ifsires.     Hooker. 

2.  Exhibition  ;  representation  ;  display  ;  as,  the 
prejenlation  of  fighting  on  tlie  stage.  Dryttrn. 

3.  In  ecclesia^-tical  law,  the  act  of  offering  a  clergy- 
man to  the  bishop  or  ordinary  fur  institution  in  a 
benefice.     An  advuwson  is  the  right  of  presentation. 

If  line  bisliop  aUinju  tJie   p^itTon't  prestiUation,  the  clerk  *o  ad- 
n>iu>.-o  i»  next  to  be  instiiuii-il  by  tiiin.  Biacktione. 

4.  The  right  of  presenting  a  clergyman.  The  pat- 
ron has  the  prtsailatioa  of  the  benefice. 

Presentation  copy ;  a  copy  of  a  work  presented  to 
some  one  by  the  author,  as  a  testimuny  of  respect. 
PRE-SENT'A-TIVE,  a.  In  ecclesiastical  affairs,  that 
has  the  right  of  presentation,  or  offering  a  clergjraan 
to  the  bishop  fur  institution.  Advowsons  are  present- 
alice^  coltatjve,  or  donative. 

Aa  lulrowson  preaentalive  i»  wh-rr  the  paU^u  hath  a  ri^hl  a( 
prtsiuwiioii  lo  Uie  bUhup  or  oniiniiry.  lilacktUtne. 

3.  That  admits  the  presentation  of  a  clergyman  ; 
as,  a,  presentative  parsonage.  Spelutan, 

PRE-SENT'ED,  pp.     Offered  j   given ;    exhibited   to 
view  ;  accused. 

PRES-E\T-EE',  Ji,    One  presented  to  a  benefice. 

Jiyliffe, 

PRE-SEXT'ER,  n.    One  that  presents. 

PRE-SEN'TIAL,  (shal,)  a.    Supposing  aclunl  pres- 
ence.    [IMtle  usedA  A'orn'.*. 

PRES  E.VTIAL'I-TY,  n.    The  state  of  being  present. 
[Littte  used.]  South. 

PRE-SEN'TIAL-LY,  adr.    In  a  way  which  supposes 
actual  presence.  Mure. 

PRE  SEN'TUTE,  v.  t     To  make  present.    [LiuU 
used.]  Qreic, 

PRESEX'TIEXT,   (shent,)    a.      Perceiving  before- 
hatid. 

PRES-EX-TIF'ie,  )  a.      Making   present.      {J^ot 

PRES-E.N-TIF'ie-AL,  \      in  use.] 

PRE*-E\  TIF'ie-LY,  adr.     In  such  a  manner  as  to 
make  presenL     [JVot  in  use.]  More. 

PRE-SE.N'T'I-ME.NT,  ».     [pre  and  sentimenty  or  Fr. 
prejiieiUtmrnL] 

Previous  conception,  sentiment,  or  opinion  ;  pre- 
vious appri-hcnsioii  of  something  future.        Butler. 

PRE«'ENT-LY,  ojto.    At  present ;  at  Uiis  time. 

The  tuwiu  arid  foru  j^ou  jpretenl'y  b-tvc.       [0&«.]       Sidney. 

2.  In  a  short  time  after;  soon  after. 

Him  ih'-fPire  I  hopr-  loai^n'I  prtttnOy,  lo  ioon  ai  I  ihill  ire  bow 
ti  will  go  wiUi  mn.  — .  Phil.  ii. 

3.  Immediately. 

Ah'I  pretenlJy  the  flp-tm  wklmed  kwijr.  —  MatL  zxi. 

PRE-8ENT'.ME.\T,  n.    The  act  of  presenting.    Shak. 

2.  Appeiirance  to  the  view  ;  representation. 

Milton. 

3.  In  taw,  a  pretentment,  properly  speakinc,  is  the 
notice  taken  by  a  grand  jury  of  any  offentc  from 
their  own  knowledee  (ir  obiwrvntit>n,  without  any 
bill  of  indictment  laid  b-fore  them  ;  as,  the  preSent- 
mmt  of  a  nui-an(:e,  a  liticl,  or  the  lilie,  on  which  the 
oilicer  of  the  court  must  aHerward  frame  an  indict- 
ment, bt:-fore  the  party  presented  can  ha  put  to  an- 
swer it  BUxcksUme. 

A.  In  a  more  general  seiu^e,  presentment  compre- 
hends inquisitions  of  office  and  indictments. 

BlnckstoTte. 

In  Vie  United  Sta'rs,  A  pn-.irntmnit  \^  an  oltitial  ac- 
cusation presented  to  a  tribunal  by  the  grand  jury  in 
an  indictment ;  or  it  is  the  act  of  offering  an  indict- 
ment. It  Is  also  used  for  the  indictment  itself.  The 
grand  jury  ar^'chfirged  to  inquire  and  due  jrrfjtentmrnt 
make  of  all  crimes,  &.c.  'i'lie  rnte  of  tlio  word  is 
limited  to  accusations  by  grand  jurors 

5.  The  official  notice  in  court  which  the  surren- 
deree gives  of  the  surrender  of  a  copyhold  estate. 

Btaekst/me, 
PEES'EiNT-NES.S,  n.      Presence;   as,  prrsentnrss  of 
mind,     f  JVi-t  used.]  Clarendon. 


PRE 

1  PRE-SERV'A-BLE,  a.    [See  Prssekte.]    That  may 
be  pres«Tved. 

PRE«-ER-VA'TION,  n.  [from  preserve ;  It.  preserva- 
lione ;  Sp,  prescrvacion.] 

The  act  of  preserving  or  keeping  safe  ;  the  net  of 
keeping  from  injury,  destruction,  or  decay  ;  as.  the 
preservation  of  life  or  health  j  the  preservation  of  build- 
ings from  fire  or  decay  ;  the  preservation  of  grain  from 
insects;  the  preservation  of  fruit  or  plants.  Wlien 
a  thing  is  kept  entirely  from  decay,  or  nearly  in  its 
original  stale,  we  say  it  is  in  a  high  state  of  preserva- 
tion. 

PRE-SERV'A-TIVE,  o.  [It.  preservatico  ;  Fr.  preser- 
vati/.] 

Having  the  power  or  quality  of  keeping  safe  from 
injury,  destruction,  or  decay  ;  tending  to  preserve. 

PRE  SERV'A-TIVE,n.  That  which  preserves,  or  has 
the  power  of  preserving;  something  that  It-nds  to 
secure  a  person  or  thing  in  a  sound  state,  or  prevent 
it  from  injury,  destruction,  decay,  or  corruption  ;  a 
jirevenlive  of  injury  or  decay.  Persons  formerly 
wore  tablets  of  arsenic  as  preservatives  against  the 
plague.  Clothing  is  a /»rfcSCTTu((t'c  against  cold.  Tem- 
|K.Tance  and  exercise  are  the  best  preservatives  of 
liuallh.  Habitual  reverenoe  of  the  Supreme  Ueing 
is  an  excellent  preservatioe  against  sin,  and  the  in> 
tluenr'o  of  evil  examples. 

PRE  SERV'A-TO-RY,  a.     That  tends  to  preserve. 

Jlall. 

PRE  SERV'A  TO-RY,  ji.  That  which  has  the  power 
uf  prest-rving  ;  a  preservative.  Whithck. 


PRE-SERVE',  (pre-zerv',)  r.  U  TFr.  preserver  i  It,  pre- 
sercare;    i^p.  prescrcar ;    Luw  L. 
servo,  to  kvep.] 


sercare;    i^p.  prescrcar ;    huw  h,  pra^ervo ;    pra  and 


1.  To  keep  or  save  from  injury  or  destruction  ;  to 
defond  from  evil. 

God  iliJ  »e(nl  me  before  you  tapretervt  life.  —  Geo.  al». 
O  IairI,  preserot  mc  from  the  violcm  iiird. —  P«.  cxi. 

3.  To  uphold  ;  to  sustain. 

0  LuisI,  thou  pretervett  inan  and  b?a?t.  —  Ps.  zxxvi. 

3.  To  save  from  decay  ;  to  keep  in  a  sound  state  ; 
as,  to  preserve  fruit  in  winter.  Siilt  is  used  to  pre- 
serve meaL 

4.  To  Season  with  sugar  or  other  substances  for 
preservaijuii ;  as,  to  preserve  plums,  quinces,  or  oth- 
er fruit. 

5.  To  keep  or  defend  from  corruption  ;  as,  to  pre- 
serve youth  fruin  vice. 

6.  'i'o  maintain  or  keep  throughout,  as  appear- 
ances. Junius. 

PRE-SERVE',  (pre-serv',)  n.  Fruit  or  a  vegetable  sea- 
soned and  kept  in  sugar  or  sirup.  Mortimer. 

2.  A  place  for  the  shelter  or  preservation  of  animals 
desieni'd  for  sport  or  food,  as  game,  fish,  &c. 

PRE-SERV'£D,  (pre-zervd',)  pp.  or  a.  Saved  fnjm 
injury,  destruction,  or  decay  ;  kept  or  defended  from 
evil ;  seasoned  with  sugar  for  preservation. 

PRE-SERV'ER,  n.  The  person  or  thing  that  pre- 
serves i  one  that  saves  or  defends  from  destruction 
or  evil. 

What  ihall  I  do  to  Ihec,  O  Ihou  prttenxr  of  men  ?  —  Job  vU. 
S.  One  that  makes  preserves  of  fruits. 

PRE-SERV'IiNG,  p;/r.  or  a.  Keeping  safe  from  inju- 
ry, d'-struction,  tir  decay  ;  defending  from  evil. 

PUE-SIUE',  r.  i.  [L.  pras'idco;  pne,  before,  and  acdeo, 
to  sit ;  iL  presidere;  Fr.  presider ;  3\i.  presidir.] 

1.  To  be  set  over  for  the  exercise  of  auihonty  ;  to 
direct,  control,  and  govern,  as  the  chief  othcer.  A 
man  may  preside  over  a  nation  tir  province  ;  or  he 
may  pre^tide  over  a  senate,  or  a  mei-ting  of  citizens. 
The  word  is  used  chielly  in  the  latter  sense.  VVe 
say,  a  man  presides  over  the  senate  with  dignity. 
Hence  it  usually  denotes  temporary  superintendence 
and  government. 

2.  i'o  exercise  superintendence ;  to  watch  over  as 
ini^pector. 

Soinc  o'er  Ihe  public  mssntinra  prtHJt.  Dryden, 

PRES'l-DEN-CY,  fu  Superintendence;  inspection 
and  care.  Ray. 

2.  The  office  of  president.  Washington  was 
elected  to  the  jtresidenvy  of  the  United  States  by  a 
unanimous  vote  of  the  electors. 

3.  The  term  during  which  a  president  holds  his  of- 
fice. President  J.  Adams  died  during  the  presidency 
of  his  son. 

4.  The  Jurisdiction  of  a  president ;  as  in  the  Brit- 
ish dominions  in  the  East  Indies. 

5.  The  family  or  suite  of  a  president 

A  worthy  der^man  br-lung^ng  lo  the  prtii/leney  of  Fort  St. 
ticur^«.     (iXti.]  BuclMiuin,  V5t, 

PRES'I-DE.N'T,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  prasidens.] 

1.  An  officer  elected  or  appointed  to  preside  over  a 
corporation,  company,  or  assembly  of  men,  to  keep 
order,  manage  their  concerns,  or  govern  their  pro- 
Ci-cdings  ;  as,  the  pres'uient  of  a  banking  coni{>any  ; 
the  prnsitlrut  of  n  senate,  &c. 

2.  An  othcer  appointed  or  elected  to  govern  a  prov- 
ince or  tcrrilorj-,  or  lo  administer  the  government  of 
a  nation.  The  president  of  the  United  States  is  the 
chief  executive  magistrate. 

3.  The  chief  officer  of  a  college  or  university. 

United  Stales. 


PRE 

4.  A  tutelar  power. 

JiJKt  Apollo,  prendtnl  of  »erae.  WaU4r, 

FieC'^esident :  one  who  takes  the  place  of  a  president 
in  case  of  absence,  disability,  or  death.  The  vice 
president  of  the  United  folates  is  president  of  the  sen- 
ate ex  officio,  and  performs  the  duties  of  president 
when  the  latter  is  removed  or  disabled. 
PRES-l-UEX'TIAL,a.  Pertiiining  to  a  president ;  as, 
the  prcsifteHtiid  chair.  fViilsh. 

2.  Presiding  over.  OlanviUe, 

PRES'1-UE.NT-SHIP,  n.    The  office  and  place  of  pres- 
ideiil.  Hooker. 

2.  The  term  for  which  a  president  holds  his  of- 
fice. 
PRE-SID'I-AL,      \  a.    [L.  preesidium^  a  garrison  ;  pra 
PRE-SIU'I-A-RY,  )      and  sedeo.] 

Pertaining  to  a  ganison  ;  having  a  garrison. 

HoweU. 
PRE-STD'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Directing;  controlling;  ex- 
ercising superintendence. 
PUE-SlG-NIF-I-eA'TION,  n.    [from  presignify.]  The 

act  of  signifying  or  showing  beforehand.     Barrow. 
PRE-yiG'M-FT-£D,  pp.    Signified  beforehand. 
PiiE-SlG'Nl-FY,  B.   (.     [pre   and  signify.]      To    in- 
timate or  signify  beforehand;  to  show  previously. 

Pearson. 
PRE-SIG'NI-FY-ING,  ppr.  Intimating  beforehand. 
PRESS,  V.  t.  [Fr.  presser :  It.  pressare ;  to  press, 
crowd,  urge,  hurry  ;  D.  and  G.pressen;  Sw.prassa; 
Dan.  presser ;  W.  brysiato,  to  hurry,  formed  from 
rhijs,  extreme  ardency,  a  rushing.  Here  we  have 
proof  that  press  is  formed  from  the  root  of  ni«A,with 
a  prefix.  The  Spanish  has  apretar,  pretisar,  and 
aprensttr.     The  L.  pressus  is  from  the  same  root.] 

1.  To  urge  with  force  or  weight ;  a  word  of  e»ten- 
sive  use,  denoting  the  application  of  any  power, 
physical  or  moral,  to  somctliing  that  is  to  be 
moved  or  affected.  We  press  the  ground  with  the 
feet  when  we  walk  ;  we  press  the  couch  on  which 
we  repose  ;  we  press  substances  with  the  hands,  fin- 
gers, or  arms  ;  the  smith  presses  iron  with  his  vice  ; 
we  are  pressed  with  the  weight  of  arguments,  or  of 
cares,  troubles,  and  business. 

2.  To  squeeze ;  to  crush ;  as,  to  press  grapes. 
Oen.  xl. 

3.  To  drive  with  violence;  to  hurry  j  as,  to  press 
a  horse  in  motion,  or  in  a  race. 

4.  To  urge  ;  to  enforce  ;  to  inculcate  with  earnest- 
ness ;  as,  to  press  divine  truth  on  an  audience. 

5.  To  embrace  closely  j  to  hug. 

Leucothoc  shook 
Anvl  preated  Palcmon  cloaer  iii  her  aniia.  Pope. 

6.  To  force  into  service,  particularly  into  naval 
service  ;  to  impress.  Clarendon.     J>ryden. 

7.  To  straiten  ;  lo  distress  ;  as,  to  be  pressed  with 
want  or  with  difficulties. 

8.  To  constrain  ;  to  compel ;  to  Urge  by  authority 
or  necessity. 

The  poaU  that  rode  upon  mulei  and  camels  wfnl  out,  behig  h»«^ 
cii'^d  and  yreseeri  on  by  the  king's  cuniniaudmeul.  —  Kaib. 
viii, 

9.  To  urge;  to  impose  by  importunity. 

He  prttted  a  letter  upon  me,  wiihJu  this  hour,  to  deliver  to  you. 

Dryd^n. 

10.  To  urge  or  solicit  with  earnestness  or  importu- 
nity.   He  pressed  me  to  accept  of  his  offer. 

11.  To  urge  ;  to  constrain. 

Paul  was  pregtfd  in  spirit,  and  (esUfiiMl  to  ibe  Jews  that  Jesus 
was  Christ.  —  Acta  xviii. 


12.  To  squeeze   for  making  smooth,  as  cloth  or 
paper. 

Precis  differs  from  drive  and  strike,  in  usually  de- 
noting a  slow  or  continued  application  of  ft)rce  ; 
whereas  drive  and  strike  denote  a  sudden  impulse  of 
force. 
PRESS,  V.  t.  To  urge  or  strain  in  motion  ;  to  urge  for- 
ward with  force. 

I  jirtfit  ti>ward  the  mark  for  the  prise  of  the  high  calling  of  GmI 
in  Clirirt  J'-«u»,  —  Phil.  iii. 

Th'  iiiiultin^  victor  pTMse*  on  the  more.  Drydtn. 

2.  To  bear  on  with  force  ;  to  encroach. 


On  superior  powers 
Wens  we  lo  pret$,  inferior  might  on  o 


Pop*. 


3.  To  bear  on  with  force  ;  to  crowd  ;  to  throng. 

Thronging  crowds  preat  on  you  r*  you  pan.  Drydtn. 

4.  To  approach  unseastmably  or  importunately. 

Nur  prett  too  near  the  Uirone.  Drydxn. 

5.  To  urge  with  vehemence  and  importunity. 

He  pressed  upon  thuin  greatly,  and  they  turned  In  to  him. — 
tJeu.  Xix. 

6.  To  urge  hy  influence  or  moral  force. 

Whi-n  artriimenw  pretx  equally  in  matter*  indifferent,  the  safest 
mtMhod  is  to  give  up  ounclves  lo  neither.  Addi*on. 

7.  To  push  with  force;  as,  to  press  against  the 
door. 

PRESS,  n.    [It,  pressnj  haste,  hurry,  a  crowd;  Sp. 
prensa;  Fr.  presse,  pressoir;   Sw.  prUss ;    Dan.  and 
G.  jtrtsse.] 
1.  An  instrument  or  machine  by  which  any  body 


TOXE,  BJJI^L,  TIXITE.  — AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS €  M  K;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


PRE 

is  squeezed,  cntshed,  or  forced  into  a  more  compact 
fbrni ;  as,  a  wine-pres.^.  ciiler-press,  or  ehfene-prestt. 

3.  A  nmchine  fur  printinE;  a  printing-press.  Great 
Improvements  have  been  lately  made  in  the  construc- 
tion of  presses. 

3.  The  art  or  business  of  printing  and  pitMishini; ; 
hence,  the  publications  issued  from  the  p>-M.«,  taken 
collectively.  A  free  press  is  a  great  blessmg  to  a  free 
people  ;  a  licentious  pre.is  is  a  curse  to  society. 

4.  A  crowd  ;  a  ihrong;  a  multitude  of  individuals 
crowded  together. 

And  «'lifn  they  eouW  nol  come  iiiffh  Iw  him  for  tSn  pren.— 
M-vrk  ii. 

5.  The  act  of  urging  or  pushing  forward. 

WhicK,  in  their  thronf  and  j>r*««  to  Ihf  t-t<l  tiuld, 

Coufeuitd  ihcmaf  Itv*.  SKai, 

6.  A  wine-vat  ch-  cistern.    Ifag.  ii. 

7.  Acaae  or  closet  for  the  safe-keeping  of  garments. 

Shak, 

8.  Urgency;  ui^enl  demands  of  affairs  ;  &a,a;rr«M 
of  bustnesa. 

9.  A  commission  to  force  men  into  public  service, 
particularly  into  the  navy  j  for  Imprkss.       RtUeffh, 

Prrss  ^saUf  in  mamg^b»H^  is  as  much  sail  as  the 
itate  of  the  wind  will  possibly  permit.  ToOem. 

Likerpf  of  the  press,  in  civil  po/ury,  is  the  free  right 
of  publishing  books,  pamplilt^ls,  or  paftcrs,  without 
previous  restraint ;  or  the  unrestrained  right  which 
ever>-  citizen  enjoys  of  publishing  his  thoughts  and 
opinions,  subject  only  to  punishment  for  publishing 
what  is  pernicious  to  morals  or  to  the  peace  of  the 
state. 

PRESfif'-BED,  R.  A  bed  that  may  be  raised  and  in- 
closed in  a  case. 

PRESS'/;D,  (prest.)  pp.  or  m.  Urged  by  force  or 
weight;  squeezed;  constrained  :  di^iresst-d  ;  crowd- 
ed ;  embraced  ;  made  sinouth  and  glassy  by  pressure, 
as  cloth. 

PRESS' ER,  It.    One  that  presses. 

PRRSS'-GA.NG,  n.  [prtMsnnd  g*nf.]  A  detachment 
of  seamen  under  the  command  or  an  officer,  era- 
powered  tti  impress  men  into  tltc  nax-al  service.  [See 
iMrBCss-GA.fo.] 

PRES:J'ING,   ppr.    Urging  with    forc«   or    weight  ; 
squeezing  ;    constraining  ;   crowding  ;   embracing  ; 
dMnssing  ;  forcing  into  service ;  rolling  in  a  press. 
9.  «.     Urgent;  distressing. 

PRESS'ING,  a.  Tlie  act  or  operation  of  applying 
force  for  the  purpose  of  compressing  bodies  or  ren- 
di'ring  them  compact.  The  pre^nin<r  of  cloth  is  jwr- 
fomied  by  means  of  tlie  scn-w,  or  by  a  calender. 

PRESS'I.\G-LY,  ado     With  force  or  urgency  ;  cluAely. 

HowelL 

PRESS'LY,  arfr.  [L.  prtsse.)  Closely  ;  with  com- 
pression.    [Obi.^  B.  Jomsou. 

PRES'SIO.V,  (presh'un.)  a.    [It.  pressione,] 

1.  The  act  of  pressins.  But  Pastst- ai  Is  more 
generally  used-  M^wion. 

2.  In  tA<  OutenoN  pJUIosfpAy,  an  endeavor  to  move. 
PRES-SI-ROS'TERS,  a.^/.     [L  presses,  pressed,  and 

restrum,  beak.] 

A  tribe  of  wading  birds,  including  those  which 
have  a  compreswd  or  flattened  beak.        Brande, 

PRES-SI-ROS'TRAL,  a.  Having  a  compressed  or 
flattened  beak  ;  applied  to  certain  bird:^,  as  the  lap- 
wing. PaHin^ton. 

PRES'SI-T.\NT,  a.  Gravitoting ;  heavy.  [JVot  in 
itse.]^  More. 

PREISS'MAN,  a.  In  printinf^  the  man  who  manages 
the  press  and  impret^ses  the  sheet,^. 

2.  One  of  a  press-gang,  who  aids  in  forcing  men 
into  the  mval  service.  Chnpmatu 

PRE."=S'-MO\-EY,  a.     Money  paid  to  a  man  impressed 

into  public  service.     [See  P'best-Motsct.I        Oay. 
PRESS'r:RE,  a.     [IL  and  L.  pre^sura.) 

1.  The  act  (^pressing  or  urging  with  force. 
9.  The  act  of  squeezing  or  cnishing.    Wine  is 
obtained  by  the  pressure  of  grapes. 

3.  The  state  of  being  squeezed  or  crushed. 

4.  Ttxe  force  of  one  body  acting  on  another  by 
weight  or  the  continued  application  of  power.  Pre.<s- 
—  '-  occasioned  by  weight  or  gravity,  by  the  motion 


of  bodies,  by  the  expani<ion  of  fluids,  by  elasticity, 
Mutual  pressure  may  be  caused  by  the  meeting 


ftx. 


of  moving  bodies,  or  by  the  motion  of  one  body 
against  another  at  rest,  and  the  resistance  or  elastic 
forte  of  the  latter.  The  degree  of  prts^ure  is  in 
proportion  to  the  weight  of  the  pressing  body,  or  to 
the  power  applied,  or  to  the  elastic  force  of  resisting 
bodies.  The  screw  is  a  most  powerful  instrument 
of  pressure, 

5.  A  con^raining  force  or  impulse ;  that  which 
urges  or  compels  the  intt-Itectual  or  moral  faculties  ; 
as,  the  pressure  of  motives  on  the  mind,  or  of  fear 
on  the  conscience. 

6.  That  which  afflicts  the  body  or  depresses  the 
•pirits;  any  severe  affliction,  distress,  calamity,  or 
grievance;  straits,  difficulties,  embarras.«ments,  or 
the  distress  they  occasion.  We  speak  of  the  pressure 
of  poverty  or  want,  the  pressure  of  debts,  the  press- 
ure of  taxes,  the  pressure  of  afllictions,  or  sorrow. 

My  own  And  mj  y^ople't  prutvreM  »n  eiieroaM.     K.  CHarUa. 
To  Uiu  cooMtOicnXiaa  be  rctreui  with  eomtort  ia  kU  his  pr/tturtt. 

A  Vt  rbury. 


PRE 

We  observe  that  pressure  is  used  both  for  trouble 
or  calamity,  and  for  the  distress  it  produces. 

7.  Urgrucy  ;  as,  the /»rc*.viire  of  business. 

8.  Inipres,sion  i  stamp;  character  impressed. 

All  laws  or  Uwki,  all  A>rins,  «ll  pretturea  put.  Shak. 

PRESS'-WORK,%.    That  part  of  printing  which  con- 
sists in  impressing  the  sheets  upon  the  type. 
PREST;  sometimes  used  for  Pressed.   [See  I*res9.] 
PREST,  o,     [Old  Fr.  prest  or  preste,  now  prrt,  pret,  or 
preste ;  Sp.  and   It.  presto,  from  L.  prtrstOf  to  stand 
before  or  forward  ;  prm  and  sto.] 

1.  Ready;    prompt.     [Obs.]  Fairfax. 

2.  Neat;  tight.     \Obs.]  Tusser. 
PREST,  B.     [Fr.  prct.  supra.] 

1.  A  loan.     [Obs.]  Bneon. 

2.  Formrrly^  a  duty  in  money,  to  be  paid  by  the 
sherilfon  his  account  in  the  exchequer,  or  for  money 
lett  or  remaining  in  his  hands.     2  and  3  Edw.  VI. 

PREST'-MON-EV,^>mun'ne,)n.  Money  paid  to  men 
when  they  enlist  into  the  British  service,  so  called 
because  they  hold  themselves  prest^  or  ready  to  march 
at  commniid.  7'oaae. 

PRES-TA'TION,  n.     [h.  pr^statio.] 

Formerly,  a  payment  of  money  ;  sometimes  used 
for  purveyance.  '  Encyc, 

PRES-TA'tlON-MON'-EY,  ("-mun'ne,)  n.  A  sum  of 
money  paid  yearly  by  archucacons  and  other  digni- 
taries to  their  bishop,  pro  exteriore  jurisdicttone. 

£neye. 

PRES'TER,  n.  [Gr.  irpnTnpi  from  nprjBoj^  to  kindle, 
or  inflame.] 

1.  A  meteor  or  exhalation  formerly  supposed  to 
be  thrown  fr»>m  the  clouds  with  such  violence,  that 
by  collision  it  is  set  on  fire.     [  Obs.]  Encyc. 

2.  The  external  part  of  the  neck,  which  swells 
when  a  person  is  angry.     [  Obs.]  Encye. 

Prestrr  (priest  or  presbyter)  John  ;  the  name  given 
in  the  middle  ages  to  a  supposed  Christian  sovereign 
in  the  interior  of  .Asia;  erroneously  transferred  by 
the  Portuguese  to  the  king  of  Abyssinia, 

Encye.  Jtm. 
PRES'TIGE,  «.   [Fr.]    Illusion  ;  fascination  ;  charm  ; 

imposture.  Warburton. 

PRES-TIG-I-A'TION,  n.     [L.  prasHma^  tricks.] 
The  playing  of  legerdemain  tricks;  a  jugghng. 

Diet. 
PRES-TIC'I-A-TOR,  n.  A  juggler  ;  a  cheat  More. 
PRES-TI0'l-.\-TO-RY,  a.     Juggling  ;   consisting  of 

iin|Kistures. 
PRES-TIG'I-OUS,  o.    Practicing  tricks  ;  juggling. 

Bale. 
PRES'TI-MO-NV,  n.     [Port  and  Pp.  prestimonio;  U 
frmsto^  to  supply  ;  prtr  and  sto.] 

In  canon  iuir,  a  fund  for  the  support  of  a  priest, 
appropriated   by  the  founder,  but  not  erected    into 
any  title  of  benefice,  and   not  subject  to  the  pope  or 
the  ordinary,  but  of  which  the  [uttron  is  tJie  collator. 
Port.  Diet.     Encye. 
But  in  a  Spanish  dictionary  thus  defined,  *'a  preb- 
end for    the    maintenance  of  poor  clergymen,  on 
condition  of  ttieir  saying  prayers  at  certain  stated 
times.** 
PREST/S'Sr-MO,  [It]    In  miwff,  very  quick. 
PRES'TO,  ado.     [Sp.  and  It.  presto,  quick  or  quickly  ; 
L.  prasta.] 

1.  In  music,  a  direction  for  a  quick,  lively  move- 
ment or  performance. 

2.  ftiiickly;  immediately;  in  haste.  Swift. 
PRE-STR1€'TI0N,  n.     [L.  prastringo,  prastrictiu^.] 

Dimness.  Milton. 

PRE  SC.M'A-BLE,  a.  [from  presume.]  That  may  be 
presumed  ;  that  may  De  supiKwed  to  be  true  or  en- 
titled to  belief,  without  examination  or  direct  evi- 
dence, or  on  probable  evidence. 

PRE-SO.M'A-BLY,  adc.  By  presuming  or  supposing 
Bomething  to  be  true,  without  direct  proof. 

Brown, 

PRE-SCME',  r.  L  [Fr.  presumer;  It  pre.'nimcre  ;  Sp. 
presumir;  from  L.  prtEsumo ;  prce,  before,  and  sumo, 
to  take.] 

To  take  or  suppose  to  be  true,  or  entitled  to  belief, 
without  examination  or  positive  proof,  or  on  the 
strength  of  probability.  We  presume  that  a  man  is 
honest,  who  has  not  been  known  to  clieat  or  de- 
ceive;  but  in  this  we  are  sometimes  mistaken.  In 
many  cities,  the  law  presumes  full  payment  where 
positive  evidence  of  it  can  not  be  produced. 

We  nol  only  pretume  it  nwy  be  (o,  but  we  acluallv  find  It  lo. 
Goo.  of  At  Tongue. 

In  eun  of  implied  ContracCa.  the  law  pretumea  that  a  man  hu 
covcnantMl  or  caotmctea  to  do  what  reosoo  and  Jiisricc  dic- 
tate. BlackaloTU. 

PRE-SOME',  V.  i.  To  venture  without  positive  per- 
mission ;  as,  we  may  presume  too  far.  Bacon, 

2.  To  act  with  great  confidence;  with  on  or  v/)on 
before  the  ground  of  confidence. 


Thi»  man  prerumet  upon  his  parU. 
1  will  DOl  prcMume  so  tar  upon  myaelf. 
Luih^r  preiumei  upon  the  gift  of  contiopocy. 


DrwUn. 

Atleriiuty. 

It  is  sometimes  followed  by  of  but  improperly. 
3.  To  make  confident  or  arrogant  attempts. 

In  that  we  pretume  to  see  what  is  loeet  and  coDTcnient  bettor 
Ibaa  God  himai^If.  Hooker, 


PRE 

PRE-ffOM'#:D,  pp.  Supposed  or  taken  to  be  true,  or 
eutitlfd  to  belief,  without  positive  pnH>f. 

PIlK-StCM'ER,  n.  One  that  presumes;  also,  an  arro- 
gant person.  Wiittun. 

PUE-SCM'ING,  ppr.  Taking  as  true,  or  supposing  to 
be  entitled  to  belief,  on  probable  evidence. 

2.  a.  Venturing  without  positive  permission  ;  too 
confident;  arro^nt ;  unreasonably  bold. 

PRE-fKfiM'I.Va  lA',  adc.     Confidently  ;  arrogantly. 

PRE-SUMF'TrOX,  n.  [Fr.  presompUon ;  L.  prasump- 
tio.] 

1.  SiipiMjsilton  of  the  truth  or  real  existence  of 
something  without  direct  or  positive  proof  of  the 
fact,  but  grounded  on  circumstantial  or  probable  evi- 
dence which  entitles  it  to  belief.  Presunip'ion,  in 
law,  is  of  three  sorts,  violent  or  strong,  probable,  and 
light. 

Neit  10  positive  proof,  circumstivntJal  eridpncr,  or  Uie  doctrine  of 
pretumpliona,  mutt  taxe  place;  forwh^'D  tl)>;  f^t  can  nut  be 
driiiuiu^mtiv?!;  evinced,  Uuit  which  comes  neaivtt  to  thn 
pruol  uf  0»e  fact  is  the  proof  of  auch  citCuiiiXiinces  as  cither 
nr-cfssnrily  or  usimlly  atti'nil  such  ricls.  These  are  calltrd 
pTftumpaont,  V io\eul  priMump'ion  is  many  limr's  rtjual  (n 
full  proof.  iiiacJ[«ton<. 

2.  Strong  probability;  as  in  the  common  phrase, 
the  pre.iumption  is  that  an  event  has  taken  place,  or 
will  take  place. 

3.  Blind  or  headstrong  confidence;  unreasonable 
adventurousness  ;  a  venturing  to  undertake  some- 
thing without  reasonable  prospect  of  success,  or 
against  the  usual  probabilities  of  safety  ;  presumptu- 
ousness. 

L.et  my  prtaumption  nol  provoke  tliy  wrath.  Skak. 

1  had  tiie  pretumpUon  to  dedicate  to  jou  a  Tcrj  unl^oished 
pitce.  Ihyden. 

4.  Arrogance.  He  had  the  presumption  to  attempt 
to  dictate  to  the  council. 

5.  Unreasonable  confidence  In  divine  favor. 

The  awe  of  his  majesty  will  keep  us  from^«»um;j(ion. 

liogera, 
PRE-SUMP'TIVE,  a.    Taken  by  previous  supposiUon  ; 
grounded  on  probable  evidence. 

2.  Unreasonably  confident ;  adventuring  without 
reasonable  ground  to  expect  success  ;  presumptuous  ; 
arrogant.  Brown. 

Presumptive  evidence,  in  law,  is  that  which  is  de- 
rived from  circumstances  which  necessarily  or  usu- 
ally attend  a  fact,  as  distinct  from  direct  evidence  or 
positive  proof. 

Pretumplive  evidence  of  fclyny  shoulil  be  cautioiislv  adinftted, 

biackatone. 

Presumptive  heir ;  one  wlio  would  inherit  an  estate 
if  the  ancestor  should  die  with  things  in  llnir  present 
state,  but  whost-  right  of  inheritance  may  be  defeatetl 
by  the  birth  of  a  nearer  heir  before  the  death  of  tlie 
anci^tor.  I'hus  the  jtresumptive  succcNston  of  a 
broth«;r  or  nephew  may  be  destroyed  by  the  birth  of 
a  child.  Pre.sHmptipe  heir  is  distinguished  from  heir 
apparent,  wbiise  right  of  inheritance  is  indefeasible, 
pruvid.'d  he  outlives  the  ancestor.  Blackstone. 

PRE-SU.M1"TIVE-LY,  adv.  By  presumption,  or  8iii>- 
position  grounded  on  probribility.  Burke. 

PRE-SUMPT'U-OUS,  a.  [Fr.  presomptueuz ;  It  and 
Sp.  pre^-untuoso.] 

1.  Bold  and  confident  to  excess  ;  adventuring  with- 
out reasonable  ground  of  success;  hazarding  safety 
on  too  slight  grounds;  rash;  applied  to  persons i  as, 
B  presumptuous  commander. 

There  is  a  class  of  preaumptuo^ts  men  whom  aye  has  not  made 
cautious,  nor  adversity  wise.  BuckminaUr. 

2.  Founded  on  presumption  ;  proceeding  from  ex- 
cess of  confidence  ;  applied  to  Uiingsi  as,  presumptu- 
ous hope.  Milton. 

3.  Arrogant ;  insolent ;  as,  a  presumptuous  priest. 

Shak. 

Preiumptuoua  pride.  Dryden. 

A,  Unduly  confident;  irreverent  with  respect  to 
sacred  things. 

5.  Willful ;  done  with  bold  design,  rash  confidence, 
or  in  violation  of  known  duty  ;  as,  a  presumptuous 
sin. 
PRE-SUMPT'U-OUS-LY,arf(j.    With  rash  confidence. 

2.  Arrogantly ;  insolentlv. 

"3.  Willtiilly;  in  bold  defiance  of  conscience  or  vio- 
lation of  known  duty;  as,  to  sin  presumptuously. 
JVum.  XV. 

4.  With  groundless  and  vain  confidence  in  the 
divine  favor.  Hammond. 

PRE-SUMPT'lJ-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
presumptuous  or  rashly  confident;  groundless  con- 
fidence; arrogance;  irreverent  boldness  or  forward- 
ness. 
PRE-SUP-PG'SAL,  (pre-sup-po'zal,)  n.  [pre  and  sup- 
posal,] 

Siipposal  previously  formed  ;  presupposition. 

Hooker. 
PRE  SUP-POSE',  (pre-8up-p67.e',)  v.  t     [Fr.  presup- 
poser  ;  It  presupporre  •'  Eng.  pre  and  suppose,] 

To  suppose  as  previous ;  to  imply  as  antecedent 
The  existence  of  created  things  presupposes  the  ex- 
istence of  a  Creator. 

Each  kind  of  knowled^  praaunpoaet  many  up-cosKtry  ihinga 
learned  in  oihrr  sciences  ami  Known  beloreliand.    Iloakar, 


Fate,  far,  fall,  wa>T — mete,  prey — pine,  marine,  bird.— note,  dove,  move,  wqlf,  bq<jk.- 


864 


PRE 

PRE-Si;P-POS'£D,y;j.  or  a.  Sup|)osed  to  be  antece- 
dent. 

PRE-SUP-POS'I\G,  pjn-.     Supposing  to  be  nrevioua. 

PRE-SUP-PO-«I"TION,  C-zish'un.)  n.  Supposition 
previously  formed, 

2.  Snpposition  of  fiomotliing  antecedent. 
PRE-SUR-MISE',  (pre-sur  iiitze',)  n.      [pre   and    »ur- 

A  Burniise  previously  formed.  Shak. 

PRE-TENCE',  (pre-tens^,)  n.    f  L.  praUn.^3,  praitendo.] 

I.  A  holding  out  or  utfering  to  othera  somL'tliing 
false  or  feigneil  j  a  presenting  to  oUiers,  either  in 
words  or  actions,  a  false  ur  hypocritical  nppcunince, 
usually  with  a  view  to  conceal  what  is  real,  and  thus 
to  deceive.  Under  pretence  of  giving  liberty  to  na- 
tions, the  prince  conquered  and  enslaved  Iheiii. 
Under  pretence  of  patriotisni,  aniliitious  men  serve 
tbeir  own  selfish  purposes. 

L«  not  Trojans,  wiih  ■  fri^ttpd  preUtux 
Of  proffered  pCJCe,  driudr  iite  L.«uui  priiic^.  Drydtn. 

It  is  sometimes  preceded  by  on  ;  as,  on  pretence  of 
revenging  Cesar's  death.  JUidUleton. 

3.  Assumption  ;  claim  to  notice. 

Never  wu  kuj  thing  of  tiuapnlence  more  mpeuioiwlj  impnrted. 

Jicetyn. 

3.  Claim,  tnie  or  false. 

Prini«5fnilurc  can  not  hsve  miv  preUKt  to  a  rifhl  of  •oleW  in- 
h^ritta^  prup-.Tiy  or  pow-r.  Lo<Jte. 

4.  Something  held  out  to  terrify  or  for  other  pur- 
pose ;  as,  A  pretence  of  danger.  Shak. 

[For  remarks  on  the  spelling  of  this  word,  sec  Pre- 

TE!«9E.] 

PRE-TE.VD',  V.  t  [L,  prtEtmio ;  pra,  before,  and  ten- 
do^  to  tend,  to  reach,  or  stretch;  Fr.  pretemlre;  It. 
prrUndrrej  Sp.  pretender,] 

1.  LiteraUy^  to  reach  or  stretch  forward  ;  used  by 
Drydcn,  but  this  use  is  not  well  authorised. 

2.  To  hold  out,  as  a  false  appearance  ;  to  offVr 
something  feigned  instead  of  that  which  is  real ;  to 
■imulate,  io  words  or  actions. 

ThU  kt  him  knour. 
l>«t,  wnifiilly  tranagrettking',  he  prtleiid 
Siirpriial.  Amion. 

3.  To  show  hypocritically  ;  as,  to  pretend  great  zeal 
when  ihe  heart  is  not  engaged  ;  to  pretend  patriotism 
fur  the  sake  6f  gaining  |)opuUr  applause  or  obtaining 
an  office. 

4.  To  exhibit  as  a  cover  for  something  hidden. 

Left  ibal  too  beavenlj  {onn,pretenii*d 
To  tylllsh  CilwlKiod,  anare  ibem.    (jNwI  in  um.]  MilUm. 

0.  To  claim. 

Chiefi  ihall  be  gnulged  the  part  which  (he/  prtlend.    Drytlen. 

In  this  sense,  we  generally  use  pretend  to. 

6.  To  intend  ;  to  design.     [J^ot  u.ied.]       Spenser. 

PRE-TEND',  V.  L  To  put  in  a  claim,  truly  or  falsely  ; 
to  hold  out  the  appearance  of  being,  possessing,  or 
performing.  A  man  may  pretend  to  be  a  physician, 
and  pretend  to  perform  great  cures ;  bad  men  often 
pretend  to  be  patriots. 

PRE-TEMJ'ED,  pp  Held  out,  as  a  false  appearance  ; 
feigned  ;  simulated. 

2.  a.  Ostensible;  hypocritical  j  as,  a  ;n-£C<>N^(;  rea- 
son or  motive  ;  pretended  zeal. 

PRE-TE\D'ED-LV,  adc.  By  false  appearance  or  rep- 
resentation. Hammond. 

PIlE-TE\D'ER,Ti.  One  who  makes  a  show  of  some- 
thing not  real ;  one  who  lays  claim  to  any  thing. 

2.  In  f'.ng-lish  h'lMary,  the  heir  of  the  royal  family 
of  Stuart,  who  laid  claim  to  the  crown  of  Great 
Uritain,  but  was  excluded  by  law.  Burnet. 

PRE-TEXD'ER-SniP,  n.  The  right  or  claim  of  the 
pretender.  Swift. 

PRE-TE.VD'ING,  ppr.  Ilulding  out  a  false  appear- 
ance; laying  claim  to,  or  attempting  to  make  others 
believe  one  is  what  in  truth  he  is  not,  or  that  he  has 
or  does  something  which  he  has  or  dues  not  \  mak- 
ing hypocritical  prufesc^ions. 

PRE-TE.ND'ING-LY,  adc.  Arrogantly;  presumptu- 
ously. 

PRE-TEXSE',  (pre-tcns',)  b.  [L.  precUnsus,  pra- 
tetuio.] 

1.  A  holding  out  or  offering  to  others  something 
false  or  feigned  j  a  presenting  to  others,  either  in 
words  or  actions,  a  faUc  or  hypocritical  apiH-arance, 
usually  with  a  vifw  t<i  conceal  what  is  nal,  and  thus 
to  deceive.  Under  pretenjte  of  giving  liberty  t«i  na- 
tions, the  prince  compiered  and  enslaved  iliem  ;  nn- 
4cr  pretnue  of  pairiutism,  ambitiouA  men  «erve  their 
own  selllsh  purposes. 

L^l  oM  TwUn;  wiUj  1  ("ijftytd  prttena* 

Of  pniffcrMl  pt-iice,  <ii;lu<W  U»  Im\mm  prioce.  Dryden. 

H  Is  sometimes  preceded  by  oh  ,*  as,  on  prrtense  of 
revenging  Cfr*ar'*  death.  MiHdlrton. 

2.  A»iiumption  ;  claim  to  notice. 

He»er  wu  any  ihiD j  of  ihu  prtUnn  more  InfcnteiMly  imparted. 
M  .  Enalyn. 

3.  Claim,  true  or  false. 


PRE 


PRE 


Ptimof^niWrTrcnn  not  li-i 


my  prtUnM  to  a  right  of  aoli-lT  in- 


„ I  aoMr 

bPrting-  prop»:ry  or  pow.  r.  Lock* 

4.  Something  held  out  to  terrify  or  for  other  pur- 
low  ;  aa,  a  pretense  of  daoger. 


[This  word,  like  ezpense^  has,  till  of  late,  been 
spelled  with  a  e;  but  it  ought  to  undergo  the  same 
change  with  expense^  the  reason  being  the  same, 
viz.,  that  a  must  he  used  in  the  derivatives,  pretension^ 
&c.,  as  in  er}}ensivc.^ 
PRE-TE.\S'£D,  (pre-tenst',)  a,  Pn-tended  ;  feigned  ; 
as,  a  prcUnsed  right  to  laud.    [CUtle  usod.] 

PRE-TEN'SrON,  (pre-ten'shun,)  lu  fit.  pretmJ^; 
Fr.  pretention.]  * 

1.  Claim,  true  or  false  ;  a  holding  out  the  appear- 
ance  of  right  or  possession  of  a  thing,  with  a  view 
to  make  others  believe  what  is  not  real,  or  what,  if 
true,  is  not  yet  known  or  admitted.  A  man  may 
make  pretensions  to  rights  which  he  can  not  maintain  ; 
he  may  make  pretensions  to  skill  which  he  does  not 
possess  ;  and  he  may  make  pretensions  to  skill  or  ac- 
qiiin-iiifnts  which  he  really  possesses,  but  which  he 
is  not  known  to  possess.  Hence  we  speak  of  ill- 
founded  pretensions  Jind  well-founded  pretensions. 

2.  Claim  to  something  to  be  obtained,  or  a  ilesire 
to  obtain  somethinc,  manifested  by  words  or  actions. 
Any  citizen  may  have  pretensions  to  the  honor  of 
representing  the  state  in  the  senate  or  house  of  rep- 
resentatives. 

•  The  coiiiiiioiia  di-ninml  Ihnt  the  coiisukhip  should  lie  in  common 
to  tho  preUnnons  of  any  Roman.  Std/t. 

Men  indiiJg>?  those  0{»'nioi»  and  pracLicei  that  favor  their  pre- 
tefwton*.  L'Ettrange. 

3.  Fictitious  appearance  ;  a  Latin  phrase  not  now 
used. 

This  wai  but  an   hivention  and  pretension  given  out  by  the 
Sptuiiarda.  Bacon. 

PRE-TENT'A-TIVE,  a.     [L.  pra  and  tento,  to  try.] 
That  may  be  previously  tried  or  attempted.     [Lit- 
tle vsed.]  Wotton. 

PRe'TER,  a  Latin  preposition,  (prtrter,)  is  used  in 
some  English  words  as  a  prefix.  Its  proper  signifi- 
cation is  betiond^  hence,  beside,  more. 

PKE-TER-IM-PER'FECT,  a.  [h.  pneter,  beyond  or 
beside,  and  imperfcctas,  unfinished.] 

In  fframmary  an  epithet  designating  the  tense 
wliich  expresses  action  or  being  not  perfectly  past; 
niore  usually  called  the  imperfect  tense. 

PEe'TER-IT,  a.  [L.  prtBtentas,  pristcreo  ;  pnstcr^  be- 
yond, and  CO,  to  go.] 

Past;  applied  to  the  tense  in  grammar  which  ex- 
presses an  action  or  being  jwrfeclly  past  or  finished, 
often  that  which  is  Ju^^t  past  or  completed,  but  with- 
out a  specification  of  time.  It  is  called  also  the 
perfect  tense ;  as,  scripsi,  I  have  itritten.  We  say, 
"I  have  icriiten  a  letter  to  my  correspondent ;"  in 
which  sentence,  the  time  is  supposed  to  be  not  dis- 
tant,nnd  not  specified.  Hut  when  the  lime  is  men- 
tittned,  we  use  the  imperfect  tense,  so  called  ;  as,  "  I 
tpro(«  to  my  correspfjndont  yesterday."  In  this  use 
of  the  preterit  or  perfect  tense,  the  English  differs 
from  the  French,  in  which  j'ai  icrit  hier  is  correct ; 
but  I  kavt  written  yesterday,  would  be  very  bad 
English. 

PRE-TER  F'TION,  (pre-ter-ish'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L. 
prtetereoy  to  pass  by.] 

1.  The  act  of  going  past ;  the  state  of  being  past. 

HaU, 

2.  In  rA*torif,a  figure  by  which,  in  pretending  to 
pass  over  any  thing,  we  make  a  summary  mention 
of  it ;  as,  "  I  will  not  say,  he  is  valiant,  he  is  learned, 
he  is  just,"  &c.  The  most  artful  praises  are  those 
bestowed  by  way  of  pretention.  Encyc. 

PRE-TEU'l-TrVE,o.     In  ^nmmar,nn  epithet  applied 

to  verbs  used  only  or  chiefiy  in  the  preterit  or  imst 

tenspfl. 
PRf.'TER-IT-NESS,  n.     [from  preteriL]     The  state  of 

bfing  pa«t.     [Little  usedJ  Brnttey. 

PRE-TER-LAPS'/:D,    Mapsl',)  a.     [L.    praiterlaplus, 

preptcrlabtir ;  prtgter  ann  Uibiir^  to  glitle.] 

Past;  cone  bv  ;  as,  prc/cr/flp.tcri  ages.         Walker. 
PRE-TKR  I.E'GAL,  «r.     [U prater  and  lecal.] 

Exceeding  the   limits  of  Jaw;  not   legal.     [Little 

wrfvl  K.  Charles. 

PRE-TER-MIS'SION,  (mish'un,)  n.    [L.  pru'termissio, 

from  prtPtrrmittj}.] 

1.  A  pa-ising  by  ;  omission. 

2.  In  rhetoric,  the  same  as  pRETEnrTior*. 
PRE-TER-MIT',  v.  t.     [L.  pratermiUo  ,■  prasttry  beyond, 

and  miito^  to  send.] 

To  paMS  by  ;  Io  omit.  Bacon. 

PRE.TER-M[T'TED.  pp.     Px>wed  by  ;  omitted. 

PRE-TER-NAT'U-RAL,  a.  [L.  protcr  and  natural.] 
Beyond  what  is  natural,  or  different  from  what  is 
natural;  irregular.  We  call  th(»8e  events  in  the 
physical  world  preternatural ,  which  arc  extraordinary, 
which  are  deemed  Io  be  it-yonrf  or  wi'hout  the  ordi- 
nary course  of  things,  and  yet  are  nut  dei-med  mirac- 
ulous, in  distinction  from  events  which  are  super- 
natural, which  cannot  be  jtroduced  by  phy^iical  laws 
or  powers,  and  must  tlierefore  be  produced  by  a 
direct  exertifpn  of  omnipotence.  We  also  apply  the 
epithet  to  things  uncommon  or  irregular ;  as,  apre- 
irrnnfurrt/ swelling  i  a  preternatural  pulse;  a  preter- 
natural excitement  or  tem[)er. 

PRETER-NAT-U-RAL'l-TV^n.  Pretcrnatu  rain  ess. 
[Little  used.]  Smith. 

RE — 


Shak.     I  PRE-TER-NAT'IT.RAL-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  be- 


yond or  aside  from  the  common  order  of  nature ;  as, 
vessels  of  the  body  preternaturally  dislended. 

PRE  rER-NAT'U.RAL-NESS,n.  A  state  or  manner 
different  from  Ihe  common  order  of  nature 

PRE-TER-I'Ell'FEC'J',  a,     [L.  propter  and  perfcctus.] 
l^\i^Tn\\\\  more  than  complete  or  finished  i  an  epithet 
equivaknt  to  preterit,  applied  to  the  tense  of  verbs 
which  expresses  action   or   being  absolutely   past  ; 
more  usually  called  the  pirfeU  tense.    [  arammar.] 
„  Spectator. 

PRE-TER-PLCPER-FFCT,  a.  [L.  pra:tcr,  beyond, 
plus,  more,  and  perfifctas,  perfect.] 

Literally,  beyond  wore  than  perfect ;  an  epithet  des- 
ignating the  tense  of  verbs  which  expresses  action 
or  being  as  past  at  or  before  another  past  event 
or  time ;  more  usually  called  the  pluperfect  tense ; 
better  denominated  theprMw  pojtt  teuse,  that  is,  past 
prior  to  another  event. 

PRE-TEX',  V.  t.    [L.  prtEtcTOi  pra  and  texo,  or  teiro. 

texui.]  *   ' 

To  clonk  ;  to  conceal.    [JVot  used.]        Edwards. 

PRETEXT' or  PRE'TEXT,  ».  [L.  prateztus  ;  Fr. 
prctextc  ;  It.  pretcsto  ;  Sp.  pretezto!] 

Pretense  J  false  appearance;  ostensible  reason  or 
motive  assigned  or  assumed  as  a  color  or  cover  for 
the  real  eason  or  motive.  He  gave  plausible  reasons 
for  his  conduct  but  these  were  only  a  pretext  to  con- 
ceal his  real  motives. 

He  made  pretext  that  I  should  only  go 

And  h<ilp  convey  his  freight ;  h.ii  thought  not  »o.      Chapman. 
they  Buck  the  bloyd  of  diose  Ihcy  depend  on,  und^r  :\  wciexl  of 
aervke  and  kindness.  L'Egirange. 

PRE'TOR,  ».  [L.  pTfEtory  from  the  root  of  prcs,  be- 
fore.] 

An  ofiicer  among  the  ancient  Romans.  Ori^inally^ 
the  prelor  was  a  kind  of  third  consul ;  but  at  an  ear- 
ly period,  two  pretors  were  appointed  ;  the  first  of 
whom  (pra'tor  urha'nus)  was  a  kind  of  mavor  or 
city  judge  ;  the  other  (prai'tor  peri<rri'iius)  was  a 
judge  of  cases  in  which  one  or  both  of  the  parties 
were  foreigners.  Still  later,  the  number  of  pretors 
or  judges  was  further  increased.  Smithes  Diet. 

In  modern  times,  the  word  is  sometimes  used  for  a 
mayor  or  magistrate.  Drydcn.     Spectator. 

PRE-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  pretor  or  judge  ; 
judicial.  Burke. 

PRE-TO'RI-AN,  a.  Belonging  to  a  pretor  or  judge  ; 
judicial;  exercised  by  the  pretor;  as,  preiortaa  power 
or  authority.  Bacotu 

Pretorian  bands,  or  guards^  or  pretorians,  in  Roman 

history,  were  the  emperor's  guards.    Tiieir  number 

was  increased  by  Vitellius  to  sixteen  thousand  men. 

SmiUtU  Diet. 

Pretorian  gate ;    in  a  Roman  camp,  that  one  of  its 

fmir  gates  which  lav  next  the  enemy.  Brande. 

PRK'TOK-SHIP,  n.     The  office  of  prelor.      Wartoiu 

PRET'TI-LY,  (prii'ti-Iy,)  adv.  [from  pretty.]  In  a 
prtrtty  manner  ;  with  neatness  and  taste  ;  pleasingly; 
without  magnificence  or  splendor  ;  as,  a  woman 
prettily  dressed  ;  a  parterre  prettily  ornamented  with 
flowers. 

2.  With  decency,  good  manners,  and  decorum, 
without  dignity. 

Cliildr-n  ki-pl  out  of  Ut  comimny,  take  a  pride  to  behave  flien)- 
tclva  prtUUy.  Locke. 

PRET'TI-NESS,  (prit'ti-ness,)  n.  [from  pretty.)  Di- 
minutive beauty  ;  a  pleasing  form  without  stateti- 
ncsa  or  dignity;  as,  the  prettiness  of  the  face;  the 
prettiness  of  a  bird  or  other  small  animal ;  the  prttti- 
ne^a  of  dress.  More. 

2.  Neatness  and  taste  displayed  on  small  objects  ; 
as,  the  prettiness  of  a  flower-lied. 

3.  Decency  of  manners;  pleasing  propriety  with- 
out dignity  or  elevation;  as,theyrcH(n«sof  achild's 
behavior. 

PRET'TY,  (prit'ty,)  a.  [Sax.  prfte,  adorned  ;  pratig, 
sly,  crafty  ;  Dan.  prydet,  adorned;  Sw,  prijiid,  id. ; 
\V.  pnjd,  comelini^ss,  beauty,  also,  that  i.s"present, 
staled  time,  hour  or  season,  visage,  aspect ;  prydain, 
exhibiting  presence  or  an  open  countenance,  beauti- 
ful i  prydiaiD,  to  represent  an  object,  to  record  an 
event,  to  render  seasonable,  to  set  apart  a  time,  to 
become  seasonable.  'I'he  word  seems  to  be  con- 
nected with  priawd,  appropriate,  proper,  fitting, 
whence  priodi,  to  render  appropriate,  to  espouse  or 
marry,  and  prtodvrrg,  a  bride.  Hence  it  is  evident 
the  radical  sense  Is  set,  or,  as  we  say,  5(2  0^,  implying 
enlargement.] 

1.  Having  diminutive  beauty  ;  of  a  pleasing  form 
without  the  strong  lines  of  beauty,  or  wiihtiut  grace- 
fulness and  dignity  ;  as,  a  pretty  face  ;  a  pretty  per- 
son ;  a  pretty  flower. 

The  pretty  geoLlcman  la  the  most  comptaEaant  crrntnre  In  iha 
world.  SfUclaUtr. 

That  which  is  tidle  can  bcf  but  pretty,  aod  by  elaimitig  dignity 
beconiea  ridiculoiu.  jMnton. 

2.  Neat  and  appropriate  without  niagnificence  or 
splendor  ;  as,  tl  pretty  dress. 

3.  Handsome;  neatly  arranged  or  ornamented; 
as,  a  pretty  flower-bed. 

4.  Neat;  elegant  without  elevation  or  granden  ■ ; 
as,  a  pretty  tale  or  story ;  a  pretty  song  or  composi- 
tion. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


iOU 


U65 


PRE 

5.  Sty  ;  cniflU' ;  as,  lie  tias  played  liis  friend  a 
prftty  trick.  This  seems  to  be  the  souse  of  the 
word  in  this  plira!>e,  according  with  tiie  Saxon 
prjtiV.  And  hence,  perhaps,  the  phmse  a  preUy 
fellow. 

6.  Small  ;  diminutive  ;  in  contempt.  He  will 
make  a  pretty  figure  in  a  triumph. 

7.  Not  very  small ;  moderately  large ;  as,  a  pretty 
way  off. 

Cut  off  the  Btalk*  of  tiucuinbera,  inunedlftldjr  •Hew  their  beuiof , 

dtwe  by  the  autb,  and  then  CMt «  prilty  quuilky  of  earth 

upon  the  pUnt,  »ad  they  wfU  bei  oexi  jtmx  belore  thr  onlt> 

nary  tiine.     (JW  m  um.]  Amu. 

TRETTY,  (pril'ty,)  adv.     In  some  degree  ;  tolerably  ; 

moderately  ;  as,  a  farm  pretty   well   stocked  ;    the 

colors  became  pretty  vivid  ;  I  am  pretty  sure  of  the 

fact  i  the  wind  is  pretty  fair.    The  En(;li^h  half  penny 

is  pretty  near  the  value  of  the  American  cent.     In 

these  and  similar  |ibrases,  pretty  expresses  less  than 

very. 

The  writer  ^mcqriiUialj  pnfcMMl^RiMir  ft  duone  Chririton.    , 

AXUrbitry. 

PKET'TY-SPOK-£N,  o.    Spoken  orspeaking  prettily. 

PRE-TYP'I-FI-£D,(-ftde,)p;».  [from  prctyptfy.]  An- 
leredenily  represented  by  tvpe;  prefigured. 

PRE-TYP'I-F?,  p.  L  [prt  aiid  typtfy.]  To  piefigure  ; 
to  exhibit  previously  in  a  tvpe.  Pearson. 

PRE-TYP'I-FV-ING,  ppr.    treriguring. 

PRE  VAIL',  r.  i.  [Fr.  preoaloir ;  \U  pret>aler«;  Sp. 
prevaieccr  ;  L.  pntvaleo  ;  prii^  before,  and  valroy  to  lie 
strong  or  welt.  FttUo  &eems  to  be  from  the  same 
root  a^  the  Eng.wciL  The  primary  Knse  is,  to  stretch 
or  strain  forward,  to  advance.] 

1.  To  overcome ;  to  giUn  the  victory  or  superiori- 
ty ;  to  gain  the  advantage. 

When  Mom  hrfd  up  hb  hand,  Irni^l  prrvailtd;  when  he  ki 
dopwn  bit  baud,  Acualek  prmvaiisd.  —  £a.  avU. 

With  tver  or  against. 

Okvid  pttwmiltd  over  the  Phil«ida«  with  a  din;  and  with  a  stooe. 

—  1  Snauxrft. 
Thla  IWdiMB  eottld  netv  frwafl  agmmtt  tfaB  imitod  Mwnrof 

9:  To  be  in  force }  to  teve  effect,  power,  or  influ- 


lU  carton  nwket  the  rfiiiHdt1ili«l  Ugob  and  the  waiW  ik^ 
IKS,  aa  Cir  -.u  it  prava&a.  Lack*. 

3.  To  be  predominant ;  to  extend  over  with  force  or 
effect.     The  fever  prevailed  in  a  great  part  of  the  city. 

4.  To  gain  or  have  predominant  influence  ;  to  op- 
erate with  effecL  These  reasons,  arguments,  or  mo- 
tives ought  topYP.it/  with  all  candid  men.  In  this 
sense,  it  is  fallowed  by  tritk. 

5.  To  persuade  or  induce  ;  with  »m  or  upon.  They 
prerailed  on  the  president  to  ratify  the  treaty.  It  is 
also  followed  by  with.  They  could  not  prevail  with 
the  king  to  pardon  the  offender.  But  oa  is  more 
common  in  modern  practice. 

6.  To  succeed.  Tho  general  attempted  to  take  the 
fort  by  assault,  but  did  nut  prerail.  The  im»st  power- 
ful arpumenis  were  employed,  but  they  did  nol  preeaiL 

PRE-VSIL'i;D,  pp.     Gained  advantage  ;    iieniuaded  ; 

succeeded. 
PRE-VAIL'ING,  ppr.   Gaining  advantage,  superiority, 

or  victory  ;  having  efft-cl  ;  persuading;  succeeding. 

2.  a.  Predominant;  having  more  influence  ;  prev- 
alent; superior  in  power.  The  love  of  money  and 
the  love  of  power  are  the  prtoailing  positions  of  men. 

3.  Efficacious. 

SaioU  aball  a«nM  tbee  with  prCKuJinf  pnjren.  Jtoaa, 

4.  Predominant ;  most  general ;  as,  the  pretailiHg 
disease  of  a  climate  ;  a  prevailing  opinion.     Inteni- 

rfe^anee  is  the  prerailing  vice  of  ntany  countries. 
E-VAIL'ING-LY,  ado     So  as  to  prevail  or  have 
success. 
PRE-VAIL'MEXT,  n.    Prevalence.    [Little  tued.] 

Shak. 
PREV'.\-LEN'CE,    J  «.    Superior  strength,  influence, 
PBEV'.\-LEX-CY,  i     or  efficacy;   nio^t   clficacious 
force  in  producing  an  effect. 

The  dohs  brtUT  knew  what  kind  of  arfame&ta  were  of  pma- 


Q.  Predominance ;  most  general  reception  or  prac- 
tice ;  as,  the  preoahatce  of  vice,  or  of  corrupt  max- 
fms  ;  the  previaleiux  of  opinion  or  fashion. 

3.  Most  general  exiatence  or  extension ;  as,  the 
frtvaU»ce  ot  a  disease. 

4.  Success ;  as,  thepmatmt*  of  prayer. 
PREV'A-L£NT,a.  GaiwBf  adnntage  or  superiority  ; 


Tictonoaa. 

Breeaoa  told  the  RiMnui  entasMdon,  thai  prtvaUnt  ama  wm 
aa  £>Dod  aa  any  titie.  SaUgh. 

2.  Powerful ;  efficacious ;  auecessfUl ;  as,  prevaUiU 
supplications. 

3.  Predominant;  most  generally  received  or  cur- 
rent ;  as,  a  prevalent  opinion.  Woodteard. 

4.  Predominant;  most   general;  extensively  ex- 
isting; as,  B  prevalent  disease. 

PREV'.A-LE\T-LY,  adr.    With  predominance  or  su- 
periority ;  powerfully. 

The  PTeninp  tUx  ao  £Jla  Into  the  tnaio, 

To  riie  a[  inorn  more  prnaitnlly  tri^hL  Prior, 

PBE-VAR'I-€aTE,  r.  i.     [Il  prevaricare ;  Bp.  prmari- 


PRE 

cor;  Fr.  prrrariqurr ;  U.  pr^tvaricor ;  pne  and  rarico, 
varicur,  to  straddle.  ] 

1.  To  shuflle;  to  qutbble ;  to  shift  or  turn  from 
one  side  to  the  other,  from  the  direct  course  or  from 
truth  ;  to  play  foul  play. 

I  would  Uiink  Letter  ot  Itiinaell^  than  that  he  wduI<]  wilirnIlT  ;>r*- 
pariaUt.  SdVins/nt. 

3.  In  tAe  cirif  Inie,  to  collude  ;  as,  where  an  in- 
former colludes  with  the  defendant,  and  makes  a 
sham  prosecution.  Kneyc. 

3.  In  English  law,  to  undertake  a  thing  falsely  and 
deceitfully,  with  the  purpose  of  defeating  or  destroy- 
ing it.  Coicet, 

PRE-VAR'I-CATE,  tj.  L  To  pervert;  to  corrupt;  to 
evade  by  a  quibble. 

[But  in  a  transitive  sense,  this  word  is  seldom  or 
never  used.] 

PRE-VAU'ieA-TED,  pp.    Evaded  by  a  quibble. 

PRE-VAR'I-eA-TING,j);»-.  ora.  ttuibbling  to  evade 
the  truth. 

PRE-VAR-!-€A'TION,  n.  A  shuffling  or  quibbling  to 
evade  the  truth  or  the  disclosure  of  truth  ;  the  prac- 
tice of  some  trick  for  evading  what  is  just  or  honor- 
able ;  a  deviation  from  the  plain  juth  of  truth  niid 
fair  dealing.  Jiddison. 

3.  In  the  civil  law,  the  collusion  of  an  informer 
with  the  defendant,  for  the  purpose  of  making  a 
sham  prosecution.  F.ncyc. 

3.  In  common  lair,  a  seeming  to  undertake  a  thing 
falsely  or  deceitfully,  for  the  purpose  of  defeating  or 
destroying  it.  Cotcd. 

4.  A  secret  abuse  in  the  exercise  of  a  public  office 
or  commission.  Eneijc 

PRE-VAR'I  CA-TOR,  n.  One  that  prevaricates;  a 
bhufller ;  a  quibbler. 

3.  A  sham  dealer ;  one  who  colludes  with  a  de- 
fendant in  a  sham  prosecution.  Civil  Law. 
3.  One  who  abuses  his  trust. 
PRE-VE\E',  r,  L     [h.  prtrvenio ;  prte,  before,  and  ce- 
nto, to  come.] 

LUtraUy^  to  come  before;  hence,  to  hinder.  [JVot 
nMd.]  Philips. 

PRE-VEX'I-EXT,  a.     [L.  pnrventens.] 

Going  before;  preceding;  as,  prevenient  grace. 
Hence,  preventive  MiUon. 

PRE-VE.NT',  V.  t.  [It.  pnBvrnioy  pra,  before,  and  te- 
nia, to  come  ;  IL  prevenire;  8p.  and  Fr.  prevenir.'\ 

1.  To  hinder;  to  stop  or  intercept  the  apprwich. 
access,  or  performance  of  a  thing.  Foresight  and 
care  will  prevent  many  ills  and  misfortunes  in  human 
life.  Religion  supplies  cons<iIation  under  afflictions 
which  can  not  be  prevented.  It  48  often  easier  to 
prevent  evils  than  to  remedy  them. 

[  The  foUawing  significations  of  Uu  word,  formerly 
nsed,  are  oh9<deit.'\ 

2.  To  go  before ;  to  precede.    Ps.  ciix.  148. 

3.  To  take  hold  on  ;  to  seize.    Job  xxx.  Ifi. 

4.  To  succor.     Ps.  lix,  10,  and  Common  Prayer. 
&.  To  anticipate. 

llHto  tntd;  jullt  pmentiMg  thy  eomnuLoda.  Pop*. 

6.  To  preoccupy  ;  to  preSngage. 

Thou  baat  prtvenUd  us  with  orerlurea  of  iotc.       K.  CharUt. 

PREVENT',  p.  i.    To  come  before  the  usual  time. 

[jVof  in  use.]  Bacon. 

PRE-VENT'A-BLE,  a.     That   may  be  prevented  or 

hindered.  Rqjnolds. 

[Pbeventatite  is  a  gross  blunder.] 
PRE-VENT'ED,  pp.     Hindered  from 

L-iking  effect. 
PRE-VEXT'ER,  n.     One  that  goes  before.     [JV«(  in 

use,]  Bacon, 

2.  One  that  hinders;  a  liinderer  ;  that  which  hin- 
ders ;  as,  a  preventer  of  evils  or  of  disease. 

PRE-VENT'ING,  ppr.     Going  before.     [  Obs.] 

'2.  Hindering;  obviating. 
PRE-\'E\T'ING-LY,  adv.     In  such  a  manner  or  way 

as  lo  hinder.  Dr.  Walker. 

PRE-VEN'TION,  a.    [Fr.]    The  act  of  going  before. 

[Obs.]  Bacon, 

5.  Preoccupation;  anticipation.     [Little  used.] 

Hammond. 

3.  The  act  of  hindering;  hinderance ;  obstruc- 
tion of  access  or  appruach. 

Prevention  of  aiu  b  one  of  the  gr«ile»l  mnrciea  God  can  roucb- 
»^fe'  South. 

4.  Prejudice;  prepossession;  a  French  sense,  but 
not  in  ttsif  in  English.  Lhyden. 

PREVE.V'TION-AL,  a.     Tending  to  prevent.  Diet 

PRE-VENT'iVE,  a.  Tending  to  hinder;  hindering 
tJie  access  of;  as,  a  medicine  preventive  of  disease. 

Brown. 

PRE-VENT'IVE,  ti.  That  which  prevents;  that 
which  intercepts  the  access  or  npprrtach  of.  Tem- 
perance and  exercise  are  excellent  ;jrci;e«(irM  of  de- 
bility and  lanfiuor. 

2.  An  antidote  previously  taken.  A  medicine 
may  be  taken  as  a  preventire  of  disease. 

PRE-VENT'IVE  SERVICE,  n.  In  Oreat  Britain, 
the  duty  performed  by  tiie  armed  police  in  guarding 
the  coast  acainst  smuggling. 

PRE-VE\T'IVE-LY,  ailv.  By  way  of  prevention  j 
in  a  manner  that  tends  to  hinder. 


happening  or 


PRI 

rRK'VIOUH,  a.      [I.,  prxcias;  pree,  before,  and  via, 

way,  that  is,  a  going,  Hax.  wag.] 
Going  before  in  time  ;  being  or  happening  before 

fluincthing  else;   antecedent;    prior;  as,  a  previous 

intimation  of  a  tlesign  ;  ti  previous  notion  ;  a  previous 

event 

SouniJ  from  tlte  tnoullL'^ill,  previou)  to  the  atonn, 

Holli  oVr  ibe  mutleriiip  eanh.  JTlomron. 

PRE'VI-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  time  preceding;  before- 
hand ;  antecedently  ;  as,  a  plan  previously  formed, 

PRE'VI-OUS-NESS,  n.  Antecedence;  priority  in 
time. 

PRE-VI"»ION,  (-vir.h'un,)  n.  [L.  pravisus,  prtevideo  i 
pnr,  before,  and  video,  to  see.] 

Foresight;  foreknowledge;  prescience.      Encye. 

PRE-WARN',  c,  L  [SeeWARft.J  To  warn  before- 
hand ;  to  give  previous  notice  v\.  Beaum. 

PRl'-WARN'fJD,  pp.     Given  previous  notice  of. 

PRKAVARN'ING,  ppr.     Wnrniiip  beforehand. 

PREY,  (pri,)  n.  [L.  prtpda  :  It,  prcda  ;  Fr.  proie  ;  Arm. 
preiji  OT  prcih  ;  I),  prtmi.  In  Welsh,  praiz,  Ir.  preit, 
sigiiilios  booty  or  spiiil  of  cattle  taken  in  war,  also  a 
flock  or  herd  ;  preiziaw,  to  herd,  to  collect  a  herd,  to 
drive  off  or  make  booty  of  cattle.] 

1.  S(Kjil ;  booty;  plunder;  goods  taken  by  force 
from  an  enemy  in  war. 

Ami  th'-y  brought  iHr  cantlvrg,  bh,1  ih"  prey,  antl  tho  spoil,  to 
Mow»  ftiiif  iCk-aznr  the  jin-'Kt.  —  Nuiit.  xxxi. 

In  this  passage,  the    captives  are  distinguished 
from  prey.     But  sometimes  person*  are  included. 
They  IJuilah]  nh:i\\  U'come  a  prey  and  a  spoil  lo  all  ilteir  ene- 
laiP*. -^'2  King!  xxU 

2.  That  which  is  seized  or  may  be  seized  by  vio- 
lence to  be  devoured  ;  ravine.  The  eagle  and  the 
hawk  dart  ujion  their  prey. 

StK>  ttfM  hTaclf  Ihi?  moMtpT'tprey.  Ihy^n, 

Tlio  oKl  liou  prriaboih  for  lucJi  of  prey.  —  Job  It. 

3.  Ravage ;  depredation. 

Uog  in  ^uth,  fox  in  cleAJth,  lion  in  prey.  S^taJc. 

-  .Animal  or  beast  of  preu,  is  a  carnivorous  animal  ; 
one  that  feeds  on  the  flesh  of  other  animals.  The 
word  is  applied  to  the  larger  animals,  as  lions,  tigers, 
hawks,  vultures,  &,c.,  rattier  than  to  insects  ;  yet  an 
insect  feeding  on  other  insects,  may  be  called  an  ani- 
mal of  prey. 
PUgV,  (pri,)  V.  i.  To  prey  on,  or  upon,  is  to  rob;  to 
plunder ;  to  pillage. 

2.  To  feed  by  violence,  or  to  seize  and  devour. 
The  wolf  preys  on  sheep  ;  the  hawk  preys  on  chick- 
ens. 

3.  To  corrode  ;  to  waste  gradually  ;  to  cause  to 
pine  away.  Grief prrys  on  the  body  and  spirits; 
envy  and  jealousy  prey  on  the  health. 

Liviifua^  ia  too  fniikt  to  alwW 
Hi*  ngf-  of  love  ;  it  prry$  upon  tiis  life  ; 
III!  piiii-s,  h<;  aiukena,  lie  (It-spnira,  he  diet.  A'Idiaon. 

PREY'ER,  (pru'er,)  n.  He  or  that  which  preys  ;  a 
plunderer;  a  waster  ;  a  devourer. 

PRfiY'ING,  (pra'ing,)  ppr.  Plundering;  corroding; 
wasting  gradually. 

PRI'A-PISM,  n.  [from  L.  Priapus.]  More  or  less 
permanent  erection  and  rigidity  uf  the  penis,  with- 
out concupiscence. 

PRICE,  n.  [Fr.  prix;  It.  prezzo:  Sp.  precio  ;  Arm. 
pris;  D.  prys  :  G.preisi  Dan.  priis  ;  W ,  pris  or  prid  i 
prisiaw,  to  value,  to  apprise  ;  pri/Uaw,  to  give  a  price, 
value,  or  equivalent,  to  pawn,  to  ransom  ;  L.  pretiam. 
See  Praise.] 

1.  The  sum  or  amount  of  money  at  which  a  thing 
is  valued,  or  the  value  which  a  seller  sets  on  his 
goods  in  market.  A  man  often  sets  a  price  on  goods 
which  he  can  not  obtain,  and  often  takes  less  than 
the  price  set, 

2.  The  sum  or  equivalent  given  for  an  article  ;  the 
cost ;  as,  the  price  paid  for  a  bouse,  an  ox,  or  a 
watch. 

3.  The  current  value  or  rate  paid  for  any  species  of 
goods  ;  as,  the  market  price  of  wheat. 

4.  Value ;  estimation  ;  excellence  ;  worth. 

Who  can  find  a  Yjrtuous  woman  I   for  her  price  is  far  abora 
rulii'-»,  —  Pro*,  xxxi. 

5.  Reward;  recompense. 

Th.ii  rice  may  merit ;  'tii  the  price  of  toD  ; 

The  kiiAve  ili:<cn'(;a  i(  when  he  tilli  the  ■oii.  Pope, 

The  price  of  redemption,  is  the  atonement  of  Jesus 
Christ.     1  Cor.  vi. 

-9  price  in  the  hands  of  a  fool ;  the  valuable  offers  of 
salvation,  which  he  neglects,     Prov.  xvii. 
PRICE,  V.  U     To  pay  for.     fJVoi  in  rise.]         Spenser. 

2.  To  set  a  price  on.     [See  Prize.] 
PRTCE-€[/R'RENT,  n.    A  paper  or  table  of  the  cur- 
rent prices  of  merchandise,  stocks,  specie,  bills  of 
exchange,  rate  of  exchange,  &c. 
PRir''/';D,  (prist,)  a.     Set  at  a  value;  used  in  compo- 
sition ;  as,  high-pr«r«rf,  low-pricpA 
PKICE'LESS,  a.     Invaluable  ;  too  valuable  to  admit 
of  a  price.  Skak. 

2.  Without  value  ;  worthless  or  unsalable. 

J.  Ba'low. 
PRICING,  ppr.    Setting  a  price  on  ;  valuing. 
PRICK,  F.  t.     [Sax.  priccian ;  D.  prikken  ,■  Dan.  p-ikker  ; 
Sw.  pricka  ;  Jr.  priocam.] 


•pATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT METE,  V&HY PL\E,  J|AK(NE,  BIUD.-KoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.— 


PRI 


PRI 


PRI 


1.  To  pierce  with  a  sharp-pointed  instrument  or 
substance  ;  as,  to  prick  one  with  a  pin,  a  needle,  a 
thurn.  or  the  like 

a.  To  erect  a  pointed  thing,  or  with  an  acuminated 
point ;  applied  chiefly  to  the  ears,  and  primarily  to 
the  pointed  ears  of  an  animal.  1'he  hurse  pricks  his 
ears,  or  pricks  up  his  ear^. 

3.  To  fix  by  the  point ;  as,  to  prick  a  knife  into  a 
board.  JVficltfn. 

4.  To  hang  on  a  poinL 

Th'  cooki  priA  &  slice  on  a  pronf  of  iron.  Scindyt. 

5.  To  designate  by  a  puncture  or  mark. 


G.  To  spur ;  to  goad  j  to  incite  ;  sometimes  with 
an  or  off. 


Mj"  »I»ii5  prickt  me  on  to  uivr  that 

W  liich  no  worldly  jood  should  draw  from  me. 

But  how  if  honor  prict  roe  q/T. 


ShaJc. 
Shak. 


7.  To  affect  with  sharp  pain ;  to  sting  with  re- 
morse. 


8.  To  make  acid  or  pungent  to  the  taste  ;  a?,  wine 
is  pricked,  Hudibras. 

9.  To  write  a  musical  composition  with  the  proper 
Dotes  on  a  scale. 

10.  In  seamen^a  langua^^  to  run  a  middle  seam 
through  the  cluth  of  a  sail.  Mar,  Diet. 

To  prick  a.  chart,  is  to  trace  a  ship's  course  on  a 
chart.  Mar.  Diet. 

PRICK,  p.  1.  To  become  acid  j  as,  ci^er pricks  in  the 
rays  of  the  sun. 

2.  To  dress  one*s  self  for  show. 

3.  To  come  upon  the  spur  \  to  shoot  along. 

Befor*  Mch  Ton 
Prirk  forth  ihe  airy  kuighu.  MxUon. 

4.  To  aim  at  a  point,  mark,  or  place.      Havskins. 
PRICK,  n,     [Sa^.  pricca:    Sw.  prick  or  preka ;    tand- 

prektty  a  tooth-pick  ;  Ir.  prioca.'] 

1.  A  slender,  pointed  instrument  or  substance, 
which  is  hard  enough  to  pierce  the  skin  ;  a  goad ;  a 
spur. 

It  ii  hard  for  thf^  to  kick  against  thepriots.  ~-AcU  Ix. 

2.  Sharp,  Rtineing  pain  ;  remorse.  SluUu 

3.  A  spot  or  mark  at  which  archers  aim. 

Carew. 

4.  A  point;  a  fixed  p\Kte.  Spenser. 

5.  A  puncture  or  place  entered  by  a  point. 

Brown. 

6.  The  print  of  a  hnre  on  the  ground. 

7.  In  aramen^s  Inngva^f,  a  small  roll ;  as,  a  prick  of 
spiin  yarn  ;  a  prick  of  tobacco. 

PRICK'-PfiST,  n.  In  architecture^  a  post  in  wooden 
bi]ij<rine!<  formed  intermediately  between  two  princi- 
pal posts.  Braiide. 

PRICK'^D,  (prikt,)  pp.  Pierced  with  a  sharp  point : 
■purred  ;  goaded  ;  .stung  with  pain  ;  rendered  acid 
or  pungent;  marked  -,  designated. 

PRICK'ER,  n.     A  sharp-pointed  instrument. 

Moxon. 

2.  In  colloquial  sense,  a  prickle. 

3.  A  tight  honteman.     [wVu£  in  u.«r.J        fJaytoard. 
PRICKET,  a.     A  buck  in  bis  second  year. 

Manhood, 
PRICK'IXO.  ppr.    Piercing  with  a  sharp  point ;  goad- 
ing; affecting  with  pungent  pain  ;  making  or  becom- 
inc  acid. 
PRICK'IN'Q,  %.     The  act  of  piercing  with,  a  sharp 
point. 

2.  In  farrirry,  the  driving  of  a  nail  Into  a  horse's 
foot  m>  as  to  produce  lam'-ness  ;  also,  tlie  same  as 
NicKtrtn.  Farm.  Kncye.     Oardnrr. 

3.  A  sensation  of  ?harp  pain,  or  of  being  pricked. 
PRICK'LE,  (prick'I,)  n.     In  buUiny^  a  pmall,  pointed 

shiMit  or  sharp  process,  crowinjt  from  the  bark  only, 
and  thus  di=lincuished  from  the  thnm,  which  grows 
from  the  wood  of  a  plant.  Thus,  the  rose,  the  hram- 
blp,  the  gotwf  bcrrj*,  and  the  burberry  are  armed  with 
prickle;*.  Martyn. 

2.  A  sharp,  pointed  process  of  an  animal. 

PRICK'LE-BACK,  »t.  A  small  fish,  so  named  from 
the  prickled  on  its  back  ;  the  stickle-back. 

Diet.  J^at.  IfuL 

PRICK'LI-.VESS,  a.  [from  prickly.]  The  state -bf 
having  many  prickles. 

PRICK'LOUSE,  n,  A  low  word  in  contempt  for  a 
tailor.  L*  Estrantre. 

PBK'K'IjV,  a.  Full  of  sharp  points  or  prickles; 
armed  with  prickles  ;  as,  a  pricklt/  shrub. 

Marhjn.     Sirift, 

PRirK'LY-PEAR,  n.  A  nrtme  npplicd  to  varion.^  spe- 
cie-*  of  Cactus,  cperially  to  the  Cactus  opuntia,  a 
fli'shy  and  succulent  plant,  drstllute  of  leaves,  cov- 
er- d  with  spines,  and  consii*ting  of  tl.'ittened  joints 
inscru>d  upon  each  other.  It  produces  a  purplish, 
edible  fnilL  Kacuc  JSm. 

PRK'K'MAD-A.M,  n.     A  species  of  houselcck. 

JnhiiJion. 

PRICK'PUNCH,  n.  A  piece  of  tempered  steel  with  a 
round  point,  to  prick  n  round  mark  on  cold  iron. 

Mozoju 


PRICK'SOX<»,  n.  A  song  set  to  music,  or  a  va- 
riegated song;  in  distinction  from  a  plain  song. 

Shak.     Bale. 

PRICK'WQpD,  n.  A  European  shrub  of  the  genus 
Euonymus,  ho  named  from  the  use  of  the  wood 
formerly  as  skewers.  Loudoiu 

PRIDE,  a.     [Sat.  pryt,  pryde  ;  D.  prat,  proud.] 

1.  Inordinate  self-esteem  ;  an  unreasonable  con- 
ceit of  one's  own  superiority  in  talents,  beauty, 
wealth,  accomplishments,  rank,  or  elevation  in 
office,  which  manifests  itself  iu  lofty  airs,  distance, 
re.serve,  and  often  in  contempt  of  others. 

M.inml  pride  looks  down  on  industry.  7*.  Daaet. 

Pruie  ei>.'lh  brfore  destruction.  —  Pro*.  xr\, 
■    Pride  th.U  liiiips  on  vanity  eiips  on  cotilempt.  Franklin. 

All  pri'le  is  abl'-ct  ftnd  menn.  Johmon. 

Those  Hint  walk  in  pride  he  is  able  to  abase.  —  Dan.  jr. 

2.  Insolence ;  rude  treatment  of  others ;  insolent 
exultation. 

That. hardly  wo  eBC;iped  the  pride  of  France.  Shak, 

3.  Generous  elation  of  heart ;  a  noble  self-esteem 
springing  from  a  consciousness  of  worth. 

Th^  honest  pride  of  conscious  virtue.  StniUi. 

4.  Elevation ;  loftiness. 

A  falcon  towering  in  her  pride  of  place.  Shak. 

5.  Decoration;  ornament;  beauty  displayed. 
Whose  lofty  trees  yclad  with  summer's  prir/e.  Spefiser, 

Be  his  this  sword. 
Whose  Ivory  sheath,  inwrought  with  curiuua  pnde. 
Adds  graceful  terror  lo  Ifae  wearer's  side.  Pope, 

6.  Splendid  show  ;  ostentation. 

In  this  army,  the  war  of  either  side 

Through  Athens  p:iaaed  with  military  prWs.  Dryden. 

7.  That  of  which  men  are  proud  j  Uiat  which  ex- 
cites boasting. 

1  will  cut  oS"  the  prid*  of  tha  Philistines.  —  Z^h.  ix.    Zeph.  iu. 

8.  Excitement  of  the  sexual  appetite  in  a  female 
beast.  Shak. 

9.  Proud  persons.     Ps.  xxxvi. 

PRIDE,  r.  t.  With  the  reciprocal  pronoun,  to  pride 
one's  self ,  lo  indulge  pride;  to  take  pride;  to  value 
one's  self ;  to  gratify  self-esteem.  They  pr«/e  them- 
selves iu  their  wealth,  dress,  or  equipage.  He  prides 
himself  in  his  achievements. 

PRIDE'FJJL,  a.     Full  of  pride  ;  insolent ;  scornful. 

Richardson. 

PRIDE'LESS,  a     Destitute  of  pride  ;  without  pride. 

Chaucer. 

PRID'IN'I,  p/TT.  Indulging  pride  or  self-esteem  ;  tak- 
ing pride  ;  valuing  one's  self. 

PRID'IXG-LV,  adv.    With  pride  ;  in  pride  of  heart. 

Barrow. 

PRTE  ;  supposed  to  be  so  written  for  Privet. 

Tusser. 

PRIE,  for  Par.  Chaucer. 

PRIPiF,  for  PnooF.     [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

PRI'ER,  71.  [from  pr-y.]  One  who  inquires  narrowly  ; 
one  who  searches  anil  scrutinizes. 

PRIkST,  (preoal,)  n.  [Sax.  preotit ;  D.  and  G.  priester; 
Dan.  prcB.ft  Fr.  prStrr  ;  It.  prete;  from  L.  pricste^,  a 
cJiief,  one  that  presides;  praty  before,  and  sto,  to 
stand,  or  siato,  or  Gr.  trrjftt  i  or  contracted  from  pres- 


byter.    In  Persic, 


n*****v. 


parastash  is  worship; 


A  J<.aAamW.  parastidan^  to  worship,  to  adore.] 

1.  Originally  and  properly,  one  who  officiates  at 
the  altar  or  performs  the  rites  of  sacrifice,  (Ifpeu?, 
sacrrdos.)  Thus  it  is  used  in  the  pagan  writers  and 
in  the  Holy  Scriptures.  Murdoch. 

In  primitive  ages,  the  fathers  of  families,  princes, 
and  kings,  were  priests.  Thus  (-'ain  and  Abel,  Noah, 
Abraham,  Aletrhizedcck,  Job,  Isaac,  and  Jacob,  of- 
fered their  own  sacrifices.  In  the  days  of  Moses, 
the  office  of  priest  was  restricted  to  the  tribe  of 
Levi,  nnd  the  priesthood  consisted  of  three  orders, 
the  high  priests,  the  priests,  and  the  Lcvitcs,  and 
the  office  was  made  beraditary  in  the  family  of 
Aaron. 

Every  pritit  lakfn  from  nmon^  men  Is  ordained  for  men  in  things 

E^rtiinlng  lo  God,  that  he  lUAy  olTcr  Liuth  gifts  and  sanrilicus 
r  sins.  —  Ileb.  v. 

2.  In  (Ac  Latin  and  Greek  churches,  one  who  is 
authori:c(<d  to  consecrate  the  host  atxi  to  say  mass  ; 
but  Cfpceialty,  one  of  the  lowest  order  iKwsessing  this 
power.  Murdoch. 

3.  In  (Af  Protestant  Episcopal  church,  a  presbyter; 
one  who  belongs  to  the  intt-rmcdiate  r>rder  between 
bishop  and  deacon.  lie  is  authorii^od  to  perform  all 
ministerial  services  except  that  of  ordinatitm  and 
confirniEition. 

The  Protestant  thou- Episcopal  chnrche-s  discard  the 
title  prie.*t ;  yet  it  is  sometimes  used,  either  igiiorantly 
or  contemptuously,  fur  a  pastor  or  an  ordained  min- 
ister of  the  gospel.  Murdoch. 
PRIkST'CR.\ ft,  (preest'krAft,)  n.  [prie.st  nnd  crajl.] 
The  stnilngems  nnd  frauds  of  priests  ;  fraud  or  im- 
position in  religious  concerns;  management  of  selfish 


and  ambitious  priests  to  gain  wealth  and  power,  ci 
to  impose  on  tlto  credulity  of  others. 

Pope.     Spectator. 
PRIkST'ES.S,  n.    A  female,  among  pagans,  who  of- 

firiiited  in  sacred  things.  Adtiisoiu     Swift 

FRlEBT'IiQQD,  n.   The  office  or  character  of  a  priest 

Whitg-ifU'.. 
2.  The  order  of  men  set  apart  for  sacred  offices  ; 
the  order  composed  of  priests.  Dryden. 

PRIkST'LIKe,  a.     Resembling  a  priest, or  that  which 

belongs  to  priests.  Shak. 

PRlEHT'LI-XESS,  Tu    The  appearance  and  manner 

of  a  priest. 
PRIEST'LY,  (preest'le,)  tt.    Psrtaining  to  a  priest  or 
to  priests  ;  sacerdotal ;  as,  the  prieiitly  office. 

2.  Becoming  a  priest;  as,  pri&it/^ sobriety  and  puri- 
ty of  life. 
PRIe3T'RID-D£N,    o.       [priGrf   and   ridden.      Bee 
Ride.] 

Managed  or  governed  by  priests.  Swift. 

PRIkVE,  for  Prove.  Spenser. 

PRIG,  n.     [G./rccA,  bold,  saucy,  impudent.! 

1.  A  |)ert,  conceited,  aaucy,  pragmatical  fellow. 

Addison.     SwifL 

2.  A  thief. 

PRIG,  r.  i.    To  haggle  about  the  price  of  a  commodity 

[06*.]  Ramsay's  Poems. 

PRIG,  P.  t.     To  filch  or  steal. 

PRIG'GISII,  a.    Afi"ected  ;  coxcomical ;  conceited. 

Brock  eU. 
PRIG'GISM,     ?         ™  r  ,^^    r, 

PRJG'GER-V  I"'    The  manners  of  a  png.    Ed.  Rev. 

PRIG'GISIl-LY,  adv.    In  a  priggish  manner. 
PRILL,  n.     A  birt  or  turbot.  JSinstoorth. 

PRIM,  a.     [Russ.  primo^  or  priamo,  in   a  right  line, 

directly  ;  priamci^   straight,  direct,   true,  just.    See 

Prime.] 
Properly^  straight ;  erect ;  hence,  formal ;  precise ; 

affectedly  nice.  Swift. 

PRIM,  V.  L    To  deck  with  great  nicety  ;  to  form  with 

affected  preciseness. 
PRiM,n.     A  plant,  Privet,  LigUFtmm  vulgare,a  native 

of  Europe,  but  naturalized  in  the   United  iSUitcs  ;  a 

shrub  six  or  eight  feet  high. 
PRI'MA-CY,  n.     [It.  primaziaf   Fr.  primatie  ;  Sp.  pH- 

f7?acta,*   from  L.  primaiusy  from  primus^   first.      See 

Prime.] 

1.  The  chief  ecclesiastical  station  or  dignity  in  a 
national  church;  the  office  or  dignity  of  an  arch- 
bishop. Clarendon. 

2.  Excellency  ;  supremacy.  Barrow. 
PRPMA  DOJV^'-A,     [It.]     The  first  female  singyr  in 

an  opera. 

PRIMA  FA'CI-E,  (-m'she-e,)  [L.]  At  first  view  or 
appearance. 

PRI'MAGE,  v.  In  eommerce,  a  certain  allowance  paid 
by  the  shipper  or  consignee  of  goods  to  the  mariners 
and  master  of  a  vessel,  fur  loading  the  same. 

McCuUoch. 

PRl'MAL,  a.     [See  Prime.]     First.     [J^vt  in  use.] 

Ska!:. 

PRT-MAL'I-TY,  n.     State  of  being  primal.     Baxter. 

PRI'ftlA-RLLY,  adv.  [from  primanj.]  In  the  ftr^^t 
place  ;  originally  ;  in  tlic  first  intention.  The  word 
emperor ^ri/flari/j/  signifies  a  general  or  military  com- 
mander-in-chief. In  diseases,  the  physician  is  to 
attend  to  the  part  primarily  affected. 

PKT'MA-RI-NESS,  n.  The  Mate  of  being  first  in  time, 
in  act,  or  intention.  JVorris. 

PRI'MA-RY,  a.     [I.,  primarius.    See  Primf.I 

1.  First  in  order  of  tinto  ;  original ;  as,  the  church 
of  Christ  in  its  primary  institution.  Pearson. 

Th'-S"?  1  ctill  original  or  primary  qualities  of  body.  Locke. 

2.  First  in  dignity  or  importance;  chief;  princi- 
pal. Our  ancestors  considered  the  education  of 
youth  s^fpriniary  importance. 

3.  First  or  lowest  in  order;  preparatory  to  some- 
thing higher;  as,  primary  assemblies;  primary 
schools. 

4.  Radical;  original;  as,  the  primary  sense  of  a 
word. 

6.  A  terra  applied  to  the  stiff  quills  in  the  last 
joint  of  a  bird's  wing. 

Primary  planets.     See  Planet. 
Primary  qualities  of  bodies,  are  such  as  are  original 
and  inseparable  from  them. 
PRI'MA-RY,  n.    That  which  stands  highest  in  rank 
or  ini[iortance,  as  opposed  to  SccowDARy. 

2.  A  name  of  the  largo  feathers  on  the  last  joint  of 
a  bird's  wing. 
PRI'M  ATE,  n.     [IL  primaio  ;  Fr.  primal ;  Low  L.  prir- 
ma.".     See  Prime.] 

The  chief  ecclesiastic  in  a  national  church  ;  an 
orchbishop.  Encye.     Swift, 

PRI'M.VrE-SIlIP,  n.     The  office  or  dignity  of  an 

archbishop. 
PRI-jMA'TIAL,  (-shal,)  a.     Pertaining  to  a  primate. 
D'AnriUc,,  Trans. 
PRI-MAT'ie-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  primate. 

Barrow. 
PRIME,  a.     [L.  primus  ;  Snx.frum,  Goth. /r»m,  begin- 
ning,  origin;    Goth,  frumist,   first;  Dan. /rem,  for- 
ward, straight  on  ;  fremmcr,  to  forward    or  promote ; 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— e  aa  K ;  0  as  J ;  «  as  Z  j  CH  as  SII ;  Til  as  in  THIS 


SG7 


PRl 

^w.fram^/rdmja  ;  W.  pnr,  first ;  priviaK,  to  grow  up, 
lo  iiicrense,  to  pfixsper  ;  Ir.  priomh,  ftnt,  and  rtamain, 
bepniiing.     See  CIhss  Rm,  No.  3,  7,  9.] 

1.  fiT^t  in  order  of  time  ;  originni ;  as,  prime  fa- 
thers ;  print  creation.  SJuUt* 

In  this  sense,  ilio  use  of  the  word  is  nearly  siiper- 
■edetl  by  Primitive,  except  in  tbe  ptmise  prime  civ^t. 

2.  Finit  in  rank,  degree,  or  dignity^  as,  prime  niin- 
■ter. 

3.  First  in  excellence  ;  as,  ;»rti«*  wheat ;  cluth  of  a 
prune  quality.  Humilily  and  resignation  are  prime 
virtues.  Dryden, 

4.  Early ;  blooming. 

IIm  tUTTT  bolin,  utibnckled,  tiiowvil  tampHmt 

III  inauboud,  wlM-n>  fouib  ciwlnL  AStton. 

5.  First  in  value  or  im|xirtance. 

Prime  number :  in  arilJtmetic,  A  number  which  U 
divisible  only  by  unity,  iis  5,  7,  11.  tfuUon. 

Prime  ji-!ttre ;  in  frromrtrv^  a  figure  which  can  not 
be  divided  into  any  other  fijiure  mure  simple  than  il- 
»e\i.  OS  a  triangle,  a  pvramid,  8s.c 
FRI>1£,  R.    The  first  opening  of  day ;  tlie  dawn ;  the 
morning. 

Earl/  umI  kte  k  nm^,  U  ertolag  uid  «t  prime.        Spenatr, 
Tbe  swMt  hour  ti  prtme.  AtUUm. 

9.  The  beginning ;  the  early  days. 

In  the  «ri7  priatt  of  Uk  world.  Hooker. 

3.  The  spring  of  the  year. 

Hope  w«iu  upoo  ibe  ftowviy  prime.  Watter. 

4.  The  ."pring  of  life ;  youth  i  beuce,  ftill  health, 

strength,  or  beautv. 


That  «rop  the  goUen  prune  of  IhSi  »i 
The  jtriDM  of  youth. 

5.  The  best  part. 

Gire  him  alwaji  etiha pfjam, 

6.  The  utmo<»l  perfecCion 

The  pLuitM  —  wouM  hsTc  bee*  «B  hapHmt. 


Shot. 
Dryden. 


AHl^ 


Wotdward. 


7.  In  the  Rnman  CatksUe  cAitrcA,  the  first  canonical 
hour,  succeeding  to  laud&  Eneyc 

8.  In  femciMf^  the  first  of  the  chief  guards.    Ency€. 
9l  In  tktwwknfy  ptimes  mre  numbers  emiiloyed,  in 

eoo/brmity  with  the  doctrine  of  dfAtiite  'prt>por- 
tions,to  express  the  ratios  in  which  bodle:i  enter  into 
cooibinMioD.  Primes,  duly  arranged  in  a  table, 
constitute  a  scale  of  chemical  equivalents.  They 
also  express  tiie  ratios  of  the  weights  of  atoms,  ac- 
cording to  tbe  atomic  theory. 

Prime  »/  tMt  mm*  ;  the  new  moon,  when  it  fiist 
appears  after  the  change.  Barhte. 

Prime  reriie*l;  the  vertical  circle  which  passes 
through  the  east  and  we^l  p>.tintj  of  the  horixon. 
Diald  projected  on  the  plane  uf  this  circle,  are  oiUed 
prime  vertical,  or  north  and  south  dials.       Brand*. 

PRIME,  r.  t.  To  put  powder  in  the  pan  of  a  musket 
or  other  fire-arm  ;  ur  to  lay  a  train  of  powder  for 
communicating  fire  to  n  charge.  Kneye. 

2.  To  lay  on  llie  fir-it  culur  in  painting.      Kncye. 

PRIME,  r.  L    To  serve  for  the  charge  of  a  gun. 

Beaum. 

PRTME  MIN'IS-TER,  H.  The  n^ponsible  head  of  a 
ministry  or  executive  government  j  applied  particu- 
birly  to  that  of  Great  Britain. 

PRT>1'£0,  (primd,)  pp.  Having  powder  in  the  pan  ; 
having  the  fir^^l  color  in  painting. 

PRIME' I.Y,  aJp.     At  first ;  originally  ;  primarily. 
2.  Most  excellently.  [SbufA. 

PRIME'N'ESS,  ft.     The  state  of  being  first. 

2.  Supreme  excellence.  [LiUte  itsfd  m  eitJtrr  sense.] 

PRI'MF.R,  a.     First;  ohcinal.    [vVor  tn  ?ure.]  Drayton. 

ERIM'ER,  n,  Ori^inalln,  a  small  prayer-book  for 
church  service,  or  an  otfice  of  the  Virgin  Mary  ;  also, 
a  work  of  elemfniarj-  religious  instruction. 

2.  A  small,  clemcntarj-  book  for  teaching  children 
to  read. 

FRI'MEil-FrNE,  a.  In  Emgiand,  a  fine  due  to  the 
king,  on  the  writ  or  comnieuccmL-ntof  a  suit  by  fine. 

Blackstone. 

PRI-ME'RO,  It.     .\  game  at  cards.     [Sp.] 

PRI'MER-Sei'ZIN,  «.  [prime  and  »mi».]  In  feudai 
lav,  the  right  of  the  kins,  when  a  tenant  in  eapite 
died  seized  of  a  knight's  fee,  to  receive  of  the  heir, 
if  of  full  age,  one  year's  prufits  of  the  land  if  in 
possession,  and  half  a  year's  profits  if  the  land  was 
m  rereraion  expectant  on  an  esL-ite  for  life ;  abol- 
ished by  13  Car.  11.  Encyc, 

FRI-H£'VAL,  a.  [L.  primuMj  first,  and  ^rum,  age ; 
frimarus,] 

Original;  primitirei  as,  the primnxi/ innocence  of 
man  :  primeral  day.  Blackiaore. 

PRI-M  E' VOrP,  a.    Primeval. 

PRI-MI-Oe'XI-AL,  a,  [Im.  prvmgmhiti  primusj  first, 
and  senus^  kind,  or  p^gnar^  to  begeL] 

First  born  ;  original ;  nnmary.  Bp.  ITalL 

PRI-MIG'E-XOUS,  a.  [Supra.]  First  formed  or 
genpnied  ;  original ;  as,  semi-primigenoua  strata. 

PKI' MINE,  (-in,)  n.     [\^  primus,]  {Kinoan. 

In  botany,  ihe  outermost  integument  of  an  ovule  ; 
one  of  the  sacs  containing  an  ovule.  LindUv, 

PRIM'I.VG,  ppr.    Putting  powder  in  the  pan  of  a  Gre- 
arm. 
2.  Laying  on  the  first  color  in  painting. 


PRl 

PRIM'ING,  n.  The  powder  in  the  pan  of  a  giin,  or 
laid  along  the  channel  of  a  cannon  fur  conveying 
fire  to  the  charge. 

2.  Among  painter^^  the  first  color  laid  on  canvas, 
or  on  a  building,  &c. 

3.  In  stram-enifinef,  the  hot  water  carried  along  by 
the  steam  from  the  bc.iler  into  the  cylinder,  which 
is  always  an  evil.  Buchanan. 

PHIM'ING-WIRF,  m.  A  pointed  wire,  used  to  pene- 
trate tlio  vent  uf  a  piece,  fur  examining  the  (mwder 
of  the  charge,  or  for  piercing  Ihe  cartridge.    Eacyc 

PRI-MlP'l-LAK,  a.  [T..  priiitipilunt  the  centurion  of 
the  first  ciihort  of  a  Roumn  legion.] 

Pertaining  to  the  captain  of  tlic  vanguard. 

Barrotr. 

PRI-M!"TIAL,  (pri-mish'al,)  a.  Being  of  the  first 
production.  -»iii.«ip.»r(A, 

PRIM'I-TIVE,  a.  [It.  primitivo  f  Ft.  prvnUtfi  U 
primitiras  ;  from  primus^  first.] 

1.  Peruuntng  to  the  beginning  or  origin,  or  to  early 
times ;  original ;  first ;  as,  the  primitive  state  of 
Adam ;  pnmitive  innocence  ;  primitive  ages  ;  the 
^imitive  church ;  the  primitive  Christian  church  or 
in^stitutions  ;  the  priinitit>e  father?.     White.     Tillotson, 

2.  Format ;  afi['ectcdly  solemn  ;  imiiuting  the  sup- 
posed gravity  of  old  times.  Jokn»on. 

3.  Original ;  primary- ;  radical ;  not  derived  ;  as,  a 
primitive  verb  in  grainmar. 

Primitive  colors^  in  painting^  are  red,  yellow,  and 
blue,  fiom  the  combination  of  which  all  other  colors 
may  be  produced. 

Primitive  rocks:  in  gfoJoffijy  rocks  supposed  to  be 
first  formed,  being  irregularly  crystalliz-ed,  and  ag- 
gregated without  a  cement,  and  containing  no  or- 
ganic remains,  as  granite,  gneixs,  &c. 
PKIM'I-TIV'E,  It.  An  original  word  ;  a  word  not  de- 
rived from  another. 
PRIM'I-TIVE-L Y,  arftj.    Originally;  at  first. 

Brown. 

2.  Primarily  ;  not  derivatively. 

3.  According  to  the  original  rule  or  ancient  prac- 
tice. South, 

PRIM'I-TIVE-XESS,  n.  State  of  being  original ;  an- 
tiquity ;  conformity  to  antiquity.  jokitson. 

PRIM'I-TV,  n.  The  state  of  being  original.  [Ao( 
Bjtfrf.l  Pearson. 

PRIM'MED,  pp.    Decked  with  great  nicety. 

PRIM'NESS,  It.  [from  prim.]  Aflucted  fonnality  or 
nicenesis  ;  etitfness  ;  preciseness. 

PRVMO^    fit.]     In  music,  the  first  or  leading  part, 

PRI-MO-6e'NI-AL,    a.     [L.    pHmigenius.     See  Pai- 

UIGG-VtAL.] 

First  born,  made,  or  generated  ;  original ;  primary  ; 

constituent;  elemental  j   as,  primogeaial  light;  pri~ 

mtiireniat  bodies.  Boyte. 

PRT-MO  OE.N'I-TIVE,  n.  or  o.    A  terra  applied  lo  the 

riirht  of  primogeniture.  Shah. 

PRI-MO-OEN'I-TOR,  a.     [L.  primus,  first,  and  geni- 

tor,  father.] 

'J'he  first  f  ilher  or  forefather,  Oayton. 

PRT-M0-6EN'I-TI;RE,  h.     [L.  pnmus,  first,  and  geni- 

ttt-«,  begotten.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  bom  first  of  the  same 
parents  ;  seniority  by  birth  among  children. 

2.  In  ?aw,  the  right  which  belongs  to  the  eldest  son 
or  daughter.  Thus,  in  Oreat  Britain,  the  right  of 
inheritingthe  estate  of  the  father  belongs  to  the  eldest 
son,  and  in  the  royal  family,  the  eldest  son  of  the 
king  is  entitled  to  the  tlirone  by  primogeniture. 
Among  the  females,  the  crown  descends  by  right  of 
primogeniture  to  the  eldest  daughter  only,  and  her 
issue.  Blackstone. 

Before  Ihe  revolution,  primogeniture,  in  some  of 
the  .\merican  colonies,  entitled  tbe  eldest  son  to  a 
double  portion  of  his  father's  estate;  but  this  right 
has  been  abolished. 

PRI-MO-GEN'1-TURE-.SHIP,  It.  The  state  or  privi- 
leges of  one  who  is  the  lirst  bom. 

PRI-MOR'DI-AL,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  primordialis,  pri- 
mordium  ;  primus,  first,  and  ordo,  order.] 

First  in  order;  original;  existing  from  the  begin- 
ning. BoyU. 

PRI-MOR'DI-AL,  n.  Origin  ;  first  principle  or  ele- 
ment. More. 

PRI-MOR'DI-AN,  n.     A  kind  of  plum. 

PRI-MOU'DI-ATE,  a.  [See  Primordiai-]  Original ; 
existing  from  the  first.  Boyle. 

PRIMP,  r.  i.  To  be  formal  or  affected.  [JVo(  English, 
or  /yrfl/.] 

PRIM'RoSE,  n,  [L.  primula  veris  ;  primtis,  first,  and 
ro'ttj  a  rose ;  literally,  the  first,  or  an  early  rose  in 
spring.] 

An  early  flowering  plant  of  the  genus  Primula,  of 
several  varieties,  as  the  white,  the  red,  the  yellow- 
flowered,  &c.  Shakspeare  uses  the  word  for  gay  or 
flowerv  ;  a^,  XhG  primrose  wav. 

PRTMU.Af  MOB'I'LE,  [L.] "  First  cause  of  motion. 
In  the  Ptolemaic  system,  the  outermost  of  the  revolv- 
ing spheres  of  the  universe,  which  was  supposed  to 
give  motion  to  alt  the  others. 

PRVMUS  L\^TER  PA' RES,  [L.]  Chief  among 
equals. 

PRI'MY,  a.    Blooming,     [.^'ot  used.]  Shak. 

PRINCE,  (prins,)  n.     [Fr.  id. ;  It.  and  Sp.  principe;  U 


PRl 

f>rinceps;  D.  prinsf  G.  prinz  ,•  Arm.  priag.  This  word 
9  probably  cimipounded  of  primiM,  corrupted,  as  llie 
Gr.  ^■>*l^,  and  crps,  bead,  Fr.  ehefi  or  perhaps  of  the 
Celtic  frrccn,  summit,  whence  VV.  brenin,  king,  an 
exalted  one,  and  eeps.     Hence  Brennus,  the  name  of 


a  celebrated  Gaulish  commander.    In  Pers.     -jyj 

barin  signifies  lofty,  or  one  elevated  in  place  or  of- 
fice.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  ft  sovereign  ;  the  ehief  and  in- 
dep«mdent  ruler  of  a  nation  or  state.  Thus,  when 
we  speak  of  the  princes  of  Europe,  we  include  em- 
perors and  kings.  Hence,  a  chief  in  general ;  as,  a 
prince  of  the  celestial  host,  MliUon. 

2.  A  sovereign  in  a  certain  terrilorj' ;  eof;  wlio  has 
the  government  of  a  particular  state' or  terriuiry,  but 
holds  of  a  superior  to  whom  he  owes  certain  services; 
us,  the  princes  of  the  German  states. 

3.  The  son  of  a  king  or  emperor,  or  the  issue  of  a 
royal  family;  as,  prtHcra  of  the  blood.  In  England, 
the  eldest  son  of  the  king  is  created  prince  of  Wales. 

Braade. 

4.  The  chief  of  any  body  of  men.  Peackam. 

5.  A  chief  or  ruler  of  either  sex.  Queen  Elizabeth 
is  called,  by  Camden,  prince  ;  but  this  application  is 
unusual  and  harsh. 

Prince  of  the  senate,  In  ancient  Rome,  was  the  per- 
son first  called  in  the  roll  of  senators.  Brande. 

In  Sfrt/)fi/rp,  this  name /»ri»cc  is  given  to  God,  X>an. 
viil. ;  to  Christ,  who  is  called  the  Prince  of  peace. 
Is.  ix.,  and  the  Prince  of  life,  jJctj  iii. ;  to  Ihe  chief 
of  the  priests,  the  prince  of  tlie  sanctuary,  Is.  jliii. ; 
to  the  Roman  emperor,  Dan.  ix. ;  to  men  of  superior 
worth  and  excellence,  Eczles.  i, ;  to  nobles,  counsel- 
ors, and  otficers  of  a  kingdom,  Is.x.;  to  the  chief 
men  of  families  or  tribes,  J>rum.  xvii. ;  to  Satan,  who 
is  called  the  prince  of  this  world,  John  xiL,  and  prince 
of  the  power  of  the  air,  Eph.  it. 

PRli\t.'E,  r.  i.    To  ptay  the  prince  ;  lo  take  state-  Shak. 

PRINCE'DOM,  (prins'dum,)  n.  The  jurisdiction,  sov- 
ereignty, rank,  or  estate,  of  a  prince. 

UndpT  thoe,  a*  lu-ail  supreme, 
Thronra,  princedoms,  powers,  dominioiiB,  1  reduoe.       MilUm. 

PRIN'CE'LIKR,  a.     Becoming  a  prince.  Shak. 

PRI\CE'LI-NE8S,  n.     [from  princely.]     The  stale, 

manner,  or  dignity,  of  a  prince.  Sherwood, 

PRIXCE'LY,   a.     Resembling  a  prince  ;    having  the 

apjK'nrance  of  one  high    born;   stately;    dignified  ; 

as,  a  princely  gentleman  ;  a  princely  youth.   Shak. 

2.  Having  the  rank  of  princes  ;  ns,  a  man  of  prinee~ 
ly  birth  ;  a  princely  dame.  Sidney.     Waller. 

3.  Becoming  a  prince  ;  royal ;  grand  ;  august ;  as, 
a  prinerly  gift ;  princely  virtues.  Shak.     Waller. 

4.  Very  targe  ;  as,  a  princely  fortune. 

5.  Magnificent;  rich  ;  as,  a  pri/icc/y  enlertainnienl. 
PRINCE'LV,  ndo.  In  a  prince-like  manner.  Johnson. 
PRIN'CE'S-FEATH'ER,    (feth'er,)    n.    An   annual 

plant  of  the  genus  Amaranthus.  Loudon. 

PRIN'CE'S  MET'.4L,  n.     A  compound  of  copper  and 

zinc,  in  imitation  of  gold  ;  also  called  Prince  Rupert's 

metal.  Urc. 

PRIN'CESS,  n.     A  female  sovereign,  as  an  empress  or 

queen.  Dryden. 

2.  A  sovereign  lady  of  rank  next  to  that  of  a  queen. 

Johnson. 

3.  The  daughter  of  a  king.  Shak. 

4.  The  consort  of  a  prince  ;  as,  tbe  princess  of 
Wales, 

PRIN'CESS-LIKE,  (  a.     In  the  manner  of  a  princess, 
PRIN'CESe-LY,       t  Byron. 

PRIN'CI-PAL,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L,  principalis,  fromprin- 
eeps.] 

1.  Chief;  highest  in  rank,  character,  or  respecta- 
bility ;  as,  the  principal  ofiicers  of  a  government ;  the 
principal  men  of  a  city,  town,  or  state,  .iets  sxv. 
1  Chron.  xxiv, 

2.  Chief;  most  important  or  considerable;  ai,  the 
principal  tfipics  of  debate  ;  the  principal  arguments  in 
a  case;  the  principal  points  of  law ;  the  principal 
beams  of  a  building  ;  tiie  principal  productions  of  a 
country. 

Wisdom  b  tbe  principal  tbing.  —  Pror.  tv, 

3.  Pertaining  to  a  prince ;  princely.   [.^  Latin  use.] 

Spenser.     Rich.  Diet. 

4.  In  law,  Q.  principal  challenge,  is  where  the  cause 
iLssigned  carries  with  it  prima  facie  evidence  of  piir- 
tiulity,  favor,  or  malice.  Blackstone. 

5.  in  music,  fundamental. 

PRIN'CI-PAL,  n.  A  chief  or  head  ;  one  who  takes 
the  lead  ;  as,  tbe  principal  of  u  faction,  an  insurrec- 
tion, or  mutiny. 

2,  The  president,  governor,  or  chief  in  authority. 
We  apply  the  word  to  thechief  instructor  of  an  acad- 
emy or  seminary  of  learning. 

3.  In  laiD,  the  actor  or  aiisolute  perpetrator  of  a  crime, 
or  an  abettor.  A  principal  in  the  first  degree,  is  the 
absolute  perpetrator  of  the  crime  ;  a,  principal  in  the 
second  degree,  is  one  who  is  present,  aiding  and  abet- 
ting the  fact  to  be  done  ;  distinguished  from  an  Ac 
cEssoRir,  In  treason,  all  persons  concerned  are  prin- 
cipals. Blackstone. 


FATE,  FAR,  F.ALL,  WH.^T.— MeTE,  PR^,— PINE,  MARIN^,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.— 

868 


PRI 

4.  In  c&mmercfy  a  capita)  sum  lent  on  interpst,  due 
89  a  debt  or  used  as  a  fund  ;  so  called  in  dl.stinction 
from  Intekest  or  Profits. 

Ta«*»  iniiBi  be  contiiiuod,  bcvnuae  we  hare  r.o  other  mean*  for 
payiug  ofl'  the  principai.  Si^ifL 

5.  One  primarily  engaged  ;  a  chief  party  ;  in  dis- 
tinction from  an  Auiiliaht. 

We  were  aoi  prindpalt,  b»it  auxiUarips,  in  the  war.        Swi/L 

6.  In  music,  an  organ  stop. 
PRIN-CI-PALa-TY,  n.     [Ft.  princ^paWi.] 

1.  Sovereignty  ;  supreme  power.    Sidney.  Spender. 

2.  A  prince  J  one  invested  with  sovereignty.  Tit. 
UU        '  Mihon. 

3.  The  territory  of  a  prince  ;  or  the  country  which 
gives  title  to  a  prince  ;  as,  the  prinfi/'w/iVy  of  Wales. 

4.  Superiority  j  predominance.     [Little  usnl.^ 

Taijlor, 

5.  In  ScrrptUTt^  royal  state  or  attire.    Jer.  xiii. 
PBIN'CI-PAL-LY,  adr.     Chiefly  ;  above  all. 

Tbej  minake  the  nature  of  criticiun,  who  tliitik  its  bttHn''M  is 
prindpallif  to  fimi  faulu  Drylen. 

PaiN^CI-PAL-NESS,  H.  '  The  state  of  being  principal 

or  chief. 
PRIX'CI-PATE,  n.     Principality  ;  supreme  rule. 

Barroio. 
PRIN-CIP'I-A,  n.  pi.     [U  principium.] 

First  principles;  the  title  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton's 
icreat  work- 
PHIN-CIP'I-ANT,  a.    Relating  to  principles  or  begin- 
nings. 
PRL\-CIP-I-A'TI0N,  n.     [from  L.  princtpium.] 

.Analysis  into  constituent  or  elemental  parts.  [.Vo( 
usedA  Bacon. 

PRIN'Cl-PLE,  n.     [It.  prindpio ;  Ft.  principei  h.  prin- 
eipiuTRy  beginning.] 

1.  In  a  general  senst^  the  cause,  source,  or  origin, 
of  any  thing  ;  that  from  which  a  thing  proceeds  ;  as, 
the  principU  of  motion  ;  the  principles  of  action. 

Dryden. 

2.  Element ;  constituent  part ;  primordial  sub- 
stance. 

3.  Being  that  produces  any  thing  ;  operative  cause. 

The  •oul  of  man  u  sn  active  principle.  T^lotson. 

A.  In  science^  a  tnith  admitted  either  without  proof, 
or  considered  as  having  been  twfikre  proved.  In  the 
former  sense,  it  is  synonynmus  with  oxicf/i ;  in  the 
latter,  with  the  phrase  rgtablishrd  principle. 

5.  Ground;  foundation;  that  which  supports  an 
assertion,  an  action,  or  a  series  of  actiims  or  of  rea- 
Boning.  On  what  principle  cnn  this  be  affirmed  or 
denied?  He  justifies  his  proceedings  on  the  princi- 
ple of  expedience  or  necessity.  He  reasons  on  sound 
principles. 

6.  A  general  tnith ;  a  law  comprehending  many 
gubcrdinate  truths ;  as,  the  principles  of  morality,  of 
law,  of  government,  &.c. 

7.  Tenet ;  that  which  is  believed,  whether  truth  or 
not,  but  which  serves  as  a  rule  nf  action  or  the  basis 
of  a  system  ;  as,  the  principles  of  the  Stoics,  or  of 
the  Epicureans. 

8.  A  settled  law  or  rule  of  action  in  human  beings. 
Thus  it  is  a  principle  of  human  natrire  to  resent  in- 
juries and  repel  insults. 

Prorimate  principle,     See  Proximate. 
PRI\'C1-PLE,  v.U    To  esiablifh  or  fix   in  tenets;  to 
impress  with  any  tenet,  gt>od  or  ill ;  chiefiy  u^ed  in  the 
participle, 

M'™  h«*r  bern  principled  with  nn  opinioo  that  they  mutt  not 
tofuiill  rraaoa  in  thin^  of  rrD^ion.  Lock*. 

2.  To  eslaftish  firmly  in  the  mind.  Locke, 

PRIN'CI-PLKD,  pp.    Established  in  opinion  or  in  ten- 

ela  ;  firmly  fited  in  the  mind. 
PRIN'CI-PLING,    ppr.     Establishing  firmly   in  the 

mind. 
PRIN'eOCK,  I  n.     [Clu.  prink,  or  prim,  and  cock.]     A 
PRIN'COX,     (     coxcomb  ;  a  conceited  person  ;  a  pert 

young  rogue;  a  ludicrous  word.       [Little  used.] 

Shnk. 
PRINK,  r.  u     [D.  pronftCTi,  to  shine,  tt>  make  a  show, 

M   strut;    G.   prangen^  to  shine,  to  mnke  a   show; 

prunken^  id.  ;  Dan.  prankpr,  to  make  a  show,  to  strut ; 

Sw.  nrunka,  to  make  a  figure.     If  n  is  casual,  these 

words  are  radically  the  same  as  Sw.  praekt,  Dan.  D. 

pruftf  G.  prachtj  pomp,  show,  and  all  coinciding  in 

origin  with  Ar.  O  w  barakoy  to  shine,  to  adorn.  See 

Prawce  and  Pba:<s.] 

1.  To  prank  ;  to  dress  for  show. 

2.  To  rfrui :  to  put  on  siatoly  airs. 
PRINK,  r.  t.    To  dre«s  or  adjust  to  ostentation. 
PRI\K'L\G,  ppr.     Dressing  for  show.  [Coicpnr. 
PRINT,    V,  L     [W.  printiaw,  to  print;    Fr.  imprimer, 

empreinte ;  Ha.  imyrimir :  IL  imprimere;  fnmi  L.  ioi- 
prrmo  i  m  ana  premo,  to  prpj's  ,  It.  improntare,  to  print, 
to  importune,  and  this  from  prontare,  to  iiiiTKirtunc, 
(that  i^.to  press, )from  pronto,  ready,  bold,  L.  promp- 
(«.»,  that  is,  pressed  or  pressing  forward.  In  \V. 
print  is  said  by  Owf-n  to  he  from  rAinf,  a  groove 
or  notch,  nnd  if  this  is  the  original  word,  print 
mnst  be  a  different  word  from  the  Fr.  imvrimer. 
The  Italian  unites  the  L.  premo  and  promo.] 


PRI 

1.  In  ^aieral,  to  take  or  form  letters,  characters,  or 
figures  on  paper,  cloth,  or  oiht.T  material,  by  impres- 
sion. Thu-s  Ictli'rs  are  taken  on  paper  by  impressing 
it  on  types  blackened  with  ink.  Figures  aru  printed 
on  cluili  by  nitiiius  of  blocks  or  a  cylinder.  The 
rolling  press  is  employed  to  take  prints  or  impressions 
from  copper- plates.  Thus  we  say,  to  print  books,  to 
print  calico,  to  print  tunes,  music,  likenesses,  &,c. 

2.  To  mark  by  pressing  one  tiling  on  another. 
Oil  his  6rry  steeil  betimes  h<^  rode. 

That  scarctly  prinU  th-j'turf  on  which  he  tiwt.         Drt/dcn. 

3.  To  impress  any  thing  so  as  to  leave  its  form. 

Perhiipa  som-j  footBtf  pa  printed  in  the  clay.         Rotcommon. 

4.  To  fonu  by  impression. 

Ye  shnll  not   mnke  nny  cutting  in  yoiir  flesh,  nor  print  any 
marks  upon  you.  —  Lf  t.  x:x. 

PRIXT,  V.  i.    To  use  or  practice  the  art  of  typography, 
or  of  taking  impressions  of  letters,  figures,  and  the 
like. 
2.  To  publish  a  book.     [Elliptical.] 

From  (he  moment  he  pHtuM,  he  must  ezpvct  to  he^r  no  more 
of  truth.  Pope. 

PRINT,  71.  A  mark  made  by  impression ;  any  line, 
character,  figure,  or  indentation  of  any  form,  made 
by  the  pressure  of  one  body  or  thing  on  another ;  as, 
the  print  of  the  tooth  or  of  the  nails  in  flesh  ;  the 
print  of  the  foot  in  sand  or  snow  ;  the  print  of  a 
wheel ;  the  print  of  types  on  paper.     Hence, 

2.  The  impressions  of  types  in  general,  as  to  form, 
size,  &C. ;  as,  a  small  print ;  a  large  print ;  a  fair 
prinL 

3.  That  which  impresses  its  form  on  any  thing ; 
as,  a  butler  print;  a  wooden  print 

4.  The  representation  or  figure  of  any  thing  made 
by  impression  :  as,  the  print  of  the  face  ;  the  print  of 
a  temple;  prints  of  antiquities.  Drydcn, 

5.  In  architecture,  a  phi-sltT  cast  of  a  flat  ornament, 
or  an  ornamunt  of  this  kind  formed  of  plaster  from 
a  mold.  OIoss.  of  Archit. 

6.  The  state  of  being  printed  and  published.  Dif- 
fidence sometimes  prevents  a  man  from  suffering  his 
works  to  appear  in  print. 

I  lore  a  iMtlad  in  print.  Shak. 

7.  A  single  sheet  printed  for  sale  :  a  ne\vspaper. 
The  prinie,  nboui  three  clays  after,  were  filled  with  the  same 

terms.  Addison, 

8.  Formal  method.     [JVo(  in  use.]  Locke. 

9.  Prints;  in  the  plural,  engravings;  also,  printed 
calicoes. 

Out  of  print ;  a  phrase  which  signifies  that,  of  a 

printed  and   published  work,  there  are  no  copies  for 

sale,  or  none  for  sale  by  the  publisher. 
PRINT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Impressed  with  letters,  &c. ; 

indented. 
PRINT'ER,  n.    One  that  prints  books,  pamphltits,  or 

papers. 

2.  One  that  stains  or  prints  cloth  with  figures,  as 
calico. 

3.  One  that  impresses  letters  or  figures  with  cop- 
per-plates. 

PRINT'ING,  ppr.  Impressing  letters,  characters,  or 
figures  on  any  tiling ;  making  marks  or  indentations. 

PRINT'ING,  H.  The  act,  art,  or  practice  of  impress- 
ing letters,  characters,  or  figures  on  paper,  cloth,  or 
other  material ;  the  business  of  a  printer;  typogra- 
phy. 

Letter  prr-t.t  printlnsr,  is  that  which  is  performed 
from  movable  tyju-s  set  up  for  each  edition  of  a 
work,  instead  of  sicrootype  plates. 

PRINT'ING-INK,  n.  Ink  u.-*ed  in  printing  books, 
newspapers.  Sec.  It  is  composed  of  l;imi)-black 
niingl'-d  with  linseed  oil  boiled  down  to  a  thick  con- 
sistence, or  with  balsam  of  capivi  nnd  other  ingre- 
dients fur  thp  finer  tpmlities.  Buchanan. 

PRINT'lNG-^IA-CHtNE'.  n.  A  general  name  for  nil 
printing  presses  in  which  the  work  is  performed  by 
marhiu'TV,  and  ni>t  directly  by  hand.      Buchanan. 

PRINTMNG-P.^'PER,  n.  Pajjer  to  be  used  in  the 
printing  of  books,  pamphlets,  &.c. ;  as  distinguished 
from  writinepnpier,  press-paper,  wnipptng-pnper,  fee. 

PRINT'ING-PRESS,  rt.  A  press  for  the  printing  of 
bocks,  &r. 

PRI.NT'I.K.SS,  fl.  That  leaves  no  print  or  Impression  j 
BR,  printiess  feet.  Milton, 

PRI'OR,  a.  [I.,  comp.  Probably  the  first  syllable  is 
contracted  from  jn-ig,  prid,  or  some  other  Word,  for 
the  hatin  has  prisce,  pri.ttinus.] 

Preceding  in  the  ord'-r  of  lime;  former;  antece- 
dent; anterior;  as,  a  prior  discovery;  prior  obliga- 
tion. The  di.srover>-  of  the  continent  of  America  by 
Cabot  was  six  or  seven  weeks  prior  to  the  discovery 
of  it  by  Columbtis.  'J'he  discovery  of  the  Labrador 
coast  by  Cabot  was  on  the  llth  of  June,  14U9;  that 
of  (he  continent  by  Columbus,  was  on  the  Ist  of 
August  of  the  same  year, 

PRI'OR,  n.     [Fr.  priVur,-  It.  prior e  ;  I*.  priVr.] 

1,  The  superior  of  a  ctuivent  of  monks,  or  one 
next  Til  dignity  to  an  abbot.  Priors  are  claustral  or 
ronrenticul.  The  eonventicttl  are  the  same  jv*  abbots. 
A  clau.ttral  prior  is  one  that  governs  the  religious  of 
an  abbey  or  priury  in  eummendum,  having  his  juris- 
dictitm  wholly  from  the  abbot.  Knryc 


PRI 

2.  In  some  churches,  one  who  presides  over  others 
in  the  same  churches.  Jt'tliffe. 

PRI'OR-ATE,  n.    Government  by  a  prior.    Warton. 

PRI'OR-ESS,  ft.  A  female  superior  of  a  convent  of 
nuns.  Dn/den. 

PRI-OR'I-TY,  n.    The  state  of  being  antecedent  in 
time,  or  of  preceding  .something  else  ;  as,  priority  of 
birth.    The  vriurity  of  Homer  or  Ilesiod  has  been 
a  subject  of  aispute. 
2.  Precedence  in  place  or  rank.  Shak. 

Priority  of  debts,  is  a  superior  claim  to  payment,  or 
to  payment  before  others. 

PRI'OR-LY,  adv.  Antecedently.  [A  bad  word,  and 
not  u.fed.]  Oeddcs. 

PRI'OR-SHIP,  n.    The  state  or  office  of  prior, 

PRI'OR-Y,  71,  A  convent  of  wtiich  a  prior  is  Ihe 
8U|>crior,  in  dignity  l>e1ow  an  abbey.  SJiak. 

2.  Priories  are  tlie  churches  given  to  priors  in  titu~ 
lum,  or  by  way  of  title.  .^ijU^. 

PRI'SAGE,  n.  [Fr.  prise,  from  priscr,  to  prize  or 
value.] 

A  right  belonging  to  the  crown  of  England,  of 
taking  two  tuns  of  wine  from  every  ship  importing 
twenty  tuns  or  more  ;  one  before  and  one  behind 
the  mast.  This,  by  charter  of  Edward  I.,  was  ex- 
changed into  a  duty  of  two  shillings  for  every  tun 
imported  by  merchant  strangers,  and  called  butler- 
ase,  because  paid  to  the  king*s  butler.    Black.stone. 

PRI.S-CrLL'IAN-IPT,  n.  In  church  history,  a  follower 
of  Priscillian,  bishop  of  Avila,  in  Spain,  in  Hie  fourth 
century.  Priscillian  embraced  some  of  the  errors 
of  tlie  Gnostics  or  Manichees,  and,  though  of  tm- 
impeachablf  morals  and  a  very  devout  man,  he  was 
arraigned  as  a  heretic  before  an  ecclesiastical  court, 
condemned,  and  afterward  put  to  death  by  order  of 
the  emperor,  A.  D.  335.  This  was  the  first  instance 
on  record  of  putting  a  man  to  death  for  heresy  under 
a  Christian  government,  and  it  met  with  strong  dis- 
approb-'ition  from  Gregory  of  Tours  and  other  distin- 
guished ecclesiastics.  Murdock. 

PRISE,  n.     A  lever.     [See  Pbize.]  HalliircU. 

PRIS.M,  H.  [Fr.  prisme;  Low  L.  Pp.  and  It.  prisma; 
Gr.  r,i;(cr/((i,  from  jrpfoj,  to  cut  with  a  saw,  to  press 
or  strain,  Russ.  pn/.] 

.\  solid  whose  bases  or  ends  are  any  similar,  equal, 
and  parallel  plane  figures,  and  whose  sides  are  par- 
alt  elo  grams. 

A  trihedral  prism  of  glass  is  one  bounded  by  two 
equal  and  parallel  triangular  ends  anil  three  plain 
and  well-polished  sides  which  meet  in  three  parallel 
lines,  running  from  the  three  angles  of  one  end  to 
the  three  angles  of  the  other  end.  This  is  the  prism 
used  in  optics  to  separate  the  diflerent  colors. 

JVewton. 

PRI»-MAT'I€,         I  a.     Resembling  a   prism  ;    as,  a 

PRIS-MAT'IC-AL,  t      prismatic  form. 

2.  Separated  or  distributed  by  a  prism  ;  formed  by 
a  prism  ;  as,  prismatic  colors. 

3.  Pertaining  to  a  nrii*m. 
PRIS-.MAT'IC-AL-LY,  arfo.    In  the  former  m.inner 

of  a  prism.  Boyle. 

PRIS-MA-TOID'AL,  a.     [L.  prisma  and  Gr.  £tios.] 

Having  a  prism-like  form.  Ure, 

PRIS'MOID,  n.     [L.  prisma  and  Gr.  (1^05,  form.] 

A  body  that  approaches  to  the  form  of  a  prism. 
PniS-MOiD'.\L,  a.     Having  the  form  of  a  prisnioid.. 
PRiSM'Y,  o.     Pertaining  to  or  like  a  prism. 

.tfm.  Review. 
PRIS'ON,  (priz'n,)  n.     [Fr.,  from  pris,  taken,  from 
prendre,  to  take,  L,  prendo ;  Sp.  prision ;  Arm.  pri' 
soun.] 

1.  In  a  j^eneral  sense,  any  place  of  confinement,  or 
involuntary  restraint;  but  apirropriaiehj,  a  puldic 
building  fi>r  the  confinement  or  safe  custody  of  debt- 
ors and  criminals  committed  by  process  of  law  ;  a 
jail.  Originally,  a  prison,  as  Lord  Coke  observes, 
was  only  a  place  of  safe  cusrody ;  but  it  is  now  em- 
ployed as  a  place  of  punishment.  We  have  stat4 
prisons,  fi»r  the  confinement  of  criminals  by  way  of 
punishment. 

2.  Any  place  of  confinement  or  restraint. 

Th*-  tynnl  *>>liia, 
With  powpf  imp^riil,  eurt»  thf  •(rogglin?  winds, 
Anil  soiiriiling  frnp^sl*  la  durk  ;>ri»on«  Until.  Dryden, 

3.  In  Scripture,  a  low,  obscure,  afflicted  condition. 
Eccles.  iv. 

4.  The  cave  where  David  was  confined,     Ps.cxMi. 

5.  A  stale  of  spiritUJil  bondage.     /,*.  xlii. 
PRIS'ON,  r.  t.    To  shut  up  in  a  prison  ;  to  confine; 

to  restrain  from  liberty. 
2.  To  confine  in  any  manner.  Shak. 

X  To  captivate  ;  to  enchain.  Miltoiu 

[This  word  is  proper,  but  Imprison  is  more  com- 
monly used.] 
PRIS' ON-BASE,  n.     A  kind  of  rural  .-sport  depending 
on  swiftness  in  running;  commonly  called  Prison- 
B\n^.  Strutt, 

PRIS'0N-/:D,  pp.  or  0.    Imprisoned:   confined;  re- 
strained. 
PRIS'ON-ER,  n.    One  who  is  confined  in  a  prison  by 
legal  arrest  or  warrant. 

2.  A  p<*r8on  under  arrest  or  In  custody  of  the  sher- 
ifl^,  whether  in  prison  or  not;  as,  a  prisoner  at  the 
bar  of  a  court. 


TONE,  BULL,  tJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  8  aa  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


860 


PRI 

3l  a  captire  ;  one  taken  by  nn  enemy  in  war. 
4.  One  whoM  liberty  ia  restrained,  as  a  birij  in  a 
ca^. 
PRIS' OX-HOUSE,  K.    A  house  in  which  prisoners 

ar«>  confined  ;  a  jail.    Judgrs  xvi.  Skak. 

PRlS'ON-ING,  WM-.    Canrintng  ;  imprisoning. 
PRIS'ON-MEXT,  N.    Cwfinemeut  in  a  prison;  im- 
prisonment. Shak, 
ITkt  latter  is  eomnum/y  usfd,] 
PRIS'TINE,  (-tin,)  0.     (L.  pristimts.    See  Prior  and 
Pr.«.] 

First ;  original ;  primitive  ;  as,  the  pristine  state  of 
innocence  ;  the  jmstine  mnnnera  of  a  pe<)p!e ;  the 
prutine  constitution  of  thine*.  J\i>wtou, 

PRITH'EE  ;  a  corninliun  of  pray  (Am,  as,  I  pri/kee  ;  bul 

it  is  generally  used  without  the  pronoun,  prithee, 
PRlT'TLE-PBAT'TLE,    m.       Empty    inlk;    trifling 
loquacity  ;  a  wrd  used  im  contempt  or  ndUuie. 

Bp.  BramhaU, 
PRI'VA-CY,  H.    [from  privaU.]     A  stale  &[  hcing  in 
retirement  from  the  company  or  observatton  of  others ; 
secrecy. 

a.  A  place  of  secluskm  firom  company  or  observa- 
tion i  retreat ;  iolitude  ;  retirement. 

Hn  aicivd  prmaet  «]1  ofipn  Vv.  Rotm. 

3.  Privity.    [AVt  !«•(*.]     [See  pRivirr.] 

^rbutknot, 

4.  Taciturnity.     [-Vot  usttL]  MngievrtM. 
5h  Secrecy  ;  conr.ealment  or  what  is  said  or  done. 

PRI-VA'DO,  n.    [Sp.]    A  secret  friend.    [JVot  iwerf,] 

Bacon. 

PRI' V ATE,  a.  [L.  priratuj)^  from  jwiro,  to  bereave, 
properly,  to  strip  or  se|vinite  ;  prints,  singular,  several, 
peculiar  to  one*s  self,  that  is,  separate  ;  It.  prharcy 
Sp.  priroTy  Fr.  priter^  to  deprive.  Pr'wo  is  probably 
from  the  root  of  fterfar^.  Sax.  btrtafiaA  or  ^ertafian^ 
from  rrajian,  to  strip,  to  spoil,  L.  rapio^  diripw^  eripio  ; 
pricoj  for  periv9  or  berieo ;  W.  rAai&,  a  snatching^ 
rh^m»f  to  snatch.    See  Rir,  Reap,  and  SxRir.] 

1.  i*r^peW#,  separate;  unconnected  with  others; 
hence,  peculiar  to  one's  self;  belonging  to  or  con- 
cernins  an  individual  only  ;  as,  a  raan^s  prirau  opin- 
ion, business,  or  concerns ;  pricate  pniperiy  ;  the 
king's  private  purse ;  a  man**  pripmte  expenses. 
Charge  the  money  to  my  pritmU  accoant  in  the  com- 
pany's books. 

9.  Peculiar  to  a  number  in  a  joint  concern,  to  a 
company  or  body  politic  ;  as,  the  privMe  interest  of  a 
family,  of  a  company,  or  of  a  state  ;  opposed  to  Tvtt- 
uc,  or  to  the  general  interest  of  nations. 

X  Sequestered  from  company  or  observation ;  se- 
cret ;  secluded  ;  as,  a  prix^te  cell ;  a  private  mun  or 
apartment  \  prirau  prayer. 

4.  Not  publicly  known-,  not  open;  a^,  a  privmt* 
negotiation. 

&  Not  invested  with  public  office  or  em[doyment; 
as,  a  jnwrti  man  or  citizen  ;  private  life.  Sfcs*. 

A  priMte  penm  ma;  %m*i  *  Hon.  Kattttone. 

6.  Individual ;  personal ;  in  contradistinction  fVom 
Public  or  Nittosal  ;  as,  private  interest. 

Private  vay,  in  fair,  is  a  way  or  pnssare  in  which 
a  man  has  an  interest  and  right,  though  the  ground 
may  belong  to  another  person.  In  common  Un^atrty 
a  private  way  may  be  a  secnl  way,  one  not  known 
or  public. 

A  pricate  act,  or  statute^  is  one  which  operates  on 
an  individual  or  ronipany  only  ;  oppttsed  to  a  gen- 
eral tair^  which  operates  on  the  whole  community. 

A  private  nrnMsance^  or  wrong,  is  one  which  atfects  an 
individual.  Blaekstone. 

In  private ;  secretly  ;  not  openly  or  publicly. 

Scripture. 
PRI'VATE,  n.      A  secret  message  ;    particular  busi- 
ness.    [Unumtal,']  Skak,     B.  Jonson, 

2.  A  common  soldier. 

PRT-VA-TEER',  n.  [from  privaU.}  A  ship  or  vessel 
of  war  owned  and  equipped  by  a  private  man  or  by 
individuals,  at  their  own  expense,  to  seize  or  plunder 
the  ships  of  an  enemy  in  war.  i^urh  a  ship  must  be 
licensed  or  commissioned  by  government,  or  it  is  a 
pirate. 

PRI-VA-TEER',  r.  i.  To  cniise  in  a  commissioned 
private  ship  against  an  enemy,  for  seizing  their  ships 
or  annovine  thfir  commerce. 

PRI-VA  tEER'lNG,  «.  The  act  of  plundering  the 
ship'*  of  an  enemv  bv  privateers. 

PRI-VA-TEERS'.MAX,  a.  An  officer  or  seaman  of  a 
privatef^r. 

PRl'V'ATEl-LY,  adv.  In  a  secret  manner  ;  not  openly 
or  publicly. 

2.  In  a  manner  affecting  an  individual  or  compa- 
ny.    He  is  not  prirateiy  benefited. 

PRI'VATE-NE33,  n.    Secrecy  ;  privacy.        Baton. 

2.  Retirement;  seclusion  from  company  or  society. 

Wotton, 

3.  The  state  of  an  individual  in  the  rank  of  com- 
mon citizens,  or  not  invested  with  office. 

PRI-VA 'TIO.N,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  privatioj  from  privo. 

See  PRITATR.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  deprived  ;  particularly,  dep- 
rivation or  absence  of  what  is  necessary  for  com- 
fort. He  endures  his  pricatiffnt  with  wonderful  for- 
titude. 


PRI 

Q.  Thi  act  of  removing  something  possessed  ;  the 
removal  or  destruction  of  any  thing  or  quality. 
The  garrison  was  cumpelted  by  privation  to  sur- 
render 

For  wlnti  b  thu  eonUfflotu  rin  of  ktiid, 

But  ■  prietUion  of  Uwt  ignc^  withui  t  Dam4: 

3.  Absence,  in  general.  Darkness  is  a  privation  of 
light.  Kncyc. 

4.  The  act  of  the  mind  in  separating  a  thing  from 
something  apjH^ndant.  Johnson. 

5.  The  act  of  degrading  from  tank  or  office. 

Baton, 
[But  in  this  sense,  DEraiTATioi*  is  now  used.  See 
DEraivATiort.l 
PRIVATIVE,  a.     Causing  privation. 

2,  C<uisistinR  in  the  absence  of  something  ;  not 
positive.  Prtrative  is  in  thiwffa  what  negative  is  in 
proDOgitions ;  as, priratirc  blessings,. safeguard,  liberty, 
ana  intecrilv.  Taylor. 

PRIV'A-Tl  VE,  n.  That  of  whirh  the  essence  is  the 
absence  of  something.  Blackness  and  darkness  are 
privaticej!.  Bacon. 

3.  In  crammar^n  prefix  to  a  word  which  changes 
its  signiAcation  and  gives  it  a  contrary  sense,  as  n  In 
Greek;  ik^ih.-s,  unjust;  t  and  i^iKi):  un  and  in  in 
English,  as  umrisr^  inhuman.  The  word  may  also  be 
applied  to  suffixes,  as  lejis  in  harmless. 

PRIV'A-TIVE-LY,  adv.     By   the   absence    of  some 
2.  Negatively.  [thing. 

The  iliity  of  Uiq  new  corcnaiit  is  «■(  tlown  first  privatiixly.    [  Un- 
utJial.]  Hammottil. 

PRIV'A-TIVB^NESS,  n.  NoKTtion  of  the  absence  of 
something.     [Little  used.] 

PRIVET,  n.  An  ornamental  European  shrub,  of  the 
genus  Ligustruin,  nmch  used  in  hedges.  The  errr- 
nreen  privet  is  of  the  genus  Rhaninus.  Mock  privet 
IS  of  the  genus  rilillyrea.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

PRIV'I-KEGE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  pririleiriitTn:  prirusy 
separate,  private,  and  lex,  law  ;  originally,  a  private 
law,  some  public  act  that  reg:inled  an  mdividual.l 

1.  A  (Kirticular  and  peculiar  benefit  or  advantage 
enjoyed  by  a  person,  company,  or  stwiety,  beyond 
the  common  advnntaces  of  other  citizens.  A  privi- 
lege may  be  a  particular  right  granted  by  law  or  held 
by  custom,  or  it  may  be  an  exemption  from  some 
burden  tu  which  others  are  subject.  The  nobles  of 
Great  Britain  have  the  privdrge  of  l>eing  triable  by 
their  peers  only.  Members  of  pnrlianient  and  of  our 
legislatures  have  the  privilege  of  o.\emjAion  from 
arrests  in  certain  coses.  The  powers  of  a  banking 
company  are  friviUges  granted  by  the  legislature. 

Be  plrub  Uk  kml  pHmUg*  of  (he  Roman.  KtHUwell. 

Th«  primltge  of  binhii^  wiw  a  liout'tc  portinn.  Lockt. 

2.  Any  peculiar  benefit  or  advantage,  right  or  im- 
munity, not  common  to  others  of  tlio  human  race. 
Thus  we  s|>eak  of  national  privUeges^  and  civil  and 
jHtUUctil  priviiegMt  which  we  enjoy  alMive  other  na- 
tions. \\  e  have  ecclesiastical  and  religious  pririlegfj 
secured  to  us  by  our  constitutions  of  governmenL 
Personal  privileges  are  attached  to  the  person,  as 
those  of  embassadors,  jieers,  members  of  legislatures, 
&.C.  Real  pricilega  are  attached  to  place,  as  the 
prtv'deges  of  the  king's  palace  in  England. 

3.  Advantage  ;  favor  ;  beneliL 

A  nadoi)  iWpicible  bj  its  weaknen  fwrfriu  rt^a  th«  privilege  of 
hein^  Driitnl.  yed^a^ut,  tiamiUon, 

Writ  of  privilege^  Is  a  writ  to  deliver  a  privileged 
person  from  custody  when  arrested  in  n  civil  suit. 

Blackstone. 
Water  pririlfge :  the  ndvanMge  of  a  waterfall   in 
streams  sufficient  to  raise  water  for  driving  water- 
wheeU,    or    a    place    affording     such     advantage. 
Ameriea.       [Privilege    is     here     abusively    used    for 
advantage;    it  ought  not   tu  bo  used  in  a   physical 
sense.] 
PRIV1-L.EGE,  r.  e.    To  grant  some  particular  right 
or  exemption  to ;  to  invest  with  a  peculiar  right  or 
immunity  ;  as,  to  privitrge  representatives  from  ar- 
rest ;  Xoprivdege  the  officers  and  students  of  a  col- 
lege from  miliiarv  duty. 
2.  To  exempt  from  censure  or  danger. 

Tliia  pine*  dolh  primtefe  me.  Daniel. 

PRIVI-LEO-ED,  pp.  or  a.  InveFied  with  a  privilege  ; 
enjoying  a  peculiar  right  or  immunity.  The  clergy 
in  Great  Britain  were  formerly  n  privileged  body  of 
men.  No  person  is  privileged  from  arrest  for  indict- 
able crimes. 

PRIVI-LEG-ING,  ppr.  Investing  with  a  peculiar 
right  or  immunity. 

PRIV'ILY,  (w/r.     [from  prfry.]     Privately;  secretly. 
Palae  te-icher»  among  you,  who  will  prioily  bring  in  d&ninable 
hrrcMM.  —  2  Pcu  Q. 

PRIVl-TY,  a.  [Fr.  privauU.  See  Pbivate  and 
Pritt.] 

1.  Privacy  ;  secrecy  ;  confidence. 

1  will  to  rou,  in  privity,  diicovcr  ibe  drift  c'  my  piirpow?.     [Ut- 
ile tMctf.]  Spenser. 

2.  Private  knowledge  ;  joint  knowledge  with  an- 
other of  a  private  concern,  which  is  often  supposed 
to  imply  consent  or  concurrence. 

All  Ihr  doors  wf-re  I\iil  op^n  for  hi>  departure,  not  wiihnnt  the 
prieity  of  th^  prince  of  Orange.  Smfi. 


PRI 

But  it  is  usual  to  say,  **  a  thing  is  done  with  his 
pncify  nnd  consent;'*  in  wJiich  phrase,  ;;r(p(fi/ signi- 
fies nicK'ly  private  knowledge. 

3.  Privities  r  \n  the  plural,  secret  parts;  the  parts 
which  modesty  requires  to  be  concealed. 
PRIVY,  a.     [Fr.privi;  L.  privvs.     See  Private.] 

1.  Private  ;  pertaining  to  some  person  exclusively; 
assigned  to  private  uses  ;  not  public  ;  as,  the  priry 
purse  ;  the  privy  cofler  of  a  king.  Blackstone. 

2.  Secret ;  clandestine ;  not  open  or  public  ;  as,  a 
privy  attempt  to  kill  one. 

3.  Private  ;  appropriated  to  retirement ;  not  shown  ; 
not  open  for  the  admission  of  company  ;  as,  a  privy 
chamber.    Etck.  xxi. 

4.  Privately  knowing;  admitted  to  the  participa- 
tion of  knowledge  with  another  of  a  secret  trans- 
action. 

He  would  rather  loae  half  of  hii  Mngilom  than  be  prim/  to  Kuch 

R  •ccrrt.  Sw{/t, 

Mta^lf  am  one  made  privy  to  the  plot.  Hhak. 

Ilia  wife  alao  being  privy  lo  it.  —  Acti  r. 

5.  Admitted  to  secrets  of  state.  The  privy  council 
of  a  kine  consists  of  a  number  of  distinguished  per- 
sons selected  by  him  to  advise  him  in  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  government.  Blackstone. 

A  privy  verdict t  \s  one  given  to  the  judge  out  of 
court,  which  is  of  no  force  unless  afterward  affirmed 
by  a  pulilic  verdict  in  court.  Blackstone. 

PRIVY,  n.  In  laiD^  a  partaker;  a  person  having  an 
interest  in  any  action  or  thing  ;  as,  a  priry  in  blood. 
Privies  are  of  four  kinds;  privies  in  blood,  as  the 
heir  to  his  father;  privies  in  representation,  as  exec- 
uttirs  and  administrators  to  the  deceased  ;  privies  in 
estate,  as  he  in  reversion  and  he  in  remainder,  donor 
and  donee,  lessor  and  lessee ;  privy  in  tenure,  as  the 
lord  in  escheat.  Bncye. 

2.  A  necessary  house. 

PRIVY  €OUN'CIL.     See  Cou.tciu 

PKIVV  CHAM'BEU,n.  In  Oreaf  Bntein,  the  private 
apartment  in  a  royal  residence  or  mansion.  Gentle- 
men of  the  privy  rhamber  are  servants  of  the  king, 
who  art!  to  wait  and  attend  on  him  and  the  queen  at 
court,  in  their  diversions,  &:c.  They  are  forty-eight 
in  number,  under  the  lonl  chamberlain.         Encyc. 

PRIVY  €OUN'SEL-0R,  n.  A  member  of  the  privy 
council. 

Privy  counselors  are  made  by  the  king's  nomina- 
tion, without  patent  or  grant.  Bhckstone. 

PRIVY-SkAL,         }n.     In  England,  the  seal  which 

PRIVY-SIG'NET,  (  the  king  uses  previously  in 
granL^,  &,c.,  which  are  to  piiss  the  great  seal,  or 
which  he  uses  in  matters  of  subordinate  consequence, 
which  do  not  require  the  great  seal. 

2.  Privy-seal  is  used  elliptically  for  the  principal 
secretary  of  state,  or  person  intrusted  with  the  privy- 
seal. 

The  king'i  >{gn  jnaniia]  ia  the  warrant  to  (he  privy-Meal,  who 
iiiak''*  out  A  writ  or  w»rrnnt  ilit-rpon  to  ih-"  clwncTy.  The 
«i  jn  manual  ii  ih"  warrant  to  the  privy-teal,  nnd  Ih**  privy- 
teat  it  (he  warmni  to  tlie  ^ rv;il  b^:U.  Blaektiont. 

PRIZE,  B,  [Fr.  prise^  from  pris,  taken  ;  Sp.  and  Port. 
presa  i  G.  prcw  ;  D.  prys  ;  Dan.  prti-n  ;  Sw.  pris.  See 
Praise  and  Price.] 
Literally^  that  which  is  taken  ;  hence, 
I.  That  which  is  taken  from  an  enemy  in  war; 
any  species  of  goods  or  property  seized  by  force  as 
spoil  or  plunder;  or  that  which  is  taken  in  combat, 
particularly  a  ship.  A  privateer  takes  an  enemy's 
ship  as  a  prize  ;  they  make  prize  of  all  the  property 
of  the  enemy. 

9.  That  which  is  taken  from  another;  that  wliich 
is  deemed  a  valuable  acquisition.       ». 

Then  proBlraie  fivlU,  and  begs,  wifh  nnlrnl  ej'ea, 

Soon  to  obtain  and  long  poweai  ihe  prize.  Pope, 

3.  That  which  is  obtained  or  offi;red  as  the  reward 
of  contest. 


1  will  never  wrestle  for  prize. 

1  fought  and  conquered,  yet  have  lost  th'  prize. 


Shak. 
Dryden. 

4.  The  reward  gained  by  any  perfurmanre. 

Dryden. 

5.  In  co//(»7ttiflZianoT«io'f,  any  valuable  thing  gained. 

6.  The  money  drawn  by  a  lottery  ticket;  opposed 
to  Bla:«k. 

7.  A  lever,  and  also  the  hold  of  a  lever. 
PRIZE,  V.  e.    To  raise  or  force  with  a  lever.    [See 

Pay  J 
PRIZE,  r.  L     [Fr.  priser,  from  prix,  price,  L.  pretium ; 
It.   appreizare ;    Fr.  ajrprecier,      English    analogy  re- 
quires that  the  compound  should  he  conformed  to  the 
orthography  of  this  word,  and  written  apprize.] 

1.  To  set  or  estimate  the  value  of;  to  rate  ;  as,  to 
pTnze  the  goods  specified  in  an  invoice. 

Life  I  prixe  not  a  «raw.  Shak. 

2.  To  value  highly ;  lo  estimate  to  be  of  great 
Worth  ;  to  esteem. 

I  prize  your  penon,  hut  your  crown  disdain.  Oryden. 

PRTZ'CT),  pp.  or  a.     Rated  ;  valued  ;  esteemed. 

PRIZE'-FIGHT-ER,  (-fite'er,)  v.  One  that  fights 
publicly  for  a  reward ;  afipHed  particularly  to  a 
boxer.  Pope. 

PRIZE'-FIGHT-ING,  b.  Fighting,  especially  boxing, 
in  public  for  a  reward. 


FiTE,  FAR,  FALL,  VTH/kT.— METE,  PREY.— PINE,  M.\RtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.- 


PRO 


PRO 


PRO 


4.  Monil  trial  ;  tho  state  of  man  in  the  present 
life,  ill  wliicli  he  lias  tlic  op[Krrliiniiy  of  proving  his 
character,  and  being  qiialiliud  for  a  happit^r  state. 

Probation  will  euil  wilh  the  prcacnt  life.  t^elton, 

5.  In  America,  the  trial  of  a  licentiate's  qualifica- 
litms  for  the  ministry  of  the  g08i>el,  preparatory  to  his 
setiiemcnt.  We  say,  a  man  is  preacliing  on  pro- 
bation. 

6.  In  freneral^  trial  fnr  proof,  or  satisfactory  evi- 
dence, or  tlip  time  of  trial. 

PItO-BA'TION-AL,  o.     Serving  for  trial. 

Bp.  Richardson. 
PRO-BA'TION-A-RY,  a.     Serving  for  trial. 

Atl  iJie  priAaaunaru  work  of  man  ii  frnJeil  when  death  nrrivca. 

Dtoishl. 

PRO-BA'TION-ER,  n.  One  who  is  on  trial,  or  In  a 
sLate  to  give  proof  of  certain  quahlicaiiona  for  a  place 
Or  state. 

While  ypl  a  young  probntioner. 

And  cattthilate  for  heaven.  Dryden. 

2.  A  novice.  Decay  of  Piety. 

3.  In  Scoilitnii,  a  student  in  divinity,  who,  pro- 
ducing a  certificate  of  a  professor  in  a  university  of 
his  good  morals  and  qualiticatiMns,  is  admitted  to  sev- 
eral trials, and  on  acquitting  himstlf  well,  is  licensed 
to  pri'acli.  Kncye. 

PRO-BA'TIOX-rR-PIUP,  V.      The   state  of  l>eing  a 

probationer;  novitiate.     [LUtle  used.]  Locke. 

PRO-B.A  TION-SHIP,  «.     A  suite  of  probation  ;    no- 
vitiate; pnihation.     [Little  tised,  and  unnecessary.] 
PRO'BA-TIVE,  a.     Serving  for  trial  or  proof.      South. 
PRO-Ba'TOR,  n.     [L.]     An  exaniiuer;  an  approver. 

JMaydman. 

9.  In  latB,  an  accuser.  CmceL 

PRO'BA-TO-RY,  a,     Herving  for  trial.        Bramhall. 

2.  Serving  for  proof,  Bp.  Taylor. 

3.  Relating  to  proof.  Qnintilian,  'I'^ans. 
PRO-BJi'TUM  EST^    [L.,  It  Is  pruved.]      An  expres- 
sion siihjoined  to  a  receipt  for  the  cure  of  a  disease, 
denoting  that  it  has  been  tried  or  proved. 

PROBE,  M.  [from  h.  probo  ;  Fr.  eprouveUe,  a  probe; 
G.  probe,  proof;  Russ.  prubirayu^  to  pierce.  The 
primary  sense  is,  to  thrust,  to  drive,  from  straining, 
exertion  of  force.] 

A  snrgenn's  instrument  for  examining  the  depth  or 
other  circumstances  of  a  wound,  ulcer,  or  cavity,  or 
the  direction  of  a  simi-i,  or  fur  searching  for  stt)nes  in 
the  bladder  and  the  like.  Rncijc.     Parr, 

PROBE,  V  f.  To  examine  a  wound,  ulcer,  or  some 
cavity  of  the  body,  by  the  use  of  an  instniment 
thrust  into  the  p.in.  South. 

2.  To  se:trch  to  the  bottom  ;  to  scrutinize  ;  to  ex- 
amine thoroughly  into  causes  and  circumstances. 

PROB'£l>,  pp.  Searched  by  a  probe,  us  a  wound,  ul- 
cer, tc. 

PROBE'-SCIS-SORS,  (-siz-zurz,)  v.pU  Scissors  used 
to  o[M'n  wounds,  the  blade  <tf  which,  to  be  thrust  into 
the  orilice,  has  a  button  at  the  end.  tVineman. 

PRoB'ING,  ppr.  Examining  a  wound,  ulcer,  cavijy 
in  the  body,  &,c.,  with  a  prube  ;  scrutinizing. 

PROH'I-TY,  «.  fL.  probUojfy  from  probo^  to  prove  j  It. 
probitd;  Fi.  prohUe.] 

Primarily,  tried  virtue  or  integrity,  or  approved  ac- 
tions ;  but  in  jifCHfrfi/,  strict  hont^wty  ;  sincerity;  ve- 
racity; integrity  in  principle,  or  strict  conformity  of 
actions  to  the  laws  of  justice.  Probity  of  mind  or 
principle  is  best  evinced  by  probity  of  conduct  in  so- 
cial di-alings,  |tarticularly  in  adhering  to  strict  integ- 
rity in  the  obsirvance  and  performance  of  rights 
called  imprr/eet,  which  public  laws  do  not  reach,  and 
can  not  enforce. 

PROB'LEM,  n.  [Fr.  problemt;  L.  It.  and  Sp.  prob- 
lema;  iit.  ititoiiSqtm,  from  niio0aX\o),  to  throw  for- 
ward ;  TTrt  •  and  ii^\X{i}f  lo  throw,  L.  pello.]  A 
question  propiised. 

1.  In  logic,  a  proposition  that  appears  neither  nb- 
solnlely  true  nor  false,  and  consequently  may  be  as- 
serted either  in  the  attirmative  or  negative. 

2.  In  gcomftry,ji  pro|viHitum  in  which  some  opera- 
tion or  constniction  in  required,  as  lo  divide  a  line  or 
an  angle,  to  let  fall  a  iKTpendicular,  &.c. ;  something 
lo  be  done.  Barlow. 

3.  In  general,  any  questinn  involving  doubt  or  un- 
certainly, and  requiring  soute  ojHTatlon,  experiment, 
ot  furilitr  evidence  for  its  solution. 


PRIZE'-MON-EV,  (-mnn'ne,)  n.  A  dividend  of  the 
proceeds  from  a  captured  vessel,  &.C.,  paid  to  the 
captors. 

PRIZ'ER,  n.  One  that  estimates  or  seta  the  value  of 
a  thine.  ShaJc. 

PRIZ'IXG,  ;>pr.     Rating;  valuing;  esteeming. 

PRIZ'ING,  n.  [See  Prize.]  In  marine  lanffuage^  the 
application  of  a  lever  to  move  any  weighty  body,  as 
a  cask,  anchor,  cannon,  &c.    FitlconeT''s  Marine  Diet. 

PRO.  a  Latin  and  Greek  preposition,  signifying  fur, 
before,  forth,  is  probably  contracted  from  prod,  coin- 
ciding with  It.  proda,  a  prow,  ;»r«<^Cj  brave ;  having 
the  primary  sense  of  moving  lorward.  [See  Pnooi- 
OA.i_]  In  the  phrase  pro  and  c-n,  that  is,  pro  and 
eoRtra,  it  answers  to  the  Engh:^h  for  :  far  and  airainjt. 

Prior. 
In  composition,  pro  denotes  fore,  forth,  fitrwurd. 

PRO' A,  w.  Ftyimr  proa:  a  long,  narrow,  sail  canoe, 
used  in  the  .South  Seas,  witti  the  head  and  stern  ex- 
actly alike,  but  with  the  sidt-s  differently  formed. 
That  which  is  intended  for  the  lee  side  is  flat,  the 
other  rounding.  To  prevent  oversetting,  the  vessel 
is  furnished  with  a  frame  extend^-d  several  feet  to 
windward,  and  bearing  a  small  block  of  wood  tike 
a  canoe.  Brande, 

PROB'A-BIL.-ISM,  n.  The  doctrine  of  the  Proba- 
bilists. 

PROB'A-BIL-IST,  n.  A  term  applied  to  those  who 
maintain  that  certainty  is  impossible,  and  that  prob- 
ability alone  is  to  govern  our  faith  and  actions. 

Enryc.  Am. 

2.  Among  the  Jesuit.i,  one  who  maintains  ttiat  a 

man  may  do  what  is  probably  riuht,  or  is  inculcated 

by  teachers  of  authority,  although  it  may  not  bt-  the 

most  probably  right,  or  may  not  seem  right  to  himself. 

Encyc.  Am. 

PROB-A-BIL'I-TY,  a.  [Fr.  probabUite ;  L.  prubabUi- 
Uli.     Stie  Pbobahle.] 

1.  Likelihood  ;  appearance  of  truth  ;  that  slate. of 
a  case  or  question  of  fact  which  results  from  supe- 
rior evidence  or  pre  p(ni  derail  on  of  araiiment  on  one 
side,  inclining  the  mind  to  receive  it  as  the  irtith,  but 
leaving  some  room  for  doubt.  It  therefore  falls  short 
of  moral  certainty,  but  produces  what  is  called 
i^nttioH. 

Prvbabijity  it  the  appramncr  of  Ihv  ag^irenirnt  or  clisng7r«>ni'>nt 
ot  two  kirai,  by  the  uiiervt^ntion  ^A  pruofa  wtto«;  c<>iiUM:tioit 
b  Boi  eonataot,  but  kppeora  fur  the  most  pan  lo  bi-  m. 

Locke. 

Demon^tralionprorfuw^jdt-nw  or  certain  knowIi;ilg¥  ;  pru-/  prt^ 
(ittc^i  beli«i,  KitJ  probabitity  «{>iniou.  tliicyc. 

2.  .\ny  thing  thai  has  tbe  appearance  of  reality  or 
truth.  In  this  sense,  the  word  admits  of  the  plural 
number. 

The  whole  life  of  man  ii  a  p^rpctii*!  conipnricun  of  pvHlcnce  nnd 
bulAndnf  of  probabilittst,  Budcmintler. 

PROB'A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  probahilis,  from  proboy 
to  prove.     See  Prove.] 

\.  Likely  ;  bavins  more  evidence  than  the  con- 
trary, or  evidence  which  inclinrs  the  mind  to  belief, 
but  leaves  some  room  for  doubt. 

That  b  ftCCountM  prottah't,  which  hat  bel(/T  ursiimentii  pnnlii- 
ciWc  fur  it  thaw  c-in  in  brought  •^insl  it.  South. 

I  do  noi  wAj  th»(  Ibe  prindpks  of  r>-IiKri<>ri  n.r*  mrrf\y  probable  ; 
I  jure  before  aaomcd  tA^in  lo  tn  iiior.tlly  c/ruin.     U'iJrtnf. 

2.  Thai  renders  something  probable  ;  a?,  probable 
evidence,  or  pra^ble  presumption.  Blaek^ttme. 

3.  That  may  be  pn>ved.     [^ot  in  u*^.]      Milton, 
PROB'A-BLY,  (u/r.     Likely;  in  likelihood;  with  the 

appearance  of  tntth  or  reality  :  as,  the  story  is  prob- 
tUtlg  true }  the  account  is  probably  correcL 

DiMin^itsh  between  what  majr  poMibty,  ftn>l  wh;it  wilt  probnhly, 
be  rlone,  L'Kttrange. 

PRO'BANG,  n,  [See  Prore.]  In  *ur^ery,  an  inslni- 
mrnt  of  whalenone  and  spt^m^e,  for  removing  ob- 
Rtruciions  in  the  throat  or  esophagus.  Core. 

2.  A  flexible  piece  of  whalebone,  withspurige  fixed 

to  the  end.  Parr. 

PRO'B ATE,  n.     [Ij.  probatus,  probo,  lo  prove.) 

1.  The  probate  of  a  will  or  testament  is  the  proving 
of  its  genuineness  and  validity,  or  the  exhibition  of 
the  will  to  the  proper  officer,  with  the  witnesses  if 
necsiiHary,  and  the  process  of  determining  iti  valid- 
ity, and  the  registry  of  it,  and  such  other  proceed- 
ings a^  tlie  taws  prescribe,  as  preliminary  to  the  ex- 
ecttiiou  of  il  by  the  executor. 

2.  The  right  or  jurisdiction  of  proving  wills.  In 
Endand,  the  Hpiritunl  court  has  the  probate  of  wills. 
In  the  United  States,  the  probate  of  wills  belongs  lo 
a  conn  of  civil  jurisdiction  o^ttablished  by  law,  usu- 
ally to  a  single  Judge,  called  ^  judge  of  pntbate,  or  a 
gurrogai*. 

3.  Proof.     [^Tot  BJft/.]  .  Skelt^tn. 
ProbfUe  court,  or  court  of  probate  ;  a  court  for  Ihe 

probate  of  wills. 
PRO-BA'TION,  «.     [L.  probatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  proving  ;  proof.      Wilkins.     iMcke. 

2.  Trial;  examination;  any  proceeding  designed 
to  ascertain  truth  ;  in  unirtrraities,  the  examiimtion 
of  a  student  as  to  his  qualifications  for  a  degree. 

3.  In  a  mono-itie  aenne,  trial,  or  the  year  of  novi- 
tiate which  a  perscm  must  pass  in  a  convent,  to  prove 
fais  virtue  and  his  ability  to  bear  the  severities  of  the 
rule.  Encyc. 


rhe  prohltm  i«,   whflh-' 


and  cmttTinl  bi-li-f  that  a. 


Uiuig  will  be,  bi'l|M  \ny  Mug  to  the  cll<-c 

PROB-LEM-AT'IG-AL.n.  Questionable  ;  uncertain  j 
unsettled  ;  disputable  ;  doubtful. 

Dili]f.'nl  luquiri'  ■  into  pn>blt7TuUi4:iU  guUi  Ir-ave  a  gMr  v'vlf^  opno 
U>  iiiforii«;ni.  Sm/L 

PROB-LEM-AT'ie-AL-LY,  a£/tt.  Doubtfully;  dubi- 
ously ;  uncertainly. 

PROB'LEM-A-TIST,  M.     One  who  proposes  problems. 

Evelvn. 

PROB'LEM-A-TIZE,  t».  (.  To  propose  problems. 
[Ill firmed,  and  not  used.]  B.  Jotwon. 

PRO  BO'JVO  PUB'Lf'€0,[h.]    For  the  public  good. 

PRO-BOS'CI -DATE,  a.     Furnislied  with  a  proboscis. 

PRO-BOS'CIS,  n.  [U,  from  the  Gr.  npo/SoaKii  ;  npo, 
before,  and  ffavKio,  to  feed  or  graze.] 


The  snout  or  trunk  of  an  elephant  and  of  other 
analogous  animals,  and  particularly  of  insects.  The 
proboscis  of  an  elephant  is  a  flexible,  muscular  pipe 
or  canal  of  about  eight  feel  in  length,  and  is  prop- 
erly the  extension  of  the  nose.  This  is  the  instru- 
ment with  which  he  lakes  food  and  carries  it  to  his 
mouth.  I'hc  proboscis  of  insects  is  used  to  suck 
blot»d  from  animals  or  juice  from  plants. 

PROeA'CIOUS,  a.  [L.  procaz;  pro,  forward,  and 
perhaps  the  root  of  It.  cacciare,  Sp.  caiar,  to  chase, 
that  is,  to  push  forward.] 

Pert;  petulant;  saucy.     [Little  tued.]      Barrow. 

PRO-€AC'I  TV,  (-kas'e-te,)  m.     [L.  proeacita.i.] 

Impudence  ;  jjetulance.     [Little  tufcd.]      Burton. 

PRO  CAT-XRe'Tie,  a.  [Gr.  irpoKarapKriKos  ;  irpo, 
K-ira,  and  apx'o^  to  begin.]  ,^ 

In  medicine,  a  term  denoting  that  cause  which  im- 
mediately kindles  a  disease  into  action  when  there 
existed  a  predisposition  to  it.  The  procatarclic  cause 
is  oflen  denominated  the  ezciting  cause.  Procatarc- 
lic or  exciting  causes  are  common  lo  numerous  dis- 
eases, and  do  not  affect  their  nature  and  character. 
Procatarclic  or  exciting  causes  do  not  pr<»duce  dis- 
ease, unless  there  is  a  previously  existing  predisposi- 
tion. Excesses,  deficiencies,  and  irregularities  of 
tlie  non-nattirats,  comprehend  all  the  procatarclic 
or  exciting  causes  of  disease. 

PRO-CAT-ARX'IS^n.  [Gr.  supra.]  The  kindling  of 
a  disease  into  action  by  a  procatarclic  cause,  when  a 
predisposition  exists  ;  the  procatarclic  cause  itself  of 
a  disease.  Quincy. 

PRO-CKD'i;RE,n.  [Fr.  See  Proceed.]  The  act  of 
proceeding  or  moving  forward;  progress;  process; 
operation  ;  series  of  actions  ;  as,  the  procedure  of  the 
soul  in  certain  actions.  But  il  is  more  generally  ap- 
plied to  persons  ;  as,  this  is  a  strange  procedure  in  a 
public  body.  The  motions  of  physical  causes  are 
more  penerally  denominated  operations. 

2.  Manner  of  proceeding;  management;  conduct. 

South. 

3.  That  which  proceeds  from  something;  produce. 
[A~ot  in  u.ie.]  •  Bacon, 

PRO-CEED',  V.  u  [Fr.  Sp.  and  Port,  proceder;  It. 
procederc ;  from  L.  proc«/w  .•  pro,  forward,  and  cfrfo, 
to  move.  The  more  correct  orthography  is  Pboceoe, 
in  analogj'  with  precede,  concede,  recede,  procedure.] 

1.  To  move,  pass,  or  go  forward  from  one  place  lo 
another  ;  applied  to  persons  or  thinffs.  A  man  pro- 
ceeds on  his  journey  ;  a  ship  proceeds  on  her  voyage. 

'J'his  word,  thus  used,  implies  that  the  motion, 
journey,  or  voyage,  had  been  previously  commenced, 
and  lo  proceed  is  then  to  renew  or  contiauc  the  motion 
or  progress.  • 

2.  To  pass  from  one  point,  stage,  or  topic  to  anoth- 
er. The  preacher  proceeds  ivom  one  division  of  his 
subject,  and  the  advocate  from  one  argument  to 
another. 

3.  To  issue  or  come,  as  from  a  source  or  fountain. 
Light  proceeds  from  the  sun  ;  vice  proceeds  from  a 
depraved  heart ;  virtuous  afieclions  proceed  frttm 
God. 

4.  To  come  from  a  person  or  place.  Christ  says, 
*'  I  proceeded  forth  and  came  from  God."    John  viii. 

5.  To  prosecute  any  design. 

He  that   procteda  on   oib<T   pniiciplca  in  hi«  Inquiry  intT3  any 
■cioiic-i,  po8t>  hiiiisi'lf  in  a  pitrty.  Locke, 

6.  To  be  transacted  or  carried  on. 

He  will,  afuT  h'n  anur  fusliion,  tell  you, 
Whtil  hnth  proceeded  wortlty  note  lo-llny.  Shak. 

[Sol  noio  in  ute.] 

7.  To  make  progress  ;  to  advance.  Milton. 

8.  To  begin  and  carry  on  a  series  of  actions  or 
measures.  The  iittorney  was  at  a  loss  in  what  ni.an- 
ner  to  proceed  against  the  offender.  In  this  sense 
Ihe  word  is  often  followed  by  against, 

9.  To  conduct ;  to  act  melhodically. 

Proiu  them  !  will  not  hide 
My  Jiidg'iikenu,  Uuw  wiUi  ruaiikinii  i  proceed.  ASUlon. 

10.  To  linve  a  course. 

This  nilc  only  proceeda  and  Ukoi  pKice,  wlicn  a  pcnon  can  nut 
ul  CuaiinoH  Uw  condi:nin  unoUier  by  hia  ecntiiice.     Ayl\^», 

11.  To  issue;  to  be  produced  or  propagated. 

From  my  Irina  thou  aiiAll  proceed.  MdUm. 

12.  To  be  produced  by  an  effectual  cause.  AH 
created  things  proceed  from  God.  Milton. 

PRO-CEED'ER,  n.  One  who  goes  forward,  or  who 
makes  a  progress.  Bacon. 

PRO-CEED'ING,  p;>r.  Moving  forward  ;  passing  on; 
issuing;  transactmg;  carrying  on. 

PRO-CEED'I.\G,  n.  Process  or  movement  from  one 
thing  to  another;  a  measure  or  step  taken  in  busi- 
ness ;  transaction  :  in  the  plural,  a  course  of  meas- 
ures or  conduct ;  course  of  dealing  with  others.  Wo 
speak  of  a  legal  or  an  illegal  proceedin/^,  a  cautious 
proceedings  a  violent  proceeding.  In  the  plural,  the 
proceediniTs  of  tlie  legislature  have  been  wise  and  sal- 
utary. It  is  our  duty  to  acquiesce  cheerfully  in  all 
God's  proceedings  toward  us. 

2.  In  low,  the  course  of  steps  or  measures  In  the 
prosecu'ion  of  actions  is  denominated  proceedings, 
[See  pRucEss.] 

PRO-CEEDifi'  or  PRO'CEEDS,  n.  pL  Issue;  rent; 
produce  ;  as,  the  proceeds  of  an  estate 


TONE.  ByLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  V1"CI0US €  as  K;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TU  as  In  THIS. 

— - 


PRO 

3.  In  eommereff  the  sum,  ntuount,  or  vtitiip,  of 
goods  Bulit  or  convrrted  into  money.  The  coit- 
•ignee  was  directed  to  svW  the  cargo  and  vesit  the 
frocetd*  in  colfce.  Ttie  proceeds  of  the  goods  sold 
amounted  to  little  more  Uian  the  prime  cost  and 
charges. 

PROC-E-LECS-MAT'ie,  a.  [Gr.  -irpoKt^ivaitaTtKoi  i 
woi  and  <£\ciff^j,  niuiidato,  uiciterat'nLl 

Inciting;  animating;  encouraging.  This  epiihel 
U  given  to  a  metrical  foot  in  poetry,  consisting  of 
four  short  syllables.  JvAksoh. 

PR0-<:EL'L6US,  «.    [L.  froceUosus.] 
Stormy. 

PRO-CEP'TIOX.  «.  Preoccupation,  [fll  formtdy  and 
not  in  use.]  if.  Charles. 

PRO-CER'I-TY, «.    [1*  procfritaSf  from  pneerus^  tall.] 
Talliiess;  heieht  of  suiture.  Addison. 

PRO'CES  VER'BAL^  (prfl'sa  vir'bal,)  [Fr.]  In 
Ptmek  \««y  an  authentic  minute  of  an  omcial  act, 
or  statcmeni  of  facta.  Buchanan, 

PROCESS,  {pros'eM.)  m.  [Fr.  proUsi  L.  frveeseus^ 
ftvm  procedo.     See  Pkoceed.] 

1.  A  proceeding  or  moving  forward  ;  progressive 
course  ;  tendency  ;  t5,  the  process  of  man's  desire. 

Ifookrr. 

2.  Proceedings  ;  gradual  progress  ;  course  ;  a^,  the 
frvte.fs  of  a  war.  Dryden. 

3.  Opt-ritioi)!t ;  ex|>eriment ;  series  of  actions  or 
experiiii '■  -     ". -hcuiical  |»n>c«A 

4.  St :  f  or  changes  in  growth,  decay, 
4.C.,  in  .  •; ;  as,  the  proce-tui  of  vegeUition 
or  of  mil..  <..... u  ,  the  process  of  decompi>sition. 

5.  Course  ;  continual  tlux  or  passage  ;  as,  the  pro- 
cess of  time.  .Vdtom.     Boyle. 

6.  Methodical  management;  series  of  measures  or 
proceedings. 


7.  In  low,  the  whole  course  of  proceedings,  in  a 
cause,  real  or  personal,  civil  or  criininal,  from  the 
original  writ  to  the  end  of  the  suiL  Orinfinml  process 
is  the  mran^  taken  jlo  compel  the  dt--fendant  to  ap- 
pear in  court.  Mssne  process  is  thut  which  issues, 
pending  the  suit,  upon  tome  collatentl  or  interlocu- 
toc>'  matter.  Final  process  is  the  process  of  execu- 
tioo.  BUekstone. 

fi    I.I  in/r'nw,  any  protuberance,  eminence,  or  pn>- 
a  bone.  Eneyc.     Coze. 

Pi;  ■ .  (pro-«esh'un,)  »-    [Fr.,  from  L.  prth- 

Cl 1  KOCBXO.] 

1.  The  met  uf  proce«diDg  or  issnin?.        Pearson. 

3.  \  train  of  persons  waking,  or  riding  on  horse- 
back, ur  in  vehicles,  in  a  fttfwal  march,  or  moving 
with  ceremonious  solemnity  ;  as,  a  procession  of  cler- 
gymen and  pcof^e  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church  ;  a 
triumphal  procession  ;  a  funeral  processiem, 

HiiOKll  bikinm 
FaOowwl  la  \jngkl  procKteion,  ilHton. 

PRO-CES'SION-AL,  (pro-«esh'un-al,)  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  proceaaiou  ;  con»isting  in  a  procession. 

Samrin,  TWns. 

PRO  CKS  SION-.AL,  s.  A  book  relating  to  proces- 
^  ':  'innn  Catholic  church.        Oregery. 

PU  >  A-RY,  «.    Consisting  in  procession  ; 

a-  ■■'!/  service.  Hooker. 

PRO-CES  SlO\  "ING,  a.  In  Tennessee,  the  manner 
of  ascertjuning  the  boundaries  of  land,  as  prescribed 
bv  law.  Bottvier. 

PR6'CHEI.V,  (pre'shen,)   a.     [Fr.  prochain  ;  U  prozi- 

Kelt ;  nearest ;  used  in  the  law  phrase,  proekein 
■anr,  the  next  friend,  any  person  who  undertakes  to 
asstat  an  infant  or  minor  in  prosecuting  his  rights. 

Black^tone, 
PRO'eilRO-.VISM,  «.    [Gr.  wfioxpavFf.^^to  precede  in 
lime  ;  tl'o,  before,  and  xfit/vs,  time.] 

.\n  antedating  ;  the  dating  of  an  event  before  the 
time  it  happened  ;  a  species  of  anachronism. 

(frcffory. 
PRO'CI-DEXCB,   a.     [L.  pnxidaUia;  procido,  to  fall 
down.] 

A  falling  down  j  a  prolapsus  ;  as  of  the  intestinum 

rectum.  Qm,    Parr. 

PRO-CID'C-OUS,  a.    That  falls  from  in  place.  Jones. 

PRO-CINeT',  n.     [L.  proeiactas  ;  procingo,  to  prepare, 

that  is,  to  gird.] 

Complete  preparation  for  action.    [LitiU  used.\ 

Milton. 
PRO-CLAIM',  V.  L     [L..  proclame  ;  pro  and  c/omo,  to 
cry  out.     See  Cl^im.} 

1.  To  pn>mulgate ;  to  announce ;  to  publish ;  as, 
to  proclaim  a  fast  i  to  prodaim  a  feasL  Lev.  xxiij.  1 
Sin£s  xxL 

He  bMth  aeikt  ne  to  jrodaiin  B^nj  to  (be  captires.  —  II  Ixi. 

3.  To  give  official  notice  of ;  todenounce.  Heralds 
were  formerly  employed  to  proclaim  war. 

3.  To  declare  with  honor  ;  as,  to  proeJatm  the 
name  of  the  Lord,  that  is,  to  declare  his  perfection^ 
Exod.  xixiii. 

4.  To  utter  openly  ;  to  make  public  Some  profli- 
gate wretches  openly  procUim  their  atheism. 

Mod  men  vill  proclaim  e«ei7  oae  bia  owa  goodofas.  —  P(ot. 


PRO 

5.  To  outlaw  by  public  denunciation. 

I  hff*.T\{  myself  prodaimad,  Shak. 

PRO-CLXIM'£D,  pp.  Published  officially;  promul- 
gated ;  made  publicly  known. 

PRO-CLAIM'ER.n.  One  who  pnlilishes  liy  authority ; 
one  thut  announces  or  makes  publicly  known. 

Milton. 

PRO-€LAI.M'ING,  ppr.  Publishing  officially  ;  de- 
nouncint;;    nrtiinulijatiiig  j    making  publicly  known. 

PROe-LA-MA'TION,  k.  [Fr.,  from  L.  proclumaUoy 
fnuu  proelamo.] 

1.  Publication  by  authority;  official  notice  given 
to  the  public 

Ktnf:   Am  nude  «  proeloauuion   througfaout  ilU  Judftb.  —  1 
Kiiijca  ST. 

2.  In  England,  a  declaration  of  the  king*s  will, 
openly  published. 

Pnefamadons  ar«  ft  brancb  of  Uw  kind's  pi^ro^nUTC,  niwl  kk 
biiiiiiug  un  Uic  sub}i'<i.  Encye. 

3.  The  declaration  of  any  supreme  magistrate  pub- 
licly made  known  ;  as,  the  proclamation  of  the  gov- 
ernor apiNiinting  a  day  of  thanksgiving. 

4.  The  pa|H<r  containing  an  official  notice  to  a 
people.  Tho  sheriff  receives  and  distributes  the 
Rovt-rnor's  proctamatiarLs.  JVeic  England. 

PRO-CLTVE',  a.     ProcUvoua.     [.Vot  used.] 
PROeUVI-TV,  n.      [L.  proclicitas^  procUvis i   pro 
and  ciivitJt,  a  cliff.] 

1.  Inclination;  propensity;  proneness ;  tendency. 

The  •riwiti'rr  oppplite  may  engtimler  »  proelioity  to  itcal,  but 
oM  ft  nrcrwii/  to  steal.  Bp,  Hail. 

Q.  Readiness;  facility  of  learning. 

Uf  hml  »uch  »  il'-xtroiii  procUnity,  ibii  hb  teachcn  were  iWn  to 
muniii  bw  rorwftiiln>.-«.  Walton. 

PRO-CLI'VOUS,  o.     [L.  proelivusy  proclivist  supra.] 
Inclined  ;  tending  by  nature.  Diet 

PROeON'SUL,  w.  [L.  pn»,  for,  and  cfltwttZ.]  A  Ro- 
man officer  who  disc.hargi'd  the  duties  oi  a  consul 
without  being  himself  consul.  He  was  usually  one 
who  had  previously  been  consul,  and  his  power  was 
nearly  equal  to  that  uf  a  regular  consul. 

SmitAV  Diet. 

PRO-€ON"SU-LAR,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  proconsul; 
as,  proconsular  j>owtirs. 

2.  Under  the  government  of  a  proconsul ;  as,  a 
prvcansular  pritvinc*!. 

PROeOX'SUL-ATE,  |  ».    Theofficeofn  proconsul, 
PRO-eO.\'Si;i,-SlttP,  j       or  the  term  of  his  olRce. 
PRO  CRAS'TI-Na TE,   p.  t,       [L.  proerastinor  i   pro 

and  erastinus ;  eras,  to-morrow.] 

Tit  put  off  frt»m  day  to  day  ;  to  del.iy  ;  to  defer  to 

a  future  time  ;  as,  to  procrastijuUe  repentance. 
PRO-CRAS'TI  NATE,  v.  I    To  delay  ;  to  be  dilatory. 

1  promutinat*  more  Itun  I  Jul  twenty  jreftl*  ftgo.  Sw\/l. 

PRO-eRAS'TLNA-TED,  pp.     Delayed  ;  deferred. 
PROCRAS'TI-.XA-TING,  ppr.  or  a.    Delaying;  put- 
ting off  to  n  future  time. 
PRO-CRAS-TI-NA'TIO.\,  n.     [U  proerastinatio.] 

A  putting  off  to  a  future  time  ;  delay  ;  dilatoriness. 
PROeRAS'TI-NA-TOR,  n.     One  that  defers  the  per- 

fitrniance  of  any  thing  to  a  future  time. 
PRO'CRE-AXT,  a.     [L.  procreans.     See  Procreate.] 
Generating;  producing  ;  productive  ;  fruitful. 

Shak. 
PRO'CRE-ANT,  n.    He  or  that  which  procreates  or 

Kr-nerales,  Milton, 

PRO'CRE-aTE,  r.  t.  [L.  procreo;  pro  and  creo^  to 
create.] 

1.  To  beget ;  to  generate  and  produce;  to  engen- 
der ;  used  properly  of  animals.  Bentley. 

2.  To  produce  ;  used  of  plants ^  but  hardly  alloicable, 

Blaekmore. 

PRo'CRE-A-TED,  pp.     Begotten  ;  generated. 

PRO'CRE-A-TING,  ppr.  Begetting  ;  generating  ;  as 
young. 

PRO-CRE-A'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  procreatio.] 

The  act  of  begetting ;  generation  and  production 
of  young.  South. 

PRO'€RE-A-TIVE,  a.  Generative;  having  the  power 
tti  beget.  Hale. 

PRO'CRE-A-TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  power  of  generat- 
ing. Decay  of  Piety. 

PRO'CRE  A-TOR,  n.  One  that  begets  ;  a  generator  ; 
a  father  or  sire. 

PRO-CRUS'TE-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
Procrustes,  or  his  mode  of  torture. 

PRO-CRUS'TeS,  n.  In  Orecian  mythology^  a  celebra- 
ted robber,  who  stretched  his  victims  up<in  an  iron 
bed,  or  mutilated  them,  till  their  forms  fitted  its  di- 
mensions; whence  the  metaphorical  phrase,  tke  bed 
of  Procrustes. 

PROC'TOR,  n.  [Contracted  from  L.  procurator^  from 
proeuro  ;  pro  ana  euro.] 

1.  In  o  ffeneral  sense^  one  who  is  employed  to  man- 
age the  affairs  of  another.  Hooker. 

2.  Appropriately,  a  person  employed  to  manage  an- 
other's cause  in  a  court  of  civil  or  ecclesiastical  law, 
as  in  the  court  of  admiralty,  or  in  a  spiritual  court. 

Swift. 

3.  In  the  English  universitieSjUn  officer  who  attends 
to  the  morals  of  the  students,  and  enforces  obedience 
to  the  cullegc  regulations.  Cam.  Cal. 


PRO 

PROCTOR,  V.  I.     To  manage  i  a  cant  word.      Skuk. 
PROC'TOR-AGE,  n.    Management,  In  Contempt, 

Mtlton. 
PROe-TOR'IC-AL,  o.     Belonging  to  the  arademical 

priKtor ;  magijiterial.  Prideaux. 

PKOOTOR-SHIP,  H.     The  office  or  dignity  of  the 

pntctor  of  a  university.  Clarendon. 

■   " - I',  <■•  [f 

and  eitbo,  to  lie  down.] 

I.  Lying  down  or  on  the  face  ;  prone. 

3.   In  botany,  trailing  ;  prt>stratc  ;  unable  to  support 

itself,  and  therefore  \yu\fi  on  the  ground,  but  without 

pulling  furth  roots  ;  as,  a  procumbntt  stem.     Martyn. 

PRO-CCK'A-BLE,  a.     [from  procure.]     That  may  be 

procured  ;  obtainable.  BoyU. 

PROe'U-RA-CY,  n.     [from  L.  procure.] 

The  management  d(  any  thing.     [A''ot  used.] 
PROe-U-RA'TION,  11.    [L.  procuratia.   See  Peocube.] 

1.  The  act  of  procuring. 
j'PaocuREMBi'T  is  generally  used.] 

S.  The  mnnugoment  of  another's  affairs. 

3.  The  instrument  by  which  a  person  is  empow- 
ered to  transact  the  affairs  of  another.  Eneyc. 

4.  A  sum  of  money  paid  to  the  bishop  or  archdea- 
con by  incumbents,  on  account  of  visitations ;  called 
also  Proxv.  Todd. 

PROe'U-RA-TOR,  n.  The  manager  of  another's  af- 
fairs.    [See  Proctor.]  Shak.     Taylor. 

2.  Under  the  Homan  emperors,  a  title  given  to  cer- 
tain governors  of  provinces  ;  as,  the  procurator  of 
Judea.  Also,  a  title  of  certain  officers  who  had  the 
management  of  the  revenue.  P.  Cyc. 

PROC-U-RA-TO'RI-AL,  n.  Pertaining  to  a  procurator 
or  proctor  ;  made  by  a  proctor.  Ayhffe. 

PROC-U-RA'TOR-SUIP,  ti.  The  office  of  a  procura- 
tor. Pearson. 

PROeO'RA-TO-RY,  o.    Tending  to  procuration. 

PRO-CORE',  r.  ^  [Fr.  procurer ;  ll.  procurare;  Sp. 
procurar ;  L.  proeuro;  pro  and  euro,  to  take  care. 
But  tlie  French  only  bus  the  sense  of  the  English 
word.     In  the  sense  u(  mana>re,  it  is  never  used,] 

1.  To  gain  ;  to  get ;  to  obtain  ;  as  by  rctjuest,  loan, 
effort,  labor,  or  purchitse.  We  procure  favors  by  re- 
quest ;  we  procure  money  by  borrowing  ;  we  procure 
food  by  cultivating  the  earth  ;  offices  are  procured  by 
solicitation  or  favor;  we  procure  titles  to  estate  by 
purchase.  It  is  used  of  things  of  temporary  [K>sses- 
sion  more  generally  than  acquire.  We  do  not  say, 
we  acquired  favor,  we  acquired  money  by  borrowing, 
but  we  procured, 

2.  To  persuade  ;  l{i  prevail  on. 

WliAt  unaccuiloiiieil  cau«c  procurer  her  liiLher.     [UnusunlA 

HhiLk. 

3.  To  cause  ;  to  bring  about ;  to  effect ;  to  contrive 
and  effect. 

Proceed,  Saliiiua,  to  pnatrt  my  full.  iS7Ui>k. 

4.  To  cause  to  come  on  ;  to  bring  on. 

Vfe  [)o  oih''r  pains  ffndure 
Thnn  thoM  (hiit  we  ouneWi:*  jwocurw.  Drydsm. 

5.  To  draw  to  ;  to  attract ;  to  gain.  Modesty  pro- 
cures Idve  and  respect. 

PRO-CC'RE',  r.  i.     To  pimp.  Drydeii. 

PRO-CCR'/JD,  pp.  Obtained  ;  caused  to  be  done  ;  ef- 
fected ;  brotiglit  on. 

PRO-eORE'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  procuring  or  obtain- 
ing ;  ubtainiiient. 
2.  A  causing  to  be  effected. 

Thr'y  think  it  done 
By  iici  procurtmetU.  Dryden. 

PRO-COR'ER,  n.    One  that  procures  or  obtains  ;  that 

which  brings  on  or  causes  to  be  done.  IValton. 

2.  A  pinip;  a  pander.  South. 

PRO-CCR'ESS,  71.     A  bawd.  Spectator 

PRO-COR'ING,  p/)r.    Getting;  gaining;  obtaining. 
2.  Causing  to  come,  or  to  be  done. 
3.'a.     That  causes  to  come  ;  bringing  on.     Bin  la 
the  procuring  cause  of  all  our  woes. 

PRO'CY-ON,  n.     [Gr.  ffz-n-cwmt-.] 

A  star  of  the  nrst  magnitude  in  the  constellation 
Canis  Minor,  the  Little  Dog.  P.  Cyc. 

PROD,  n.  A  goad  ;  an  awl,  or  a  pin  in  pattens.  {Lt>- 
cal.] 

PROD'I-GAL,  a.  [Fr.  prod^gue;  Sp.  and  It.  prodigo  ; 
from  L.  prodiguSf  from  prodigo,  to  drive  forth,  to  lav- 
ish. The  last  component  part  of  the  word  is  ago,  to 
drive  ;  the  first  I  suppose  to  be  prod,  the  original 
wnrii,  allerward  contracted  to  pro.  (See  Pro.)  The 
Welsii  bradyn,  a  prodigiil,  if  from  the  Latin,  is  doubt- 
less of  the  same  origin ;  but  Owen  deduces  this  from 
irarf,  a  breaking,  treachery,  treason,  and  this  coin- 
cides with  Dan.  bryder,  to  break.     See  Brittle.] 

1.  Given  to  extravagant  expenditures;  expending 
money  or  other  things  without  necessity  ;  profuse  ; 
lavish  ;  wasteful  ;  not  frugal  or  economical  ;  as,  a 
prodigal  man  ;  the  prodigal  son.  A  man  may  be 
prodigal  of  his  strength,  of  liis  health,  of  his  life  or 
blood,  as  well  as  of  his  money. 

2.  Profuse  ;  lavish  ;  expended  to  excess,  or  without 
necessity  ;  as,  prodigal  expenses. 

3.  Very  liberal ;  profuse.  Nature  is  prodigal  of  her 
bounties. 

PROD'I-GAL,  iu    One  that  expends  money  extravft- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.JT MeTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.— 

_  - 


PRO 

gnntly  or  withoat  necessity  ;  one  that  is  profuse  or 
lavisli ;  a  waster  ;  a  sju'iulthrift.  Vnjdrn. 

PROU-l-GAL'I-TY,  n.  [Fr.  prodigaliti  ;  It.  proUi^ali- 
td;  Sq.  pradiifalulad.] 

1.  Extravagance  in  the  expenditure  of  what  one 
possesses,  particularly  of  money  ;  profusion  ;  waste  j 
•■xcessive  lilierality.  It  is  opivosed  to  Frugalitt, 
Eco:foMT,  and  Parsimont. 

By  Llii?  Roman  law,  a  man  cf  iiouirinua  prodigaiity  was  tr^r.tcd 
H5  lino  compos.  Kncyc. 

Tb«  mosi  wT'Tc  ccnMr  dn  nOl  btil  be  plewud  wfih  tli"  pro<&- 
gcUitij  of  hi»  wiL  Drifden. 

9.  Profuse  liberality. 

PROD'I-GAIj-TZE,  r.  i.  To  be  extravagant  in  expen- 
ditures.    [J\''ot  iised.]  S.'terwood. 

PROO'I-GAL-LY,  adv.  With  profusion  of  expenses  j 
extravagantly  ;  lavishly ;  waslefully ;  aa,  au  estate 
proditrally  dissipated. 

2.  With  liberal  abundance  ;  profusely, 
Naiun"  not  botititeous  now,  but  liivbh  grows ; 

Our  paitu  wilh  dowen  she  prodigally  bUuws.  Drydan, 

PROD'I-^ENCE,  ru     Waste  i  profusion;  prodigality. 

[J^'-ot  v.'^ed.]  Bp.  HaU. 

PRO-Dl6'IOU9,  (-did'jus,)  a.     [Sp.  and  It,  prodigio- 

so  ;  Tt.  prodigieux  ;  L.  pr(?rfiP7(/.*a.v.     fcJeo  Prodigy,] 

1.  Verj-  great ;  huge  ;  ent)rmous  in  size,  quantity, 
extent,  &c. ;  as,  a  mountain  of  prodig-wus  size  or  al- 
titude ;  a  prodigious  ninss  or  quantity  of  water  j  an 
ocean  or  plain  of  prodigious  extent.     Hence, 

2.  Wonderful ;  astonishing  ;  such  as  may  seem  a 
prodigy ;  monsU-ous  ;  portentous. 

h  i£pro(Sgiou$  to  bare  thunder  Id  a  dear  sky.  Brown. 

PnaigiouM  \o  relaie.  Drydtn. 

PRO-DIG'IOUS-LY,  adiu  Enormously  ;  wonderfully  ; 
astonishingly  ;  as,  a  number  prodigiously  great.  Ray, 
2.  Very  much  j  extremely  j  in  familiar  language. 
He  was  prodigiously  pleased. 

PRO-DIG'IOUS-NESS,  ji.  Enormousnesa  of  size  ;  the 
state  of  having  qualities  that  excite  wonder  or  aston- 
ishment. HalL 

PROD'I-6Y,  n.  [L.  prodigium,  from  prodigo^  tu  slioot 
out,  drive  out,  properly  to  spread  to  a  great  extent.] 

1.  Any  thing  out  of  the  ordinary  course  of  nature, 
and  so  extraordinary  as  to  excite  woudi-r  or  astunish- 
mimt ;  as,  a  prodigy  of  learning.  Spectator. 

2.  Something  extraordinary  from  which  omens  are 
drawn  ;  portent.  Thus  eclipses  and  meleora  were 
anciently  deemed  prodigies. 

3.  A  monster  ;  an  animal  or  other  production  out 
of  the  ordinary  course  of  nature.  B.  Jonson, 

PRO-DI"TIO.\,  71.   [L.  proditio,  from  proda,  to  betray  ; 

supposed  to  be  compounded  of  pro  and  do,  to  give. 

But  in  W.  bradu  is  to  betray.] 

Treachery ;  treason.  ^insioortk. 

PnOD'I-TOR,  71.  [L.]    A  traitor.   [JVot  in  use.]     Shak. 
PROD-I-TO'RI-OUS,  a.      Treacherous  j    perfidious  ; 

traitorous.     [JVot  in  vsf.]  Daniel. 

2.  Apt  to  make  discoveries  or  disclosures.  [A'ot  in 
vse.]  ,  fVvtton. 

PROD'I-TO-RY,  a.    Treacherous;  perfidious.   Mdtan. 
PHO'DROME,  n.     [Gr.  irpoopopoi  i  t/ju  and  r/>£xaj,  to 
run.] 

.\  foreninner.     fJ^ot  in  use.]  Coles. 

PRO-DCCE',  r.  U  [L.  prodaco  ;  pro  and  dueo,  to  lead 
or  draw;  Sax,  (co^'an,  fffln,to  tug  ;  It.  producercy  pro- 
durre  :  Sp.  producir  ;  Fr.  produire.] 

1.  To  bring  forward  ;  to  bring  or  offer  to  view  or 
notice  ;  as,  tu  produce  a  witness  or  evidence  in  court. 

Product  youi  cause.  —  Is.  zli. 

Sl  To  exhibit  to  the  public. 

Toor  parvnu  did  not  produce  yoti  much  into  the  world.     Sai/I. 

3.  To  bring  forth ;  to  bear ;  as  plants  or  the  soil. 
Trees  produce  fruit ;  the  earth  produces  trees  and 
grass;  wheat  produces  an  abundance  of  food.   - 

4.  To  bear;  to  generate  and  bring  forth;  as 
young.    The  seas  produce  fi.sb  in  abundance. 

Thcv- 
Product  prodijfious  births  of  body  or  mind.  A/L'ion. 

5.  To  cause;  to  effect;  to  bring  into  existence. 
Small  caiisca  sometimes  prnduca  great  elfecta.  The 
clouds  prn(fuc«  rain.  The  painter  pr(///«ce»  a  picture 
or  a  landscape.  The  Bculptur  producer  a  statue. 
Vicf.  produces  misery. 

(j.  To  raisu  ;  to  bring  into  being.  The  farmer  pro- 
duces grain  enough  fur  his  fnniily. 

7.  To  make  ;  lo  bring  into  being  or  funn.  The 
manufaclUDT  produces  excellent  wares. 

8.  To  yield  or  furnish.  Money  producer  interest; 
capital  produces  profit.  The  cnmmerce  of  the  coun- 
try produces  a  revenue  to  government. 

9.  In  general^  to  bring  into  exi.-:tence  or  into  view. 

10.  In  geometry,  lo  extend  ;  applied  to  a  line,  sur- 
face, or  stilid. 

PROD'tJCE,  (prod'dQse,)  n.  That  which  is  produced, 
broaght  fitrth,  or  yielded  ;  product ;  as,  the  produce 
of  a  farm  ;  the  produce  of  trees  ;  the  produce  of  a 
country  ;  the  produce  of  a  mnnufacture  ;  the  produce 
of  Iha  sea ;  the  produce  of  a  lax ;  the  produce  of  a 
mine.  But  when  we  speak  of  sometliing  funned  by 
an  individual  artisan  or  genius,  we  call  it  a  produc- 
tion. 


PRO 

PRO-DCC'i:D,  pp.    Brought  into  life,  being,  or  view  j 
yieliled  ;  exTriuhd. 

PRO-DCCE'ME.NT,  n.    Production.     [JVot  used.] 

Milton. 

PRO-DOC'ENT,  n.     One  that  exhibits,  or  offers  lo 
view  or  notice.     [JVot  much  used.]  Jiyliffe, 

PRO-DOC'ER,  ju     One  that  generatea  ;  one  that  pro- 
duces. Locke.     Suckling. 

PRO-DU-CI-BILa-TY,  n.    The  power  of  producing, 
[JVn(  vsed.\  Barrow. 

PRO-DtJ'CI  RLE,  a.     [It.  producible,  produtif>ite.] 

1.  That  may  be  brought  into  being;  that  may  be 
gcnenited  or  made  ;  as,  producible  salts.  Buyle. 

2.  That  may  be  brought  into  view  or  notice  ;  tliat 
may  be  exhibited,  Hammond. 

PRO-DO'CI-BLE-NESP,  n.    The  state  or  quality  of 
being  producible  ;  as,  the  producibUncss  of  salts. 

Boyle. 

PRO-DCC'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Generating;  bringing  into 
existence  or  notice  ;  yielding;  extending. 

PROD'UCT,  71.     [L.  productus,  from  produce  ;  Fr.  pro- 
duit] 

1.  That  which  ia  produced  by  nature,  as  fruits, 
grain,  metals  ;  aa,  tiie  product  of  land  ;  the  products 
of  the  season. 

2.  Th.at  which  ia  formed  or  produced  by  labor,  or 
by  mental  application  ;  as,  the  products  of  manufac- 
lures,  of  commerce^  or  of  art ;  the  products  uf  great 
and  wise  men.  In  the  latter  sense,  production  is 
now  generally  used. 

In  goteral,  products  comprehend  whatever  is  pro- 
duced or  made  ;  as  when  we  speak  of  the  products 
of  a  country  exported. 

The  product  of  the  impost  and  excise.       BeUmnp,  N.  Ileunp. 

3.  Effect i  result;  something  consequential. 

Thi-tp  nre  th"  product 
Of  thoae  iltmateil  marrLigva.  Milton. 

4.  In  arithmetic,  the  number  resulting  from  the 
multiplication  of  two  or  more  numbers.  Tims, 
5  X  7  ^  35,  the  product.  Product  results  from  mul- 
tiplication, as  stim  does  from  aiidition. 

PRO-DU€'TILE,  a.    That  may  be  extendi-d  in  length. 
PRO-DUe'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  fruni  L.  produdio.] 

1.  The  act  or  process  uf  producing,  bringing  forth, 
or  exhibiting  to  view. 

2.  That  which  is  produced  or  made ;  as,  the  pro- 
ductions of  the  earth,  comprtthending  all  vegetables 
and  fruits;  the  productions  of  nrt,  as  manufactures 
of  every  kind,  paintings,  sculptures,  &.c. ;  the  pro- 
dactions  of  intellect  or  genius,  as  pouma  and  prose 
compoaitions. 

PRO-DU€'TIVE,  a.     [It.  produttivo  ;  Pp.  productivo.] 

1.  Having  the  quality  or  power  of  producing;  as, 
productive  labur  is  that  which  increases  the  number 
or  amount  of  products;  opposed  lo  unproductive 
labor.  The  labor  of  the  farmer  and  mechanic  is  pro- 
dactice ;  the  hibor  of  otlicers  and  professional  men  is 
unproductive  to  ihe  stitlo.  A  tree  which  bears  fruit, 
and  the  land  which  bears  grass  or  grain,  iaproduc- 
tine. 

2.  Fertile;  producing  good  cn-ps.  VVe  often  de- 
note by  thia  word  that  land  or  plants  yield  large 
products. 

3.  Proilucing;  bringing  into  being;  causing  to 
exist ;  efficient ;  as,  an  age  productive  of  great  men  ; 
a  spirit  productive  of  heroic  achievenionta. 

This  i»  tundiig  nc^liiy  into  a  principle  of  vlmie,  and  niAlctng  it 

j»'otiuetiM  uf  m<Tit.  Sjiectalor, 

And  hiiidlc  with  ihy  own  productioe  fire.  Dryden. 

PRO-DU€'TIVE-LY,  adv.  By  production  ;  with 
abundant  produce. 

PRO-DUe'lI  VE-NESP,  ti.  The  quality  of  being  pro- 
ductive  ;  as,  the  productiveness  of  land'or  labor. 

PRO-E-GO'MIN-AL,  a.  [Gr.  jiponye-jfiai,  to  go  be- 
fore.] 

Predisposing  ;  a  lerm  denoting  that  cause  without 
which  a  disease  can  not  exist,  which  dcterminea  its 
nature  an<l  chamcter,  hut  which  only  produces  a 
predisposition,  and  always  requires  the  aid  of  a  pro- 
catarciic  cause  to  kindle  it  into  action.  Only  a  lim- 
ited nunihiT  of  diseases  require  tlte  Influence  of  a 
procguminal  and  a  procatarctic  cause  for  their  pro- 
duction. 

PRO'E.M,  n.  [Fr.  procme:  It,  and  Pp.  proemto;  L. 
proa-miam ;  Gr.  np'tumiof ;  ff/iy,  before,  and  otprij 
otimi,  way.] 

Preface  ;  introduction  ;  preliminary  observations 
to  a  hook  or  writing.  Swijt    Milton. 

PR»5'EM,P.  f.     To  preface.     [J^ot  vse'l.]  South. 

PRO-£'>II-AL,  a.  Introductory;  prefatory;  prelimi- 
narj'.  Jfammond.     Johnson. 

PRO-EMP-T5'SIS,  TU  [Gr.,  from  rpOE/iTriTrrw,  to  fall 
before.] 

In  chronology,  the  lunar  equation,  or  addition  of  a 
day,  necessary  to  prevent  the  new  moon  from  ha[>- 
pening  a  day  too  soon.  Brands. 

PliO'FACK,  n.     An  old  exclamation  of  welcome. 

PltOF-A-NA'TION,  n,  f Fr. ;  It.  profanazione i  Sp. 
profanacion;  from  L.  profano.     See  Phofane.] 

1.  The  art  of  violating  sicrcd  things,  or  of  treat- 
ing thoui  with  contempt  or  irreverence  ;  as,  the  prof- 
anation of  the  Sabbath  by  sports,  amusements,  or 
unnecessary  labor;  the  profanation  of  a  sanctuary; 


PRO 


the  profanation  of  the  noiue  of  God  by  swearing, 
jesting,  &.C. 
9.  The  act  of  treating  with  abuse  or  disrespect. 

"Vwnn  proJanaJion  of  our  joys 

To  tell  ine  laity  our  love.  Donne. 

PRO-FSNE',  a.  [h.  profantis ;  pro  and  fanum,  a  tem- 
ple ;  It,  and  Sp.  profano  ;  Fr.  profane.] 

1.  Irreverent  to  any  tiling  sacred  ;  applied  to  per- 
sons. A  man  is  profane  when  he  lakes  the  narno  of 
God  in  vain,  or  treats  sacred  things  with  abuse  and 
irreverence. 

2.  Irreverent ;  proceeding  from  a  contempt  of 
sacred  things,  or  implying  it ;  as,  profane  words  or 
language  ;  profane  swearing, 

3.  Not  sacred  ;  secular;  relating  to  secular  things; 
aa,  profane  history. 

4.  Polluted  ;  not  pure. 

Nothioff  is  profane  thai  i'.rweih  to  holy  Uiings.  Ralegh. 

5.  Nut  purified  or  holy  ;  allowed  for  common  use ; 
as,  a  profane  place.     Ezek.  ili).  and  xlviii. 

6.  Obscene ;  heathenish  ;  tending  to  bring  re- 
proach on  religion  ;  as,  profane  fables.     1  7\m.  iv. 

Profane  is  used  chiefly  in  Scripture  in  o[ijKJsition 
lo  holy,  or  qualified  ceremonially  for  aacred  ser- 
vices. 
PRO-FaNE',  v.  U  To  violate  any  thing  s:icred,  or 
treat  it  with  abuse,  irreverence,  obloquy,  or  con- 
tempt ;  as,  to  profane  the  name  of  God  ;  to  profane 
Ihe  Sabbath  ;  to  profane  the  Scriptures  or  the  ordi- 
nances of  God,  DwigkL 

2.  To  pollute ;  to  defile ;  to  apply  to  temporal 
uses ;  to  use  as  base  or  common,    iiici.  xxiv. 

3.  To  violate.    Mai.  ii. 

4.  To  pollute  ;  to  debase.    Lev.  xxi, 

5.  To  put  to  a  wrong  use,  Siak. 
PRO-FAN't'D,  pp.     Violated  ;  treated  with  irrever- 
ence or  abuse  ;  applied  to  common  uses  ;  polluted. 

PIvO-FaNE'LY,  ado.  With  irreverence  to  sacred 
things  or  names. 

I'hf  chAnicier  of  God  profanely  Impeached.  Dunght. 

2.  Witii  abuse  or  contempt  for  any  thing  vener- 
able. 

That  proud  scliolar  —  speaks  of  Homer  too  prqfa7ie!y. 

Broome, 

PRO-FAXE'NESS,  n.  Irreverence  of  sacred  things  ; 
particularly,  the  use  of  language  which  implies  ir- 
reverence tuward  Gud  ;  the  taking  of  Gud*s  name 
in  vain.  £>rydcn.    AUerbury.     DwigkU 

Pro/anerutM  in  men  Is  rulgar  aad  oditiiw ;  in  lecnalii,  is  shocking 
and  ik'tostable.  Anon, 

PRO-FAN'ER,  n.  One  who,  by  words  or  actions, 
treats  aacred  things  with  irreverence  ;  one  who  uses 
profane  language. 

2.  A  polluter;  a  defiler;  as,  a  profaner  of  the 
temple.  Hooker. 

PRO-FAN'ING,  ppr.  Violating  ;  treating  witli  irrev- 
erence ;  polluting. 

PRO-FAN'l-TY,  n.    Profaneness,  which  see, 

la  a  n-vol  of  deba,uehpi7,nrriid  th>'  brisk  inter  h.ing*  of  nro/aniry 
and  Ibily,  religion  might  uppoar  a  dumb,  umiocial  iiiij-u<ii'r. 
Buckminster. 
PRO-FEe'TION,  71,     [E.  profectio.] 

A  going  forward ;  advance  ;  progression,  [JVbt  in 
use.]  Broicn. 

PRO'FERT,  71,     [E.  third  person  of  profcro.]     In  iauJ, 

tlie  exhibition  of  a  record  or  paper  in  open  court. 
PRO-FESS',  u.  £.      [It.  prvfcssare  ;    Sp.  profcsar  ;    Fr. 
profvsser;  E.  profe^-sus,  profit  ear  ;  pro  and  futcirr.^ 

1.  To  make  open  declaration  of;  to  avow  or  ac- 
knowledge. 

Let  no  man  who  proftsses  himself  a  Christain,  Iti?ep  so  bpathon- 
ish  a  family  as  nut  to  iwe  God  be  daily  woniiii^-d  in  It. 

Decn-y  of  Piety. 

They  profeae  that  they  know  God,  but  In  works  th::y  deny  mtsk. 
'—  Til.  i. 

2.  To  declare  in  strong  terms. 

Then  will  J  profeia  lo  (hem,  I  never  knew  you.  —  MeiU.  vU. 

3.  To  make  a  show  of  any  sentiments  by  loud 
declaration. 

To  your;wo/e»«n^  bosomi  I  commit  him.  Sha^. 

4.  To  declare  publicly  one's  skill  in  any  art  or  sci- 
ence, fur  inviting  employment;  as,  to  profess  one's 
st'lf  a  physician  ;  he  professes  surgery'. 

PRO-FESS',  V.  i.     To  declare  friendship.     [.V,»e  in 

vse.]  Sfiak. 

PRO-FESS'M),  I  pp.  or  a.    Openly  declared,  avowed, 
PRO-FEST',       t      or  acknowledged  ;  as,  a  professed 

foe  ;  a  professed  tyrant ;  a  professed  Christian ;  a  pro- 

ff-sscd  atheist. 
PRO-FESS'ED-LY,   adv.     By  profession  ;   by  open 

declaration  or  avowal. 

I  could  not  grant  loo  much  lo  mf;ti  —prcfeettdly  mv  subjects. 
K.  Ckarlea, 
England  I   traveled  over,  prtU'Mwd/yscarchhig  aU   pliic^«  as  I 
passed  along.  Woodward. 

PRO-FESS'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Openly  declaring  ;  avow- 
ing; acknowledging;  making  a  profession. 

PRO-FES'SION,  (-fesh'un,)  ti.  [Fr,,  from  L,  pro- 
fessio.] 

1.  Open  declaration ;  public  avowal  or  acknowl- 
edgment of  one's  sentiments  or  belief;  aa,  pmfrssions 


TONE,  BJjLE,  unite.  — AN"GEU,  VI"CI0US.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J  j  «  aa  Z ;  CH  aa  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

TT6  '  87:i 


PRO 

of  friendship  or  sincerity  ;  a  prqfes^iWA  of  faith  or  re- 
ligion. 

Tfae  prq^MioM*  «f  priuon,  vbeoacrown  b  Die  bail,  are  «  sfcn- 

(WrKCurit^.  t*»i#y. 

The  Indi&n*  quicklj  ^rrcrivT  thr  coincklrncff  or  the  contrndiction 
be>nre«n  vntfttavma  ftnd  6uu>ltict,  and  ttwir  coiil)'t''nce  or 
dbmist  Mlowa  ol  course.  J-  AJor^, 

2.  The  business  vihicli  one  professes  to  understand 
snd  t»  fitllow  for  eub^iitt' iice  ;  calling;  vocation; 
employment ;  a?,  ttie  learned  juVm*****-  ^^"^  sneak 
of  the  profesjiwtis  of  a  clergyman,  of  a  lawyer,  and 
of  a  physician  or  sunjeon  ;  the  wroj^swm  of  lecturer 
on  chfiiiit'irv  or  miiuTilnpy.  But  tho  word  is  not 
applied  to  aii  occupation  merely  mechanical. 

a  The  collective  btwly  of  persona  engaged  in  a 
calling.  We  spe.ok  of  practicej  honorable  or  dis- 
grace ful  to  a  prv/essiom. 

A.  Amons  tJu  Rvmun  QoMcUet^  the  entering  into  n 
religious  order,  by  which  a  perstm  offers  himtielf  to 
God  by  a  vow  of  Inviolable  obedience,  chastiry,  and 
poverty.  Emcvc 

PRO-FE3'SION-AL»  (-feah'un-al,)  s.     Pertaining  to 
a  pnrfessioD  or  to  a  calling  ;  as,  prufksnomai  studies, 
porauits,  duties,  engagements  j  fri(f€s»omal  character 
or  skill. 
PRO-FES'SION-AL-LY,  adt.    By  profession  or  dec- 
lamlion.     He  is  fr^usiamiU^  a  friend  to  religion. 
2.  Bv  calling ;  ns^  one  employed  professionally. 
PRO-FESS'OR,  n.     [L.]     One  who  m:ikeij  open  dec- 
laration of  his  sentiments  or  opinions  ;  parUcuiarly^ 
one  who  makes  a  public  avowal  of  his  belief  in  the 
Scriptures  and  his  faith  in  Christ,  and  thus  unites 
himself  to  the  visible  church.      Bacon.     Hammond. 

2.  One  that  publicly  teaches  any  science  or  branch 
of  learning;  partica/orij/,  an  officer  in  a  university, 
college,  or  other  seminary,  whose  business  is  to  read 
lectures  or  instruct  students  in  a  particular  branch  of 
learning  ;  as,  a  professor  of  llieology  or  mathe- 
matics. 
PRO-FES-SO'RI-AL,  a.     [U  frofessinius.) 

Pertaining  to  a  professor  j  as,  the  professorial  chair. 

Enfirld. 
PRO-FESS'OR-PHIP,  «.    The  office  of  a  professor  or 

public  teacher  of  the  sciences.  tVak»n. 

PRO-FE.<'Si^)-RY,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  professor. 
PROFFER,  V,  t.     [L.  profero :  pro  and  faro,  to  bear  ; 
IL  ptofiitft^  pro^irt ;  Sp.  profrrir ;  Fr.  pr^trer. ] 

1.  'n>  olfcr  for  acceptance  ;  as,  to  proffer  a  gift  ;  Co 
yriifhr  serrices ;  to  jfrojfir  friendship. 
S.  To  essay  or  auempt  of  oae*s  own  aeeord. 

NoM 
B«  )Mfd>r  u  to  w^/br  or  sMcpl 

llooe  liw  draadM  nifag*. 

PROFFER.  H.  An  oOer  made;  something  proposed 
for  acceptance  by  anoUier ;  aa,  pr^firt  of  pe«ce  or 
fiiend^ip. 

Be  nads  a  prqfkr  to  ky  dwa  Mi  aannWae  cf  cooniMnd  In 
Vmtimj.  CimmduK. 

9.  Emay  ;  attempt.  Bacon. 

PROF'FER-ED,  pp.  or  a.     Offered  for  acceptance. 

PROF'FER-ER,  n.  One  who  offers  any  thing  for  ac 
ceptance. 

PROF'FER-I.VG,  ppr.    Offering  for  acceptance. 

PRO-Fl"CIE\CE,  (-6sh'en«,)      tm.     [from   L.   pre- 

PRO-Fr'CIE.\-CV,  (-fi-ih'en-se,)  \  fineaa,  from  pro- 
Jicio,  U>  advance  forwnrd  ;  pro  ami /acid,  to  make.] 

Advance  in  the  acquisition  of  any  an,  science,  or 
knowledge  ;  improvement ;  pn>;;ression  in  knowl- 
edge. Students  are  examined,  that  they  niny  mani- 
fest their  proi^ciency  in  their  studies  or  in  knowledge. 

PRO-FI"CIENT,  (tish'ent,)  11.  One  who  has  made 
considerable  advances  in  any  business,  art,  science, 
or  brunch  of  learning  ;  as,  a  projicieat  in  a  trade  or 
occupation  ;  a  proficient  in  mathematics,  in  anatomy, 
in  mu^iie,  &c. 

PRO-Fr'CIE\T-LY,  adv.    By  proficiency. 

PRO-Fie'C-OUS,  a,     [I*  proficuMs^  proficiOj  supra.] 
Profitable  ;  advantageous  ;  useful,    [tiult  usedJ] 

Harvry. 

PRO'FILE,  (pro'fil  or  pryfeelj  n.  [Fr.  prt^fil ;  pro  and 
JU:  It.  projto;  Sp.  and  PorL  pa-fil;  ptr  and  fil,  L. 
Jimm^  a  thread  or  line.] 

1.  Primtrily,  an  outline  or  contour;  hence,  in 
seatptja^  and  painting,  a  bead  or  portrait  represented 
aidewise  or  in  a  side  view ;  the  side  fuce  or  half  face  ; 
as,  to  draw  or  appear  in  profile ;  the  profile  of  Pope 
or  Addison. 

2.  In  archiuetarty  the  contour  or  outline  nf  a  fig- 
tire,  building,  or  member;  also,  the  draught  of  an 
object,  representing  it  as  if  cut  down  peri>endicularly 
from  the  top  to  the  bottom.  Owiit. 

PROFILE,  (pro'fil  w-pr6'feel,)r.  L  [Tt.  profiler;  IL 
profilare :  Sp.  perfAar.'\ 

To  draw  the  outline  of  a  bead  sidewise  ;  to  draw 
hi  profile,  as  a  building. 

PR0''FIL-£D,  pp.  Drawn  so  as  to  present  a  side 
view. 

PRO'FIL-IXG,  ppr.  Drawing  a  portrait  bo  as  to  rep- 
resent E  side  view  ;  drawing  an  outline  of.    Oufitt, 

PRO'FII^IST,  ji.    One  who  lakes  profiles. 

PKOF'IT,  n.  [Fr.  profit;  It.  profittoi  from  L.  profec- 
tus,  proficio^  to  profit,  literally  to  proceed  forward,  to 
advance  ;  pro  undfaeio.  The  primary  sense  of  f ado 
is,  to  urge  or  drive.] 


PRO 

1.  In  eommrrccy  the  advance  in  the  price  of  goods 
sold  beyond  the  cost  of  purchase.  .Vft  profit  in  the 
gnin  made  by  selling  poods  at  an  advanced  price,  or 
a  price  beyond  what  they  liad  c*>5t  the  Boller,  and 
beyond  all  costs  and  cliarges.  The  prufit  of  the 
farmer  and  the  manufacturer  is  the  gain  made  by  the 
sale  of  produce  or  manufactures,  iifUT  deducting  the 
value  of  the  labor,  materials,  rents,  and  all  expenses, 
together  with  tiie  interest  of  the  capital  employed, 
whether  land,  machiner>-,  buildings,  instruments,  or 
money. 

Let  no  1I1.-U1  auiictpntc  iiiicortala  pr<^fUa.  Rambler. 

S.  Any  gain  or  pecuniary  advantage  ;  as,  an  othce 
of  prtffit  or  Itonor. 

i  Any  advantage ;  any  accession  of  good  from 
labor  or  exertion;  an  extensive  signifK-ation.  com- 
prehending the  acquisition  of  any  thing  valuable, 
corporeal  or  intellectual,  temporal  or  spiritual.  A 
person  may  derive  profit  from  exercise,  amusements, 
reading,  study,  meditation,  social  intercourse,  reli- 
gious instruction.  &.c.  Every  improvement  or  ad- 
vance in  knowleilgo  is  profit  to  a  wise  man. 

PROF'IT,  r.  L      [It.  profirt-are  ;  Fr.  profitrr.] 

1.  To  benefit ;  to  advantage  ;  applied  to  one^s  self, 
to  derive  some  pecuniary  interest  or  some  accession 
of  good  fron»  any  thing  ;  ns,  to  profit  one^s  self  by  a 
commercial  undertaking,  or  by  reading  or  instruction, 
in  this  sense,  the  verb  is  generally  used  intransitive- 
ly. .Applied  to  others,  to  communicate  good  to;  to 
advance  the  interest  of. 

Brelhrfw,  if  I  come  if>  you  «peakinf  vAlh  tonpiei,  what  »luUl  1 

profy  you  / —  1  Cor.  xiv. 
Whor^i"  iiii^lil  liie  rtjvti^  of  ihclr  bajida pru/U  m« 7  —  Job  xxx. 

Z.  To  improve  ;  to  advance. 

It  i>  .1  ?T»^t  m«^:in«  of  profiting  Tonrwlf,  (o  copy  dHlgvnil^  eKcel- 

PROF'IT,  V.  I.  To  pain  ndvantnge  in  pecuniary  in- 
ten-st ;  as,  to  profit  by  trade  or  manufactures. 

2.  To  make  improvement;  to  improve;  to  grow 
wiser  or  better  ;  to  advance  in  any  tiling  useful ;  as, 
to  j»-o^(  by  reading  or  by  experience. 

Slie  tiOM  prqftud  \iy  your  coiinR.*).  Ihyden. 

3.  To  be  of  use  or  advantage  ;  to  bring  g<'x>d  to. 

Kichn  pntjb  not  in  the  d^y  of  wmth.  —  Pruv.  xi. 
PROF'IT-A-BLE,  a.      [Fr.]      Yielding    or    briniiing 
profit  or  gain  ;   gainful ;   lucrative  ;   as,  a  profitable 
trade ;  profitable  business ;  a  profiu^lt  study  or  pro- 
fession. 
2.  Useful;  advantageoua. 

Wh-M  wu  K)  profib^tU  to  the  empire,  bretune  £iIkI  to  th-*  em. 
perof.  Arbulknot. 

PRQF'IT-.\-BLE-NEi:!d,    n.     Gainfulness  ;   as,   the 

JKfitahlenei<:t  of  tra«te. 

'S.  Usefulness ;  advantageousncss.  More.    Catamy. 
PROF'IT-A-BLY,  adr.    With  gain ;  gainfully.    Our 

ships  are  profilublu  employed. 

S.  Usefully  ;  advantageously  ;  with  improvement 

Our  time  may  be  profitably  occupied  in  rending. 
PROF'IT-ED, Vp*     Benefited  ;  advanced  in  interest  or 

happiness ;  improved. 

What  b  A  man  yrofyed,  if  be  ihall  gnlii  the  whole  world  and 
loce  bit  own  aoul  I  —  Malt.  xri. 

PROF'IT-ING,  ppr.    Gaining  interest  or  advantage; 

im;m<vinc. 
FROF'IT-IXG,  n.     Gain;  advantage;  improvement. 

That  Ihy  profiting  may  nppfw  lo  mII.  —  1  Tlin.  !»■. 
PROF'IT-LESS,  a.     Void  of  profit,  gain,  or  advan- 
tage. Shak. 
PROF'LI-GA-Cy,  n.  [See  Profligate.]    A  prolligate 
or  very  vicious  course  of  life  ;  a  state  of  being  aban- 
doned in  moral  principle  and  in  vice.     Barrivgton. 
PROF'LI-G.\TE,  a.     [L.  profiiLmtus,  profiiiro,  to  rout, 
to  ruin  ;  pro  and  fiif^o,  to  drive  or  dash.     The  word, 
then,  signifies,  dashed,  broken,  or  ruined  in  nionils. 
See  Flog  and  Afflict.] 

Abandoned  to  vice  ;  lust  to  principle,  virtue,  or  de- 
cency ;  extremely  vicious ;  shameless  in  wickedness ; 
as,  a  prtifiigate  man  or  wretch. 
Next  age  will  lee 
A  nu^  monr  profiigatt  tluui  we.  Rotcommon, 

M^le  piusUluie  auil  jirojligale  the  mii«", 
Dt-Uiard  U)  c.icti  oLbC.-iie  and  impioiu  tuo,  Ihydtn. 

PROF'LI-GATE,  n.  An  abandoned  man;  a  wretch 
who  has  lost  all  regard  to  g(K»d  principles,  virtue,  or 
decency. 

How  could  siich  a  profligate  u  Antony,  or  &  hoy  of  cighf^^n  IHce 
OctAritu,  erer  duie  Lo  dru&ui  of  giy'ing  law  lo  Kucb  an  em* 
plre  I  Sie'^fl. 

PROF'LI-GATE,  v.  t  To  drive  away  ;  a  Latin  aigni- 
fication.     [JV*o(  usedJ] 

2.  To  overcome.     [J\'w(  unedJ]  Jlarcry, 
PROF'LI-GATE-LY,  adv.  Without  principle  or  shame. 

Sw^fL 

3.  In  a  course  of  extreme  viciousness ;  as,  to  spend 
life  profiigatelv. 

PROF'LI-GATE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  lost  to  virtue  and  decency.  Butler. 

2.  An  abandoned  course  of  life ;  extreme  vicious- 
ness ;  profligacy. 
PROF-LI-Ga'TIOX,  a.     Defeat ;  rouL     [^rot  used.l 

Bacon. 


PRO 

PROF'LU-ENCE,  n.     [L.  profiuens\  prqflao  ;  pro  and 

fiuo,  to  flow.] 

A  progress  or  course.     [A'ot  used.]  Wutton. 

PROF'LXJ-ENT,  a.    Flowing  furwara  ;  as,  a  profiuent 

stream.  JMdtun. 

PRO  FOR'MA,  [L.]     For  the  sake  of  form. 
PRO-FOUND',  a.     [Tr.prqfondt  H.  profondo  ;  9p.  pro- 

fando;  L.  prvfundiLn ;  pro  and /u'ltiud,  bottom.     See 

Found.] 

1.  Deep;  descending  or  belnp  far  below  the  sur- 
face, or  far  below  the  adjacent  places  ;  as, .»  gulf  ;»ro- 
found.  Miltan. 

2.  Intellectually  drep;  that  enters  deeply  into  sub- 
jects ;  not  8U)>erficial  or  obvious  to  the  mind  ;  as,  a 
profound  investigation  i  profound  reasoning;  a  pro- 
found treatise. 

3.  Humble;  very  lowly;  submissive;  as,  a  pro- 
found reverence  for  the  Supreme  Being.       Duppa. 

4.  Penetrating  deeply  into  science  or  any  branch 
of  learning ;  as,  a  vrifound  scholar ;  a  profound  math- 
ematician ;  a  profound  historian. 

5.  Deep  in  skill  or  contrivance. 

Thi-  re»olt'T>  arf  jrrofottnd  lo  make  tlKiig bier.  —  Ilo*.  t. 
G.  Having  hidden  qualities. 

Upon  lh«*  Ci>riicr  of  the  room 

There  lMng%  u  VHpuiuua  drop  profound.  Shak. 

PRO-FOUND',  n.    The  deepj  the  sea;  the  ocean  ;  as, 
the  vast  profournL  Drydea. 

2.  The  abyss. 

I  trarel  thl>  profound,  AlUton, 

PROFOUND',  V.  i.    To  dive  j  to  penetrate.    [J^ut  in 

u.-(C.]  Glanville. 

PRO-FOUND'LY,  ado.    Deeply  ;  with  deep  concern. 

Why  <igh  you  lo  profoundly  t  Shak. 

2.  With  deep  penelr\tion  into  science  or  learning ; 
with  deep  knowledge  or  insifiJit ;  as,  profoundly  wise ; 
profoundly  skilled  in  music  or  painting.        Drijdeiu 
PR0-FOUM)'NESS,  n.     Depth  of  place. 

2.  Depth  of  knowledge  or  of  science.        Hooker. 
PRO-FUND'I-TY,  7(.  [It.  profondUd}  Sp.  profatididad ; 
from  L.  profundus.] 
Depth  of  place,  of  knowledge,  or  of  science. 

Milton-. 
PRO-FOSE',  a.     [L.  profusiut,  prifando, to  pour  out; 
pro  and  futtdo,] 

1.  I^visih  ;  liberal  to  excess  ;  prodigal ;  as,  a  pro- 
fujfe  government;  a  jrrofase  administration.  Henry 
the  Eighth,  a  prufiwe  king,  dissipated  tlie  treasures 
which  t)ie  parsimony  of  his  father  had  amassed.  A 
man's  friends  are  generally  too  profiio-e  of  praise,  and 

■    his  enemies  too  s[ifirin;^. 

2.  Extravagant ;  lavish  ;  as,  profuse  expenditures. 

3.  Overabounding;  exuberant. 

On  a  gn>en  ahady  bnnk,  pr(ffu8t  of  flowen.  MiUon. 

O  Liberty  I   thou  guddfss  heavenly  bnght, 

Pra/ute  o(  blii*.  Additon. 

Prvjtin  oniiunfnt  in  pnintin^,  archiiretiire,  or  gT\rdt;niiig,  ni 
wi-Il  a*  iu  diVM  or  m  laiigim^',  tbowi  a  mctiu  or  cormptml 
LiUe.  Katne*. 

PRO-FOSE',  r.  U    To  pour  out.     [Little  used.] 

Annstronir, 
2.  To  squander.     [Little  used.]  Stctde. 

PRO-FOSE'LY,  adv.    Lavishly;  prodigally;   as,  an 
income  profiuely  expended. 

2.  With  exuberance  ;  with  great  abundance.    The 
earth  is  profusely  ailorned  with  (lowers  ;  ornaments 
mav  be  too  profusely  scattered  over  a  building. 
PRO-'FCSE'NESS,  n.    Lavisiiness  j   prodigality;  ex- 
travagant expenditures. 

Huflpiiality  soinetimci  degcnemtea  into  profusentst.    Au«rbury, 

2.  Great  abundance  ;  profusion  ;  as,  profuscness  of 
ornaments. 
PRO-FO'SION,  (-zhun,)  n.     [L.  profasio,] 

1.  Lavisiiness  ;  prodigality  ;  extravagance  of  ex- 
penditures ;  as,  to  waste  an  estitte  by  profusion. 

Whnl  meant  ihy  pompoua  progfreaa  through  the  empire, 

Tliy  viut  prqfuswn  to  the  fociioua  ooblea  {  Rotot. 

2.  Lavish  effusion. 

He  Wfts  d'>8iron«  to  Kvoiil  t 
siuh  of  Christian  blood. 

3.  Rich  abundance  ;  exuberant  plenty.  The  table 
contairied  a  profusion  of  dainties.  Our  country  has 
&  profusion  of  footl  for  man  and  boast. 

The  rapdirwl  eye 
The  Liii  prof  union,  yellow  aulumn,  api'-«.  Thomion, 

PROG,  V.  i.     [D.  prachffim^  to  beg ;  Dan.  prakker,  id. ; 

Sw.  pracka,  to  make  trse  of  shills  ;  L.  proco,  procor.] 

To  shift  meanly  for  provisions;  to  wander  about 

and  seek  provisions  where  they  are  to  be  found;  to 

live  by  beggarly  tricks.     [./3  low  loord.] 

You  are  the  lion ;  1  have  been  cndcaTorinff  to  prog  for  you. 

Burk*. 

PROG,  n.    Victuals  or  provisions  sought  by  begging, 
or  found  by  wandering  about. 
2.  Victuals  of  any  kind.     [^  low  word.]       Swift. 
PROG,  ».    One  that  seeks  his  victuals  by  wandering 

and  hecging. 
PRO-GE.N'ER-ATE,  v.  U     [L.  progenero.] 

To  bepet.     [J^ot  in  nse.] 
PR0-GE\-ER-X'TI0N,  iu  The  act  of  begetting ;  prop- 
agation.    [.V«(  used.] 


iiily  profuMhn,  but  the  leaat  effu- 
Haytaard, 


Fate,  far.  fall,  what.— MgTE,  PEgY PINE,  MARUXE,  BIRD ^OTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  B9<JK.— 


PllO 

PHO-6E\'I-TOR,  n.  [L.,  from  progigiio;  pro  and 
gtg'nOt  to  bt'ect,  Gr.  jfrvnoj.] 

All  ancfiior  in  the  direct  line ;  a  forefather.  Adam 
waa  the  pro^milnr  uf  the  huiii:in  race. 
PRO-GEX'l-T^UE,  71.    A  begetting  or  birth.    [Litile 

used.] 
PROG' ti-NY,  n,     [It  pro^enie;  Ij.  progenies,  from  pro- 
gi'/niT.  ] 

Offspring  ;  race  ;  children  ;  descendants  of  the 
human  kind,  or  offspring  of  other  animals  ;  as,  the 
prtj^f/ii/ of  a  king  ;  the  ^roffmi/ of  Adam  ;  ihe  proge- 
ny of  beasts  or  fowla  ;  a  word  of  general  application. 
PK0G-\6'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  irpoyvu)Cis,  from  Trpo/ ifajtricu, 
to  know  before  ;  roo  and  ytvi.>aK<}.'\ 

In  medicine,  the  art  of  foretelling  the  course  and 
event  of  a  disea^  ;  the  judgment  of  the  course  and 
event  of  a  disease  by  particular  symptoma. 

Core.  Hooper. 
PROG-\OS'TI€,  o.  Foreshowing;  indicating  some- 
thing future  by  signs  or  symplouis;  as,  the  prognos- 
tic symptoms  of  a  disease  ;  prognostic  signs. 
PROG-NOS'Tie,  n.  In  medicine,  the  judgment  formed 
concealing  the  course  and  cventofa  disease  by  means 
of  the  symptoms.  Encijc. 

9.  Something  which  foreshows;  a  sign  by  which 
a  future  event  may  be  known  or  foretold. 

In  »nerfirifn!,asipn  orsympttpm  indicating  the  course 

and  event  of  a  disease.   The  appearance  of  the  tongue 

is  of  considerable  importance  as  a  /*^fnostic     Parr. 

3.  A  foretelling  ;  prediction.  Swift. 

FROG-NOS'Tie-A-BLE,  a.    The-  may  be  fureku'own 

or  foretold.  Brotciu 

PROG-NOS'Tie-ATE,  v.  t,  [from  prognostici  It. 
prognosticare-  ] 

1.  To  foreshow;  to  indicate  a  future  course  or 
event  by  present  signs.  A  clear  sky  at  sunset  prog- 
lutstictttes  a  fair  day. 

2.  Toforetell  by  incansof  present  signs  i  toprcdict. 
I  iwilher  will  nor  c«i  progTiotlicatx 

To  the  young  gaping  li- ir  lus  failter's  late.  Dryden. 

PROG-NOS'Tie-A-TED,  pp.    Foreshown  ;  foretold. 

PROG-NOS'Tie-A-TI.\G,  ppr.  Foreshowing;  fore- 
telling. 

PROG-NOS-TI€-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  foreshowing 
a  future  course  or  event  hy  present  signs. 

2.  The  act  of  foretelling  a  course  or  event  by  pres- 
ent signs.  Burnet. 

3.  A  foretoken  ;  previous  sign.  S/ink. 
PROG-NO.S'Tie-A-TOR,   b.     A  foreknower  or  fore- 
teller of  a  future  course  or  event  by  present  signs. 

PRO-GRAM'MA,  n.  [Gr.,  from  jt/jojou^jw,  to  write 
previously  ;  rroo  and  }p  I'poi,  to  write.] 

i.  Aiuienthj,  a  letter  sealed  with  the  king's  seiil. 

5.  In  a  university,  a  billet  or  advertisement  to  in- 
vite persons  to  an  oration.  Encyc 

3.  A  proclamation  or  edict  posted  in  a  public  place. 

Life  of  A.  Wood. 

4.  That  which  is  written  before  soraclhinc  tise  ;  a 
preface.  Warton. 

PROGRAMME,  (prS'pmm,)  71,  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  Trpa- 
yoimpa.'\  A  brief  outline  or  explanation  of  the  or- 
der to  be  pursued,  or  the  subjects  embraced,  in  any 
public  exercise,  performance,  entertainment,  or  se- 
ries of  exercises. 

PROG'RESS.n.  \¥x.p70griax  Sp.  progrr^o  ;  h.  pro- 
gre^ssus,  progredwr ;  pro  and  gradior,  to  step  or  go. 
See  Gradb  and  DE^iREE.] 

1.  A  moving  or  going  for^vard  ;  a  proceeding  on- 
ward. A  man  makes  a  *»low  progress  or  a  rapid 
progress  on  a  journ'-y  ;  a  ship  makes  slow  pro-rrcss 
against  the  tide.  He  watched  the  progress  of  the 
army  on  its  march,  or  the  progress  of  a  star  or  comet. 

2.  A  moving  forward  in  growth  j  increase;  as, 
the  progress  of  a  plant  or  animal. 

.1.  Advunccin  business  of  any  kind  ;  a.<},  the^oj'- 
ress  of  a  negotiation  ;  the  progress  of  arts. 

4.  Advance  in  knowk-dge ;"  intellectual  or  moral 
improvrment;  proficiency.  The  student  is  com- 
mended for  his  progress  in  learning ;  the  Christian 
for  his  progress  in  virtue  and  piety. 

5.  Removal ;  passage  from  place  to  place. 

From  Egypt  art*  ihrir  progret*  made  to  Greece.        Denham. 

6.  A  journey  of  state  ;  a  circuit. 

Black.Hone.     Jiddison. 
PRO-GRBSS',  r.  I.    To  move  forward  in  space  ;  to 
pa:^!S ;  lo  proceed. 

1-'^  nie  »lp^  off  Iftfai  hnnoraMe  Ant 

Tlwl  »i<LTjr  i\tAh  priJ^Te*t  on  ihy  checks.  Shak. 

—  Althuu;))  [b«  poptil.ir  bla*l 
Hnth  rr>are<t  thy  ri:un'>  np  to  lyscride  a  cloud, 
Oi  pragrtsa  in  l))«  ch.iriot  tiT  (he  sun. 

Broken  lieart,  by  Font,  »oI.  i.  p  303, 

ihfford't  ed.  LoivJon,  1827. 

[These  authors  accent  the  first  syllable,  but  the  ac- 
cent is  now  on  the  second.] 
2.  To  proceed  ;  to  continue  onward  in  course. 

After  tb«  wxr  bad  progreised  for  some  liine.  Marthait. 

They  progrtM  in   that  «ylc  in  projvnion   a»  th^U    pieMi  are 
tn-a[«il  with  cnntrinpt.  Waaliington. 

Knoielest  Smart,  and  Reid,  have  inserted  tlie  word, 
in  this  sense,  in  their  dtrtir)naries. 
3   To  advance  ;  to  make  improvement. 

Vu  Ponceau.     Bayard. 


PRO 

PRO-GRI-:s.s'i;D,  (pro-grest'j)  pp.      Moved  forward  i 

proct-fdi-il. 
PR0-GRErf:3'ING,  ;>;)r.     Moving  forward  ;  advancing. 

JifUton.     Kefonn  of  Eng. 
PRO-GRES'SION,  (pro-gresh'un,)  iu     [Fr.,  from  L. 

progressio,  progredior.] 

1.  The  act  of  moving  forward  j  a  proceeding  in  a 
course  ;  motion  onward.  Locke, 

2.  Intellectual  advance ;  as,  the  progression  of 
thought.  Locke, 

3.  Course  ;  passage.  Shak, 

4.  In  mathematics,  rogtilar  or  proportional  advance 
in  increase  or  decrease  of  numbers;  continued  pro- 
portion, arithmetical,  geometrical,  or  harmonical. 
Arithmetical  progression-is  when  the  terms  increase 
or  decrease  by  equal  differences.     Thus, 

lo!    e!    e!    4!    2.^'  \  ^^  *^®  difference  2. 
Geometrical  progression  is  when  the  terras  increase 
or  decrease  by  equal  ratios.     Thus, 
2.    4.     8.     111.  32.  C4.  \  by  a  continual   multiplica- 
64.  32.  IG.    8.    4.    2.    i      tion  or  division  by  2. 

Encye. 

5.  In  music,  a  regular  succession  of  chords  or 
movement  of  the  parts  in  harmony. 

PRO-GUES'SIO\-AL,  (-gresh'un-al,)  a.  That  ad- 
vances ;  that  is  in  a  slate  of  advance.  Bruien. 

PRO-GRESS'IVE,   a.     Moving   forward;    proceeding 
onward  j    advancing ;    as,    progressive    m<ption    or 
course;  opposed  to  Retrograde.      Bacon.     Ray. 
2.  Improving.     The  arts  are  in  a  progressive  state. 

PRO-GRESS'IVE-LY,  adv.  By  motion  onward  ;  by 
regular  advances.  Hooker. 

PRO-GRESS'IVE-NESS,  »i.  The  state  of  moving 
forward  ;  an  advancing  ;  state  of  improvement ;  as, 
the  progressiveness  of  science,  arts,  or  taste. 

PRO  HAC  yl'CE,  [L.]     For  this  occasion. 

PRO-HIB'IT,  r.  ^  [L.  prohibeo  ;  pro  and  kabco,  to 
hold  ;  Fr.  prokibcr ;  It.  proibire  ,•  Sp.  prohtbir.] 

1.  To  forbid  ;  to  interdict  by  authority  ;  applicable 
to  persons  or  tilings,  but  implying  authority  or  righL 
God  prohibited  .Adam  to  eat  i>f  the  fruit  of  a  certain 
tree.  The  moral  law  prohibits  what  is  wrong,  and 
commands  what  is  right.  We  prohibit  a  person  to 
do  a  thing,  and  we  prohibit  the  thing  to  be  done. 

2.  To  hinder;  to  debar ;  to  prevent;  to  preclude. 


OaV*  of  Ifnniiii^  adnmnnt, 
B.irred  o?cr  u»,  prohibit  all  egivw. 


Milton. 


PRO-HIB'IT-ED,p;>.  or  a.  Forbid;  interdicted;  hin- 
dered. 

PRO-HrBTT-ER,  ti.  One  who  prohibits  or  forbids;  a 
forbiddi-r;  an  intcrdicter. 

PRO-HIB'IT-ING,  ppr.  Forbidding;  interdicting j 
debarring. 

PRO-Hr-Bl"TION,  (pro-he-hish'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from 
L.  prohibitio.] 

1.  The  act  of  forbidding  or  interdicting;  a  decla- 
ration to  hinder  some  section  ;  interdict. 

The  law  ofGwl,  in  (he  l^ii  cornmnmlmcnt*,  conBials  mosOj  of 
prohitiiliojit ;  —  "  Thon  »h:Ui  not  liu  such  a  lliitig." 

TliloUon. 

2.  In  lam,  a.  lerii  of  prohibition,  is  a  writ  issuing 
from  a  sn[»erior  tribunal,  direct'.'d  to  the  judges  of  an 
inferior  court,  commanding  them  to  cease  from  the 
prosecution  of  a  suiL  By  ellipsis,  ^roAiftifwtn  is  used 
for  the  writ  itself.  Blackstonfi. 

PRO-Hr-Bl"TIOX-IST,  71.    One  who  favors  prohibit- 
ory duties  in  commerce. 
PRO-HIB'IT-IVE,     ia.     Forbidding;    implying  pro- 
PRO-IIIB'IT-O-RV,  J      hibition.     Barroic.    Ayliffe. 
PROIN,  r.  L     [Fr.  provigner ;  pro  and  vigne^  vine] 
To  lop;  to  trim  ;  to  prune.     [Oba.]     [See  PauriE.] 
B.  Jonaon. 
PROIN,  v.L    To  be  employed  in  pnining.    [0/».c.] 

Bacon. 
PROJECT',   r.   L      [L.  projieio ;   pro,   forward,  and 
jacio,   to  throw;    It.  progettare;    Fr.  projetcr i    Sp. 
proyectar.'\ 

1.  To  throw  out ;  to  cast  or  shoot  forward. 


Th'  aneendinsr  »ll!a» 
Project  long  ahadowi  oVr  tlic  crybiol  Udc 


Pope. 


2.  To  cast  forward  in  the  mind;  to  scheme;  to 
contrive  ;  to  devise  something  to  be  done  ;  as,  to  pro- 
ject a  plan  for  paying  off  the  national  debt ;  to  pro- 
ject an  expedition  to  South  America ;  to  project  peace 
or  war.  Milton. 

3.  To  draw  or  exhibit,  as  the  form  of  any  thing; 
to  delineate. 

PRO-JECT',  r. ».  To  shoot  forward;  to  extend  be- 
yond something  else  ;  to  jut;  to  be  prominent;  as, 
the  cornice  projects. 

PROJ'ECT,  n.     {Vr.  projet.] 

1.  A  scheme ;  a  d<sign  ;  something  intended  or 
devised  ;  contrivance  ;  as,  the  project  of  a  canal  from 
the  Iluilson  to  the  lakes;  all  our  prujccls  of  hapjii- 
ness  are  liable  to  be  frustrated. 

2.  An  idle  scheme  ;  a  design  not  practicable ;  as, 
a  man  civen  to  projects. 

PROJECT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Cast  out  or  forward; 
schrmfd  ;   devised;    dflinented. 

PRO-JECT'ILE,  a.  Impelling  forward  ;  as,  a  project- 
ile force. 


PUG 

2.  Given  by  impulse;  imix-lled  forward;  as, ^o- 
jectile  motion.  JirbuVmol. 

PltO-JECT'ILE,   71.    A   body  projecteJ,  or   impelled 
forward  by  force,  particularly  through  the  air. 

a.  Projr.ctiles,  in  mceJianicai  philosophy,  is  that  part 
which  treats  of  the  motion  of  bodies  thrown  or  driv- 
en by  an  impelling  force  above  the  earth. 

PRO-JECT'ING,  ppr.    Throwing   out   or   forward; 
scheming;  contriving. 

PRO-JE€T'ING,  ppr,  or  a.     Shooting  out ;  jutting ; 
extending  forward;  as,  a  projecting  rock. 

PRO-JE€'TI0N,  TI.     [L.  projectio.] 

1.  Tlie  act  of  throwing  or  shooting  forward. 

,  Brown. 

2.  A  part  jutting  out,  as  of  a  building  ;  an  exten- 
sion beyond  something  else. 

3.  The  act  of  scheming;  plan;  scheme;  design 
of  something  to  be  executed. 

4.  Plan  ;  delineation  ;  the  representation  of  some- 
thing ;  as,  the  projection  of  the  sphere,  is  a  delinea- 
tion of  the  several  parts  of  its  surface  on  a  plane. 
There  are  three  principal  points  of  projection  i  the 
stereo  graphic,  in  which  the  eye  is  supposed  to  be 
placed  on  the  surface  of  the  sphere  ;  Xht  orthographic, 
in  which  the  eye  is  supposed  to  be  at  an  infinite  dis- 
tance ;  and  the  gnomonic,  in  which  the  eye  is  placed 
in  the  center  of  the  sphere.  Brandt, 

Globular  projection ;  that  projection  of  the  sphere 
which  so  represents  its  circles  as  to  present  the  ap- 
pearance of  a  gUtbe. 

Mercator's  projection;  a  mode  of  representing  the 
sphere  in  which  the  meridians  are  drawn  parallel  to 
each  other,  and  the  parallels  of  latitude  are  straight 
lines,  whose  distance  from  each  otiier  increases  with 
their  distance  from  the  equator,  so  that  at  all  places 
the  degrees  of  latitude  and  longitude  liave  to  each 
other  the  same  ratio  as  on  liic  sphere  itself. 

In  perspective,  projection  denotes  the  appearance  or 
representation  of  an  object  on  the  perspective  plane. 

Encyc. 

5.  In  alchemy,  the  casting  of  a  certain  powder, 
called  potcder  of  projection,  into  a  crucible  or  ottier 
vessel  full  of  some  prepared  metal  or  other  matter, 
which  is  to  be  thereby  transmuted  into  gold.    Encyc. 

PRO-JECT'aiEN'T,  n.     Design;  contrivance.     [LittU 

used.]  Clarendon. 

PRO-JE€T'0R,  n.     One  who  forms  a  scheme  or  de- 
sign. Addison. 
^    2.  One  who  forms  wild  or  impracticable  schemes. 

Pope. 
PRO-JE€T'lJRE,  71.  A  jutting  or  standing  out  beyond 

the  line  or  surface  of  something  else.  Encyc 

PRO-JET',  (pro-zha',)  n.     [Fr.]     A  plan  proposed; 

the  draft  of  a  propo-^Mid  measure,  arrangement,  tec. 

Bonder. 
PRO-LAPSE',  (pro-laps',)  ti.     [L.  prolapsus,  prolabor.] 
A  falling  down  or  falling  out  of  some  part  of  the 
body,  as  of  the  uterus  or  intestines.  Encye. 

PRO-LAPSE',  (pro-laps',)  v.  i.     To  fall  down  or  out ; 

to  project  too  nntch. 
PRO  LAP'SION,  *    a«„p 
PRO-LAP'SUS.    i    See  Prolapse,  71. 
PRO-L.^TE',  V.  (.     [L.  prolatum,  profero.} 

To  utter;  to  pronounce.     [A'«(  used.]        HowelL 
PRO'LATE,  a.     [Supra.]     Extended  beyond  the  line 
of  an  exact  sphere  ;  opposed  to  Oblate.    A  prolate 
spheroid  is  produced  by  the  revolution  of  a  semi-el- 
lipse about  its  larger  diameter.  Brande. 
PRO-LA'TION,  71.     [L.  prolatio,  from  profero.] 

J.  Utterance;  pronunciation.     \_LitUe  xiseil7\     Ray, 

2.  Delay  ;  act  of  deferring.     [JVot  used.] 

jjinsieorth, 

3.  A  method,  in  music,  of  determining  the  power 
of  seinihrevcs  and  minims.  Busby. 

PRO-LE-GOM'E-NA,  71.  pi,     [Gr.  irpoXeyoptya ;   npo 

and  Acj  M,  to  s[H*ak.] 

Preliminary  observations  ;  introductory  remarks  or 

discourses  prefixed  to  a  hook  or  treatise.       fValton, 
PRO-Ll^GOM'E-NA-RY,  a.     Preliminary;  introduc- 

titry  ;  containing  previous  explanations.     Ed.  Rrv. 
PRO'LEGS,  n.  pt.    In  entomology,  the  fleshy,  pediform, 

and  frequently  retractile  organs,  which  assist  various 

larvae  in  their  movements.  Brande. 

PRO-LEP'SIS,  n.     [Gr.  np'tXnipn,  from  TTpoXai>0avo} ; 

iTpi)  and  \ati(iav(j),  to  take.] 

1.  Anticipation  ;  a  figure  in  rhetoric  hy  which  ob- 
jections are  anticipated  or  prevented.        Dramhall. 

2.  An  error  in  chronology,  wlien  on  event  is  dated 
before  the  actual  time  ;  a  species  of  anachronism. 

Theobald, 
PRO-LEP'TIC,         I  a.     Pertaining  to  prolepsis  or  an- 
PRO-LEP'TIC-AL,  S      ticipation. 

2.  Previous  ;  antecedent.  Glanville. 

3.  In  medicine,  anticipating  the  usual  time  ;  applied 
to  a  periodical  disease,  whose  paroxysm  returns  at  an 
earlier  hour  at  every  repetition.  Encve. 

PRO-LEP'TIC-AL-LY,  adv.    By  way  of  anticipation. 
PRO-LE-TA'NE-OUS,  a.     Having  a  numerous  off- 

sprine. 
PRO-LE-TA'RI-AN,  o.     [L.  prolctariu^,  from  proles, 
offj^pring.] 

Mean;  vile;  vulgar.     [Ji^otnsed,]  Hudibras. 

PRO'LE-TA-RV,  n.    A  common  person.    [JVu(  used,] 

Barton. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  tJNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — G  as  K ;  0  aa  J  ^^8  as  Z;  CH  as  SIf ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


875 


PRO 

PROL'I-CIDE,  R.  [U  proUa,  offspring,  and  eado,  to 
slay.] 

Th«  crime  of  dpstroyiiig  one's  offspring  either  in 
the  womb  or  after  birtli.  IJourirr. 

PRO-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [tntth.]  In  botantf,  a  prolifer- 
ous flower  is  n  flower  which  produces  another  flower 
within  itself.  A  proliferous  umbel  is  one  which  pro- 
duce? another  umbel  from  its  ow  n  center. 

PRO-LIF'ie,         i  a.     [It.  and  Sp.  prtt^jf!  Fr.  pre- 

PRO-LIF'ie-AL,  i  liftque;  L.  proles,  offspring,  and 
facio^  to  make.] 

1.  Producing  young  or  Ihiit ;  fhiitAil;  generative ; 
productive  ;  applied  to  amimtUs  aiut  plamta ;  as^  a  pro- 
lific ft-male  ;  a  protiHe  Ireeu  » 

2.  Productive  ;  having  the  quality  of  generating ; 
■s,  a  controversy  prol\fie  of  evil  cons^uences  ;  a  pro- 
<^c  brain. 

3.  A  pr%J{JU  (lower,  [proV/tTt]  in  botanv^  is  one 
which  produces  a  socoiid  tljwer  from  iU  own  centt'r, 
or  which  bassmalkr  rinwers  growing  out  of  tbe  prin- 
cipal ooe.    Bui  Pboupsrou*  is  conimouly  used. 

KHtye.     Martin, 

PRO-LIF'I€-A-CY,ii.  FruitiUlneas  ;  great  productive- 
ness. Kncyc 

PRO-LIF'ie-ALr-LY,  ade.  Fruitfully  ;  with  great  in- 
crease:. 

PRO-I.IF-IG-X'TIO\,Jt.  [See  PRounc]  The  gen- 
eration of  young  or  of  plants. 

Q.  In  bo'tanii,  tbe  production  of  a  second  flower 
from  the  substance  of  the  fir^t.  This  is  cither  from 
the  center  of  a  simple  flower,  or  from  the  side  of  an 
agitrrjate  flower,  iw. 

PRO-LIF'ieXESS,  lu    The  slate  of  being  prolific 

Scot*. 

PRO-LIX',  a.  ■  [L.  prolixus ;  pro  and  tarus^  literally. 
drawn  out.  Often  Ln  the  United  States  pronounced 
prU'lix.'] 

1.  L4>ng;  extending  to  a  great  length ;  minute  in 
namtiun  or  argument ;  applied  onlii  with  r^erence  to 
discourse,  speech,  and  tpriting  ;  a!<,  a  prolix  oration  ;  a 
jnw2a  poem  ;  a  prolix  sermon  ;  a  pr^ix  writer. 
S.  Of  long  duration.     [A>C  ia  we,] 

PRO-LIX'IOUS,  (-shus,)  «.  DUaloiy  }  tedious.  [JVot 
used.]  Shak, 

PRO-LIX'I-TT,   )  n.    Great  length  -,  minute  deUil ; 

PRO-LIX'N'E.<S,  \  applied  only  to  duetmrM*  mmd  itri- 
liJtiTs-    Profixity  is  not  always  tedkHia. 

PRO-LIX'LY,  adp.    At  treat  length.  Drfden. 

PRO-LO-eC'TOR,  »!.     [L.  pn4oJii«r;  pre  and  laquar^ 
to  speak.] 
The  speaker  or  chairman  of  a  convocation.    Stei/t 

PRO-LO-CC'TOR-SHIP,  it.  Tbe  office  or  slatioii  of  a 
OTnIjyillor. 

PR0'LO-4^IZE,  r.  t.    To  deliver  a  prolocii«.    [JfU  in 

MM.] 

PBO'LOGUE,  (prfilogj  m.     [Fr.,  from  I*  praUgusi 

Gr.  Ti)->  v"? ;  Trt  >  and  Aejof,  diwourse.] 

Tfcre  .-'■>—  -  -•n^duction  to  a  discourse  or  per- 
f(»mnii  dlJ^co(lr8e  or  poem  spoken  be- 

fore n  1  miance  or  play  begins.    Kitcyc 

PRO'L<  ' :  -  )  r.  ;.     [It.  prologare.] 

To  !■  1  formal  prrface.  Shak, 

PRCL' '  Ininiduced  with  a  pn'face. 

PRO'LOi..  ..\vj,  j.jyr.  Introducing  with  a  formal 
preface. 

PRO-LONG' ,  V.  t  [Fr.  prolon^er ;  IL  prolungare  ;  Sp. 
prolonrrar:  L.  pro  and  lonvas.     8ec  Lour..] 

1.  To  letiEthen  in  lime  \  to  extend  the  duration  ot. 
Temperate  habits  lend  to  prolong  life. 

3.  To  lengthen ;  to  draw  out  in  time  by  delay  ;  to 
continue. 

Tb*  aidnpp7  qimn  wKb  talk  pr6longtd  tbe  nigfat,      Drydcn, 

3.  To  put  3ff  to  a  distant  lime. 

ror  1  nneir  mm  oot  w»  wHI  prrnirA 

Aj  cbe  I  »ouM  be,  wm  (hr  day  praiongtd,  ^\ak. 

4.  To  extend  in  space  or  length. 
PRO-LOX"GaTE,  r.  (.    To  extend  or  lengthen  in 

space  ;  as,  to  yralon^ate  a  line. 
*2.  To  extend  in  time.     lIMtU  vsed,] 
PRO-LCVGA-TED,  pp.    Extended  in  space  j  contin- 
ued in  lenzih. 
PRO-L0N"G-\-TI\G,  ppr.    Lengthening  in  space. 
PRO-LOX"GA'r!OX,  a.    [Fr.]    The  act  of  lengthen- 
ing in  time  or  space  j  as,  the  prolongatioH  of  life. 

Bacon. 
TS*  prolonfoHon  of  k  ling.  t^aeitier,  TVoAt. 

2.  Extension  of  lime  by  delay  or  postponement ; 
as,  tlie  prolonsaiien  of  days  for  payment.      Bae-mt 

PRO-LONG'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Lengthened  in  duration  or 

PRO-LONGER,  n.    He  or  that  which  lengthens  in 

time  or  !»psce. 
rRO-LONG'ING,  ppr.    Extending  in  time;  continu- 

ine  in  leninh. 
PH0-LC'?10N,  (-xhunOa.     [lj.prolumt,  proivtdo;  pro 
and  ludo,  to  play.] 

A  prelude  ;  a  trial  before  the  principal  performance ; 
hence,  in  a  genend  sense,  a  trial ;  an  e:^sav. 

Rich.  DicL 
PROM-E-NSDF.',  n.     [Fr.,  from  promener;  pro  and 
«eR«r,  to  lead.] 

L  A  walk  for  amusement  or  exercise. 
2.  A  place  for  walking. 


PRO 

PROM-G-NAD£',  v.  l  To  walk  for  amusement  or  ex- 
ercise, 

PROM-K-N.TD'ER,  a.    He  or  that  which  promenades. 

PROM-K-NAU'ING,  ppr.  Walking  for  amuseuient  or 
exercise. 

PRO-MER'IT,  V.  L  [L.  promereo^  promeritum ;  pro  and 
viereo,  to  merit.] 

1.  To  oblige  ;  to  confer  i  favor  on.  I  fait. 
S.  To  deserve  ;  to  procure  by  merit.  Pearson. 
[  m.'i  word  is  little  useil^  or  not  at  all.] 

PRO-M£'THE-A\,  a.  Pertaining  to  Prometheus,  who 
stole  fire  from  heaven. 

2.  Having  the  life-giving  quality  of  the  fire  thus 
stolen. 

PRO-ME'THE-AN,  n.    A  glass  tube  containing  puI- 
phuric  acid,  and  surrounded  hy  an  inflammable  mix- 
ture, which  it  ignites  on  being  pres.>;ed.        Brande. 
PROM'I-NEXCE,    >  n.     [L.  prominentia^  from  promt- 
PRO.M'I-NEN-C  V,  \      neo  ;  pro  and  minor,  to  menace, 
that  is,  to  lihoot  forward.] 

1.  A  sUinding  out  frum  the  surface  of  something, 
or  tliat  which  juts  out ;  proCuhcrance  i  as,  the  prom- 
inence of  a  joint ;  tlio  promintnee  of  a  rock  or  cliff; 
the  prominence  of  the  nose,  ^malt  hills  and  knolls 
are  fn-ominences  on  the  surface  of  the  earth. 

3.  C(>n!«])icuousness }  dii^tinction. 
PROM'I-.NEXT,  a.     fU  prominens.] 

1.  Standing  out  beyond  the  line  or  surface  of 
something;  jutting;  protuberant;  in  high  relief ;  as, 
a  prointHeiit  figure  on  a  vase. 

2.  Full ;  large  ;  as,  a  protninent  eye, 

3.  Eminent;  distinguished  above  others;  as,  a 
promine.Ht  character. 

4.  Principal;  most  visible  or  striking  to  the  eye; 
conspicuous.  The  flcure  of  a  man  or  of  a  building 
holds  a  prominent  place  in  a  picture. 

PROM'I-\KNT-LV,  adv.  In  a  prominent  manner;  so 
as  tu  stand  out  beytmd  the  other  parts  ;  eminently  ; 
in  n  fitriking  manner;  conspicuously. 

PRO-MLS'eU-OUS,  a.  [L.  proiaiscu.ua :  pro  axxA  mis- 
ceo,  to  mix.] 

1.  Mingled  ;  consisting  of  individual  united  in  a 
body  or  mass  without  order;  confused;  undistin- 
guished ;  as,  a  promiscuous  crowd  or  mass. 

A  wad  wS*T»  wc«U  aiw)  flowrn  prtMm«cu«u«  •liooc      Pop€. 

2.  Comuum ;  indiscriminate;  nni  restricted  to  an 
indtvidiial  ;  as,  prvmiseuovj  love  or  intercourse. 

PRO-MlS'eU-OUS-LY,  adr.  In  a  crowd  or  mass 
witliout  order:  with  confused  nii\ture;  iudii^crimi- 
nately ;  as,  men  of  all  classes  promiscuonsly  assem- 
bled ;    particles    of    different    earths    promiscuously 

3.  VVithtHit  distinction  of  kinds.  [united. 

Ukr  bnuu  xnti  Uria  jrromiscuougly  thrj  Jnn.  Pop*. 

PRO-.MlS'eU-OKS-NF-SS,  n.  A  stite  of  being  mixed 
without  onler  or  divlinction.  ^sh. 

PROM'ISE,  n.  [t ^  promissuPi^f rom  promittOj  to  jtend 
before  or  forward  ;  pro  and  mitt",  to  send  ;  Fr.  pro- 
mettre,  promit,  prvmr^ise  ;  IL  pramritere,  promessa  ;  Sp. 
prometer,  promrsa.] 

1.  In  a  general  a-cflwc,  a  declaration,  written  or  ver- 
bal, made  by  one  person  to  another,  which  binds  the 
person  who  makes  it,  either  in  honor,  conscience,  or 
law,  to  do  or  fort>ear  a  certain  an  sptcified  ;  a  dec- 
laration which  gives  to  the  [terson  to  whom  it  is 
made  a  right  to  expect  or  to  claim  the  pi-rformance 
or  forbearance  of  the  art.  The  promise  of  a  visit  to 
my  neighbor  gives  him  a  right  tu  expoct  it,  and  I  am 
bound  in  honor  and  civility  to  pTform  the  promise. 
Of  such  ^promisf  human  laws  have  no  cognizance  ; 
but  the  fuifillmcni  of  it  is  one  uf  tlie  minor  morali- 
ties which  civility,  kindness,  and  strict  integrity, re- 
quire to  be  observed. 

2.  In  law,  a  di_'cl:irati(in,  verbal  or  written,  made 
by  one  person  to  another  for  a  coud  or  valuable  con- 
sideration, in  the  nature  of  a  covenant,  by  which  the 
promisor  bmds  himself,  and,  as  il)e  cu-~:e  may  be,  tiis 
lej^al  representatives,  to  do  or  forbear  some  act,  and 
gives  to  the  promisee  a  legal  right  to  demand  and 
enforce  a  fulfillment. 

3.  A  binding  declaration  of  something  to  be  done 
or  given  for  another's  benefit ;  as,  the  promise  of  a 
grant  of  land.  A  promise  may  be  absolute  or  condi- 
tional i  lawful  or  uniairftd:  express  or  iviplied.  An 
absolute  promise  must  he  fulfilled  at  all  events.  The 
obligation  to  fulfill  a  conditional  promise  depends  on 
the  performance  of  the  condition.  An  unlawful 
promise  is  not  binding,  because  it  is  void  ;  for  it  is 
incompatible  with  a  prior  p:immQunt  obligation  of 
obedience  to  the  laws.  An  express  prom'ise  is  one 
expressed  in  words  or  writing.  An  implied  promise 
is  one  which  reason  and  justice  dictate.  If  I  hire  a 
man  to  perform  a  day's  labor,  without  any  declara- 
tion that  I  will  ir.\y  him,  the  law  presumes  a  promise 
on  my  part  that  I  will  give  him  a  reasonable  ruward, 
and  will  enforce  such  implied  promise, 

4.  Hopes;  expecLaiion,  or  that  which  affords  ex- 
pectation of  future  distinction  ;  as,  a  youth  of  great 
promise. 

My  native  country  wa«  fu'l  at  Touihful  proiniaa.  Irving, 

5.  That  which  is  promised  ;  fulfillment  or  grant  of 
what  is  promised. 

Re  commandpcl  thrm  tluit  ther  should   not  d^yart  troni  JeTuUr 
km,  but  wait  for  ihi^  promite  of  Ihe  FaUi"r.  —  Act*  i. 


PRO 

6.  In  Scripture,  lUe  promine  of  God  is  the  declara- 
tion or  assuniiice  wliir.h  Gud  has  given  in  hit*  word 
of  bestowing  blessings  on  his  people.  Such  assur- 
ance, ri'^tiug  on  the  perfect  justice,  power,  benev<>- 
lence,  and  immutublu  veracity  of  Goc^  can  not  fail  of 
performance. 

The  LonI '»  Dot  alack  coDoeraing  hk  promi»t$,  —  8  PpU  ill. 

PROM'ISE,  c.  L  To  make  a  declaration  to  another, 
which  binds  the  promiser  in  honor,  conscience,  or 
law,  to  do  or  forbear  some  act ;  as,  to  promhe  a  viait 
to  a  friend  ;  to  promise  a  cessation  of  boiililitics  ;  to 
promite  the  payment  of  money. 

2.  To  afford  reason  to  expect  ;  as,  the  year  prom- 
ises a  good  har^'esL 

3.  To  make  declaration  or  give  assurance  of  sumo 
benefit  to  be  conferred  ;  to  pledgeorengagoto  bciituw. 

Thr  proprirtiora  ^omi«ed  largr-  irncW  of  Inmi. 

Charier  uf  Dartmouth  College. 

PROM'IPE,  V.  u  To  assure  one  by  a  promi^^e  or  bind- 
ing declaration.  The  man  promises  tuit ;  let  u a  fur- 
give  him. 

2.  To  afford  hopes  or  expectations  ;  to  give  ground 
to  expect  good.  The  youth  promises  to  he  an  emi- 
nent man ;  the  wheat  promises  to  be  a  good  crop ; 
the  weatlier  promises  to  be  pleasant. 

3.  In  popular  iwf,  this  verb  sometimes  threatens  or 
assures  of  evil.  The  rogue  sliall  be  punished,  I 
promise  you. 

Will  not  thft  UdW  br  tJmlil  of  tho  Liun  I 

—  I  friir  it,  I  promise  you.  ShaJt. 

In  the  latter  example,  promise  is  equivalent  to  d»- 
elare  ;  "  I  declare  to  you.** 

4.  To  promise  one^s  self;  to  be  assured  or  to  have 
strong  confidence. 

I  dare  prorrtiaa  rm/tlf  y^Mi  will  i»ltr»t  lh«  truth  of  all  I  have  ad- 
vaiiwd.  Rambler. 

PROM'ISE-BRRACn,  n.    Violation  of  promise,  Shak. 
PROM'ISE-BREAK'ER,  a.     A  violator  of  pronilst;s, 

Shak. 
PROM'IS-iTD,  (pro!n'ist,);ip.  or  a.     Engaged  by  wort! 

or  writioL' ;  stipulated. 
PROM-IS-EE',  n.    Tho  person  to  wliom  a  promise  is 

made.  Kncyc. 

PROM'ISER,  n.  One  who  promises;  one  who  en- 
gages, assures,  stipulates,  or  covenants.  Fear,  says 
Dryden,  is  a  great  promiser.  We  may  say  that  Uo\ie 
is  a  Very  liberal  promiser. 

The  Import  of  a  promiw,  wIiti  disputed,  m  not  to  I»  detcnntri'd 
l>y  (he  tPotK  of  the  promiger,  nor  by  the  expi-clatbiis  of  iti-j 
promiMe.  Foley,    Ertcyc. 

^''ote.  —  In  laiD  lang\ia<re.   Promisor  is  used,   but 
without  necessity  or  advantage. 
PRO.M'I:?-ING,  ppr.    Engaging  by  words  or  writing  ; 
stipulating;  nsi^uring. 

2.  Affording  just  expectations  of  good  or  reasona- 
ble ground  of  hope  ;  as,  a  promijin^  youth  ;  a  prom- 
i-^ing  prospect.     \_In  this  sense  the  word  may  be  a  par- 
ticiple or  an  adjective.l 
PROM'IS-I.\G-LY,  ativ.    In  a  promising  manner. 
PHOM'I.S-SO-RI-LY,  adv.     Ry  way  of  promise, 
PROM'IH  SO-RY,a.     Containing  a  promise  or  binding 
declaration  of  something  to  be  done  or  forborne. 

.^rbuthitot. 
2.  In  law,  a  promissory  note  is  a  writing  which 
contains  a  promise  of  the  payment  of  money  or  the 
delivery  of  property  to  another,  at  or  before  a  time 
specified,  in  consideration  of  value  received  by  the 
promiser.  In  En^htnd,  promLisory  notes  and  bills  of 
exchange,  being  negotiable  for  the  payment  of  a  less 
sum  than  twenty  shillings,  are  declared  to  be  void 
bv  Stat.  15  Geo.  III.  Blaclcstone. 

PRO.M'ON-'i'O-RY,  n.  [L.  promovtorium :  pro,  for- 
ward, and  mons,  a  mountain;  Fr.  promontoire;  It. 
and  &p.  promontorio.] 

In  ifcography,  a  high  point  of  land  or  rock,  project- 
ing into  the  sea  beyond  the  line  of  coast;  a  head 
land.  It  differs  from  a  cape  in  denoting  high  land  ;  a 
cape  may  be  a  similar  projection  of  land,  high  or  low. 

Like  one  that  itnndi  upon  a  promnntonj.  Sfude. 

If  jou  drinli  tea  on  a  promontory  itun  overhangs  the  K'M,  ilia 
prrfciHble  to  an  luacnibly.  Pope. 

PR0-M6TE',  V.  t.  [L.  promotus,  promoveo,  to  move 
forward  ;  pro  and  inoven,  to  move ;  It.  promovere  ; 
Sp.  promooer  ;  Fr.  promoiivoir.^ 

1.  To  forward  ;  to  advance;  to  contrihule  to  ilie 
growth,  enlargement,  or  excellence  of  any  thing  val- 
uable, or  to  the  increasf>  of  any  thing  evil  ;  as,  to 
promote  learning,  knowL-dge,  virtue,  or  religion  ;  to 
promote  the  interests  of  commerce  or  agriculture  ;  to 
promote  tlie  arts  ;  to  promote  civilization  or  refine- 
ment ;  to  promote  the  propagation  of  the  gospel ;  to 
promote  vice  and  disorder. 

2.  To  excite  ;  as,  to  promote  nwitiny. 

3.  To  exalt ;  to  elevate ;  to  raise  i  to  prefer  in 
rank  or  honor. 

I  will  promote  thee  to  »ery  fr^at  honor.  —  Num.  xxU. 
Exiilt  her,  and  alie  thai!  pro'noCt  thee.  —  Prov.  iv. 

PRO-Mf^T'ED,  p7».    Advanced  ;  exalted. 

PRO-.MoT'ER,  H.  He  or  that  which  forwards,  ad- 
vances, or  promotes;  an  encotirager  ;  as,  a  promoter 
of  charity.  Atterlntry. 


FaTE,  FXR,  FALL,  lA'HAT.— MeTE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BOQK.— 


PRO 

2.  One  that  excites  ;  as,  a  promoter  of  sedition. 

3.  An  informer;  a  make-bate.     [06a-.] 
PRO-MoT'I\0,  ppr.    Forvvariling;   advancing;  ex- 
citing; exulting. 

PRO-.m6'TIO\,  «.     [Fr.,  from  promotr.] 

1.  The  act  of  pruinoting  ;  advancement ;  encour- 
agement ;  as,  the  promotion  of  virtue  or  morals  ;  the 
promotion  of  peace  or  of  discord. 

2.  Exaltation  in  rank  or  honor  ;  preferment. 

My  promotion  will  be  thy  desmioion.  Alilion. 

Fromotion  comfih  n«th'-r  from  the  east,  nor  from  ihe  west,  nor 
from  the  ■uuiti.  —  Pa.  Ixxv. 

PR0-iI5'TIVE,  a.    Tending  to  advance  or  promote  ; 

tending  to  encouraee.  Hume. 

PRO-MOVE',  r.  (.  To  advance.  [JVotused.]  Fell 
PROMPT,   a.     [Fr.  prompt i    lu   and   gp.  pronto;   L, 

promplxiSy  from  promo.'\ 

1.  Ready  and  quick  to  act  as  occasion  demand;?. 

Very  diaceming  and  prpmpt  in  girinj  orden.        Clartndon, 

9.  Of  a  ready  disposition  ;  actinp  with  cheerful 
alacrity  ;  as,  prompt  in  obedience  or  compliance. 

T"!!  him 
Vm  prompt  (o  by  my  crown  at '«  feet.  Shak. 

3.  Quick ;  ready  ;  not  dilatory  ;  applied  to  things; 
8)*,  he  manifested  a  prompt  obedience  j  he  yielded 
prompt  assistance. 

When  Wuhia^ton  bf^nl  ihe  voice  of  tiii  country  in  ilistr^n,  his 
obe^tictice  wtMpmmpi,  Ames. 

4.  Q-uick  ;  hasty;  indicating  boldness  or  forward- 
ness. 

AotJ  yoo,  perhaps,  too  prompt  in  your  replies.  Dryden, 

5.  Ready ;  present ;  told  down  ;  as,  prompt  pay- 
ment. 

6.  Easy  ;  unobstntcted.  Wotton. 
PROMPT,  r,  t.    To  incite  ;  lo  move  or  excite  to  action 

or  exertion  ;  to  instigate.  Insults  prompt  anpt'r  or 
revenge;  love  prompts  desire;  benevolence  prompts 
men  to  devote  their  time  and  services  to  spread  the 
gospel.  Ambition  prompted  Alexander  to  wish  for 
more  worlds  to  conquer. 

9.  To  assist  a  speaker  when  at  a  loss,  by  pro- 
nouncing the  words  fwgotlen  or  next  in  order;  as, 
to  prompt  an  actor  ;  or  to  assist  a  learner,  by  suggest- 
ing something  forgotten  or  not  understood. 

Asckam.     Shale     Bacon. 

3.  To  dictate  ;  to  suggest  to  the  mind. 

And  whispering  angels  prompt  h*r  joldeu  drt-atns.  Pope. 

4.  To  remind.     [J^'ot  used.]  Brown, 
PROMPT'IIOQK,  n.    The  book  used  by  a  prompter 

of  a  theater. 

PROMPT'ED,  pp.  Incited;  moved  to  action ;  insti- 
Eated  :  assisted  in  speaking  or  learning. 

PROMPT'ER.  n.  One  that  prompts  ;  one  that  admon- 
ishes or  incites  to  action. 

2.  One  that  is  placed  behind  the  scenes  in  a  play- 
house, whose  business  is  to  assist  the  speakers  when 
at  a  loss,  by  uttering  the  first  words  of  a  sentence,  or 
words  forgotten;  or  any  person  who  aids  a  public 
speaker  when  at  a  loss,  by  suggt-sting  the  next 
words  of  his  piece.  Pope. 

PROMPT'ING,   ppr.      Inciting;    moving  to  action; 

aiding  a  speaker  when  at  a  loss  for  the  words  of  his 

piece. 
PROMPT'I-TUDE,  n.      [Fr.,  from  L.  promptus;   It, 

prantitudine ;  Sp.  prontitud.] 

1.  Readiness;  quickness  of  decision  and  action 
when  occasion  dfuiands.  In  the  sudden  vicissitudes 
of  a  battle,  promptitude  in  a  commander  is  one  of  the 
most  csst-nlial  qualifications. 

9.  Rradiness  of  will  ;  cheerful  alacrity;  zSyprompt- 
itudf  in  ohedit-nce  or  compliance. 

PKOMPT'LY,  ttdr.  Readily;  quickly;  expeditiously; 
cheerfullv.  Tauter. 

PROMPT'XESS,  n.  Readiness  ;  quickness  of  decis- 
ion or  action.  The  young  man  answered  questions 
with  gxenl  prompt nes!t. 

2.  Cheerful  willingness;  alacrity. 

3.  Activity  ;  briskness  ;  as,  the  projtiptnesg  of  ani- 
mal actions.  .^rbutAnoL 

PROMPT'U-A-RY,  a.  [Ft. promptuaire }  lj.promptua- 
rium.] 

That  from  whirh  supplies  are  drawn;  a  store- 
hi)U-«e  :  a  magazine;  a  r*'pository.  IVoodtcard. 

PROMPT't^RE,  n.  Suggestion;  incitement.  [JVot 
iwrf.l  Shak. 

PRO  MUI/GATE,  r.  f.     [I.,  promulgo.] 

To  publish  ;  to  make  known  by  open  declaration  ; 
as,  to  promulgate  the  secrets  of  a  cnutiril.  It  is  par- 
ticularly npptied  to  Ihe  publication  of  laws  and  the 
gospel.  The  moral  law  was  promuliraJed  at  Mount 
Binai.  The  apostles  promu/jrrtiyf/ the  gospel.  Edicts, 
laws,  and  orders  are  promuliratM  by  circular  letters, 
or  Ihniuch  the  medium  of  the  public  prints. 

PRO-MI;L'GA-TEO,  ;>p.  Published;  made  pirblicly 
known. 

PRO-MUI/OX-TINO,  ppr.     Publishing. 

PRO  Ml'L-GA'TION.  n.  The  act  of  promulgating ; 
pTihlJcation  ;  open  declaration;  as,  the  promulgation 
of  ih«  law  or  of  the  gospel. 

PRO-MIJI.^a'T0R,  n.  A  publisher;  one  who 
makes  known  or  teaches  publicly  what  was  before 
unknown. 


PRO 

PI10-MUL6E',  (pro-mulj',)  v.  L  To  promulgate;  to 
publish  or  teach.     [Less  usi.'d  than  Pkomulgate.J 

PR0-MIJL6'KD,  (pro-muljd',)  pp.     Published. 

PRO-ML'LO'ER,  w.  One  who  publishes  or  teaches 
what  was  before  unknown,  Alterbury. 

PROMULG'I.XG,  ppr.     Publishing. 

PRO-Na'OS,  n.     [Gr.  iruo  and  t-.ios.l 
THic  porch  or  vestibule  of  a  temple. 

PRO-Na'TION,  n.  [from  L.  pronus,  having  the  face 
downward.] 

1.  Among   anatotnistSy  that  motion  of  the  radiu: 
whereby  the  palm  of  the  hand  is  turned  downward 
the  act  of  turning  the  paltu  downward  ;  opput<i;d  to 
SupisATio:*.  Encyc     Coze. 

2.  That  position  of  the  hand,  when  the  thumb  is 
turned  toward  the  body,  and  the  palm  downward. 

Parr. 

PRO-NA'TOR,  n.  A  muscle  of  the  fore  arm  which 
serves  to  turn  the  palm  of  the  hand  downward  ;  op- 
posed to  Supinator.  Encyc. 

PRONE,  a.     [L.  pronus.] 

1.  Bending  forward  ;  inclined;  not  erect.    Milton. 

2.  Lying   with  the  face  downward;   contrary  to 
Supine.  Brown. 

3.  Headlong ;  precipitous ;  inclining  in  descent. 

Down  tliilbrr  prone  in  flight.  Afillon. 

4.  Sloping;  declivous;  inclined. 


Since  ihe  floods  demand. 
For  their  descent,  n  prone  &nd  sinking  lu,nd. 


Blackmore. 


5.  Inclined;  propcnse ;  disposed;  applied  to  the 
mind  or  qffeetionsy  usually  in  an  ill  sense ;  as,  men 
prone  to  evil,  prone  to  strife,  prone  to  intemperance, 
prone  to  deny  the  truth,  prone  to  change. 
PRCXE'LY,  adv.  So  as  to  bend  downward, 
PKO-\E'NESS,  n.  TUe  slate  of  bending  downward  , 
as,  tlie  pronenesa  of  beasts  that  look  downward,  op- 
posed to  the  ercctncss  of  man.  Broicn. 

2.  The  state  of  lying  with  the  face  downward; 
contrary  it>  Sl'pike?*es9. 

3.  ntscent ;  declivity  ;  as,  the  pronrnr.is  of  a  hill. 

4.  Inclination  of  mind,  heart,  or  temper;  pruprn- 
sion  ;  dis|H)siIion  ;  as,  the  projimess  of  the  Israelites 
to  idolatry  ;  proneness  to  self-gratification  or  to  self- 
justification  ;  pronene.t!s  to  comply  with  temptation  ; 
sometini''s  in  a  good  sense  ;  as,  tlie  proneness  of  good 
men  to  commiserate  want.  Atterhury. 

PRONG,  n.  [Possibly  it  is  formed  with  n  casual, 
from  the  VV.  prociato,  to  stab,  or  Scot,  prog^  brog^  a 
sharp  point.] 

1.  A  sharp-pointed  instrument. 

PricJi  it  on  a  prong  of  iron.  Sandya, 

2.  The  tine  of  a  fork  or  of  a  similar  instrument; 
as,  a  fork  of  two  or  three  prongs.  [TAis  is  the  sense 
in  which  it  is  used  in  Ameriea.1 

3.  A  pointed  prt)jection. 

PRONG'£I),  n.  Having  prongs  or  projections  like  the 
tines  of  a  fork. 

PRONG'IIoE,  w.  A  hoe  with  prongs  to  break  the 
earth.  Encyc. 

PRO'M-TY.  for  PBonciEss,  is  not  used.  More. 

PRO-\OM'IN-AL,  a.     [L.  pronomen.     See  Pronoun.] 
Belonging  to  or  of  the  nature  of  a  pronoun. 

Lowth. 

PRO-NOM'IN-AL-LY,  adv.  With  the  effect  or  after 
the  manner  of  a  pronoun. 

PRO'NOUN,  n.  [Fr.  pronom  ;  It.  pronome;  Sp.  pro- 
nombre  :  L.  pronomen ;  pro,  for,  and  npmen,  name.] 

In  grammar,  a  word  used  instead  of  a  noun  or 
name,  to  prevent  the  repetition  of  it.  The  personal 
prtpnotins  in  English  are  /,  thoji,  or  ijou,  he,  she,  we, 
ye,  and  they.  The  last  is  used  for  the  name  of  things, 
as  well  as  for  that  of  persons.  Other  words  are 
used  for  the  names  of  persons,  things,  sentences, 
phrases,  and  for  adjectives  ;  and  when  they  stand 
for  sentences,  phrases,  and  adjectives,  they  are  not 
strictly  proHHttwj,  but  relatives,  substitutes,  or  repre- 
sentatives of  such  sentences.  Thus  we  say,  "The 
jury  found  the  prisoner  guilty,  and  the  court  pro- 
nounced sentence  on  him.  This  or  that  gave  great 
joy  to  the  spectators,"  In  these  sentences,  this  or 
thai  represents  the  whole  preceding  sentence,  which 
is  Ihe  proper  ant<-cedeut.  We  also  say,  "  The  jur>' 
pronounced  the  innn  iruiltij ;  this,  or  that,  or  which  he 
could  not  he,  for  ho  proved  an  alibi ;  "  in  which 
sentence,  this,  or  that,  or  which,  refers  immediately  to 
guilty,  as  its  nnlrccdcrit. 

PRO-.NOI'NOE',  (pro-nouns',)  v.  U  [Fr.  pronnncer; 
It.  pronumiare  i  Sp.  pronunciar  ;  L.  pronuncio  ;  pro 
and  nnncio.\ 

1.  To  speak;  to  utter  articulately.  The  child  is 
not  able  to  pronounce  words  ront()Osed  of  dilKcult 
combinatiims  of  letters.  Adults  rarely  learn  to  pro- 
nonner  correctly  a  fiireign  language. 

9.  To  ultt-r  formally,  olficially,  or  solemnly.  The 
court  ;'ronouncefi  sentence  of  death  on  the  criminal. 

Then  Bornch  snswerwl  th^m,  lie  pronotfnced  all  Ih'-se  wurds  lo 
me  wild  his  moiiUi. —  J^r.  XxxvL 
Suni'y  hfpronounad 
Th4  ngiU  iiiti-rdiction,  Jirtllon. 

3.  To  speak  or  utter  rhetorically ;  to  deliver ;  as, 
to  pronounce  an  onitiiui. 

4.  To  speak  ;  to  utter,  in  almost  any  manner. 


PRO 

5.  To  declare  or  affirm.     lie  pronounced  the  book 
to  be  a  libid  ;  he  pronounced  the  act  to  be  a  fraud. 
PRO-NOUNCE',  V.  i.     To  speak;  to  make  declara- 
tion ;  to  utter  an  opinion. 

How  confidently  soever  meo.  pronouncg  of  ibomsflrrs. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

PRO-NO UNCE'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  pronounced 
or  uttered.  Pinkerton. 

PR0-.\0UNC'£:D,  pp.  .Spoken;  uttered;  declared 
solemnly. 

PRO-NOL'NC'ER,  n.    One  who  utters  or  declares. 

PRONOUNCING,  ppr.     Speaking;   uttering;   de- 
claring. 
2.  a.  Teaching  pronunciation. 

PRO-NUN'CIAL,  a.     Pertaining  lo  pronunciation. 

PRO-NUN-CI-A'T.ION,  n,  [Fr.  prononciativn,  from 
L.  pronuneiatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  uttering  with  articulation  ;  utter- 
ance ;  as,  the  pronunciation  of  syllables  or  words ; 
distinct  or  indistinct  prtfnu.7icia(ion. 

9.  The  mode  of  uttering  words  or  sentences ;  par- 
ticularly,the  art  or  manner  rtf  uttering  a  discourse 
publicly  with  propriety  and  gracefulness;  now  called 
deJicery.  J.  Q.  Adams.- 

PRO-NUN'CIA-TIVE,  a.  Uttering  confidently  ;  dog- 
matical. Bacon. 

PROOF,  n.  [Sax.  profian,  to  prove  ;  Sw.  prof,  proof; 
Dan.  priive;  D.  prorf;  G.  probe;  W.  praw ;  Ft. 
preuve ;  It,  prova ;  Sp.  prueba ;  Rubs,  proba.  See 
Prove.! 

1.  Trial ;  essay  ;  experiment ;  any  efl'ort,  process, 
or  openition  that  ascertains  truth  or  fact.  Tlius  the 
quality  of  spirit  is  ascertained  hy  proof ;  the  strength 
of  gunpowder,  of  fire-arms,  and  of  cannon,  is  deter- 
mined by  proof;  the  correctness  of  operations  in 
arithmetic  is  ascertained  by  proqf. 

2.  In  law  and  logic,  that  degree  of  evidence  which 
convinces  the  mind  of  the  certainty  of  truth  or  fact, 
and  produces  belief.  Proof  is  derived  from  personal 
knowledge,  or  from  the  testimony  of  others,  or  from 
conclusive  reasoning.  Proof  differs  from  dcmonstror 
tion,  which  is  applicable  only  to  those  truths  of 
which  the  contrary  is  inconceivable. 

This  h.\M  neither  eiri<l':nc«  of  truth,  nor  ^oq/* sufficieut  to  gfre  it 
warrant.  IIoc3eer. 

3.  Firmness  or  hardness  that  resists  impression,  or 
yields  not  lo  force  ;  impenetrability  (f  physical  bod- 
ies ;  as,  a  wall  that  is  proof  against  shot. 

See  amis  of  proof.  Dryden. 

4.  Firmness  of  mind  ;  stability  not  to  be  shaken  ; 
as,  a  mind  nr  virtue  that  is  proof  against  the  arts  of 
seduction  and  the  assaults  of  teniptation. 

5.  The  proof  of  spirits  consists  in  little  bubbles 
which  appear  on  the  top  of  the  liquor  alter  agita- 
tion, called  the  bead^  and  by  the  French,  ckapeteL 
Hence, 

6.  The  degree  of  strength  in  spirit ;  as,  high  fronf; 
first  proof;  second,  third,  or  fourth  proqf. 

7.  In  printing  and  cngraKing,  a  rough  impression 
of  a  sheet,  taken  for  correction  ;  plur.  Pruoks,  not 
Proves,  " 

8.  Armor  sufficiently  firm  to  resist  impression. 
[JVot  used.]  Shak, 

Proof  is  usM  elliptically  for  of  proof. 

I  have  found  th(« 
PTo<if  against  all  lemptalioo.  MUton. 

It  is  sometimes  followed  by  tOy  more  generally  by 
against. 

Proof-impression ;  an  early  impression  of  an  en- 
graving, considered  the  best,  as  being  first  taken. 

PROOF'-SHEET.     See  Proof,  No,  7. 

PROOF'LESS,  a.  Wanting  suflicient  evidence  to  in- 
duce belief ;  not  proved.  Boyle. 

PROOF'LESS-LY,  adv.     Without  proof. 

PROOF'-SPIR  IT,  n.  A  mixture  of  equal  weights  of 
pure  alcohol  and  water. 

PROOF'-TEXT,  n.  A  passage  of  Scripture  relied  upon 
for  proving  a  doctrine,  &c. 

PROP,  T.  t.  [D.  and  Dan.  prop,  a  stopple,  Sw.  promt ; 
G.  pfropf,  id. ;  D.  propprn ;  G.  pfropfen,  to  stuff  or 
thrust ;  Dan.  proppcr.  These  are  probably  the  same 
word  differently  applied.] 

1.  To  support  or  prevent  from  falling  by  placing 
something  under  or  against;  as,iopropa  fence  or 
an  old  building. 

2.  To  support  by  standing  under  or  against. 

Till  the  bright  mountulns  prop  th'  incumbonl  sky.  Pope. 

3.  To  support ;  to  sustain  ;  in  a  general  sense;  as, 
to  prep  a  declining  state. 

1  prop  myself  upon  Ihe  few  supports  that  are  left  me.     Pops. 

PROP,  n.  That  which  sustains  an  incumbent  weight ; 
that  on  which  any  thing  rests  for  support ;  a  sup- 
port ;  a  stay  ;  as,  a  prop  for  vines  ;  a  prop  for  an  old 
building.  An  atfectionute  child  is  the  prop  of  de< 
clinini:  am: 

PRO-P^E-DEC'TieS,  n.  [Gr.  ttoo,  before,  and  jrai- 
^tiiw,  to  instruct.] 

Preliminary  learning  connected  with  any  art  or 
science.  Brande. 

PROP'A-GA  RLE,  a.  [See  Propagate.]  That  may 
be  continued  or  multiplied  by  natural  generation  or 
production  ;  applied  to  animals  and  vegetables. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI^CIOUS C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  ns  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TU  as  In  THIS. 

g77 


PRO 

a.  Thai  may  be  spread  or  extended  by  any  moans, 
as  tent-t't,  doctriiios,  or  prtncipk^s. 
PROP-A-GAN'DA,«.  [1mm  L.]  The  popular  name 
of  a  society  in  Rome,  charged  \viih  the  manaRcmeDt 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  mtsistuns,  uud  styled  Societas 
de  Pn^a^^wnia  Fiile,  .Mardock. 

PROP-A-GAN'UISM,  «,  [S^ec  Profaoatk.]  The  art 
or  pntctice  of  pmiuigaling  tenets  or  principles. 

DtoiffhL 
PROP-A-GAN'DIST,  «.     A  ^e^son  who  dovoiua'  him- 
self to  the  spread  of  any  system  of  principles. 

Brwir^ttr  •cIocImI  «  bodjr  to  oompoae  hb  aaoliedriai  oT  poIiUcai 

PROP'A-GATE,  r.  U  [U  vropaito ;  IL  prcpajrgvu ; 
Q.  jfrwgff  a  stopple  ;  pfroj^en^  to  Uirust,  also  to  craft. 
(See  Pnor.)  'I'he  Latin  noun  propa^o  is  the  Eng- 
lish prvft  and  the  tt.'nnination  aifOy  as  in  cartUa^o, 
&c  The  senile  of  the  uoun  is  thai  which  is  set  or 
thrust  in.] 

1.  To  continue  or  multiply  the  kind  by  generation 
or  successive  production ;  applied  to  aRtmalt  and 
plmmts  i  as,  to  prvpofaU  a  breed  of  horses  or  t^heep  ; 
to  mno^ote  any  spccicj  of  fniit-tret:. 

St.  To  spread  }  to  extend  ,  to  imprl  or  continue  for- 
ward in  space ;  an,  to  pnfpafftUM  sound  ur  lipht. 

3l  To  spread  from  persun  to  [x^rson  ;  to  extend  ;  to 
ffve  birth  to,  or  originate  and  spread  ;  as,  to  propa- 
gtU  a  story  or  report. 

^  To  carry  from  place  to  place;  to  extend  by 
planting  and  establishing  in  places  before  destitute  y 
as,  lapropagau  the  Christian  religion. 

5.  To  extend  ;  to  increase. 

GriHfa  of  csy  own  lie  brarj  In  my  twesat, 

WbidiihiM  wUtprspafoM.  SSak. 

6.  To  generate ;  to  produce. 

Supnstitious  Dndoita,  propagaUd  la   EincT,    are  b-inllT   rvcr 
touliv  emltcJUcd.  Bicharaton, 

PROP'A-GATE,  r.  i.  To  have  younfc  or  issue  ;  to  be 
produced  or  multiplied  by  generation,  or  by  new 
sboots  or  plants.  Wild  horses  propagate  in  the  for- 
ests of  South  America. 

PROPA-Gi-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Continued  or  multiplied 
by  generation  or  production  of  the  same  kind ; 
•pread  :  extended. 

PROP'A-GA-TI.N'G,  ppr.  Continuing  or  mulliplyinp 
the  kind  by  generation  or  production  ;  spreading  and 
establishing. 

PROP-A-OA'TIOX,  a.     [Fr.,  from  U  fropagatiit,'\ 
I.  The  act  of  propaif^ating ;   the  continuance  or 
multiplication  of  the  kind  by  genoration  or  succes- 
sive productioo  \  as,  the  fnp*gtii0ii  of  animals  or 


I,  iMHsleon 


Tfarte  b  Mth  BMarakHMn 


SL  The  apraadii^  or  extension  of  any  thing;  as, 
tlie  jir^pa^aCtew  of  sound,  or  of  rep(>rt3. 

X  The  spreading  of  any  thins  by  piantine  and  es- 
tablidhine  in  places  before  destitute ;  as,  the  propa- 
g^atiam  vf  the  gospel  among  pagans. 

4.  A  forwa^ing  ta  promotion. 
PROP'.A-GA-TOR,  n.    One  that  continues  or  multi- 
l^ies  his  own  species  by  penemtion. 

SL  One  that  continues  or  multiplies  any  species  of 
animals  or  plants. 

X  One  tliai  spreads  or  causes  to  circulate,  as  a  re- 
port. 

4.  One  that  plants  and  establishes  in  a  country 
destitute  i  as,  a  propagator  of  the  gospel. 

5.  One  that  plants,  originates,  or  extends  \  one 
tjiat  promotes. 

PRO-PEL',  r.  L     [L.  propetUi  jwv,  forward,  and  pd- 
/«,  to  drive.} 

To  drive  forward  ;  to  urge  or  press  onward  by 
force.  The  wind  or  steam  propels  ships  ;  balls  are 
propelled  by  the  force  of  cunpowder  ;  mill  wheels  are 
prrvptUtd  ^  water  or  steam  \  the  blood  is  propelled 
tbroagb  the  airteries  and  veins  by  the  action  of  the 
heart. 

[  TkiM  wrd  is  cmnmen/y  applied  to  material  bodies.] 
PRO-PEL'LKD.  pp.    Driven  forward. 
PRQ-PEL'LER,   n,     A  contrivance  for  propelling  a 
steamboat  by  the  action  of  a  screw  placed  in  the 
stem. 
2.  A  steamboat  thus  propelled. 
PRO-PEL'LIXG,  ppr.  or  a.     Driving  forward. 
PRO-PE>'D\  e.  i.    [L.  propendeo;  pro,  forward,  and 
pemdee^  to  hang.] 

To  lean  towani;  to  incline  ;  to  be  disposed  in  fa- 
vor of  anv  thing.     [Litile  iLfeJ.]  Sluik. 
PRO-PE\I)EX-CV,  ».     [1^ propendens.] 

1.  A  leaning  toward  ;  inclination  ;  tendency  of 
desire  to  any  thing. 

S.  Precon'side ration  ;  attentive  deliberation.    [Lit- 
tle njted,]  Hale. 
PRO-PE.VD'E\T,  o.    Inclining  forward  or  toward. 
PRO-PEND'lNG,yi»r.   Inclining  toward.        l&ntth. 
PRO-PE\SE',  (pro-pens',)  a.     [L.  propensus.] 

Leaning  toward,  in  a  moral  sense  ;  inclined  ;  dis- 
posed, either  to  good  or  evil ;  as,  women  prepense  to 
holine^.  Hooker. 

PRO-PEX'SrO\,  »         rx-  .         »  1 

pjDQ_pgYqf|  i-V    i  ***     L''  ^*  propcttsiOTi  i  L.  propensw.j 

1,  Bent  of  mind,  natural  or  acquired  ;  inclination  ; 


PRO 

in  a  fHoral  sense,  disposition  to  any  thing  good  or 
evil,  particularly  to  evil  ;  as,  a  propensity  lo  sin  ;  the 
corrupt  propensity  o(  the  will.  Rogers. 

It  n^jiiifra  rriiiul  ulcvijr  to  find  out  (h«  g«nlua  or  prttpetniQna 
of  a  chilli.  L'Ettraiige. 

9.  Natural  tendency  ;  as,  the  propension  of  bodies 
to  a  particular  place.  Di<rby, 

[In  a  moral  sense,  Pbopenjitt  is -now  cliiefly 
used.] 
PROP'ER,  o.     [Fr.  propre;   ll,  propria  or  propio  ;    Sp. 
propio;    L.  pro;rrttu,  supposed  to  be  allied   to  propc^ 
near  ;  W.  ^riawd,  proper,  appropriate.] 

1.  Peculiar;  naturally  or  essentially  belonging  to  a 
person  or  thing;  not  common.  That  is  not  proper, 
which  is  ronnnon  to  many.  Ever>-  animal  lias  his 
proper  instincts  and  inclinations,  appetites  and  hab- 
its. Every  muscle  and  vessel  of  the  body  has  its 
pr^yper  ollice.  Everj-  art  has  its  proper  rules.  Cre- 
ation is  the  proper  work  of  an  Almighty  Being. 

2.  Particularly  suited  to.  Every  animal  lives  in 
his  proper  element. 

3.  One's  own.  It  may  be  Joined  with  any  posses- 
sive pnmuun  ;  as,  our  proper  son.  Skak. 

Our  proper  conceptions.  Qlanville. 

Now  tram  Uk'  dirturuce  *X  your  proper  t/ML  DrytUn. 

J^ote^  —  Otrji  is  often  ufed  in  such  phra-<es  ;  "  at 
your  own  vroper  cost.**  This  is  really  tautological, 
but  sanctioned  by  usage,  and  expressive  of  em-, 
phasis. 

4.  Noting  an  individual;  pertaining  to  one  of  a 
species,  but  not  common  to  the  whole ;  as,  a  proper 
name.     Dublin  is  the  proper  name  of  a  city. 

5.  Fit ;  suitable;  adapted  ;  accommodated.  Atliin 
dress  is  nut  proper  for  clothing  in  a  cold  climate, 
^tinmlants  are  proper  remedies  for  debility.  Gravity 
of  manners  is  vcr>'  proper  for  persons  of  advanced 
age. 

In  Alhma,  all  wiu  ptnuuiv,  mirth,  iind  pUj, 

All  proper  to  the  *ptiag  and  uphf  fitl;  Majr.  Drydtn. 

6.  Correct ;  just ;  as,  a  proper  word  j^  proper  ex- 
pression. 

7.  Not  figurative;  as,  plain  and  proper  tarms. 

Burnei. 

8.  Well-formed ;  handsome. 

Mijarv  WM  »  proper  diild.  —  Ht-b.  xi. 

9.  Tnll ;  lusty;  handsome  with  bulk.  [Z^ow^  and 
not  used  ]  Shak, 

10.  Mere  ;  pure  ;  as,  a  proper  foot     [  UnusuaL] 

11.  In  vulgar  tangHagey  very;  as,  proper  good; 
proper  sweet.  HailitoelL 

1*2.  In  keraldfjj  a  term  applied  to  an  object  repre- 
sented of  its  natural  color.  Brande. 

Proper  receptaele:  in  botany,  that  which  supfwrts 
only  a  single  newer  or  fructification  ;  proper  perianth^ 
or  involucre,  that  which  incloses  only  a  sitif^le  flower  ; 
proper  Jloicer,  or  eurul,  one  of  the  sincle  florets  or 
con>Ilets  in  an  aggregate  or  com(K»und  flower  ;  proper 
nectary,  sepamto  from  the  petals  and  other  parts  of 
the  fliiwer.  Martyn. 

PROP'ER-LY,  adT>.  Fitly  ;  suitably  ;  in  a  proper  man- 
ner ;  as,  a  word  properly  applied ;  a  dress  properly 
adjusted. 

2.  In  a  strict  sense. 

Tbe  nuierifi  of  lire  ajrc  not  properly  owfnf  U  the  unequnl  (Ii»- 
tribiiUui)  of  thinga.  Saijl. 

PROP'ER-NESS,  7U  The  quality  of  being  proper. 
[Litxle  used.] 

2.  Tallness.     \J^ot  in  use.'] 

3.  Perfect  form  ;  handsomeness. 
PROP'ER-TY,  n.     [This  seems  to  be  formed  directly 

from  proper:  it'  nut,  it  is  contracted.  The  Latin  is 
proprietasy  Fr.  propriety,  from  which  we  have  pro- 
priety.] 

1.  A  i>eculiar  quality  of  any  thing;  that  which  is 
inherent  in  a  subject,  or  naturally  essential  to  it  ; 
called  by  Iop*cians  an  essential  mode.  Thus  color  is 
a  property  of  light ;  extension  and  figure  are  proper- 
ties of  bodies. 

2.  An  acquired  orariificial  quality  ;  that  which  Is 
given  by  art  or  bestuwed  by  man.  The  poem  has 
tlie  properties  which  constitute  excellence. 

3.  Q,uality ;  disposition. 

It  U  th"  property  of  nn  oKl  sinner  to  find  delight  In  revjewliig  hii 
own  villainies  iii  &Utera.  Sowi. 

4.  The  exclusive  right  of  possessing,  enjoying,  and 
disposing  of  a  thing  ;  ownership.  In  the  beginning 
of  the  world,  the  Creator  gave  to  man  dominion  over 
the  earth,  over  the  fish  of  the  sea,  and  the  fowls  of 
tbe  air,  and  over  every  living  thing.  This  is  the 
foundation  of  man's  property  in  the  earth  and  in  all 
(ts  productions.  Prior  occupancy  of  land  and  of 
wild  animals  gives  to  the  possessor  the  property  of 
them.  The  labor  of  inventing,  making,  or  produ- 
cing any  thing,  constitutes  one  of  the  highest  and 
most  indefeasible  titles  to  property.  Property  is  also 
acquired  by  iaheritance,  by  gift,  or  by  purchase. 
Property  is  sometimes  .held  in  common,  yet  each 
roan's  right  to  his  share  in  common  land  or  stock  is 
exclusively  his  own.  One  man  may  have  the  prop- 
erty of  the  soil,  and  another  the  right  of  use,  by  pre- 
scription or  by  purcha.se. 

5.  Possession  held  in  one's  own  right.     Zh-ydnu 


PRO 

C.  The  thing  owned ;  lli:il  to  which  a  person  has 
the  legal  title,  whether  in  his  possession  or  not.  It 
is  one  of  the  grente!«t  bles:iings  of  civil  society  that 
the  property  of  citizens  is  well  secured. 

7.  An  estate,  whether  in  lands,  goods,  or  money  ; 
as,  a  man  of  largo  pro/tcr/;/  or  small  fyropfrty. 

8.  An  estate  ;  afurui;  a  ptiLntiitiun.  In  this  sense, 
which  is  common  in  the  United  .Slates  and  in  the 
West  Indies,  the  word  has  a  plural. 

Thr  aiill-hoiMPs,  on  the  lUgnr  plantutlona,  vary  in  aitfl  accortlio^ 
to  the  fancy  of  the  proiiricturi  or  th«  inn^iiiiudt'  of  ihc  pr^j^ 
n(y.  ■     Edwards,  W,  /rtcuc«. 

I  ah^ll  confine  mytrlf  In  such  propertu*  u  fMll  withiit  tlw  mach 
of  ildily  uhKrvatlon.  Bdteardx,  W,  ItuJiti, 

9.  Nearness  or  right. 

Hptp  I  tliacl.-dm  all  my  pivtcmnl  cnw, 

Propinqniiy  and  property  of  bluod.  £Aajt. 

10.  Properties  t  the  dresses  and  appendages  used  in 
a  theater,  tbe  keeper  of  which  is  still  called  the 
property  man.     [Oft*-.]  Toone. 

I  will  draw  a  bill  of  prnpertiee.  Shak. 

High  pomp  and  maI^  ore  Ubcful  properUet.  Drydtn. 

11.  Propriety,     [JiTot  in  use.]  Camden. 
Literary  property;  the  exclusive  right  of  printing, 

publishing,  and  making  profit  byoue's  own  writin^^s. 
No  right  or  title  to  a  thing  can  be  so  perfect  as  that 
which  is  created  by  a  man's  own  labor  and  inven- 
tion. The  exclusive  right  of  a  man  to  his  literary 
productions,  and  to  the  use  of  them  for  his  own 
profit,  is  entire  and  perfect,  as  the  fnctilties  employed 
and  labor  bestowed  are  entirely  and  perfectly  his 
own.  On  what  principle,  Uien,  can  a  legislature  or  a 
court  determine  that  an  author  can  enjoy  only  a 
temporary  property  in  his  own  productions?  If  a 
man's  riglit  to  his  own  productions  in  loriting  is  as 
perfect  as  to  the  productions  ol'  his  farm  or  his  shop, 
how  can  the  former  be  abridged  or  limited,  while  the 
latter  is  held  without  limitation?  Why  do  the  pro- 
dueiions  of  manual  labor  rank  higlier  in  the  scale 
of  riyhis  or  property,  than  the  productions  of  the 

intrUrct  1 
PR01"KR-TY,  t>.  (.    To  invest  with  qualities,  or  to 

take  as  one's  own  ;  to  appropriate,    [^n  awkward 

trord,  and  not  used.]  Shak, 

PRO  rilANE'.    Pee  Pbofame. 
PR(.)PirA-SLS,   fprofa-sis,)   ji.     [Gr.  nno(pa<Tts,  from 

nooiififti,  to  fiiretell.] 

In  medicine,  prngniisis  ;  foreknowledge  of  a  disease. 
PROPU'E-CY,  (profe-se,)  n.     [Gr.  tr/j'x/.fjrtia,  from 

TTi>  ifj'riiii,lo  foretell;  no  ■,  before,  and  iptjptjto  tell. 

This  ought  to  be  written  Prophesy.] 

1.  A  foretelling  ;  prediction  ;  a  declaration  of  some- 
thing to  come.  As  GtKl  only  knows  future  events 
with  certainty,  no  being  but  God,  or  some  person  in- 
formed by  him,  can  utter  n  real  prophecy.  The  propk" 
ecies  recorded  in  Scripture,  when  fulfilled,  oftbrd 
most  convincing  evidence  of  the  divine  original  of 
the  Pcriptures,  as  those  who  uttered  the  prophecies 
could  not  have  fiireknoun  the  events  predicted  with- 
out supernatural  instruction.    3  Pet.  t. 

2.  In  Scripture,  a  book  of  prophecies;  a  liistory; 
as,  the  prophecy  of  Ahijah.    2  Chron.  ix. 

3.  Preaching  ;  public  interpretatiun  of  Scripture  ; 
exhortation  or  instniction.     Prov.  xxx'i. 

PROPIl'E-.sr-AI),  pp.     Foretold;  predicted. 
PROPU'E-SI-EK,  n.     One  who  predicts  events. 
PROPIl'E-SY,  r.  u    To  foretell  future  events  ;  to  pre- 
dict. 

I  hate  him,  for  he  doth  not  prnphery  good  coneernhig  me,  bat 
evil.  —  1  Kin^  zxii. 

2.  To  foreshow.     [Little  used.]  Shak. 

PROPU'E-S?,  V.  i.    To  utter  predictions ;  Jo  make 
declaration  of  events  to  come.    Jer,  xi. 

2.  In  Scripture,  to  preach ;  to  Instruct  in  religious 
doctrines  ;-4o  interpret  or  explain  Scripture  or  reli- 
gious subjects  ;  to  exhort.     I  Cor.  xiii.     Eiek,  xxxvii. 

PROPn'E-S1?-ING,  ppr.     Foretellinc  events. 

PROPH'E-SY-ING,  71.    The  act  of  foretelling  or  of 
preaching. 

PROPHET,  (profit,)  n.     [Gr.  nptx^nrmi  h-propkcta; 
Fr.  prophite.] 

1.  One  that  foretells  future  events;  a  predicter; 
a  foreteller. 

2.  In  Scripture,  a  person  illuminated,  inspired,  or 
instructed  by  God  to  announce  future  events  ;  as 
Moses,  Elijah,  David,  Isaiah,  &.c. 

3.  An  interpreter  ;  one  that  explains  or  communi- 
cates sentiments.     Eiod.  vii. 

4.  One  who  pretends  to  foretell ;  an  iraposter}  as, 
a  false  prophet.     Actsz'lW.  * 

School  of  the  prophets ;  among  the  I^aelitrs,  a  school 
or  college  in  which  young  men  were  educated  and 
qualified  for  public  teachers.  These  students  were 
called  sons  of  the  prophets. 
PROPH'ET-EHS,  n.  A  female  prophet ;  a  woman  who 
foretells  future  events,  as  Miriam,  Iluldah,  Anna, 
&C.  Krod.  XV.  Judg.  iv.  Luke  ii. 
PRO-PHET'JC,  (a.     Containing  prophecy;   fore- 

PRO-PHET'I€-AL,  i        telling    future    events;    as, 
prophetic  writings. 

2.  Unfolding  future  events;  as,  proph^ic  dreams. 
It  has  o/before  the  thing  foretold. 

And  fcar«  are  odpropkelic  o/th'  evrnL  Dryden. 


FaTE,  far,  fall,  WHA.T  —METE,  PREY PT.NE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BQQK.— 


\ 


PRO 

PRO-PIiET'ieAL-LY,  adc.     By  way  of  prtdiction  ; 

in  tho  innnncr  of  prophecy.  Dryden. 

PROPII'ET-IZE,  p.  i.    To  give  prediction.    [Xot  used,] 
PROPH'ET-LIKE,  a.     Like  a  prophet  Shak. 

PKO-PHOK'ie,  a.     [Gr.  npo^opiKOi,] 

Eri'jnciative. 
PnOPH-Y-LAe'Tie,  \  a.        [Gr.    7rpo0i.>a«r(ifoj, 

PROPH-Y-LAe'Tie-AL,  (     from  r:po<pv\aaao*^\.o  pre- 
vent, to  guard  against  j   tt.'Xj  and  ^vAacffw,  to  jwe- 
serve.] 
In  nudidne,  preventive ;  defending  from  disease. 

Coxe. 
PROPII-Y'-I-\€'Tie,  n,     A  mrdicine  which  preserves 

or  defends  against  disease  ;  a  prt-venlive.        Oize. 
PROP-I-NA'TION,  71.      TL.  propinatio;  jtropino  ;   Gr. 
TTuo  and  -iv(j>,  10  drink.] 

The  act  of  pledginff,  or  drinking  first  and  then  of- 
fehne  tlie  cup  to  another.  PuUcr. 

PRO-PINE',  V.  U     [Iv  propino,  supra.] 

1.  To  pledce  ;  to  drink  tirst  and  then  offer  the. cup 
to  another.     [J^J'ot  jL-^ed.) 

2.  To  expo^.     [^"ot  used.] 
PRO-PIN'UUI-TY,  (pro-pii;k'we-te,)  n.     [L.  jtropin- 

qiiUtLf,  from  propinquiuif  near,] 

1.  Xearness  in  place  j  neighborhood.  Rati. 

2.  Nearness  in  lime.  Brown. 

3.  Nearness  of  blood  ;  kindred.  Shak. 
PRO-PI"TIA-BLE,    fpni-pish'a-bl,)  a,      [See    Propi- 
tiate.]    That  may  be  induced  to  favor,  or  Uiat  may 
be  niatie  propitious. 

PRU-PI'TI.aTE,  (-pi?h'ate,)  v.  U    [L.  propitio,    Q.a. 
pro  and  the  root  of  L.  pio,  Eng.  pitij.] 

To  conciliate  5  to  appt-ase  one  offended  and  render 
Iiira  favorable  ;  to  make  propitious. 


l^l  firrce  Acliill*-s,  dr'axlfol  in  tiis  ni^, 
Til?  gudpropitiaU  xud  tlie  pcsi  iasiULge. 


Pope. 


PRO-PI"TIa-TED,  (-pish'a-ted,)  pp.  Appeased  and 
rendered  favorable  ;  conciliated. 

PPO-PI"TlA-Tl.\G,  ppr.  Coticiliating  j  apjjeasing 
the  wrath  of  and  rendering  favorable. 

PItO-PI"TI-A'TION,  (-pish-e-a'shun,)  n.  [Fr.  j  from 
'propitiate.] 

1.  The  act  of  appeasing  wrath  and  concilintingthe 
favor  of  an  offended  person  ;  the  act  of  making  pro- 
pitious. 

9.  In  thrdoi^,  the  atonement  or  atoning  sacrifice 
which  removes  the  obstacle  to  man's  salvation. 
Christ  is  the  propitiation  for  the  sins  oi  men.  Rom. 
lit.     1  John  ii. 

PKO-PI"TlA'T0R,B.  One  who  propitiates.  Sherwood. 

PRO-PI"TI  A  TO-RI-LY,  adc.     By  way  of  propitiation. 

PRO-Pr'TIA-TO-RY,  a.  Having  the  power  to  make 
propitious;  as,  a  pro/wd'o/orv  sacrifice.    SlUlinffficet. 

PRO-PI"T(A-TO-RY,  n.  Among  tA^yejfi,  the  mercy- 
seat;  the  lid  or  cover  of  the  ark  of  the  covenant, 
lined  within  and  without  with  plates  of  gold.  This 
was  a  type  of  Christ.  Kitcyc. 

PRO-PI"TIOUS,  (-pish'us,)  a.     [L.  prtrpititu.] 

1.  Favorable;  kiiid  ;  apptied  to  men. 

2.  Disposed  to  be  gracious  or  merciful ;  ready  to 
forgive  sins  and  bestow  blessings  ;  applied  to  God. 

3.  Favorable;  as,  a  7^ro/>t/i(>M.*  season. 
PRO-PI"TIOUS-LY,   (pisli'us-le,)  adv.     Favorably  ; 

kindly.  Ro.trommon. 

PRO  PF'TIOUS-NESS,  (-pt3h'ns-ne83,)n.  Kindness; 
disp«jsition  to  treat  another  kindly;  tlispttsition  to 
forgive. 

2.  Favorableness  ;  as,  the  pro;iiCteuJiie«<  of  the  sea- 
son or  climate.  Temple, 

PRO'PLASM,  B.     [Gr.  voo  and  rrAdtr/io,  a  device.] 
A  mold  ;  a  matrix.  tVoodieard. 

PRO-PLAS'TICE,  (plas'tis,)  «.  [Supra-J  The  art 
of  making  molds  fur  castings. 

PRO'PO-LIS,  n,  [Gr.,  before  the  city,  or  the  front  of 
the  city.] 

A  thick,  odorous  substance,  having  some  resem- 
blance to  wax,  and  smelling  like  storax;  used  by 
bees  to  stop  tlie  holes  and  crevices  in  their  hives  to 
pr-rvent  the  entrance  of  cold  air,  &.c. 

PR<J-P6'NENT,  n.  [L.  proponeiis;  pro  and  pono,  to 
plnce.] 

One  that  makes  a  proposal,  or  lays  down  a  propo- 
sition. Dryden. 

PRO-POR'TION,  n.  [I*,  proportion  pro  and  portio^ 
part  or  share.    See  Pohtion.] 

1.  The  comparative  relation  of  any  one  thing  to 
another.  Let  a  man's  exertions  be  in  proportion,  to 
bis  strength. 

2.  In  mathematics,  the  identity  or  similitude  of  two 
ratios.  Proportion  diffcTH  from  ratio.  Ratio  ia  prop- 
erly the  relation  of  tv  o  magnitudes  or  quantities  of 
one  and  the  same  kind  ;  as  the  ratio  of  !>  to  10,  or 
the  ratio  of  8  to  !*>.  Pnrportion  is  the  sameness  or 
likent  ss  uf  two  such  relations.  Thus  5  is  to  10  as  8 
to  Pr,  or  A  is  to  B  as  C  is  to  D ;  that  is,  5  Invars  the 
same  relation  to  10  as  8  does  to  IG.  Hence  we  »ay, 
siirb  nunibcrj  are  in  proportion.  Hutton. 

An  e<piality  of  nuios  ;  sometimes,  also,  the  strJes 
of  terms  among  which  an  equality  of  ratios  exists. 

Day. 

3.  In  flHtAmrfic,  a  nile  by  which,  when  three  niini- 
hers  are  given,  a  fourth  number  Is  found,  which 
bears  the  same  relation  to  the  third  as  the  second 


PRO 

does  to  the  first;  or  a  fourth  number  is  found,  bear- 
ing the  same  relaliun  to  the  third  as  the  first  does  to 
the  second.  The  former  is  called  direct^  and  the  lat- 
ter inverse  proportion. 

4.  Symmetry;  suitable  adaptation  of  one  part  or 
thing  to  another;  hs,  the  proportion  of  one  limb  to 
another  in  the  human  body ;  the  proportion  of  the 
length  and  breadth  of  a  room  to  its  bight. 

Harmony,  with  ov'^ry  graw, 
Playi  in  the  fiir  proportions  of  litT  t^cc.  Mrg,  Carter. 

5.  Equal  or  just  share  ;  as,  to  aacertriin  X\m  propor- 
tion of  profit  to  which  cacli  partner  in  a  company  is 
entitled. 

6.  Form;  size.     [Little  used.']  Davies. 

7.  The  relation  between  unequal  things  of  the 
same  kind,  by  which  their  several  parts  correspond 
to  each  other  witli  an  equal  augmentation  and  dimi- 
nution, as  in  reducing  and  enlarging  fiKures.    £ncyc. 

[This  more  properly  belongs  to  ratio.] 

IfarmoiUcal  or  musical  proportion.^  is  when,  of  tliree 
or  four  quantities,  the  first  is  to  Ihn  last  as  the  ditfcr- 
ence  between  the  twofirst  is  to  the  dilference  between 
the  two  last.  Thus,  2,  3,  C,  are  in  harmonical  pro- 
portion ;  for  9  is  to  (i  as  I  to  3.  Tims,  24,  IG,  12,  9, 
are  harmonical,  for  24 :  9 :  :  8  :  3. 

jlrithmetical  proportion;  an  equality  of  arithmetical 
ratios. 

Geometrical  proportion ;  an  equality  of  geometrical 
ratios.     [See  Progression,  No.  4.] 

Reciprocal  propartiun  ;  an  equality  between  a  di- 
rect and  a  reciprocal  ratio.  Thus,  4  :  2  :  :  1-3  :  1-6. 
[See  Keciprocal*  and  Reciprocal  Ratio.]  Day. 
PRO-POR'TION,  V.  t  To  adjust  the  comparative  re- 
lation of  one  thing  or  one  part  to  another  ;  as,  to  pro- 
portion the  size  of  a  building  to  its  height,  or  the 
thickness  of  a  thing  to  its  length  ;  to  proportion  our 
expenditures*to  our  income. 

la  ihe  Ifisa  of  an  obj'^t,  we  do  not  propordon  onr  grief  to  Us  real 
value,  but  to  the  viUue  our  fanat^B  »et  upon  ll.        Addiaon. 

9.  To  form  with  symmetry  or  suitableness,  as  the 
parts  of  the  body. 

PR0-P0R'TlON-A-BLE,a.-That  maybe  proportioned 
or  made  proportional.  This  is,  etyniologicaUy,  the 
true  sense  of  the  word  ;  but  it  is  commonly,  though 
erroneously,  used  in  the  simse  of  proportional,  being 
in  proportion;  having  a  due  comparative  relation; 
as,  infantry  with  a  proportionable  number  of  horse. 

PRO-PoR'TlON-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being 
pro[)ortionable. 

PKO-PoR'TIO\-A-BLY,  adr.  According  to  propor- 
tion or  comparative  relation  ;  as,  a  large  body,  with 
limbs  proportionably  large. 

PRO-POR'TION-AL,  a.  [It.  praporzionale ;  Fr.  pro- 
portionnd.] 

1.  Having  a  due  comparative  relation  ;  being  in  suit- 
able proportion  or  degree  ;  as,  the  parts  of  an  edifice 
are  projfortionuf.  In  pharmacy,  medicines  are  com- 
pounded of  certain  propurtiunal  quantities  of  ingre- 
dients. 

2.  In  mathematics,  having  the  same  ratio  ;  as,  four 
quantities  are  proportional;  having  always  the  same 
ratio;  as,  the  veliKJiy  of  a  moving  body  is  propor- 
twnal  to  the  imptlling  force,  wlien  the  quantity  of 
n)atter  is  given  ;  its  momentum  is  proportional  to  the 
qimntity  of  matter  it  contains,  when  its  velocity  is 
given. 

3.  Relating  to  proportion  ;  na^  proportional  scales  or 
compassfs.  Hutton. 

PRO-POR'TION-AL,  n.  A  number  or  quantity  pro- 
pprtiunal ;  a  name  given,  in  maUtematics ^  to  iUg  terms 
of  a  proportion. 

Proportional ;  in  chemistry,  a  term  employed  in  the 
theory  of  definite  proportions,  to  denote  the  same  as 
the  weight  of  an  atom  or  a  prime.     [See  Prime.]  ' 

PRO-POR-TION-AL'I-TY,  n.  Tliu  quality  of  being 
in  propt)rtion.  Grew. 

FRO-POR'TIOX-AI^LY,  adr.  In  proportion  ;  in  due 
degree;  with  suitablu  roinparutive  relation;  as,  all 
parts  of  a  building  ht-ing  proportionally  large. 

PRO-Pf)R'TION-ATE,  a.  Adjusted  to  something 
else  according  to  a  certain  rate  or  comparative  rela- 
tion ;  proportional. 


Puni>hinent  tttoulU  be  proportioruUe  lo  the  Irnn^grfssion. 

Locte. 

PRO-P^R'TIOX-.XTE,  r.  L  To  proportion  ;  to  make 
profKirtional  ;  tn  adjust  nrcording  to  a  strttli-d  rate  or 
to  due  comparative  relation  j  us,  to  proportionate  pun- 
ishments to  crimes. 

[This  verb  is  less  ns<;d  than  Proportion.] 

PRO-POR'TIOX-ATE-LY,  Oito.  With  duo  propor- 
tion i  according  to  a  settled  or  suitable  rate  or  degree. 

Pearson. 

PRO-POR'TION-ATE -^ESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
adjusted  by  due  or  settled  proportjim  or  comparative 
rilation  ;  suitableness  of  proportions.  Hale. 

PRO-P0R'TI<J.\-/:U,  pp.  or  a.  .Made  or  adjusted 
with  due  propnrtioji  or  with  syninirtrv  of  parts. 

PRO-POR'Th  jN-I.\G,  ppr.     Making  proportional. 

PRO-POR'TRJN  LESS,  a.  Without  proportion  ;  with- 
out symmetry  of  parts. 

PRU-P0'8AL,  Ti.     [from  propose.] 


PRO 

1.  That  which  is  offered  or  pro[>ounded  fur  con- 
sideration or  acceptance  ;  a  scheme  or  design,  terms 
or  conditions  proposed  ;  as.  to  make  proposals  for  a 
treaty  of  peace  ;  to  oUer  proposals  for  erecting  a 
building;  to  make  proposals  of  marriage;  proposals 
for  subscription  to  a  loan  or  to  a  literary  work. 

2.  Offer  to  the  mind  ;  as,  the  proposal  of  an  agree- 
able object.  SouUi. 

PROPOSE',  (-(loze',)  T?.  t.  [Fr.  proposer  ;  L.  propono, 
proposal  i  \\  .  posiaia,  to  pose,  tliat  is,  to  set ;  literally^ 
to  put  or  throw  forward.) 

1.  To  offer  for  consideration,  discussion,  accept- 
ance, or  adoption  ;  as.  to  propose  a  bill  or  resolve  to  a 
legislative  body  ;  to  propose  terms  of  peace  ;  to  pro- 
pose a  question  or  subject  for  discussion  ;  to  propose 
an  alliance  by  treaty  or  marriage ;  to  propose  altera- 
tions or  amendments  in  a  law. 

2.  To  offer  or  present  for  consideration. 

std  to 

'aUs. 

To  propose  to  one's  self;  lo  intend  j  to  design ;  to 
form  a  design  in  the  mind, 
PRO-POSE',  V.  i.    To  lay  schemes.    [JVoI  in  use.] 

Shak. 
2.  To  offer  one's  self  in  marriage.    Miss  Pickering. 
[  Propose  is  often  used  for  purpose  ;  as,  I  propose  to 
ride  to  New  York  to-morrow.    Purpose  and  propose 
are  different  forms  of  the  same  word.] 
PRO-PoSE',  71.    Talk  ;  discourse,     {^rot  inuse.]  Shak, 
PRO-P0S'£D,  pp.  or  a.     Offered  or  presented  for  con- 
sideration, discussion,  acceptance,  or  adoption. 
PRO-P5S'ER,  n.     One  Uiat  offers  any  thing  for  con- 
sideration or  adoption.  Lqcke. 
PRO-PoS'ING,  ppr.     Offering  for  consideration,  ac- 
ceptance, or  adoption. 
PR0P-O-»r'TlON,  (-zish'un,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  Uprop- 
osUioy  from  propositus,  propono.] 

1.  That  which  is  prtuHised  ;  that  which  is  offered 
for  consideration,  acceptance,  or  adoption  ;  a  pro|Ki- 
sal ;  offer  of  terms,  Tlie  enemy  made  propositions  of 
peace  ;  the  proposH^ons  were  nctl  accepted. 

2.  In  lo^iCj  one  of  the  three  parts  of  a  regular  ar- 
gument; the  part  of  an  argument  in  which  some 
quality,  negative  or  [wsitive,  is  attributed  to  a  sub- 
ject; as,  "snow  Is  while;"  "water  is  fluid;" 
"  vice  is  not  commendable." 

3.  In  viaOicmatics,  a  statement  in  terms  either  of  a 
truth  to  be  dt.-monstrated,  or  of  an  operation  to  be 
performed.  It  is  called  a  theorem,  when  it  is  some- 
thing lo  be  proved  ;  and  ixprobletn,  when  it  is  sonie- 
thing  to  be  done,  Olmsted. 

4.  In  oratory,  that  which  is  offered  or  affirmed  as 
the  subject  of  the  discourse;  any  thing  stated  or 
affirmed  for  discussion  or  illustration. 

5.  In  poftryy  the  first  part  of  a  poem,  in  which  the 
author  states  the  subject  or  matter  of  it,  Horace 
recommends  modesty  and  simplicity  in  the  propo.H- 
tion  of  a  poem. 

PROP-0-Sl"TlON-AL,  (-zish'un-al,)  a.  Pertainmg 
to  a  proposition  ;  considered  as  a  proposition  ;  as,  a 
priipositional  sense.  Watts. 

PRO-POUND',  r.(.  [1*. propono;  pro  and  pono,  to  set, 
put,  or  place.] 

1.  To  propose ;  to  offer  for  consideration  ;  ns,  to 
propound  a  rule  of  action.  fVotion. 

Tlic  cxiit-new'of  the  churdi  halh  becu  propoumUd  at  an  object 
ot  fiiit)).  Pearaon. 

2.  To  offer ;  to  exhibit ;  to  propose ;  as,  to  propound 
a  question.  Shak. 

3.  In  Con irregational  churches,  to  propose  or  name 
as  a  candidate  for  admission  to  communion  wiih  a 
church.  Persons  intenduig  to  make  public  profes- 
sion of  their  faith,  and  thus  unite  with  the  church, 
are  propounded  before  the  church  and  congregation  ; 
that  is,  their  intention  is  notified  some  days  previous, 
for  tht!  purpose  of  giving  opjKirtunily  to  members  01 
the  church  to  object  to  their  admission  to  such  com- 
munion, if  they  see  cause. 

PRO-POUND'ED,  2>p.  Proposed  ;  offered  for  consid- 
f  ration. 

PRO-POIJND'ER,  n.  One  that  proposes  or  offers  for 
consideration. 

PRO-POUND'ING,  ppr.  Proposing;  offering  for  con- 
sideration. 

PRtlP'PJCD,  (pr()pt,)  yp.  [fntm  prop,]  Supported  ; 
EUi'taiiied  by  s(jmetliing  placi;d  under. 

PR<JP'P1NG,  ppr.     Supporting  by  something  beneath. 

PRO-PllE'TOR,  71.     [L.  proprtelor.] 

Anmng  Uie  Ro'mons,  a  magistrate  who,  having  dis- 
charged the  odice  of  prctor  at  home,  was  apih)inted 
to  the  eovi;rnmeiit  of  a  province.  Smith's  Diet. 

PRO-PRI'E-TA-RY,  n.  [Fr.  jn-oprietaire,  from  pro- 
priit&.] 

\.  A  proprietor  or  owner  ;  one  who  has  the  exclu- 
sive title  to  a  thing  ;  tme  who  possesses  or  holds  the 
title  to  a  thing  in  his  own  right.  The  grantees  of 
Pennsylvania  and  Maryland  and  their  heirs  were 
called  the  proprietaries  of  those  provinces. 

2.  In  monasteries,  such  monks  were  called  proprie- 
taries, as  had  reserved  poods  and  effects  to  them- 
selves, notwithstanding  their  renunciation  of  all  at 
the  time  of  their  profession.  Eneye. 

PRO-PRFE-T-A-RY,  a.    Belonging  lo  a  proprietor  or 


TCNE,  BULL,  tJNITE,— AN"GEB,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  aa  K  ;  0  as  J ;  B  as  Z ;  CH  as  6H ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

-     ,  ■  a  —     ■     .._,-■.-      .-.-..  ,        ■     ■   ■        — .--:...  r  •     "  "  ■"'■"         ■  -    ^  — '    '■ — 


PRO 

owner,  or  to  a  propr)etar>'.  The  (tovernmenta  of 
Pennsylvania  and  Mar>-land  were  formerly  proprie- 
tary. 

PRO-PRT'E-TOR,  n.  [Oom  L.  pn>pn(ta.o,  proprius.} 
An  owner  ;  the  perst»n  who  has  the  K-gal  riglit  or 
exclusive  lille  to  any  tliinii,  wlietber  in  [K»ss«"«ion  or 
not;  us,  the  praprikor  of  a  farm  or  of  a  mill.  By 
the  gift  of  God,  man  is  constiluied  the  prvpritter  of 
the  earth. 

PRli  PRI  E-TOR  :=HIP,  n.    Rcate  of  heinp  proprietor. 

PUOPKT'E  TKK8r;,  n.  A  f.-male  who  h;is  the  exclu- 
sive !oc:»t  richt  to  a  thing.  VFMran^e. 

PKO-PRI'E-TY,  a.  [Fr.  pn'priiU  ;  L.  proprielast  from 
propriu-i.] 

1.  PrtJiH'rty  ;  peculiar  or  exclusive  rlgbl  of  posses- 
sion ;  ownershifh 

[This  primarv  sw-nse  of  the  word,  as  used  by 
Locke.  Milion.  i>r\Jen,  ic, seems  now  to  be  nearly 
or\y':  S«-«  pROPKRTr.l 

2.  !  SUncs*  ;  appropriateness;  conso- 
naiu'  ^Ju-d  principles,  rules,  or  customs  ; 
justn'  -^ :  :ii  fiinirv.  Proprif^  of  Conduct,  in  a  moral 
•ensej  consists  iti  its  confonnily  to  Ww  moral  law  ; 
frvprtety  of  bt-havior  consists  in  confnrmily  to  the 
e5tabli>hed  rules  of  decorum  ;  pntprirtv  in  language 
is  correctness  in  the  use  of  words  and  phrases,  nc- 
cording  u>  (-staMished  usa<;e,  which  constitutes  tbe 
rule  of  speaking  and  writing. 

3.  Proper  st.ite.  Siak. 
PRO  PROe'TOR,  K.    In  tAs  EngtisK  universities,  an 

assistant  proctor.  Hook. 

PROPT.    See  Propped. 

PRO-PCGN',  (pra-pjne',)  p.  u  [L.  propugno  f  pro  and 
puirno,  to  tighL] 

To  contend  for ;  to  deft.-nd  ;  to  vindicate.  [Little 
usf^A  NainmoRtL 

PRO-PUG'.VA  CLE,  «.     fl,.  prvpugnaculmm.] 

A  fortress.     NVol  used,}  HoieeU, 

PfiOPL'G-N.\'TlON,  fi.    \\*.  prtipugnatioJ] 

Ptfen^e.     [wVut  lue^.]  Shak. 

PRO-PPGN'ER,  (pro-pan'er,)  lu  A  defender;  a  vin- 
dicator. 

PRO  POGN'TN'G,  fpr.    Contending  for;  defending. 

PRO  PCL-SA'TIO.V,  ».  [L.  propuUatia;  pntpuUo. 
loce  PRorEuJ 

The  act  ui  driving  away  or  repetliag ;  the  keepins; 
at  a  di^tince.  HaU. 

PRO-PL'I^E',  (pnvpiils',)  r.  t  [L.  propuUc ;  pro  and 
pulso^  to  strike.     i*ee  PKorru] 

To  rtpe! ;  to  drive  otT.     [Liule  u/retL]      Cotgrare. 

PRO-PLL'SIOX,  [pul'Ahun,)  a.    [I*  propulsiLs^  pro- 
peVo.     Set  Propel.] 
The  net  of  driving  f>rward.  Baam, 

PRO-PL* L'SIVE,  «.  TendiQg  or  having  power  to 
repel. 

PKO-PV-L.EX'M,  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  ir/)-.T-.Xator.J  In 
ancient  architeeture,  any  court  or  vestibule  bt-lore  a 
buildins,  or  b<.*fore  its  prinri^nl  parts  ;  more  particu- 
/dWv.  the  entrance  to  such  court  or  vostibulc.    Owiit. 

PROf'Y-LOX,  m.     [Gr.  »ojffo»c<r,  Xi>o  and  ircAr,,  a 

The  porcli,  vestibule,  or  entrance  of  an  edifice. 

PRO  RJ^'TA,  [L.]    In  proiKtrtion. 

PRORK,  a,     [l^prora.] 

Thf  prow  or  fort-  part  of  a  ship.  Pope, 

r.Vltt  in  use,  eterpt  in  poetry-} 

PRO  RE  .WiT-J,  [L.]  According  to  exigtncea  or 
circumstances. 

PRO-REP'TIOX,  %.  [frum  L.  proprepo.}  A  creep- 
ing on. 

PRO-RO-GX'TIOX,  a.  [L.  prorogatio.  See  Pao- 
aoauE.} 

1.  Continuance  in  time  or  dumtton  ;  a  lengthening 
or  prolongation  of  time  ;  as,  tlie  prorogation  of  some- 
thing already  possessed.     [This  use  is  UHeommon.] 

SoHth. 

2.  In  £ji^Iaiuf,  the  continuance  of  parliament 
from  one  session  to  another,  as  an  adjournment  is  a 
continuance  of  the  session  from  day  to  day.  7'his 
is  the  established  language  with  respect  to  the  parlia- 
ment of  Great  Britain.  In  the  United  States^  the 
Word  is,  I  believe,  mrely  or  never  used  ;  ottjourHmeHt 
being  used,  not  ofily  in  its  etymological  aense,  but 
for  prvroffation  al^o. 

PRO-ROGUE',  fpro-rfig',)  r.  L  [Fr.  prorogrr  :  L.  pro- 
rogo :  pro  and  rogo.  i'he  latter  word  siciiif)t*s  to 
ask,  or  to  propose  ;  but  the  primary  s<-nse  is  to  reach, 
to  stretch  forward ;  and  this  is  its  import  in  tbe  de- 
rivative prvrogo.] 
L  To  proCracc ;  to  prolong. 

Beprorogved  hb  govonmraL  Chyden. 

fi.  To  defer ;  to  delay  ;  as,  to  prorogue  death. 

SAak. 
[fm  the  foregoing  senses^   tJu  utord  is  now  rarely 
used,] 

3.  To  continue  the  parliament  from  one  session  to 
another.  Parliament  is  prorogued  by  the  king's  au- 
thority, either  by  the  lord  chanctllor'in  his  majesty's 
presence,  or  by  commission,  or  by  proclamation. 

Blae-k'ione. 
PRO-ROGU'£D,  pp     Prolonged ;  continued  from  one 
session  to  another. 


PRO 

PRO-RUP'TION,   n.      [L.  proruptusy  prorumpot   pro 
and  rutnpv,  to  burst.] 
Th**  .M-.t  of  bursting  forth  ;  a  bursting  out.  Brown. 

PRO-S-\'IC,  a.  [L.  pro^saicus,  from  proMi,  prose;  Fr. 
prosaique.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  prose;  resembling  pnise;  not  re- 
stricted by  numbers;  applied  to  wrttingsf  as,  apro- 
saie  coni[KK-'iIion. 
9.  I»ull ;  uninteresting.  Ed.  Rev. 

PRO-SA'ie-AI*-LY,  flt/r.    In  a  dull  or  prosaic  ntanner. 

PHo'S A-IS.M,  Ti.  That  which  is  in  tJie  form  of  prose 
writiiic.  Coleridge. 

PRfi'ifA-Isr,  n.     A  writer  of  prose. 

PRO'SAl-,  a.     Pnwaic.     fJVut  itsrd,]  Broicn. 

PRO-SrK'M-UM,  n.     [Gr.  t,  n  and  ffcrji*?.! 

1.  In  the  aneintt  theater^  the  part  where  the  actors 
performed,  call'd  now  ihu  Sta«e.        Smi(h*s  Diet. 

2.  In  the  modern  theater^  the  frontispiece,  or  front 
part  of  the  stag**,  where  the  drop  scene  separates  tlie 
stage  from  the  audience.  Braiide. 

PRO-SCRIBE',  f.  (.  [U  nroseribo;  pro  and  seribo,  to 
write.  The  st-nse  of  this  word  originated  in  the 
Roman  practice  of  writing  the  names  of  persons 
doomed  to  death,  and  posting  the  list  in  public.] 

I.  To  diMim  to  destnu'iion  ;  to  put  one  out  of  the 
protection  of  law,  and  promise  a  reward  for  his  head. 
Sylla  and  Mariu;*  /«i»,,cri&erf  each  other's  adherents. 

'a.  To  put  out  of  the  protection  of  the  law,  with- 
out such  n  promise. 

Robrn  Verc,  E^ri  of  Oxford,  wu  banished  the  KnJin  nnt)  prO' 
tcribed.  Spenter. 

3.  To  denounce  and  condr^nin  as  dangerous  and 
not  worthy  of  reception  ;  to  reject  utterly. 

In  Uw  y-HT  3'iri,  i>k!  Aritii  'l.viHi>"t  were  progcrihtd  and  annlh. 
eiit>UJi.-U  Ur  the  cuuudi  ul'  Nico.  H'aUrtand. 

4.  To  censure  and  condemn  as  utterly  unworthy 
of  recejilion.  Hoiith, 

5.  To  interdict ;  as,  to  proscribe  the  use  of  ardent 
spirits. 

PRO-SCRTB'ED,  pp.  or  o.  Doomed  to  flestniction  ; 
denounced  as  dangerous,  or  as  unworthy  of  ruccp- 
ti4>n  ;  ciuidenined  ;  banished. 

PRO-HCRin'ER,  m.  One  that  dooms  to  destruction; 
one  (hnl  denounces  as  dangerous,  or  as  utterly  un- 
worthv  ot'  rt'Cepiion. 

PRO-SCKIB'ING,  ppr.  Dooming  to  destruction  ;  de- 
nouncing as  unworthy  of  protection  or  reception; 
comlemning  ;  tmnisliing. 

PR(^t-.<CRIP'TIU.\,  n.     [L.  proscriptio.] 

1.  I'he  act  of  proscribing  or  dooming  to  death  ; 
among  thr  Rmans,  the  public  oITer  of  a  reward  for  the 
head  of  n  pnlitical  enemy.  Such  were  the  proscrip- 
tions of  Pylla  and  .Marius.  Under  the  triumvirate, 
many  of  the  best  Roman  citizens  felt  by  prvscriptiun. 

2.  A  putting  mit  of  Uic  protection  of  law ;  con- 
demning to  exile. 

3.  Cen-»ure  and  condemnation  ;  utter  rejection. 
PRO-SCRIP'TIVE,  0.    PerUining  to  or  consi?ting  in 

proscription ;  proscribing.  Burke. 

PROSE,  n-  [L.  It.  and  S^  prosa;  Ft.  prose.  Uu. 
orient.  Die,  fnD  or  v^d.] 

1.  The  natunil  language  of  man  ;  language  loose 
and  uncoufined  to  poetical  meoi^ure,  as  op|>osed  to 
verse  or  metrical  coinpusitiun. 

Tiling*  uniiUeinptf  d  yet  iu  prote  or  rhyme.  Milton. 

2.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  a  hymn  intro- 
lucid  into  I 

Ssq'  ExcB.] 


duci'd  into  the  mass  on  certain  festival 


bymn 

days. 


[See 


This  word  is  sometimes  used  ndjectively  ;  as, 
prose  writings.  . 

PROSE,  F.  L     To  write  in  prose.  Jifltton. 

2.  To  make  a  tedious  relation.  Majion. 

PROS'E-CUTE,  T.  t.     ri,.  prosecutus,  proscquur :   pro 
and  sf<pii>r,  to  follow,  Eng.  to  seek.     See  Essat,] 

1.  To  follow  or  pursue  with  a  view  to  reach,  exe- 
cute, or  accomplish  ;  to  continue  endeavors  to  obtain 
or  complete  ;  to  continue  efforts  already  begun  ;  as, 
to  -prosecute  a  scheme  ;  to  prosecute  an  un[tertaking. 
The  plan  of  a  grwit  canal  in  the  State  of  New  York 
has  been  prosecuted  with  success. 

That  which  i»  niuriUly  good  ii  to  \k  de&ircd  and  protfuted, 

M'Ukin: 

This  word  signifies  either  to  besr'm  and  carry  on,  or 
simply  to  eoTttinue  what  has  been  begun.  M'lien  I  say, 
**  I  have  devised  a  plan  wliich  I  have  not  the  courage 
or  means  to  prosecute,"  the  word  signifies  to  begin  to 
execute.  When  we  say,  "  The  nati<in  bfgan  a  war 
which  it  had  not  mean<  tu  prosecute,"  it  signifies  to 
continue  to  carry  on.  The  latter  is  the  genuine  sense 
of  the  word,  but  botli  are  well  authorized.  We 
prosecut^  any  work  of  the  hands  or  of  the  head. 
We  prosecute  a  purpose,  an  enterprise,  a  work, 
studies,  inquiries,  &c. 

2.  To  seek  to  obtain  by  legal  process  ;  as,  to  pros- 
ecute a  right  in  a  court  of  law. 

3.  To  accuse  of  some  crime  or  breach  of  law,  or 
to  pursue  for  redress  or  punishment,  befi^re  a  legal 
tribunal;  as,  to  prosecute  a  man  fur  trespass  or  for 
a  riuL  It  is  applied  to  civil  suits  for  damages,  as 
Wfll  as  to  criminal  suit?,  hut  not  to  suits  for  debt. 
We  never  say  a  man  proarcutes  another  on  a  bond  or 
note,  or  in  assumpsit ;  but  he  prosfcutes  his  right  or 


PRO 

claim  In  an  action  of  debt,  detinue,  trover,  or  as- 
sumpsit. So  we  say,  a  man  proM-cutts  nnotlu  r  fur 
BSKaull  and  battery,  for  a  hbcl  or  for  slander,  or  for 
breaking  his  close.  In  these  cases,  prosrcute  signi- 
fies to  begin  and  to  continue  a  suit.  The  attorney- 
genera!  prosecutes  offenders  in  the  name  of  the  king 
or  of  the  state,  by  inforniatinn  or  indictment. 

ProsecHte  differs  from  persecute,  as  in  law  it  is  ap- 

filied  to  the  legal  proceedings  only,  whereas  persecute 
tiiplies  cruelty,  injustice,  or  oppression. 

PROH'E-€UTE,  v.  i.  To  carry  on  a  legal  prosecution  ; 
as,  to  prosrnitf  for  public  offenses.  Jilnckstone. 

PROS'E-CU-TED,  p;».  Pursued,  or  beguy  and  carried 
on  for  execution  or  accou>)tlis)Mneii[,  as  a  scheme ; 
pursued  for  redress  or  pniiisliment  in  a  court  of 
law,  as  a  person  ;  demanded  in  law,  as  a  right  or 
claim. 

PROS'E-CU-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Pur-uing,  or  beginning 
and  carrying  on  fur  acconiplirihuient;  pursuing  for 
redress  or  punisluuent ;  suing  for,  as  a  riglilor  claim. 

PROS-E-CO'TION,  TI.  The  act  or  process  of  endeav- 
oring to  gain  or  accomplish  something  ;  pursuit  by  ef- 
forts of  body  or  mind  ;  as,  ihe  prosecution  of  n  scheme, 
plan,  design,  or  underla«..ng  ;  the  pronrcution  of  war 
or  of  commerce  ;  Uie  prosecution  vt'  a  work,  ^tudy, 
argument,  or  inquiry. 

2.  The  institution  and  carrying  on  of  a  suit  in  a 
court  of  law  or  equity,  to  obtain  some  rigJit,  or  to  re- 
dress and  punisli  yotnu  wrong.  The  pro.-ircufion  of  a 
claim  in  chancurj'  is  very  evpensive.  Malicious  pros^ 
icutioiis  subject  the  offender  to  punishment. 

3.  The  institution  or  coniniencement  and  continu- 
ance of  a  criminal  suit ;  the  procf~ss  of  exhibiting 
formal  charges  against  an  offender  before  a  legal  tri- 
bunal, and  pursuing  theui  to  final  judgment  ;  as, 
prosecutions  of  the  crown  or  of  the  state  by  the  at- 
torney or  solicitor -general.     Prosecutions  may  be  by 

.  prcsenlnient,  information,  or  indictment, 

Bliidistone. 
PROS'E-CU-TOR,  TI.    One  who  pursues  or  curries  on 
any  purpose,  plan,  nr  business. 

2.  The  person  who  institutes  and  carries  on  a 
criminal  suit  in  a  lepil  tribunal,  or  one  who  exhibits 
criminal  charges  against  an  offender.  The  atturney- 
generul  is  the  pronecutor  for  tlie  king  or  state. 

Blackstone, 

PROS'E-L^TE,  n.  [Fr.  proselyte;  It.  prvsclUa;  Gr. 
iTtwanXt'Tos ;  irpos  and  £jj,\w^u(,  to  come;  riXvOuv, 
t)\6oi'.] 

A  new  convert  to  some  religion  or  religious  sect, 
or  to  some  particular  opinion,  system,  or  prfrly. 
Thus  a  Gentile  converted  to  Judaism  is  a  proselyte; 
a  pagan  converted  to  Christianity  is  a  proselyte;  and 
We  speak  familiarly  of  proselytes  to  the  theories  of 
Brown,  of  Black,  or  of  Lavoisier.  The  word  prima- 
rily refers  to  converts  to  some  religious  creed. 

PROS' E-LTTE,  P.  (.  To  make  a  convert  to  some 
religion,  or  to  some  opinion  or  system.    Mackni^lit. 

PIIOS'lvLT-TED,  ;/ji.  or  a.  Made  a  convert  to  some 
religion. 

PRO.S'E-L?-TING,  ppr.  or  a.     Making  converts. 

PROS'E-LVT-ISM,  11,  The  making  of  converts  to  a 
religion  or  religious  sect,  or  to  any  opinion,  system, 
or  parly. 

They  were  ]:ioss^£B>;d  of  a  »piril  of  prosehjtitm  iu  llic  mogt  Tanat- 
ical  degree.  Burkt. 

Q.  Conversion  to  a  system  or  creed. 
PROy'E-LYT-IZE,  to  make  converts,  or  to  convert,  is 
not  well  authorized,  or  not  in  common  use,  and  is 
wholly  unnecessary. 
PRO-SEM-I-Na'TION,  n.    [L.  jrroeemijuttua ;  pro  and 
seminu,  to  sow.} 

Propagation  oy  seed.     [J^ot  used.']  Hale. 

PROS-EN-NE-A-IIK'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  Trpof,  cvvea,  and 
t6fa.] 

In  crystallography,  having  nine  faces  on  two  adja- 
cent parts  of  the  crystal.     [JVot  used,"] 
PROS'ER,  n.    [from  prose.]    A  writer  of  prose. 

Drayton. 

3.  One  who  makes  a  tedious  narration  of  uninter- 
esting matters. 

PROS'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Talking  or  writing  in  a  dull, 
uninteresting  manner. 

PRGS'EVG,  M.  Dull  and  tedious  minuteness  in  speech 
or  Writing. 

PRO-SLAV'ER-Y,  a.    In  favor  of  slavery. 

PllO'SY,  a.     Dull  and  tedious  in  discourse  nr  writing. 

PRO-S0'I)I-AL,     ^  a.     [(Ti>m  prosody.]     Pertaining  to 

PRO-yOD'IC-AIj,  J      prosody,  or  the  quantity  and  ac- 
cents of  syllables  ;  according  to  the  rules  of  prosody. 
tVartun.     Kd,  Disjtens. 

PRO-PO'DI-AN,  71.  [from  prosody.]  One  skilled  in 
prosody,  or  in  the  rules  of  pronunciation  and  metrical 
r.iiiu|xisition. 

PROS'O-DIST,  n.  [f torn  prosody.]  One  who  under- 
stands prosody.  Walker. 

PRO.S'0-DY,  V.  [Fr.  prosodie ;  L.  prosodia;  Gr.  rrpua- 
(jj6t'i :  Tji'ji  and  •■'^n,  an  ode.] 

That  part  of  grammar  which  treats  of  the  quantity 
of  syllables,  of  accfjnt,  and  of  the  laws  of  versifica- 
tion. It  includes,  aUo,  the  art  of  adjusting  the  ac- 
cent and  metrical  arrangements  of  s}  Ilables  in  com- 
positions fur  the  lyre. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL.  WH.\T.  — MeTE,  PRgV.  — PLXE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQOK.— 


PRO 

I  ROS-O-PO-LEP'SY,  n.      [Gr.  Trooowno^n^^'a-] 

Respect  of  persons  ;  more  particularly^  a  premature 
opinion  or  prejudice  against  a  person,  formed  by  a 
view  of  bis  external  appearance. 

Moore.     Addison. 
■  lOS-0-PO-P(E'IA,   n.     [Gr.  trqaadiitoTTona  i  irpuao}- 
truf,  person,  and  7>i£'>j,  to  make.] 

A  figure  in  rhetoric,  by  which  things  are  repre- 
sented as  persons,  or  by  which  things  inanimate  are 
spoken  of  as  animated  beings,  or  by  which  an  absent 
person  is  introduced  as  speaking,  or  a  deceased  per- 
son is  represented  as  alive  and  present.  It  includes 
peraonificatunty  but  is  more  extensive  in  its  sitinilica- 
tion.  •  Encuc. 

ROS'PE€T,  n.     [L.  pro^rctiu,  prospicio^  to  look  for- 
ward ;  pro  and  specio,  to  see.] 

1.  View  of  things  within  the  reach  of  the  eye. 

Eden  and  all  the  eotut  in  prospect  Ur.  AJilton. 

2.  View  of  things  to  come  ;  intellectual  sight ;  ex- 
pectation. The  good  man  enjoys  the  prospect  of 
future  felicity. 

3.  That  which  is  presented  to  the  eye  ;  the  place 
and  the  objects  seen.  There  is  a  noble  pro.-qicct  from 
the  dome  of  the  State  House  in  BosUm  —  a  prosptct 
diverstHed  with  land  and  water,  and  ever>- thing  that 
fan  please  the  eye. 

4.  Object  of  view. 

Man  to  hijTiapIf 
la  K  large  proaptcL  Denham, 

5.  View  delineated  or  painted  j  picturesque  repre- 
fentatiott  of  a  landscape.  Reynolds. 

6.  Place  which  affords  an  extended  view. 

Miltov. 

7.  Position  of  the  front  of  a  building;  as,  a  pros- 
feet  toward  the  south  or  north.     £zrk.  xl. 

8.  Expect^ion,  or  ground  of  expectation.  There 
la  a  prospect  of  a  good  liarvei^t ;  a  man  lias  a  prospect 
of  preferment ;  or  he  has  htlle  prospect  of  success. 

9.  A  looking  forward ;  a  regard  to  something  fu- 
ture. 

U  be  &  prcdent  man  u  to  his  tempoml  estate,  who  lays  desi^m 
only  for  a  day,  wtttiout  aiiy  protpect  Ut,  or  provisim  for,  Uw 
rctiiaining  part  of  lile  i  \LitUt  uaed]  TiiloUon. 

PRO-SPEe'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  looking  forward,  or 
of  providing  for  future  wants.  Puley. 

PRO-^PEGT'IVE,  a.  Looking  forward  in  time  ;  re- 
garding the  future  ;  opposed  to  Ketaospecti  ve. 

"nie  ■iipponing  of  FiUe  societies  is  one  of  (he  points  on  which 
Uk  pronuses,  ai  the  time  of  DniinUioa,  had  uo  proapectiot 
bejnng.  H'.  Joy. 

3.  Acting  with  foresight. 

Tbe  FiYDcb  kin^  and  kin^  of  Sweden  axe  circumspect,  indiM> 
triuus,  and  protptc&ve  lu  ibis  Affair.  Ciiild. 

3.  Pertaining  to  a  prospect ;  viewing  at  a  distance. 

Milton. 

4.  Furnishing  an  extensive  prospect,        Dwighu 
PRO-SPEeT'IVE,  «.    The  scene  before  or  around  us. 

Rich.  Diet. 
PRO-SPEeT'IVE-LY,  adv.     With  reference  to  the 

future. 
PRO-SPEGT'IVE-NESS,   «.      Sjate   of    being   pro- 

8)>ective. 
PRO-SPECT'US,  n.  FU]  The  plan  of  a  literary 
work,  containing  the  genorul  subject  or  design,  with 
the  manner  and  terms  of  publication,  and  sometimes 
a  spt-clmen  of  it. 
PKOS'PER,  c.  U  [L.  prospero,  from  pro.fpenis,  from 
the  Gr.  irpoff^c/xj,  to  carry  to  or  toward  j  jt^wj  and 
^eptity  to  bear.] 

To  favor ;  to  render  successful. 

All  things  concur  to  protper  our  design.  Dryden, 

PttOS'PER,  0.  i.    To  be  successful ;  to  succeed. 

The  '^rd  made  ail  that  tie  did  to  protyer  iu  tiis  hiuid.  —  Geu. 

XX  six. 
Be  tlMl  eoremh  his  sins  shall  not  prosper.  —  Pro*,  xxviti. 

2,  To  grow  or  increase ;  to  thrive  ;  to  make  gain  ; 
aa,  to  prober  in  business.  Our  agriculture,  com- 
roerrtt,  and  manufactures,  now  prosper. 

PROS'PER-^D,  ;>p.     Having  success ;  favored. 

PROS'PER-ING,  ppr.  Rendering  successful  j  advan- 
cing in  growth,  we;Uth,  or  any  good. 

PROSPER'l-TV,  »i.     [L.  prosperitas.] 

Advance  or  gain  in  any  thing  good  or  desirable  ; 
successful  progress  in  any  business  or  enterprise  ; 
•uccesH  ;  attainment  of  the  object  desired  ;  as,  the 
prosperity  of  arts  ;  agricultural  or  commercial  pros- 
per^; national  prosperity.  Our  diRposiiion  to  abuse 
the  blessings  of  Providence  readers  prosperity  dan 
(erous. 

Tlic  prosperity  of  Io.jIs  shall  destroy  ibem.  —  Prov.  I. 

PROS'PER-OU3,  a.     [L.  prosperus.] 

1.  Advancing  in  the  pursuit  of  any  thing  desirable  ; 
making  gain  or  increase  ;  thriving  ;  successful ;  as,  a 
prosperous  trade  ;  a  prosperous  voyage  ;  a  prosperous 
exhibition  or  undertaking  ;  a  prosperous  man,  fami- 
ly, or  nation  ;  a  prosperous  war. 

Tbs  sned  shall  be  protperous ;  tlie  Tine  shall  give  tier  fruiL  — 
Zcch.  viii. 

3.  Favorable  ;  favoring  succeRS ;  as,  a  prosperous 
irtiwl.  Denham. 


PRO 

PROS'PER-OUS-LY,  adv.    With   gain   or  increase  i 

successfully.  Bacon. 

PROS'FEHOUS-NESS,?*.  The  stale  of  being  suc- 
cessful ;  prosperity. 

PR0-SPI"C1E^X'K,  C-spish'ens,)  n.     [L.  prospieiens.] 
The  act  of  looking  forward.  Diet. 

PR0S3,  n.  Talkj  conversation,  rather  of  the  gossip- 
ing kind.  BrocketL 

PROS'TATE,  a.  [from  Gr.  xpfjiarnut,  to  set  before.] 
In  anatomy,  the  prostate  gland  is  a  gland  situated 
just  before  the  neck  of  the  bladder  in  males,  and  sur- 
rounding the  beginning  of  the  urethra.  It  is  situated 
on  the  under  and  jHisterior  part  of  the  neck  of  the 
bladder,  so  as  to  surround  the  lower  side  of  the 
u  re  t  li  ra.  Encyc.     fVistar. 

PROS-'l'ER-NA'TION,  n.  [L.  prosterno,  to  prostrate ; 
pro  and  sterno.'j 

A  state  of  being  cast  down  ;  dejection  ;  depression. 
[Little  used.]  Wiseman. 

PROS'THE-SIS,  n.  [Gr.]  In  surgery,  the  addition 
of  an  artificial  part  to  supply  a  defect  of  the  body  ;  as 
a  wooden  leg,  tc.  Qutnci/.     Coze. 

S.  In  medicine,  an  overlajiping ;  as,  the  prosUiesis 
of  one  febrile  period  upon  another. 

3.  In  grammar,  a  figure  consisting  in  prefixing  one 
or  more  letters  to  tlie  beginning  of  a  word ;  as,  be- 
loved. 

PROS-THET'ie,  0,     [Gr.  rrpoffQcTOS^] 
Prefixed,  as  a  letter  to  a  word. 

PROS'TI-TUTE,  V.  L  IL.  prvstituo  ;  pro  and  statue, 
to  aet.l 

1.  To  ofl!er  freely  to  a  lewd  use,  or  to  indiscrimi- 
nate lewdness. 

Do  not  prostitHte  thy  diiughter,  —  Le».  xir. 

2.  To  give  up  to  any  vile  or  infamous  purpose  ;  to 
devote  to  any  thing  base  ;  to  sell  to  wickedness ;  as, 
to  prostitute  talents  to  the  propagation  of  infidel  ^in- 
ciples ;  to  prostitute  the  press  to  the  publication  of 
blasphemy. 

3.  Tg  offer  or  expose  upon  vile  terms,  or  to  un- 
worthy persons.  TUlotson. 

PROS'TI-TUTE,  a.  Openly  devoted  to  lewdness  ; 
sold  to  wickedness  or  to  infamous  purposes. 

Made  bold  by  want  and  protliluU  for  bread.  Prior. 

PROS'TI-TUTE,  n.  A  female  given  to  indiscriminate 
lewdness  ;  a  strumpet.  Dryden. 

2.  A  base  hireling;  a  mercenary;  one  who  offers 
himself  to  infamous  employments  for  hire. 

No  hireling  she,  no  proa&UU  to  pr.usc.  Pope. 

PROS'TI-TU-TED,  pp.   or  a.      Offered    to  common 

lewdness  ;  devoted  to  base  pur|>oses. 
PROS'TI-TU-TING,  ppr.    Offering  to  indiscriminate 

lewdness  ;  devoting  to  infamous  uses. 
PROS-TI-TO'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  prostitno.] 

1.  The  act  or  practice  of  offering  the  body  to  an 
indiscriminate  intercourse  with  men  j  common  lewd- 
ness of  a  female.  Spectator. 

2.  The  act  of  setting  one's  self  to  sale,  or  of  devot- 
ing to  infamous  purposes  what  is  in  one's  power;  as, 
the  prostitution  of  talents  or  abilities;  the  prostitution 
of  the  press. 

PROS'TI-TU-TOR,n.  One  who  prostitutes  ;  one  who 
submits  himself  or  offers  another  to  vile  purposes. 

PROS'TRA'l'E,  a.  [U  prustratuSj  from  prosterno,  to 
lay  (lat ;  pro  and  strrno.] 

1.  Lying  at  length,  or  with  the  body  extended  on 
the  ground  or  other  surface. 

Gruvcling  and  yrottraU  on  yon  Inke  of  fire.  RJUton, 

3.  Lying  at  merry,  as  a  supplicant.  Shak.  Chapman. 
•      3.  Lying  in  the  posture  of  huntility  or  adoration. 

PROS'TRATE,  r.  (.  To  lay  Hat ;  to  throw  down  ; 
as,  to  prostrate  the  body  ;  to  prostrate  trees  or  plants. 
S.  To  throw  down  ;  to  overthrow  ;  to  demolish  ; 
to  ruin  ;  as,  to  prostrate  a  village  ;  to  prostrate  a  gov- 
ernment ;  10  prostrate  law  or  justice  ;  to  prostrate  the 
honor  of  a  nation. 

3.  To  prostrate  ob«V  self;  to  throw  one^s  self  down, 
or  to  fall  in  humility  or  adurutiun.  Duppa, 

4.  To  bow  in  humble  reverence. 

5.  To  sink  totally;  to  reduce  j  as,  to  prostrate 
strength. 

PROri'TRA-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Laid  at  length  ;  laid  flat ; 

thrown  down  ;  destroyed. 
PROS'TR  A-TING,  ppr.  Laying  flat ;  throwing  down ; 

deslroving. 
PROS-TrA'TIO.V,  «.    The  act  of  throwing  down,  or 

laying  flat ;  as,  tlie  prostration  of  the  body,  of  trees, 

or  of  corn. 

2.  The  act  of  falling  down,  or  the  act  of  bowing  in 
humility  or  adoration  ;  primarily,  the  act  of  falling  on 
the  face  ;  but  it  is  now  used  for  kneeling  or  bowing 
in  reverence  and  worship. 

3.  Great  depression  ;  dejection  ;  as,  a  prostration  of 
spirits. 

4.  In  medicineytt  latent,  not  an  exhausted,  state  of 
the  vital  encrgi*;s  ;  great  oppression  of  natural  strength 
and  vigor  ;  that  state  of  the  body  in  disease  in  which 
the  systwm  is  oppressed.  Coze. 

Prostration  is  different  and  distinct  from  erluitistion, 
and  is  analogous  to  the  state  of  a  spring  lying  under 
such  a  weight  that  it  is  incapable  of  action  ;  while 
exhaustion  is  analogous  to  the  state  of  a  spring  de- 


PRO 

prived  of  its  elastic  [jowers.     Prostration  does  nt>t  rft* 
quire  the  use  of  invigorating  remedies,  as  ezhsustum 
does. 
PRO'ST^LE,  n.    [Gr.  npoorvXaf  ;  itpo  and  orvAof,  a 
column.] 

In  architecture,  a  portico   in  which   the  coluros* 

Btand  in  advance  of  the  building  to  which  they  belong. 

...  ^^    ... 

3.  Dull. 


IQwilu 


PRO'SY,  a.    Like  prose. 
3.  Dull. 

PRO-SYL'LO-OISM,  n,  [pro  and  syllogism.']  A  pro- 
syllogism  is  when  two  or  more  syllogisms  are  so  con- 
nected that  the  conclusion  of  the  former  is  the  major 
or  minor  of  the  following.  fyatts. 

PRO-TAe'TI€,  a,  Protactic  persons,  in  plays,  are 
those  who  give  a  narrative  or  explanation  of  the 

PRO  TAJsT'TOy  [LJ     For  so  much.  [piece. 

PROT'A-SIS,  «.  [Gr.  irporaffti,  from  Trporen'w,  to 
present.] 

1.  A  proposition  ;  a  maxim.  Johnson. 

2.  In  the  ancient  drama,  the  first  part  of  a  comic  or 
tragic  piece,  in  which  the  several  persons  are  shown, 
their  characters  intimated,  and  the  subject  projwsed 
and  entered  on.  The  protasis  m  ight  extend  to  two  acts, 
where  it  ended  and  the  epitasis  commenced.     Encyc. 

3.  The  subordinate  member  of  a  sentence,  gener- 
ally of  a  conditional  sentence  ;  opposed  to  Aruoosif. 

PRO-TAT'ie,  o,     [Gr.  TTftoTariKOi.] 

Being  placed  in  the  beginning  ;  previous.  Drydeiu 
PRO'TE-ANj  a.     Pertaining  to  Proteus  ;    readily  as- 
suming different  shapes.     [See  Proteus.] 
PRO-TECT',  V.  t.     [L.  jfroUctus,  prote^o  ;  pro  and  te- 

fo,  to  cover  ;  Gr.  crrcj  to,  with  a  prefix  ;   Eng.  deck. 
ee  Deck.] 

To  cover  or  shield  from  danger  or  injury  ;  to  de- 
fend ;  to  guard  ;  to  preserve  in  safety  ;  a  word  uf  gen- 
eral import,  both  in  a  literal  and  figurative  sense.  Walls 
protect  a  city  or  garrison  ;  clothing  is  designed  to  pro- 
tect the  body  from  cold  ;  arms  may  protect  one  from 
an  assault ;  our  houses  protect  us  from  the  inclemen- 
cies of  the  weather  ;  the  law  protects  i^MX  persons  arid 
pro{>erty ;  the  father  protects '\\U  children,  and  the 
guardian  his  ward  ;  a  shade  protects  us  from  extreme 
heat ;  a  navy  protects  our  couunerce  and  our  shores  ; 
embassadors  are  protected  from  arrest. 

PRO-TEC T'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Covered  or  defended  from 
injury  ;  preserved  in  safety. 

PRO-TEC'l'lNG,  ppr.  or  a.  Shielding  from  iiyury; 
defending  ;  preserving  in  safety. 

PRO-TECT'l.NG-LY,  adv.  By  protecting;  in  the  way 
of  protection.  Carlyle, 

PRO-TEC"lION,  n.  The  act  of  protecting  ;  defense  ; 
shelter  from  evil ;  preservation  from  loss,  injury,  or 
annoyance.  We  find  protection  under  good  laws  and 
an  upright  adininisiralion.  ilow  liitlu  are  men  dis- 
posed to  acknowledge  divine  prutcctittn  ! 

2.  That  which  protects  or  preserves  frum  injury, 
bcl  til  'in  rise  up  and  litip  you,  and  be  your  proUclion.  —  Deut. 

xxxii. 

3.  A  writing  that  protects ;  a  passport  or  other  wri- 
ting which  secures  from  molestation. 

4.  Exemption.  Embassadors  at  foreign  courts  are 
entitled  \.o  protection  from  arrest.  Members  of  parlia- 
ment, representatives,  and  senators,  are  entiiUd  to 
protection  from  arrest  during  their  attendance  on  the 
legislature,  as  are  suitors  and  witnesses  attending  a 
court. 

Writ  of  protection ;  a  writ  by  which  the  king  of  Great 
Britain  exempts  a  person  from  arrt^st.      Blackstune. 

PRO-TEC'TION-IST,  n.  One  who  favors  the  protec- 
tion of  some  branch  of  industry  by  legal  enacltnents. 

PRO-TECT'IVE,  a.  Affording  protection  ;  slu-Uer- 
ing ;  defensive.  Thomson. 

PRO-TECT'OR,  7i.     [Fr.  protecteur.] 

1.  One  that  defends  or  shields  fr(.m  injury,  evil,  or 
oppression;  a  defender;  a  guardian.  The  king  or 
sovereign  is,  or  ought  to  be,  the  protector  of  the  na- 
tion ;  the  husband  is  the  protector  of  hid  wife,  and 
the  father  of  his  children. 

2.  In  England,  one  who  formerly  had  the  care  of 
the  kingdom  during  the  king's  minority  ;  a  regent. 
Cromwell  assumed  the  title  of  lord  protector. 

3.  In  Roman  Catholic  countries,  every  nation  and 
every  religious  order  has  a  protector  residin;;  at  Rome. 
Ho  is  a  cardinal,  and  called  cardinal  protector. 

PRO-TECT' OR-,\*l'E,  n.  Government  by  a  protector; 
applied  particularly  to  the  guverniuent  of  England  by 
Cromwell,  Walpule. 

2.  In  recent  usage,  the  authority  aj^sumed  by  a  su- 
perior power  over  an  inferior  or  dependent  one. 

PRO-TEC-TO'RI-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  protector. 

PRO-TECT'OR-LESH,  a.     Having  no  protector. 

PRO-TECT'OR-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  protector  or 
regent  BurneL 

PRO-TECT'RESS,  ti,  A  woman  or  female  that  pro- 
tects. Bpcon.     Addisoiu 

PRO-TF^OE',  (pro-to  zlii',)  n.  [Fr.]  One  under  the 
care  and  protection  of  another. 

PRO'TE-IN,  H.     [Gr.  ff^wr.jj,  first.] 

A  gelatinous,  semi-transparent  substance,  obtained 
from  ultmirion,  fibrin,  or  casein,  and  considered  the 
basis  of  animal  tissue  and  of  some  substances  of 
vegetable  origin- 

PRO  TEM'PO-RE,  [L.]  For  the  time  being;  as  a 
temiKirary  supply  or  provision. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS.  — C  as  K;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


lU 


6rfl 


PRO 

PRO-TKND',  r.  L    [U  protend«  ;  fro  and  iendo^  to 
strt'l'h.] 
To  hold  out  J  to  stretch  forth. 

WUh  hit  /iiul<i>rf><  buxe  tte  makes  drfenM.  Dryitn. 

PRO-TEND'ED,  pp.    Reached  or  stretched  forth. 

M'aford. 
PRO-TEND'ING,  ppr.     Slielching  forth. 
PRO-TENSE',  (pro-tens',)  n.  E:itension.    [J^Tot  %Md.^ 

Spenser* 
PRO-TERV'I-TY,  n.     [L.  prottrvitas^  from  protervit*  ; 
pro  and  tarvits^  crabbetl.] 

Peevishnesa;  petulance.     [LittUused,] 
PRO-TEST',  V.  u     [L.  pro(ftf(or ;  pro  nnd  Ustor^  to  af- 
firm ;  It.  protestart;  Fr.  protester  ;  Sp.  proifcrtor.] 

1.  To  affirm  with  solemnity  ;  to  make  a  solemn 
declaration  of  a  fact  or  opinion  ;  aa,  I  pruUat  to  you 
I  have  no  knowleiljie  of  the  transaction. 

a.  To  make  a  solemn  declaration  expressive  of  op- 
position ;  with  ag^imst  i  u,  be  protests  mgainst  your 
votes.  Deuhawu 

«ftl» 

X  To  make  a  funnal  declaration  in  writing  apnin-tt 
a  publk  law  or  ntettsure.  U  is  the  privilege  of  any 
lord  in  pariiameut  to  pr«Uit  mguitul  a  law  or  reaidu- 
tion. 
PRO.TEST\  r.  L  To  nuke  a  solemn  declaration  or 
affinnation  of;  as,  to  protest  one's  innocence. 

9.  To  call  as  a  witness  lu  affirming  or  denying,  or 
to  prove  an  atfimtation. 

Pifrerlj  ih^T  orpoBMl 
Mjr  Jodm^y  slnin^,  wiih  cJ^uoruus  uproar 
PrMMtui£  &ie  suiin-iiie.  Milton. 

3.  To  prove  ;  to  show  ;  to  give  evidence  of.  [JWrf 
n  Mse.]  Shak. 

4.  In  cammrrcr.,  to  protcjft  a  biil  of  tidumgg^  \s  for  a 
notary  public,  nt  the  rtMjiiest  of  the  payee,  to  make  a 
formal  declaration,  undt>r  hand  and  seal,  aftainst  the 
drawer  of  the  hill,  on  nccouut  of  non-acceptance  or 
noi^payment,  for  excb.in{^,  cost,  commission,  dam- 
ages, and  interest ;  of  which  act  the  indorser  must 
be  notified  withm  such  lime  as  the  law  or  custom 
prescribes.  In  like  manner,  notes  of  hand,  given 
to  a  banking  corporation,  an  pr^usud  for  non-pay- 
ment. 

FRO'TEST,  a.  A  solemn  declaration  of  opinion,  com- 
monly against  some  act ;  appraprimulf,  a  formal  nnd 
solemn  declaration,  in  writing,  of  dissent  fimm  the 
proceedings  of  a  legislative  body ;  as,  the  prvt€H  of 
lords  in  parliament,  or  a  like  declaration  of  dtinent 
of  any  jninority  against  the  piviceedings  of  a  majori- 
ty of  a  body  of  nan. 

5.  In  csaiM*rff»,  a  formal  decUmtion  made  by  a  no- 
tary puUie,  nndw  band  and  seal,  at  the  reqiie;«t  of 
Ike  payee  or  boMer  of  a  bill  of  exdiange,  for  non- 
McepuuKe  or  noa-pnyment  c»f  the  same,  protesting 
against  tlie  drawer  and  others  concerned,  for  the  ex- 
dtange,  chargea,  damages,  and  interest.  This  pro- 
tett  is  written  on  a  copy  of  tlie  bill,  and  notice  g^ven 
totlie  indoraer  of  the  same,  by  winch  he  becomes  li- 
able to  pay  the  amount  of  the  bill,  with  charges,  dam- 
ages, and  interest ;  al»o,  m  like  declaration  against 
thie  orawer  of  a  note  of  band  for  non-payment  to  a 
flunking  corporation,  nnd  of  the  master  of  a  vessel 
against  seizure,  &.c.  A  pmtest  is  also  a  writine,  at- 
tMled  by  a  justice  of  the  pence  or  consul,  drawn  by 
tke  master  of  a  vessel,  !?tating  the  severity  of  the 
Tojrage  by  which  the  ship  has  sudered,  and  showing 
that  Uie  damage  suffered  was  not  owing  to  the  neg- 
lect or  misconduct  of  the  master. 

PROT'EST-ANT.  a.  Penaiiiiii^  to  those  who,  at  the 
refonnatinn  of  n'ligion,  prnt('$ted  ag:iinst  a  decree  of 
Charles  V.  and  the  diet  of  Spires  ;  pert:iininc  to  Prot- 
estants or  to  Prutea'tautism ;  as,  the  ProU^Utnt  reli- 
gitm.  JiddLson.     Mdner. 

PROT'EST-AXT,  a.  One  of  the  party  who  adhered 
to  Luther  at  the  refommtion  in  15::^,  and  protesii*d, 
or  made  a  solemn  declaration  of  di«sent  from  a  de- 
cree of  the  emperor  Charic-ji  V.  and  the  diet  of  Spires, 
and  appealed  to  a  general  council.  This  name  was 
afterward  extended  to  the  followers  of  Calvin,  and 
PreUaiMmts  is  the  denomiiiatit^m  now  givi-n  lo  all 
the  various  denominations  of  Christians  which  have 
sprung  fVom  the  adoption  of  the  principles  of  the  ref- 
ormation. 

PROT'EST-AXT-iaM,  a.    The  Protestant  religion. 

S.-uth. 
PROT'E3T-ANT-LV,oie.    In  conformity  toilie  Prot- 
estants. Milton. 
[A  vfTf  froJ  MMrd,  m»d  net  ased.] 
PROT-ES-TATION,  a.     [Pr. ;  from  protest-] 

1.  A  solemn  declaration  of  a  fact,  opinion,  or  res- 
olution. Hooker. 

2.  A  solemn  declaration  of  di^ent ;  a  protest ;  as, 
the  prote.ttaiwn  of  certala  noblemen  againrt  an  order 
of  council.  CUtrrndoK. 

3.  In  laic,  a  declaratifjn  in  pleading,  by  which  the 
party  interposes  an  oblique  allegation  or  denial  of 
some  fact,  prnt.?-»iin»  that  it  does  or  does  not  exist. 
The  lord  may  alleco  ih^  viilennse  of  tlie  plaintiff  by 
way  of  protestation,  zwl  thu3  deny  the  demand. 

BlackstoRC 
PROT'E^TA-TOR,  «.     One  who  protests. 


PRO 

PRO-TRST'KO,  pp.  or  a.  Solemnly  dechmtd  or  al- 
leged ;  declared  against  for  non-arccptance  or  non- 
payment. 

PKO-'rES'i''ER,  n.  One  wIk>  prv.(esi3j  one  who  ut- 
ters a  solemn  declaration. 

2.  One  who  prote^u  a  bill  of  exchange. 
PRO-TEST'IMG,  p;»r,     Solemnly  de-cl.iring  or  affirm- 
ing ;  ilecluring  against  fur  non-acceptance  or  non- 
payment. 

PRO-TEST'ING-LY,  orfe.    By  way  of  protesting. 

PRO'TE-US,  n.    [L.,  from  Gr.  n.norcv^.] 

In  m^tkolo^y  a  marine  deity,  tlie  son  of  Oceanua 
and  Telhys,  whose  distinguishing  clmracleristic  was 
the  faculty  of  ns^iuming  differt^nt  slm|K«.  Hence  we 
denominate  one  who  easily  changes  his  form  or  prin- 
ciples n  Proteus. 

PRO'TE-US,  n.  A  term  applied  to  a  genus  of  Ba- 
trachian  reptiles,  allied  to  the  siren,  salamanders, 
and  frogs. 

3.  A  name  given  to  a  genus  of  homogeneous  in- 
fusoria. 

PKOTIi'E-SIS,  a.  [Gr.J  The  place  in  a  church  on 
which  the  elements  for  the  eucharist  are  put,  pre- 
vious to  their  being  placed  on  the  alt^ir  j  called  also 
Cr8ue!«ck.  Hook. 

PRO-THON'O-TA-RY-SHIP,  n.  The  office  of  a  pro- 
thunotnry.  Carew. 

[.4a  aickieardj  har.M  icord,  and  lUtte  used.] 

PRO-THON'O-TA-RY,  n.  [Low  L.  protonotarius ; 
Gr.  Tr/j'.'ro5,  first,  and  L.  notJiriu.-*,  a  scribe.] 

1.  Oriirinally,  tilts  chief  notary  ;  and  aiiciently,  the 
title  of  the  principal  notaries  of  the  emperors  of  Con- 
stantinopte.     Hence, 

2.  In ,  F.A!rland,  an  nlficer  in  the  Court  of  King's 
B-'Hch  and  Common  Pleas.  The  protAonotary  of  the 
King's  Bench  records  nil  civil  actions.  In  the  Com- 
mon Pleas,  the  prothimotariesj  of  which  there  are 
three,  enter  and  enrttll  all  dectaratitms,  pleadings. 
Judgments,  &c.,  iuak6  out  judicial  writs  and  exem- 
pliGcotiuns  of  records,  enter  recognizances,  ft.c. 

£acyr, 

3.  In  tJhe  United  States,  a  register  or  clerk  of  a 
court.  The  word,  however,  is  not  applied  to  any  of- 
ficer, except  in  particular  States, 

•Apostolical  protkonotarifs,  in  tke  court  of  Rome, 
are  twelve  persons  constituting  a  college,  who  re- 
CL'ive  the  last  wills  of  cardinals,  make  informations 
and  proceedings  necessary  for  the  canonization  of 
saints.  &c.  Kticyc. 

PRO-TIIO'RAX,  «.  [Gr.  vpo^  before,  and  t^wptif, 
breastplate.] 

In  rnfoiRMo^,  the  first  or  anterior  segment  of  the 
thorax  in  insects.  Brands, 

PRO'TO-eOL,  a.  ri*4^w  L.  prctoeollum  t  Gr.  rrootr'-f, 
first,  and  kmAA.i,  glue;  so  called  perhaps  from  the  glu- 
ing together  of  pieces  of  paper,  or  from  the  spreading 
of  it  on  tablt'D*.  It  was  formerly  liie  upper  part  of  a  leaf 
of  a  book  on  which  the  title  or  name  was  written.] 

1.  The  original  copy  of  any  writing.  [JVvt  now 
«*#»d:l  Jiytiffe. 

2.  The  minutes  or  rough  draft  of  an  instrument  or 
transaction.  Brands. 

PR0'TO-€0Lr-t3T,  a.    In  RMsia,  a  register  or  clerk. 

Toako. 

PRftTO  GINE,  a.    A  kind  of  talcose  granite.    Dana. 

PUO'TO-MXR-TYR,  f-mar-tur,)  n.  [Gr.  nptjros,  first, 
and  /ia  Tin),  martyr.] 

I.  The  firit  martyr;  a  term  applied  to  Stephen,  the 
Jlr.-t  Christian  martyr. 

9.  The  first  who  suffers  or  is  sacrificed  in  any 
cause.  Dry  den. 

PRO'TO-PLAST,  n.  [Gr.  irpuroi,  firet,  and  nXaro^, 
formed.] 

The  original ;  the  ihinjj  first  formed,  as  a  copy  to 
be  imitated.  Thus  Adam  has  been  called  our  pn>' 
tophL<t,  Bn/a  n  t.     Harveii. 

PRO-TO-PLAS'Tie,  a.     Fir^t  formed.  Howeil. 

PRO'TO-POPE,  n.  [Gr.  7r/>a»ros,  first,  and  papa,  fa- 
ther.] 

The  imperial  confessor,  an  officer  of  the  holy  di- 
recting synodj  the  supreme  spiritual  court  of  the 
Greek  church  in  Russia.  Tooke^  Rass, 

PKO'TO-SALT,  n.     [Gr.  n-cfaroj,  first,  and  salt.] 

In  chemLttry.  proto-saUs  are  salts  containing  a  me- 
tallic protoxvd.  SUIimaji. 

PRO-TO-SUL'PHATE,  n.  In  chemistry,  a  compound 
of  sulphuric  acid  with  a  protoxyd. 

PRO'TO-TYPE,  n.  [Fr.,from  Gr.  !T/>wTOTt)?rof ,-  jr,ow- , 
TOi,  firslj  and  Ttnr.if,  type,  form,  model.] 

An  original  or  model  after  which  any  thing  is 
formed ;  the  i>attern  of  any  thing  to  be  engraved, 
cast.  &,c. ;  exemplar  ;  archetype.     WoUon,    Eneyc. 

PRO-TOX'YD,n.     [Gr.  rzn-.^rt,^,  first,  and  ozyd.] 

A  compound  of  one  equivalent  of  oxygen  with  one 
equivalent  of  a  base,  and  destitute  of  acid  properties. 

PRO-TOX'YD-TZE,  v.  t.  To  combine  in  the  propor- 
tion of  one  equivalent  of  oxygen  and  one  of  any 
ba«e,  without  producing  any  acid  properties. 

PR0-T0-Z6'A,n.pi.  [Gr.  toojt-.s,  first,  and  ^Mor,an- 
iiriaJ.]  The  infusoria  or  lowest  class  of  animals. 
The  term  is  sometimes  applied  to  all  animals  in  which 
no  nTves  have  been  detected.  Dana. 

PRO  TRACT',  e.  t.  [L.  protractus,  from  protraho ;  pro 
and  traAo,  to  draw.l 


PRO 

1.  To  draw  out  or  lengthen  in  time  ;  to  continue  ; 
to  prolong;  as,  to /irefrart  an  argument;  to  pn-tract 
a  discrission  ;  to  protract  o  war  or  a  nogotintion. 

2.  To  delay  ;  lo  defer  ;  to  put  oO*  to  a  distant 
time ;  as,  to  protract  the  decision  of  a  question ;  to 
protract  the  nnal  issue. 

PRO-TRACT',  n.    I'edious  continuance.    [J^ot  used.] 

Speruier. 

PRO-TRACT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Drawn  out  in  tune  ;  de- 
laved. 

PR(i-TRAeT'ED-LY,  ode.  In  a  prolonged  or  protract- 
ed manner;  tediously. 

PRO  TRACT'ER,  n.  One  who  protracts  or  lengthens 
in  time. 

PRO-TRACT'ING,  p;w.  Drawing  out  or  continuing 
in  time  ;  delaying. 

PRO-TRACT'lNtJ,  n.  In  surveying,  the  same  as  Pao- 
TBACTiorc,  which  see.  HutUm. 

PRO-TRACTION,  n.  The  act  of  drawing  out  or 
continuing  in  time;  the  act  of  delaying  the  tt'rnii- 
nnlion  of  a  thing  ;  as,  the  protraction  of  a  debate. 

2.  In  surveyinfT,  the  act  of  plotting  or  laying  down 
on  paiior  the  dimensions  of  a  field.  Hutton. 

PIU)-TRACT'IVE.  a.  Drawing  out  or  lengthening  in 
time;  prolonging;  continuing;  delaying. 

He  •ufft-reil  ibeir  protracHvt  aru.  Dryden. 

PRO-TRACT'OR,  71.     He  or  that  which  pmtraris. 
2.  A  mathematical  instrument  for  laying  down  and 
measuring  nnyles  on  [>aper,  used  in  drawing  or  plot- 
ting.   It  is  of  various  forms,  semicircular,  rectangu- 
lar, or  circular.  P.  Cyc 

PRO-TREP'l'l€-AL,  a.  [Gr.  TrpnTpnrTitoi,  fuivn 
7: poTp£7tb>y  TTfittrficTTiJiiai,  to  exhort;  rr/jw  and  r/jtjroj, 
to  turn.] 

Hortatory  ;  suasory  j  intended  or  adapted  to  per- 
suade.    [lAttle  iwed.]  IVard, 

PRO- TRCUE'.  P.  e.  [L.  protrudo  ;  pro  and  trudo,  to 
thriLSt.     See  Fhri'st.] 

1.  To  thnist  forward  ;  to  drive  or  force  along  ;  as, 
food  protruded  from  the  stomach  into  the  intestine. 

Locke. 

2.  To  thrust  out,  aa  from  confinement.  The  con- 
tents of  the  alKlumen  are  protruded  in  hernia. 

PRO-TRCDE',  V.  i.  To  8h(^)ol  forward  ;  to  be  thrust 
forward. 

The  p,irU  protrwlt  beyond  Uie  sltin.  Bacon. 

PRO  TRCn'KD,  ;.;'•  or  a.    Thrust  forward  or  out. 

riiO-TROn'ING, /»//r.     Thmsting  forward  or  out. 

PKO-TKO'SILE,  a.  Capable  of  being  protruded  and 
withdrawn.  Onrdnrr. 

PRO-TKO'SION,  {  zhun,)  n.  The  act  of  thrusting 
forward,  or  beyimd  the  usTial  limit;  the  stale  of  be- 
ing protruded  ;  a  thrusting  or  driving  ;  a  push. 

Locke. 

PRO-TRO'SIVE,  a.  Thrusting  or  impelling  forward  ; 
as,  protrusire  motion.  Diirwiii. 

PRO-TC'HKIl-ANCE,  n.  [L.  protuberans,  protubcro ; 
pro  and  tnber,  a  putf,  bunch,  or  knob.] 

A  swelling  or  tumor  on  ilie  body;  a  prominence  ; 
a  bunch  or  knob  ;  any  thing  swelled  or  pushed  be- 
yond the  snrrouniling  or  adjacent  surface;  on  the 
surface  of  the  earUi,  a  hill,  knoll,  or  other  elevatioru 
Hale.  More, 
Protuberance  Ci\fCt:r%  from  projection,  being  ap|)lied 
to  parts  that  rise  from  the  surtVice  with  a  gradual  as- 
cent or  sni.-ill  angle  ;  whereas  a  projection  may  bo  at 
n  richt  angle  with  the  surface. 

PRO-T0'HEK-ANT,a.  Swelling;  prominent  beyond 
the  surrounding  surface;  a.^,  1^  protuberant  \o\i\t \  a 
protuberant  eye. 

PRO-TC'BER-Ai\T-LY,  adv.    In  the  way  of  protu- 

PRO-TCilER-ATE,  v.  u     [I^  protubcro,  stipm.] 

To  swell  or  be  prominent  beyond  the  adjacent  sur- 
face ;  to  bulge  out. 

If  thft  navel  pmUihtraitt,  malce  a  traall   puttcture  wilh  a  Inncet 
Ihroujfh  Itio  nkiii.  Hharp, 

PRO-TU-BER-A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  swelling  be- 
yond the  surrounding  surface.  Cooke. 
PRO-TO'UER-OUS,  a.  Protuberant.  Smith, 
PROUD,  a.  [Sax.  prut;  M.  preutsch,  proud,  prudish, 
also  prat^  proud,  and  prattcn,  to  fret.  We  find  in 
the  Italian  prode  is  valiant,  brave  ;  proda,  the  prow 
of  a  ship  ;  prodeita,  prowess  ;  probably  of  the  same 
family,  with  the  radical  sense  of  swtdliug,  stretch- 
ing, or  erecting.     See  Prcde.] 

1.  Having  inordinate  self-esteem  ;  possessinga  high 
or  unreasonable  conceit  of  one's  own  excellence,  ei- 
ther of  body  or  mind.  A  man  maybe  proud  of  his  per- 
son, of  his  talents,  c/his  accomplishments,  or  of  his 
acliievemeiits.  He  may  be  proud  o/aiiy  thinpto  which 
he  bears  some  relation.  He  may  be  proud  o/his  coun- 
try, his  government,  his  equipage,  or  of  whatever 
may,  by  association,  gratify  his  ei^teem  of  himself 
He  may  even  be  proud  of  his  religion,  or  of  his 
church.  He  conceives  that  any  thing  excellent  or 
vahiable,  in  which  he  has  a  share,  or  to  which  he 
stands  related,  contributes  to  his  own  importance, 
and  this  conception  exalts  his  opinion  of  himself. 
Proud  is  followed  by  of  before  the  object,  supra. 

2.  Arrogant ;  haughty  ;  supercilious. 

A  Toe  to  proud  will  iLot  the  vrciiker  seek.  MiJIton. 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WI^^T — METE,  PRfiY PINE,  MAR^NR.  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK 

-        —  -  __ 


PRO 

3.  Daring;  presumptuous. 

By  hi»  um^rsUnJing  he  (iiiiteih  through  the  proud,  —  Job  xxrt. 

4.  Lofty  of  mien  ;  grand  of  person  ;  as,  a  proud 
steed.  MUton. 

5.  Grand  ;  lofty  ;  splendid  ;  magnificenL 

Stonna  of  Aonea  from  tb^  proud  tcmple'a  bi^u  DryiUn. 

6.  Ostentatious  ;  ernnd  ;  as,  proud  titles.      S/ta^ 

7.  Splendid  ;  exhibiting  grandeur  and  distinction  ; 
excitins  pride  ;  as,  a  proud  day  fur  Rome. 

8.  Kxcited  by  the  animal  appt-tile  ;  appUed  partiat- 
Uuiy  te  thf  female  of  the  canine  species, 

9.  FnngiHls  ;  as,  proud  tlesb.  Sharp. 
TROt'D'ER,  a.  comp.     More  proud. 
PROUD'EST,  a.  superl.     Most  proud. 
PROUD'LI-EST,  ade.     Most  proudly.             Baxter. 
rRt)UD'LV,a(if.     With  an  inurdinate  self-esteem  ;  in 

a  proud   manner;   haughtily;   ostentatiously;  with 
lofty  airs  or  mien. 

Proudly  he  tnarche*  on  and  void  of  fear.  Pope. 

PROV'A-BLE,  (proov'a-hl,)  a.    [See  Prote.]    That 

may  be  proved. 
FROV'A-BLY,  ado.    In  a  manner  capable  of  proof. 


Jfaloet. 

[JWt  in  use.] 
•  D.  procvcn  ;  G. 


PRO  V' ant'  I  "■    Provender  or  food. 

PROVE,  (protiv,)  V.  L  [Sax.  profan 
probiren  ;  Dan.  ^rSrer  ;  Sw.  prqfra;  W.provi;  Arm. 
protti^  prauein  ;  L.  probo  ;  It.  pnware  ;  Pp.  probar,  to 
try;  Er.  eprouveri  Russ.  probuyu,  to  prove;  probe- 
vayuy  to  pierce,  to  penetrate,  to  send  by  force.  The 
primary  sense  is.  to  strain,  to  urpe  by  force,  or  rather 
to  tlinist  or  drive.  The  word  Brow  may  be  of  the 
same  fiimily,  from  its  projection.     See  Probe.] 

1.  To  try;  to  ascertain  some  unknown  quality  or 
tnith  by  an  experiment,  or  by  a  lest  or  standard. 
Thu«  we  prore  the  strength  of  gunpowder  by  experi- 
ment; we  prove  the  strength  or  solidity  of  cannon 
by  experiment.  We  prorf  the  contents  of  a  vessel 
by  comparing  it  with  a  standard  measure. 

2.  To  evince-,  establish,  or  ascertain  as  truth,  real- 
ity, or  fact,  by  testimony  or  other  evidence.  The 
pfaintifT  in  a  suit  must  prove  the  truth  of  his  declara- 
tion ;  the  pr*e  utor  must  prove  his  charges  against 
tlie  aTused. 

3.  To  evince  truth  by  argument,  induction,  or  rea- 
soning :  to  deduce  certain  conclusions  from  proposi- 
tions that  are  true  or  admitted.  If  il  is  Emitted 
that  ever>'  immoral  act  is  dishonorable  lo  a  rational 
beins,  and  that  dueling  is  an  imuioral  act,  then  it 
K  proved^by  n^'cessary  inf-rence,  that  dueling  is  di». 
honurahle  to  a  rational  being. 

4.  To  ascertain  the  genuineness  or  validity  of  j  to 
verify.;  as,  to  prnre  a  will. 

5.  To  experience;  to  try  by  sutfering  or  encoun- 
tering; to  gain  certain  knowledge  by  the  operation 
of  something  on  ourselves,  or  by  some  act  of  our 
own. 

ly  t  htm  in  Arrnti  the  power  of  Tumiia  prove.  thyden, 

6.  In  arithmetic,  to  show,  evince,  or  ascertain  the 
ccirrectness  of  any  operation  or  result.  Thus,  in  sub- 
traction, if  the  difference  between  two  numbers, 
added  to  the  lesser  number,  makes  a  sum  equal  lo 
the  greater,  the  cornclness  of  the  subtraction  is 
provrJ.  In  irther  words,  if  the  sum  of  the  remainder 
and  of  the  subtrahend  Is  eqtiaJ  fco  the  minuend,  the 
Oficration  of  subtraction  is  proved  to  be  correct. 

7.  To  try  ;  to  examine. 

prove  yo'ir  own  Klvm.  —2  Cor.  xfii. 

8.  Men  prore  God,  when  by  their  provocations 
they  ptit  his  patience  to  trial,  P.<.  xcv, ;  or  when  by 
obedience  Iht-y  make  trial  hoxv  much  he  will  coun- 
tenance such  conduct.    Mai.  iii. 

PROVE,  (proov,)  c.  L    To  make  trial ;  to  essay. 

Tiv?  ■"■ni  piTp»rn  — 
To  prove  b*  •rma  whow  tili-  it  wa»  to  n-igT>.  Dryfrn. 

a.  To  be  found-or  to  h;ive  ils  qualities  ascertained 
by  experience  or  trial }  as,  a  plant  or  medicine  proves 
salutary. 

3.  To  be  ascertained  by  the  event  or  someihing 
mibsequent ;  as,  the  report  proves  lo  be  irue,or  proves 
to  be  false. 

Whtti  the  iolfaunnutioa  end*  in  n  gnagnae,  the  ca*e  provet 

mortal,  Arbuthnot. 

A.  To  beVound  tnie  or  correct  by  the  result. 

5.  To  make  certain  ;  lo  show  ;  to  evinc*.  This 
nrgumenl  proves  how  erroneous  is  the  common 
upinmn. 

6.  To  succeed. 

If  the  Kxirtinyai prooed  not.     [Not  in  ute.]  Baatn. 

PROV'Kn,7'p.  or  a.    Tried  ;  evinced  ;  experienced. 
PRO  VED'I-TOR,  n.     [It.  proveditore,  from  provcdcre^ 

to  pnivide.     See  Provide.] 
A  purveyor  ;  one  employed  to  procure  supplies  for 

an  army. 
Promditor,  in  Venice  and  other  parts  of  Italy,  is 

an  officer  who  superintends  matters  of  policy.  Eneyr. 
PROV'E-DORE,  n.     A  pur\'eyor ;   one  who  pntcures 

provisions. 
PROV'iiJN  i  a   word    used    by  Scottish  writers   for 

Provkd. 


PRO 

PROV'EXCE-ROSE,  n.  A  species  of  rose,  much  val- 
ued for  its  be;iuiy  and  fragrance. 

PRO  VEX'CIAL,  C-shal,)  a.     [Fr.  provengaL] 
Pertaining  to  Provcose,  in  France. 

PROV'EX-DER,  n,  [Fr.  provende,  provender;  Norm. 
procenderj  a  prebendary  ;  provendre,  a  prebend  ;  D. 
prove^  a  prebend;  (qu.  G.,  D.,and  Sw.  proviant^  pro- 
visions ;)  II.  pravianda,  victuals  ;  Ir.  proantain,  prov- 
ender. The  Italian  provianda  is  probably  composed 
of  pro  and  vivanduy  viciu;i)s,  from  vivere,  L.  vivo,  to 
live,  and  from  vicanda  the  French  have  viande^  Eng. 
viand.  Whether  the  French  provende  and  Norm. 
provender  are  from  the  same  source,  may  be  doubted. 
The  German  proviant  may  be  formed  from  the  L. 
prorideo.i^p.  proveer.  Poll.  provSr.  Q.U.  L.  prooeJitus. 
It  is  suid  thai  provend,  pruvender,  originally  signified 
a  vessel  containing  a  measure  of  corn  daily  given  to 
a  horse  or  other  beast.  But  qu.  JV  may  be  casual 
in  provender,  aa  in  messen^er^  and  the  word  may  be 
from  provideo.) 

1.  Dry  food  for  beasts,  usually  meal,  or  a  mixture 
of  meal  and  cut  straw  or  hay.  In  a  more  general 
sense,  it  may  signify  dry  food  of  any  kind. 

SwifL     Mortimer. 

2.  Provisions  ;  meat ;  food.  Coze, 
[JVb(  used  of  food  for  man  in  JVew  England.} 

PROV'E.NT,  n.     [L.  provcntus.] 

Provisions  ;  eatables. 
PRO V'ER,  n.    One  that  proves  or  tries ;  that  which 

proves. 
PROVERB,  n.     fFr.  proverbe;   It.  proverbio ;  L,  pro- 

verbium  ;  pro  and  rcrftuni,  a  word.] 

1.  A  short  sentence  often  re[>eated,  expressing  a 
well-known  iruih  or  common  fact,  ascertained  by 
experience  or  observation  ;  a  ntaxim  of  wisdom. 

The  proverb  is  true,  th^it  light  gains  make  hn,vy  purees;  for 
light  gaJaa  come  often,  great  gains  now  and  then.     Bacon. 

9.  A  by-word  ;  a  name  often  repealed  ;  and  hence 
frequently,  a  reproach  or  object  of  contempt.  Jer. 
XX  iv. 

3.  In  Scripture,  it  somctimc^signifies  a  moral  sen- 
tence or  maxim  that  is  enigniancal ;  a  dnrk  saying  of 
the  wise  ihat  requires  interpretation.     Proc.  i. 

4.  Proverbs;  a  canonical  book  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, containing  a  great  variety  of  wise  maxiins, 
rich  ]n  practical  truths  and  excellent  rules  for  the 
conduct  of  all  classes  of  men. 

PROVERB,  r.  L  To  mention  in  a  proverb.  [JVot  in 
ytse.]  Miltoiu 

2.  To  provide  with  a  proverb.   J^JVot  in  use,'}    Shak. 
PRO-VERB'I-AL,  a.     Mentioned  in  a  proverb;  aa,  a 

proverbial  cure  or  remedy. 

In  case  of  excossr^,  I  tike  tlie  Germnn  proverbial  cure,  by  a  hair 
of  the  same  beasi,  to  be  tiie  wi>ral  m  tlie  world.     T^ple. 

2.  Comprised  in  a  proverb  ;  used  or  current  as  a 
proverb  ;  as,  a  proverbial  saying  or  speech.       Pop*. 

3-  Pertaining  to  proverbs;  resembling  a  proverd; 
suitable  to  a  proverb  ;  as,  a  proverbial  obscurity. 

Broton. 
PRO-VERB'I-AL-ISM,  n.     A  proverbial  phrase. 

JV.  jJ.  Rev. 
PRO-VERB'I-ALi-IST,  71.     One  who  speaks  proverbs. 

Langhome. 
PRO-VEUil'I-AL-TZE,  r.  (.     To  make  a  proverb;  to 
turn  into  a  proverb,  or  to  use  proverbially.     [  Unu- 
sual.] Qood. 
PRO-\ERR'I-AL  LV,  adv.     In  a  proverb  j  as,  it  Is 

proverbially  said.  Brown, 

PRO- VIDE',  v.t.     [L.  provideo,  literally,  to  see  before  ; 
pro  and  vtMieo,  to  see  ;  Fr.jjourcoir  f  It.  prooedere  }  Sp. 
,    proveer;  Port,  pror^r.] 

1.  To  procure  beforehand  ;  to  get,  collect,  or  make 
ready  for  future  use  ;  lu  prepare. 

Abnhtm  smM,  GmI  will  prowU  bimaclf  a  l&mh  lor  a  bumt- 

ulfrring.  — Cft-n.  xxii. 
procidt   nrilher  joUl,  nor  sUrcf,  nor  bnuta,  in  yoar  purses.— 

Malt.  X. 
Protiid*  thing*  hoiM^  In  the  tight  of  nil  men.  —  Rom.  xii. 

2.  To  furnish  ;  to  supply  ;  followed  by  with. 
Ronv>,  by  Ibc  care  of  the  om^istratrs,  was  well  pronded  teiih 

corn.  ArbuQiTUiU 

Provided  of  is  now  obsolete. 

3.  To  stiinilate  previously.  The  agreement  pro- 
vi*les  that  the  party  sh.-ill  incur  no  loss. 

4.  To  make  a  previous  conditional  stipulation. 
[See  Provided.] 

5.  To  foresee  ;  a  iMtinisnu     [A*ut  in  use.] 

B.  Jonson. 

6.  To  appoint  to  an  ecclesiastical  benefice  before  it 
is  vacant.     [Sec  Provhor.]  Prescott 

7.  Provide,  in  a  transttive  smxe,  is  followed  by 
against  or  for.  We  provide  warm  clothing  against 
the  inclcnienries  of  ihc  weather  ;  we  provide  neces- 
saries against  a  time  of  need  ;  or  we  provide  warm 
rhrfhinp  for  winter,  Ate, 

PRO-VTDE',  V.  i.  To  procure  supplies  or  means  of 
defense  ;  or  to  take  measures  for  counteracting  or 
escaping  an  evil.  The  sugnrity  of  brutes  in  pro- 
viding against  Ihe  inclemencies  of  the  weather  is 
wonderful. 

Government  Is  a  ConlrlTanc*  of  human  wisdom  lo  prooi-ie  for 
human  wunts.  Burke. 

PRO-VTD'ED,     pp.       Procured    beforehand  ;    made 


PRO 

ready  fur  future  use;   supplied;   furnished  j  stipu- 
lated. 

2.  trtipulated  as  a  condition,  which  condition  ts 
expressed  in  the  following  sentence  or  words;  as, 
** provided  that  nothing  in  this  net  shall  prejudice  the 
rights  of  any  person  whatever."  Tliis  sentence  ia 
in  the.  nature  of  the  case  absolute,  the  clause  or  svn- 
tcnce  independent ;  *'  Oiis  or  thai  being  provided, 
which  follows;"  **fAw  condition  being  provided.** 
The  word  being  is  understimd,  and  iTie  participle 
proviilcd  agrees  with  the  whole  sentence  absolute. 
'*  This  condition  being  previously  stipulated  or  estab- 
lished.'* This  and  that  here  refer  to  the  whole  mem- 
ber of  the  sentence. 
PROVI-DEN'CE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  providentia.] 

1.  The  act  of  providing  or  preparing  for  future  use 
or  application. 

Providence   for  war  is  the  besl   preveotioo  of  it.     [Sow  Hals 
vied.]  Bacon. 

2.  Foresight ;  timely  care  :  particularly,  active  fore- 
sight, or  foresight  accompanied  with  the  procurement 
of  wiiat  is  necessary  for  future  use,  or  with  suitable 
preparation.  How  many  of  the  troubles  and  per- 
plexities of  life  proceed  from  want  of  providence! 

3.  In  theology,  Ihe  care  mid  superintendence  which 
God  exercises  over  his  creatures.  He  that  acknowl- 
edges a  creation  and  denies  a  jtrovidence,  involiiea 
himself  in  a  palpable  contradiction;  for  the  same 
power  which  caused  a  thing  to  exist  is  necessary  to 
continue  its  existence.  Some  porsnns  admit  a  gen- 
ertU  proridrncp.,  but  deny  a  particular  providence,  not 
considering  that  a  general  provi^letice  consists  of  par- 
ticulars. A  belief  in  divine  jtrovitlence  is  a  source  of 
great  consolation  to  pood  men.  By  divine  providence 
is  often  understood  God  himself. 

4.  Prudence  in  the  management  of  one's  concemSi 
or  in  private  economy. 

PROVIDENT,  a.  Foreseeing  wants  and  making 
provision  to  supply  Ihem;  forecasting;  cautious; 
prudent  in  preparing  for  future  exigences  j  as,  a 
provident  man ;  a  provident  animal. 


The  panimoiiious  emmet,  promdent 
Of  f  mure. 

Omiige  is  what  Aiijiistns  was, 
Br.irc,  wary,  promdent,  and  bold. 


Milton. 


Waller. 

PROV-I-DEN'TIAL,  (shal,)  a.  EfTected  by  the  prov- 
idence of  God  ;  referable  lo  divine  providence  ; 
proceeding  from  divine  directiqn  or  superintend- 
ence; as,  the  providential  contrivance  of  things;  a 
providential  escajie  from  danger.  How  much  are  we 
indebted  to  God's  unceasing  providential  care  ! 

H'afidward, 

PROV-I-DEN'TIAL-LY,  adv.  By  means  of  God»8 
providence. 

Every  animni  is  providendally  directed  lo  Uie  use  of  its  nroper 
weapons.  Ray, 

PROVI-DENT-LYj  adv.  With  prudent  foresight; 
with  wise  precaution  in  preparing  fur  the  future. 

PRO-VID'ER,  n.  One  who  provides,  furnishes,  or 
supplies;  one  that  procures  what  is  wanted.  Shak. 

PRO-VID'ING,  ppr.  Procuring  beforehand  ;  supply- 
ing ;  stipulating. 

PROVINCE,  71.  [Fr.,  from  L.  provineia;  usually 
supposed  lo  be  formed  from  pro  and  vinco,  to  con- 
quer.] 

1.  AmonfT  the  Romans,  a  country  of  considerable 
extent,  which,  being  reduced  under  their  dominion, 
was  new-nuxieled,  subjected  lo  the  command  of  a 
governor  sent  from  Rome,  and  to  such  taxes  and  con- 
tributions as  the  Romans  saw  fit  to  imp4>se  ;  applied 
particnlarlvto  conquered  countries  beyond  the  liniils 
of  Italy.  That  part  of  Fraiice  next  lo  the  Alps  was 
a  Roman  province,  and  still  bears  the  name  Provence. 

Smith's  Diet. 

2.  Among  the  modern.^,  a  country  belonging  to  a 
kingdom  or  state,  either  by  conquest  or  colonisation, 
usually  situated  at  a  distance  from  the  kingdom  or 
stale,  but  more  or  less  dependent  on  it  or  subject  lo 
it.  Thus,  formerly,  the  English  colonies  in  North 
America  were  provinces  of  Great  Britain,  as  Nova 
Scotia  and  Canada  still  are.  The  provinces  of  the 
Netherlands  formeriy  belonged  to  the  house  of  Aus- 
tria and  to  Hpain. 

3.  A  division  of  a  kingdom  or  state  of  considera- 
ble extent.  In  England,  a  division  of  the  ecclesias- 
tical stale  under  iTie  jurisdictitm  of  an  archbishop, 
of  which  there  are  two,  the  province  of  Canterbury 
and  that  of  York. 

4.  A  rtjgion  of  country  ;  in  a  general  sense ;  a 
tract  i  a  large  extent. 

Orfr  many  ft  (met 
Of  hoftven  they  miirched,  and  mmiy  a  }n(jvinee  wi4e.     fl/i/ton, 
Tbcy  nvver  louli  abruad   iulo  the  prooincce  of  Die  inl.-lleciUiU 
world.  H'WU. 

5.  The  proper  office  or  business  of  &  person.  It  is 
the  province  of  the  judge  to  decide  causes  between 
individuals. 

The  wumnri's  jrrovinca  U  to  be  careful  In  h^r  economy,  and  chasl* 
ill  her  ailection.  7alitr. 

PRO-VIN'CIAL,  (shal,)  a.  Pertaining  to  a  province, 
or  relating  to  it;  as,  a. provincial  government ;  a  pro- 
vincial dialect. 

2.  Appendant  to  the  principal  kingdom  or  state; 
as,  prorincifl/ dominion ;  provincial  territory.  Brown 


TCfNE,  BHIJ-,  TINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI^CIOUS.  — €  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  »  as  Z ;  CH  as  BH ;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


~^r 


PRO 


PRO 


PRU 


3.  Not  pollsbcd  ;  nide ;  as,  prvnxcial  ncccnl  or 
•""■""i-"-      .  Drydm. 

4  I  t'ltaining  Ip  an  ecr lesiastica]  province,  or  to 
the  jurisiliction  of  an  arclibisliop  ;  nol  ccmiieniral ; 
as,  a  prcrrtnriu/  synod.  jSi/lifft, 

PRO-VIN'CIAL,  n.  Ainone  Vte  Roman  Calholics,  a 
inonaMic  superior,  wbo,  under  the  penrral  of  his 
order,  has  the  ditection  of  all  the  religious  luuiS4^s  of 
dw  same  fraternity  in  a  given  district,  called  a  proo- 
MM*  of  the  onler.  JUurJori. 

%  A  person  belonging  to  a  prorinre.  Burks. 

PEO-\'I\'C'IAU-lSM,  a,  A  peculiar  word  or  manner 
of  speaking  in  a  province  or  district  of  country  re- 
mote from  llic  priiicip:il  country  orfn>ui  the  melr(>p- 
olis.  Marjh. 

PRO-V1.\'CIAL-IST,  ».    One  who  liyes  in  a  prov- 
ince. 
PRO-VI.\^:iAL'I-TV,  II.    Peailiattty  of  laniraane  in 

a  province.  IFarton. 

PRO-VIN'OIATE,  r.  1.    To  convert  into  a  province. 
„1^"T''':)  HovtlL 

PRO-VIXE  ,  B.  i.     [Fr.  provigner;  pro  and  viirM.  a 
Tine.] 
To  lay  a  itock  or  branch  of  a  vine  in  the  ftonnd 
„  jof  propaipition.  Jaluum. 

PROV'I.M;,  (proov'ins,!  ppr.    Tr)ins  ;  ascertaining; 

•viiicins ;  exp»'riencini:. 
PR0-VI"«10.\.  (-viih'un,)  a.    [Fr.,  (iom  L.  procure, 
jnwuiw.    See  Pkotidi.] 

1.  The  act  of  providing  or  making  pievious  prep- 
antion. 

2.  Things  provided  ;  preptr^tion  :  measures  tolien 
beforehand  ;  cither  for  security,  defense,  or  attacit, 
or  fur  the  sup|>ly  of  w.ints.  liVe  make  proviaion  to 
defend  ourselves  from  enemies ;  we  make  /rrvcisien 
for  war ;  we  make  prwincm  for  a  voyage  or  for  erect- 
ing a  building;  we  make  provuia*  for  the  support 
of  the  poor.  Government  makes  provLioH  for  its 
friendr 


3.  The  act  of  exciting  anger. 

3.  An  appial  to  a  court  or  Judge.  [^  Latinuvi, 
not  nn>  it»«/.]  .^iiUfft, 

4.  Incitement.     [JVot  u^.j  Ifiioker. 
PRO-V0'€A-TIVE,  a.     Exciting;  stimulating;  tend- 
ing to  awaken  or  incite  nj>i>etile  or  passion. 

PRO-VO'CA-TIVE,  H.  Any  thing  that  tends  to  ex- 
cite appi'tite  or  passion  ;  a  stimulant;  as,  a  provoca- 
life  01  hunger  or  of  lust.  .tdilison. 

PRO-VO'CA-TIVE  NKSS,  a.  The  quality  of  being 
provocative  or  stimulating. 

PRO-VCK'.VUhE,  a.    That  may  be  provoked. 

„_„  ,,_, ,  CuJiporth. 

PRO-\  OKE',  ».  e.  [L.  provoco,  to  call  forth 
roco,  tocall;  Fr.  procojuer !  IL  prvror^re  ; 
vocar^ 

1.  To  call  into  action  ;  to  arouse ;  to  eicito ;  as, 
to  proroke  anger  or  wrath  by  oflcnsive  words,  or  by 
injury  ;  to  provoke  war. 

2.  To  make  angry ;  to  offend ;  to  incense ;  to  en- 
rage. 


pro  and 
'p.  prO' 


3.  Stores  provided  ;  stock ;  as,  prevision  of  vict- 
uals ;  pmisien  of  materials.  Kitoltti.     South. 

4.  Victuals;  food  ;  provender;  all  manner  of  cita- 
ble* Ibr  man  and  beast ;  as,  pmiaiojis  for  the  table 
cr  lor  the  family  ;  fmisitni  for  an  army. 

MOton.    rjufc 
Ik  Ftctioiu  stipulation ;  special  enactment  in  a 
statute;   terms  or  agreement  made,    or   measures 
taken  for  a  future  exigenc)-. 

la  the  Uw,  no  pntMien  vu  node  fa  iboliili  Ibe  butMrom  cu*- 
loaa  ol  Ibe  Irab.  UamMf. 

6.  Among  Jtswn  CSslMiet,  a  previous  nomlnatioa 
by  llM,po|ie  to  a  benefice  hefure  it  became  vacant,  by 
which  practice  the  rightful  pntrun  was  deprived  of 
his  presentation.  Black<mr. 

PRO-Vl"SION,  f-viih'un,)  >.  L  To  supiJy  with 
Tictuals  or  food.  The  ship  was  provLfioned  for  a 
Toyage  of  six  months.  The  garrison  was  well  pn- 
viMneJ. 

PR0-VI"«10N-AL,  (viih'uoHil,)  a.     [Fr.  prmisin- 

Providcd  for  present  need  or  for  the  occasion  : 
temporarily  estlblislied  ;  lemponiry  ;  as,  a  prvrisional 
government  or  regulation  ;  a  procUional  treaty. 

PRO-VI"SIO.\-AL-I,V,  ode.  By  way  of  provision  ; 
temponuily  :  for  the  present  exigency.  Loekt, 

PRO-Vr'»IO.N-A-RY,  a.  Provisional;  provided  for 
the  occasion  ;  not  permanent.  Burke. 

PRO-Vl"iSIO.V-£p,  pp.    Supplied  with  food. 

PRO-Vr'SION-IXG,  ppr.  Furnishing  with  supplies 
of  food. 

PRO-VrSO,  n,  [L.  prori-nw,  ablative  Broriro,  it  being 
provided.]" 

An  article  or  clause  in  any  statute,  agreement,  con- 
tract, grant,  or  other  writing,  by  (vliich  a  condition 
is  introduced  ;  a  conditional  stipulation  that  affects 
an  agreement,  contract,  law,  grant,  tc.  Tht.- charter 
of  the  hank  contains  a  proviso  that  the  legislature 
may  n'peal  it  at  their  pleasure. 

PRO-VI  SOR,  «.     [Yt.  proritrnr.] 

1.  In  cJtnreX  affiiirt,  a  person  appointed  bv  the  pope 
to  a  benefice  before  the  death  of  the  incumbent,  and 
to  the  prejudice  of  the  rightful  patron.  Formcrt), 
the  pope  claimed  the  right  of  presenting  to  church 
livings,  and  it  was  his  practice  to  nominate  persons 
to  benefices  by  anticipation,  or  before  they  became 
vacant ;  the  person  thus  nominated  was  called  a  pro- 
eiMr.  In  England,  this  practice  was  restrained  by 
statutes  of  Richard  II.  and  lieniy  IV. 

Motv  rinsp  ud  pnal  Uws  wm  devwd  a^:unit  prontorg  ;  it 
■g*nC  enarted  tlnl  wborrrr  dinuita  »ny  painio  in  Ibe  pre- 
"'If."""  •»  •  Ii*iaf  by  wirtm  of  any  ama  provieion.  eiidi 
y  »■'■"•  *dl  par  Sae  md  naaoaa  u  Uae  knr  al  his  »iU. 
aad  be  lapnaaocd  liU  be  RDouooea  auefa  prorm-m. 

KaeluamM, 
S.  The  purveyor,  steward,  or  treasurer  of  a  re- 
ligioas  bouse.  OkW. 

PRO-VI'«OR-Y,   a.     Making   temporary    provision ; 

temporary.  Slate  Papn-t. 

.n^  9j'I!??',!!,'"f  "  proviso  or  condition  :  conditional. 
PROV.O-eA'TIO.\,  ,u     [Fr.,fromI,pror<.caii<,.    See 
Peotoke.] 

1.  Any  thing  that  eiciies  nnger  ;  the  cause  of  re- 
■eatment.    1  Kings  xxi. 


,  as,  t«  provoke  one  to  an- 


Bud«a  nol  yonr  hcMtt,  m  in  t>w>  prooocalion.  —  Pi.  xer. 


Yt  bl)u>n,  proooie  tmt  Tour  chiltlrTt  to  wraih Eph.  tI. 

Often  yrovoM  by  \he  iiiiulciicc  of  K>me  rf  the  buhop*. 

Oartfidon. 

3.  To  excite ;  to  cause ;  aa,  to  provoke  perspira- 
tion ;  to  provoke  a  smile.  ^rbuthnot. 

4.  To  excite  ;  to  stimulate ;  to  increase. 

The  iiwrp  of  plr.isure  proro*«  lh«  uppetlte,  «nd  cren  »n«*i«ire 
jinltilgtMice  of  vice  which  U  to  fonii  a  habit,  k  en.ter  thaii  the 
*■'"■  BucX-minater. 

5.  To  challenge. 

He  now  prowokts  the  w«-  foda  from  the  Aon.  Dryien. 

6.  To  move ;  to  incite ;  to  stir  up ;  to  induce  by 
motives.    Rom.  x.  Bacotu 

Let  ua  conaid-T  one  another  to  provoke  to  lore  uid  to  ewxl 
wortau  —  Heh.  x.  * 

7.  To  incite  ;  to  rouse 
frer.    Deut,  xxili. 

PROVOKE',  V.  i.     To   appeal.      [j3   Latinum,    not 

"-"^J  Dryden. 

PRO-\  OK'ED,  Cpro-»3kt',)  pp,  or  a.  Excited  ;  roused  ; 

incited;  mnde  angry  ;  incrnsed. 
PRO-VOK'ER,  n.    One  that  excites  anger  or  other 
passion  ;  one  that  excites  war  or  sedition. 
2.  That  which  excitea,  causes,  or  promotes,    Shak. 
PRO-VOK'ING,  ppr.    Exciting  into  action  ;  inciting: 
inducing  by  motives  ;  making  angry. 

2.  a.  Having  the  power  or  quality  of  exciting  re- 
sentment;  tending  to  awaken  passion  i  tis^  provoking 
word*  ;  prorokini^  trealnienl. 
PRO-VOK'IN'G-LY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as  to  ex- 
cite aneer. 
PROVOST,  (prov'ust,)  n.  [Sax.  pro/ost,  profiut ; 
Dan.  provsti  G.  probst^  propst;  Arm.  provost;  Fr. 
prerdt ;  Port,  and  Sp.  prebosie  j  It.  proposto ;  from  the 
1*  pr^positms^  placed  before,  from  prapono  ;  pra  and 
pono^  to  set  or  place.] 

In  a  gentrai  smsr^  a  person  who  is  appointed  to 
superintend  or  preside  over  something;  the  chief 
magistrate  of  a  city  or  town  ;  as,  the  provost  of  Ed- 
inburgh or  of  Glasgow,  answering  to  tlie  maii<rr  of 
other  cities;  the  provost  of  a  college,  answering  to 
president.  In  France,  formerly,  a  provost  was  an  in- 
ferior judge  who  had  cognizance  of  civil  causes. 

The  grand  provost  of  Prance,  or  of  the  household, 
had  jurisdiction  in  the  king's  house,  and  over  its  of- 
ficers. 

The  provost  marshal  of  an  armv,  (usually  pro- 
nounced pro-vO\)  is  an  officer  appointed  to  arrest 
and  secure  deseriire  and  other  criminals,  to  hinder 
the  soldiers  from  pillaging,  to  indict  offenders  and 
see  sentence  passed  on  them  and  executed.  He  also 
regiilatea  weights  and  measures.  He  has  under  him 
a  lieutenant  and  a  clerk,  an  executioner,  Ate.  Knei/c. 
The  provost  vtnrsh/il  in  the  nam/,  (usually  pro- 
nounced pro-rfl',)  has  charge  of  prisoners,  &c. 

The  provost  of  the  mint,  is  a  particular  judge  ap- 
pomted  to  apprehend  and  prosecute  fai:^e  coinent, 

Erictfc. 
Provost  of  the  king* s  stablest  is  an  officer  who  at- 
tends at  court,  and  holds  the  king's  stirnip  when 
he  mounts  his  horse.  Enctjc 

PROV'OST-SHiP,  n.    The  office  of  a  provost. 

liaketeUL 
PROW,  n.  [Fr.  prone;  It.  prua  and  proda  ;  Sp.  proo. 
The^e  may  be  from  the  L.  prora  ;  but  qu.  is  not 
proda  the  original  word,  and  prora  a  contraction  of 
prodera  ?  The  primarj-  sense  is,  that  which  projects 
or  fltreiches  forward.! 

1.  The  fore  part  of  a  ship.  J>nfden. 

9.  In  sfamen*s  languaire,  the  beak  or  pointed  cut- 
water of  a  xebec  or  galley.  The  upper  part  is  usu- 
ally furnished  with  a  grating  platfonn.    Mar.  DicL 

3.  The  name  of  a  particular  kind  of  vessel  used  in 
the  East  Indian  seas. 
PROW,  c     [Fr.  preuz.]     Valiant;   protcest,  most  val- 

ianL     UVot  in  use,]  Spender. 

PROW'ES?,  n.  [Fr.  pronesse;  It.  prodeiza,  from 
prode^  brave,  and  as  a  noun,  profit,  benefit;  Sp. 
proeia.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  stretch, 
shoot,  or  advance  forward,  and  hence  the  sense  of 
profit.] 
Bravery  ;   valor ;  particularly,    military  bravery ; 


gallantry;  intrepidity  in  war:  fearlessness  of  dan- 
ger. 

Men  of  inch  proiMw  u  not  to  know  fear  Id  themaclvra. 

PROW'EST,  a.  [superL  of  prow,]  BravesL  [JVot 
in  iL*^.]  Soenjer 

PROWL,  V.  U     [I  know  not  the  origin  of  this  word, 
jior  from  what  source  it  is  derived.     It  may  be  de- 
rived from  the  root  of  strolL  troll,  with  a  different 
prefix.] 
To  rove  over. 

tUprotola  each  place,  aii))  in  new  colon  docked.  Sidney. 

PROWL,  r.  i„    To  rove  or  wander,  particularly  for 
prey,  as  a  wild  beast ;  as,  a  prowling  wolf.    Miltim. 
3,  To  rove  and  plunder  ;  to  prey  ;  to  plunder. 

PROWL,  It.  A  roving  for  prey  ;  eolloquiallyj  something 
to  be  seized  and  devoured. 

PROWL'ER,  n.     One  that  roves  about  for  prey. 

Thtmuon, 

PROW  L  ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Wandering  about  in  search 
of  prey  or  plunder. 

PROX'ENE,  n.     [Gr.  irao^cvog.] 

In  Grecian  antiquities,  an  officer  who  had  the 
charge  of  superintending  strangers.  Brandc. 

PROX'I-MAL.    See  PRox-MATe! 

PROX'I-MATE,  a.  [L.  m^M.  proiimus ;  Fr.proehe; 
approcker,  to  approach :  reprochrr,  to  reproach.  The 
primary  sense  of  Uie  root  is  <o  drive  or  press.  See 
Class  Hrg.] 

Nearest ;  next.  A  proximate  cause  is  that  which 
immediately  precedes  and  produces  the  elTect,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  retnotcymediau,  ox  predisposing 
cause.  iVatts. 

Frozimate  principle}  a  name  given  to  the  distinct 
compounds  which  exist  ready  formed  in  animals  and 
vegetables,  srich  as  albumen,  fat,  sugar,  &c.  Brande. 

PROX'I-MATE-LV,  adv.  Immediately  ;  by  imme- 
diate relation  to  or  efllTt  on.  Bentiey. 

PROX'IME,  a.     Next;  immediaU-ly.     [J^otused.] 

PROX-IM'I-TY  n.     [Fr.  proximiU ;  L.  proximitL] ' 
The  state  of  being  next ;  immediate  nearness  ei- 
ther in  place,  blood,  or  alliance.    The  succession  to 
the   throne,  and  to  estates,  is   usually  regulati^d  by 
proximity  of  blood,  Dryden.     Stoift. 

PROX'V,  71.  [Contracted  from  procuracy,  or  some 
word  from  the  root  of  procure^  proctor.] 

1.  The  agency  of  another  who  acts  as  a  substitute 
for  his  principal ;  agency  of  a  substitute  ;  ap|)ear- 
ance  of  a  representative.  None  can  be  familiar  by 
prozp.    None  can  be  virtuous  or  wise  by  proxy. 

2.  The  person  who  is  substituted  or  deputed  to  act 
for  another.  A  wise  man  will  not  commit  imimrtant 
business  to  a  proxy,  when  lie  can  transact  it  in  per- 
son. In  England,  any  peer  may  make  another  lord 
of  pariiament  his  proxy  to  vote  for  him  in  his  ab- 
sence. JilacLstone, 

3.  A  writing  by  which  one  person  authorizes  an- 
other to  vote  in  his  place. 

4.  In  popular  ttse,  an  election,  or  day  of  voting  for 
officers  of  eovemment  in  some  of  the  States, 

PROX'Y-SIHP,  n.    The  office  or  agency  of  a  proxy. 

PROCE,  n.  [from  Prussia.]  Prussian  leatluT.  [^Tot 
in  nse.]  Ih-yden, 

PRODE^  n.  [Tt.  prude,  M'ise,  discreet,  sober,  formal, 
precise;  D.  preutsch,  pntdish,  and  proud  ;  G.  sprtide^ 
a  prude,  and  shy,  cold,  reserved,  coy,  demure,  nnd 
applied  to  metals,  brittle,  friable  ;  Dan.  spriidirr,  ea- 
ger, briUle,  harsh,  dry,  rugged  ;  W.  pruz,  {prudh,) 
prudent,  discreet,  serious,  satl,  sorrowful ;  Goth. 
frods,  prudent;  Gt.  if>(>a,hi,  prudence;  Goth./ra(Ai, 
mind,  intellect ;  frathyan,  to  be  wise,  to  understand. 
The  Goth,  frod  signifies  both  wise,  prudent,  and 
broken  ;  D.  vrocd,  prudent.  We  see  that  prude,pru- 
drnt,  and  proud,  are  from  the  same  root.  The  sense 
of  britde  would  indicate  that  these  words  belong  to 
the  same  family  with  the  Dan.  bryder^  to  break  ;  and 
the  radical  elements  are  the  samfe.  The  Welsh  pruz 
is  from  tending  out  or  reaching,  hence  prydcr,  anx- 
iety, a  stretching  of  the  mind.  The  sense  of  prurfc 
is  probably  from  stretching,  strailness,  stifTness  ;  and 
the  sense  of  tcise  is  derivative.  Prudence  is  from 
the  same  root,  implying  care,  a  tension  of  mind.] 

A  woman  of  great  reserve,  coyness,  affected  stiff- 
ness  of  manners,  and  scrupulous  nicety. 

Iy*ii  modest  than  the  ap^ch  of  prudet.  l^D^fl, 

PRO'DENCE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  prudentia;    It. 
denza  ;  Sp.  prudeneia..     See  Prude.] 

Wisdom  applied  to  practice,  Johnsmu 

Prudence  implies  caution  in  deliberating  and  con- 
sulting on  the  most  suitable  means  to  accomplish 
valuable  purposes,  and  the  exercise  of  sagacity  in 
discerning  and  selecting  them.  Prudence  differs 
from  wisdom  in  this,  that  prudence  implies  more 
caution  and  reserve  than  wisdom,  or  is  exercised 
more  in  foreseeing  and  avoiding  evil,  than  in  devis- 
ing and  executing  that  which  is  good.  It  is  some- 
times mere  caution  or  circumspection. 

PrudcMt  ia  principAlIy  in  reference  to  actiona  to  be  done,  nnd 
due  nv:9.jia,  order,  seaaoD,  mid  method  of  doing  or  not  dtiin"-. 

Halt. " 

PRO'DENT,  a.     Cautious 


pm- 


circumspect ;  practically 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.-MkTE,  PRBV — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.-- 


884 


PRU 

wise ;  careful  of  Uie  const-qiienccii  of  enterprises, 
mexsurcR,  or  nctions ;  cnutiuiis  not  to  act  when  the 
end  is  uf  doubtful  utility,  or  probably  impracticable. 

The  prwlent  man  luokfth  wHI  lo  his  goinp.  —  Pro».  xiy. 
A  pr^ent  man  fon-at-eih  tbo  cril  and  litdcth  hiaaelf.  —  Prot, 
zxti. 

3.  Dictated  or  directed  by  prudence;  as,  prudent 
behavior. 

3.  Foreseeing  by  instinct;  as,  the  prudent  crane. 

Milton, 

4.  Fru^ ;  economical ;  as,  a  prudent  woman  j 
prudent  expenditure  of  money. 

5.  Wise  ;  intelligent. 

PRU-DEN'TIAL,  (-shal,)  a.  Proceeding  from  pru- 
•dence  ;  dictated  or  prescfil>ed  by  prudence ;  as,  pru- 
dential motives ;  pnidentiai  rules. 

2.  Superintendiii;^  the  discretionary  concerns  of  a 
societv  ;  as,  Vk  prudential  committee.  JCew  En-^Jand. 

PRU-DE\-TIAL'I-TV,  n.  The  quality  of  beiny  pru- 
dential ;  eligibility  on  principles  of  prudtnce.  [JVot 
twerf.]  Brmciu 

PRU-DEN'TIAIJ-LY,  adv.  In  conformity  with  pru- 
dence ;  pnidently.  South. 

PRU-DEN'TIALS,  n.  pi.  Maxims  of  prudence  or 
practical  wisdom. 

MfuiT  sl-inzns,  in  pwtic  m»'M«rr»,  contain  rule*  relating  to  com- 
mon prudetuiai;  as  wdl  as  (o  rt  ligioii.  WatU. 

S.  The  subordinate  discretionary  concerns  and 
economy  of  a  company,  society,  or  corporation.  The 
board  of  trustees  appoint  annually  a  committee  to 
manage  the  prudentiaU  of  the  corporation. 

JWw  England, 
PRC'DENT-LY,  tuh.      Whh    prudence;    with  due 
caution  or  circimispectlon  ;    discreetly  ;  wist^ly  ;  as, 
domestic  atfairs  pj-udently  managed  ;  laws  pruiUntlij 
framed  or  executed. 

2.  With  fmeality;  economically;  as,  income  jn-u- 
dently  expended. 
PRO'I>ER-Y,  7u  [from  prude.']  Affected  scrupulous- 
ness ;  excessive  nicety  in  conduct;  stiffness;  af- 
fected reserve  or  gravity  ;  coyness.  Tatler. 
PRC'DISH,  a.  [from  prude.]  Affectedly  grave  ;  very 
formal,  precise,  or  reserved  ;  as,  a  prudLih  woman  ; 
prudish  manners. 

A  formal  lecture,  spoke  whh  prudiih  f:>ce.  Garrick, 

PRO'DISH-LY,  adv.    In  a  pnidish  manner 

PRU-I'NA,  n.     [L.J     Hoar  frost. 

PRO'IN-O&E,  a,      [L.  pruinosus."^      Hoary;    covered 

with  minute  dust,  appearing  as  if  frusted.      Humble, 
PRO'IN-OUS,  a.     Frosty. 
PRONE,  t).  U     [Perhaps  from  Fr.  provigner,  to  lay 

down  vine  stocks  for  propagation.    If  not,  I  know 

not  its  origin.] 

1.  To  lop  or  cut  off  the  superfluous  branches  of 
trees,  to  make  them  bear  better  fruit  or  grow  higher, 
or  to  give  tbem  a  more  handsome  and  regular  ap- 
pearance. Eneyc.    MiUmu 

2.  To  clear  from  any  thing  superfluous  ;  to  dress  ; 
to  trim. 

Hii  rojrnl  bird 
PruntM  the  Immorul  win*,  and  cloyi  hia  beak.  Shak. 

PRCNE,  p.  i.    To  dress  ;  to  prink  ;  a  ludicroujt  teoriL 

Dnjden, 
PRONE,  n.     [Fr.  prune;  It.  and  Sp.  pruna;    L.  pru- 

num ;  D.  pruim.     In  Latin,  prunua  is  a  plum-tree,  Gr. 

Tzp-tvvif^  and  prunum,  the  fruit.] 
A  dried  plum  ;  sonietimca,  a  recent  plum.     Bacon. 
PRON'£D,  pp.     Divested  of  superfluous  branches  ; 

trimmed. 
2.  Cleared  of  ^vhat  is  unsuitable  or  superfluous. 
PRO'NEL,  n.     A  plant.  Jlin^vDorth. 

PRU-NEL'LX,  \  n.    A  smooth  woolen  stuff,  genenilly 
PBU-NEL'LO,  (     black,  used  for  making  shoes  or 

garments  ;  a  kind  of  la::iting.  Pupe. 

PRU-NEL'LO,  n.     [Fr.  pruncUe,  from  ;;r«"rO 

A  species  of  dried  plum.  MeCulloch. 

PRON'ER,  n.     One  that  prunes  trees  or  removes  what 

in  sumrrfluous. 
PRU-NIF'ER-OLrS,  a.    [L.  prunum^  a  plum,  and  fero^ 

lo  bear.] 
Bearing  plums. 
PRON'IXd,  ppr.     Ix)pping  off  superfluous  branches; 

trimming  ;  clearing  of  what  is  superfluous. 
PRON'ING,    n.       In    gar-lrning   and    apiculture,  the 

lopping  of  the  superfluous  branches  of  trees,  either 

ftir  improving  the  trees  or  their  fniit. 
PRON'ING-HOOK,    j    n.      An   instrument    used    in 
PRON'ING-K.NlFE,  \        pruning  trees.     It  is  of  vari- 
ous forma.  Dri/Hfn.     Philips. 
PRON'I.N'G-SnEARS,    n.  pi.      Shears    for   pruning 

trees,  Aic. 
PRO'RI-ENCE,    )  rr  ■     .     -.  u  i 

PRO'RI-EN-CY   I         I      pruneTw,  prurujy  to  itch.j 

An  itching,  longing  desire  or  appetite  for  anv  thing, 

Strift. 
PRO'RI-ENT,a.  Itching  ;  uneasy  with  desire.  fVarton. 
PRU-RIG'IN-OUS,  a.     [L.  prun^moait*,  from  pruri^ro, 
an  itching,  from  prurio,  to  itch.] 

Tending  to  pnirigo.  Oreenhill. 

PRU-RI'GO,  n.     A   papular  eruption  of  the  skin,  in 

which  the  papules  are  diffufte,  nearly  of  the  color  of 

the  cuticle,  intolerably  itchy,  itching   incrca^^i-d  by 

■udden  exposure  to  beat,  when  abraded  by  scratch- 


PSA 

ing  ooKJng  a  fluid,  that  concretes  into  minute  black 
scabs.     An  eutirelv  different  disease  from  the  itch. 

PROti'SIAN,  (prush'an.  This  has,  till  of  late,  been 
the  universal  pronunciation  ;  but  in  London,  prwih'an 
has  now  ift-coinc  prevalent.  SnuirL)  a.  [from  Prus- 
sia.]    Pertaining  to  Prussia. 

Pru.<sian  blue;  a  bi-salt  composed  of  two  equiva- 
lents of  the  sesquicyanid  of  iron,  which  performs 
the  functions  of  an  acid,  with  one  equivalent  of  sea- 
quoxyd  of  iron,  which  performs  the  functions  of  a 
base.  This  salt  is  of  a  beautiful  deep  blue,  and  is 
much  used  as  a  pigment.  It  is  also  used  in  medicine. 

PROS'SIATE,  n.  A  name  first  applied  to  Prussian 
blucy  a  salt  in  which  the  sesquicyanid  of  iron  per- 
forms the  functions  of  an  acid  ;  but  subsequently  to 
nuhierous  salts  in  which  the  protocyanid  of  iron  ia 
the  acid.  It  has  likewise  been  applied  to  various  cy- 
anids,  as  the  cyanid  of  potassium,  which  lias  been 
calkd  prusciate  of  potassa. 

PRUS'Sie,  (priis'ik,)  a.  The  term  pmssic  add  is 
now  applied  loo  vaguely  and  variously  to  answer 
the  purpose  of  science.  It  was  first  applied  lo  the 
sesquicyanid  of  iron,  which  is  the  acid  of  Prussian 
blue,  it  was  subsequently  applied  to  the  protocy- 
anid of  iron,  whicli  is  the  acid  of  the  salt  erroneously 
called  pntssiate  of  iron  and  potassa ;  lo  the  cyano- 
hydric  acid,  which,  in  all  probability,  forms  no  salts 
at  all ;  to  the  hydroguret  of  benzyle,  or  the  essential 
oil  of  bitter  almonds,  and  laurel-cherry,  which  is 
not  an  ncid,nnd  of  course  forms  no  salts;  and  to 
cyanogen,  which  is  not  an  acid,  but  a  compound 
basifying  and  acidifying  principle.  Each  of  the 
above  comiH>unds  is  a  valuable  medicine. 

PRV,  p.  i.  [A  contracted  word,  the  origin  of  which 
ia  not  obvious.] 

To  p*;ep  narrowly  ;  to  inspect  closely  ;  to  attempt 
to  discover  something  with  scrutinizing  curiosity, 
whether  impertinently  or  not;  as,  to  pry  into  tlie 
mysteries  of  nature,  or  into  the  secrets  of  state. 

Not  n<^I  we  with  upryinfr  ey  mrrey 

The  disiant  skies  to  finu  Uie  niilkj  way.  Creech. 

PRV,  fi.     Narrow  inspection  ;  impertinent  peeping. 
2.  A  lever ;  a  contraction  in  America  for  prize. 

PR?,r.  (.  To  raise  or  attempt  to  raise  with  a  lever. 
This  is  the  common  popular  pronunciation  of  prize, 
in  America.    The  lever  used  is  also  called  a  pry. 

PR't'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Inspecting  closely  ;  looking  into 
with  curiosity. 

PRVING-LV,  adv.  With  close  inspection  or  imperti- 
nent curiosity. 

PRYT-A-Ne'UM,  n.  [Gr.  irovrapctov.]  In  Athens,  a 
place  where  the  prytanes  and  those  who  deserved 
well  of  their  country  were  maintained  by  the  public. 

Elmes. 

PRYT'A-NI3,  b.  ;  pU  Phttahes.     [Gr.  irpvrdns.] 

In  Athens,  a  member  of  one  of  the  ten  sections 
into  which  the  senate  of  five  hundred  was  divided, 
and  to  each  of  which  belonged  the  presidency  of  the 
senate  for  one  tenth  of  the  year. 

Smithes  Dicf^     Eneyc.     Jinacharsvi. 

PRYT'A-NY,  n.  In  Athens,  the  period  during  which 
the  presidency  of  the  senate  belonged  to  the  prytanes 
of  one  section.  Smith**  Diet. 

[It  is  to  be  noted  that  in  words  beginning  with  Ps 
and  Pt,  the  letter  p  has  no  sound.] 

PSALM,  (sim,)  n.  [L.  psalmus ;  Gr.  tpa^fio^,  from 
xpaXX'.y,  to  touch  or  beat,  to  sing;  Fr.  psaume;  It. 
and  Sp.  salmo.] 

A  sacred  song  or  hymn  ;  a  song  composed  on  n 
divine  subject  and  in  praise  of  God.  The  most  re- 
markable psalms  are  those  composed  hy  David  and 
other  Jewish  saints,  a  collection  of  one  hundred  and 
fitly  of  which  constitutes  a  cantmicnl  book  of  the 
Old  Testament,  called  Psalms,  or  the  Book  of  Psalms. 
'J'he  word  is  also  applied  to  sacred  songs  composed 
by  modern  poets,  being  versifications  of  the  scriptu- 
ral psalms,  or  of  these  with  other  parts  of  Scripture, 
composed  for  the  use  <>f  churches  ;  as,  the  Psalms  of 
Tate  and  Mrady,  of  Watts,  &c 

PSAL.M'I.ST,  n.  A  writer  or  composer  of  sacred 
songs;  a  title  particularly  applied  to  David  and  the 
other  authors  of  the  scriptural  psalms. 

2.  In  the  Roman  CaihuUc  church,  a  clerk,  precentor, 
singer,  or  leader  of  music  in  the  church. 

PSAUMOD'ie,  )         n  ,  .■       .  ,      A 

TSAL-MOD'I€'aL,  !  "'    Re'^^'ig  »o  psalmody. 

PSAL'MO-DIST,  n.     One  who  sings  sacred  songs. 

PSXLM'0-DY,  (sim'o-de  or  sal'm4>-de,)  n.  The  act, 
practice,  or  art  of  singing  sacred  8t)ngs.  Psalmody 
has  always  eeu  considered  an  important  part  of 
public  worship. 

PSAI^MOO'RA-PIIER,    /  ro       n  1 

PSAL-MOG'RA-PHU^f,  (  "*     C®*"'  P^lmographt.] 

A  writer  of  psalms  or  c'ivtne  songs  and  hymns. 
PSAI^MOG'RA-PHY,    n,     [Gr.  i//aVos,  p*ilm,  and 
)po(b>.-},  to  write.] 

The  art  or  practice  of  writing  psalms  or  sacred 
songs  and  hymns. 
PSAL'TER,  (sawl'ter,)  n.     [L.  psatterium ;  Gr.  ^aX- 
TTiptov;  It.  and  ^};*.  saltrrio  i  Fr,  psantirr.] 

1.  The  Book  of  Psalms  ;  often  applied  to  a  book 
containing  the  Psalms  separately  printed. 

2.  In  the  Human  Catkolir.  church,  a  series  of  devout 


PSl 

sentences  or  aspirations,  150  in  number,  in  honor  of 
certain  mysteries,  as  the  suffenngs  of  Christ. 

Bp.  FUzpatriek. 

Also,  a  large  chaplet  or  rosary  consisting  of  a  hun- 
dred and  fifty  beads,  according  to  the  number  of  the 
psalms,  Eneyc  Am. 

rSAL'TER-Y,  (sawrter-e,)  «.    [Gr.  i/zaAruMfoi',] 

/.  stringed  mstrument  of  music  used  by  the  He- 
trews,  the  form  of  which  is  not  now  known.  That 
which  is  now  used  is  a  flat  instrument  in  form  of  a 
trapezium  or  triangle  truncated  at  the  top,  strung 
with  thirteen  chorda  of  wire,  mounted  on  two 
bridges  at  the  sides,  and  struck  with  a  plectrum  or 
crooked  stick.  Eneyc 

Praiae  the  Lord  with  harp ;  sing  to  him  wilh  the  paallen/,  nod 
>tn  InEtrumeiu  of  ten  string.  —  Pi.  zxxtiL 

PSAM'MTTE,  (sam'mite,)  n.     [Gr,  i^-a/i^of,  sand.] 

A  species  of  micaceous  sandi^tone.      Brouffniart. 
PSAM-.MIT'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  psammite. 
P.SAR'O-LITE,  n.     A  fossil  plant.  LyelL 

PSEO-DE-PIG'RA-PUY,    (su-de-pig'ra-fe,)   n.      [Gr. 

\i/£V^ni   and    E-mypa^r;.] 

The  ascription  of  false  names  of  authors  to  works. 
PSE0-DI-?OD'O-MON,  n.     [Gr.  ifjEvSoiy  false,  loosy 
equal,  and  ^oft'>i,  a  building,] 

A  mode  of  building  in  Greece,  in  which  the  hight, 
lencth,  and  thickness  of  the  courses  differed.  Elmes. 
PSnC'DO,(su'do.)  [Gr.;//EV(5os,  falsity.]  A  prefix  signi- 
fying false,  counterfeit,  or  spurious. 
PSRli'DO-A-POS'TLE,  (su'do-a-pos'l,)  n.  [Gr.  iLevSos, 
false,  and  apo.^tle.] 

A  (iilse  apostle ;  one  who  falsely  pretends  to  be  an 
apostle. 
PSEO-DO-BLEP'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  tPcvSoi,  false,  and  ^Xci/zts, 
sight.] 

False  or  depraved  sight ;  imaginary  vision  of  ob- 
jects. Forsyth. 
P&JEU'DO-CHT'NA,  n.     [Gr.  i//£U(Jos,  and  Fr.  quiuaj 
kina,  or  china.     Peruvian-bark.] 

The  false  China  rottt,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Smilax. 
found  in  America.  Also,  a  species  of  Strychnos  anu 
a  species  of  Solanum.  In  the  spelling  ef  this  name 
eh  and  c  are  used  indiscriminately. 
PSEu'1)0-€LER'6Y,  n.  Not  true  clergy.  More 
PSEU'DO-DIP'TER-AL,  o.  or  -n.  [Gr.  t//£i.(5o(,  false, 
(5(y,  twice,  and  nrtpov,  wing.J 

In  architecture,  a  term  applied  to  a  temple  falsely 
or  imperfectly  dipieial,  the  inner  range  of  columns 
surrounding  the  cell  being  omitted.    Gloss,  of  ArchiL 
PSEO'DO-DOX,  a.     [Gr.   t//£v^os,    false,    and    do(a, 
opinion.] 
False  ;  not  true  in  opinion. 
PSEu'DO-GA-LK'NA,n.    P'jiJse  galena  or  black  jack. 
PSEO'DO-GRAPII,      ^Ti.     [Gr.    xP^'Sou    false,    and 
PSEU-DOG'RA-PHY,  \      j  paipn,  writing.] 

False  writing.  Holder. 

PSEU-DOL'0-GY,  (sQ-dol'o-je,)  n.    [Gr.  i^fu^-Auym; 
\Pev6oi;,  false,  and  Aoyoj,  discourse.] 

Falsehood  of  speech,  Arhuthnot, 

PSEC'DO-ME-TAL'LI€,  n.     Pseudo-metallic  luster  is 

that   which  is  perceptible  only  when  held  toward 

the  light,  as  in  minerals.  Philips. 

PSEO'DO-MORPH'OUS,    (su'do-morfus,)    o.      [Gr. 

ipcvt\oi  and  fiupiliTj,  form.] 

N(it  having  the  true  form.  A  psendomorphus  crys- 
tal is  one  which  has  a  form  that  does  not  result  from 
its  own  powers  of  crystallization.  Dana, 

PSEU-DON'Y-MOUS,(su-don'e-nms,)  a.  [Gr.t//£i.(Jof, 
false,  and  ovupa,  name.] 
Rearing  a  falst!  or  fictitious  name. 
PSEO'DO-PE-RIP'TER-AL,   a.   or  Tt.     [Gr.    t/zctfJof, 
false,  nEftt,  around,  and  -nTtpov,  wing.] 

In  architecture,  a  term  applied  to  a  temple  falsely 
or  imperfectly  periptenil,  having  the  columns  at  the 
siih's  allarhed  to  the  walls.  Qloss,  of  Archil. 

PSEO'DO-PHI-LOS'O-PHER,   n.     A   pretender    to 

phiIo«ophv. 
PSEO'DO-PHl-T-OS'O-PnY,  n.    False  philosophy. 
PSE0'DO-RE-PUU'LI€-AN,  n.     Not  a  true   repub- 
lican. Jefferson. 
PSEu'DO-TIN'E-A,  n.     [Gr.  t/zsvcJof,  false,  and  L. 
tinea,  moth.] 

A  name  given  to  the  larves  of  certain  moths,  aa 
the  hoe  moth.  Encye. 

PSEC'DO-VOL-eAN'I€,  a.     Pertaining  lo  or  pro- 
duced by  a  pseu do- volcano.  Cleavcland. 
PSE0'DO-VOL-e.X'NO,  «.     A  volcano    that  emits 
smoke,  and  sometimes  flame,  but  no  lava  ;  al^o,  a 
burning  mine  of  coal,  Kinran. 
PSHAW,  ezciam.    An  expression  of  contempt,  disdain, 

or  Hislike, 
PSI  LAN'TIIRO-PIST,   n.    [Gr.  i//i>of,  mere,    and 
ui'f^;)(ji7ro(,  man.] 
One  who  believes  that  Christ  was  a  mere  man. 

Smart. 
PSI-LOM'E  LANE,  n.    [Gr.  i//(Xof,  smooth,  and  pc- 
Aa? ,  black.] 

An  ore  of  manganese,  occurring  in  smooth,  botry- 

oidal  fctrms,  and  massive,  and  having  a  black  color 

nearly  sieel-gray. 

PSIL'O-THON,  n.    [Gr.,  from  t/ziAow,  to  atripor  peel.] 

A  depilatory  ;  a  medicine  or  application)  to  take  oft 

the  hair  of  an  animal  body. 


TONE.  BULL,  qNITE AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS €  ns  K :  0  as  J  :  S  aa  Z  i  ClI  as  9H :  TH  as  in  THIS. 

~  865" 


PUB 

PSIT-TA'CKOUS,  <-«hU9,)  *  a.     [Gr.  iPtrraxr,.)    Be- 
rsiT'TA-OlD,  i      longing  to  the    parnU 

tribe. 
PSO'AS,  (sS'as^)  «.    [Gr.]    The  name  of  two  inside 

muscles  of  the  loins. 
PSO'R.\,  n.    [Gr.]    The  itch.    Also,  any  cutaneous 

dis*'as«i. 
PSO'Rie,  a.    Pertainins;  to  or  connected  with  psora. 
PSVTIIie-AL.  o,     Pertninina  to  psvclM>loR-. 
PSt-eiK>-LOG'ie,        to.    Pert.iining  to  a  treatise 
PSV  eilCM.OG'ie-AL,  \     on  the  »oul,  or  to  the  sci- 
ence uf  mnn*s  si)iritual  n.iture.  LiUrary  Mag. 
PSV-eilO-LCXS'ie-AL-LY,  Ad©.    In  a  psycbolofiical 

manner.  . 

P3^-enOL'0-6lPT,  «.    One  who  is  versed  in  the 

nature  and  propcrtiea  of  th«  soul,  or  who  writes  on 

the  iiiibject. 
PS^-GHOL'O-CY,  (91  k.>l'o-ie,)  n.     [Gr.  t^/w.xv,  «*!, 

and  Aoyof,  discourse.] 
A  discourse  or  trrnti^  nn  the  human  soul ;  or  the 

doctrine  of  manN  spiritual  nntnrt'.  Om^ML 

PSV-fHOM'A-€HY,    (si-It fm'a-ke,)  ».     (Gr.  4wx»» 

and  ^axr?.] 
A  conflict  of  the  soul  with  the  body. 
PSV€HO  MA\-CV,  ^si'ko-man-se.)  m.     DiviDation 

hv  ron-:uliine  the  stMils  of  the  dead. 
PSV-€HaOM'£-TER,  a.    (Gr.  i^wx^$.  eool,  and  /le- 

TftW*.] 

An  iBstrunient,  inventrd  by  Prof.  Aueust,  of  Ber- 
lin, for  measuring  the  tentiion  of  the  aqueous  vapor 
in  the  atmosphere.  Brandf. 

PTAR'MI-GAN,(ar'me-Ran,)  a.  A  bird  of  thecrouse 
family,  Tetrao  lairopus  of  Linnieuft.  The  pluinajie 
is  asb-col4>red  and  while  in  suminfr,  nnd  almost 
entirely  white  in  winter.  Plarmipans  hnunt  the 
lofty  hii;lits  of  moontainouit  counirit^s  in  Europe, 
Asia,  nnd  America,  descending  within  the  range  of 
vegetation  to  feed  on  berries,  buds  of  tn-es,  insects, 
Ac.  Editu  fncyc 

PTER-I-PL&GlS'Tie,  fl.     [Gr.  vrca-^v  and  irAi^raw.] 

Relating  to  fowlinc,  or  iih(H>ting  birds. 
PTER-0-D.\€'TYL,  (ter-o-dnk'til,)  a.     [Gr.  rr«p©v,  a 
wing,  and  ^acrvAs*  a  finger.] 

A  saurian  reptile;  the  wing-toed  or  flying  lizard, 
«n  animal  of  singular  formation,  now  exiinrt. 

Cwvier. 
PTER'O-POD,  (ter'o-pod,)  a.    [Gr.  rrz/.o*-,  a  wing, 
and  irtwfa,  fe^.1 

The  Pteropoda  constitute  one  division  f>f  the  Mol- 
lusca,  characterised  by  having  iMtMul,  fleshy,  wing- 
like appendages  in  front,  or  organs  of  oration.  They 
are  all  oceanic  species.  The  divksion  includes  the 
HyaUeas,  and  other  allied  fjkecles,  with  delicate 
transparent  shells.  Dmta. 

PTEHrOP'OD-OUS,  a.    Barfng  Ibe  chancten  of  a 

pteropod.  ifKiaMe. 

FTIS'AN,  (tir'an,)  a.    [U  pcijoaa;  6r.  ariffayif,  from 
xntreoi,  to  pound.] 
A  decoction  of  barley  with  other  ingrodieata. 

£Mrye.    ArWtknU. 
FTOL-i:.MA'IC.(tol-fr-ma'ik,)  a.    [from  Ptsfemy,  (be 
geogtapber  and  astrologer.] 

Peitainlng  to  Ptolemy.  The  PtoUmaic  system,  in 
aifa'sasiiy,  is  that  mamlained  by  Ptnlciny,  who  sup- 
poe*ed  the  earth  to  be  fixed  in  the  center  of  the  uni- 
verse, and  that  tlie  sun  and  ittars  revolve  around  iL 
This  ihe»)r>-  was  received  for  ages,  but  has  been  re- 
jected for  the  Copernican  system. 
PTV'A-LISM,  (U'al-izm,)  n.  [Gr.  irruaXir^o?,  a  spit- 
ling,  from  irrtra.Ai;  '<,  to  spit  o(U*n.] 

In  isfrficin^,  salivation  ;  a  morbid  and  copious  ex- 
cretion of  saliva.  Coze.     £itcyc 
PTYS'MA-GOGL'E,    (tiz'ma-gog,)  a.      [Gr.   vTvafiOy 
saliva,  and  <i)",  to  drive.] 

A  medicine  that  promotes  discharges  of  saliva. 

DicL 
PC'nER-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  pubt^rty. 
PO'BER-TY,  a.     [I*.  pubrr:a,i,  from  pubfs.] 

The  age  at  whKh  persons  are  capable  of  procrea- 
ting and  bearing  children.  This  age  is  different  in 
dUfeient  climates,  but  is  with  us  considered  to  be 
abovt  Iborteen  years  in  mates,  and  twelve  in  females. 
PO'BES,  a.  [L.]  In  Mdnif,  the  down  of  plants  j  a 
downy  or  vinous  substance  which  grows  on  plants  ; 
pnh'^sc'fnce.  Martm. 

PU-BES'CEXCE,  w.  [h,  puhrscntsy  pubesco,  to  shoot, 
lo  grow  mossy  or  hairy.] 

1.  l%e  fitte  of  a  youth  who  has  arrived  at  puber- 
ty ;  or  the  state  of  puberty.  Brown, 

S.  In  hotwtgt  the  downy  substance  on  plants. 
PU-BES'CENT,  a.     Arriving  at  puberty.         Bnneiu 

2.  In  ^eteay,  covered  with  pubescence,  as  the 
leaTes  of  pfaints. 

3.  In  ladlo^y  covered  with  very  fine,  recumbent, 
short  haira.  Braade. 

PUB'Lie,  a.  [L.  pithliiMs^  from  the  root  of  popaiiu, 
people;  that  ts,  pMpi»^iA«  ;  Sp.  p»UicQ;  It.  pubblicoi 
Ft.  publi^ue ;  \V.  pobt/lj  pooi>le  j  pob^  fvi,  each, 
every,  every  body.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  nation,  state,  or  conununity; 
extending  to  a  whole  people  ;  as,  a  public  law,  which 
Irinds  the  people  of  a  nation  or  state,  as  opfmsed  to 
a  wvoale  statute  or  restrfve,  which  respects  an  indi- 
vidual or  a  corporation  only.    Thus  we  say,  piUtUc 


PUB 

welfare,  ptift/w  gi>od,  puMic  calamity,  public  service, 
public  projKTly. 

2.  Conirnun  to  many  ;  current  or  circulated  among 
people  of  nil  classes;  general  i  as,  public  rejiort ; 
public  scandal. 

3.  Open  to  all ;  notorious. 

JoacitK,  ber  hiiat«tM),  Mng  «  Jiist  Tnitn,  rikI  not  willing  to  mnka 
—  MatuL 


tKtag  «  Jim  TDMn.  unci  no(  wuiin^  u>  miuia 
mple,  wii»  mltMlnl  to  put  bet  away  priTiljr. 


4.  Regarding  the  community  ;  directed  to  tlio  in- 
terest of  a  nation,  state,  or  community j  as,  public 
spirit;  public  mindedness;  opposed  to  Private  or 
Selfish.  South. 

5.  Open  for  general  entertp.lnment ;  as,  a  public 
house. 

6.  Open  to  common  use  ;  as,  a  public  road. 

7.  In  ^r«CT-ci/,  puWie  expresses  something  common 
to  mankind  at  large,  lo  a  nation,  state,  city, or  town, 
and  is  opposed  to  Pritate,  which  denotes  what  be- 
longs to  an  individual,  to  a  family,  to  a  company, 
or  corporation. 

Public  /ate,  is  often  synonymous  with  the  law  of 
nations. 
PUB'Lie,  n.    The  general  body  of  mankind,  or  of  a 
nation,  state,  or  community  ;  the  people,  indefinitely. 

Tbc  pubiie  it  more  dicptMcd  to  ceuture  than  to  prnue.    AddUon. 

In  this  passage,  pubiie  is  followed  by  n  verb  in  the 
sinsular  number:  but  being  a  notin  of  multitude,  it 
is  more  generally  followed  by  a  plural  verb  ;  the  pub- 
lic are. 

In  public,  in  open  view  ;  before  the  people  at  large  ; 
not  in  private  or  secrecy. 

til  privftU*  cricTf,  Kit  with  a  cwckm  Kom, 

In  public  w^m  to  triumph,  not  to  mourn.  OranvitU. 

PUB'LI-€AN,  a.    [U  publicamus^  from  iw6?ic«s.] 

1.  A  collector  of  toll  or  tributo.  Among  the  Ro- 
vutnsy  a  publican  was  a  farmer  of  the  taxes  and  pub- 
lic revenues,  and  the  inferior  officers  of  this  cloiss 
were  deemed  oppressive. 

Ab  Jomm  skt  Kt  mcAt  In  the  bomr,  brhoKI,  manj  jmbHenru  tuoA 
■itinm  CMW  sad  «L(Wwa  with  him  uul  ht>  diaciplcft.  — 
M«tLU. 

2.  The  keeper  c^  an  inn  or  public-house.  In  Eng- 
ioa^  one  licensed  to  retail  beer,  spirits,  or  wine. 

McCuilock. 
PUB-LI-€A'TlON,  n.     (L.  fubUca^^  fiom  publico^ 
from  piiA/icK*.] 

1.  The  act  of  publishing  or  oflering  to  public  no- 
tice ;  notification  to  a  people  at  large,  either  by  words, 
writing,  or  printing  ;  proclamation ;  divulgation  ; 
promulgation  ;  as,  the  pubUeation  of  the  law  at  Mount 
Sinai ;  the  publication  of  the  gospel ;  the  publication 
of  statutes  or  edicts. 

S.  The  act  of  offering  a  book  or  writing  to  the 
puMic  by  sale  or  by  gratuitous  di:itributiun.  The 
author  consented  to  the  puilic^on  of  liis  ntanu- 
scripcs. 

3.  A  work  printed  and  published  ;  any  pamphlet  or 
book  offered  for  sale  or  to  public  notice ;  as,  a  new 
puhlication  ;  a  monthly  publication. 

PUB'Lie-HEART'ED,  (-hirt'ed,)  a.  Public-spirited. 
[Ao/  aJ»«M  ClarmiJoH. 

PUB'Lie-HOUSE,  a.  An  ordinary  inn  or  house  of 
enterlainm<'nt.  Booth. 

PUB'LI-CIrST,  a.     A  writer  on  the  laws  of  nature 
and  nations ;  one  who  treats  of  the  rigl)Ls  of  nations. 
Kent,     Du  Ponceau. 

PUB-UC'I  TY,  (-lis'e-ty,)  n.     [Fr.  pubUciU.] 

The  stiteof  beingpiiblic  or  open  to  thu  knowledge 
of  a  community  ;  notoriety. 

PUB'Lie-LY,  a/ie.  Op<nly  ;  with  exposure  to  popu- 
lar view  or  notice  ;  without  concealment  ;  as,  prop- 
erty publiclg  offered  for  sale  ;  an  opinion  publicly 
avowed  ;  a  declaration  publicly  made. 

2.  In  the  name  of  the  community.  A  reward  is 
publicly  offered  for  lh<;  discovery  of  the  longitude,  or 
for  lindintr  a  north-western  passage  to  Asia. 

PUB'Lie-MI.ND'ED,  a.  Disposed  to  promote  the 
public  interest.     [Little  used.] 

PUB'Lie-MIXD'ED-NESS,  n.  A  disposition  to  pro- 
mote the  public  weul  or  advaulagc.     [Little  used.] 

So  nth. 

PCB'LIC-NESS,  n.  The  slate  of  being  public,  or 
open  to  the  view  or  notice  of  (Kjople  at  large  ;  pub- 
licity ;  as,  the  publicness  of  a  sale. 

2.  ^lale  of  bcl(»n>;ing  to  the  community  ;  as,  the 
publicness  of  property.  Boyle. 

PUB'Lie  OK'A-TOR,  n.  In  the  English  vtjivergitifA, 
an  ofticer  who  is  the  voice  of  the  university  on  all 
public  occasions,  who  writes,  read-s,  and  records,  all 
letters  uf  a  public  nature,  and  presents  with  an  ap- 
propriate address  those  on  whom  honorary  degrees 
are  confirmed.  Carnb.  CaL  Orf.  Oaule. 

PUB'Lie-SPIR'IT-ED,  a.  Having  or  exercising  a 
disposition  to  advance  the  interest  of  the  commu- 
nity ;  disposed  to  make  private  sacrifices  for  the 
public  good  ;  as,  public-vpirited  men.  Drydm. 

2.  Diclated  by  a  regard  lo  public  good  ;  as,  a  pubUc- 
gpiritcd  project  or  measure.  Jiddison. 

PUB'Lie-s^PIR'IT-ED-LY,arfr.     With  public  spirit. 

PUB'Lie-SPIR'IT-ED-.\E.sS,  n.  A  disposition  to 
advance  the   public  good,  or  a  willingness  to  make 


PUD 

sacrifices  of  private  interest  to  promote  the  common 
weal.  fVkitiock. 

PUB'LISH,  V.  t.  [Vr.puhUrr;  Sp.  publican  It.  pub- 
blicure;  iL.  publico.     See  Puhlic] 

1.  To  make  known  to  mankind  or  to  people  in 
general  what  before  was  private  or  unknown;  lo 
divulge,  im  a  private  transaction;  to  promulgate  or 
proclaim,  as  a  law  or  edict.  We  publLth  a  secret  by 
telling  it  to  people  without  reserve.  I^ws  are  vub- 
lijfhcd  by  printing  or  by  proclamation.  Christ  ana  his 
apostles  published  the  glad  tidings  of  salvatiuu. 

TW  unwfjirifd  «iin,  from  t\nt  to  d.ijr, 

D«o«  Ilia  Crraior'*  powff  dispUjr, 

AmipiMUh**  la  cvtrv  luiid 

The  work  of  uii  almig'k}'  hand.  Sjteclalor^ 

2.  To  send  a  book  into  the  world  ;  or  to  sell  or  of- 
fer for  sule  a  book,  map,  or  print. 

3.  To  utter;  lo  put  off  or  into  circulation  ;  as,  to 
publish  a  forged  or  counterfeit  paper. 

Linrs  t^  Mass.  and  Conn, 

4.  To  make  known  by  pusiinj:,  or  by  reading  in  a 
church  ;  a-^,  lo  publish  banns  of  matrimony.  We 
say  also,  the  persons  intending  marriage  are  pub- 
ILihed;  that  is,  their  intention  ofmarringc  is  published. 

PUB'LISII-ED,  (-lisht,)  pp.  or  a.  Made  known  lo  the 
ctHnmiinity  ;  divuleed  ;  promulgated  ;  proclaimed. 

PUB'LISII-ER,n.  One  who  makes  known  what  was 
bHf()re  private  or  unknown  ;  one  lliat  divulgct*,  pro- 
mulgates, or  proclaims.  Jitlcrbury. 

2.  One  who  sends  a  book  or  writing  into  the  world 
for  common  use;  one  that  offers  a  book,  pamphlet, 
&c.,  for  sale. 

3.  One  who  utters,  passes,«r  puts  into  circulation 
a  counterfeit  paper. 

PUIJ'LIPIMXG,  ppr.ora.  Making  known;  divulg- 
ing; promulgating  ;  proclaiming;  selling  or  offering 
publicly  for  sniej  uttering. 

PUH'LItf  H-MEi\T,  n.  In  popular  usage  in  J\''cw  Eng- 
liiiid^  a  notice  of  inttmded  marriage. 

PUe-COON',  n.  A  plant;  a  red  vegetable  pigment 
used  by  the  North  American  Indians,  nnd  also  the 
plant  from  which  it  is  obtained,  generally  considered 
to  be  Sanguinaria  or  blood-root.  P.  Cyc 

PCCE,  a.  Of  a  dark  brown  or  brownish  purple  color. 
Qu. 

PO'CEL-AGE,  n.  [Fr.]  A  state  of  virginity.  [Liale 
used.]  Robinson. 

PC't'E-RON,  n.     [Fr.,  from  puce,  a  flea.] 

The  French  name  of  a  tribe  of  small  insects  which 
are  found  in  great  numbers  on  the  bark  and  leaves  of 
plants,  and  live  by  sucking  the  sap ;  Die  Aphis,  vine- 
fretter,  or  plant-louse.  Partington, 

PUCK,  n.  [Ice.  and  Sw.  puke^  a  demon  ;  Scot,  puck.) 
In  the  mythology  of  tk^  middle  ages,,  a  celebrated 
fairy,  "the  merry  wanderer  of  the  night,"  whose 
chamcter  and  attributes  are  depicted  in  the  Midsum- 
mer Night's  Dream  of  Shakspearc ;  also  called  Robin 
GooD-FELi-ow  nnd  Friar  Rush.  Brande. 

PUCK'-IJALL,  \  n.    [from  puck.]    A  kind  of  mush- 

PUCK'-FiST,    \       room  full  of  dust.  DicL 

PUCK'ER,  r.  (.  [Sp.  buche,  a  purse,  rumple,  or  puck- 
er ;  6uc/c,  a  buckle  i  6»cA<ir,  to  hide.  £uc/ic  signifies 
also  a  crop  or  craw,  and  the  breast ;  hence,  perhaps, 
\,.  pectus  ;  Port.  ftucAo,  tlie  crop,  the  stomach.  Qu. 
Ir.Jighim^  to  weave  ;  G./«cA.  In  Gr.  irvKa  signifies 
closely,  densely  ;  irvKa^oj^  to  cover.  Class  Bg.  The 
prima^  sense  is  probably,  to  draw,  to  wrinkle.] 

To  gather  into  small  folds  or  wrinkles  ;  to  contract 
into  ridges  and  furrows  ;  to  corrugate. 

[lui  face  pale  auil  wUlicretl,  autl  his  ikin  puckered  in  wrinklct. 

SpeckUor, 

It  is  nsualty  ftdlowed  by  up :  as,  to  pucker  up  cloth  ; 

but  up  is  superfluous.    It  is  a  popular  Word,  but  not 

t!l<;gant. 
PUCK'ER,  Tt.    A  fold  or  wrinkle,  or  a  collection  of 

foMs. 
PUCK'ER-Kn,pp.orfl.    Gathered  in  folds ;  wrinkled. 
rUCK'EIMNG,  ppr.     Wrinkling. 
PUD'DER.n.    [1'liis  is  supposed  to  be  the  same  as 

Put  HER.  J 

A  tumult  i  a  confused  noise  ;  a  bustle.  [  Vulgar.] 
Skak.     Loaic 

PUD'DER,p.  i.    To  make  a  tumult  or  bustle.  Locke. 

PUD'DER,  r.  f.  To  ptrrplex  ;  lo  embarrass  j  lo  con- 
fuse ;  vulgarlv,  to  bother.  Locke. 

PUD'UER-A:D,Vp.     Perplexed  ;  bothered. 

rUD'IiER-I.NG,  ppr.     Perplexing;  confusing. 

PJJD'DING,  n.  [W.  poten,  what  bulges  out,  a  paunch, 
a  pudding;  Fr.  boudin,  a  pudding,  from  boudrr,  lo 
pout;  Ir.  boidcal;  G.  and  Dun.  pudding  i  Sw.  puding. 
Class  Bd.] 

1.  A  species  of  food  of  a  soft  or  moderately  hard 
consistence,  variously  made,  but  usually  a  cimi)Hjuud 
of  flour,  or  meal  of  maize,  with  milk  and  eggs, 
sometimes  enrichetl  with  raisins,  and  called  Flum- 

PUUDING. 

2.  An  intestine.  Shak. 

3.  An  intestine  stuffed  with  meal,  &.c.,now  culled 
a  Sausage. 

4.  Proverbially,  food  or  victuals. 

Eat  your  pndding,  »lave,  and  hold  your  tongue.  Prior. 

PJJD'DING,  )   n.     In   Beamen's  language,  a  thick 

PI]D'D£N-ING,  i       wreath  or  circle  of  cordage,  ta- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MkTE,  PRfiY.— PLVE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.- 

lag 


PUF 

perinR  fn>in  the  miihlle  lowcird  the  pntlw,  and  fastrned 

nbi)ui  tlje   nixst   Ih'Iow  the  inisjses,  to  prevent  the 

yards  from  fjiHinc  down  when  the  ru|)rti  sustaining 

Uiem  are  shot  away. 

Also,  a  qtianiity  uf  yams,  mattrns,  or  oakwrn,  used 

to  prevent  Lhafing.  Ji.  //.  Dana,  Jr. 

PI;D'1JIX&-GRX^3,  n.    A  plant  of  Ihe  genus  Mentha. 

FuiH.  nf  Plants. 
PUD'DING-GROSS,  n.  A  plant.  Qii.  Juhnso7u 
PJJD'DING-PIE,    C-pI,)    n.     A   pudding  with    moat 

baked  in  it.  IluiUhras. 

PtJD'DI\G-PIPE-TREE,  n.      A  ptnnt  of  the  penus 

Cassia.  Fam.  pf  Plants. 

PJJD'DIXG-SLEEVE,  n.    A  sleeve  of  the  full  dress 

cltrical  sown.  Swiff. 

PJJD'DING-STOXE,    n.      Conplomernte  ;    a    c.'tarse 

sandstone,  composed  of  sUicious  pehbles,  flint,  &c., 

united  bv  a  cement.  Cltaveland. 

PIJD'DING-TIME,  n.    The  time  of  dinner,  pudding 

beini*  fnnnerly  the   first  dish  set  on  the  table,  or 

rather  first  eaten  ;  a  practice  not  yet  obsolete  among 

tlie  common  people  of  New  England. 
2.  The  nick  of  time  ;  critical  time.        Iludibraa. 
PUD'DLE,  B,     [In  boidhUa  :  G.  pfutze.] 

1.  A  small  stand  of  dirty  water  ;  a  muddy  plash. 

Dryden.     Addison 

2.  A  mixture  of  clay  and  sand,  worked  to-rether 
until  they  are  impervious  to  water.  Buchanan. 

PUD'DLE,  V.  L  To  make  foul  or  muddy  ;  to  i»olluie 
with  dirt ;  to  mix  dirt  and  water.      Shak.    Dryden, 

2.  To  make  thick  or  close  with  clay,  so  as  to  ren- 
der impervious  to  water. 

3.  To  convert  cast  iron  into  wrought  iron,  by  the 
pnKess  called  puddling.  Ure. 

PUrt'DLE,  r.  i.     To  make  a  dirty  stir.  Junius. 

PUD'DL£D,  pp.  or  a.  Made  muddy  or  foul;  made 
tliitk  or  close  with  clay;  converted  into  wrought 
inin  by  puddling. 

PL'D'DLER,  re.  One  who  converts  cast  iron  into 
wrought  iron  by  the  process  called  puddling,  which 
see.  iirbrrU 

PUD'DLING,  ppr.  Making  muddy  or  dirty;  making 
thick  or  close  with  clay;  converting  into  wrought 
iron   by   the   process  called  puddling.      [See   Pud- 

DLIWG,  n.J 

PUD'DLING,  tu  The  act  of  rendering  impervious  to 
water  by  means  of  claj-,  as  a  canal.  (hcilL 

2.  The  process  of  converting  cast  iron  into 
wrought  or  malleable  iron,  by  subjecting  it  to  the 
continued  acticui  of  intense  heat  in  a  revcrberatory 
furnace,  until  it  bccumes  so  thick  and  tenacious  as 
to  stick  together  and  form  into  lumps.  IfrberL 

PrO'DLY,  a.     Muddy  ;  foul ;  dirty.  Carcw. 

PUD'ROCK,  I  n.     [for  paddock  or  parrock,  park.]     A 

PL'R'ROCK,  i      small  inclosure.   j Pruvincial  in  Env- 

PO'DJiN-CY,  «.     [L.  pudcns,  pudeOj  to  blush   or  bo 

ashamed  ;  Ar.  4\x£  aboila,  to  womhip,  to  prostrate 

one's  self,  to  cast  down,  to  subdue,  to  he  ashamed, 
or  Ch.  nrt2,  to  hluah.  Uu.  Ikb.  C?i2,  in  a  ditferent 
dialect.  The  fintt  is  ilie  mure  probable  affinity. 
Class  Bd,  No.  II,  St',.] 

Mode>ity  ;  shamefaced ness.  Skak. 

PU-DFJ^DA^  n.  pL    [L.]    The  parts  of  generation. 

PO'IHG  / 

PO'Die^AL  I  ***    [I"F"^'«"*)  ™f*fl''st.] 

Pertaining  to  the  parts  which  modesty  re<iuires  to 
be  concealed  ;  as.  the  pudic  artery.  Qui'ncy. 

PU-DIC'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  pudicUi ;  h.  pudicitia.] 

Modt-stv  ;  chastity.  UowtU. 

POE'-FEL-LOW.    See  Pew-Fellow. 
FO'EIl-ILE,  (-il,)  a.     [Fr.,  from  l-puerilU,  frompiter, 
a  hoy  .J 

Boyish  f  childish  ;  trifling ;  as,  a  puerile  amuse- 
ment. Pope. 
PO'ER-ILE-LY,  adv.    Boyi^^hly  ;  trifltnglv. 
PUERILT-TY,      ^rt.     [Fr.   pufriliU;   L.  puerUitaa. 
PO'ER-ILE-NE.S.=l,  \      from  puer,  a  boy.] 

1.  Chddishness  ;  bfryithness  ;  the  manners  or  ac- 
tions of  a  Doy  ;  tliat  which  is  trilling. 

Brown.     Dryden. 

2.  In  dUeourse^  a  thought  or  expression  which  U 
flat,  insipid,  or  childish.  Enajc. 

PU  ER'PE-RAL,  a.  [L.  purrpera,  a  lying-in  woman  ; 
purr,  a  boy,  and  porta,  to  bear.] 

Pt-naining  to  childbirth  ;  w^,  a  puerperal  fever. 

PU-ER'PivROrs,  a.     [U  pufrpcrus^  supra.] 
Bearing  children  ;  tying  in. 

PP'ET.     See  Pewlt. 

PUFF,  71.  [D  pof:  G.  pvff,  a  pufl",  a  thump  ;  puffen^  to 
cufl^,  to  thump,  to  buffet  i  Dan.  pwjf,  a  putf,  blast, 
biitn-t;  puffer,  \n  crack;  W.  pw/and  pif.  This  is 
only  a  dialectical  variation  of  buff,  baffn ;  It.  buffo^ 
huffily  hiiffctio,  brffa,  whence  buffoon;  Hp.  bufar,  to 
puff.  The  radical  rtense  is,  to  drive,  to  thnisi,  iienco 
to  swell.    (See  Kwrr-r  and  Buffoow.)    The  Dutch 

o  J 
ortnography  Is  precisely  tiie  Pen.  i^Ju  pof,  a  pnff.] 

I.  A  sudden  and  single  emission  of  breath  from 
the  month  ;  a  quirk,  forcible  blast ;  a  whitT.    Philips. 


PUG 

S.  A  sudden  and  short  hliust  of  wind.        Ralegh. 

3.  A  fungous  ball  filled  with  dust ;  a  puff-ball. 

4.  Any  thing  lisht  and  porous,  or  s<uneth)ng 
BWelK-d  and  liglit ;  an,  puff-imale.  Taller. 

5.  A  sul)stanco  of  loose  texture,  used  to  sprinkle 
powder  on  the  hair.  Ainjnoorth. 

6.  A  tumid  or  exaggerated  commendation. 

Cihber. 
PUFF,  V.  i.     [G.  puffen,  to  puff,  to  thump,  to  butfet ; 
verpuffcn,  to  detonize  ;  D.  poffrn  ;  W.  jnjiaw,  pwjiam, 
to  puff ;  Fr.  bouffer^  to  puff,  to  swell.    See  the  noun.  ] 

1.  To  drive  air  from  the  moutli  in  a  single  and 
quick  blasL  Shak. 

2.  To  swell  the  cheeks  with  air. 

3.  To  blow,  as  an  expression  of  scorn  or  contempt. 
It  a  T^^lly  to  defy  IlcaTua  to  puffM  damniiliun.  South. 

4.  To  breathe  with  vehemence,  as  after  violent 
exertion. 

The  iisc  eomefl  t>ack  ugain,  pujing  and  Mowing  from  ili^  chaae. 
L'  Eilrange. 

5.  To  do  or  move  with  hurry,  agitation,  and  a 
tumid,  bustling  appearance. 

Thon  came  bni»c  g'lory  pu^ng  by.  Herbert. 

6.  To  swell  with  air;  to  dilate  or  inflate.   Boyle. 
PUFF,  F.  (.     To  drive  with  a  blast  of  wind  or  air  ;  as, 

the  north  wind  puffs  away  the  clouds.  Drydcn. 

2.  To  swell ;  to  inflate  ;  to  dilate  with  air ;  as,  a 
bladder  puffed  with  air. 

Tlie  Bea  puftd  up  wHh  witi.Ia.  Shak. 

3.  To  swell ;  to  inflate  ;  to  blow  up  ;  as,  puffed\i^ 
with  pride,  vanity,  or  conceit ;  top?<^up  with  praise 
or  tlattery.  Dctthum.     Bacon. 

4.  To  drive  with  a  blast  in  scorn  or  contempt. 

I  puff  tht;  prostitute  away,  Dryden. 

5.  To  praise  with  exaggeration  ;  as,  to  puff  a 
pamphlet. 

PUFF'-BALL,  n.      A   fungus  or  mushroom  full  of 

(lust,  of  the  genus  Lycoperdon.  Lee. 

PUFF'/JD,  (puft,)  p/).     Driven  out  suddenly,  as  air  or 

breath;  blown  up;  swelled  with  air;  intiatcd  witli 

vanity  or  pride  ;  praised. 
PUFF'ER,  n.    One  that  puffs;  one  that  praises  with 

noisv  commendation. 
PUFF'IN,  n.    A  bird  of  the  genus  Alca,  (Linn.,)  or 

auk   kind,  found  principally  in  the   northern  seas. 

The  name  puffin  is  also  given  to  certain  birds  of  the 

petrel  family.  P.  Cyc 

2.  A  kind  of  fish.  Ainsworth. 

3.  A  kind  of  fungus  with  dust ;  a  fuzzball. 
PUFF'IX-AP-PLE,  C-ap-pl,)  n.     A  sort  of  apple  so 

called.  Ainsworth, 

PUFF'I-NESS,  n.     Stale  or  quality  of  being  turgid. 
PUFF'ING,  ppr.     Driving  out  the  breath  with  a  single, 
sudden  blast ;  blowing  up  ;  inflating;  praising  pom- 
pously, 
PUFF'ING,  n.    A  vehement  breathing. 

9.  Exaggerated  praise.  Burke. 

PUFF'ING-LY,  ado.     Tumidly  ;  with  swell. 

9.  With    vehement    breaihin  g    or   shortness    of 
breath. 
PUFF'V,  a.     Swelled  with   air  or  any  soft   matter; 
tumid  with  a  soU  substance  ;  as,  a  puffy  tumor. 

IVLgfiman. 
2.  Tumid  ;  turgid  ;  bombastic  ;  as,  apuffij  style. 

Dryden. 
PUG,  n.      [.Sax.  pi'i'd,  Sw.  piga,  a  little   girl ;    Dan. 
pige ;  W.  frflf ,  btjran  :  Sp,  pnco  or  petfueho,  little  ;  Ir. 
bcag^  from  the  root  of  pigy  that  is,  a  shoot,  as  we  use 
imp.    See  Beaole.] 

The  name  given  to  a  little  animal  treated  with 
famdiarity,  as  a  monkey,  a  little  dog,  &.c. 

Spretntor. 
PUG,  a.     Like  the  monkey  ;  belonging  to  a  particular 

kind  of  dog. 
PUG'-DOG,  Ji.    A  small  dog,  with  a  face  and  nose 

like  that  of  a  monkey.  Smart. 

PUG'-FAC-KD,  (-fist.)  a.    Monkey-faced. 
PITG'GER-7^:D,  fur  PucKEBEu,  is  not  in  use.     Mnre. 
PUG'GI.NG,  n.     in  arektUcture,  the  stuff  made  of  plas- 
ttT  laid   between  the  joists  under  the  boards  of  a 
floor,  to  deaden  the  sound.  Brande. 

PUG'GING,  a.    A  cant  word  for  thieving.    [06,t.] 

Shak. 
PUG'-NOaE,  n.  A  thati  and  thick  nose ;  a  snub  nose. 

SmarL 
PUGH,  (poo,)  exclarn,    A  word  used  in   contempt  or 

disdain. 
PO'GIL,  B.     [It.  pugiUo,  a  handful  ;    Fr.  pu trite ;   L. 
pugitlum,  friini  the  nKit  of  pug-nus,  the  fist ,  probably 
coinciding  with  the  Greek  nvKvoto,  to  make  thick, 
that  iM,  to  close  or  press.] 

As  much  as  is  taken  up  between  the  thttmb  and 
two  first  ftngers.  Bacon. 

PO'GlIy-lSM,  n.  [L,  and  Sp.  pngil,  a  champion  or 
prize-fighter,  from  the  Gr.  nvKTTi<.,  i*/. ;  n-yj>j»;,  the 
flfit ;  ffi'f,  with  the  fist;  Trmrroo),  to  close  or  mak« 
fast  ;  allied,  probably,  to  pack,  L.  pango.  Class  Kg.] 
The  practice  of  boxing  or  fighting  with  the  fi«t. 
PO'GIL-IST,  n.  A  boxer;  one  who  fights  with  his 
fists. 

PU  OlI^IST'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  boxing  or  fighting 
w-iih  the  fist. 


PUL 

PU<;-NA'C10US,  (-shus,)  a.     [L.  pu/rnax,  from  pugmij 
a  fight ;  from  pugnus,  the  fist.     See  PuciL.] 

Dis|)osed  to  fight  J  inclined  to  fighting;  quarrel- 
some ;  fighting.  More. 

PUG-NA'CIOUS-LY,  adv.    In  a  pugnacious  manner. 

PUG-NAC'I-TY,  (-nas'e-te,)  n.     Inclination  to  fight ; 
quarrels<imeness.     'Little  used.}  Bacon. 

PUO'^riS  ET  CAL'CI-BUSf  [L.]    With  fists  and 
heels  ;  with  all  the  might 

POIS'NE,  (pQ'ny,)  a.    [P'r.puis,  since,  afterward,  and 
ni,  born.] 

1.  In  Ute^  younger  or  inferior  in  rank  ;  as,  a  cbiet 
justice  and  three  puisne  justices  of  the  Court  of  Com- 
mon Pleas  ;  tlie  puisne  barons  of  the  Court  of  Ex- 
chequer. Blaekstone. 

2.  Later  in  date.     [JVot  used.1  Hale. 
PO'IS-SANCE,  71.     [Fr.,  from  pouvoir,  to  be  able;  L. 

posse,  possum^  poles,  potest^  Sp.  poder,   power,   It. 
podere.] 

Power  ;  strength  ;  might ;  force.  Milton.     Shak, 

Pu'IS-SANT,  a.     Powerful ;   strong  ;   mighty  ;   forci- 
ble ;  as,  a  puissant  prince  or  empire. 

Milton.     Ralegh. 

POTS-SANT-LY.aiB.  Powerfully;  with  great  strength. 

POKE,  r.  i.  [Heb.  p3,  to  evacuate,  to  empty,  L. 
vacuo ;  or  pp3,  to  burst  forth  ;  Ch.  id.,  and  ppc.  Qu. 
W.  cyvogi,  to  vomit ;  cy  is  a  prefix.  Spew  is  probably 
from  the  same  source  ;  L.  spuo,  for  spuco,  with  a 
prefix.  The  radical  sense  Ls,  to  throw  or  drive.] 
To  vomit ;  to  eject  from  the  stomach.  Shak. 

PCKE,  ji,    A  vomit;  a  medicine  which  excites  vom- 
iting. 

POKE,  a.    Of  a  color  between  bhick  and  russet;  now 
called  Puce.  Shak, 

PCK'£D,  (pukt,)  pp.     Vomited. 

PCK'ER,  «.     One  tliat  vomits;  a  medicine  causing 
vomiting. 

PCK'ING,  ppr.     Vomiting. 

PuK'ING,  H.     The  act  of  vomiting. 

PUL'CHRI-TUDE,  n,     [L.  pulchritude,  from  puXcker^ 
beautiful.] 

1.  Beauty;  handsomeness;  grace  ;  comeliness; 
that  quality  of  form  which  pleases  the  eye. 

Brown.    More. 

2.  Moral  beauty ;  those  qualities  of  the  mind 
which  good  men  love  and  approve.  South. 

POLE,  r.  i.     [Fr.  piauler.    This  word  belongs  probably 
to  the  root  of  bawl,  bellow,  L.  pello.] 

1.  To  cry  like  a  chicken.  Bacon. 

2.  To  whine;  to  cry  as  a  complaining  child;  to 
whimper. 

To  speak  puling  like  a  be^^gar  at  haJimau.  Shak. 

PP'Lie,  n.     A  plant.  Ainsteorth. 

PO'LI  COUri   ( '^     t^  puUcosuSj  from  puleXf  a  flea.] 
Abounding  with  fleas.     [JVot  used.]  Diet. 

POL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Crying  like  a  chicken ;  whin- 
ing. 
POL'ING,  iu    A  cry  as  of  a  chicken  ;  a  whining. 

Bacon. 
PCL'ING-LY,  adv.    With  whining  or  complaint. 
I'0'LI-OL,  n.     A  plant.  Ainsworth, 

PULK'IIA,    n.        A    Laplander's    traveling    sled    or 

sleigh. 
PJJLL,  «.  L     [Sat.  pullian  ;  L.  vello.   Qu.  Eth.  flArK 
baleach.     Class  Bl,  No.  7.]  ib"  1 1 

1.  To  draw  ;  to  dniw  lo\vard  one,  or  make  an  ef- 
fort to  draw.  /*uW  differs  frottnlraw ;  we  use  draw 
wtn'n  motion  follows  the  effort,  and  pull  is  used  in 
the  same  sense  ;  but  we  may  also  pull  forever  with- 
out drawing  or  moving  the  thing.  This  distinction 
may  not  be  universal.     Pull  is  opposed  to  push. 

Then  he  put  fortli  hb  hand  and  took  her  and  puited  bez  in  to  hint 
itilo  the  ark.  — Gen.  viii. 

2.  To  pluck  ;  to  gather  by  drawing  or  forcingoff  or 
out  ;  as,  to  pull  fruit;  to  pull  flax. 

3.  To  tear  ;  to  rend  ;  but  in  this  sense  followed  by 
some  qualifying  word  or  plirase  ;  as,  to  pull  in  pieces ; 
to  pull  asunder  or  apart.  To  pull  in  two,  is  to  sepa- 
rate, or  tear  by  violence  into  two  parts. 

V'o  pull  down :  to  demolish  or  take  in  pieces  by 
separating  the  parts;  as,  to  pull  down  a  house. 

2.  To  demolish  ;  to  subvert ;  to  destroy. 

la  prililicnl  atTaira,  na  well  oa  incclianJeal,  it  ia  euAlcr  to  puU  down 
(luui  to  build  up.  ,  fioiotU, 

3.  To  bring  down  ;  to  degrade  ;  to  humble. 

To  raise  ll»e  wtvlchcd  and  pull  dowji  tlio  proud.     Hoscommon. 

To  pull  off:  to  separate  by  pulling  ;  to  pluck  ; 
also,  to  take  off  without  force ;  as,  to  puU  off  a  coat 
or  hat. 

To  pull  out !  to  draw  out ;  to  extract 
-    To  pull  up;  to  pluck  up  ;  to  tear  up  by  the  roots; 
hence,  to  extirpate  ;  to  eradicate  ;  to  destroy. 
PJ^LI^,  r.  t.    To  give  a  pull ;  to  tug;  as,  to  pull  at  a 
rope. 

Ta  pull  apart ;  to  separate  by  pulling  ;   as,  a  rope 
will  puU  apart. 
PJJLL,  n.    The  act  of  pulling  or  drawing  with  force; 
an  effort  to  move  by  drawing  toward  one.      Swift, 

2.  A  contest;  a  struggle.  Carew. 

3.  Pluck  ;  violence  suffered.  Shak. 
PJJLI/RACK,n.    That  which  keeps  back, or  restraimi 

from  proceeding. 


TONE,  BpLL,  IJNITE — AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8 — C  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  «  a«  Z ;  CH  as  8H;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


PUL 


fUl.L'^rt),  ftp.     Dmwn  toward  one  ;  plucked. 
PJ^LL'F-N,  «,     [Fr.  ^iJ«,  a  hen^L,  puUus.    See  Pul 


LKT  und  Foal.] 

FouHr>      [Ai»(  ttsfd.] 


Sailey, 

ShaL 
PivLL'ET,'  m.     fFr.  poulet^  dim.  from  pouie,  a  hen  ;  It 


PUl-L'ER,  *.    One  ihat  pulls. 
"'CLL'ET,  m.     fFr.  poulet^  dim     _        , 
folia  i    h    ^uUus;  Gr.  irwXoi  t  cuincidiog  wilb  the 


A  youa^  hen  or  female  of  the  donieetic  fowl. 

PI;LL'EY,»  ;p/.  Pi'LLKTi.    [Ft.  pouJiei  Bp.poUai  h, 

petms  ;  Gi    jrAwi,  from  /dXcw,  l*>  turn.] 

A  snia'l  wheel  turning  on  a  pin  in  a  block,  with 

a  furrow   or  groove   in   which  runs   the  rope  that 

turns  it. 
The  pulify  is  one  of  tlie  niectianica)  powers,  much 

used  for  raUiug  wtiehis. 
PUL'LI-CAT,  ■-     A  kind  of  silk  handkerchief. 
P[JLL'1.\(*,  f>r.  Drawing;  making  an  edorttodniw; 

l»Juckmg. 
PUL'Lr-I*XVE,  V.  i.      [L.  puUuto^  from  puUus^  a 

8hcK>I.] 

To  germi'iale  ;  to  bud.  Orm^n: 

PUL-LU-LA  riON,  «.    A  germinating  or  budding; 

the  Brst  «).<  otinp  of  a  bud.  More, 

PlJL'MO-\A  RV,  a.  [L.  pulmonariuSy  from  puUMy 
the  luogd,  from  peiioy  puUuSy  pulso^  to  drive  or 
beaL] 

Fertaini&ir  to  the  lungs  ;  affecting  the  hings  ;  as,  a 
pulmonaty  dbeasA  or  consumption  ;   the  pulmouary 
artery. 
PUL'MO-NA-RV,  a.     [L.  pulmonaria.] 

A  plant,  lungwort.  AinsitortK 

PUL'MO-M-BRANeH'I-.\TE,  a.     [L.  pulmo  and  Gr. 

Having  the  branchiie  formed  for  breathing  air,  aa 
moUuska  of  the  genera  Limnea  and  Planort>i^ 

CuvitT. 
PUI^MOX'ie,  a.     [Fr.  pubnoni^e^  from  L.  ptdmo^  the 
lungs.] 

Pertaining  to  the  lungs  ;  affecting  the  lungs  ;  aa,  a 
•ulmomie  disease  ;  pulmotiic  consumption. 
PUL-MON'ie,  N.     A  medicine  fur  diseases  of  the 
lungs. 
ft.  One  affected  by  i  disenae  of  the  lungs. 

Arbittknau 
PULP,  N.    [Fr.  jm/m;  L.  puip^    This  is  probably  al- 
lied to  L.  paUy  pmlmmtttmy  Gr.  roArus,  from  softneas. 
Q,u.  from  ^hZsiw,  beaten.] 
1.  A  soft  mass  ;  in  fnural. 
3.  The  suA  substance  within  a  bone  ;  marrow. 

Bacon, 

3,  7*he  sod,  succulent  part  of  fruit ;  as,  the  pmlp 
of  an  orange. 

4.  The  arU  or  exterior  covrrtng  of  a  coOee-berry. 

Edwardiy  fVeH  Indies. 
PULP,  r.  L    To  deprive  of  the  palp  or  integument,  aa 
tiie  coflbe-berr)'. 

The  otb'r  nKhir  ■■  to  «Wto  the  ooSm  bBOMSlistelj  M  k  conw*  from 


PUL-PA-TOOX',  m.    Delicate  confectionery  or  cake. 

Tooiu. 

PULP'FO,  (pulpt,)  pp.    Deprived  of  the  pulp. 

PULP'l-NESS,  n.    The  suie  of  being  jMilpy. 

PfJii'PIT,  ■.    [L.  pulpiium,  a  stage,  scatfuld,  or  higher 
port  uf  a  stage  ;  IL  and  Sp.  puipUa  :  Fr.  pupUre.] 
.    1.    An  elevated    place,   or    inclosed    >^age,   in   a 
church,  in  which  the  preacher  stands.    It  is  called 
also  a  DEtK. 

2.  In  tAe  AHsas  tArater,  the  pulpitum  was  the  front 
part  of  the  stage,  where  the  actors  [>errornied  their 
parts.  It  was  higher  than  the  orchestra,  and  directly 
back  of  it.  SmUh^s  DicL 

3.  A  movable  desk,  from  which  disputants  pro- 
nounced their  dissertations,  and  authors  recited  their 
wwks.  Encye, 

PJJL'PIT-EL'aaUENCE, )  a.    Eloquence  or  orttory 

PTL'PIT-OR'A-TO-RY,      i      in  delivering  sermons. 

pfjI^PITaC-AL-LV,  in  CJu^ierJUid^  is  mn  uu  authur- 
Ked  word. 

PpL'PIT-ISH,  c  Pertaining  to  or  like  the  pulpit,  or 
its  performance.  Ciialmers. 

PUL'Prr-OR'A-TOR,  F,    An  eloquent  preacher. 

pOlP'OUS,  a.  [from  pulp.]  Consi^tng  of  pulp,  or 
resembling  it :  s<^  like  pap.  PMUips. 

PULP'OUS-NESS,  a.  Softness ;  the  quality  of  being 
pulpooa. 

PULP'Y,  a.  Like  pulp ;  soft  ;  fleshy  ;  succulent ;  as, 
the  pulpy  covering  of  a  nut  j  the  puipv  suttstnnce  of  a 
peach  or  cherry.  R-ty.     jSrbuthnoL 

PUL'arfi.  (pu.l'ka,)  a.  [Sp,j  A  refreshing  drink  with 
slightly  intoxicating  qualities,  much  u^d  by  the  Mex- 
icans, and  extractsd  from  the  maguey,  or  Agave 
Americana.  Eneye,  Aiaer. 

PULS'XTE,  r.  t.    [L.  pvIt^MSj  futM,  tn  b&U,  from  the 
root  of  ptUo,  to  drive.] 
To  beat  or  throb. 

Tbe  heart  cf  a  viper  or  fror  wiS  oootisue  to  mOmM  low  aftrr  it 
■  taken  fcm  the  bodj.  i^--^^ 


PULS'A-TrLE,  a.    [L.  pulsatUu^  from  pulso,  to  beat.] 
That  is  or  may  be  struck  or  beuteii ;  played  by  beat- 
ing ;  as,  a  pulsatiU  instrument  vi  music    J/iu,  DieL 


PUM 

PUi*-SA'TION,  n.     [L.  pulKoUo,  supra.] 

I.  The  beaiiiii;  or  tlirtibhing  of  the  heart  or  of  an 
artery,  in  the  process  of  carrying  on  the  circulation 
of  the  l»lot«l.  I'lie  blood  being  propelled  by  llie  con- 
tractiiin  of  the  heart,  causes  the  arteries  to  dilate,  so 
as  to  render  each  dilatation  perceptible  to  the  tunch, 
in  certain  parts  of  the  body,  as  in  the  radial  arte- 
ry, &c 

S.  A  stroke  by  which  some  medium  is  affected,  as 
in  sounds. 

3.  In  low,  any  touching  of  another's  body  willfully 
or  in  anger.    This  constitute-s  battery. 


PULS'A-TIVE,  a.     Beating;  throbbing.  Enn/c. 

PL  L-SA'TOR,  n.     A  beater  ;  a  striker.  Diet. 

PCLS'A-TO-RY,  a.  Beating  ;  throbbing  ;  as  the  heart 

ami  arteries.  fVottoH. 

PULSE,  (puis,)  x.    [L.  pidsuSf  from  pdhy  to  drive; 

Fr.  po«(rf.l 

1.  In  aitimals,  the  beating  or  throbbing  of  the  heart 
and  arteries;  rmireparticutarty,  tJie  sudden  dilatation 
of  an  artery,  caused  by  the  projectile  force  of  the 
blood,  which  is  |ierceptible  to  the  touch.  Hence  we 
say,  to  ffel  the  pidnf.  The  pulse  is  frequent  or  rare, 
quick  or  slow,  equal  or  unequal,  regular  or  intermit- 
ting, hard  or  soft,  strong  or  weak,  &c.  The  pulses 
of  an  ndult,  in  health,  are  little  nmre  ilTan  one  pulse 
to  a  second  ;  in  certain  fevers,  the  number  is  in- 
creased to  90, 100,  or  even  to  MO  in  a  minute. 

a.  The  stroke  with  which  a  medium  is  affected  by 
the  motion  uf  light,  sound,  &.C.;  oscillation;  vibni- 
tiun. 

Sir  Isutc  Nc>wton  defnonatntes  that  thr  rrlocities  of  tht*  jntltet  of 
an  flutic  fluid  mnlUim  tire  iti  k  ratio  oompouiultti  of  h:itl~llie 
ntio  of  llio  eliutic  Sane  din^ctly,  and  luUf  Un  ratio  of  llie 
dcnaitjr  ioTcnd/.  JSnyc, 

To  feel  one'' s  pulse:  metaphoriecJly,  to  sound  one's 
opinion  ;  to  try  or  to  know  one's  mind. 
PULSE,  r.  i.    To  beat,  as  the  arteries.     [LittU  use^L] 
PULSE,  r.  L     [L.  puLto.]  [Ray. 

To  drive,  as  the  pulse.     [LiUte  vsed.] 
PULSE,  n.    Klu.  from  L.  p«L«*,  In^ilen  out,  as  seeds ; 
or  Heb.  and  Ch   S^fi,  a  bean,  fruin  rvya,  to  st^panle.] 
Leguminous  plants,  or  their  seeds ;  the  plants  whose 
pericarp  is  a  legume,  as  beans,  peas,  &.c 

Milton,     J>ryden. 
PULSE'LESS,  a.     Having  no  pulsation. 
PUL-SIF'ie,  a.     [  puUe  and  L.  faeio,  to  make.] 

Exciting  the  pulse  ;  causing  (HtUation.         SmiiK. 
PUL'SIOiN,  (pul'shun,)  s.    [from  L.  pulsvs.] 

The  act  of  driving  forward  ;  in  opposition  to  Suc- 
tion or  Traction.    [lAttle  iued.\    More.     BenUey. 
PUL-TA'CEOUS,  (-ahus,)    a.     [from  Gr.  r.Arof,  L. 
puis.    See  PvLF.I 

Macerated  ;  softened  ;  nearly  fluid.         Beddoes. 
PUL'VER-A-BLE,  a,     [from  L.  pw/iw,  dust,  proUibly 
fmm  ptUo^  ptdso,  or  its  root,  that  which  is  beaten  fine, 
or  that  which  is  driven.    See  Powder.] 

That  may  be  reduced  to  fine  powder;  capable  of 
being  pulverized.  Boyle. 

PUL'VER  aTE,  v.  U    To  beat  or  reduce  to  powder  or 

dust.     [But  Pui-TEBiZE  is  generally  used.] 
PUI  'V'ER  IV      i 

PUL'VER-IXE,    »•    Ashes  of  barilla. 
PUL'VERIZ-A-iiLE,  o.    That  may  be  pulverized. 

Barton. 
PUL-VER-I-ZA'TION,  n.    [from  pulverize.]    The  act 

of  reducing  to  dust  or  powder. 
PUL'VER  IZE,  r.  (.  [It.  poloenzzare  ;  Fr.  pulveriser.] 
To  n-duce  to  fine  powder,  as  by  beating,  grinding, 
&.C.  Friable  substances  may  be  pulverized  by  grind- 
ing or  beating;  but  to  pulverize  malleable  bodies, 
other  methods  must  be  pursued.  Encyc 

PUL'VEIt-TZ-/'JI),  pp.  or  a.    Reduced  to  fine  powder. 
PUL' VF.K-I/.-ING,  ppr.     Reducing  to  line  powder. 
PUL'VER-OUS,  a.    Consisting  of  dust  or  powder; 

like  powder. 
PUL-VER'U-LENCE,  n.    Dustiness;   abundance  of 

dust  or  powder. 
PUL-VER'U-LEXT,  a.     Dusty;   consisting  of  fine 
powder ;  powdery. 

2.  Addictijd  to  lying  and  rolling  in  the  dust,  as 
fowls. 

PUL' V'lL,  n.    A  sweet-scented  powder.    [Little  used.] 

Gay. 

PUL'VIL,  r.  L  To  sprinkle  with  a  perfumed  powder. 
[ Alif  usett.  ]  Congreve. 

PUL'VIN-A-TED,  a.     [L.  pulvinar,  a  pillow.] 

In  architecture^  enlarged  or  liwelled  in  any  portion 
of  an  order,  as  a  frieze.  Brandt. 

PC'MA,  fi.  A  digiligrade  carnivorous  mammal,  the 
Felis  concolor,  of  the  warmer  parts  of  America,  a 
rapacious  quadruped  of  the  cat  family. 

PU.M'I-CaTE,  r.  £.     To  make  smooth  wit]j  pumice. 

PUM'r-€A  TED,  pp.     Smoothed  with  pumice. 

PUM'I-eA-TING,  ppr.     Making  smooth  with  ptimice. 

PUM'ICE,  n.  [L.  pumez,  supposed  to  he  from  the  root 
of  spuma,  foam  ;  G.  bimstcin  ;  D.  pnimsteen.] 

A  substance  frequently  ejected  from  volcanoes,  of 
various  color.*,  gray,  white,  reddish-brown,  or  black  ; 
hard,  niugli,  and  porous  ;  specifically  lighter  than  wa- 
ter, and  resembling  tlie  slag  produced  in  an  iron  fur- 
nace.    It  apf>ears  to  consist  of  parallel  fiber>!>,  owing 


PUN 

to  the  parallelism  and  minuteness  of  the  crowded 
cells.  It  is  supposed  to  be  produced  by  the  disen- 
gagement of  gas,  in  which  tbe  lava  is  in  a  plastic 
etate.  J^TichvUon.     Buchanan. 

Pumice  is  of  tliree  kinds:  glassy,  common,  and 
porphyritic.  Ure. 

PUM'ICE-ST^NE,  n.    The  same  as  Pumice. 

PU-.Ml"C'EOUS,  (mish'ns,)  a.  Pertaining  to  pumice ; 
consisting  of  pumice,  or  resembling  it. 

PUM'MACB,  71.  Apples  ground  for  making  cider. 
[See  Pomace.]  Forhy. 

PUM'MEL.    See  Pommel. 

PUMP,  n.  [Fr.  pompe,  a  pump  and  pomp;  D.  pomp; 
Dan.  pompe  ;  Bp.  bomba,  a  pump  and  a  bomb.  We  see 
that  piimpy  pomp,  and  bomb  are  the  same  word,  differ- 
ently ap[)lied  by  different  nations.  The  L.  bmabus  is 
of  the  same  family,  as  is  the  Eng.  bombast ;  Ir.  buim- 
pis,  a  pump  :  W.  pwrnp^  a  round  mass.  The  priiuury 
sense  of  tlic  root  seems  to  be,  to  swell.] 

1.  A  hydraulic  engine  fur  raising  water,  or  other 
fluid,  through  a  tube.  7'he  common  suction  pump 
acts  by  exhausting  the  incumbent  air  of  a  tube  or 
pipe,  in  conseiiuence  of  which  the  water  rises  in  the 
tube  by  means  of  tbe  pressure  of  the  air  on  the  sur- 
rounding water.  1'hcre  is,  however,  a  forcing  pump, 
in  which  the  water  is  raised  in  the  lube  by  a  force 
applied  to  a  lateral  tube,  near  tlie  bottom  of  the 
pump. 

2.  A  low  shoe  with  n  thin  sole.  Swifl. 
PUMP,  r.  i.    To  work  a  pump ;  to  raise  water  with  a 

pump. 
PUMP,  V.  U    To  raise  with  a  pump;  as,  to  pump  wa- 
ter. 

2.  To  draw  out  by  artful  interrogatories;  as,  to 
pump  out  secrets. 

3.  To  examine  by  artful  questions  for  the  purpose 
of  drawing  out  secrets. 

But  pump  not  me  for  politic*.  Ottroy. 

PUMP'-BOLTS,  w.  pU  Two  pieces  of  iron,  one  used 
to  fasten  the  pump-spear  to  (he  brake,  the  other  as  a 
fulcrum  fur  tbe  brake  to  wortt  U[K>n.       Mar.  Vict. 

PUMP'-URAKE,  n.    Tlie  arm  or  handle  of  a  pump. 

Mar.  DicL 

PUMP'-DALE,  n.  A  long,  wooden  tube,  used  to  con- 
voy tbe  water  from  a  chain-pump  across  the  ship  and 
through  the  side.  Mar.  Diet, 

PUMP'/;D,  (immpt,)  pp.    Raised  with  a  pump. 
2.  Drawn  out  by  aitful  interrogati(U)s. 

PUMP'EU,  n.  The  person  or  the  instrument  that 
punip^. 

PUMP'ER-NICK'fX,  n,  A  species  of  bran  bread, 
which  forms  the  chief  food  of  tbe  Westphalian  peas- 
ants ;  often  used  as  a  term  of  contempt.       Brandt, 

PUMP'-GeAR,  n.  The  apjiaratus  belonging  to  a 
pump.  •  Tottcn. 

PUMP'-HQQD,  n.  A  semi-cylindrical  frame  of  wood, 
covering  the  upper  w*beel  of  a  chain-pump. 

PUMP'ING,  ppr.     Raising  by  a  pump. 

2.  Drawing  out  secrets  by  artful  questions.  ^ 

PUMP'ION,  n.     [D.  pompocn,  Sw.  pomp,  a  gourd.]    » 
A  plant  and  its  fruit ;  tlie  pumpkin. 

PUMP'KIN,  n.  A  well-known  plant  and  its  fruit,  the 
Cucurbita  jiepo  ;  a  pompion.  [This  is  tht  common  or- 
Ihographifof  the  word  in  the  United  States.] 

PUMP'-SPeAR,  n.  The  bar  to  which  the  upper  box 
of  a  pump  is  fastened,  and  which  is  attached  to  the 
brake  or  handle.  Mar.  Diet. 

PUMP'-STOCK,  n.  The  solid  part  or  body  of  a  pump. 

PC  MY,  a.     [Fr.  pommeau.] 

Rounded;  as,  purni/ stones.         Spenser.     Toone. 

PUN,  n.     [Qu.  W.pun,  equal.] 

An  expression  in  which  a  word  has  at  once  differ- 
ent meanings  ;  an  expression  in  which  two  different 
applications  of  a  word  present  an  odd  or  ludicrous 
itlea  ;  a  kind  of  quibble  or  equivocation  ;  a  low  species 
vf  wiu  Thus  a  man  who  had  a  tall  wife,  named 
Experience,  observed  that  he  had,  b^  long  erperience, 
proved  the  blessings  of  a  married  lite. 

A  pun  cau  be  do  more  eiigravcti,  than  it  can  be  translAtr-d. 

A'Mison. 

PUN,  r.  C  To  quibble ;  to  use  the  same  word  at  once 
in  different  senses.  Dryden. 

PUN,  V.  t    To  persuade  by  a  pun.  .Addison. 

PUNCH,  71.  [W.  pwnc,  a  p<tiiit ;  Arm.  poen^onn;  Fr. 
poin^on  ;  Sp.  punzon  ;  L  punctum  ;  puiigu.]^ 

1.  An  instrument  of  steel,  used  in  several  arts  for 
perforating  holes  in  plates  of  meUil,or  other  substan- 
ces, and  often  so  contrived  as  to  stamp  out  a  piece. 

2.  In  popular  usage,  a  blow  or  thrusL 
PUNCH,  n.     [Sp.  ponehe ;  D.  ponsi  G.  punsch;  Dan. 

pons,  ponsh.] 

A  drink  composed  of  water  sweetened  with  sugar, 
with  a  mixture  of  lemon  juice  and  spirit. 

Encyc.     Sicift. 
PUNCH,  71.    The  buffoon  or  harlequin  of  a  puppet- 
show.      [See  PUMCHIKELLO.] 

PUNCH,  71.     A  well-set  horse,  with  a  short  hack,  thin 

shoulders,  broad  neck,  and  well  covered  with  flesh. 

2.  A  short,  fat  fellow.  [Far.  Diet. 

PUNCH,  V.  L  [Sp.  punzar ;  W.  pynciaw ;  L.  pungo. 
In  this  word,  n  is  probably  casual,  and  the  root  is 
Pg,  of  the  same  famdy  as  peg,  pack,  or  pike,  with  the 
primary  sense  of  driving  or  thrusting,  a  point  ] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  \VH^\T.— MeTE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK — 


PUN 

1.  To  perfor:Lte  wiUi  an  iron  inslmtnent,  cither 
pointed  or  uut  j  as,  to  punch  a  bole  in  a  plule  of  metal. 

fi'lieman. 
S.  In  p&pular  usa}rey  to  thrust  afraiiist  with  the  end 
of  something  ;  as,  to  punck  one  with  the  elbow. 
PUNCH'-BOWL,  n.  A  bowl  iu  which  punch  is  made, 

or  from  which  it  is  drank. 
PUNCHED,  (puncht,)  pi*.     Perforated  with  a  punch. 
PUNCH'KON,  n,     [Fr.  poin^ouf  a  budkin,  a  punch- 
eon.] 

1.  A  name  common  to  iron  or  steel  instruments 
used  in  diOerent  trades  for  cutting,  piercing,  or  stamp- 
ing a  body.  QwUu 

2.  In  cwyentry,  a  piece  of  Umber  placed  upright 
between  two  posts,  whoi^e  bearing  is  too  great ;  aUo, 
a  piece  of  timber  set  upright  under  the  ridi^e  of  a 
building,  wherein  the  small  timber:*  are  jointed. 

OwilU 

3.  A  measure  of  liquids,  or  a  cask  containing, 
sometimes,  84,  someUmes  120,  gallons.  Rum  or  spir- 
its is  imported  from  the  West  Indies  in  punckcvns^ 
but  these  are  oftc-n  called  also  hoarshfoda. 

PUNCH'ER,  m.     One  that  punches. 

S.  A  punch  or  perforating  instrument.       , 
PUN-CHI-NEL'LO,  it.     A  punch  ;  a  butfoon  ;  the  poli- 
cinella  of  the  Italian  puppet-show,  a  character  repre- 
sented aa  fat,  short,  and  hump-backed. 

Tatlcr.     P.  Cite.     SmaH. 
PUXCH'ING,  ppr.     Perforating  with  a  punch  ;  strik- 
ing against  with  the  end  of  something. 
PUNCH'Y,  a.    Short  and  thick,  or  fat. 
PUNCTATE,      /        rt  *  i 

PUNG'Ta-TED,  i  "•    [^  Functus,  pungo.] 
1.  Pointed. 

3.  In  botany,  having  dots  scattered  over  the  sur- 
face. Marly  It. 
PUN€'TI-FORM,  a,     [L,  punctum,  |)oint,  and  form.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  point.  Eft.  Encye. 

PUNC-TIL'IO,  (punk-tirjo,)  n.  [Sp.  puittiUa:  It.  puH- 
tiglio :  from  L.  punctum,  a  point.] 

A  nic*"  point  of  exactTie.<3  in  conduct,  ceremony,  or 
proceeding;  particuhirily  or  exactness  in  forms;  as, 
the  punetilios  of  a  public  ceremony.  Addison. 

PUNG-TIL'IOU?:,  (-til'yus.)  a.  Very  nice  or  exact  in 
the  forms  of  behavior,  ceremony,  or  mutual  inter- 
course ;  very  exact  in  tlic  observance  of  rules  pre- 
scribed by  taw  or  custom  ;  sometimes,  exact  to  excess. 

Ruirers. 
PUNC-TIL'IOUS-Ly,  adt.    With  exactness  or  great 

nicety. 
PUN€-TIL'I0US-NT;S.S,  ft.    Exactness  in  the  ob-erv. 
ance  of  forms  or  rules ;  attentive  to  nice  points  uf 
behavior  or  ceremony. 
PUNe'TION,  n.     [L.  panctio.] 

A  puncture. 
PUNe'TO,  n.     [Sp,  and  It.  puntoi  L.  punctumj  from 
funffo,io  prick.] 

1.  Nice  point  of  form  or  ceremony.  Barcn. 

2.  IMie  point  in  fencing.  Sliak. 
PUXe'TU-AL,   (punkt'yu-al,)   «.     [Fr.   ponetud ;   IL 

punluaU  :  Sp.  puntual;  from  Xt,  punctum,  a  pornt.] 

1.  Consisting  in  a  point ;  as,  this  punctual  spoL 
[Liate  used.]  MUton. 

2.  Exnct ;  observant  of  nice  points;  ptinctiljotis, 
particularly  in  observing  time, appointments,  or  prom- 
ises. It  is  honorable  in  a  man  to  be  punctual  tu  ap- 
pointments, or  to  appointed  hours ;  it  is  just  tu  be 
punctual  in  paying  debts. 

3.  Exact ;  as,  a  puiutual  corre«pondence  between 
a  prediction  and  an  event. 

4.  Done  at  the  exact  time ;  as,  punctual  paym/^nt. 
PUNC'TU-AL-IST,  n.     One  that  is  very  exact  in  ob- 
serving forms  and  ceremonies.  Milton. 

PUN€>-TU  AL'I-TY,  n.      Nicety  ;  scrupulous   exact- 
ness.    He  served  his  prince  with  punclHality,  Hoirrll. 
2.  It  is  now  used  chielly  in  regard  to  time.     He 
pays  bis  debts  with  pujuiualUif.     He  is  remarkable 
for  the  panctaalitif  of  his  attendance. 

PUNC'TU-AL-LY,  adv.  Nicely  ;  exactly;  with  scru- 
pulous regard  to  time,  aippointmenLs,  promises,  or 
rules;  a-:,  to  attend  a  meeting  puncfuaOy  ;  to  pay 
debts  or  rent  punctually :  tu  observe  punctually  one's 
enengeiuents. 

PUN€'TU-AL-\E.SS,  n.     Exactness;  punctuality. 

Feltitn. 

PUNC'TU-ATE,  (pnnkt'yu-ate,)  r.  L  [Fr.  ponctuer, 
from  L.  punetum,  a  point.] 

To  mark  with  points  ;  to  designnte  ^entenccii, 
clauses,  or  other  ilivUions  of  a  writing,  by  points, 
which  mark  the  pro(»er  puusea.  M.  StuarL 

PUN€'TU-A-TEU,  pp.     Pointed.  Fourcroij. 

2,  Having  the  division-*  marked  with  points. 

PUN€'TU-A-TINC..;»pr.     Marking  with  points. 

PUNf^TUA'TION,  (punkt  yu-a'shun,)  n.  lu  ffram- 
mar,  the  act  or  art  of  ixiinting  a  writing  or  diiicourse, 
or  the  act  or  art  of  marking  with  priint^  the  division!! 
of  a  discourHe  into  sent<-nces,  and  cinuscs  or  mem- 
bers of  a  sentence.  Punctuation  is  performed  by  four 
points :  the  period,  ( . } ;  the  colon,  ( :) ;  the  semico- 
lon, (  ; ) ;  and  the  coninia,  ( , ).  The  ancient-*  were 
unacquainted  vviili  punrtnation  ;  they  wrote  without 
any  d>«tinction  of  niruib?r>t,  periods,  or  words. 

PUNC'TU-IST,  n.  One  who  understands  the  art  of 
punctuation. 


PUN 

PUNC'TU-LaTE,  r.  (.     [L.  punctulum.] 

To  mark  with  small  spots.   [JVot  used.]   Woodward. 
PUNC'Tl^^RE,  (punkt'yur,)  n.     [U.  panctura  ;  It.  puu- 
tura.] 

The  act  of  perforating  with  a  pointed  iniitrument ; 
or  a  sniuU  liole  made  by  it ;  as,  thu  puncture  of  a  nail, 
needle,  or  pia. 

A  Won  may  pomh  hy  the  punrturs  of  an  asp.  Rambler. 

PUNC'TITRE,  r.  (.  To  prick  ;  to  pierce  with  a  small, 
pointed  instrument ;  as,  to  puncture  the  skin. 

PUNe'TlTR-£D,  pp.  Pricked;  pierced  with  a  sharp 
point. 

PUNC'TIJR-ING,  ppr.    Piercing  with  a  sharp  point. 

PUN'DIT,  n.     [In  Persic,  Jkaj  pandy  learning.] 

In  tfindoostan,  a  learned  Brahmin  ;  one  versed  in 
the  Sanscrit  language,  and  in  the  science,  laws,  and 
religion  of  that  country. 
PUN'DLE,  n.     A  short  and  fat  woman.     [A'ot  used.] 
PO'NESE,  7j.     [Fr.  punaise.] 

The  bed-bug;  the  same  as  Punice.       JIudibras. 
PUNfJ,  n.     In  .America,  a  kind  of  one-horse  sleigh. 
PUN"OAR,  n.     A  fish.  Aitutworth. 

PUN'GE.V-CY,  n,     [L.  pun^ens,  punffo,  to  prick.] 

1.  The  |x>w»>r  of  pricking  or  piercing;  as,  the  pun- 
gency uf  a  substance.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Thrtt  quality  of  a  substance  which  produces  the 
sensaiion  of  pricking,  or  affecting  the  taste  like  mi- 
nute sharp  points;  sharpness;  acridness. 

3.  Power  to  pierce  the  mind,  or  excite  keen  reflec- 
tions or  remorse  ;  as,  the  pungency  of  a  discourse. 

4.  Acrimoniousness ;  keenness;  as,  the  pungency 
of  wit  or  of  expressions.  Stilltngficet. 

PUN'GENT,  a.     [U  pungens,  pungo.] 

1.  Pricking;  stimulating;  as;  puM^cnt  snuff. 

Tho  pungent  ^ntins  of  [iUllaiiiig  dutt.  Pope. 

2.  Acrid  ;  affecting  the  tongue  like  small,  sharp 
points  ;  as,  the  sharp  and  pungeiU  ta^te  of  acids. 

3.  Piercing;  sharp;  as,  pimgcat  pains;  pun<reHt 
grief.  Strifl. 

4.  Acrimonious;  biting.  Fell. 
PC'Nie,  a.     [L.  puniciUj  pertaining  to  Carthage,  orits 

inhabitants,  from  Pvnx,  the  Carthaginians  ;  qu.  from 
Pha-iti,  as  Carthage  was  "Settled  by  Phenicians.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Carthaginians  ;  faithless  ;  treach- 
erous ;  deceitful  ;  as,  panic  faith. 

PO'NIC,  a.  The  anciont  language  of  the  Carthagin- 
ians, of  which  I4iutus  has  Icfl  a  specimen. 

J}.iiat.  Res. 

PV'J^I-€JI  FT'DSS,  [U]  Punic  faith,  the  faith  of 
the  Carthaginians,  that  is,  unfaithfulness,  treachery, 
perhdicKisness. 

PO'NICE,  n.     A  bed-bug.     [^ot  in  use.]    .^insioorth. 

PU-NF'CEOUS,  (-iiish'us,)  a.    [L.  paniceus.    Sec  Pu- 
rcic] 
Purple.  Diet. 

PC'NI-NE8.S,  n.  [from  puny.]  Littleness  ;  pettiness  j 
smallness  with  feebleness. 

PUN'ISH,  r.  (.  [Axin.  puni^zai  Fr.  punir,  punissant ; 
It.  punire ;  Sp.  punir :  from  I.,  puntu,  from  the  root 
of  pana,  pain.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  press,  or 
strain.] 

1.  To  pain  ;  to  afflict  with  pain,  loss,  or  calamity 
for  a  crime  or  fault ;  primarily,  ttt  afflict  with  bfidily 
pain  ;  as,  to  punish  a  thief  witli  pitlnry  or  stripes  ; 
but  the  word  is  applied  also  to  affliction  by  loss  of 
property,  by  trans|>ortation,  banishment,  seclusion 
from  «»ciety,  &;c.  The  laws  require  murderers  to  be 
puniahfd  with  death.  Oilier  offenders  are  to  be  p«?t- 
ish^d  with  fines,  imprisonment,  hard  labor,  &.c.  Goil 
punishes  men  fur  their  sins  witli  calamities,  personal 
and  national. 

2.  In  a  U}i,.<rr  sense,  to  afflict  witli  pain,  tc,  Willi 
a  view  to  aniendnient ;  to  clnii^teu  ;  as,  a  father  pun- 
isheji  his  child  for  disobedience. 

3.  To  reward  with  pain  or  suffering  inflicted  on 
tho  offender  ;  applied  to  the  crunf ,'  as,  to  punish  mur- 
der or  till  ft. 

PUN'I.SII-A-«LE,  a.     Worthy  of  punishment. 

2.  Liable  to  piinisbnieiit  ;  capable  of  being  pun- 
ished by  law  ol"  right ;  applied  to  persons  or  o^'rnses ; 
asj  a  man  is  punishable  for  robbery  or  for  trespass  ;  a 
cr^nl'^  \^  puni*habir  bv  law. 

PUN'ISH-A-KLE-NEHS,  n.  The  quality  of  deserving 
or  bemc  liable  to  punishment. 

PUN'l.Sil-/:D.(pun'ii«lit, )/»/>.  Aillic  ted  with  pain  or  evil 
as  the  reiribuiiun  of  a  crime  orofl^nw;  chastised. 

PUN'ISH-ER,  IU  One  that  inflicts  pain,  loss,  or  other 
evil,  for  n  crime  or  olft  use.  Miltxin. 


PUN^ISM-LN'G,  p}*r.     Affliriing  with  pain,  penalty,  or 

of  a 
offi-iise. 


suffering  <^any  kind,  as  the  retribution  of  a  crime  or 


PUN'IHH-MENT,  M.  Any  pain  or  suffrring  inflicted 
on  a  p^THon  for  a  crime  or  offense,  by  the  aiiiliority 
to  which  the  offender  is  subject,  eifher  by  llie  consti- 
tution of  (iod  or  of  civil  society.  The  punishment  of 
tho  faults  and  offenses  of  children,  by  the  parent,  is 
by  virtue  of  the  right  of  government  with  which  the 
parent  is  invei^ted  by  God  himself.  This  species  of 
punishment  is  eka.if.iar.ment  or  correction.     The  punish- 


PUP 

wcn(  of  crimes  against  the  laws  Is  inflicted  by  the 
supreme  power  of  the  state,  in  virtue  of  the  right  of 
government  vested  in  the  prince  or  legislature.  'I'he 
right  of  punishment  belongs  only  to  persons  clothed 
with  autiiority.  Pain,  loss,  or  evil,  willfully  inflicted 
on  another,  fot  his  crimes  or  offenses,  by  a  private, 
unauthorized  person,  is  revenge,  rather  than  punish- 
ment. 

Some  punishmmts  consist  In  exile  or  transportation, 
others  in  loss  of  liberty  by  iniprisomnent ;  some  ex- 
tend to  confiscation  by  forfeiture  of  lands  and  go<tds; 
others  induce  a  disability  of  boldiug  uthces,  of  being 
heirs,  and  the  like.  Blaekstone. 

Divine  punishments  are  doubtless  designed  to  se- 
cure obedience  to  divine  laws,  and  uphold  the  moral 
order  of  created  intelligent  beings. 

Therewnril*  «nt]  punishmentt  of  aiiuUi'^r  life,  which  the  Almighty 
tins  eu:iblulii-(t  us  ihe  i*ririircfii)fiiU  of  liis  law,  *rv  of  wei^it 
eaougti  it><li-t<irmiae  ihe  cboia;  ag^iiU  whutcvor  plc.tsure  wr 
pitiii  (hiJi  lile  Ciui  fibuw.  Locke. 

PU-NI"TION,  (-nish'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  punitio, 
from  punio.] 

Punishment.     [Little  usrd.^ 

PO'NI-TIVE,  a.     fU.  punitivo.) 

Awarding  or  inflicting  punishment;  that  punish- 
es ;  as,  punitive  law  or  justice.  Hammond. 

PO'NI-TO-RY,  a.  Punishing,  or  tending  to  punish- 
ment, 

Pi;X-JAUB',  n.  The  country  of  the  five  rivers,  which 
flow  by  one  united  sireani  into  the  Indus,  forming 
the  north-western  part  of  Hinduoslan. 

PUNK,  «.  A  species  of  fungus,  or  some  decayed  wood, 

used  as  tinder.  jish, 

2.  A  prostitute;  a  strumpet.  Shak, 

PUN'KA,  n.  In  Hindoostan,  a  machine  for  fanning  a 
room,  consisting  of  a  movable  frame  covered  with 
canvas,  and  suspended  from  the  ceiling.  It  is  kept 
in  motion  by  pulling  a  cord.  Malcom. 

PUN'NKD,  pp.     Uuibbled. 

PUN'NER,  n.     A  punster,  which  see.  Steele. 

PUN'NET,  n.  A  small,  but  broad,  shallow  basket,  for 
displaying  fruit  or  flowers.  Smart. 

PUN'NING,  ppr.  [from  pun.]  Using  a  word  at  once 
iu  diff<Tcnt  senses. 

PUX'NI.N'G,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  using  puns  ;  a 
playins  on  words.  A'idison. 

PUN'STEK,  n.  One  that  puns  or  is  skilled  in  pun- 
ning ;  a  quibbler  ;  a  low  wit.  ArbutknoL 

PUN'i',  ».  i.     To  play  at  basset,  faro,  and  oniber. 

PUNT,  71.     [Sax.  punt,  L.  pons,  a  bridge.]        [Addison. 
A  flat-bottomed  boat,  ustjd  in  calking  and  repairing 
ships.  Mar.  Diet. 

PUN  T'ER,  n.  One  that  plays  at  faro  or  biisset  against 
the  hanker  or  dealer.  Eucyc. 

PO'NY,  a.     [Contracted  from  Fr.  paisni,  which  see.] 

1.  /*ro;>cWy,  young  or  younger;  but  in  this  sense 
not  used. 

2.  Inferior;  petty;  of  nn  under  rale;  small  and 
feeble.  This  word  generally  includes  the  signiiica- 
tioii  of  bott)  smallness  and  feebleness  ;  as,  a  puny 
animal;  a  puny  subject;  a  puny  power;  a  pumj 
mind,  Millun.     South,     Drtjdou 

PO'NY,  n.     A  young,  inexperienced  person  ;  a  inivice. 

South. 

PUP,  r.  t.  [This  word  appears  to  be  radically  the 
same  as  tho  L.  pupa,  Eng.  babe,  VV.  pob,  the  root  of 
popalus.) 

To  bring  forth  whelps  or  young,  as  the  female  of 
the  canine  species. 

PI 'P,  n.     A  pvippy. 

PC  I' A,  i  n. ;  pi.  Pup-K  or  Pl'pes.    [L.  supra.]    In  natu- 

POPE,  i  ral  history,  nn  insect  in  the  third  sUite  of 
its  existence,  or,  in  other  words,  the  last  siaio  but 
one,  that  state  in  which  it  resembles  an  Infant  in 
swaddling  clothes.  As  some  insects  in  this  state 
have  a  bright  exterior,  as  if  gilded,  it  lias  been  called 
chry.salit  or  anrclia,  from  the  Gr.  xpvaoi,  and  l« 
aurum,  gold  ;  but  as  this  gilded  appearance  belongs 
to  few  insects,  the  term  pupa  is  now  nioro  gen«;rally 
u^ed.  In  this  state  most  insects  take  no  food,  are 
incaiuible  of  locomotion,  and,  if  opened,  seem  filled 
with  a  watery  fluid  in  which  no  distinct  organs  can 
be  traced. 

PO'PIL,  n.  [L.  pupilla,  dim.  of  pupa,  hupu^.  See 
Pup.]  * 

The  apple  of  the  eye;  a  liltlo  aperture  in  ihe 
middle  of  the  iris  and  uvea  of  the  eye,  through 
which  the  raysof  lisht  pass  to  the  crystalhne  humor, 
to  be  painted  on  the  retina.  Kncyc. 

PO'PIL,  n.  [Fr.  pupille;  h.  pupUlug,  dim.  of  pupa, 
pupus.    See  Pup.] 

1.  A  youth  or  scholar  of  eitlicr  sex  under  the  care 
of  an  instructor  or  tutor.  Locke. 

a.  A  ward  ;  a  youth  or  person  under  the  care  of  a 
guardian.  Drydeu. 

3.  In  the  civil  laic,  a  boy  or  girt  under  the  age  of 
pubf^rty,  that  is,  under  1-1  if  a  male,  and  under  12  if 
a  female,  Encyc. 

PO'PIL- AGE,  n.     The  state  of  being  a  scholar,  or 

under  the  care  of  an  Instructor  for  education    and 

discipline.  Lfieke. 

2-  Wardship;  minority.  Spenser. 

In  this  latter  sense  the  Scotd  use  PupiLAaiTr. 

Beattie. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.^AN"GER,  VI"CI01I8 €  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  «  as  Z ;  Cli  as  SH ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


"113 


&ig 


PUR 

PCTIL-A-RV,  B.     [Ft.  pupaUiirt ;  L.  pupiUaris.] 

Pertaining  to  a  pupil  or  ward,  Jokitson. 

PU-PIP'A-RA,  n.  pi.     [L.  pupa  and  pario,] 

Animals  whose  eggs  are  lialctieil  in  the  matrix  of 
U»  luulher,  and  not  excluded  till  tbey  become  popes. 

Kirby. 
PU-PIP'A-ROUS.    a.      Pertainini?  to  the   Pupipara ; 

prodiicitii:  voiing  in  the  furni  uf  a  puiuu 
PU-Pl  V'l>-RUL'S,  a.     \pupa  and  L.  voro.] 

Peetling  on  the  fujpx  uf  insects.      &  L.  MiUhiU. 
PUP'PET,  H.     [Fr.poupee;  h.  pupus.     Sve  Pt'f.I 

1.  A  amall  lutage  in  the  human  form,  moved  by  a 
wire  in  a  mock  drama  ;  a  wooUcu  tracedian.      Pope. 
Q.  A  doll. 

3.  A  word  of  contempt,  used  of  a  person  who  ia 
under  the  contrul  of  another.  Skmk, 

Prp'PK'i'-MA.N,  (n.     The  master  of  a  puppet- 

PfP  rKT-MAS'TER,  S      sh.iw.  SttifL 

prprET-PLAVER,  «.    One  that  manace*  the  mo- 

tioni*  of  pupfM^ts.  Halts, 

prp'PET-UV,  II.     ^VtTecLition.  JVaretoa. 

PL'P'PKT-SIIOW,  II.    A  mock  drama  performed  by 

puppeta  mored  bv  wires.  Sm/i.     Pope. 

PL'P'PY,  II.  [See*l*i;F.]  A  whelp;  the  young  prog- 
eny of  a  bitch  or  female  of  the  canine  species. 

3.  Jtpplied  to  prrsonsy  a  name  expressing  extreme 
contempt,  comroooly  used  of  one  who  is  conceited. 

PUP'PV,  V.  i.    To  bring  forth  whelps. 

PUPPY-ISM,  «.    Extreme  meanness. 

2.  Extreme  atfrctation  or  concoiL  Chalmers. 

PITR,  r.  L  To  utter  a  low,  murmuring,  continued 
sound,  as  a  cau 

PUK,  r.  L     To  signify  by  purring.  Oray. 

PUK,  ».  The  low,  murmuring,  continaed  soand  of  a 
caL 

PU-RA'NA,  m.  Among  t)u  Hin^ooa.  lArrmUw^  ancient 
story ;  particularly^  a  sacred  poetical  work,  which 
treats  of  the  creation,  destruction,  and  reno\-ation  of 
Worlds,  the  gAnealoity  of  gods  and  heroes,  tlte  reigns 
at  tba  Mantis,  and  the  uanaactioas  of  their  desct-nd- 
anla.    The  Puranas  are  eighteen  in  number. 

WiUan*a  Saiucrit  Diet.     Asiat.  Res. 

PU-R.\N7€,  a.    Pertaining  lu  the  puranas. 

jSsiat.  Rts. 

PUR'BBCK-^TG\E,  n.  A  lime^one  from  the  Isle  of 
Piirbeck  in  England.  P.  Oyc 

PUR'BLtXI),  d.     [S.iid  to  be  from  pore  and  bluuU) 

Near-4(tt;hted  or  dim-sighted  ;  seeing  obscurvly ; 
as,  a  pttrbi*Md  eye ;  a  pmrbbnd  mole. 

Skak.    I>rmmMcmd. 

PI'R'RT.IVn  T.Y.  ndr.    In  a  purblind  manner.     SmK. 

Pf"  -      -- :     „^      Shortness  of  sight;    near- 

-H  of  viTiion. 

i'<  ti.    [from  pmrckase.']    That  may 

Ik-  iH'U^^iii.  [liir^ii.-ised,  or  oboJaed  tor  a  considera- 
tion. 

PLR'CIIASE.  r.  C  [Fr.  po«rc4ssffflr,  to  seek,  to  pur- 
sue; jmu-  and  cAssMT,  CO  cliaae,  It.  cofcimr*^  Sp. 
eauir.  This  word  seems  to  be  ixuisidered  by  Hlack- 
■faine  as  formed  Ihnu  the  h,  perjnntjo.  This  is  an 
error.  The  word  is  fVoni  the  root  of  dtass  t  pour- 
dkasner  is  to  pursue  to  the  end  or  object,  and  hence 
to  obtain.  In  Lnw  I^atin,  purrka<e,  the  nmin,  wns 
written  purehaciuM.  The  legal  use  uf  the.  word  in 
obtaining  wrii^,  shows  best  it-s  tnie  origin  ;  to  pur- 
chase  a  writ,  is  to  »tte  out  a  writ,  thai  is,  tt^i  xeck  it 
out ;  for  sue^  seek,  and  L.  seguor^  are  all  of  one  ori- 
gin, and  syn>)nymi>us  with  chase,  fc^e  Black^tone, 
b.  3,  ch.  ISl    S[M-liiwin,  ad  roc.] 

1.  In  itspninarti  atiH  leval  seiute^  to  gain,  nbtain.  or 
acquire  by  any  means,  except  by  descent  or  hcredi- 
tar>-  rifiiht.  Blackstoiie. 

sL  In  eomotoH  H?a^e,  to  buy  ;  to  obtain  proi»t'rty  by 
paying  an  equivalent  in  mnney.  Itditl'ers  from  Bar- 
TKS  only  in  the  circumstance,  that  in  purchasing,  the 
price  or  equivnlvnt  given  or  secured  is  money  ;  in 
kartfraig,  the  equivok-nt  is  given  in  goods.  \Ve 
purcMMst  lands  or  goods  for  ready  money  or  on 
crediL 

3.  To  obtain  by  an  expense  of  labor,  danger,  or 
other  — cri6ce ;  as,  to  purtJutse  favor  with  (littery. 

A  worid  «1w  vouU  not  purduue  nith  a  trube  t  mi:ion. 

4.  To  expiate  or  re<^ompense  by  a  fine  or  forfeit ; 
OS,  to  fmrtkms*  oat  abuses  with  tears  and  prayer. 

Shak. 

5.  To  sue  out  or  procure,  as  a  writ. 

6.  Formerly,  a  cant  word  for  sttaL  Shak. 
PUR'CUAi^E,  V.  i.    In  seame»*M  Umfuagey  to  raise  by 

a  purchase  ;  as,  the  capstem  furaiiates  apace. 

PUR'CHASE,  n.     [Norm.  Pr.  pourekas  or  purchas.  ] 

1.  In  iaw,  the  act  of  obtaming  or  arqmring  the 
title  to  lands  and  tenements  by  muney,  deed,  gift,  ur 
any  means,  except  by  descent;  the  acquiiitiidn  of 
lands  and  tenements  by  a  man's  own  act  or  agree* 
loenL  '  Liuletou.     Btackstaiu. 

2.  In  Uw,  the  suing  out  and  obtaining  a  writ. 

3.  In  common  vsagf^  the  acquisition  of  the  title  or 
property  of  any  thing  bv  rendering  an  equivalent  in 
money. 

I(  b  feoUah  to  tftr  mu  money  \a  die  par^iose  of  repratiow. 

Pratiktin. 


PUR 

4.  That  which  is  purchased  ;  any  thing  of  which 
the  property  ia  obtained  by  giving  an  equivalent 
price  in  money. 


PUR 


A  border  of  embroidered  work. 


The  ■cripv 


■  complete  cTlilenoe  of  hk  right  In  Ibe  pur^uisa. 
Whrnuon. 


1.  That  which  ta  obtained  by  labor,  danger,  art, 
8lc,  • 

A  ivwiij-waning  ami  ilntrPMMl  widair 

MAd«  priw  will  purdtatt  of  bl>  wwiton  eye.  Sluxk. 

6.  Forauriff,  a  cant  word  for  stealing  and  tlie  thing 
stolen.  Chaucer. 

7.  .\ny  mechanical  hold,  advantage,  power,  or 
force  applied  to  the  raising  or  removing  of  lieavy 
bt'wlies. 

PUR'CIIAS-ED,  (pur'clnst,)  pp.  or  a.  Obtained  or 
acquired  by  one's  own  act  or  agreement. 

2.  Obtained  by  paying  an  equivalent  in  money. 

3.  Obtained  by  labor,  danger,  art,  &.c 

4.  Fonncriv,  a  Cant  word  for  stolen.  Shak. 
PUR'CHASIC-MOX-KY,  (mun-ne,)  n.      The  money 

paid,  or  contracted  to  be  paid,  for  any  thing  boitglit 

Berkeleif. 
PUR'CIIAS-ER,  n.  In  iaie,  one  who  acquires  or  ob- 
tains by  conquest  or  by  deed  or  gift,  or  in  any  man- 
ner other  than  by  descent  or  inheritance.  In  this 
sense,  tlie  word  is  by  some  authors  written  Pua- 
CHA80R.  Biackstone. 

5.  One  who  obtains  or  acqiiircs  the  properly  of  any 
thing  by  paying  an  equivalent  in  money. 

PUR'CH,-\»-ING,  ppr.      Buying;   obtaining  by  one*s 

own  act  or  for  a  price. 
PORE,  (t.     [U  puns;  It.  and  Sp.  puro:  Fr.  pur;  W. 

pitr:  Sax.  pur;  Jieb.  ">3.     The  verb  ina  signifies  to 

separate,  free,  clear;  a  sense  taken  from  driving  olf. 

The  word,  varied  in  orthography,  occurs  in  Ch.  8yr. 

and  Ar.     See  Kia  in  the  Introduction.     Class  Br, 

Nii.7,and6,  8,  9,  10.] 

1.  :?fpanite  from  all  heterogeneous  or  extraneous 
matter;  clear;  free  from  mixture;  as,  pure  water; 
pure  clay  ;  pure  sand  ;  pure  air ;  pure  silver  or  gold. 
Pure  wine  is  verj-  scarce. 

2.  Free  from  moral  defilement ;  without  spot ;  not 
sullied  or  tarnished;  incorrupt;  undeti^ised  by  moral 
turpitude;  holy. 

a       1'bou  ut  ut  purer  ejm  Ui&n  to  behold  evQ.  —  Hab.  L    Prov.  xx. 

3.  Genuine ;  real;  true;  incorrupt;  unadulter- 
ated ;  as,  pure  religion.    Jamts  i. 

4.  Unmixed  ;  separate  from  any  other  subject,  or 
fhiro  every  thing  foreign  ;  as,  pure  mathematics. 

&  Free  from  guilt ;  gniltless  innocent. 

No  huvS  of  BDffe  b  pure,  txit  that  wffich  -wint.  DoMtL 

6.  Not  vitiated  with  iroproper  or  corrupt  words  or 
phrases ;  as,  a  pure  style  of  discourse  or  composition. 

7.  Disinterested  ;  as,  pure  benevolence. 
&  ('haste  ;  as«  a  pwt  virgin. 

9.  Free  from  vice  or  moral  turpitude.     Tit.  i. 

10.  Ceremonially  clean  ;  unpulluted.     Ezra  vL 

11.  Free  from  any  thing  improper;  as, his  motives 
are  pure. 

12.  Merc  ;  absolute  ;  that  and  that  only ;  uncon- 
nected witi)  any  thing  eUe  ;  as,  a  pure  villain.  He 
did  tlijit  frttm  pure  compassion,  or  pure  good  nature. 

Pure  viUenage^  in  the  feudal  law^  is  a  tenure  of 
lands  by  uncertain  services  at  the  will  of  the  lord  ; 
uplhksed  to  prioUegf^  villenage.  Blackstone. 

PCRE,  r.  t.     To  purify  ;  to  cleanse.     [JVy(  in  use.] 

Chaucer, 
PCRE'LY,  a//r.    In  a  pure  manner;  witli  an  entire 
separation  Ktf  heterogeneous  or  foul  matter.     Is.  i. 

a.  Without  any  mixture  of  improper  or  vicious 
words  or  phrases. 

3.  Innocently  ;  without  guilt. 

4.  -Merely ;  absolutely  ;  without  connection  with 
any  thing  else  ;  completely  ;  totally.  The  meeting 
was  purely  accidental. 

PORE'NESS,  a.  Clearness;  an  unmixed  state;  sep- 
aration oi  freedom  from  any  heterogeneous  or  foreign 
matter;  as,  the  pureness  of  water,  or  other  liquor; 
the  pureness  of  a  metal ;  the  pureness  of  marl  or 
clay  ;  the  purenrss^f  air. 

5.  Freedom  from  moral  turpitude  or  guilt. 

M»y  we  etermore  icrve  thee  in  hoIineM  And  pumuet  of  livinfr. 
Com.  Prayer. 

3.  Simplicity;  freedom  from  mixture  or  compo- 
sition. 

An  euence  eternal   and  •piriluol,   of  ahwlute    pureneat  anil 
aianiikity.  Itategk. 

4.  Freedom  from  vicious  or  Improper  words, 
phrases,  or  modes  of  speech  ;  as,  pureness  of  style. 

JSseham. 
PUR'FILE,  (-fil.)  n.     [Ft.  pourJiUe  ;  pour  and  Jile.] 
A  sort  of  ancient  trimming  for  women's  gowns, 
made  of  tinsel  and  thread,  called  also  BoBBiif-woBK. 

Bailey. 
[  The  thing  and  the  name  are  obsolete.] 
PUR'FLE,  (pur'fl,)  v.  L      [Ft.  pourJUer }   lU  profilare. 
See  pRoni-E.] 

To  decorate  with  a  wrought  or  flowered  border; 
to  embroider;  as,  to  purJU  with  blue  and  white,  or 
with  gold  and  pearl.    [Oba.] 

,  Spenser.     Sfiak.     Milton. 


PUR'FLE, 
PUK'FLEW 

2.  In  keraltirij,  tenns  applied  to  ermines,  peans,  or 

furs  wliith  compose  a  bordure.  Kncyc. 

PUR'FUlD,  pp.  ur  a.    Ornamented  with  a  flowered 

border. 
PURG'A-MENT,  7t.     [I.,  purgamen.] 

A  cathartic.  Bacon. 

PUR-GA'TtON,  ».      [Fr.,  from    L.  purgatio.      See 

Purge.] 

1.  The  act  or  opemtion  of  clearing,  cleansing,  or 
i.<  purifying  by  8<'porating  and  carrying  ofif  iuipurities, 

or  whatever  is  su[)erlluuus ;  applied  tuUteiMtdy;  a^*, 
the  intestines  are  cleared  by  purgation.  So  also  hi 
phtirmacy  and  in  ekctnistry,  medicines,  meiaU,  and 
minerals,  are  purified  by  purgation.  Eacyc 

2.  In  UttD,  the  act  of  cleansing  from  a  crime,  accu- 
satiiiti,  or  suspicion  of  guilt,  'i'his  was  canonical  or 
vulgar.  Canonical  p^^rir|l£iun.,  prescribed  by  the  canon 
law,  was  perfurmed  before  the  bisliup  or  his  deputy, 
and  by  a  jury  of  twelve  clerks.  The  party  accused 
first  made  oath  to  his  own  innocence,  and  then  the 
twelve  clerks,  or  compurgators,  swore  that  they  be- 
lieved he  S|>oke  the  truth  ;  after  which,  other  wit- 
nes.ses  were  eiainliicd  upon  oath,  on  behalf  of  the 
prisoner  only.  Vulgar  purgation  was  perfurmed  by 
the  ordeal  of  fire  or  water,  or  by  combat.  [See  Or- 
deal.] Blackstone. 

PURG'A-TrVE,  o.     [li.  purgativo ;  Ft.  purgatif.] 

Having  the  power  of  cleansing  ;  usually^  having 
the  power  of  evacuating  the  intestines ;  cathartic. 

PURG'A-TIVE,  n.  A  medicine  that  evacuates  the 
intestines  ;  a  cathartic. 

PURG'A-TIVE.LY,  adv.     Ckansingly  ;  cothartically. 

PL'RG-A-T5'Rl-AL, )  a.     Pertaining  to  purgatory. 

PURG-A-TO'RI-AN,  \  Mede, 

PURG'A-TO-RY,  a.     [L.  pargatorius,  from  purgOj  to 
purge.] 
Tending  to  cleanse;  cleansing;  expiatory.  Burke, 

PURG'A-TO  RY,  n.     fFr.  purgatuire.] 

Among  Roman  CathoHa,  n  suitfRised  place  or  state 
after  death,  in  which  the  souls  of  persons  are  puri- 
fied, or  in  which  they  expiate  sucii  ufteiii^es  commit- 
ted iu  this  life,  us  do  not  mtfrit  eternal  damnation. 
After  tills  purgation  fnun  the  impurities  of  sin,  the 
souls  are  supposed  to  bo  received  into  heaven. 

Knctjc.     &tiUiagJleeL 

PUR6E,  (purj,)  r.  (.  [L.  purgu;  Ft.  purger ;  Sp. 
pur  gar  ;  It.  purgart ;  probably  a  derivative  from  the 
root  of  pure.] 

1.  To  cleanse  or  purify  by  separating  and  carrying 
off  whatever  is  impure,  heler()gcneous,  foreign,  or 
superfluous  ;  as,  to  purge  the  body  by  evacuation  ; 
to  purge  the  Augean  stable.  It  is  followed  by  away^ 
»/j  or  off.  We  say,  to  purge  array  or  to  purge  off 
filth,  and  to  purge  a  liquor  of  its  scum. 

2.  To  clear  from  guilt  or  moral  defilement ;  a&  to 
irge  one  of  guilt  or  crime ;  to  purge  away  sin. 

Purge  aieay  our  ■ins,  for  Uiy  name*!  ftike.  —  IV  Ixxix. 
Purge  Rie  wiili  hyaaop  untl  I  iball  be  clean.  —  Ps.  U. 

3.  To  clear  from  accusation  or  the  charge  of  a 
crime,  as  in  ordeal. 

4.  To  remove  wliat  is  offensive;  to  sweep  away 
impurities.     Kick.  xx. 

5.  To  clarify  ;  to  defecate  ;  as  liquors. 
PURfiE,  tj.  i.     To  become  pure  by  clarification. 

2.  To  have  frequent  or  preternatural  evacuations 
from  the  intestines,  by  means  of  a  cathartic. 

PURtiE,  n.  A  medicine  that  evacuates  the  intestines; 
ft  cathartic.  jirbutknot 

PURG'iJD,  (purjd,)  ;iy.  Purified;  cleansed;  evat^- 
uated. 

PURG'ER,   «.      A   person   or  thing  that  purges  or 
cleanses. 
2.  A  cathartic. 

PURG'ING,  ppr.  Cleansing;  purifying;  carrying  off 
impurities  or  superiluous  matter. 

PURG'Ii\G,  7t.  A  diarrhea  or  dysentery  ;  preternat- 
ural evacuation  of  the  intestines;  looseness  uf  bow- 
els,    [.^a  inappropriate  u^e  of  the  word.] 

PIJ-RI-FI-€A'TION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  Upurificaiio.  See 

PURIFV.] 

1.  The  act  of  purifying;  the  act  or  operation  of 
separating  and  removing  from  any  thing  that  which 
is  heterogeneous  or  foreign  to  it ;  as,  the  purification 
of  liquors,  nr  of  metals,  Boyle. 

2.  In  religion^  the  act  or  operation  of  cleans- 
ing ceremonially,  by  removing  any  pollution  or  de- 
filement. PunJicaLiou  by  watching,  or  by  other 
means,  was  conmion  to  the  Hebrews  and  to  pa- 
gans. The  Mohammedans  use  purification  as  a  prep- 
aration for  devotion.    2  Chron.  xxx,  Esth.  \\.  Luke\\, 

£ncyc. 

3.  A  cleansing  from  guilt  or  the  pollution  of  sin  ; 
the  extinction  of  siiit\il  desires,  ajipetiles,  and  in- 
clinations. 

PU-RIF'I-eA-TIVK,      )  a.    Having  power  to  puriiy  ; 

PU-RIF'ieA-TO-RY,    (      lending  to  cleanse. 

PO'RI-FI-£D,  ;?;7.  or  a.  Made  pure  and  clear  ;  freed 
from  pollution  cerf:inonialIy. 

PC'RI-FI-ER,  n.  [from  purify.]  That  whieH  purifies 
or  cleanses;  a  cluanser;  a  refiner.  Fire  was  held 
by  the  andents  to  be  an  excellent  purifier. 


purge  c 


F-4TE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PR^Y.-^PLVE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  B<X>K 


PUR 

PO'RI-FORM,  A      [L.  pu.1,  puris,  and  form.] 

Like  pus  ;  in  the  furm  uf  pus.  Med.  Repos. 

PC'RI-FY,  r.  C.  [Fr.  puHjier;  L.  puryico  ;  pttrujiy  pure, 
and  facto,  to  make.] 

1.  To  make  pure  or  clear  ;  to  free  from  extraneous 
aduixture  ;  as,  to  purify  liquors  or  metals  j  to  purtftf 
the  blood  ;  to  purify  the  air. 

2.  To  free  from  pollution  ceremonially  ;  to  remove 
whatever  renders  unclean  and  unfit  for  sacred  ser- 
vices. 

Purify  jf}tiTf\vr%  and  yovr  ciptivi  on  Ihe  third  Aay,  and  on 
\tot  aerenth  day  ptnVy  *"  yoT  raiment.  —  Num.  xxxi. 

3.  To  free  from  guilt  or  the  defilement  of  rfn  ;  as, 
to  ^wrify  the  heart. 

\N*ho  f^»p  hlmaeir  for  in,  that  he  rnig'hf  pcd»^in  tM  from  all  ini- 
quity, knd  p^nJy  Unto  hiniacir  a  pe^i&r  people,  Kaloui  of 
fxxMl  WdricA.  —  IIl  a. 

4.  To  clear  from  improprieties  or  barbarisms ;  as,  to 
pnrift/  a  language.  Sprat. 

PC'RI-FV,  t.  L    To  crow  or  become  pure  or  clear. 

Liquors  will  gradually  purify.  Burnet. 

PC'RI-FT-IN'G,  ppr.  or  a.    Removing  foreisrn  or  heter- 

ogenciius  matter ;  cleansing  from  pollution  ;  fining} 

mnkinff  clear. 
P0'R1-F?-I\G,  ju    The  act  or  operation  of  making 

pure,   or  of  cleansing  from  extraneous  matter,  or 

from  pollution. 
PO'Rr.lI,  n.     [Heb.   0>"iie,  lots,  from  the  Persian.] 

Among  the  Jews^  the  feast  of  lots,  instituted  to  coro- 

niemtvate  their  deliverance  from  the  machinations 

of  Hnmnn.     Esth.  ix. 
PO'RIST,  n.     [Fr.  puriste.] 

1.  One  excessively  nice  in  the  use  of  words. 

ChesterfifJd,     Joh  lison, 

2.  One  who  maintains  that  Uie  New  Testament 
was  written  in  p<ire  Greek.  M.  StuarU 

PO'RI-TA\,  n.  [from  pure.}  The  Puritans y  in  the 
time  of  Queen  Elizabeth  and  her  immediate  suc- 
cessors, were  so  called  in  derision,  on  account  of 
their  professing  to  follow  the  vure  word  of  God,  in 
opposition  to  ait  traditions  ana  human  constitutions. 

KncyOt 
Hume  gives  this  name  to  three  parties  ;  the  politi- 
cal Puritans,  who  maintained  the  hishest  principles 
of  civil  liberty  ;  the  Puritans  in  discipline,  who  were 
averse  to  the  ceremdnirs  and  government  of  the 
Episcopal  church  ;  and  the  doctrinal  Puritans,  who 
rigidly  defended  the  speculative  system  of  the  first 
reft>rnui'rs, 

PmritaKia  sometimes  now  used  as  a  terra  of  re- 
proach. 
Ptj'RI-TAN,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Puritans,  or  early 

dissenters  from  the  Church  of  Englanil.  SantJerson. 
Pt'-RI-TA\'ie,         >  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Puritansor 
PU-RI-TAN'IC-AL,  i      their  #M-trines  and  practice; 
as  a  term  of  reproach,  exact ;  rigid  ;  as,  puritanical  no- 
tions or  i>pinioTis  ;  purHimical  manners. 
PU-Rf-TAN'ie-AL-LY,  adr.    With  the  exact  or  rigid 

notions  nr  manners  of  the  Puritans. 
PO'RI-TA.V  IS.H,  n.    The  notions  or  practice  of  Puri- 
tan:*. MoTita-Tue. 
PC'RI-TA.V-TZE,  r.  L    To  deliver  the  notions  of  Puri- 
tans.                                                              Monta-ruf. 
PC'RI-TY,  »,     [Tr.pKritii  L.  puritns,  frum  pnrus.] 
I    Prctdom  from  foreipn  admixture  or  heterogene- 
ous mntler ;  as,  thf  purity  of  water,  of  wine,  of  spirit ; 
thf  purity  of  drugs  ;  the  purity  (»f  metals. 

'i.  Cleanness;  freedom  from  foulness  or  dirtj  as, 
the  purity  of  a  garment. 

Thf  purity  of  a  linen  rcnure.  Jlotyiay, 

3.  Freedom  from  guiti  or  the  defilement  of  sin  ; 
innoc'-nce  ;  as,  pnnty  of  heart  or  life. 

4.  Chajitity  ;  freedom  from  contamination  by  illicit 
■exiinl  connection.  Shak. 

5.  Freedom  from  any  sini>«ter  or  improper  viewa; 
as,  th  •  purity  of  m<ttrves  or  designs. 

6.  Freedom  from  foreign  idioms,  from  barbarous  or 
improper  words  or  phrases  ;  as,  purity  of  style  or 
language. 

PL'RI^  n.     [Supposed  to  be   contracted  from  purfie. 
Qu.] 
1.  An  embroidered  and  puckered  border. 

JobMson.    Bacon. 
3.  A  kind  of  edging  for  bone-lace.  Bailctt. 

Pf'RI.,  n,    A  malt  liquor  medicated  with  wormwood 

or  aromatic  herbs.  Bailey,     Johnson. 

PIJRL,  ff.     Two  rounds  fn  knitting, 
PITRI,,  p.  I.     [Sw.  ptyrla;  VV.  frrutatn,  to  purl,  to  rip- 
ple ;  fniui,  a  ripphng.     It  may  be  allied  to  O.brWten, 
V.  hruUeit,  Dan.  broler,  to  roar,  and  to  Rng.friU,  trill, 
and  roll.] 

J.  To  tiiiirmiir,  as  a  small  stream  flowing  among 
f^'  r  obftnictions,  which  occasion  a  con- 

I  f  broken  sounds.     It  ih  applied  only  to 

m:  Large  streams  ninning  in  like  man- 

ner ;iri'  said  to  mar.     In  descriptions  of  rur^kl  scene- 
ry, the  poets  aefdom  omit  a  purling  brook  or  stream. 

,       My  flriwcry  (hemp, 
A  paiiitM  mislrv-M  or  n  purling  atrcum.  Popt. 

3:  To  flow  or  nin  with  a  murmuring  sound. 

Around  th'  adjotnin^  hrook  ih^ipnrlt  nton^ 

ITie  rocki  pfWr,  now  fr-fdnf  o'-t  n  rock.  TTIomjow. 


PUR 

PURL,  V.  t.    To  decorate  wilii  fringe  or  embroidery. 

B.  Jonsotu 

PUKL,  ft.  A  gentle,  continued  murmur  of  a  small 
stream  of  rippling  water. 

PUR'LIEO,  (purMu,)  n.  [Fr.  pur^  pure,  and  tuw, 
place.] 

A  border  ;  a  limit ;  a  certain  limited  extent  or  dis- 
trict; orifrinally,  the  ground  near  a  royal  forest, 
which,  bemg  severed  from  il,  was  made  purlieu,  that 
is,  pure  or  free  from  the  forest  laws.  Encye. 

PUU'LIN,  «.  fn  architecture,  a  piece  of  timber  ex- 
tending from  end  to  end  of  a  building  or  roof,  across 
and  under  the  rafters,  to  support  them  in  the  middle. 

llebert. 

PURL'ING,  ppr.     [from  purl]    Murmuring  or  gur- 
gling, as  a  brook. 
9.  Decorating  with  fringe  or  embroidery. 

PURL'ING,  a.  Murmuring  or  gurgling;  as,  a  purling 
stream.  Pope. 

PURL'ING,  n.  The  continued,  gentle  murmur  of  a 
small  stream. 

PUR-LOIN',  V.  t.  [Fr.  pour  and  loin,  far  off.  See 
Eloign.] 

1.  Literally,  lo  take  or  carry  away  for  one's  self; 
hence,  to  steal ;  to  take  by  thcll. 

Your  builrr  purlaina  your  liquor.  ArbMthnot. 

2.  To  take  by  plagiarism  ;  to  steal  from  books  or 
manuscripts.  Dryden. 

PUR-LOIN',  ».  i.     To  practice  theft.     Tit.  ii. 
PUR-LOIN'£D,  pp.     Stolen  ;  taken  by  plagiarism. 
PUR-LOIN'ER,  M.     A  thief;  a  plagiary. 
PUR-LOIN'ING,  ppr.    Stealing;  cuniniitting  literary 

theft  4 

PU  R-LOIN'ING,  n.    Thett ;  plagiarism. 
PUR'PAR-TY,  n.     [Fr.  pour  and  partie,  part.] 

In   lavy,  a    share,  part,  or  portion   of  an   estate, 

which  is  allotted  to  a  coparcener  by  partition. 

Cowcl. 
PUR'PLE,  (pur'pl,)  a.     [Fr.  pourpri',    L.  purpurrus ; 

Sp.    purpure-o ;    It.   porporiito ;    Gr.    TToofvpeos,  from 

TTOfxpvpa,  L.  purpura,  a  shell  from  which  the  color 

was  obtiiined.J 

1.  Designating  n  much-admired  color  compost^  of 
red  and  blue  blended.  The  Roman  emperors  wore 
robes  of  this  color. 

2.  In  poetry,  red  or  livid  ;  dyed  with  blood.  * 

I  ripw  a  field  of  blood, 
And  Tiber  roiling  with  ^purple  flooti.  Dryden. 

PUK'PLE,  rt.  A  purple  color  or  dress;  hence,  impe- 
rial pjvernment  in  the  Roman  empire,  as  a  purple  robe 
was  the  distinguishing  dress  of  the  emperors. 

Oihbdn. 
9.  A  cnrdinalate.  Jiddison,     Hume. 

Purple  of  Cassius.     See  Cassius. 
Purple  of  moUasca ;  a  viscid   liquor,  secreted    by 
certain  shell-fish,  as  the  Buccinum  lapillus,  which 
dyes  wool,  &c,  of  a  purple  color,  and  is  supposed  to 
be  the  substance  of  the  famous  Tyrian  dye.      Ure. 
PUR'PLE,  p.  L     [L.  purpura.] 

To  make  purple,  or  to  dye  of  a  red  color;  as, 
hands  puTT^/cd  with  blooil. 

Wlwri  mom 
Purple*  ilw  part.  Milton. 

Rcclitiin|E;Kift  in  titiurtil  bowen, 
Purplfd  tweet  wlib  Bprin^ing  tovren.  fTenton. 

PUR'PLED.pp.  or  a.    Made  purple. 

PUR'PLES,  (pur'plz,)  n.  pi.    Petecchle,  or  spots  of  a 

livid  red  on  the  body  ;  livid  spots  which  appear  in 

certain  malignant  diseases;  a  purple,  l.  e.,  a  petec- 

chial  fever. 
PUR'PLING,  ppr.  Dyeing  of  a  purple  color;  making 

purple. 
PUR'PLfSJI,  a.    Somewhat  purple.  Boijte. 

PUR'PORT,  n.     [Fr.  pour,  f.ir,  and  porter,  to  benr.j 

1.  Design  or  tendency  ;  as,  the  purport  of  Plato's 
dialogue.  JVorris. 

9.  Sleaniitg  ;  import ;  as,  the  purport  of  a  word  or 
phrase. 
PUR'Pf^RT,  r.  L    To  intend  ;  to  intend  to  show. 

2.  To  mean  ;  to  signify.  [Baron. 
PUR'PORT-KD,  pp.     Designed;  intended  ;  meant. 
PURTORT-ING,    ppr.     Designing;    intending;    im- 
porting. 

PUR'PO-^E.  n.  [Fr.  propos :  Pp.  and  It.  proposito  :  h. 
propoxitum,  propono ;  pro,  before,  and  po»o,  to  set  or 
plarejj 

1.  That  whith  a  person  sets  before  himself  as  an 
object  to  he  reached  or  ncrnmplished  ;  the  end  or 
aim  to  which  the  virw  is  directed  in  any  plan,  nu-ns- 
ure,  or  exertion..  We  believe  the  Supreme  Heing 
created  Intelligent  beings  fur  some  benevoli-nt  and 
glorious  purpose  i  and  if  so,  how  glorious  and  benev- 
olent must  bo  hi9pu77(o.««  in  the  plan  of  redemption  ! 
The  ambition  of  men  is  generally  din-cted  to  one  of 
two  pUTyiw.ie.*,  or  to  both — the  arVjuisition  of  wealth 
or  of  power.  We  build  houses  for  the  purpuse  of 
shelter ;  we  labor  for  the  purpose  of  subsit^tence. 

2.  Intention;  design.  Tliis  sense,  hov^ever.  Is 
hardly  to  be  distinguished  from  the  former,  as  pur- 
pose  always  includes  the  end  in  view. 

Fvpry  jmrpoit  is  .■KLi|,lish<-d  \,y  ci'unwl.  —  Pro*,  xx. 
Bring  ijrrd'-KaiiMfil  i.cconlirig- to  \\\f  jntrjtane  ot\\\xn  who  work- 
eth  kII  Uiings  Ml»;r  Ok  counwl  vf  hU  own  will.  —  Eph.  1. 


PUR 


3.  End  ;  efTeci ;  consequence,  good  or  bad.  What 
good  purpose  will  this  answer?  We  sometimes  labor 
to  no  purpose.  Men  often  employ  their  tiine,lmlent«, 
and  money  for  very  evil  purposes. 

To  what  purpQM  it  this  w.ute  t  —  MhIL  xztL 

4.  Instance;  example.  »[JVo(  in  use.] 

•      5.  Conversation.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

Of  purpose,  on  purpose;  witli  previous  design; 
with  the  mind  directed  to  that  object.  On  purpose  is 
more  generally  used,  but  the  true  phrase  is  of  pur- 
pose^^ 

PUR'TOSE,  V.  t.  To  intend  ;  to  design  ;  to  resolve  ; 
to  determine  on  some  end  or  object  to  be  accom- 
plished. 

I  have  purpottd  it,  1  will  aUo  do  it.  — Tt.  xl^i,    Eph.  EL 
V&\i\  purpoeed  in  lh'>  uplrit,  whf-n  he  h;>d  pawed  ij.rongh  Mae©- 
uuiii:i  3.11(1  Achaiii,  to  ^  to  JtTuiuili-in.  —  Acu  xiz. 

PUR'POS-£D.  (pur'pust,)  pp.  or  o.  Intended;  de- 
signed i  applied  to  things. 

2.  Resolved ;  having  formed  a  design  or  resolu- 
tion ;  applied  to  persons. 

I  am  purpoaed  that  nty  mouth  ihal]  not  tranifp'caa.  —  l*i.  xtU. 

PUR 'POSE-LESS,  a.    Having  no  effect  or  purpose. 

IlalL 
PUR'POSE-LY,  adr.    By  design  ;  intentionally  :  with 

predetermination. 

In  wmpoiiii^  this  dincoiirsf,  I  putfioaely  declined  all  ofTenthre 

«nd  di«{>]caiiiiig  truths.  AUgrbury. 

So  much  t|«-y  tcont  Uw  crowd,  iliat  i!  the  throng 
By  cbanc«  g^  right,  ihcy  puijHisely  g-o  wrong.  Pope. 

PUR'POS-ING,  ppr.  Intending;  designing;  resolv- 
ing. 

PUR-PRES'TlJRE.n,  [from  Fr.pourand  prCTirfrf,prw, 
to  take.] 

In  /rtw,  a  nuisance,  consisting  in  an  inclosure  of 
or  encroachment  on  something  that  belongs  to  the 
public  ;  as  a  house  erected  or  inclosure  made  on  the 
kinjr's  demesnes,  or  of  a  highway,  &c.  Blackstone. 

PURTUTSE,  (-prize,)  n.     [Fr.  pourjn-is,  supra.] 

A  close  or  inclosure  ;  also,  the  whole  com[>a.ss  of  a 
manor.  Bacon. 

PUR'PU-RATE,  71.  A  compound  of  purpuric  acid 
and  a  salifiable  base.  Ure. 

PUR'PURE,  n.  In  heraldry,  purple,  represented  in 
engraving  by  diagonal  lines  from  right  to  left. 

PUR-POlllC.  a.  [J'o  called  from  the  purple  color  of 
its  salts.]  Purpuric  acid  is  produced  by  the  action 
of  nitric-acid  upon  the  lithic  or  uric  acid. 

Dr.  Prout. 

PUR'PU-RINE,  n.  A  coloring  principle,  suppivwd,  by 
Robiquet  and  Colin,  to  exist  in  niudder.  Its  identity 
is  questionable.  Urc 

PURR,  0.  i.    To  murmur  as  a  cat,     [See  Pph.] 

PURR,  Ti.    A  sea  lark.  Ainsworth. 

PURRE,  n.  Ciderkin  or  perkin  ;  the  liquor  made  by 
steeping  the  gross  matter  of  pressed  apples.  ICncijc. 

PURR'IN'G,  ppr,  or  a.     Murmuring  as  a  cat. 

PURR'ING,  n.    The  murmuring  noise  made  bv  a  cat. 

PURSE,  (purs,)  n.  [Fr.  bourse;  It.  borsa ;  ^p.  and 
Port,  bolsa;  D,  beurs ;  G.bUrse;  Dan.  biSrsf  L..  byrsa^ 
an  ox-hide  ;  Gr.  0i<pca,  id.     Qn.] 

1.  A  small  bag  in  which  money  is  contained  or 
carried  in  the  pocket.  It  was  formerly  made  of 
leather,  and  is  still  made  of  this  material  by  common 
people.     It  is  usually  of  silk  net-work. 

2.  A  sum  of  money  offered  as  the  prize  of  winning 
in  a  horse-race. 

3.  In  Turkey,  a  sum  of  money,  500  piasters. 

4.  The  public  cofft-r.s  ;  the  treasury  ;  as,  to  exhaust 
a  nation's  pur.se,  or  the  public  purse. 

Lnnrr  purse,  or  tieavy  purse;  wealth;  riches. 
Light  purse,  or  empty  purse ;  jtoverty,  or  want  of 
resources. 

Sword  and  pvrse ;  the  military  power  and  wealth 
of  a  nation. 
PUKSE,  V.  U     To  put  in  a  purse.     Dryden.    Milton. 
2.  To  contract  into  folds  or  wrinkles. 

Thou  didst  coiilmct  and  purse  tJiy  hrow,  ShaJc. 

PUR.S'^D,  (purst,)  pp.     Put  in  a  purse. 

9.  Contracted  into  folds  or  wrinkles;  with  up, 

PURSE'-NET,  (purs'net,)  n.  A  net,  the  mouth  of 
which  may  be  closed  or  drawn  together  like  a  purse. 

■Mortimer, 

PURSE'-PRIDE,  n.  Pride  of  money;  insolence  pitv- 
ceeilirig  from  the  possession  of  wealth.  JialL 

PUR.SE'-PROUD,  a.  Proud  of  wealih  ;  puffed  up 
with  the  possession  of  mtmey  or  riches. 

PURS'ER,  n.  In  the  nary,  a  commissioned  officer  who 
has  charge  of  the  provisions,  clothing,  Sec,  and  of 
tlie  public  moneys  on  shipboard.  Tottcn. 

PURS'I-NESS,  n.  [from  pursy.]  A  stale  of  being 
swelled  or  bloated  ;  inflation  ;  hence,  shortness  of 
breath.     fPuB9ivE?(ES3  is  rarely  used.] 

PURS'LAIN,  n.  [It.  parcHlana,  porcelain  and  purs- 
lain  ;  Sp.  verdolaga,  purslain,  wjiich  seems  to  be 
green  leek,  crcen  plant.  The  Portuguese  write  very 
corruptly  beldrocga.  Tlie  Latin  is  portulaca.  See 
Leek.] 

An  annual  plant  of  the  genus  Portulaca,  with 
fleshy,  succulent  leaves,  often  used  as  n  fioj-hcrb  and 
fiir  salads,  garnishing,  and  pickling.  The  sea  purs- 
lain  is  of  the  genus  Alriplex.     The  tree  sea  purslmn 


TONE,  m;LL,  lINrrE.-.AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  a«  K ;  0  og  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 

_  __ 


PUR 

istb«  Atriplex  boiimus.  [See  Pi-bslais-Trke.]  TImj 
w&iwr  purglain.  is  of  ihe  gi'iius  Pcplis.  [Sometimes 
spelled  PrnsLASK.]  Lee. 

PURi^'LAIN-TRKE,  n,  A  popular  nnme  (  f  Portula- 
caria  Afni,  cnllt-d,  also,  tret  pur.-lainf  a  fleshy  t«hrub 
with  many  small.  i>p)>o:^itg,  Ileshy,  rounded  leaves. 
It  is  a  nntivf  of  Africa.  '  Loudon. 

PUR-SC'A-BLE,  o.  [from  pursue.]  That  may  be 
ptirsuod.  followed,  or  prosecuted.  SAerwooiL 

PUR-SC'.\XCE,  n.  [from  pur^e.]  A  following; 
pro?eculion,  process,  or  continued  exertion,  to  reach 
or  accomjilish  something  i  as»  in  pursuance  otf  the 
main  desijin. 

2.  Consf<)iicnre  ;  as,  in;»i(rjiuinc«  ofan  order  from 
the  cominrinder-in-chiif. 

PL'R-SO'ANT,  a.  [from  jntrsue,  or  rather  from  Fr. 
fOursuieamL] 

Done  in  runseqti-'nce  or  prosecution  of  any  thing  ; 
hrnce,  apree.ihle  ;  conlormadlp.  Purxuaut  to  a  for- 
mer n*solution,  (he  hotise  proceeded  to  appoint  the 
stnndinc  committees ;  this  mousure  was  adopted 
pursuant  to  a  ftinnt-r  order. 

PUR-80'ANT-LY,  ade.    Aprwahly  ;  conformably. 

PCR-SOE',  r.  I.  (Fr.  pomrsuirre;  pour  and  suin^to 
fitlloW,    L.    gttptor  ;   prvsequor,    or    pcnftptar.      See 

1.  To  follow ;  tn  tp>  or  proceed  afrerorin  a  like 
direction.  The  captain  pursued  the  same  course  as 
former  navigators  have  taken  -,  a  suhse<iuent  legisla- 
ture purnied  the  course  of  iheir  predecessors. 

9.  Tu  take  and  pMceed  in,  without  following 
another.  Captain  Cook  pursued  a  new  and  unex- 
plored course ;  new  circutiistances  often  compel  us 
topurtae  new  expeditnts  and  untried  courses  ;  what 
course  5h:ill  we  purgme  ? 

3.  To  follow  with  a  view  to  overtake  ;  to  follow 
with  liasie  :  to  cha^e  ;  as,  to  pKrsu*  a  bare  ;  to  pur- 
tue  an  enemy. 

4.  To  neck  ;  to  uw  measures  to  obtain  i  as,  to^tu^ 
rue  a  remedy  at  law. 

5.  To  pnisecute-,  to  continue.  A  stream  proceeds 
from  a  lake,  and  purauc^  a  southerly  course  to  the 
ocean. 

U>;  that  purrtMA  r*il,  pHrrmtA  U  to  hh  own  dMtlh.  —  Pror,  xL 

6.  To  follow  as  an  examine  ;  to  imitate. 

The  fcune  of  u)C>ot  tnunma  yoa  pttma.  Drydnt, 

7.  To  endeavor  to  attain  to ;  to  airiTe  to  reach  or 

gain. 

Wo  haffbairm  pttrwtm ;  we  tj  tnm  pdn.  Prior. 

8.  To  follow  with  enmity  ;  to  per^ecuto. 

Tbu  verb  is  frequently  followed  by  ti/Ur.    Oea. 

XKV. 

PUR-9CE',  v.L  To  go  on  j  to  proceod ;  to  continue  j 
A  Otdlicism. 

I  h«T»,  ^miiM  Cuocsdn,  woodisnl  ebtmlm*  ihoold  oat  gdo- 
Ma-  BogU. 

p(TR-sr'J7»  ^n<ir-«ade',);7wor&    FoDowed ;  chased  ; 

niinued. 
P'  One  that  follows;  one  that  chases; 

' -  VNS  in  haste,  with  a  view  to  overtake. 

Sfiak.    Mdton. 
PCR-SC'IXG,  ppr.  or  «.     Following  ;  chasing  ;  hast- 
ening after  to  overtake;  prosecuting  J  proceeding  in ; 
continiitng. 
PUR-SOIT',  (pur-nfltc'O  n.    [Fr.  ponrguite.] 

1.  The  act  of  fullowins  with  a  view  to  overtake  ; 
a  following  with  haste,  either  for  sport  or  in  hostility  ; 
as,  the  pursuit  of  game  ;  the  pursuit  of  an  enemy. 

2.  A  fullnwing  with  a  view  to  reach,  accompjish, 
or  obtain  ;  endeavor  to  attain  to  or  gain  ;  as,  the 
pursuit  of  knowledge  ;  the  pursuit  of  happiness  or 
pk-asure  j  the  pursuit  of  power,  of  honor,  of  distinc- 
tion, of  a  phantom. 

3.  Proceedinc  ;  course  of  business  or  occupation  ; 
continued  employment  with  a  view  to  some  end  \  as, 
mermnlile  pursuits ;  literary  pursuits. 

4.  Prosecution  ;  continuance  of  endeavor. 

Clarendon. 
PLTR'Stnt-VAXT,  (-9we-,)  a.     [FY.  »o«r«iraBl.] 

J.  A  state  messenger ;  an  attendant  on  the  beralds. 

Spenser.  Cdmdett. 
Z.  Xn  tJu  IferaJdt*  CMleg-e.,  the  pursnivants  arc 
junior  officers,  who  aflerward  succeed  to  higher 
employments.  They  are  four,  viz,,  Pertculhsy  Rouge 
DrmgvUy  Blue  .Mnntle,  and  Porte  Croix.  Brande, 
PURyY,  a.  [Protiably  from  Fr.  poussif^  from 
potUEMT,  to  pd^h  ;  ^w.  posa^  to  swell  or  inflate.  A 
more  etymological  spelling  of  this  word  wo<ild  be 

Pt-«5T.] 

Properlm,  intl.ited  ;  swelled  ;  hence,  fat,  short,  and 
thick  ;  and,  as  pen*tm9  of  this  class  bare  a  laborious 
respimtiun,  the  word  is  used  for  short-breathed. 
PL'R'TE-NA.NC  E,  a,     [from  the  l*.  pertouns,  pertineo. 
8*e  AfPi'BTE:»A^cc.] 

Appiirtrnnnce  j  but  applied  to  the  pluck  of  an  ani- 
mal.    F.T.'d,  111. 

PO'RU-LEN-CY,  i      matter.]  ^  '^' 

The  gentraliou  of  pus  or  mntter;  pus. 
^^  ^  Jirhvihnot. 

PU'RU-LE.VT,  a.  Consisting  of  pua  or  matter;  par- 
taking of  the  nature  of  pus.  Bacon, 


PUS 

PUR-VEV,  (pur-va'j)  r.  L     [Fr.  poumoir;  pour  and 

ctfir,  to  see  ;   \4.  provideo  ;  U.  proreihre  ;  :^p.  provcer.] 

1.  To  provide  ;  to  provide  with  conveniences. 

Lhyden. 
a  To  procure.  Thomson, 

PITR-VBV,  (pur-va',)  r,  u    To  purchase  provisions  ; 

to  provide.  Milton. 

PUR-V'BY'ANCE,  (pur-v5'ans,)  n.     Procurement  of 
prnvivions  or  victuals, 
a.  Provisions  ;  victuals  provided.  Spenser. 

3.  In  English  tawsj  the  royal  prerogative  or  right  of 

£re«<m[>tion,  by  which  the  king  was  authorixt'd  to 
uy  pnivisinns  and  necessaries  for  the  use  of  his 
household  at  an  apprized  value,  in  preference  to  all 
his  subjects,  and  evin  withotit  the  consent  of  the 
owner  ;    also,  the   right   of    impressing  horses   and 
carriages,  &c. ;  a  right  nlwlisbed  by  slat.  12  Charles 
U.  i>l. 
Pl'R-V'EV'/;r>,  C-vade',)  pp.    Purrhased  provisions. 
PUR-VfiY'ING,  ppr.     Providing  ntKressaries. 
PL'R-VEV'OR,  (vi'ur,)  n.   One  who  provides  victuals, 
or  whose  business  is  to  make  provision  for  the  table  j 
a  viclualer.  Ralegh. 

3.  An  officer  who  formerly  provided  or  exacted 
provision  for  the  king's  hoijst.'hold.  England, 

3,  One  who  provides  the  means  of  gratifying  lust ; 
a  procurer  ;  a  pimp  ;  a  bawd.      Dryden.    Jid^son. 
PUR'VIEW,  (pur'vu,)  n.     [NWm.  iind  Fr.  pyurrru, 
pMrriVw,  purvey  ;  Vt.pourvu,  provided,  from  pourvoir. 
See  Pi;rvkt.J 

1.  Primarily^  a  condition  or  proviso ;  hut  in  this 
sense  not  used. 

2.  The  body  ofji  statute,  or  that  part  which  begins 
with  "  £0  it  enacted^"  as  distinguished  from  the 
preamble,  CoieeL     Enei/c 

3.  In  modem  usa^ft  Ibe  limit  or  scope  of  a  statute ; 
the  whole  extent  of  its  intention  or  provisions. 

MarshalL 

4.  Superintendence. 

Thf  rrd«TnI  powrr —  u  conAiiMl  b>  obWlt  of  a  yewrral  nature, 
mort  w'tUkio  Oie  pwrview  of  the  tJiiUed  Stale*,  than  of  any 
pattkulu  one.     [t/nutuat.]  Hamtay. 

5.  Limit  or  sphere  intended ;  scope ;  extent. 

la  defmninbig  the  ollfnt  of  bilnrTniillon  rrquin^d  in  tho  rix'TCiae 

of  a  partJculAr  aulhoritjr,  ircoum'  mo»t  ho  h.-ut  to  tfw  objrcU 

*  vithia  (be  p»urvuia  of  thmi  wnitborxj.  f\daralist,  MadUon. 

PUS,  a.  [L.]  The  yellowish -white  matter  secreted 
in  ulcers  and  wounds  in  the  pn>cess  of  healing. 

Eneye* 

PO'«EY-I?M,  (pu'zy-izm,)  a.  The  principles  of"  Dr. 
Pusey  and  oUiers  at  Oxford,  England,  as  exhibited 

,  in  "The  Tracts  for  the  Times."  They  propone  to 
carr>'  hack  the  discipline  and  doctrine  of  the  church 
of  England  to  an  imagined  [loriod,  when  there  would 
have  been  no  ground  uf  separation  from  the  church 
of  R*Mue.  Smart, 

PO'SEY-fTE,  a.  One  who  bolda  the  principles  of 
Puaeyism. 

PIJPH,  r.  t,  [Ft.  pousser  ;  D.  puis,  a  push  ;  Sw.  pb#o, 
to  swell ;  W.  pos^  growth,  increase ;  poaiaic,  to  in- 
crease, or  ptrijatc,  to  press,  to  Weigh.  Tite  sense  is,to 
thrust,  press,  or  urge.     See  Class  Bz.] 

1.  To  press  against  with  force;  to  drive  or  in)pel 
by  pressure  ;  or  to  endeavor  to  drive  by  steady  pres- 
sure, without  striking;  opposed  to  Draw.  We  push 
a  thing  forward  by  force  applied  behind  it ;  we  draw 
by  applying  force  before  it.  We  may  yitsA  without 
moving  the  object. 

2.  To  btitt ;  to  strike  with  the  end  of  the  horns  ; 
to  thrust  the  points  of  horns  againsL 

If  Uie  ox  KhiiU  push  R  man-arrTAiit  or  makl-arrriiRt  —  he  shall 
be  ■loncU.  —  Rz.  xxi. 

3.  To  press  or  urge  forward  j  as,  to  push  an  objec 
tion  too  far. 

lie  forrwixma  hli  cftre, 
Wllh  ruW  lopuah  hta  fonune  or  to  bear.  Dryden. 

4.  To  urge  ;  to  drive. 

AmLirion  pusS^t  the  wul  to  rach  aclioni  &■  are  npt  (o  prucure 
faooor  lo  Ute  ao(L>r,  ~ 


5.  To  enforce  ;  to  press  ;  to  drive  to  a  conclusion. 

We  are  pushed  for  an  luifwer,  Sw\fl. 

6.  To  im[>ortune;  to  press  with  solicitation  ;  to 
tease. 

To  push  down;  to  overthrow  by  pushing  or  im- 
pulse. 
PySH,  r.  t.    To  make  a  thnist;  as,  to  push  with  the 
horns  or  with  a  sword.  Dryden.    .^ddinon, 

3.  To  make  an  ed!urt. 

A I  Icn^h, 
Bvth  tid'-a  TcsolTed  toputh,  we  triMl  our  Urength.      Dryden. 

3.  To  make  an  attack. 

The  king  of  the  •outh  »lia3I  puah  at  him.  —  Dan.  xL 

4.  To  burst  out. 

To  push  on  ;  to  drive  or  urge  forward  ;  to  hasten. 
Push  on,  brave  men. 
PJJSH,  m    A  thnist  with  a  pointed  instrument,  or  with 
the  end  of  a  thing.  Spenser. 

2.  Any  pressure,  impulse,  or  force  applied  ;  as,  to 
give  tlie  ball  the  first  puxh.  Addison. 

3.  An  assault  or  attack.  Watts. 

4.  A  forcible  onset ;  a  vigorotis  effort.     Addison. 


PUT 

5.  Exigence  ;  trial ;  extremity. 

When  it  corrtM  to  the  paah,  it  !■  no  more  than  talk. 

L'BstrMng*. 

6.  A  sudden  emergence.  Shak. 

7.  A  little  swelling  or  pustule  ;  a  wheal ;  a  pimple  ; 
an  eruption.  Bacon, 

PJISIl'/jn,  (pusht,)  pp.    Prt^ssed  ;  urged  j  driven. 
PySU'ER.  n.     One  that  drives  forward. 
PJjSH'INO,  ppr.     Pressing;  driving;  urging  forward. 
2.  a.  Pressing  forward  in  business;  enterprising; 
driving ;  vigorous. 
PIISH'IN'(J-LY,  adv.    In  a  vigorous,  driving  manner. 
PjJSH'PIN,  B.      A  child's  play  in  which   pins  are 

pushed  alternately,  V Estrange. 

PU-81ULA-MM'I.TY,  n.  [FT.pusiUanimiti  ;  U  p«- 
sillanimitas ;  pusillus^  small,  weak,  and  animus,  cuur* 
nge.J 

Want  of    that    firmness   and    strength   of   mind 

which  constitutes  courage  or  fortitude  ;   weakness 

of  spirit;    cowardliness;    that    feelileness    of    mind 

which  shrinks  from  trifling  or  imaginary  dangers. 

ll  la  ofavbufl  lo  t1isUngiii«h  briween  an  act  uf  pufi/Zantm jty  and 

an  act  of  ^rrat  inottt-aty  or  humility.  South. 

PU-SIL-LAN'I-MOUS,  a.  [Fr.  pusillanime;  It.  pusil- 
lanimot  supra,] 

1.  Destitute  of  that  strength  and  firmness  of  mind 
which  constitutes  courage,  bravery,  and  fortitude; 
being  of  weak  courage;  mean-spirited;  cowardly; 
applied  to  persons  ;  as,  a  piisillanimous  prince. 

2.  Proceedieig  from  weakness  of  mind  or  want  of 
courage  ;  feeble  ;'  as,  pusitlatiimou.'i  counsels.    Bacon, 

PU-SIL-LAN'I-MOUSLY,  adv.  With  want  of  cour- 
age. 

PU-SIULAN'I-MOUS-NESS,  a.  Pusillanimity  ;  want 
of  courage. 

P(JSS,  n.  [D.  poes,  puss,  a  fur  tippet,  and  a  kiss  ;  Ir. 
pus,  a  cat,  and  the  lip  ;  L.  pusa^  pususj  from  the  root 
of  pustule,  a.  pushing  out,  issue.] 

1.  The  fondling  name  of  a  cat.  fVatts. 

2.  The  sportman's  name  for  a  hare.  Oay. 
PUSS'Y,  n.  A  diminutive  terra  for  Pun.  Booth. 
rUS'SY.     Pee  PuBST. 

PUS'TU-LaTE,  c.  (.     [h.  pustulatus.  ■  See  Pustule.] 
To  form  into  pustules  or  blisters.  Stackhouse. 

PUS'TU-LA-TED,  pp.     Formed  into  pustules. 

9.  a.  In  naturiu  history,  covered  with  pustule-like 
prominences.  Dana. 

PUS'TU-LA-TING,  ppr.    Forming  into  pustules. 

PUS'TULE,  (pus'l  or  pust'yule.  The  former  is  the 
usual  pronunciation  in  Americn.)  n.  [Fr.  pustule  i 
L.  pu.*fa/a;  from  the  root  ii(  push,\ 

In  mctlicine,  an  elevation  of  the  cuticle,  with  an 
inflamed  base,  containing  pus.  Pustules  are  various 
in  Iheir  si/.e  ;  but  the  diameter  of  the  largest  seltiom 
exceeds  two  lines.      \  IVillan. 

PUS'TU-LOUH,  (pust'yu-lns.)  a,     [L.  pustvlosus.] 
Full  of  pustules  ;  covered  with  pustules. 

PJJT,  r.  (. ;  preU  and  pp.  Tut.  [D.  pooten,  to  set  or 
plant ;  poot,  the  foot ;  Dan.  poder,  to  graft ;  pode,  u 
cion  ;  Fr.  boater;  Gr.  i^iiw,  contracted  from  ^wdw  or 
0iir(.>,  whence  ifivrov,  a  germ,  shoot,  or  twig.  \Xe 
find  tlie  same  word  in  the  L.  puto^  to  prune,  that  is, 
to  thrust  off,  also  to  think  or  consider,  that  is,  to  set 
in  the  mind,  as  we  use  suppose,  L.  suppona.  But  we 
see  the  English  sense  more  distinctly  in  the  cimi- 
pounds  imputo,  to  impute,  that  is,  to  put  to  or  on; 
computo,  to  compute,  to  put  together.  The  Welsh 
ptctian,  to  poke,  to  thrust,  and  pietiate,  to  butt,  are 
doubtless  the  same  word.  The  L.  potut,  from  pono,, 
may  be  a  dialectical  orthography  of  the  same  root. 
See  Class  lid  and  Bs.  The  primary  sense  is,  to 
thrust,  throw,  drive,  or  send.] 

1.  To  set,  lay,  or  place  ;  in  a  general  sense.  Thus 
we  say,  to;»«(  the  hand  to  the  face  ;  Utpjit  a  book  on 
the  shelf;  to  put  a  horse  in  the  stable  ;  to  put  fire  to 
the  fuel ;  to  jmt  clothes  on  tho  body.  God  planted  a 
garden,  and  there  he  put  Adam. 

2.  Put  is  apfdicable  to  state  or  condition,  as  well  as 
to  place.  Put  him  in  a  condition  to  help  himself. 
Put  the  fortress  in  a  stale  of  defense.  The  apostles 
were  put  in  trust  with  the  irospel.  We  are  ofXcn  put 
in  jeopardy  by  our  own  ignorance  or  rashness.  We 
do  not  always  put  the  best  men  into  office. 

3.  To  repose. 

How  will  thou— pur  ihy  tnial  on  Egypt  for  charioU?— 3  Klngr 
xriii. 

4.  To  push  into  action. 

Tliaiik  biin  who  puis  nin,  loth,  to  '  Ji  r^vengie.  HlxUon. 

5.  To  apply  ;  to  set  to  em, J  yment. 

No  mnn,  hivinj  put  hit  h«n<l  to  >     plow,  and  luuhiiig  back,  t 
fit  fi.ir  the  kingdom  <jf  (io*!.  —  Luke  Ix. 

6.  To  throw  or  introduce  suddenly,  lie  had  n^ 
lime  to  put  in  a  word, 

7.  In  Scotlantl,  to  throw  a  heavy  stone  with  th 
hand  raised  over  the  head.  Jamiesoji. 

8.  To  consign  to  letters. 

Ue  mnile  a  proclamation  —  anil  put  It  olio  in  writing,  —  3  Chrxn 
xxivi, 

9.  To  oblige ;  lo  require. 

We  ore  put  to  prove  thing>  whleh  can  Iianlljr  tie  m^ttc  nlAiner. 

'/iUoiaon. 

10.  To  incite  ;  to  instigate  ;  to  urge  by  influence 


FATK,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT— METE,  PR^Y.  —  PLXE,  MARINE,  RIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


&V2 


PUT 


PUT 


PUT 


The  appearance  of  a  lonuidable  enemy  put  the  king 
on  making  vigorous  preparations  for  defense. 

ThiB  jntt  nw  upon  «l»er»iiig  ihe  thickwra  of  llw  ffl-'»M.     Nairton. 

Tbesr  wrftchc*  pat  m  upuo  *U  miacliwf,  lo  feed  ih.-ir  IubU  uhiI 

«xtnk*tt.giiacc».  Sj>{ft, 

U.  To  propose ;  as,  to  put  a  question  to  the  wit- 
ness }  to  put  a  case  in  poiiiL 

13.  To  reach  to  another.    Hab.  ii. 

13.  To  bring  into  a  stete  of  mind  or  temper. 

SolTman,  w  put  the  BhodianB  oul  of  all  KUpicion  a(  fn»MloB. 

KnoliM. 

14.  To  Oder ;  to  advance. 

1  «m  Mh*med  w  put  a  looie,  Indigwted  play  upon  the  ptintic. 

Drydmn. 

15.  To  cause. 

Tbr  n«tura]  cuiudtutiom  of  men  put  &  wide  dilTerence  between 
them,  Lockt. 

To  put  about;  to  turn;  lo  change  the  couise;  to 
gibe  ship. 

To  put  fry  ,-  to  turn  away  ;  to  divert. 

The  de%\gn  of  Uie  evil  one  it  to  put  thee  by  from  thy  ■piritual 

employnifnt.  7'aylor. 

A  frig-lit  hath  put  by  tin  agve  6L  Uraio. 

2.  To  thrust  aside. 

Joniithnn  had  JiH  for  bein^  so, 

Had  uo(  Ju»i  God  put  by  ih  uiinRiurtl  blow.  CoioUy. 

To  put  doton  ;  to  baffle  ;  lo  repress ;  to  crush  j  as, 
to  put  down  a  party. 

a  To  degrade  ;  to  deprive  of  authority,  power,  or 
place. 

3.  To  bring  into  disuse. 

SiioTir  halh  j>«l  down  the  am  of  boiiey.     [Oba.}  Bacoi*. 

4.  To  confute  ;  to  silence. 

&bric,  now,  how  a  plain  Ule  »hall  put  yoa  doum.  ShaJe. 

To  put  fvrth  ;  to  propose  ;  to  offer  to  notice. 
Sanaon  nid,  1  will  now  pui/orlA  a  riddle  to  yon.  —  JiKlgp«  xIt. 

2.  To  extend  ;  lo  reach  ;  as,  to  put  foHh  the  hand. 

3.  To  shoot  oul  J  to  send  oul,  as  a  sprout ;  as,  to 
put  forth  loaves. 

4.  To  exert  j  to  bring  into  action  ;  as,  to  put  forth 
strcncth. 

5.  To  ptibtish,  as  a  book. 

To  put  m  .-  to  introduce  among  others  ,  as,  to  put 
in  a  word  while  others  are  discoursinc. 

2.  To  insert ;  as,  to  put  in  a  passage  or  clause  ;  to 
piti  in  a  cion. 

3.  To  conduct  into  a  harbor. 

To  put  in  fear;  to  affright ;  to  make  fearfUI. 

Toputinmind;  to  remind  j  local!  to  remembrance. 

To  put  in  practice;  to  use  ;  to  exercise  ;  as,  to  put 
in  prmetiee  the  maxims  of  the  wise  man. 

To  put  inta  aavthcr^s  hands ;  to  trust ;  to  commit  to 
the  care  of. 

To  put  off:  to  divest ;  to  lay  aside  ;  as,  to  put  off  a 
robe  ;  to  put  off  mortality  or  the  mortal  body  ;  lo  put 
0^  haughty  airs. 

2.  To  Inm  aside  from  a  purpose  or  demand  ;  to 
defeat  or  delay  by  artifice. 

t  hoped  for  a  df  monrtniion,  but  ThemUtJcea  hopci  to  put  m"  off 
with  a  haningJie.  UoyU, 

Tbia  U  an  imi^aaonoMe  demand,  and  we  might  put  him  off  with 
11m  amw-cr.  Benttiy. 

3.  To  delay  ;  lo  defer  ;  to  postpone,  flow  gener- 
ally do  men  put  off  the  care  of  their  salvation  to  future 
opporttiiiiiies! 

4.  To^Kiss  fallaciously;  lo  cause  to  be  circulated 
or  received  ;  nsj  to  put  ojf  upon  the  world  some  plau- 
sible rcjiorts  or  ingenious  theory. 

ft.  To  discard. 

The  clotWrn  all  put  off 
The  ipinatf™,  canlcra,  fulleri,  wcaven.  ^tak. 

6.  To  recommend  ;  lo  vend  ;  to  obtrude.  Bacon. 

7.  To  vend  ;  lo  sell. 

8.  To  pass  into  other  hands  j  as,  to  put  off  a  coun- 
terfeit coin  or  note. 

9.  To  push  from  land  ;  as,  to  put  c/the  boat. 

To  put  on,  or  upon ;  to  impute  ;  to  rharge  ;  as,  to 
put  one's  own  crime  or  blame  on  another. 

9.  To  invest  with,  as  clothes  or  covering;  as,  to 
put  on  a  cloak, 

3.  To  assume  ;  as,  to  put  on  a  grave  countenance  ; 
lopuf  on  a  counterfeit  appearance. 

Mf rtury  —  P"!  <"*  Ihc  »hape  of  a  man.  I/Etmngt. 

4.  To  forward  ;  lo  promote. 

Thit  eaine  h.wii!»on^Iy  to  pal  on  the  peace.     [Oh§.]      Bttom. 

5.  To  impose  ;  lo  inflict.  ' 

ThAi  which  thoti putUst  on  tar,  I  will  hear. —2  King!  »»itl. 

To  be  put  upon  ;  to  be  imposed  on  ;  lo  be  deceived  ; 
used  chirjly  in  the  pasMue  form. 

To  put  over  i  to  .efer ;  to  send. 

Kor  the  ivrt,iin  kiinwl'-ilg?  of  that  truth, 

I  put  yoii  o'er  to  bc.i»L'n  and  to  my  mothrr.  Shak. 

2.  To  defer  ;  lo  postpone.  The  court  put  over  the 
cau:=<e  to  the  next  term. 

To  put  out ;  lo  place  at  interest ;  to  lend  at  use. 
Money  put  out  at  compound  interest  nearly  doiihl_es 
in  eleven  years. 

a.  To  extint:iii!<h  ;  as,  to;7ui  out  a  candle,  lamp,  or 
Are  ;  lo  put  out  the  remains  of  alTection.     ^iliUmm, 

3.  To  send  ;  to  emit ;  to  shooi,  as  a  bud  or  sprout ; 
M,  to  put  out  leaves. 


4.  To  extend 
put.  oat  the  li:iiid 


to  reach  out  ;  to  protrude;  as,  to  ]  PUT,  n.    [Uu.  VV.  pust,  a  short,  thick  person.] 

1.  A  rustic  ;  a  clown. 


5.  To  drive  out  ;  to  expel ;  to  dismiss. 

Whi^ii  I  mn  put  out  of  ihe  atuwnrdahip.  —  Luke  x*i. 

6.  To  publish  ;  to  make  public  ;  as,  to  put  out  a 
pamphlet.     [JVoio  Bul<rar.] 

7.  To  confuse  ;  to  disconcert ;  to  interrupt ;  as,  to 
put  one  out  in  reading  or  speaking. 

To  put  out  the  eyes  ;  lo  destroy  tlie  power  of  sight ; 
to  render  blind. 

To  put  to;  lo  add  ;  to  unite;  as,  to  put  one  sum  (o 
anothe^. 

a.  To  refer  to  -,  to  expose  ;  as,  to  put  the  fate  of  the 
army  or  nation  to  a  battle;  to  put  the  safety  of  the 
slate  to  hazard. 

3.'To  punish  by  ;  lo  distress  by  ;  as,  lopu(  a  man 
to  the  rack  or  torture. 

7'o  put  to  it;  lo  distress;  to  press  hard  ;  to  per- 
plex ;   to  give  difficulty  to. 

O  gentle  lady,  do  not  put  mc  ftJ  *l.  SKoA. 

To  be  put  to  it ;  in  the  passive  form,  to  have  diffi- 
culty. 

I  ahall  be  hard  put  to  U  to  bring  myiclf  otT.  Adduon. 

To  put  the  haml  to  ;  to  apply  ;  to  take  hold  ;  lo  be- 
gin ;  to  undertake ;  as,  lo  put  the  hand  to  the  plow. 
See  Deut.  xii.  7. 
2.  To  take  by  theft  or  wrong  ;  to  embezzle. 
Then  ahall  an  oalh  of  the  I.ord  be  between  llwm  both,  th:it  he 
hath  not  put  hi$  hand  tu  hii  m-i^hbor'a  gooda.  —  Kx.  xxU. 

To  put  to  the  siBord  ;  to  kill ;  lo  slay.  Bacon. 

To  put  to  death  ;  to  kill. 

To  put  to  a  stand ;  to  stop ;  to  arrest  by  obstacles  or  , 
difficulties. 

To  put  to  trials  or  on  trial ;  to  bring  before  a  court 
and  jury  for  examination  and  decision. 

2.  To  bring  lo  a  test  ;  to  try. 

To  put  together :  to  unite  in  a  sum,  mass,  or  com- 
pound ;  to  add  ;  as,  lo  put  two  sums  together ;  put 
together  the  ingredients. 

2.  To  unite  ;  to  connect.  Put  the  two  chains  to- 
gether. 

3.  To  place  in  company  or  in  one  society. 
To  put  trust  in;  to  confide  in  ;   lo  repose  confi- 
dence in. 

7^0  put  up;  to  pass  unavenged  ;  to  overlook;  not 
lo  punish  or  resent ;  as,  to  put  up  injuries  ;  to  put  wp 
indignities. 

Such  national  Injuriea  are  not  to  be  put  up,  but  when  the  ofTender 
is  below  rcseutiiient.  Addison, 

[I  have  never  heard  this  phrase  used  in  America. 
We  always  say,  lo  put  up  with  ;  we  can  not  put  up 
v>ith  such  injuries.] 

2.  To  send  fortlf  or  shoot  up,  as  plants  ;  as,  to  put 
itp  musjirooms.     [06^.]  Bacon. 

3.  To  expose ;  to  offer  publicly  ;  as,  to  put  up  goods 
lo  sale  at  auction, 

4.  To  start  from  a  cover.     [Obs.]  Spectator. 

5.  To  hoard, 

Himw-'lf  never  put  up  any  of  the  rent.  SpetTJUin. 

C,  To  repGsit  for  preservation  }  as,  to  put  up  apples 
for  winter. 

7.  To  pack  ;  to  rcpKisit  in  casks  with  salt  for  pres- 
ervation ;  as,  to  put  up  pork,  beef,  or  fish. 

8.  To  hide  or  lay  aside.     Put  up  that  letter.     Shak. 

9.  To  put  in  a  trunk  or  box  ;  to  pack  ;  as,  to  put  up 
clothing  for  a  journey. 

PJJT,  r.  i.    To  go  or  move  ;  as,  when  the  air  first  puts 
up.     tOft*.]  Bacon 

2.  To  steer. 

Hia  fury  thiia  appeaaed,  he  putt  to  land,  Dryden, 

3.  To  shoot  ;  lo  germinate. 

The  anp  put*  downward.  Bacon. 

To  put  forth  s  to  shoot ;  to  bud  ;  to  germinate. 

Tiike  earth  from  iiniW  w.nllt  wht-re  ntttlca  put/orth.     Bacon. 

2.  To  leave  a  port  or  haven.  Shak. 

To  put  in  ;  to  enter  a  harbor  ;  lo  sail  into  port. 

2.  To  offer  a  claim.  A  puts  in  for  a  share  of 
profits. 

To  put  in  for;  to  offer  one's  self;  to  sLind  as  a 
candidate  for.  Locke. 

To  put  off;  to  leave  land. 

To  put  on  ;  to  urge  motion  ;  to  drive  vehemently. 

To  put  oTcr ;  lo  sail  over  or  across.  AbboL 

To  put  to  sea  i  to  set  sail ;  lo  begin  a  voyajje  ;  to 
advan<:e  into  the  ocean.  J)ryden. 

To  put  up  i  lo  lake  lodgings  ;  to  lodge.  We  put  up 
at  the  Gold'-n  Ball. 

2.  To  offer  one's  self  as  a  candidate.  V Estrange^ 

To  put  up  to  ;  to  advance  to.     {Little  nurd.]    Swift. 

To  put  up  with;  lo  overlook  or  suffer  without 
rec4>mpense,  punishment,  or  resentment;  as,  to  put 
up  with  an  injury  or  affront. 

2.  To  lake  without  opfwsilion  or  dissatisfaction; 
as,  to  put  up  with  bad  faro. 

This  verb,  in  all  its  uses,  rctiiins  its  primary  sense, 
to  sr.t,  throw,  thrust,  send,  fee. ;  but  its  fiignification  is 
modified  in  a  great  variety  of  ways,  by  other  words 
Btandmg  in  connection  with  it. 
P(JT,  n.    An  action  of  distress  ;  as,  a  forced  put. 

L' Estrange. 


2.  A  game  at  cards. 
PUT,  n.     [Fr.  putain ;  W.  putan ;   It.  puita^  puttano  f 
Sp.  putu.j 

A  strumpet ;  a  prostitute. 
PJJT  €aSE,  for  put  the  ca*e,'8uppose  the  case  to  be  so  ; 

a  vulgar,  or  at  lea-st  inelegant  phrase.  Burton. 

PO'TA<!;K,  n.     [See  Put,  a  prostitute.]     In  latu,  pros- 
titution or  fornication  on  the  part  of  a  female. 
PO'TAN-IS.M,  «.     [ Fr.  putaniwn^.]  [Coicel. 

Customary  lewdness  or  prostitution  of  a  female. 
PO'TA-TIVE,  a.      [Fr.  pufott/*;  iL  putatico ;  from  L. 
puto,  to  supjMse.] 

Supposed ;      reputed ;      commonly      thought    or 
deemed  ;    as,  the  putative  father  of  a  child. 
PUT-CHOCK',  71.     A  root  imported  into  China  from 
the  north-west  coast  of  India,  and  used  for  burning 
as  incense;  also  spelt  Putchuck.  McCuUoch. 

PO'TID,  a.  [L.  putidaSf  from  puteo,  to  have  an  ill 
smell ;  W.  pirrf,] 

Mean  ;  base ;  worthless.      L^Estrange,     Taylor 
Pfi'TID-NESS,  V.     Meanness  ;  vileness. 
PJJT'LOG,  n.     A  short  piece  of  timber,  on  which  the 
planks  forming  the  floor  of  a  scaffold  are  laid. 

Oloss.  of  Arehit. 
PyT'-OFF,  n.    An  excuse;  a  shift  for  evasion  or  de- 
lay. U  Estrange. 
PU-TRED'IN-OUS,  o.      [from   L.  putrcdo,  from  pu- 
treo,  putris.] 

Proceeding  from  putrefaction,  or  partaking  of  the 
putrefactive  process;  having  an  offensive  smell. 

Floyer. 
PU-TRE-FAC'TIOX,   n.      [Fr.,  from   L.  putrt^factio ; 
putris,  putrid,  and  facto,  to  make.] 

A  natural  process  by  which  animal  and  vegetable 
bodies  are  disorganized,  and  their  elements  newly 
arranged,  forming  new  compounds.  Putnfaction  is 
greatly  accelerated  by  heat  and  moisture. 
PU-TRE-FAC'TIVE,  a.  Pertaining  to  putrefaction; 
as,  the  putrefactive  smell  or  process. 

2.  Tending  to  promote  putrefaction;  causing  pu- 
trrfaclii'n.  Brown. 

PO'TRE-FI-£D,  (fide,)  pp.  or  a.     Dissolved  :  rotten. 
P0'TRE-F7,  r.  f.     [Fr.  putreficr;    lu  putrtfacio;   pu- 
tris,  putrid,  and  facio,  to  make,] 

1.  To  cause  to  be  decomposed  ;  to  disorganize  and 
cause  to  pass  into  a  state  in  which  the  constituent 
elements  are  newly  arranged,  f<irming  new  com- 
pounds, as  animal  or  vegetable  bodies;  to  cause  lo 
rot.  Heat  and  moisture  soon  putrefy  dead  flesh  or 
vegetables. 

2.  To  cornipt ;  lo  make  foul;  as,  lo  p«trf/j/ the 
air.     [Little  used.]  Siiak.   ■ 

3.  To  make  morbid,  carious,  or  gangrenous  ;  as,  to 
putrefy  an  ulcer  or  wound.  Wiseman.     Temple, 

PO'TRE-F?,  V.  i.  To  dissolve  by  spontaneous  decom- 
position ;  to  have  the  constituent  elements  newly 
arranged,  forming  new  compounds,  as  animal  and 
vegctalile  substances  deprived  of  the  living  princi- 
ple ;  lo  rot. 

Pu'TRE-F?-rNG,  ppr,  or  a.  Causing  to  be  decom- 
posed ;  making  rotten. 

PU-TRES'CENCE,  w.     [from  Ii.  putrescens,  putresco.] 
The   state  of   decomposing,  as    in   an   animal  or 
vcc'lalile  substance;  a  pulritt  state.  Brown. 

PU-TRES'CENT,  a.  Becoming  putrid  ;  passing  from 
an  organized  state  inlo  another  state,  in  which  the 
elements  are  newly  arranged,  forming  new  com- 
pounds. Brown, 

2.  Pertaining  lo  the  process  of  putrefaction  ;  as,  a 
putrescent  stnell 

PU-TRES'CI-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  putrefied;  liable 
to  become  putrid  ;  as,  putresciblc  substances. 

Ramsay,  Hist, 

PO'TRID,  a.  IFr.  putridei  h.  putridus,  fcom  puiris, 
piitreo,] 

1.  In  a  state  of  dissolution  or  disorganization,  as 
anitnal  and  vegetable  botlies ;  corrupt ;  rotten  ;  as,  pa- 
trid  flesh. 

2.  Indicatitig  a  state  of  dissolution  ;  tendingtodis- 
organize  the  substances  composing  the  body. 

3.  Proceeding  frnm  putrefaction,  or  pertaining  to 
it ;  as,  a  putriti  scent. 

PO'TRID-NESS,  (  n.    The  state  ot  being  putrid  ;  cor- 

PU-TRID'I-TV,   j      ruplion.  Floyer. 

PU'TRl  FI-Ca'TION,  n.     Stale  of  becoming  rotten. 

PO'TRY,  a.     Rotten.     [JVoI  used.]  Jlarston, 

PUT'TKR,  n.     (from  put.]     One  who  puts  or  plac(-«<. 

p|jT'TER-ON,  n.     An  inciter  or  instigator.       Shtik. 

Pl5'I''TIi\G,  ppr.  [from  put.]  .Setting  ;  placing  ;  lay- 
ing. 

PJJT'TLNG,  n.  In  Scotland,  an  ancient  sport,  the 
throwing  of  n  heavy  stone,  with  the  hand  raised 
over  the  head. 

PJJT'TING-STGXE,  n.  In  Scotlarul,  a  heavy  stone 
Used  in  the  game  of  putting.  Pope.    Jamieson. 

PUT'TOCK,/!.     A  kite.  Spenser. 

Put  tuck- shrouds ;  probably  a  mistake  for  Futtock- 

PUT'TY,  u.     [Sp.  and  Port,  potea.]  [sunouoi. 

1.  A  kind  of  paste  or  cement  compounded  of  whit- 
ing, or  sod  carbonate  of  lime  and  lintseed  oil,  bout- 
en  or  kneadud  to  the  consistence  of  dough  ;  used  in 
fastening  glass  in  sashes,  and  in  stopping  crevices. 


TC>NE,  BJJLI*,  IJMTE.  — AN"GEtt,  V1"CI0U3.  — C  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 

_ .  ^  gTJg- 


PYR 

3.  rutty  ^tm;  a  powder  of  calcined  tin>  iii^ed  in 
polbdiiDg  glaas  and  stet'l.  Kneyt. 

3.  A  very  fine  cement,  made  of  lime  only,  used 
by  plasterers.  Braniie. 

Pfl'TV,  c.  L    To  cement  with  putty  ;  to  fiU  up  with 

puttv.  Ash. 

PUZ'^LE,  (pUE'rIO  V.  U  [from  the  root  of  po*e, 
which  s«e.] 

1.  To  perplex ;  to  embarrass  j  to  put  to  a  stand  ;  to 
graveL 

A  ilapwd  dkpuUnt    fa  Ukm  pcfoto  U   dexunm  in  putx-H^f 
He  k  penwttaUly  puzrUd  and  prrplrKed  amklt*  hb  (»»-«i  Wun- 

a.  To  make  intricate ;  to  entnnRle. 

Th<r  nn  of  UmTra  arc  dorii  *nd  inirie>a% 

PUZZLE,  ff.  i.    To  be  bewildered  ;  to  be  awkward. 

PUZ'ZLE,  n.    Perplexity  ;  pmbarmasment.    Baesn. 
Pl'Z'ZLi^D,  pp.  or  a.    Perplexed  ;  inuicate  j  put  to  a 

stnnd. 
PL'Z'ZI.E-IIEAPl  '  -d-ed,)*    HavinRlhe 

head  full  i>f  con!'  Joha^oa. 

PUZZLER, «.    t»r;  .     tea. 

PUZ'ZLIXO,  pjH-.  or  ii.  I'l. TiJlc-ving  ;  embarrassing  ;  be- 
PUZ-ZO-LX'.NA.    See  Poiiuolaita.  [wildering. 

pve'Nrre, «.    [au.  cr.  tr,*. h.  r^mp.ici.] 

A  mineral,  lite  Khorlite  of  Kirwan,  ur  shorlous 
topax  of  Jaiiu'^^jn.  Ii  usu.illy  appears  in  lone,  invR- 
ular  primn^  nr  cylinders,  longitudinally  fttrinied,  and 
united  in  iMindleA.  tt'tmer.     CUaeeltnid, 

PYCXO-tiT^LE,  n,  [Gr.  rv*voi,  thick,  and  ri-Aufi 
column.] 

In  ttteteMtarthitutmrty  a  term  denoiinfi  a  colonnade 
in  which  the  fwlunraa  stand  vtn-  cltwe  to  each  oth- 
er; only  one  diameter  and  a  half  of  the  column  be- 
ing allowed  lo  each  mterculumniation.  OttUt. 
PTE,  (pi,)  a.  [Probably  a  contracted  word,  and  the 
same  as  vie,  a  maaa.] 

A  connised  mass ;  the  state  of  printint  type  whe« 
the  sorts  are  mixed. 
PYE,  a.    A  bird.    [See  Pie.] 

P?'GARG,         >«.    [Gr.  «u>a,.>>^««,  having  a  wbitv 
PV-GAR'GUS,  i      rump,] 

I.  A  quadruped,  probably  a  species  of  antelope  or 
gazelle.     Drut,  xiv.  5. 

3.  Tbe  female  of  the  ben-barrier,  a  apeciesof  bus- 

xard.  EU.  Eiufc. 

PYG'MY,         i  «.     Peitaintnp  to  a  pygmv  or  dwarf  j 

PVG->l£'A.N,  t      Ter>-«n.-Ut;  dwarfish.    '      MtUom, 

PYG'M  V,  a-     [Fr.  pifgmie  :    It.  ptfmro  ;    L.  pv^nura*  ; 

Gr.  vv)ftai*iy  (him  rvjw.  "■"'"'■^'     -.-  i.i..  -.^  n...  r.^r  i 

A  dwarf ;  a  peraoo  noi 
This  appeUathia  wsa  fiv- 

uKm»  race  of  beings  inli.*-....:.^   ,  '-pt-d 

war  with  the  cranr<i,  and  were  dc^lmyed.     JLaayt. 
PYL'A-GORE,  a.     (Gr.  ^vXa^'^pa^.] 

In  anctfmt  Grttcf^  a  delegate  ur  rrpresentalira  of  a 
ritv,  Kent  to  the  AmphictyiMiic  counciL       Miiford. 
PV-LOR'ie,   a.     Pertouiing   to  the  pylorus;    as,  the 

pifloru  arteni*. 
PY-LO'RUS,'«.     [Gr.  ti>(oo  •{,  fmm  jrrX/f,  a  galej 

The  lower  and  right  oriAce  of  tbe  stomacti.    C»x«, 
PT'OT.    SeePitT. 

PYR'A-€ANTH,  a.  [Gr.  irv,iaxayOa,  fiery  thorn.] 
A  plant;  an  evergreen  sp'citrs  of  thorn,  with 
(lame-cukirrd  berries,  fouttd  in  the  south  of  Europe, 
of  the  eenu«  Cmtcgus. 
PY-RALXO-LTTE,  n.  [Gr.  »to,  fire,  aW-f,  and 
Xitt'§:  alludmg  to  its  changes  of  color  before  the 
blowpipe.] 

A  white  or  greenish  mineral  from  Finland,  rarely 
in  oblitpNi  cfjnimls,  coosiating  e^sentuUly  of  silica 
and  magnesia.  Dana. 

PYR'A-MID,  a.  [Ft.  pyramids ;  lUpinmUle;  U  pyr^ 
amis;  Gr.  vi'oatm.  The  orizin  and  composition  of 
this  wnrd  are  not  asceriamed.  It  is  eiipjKtsed  that 
the  Gr.  tv>),  tire,  forms  one  of  its  compvuient  parts ; 
and  it  may  be  named  from  being  shaptd  like  flame. 
Ebmts.] 

I.  A  solid  body  standiae  on  a  triangular,  square,  or 
polygonal  base,  and  termin.iting  in  a  point  at  tiie 
top  ;  or  in  jrs»aMti*9,  a  fk.U*l  Agtire  contaiucd  by  sev- 
eral tiiangtes,  wkose  ba-fea  are  all  in  the  same  (ilane, 
and  which  have  one  common  vertex.  klmctfc. 

3.  An  edifice  in  the  ft>nn  of  a  p>-nimid.  for  se- 
palcbral  and  religiuus  purposes,  tLC    The  pyramids 
of  Egypt  may  have  been  erected  to  tlie  »in,  during 
the  prc%*aimce  of  Sabianism. 
PY-RAM'in-AL,a.     [ Fr. ^yrvsudale;  It. piranudaTs.] 
1.  Pymmidicil. 
3.  ReLiting  to  the  p>'ramid!>. 
PYR-A-MII>'ie,         t  4u    Having  tbe  form  of  a  pyra- 
PYR-A-MID'l€^AL,  \      mid. 

The  poitklo  cf  ewth  bdng  cuUcaJ,  Umhc  of  ftre 


A  pyntvuiSca:  rock. 

PYR-A-MiD'ie-AL-LY%ft!fet    In  the  form  of  a  pyr- 
amid. Baeom. 

PYR-A-MID'I€^AL-NESe,  a.     Th«  stale   of  being 
pvramidical. 

PY-RAM'I-DO[D,  H.     [pyramid  afld  Gr.  cnJ^$,  form.] 
A  solid  resemMing  the  p>Tamid.  Bariom, 


PYR 

PYR'A-MIS,  a.     (L.J     A  pyramid.  Bacon. 

PYRE,  n.     [l^pyra.] 

A  funeral  pile ;  a  pile  to  be  burnt.  Popr^ 

PYK-E-NA'ITE,  /   a.     [fntm  the  Pyrciwe*.]     A  vari- 

PYK-E-.\K'ri'E,  i       ety  of  garnru  Dana. 

PV-RET'ies,  n.  pi.    Medicines  for  tlie  cure  of  fever. 

PYR-E-TOL'O-OV,  n.     [Gr.  nvpcTos,  fever,  from  irup, 
fire,  and  Au^o$,  discourse.] 

A  discourse  ur  treatise  on  fevers,  or  the  doctrine 
of  fevers  Itouper. 

Pt-REX'I..\,a, ;  pL  Fraaxix.    [Gr.  in«p«(if.] 

Fever.  Forsyth. 

PT-REX'I-AL,  A    Relating  to  fever. 

PV-REX'IC-AL,  a.     Perlaininglo  fever;  feverish. 

PYR'GOM,   a,      A   variety   of  pyroxene,  called   also 
Fassaite.  Dana^ 

PYR'I-FORM,  a.     [L.  nyrum,  a  pear,  and/orm.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  (>ear.  Grr^ory. 

PYR-l-TATEOU.'^,  (pir-e-ti'shus,)  a.    Pertaining  to 
pyrites.     [See  PvRiric]  Lavoisier. 

PY-RT'Tf,?,  It.     [Gr.  s-tptr»7f,  ffom  np,  fire.] 

A  combination  of  sulphur  with  iron,  r-opper,  co- 
balt, or  nickel,  presenting  a  white  or  yellowish  mo- 
t.-Ulic  luster.  The  term  was  originally  applied  to  the 
sulplmre^t  of  iron,  in  nlluBion  to  its  giving  spiirks  with 
steel.  The  sulphureta  of  other  metals,  or  those  of 
copper,  not  presenting  lite  colors  stated,  are  not  called 
Prill  TES.  Dana. 

[Dnrwin  hns  anglicized  this  word,  which  would 
be  preferable.] 


Ilmc«  kU.<I«  omJ  Ua  mamy  couch  rnnida, 
Andiun  of  fold  Xht  Bpvki'mg  pyriu  bli-iiila. 


Darwn. 


Pertaining  to  pyrites  ;  consisting 
'or  resembling  pyrites. 


P^RTT'ie, 

PV-RIT'ie-AL, 
PYR'I-TOd; 

PYR-l-TIF'ER-OU9,  o.     [pyrites  and  L.  /cro,  to  pro- 
duce.] 

ConLnining  or  producing  pyrites. 
PYR'ITIZE,  c.  L    To  convert  into  pyrites. 

Rd.  Eneye, 

PYR'I-TTZ-KD.  ».    Converted  Into  pvriles. 
PYR-I-TOL'O-GY,   a.     [pyriUs  and   Gr.    Ab>  uf ,   dis- 
course.] 

A  dijicour^eor  treatise  on  pyrites.  Fonrcroy. 

PY'RO,  [from  Gr.  iru/),  fire,]  uwd  as  a  prefix,  in  chem- 
istry, to  denote  some  modification  by  heat. 

Brtmde. 

FT-RO-A-CE'TI€  SPIR'IT,  a.     AcWone;  a  limpid. 

Colorless  liquid,  of  a  penetrating,  aromatic  odor,  and 

very  inflammable,  obt.-tined  by  the  dry  diHtilhition  of 

the  acetate  of  lead,  or  mlier  acftate.  Urt^ 

Pf  RO-AC'ID,  n.      .\n  acid  oUnined   by  subjecting 

another  acid  to  the  action  of  heaL  Brtmde. 

PYR'O-eHLO&E,  a.      [Gr.  irb/», 'fire,  and   x^^^P^i* 
green.] 

A  mineral  occurring  in  yellow  or  brownish  octahe- 
drons, and  consisting  ufcotiinibic  acid,  and  combined 
with  lime  and  oxvd  of  cerium. 
PV-RO-CIT'Rie  ACID,  n.     An  acid  obtained  from 

citric  acid  hy  the  action  of  beat.  Coolni. 

Pt-RoG'E.\-OUS,  0,    [Gr.  irw/*,  fire,  and  jfii-tK^,  to 
generate.] 

Produced  by  fire;  igneous.  ManteU. 

P?-ROL'A-TrV,  a.      [Gr.   ffwp,   fire,   and  Aurfj£(u, 
worship.] 

Tlie  worship  of  fire.  Young. 

PYRO-LIG'NE-OUS,  i   a.       [Gr.   n-o,   fire,   and    L. 
PT-ROLIG'i\OUS,       (      liffncus,  friMU  lignum,  wood.] 
The  latter  term  only  is  conformable  to  the  princi- 
ples of  the  nomenclature  of  chemistry. 

Generated  or  procured  by  the  distillation  of  wood  ; 
a  term  applied  to  the  acid  obtained  by  the  distillation 
of  wood.  The  acid  so  procured  is  nothing  but  impure 
and  dilute  acetic  acid,  or  impure  vinegar. 

Chemistry. 

Pt-RO-LTG'NTTE,  «,    [.Supra.]     Asaltformed  by  the 
combinati<m  of  pyrolignous  acid  with  a  base  ;  the 
same  as  an  acetate. 
PV-RO-LITH'ie,  i    a.      [Gr.    two,    fire,    and    Xtfloj, 
PYR-0'Rie,  i        sume.] 

The  pyrolithic  acid  is  an  acid  of  recent  discovery. 
It  is  obtained  from  tbe  silver>-  white  plates  which 
sublime  from  uric  acid  concretions  when  distilled  in 
a  retort.  Now  considered  identical  with  cyanuric 
acid. 
PY-ROL'O-CIST,  n.  A  believer  in  the  doctrines  of 
bent.  made, 

2.  An  investigator  ol  the  laws  of  heal. 
PV-ROL'O-GY,  a.      [Gr.   ffw*.,    fire,  and   A«y"5,  dis- 
cofirse.] 

A  treatise  on  heat  j  or  tbe  natural  history  of  heat, 
latent  and  sensible.  MUchtlL 

p-?-RO-LC'SITE,  a.  [Gr.rup,  fire,  and  ,\t.w,to  wash.] 
A  black  ore  of  manganese,  of^en  used  in  bleach- 
ing. 
PY-RO-MA'LATE,   n.     [See   Ptbomalic]      A   com- 
pound of  pyromalic  acia  and  a  salifiahli;  base.   Urc. 
PT-RO-MA'Lie,  0.     [Gr.  irvpy  fire,  and  L.  malumj  an 
apple.] 

A  term  applied  to  a  volatile  acid  obtained  by  heat- 
ing the  malic  acid  in  close  vessels.  Its  properties 
and  composition  have  not  been  investigated.  It  has 
been  supposed  to  be  isomeric  with  malic  acid. 


PYR 

P\'R'0-MAN-C'Y,  n.     [Gr.  irvp,  fire,  and  ^avrtra, 

divination.] 
Divination  by  fire.  Encye. 

PV-RO-MAN'Tie,  0.    Pertaining  to  pyromancy. 
PY-RO-MAN'Tie,n,    One  who  pretends  to  divine  by 

fire.  Herbert 

PY-ROM'E-TER,    a.      [Gr.    irvpt  fir«,  and    utrfivv, 
measure  .J 

I.  An  instrument  fur  measuring  the  expansion  of 
bodies  by  heat. 

-2.  An  instrument  fur  measuring  degrees  of  heat 
above  those  indicated  by  tbe  mercurial  thermometer; 
as,  thv  pifromcUr  of  Wudgwood. 
PV-RO-MET'RIC,         )  a.    Pertaining  to  the  pyrom- 
PY-RO-MET'RI€-AL,  j       eter  or  to  its  use. 

P.  Cye.     Ed.  Eneye. 
P^-RO-MORPIUITE,  Ti.     [Gr.  nvp  and  popy^r,.] 

The  mineral  phosfrfiate  of  lead,  occurring  in  bright 
green  and  brown  liexagonal  crystals  tiiid  masses. 
I'lie  name  alludes  to  the  crystalline  form  whieii  the 
clubule  assumes  in  cooling.  Dana. 

Pf-RO-SlORPH'OUS,  a.     [Gr.  n-up,  fire,  and  fWfj'Pri, 
fornj.] 

In  mineralogy^  having  the  property  of  crystilliza- 
ticm  hy  fire.  Shcpard. 

PV-RO-MO'CATE,  n,    A  combination  of  pyromucic 

acid  with  a  base. 
Py-RO-MC'Cre,  a.     [Gr.  rryn,  fire,  and  L.mMCit,».J 
The  pyromucic  acid  is  obtained  by  the  actum  of 
heat  upon  the  inucic  or  sacchotact'ic  acid.     It  is  a 
white,  volatile  substance. 
PYR'OPE,   n.      [Gr.  ttu/jwa-oj;    nvp,  fire,  and   wi^, 
face] 

A  mineral  regarded  as  a  variety  of  garnet,  oc- 
curring in  small  masses  or  grains,  never  in  crystals. 
Its  color  is  a  pttppy  or  blood  red,  frequently  with  a 
tinge  tif  nrnnpe.  Brochant.     Clcavcland. 

PYR'O-PIIAN'E,  n.     [Gr.  ttwo,  fire,  and  ^'U'J(,  clear.] 
A  mineral  which  m  its  natural  slnle  is  opaque,  but 
is  said  to  change  its  color  and  become  transiwrent 
by  he;it.  Kirwan.     Lanier. 

P?-ROPII'A-XOUS,    o.      Rendered    transparent    by 

ho:it. 
Pt-ROPirO-ROUS,  (pl-rofo-rus,)   a.    Pertaining  to 

or  resembling  pvrophonis. 
P?*ROrirO-RUH,  (pl-ruf'o-rus,)  n.     [Gr.   irup,  fire, 
and  0"iiof,  bearing.] 

A  substance  which  triltes  fire  on  exposure  to  air, 
or  which  mainU'iins  or  retains  light.  It  is  best  made 
bv  heating  tcpgether  alum,  pearl-ashes,  and  lamp- 
binrk.  HilUmnn. 

P?-UO-PHY.^'A-LITE.  Pee  Topaz  and  Phtsalite. 
PY-ROR'TIITTE,  n.  A  mineral  allied  to  urthile,  oc- 
curring in  lonL',  brownish -black  crystals.  It  is  in- 
flainnialilf, owing  to  its  containing. 'i  large  percentage 
of  carlion.  The  essential  ingredients  ore  silica, 
oxyd  of  rerhim,  and  water.  Dana. 

PYp'O-SeOPE,   n.    [Gr.   ffu/i,  fire,  and   cKOTrew,  to 
view.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  pulsatory  motion 
of  the  air,  or  the  intensity  uf  heat  radiating  from  a 
fire.  Leslie. 

PY-RG'SI.'*,  «.     [Gr.  irvpa}<Tii,  "  burning.] 

In  mcdi£tnc,  a  disease  of  the  stomach,  attended 
with  a  sensatii»n  of  burning  In  the  epigastrium,  ac- 
companied with  an  eructation  of  watery  fluid,  usu- 
ally insipid,  but  sometimes  acrid.  It  is  commonly 
called  Water-sbash. 
PT-ROS'MA-LITE,  n.  A  mineral  of  a  liver-brown 
color,  or  pistachio  green,  occurring  in  six-sided 
prisms,  of   a  lumcllur  isiructure,  found  in  Sweden. 

PkiUip. 
It  is  an  ore  of  iron,  consisting  of  silica,  osjd  of 
iron  and  manganese,  and  chlorid  of  iron.       JMna. 
P?  RO-TAR-TAR'ie,    a.      [Gr.    rruo,   fire,  and    tar- 
tar.] 

A  term  applied  to  an  acid  obtained  by  heating  tar- 
taric acid  in  a  close  vessel.    It  is  distinct  from  tar- 
taric acid. 
PV-RO-TAR'TRATE,  n.     A  salt  formed,  by  the  com- 
bination of  pyrotariaric  acid  with  a  base. 
PVR-0  TECII'NIC,         i    a.       [Gr.    jreo,   fire,    and 
PY'R-0-TE€H'Nie-AL,  ]         TC\vn,  art.] 

Pertaining    to  fireworks    or   the   art  of  forming 
them. 
PYR-O-TEeU'NieS, )   n.    [Stipra.]    Theartofmak- 
PYR'O-TEeH-XV,      \       ing  fireworks,   or    the   sci- 
ence which  teaches  the  manugcnient  and  application 
of  fire  in  its  various  openitions,  particularly  in  mak- 
ing rockets  and  fither  artificial  fireworks. 
PYR-O-TEeH'NIST,  n.    One  skilled  in  pyrolcchny. 

Stevens, 
PY-ROT'ie,  n.     [Gr.  ruoow,  to  burn.] 

Caustic.     [See  Caustic.] 
PY-ROT'ie,  n.    A  caustic  medicine. 
PYR'OX-E.VE,  71.  [Gr.  jtvo.  fire,  and  (tvvs,  a  stranger  ; 
a  guest  in  fire,  unaltered.] 
Tbe  same  mineral  with  Auoitk,  which  see. 

X>ana. 
P^-ROX-EN'I€,o.     Containing  pyroxene;  composed 

chiefly  of  pyroxene.  Dana. 

P?-ROX-YL'ie,  a.    [Gr.  tvo,  fire,  and  fvXoi',  wood  ] 
Obtained  by  the  destructive  distillation  of  wood  ; 
as,  pyrozylic  spirit. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.—  MeTE,  PREV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NoTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BQOK.— 


SiM 


QUA 

PT-ROX'V-LINE.(-in,)  (  n.  [Gr.rt.o,  fire, and  JuA..r, 

PT-ROX'YLE,  (-il,)         (       wood.] 

A  term  enilimciiiji  f,'iin  cution  and  nil  other  explo- 
sive substances,  obtained  by  immersing  ve^lable 
fiber  in  nitric  and  sulphuric  acid,  or  in  a  mixture  of 
nitric  and  sulphuric  acids,  and  ttien  suffering  it  to 
dry.  Dana. 

PYR'RHIG,  n.     [L.  pjfi-rkichius :  Gr.  nvppixtoiy  from 
TFvp^i\ny  a  nimble  dance.j 

1.  In  poetry,  a  foot  consisting  of  two  Short  syllables. 
9.  An  ancient  military  dunce. 

PyR'RHI€,  a.     Noting  an   ancient  military   dance, 
said  to  have  been  invented  by  P\~rrhns.        Braiide. 

2.  In  poetry,  noting  the  foot  called  Ptbbhic. 
PYR'RHIN,  n.     [Gr.  irc^fi- ■(.] 

A  veceto-nnimal  substance,  detected  in  rain  water 
bv  M.  Brandes.  Journal  of  Science. 

PYk-RHON'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  pyrrhonism. 
PYR'RHO-MSM,  n.    [fr«m  Pffrrho,  the  founderof  the 
skeptics.] 
Skepticism  ;  universal  doubL 


Q 


IS  the  seventeenth  k-tter  of  the  Kngli5;h  alphabet ; 
an  articulation  borrowed  from  the  OrientiU  kvpk 

or  qopfij  Ch.  and  Heb.  p,  8am.irilan    r,Syriac  ^o, 

Arabic  o  ^"f'  I'  '^  supposed  to  be  an  articulation 
more  deeply  {guttural  than  that  of  k  :  indeed,  it  may 
have  been  pronounced  as  wc  pronounce  qu;  f(»r  we 
observe  that,  in  the  Ljitin  language,  from  which  the 
niudi^rns  have  borrowed  the  letter,  it  is  always  fol- 
lowed by  u,  as  it  is  in  English.  This  letter  is  not  in 
the  Greek  ali^iabei.  In  our  mother  tongue,  the 
Anglo-vSaxon,  this  letter  is  not  iiiied  ;  but,  in  the 
place  of  tfu,  cK,  or,  mute  generally,  cw  is  used  -,  as  in 
erne,  quick  ;  aeen,  (jtieen.  This  letter  is  supi-rtluous  ; 
for  ku  or  koo,  in  English,  have  preciuely  the  ^tme 
Bounds  as  qu.  It  is  alleged  that,  in  expressing  9, 
the  cheeks  are  contracted,  and  the  lips  put  into  a 
canular  form,  for  the  passajie  of  tlie  bre;ith  —  circum- 
stances which  distinguish  it  from  k.  This  appears  to 
be  a  mistake.  Thif*  position  of  the  organs  is  entirely 
owing  to  the  fallowing  letter,  w  ,•  and  kur^tion  and 
qufstion  are  pronounced  precisely  alike,  and  with  the 
Rame  configuration  of  the  organs.  For  qu  in  Eng- 
lish, the  Dutch  use  A-(p,the  Germans  qu.,  the  Swedes 
and  the  Danes  71?,  which  answer  to  our  kw.  The 
Gttthic  has  a  character  which  answers  to  qu.  It  ap- 
pears, then,  that  q  is  precisely  k,  with  this  difl^erenre 
in  use, that  q  is  always  followed  by  h  in  English,  and 
k  is  not.  Q  never  eiids  an  English  word.  l\s  name, 
cue^  18  said  to  be  from  the  French  queue,  n  tail. 

Asa  nvmeral,  QstandsforSOO, and,  Wiihadasta,Q, 
for  500  000. 

Vitea  as  an  abbreviation.  Q.  stands  for  qwnttity  or 
quantum;  as,  amoni:  phusiciang,  q.  pi.,  quantum  plaert, 
as  much  as  you  please  ;  q.  «.,  quantum  sujficit,  aij 
much  as  is  required,  or  as  is  sufficient. 

Q.  D.  is  sometimes  used  for  quani  dixisgety  as  if  he 
had  said. 

Among  mathematician.^,  Q,  K.  D.  stand  for  quod 
erat  demonstrandum,  which  was  to  be  demonstrated  ; 
Q'  E.  F.,  quod  erat  faciendum,  which  was  to  be  done. 

In  the  nutta  of  the  ancientg,  Q,  stands  for  Quiattu  or 
Quintiua;  QuitiL  for  QuintilittJi  i  and  Q,uag.  for 
quaMor. 

In  English,  Q.  is  an  abbreviation  for  qtiesiion. 
QUjJB,  n.     [G.  quappe;  D.  kwab  :  Dan.  qmbheA 

A  fish  or  Russian  rivers,  which  delights  m  dear 
water.  Diet.  JVat.  tlist. 

atJA  CHIL'TO,n.  A  Brazilian  fowl  of  the  mnor-hcn 
kind,  of  a  fine  black  color,  variccated  with  white. 
Its  voice  resembles  the  crowing  of  a  cock. 

Diet.  JVat.  HitU 
QUACK,  V.  L     [D,  ktcaatmj  G.  quakcn,  Dan.  qrakkery 
to  croak,] 

1.  To  cry  like  a  duck  or  gno.«e.  King. 

2.  To  boast ;  to  bounce  :  to  talk  noisily  and  osten- 
tatiously ;  as,  pretenders  to  medical  skill  quack  of 
their  cures.  Hudibrajn. 

QUACK,  n.  [from  the  verb.]  A  boaster;  one  who 
pretends  to  skill  or  knowledge  which  he  does  not 
possess.  fWfjtn. 

2.  A  boastful  pretender  to  medical  skill  which  he 
does  not  possess }  an  empiric;  an  ignorant  practi- 
tioner, .Addison. 

QUACK,  o.  Pertaining  to  quackery  ;  ajt,aquae}c  med- 
icine. 

QUACK'ER-Y,  n.  The  bonstftil  pretensions  or  mean 
practice  of  an  ignoramus,  particularly  in  medicine  ; 
empiricism. 

QUACK'IHH,  <L  Mke  a  quack  ;  boasting  of  skill  not 
possessed  ;  trickish,  Burke. 


QUA 

PYR'RHONIST,  K.  A  skeptic;  one  who  doubts  of 
every  thing. 

PYTH-A-Go'RE-AN  or  PYTH-A-GO-RE'AN,  n,  A 
follower  of  Pythagoras,  the  founder  of  the  Italic  sect 
of  philosophers. 

PY'ni-A-GO'RE-A.\  or  ) 

PYTH-A-GO-Re'AN,  I  a.    Belonging  to  the  phUos- 

PYTH-A-GOR'l€,  f     phy  of  PyUiagoras. 

PYTII-A-GOR'I€-AL,    J 

PY-TEIAG'0-UISM,  u.     The  doctrines  of  Pvthagoms. 

PY-TH  AG'O-iaZE,  V.  i.  To  speculate  after  the  man- 
ner of  Pythagoras, 

PYTH'I-AN,  a.     [from  Pythia, the  pricsiessof  Apoll.i.l 
Pertaining  to  the  priestess  of  Apullo,  who  delivered 
oracles. 

Pijihiaa  garner ;  one  of  the  four  great  national  fes- 
tivals of  ancient  Greece,  celebrated  near  Delphi,  in 
honor  of  Apollo,  the  conqueror  of  the  dragon  Python. 

Brande. 

P?'THON,  n.  [L.  pytbo ;  Gr.  rvdc^Vy  a  dragon  or  ser- 
pent.] 


a 


QUACK'ISM,  n.    The  practice  of  quackery.     ^3h. 
QLTACK'LE,  v.  i.     To  be  almost  choked. 

QU  \Ck'!^'^D  I  °-    Almost  choked  or  sumKrated. 
QUACK'SAL-VER,  n.     [Sw.  qvack^a^fcare ;  quack  nuA 
salre.] 

One  who  boasts  of  Ins   skill   in    medicines  and 
salves,  or  of  the  efficacy  of  his  prescriptions  -,  a  char- 
latan. Brown.     Burton. 
QUAD,  (kwod,)  a.     [D.  kiraad.] 

Evil ;  bad.     [J^ot  usrd.]  Qi-wer. 

QUAD'RA,  n.     [It.]     In  architecture,  a,  square  border 

or  frame  runnd  a  bass-relief,  panel,  &.c.  OwilL 

QUAD'RA-GE\R,  n.     [L.  qimdrageni.] 

In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  an  indulgence  of 
forty  days,  that  is,  a  remission  of  the  temporal  pun- 
ishment due  to  sin,  corresponding  to  ilie  forty  days 
of  ancient  canonical  penance.  Bp.  Fitzpatrick. 

QU/iD-RA-GES'I-MA,M,  [h.  quadragesimus,  foiUelh, 
from  quatuar,  four.] 

Lent ;  so  called  because  it  consists  of  forty  days. 

Eneye, 
QuadrafTF.-fima  Sunday;  the  first  Sunday  in  Lent, 
which  is  about  forty  days  bafore  Easter. 
QUAD-RA-6ES'I-MAL,  a.     [Supra.]      Belonging  to 

Lent  ;  used  in  Lent.  Sanderson. 

QUAD-RA-GES'I-MALS,  n.  pi.     [Supra.]     Offerings 
formerly  made  to  the  mother  church  on  Mid-Lent 
&!undnv. 
QUAO'RAN"GI<E,  (kwod'rang-gl,)  n.    [L.  qiiadratus, 
square,  from  quatuor,  four,  and  anvulus,  angle.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  plane  figure  having  four  angles, 
and  consequently  four  sides.  Hutton, 

9.  In  English  architecture,  the  inner  square  or  rec- 
tangular c(»urt  of  a  building.  Oicdt. 
QU.\D-RAN"GU-LAU,  a.      [Supra.]      Having    four 
angles,  and  conseqtienlly  funr  sides.     fVoodward. 

3.  In  botany,  having  four  prominent  angles,  as  a 
leaf.  Mtirthn. 

QUAD-RAN"GU-LAR-LY,  adv.  With  foursidesand 

four  angles. 
QUAD'RANT,  n.     [L.  quadrans,  n  fourth.] 

1.  The  fourth  part ;  the  quarter.  Broten. 

2.  In  geometry,  the  quarter  of  a  circle  or  of  the 
circumference  of  a  circle.  Ilutton. 

3.  An  instrument  for  taking  the  altitudes  and  dis- 
tances of  the  heavenly  bodii-s,  of  great  use  in  astron- 
omy and  navigation.  Quadrants  art*  variously  made, 
but  they  all  consist  of  the  quarter  of  a  circle  whose 
limb  is  divided  into  ninety  degrees  ;  or,  as  in  Had- 
ley's  reflecting  quadrant,  an  arc  of  forty-live  degrees 
is  made  to  serve  the  same  pur[iose  as  nn  arc  of  ninety 
degrees. 

4.  In  gunnery,  nn  instrument  used  for  elevating 
cannon  and  |toinling  iheui.  Brande. 

f^aadrant  of  attitude  ;  an  appendage  of  the  artificial 
glolie,  consisting  of  a  slip  of  brass  of  the  length  of  a 
quadrant  of  one  of  the  great  circles  of  the  glolie,  and 
graduated.  It  is  fitted  to  the  meridian,  and  movable 
round  to  all  points  of  the  horizon.  It  serves  as  a 
scale  in  measuring  uUitudoti,  azimuths,  &c. 

JIutton. 
QUAD-RANT'AL,  a.     [Siipra.]    Pertaining  to  a  quad- 
rant ;  also,  incladed  in  the  fourth  part  of  a  circle  ;  as, 
quadrantid  sp:ice.  Derham. 

QHodrantal  triangle;  a  spherical  triangle  having 
one  side  eqtial  to  a  quadrant.  Hutton. 

QUAI)-RANT'AL,n.  [Supra.]  A  cubical  veswl  used 
by  the  Romans.  It  held  the  same  quantity  as  the 
amph<rra,  vi/..,  a  cubic  foot.  Smitli's  Diet. 

QU^VD'RAT,  ti.     [L.  qnadrattiA,  squared.] 

J.  In  printing,  a  piece  of  metal  used  to  011  the  void 


QUA 

A  genus  of  ophidian  rejrtiles,  which  are  large  ser- 
pents,  nearly  allied   to  the  Biia,  and  found   ia   the 
East  Indies. 
PYTH'0-.\ESja,   71.     [from    L.    Pytko,   Gr.   jruOwi',  a 
dragon  or  serpent.] 

L  A  sort  of  witch  ;  also,  the  female  or  priestess  who 
gave  oracular  answers  at  Delphi,  in  Greece.  JUitford. 
2.  Any  female  supposed  to  have  a  spirit  of  divina- 
tion ;  n  sort  of  witch.  Bp.  JIaU. 
PY-THON'iC,  a.     Pretending  to  foretell  future  eveuta. 
PYTH'O-NIST,  n.    A  conjurer. 
PVX         / 
PYX'IS,  \  **•     l^'Py^!  Gr.  Jrufi^] 

1.  The  box  in  which  the  Roman  Catholics  keep  tbe 
host,  Cranmer. 

2.  A  box  used.  In  English  coinage,  for  the  trial  of 
gold  and  silver  coin.     [See  Pix.]  Smart. 

PYX-IO'I-UM,  ».  [from  Gr.  irvfif,]  In  boUiny,  a 
frutt  which  divides  circularly  into  an  upper  and 
lower  half,  of  which  Uie  former  acts  as  a  kind  of  lid, 
as  the  pimpernel  Brande. 


spaces  between  words,  &c.    Quadrats  are  of  diOer- 

ent  sizes  ;  as,  m-quadrats,  &c. 

9.  A  mntliematicnl  instrument,  chiefly  used  in 
taking  heights  or  depths  ;  called,  also,  a  geometrical 
square,  and  line  of  shadows.  Hutton. 

QUAD'RATE,  a.  Square;  having  four  equal  and 
jiarallcl  sides. 

2.  Divisible  into  four  equal  parts.  Bro%im. 

3.  Square  ;  equal ;  exact.  HovelL 

4.  Suited  ;  fitted  ;  applicable  ;  correspondent. 

Harney. 
QUAD'RATE,  n.     A  square ;  a  surface  with  four 
equal  and  panillel  sides.  iVotUm.    Milton. 

2.  In  astrology,  an  aspect  of  the  heavenly  bodies, 
in  which  they  are  distant  from  each  other  ninety 
degrees,  or  the  quarter  of  a  circle ;   the  same  as 

QCARTILE.  Hutton. 

QUAD'RATE,  V.  L     [L.  quadra;  Fr.  quoilrer,  eadrer.] 
To  suit;  to  correspond  ;  to  agree  with;  to  be  ac- 
commodated ;  fallowed  by  aith. 

ArisUille'a  rules  for  epic  poetry  — can  notbcvuppoaed  to  oiiadrate 
GXAcUy  leiih  mooern  tuTuic  poi-iiiit.  Aotiuon,  . 

QUADRAT'IC,  a.  Square;  denoting  a  square,  or 
pert;iining  to  it. 

Quadratic  equation  ;  in  algebra,  an  equation  which 
contains  the  unknown  quantity,  eittier  as  a  square 
only,  or  as  a  square  and  first  ptiwer  only  ;  or  one  in 
which  the  highest  power  of  the  unknown  quantity 
is  a  square.  //ufton. 

QUj^D-RA'TRIX,  n.  In  geometry,  a  mechanical  line 
by  means  o(^  which  we  can  find  right  lines  equal  to 
the  circumference  of  circles  or  otliur  curves  and 
their  several  parts.  HutXon. 

QUAD'RA-TURE,  n.     [L.  qiiadraiMra.\ 

1.  The  act  Of  squarmg ;  the  reducing  of  a  figure 
to  a  s()uare.  Thus  the  finding  of  a  square  which 
shall  contain  just  as  much  area  as  a  circle,  is  the 
quadrature  of  that  circle.  F.nryc 

In  general,  the  quadrature  ofrurres,  in  mathematics^ 
is  the  finding  of^  rectilineal  figures  containing  the 
same  arcjis  as  figures  bounded  by  curved  lines. 

Olm.fted. 

2.  A  quadrate ;  a  square.  Mdtvn. 

3.  In  astronomy,  the  [Kisition  of  one  heavenly  body 
in  respect  to  another,  when  distant  from  it  ninety  dis 
greoSjoru  quarter  uf^  the  circle,  as  the  moon,  when 
at  an  equal  distance  from  the  points  of  conjunction 
and  opposition.  Olmsted. 

QU^D'REL,  n.     [It.  quadrello.'] 

in  architecture,  n  kind  of  artificial  stone  made  of 

chalky  earth  and  dried  in  the  shade  for  two  years  ; 

so  called  from  being  sijuare.  OipUL 

QUAD-REN'NI-AL,  a.     [L.  quadriennium ;  quadra,  or 

qu'adrans,  from  quatuirr,  four,  and  annus,  year] 

1.  Comprising  four  years;  as,  a  quadrtnaial  pe- 
riod. 

2.  Occurring  once  in  four  years ;  as,  quadrennial 
games. 

QUAl*-IiE\'N[-AL-LY,  adv.     Once  in  four  years. 
QUAD'RI-BLE,  a.     [L.  quadra,  to  square.] 

*I'hat  may  be  squared.  Dtrham. 

QU/>D-RI-e.\P'SU-LAR,  a.     [U  quadra  and  capsula.] 

in  botany.,  having  four  capsules. 
QUAD'RI-CORN,  n.      [L.  quatuor^  fodr,  and  cornu, 
horn.] 

The  name  of  certain  apterous  insects  having  four 
nnti-nniE.  Brande. 

QUAD-Rl-CORN'OUS,  a.     Having  four  horns. 
QUAD-RI-DEC'I-MAL,  a.     [L.  auadra  and  derjun.] 
in  erifstallograpfry,  a   term    dtjsignattng   a   crystal 
wh  -se  prism,  or  the  middle  part,  has  four  faces  and 


TONE,  Bi;LL,  TTNITE.  — AN"GEa,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  aaK;0n8J;ia3ZiCHaa  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

:  "  *  895 


QUA 


two  Bummits,  ci>ntaining  tugcther  ten  faaes.    [.Xot 

aUAn-RI-DE.VT'ATE,  a.  [L.  quadra  and  dcntatusy 
lootbed.] 

to  frtifaiKv,  havinR  four  teeih  on  tlie  edge. 

Martyn. 
QUAD-RI-FA'RI-OU8,  a.     ArTanged  in  four  rows  or 

rank*.  ^'"/'i": 

aUAO'RI-FID,  a.  [h.  quadrifidus;  quadra  and  /n(/o, 
to  divide.!  .    ,, 

In  hoUHv,  fonr-cleft,  I.  e.,  divided  abiHit  half  way 
from  the  n'larsin  lo  the  Iwuw  ;  a^nquadnHd  pcriRiith  ; 
cut  about  hiiir  way  into  four  wginenis,  with  linear 
ainoses  and  straight  margins ;  as,  a  q»>tdr^d  leaf. 

aUAI>-RT'GA,  a.  [U]  A  car  drawn  by  fiwr  horses 
ahr<>a.<i,  as  represented  on  the  reverse  of  ancient 
inedaK 

arAl>-RI-*E-X.\'Rl-OUS,  a.    Consisting  of  forty. 

<iU.V>-IUJ'L,'-Ot>L'S,  «.  (L.  qmadm  and  jw^ritm,  yoke.] 
In  ht-tuH^,  pinnute,  Willi  four  pairs  of  ieaJlets  ;  as, 
a  qitadnjui'omjt  leaf. 

Qt\\D-Kl-LAT'ER-AL,  «.  [U  faaJra,  or  quattun-, 
four,  and  /oTim,  aide.] 

Having  four  sides,  and  confwjtiently  four  angles. 

QUAD  Rl-LAT'ER-AL,  n.  A  plune  figure  having 
foiir  sides,  and  consequently  four  angles  ;  a  qrindrun- 
gular  figure.  liuttan, 

aU^D-RI-LAT'ER-AI^NESS,  «.  Ttie  property  of 
having  four  rigbt-tined  sides,  fonning  as  iu:u)y  right 
anglcH.  DtcL 

QUAD-RI-LIT'ER-AL,  «.  [L.  quadra,  or  qmMtuoTf 
four,  and  Ittera^  letter.] 

Consislinc  of  four  ktlcrs.     Parkhurst.     Asiat,  Res. 

QUA-DRILLE',(kwa-dril'  or  ka-dril',)  «.  [Fr]  A 
game  played  by  f*>ur  persons  with  furty  cards,  being 
the  reninind---r  of  the  pack  after  the  four  tens,  nines, 
and  eights  are  discanied.  £"iryc. 

2.  A  kind  of  dance  made  up  of  acts  of  dances, 
four  in  each  set.  Smart, 

QV^D-RlL'hlOS,  (kwod-riryun,)  n.  .According  to 
the  Englisk  Hotatiom,  tJie  number  produced  by  involv- 
ing a  iiiilliun  to  the  fourth  {kiwlt,  or  a  unit  with 
twenty  four  cipliers  annexed  ;  accordiag  to  the 
fWmci  niftatiom,  n  unit  with  htlet-n  ciphers  annexed. 

QUAII-Rl-L6'HATE,  (  a.       [L.    qu4tdr*,    or    fadtetfr, 

aU^D'Rl-L6-HKD,     \      four,  and  lubus,  Gr.  A.^oj.j 
In  it»fAJry,  having  four  lobea  ;  aa,  a  ^Udrilo^ed  leaf. 

Martyn, 

or  r  I>LAR,«.     [U  fiM^ro,  fwttiiM-,  and 

.  r  cells ;  foar-c«llcd  ;  aa,  •  quMdrHotmlar 

nt^ri<  :trjt.  JUitrtya. 

aU^'RlX,  m.     [L.  qnadrinus.] 

\  m-t*  ;  a  email  piece  of  money.  Id  raltte  aboat  a 

fi-  A'  •  ra  «j«.)  Bailef, 

Ql  -il-AL,  «.      [L.  fiutdro,    quatmor,   and 


QUA 

UIiAD'ItU-PKD,  n.    An  animal  liuviug  four  legs  and 

(ett,  Bn  a  horse,  au  ox,  a  lion,  ^c 
QITAU'KU-Pl'^.  a.     [L.  quadi-upla^ ;  quadra,  qxuituor^ 

and  ptico,  to  fold.] 

Fourfold  ;  four  times  told  ;  as,  to  make  quadruple 

restitution  for  trespass  or  theft. 
QU.\L>'RU-FLE,  n.     Four  tiroes  the  sum  or  number  ; 

ns,  to  receive  quadrupte  the  amount  in  damages  or 

profits. 
aUAD'RU-PLE,  V.  t.    To  make  four  times  aa  much, 

or  as  many. 
aUAU'RU-FL£D,  pp.  or  o.   Made  four  times  as  much 

or  nianv. 
aUAn-R'0'PU-€ATE,  a.    Fourfold;  four  times  re- 

pe.ttt'd  ,_fts,  a  quadravlieatf  ratio  or  proportion. 
QUAD-RU'PLl-C^TE,  f.  (.     [L.  quadruplico;  quatuor 

and  plico.  to  fold.] 
To  make  fourfold  ;  to  double  twice. 
l^UAD-KCPLI  eA-TEl>,  pp.     Made  fourfold. 
ULTAtt-RU-PLI-CA'TION,  n.     The  act  of  making 

fourfold  and  taking  four  times  the  Bimi>le   sum  or 

amount. 
QUAD'RU-PIJ.NG,  ppr.    Making  four  times  as  much 

or  inanv. 
QU.>D'R'U-PLY,  adv.    To  a  fourfold  quantity  ;  as,  to 

be  quadruplv  recompensed.  Svijl. 

aU.t'RE,    [L.]      Inquire;   belter   written    Uukbt, 

which  sec. 
QU.tST'OR,  (kwest'or.)    See  Questoh. 
UUXFF,  (kwif,)  V.  t,    [Fr.  coyTrr,  to  cap  or  hood  ;  $e 

c^i^'cr,  tu  fuddle,  or  be  fuddled,  from  coiffe,  a  hood. 

But  qu.    In  the  Ethiopic,  TlQ)^  qu^f,  or  fctm/,  is  to 

draw,  Co  draw  out.    Ludolf,  407.    In  Arabic,  <,^j\ji 

kaubM  or  kwaboj  is  to  drink  largely,  or  to  devour,  as 
food.] 
To  drink  ;  to  swallow  in  large  draughts. 

He  quc^M  the  inuKiuM.  £Aat. 

Milton. 


In  a 

nomin  i: 
aUAIVlUi     Mi    1  1  i  i,,    a. 
parliltLt,  divided.] 

D)v-i>|pH   int4>  f.mr  parts 


of  fun  r  terms. 

«.     Consisting  of  four  de- 

DicL 
I.      [L.  quadra^  quatuor ^  and 

in  AoCdxy,  divided  to  tlie 

In  four  divisions 


e  guafi  the  muKiuM. 

Tbr7  in  eoinmunioa  sweet 


I,Y,  adv. 

tihution. 

UL..»..  .w  .  A..  .  .  ;  ION,  (kwod-re-(fclrti?h'nn,)  «. 
A  division  by  four  or  into  four  eqiia(  parts  ;  or  the 
taking  the  fourtti  part  of  anv  quantity  or  number. 

QU.\D'RI  REME,  n.  [L.  quadrirtmit;  quatuor,  four, 
and  rrau^,  oar.] 

.\  galley  with  four  benches  of  oara  or  rowers. 

Mit/ord, 
aUAI>-RI-SVL'L.\-BLS,  n.     [L.  quadra,  quataer,  and 

A  word  con«i<iting  of  four  svllahl'r«. 
QlWD'Rl. VALVE.  ^  a.  *  In  fruUnw.  having  four 

aL'.\D-RlVALV'i:-LAR,  S    valves  ;  four-valved  ;  as, 

a  quadrtratrf  p-iricarp.  JUartyn. 

QU.\l>'RI-VALVE9,  n.  ^  [L.  quadra^  quaUmr,  and 
valra,  valve.] 

A  door  witii  four  fold*  or  leave<i. 
Q.U.\[>~RIV'1-AL,  a.      [h.  qaadrimiumt  ftM^aor,  four, 
and  rui,  way.] 

Having  four  ways  meeting  in  a  point. 

uca'teron;!**   [l. ff»*''-a. ^-^at*""-] 

In  Sfhimuk  Amrrita,  the  offspring  of  a  mulatto  wo- 
man by  a  white  man  ;  a  person  quarter  blooded. 

Clari'rtro. 
QU.^D'RCJ-M.\^^  >.     [U  quadm  and  manus,  hand.] 
An  animal  having  four  bands  that  correspond  to 
the  hnndj  of  a  man,  as  a  munki-v.  Laicrcnce^  LecL. 
aUAD-RO'MA-\.V   «.    pL      Animals    having   four 

hands,  as  monkeva. 
QUAD-R0'M.\-.\6L'S,a.    Having  four  h^nds;  fmr- 

handed.  ^  _  Lawrener.,  LrtU 

QUAD'RUXE,    n.       A    gritstone   with  a  calcareous 

cement. 
QU^D'RU-PED,  a.     [L.  quadrupfg ;  quadraj  qtuUHor, 
tour,  and  ;>?.«,  foot.] 

Having  four  legs  and  feet. 


Quqjf  immortalHr  aad  joj. 

UUAFF,  e.  J.    To  drink  largely  or  luxuriously. 

Svutk.     Dryden. 
aUAFF'ED,    (kwaft,)  pp.      Drank ;    swallowed    in 

large  draughts. 
QlAFFER,  n.     One  thai  qu.ifls  or  drinks  largely. 
Ut'AFF'ING,  ppr.     Drinking;  swallowing  draughts. 
QUAii,  a.     8ee  Ulaqmirc 

QIIAU'GA,  R.  A  paehydcrnmtous  mammal,  the 
Eqiius  li.uagga,  nearly  allied  to  the  ass  ou  the  one 
hand  and  the  xebra  oo  the  either.  It  inhabits  South- 
ern Africa. 
UUAG'GY,  «.  [Supposed  to  be  from  the  root  of 
quakr.] 

Yielding  to  the  feet  or  trembling  under  the  foot,  as 
soft,  wet  earth. 
QU.AG'.MIRE,  a.     [That   is,   quake-mire.]     Soft,  wet 
land,  which  has  a  surface  finii  eiKMigh  to  bear  a  per- 
son, but  which  shakes  or  yields  under  the  feet. 

Titsser.     Shak.     Jitare. 
aUA'HAUG,  (kwaw'hog.)  «.     In   JVrw  Kaifland,the 
popular  name  of  a  large  species  of  clum  or  bivolvular 
shell  fish. 

[  This  name  is  probiibly  derived  from  the  vatires."] 
QUitD,  a.  or  pp.  [For  Uumlcd.]  Crushed,  sub- 
dued, or  depressed.  [.Vut  used.]  Spettser. 
UUaIL,  (kwilc,)  r.  i.  [Quail,  in  English,  signifies  to 
sink  or  languish,  to  curdle,  and  to  crush  or  quell. 
The  Italian  has  qua^liare,  lo  curdle,  and  the  ^ax. 
ewellan^  to  quell,  and  the  D.  kv>aal  is  disease.  If 
these  are  of  one  family,  the  primary  sense  is  to 
shrink,  to  withdraw,  and  transitively,  to  beat  down. 
In  VV.  tnal  signifies  a  flagging  or  drooping  ;  cwla, 
(aint,  languid.] 

1.  To  sink  into  dejection  ;  to  languish  ;  to  fail  in 
spirits.  Shak.     KaoUes.     PierponL 

•2.  To  fade  ;  to  wither.     [  06*.]  HakcwUL 

Q.UA1L,  V.  i.  [Ft.  eailter;  tSp.  cuajar ;  Port,  coalhar ; 
It.  qao-irliare,  to  curdle  :  W.  caul,  a  calPs  maw,  ren- 
net, chyle,  a  curd  ;  eeuUtCj  to  curdle.  The  sense  is, 
to  cuntracL] 

Tu  curdle  ;  to  coagulate  ;  as  milk.  Bailey. 

QUAIL,  r.  L     [Sax.  cu:eUan.] 

To  crush  ;  to  depress  i,  lo  sink  j  to  subdue. 

Spenser. 
QUXIL,  a.     [It.  quaglm  :  Fr.  cai7/c ;  Ann.  coaili.'] 

A  vague  bnglish  popular  name  of  certain  gallina- 
ceous birds,  closely  allied  lo  the  partridges.     It  is  ap- 
plied to  more  than  twenty  difTerent  species,  and  of 
more  than  one  genus.     Its  application  in  New  Eng- 
land varies  within  short  distances,  which  is  believed 
also  to  be  the  fact  in  irther  parts  of  the  United  States. 
Q,U.\IL'ING,;r/>r.     Failing  ;  languishing. 
Q,U.\IL'ING,  n.     The  act  of  failing  in  spirit  or  resolu- 
tion :  decay.  Shak. 
Q.UAIL'-PIPE,  Ti-     A  pipe  or  call  for  alluring  quails 
into  a  net ;  a  kind  of  leathern  purse  in  the  shape  of  a 
pear,  partly  filled  with  horse  hair,  with  a  whistle  at 
the  end.                                                                Encvc. 
aUAINT,  (hwante,)  a.     [Old    Fr.  coint^  Arm.   coenl, 
coa»ty  pretty.     In  Norman  French,  coint  is  familiar, 
affable,  and  accaiitet,  is  very  necessary  or  familiar. 


QUA 

The  latter  word  would  lend  us  to  refer  ^liaoif  to  the 
Latin  ar-cinctus,  ready  ;  but  Skinner  thinks  it  mure 
probably  from  compias.,  neat,  well-dressed.] 

1.  Nice;  scrupulously  and  superfluously  exact; 
having  petty  elvgauce ;  us,  u  quaint  phrase  ;  a  quaint 
fushion.  Sidney.     Shak. 

To  tho-Jf  liuw  quaint  nn  onlot  foa  nn.  Shak. 

9.  Subtile;  artful.     [Oft.*.]  Chaucer. 

3.  Fine-spun  ;  artfully  framed.       Shak.    Milton. 

4.  .AlTected  ;  as,  quaint  foptk^ries.  Sw^. 

5.  til  common  tue,  odd  ;  fanciful ;  singular  j  and  so 
used  by  Chaucer. 

QUAIN'r'LY,  adv.  Nicely ;  exactly  ;  with  petty 
neatness  or  spruceneas ;  as,  hair  more  quaintly 
curled.  B.  Joiuon. 

2.  Artfully. 

BfcxUu;  lus  fNuJls  bo  ipudiuly.  Shak. 

3.  Ingeniously  ;  with  dexterity. 

I  quai'itlj/  utolc  A  kiu.  Gay. 

4.  Oddly  ;  funcifuUv  ;  singularly. 
(iUAINT'NESS,  n.    Niceness;  petty  neatness  or  ele- 
gance. 

Three  is  a  mn]ri[y  in  •iinplkiiy  which  U  Cu*  abow  th«  quaint- 
ntit  of  wit.  Pop€. 

9.  Oddness;  peculiarity. 
QUAKE,  (kwake,)  v.  i.     [Sax.cwaciun;  G.  quackeln } 

Eth.  Uvl/n  hteyka,  to  shake,  to  agitate.] 

L  To  shake  ;  to  tremble  ;  to  be  agitated  with 
quick  but  short  motions  conlinually  rejieated  ;  to 
shudder.  Thus  we  say,  a  person  quakes  with  fear  or 
•terror,  or  wilh  cold.    //eft.  xii, 

2.  To  shake  with  violent  convulsions,  as  well  as 
with  trembling;  as,  the  earth  quakes;  the  mountains 

quake.     J^ch.  i. 

3.  To  shake,  tremble,  or  move,  as  the  earth  under 
the  feet  ;  as,  tlie  quaking  mud.  Pope. 

Q,UAKE,  r.  r.  To  frighten;  to  throw  into  agitation. 
[JV..e  used.]  Shak. 

QUAKE,  n.  A  shake;  a  trembling;  a  shudder;  a 
tremulous  agitation.  Suckling. 

QUaK'ER,  ».  One  that  quakes;  but  usually  one  of 
the  religious  sect  called  Friknos.  This  name,  Qua- 
kers, Is  said  to  have  been  given  to  the  sect  in  re- 
proach, on  account  of  some  agitations  which  distin- 
guished them;  but  it  is  no  longer  appropriated  to 
them  by  way  of  reproach. 

QUAK'ER-IRH,  a-     Like  a  Quaker. 

QUAK'ER-ISM,  n.  The  peculiar  manners,  tenet's,  or 
worship  of  the  Quakers.  Milnrr.     BoswelL 

QUAK'ER-LY,  a.     Resembling  Quakers.  Qoudman. 

QUAK'ER-V,  n.     Quakerism. 

QUAK'ING,  ;)pr.  or  a.     Shaking;  trembling. 

QUAK'ING,  «.  A  shaking  ;  tremulous'  agitation ; 
trepidation.     Dan.  x. 

QUAK'ING-GRASP,  n.  The  name  of  various  species 
of  graminaceous  plants  belonging  to  the  genus 
Briza,  whose  spiketets  have  a  tremulous  motion. 

P.  Cye. 

QUAK'ING-LV,  adr.     TremblingW. 

QUAL'IFI-A-BLE,  a.  [from  qualify.}  That  may  be 
qualified  ;  tliat  may  be  abated  or  modified.    Barrow. 

QUAL-I-FI  CA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  See  Qualift.]  Any 
natural  endowment  or  any  acquirement  which  fits  a 
perstm  for  a  place,  office,  or  employment,  or  enables 
him  to  sustain  any  character  with  success,  integ- 
rity and  talents  should  be  considered  as  indispensa- 
ble qualifications  for  men  intrusted  with  public  af- 
fairs ;  biit  private  intcn;st  and  pjirty  spirit  will  often 
dispense  with  these  and  all  other  qiiat\}i cations. 

There  U  no  quaUjicatinn  for  goveriiineiU  but  virtue  iitid  wisdom, 
fcctiiJ  or  pre»ufniAivi'.  Burkt. 

2.  Legal  power  or  requisite  ;  as,  the  qualifications 
of  electors. 

3.  Abatement ;  diminution.  Raleeh, 

4.  M<jdification ;  restriction;  limitation.  Words 
or  expressions  may  bo  used  in  a  general  sense,  with- 
out any  qua! ^cation. 

QUAL-I-FieA'TOR,  n.  In  Roman  Catholic  ecclesias- 
tical courts,  an  officer  whose  business  it  is  to  exam- 
ine and  prepare  causes  for  trial.  J\Jurdock. 

QUAL'LFI-/:D,  (kvvol'e-nde,)  pp.  or  a.  Fitted  by 
accomplishments  or  endowments  ;  modified. 

Qualified  fee  ;  in  laic,^  base  fee,  or  an  est;ite  which 
has  a  qualitication  annexed  to  it,  and  which  ceases 
with  the  qualification,  as  a  grant  to  A  and  his  heirs, 
tenants  of  the  manor  of  Dale. 

Qualified  neijative  ;  in  leiJ-islation,ihe  power  of  neg- 
ativing'bills  which  have  passed  the  two  houses  of 
the  legislature  ;  a  power  vested  in  the  president, 
governor,  or  other  officer,  but  subject  to  be-  overnilea 
and  defeated  by  a  subsequent  vote  of  the  two  houses, 
passed  in  conformity  with  the  provisions  of  the  con- 
stitution. United  Slatrj.      JV.  Smith. 

Qualified  property,  is  that  which  depends  on  tem- 
porary possession,  as  that  in  wild  animals  reclaimed. 

QUAL'I-FI  ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  qualified 
or  fitted. 

QUAL'I-FT-ER,  T(.  Tie  or  that  which  qualifies;  that 
which  modifies,  reduces,  tempers,  or  restrains. 

Junius. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTF^  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.- 

8C6  "  ''  ■ 


QUA 

aU^I-'I-Fy,  V.  U  [Fr.  qualifier;  It.  qu/diJUare ;  Sp. 
adificar ;  L.  qualisy  sur.h,  and/ficio,  to  make.] 

1.  Tu  fit  fur  any  place,  utlicc,  occupation,  or  char- 
acter ;  to  furnish  with  the  knowledge,  skill,  or  other 
accomplishment  necessar}' fur  a  purpose  ;  n»,  to  qual' 
ify  a  man  for  a  judpe,  for  a  minister  of  state  or  of  the 
gospel,  for  a  general  or  admiral.  Holiness  alone  can 
qualify  men  for  the  sncitty  of  holy  beinirs. 

2.  To  make  cupahle  of  any  employment  or  privi- 
lege  ;  to  furnish  with  legal  [K.\ver  or  capacity  ;  as,  in 
England,  to  qualify  a  man  to  kill  game. 

3.  7'o  abate  ;  to  soflea ;  to  diminish  ;  as,  to  qualify 
the  rigor  of  a  statute. 

I  do  not  Kck  io  quMich  Tour  lore's  biit  Gie, 

But  fMiVy  the  fire's  ex'iremc  ra^.  Shck. 

A.  To  ease  ;  to  assuage.  Spenser. 

5.  To  modify  ;  to  restrain  ;  to  limit  by  exceptions  ; 
OS,  to  qualify  words  or  expressions,  or  to  qualify  the 
tense  of  words  or  phrases. 

6.  To  modulate  ;  to  vary  ;  as,  to  qualify  sounds. 

Brown. 

^U^L'I-F5-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Furnishing  with  the 
necessary  qualities,  properties,  or  accomplishments, 
for  a  place,  station,  or  business  ;  furnishing  with 
legal  power;  abating;  tempering;  modifying;  re- 
straining. 

at'AL'I-TA-TIVE,  a.  Relating  to  quality.  Qualita- 
tive analysis,  in  chemistry,  is  that  in  which,  by  tinding 
certain  qualities  in  a  compound,  we  determine  the 
elements  of  which  it  is  made  up. 

QU-^L'I-TV,  n.  [L.  mtalita.",  from  qualif,  such  ;  Fr. 
quality  i  Sp.  calidad  ;  It.  qualitd  ;  Ir.  eail.] 

I.  Property  ;  that  which  belongs  to  a  body  or  sub- 
stance, or  can  be  predicated  of  it.  dualities  are  nutr- 
ural  or  accidental.  Thus  whiteness  is  a  natural  qual- 
itif  of  snow  ;  softness  is  a  natural  quatctif  of  w<x>l  and 
fur;  hardness  is  a  natural  quality  vf  metals  and 
wood  ;  figure  and  dimension  are  the  natural  quali- 
ties of  solids ;  but  a  particular  figure,  as  a  cube,  a 
square,  or  a  sphere,  is  an  accidental  or  adventitious 
quality.  The  fluidity  of  metaU  is  an  accUental  qual- 
ity. E»«fn/ia/ qualities  are  such  as  are  necessary  to 
constitute  a  thing  what  it  is.  Srn.<ri&/e  qualities  are 
such  as  are  perceptible  to  the  senses,  as  the  light  of 
the  sun,  the  color  of  cloth,  the  taste  of  salt  or  sugar, 

&.C. 

9.  Nature,  relatively  considered  ;  as,  the  quality  of 
an  action  in  regard  to  righrand  wrong. 


Other  off^tuira  have  not  judgmcul  to 
which  ia  done  bv  them. 


the  quality  of  thai 
HooktT. 


3.  Virtue  or  particular  power  of  producing  certain 
effects  ;  a?,  the  qualities  of  plants  or  medicines. 

4.  Disposition ;  temper. 

To-nteftit  veil  wnoder  thmu^h  (he  ttreeU,  and  note 

Th^  quaOdeM  o(  people.  Shak. 

5.  Virtue  or  vice  ;  as,  good  qualities^  or  bad  quali- 
ti^s.  Dryden. 

6.  Acquirement;  accomplishment ;  as,  the  ipuiii{i«5 
of  horsemanship,  dancing,  and  fencing.     Clarendon. 

7.  Character. 

The  RM^rney  mrlAkei  of  both  qualiSet,  that  of  s  Jud^  of  the 
•ouit,  ana  tbut  of  iiXoToej-gnn^nd.  Bacon. 

6.  Comparative  rank  ;  condition  in  relation  to  oth- 
ers ;  as,  people  of  every  quality. 

We  obtnioed  acquoiiiCuice  wilb  muij  citizeni,  not  of  the  menD- 
estfuoii^.  Baron. 

9,  Superior  rank  ;  superiority  of  birth  or  station; 
as,  persons  of  quality ;  ladies  of  quality. 

10.  Persons  of  high  rank,  collectively. 

I  shall  appear  at  the  majqinTide  dreni-d  up  in  my  feathm,  thai 
tVt  I'lalUif  maj  Ke  huw  [ircitjr  they  will  look  in  tlWr  tmr- 
cluig  bAbfts.  Addi*on. 

QTJXLM,  (kwilm,)  tu  [D.  Incaal,  disease  ;  kwaalyk^ 
sick  ;  G.audlenyXo  pain  or  vex.  In  G.  i/uo/m  is  steuin, 
vapor,  exhalation  ;  D.  kieaLm^  id.  The  Danish  qvalm 
signifies  vapor,  steam,  fume,  exhalation  ;  qraimer,  to 
nimble  ;  det  giver  qralme,  it  rises  in  the  stomach. 
The  latter  is  Il>e  English  word.] 

1.  A  rising  in  the  stomach,  as  it  is  commonly  called  ; 
a  fit  of  nausea,  or  n  disposition  or  eflnrt  of  the  stom- 
ach to  eject  its  contents. 

2.  A  sudden  fit  or  seizure  of  sickness  at  the  stom- 
ach ;  a  sensation  of  nausea ;  as,  qualms  of  heart-sick 
agony.  Milton, 

For  who,  wiihoiit  a  ffualm,  hnth  eret  looked 

On  bol^  gmtag^,  though  hy  Uamee  cooke<l  t         Rotcommon. 

3.  A  scruple  of  conscience,  or  uneasiness  of  con- 
science. 

QUALM'ISH,  (kwam'ish,)  a.  [Supra.]  Sick  at  the 
stomach;  inclined  to  vomit;  affected  with  nausea 
or  sickly  languor.  Dryden. 

QUXLM''l.''H-LY,  ado.    In  a  qualmish  manner. 

ftUALM'I.SlI  NE.SS,n.     Nausea. 

q^UAM'DI-U  SB  BE'J^E  OKS'SE-RIT,  [L.]  Dur^ 
ine  good  hfhavior. 

QUAM'O'CIAT,  n,  A  genus  of  climbing  ornamental 
plants,  allied  to  the  convolvulus,  found  in  the  hot 

Pirt*  of  Amprica,  also  in  India  and  China.      P.  Cyc, 
A^'DARY,  n.    Doubt;   uncertainty;  a  state  of 
difficulty  or  perplexity. 
QU^N'DA-RV,  V.  L    To  bring  into  a  state  of  uncer- 
tainty or  difficulty.     [J^ut  used,"]  Otway. 


UUA 

QUANT,  (kwant,)  n.     A  round  cap  at  the  bottom  of  a 

pole,  a.s  of  a  jumping  pole,  to  prevent  its  sinking  into 

the  groMitd.  Jl.illiirelf. 

aUAN'TI-TA-TIVE,  a.     [See  auANTixv.]     Relating 

to  quantity.  Taylor, 

Quantitative  analysis,  in  chemistry,  is  that  which 

dttermines  the  proportional  quantity  of  each  of  the 

elements  which  make  up  a  comjKmnd. 
aU^X'TI-TlVE,   a,     [See   Uuantity.]      Estimable 

according  to  quantity.  Di-rby. 

QUAN'TI-TIVE-LY,  ado.    So  as  to  be  measurable  by 

quantity. 
aUAN'TI-TY,  n.     [Fr.  quanttti ;  IL  quantitd  ;  Sp.  can- 

titadi  from  L.  quantitas,  from  quantus^  how  much,  or 
u     ^ 

as  much  as  ;  Pors.  tXAjuh.  cAanrf,  how  much ;  (^^XJcs*. 

chandi,  quantity.] 

1.  That  property  of  any  thing  which  may  be  in- 
creased or  diminished.  Cheyne.     Johnson 

This  definition  is  defective,  and  as  applicable  to 
many  other  properties  as  to  quantity.  A  definition 
strictly  philo-sophical  can  not  be  given.  In  common 
usaffe,  quantity  is  a  mass  or  collection  of  matter,  of 
in  deter  minat<;  dimensions,  but  consisting  of  particles 
which  can  not  be  distinguished,  or  which  are  uot 
customarily  distinguished,  or  whicli  are  considered 
in  the  aggregate.  Thus  we  say,  a  quantity  of  earth, 
a  quantity  of  water,  a  quantity  of  air,  of  light,  of  heat, 
of  iron,  of  wood,  of  timber,  of  corn,  of  paper.  But 
we  do  not  say,  a  quantity  of  men,  or  of  horses,  or  of 
houses ;  for,  as  these  are  considered  as  separate  in- 
dividuals or  beings,  we  call  an  assemblage  of  them 
a  number  or  multitude. 

2.  An  indefinite  extent  of  space 

3.  A  portion  or  part. 

If  1  were  aawcl  into  qitantitJ£s,    [Not  in  use,}  Sfuik. 

4.  A  large  portion  ;  as,  a  medicine  taken  in  quan- 
tities, that  is,  in  large  quantities.  Arbuthnot. 

5.  In  mathematics,  any  thing  which  can  be  multi- 
plied, divided,  or  mc:u-!urcd.  Duy, 

Thus  mathematics  is  called  the  science  of  quan- 
tity. In  algebra,  quantities  are  known  and  unknomn. 
Known  quantities  are  usually  represented  by  the  first 
letters  of  the  alpliabet,  as  a,  b,  c  ;  and  unknown  quan- 
tities are  expressed  by  the  last  letters,  i,  y,  z,  &,c. 
Letters  thus  used  to  represent  quantities  are  them- 
selves called  quantities.  A  simple  quantity  is  expressed 
by  one  term,  as  -f-a,  or — <U>c;  a.  compound  is  expressed 
by  more  terms  than  one,  connected  by  the  signs  -H 
plus,  or  —  minus,  as  o-f-ft,  or  a — 6+c.  Quantities 
which  have  the  sign  -f-  prefixed,  are  called  po^-tCive  or 
affirmative ;  those  which  have  the  sign  —  prefixed, 
are  called  negative,  Day^s  .Algebra. 

6.  In  grammar,  the  measure  of  a  syllable  ;  that 
which  determines  the  time  in  which  it  is  pronounced. 

Holder,     Encyc. 

7.  In  logic,  a  category',  universal,  or  predicament; 
a  gent-ral  conception.  Bailey,    Encyc. 

6.  In  music,  tlie  relative  duration  of  a  note  or  syl- 
lable. Busby. 

Quantity  of  matter,  in  a  ftorfy,  is  the  measure  arising 
from  the  joint  consideration  of  its  magnitude  and 
density,  being  expressed  by,  or  proportional  to,  the 
product  of  the  two.  Ilutton. 

Quantity  of  motion,  in  a  body,  {s  the  measure  arising 
from  the  joint  consideration  of  its  quantity  of  matter 
and  its  velocity  ;  the  same  us  MoMEivTeM.    Ilutton. 

QUAN'TUM,  71.     [I..]     The  quantity  ;  the  amount. 

QU^JST'TUM  MER'triT,  [I..]  In  law,  an  action 
grounded  on  a  promise  that  the  defendant  would 
pay  to  the  plaintiff  for  his  service  as  much  as  he 
should  deserve. 

QU.a^r'TUM  SUF'FI-CJT,  [L.]  Sufficient ;  as  much 
OS  is  needed. 

QUAJST'TUM  VA-LE'BAT,  [L.]  An  action  to  re- 
cover of  the  df^feniiant,  for  goods  sold,  as  nnich  as 
they  were  worth.  Blnckstone, 

QUA-QUA-VERS'AL,  o.  [I^  quaqua,  in  all  direc- 
tions, and  versus,  from  verttj,  to  turn.] 

In  geology,  a  term  applied  to  the  dip  of  beds  to  all 
points  of  the  compass  round  a  center,  as  of  beds  of 
lava  round  a  crater.  LyclL 

QUAR'AN-TKNE,  (kwor'an-tecn,)  «.  [It.  quarantina, 
forty  ;  Sp.  quarantrna ;  Fr.  quarantaine ;  from  the  root 
of  L.  quartus,  fourth,  Fr.  earreau,  a  square,  carrer,  to 
square,  Arm.  carrea,  to  square,  W.  near,  square,  Eiig. 
quarL     Sec  Quart  and  SmjAUE.l 

1.  Properly,  the  space  of  forty  days  ;  appropriafely, 
tho  term  of  forty  days,  during  which  a  ship,  arriving 
in  port,  and  suspected  of  being  infectrd  with  a  ma- 
lignant, contagious  disease,  is  obliged  to  forbear  all 
intercourse  with  tho  city  or  place.  This  time  was 
chosen  because  it  was  supposed  that  any  infectious 
disease  wonld  break  out,  if  at  all,  within  that  i>eriod. 
Hence, 

2.  Restraint  of  intercourse  to  which  a  ship  is  sub- 
jected, on  the  presumption  that  she  may  be  infected, 
either  for  ftirty  days  or  for  any  other  limited  term.  It 
is  customary  for  the  proper  officers  to  determine  the 
period  of  restraint  at  their  discretion,  according  to 
circumstances.  Hence  we  hear  of  a  quarantine  of 
five  days,  of  ten,  of  thirty,  &c.,  as  well  as  of  forty. 


QUA 

We  say,  irship  [K-rforms  quarantine^  or  rides  at  quar- 
OHtine.  We  also  apply  the  word  to  persons.  The 
pas^sengers  and  crew  [HTfunn  quarantine. 

3.  In  law,  the  period  of  forty  days,  during  which 
the  wid(»w  of  a  man  dying  seized  of  land,  has  the 
privilege  of  remaining  in  the  mansion-house. 

QUAR-AN-TINE',  (kwor-on-teen',)  v.  t.  To  prohibit 
from  intercourse  with  a  city  or  its  inhabitants ;  to 
compel  to  remain  at  a  distance  from  shore  for  some 
limited  [wriod,  on  account  of  real  or  supposed  infec- 
tion ;  ajiplied  to  ships,  or  to  persons  and  goods. 

QUAR-AN-'n\'KD, (kwor-an-teend',)pp.  Restrained 
from  communication  with  the  shore  for  a  limited  pe- 
riod ;  as  a  ship  or  its  crew  and  passengers. 

QUAR-AN-TIN'ING,  ppr.  Prohibiting  from  inter- 
course with  the  port ;  as  a  ship  or  its  crew  and  pas- 
sengers. 

QUAR'RE,  for  QuAnaT,  is  not  in  use. 

QUAR'REL,  n.  [W  cweryl;  Fr.  querdle ;  L.  and  It. 
querela  ;  ^p.  querella  or  queja  ;  Arm.  qarell ;  L.  qtiercr^ 
to  complain,  that  is,  to  cry  out  with  a  loud  voice. 
Hence  we  see  the  primary  sense  is  the  same  as  brawl. 
The  L.  queror  coincides  in  elements  witli  the  Ir. 
gairim,  to  call,  to  bawl,  to  shout,  and  gearaa,  a  com- 
plaint ;  Sax.  ceorian,  to  complain  or  murmur ;  G.  gir- 
ren  and  kirren ;  U,  kirrcn  and  korren ;  Dan.  kerrer. 
The  latter  sienifiea  to  complain,  to  exjtostulate,  and 
kerrer  sig  eftcr,  to  care,  or  take  heed  of,  a  sense 
which  would  unite  the  word  with  the  L.  euro,  cura ; 
and  in  Sax.  cearig  signifies  complaining,  and  careful, 
solicitous  ;  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Ar.  H^p,  Class  Gr,  No. 
49,  and  see  No.  1,  2,  J4,  l.S,  19,  23.1 

1.  A  brawl ;  a  petty  fight  or  scuffle,  from  its  noise 
and  uproar.  Shak, 

2.  A  dispute  ;  a  contest. 

On  open  aeiu  Ih'.'ir  quarTela  thoy  d'-bale.  tyryden, 

3.  A  breach  of  friendship  or  concord ,  opeu  vari- 
ance between  parties.  Hammond. 

4.  Cause  of  dispute. 

The  Wng'%  quarrel  b  honorable.  ShaJc. 

5.  Something  that  gives  a  right  to  mischief,  repri- 
sal, or  action. 

He  thoug^hl  he  had  a  gixx!  quarrel  to  attack  htm.     [Not  itserl.'] 
Holing  shead. 

6.  Objection  ;  ill  wilt,  or  reason  to  complain  , 
ground  of  objection  or  dispute. 

Ilurodiaa  had  a  quarrel  against  hiin.  —  Mark  vi. 

7.  Something  peevish,  malicious,  or  disposed  to 
make  trouble.     [JVot  usr^i,]  ShaJ:. 

QUAR'REL,  n,  [W.  ^ware.l,  a  dart  or  javelin,  a  ker- 
nel ;  ^warelu,  to  dart,  to  keni,  to  curdle  ;  from  ^war, 
B  quick  rise,  a  puff;  Fr.  carreau^  a  bolt.  The  prima- 
ry sense  is,  to  shoot,  throw,  or  drive.] 

1.  An  arrow  with  a  square  head,  {j^ot  used  unless 
in  poelnj.j  Camden. 

2.  A  diamond-shaped  pane  of  glass,  or  a  square 
pane  placed  diagonally.   [See  Quarry  and  SquARE.] 

Oloss,  ofArchit. 
QUAR'REL,  V,  i.     [Fr.  qucrcller.    See  the  noun.] 

1.  To  dispute  violently,  or  with  loud  and  angry 
words;  to  wrangle;  to  scold.  How  odious  to  see 
husband  and  wife  quarrel! 

iS.  To  fight ;  to  scuffle  ;  to  contend  ;  to  squabble ; 
used  of  two  persons,  or  of  a  small  number.  It  is 
never  used  of  armies  and  navies  in  combat.  Chil- 
dren and  servants  often  quarrel  about  trifles.  Tav- 
ern-hunters sometimes  quarrel  over  their  cups. 

3.  To  fall  into  variance. 

Our  people  quarrtl  with  obedience.  Skak. 

4.  To  find  fault ;  to  cavil. 

]  will  nol  quarrel  wilh  a  slight  mistake.  Hoteommon. 

Men  ut  enmity  with  their  Go  ' 


•uarreling  wilh  hia  nuribiiti's 
quarreling  witli  the  B-ing  th^t  made  tltcni,  und  who  Is 


■Uintly  doing  Ihem  good."  Eliph,  SUele. 

5.  To  disagree  ;  to  be  at  variance ;  not  to  be  in  ac- 
cordance in  form  or  essence. 

Sorar  things  arise  of  itnngc  and  quarreling  kind, 

The  fan  part  lion,  and  a  anakc  U.^lud.  Cowley, 

QUAR'REL,  V.  t.    To  quarrel  with.  B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  compel  by  a  quarrel ;  as,  to  quarrel  a  man 
out  of  his  estate  or  rights. 

QUAR'REL-ER,  n.  One  who  quarrels,  wrangles,  or 
fights. 

QU^It'REL-ING,  ppr.  Disputing  with  vehemence 
or  loud,  angry  words;  scolding;  wrangling;  fight- 
ing; finding  fault;  disagreeing. 

QU^R'KEL-ING,  n,  [Supra.]  Contention;  dispute 
in' angry  words;  breach  of  concord;  a  caviling  or 
fimling  fault;  disagreement. 

QUAR'REL-OUH,  (kwor'rol-us,)  a.  Apt  or  disposed 
to  quarrel ;  petulant;  easily  provoked  to  enmity  or 
contention.     \ Little  used,]  Shak. 

aUAR'REL-SO.ME,  (kwor'reI-snm,)a.  Apt  to  quar- 
rel; given  to  brawls  and  contention;  inclined  lo 
petty  fighting;  easily  irritated  or  provoked  to  con- 
test ;  ira-icible  ;  choleric;  petulant.  Baeon. 

QUAR'REL-SOME-LY,  adv.  In  a  quarrelsome  man- 
ner ;  with  a  quarn-lsome  temper ;  petulantly.      Hall. 

QUAR'REL-SOME-NESS,  n.  Dit^ptisition  to  engage 
in  contention  and  brawls  ;  petulance. 

QUAR'IU -BO,  pp.  or  a.    Dug  from  a  pit  or  cavern. 


TONE,  BWLL,  IGNITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  Cl|  as  SH  j  TH  as  in  THIS. 


TU" 


sa"* 


QUA 


QUA 


QUA 


QU^R'RI-ER,  n.    A  worker  al  a  quarT>*. 
aU^R'RY,  (kwor're,)  n.    [Fr.  carr^,  for  quarre  ;  Arm. 

id.      See  UOAMANTINB.] 

1.  A  pane  of  glasa  or  a  peculiar  furm  ;  n  qnnrrel, 
which  see.     [JVW  m  use.]  Martimrr, 

a.  An  mrrow  with  a  square  head.  [See  Ucarbei-] 
IJS'ot  in  use,]  Fairfax. 

3.  In  fateomy,  the  game  which  a  hawk  is  pursuing 
or  ha.«  killed. 

[Ptrhais  from  U  qturro,  Fr.  querir,  lo  seek.] 

4.  Among  hunters^  a  part  of  the  entrails  of  the 
beast  lakcn,  given  to  the  hounds.  £iifyc. 

5.  A  heap  of  panie  killed.  SmaH, 
QUAR'RV,  «.     [Fr.  earri^f,  formerly  Norm,  quarrier. 

I  know  not  whether  the  original  sense  of  this  word 
was  a  pit  or  mine,  from  dtgfn^gt  «'r  whether  the 
sense  was  a  place  for  squaring  stone.  The  Fr.  earriert 
signifies  m»t  only  a  quarr>-,  but  a  corrrr,  course^  race, 
ftom  the  L.  cvrrv,  which'can  not  be  from  squaring. 
IT  the  asiue  was  a  pilj  it  may  be  refenvd  to  tha  Heb. 


Ch.  and  Eth.  n*o»  to  dig  ■,  Ax.  \S  kara  or  tipara,to 

dig,  to  run  violently,  to  leap.    If  the  sense  is  fVom 
mBrimgy  see  SquAax.    Bee  Class  Gr,  No.  35,  36,  52, 

L  A  place,  cavera,  or  pit,  where  stones  are  dug 
ftom  the  earth,  or  separated  from  a  large  mass  of 
rocks.  We  generally  a[H>ly  Uie  word  Mine  io  tlie  pit 
from  which  are  taken  meials  and  ciwls  ;  from  quar- 
ries are  taken  stimes  for  building,  as  marble,  free- 
stone, slate,  &c. 

a.  in  Paris,  the  quarrifs  are  a  vast  cavern  under 
the  citv,  several  miles  in  extent. 

QU^R'RY,  (kwor're,)  v.  L    To  prey  upon,  as  a  vul- 
ture or  harpy.  VEstrange, 
{A  U»  Mwnf,  tnd  not  muuk  ustd.] 

QUAR'RY,  V.  L  To  dig  or  take  (Vom  a  quarry ;  as,  to 
quarrm  marble. 

auAR'RY-ING,  ^pr.    Digging  stones  from  a  quarry. 

aUAR'RY-I.N'G,  n.  The  aU  or  bosineas  of  digging 
stones  from  a  quarry. 

aU^R'RV-M.VN,  a.  A  man  who  U  occupied  in  quar- 
rjing  stones. 

QUART,  «,  [IL  qmarta;  Fr.  fuortc,  from  quart^^  a 
fourth,  U  qmoHus;  D.  k»aH:  G.  quart:  from  W. 
e»*r^  the  root  of  square,  or  from  the  root  nf  Gr.  tocj, 
to  fit  (M*  suit,  to  square.  We  see  in  the  Aniharic,  the 
ancient  dialect  of  the  Ethiopic,  an  n  fi*ur,  and  artm 
is  fourth,  L.  quarttui.  Ludulf,  Amh.  57.  This  with 
the  Celtic  [iron u notation,  as  guerre  fur  *ar,  becomes 

1.  The  fourth  part ;  a  quarter.    [.\bc  ia  v jr.] 

Spoiser. 

2.  The  fourth  part  of  a  gallon  ;  two  pinf. 

3.  A  vesiel  containing  the  fourth  of  a  gallon. 
QUART,  (kftrt,)  ■      Four  cnrds  ;  i^uccessive  cards  of 

the  aarae  suit  in  the  game  tif  piquet  Hm^, 

QOARTA.N,  s.     [L.  quariaHus,  the  firtirth.] 

Designating  the  fourth ;   occurring  every  fourth 

day ;  as,  a  qumrtmn  ague  or  fever. 
QUiVR'T.AN,  n.     An  intermitting  ague  that  occurs 

every  fourlli  day,  or  with  intcrmissMina  of  aerenty- 

two  hours. 

2.  A  measure  containing  tlie  fourth  part  of  some 
other  measure. 

QUAR-T.l' TION,  m.  In  chemistry  and  metallursy,  the 
alloying  of  one  part  of  gold  that  is  tti  be  refined,  with 
three  parts  of  silver,  by  which  means  ih©  nilric  or 
sulphuric  acid  is  enabled  to  separate  the  gold  from 
the  inferior  metals  originally  associated  with  it.   Ure, 

QUAR'TER,  n.  [  Fr.  y Mart,  quartier  :  IL  quartiere  ;  Sp. 
euartel:  D.  fcwartwr;  G.  quartier  i  Sw.  qvart^  qvartal ; 
ban.  frorf,  vvartai,  fvartecr;  L.  quartust  the  fourth 
part  ;  from  W.  ewoTf  a  square.] 

1.  The  fourth  part ;  as,  the  quarter  of  an  hour  or 
of  a  mile  ;  one  quarter  of  the  exftense.  Living  is  a 
fumrttr  dearer  in  the  city  than  in  the  country. 

9.  In  waigkL,  tlte  fourth  part  of  a  himdred  pounds 
aToirdupois,  or  of  11:2  Ibit.,  that  is,  28  lbs.;  as,  a 
fMrtcr  of  sugar. 

3.  In  ^  measure,  the  fourth  of  a  Inn  in  weight, 
or  eight  bushels  of  grain  ;  as,  a  quarter  of  wheat 
aJ*o,  the  fourth  part  of  a  chaldron  of  coal.  Huttou. 

■4.  In  astronomu,  the  fourth  part  of  the  mot»n*s  pe- 
riod or  monthly  revolution  j  as,  the  first  quarter  after 
ibe  change  or  full. 

5.  A  region  in  the  hemisphere  or  great  circle  ;  pri- 
wmrihf,  one  of  the  four  cardinal  points  ;  at,  the  ftmr 
|Bsifii  I  of  the  globe  ;  but  used  indifferently  for  any 
region  or  point  of  compass.  From  whaiquarier  does 
the  wind  Mow  >     Hence, 

6.  A  particular  region  of  a  town,  city,  or  country  ; 
as.  all  quarters  of  the  city  ;  in  ever>'  quarter  of  the 
country  or  of  the  continent.    Hence, 

7.  Usualig  in  the  pturaty  quartern  ;  the  place  of  lodg- 
ing or  temporary  residence ;  appropriatrlu,  the  place 
where  otficers  and  soldiers  lodge,  but  applied  lo  the 
lodgings  of  any  temporary  resident.  He  called  on 
the  general  at  \\\s  quarters  ;  the  place  furnished  good 
winter  quarters  for  the  troops.    I  saw  the  stranger  at 

8.  Proper  station.  [his  quarters. 

Swtfl  u  Ibeir  Krenl  qaarter*  huten  then.  JMEiUon. 


Bacon  uses  the  word  in  the  lingular.  "Make 
love  kt*ep  quarter  ** 

9.  On  board  of  ships,  quarters  signifies  the  stations 
or  places  where  the  ollicers  and  men  are  posted  in 
action.     Pi[>e  all  hands  to  quarters. 

10.  In  militarif  affairs,  the  remission  or  sparing  of 
the  life  of  a  captive  or  an  enemy  when  in  one's 
p<iwcr ;  mercy  granted  by  n  conqueror  to  his  enemy, 
when  no  longer  able  to  defend  hiinself.  In  desperate 
encounicrs,  men  will  sometimes  neither  ask  nor 
give  quarter.  The  barbantus  practice  of  giving  no 
quartrr  v*  soldiers  in  a  fortress  taken  by  assault,  is 
nearly  obsolete. 

He  n*«jftiififld  liis  own  ck-mrney,  now  they  were  %i  hii  mony,  u» 
o(l«  ihi-m  fuorltfT  for  ll»rif  iivw,  U  ihey  wonlii  rIvp  up  the 
c;iMlr.  Clarendon. 

lAiitU  at  lh«  meny  of  wolrea  rouat  expect  no  tfiMrUr. 

L'  Etti-nngt. 

11.  Treatment  sliown  to  an  enemy  ;  indulgence. 

To  ibe  youiij,  if  y»"  si"  tolemhle  quaritr,  you  tiuldl]^  ll»cm 
in  klieitcM  nnd  niio  tliont.    {Hartly  ua*d.\  Oritur. 

12.  Friendship;  amity;  concord.    {J^otinusc] 

Shak. 

13.  In  tke  slau(:kter-kouse,  one  limb  of  a  quadrnpt>d 
with  the  adjoining  iwrts  ;  or  one  fourth  part  of  the 
carcass  of  a  quadrui>ed,  including  a  limb;  as,  a  fore 
quarter,  or  hind  quarter. 

14.  In  d  skof,  tlie  part  which  forms  the  side  from 
tlie  heel  to  the  vnmp. 

15.  In  tXe  mrnage,  the  quarters  of  a  horse's  fixit  are 
the  sides  of  the  coinn,  between  the  toe  and  the  heel. 
Fahe  quarters  are  a  cleft  in  the  horn  of  the  htxif,  ex- 
tending from  the  coronet  to  the  shoe,  or  from  top  to 
bottom.  When,  for  any  disorder,  one  of  the  quar- 
ter* is  cut,  the  hurse  is  said  lo  be  quarter-easL  Encye. 

16.  In  a  siege,  quarters  are  the  encampment  on 
one  of  the  princi|ial  passages  round  the  place  be- 
sieged, to  prevent  relief  and  intercept  convoys. 

Kneye, 

17.  In  seminaries  of  learning,  a  fimrth  p.Trt  of  the 
year,  or  three  months.  Tuition  nnd  Imard  at  twenty- 
five  dollars  the  quarter.  This  is  a  moderate  quarter 
bilL 

18.  The  quarter  of  a  ship.  Is  tlie  part  of  a  ship's 
side  which  lies  toward  Ihe  stern,  or  the  part  between 
the  aftmitst  end  of  the  main-chains  and  the  sides  of 
the  stern,  where  it  is  terminated  by  the  quarter- 


pieces. 


Mar.  Diet. 


19.  In  heraldry,  [one  of  the  divisions  of  a  shield, 
when  it  is  divided  crosswise. —  F..  II.  Barker.] 

On  the  quarter,  in  seamen*s  language,  is  a  point  in 
the  iKtrixon  considerably  abaft  the  beam,  but  not  in 
the  din-ction  of  the  stem. 

Quarter-bill,  among  seamen.  Is  a  list  ronlnining  the 
different  stations  where  the  olfiren*  and  crew  are  to 
lake  pot>(  in  time  of  action,  and  the  names  itf  the 
men  assigned  to  each. 

Quart^-tJotJts ;  long  pieces  of  iminted  canvas,  ex- 
tended on  the  ontsitle  of  the  tiuarter-netiing  from 
the  upper  part  ot  the  gallery  to  the  gangwiiy. 

Quartrr- gallery  ;  a  sort  of  balcony  on  me  quarters 
of  a  ship. 

Quarter-railing  i  narrow,  molded  planks,  reaching 
fn>in  the  top  of  the  stem  to  the  gangway,  serving  as 
0  fence  to  the  quarter-deck. 

Ilrad-quartrrs ;   the  tent  or  mansion  of  the  com- 
mander-in-chief of  an  army. 
UUAR'TER,  V.  u    To  divide  into  four  equal  parts. 

2.  To  divide;  to  separate  into  parts.  Sltak. 

3.  To  divide  into  distinct  regions  or  com[)art- 
menta. 

The  Milon  quartered  ly>a»tn.  Dryden. 

4.  To  station  soldiers  for  lodging;  fm,io  quarter 
troops  in  the  city,  or  among  tlie  inhabitants,  or  on 
the  inhabitants. 

3.  To  lodge  ;  to  fix  on  a  lenii>orary  dwelling. 

Tbey  mean  thli  nrgtit  in  Sanli*  tu  tje  quarltrtd,  Shak. 

6.  To  diet.     [JVot  in  use,]  Hudibras. 

7.  To  bear  as  an  appendage  to  the  hereditary 
arms. 

Tbe  coal  of  Beauchamp  —  quartered  by  Iha  Earl  of  Hertford. 

Pea^uun, 

{ To  quarter  arms,  is  to  place  the  arms  of  other  fam- 
ilies in  the  comfiartments  of  a  shield,  wliich  is  di- 
vided into  four  quarters,  the  family  arms  being 
placed  in  tlie  first  quarter  But  when  more  than 
three  other  arms  are  to  be  quartered  with  the  family 
arms,  it  is  usual  to  divide  the  ehield  into  a  suitable 
number  of  compartments  ;  and  still  the  arms  are 
said  to  be  quartered,  A  person  has  a  right  to  quarter 
the  arms  of  any  family  from  an  heiress,  of  which  he 
is  descended. —  £.  //.  Barker.] 

QUAR'TER,  r.  i.  To  lodge;  to  have  a  temporary 
residence.  The  general  quarter*  at  a  hotel  in  Church 
Street. 

aU^'VR'TER-ACE,  n,    A  quarterly  allowance. 

Hudibras. 

aUj^R'TER-D^Y,  n.  The  day  that  completes  three 
months,  the  quarter  of  a  year  ;  the  day  when  quar- 
terly payments  are  made  uf  rent  or  interest. 

Specl(Uor. 

aUAR'TER-DECK,  n.  That  part  of  the  deck  of  a 
ship  which  extends  from  the  stern  to  the  mainmast. 


Rut  in  some  kinds  of  vesselH,  the  quarter-deck  does 
not  extend  to  the  mainmaiit,  but  is  raised  above  the 
main  deck. 

Q.UAR'TER-KD,  pp.  Divided  into  four  equal  parts  or 
quarter* ;  separated  into  distinct  parts  ;  lodged  ;  sta- 
tioned for  lodging. 

aU.\R'TER-FOH>,  n.  [Yt.  quatre,  four,  and /-«i7/fl, 
leaf.]  In  architecture,  a.  modern  term  denoting  a 
form  disposed  in  four  segments  of  circles,  !*npposed 
to  resemble  an  exp:mded  tlower  of  four  petals. 

GwilL 

aUAR'TER-lNG,ppr.  Dividing  into  quarters  or  into 
distinct  parts  ;  stationing  for  lodgings. 

aUAR'TER-ING,  n.     A  station.  Mouvtagu. 

ij.  Assigpinent  of  quarters  for  soldiers. 

3.  In  heraldry,  the  division  of  a  t^hield  containing 
m:my  coat*.  Ashmole. 

4.  "in  architecture,  a  series  of  quarters  or  small  up- 
ritiht  iwsis.  Gwilt. 

QIIAR'TER-LY,  a.  Containing  or  consisting  of  a 
foiirth  part ;  as,  quarterhj  seasons. 

2.  Recurring  at  the  end  of  each  quarter  of  the 
year  ;  as,  quarterly  payments  of  rent ;  a  quarterly 
visitation  or  examination.  The  secretary  requires 
quarterlii  returns  from  his  officers. 

aUAR''i  tU-LY,  n.  A  periodical  work  published 
oiice  in  a  quarter  of  a  year. 

aUAR'TER-LY,  ado.  By  quarters;  oncein  aquarter 
of  a  year.     The  returns  are  made  quarterly. 

aU-VR'TER-MAS-TER,  n.  In  an  army,  an  officer 
wtiose  duty  is  to  provide  quarters,  provisions,  forage, 
and  ammunition,  for  the  army,  and  sujierintend  the 
supplies. 

2.  In  a  ship  ofieary  a  petty  officer  who  attends  to 
the  helm,  binnacle,  signals,  &.C.,  under  the  direction 
of  the  master.  Totlen. 

QUAR'TER-MAS-TEU-GEN'ER-AL,  ft.  In  miiitary 
qffairsy  the  chief  officer  in  the  quarter-master's  de- 
partment. 

auAR'TERN,  n.    The  fourth  part  of  a  pint ;  a  gill. 

aUAR'TERN-IiOAF,  n,  A  loaf  made  of  a  quarter 
of  a  stone  (14  llis.)  of  Hour. 

aU  AR'TER-ROUND,  n.  In  architecture,  the  echinus 
or  ovolo. 

(iUAR'TERS,  n.  vl.  In  architecture,  small,  upright 
timlier  \uiMa,  used  in  partitions.  Owilt. 

aUAR'TER-SES-SK)NS,n./»/.  In  England,  a.  seiu'rH 
ctiVirt  held  quarterlv  by  the  justices  of  peace  of  each 
county,  with  jurisdiction  lo  try  and  deii-rmiue  fel- 
onies and  trespasses  ;  but  capital  offenses  are  schlom 
or  ncvi-r  tried  in  this  court.  Blackslone. 

dviarter-scssions,  in  borough^,  are  held  by  the  re- 
corders. Bravde 

QUAR'TER-STAFF,  n.  A  weapon  of  defense  ;  so 
called  from  the  manner  of  using  it,  one  hand  being 
placed  in  the  middle,  and  the  other  half  way  be- 
tween the  middle  and  end.  Brande. 

dUAR-TETTE',  \  n.     In  music,  a  composition  in  four 

aUAR-'l'ET',        t      parts,  each  performed  by  a  sin- 
gle voice  or  instrument. 
2.  In  poetry,  a  stanza  of  four  lines. 

aUAR'TlLE,  n.  An  aspect  of  the  planets,  when 
they  are  distant  from  each  other  a  quarter  of  the  cir- 
cle, ninety  degrees,  or  three  signs.  Hutton.     Dryden. 

aUAR'TINE,  n.  In  botany,  the  fourth  integument  of 
the  nucleus  of  a  seed,  reckoning  the  outermost  as 
the  first.  It  is  only  occasionally  that  there  are  more 
than  two  integuments.  Lindley. 

QUAR'TO,  K.     [L.  quartus.] 

'A  book  of  the  size  of  the  fourth  of  a  sheet ;  a  size 
made  by  twice  folding  a  sheet,  which  then  makes 
four  leaves. 

aUAR'TO,  a.  Denoting  the  size  of  a  book,  in  which 
a  sheet  makes  four  leaves. 

aUAR'TOZE,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  four  aces  in 
the  game  of  piquet.  Hmjle. 

aUARTZ,  n.     [G.  quartz.} 

"ture  silex,  occurring  in  pellucid,  glassy  crystals, 
having  the  form  of  a  six-sided  prism,  terminated  at 
each  end  by  a  pyramid  ;  and  also  in  masses  of  vari- 
ous colors,  more  or  less  transparent  to  opaque.  Roue 
quartz,  is  a  rose-colored  variety  ;  amethyst,  a  violet ; 
smoky  quartz,  a  smoky-brown  ;  chalcedony,  an  uncrys- 
talli/.ea  variety,  nearly  white,  and  waxy  in  luster  ; 
camelian,  a  red  or  flesh-ctdored  chalcedony  ;  agate, 
a  chalcedony  in  parallel  or  concentric  layers  of  dif- 
ferent colors  ;  Jlint,  a  brown  or  black  variety  ;  ja.^er, 
an  opaque,  red,  yellow,  or  brown  quartz,  colored  by 
iron  or  ferruginous  clay. 

Uuartz  is  an  essential  constituent  of  granite,  and 


abounds  in  rocks  of  all  ages.  Dana. 

aUAR'I'Z-IF'ER-OUS,     a.       [quartz    and    L.   fero.] 

Consisting  chiefly  of  quartz.  Dana. 

QUARTZTTE,  n.    Granular  quartz.  Dana. 

UUARTZ'OSE, )  a.      Containing  quartz;    partaking 
QUARTZ'Y,       i    of  the  nature  or  qualities  of  quartz; 

resembling  quartz. 
QUAS,     )  n.    A  thin,  sour  beer,  much  used  by  the 
aUASS,  \     Russians,  made  by  pouring  warm  water 

on  O'fi  or  barley  meal.  Touke. 

aV^HH,  V.  t.  [Sax.  cwysan ;  D.  kwetsen ;  G.  quetschen ; 

Fr.  casser  ;    It.   squassare  ;    L.  quasso,  quatio.      Class 

Gs,  No.  17,  28,  60,  68,  and  Class  Gd,  No.  38,  76.    See 

Squkkze.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH/iT.  — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARLNE.  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE.  WOLF,  BQQK.  — 


QUA 

1.  PropeHy,  to  beat  down,  or  beat  in  pieces ;  to 
crush. 

The  whalPi 
AgrniMl  kh&rp  roclM,  lUte  P?«liDj  reneli  >iua$fted.  WtUl4r. 

2.  To  crush  ;  to  subdue ;  as,  to  quask  a  rebellion. 

3.  In  taWy  to  abate,  annul,  overthrow,  or  make 
void  ;  as,  to  quash  an  indictment.  He  prays  judg- 
ment of  (he  writ,  or  dectaratiun,  that  the  same  may 
be  quashed,  Blackstone, 

Q,UASH,  V.  i.     To  be  shaken  with  a  noise.      Sharp. 

QUASH,  It.  A  species  of  cucurbita,  more  commonly 
and  more  properly  called  Squash;  so  called, pruba- 
bty,  from  its  softness,     [See  the  verb.] 

QU.^SH'i'D,  (kwosht,)  pp.  Crushed  ;  subdued  } 
abated. 

QUASH'ING,  ppr.    Crushing  ;  subduing  ;  abating. 

QUA'SI;  as  if.  This  Latin  word  is  sometimes  ust-d 
before  English  words  to  eipress  resembhince  ;  as,  a 
{^uo^-con tract,  an  implied  contract ;  a  yKu-W-corpora- 
tion,  a  body  that  is  partly  a  corporation  ;  a  qaasi-arau- 
ment,  that  which  resembles  or  is  used  as  an  argu- 
meiiL 

QUAS-f-MO'DO,  n.  Among  Roman  Catholics,  the 
first  Sunday  after  Easter.  BranUc. 

QUA.S-SA'TION,  n.     [L.  guassatio.] 

The  act  of  sliaking  ;  cuncussion ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing shaken.  Qayton. 

aU^S'SI  A,  (kw()sh'yil,)  »-  [from  the  name  of  a  mgro 
Qftfisslf  or  QtuuA,  who  prescribed  this  article  as  a 
specific] 

The  name  of  a  genus  of  plants,  at  present  com- 
prising but  one  species,  viz.,  Uuassia  amara,  (Lin- 
naeus.) Once  it  was  much  employed  as  a  bitter  tonic 
mediciiip,  but  the  supply  nut  equaling  the  demand, 
the  Picr^na  excelsa  (Lindley)  was  gradually  substi- 
tuted, under  the  same  name,  and  is  the  article  which 
is  now  incorrectly  called  Q_uasaia^  in  the  shops. 
Both  plants  belong  to  the  natural  order  Simanibac- 
ca;,  Q,uassia  amara  being  a  native  of  SSurinam, 
Guiana,  Colombia,  and  Panama,  while  Picriena 
exct'lsa  is  a  native  of  Jamaica.  The  wood  and  bark, 
bt>th  of  the  root  and  top,  of  both  these  articles,  are 
the  parts  employed  in  medicine. 

aUAS'SIiVE, )  n.     A  name  given  bv  Wiggers  to  the 

aUAS'SITE,  i  bitter  principle  of  Picrwna  excelsa, 
(Lindley.)  This  substance,  by  the  aid  of  water, 
crystallizes  in  very  small  white  prisms.  Its  taste 
is  intensely  bitter,  but  it  is  destitute  of  smell.  It  is 
not  changed  by  exposure  to  the  atmosphere.  It  is 
scarcely  soluble  in  common  ether,  slightly  soluble  in 
water,  and  more  soluble  in  alcohol.  When  heal<;d, 
it  melts  tike  a  resin,  and,  on  cooling,  it  forms  a  brit- 
tle, translucent,  yellowish  mass.  It  is  composed  of 
hydrogen  6  eq.,  carbon  10  cq,,  and  oxygen  3  eq. ; 
from  which  it  Ls  probable  that  it  will  yet  prove  to  be 
either  a  basic  oxyd  of  a  compound  radical  of  H,  C, 
or  an  acid. 

Q,UAT,  n,  A  pustule  or  pimple.  Hence,  an  irriLible 
person.     [J^ot  usedJ]  Shak. 

aUA'TER-eOUS'/N8,  (ka'ter-kuz'nz,)  n.  pi     [L. 
quutuoTy  four,  and  eouainJ] 
Those  within  the  first  four  degrees  of  kindred, 

SkinjicT. 

QU,A-TER'NA-RV,».  [L.  jii«t*rriartM,  from  yi(a/««r.] 
The  number  four.  Boyle. 

aUA-TEtt'NA-RY,  o.     ConsirtJng  of  four  ;  by  fours. 

OrejFory. 

2.  In  freoloiry^  a  term  applied  to  strata  eu[ipijsed  to 
be  more  ancient  than  the  upper  tertiary,         Dana. 

QIJ.\-TER'N[-ON,  n.  [L,  quattmiOy  from  qualuor^ 
four.]  ♦ 

\.  The  number  four. 

3.  A  file  of  four  soldiers.    .Hets  xii. 
aUA-TER'NI-ON,  v.  U    To  divide  into  files  or  com- 
panies. Milton. 

QUA-TER'NI-TY,  a.     [Supra.]    The  number  four. 

Brown. 

QUA-TER-NOX'A-IiATE,  n.  A  combination  of  one 
e<)uivatent  of  oxalic  acid  with  four  equivalents  of  a 
base. 

QJ;a'TER-ON.     See  Qdadroo.-v. 

ftUv>T'RAIN,  n,     [Fr.,  from  quatre^  L.  quatuoVy  four.] 
A  stanza  of  four  lines  rhyming  alternately. 

QI'aVE,  for  Quaver,  is  not  nst-d.  [Dryden. 

QtTAVE'MIRE,  for  airACMinE,  Is  not  u^ed. 

Ur^'VER,  V.  i.  [\V.  ciribiair^  Ut  quaver,  lo  trill  ;  Sp. 
quirbro^  a  musical  shake  or  trill  ;  quicbra,  a  break, 
fracture,  failure.  It  coincides  in  elements  with  quib- 
blf,  quircTyiekiffie^tBabblf'  The  prluiaryvsense  is  to 
move  ;  hence  to  break,  appliud  to  motion  and  sound. 
See  QuivcB  and  \  irrate.] 

1.  To  shake  the  voice;  to  utter  or  form  sound 
with  rapid  vibrations,  as  in  singing  j  to  sing  with 
tremulous  modulations  of  voice.  Bacon. 

2.  To  produce  a  xhake  on  a  musical  instrument. 

3.  To  tremble  ;  lo  vibrate.  [Smart, 
The  tinger  —  roored  wiUi  a  quaoerirtf  modon.             I^fetttott. 

QU^'VER,  n.  A  shake  or  rapid  vibration  of  the 
voice,  or  a  shake  on  an  instrument  of  music. 

.Sddison. 
S.  A  note  and  measure  nf  time  In  music,  equal  to 
half  a  crotchet,  or  the  eighth  of  a  seuiibreve. 


Jl/i/ton. 


QUE 

QUA'VER-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Distributed  into  quavers. 

Harmar. 

aUS'VER-ER,  n.     A  warbler. 

QUA'VER-IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Shaking  the  voice,  or  the 
sound  (if  an  instrument;  trembling;  vibrating. 

aUA'VER-lNG,  n.  The  act  of  shaking  the  voice,  or 
of  making  rapid  vibrations  of  sound  on  an  instru- 
ment of  nuisic. 

aU.AY,  (kc,)  n.  [Fr.quai;  D.  kaai;  Arm.  jac;  Ir. 
ceifrh.  If  this  word  is  radically  the  same  as  kn/,  the 
sense  is,  that  which  fastens  or  secures,  ClassCgor 
Gk.] 

A  mole  or  bank  formed  toward  the  sea,  or  on  the 
side  of  a  river,  for  the  purpose  of  loading  and  un- 
loading vessels.  OwiU. 

QUAY,  (ku,)  V.  t.    To  furnish  with  quays. 

J.  Barlow. 

QUAY'AGE,  (ke'aje,)  n.     Wharfage.  Smart. 

aUEACM,  a.     .\  thick,  bushy  plot.     [  Obs.} 

Chapman. 

QUeACII,  v.  u     To  stirj   to  move.    [Obs.]     [See 

UlMCK.] 

QUK.\CirY,  a.  [from  queach.]  Shaking  ;  moving, 
yielding,  or  trembling  under  the  feet,  as  moist  or 
boggy  ground. 

The  quendiy  fcti*.  Dmylon. 

Gtxlwiti'a  tjueathu  samls.  Drayton. 

[This  word  is  still  in  use  in  New  England,  and  if 
the  word  is  from  the  root  of  quicky  we  recognize  the 
application  of  it  in  Uuicksand.] 
2.  Thick  ;  bushy.     [Aat  in  iwe.]  Cockeram. 

QUkAN,  (kween,)  n.  [Sax.  ewantyOX  cwcn,  a  woman. 
See  UuEEf*.] 

A  worthless  woman  j  a  slut ;  a  strumpet.  [JVot  in 
eomtnon  iwrj  Dryden,     Swift. 

ClUliA'Sl-NESS,  n.  [from  queasy.]  Nausea;  qualm- 
ishness ;  inclination  to  vomit. 
QUeA'SY,  (kwe'ze,J  a.  [Allied,  perhaps,  to  the  W. 
chudy,  (Lliuyd,)  Corn,  huedzha,  Arui.  chucda^  or  huy- 
da,  Ui  vomit.  Class  Gs,  No.  19,  and  Class  Gd,  No. 
W.] 

1.  Sick  at  the  stomach  ;  affected  with  nausea  ;  in- 
clined to  vomit.  SJtak. 

2.  Fastidious  ;  squeamish  j  delicate. 

Shak.     Dnjdcn. 

3.  Causing  nausea;  as,  a  yKwisy  question,     Shak. 
dUECK,  V.  i.     [G.  qaackditj  to  quake,  to  be  unsettled, 

to  dinch.J 

To  shnnk:  to  flinch.     [Obs.]  Bacon. 

(lUEEN,  n.  [Sax.  ctDteity  or  ctcen,  Goth,  qneins^  qiiens, 
Dan.  qcindCy  bw.  qcinna^  a  woman  ;  Sans.AaMi/a.  Uu. 
Ir.  coinne,  and  Gr.  j  wj.] 

1.  The  consort  of  a  king;  a  queen  consort. 

2.  A  woman  who  is  the  sovereign  of  a  kingdom  ; 
a  queen  regnant^  sometimes  called  queen  regent;  as, 
Elizabeth,  queen  of  England ;  Mary,  qucca  of  Scot- 
land, 

3.  The  sovereign  of  a  swarm  of  bees,  or  the  fe- 
male of  the  hive. 

A  hivf  of  iova  ran  not  siil«ist  without  a  queen,  Encyc, 

Queen  of  May ;  May-queen,  which  see. 
Queen  of  the  meadows;  meadow-sweet ;  a  plant  of 
the  genus  Spirajn.  Lee. 

aUEE.V,  V.  I.  To  play  the  queen  ;  to  act  the  part  or 
chamcter  of  a  queen.  Shak. 

QUEEN'-AP-PLE,  (-ap'pl,)  n.  A  kind  of  apple,  so 
callod.  Mortimer. 

QUEEN'-DOW'A-GER,  n.     The  widow  of  a  king. 

ti,UEEN'-Cf)LD,  n.  A  royal  duty  or  revenue  belong- 
ing to  every  queen  of  England  during  her  marriage 
to  Ilie  king. 

CiL'EEN''L\G,  n.     An  apple.  Mortimer. 

UL'EEN'LIKE,  a.     Resembling  a  queen.      Drayton. 

QUEEN'LY,  a.  Like  a  queen;  becoming  a  queen; 
suitable  to  a  queen. 

aUEEN'-MOTH'ER,  (mutft'er,)  n,  A  queen-dowa- 
ger who  is  also  mother  of  the  reigning  king  or 
queen. 

Q,lJEE.V'-POST,  n.  In  nrchiteeture,  an  upright  post  in 
a  roof  for  suspending  the  beam,  when  the  principal 
rafters  do  not  me<H  in  the  ridge,  Brande. 

Q,UEE\'a'-\VARE,n.  Glazed  earthenware  of  a  cream 
color.  Encye.  of  Dam.  Econ. 

QUEKR,  a.     [G.  quer^  cross,  oblique,  traverse;  quer- 
kopfy  a  queer  fellow  ;  querleny  to  twirl.    The  primary 
sense  is,  probably,  to  turn.] 
Odd  ;  singular  ;  hence,  whimsical.        Spectator. 

QUEER'IHII,  a.     Rntht-r  queer  ;  stpmewhat  singular. 

CiUEER'LY,  adv.     In  an  odd  or  singular  manner. 

ULEHR'NESS,  »i.  Oddity  ;  singularity  ;  particularity. 
[Jl  familiar,  not  an  elegant,  worrf.] 

QUEEST,  B.    A  ring-dove,  a  species  of  pigeon. 

Chalmers. 

QUEINT,  (kwent,)  pre(.  and  p;;.  of  Quench.    Oower. 

QUELL,  V.  L  [Sax.  cweUan,  to  kilt  ;  Dan.  qrccler,  to 
stifle,  sufifocnte,  choke,  stop,  quell,  gall,  tense,  tor- 
ment, vex  ;  Sw.  qvdlja,  d. ;  G.  qudlcn.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  stop,  to  press  or  force  down,  and  thus 
cause  action  or  motion  to  cease.] 

1.  To  crush  ;  to  subdue  ;  to  cause  to  cease  ;  as,  to 
queil  an  insurrection  or  sedition. 

9.  To  quiet ;  to  allay  ;  to  reduce  to  peace ;  as,  to 
queU  the  tumult  of  the  soul. 


QUE 


3.  To  subdue  ;  to  reduce. 

Thta  guelUd  her  pride.  IhydtH. 

QUELL,  r.  i.    To  die  ;  to  abate.  Spenser 

QUELL,  n.     Murder.     [A'ot  in  une.]  Shak, 

QUELL' TCI),  p/).     Cnished  ;  subdued;  quieted. 
QUELL'ER,  n.    One  that  crushes  or  subduc-a.     Shak. 
QUELL'ING, ppr.    Crushing;  subduing;  reducing  to 

peace. 
QUELQUE'-CHOSE,     (kek'shflz,)   n.    [Fr.,  some- 
thing.] 

A  trifle  ;  a  kickshaw.  Donne. 

QU£ME,  r.  U     [Sax.  evceman.] 

To  please.     [OAj.]  Spenser, 

QUENCH,  r.t.     [S&x.  cwencan,] 

1.  To  extinguish  ;  to  put  out ;  as,  to  quench  flame. 

2.  To  still ;  to  quiet ;  to  repress ;  as,  to  quench  a 
passion  or  emotion.  Shak, 

3.  To  allay  or  extinguish  ;  as,  to  q%tench  thirst. 

4.  To  destroy,  Davies, 

5.  To  check  ;  to  stifle ;  as,  to  quench  the  SpiriU 

1  TViess.  V. 
QUENCH,  V.  i.    To  cool ;  lo  become  cooL 

Dosl  tlinu  iliiiik,  in  lime 
She  will  not  quench?    [Molinute.']  Shak, 

QUENCH'.\-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  quenched  or  ex- 
tinguished, Sherwood. 

QUENC11'/:D,  (kwencht,)  pp.  Extinguished;  al- 
layed ;  repressed, 

QUENCII'ER,  n.     He  or  that  which  extinguishes. 

QUENCII'ING,  ppr.  Extinguishing;  quieting;  sll- 
(linc ;  repressing. 

QUENCH'LESS,  a.  That  can  not  be  quenched  or  re- 
pressed ;  inextinguishable  ;  as,  quenchless  fire  or  fury. 
Shak.     Crashaic. 

QI'ENCH'LESS-LY,  ado.     In  a  quenchless  manner. 

QUEXCH'LESS-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  quenchless. 

QUER'CIT-RIN,  n.  The  coloring  principle  of  quer- 
ciirtm  bark.  (/re. 

QUER'CIT-RON,  tu  [L.  quercus,  an  oak,  and  citrina, 
lemon-Colored,  a  naiae  imposed  by  Dr.  Edward  Ban- 
croft.] 

1,  The  Quercus  tinctoria,  black  oak,  or  dytr^s  oaky 
which  grows  from  Canada  to  Georgia,  and  west  to 
the  Mississippi,  It  frequently  attains  the  hight  of 
70  or  80  feet,  and  is  one  of  the  largest  trees  of  the 
American  forest, 

2.  The  bark  of  Quercus  tinctoria,  a  valuable  article 
in  dyeing  and  calico-prinring,  first  brought  before  the 
puhlic  by  Dr.  Bancroft.  Although  this  "oak  affords  a 
yellow  color,  yet  it  is  not  the  yellow  oak,  that  name 
being  commonly  applied  to  Quercus  ctustanea. 

QUER'ELE,  T(.     [L.  quereU ;  Fr.  querclle.] 

A  complaint  to  a  court  [JVot  in  use.]  [See  Audi- 
ta_Qleiiela.]  Atjiiffe. 

QUr/RENT,  71.     [L.  querens,  qun-or,  to  complam.] 
The  complainant ;  the  plaintifl*.     [JVot  m  use.] 
QUk'RENT,  n.      [L.  qiutrcnsyquanroy  lo  inquire.] 

1.  An  inquirer.     \J^ot  much  used.]  .Aubrey. 

2.  A  complainant  or  plaintiff  in  a  court  of  law. 

Smart. 

QUER-I-MO'M-OUS,  a.  [L.  qucrimouia,  complaint, 
from  q'leror.] 

C()niplaining  ;  quenilous  ;  apt  to  complain. 

QUER-I-MO'NI-OUS-LY,  ado.  With  complaint; 
querulirusly. 

QUER-LMO'NI-OnS-NESS,  n.  Disposition  to  com- 
pbain  ;  a  complaining  temper. 

QUe'RIST,  n.     [from  L.  quwro,  to  inquire.] 

One  who  inquires  or  asks  questions.  Swift 

QUERK.     See  Quirk. 

QUERK'£N-£D,  a.  Choked.  [lUegitimatc  and  obso- 
lete.] 

QUERL,  r.  L     [G,  querlen.] 

To  twirl ;  to  turn  or  wind  round  ;  to  coil ;  as,  to 
qiiert  a  cord,  thread,  or  roi}e.  [This  is  a  legitimate 
English  word,  in  common  use  in  New  England.  It 
may  be  a  dialectical  variation  o(  whirl,  Dan.  Arirofer, 
antt  ttoirl.] 

QUERN,  n.  [Sax.  cieym,  cweom;  Goth,  quaim;  D. 
kweern ;  Dan.  qvem ;  Sw.  qvaim.  Qu.  W.  cioymy  a 
quick  motion,  a  whirl.] 

A  hand-mill  for  grinding  grain  ;  a  mill,  the  stone 
of  which  was  turnud  by  hand,  used  before  the  in- 
vention of  windmills  and  waterniills.  Shak. 

QUER'PO,  n,  [Sp,  cuerpo,  the  body,  I*,  corpus;  Sp. 
en  cuerpo  de  camisa,  half  dressed,  having  on  a  shirt 
only.] 

A  waistcoat  or  garment  close  to  the  body.  Hence, 
to  be  in  qucrjw,  is  to  be  di'fenaeless.  tiudibras. 

QUER'QUE-DULE,  n,     [L.  querquedula.] 

An  aquatic  fowl,  a  species  of  teal.  Encyc 

QUER'RY,  7t.     A  groom.     [See  Equerry.] 

QUER'U-LOUS,  a.  [L.  querulas,  from  ^tteror,  to  com- 
plain.    See  Quarrel.] 

1.  Complaining,  or  habitually  complaining;  dis- 
posed to  murmur ;  as,  a  querulous  man  or  people, 

Ilookfrr. 

2.  Expressing  complaint ;  as,  a  querulous  tone  of 
voice, 

QU£R'U-LOUS-LY,  adv.   In  a  complaining  manner. 

Younjf 
QUER'U-LOUS-NESS,  n.     Disposition  lo  complain, 
or  the  habit  or  practice  of  murmuring. 


TONE,,B!JLL,  TTNITE.  — APf'GEU,  VI"CIOUS G  as  K ;  0  as  J  j  »  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


SU9 


QUE 


UCfi'RY,  m.  [from  L.  fii«r«,  imperative  of  qwero ; 
pertaape  Cb.  and  Heb.  *^pn,  tu  seek,  to  seoich,  tu  in- 
quire ;  ipo,  irf. ;  At.  \Ji  fcmm,  to  (oHow.  to  seek. 

Class  Gr,  No.  51,  53,  55.  The  sense  is,  to  press  on, to 

fono\T,  to  urge.]  .  ,     . 

A  question  ;  an  inquiry  to  be  answered  or  resolved. 

I  will  eoodikla  by  prepowny  «nie  fM*TTt».  t/mtto*. 

QU£'BY,  c.  t.    To  ask  a  question  or  questions. 

Thim  CuabiUfe  •()?))•, 
Each  prompt  to  fiMry.  »««*«»  »o<i  Oebaie.  Fopt. 

QUE'RY,  r.  t.  To  seek;  to  inquire ;  ma.  query  the 
nim  or  amount ;  fuery  ttie  motive  or  Um  acL 

a.  To  exaniiue  by  questions.  Oaytoa. 

3.  To  doubt  of. 
QUEST,  ».  [Ft.  quiu^  for  pusttj  I*.  fM«re,  qumstus. 
As  tbo  letter  r  is  rarely  changed  into  s,  perhaps  the 
L.  fMtfjiet,  fiwsCM,  may  be  from  the  root  of  qmte^^Oy 
W.  ciuMiv,  to  seek,  to  endeavor,  mu,  eObrt.  See 
Class  0«,  No.  a&] 

1.  Tta«  act  of  seekinf ;  searth ;  as,  to  rove  in  quest 
e£  fame;  to  go  in  fiuwC  of  a  lost  child,  in  quest  of 
property,  &c.  JfiiUm.    Addison. 

9.  bitpiest;  a  jury.     {J<Qtusrd.\  Skak. 

3.  Searchers,  colk'ciivcly.     [  JVW  uaedJ]        SAoL 

4.  Inquiry' ;  exaininalion.    [JVlit  luteJ.]        Shak. 

5.  Bequeiit ;  desire ;  8i.il  icitation. 

Omd  iwC  ftbnwd  ftt  ertrj  ^utM  imuI  esll 

Of  ui  BDintod  bops  ar  pnarino.  Utrbert. 

QUEST,  V.  i.    To  go  in  search.    [Xot  used.] 
QL'EST,  r.  L    To  search  or  seek  for,  fferberU 

aUEST^ANT,  m.    [Supra.]    A  seeker.    [JVU  u^fd.] 

Skak. 
aUES'TION,  (ques'chun.)  a.    tP*"- *»<!  Sp.  gacrfwa ; 
L.  qm^sti*.    See  Qokjt.J 

1.  The  act  of  asking ;  an  interrogatory ;  as,  to  ex- 
amine by  quatiou  and  answer. 

9.  That  which  is  asked  ;  something  proposed 
which  is  to  be  solved  by  answer.  What  is  the 
futttiou  ? 

3.  Inquiry ;  dlaquishion ;  dlsciuiion. 

Il  b  to  be  pia  tD  fHsMloM,  whrtbv  k  b  hwfU  fcr  ChrWui  priMM 
lo  mue  a«  laviiiw  ww,  stesty  te  te  pcopagutoa  of  the 
taHh.  " 

4.  Disputa  cr  sul^aet  of  debal*. 


Thcr^  * 


M  buwecu  ■ 


«  «f  iahB^  dta^plra  «od  the 


Jr««,  Kbma  patUyiDg.  —  John  HL 

5.  Dfiubt;   controversy  J   dilute.     The  story  is 
true  beyond  all  fiujtiea. 

Thii  doH  not  taiaf  thato  tivtlt  la  fmmttm.  LedtM. 

6.  Trial ;  exaraiaatioa ;  Judicial  trial  or  inquiry. 

Of  tfae  bopi  ud  wswwufci  oflbt  dnd  I  an  ealad  In  fa»*Aam, 
—  kem  xxK.  xjtl*.  ' 

7.  Examlnatioo  by  torturv.    KmdaUm^    Jtfi^ 

8.  Endeavor  j  effort;  act  of  seeking.    [JVbcfmitfe.] 

Shak. 

9.  In  Itffie,  a  proposition  stated  by  «*ay  of  inter- 
rogation. 

In  ^HMtftii ;  In  debate ;  in  the  course  c^  cxamin^on 
or  discussion  ;  as,  the  matter  or  point  in.  qurttisn, 

LtadiMg  question  ;  one  which  i^  so  put  as  to  show 
the  answer  which  is  desired,  and  thus  to  lead  and 
prepare  the  way  for  its  bein?  ^ven.  It  is  not  allowed 
in  courts  of  law  to  put  such  questions  to  a  witness 
under  eTamination. 
ttUES'TION,  c  i.  To  ask  a  question  or  questicns  ; 
to  inquire  by  interrogatory  or  proposition  to  be  an- 
swered. 

lie  Clvl  ^HMftomti  modi  dhall  kmn  muclL  Bacon. 

S.  To  debate  by  interro^toriea.  Sbak. 

QUES'TIOX,  r.   L    To  inquire   of  by  asking  ques- 
tions ;  to  examine  by  interrogatories  j  as,  to  qaestUm 
a  witness. 
S.  To  doubt  of ;  to  be  uncertain  of. 

Aad  OKMt  wc  fitttltom  wbu  we  muA  dmbn.  Prior, 

3.  To  bavejDo  confidence  in  ;  to  treat  as  doubtful. 
If  a  man  is  froatrated  in  bis  designs,  his  prudence  is 
#wfffi"<wterfi 
ftUESTiOX-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  questioned 
donbcfnl ;    uncertain;   disputable.     The  deed  is  of 
quatiauabU  authority. 

b  b  ii*"*'*^''  vbetber  Galea  trer  aaw  ifas  dbarction  cf  a 
honMabodx.  Bater. 

S.  Su^cions ;  liable  to  be  doubted  or  disputed ; 
Uahle  to  suBincioo.    His  veracity  is  questioRoble. 
ThoQ  aoos^  la  suck  a  ywttioiwM*  ihspe, 
That  I  win  fpeak  to  ihre.  5ft«*. 

QUE5'T10\-A-BLE-NEi?S.  h.    The  quality  or  stale 

of  bcine  doubtful,  questionable,  or  suspicious. 
aUE.-i'TIOX-A-BLY,  ado.     Doubtfully. 
aUES'TIO\-A-RY,  0.    Inquiring  ;  asking  questions  ; 

as,  questionary  epistles.  Pope. 

aUE6'TIOX-£D,  pp.     Interrogated;    examined  by 

questions. 
Q,  Doubted ;  disputed. 
ftUES'TION-ER,  a.    One  that  asks  questions;  an 

inquirer. 
aUES'TION-ING,   ppr.      Interrogating ;    calling  in 

question  ;  doubting. 


QUI 

QUES'TION-IST,  a.    A  questioner;  an  inquirer. 

HalL 
3.  In  tA<   Enfrlish  universitie^j   a   name    given  to 
those  who  are  in  the  lost  term  of  their  college  course, 
and  are  soon  to  be  examined  for  honors  or  degrees. 
C.  .'*.  BrUed, 
QUES'TION-LESS,    adv.       Beyond    a    question     or 

doubt ;  doubtless ;  certainly.  Raltgh.     SoutA. 

UUEST'MAN,  a.    One  legally  eniiKJwered  lo  make 
quest  of  certain  matters;  e^ecialtyj  &  church-war- 
den's assistant.  BUmnt. 
QUEST'MON"GER,  (kwest'munc-ger,)  n.     An  in- 
forming officer,  or  grand  juror.    [Aoi  usrd.]     Bacon. 
QUES'TOK,  m.     [L.  quasUtr.    See  Uue»t  and  Uue- 

BT.] 

In  Roman  aittiqnityy  on  officer  who  had  the  manage- 
ment of  Uie  public  treasure  ;  the  receiver  of  tiixes, 
tribute.  Sec.  At  on  early  period,  tliere  were  also 
public  accusers  styled  qmestorSf  but  the  office  was 
soon  ftbolisbed.  Smith's  Diet. 

QUEd'TOKSHlP,  n.    The"  office  of  a  questor  or  Ro- 
m:in  treasurer. 

0.  The  term  of  a  questor's  office. 
aUEST'RIST,  n.    A  seeker ;  a  pursuer.  [JiTot  m  use] 

Shak. 
aUES'TU-A-RY,  a.  Studious  of  profiU  Brown. 
aUES'TU-A-RY,  a.    One  employed  to  collect  profits. 

Taylor. 
QITEOE,  (kfl.)    See  Cdk. 

UUIB,  tt.  [VV.  cKJip,  a  flirt,  a  quirk,  or  ^riA,  a  quick 
course  or  turn  ;  acipiaip,  to  move  quickly,  to  wtiip ; 
as  we  say,  he  tchipped  round  the  comer.] 
.\  sarcasm ;  a  bitter  taunt ;  a  quip  ;  a  gibe. 
dUIB'ULE,  (kwib'bl,)  «.  It  seems  to  be  from  the 
root  of  q*ub^  supra,  W.  cirt/itaw,  to  turn  or  move  rap- 
idly, i>r  ffipibiatp,  to  wander.     See  Wabiilk.] 

1.  A  start  or  turn  from  the  jwint  in  question,  or 
from  i^ain  truth  ;  an  evasion  ;  a  cavil ;  a  pretense  ; 
as,  to  answer  a  sound  argumtait  by  quibbles. 


2.  A  pun  ;  a  low  conceit.  Addison. 

QITIB'BLE,  r.  i.  To  evade  the  point  in  question,  or 
pl;iui  tnilh,  by  artitico,  ptay  upon  words,  caviling,  or 
any  conceit ;  to  trifle  in  argument  or  discourse. 

U  Estrange. 
2.  To  pun. 
Q,UIB'BL£R,  n.     One  who  evades  plain    truth  by 
trifling  artifices,  play  upon  words,  or  cavils, 
a.  A  punster. 
QCIBT>LI\G,  ;i|rr.  or  a.    Evading  the  truth  by  artifice 

or  p'av  upon  words  ;  punning. 
aUIB'BLING-LY,  adc.    Trilliiigly  ;  evasively. 
QUICK,  0.  i.     [Sax.  cwic^  alive  ;  ewicciaHy  to  vivify.] 
To  stir;  to  move,     [^ot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

QUICK,  «.  [Sax.  ewte,  living,  olive;  D.  kvik ;  G. 
quick;  Dan.  qvik;  Sw.  qvick.  Qu.  \V.  dg.  Arm. 
qietj^  flesh.  If  y  is  a  dialectical  prefix,  as  I  suppose, 
this  word  coincides  with  the  L.  cigeo^  vcg***j  snd  vig^ 
ve!r,  radical,  coincide  with  wag.  Now  the  Dutch 
call  a  wnguiil  kKikstaart.] 

1.  Primarily^  alive ;  living ;  opposed  to  Dead  or 
Uff  a:«imat£d  ;  OS,  quick  flesh.     Lee.  xiii. 

The  ljor\\  J»us  Cliral,  who  iball  Jud"^  ihe  quick  nod  the  dead. 
—  2  Tlxn.  ir, 

[In  this  sense,  the  word  is  obsolete,  except  in  some 
compounds,  or  in  particular  phrases.] 

2.  Swift;  hasty;  done  with  celerity;  as,  quick 
dispatch. 

3.  Speedy  ;  done  or  occurring  in  a  short  time ;  as, 
a  quick  return  of  profits. 

Oft  )k  to  her  bis  charge  of  quick  return 

R«peaierd.  MUton. 

4.  Active  ;  brisk ;  nimble  ;  prompt ;  ready.  He  is 
remarkably  quick  In  his  motions.  He  is  a  man  of 
quick  parts. 

5.  Moving  with  rapidity  or  celerity  ;  as,  quick  time 
in  music 

Quick  with  child;  pregnant  with  a  living  child. 
Blackstone. 
QUICK,  adv.    Nimbly  ;  with  celerity  ;  rapidly  ;  with 
haste;  speedily;  without  delay;  as,  run  qu^;  be 
qtttek, 

U  ve  eonsidef  how  tctj  qtddc  the  actlont  of  the  mind  are  per* 
betufd.  Locke. 

2.  Soon;  in  a  short  time;  without  delay.  Go,  and 
return  quick. 

QUICK,  n.  [Sw.  qviga^  a  heifer ;  Dan.  qv<sg^  cattle  ; 
that  is,  livinic;.] 

I.  A  living  animal.     [Oft.?.]  Spenser. 

9.  The  living  flesh  ;  sensible  parts  ;  as,  penetrativg 
to  the  quick ;  slung  to  the  quick ,-  cut  to  the  quick. 
Bacon.     Dryden. 

3.  A  living  plant  ;  applied  particularly  to  the  haw- 
thorn ;  as,  a  ditch  or  bank  set  with  quick.    Mortimer. 

QUICK,  r.  U     [Sax.  ewiccian.] 

To  revive  ;  to  make  alive.     [Ohs.]  Chaucer. 

QUICK,  F.i,    To  become  alive.     [Obs.]       Chaucer. 

aul^K'i'jf-TREE,  i  "•    A  tree,  the  wild  ,orb. 

The  Fyrus  or  Sorbus  aucuparia,  a  species  of  ser- 
vice-tree, sometimes    also  called   Koan-tuee,   and 


QUI 

FuwL-PEAR,  because  the  apples  are  used  as  a  bait 

for  birds. 
QUU'K'£N,  (kwik'n,)  v.  U    [Sax.  cvsicciam    Dan. 
qt^<eger.\ 

1.  Pranarity,  lo  make  alive;  to  viviiy  ;  to  revive 
or  resuscitate,  as  from  death,  or  an  inanimate  state. 
Horn,  iv. 

Il''ric«  flocks  nnd  lirrrU,  und  mrn  an't  beaati  and  fowls. 

With  lireaUi  ore  quickiit^,  and  aUraC(  tbcii  suula.        Uryden. 

2.  To  make  alive,  in  a  spiritual  sense;  to  commu- 
nicate a  principle  of  grace  to. 

•     You  hath  lir  ^ujcr«n«(f,  who  were  dead  In  trespasses  and  sins. 
—  Ei)h.  ii. 

3.  To  hasten  ;  to  nccelerato ;  as,  to  quicken  motion, 
speed,  ur  flight. 

4.  To  sharpen ;  to  give  keener  perception  to ;  to 
stimulate;  to  incite;  as,  to  quicken  the  appctito  or 
til^te  ;  to  quicken  desires.  South.     Toiler. 

5.  To  revive;  to  cheer;  to  reinvigorate ;  to  re- 
fresh by  new  supplies  of  comfort  or  grace.  Pe 
cxix. 

QUICK'£N, ».  i    To  become  alive. 

The  heart  ts  the  fint  part  that  quicktnt,  and  the  last  that  die*. 

yZoy. 
2.  To  move  with  rapidity  or  activity. 

And  keener  lif  hUiing  quicktna  \n  her  e;e.  Pope. 

QUICK'f;N-£D,  (kwik'nd,)  pp.  or  a.  Made  alive  ;  re- 
vived ;  vivified;  reinvigorated. 

2.  Accelerated ;  hastened. 

3.  Stimulated;  incited. 

QUICK'£N-ER,  n.  One  who  revives,  vivifies,  or 
communicates  life. 

2.  That  which  reinvigorates. 

3.  'i'hat  which  accelerates  motion  or  increaHcs  ac 
tivity.  More. 

QUICK' £N-ING, ppr.  Giving  life;  accelerating;  in 
citing. 

QUICK'JCN  ING,  a.  Giving  new  life  and  vigor;  an 
imntiug  ;    as,  the  quickening  influences  of  the  spirit. 

QUICK'-E?-£D,  (kwik'ide,)  a.  Having aoute  sight; 
of  keen  and  ready  ptTceplion. 

QUICK'-GRXSS.     See  QuitchGbass. 

QUICK'UME,  n.  [See  Lime.J  The  protoxyd  of 
calcium.  Any  carbonate  of  lime,  deprived  of  its  car- 
bonic acid,  becomes  quicklime,  as  ctialk,  limestone, 
oysti-r-shflls,  fcc.  These  calcareous  stones  and  shells 
are  reduced  to  quicklime  by  being  Hubjocled  for  a 
considerable  time  to  intense  heat,  which  expels  the 
carbonic  acid,  the  aqueous  and  the  animal  matter. 

QUICK'LY,  aUv.    Speedily  ;  with  haste  or  celerity. 
2.  Soon  ;  without  delay. 

QUICK'-MATCH,  n.  [Sue  Match.]  A  combustible 
preparation  formed  or  cotton  strands  dipped  in  a 
boiling  composition  of  whito  vinegar,  saltpeter,  and 
mealed  gunpowder,  used  by  artillerymen.     IhberU 

QUICK'NESS,  n.  Speed;  velocity;  celerity;  rapid- 
ity ;  as,  the  quicknexs  of  motion. 

2.  Activity  ;  briskness  ;  promptness  ;  as,  the  quick- 
ness of  the  imagination  or  wit.     Wotton.     Dryden. 

3.  Acuteness  of  perception  ;  keen  sensibility  ;  as, 
quickness  of  sensation.  Locke. 

4.  Sharpness  j  pungency.  Murtimcr. 
QUICK'SAND,  TU      Sand   easily  moved    or    readily 

yielding  to  pressure;   loose  sand  abounding  with 
water,  Dryden. 

2.  Unsolid  ground.  Addison. 

QUICK'SCENT-ED,  a.  Having  an  acute  perception 
by  the  nose  ;  of  an  acute  smell. 

QUICK'SET,  n.  A  living  plant  set  to  grow,  particu- 
larly for  a  hedge  ;  applied  especially  to  tiie  hawthorn. 

Evelyn. 

QUICK'SET,  r.  (.  To  plant  with  living  shrubs  or 
trees  for  a  hedge  or  fence  ;  as,  tu  quickset  a  ditch. 

Mortimer. 

QUICK'SET-ED,  pp.    Planted  with  living  shrubs. 

QUICK'SIGHT'ED,  (-sit'-,)  a.  Having  quick  sight  or 
acute  discernment ;  quick  to  see  or  discern.  Locke. 

QUICK'SIGHT'ED-NESS,  (-slt'ed-ness,)  n.  Quick- 
ness of  sight  or  discernment;  readiness  to  see  or 
discern.  Locke. 

QUICK'SIL-VER,  n.  [That  is,  living  silver,  ar^'-cntttm 
ripi/m,  so  called  from  its  fluidity.] 

Mercury,  a  metjil  found  both  native  and  in  the 
state  of  ore  in  mines,  in  various  parts  of  the  world, 
and  so  remarkably  fusible  as  to  he  congealable  only 
with  the  intense  cold  indicated  by  39'  or  40°  below 
zero,  on  Fahrenheit's  thermometer.  It  is  the  heavi- 
est of  the  metals,  neii  to  platinum,  gold,  and  tung- 
sten.    It  is  used  in  various  arts  and  in  medicine. 

QUICK'SIL-VER-£D,  o.     Overlaid  with  quicksilver. 

J^^ciDtan. 

QUICK'-WIT-TED,  a.     Having  ready  wit.       Shak. 

QUICK'-WIT-TED-NESS,  n.     Readiness  of  wit. 

QUID,  71.  A  vulgar  pronunciation  of  Cud  ;  a?,  a  quid 
of  tobacco.  HaiiiwelL 

Q^Ol'DAMj  [L.]  Somebody;  one  unknown.  [J^ot 
in  use.]  Spenser. 

QUID'DA-NY,  n.     [G.  quiae,  a  qtiince  ;  L.  njdonium.] 
Marmalade;   a    confection  of  quinces    prepared 
with  sugar. 

QUID'DA-TIVE,  a.  Constitoting  the  essence  of  a 
thing.  Encye. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^U^  \VH.\T.— METE,  PRBF.— PINK,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQgK.- 


QUI 

aUID'DIT,  71.     [I*,  quidiibet,  or  Fr.  que  diL} 

A  siihtilty  ;  an  equivociitiun.     [JSTut  in  uge.]     Shak. 
QUtD'DI-TY,  n.     [L.  quid,  what,] 

!.  A  barbarous  terra  used  in  school  philosophy  for 
e^smcfy  thai  unknown  and  undofinahle  something 
wliich  constitutes  its  poculiar  nature,  or  answers  the 
question,  Qjii*/  est?  The  essence  of  a  thing  consti- 
tutes it  tale  qtiidy  such  a  thing  as  it  i:^^  and  not  another. 

Kacyc 

2.  A  trifling  nicety ;  a  cavil  j  a  captious  question. 

Camden, 
QUID'DLE,  (fcwid'dl,)  v.  u     [L.  qvid^  what.] 

To  spend  or  waste  lime  iu  trifling  employments, 
or  to  attend  to  useful  subjects  in  a  trilling,  superficial 
manner. 
QUID^DLER,  n.    One  who  spends  time  in  trifling 

niceties. 
(iUIU'DLING,  vpr.     Spending  time  in  trifling  em- 
ployments. 
(iUID'DLl.NG,  n.    The  spending  of  time  in  trifling 

employments. 
QUlU'NUXe,  II.    [L.,  what  now.]    One  who  is  curi- 
(*us   to  know   every   thing  that   passes ;    ono   who 
knows,  or  pretends  to  know,  all  occurrences.  Tatter. 
QUID    PRO    Q,UO^    [L.]      In   law,   an   equivalent; 
someihins  given  or  done  for  another  thing  ;  mutual 
consideration  and  performance. 
QUIESCE',  {kwl-ess',)  r.  i.    [L.  quiesco.] 

To  be  silent,  as  a  letter  ;  to  have  no  sound. 

Jtf.  Stuart. 
aUT-ES'CENCE,   )  n,      [I*,   quiescens,  quiescu.      See 
ain-ES'CEN-CY,  \      Quiet.] 

1.  Rest ;  repose  j  state  of  a  thing  without  motion. 

Glaiicille. 
a  Rest  of  the  mind ;  a  state  of  the  mind  free 
from  agitation  or  emotion. 

3.  Siience  ;  the  having  no  sound  ;  as  of  a  letter. 
QUI-ES'CE\T,  a.     [L.  qmescem.] 

1.  Resting ;  being  in  a  state  of  repose  ;  still ;  not 
moving  ;  as,  a  quiescent  body  or  fluid.  JVewtun. 

2.  Not  ruflied  with  passion;  unagilated ;  as  the 
mind. 

3.  Silent;  not  sounded;  having  no  sound;  as,  a 
quiescent  letter.  Sow,  mow,  with  io  quie-*cent;  say, 
day,  with  ?/  quitseenU  M.  Stuart,     Ueb.  ih-am, 

aUI-E.'*'CENT,-B.     A  silent  letter.  M.  Stiiart, 

aUI-ES'CE\T-LY,  adv.  In  a  calm  or  quiescent  man- 
ner. 
QUI'ET,  (kwi'et,)  a.  FFr.  quiet,  L.  quietius,  IL  quifto, 
quiet ;  yuirtare,  to  pacity,  and  quetare,  to  quiet,  and  to 
acquit,  lo  quit  ;  Sp.  quieto,  quiet ;  qnielar,  to  appease  ; 
oue<^,  quiet,  and  quedar,  to  stop,  to  leave,  to  quit; 
Port-'quietOy  quiet;  quedCj  a  fall,  declivity;  mtetlo^ 
quiet.     Quift  and  tpiit  seem  to  belong  to  one  radix.] 

1.  Still ;  being  in  a  state  uf  rest ;  nut  moving. 
Judges  xvi. 

2.  Still ,  free  from  alarm  or  disturbance ;  unmo- 
lested ;  as,  a  quitt  life.  Sliak. 

Ill  his  duys  Uie  land  wm  tpiitl  ten  y^nr".  —  2  Cliroii.  xiv. 

3.  Peaceable;  not  turbulent;  nut  giving  ofllnse ; 
not  exciting  controversy,  disorder,  or  trouble;  mild; 
meek  ;  contented. 

The  onuunent  of  ft  meek  kud  fuirt  spirtt.  —  1  Pet.  Ui.     1  TkeM. 
\w. 

A.  Calm  ;  not  agitated  by  wind  ;  as,  a  quiet  sea  ur 
atmosphere. 

5.  Smooth  ;  unruflled.  Shak, 

6.  Undisturbed;  unmolested;  as,  the  cutrf  posses- 
sion or  enjoyment  of  an  estate.  Blaekstont, 

7.  Not  crying ;  not  restless ;  as,  a  quia  child. 
aUIiET,  n.     [L.quiAf.] 

1.  Rest;  repose;  stillness;  the  state  of  a  thing 
not  in  motion. 

2.  Tranquillity  ;  freedom  from  disturbance  or 
alarm  ;  civil  or  political  repose.  Our  country  enjoys 
quiet. 

X  Peace  ;  security.    Judg.  xviii. 

OUI'ET,  v.t.    To  stop  motion  ;  to  stilt ;  to  reduce  to  a 
state  of  rest ;  as,  to  quiet  corporeal  motion.     lAicke. 

2.  To  calm;    to  appease;    to  pacify;   to  lull;  to 
tmnquilize  ;  as,  to  qnict  the  soul  when  agitated  ;  to 
quiet  the  passii.ns  ;  to  quift  the  clamors  of  a  nation  ; 
to  quiet  the  disorders  of  a  city  or  town. 
,  3.  To  allay  ;  to  suppress  ;  as,  to  quiet  pain  or  grief. 

QUI'ET-ED,  yp.     Made  still;  calmed  ;  pacifled. 

aUI'ET-ER,  «.     The  per-on  or  thing  thm  quiets. 

UUT'ET-ING,  ppr.  ax  a.    Reducing  Ui  rest  or  stillness  ; 
app<>'isjng  ;  tranquitizing. 

ttUIET-ISM,  n.  Peace  or  trnnquilliiy  of  mind  ;  apa- 
thy ;  dtspassion  ;  indisturbunce ;  inaction.  In  his- 
tory. Quietism  is  th3  system  of  the  Quictists,  who 
,  maintained  that  religion  consict*  in  the  internal  rest 
or  recollection  of  the  mind,  employed  in  contem- 
plnling  God  and  subiniiting  to  his  will. 

QUI'ET-IST,  n.    One  of  a  sect  of  mystics,  originated 
by   Mnlinn.  a  Spanish  priest,  who  maintained  the 

Crinciples  of  CXuiettsm.  F.ncye. 

T-ET-IST'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  Quietist,  or  to 
Qiii^'tism. 
QUX'El'-LY,  adv.    In  a  quiet  state  ;  without  mocion  ; 
in  a  state  of  rest ;  as,  to  lie  or  sit  quietly. 

2.  Without  tumult,  alarm,  dispute,  or  disturbance  ; 
peaceably  ;  as,  to  live  quietly. 


3.  Calmly;  without  agitation  or  violent  emotion; 
patiently.     Submit  quietly  to  unavoidable  evils. 
aUI'ET-NESS,  n.     A  stale  of  rest ;  stillness. 

2.  Calm  ;  tranquillity ;  as,  the  quietness  of  the 
ocean  or  atmosphere. 

3.  Freedom  from  agitation  or  emotion  ;  calmness  ; 
coolness  ;  as,  the  quietness  of  the  mind. 

4.  Freed(»m  from  disturbance,  ditkJtder,  or  commo- 
tion ;  peace  ;  tranquillity  ;  as,  the  quietness  of  a  city 
or  state. 

aUI'ET-SOME,  (kwi'et-sum,)  a.  Calm  ;  still ;  undia- 
turbed.     LN'ot  in  luie.]  Spenser. 

QUrE-TUDE,  (kwi'e-tude,)n.  [Fr.]  Rest;  repose; 
quiej  ;  tranquillity.  fVotton. 

QpUI-E'TUS,  n.  [L.]  Rest  ;  repose  ;  death  ;  hence, 
a  final  discharge  or  acquittance  ;  tliut  which  silences 
claims.  Shak. 

QUILL,  (kwill,)  n.  [Ir.  cuiUe,a.  reed  or  quill ;  Corn, 
cuUanj  L.  calamus;  VV.  culav  ;  probably  a  shoot.] 

1.  The  large,  strong  ffjutlier  of  a  goose  or  other 
large  bird  ;  used  much  for  writing-pens.     Hence, 

2.  The  instrument  of  writing  ;  as,  the  proper  sub- 
ject of  his  quilL  iVuttoju 

3.  The  spine  or  prickle  of  a  porcupine.      Encyc 

4.  A  piece  of  small  reed,  or  other  hollow  plant,  on 
which  weavers  wind  the  thread  which  forms  the 
woof  of  cloth.  Spenser. 

5.  The  instrument  with  which  musicians  strike 
the  strings  of  certain  instruments.  I>rydeiu 

To  carry  a  irood  quilt',  to  write  well. 

QUILL,  c-  L  To  plait,  or  to  form  with  small  ridges 
like  quills  or  reeds;  as,  a  woolen  stutf  quiUetL 

[In  the  United  Slates,  this  word  is  generally,  if  not 
universally,  pnuiounced  twill.] 

QUIL'LET,  n.     [L.  quidlibrt,  what  you  please.] 

Subtilty  ;  nicety ;  fniudulent  distinction  ;  petty 
cant.     [A(»(  much  used.}  Shak. 

QUILT, n.  [lUcoltre;  L.eulcita:  Ir.  ««/(,  a  bed-tick, 
a  bed  ;  Port,  and  Sp.  colcha,  Sp.  colchar^  acolchar,  to 
quilt;  perhaps  from  uniting,  gatliering,  or  holding.] 

A  cover  or  garment  made  by  putting  wool,  cotton, 
or  other  substance,  between  two  cloths,  and  sewing 
them  together;  as,  beds  covered  with  magnificent 
qiiilfs.  Arbuthnot, 

QUILT,  V.  t.  To  stitch  together  two  pieces  of  cloth, 
with  some  soft  and  warm  substance  between  them  ; 
as,  a  quilted  bed-cover  ;  a  quilted  coat.  Drydeiu 

2.  To  sew  In  the  manner  of  a  quilt. 

QUILT'ED,  fp.  or  a.  Stitched  together,  as  two  pieces 
of  cloth,  with  a  soft  substance  between  them. 

QUILT'ING, ppr.  Stitching  together,  as  two  cloths 
with  some  soft  substance  between  Ihem. 

QUII.T'ING,  n.     The  act  of  forming  a  quilt. 

2.  In  A>io  England^  the  act  of  quilting  by  a  collec- 
tion of  females,  who  bestow  their  labor  gnituitously 
lo  aid  a  female  friend,  and  conclude  with  an  enter- 
tainment. 

QUI'NA-RY,  a.     fL.  quinarius,  from  quinque^  five.l 
Consisting  of  hve ;  arranged  by  fives  ;  as,  a  qmnor- 
rv  number.  Boyle. 

QUI'NATE,  a.     [from  L.  *;Min^e.] 

In  botany,  a  qutnate  leaf  is  a  sort  of  digitato  loaf 
having  five  Icaflots  on  a  |K'ti<)le.         Martyiu     Lee. 

QUINCE,  (kwins,)  «.  [Fr.  coin,  or  coing;  Arm.  aval- 
couigTt,  the  cornered  apple  or  wedge-apple  ;  G.  quitte, 
or  fntittejiap/pl,  which  seems  to  be  a  diflerent  word, 
and  nther  allied  to  the  L.  eydimius.] 

The  fruit  of  Ihe  Cydonia  vulgaris,  so  named  from 
Cydiinia,  a  town  of  Crete,  famous  for  abounding  with 
thisfruiu.  It  is  much  used  in  making  pies,  tarts, 
marmalade,  &c.  One  species  is  of  an  ohicjng  shape, 
from  which,  probably,  it  has  its  French  name. 

QUINCE,  )  B.  The  Cydonia  vulparis,  the  tree 

QUINCE'-TREE,  S      which  prodnces  Ihe  quince. 

QUIXCII,  r.  i.  [Prohiibly  a  vulgar  pnmunciatinn  of 
wince  or  teineh.]  To  stir,  wince,  or  flounce.  [JSTot  in 
tLte.]  Spenser. 

QUIN-eUN'CIAL,  (-shat,)  a.     [from  L.  quincuni.] 
Having  Ihe  form  of  a  quincunx.  Ray. 

QUIN'CUNX,  n.  [L.,  composed  of.quinquc,  five,  and 
uncia,  ounce.] 

An  arrangement  or  dispo-iition  of  things  by  fives 
in  a  square,  one  being  placed  in  the  middle  of  the 
square. 

In  horticulture,  a  plantation  of  trees  disposed  In  a 
square,  consisting  of  five  trees,  one  at  each  corner, 
and  a  fifth  in  the  middle  ;  thus,  '.  ■',  ;  which  order, 
repeated  indefinitely,  forms  a  rp(iulnr  int>ve  or  wood, 
with  rows  and  nlleys  ninning  in  every  direction. 

QUIN-DEC'A-GON,  n.  [L.  qutnqtte,  five,  Gr.  <Jr«a, 
and  yi,}via,nn^\e.] 

In  geometry,  a  plane  ficurc  with  fifteen  angles,  and, 
consequeiillv,  fifteen  side;*.  Hutton. 

QUI\-I>E-CPiMiVIK,  n.:  p/.  Qoiwdecem'viri.  [L. 
quinque,  five,  deeem,  ten,  and  rir,  man.] 

In  Roman  history,  ono  of  an  ecclesiastical  college 
of  fifteen  men,  whose  chief  duty  was  to  take  care  of 
the  Syhilline  books.  Smith''s  Diet, 

QUIN-I>E-CEM'V1R-ATE,  Ti.  The  body  or  oftice  of 
the  quindecemviri. 

QUIN'I-NA,  ^  71.     An  alkaloid  obtained  from  various 

QUIN'I-A,     >     species  of  Cinchona,  and  one  of  the 

QUI'NINE,  )  nclivo  principles  of  these  trees.  It  is 
a  very  important  article  of  medicine,  much  used  in 


the  treatment  of  agues,  certain  sorts  of  mortifica- 
tion, &.C, 
QUIN-QUA-GES'I-MA,  n.     [U,  fifty.]     Quinguages- 
ima  Sunday ;  so  called  as  being  about  the  fiftietli  day 
before  Easter;  Shrove  Sunday.  Brande. 

QUIN-aUAN"GU-LAR,  (kwin-kwang'gu-lar,)  a.  [L. 
quinquCy  five,  and  angulus,  angle.] 

Having  five  angles  or  cctrnere.  Woodward. 

QUIN-QUARTI€'U-LAR,  o.  [L.  yuin^uc,  five,  and 
articulus,  articlej 

Consistingof  five  articles.  [Littleused,]  Sanderson. 
QUIN-QUE-eAP'SU-LAH,  a.     [h.  quinque,  five,  and 
capsuUi,  a  little  chest.] 

In  botany,  having  five  cnpstjies.  Martyn. 

QUIN-QUE-DENT'ATE,  a.     \U  quinque,  five,  and 
dentxitus,  toothed  ;  densy  tooth.] 
In  hoUmv,  five-toothed. 
QUirC-UUE-FA'RI-OUS,  a.     [L.  quinque,  five,  and 
probably  Sax.  faran,  to  go,  Eng.  to  fare,  or  from  the 
root  of  vary.] 

In  botany,  opening  into  five  parts.  Lee. 

QUIN'OUE-FID,  a.  [L.  quinque,  five,  and  Jindo,  to 
split.] 

In  botany,  five-cleft  ;  cut  about  half  way  from  the 
margin  to  the  base  into  five  segments,  with  linear 
sinuses  and  stniight  margins  ;  as  a  leaf.      Martyiu 
QUIN-QUE-FO'LI-A-TED,  a.     [h.  quinque,  five,  and 
folium,  leaf.] 

Having  five  leaves,  Johnson. 

QUIN-QUE-LIT'ER-AL,  a.  [L.  quinque,  five,  and 
litcra,  letter.] 

Consisting  of  five  letters,  Jil.  Stuart. 

QUIN-QUE-Lfi'BATE, )  a.     [I.,  quinque,  five,  and  lo- 
QUIN'QUE-L5-n£D,     (      bus,  lobe.] 

Five-Iobed ;  divided  about  lo  the  middle  into  five 
distinct  parts,  with  convex  margins.  Martyn. 

QUIN-QUE-LOC'U-LAR,  a.     [L.  quinque,  five,  and 
loculus,  a  cell.] 
Five-celled ;  having  five  cells  ;  as  a  pericarp. 

Martyn. 
QUIN-QUEN-NA'LI-A,  n.  pi     [L.]     In  history,  pub- 
lic games  celebrated  every  five  years. 
QUIN-QUEN'NI-AL,  a.     \L.  quinquennalis,  quinquen- 
nis !  quinque,  five,  and  annua,  year.] 
Occurring  once  in  five  years,  or  lasting  five  years. 

PoUer. 
QUIN-QUEP'AR-TITE,  a,     [L.  quinque,  five,  and 
partitas,  divided.] 

1.  Divided  into  five  parts  almost  to  the  base. 

2.  Consisting  of  five  parts,  [Martyn. 
QUIN'QUE-RE.ME,  n.    [L.  quinque,  five,  and  remm, 

oar.] 
Aifalley  having  five  seats  or  rows  of  oars, 
QUIN^QUE-VALVE,  la.  [L.  ^inyue,  five,  and 

QUIN-QUE-VALV'l|-LAR,  i      valva:,  valves.] 

Having  five  valves,  as  a  pericarp. 
QUIN'QUE-VIR,  TI, ;  pi.  QuiNtiuEY'iRi.    [L,  quinque, 
five,  and  vir,  man.] 

In  Roman  antiquities,  ono  of  five  commissioners  ap- 
pointed for  some  sjiecinl  object.  SmtVi^s  Diet. 
QUIN'aill-NA,  n.  Peruvian  bark. 
QUIN'SY,  (kwin'ze,)  n.  [Corrupted  from  Fr.  esqni- 
iiancie,  squiiiande  i  It.  squinanzia  ;  Sp.  csquinancia  ; 
L.  cynanche:  Gr.  Kvirdyxii  an  inflammation  of  the 
throat.] 

1.  An  inflammntion  of  the  tonsils. 

2.  Any  inllammation  of  the  throat,  or  parts  adja- 
cent. 

QUINT,  n.     [from  L.  quintus,  fifth,  Fr,  quinte.] 
A  set  or  sequence  of  five,  as  in  piquet. 

QUINT'AIN,  (kwinl'in,)  n.  [Fr.  quintaine,  W.  poin- 
tan,  a  liymencal  game.] 

An  object  to  be  tilted  at.  It  was  sometimes  the 
figure  of  a  man,  and  often  an  upright  post,  on  the  top 
of  which  turned  a  cross-piece,  (»n  ono  end  of  which 
was  fixed  a  broad  board,  and  on  the  other  a  snnd-bag. 
The  play  was,  to  tilt  or  ride  against  the  broad  end 
with  a  lance,  and  pass  without  being  struck  by  the 
sand-bag  behind.  B.  Jonson. 

QUINT'AL,  V.  [Fr.  quintal  i  It  quintals;  from  the 
root  of  L.  centum,  a  hundred.] 

A  hundred  weight,  or  112  pounds.  Somotimca 
written  and  pronounced  Kektle. 

QUIN-TES'SENCE,  n.  [L.  quinia  essentia,  fifth  es- 
sence.] 

1.  In  alchemy,  the  fifth  or  Inst  and  highest  essence 
of  power  in  a  natural  body.     Hence, 

2.  An  extract  from  oiiy  thing,  containing  its  virtues 
or  most  essential  part  in  a  small  quantity. 

lnH.  thore  be  light,  v-iiil  Owl ;  and  t'l.rihwiih  light 

Elhen-iil,  firel  of  thingv,  quinUtsence  pure, 

8f>ning  from  the  deep.  MUton. 

3.  In  chemistry,  a  preparation  consisting  of  a  vege- 
table essential  oil  dissolved  in  spirit  of  wine. 

4.  The  pure  essential  part  of  a  thing.     Hakeitill. 
[I  have  followed  Bailey  and  Ash  and  our  general 

usage  in  the  accentuation  of  this  word.  Jameson 
has  done  Ihe  same.  The  accent  on  Uio  first  syllable 
is  very  unnatural.] 

QUIN-TES-SEN'TIAL,  a.  Consisting  of  quintes- 
sence. 

QUIN-TET',  n.  In  mitsie,  a  composition  in  five  cbli- 
gato  parts,  each  performed  by  a  single  voice  or  in- 
strument. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  qNITE.— AN"GER,  Vi"CK>Ua  — €  an  K ;  O  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  Til  as  In  THIS, 

9or 


QUI 

aUINT'lLE.  ».    jL.  ffiiiiKiw,  ftfth.] 

The  (upt>ct  or  planets  when  distant  from  each 
olhrr  the  fit\h  part  of  the  sixlinc,  or  TiT.       Huttan. 

aUIN-TIL'LION,  (kwin-til'yun,)  n.  Accordinp  to 
the  Kngtish  Hofafum,  a  nunitter  produced  by  involving 
a  million  to  the  tilUi  power,  or  a  unit  with  thirty  ci- 
pht-rs  annexed;  according  to  the  PrcitcM  itoCa<toit,  a 
unit  with  eighteen  cipliers  annexed. 

QULNT'IX.     See  Qui^taik. 

QUINT'I.N'E,  ».  In  botany,  the  fifth  cait,  reckoning 
from  the  outer,  of  the  nucleus  of  a  seed,  when  there 
are  as  many  coats.  It  becomes  the  sac  of  the  em- 
brjo.  Lindley. 

UUIN'TROO-V,  n.  In  thf  WeH  Indies,  the  child  of  a 
wiutipAiMi  by  a  white  father.  As  a  MiLrti>Aini  has 
but  one  sixteenth  of  nrsru  blo(»d,  a  quintnxtn  U 
only  one  thirty-second  fn>m  b^-ing  a  white.    Booth. 

QUIN'TU-PUil,  a.     [U.  quitUuitlus,  fivefold  >   quimus 
and  1^0.] 
1.  Fivefold  ;  containing  five  times  the  amount. 

OrauiU, 
S:  In  musicj  a  term  applied  to  a  species  of  time  con- 
taining tive  crotchets  in  a  bar. 

ariN'TC-PLE,  r.  L    To  make  fivefold. 

Ql'IN'TU-PLED^pp.     Mada  five  times  as  many. 

ai'IN'ZAINE,  n.  In  cftrviMb/v,  the  f.mrteinth  day 
after  a  feast  day,  or  ibe  fiAoenib,  including  tlie  feast 
day.  Brande. 

QUIP,  (kwip,)  M.    [W.  ^p,  a  quick  flirt  or  turn  ;  f  ici- 
^mo,  to  move  bnskly,  to  icktp  ;  as  we  say,  to  whip 
lound  a  corner  in  running. 
A  smart, sarcastic  turn  ;  a  taunt  j  a  severe  rcton. 
Milton,     SAak. 

Q,UIP,  «.  L    To  taunt ;  to  treat  with  a  sarcastic  retort. 

^insitartk. 
QUTP,  V.  i.    To  scoff.  Sidnrti. 

UUIP'PA,  M.    The  name  of  knotted  cordi  of  varfous 
colors,  used  for  recording  events  by  the  ancjcnt  Pe- 
ruvians, Mexicans,  &c.  Humholdt, 
This  word  is  also  spelt  Qrirro  and  Cluirru. 
QUT&E,  (kwlre,)  a.     [Fc  cWw;  lu  corw;  L.  ckarmt; 
Gr.  x^P^jO 

1.  A  body  of  singers;  a  chorus.  [See  Chokci 
and  Choi  a.  J  MUlon. 

5.  Tlie  part  of  a  church  where  the  aerrict*  is  sung. 
UUTRE,  n.    [Ou.  from  the  root  of  eMm-us,  or  fr<»in  Fr. 

caAi>r,  a  sheet  of  pnt>er,  or  ratJiOT  a  book  of  louse 

•heets.1 
A  collection  of  paper  consisting  of  tiventy-four 

ahef  t«,  each  baring  a  single  fold. 
Ql'TRE,  r.  t.    To  sing  in  concert  or  chonis.      Skak. 
QL'IR'IS-TER,  a.    One  that  sings  in  concert;  more 

f^fnrrcUy,  the  leader  of  a  quire,  iKirticularly  in  divine 

service ;  a  chorister.     Rut  in  America  this  word  is 

little  used  and  vulgar.  The  word  used  is  Chorister. 
QUIR-I-TATION,  m.     (L.  fatnCaCie,  from   fiurito, 

ftvm  fiurer.J 
A  co'ing  for  help.     [AVf  lusrf.]  Bp.  IfalL 

QUIRK,  (kwurk,)  *.    (ttwn  the  root  of  W.  fwirrd^  a 

sudden  start  or  turn,  craft,  deceit ;  fipyrn,  a  r*tri.] 

1.  LUfraltif,  a  turn  ;  a  sturting^  fmm  the  point  or 
line  ;  hence,  an  artful  turn  for  evasion  or  subterfuge ; 
a  shift  i  a  quibble  ;  as,  the  fuirkt  of  a  pettifogger. 

3.  A  fit  or  turn  ;  a  short  paroxjrmn ;  as,  a  fuirk  of 
joy  or  grief.  SAaJk. 

3.  A  smart  taunt  or  retort. 

I  UMij  dmaor  to  hsve  aoow  odd  yitiHca  uid  renuuoti  of  «rh 
hnkeo  oa  me,  ShaJt, 

4.  A  slight  conceit  or  quibble.  Wttts, 
h.  A  flight  of  fancy.     [AM  ia  »«.]  Shak, 

6.  An  irregular  air ;  as,  light  fnink*  of  music  Pope. 

7.  In  buUditiK^  a  piece  of  ground  taken  out  of  any 
regular  ground-plot  or  floor,  as  to  make  a  court  or 
yard,  &:c.  Qwdu 

8.  In  orckiucturt^  a  small  acute  angle  or  recess, 
much  used  between  moldings.        Oiosa.  ofArckit. 

at'lRK'/:!),  (kwurkt,)  a.    Hanng  a  quirk. 
QL'lRK'Kn-MOLD'lNG,  >  n.    In  artkiuauYr^A  mold- 
QnRK'-MOLD'IXG,        J      ing  whose  convexity  is 

sudden,  m  the  form  of  a  conic  section.        Brande, 
Qt'IRKTSH,  a.     Consisting  of  quirks,  tum^,  quibbles, 

or  artful  evasions.  Barrote. 

2.  Resembling  a  quirk. 

QI'IRP'ELE.  a.  The  Indian  ferret,  an  animal  of  the 
weasel  kind.  Diet.  Jk'at.  Higt. 

QUIT,  (kwit,)t».  L,'  frrt.  and  pp.  Quit  or  UriTTEo. 
[Fr.  fuitter;  IL  ^liitart  and  ckitare;  Port,  and  Sp. 
quitar;  D.  kwften;  G.  quittiren:  Dan.  qnaterer :  Sw. 
qtiitta  ;  \V.  gadu  and  gadaw,  to  quit  ^  Ir.  eead,  leave  ; 
cuiXijetAom,  to  requite.  This  is  the  L.  e^^.  The  sense 
of  qiut  is  to  leave,  to  witlidraw  from ;  but  the  pri- 
mary sense  of  the  root  must  have  l»een  to  move  or  to 
send  :  for  to  rsmitc  is  to  send  back.  Bee  Class  Cd 
and  Cs.] 

1.  To  leave ;  to  depart  from,  either  temporarily  or 
forever.  It  does  not  necessarily  include  the  idea  of 
Mbandoningy  without  a  qualifying  word.  A  man  quitj 
his  house  for  an  hour,  or  for  a  month  ;  he  quits  his 
native  country  on  a  voyage,  or  he  quite  it  forever ;  he 
quits  an  emiHoyment  with  the  intention  of  resuming  it 

2.  To  free ;  to  clear ;  to  liberate  ;  to  discharge  from. 

To  mA  you  of  tiM  f«r.  you  ture  mlnmdj  locJsed  death  fn  (be 
IMS.     [l*mriy«lMoUM.]  Waie. 


QUI 

3.  To  carry  through  ;  to  do  or  perform  sonulliing 
to  the  end,  so  that  nothing  remains  j  to  discharge  or 
perform  completely. 

Ni-vrr  K  worthy  priiHV  a  d.iy  dkl  ^it 

WiOt  ^Triitor  huonl  aikd  witb  niurc  ivnown.  Danitl. 

4.  To  quit  one^s  seff;  reciprocally,  to  clear  one's  self 
of  incumbent  duties  by  full  performance. 

Samauo  hath  fwil  hunMif 
Uke  Saniain.  AJUton, 

In  this  sense,  Acqirir  Is  generally  used. 

5.  To  repay  ;  to  requite.  Spenser. 

Enldmll^  all  the  aparka  of  oaturtt 

Tn  quit  Ihia  horricl  act.  S^ak. 

In  this  sense,  Qtrtr  is  now  rarely  used.     We  use 

RKQUtTK. 

6.  To  vacate  obligation  ;  to  release  j  to  free  from. 

DftngiPrt  of  law, 
Actktoa,  d^gnra,  Judgmrnta  a^.iiiut  us  quiiud,         B.  Jonton. 

7.  To  pay  ;  to  discharge  ;  hence,  to  free  from  ;  as, 
to  quit  the  debt  of  gratitude.  MiUun, 

8.  To  set  free  ;  to  release  ;  to  absolve  j  to  acquit. 

Gutltlrai  I  ^lui,  guihy  I  wi  thrm  fm,  Fairfax, 

In  this  sense,  Acqfir  is  now  used. 

9.  To  leave  ;  to  give  up ;  to  resign  ;  to  relinquish ; 
as,  to  quit  an  oflicc. 

10.  Top:iy. 

BcAtre  UwU  judge  tbttt  fuitt  each  soul  hu  hire,     (Not  und.\ 

11.  To  forsake  ;  to  abandon. 

Such  a  lojierficiaj  way  of  cxuniiiiiuy  ia  (o  qtdt  truih  for  apppa^ 
»••«■.  LocJie. 

To  quit  cost;  to  pray;  to  free  from  by  an  equiva- 
lent ;  to  reimburse  ;  as,  the  cultivation  of  barren  land 
will  not  always  quit  cost. 

To  fMt<  scores;  to  make  even  ;  to  clear  mutually 
fVom  demands  by  mutual  equivalents  given.  We 
will  qtiU  scores  [marks  of  charge^*]  before  we  part. 

Do«s  not  the  earth  quH  tcort*  with  all  Um  clcmeou  in  her  noble 
6uiuf  Houik, 

QUIT,  a.    Free  ;  clear ;  discharged  from  ;  absolved. 

Tb«  owner  </ the  OiX  ahull  be  futl,— Ex.  xxl. 

\T\\\»  word,  though  primarily  a  participle,  and 
never  placed  before  its  nuun,  has  properly  the  sense 
of  an  adjective.    See  Quits.] 

QC77  y-^.V,  [L.]  A  qni  tarn  action,  in  law,  is  an  action 
in  which  a  man  prosecuU'n  an  offender  for  the  king 
or  Plate,  as  well  as  fi>r  hiniitclf  as  informer. 

QUITCir-GRASS,  a.  [Properly  quick- sra^is,  probably 
from  itf  vigorous  growth,  or  Uie  dilhculty  of  eradi- 
cating it.] 

Dog-gross  or  couch-grass;  a  species  of  grass  which 
roots  doeply  and  is  not  easily  killed. 

QL'IT'CI^AIM,  F.  u  [quit  and  claim.}  To  rclea-ie  a 
claim  by  deed  without  covenants  of  warranty  :  to 
convey  to  another,  \vho  hath  some  right  in  land^  or 
tenements,  all  one's  right,  title,  and  interest,  in  the 
estate,  by  rc^linquishing  all  claim  to  them.  The 
wiirdd  us«'d  in  the  instrument  are,  "  A  hath  remised, 
rrlensed,  and  forever  qudcUiimed,  all  his  right,  title, 
and  interest,  to  a  cert;im  estiite."  Blackstone, 

QUIT'CLAlM,  n.  A  deed  of  release;  an  instrument 
by  which  all  claims  to  an  estate  are  relinquished  to 
another  without  any  covenant  or  warranlv,  express 
or  implied.  Z,  Swift 

QUnvCLAIM-frO,  pp.     Released  by  deed. 

QUIT'CLAIM-ING,  ppr.  Conveying  by  deed  of  re- 
le.ase. 

QUITE,  oWp.  [from  quit;  that  is,  primarily^  free  or 
clear  by  cumplete  perforuiance.]  Completely  ; 
wholly  ;  entirely  ;  totally  ;  perfectly.  The  work  is 
not  quite  done  ;  the  object  is  quite  accomplished. 

il«  bath   Bold   us  and  futtc  dcvoiin^  alao  our  nioitey.  — Geo. 

xzxi. 
Tbe  Mme  ac^om  may  be  nimed  at  differtrut  enda,  and  ariar  from 

qmU  eontnuy  pnnciplea,  Spfctalor. 

2.  To  a  great  extent  or  degree ;  very ;  as,  quite 
young.  [Common  in  America,  and  not  uj0-equeiU  in 
firti'/iinrf,] 

QUIT'RENT,  n.     [L.  quietus  reditus.} 

A  rent  reserved  in  grants  of  land,  by  the  payment 
of  which  the  tenant  is  quieted  or  quit  from  alt  other 
service.  Blackstonf-. 

QUITS.  To  l>e  quits,  is  said  of  persons  when  they 
separate  on  equal  terms,  each  having  given  the  other 
his  due,  so  that  they  are  quit  the  one  of  the  other. 
Hence,  in  such  a  ca.se,  the  exclamation,  Quits! 

QUIT'TA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  quitted  or  vacated. 
[  Rare.)  Markland, 

QUIT''!  Ah,  n.     Return  ;  rejwyment.  SAak. 

QUIT'TANCE,  Tu  [Fr.j  Discharge  from  a  debt  or 
obligation  ;  an  acquittance.  [See  AcquiTTAWCE, 
which  is  chiefly  used.]  Shak. 

2.  Recompense  ;  return  ;  repayment.  Shak. 
QUIT'TANCE,  e.  £.     To  repay.     [JVbtinuse.]  Shak. 
QUIT'TED,  p;».     Left;  relinquished ;  acquitted. 
QUIT'TER,  n.     One  who  quits. 

3.  A  deliverer.     [J^Tul  in  use.]  Ainsieorth. 
3.  Scoria  of  tin.  Ainsworth, 

QUIT'TER,  n.  In  farriny,  an  Ulcer  formed  between 
the  hair  and  hoof,  usually  on  the  inside  quarter  of  a 
horse's  foot.  Farm.  Kncyc 


QUO 


QUIVER,  n,     [Qu,  Fr.  coucrir,  to  cover.] 
A  case  or  sheath  for  arrows. 

Take  thy  quivtr  and  thy  buw.-Gen.  xivU, 
QUIVER,  a.  Nimble;  active.  [J^vt  in  use.]  Shuk. 
QUIVER,  r.  i.  [D.  huiveren,  to  shiver.  This  word 
seems  to  belong  to  the  family  of  quarer,  W,  cwibiaw, 
to  trill,  to  quiver,  fwin,  a  whirl  or  turn,  ^wtviav,  to 
fly  about,  to  wander,  ^icipiaw,  to  move  briskly, - 
^ayvaw^  to  stir,  move,  agitate.] 

1  To  shake  or  tremble  ;  to  quake  ;  to  shudder ;  to 
shiver.  This  word  expresses  that  tremuh.us  motion 
of  the  body  which  proceeds  from  loss  of  heat  or 
vigor.    Thus,  persons  quiver  with  fear  or  with  culd, 

lie  quioertd  with  hi»  fort  and  lay  for  dead.  Dryden. 

And  IcU  the  Uintja  aiill  quivtritig  on  tbe  ground.  AiMion, 

S,  To  play  or  be  agitated  with  a  trenmlous  motion. 

The  pr^en  leares  ^oer  with  the  eoiAUig  wind,  Shak. 

The  Takca  Uini  qutoer  to  the  curling  bn/eze.  J'vjt. 

QUIVER-ED,  a.  [from  the  noun  quiver.]  Furnished 
with  a  quiver ;  as,  the  quivered  nymph.        Milton. 

2.  Sheathed,  as  in  a  quiver. 

Whoac  quills  stand  quivared  at  hli  ear.  Pope. 

QUIVER-ING,  ppr.  ox  a.    Trembling,  as  with  cold 

or  fear;  moving  with  a  tremulous  agitation. 
QUIVER-ING,  n.    The  act  of  shaking  or  tremMing; 

agitation  ;  as,  to  be  seized  with  a  quiverin>r.     Sidney. 
QUI  VER-ING-LY,  ailv.    With  quivering. 
QOI  FtVE,  (k6  veev,)   [Fr.]     The   challeiigo    of   a 

French    sentinel,   To  what  party  do  you   belong? 

i.  e.,   for  whom   do  you    cry    vire;   corresponding 

to.  Who  goes  there  ?     Hence,  to  be  on  the  qui  vice, 

is  to  be  on  the  alert,  like  a  sentinel. 

Diet,  de  PAcail. 
QUIX-OT'I€,   a.      Like   Don  Quixote;    romantic  to 

extravagance. 
QUIX'O'i'-lS.M,  n.    Romantic  and  absurd   notions; 

schemes  or  actions  like  those  of  Don  Quixote,  the 

hero  of  Cervantes. 
QUIX'OT-RY,  n.     Quixotism  ;  visionary  scheme. 

ScotL 

QUIZ,  a.    An  enigma ;  a  riddle  or  obscure  question. 

a.  One  who  quizzes  others ;  as,  he  is  a  great  quiz. 

3.  An  odd  fellow.  SmarL 
QUIZ,  r.  U    To   puzzle;    to  run  upon;    to  make   a 

fool  of.     [A  popular,  but  not  an  elegant  word.] 
QUiZ'ZER,n.     One  wluxpiizzes  others  or  make  them 

the  object  of  sjwrt  by  deceiving  them. 
QUIZ'ZI-CAL,  a.     Comical.     [Colloquial] 
QUIZ'ZING,  ?i.    The  act  of  running  upon  a  pcr^n  or 

making  a  fool  of  him. 
2.  'i'he  act  of  mocking  by  a  narrow  examination 

throuch  a  quizzing-glass.  SmarL 

QUIZ'ZING-<;LAS8,  n.     A  small  eye-glass. 
QUO  AJ^I-MO,  [L.J     With  What  intent ;  purpose. 
QUO' AD  H0€,  [L.j     As  to   this  ;  as  it  regards  this 

Particular  thing  named. 
OB,  c.  i.     [W.  ^icapiaw,  to  strike.] 
To  move,  as  the  fetus  in  ulero  ;  to  throh.     [Localj 
vvltror,  and  little  u-icd.] 

QUOD  E'RAT  DFM-OJV-STRAJ^ DUM^  [L.] 
Which  was  the  point  to  be  proved. 

QUOD  E'RAT  FJJ-Cf-FJST'DUM,  (-fa-she-en'dum,) 
f  L.]     Which  was  the  thing  to  be  done. 

QUOD'U'BET,  n.  [L,,  what  you  please,]  A  nice 
point;  a  siihtilty.  Prior. 

QtrOD-LIB-E-TA'RI-AN,  n.  One  who  talks  and  dis- 
putes on  any  subject  at  pleasure. 

QUOD-LI-BET'ie-AL,  a.  Not  restrained  to  a  partic- 
ular subject  ;  moved  or  discussed  at  pleasure  for  cu- 
riosity or  entertainment. 

QUOD-LI-BET'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  At  pleasure;  for 
curiosity  ;  so  as  to  be  debated  for  entertainment. 

QUOIF,  (kwoir,)n.     [Fr.  coiffe.]         [Brown.     Diet 
A  cap  or  hood.     [See  Coir.]^  Shak. 

QUOIF,  c.  t  To  cover  or  dress  with  a  coif,  [See 
CoiF.j  Addison, 

[  This  word  may  be  discarded  with  advantage.] 

QUOlF'FURE,  n.     Ahead-dress.  Attdison. 

QUOIL.     See  Coil,  the  better  word. 

QUOIN,  (kwoin  or  koin,)B,  [Fr.  coin^  a  corner;  Sp. 
euiia.     See  Coin.] 

1.  A  sharp  or  projecting  comer.  Mortimer. 

2.  An  instrument  to  raise  any  thing  ;  a  wedge  em- 
ployed to  raise  cannon  to  a  proper  level,  and  for 
other  purposes.  Mar,  Diet 

3.  In  architecture,  the  external  angle  or  corner  of  a 
brick  or  stone  wall,  GiirUt 

4.  A  small  wooden  wedge  used  by  printers  to  lock 
the  pngt?s  of  a  form  within  the  chase. 

QUOIT,  (kwoit,)  n.     [D.  coite.] 

1.  A  circular  ring  or  piece  of  iron  to  be  pitched  or 
thrown  at  a  fixed  object  in  play.  In  common  practic*^ 
a  plain,  flat  stone  is  used  for  this  purpo^te. 

2.  In  some  authors,  the  discus  of  the  ancients, 
thrown  in  trials  of  strength.  Dryden. 

QUOIT,  V.  i.    To  throw  quoits  ;  to  play  at  quoiLs. 

Dryden. 
QUOIT,  r.  t     To  throw.     [JVof  used.]  Shak. 

QUOLL,  71.  A  marsupial  qu:idniped  of  New  Holland, 
Dasyiirus  tnacrourun,  called  by  Phillips  Spotted 
MART£.f.    It  is  nearly  the  size  of  a  caL 

Lesson.    P.  Cye. 


FITE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MkTE,  PREY,  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BpQK.— 

9oa  .  —  = 


RAB 

aUON'DAM,  Mofcd  adjectively,  [L.]  Having  been  for- 
merly ;  former ;  as,  a  quonkam  king  or  friend. 

Shak, 

aUQOK,  prefc  of  Quake.     [065.1  Spenser. 

aUo''klUM,  n.  [L.  gen.  pL  of  qui,  "of  whom;" 
with  refurunce  to  a  complete  body  of  persons,  of 
vhom  those  who  are  assembled  are  legally  sufficient 
to  the  business  of  the  whole.] 

1.  A  bench  uf  justices,  or  such  a  number  of  officers 
or  members  as  is  com|)etent  by  law  or  constitution  to 
transact  business  ;  as,  a  quorum  of  the  house  of  rep- 
resentatives. A  constitutional  quorum  was  not  pres- 
ent. 

2.  A  special  commission  of  justices. 
q^U(yRUM  PAJtS  FtPI,  [U]     Of  which  or  whom  I 

was  a  part. 
QUC'TA,  n.     [h,quotus;  It.  and  8p.  quota;  Ir.  eod, 

cota,  a  part.j 
A  prupttrtional  part  or  share  ;  or  the  share,  part,  or 

pro|Kirti(in  assigned  to  each.    Each  State  was  ordered 

to  furnish  it^  quota  of  troops. 
QUOT'A-BLE,  o.    That  may  be  quoted  or  cited. 
QUO-TA'TION.n.     [from  guou.]     The  act  of  quoting 

or  citing. 
2.  Ttie  passage  quoted  or  cited  ;  the  part  of  a  book 


Ris  the  eighteenth  letter  of  the  English  alphabet, 
and  an  articulation  sui  senens,  having  Irttte  or 
no  resemblance  in  pronunciation  to  any  other  letter. 
But  from  the  position  of  the  tongue  in  uttering  it,  it 
is  commutabte  with  /,  into  which  letter  it  is  changed 
in  many  words  by  the  Spaniards  and  Portuguese,  and 
some  other  nations  ;  as  /  is  also  changed  into  r.  It  is 
numbered  among  the  liquids  and  semi-vowets,  and 
is  sometimes  called  the  canine  letter.  It  is  uttered 
with  a  guttural  extrusion  of  the  breath,  and  in  some 
Words,  particularly  at  the  end  or  after  a  labial  and  a 
dental  letter,  with  a  sort  <.f  quivering  motion  or 
slight  jar  of  tlie  tongue.  Its  English  uses,  which  are 
uniform,  may  be  understood  by  the  customary  pro. 
nunciation  of  rody  room^  raee^  bar,  bare^  barreny  dis- 
turby  caturrh^  free,  brad^  pride,  drip,  dra^,  drotrn. 

In  words  which  we  have  received  from  the  Greek 
language,  we  follow  the  Latins,  who  wrote  h  after  r, 
as  the  represi-ntative  of  the  aspirated  sound  with 
which  this  letter  was  pronounct-d  by  the  Greeks.  It 
is  the  same  in  the  Welsh  language.  But  as  the  let- 
ter is  not  aspirated  in  English,  h  is  entirely  superflu- 
ous ;  rhapsi/dt/j  rheum^  rhetoric,  being  pronounced 
rap.*ody,  reurn,  retoric. 

As  an  abbreviation,  R.  stands  for  rex,  king,  as 
George  R.,  or  retina,  queen,  as  Victoria  R. 

In  the  notej  of  the  ancients,  R.  or  RO.  stands  for 
Roma  ;  R.  C.  for    Romana  cicitas ;    R.  G.  C.  for  rei 

Serentta  causa  ;  R.  F.  E.  D.  for  recte  factum  et  dictum  ; 
,  G.  F.  for  regit  Jdius  }  R.  P.  resjtublica,  or  Romani 
yrineipes. 

As  a  numeral,  R,  in  Raman  authort,  stands  for  80, 
and  with  a  dash  over  it,  R,  for  80,000.  Out  in  Greek, 
p,  with  a  small  mark  over  it,  thus,  n,  signifies  100, 
and  with  the  same  mark  under  it,  it  denoted  1000  x 
100,  or  100,000.  In  Hebrew,  "i  denoted  200,  and 
with  two  hurizont;Ll  points  over  it,  ^  1000  x  300,  or 
200,000. 

Among  pkyfricians,  R.  sLinds  for  recipe,  take. 
RA,  as  an  inseparable  prefix  or  preposition,  is  the  Latin 
re,  coming  tu  us  tlirough  the  iLilian  and  French,  and 
primarily  signifying  asain,  repetition.     [See  Re.] 
EA-BATE',  n.  L     [Fr.  rabattre ;  It.  rabbattere  :  ra  and 
battre,  battere,  to  beat.     See  Be&T  and  Ahats.] 
In  falconry,  to  recover  a  hawk  to  the  fi^t. 

Ainsworth, 
RA-BA'TO,  It.     [Fr.  rabal.] 

A  nifT  or  folded  down  collar  of  a  shilX  or  shtrt. 
[yol  t'n  use.]  Toone. 

RAB'BET,  r.  L     [Fr.  raboter.] 

1.  To  cut  iMpiare  down  the  edge  of  a  board  or  other 
piece  of  timber,  for  the  purjiose  of  receiving  the 
edge  of  another  piece  by  tapping  and  thus  uniting 
the  two.  Moxon. 

2.  To  lap  and  unite  the  edges  of  boards,  &.c.,  by  a 
rabbeL 

RAB'BET,  «.    [This  and  the  preceding  word  are  cor- 

nipliipuflof  Rkbate.]     a  rectangular  recess  or  groove 

cut  longitudinally  in  a  piece  of  timber  to  receive  the 

edge  of  a  plank,  or  other  work  required  to  fit  into  it. 

Oloss.  ofJirckit. 

RAB'BET-ED,  pp.  Cut  square  down  at  the  edge ; 
united  by  n  rabbet  joint, 

RAB'BET-IiVG, /i/rr.  Cutting  square  down  the  edge 
of  a  board  ;  uniting  by  a  rabbet  joint. 

RAB'BET-PLANK,  ».  A  joiner's  plane  for  cutting 
square  down  the  edge  of  a  b<iard,  &.c.  Moxon. 


RAC 

or  writing:  named,  repeated,  or  adduced  as  evidence 
or  illustration.  Locke. 

3.  In  mercantile  tangnage,  tlie  naming  of  the  price 
of  commodities ;  or  ttie  price  specified  to  a  corre- 
spondent. 

4.  Q.uota  J  share.     [JVot  used.] 

Q,USTE,  (kw5te,)  v.  t.  [Fr.  juyfcr,  now  co(er;  con- 
nected with  quutk.] 

1.  To  cite,  as  a  passage  from  some  author;  to 
name,  repeat,  or  ad<luce  a  passage  from  an  author  or 
speaker,  by  way  of  authority  or  illustration  ;  as,  to 

ftote  a  passage  from   Homer ;  to  quote  the  words  of 
eter,  or  a  passage  of  Paul's  writings  ;  to  quote  chajH 
ler  and  verse.  Aiterbury.     Swift 

2.  In  commerce,  to  name,  as  the  price  of  an  article. 

3.  To  note.  Shak. 
Q,UOTE,  ».    A  note  upon  an  author.    [Obs,] 

Cotgrave. 

QUOT'ED,  pp.    Cited  ;  adduced  ;  named. 

Q,U0TE'LEri3,  a.     That  can  not  be  quoted. 

Q,UOT'ER,  ».  One  that  cites  the  words  of  an  author 
or  speaker. 

aUOTH,  fkw6th  or  kwuth,)  p.  i.  [Sax.  etcytJian,  cy- 
than.  Got)),  quithan,  to  say,  to  tell  ;  vJ ,  gwed, gwedyU i 
Ir.  ceadach.     Qu.  L.  inquio,  contracted.] 


R. 


RAB'BI,  (rab'beOT--bI,))         ,„.    ^._    .^  .     . 

master.] 

A  title  assumed  by  the  Jewish  doctors,  signifying 
m«j**er  or  lord.  This  title  is  n(»t  conferred  by  author- 
ity, but  a::!^umed  or  allowed  by  courtesy  to  learned 
men.  Encyc. 

RAB-BIX'IC,         i   a.     Pertaining  to  the  rabbins,  or 

R.AB-BIX'IC-AL,  \  to  their  opinions,  learning,  and 
langtiasc. 

RAB-BIN'ie,  n.  The  language  or  dialect  of  the  rab- 
bins ;  the  later  Hebrew. 

RAB'BIN-ISM,  «.  A  rabbinic  expression  or  phrase- 
ology; a  peculiarity  of  the  language  of  the  rabbins. 

Encyc. 

RAB'BIN-IST,  fi.  Among  the  Jews,  one  who  adhered 
to  the  Talmud  and  the  traditions  of  the  rabbins,  in 
opposition  to  the  Caraites,  who  rejected  the  tradi- 
tions. 

RAB'BIX  ITE,  n.    The  same  as  Rabrintst. 

RAB'BIT,  n.  [Said  to  be  from  the  Belgic  robbe,  rob- 
beken.] 

A  rodent  mammal,  and  a  small  quadruped,  the 
Lepus  cuniculus,  which  feeds  on  grass  or  other 
herbage,  and  burrows  in  the  earth.  The  rabbit  is 
said  to  1)0  less  sagacious  than  the  hare.  It  is  a  very 
prolitir  animal,  and  is  kept  in  warrens  for  the  sake 
of  its  flesh.     It  is  sometimes  called  Cony. 

RAB'BLE,  n.  [L.  rabula,  a  brawler,  from  rabo,  to 
rave;  Dan.  raabrr ;  D.  rabbelen;  connected  with  a 
great  family  of  words  having  the  elements  Rb,  Rp. 
Qu.  Sp  rabel,  the  tail.] 

1.  A  tumultuous  crowd  of  vulgar,  noisy  people  ; 
the  mob  ;  a  c(»nfused,  disorderly  crowd.  Shak, 

2.  The  lower  ctttss  of  people,  without  reference  to 
an  assembly  ;  the  dregs  of  the  pttople.        Addison. 

RAB'HLF:,  v.  i.    To  speak  in  a  ccmfuscd  manner. 

RAB'BLF^CIURM'ING,  a.  Charming  or  delighting 
the  rabble.  South. 

RAB'BLE-MENT,  «.  A  tumultuous  crowd  of  low 
people.     [Aot  in  it»«.]  Spenser,     Shak. 

RAB-DOL'^O-GY.ji.  [Gr  ^a/?Jof,  a  rod,  and  Xoyoi, 
discourse.] 

A  mulhod  of  performing  mathematical  operations 
by  little  square  rods.   [See  RiiAnDULOGv.]    Ifatton. 

RAB' ID,  a.  [L.  raiw/ujf, from  roAio,  rafrtf,  to  rage;  W. 
rhaib.] 

Furious ;  raging  ;  mad  ;  as,  a  rabid  dog  or  wolf. 
It  is  particularly  applit-d  to  animals  of  the  canine 
genus,  affected  with  the  disten)|N:'r  called  rabies,  and 
whose  bite  communicates  hydrophobia. 

RAB'ID-LY   (uii).     Madly;  furiously. 

RAB'ID-NESS,  n.     Furiousncss  ;  madness. 

RAB'IN-ET,n.  A  kind  of  siuiiller  ordnance.  .^iftstcortA. 

RX'CA,  n.  A  Syriac  word  signifying  empty,  beggar- 
ly, fcjolish  ;  a  t«;rm  of  extreme  contempt.    Matt.  v. 

RA€-€OON',  n.  An  American  quadryped,  the  Pro- 
cyon  lotor,  a  carnivorous  mammal.  It  is  somewhat 
larger  than  a  fox,  and  its  fur  is  deemed  valuable, 
next  to  that  of  the  beaver.  This  animal  lodges  in  a 
hollow  tree,  feeds  occasionally  on  vegetables,  and 
its  flesh  is  piUatable  f(K>d.  It  inhabits  most  parts  of 
the  American  continent.      Belknap.     Encyc.  Amer. 

RACE,  n.  [Fr.  rtico,  from  the  It.  razza;  Sp.  raza,  a. 
rare,  a  ray,  and  rait,  a  root,  L.  radix;  Russ.  rod,  a 
generation,  race  ;  rojn,  to  beget.  The  primary  sense 
of  the  rout  is,  to  thrust  or  shoot ;  the  L.  radix  and 


RAC 

To  say  ;  to  speak.  This  verb  is  defective,  being 
used  only  in  the  first  and  third  persons  in  the  present 
and  past  tenses  ;  a<3,  quoth  I,  quoth  he,  and  the  nomi- 
native always  follows  the  verb.  It  is  used  only  in 
ludicrous  language,  and  has  no  variation  for  person, 
number,  or  tense. 

Q,U0-T1I)'1-AN,  a,     [L.  qnotidianus ;  miotus  and  dies."] 
Daily  \  occurring  or  returning  daily  ;  as,  a  quotid- 
ian fi-ver. 

UUO-TID'I-AN,  n.    A  fever  whose  paroxysms  return 
every  day. 
2.  Any  thing  returning  dally.  Milton. 

QUO'TIEXT,  (kwo'shent,)  k.  [Fr.,  from  L.  juotwu, 
how  oflen.] 

In  arithmetic,  the  numbt^r  resulting  from  the  divis- 
ion of  one  number  by  another,  and  showing  bow 
often  a  less  number  is  contained  in  a  greater.  Thus 
3)  12  (4.  Here  4  is  the  quotient,  showing  that  3  is  con- 
tained 4  times  in  12.  Or  quotient  is  an  expression 
denoting  a  certain  part  of  a  unit ;  as,  J. 

QJJ  GT' l^G,  ppr.     Citing;  adducing;  naming. 

QUO  fVAR-RAJST'TO;  in  Law  Latin,  a  writ  brought 
before  a  proper  tribunal,  to  inquire  by  what  warrant 
a  person  or  corporation  exercises  certain  powers. 

Jilackstone. 


radius  having  the  same  original.    This  word  coin- 
cides in  origin  with  rod,  ray,  radiate,  &.C.     Class  Rd.] 

1.  The  lineage  of  a  family,  or  continued  series  of 
descendants  from  a  parent,  who  is  called  tlie  stock. 
A  race  is  the  series  of  descendants  indeflnitely. 
Thus  all  mankind  are  called  the  race  of  Adam  ; 
the  Israelites  are  of  the  race  of  Abraham  and  Jacob. 
Thus  we  sjR'ak  of  a  race  of  kings,  the  race  of  Clovis, 
or  Charlemagne ;  a  race  of  nobles,  &.c. 

Hence  the  long  ract  of  Allien  bthcn  come.  Dryden. 

2.  A  generation  ;  a  family  of  descendants. 

A  rat»  uf  youtliTul  and  uah:indlcd  col(a.  S?uiJc. 

3.  A  particular  breed  ;  as,  a  race  of  mules ;  a  race 
of  horses  ;  a  race  of  sheep.  Chapman. 

Of  BMch  a  race  no  mnttcr  who  la  Mag.  Murphy, 

A.  A  root;  as,  race-ginger,  ginger  in  the  root,  oi 
not  pulverized. 

5.  A  particular  strength  or  taste  of  wine  ;  a  kind 
of  tartness.  [Query,  does  this  belong  to  this  root  or 
to  the  following.'  ]  Temple.     Massinger. 

RACE,  n.  [D.  ras  ;  Sw.  re^a,  to  go  ;  Dan.  rejse,  a  go- 
ing or  course  ;  L.  gradior,  gressus,  with  the  prefix 
g ;  Ir.  ratha,  a  running  ;  rralham,  to  run  ;  VV.  graz, 
a  step,  from  rkaz,  a  going  ;  allied  to  W.  rkSd,  a  race  ; 
rhedu,  to  run,  to  race  ;  allied  to  Eng.  ride.  See 
Class  Rd,  Xo.  5  and  9.] 

1.  A  running;  a  rapid  course  or  motion,  either  on 
the  feet,  on  horseback,  or  in  a  carriage,  &c. ;  partic- 
ularly, a  contest  in  running;  a  running  in  competi- 
tion for  a  prize. 

The  Toce  wiu  one  of  the  exerdsca  of  the  Grecian  gaxom. 

Eneye. 
1  wielj  the  ^iintlet  and  1  run  the  raei,  Pojm. 

2.  Any  ninning  with  speed. 


3.  A  progress  :  a  course  ;  a  movement  or  progres- 
sion of  any  kind. 

My  race  of  glory  run.  Pope. 

Let  111  nin  with  patience  Ute  rac*  that  U  ael  before  ui.  —  lleb. 
xii. 

4.  Course  ;  train  ;  process  ;  as,  the  prosecution  and 
race  of  tlie  ^var.     [JV«(  now  used.]  Bacon. 

5.  A  strong  or  rapid  current  of  water,  or  the  chan- 
nel or  passage  for  such  a  current ;  as,  the  Portland 
race.  IfalliwcU. 

6.  A  small,  artificial  canal  or  watercourse,  loading 
from  the  dam  of  a  stream  to  the  machinery  which  it 
drives  ;  sometimes  called  the  Head-raue,  in  opposi- 
tion to  the  Tail-bace,  which  is  the  watercourse 
leading  from  the  bottom  of  a  water-wheel. 

7.  The  racen  ;  in  the  plural,  a  meeting  for  contests 
in  the  running  of  horses.  The  races  commence  in 
October. 

RACE,  r.  i.  To  run  swiftly ;  to  run  or  contend  In 
running.    The  animals  raced  over  the  ground. 

RACE-CIX'GER,  71.  Ginger  in  the  root,  or  not  pul- 
verized. 

RACE'-HORSE,  n.  A  horse  bred  or  ke^t  for  running 
in  contest ;  a  horse  that  runs  in  competition.  Addison. 

RAC-E-MA'TION,  n.     [L.  racemus,  a  cluster.] 

1.  A  cluster,  as  of  grapes.  Brown. 

2.  The  cultivation  of  clusters  of  grapes.    BumeU 
RA-CicME',  n.    [L.  racemus,  a  hunch  of  berries.] 

Ill  botany,  a  species  of  inflorescence,  consisting  of 
a  common    peduncle  with  short  and  equal   lateral 


TONE,  BJTLL.  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VfCIOUS €  as  K ;  O  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  9H ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


RAC 

pedicels,  tu  a  firing  of  cuiranbt.      It  is  simple  or 
cumpound,  naked  or  loafy,  &c. 

A  epeties  of  inflorencvncti  iu  which  a  number  of 
flowers,  with  short  and  equal  pedicels,  stand  upon  a 
commoB  ^Bder  axia.  Lindlof, 

RA-CftM'£D,  a.     Having  a  raceme. 
RA-Cg'Mie  ACID,  a.    An  acid  found  in  the  tmtar 
obtained  from  ct-rtain  vineyard:!  on  the  Khine. 

JSntHtie, 
BAC-E-MrF'ER-OUS,  a.    [L.  raeemuSf  acluster^and 
firoy  to  bear.] 

Bearing  racemes,  as  the  currant.  AMat.  Res. 

RAC'E-MOUS  or  KA-Cfi'MOUS,  a.    Growinn  in  ra- 
cemes. >-:*cyc 
RA'CER,  a.    [from  rocs.]    A  runner  ;  one  that  con- 
tends in  a  race. 

And  bade  tbe  BimbieMt  rsesr  MJB  te  priMk  fop*. 

RACH,  ■.    [Sax.  T*ee ;  D.  hntk  ;  Ft.  brnqma,] 
A  setting  dog  or  point4.>r. 

R.\-€HIL'LA,  n.    [Gr.  ^axXi  a  spine.1 

A  branch  of  innort^scence ;  the  Kifcxag  center  on 
which  the  florets  are  arranged  In  the  spikeleu  of 
grasses.  Brandt. 

RA'CHIS,  M.  [Gr.]  In  botany,  a  peduncle  that  pro- 
ceeds in  a  right  line  from  the  base  to  tlie  apex  of  ttie 
inflorescence.  This  term  is  sointtimes  applit-d  to 
the  stipe  of  a  fern,  but  not  propt^rly.  LindUy. 

RA'CHIT'ie,  (ra-kit'ik,)  a.  I'ertaining  tu  the  mus- 
cles of  the  back  ;  ricketv. 

RA-€in'TIS,  II.  (Gr.l  this  term  implies  inflamma- 
tion of  the  spine,  but  it  is  applied  to  Uie  disease  called 
ridtetsy  which  is  a  mere  corruption  of  rachitis. 

RA'CI-N£SS,  n.  [See  Ract.]  The  quality  of  being 
racy. 

RAC'ING^  fpr.  Running  swiftly ;  running  or  con- 
tending in  a  race. 

RACK,  a.  [D.  rwk,  rack,  stretch  ;  rekkrr^  to  stretch  ; 
8u.  racaii,nM»j|,Eng.toreacA.-  6.  reci/n,  tostretrh  ; 
rtekhanky  a  rack.  &ec  Rkach  and  Bkxak.  Class 
Rp,  No.  18,  21,  33.] 

1.  An  engineof  torture,  consisting  of  a  large  frame, 
upon  which  tbebody  of  the  person  underexaminaiion 
is  gradually  stretched,  until  somptim«*s  the  joints 
are  dislocated  ;  used  for  extisling  coiifc-^luns  frv^m 
criminals  or  suspected  persons.  The  rack  is  entirely 
onknown  in  free  cxtuntrics. 

2.  Torture  ;  extreme  pain  ;  anguish. 

■  htm  M  nds- 


A  It  of  the  moat  pau  s  kinf  to  thr  rack,  Kod  n 


3.  Any  InstmineBt  for  stretching  or  extending  any 
thing ;  as,  a  rack  for  bending  a  bow.  T&mpU. 

4.  A  grale  on  which  bacon  is  laid. 

5.  A  wooden  frame  of  open  work  in  which  hay  is 
laid*  for  bones  and  cattle  for  feeding. 

6.  The  frame  of  bones  of  an  animal ;  a  skeleton. 
We  say,  a  rsdfc  of  bones. 

7.  A  name  for  receiving  various  aniclen. 

8.  A  strong  frame  of  wood,  having  several  sheaves 
through  which  passes  the  running  rigging.      Tottm. 

9.  In  RucAntenr,  a  rectilineal  sliding  piece,  with 
teeth  cut  on  its  edge  for  working  with  a  wheel. 

Brandt. 
RACK,  a.     [Sax.  Arowo,  the  neck;    Gr.  ^ix's,  the 
spine  ;   VV.  rhae  ;  D.  kraag^  G.  kragen^  Sw.  and  Dan. 
krage,  a  collar ;  Old  Eng.  crag.] 

The  neck  and  spiue  of  a  fore  quarter  of  veal  or 
mutton. 

f  The  tieo  foregoing   words  art  douiUess  from  one 
ongiiiaL\ 
RAl^,ii.     [Sai.  r«,  steam  ;  re«w,  to  exhale  ;  D.  root, 
Tooken  ;  G.  rauck,  rauchen  ;  Sw.  rifk^  riika  ;  Dan.  rogy 
revtr.    See  Reck.] 

/*ro;»er/y.  Vapor;  hence,  thin,  ftyine,  bn>ken  Clouds, 
or  Any  portion  of  floating  vapor  in  the  sky. 

Tte  wwlfl  ia  tli-  app*r  tr^fon,  which  more  Uie  dou<ti  dbore, 
which  w<  mix  ifae  rack.  Baeon. 

Ttatnrat  gkbr  Sacii; 
Tm,  an  wWcb  k  liltark,  ab*!)  tliHolrc ; 
And,  ^  lhi»  VMslHUn<Ml  pnfwBt,  fiufed, 
Leave  aoi  «  ratk  befaiad.  Shak. 

It  is  disputed,  however,  wliether  nuk  in  this  pas- 
sage Rboola  not  be  wrtdk. 
RACK,  n.     [For  Akrack.     See  Akrack.J     Among  tke 
TkrUtra^  a  spirituous   liquor  made  of  mare*s   milk 
which  has  bec4>me  sour,  and  is  then  distilled. 

Encye. 
RACK,  a.    A  racking-pace,  which  see.  Bootk. 

RACK,  r.  i.  To  amble,  but  with  a  quicker  and  shorter 
tread,  as  a  horse. 


RACK,  BL  i.    [Sax.  rtcait.    See  the  noun.] 
I.  PrvperU, 


[See 


to  steam  ;   to  rise,  as  vapor. 
Reek,  which  is  the  word  Ui^cd.] 
2.  To  fly,  as  vapor  or  broken  clouds.  Shak. 

R.\CK,  r.  (.  [fhtra  the  noun.]  To  torture  ;  tostretch 
or  strain  on  the  rack  or  wheel ;  as,  to  rack  a  criminal 
or  suspected  person,  to  extort  a  confession  of  bis 
guilt,  or  compel  him  to  betray  bts  accomplices. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  torment ;  to  torture  ;  to  affect  with  extreme 
pain  or  anguish ;  as,  racked  with  deep  despair. 

Milton. 

3.  To  harass  by  exaction. 

The  ludl<mb  ihtn  lAtxtwUiWy  raxk  thrlr  (enuit*.      Spenaer. 


RAD 

4.  To  stretch  ;  tostrain  vehemently  ;  to  wntst ;  as, 
to  roc*  and  stretcti  JScripturo ;  to  rack  invention. 

Hooker.      Waterland. 
The  wimt  unoof  (be  bealbans  rackrni  tltclf  wiu.     TMlotaotu 

5.  To  stretch  j  to  extend.  Shak. 

RACK,   F.   (.      [Ar.  oK  ravka^  to  clear,  to  strain. 
Class  Re,  No.  8. 1 

To  draw  off  from  the  lees  ;  to  draw  off,  as  pure 
liquor  from  its  sediment ;  as,  to  rucJIc  cider  or  wine  ; 
to  rarJi  off  liquor.  Bacon. 

RACK'£D,  (rakt,)p;».  Tortured;  tormented  ;  stmined 
to  the  utmost. 
2.  Drawn  off,  as  liquor. 
RACK'ER,  n.    One  that  tortures  or  torments  j  one 
that  racks. 

2.  A  horse  tliat  racks,  or  moves  with  a  racking- 
pace. 
RACK'ET,  n.     [This  word  belongs  to  the  root  of 
cradb,  Fr.  craquer.     See  Rocket.] 

1.  A  confused,  clnltering  noise,  less  loud  than  up- 
roar; applied  to  the  confui^ed  sounds  of  animal 
voices,  or  such  voices  mixed  with  otiier  sound.  We 
say,  the  children  make  a  racket  i  the  racket  of  a  flock 
of  birds. 

2.  Clamor;  noisy  talk.  Swift. 
RACK'ET,  V.  L   To'make  a  condised  noise  or  clamor ; 

to  frolic.  Oray. 

RACK'ET,  H.    A  snow-shoe. 
RACK'ET,  n.     [Fr.  raguette;    Sp.  rajueta  ;    G.  racket; 

D.  rakeL] 
The    in:^tniment  with  which    players  at  tennis 

strike  the  ball.  Shak.     Digby. 

RACK'ET,  r.  L  To  strike  as  with  a  racket.  Hviryt. 
RACK'ET-ED,  pp.  *Struck  with  a  racket ;  frolicked. 
RACK'ET-LNG,  ppr.    Striking  with  a  racket ;  making 

a  racket. 
RACK'ET-IXG,  a.     Confused  and  noisy  mirth, 
KACK'ET-Y,  a.     Making  a  tumultuous  noist!. 
RACK'I.NG,  ppr.    Torturing;  tormenting;  straining; 

drawing  on. 
2.  a.    Tormenting ;   excruciating ;  as,  a  racking 


pair 
RACl 


CK'ING,  s.    Torture  ;  a  stretching  on  the  rack. 
S.  Torment  of  the  mind  ;  anguish ;  as,  the  rack- 
ing* of  conscience. 

3.  The  act  of  stretching  cloth  on  a  frame  for  dry- 
ing. 

4.  The  act  of  drawing  fVom  the  sediment,  as 
liquors. 

RACK'ING,  ppr.    Flying  as  vapor  or  broken  clouds. 

And  dme  llic  mtking  cloud«  tdottg  the  liquk)  space.    Drydtn, 

RACK'IXG-PACE,  n.  The  racking  jmce  of  a  horse 
is  an  amble,  but  with  a  quicker  and  shorter  tread. 

Ftir.  Diet. 

RACK'-RENT,  n.  An  annual  rent  raised  to  the  ut- 
most, or  to  the  full  annual  value  of  the  premises,  or 
near  it.  fVood^s  Institutes. 

RACK'- RE  XT-ED,  a.  Subjected  to  the  payment  of 
rack-rent.  Franklin. 

RACK'-RENT-ER,  n.  One  that  is  subjected  to  pay 
rack-rent.  Locke, 

EA'CV,  a.  [This  word,  if  the  sense  of  it  is  strong, 
vigorous,  would  seem  to  belong  to  the  family  of  Snx. 
Ancjt,  force,  rasan^  tu  Jiish.  But  the  application  of  it 
by  Cowley  in  the  passage  below,  seems  to  indicate 
its  connection  with  the  Sp.  and  Port,  rait,  root,  L. 
radizA 

1.  liavingastrongflavorindicating  its  origin  ;  List- 
ing of  the  soil ;  as,  racy  cider  ;  raey  wine.      Johnson. 

2.  Figuratively^  exciting  to  the  metital  taste  by  a 
strong  or  distinctive  character  of  thought  or  lan- 
guage. SmarL 

Rich,  rary  rrrnn,  in  which  we 
The  •oil  from  which  iht-y  cume,  UHe,  imetl,  and  we.     Cmrity. 

RAD,  the  old  preU  of  Read.  Spenser. 

RAD,  RED,  ROD,  an  initial  or  terminating  syllable  in 
names,  is  the  D.  raad^G.  roM,  counsel,  as  in  Con- 
ruJ,  powerful  in  counsel;  Ethelred^  noble  counsel. 

RAD'DLE,  (rad'dl,)  c.  (.      [Probably  from  Sax.  tcrted, 
vrad,  or  wrietA,  a  band  or  wreath,  or  from  the  same 
root.] 
To  interweave  ;  to  twist ;  to  wind  together. 

Defoe. 

RAD'DLE,  n.  [Supra.]  A  long  stick  used  in  hedg- 
ing ;  aUo,  a  hedge  formed  by  interweaving  the  shoots 
and  branches  of  trees  or  shrubs.  Todd. 

2.  In  JVeio  En^tand^  an  instrument  consisting  of  a 
wooden  bar,  with  a  row  of  upright  pegs  set  in  it, 
which  is  employed  hy  domestic  weavers,  to  keep  the 
warp  of  a  lyoper  width,  and  prevent  it  from  becom- 
ing entangled,  when  it  is  wound  upon  the  beam  of 
the  loom. 

RAD'DOCK,  |b.     [from  red,  ruddy,  which   see.]     A 

RUD'DOCK,  (      bird,  the  redbreast  of  Europe.     Shak. 

RA'DI-AL,  a.  [from  I*  radiiis,  a  ray,  a  rorf,  a  spoke. 
See  Radius  and  Uay.] 

Pertaining  to  the  radius,  one  of  the  bones  of  the 
fore-arm  of  the  human  body  ;  as,  the  radial  artery  or 
nerve.  Rush. 

The  radial  muscles  .ire  two   muscles  of  the  fore- 


RAD 

arm,  one  of  which  bends  the  wrist,  the  other  ex- 
tends it.  Kncyc.     Parr. 

Radiid  curves ;  in  geometry,  curves  of  the  spiral 
kind^  whose  ordinatea  all  terminate  in  the  center  of 
the  including  circle,  and  appear  like  so  many  semi- 
dinmeters.     [Little  used,]  Bailey. 

RA'DI-.\NCE,   I  n.      [L.    radians,   radioy  to  beam  or 
RA'DI-AN-CY, )       shoot    rays.      See    Radius    and 
Rat.] 

Properly,  brightness  shooting  in  rays  or  beams; 
hence,  tn  ^Cficro/,  brilliant  or  sparkling  luster;  vivid 
brightness ;  as,  the  radiance  of  the  sun. 


Girt  wi(h  omnipoteoce,  with 

01  nutjcat;  diviue.  juutvii. 

RA'DI-ANT,  a.  Emitting  or  darting  rays  of  light  or 
heat;  issuing  in  rays;  beaming  with  brigjiMiesa  ; 
emitting  a  vivid  light  or  splendor ;  as,  the  radiant 
sun. 

Mark  what  radiant  stulc  th9  sprpadt.  MUlon. 

Hadiant  in  glittering  ariiis  auu  beainy  pride.  MUlun. 

RA'DI-ANT,  n.  In  o;>(ics,  the  luminous  point  or  object 
from  which  light  emanates. 

2.  Ill  ^cwjnctri/,  a  straight  line  proceeding  from  a 
given  point,  or  fixed  pole,  about  wiiich  it  is  conceived 
to  revolve.  Brande. 

RA'Dl-ANT-LY,  adv.  With  beaming  brightness; 
with  glittering  splendor. 

R\'DI-A-RY,  n.     One  of  the  Radiata.  Kirby. 

RA-DI-A'TA,  n.  pi.  The  fourth  great  divisiun  of  the 
animal  kingdom,  including  those  animals  whose  jtarts 
are  arranged  round  an  axis,  and  on  one  or  several 
radii,  or  on  one  or  several  lines  extending  from  one 
pole  to  the  other.  This  division  comprehends  the 
echinodcrmata,  the  entozoa,  the  acaleplia,  the  pfolypi 
or  jMjIvpods,  and  the  infusoria.  Cuvier. 

RA'DI-XTE,r.  ».     [L.  rarfio.     See  Rat.] 

1.  To  issue  in  rays,  as  light ;  to  dart,  as  beams  of 
brightness  ;  to  shine. 

Light  radiatet  from  himinoiu  bodies  dirKtly  to  our  cyea.   Loeka, 

S.  To  Issue  and  proceed  in  direct  lines  from  a 
point  or  surface,  as  heat. 
RA'Ul-ATE,  P.  (.     To    enlighten;    to   Illuminate;   to 
shed  light  or  brightness  on.    [Usually  Iraauiate.] 

Ueuiyt. 

2.  To  emit  or  send  out  In  direct  lines  from  a  point 
or  surface,  as  heat. 

RA'DI-ATE,  a.  In  botany,  a  rayed  or  radiate  flower 
is  a  compound  flower  consisting  of  a  disk,  in  wiiich 
the  coroleU  or  florets  are  tubular,  and  of  a  ray,  in 
which  the  florets  arc  ligulate  or  strap-shaped. 

Martyn. 
Or  a  flower  with  several  semiflosculous  florets  set 
round  a  difik  in  form  of  a  radiant  star.  Kncyc. 

RA'DI-A-TEI>,  pp.  Emitted,  as  rays  uf  light  or  heal ; 
adorned  with  rays  of  light.  jSddison. 

2.  a.  In  mineralogy,  having  crystals  diverging 
from  a  center. 

X  In  zooloiry,  belonging  to  the  division  Radiata. 

RA'DI-A-TING,  ppr.  or  a.     Emitting  or  darting  rays 

of  light   or  heat;    enlightening;    as,   the   radiating 

RA-DI-A'TION,  n.     [L.  radiutio7^         [point  in  optics. 

1.  The  emission  and  diffusion  of  rays  of  light; 
beamy  brightness.  Bacon. 

2.  The  divergence  or  shooting  forth  of  any  thing 
from  a  point  or  surface,  like  the  diverging  rays  of 
light ;  as,  the  radiation  of  ))eat. 

RA'DI-A-TOR,  n.    A  body  from  which  rays  emanate. 

FVancis. 
RAD'I-CAL,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  radiealiz,  from  radixy 
rcHrt.     See  Race  and  Ray.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  root  or  origin  ;  original ;  fun- 
damental ;  as, a  radical  truth  or  error  ;  aradical  evil ; 
a  radical  difference  of  opinions  or  systems. 

2.  Implanted  by  nature;  native;  constitutional; 
OS,  the  radical  moisture  of  a  body.  Bacon. 

3.  Primitive;  original;  u  n  derived  ;  uncompound- 
ed  ;  as,  a  radical  word. 

4.  Servin;;  to  origination. 

5.  In  botany,  proceeding  immediately  from  the 
root ;  as,  a  radical  leaf  or  peduncle.  Martyn. 

Radical  quantity;  in  algebra,  a  quantity  to  which 
the  radical  sign  is  prefixed.  Brande. 

Radical  sign;  the  sign  ^  placed  before  any  quan- 
tity, denoting  that  its  root  is  to  be  extracted  ;  thus, 
v'  a  or  v'  fl  ■{-  b.  Eneyc.     Bailey. 

RAD'I-CAL,  n.  In  philology,  a  primitive  word  ;  a 
radix,  root,  or  simple,  underived,  uncompounded 
word. 

2.  A  primitive  letter;  a  letter  that  belongs  to  the 
radix. 

3.  In  modem  politics,  a  person  who  advocates  a 
radical  reform,  or  extreme  measures  in  reforma- 
tion. 

4.  In  chemhtry,  an  element,  or  a  simple  constitu- 
ent part  of  a  substance,  which  is  incapable  of  de- 
composition. Parke. 

That  which  constitutes  the  distinguishing  part  of 
an  acid  or  a  base,  by  its  union  with  oxygen,  or  other 
acidifying  and  basifying  principles.  Ure. 

Compound  radical,  is  a  base  cmnposed  of  two  or 
more  substances.    Thus  a  vegetable  acid  having  a 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARLVE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 
_ 


RAF 

nitlical  conipofted  of  hydrogt-n  and  carbon,  is  said  tu 
be  an  acid  with  a  compound  radical.    The  term  com- 

f>oun.i  radical  is  also  applied  to  supposed   salifiuble 
)aT(-'s,  of  which  cyanogi;n  is  the  ivpe.         SiUiman. 
RAI»'I-€AL-I»M,  n.     The    doclriiio    or  principle   of 
makiiifi  radical  reform  in  goveniincnt,  by  overturn- 
ing and  chancing  the  present  state  of  IhingiJ. 
RAD-ieAL'I-TV,  H.     Origination.   ,  Brmon. 

2.  A  being  radical ;  a  quantity  which  has  rehition 
to  n  root.  BnHcij. 

RAD'ieAL-LY,  adv.  Originally ;  at  the  origin  or 
root ;  fund  amenta  tly ;  as,  a  schemo  or  E^ystem  radi- 
cuVy  wrong  or  defective. 

2.  Prinntively ;    essentially  j    originally  \    williout 
derivation. 

Tti^«e  great  otto  thua  rtviicaily  bright.  Prior. 

RAD'I-CAL-XESS,  »u    The  stale  of  being  radical  or 

ttAD'I-CANT,  a.     [L.  radican.t.\  [fundamental. 

In  hotanyj  rooting  j  as,  a  radicant  stem  or  leaf. 

Lee,    MaHtpi, 
RAD'I-GATE,  c.  (.     [L.  radUatuSj  radicor^  from  radii, 
root.] 

To  root ;  to  plant  deeply  and  firmly  j  as,  radicated 
opinions;  radicated  knowledge.  QUnicille. 

MMlitAlioa  wiU  radieale  theae  lecdi.  Hammond, 

RAD'I-eATE,  fl.    Radicated.  SouOu 

RAD'I-€A-TED,  pp.  or  a.     Rooted  ;  deeply  planted. 


RAI)'!-€A-TING,ppr.ora.  )  In  Many,  taking  root  from 
RAD'I-€AXT,  a.  \    some  part  iibovc  ground, 

as  the  joint  of  a  stem,  the  extremity  of  a  leaf,  &^c. 
RAI»-I-eA'TION,n.     [from  radkale.]     The  process  of 
taking  root  deeply  ;  as,  the  radicMion  of  habits. 

2.  In  Many,  the  disposition  of  the  root  of  a  plant 
with  respect  to  the  ascending  and  descending caudex. 

Lee. 
RAD'I-eLE,  (rad'e-kl,)  n.     [L.  radicuta,  from  radix.] 

1.  That  part  of  the  seed  of  a  plant  which  upon 
vegetating  becomes  the  rmit.  Encijc. 

2.  A  nnme  given  to  the  fibrous  parts  of  a  root, 
which  are  renewed  every  year,  and- which  are  the 
parts  that  absorb  the  nutriment  from  the  earth. 

RS'I>I-0-LTTE3,  rt.  pi.     A  genus  of  fossi!  shells  hav- 

ine  the  inferior  valve  in  the  shape  of  a  reversed  cone, 

the  superior  valve  convex.  Brande. 

RS-DI-OM'&TER,;!.    [L.rarfiu5,rod,and  Gr.  /tcrpoi', 

measure.] 
The  forest^ff",  an  instrument  formerly   used   for 

taking  the  altitudes  of  celestijil  bodies.        Barlow. 
R.AD'ISII,   K.      [Sax.   radic :    D.    radys:    G.   radiess  ; 

Cnm.rydAik;  Ir.  raidisi  VV  rhuzij^l^  from  rhuzyg^ 

red.    See  Roddy.J 
A  cultivated  plant  of  the  genus  Raphanus,  the 

TOitt  of  wliich  is  eaten  raw  as  a  salad. 
BA'DI-U8,n.;  pi.  R&dii.  [L.  irf.,a  ray,  a  rod,  a  beam, 

n  spoke,  that  is,  a  shoot ;  radio,  to  shine,  that  is,  to 

dart  Iteanis.    See  Rat.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  right  line  drawn  or  extending 
from  the  center  of  a  circle  to  the  periphery  ;  the 
semidiamerof  the  circle.  In  trigonometry^  the  radius 
is  equal  to  the  sine  of  90\ 

2.  In  anatomy,  the  exterior  bone  of  the  fore-arm, 
disccnding  along  with  the  ulna  from  the  elbow  to 
the  wrist. 

3.  In  6(j(/Tiiw,  a  ray;  the  outpr  part  or  circumfer- 
ence of  a  couipouRdituIiate  fiowcr,  or  radiated  dis- 
rous  flower.  Martyn, 

HA'DIUS  VE€'TOR.  n.  [L.]  In  a.'^tronom>),  the 
stmiEht  line  drawn  from  the  center  of  force  to  the 
point  of  the  orbit,  where  the  body  is  supitosed  to  be. 
Thu^,  the  radius  tecior  of  a  plau'itary  orbit,  is  a  line 
drawn  fwm  the  center  of  the  sun  to  the  centre  of 
the  planet  in  any  part  of  that  orbit 

Brande.     Olmsted. 

n.^'DIX,  n.  [L.,  a  root.]  In  etymoh^pj,  a  primitive 
word,  fnim  which  spring  other  words. 

2.  In  losrariVimii,  the  base  of  any  system  of  Inga- 
ritlims,  or  that  number  whose  logarithm  is  unity.  Thus 
in  UricL's's,  or  the  common  system  of  insarithms, 
th"  niMix  is  10  ;  in  Napier's  it  is  2.71*>818284.  All 
other  numlHTs  are  considered  as  some  power:*,  or 
roots  of  the  radix,  the  exponents  of  which  powers, 
or  root><,  r/^tn^titute  the  logarithms  of  those  numbers 
respectively. 

W.  In  alffrbra,  radix,  or  root,  somt-times  denotes  a 
finite  expression,  from  which  a  series  is  derived. 

Hutton. 

R.^IFF,  V.  t,  [G.  raffen,  to  sweep,  to  flet/.e  or  snatch. 
It  ifuems  to  be  from  the  root  of  Sax.  reafianf  L.  rapio ; 

Ch.  Syr.  and  Ileb. »)-»;,  Ar.  C    ,  ^ V^  iarafa.  to  sweep 

away  ;  Pers.  ,,-Oj  ro/ian^  id.] 

To  tweep ;  to  snatch,  draw,  or  huddle  together; 
to  taJce  by  a  promisctious  sweep.    [0*j(.] 

Their  caua>4  ami  kSIpcim  I  ihua  raj^  up  tof^lhcr.  Oarmo, 

RAFF,  n.  The  sweepings  of  society  ;  the  rabble  ;  the 
mob,  [collttvies.]     This  is  used  chiefly  in  the  com- 


UAG 


pound  or  duplicate,  ril?r(yf.     [Ters.  ^uCjj  rqftahjL. 
quiiquilur,  sweepings.] 
2.  A  promiscuous- heap  or  collection  ;  a  jumble. 

Barrow. 
EAF'FLE,  (rarfl.)  v.  i.  [Fr.  rafter,  to  sweep  away, to 
sweep  stakes  ;  D.  ryffeien  i  Sp.  r{far,  to  rajfle,  and  to 
strive,  to  quarrel,  to  dispute,  and  to  rive,  to  split  a 
sail ;  Tort,  rifa,  a  set  of  cards  of  the  samo  color, 
and  u  rattle  or  raffling,  also  n  craggy  or  steep  place  j 
rifur,  to  neigh,  as  a  mettlesome  horse;  probably 
fromriDtrt^,  opening  with  a  burst  of  sound,  or,  as  we 
say,  to  rip  out  (an  oath.)  The  Sp.  rifar,  to  strive,  is 
precisely  the  Ileb.  2n,  to  strive  ;  Syr.  to  make  a  tu- 
mult or  clamor^  all  from  driving  or  violt;nce.    See 

Class  Rb,  No.  4, 12, 19,  Pers.  ..-Ai,  roftan,  to  sweep, 

to  clean  the  teeth.    See  Raff.] 

To  cast  dice  for  a  prize,  for  which  each  person 
concerned  in  tlie  game  lays  down  a  stake,  or  liazards 
a  p:irt  of  the  value  ;  as,  to  ra£le  for  a  watch. 

RAF'FLE,  71.  A  game  of  chance,  or  lottery,  in  which 
seveniJ  persons  deposit  a  part  of  the  value  of  the 
thing,  in  consideration  of  the  cliance  of  gaining  it. 
The  successful  thrower  of  the  dice  takes  or  sweeps 
the  whole. 

RAF'FLER,  n.     One  who  raffles. 

RAF'FLING,  ppr.  Throwing  dice  for  a  prize  staked 
bv  a  number. 

RXl'F'-MER'CHANT,rt.  A  lumber  merchant  [Local.] 

RAFT,  n.  [In  Dan.  raft  is  a  rack  for  hay  ;  in  Sax.  re- 
ajian  is  the  L.  rapio  ;  qu.  from  floating,  sweeping 
along,  or  Gr.  pa-m.y^  to  sew,  tiiat  is,  to  fasten  to- 
gether, and  allied  to  reeve;  or  Gr.  roci^t.!,  whence 
upot"!t  ^  flooring.    See  Rafter  and  Roof.] 

An  assemblage  of  boards,  planks,  or  pieces  of 
timber  fastened  together  horizontally  and  floated 
down  a  stream  ;  a  float.  Skak.     Pope. 

RXF'T,  r.  (.    To  carry  on  or  in  a  raft. 

RAFT,  pp.     [Sax.  reafian,  to  seize,  L.  rapio ;  bercajian, 
to  snatch  away,  to  bereave.] 
Torn  ;  rent;  severed.     [06«.]  Spenser, 

RAFT'ED,  pp.    Carried  on  or  in  a  raft. 

RAFT'EK,  n.  fSax.  rafto';  Gr.  tps^pai,  to  cover; 
ofio<pn,  a  roof;  Russ.  strop,  a  roof.] 

A  roof  timbnr ;  a  piece  of  timber  that  extends 
from  the  plate  of  a  building  toward  the  ridge,  and 
serves  to  support  the  covering  of  the  roof. 

Milton.     Pope. 

RXFT'ERED,  a.     Built  or  furnished  with  rafters. 

RAFT'IXG,  ppr.     Carrying  on  or  in  a  raft. 

RAFT'IXG,  n.    The  business  of  floating  rafts. 

RAFTS'MAN,  n.     A  man  who  manages  a  raft. 

RAFT'Y,  a.     Damp;  musty.     [Local.]         Robinson. 

RAG,  n.  [Sax.  hracod,  torn,  ragrred ;  racian,  to  rake; 
Dan.  ragtrr,  to  rake  ;  raireire^  old  clothes  ;  Sw.  raka, 
to  shave  ;  ragg,  rough  hair  ;  Gr.  fniKogy  a  lorn  gar- 
ment, piiKooyy  to  tear;  ^ayni,  a  rupture,  a  rock,  a 
crag;  pfiyou),  to  tear  asunder;  W.  rhyygaWf  to 
rend  ;  Arm.  roga,  id.  The  Spanish  has  the  word  in 
the  compounds  andrajo,  a  rag,  andrajoso,  ragged  ;  It. 

straccio,  a  rent,  a  rag;  stracciare,  to  tear;  Ar.  O  j-^^ 
cbaraka,  or  garaka,  to  tear.     Class  Rg,  No.  34.] 

1.  Any  piece  of  cloth  torn  from  the  rest ;  a  tat- 
tered cloth,  torn  or  worn  till  its  texture  is  destroyed. 
Linen  and  cotton  rags  are  the  chief  materials  of 
paper. 

2.  Garments  worn  out ;  proverhiatty,  mean  dress. 

Drnwi:ln<-M  ■l»!l  c\aihe  a  man  with  raga.  — Prov.  xxiii. 

Aiid  *irtue,  Ihuiiglt  in  rags,  wUl  keep  ino  wunn.        Dryden, 

3.  A  fragment  of  dress.  Uudibras. 
RAG,  V.  t.     [Qu.  Sax.  v>regian,Xo  accuse  ;  or  from  the 

root  of  raqe.    'i'he  sense  is,  to  break  or  burst  forth.] 
To  scold  ;  to  rail.     [Local.]  P^gg^- 

RAG'IbRAsIi,  i  "•    An  idle,  ragged  p.  rson. 

RAG-A-MITF'FI.\,  n.  [Qu,  rag  and  Sp.  m/i/ar,  to 
mock,  or  It.  muff»,  miisiy.] 

A  [Kiltry  fellow  ;  a  mean  wn^tch.  Swift. 

RAG'-BOI.T,  n.  An  iron  pin  with  barbs  on  its  shank 
to  retain  it  in  its  place.  .War.  Diet. 

RAGE,  TU  [Fr.  rage,  whence  enragn-,  lo  enrage; 
Corn,  arraich  ;  Arm.  arragi,  arra^eiit,  to  enra,'ze. 
Tiiis  belongs  to  the  family  of  Hg,  l<t  br^ak  or  burst 
forth.  (See  Rao.)  Perhaps  Ileb.  Ch.  and  Syr.  p^n, 
to  grind  or  gnash  the  teeth  ;  in  Ar.  to  burn,  to  break, 
to  crack,  to  grind  the  teeth,  to  bo  angry.  The  radical 
flense  of  burn  is  in  many  cased  to  rage  or  be  violent. 
Class  Rg,  No.  34.] 

1.  Violent  anecr  accompanied  with  furious  words, 
gestures,  or  agitation  ;  anger  excited  to  fury.  Passion 
sometimes  rises  to  rage. 

Tormcnl,  «nil  loud  lMn"nt,  und  Tunoua  rage.  Afi//on. 

9.  Vehemence  or  violent  exacerbation  of  any  thing 
painful ;  as,  the  rage  of  pain  ;  the  rage  of  a  fever; 
the  ra<Te  of  hunger  or  thirst.  Pope. 

3.  Fury  ;  extreme  violence  ;  as  of  a  tempest. 


RAI 

4.  Enthusiasm ;  rapture. 

Wlio  lirjuglit  jn'cn  Po^'ay  to  her  perfcl  nf, 
And  ina>t«  (but  art  wliicli  wai  a  ragt.. 


Cuwley, 


5.  Extreme  eagerness  or  passion  directed  to  some 
object ;  as,  the  rage  fur  money. 

You  iMirclian'!  pnin  wilh  all  lliat  )uy  can  give, 

And  uje  of  uoifiiiig  hul  a  rag*  lu  live.  Popt. 

RAOE,  b.  i.  To  be  furious  with  anger;  to  be  exas- 
perated to  fury ;  to  be  violently  agitated  wilh  pas- 
sion. 

Al  lhi»  he  liify  raged.  Milton. 

2.  To  be  violent  and  tumultuous. 

Why  do  Uw  hf;aUwn  ragt  7  —  P>.  ii. 

3.  To  be  violently  driven  or  agilattd ;  as,  the 
raging  sea  or  winds. 

4.  To  ravage  ;  to  prevail  withoiit  restraint,  or  with 
fatal  eflect ;  as  the  plague  rage^  in  Cairo. 

5.  To  be  driven  with  impetuosity ;  lo  act  or  move 
furiously. 

The  chariota  ghall  rage  in  llie  atreeU.  —  Nah.  ii. 

Tlic  tiiiiddinf  whovltt  of  br.u£n  cliahou  raged.  MUton. 

6.  To  toy  wantonly ;  to  sport.    [JVot  in  vse.] 

Qoioer. 
RAGE'FJJL,  a.  ,Full  of  rage;  violent;  furious. 

Sidney.     Hammond. 

RA'GER-Y,  n.    Wantonness.     [JVo(  used.]  Chancer. 

RAGG,  n.    A  silicious  sandstone.     [See  Raostose.] 

R.\G'GED,  a.     [fromro^.]     Rent  or  worn  into  tatters, 

or  till  its  texture  is  broken;  as,  a  ragged  coat;  a 

ragged  sail.  ArbutJinoU 

2.  Broken  with  rough  edges ;  uneven  ;  as,  a  ragged 
rock, 

3.  Having  the  appearance  of  being  broken  or  torn  ; 
jagged  ;  rough  wilh  sharp  or  irregular  points. 

The  inooti  !\p|>';ir3,  whoii  linked  upon  Uuuugh  a  good  ^aw,  rude 
and  ragged.  BumeL 

4.  Wearing  tattered  clothes;  as, a  ran-^crf  fellow. 

5.  Rough  ;  rugged. 

What  ■Uephent  owns  lliosp  ragged  iheep  ?  Dryden. 

RAG'GED-NESS,  tu  The  state  of  being  dressed  in 
tattered  clothes. 

2.  The  slate  of  being  rough  or  broken  irregularly  ; 
as,  the  raggedness  of  a  clilf. 

RAG'ING,  ppr.  or  ti.  [from  rage.]  Acting  wilh  violence 
or  fury. 

2.  Furious ;  impetuous  ;  vehemently  driven  or 
agitated  ;  as,  the  raging  sea  or  tempest. 

RAG'IN'G,  n.     Fury;  violence;  impetuosity.    JonahX. 

RAG'ING-LY,  ado.  With  fury;  wilh  violent  impet- 
uosity. HuH. 

RAG'MAN,  n.  A  man  who  collects  or  deals  in  rags, 
the  materials  of  paptr.  Rawlinson. 

RAG'MAN'S-ltOEL,  n.  The  record,  contained  on 
rolls  of  parchment,  of  those  instruments  by  which 
the  Scottish  nobility  and  gentry  subscribed  allegiance 
to  Edward  I.  of  England,  A.  D.  I2UG.  [See  Rigma- 
role.1  P.  Cyc, 

RA-GOuT',  (ra-goo',)  n.     [Fr.  ragovt;  Arm.  ragoud.] 

A  sauce  or^scasoning  for  ciciting  a  languid  aj)- 

petite  ;  or  a  high-seasoned  dish,  prepared  with  fish, 

fltsh,  greens,  and  the  like,  stewed  wilh  salt,  pepper, 

cloves,  Sec,  Kitcyc. 

RAG'ST6XE,  n.  A  dark-gray  silicious  sand.stone; 
calleii  also  Rowlev  Rago.  Brande. 

RA-UC'IjKD,     I    [In  fieraldrt],  a  cross  ragulcd  may  be 

R.-\G.GtJ'L/:D,  t  best  understood  by  calling  it  two 
rapgfd  staffs  in  a  cross.     Bailey.  —  E.  H.  Barker.] 

RA(J'-VVHEEIi,  n.  In  machinery,  a  wheel  having  a 
notched  or  serrated  margin. 

RAG'WOR'l',  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Senecio. 

RAID,  71.  A  hostile  or  predatory  incursion.  [Scot- 
t'lsh,]  Walter  Scott. 

RAIL,  lU     [G.  riegel,  rail,  bolt,  or  bar  ;  W.  rhaiL] 

1.  A  piece  of  timber,  or  of  iron,  or  othiT  metal, 
extending  from  one  post  or  support  to  another,  as  in 
fences,  balustrades,  staircases,  i.c. 

2.  I'he  horizontal  part  in  any  piece  of  framing  or 
paneling.  Brande. 

3.  In  a  ship,  VL  narrow  plank  nailed  for  ornament 
or  security  on  a  ship's  uppur  works  ;  also,  a  curved 
piece  of  timber  extending  from  the  bows  of  a  ship  to 
the  continnaiion  ol*  its  stem,  to  support  tile  knee  of 
the  head,  &c.  Mar.  Di,t. 

RAIL,  n.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Rallus,  ccmsisling  of 
many  species.  The  water-rail  has  a  long,  slender 
body,  with  short,  concave  wings.  The  birds  of  this 
genus  inhabit  the  slimy  margins  of  rivers  ar.d  ponds 
covered  wilh  marsh  plants,  and  also  other  moist 
places.  Partington. 

RAIL,  V.  [Sax.  Imrgle^ragle,  from  vcrigan,  to  put  on 
or  cover,  to  rig.] 

A  woman's  upper  garment ;  retained  in  the  word 
NiGHTRAii.,  but  not  used  in  the  United  States. 

RAIL,  V.  t.    To  inclose  wilh  rails. 

Carew.     Spectator. 
2.  To  rancfi  in  a  line.  Bacon. 

RAIL,  r.  i.  [D.  rflWcn,  to  jabber  ;  Sp.  ralta,  to  grate, 
lo  molest;  Port,  ralhar,  to  swagger,  to  hector,  to 
huff,  to  scold.  This  corresponds  nearly  with  the  G. 
prahlen,  which  may  be  the  same  word  wilh  a  prefix, 
Eng.  to  braicl,  Fr.  brailler;  Sw.  ralla,  to  prate  ;  Fr. 


TCNE,  B1;lL»  VNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vr'CIOrS.  — €  as  Ki  O  as  J  ;  8  as  Z;  CH  as  SII;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


114 


0(f5 


RAl 

railUr,  lo  mlly.     In  Dan.  driUer  signifies  to  drill  and 
to  banter.] 

To  niter  reproaches ;  to  scoff;  to  use  insolent  and 
reproachful  languase  ;  to  reiirooch  or  censure  in  op- 
probrious turma  ;  ibllowed  liy  at  or  agaiitstt  fonnerly 
by  on.  Shck. 

And  rail  at  uto  he  dkl  not  imdentuxL  ^^T'*^ 

RXIV-FEXCE,  n.    A  fence  made  of  wooden  mila. 

RAIL'-ROAO,  f  «.     [rai/ and   r<.<j./,  or  tcavA     A  road 

KAIL'-WAV,  S  or  way  on  which  imn  niilri  are  laid 
fur  whefls  to  xyn  on,  for  the  conveyance  of  heavy 
loads  in  vehicles.  .... 

[It  may  be  well  to  confine  rail-roadto  the  htghvoay^ 
in  winch  a  railw^ "i*  laid,  and  lo  use  rtttj-ioay  only 
for  the  rails  when  laid.  This  would  be  a  useful  dis- 
tinction.] 

BAII.'CR,  N.  One  who  scoffs,  insults,  censures,  or 
reproaches  with  opprobrious  language. 

South.     Thomson. 

RXIL1XG, pi»r.  Clamoring  with  insulting  language; 
uttering  reproachful  words. 

2.  0.  Expressing  reproach  ;  insulting ;  as,  a  rail~ 
in^  arcnsatton.    2  Pet.  ii. 

RAIL'IN'G,  m.  Reproachful  or  insolent  language.  1 
Prt.  iii. 

RaIL'INC?,  p^.    Inclo^iin;;  with  rails. 

RAIL'INU.  H.    A  series  of  rails  ;  a  fence. 

'2.  Kails  in  general ;  or  the  materials  for  mils. 

RAIL,'IN(J-LY.  arfr.    With  scuffing  or  insulting  lan- 

R.\IL'l,Ett-Y,  (ral'ler-y,)  n.     [Fr.  raiUfrie.]       [gnage. 
Banter;  jesting  language;    giK>d-humored  pleas- 
antry or  slight  satire  ;  satirical  merriment 

IjK  nalUry  be  without  initios  or  beat.  B.  Jomo^ 

SbkUr*  emnlojvd  oa  low  obleeii;  tni*«ei7  oamlnf  of  thrin  b 
~"    t  to  tun  then  iai*  raUlm.  ^liUUon. 


RA-IL-LEDR^  (ri-fl-yur',)  n.    fPr.]    A  banterer ;  a 
jester  ;  a  moc)ier.     [AVt  En^ltsh^  nor  in  usf.]     Sprat. 

RAI'MENT,  w.     [For  Abratment  ;  Norm. (rraer,  to  ar- 
rafs  amies,  array,  apparel.    See  Abrat  and  Rat.] 

I.  Clothing  in  geacral ;  vestments;  vesture;  gai^ 
meuls.     Qen.  xxiv.    Dtut.  riii. 


Uriof ,  both  food  and  ruimiM  ibo  aqipDM.  Dryitn. 

S.  A  single  garment.  Sidney. 

[In  tki$  MM«e  it  u  rmnkf  Msed^  amd  indeed  u  tm- 

RAIX,  V.  i.  [Sax.  Ar^^iuia,  rtgnan^  rentan,  n'nan,  to 
rain  ;  Goth.  ri^iL,  rain  ;  Sax.  raeiiy  Cimbric  rarkia^ 
rain  ;  D.  and  6.  regen^  rain  ;  D.  regenetL,  to  rain  ;  8w. 
rtgn^  rain  ;  regna,  to  rain  ;  Dan.  regUy  rain  ;  regner, 
lo  rain  ;  G.  heregnm^  to  rain  on.  It  seems  that  r«ta 
is  cootracted  from  re  gen.  It  is  the  Gr.  j^^»cx;(>s  to 
rain,  to  water,  which  we  retain  in  h^ok^  and  the 
|jima^  by  dropping  the  prefix,  in  rigo^  irrigo^  in  t>- 
rigmU,    Tike  primary  sense  is,  to  pour  out,  to  drive 

Ibrth,  Ar.  ^^jj  barak*,  coinciding  with  Ilcb.  Ch. 

and  SvT.  T^a.    Class  Br^,  No.  3,] 

1.  To  fall  in  drops  from  the  clouds,  as  water ;  used 
mostly  with  tl  fur  a  nominative  ;  as,  it  raiMs,-  U  will 
rata ;  it  rained^  or  it  has  rained. 

%.  To  foil  or  drop  like  rain  ;  as,  tears  rained  at  their 
eyes.  MUton. 

RAIN,  c.  L  To  pour  or  Fhower  down  from  the  upper 
regions,  like  rain  from  the  clouds. 

Thni  nU  ibe  Lord  to  MtMn^  Behold,  I  vill  rain  hmut  bwa 

heaven  far  70a.  —  Ex.  zvl 
God  ihall  cMt  the  fory  at  hb  wnrih  Dpoa  him,  and  thaD  rain  it 

upottJum  vfaile  he  b  ntiaf .  —  Job  xx. 
trpon  tite  wicked  he  dbdl  nin  MMiea,  fin  and  brimitooe,  and  a 
horntn  mb^hC'— *  Pc  s. 

BAIN,  m.    ^ax.  tw^m,  regn^  m.] 

Water  falling  in  drops  from  the  atmosphere  ;  or 
the  descent  of  water  in  drops  from  the  atmuspliere. 
Main  is  distinguished  from  wist  by  the  size  of  the 
drops,  which  are  distinctly  visible.  When  water 
falls  in  very  ^mall  dropfi  or  particles,  we  call  it  mist ; 
and  f^e  is  composed  of  particles  so  fine  as  to  hs  not 
only  indistinguishable,  but  to  tloat  or  be  suspended 
in  the  air. 

RAlN'BiiAT.tt.  Beaten  or  injured  by  the  rain.  [Ao( 
use,i.]  Ball. 

RaIN'BOW,  «.  A  bow,  or  an  arch  of  a  circle,  con- 
sisting of  all  the  colors  formed  by  the  refhtction  and 
rerieclion  of  rays  of  light  from  dmps  of  rain  or  va- 
por, af^ieariag  in  the  part  of  tlie  hemi^^phere  opposite 
lo  the  sun.  When  the  stin  is  at  the  hori7A>n,  the 
rainbow  is  a  semicircle.  The  rainbow  is  called  also 
lais.  JtTtfcton. 

The  moon  sometimes  forms  a  bow  or  arch  of  lieht, 
more  faint  than  that  formed  by  the  sun,  and  called 
lunar  rdnbott.  Similar  bows,  at  sea,  are  called  marine 
Tttinboits,  or  eea-boKs.  Encyc. 

RXIN'BOW-rD,  a.     Formed  with  a  rainbow. 

RAIN'BOW-TIXT-ED,  a.  Having  tints  like  those  of 
a  rainbtiw.  Mrs.  ButUr. 

RAIN'DEER.^    See  Rxitvdeer. 

RAIN'-GAf_'6E,  i  n.    [rota  and  gauge.]    An  instru- 

RAIX'-GAfiE,  (  ment  to  measure  toe  quantity  of 
rain  that  falls  at  any  given  place.  Braade, 

RAIN'I-NESS,  n.  [from  rainy.]  The  State  of  being 
rainy. 


KAI 

RAIN'ING,  ppr.  Pouring  or  showering  tiown  from 
the  upiier  region^',  as  water  from  the  cluuii.s. 

UAIN'-TIGIIT,  C-me,)  «.    So  tight  as  to  exclude  min. 

RAIN'-WiV-TER,  n.  Water  that  has  fallen  from  the 
clouds.    "  •  Boyle. 

RAIN'Y,  a.  Abounding  with  rain;  wet;  showery; 
OS,  rainy  weather  ;  a  rainy  day  or  season. 

RAir,  R.     A  rod  to  measure  ground. 

RaI9K,  (nine,)  r.  (.  [Goth,  rattan,  itr-reiyyan,  to 
raise,  to  muse,  to  excite  ;  ur-reLvan,  lo  rise.  'J'his  word 
occurs  oflon  m  the  Gothic  version  of  the  Gospels, 
Luke  iii.  8,  John  vi.  40,  44.  In  Sw.  re^a  signifies  to 
go,  walk,  or  travel,  and  to  r«w«;  Dun.  rcjuer,  the 
same.  These  verbs  appear  to  be  the  L.  gradior^  gf^^ 
«»■«,  without  the  prefix;  and  froftior  is  the  Shemitic 
m-^,  which  has  a  variety  of  significations,  but,  in 
Syriac,  lo  go,  to  walk,  to  i>as8,  as  in  Latin.  Whether 
the  Swedish  and  Danitth  verbs  are  from  difi'crent 
roots,  blended  by  usage  or  accident,  or  whether  the 
dillVrent  senses'have  proceeded  from  one  common 
signification,  to  move,  to  open,  to  stretch,  let  the 
reader  judge.] 

I.  To  lift  ;  to  take  up ;  to  heave  ;  to  lift  fi-om  a  low 
or  reclining  posture  ;  n?t,  to  raise  a  stoue  or  weight ; 
to  raise  the  body  in  bed. 

The  angvl  tmate  PKrr  00  tbr  nil'-  lutd  rm—d  hirti  m\\.  —  Act«  xfi. 

SS.  To  set  upright ;  as,  to  raige  a  mast. 

3.  To  set  up;  to  erect ;  to  set  on  its  foundations 
and  put  together  ;  as,  10  rat.«^  the  frame  of  a  house. 

4.  To  build  ;  as,  to  raise  a  city,  a  fort,  a  wall,  Slc. 

1  wUl  noM  fuita  njf.uitst  thee.  —  Is.  xxix.     Amoa  Ix. 

5.  To  rebuild. 

Tbej  ■ball  raim  ap  the  fonn<nr  d«<«olatJ>jtia.  —  It.  UI. 

6.  To  fomi  to  some  hight  by  accumulation  ;  as,  to 
rmse  a  heap  of  stones.    Josh.  viti. 

7.  To  make;  to  produce  ;  to  amass  ;  as,  to  raise  a 
great  est'tte  out  of  i^malt  profits. 

6.  To  enlarge  ;  to  amplify.  Shak. 

9.  To  exalt;  to  elevate  in  condition  ;  as,  lo  raise 
one  from  a  low  estate. 

11).  To  exalt;  to  advance;  to  promote  in  rank  or 
honor ;  as,  to  raise  one  to  an  office  of  distinction. 

TMi  (t^ntl^man  came  to  be  riittd  to  pvi  Mr*.      Clarendon. 

II.  To  enhance  ;  to  increase  ;  as,  to  raise  the  value 
of  coin  ;  !o  raise  the  price  of  goods. 

12.  To  increase  in  current  value. 

Tho  pLUc  piocM  of  ey^il  w«re  raued  Uirec  pc-iiee  In  thr  p'x*. 

TiTHyle. 

13.  To  excite  ;  to  put  in  motion  or  action  ;  as,  to 
rais*  a  tempest  or  tumult. 

H«  comnMDdeth  and  raUeA  l(>r  Mormy  alnd.  —  Pb.  cyU. 

14.  To  excite  lo  sedition,  insurrection,  war,  or  tu- 
mult ;  to  stir  up.    jSetj  xxiv. 

JBnMta  Ufn  emploji  bit  pnlna 
III  partt  Rmote  to  r^M  llie  Tua&in  swaina.  Dryden, 

15.  To  rotise  ;  to  awake  ;  to  stir  up. 

Ttiej  shsJl  not  awake,  nor  ba  rai»td  out  of  tht.-ir  tlovp. — Job 
xIt. 

Ifi.  To  increase  in  strength  ;  to  excite  from  languor 
or  weakness.  The  pulse  is  raised  by  stimulants, 
sometimes  by  vcni-seclion 

17.  To  give  beginning  of  importance  to  ;  to  elevate 
inio  reputation  ;  as,  to  raise  a  family. 

18.  To  bring  into  being. 

Oral  roiicht^tet  to  ftuM  another  world 

Ctutn  him.  MUton. 

19.  To  bring  from  a  state  of  death  to  life. 

He  WM  f1rli»';rM!  fur  our  oiE-ns^,  ntid  raised  agaXn  for  our  Jua- 
tJAcitiun.  —  Rom.  iv.     1  Cur.  xv. 

90.  To  call  into  vietv  from  the  state  of  separate 
spirits  ;  as,  to  raise  a  spirit  by  g[)ells  and  incanta- 
tions. Sandys. 

91.  To  invent  and  propagate  ;  to  originate  ;  to  oc- 
casion :  as,  to  raise  a  repi,it  or  story. 

22.  To  set  up;  to  excite  ;  to  begin  by  loud  utter- 
ance ;  ns,  to  raise  a  shout  or  cry.  Dnjdcn. 

23.  To  utter  htiidly ;  to  hrgin  to  pound  or  clamor. 
He  raised  his  voice  against  the  measures  of  adminis- 
tration. 

24.  To  titter  with  more  strength  or  elevation  ;  to 
swell.     Let  the  speaker  raue  his  voice. 

23.  To  collect ;  to  obtain  ;  to  bring  into  a  sum  or 
fund.  Government  raises  money  by  taxes,  excise, 
and  imposts.  Private  pers(ms  and  companies  raise 
money  for  their  enterprises. 

9G.  To  levy  ;  to  collect ;  to  bring  into  service  ;  as, 
to  raise  troops  ;  to  raise  an  army  Milton. 

27.  To-give  rise  to  Milton. 

28.  To  cause  to  grow  ;  to  procure  to  be  produced, 
bred,  or  propagated  ;  as,  to  raise  wheat,  biyley,  hops, 
&.C. ;  to  raise  horses,  oxen,  or  sheep.    A'cw  EagUind. 

[The  English  now  use  Gr.ow  in  regard  to  crops  ; 
as,  to  grow  wheat.  This  verb  intransitive  has  never 
been  used  in  New  England  in  a  transitive  sense,  un- 
til recently  some  persons  have  adi)pted  it  from  tlie 
English  books.  VVe  always  use  Raise  ;  but  in  New 
England  it  is  never  applied  to  iJie  breediiig  of  the 
human  race,  as  it  is  in  the  Southern  States.  In  the 
north,  we  say,  to  raise  wheat,  and  to  raise  horses  or 


RAK 

cattle,  but  nttt  to  raise  men  ;  though  wo  say,  lo  raise 
a  sickly  child.] 

29.  'i'o  cause  to  swell,  heave,  and  become  light; 
as,  to  raise  dough  or  paste  by  yeast  or  leaven. 

Alin  I/iitii^  can  dance  a  Ji^  anJ  raue  pcuite.  Sjttctator. 

30.  To  excite  ;  to  antnialo  ftilh  fresh  vigor  ;  as,  to 
raise  the  spirits  or  courage. 

31.  To  ordaiiv;  to  apiKiint ;  or  to  call  to  and  pre- 
pare ;  to  furnish  with  gifts  and  qualifications  suited  lo 
a  purpose  ;  u  scriptural  sense. 

I  will  mitt  thi'in  up  a  proithet  frum  among  tln-Ir  brctlirrn. — 

Drill,  vviii. 
Fur  this  citukf  liiivf  I  mig€d  tlicc  up,  to  show  in  UkM  ntjr  pow«r. 

—  K:t.  ix.     Juil£<-s  ii. 

33.  To  keep  in  remembrance.    Ruth  iv. 

33.  To  cause  to  exist  l>y  propagation.    Matt,  xxii. 

34.  To  incite  ;  to  prtunpL     Ezra  1. 

35.  To  increa-^o  in  intensity  t)r  strength ;  as,  to 
rawe  the  heat  of  a  fiirnnce. 

3tj.  In  scamcn^s  languagey  to  elovalo,  as  an  object 
by  a  gradual  approach  to  it ;  to  bring  to  bo  seen  at  a 
greater  angle  ;  as,  to  raise  the  land  ;  to  raise  a  point. 

Tottfn. 
To  raise  a  purchase,   in  seamen'*s  language,  is  to 
dispose  instnnniMits  or  machines  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  exert  any  mechanical  force  required. 

Mar.  Diet. 
To  raise  a  stfge,  is  to  remove  a  besieging  army 
and  relinquish  an  attempt  to  t;ike  the  place  by  that 
mode  of  attack,  or  to  cause  the  attempt  lo  bo  relin- 
quished. 

RAWED,  (razd,)  pp.  or  a.  Lifted;  elevated;  ex- 
alted; promoted;  set  upright;  built;  made  or  en- 
larged; produced;  enhanced;  excited;  restored  to 
life  ;  levied  ;  colfl'cted  ;  ruusctl ;  invented  and  prop- 
agated ;  iucre:(sed. 

RAIS'ER,  n.  One  who  raises  ;  that  which  raises  ;  one 
that  builds  ;  one  that  levies  or  collects  ;  one  that  be- 
gins, produces,  or  propagates.     Baron.     Taylor. 

2.  Among  joiners,  one  uf  the  upright  boards  of  the 
fnmt  of  the  steps  of  a  flight  ofstairs.      Buchanan. 

RaI'S/N,  (ra'zn,)  11.  [Fr.  and' Ir.  id.;  Arm.  riesin, 
rpsin  ;  D.  roztin  ;  G.  rosine,  a  raisin,  and  rvsinfarbe, 
crimson  (raisin  color  ;)  Dan.  rosiiu  In  Dan.  ant) 
Sw.  rosen  signifies  the  erysipelas.  It  is  evident 
that  the  won!  is  front  the  same  root  as  red  and  rose, 
being  named  from  the  color.  (See  Red  and  Rose.) 
This  wt»rd  is  hi  soiiit;  places  pronoitnced  corruptly 
reezn.  The  promineiution  of  Sheridan,  Perry,  and 
Jameson  accords  wiih  that  which  prevails  in  the 
Eastern  States,  which  is  regular,  and  which  I  have 
followed.] 

A  dried  grape.  Grapes  are  stiflTered  to  remain  on  the 
vines  till  they  are  perfectly  ripe,  and  then  dried  in  an 
oven,  or  by  exposure  to  the  heat  of  the  sun.  Those 
dried  in  the  sun  are  the  sweetest.  Hill. 

RAIS'ING,  ppr.  Lifting;  elevating;  setting  upright ; 
exalting;  producing;  enhancing;  restoring  to  life; 
collecting  ;  levying  ;  propagating,  &c. 

RAIS'ING, n.  The  actof  lifting,  setting  up,  elevating, 
exalting,  producing,  or  restoring  to  life. 

B.  In  J^'cio  England,  the  o|«;ration  or  work  of  set- 
ting tip  the  frame  of  a  building. 

RA'JaI*'!"-     [^-  '•<^. '■^A'-w.] 

In  India,  a  native  prince  or  king.  P.  Cyc 

Ra'JAH-SHIP,  71.     The  dignity  or  principality  of  a 

rajah.  .^siat.  Res. 

RAJ-POOT',  n.     A  Hindoo  of  the  military  tribe  or 

order. 
RAKE,  n.     [Sax.  raca,  race;  G.  recken;  Ir.  raca;  W. 
rkarai,  rkacan.     See  the  verb.] 

An  instrument  consisting  or  a  head-piece  in  which 
teeth  are  inserted,  and  a  long  handle  at  right  angles 
to  it;  used  for  collecting  hay  or  other  light  things 
which  are  spread  over  a  large  surface,  or  in  gardens 
for  breaking  and  smoothing  the  earth. 
RAKE,  n.  [Dan.  ra:kcl;  probably  from  the  root  of 
break.] 

A  loose,  disorderly,  vicious  man  ;  a  man  addicted 
to  lewdness  and  oilier  scandalous  vices, 

.Addison.     Pope. 
RAKtl,  n.     [Sax.  racan,  to  reach.] 

1.  The  projection  of  the  upi^'r  parts  of  a  ship,  at 
the  hii:bt  of  the  stem  and  stern,  beyond  the  (^xlrnn- 
ities  of  the  keel.  The  di.slance  between  a  perpen- 
dicular line  from  the  extremity  of  stem  or  stern  lo 
the  end  of  the  keel,  is  the  length  of  the  rake ;  one 
the  fore-rake,  the  other  the  rake-aft, 

2.  The  inclination  of  a  mast  from  a  perpendicular 
direction.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  The  forward  inclination  of  a  mill-saw. 
RAKE,  r.  f.     r.Sax.  racia/r  ,■  Sw.  rtUia  :  Dan.   raider,  to 

shave,  to  rake;  Corn,  rackan;  W.  rkacan  u ;  Ir. 
raeam  ;  G.  recken  ;  Fr.  racier :  Arm.  racla.  The  D. 
hark,  harkrn,  is  our  karroin,  btit  of  the  same  family, 
Ihe  great  family  of  break,  crack,  L.  frico.  Class  Rg, 
No.  34,  38,  47.] 

1.  Properly,  to  scrape  ;  to  nib  or  scratch  with 
something  rotigh  ;  as,  to  rake  the  ground. 

2.  To  gather  with  a  rake;  as,  to  rake  hay  or  bar- 
ley. 

3.  To  clear  with  a  rake  ;  to  smooth  with  a  rake  ; 
a-i,  to  rake  a  bed  in  a  garden  ;  to  rake  land. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T — MeTE,  PR£Y.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  RppK.- 


RAM 


RAM 


RAN 


4.  To  collect  or  draw  tocether  something  scat- 
tereil ;  to  gather  by  violence  ;  as,  to  rafce  together 
wealth  ;  to  rake  together  slanderous  tales ;  to  rake 
together  the  nibble  of  a  town. 

5.  To  scour  ;  to  search  with  eagerness  all  comers 
of  a  place. 

The  cUleaman  raJcew  the  town  to  find  &  pitit.  Surift. 

6.  In  the  military  art^  t<Antltade  ;  to  fire  in  a  direc- 
tion with  the  length  of  any  thing  ;  particularly,  in 
naval  engagements,  to  rake  is  to  rnimonadc  a  ship  on 
the  Etern  or  head,  so  that  the  balls  range  tliu  whole 
length  of  the  deck.  Hence  the  phrase,  to  raAe  a  ship 
fore  and  aft. 

To  rake  up,  applied  to  Are,  ia  to  cover  the  fire  with 
ashes. 
RAKE,  r.  L    To  scrape;  to  scratch  into  for  finding 
Boniething ;  to  search  minutely  and  meanly ;  as,  to 
rake  into  a  dunghill.  South. 

2.  To  search  with  minute  inspection  into  every 
part. 

One  is  for  mking  in  Chaucer  for  Ktiiiquatcd  wonU.      ttrydtn. 

3.  To  pass  with  violence  or  rapidity. 

Paa  could  not  H^y,  but  t>'er  him  did  rakt.  Sidney, 

4.  To  seek  by  raking ;  as,  to  rake  for  oysters. 

6-  To  le^d  a  dissolute,  debauched  life.     Shenstone. 
6.  To  incline  from  a  jKrpendicular  direction  ;  as,  a 
mx'it  rakcj  aft. 
RAK'£U,  (nikl,)  pp.     Scraped  ;  gather^  with  a  rake  j 

cl<-aned  with  a  rake;  cannonaded  fore  ftiid  aft. 
RAKE'HELL,  n.     [Dan.  rakdi  now  contracted  into 
rake;  prnperly  rflte/.] 

A  lewd,  dissolute  fellow  ;  a  debauchee  ;  a  rake. 
RAKE'flEL-LY,  a.  Dissolute;  wild.  B.Jojuon. 
KaK'ER,  n.     One  that  rakes. 

RAKE'^IIAME,  n.    'A  vile,  dissolute  wretch.     Milt^m. 
RaK'ING,  ;>pr.     Scraping;    gathering  with   a  rake; 
cleaning  and  smoothing  with  a  rake;  cannonading 
in  the  direction  of  the  length  ;  inclining. 

And  raking  chase-gotts  through  our  sterna  Uicy  send.    Dryden, 
9.  a.  That  rakes  j  as,  a  raking  fire  or  shot. 
RAK'ING,  n.    The  act  of  using  a  rake  ;  the  act  or  op- 
eration of  collecting  with  a  rake,  or  of  cleaning  and 
smoothing  with  a  nike. 

2.  The  space  of  ground  raked  at  once  ;  or  the 
quantity  of  hay,  &.C.,  collected  by  once  passing  the 
rake. 

3.  The  course  of  life  of  a  rake  or  debauchee. 
RaIC'ISH,  0.    Given  to  a  dissolute  life;  lewd;  de- 
bauched. RichariLson. 

5.  In  cessels,  having  a  great  raJt«,  or  backward  in- 
clination of  the  masts. 

RAK'ISIl-LY,  adv.     In  a  rakish  manner. 
RaK'ISH-\ES9,  n.    Dissolute  practices, 
RAL'LI-A.NCE,  n.    Act  of  rallying. 
RAI/LI-£D,  p/j.    Reunited  and  reduced  to  order. 

2.  Treated  with  pleasantry. 
RAL'LY,  r.  t.     [Fr.  rallier.     This  seems  to  be  a  com- 
pt^iind  of  re,  ra,  and  Her,  L.  ligo,  to  uniCc.] 

1.  To  reiinite  ;  to  collect  and  reduce  to  order 
troops  dispersed  or  thrown  into  confusion. 

2.  To  collect ;  to  unite ;  as  things  scattered. 

jitterbury. 
RAL'LY,  V.  t.     [Fr.  railler.    See  Raillfhy.] 

To  attack  wub  raillery,  either  in  good  humor  and 
pleasantry*,  or  with  slight  contempt  or  satire,  accord- 
ing to  tho  nature  of  the  case. 

Honeycomb  ralUtt  tut  upon  a  eonntrr  life.  Additon. 

Scr-t>hun  h^d  l-ng  couf-fni  h»  aniuroiis  pnin. 

Which  gAj  Corinna  rallied  with  duutnin.  Gay. 

RAL'LY,  r.  i.     To  assemble  ;  to  unite. 

Inoom^rablo  mrU  of  matlf r  chancd  th-n  to  rally  toff'-ther,  uid 
to  Ibnn  in>;iiucl*i^  into  thia  new  world.  TiUoUon, 

3.  To  come  back  to  order. 

The  Grpciana  roUy  and  iheir  powui*  unit-.  DryUn, 

3.  To  use  pleasantry  or  satirical  merriment, 

Johnson. 
RAL'LY,  n.    The  act  of  bringing  disordered  troops  to 
their  ranks. 
2.  Exercise  of  good  humor  or  satirical  merriment. 
RAL'LY-I\G,   ppr.     ReUnitiiig;   collecting  and  re- 
ducing to  order. 
2.  Treating  with  pleasant  humor. 
RAM,  n.     [Sax,  ram ;  I),  mm  ;  G.  ramm,  but  rammhocky 
muibuck,  is  used.     See  tne  verb.] 

\.  The  male  of  the  sheep  or  ovme  genus  ;  in  some 
parts  of  England  called  a  tup.  In  the  United  States, 
the  word  is  applied,  I  believe,  to  no  other  male,  ex- 
cept in  the  compound  ram-cat. 

2.  In  astronoTtnj,  Aries,  the  sign  of  the  zodiac 
which  the  sun  enters  about  the  21st  of  March,  or  a 
constellation  of  fixed  stars  in  the  figure  of  «  ram. 
It  is  considered  the  first  (jf  the  twelve  signs. 

3.  An  engine  of  war,  used  formerly  for  battering 
and  demolishing  the  walls  of  cities,  called  a  Batti:r- 
iiio-Ram. 

4.  A  machine  for  raistng  water  by  means  of  the 
momentum  or  moving  furce  of  a  part  of  the  water 
to  be  raised, called  I{roKAUi.ic  Ram  or  VVatek-Ram. 

Uebcrt. 
RAM,  V.  U     [G.  rammnt ;  D.  rammeijrn  ;  Dan.  ramler, 
to  ram  or  urire  ;  rammT,  to  strike,  to  hit,  to  touch  ; 


W.  rham,  rhum,  a  thrusting,  a  projection  forward. 
To  the  same  family  belong  L.  ramus,  a  branch,  that 
is,  a  shoot  or  thrust,  Heb.  Ch.  and  Syr.  not  ramah, 

to  throw,  to  project,  Eth.  A      i   rami,  to  strike  j  Ar. 


iS^J 


ramaiy  to  shoot,  to  throw  or  dart.    Class  Rm, 


No.  7,  8,  9.    See  Cram.] 

1.  To  thrust  or  drive  with  violence;  to  force  iti  ; 
to  drive  down  or  together;  as,  to  ram  down  a  car- 
tridge ;  to  ram  piles  into  the  earth. 

2.  To  drive,  as  with  a  batter  in  g-r  am. 

3.  To  stuff;  to  cram. 

RAM'A-DAN,  n.  The  great  annual  fast,  or  Lent  of 
the  Mohammedans,  kept  through  their  ninth  month, 
called  Ramadan. 

RAM'AGE,  n.  [L.  ramus,  a  branch,  whence  Fr.  rain- 
age.] 

1.  Branches  of  trees.     [JVot  in  use.]. 

2.  The  warbling  of  birds  sitting  on  boughs. 

3.  See  RuMMAUE.  [Drummond. 
RAM'BI^E,  (ram'hl,)  v.  i.     [Tt-  ramengare,  to  ramble,  to 

rove  ;  Arm.  ranibreal,  to  rave  ;  VV.  rkempiaw,  to  nm 
to  an  extreme,  to  be  infatuated,  and  rhamu,  to  rise 
or  reach  over,  to  soar.    These  seem  to  be  allied  to 

roanty  rompj  rampant;  Ar.  |«),  to  exceed  or  go  be- 
yond, to  depart.    Class  Rm,  No.  5.] 

1.  To  rove ;  to  wander  ;  to  walk,  ride,  or  sail  from 
place  to  place,  without  any  determinate  object  in 
view  ;  or  to  visit  many  places  ;  to  rove  carelessly  or 
irregularly  ;  as,  to  ramble  about  the  city;  to  ramble 
over  the  country. 

Never  ask  leave  to  gaabroad,  for  yon  will  be  thought  an  idle, 

ranihling  fellow.  Sun/l. 

2.  To  go  at  large  witliout  restraint  and  without 
direction. 

3.  To  move  without  certain  direction. 

T^orTwon. 

RAM'BLE,  n.  A  roving;  a  wandering;  a  going  or 
moving  from  place  to  place  without  any  d;;ternuuale 
business  or  object ;  an  irregular  excursion. 

Coming  liotne  nftf-r  ■  short  Christiriita  ratable,  I    found  a  l(*Ucr 
upon  my  tabic.  Sie\/i. 

R.\M'BIjER,  ».  One  that  rambles;  a  rover  ;  a  wan- 
derer. 

RAM'BLIXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Roving  ;  wandering;  moving 
or  going  irregularly. 

RAM'BLInG,  n.    A  roving ;  irregular  excursion. 

South, 

RAM'BLING-LY,  adv.     In  a  rambling  m:inner. 

RAM'BOUZE,  i  n.    A  drmk  made  of  wine,  ale,  eg?s, 

RA.M'BCSE,  i  and  sugar  in  winter,  or  of  wiiie, 
milk,  sugar,  and  n>se-watcr  in  summer.        Bailey. 

RAM'E-KIN,  ^  ri^  i 

RAM'E-aUIN.(kin,)i  "*     [Fr.  rom^T^ioi.] 

In  cookery,  a  name  given  to  small  slices  of  bread 
covered  with  a  farce  of  cheese  and  eggs.      Baiint. 

RAM-EN-TA'CEOUS,  a.  In  botany,  covered  with 
weak,  shriveled,  brown,  scale-like  prijcesses  ;  as  the 
leaves  of  many  ferns.  Lindtey. 

RAM'E.NTS,  n.  pU     [L.  ramenta,  a  chip.l 

1.  Scrapings;  shavings.     [J\'ot  used,] 

2.  Ramen'ta,  pL  lu  botany,  loose  scales  on  the 
stems  of  plants.  Linmrus. 

RA'ME  OUS,  a.     [L.  ramus,  a  branch.J 

In  boUiny,  belonging  to  a  bninch  ;  growing  on  or 
shooting  from  a  braiicli.  Lre. 

RAM-KKI-CA'TIUiN,«,  [Fr.,from  L.r.'im«,«,abriin<  h.] 

1.  The  procesrt  of  branching  or  shooting  branches 
from  a  stem. 

2.  A  branch  ;  a  small  division  proceeding  from  a 
main  sttw'k  or  channel  ;  as,  the  ram^Hcations  of  a  fam< 
ily  ;  the  rnmijications  of  an  artery.  ^rbuthnot. 

3.  A  division  or  subdivision  ;  as,  the  ramijications 
of  a  subjeet  or  scheme. 

4.  In  botany,  the  manner  in  which  a  tree  produces 
its  branrlies  or  boughs,  Lee, 

5.  ']'he  production  of  figun*9  resembling  bratiches. 
R.AM'I-FI-fD,  pp.     Divided  into-branrhes.    [Enr.yc. 
RAM'I-FY,  V.  t.     [Fr.  ram^icr ;  L.  ramusy  a  branch, 

and /acio,  to  make.] 

To  divide  into  branrlios  or  parts  ;  as,  to  ramifij  an 
art,  a  subject,  or  scheme.  Boyle. 

RAM'I-F?,  V.  i.  To  shoot  into  branches,  as  the  stem 
of  a  plant. 

When  the  atpringiia  Ix-jint  to  raimfy.  Arbuthnot. 

2,  To  be  divided  or  subdivided,  as  a  main  sub- 
ject or  scheme. 

RAM'I-FV-ING,  ppr.  Shooting  into  branches  or  di- 
visions. 

RAM'.MfiD,  (ramd,)  pp.     [See  Ram.]    Driven  forcibly. 

RAM'MER,  n.     One  that  rams  or  drives. 

2.  An  instrument  for  tlriving  any  thing  with  force  ; 
as,  a  rammtT  for  driving  stones  of  piles,  or  for  beat- 
ing the  earth  to  more  solidity. 

3.  A  gun-stick ;  a  rod  for  forcing  down  the  charge 
of  a  gun. 


RAM'MISII,  a.     [Dan.  ram,  hitler,  strong-scented.] 
Itank  ;  strong-scented.  Cftaiuer. 

RAM'MISII-NEbS,  n.  [from  ram.]  Rankness ;  a  strong 
scent, 

RAM'MING,  ])pr.     Driving  with  force. 

RAM'MY,  a.     Like  a  ram  ;  strong-scented.     Burton. 

RAM-OL-LES'CEN'CE,  w.     [Fr.  ramvllir.] 

A  softening  or  mollifying.  Caldwrll. 

RA-MOON',  n.  A  small  West  Indian  tree  of  the  ge 
nus  Trophis,  whose  leaves  and  twigs  are  used  an 
fodder  for  cattle.  P.  Cyc. 

RA'MOC'*'  (  °*     t^  ramosiLs,  from  ramus,  a  branch,] 

1.  In  botany,  branched,  as  a  stem  or  root ;  Ijaving 
lateral  divisions.  Jfartya. 

2.  Branchy ;  consisting  of  branches  -,  full  of  bnmch- 
es.  A'eirton.     Wooditard 

RAMP,  V.  i.  [Fr.  ramper,  to  creep  ;  It.  ramva,  a  paw  , 
ra'nparc,  to  pjiw  ;  ramjncare,  to  creep ;  W.  rhamp,  a 
rise  or  reach  over;  rhamant,  a  rising  up,  a  vaulting 
or  springing  ;  rhamu,  to  reach  over,  to  soar,  to  vault. 
See  Ramble  and  Romance.] 

1.  To  climb,  as  a  plant ;  to  creep  up. 

Plants  fiiniiiihed  with  tendrils  cntch  hold,  and  so  ramping  oa 
irees,  they  iiiDunt  to  a  greal  higlit.  Hay. 

2.  To  spring;  to  leap;  to  bound;   to  prance;   lo 

frolic. 

Tlvir  bridli-s  Ihry  would  champ  — 

And  tran>]ili»er  ihr  finp  tltin.ui,  would  fiercely  romp,    Spenttr, 

Sporting  itit;  lion  ramped.  AJUlon. 

[In  the  latter  sense,  the  word  is  usually  written 
and  pronounced  Romp  ;  the  word  being  originally  pro- 
nounced with  a  broad.] 
RAMP,  n.     A  leap  ;  a  spring;  a  bound.  Milton. 

2.  Ia  architecture,  a  concave  bend  or  slope  in  the 
cap  or  upper  member  of  any  piece  of  ascending  oc 
descending  workmanship.  Brande. 

3.  In  furtificativn,  a  road  cut  obliquely  into,  or  add- 
ed to,  the  interior  slope  of  the  ramjMirt. 

CampbtlVs  Mil.  Diet, 

RAMP'A6E,  ».  i.    To  scour  up  and  down,  or  prance 

about  in  a  riotnns  manner.  IlaUittell. 

[Used  in  Scotland,  and  sometimes  in  En<:land.] 

RAM-PAL'LIAN,  (-paryan,)  74.  A  mean  wretch.  [JSTot 
in  u.*e.]  Shak. 

RAMP'AN-CY,  n.  [from  rampant.]  Excessive  growth 
or  practice;  excessive  prevalence;  exuberance;  ex- 
travagance ;  as,  the  rampancy  of  vice.  South. 

RAMP'AN'J',  a.  f^Fr.,  from  ra/nper;  Sax.  rempeady 
headlong.     [See  Ramp  and  Ramble.] 

1.  Overgrowing  tho  usual  bounds;  rank  in  growth  j 
exuberant ;  as,  rampant  weeds.  Clarissa. 

2.  Overleaping  restraint ;  as,  rampant  vice.  Stjuth. 

3.  In  hcraldni,  a  lion  rampant  is  a  lion  combatant, 
rearing  upon  one  of  his  hinder  feet,  and  attacking  a 
man.  It  difiers  from  Saliaht,  which  indicates  ttie 
posture  of  springing  or  making  a  sally.  F.ncyc. 

Thtf  lion  ranijKivl  »bHkr>8  liia  brimli.-d  mau«,  Milton. 

RAMP'AXT-LY,  adi\     In  a  rampant  manner. 

RAM'PART,  JH.     [Fr.    rnnpiirt;  Arm.    rampnrz,   ram~ 

RAM'PlKll,    \      pnrii;  Vr.  sf  rcmpcrer,  to  (viicc  or  m- 

treiirh  one*s  self;  It.  riparamrnto,  from  riparare,  to 

repair,  to  defend,  to  stup;  Port,  reparo ;  rrparar,  to 

repair,  lo  "parry  in  defense.     Hence   we  see  rampart 

is  from  L.  reparo ;  re  and  paro.     See  Parby  and  11k- 


PAIH.J 

1.  In. 


fortijirntion,  an  elevation  or  niound  of  earth 
round  a  place,  capable  of  resi.-ning  cannv,n  shot,  and 
formed  into  bastions,  curtains,  &,c.  Encyc. 

No  Mtundnnli  from  the  ho»tUe  rampartt  torn.  Prior. 

2.  That  which  fortifies  and  defends  from  assault; 
that  which  secures  8;if''tv. 
RAM'PART,  V.  U    To  fortify  with  ramparts.     U<rot  in 

use]  Shak. 

RAMTI-ON,  Ti.  [from  ramp.]  The  name  of  several 
plants  ;  as,  the  common  esculent  rampion,  a  sjHxies  of 
Campatiula  ;  the  crested  ram/>'ort,  a  species  of  Lobe- 
lia ;  tho  horned  rainpion,  a  species  of  Phyleuma. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 
RAM'PIRE,  n.    The  same  as  Ramfart,  but  seldom 
used,  except  in  iHietry.  L>rydcn. 

The  Trojans  round  the  [il;tce  a  ramjnre  cosL  Dryden. 

RAM'PTR-ED,  a.     Fortified  with  a  rampart. 

RAM'UOl),  n.  7"he  nnX  of  iron,  &c,,  used  in  ram- 
ming down  tho  charge  in  a  musket,  pistol,  &c. 

Tottcn. 

RAM'SON,  fl.  A  species  of  garlic,  .Allium  ursinum 
formerly  cultivated  in  gardens. 

P.  Cyc.     Fnm.  of  Plants. 

RAM'T|-LOUS,  fl.     Having  many  small  branches. 

RAN,  Uiepret.  t,f  Rut*.    In  old  .vritera,  oi»en  robbery. 

T.umtjard. 

RAN-CES'CENT,  a.     [L.  ranceo,  to  be  rank.] 

Becoming  rancid  or  sour.  F.nnjc. 

RANCH,  r.  f-  [Corrupted  from  roreucK]  To  cprain; 
lo  injure  by  violent  straining  or  contortion.  [AVft 
used.]  Ih-udcn.     Garth. 

RAN-CHB'RO,  (ran-tsha'ro,)  n.  [Sp.]  In  jHcWpo,  a 
herdstnan  ;  a  peasan|^mployed  on  a  rancho.  They 
are  to  some  extent  a  mongrel  breed,  between  S|jan- 
iards  and  Indians,  and  are  a  wild,  lawless  bet,  who 
are  often  hut  little  better  than  mere  banditti.  Hudson. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOIJS — G  as  K ;  C  aa  i ;  »  as  Z ;  CH  as  SIC;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


1107 


r  parpose  ;  left  to  chance  ;  a.*,  a  random  blow. 
S.  Uttered  or  done  without  pre 
as.  a  random  tnicss. 


RAN 

RANCH'O,  (mu'tsImO  n.  [Sp.l  In  Mexico,  a  small 
bamtr*t,  or  largu  firming  »;i;ibt!!-hiiu'nl  for  roaring 
cattle  and  horsies.  It  in  thus  di$tiiigui:$lit>d  from  a 
U1.CIBNDA,  wbicb  is  a  cultivated  form  or  plantation. 

HuiUoH. 

RAN'CfD,  a.  [T*.  rancidus,  fh)m  ranwo,  to  bo  rank. 
This  is  the  Enc.  rank^  luxuriant  in  growth.] 

Having  a  rank  smcU  j  strong-scenled  ;  sour  ;  mus- 
tV  ;  as,  rancid  oil.  Jtrbutknot, 

RAX-Clu'I-TV,   >K.    The  quality  of  being  rancid  ;  a 

R.\X'CID-NESS,  (     strong,  sour  scent,  as  of  old  oil. 

The  nifwicfily  of  oil*  in»y  be  aoalogou*  lo  ihe  ox>Hi«Uon  of  m^u 

RAN'Cin-LY,  ft/r.    With  a  strong  scent ;  mustily. 
RAN'eOR,  (rank'ur,)   n.       [U,   from   raiweo,  to    be 

1,  The  deepest  malignity  or  spite ;  deep-seated 
and  implacable  malice ;  inveterate  cflniity. 

r  TTkitf  if  the  strongest  term  for  ramify  tchich  the  Eng~ 
luA  lanffuagt  supplies,} 

U  iMun  bvNn  the  nuteor  of  a  tiUuu.  5h«t. 

9.  Vlrulenca;  corruption  Skak. 

RAN'COR-OUS,  ^rnnk'ur-Ms,)  a.  Deeply  malignant ; 
boplaaibly  spiteful  or  malicious  ;  intensely  virulent. 

B»  hard  ih  vyr»  viUi  nt^  umi  luteortnu  in,  Spenarr, 

BaittarwB  oppoftitiou  lo  ihc  gwpd  of  Chrisi.  H>*L 

RAN'eOR-OUS-LY,  adc.  With  deep  malignity  or 
spiteful  malice. 

RAN'D,  n,  [G.  D.  and  Dan.  ronrf,  a  border,  edge,  mar- 
gin, brink  ;  from  shotting  out,  extending.] 

A  border  ;  cilpe  ;  margin  ;  as,  the  randoC  a  shoe. 

RAN'DOM,  B.  [Norm,  randttm;  Sax.  randtim;  Fr. 
rtuidimnie.  a  rapid  course  of  water ;  randonj  a  g\ish- 

1.  A  roving  mttfion  or  couree  without  direction  ; 
hence,  want  of  direction,  rule,  or  mclho<l ;  hazard  ; 
chance  ;  used  in  the  phrase  at  ranitamf  that  is,  with- 
out a  settled  p(^>i[it  of  dirertiun  ;  at  hazard. 

3.  Course  ;  motion  ;  progression  ;  distance  of  a 
body  thrown  j  as,  the  Ibrthest  rcaoMi  c^  a  miasilc 
weripon.  ■Dijffrjf. 

R.W'DOM,  0.    Done  at  hazard,  or  without  settled  aim 
1,  a  random  blow. 
previtMu  calculation ; 

RAfi'DOM-SHOT,  m,  A  shot  not  directed  lo  a  point, 
or  a  shot  with  the  muuile  of  the  gun  elevated  above 
a  horizontal  line.  BtomU^ 

RAX'DY,  «.    Disorderly ;  riotous,  [Jfot  iwerf,  or  hcaL] 

Orose, 

RAN'B,B.  [Sax.  kramm;  Fr.  r«iu<;  D.  rmdifri  G. 
nmntkiiT ;  Dan.  rmsd^r ;  Basque,  orMa  or  orina ;  so 
naniad  probably  from  ntmning.  The  true  spelling  la 
rfliM.] 

A  species  of  deer,  the  Cervus  Tarandus,  a  rumi- 
nant maiumal,  found  in  the  northern  parts  of 
Kumpe,  Asia,  and  .-^lericaj  usually  colled  Reik- 

DECtU 

RAX'FOUCE,  a.    The  ring  of  a  gun  next  to  the  venL 

Bailey, 
[I  do  not  find  this  word  in  mMem  books.] 
RA.VR,  the  old  i»i-rt.  of  Riso.     [^'rarlt/  otfsnlrte.] 
RAXtiE,  r.  t.     [Fr.  ranffrr;  Ann.  rrnc^,  ranqctn;  W. 
rhmeiaKf  from  rhmc,  rentr^  rank,  whirh  see.] 

1.  To  set  in  a  row  or  in  rows  ;  to  plate  in  a  regu- 
lar tine,  lines,  or  ranks;  to  di^pi>se  in  the  proper  or- 
der: as,  to  rangr  troops  in  a  body  ;  to  range  men  or 
ships  in  the  order  of  battle. 

SL  To  dis|KMe  in  proper  classes,  orders,  or  di- 
visions ;  as,  lo  range  plants  and  animals  in  genera 
and  species. 

3.  To  dispose  in  a  proper  manner ;  to  place  in  reg- 
atir  methitd  ;    i*  a  general  sense.     Range  and  ar- 
range are  used  indiffi-rently  in  the  same  sense. 
4r  To  rove  over  ;  to  pass  over. 

Teadi  U»  lo  mnft  the  d-tch  anr)  (bror>  the  br.i]K.  Gay. 

[This  use  Is  elliptical,  over  bt-in?  omitted.] 

5.  To  sail  or  pass  in  a  direction  parallel  to  or  near ; 

as,  to  range  the  coast,  thai  is,  along  the  coast. 
Rj^XCE,  r.  i.    To  rove  at  large  ;  to  wander  without 

restraint  or  direction. 

A«  »  narfny  Bob  and  ro'ifing' ^cM.  —  Pro*,  xrviii. 

&  To  be  placed  In  order ;  to  be  ranked. 

Til  Vticr  to  b^  lowljr  bora, 
Aod  ntngt  with  humble  liven  in  c<tni.*nt.  Shak. 

Hn  this  sense,  R^tk  is  now  used.] 

3.  To  lie  in  a  particular  direction. 

Which  »ij  thy  for'rts  rartrt.  Drylen. 

We  say,  the  front  of  a  house  ranges  with  the  line 
of  the  street. 

4.  To  sa  I  or  pass  near  or  in  the  direction  of;  as, 
to  ran^te  alcns  the  coast. 

RANtiE,  n.     [Fr.  rjBiTrfe,    See  Risk.] 

1.  A  mw  ;  a  rank  ;  things  in  a  Ime ;  as,  a  ranee 
of  buildings  ;  a  range  of  mountains  ;  ranges  of  col- 
ors. A'ewton* 

2.  A  class  ;  an  order. 

Tbe  nrit  mng*  of  teiogi  ihn^lilin  are  the  tmntteiU  intdS- 

3.  A  wandering  or  roving;  excursion. 

He  nay  tak*  a  mnrt  all  ibe  woHtI  o»fr.  Sbuth. 


RAN 

4.  Space  t>r  room  for  excursion 

A  niiui  h.u  not  enoiijli  rfittge  uf  llioiig-tit.  Addlsvn. 

5.  Compass  or  extent  uf  exciirsiun  ;  space  Tiken  in 
by  any  thins  extended  i"*  r:inked  in  order;  as,  tho 
range  of  Newton's  thought.  No  philosopher  has 
embraced  a -wider  range. 

Paj  u  cn>&tion'a  ample  rsn^v  extendi.  Ptipt, 

6.  The  step  of  a  ladder.  Clarendon. 
[Corrupted  in  poimtar  language  to  ItuNu.] 

7.  .\  kitchen  pnile.     [O65.]        Bacon.     fVotton. 

8.  An  extended  cooking  apparatus  of  cast  Iron,  set 
in  brick  work,  and  containing  pots,  oven,  &c. 

9.  A  bolting  sieve  to  sift  meal. 

10.  In /Ti'""'^^,  tb^  liorizontal  distance  to  which  a 
shot  or  other  projectile  is  carried.  Sometimes,  though 
less  properly,  the  path  of  u  shot  or  projectile,  or  tlie 
line  it  describes  from  the  mouth  of  the  piece  to  the 
point  where  it  lodges.  When  a  cannon  lies  horizon- 
t:tlly,  it  is  called  the  right, level, or pi>int  blank  range; 
when  the  muzzle  is  elevated  to  45  degrees,  it  is 
called  the  utmost  range.  Brands.     Tottcn. 

11.  The  public  lands  of  the  United  States  are  sur- 
veyed or  (iivided  into  ranges,  which  designate  the 
order  of  their  arrangeqient  into  tt>wnships.    Bouvier. 

RANG'A^D,  p/j.  Disposed  in  a  row  or  line  ;  placed  in 
orili^r;  passed  In  roving;  placed  in  a  particular  di- 
rection. 

RANti'ER,  (ranj'er,)  n.  One  that  ranges;  a  rover;  a 
roliber.     [A*i>uj  little  used.]  Spenser. 

2.  The  name  given  to  mounted  trotip*',  nrtned  with 
short  muskets,  who  range  the  country  around,  and 
often  fijiht  on  fooL 

3.  A  dog  that  beats  the  ground.  Oat/. 

4.  In  England,  a  sworn  officer  of  a  forest,  appoint- 
ed by  the  king's  letters  patent,  whose  business  for- 
merly was  to  walk  through  the  forest,  watch  the 
deer,  pn*sent  trespisses,  &c.  P.  Cye. 

RAXG'ER-SIIir,  H.  The  office  of  the  keeper  of  a  for- 
est or  park. 

RAXtj'IN'G,  ppr.  Placing  in  a  row  or  line  ;  disposing 
in  order,  method^  or  classes  ;  roving;  passing  near 
and  in  the  direction  of. 

RANG'IXG,  n.  The  act  of  placing  in  lines,  or  In  or- 
der:  a  roving,  &.c 

RANK,  n.  fir.  rane;  W.  rAcnc;  Arm.  renc^,-  Tr.rang. 
a  row  or  line  ;  IL  rango,  rank,  condition  ;  Port,  and 
Sp.  raneko,  a  mess,  or  set  of  persona  ;  I>.  Dan.  and  G. 
rang.    lu  these  words,  n  is  probably  casual ;   Ar. 

l^^j  rakOf  to  set  in  order ;  Heb.  and  Ch.  "f^JT,  id, 

aess  Rg,  No.  13,  47.  See  also  No.  18,  20, 21,  27,  46. 
The  primary  sense  is  probably  to  rrncA,  to  stretchy  or 
to  pass,  to  stretch  along.  Ilence  rank  and  grade  are 
often  synonymous.] 

1.  A  row  or  line,  applied  to  troops  ;  a  line  of  men 
fitnmling  abreast  or  side  by  side,  and  as  tipposed  to 
File,  a  line  running  from  front  to  rear  of  a  com- 
pany, battalion,  or  rt^giment.  Keep  your  ranks; 
dress  your  ranks 

FirTCf,  fierr  wiirrio™  fi((ht  upon  the  cloudf 

In  rruika,  uid  aqiuulroiu,  and  ri^il  form  of  war.        Shak. 

2.  Banks;  in  the  plural,  the  order  of  common  sol- 
diers ;  as,  to  reduce  an  oilicer  to  the  ranks. 

3.  A  row  ;  a  tine  of  things,  or  things  in  a  line  ;  as, 
a  ranJt  of  osiers.  .  Shak. 

4.  Degree  ;  grade  ;  in  military  affairs  i  as,  the  rank 
of  captain,  colonel,  or  general ;  the  rank  of  vice-ad- 
miral. 

5.  Degree  of  elevation  in  civil  life  or  station  ;  the 
order  of  elevation,  or  of  subordination.  We  say,  all 
ranks  and  orders  of  men  ;  every  man*«  dress  and  be- 
havior should  correspond  with  his  rank :  the  highest 
and  the  lowest  ranks  of  men,  or  of  other  intelligent 
beings. 

6.  Class;  order;  division  ;  any  portion  or  num- 
ber of  things  to  which  place,  degree,  or  order,  is  as- 
signed. Profligate  men,  by  their  vices,  sometimes 
deemde  themselves  to  the  rank  of  brutes. 

7.  Degree  of  dignity,  eminence,  or  excellence  ;  as, 
a  writi-r  of  the  first  rank  ;  a  lawyer  of  high  rank. 

These  an>  till  vinif^i  of  a.  iricancr  rank.  Additon. 

8.  Dinnity  ;  high  plare  or  degree  in  the  orders  of 
men  ;  as,  a  man  of  rank. 

Rank  and  Jile;  the  whole  body  of  common  soldiers, 
including  also  corporals,  who  carrj'  firelocks.  Ten 
officers,  and  three  hundred  rawft  OTtrf  ^7e,  fell  in  the 
action. 

To  Jill  The  ranJt,? ;  to  supply  the  whole  number,  or 
a  competent  number. 

To  take  rank :  to  enjoy  precedence,  or  to  have  the 
riirht  of  taking  a  higher  place.  In  Great  Britain, 
the  king's  sons  take  rank  of  ull  the  other  nobles. 
RANK,  a.  [Pax.  rane^  proud,  haughty ;  Sp.  and  It. 
rancio ;  L.  randdus,  from  ranceo^  to  smell  strong. 
The  primary  sense  of  the  root  is  to  advance,  to  shoot 
forward,  to  grow  luxuriantly,  whence  the  sense  of 
strong,  vigorous;  W.  rliac,  rhag.  before;  rhacuy 
rhaciaiB,  to  advance,  to  put  forward.  This  word  be- 
longs probably  to  the  name  family  as  the  preced- 
ing.] 


RAN 

1.  luxuriant  in  growth;  being  of  vigorous  growth; 
as,  rank  grass  ;  rank  weeds. 

Sert'n  ear*  cAnii"  up  \i\>iin  one  itiOk,  ronJfc  Rii'l  good.  —  Gen.  xll. 

2.  Causing  vigorous  growth  ;  producing  luxuriant- 
ly ;  very  rich  and  fertile  ;  as,  land  is  rank.  Mvrtiiner. 

3.  ytrong-sccnted  ;  as,  ra;iA-sniell)ng  rue. 

Saenser. 
A.  Rancid  ;  nmsty  ;  M^  oil  of  a  ratik  smell. 

5.  Inllanied  with  venereal  appetite.  Shak, 

6.  Strong  to  the  taste  ;  high-tasted. 

Divcw  aea-rowlB  taste  rank  of  ihc  fish  uii  which  they  feed.  Boyl: 

7.  Raised  to  a  high  degree;    excessive;  violent; 
as,  rank  pride  ;  rank  idolatry  ;  rank  enmity. 

I  do  forgive 
Thy  raaketl  fuulu.  Shak. 

8.  Gross;  coarse.  Shak. 

9.  Strong;  clrnrliing.    Take  ranJt  hold.     Hence, 

10.  Excessive;  exceeding  the  actual  value;  as,  a 
rank  modus  in  law.  Blackstone. 

To  set  rank,  as  the  iron  of  a  plane  ;  to  set  it  so  as  to 
take  off"  a  thick  shaving.  Mozon. 

RANK,  f.  (.     To  phico  abreast,  or  in  a  line.   Milton. 
2.  To  place  in  a  particular  class,  order,  or  di- 
vision. 


Porta  were  rttnktd  in  the  cImi  of  pliiloaophrn. 

Heirvy  a  ranked  witti  iilolalry  luid  witclicraA.    Decay  oj  Piety. 

3.  To  dispose  methodically;  to  place  in  suitable 
order. 

Who  now  shall  rear  you  to  the  sun,  or  rank  your  tril<fi  ? 

Milton. 
Hanking  nil  ilihif^a  under  general  and  ap^cial  heads.       WtuU. 

RANK,  V.  i.  To  be  ranged  ;  to  be  set  or  disposed ;  as 
in  a  particular  degree,  class,  order,  or  division. 

Let  tl1.1t  one  nrticltt  rank  wilb  ihe  reat.  &'1a4r. 

2.  To  be  placed  in  a  rank  or  ranks. 

Go,  rank  in  lril>'»,  nnd  quit  tlm  aavaa:©  wood.  Tale. 

3.  To  have  a  certain  grade  or  degree  of  elevatifin 
in  the  orders  of  civil  or  military  life,  Ue  ranks  with 
a  mi^or.  lie  ranks  with  the  first  class  of  poets.  He 
ranks  high  in  public  estimation. 

RANK'ED,  (rankt,)pp.    Placed  in  a  line  ;  dispcsed  in 

an  order  or  class;  arranged  methodically. 
RANK'ER,  n.    One  that  disposes  in  ranks;  one  that 

arranges. 
RANK'IXG,p/)r.  Placing  in  ranks  orlincs  ;  arranging  ; 

disposing  in  orders  or  classes  ;  having  a  certain  rank 

or  grade. 
R.'\NK'LE,  (rank'l,)  v.  L      [from  rank.]     To  grow 

more  rank  or  strong  ;  to  bo  inflamed  ;  to  fester  ;  as, 

a  rankling  wound. 

A  malafly  that  buma  and  ranklet  hiward.  Howe. 

2.  To  become  more  violent;  to  be  inflamed;  to 
rage  ;  as,  ranlUing  malice  ;  ranfding  envy.  Jealousy 
rankle^  in  the  breast. 

RANK'LING,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  becoming 
more  virulent ;  deep  and  active  irritation.     Dwight. 

RANK'LY,  adc.    With  vigorous  growth;  as,  grans  or 
weeds  grow  rankly, 
2.  Coarsely  ;  grossly.  Sh^tk, 

RANK'NESS,  n.  Vigorous  growth;  luxuriance;  ex- 
uberance ;  as,  the  rankness  of  plants  or  herbage. 

2.  Exuberance;  excess;  extravagance;  as,  the 
ranknejis  of  pride  ;  the  rankness  of  joy.  SAtii. 

3.  Extraordinary  strength. 

The  crane'a  pride  ia  in  thi  rankntat  of  her  wing,     L'Ettrange. 

4.  Strong  taste  ;  as,  the  rankness  of  flesh  or  fish. 

5.  Rancidness;  rank  smell;  as,  the  rankness  of 
oil. 

6.  Excessiveness ;  as,  the  rankness  of  a  compo- 
sition or  modus.  Blackatonc. 

RAN'NY,  n.     The  shrew-mouso.  Broicn. 

RAN'SACK,  V.  t.  [Dan.  randsager ;  Sw.  ransaka ; 
Gaelic,  ran.?iicAa/iA.  Rank,  in  Danish,  is  edge,  mar- 
gin, Eng.  rand,  and  ran  is  rapine.  The  last  8>tlal)le 
coincides  with  the  English  verb  to  snrk,  to  pillag--, 
and  in  t?panish,  this  verb,  which  is  written  saquear, 
signifies  to  ransack.] 

1.  To  plunder;  to  pillage  completely;  to  strip  by 
plundering  ;  as,  to  ransack  a  house  or  city.     Dnjden. 

Their  row  ia  made  to  ransack  Troy.  Shak, 

2.  To  search  thoroughly  ;  to  enter  and  search  ev- 
ery place  or  part.  It  seems  often  to  convey  the  sense 
of  opening  doors  and  parcels,  and  turning  over 
things  in  search;  as,  to  ransack  files  of  papers. 

I  Tanaack  the  aeTend  cavertia.  M'oodward. 

3.  To  violate  ;  to  ravish ;  to  deflour  ;  as,  ransacked 
chastity.     [.Vot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

RAN'SACK-AD,  jip.     Plllaced  ;  searched  narruwiy. 

RAN'SACK-ING,  ppr.  Pillaging ;  searching  nar- 
rowly. 

RAN'SOM,  n.  [Dan.  ranzon;  Sw.  ranson  ;  G.  ran- 
tion  ;  Norm,  rauncon  ;  Ft.  ranron  ;  Arm.  ran ^zon.  In 
French,  the  word  implies  n'it  only  redemption,  but 
exaction  ;  but  I  know  not  the  component  parts  of 
the  word.  Uu.  Dan.  ran,  a  pillaging,  and  G.  siikne, 
atonement.] 

1.  The  money  or  price  paid  for  the  redemption  of 
a  prisoner  or  slave,  or  for  goods  captured  by  an  en- 
emy ;  that  which  procures  the  relt-ase  of  a  prisoner 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT— METE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARfXE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 
908  ~" 


RAP 


RAP 


RAR 


orcaptive,  orof  captureil  property,  and  restores  the 
one  «u  liberty,  and  thy  olhtir  to  ihe  oriyiiml  owner. 

By  hia  capU»itr  \a  Ansiri-A,  unJ  tti.-  h'-tiry  random  \te  paiJ  fur  hU 
liUny,  Kicliaril  wu*  liiiiil<:r«Hl  Iruiii  pursuing  iliu  Cjtiq'i'»l  vf 
Ireland.  **  Da^g, 

2.  Release  from  captivity,  bondage,  or  the  posses- 
sion of  an  enemy.  They  were  unable  to  procure 
the  ransom  of  the  prisontrrs. 

3.  In  law,  a  sum  paid  for  the  pardon  of  some  great 
offense,  and  the  discharge  of  Uie  olTciidcri  or  a  fine 
paid  in  lieu  of  corporal  punislnnent. 

Kncyc.     Blackstone. 

4.  In  Scripture,  the  price  paid  for  a  forfeited  life,  or 
for  delivery  or  release  from  capital  punishment. 

Tlicn  b*  •h.ill  g\»e  for  the  rantom  of  his  ill:;  wliatever  ia  laid 
upon  liiiru  — Ex.  xii. 

5.  The  price  paid  for  procuring  the  pardon  of  sins 
and  the  redemption  of  the  sinner  from  punishment. 

Deltrpt  him  from  going  down  to  ihe  pit,   I  have  found  a  raruom, 

—  Job  xxxiti. 
The  Son  of  man  came  —  to  give  his  life  a.  ranaom  for  mauT.  — 

Matt.  XI.     M^irk  x. 

RAN'SOM,  r.  (.  [Sw.  ransonera  ;  Dan.  ranzonerer; 
Ft.  rangonner;  Arm.  rangzouna.] 

1.  To  redeem  from  captivity  or  punishment  by 
paying  an  equivalent;  applied  to  persons;  as,  to  ran- 
sojtt  prisoners  from  an  enemy. 

2.  To  redeem  frnm  the  possession  of  an  enemy  by 
paying  a  price  deemed  equivalent  j  applied  to  goods 
or  property. 

3.  In  Scripture,  to  redeem  from  the  bondage  of 
sin,  and  from  the  punishment  to  which  sinners  are 
sulfjected  by  the  divine  law. 

The  raruomed  of  the  Lord  shall  return.  —  la.  xxxr. 

4.  To  resc.ue;  to  deliver.     Hos.  xili. 
RAySQM'ED^  pp.  OT  a.     Redeemed  or   rescued  from 

captivity,  bondage,  or  punishiiignt,  by  the  payment 
of  an  equivalent. 

RA.N'.-^OM-EK,  n.     One  that  redeems. 

RAN'SOM-ING,  ppr.  Redoeniitig  from  captivitv, bon- 
dage, or  punishment,  by  giving  satisfaction 'to  the 
possessor;  rescuing;  liberating. 

RAN'aOM-LESS,  a.     Free  from  ransom.  Shak, 

RANT,  V.  L    [Hcb.  and  Ch.  pn,    •       ranna,  to  cry 

out,  to  shout,  to  sound,  groan,  mnrniur  ;  W.  rhonta, 
to  frisk,  to  gambol,  a  sense  of  the  Hebrew  also.] 

To  rave  in  violent,  high-sounding,  nr  extravagant 
language,  without  correspondent  dignity  of  thought ; 
to  be  noisy  and  boisterous  in  words  or  declamation  j 
as,  a  ranting  preacher. 

lA>ok  whTP  inv  ranting  hod  of  the  g:\rtPr  comoa.  Shak. 

RANT,  TL  High-sounding  language  without  dignity 
of  thought ;  boisterous,  empty  declamation  ;  as,  the 
rant  of  fanatics. 

This  ic  stoics]  rant,  wUlioyt  o.ny  fouadnlion  in  the  nature  of  man, 
or  rea«un  of  ihiiigi.  AUerbury. 

R.\NT'KR,  n.  A  noisy  talker;  a  boisterous  preacher. 
9.  Ranters^  pL  ;  a  religious  sect  which  sprung  up  in 
1C45.  It  is  now  extinct,  and  the  name  has  been 
reproachfully  applied  to  the  Primitive  Methodists, 
who  seceded  from  the  VVesleyan  Methodists  on  the 
ground  of  their  deficiency  in  fervor  and  zeal. 

Brands. 

RANT'ER-ISM,  n.    The  practice  or  tenets  of  ranters. 

RANT'ING,  ppr  or  a.     Uttering  high-sounding  words, 

without  solid  sense  ;  declaiming  or  preaching  with 

boi-Jlermis,  empty  Words. 

RANT'I-POI.E,    a.      ffrom    rant.]      Wild;    roving; 

rakish.     [AlniBWord\  Contrrtve. 

RANT'I-POLE,  p.  i.    To  mn  about  wildly.    [Uw.] 

J^rbiithnot, 
RANT'ISM,  Tt,    The  practice  or  tenets  of  ranters. 
RANT' Y,  a.     Wild;  noisy;  bui^rterous. 
RAX'lJ-LA,  n.     [L.  rana,  a  frog  ;  dim.  a  little  frog.] 
A  swelling  of  a  salivary  gland  undir  the  tongue. 
RA-NUN'eU-LU8,  n.     [L.,  frt.m  roHo,  a  frog.] 

In  botany,  crowfoot,  a  genus  nf  plants  of  many  spe- 
cies, some  of  them  bt-autifiil  flowering  plants,  par- 
ticularly the  Asiatic,  or  Turkey  and  Persian  ranun- 
culus, which  is  diversified  with  many  rich  colors, 

Knnie. 
RAJyz  DES  FASHES',  (ranz  da  V4sh',)  [Fr.]  Liter- 
alhj,  the  round  of  the  cows.  The  name  of  certain 
Bimple  melodies  of  the  Swiss  mountaineers,  com- 
monly played  on  a  lung  trumpet  called  the  Jllpine 
f"^*^    .  P.  Cfjc. 

RAP,  r.  i.  [Sax.  hrepan,  hreppan,  to  touch  ;  rr.pan,  to 
t/iuch,  to  seize,  L.  rajtio  ;  tjw.  rappa  ;  L»an.  rapper,  to 
snatch  away,  and  rapper  si<r,  to  hasten  ;  rap,  a 
stroke,  Sw.  rappi  Fr.  /rapper,  to  strike.  The  pri- 
mary sense  of  the  rout  is,  to  rush,  to  drive  forward, 
to  fall  on,  hencCj  both  to  strike  and  to  seize,  'i'hat 
the  sense  is  to  drive  or  rush  forward,  is  evident  from 
L.  rapidas,  rapid,  from  rapio.  See  Class  Rb,  No. 
S«,  27,  28,  29,] 

To  strike  with  a  quick,  sharp  blow  ;  to  knock  ;  aa, 
to  rap  on  the  door. 
RAP,  V.  L    To  strike  with  a  quick  blow  ;  to  knock. 
With  one  grcat  pir:il  ih^-y  rnp  the  door.  J'rfor. 

To  rap  out;  to  utter  with  Fudden  violence  :  as,  to 


rap  out  an  oath.  Addison.  [Sax.  hrfopan,io  cry  out, 
that  is,  to  drive  out  the  voice.  Thin  is  probably  of 
the  same  family  as  the  prcc^;ding  word.  In  the  pop- 
ular lait-raa^e  of  Vie  United  States,  it  is  often  pro- 
nounced rip,  to  rip  out  an  oath ;  L.  crepo,  Fr.  crever." 
RAP,  V.  t.  To  seize  and  hear  away,  as  the  mind  o. 
thoughts  ;  to  transport  out  of  one's  self;  to  affect 
with  ecstasy  or  rapture  ;  as,  rapt  into  admiration. 

I'm  rapt  with  Joy  to  «w  my  M:irr.i:('s  U-ari.  AUliaon. 

liapi  lilt.)  future  timei  tlie  Uird  bc^n.  Pope. 

2.  To  snatch  or  liurry  away. 

And  rapt  with  whirling  wlit-eU.  Spenter. 

Hapl  ill  a  cliariol  driuvn  by  licry  Bteeda.  MUlon. 

3.  To  seize  by  violence.  Drayton. 

4.  To  exchange;  to  truck.     {Low,  and -not  used.] 
To  rap  and  rend:  to  seize  and   tear,  or  strip;  to 

fall  on  and  plunder;  to  snatch  by  violence.    I'hey 

brought    off  all    they    could  rap    and    rend.      [See 

Rend.] 
RAP,  n.     A  quick,  smart    blow;    as,    a    rap  on   the 

knuckles. 
RA-PA'CIOUS,  a.      [L,  rapaxj  from  rapio,  to  seize. 

See  Rap.] 

1.  Given  to  plunder  ;  disposed  or  accustomed  to 
seize  by  violence  ;  seizing  by  force;  as,  a  rapacious 
enemy. 

Well  may  thy  lortl,  ayipfnse-l, 
Redeem  thcc  quite  from  diaih'*  rajtiHout  ciiiiin.  Rrilton. 

2.  Accustomed  to  seize  for  food  ;  subsisting  on 
prey  or  animals  seized  by  violence  ;  as,  a  rapacious 
tiger,  a  rapacious  bird. 

RA-PA'CIOUS-LY,  aJy.  By  rapine;  by  violent  rob- 
bery or  seiztire. 

RA-Pa'CIOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  rapa- 
cious ;  disposition  to  plunder  or  to  exact  by  oppres- 
sion. 

RA-PAC'I-TY,  (ra-pas'e-to,)  n.  [Fr.  rapaciti;  L.  ra- 
pacitas,  from  rapax,  rapio.] 

1.  Addicteduess  to  plunder  ;  the  exercise  of  plun- 
der; the  act  or  practice  of  seizing  by  force  ;  as,  the 
rapacity  of  a  conquering  army  ;  the  rapacity  of  pirates  ; 
the  rapacit,/  of  a  Turkish  "pashaw  ;  the  rapacity  of 
extortioners. 

2.  Ravenousness  ;  as,  the  rapacity  of  animals.  - 

3.  The  act  or  practice  of  extorting  or  exacting  by 
oppressive  injustice. 

4.  Exorbitant  greediness  of  gain. 

RAPE,  71.  [L.  rapio^  raptus ;  It.  raUo  ;  Fr.  rapt;  W. 
rAaift,  a  snatching;  rhribiaWy  to  snatch.     See  Rap.] 

1.  In  a  trenrral  sense,  a  seizing  by  violence  ;  also,  a 
seizing  and  carrying  away  by  force,  as  females. 

Mitford. 

2.  In  law,  Ihe  carnal  knowledge  of  a  woman  for- 
cibly and  against  her  will.  BlacJcjitone, 

3.  Privation;  the  act  of  seizing  or  taking  away. 

Chapman. 
And  ruined  orphans  of  thy  rapet  complain.  Sandj/g. 

4.  Something  taken  or  seized  and  carried  away. 

Whfre  now  ar>:  nil  my  bopoa?     0,  nover  more 

Shall  ;h<y  r-vivo,  nor  death  ber  rapes  nstore.         Saruti/i. 

5.  Fruit  plucked  from  the  cluster.  Ray. 

6.  A  division  of  a  county  in  Sussex,  in  England  : 
or  an  intermediate  division  between  a  hundred  and 
a  shire,  and  containing  three  or  four  hundreds. 

Blackstone. 
RAPE,  Tt,     [fr.   raih  ;  L.  rapa,  rapum ;  Gr.  pairvi ;  D. 
raap  ;  G.  riibe;  Sw.  ro/co.l 

One  of  the  names  of  the  Brassica  Rapa,  or  com- 
mon turnip.  This  is  the  plant  to  which  this  name 
properiy  belongs;  but,  with  the  prefixed  epithet 
xodd,  it  is  applied  also  to  the  Brassica  Napus,  Na- 
vew,  or  French  turnip.  An  oil  is  obtained  from  the 
seed  of  the  latter,  which  ia  called  Rafb-seed  Oil, 
and  Rape-Oil. 
The  broom-rape  is  of  the  genus  Orrjbanche, 
RAPE'-eAKE,n.  The  refuse  or  marc  remaining  after 
the  oil  has  been  exi)ressed  from  the  rape-seed. 

Farm.  Eneyc 
RAPE'-ROOT.     See  Rape. 
RAPE'-SEEn,  n.    The  seed  of  the  Brassica  Napus,  or 

the  ra[K',  from  which  oil  is  expressed. 
RA'PIIE,  n.     [Gr.  ("tipri,  a  8«iam  or  suture.] 

In  botany,  a.  bun(llc  of  vessels  connecting  the 
ch;daza  wuh  the  Iiilum  of  a  seed.  Lindlnj. 

RAPiri-DKS,(rar-,)M.p^     [from  Gr.  ^i*^[f,a  needle.] 
Minute  transpan-nt  crystiils  found  in  the  tissue  of 
Pl'inls.  Lindfey. 

R.AP'II),  a.  [L.  rapidas,  from  rapio, ihe  primary  sense 
of  which  Is  toriuh.] 

1.  Very  svvift  or  quirk  ;  moving  with  celerity  ;  as, 
a  rapid  stream ;  a  rapid  flight ;  a  rapid  motion. 

Part  ihiiu  the  go:U  with  rapid  wheola.  MUton. 

2.  Advancing  with  haste  or  speed  ;  Hpeedy  in  pro- 
gression ;  as,  rapid  growth  ;  rapid  imi)rovenient. 

3.  Of  quick  utterance  of  words  ;  .is,  a  rapid  speaker. 
RAP'ID,  n.  sins.  }  The  part  of  a  river  where  the  cur- 
RAP'IDS,  n.  pi.    J       rent  moves  with    more   celerity 

than  the  common  current.     Rapids  imply  a  consid- 
erable descent  of  the  earth,  but  not  sufficient  to  oc- 
casion a  fall  of  the  water,  or  what  is  called  a  cas- 
cade or  cataract. 
RA-PfD'I-TV,  71.     [L,  rapiditasi  Fr.  rapidif6,  supra.] 


1.  Swiftness  ;  celerity  ;   velocity  ;  as,  the  rapidity 
of  a  current ;  the  rapidity  of  motion  of  any  kind. 

2.  Haste  in  utterance  ;  as,  tlie  rapidity  of  speech  or 
pronunciation. 

3.  Uuickness  of  progression  or  advance ;  as,  ra~ 
pidity  of  growth  or  improvemenL 

RAP'ID-LY,  adc.  \Vith  great  speed,  celerity,  or  ve- 
locity ;  swiftly;  with  quick  progression  ;  aa,  to  run 
rapidly  ;  to  grow  or  improve  rapidJy. 

2.  Witii  quick  utterance  ;  as,  to  speak  rapidly, 
RAP'ID-NESS,  71.     Swiftness;   speed;    celerity  ;  ra- 
pidity. 
RA'PI-ER,  T?.    [Fr.  rnpiire;  Ir.  roipeir  :  from  thrust- 
ing, driving,  or  quick  motion.] 
A  small  sword  used  oiily  in  thrusting. 

Shak.     Pope. 
RA'PI-ER-FISH,  n.    The  sword-fish.  Orcio. 

RAP'IL,         i  D  .  ..      ,       . 

RA-PIL'LO,  i    "•    '^u'verized  volcanic  substances. 

RAP'INE,  (rap'in,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  1*  rapina ;  rapio,  to 
seize.] 

1.  The  act  of  plundering;  the  seizing  and  carry- 
ing away  of  things  by  force  ;  pillage ;  plunder. 

2,  Violence  ;  force.  Milton. 
RAP'INE,  V.  t.  To  plunder.  Back. 
RAP'IN-KI),  pp.    Phindi-red. 

RAP-PA-REE^  71.     A  wild  Irish  plunderer;  so  called 

from  raprry,  a  half  pike  that  he  carries.  Todd. 

RAP-PEE',  7J.     A  coarse  kind  of  snuff. 
RAP'PER,  71.     [from  rap.}     One  that  raps  or  knocks. 

2.  The  knocker  of  a  door.     [JV'of  in  common  use.] 

3.  \n  oath  or  a  lie.  [JSTot  in  use.]  Parker. 
RAP-POItT',  71.     [Fr.,  from  re  and  porter,  to  bear.] 

Relation  ;  proportion.     U^ot  in  U'ie.]  Temple, 

RAPT,  pp.  or  a.  [from  rapT]  Transported ;  ravished. 
RAPT,  c.  U  To  transport  or  ravish.  [JVo(  legitimate. 
„  "Of  »n  *««•]  Chapman. 

RAPT,  71,    An  ecstasy  ;  a  trance.  Jtiorton. 

2.  Rapidity.     [Ao(  in  use] 
RAP'TEK,  (  '  ,     , 

RAP'TOR,  i   "•     lL.  raptor.] 

A  ra\■i^=her  ;  a  phmdercr.  Draidon. 

RAP-To'RI-AL,  a.    Rapacious  ;  an  epithet  applied  to 

birds  of  prey.  Swainson. 

RAP-To'RI-OUS,  a.     A  term    applied    to    animals 

which  dart  upon  and  seize  their  prey.         Humble. 
RAP'TljRE,  (rapfyur,)  n.     [L.  raptus,  rapio.] 

1.  A  seizing  by  violence.     [LiiUc  used.] 

Cliapman. 

2.  Transport;  ecstasy;  violence  of  a  plea.smg  pas- 
sion ;  extreme  joy  or  pleasure. 

Music,  when  thus  appiitd,  raises  in  [he  mind  of  the  h->ar>-r  gr^Rl 
coriccpiions  ;  it  etreiiglhuus  devotion  ai>d  adTaniys  praiae 
iuto  rapture.  Spectator. 

3.  Rapidity  with  violence;  a  hurrying  along  with 
velocity  ;  as^  rolling  with  torrent  rapture.     Milton. 

4.  Enthusiasm;  uncommon  heat  of  imagination. 
You  grow  correct,  that  onee  with  rupture  wriL  Pope. 

RAP'TtJR.£D,  a.    Ravished  ;  transported. 

ThoTnsoji. 
[But  ErrRAPTURED  is  generally  used.] 
RAP'TUR-IST,  71.     An  enthusiasL  Spmser. 

RAP'TUR-OUS,  a.  Ecstatic;  transporting;  ravish- 
ing ;    as,  rapturous  joy,  pleasure,  or  delight. 

Collier. 
RAP'TlTR-OUS-LY.odP.    With  rapture;  ecstatically. 
Ra'RA  Ji'VIS,   71.     [L.]     A  rare   bird  ;    an   unusual 

person 
RARE,  a.     [L.  rarus,  thin  ;  Pp.  Port,  and  It.  raro;  Tt. 
rare;  D.  raar;  G.  and  Dan.  rar.] 

1.  Uncommon  ;  not  frequent ;  as,  a  rare  event ;  a 
rare  phenomenon. 

2.  Unusually  excellent;  valuable  to  a  degree  sel- 
dom found. 


Cotetey. 
Dryden, 


Rare  work,  all  filled  with  terror  and  dolighL 
Above  the  rest  I  judge  one  Lutiuty  rare. 

3.  Thinly  scattered. 

Those  rare  and  soIil;iry,  these  In  flocka.  Milton. 

4.  Thin;  porous;  not  dense;  as,  a  rare  and  at- 
tenuate substance. 

Water  Is  nineteen  times  lighter,  and,  by  cons<^uence,  ninPtwn 
times  rarer,  than  gold.  Neicton, 

5.  (;Sax.  brere.]  Neariy  raw  ;  imperfectly  roasted 
or  boiled  ;  as,  rare  beef  or  mutton  ;  eggs  roasted  rare. 

Drydcn. 

RAR^EE-SHOW,  71.  [rare  and  shovs.]  A  show  car- 
ried about  in  a  box  by  a  show-man.  Pi>pe. 

RAR-E-FAC'TION,  71.  [Fr.  See  Rarefy.]  The  act 
or  prtice«s  of  expanding  or  distending  bodies,  by  sep- 
arating the  parts  and  rendering  the  bodies  more  nire 
or  porous,  by  which  operation  they  appear  under  a 
larger  bulk,  or  require  more  room,  without  an  acces- 
sion of  new  matter;  opposed  toConcENaATioN  ;  as, 
the  rarefaction  of  air.  Encyc. 

R A  R'E-FI- A-ilLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  rarefied. 

RAR'E-FI-/^D,  pp.  or  a.     ftlade  thin  or  less  dense. 

RAR'E-F?,  V.  U  [Fr.  rarcjicrj  L,  rarefacio  ;  rarus^ 
rare,  and  facia,  to  make.] 

To  make  thin  and  porotts  or  less  dense  ;  to  expand 
or  enlarge  a  body  without  adding  to  it  any  new  por- 
tion of  its  own  matter;  opjKJscd  to  Condense. 

Encyc.     Thomson. 


TONE,  CULL,  t:NITE._AN"GEK,  VI"CIOUS._e  M  K;  0  as  J ;  g  a,  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


909 


RAS 

RAR'E-KY,  V.  i.  To  become  lliin  and  porous.   DryJen. 
RAR'E-FT-IN'G,  ppr.     Making  iliin  or  Icsjs  dense. 
RAKEXV,  adp.    Seldom  ;  nut  ol^eu;  as,  things  rarelf 
st-en, 

2.  Finely;  nicely.    [Liaieused.]  Skak, 
RaKE'.NESS,  m.    The  st»te  of  being  uocommon ;  un- 

comuionness ;  infrequency. 

And  let  Ihe  rortngn  tbs  Koail  gHt  oommotd.  I>ryUn. 

3.  Value  arising  from  scarcity.  Stteon, 

3.  Thinness;  tenuiiy ;  as,  the  ramies*  of  air  or 
vapor. 

4.  Distance  from  each  other ;  thinness.  Johnscnu 
RARR'RIPE,  a.     [Sax.  ar<rr«ii,  to  excite,  to  hasten.] 

Early  ripe  ;  ripe  before  others,  or  before  the  usual 
seas4in. 
RARE' RIPE,  m.    An  early  IVuit,  paiticuUrty  a  kind  of 

peach  which  ripens  early. 
RAR'I-TY,  ■-     [Fr.  ntrtU  :  L.  rmritas.] 
I.  Uncommonnesa ;  infrequency. 

Far  from  bciojf  fond  of  a  flowtr  for  iu  rarity.  Sj>«ctaior. 

3.  A  thins  valued  for  its  scarcity. 

I  «v  (luee  rart^M*  or  ddrirnt  klnv)«,  wtudi  pIcMcd  tM  more 
tSui  U17  clber  abovi  in  the  |>Uc«,  Addiaon, 

3,  Thianess;  tenuity;  opposed  to  Dkxsitt;  as, 
the  ronCy  of  air.  i'i^y* 

RAS'eAL,  m.  [Sax.  id.  This  word  is  said  to  signify 
•  leaD  beast.] 

1.  A  mean  fellow  ;  a  !«coiin(1rel ;  in  modem  wagt^  a 
triclclsh,  dbhonest  fellow  ;  a  rogue  ;  particutariy  ap- 
plied to  men  and  boys  guiliyof  the  lesser  crimes,  and 
indicating  less  enormity  or  guilt  than  Viix&in. 

1  loiTe  arna^  to  aerre  1117  lam  in  itoiv, 
Artdbr'sarBMxJwIwpf'sbNMktoiiMre.  Dryden. 

5.  A  lean  deer.  Skak,     Toon^ 
RAS'€AL,  a.    Lean  ;  as,  a  maeal  deer. 

2.  Mean  ;  low.  Spenser, 
R.\S-eAL'IO\,  (ras-kal'yun,)  a.    [from  raaeal.}     A 

low,  mean  wretch-  Hiidibru. 

RAS-€AL'I-TV,  «.    The  low,  mean  peopld.    Souik, 
fi.  Mean  trickishneaa  or  disbones^  ;  base  fVaud. 
\Tkis  is  its  ftHse  im  frtMMt  usage  »  JSwuriea  ] 
RAS*e.\L-LY,  4.    Meanly  trickish  or  dishonest ;  vile, 
a.  Mean  ;  vile;  base  ;  worthless;  as,  a  romi/ly 
porter.  SttifU 

Rase,  r.  U  fPr.  raser  :  Pp.  and  Port,  rasar ;  IL  rasa- 
rt  and  nsckiart ;  Arm.  raza;  L.  rnsus^  raiio.  With 
these  words  accord  the  W.  rkaVtu,  to  rub  olT;  rAaUullj 

a  rasp ;  Eth.  4vU  I  r«ot,  to  rub  or  wipe.  See  the 
Tob  to  riHt,  which  is  mdicalty  the  same  word.  If  g 
in  grtU  is  a  prefix,  the  word  is  formed  on  the  same 
radix.  Class  Rd,  No.  10.  13,  17,  23,  33,  38,  43,  56,  5S, 
61,  OS,  64,  81.] 

1.  To  pass  along  the  surface  of  a  thing,  with  stri- 
kiag  or  rubbing  it  at  the  same  time ;  to  gmu. 

Micht  oat  (he  bullM  which  nmd  his  cfaeck,  tare  rate  btn  Km 
htad  i     [Obt.]  SbuA. 

S.  To  erase ;  to  scialch  or  nib  oat ;  or  to  blot  out ; 
to  cancel.  Mdtxm. 

[In  this  sense.  Erase  is  gemTally  nsed.] 

3.  To  level  with  the  ground  ;  to  overthrow  ;  to  de- 
stroy ;  as,  to  rage  a  city.  MUton. 

[In  this  sense   R*ra  is  generally  used.     This  or- 
thography, rose,  may  therefore    be  considered     as 
nearly  obsolete ;  Gbaze,  Erase,  and  Razx  having 
superseded  it.] 
RZSE,  a.    A  cancel ;  erasure.    {^'(A  ta  K«e.] 

3.  A  slight  wound.  [.Vrt  m  lur.] 
RASH,  a.  [D.  and  G.  M^cft,  quick  ;  Pw.  and  Dan. 
ratty  id. ;  Sax,  AnuJ,  kntd^  AnrtA,  quick,  hasty,  ready, 
and  kr^Sy  rms,  impetus,  force,  and  hrtosan,  reosan, 
r«*sa,  tonwA,  (See  Reipt  and  Rush.)  The  sense 
Is,  advancing,  pushing  forward.  Class  Rd,  No.  5,  9.] 

1.  Hasty  in  counsel  or  actmn  ;  precipitate  ;  resolv- 
hw  or  entering  on  a  project  or  measure  without  due 
deUbontkNi  and  caution,  and  thus  encountering  un- 
necsssaiy  hazard  ;  applied  to  persons ;  as,  a  rash  eiatex- 
man  or  minister ;  a  rask  commander. 

a.  Uttered  or  undertaken  wiih  too  much  haste  or 
too  little  reflection  ;  as,  rasA  words  ;  rash  measures. 

3.  Requiring  baste ;  urgenL 

I  hAve  acncp  Hntr*  to  ^nte  yoo, 

Mj  nAOar  ii  n  roM.  Shot. 

4.  Quick  ;  sudden  ;  as,  rash  gunpowder.    [.Vet  tn 

R.\?i!,  n.    Com  so  dry  as  to  f;ill  out  with  handling. 

r/>.ca/.]  Grost. 

RA?II,  n,     [TL  rascio.] 

1.  An  eniplion  or  efflorescence  on  the  body,  with 
little  or  no  elevation.     [In  It.  raschia  is  the  itch.] 

2.  Satin.     [Obs.] 

RASH,  r.  L     [It.  mschiare,  to  scrape  or  grate;   W. 

rh&sf,  rhasgylj  rhofgUato  ;  from  tlie   root  of  rose, 

graze.] 

To  slice  ;  to  cut  into  pieces ;  to  divide.     Sprruter, 
RASH'/:D,  (rashl.l  jrp.     Cut  into  slices  ;  divided, 
RASH'ER,  R.     A  thin  slice  of  bacon  ;  a  thin  cut.  Shak. 
RASH'LY,  adv.    With  precipitation ;  hastily  ;  without 

due  deliberation. 

He  tb»t  dotb  U17  thin;  mahly,  nunt  do  it  willing/. 

L'Bttmngt. 
Bo  r««ft'y  bnvf,  to  dim  th^  nrord  of  Tbnrom.  Umilh. 


RAT 

RASH'NESS,  a.  Toit  nmrh  ha*'le  in  resolvinc  or  in 
uudrrtaking  a  measure  ;  precipimtiun  ;  incuiisidernte 
rt^ndinens  or  promptness  to  decide  or  act,  implying 
disregard  of  consequences  or  contempt  of  danger  ; 
applied  to  persons.  The  failure  of  enterprises  U  often 
owing  to  ra^aess, 

yit  odVml  by  m*ht*iaa,  whkh  U  an  aAmtiDg  or  den]rinc  b^furc 
wo  havr  ■ulficit.-iilly  iiifuniM^  ourar-tvc*.  Souih, 

2.  The  qualit>'  of  being  uttered  or  done  without 
due  delibemtiun  ;  as,  the  rashness  of  words  or  of  un- 
dertakings. 

RAS-KOL'^riKS,  n.  pi  The  name  given  to  tho  largest 
and  most  important  body  of  dissenters  from  the  Greek 
church  in  Rtissia.  Brande, 

RA-SO'RI-AL.o.     [L.  rarfo,  to  scratch.] 

In  ormithalo^,  an  epithet  applied  to  gallinaceous 
binls,  including  the  jjeacock,  domestic  fowl,  par- 
tridj'e,  ostrich,  pigeon,  &.c.  S^tai^u'fon. 

RXSi*,  a.  [Sw.  and  I>.  ra,»p;  G.  raspel;  Uan.  raspe; 
Fr.  rdtie,  for  rasjte  ;  ll.  and  t^p.  raspa.     See  Rasu.] 

1.  A  species  of  nte,  on  which  the  cutting  promi- 
nences are  distinct,  t)eing  mised  by  punching  witti  a 
point,  instead  of  cutting  with  a  chisel.  Jlcbcrt. 

2.  A  raspberry,  which  see. 

3.  'i'he  rough  bark  of  a  tree.  Bacon, 
RASP,  r.  (.     [D.  raspen  :  Dan.  rasper;  Sw.  raspa  ;  It. 

raypare :  Sp.  raspnr  ;  Fr.  raper ;  VV.  rhaVtcH^  in  a  dif- 
ferent dialect.     See  Rase.] 

To  rub  or  file  with  a  rasp  ;  to  rub  or  grate  with  a 
rouch  flic ;  as,  to  ru-vp  wood  to  make  it  smootli ;  to 
rasp  bones  to  powder.  Wiseman.    Mozon* 

RASP'A-TO-RY,  n.     A  surgeon's  rasp.        Wwcwan. 

R.ASP'BER-RV,  (raz'ber-re,)  n.  [from  ra.^,  so  named 
from  the  roughness  of  the  fruit.  G.  kraiibeere,  from 
kratien^  to  scratch.] 

The  fruit  of  a  bramble  or  species  of  Ruhus  ;  a  ber- 
ry growing  on  a  prickly  plant ;  as,  ihc  blacii  raspber- 
ry ;  the  red  and  the  white  raspberry, 

R.VSP'BER-RY-BJJSII,  n.  The  bramble  producing 
raspberries, 

R.KSP'Kl),  (rispt,)  pp.  Rubbed  or  filed  with  a  nup  ; 
grated  to  a  fine  powder. 

R.XSP'ER,  ».     A  scraper.  Shencood, 

RASP'ING,  ;r;^.  Filing  with  a  rasp;  grating  to  a  fine 
powder. 

RAS'IJRE,  (ra'zhur,)  a.  [L.  rasura,  from  radoj  rasus. 
Bee  Rase.] 

1.  The  act  of  scraping  or  shaving ;  the  act  of  eras- 
ing. 

2.  The  mark  by  which  a  letter,  word,  or  any  part 
of  a  writing  or  print  is  erased,  eflaced,  or  oblitera- 
ted ;  an  erasure.  Jlyliffe. 

RAT,  a.  [Sax.  rirt ;  D.  rat ;  G.  ratie ;  Fr.  rat  :  Arm. 
raz  ;  Sp.  rata :  Port,  id.,  a  rat,  and  rat/>s,  sharp  stones 
in  the  sea  that  wear  cables  ;  probably  named  from 
gnawing,  and  from  the  nxit  of  L.  rodo.] 

The  popular  name  of  st'veral  sjiecies  of  the  genus 
Hus,  larger  thnn  mice,  which  are  roilent  mammals, 
or  small  quadrupeds  that  Infest  houses,  stores,  and 
ships  ;  a  trouldesoine  race  of  animals. 

7\>  ameli  a  rux ;  to  be  yiispiciuds  ;  to  be  on  the  watch 
from  suspicion  ;  as  a  cat  by  the  scent  or  noise  of  a  rat. 

RAT,  r.  i.  [From  the  desertion  of  a  place  by  rats  be- 
fore an  anticipated  calamity.] 

1.  In  English  politics,  to  desert  one's  former  party, 
and  go  over  to  the  opposite.  Booth. 

2.  Among  printers,  to  work  at  less  than  tlie  estab- 
lished prices.  T.  F.  Adains. 

RAT'A-BLE,  a.  [from  rate.]  That  may  be  rated,  or 
set  at  a  certain  value  ;  as,  a  Danish  ore  ratable  at  two 
marks.  Camden. 

2.  Liable  or  subjected  by  law  to  taxation  ;  as,  rata- 
ble esUte.  Stat,  of  Conn. 

RAT'A-BLY,  ado.  By  rate  or  proportion  ;  proportion- 
ally. Ralegh. 

RAT-A-Fl'A,  n.  [Sp.]  A  fine  spirituous  liquor,  fla- 
vored with  the  kernels  of  several  kinds  of  fruits, 
particularly  of  cherries,  apricots,  and  peaches 

Sp.  Diet.     Urt. 

RAT-A\',  n.     [Malay,  roian  ;  Java,  roUang.] 

1.  A  name  applied  to  sterna,  the  growth  of  India, 
and  the  produce  of  various  species  of  the  genus  Cal- 
amus, most  or  all  of  which  are  perennial,  simple  or 
unbranched,  cylindrical,  jointed,  \'ery  tough  and 
strong,  from  the  size  of  a  goose-quill  to  the  size  of 
the  human  wrist,  and  from  fifty  to  a  hundred  feet  in 
length.  They  are  used  fur  wicker-work,  seats  of 
chairs,  walking-sticks,  wilhes  and  thongs,  ropes,  ca- 
bles, &c. 

2.  A  walking-stick  made  of  ratan. 
RAT'A-NY,     (  n.     A  half  shrubby  Peruvian  plant, 
RAT'AN-HY,  \    Krameria  triandra,  the  root  of  which 

is  verv  astringent.  P.  Cm. 

RAT'-CATCH-ER,  71.  One  who  makes  it  his  busi- 
ness to  catch  rats. 

R.\TCH,  n.  A  bar  containing  angular  teeth,  into 
which  a  pa!I  or  catch  drops,  to  prevent  machines 
from  running  back.  HeberU 

RATCH'ET,  7u  In  a  vatch,  a  small  tooth  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  fusee  or  barrel,  which  stops  it  in  wind- 
ing up.  Hutlon. 

RATCH'ET-WHEEL,  n.  A  circular  wheel,  having 
angular  teeth,  into  which  a  pall  or  catch  drops,  to 
prevent  machines  from  running  back.  Hebert. 


RAT 

RATCiriL,  n.    Among  miners,  fragments  of  stone. 
RATK,  «.      [iNorm.  ruin;    L.  rctii;*,  rcwr,  contracted 
from  TFior,  redor,  or  renor.    See  Ratio  and  REASort.] 

1.  The  proportion  or  standard  by  which  quantity 
or  value  is  adjusted  ;  as,  silver  valued  at  the  rate  of 
six  tthillings  and  eight  jtencc  the  ounce. 

The  rale  iU)d  siaiiilujd  of  wu  wa*  didcreot  Iheo  from  wbnl  it  is  in 
(liL-ce  d:ljr|.  ifvulA. 

2.  Price  or  amount  slated  or  fixed  on  any  thing. 
A  king  may  purchase  territory  at  too  dear  a  rate. 
The  rate  of  interest  is  prescribed  by  law. 

3.  Settled  allowance  ;  as,  a  daily  rate  of  provisions. 
2  Kings  XXV. 

4.  Degree  ;  comparative  higbt  or  value. 

I  am  a  apirit  of  no  coinnioii  raU.  Shak. 

Iu  Lbia  dill  hia  Ikuliiicaa  aiid  gollincaa  appear  alove  tlii'  rale  and 
pitch  of  oUkt  nK-u'a,  in  ihM  tie  wu  ao  InAtuioljr  tiicnifLil. 
CalanMf. 

5.  Degree  in  which  any  thing  is  done.  The  ship 
sails  at  the  rate  of  seven  knots  an  hour. 

Mmiy  of  tlie  hone  cuuld  noL  miircli  at  tliat  raU,  nor  conin  op 
•oon  eiiuitgh.  Ciareiuion. 

G.  Degree  of  value  ;  price.  VYheat  in  England  is 
oAen  sold  at  the  rare  of  filty  shillings  the  quarter. 
Wit  may  be  purchased  at  too  dear  a  rare. 

7.  A  tax  or  sum  assessed  by  authority  on  property 
for  public  use,  according  to  its  income  or  value  ;  as, 
parish  rates;  town  rates;  highway  rates. 

8.  In  the  nanj,  the  order  or  class  of  a  ship,  which 
is  called  first,  second,  third,  &c.,  rafr,  according  to 
it<*  magnitude  or  force. 

RATE,  V.  t.  To  set  a  certain  value  on  ;  to  value  at  a 
certain  price  or  degree  of  excellence. 

You  awm  not  hi^  enough  your  Joy»  to  rate.  Drydtn. 

liiatcnd  of  rating  lh«  man  liy  his  p(?rl'urmauc<:s,  wo  too  fntiucntlj 
rote  ilic*  p'irilirinaiict-  by  the  iiian.  HatruUer. 

2.  To  fix  the  magnitude,  force,  or  order,  as  of 
ships.  A  ship  is  rated  in  the  first  class,  or  as  a  ship 
of  the  line. 

3.  To  take  the  rate  of  ;  as,  to  rate  a  chronometer, 
that  is,  to  ascertain  the  exact  rate  of  its  gain  or  loss 
as  compared  with  true  time,  for  the  sake  of  making 
a  due  allowance  or  computation  dependent  thereon. 

Prof,  Loomis. 
RATE,  r.  I.    To  be  set  or  considered  in  a  class,  as  a 
ship.     The  ship  rates  as  a  ship  of  the  line. 
2.  To  make  an  estimate. 
RATE,  p.  t,     [Sw.  rata,  to  refuse,  to  find  fault ;  rt/fa, 
to  roar,  to  huff;  Ice.  reita,  or  G.  bereden,  from  reden, 
to  speak.  Sax.  ra-dan,     (See  Read.)     It  is  probably 
allied  to  rattle,  and  perhaps  to  L.  rudo.     See  Class 
Rd,  No.  71,  7ti,  Ar.] 

To  chide  with  vehemence  ;  to  reprove;  to  scold  j 
to  censure  violently. 

Go,  role  thy  minions,  prood,  Insulting'  boy.  Sfiak. 

All  old  lonl  of  th«  eouncit  rated  me  the  other  d»y  in  th"  mreet 
hI>oii(  you,  sir.  SJiaJe. 

RAT'ED,  pp.  Set  at  a  certain  value;  estimated  ;  set 
in  a  certain  order  or  rank. 

2.  I'hid  ;  reproved. 

RAT'ER,  n.  One  who  sets  a  value  on  or  makes  an 
estimate. 

RATH,  n.     [Ir.  ratji,  a  hill,  mount,  or  fortress. 
A  hill.     "■■    ^ 

RATH,  a.     ^ 
hrad,  quick",  hasty  ;  Ir.  ratham,  to  gruw   or  be  pros- 
perous ;  from  the  same  rout  as  ready  and  ra^^h,  {torn 
the  sense  of  shooting  forward.     See  Readt.] 

Early  ;  cuming  before  others,  or  before  the  usual 
time. 

Bring  the  ralh  primroM,  that  forsaken  dies,  AiUUm, 

RATH'ER,  ado.  [i^nx.  rathor,  hratkor  ;  comp.  of  rath, 
quick,  prompt,  hasty,  ready.  So  we  use  sooner  in  an 
equivalent  sense.  I  would  rather  go,  or  sooner  go. 
The  use  is  taken  from  pushing  or  moving  forward. 
So  the  Italians  use  ami,  (L.  ante,  before.)  "  Ma  egli 
disse,  anzi,  beati  coUiro  th'odono  la  parola  di  Dio,  e 
I'osservano."  But  he  said  yea  rather,  happy  are 
they  that  hear  the  word  of  God  and  keep  it. 
Luke  xi,] 

1.  Mure  readily  or  willingly,  with  better  liking; 
with  preference  or  choice. 

My  soul  chooseih  strangling  and  death  rather  than  life.  —  Job 

-    vii. 
lyi^ht  is  come  into  the  world,  and  men  lored  darVn"**  raffier 

ihsn  light,  because   their  detds  were  evil.  —  Joho  Ui.    Ps. 

\xxxiv. 

9.  In  preference;  preferably  ;  with  better  reason. 
Good  is  rather  to  be  chosen  than  evil.     See  .^cts  v. 

3.  In  a  greater  degree  than  otherwise. 

He  Bouifrhl  throughout  (he  world,  hut  scitght  in  vain, 

And  Dowh'-'re  finding,  rather  k-are d  her  sUln.  DryUn. 

4.  More  properly  ;  more  correctly  speaking. 

Tills  is  an  art 
Which  do^  mend  nnture,  changr:  it  relAer  ;  but 
The  art  itself  is  nature.  Shak. 

5.  Noting  some  degree  of  contrariety  in  fact. 

She  WM  nothing  better,  but  rorter  grew   worse.  — Mark   t. 
Matt.  XX  vii. 

The  rather;  especially;  for  better  reason ;  for  par- 
ticular cause. 

You  ore  come  to  me  in  a  happy  tin»e. 

The  rather  for  I  have  some  sport  in  hand,  Shtik. 


11.     {Obs.}   '  Spenser, 

a.     [Sax.  rath,  nrthe,  hrceth,  hrathe,  hried,  or 


FATE.  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE.  BIRD.— NOTE.  DOVE.  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.- 


RAT 

ITad  rather^  is  supposed  to  be  a  corruption  uf  vftntid 
rather, 

I  had  mtKtr  apeak  fire  vonlA  with  m;  imdcntnnilinf .  —  I  Cor. 

This    plirase    may  have   been    originally,    "  I'd 

TOiher,"  fur  I  would  rather^  and  the  conirnction  after- 
ward niistaken  for  had.  Correct  speakers  and 
writers  eeiientlly  use  would  in  all  such  phrases;  I 
■would  rather,  I  prefer;  I  desire  in  prefi-mite. 

RATH'OF-FITE,  n.  A  minoml  brought  from  f?weden, 
nf  the  garnet  kind.  Its  color  is  a  dingy,  hrownlsh- 
blnck.  Philips. 

RAT  I  FI  CA'TIOX,  n.  [Fr.  j  from  ratify.}  The  act 
of  nitifying  ;  contirniatioii. 

2.  The  act  of  givin^r  sanction  and  validity  to 
something  done  by  another  ;  as,  the  ratification  of  a 
treaty  by  the  senate  of  the  United  States. 

RAT'I-FI->:D,  pp.  Confirmed  :  sanctioned  :  made 
valid. 

RAT'I-FI-ER,  M.  He  or  that  which  ratifies  or  sanc- 
tion:*. 

RAT'I-F?,  r.  L  [Fr.  ratijier ;  L.  ratum  faeio^  to  make 
firm.] 

1.  To  confirm  ;  to  establish  ;  to  settle. 

We  hare  miified  to  Uwin  Uie  bfirJer*  of  JuJea.  —  1  Mace. 

S.  To  approve  and  sanction  ;  to  make  valid ;  as, 
to  ratifij  an  ajircement  or  treaty. 

RAT'I-FV-I\G,  ppr.  Confirming;  establishing;  ap- 
proving and  sanctioning. 

RAT-I-HA-BI'-'TION,  n.  Confirmation  or  approba- 
tiiin,  as  of  a  contract. 

R.aT'ING,  ppr.  [from  rate.]  Setting  al  a  certain 
value  ;  aligning  rank  to  ;  estimating. 

2.  Chiding;  reproving. 

RA'TIO,  (ri'slio,)  n.  [L.,  from  ralusy  rcor^  to  think 
or  suppose,  to  set,  contirni,  or  establish.  Reor  is 
contncted  from  rf6(w  or  r*;fwr,  and  primarily  signifies 
to  throw,  to  liirust,  hence  to  s|)eak,  to  set  in  the 
mind,  to  think,  tike  L.  mppono  i  and  setting  gives 
the  sense  of  a  fixed  rate,  or  rule.     See  Reason.] 

1.  In  popular  language,  proportion  ;  rate ;  degree ; 
as,  the  ratio  of  represeiaation  in  congress. 

2.  In  mathematics,  the  relation  which  ouc  quantity 
has  to  another  of  the  same  kind,  as  expressed  by  the 
quotient  of  the  one  divided  by  the  other.  Thus  the 
ratio  of  4  to  *2  is  4-3,  or  2;  and  the  ratio  of  5  to  6  is 
5-+1.  This  is  geometrical  ratio,  which  is  that  signified 
when  the  term  is  used  without  distinction ;  but 
artihmetieal  ratio  is  the  difference  between  two  quan- 
tities).    Thos  the  arithmetical  ratio  of  2  to  6  is  1. 

Datfs  Jilirehra, 
Ratio  respects  magnilndes  of  the  same  kind  only. 
One  line  may  be  compared  with  another  line,  but  a 
line  ran  not  be  compared  with  a  superficies,  and 
hence  between  a  line  and  a  superficies  there  can  be 
no  ratio.  Eneye, 

KA-TIOC'I-NSTE,  (ra-shos'e-nate,)  r.  i.     [L.  raUoci- 
nor,  from  rofio,  reason.] 
Tn  reason  ;  to  argue.     [Little  risrd.] 
KA-TIOC-I-NA'TION,   (ra-shos-e-na'shun.)   n.      [L. 
ratiocinatio.} 

The  act  or  process  of  reasoning,  or  of  deducing 
consequences  from  premises,    [tiee  Ueasom;«g.] 
Brown.     South. 
RA-TIOCT-NATIVE,  (ra-shos'e-na-tive,)  a.     Argu- 
mentative; con-^istmg  m  the  compcirison  of  proposi- 
tions or  facts,  and  the  deduction  of  inferences  from 
the  rompariMm  ;  as,  a  ratiucinative  process.     JfaU. 
{Jl  bad  word   and  Utile  usedJ] 
RA'TIOX,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  raiio,  proportion.] 

A  portion  or  fixed  allowance  of  provisions,  drink, 
and  forage,  assigned  to  each  soldier  in  an  army  for 
his  daily  subsistence,  and  for  the  subsistence  of 
horses.  Officers  have  stiveral  rations,  according  to 
their  rank  or  number  of  attendants.  Heamen  in  the 
navy  aNo  have  rations  of  certain  articles.  Enctje. 
Ra'TIO\-AL,  (ra'shiin-al  or  ra.'sh'un-al,)  a.  [Fr.  ra- 
tionnel:  It.  raztonaJe;  L.  rationalit.] 

1.  Having  reason,  or  the  faculty  of  reasoning  ;  en- 
dowed with  reason;  opposed  to  iHnATiowAL ;  as, 
man  is  a  rational  being  ;  brutes  are  nut  rational  ani- 
mals. 

It  \»  our  glorr  %aA  luip|)(n«'M  lo  hare  a  rrs£anal  n'\tiir^.   Lav. 

2.  Agreeable  to  reason;  opposed  to  Absitrd  ;  as, 
a  rational  conclusion  or  inference  ;  rationnl  conilucL 

3.  Agreeable  to  reason  ;  not  extrava]:ant. 

4.  Acting  in  conformity  to  reason;  wise;  ju- 
dicious ;  nii,  a  rational  man. 

Rational  horiton.     See  Hoatzo.t,  No.  9. 
Ratiuutd   quantity;    in    algebra,  a   quantity   whiwe 
value   can    be   exactly  expressL-d   by    nuuilJ>rs ;  (>•►- 
po^od  tr>  irrational  quantity  or  surd.  Jlatton. 

RA'TION-,-\Ij,  (ra'shun-aJ   ur  rash'un  al,)   n.      A  ra- 
tional being.  Young. 
RA-TIOX-A'LE,  (ra-<hun-a'Ic  or  rash-un-i'le,)  ».     A 
detail  with   reasons  ;   a  series  of  re.isnn*;  n-isigncd  ; 
as,  Dr.  SfKirrotv'«  rationale  of  the  Common  Prayer. 

2.  An  account  or  solution  of  the  principle.^  of 
■onm  opinion,  action,  hypothesis,  phenomenon,  Sec. 

Encye. 
RA'TION-AT^TSM,  (rS'shun-  or  rash'nn-,)  n.     A"  sys- 
tem  of  opiniona  deduced  from    reason,  as   distinct 
from  inspiration  or  opposed  tn  it.  Bib.  Repoa. 


RAT 

RA'TION-AL-IST,  (ra'shun-  or  rash'un-,)  n.  One 
who  proceeds  in  his  disquiiiitioua  and  practice 
wholly  iijHjn  reason.  Bacon. 

2.  ^^RuiiiiiuilisLi  may  be  said  to  comprehend  those 
latitudinarians,  who  consider  the  supt^rnaturai  events 
recorded  in  the  Old  and  New  Teslauu-nts  as  events 
hapiietiiug  in  the  ordinary  course  of  nature,  but 
described  by  the  writers,  without  any  real  ground, 
as  supernatural,  and  who  consider  the  morality  of 
the  Scriptures  as  subject  to  tlie  test  of  human  rea- 
son. C.  Butler. 

The  definition  applies  to  the  writings  of  many 
German  divines. 

RA-TION-Al^IST'ie,  t  (ra'shun-  or  (  a.    Belong- 

RA-TlON-AL-IST'ie-AL,  j  rash'un-,)  j  ingto,or 
in  accordance  with,  the  principles  of  rationalism. 

R.\-TION-AL-IST'ie-AI^LY,  adv.  In  a  rationalistic 
manner. 

RA-TION-AL'I-TY,  (ra'shun-  or  rash'un-,)  n.  The 
power  of  reasoning. 

Gotl  has  made  radonalily  the  common  p>ortton  of  miuikind. 

Goo.  of  III*  Tongut. 

2.  Reasonableness. 

Welkiirecl-'d  Intentioi 
examinaUoii. 

RS'TION-AL-TZE,  (ra'shun-  or  rash'un-,)  v.  L    To 

convert  to  rationalism. 
RA'TION-AL-LY,  (ra'shun-  or  rash'un-,)  adv.     In 

consistency  with  reason  ;  reasonably.    VVe  rationally 

expvct  every  man  will  pursue  his  own  happiness. 
RA'TIO\-AL-NESS,  (ra'shun-  or  rash'un-,)  n.     The 

slate  of  being  rational  or  consistent  with  reason. 
RAT'LIN,     }  n.     A  small  line  iniversing  the  shrouds 
R.\T'LINE,  \      of  a  ship,  making  the  step  of  a  ladder 

for  ascending  to  the  mast-heads.  Tottcn. 

RAT-OOX',  M.     fSp.  retoho;  retonar,  to  sprout  again.] 

1.  A  sprout  from  the  root  of  the  sugar-cane,  which 
has  been  cut.  Edicards^  W.  hid. 

2.  A  name  of  the  heart  leaves  in  a  tobacco  plant 
RATS'BANE,  n.     [rat   and   bane.\     Poison   for   rats; 

arsenous  acid. 

RATS'Ba\-£D,  a.     Poisoned  by  ratsbane.    Junius. 

RATS'TAIL,  n.  A  disease  in  horses,  in  which  the 
hair  of  the  tail  is  permanently  lost.  Gardner. 

RAT'-TAIL,  n.  In /ornery,  an  excrescence  grow- 
ing from  the  pastern  to  the  middle  of  the  shank  of 
a  horse.  Enci/c. 

RAT-TEEN',  n.      [Sp.  ratina,  ratteen,  and  a  I'nusk 
mouse.] 
A  thick,  woolen  stnfF,  quilled  or  twilled. 

RAT-TI-NET',  71.  A  woolen  stuff  thinner  than  rat- 
teen. 

RAT'TING,  ppr.  [from  rat.]  Deserting  one's  former 
party  and  going  over  to  the  opposite.     [English.] 

RAT'TING,  n.  The  act  of  deserting  one's  former 
party  and  going  over  to  the  opposite.     (EnglL-^h.] 

2.  Among  printers,  the  act  of  working  for  less 
than  the  established  prices.  T.F.  Adams. 

RAT'TLE,  (rat'tl,)  c.  i.  [D.  ratelen  ;  reutclen ;  G. 
rasseln  ;  Dan.  rosier  i  Sw.  rassla  ;  Gr.  Kporcoi,  Kpo~ 
ruXoc,  with  a  prefix,     (in.  rate.j 

1.  To  make  a  quick,  sharp  noise,  rapidly  repeated, 
by  the  collision  of  bodies  not  very  sonorous.  When 
bodies  are  sonorous,  it  is  called  Jinoling.  We  say, 
the  wheels  rattle  over  tlie  pavement. 

Anil  iitf.  riHl"  h.)il  In  rattling  tempoU  forms.  Additon. 

H«  Cteulnl  hia  notions  as  Uv-y  M\, 

Ami  if  they  ihjmed  mid  raUl^d,  all  was  well.  Dryden, 

3.  To  speak  eagerly  and  noisily  ;  to  utter  words  in 
a  clattering  manner. 

Thus  itirb'il'-nl  in  rattUng  tone  she  spoke.  Dryrten. 

He  nuUtt  it  out  a^nat  poyiecy.  Swi/i. 

RAT'TLE,  h.L  To  cause  to  make  a  rattling  sound, 
or  a  rapid  succession  of  sharp  sounds ;  as,  to  rattle  a 
chain.  Dryden. 

2.  To  stun  with  noise;  to  drive  with  sharp  sounds 
rapidly  refM^aied. 

Soiinil  bill  snother,  nml  another  shall, 

At  loud  M  tliitio,  mtde  Uto  wclkiu'a  enr.  ^ak. 

3.  To  scold  ;  to  rail  at  clamorout^ly  ;  as,  to  rattle 
off  sTvants  sharply.  Jlrhufhnot. 

RAT'TLE,  n.  A  rapid  succeffsion  of  sharp,  clattering 
sounds  ;  as,  the  rattle  of  a  drum.  Prior. 

2.  A  rapid  succensinn  of  words  sharply  uttered  ; 
loud,  rapid  talk  ;  clamorous  chiding. 

3.  An  instrument  with  which  a  clattering  sound 
is  made.    [For  watchman's  rattle,  see  Watchmak.] 

Th«  rttWet  of  l«iii  and   itw  cynilsils  of  Brwilea  Dcarly  cfimigb 

V  ■■  iiil.!c  i-.ich  (it(i»T.  lialtgh. 

Thf  rliymr-s  nnd  rauitt  of  tbe  min  or  boy.  Poi>s. 

4.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Pcdicularls,  lou»ewor^ 

Fnm.  of  Plants, 
Tetlow  rattle ;  a  plant  of  the  genus  Rhinautlms. 

Eoudon. 
RAT'TLE-nOX,a.     A  plant;  a  popular  name  of  one 

or  mr.rt.'  ajtecies  of  Crotalaria. 
RAT'TLE-HEAI)  EI),  a.     Noisy;  giddv;  unsteady. 
KAT'TLF.a.  (nit'ilz,)  n.  pi.    The  popular  name  of  the 

cni'ip,  or  Cynanrhe  tnichealis  of  Cullen. 
RAT'TLE-SNAKE,  n.     An  Am.rir.m  snake  that  has 
rnttk-i  at  the  tail,  of  the  genus  Crotalus.    The  rat- 
tles consist   of   articulated   horny  colls,  which  the 


RAV 

animal  vibrates  in  such  a  manner  as  lo  make  a  rat- 
tling sound.  The  poison  of  the  rattlesnake  is  dan- 
gerous. 

RAT'TLE-SNJ\KE-ROOT,  n.  A  plant  or  root  of  tbo 
genus  Polygala,  and  another  of  the  genus  I^renantbes; 
used  to  cure  the  bite  of  the  raltlesnake. 

RAT'TLE-SNAKE-WEED,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Er>iigium.  h'am.  of  Plants. 

RAT'TLING,  p7»r,  or  a.  Making  a  quick  succession 
of  f-harp  sounds. 

RAT'TLING,  a.  A  rapid  succession  of  sharp  sounds. 
JVah.  iii. 

RAT-TOO.V.     See  Ratoow. 

RAU'CI-TY,  n.  [L.  raucus,  hoarse.  Raueus  is  the 
Eng.  rough,  which  sc-e.] 

1.  Hoarseness  ;  a  loud,  rough  sound;  as,  the  rau- 
city  of  a  trumpet  Bacon. 

2.  Among  physicians,  hoarseness  of  the  human 
voice. 

RAU'eOUS,  a.     Hoarse  ;  harsh.     [JVot  in  use.] 
RAUGHT,  (rawt,)  the  old  participle  of  Reach.  [Obs.] 
KAUNCII.     See  Wrexch. 
RAVAGE,  n.     [Fr.,  from   ravir,  to  rob   or  spoil,  L. 

rapio.     See  Class  Rb,  No.  18,  19,  26^  27.1 

L  Spoil;   ruin;  waste;   destruction   ny  violence, 

either  by  men,  beasts,  or   physical   causes  ;  as,  the 

racage  of  a  lion  ;  the  ravages  of  fire  or  tempest ;  the 

ravages  of  an  army. 

Would  one  think  'iweiv  possiblp  for  lore 
To  iiiako  such  ravage  in  a  noble  soul  l  Additon. 

2.  Waste ;   ruin ;   destruction   by  decay  ;    us,  the 
ravages  of  time. 
RAVAGE,  V.  t,     [Fr.  ravager.] 

1.  To  spoil  i  to  plunder ;  to  pillage  ;  to  sack. 

Alr^aiiy  Oaar 
Has  ravaged  mona  than  half  tlie  globe.  Addltofu 

2.  To  lay  waste  by  any  violent  force ;  as,  a  flood 
or  inundation  ravageslU^  meadows. 

The  ahatlered  fon-il  and  the  ravaged  vale.  Thomson. 

3.  To  waste  or  destroy  by  eating ;  as,  fields  rav- 
aged by  swarms  of  locusts. 

RAV  ACS -ED,  pp.  or  a.     Wasted  ;  destroyed  ;  pillaged. 

RAV'AG-ER,  n.  A  plunderer;  a  spoiler;  he  or  that 
which  l.iys  waste.  Sioift. 

RAV'AG-ING,  ppr.  Plundering;  pillaging;  laying 
wast(?. 

RAVE,  V.  I.  [D.  revclen,  to  rave,  Eng.  to  revel;  Sp. 
rabiar ;  Purt.  raivar  ;  L.  rabio,  to  rave,  to  rage,  or  be 
furious  ;  rabies,  rage  ;  It.  rabbia,  whence  arrabbiare, 
to  enrage  ;  Fr.  rSoer,  if  not  a  contracted  word  ;  Dan. 
raner,  to  reel.     See  Cliiss  Kb,  No.  27,  34.] 

1.  To  \vander  in  mind  or  intellect;  to  be  delir- 
ious ;  to  talk  irrationally  ;  to  be  wild. 

When  men  thus  rave,  we  may  conclude  thnr  brains  are  titnied. 
Oov.  of  the  TbngiM. 

2.  To  utter  furious  exclamations  ;  to  be  furious  or 
raging,  as  a  madman. 

Have  I  not  cause  to  raoe  and  beat  my  breast?  Addison. 

3.  To  dote;  to  be  unreasonably  fond  ;  followed  by 
upon  i  as,  to  rave  upon  antiquity.     [Hardly  proper.] 

Locke. 
RA  V^E,  n.    The  upper  side-piece  of  timber  of  the  body 

of  a  cart.  JVew  England. 

RAVEL,  (rav'l,)  r.  (.     [D.  raaffelen  and  ravcletu    See 

Class  Rb,  No.  3,  4,  31.] 

1.  To  tear  out  or  pull  asunder  any  thing  complex 
or  complicate;  to  untwist ;  to  unweave  or  unknot ; 
to  disentangle  ;  as,  to  ravel  out  a  twist ;  to  ravel  out 
a  stocking. 

Sje'-p,  that  knita  up  the  raveled  stccve  of  care.  Shai. 

Q.  To  entangle;  to  entwist  together ;  to  make  in 
tricate  ;  to  involve  ;  to  perplex.     [Obs.] 

What  glory's  tliic  to  him  that  could  divide 

Such  raveled  intt'if'sls,  his  the  knot  unlicd  I  Waller. 

3.  To  hurry  or  run  over  in  confusion,  t-^""'  *" 
use.]  Digby. 

[The  tnic.  sense  of  this  word,  as  Dr.  Webster  has 
remarked,  is  to  separate  the  texture  of  that  which  is 
woven  or  knit ;  to  pull  asunder  that  which  is  com- 
plex k>r  complicate.  As  this  process,  however,  would 
often  result  in  greater  comidication  or  entanglement, 
it  also  acquired  the  opposite  meaning,  to  entangle  or 
make  intricate ;  but  in  this  sense  it  is  no  longer 
used.  —  Ed.] 
RAVEL,  (rav'l,)  p.  i.  To  be  separated  in  texture  ;  lo 
be  untwisted  or  unwoven  ;  to  be  disentangled. 

Spenser. 

2.  To  fall  into  perplexity  and  confusion.     [Obs.] 

Till,  hy  their  own  pptplpxitics  liivoWed, 

They  ravel  taoxv,  still  leas  rvsolved.  MUton, 

3.  To  work  in  perplexities ;  to  busy  one's  self 
with  intricacies;  to  enter  by  winding  and  turning. 
[Obs.] 

It  will  bo  needless  to  ravel  far  Into  the  records  of  rider  timr's. 
Decay  of  Piety. 
The  hinnor  of  raoeVing  into  all  ih'-»o  mystical  or  entaiigifd  mat- 
Xcn  —  prodiic<?d  iiiAuita  disputes.  Temple. 

RAV'E1j-ED,   pp.   or  a.     Untwisted  ;    disentangled  ; 

twistt^d  together;  made  intricate. 
RAVE'LIX,  (rav'liii,)  n,     [Fr.  id.;  Sp.  rebellin;  Port. 

rebelim;  It.  ravcllino.] 


TONE.  BULL,  IJNITE.— AN"GER,  Vf'CIOUS C  w  K  ;  G  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  aa  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


"oiT 


RAV 

In  fortification,  a  dttadied  work  with  two  embank- 
ment wbtcli  make  a  salient  angle.  It  is  miscd  be- 
fore Uie  curtain  on  the  counierscarp  of  tlie  [ituco. 

Brand  f. 

R,\V'£I#-IXG,  ppr.  Untwisting  ;  disentangling  ; 
twisting  ;  entangling. 

R.\V'>:U1.NG»,  «.  pL  Tbreada  detached  by  Uie  pro- 
cess of  mveling. 

RX'V*:N.  (ri'vn.)  «.  fSai.  Itr^n,  hr^n,  or  r,^n;  G. 
nibe;  D.  ruaf.  Uu.  iUb.  a-iV,  from  iti  color.  But 
Ibis  Mi:iy  be  I*,  ci/rrus.  The  t^jixon  orthography 
would  indicate  that  this  fowl  is  named  from  pilfer- 
ing ;  krtajian,  rru^an,  to  plunder,  to  rt'h,  L,  ni^w.] 

A  large  bird  of  n  black  color,  belonging  to  the 
crow  fainilv,  the  Corrus  Coraz.  P.  Cjfc 

R,\V'£N,  (niv'u,)  c.  L  [G.  muben  ;  Dan.  riieer;  Sw. 
rsffii^  T^va^  to  rob  y  Sax.  rct^an,  hrtufiaia.    Bui  It  is 


more  nearly  allied  lo  Ar.  C__J j  f^JP**  to  e*t  much, 

to  pluck  off*  in  feeding.    Class  Kb,  No.  12.    See  No. 
18,  19,^-1 

1.  To  acrouT  wiifa  great  eagerness ;  lo  eat  with 
Toraciiy. 

Our  nUiiTM  rie  punue, 
Ufce  IUB  thai  rswn  (town  tbrir  proper  Xm^f, 
^  lUntr  «*fi ;  ud  vtMV  w«  dhuk.  we  die.  Shak. 

like  « lowinf  lioQ  rOMmnf  the  prey.  — Cick.  xxU. 

9.  To  obtain  by  Tiolence.  JiakewiU. 

RAV'JEN,  (raT'n,)  ».  i.    To  prey  with  mpaciiy. 

Benjaodn  AaXi  ramen  «•  «  wolC  —  Ura.  xlix. 

RAVEN,  (rav'n.)  n.    Prey;  plunder;  food  obtained 
by  viiJence.    JV^  it 
3.  Rapine  ;  rapnritr.  Ray. 

JLW 'ES-ED,  pp.    Devoured  with  voracity. 
RAV'£N-£H,  K.    One  that  mvens  or  plunders. 

Ooterr. 
3.  Rarenrrs,pL;  birds  of  prey,  as  the  owl,  kite, 
hawk,  and  vulture.  Kirby. 

RAV'£:X-1N'G,   ppr.     Prcyinff  with  rapacity;  vora- 

cion>itv  devouring  ;  as,  a  rorminff-  wolf. 
RA V'fS-ING,  «,     F.a§<'mes3  f..r  plunder.     Luke  xi. 
RA  V'JKN-OrS,  a.     Furiously  vomciim** ;  hnnitTy  even 
lo  rage;  devouring  with  rapacious  eagernesa  ;  as,  a 
racfKiius  wt»If,  lion,  or  vulture.  MUtotu 

i  Imager  for  prey  or  gmiitication  ;  as,  raveiutus  «p- 
prtile  or  dei^ire.  Shak, 

BAV'£N-Ot*S-LY,  arfc.    With  raging  voracity. 

Bamrt. 
R  \  I  ■  voracity:  rage  for 

II.  Hale, 

A  ^-.^tcffii  >;nl  cloih.  TWbe. 

RXV'£tl,  m.    [fhxn  rcec]    Ooe  that  raves  or  is  fu 

rtouft. 
RAV'/V.    SeeR^TS!*. 

RAV'/.V  a.    Ravenous.     [Xat  in  wf,)  Skak. 

RA-^INE',  (ra-veen',)  n.     [Kr.  rarui,  fVom  mrir,  to 

snatch  or  t<^ar  away.] 

A  long,  deep,  and  narrow  hollow,  worn  by  a 

stRttm  or  tom-nt  of  water;  hence,  any  long,  tieep, 

and  narrow  hollow  or  pa^^s  through  mountains,  tec. 
RAVING,  ppr.  or  a.     Furioui  with  delirium  ^  mud; 

di-ilnrltfd. 
RA\*'ING-LY,  adv.     With  furious  wildness  w  frenzy  ; 

with  distraction.  Sidneu. 

RAVISH,  r.  L     [Fr.  ravir  ;  Arm.  ranrza  ;  Fax.  hrra- 

Jan;  W.  rhdbiaie  i  L.  rapio.    See  Class  Bb,  No.  13, 

19,  36,  27  ] 

1.  To  seize  and  carry  away  by  violence. 

ThPB*  b&lra  which  thou  iio«  racuA  from  mj  cUin, 

Tbit  hand  alftS  rtukak  ihj  preteaded  ng\A.  DryUn, 

SL  To  have  cam.al  knowledge  of  a  woman  by  force, 
and  against  her  consent.     /.<.  xiii.     7.eek.  xiv. 

3.  To  bear  away  with  joy  or  delight ;  to  delight  to 
ecstasy;  to traa«pa(t. 

Thou  haat  ruaUkM  my  beut.  — CanL  {▼.    Prar.  t. 

RAV'ISH-£D,  (rav'iaht,)  pp.  or  a,  Snatched  away  hy 
violence ;  forced  to  submit  to  carnal  embrace ;  de- 
lighted tu  ecstasy. 

RAV'ISII-ER,  ".     One  lh,it  takes  by  violence.  Pope. 

2.  One  that  fnrct-s  a  woman  to  his  carnal  embrace. 

3.  One  that  transports  with  deligliL 
RAVISHING,  ppr.    Snntchitig  or  taking  by  violence  ; 

compelling  to  submit  to  carnal  intercourse;  dehghl- 
iug  to  ec-umy. 
i  s.  Delighting  to  rapture  ;  transporting. 
R.\,VISH-LXG,  n.    A  seizing  and  c;uT>ing  away  by 
viiJence. 
2-  Carnal  knowledge  by  force,  against  consent. 
3.  Ecstatic  delight ;  transport. 
R.\V'ISH-ING-LY,  adr.    To  extremity  of  delight 

Chapman. 
RAVISHMENT,  n.    The  act  of  forcing  a  woman  to 
carnal  connection  ;  forcible  vid^atinn  of  chastity. 
Taylor.     Drydfit. 

2.  Rapture  ;  transport  of  delight ;  ecstasy  ;  pleas- 
ing vuJence  on  the  mind  or  senses, 

A!1  Ihinra  Joy  »-ilh  msiMhtient 

AUncLnt  hj  thy  b^uiy  *iill  lo  ja»p.  Milton, 

3.  The  act  of  carrying  away ;  abduction  ;  as,  the 


RAY 

ravishment  of  children  tntm  their  parents,  of  a  ward 
from  his  guaidtan,  or  of  a  wife  from  her  liUv-ibiind. 

BtdcJistone,. 
RAW,  a.  [SaT.  Arrair,  rtaw;  D.  raavae ;  G.  rok  ;  Dan. 
raa  ;  Sw.  ra  :  L.  crudus  ;  Sp.  and  It.  crudo ;  Fr.  cru  : 
Arm.  eriz  or  crik ;  W.  crau,  bhwd  ;  cri^  raw.  In  the 
Teutonic  dialects,  the  last  rndicid  is  lost  or  sunk  to 
tr  or  A,  but  the  Saxon  initial  k  represents  the  L.  c. 


Ar.  :  vijl  aradzoj  to  fat  or  corrode,  L.  roJo,  also  to 

become  mw.    Class)  Rd,  No.  35.1 

1.  Not  altered  from  its  natural  stale  ;  not  roasted, 
boiled,  or  cooked  ;  not  subdued  by  heal ;  as,  rato 
HH'-at.  Spenser. 

2.  Not  covered  with  skin  ;  bare,  as  flesh. 


3.  Sore. 

AnA  all  hi>  iln^ws  n-i«x<-n  veak  lutd  rata 

Ttirvugt)  loiig  [iiiprbuiKitcnU  Sjtttuer. 

4.  Immature  ;  unripe  ;  not  concocted.    Jahuiton. 

5.  Nt>t  altered  hy  heat ;  not  ccKiked  or  dressed  ; 
being  in  its  natural  state  ;  as,  raic  fruit. 

t».  Unseasoned  ;  unexptheiiced  ;  unripe  in  skill ; 
as,  people  while  young  and  ram.  South. 

tfo  we  say,  row  troops ;  and  new  seamen  are  called 
rax  hand;!. 

7.  New  ;  untried  ;  as,  a  raw  trick.  S/iak. 

B.  itleak  ;  chilly;  cold,  or  rather  cold  and  damp; 
OS,  a  raic  day  ;  a  njw,  cold  climate.  Spenser. 

Once  dixHi  n  rav  niul  gu«ty  day.  Sliok. 

9.  Not  distilled  ;  as,  rate  water.     [-Vot  used.] 

Bacon. 

10.  Not  spnn  or  twisted  ;  ns,  raw  silk  or  cotton. 

11.  Not  mixt-d  or  adultenited  ;  as,  raw  spirits. 
10.  Hare  of  tlejih.  Spenser. 
IX  Not  tried  or   melted  and  strained ;   us,  raw 

tallow. 

14.  Not  tanned  ;  as,  rate  hides. 

RAVV-UO.N-£D,  0.     Having  little  flesh  on  the  bones. 

Shak. 

RAWHE.AD,  f-hed,)  n.  The  name  of  a  specter,  men- 
tioned to  frighten  children  ;  as,  ratchead  and  bloody 
bone^  Onjden. 

RAVV'HIDE,  It.  A  cowhide  or  coarse  ridiug-whip, 
nindf  of  untunned  leather  twisted. 

RAW'ISHfO.  Somewhat  raw  J  cool  and  damp.  [JVot 
mueh  iLfed.]  MarsUtiu 

R-^\VLY,  adr.    In  a  raw  manner. 

2.  Cufikilllully  ;  without  experience. 

3.  N.-wIy.  Skak. 
RAW.N'IvSH,  n.    The  state  of  being  raw,  uncooked, 

'(inaltert-d  by  beat ;  as,  the  nnone^'rof  flesh. 

2.  Cn^ikillfulness  ;  stale  of  being  incx|)erienced  ; 
as,  the  ratemr^s  of  seamen  or  tri»o[»s, 

3.  Ila^ty  manner.     [vVkI  lf;riti}nate.]  Shak. 
"    A.  Chilliness  with  dampness. 

RAY,  It.  [Fr.  rate,  raynn  ;  It.  razzo,  ragfh,  radio  ;  Pp. 
and  Port,  rayo  i  from  L.  radius  ;  \V.  rhaii :  Ir.  riodh ; 
Arm.  rrd,  roudrnriy  iSans.  radina.  It  coincides  with 
rod  wnd  rote,  from  shooting;  extending.  Hence,  in 
W.  rhaiz  is  a  spear,  as  well  as  a  niy.] 

1.  A  line  of  tight,  or  the  rit^ht  line  supposed  to  be 
described  by  a  particle  of  light.  A  collection  of  par- 
alltl  ntys  constitutes  a  beam;  a  collection  of  diverg- 
ing or  Converging  rays,  a  pencil.  Olvisted. 

The  mixed  solar  beam  contains,  1st,  calorific  rays. 
producing  heat  and  expansion,  but  not  vision  and 
color;  2d,  colorific  rays^  producing  vision  and  color, 
but  not  heat  nor  expansion  ;  3d,  chemical  rays,  pro- 
ducing certain  eflects  on  the  composition  of  bodies, 
but  neither  beat,  expansion,  vision,  or  color;  -Itli,  a 
ptiwer  producing  magnetism,  but  whether  a  distinct 
or  associated  power,  is  not  determined.  It  seems  to 
be  associated  with  the  cio/ct,  uiore  than  with  the 
other  rays.  Sitlimaa. 

2.  KitruraiiveUj,  a  beam  of  intellectual  light. 
a  Light ;  luster. 

Tfae  air  »iiaTpened  liii  risiial  ray.  MUton. 

4.  In  botanti,  the  outer  series  of  ligulate  florets  in 
B  comiTOund  flower  ;  also,  the  petals  having  a  form 
diflferent  from  the  rest,  which  are  sometiinos  found 
in  the  circumference  of  an  umbel,  a  cyme^  or  a  ea- 
pitulum  of  aifOTf  o'ute Jloieers.  Lindley. 

5.  In  ichthijology,  a  bony  or  cartilaginous  ossiclo  in 
the  flnsof  fishes,  serving  tu  support  the  membrane. 

6.  A  plant,  [lolium.]  Aiiunoorth. 

7.  Ray,  for  ABaA.r.    [JVut  in  um.] 

Spenser,    B.  Jonson. 
R.^Y,  n.     [Fr.  rate;  Sp.  raya  ;  G.  roche.] 

A  fish  ;   a  Ciimtnon  name  for  tlie  species  of  the 
Linna^an  genus  Raia,  including  the  skate,  thornback, 
torpedo,  stingray,  &.c 
R5Y,  F.  L    To  streak  ;  to  mark  with  long  lines. 

Spenser.     Shak. 

2.  To  foul  ;  to  heray.     [JVwf  in  use.]  Spenser. 

3.  To  array.     [Aot  m  use.] 

4.  To  i^boot  furtli.  TVtarrtson. 
RA'YXH,  (ra'yi,)  n.     In  Turkey,  a  person  not  a  Mo- 
hammedan, who  pays  the  capitation  Uix,     Brands. 


REA 

RaY'KO,  pp.ora.     Streaked  ;  marked  with  longlinea 
RAVGUASS,  rt.    One  of  the  popular  names  of  Loli- 
um pcrmuu;  ryegrass. 
RAY'LKriS,  o.    Destitute  of  light ;  dark;  not  illumi- 
nated. Youitff. 
RAZE,  n,    A  mat.     [See  RvcK-GitfoKn,  under  Rack.] 
RAZE,  e.  f.     [Fr.  raser;  L.  rasus,  rado  i  Sp.  tirrdsur. 
Sec  Rase  and  Eease.] 

1.  To  subvert  from  the  foundation  ;  to  overthrow  ; 
to  destroy ;  to  demolish ;  ns,  to  raze  a  city  to  the 
ground. 

The  royiJ  h.wid  that  razed  iii.lwppy  Troy.  DryfUn. 

2.  To  erase  ;  to  efliice  ;  to  obUterato. 

liaztng  il)>>  clmruLir-'nol  your  miowii.  Shak. 

[In  this  senile  Rase  and  Erasi:  arc  now  used.] 

3.  To  extirpate. 

Anii  nut  llicir  fivctions  and  Uielr  fantHy.  Stiok, 

RAZ'/:D,  pp.  Subverted  ;  overtliruwn  ;  wholly  ruined  ; 
erased  ;  extirpated. 

RA-ZEE',  n.  An  armed  ship  having  her  upper  deck 
cut  down,  anil  thus  reduced  to  the  next  inferior  rate, 
as,  a  sevenly-four  cut  d wn  tn  a  frigate.       ToUcn. 

RA-ZEE',  v.  t.  To  cut  dmvn  to  an  inferior  rate  or 
class,  as  a  ship. 

RA-ZEEU',  pp.     Cut  down  to  an  inferior  class. 

RA-ZEE'ING,  ;^/>r.    Cutting  dowti  loan  inferior  class. 

RAZ'ING,  }ipr.  Subverting  ;  destroying  ;  erasing  ; 
extirpating. 

R A'ZOlt,  n.     [  Fr.  rasoir  i  It.  rasoio ;  from  Fr.  raser^  L. 
rasus,  rado,  to  scra|M*.] 
An  instrument  fur  shaving  ofl^  beard  or  hair. 
Razors  of  a  boar  ;  a  boar's  tusks. 

RA'ZOR-A-BLE,  a.     Fit  to  be  sliaved.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Shiik. 

RA'ZOU-RILL,n.  An  aquatic  fowl,  the  common  auk, 
Alra  lorda.  Ed.  Encyc. 

R.:\'Z(HI-/;L),  a.     Formed  like  a  razor. 

KA'ZOR-FISH,  n.    A  small  fisli  of  tlje  Mediterranean, 

Coryphteiia  nocaciila,  prized  for  tlie  tabic.       Booth. 

2.  The  razor-sliell.  Kirbv. 

RS'ZOR-SHEI.L,  n.  A  bivalve  shellfish,  of  Uie  ge- 
nus Solen,  having  a  shell  long  aiul  narrow  like  tiie 
handle  of  a  razor.  Kirby. 

R.^'Zolt-STROP,  n.     A  strop  f.r  sharpening  razors. 

RAZ'CREj  n.     [Fr.  nisure:  L.  rasura,  froiri  rado.] 
The  act  of  erasing  or  efl*acing  ;^  obliteration.    [See 
Rasube,] 

RK,  a  prefix  or  inseparable  particle  in  the  composition 
of  wi>rdSj  denotes  return,  repelitii.n,  iteration.  It  is 
contracted  frum  red,  wliich  the  Latins  retained  in 
words  beginning  with  a  vowel,  as  in  rcdamo^  redco. 


redintegrof  Ar.  ^  ,  raUda,  to  return,  restore,  bring 

back,  repel,  to  answer.  Class  Rd,  No.  1.  From  the 
Latin  or  the  original  Celtic,  the  Italians,  S{)anish,  and 
French,  have  their  re,  ra,  us  prefixes.  In  a  few  Eng- 
lish words,  all  or  most  of  which,  I  believe,  we  re- 
ceive from  the  French,  it  lias  lost  its  appropriate 
signification,  as  in  rejoice,  recommend,  receii^e. 

RE-Alt  S(  )K11',  P.  t.     [re  and  ab.^orb.]     To  draw  in  or 
inibihe  ayain  what  has  been  elTiised,  extravasated,or 
tlirown  olT;  useil  of  fluids;  as,  to  reabsorb   chyle, 
lymph,  blood,  gas,  &,c. 
2.  To  swallow  up  again. 

RF>-AB-SUllB'/':0,;»p.    Imbibed  again. 

RE-AI1-S<:)RB'1\G,  ppr.     Keimbibing. 

RE-AB-S(iKP'TlON,(-shun,)  n.  The  act  or  process 
of  imbibing  what  has  been  previously  thrown  off, 
ell'iised,  or  extravasated  ;  the  swallowing  a  sixond 
time.  Lavoisier. 

RE-.\€-CESS',  n.  [re  and  access.]  A  second  access 
or  approach  ;  a  visit  renewed.  Ilakewill. 

RkACH,  I',  i.  Raught,  the  ancient  preterit,  is  obsolete. 
The  verb  is  now  regular  ;  pp.  Ri:A.cfiEo.  [Sax.  ra- 
can.  rexan,  rmean,  or  hrtecnn ;  Goth,  rakyan  ;  Ir.  rig~ 
him,  roichim  t  Dan.  rekker :  U,  rciken,  rckJceii ;  G.  reickni, 
reckea:  Sw.  rdclia :  Gr.  opzycs;  It.  rcccre,  to  reach, 
retell,  or  vomit  j  1..  re^o,  to  rule  or  govern,  to  make 
ri<rht  or  straight,  that  is,  to  strain  or  stretch,  the  radi- 
c;U  sense.  The  English  sense  of  reach  appears  in  L. 
porri^o  nnd  porriciu.  We  find  in  the  Shemitic  lan- 
guages, Ch.  J3-\  to  desire,  to  long  for,  Syr.  ^^  ra- 

giy  and  ^  .  j]  aragi,  to  desire.    This  is  the  Greek 

opcym,  to  rearh,  to  stretch,  the  radical  sense  of  de- 
siring. The  latter  Syriac  word  is  the  Hebrew  JiN,  to 
weave  ;  but  the  primary  sense  is,  to  stretch  or  strain. 

This  verb  in  Arabic,  «..^  arikha^  signifies  to  send 

forth  a  grateful  smoll,  to  breathe  fragrance,  the  root 
of  the  Ij.fra^ro.  But  the  primary  sense  is  the  same, 
to  reach,  to  extend,  lo  sho^t  forth.    The  same  word 

in  Eth.  4  l\J  ra^a,  Ran.  richly  signifies  to  con- 
geal or  condense,  to  make  stiff  or  rigid.  'J'his  is  the 
L.  riffeo,  Gr,  fttyjioy  and  hence  L.  frigeo,  whence 
frigid.     This  sense  also  is  from  slretehing  or  dravv- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WfL^T.— METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MAR"rNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.- 


REA 

in?,  making  tense  or  rigid.  The  radical  sense  of 
7pi  is  tlie  same,  whence  region,  and  the  Heb.  y  p"^, 
Iho  expanse  of  heaven  or  the  firmament.  The  L. 
roffo  has  the  same  radical  sense,  to  reach,  to  urge. 
See  Class  Rg,  No.  1,  6, 15,  18,  21.] 

I.  To  extend;  to  stretch  ;  in  a  gfttertd  sense ;  Bome- 
limes  followed  by  out  and/t/rtA;  as,  to  rracJi  out  the 
arm.    Ht-nce, 

a.  To  extend  to  ;  to  touch  by  extending,  either  the 
arm  alone,  or  with  an  instrument  in  the  hand  ;  as, 
to  reach  a  btkok  on  the  shelf;  I  can  not  reach  the  ob- 
ject with  my  cane  ;  the  seaman  reaches  the  boUom 
of  the  river  with  a  pole  or  a  line. 

3.  To  strike  from  a  distance. 

O  pairoii  power,  Ihy  pre*Mit  aid  afford, 

That  I  nwy  reach  die  U-'aaU  "  Dryun, 

4.  To  deliver  with  the  hand  by  extending  the  arm  , 
to  hand.     He  reache4  [to]  me  an  orange. 

He  reached  me  a  full  cup.  —  2  E»ira«. 

5.  To  extend  or  stretch  from  a  distance. 

Reach  hither  ihf  finger  —  reach  hither  Ihy  hand.  — John  xx. 

C.  To  arrive  at ;  to  come  to.  The  ship  reached  her 
port  in  safety.  We  reached  New  York  on  Thursday. 
Tlie  letter  reacheA  me  at  seven  o'clock. 

7.  To  attain  to  or  arrive  at,  by  effort,  labor,  or  study  ; 
hence,  to  gain  nr  obtam.  Every  artist  should  at- 
tempt to  reach  the  point  of  excellence. 

The  be«  awounu  of  thi?  appeftrancra  i)f  nriture  which  human 
peiietntioii  cao  reocA,  oume  stwrt  of  iu  re&lity.       Cheynt, 

8.  To  penetrate  to. 

WbalcMf  alteration*  «re  made  in  the  body,  if  Oiey  reach  not  the 
Btiud,  ibere  is  no  percepLiuii.  Locke. 

9.  To  extend  to  so  as  to  include  or  comprehend  in 
fact  or  principle. 

The  law  rtaehtd  the  intention  of  the  promoter*,  and  thia  act  fixed 
the  wawrai  price  of  money.  Ldtcke. 

ir  ibeae  «xiuiiplea  of  grown  men  reach  not  the  cok  of  oUldrcn, 
kt  ihcm  eianuae.  I^xke. 

10.  To  extend  to. 

Thy  de«r:  leads  to  no  excess  that  reachet  Uame.  MUion. 

II.  To  extend  ;  to  spread  abroad. 

Tre««  reached  too  fer  their  pampered  bough*.  Milton. 

12.  To  take  with  the  hand. 

Lett,  Ihereforr,  nov  his  bolder  hand 
Beach  alto  of  the  ifee  of  life  and  eat.     [Unutuai.l       Millon, 

13.  To  overreach  ;  to  deceive,  SouOl 
R£ACH,  r.  i.     To  be  extended. 

The  ni'W  worM  reachet  guile  across  thr  torrid  mne.         Beyle. 
The  bonl-r  sitall  descetx),  and  sliall  reach  to  the  side  of  the  sea 

of  Chinner^lh  eastward. —  Num.  xxxJv. 
And  Urhold,  A  tiuider  set  on  the  earth,  and  the  to[LOf  it  reached 

to  lieavcn.  —  Geo.  zxvliL 


2.  To  penetrate. 

Tc  hafp  stain  them  in  a  i«^  that  reacheOi  to  hearcn. . 
xxrib. 


■8Chh)n. 


3.  To  make  eff.rts  to  vomit.    [See  Ketch.] 

Cheijne. 
To  reach  after;  to  make  efibrts  to  attain  to  or  ob- 
tain. 

He  wonld  Iw  fn  a  potture  of  mind  reaching  a/ler  a  positive  Idea 
of  infinity.  Lodce. 

REACH,  n.  In  a  general  sense^  extension  ;  a  stretch- 
ing; extent. 

'2.  The  ptiwer  of  extending  to,  or  of  taking  liy  the 
hand,  or  by  any  in^strument  managed  by  llie  hand. 
The  book  is  not  within  my  reach.  The  bottom  of 
the  sea  is  not  within  the  rearh  of  a  line  or  cable. 

3.  Power  of  attainment  or  management,  or  the 
limit  of  power,  phy!:<icjil  «r  moral.  He  used  all  the 
means  within  his  reach.  The  causes  of  phenomena 
are  ofU;n  beyond  the  reach  of  human  intellect. 

Be  sure  ycuiwlf  and  your  own  reach  to  know.  Pep*. 

A.  Effort  of  the  mind  in  contrivance  or  research  ; 
contrivance ;  scheme. 

Drawn  t>y  other*  who  had  deeper  reaehee  ihao  ibemaelTes  to 
mat'cTB  which  they  t-asl  intend>.Hl.  Hc^uard. 

5.  A  fetch  ;  an  artifice  to  obtain  an  advantage. 

The  Duk-  of  Purma  batl  rarticitlar  reachea  and  end*  of  Iiis  own 
undrrband,  to  eroB  the  draifn.  Bacon. 

6.  Tendency  to  distant  consequences. 

Strain  not  my  speech 
To  greaser  tasnea,  nor  to  lai^r  reach 
TliAA  to  suspicion.  Shak, 

7.  Extent 

And  on  the  left  hand,  hell 
With  long  reat:h  inu;rpos«d.  MUton. 

8.  Amone  aeamm,  ihe  distance  between  two  points 
4n  the  banks  of  a  river,  in  which  the  current  flows 
in  a  stniight  course.  Brande. 

9.  .An  effort  to  vomit. 

Ri^ACH'A;!),  (rScht,)  pp.  Ptretched  out;  extended; 
tourtied  by  extending  the  arm;  attained  to;  ob- 
tained. 

Rf-ACH'ER,  n.  One  that  reaches  or  extends;  one 
that  drltvers  by  extending  the  arm. 

RkACH'ING, /»pr.  Stretching  out ;  extending;  touch- 
ing by  extension  of  the  arm  ;  attaining  to  ;  gaining  ; 
making  elfortji  to  vomit. 

RE-ACT',  V.  U    [r«  and  act.]    To  act  or  perform  a 


REA 

second  lime;  as,  to  react  a  playj  the  same  scenes 
were  reacted  at  Rome. 
RE-ACT',  r.  i.  To  return  an  impulse  or  impression  ; 
to  resist  the  action  of  another  body  by  an  opposite 
force.  Every  body  reacts  on  the  body  that  impels  it 
from  its  nalur.it  state. 

2.  To  ai  I  mutually  or  reclpmcally  u^wn  each  other, 
as  two  or  more  chemical  af^unts.  Dana. 

3.  To  act  lu  opjHJsitiun ;  to  resist  any  influence  or 
power. 

RE-ACT'ED,  pp.    Acted  or  performed  a  second  time. 

RE-A€T'ING,  ppr.  Acting  again;  in  pAy^ics,  resist- 
ing the  impulse  of  another  body  by  an  opposite  force ; 
acting  mutually  or  reciprocally. 

RE-ACTION,  «.  In  meclianiesy  a  force  which  a  body 
subjected  to  the  action  of  a  force  from  another  body 
exerts  upon  that  body  in  the  opposite  direction. 

Olmsted. 

Action  and  reaction  are  equal.  .WujIo?!. 

9.  In  cAeHiiatry,  the  mutual  or  reciprocal  action  of 

chemical  agents  upon  each  other.  Dana. 

3.  Any  action  in  rcsi-sting  other  action  or  power. 

^E-ACT'I  VE,  a.  Having  ptiwer  to  react ;  tending  to 
reaction.  * 

RE-ACT'lVE-LY,  adv.     By  reaction. 

RE-ACT'IVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  re- 
active. 

Rli:AU,  (reed,)  n.     TSax.  rad.    See  the  verb.] 

J.  Counsel.     [Obs.]  Shak, 

2.  Saying;  sentence.     [Ob:.]  Spenser. 

RSAD,  V.  (.  The  prrfcrit  and  pp.  Read  is  pronounced 
red.  [Sax.  rtprf,  rad,  red^  speech,  discourse,  counsel, 
advice,  knowledge,  benefit,  reason;  rwdan^  redan,  to 
read,  to  decree,  to  appoint,  to  command,  to  rule  or 
govern,  to  conjecture,  to  give  or  take  counsel  ; 
aradan^  to  read,  to  tell,  lo  narrate  ;  ger-Edan^  to  read, 
to  consult ;  gerad,  mode,  condition,  or  state,  leason, 
ratio,  or  account,  knowledge,  instruction,  or  learn- 
ing, and,  as  an  adjective  or  participle,  knowing,  in- 
structed, ready,  suited  ;  gerad  Aeon,  to  be  ready,  to 
accord,  or  agree  ;  gcradud,  excited,  quick.  Tiu'se 
significations  unite  this  word  with  ready,  whicli  see. 
G.  retic,  sjHJech,  talk,  account;  reden,  lo  speak;  D. 
rede,  speech  ;  reden,  reas<m  ;  Dan-  rede.,  account,  and 
realty;  G.  bereden,  to  berate;  rath,  advice,  counsel,  a 
council  or  senate  ;  rathen,  to  advise,  to  conjecture,  or 
guess,  to  solve  a  riddle;  D.  rout/,  counsel,  advice  ; 
raaden,  lo  coimsel ;  Sw.  rad,  Dan.  raad,  counsel ;  rada, 
raader,  to  counsel,  to  instruct;  \V.  rhaith,  straight, 
right,  that  is,  set  right,  decision,  verdict ;  ^AeifAc^'-, 
rhetoric,  from  r/iaifi;  Uan.  ret,  law,  justice,  right, 
reason  ;  Sw.  ratt,  ratta,  id. ;  Ir.  radh,  a  saying  ;  rad- 
ham,  to  say,  tell,  relate ;  W.  adramz,  lo  tell  or  re- 
hearse;  Gr.  l,£Ui,  for  (tcOw,  to  say  or  tell,  to  flow  ; 
^qriopj  a  Speaker,  a  rhetorician;  Goth,  rodtjan,  to 
spi-ak.  The  primary  sense  of  read  is,  to  speak,  to 
utter,  that  is,  to  push,  drive,  or  advance.  This  is 
also  the  primary  sense  of  reatly,  that  is,  prompt,  or 
advancing  quick.  The  Sax.  gerad,  ready,  accords 
also  in  elements  with  the  \V.  rh&d,  L.  gratia,  the 
primary  st^ise  of  wliiclt  is,  prompt  to  favor,  advanc- 
ing towards,  free.  The  elements  of  these  words  are 
liie  same  as  those  of  ride  and  L.  gradiur,  &,c.  The 
sense  of  reason  is  secondary,  Ihat  wliicli  is  uttered, 
sai<l,  or  set  forth  ;  licnce,  counsel,  also.  The  Sw. 
ratia,  Dan.  ret,  if  nut  contracted  words,  are  from  the 
same  rot)L  (See  Reaoy.)  Class  Rd,  No.  1,  3,  5,  9, 
26.] 

1.  To  utter  or  pronounce  written  or  printed  words, 
Icttero,  or  chamcters,  in  the  proper  order ;  to  repeat 
the  names  oruUerllie  sounds  customarily  annexed 
to  W(»rd»,  letters,  {)r  characters  ;  as,  to  read  a  written 
or  printed  discourse  ;  to  read  the  letters  of  an  alpha- 
bet ;  lo  read  figures  ;  to  read  the  notes  of  music,  or 
to  rea4l  mU'fic. 

2.  To  inspect  and  understand  words  or  characters; 
lo  peruse  silently  ;  as,  to  read  a  paper  or  letter  with- 
out uitering  the  words  ;  to  read  lo  one's  self. 

3.  To  discover  or  understand  by  characters,  marks, 
features,  tc. ;  as,  lo  read  a  man*s  Ihouglits  in  his 
counu- nance. 

To  r«aJ  the  interior  struclure  of  the  pi"!*".    Joum.  qf  Sdence. 

An  nnt)rd  corse  did  lie, 
In  whose  dead  fitw  ho  read  gr^U  niaf«niunii(y.  Speneer. 

4.  To  gather  the  meaning  of  by  inspection  ;  to 
learn  by  observation. 

Tliosp  about  her 
Prom  her  riiull  read  the  peribct  ways  of  honor.  Shak. 

5.  To  know  fully. 

Who  is't  can  read  a  woiitan  t  Shak. 

6.  To  suppose;  to  guess.     [Oft*.]  Spenser. 

7.  To  advise.     [Obs.]  Spenser 
READ,  (reed,)  v.  i.     To  perform  the  oct  of  reading. 

So  tUry  read  In  the  Ijook  of  Uio  law  of  God  distinctly,  uiid  gave 
the  sriise.  —  Ni-h.  viii. 

2.  To  be  studious;  to  practice  much  reading. 

U  is  sure  Uiat  Fleuiy  reads.  7\iylor. 

3.  To  learn  by  reading. 

1  have  rend  of  an  Rosteni  Idn^  who  ptil  a  Judge  to  death  fur  an 
Iniquitous  SGnt>?nefl.  Swift. 

4.  To  tell ;  to  declare.     [JVot  in  iwe.]        Spenser. 


REA 

5.  To  appear  in  reading;  as,  the  passage  rfoiZy  thus 
in  the  early  manuscripts, 
READ,  (red,)  pp.     Uttered;   pronounced,  as  written 
words  m  ihe  proper  order  ;  as,  the  letter  was  read  lo 
the  family. 
S.  Silently  perused  ;  understood  by  iaspection. 
READ,  (red,)  a.    Instructed  or  knowing  by  reading  ; 
versed  in  books  ;  learned.     tVcU  read  Is  the  phrase 
commonly  used ;  as,  wcU  read  in  history ;  ueJi  read 
in  the  classics. 

A  poet  veil  read  'va  Longinus.  Addison. 

RcAD'A-BLE.  a.    That  may  be  read ;  fit  to  be  read. 

Hard. 

RSAD'A-BLE-NESS.n.    The  state  of  being  readable. 

R£AD'A-BLY,  adv.    So  as  to  be  legible. 

RE-A-DEP'TION,  n.  [from  L.  «  and  adeptus,  ob- 
tained.] 

A  regaining;  recovery  of  something  lost.  [JVw( 
mudt  used.]  Bacon. 

RkAD'ER,  n.  One  that  reads  ,  any  person  who  pro- 
nounces written  words  ;  particularly,  one  whose  dis- 
tinctive office  is  to  read  prayers  in  a  church. 

2.  At  Vie  university  of  OiJ'urdy  one  who  reads  lec^ 
tures  on  scientific  sub^;cts.  LyelL 

3.  By  way  of  distinction,  one  that  reads  much  jmne 
studious  in  hooka. 

RKAD'ER-SIlIP,n.  [See  Read.]  The  ofiice  of  read- 
ing prayers  in  a  clmrch.  Swift. 

2.  At  the  university  of  Oxford,  the  ofiice  of  a  reader 
or  lecturer  on  scientific  subjects.  Lydl. 

READ'I-LY,  (red'i-Iy,)  ado.  [See  Readt.]  Uuickly  ; 
promptly;  easily.'  I  rcat/i/i/ perceive  the  distinction 
you  make. 

2.  Cheerfully  ;  without  delay  or  objection  ;  with- 
out reluctance.     He  readily  granted  my  request. 

READ'I-NESS,  (red'i-ness,)  ii.     [from  ready.] 

1.  Quickness;  promptness  ;  promptitude  ;  facility  ; 
freedom  from  tiinderauce  or  obtttnictioa ;  as,  readi- 
ness of  speech  ;  readiness  of  thought;  readiness  of 
mind  in  suggesting  an  answer;  readiness  of  reply. 

2.  Promptitude  ;  cheerfulness  ;  willingness  ;  alac- 
rity ;  freedotn  from  reluctance  ;  as,  to  grant  a  request 
or  assistance  witli  readiness. 

They  received  tlio  a'ord  wkb  all  readineti  of  mind. —  Acts  xvd. 

3.  A  State  of  preparation  ;  fitness  of  condition. 
The  troops  are  in  readiness. 

RkAD'ING,  ppr.    Pronouncing  or  perusing  written  or 
printed  words  or  characters  of  a  book  or  writing. 
2.  Discovering  by  marks  ;  understanding. 
RfiAD'ING,  a.     Addicted  to  reading;   as,  a  reading 
community. 

A  reading  man,  in  the  Engllth  universities,  is  a  hard 
student,  or  one  who  is  entirely  devoted  to  his  col- 
legiate studies. 
ReAD'ING,  7u    The  act  of  reading;  perusal. 

2.  Study  of  books  ;  as,  a  man  of  extensive  reading. 

3.  A  lecture  or  prelection. 

4.  Public  recital. 

Tlie  Jews  had  tliclr  weekly  reoilinge  of  the  law.  Hooker, 

5.  In  criticism,  the  way  in  which  a  given  word  or 
passage  reads  in  a  manuscript,  version,  edition.  Sec. 
No  small  part  of  the  business  of  critics  is  to  settle  the 
true  reading,  or  real  words  used  by  the  author  ;  and 
the  various  readings  of  different  critics  are  often  per- 
plexing. 

G.  A  version  or  interpretation  of  a  law,  text,  or 
passage,  as  conveying  its  meaning.  Encyc. 

7.  In  If^gislation,  the  formal  recital  of  a  bill  by  the 
proper  officer,  before  the  house  which  is  to  consider 
it.     In  congress  and  in  the  State  legislatures,  a  bill 
must  usually  have  three  several  readings  on  different 
days,  before  it  can  be  passed  into  a  law. 
RkA'D'ING-ROO.M,  71.     A  room  provided  with  papers, 
periodicals,  &c.,  to  which  jwrsons  resort  for  reatling. 
RE-AD-JOURN',  J-jurn',)  v.  L    [re  and  adjourn.]    To 
adjourn  a  second  time. 
2.  To  cite  or  summon  again.    [A<)C  used.] 

Cotgrave. 
RE-AD-J0URN'£D,  pp.     Adjourned  a  second  time 
RE-AD-JUST',  V.  t.    [re  and  adjust,]     To  settle  again  j 
to  put  in  order  again  what  had  been  discomposed. 

Fielding. 
RE-AD-JUST'ED,  pp.     Adjusted  again  ;  resettled. 
RE-AD-JUST'ING,  ;mr.     Adjusting  again. 
RE-AD-JUST'MEN'l ,  n.     A  second  adjustment. 
RE-AD-MIS'SION,  (-mish'un,)7i.     [re  and  admission.] 
The  act  of  admitting  again  what  had  been  excluded  ; 
as,  the  readmission  of  fresh  air  inio  an  exhausted  re- 
ceive»-  •  the  readmxssion  of  a  student  into  a  seminary. 

Jirbuthnot. 
RE-AD-MIT'.  p.  £.    [re  and  at/mit]    To  admit  again. 

Whose  ear  Is  evr  open,  and  ho  eye 

Gracious  to  readitdi  the  mi^pliajit.  MlUan. 

RE-AD-MIT'TANCE,  n.  A  second  admittance  j  al- 
lowance to  enter  again. 

RE-AD-MIT'TED,  pp.     Admitted  again. 

RE-AD-MIT'TING,  ppr.     Allowing  to  enter  again 

RE-A-DOPT',  V.  t     [re  and  adopt.]     To  adopt  again 

Young. 

RE-A-DORN',  ».  U  To  adorn  anew ;  to  decorate  a 
second  time.  Blackmore, 

RE-A-DORN'XD,  pp.    Adorned  anew. 


TONE,  BI;LL,  t^NITa— AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — €  aa  K;  O  as  J;  18  as  Z;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


115 


mT 


REA 


RK  AD-VKRT'E.N-CY,  k,     [re  nnd  ahertmcy.]     The 
art  i>f  reviewing.  wVVrri*. 

REAU'Y,  (red'e,)  a.  [Pax.  r«j,  A;'uJ,  hn»d^  quick 
brisk^  pruinpt,  reaJy ;  gerad,  prepared,  ready,  pru- 
dent, learned  -  kradian,  gehrndian^  lo  hasten,  to  ac- 
ceti'nLte  ;  gcrt^diaM,.  tu  make  ready  ;  O.  rtedttij  to  pre- 
pare }  rc«d,  pi«L  OS  rj/dem,  to  ridti ;  rtmU.  a  road ;  h*- 
reuf,  ready  ;  bereUtH^  to  prepare  ;  fwreM,  ready  :  G. 
berzU^  id.  i  ftera£«i«,  to  prepare,  aoiT  to  rvU :  rMM,  i 
road  ;  Dan.  rede,  ready  ;  ruin-,  lo  make  Clie  bed,  to 
ridi  red*^  an  account;  Sax.  n«i,  from  the  root  of 
r*ad  i  btredtTf  to  prepare  i  rider,  beridert  to  ride ;  Sw. 
rtda,  to  make  ready,  tu  clear  or  di^ntanplr,  Eng.  to 
rid;  rtdo^  ready ;  rwEa,  to  ride  ;  frnWa,  to  prepare  ;  Ir. 
rtidk,  reoidy  ;  retdkim,  to  prepare,  to  agree  ;  Gr.  p<t^i- 
05,  easy  ;  W.  rA«<ju,  to  nin.  The  primary  sense  is, 
to  cu,  move,  or  advance  forward,  and  it  seems  tu  be 
clt^ar  that  rtady^  ride,  reattj  riddle,  art-  all  of  one  fain- 
ilv,  and  probably  from  the  root  of  L.  g-radivr.  See 
Read  and  Red.    Class  Rd,  No.  9a] 

I.  Uuick  ;  prompt ;  not  besiuting ;  as,  ready  wit ; 
a  remdff  consenL 

S.  Quick  lo  receive  or  comprehend ;  not  slow  or 
dull ;  asi,  a  reaJtf  npprcbensym. 

3.  Quick  in  action  or  execution  ;  doxtrous  ;  as,  an 
aftist  rtMdjf  In  his  business ;  a  ready  writer.    Ps.  xlv. 

4.  Prompt;  not  delayed;  prt*st>ut  in  hand.  lie 
makes  rtadif  payment ;  he  pays  ready  money  for  cv- 
er>'  thing  he  buys. 

5.  Prepared  ;  fitted  ;  fbmisbed  with  ivhat  is  neces- 
sary, urdispuaed  in  a  manner  suited  lo  the  purpose ; 
as,  a  ship  ready  for  sea. 

My  oxfD  ami  fkiUnn  are  kQled,  ftnl  kU  thinn  azv  rMirfv.  — 

M*u.xxa.  »  » 

6.  Willing;  free;  cheerful  to  do  or  suffer;  not 
backn-ord  or  reluctant ;  as,  a  prince  always  reo^y  to 
grant  the  reasonable  requesia  of  his  subjecta. 

The  Bpirit  ii  rmdif,  but  the  Qeak  b  wmk.  _  M«rii  xiv. 
I  am  rtadif  Dot  to  ba  boond  ecdy,  bat  abo  to  die  at  Juraalcni  for 
the  oame  i/lbe  Lord  Jaaoi.  —  Act*  xxL 

7.  Willing ;  disposed.  Hen  are  generally  ready  to 
impute  blame  to  otb^s.  Tbejr  are  more  ready  to  give 
than  to  take  reproof. 

8.  Being  at  the  point ;  near ;  not  distant ;  about  to 

do  or  suffer. 

A  STriu,  rmdji  to  prtUi,  vu  my  htfaer.  —  Deut.  xxri.    Job 
xxix.     fVlxuiVm. 

9.  Being  neafeat  or  at  hand. 

A  atLplinf  piM  bs  wnaciKjd  tun  «at  dw  gtx>cud. 

The  rMdUl  *«^pM  ihM  Ui  Any  CMnd.  DryUn. 

10.  Easy ;  fhcile ;  opportune ;  short ;  near,  or  most 
conre&ient ;  the  Greek  sense,  ^aStoi, 

BouHdiina  the  rm£*tt  waj  which  a  wlw  ama  bu  locnnqocr,  ■ 

•»•«.  Hootwr. 

Thnmgli  th«  vfld  degert.  not  the  rwadkat  my.  AfiAon. 

The  rwiiy  way  10  be  thouffat  mad,  ia  to  cmuwI  yvo  an>  n»t  aa. 

Sptelaior. 

To  wtake  ready ;  to  prepare  ;  to  provide  and  put  in 
order. 

S.  An  elliptical  phrase  for  maJu  things  ready ;  to 
make  preparations ;  to  prepare. 
REAIVV,  (red'e,)  ado.    In  a  state  of  preparation  so  as 
lo  need  no  delay. 

We  our>^tri>a  will  go  rmidjf  anned  betbn  the  houw  of  UraeL  — 
Nura.  xxxK. 

READ'Y,  (red'e,)  n.    For  ready  money. 

Lord  Stmt  wiu  not  fliwh  in  nady,  eiihrr  Lo  p>  to  Uw,  nr  to 
cieu  okl  dcUs.     lA  low  tvonf.]  ArbutXiMt. 

READ'Y,  (red'e,)  r.  t.  To  dispose  in  order  ;  lo  pre 
pare.     [JfTot  in  use.]  Brooke. 

READ  Y-MADE,  a.     Already  made. 

REAIVY-WIT'TED,  a.     lla\nng  r«ady  wit. 

RE-AFFIRM',  f-af-funn',)  v,  L  [re  and  affirm.]  To 
aflimi  a  <:econa  time. 

RE-AF-FIRM'.\A*CE,  m.     A  second  confinnation. 

JlytiJ^ 

RE-AF-FIRM'ED,  pp.    Affirmed  a  second  time. 

R&-AF-FTRM'IXG,ppr.    Affirming  again. 

RE-A'GE.VT,  a.  Trc  and  a^rnu.]  In  dUmub^,  a  sub- 
stance eniplc^ed  to  detect  the  presence  0^  other 
bodies. 

Pffpnan  rrckona  baiTtk  muriate  u>  be  one  of  the  mcwt  w-naible 
rtagwiB.  /hurcroy. 

RE-AG-GR.\  Vl'TION,  a.  [rr  and  a^frraration.)  In 
tMe  R^nmam  Catkotie  tetle^tuftteal  laie,  the  la^t  monitory, 
poblisbed  Mter  three  admunittons  and  hf^fnre  the  last 
excommouication.  Before  they  proceed  to  fulminate 
the  last  eicommunicatton,  they  publish  an  a^^ava- 
fiAD  and  a  rea^gravatun.  Eacyc 

RP.AK,  a.     Aruiih.     [J^tintue.] 

Rg'.\L,<.  JLow  I*,  realist  IL  reale ;  Sp.  real;  Fr. 
reel ;  from  I*,  res,  rsi,  Ir.  rood,  red,  rod.  Rej  is  of  I  he 
Class  Rd,  from  the  root  of  read,  readv^  from  rushing, 
driving,  or  falling.  JJm,  like  tMn>r,  i*,  primarily,  that 
which  comes,  falls  out,  or  happens,  corresponding 
with  event,  from  L.  eeenio.  Rej,  then,  denotes  that 
which  actually  exists.  The  L.  re.1  and  Eng.  Viiiir 
coincide  exactly  in  signification  with  the  Heb.  ">3i' 
a  word,  a  thine,  an  event.    See  Read  and  Tmi-ig.] 

1.  Actually  being  or  existing  ;  not  fictitious  or  im- 
aginat}-;  as,  a  description  of  real  life.  The  author 
describes  a  real  scene  or  transaction. 


REA 

2.  True;  genuine;  not  artificial,  counterfeit,  or 
factitious  ;  as,  real  Madeira  wino  ;  real  ginger. 

3.  True;  genuine;  not  alfected  ;  not  assumed. 
The  woman  appears  in  her  real  character. 

4.  Relating  to  things,  nut  to  persons ;  not  personal. 

M^DV  aiT  pori'Xi  in  meii'i  huuiore,  th.tt  ar^  not  gi^nily  CApabIc 
<rf  the  rwat  part  of  buaiiic«a.     [jJUia  uiid  ur  o6<o^«tc.1 

Bacon. 
^  In  laip,  pertaining  to  things  fixed,  permanent, 
or  immovable,  as  to  lands  and  leneinenls  ;  as,  re4d 
estate,  opposed  \o  personal  ox  movable  property. 

Blackstone, 
Real  tution,  Jn  tow,  is  an  action  which  concerns 
real  property 

Real  assets  ;  assets  consisting  in  real  estate,  or  lands 
and  tenements  descending  to  an  heir,  sulBcient  to 
answer  tlie  charges  upon  the  estate  created  by  the 
ancestor. 

Chattels  real,  are  such  chattels  as  concern  or  savor 
of  the  realty  ;  as  a  term  for  years  of  land,  wardships 
in  chivalry,  the  next  presentation  to  a  church,  et«tale 
by  statute-merchant,  elegit,  &.c 

Real  composition,  is  when  an  jiprecment  is  mady 
between  the  owner  of  lands  and  the  [mrson  or  vicar, 
with  consent  of  the  ordinary,  tliat  sucli  lands  shall 
be  discharged  from  payment  of  tithes,  in  conse- 
quence of  other  land  or  recompense  given  to  the 
parson  in  lieu  and  satisfaction  thereof.  Blackaione. 
Real  presence;  in  tJie  Runmn  Catholic  church,  the 
,  actual  presence  of  tlie  body  and  blwid  of  Christ  in 
the  euch.irist,  or  the  conversion  of  the  substance  of 
the  bread  and  wine  into  the  real  body  and  likwd  of 
t'hrist.  Eneyc, 

RE'AL,  n.    [Sp.]    A  small  Spanish  denomination  of 
money. 

The  r«ii  0/ ptote  varies  in  value  according  to  the 
time  of  its  coinage,  from  1-2^  down  to  lU  cents,  or 
from  6A  to  5  [lence  sterling.  The  real  velL-n  is  a 
money  l>f  account  equal  to  5  cents,  or  31  pence  ster- 
ling McCuUoeh. 
2.  A  realisU  [O&s.J  Burion. 
RE-AL'GAR,  a.  [Fr.  reagal,  or  realgal;  Port,  rosal- 
gar,  red  algar.l 

A  combiuittion  of  sulphur  and  arsenic  in  eqnal 
equivalt-nts  ;  red  sulphurel  of  arsenic.     Realffor  dif- 
fers from  orpiment  in  the  circumstance  that  orpiment 
is  composed  of  two  equivalents  of  arsenic  and  three 
of  sulphur. 
R£'AL.-ISM,  n.     The  doctrino  of  the  realists,  who 
maintain  that  things,  and  nut  words,  are  the  objects 
of  dialectics. 
R£'AL"IST,  a.     One  who  maintains  tliat  generaU,  or 
the  terras  used  to  denote  the  genera  and  species  of 
things,  reivesent  real  existences,  and  are  not  mere 
names,  as  maintained  by  the  nominalists.    Murdoch. 
RE-.\L-IST'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of 

the  realisUt. 
RE-AL'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  realiti.-] 

1.  Actual  being  or  existence  of  any  thing  ;  truth  ; 
fhct;  in  distinction  from  mere  appearance. 

A  nian  nwy  foncj  h*^  unilTitantU  i  ctiUc,  wlirii  In  reaiitu  he  iloea 
Mot  compr\-i»f«d  bia  meaning.  Addiaon. 

2.  Something  intrinsically  important,  not  merely 
matter  of  show. 

And  to  Teali6e$  yield  all  ber  shows.  MUlon, 

^  In  the  schools,  th.at  which  may  exist  of  itself,  or 
which  has  a  full  and  absolute  being  of  itself,  and  is 
not  considered  as  a  part  of  any  thing  else.     Eneijc. 

In  law,  immobility,  or  the  fixed,  iK-rmanenl  na- 
ture of  property;  as,  chattels  which  savor  of  the 
rralty.  ['I'his  word  Realtt  is  so  written,  in  law,  for 
Realitt.I  Blackstone. 

RE-AL-IZ'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  realized. 

RE-AL-I-ZA'TION,  n.     [from    rcaliie.']     The  act   of 
realizing  or  making  real.  Beddocs. 

2.  The  act  of  converting  money  into  land. 

3.  The  act  of  belii'VJng  or  considering  as  reaL 

4.  The  act  of  bringing  into  being  or  act.   Olanvitle. 
RE'AL-rZE,  V.  L     [Sp.  realiiar  ;  Fr.  realiser.] 

1.  Tobringinto  being oract;  as, to rco/iie a  scheme 
or  project. 

We  realize  what  Arehimed'^  hrwl  only  in  hypothf^ia,  vel/rhing 
a  atnrle  gnia  (4  «ai)d  agninst  the  globe  of  earth.  GtanoilU. 

2.  To  convert  money  into  land,  or  personal  into 
real  estate. 

3.  To  impress  on  the  mind  as  a  reality  ;  to  believe, 
consider,  or  treat  as  real.  How  little  do  men  In  full 
health  reidize  their  frailty  and  mortality  1 

Let  the  sincere  Christian  realize  the  closing  ^iitJincnt.   T,  ScotL 

4.  To  bring  home  to  one's  own  case  or  experience  ; 
to  consider  as  one's  own ;  to  feel  in  all  its  force. 
Who,  at  his  fireside,  can  realize  the  distress  of  ship- 
wrecked mariners.' 

This  illusion  must  have  had  enhance  strength  and  beauty  to  the 
eyp  of  a  o\itiim  cxtensirr-Jy  dsroiMl  lo  a  pastoral  lit*,  und 
IhepYore  leaiixing  all  its  fiue  sccnea  atid  the  lender  emotions 
to  which  lb ly  gave  binh.  DunghL 

5.  To  bring  into  actual  existence  and  possession  ; 
to  render  tangible  or  effective.  He  never  realized 
much  profii  from  his  trade  or  speculations. 

R£'AL-IZ-/^1),  pp.     Brought  into  actual  being;   con- 
verted   into    real   e.itate ;    impressed,    received,   or 


REA 

treated  na  a  reality ;  felt  in  its  true  force ;  rendered 

actual,  tanplhlo,  or  effective. 
Rk'AI,-iZ-L\<J,  ppr.      Bringing    into  actual    being; 

converting  into  real  estate  ;  im{iressing  us  a  re:ihty  ; 

feeling  as  one's  own  or  in  its  real  force  ;  rendering 

tangible  or  elfective. 
2.  a,    I'hat  makes  real,  or  that  brings  home  as  a 

reality  ;  as,  a  realr.ins  view  of  lilemity.     Robt.  Hall. 
RH^AL-LEGE',    (re-al-lej',)    v.    L     [re    and   aUcge.] 

To  allejre  acain.  Cotgrave. 

RE-AL-Ll'ANCE,  n.    A  renewed  alliance. 
Rk'AL-LY,  ado.     With  actual  existence.      Pearson, 
2.  In  truth;  in  fact ;  not  in  appetirance  only  ;  as, 

things  really  evil. 

Tbe  anger  of  th«  people  ia  reoUy  a  short  fit  of  madness,  Su^. 

In  this  sense  it  is  used  familiarly  as  a  slight  cor- 
roboration of  an  opinion  or  declaration. 

Why,  really,  stxty-Ave  is  somewhat  old.  Young. 


REALM,  (relm,)  n.  [Fr.  royaamei  It.  reame  ;  from 
Fr.  roi,  It.  re,  L.  rrz,  king,  whence  recalls,  royal.] 

1.  A  royal  jurisdiction  or  extent  of  government ; 
a  kin}!dom;  a  king's  dominions;  as,  the  realm  of 
En^flaud. 

2.  Kin«ly    government;    as,  the   realm    of  l>ecs. 

[Unusual.]  Milton. 

REALM'-HOUND-ING,  a.     Bounding  a  realm. 
HE'AL-TY,  n.     [It  realtd,  from  re,  king,  L.  rex.] 

1.  Loyalty.     [JVot  in  use.]  Milton. 

2.  Reality.     [JVy(  in  use]  More. 

3.  In  law),  immobility.     [See  Reality.] 
RlCAM,  M.     [Sax.  ream,  a  band  ;  D.  rUm  ;  Dan.  rem  or 

reem  :  Sw..remi  W.  rhwym,  a  bond  or  tie.  The 
Dutch  word  signifies  a  strap,  thong,  or  girdle,  and  an 
oar,  L.  rental.  In  Fr.  rarne  is  a  ream  and  an  oar, 
and  if  the  English  ream  and  the  L.  remus  are  the 
same  word,  the  primary  sense  is  a  shot)t,  L.  ramus,  a 
branch,  for  the  shoots  of  trees  or  shrubs  were  the 
first  bands  used  by  men.  (See  Gird  and  Withe.) 
The  Italian  tias  risma,  and  the  Sp.  and  Port,  resma,  a 
ream,  G.  rie^s.    See  Class  Rm,  No.  7,  9.] 

A  bundle  or  package  of  paper,  consisting  of  twenty 
qnires.  Pope. 

Printer^s  reamt  Among  English  printers,  Ql\  quires. 
McCuUoch. 

RftXM,  V.  U    To  bevel  out,  as  a  hole  in  metiil,  &c. 

JIalliwell. 

RR-AN'I-MATE,  v.  t.  [re  and  animate.]  To  revive  ; 
lo  resuscitate  ;  to  restore  to  life ;  as  a  jterson  dead  or 
apiuirently  dead  ;  as,  to  reanimate  a  drowned  person. 
2.  To  revive  the  spirits  when  dull  or  languid  ;  to 
invigorate  ;  to  infuse  new  life  or  courage  into  ;  as,  to 
reanimate  disheartened  troops;  to  reanimate  drowsy 
oensf's  or  languid  spirits. 

RE-A\'l-MA-TED,p;j.     Restored  to  life  or  action. 

RE-A\'LMA-TL\G, /)/.r.  Restoring  life  to;  invigor- 
ating with  new  life  and  courage. 

RE  AN-I-MA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  operation  of  re- 
viving from  apparent  death  ;  the  act  or  operation  of 
giving  fresh  spirits,  courage,  or  vigor. 

RE-AN-NEX',r.  t.  [re  and  annejr.]  To  annex  again  ; 
to  reunite  ;  to  annex  what  lituj  been  separated. 

Bacon. 

RE-AN-NEX-A'T10N,7u    The  act  of  annexing  again. 

MarshalL 

RE-AN-NEX'£D,  (-an-nekst',)  pp.  Annexed  or  united 
ng.nin. 

RE-AN-NEX'IN(i,p;?r.    Annexing  again  ;  reuniting. 

RkAP,  v.  t,  [Sax.  rip,  hrippc,  gcrip,  harvest ;  ripatt,  to 
reap;  ripe,  ripe;  rypan,  to  rip;  allied  probably  to 
reajian,  to  seize,  spoil,  lay  waste,  L.  rapio,  G.  rc{f,  ripe, 
D.  roapen,  to  reap,  rr/p,ripe,  Gr.  aptrr],  a  sickle,  «p7raoj, 
to  reap,  L.  carpo,  Eng.  crop.  See  Class  Rb,  No.  18, 
26,2^ 

1.  To  cut  grain  with  a  sickle  ;  as,  to  reap  wheat  or 
rye. 

When  ye  reap  the  harvest,  thou  shall  not  wholly  reap  the  comen 
of  ihy  field.  —  I.ev.xix. 

2.  To  clear  of  a  crop  by  reaping ;  as,  to  reap  a 
field. 

3.  To  gather ;  to  obtain  ;  to  receive  as  a  reward,  or 
as  the  fruit  of  labor  or  of  works ;  in  a  good  or  bad 
sense;  as,  to  reap  a  benefit  from  exertions. 

He  lh.at  sowcUi  to  ihe  flesh  shall  of  die  Heah  reap  cerrupiioQ.  — 

Gal.  ri. 
Ve    have    plowed   wickedness ;    ye   have   reaped  iniquity.  — 

Hos.  V. 

REAP,  r.  i.    To  perform  the  act  or  operation  of  reap- 
ing.    In  A"«£i  England,  farmers  reap  in   July  and 
August. 
2.  To  receive  the  fniit  of  labor  or  works. 

They  that  sow  in  tears  shall  reap  in  Joy.  —  Pi.  cxxvi. 

RkAP'£D,  (reept,)  pp.  Cut  with  a  sickle;  received 
as  the  fruit  of  labor  or  works. 

RkAP'ER,  n.     One  that  cuts  grain  with  a  sickle. 

ReAP'ING,  ;;pr.  Cutting  grain  with  a  sickle;  re- 
ceiving as  the  fruit  of  labor  or  the  reward  of  works. 

Rt:AP'ING,  n.     The  act  of  cutting  grain  with  a  sickle, 

REAP'ING-HOQK,  n.  An  instrument  used  in  reap- 
ing ;  a  sickle.' 

REAP  PAR'EL,  v.  U  [re  and  apparel]  To  clothe 
again.  Donac. 

RE-AP-PAR'EL-KD,  pp.    Clothed  again. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.- 

9j^  -^ 


REA 

RE-APPAR'El.-ING.  ppr.    Clotliing  again. 

REAP  PEAR',  r.  i.  [re  and  appear.]  To  appear  a 
second  time. 

RE-AP-PEAR'ANCE,  n.    A  second  appearance. 

RE-AP-PEARaNG,  ppr.    Appearing  nguin. 

RE-AP-PLl-€A'TION,  n.  [See  RBAPPLr.]  A  second 
application. 

RE-AP-PLT',   r.  i.  or  i.     [re  and   apply.]     To  apply 

RE-AP-PL?'ING,  ;)pr.     Applying  again.  [again. 

RE-AP-POI.\T%  r.  U     To  appoint  again. 

REAP-POINT'ED,  pp.    Aptwinted  acain. 

RE:-AP-P0I\T'I.\G,  ppr.    Appointing  ai;ain. 

RE-AP-POINT'MENT,  71.     A  second  appointment. 

RE  AP  PAR'rrO.X,  r.  U    To  apptmion  acain. 

RE-AP-P0R'T[0\-KD,  pp.     Apportioned  again. 

RE-AP-P5R'TI0.\-ING,  ppr.     Apportioning  again. 

RE-AP-POR'TION-MENT,  n.  A  second  apportion- 
ment. Madison. 

RkAR,  (reer,)  n.  [Ft.  arriere ;  but  this  is  compound  ; 
Arm.  refr,  rerer,  reor,  the  seat ;  the  fundament  ;  W. 
rhio^  sometliing  thick,  a  bundle  ;  rluvyr^  the  funda- 
ment.    Rear  is  contracted  from  rcver.     Class  Rb.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  that  which  is  behind  or  back- 
ward :  apprtrprialely,  the  part  of  an  army  which  is 
behind  the  itther,  either  when  standing  on  parade  or 
when  marching  ;  also,  the  part  of  a  fleet  wliich  is 
behind  the  other.  It  is  opposed  to  Feowt  or  Van. 
Bring  up  the  rear. 

2.  The  last  class ;  tlie  last  in  order. 

Coin*  (  pliice  \a  ihe  reor.  Peacham, 

Jntherear;  behind  the  rest;  backward, or  In  the 

last  class.     In  this  phrase,  reur  signifies  ttie    part  ur 

REAR,  a.     [Sax.  An-rc]  [place  behind. 

I.  Little  cooked  ;  raw  ;  rare  ;  not  well  rousted  or 
boiled. 

3.  [Sax.  anrrdn,  to  hasten ;  hreran^  to  excite.] 
Early.     [^  pnwiHcial  toord,] 

REAR,  r.  t.     [Sax.   rteran^  ro-an,  araran^ln  erect,  to 
excite,  to  hasten  ;    Arerun,   to   excite ;  Sw.    rbra,  to 
move;    Dan.   rtirrr,   to    move,  .siir,   shake;    riirigy 
quick,  lively,  rising  in  the  tttomach.} 
I.  To  raise. 


Who  now  *h-ill  rtar  jaa  tu  the  sun,  or  lanlc 
Yuur  iribea  I 

2.  To  lift  afler  a  fall. 

In  aa>.mtion  n(  his  Wl  I  f''II 
Siil/miM  ;  be  reared  ni«. 


MilUm. 


Milton. 

3.  To  bring  up  or  to  ntise  In  maturity,  as  young; 
as,  to  rear  a  numerous  otr^priug.  Thomson. 

4.  To  educate  ;  to  instruct. 

He  wanU  n  fiithrr  to  firocKt  lib  juuth, 

And  rtar  turn  up  to  vbtne.  SuuOurri. 

5.  To  exalt ;  to  elevate. 

Charity,  decent,  mxl'^i,  e»«7,  ldti<l, 

Sufl^na  the  hi^h,  utt)  rtara  the  ulijuct  miud.  Prior, 

6.  To  rouse ;  to  stir  up. 

And  •ecka  the  tusky  hoar  to  rttir,  Dryden. 

7.  To  raise  ;  to  breed  ;  as  cattle.  Ilarte. 

8.  To  bear  off;  to  achieve  ;  to  obtain.      Spm.^er. 
To  rear  one's  steps  ;  to  ascend  3  to  move  upward. 

MiUon, 
REAR,  V.  t.    To  rise  up  on  t)ic  hind  legs,  as  a  burse. 
REAR-AD'Ml-RAL.    See  Admibau 
BEAR'KI),  (reerd,)  pp.    Raised  ;  lilted  ;  bn>ugt)t  up; 

educated  ;  elevatt-d. 
REAR'-GUARD,  «.      The    body    of  an    army    that 

marches  in  the  rear  of  the  main  body  to  protect  iL 
REAR'LVO,  ppr.     Raising;  educating;  elevating. 
REAR'-I.TNE,  r.    The  line  in  the  reiir  of  an  army. 
REAR'-MOUSE,  n.     [Sax.  Arer»-miu.] 

The  hather-wing'd  bat.  Shak.    Abbot. 

REAR'-RANK,  n.    The  rank  of  a  body  of  Irooptt 

which  is  in  the  rear. 
ReAR'WARD,  n.    [from  rear.   See  Rerewabo.]    The 

last  troop  ;  the  rear-guard. 
2.  The  end  ;  the  tail ;  the  train  bt  hind.       Shak. 
a  The  latter  part.  Shak. 

BE-AS-CENI)',  r.  i.     [re  and  (weflirf-l   To  rise,  mount, 

or  climb  nimin.  JiiifUrn.     Spenser. 

RE-AS-CEXD',  r.  (.    To  mount  or  ascend  again. 

tic  iDOunta  nl»l\  and  rtasctndt  the  ^ti.  Addison. 

RE-AS-CEXD'ED,  pp.     Ascended  again. 

RE-AS-CEN1)'I.\(;,  ppr.     Ascending  again. 

RE-AS-CEX'SION,  (-as-scn'shun,)  n.  The  act  of  re- 
a.-'cending  ;  a  remounting. 

RE-ASCENT',  n.     A  returning  ascent;  acclivity. 

Coitper. 

REA'SON, (rC'zn,)n.  [It.reasun;  W.rhesiom:  Arm. 
resouni  Fr.  raison;  Sp.  razon  ;  Port,  razam;  IL  ra- 
ffione  f  L.  ratio;  Kuss.  raxum ;  Goth,  rathyo,  an  ac- 
count,  number,  ratio ;  rathyanf  to  number  ;  fjaruthyan, 
to  number  or  count ;  rotiyan,  to  speak  ;  D.  rede, 
speech  ;  reiien,  reas<m,  argument ;  rekenkunst,  rheto- 
ric ;  G.  rede,  redm;  Sax.  ru-d,  rada,  speech,  reason  j 
rarteian,  to  reason.  We  find  unitetl  the  Sax.  rad, 
speech,  rwdany  redan,  to  read,  the  Gr.  ^fM,  to  say  or 
0peak,  whence  rhfforic,  and  the  L.  ratio,  which  is 
fmin  ratiut,  and  which  proves  reor  to  be  contracted 
from  rrd/>,  redor,  and  all  unite  with  rod,  Ij.  radius, 
&c.  Vrimarily,  reason  is  that  which  is  uttered,  (See 
RcAD.)    So  Gr.  y.oY"ii  from  Xcydu] 


REA 

1.  That  wliich  is  thought  or  which  is  alleged  in 
words,  as,  the  ground  or  cause  of  opinion,  ctmclu- 
sion,  or  determination.  I  have  reasoiut  which  I  may 
cln«>su  not  to  disclose.  You  ask  me  my  reasons.  I 
freely  give  my  reasons.  The  Judge  assigns  good 
reasons  far  his  opinions,  reasojis  wliich  justify  his 
decision.     Hence,  in  general, 

2.  'I'hc  cause,  ground,  principle,  or  motive,  of  any 
thing  saiii  or  doue  ;  that  wliich  supports  or  justifies 
a  determination,  plan,  or  measure. 

Virtue  ami  vice  an:  nol  aridtrary  Ibtugi ;  biit  there  la  a  natural 
and  et^nial  reason  fur  ihAl  gooducM  and  virtue,  and  n^inaL 
vice  and  wickeiliitM,  —  I  Pel.  iii.  TilloUon. 

3.  EfHcicnt  cause.  Ho  is  detained  by  reason  of 
sickness. 

Spain  is  thin  aown  of  people,  partly  by  reason  of  its  «t<*rility  of 
xiil.  Bacon. 

The  rcMon  of  the  modon  of  the  balance  in  a  wheel-waich  is  by 
motion  of  the  next  wheel.  liaU. 

4.  Final  cause. 

Heaton,  in  the  Kn^ish  laiio:ufige,  is  sometlnv^  taken  for  true  aiid 
c\e.iT  principji-*;  Bomfiimea  for  cttnir  and  fair  deductions; 
sometimes  for  the  caiiiii^,  particularly  the  final  cause.    Locke. 

5.  A  faculty  of  the  mind  by  which  it  distinguishes 
truth  from  falsehood,  and  good  from  evil,  and  which 
enables  the  possessor  to  deduce  inferences  from  facts 
or  from  propositions.  Eacyc 

S-'If-Jove,  the  spring  of  motion,  nets  the  soul, 
Reason's  comjMirinf  bnlancc  nilfs  tlie  whole- 
Thai  si^^s  iinitiedi^ittr  *ood  by  preet-nt  sense, 
ftenson  th-T  ftitiire  mid  tiie  conseqwnce.  Pope. 

Iteason  is  tlic  dirMtur  of  imm'i  will.  Hooker. 

G.  Ratiocination  ;  the  exercise  of  reason. 

Uiit  when  by  r«»*on  the  lite  tnith  lins  found.  Davies. 

7.  Right ;  justice ;  that  which  is  dicuUed  or  sui>- 
ported  by  reason.  Eveo'  man  claims  to  have  reason 
on  his  side. 

1  WM  promised  on  a  linie, 

To  h.i»e  reason  fur  my  rliynM,  Sjienser. 

8.  Reasonable  claim  ;  justice. 

God  briiij*  gwxi  oirl  of  evil,  ami  llHTi'tore  it  were  but  reofon  we 
stujuld  iriisl  God  to  govern  his  uwn  world.  Taylor, 

9.  Rationale  ;  just  account. 

This  reason  did  the  nncieni  fHtlii:n  render,  why  the  church  vriu 
CHlk-d  citiholic,  Pearson. 

rSee  No.  I  and  2.] 

10.  .Moderation  ;  mndenitc  demands;  claims  which 
reason  and  justi>^  admit  or  prescribe. 

The  most  profxdile  way  ot  bri»fin|^  Franw  lo  renaon,  would  be 
by  the  making  an  attempt  on  the  Spanish  West  Iniit'^, 

Addtion. 

In  reason^  in  ail  reason;  in  justice;  with  rational 
ground. 

Wh^n  any  thing  is  proved  by  as  gwnl  ar^imenU  ni  a  thing  of 
lh.vl  kind  is  eip^le  of,  we  ought  not  w  reason  to  doubt  of 
iu  existence.  TiUolson. 

REA'?  ON,  V.  i.     [Fr.  raisonner;  Sax.  rassiman.] 

1.  To  exercise  the  faculty  of  reason  ;  to  deduce  in- 
ferences justly  from  promises.  Drutes  do  nut  reason; 
childrtm  reason  imperfeclly. 

2.  To  argue ;  to  infer  conclusions  from  premises, 
or  to  deduce  new  or  unknown  propositions  from 
previtius  prt>positions  which  arc  known  or  evident. 
To  reason  justly,  is  to  iiifiT  irom  projwsiiions  which 
are  known,  ad'uiitted,  or  eviileni,  the  roiidtisions 
which  are  natural,  or  which  necessarily  result  from 
them.  Men  mn,y  reason  within  themselves;  they 
may  reason  before  a  court  or  Icgislattire ;  they  may 
rciison  wrong  as  well  as  right. 

3.  To  debate;  to  confer  or  inqul*t!  by  discussion  Of 
mutual  communication  of  thoughts,  arguments,  or 
reasons. 

And  they  rwnaonad  among  ttwfrselrca.  —  Matt.  xvl. 

7^  rcfl.-'oit  with  ;  to  nrgiie  with  ;  to  endeavor  lo  in- 
form, convince,  or  pcrsudde,  by  argument.  Reason 
with  a  profligate  son,  aiid  if  pi>ssihle,  persuade  liiin 
of  his  errors. 

2.  'J'o  discourse;  to  talk;  to  take  or  give  an  ac- 
count. 

Stan<l  still,  that  I  may  rtason  with  you  before  the  I^nl,  of  all 
the  nghteoas  ACts  of  ttie  Lunl.  —1  Sam.  xJ.     [Obs.] 

REA'SON,  r.  ^  To  examine  or  discuss  by  argu- 
ments ;  to  debate  or  discuss.  I  reasoned  the  matter 
with  my  friend. 

Wlii-n  Ih^y  nre  clearly  discovered,  wr]l  digrsted,  and  well  rea- 
soned in  every  piut,  there  Is  beauty  in  SLich  a  theorr. 

harnet. 

2.  To  persuade  by  reasoning  or  argument ;  as,  to 
reason  one  into  a  belief  of  truth  ;  tA  reason  one  out 
of  his  plan  ;  lo  reasou  down  a  passitm. 
REA'SON-A-BLE,  a.     Having  ihe  faculty  of  reason  ; 
endued  with  reason  ;  as,  a  reasonable  being. 

[In  this  sense  RATiortAi.  is  now  generally  used.] 

2.  (^verned  by  reason  ;  being  under  the  infltience 
of  reason;  thinking,  R[>eaking,  or  acting  rationally, 
or  according  to  the  dictates  of  reason  ;  as,  the  meas- 
ure must  satisfy  aH  reasonable  men. 

3.  Conformable  or  agreeable  to  reason  ;  just ; 
rational. 

By  hxliiNtabli^  certainty,  1  nmn  diat  which  does  not  admit  of 
any  reasonable  ckim-  of  iloubting,  WUkins. 

A  law  may  Lc  reasunabte  iu  tts>:lf,  tlwugh  a  man  docs  nut  >iMow 
It.  S<n/t. 


REA 

4.  Nut  immoderate 

l^el  (Ul  tilings  be  thougltl  upon. 

That  may  u'tth  reasotuiUe  swiftiMH  add 

Mure  f^alli'-ra  to  uur  wings.  Sttah, 

a.  Tolerable;  being  in  mediocrity;  moderate  ;  at, 
a  reasonable  tjliantity.  Abbot. 

0.  Not  excessive;  not  unjus: ;  as,  a  reasonable 
flue  ;  a  reasonable  sum  in  damages. 

RKA'S50N-A-liLE-NESS,  n.     The  faculty  of  reason. 
[//I  this  sense,  tittle  vscd,] 

2.  Agreeableuess  to  reason  ;  that  slate  or  quality  of 
a  thing  which  reason  supports  or  jtistifies;  as,  the 
reasonableness  of  our  wishes,  demands,  or  exiiccta- 
tions. 

I'he  reasonablenett  and  excellency  ot  charity.  Lata. 

3.  Ctinfonnity  to  rational  principles. 

The  whole  frame  and  contexture  of  a  watch  carries  in  it  a  retk- 
eonnbleneas  — tlie  piuuive  inipprssion  of  the  r>'iison  or  Intel- 
t<«tu;ii  idea  that  was  iu  ttte  artist.     \^Utiu4uai.\  flaie. 

4.  Moderation;  as,  the  rftwonoft/encM  of  a  demand. 
REA'S0N-A-I5LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  or  degree  agree- 
able to  reason  ;   in  consistency  with   reason.     We 
may  rfa^07(flA/y  suppose  self-interest  to  be  the  govern- 
ing principle  of  men. 

2.  Moderately;  in  a  moderate  degree  ;  nut  fidty ; 
in  a  degree  reaching  to  mediocrity. 

If  we  can  by  Industry  moke  our  deaf  and  dumb  persons  reaton- 
altt/  perfect  in  Uie  language.  Holdtr. 

REA'sbN-JCD,  (re'and,)  j»p.    Examined  or  discussed 
by  arguments. 
2.  Persuaded  by  reasoning  or  argument, 

REA'SON-EIt,  n.  One  who  reasons  or  argues  ;  as,  a 
fair  reasoner  ;  a  close  reason er ;  a.  logical  rmsoner. 

RK.\'SON-ING,p^r.  or  a.  Arguing;  deducing  infer- 
ences from  premises  ;  debating;  discussing. 

REA'SON-ING,  n.  The  actor  process  of  exercising 
the  faculty  of  reason  ;  that  act  or  oponition  of  the 

,  mind  by  which  new  or  unknown  proiHjsitions  are 
deduceti  from  previous  ones  which  are  known  and 
evident,  or  which  are  admitted  or  supposed  for  the 
sake  of  argument;  argumentation;  ratiocination; 
as,  fair  rcaso/ti/i^r,-  false  reasoning ;  absurd  rea^untnf; 
strong  or  weak  reasoning.  The  reasonings  of  iBe 
advocate  appeared  to  the  court  conclusive. 

RkA'SON-LKSS,  a.  Destitute  of  retison  ;  as,  a  rca- 
soitles.^  man  or  mind.  Shak.     Ralegh. 

2.  Void  of  reason  ;  not  warranted  or  supported  by 
reason. 

1  tits  prntTer  Is  absunt  and  reasonless.  Sfiak. 

RE-AS-SEM'nLAGE,  n.     Assemblage  a  second  lime. 
RE-AS-SEM'IJLE,tJ.(.     [re  and  assemble.]     To  collect 

again.  Milton. 

RE-AS-SEM'BLE,  v.  u     To   assemble   or  convene 

again. 
RE-AS-SEM'BLED,  pp.    Assembled  again. 
RK-AS-SE.M'BLING,MA     Assembling  ogain. 
RE-AS-SEHT',  o.  u     [re  and  assert.]     Toa.'^ert  again; 

lo  muintain  after  suspension  or  cessation. 

IjCI  us  hope  —  we  may  have  a  Ixxly  of  auUtois  who  will  renxeert 
ourcliiim  to  respect^ibilily  in  liieraiure.  Waltk. 

RE-AS^SERT'ED,  pp.    Assorted  or  maintained  anew. 
RE-AS-SERT'ING,  ppr.  Asserting  again  ;  vindicating 

anew 
RE-AS-SER'TION,  n.   A  second  assertion  of  the  same 

thing. 
RE-AS-STGN',  (-as-sTne',)r.  (.   [rcand  (wWijTi.]  To  as- 
sign back  ;  to  transfer  back  what  has  been  a5signed. 
RE-AS-STGN'Kn,  pp.     Assigned  back. 
RE-AS  SIGN'ING,  ppr.     Transferring  back  what  has 

been  assigned. 
RE-AS-SIM'I-LATE,  r.  L     [re  and    assimilatr.'l     To 

assiinilato   or  cause  to  resemble  anew  :   to  change 

again  into  a  like  or  suitable  substance  Encyc, 

RE-A8-SIM'I-LA-TED,p/>.  Assimilated  anew;  changed 

again  to  a  like  substance. 
RF<-ASSIM'l-LA-TI\G,ppr.    Assimilating  again. 
RE-AS-SIM  l-LA'TION,  n.      A   second  or  renewed 

assimilation.  Encyc. 

RE-AS-SOME',  tJ.  C     [re  and  assume,]     To  resume; 

to  take  again.  Mttton. 

RE-AS-StJM'Kn,  pp.    Resumed  ;  assumed  again. 
RPVAS-SCM'ING,  ppr.     A.ssumiiig  or  taking  again. 
RE-AS-SUMP'TION,  «.     A  resuming;  a  second  as- 

sumiptinn. 
RE-AS-SOK'ANCE,  (-shur'ans,)  tu    [See  Sure  and 

AssunANcE.] 

1.  Assurance  or  confirmation  repeated.    [Rare.] 

Pr.ynne. 

2.  A  second  assurance  against  loss,  or  the  assur- 
ance of  pro|wrty  by  an  underwriter,  to  relievo  him- 
self from  a  risk  he  has  taken.      Blackstone.     Park. 

RE-AS-SOKE'  (re-ash-sbure',)  p.  (.  [re  and  assure; 
Fr.  rassurer.] 

1,  To  restore  courage  to ;  to  free  from  fear  or  terror 

They  rose  with  fear, 
Till  dauntless  Pallas  rexsaured  the  resU  Dryden. 

2.  To  insure  a  second  time  against  loss,  or  rather 
to  insure  by  another  what  one  has  already  insured  ; 
lo  insure  against  loss  that  may  be  incurreii  by  taking 
a  risk. 

RE-A.'^-SOR'ED,  (shard,)  pp.  Restored  from  fear; 
re encouraged. 


.TCNE.  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8.  — C  as  K;  0  as  J ;  8  aa  Z ;  ClI  as  SII;  Til  as  in  THIS. 

of 5" 


KEB 

a.  Iiiaureti  against  loss  by  risk  tKken,  ax  an  under- 
writer. 
RE-AS-SCR'ER,  n.    One  who  insures  the  first  under- 
writer. 
RE-AS-SOR'ING,  ppr.    Restoring  from  fear,  terror,  or 
depression  of  courage. 
a.  InsuriniE  against  loss  by  insurance. 

R£AS'TI-\E:jS,  H.  Rancidness.  [JVU  in  lue,  m* /o- 
cal,]  Oftffraea. 

ReAS'TY,  a.  [Qu.  rusty.]  Cohered  with  a  kind  of 
nijit  and  baring  a  rancid  taste ;  applied  to  dried  mfat, 
£.Vt)(  in  Its?,  or  local.]  Skelton. 

RkATE^  (r^-te,)  h.  A  kind  of  long,  small  grass,  that 
grows  in  water  and  complicates  itself.  [^Yot  in  u.ie, 
or  locaL]  .  Wakon, 

RE-AT-T-AClf',  r.  t  [m  and  oOacJL]  To  attach  a 
second  time. 

RE-AT-TACn'JED,  (-at-tacfat%)  ff.  Attached  a  sec- 
ond time. 

RE-AT-TACII'MENT,  n.    A  second  attachment 

RE-ATTEMPT',  c.  U  \rt  and  mmft.]  To  attempt 
airiin. 

RE-AT-TEMPT'En,  pp.    Attempted  a  second  time. 

RE-AT-TEMPT'I\G,  pvr.    Attempting  again. 

REAVE,  (reeveO  r.  u     [Sax.  re<ySan.] 

To  take  away  by  stealth  or  violence ;  to  bereave. 
\Ohs.\     [HeeBEHEXTK.]  SkaJu     Spmstr. 

RE-A-\  OW',  r.  U    To  vow  again. 

RE-BAP'TI?M,  n.     A  second  baptism. 

RE-RAP-TI-ZA'TION,  n,  [from  rtbap^z^-f  A  soc- 
onJ  taptism.  Hooker. 

RE-RAP -nZE',  r.  u  \rt  and  hafd'.%.]  To  baptir*  a 
second  tim>'.  jSuUffi, 

RE-BAP-Tr/.'^n),pp.    BapUMd  again. 

RE-BAP-'ITZ'I.NG,  ppr.    Baptizing  a  second  time. 

RE-BATE',  r.  L  [Fr.  rOatttr;  rt  uid  battre ;  It.  ribat- 
ferr,] 

1.  To  blunt ;  to  beat  to  obCunenesa  ;  to  deprive  of 
keenness. 

He  dodi  rttmm  and  blant  bk  intturU  edrs. 
Ttte  keeocr  edge  of  UuUe  lo  nbaM. 

Sl  To  abate  or  deduct  ftonu 

RE-BATE',  K.     A  kind   of  hard  freestone  used   In 

pax'ements ;  also,  a  piece  of  wood  fastened  to  a  long 

stick  fur  beating  mortar.    Also,  an  Iron  tool  sturp- 

entd  somewhat  like  a  chisel,  for  dressing  wood,  ice 

FJmes, 

2.  In  oixAitecticre,  the  groove  or  channel  sunk  on 
the  edee  of  a  piece  of  timber ;  a  rabbet,  which  see. 

R&BaTE'  i  n-     •      .- 

RE-BATE'MENT,  \  *•    Diminution. 

a.  In  commerce^  abatement ;  deduction  of  interest, 
or  any  sum,  &.C.,  in  consequence  of  prt>mpt  poymenL 

Boucinr. 
S.  In  ktrmtdry^  a  diminution  or  abatement  of  the 
bearings  in  a  coat  of  arms.  Emcyt, 

RE-BA'TO,  «.    A  aort  of  ntff.    [Sk-e  Rabato.I 
Rfi'BEe,  «.     [Fr.  rtbee  :  It,  ribtcca.] 

A  three-stringed  fiddle.     [.Vw(  nmcM  usrJ.}    MiUnn. 
SEB'EL,  n.    [Fr.  rebelicy  from  L.  rebrllig.  makinc  war 
again.] 

1.  One  who  revolts  from  the  government  tci  which 
he  owes  allegiance,  eilhtr  by  ()penly  renouncing  the 
authuritr  of  thai  goveramf-nt,  or  bv  taking  arms  and 
openly  opposing^iL  A  rcAc/ dilTtrsfrtmi  an  enemy,  aa 
the  latter  is  one  who  docs  nut  owe  allegiance  to  the 
government  which  he  altitks.  JVum.  ivii, 
a.  One  who  willfully  violates  a  law.  Pmci/c 

3.  One  who  dUubeys  the  king's  proclamation  :  a 
contemner  of  the  king's  laws, 

Britijih  Laws.     Black^one. 

4.  A  feudal  villain  who  disobeys  his  lord.     Encye. 
REB'EL,  fl.    Rebellions;  acting  in  revolt.      Milton. 
RE-BEL',  r.  i.     [U  rebcUo,  to  make  war  again  ;  re  and 

h<{U> ;  W.  rAjTTfia,  to  make  war ;  rhy  and  Aci,  war.] 

I.  To  revolt;  to  renounce  the  aulhoriivcf  the  laws 
and  government  to  which  one  owes  nikgiance. 
Subjects  may  rebel  by  an  open  renunciation  uf  the 
authority  of  the  government,  with»iit  taking  arms  ; 
but  ordinarily,  rebellion  is  accompanied  by  resistance 
in  arms. 


REB 


REC 


Te  hcT  bdl  ;o.  u  du.,  ihu  jnj  nOjbl  nW  Iha  du  u>in« 

9.  To  rise  ia  Tioleiu  oppoaitian  aeainst  lawful  aa- 
thorltjr. 

Iki«o><iU  jour  Inn  nUag.lml;oiii  nun  r         Ayin. 

KE-nEL'LED,^.  or  a.  BebeUious ;  guilty  of  rebel- 
lion. J^HtOH 

EE-BEI/LER,  «.    One  that  rebels.  D,ci 

KE-nEL'M\G,n».  RenouncitiB  the  ailtbnrily  of  the 
government  to  whicli  one  owes  allegiance  :  risins  in 
oppnsition  to  lawful  nuthoritv. 

RE-BELL'ION,  (re-berjun,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  TtheUm. 
Among  the  Romans,  rebellion  was  originally  a  revolt 
OT  opcfi  resistance  to  their  govemniiut  by  nations 
that  had  been  subdued  in  war.  It  was  a  renewed 
war.J 

.k'l.*"?'^"  ""''  a^'owed  renunciation  of  the  au- 
thority of  the  government  lo  which  one  owes  alle- 
pance;  or  thetakins  of  arms  traitorously  to  resist 
^S.r'JiS  ?''•--'■•"  ^-"nment;  revolt.    R^ 


fnsurreetwn  may  bo  a  rising  in  opposition  to  o 
particular  act  or  law,  without  a  design  to  n-noiince 
whully  all  subjection  to  the  goveninient.  Insurri-c- 
tion  may  be,  but  is  not  necessarily,  rebt-llion.  Mu- 
tiny is  an  insurrection  of  soldiers  or  seamen  against 
the  authority  of  their  officers. 

No  •wiwr  it  the  »i.-uiJanl  of  rtbeUion  dwplayeil,  lh«i  iwn  of 
dcsprratr  prii»cipl.»  n^urt  lu  it,  Anttt. 

a  Open  resistance  to  lawful  authority. 
Commission  of  rebellion;  in  /««•,  a  commission 
awarded  against  a  person  who  treats  the  kiiiir's  au- 
thority with  contempt,  in  not  obeying  his  proclama- 
tion according  to  his  allegiance,  and  refusing  to  at- 
tend his  sovereign  when  required  ;  in  ivhich  case, 
four  commissioners  are  ordered  to  attach  him 
wherever  he  mav  be  found.  Btaclistone. 

RB-BELI/IOUS,  (re-bcl'yus,)  o.  Engaged  in  rebell- 
ion ;  renouncing  the  aut)iority  and  dominion  of  the 
government  to  whicli  allegiance  is  due  ;  traitorously 
resisting  government  or  lawful  authority.  Devi.  ix. 
xxi. 

RE-BELL'IOUS-LY,  adv.  With  design  lo  tlirovv  off 
the  authority  of  legitimate  government ;  in  opiMjsi- 
tion  to  the  government  to  which  one  is  boutid  by  al- 
legiance i  with  violent  or  obstinate  disobedience  to 
lawful  authority.  Camden 

RE-BELL'IOUS-.VESS,  (-bel'yus-,)  n.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  rebellious. 

RE-BEL'LOVV,  r.  t.  [re  and  beUow.]  To  bellow  in 
return  ;  to  echo  back  a  loud,  roaring  noise. 

The  care  rebetlototd  (iiid  ihe  temple  •hook.  Drydtn. 

RE-BEL'LOVV-ING,  ppr.    Bellowing  in  return  or  in 

echo. 
RE-BLOS'SO:4I,  r.  i.     [«  and  blossom.]     To  blossom 
RE-BI.OS'SOM-ING.  rpr.  Blossoming  ag:iin.     r«i!iiin. 
RE-BO-A'T[0.\,  n.     [  L  reboo  :  re  and  ftuo.J 

The  return  of  aloud,  bellowing  sound.     [J^otnMed.] 
RE-nOlL',  r.  L     [L.  re  and  buUio.]  [Patrick, 

To  t  iko  fire  i  lo  be  hoL  ElvoL 

RE-BOII/,  r.  (.     To  boil  again. 
RE^B0II/A:D,  pp.     Ikiiled  a  second  time. 
RE-BOU\D',  r.  i,     (Fr.  rebondir  ;  re  and  bondtr.] 

To  spring  back ;  to  start  back  ;  to  be  reverberated 
by  an  elastic  power  resisting  force  or  impulse  im- 
pressed ;  as,  a  rebounding  echo. 

BoiIm  khvlairly  h.-irl,  or  so  aufl  u  to  be  void  of^luticky,  will 
uot  nhound  ti\Ma  one  uioUier,  AmHmi. 

RE-BOUND',  r.  L    To  drive  back  ;  to  reverberate. 

SDrntu  «Mng ;  tlw  taIc«  hu  rdoo  rwbound.  Drfdtn. 

RE-BOUND',  n.  The  act  of  flying  back  in  resistance 
of  the  impulse  of  another  body  ;  resilience. 

Put  luck  KA  from  a  txk  with  swift  rrbound.  DryUn. 

RE-BOUXD'ED,  pp.     Sprung  back  ;  reverberated. 
RE-BOUND'ING,  ppr.    Springing  or  flying  back  :  re- 
verberating. • 
RE-IIR.\CE',  V.  L    [re  and  brace.]    To  brace  again. 
_  Orau. 
RE-RRE.\TIIE',  tf.  i.     [re  and  breathe.]    To  breathe 

acain. 
RE  IJUFF',  n.     [It.  rabbuffb  ;  Fr,  rebuke;  re  and  It. 
bujra,  bujarc,  Fr.  bonder.] 

1.  Repercussion,  or  beating  back ;  a  quick  and 
sudden  resistance. 

The  strong  rebufof  •omc  tumulluoiia  cluud.  Millon. 

a  Sudden  check  ;  defeat. 
3.  Refusal ;  rejection  of  solicitation. 
REBUFF',  V.  U     To  beat  back  ;  to  ofllr  sudden  re- 
sistance to  ;  lo  check. 
RE-BUFF'£D,  (re-buff,)  pp.     Beaten  back  i  resisted 

suddenly  ;  checked. 
RE-BUILb',  (-bild',)  r.  t.     [re  and   bnihl]     To  build 
again  ;  to  renew  a  structure;  lo  build  or  construct 


a  chidcrj  one 
reproving;  checking, 


RE-BOKE',  n.    A  chiding  ;  reproof  for  faults:  repre- 
hension. 

Wliy  l>"Ar  you  til-?*:  rebulcea  and  annrer  not  \  Shak. 

2.  In  Scripture,  cbastiBemenl ;  punishment ;  alTlic- 
imn  for  the  purpose  of  restraint  and  correction. 
Btek.  V.     Hot.  V. 

3.  In  loto  language,  any  kind  of  check. 

L*Estrangtt 
To  suffer  rebuke ;  to  endure  the  reproach  and  perse- 
cution of  n»en.    Jer.  xv. 

To  be  without  rebuke ;  to  live  without  giving  cause 
of  reproof  or  censure  ;  to  be  blameless. 

RE-BOK'A'I),  (re-lmkl',)  pp.  Reproved  ;  reprehended  ; 
checked  ;  rrsirained  ;  punisht-d  for  faults. 

RE-BOKE'PyL,  a.  Containing  or  abouuding  with  re- 
bukes. 

RE-HOKE'FJJL-LY,  orfD.  With  reproof  or  reprehen- 
sion. 

RE-BCK'ER,  n.     One  that  r-jbukes 
that  rhastises  or  restrains. 

RE  IJOK'ING,  ppr.     Chiding 
punishing. 

RK-nCK'lNG-LY,  ath.    Bv  way  of  rebuke. 

RK-BUh-LI"T10N.  (re-buf-lish'un,)  n.  [rtoe  Erulli- 
TioN  and  Uoii-J  Act  of  boiling  or  ellervescing 
[^Little  v.->rd.]  WoUon. 

RL-ItUK'Y,  (ro-ber'ry,)  v.  U  [re  and  bury.]  To  inter 
iiL'iiin.  Ashmule. 

RiC'lIUS,  n. ;  pi.  Rehuses.  [L.,  from  res,  which  is  of 
the  cinss  Rd,  Rs,  an<l  of  the  same  family  as  riddle. 
See  Kiddle,  Read,  and  Real.] 

1.  An  old  and  quaint  mode  of  expressing  words  or 
phruHi's  by  Ihe  pictures  of  objects  wliose  names  bear 
a  resemblance  to  those  words,  or  to  the  syllables  of 
which  they  are  composed.  Thus,  an  er/c  and  a  ton, 
or  barrel,  represent  the  family  name  Kyton.  A  gal- 
lant, in  love  with  a  woman  named  Rose  Hill,  painted, 
on  the  border  of  his  gown,  a  rose,  a  hill,  an  eye,  a 
loaf,  and  a  well,  which  reads,  Ro^e  HUl  J  love  well 

Rncyc. 

2.  In  hrraldry,  a  coal  of  arms  which  bears  an  allu- 
sion to  the  name  of  the  person,  as  three  cup'^,  for 
Butler,  Braiide. 

3.  A  peculiar  kind  of  enigma  or  riddle. 
RE-BUT',  r.  t,     [Fr,  rchuter;    Norm,    rebutter;  from 

the  root  of  but,  Fr.  bout,  end  ;  boater,  to  put;  bouder, 
to  pout;  It.  ribuUare,  lo  drive  back,  also  to  vomiL 
See  Butt  and  Pout.     Class  Bd.] 

To  repel ;  to  oppose  by  argument,  plea,  or  counter- 
vailing proof. 

[It  is  used  by  lawijcrs  in  a  {reneral  scTise.] 
RE-BUT',  r.  i.     To  retire  back.     [Obs.]         Spenser. 


hrUion  differs  from 


insurrection  and  from   mutiny. 


what  has  been  demolished;  as,  lo  rebuild  a  house,  i 
wall,  a  wharf,  or  a  ciiy. 

RE-BUILD'ER,  n.     One  who  rebuilds.        Bo.  Hail 

RE-BUILD'ING,  (bild'ing,)  ppr.    Building  again. 

RE-BUILT',  (-bilt',)p/7.     Built  again;  reconstructed. 

RE-RuK'A-BtE,  o.  [from  rebuke.]  Worthy  of  repre- 
hension. Shak. 

RE-BCiCE\  r.  (.  [Norm,  rebuquer;  Arm.  rcbechat,  to 
reproach.  Q.u.  Fr,  reboucher,  lo  slop  ;  re  and  boucher, 
to  slop.  The  Italian  has  rimbcccare,  to  repulse  or 
drive  back,  to  peck,  from  bccco,  the  beak.  The  word 
is  a  compoimd  of  re  and  a  root  in  Bff,  signifying  to 
drive.  See  Pack  and  Impeach,  Class  Bg,  No.  20.] 
I.  To  chide  ;  to  reprove  ;  to  reprehend  for  a  fault ; 
to  check  by  reproof. 


The  proud  hp tamed,  Ui^jieml'Tit  h--  chf^-red. 

Nor  to  rebuke  iho  rich  olTT-nd-r  t-anKl. 

Thou  shilt  in  nay  »-i«e  rebvke  Ihy  Dcirhbor.— 


Dryden. 
Lar.  xlx. 


2.  To  citeck  or  restrain. 

The  I^rd  rebuke  iheo,  O  Satin.  —  Zoch.  iii.     I«.  xri 

3.  To  chasten  ;  to  punish  ;  to  afflict  for  correction. 

O  Lord,  rebuke  me  not  in  thine  anger.  — Pi.  ri. 

4.  To  check  ;  to  silence. 

MmDt,  rebuke  ttiy  disciples,—  Liifce  xix. 

5.  To  check  ;  lo  heal. 

And  ho  Btood  over  bcr  and  rebuked  the  fo»CT.  —  Luke  It. 
C.  To  restrain  ;  to  calm. 

He  aroac  snd  rebuked  the  winUa  and  tho  aca.  —  Mutt.  Tiii. 


2.  To  answer,  aa  a  plaintiff's  surrejoinder. 

The  pininliff  may  nnsv'cr  the  rejoinder  by  a  Burrp)oinder;  ou 
which  the  dcfcnilaiit  inay  re6u(.  Blackelont. 

RE-BUT'TED,  pp.    Repelled  ;  answered. 
RE-BUT'TElt,  n.    In  laus  plcadinirs,  the  answer  of  a 
defendant  to  a  plaintiff's  surrejoinder.    BlackstoTie. 

If  I  grant  to  a  tf  nnnt  to  hold  without  impeachmput  of  waste,  and 
afterward  implead  him  for  WHstc  dune,  he  may  d-liar  me  of 
this  action  by  altowiug  my  grant,  which  i>  a  rebutter. 

Enryc. 

RE-BUT'TING,  ppr.      Repelling;    opposing  by  argu- 
ment, countervailing  allegation,  or  evidence. 

RE-CAL-CI-TUA'TION,  n.    A  kicking  back  again. 
Sir  ff'ultcr  ScotL 

RE-GALL',  V.  t.     [re  and  coll.]    To  call  back  ;  to  lake 
back  ;  as,  to  recall  words  or  declarations. 

2.  To  revoke  ;  to  annul  by  a  subsequent  act ;  as,  to 
rcctUl  a  decree. 

3.  To  call  back  ;  to  revive  in  memory  ;  as,  lo  re- 
call  to  mind  wlrat  has  been  forgotten,  Broome. 

4.  To  call  back  from  a  place  or  mission  ;  as,  to  re- 
call a  minister  from  a  foreign  court ;  to  recall  troops 
from  India. 

RE-CALL',  n.    A  calling  back  ;  revocation. 
2.  The  power  of  calling  hack  or  revoking, 

'Tw  done  ;  and  since  'tii  done,  'tis  past  recall.  Dryien. 

RE^CALL'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  bo  recalled. 

Ramsay. 
DclcgalM  recailahU  at  ptcaiure.  Madismn. 

RE-CALL'KD,  pp.     Called  back  ;  revoked. 
RE-CALL'ING,  ppr.     Calling  back;  revoking. 
RE-CANT',  B.   (.      [L.   recanto;   re  and  canto.     See 
Cakt.] 

To  retract  j  to  recall ;  to  contradict  a  former  decla- 
ration. 

How  Boon  would  eaae  reaiixt 
Vowi  made  In  paja,  as  violent  aa  void.  MUlon. 

RE-CANT',  V.  i.  To  recall  words  ;  to  revoke  a  decla- 
ration or  proposition  ;  to  unsay  what  has  been  said. 
Convince  me  I  am  wrong,  and  I  will  recant 

RE-CAN-Ta'TION,  71.  The  act  of  recalling  ;  retrac- 
tion ;  a  declaration  that  contradicts  a  former  ime. 

« ..,  _  Sidney. 

RE-CANT'ED,  pp.     Recalled  ;  retracted. 

RE-f:ANT'ER,  n.     One  that  recants.  Shak. 

RE-CANT'ING^  ppr.     Recalling;  retractinc. 

RE-CA-PAC'I-TATE,  r.  (.  [re  and  capac'itate.]  To 
qualify  again  j  to  confer  capacity  on  again. 

.dtterhury 

RE-CA-PAC'I-TA-TED,  pp.    Capacitated  again. 


F^TE^'XR,  FALL,  WnAT,-METE,  PREY— PINE,  MARYNE,  BIRD.- NOTE.  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  B9QK.- 


»16 


REC 

RE-eA-PAC'I-TA-TING,  ppr.  Coflferring  capacity 
ai:aiii. 

RE~€A-PIT'II-LSTE,  r.  (.  [Fr.  recapUuler :  U.  rac- 
capUotare  ;  re  and  L.  eapitulum.     See  Capitulate.] 

To  repeat  Uie  principal  things  mentioned  in  a  pre- 
ceding discourse,  argument,  or  e^say  ;  to  give  a 
summary'  of  the  principal  facts,  points,  or  arguments. 

I>ryUcn, 

RE-GA-PIT'II-LA-TED,  pp.  Repeated  in  a  sum- 
mary. 

RE-e.\-PIT'y-LA-TI\G,ppr.  Repeating  the  princi- 
pal things  in  a  discourse  or  argument. 

RE-CA-PIT-y-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  recapitulat- 
ing. 

2.  A  summary  or  concise  statement  or  eiiumcra- 
liun  of  the  princip;il  points  or  facta  in  a  prea'ding 
discourse,  argument,  or  essay.  South. 

RE€A-PIT'li-LA-TO-RV,a.  Repeating  again  ;  con- 
taining recapitulation.  Oarrctson. 

RE-€AP'TION,  ».     [L.  re  and  eaptiof  capio,  to-  lake.] 

The  act  of  retaking  ;   reprisal ;    the  retaking  of 

one's  own  goods,  chattels,  wife,  or  childron,  without 

force  or  violence,  from  one  who  has  taken  them  and 

wrongfully  detains  them.  Blackstone. 

Writ  of  recaption  ;  a  writ  to  recover  property  taken 
by  a  second  distress,  pending  a  replevin  for  a  former 
dL-«tress  for  the  same  rent  or  service.        Btaek^-tonr. 

RE^eAP'TOR,n.  [re  And  captor.]  .One  who  retakes ; 
one  that  takes  a  prize  which  bad  been  previously 
taken. 

RE-CAP'TURE,  (-kapt'yur,)  n.   [re  and  rapture.']  The 
act  of  retaking  ;  particularly,  the  retaking  of  a  prize 
or  goods  from  a  captor. 
2.  A  prize  retaken. 

RE^CAP'TIJRE,  r.  t.  To  retake  ;  particularly,  to  re- 
take a  prize  which  had  been  previously  taken. 

Dii  PoTtccau. 

RE-CAP'TtJR-£D,  pp.  or  o.    Retaken. 

RE-€AP'TtIR-ING,  ppr.  Retaking,  as  a  prize  from 
the  captor. 

RE-€AR'NI-F5,  c.  (.     [re  and  eamiftfj  {nmi  L.  caroy 
flesh.] 
To  convert  again  into  flesh.    [JVot  iniich  itsnl.] 

Howell. 

RE-eAR'R[-£D,  pp.     Carried  back  nr  again. 

RE-CAR'RY,  V.  t.     [re  and  camj.]     To  c;trr>-  hack. 

RE-eAR'RY-Ii\G,;.pr.     Carr> ing  back.       [traUon. 

RE-CXST',  r.  L  [re  and  cast.]  To  cast  again  ;  as,  to 
recast  cannon. 

2.  To  throw  again.  Florio. 

3.  To  mold  anew.  Burgats. 
A.  To  compute  a  second  time. 

RE  €XST',  pp.     Cast  again  ;  molded  anew. 
RF^exST'i\G,  ppr.    casting  again  ;  molding  anew. 
RE-CKDE',  p.  u     [Xa.  recedo;  re  and  cedo.] 

I.  To  move  back  ;  to  retreat ;  to  withdraw. 

Lik<*  the  hollow  roar 
Of  d'le«  rtctOinf  ftx.m  ih'  insultcl  ahorc.  Dryden. 

All  bwlip»,  mgred  circularly,  coJeavur  to  rteetU  from  ih-  cciiKrr. 

9.  To  withdraw  a  claim  or  pretension ;  to  desist 
from  ;  to  relinqui--iih  what  had  b'.-en  proposed  or  as- 
serted ;  as,  to  rcrnilp  from  a  demand ;  to  recede  from 
terms  or  propositions. 

RE-CF:DE',  17.  L  [re  and  cede,]  To  cede  back  ;  to 
grint  or  yield  to  a  former  jwysessor  ;  as,  to  recede 
conquered  territorv. 

RE-rr-D'ED,  pp.    Ceded  b-ick  ;  r/'cmnted. 

RE-CftD'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Withdrawing;  retreating; 
moving  back. 
9.  Ceding  back  ;  regranting. 

RE-C£IPT',  (re-sect',)  n.  [It.  ricetta,  from  the  U  re- 
eeptiLs.  This  word  ought  to  follow  the  analogy  of 
conceit,  deceit,  from  L.  concrptus,  decef.tus,  and  be 
written  without;!,  Keceit.] 

1.  The  net  of  nceiving  ;  as,  the  rerript  of  a  letter. 

2.  The  place  of  rccei\ing ;  as,  the  receipt  of  custom. 
Matt.  ix. 

3.  Reception  }  as,  the  receipt  of  btesshigs  or  iper- 
ciea. 

4.  Reception  ;  welcome  ;  as,  the  kind  receipt  of  a 
ftiend.    [Obs.] 

[In  this  sense,  Rkczptov  is  now  used.] 
a.  Recipe  ;  prescription    of  ingredients    for   any 
composition,  as  of  medicines,  &.c. 

Dryden.  Jfrhutknot. 
6.  A  writing  acknowledging  the  tiiking  of  money 
or  goods.  A  receipt  of  money  may  be  in  part  or  in 
full  payment  of  a  debt,  and  it  opemtes  as  an  acquit- 
tance or  discharge  of  the  d»!bt  either  in  part  fir  in 
full.  A  receipt  of  goods  makes  the  receiver  liable  to 
account  for  the  same,  according  to  the  nnture  of  the 
transaction,  or  the  lenor  of  the  writing.  It  is  cus- 
tomary frtr  sheriffs  to  deliver  g^Kxls  taken  in  execu- 
tion, to  some  person  who  gives  his  receipt  for  tlipm, 
with  a  promise  to  redeliver  lliem  to  the  sherifl'  at  or 
befiire  the  time  of  sale. 

Rt^C'ElPT',  (re-seel',) p. (.  To  give  a  receipt  for;  as, 
to  ri-efipt  goods  delivered  by  a  slierifl*. 

RFr-('£lrT'OR,  w.  In-law,  one  who  receipts  prop<;rty 
which  ha.-i  b'-en  ttkcn  by  the  sherilT     [See  above.] 

R&('KlV'.\-nLRw  a.    Tliat  may  be  received. 

RFM-F.IV'A-ltI,E-.\f;.'3S,  (n.    Cap;ibility  of  being  ro- 

UF^CkIV-A-BIL'I-TY,    \      ceived.  tyiiitlocti. 


REC 

RE-CicfVE',  (re-seev',)  v.  U  [Fr.  reeevoir;  Arm.  re- 
cejf,  reccri ;  It.  ricerere ;  8p.  recibir ;  Fori,  rcceber  f 
Ij.  recipioi  re  and  capio,  to  btke.] 

1.  To  lake,  as  a  thing  ofl'ered  or  sent ;  to  accept. 
He  had  the  offer  of  u  donation,  but  he  would  not  re- 
ceive it. 

2.  To  take  as  due  or  as  a  reward.  lie  received  the 
money  on  the  day  it  was  payable.  He  received  ampla 
compensation. 

3.  To  take  or  obtain  from  another  in  any  manner, 
and  either  good  or  evil. 


4.  To  take,  as  u  thing  communicated  ;  as,  to  re- 
ccive  a  wound  by  a  shot ;  to  receive  a  disease  by  con- 
tagion. 

The  id^a  of  solidity  we  receive  by  our  tottch.  Locke, 

5.  To  take  or  obtain  intellectually  j  as,  to  receive 
an  opinion  or  notion  from  others. 

6.  To  embrace. 

lieccioe  with  mccknesa  the  in^raTtcd  word.  "-James  I. 

7.  To  allow  J  to  hold  ;  to  retain ;  as,  a  custom  long 
received. 

8.  'J'o  admit, 

I'hoii  >hAlt  ^iiiil'^  nie  with  ihy  couiikI,  and  afterward  rtceive  tne 
to  glory.  — P».  Ixxiii. 

9.  To  welcome  j  to  lodge  and  entertain  ;  as  a 
guest. 

They  kindled  ii  fire,  and  received  m  every  oiv,  because  of  the 
pn.-Bi-nt  rain  and  became  of  the  cold.  —  AcU  xxviii. 

10.  To  admit  into  memlwrship  or  fellowship. 

Him  lh;it  is  weak  in  t!ie  faith,  receioe  ye.  —  Rora.  xiv, 

11.  To  take  in  or  on  ;  to  hold  ;  to  contain. 

The  bnxco  altar  was  loo  linlc  to  receive  Iha  bumt-olTeriiig.  —  1 
Kings  viii. 

12.  To  be  endowed  with. 

Ye  shiill  receive  power  after  that  the  Holy  Spirit  has  coiuc  upon 
you.  —  Acts  I. 

13.  To  take  into  a  place  or  state. 


14.  To  take  or  have  as  something  ascribed  ;  as,  to 
rccfir«praise  or  blame.     Rev.  iv.  5. 

15.  To  bear  with  or  sufl*tir.    2  Cor,  xi. 

16.  To  believe  in.    John  i. 

17.  To  accept  or  admit  officially  or  in  an  official 
character.  The  minister  was  received  by  the  emperor 
or  court. 

18.  To  take  stolen  goods  from  a  thief,  knowing 
them  to  ()e  stolon.  Blackstone, 

RE-CeIV'KD,  (re-seevd',)  pp.  or  o.  Taken;  accept- 
ed ;  admitted  ;  embraced  ;  entertained  ;  believed. 

RE-CEIV'EI)-NESS,  n.  General  allowance  or  be- 
lief; as,  the  reccivedness  of  an  opinion.  Boyle. 

RE-CeIV'ER,  n.  One  who  titkes  or  receives  In  any 
manner. 

2.  A  person  appointed,  ordinarily  by  a  court  of 
chancery,  to  receive  and  hold  in  trust  money  or  other 
pn>pcrty.  P.  Cyc. 

3.  One  who  takes  stolen  goods  from  a  thief,  know- 
ing them  to  be  stolen,  and  incurs  the  guilt  of  partak- 
ing in  the  crime.  Blackstone. 

4.  In  di^illation,  a  vessel  for  receiving  and  con- 
densing the  pnulucl  of  di^itillaiion. 

5.  In  pneumatic  chemistry,  a  vessel  for  receiving 
and  containing  gases.  Olmstetl. 

ft.  In  mUural  philosophy^  a  vessel  employed  on  the 
plate  of  the  air-iMimp,  for  producing  a  vacuum. 

Olmsted. 
7.  One  who  partakes  of  the  sacrament.    Tat/lttr 
RE-CEI  V'ING,  ppr.     Taking;  accepting  ;  admitting  j 

embracing;  believing;  entertaining. 
RE-CeI  V'IN'G,  n.     The  act  of  receiving  ;  that  which 

is  received. 
RE-CEL  E-ltRATE,  v.  U     [re  and  celebrate.]     To  cel- 

et)r»!e  again.  B.  Jonson. 

RE-CEL.'E-IlU.\-TEn,  pn.     Celebrated  anew. 
RI'M'KL'K  l!RA-TI\G,V''-     Celebrating  anew. 
RIO-CEL  E-IIRA'TIO.N,  n.     A  renewed  celebration. 
RE'CEN-CY,  n.     [I*,  recent.] 

1.  Newness;  new  state;  late  origin;  as,  the  re- 
cency of  a  wcund  or  tumor. 

2.  Lateness  in  time;  freshness;  as,  the  rccfrtct/ of 
a  iransariitm. 

RE-CE\."5E',  (re-sens',)  v.  L  [I*,  recenseo;  re  and 
censeo.] 

To  review  ;  to  revise  Bendey. 

RE-CEN'SION,  (ro-sen'shun,)  n.     [T..  rer.cnsio.] 

Review;  examination;  enumeration.       Evelyn. 
RE'CENT,  a.     [L.  reeens.] 

1.  New  ;  being  of  late  origin  or  existence. 

The  snclpnis  b<?li<'vrc(  some  i«irts  of  Egypt  lo  be  recent,  nod 
foriuod  by  the  miid  diadiargcJ  Into  the  sea  by  ihn  Nile. 
WtMdicard, 

2.  Late  ;  modem  ;  as,  great  and  worthy  men,  atn- 
cient  or  recetiL     [MuDEHr*  is  now  used.]       Bacon, 

3.  Fresh ;  lately  received ;  as,  recent  news  or  in- 
telligence. 

4.  Late  ;  of  late  occurrence  ;  as,  a  recent  event  or 
transaction. 


REC 

5.  Fresh;  not  long  dli*minsed,  released,  or  parted 
from  ;  as,  Ulysses,  recent  from  the  storms.       Pope. 

0.  la  geolasry,  of  a  dale  subsequent  to  the  creatioD 
of  man  ;  as,  recent  period  ;  recent  slurlts.  LyeU. 

RE'CENT-LV,  fliip.  Newly;  lately;  freshly;  not 
long  since  ;  as,  advices  recently  received  ;  a  town 
recently  built  or  repajjed  ;  an  isle  recently  discovered. 

Rk'CENT-NESS,  n.  Newness ;  freshness  ;  lateness 
of  origin  or  occurrence ;  us,  the  recentness  of  alluvial 
land  ;  the  recentness  of  news  or  of  events. 

RE-CEP'TA-CLE,  (re-sep'ta-kl,)  a.  [L.  rcceptaculum^ 
from  receptus,  reeipio.] 

1.  A  place  or  vessel  into  which  something  is  re- 
ceived, or  in  which  it  is  contained,  as  a  vat,  a  tun, 
a  hollow  in  the  earth,  &.c.  The  grave  is  the  common 
receptacle  of  tlie  dead. 

2.  In  botany^  one  of  the  parts  of  fructification  ; 
the  base  on  which  the  other  parts  of  the  fructification 
stand.  A  proper  receptacle  belongs  only  to  one  set  of 
parts  of  fructification  ;  a  common  receptacle  bears  sev- 
eral florists  or  di.Hiinct  sets  of  parts  of  fructifications. 
The  receptacle  of  the  fructification  is  common  both 
to  the  flower  and  the  fruit.  The  receplntle  of  the 
flower,  is  the  base  to  which  the  parts  of  the  flower, 
exclusive  of  the  germ,  are  fixed.  The  receptacle  of 
the  fruit,  is  the  base  of  the  fruit  only.  The  receptacle 
of  the  seeds,  is  the  base  to  which  the  seeds  are  fixed. 

Martyn. 
The   dilated  apex   of  a   p*^dicel,  from  which  the 
floral  envelops,  stamens,  and  pistils  proceed. 

Lindley. 
REC-EP-TAC'TI-LAR,  a.     In  botany,  pertaining  to  the 

receptacle  or  growing  on  it,  as  the  nectarv. 
REC'EP-TA-RY,  (res'ep-,)  n.     Thing  received.     [J^ot 

in  use.]  Brown. 

RE-CEP-TI-BIL'I-TY,  n.    The  imssibility  of  receiv- 
ing. Olanvilte. 
[Ciu.    The  possibility  of  being  received.] 
RE-CEP'TION,  n.     [Ft. ;  h.  receptio.] 

1.  The  act  of  receiving  ;  in  a  general  sense ;  as,  the 
reception  of  fiwd  into  the  stomacb,  or  of  air  into  the 

,  lungs. 

2.  The  state  of  being  received.  Milton. 

3.  Admission  of  any  tiling  sent  or  communicated  j 
as,  the  reception  of  a  letter ;  the  reception  of  sensa- 
tion or  ideas. 

4.  ReaduiissiuTi. 

All  hope  b  lost 
Of  my  receplwn  into  gmce.  AfUbm, 

5.  Admission  of  entrance  for  holding  or  containing; 
ns,  a  sheath  fitted  for  the  reception  of  a  sword ;  a 
channel  for  the  reception  of  water. 

ti.  A  receiving  or  manner  of  receiving  for  enter- 
tainment ;  eiitfTlainment.  The  gtmsts  were  well 
pleased  with  their  reception.  Nothing  displeases  more 
than  a  cold  reception. 

7.  A  receiving  oflicially  ;  as,  the  reception  of  an 
eirvoy  by  a  foreign  court. 

8.  Opinion  generally  admitted. 

PhiloBoph'TS  who  have  quitted  the  popular  doctHii<>B  of  lh*Ir 
coiiiitricB,  have  hllcn  into  as  exlravn|p\nt  opinions,  as  even 
common  recrpUon  countenniiced,     [Aol  in  uifcj     Lock*. 

9.  Recovery.      [JW>t  in  use.]  Bacon. 
RE-CEP'TIVE,  a.    Having  the  quality  of  receiving 

or  admitting  what  is  communicated. 

Iiiiiigiiiary  space  is  receptioa  of  atl  hodlus,  GtanvQU. 

RE  CEP-TIV'I-TY,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
receptive.  Fotherhy. 

RE-CEP'TO-RY,  a.  Generally  or  popularly  aihnitied 
or  rf^lfeived.     [Jfot  in  use^]  Brown. 

RE-CESt?',  n.    [  L.  rccessus,  from  recedo.   See  Recede.] 

1.  A  withdrawing  or  retiring;  a  moving  back;  as, 
the  recess  of  the  tides. 

2.  A  withdrawing  from  public  business  or  notice  ; 
retreat ;  retirement. 

My  recesM  halh  gircn  them  confidence  that  1  may  be  conqii>-rvd, 
K.  Charleg. 
Anfl  eff.ry  neighboring  rrove 
Sacred  to  soil  rtceii  and  gcaJe  love.  Prior, 

3.  Departure.  QlanviUe. 

4.  Part  of  a  room  formed  by  the  receding  of  the 
wall,  as  an  alcove,  niche,  &c, 

5.  Place  of  retirement  or  secrecy  ;  private  abode. 

This  happy  place,  our  sweet 
Recw.  Milton, 

6.  State  of  retirement ;  as,  lords  in  close  recess. 

Milton, 
la  the  receet  of  the  Jury,  they  are  to  consider  their  evidence. 

HaU. 

7.  Remission  or  suspension  of  business  or  pro- 
cedure ;  as,  the  house  of  representatives  had  a  recess 
of  half  an  hour. 

8.  Privacy  ;  seclusion  from  the  world  or  from  com- 
pany. 

Good  Terse  rtcese  and  soliludo  requires.  Dryden. 

9.  Secret  or  abstruse  part ;  as,  the  difficulties  and 
recesses  of  science.  Watts, 

10.  A  withdrawing  from  any  point ;  removal  to  a 
distance.  Brown. 

11.  The  retiring  of  the  shore  of  the  sea,  or  of  a 
lake,  from  the  general  line  of  the  shore,  forming  a 
bay. 


TONE,  B|;LL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US G  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  8H;  TH  as  tn  THIS. 


017 


REC 

1*2.  rpr.  rtcn.]  A  decree  of  the  imperial  diet  of 
tlie  old  Gernizin  empire.  Brandt. 

RE  CES'SION,  fre-se»h'un,)  n.     [U  rtctasio.] 

!.  'J'he  act  oi  withdrawing,  reliriiiK,  or  retrealiriR. 

2.  The  act  of  receding  l>om  a  chiiui,  or  of  niai- 
toff  a  demand.  South, 

3.  .\  cession  or  framing!  back  ;  a*,  the  r^cessivn  of 
conquered  territory  to  its  former  sovereign. 

RK'eilAB-rTES,  n.  pL  Among  tMa  aneient  Jewa^  the 
descendants  of  Jonndab,  the  son  of  Rechnb,  who  ab- 
stained from  all  tntoxicaiinp  drinks.  The  name  has 
been  assumed  by  some  in  mixlern  titnea,  who  adopt 
the  principle  of  total  abstinence  fhMU  alcoholic  liquor. 

Brande, 

KE-CHANGE',  •.(.  [Ft.  recKanger ;  re  and  dtai%g<.] 
To  change  again. 

RE-CHANc;'£D,pp.    Changed  again. 

RE-CHA.N'G'IXG,  fpr.     Changing  again. 

&£-CHXROE\  t^  (.     f  Fr.  rtclutrstr ;  re  and  eAarjr*] 

1.  To  charge  or  accuse  in  return.  Hookn: 
S.  To  attack  again  ;  lo  attack  anew.        Dr^en. 

RE-CHARG'£D,  ^.     Accused  in  return  i  attacked 

anew, 
RE-CHAR0'ING,2i|»r.    Accusing  in  return ;  attacking 

anew. 
RB-CIIXR'TER,  n.    A  second  chuter;  a  renewal  of 

a  charter.  D.  It'cb.-'tcr. 

RB-CHXR'TER,  p.  L    To  charter  a^ain ;  to  grant  a 

second,  or  another  charter  to. 
RK-CHAR'TER-/:[),  pp.     Chartered  a  second  time. 
RE-CILAR'TEU-ING,    ppr.      Chartering    a    second 

time. 
RE-CHAS'T£N-£n,(-cha3'nd,)  «•    ChRf»tened  again. 
RE-CHfiAT',   n.     [Said    lo    bo    from    Old    Krencli.] 

Among  ktirters,  a  lesson  which  the  huntsman  winds 

on  the  horn  when  the  hounds  ha\'e  Uv^l  the  game, 

to  call  them  back  from  pursuing  a  cuiitiier  scenL 
Bailnt.     Shak, 
RE-CHEAT',  e.  t.    To  blow  the  recheat,    'Drat/ton, 
ME-CHKR' CHE^  in-sbHr'sbiy)  [Fr.]  Z^ima/Zy, sought 

oot  with  care ;   hence,  nice  to  an  extreme ;  un- 

nataraL 
RE-CHOOSE',  (r».cbooz',)  v.  L    To  cfaooae  a  second 

time. 
RE-CHO»'E.V,   (r»<h6z'n,}  pp.  or  *.      Rejected  ; 

chosen  again. 
REC-1-DI'VATE,  v.  L     [L.  reddivo,] 

To  backslide  ;  In  fall  again.     [  O&s.]    Bp.  Andreurs, 
RE-CID-I-VA'TIO\,  lu     [U  r«id*p«*,  from  rccuto^  to 

fall  back  ;  rt  and  eadoy  to  fall.] 
A  falling  back  ;  a  backsliding.  [JVM  aracik  ustd.] 

REC-I-DrV0C3,  €.    rL.r«Mipiu.] 
i^ubject  to  backsliae.     [LioU  ium^.] 

REC'I-PE,  (res'i-pe,)  «.  [L.,  imperative  of  rcewto,  to 
take.]  A  medical  prescri^ition  j  a  direction  of  med- 
icines lo  be  taken  by  a  patient.  Eneye, 

2.  In  ptfpuUr  Msagt^  a  receipt  for  making  almost 
any  mixture  or  preparation. 

RE-CIP'I-E\-CY,  n.    A  receiving;  the  state  of  one 

who  rect'ives, 
RE-CIP'I-E.\T,  lu     [L.  rreiptens,  rfnpio.] 

1.  A  receiver;  the  person  or  thing  that  receives; 
he  or  that  lo  which  any  thing  is  communicatrd. 

2.  The  receiver  of  a'  still.  Dtcay  of  Piety. 
RE-CIP'RO-CAL,   fl.     [I^  rtciprocus;  Sp.  and  It.  re- 

dproco;  Fr.  reciproiptr,] 

1.  Acting  in  vicissitude  or  return  ;  alternate. 

CoTTuptjon  M  reaprocal  to  gcnention. 

2.  Mutual  ■  done  by  each  to  the  other  ^s,  recip- 
Twal  love  ;  reciprocal  benetits  or  favors ;  ▼ewproca/ 
duties ;  reciprocal  aid. 

3.  Mutually  interchangeable. 

These  tvD  ruka  viU  Rndet  m.  ddbitioa  rwdpromf  vHh  (far  thinr 

Reciproedl  terms ;  in  logic,  those  terms  that  have 
the  same  signification,  and  consequently  are  con- 
vertible, and  may  be  used  for  each  other.       Encpc. 

Reciprocal  mutnitties,  in  fmatAcmatics,  are  those 
which,  multiplied  together,  produce  unity.   Eneyc 

Res^rmeal  Jigitretf  in  geometrf,  are  twu  figures  of 
the  same  kind,  (as  trian^es,  parallelograms,  prisms, 
&:c.,)  so  related  that  the  two  sides  of  the  one  form  the 
extremes  of  a  proportion  of  which  the  means  are  the 
two  corresponding  sides  of  the  other.  Brande. 

Redpreeal  proportion y  is  wben,  of  four  terms  taken 
in  order,  the  first  has  to  the  second  the  same  ntio 
which  tlie  fourth  has  to  the  third  ;  or  when  the  fir^t 
has  to  the  second  the  same  ratio  which  the  recipro- 
cal of  the  third  has  to  the  reciprocal  of  the  fourth. 

Brande. 

lUemrocal  ratWy  is  the  ratio  between  the  recipro- 
cals of  two  quantities ;  as,  the  reciprocal  ratio  of  4  to 
9  is  that  of  1-4  to  1-9. 
RE-CIP'RO-€AL,  lu  The  reciprocal  of  any  quantity, 
ia  the  quotient  arising  from  the  division  of  a  unit  by 
that  quantity.  Thus  the  reciprocal  of  4  is  1-4. 
RE-CIP'RO-CAL-LY,  adv.  Mutually  ;  interchangea- 
bly ;  in  such  a  manner  that  each  affects  the  other  and 
is  equally  affected  by  it. 

Tb«  iwo  p»rticla  do  rtapromUy  affect  ewfa  ocher  wfch  ihe  Mine 

2.  In  the  manner  of  reciprocals. 


REC 

RE-CIP'RO-CAL-NESS,  I  n.    Mutual  return  :  aller- 
RE-CIP-R0-€AL'1-TY,    \      naienci.». 

Decay  of  Piety. 
RE-CIP'RO-CATE.  »    i.     [L.   reciprocoi    Fr.  recipro- 
quer.) 
To  act  interchangeably  ;  to  alternate. 

One  bravny  wniUi  tha  pa(6n;  brllowa  pli«, 

Aiul  <Iruw«  ftod  blows  rae^irocasing  kIt.  Drydtn. 

RF^IP'RO-€ATE,  v.  u  To  exchange;  to  inter- 
change ;  to  give  and  return  mutually  ;  as,  to  re- 
ciprocate favors. 

RE-CIP'RO-CA-TEn,  pp.  Mutually  given  and  re- 
turned ;  inlerchanced. 

RE-CIP'RO-eA-TI\(3,  ppr,  or  a.  Interchanging  ;  each 
giving  or  doing  to  the  other  iliu  same  thing. 

Reciprocating  motion;  in  mrcluimcs^  motion  alter- 
nately backward  and  forward,  or  up  and  down,  as 
of  a  piston  rod. 

RE-CIP-RO-CA'TION,  «.     [L.  reciproeatio.} 

1.  Interchange  of  acts;  a  muttiiil  giving  and  re- 
turning ;  as,  llie  reciprocation  of  kindncssi-s. 

2.  Alti-rnatiun  ;  as,  Ihe  reciprocatiun  of  Ihe  sea  in 
the  flow  and  ebb  of  tides.  Brotrn. 

3.  Regular  return  or  alternation  of  two  syinpioms 
or  diseases.  Core, 

REC-I-PROC'I-TY,(res-e-pros'o-te,)n.  [Fr.rMi>r«c'(.*,] 

1.  Reciprocal  obligation  or  right ;  equal  mutual 
rights  or  benefits  to  be  yielled  or  enjoyed.  The  com- 
missioners offered  to  negotiate  a  treaty  on  principles 
of  reciprocity. 

3.  Aiutual  action  and  reaction. 
RE-CI"$ION,   (re-sizh'un,)   n.     [L.  rccixiot  from  re- 
eiJOf  to  cut  ofl";  re  and  ardo.] 

The  act  of  cutting  off.  Shrrtmod, 

RE-CTT'AL,  II.  [from  recite.]  Rehearsal  ;  the  rep- 
etition of  the  wi-rds  of  another,  or  of  a  writing  ;  as, 
the  recital  of  a  deed  ;  the  recital  of  testimony. 

Encife, 

2.  Narration  ;  a  telling  of  the  particulars  of  an  ad- 
venture, or  of  a  series  of  events.  Jtddiaon. 

3.  Enumeration  of  particulars  ;  as,  the  reeitaU  of  a 
law.  Burke, 

REC-I-TA'TION,  n.     [L.  recitatio.] 

1.  Rehearsal ;  repetition  of  words. 

Hammond ,     Temple. 

2.  The  delivery  before  an  audience  of  the  compo- 
sitions of  others  commitird  to  memory. 

X  in  American  colleges  and  schoohy  the  rehearsal  of 
a  lesson  bv  pupiU  beKire  tlieir  instructor. 

RECM-TA-'llVE',  a.  [Fr.  rtcitatif;  iVrecitativo.  See 
Recite.] 

Reciting;  rehearsing;  pertaining  lo  musical  pro- 
nuncintion.  Dryden. 

REC-I-TA-TT[VE',  n.     In  mime,  a  species  of  singing 

approaching   toward   ordinary   s)>eaking;    language 

delivereit  in  musical  tones,  i.  c.,  in  the  sounds  nf  the 

musical  scale.  Brande.     P.  Cyc. 

2.  A  piece  of  music  in  recitative. 

REC-I-TA-TIVELY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  rccita- 
live- 

RE-CITE',  V.  U  [L.  recita ;  re  and  citi»,  to  call  or 
name.1 

1.  lo  rehearse  ;  torcpt^nt  the  words  of  another,  or 
of  a  writing  ;  as,  to  recite  the  words  of  an  author,  or 
of  a  deed  or  covenanL 

2.  In  KTif/n/,  to  copy  j  as,  the  words  of  a  deed  are 
recited  in  Ihe  pleading. 

3.  To  tell  over ;  to  relate ;  to  narrate  ;  na,  lo  re- 
cite past  events ;  to  recite  the  particulars  of  a  voy- 
age. 

4.  To  rehearse,  as  a  lesson  lo  an  instrueler. 

America, 

5.  To  enumerate,  or  go  over  in  particulars. 
RE-CITE',  r.  i.     To  pronounce  before  an  audience  the 

composiiiuns  of  others  committed  to  memory. 

2.  To  rehearse  a  lesson.  The  class  will  reciu  at 
eleven  o'clock.  American  Semitiaricg. 

RE-CTTE',  for  Recitau     [JVot  in  u^e.] 

RE-Cri'^ED,  pp.  Rehearsed ;  told  ;  repeated  ;  nar- 
rated. 

RE-lTT'ER,  n.  One  that  recites  or  rehearses  ;  a  nar- 
rator. 

Rl^CIT'ING,  ppr.  Rehearsing  ;  telling ;  repeating  ; 
narrating. 

RECK,  V.  L  [Sax.  recan,  reccan,  lo  say,  to  tell,  to  nar- 
rate, to  reckon,  to  care,  to  rule  or  govern,  h.  rego. 
The  primary  sense  is  to  strain.  Care  is  a  slraini^ng 
of  the  mind.     See  Rack  and  Reckon.] 

To  care ;  to  mind  ;  to  mte  at  much  ;  as  we  say,  to 
reckon  much  of;  followed  by  of.    [Obs.] 

Thou**  but  B  lazj  loord'-, 

And  reckt  much  o/thj  sninlre.  Sperutr. 

I  reck  as  Iklle  what  U'lidcih  ratt. 

As  much  I  wish  aII  gt>od  befortunc  jou.  Shak. 

Of  aight  or  loitelincss  it  recks  me  not.  AlUton. 

RECK,  V.  U    To  heed  ;  to  regard  ;  to  care  for. 

This  ton  of  mine  not  recking  danger.  ^dney. 

[This  verb  is  obsolete,  unless  in  poetry.  We  ob- 
serve the  primary  sense  and  application  in  the  phrase 
*'  It  recks  me  not,"  that  is,  it  does  not  strain  or  dis- 
tress me  ;  it  does  not  rack  my  mind.  To  reck  danger 
is  a  derivative  form  of  expression,  and  a  deviation 
from  the  proper  sense  of  the  verb.] 


REC 

RECK' LESS,  o.    Careless;  heedless;  mindless.         ' 
I  mai\«  Ui«  king  u  recktet;  u  tl»ein  tlitigetit.  SUlney. 

RECK'LESS-LY,  adv.     Heedlessly  ;  carelessly. 

RECK'(.ESS-NE88,  n.  Heedlessness  ;  carelessness  ; 
necligenco.  Sidney. 

[  7'AMe  wordSy  formerly  disuaedj  have  been  recently 
revived,] 

RECK' ON,  (rek'n,)r.  f,  [Sax.  rccan,  rcxcan,  to  leM,  to 
relate,  to  reck  or  care,  to  rule,  to  reckon  ; '  D.  rekencny 
lo  count  or  compute;  G.  rechnen,  to  count, to  reckon, 
to  esteem,  and  TTcJccn,  to  stretch,  to  strain,  lo  rack; 
Sw.  rdkna,  to  counL^lo  tell ;  Dan.  re^ner^  lo  reckon^ 
to  count,  lo  rain.  The  Saxon  word  signifies  not  on- 
ly  lo  tell  or  count,  but  to  reck  or  care,  and  to  rule  or 

fovern  ;  and  the  latter  signitication  proves  it  to  he  the 
1.  re;ro,  rectus,  whence  regnum,  retrno,  Eng.  Utrci-rn, 
and  nence  Sax,  rcht.,  riht,  Enp.  riffhty  G.'recht,  &.c. 
The  primary  sense  of  the  root  is  to  strain,  and  riffkt 
is  strained,  stretched  to  a  straiglit  line;  hence  we 
see  that  these  words  all  coincide  with  reach,  strvteh, 
and  rack,  and  wo  eay,  we  are  racked  with  care.  It 
is  probable  that  icreck  and  wretched  are  from  the  same 
root.     Class  Kg,  No.  18,21.] 

1.  To  count;  to  number;  that  ia,  to  tell  over  by 
particulars. 

The  prit'st  ■hnll  r«c*cin  to  hltn  the  moiipy,  according  to  the  yenra 
UiiU  Kiiiiiiii, otl'u  tu  tbcyetLTQl  jubilee, audit i^U  twatMitod. 
—  l*<*».  xxvit. 

I  reckoned  abovo  two  hustlred  and  fill/  on  the  outsidn  of  tlte 
church.  Addieon. 

2.  To  esteem  ;  to  account ;  lo  repute.    Rom.  viii. 

t'ot  liiiii  I  redam  not  in  high  estiite.  M'tlUm. 

3.  To  repute ;  to  set  in  the  number  or  rank  of. 

He  wu  reckoned  oinoug  the  Iransg-roEsoTs.  —  Luko  xsiL 

4.  To  make  account  or  reckoning  of.   Rom.  iv. 
RECK'OiN,  r.  i.    To  reason  with  one's  self  and  con- 
clude from  arguments. 

1  reAontd  IJII  nioniing,  thai  m  a  lion,  to  wUl  be  break  all  usj 
tMHirs.  —  Is.  xxxviii, 

2.  To  charge  to  account ;  with  on. 

1  Cidl  postrrity 
Into  the  debt,  and  redcon  on  hur  beail.  B.  Joneon. 

3.  To  pay  a  penalty  ;  to  be  answerable  ;  with  for. 

If  ili'7  fail  in  their  bouDilen  duty,  tbcy  shall  reckon  for  it  one 
tf'iy.  Saxvierton. 

4.  To  think  ;  to  suppose  ;  as,  I  reckon  he  has  arrived. 
[In  this  last  sense,  the  word  is  provincial  in  Eng- 
land,and  is  used  In  an  excess  in  the  middleand  south- 
ern parts  of  ilie  United  States,  corresponding  lo  that 
of  iniM-y  in  the  northern.  —  £J.] 

To  reckon  with ;  to  slate  an  account  with  another, 
coiufKire  it  witli  his  account, ascertain  the  amounlof 
each,  and  the  balance  wliich  one  owes  to  the  other. 
In  this  manner  the  country  ptiople  of  New  England, 
who  have  mutual  dealings,  reckon  with  each  other  at 
the  end  of  each  year,  or  as  often  as  they  think  fit. 

After  a  loti^  time  the  lord  of  Ihuse  acrvantK  Cometh,  nnd  reckon- 
eth  with  them.  —  MiUl.  xxr. 

2.  To  call  lo  punishn>ent. 

Goil  sunrra  thff  mcwt  f;ne*oita  sins  of  particulnr  p(>nons  to  go 
unpunished  in  this  wurld,  beciuso  his  JiiEticc  will  have 
aiiuihcr  opportunity  to  meet  and  reckon  tnOt  Ihfrn, 

TilloUon. 

To  reckon  on  or  upon;  lo  lay  stress  or  dependence 
on.  He  reckons  on  the  support  of  his  frieads. 
RECK'ON-£I),  {rck'ixA,)  pp.  Counted;  numbered; 
esteemed  ;  reputed  ;  cumpoted  ;  set  or  assigned  to 
in  account. 
RECK'ON-ER,  (rek'n-er,)  n.  One  who  reckons  or 
computes. 

Reckonert  without  their  host  must  reckon  twkx.  Camden. 

RECK'ON-ING,  (rek'n-ine,)  ppr.  Counting;  com- 
puting;  esteeming;  reputing;  stating  an  account 
mutually. 

RECK'ON-ING,  n.  The  act  of  counting  or  com- 
puting; calculation. 

2.  An  account  of  time.  Sandys, 

3.  A  statement  of  accounts  with  another ;  a  state- 
ment and  comparison  of  accounts  mutually  for  ad- 
justment ;  as  in  the  proverb,"  Short rc<:A'(jntn^s  make 
long  friends," 

The  way  to  make  rcckoningt  even,  is  to  make  thcra  often. 

South. 

A.  The  charges  or  account  made  by  a  host 

A  coin  would  h.ive  s  nobler  use  than  to  pay  a  reckoning. 

Additon, 

5.  Account  taken.    9  Kings  xxii. 

6.  Esteem  ;  account ;  e-stimation. 

You  make  no  f-irth^r  reckoning  of  beauty,  than  of  an  outward 
fading  benefit  naiure  btstowcd.  Sidney. 

7.  In  nflt?i^afion,  an  account  of  the  ship's  course 
and  distance,  calculated  from  the  log-board  without 
the  aid  of  celestial  observation.  This  account  from 
the  log-board  is  usually  called  the  dead-rcekoninir. 

Mar.  DicL 
RECK'ON-ING-BpQK,  n.     A  book  in  which  money 

received  and  expended  is  entered.  Johnson. 

RE-CLAIM',  V.  t.  [Fr.  reclamer;  L.  reclamo;  re  and 
ctamo,  to  call.     See  Claim.] 

1.  To  claim  back  ;  lo  demand  to  have  returned. 
The  vender  may  reclaim  the  goods.  Z.  SiafL 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRfiY — PINE,  MARINE,  niRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 
^J3 


REC 

2.  To  call  bark  from  error,  wanderinp,  or  tranfl- 
gression,  to  tlie  observance  of  moral  rfcliiude  ;  lo 
reform  \  to  bring  back  to  correct  deportment  ur  course 
■>f  life. 

It  b  thff  iiifnlion  of  ProriJence,  ia  iU  voriou*  exprewiioni  of 
^uodiK-sa,  lo  recZdiM  nuuilfiud.  Hogert. 

8.  To  reduce  to  the  state  desired. 


Much  litb^r  ia  n>auir«d  i 

Their  witJ  ilisoraert  and  in  niiilu  rtciaim. 


treem,  lo  taiiie 

Drydan, 

4.  To  call  back  ;  to  restrain. 

Or  ia  b«T  lowering  flight  rKlaimad, 

Bjr  te^u  fram  Icanu'  duwufail  named  ?  Prior, 

5.  To  recall  j  to  cry  out  against 

Th'?  li«»il«ron»  honea  hurriiH]  Octaviiu  aloog,  and  wpre  draf  to 
his  reclaiming  Ihein.     [  Unutuai.  ]  Dryiien. 

6.  To  reduce  from  a  wild  to  a  tame  or  domestic 
state;  to  tame;  to  make  gentle;  as,  to  reclaim  a 
hawk,  an  eajile,  or  a  wild  U.'ast.  I>ryden. 

7.  To  redtirc  lo  a  slate  lit  for  cultivation  ;  applied 
to  lands  submerged  by  water. 

8.  To  demand  ur  challenge ;  to  make  a  claim  ;  a 
Frmeh  use. 

9.  In  aitetent  customs^  to  pursue  and  recall,  as  a 
vassal.  Encyc. 

II).  To  encroach  on  what  has  been  taken  from 
one  i  lo  attempt  to  recover  possession. 

A  trad  of  hnd  piulbiidl  inaldiad  fn>nB  an  element  pprpotu.illj 
reclaiiidng  its  [inor  oukipunc;.  Coxe,  Siffilz, 

RE-TT.AIM',  tJ.  i.    To  cr\'  out;  to  exclaim.        Pope, 
RE-CLALM'A-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  reclaimed,  re- 
formed, or  tamed. 
RE-€L.XIM'A.\T,  n.     One  that  opposes,  contradicts, 

or  remonstrates  againi^t.  Waterland. 

RE-eLAlM'/JD.  pp.     Rccalted  from  a  vicious  life  j  re- 
formed ;  tamed ;  domesticated  ;  recovered. 
RE-GI.aIM'INO,  ppr.     Recalling  to  a  regular  course 
of  life:  r^'forming;  recovering;  taking;  demanding. 
RE  eLAIM'LGSS,  a.    Not  to  be  reclaimed.  Lee. 

REC-LA-Ma'TION,  n.     Recovei>'. 

2.  Demand  ;  challenge  of  something  to  be  restored  ; 
claim  made.  Gallatin. 

REC'LI-NATE,  a.     [L.  TedinaUu*.     See  Reci.ise.1 
In  biitamj^  ficlinfd,  as  a  K-nf ;  bent  downward,  so 
Uiat  the  point  of  the  leaf  is  lower  than  the  base. 

Martyn. 
A   Tftlinatt  stem  is  one   lliat  bends   in   an  arch 
toward  the  earth.  Let. 

REe  LI-NA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  leaning  or  re- 
clining. 

2.  In  dinlinfT,  the  angle  which  the  plane  of  the 
dial  makes  with  a  vertical  plane  which  it  inler- 
aertu  in  a  horizontal  tine.  Brande, 

RE-GiJNE  ,  c.  L     [I*.  recUno;  rt  and  elino^  to  lean.] 
To  lean  back  ;    to  lean  to  one  side  or  sidewise  ; 
as,  to  rfc/in«  the  head  on  a  pillow,  or  on  the  bosom 
of  another,  or  on  the  arm. 

Th«  mother 
Redined  h^r  Ay'mg  brail  upon  hn  biT-.aM.  Drydtn. 

RE-€LT\E',  p.  I.    To  lean  ;  to  rest  or  repose  ;  as,  to 

reeline  on  a  couch. 
RE  eLIXE',  a.     [h.  recUnit.'] 

Leaning  ;  being  in  a  leaning  posture 

They  >Rt,  rech'U, 
On  the  aoA,  (towtiT  bank  damulccd  with  fluwera.  A/i/fon. 

\LitUt  uMcf.] 

RK-riJ-VKO,  ;ip.     Inclined  back  or  sidewise. 
Rf^CI.TN'lXG,  ppr.      Leaning    back    or   sidewise ; 

resting ;  lying. 
RK-€L6SH',  r.  L     [re  and  c/«.«.]     To  close  or  shut 

again.  Pope. 

RE-€L6S'Kn,  pp     Closed  again. 
RE-ri<6a'lNG,  ppr.     Closing  again 
•^E-eLCDE',  V.  U     [L.  reciado;  re  and  elaudo,  dudi).] 
To  open.     [Little  used,]  Harvey. 

RE  CLOSE',  a.     [Vr.  reclua^  from  L.  reclusus^  redudoy 

but  with  a  signification  directly  opposite.] 
Phut  up  ;  sequestered  ;  retired  from  the  world  or 

fn>m  public  notice;  solitary;  as,  a  rrc/tue  monk  or 

hermit ;  a  recluse  life. 

1  all  the  lif'-Ionf  dny 
Consume  in  m'^diuiiion  d*wp,  rtclutt 
From  humaa  coriverae.  Pkilipt, 

RE-CLCSE',n.  A  person  who  lives  In  retirement  or 
Bfcliision  from  intercourse  with  the  world,  as  a  her- 
mit or  monk. 

5.  One  of  a  class  of  religious  devotees  who  live 
in  single  cells,  usually  attached  to  monasteries. 

Brande. 

ttE-CLOSE'LY,  adv.  In  retirement  or  seclusion  fmm 
BoriPiv. 

RE-eLC'SE'NESS,  ii.  Retirement;  seclusion  from 
•orietv. 

RR  CLfi'SHOX,  Crc-klfl':thun,)  b,  A  state  of  retire- 
m'-nt  from  the  world  ;  seclusion. 

RE-CLG'3IVE,  a.    .Affording  retirement  from  society. 

Shak. 

RE-eO-AO-f^-LA'TION,  n.  [re  and  eocirilntion.]  A 
(tecnnd  coagulation.  Boyle. 

RE-C<^AST',  c.  (.  To  coast  back  ;  to  nrturn  along  the 
same  coast.  Chandler. 

RE-CflAST'EO,  pp.  Returned  along  the  same 
coast. 


REC 

RR-COAST'ING,  jrpr.    Coa^ting  again  or  back. 
RE-t'OCT',  a.     [L.  recoctus^  rccuyuo.j 

•    New  vompeil.     [JVy(  used.]  Taylitr, 

RE-COe'TlON,  n.     A  second  coction  or  preparation. 
REe-OG-NI"TJON,  (rek-dg-nish'un,)  n,     [h.  rtcog- 

71  if  10.] 

L  Acknowledgment;  formal  avowal  ;  as,  the 
recognition  of  a  final  concord  on  a  writ  of  covenant. 

Bacon. 

9.  Acknowledgment ;  memorial.  Wiite. 

3.  Acknowledgment;  solemn  avowal  by  which  a 
thing  is  owned  or  declared  lo  belong  to,  or  by  which 
Uie  remembrance  of  it  is  revived. 

The  liveaof  such  saints  had,  at  the  lime  of  their  yearly  inemorial«, 
solemn  recogindon  in  the  cliureh  of  G<xl.  Hooker, 

■4.  Knowledge  confessed  or  avowed  ;  as,  the  recog- 
nition of  a  thing -present;  memory  of  it  as  passed. 

Orcw. 
RE-€OG'NI-TOR,  n.    One  of  a  jury  upon  assize. 

Blackntont. 
RE-COG'NI-TO-RY,  a.     Pertaining  to  or  connected 

with  recognition.  C.  Lamb. 

RE-eOG'Nl-ZA-BLE,  (re-kog'ne-za-bl  or  re-knn'e-za- 
bl,)  a.  [fnitn  recotrniie.]  That  may  be  recognized, 
known,  or  acknowledged.  Orient.  Collections. 

RE-€OG'iNLZANCE,  (re-kog'ne-zans  or  re-kon'e- 
zans,)  71.     [Fr.  reconnaissance.] 

[Among  lawyers,  the  g  in  this  and  the  cognate 
words  is  usually  silent.]  ' 

1.  Acknowledgment  of  a  person  or  thing  ;  avowal ; 
profession  ;  as,  the  re^otrniiance  of  Christians,  by 
which  they  avow  their  belief  in  their  religion. 

Hooker. 

3.  In  /aw,  an  obligation  of  record  which  a  man 
enters  into  before  sotTjc  court  of  record  or  magistrate 
duly  authorized,  with  conditit»n  to  do  some  particu- 
lar act,  as  to  appear  at  the  assizes,  to  keep  the  peace, 
or  pay  a  debt.  A  recognizance  ditTers  from  a  bond, 
being  witnessed  by  the  record  only,  and  not  by  the 
party's  seal.  There  is  also  a  recognizance  in  the  na- 
ture of  a  statute  staple,  acknowledged  before  either 
of  the  chief  justices  or  their  substitutes,  the  mayor 
of  the  staple  at  Westminster,  and  the  recorder  of 
London,  which  is  to  be  enrolled  and  certified  into 
chancery.  Bhickstvnc 

3.  The  verdict  of  a  jury  impaneled  ui>on  assize. 

CowcU. 
RE€'OG-NIZE,  (rek'og-nize  or  rek'o-nize,)  v.  L  [It. 
riconoscere  i  Sp.  reconocer ;  Fr.  reconnoitre;  L.  recog- 
Tionco  ;  re  and  cognosco,  to  know.  The  g  in  these 
words  has  properly  no  sound  in  English.  It  is  not  a 
part  of  the  root  of  the  word,  being  written  merely  to 
give  to  con  the  French  sound  of  gn,  or  that  of  the 
Spanish  n,  and  tliis  sound  does  not  properly  belong 
to  our  language.] 

1.  To  recollect  or  recover  the  knowledge  of,  cither 
with  an  open  avowal  of  that  knowledge  or  not. 
We  rKogniie  a  person  at  a  distance,  when  we  recol- 
lect that  we  have  seen  him  before,  or  that  we  have 
formerly  known  him.  We  recognize  his  features  or 
hia  voic# 

Speak,  rassal ;  reeognut  thy  •OTen-Ign  queen.  HarU, 

9.  To  admit  with  a  formal  acknowledgment ;  as, 
to  rceo-ritize  an  obligation  ;  to  recognize  a  consul, 
3.  To  review  ;  to  reexamine.  South. 

RECOGNIZE,  V.  i.    To  enter  an  obligation  of  record 
before  a  proper  tribunal.       A    B  recognized   in  the 
sum  of  twenty  pounds, 
RECOG-NTZ-ED,  pp.    Acknowledged  ;  recollected  as 

known  ;  bound  by  recognizance. 
RE-eOG-XI-ZEE', (re-kt>g-ne-zee' or  re-kon-e-zee',)  n. 
The  person  to  whom  a  recognizance  is  made. 

Blackstone, 
RE€'OG-NTZ-LVG, ppr.    Acknowledging;  recollecting 

ns  known  ;  entering  a  recognizance. 
Rt^€0G-NI-ZOR',  (re-kog-ne-zor'  or  re-kon-e-zor',)  n. 

One  who  enters  into  a  recognizance.      Blackstone. 
RE-COIL',  V.  i.     [Fr.  reeultTy  to  draw  back  ;  recul,  a 
recoil  ;  Arm.  arguila ;    Fr.   ru/,  Sp.  cit/o,  Arm.    gU^ 
guil,  the  back  part ;  W.  cUiauf^  to  recede  ;  It.  rtnea- 
larc  i  Hp.  rfCK/rtr.] 

I.  To  move  or  start  back  ;  to  roll  back  ;  as,  a  can- 
non recoils  when  fired  ;  waves  recoil  from  the  shore. 
9.  To  fall  back  ;  to  retire.  Milton. 

3.  To  rebound  ;  as,  the  blow  recoils.  Dryden. 

4.  To  retire  ;  to  flow  back  ;  as,  the  blood  recoils 
with  horror  at  the  sight. 

5.  To  start  back  ;  to  shrink.  Nature  recoils  at  the 
bloody  deed. 

G.  To  return.    The  evil  will  recoil  upon  hia  own 
head. 
RE-€OIL',  p.  t    To  drive  back.    [JVot  used,] 

Spenser. 
RE-COIL',  n.    A  starting  or  falling  back;  as,  the  re- 
coil of  nature  or  the  blood. 

9.  The  reaction  or  resilience  of  fire-arms  when 
diflchareed. 
RE-COIL'ER,  n.    One  who  falls  back  from  his  prom- 
ise or  profession. 
RE-eoiL'I\G.  ppr.     Starting  or  falling  back;  re- 
tiring ;  shrinking. 
RE-COIL'ING,  71.   The  actof  starting  or  falling  back  ; 
a  shrinking;  revolt.  South. 


REC 

HE  eOIL'ING-LY,  adv.  With  starting  back  or  retro- 
ression. 

RE-€01L'MENT,  n.    The  act  of  recoiling. 

RE-COIN',  F.  u  [re  and  coin.}  To  coin  anew;  as, 
to  recoin  gold  or  silver. 

RE-COI.\'AGB,  n.    The  act  of  coining  anew. 
9.  That  which  is  coined  anew. 

RE-eOIN'/:D,  pp.     Coined  anew. 

RE-eOIN'lNG,  ppr.    Coining  anew. 

REC-OL-LEet',  V.  t  [re  and  collect ;  la.  recoUigo, 
reci'lleetus.] 

1.  To  collect  again  ;  applied  to  ideas  that  have  es- 
caped from  t/ie  memory  ;  to  recover  or  call  back  ideas 
lo  the  memory.  I  recollect  what  was  said  at  n  former 
interview  ;  or  I  can  not  recollect  what  was  said. 

9.  To  recover  or  recall  the  knowledge  of;  to  bring 
back  to  the  mind  or  memory  ;  to  remember.  I  met  a 
man  wluun  I  thought  1  had  seen  before,  but  I  could 
not  recollect  his  name,  or  the  place  where  I  had  seen 
liira.  I  do  not  recollect  you,  sir. 
3.  To  recover  resulutitm  or  composure  of  mind. 

The  Tyrinn  qnpf  n 
Admired  his  fonnn'-s,  more  admired  the  man  ; 
Then  recoUecUd  atuud.  Dryden. 

[In  this  sense,  Collected  is  more  generally  used.] 

RE-eOL-LECT',  v.  L  To  gather  again  ;  to  collect 
what  has  been  scattered  ;  as,  to  re-colUct  routed 
troops. 

REC'OL-LECT,  n.     See  Recollet. 

REC-OL-LECT'ED,  pp.    Recalled  to  the  memory. 

KEC-OL-LECT'ING,  ppr.  Recovering  to  the  mem- 
ory. 

REC-OL-LEC'TION,  n.  The  act  of  recalling  to  the 
memory,  as  ideas  tliat  have  escape^J ;  or  the  opera- 
tion by  which  ideas  are  recalled  lo  the  memory  or 
revived  in  the  mind.  Recollection  differs  from  rrmem- 
brancCy  as  it  is  the  consetjuence  of  volition,  or  an 
effort  of  the  mind  lo  revive  ideas;  whereas  remem- 
brance implies  no  such  volition.  Wo  often  remember 
things  without  any  voluntary  effort.  Recolloction  ia 
called  also  reminiscence. 

9.  The  power  of  recalling  ideas  to  the  mind,  or 
the  period  within  which  things  can  be  recollected ; 
remembrance.  The  events  mentioned  are  not  with- 
in my  recollection. 

3.  In  popular  language,  recollection  is  used  as  sy- 
nonvmoufl  with  rttnembrance, 

REC-OL-LECT'lVE,  a.  Having  the  power  of  rccol- 
lecting.  Foster. 

REC'OL-LET,  n.     [Sp.  and  Port,  recoletn.'] 

A  monk  of  a  reformed  order  of  Franciscans. 

RE-COL-0-NI-ZA'TION,  n.    A  second  colonization. 

K.  Everett. 

RE-COIi'O-NIZE,  r.  u    To  colonize  a  second  lime. 

RE-COL'O-NlZ-ING,  ppr.    Colonizing  a  second  time. 

RE-€OJI-BI-Na'TION,  iu  Combination  a  second 
time. 

RE-COM-BLVE',  v.  U  [re  and  cwnfiine.]  To  combine 
again 

If  we  recomiArt*  these  two  elnslic  fluid*.  Lavointr. 

RE-eOM-mX'Kn,  pp     combined  anew. 
RE-COM-III.V'IXG,  ppr.     Combining  again. 
RE-COM'FORT,  (re-kum'furt)  r.  t.     [re  and  comfort.'] 

To  comfort  again  ;  to  console  anew*.  Sidney. 

9.  To  give  new  strength.  Bacon. 

RE-eOM'FORT-ED,  pp.     Comforted  again. 
RE  COM'FORT-ING,  ppr.    Comforting  again. 
RE-eOM'FORT-LESS,  a.     Without  comfort.      [J^ot 

used.]  Spenser. 

RE-eOM-MENCE',(re-kom-niens',)».(.    [rcandcom- 

mence.]     To  commence  again  ;  to  begin  anew. 
RE-COM-MENC'ii;D,  (kom-menst',)  pp.  Commenced 

anew. 
RE-eOM-MENCE'MENT,H.  A  commencement  anew. 
RE  COM-MENC'ING, ppr.     Beginning  again. 
REC-O.M-MEND',  v.  t.     [rd  and  commend;  Fr.  rccom- 

mandrr.  ] 

1.  To  praise  to  another;  to  offer  or  commend  to 
another's  notice,  confidence,  or  kindness,  by  favor- 
able representations. 

M»ceniii  recommeruUd  Vir^t  and  Horace  to  Augutlus. 

Dryden. 

[In  this  sense.  Commend,  though  less  common,  ia 
the  preferable  word.] 

2.  To  make  acceptable. 

A  d'-cpnt  boldnf'as  ever  inceu  with  friends. 

Succeeds,  and  e'en  a  aininger  recommends.  Pope. 

3.  To  commit  with  prayers. 

Paul  chose  Silf\8  and  departed,  Mng  recommended  by  the  breth- 
ren to  the  gmcc  ol'  God.  —  Acu  xt. 

[Commend  here  is  much  to  be  preferred.] 

REC-OM-MEN'D'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  recom- 
mended ;  worthy  of  recommendation  or  praise. 

OlanriUe. 

RE€J-0M-MEND'A-BLE-NE1SS,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  recommendable. 

REC-OM-MEND'A-BLY,  adv.  So  aa  to  deserieret^ 
om  mend  ;i  lion. 

REe-OM-MEND-A'TION,fl.  The  act  of  recommend- 
ing or  of  commending;  the  act  of  representing  in  a 
favorable  manner  for  the  purpose  of  procuring  the 
notice,  confidence,  or  civilities  of  another.     We  in- 


TONE,  B(JLL,  UNITE.— AN^GER,  VI"CIOUa.  — C  as  K  j  0  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  9H;  'fU  as  In  THIS. 


REC 

tHMluto  a  frirnil  to  a  strunger  by  a  recommendation  of 
bis  virtue:!  ur  accuiiipli^buients. 

2.  That  which  procures  a  kind  or  favorable  recep- 
tion. The  be^t  recomm*mdmtwm  of  a  man  to  favor  is 
politene^.  Misfortune  ia  a  recommentiation  to  our 
pitv. 

REC'-OM-MEXD'A-TO-RY.  a.  That  commends  to 
an  thor  ;  Ihat  recommends.  JUadi^vn.     Steift, 

REe-O.M-MEND'ED,  pp.  Praised;  commended  to 
another. 

REC-OM-MEND'ER,  «.     One  who  commends. 

RE€^OM-MEND'ING,  ppr.  Praising  to  another ;  com- 
mending. 

RE-eOM-MIS'PION,  (kom-mish'un,)  v.  U  [r«  and 
commission^]    To  commission  again. 

O&^n  whose  time  of  xrrriee  iuuX  expired  wen  to  be  reeommk*- 
aiott^L  MinAaU. 

RE~€OM-M[.Q'f:iO\-£D,pp.    Commissioned  again. 
RE-COM-MIS'SION-lNG.ppr.  Commissioning  again. 
RECOMMIT^  r.  £.     [re  and   e^mmiu]     To  commit 
again  ;  as,  to  recommit  persons  to  pnst.in.    Clarendon. 

3.  To  refer  again  to  a  committee  j  as,  to  recommit 
a  bill  to  the  same  committee. 

B&-€OM-MIT'ME.\T,  >  «.  Asecond  or  renewed  com- 

RE  CttM  MIT'TAL,  \  mitment;  a  renewed  refer- 
ence to  a  committee. 

RE-fOM-MIT'TED,  pp.  Committed  anew  ;  referred 
apnin. 

RE-COM-SIIT'TING,  ppr.  Committing  a^n ;  re- 
ferring acain  to  a  committee. 

RE-COM-MC'XI-CATE,  r.  i.  [re  and  anmmunieate,] 
Tn  ri'mniunirate  again. 

REi^COM'PACT',  p.  L  [re  and  etm^act.]  To  join 
anew. 

Repair 
And  rtcompaa  mj  Kaflered  bodj.  Denm. 

RE-COM-PACT'En,  pp.    Joined  anew. 

RE-t"*).M  PAC T  IXG.  ppr.     Joining  anew. 

RE-e().M-PEX-t=A'TloN,  m.  Recompense.  [J^ot 
used.] 

REC'OM-PEXSE,  p.  u  [Fr.  retompemsert  rt  andcom- 
patser.l 

1.  To  compensate ;  to  make  return  of  an  equlra- 
lent  for  any  thing  given,  done,  or  suflered  ;  as,  torrc- 
»mpemM  a  person  for  aer^'icea,  fur  fidelity,  or  for  sacri- 
fices of  time,  for  Umb  or  damacea. 

The  wwrd  ia  flollowod  by  the  peraon  or  the  Mrvtee. 

We  reeampaue  itp»*am  ror  bU  aervicex,  or  we  reeam- 

pmut  hb  kimdmne.    It  la  usually  found  more  easy  to 

ne^ect  Iban  to  reeemptiue  a  favor. 

£  To  requite ;  to  repay ;  to  return  an  equivalent ; 


toaamwrrt  brrrO.  — Ran.  xi. 

3.  To  make  an  equivalent  return  in  profit  or  prod- 
uce. The  tabor  of  man  is  recompensed  by  the  fruits 
of  the  earth. 

4.  To  compensate ;  to  nuke  amends  by  any  thing 
eqatvalenl. 

BotyniB  — mM  ha  weald  lad  obcmIob  for  Ibem  to  rrcommnjc 
Ant  diiynee.  KnoUt*. 

5.  To  make  reetitution  or  an  equivalent  return  for. 

^ttWL   V. 

RECOMPENSE,  m.  An  equivalent  returned  for  any 
thing  given,  done,  or  suffered;  compensation;  re- 
ward ',  amends ;  as,  a  recompense  for  services,  for 
damages,  for  loss,  &c. 

3.  Requital ;  return  of  evil  or  suffering  or  otber 
equivalent ;  as  a  punishment. 

To  nw  bdoBipett  rmremaee  and  r'atomprmm.  —  DeuL  xxxli. 
Aod  rve»7  tnaagraBon  and  dioobedifnce  teeaml  a  Juat  rvcojn- 
jwum  flf  nvanl.  ^  nctk  fi. 

REC'OM-PENS-ED,  (-penst,)  pp.    Rewarded  ;  requi- 
ted. 
RECOM-PEXS-rXG,  ppr      Rewarding;   compensa- 
ting; requiting. 
RE€OM-PILE'MEXT,ii,    [re  AnA  ernnpUemmt]  New 
compilation  or  digest ;  as,  a  rtcompilement  of  laws. 

Bacon, 
RE-eOM-P6«E',  r.  U     \Tt  and  etmpose.] 

1.  To  quiet  anew;  to  ct>mpose  or  tranquilize  that 
which  is  ruffled  or  disturbed ;  as,  to  recompose  the 
mind.  Taylor, 

3.  To  compose  anew  ;  to  form  or  adjust  again. 


RRCOM-P0S'£D,  ({)Bzd%)  pp.  Quieted  again  after 
aeitation  :  formed  anew  ;  composed  a  second  time. 

RE-COM-Po«'ING,  ppr.  Rendering  tranquil  after 
R<;itaii<m  ;  forming  or  adjusting  anew. 

RE-eOM-PO-Sl''TlOX,  (kom-po-zish'un,)  «.    Com- 

£i»sitinn  renewed. 
eoX-CIL'A-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  reconcil- 
ed ;  capable  of  renewed  friendship.    The  parties  are 
not  recondLMe. 

2.  That  may  be  made  to  agree  or  be  consistent ; 
consistent 

Tlie  diflnent  MCMiats  ot  the  omnben  of  •hipa  air  recondlahU. 

ArhulknoL 

3.  Capable  of  being  adjusted ;  as,  the  difference 
between  the  parties  is  rtcamdlahlt, 

REe-0N-CIL'A-BLE-NES8,  n.    The  quality  of  being 


REC 

reconcilalile  ;  consistency  ;  as,  the  rrconeUableness  of 
part.-*  of  Scripture  which  apjiarently  disagree. 

2.  Possibility  of  boiug  restored  to  friendship  and 
harmony. 

RE€>-ON-CIL'A-BLY,  adv.    In  a  reconcilable  manner. 

REC-OX-CILE',  r.  (.  [Fr.  rrconcilicr :  h.rccoiicUio; 
re  and  coKcUiu;  con  and  caloy  to  call^  Gr.  itiiAco).  The 
literal  sense  is,  to  call  back  into  union.] 

1.  To  conciliate  anew  ;  to  call  back  intoiniitm  and 
friendship  the  ntfertions  which  have  been  alienated  ; 
to  restore  tu  friendship  or  favor  after  estrangement ; 
as,  to  reconcile  men  or  parties  that  have  been  at  va- 
riance. 

Profttioua  now  and  rwronnbd  bjr  prtijer.  Dn/dtn. 

Ga  th;  w«7  ;  Km  be  rtcondtmt  to  thy  brother.  —  Matt,  r. 
We  pnj  vou  in  Cbrut'a  itoul  be  tb  rtconditd  to  God.  —  S  Cor. 
».    EpU.a.    Col.  I. 

Q.  To  bring  to  acquiescence,  content,  or  qutct  sub- 
mission ;  witii  to  ,-  as,  to  rrcoNCt^  one's  self  to  atflic- 
tions.  It  is  our  duty  to  be  recoitcUed  to  tlie  dispensa- 
tions of  Priividcnce. 

3.  To  make  conjfistent  or  congruous ;  to  bring  to 
agreement  or  suitableness  ;  followed  by  icith  or  to. 

The  ffreat  men  ai&oii>.'  ih-  .tn.-i-iiu  iindmiood  how  to  recondU 

manuAl  Ubor  ifi.  Lock«. 

Some  li^n-S  nionsLi  1  nppoar, 

CoiuuIcphI  Mnfflr,  <'i 

Which,  but  proponi'  I  i  mij  place, 

Due  diauncM  rttoncues  :<i  i.-im  iiii.l  jjr.ice.  Pope. 

4.  To  adjust ;  to  settle  ;  as,  to  reconcile  differences 
or  quarrels. 

REC-OX-CIL'f-'D,  pp.  or  a.  Brought  into  friendship 
fri>m  a  slate  of  disagreement  or  enmity  ;  made  con- 
sistent ;  iidjiisled. 
REC-OX-CIl.E'MEXT,  n.  Reconciliation  ;  renewal 
of  friends)ii)t.  Animtisities  sumetimes  make  recoil 
cilrmrnt  iiii|imcticnb)e. 
3.  Friendithip  renewed. 

No  eloiid 
Of  aiitfiT  *hn11  r^niain,  tnil  peaeo  aoured 
An<t  ncorinieinttit.  MVton. 

RE€%ON-CTL'ER,  «.  One  who  reconciles;  one  who 
brings  parties  at  variance  into  renewed  friendithip. 

Fttl 

0.  One  who  discovers  the  consistence  of  proposi- 
tions. A'orrw. 

REeON-CIl*-I-A'TION,  «,  [Fr.,  from  L.  reconcO- 
iatio.} 

1.  The  act  of  reconciling  parties  at  variance  ;  re- 
newal of  friendship  after  disagreement  ur  enmity. 

AcomiJialMxi  aiul  TriiHlaliip  with  Ciixl,  reallj  fuirr  Uu>  Nuia  of 
all  ratkinal  and  true  en)o>tnciil.  S.  AJitler. 

fi.  In  Scripturfy  the  means  by  which  sinners  are 
reconciled  and  brought  into  a  state  of  favor  with 
God,  after  natural  estrangement  or  enmity ;  the  atune- 
luent  j  expiation. 

Serentj  werka  air  dKemi^(^l  upon  tbjr  people  and  upon  tbjr 

hoty  dijr,  (o  fiiuah  the  iraiturradoa  and  to  nuike  an  end  of 

■•n,   aitd  to  nuxkc   rteottciitatiom   lor  iiiiuiiity.  Dan.  Ix. 
Heta^U. 

3  Agreement  of  things  seemingly  opposite,  differ- 
ent, or  inconsistent.  Rogers. 

RE€-OX-CIL'I-A-TO-RY,  o.  Able  or  tending  lo  rec- 
oncile. IlaU. 

REC-OX-CTL'IXG,  ppr.  Bringing  into  favor  end 
friendship  alter  variance  ;  brltigitig  to  content  or  sat 
isfact'on;  showing  to  be  consistent:  adjusting  j 
making  to  agree. 

RE-eoX-DEX  SA'TION.n.  Theact  of  rccondensing. 

RE-COX-I)EXSE',  (re-kon  dens',)  v.  t*  [re  and  co7i- 
densc]     To  cnritlt'nse  again.  Boyle. 

RE  eoX-DEXS'>;i>,  (denst',)  pp.     Condensed  anew. 

REf  OX-DEXH'IXG,  pjir.     Condensing  again. 

RECON-UITE,  a,  [L.  reconditun^  recondo ;  re  and 
condo,  to  conceal.] 

1.  Secret ;  hidden  from  the  view  or  intellect ;  ab- 
struse ;  as,  recondite  causes  of  things. 

2.  Profound;  dealing;  in  things  abstruse;  as,  rec- 
ondite studies. 

RE-CON'DI-TD-RY,  n,  [Piipni.]  A  repository;  a 
storehouse  or  magazine.     [Little  used.]  Ji^ih, 

RE-eOX-DUCT',  r.  U  [re  and  conductT]  To  conduct 
back  or  again.  Dryden. 

RE-Ct)X-UreT'ED,  pp.     Conducted  back  or  again. 

RE-eOX-nrCT'L\G,  K>r.    Conducting  buck  or  again. 

RE-COX-F1R.M',  V.  t.  [re  and  cunjirm.]  To  confirm 
anew.  Clarendon. 

RE  COX-FTRM'£D,  pp.    Confirmed  anew 

RE-COXJOI.\',  V.  t,  [re  and  conjoin.]  To  join  or 
Conjoin  anew.  Boyle. 

RE-COX  J01X'i:D,  pp.    Joined  again. 

RE-COX-JOIX'IXG,  ppr     Joining  anew. 

RE~€OJ<^J^OIS-SA^rCE,  n,  [Fr.]  The  examination 
of  a  tract  of  countrj-,  cither  in  the  operations  of  war, 
or  with  a  view  to  the  construction  of  a  canal,  rail- 
road, k.c.  P.  Cyc. 

RE-eOX-NOf'TER,  J  p.  U     [Fr.  reconnoitre;   re  and 

RE-COX-XOI'TRE,  (      connoitre,  to  know.] 

To  view  ;  to  survey  ;  to  examine  by  the  eye  ;  par- 
ticularly, in  military  affairs,  to  examine  the  state  of 
an  enemy's  army  or  camp,  or  the  ground  for  military 
operations. 

RE-COX-XOI'TER-ED,  ipp.    Viewed;  examined  by 

RE-eOX-X01'TR£D,      (      personal  observation. 


REC 

RE-COX-XOl'TER-IXG,  (ppr.      Viewing;   examin- 
RE  eOX-NOI'TRlNG,      \     ing  by  personal  observa- 
tion. 
RE-COX'aUER,  (re-konk'er,)p.  (.    [re  and  conquer; 
Fr.  reconqu^rir.] 

1.  To  conquer  again  ;  to  recover  by  conquest. 

Davies. 

2.  To  recover  ;  to  regain.     [.^  French  use.] 
RE-COX'UUER-£D,pjf.  or  a.    Conquered  again;  re- 
gained. 

RE-CO X'aUER-INQ,  ppr  Conquering  again ;  re- 
covering. 

RE-eON'UUEST,  (-kon'kwest,)  n  A  second  con- 
quest. 

RE-CO X'SE-CR ATE,  r.  (.  [re  and  consecrate,]  To 
consecrate  anew. 

RE-CON'SE-CRA-TED,  pp.     Consecrated  again. 

RF^eOX'SECRA-TlNG,  ppr.    Consecrating  again. 

RI-i-CON-SE-CRA'TIOX,  n.  A  renewed  consecra- 
tion. 

RE-COX-SID'ER,  r.  t  [re  and  consider.]  To  con- 
sider again  ;  to  turn  in  the  mind  again  ;  to  review. 

S.  n  deliberative  assemblien  to  take  up  fur  renewed 
consideration  that  wliich  has  been  previously  acted 
upon,  as  n  motion,  vole,  &.C. 

RE-C0X-SI1>-ER-A'TI0N,  n.  A  renewed  considera- 
tion or  review  in  the  mind. 

2.  In  deliberative  assembliejiy  the  taking  up  for  re- 
newed considenition  of  that  which  has  been  previ- 
ously arte-d  up4in. 

RE-eON-fc?IU'ER-£D,  pp.  Considered  again  ;  taken 
up  for  renewed  c<m9ideralion. 

RE-eoX-8ID'ER-IXG,  ppr.  Considering  again  ;  tak- 
ing up  for  renewed  consideration. 

RE  CON'SO-LATE,  v.  L  To  console  orcomfort  again. 
[J^ot  in  use.]  fVotton. 

RE-COX-STRU€T',  v.  t,  To  construct  again  ;  to  re- 
build. 

RE-COX-STRUCT'ED,  pp.    Rebuilt. 

RE  eON-STRUe'TION,  n.  Act  of  constructing 
again. 

RE-CON-VEXE',  V.  t.  [re  and  convene.]  To  convene 
or  call  together  again 

RE-CON-V£NE',  c.t.  To  assemble  or  come  together 
again. 

RE  eON-VKX'i^n,  pp.    Assembled  anew. 

RE-GOX-VkX'IXG,  ppr.     Assembling  anew. 

RE-COX-VER'SION,  n.  [re  and  conversion.]  A  sec- 
ond conversion.  ffeecer. 

RE-CON-VERT',  v.  t,  [re  and  convert]  To  convert 
again. 

RE-CON-VERT'ED,  pp.    Converted  again. 

RE-COX-VERT'IXG,  ppr.     Converting  again 

RE-eON-VgY',  -jton-va',)r.  £.  {re  and  convey.]  To 
convey  back  or  to  its  former  {laco  ;  as,  to  reconvey 
goods. 

2.  To  transfer  back  to  a  former  owner  j  as,  to  re- 
convey  an  estate. 

RE-COX-VfiV'ANCE,  (kon-va'ans,)  n.  The  act  of 
reconveyiiig  or  transferring  a  title  back  to  a  former 
nroprietnr. 

RE-CGX-VBY'JID,  (kon-vade',)  pp.  Conveyed  back  ; 
iriiusfei-red  to  a  farmer  owner. 

RE-COX-VCY'ING,  (-kon-vi'ing,)  ppr.  Conveying 
bark  ;  transferring  to  a  former  owni;r. 

RE-CORD',  r.  t.  [L.  recordor^  to  call  to  mind,  lo  re- 
member, from  re  and  cor^  cordis,  the  heart  or  mind  ; 
Kp.  recordavj  to  remind,  also  to  awake  from  sleep ; 
Port,  to  reinmd,  to  con  a  lesson,  or  get  by  heart ;  Fr. 
recorder,  to  con  a  lesson,  also  to  record.] 

1.  To  register :  to  enroll ;  to  write  or  enter  in  a 
book  or  on  parchment,  for  tlie  purpose  of  preserving 
authentic  or  correct  evidence  of  a  thing  ;  as,  to  record 
the  proceedings  of  a  court ;  to  record  a  deed  or  lease } 
to  record  historical  events. 

2.  To  imprint  deeply  on  the  mind  or  memory;  as, 
to  record  the  sayings  of  another  in  the  heart. 

Locke. 

3.  To  cause  to  be  remembered. 

So  ev'n  aiid  morn  recorded  the  third  dnj.  Milton. 

4.  To  recite  ;  to  rejjeat.     [J'/ut  in  use]      Fairfax. 

5.  To  call  to  mind,     [J^ot  in  use,]  Spenser. 
RE-CORU',  r.  i.    To  sing  or  repeat  a  tune.    [A'ct  m 

use.]  _  Shak. 

RECORD,  n.  A  register-,  an  authentic  or  official  copy 
of  any  writing,  or  account  of  any  facts  and  proceed- 
ings, entered  in  a  book  for  preservation  ;  or  the  book 
containing  such  copy  or  account :  as,  the  recortis  of 
Bta'tutes  or  of  judicial  courts  ;  the  records  of  a  town 
or  parish.  Records  are  properly  the  registers  of 
official  transactions,  made  by  officers  appointed  for 
the  purpose,  or  by  the  officer  whose  ])ruceeding3  are 
directed  by  law  to  be  recorded. 

2.  Authentic  memorial ;  as,  the  records  of  past 
ages. 

Court  of  record,  is  a  court  whose  acts  and  judicial 
proceedings  are  enrtilled  on  parchment  or  in  books 
for  a  perpetual  memorial ;  and  their  records  are  the 
highest  evidence  of  facts,  and  their  truth  cannot  be 
called  in  question. 

Debt  of  record,  is  a  debt  which  appears  to  be  due 
by  the  evidence  of  a  court  of  record,  as  upon  a 
judgment  or  a  recognizance.  Blackstone. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT METE,  PKBY.— FIXE,  MARfXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.— 


REC 

Trial  by  record.,  is  where  a  nialtvr  of  record  is 
pleaded,  am!  the  opposite  party  pleads  that  tliere  is 
no  such  record.  In  this  case,  the  Iriiil  is  by  inspec- 
tion of  the  record  itself,  no  other  evidence  being  ad- 
mts:i;iblc.  Blackstoue. 

REO-ORD-A'TION,  n.     [U  reeordaiio.'] 

Remembrance.     [JVot.  in  ttse.]        Shak,     Wotton. 

RE-eORD'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Registered;  otBcially  en- 
tered in  a  book  or  on  parchment;  imprinted  on  tJie 
memory. 

RE-CORD'ER,  ti.  A  person  wliose  offii'ial  duly  is  to 
register  writings  or  transactions ;  one  who  enrolls  or 
records. 

2.  The  chief  judicial  officer  of  some  cities  and 
boroughs  i  so  called  because  his  court  is  a  court  of 
record.  Brcnde. 

3.  Fwrracr/w,  a  kind  of  flageolet  or  wind  instrument. 

The  fiaiir''*  of  recorders,  flul"»,  and  pip<^»,  arc  sinuglil;  bul  llie 
recorder  liaih  a  less  U>re,  and  a,  gcuut^r  otMve  auil  Iji--Iow. 

Bacon. 

RE-eORD'ER-SHIP,  ti.    The  office  of  a  recorder. 

RE-eORD'I,NG,  ppr.  Registering  ;  enrolling  j  im- 
printing on  the  nietnor>-. 

RE-eORU'[NG,  R.  Art  of  placing  on  record  ;  a  record. 

RE-COUCH',  c.  i.  [re  and  couch.]  To  retire  ajjain  to 
a  lodge,  as  lions.  9Votton. 

RE-COUNT',  V.  U  [Fr.  reeonter ;  Sp.  recontar ,-  U.  rac- 
contare  ;  re  and  count.] 

To  relate  in  detail ;  to  recite  ;  to  tell  or  narrate  the 
particulars ;  to  rehearse. 

SaT  from  the*^  jlorious  ae^da  what  harrpBt  flowi, 

Htouunt  our  U(.-utn£a,  and  corapajc  our  wix-a.  Dryd^n. 

RE-€OUNT'ED,  -pp.   Related  or  told  in  detail ;  recited. 

RE-COUNT'ING,  ppr.  Relating  in  a  series  ;  nar- 
rating. 

RE-eOUNT'MEXT,  n.  Relation  in  detail ;  recital. 
ILitlle  uftd.]  Shak. 

RE-COUR'£D,  for  Recotbred  or  Recused.  [JVot 
iMprfJ  Spenser. 

RE-CCiUR9E',  n.     [Fr.  recours;  It.  ricorao  ;  Sp.  recur^ 
so  i  Ij-  recurstts  ;  re  and  cursus^  curro,  to  run.] 
LUtraliy,  a  running  back  ;  a  return. 

1.  Return  ;  new  attack.     [J^Tot  in  its**.]      Brown^ 

2.  A  going  to  with  a  request  or  application,  an  for 
aid  or  protection.  Children  have  recuur^e  to  their 
parents  for  assistance. 

3.  Application  of  efforts,  art,  or  labor.  The  gen- 
eral had  recf^ur^e  to  stratagem  to  effect  his  purpose. 

Our  Iam  recoxtrte  is  therefore  to  our  an.  Dn/dtn, 

4.  Access.     [LiU/e  used."] 

5.  Frequent  passage.  Shak. 

6.  IVithout  recourse.  When  a  person,  who  indorses 
over  a  note,  drat^,  &c.,  to  another  persim,  adds  the 
words  wiViout  recourse,  he  is  not  liable  to  pay,  if  the 
maker  of  the  note,  &c.,  should  fail  to  make  pay- 
ment. Bouvier, 

RE-C^ITRSE',  r.  L  To  return.  [JV«e  used.]  Fox. 
RE-COUR[?E'FUL,  tu    Moving  alternately.    [Ay(  in 

use]  Drayton, 

RE-CoV'ER,  (re-kuv'er,)  v.  t.     [Fr,  rerouvreri  It,  W- 

coverare,   or  ricuperare ;  Sp.  and   Port,  recobrar ;    1* 

recuptro  ;  re  and  capio^  to  take.] 

1.  To  regain  ;  to  get  or  obtain  that  which  was  lost ; 
as,  to  rfcovrr  stolen  goods  ;  to  recover  a  town  or  ter- 
ritory which  an  enemy  had  taken  ;  to  recover  sigbt 
or  senses ;  to  recover  health  or  strength  after  sick- 
ness. 

DaTul  recocermi  ftll  that  th«  Amalcliitcs  bud  carried  away.  —  I 
63m.  xxz. 

2.  To  restore  from  sickness ;  as,  lo  recover  one 
ttom  leprosy.     2  Kings  v. 

3.  To  revive  from  apparent  dcatii ;  as,  to  recurer  a 
drowned  man. 

4.  To  gain  by  reparation  ;  to  repair  the  loss  of,  or 
to  repair  an  injury  done  by  neglect ;  aa,  to  recover 
lo«t  time. 

Good  n^n  bava  lapcet  and  fiUings  to  lam«ut  and  recover. 

Roftri. 

5.  To  bring  bark  to  a  former  state  by  liberation 
from  capture  or  possession. 

That  i'rvr  mnj  rttooer  ibemaelTce  out  ut  the  snare  of  ilie  (lc*il. 
—  'i  ■■roil.  ii. 

6.  To  gain  as  a  compensation  ;  to  obtain  in  rcliim 
for  injury  or  debt;  as,  to  recover  damaees  in  Ircs- 
pam  ;  to  recover  debt  and  coxt  in  a  -suit  at  law. 

7.  To  reach  ;  to  come  to. 
.olT; 
:  cu'jugh.  Shak. 

8.  To  obtain  title  to  by  judgment  in  a  court  of 
law  ;  as,  to  rccotJ^r  lands  in  ejectment  or  common 
recovery. 

RE^COVER,  (re-kuv'er,)  r.  i.    To  regain  health  after 
lickness  j  to  grow  well ;  followed  by  0/  or  from. 
Ou,  ifHiiiir"  of  ItwlB-bub,  ih«  ffO"!  of  Ekron,  whether  1  •hall  r»- 
cover  qfUii*  diiwaiw.  —  2  Kingi  1. 

a.  To  regain  a  former  state  or  condition  after  niis- 
foriiine  ;  as,  to  recover  from  a  state  of  poverty  or  de- 
presstion. 

3.  To  obtain  a  judgment  in  law  ;  to  gncceed  in  a 
Inwmiit.     The  plaintiff  has  recovered  in  hitt  suit. 
KE-COV'ER-A-BLE,  C-kuv'er-n-bi,)  a.    That  maybe 


REC 

regained  or  recovered.    Goods  lost  or  sunk  in  the 
occa!i  are  not  rccoverabh: 

2.  'i'hat  may  be  restored  frum  sickness. 

3.  That  may  be  brought  back  to  a  former  condition. 

A  pro-lig.il  counc 
I*  like  the  ■iin'i,  but  nut  like  hu,  reeooerabte.  Sfiak. 

4.  That  may  be  obtained  from  a  debtor  or  possea- 
sor.     Tlie  debt  is  recooerable. 

RE-COV'ER-KD,  (-kuv'erd,)  pp.  or  a.  Regained  ;  re- 
stor*'d  ;  obtained  by  judicial  decision. 

Ri^COV-EIt-EE',  n.  In  law,  the  tenant  or  person 
against  whom  a  judgment  is  obtained  in  conmitm  re- 
covery. Btackstone. 

RE-COV'ER-ING,  ppr.  Regaining;  obtaining  in  re- 
turn or  by  judgment  in  law  ;  regaining  health. 

RE-CO V-ER-OR',  n.  In  /uic,  the  demandant,  or  per- 
son who  obtains  a  jud|^meut  in  his  favor  in  common 
recoverj'.  Blackstone. 

RE-CO V''ER-V,  (-kuv'er-y,)  ti.  The  act  of  regaining, 
retiikintr,  or  obtaining  [>ossesiiion  of  any  thing  lost. 
The  cruaades  were  intt-nded  for  the  r^ctwrn/ of  the 
Holy  Land  from  the  Saracens.  We  offer  a  reward 
for  the  recovery  of  stolen  goods. 

2.  Restoration  from  sickness  or  apparent  deatli. 
The  patient  has  a  slow  recovery  from  a  fever.  Re- 
covery from  a  pulmonary  affection  is  seldom  to  be 
expelled.  Directions  are  given  for  tlie  recovery  of 
drownt'd  persons. 

3.  The  ca|»acity  of  being  restored  to  health.  The 
patient  is  past  recovery. 

4.  The  obtaining  of  right  to  something  by  a  ver- 
dict and  judgment  of  court  from  an  opposing  party 
in  a  suit ;  as,  the  recovery  of  debt,  damages,  and 
costs  by  a  plaintiff;  llie  recovery  of  cost  by  a  defend- 
ant ;  the  recovery  of  land  in  ejectment. 

Common  recovery,  in  laie,  is  a  species  of  assurance 
by  matter  of  record,  or  a  suit  or  action,  actual  or  fic- 
titious, by  which  lands  are  recovered  against  the 
tenant  of  the  freehold  ;  which  recovery  binds  all  per- 
sons, and  vests  an  absolute  fee-simple  in  the  recov- 
eror.  Blackstone. 

REC'RE-A\-CY,  n.  A  cowardly  yielding;  mean- 
spiritedness. 

REC'RE-ANT,  a.  [Xorm.  recreant,  cowardly,  prop- 
erly, crj'ing  out,  from  rccrier,  that  is,  begging.  See 
Cbavbt*.] 

1.  Crying  for  mercy,  as  a  combatant  in  the  trial  by 
battle;  yielding;  hence,  cowardly  ;  mean-spirited. 

2.  A[R'Stat*; ;  false.  [Blackstone. 
Who,  for  BO  many  benefSla  rewived, 
1'uru>Ml  recrtant  U>  UoJ,  ui£rtUe  and  f.ibe.  Milum. 

RE€'RE-ANT,  n.  One  who  yields  in  combat,  and 
cries  cravi'u  ;  one  who  begs  for  mercy  ;  hence,  a 
mean-spirited,  cowardly  wretch.  Blackiftone. 

REC'KE-aTE,  p.  t.  [L.  recrw  ,-  re  and  creo,  to  create  ; 
Fr.  rccrcer  :  It.  ricreare  ,-  Sp.  recrear.] 

1.  To  refresh  after  toil ;  to  reanimate,  as  langtrid 
spirits  or  exhausted  strength  ;  to  amuse  or  divert  in 
weariness. 

Painicra,  \.\v:t\  Uicy  work  on  white  groundB,  p!nc«  before  them 
colon  inixcd  with  Uu«  atid  greoii,  to  rtcreale  tiKtr  i-ya. 
Drytfen. 

St.  John  is  titi't  to  have  rtcreaUd  hhiisulf  with  sponiiig  with  a 
UMiie  puriridgn.  Taylor, 

2.  To  gratify  ;  to  delight. 


REC 

RE-€IIIM'IN-ATE,  TJ.  i.      \Ft.  recrimiiwr  i    L.  re  and 

cr'tminor,  lo  accuse.] 

1.  To  return  one  accusation  with  another. 

It  is  not  in;  busineu  to  rtcrimimu*.  SUUingflMU 

2.  To  charge  an  accuser  with  the  like  crime. 
RE-CRIM'I.VATE,  v.  t.    To  accuse  in  return,   SoiUh. 
RE-CRI-M'IN-A-TING,  ;»pr.  Returning  one  accusation 

with  another. 

RE-eRIM-IN-A'TrON,  n.  The  return  of  one  accusa- 
tion with  another. 

2.  In  laie,  an  accusation  brought  by  the  accused 
against  the  accuser  upon  the  same  fact.         Encyc. 

RE-CRIM'IN-A-TOR,  ru  Ue  that  accuses  the  accuser 
of  a  like  crime. 

RE-CRIM'IN-A-TO-RY, )  a.    Retorting  accusation. 

RE-CRIM'IN-A-TIVE,    (  Burke. 

RE-CROSS',  r.  f.  To  cross  a  second  time.   Washington. 

IlE-CROSS'/:i),  (-kroBt',)  pp.    Crossed  a  second  time. 

RE-CROSS'ING,  ppr.     Crossing  a  second  time. 

RE-CRO'DEN-CY.     See  Recrudescencv. 

RK-CRU-DES'CENX'E,  \n.     [from   L.  rccrudcscens ; 

RE-CUU-IJES'CEN  CY,  ]  re  and  crudescOj  to  grow 
raw  ;  crudiis,  raw.] 

The  state  of  becoming  sore  again.  Bacon. 

RE-CllU-DES'CENT,  a.  Growing  raw,  sore,  or  pain- 
ful again. 

RE-CROIT',  (re-krute',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  recrut^r:  It.  re- 
clutare;  ^\i.  recluiar ;  Port,  rcclular  or  recrutar  ;  from 
the  root  of  Fr.  recroitre  ;  re  and  croitre,  to  grow,  L. 
eresco  ;  It.  ricrescere,  to  increase] 
- 1.  To  repair  by  fresh  supplies  any  thing  wasted. 
We  say,  food  recruits  the  rtesh  ;  fresh  air  and  exer- 
cise recruit  the  spirits. 

Her  cheeks  glow  tlie  brighter,  recruiting  their  culor.    GlanmlU, 

2.  To  supply  with  new  men  any  deficiency  of 
troops  ;  as,  to  reci^it  an  army. 

RE-CRuIT',  (re-krute',)  r.  (.  To  gain  new  supplies  of 
any  thing  wasted  ;  to  gain  flesh,  heaJiIi,  spirits,  &c.  j 
as,  lean  cattle  recruit  in  fVesh  pastures. 

2.  To  gain  new  supplies  of  men  ;   to  raise  new 
soldiers.  Addison. 

RE-CROlT',  (re-krute',)  n.  The  supply  of  any  thing 
wasted  ;  chicfiy,  a  new  raised  soldier  to  supply  the 
deficiency  of  an  army. 

RE-CltCri  'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Furnished  with  new  sup- 
plies of  what  is  wasted. 

RE-CRCIT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Furnishing  with  fresh 
supplies  ;  raising  new  soldiers  for  an  army. 

RE-CRCIT'ING,  n.  The  business  of  raising  new  sol- 
diers to  supply  the  loss  of  men  in  an  army. 

RE-CROIT'MENT,  n.  The  act  or  business  of  raising 
new  supplies  of  men  for  an  army.  IVaUh. 

RECRVS-TAU-LI-Zl'TION,  n.  The  process  of  a 
second  crj-stalli/.tng. 

RE-CRYS'TAL-LIZE,  v.  i.  To  crystallize  a  second 
time.  Hritry. 

RECT'AN"GLE,  (rekt'ang-gl,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L. 
rectanffulus ;  rectus,  right,  and  ann-iilus,  angle.] 

A  right-angled  ptirallelogram.     Tlie  tertn  rectangle 
in  geometry  corresponds  to  product  in  arithmetic. 
./?.  D.  Stanley. 

REeT'AN"GLKD,  (rekt'ang-gld,)  a.  Having  one  or 
more  right  angles,  or  angles  of  ninety  degrees. 

Jlatton. 

REeT-AN"GU-LAR,  (rekt-ang'gu-lar,)  a.  Right- 
angled  ;    having  one  or  more  angles  of  ninety  de- 


Tlie  forest  is  not  'hire  toagufi 
If  we  recover  tfaitt,  we're  * 


3,  To  relieve  ;  to  revive  ;  as,  to  recreate  the  lungs 
with  fresh  air.  Harvey. 

REC  RE-ATE,  p.  i.    To  take  recreatiom.      Addison. 
RE-CRE-ATE',  v.  t.     To  create  or  form  anew. 

On  op>'iiiiiy  the  caii'i>alf  n  uf  177B,  instead  of  rcbiforcinir,  it  was 
urcfiSMTy  Lo  re-trrcajtf  the  arm/.  Marahail. 

REC'RE-A-TED,p;>.    Refreshed;  diverted;  amused; 

gratified. 
RE-«  HE-AT'EI),p;>.    Cn  ated  or  formed  anew. 
REC'RI^A-TING,  ppr.     Refreshing  after  toil;  reani- 

matiiii;  the  spirits  or  strength  ;  diverting  ;  amusing. 
RE-CUE-AT'ING,ppr.     Creating  or  forming  anew. 
REC-RE-A'TION,  n.      Refrenhment  of  the  strength 

and  spirits  after  toil ;  aniusement ;  diversion.    South, 
2,  Reli»f  from  toil  or  pain ;  amusement  in  sorrow 

or  rtiHtre."-*.  Sidney. 

RF:~eRE  A'TION,  n.     A  f<»rming  anew. 
REC'RE-A-TIVE,  a.     RrCnhhiitg;   giving  new  vigor 

or  anirujition  ;  giving  relief  after  labor  or  i>ain  ;  amus- 
ing ;  diverting.     Chot>sc  such  sports  as  are  recreative 

and  healthful. 

Ii't  the  muifc  bo rocrsatir*.  Baeon, 

REC'RE-A-TIVE-LY,arfi7.    With  recreation  or  diver- 

gion.  Sherwtiod. 

REC'RF>-A-TrVE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  re- 

ffft^hing  or  diverting. 
REC'RE-ME.N'l',  n.     [L,  recrffmnUttmf  probably  re  and 

eerno,  to  ftecrete.] 

Stipt^rfluoUB  matter  separated  from  that  which  is 

usiTul ;    dnwfl;   scoria;  spume  ;  as,  the  rrcrtment  of 
*  ore,  or  of  the  blood. 

REC  RE-MKNT'AI,,  )  G,        Drossy  ; 

REC-RE->!EN-TI"TrAI^,  (-tish'iil,)     >    consi?iing  of 
UEC-RE-MEX-TI"']'IOUS,  (-tish'us,)  )      superfluous 

matter  separated  from  that  which  is  valuable. 

Fotircroij. 


prces. 


Hiitton. 


RECT-AN"GU-LAR-LY,arfp.  With  or  at  right  an- 
gU'S.  Brown. 

REC'TI-FI-A-BLE,  a.  I^from  rectify.]  That  may  be 
rectified  ;  capable  of  being  correctetf  or  set  right;  as, 
a  rectifiablc  mistake. 

REC-TI-l'I-CA'TION,  71.  [Fr.  See  Rectift.]  The 
act  or  operation  of  correcting,  amending,  or  setting 
right  that  which  is  wrong  or  erroneous  ;  as,  the  rcc- 
tification  of  errors,  mistakes,  or  abuses.         Forbes, 

2.  In  chemistry,  the  process  of  refining  or  purifying 
any  substance  by  repeated  distillation,  which  sepa- 
rates the  grosser  parts  ;  as,  the  rectification  of  spirits 
or  sulphuric  acid.  JSTicholson.     Encyc. 

3.  In  geometry,  the  determination  of  a  straight 
line,  whose  length  is  etpial  to  a  portion  of  a  curve. 

Brande. 

4.  Rectification  of  a  globe,  is  the  adjustment  of  it, 
preparatory  to  the  solution  of  a  proposed  problem. 

REC''i'I-I''I--'''I'i  C-fii'e,)  pp.  or  a.  Corrected  ;  set  or 
made  right ;  refined  by  repeated  distillation  or  subli- 
mation; adjusted. 

RE€'TI-FI-ER,  n.    One  that  corrects  or  amends. 

BuilcTf, 

2.  fine  who  refines  a  substance  by  repeated  dis- 
tillations. 

3.  An  instrument  used  for  determining  the  varia- 
tions of  the  compass,  in  order  to  rectify  the  course 
of  a  ship.  Ifiiftvn. 

REC'TI-FY,  V.  t.  [Fr.  rectifier!  It.  rrttiflenre^  Sp. 
rectijicar  ;  h.  recV'f!,  right,  and  ficio,  to  ncike.] 

1.  To  make  rliibt;  to  correct  that  which  is  wron^, 
erroneous,  or  false  ;  to  amend  ;  as,  lo  rectify  iTTors, 
mistakes,  or  abuses;  to  rrct-iftf  the  will,  the  judg- 
ment, opinions;  to  rcciij^disorder'^.  Honker.   Jiddi^on. 

2.  In  cheiniytry,  to  refine  by  repeated  distillation  or 
sublimalinn,  by  which  the  fine  parts  of  a  snbstaure 


TCXE,  BIXE,  VNITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  ns  Z ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


I 


REC 

ar«  separated  from  the  gmsser ;  as,  to  rectify  spifit 
or  wine.  JLitcye. 

3.  To  rectify  a  ^lobe,  is  to  adjust  it  in  orJer  to  pre 
pire  for  the  solution  of  a  proihsed  problem.   Hutton. 
REC'TI-FT-ING,  ppr.     Correctiiig ;    amemling ;    re- 
fining by  repeated  distitiatioD  or  sublimation  \  ad- 
justing. 
REe-TI-LIX'E-AI.,  ^  a.     [L.  rectus,  right,  and  tinea, 
KKe-TI-LI.\'E-AR.l      line.]  . 

Right-lined  ;  consistins  of  a  ri?lit  line,  or  of  nght 
linea;  bounded  by  right  lines;  stmight ;  as,  a  rec- 
UUiuar  figun;  or  course;  a  rcctiiijicar  side  or  way. 

REC-TI-LIX'E-AR-LT,  ado.    In  a  right  line. 
RE€-TI-LIN'K-Oi;S,«.     Rectilinear,     (Ofr».]     Raif, 
RK€'TI-TU1>E,  n.  [Fr.,  fn»m  L.  rwiud,  nght,  straight ; 
lU  rettituttine  :  &p.  reelUud:  literally,  struightness,  but 
not  applied  to  niateriiil  thing:^.] 

In  MMWity,  rightness  of  principle  or  practice  ;  up- 
ligbtness  of  mind  :  exact  coufonnity  to  truth,  or  to 
tbr  rules  prescribed  for  mumi  conduct,  eiitu-r  by  di- 
vine or  human  laws.  Rectitude  uf  iniN<f  is  the  dis- 
position to  act  in  coufonnity  to  any  known  standard 
of  right,  tntthfOr  justice  ;  rectitude  of  eamdaa  is  the 
actual  cunfonuity  to  such  standard.  Perfrct  reciUude 
belong*  only  to  the  Supreme  Iteing.  1'he  more  near- 
ly the  reetMt»dt  of  men  npproaclies  to  tiie  iitandiird  of 
the  divine  law,  the  more  exalted  and  dignified  is 
their  characU'r.  Want  oi  reeiiiMtU  U  not  only  sinful, 
but  debasing. 

Tttcf*  H  K  voUniljr  in  eoiwdoiw  recaittiil*  —  in  oompKriaon  vrith 
wblch  the  InMNies  al  SMth  uc  dm  worth  Daniing. 

J.  HaiMt. 

RECTOR,  n.      [L.  rtetor,  froai  rtgo^  reetHm,  to  rule ; 
Ft.  rerffar;  IL  retU>re.\ 
1.  A  ruler  or  guvemor. 

God  it  ibe  ■opronw  RtiSar  of  the  world.  Bolt. 

r  T^fci*  opp/icattDH  oftkt  wrrf  is  wiitMa/.] 
3.  In  cAc  Episcopal  cAnrcA,  a  cler^-man  who  has  the 

charge  and  cure  of  a  parish,  and  has  the  tithes,  &.c. ; 

orthe  parson  of  an  unimproMriaied  parish.  Bl4icJistoHe, 

3.  The  chief  elective  officer  of  siune  universities, 
as  in  France  and  Scotland.  The  same  title  was  for- 
merly given  to  the  prcj*idenl  of  a  college  in  New 
England,  but  it  is  now  in  distise. 

4.  The  head  master  of  a  public  school. 

5.  The  superior  olficer  or  chief  of  a  convent  or 
religious  bouse  ;  and  atnoug  the  Je.fuit^y  the  superior 
of  a  iHMi^e  tlial  is  a  seminary  or  college.        £iu:yc. 

RF.r'TOR-AL,    \  0.    Pertaining  to  a  rector. 

REfTi')  Rl  AU  \  BUukstame. 

REC  TO'it-SHIP,  (  a.    The  office  or  rank  of  a  rector. 

REt:  TOR-ATE.  i  SAak. 

REC'TO-RV,  ».  In  EH^tamd^  a  parish  church,  par- 
sonage, or  spiritual  livmg,  with  all  Us  rights,  tithes, 
and  glebes.  fncyc 

a.  A  rector's  mansion  or  paisonage-botua.    Ilacye. 

REC'TRES;?,  »_^    „    .-rfr«  l 

REC'TRIX,    i"-    [l*wrtrw.J 

A  governess.  It.  Jgnson. 

RECTUM,*.  [L.]  In  mutomt^,  the  third  and  last 
of  the  l:irge  tnte^tuies ;  so  nam^-d  because  suppc^ed 
bv  the  old  anatomists  to  be  straight.  Brandt, 

RE€'TUS  /.V  €t-'Rt-J3,  [L,]  Litgrally,  right  in 
C(turt :  standing  free  from  charge  or  accusation. 

RF.CU-BA'TIOX,  %.     [U  recubo  ;   re  and  cuho,  to  lie 
down.] 
The  act  of  lying  or  leaning.  [Little  used.]  Brown. 

RE-CCLE',  e.  i.   To  recoil.  [A'otusett.]  [See  Recoil.] 

Jfforrd. 

RE-CUMB',  (re-kum',)  e.  i.    [L.  recumbo;   re  and 
enmho,  to  lie  down.] 
To  lean  :  to  recline  :  to  repose.  Allen, 

RE^U.M'BENCE,  n.     [from  U  rtcumboK^.] 
The  act  of  reposing  or  resting  in  confidence. 

Ld,.XoriA. 
RE-CLTM'BEX-CY,   a.      The   posture  of  leaning,  re- 
clining, or  lying.  Broien. 
2.  Rest ;  fepoee  ;  idle  state.  Lode, 
RE-eCM'BEXT,  a.     [L.  rceKwiriw.] 

1.  Leaning;  reclining;  as,  the  recumhent  posture 
of  the  Romans  at  their  meals. 

2.  Reposing  ;  inactive  ;  idle^  Foun*-. 
RE  €l"M'BENT-IA',  adc.  In  a  recumbent  p<isture. 
RE  Cr'TER-A-BLE,  a.  Recoverable.  Ouiucer. 
RE  eL'-PER-A'TIO.\.  n,     [L.  rfcupenUio.} 

Reci>verv,  as  of  any  thing  lost. 
RF^eCPER-A-TlVE,    i  a.     Tending    to   recovery; 
RE-eC'PER-A-TO-RV,  i      pertaining  to  recovery. 
RE-GCE',  r.  i.     [L.  recwrro  ;  re  and  earro,  to  run  ;  Fr. 
recturir,]  • 

I.  To  return  to  the  thought  or  mind. 

Wlk»  Mij  word  hm  hfrn  aaed  u>  rignify  ui  idra,  tbr  old  idea 
viU  racw  'm  the  niod  «t»a  the  woiq  b  beant.       H'ofU. 

Sl  To  resort ;  to  bara  recourse. 

If  to  tToid   ■nBMMBB  te  Meftud  tx'ubmee,  thej  r^ntr  to  tbe 

puBCUtm  Muia  vi  the  «faaol«,  tbef  viiJ  wtjj  ikUa  tyip  us  to 

a.  iDOR  poHiiTe  ide«  of  infinile  dmtioo.  Lodtt. 

X  To  occur  at  a  stated  interval,  or  according  to 

some  regular  rule ;  as,  the  fever  will  recar  to-nighL 

RE-CCRE',  r.  L     [re  and  cureJ]     To  cure  ;  to  recover 

LA'flf  in  uofc]  Spenser. 

UE-CiRE',  a.    Cure  ;  recovery.  [A'ot  in  wie.]  KnolUs. 


RED 

RE-€0RE'LE8S,  a.     Incapable  of  cure  or  remedy. 

l.\'ot  in  US-*-.]  Bp.  Halt. 

KE-ei'K'RENCE,   >  n.     [See  Ukccr,]     Return;   as, 
RE  eUR'UE\-CV,  (      the  reettrrencc  of  error.  Brovm. 

2.  Resort :  the  having  recourse. 
RE-€UR'RENT,  <i.     [U  recitrrens.^ 

1.  Returning  from  time  to  time;  as,  reci/rmif  pains 
of  a  disease.  Harvey, 

2.  In  crystalloip-npktfy  a  rerurrmt  crj'stal  is  one 
whose  faces,  beina  counted  in  annular  ranees  from 
one  extremity  to  the  other,  furnish  two  dilVerent  num- 
bers which  succeed  each  otiier  several  tintes,  as  4, 
8,4,8,4.     [AVf«.*rrf.] 

3.  In  anatomy,  the  recurrent  nerve  is  a  bmncU  of 
the  par  v«i^nt,  given  otT  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
thorax,  wht<rh  is  rellocted  and  runs  up  atoii^  the  tra- 
chea to  the  larjnx.  fViitar. 

RE-€UR'RING,";'pr.  or  a.  Returning  to  the  thought 
or  mind  ;  resorting  or  having  recourse  to;  occurring 
according  to  some  regular  rule. 

RE-CUR'SIOX,  (re-kur'shun,)  n.  [L.  rceursua,  recur- 
ro :  rr  and  cwrrn,  to  run.] 

Return.     [Little  used.]  Boyle, 

RE-eURV'ATE,  r.  (.    [L.  recurro  x  re  and  CMrco,  to 
bend. 
To  bend  back.  PennnnU 

RE-eilRV'ATE,  a.  [L.  recurraUis.]  In  bi>tami, 
when  applied  to  an  awn,  bent  in  the  form  of  a  bow. 
D.  C.  WiUdcnov.  When  applied  to  a  petiole,  prickle, 
awn,  eahfx,  or  corolla,  bent  outward  Martyn.  In  ap- 
plication to  a  leaf,  bent  or  curved  downward,  so  that 
the  convexity  is  upward.  Martijn.  Bent  downward 
in  a  greater  degree  than  reclinatf,  but  nut  so  much  as 
rrrolutr. 

RE-CUR- VA'TION,  \  n.    A  bending  or  flexure  back- 
REeiTRV'I-TV,        \      ward.  Brown. 

RE-CURVE',  (re-kurv'j)  r,  U     [L.  rccnrro,  supra.] 

I'o  bend  back. 
RE-eURV'£D,j)r.ora.    Bent  toward  the  ground. 
D.  a  H'Uldcnmo. 
2.  Suddenly  bent  backward.  lAndUy. 

RE-Cl'RV-l  ROS'TER,  ».    [L.  reeurvus,  bent  back, 
and  ntstnim,  a  beak.] 
A  bird  wh'tso  beak  or  bill  bends  upward,  as  the 
REJ-eURV'OUS.  a.     [L.  recurous.]  [avoset. 

Bent  backward.  Derham. 

RE-eO'S.AN-CY,  K.     Non-conformity.     [See  Recu- 

•  *«T.]  Coke, 

RE-eO'8ANT,  a,  [L.  rtensans,  recuse,  to  refuse  j  re 
and  the  root  of  rausa,  signifying  to  drive.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is,  to  repel  or  drive  back.] 

Refusing  to  acknowledge  the  supremacy  of  the 
king,  or  to  conform  to  the  established  rites  of  the 
church  ;  as,  a  recusant  lord.  Clarendon. 

RECC'SANT,  n.  [Supra.]  In  Eng-IL^h  history,  a 
person  who  refuses  to  acknowledge  the  supremacy 
of  the  king  in  matters  of  religion  ;  as,  a  popish  re- 
ew»ttntf  who  acknowledges  the  supremacy  of  the 
pope.  Brande. 

2.  One  who  refuses  rommunion  with  the  Church 
of  England ;  a  non-conformist. 

All  that  ore  rwcusanU  of  hoi;  ritci.  Holyday. 

REe-TT^A'TtON,  n,     [L.  recusaUo.-] 
1.  Refusal. 

9.  In  lato,  the  act  of  refusing  a  judge,  or  challeng- 
ing that  he  shall  not  try  the  cause,  on  account  of  his 
supposed  partiality.     [  This  practice  is  novo  obsolete.] 
RE^eCSE',  r.  L     [L.  reciuo.]  [BUickstone. 

To  refuse  or  reject,  as  a  judge ;  to  challenge  that 
the  judge  shall  not  try  the  cause.  [Tfu  practice  and 
the  vord  are  obsolete.]  Digby. 

RED,  a.  [Sax.  rerf,  read,  and  reod,  rude,  tgA,  ruddy; 
D.  rood  ;  G.  roth  ;  Sw.  rSd  ;  Dan.  rUd  i  Corn,  rydh  ; 
Jr.ruadh;  Ann.  ruydh ;  \V.  rftui,  red,  ruddy;  Sans. 
rekida;  Russ.   rdeyu,  to  redden  j  Gt.  cpvO^toi,  red, 

and  fio^ov,  a  rose,  from  its  color;  Ar.  ^.^  toaraday 

to  be  present,  to  enter,  to  descend,  to  come,  to  in- 
vade, to  blossom,  to  stain  with  a  rose  color,  to  bring 

to  be  of  a  red  color;  deriv.  ^  .*  a  rose,  the  Gr  ^aSap ; 

Ch.  Til,  a  rose;  Syr.  nearly  the  same  ;  Eth.  U/ArS 
irarad,  to  descend,  to  bring  down.  These  Arabic 
and  Ethiopic  words  are  the  lleb.  and  Ch.  ii"*,  to  de- 
scend, to  bring  down,  and  this  is  radically  the  same 
as  m■^,  which  is  rendered  in  Hebrew,  to  descend  or 
come  down,  to  decline,  to  bring  down,  to  subdue,  to 
have  dominion  ;  Ch.  like  senses,  and  to  correct,  to 
chastise,  to  expand  or  opi-n,  to  flow,  to  plow  ;  Syr.  to 
go,  to  walk,  to  journey,  L.  gradior,  also  to  correct, 
to  teach  ;  (qu.  L.  erudio.)  The  Arabic  gives  the 
sense  of  rose,  which  may  be  from  opening,  as  blos- 
soms, a  sense  coinciding  with  the  Chaldee  ;  and 
red  from  the  same  sense,  or  from  the  color  of  the  rose. 
The  Greeks  called  the  Arabian  Gulf  the  Eryth- 
reanoT  Red  Sea,  probably  from  Edom,  or  Idumea; 
improperly  applying  the  meaning  of  Edom,  red,  to 
the  sea,  and  this  improper  application  has  come  down 
to  the  present  time.] 


RED 

A  term  denoting  a  bright  color,  resembling  blood. 
Rtfd  is  a  simple  or  primary  color,  but  of  several  dif- 
ferent shade.-j  or  hues,  as  scarlet,  crimson,  vermilion, 
orange  red,  &c.  We  say,  red  color,  red  cloth,  rtd 
flame,  red  eyes,  red  checks,  red  lead,  &r. 

Red  men,  red  people^  red  children  ;  the  nboriginnla  of 
America,  as  distinguished  from  the  ichites.     Rawle. 
REI>,  n.    A  red  color;  as,  a  brighter  color,  the  best  of 

all  the  reds.  ^strUm. 

REDACT',  V,  t.    [L.  redactus,  rediffof  redf  re,  and 
ago.] 

1  o  force  ;  to  reduce  to  form.    [JV*o(  used.] 

Drammond. 
REDACTION,   n.     [Fr.|    The   act   of  digesting  or 
reducing  to  order;  applied  to  literary  or  scientific 
materials,  law,  &,c. 
2.  The  digest  thus  made.  Recent. 

RE-DAN',  n.    [Written  sometimes  Redent  and  Re- 
DEN8  ;  said  to  be  contracted  from  L.  recedens.  Lunter.] 
In  fort  ijicatiiin,  a  kind  of  rampart  in  the  form  of  an 
Inverti'd  V,  having  its  angle  toward  the  enemv, 

P.'Cyc 
RE-DXR'GCE,  V.  t     [L.  redargue ;  red,  re,  and  arffuo.] 

To  refute.     fJVoi  muse.]       '  Hakemll. 

RED-AR-GC'TION,n.    [Supra.]    Refutation ;  convic- 

ti<m.     [JVot  in  use.]  Bacon. 

RED'-BAY,  n.    A  tree  of  the  laurel  kind,  Lannis  Car- 

oliniensis,  growing  in  the  Southern  United  States. 

Siflva  •Amer. 

RED'-RER-RI-£D,  (-bcr'rid,)  a.     Having"  or    bearing 

red  berries  ;  as,  red-berried  shrub  cassia.  Miller. 
RED'BTRD,  (-burd,)  ».  The  popular  name  of  si-veral 
birds  in  the  United  States,  as  the  Tauagra  a'stiva,  or 
summer  rcdbird,  the  Tanagra  rubra,  and  the  Balll- 
m()re  oriole  or  hang-nest. 
RED'-IIOQK,  71.  In  England,  a  book  containing  the 
names  of  all  the  persona  in  the  service  of  the  stale. 

The  red  book  of  the  Erchcf/urriH  an  ancient  record, 

fn  which  are  registered  the  names  of  all  that  held 

lands  per  hnroniam  in  the  lime  of  Henry  II.    Brande. 

RED'BREAST,  (brest,)  n.     A  bird  so  called  from  the 

color  of  its  breast,  the  robin,  which  see. 
RED'BUD,  n.    A  plant  or  tree  of  the  genus  Cercis,  al- 
so called  the  Judas-Tree.  P.  Cijc. 
RED-CHALK',  (-chawk',)  n.   A  common  drawing  ma- 
terial,    it  is  an  argillaceous  iron  ore.  Dana, 
RED'eOAT,  n.    A  name  given  to  a  soldier  who  wears 

a  red  coat.  Dryden. 

RED'COAT-ED,  a.     Wearing  red  coals.  Scott. 

RED'DiTN,  (red'n,)  v.  u     [from  red.]    To  make  red. 

Dryden. 
RED'D£N,  (red'n,)  r.  i.     To  grow  or  become  red. 

The  cor»l  redden,  iintl  Lbe  niliy  glow,  Popt. 

2.  To  blush. 

AppiiiB  redtUnt  at  each  word  you  Bpe.-Oc.  Pope. 

RED'D£\--En,  pp.  or  a.  Made  red  ;  grown  red. 
RED'DKN-IiNG,  ppr.  Waking  or  becoming  red. 
RED-DEjV'DUM,   n.     [L.]     In   tau,    the  clause  by 

which  rent  is  reserved  in  a  lease. 
RED'DISH.o.    Somewhatred  ;  moderately  red.    Leu. 

xiii. 
RED'DISH-NESS,  n.    Redness  in  a  moderate  degree. 

Boijle. 
RED-DI"TION,  (-diflh'un,)  n.     [L.  reddo,  to  return.] 

1.  A  returning  of  any  thing;  restitution;  surren- 
der. HowelL 

2.  Explanation  ;  representation.  Milton. 
RED'Dl-TIVE,a.     [L.  redditivus,  from  reddo.] 

Returning  ;  answering  to  an  interrogative;  a  term 
of  grammar.  Johnson. 

RED'DLE,  (red'dt,)  n.    [from  red.]    A  name  of  red- 
chalk,  which  see.  Dana. 
ReDE,  n.     [Sax.  rarf.] 

Counsel;  advice.     [Ohs.]  Shnk. 

RkDE,  r.  t     To  counsel  or  advise.     [06.f.]     Spenser. 
RE-DEEM',  r.  (.     [L.  redimo;  red,  re,  and  emo,  to  ob- 
tain or  purchase.] 

1.  To  purchase  hack;  to  ransom;  to  liberate  or 
rescue  from  captivity  or  bondage,  or  from  any  obli- 
gation or  liability  to  suffer  or  to  be  forfeited,  by  [Kiy- 
ing  an  equivalent ;  as,  to  rw/eem  prisoners  or  captured 
goods  ;  to  redeem  a  pledge. 

2.  To  repurchase  what  has  been  sold  ;  to  regain 
possession  of  a  thing  alienated,  by  repaying  the 
value  of  it  to  the  possessor. 

If  R  man  [kUaI)]  k\\  a  dwellin 'house  ia  a  walled  eitj,  then  be 
may  redeem  it  wiihta  &  v^nle  year  after  it  is  smd.  —  Lev, 

3.  To  rescue  ;  to  recover  ;  to  deliver  from. 

Th'  Alidig^hly  from  the  grave 
Hath  mc  redeemed.  Snrulyt. 

Redeem   brad,   O  God,   out  of  alt   bis  troubles. —Pa.   jcxt, 

I)>ut.  vii. 
The  mau  of  earth  not  yet  redeemed  from  chaos.     S.  S.  Smith. 

4.  To  compensate,  to  make  amends  for. 

It  is  a  chance  which  (iocs  redeem  all  sorrows.  .9ft(ii. 

By  Ifsstjf  ills  the  greater  to  redeem,  Dryden, 

5.  To  free  by  making  atonement. 

Thou  hiiat  one  daughter, 
Who  redeem*  nitture  from  the  gvuen]  curae.  Skak. 

6.  To  pay  the  penalty  of. 

Which  of  you  will  bn  mortal  to  rtdtsM 

Man's  mortal  crime  t  Milton, 


PaTE,  FXR,  fall,  what.  — MeTE,  prey FIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BpQK.- 


RED 

7.  To  save. 

He  cutiM  noi  hute  rerlttrrud  %  portion  of  lila  time  for  cfintcm* 
plating  ibe  powera  of  oature.  S.  S.  SmiK. 

8.  To  perform  what  haa  been  promised  ;  to  make 
good  by  perfoniiance  He  has  redeemed  his  pledge 
or  promise. 

9.  In  lata,  to  recall  an  eatate,  or  to  obtain  the  right 
to  reenter  upon  a  mortgaged  estate  by  paying  to  the 
mortgagee  his  principal,  interest,  and  expenses  or 
C«K>ts.  BlaekMone. 

10.  In  theology^  to  rescue  and  deliv'r  from  the 
bondage  of  sin"  and  the  penalties  of  God's  violated 
law,  by  obedience  and  sutTering  in  the  place  of  the 
sinner,  or  by  doing  and  suffering  that  which  is  ac- 
cepted in  lieu  of  the  sinner's  obedience. 

Ghiut  h:\lh  redeemed  us  from  the  curse  of  tlie  law,  beiiif  made  a 
cur*-'  for  u«.  — GaJ.  iii.    Tit.  ii. 

11.  In  commerce^  to  purchase  or  pay  the  value,  in 
specie,  of  any  promissory  nute,  bill,  or  other  evi- 
dence of  debt,  given  by  the  state,  by  a  company  or 
corporation,  or  by  an  individual.  The  credit  of  a 
state,  a  banking  company,  or  individuals,  is  good 
when  they  can  rededtn  all  their  stock,  notes,  or  bills, 
at  par. 

To  redeem  time,  is  to  use  more  diligence  in  the  im- 
provement of  it ;  to  be  diligent  and  active  in  duty 
and  preparation.     Eph.  v. 
RE-DEEM'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  redeemed  ;  capa- 
ble of  redemption. 

a.  That  may  he  purchased  or  paid  for  in  gold  and 
silver,  and  brought  into  the  possession  of  government 
or  the  original  promisor. 

The  capilal  of  (he  deU  nf  tlw  Uiii(.^J  State«  mav  b*  con«klorHJ 
ia  th"  li^t  of  aa  anituitj  rdetmabi^  at  ibe  plrnsurc  of  Che 
^tcmiHeiiU  Hamilton. 

RE-DEEM'A-BLE-XESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  re- 
de**mable. 

RE-DEE.M'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Ransomed;  delivered  from 
bondage,  distress,  penalty,  liability,  or  from  the  pos- 
session of  another  by  paying  an  equivalent. 

RE-DEEM'ER,  n.     One  who  redeems  or  ransoms. 
2.  The  Savior  of  the  world,  Jesus  Christ. 

RE-DEE.M'I\G,  ppr.  Ransoming  ;  procuring  deliv- 
erance from  captivity,  capture,  bondage,  sin,  dis- 
tre*'s,  or  liability  to  sutTer,  by  the  payment  of  an 
equivalent. 

RE-DEE.M'IXG,  a.  That  does  or  may  redeem,  or 
make  amende  ;  na,  a  redcaniii^  act ;  redeemhig  love. 

RE-DE  LIB'ER-aTE,  v.  i.  [re  and  deliberate.]  To 
deliberate  ayain. 

RE-DE-LIB'ER-aTE,  v.  U    To  reconsider,    [JVvt  in 

RE-DE-LIV'ER,  v.  t.     [re  and  deliver.]     To   deliver 

back.  Ayliff-e. 

5.  To  deliver  again  ;  to  liberate  a  second  time. 

RE-DE-I.IV'ER-A.N'CE,  n,     A  s»;cond  deliverance. 

RE-DE-LIV'ER-/:d,  pp.  Delivered  back;  liberated 
again. 

RE-DE-EIV'ER-ING,  ppr.  Delivering  back  i  libera- 
ting again. 

RE-DE-LI V'ER-Y,  n.  The  art  of  delivering  back; 
also,  a  second  delivery  or  libeniiion. 

RE-DE-Ma.\D',  r.  t,  [re  and  demand;  Ft.  rede- 
mander.] 

To  demand  back  ;  to  demand  again.       Adiiison. 

RE-DE-MXND',  n,     A  demandmg  back  again. 

RE-DE-MAND'A-BLE,  o.  That  may  bo  demanded 
back. 

RR-DE-MX.VD'ED,  pp.    Demanded  back  or  again. 

RK-DE-MAND'IXG,  ypr.     Demanding  back  or  again. 

RE-DK-MISE',  r.  f,  \re  and  drmisr.]  To  conveyor 
transfer  bark,  as  an  estate  in  fee-simple,  fee-tail,  for 
life,  or  a  term  of  years.  F.najc 

RE-DE-MTSE',  n.  Reconveyance  ;  the  transfer  of  an 
estate  back  to  the  person  who  has  demised  it ;  as, 
the  demise  and  redemise  of  an  estaie  in  fee-simple, 
foe-tail,  or  for  life  or  years,  by  mutual  lease."*. 

Kncyc 

RE-DE-MTS'ED,  ^p.     Reconveyed.  aa  an  estate. 

RE-DE-.MIS'ING,  ppr.     Reconveying. 

RE  DEMP'TION,  n.  [Fr.  :  It.  redenzione;  Sp.  reden- 
eioa:  from  Vi.  Tedemptia.     See  Redekm.] 

1.  Repurchase  of  caittured  goods  or  prisonprs;  the 
art  (tf  procuring  the  delivemnce  of  persons  or  things 
from  the  possession  and  [wwer  of  captors  by  the 
payment  of  an  equivalent;  ransom;  relea.'»e  ;  as, 
the  redemption  of  prisoners  taken  in  war;  the  redemp- 
tion, of  a  ship  and  cargo. 

9.  Deliverance  from  bondage,  distress,  or  from  lia- 
bility to  any  evil  or  forfeiture,  either  by  money,  labor, 
or  other  means. 

3.  Reptirchase.  as  of  lands  alienated.  Lev.  xxv. 
Jer.  x-Txii. 

4.  The  liberation  of  an  estate  from  a  mortga-re  ;  or 
the  purchase  of  the  right  to  reenter  upon  it  by  pay- 
ing the  principal  sum  for  which  it  was  mortcaged, 
with  iiiL-rcjit  and  cost;  also,  the  right  of  redeeming 
and  reentering. 

5.  Repurchase  of  notes,  bills,  or  other  evidence  of 
debt  by  paying  thf-ir  v;ilue  in  specie  to  their  holiler.o. 

6.  In  theoloini,  the  purchase  of  God's  favor  by  the 
death  and  sufferings  of  Christ ;  the  ransom  or  deliv- 
er»nr^  of  sinners  from  the  bondage  of  sin  and  the 


RED 

penalties  of  God's  violated  law  by  the  atonement  of 
Clirist.  •  Dnjdcn.     JVeLson. 

In  whom  wo  hfire  redemption  (hroogh  hi»  blood.  —  Kjili,  1.  Col.  I. 

RE-DEMP'TION-ER,  n.     One  who  redeems  himself; 
formerly^  one  whose  ser^'ices  were  sold  to  pay  the 

expens(*s  of  his  passage  to  America. 
REl-DEMP'TIVE,  a.    Redeeming. 
RE-DE.MP'TOR-ISTS,    n.    pi.      A    religious    order, 

founded   in   Naples  in  1732,  and  revived  in  Austria 

in  18'20,  devoted  to  the  education  of  youth  and  the 

propagation  of  the  Roman  Catholic  faiUi. 

Brande, 
RE-DEMP'TO-RV,  a.    Paid  for  ransom  ;  as,  Ilector^s 

redrntptory  price.  Chapman. 

RE-DENT'ED,  a.    Formed  like  the  teeth  of  a  saw  ; 

indented. 
RE-DESCEND',  p. ».     [re  And  descend.]     To  descend 

again.  HotoelL 

RE-DE-SCEND'ING,  ppr.    Descending  again. 
RED'ETE,  (red'i.)  n.     [red  and    eye.]     A  fish  of  the 

carp  family,  Leuciscus  erj'thropbthalmus,  so  named 

from  the  color  of  the  iris  ;  also  called  Rudd. 

Jardine^s  J^at.  Lib. 
RED'-GUM,  n.     A  disease  of  new-born  infants;   an 

eruption  of  red  pimples  in  early  infancy.         Oood. 
2.  A  disease  of  grain,  a  kind  of  blight. 

Farm,  Eiicyc. 
RED'-HaIR--ED,  a.     Having  hair  of  a  red  or  sandy 

color. 
REU'-HOT,  n.     Red   with  heat;  healed  to  redness; 

as,  red-hot  iron  ;  red-hot  balls. 
RK'DI-ENT,  a.     [h.  redieiiSy  redco,  to  return.] 

Returnin*.  E,  H.  Smith. 

RE-DI-GEST',  r.  (.    To  digest  or  reduce  to  form  a 

second  lime.  Kent. 

RE-DI-GEST'ED,  pp.     Digested  again. 
RE-DI-GBST'ING,   ppr.      Digesting  a  second   time; 

reducing  acnin  to  order. 
REi-DIN'TPj^GRATE,   r.   t.      [L.   redintegro;  red,  re, 

and  ijitetrro,  from  integer,  whole.} 

To  make  whole  again  ;  to  renew  ;  to  restore  to  a 

perfect  stnte.  B.  Jojtson. 

RE-DIN'TE-GRATE,  a.  Renewed  ;  restored  to  whole- 
ness or  a  [>erfrct  sUite.  Bacon. 
RE-DIN'TE-GRA-TED,  pp.     Renewed  ;    restored  to 

eniireness. 
RE-DI\'TE-GRA-TING,  ppr.    Restoring  to  a  perfect 

Ftate. 
RE-DIN-TE-GRA'TION,  n.     Renovation  ;  restoration 

to  a  whole  or  sound  slate.  Decay  of  Piety. 

2.  In  chemistry,  the  re.-toration  of  any  mixed  body 

or  matter  to  its  former  nature  and  constitution. 

Coze. 
RE-DIS-BURSE',    (re-dis-burs',)    c.   L     [re  and   dis- 
burse.]   To  re|>ay  or  refund.  Speiufer. 
RE-DIS-POSE',  ».  L     [re  and  dispose.]     To  diapuse  or 

adjust  again.  Baxter. 

RE-DIS-P(^S'/:D,  pp.     Disposed  anew. 
RE-DIS-PfJS'ING,  ppr.    Disposing  or  adjusting  anew. 
RE-DIS-yKl'ZIN,  n.      [re  and  disseizin.]      In  law,  a 

vrit  of  rrdif  seizin,  is  a  writ  to  recover  seizin  of  lands 

or  tenements  against  a  redisseizor. 
RE-DIS-SkI'ZOK,  n.     [re  and   rfw.-eiior. ]     A  person 

who  dis3<Mzes  lands  or  tenements  a  second  time,  or 

altera  recover)'  of  the  same  from  him  in  an  action 

of  hovel  disseizin.  JUadLntone. 

RE-DIS^OLVE',  V.  L    [re  and  dissolve.]    To  dissolve 

again. 
RE-D1S-80LV'KD,  pp.     Dissolved  a  second  time. 
RE-DIS  Sf^LV'TNG,  ppr.     Dissolving  again. 
RE-DI.<-TRIB'U'I'K»  i'-    *•       ['■*    a"''  distribute.]      To 

dislribule  again  ;  to  deal  back  again.         Cotgravc. 
RE-DIS-TRIB'IT-TED,  pp.   Distributed  again  or  back. 
RE-DIS-TRIU'l]-TING,  ppr.     Distributing  again  or 

RE-DIS-TRI-BO'TION.  n.  A  dealing  back,  or  a  sec- 
ond distribution. 
RED'-EEAD',  (red'Ied' )  w.  [red  and  Ua^l.]  Minium, 
a  proparatiun  of  lead  of  a  fine  red  color,  used  in 
painting,  &c.  It  ta  a  salt  comptised  of  one  equiva- 
lent of  detitnxyd  of  lead,  which  performs  the  func- 
tions of  an  acid,  and  two  equivalents  of  proioxyd  of 
lead,  which  (M-rforms  the  fuu'tiuns  of  a  base.  Its 
pmper  chemical  name  is  diplumhate  pf  lead.  Tally. 
RED'-LKT-TEK,  «.  A  red-leftrr  day  is  a  fortunate  or 
a'lspicious  Uiiy,  Ro  called  becauao*  the  holydays,  or 
saints*  days,  were  marked  in  the  old  calendars  with 
red  letters.  Orose. 

RED'-LIU-UOR,  n.   A  crude  acetate  of  alumina,  em 
ployed  as  a  nmrd.inl  in  calico-printing.     It  is  pre- 
pared from  pyroligneoiis  acid.  Ure. 
REDELY,  adr.     With  redness.                        Cotgrave. 
RED'-M^iRL,  n.     New  red  sandstone. 
RED'NESS,  n.     [Sax.  rradnesae.     See  Rin.l 

The  qiKilltv  of  being  red  ;  red  color.      Spectator. 
REI)'0-!J-:NCE,    (h,     [Crom  redulcnt.]     Sweet  scent. 
REIVO-LEN-CY,  1  Botjle.     Mortimer. 

RKD'O-LE.VT,  a.     [L.  redolens,  redotco  ;  red,  re,  and 
oleo,  to  aniell.] 

Having  or  diffusing  a  sweet  scent.  Sandys. 

RE-DOUbXE,  (ro-dub'l,)  v.  t     [re  and  doubUr]    To 

repeat  in  return.  Spenser. 

2.  To  repeat  often  ;  as,  to  redouble  blows.     Skak. 


RED 

3.  To  increase  by  repeated  or  continued  addition* 

Ami  Elim  mj-'B  with  redoubled  heat.  Addi»on 

RE-DOUB'LE,  (ro-dub'l,)  v.  L  To  become  twice  as 
much. 

The  Kr^vment  rtdouhlet  upon  tu.  Spectator. 

RE-DOUB'LED,  fre-dub'ld,)  pp.  or  a.  Repeated  in 
return  ;  repeated  over  and  over ;  increased  by  re  ■ 
peated  or  continued  additions. 

RE-DOUB'LING.  (re-dub'ling,)  ppr.  Repeating  in  r«*- 
turn  ;  repeating  again  and  again;  increasing  by 
repented  or  continued  additions. 

RE-UOCBT',  (re-dout',)  «.  [It.  ridotto,  a  shelter,  a  re- 
treat; Sp.  rcducto;  Port,  redulo,  reducto,  or  redatto ; 
Fr.  reduute,  reduit ;  L.  reductua,  reduco,  to  bring  back  ; 
literally,  a  retreat.  The  etymology  of  this  word  shows 
that  it  should  be  written  Reooitt.] 

A  general  name  for  nearly  every  kind  of  work  in 
the  clxss  of  fit;ld  fortifications  ;  particularly,  a  parapet 
inclosing  a  square  or  polygonal  area.  P.  Cyc, 

RE-DOC BT'A-BLE,  (re-doul'a-bl,)  a.  [Fr.,  from  rc- 
dtmtcr,  to  ft\ar  or  dread,  Arm.  dvusrea,  dougein.  The 
common  orthography  of  this  word  is  incorrect.] 

Formidable  ;  that  is  to  be  dreaded  ;  terrible  to  foes  ; 
as,  a  redoubtable  hero.  Hence  the  implied  sense  is, 
valiant.  Pope. 

RE-DOUBT'ED,  a.     Formidable.     \J\rot  in  use.] 

Spenser.     Shak. 

RE-DOUND',  V.  i.  [It,  ridondare  :  L.  redundo  i  red,  re, 
and  undo,  to  rise  or  swell,  as  waves.] 

1.  To  be  sent,  rolled,  or  driven  back. 

The  evil,  lOon 
Privrii  biick,  redounded  u  a  flood  on  thoM 
Kroiii  whom  li  spruug.  MUton, 

2.  To  conduce  in  the  consequence  ;  to  contribute  ; 
to  result. 

The  honor  done  to  our  religion  ullimalely  rtdoundt  to  Ood,  tha 
Author  of  it.  Rogerg, 

3.  To  proceed  in  the  consequence  or  effect ;  to  re- 
sult. 

There  will  iu>  iinall  use  redound  from  them  to  tfant  mfinufaclim. 

AtUUton. 

RE-DOUND'ING,  ppr.  Conducing ;  contributing  ;  re- 
sulting. 

RED  PR  R-C  IP' IT  ATE.    See  Phecifitate. 

RED'-PoLE,  71.  A  bird  with  a  red  head  or  poll,  of  the 
finch  family.  It  belongs  to  the  genus  Linaria.  Jardine. 

RE-DRXFT',  V.  U     [re  and  draft.]     To  draw  or_  draft 

RE-DKAFT',  n.     A  second  dntft  or  copy.  [anew. 

2.  In  the  French  commercial  code,  a  new  bill  of  ex- 
change which  the  holder  of  a  protested  bill  draws  on 
the  drawer  or  indorsers,  by  which  he  reimburses  to 
himself  the  amount  of  the  protested  bill  with  costs 
and  rharges.  IValsh, 

RE-DRAFT'ED,  pp.  Drafted  again  ;  transcribed  into 
a  new  cop  v. 

RE-DRXFT'ING,  ppr.  Redrawing;  drafting  rr  tran- 
scribing again. 

RE-DKAVV,  It.  t.     [re  and  rfraw.]   To  draw  again.    In 
commej-ce,  to  draw  a  new  bill  of  exchange,  as  the 
liolder  of  a  protested  bill,  on  the  drawer  or  indors- 
ers. Walsh. 
2.  To  draw  a  second  draft  or  copy. 

RE-DRESS',  V.  U     [Fr.  redresser;  re  and  dress.] 

1.  To  set  right ;  to  amend. 

In  yonder  aprin;  of  rotes, 
rind  what  to  radr^a  till  uoon.  Alillon. 

[Tn  this  sense^  as  tilled  to  materiid  things,  rarely 
used.]^ 

2.  To  remedy  ;  to  repair ;  to  relieve  from,  and  some- 
times to  indemnify  for;  as,  to  redress  wrongs  ;  to  re- 
drfjfs  injuries  ;  to  redress  grievances.  Sovereigns  are 
botmd  to  protect  their  subjects,  and  rcrfres^  their  griev- 
anceai 

3.  To  case ;  to  relieve ;  as,  she  labored  to  redress 
my  pain.  Sidney. 

[We  use  this  verb  before  the  person  or  the  thing. 
We  say,  to  redress  an  injured  person,  or  to  redress  the 
injury.     The  latter  is  most  common.! 
RE-DRESS',  n.     Reformation  ;  amendment. 

For 

[  This  sejise  is  nmo  unitsuaL] 

2.  Relief;  remedy;  deliverance  from  wrong,  inju- 
ry, or  oppression  ;  as,  the  redress  of  grievances.  We 
applied  to  government,  but  could  obtain  no  redress. 

Tkcrc  IB  oa;tt*ioQ  for  redrets  when  the  cry  a  univerwO. 

Davenanl. 

3.  Reparation  ;  Indemnification. 

[This  sense  is  often  directly  intended  or  implied  in 
redress.] 

4.  One  who  gives  relief. 


Fnir  mnjeaty,  the  refngw  and  redrcti 

Of  lho»«  whom  fate  pwra'ics  and  waotl  opprraa. 


Dryden, 


RE-DRESS'ED,  (-drest',)  pp.  Remedied  ;  set  right ; 
relieved:  indemnified. 

RE-DRESS'ER,  n.     One  who  gives  redress. 

RE-DRESS'I-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  redressed,  re- 
lieved, or  indemnified. 

RE-DRESS'LNG,  ppr.  Setting  right;  relieving;  in- 
demnifying. 

RE-DRESS'IVE,  a.    Affording  T«IIef.  Thomson. 


TONE,  BfTM,,  TINITK.— AX"OER,  V1"CI0US.  — C  as  K  ;   0  as  J  ;   8  as  Z ;  CH  us  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


RED 

RE-DKKSS'LESS,  a.    Witiiuut  aiueiidcuoiit ;  wilhuul 

relit-'f,  SAencooU. 

RK  DttESS'MENT,  n.     Redress  ;  act  of  redressmp. 

RE-DRIV'fT.V,  a.     Driven  back  or  af;ain.       SoutJtey. 

RED'-ROOT,  n.     A  name  given  to  various  plants,  as 
Litbo^liermum   arveiise,  or  stone-weed,  Ceanotlms 
Amerkaiius,  a  perennial  plant,  also  called  New  Jer- 
bL'y  lea,  and  Sanguinaria  canadeusiii,  or  blood-root. 
Farm.  Enctfc 

REO^&AR',  17.  L  [red  and  star.]  To  break  or  crack 
when  too  hot,  aa  iron  undui  iJw  hammer;  a  ttrm  of 
tri'rkvten.  Mozo&, 

REO'i^IIANK,  n.  A  bird  of  the  snipe  fhmily,  ami  gt;- 
t\\\9  Totanuct,  (Scolupax,  Linn.)  Jardime. 

•2.  A  conteniptuuus  appellation  for  bare-tegged  per- 
ftoQs.  Sptater. 

REU'tfHORT.  a.  [red  and  skoru]  Brittle,  or  break- 
ing short,  when  red  hut,  as  a  metal ;  a  term  uf  mork- 
mrn. 

RED'-SIL'VER,  a.  An  ore  of  silver,  of  a  ruby-red  or 
reddish-black  color.  There  are  two  species  ;  tlie  dark 
red  contains  59  per  cent,  of  silver  united  to  sulphur 
and  antimony,  and  the  iisrJtt  red  65  per  cent,  com- 
bined with  sulphur  and  amenic  Z)aHa, 

RED'-SNoW,  tu     See  Sjiow. 

RED  TAIL      !  "*    f''**'  ■"''  "'"^  '  ^"*  '"*"*>  "  ^''0 
A  bird  of  the  genus  Phonicura,  (Motacilla,  Linn.,) 
allietl  to  the  nightingale.  Jardine. 

BED'S  TR^AK,  H.  [red  and  gtrrak.)  A  sort  of  apple, 
BO  called  from  its  red  fctreakis.  Miniimer. 

3.  Cider  pn-ssed  from  the  rt-dstreak  apples.  Smith. 
RED'TOP,  ».  [red  and  Uip.']  A  well-known  species 
of  bent-grass,  Agrosiis  \*ulgaris,  highly  v.ilued  in  the 
United  States  for  pastuntce  and  hay  for  cattle.  It 
is  sometimes  called  £n^lisk  g-russ^  and  also  krrds^ 
jfTMii.  Detery^t  Moiu.  Rep. 

RE-DOCE',  r.  U  [L.  reduco  ;  re  and  dueoy  to  lead  or 
bring;  Fr.  reditirt;  It.  ridjuere^  or  r%durr«i  Sp.  redu- 
€\r.] 

\.  LUtmltp^  to  bring  back;  u,  to  ndmet  these 
bloody  days  again.  Skak. 

iim  this  MMse  nat  te  use,] 
.  To  bring  to  a  rurmer  state. 

It  wen  butjuK 
And  c^aal  Id  rtdmet  weiomj  dum-  .Vblon. 

3.  To  bring  to  any  state  or  condition,  good  or  bad  ; 
■«,'  to  rtdme*  civil  or  ecclesiastical  affain  to  order ;  to 
rarfucf  ft  roan  lo  poverty  ;  to  rtducs  a  state  to  distress  ; 
to  r«Aw«  a  snbrtftnce  to  powder ;  lu  reduce  a  sum  to 
fractions  ;  to  redmu  one  lo  despair. 

4.  To  diminish  in  length,  breadth,  thickness,  sire, 
quantity,  or  value  ;  a«^  to  redutx  expenses  ;  to  rtdute 
the  quantity  of  any  thing  ;  lo  rednce  the  intensity  of 
heat ;  to  reduce  the  brightness  of  color  or  light ;  to  rr- 
Aks  a  sum  m*  amount ;  to  rnAtcs  the  price  of  goods  ; 
to  rtimu  the  strength  of  spirit. 

&.  To  lower;  to  degrade;  to  Impair  In  dignity  or 
exceUeoce. 

MMUng  to  enellmt  bat  a  nan  atty  fiutm  on  toninMnr  brlonf- 
iaf  w  k,  ID  rmtmct  h.  '       nUoUot^ 

6.  To  subdue ;  to  bring  into  subjection.  The  Ro- 
mans reduced  Spain,  Gaul,  and  Uritain,  by  their 
anna. 

7.  To  reclaim  to  order.  MUton. 

8.  To  bring,  as  into  a  class,  order,  genus,  or  spe- 
cies; lo  bring  under  niles  or  ivithin  certain  limits  of 
description  ;  as,  to  reduce  animals  or  vrgetablt's  to  a 
class  or  classes ;  to  reduce  msn  to  tribes  ;  to  reduce 
language  tu  niles. 

9.  In  aritAmetie,  to  change  numbers  from  one  de- 
nomination into  another  without  alteriivg  iheir  value  ; 
or  to  change  numbers  of  one  denomination  into  oth- 
ers of  the  same  value  ;  a.«,  to  reduce  a  dollar  to  a  hun- 
dred cents,  or  a  hundred  cenLf  to  a  dollar. 

10.  In  al^tbra^  to  reduce  an  equation^  is  to  brinfr  the 
unknown  quantity  by  itself  on  one  side,  and  all  the 
known  quantities  on  the  other  side,  without  destroy- 
ing the  equation. 

11-  In  metaUur^^  to  separate  a  metal  from  other 
substances  with  which  it  is  combined. 

I'i  In  surgeriij  Vt  p'store  to  its  proper  place  or  stale 
a  dislocated  or  fractured  bone. 

T"*  rtdue*  «  /*Kre,  desigi^^  or  draught ;  to  make  a 
copy  bf  it  smaller  tban  Uio  original,  but  preserving 
Uie  form  and  proportion.  Oiedt. 

To  reduce  to  f.%#  ranks ;  in  military  (an^uage^  to  de- 
grade a  sergeant  or  corponU  for  misconduct  to  the 
sLition  of  a  private  soldier.  Campbell's  MiL  Did. 
RE-DrC'/:D,  jre-dust',)  pp.  or  a.  Broucbt  back  ; 
brought  to  a  former  sUte  ;  broupht  into  any  elate  or 
condition;  diminished;  subdued;  impoverished. 
RE-DC t'E' ME. N'T,  n.  The  act  of  bringing  back  ;  the 
act  of  diminishing;  the  act  uf  subduing;  reduLtion. 

Bacon. 
[This  word  is  superseded  by  Rbddctios.1 
RE-DO'CENT,  a.    Tending  to  reduce. 
RE-DC'CE.\T,  n.    That  wliich  reduces. 
RE-DPC'ER,  r-dus'er,)  n.    One  that  reduces.  Sidnen. 
RE-DO'CI-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  reduced. 

tte  pam  of  ptt.Usg  are  rtdiuibU  lou  tbcw  nradonrd  \j 


thcuiUiur. 


REE 

KE-OC'CI-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  re- 
ducible. 

RIMICC'IXG,  (-ilus'ing,)  ppr.  Bringing  back  ;  bring- 
ing tu  a  foruier  state,  ur  lo  a  ditft-rent  state  or  form  ; 
diinii>i<Iiing ;  subduing;  impoverishing. 

RE-UUei",  V.  L     [L.  redueta^^t  reduce.] 

To  reiluce.     [M/t  in  iws.]  Warde. 

RE-DUeT',  n.  In  hmUiing^  a  quirk  or  small  piece 
taken  out  of  a  larger  to  iiuike  it  more  n*gular  and 
uniform,  or  for  some  other  convenience.        Owilt. 

RE.DUe'TI-0  AD  ^B-SUR' DUM,  (re-duk'shc^y-,) 
[L.]  The  proving  tiiut  a  given  supposition  leads 
directlv  to  an  iibsurdily. 

RE-DUCS'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  rednetia.] 

1.  The  net  of  reducing,  or  state  of  being  reduced  ; 
as,  the  reduction  of  a  body  to  jKiwder  ;  the  reduction 
of  things  to  order. 

S.  Diminution ;  as,  the  reduction  of  ttie  expenses 
of  govenimeiit ;  the  redtutiuit  of  the  national  debt. 

3.  Conquest ;  subjut*ation  ;  as,  the  redaction  uf  a 
province  to  the  power  of  n  foreign  nation. 

4.  In  aritkmeticy  the  bringing  of  numbers  of  ditTor- 
enl  denominations  into  one  dennmination  ;  as,  the 
redaction  of  |H>unds,  ounces,  pcniiyweighls,  and 
grains  tn  grains,  or  the  reduction  of  grains  to  pounds  ; 
the  rnluction  of  days  and  hours  to  minutes,  or  of 
minutes  to  hours  and  days.  The  change  of  numhera 
of  a  higher  denomination  into  a  lower,  as  of  ptjunds 
into  pence  or  farthings,  is  called  Kkduction  De- 
»cE?fDtNo;  the  chance  of  numbers  of  a  lower  de- 
nomination into  a  higher,  as  of  cents  into  dimes, 
di'llars,  or  eagles,  is  cnllcu  Reduction  Ascemdi.vo. 
Hence,  the  rule  for  bringing  sums  of  different  de- 
nominations into   one  denomination,  is  called  Re- 

DUCTIOH. 

5.  In  algehrOy  the  reduction  of  an  equation  consists 
in  bringing  the  unknown  quanlity  by  it.-icif,  on  one 
Bide,  and  all  the  known  quantities  on  the  other  side, 
without  destroying  the  equation.      VaijKi  Al/rebra, 

6.  Reduction  of  a  fsfure^  map,  &c.,  is  the  making  of 
a  copy  of  it  on  a  smaller  scale,  preserving  the  form 
and  proportions.  OtcHt, 

7.  In  surgery^  the  operation  of  restoring  a  dislo- 
cated or  fractured  bone  to  its  former  place. 

8.  In  mefidlurgy^  the  operation  of  separating  a 
metal  from  other  substances  with  which  it  is  com- 
bined.   This  is  called  also  Retivikication. 

JWcAtfljfOR.      Ure. 
RE-DUC'TrVE,  a.     [Fr.  reduetif.] 

Having  the  power  of  reducing.  Brevint. 

RE-DLJt"TIVE,  n.    That  which  haa  the  power  of  re- 

ducing.  Hale. 

RE-DUC'TIVE-LY,  adv.     By  reduUion  ;  by  conse- 

quenc''.  HammoniL 

RE-DUX'DANCE,   {   n.       [L.    redundantia,    redundo. 
RE-DU.N'DAN-CY,  i       See  Redoukd.] 

1.  Excess  or  superfluous  quantity  ;  superfluity ; 
superabundance. 

lAbtit  Ihrow*  off  rtdutuiande;  Ad^on. 

2.  In  discourse,  supertluity  of  words.         Enajc 
RE-DCN'DANT,  o.    Superfluous  ;  exceeding  what  is 

nntumi  or  necessary;    supembunrtanl ;  exuberant; 
a.4,  a  redundant  quantity  of  bde  ur  food. 

Ni)iwiih*Un(l)n^  liie  redundant  oil  iii  fub'^,  the;  do  not  Incrrnae 
£u  ao  mueb  !x»  fioli.  ArbuUiJtol. 

I  Redundant  leordsy  in  writing  or  discourse,  are  such  ' 
as  are  synonymous  with  others  used,  or  such  as  add 
nttthing  to  the  sense  or  force  of  the  expression. 

2.  Using  more  words  or  images  than  are  necessary 
or  useful. 

Wh-re  (in  Mithor  b  rtdundant,  maxk  Uioie  poragmphB  to  t*  re- 
tivncii^i.  H'otw. 

3.  In  ntH-sic,  a  redundant  chord  is  one  which  con- 
tains a  greater  number  of  tones,  semitones,  or  leE.'4er 
intervals,  than  it  does  in  its  natural  stale,  as  from  fa 
to  j(of  sharp.  It  is  called  by  some  authors  a  chord 
extn-melv  sharp.  Encyc. 

RE-DIJ\'DA-\T-LY,  adv.    With  superfluity  or  excess ; 

superfluously ;  superabundantly. 
RE-DC'Pf.I-eATE,  r.  (.     [I*   reduplico;    re  and  du- 

pUco.     See  Duplicate.] 

To  double.  Pearson, 

RE-DC'PLI-CATE,  a.     Double. 
RE-DC-PLI-GA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  doubling. 

Disbu. 
RE-DO'PLieA-TIVE,  o.     Double.  WaiL 

RED'-\VA-TER,   n.     A   diseae^e   in   cattle,  so  called 

from  an  appearance  like  blood  in  the  urine. 

Farm,  Encvc. 
RED'WING,  n.     [red  and   wtnjr.]     A  European  "bird 

of  the  tlirush  family,  Merula  lliaca,  named  from  the 

deep  orange  red  color  of  its  under  wing-coverts. 

Jardine, 
REE,  >  n.    A  small  Portuguese  coin  or  money  of  ac- 
RE,     (       count,  value  about   one  mill  and  a  fourth, 

or  one  eighth  of  a  cent,  American  money. 
REE,  r.  U     [This   belongs  to  the  root  of  rid^  riddle^ 

which  see.] 
To  riddle  ;  to  sift ;  that  is,  to  separate  or  throw 

off.     [AToi  in  us«,  or  local,]  Mortimer. 

RE-«€H'0,  (re-ek'o,)  r,  u    [re  and  mAo.]    To  echo 

back  ;  to  reverberate  again  ;  as,  the  hills  re-echo  the 

roar  of  cannon. 


REE 

RE-Eeil'O,  (re-ek'o,)  r.  i.  [Supra.]  To  echo  back  ; 
to  return  back  or  be  reverberated,  as  an  echo. 

And  a  louj  gronn  r^-tchota  from  tbe  main.  Popt. 

RE-E€H'0,  (re-ek'o,)  n.    The  echo  of  an  echo. 
RE-ECH'O-KD,  fek'Sde,)  pp.     [Supra.]    Returned, 

as  sound;  reveruerated  again. 
RE-ECH'O-ING,  ppr.    Returning  or  reverberating  an 

echo. 
REECII'Y,*!.    [A  miss[)e1ling  of  Rkekt.    Bee  Reek.] 
Tarnished  with  smoke  or  vapor  ;  hence,  sweaty  ; 

ns,  a  reechu  neck.  Shak. 

REED,  H.     [Sax.  Areorf,  reod  ;  G.  ricth ;  D.  riet ;  Goth. 

rauni    Fr.   roseaa;    It,   rcadan;    ])rubably  allied    to 

rod.] 

1.  The  common  name  of  many  aquatic  planLi. 
most  of  them  large  grasses,  witli  hollow,  joinieil 
stems,  such  as  the  common  reed  of  the  genus  Phrag- 
mites,  (formerly  Arnndo,)the  bamboo,  Atc.  'J'he  bar- 
reed  is  of  the  genus  Sparganium  ;  the  Indian  Jlowcv 
ing  reed  of  the  gtnus  Canna. 

*i  A  nmsical  pipe  ;  reeds  being  anciently  used  for 
inetriuneiits  of  music.  Jililton. 

3.  A  little  tube  through  which  a  hautboy,  bassoon, 
or  clarinet,  is  blown. 

4.  An  arrow,  as  made  of  a  reed  headed.    Prior. 

5.  Thatch.  West  of  England. 

6.  A  weaver*a  instrument  for  separating  the  threads 
of  the  warp. 

REED'-€KO\VN-£D,  a.    Crowned  with  reeds. 

Hemans, 
REED'ED,  a.    Covered  with  reeds.  Tusser. 

3.  Formed  with  channels  and  ridges  like  reeds. 
REED'/^X,  (reed'n,)  a.    Consistingof  a  reed  or  reeds  ; 

OS,  reedev  pijtes.  Dnjdcn. 

REED'-GBASS,  ti.     A  plant,  bur-reed,  of  the  genus 

Sparijanium. 
RE-ED-l-FI-CA'TION,  n.     [from  r^edify.]    Act  or 
operation  of  rebuilding  ;  state  of  being  rebuilt. 

D''Jinoille.  'IVans. 
RE-ED' I-FT-£D,  (fide,)  pp.     RebuilU 
RE-ED'I-F?,  V.  U     [Fr.  rUdijier;  re  and  edify.] 

To  rebuild;  to  build  again  after  destruction. 
RE-ED'I-FY-ING,  ppr.    Rebuilding.  [Milton. 

REED'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  reeds ;  as,  rceduss  banks. 

May. 
REED'MACE,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Typha,  also 

called  Cat-tail.  Lee. 

REED'Y,  a.    Aboundnig  with  reeds  j  as,  a  reedy  iwol. 

Thowjion. 

2.  Having  the  quality  of  a  reed  in  tone,l.e.,  harsh 
and  thick,  as  a  voice. 

REEF,  n.  [D.  reef;  Dan.  no  or  rift;  Sw.  ref.  These 
words  coincide  in  orthogra|)liy  with  the  verb  to  rire, 
and  if  from  this  root,  the  primary  sense  is  a  division, 
W.  rkio  and  rhif.  But  in  Welsh,  rhtv  signifies  a 
collection  or  bundle,  and  thick  ;  rhrvut  to  thicken  in 
compass  ;  and  if  from  this  root,  a  reef  is  a  fold,  and 
to  retf  is  to  fold.] 

A  certain  portion  of  a  sail  between  the  top  or  bot- 
tom and  a  row  of  eyelet-holes,  or  between  two  rows 
of  eyelet-holes,  which  is  folded  or  rolled  up  to  con- 
tract the  sail,  when  the  violence  of  the  wind  ren- 
ders it  necessary.  Tvttcn. 

REEF,  n.  [G.  riff;  D.  rif,  a  reef  or  sand-hank,  a  car- 
cass, a  skeleton,     Qu.  W.  rhmu,  to  thicken.] 

A  chain  or  range  of  rocks  lying  at  or  near  the  sur- 
face of  the  water.  Brande. 

REEF,  V.  L  [from  the  noun.]  To  contract  or  reduce 
the  extent  uf  a  sail  by  rolling  or  folding  a  certain 
{Kirtiun  of  it  and  making  it  fa.«t  to  the  yard. 

ToUen. 

REEF'-BAND,  n.  A  pi^ce  of  canvas  sewed  across  a 
sail,  to  strengthen  it  in  the  part  where  the  eyelet- 
holes  are  formed  for  reefing.  T<,Uen. 

REEF'i-M),  (ri;cfl,)7jp.  or  a.  Having  a  portion  of  the 
top  or  bottom  folded  and  made  fast  to  the  yard. 

REEF'Ii\G,>pr.  Folding  and  making  fast  to  the  yard, 
Hs  a  portion  of  a  sail. 

REEF'-LINE,  n.  A  small  ropo  formerly  used  to  reef 
the  courses  by  being  passed  spirally  round  the  yard 
and  Ihruugh  the  holes  of  the  reef.  ToUen. 

REEF'-POIXTS,  n.;j/.  Flat  pieces  of  braided  cord- 
age tapering  toward  each  end  and  passed  through 
the  holes  in  the  reef-band  of  a  sail.  Totten. 

REEF'-TACK-LE,  (tak'l.)  «.  A  tackle  by  which 
the  reef  crin(;les  or  rings  of  a  sail  are  hauled  up  to 
the  vard  for  reefing.  Tutten. 

REEF'Y,  a.     Full  of  reefs  or  rocks 

2.  Scahby.  Grose. 

REEK,  n.  [Sax.  rec ;  D.  rook;  G.  ranch;  Sw.  riJk; 
Dan.  riig.] 

1.  Vapor  ;  stcnni. 

2.  A  rick,  which  see.  Sha}:. 
REEK,  r.  i.     [Sax.  rccaw,  reocan,  D.  rooken,  rviken  ;  G. 

raiuken ;  Sw.  riika ;  Dan.  rogrry  ryger^  to  reek,  to 
smoke  ;  \V.  rkogli^  to  smell.  This  may  be  from  the 
same  root  as  the  L. /ra^ro,  and  all  coinciding  with 

-     "c 
the  Ar.  —   ,)  arecga,  to  diffuse  odor.    The  primary 

sense  is,  to  send  out  or  emit,  to  extend,  to  reocA. 
Class  Rg.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — M£TE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOpK.- 


REE 

To  stenm  ;  to  exhnle  ;  to  emit  vapor  ;  applied  espa^ 
daily  to  the  vapor  of  tvrtaia  titulst  gubattinces,  rather 
tiiun  tu  the  smoke  of  burning  bodies. 

I  ft'unct  me  IaiiI 
In  l^lin?  iweai,  vhich  wilh  hu  U-anu  ( ht.-  sun 
Soon  <ine<i,and  on  the  teking  moiflufr  M.  Atilton. 

Whow  Mood  y«  mk»  ou  my  awoginy  sword.  SmiUl. 

RFEK'IN'G.ppr  or  a     Steaminp;  emitting  vnpor. 
Kfc^EK'V,  a.    Smoky;  soiled  with  smoke  or  steam  ; 

foul.  Shok. 

REEL,  n.     [Sax.  nreoJ,  real.     Soe  Bef.l,  to  stapgfr.] 

1.  A  frame  or  machine  turning  on  an  axis,  and  on 
which  yarn,  threads,  lines,  &c.,  arc  wound  j  as,  a 

og-rw/,  used  hy  seamen  ;  an  ansh'r's  rrrl. 
9.  A  lively  dance  peculiar  to  ScoUaiid.     Brande. 
REEL,  t?.  t.     To  wind  upon  a  reel,  as  yarn  or  thread 
from  the  spindle  WUkins. 

REEL,  e.  i.  [Sw.  r(i^*a.  Uu.  Class  Rg,  or  Ar.  \c  , 
ra^tty  to  lean.     Class  RI,  No.  4.] 

To  stagger;  to  incline  or  move  in  walking,  first  to 
one  side  and  then  tu  the  other  ;  to  vacillate. 

Ho,  wiih  hesTj  fumes  oppress^, 

Reeled  (mm  ihe  palaee,  and  rctirwl  to  iv*st.  Pope. 

Tbey  retl  to  and  fro  and  tLxg^^t  like  a  dnmken  man.  —  Ps. 

CTiL 

RE-ELECT',  r.  U  [r«  and  ehct.]  To  elect  again  ; 
as,  to  re-elect  the  former  governor. 

RR-E-LECT'ED,  pp.     Elected  again  ;  rechosen. 

RE-E-LF,eT'I\G,;jpr.     Electing  again. 

RE-E-LEC'TIOX,  n.  Election  a  second  time,  or  re- 
peated election  \  as,  the  re-election  of  a  former  rep- 
resentative. Siei/t. 

EE-EL-I-6l-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  capacity  of  being 
re-elected  to  the  same  office. 

RE-EL'I-iSl-BLE.  a.  [re  and  e«^ft/«.]  Capable  of 
being  elected  again  to  the  same  offire. 

RE-EM-BXRK',  F.  t.  [re  and  embark.]  To  embark 
or  put  on  board  again. 

RE-E.M-BXRK',  v,  L  To  embark  or  go  on  board  again. 

RE-EM-B.\RK-A'TION,  n,  A  putting  onboard  or  a 
going  on  board  again. 

RE-EM-HARK'fD,  (-b5rkt',);jp.     Embarked  again. 

RE-EM-BARK'ING,  ppr.  Embarking  or  going  en 
hoard  again. 

RE-EM-IIAT'TLE,  v.  t  [re  and  embattie.]  To  array 
again  fur  battle;  to  arrange  again  in  the  order  of 
battle. 

BE-EM-BAT'TLED,  pp.    Arrayed  again  for  battle. 

RE-EM-BATTLI\G,  ppr.  Arranging  again  in  battle 
arri\. 

RE-EM-BOD'I-ED,  (-cm-hod'id,)  pp.  Embodied  again. 

HE-EM-BOD'Y,  v.  U  {re  and  embody.]  To  embody 
again. 

RE-EM-BOD'Y-I\a,  ppr.  Embodying  again. 

REE-MERGE',  v.  i.  To  emerge  after  being  plunged, 
obscnred,  or  overwhelmed.  Chandler. 

RE-E-MERG'ENCE,  n.  The  act  of  emerging  a  sec- 
ond time.  Lyell 

REEM'LXG,  n.  The  opening  of  the  seams  between 
the  planks  of  vessels,  with  a  calking  iron,  for  the 
purpose  of  calking  or  recalking  them  with  oakum. 

Hebert 

RE-EN-ACT',  r.  £.     [re  and  enact.]    To  enact  agam. 

RE-E\-AeT'ED,pp.     Enacted  again.     [Arbuthtwt. 

RE-EN- ACT'ING,  ppr.  Enacting  anew ;  passing 
again  into  a  law, 

RE-EX-AC'TIOX,  n.    The  passing  Into  a  law  again. 

RE-EN-ACT'MENT,  n.  The  enHrting  or  passing  of 
a  law  a  second  time  -,  the  renewal  of  a  law. 

Keif,     ff  heaton^s  Rep. 

RE-E\-FORCE',  p.  «.  [rt  kM  enforce.]  To  strengthen 
with  new  force,  assistance,  or  support ;  as,  to  re-en- 
force an  argument ;  hut  particularly^  to  sirengthen  an 
army  or  a  fort  with  additional  trooi>8,  or  a  navy  with 
additional  rhips.  ^ 

[It  is  written  also  RE-iivroRCE,  but  not  so  cor- 
rectly.] 

EE-EiV  FORCE',  n.  That  part  of  a  pun  near  the 
breech,  whirh  is  made  rtronger  than  Hie  rest.  Totten. 

RE-E.\-F6KC'£n,  C-torsi'.)  p,,.  Strengthened  by  ad- 
ditional force,  troops,  or  ship^. 

RB-E.\-FORCE'ME\T,  n.    The  act  of  re-enforcing. 

2.  Additional  force  ;  fresh  assistance  ;  particularly^ 
additional  troop?  or  force  to  augment  the  strength  of 
an  army  or  of  ships. 

3.  Any  augmentation  of  strength  or  force  by  some- 
thinc  riilded. 

R  E-E.N-FORC'f  NO,  ppr.  Sxrcngihening  by  additional 
forre. 

RF;-R.\-GA6E',  v.  U    To  engage  a  sec  nd  time. 

RE-EN-GAGE',  r.  i.  To  encage  again  ;  to  enlist  a 
»rciM\<\  time  ;  to  covenant  again.  Mifford. 

RE-E.\-GAG'f;D,  ;»p.    Engaged  a  second  lime. 

HE-E\-GAG'IiVG,  ppr.     Engaging  again. 

KE-E.V-J')Y',  r.  i.  [re  and  enjoy.]  To  enjoy  anew 
or  a  )»ec(»nd  time.  Pope, 

RE-EN-JOVKI),  pp.     Enjovcd  again. 

RE-EN-JOV'ING,  ppr.     Enjoying  anew. 

RE-EN-JOY'MENT,  a.  A  second  or  repeated  enjoy- 
ment. 

AE-EN-KIN'm>E,  v.t.  [re  and  enkindle.]  To  en- 
kindle again  ;  to  rekindle.  Taylor. 


REF 

RE-EN-KLN'DLKD,  pp.     Enkindled  again. 

RI'VE.\-KL\'1>LL\G,  ppr.     Enkindling  am-w, 

RE-EN-LIST',  V.  t.     To  enlist  a  second  time. 

RE-EN-LIS'l''EL>,  pp.     Enlisted  anew. 

RE-EN-LISTTNG,  ppr.    Enlisting  anew. 

RE-EN-LI8T'.MENT,  n,     A  second  enlistment. 

RB-EN-STAMP',  v.  t.     To  ensiamp  again.      Bedell 

RE-EN'TER,  v.  t,  [re  and  enter.]  To  enter  again  or 
anew.  It  is  applied,  in  enp-acin^^  to  the  passing  of 
the  graver  into  tliose  incisions  of  the  plate,  so  as  to 
deepen  them,  where  the  acid  has  not  bitten  in  suffi- 
ciently. Brande. 

RK-E\'TER,  r.  i.    To  enter  anew. 

RE-E\'TER-KD,  pp.     Entered  again. 

RE-EN'TER-L\G,p/7r.     Entering  anew. 

2.  a.  Entering  in  return  ;  as,  salient  and  re-enter- 
ing' angles.  P.  Cye. 

RE-EN-THROXE',r.  (,  [re  and  enthrone.]  To  en- 
throne again  ;  to  replace  on  a  throne.         Soutkem. 

RE-EN-THRO\'KI),  pp.     Riiiscd  again  to  a  throne. 

RE-EN-TfIRoNE'ME.\T,  Ti.     A  second  enthroning. 

RE-EN-TIIRON'ING,  ppr.     Replacing  on  a  throne. 

RE-EN'TR.\NCE,  n.  [re  and  entrance.]  The  act  of 
entering  again.  Hooker. 

RE-EN'TRANT,  a.     See  Re-ewterinq. 

REER'MO[J:!^E,  n.     [Sax.  hrercmus.] 
A  rearmouse  ;  a  bat. 

RE^ES-TAB'LISII,  p.  t.  [re  and  establish,]  To  es- 
tablish anew  ;  to  fix  or  confirm  again  ;  as,  to  re-es- 
tablish a  covenant  ;  to  re-€Jitabli^h  health. 

RE-E3-TAB'LISiI-£D,(-e3  Lab'iisbt,)pp.  or  a.  Estab- 
lished or  confirmed  again.  * 

RE-ES-TAB'LISH-ER,«.  One  who  establishes  again. 

RE-ES-TAB'LISIMNG,  ppr.  Establishing  anew  ; 
contirming  again. 

RE-ES-TAB'LISH-MENT,  n.  The  act  of  establish- 
ing again  ;  the  state  of  being  re-established  ;  re- 
newed confirmation ;  restoration.  .Addison. 

RE-ES-TATE',  u,  L  [re  and  estate.]  To  re-establish. 
UVot  used.]  trailer. 

REEVE,  n.     A  bird,  the  female  of  the  ruff. 

REEVE,  V.  t:  prct.  and  pp.  Rove.  In  scamen^s  lan- 
guage^ to  pass  the  end  of  a  rope  tlirough  any  hole  in 
a  block,  thimble,  cleat,  ring-boU,  cringle,  &,c,  Totten. 

REEVE,  rt.     [Sax.  gerefa  ;  G.  gr.if.] 

An  officer,  steward,  or  governor.  It  is  obsolete  ex- 
cept in  compounds  ;  as,  shire-reeoe^  now  written  sher- 
iffs port-reeve^  &c.  Brande. 

RE-EX-AM'I-NA-hLE,  (i  as  ^i,)  a.  That  may  be  re- 
examined or  reconsidered.  Judge  Story. 

RE-EX-AM-IN-A'TION,  n.  A  renewed  or  repeated 
examination. 

RE-EX-A.M'Ii>*E,  tJ.  (.  [re  and  ezamine.]  To  exam- 
ine anew.  Hooker. 

RE-EX-AM'iN-£D,pp,     Examined  again. 

RE-EX-AM'IN-ING,  ppr.     Examining  anew. 

RB-EX-CHANGE',  n.  [re  and  exchange.]  A  renewed 
exchange. 

3.  In  commereBj  the  expense  chargeable  on  a  bill  of 
exchange  or  draft  which  has  been  dishonored  in  a 
foreign  country,  and  returned  to  that  country  in 
which  it  was  made  or  indorsed,  and  then  taken  up. 

Bouvier. 
The  TAte  of  re-txehange  i*  rfyuUled  with  i^wci  to  ihff  drawer, 
al  ih-!  courao  of  exchjiii^  between  Uie  pl.iM  wlitre  ihe  bill 
of  p»cti.»rigii  was  pajraUr,  and  ihe  pbce  wbcie  It  wa«  ilnwa. 
Rttxehange*  can  nut  be  cumul.itcd.  Walah. 

RE-EX-PORT',  r.  (.  [re  and  expoH.]  To  export 
again  ;  to  exi>ort  what  has  been  imported.  In  the 
United  States,  a  drawback  is  allowed  on  commodi- 
lies  re-erpitrted. 

RK-RX'PoRT,  71.     Any  commodity  re-exported. 

RE-EXPOR-TA'TIO.V,  n.  The  act  of  exporting 
what  has  been  imported. 

RE-EX  PORT'ED,  pp.  Exjiorled  after  being  im- 
ported. 

RE-EX-PORT'ING,  ppr.  Exporting  what  has  been 
im[Kirted. 

RE  FASII'ION,  (-fash'nn,)  r.  (.  To  fashion,  form,  or 
mold  into  shape  a  second  time.  MacknighL 

RE-FASiriO\-;:n,  pp.     Fashioned  ag;un. 

RE-FASH'ION-ING,  ppr.     Phaping  a  second  time. 

RE-FECT',  r.  t,  [L.  refectas,  njicio  y  re  and  facio^  to 
make.] 

To  refresh ;  to  restore  after  hunger  or  fatigue. 
[JVof  in  iLsr.]  Brown. 

RE-FEC'TION,  a.     [Fr.,  from  U  rrfeetio.] 

1.  Refreshment  after  hunger  or  fatigue. 

South.     Popf-, 

2.  In  mona.tterie.ty  a  Fpare  meal  or  repast,  Brande. 
RE-FECT'IVE,  a.     RefreHliing  ;  restoring. 
RE-FEGT'IVE,  n.    That  which  refreshes. 
RE-FECT'O-RY,  n.     [Fr.  rrfeetoire.] 

A  room  of  refreshment ;  originally,  a  hall  or  apart- 
ment in  convents  and  monasteries,  where  a  moder- 
ate repfist  Is  taken.  Brande. 
RE  FEL',  V.  t.     [L.  rrfello.] 

To  refute  ;  to  disprove  ;  to  repreRs  ;  as,  to  refel  the 
tricks  of  a  snphister.     [TAttlc  tmcil.]  S/ialc 

RB-FER',  r.  (.  rU  rrfrro  ;  re  and  fero,  to  bear  ;  Fr. 
rrferrer  ;  It  re/crire  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  refcrir.] 

1.  To  direct,  leave,  or  deliver  over  to  another  per- 
son or  tribunal  for  information  or  decision  ;  as  when 
parties  to  a  suit  rr/cr  their  cause  to  another  court;  or 


REF 

the  court  re/cr*  a  cause  to  individuals  for  examina- 
tion and  re|xirt.  A  iK-rson  whose  opinion  is  request- 
ed, sometimes  rifers  tlie  inquirer  to  another  (icrsoa 
or  other  source  of  information, 

S.  To  reduce  a.^  to  the  ultimate  end. 

You  profpM  and  practice  to  nr/er  all  thing;*  to  jouraelf.    Bacon. 

3.  To  reduce  ;  to  assign  ;  as  to  an  order,  genus,  or 
class.  Naturalists  are  sometimes  at  a  loss  to  know 
to  what  class  or  genus  an  animal  or  plant  is  to  be  re- 
ferre/i. 

To  refer  one^a  self',  to  betake  ;  to  apply.  [Little 
used,]^  Shak. 

RE-FER',  V.  i.  To  point  or  have  reference.  Many 
passages  of  Scripture  refer  to  Ihe  peculiar  customs  of 
the  Orientals. 

2.  To  appeal ;  to  have  recourse  ;  to  apply. 

In  ■nits  U  is  good  to  refer  to  aome  friend  of  truaU  Baton. 

3.  To  allude;  to  have  respect  to  by  intimation, 
without  naming.     I  refer  to  a  well-known  fact. 

REF'ER-A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  referred  ;  capable 
of  being  considered  in  relation  to  something  else. 

More. 
S.  That  may  be  assigned  ;  that  may  be  considered 
as  belonging  to  or  related  to. 

It  U  aqttcstion  nmoiig  philoaophcri,  wholher  all  ttie  nttmctloni 
which  obtaU)  between  bodiea  are  referable  to  on"  efrieral 
cause.  NichoUon. 

REP-ER-EE',  n.  One  to  whom  a  thing  is  referred  ; 
particularly,  a  person  appointed  by  a  court  to  hear, 
examine,  and  decide  a  cause  between  parlies,  pend- 
ing before  the  court,  and  make  report  to  the  court. 
In  JVciD  England^  a  rf^ercc  diifers  from  an  arbitrator 
iu  being  appointed  by  the  court  to  decide  in  a  cause 
wtiich  is  depending  before  that  court.  An  arbitrator 
is  chosen  by  panics  to  decide  a  cause  between  them. 
REF'ER-ENCE,  n.  A  sending,  dismission,  or  direc- 
tion, to  another  for  information.  Sicifl. 

2.  Relation  ;  respect ;  view  toward. 

The  Chrisdan  niligion  commands  Bobricty,  leinperancc,  and  mod- 
cratioii,  iu  reference  to  our  appetites  and  puf^slons. 

"nUotaon. 

3.  Allusion  to.  In  his  observations,  he  had  no 
reference  to  the  case  which  has  been  stated. 

4.  In  /aw,  the  process  of  assigning  a  cause  depend- 
ing in  court,  for  a  hearing  and  decision,  to  persons 
appointed  by  the  court. 

REF-ER-EN'TIAL,  a.     That  contains   a   reference; 

that  points  to  something  out  of  itself.  Smart. 

REF-ER-ENI>'A-RY,  n.     One   to  whose   decision   a 

cause  is  referred  ;  a  referee.     [JVot  in  use.]  Bacon. 

2.  An  officer  who  delivered  tlie  royal  answer  to 
petitions.  Harmar. 

3.  In  earhj  history,  ^n  officer  charged  with  the  duty 
of  procuring  and  disputcliing  diplomas  and  decrees. 

Brande. 

RE-FER'MENT,  n.  Reference  for  decision.  [JVot 
utied.]  Laud. 

RE-FER-MENT',  v.  L  [re  and/crmenf.]  To  ferment 
nsain.  Btaekmore. 

RE-FER'R£D,  pp.  Dismissed  or  directed  to  another; 
assigned,  as  to  a  class,  order,  or  cause;  assigned  by 
a  court  to  persons  appointed  to  decide. 

RE-FER'RI-BLE,  o.  That  may  be  referred;  refer- 
able. Brown. 

RE-FER'RING,  ppr.  Dismissing  or  directing  to 
another  for  information  ;  alluding  ;  assigning,  as  to 
a  class,  order,  cause,  &c. ;  or  assigning  to  private 
persons  for  decision. 

RE-FIND',  I'.  (  [re  and  Jliid.]  To  find  again  ;  to  ex- 
perience anew.  Sandijs. 

RE-FINE',  V.  t.  [Fr.  ra^ner ;  It.  ra^nare ;  Sp.  and 
Port,  refinar  :  re  and/ne.] 

1.  To  purify  ;  in  a  general setute;  applied  to  liquors, 
to  depurate  ;  to  defecate  ;  to  clarify ;  to  separate,  as 
litiuor,  from  all  extraneous  mailer.  In  ttiis  sense, 
the  verb  is  used  with  propriety,  but  it  is  customary 
to  use  Fine. 

2.  Applied  to  mctalsyXo  separate  the  metallic  sub- 
Blance  from  all  other  matter,  whether  another  metal 
or  alhiy,  or  any  earthy  substance  ;  in  short,  to  detach 
the  pure  metal  from  all  extraneous  matter. 

1  will  brinj  the  third  part  through  the  fire,  and  will  refine  them 
n«  silver  is  rejitied.  —  Zech.  xiii. 

3.  To  ptirify,  as  manners,  from  what  is  gross, 
clownish,  or  vulgar;  to  polish;  to  make  elegant. 
We  expect  to  see  refined  manners  in  courts. 

4.  To  purify,  as  language,  by  removing  vulgar 
words  and  barbarisms. 

5.  To  purify,  as  taste  ;  to  give  a  nice  and  delicate 
perception  of  beauty  and  propriety  in  literature  and 
the  arts, 

6.  To  purify,  ns  the  mind  or  moral  principles ;  to 
give  or  implant  in  the  mind  a  nice  perception  of 
truth,  justice,  and  propriety,  in  commerce  and  social 
intercourse.  Tliis  nice  perception  of  what  is  right 
constitutes  rectitude  of  principle,  or  moral  refinement 
of  mind  ;  and  a  correspondent  practice  of  social  du- 
ties constittites  rectitude  of  conduct  or  purity  of 
morals.  Hence  we  speak  of  a  refined  mind,  refined 
manners,  refined  principles. 

To  refine  the  heart  or  soul ;  to  cleanse  it  from  all 
carnal  or  evil  aflections  and  desires,  and  implant  in 
it  holy  or  heavenly  affections 


TONE,  npLL,  IJNITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUe G  as  K  ;  G  as  J ;  8  as  Z;  CH  as  PH;  TU  as  In  THIS. 

__  _  __ 


REF 

RE-FIXE',  r.  i.  To  tniprore  in  accuracy,  deJicacy,  or 
in  any  thing  Umt  cuntilitultia  exoetlence. 

Cbaucv  r^/tnai  on  Boeeacg,  mmI  tnemW  his  Morie*.   DryiUn. 

Ym  kl  k  lolU  but  owD  tto  bapp7  lines. 

How  the  wk  bfifkloiH,  bow  tbo  wnae  r^nas  I  Popt. 

3.  To  beeoue  pure ;  to  be  deared  or  feculent  mat- 
ter 

So  tfao  pure,  Bmpid  itmun,  when  fbu?  with  aulai, 
Woiis  Oaea  cteAr,  and  u  il  nuw,  r^/tn»a, 

3.  To  affect  nicety.    Men  sometimes  rf^ne  in  spec- 
ulation beyond  tlie  limits  t^  pfsctical  truth. 

1I«  ouLkes  another  pan^raph  sbout  ottr  r^/t^ing  in  cMitRrrvray. 

RE  FtX'fTD,  ^.orm.  Purified  ;  separated  fVom  extra- 
neous matter  ;  freed  Tmrn  alloy,  &c.,  as  metals  ;  clar- 
ified, as  liquors;  polished;  separated  fhim  whnt  is 
coarse,  rude,  or  improper. 

SB-PtN'ED-LV,  a  Jo.  With  affected  nicety  or  ele- 
gance, ihyden. 

RE-FIX'ED-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  refinf'd  ;  pu- 
ritv  :  n>(inement ;  also,  affected  piiritv.       Barrme. 

RE-FrNE'MENT,  ».  The  art  of  purifying  by  sepa- 
rating fmm  a  sabstance  all  exlraneuiis  nintter ;  a 
clearing  from  dross,  alloy,  dregs,  or  recrement ;  as. 


tbe  rtfoummt  of  metals  or  liquors. 
S.  Tbe  attfe  of  being  pure. 
Tte  nam  bodira  u*  of  &  Irin  to  ^itii  in  tuUOty  and  r«jbirai«ni, 
ibe  OMMv  difuMre  an  Uxy.  NorriM. 

3.  Polish  of  language  ;  elegance  ;  purity. 

FnuQ  Ihe  tiril  wmr  lo  tUs  time,  I  doubt  whriber  lbs  eorruptiona 
la  our  UnpuKfc  kan  out  eqtMlwl  iu  r^/bmwnla.      Sm/L 

4.  Polish  of  manners ;  elegance ;  nice  observance 
of  the  civilities  of  w>cial  intercourse  and  of  graceful 
decorum.  R^Ammfiu  of  niannera  is  often  found  in 
persons  of  corrupt  monils. 

5.  Purity  of  taste  ;  nice  perception  of  beauty  and 
propriety  in  literature  ami  the  arts. 

6.  Purity  of  mind  and  morals  ;  nice  perception  and 
obscr\-ance  of  rectitude  in  moral  principles  and  prac- 
tice. 

7.  Parity  c^  heart ;  the  state  of  the  heart  purifled 
from  sensual  and  evil  affections.  This  r^nemtnt  is 
the  effect  of  Christian  principles. 

8.  Artificial  practice  i  subully  ;  as,  the  r^ntmnts 
of  cunning.  Rogers, 

9.  .\ffeciaiion  of  nicety,  or  of  elegant  tmpmve- 
ment ;  as.  the  r^fin»wttmU  of  reasoning  or  philoiuphy. 

RE-FIX'ER,  a.  One  that  refines  metals  or  other 
things.  BacoH. 

2.  An  improver  in  purity  and  elegance  j  as,  a  re^ 
Jour  of  language.  Sit^fl, 

3.  An  inventor  of  niperfiuous  subtilties  ;  one  who 
is  over  nice  io  di^rimination,  in  argument,  rt:asun- 
ing,  philosophy,  &c 

RE-FIN'ER-Y,  a.    The  place  and  np[iaratu9  for  refin- 
ing nietata. 
RE-fl.N'IXG,  fpr.    Purifying;  separating  from  alloy 

or  any  extraneous  matter;  poli:ihiDg  ;  improving  in 

acrnnicy,  delicacy,  or  purity. 
RE-FIX'I\G,  M.  T'he  act  or  process  of  purifying  ;  par- 

ticuiarti/,  the  purification  of  a  melal  fruiu  an  alloy  or 

other  maUer.  Ittbrrt. 

2.  The  use  of  too  much  refinement  or  subtilty ; 

great  nicety  of  speculation. 
RE-FIT',  p.  t,    [re  and  Jiu]    To  fit  or  prepare  again  ; 

to  repair ;  lo  restore  after  damage  or  decay  ;  as,  to 

rc.jff  ships  of  war. 
RE-FIT',  r.  t.    To  repair  damages.    Admiral  Keppel 

returned  to  Portsmouth  to  refit,  BtUham. 

RE-FIT'ME.VT,  n.     A  second  fitting  out. 
RE-FIT'TED,  pp.     Prepared  again  ;  repaired. 
Ri-%FIT'TI\G,}i;ir.    Re{>.iiring  aAer  damage  or  decay. 
RE-FLE€rr',  V.  t,     [L.  rrfiecto;  re  and  JUdoj  to  bend  ; 

Fr.  rtjUckir;  IL  riJUtUre^] 
To  throw  back  ;  to  cause  lo  return  after  striking 

upim  any  surface;  as,  to  rejUct  light,  heat,  snunil, 

&C.    In  the  rainbow,  the  rays  of  light  ore  rtJUcUd  as 

well  as  refracted. 

Boiiies  doae  loeetb^r  r^Utt  tbdr  own  color.  Dryien. 

RE  FLE€rr',  V.  i.  To  throw  back  light,  heat.  &c  ;  to 
return  rays  or  beams ;  as,  a  reflecting  mirror  or  gem. 

Skak, 

2.  To  bend  back.  Bentlcy. 

X  To  throw  or  turn  back  the  ihiinghla  upon  the 
past  operations  of  the  mind,  or  upon  past  evenls.  We 
r^eet  With  pleasure  on  a  generous  or  heroic  action  ; 
we  reJUxt  With  pain  on  our  follies  and  vices  ;  we  r«- 
^Mt  on  oar  former  thought^),  meditations,  and  opin- 
Mms. 

4.  Toconsider  attentively  ;  to  revolve  in  !be  mind  ; 
to  ctmtemplate  ;  as,  I  will  rijlect  on  this  subject. 

And  M  1  mach  r^Ucied,  much  I  moumed.  Prior. 

In  vrxTf  BCtioa,  rtJUa  up-m  the  end.  Tiu/lor. 

[To  redact  on  things/u^Hrfr,  is  nut  strictly  possible, 
yet  the  word  is  often  used  as  synonymous  with 
MsntTATK  and  CowxeMPLATE.J 

5.  To  bring  reproach. 

Emwi  of  vivea  r%fUa  on  buHWAd  etilL  Dryien. 

To  r^£et  «a  ;  to  cast  censure  or  reproach. 

I  do  D«A  r|te(  fai  tbe  icut  on  the  memoij  of  hia  late  nwlratr. 


time 
JUierbartf, 


REF 

RE-FLi:CT'EU,  pp.  or  a.    Thrown  back;  returned; 

as,  reAfcied  lijiht,  heat,  piound,  Sec. 
RE-FLIXT'ENT,  a.    Bending  or  flying  back  ;  aa,  the 

riy  descendent,  and  my  rejUctent.  Diebu. 

RE-FLECT'l-BLE,  a.     That  may  be    refltcred    or 

thrown  back.  Oregoru. 

RE-FLE€T'ING,  ppr.    Throwing  back,  aa  light,  heat, 

2.  Turning  back,  as  thoughts  upon  themselves  or 
upon  p.-ut  events. 

3.  Rrfieeting  on  ;  casting  censure  or  reproach. 
RE-FLECT'IXG,  a.    Throwing  back  light,  heat,  &c., 

as  a  mirror  or  other  surface. 
2.  Given  to  retiection   or  serious  consideration  ; 

reflective  j  as,  a  reflecting  mind. 

R^FctiHff  tetesarpe-    See  Tblescopk. 
RE  FLECT'IXG  ciR'CLE,    n.     An    instrument    for 

the  nnasureinetit  of  angles  by  reflection.     Brande, 
RE-FLECT'ING-LY,    adv.      With   retlcctiun ;    with 

censure.  Swift. 

RE-FLECTION,  (re-flek'shim,)  n.     [from  reflect.]    A 

turning  back  after  striking  upon  any  surface  ;  as,  the 

reflection  of  liglil,  heat,  or  sound  ;  the  reflection  of  an 

elastic  body.    The  angle  of  incidence  and  the  angle 

q{  reflection  are  always  equal, 

2.  The  act  of  bending  back.  Bentlcy. 

3.  That  whicli  is  reflected. 

Aa  the  sun  in  wmer  we  can  bmr. 

Yet  not  the  anu,  but  hia  reJltcHon  there.  Diyden. 

4.  The  operation  of  the  mind  by  which  it  turns  its 
views  back  upon  ilsel/  and  its  operations  j  the  re- 
view or  reconsideration  of  past  thoughts,  opinions, 
or  decisions  of  the  mind,  or  of  past  events.  Kncye. 

5.  Thought  thrown  back  on  itself,  on  the  past  or 
on  the  absent;  as,  melancholy  reflectiotis;  delightful 
refltetiotts. 

Jofa  r^/!«*fo»w  on  fan  once  flowiahiog  tatale  M  Ova  •nme 
■AiCbDd  and  eneoanged  bini.  Atterbui 

6.  The  expression  of  thought. 

7.  Attentive  consideration  ;  meditation  ;  contem- 
plation. 

Thia  delist  gnva  «ad  improre*  under  thought  and  r*flfc64yn. 

8.  Censure ;  reproach  cast, 

He  died,  and  01  bmjt  no  rol»cfJ«ii  absd 

Iu  poiaouoiH  rettotn  on  tin  loyal  de«d.  Prior. 

RE-FLE€T'IVE,  «.  Throwing  back  images;  as,  a 
r<;lM:<iiM  mirror. 

In  tfac  r^flKliw  atmin  the  aighiog  bnd«, 

Tirvtng  •wr  ctuuina  itapaina.  Prior. 

2.  Considering  the  operations  of  the  mind,  or 
things  iiast ;  as,  reflective  reason.     «  Prior, 

RE-FLEeT'IVE-LY,  adv.    By  reflection. 
RE-FLECT'OR,  «.    One  who  reflects  or  considers. 

Boyle. 
a.  Something  having  a  polished  surface  for  reflect- 
ing light  or  heat,  as  of  a  lamp,  &c 
RE'FLEX,  a.     [L.  reflecus.] 

1.  Directed  back;  relruactive  ;  as,  a  refl.ex  act  of 
the  soul,  the  turning  of  the  intellectual  eye  inward 
upim  its  own  actions.  Hale. 

2.  Designating  the  parta  of  a  painting  illuminated 
by  light  reflected  from  another  part  of  the  same  pic- 
lure.  Encyc, 

3.  In  botany,  bent  back  ;  reflected. 
RE-FLEX%  n.     Reflection.     [J^ot  used.']         Hooker. 

2.  The  light  reflected  from  an  enlightened  surface 
to  one  in  shade.  Omit. 

RE-FLEX',  r.  u     To  reflect.  Sbak, 

2.  To  bend  back  ;  to  turn  back.    [lAtUe  iised.] 

Qregory. 
RE  FLEX'^D,   (re-flekst',)  pp.   or  a.     Reflected  ;  in 

botanti,  suddenly  bent  backward.  Lindley, 

RE-FLEX-I-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  re- 
flexible  or  capable  of  being  reflected;  as,  the  reflczi- 
bilitif  nf  the  ravs  of  light.  JWwton. 

R&FLEX'I-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  reflected  or 
thrown  back. 

The  liffhi  ol  the  aun  connaCs  of  rayi  differentlr  rrfraneible  and 
reJlexiUe.        '  Oi^yru. 

RF^FLEX'IOX.    See  Reflectidw. 
RE-FLEX'I-TV,  n.     Capacity  of  being  reflected. 
RE-FLEX'IVE,  a.     Having  respect  to  something  past. 

Aamnnce  rtjitxive  can  nol  be  a  diyiiir  faith.  Hammond. 

RE-FLEX'IVE-LY,  ado.     In  a  direction  backward. 
Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

RK-FL6AT'.  w.  [re  XiuA  floal.]  Reflux  ;  ebb  ;  a  flow- 
ing back,     [Little  useM.]  Bacon, 

RE-FLO-ltES'CE\CE,  n.  [re  and  flortacenct.]  A 
blos.-ioming  anew. 

RE-FLOUR'Isn,  (re-flur'ish,)  v.  i.  [re  and  flourish.] 
To  flourish  anew.  Milton, 

RE-FLOUR'ISH-ING,  ppr.     Flourishing  again. 

RE-FLOW',  V.  i.  [re  and  flow.]  To  flow  back  ;  to 
ebb. 

RE-FLOW'IXG,  ppr.    Flowing  back  ;  ebbing. 

Darwin. 

RE-FLU€T-lJ-A'TION,  n.    A  flowing  back. 

REF'LU-ENCE,   )  n.      [from    refluent]      A    flowing 

REF'LU-E.\-CY,  i      back.  MonnUiTue. 

REF'LU-ENT,  o.     [L.  reflaens;  re  and^Mo.] 

1.  Flowing  back  ;  ebbing  ;  as,  the  refluent  tide. 


REF 

2.  Flowing  back ;  returning,  as  a  fluid  ;  as,  reflu- 
ent bItKui.  ArbuOmot. 
Rt'FLtJX,  n.    [Fr.,  from  U  refluxus.] 

A  flowing  back  ;  the  returning  of  a  fluid  ;  n.i,  the 
flux  and  r^ux  of  the  tides  ;  the  flux  and  r^ax  of 
the  Euripus.  Brown. 

RE-FOCI  L-LATE,  f-fos'il-lale,)  v.  U  [It.  refvcillare  ; 
Sp.  rffocilar  ;  L.  rejociUo  ;  re  and  the  root  of  focus.] 

To  refresh  ;  to  revive ;  to  give  new  vigor  to.  [Lit- 
tle  used.]  Aubrey. 

RE-FOC-IL-LA'TION,   (  fos-il-la'shun,)  n.     The  act 
of  refVcsbing  or  giving  new  vigor  ;   restoration  of 
strength  by  refreshment.     [Little  used.]   Middleton. 
RE-FO-MEXT',  V.  t.     [re  and  foment.]     To  foment 
anew  ;  to  warm  or  cherish  again.  Cotgravc. 

2.  To  excite  anew. 
RE-FO-ME\T'ED,  pp.     Fomented  or  incited  anew. 
RE-FO-MENT'ING,p;>r.    Fomentinganew ;  exciting 

again. 
RE-FtJRM'.  r.  t.     [Fr.  riformcr;  L.  reformo  ;  re  and 
forrno,  tn  form.] 

1.  To  change  from  worse  to  better  ;  to  amend  ;  to 
correct ;  to  restore  to  a  former  good  state,  or  to  bring 
from  a  bad  to  a  good  state  ;  as,  to  reform  a  profligate 
man  ;  to  reform  corrupt  manners  or  morals. 

Tho  prnmpic  atom*  of  n  vkioria  princ«  will  corrupt  an  »ffe :  but 
th.Tl  of  a  gixwl  one  witi  not  reform  it.  Si»{fl. 

2.  To  change  from  bad  to  good  ;  to  remove  that 
which  is  bad  or  corrupt;  as,  to  reform  abuses;  to 
refonn  the  vices  of  the  nge. 

RE-FOKM',  p.  i.     To  abandon  that  which    is  evil  or 

corrupt,  and  return  to  a  good  stale  ;  to  be  amended 

or  corrected.    A  man  of  settled  habits  of  vice  will 

seldom  reform. 

Re'-FORM',  r.  t.    [re  and  form.]    To  form  again  ;  to 

create  or  shape  anew. 
RE-FORM',  n.     Reformation  ;  amendment  of  what  is 
defective,  vicious,  corrupt,  or  depraved  ;  as,  the  re- 
form of  parliamentary  elections ;  r^orm  of  guvern- 
ment. 

REF-OR-MA'DO,  n,  A  monk  who  adheres  to  the 
reformation  of  his  order.  Weever. 

2.  An  officer  retained  in  his  regiment  when  his 
companv  is  disbanded.  B.  Jonson. 

RE-FORM'AI^TZE,  v.  i.    To  aflect   reformation  ;  to 

pretend  lo  correctness.  Le«. 

REF-OR-MA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  reforming;  cor- 
rection or  amendment  of  life,  manners,  or  of  any 
thing  vicious  or  corrupt ;  as,  the  reformation  of  man- 
ners ;  reformation  of  the  age  ;  reformation  of  abuses. 
Satire  Uahea  vie?  into  refonnalion.  Dryden. 

2.  By  way  of  eminence,  the  change  of  religion  in 
the  Enropean  churches  to  us  primitive  pucily,  begun 
by  Ltither,  A.  D.  1517. 

Ri^-FOR-MA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  forming  anew  ;  a 
second  forming  in  order;  as,  the  re  formation  of  a 
column  of  trooiw  into  a  hollow  square,       Mitford. 

RE-FORM'A-TIVE,  a.  Fonuing  again  ;  having  the 
rjualitv  of  renewing  form.  Good. 

RE-FORM'A-TO-RV,  a.  Tending  lo  produce  reform- 
ation. 

RE-FORM'ii;D,  pp.  or  a.  Corrected  ;  amended  ;  re- 
stored to  a  good  stale  ;  as,  a  reformed  profligate. 

2.  a.  In  eccUsiastical  history,  a  term  denoting,  in 
its  widest  sense,  all  who  separated  from  the  Roman 
Catholic  church  at  the  era  of  the  reformation.  In 
a  more  specific  sense,  it  denotes  those  who  separated 
from  Luther  on  the  doctrine  of  consubslantiation, 
&c.,  and  carried  the  reformation,  as  they  claimed, 
to  a  higher  point.  The  Protestant  churches  founded 
by  them  in  Switzerland,  France,  Holland,  and  part 
of  Germany,  were  called  the  Reformed  churches, 

Rf,'-FORiM'A;D,  pp.     Formed  anew.       [Encxic.  Am. 

RE-FORM'ER,  n.  One  who  effects  a  reformation 
or  amendment;  as,  a  reformer  of  manners,  or  of 
abuses. 

2.  One  of  those  who  commenced  the  reformation 
of  religion  in  the  pixteenlh  century,  as  Luther, 
Melanclithon,  Zuinglius,  and  Calvin. 

RE-FORM'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Correcting  what  is  wrong ; 
amending  ;  restoring  to  a  pood  state. 

Rk'-FORM'I\G,  WT.     Forming  anew. 

RE-FORM'IST,  n.    One  who  is  of  the  reformed  re- 
ligion. Howell. 
2.  One  who  proposes  or  favors  a  political  reform. 

RE-FOR-TI-FI-Ca'TION,7i.  a  fortifying  a  second 
time.  Mitford. 

Rr:-FOR'TI-FI  £D,  pp.     Fortified  anew. 

RE-FOR'TI-FT,  r.  L    To  fortify  anew. 

RE-FOR'TI-FT-ING,  ppr.     Fortifying  again. 

RE-FOS'SION,  (re-fosh'un,)  n.  The  act  of  digging 
"p.  Bp.  Hail. 

RE-FOUND',  V.  t.  [re  and  found.]  To  found  or  cast 
anew.  fVarton. 

RE-FOUND'ED,  pp.     Founded  again. 

RE-FOIINO'ER,  n.     One  who  refounds. 

RK-FOUND'ING,  pj)r.     Founding  again. 

R^)-FRACT',  V.  t.  [L.  refractus,  refringo ;  re  and 
franga,  to  break.] 

To  break  the  natural  course  of  the  rays  of  light ; 
to  cause  to  deviate  frnm  a  direct  course.  A  dense 
medium  refracts  the  rays  of  light,  as  they  pass  into 
it  from  a  rare  medium. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.>T.— METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVR.  WQLF,  BQOK. — 


926 


IIEF 

RE-FRAGT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Turned   from  a  direct 

course,  as  rays  of  light. 

2.  a.     In  botany  and  conckology^  bont  back  at  an 

acute  angle  ;  a.^,  a  refracted  corul.     Marlyn.  Humble. 

RE-FRAeT'ING,  ppr.    Turning  from  a  direct  course, 

2.  a.    That  turns  rays  from  a  direct  course  j  as,  a 

r^racting  medium. 

Refracting  telescope.    See  Telescope. 
RE-FRAe'TlOX,  «.     In  optics,  the  change  in  the  di- 
rt'Ction  of  a  ray  of  light  canned  by  ihe  difference  of 
density  in  the  medium  or  mediums  through  which  it 
passes.  Olmsted. 

R^raciion  out  of  a  mer  ntetJitim  iikto  a  deiuer,  tt  niade  toward 
tbe  perpcudicular.  I^eulon. 

Refraction,  in  mechaniea,  is  more  commonly  called 
Deflection,  which  see.  Barlow. 

Double  refraction ;  the  rL'fraction  of  light  in  two 
directions,  and  conseqiit-nt  production  of  two  distinct 
images.  The  powerof  double  refraction  is  pwssessed 
by  all  cr>'stals,  except  those  of  the  tesst.Tal  or  regular 
svsteni.  Dana. 

RE^FRAeTTVE,  a.  That  refracts,  or  has  power  to 
refract  or  turn  from  a  direct  course  \  pertaining  to  re- 
fraction ;  as,  refractive  densities  or  powers.    JV'ewton. 

RE-FRA€T'0-RI-LY,  ado.     Perversely  ;  obstinately. 

RE-FRAer'O-RI-NESrf,  n.  [from  refractory.]  Per- 
verse or  sullen  obstinacy  in  opposition  or  disobe- 
dience. 

I  ne^er  nllow^l  any  man '«  rtfractori 
and  orden  of  tlie  iiouEe. 

2.  Applied  to  metals,  difficulty  of  fusion. 
RE-FRAeT'O-RY,   a.     [Fr.    refraetaire ;    h.  refracta- 

riiLs,  from  refragor^  to  resist  \    re  and  fragor,  from 
frango,] 

1.  Sullen  or  perverse  in  opposition  ordisobedience  j 
obstinate  in  non-compliance  ;  as,  a  refractory  child  ; 
a  rffractory  servant. 

R;igiiig  appetit'^  that  nre 
Mo9l  dteolfedieut  and  refractory.  Shak, 

3.  Unmanageable  ;  obstinately  unyielding  j  as,  a 
refractory  beast. 

3.  Applied  to  metals^  difficult  of  fusion  ;  not  easily 
yielding  to  the  force  of  heat. 
RE-FRA€T'0-RY,  n.    A  person  obstinate  in  opposi- 
tion ordisobedience.  HalU 
9.  Obstinate  opposition.     rJV**»f  ti5«/.]         Taylor. 
RE-FRa'GA-BLE  or  REF'RA-GA-BLE,  a,      [L.  ref 
ragor;  r«  and  frango.] 

That  may  b«  refuted,  that  is,  broken. 
RE-FRAIN',  e.  t.     [Fr.  refrener;  It  rinfrenare:  L.  re- 
fraua  ;  re  and  fmno,  to  curb  ;  fnEitum,  a  rein.    See 
Reih.] 
To  hold  back ;  to  restrain  ;  to  keep  from  action. 

My  too  —  refrain  ihj  foot  from  Ih^ir  path.  —  Pror.  f. 
Tbeu  jMirpli  cuuld  not  refrain  hiioaeU  belbre  all  tlum  that  Mood 
by.  — UcH.  x\w. 

RE-FRAI.\',  r.  i.  To  forbear;  to  abstain;  to  keep 
one's  Self  from  action  or  interference. 

Refrain  from  thrw  m«n,  and  let  them  alooe.  —  Aclb  r. 

RE-FRAIN',  n.     [Fr.  refrein.] 

The  burden  of  a  song;  a  kind  of  musical  repeti- 
tion. Mason. 

RE^FRXTX'KD,  pp.     Held  back  ;  restrained. 

RE-FRAI.N'ING,  ;»pr.     Holding  back;  forbearing. 

Re  FRAME',  r.  t.     [re  and  frame,}      To  fraine  again. 

RK-FRAM'KD,  pp.     Framed  anew.  {HakewiU. 

KK-KRaM'INO,  ppr.     Frnniing  again. 

RE-FRAN  GI-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [from  refrangible.]  The 
disposition  of  rays  of  light  In  be  refracted  or  turned 
out  of  a  direct  course,  in  pas^iing  out  of  one  trans- 
parent body  or  medium  into  another.  JVetrton. 

RE-FRAiN'Ol  BLE,  a.     TL.  re  and  frango,  to  broak.J 
Capable  of  being  refracled  or  turned  out  of  a  di- 
rect course  in  passing  from  one  medium  to  antfther; 
as  rays  of  light.  r^cke. 

REF-RE-NA'TION,  n.  [See  Refrain.]  The  act  of 
restraining.     [A'Vf  iwed.] 

RE-FRESH',  r.  r.       [Fr.  refraUhir;   re  and  fratchir, 
Unm  fratejif,  fresh;    It.  rinfreseare;   Sp.  and   Port. 
refre^ir.or.     .See  Frksh.I 
1.  To  cool ;  to  aJIay  heat. 

k  dew  coining  aft<;r  a  beat  refrtthtik.  Ecctut. 

S.  To  give  new  strength  to  ;  to  invigorate  ;  to  re- 
lieve after  fatigue  ;  as,  to  refresh  the  body.  A  man 
or  a  beast  is  rtfrcihed  by  ftmd  and  rt^t     Kiod,  xxiii. 

3.  To  revive  \  to  reanimate  after  depression  ;  to 
cheer;  to  enliven. 

For  Ui'-y  hare  rtfrtthtd  my  ipiril  and  yours,  —  I  Cor.  xH. 

4.  To  improve  by  new  touches  any  thing  im- 
paired. 

Thu  rwt  rtfrtth  the  icaly  makes.  Dryden. 

5.  To  revive  what  is  drooping;  as,  rain  r^eake* 
thf*  plantit. 

RE-FRErfli',  n.     Act  of  refreshing.     [JVbi  uaed,] 

Daniel, 

RE-FRE.>H'Kn.  (re-frefhl',)  pp.  Cooled;  invigo- 
rated  ;  nvivi-d  ;  cheered. 

BE-FKESMKR,  n.  He  or  that  which  refreshes,  re- 
vives, or  invigorates.  Thowton. 

RE-FRESH'IXG,  p;>r.  or  a.  Cooling;  Invigorating; 
reviving;  reanimating. 


REF 

RE-FRESH'ING,  n      Refreshment;    relief  after  fa- 
tigue ur  sudering.  Mortimer. 
2.  Refreshment  in  spiritual  things.    Acta  lii.  19. 

RE-FRESH'ING-LY,  adc.  So  as  to  refresh,  or  give 
new  life. 

RE-FRESH'ING-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  refresh- 
ing. 

RE-FRESH'MENT,  n.  Act  of  refi-eshing;  or  new 
strength  or  vigor  received  after  fatigue;  relief  ifter 
suffering  ;  applied  to  the  body. 

2.  New  liie  or  animation  after  depression  ;  applied 
to  the  mind  or  spirits. 

3.  That  which  gives  fresh  strength  or  vigor,  as 
fl)od  or  rest.  South.     Sprat. 

RE  FRET',  n.     The  burden  of  a  song.  DicL 

RE  FRIO'ER  ANT,    a.      [Fr.      See    RErmaERATE.] 

CooIii;g;  allaying  iieat.  Bacon. 

RE-FRIG'ER-ANT,  n.   Among  physicians^  a  medicine 

which  abates  heat,  or  cools. 
RE-FRlG'ER-ATEjC.  £.     [L.  r(frigero ;  re  nuAfrigus, 

cold.] 

To  coo! ;  to  allay  the  heat  of;  to  refresh.    Bacon, 
RE-FRIG'ER-A-TED,  pp.     Cooled. 
RE-FR[<5'ER-A-TING,/.pr.     Allaying  heat ;  cooling. 
RE-FRIG-ER-A'TION,   n.     The  act  of  cooling;  the 

abatement  of  heat ;  state  of  being  cooled.     Bacoju 
RE-FRIG'ER-A-TIVE,  a.     Cooling. 
RE-FRIG'ER-A-TIVE,   n.      A    remedy    that    allays 

heat. 
REFRI6'ER-A-T0R,  n.    An  air-tight  box  for  keep- 
ing articles  cool  in  summer  by  means  of  ice. 
S.  An  apparatus  fur  rapid  cooling,  connected  with 

a  still,  &.C.  Francis. 

RE  FRIG'ER-.V-TO-RY,     a.       Cooling;     mitigating 

heat. 
RE-FKlCi'ER-A-TO-RY,  B.     In    distillation^   a    vessel 

filled    with   Cold    water,  through   which  the  worm 

passes  ;  by  which  means  the  vapors  are  condimsed 

as  they  pasri  through  the  worm. 

2.  Any  thing  internally  cooling.  Mortimer. 
REF-RI-Gk'RI-UM,  n.     [L.]     Cooling  refreshment; 

refrigeration.     [JVut  in  use.]  South. 

REFT,  ;?p.  of  Reave.      Deprived;    bereft.      [J^ot  in 

use.]  Shak. 

S.  pret.  of  Reave.     Took  away.     [JVvt  in  iwe.] 

Spenser. 
REFT,  71.    A  chink.     [See  Rift.] 
REF'i;GE,  71.     [Fr.,   from   L.   refugtum^  r^fugio ;  re 
and  fiigio,  to  fli-e.] 
1.  Shelter  or  protection  from  danger  or  distress. 

—  RocliB,  dt^tia,  aiiil  Ciivt:s,  but  I  in  none  of  these 
Find  pliico  or  refuse.  Milton. 

We  hitve  itiftdi-  lies  our  refuge.  —  Is.  xxtiu. 
We  might  hari?  strong  coimolaiioH,  wlio  \r\ve  flod  for  refUga  to 
lay  bold  on  the  hojx;  set  bcl'ure  u».  —  n(;b.  vi. 

9.  That  which  shelters  or  protects  froifi  danger, 
distress,  or  calamity ;  a  stronghold  which  protects 
by  its  strength,  or  a  sanctuary  which  secures  safety 
by  its  sacredness ;  any  place  inaccessible  to  an 
enemy. 

The  hig'h  hilli  are  a  refuge  for  the  wild  goats,  —  Pa.  c!v. 

Tlie  lord  aUo  will  be  a  r^'uge  for  the  oppressed.  — Ps.  ix. 

3.  An  cx[>cdtcnt  to  secure  protection  or  defense. 

This  last  old  man  — 
Their  latest  refuge  wiis  to  scud  to  him.  StaJt. 

4.  Expedient,  in  general. 

Lig^ht  must  be  inpplWI,  among  grnwful  refuget,  by  termcing 
any  sturj'  in  uang\.-r  of  darbiuss.  H^oUon. 

Cities  of  refuge ;  among  the  Israelites,  certain  cities 
npjKiinled   to  secure  the  safety  of  such  persons  as 
might  commit  homici<le  without  design.    Of  these 
there  were  tiiree  on  each  side  of  Jordan.    Josh.  xx. 
REF'i;t;E,  r.  t     To  shelter;  to  protect. 
REF-U-GEE',  71.     [Fr.  refugi^.] 

I.  One  who  flies  to  a  shelter  or  place  of  safety. 

Dryden. 
Q.  One  who,  in  times  of  persecution  or  pt>litical 
commotion,  llees  to  a  foreign  power  or  country  for 
safety ;   as,  the    French  rcfuireee,  who  left   France 
after  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantes,  and  set- 
tled  in  Fhinders  and  America  ;    the   refugees   from 
Hispaniola,   in    1793 ;    and   the   American  refugees^ 
who  left  ihejr  rouniry  at  the  revtdution. 
RE-FIJL'GE.NLE,    in.      [L.  refulgnut,  refulgeo  i    re 
RE-FUI/GEN-CY,  t      and  fulgeo,  to  shine.] 

A  tlood  of  light ;  pplcndor. 
REFCE'GENT,  a.     Casting  a  bright  light;  shining; 
splendid;   as,  refulgent  beams;   refulgoU  light  j  re- 
fulgeitt  arms. 

A  coiisplcnoit*  and  refulgent  truth.  Boyle. 

RE-FUL'GE\T-LY,  adv.     With  a  flood  of  light  ; 

with  great  brightness. 
RE-FUND',  V.  t.     [  L.  refunilo  ;  re  and  fando,  to  pour.] 

1.  To  pour  back. 

Were  the  humon  of  the  eye  tinctured  with  any  color,  they  would 
refund  that  color  Upon  the  obji^ct.     {Unueuat  or  obtolele.} 

Bay. 

2.  To  repay;  to  return  in  payment  or  compensa- 
tion for  what  has  been  taken  ;  to  restore  ;  as,  to  re- 
fund money  taken  wrongfully  ;  to  refund  money 
advanced  with  interest;  to  refund  the  amount  ad- 
vanced. 


REG 

RE-FUND'ED,  pp.    Poured  back  ;  repaid. 
RE-FUNU'ER,  n.    One  who  refunds. 
RE-FUNU'ING,  ppr.      Pouring  back;  xeturning  by 

payment  or  compensation. 
RE-FCR'IUSH,  V.  t.     To  furbish  a  second  time. 
RE-FUR'HISH-/:D,  (-fur'bism,)  pp.    Furbished  again. 
RE  FUR'lJISH-INt;,  n;»r.     Furbishing  again. 
RE-FCS'A-BLE,  a.     [{rom  ref  use.]     That  may  be  re- 
fused. Young. 
RE-FO'SAL,  w.     The  act  of  refusing  ;  denial  of  any 

thing  demanded,  solicited,  or  ofllered  fur  acceplanct!. 

The  first  refusal  is  not  always  proof  that  the  request* 

will  not  be  ulliniately  granted. 
3.  The  right  of  taking  in  preference  to  others  ;  the 

choice  of  taking  or  refusing  ;   option  ;  pre-emption. 

We  say,  a  man  has  the  refusal  ot  a  farm  or  a  horse, 

or  the  refusal  of  an  employment. 
RE-FOSE',  V.  t.      [Fr.  refuser;  Arm.  reusi,  reusein  ; 

ll.  rijiutare,  rifiL-<uri: ;  Sp.  rehusar ;  Port,  refusar;  h. 

recuso ;  re  and   the  ri>ot  of  cait^or,  to  accuse  ;  cau.ta^ 

cause.     The  primary  sense  of  causor  is,  to  drive,  to 

throw  or  thrust  at,  and  recuso  is  to  drive  back,  to 

repel  or  repulse,  the  sense  of  refuse.] 

1.  To  deny  a  request,  demand,  invitation,  or  com- 
mand ;  to  decline  to  do  or  grant  what  is  solicited, 
claimed,  or  commanded. 

Thus  Edoni  refused  to  give  Israel  passage  throii|^  his  border.  — 

2.  To  decline  to  accept  what  is  olfered  ;  as,  to  re* 
fuse  an  office  ;  to  refuse  an  olTer. 

If  th"y  refuse  to  take  the  cup  at  thy  hand.  —  Jer.  xxv. 

3.  To  reject;  as,  to  r^ase  instruction  or  reproof. 
Prov.  X. 

The  stone  which  Uie  builders  refused  is  become  the  head  of  ibo 
comer.  —  Ps.  cxTiii, 

J\rote.  —  Refuse  expresses  rejection  more  strongly 
than  decline. 
RE-FCSE',  V.  i.    To  decline  to  accept ;  nut  to  comply. 

Too  protid  lo  ask,  too  bumble  to  r^uee.  Oarth, 

REF'USE,  (refyuse,)  a.  [Fr.  refus,  refusal,  denial, 
and  that  which  is  dented.] 

Literally,  refused  ;  rejected  ;  hence,  worthless  ;  of 
ni>  value ;  left  as  unworthy  of  reception ;  as,  the 
refuse  parts  of  stone  or  timber. 

Please  to  bestow  on  him  the  refuse  letters.  Spectator. 

REF'tJSE,  n.  That  which  is  refused  or  rejected  as 
useless;  waste  matter.     Hooker.    Bacon.    Addison. 

RE-FCSE',  n.     Refusal.     [  Obs.]  Fairfax. 

RE-FC»'£D,  pp.    Denied  ;  rejected  ;  not  accepted. 

RE-FOS'ER,  n.     One  that  refuses  or  rejects.      Taylor. 

RE-FOS'ING,  ppr.  Denying;  declining  to  accept; 
rejecting. 

RE-FtJ'TA-BLE,  a,  [from  refute.]  That  may  be  re- 
futed or  disproved  j  that  may  be  proved  false  or  erro- 
neous. 

RE-Fu'TAL,  71.     Refutation.     [Ao(  used.] 

REF-U-TA'TION,  n.    [L.  refutatio.    See  Refute.] 
Tlie  act  or  process  of  refuting  or  disproving  ;  the 
act  of  proving  to  be  false  or  erroneous;  the  over- 
throwing of  an  argument,  opinion,  testimnny,  doc- 
trine, or  theory,  by  argument  or  countervailing  proof. 

Benlley. 

RE-FO'TA-TO-RY,  a.    Tending  to  refute. 

RE-FOTE',  V.  t.  [Fr.  refuter;  L.  refuto  ;  re  and  futo, 
obs.  The  primary  sense  of  futo  is,  to  drive  or 
thrust,  to  beat  back.    Class  Ud.] 

To  tlisprove  and  overthrow  by  argument,  evidence, 
or  countervailing  proof;  to  prove  to  be  false  or  erro- 
neous ;  to  confute.  We  say,  to  refute  arguments,  to 
refute  testimony,  to  refuXe  opinions  or  theories,  to  re- 
fute a  disputant. 

There  w^re  so  niany  witnesses  lo  these  two  miracles  that  it  fs  im- 
possible to  refute  such  iimltitudc-s.  Addison. 

RE-FOT'ED,  pp.  Disproved ;  proved  to  be  false  or 
erroneous. 

RE-FOT'ER,  n.     One  that  refutes. 

RE-FOT'ING,  ppr.  Proving  to  be  false  or  erroneous ; 
confuting. 

RE-GAIN',  V.  t.     \rt  ond  gain  ;  Fr.  regagner.] 

To  gain  anew ;  to  recover  what  has  escaped  or 
been  lost.  Milton. 

RE-GAIN'^D,  pp.    Recovered  ;  gained  anew. 

RE-GAIN'ING,  ppr.    Gaining  anew  ;  recovering. 

Rk'GAL,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  regalis,  from  rex.  Sans. 
raja,  connected  with  rego,  to  govern  ;  Sax.  rccan  or 
reccan,  to  say,  to  reck,  to  reckon,  to  rule,  to  direct; 
the  root  of  right,  L.  rectus.  Sax.  rcht.  See  Reck  and 
Reckon.] 

Pertaining  to  a  king;  kingly;  royal  ;  as,  a  regal 
title  ;  rcgai  aufliority  ;  regal  state,  pomp,  or  splen- 
dor ;  regal  ptiwer  or  sway.  But  we  say,  a  royal  or 
kingly  government,  not  a  regal  one.  We  never  say, 
a  regal  territory,  regal  dominions,  regal  army,  or  re- 
gal navy.     Regal  expresses  what  is  more  personal. 

Rk'GAL,  71.     [Fr.  regale.] 

A  musical  instrument,  a  small,  portable  finger 
organ.     [Disused.]  Bacon. 

RE-GA'LE,  71.     [L.] 

The  prerogative  of  monarchy.  Johnson. 

RE-GALE',  71.  [See  the  verb,  below.]  A  magnificent 
entertainment  or  treat  given  to  embassadors  and 
other  persons  of  distinction.  Encyc. 


TONE,  BI;LL,  tJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  Cfl  as  SII  j  TH  as  In  THIS. 

_         _  _  _ 


REG 

RE-^XLE',  P. /.  [FT.reffalrr;  Sp.  regaJar,  to  repnie, 
to  refrfsb,  t-ntortain,  caress,  cnjolo,  dt-Iiplit,  cherish  ; 
regalarse^  to  entt-rtnin  one's  stjf,  to  laku  pleasure, 
also  lo  melt,  to  be  dissolved  ;  Port,  re^alur^  to  repile, 
to  treat  daintily,  to  delight ;  Ii.  rt-^u/arf,  to  prtstMil 
whh  gills,  lo  reeale,  to  st  nson.  This  word  is  pn>l)a- 
hfy  t  coropouna  of  re  and  the  root  It.  ffalloria.,  a 
tnoepoct  of  joy,  gallart^  to  exult,  j^a/a,  ornament, 
Port.  gaVu^,  mirth,  good  cheer,  ^'p.  irallardo^  pay, 
Fr.  fr,ull,:nt,  &c.  In  Russ.  jaluyu  signilies  lo  repale, 
to  gratify  with  presents,  lo  visit,  &c.  The  primary 
0  sense  is,' to  excite,  to  rouse  and  be  brisk,  or  to  ^hoot, 
leap,  cl.Trt,  or  nish.  We  pn>bably  see  tlie  same  root 
in  the  Kiig.  ealf^  fratiant^  Gr.  d>a>Aiab>,  Fr.  jo/i. 
Ens- jotivy  ""^  '"  many  other  words.] 

To  refreah  ;  lo  entertain  with  something  that  de- 
lights;  to  (rmtify,  as  the  senses;  as,  to  re^raU  the 
taste,  the  eye,  or  the  ear.  The  birds  of  the  forest 
rttrtjU  us  with  their  stnips. 

RE-GaLE',  r.  L    To  fea^t ;  to  fare  snmptuously. 

RG~GAL.'£1K  pp.     Refreshed  ;  entertained;  gratified. 

R£-(:ALE'ME.NT,  «.  Reiredhmeut ;  entettaiument ; 
pratifiration. 

R£-GA'LI-.\,  ».  pi.    [I*.,  from  mx,  king.] 

1.  Ensipns  of  royalty  ;  the  apparatus  of  a  corona- 
tion ;  as  the  crown,  scepter,  &c. 
S.  In  iotr,  the  rights  and  prerogatives  of  a  king. 
Blackstone, 
3.  Rrgaiia  of  a  ehttrcK ;  the  privileges  granted  to  it 
by  king«;  »&autimes,  its  patrimony.  Brande. 

RE-GJL'IXG,  ppr,  Refreshiugj  entertaining  ;  grati- 
fy in  p. 

RE-GAL'I-TV,  a,     [from  L.  recalls;    It.  radtd;    Fr. 
rvyaut^.] 
Royalty ;  sovereignty  ;  kingship. 

He  wtnf  putlj  In  I't  ibe  iwoitl,  uttl  tud  higfa  oocngt  In  nil 
{wia'j  of  rtgatity.  Baton, 

R^'CAL-LY,  mdv.    In  a  royal  manner.  MilUn, 

RE-GXRD',  tJ.  L  [Fr.  rtgardrr :  It.  rigngrdmrei  from 
Fr.  eordtTy  to  guard,  ke«p,  defend  ;  It.  gmardurt^  to 
guard,  to  look,  view,  behold,  to  beware,  to  take 
heed  ;  to  discern.  I'he  primary  sent^e  of  ifusrd  is  to 
dri\'e  off  or  repel,  and  thus  to  pn>tect,  or  to  bold, 
keep,  rt^tatn  ;  prt>t>ably  the  former.  To  regard  is  to 
extend  or  direct  the  eye  to  an  object,  or  to  hold  it 
in  view.  We  observe  a  somewhat  similar  proem 
of  deriving  the  een^*  of  looking,  in  the  It.  sccrUiy 
seen,  perceived,  prudent,  ptiided,  convoyed,  wary, 
crafty,  discerning,  and  as  u  noun,  an  abridgment^ 
Moria,  a  guide,  an  fjfcort,  a  guard.] 

I.  To  look  toward  ;  to  point  or  be  directed  toward. 

U  b  *  peaittfuU  wliich  ng-uiUtk  the  uma  Und.  AiiWy*. 

S.  To  observe ;  to  notice  wftli  kuro  particalarity. 

IT  Buch  foa  note  Um, 
TMflflhM)  Mb;  fcrd  wkI rtfvd  Um  aoC  ShaJt, 

3.  To  attend  to  with  respect  and  estimation ;  to 
Talue. 

*nb  u{«ei  of  ninip, 
Tv  bMH  rtgurd»i  vufim  vl  juui  duna 
B«««lDnd.  SkaJt. 

4.  To  attend  to  as  a  thing  that  aflectj  onr  Interest 
or  happiness;  to  fii  the  mind  on  as  a  matter  of  im- 
portance. He  docs  not  Tfirard  the  pain  he  ftiels,  lie 
does  not  ^fgard  the  loss  he  has  sulTered.  He  regards 
only  the  interest  of  the  cumnniniiy. 

5.  To  esteem  ;  lo  hold  in  res(:)ect  and  afToction. 
The  people  rf^ard  their  pastor,  and  treat  hiui  witli 
great  kindness.    2  ITtng^g  iii. 

6.  To  keep  j  to  observe  with  religious  or  solemn 
attention. 

lie  Ibit  rvfor^^  tba  (h^,  rtgardtdk  It  to  ibe  LonL  —  Ram. 
xir, 

7.  To  attend  to  as  something  to  influence  our 
conducL 

He  ibaUrvfoHiA  iheUoudbdMllBot  mp.*   Eccb!«.  xL 
&  To  consider  seriously  ;  to  lay  to  beait. 

Thrjf  rrfonf  not  the  »-orti  of  the  Lord.  —  la.  r. 

9.  To  notice  \vilh  pity  or  concern.    DfuL  xxviii. 

10.  To  notice  favoraldy  or  with  acceptance ;  to 
hear  and  answer. 

He  will  ngwd  the  prmjtr  of  (be  desdlulp.  —  Pt.  ait 

II.  To  love  and  esteem  ;  to  practice;  as,  to  regard 
iniquity  in  the  heart.    />«.  Izvi. 

li  To  respect ;  to  have  relation  to,  or  bearing 
npon.  The  argument  does  not  regard  the  question. 
[Rare.] 

To  regard  the  person  :  to  value  for  outward  honor, 
wealth   or  power.    Matt.  xxii. 
RE-GXRD'.  a.     [Fr.  regard :  It.  riguardo,] 

1.  Look  ;  aspect  directed  to  another. 

Bui  ber  with  mm  rtgmrd  b*  Otm  Kpdied.  Milton, 

{Stari^  or  fwJc  qhsottit.) 

S.  Attention  of  the  roind  with  a  feeling  of  interest. 
He  has  no  regard  to  the  interest  of  society  ;  his 
motives  are  wholly  selfish. 

3.  Respect ;  esteem  ;  reverence  ;  that  view  of  the 
mind  which  springs  from  value,  estimable  qualities, 
or  any  thing  that  excites  admiration. 

With  ■orae  rwmrrf  to  what  is  \ML  auJ  lifiit, 
TbeyTl  lead  t£clr  \\t*%.  MOom. 

To  bun  Iber  bad  rtgard,  braanv  of  k>n;  time  he  bad  bBwiichcd 
tbem  with  aoreeiiea.  —  Aa»  tuL 


REG 

4.  Respect ;  account. 

Cttang?  *-as  ttioiif  lit  ii«>c««uir7  in  rtgnrd  uf  the  injury  (h--  church 
rci>-iri.\i  ly  A  number  of  litiufa  then  la  uw.  JUooktr, 

5.  Relation ;  reference. 

To  |>  r»iu»ile  iSifin  lo  piimra  and  ppT»nM»  In  Ttrtue,  In  regard 
to  tlK-iti»clvf^ ;  in  Ju«ii;.'  nnti  fooUttMs,  iu  rtgant  to  Iheir 
n«'i£hbi>ra  ;  und  pk-iy  IowkhI  God.  Wattt. 

6.  Note  ;  eminence  ;  account. 

/  lae  rerl&gb  wm  «  man  of  meancM  regard  a.nion;  tbcra. 

7.  Matter  demanding  notice.  Spender. 

8.  Prosjiect ;  object  of  sight.  [JWe  proper^  nor  in 
vsr,]  S/iaJi, 

9.  In  tSe  £r£>-/ja-A  forest  Ltwn,  view  ;  inspeclion. 
Court  of  rfgard,fir  yHrceij of  d^gs ;  i\  forest  court  in 

England,  held  every  third  year  for  the  hiwlng  or 
expeditation  of  masiiir«.  that  is,  for  cutting  off  the 
claws  and  ball  of  the  fore  feet,  lo  prevent  Ihem  from 
running  after  deer.  BtackMone. 

RE-GXRD'A-ULE,  a.    Observable;  worthy  of  notice. 
Broten.     Ctirac. 

RE-GARD'A\T,  a.  In  Iatr,n  villain  regardant  is  one 
annexed  to  the  manor  t»r  land.  Blackntone. 

3.  In  heraUIry,  looking  iK^liind  ;  as,  a  lion  or  other 
beast.  Kncye. 

RE-GARD'ED,  pp.  Noticed;  observed;  esteeihed  ; 
reaper  tetl. 

RE-GXRD'ER,  n.     One  that  regards. 

2.  In  Englkih  /aw,  the  repardi-r  of  the  forest  was 
an  olJicer  whose  business  was  to  view  the  forest,  in- 
Bix-ct  the  olficers,  and  inquire  of  all  offenses  and 
defaults. 

RE-GAltD'F|;L,a.  Taking  notice;  heedful;  observ- 
ing witii  cnro ;  attentive. 

Let  a  titan  U-  very  l^ndpr  and  rtfard/ul  of  evtiy  plom  motion 
made  iff  the  Spirit  of  God  on  hi*  bmn.  South, 

RE-GXRD'FIJL-LY,  adv.     AtlenUvely  ;  heedfullv. 

2.  Respectfully.  Shuk. 

RE-GARI>'I>fG,    pjtr.      Noticing  ;    considering    with 

care;  attending  to;  observing;  esteeming;  caring 

for. 
2.  Respecting;  concerning;  relating  to. 
RE-GARD'LE^r?,   a,     Not   looking  or  attending  to; 

heedless  ;  negligent ;  careless  ;  as,  regardless  of  life 

or  of  health ;    regardless  of   danger ;    regardless  of 

consequences 

Regard!***  of  the  lillu  whi^n^ln  he  ml.  AlUton. 

9.  Not  regarded  :  slighted.     [Rare-.]       Spectator. 

RE-t;ARD'LESS-LY,  adv.  Heedlessly ;  carelessly; 
negligently. 

R EGA RU'LESS. NESS,  n.  Heedlessness;  Inatten- 
tion ;  negligence.  H'kitloek. 

R&GATU'ER,  c.  L  To  gather  or  collect  a  second 
time.  B,  Trumbull. 

RK-GATU'ER-ED,  pp.    collected  again. 

RE-GATII'ER-IN<i,  ppr.    Gathering  a  second  time. 

RE-GAT'TA,  h.     [IL  rrgalta.] 

A  rowing  match  in  which  a  number  of  boats  are 
rowed  for  a  prize. 

RP.'GEL.  >  n.    A  fixed  star  of  the  first  magnitude  in 

RrCEL,   \       Orion»8  left  foot. 

R£'GE.\-CY,  n.     [h.  regensy  from  rego^  lo  govern.] 

1.  Rule;  authority;  governnteiit.  Hooker. 

2.  The  suae  or  condition  of  a  regent. 

3.  Vicarious  goveninitnt.  Temple, 

4.  The  district  under  tlie  jurisdiction  of  a  vice- 
gerent. Milton. 

5.  The  body  of  men  intrusted  with  vicarious  gov- 
ernment ;  as,  a  rege.»ey  constituted  during  a  king's 
minority,  insanity,  or  absence  from  the  kingdom. 

RF^GE\''ER-A-C\\  n.  [f?ee  REOEifERATE.J  The 
st:ite  of  being  regenerated.  Hammond. 

RE-GEN'ER-aTE,  r.  f.  [L.  regenero;  re  and  geuero. 
See  Generate.] 

1.  To  generate  or  produi'e  anew;  to  form  into  a 
new  and  better  slate;  to  reproduce. 

Throrijii  all  Ui^  aoti  a  j:cnuvl  ftTiinit  •preadB, 

RegejttraUt  the  ^:inU  und  ne*  adonm  Ihx  mrnds,   Bladcmore. 

2.  In  theology^  to  renew  the  heart  by  ri  change  of 
affections;  to  change  the  heart  and  affections  from 
natural  enmity  to  the  love  of  God;  to  implant  holy 
affuctions  in  the  heart.  Scott.    AddUon. 

RE-GEN'ER-ATE,  o.     [L.  regeneratus.] 

1.  Keproduced.  Shak. 

2.  Bom  anew  ;  renovated  in  heart;  changed  from 
a  natural  to  a  spiritual  state.  MUtoa,     Wake, 

RE-GE.V'ER-a-T£D,  pp.  or  a.    Reproduced. 

2.  Renewed  ;  born  again. 
RE-6E.\'ER-ATE-NESS,  n.     The  state  of  being  re- 
gene  ri  ted. 
RE-GE.\'ER-.^-TING,  ppr.  or  a.    Reproducing  ;  form- 
ing into  a  new  and  better  state. 

9.  Renovating  the  nature  by  the  implantation  of 
holv  affectit»n5  in  tlie  he^irt. 
RE-C.E.\-ER-A'TIOX,   n.     Reproduction;  the  act  of 
forming  into  a  new  and  better  stitc. 

a.  In  theology^  new  birth  by  the  grace  of  God  ; 
that  change  hy  wliich  the  will  and  natural  enmity 
of  man  to  God  and  his  law  are  subdued,  and  u 
principle  of  snprein-i  love  to  God  and  his  law,  or  holy 
affections,  are  implanted  in  the  heart. 

He  a.Keil  ua  hy  ihe  Witsliing  tit  regeneration  and  renewing  of  the 
Holy  Si>iril.  —  Tit.  iii.  , 


REG 

RE-GEX'ER-A  TORY,  n.  Renewing  ;  having  the 
power  to  renew  ;  tending  to  reproduce  or  renovate. 

Faber. 
RE'tiENT,  a.    [L.  reg^ns,  from  rego^  to  nilo.j 

1.  Ruling ;   governing  ;  as,  a  regent  principle. 

Hale. 

2.  Exorcising  vicarious  authority.  Milton. 
Queen  regent;  a  queen  who  governs;  opposed  lo 

mteea  ronsort. 

RE'GENT,  n.  A  governor;  a  ruler;  m  a  general 
scjt^'e :  as  I'riel,  regent  of  the  sim.  Milton^ 

a.  One  invested  with  vicarious  nnthoriiy  ;  one 
who  governs  a  kingdom  in  the  minority,  absence, 
or  disability  of  the  king.  Brande. 

3.  In  the  English  universities,  the  regents,  or  re- 
gr/itrsy  are  members  of  the  university  wlio  have  cer- 
tain peculiar  duties  of  instruction  or  government. 
At  Cambridge,  all  resident  M;u»ters  of  Arts,  tpf  lens 
than  four  years'  standing,  and  all  Doctors  of  less 
than  two,  are  Regents.  At  Oxford,  the  period  of 
regency  is  shorter.  At  both  universities,  those  of  a 
more  advanced  standing,  who  keep  their  names  on 
the  coIlece-b(H>k8,  are  called  non-regents.  At  Cam- 
bridge, the  regents  compose  the  up[>er  house,  and 
the  non-regents  the  lower  house  of  the  senate  or 
governing  body.  At  Oxford,  the  regents  compose 
the  congregation^  which  confers  degrees,  anil  does 
the  ordinary  business  of  the  university.  'Jhe  re- 
gents and  non-regents,  collectively,  compose  the 
coni^ocaiiony  which  is  the  governing'  body  in  the  last 
resort.  Cam.  CoU.     Orf.  Guide. 

4.  In  the  State  of  JVetB  York,  the  memher  of  a  cor- 
jmrate  body  whicti  is  invested  with  the  superintend- 
ence of  all  the  colleges,  academies,  and  srhotds  in 
the  State.  This  board  consists  of  twenty-one  mem- 
bers, who  are  called  "  (Ae  regents  of  the  university 
of  the  State  of  JVew  York."  They  are  app«>inted  and 
removable  by  the  legislature.  They  have  power  to 
grant  arts  of  incorporation  for  colleges,  to  visit  and 
insjK'ct  all  colleges,  academies,  and  schools,  and  lo 
make  regulations  f(»r  governing  the  same. 

Stat.  JWw  York. 
Rk'GEXT-ESS,  n.     A  protectress  of  a  kingdom. 

Cotgrare. 
RE'GENT-SniP,  n.    The  power  of  governing,  or  the 
office  of  a  regent. 
2.  Deputed  authority.  S/iak. 

RE-GEUM'IN-ATE,  v.  i.  [re  and  germinate.]  To 
germinate  again. 

Perennial  piniila  regenninaU  icventl  yeare  sncceuivcly.     tte. 

RR-GERM'IN-A-TING,  ppr.    Germinating  anew. 

RF:-CiEKM-IN-A'TIO\,  Tt.  A  sprouting  or  germina- 
tion aiu'W. 

RE-GEST',  n.     A  register.     [JV*o(  in  use.,]        Milton. 

RE6'l-iiLE,  a.     Govcniable.     [JVot  in  use.]        Diet. 

REG'I-CIDE,  n.  [It.  and  Sp,regicida;  hr.  regicide; 
L.  rex,  king,  and  cado,  to  slay.] 

1.  A  king-killor;  one  who  murders  a  king. 

Ih-tjffen. 

2.  The  kilhng  or  murder  of  a  king.  J'Vp^. 

3.  A  name  of  reproach  given  to  the  judges  who 
condemned  Charles  I.  of  England. 

RR-GLME't  (ra-zheem',)  n.     Mode  of  living;  govern- 
ment ;  administration. 
REG'1-MEN,  ti.     [L.,  from  rego,  to  govern.] 

1.  In  medicine,  the  regulation  of  diet  wuJi  a  view 
to  the  preservation  or  restoration  of  health  ;  or,  in  a 
more  general  sense,  the  regulation  of  all  the  non- 
naturals  for  the  same  purposes.  Encyc. 

2.  Any  regulation  or  remedy  which  is  intended  to 
produce  bi^nelicial  effixts  by  gradual  operation.  Hume. 

3.  In  grammar,  governinenl ;  that  pitrt  of  syntax 
or  construction,  which  regulates  the  dependency  of 
words,  and  the  alterations  which  one  occxsions  or 
requires  in  another  iu  connection  with  it ;  the  words 
governed. 

4.  Orderly  government ;  svstem  of  order. 
REG'I-MEN'i',  n.     [L.  regimen.] 

J.  In  vtilitary  affairs,  a  body  cf  men,  either  horse, 
foot,  or  artillery,  commanded  either  by  a  colonel  or 
lieutenant-colonel,  and  by  a  major,  and  consisting  ttf 
a  number  of  companies,  usually  from  eight  to  ten. 

2.  Government;  mode  of  ruling;  rule;  authority; 
as  used  by  Hooker,  Hale,  and  others.  \_lVkotly  obso- 
lete,] 
REG'I-MENT,  r.  (.  To  form  into  a  regiment  or  into 
regiments  with  proper  officers.  [A  militanj  use  oftht 
Viird.]  Washington.      Smollett. 

REG-I-SlEXT'AIi,  a.  Belonging  to  a  regiment;  as, 
regimental  officers  ;  regimental  clotliing. 

Re6-I-MENT'.ALS,  n.  pL  The  uniform  worn  by  the 
troops  of  a  regiment. 

REG'I-MENT-ED,  pp.  Formed  into  a  regiment ;  in 
corporated  with  a  regiment.  Washington. 

Re'GION,  (rC'jun,)  n.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  rugun;  It.  re- 
gione ;  L.  regio ;  Ir.  crioch,  with  a  prefix  ;  from  the 
root  of  reach,  reck,  Ij.  rego.]     ■ 

].  A  tract  of  land  or  space  of  indefinite  extent, 
usually  a  tract  of  considerable  extent.  It  is  some- 
limes  nearly  synonymous  with  CouNTar  ;  as,  all  the 
region  of  Argob.     DeuL  iii. 

He  had  dominion  over  all  the  rv^ion  on  this  aide  the  rirer.  —  I 
Kingi W. 


FATE.  FAR,  FALL,  WH.AT MeTE,  PKEY.  — PTXE,  MARtXE,  RIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.- 


REG 

So  we  speak  of  the  airy  region,  the  ethereal  re- 
gionsy  the  upper  reg-ions,  the  lower  regions. 

2.  The  inhabitants  ot'  a  region  or  district  of  coun- 
try.    MaU,  iii. 

3b  A  part  of  the  body  j  as,  the  region  of  the  heart 

A,  Place  i  rank.  [or  liver. 

H«  is  of  too  high  a  rtgion.    [ETiuuua/.]  Shak. 

RE6'IS-TER,  n.  [Fr.  registre,  rehire;  Low  h.  re- 
ffistrum,  from  re^ero,  to  set  down  in  writing  ;  re  and 
gero,  to  carry.  But  Spelinan  considers  the  word  as 
formed  of  re  and  Norm,  g^ister  or  giser^  to  lay,  and 
equivalent  to  reposiUtry.] 

1.  A  written  accouiit  or  entrj'  of  acts,  judgments, 
or  proceedings,  fnr  preserving  and  conveying  to  fu- 
ture times  an  exact  knowledge  of  transaction:*.  The 
word  approprinteiy  denotes  an  official  account  of  the 
proceedings  of  a  public  body,  a  prince,  a  legislature, 
a  court,  an  incorporated  company,  and  tlie  like,  and 
in  this  use  it  is  synonymous  witli  Record.  But  in 
a  lax  sense,  it  signifies  any  account  entered  on  paper 
to  preserve  the  remembrance  of  what  is  done, 

2.  The  book  in  which  a  register  or  record  is  kept ; 
as,  a  parish  register;  also,  a  list  j  as,4be  register  of 
Boanien. 

3.  [Low  L.  registrariu-t,]  The  officer  or  person 
whose  business  is  to  write  or  enter  in  a  book  ac- 
counts of  transactions,  particularly  of  the  acts  aiid 
proceedings  of  courts  or  other  public  bodies  ;  as,  the 
register  of  a  court  of  probate  ;  a  ri^ister  of  deeds. 

4.  A  lid,  stopper,  or  sliding  plate,  in  a  furnace, 
Btovo,  &c  ,  for  regulating  the  admission  of  air  and 
the  heat  of  the  fire. 

5.  The  !ni:er  part  of  the  mold  in  which  types  are 
caM. 

6.  In  printiiti^y  the  correspondence  of  columns  on 
the  opposite  sidej  of  the  sheet. 

7.  A  sliding  piece  of  wood,  used  as  a  stop  in  an 
organ. 

8.  In  comme.-cf,  a  document  issued  by  the  custom- 
house, containir.g  a  description  of  a  vessel,  its  name, 
tonnage,  country,  ownersliip,  &c.,  always  to  be  kept 
on  board  on  a  foreign  voyage,  as  evidence  of  its  na- 
tionality. Coasting  vessels  are  enrolled,  not  regis- 
tered. Bouvier. 

Parish  registrr:  a  book  in  which  are  recordt-d  the 

baptisms  of  children,  and  the  marriages  and  burials 

of  the  parish. 
RE6'IS-TER,  r.  L    To  record  ;  to  write  in  a  book  for 

preserving  an  exact  account  of  facts  and  proceed- 

mgs.    The  Greeks  and  Romans  registered  the  names 

of  all  children  born. 
2.  To  enroll ;  to  enter  in  a  list.  Milton. 

REO'IS-TER-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Recorded  in  a  book  or 

regi«ier ;  enroIlL-d. 
REG'I.S-TER-IN'G,  ppr.     Recording;  enrolling. 
REG'IS-TER-SHIP,  n.    The  office  of  register. 
REG'IS-'l'RAR,      j  B.     A  secretary  nr  register  ;  $.fp«- 
REG'IS-TRA-RY,  ^      c/ai/y,  an  officer  in  the  English 

universities,  who  has  the  keeping  of  all  the  public 

records,  Kncyc. 

REfi'lJ*-TRAR-SFIIP,  n.    The  office  of  a  registrar. 
REG-Ir^-TRA'TIOX,  n.      The  act  of  inserting  in  a 

recitpr.  H'alsh. 

REG'IS-TRY,  n.    The  act  of  recording  or  writing  in 

a  register ;  enrollment. 

2.  The  place  where  a  register  U  kept. 

3.  A  series  of  f  icts  recorded.  Temple. 
RS'i^l'C/Jf  DO'J^l/M,[L.]     The  royal  gift;   a  sum 

of  money  eranlod  yearly  by  the  Englisli  crown  in 

aid  of  the  Presbyterian  clergy  of  Ireland.    Bramle. 
RE'6I-US  PRO  FESS'OR,  n.   jL.]     A  name  given  to 

the  incumbents  of  those  professorships  which  have 

been  founded  by  roval  bounty. 
REG'L/:-MENT,  (reg'I-ment,)  n.     [Fr.]     Regulation. 

fjV'ot  used.]  Bacon. 

REG' LET,  n.     [Fr.,  from  rigUy  nile,  L.  regttla,  rego  ] 

1.  A  flat,  narrow  molding,  used  chiefly  to  secarale 
the  parti  or  members  of  contpnrtmtnts  or  panels 
from  one  another,  or  to  form  knots,  frt;t3,  or  other 
ornaments.  Qwilt. 

2.  A  ledge  of  wood  exactly  planed,  Ufted  by  print- 
eri  to  separate  lines  and  make  the  work  more  open. 
It  is  thicker  than  a  lead,  and  is  used  for  the  same 
purpose. 

REG'NAN-CV,  n.     Reign  ;  predominance. 
REG'NANT,  a.    [Fr.,  fnmi  rfgtter^  L.  rfgno,  to  reign.] 
1.  Reigning  ;    exercising   regal    authority  ;    as,   a 
queen  regnanL     The  modern  phrase  is  queen  regent. 

tViiUon. 
Q.  Ruling;    predominant;    prevalent;    having  the 
chief  power  ;  as,  vices  regnant.     We  now  say,  reign- 
ing view.  Sieift. 
RE-GOROE',  (re-gorj^)  p.  ^      [Fr.  regorger;  re  and 

1.  To  vomit  up;  to  eject  from  the  stomach  ;  to 
throw  back  or  out  again.  Hayward. 

2.  To  swallow  again.  Dryden. 

3.  To  swallow  eagerly.  Milton. 
RE-GORG'ED,  (re-gorjd',)  pp.     Ejected  agAin  from 

Ihfi  stnmach  or  a  deep  place. 
RE-GRADE',  r.  i.     [L,  regredior ;  re  and  gradior^ta 


»"i 


o  Mtire  ,  to  go  back.    [J^ot  used.] 


Hales. 


REG 

R£-GRAFT',  V.  L     [re  and  gr^ft.]     To  graft  again. 
Bacon, 

Re-GRXFT'ED,  pp.    Crafted  again. 

RK-GRXFTa.VG,  ppr.     Grafting  anew. 

R£-GRANT%  r,  U     [re  and  grant.]     To  grant  back. 

Jiylifft. 

RE-GRANT',  n.  The  act  of  granting  back  to  a  former 
proprietor. 

Rk-GRANT'ED,  pp.     Granted  back. 

Rl>GRANT'ING,  ppr.     Granting  back. 

RE-GRATE',  r.  t.  [Fr.  rcgrattFr,  to  scratch  again,  to 
new-vamp,  to  r<^o/f,  or  drive  a  huckster's  trade  ; 
re  and  gratter,  to  grate,  to  scratch,  to  rake.] 

1.  In  masonry,  to  remove  the  outer  surface  of  an 
old  hewn  stone,  so  as  to  give  it  a  fresh  appearance, 
9.  To  offend  ;  to  shock.  [Little  used.] 
3.  To  buy  provisions  and  sell  them  ngain  in  the 
same  market  or  fair;  a  practice  which,  by  raising 
the  price,  is  a  public  offense  and  puni^linhle.  Re- 
^oting  differs  from  engro.^sing  and  monopolizing ^ 
which  signify  the  buying  the  whole  of  certain  arti- 
cles, or  large  quantities,  and  from  forestalling,  which 
signifies  tlie  purchase  of  provisions  on  the  way,  be- 
fore they  reach  the  market.  Blackstme. 

RE-GRAT'ER,  w.  One  who  buys  provisions  and  sells 
tlieni  in  the  same  market  or  fiir. 

RE-GRAT'I.\G,  ppr.  Purchasing  provisions  and  selling 
them  in  the  same  market. 

RE^GRAT'iNG,  n.  In  masonr\t,  the  process  of  remov- 
ing the  outer  surface  of  an  oid  hewn  stone,  so  as  to 
give  it  a  fresh  appearance.  Gwilt. 

RlC-GREET',  V.  t,  [re  and  greet.]  To  greet  again  ; 
to  resalute.  Shak. 

RK-GREET',  ti,     A  return  or  exchange  of  salutation. 

Shak. 

RE-GREET'ED,  pp.     Greeted  again  or  in  return. 

RE-GREET'IXG,  ppr.    Greeting  again  ;  resaluting. 

RE'GRESS,  71.     [Yr.regris;  L.  regressus,  regredior.] 

1.  Passage  buck  ;  return  ;  as,  ingress  and  regress. 

2.  The  power  of  returning  or  passing  back. 
RE-GRESS',  V.  i.     To  go  back  ;  to  return  to  a  former 

place  or  state.  Brown. 

RE-GRES'SION,  (re-gresh'un,)  n.  The  act  of  passinj 
back  or  returning  ;  retrogression;  retrogradaliju. 

Brown. 

RE  GRESS'IVE,  a.     Passing  back  ;  returning. 

RE-GRESS'IVE-LY,  adc.  In  a  backward  way  or 
manner;  by  return.  Juhnson. 

RE-GRET',  n,  [Fr.  regret;  either  from  the  root  of 
grate,  or  more  directly  from  the  root  of  Sp.  and  Port. 
gritnr.  It.  gridare,  Sw.  grata.  Ice.  groet,  Dan.  grttder^ 
Goth,  grietan^  \V.  grydiaw,  to  scream  or  cry  out,  to 
utter  a  rough  sound  ;  in  some  dialects  to  weep  or 
lament.  But  grate  and  Sp.  grltar  are  probably  of 
the  same  family.] 

1.  Grief;  sorrow  ;  pain  of  mind  at  some  untoward 
event.  We  f  el  regret  at  the  loss  of  friends,  regret 
for  our  own  misfortunes,  or  for  the  misfortunes  of 
others. 

NcTcr  miy  prince  eiprci»e(l  a  more  \Wc\j  regret  for  the  lou  of  a 

«.^rvf(nt.  Clarendon. 

IIt  pieiy  itw^lf  woiiM  MAmp, 
It'  her  rtgrttt  should  waken  ihiriQ.  Pnor. 

2.  Pain  of  conscience ;  remorse ;  as,  a  passionate 
regret  at  sin.  Decay  of  Piety. 

3.  Dislike  ;  aversion.     [JVof  proper,  nor  in  nse.] 

Decay  of  Piety. 
REGRET',  V.  t.     [Fr.  regretter.] 

1.  To  grieve  at ;  to  lament ;  to  be  sorry  for ;  to  re- 
pent. 

Cftlmly  he  lookcil  on  Hlhi^r  lifi-,  and  hfre 

Siiw  notlilnj;  U>  itfTtt,  or  iliorc  to  f'-ur.  Popt. 

2.  To  be  uneasy  at.     [J\y(  proper^  nor  in  vjte.] 

Glannille. 

RE-GRET'FUL,  a.     Full  of  regret.  Fanskaw. 

RE-GRET'FOuLY,  adv.     With  regret.      OreenhiU. 

RE-GRET'TED  pp.     Lamented. 

RE-<;IIET'TING,  ppr.  Lamenting;  grieving  atj  re- 
pentinc 

RE  GUERD'ON,  (re-gcrd'un,)  n.  [re  and  Fr.  guer- 
don, a  rewnrd.     See  Rewmid.] 

A  reward  ;  a  rccoiuiwnse.     [JVot  in  use.]     Shak. 

RE^GUERD'ON,  (re  gerd'un,)  v.  t.  To  reward.  [JVot 
IB  u-ie.]  Shak. 

REG'l^I^AR,  a.  [Sp.  i/l.i  Fr.  regulier;  Ij.  regularise 
from  regnia,  a  rule,  from  rego,  to  rule.] 

\.  Conformed  to  a  rule  ;  agreeable  to  an  estabMsh- 
ed  rule,  law,  or  principle,  to  a  prescribed  mode,  or  to 
established  customary  forms  ;  as,  a  regular  epic  po- 
em ;  a  regular  verse  in  portry  ;  a  regular  piece  of 
music  ;  regular  practice  of  law  or  medicine  ;  a  regu- 
lar plan  ;  a  regular  building. 

2.  Governed  by  rule  or  rules  ;  steady  or  uniform 
in  a  Course  or  practice  ;  as,  regular  in  diet ;  regular 
in  attending  on  divine  worship. 

3.  In  geometry,  a  regular  figure  li  one  whnse  sides 
and  angles  are  equal,  as  a  square,  or  an  equilateral 
triangle.  Regular  figures  of  more  than  three  or  four 
■ides  are  usually  called  regular  polygons. 

A  regular  body,  or  solid,  is  one  comprehended  by 
like,  equal,  ancf  regular  plane  figures,  and  whose 
solid  angles  are  all  equal.  The  five  regular  solids, 
aluo  called  Platonic  bodies,  are  the  tetrahedron,  hex- 


REH 

ahedron  or  cube,  octahedron,  dodecahedron,  and 
icosahedron,  Hutton. 

4.  Instituted  or  initiated  according  to  established 
forms  or  discipline  ;  as,  a  regular  physician. 

5.  Methodical ;  orderly  ;  as,  SLregular  kind  of  sen- 
suality or  indulgence.  Law. 

6.  Periodical;  as,  the  regular  return  of  day  and 
night ;  a  regular  trade  wind  or  monsoon. 

7.  Pursued  with  uniformity  or  steadiness;  as,  a 
regular  trade. 

b.  Belonging  to  a  monastic  order  ;  as,  re^Ti/ar  cler- 
gy, in  di^'tinction  from  the  secular  clergy. 

Regular  troops  ;  troops  of  a  permanent  army ;  op- 
posed to  militia. 
REG'l^-LAR,  n.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  a 
memlter  of  any  rcligiiuis  order  who  has  taken  the 
vows  f>t'  poverty,  chastity,  and  obedience,  and  who 
has  been  solemnly  recognized  by  the  church. 

Bp.  Fitipatriek. 
2.  A  soldier  belonging  to  a  permanent  army. 
REG-U-LAR'I-TY,  n.     Agreeableness  to  a  rule  or  to 
est:ilitished  order;   us,  the   regularity  of  legal  pro- 
cei'dings. 

2.  Method;  certain  order.  Regularity  is  the  life 
of  business. 

3.  Conformity  to  certain  principles;  as,  the  regvr- 
larity  of  a  figure. 

4.  Steadiness  or  uniformity  in  a  course;  as,  the 
regularity  of  the  motion  of  a  heavenly  body.  There 
is  no  regularity  in  the  vicissitudes  of  the  weather. 

REG'lI-LAR-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  acconlanl  to  a 
rule  or  established  mode  ;  as,  a  physician  or  lawyer 
regularly  admitted  to  practice ;  a  verse  regularly 
formed. 

2.  In  uniform  order;  at  certain  intervals  or  peri- 
ods ;  as,  day  and  night  regularly  returning. 

3.  Methodically;  in  due  order;  as,  affairs  rfoii^oj^ 
bt  perfomicd. 

REG'IT-LATE,  v.  t.  To  adjust  by  rule,  method,  or  es- 
tablished mode;  as,  to  regulate  weights  and  meas- 
ures ;  to  regulate  the  assize  of  bread;  to  regulalenut 
moral  conduct  by  the  laws  of  G.d  and  of  society  ; 
to  reflate  our  manners  by  the  customary  forms. 

2.  To  put  in  good  order  ;  as,  to  regulate  the  disor- 
dered state  of  a  nation  or  its  finances. 

3.  To  subject  to  rules  or  restrictions  ;  as,  torew^t- 
late  tnide  ;  to  regulate  diet 

REG'U-La-TED,  pp.  Adjusted  by  nile,  mcth<;d,  or 
forms  ;  put  in  good  order ;  subjected  to  rules  or  re- 
strictions. 

REG'II-LA-TI.\G,  ppr.  Adjusting  by  rule,  method,  or 
forms;  reducing  to  order;  subjecting  to  rules  or  re- 
strictions. 

REG-q-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  regulating  or  redu- 
cing to  order.  Ray. 

2.  A  rule  or  order  prescribed  by  a  superior  for  the 
management  of  some  business,  or  for  .ne  govern- 
ment of  a  c-  inpanv  or  sociply. 

REG'U-LA-TIVE,  a.  Regulafing;  tending  to  regu- 
late. 

REG'lJ-LA-TOR,  n.     One  who  rogulatpii. 

2.  I'ho  small  Hpring  of  a  watch,  which  regulates 
its  motituis  by  retarding  or  accelerating  them. 

3.  Any  p^ut  of  a  machine  whicli  regulates  its 
movement!*. 

REG'U-LINE,  (-lin,)  a.  [See  RECui.t-'i.]  Pertaining 
to  regulus  or  pure  metal. 


REG'U-LTZE,  r.   f.     To   reduce  to  regulus  or  pure 

metal ;  to  separate  pure  metal  from  extraneous  uiat- 

ler. 
REG'tT-LIZ-EO,  pp.     Reduced  to  pure  metal. 
REG'Q-LIZ-ING,  ppr.     Separating  pure  metal   from 

extraneous  matter. 
REG'U-LUS,  n.     [L.,  a  petty  king;    Fr.  regule.    For 

the  phiral,  some  authors  write  reguli,  and  others  reg- 

ulu^es.] 

1.  In  ckeml-itry,  the  pure  metal  which,  in  the  melt- 
ing of  ori;M,  falls  to  the  bottom  of  tlie  crucible  ;  as, 
regulus  of  antimony.  Laruisier.     Ure. 

2.  In  antronoiny,  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude  in 
the  constellation  Loo  ;  called  also  the  Liou^s  Heart. 

Hutton. 
RE-GUR'GI-TATE,  v.  t.     [Fr.  vegorgert  L.  re  and 
gurges.] 

To  throw  or  pour  back,  ns  from  a  deep  or  hollow 
place  ;  to  pour  or  throw  back  in  great  quantity. 

Oraunt.     Bentley. 
RE-GUR'GI-TATE,  v.  i.    To   be   thrown   or    poured 

back.  Harvey. 

RE-GUR'GI-TA-TED,  pp.     Thrown  or  poured  back. 
RE-GUR'GI-TA-TING,  ppr.      Throwing  or   pouring 

back. 
RE-GUR-GI-TA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  pouring  back. 
2.  The  act  of  swallowing  again  ;  re-absorption. 

Sharp. 
RE-HA-BIL'.I-TATE,  v.   U     [Fr.  Tthabiliter;    re  and 
hahililcr.] 

To  restore  to  a  former  capacity  ;  to  reinstate  ;  to 
qualify  again  ;  to  restore,  as  a  delinquent  to  a  former 
right,  rank,  or  privilege  lost  or  forfeited  ;  a  term  ^ 
the  civil  and  canon  lau  Chambers. 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.— AN"OER,  VI"CIOUS C  as  K;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

"117  ~     '       "  "W^ 


REI  . 

RE-IIA-BIL'I-TA-TED,  p;».  Restored  to  a  funner 
rank,  rii;bt,  privilege,  or  capacity  ;  reinstated 

KE-HA-BlL'I-TA-TING,  ppr.  Resloruig  to  a  ftinner 
risht,  rank,  priviteg^,  or  capacity  ;  reinstating. 

RE-HA  BruiTA'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  reinstating 
in  a  former  rank  or  capacity  ;  rcslonition  to  former 
rights.  ffalsi. 

R£-HgAR',  r.  t,  ;pret.  and  pp,  Rbhxako.  [r«and  A«ar.] 

To  hear  again  ;  to  try  a  second  lime  ;  *a,  lo  rtktar 

a  cause  in  the  Court  of  King's  Bench. 

R£-HEARD',  (rS-herd',)  pp.    Heard  agaliu 

Re-HCAR'I.\G,pjrr,    Hearing  a  secondUms. 

RE-HEAR'IXG,  «.     A  second  hearing. 
S.  In  /av,  a  second  hearing  or  triaJ. 

EE-HEARS'AL,  (re-her«'al,)  n.    {itota  rtkmneJ] 
1.  Rt>cttal ;  repetition  of  the  words  of  another  at 
of  a  written  work ;   as,  the  reAsorMi  of  the  Lord^s 
Prayer.  Hooker. 

a.  Narration  ;  a  teUing  or  racottnting,  h  of  partie- 
nlara  in  detail  i  as,  th«  ie*»aiiaf  of  a  s^dier*!  adven- 
tures, 

3.  The  recital  of  a  piece  before  the  public  exhibi- 
tion of  it ;  as,  the  reXears^  of  a  comedy,    thyien. 

RE-HEARSE',  (re-hers',)  r.  t.  To  recite;  to  repeat 
Ilia  words  of  a  paMagtt  or  composition  ;  to  repeat  the 
words  of  another. 

WkoB  d»  wordi  ime  Iwud  vUck  DbtU  vokAx,  dier  nKtarMd 
ten  bdbie  tent.  —  1  Bw.  xviL 

ft.  To  aanato  or  racoiant  erents  or  transactions. 

Iten  rfnll  thej  nAmrt*  Uk  ri(tiuow  acu  of  Um  Lord.  — 
JudfMv.    Actaxi. 

3.  To  recite  or  repeat  in  prii'ate  for  experiment 
and  impn>vement,  before  a  public  representation ; 
as,  to  rcAcor.-te  a  tracedy. 

BE-IIEARS'ED,  (re-herst',)  pp.  Recited;  repeated; 
as  nrunl^ ;  narrated. 

R£-IIEARS'ER,  (re-hers'er,)  a.  One  who  recites  or 
narrates. 

EE-HEARS'TXG,  (re-hers'tng,)  ppr.  Reciting;  re- 
peating words  ;  recounting-,  telling;  na/raling. 

Rei'GLB.  Cr«'gt,)  •».    [Pr.  rig<e,  rule.] 

A  hollow  cut  or  channel  for  guiding  any  thhig; 
as,  the  rtiftt  of  a  side  post  for  a  nood-gnte.    Otrfw. 

RSIGX,  (rine,)  r.  i.  [L.  rtgno,  a  derivative  of  re/v, 
rt^mm  ;  Fr.  rtguer ;  It  rt^nare ;  Sp.  rtywar.] 

L.  To  possess  or  exercise  sovereign  power  or  au- 
tborl^;  to  rule ;  lo  exrrclse  govt-rnuiciit,  as  a  king 
or  emperor;  or  to  bold  the  supreme  power.  George 
the  Third  reigutd  over  Great  Britaia  more  than  &lty 
years. 

IWwH,  a  Ifay  JwB  njgn  b  HgHmmmtm.  —  h.  «x«lL 

ft.  TobepredoBiBaBt;  lo  prevail. 

fflBiiil  J^i—  wMA  ad— It  rtign  \n 

X  To  rule ;  to  have  foperfor  or  uncontrolled  do- 
minion.    A»ai.  vi. 

[This  word  is  never  applied  to  the  exercise  of  su- 
preme power  by  a  legifllative  body  or  the  executive 
admioistratioB,  in  the  Coited  States.] 
KBIG^Cnne.)  ■•    [Fr.rtgna;  L.  r^gnmm.) 

h  Royal  antboilfy ;  mpreaie  power ;  aoverelgnty. 

Hewto  IteafctherMdUin^M.  Ft^. 

JL  Hie  time  during  which  a  ktnz,  queen,  or  em- 
peiDT  posaesees  the  fttipn-mc  authority.  The  Spanish 
armada  was  equipped  to  invade  England  in  the  rei^ 
of  Queen  Elizabeth.  Magna  Charta  was  obtained  in 
the  mVn  of  King  John. 

3.  Kingdom ;  dominion. 

BBOimS  fooi  n«rt««d  the  duvrfeM  rtign 

Of  hnwa,  of  ocniD,  and  deep  btU  beneath.  Prt^. 

4.  Power;  Influence.  Otapman. 

5.  Prevalence, 

SEIGN'INC,  :rln'ingO  PP^-  ar  a.  Holding  or  exer- 
cising supreme  power;  ruling;  governing,  as  king, 
queen,  or  emperor. 

9.  a.  Predominating ;  prevailing ;  as,  a  rtignxMg 
▼Ice  or  disease. 

SllfcLr'illlvSTE,  \^-^    "^o  ""S'"**"  ^^'n- 
RE-IL-LU  MI\-A'TIO.V,ii.  Act  of  enlightening  again. 
RE-IM-KARK'.     See  Rccmb*rk. 
RE-IM-BOD'V,  r.  i.     [ftee  Rekmbodt.]     To  iinbody 

agnin  ;  to  be  formed  into  a  body  anew.  BoyU. 

R£-IM-BURS'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  repaid. 

A  loaa  ku  been  made  cf  tvo  BiiUoas  of  d^lan,  rtimUmahU 
Id  too  yeus.  ifanlUon. 

RE4M-BCrRSS',  (r»4m-lmrB',]  r.  C  [Fr.  rrmhonrt^  ; 
rs  aad  mmhvmrMr ;  «b,  in,  and  bottrat^  a  purse ;  II 
raaftsrsars  j  Sp.  rs  mnbolsar,'] 

To  refund  ;  to  reptac<'  in  a  treasury  or  in  a  private 
coffer  an  equivalent  to  the  sum  taken  from  it,  lost,  or 
expeofled  ;  as,  to  reimbv.rM  the  expenses  of  a  wnr  or 
a  canal.  The  word  is  used  before  the  pen^n  expend- 
ing, or  the  treasurj-  from  which  the  advunces  are 
made,  or  before  the  expenses.  We  ^ay,  to  rdmbttrat 
the  individual,  to  ramburse  the  treaKur>',  or  to  reim- 
hmrte  the  expenses.  To  reimJnirse  the' person,  is  to 
repay  to  him  his  losses,  expenses,  or  advances ;  to 
rcim^rse  the  treasur}-,  is  tu  refund  to  it  the  sum 
drawn  from  it ;  to  reimburse  losses  or  expenses,  is 
to  repay  them  or  make  them  good.  i 


REI 

RE-IM-BUR8'KD,  (-im  burst',)  pp.  Repaid;  refund- 
ed :  tnnde  gtHid,  as  loss  or  expense. 

RE-IM-BL'RSE'ME.NT,  (rtvim-burs'roent,)  n.  The 
act  of  repaying  or  refunding;  repayment;  as,  the 
reimbwaemrHt  of  principal  ntnl  interest.     HamUton. 

RE-IM-BURS'ER,  a.  One  who  repays  or  refunds 
what  has  been  lost  or  expended. 

RK-1M-UIJR:5'ING,  ppr.  Repaying  ;  refunding  ;  mak- 
ing go<Ml,  as  loss  or  expense. 

RE-IM-PLANT',  v.  U  [re  and  implant.]  To  implant 
again.  Tat/lor. 

RE-IM-PLANT'ED.pji.    Implanted  anew. 

RE  IM-PI.ANT'IXG,  ppr.     Implanting  again. 

RE-l.M-PUR-TONE',  c.  (.  [re  and  importune]  To 
iini^>rTiine  again. 

RE-IM-POR-T0i\'£D,  pp.    Importuned  again. 

RE-IM-POR-TOX'ING,  ppr.     Importuning  again 

RE-1M-PREG'.NaT£,  r.  £.  [r«  and  impreiiHatf.]  To 
impregnate  again.  Bruwn. 

R£-IM-PRBG'NA-TED,  pp.    Impregnated  again. 

RE-I.M'PREG'NA-TING,  ppr.    Impregnating  again 

RE-IMPRESS',  V.  L  [rs  and  impress.]  To  iniprt.'3s 
anew.  Buckmtmtrr. 

RE-IM-PRESS'£D,  (-prest',)  pp.    Impressed  again. 

RE-IM-TRE-SS^IXG,  ppr.     Impressing  again, 

RE-l.M-PRES'SIOiN,  (-presh'un,)  n.  A  second  or  re- 
IH'ated  impression. 

RE-IM-rRIi\T',  V.  t.  [r«  and  imprinL]  To  imprint 
again. 

RElM-PRINT'ED,pp.    Imprinted  again. 

RE-IM-PRI.\T'ING,  ppr.     Imprinting  anew. 

RE-IM-PRrS'ON,  f-priz'n.)  r.  U  [See  Pribow.]  To 
impris(^>n  a  second  time,  or  fur  the  same  cause,  or  af- 
ter release  from  imprisonment.  Kent. 

RE-IM-PRIS'ON-£D,  (-im-priz'nd,)  pp.  Imprisoned 
a  second  time  for  the  same  cause. 

RE-IM-PR[S'ON'ING,ppr.  Imprisoning  again  for  the 
same  cause. 

RE-I.M-PRI8'0N-MEXT,  ».  The  act  of  confining  in 
prison  a  second  time  fur  tlie  same  cause,  after  a  re- 
lease from  prison.  Kenu 

RSIN,  (rane,)  a.  [Fr.  riae^  from  resne^  The  IL  redine 
is  evidently  from  the  L.  rrtina,  retinaculum^  Sp.  rim- 
do.  If  contracted  from  the  Latin,  it  is  from  rttineoy 
otherwise  from  the  nnjt  of  arrasf.]' 

1.  The  strap  of  a  bridle,  fastened  to  tho  curb  or 
snaffle  on  each  side,  hy  which  Uie  rider  of  a  horse 
restrains  and  governs  him. 

2.  The  instrument  of  curbing,  restraining,  or  gov- 
erning ;  government.  ^lak. 

To  fiv€  tk«  retiw ;  to  give  license ;  to  leave  without 
restraint.  Pope. 

TV  takt  the  reitu ;  to  take  the  guidance  or  goveni- 
ment, 

R£IN,  (rane,)  v.  L    To  govern  by  a  bridle.     MUunu 
9.  To  restrain  ;  to  control.  SKak. 

RF^IXeUR',  V.  L    To  incur  a  second  time. 

RBIN'OEER,  (rSne'-)  a.     [Sax.  hrana.     See  Ra:(e.] 
A  ruminant  mammal  or  the  deer  kind,  the  Cervus 
Tnrnndud,  inhabiting  the  northern  parts  of  both  con- 
tinents.    In  Euro[)e,  it  is  never  found  south  of  the 
Ualiir,  nor  in  America  south  of  the  Su  Lawrence. 

REI  XEC-KE,  «.  [G.,  (he  fox.]  A  German  epic 
pucm,  formerly  celebrated  throughout  Europe. 

Brande. 

REJIX'Kn,  jm.    Governed  by  a  bridle  ;  controlled. 

RE-1.\-FE€T',  F.  (.    [re  and  in/«(.]     To  infect  again. 

BE  LV-FEe'TAy  [L.]  The  thing  not  done  or  ac- 
compli!'heil. 

RE-I.\-FE€T'ED,  pp.     Infected  again. 

RE-IX-FECT'IXG,  ppr.     Infecting  again. 

RE-IX-FEC'TIOUS,  (fek'shus,)  a.  Capable  of  infect- 
ing again.  yaughan.    Med,  Bepos. 

RE-IXF^RCE',  r.  (.     See  Rkemfokce. 

RE-IX-FORCE',  n.  That  part  of  a  cannon  near  the 
breech,  which  is  made  thicker  and  stronger  than  the 
rest.     More  properly,  RECNFonca.  TolUn, 

RE-I.\-FCSE',  r.  t.     To  infuse  again. 

RE-IX-GRA'TIATE,  (gra'shatf  ,J  r.  (.  [r«  and  intp-a- 
tiate.]  To  ingratiate  again  ;  to  recommend  again  to 
fnvor.  Herbert. 

RE-IX-GRA'TIA-TED,  pp.     Reinstated  in  favor. 

RE-IX-GRa'TIA-TIXG.  ppr.     Ingratiating  again. 

RE-IX-IIAB'IT,  F.  (.  [re  and  inhabit.}  To  inhabit 
agnin.  Mede. 

REIX-HAB'IT-ED.pp.     Inhabited  again. 

RB-IX-HAB'IT-ING,  ppr.    Inliabiting  a  second  time. 

REiX'IXG,  ppr.     Governing  by  a  bridle  ;  controlling. 

r£iX''LESS,  (rane'lees,)  a.  Without  rein  ;  witltout 
restraint ;  unchecked. 

RE-1X-Q,L'IRE',  r.  (.     To  inquire  a  second  time. 

Brownt. 

REINS,  (rant,)  n.  pL  [Fr.  rein,  rognonf  L.  ren,  renet ; 
lU  rene,  arnione;  dp.  rinimes.] 

1.  The  kidneys  :  the  lower  part  of  the  back. 

2.  In  Seripluref  the  inward  parts  ;  tlie  heart,  or  seat 
of  the  affections  and  passiona.     Ps.  Ixxiii. 

3.  Beiiu  of  a  cauic ;  the  sides  or  walls  that  sustain 
the  arch.  OvnlL 

RE-IX-SERT',  v.u    [re  and  wwsrt.]    To  insert  a  sec- 
ond time. 
RE-IX-SERT'ED,  pp.     Inaerted  again. 
RE-IX-SERT'IXG,  ppr.     Inserting  again. 
RE-IN-SER'TIOX,  n.     A  second  insertion. 


REJ 

RE-INSPECT',  V.  L  lr§  and  wpteL]  To  inspect 
again,  ax  provisions. 

RE-IXsrE€T'ED, pp.    Inspected  again. 

RE-IX-srEC'TION,R.  Theaa  of  inspecting  a  sec- 
ond lini*'.  Law*  of  Conn. 

RE-IX-SPiKE',  V.  L  [re  and  inspire.]  To  inspire 
anew.  MUion. 

RE-1N-SPIR'£D,  pp.    Inspired  again.  Ihyden. 

RE-IN-SriR'ING,  ppr.     Inspiring  again. 

RF.-IX-SP1K'IT,  V.  t.    To  inspirit  anew. 

REIN-STALL',  V.  t.  [re  and  instalL]  To  install 
again  ;  tu  seat  anew.  Milton. 

RE-lN-STALL'f.'D,  pp.    Installed  anew. 

RE-IN-STALL'IXG,  ppr.     Installing  again. 

RE-1N-ST.\LL'MENT,  «.     A  second  iuslallment. 

RE-IN-STXTE',  r.  (.  fre  and  instate,]  To  place  again 
in  possession,  ur  in  a  lurnw-r  state  ;  to  restore  to  a  Ktate 
from  which  one  had  been  removed  ;  as,  to  reinstate  a 
king  in  the  possess iun  of  iht  kingdom  ;  to  reinstate 
one  in  the  aflectiiins  of  his  family, 

RE-IX-S'I'AT'ED,  pp.  Replaced  in  possession  or  in  a 
former  state. 

RE-IX-STATE'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  putting  in  a 
former  stale  ;  re  establishment.  Marshall. 

RE-IX-STAT'IXG,  ppr.  Replacing  in  a  former  state ; 
putting  again  in  possession. 

RE-IX-SOK'ANCE,  (-in-ahur'ans,)  «.  [re  and  insur- 
ance.    [See  Sure.] 

An  insurance  of  property  already  insured  ;  a  sec- 
ond insurance  of  the  same  property.  Such  retn^ur- 
anee  is  permitted  by  the  French  commercial  code  ; 
but  in  England  is  prohibited  by  statute,  except  when 
the  first  underwriUT  is  insolvent,  or  when  he  con- 
sents to  such  re-insurance.  Bouvier. 

RE-IN-SORE',  {-in-shQre',)  v.  t.  [re  and  insure.]  To 
insure  the  same  property  a  second  time  by  other  un- 
derwriters. 

The  inmirer  rnny  cauw  Ihe  propertr  tniured  to  be  reinaurtd  hj 
other  penons,  WtUah,  Frtitch  Com,  Codt. 

RE-IN-SOR'fH),  pp.    Insured  a  second  lime  by  other 

persons. 
RE-IX-SOR'ING,  ppr.      Insuring  a  second   time  by 

other  persons. 
RE-IN'TE  GRATE,  r.  U     [Fr.  reintegrer ;    L.  redinte- 

ffrn ;  red,  re,  and  inte^o^  from  integer.] 
To  renew  with  regard  to  any  stale  or  quality  ;  to 

restore.     [Little  tued.]     [See  Redintegrate.] 

Bacon. 
RE-IN-TE-GRS'TION,   n.    A  renewing  or  making 

whole  again.     [See  REDisTrtBAxioN.] 
RE-IX-TER'RO-GaTE,  v.  t.     [re  and  interrogate.] 
To  interrogate  again  ;  to  question  repeatedly. 

Cotgrave. 
RE-IN-TIIRONE',  r.  L     [re  and   inlhrmte.      See  Re- 
enthrone.] 

To  replace  on  the  throne.  Herbert, 

REMN-TllRON'IZE,  v.  L    To  reinthrone.     [JVot  in 

Mse.] 
RE-1X-TRO-DCCE',  r.  t.    To  introduce  again. 
RE-IN-TRO-UU€'TION,  n.     A  second  introduction. 
RE-IX-U.V'DATE,  r.  ^     To  inundate  again. 
RE-IX  V'F'ST',  r.  L    [re  and  invest.]  To  invest  anew. 
RE-IX-VEST'FJD,  -pp.     Invested  again. 
RE-IN-VES'TI-GATE,  v.  t.    To  investigate  again. 

M.  Stuart. 
RE-IN-VES  TI-GA'TION,  n.      A  second   investiga- 
RE-IX-VEST'ING,  ppr.    Investing  anew.  [tion. 

RE-IX-VEST'MENT,  n.     The  act  of  investing  anew ; 

a  second  or  repealed  investment. 
RE-IX-VIG'OR-ATE,  v.  U    To  revive  vigor  in  ;  to  re- 
animate. 
B£1S  KFFEJSr'DT,  frees-,)  n.    A  Turkish  minister, 

or  rather  secretary  of  stale. 
RE-IS'SUE,(-ish'shii,)  v,  t.    To  issue  a  second  time. 
RE-IS'SUE,    (-ish'shu,)    n.     A  second   or  repeated 

issue. 
RE-IS'SU-ED,  (-ish'shude,)  pp.     Issued  again. 
REIT,  (reel,)  n.     Sedge  ;  sea-weed.     [Obs.]       Bailey. 
REI'TLR,  (rlt'er,)  n.     [Ger.,  a  rider.]     A  name  given 

to  the  German  cavalrj-  of  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth 

centuries.  Brande. 

RE-IT'ER-XTE,  v.  t.     [Fr.  reiterer;  L.  re  and  itcro.] 
To  repent ;  to  repeat  again  and  again;   as,  rr/ier- 

atcti  crimen  ]  to  reiterate  request"".  Mlton. 

RE-IT'ER-A-TED,   pp.  or    a.    Repeated    again  and 

again. 
RE-IT'ER-A-TED-LY,  odr.    Repeatedly. 
RE-IT'ER-A-TIXG,  ppr.     Repeating  again  and  again. 
RE-IT-ER-A'TIOX,  n.    Repetition.  Boyle. 

RE-JE€T',  V.  t.     [L.  Tijicio,  rejectus;  re  and  jacio,  to 

throw.] 

1.  To  throw  away,  as  any  thing  useless  or  vile. 

2.  To  cast  off. 

Ilare  I  rtjected  those  that  me  adored  t  Broken. 

3.  To  cast  off ;  to  forsake.    Jer.  vii. 

4.  To  refuse  to  receive ;  to  slight ;  to  despise. 

Because  thou  hast  r*}ecud  knowledge,  1  will  rtfect  lhe«.  —  Hot. 
iv,     1  Sam.  xv. 

5.  To  refuse  to  grant ;  as,  to  reject  a  prayer  or  re- 
quest. 

6.  To  refuse  to  accept ;  as,  to  reject  an  offer. 
RE-JE€T'A-BLE,fl.     That  may  be  rejected. 


FITE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— METE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK 

930 


REJ 

REJEe  TA-ME.NT'A,  n.  pi.     [from  L.  rejecto.] 
Things  llirown  out  or  away.    [JU-fomud.] 

pltinin^t 
REMEe-TJ'NE-OUS,  a,     [from  the  L.]     Not  chosen 

or  received  ;  rejected.  More. 

R&JE€T'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Thrown  away ;  cast  off;  re- 
fused ;  slighted. 
RE-JECT'ER,  n.     One  that  rejects  or  refuses.  Clarke. 
RE-JE€T'1.\G,  ppr.    Throwing  away;  casting  off; 

refusing  to  crant  or  accept ;  slighting. 
RE-JE€'TION,  n.     [L.  rejeetio.] 

The  act  of  throwing  away  ;  the  act  of  casting  off 
or  forsaking  ;  refusal  lo  accept  or  grant.        Bacon. 
RE-JEe-Ti"TIOUS,  C-tish'us,)  a.     That  may  be  re- 
jected. 
RE:-JE€T'IVE,  a.    That  rejects,  or  tends  to  cast  off. 
RE-JECT'MENT,  n.     Matter  thrown  away.     Eaton. 
RE-JOICE',  (re-jois',)'c.  t.      [Fr.  rejouir^  rcjouLisant; 
re  and  jouir,  to  enjny  ;  Arm.  joaujciaat ;    It.  g-ioire  ; 
Sp.  regocijar^  to  rejoice  ;   Sp.  and  Port,  gozar,  to  en- 
joy ;  ffoiOjjoy.     In  rao:-t  of  the  dialects,  the  last  rad- 
icid  of  Joy  is  lost ;  but  the  Spanish  and   Portuguese 
retain  it  in  :,  which  ia  a  palatal  letter.     Hence  this 
word  seems  to  be  the  V.jaichen^  to  rejoice,  to  shout; 
G.  jauehzen.     Q,ii.  the  Dan.  AiyVr,  to  rejt'ice  ;  Aiy,  a 
shout,  joy,  rejoicing,  which  is  the  English  Amc,  in  Amc 
and  cry  ;  Fr.  hiter  and  kucker.     Amidst  such  changes 
of  letters,  it  is  not  eas}'  to  ascertain  the  primary  el- 
ements.    But  it  is  easy  to  see  that  the  primary  sense 
is  to  shout,  or  to  be  animated  or  excited.] 

To  experience  joy  and  gladness  in  a  high  degree  ; 
to  be  exhilarated  with  lively  and  pleasurable  sen- 
sations ;  to  exulL 

Wl*en  the  righfous  are  In  authority,  the  p»M>ple  rtjo'ice;  but 
when  the  wicked  bearctb  rule,  the  people  muurci.  —  Prov. 
xxiK. 
I  will  rtfoitt  ifi  thf  Miration.  —  Ps.  Ix. 

REJOICE',  (re-jois',)  v.  t.  To  make  joyful ;  to  glad- 
den ;  to  animate  with  lively,  pleasurable  sensations ; 
to  exhilarate. 

Who«o  loTPth  wwlom  refoieeth  hi*  father.  —  Prov.  ixlst. 
While  she,  great  Kvint,  rejoUe*  hcaren.  Prior. 

REJOICED,  (Joist',)  pp.    Made  glad  ;  exhilarated. 
RE-JOIC'ER,  7u    One  that  rejoices.  Taijlor. 

REJOICING,  ppr.  or  a.    Animating  with  gladness ; 

exhilarating;  feeling  joy. 
R£-JOIC'ING,  TL     The  act  of  expressing  joy  and  glad- 
ness. 

The  Totce  of  rejmcxng  and  aalration  ii  b  the  taberaadca  or  the 
ri^fateoua.—  P*.  cxriii. 

2.  The  subject  of  joy. 

Thy  le«liiiM>niCT  hare  !  taken  as  a  heritage  forever,  for  they  are 
the  rvjmdng  o(  my  heart.  —  Pb.  cxix. 

3.  The  experience  of  joy.     GaL  vi. 
REJOIC'ING-LY,  adv.     With  joy  or  exultation. 

Shcldoji. 
REJOIN',  r.  (.     [re  and  join  ;  Fr.  rejoindre.'^ 

1.  7'o  Join  again  ;  to  unite  ader  separation. 

Broten. 

2.  To  meet  one  again.  Pope. 
REJOIN',  V.  i.    To  answer  to  a  reply.          Dryden. 

2.  In  law  pleadin08,  to  answer,  as  the  defendant  to 
the  plaintiff*8  replication. 

REJOIN'DER,  n.  An  answer  to  a  reply  ;  or,  in  gm- 
eral^  an  answer. 

3.  In  law  pleadings,  the  defendant's  answer  to  the 
plaintiff*8  replication. 

REJOIN'DURE,  ju   The  act  of  joining  again.  [06*.] 

Shak. 

REJOIN'ED,  pp.    Joined  again  ;  reunited. 

REJOIN'ING,  ppr.  Joining  again ;  answering  a 
plaintiff's  replication. 

RE-JOINT',  r.  (.     [re  and  joint.}    To  reunite  joints. 

Barrow. 

RE-JOINT'ED,  pp.     Reunited  in  the  joints. 

RE-JOINT'ING,  ppr.     Reuniting  the  joints. 

RE  JOINT'IXG,  n.  The  filling  up  of  the  joints  of 
stones  in  buildings,  when  the  mortar  has  been  dis- 
lodged by  age  and  the  action  of  the  weather. 

OwUu 

RE-JOLT',  n.  [re  and  jolt,}  A  reacting  jolt  or 
Bhiwk.     [JsTot  used,]  South. 

REJOURN',  (re-jurn'Or.  f.   [Fi. reajoumer.    SeeAo- 

JOUB!*.] 

To  adjourn  to  another  hearing  or  inquiry.  [JVot 
TwA]  Burton. 

RE-JCDCE,  (re  juj',)  r.  t  [re  and  jud^e.]  To  judge 
again  ;  to  re-examine  j  to  review  ;  to  call  to  a  new 
trial  and  decision. 

Btjvdgt  hia  BCU,  and  dipiify  diipnce.  Pope. 

BBJUD6'JED,  pp.    Reviewed  ;  Judged  again. 
REJUDCj'ING,  ppr.    Judging  again. 
RE-JO'VE-NATE.  r.  t.    To  render  young  again. 
RE-JO'VE-NA-TED,   pp.    or    a.       Rendered    young 

again. 
BEJU-VE-NES'CENCE,   \n.      [L.  re  and  juvmes- 
REJU-VE-NE8'CEN  CY,  \      tens  ;  juvenis^  a  youth.] 
A   renewing  of  ycuth;  the  state  of  being  young 

again.  Pans.  Trans. 

RE-JO'VEN-IZE,  T).  L  To  render  young  again. 
REJO'VEN-IZ  .ED,  pp.  Rendered  voung  ngain. 
RE-JC'VEN-IZ-ING,  ppr      Renewing  youth. 


REL 

RE-KIN'DLE,  (kin'dl,)  v.  L    [re  and  kindle.]    To 

kindle  again  ;  to  set  on  tire  anew.  Cheyne. 

2.  To  inflame  again  ;  to  rouse  anew.  Pope, 

RE-KIN'DLED,  pp.     Kindled  again  ;  inflamed  anew. 

RE-KIN'DLING,  ppr.  Kindling  again;  inflaming 
anew. 

RE- LA  ID',  pp.    Laid  »  second  time. 

RE-LJiJS',  (re-la.',)  n.  [Fr.]  In  fortification,  a  narrow 
walk  without  the  rampart,  to  receive  the  eiirth  that 
may  be  washed  down,  and  prevent  its  falling  into 
Uie  ditch.  Brande. 

RE-LAND',  V.  t.     [re  and  Und.]     To  land  again  ;   to 
put  on  land  what  had  been  shipped  or  embarked. 
_  Judge  Se-wall. 

R£-LAND',  r.  :.  To  go  on  shore  after  liaving  em- 
barked. 

Re-LAND'ED,  pp.    Put  on  shore  again. 

RK-LAND'ING,  ppr.     Landing  again. 

RE-LAPSE',  (re  laps',)  t?.  i.  [L.  relapsus^  reUtbor,  to 
slide  back  ;  re  and  labor,  to  slide.] 

1.  To  slip  or  slide  back  ;  to  return. 

2.  To  fall  back  ;  to  return  to  a  former  state  or 
practice ;  as,  to  relapse  into  vice  or  error  after 
amendment. 

3.  To  fall  back  or  return  from  recovery,  or  a  con- 
valescent state ;  as,  to  relapse  into  a  fever. 

RE-LAP.SE',  (re-laps',)  n.  A  sliding  or  falling  back, 
jKirticularly  into  a  former  bad  state,  either  of  body 
or  morals  ;  as,  a  relapse  into  a  disease  from  a  con- 
vaJescent  state  ;  a  relapse  into  a  vicious  course  of 
life. 

fin  the  sense  dT  a  person  relapsing,  not  used.] 

RE-LAPS'£D,  (-!apst',)pp.  or  a.  Fallen  back,  as  into 
vice  or  error. 

RE-LAPS'ER,  n.  One  that  relapses  Into  vice  or  er- 
ror. 

RE-LAPS'ING,  ppr.  Sliding  or  falling  back,  as  into 
disease  or  vice. 

RE-LATE',  V.  t.  [L.  relatus,  refcro ;  re  and  fero,  to 
produce.] 

L  To  tell ;  to  recite  ;  to  narrate  the  particulars  of 
an  event ;  as,  to  relate  the  story  of  Priam  ;  to  relate 
the  adventures  of  Don  Quixote. 

2.  To  bring  back  ;  to  restore.     [JVui  in  use] 

3.  To  ally  by  connection  or  kindred. 

To  relate  one's  self}  to  vent  thoughts  in  words, 

RE-LATE',  p.  i.  To  have  reference  or  respect ;  to  re- 
fer; followed  by  to. 

All  negative  words  relate  to  positire  ideaa.  Locke. 

RE-LAT'ED,  pp.     Recited  ;  narrated. 

9.  a.     Allied  by  kindred  ;  connected  by  blood  or 
alliance,  particularly  by  consanguinity  ;  as,  a  person 
related  in  the  first  or  second  degree. 
RE-LAT'ER,  n.    One  who  tells,  recites,  or  narrates; 

a  historian.  Milton.     Swift. 

RE-LAT'ING,  ppr.     Telling;  reciting;  narrating. 

a.  a.    Having  relation  or  reference  ;  concerning. 
RE-LA'TlOi\,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  relatio,  refero.] 

1.  The  act  of  telling;  recital;  account;  narra- 
tion ;  narrative  of  facts  ;  a«,  a  historical  relation. 
We  listened  to  the  relation  of  hia  adventures. 

2.  Respect ;  reference  ;  regard. 

I  hare  b<wn  importuned  to  make  (ome  ohaervationa  on  Ihi»  art, 
in  relation  to  its  agreetnoiit  with  poetry,  Dryden, 

3.  Connection  between  things;  mutual  respect, or 
what  one  thing  is  with  regard  to  another  ;  as,  the  re- 
lation of  a  citizen  to  the  st.ile  ;  the  relation  of  a  sub- 
ject to  the  supreme  authority  ;  the  relation  of  hus- 
band and  wife,  or  of  master  and  servant ;  the  relation 
of  a  state  of  probation  to  a  slate  of  retribution. 

4.  Connection  by  consanguinity  or  affinity;  rela- 
tionship; as,  the  relation  of  parents  and  children. 

RelatioTU  dear,  and  all  the  cluiriiici 

or  futber,  aoQ,  and  brother,  first  wet«  known.  MUlon. 

5.  A  person  connected  by  consanguinity  or  aflin- 
jty  ;  a  relative;  a  kinsman  or  kinswoman,  lie 
passed  a  month  with  his  relations  in  the  country. 

6.  The  direct  conformity  of  parts  to  a  whole  and 
to  each  other ;  analogy  ;  as,  the  relations  of  the  sub- 
ject arc  not  well  niuintaiued  ;  the  relations  of  a  build- 
ing, in  architecture. 

RE-LA'TION-AL,  a.    Having  relation  or  kindred. 

We  mtjfht  be  tempted  to  uVt  those  two  nationa  fur  reladonai 
•txiins.  'Jboke. 

RE-LA'TION-PFITP,  n.    The  state  of  being  related  by 

kindred,  affinity,  or  other  alliance.  Jlason. 

REL'A-TIVE,  a.     [Fr.  relatif;  L.  relatirus.] 

].  Having  relation;    respecting.     The  arguments 
may  be  gocKl,  but  they  are  not  rflalive  to  the  subject. 
9.  Not  absolute  or  existing  by  itself;  considered  as 
belonging  to  or  respecting  something  else. 

Every  l\aag  luataJna  both  an  abanliit^  and  a  retatXM  capactty  ; 
an  nbaotutf .  aa  it  li  iuch  a  thin',  endued  with  luch  a  nalure  ; 
and  a  relative,  u  it  i*  a  pnrt  of  the  unirenc,  and  to  ■t.-inda 
in  iuch  a  nlniion  to  the  whole.  South. 

3.  Incident  to  man  in  society ;  as,  relative  rights 
and  duties. 

4.  Particular;  positive.     [JVot  in  i«e,]  Shak. 

Relative  mode  ;  in  rmtsie,  the  mode  which  the  com- 
poser interweaves  with  the  principal  mode  in  the 
flow  of  the  harmony.  Encyc, 


REL 

Relative  terms ;  in  logic,  terttM  which  imply  rela- 
tion, as  guardian  anil  ward,  master  and  servant, 
husband  and  wife. 

ReUaive  word ;  in  grammar,  a  word  which  relates 
to  another  word,  called  its  antecedent^  or  to  a  sen- 
tence or  member  of  a  sentence,  or  to  a  series  of 
sentences. 
REL'A-TIVE,  n.  A  person  connected  by  blood  or 
aflinity  ;  strictly,  one  allied  by  blood  ;  a  relation  ;  a 
kinsman  or  kinswoman. 

Conflnlnf  otir  care  either  to  ounelres  and  T«la&9«a,         P^U. 

S,  That  which  has  relation  to  something  else. 

Locke. 

3.  In  ^amwiar,  a  word  which  relates  to  or  repre- 
sents another  word,  called  its  antecedent,  or  which 
refers  back  to  a  sentence  or  member  of  a  sentence, 
or  to  a  series  of  sentences,  which  constitutes  its 
antecedent,  "  He  seldom  lives  frugally,  who  lives  by 
chance."  Here  who  is  the  relative,  which  represents 
he,  tlie  antecedent. 

"  Judas  declared  him  innocent,  wAifA  he  could  not 
be,  had  lie  deceived  his  disciples."  Porteus.  Here 
which  refers  to  innocent,  an  adjective,  as  its  antece- 
dent. 

"  Another  reason  that  makes  me  doubt  of  any  in- 
nate practical  principles,  is,  that  I  think  there  can  not 
any  one  monil  rule  be  projHtsed,  whereof  a  man  may 
not  justly  demand  a  rcison  ;  which  would  be  per- 
fectly ridiculous  and  absurd,  if  they  were  innate,  or 
so  much  as  self-evident,  which  every  innate  princi- 
ple must  needs  be."  Locke. 

If  we  ask  the  question.  What  would  he  ridiculous 
and  absurd,  the  answer  must  be,  Whereof  a  man  may 
justly  demand  a  rea-^on ;  and  this  part  of  the  sentence 
is  the  antecedent  to  which.  Self-eroident  is  the  ante- 
cedent to  which,  near  the  close  of  the  sentence. 
REL'A-TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  relation  or  respect  to 
something  else ;  not  absolutely. 

Consider  tiie  alvolute  affecitona  of  auy  bein^  aa  U  k  in  itself,  b9> 
fore  vou  consider  it  reloHveii/.  Watte. 

REL'A-TIVE-NESg,  n.  The  state  of  having  rela- 
tion. 

RE-LA'TOR,  71.  In  law,  one  who  brings  an  informa- 
tion in  the  nature  of  a  quo  warranto.       Blackstone. 

RE-LAX',  p.  t.  [L.  rdazo  ;  re  and  laxo,  to  slacken; 
Fr.  relhcher,  relascher ;  It.  rUassare ;  Sp.  relazar. 
See  Lax.] 

1.  To  slacken  ;  to  make  less  tense  or  rigid  ;  as,  to 
relax  a  rope  or  cord  ;  lo  relax  the  muscles  or  sinews ; 
to  relax  the  reins  in  riding. 

2.  To  loosen ;  to  make  less  close  or  firm  ;  as,  lo 
relax  the  joints.  Milton. 

3.  To  make  less  severe  or  rigorous ;  to  remit  or 
abal^in  strictness  ;  as,  to  relax  a  law  or  rule  of  jus- 
tice ;  to  relax  a  demand.  Swift 

4.  To  remit  or  abate  in  attention,  assiduity ,  or  labor ; 
as,  to  relax  study  ;  to  relax  exertions  or  eftbrts. 

5.  To  unbend  ;  to  ease  ;  to  relieve  from  close  at- 
tention ;  as,  conversation  relaxes  the  student  or  the 
mind.  , 

6.  To  relieve  from  constipation  ;  to  loosen ;  to 
open  ;  as,  medicines  relax  the  bowels. 

7.  To  open  ;  to  loose.  MUtoiL 

8.  To  make  languid. 

RE-LAX',  r.  i.  To  abate  in  severity  ;  to  become  more 
mild  or  less'rigorous. 

In  other*  she  relaxed  n^iit, 

And  governed  with  a  luoserreln.  Prior. 

2.  To  remit  in  close  attention.    It  is  useful  for  the 
student  to  relax  often,  and  give  himself  to  exercise 
and  amusements. 
RE-LAX',  n.     Uela.tation.     [JVb(  used.]        Feltham. 
RE-LAX' A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  remitted. 

Barrow. 
RE-LAX'ANT,  n.    A  medicine  that  relaxes  or  opens. 
RE-LAX-A'TION,  n.     [F"*-*  *"''on'  L.-  relaxatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  slackening  or  remitting  tension  ;  as, 
a  relaxation  of  the  muscles,  fibers,  or  nerves  ;  a  re- 
laxation of  the  whole  system.  Bacon.    Encyc 

2.  Cessation  of  restraint.  Burnet. 

3.  Remission  or  abatement  of  rigor;  as,  a  relaxor 
tion  of  the  law.  Swift 

4.  Remission  of  attention  or  application  ;  as,  a  re- 
laxation of  mind,  study,  or  business. 

5.  An  opening  or  loosening. 
RE-LAX'A-TIVE,  a.     Having  the  quality  of  relaxing. 

[See  Laxative.]  B.  Jonson. 

RE-LAX'A'D,  (re-lakst',)  pp.  or  a.  Slackened;  loos- 
ened; remitted  or  abated  in  rigor,  or  in  closeness; 
made  less  vigorous;  languid. 

RE-LAX'I\G,  ppr.  Slackening ;  loosening ;  remit- 
ting, or  abatinfi  in  rigor,  severity,  or  attention; 
rentlering  languid. 

RE-LAX'ING,  rt.  Tending  to  relax;  adapted  to 
weaken  the  solids  ;  as,  a  relaxing  medicine. 

RE-LAV,  n.     [Fr.  relais.] 

1.  A  supply  of  horses  placed  on  the  road  to  be  in 
readiness  to  relieve  others,  that  a  traveler  may  pro- 
ceed without  delay. 

2.  A  supply  of  hunting  dogs  kept  in  readiness  at 
certain  places  to  pursue  the  game,  when  the  dogi 
that  have  been  in  pursuit  are  weary. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— C  as  K  j  C  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


REL 

3.  Any  thing  laid  up  or  kepC  in  store  ^  as,  rrlityg  of 
joy,     f /lar«.J  Youhj^^ 

RE-LAY'»  c.  ^  [r€  and  U^.]  To  lay  again  ;  to  lay  a 
Aecorid  time  ;  as,  to  rWuy  a  imvenient.        SmoUttL 

RK-LAY'L\G,  ppr.     Layinft  a  second  time, 

RE-LP.AS'A-BLE,  a.    That  mav  bf  released. 

&C-L£A;^E\  (re-lees',)  r.  t.  [This  is  usually  derived 
from  Fr.  rei&cher,  to  slacken,  to  rthiiy  It.  rilaaaare 
and  rilasciare,  and  these  words  have  the  sense  of 
r«ie4ist ;  but  the  English  word  has  not  the  sense  of 
rtiaz,  but  of  rf  and  leasr^  from  Fr.  lais^tr^  Eng  let,  a 
word  that  has  no  connection  with  reloj.  So  in  G. 
^^imtsett,  D.  Trylaatfn ;  free  and  let.  If  it  ia  from 
rc4Ac*«r,  it  has  undergone  a  strange  alteration.] 

1.  To  set  free  from  restraint  of  any  kind,  either 
physical  or  moral;  to  tibemte  from  prison,  conAne- 
meot,  or  servitude,    .Va/f.«v.    -Var*  iv. 

Si.  To  free  from  pain,  care,  trouble,  prief,  &.c. 

3.  To  free  from  obligation  or  penally;  as,  to  re- 
iMMone  from  debt,  from  a  promise,  or  covenant. 

4.  To  quit;  to  let  ^,  as  a  legal  claim  j  as,  to  re- 
Imu<  a  debt  or  forfeiture.     DeuL  xv. 

5.  To  discharge  or  relinquish  a  right  to  lands  or 
tenements,  by  conveying  it  to  apt^her  that  has  »onie 
right  or  estate  in  possession,  as  when  the  person  in 
remainder  Ttimt*4  his  right  to  the  tenant  in  posse:*- 
«ioii ;  when  one  coparcener  ntmats  his  right  tuiUhe 
other ;  or  the  mortgagee  rtUasts  his  claim  to  the 
mortgager. 

6.  To  relax.     [AV  in  ««.]  Hooker. 
RE-LeASE\  n.    Liberation  or  discharge  from  restraint 

of  any  kind,  as  from  confinement  or  bondage. 

2.  Liberation  from  care,  pain,  or  any  burden. 

3.  Discharge  from  oblisntion  or  responsibility,  as 
fttm  debt,  penalty,  or  claim  of  any  kind;  acquit- 
tance. 

In  law.  a  release,  or  deed  of  release,  is  a  conveyance 
of  a  man's  right  in  lands  or  tenements  to  another 
who  has  some  estate  in  |>ossession  ;  a  quitclaim. 
The  ethcient  words  in  such  an  instrument  are, 
**  remised,  rtlta^eti,  and  forever  fuUclaumed.'* 

BlacksUm*. 
RE-L£A.S'£D,  Cre-lee8t',)j»;>.    Set  free  from  conAne- 
ment ;  freed  fmoi  ubtigatioD  or  liability  ;  freed  from 
pain  ;  quiicla:lned. 
R£-L£AS-EE',  a.    A  person  to  whom  a  release  is 

given. 
RE-L£ASE'MEN*T,  ».    The  act  of  releasing  fVom 

confinement  or  obli^tion.  .ViVfim. 

RE-LKAS'ER,  n.     One  who  releases. 
RE-LEAS'ING.  ppr.     Liberating  from  confinement  or 
restraint ;  freeing  fntin  t>bligation  or  responsibility, 
or  from  pain  or  other  evil ;  quitclaiming. 
REL'E-GATE,  v.  u    [L.  reic;ro ;  re  and  te^  t4^nd.] 

To  banish  ;  to  send  into  exile.  ^ 

REL'E  GATED,  pt.    Sent  into  exile. 
REL'E-GA-TI.\G,/yr.     Bautshin;;. 
REl^E-GA'TION,  n.     [U  rtUga:*^.] 

The  act  of  banUhmeni ;  exile.  AyV^jgfK 

RE-LENT',  V.  i.  [  Fr.  reletOir  ;  Sp.  relaUrr :  I L  raWeJi- 
lors;  Sp^  uhUmdar ;  Port.  oArandar ;  the  two  latter 
fttun  UamdOf  L.  biaitdiLSy  which  unites  the  I»  blamdus 
with  Umtus.  The  English  is  from  re  and  L.  leitttu<, 
gentle,  pliant,  slow,  the  primary  sense  of  which  is 
•oA  or  yielding.  The  L.  lettis  is  probably  of  the  same 
Cunily.     ^ee  Bt^no.] 

1.  To  soften  ;  to  become  less  rigid  or  hard  ;  to  give. 
In  aooH  houat*,  cwRtiacati  will  recent  laore  than  in  oih^n. 

Bacon. 
Wboi  opening  bivli  nlut*  the  »Tleome  dity, 
And  r&iu,  T^MiliHg,  ixU  Uu;  gciii.il  ivy.  Pop*. 

[Tltu  sense  qfUu  word  ia  admiasikU  impoetryj  ^ut  u 


Speturr. 
Spnuer* 


S.  To  grow  mcust ;  to  deliquesce  ;  applied  to  salts  ; 
as,  ihe  rtietUtMg  of  the  air.  Bacon. 

BmH  of  tutv  plMied  in  a  ceSw,  wilt  b-gin  to  rc'cnL    Boift4. 
[TT^i*  saue  is  not  in  lue.] 

3.  To  become  less  intense.     [LittU  iised,]    Sidnty, 

4.  To  soften  in  temper;  to  become  more  mild  aiid 
tender;  to  feel  comimssion. 

ITkis  is  Vie  ustuii  semM  rftha  word.'] 
C«n  yon  bsboM 
My  Vtu%j  *ni  not  ooce  rcimt?  Skak, 

EE-LENT',  V.  t.    To  slacken. 

AikI  oAentmm  bF  wwiU  rctntf  hb  pace,     t^^-l 

5.  To  M^ten  ;  to  mollify.    [Obs.^ 
RE-LENT',  pp.     Dissolved.     [  Obs.] 
RE-LE.VT',  «-     Remission  ;  stay,     f  06«.]     Spenser. 
RE-LENT'ED,  ;»p.     Sot^ened  in  temper. 
RE-LEXT'ING,  ppr.    Softening  in  temper ;  becoming 

more  mild  or  compassionate 
RE-LENT'ING,  k.    The  act  of  becoming  more  mild 

or  compassionate. 
RE-LE\T'LES9,  a.     Unmoved  by  pity ; 'nnpitying ; 
insensible  to  the  distresses  of  others  ;  destitute  of 
tenderness  ;  as,  a  prey  to  reUntless  despotism. 
For  thia  th'  mT«  pn»  povrr  rmploji  h»  (Uits, 
Thus  wai  peniA,  mmtUsa  in  bu  ir«.  Dtyderi. 

Relentless  thoughJs,  in  Milu>n,  may  signify  unre- 
mitted, intently  fixed  on  disquieting  objects,  yo&iutfn. 

[  This  sense  of  tike  v^rd  is  unufuii,  ojU  net  to  be 
tounteitaneed.] 


REL 

RELENT'LESS-LY,  adv.     Without  pity.  KU.  Rev. 

RE-LENT'LEtfS-NESS,  a.  The  quality  of  being  un- 
moved hv  pity.  MilJimn. 

RE-LES-HEE',  n.  [See  Relsase.]  The  person  to 
whom  a  release  is  executed. 

E£-LES-jSOB.',  a.  The  person  who  executes  a  re- 
lease. 

Then  must  be  a  privity  of  wtnte  between  tb4  rtUttor  tin<)  r*> 
Utttt.  B:ackalon0, 

RE-LET',  V.  L    To  let  anew,  as  a  house. 
REL'E-VA.VCEj   )  n,     [See   Relevamt.]     The  state 
REL'E-VAN-C\,  )     of  being  relevant,  or  of  affording 
relief  or  aid. 

2.  Pertinence  ;  npplicablenesa. 

3.  In  Scat^  /aip,  sutticiL-ncy  to  infer  the  conclusion. 
REL'E-VA.NT,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  reUrrr,  to  relieve,  to 

advance,  lo  raise  ;  re  and  Ifner^  to  raise.] 

1.  Relieving;  lending  aid  or  support.      PotenaU. 

2.  Pertinent ;  applicable.  The  testimony  is  not 
rflerattt  to  the  case  ;  the  argument  is  nut  relevant  to 
liie  question. 

[  7'Au  ia  tJu  sense  in  tehich  the  word  is  now  generally 
Msed.y 

3.  Sufficient  to  supi>ort  the  cause.   '      Scots  Law. 
REL-E-VA'TION,  71.    \  raising  or  lifting  up.    [J^ot 

in  use.] 

RE-LT'A-BLE,  n.    That  mav  be  relied  on  or  trusted. 

RE  LT'A-BLE-NESS,  *  h.      The  slate   of  being  reli- 

RF^Lr-A-RlL'I-TV,     (      able. 

RE-LI'ANCE,  n.  [from  rchjA  .Rest  or  repose  of 
mind,  resulting  from  a  full  belief  of  the  veracity  or 
integrity  of  a  |>erson,  or  of  the  certainty  of  a  fact ; 
trust ;  confidence :  dependence.  We  may  have  per- 
fect rr/ia««  on  the  promises  of  GotI ;  we  have  rc/i- 
aiicc  on  the  testimony  of  witnesses  ;  we  place  reli- 
ance on  men  of  known  integrity,  or  on  the  strength 
nnd  stability  of  government. 

REL'ie,  n.  [Fr.  reliffue  ;  L.  reliqvia,  from  relinquOy  to 
leave:  re  and  Unquo.] 

1.  That  which  remains;  that  which  is  left  after 
the  loss  or  decay  of  the  rest ;  as,  the  relies  of  a  town  ; 
the  relics  of  magnificence  ;  the  relics  of  antiquity. 
The  r«/ic9  of  saints  are  held  in  great  veneration  by 
the  Roman  Catholics. 

S.  The  body  of  a  deceased  person  ;  a  corpse. 
[UsHaltv  in  the  pliumi,]  Dryden,     Pope. 

REL'IC-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  relics.  [Little 
used.] 

REL'IGT,  n.     [L.   relietus^   relieta^  from   relinquo^   to 
leave.] 
A  widow  i  a  woman  whose  husband  is  drad. 

Sprat.     Oarth. 

RE-LICT'ED,  d.  In  faw,  left  uncovered,  as  land  by 
the  retruccs:>iun  of  the  sea  or  other  water. 

Bourier. 

RE-Lt€'TION,  Ji.  In  /aw,  land  left  uncovered  by  the 
retrocession  uf  the  sea  or  <.ther  water.        Bounicr. 

RE-LI'ED,  (re-lldt!',)  pp.  RejKised  on  something,  as 
the  mind  ;  confided  in  ;  de{>eiided. 

RE-LIEF',  (re-her,)  n.  [Ft.  relief;  lU  rileco^  rUiero, 
from  ritevartt  to  raise,  to  lift,  to  remove  ;  Sp.  relieve^ 
relcvar:  re  and  Uevar^  to  raise.] 

L  The  removal,  in  whole  or  in  part,  of  any  evil 
that  afflicts  the  body  or  mind  ;  the  removal  or  allevi- 
ation of  pain,  griff,  want,  care,  anxiety,  toil,  or  dis- 
tress, or  of  any  thing  oppressive  or  burdensome,  by 
which  some  ease  is  obuiinud.  Rest  gives  relirflo  the 
body  when  weary  ;  an  anodyne  gives  relief  from 
pain  ;  the  sympathy  of  friends  affords  some  relief  lo 
the  distressed  ;  a  loan  of  money  to  a  man  embar- 
rassed may  afi^ord  him  a  teni(H>rary  relief;  medicines 
which  will  not  cure  a  disease  sometimes  give  a  par- 
tial relief.  A  complete  relief  from  the  troubles  of  life 
is  never  to  be  expectf^d. 

9.  That  which  mitigates  or  removes  pain,  grief,  or 
other  evil,  Dryden. 

3.  The  release,  as  of  sentinels,  from  some  post  or 
duty,  and  the  substitution  of  others  ;  also,  the  per- 
son or  persons  thus  subt^tituted. 

4.  In  sculpture,  6L.c.y  ihe  prujecture  or  prominence 
of  a  figure  above  or  beyond  the  ground  or  plane  on 
which  it  is  formed.  Relief  is  of  three  kinds  ;  high 
relief,  (alto  relirvo,)  low  relief,  (Itasso  relievo,)  and  demi 
relirfy  (demi  relievo.)  The  dinerence  is  in  the  degree 
of  projecture.  Jftgk  relief  in  formed  from  nature,  as 
when  a  figure  stands  completely  out  from  the  ground, 
being  attached  to  it  in  only  a  few  places.  Low  relief 
is  when  the  tigtire  projects  but  little,  as  in  medals, 
festoons,  foliages,  and  other  ornaments.  Demi  relief 
is  when  one  half  of  the  figure  rises  from  the  plane, 

Braride. 

5.  In  painting,  the  appearance  of  projection,  or  the 
degree  of  boldness  which  a  figure  exhibits  to  the  eye 
at  a  distance. 

6.  In /euda/ Zatp,  a  fine  or  composition  which  the 
heir  of  a  tenant,  holding  by  knichl's  service  or  other 
tenure,  paid  to  the  lord,  at  the  deatli  of  the  ancestor, 
for  the  privilege  of  taking  up  the  estate  wliich,  on 
strict  feudal  principles,  had  lapsed  or  fullen  to  the 
lord  on  the  death  of  the  tenant.  This  relief  con- 
sisted of  horses,  arms,  money,  and  the  like,  the 
amount  of  which  was  originally  arbitrary,  but  after- 
ward fixed  at  a  certain  rate  by  law.     It  is  not  paya- 


REL 

bio,  unless  the  heir,  at  the  death  of  hia  ancestor,  hod 
attained  to  the  age  of  twenty-utie  years. 

Biackstone.     Encyc. 

7,  A  remedy,  partial  or  total,  for  any  wrong  suf- 
fered ;  redress  ;  indemnification.  He  applied  to  chan- 
cery, but  could  get  no  relief;  he  petitioned  the  legis- 
lature, and  obtained  relief. 

8.  The  ex^wsure  uf  any  thing  by  the  proximity  of 
something  else.  Johnson. 

RELT'ER,  ».  [ft^m  rely.]  One  who  relies,  or  places 
full  confidence  in. 

RE-LI£V'A-ULE,  a.  Capable  of  being  relieved  ;  that 
may  receive  relief.  Hale, 

RE-LIi^VE',  V.  C  [Fr.  releverj  L.  relevo.  See  Re- 
lief.] 

1.  To  free,  wholly  or  partially,  from  pain,  grief, 
want,  anxiety,  care,  toil,  trouble,  burden,  oppression, 
or  any  thing  that  is  considered  to  be  un  evil ;  to  ease 
of  any  thing  that  pains  the  body  or  distresses  the 
mind.  Repose  relieves  the  wearied  body  ;  a  supply 
of  provisions  relieves  a  family  in  want ;  medicines 
may  relieve  the  sick  man,  even  when  they  do  not  cure 
him  ;  we  all  desire  lo  be  relieved  fnini  anxiety  nnd 
from  heavy  taxes  ;  law  or  duty,  or  both,  require  that 
we  should  relieve  the  [loor  and  destitute. 

3.  To  alleviate  or  remove  ;  as  when  we  say,  to  re- 
liece  pain  or  distress ;  to  relieve  the  wants  of  the 
jKKtr. 

3.  To  release  from  a  post  or  station,  as  sentinels,  a 
guard,  or  ships,  and  station  others  in  their  place. 
Sentinels  are  generally  relieved  every  two  hours  ; 
a  guard  is  usually  relieved  once  in  twonty-four  hours. 

4.  To  right ;  to  ease  of  any  burden,  wrong,  or  op- 
pression by  judicial  or  legislative  interp<)s(tion,  by 
the  removal  uf  a  grievance,  by  indemnification  for 
losses  and  the  like. 

5.  To  abate  the  inconvenience  of  any  thing  by 
change,  or  by  the  interposition  of  something  dissimi- 
lar. The  moon  relieves  the  luster  of  the  sun  with  a 
milder  light. 

The  port  mitrt  not  encnmlwr  lili  porm  with  loo  much  busIa''U, 
but  tornetinics  reliev*  tbe  subject  wtlli  a  inf>ral  rcfli^ction, 
Additon, 

6.  To  assist;  to  support 

Pamll^la,  or  like  reUltons.  alicmatHy  rtlitve  rach  oth«r ;  when 
uuiiber  vvill  pjua  iuuiiJ<.-r,  yvX  they  are  pUujuble  tutfi^ther. 

Brown, 

7.  Set  ofT  by  contrast.  [Used  in  rejrpert  to  paint- 
ing and  picturesque  effect.]  Walter  Scott. 

RE-LIEV'£D,  pp.  Freed  from  pain  or  other  evil  ; 
eased  or  cured ;  aided  ;  succored ;  dismissed  from 
watching. 

2.  Alleviated  or  removed,  as  pain  or  distress. 

3.  Set  nir  by  contrast. 

RE-LI£V'ER,  a.  One  that  relieves  ;  he  or  that  which 
gives  ease. 

RE-LI£V'ING,ppr.  or  fl.  Removing  pain  or  distress, 
or  abating  the  violence  of  it ;  easing;  curing;  as- 
sisting ;  dismissing  from  a  post,  as  a  sentinel ;  sup- 
i>orting. 

Relieving  arch.     See  DiscHABgiNo  Arch. 

RK-LlE'yO^  (re-lee'vo,)  n.  [It.]  Relief;  promin- 
ence of  figures  in  statuary,  architecture,  ^c.  j  appa- 
rent prominence  of  figures  in  painting. 

RE-LTGIIT',  (re-lite',)  r.  L     [re  and  light,]     To  light 
anew  :  to  illuminate  again. 
2.  To  rekindle;  to  set  on  fire  again. 

RF.-LIGIIT'ED.pp.     Lighted  anew;  rekindled. 

Rk-LIGIIT'ING,  ppr.     lighting  again  ;  rekindling. 

RE-LIG'IO.\,  (re-lij'un,)  n.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  religion  ;  It, 
religione ;  h.  rcU^ioy  from  Tf/iVo,  to  bind  anew;  re 
nnd  ligo,  to  bind.  This  worif  seems  originally  to 
iiave  signified  an  oath  or  vow  to  the  gods,  or  the  ob- 
ligation of  such  an  o;ith  or  vow,  wliich  was  held 
very  sacred  by  the  Romans.] 

1.  Religion,  in  a  comprehensive  sense,  includes  a 
belief  in  the  being  and  perfections  of  God,  in  the 
revelation  of  his  will  to  man,  in  man's  obligation  to 
obey  his  commands,  in  a  state  of  reward  and  pun- 
ishment, and  in  man's  accountableness  to  God  ;  and 
also  true  godliness  or  piety  of  life,  with  the  practice 
of  all  moral  duties.  It  therefore  comprehends  the- 
ology as  a  system  of  doctrines  or  principles,  as  well 
as  practical  piety;  fur  the  practice  of  moral  duties 
without  a  belief  in  a  divine  lawgiver,  and  without 
reference  to  his  will  or  commands,  is  not  religion. 

2.  Religion,  as  distinct  from  theology,  ia  godliness 
or  real  piety  in  practice,  consisting  in  the  perform- 
ance of  all  known  duties  to  God  and  our  fellow-men, 
in  obedience  to  divine  command,  or  from  love  to 
God  and  his  law.     James  i. 

JReligion  will  atifml  you  —  u  n  plenaant  nnd  us^rul  companion, 
ill  every  pruper  pluce  aniI  every  t(.-nipen»te  occiiprxiion  of  life, 
BuckminsUr. 

3.  Religion^  as  distinct  from  virtue  or  morality,  con 
sists  in  the  performance  of  the  duties  we  owe  di- 
rectly to  God,  from  a  principle  of  obedience  to  his 
will.  Hence  we  often  speak  of  religion  and  virtue 
as  different  branches  of  one  system,  or  the  duties  of 
the  first  and  second  tables  of  the  law. 

Let  ui  with  caution  inc!iil;<>  thi^  ■uppou'tjoti,  thiU  mcraD'.r  cah  tw 
mciiiiuuned  wiilioui  religion.  V.'cu.'.inglon. 

4.  Any  system  of  faith  and  worship.     In  this 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— ,M£TE,  PREY.  — PINE,  -M.VRXXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  W^QLF,  BQOK.— 

932 


RKL 

•ense,  religion  comprfht-nds  the  btlirf  and  worship 
of  pagnns  and  Muhaininedans,  as  well  as  of  Cliris- 
ttan»  ]  any  religion  consisting  in  the  belief  of  a  su- 
perior power  or  powers  governing  the  world,  and  in 
the  worship  of  such  power  or  powers.  Thus  we 
speak  of  the  religion  of  the  Turks,  of  the  Hindoos, 
of  the  Indians,  i^c,  as  well  as  of  the  Christian  re- 
ligimu  We  speak  of  false  religion,as  well  as  of  true 
religion. 

5.  The  rites  of  religion  ;  in  the  plural,      Milton. 

RE-LI6'I0\-A-RY,  a.  Relating  to  religion  ;  pious. 
[JVut  usfd.]  Bp.  Barlow. 

RE-LIG'IO.N-ISM,  n.  The  practice  of  relipion  ;  ad- 
herence to  relicion.  Stewart. 

RE-LIG'ION-IST,  n.  A  bigot  to  any  religious  persua- 
sion. Swift. 

RE-L[6-I-OS'r-TY.  n,  [L.  religiositas.]  Sense  of 
n-Hcion  ;  religiousness. 

RE  LrG'IOUS,  (re-lij'us,)  a,  [Fr.  religieaz;  L.  relig- 
iosus.] 

1.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  relipion  ;  as,  Brelian'ous 
society  ;  a  religious  sect ;  a  religious  place  ;  religious 
subjects. 

2.  Pious;  godly;  loving  and  reverencing  the  Su- 
preme Being  and  obeying  iiis  precepts ;  as,  a  relig- 
ious man. 

3.  Devoted  to  the  practice  of  religion  ;  as,  a  relig- 
ious life. 

4.  Teaching  religion  ;  containing  religious  subjects 
or  the  doctrines  and  precepts  of  religion,  or  the  dis- 
cussion of  topics  of  religion  ;  as,  a  relisfioas  book. 

5.  Eiart ;  strict;  such  as  religion  requires  j  as,  a 
reii^ious  observance  of  vows  or  promises, 

6.  Engaged  by  vows  to  a  monaetic  life  ;  as,  a  re- 
ligious  order  or  fraternity. 

7.  Appropriated  to  the  performance  of  sacred  or 
reliaious  duties  ;  as,  a  retigioiw  house.  ioa?. 

RE-LIG'IOUS,  ».  A  iwrson  bound  by  monastic  vows, 
or  sequestered  from  secular  concerns  and  devoted  to 
a  life  of  piety  and  devotion  j  a  monk  orfrrar  j  a  nun. 
[Little  usffi.] 

RE-LIO'IOUS-LY,  oJp.  Piously;  with  love  and  rev 
erence  to  the  Supreme  Being  ;  in  obedience  to  the 
divine  commands.  Drayton. 

3.  According  to  the  rites  of  religion.  Shak. 

3.  Reverently  ;  with  veneration.  Duppa, 

4.  Exactly  ;  strictly ;  conscientiously ;  as,  a  vow 
or  pmnii«e  rrliaioH,<hj  obsprved. 

RE-I.tfi'mUS  NESS,  rt.  The  quality  or  slate  of  be- 
ing relieinu*. 

RE-LI  N'Ut'E.VT,  a.  Relinquishing.  As  a  noun,  one 
who  relinquishes. 

RE-LI.\'aUISM,  (re-link'wish,)  r.  (.  [L.  rdinquo  ; 
re  and  linquo^  to  leave,  to  fail  or  faint ;  from  the  same 
root  as  liqueo^  liquo,  to  melt  or  dissolve,  dcliquium,  a 
fainting,  Ir.  lea^kam,  to  melt.  Hence  the  sense  is  to 
withdraw  or  give  way  ;  to  rptinquinh  is  to  recede 
from.  It  is  probably  allied  to  fag  and  slack;  \\'. 
Uacy  UacititP,  to  slacken  ;  Uegti^  to  tiag.     Class  I.g.] 

1.  To  withdraw  from  ;  to  leave;  to  quit.  It  may 
be  to  fofr'nke  or  abandon,  but  it  does  not  necessarily 
express  the  sen^e  of  the  latter.  A  man  may  relin- 
quish an  enterprise  for  a  time,  or  with  a  design  never 
to  resume  it.  In  geofral^  to  relinquish  is  to  Ivave 
without  the  intention  of  resuming,  and  equivalent 
to  forsake^  but  is  Iciis  emphatical  than  tkbandon  and 
dtsert, 

TYiftt  placed  In>h  tenftnta  on  Ibe  IarcU  rtUn^uistwd  bf  th*  ^n^- 
liah.  itaoiet. 

2.  To  forbear  ;  to  withdraxv  from  ;  as,  to  rrlmqui^h 
the  practice  of  intemperanca  ;  to  relinquish  tlie  rites 
of  a  church.  Ilouker. 

3.  To  give  up  ;  to  renounce  a  claim  to ;  as,  to  re- 
linquisk  a  debt. 

To  relinquish  back,  or  to;  to  give  up;  to  release; 

to  surrender;  as,  to  relinqui<h  a  claim  to  another. 
BE-LIN'UUISH-£D,  (re-link'wishi,)  pp. 

ted  ;  eiven  up. 
RR-LI.N'ai^ISH-ER,  n.     One  who  leaves  or  quits. 
RE-LIX'aUISIM.\G,  ppr.     Quitting ;   leaving;  glv- 

ing  up. 
RE-LIN'QUISH-MENT,   m    The   act  of  leaving  or 

quitting  :  a  forsaking  :  the  renouncing  a  claim  to. 
BEt.'1-aUA-RY,  B.      [Fr.  reliquaire^    from   L.  relin- 

que.] 
A  small  chest,  box,  or  casket,  in  which  relics  are 

kept.  Oloss.  ofjJrcAit. 

KEL-taCE',  (rel-eek',)«.     A  relic.     [See  Relk.] 
MF.-ljq'Uf-JE,   n.  pL     [L.]     Remains  of  the  dead; 

organic  remains.  Humble, 

HE  Lia'UID-ATE,    (re-Iik'we-dSte,)   v.   t     [re  and 

liquitiate]     To  liquidate  anew  ;  to  adjust  a  second 
RF--Lia'I.nD -A-TED,  pp.     Liquidated  again,      [time. 
RE-I,ia'L'ID-A-TI.Nfi,ppr.     Liquidating  again. 
RE-LKHJID-A'TIOX,  n.      A    second    or    rrnewcd 

liquidrition  ;  a  renewed  adjustment.  Hamilton. 

REL'ISH,  n-   Taste  ;  or,  rather,  a  pleasing  taste  ;  that 

sensation  of  the  organs  which  is  ex[wrienced  when 

we  take  food  or  drink  of  an  agreeable  flavor.     Dif- 

ferf-nt  persons  have  diHerent  relishes.    Relish  is  often 

natural,  and  often  the  etfrct  of  habit 
2.  Liking;  delight;  appetite. 

W«  k>T«  Mich  k  r»titk  for  taction,  u  to  have  lo«t  Ibat  of  wll. 

Addi»on. 


REL 


REM 


[,)  pp.     Left  i  quit- 


3.  Sense ;  the  faculty  of  perceiving  excellence  ; 
taste  ;  as,  a  reluikfor  fine  writing,  or  a  relish  of  fine 
writing.     Addison  uses  both  of  and  fur  after  relish, 

4.  That  which  gives  pleasure  ;  the  power  uf  pleas< 
ing. 

WhiM)  liberty  b  gonOf 
Life  erowi  ioaipjd,  and  tuu  loat  iu  rtii^  Additon. 

5.  Cast ;  manners. 

Il  preserrei  aome  rel'iMh  of  old  writing.  Pop*. 

6.  Taste  ;  a  small  quantity  just  perceptible. 

Devotion,  palionc,  couraifr,  fortiiude, 

1  have  no  relitk  of  them.  Shak. 

7.  Something  taken  with  food  to  increase  the 
pleasure  of  eating. 

REL'ISH,  V.  t.     To  give  an  agreeable  taste  to. 

A  aavory  bit  thai  ierved  lo  relish  wine.  Dryden. 

2.  To  like  the  taste  of;  as,  to  relish  venison. 

3.  To  be  gratified  with  the  enjoyment  or  use  of. 
He  knows  how  lo  priie  liis  adTanUigea  and  to  rtUth  Ih*"  honon 

whicli  h<r  enjoyi.  AUerbury. 

Men  of  mc«  p^il.iK^  would  not  relish  Amtot]e,Bi  dresaf^  up  hj 

ih^  tchootmen.  Baker. 

REL'ISH,!?.  i.    To  have  a  pleasing  taste.    The  great- 
est dainties  do  not  always  relish. 

2.  To  give  pleasure 

Had  I  heeii  Ihe  finder-out  of  thu  ircrct,  it  would  not  haTC  rai- 
ithtd  araonif  \ny  uUier  ditcrediU.  Shak. 

3.  To  have  a  flavor. 

A  theory  which,  how  much  aoerer  It  may  rcIuA  of  wit  snd  in»cn- 
lii;n,  halh  no  louudation  in  nalui-e,  H'oodioaid. 

REL'ISH-A-BLE,  a.    Gustable  ;  having  an  agreeable 
taste. 

REL'ISH-ED,  (rel'isht,)   pp.      Giving  an  agreeable 
taste  ;  received  with  pleasure. 

R£-LIVE',  (r6  liv',)  v,  i.    [re  and  live.]  To  live  again  ; 
to  revive.  Spe>iser. 

RE-LIVE',  CrS-Iiv',)  17.  t.    To  recall  to  life.     [JVo(  in 
«se.]        ^  Spenser. 

RE-LOAN',  r.  L     [re  and  loan.]     To  loan  again  ;  to 
tend  tvhal  h.is  been  lent  and  repaid. 

Re-LCW,  n.     A  second  lending  of  the  same  money. 
_  PresidenOs  Message. 

Re-L^A\^ED,  pp.     Loaned  again. 

RE-L0AX'I.\G,  ppr.     Loaning  again. 

RE-LO'CATE.  v.  t.    To  locate  a  second  time. 

Re-LO-€A'TION,  n.     A  second  location.  Scott, 

RE-LOVE'    (-Iuv',)  r.  t     [re  and  love.]     To  love  in 
return.     UVot  in  use.]  Boyle. 

RE-LO'OE\T,  a,     [L.  reluceiis,  reluceo  ;  re  and  lucea, 
to  shine.] 

Shining;  transparent;  clear;  pellucid;  as,  a  rc/u- 
eent  stream.  Thomson. 

RE-LUeT',  V.  L     [L.  reluctor;  re  and  tuctor.  to  strug- 
gle.] 

7o  strive  or  struggle  against.     [Little  u-trd.] 

RE-LrTCT'.\NCE,   (    n.      [Literalhf,    a    straining   or 

RE-LUeT'AN-CY,  j       striving  against.] 

Unwillingness  ;  great  opposition  of  mind  ;  repug- 
nance; with  to  or  against;  as,  to  undertake  a  war 
with  reluctance,  lie  lias  a  great  reluctance  to  this 
measure. 

Bear  wiln^w,  Heavn,  wiih  what  relu^laney 

IIlt  hclpleaa  iiniocvncc  I  doom  to  die.  Drytitn. 

RE-LU€T'.\NT,   a.       Striving  against  j    unwilling  ; 
much  opposed  in  heart. 

Reluclant  now  I  touched  the  trembling  ■(ring-.  "HdctlL 

2.  Unwilling  ;  acting  with  slight  repugnance  ;  coy. 

Mdton. 

3.  Proceeding  from  an  unwilling  mind  ;  granted 
with  relnrtance  ;  a^,  rrluctnnt  obedienco,    Mitford. 

RE-LU€T'ANT-LV.  adv.     Wrtli  opposition  of  heart ; 
unwillingly.      \Vh:it    is    undertaken   reluctantly,   is 
peldnm  w**H  performed. 
RE-LUCT'ATE,  v.  u    To  resist ;  to  struggle  against. 

Decay  of  Piety. 
RE-LU€T-A'TIOX,  n.    Repugnance  ;  resistance. 

Bacon. 
RE-LUCT'INO,  ppr.     Striving  to  resist. 

9.  a.  Averse  ;  unwilling. 
RE-LOME',  V.  L     [Ft.  rallumcr ;   L.   re  and  lumen. 
light.] 

To  rekindle  ;  to  light  again.  Pope, 

RE-LrM'A:D,  pp.     Rekindled  ;  lighted  again. 
RE-LO'ML\E,  f-min,)  r.  (.     [II.  rathiminare ;  L.  relu- 
mino;  re  and  fumra,  light,  from  luceo^  lo  sliine.l 
1.  To  light  anew  ;  to  rekindle,  Shak. 

9.  To  illuminate  again. 
RE-LC'MIX./-;D,  pp.     Rekindled  ;  ilhiminated  anew. 
RK-LC.M'ING,  ppr.     Kindling  or  lighting  anew. 
RE  LCM'LVING,   ppr.       Rekindling  ;    enlightening 

anew. 
RE-LV,  V.  i.  [re  and  //>,  or  from  the  root  of  tie,  l/iij.'\ 
To  rest  on  something,  as  the  mind  when  satisfiea 
of  the  veracity,  integrity,  or  ability  of  persons,  or  of 
the  certainty  of  facts  or  of  evidence  ;  to  have  confi- 
dence in  ;  to  trust  in  ;  to  depend  ;  with  on.  We 
rely  on  the  promise  of  a  man  who  Is  known  to  be 
upright ;  we  rely  on  the  veracity  or  fidelity  of  a  tried 
friend  ;  a  prince  relies  on  the  affections  of  his  sub- 
jects for  support,  and  on  the  strength  of  his  anny  for 
success  In  war;   above  all  things,  we  rely  on  the 


(XajLo 


mercy  and  promises  of  God.  That  which  is  the 
ground  of  confidence,  is  a  certainty  or  full  convic- 
tion that  satit^fies  the  mind  and  leaves  it  at  rest,  or 
undisturbed  by  doubt. 

BecausP  Ihou  h;«i  relied  on  ihe  king  of  Syria,  and  not  nUid  on 
the  Loril  Ui/  God.  — 2  Chron,  x»i. 

RE-L?'ING,  ppr.     Reposing  on   something,   as  the 
mind  ;  confiding  in  ;  trusting  in  ;  depending. 

RE-iMADE',  pre(.  and  pp.  of  Remake. 

RE-MAIN',  c.  i.    [L.  rernaneo ;  re  and  ntaneo,  Gr.  ^ccw, 
o  ^u  -.  o 

ttcuEo) ;    Pcrs.     *  tX)L.o    mandan,  and     * 

manidanj  to  remain,  to  be  left,  to  delay,  to  be  like,  lo 
dismiss,  to  leave.  The  sense  seems  to  be,  to  draw 
out  in  time,  or  to  be  fixed,  or  to  continue.  {See  anal- 
ogies in  Leave.)  The  sense  of  likeness  may  be  a 
drawing.] 

L  To  continue  ;  to  rest  or  abide  in  a  place  for  a 
time  indefinite.  They  remained  a  month  in  Rome. 
We  remain  at  an  inn  for  a  night,  fur  a  week,  or  a 
longer  time. 

Rtnutin  a  widow  at  thy  fniher'a  bouae,  till  Bhelah  my  bud  bt 
grawn.  —  Uen,  xxxviii. 

2.  To  be  left  after  others  have  withdrawn  ;  to  rest 
or  abide  in  the  same  place  when  others  remove,  or 
are  lost,  destroyed,  or  taken  away. 

Noah  only  reinaintd  alive,  and  they  that  were  with  him  In  tbe 
ark. —  Gen.  vii. 

3.  To  be  left  after  a  part  or  Others  have  passed.  Let 
our  remaining  time  or  years  be  employed  in  active 
duties. 

4.  To  continue  unchanged,  or  in  a  particular  stale. 
He  remaijis  stupid;  he  remains  in  a  low  state  of 
health. 

5.  Not  to  be  lost ;  not  to  escape  ;  not  to  be  forgot- 
ten. 

All  my  wisdom  remained  with  me.  Ecclut, 

6.  To  be  left,  out  of  a  greater  number  or  quantity. 
Part  of  the  debt  is  paid  ;  that  which  remains  will  be 
on  interest. 

That  which  remtuneth  oyer,  lay  up  for  you  to  be  kept  tED  the 

niuniinif.  —  Kx,  xvi, 

7.  To  be  left  as  not  included  or  comprised.  There 
remains  one  argument  which  has  not  been  consid- 
ered. 

Thit  an  eldor  brother  hai  power  oTcr  his  brethren  rtmain*  lo  be 
pr-.ved.  Lock*. 

8.  To  continue  in  the  same  state. 

ChildlcM  thou  art,  chiMleu  remain.  MUiotu 

RE-MAJN',  r.  L  To  await;  lo  bo  left  to;  as,  tbe 
easier  conquest  now  remains  thee. 

[This  is  elliptical  for  remains  to  thee.  Jiemain  is 
not  properly  a  transitive  verb.] 

RE-MAIN',  n.  That  which  is  left;  a  corpse;  also, 
abode,     [^'ot  used.] 

RE-.MA1NT)ER,  n.  Any  thing  left  after  the  separa- 
tion and  removal  of  a  part. 

ir  these  decociioni  be  repeated  till  (he  water  comet  off  clear,  the 

remainder  yielila  nu  aall.  ArbuihrwU 

The  Uiai  Ttmaindert  of  unhappy  Troy.  Dryden. 

2.  Relics  ;  remains  ;  the  corpse  of  a  human  being. 
[A«f  note  used.]  Shak. 

3.  That  which  is  left  after  a  part  is  passed  ;  as,  the 
remainder  of  the  day  or  week  ;  the  remainder  of  the 
year  ;  the  remainder  of  life. 

4.  The  quantity  that  is  left  after  subtraction  or 
after  any  deduction. 

5.  In  /uET,  an  estate  limited  to  take  efl^cct  and  be 
enjoyed  after  another  estate  is  determined.  A 
grants  land  to  B  for  twenty  years  ;  remainder  to  D 
in  fee.  If  a  man  by  deed  or  will  limits  his  hooks  or 
furniture  to  A  for  life,  with  remainder  to  B,  this  re- 
mainder is  good,  Blackstone, 

A  writ  of  formed  on  in  remainder^  Is  a  writ  which 
lies  where  a  man  gives  lands  to  another  for  life  or  in 
tail,  with  remainder  to  a  third  person  in  tail  or  in 
fee,  and  he  who  has  the  particular  estate  dies  with- 
out issi;e  herilalile,  and  a  stranger  intrudes  upon 
him  in  rr^mainder  and  keeps  him  out  of  possession  ; 
in  this  case,  the  retnuinder-man  shall  have  his  writ* 
of  formodon  in  the  remainder.  Blackstone. 

RE-MAIN'DER,  a.  Remaining;  refu.oe  ;  left;  as,  the 
remainder  biscuit ;  the  remainder  viands.     [Ofr^.] 

Shak, 

RE-MATN'DER-MAN,  n.  In  law,  he  who  has  an 
etitate  after  a  particular  estate  is  determined. 

Blackstone, 

RE-MAIN'^D,  pp.  Continued  ;  left  after  others  have 
withdrawn. 

RE  iMAIN'lNG,  ppr.  or  a.  Continuing ;  resting  ; 
abiding  for  an  indefinite  time  ;  being  left  after  sepa- 
ration and  removal  of  a  pari,  or  after  loss  or  destruc- 
tion, or  after  a  part  is  passed,  as  of  lime. 

RE  MAINS',  n.  pi.     That  which  is  left  after  a  part  is 

fpnratcd,  taken  away,  or  destroyed  ;   as,  the   re- 
nins of  a  city  or  house  demolished. 
2.  A  dead  body  ;  a  corpse.  Pope. 

The  singular,  remain,  in  the  like  sense,  and  in  tbe 
sense  of  abode,  is  entirely  obsolete.  Sltak. 


TONE,  ByLL,  tINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K ;  <3  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  Til  aa  in  THIS. 


933 


REM 

KE-MAKB',  r.  L:  preunnd  pp.   Rehadb.      [r«  and 

mnAr.]     To  nmke  anew. 
RE-.MAND',  r.  t     [Fr.  remonder;  L.  re  and  mando.] 
To  call  or  sand  back  him  or  iliit  which  is  ordered 

to  a  place;  as,  to  reimand  an  utlicer  from  a  dtstaul 

plnce  ;  lo  remand  an  envoy  from  a  foreign  courL 
RE-MAXD'ED,  pp.     Called  or  sent  brick. 
RE-MXND'I.\G,  ppr.     Calling  or  sending  back. 
RE-MXND'.ME.\T,  n.       A  remanding    or   ordering 

back.  J^g^son. 

REM'A-.\EN-CV,  \  ""     "^  remaining. 

REM'A^NEXT,  n.     [I*  remanens,] 

The  part  remaining.  ILUtle  used.]  [It  is  con- 
Iracled  into  RcMMA^T.] 

REM'A-NENT,  a.     Remaining.     [Litile  us^.]  Taylor, 

RE-MXRK',  n.     [Fr.  rtmanpie ;  re  ond  mark.] 

1.  Notice  or  obscr\'ation  j  as,  to  elude  conjecture 
and  rrmarlu  Cowper. 

a.  Particularity  notice  or  obser\-alion  expres^-scd  in 
words  or  writing  ;  as,  the  mnarkj  of  an  advocate  ; 
the  remarks  made  in  conversation ;  the  Judicious  or 
th€  uncandid  remarks  of  a  critic.  A  remark  is  not 
always  expressed,  for  we  say,  n  man  makes  his  re- 
marks on  a  preacher**  sermon  while  he  is  listening 
to  iL  In  this  case  the  notice  is  silent,  a  mere  act  of 
the  mind. 

R&MARK',  V.  t    [Ft.  rtmanpter.) 

1.  To  observe ;  to  note  in  the  mind  ;  to  take  notice 
of  without  exprension.  I  remarked  the  manner  of 
the  speaker  ;  I  remarked  his  elcpant  exprcjisions. 

2.  To  express  in  words  or  writing  whm  one  thinks 
or  sees ;  to  express  observations  ;  as,  it  is  necessary 
to  repeat  what  bas  bem  bt-fore  remarked. 

3.  To  mark ;  to  point  out ;  to  distinguish.  [JVot 
in  use.] 

Kb  msiutdcB  rftrtark  bim.  AKUon. 

RE-M.\RK'A-BLE,  a.     [Fr.  r^martfuabU.] 

1.  Observable  j  worthy  of  notice. 

Tb  rrmorhiUr  th*t  ihpjf 
TKlk  rmW  who  have  Uk  ie*M  ba  mj.  Prior. 

S.  Extraordinary ;  unusual ;  thai  dcMrres  pariieii- 
lar  notice,  or  that  may  excite  admiration  or  wander ; 
as,  tbe  reatarkmbU  prsMtvalion  of  lives  in  shipwreck. 
The  dark  day,  in  May,  1780,  wai  a  r*markaUe  phe- 
nomenon. 

R&MARK'A-BLE-NES3,  v.  ObservaMeness ;  wor- 
thiness o(  remark  j  the  quality  of  deserring  particu- 
lar notice.  Hamimmtd. 

RE-M.\RK'A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  degree  wor- 
thy of  notice  :  a%  the  winters  of  I8i!5,  1896,  and 
liitS,  were  remarkaiylu  free  from  snow.  The  winter 
of  \^^  wa<4  remxrkaMe  for  a  great  quantity  of  snow, 

2.  In  an  extfaordinar^•  manner. 
RE-MXRK'f:D,  (n- -mirkV,)  pp.    Noticed;  observed  ; 

expresii^'d  in  words  or  writing. 
RE~>IXRK'£R,  a.    An  observer  \  one  who  makes  re- 
marks. WaUs. 
RE-MXRK'ING,  jrjrr.    Observing;  taking  notice  of; 

expressing  in  words  or  writing. 
Rr^MAR'RI-£0,  ;r;).     Married  again  or  a  second  time. 
R£-.MAR'KV,  r.  L     [r€  and  marry.]     To  marr>'  again 

or  a  second  time.  TtndaL 

R&MAR'RY-1\G,  jr^r.    Marrying  again  or  a  second 

time. 
Rfi-MAST',  r.  u    To  furnish  with  a  second  mast  or 

set  of  ma,-;ts. 
RE-MAS'TI-CATE,  r.  U  [re  and  maMUaU.]   To  chew 

or  masticate  a^in ;  lo  clitw  over  and  over,  as  in 

chewing  the  cud. 
Re-MAS'TI-€A-TED,  pp.    Chewed  again  or  repeat- 
edly. 
RE-MAS'TI-CJ-TIXG,  ppr.    Chewing  again  or  over 

and  over. 
SE-MAS-TieATIO.V,  n.    The  act    of  masticating 

again  or  n-pt^aledty. 
REJirBLAl,  (rlm'bla,)   n.     [Fr.]     In  fortifientioHyXhe 

earth  or  materials  u«ed  in  tilling  up  a  trench.  Brande. 
REM'BLE,  c.  t.    To  rvraove.  Orose. 

RE-Me'DI-A-BLE,  o.     [from  remedy.]    That  maybe 

remedied  or  cured.    The  evil  is  bclievfd  to  be  rente- 

diahtf, 
RE-Mi:'DT-.\-BLV,  adc.    So  as  to  be  susceptible  of 
,    rem*-dv  or  cure. 
RE- Mf. 'dial,  a.     {l^  remedialis.] 

AflTording  a  remedy  ;  intended  for  a  remedy,  or 

fbr  the  removal  of  an  eriL 

n*  irwiifiiif  part  of  Uw  b  so  nrtymvrj  a  con9r<p«'nM  of  th« 
drdaiuon  and  ilurctorr,  that  bws  without  it  mivt  be  ''rrj 
vafTMaail  impertrcl.    diuutei  uc  decUnUry  or  rrm^tio^ 


kEM 

4.  Not  admitting  recovery;  as,  a  remeddMs  delu- 
sion. South. 

RE-MED'I-LESS-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  or   degree 
that  precludes  a  remedy.  Clarendon. 

RE-MEO'l-LESS-NESS,  n,     Incurableness. 

REM'E-DV, n.     [L.  remadiumt  rt  and  medcaryio  heal ; 
Fr.  remide.] 

1.  That  which  cures  a  disease ;  any  medicine  or 
application  which  puts  an  end  tu  disease  and  restores 
health  ;  wilh/or  ;  as,  a  remedy  for  the  gout, 

'X  That  which  counteracts  an  evil  of  any  kind  ; 
with  for^  tOj  or  a^auMf  usually  with  for.  Civil 
government  is  the  rtwudyfar  the  evils  of  natural  lib- 
erty. What  rswurfycan  be  provided /yrexlmvagance 
in  dress?  The  man  who  shall  invent  an  elTectual 
remedy  for  intemperance  will  deserve  every  thing 
from  his  fi-Ilow-inen. 

3.  That  wbich  cures  uneasiness. 

Our  gn':U  bow  twiti,  our  rem^dief  bow  alow  1  Prior. 

4.  That  which  repairs  loss  or  disaster;  reparation. 

In  the  death  of  &  mui  there  ia  no  remedy.  WUdom. 

REM'E-DY,  v.  t     [Fr.  remedier.] 

1.  To  cure;  toueal;  as,  to  rrmerfy  a  disease. 

2.  To  cure  ;  lo  remove,  as  an  evil ;  as,  lo  remedy 
grief;  to  remedy  the  evils  of  a  war. 

3.  To  repair;  to  remove  mischief;  in  a  very  gen- 
eral sense. 

REM'E-DY-ING,  ;>pr.    Curing;  healing;  removing; 

restorinc  from  a  bad  to  a  go<Ml  stale. 
RK-MELt',  r.  ^    [r«  and  mdt.]    To  melt  a  second 

lime. 
Rf.-MELT'ED,  pp.     Melted  ngnrn. 
Re-MELT'ING,  ppr.     Melting  again. 
RE-MEM'BER,  r.  t,     [Norm,  remembre;  Low  L.  re~ 

mcmoror  ;  re  and  memoror.     See  Memort.] 

1.  To  have  in  the  mind  an  idea  which  had  been  in 

the  mind  before,  and  which   recurs  Xo  the  mind 

without  effort, 

We  KK  Mhl  to  rtmtmittr  ttnj  thiag,  when  the  ideit  of  I(  ariaea  ta 
the  mind  vtib  the  eoo«cioataea»  that  wc  b.ive  had  thu  hlea 
bcfon.  WaUM. 

9.  M'hen  we  n»e  cfTnrl  to  recall  an  idea,  we  are 
said  to  recollect  it.  This  distinction  is  not  always 
observed.  Hence,  Rememdeh  is  often  used  as  sy- 
nonymous with  Recollect,  that  fs,  to  call  to  mind. 
We  say,  we  can  not  remember  a  fuel,  when  we 
mean  we  can  not  reeolUct  iU 

Stmtmber  (he  dajra  of  old.  —  Deut.  xxxW. 

3.  To  bear  or  keep  in  mind  ;  to  attend  to. 

Rtmtmbtr  what  I  warn  tbm ;  ahun  lu  tute.  Milton. 

4.  To  preserve  ibe  memory  of;  to  preserve  from 
being  forjolten. 


RE-Mga>I-ATE,  in  the  sense  of  remedial,  is  not  in 
nse. 

REM'E-DI-ED,{rera'e-did,)f»p.  {from remedy.]  Cared; 

healed  :  reprtired. 
RE-MED'I-LESS,  «.    [In  modem  hooks^  the  accent  ia 
(riaced  on  the  first  cj  Ihble,  which  would  be  well  if 
there  were  no  derivatives :  but  remedilessly,  remedir 
lesmess,  require  the  accent  on  ihe  second  syllable.] 

I.  Not  admitiinea  remedy;  incurable;  desperaj^j 
as,  a  remediless  disease. 
2:  Irreparable  ;  as,  a  loss  or  damage  is  remediUss. 
3.  Not  admitting  change  or  reverb  ;  as,  a  remedi- 
less doom.  Milton.     J 


U'l  ihirn  h»Te  thrir  wayi**  duly  p^M, 
And  aometbins  over  to  remtmber  me. 


Shak. 

5.  To  menlJoiu     [JVot  ta  use.]  A^liffa* 

6.  To  put  in  mind;  to  remind;  KS,ioremember  one 
of  his  duty.     [wVuf  in  uac.]  Clarendon. 

7.  To  iliink  uf  and  consider;  to  meditate.  Ps. 
Ixiii. 

8.  To  bear  in  mind  with  esteem;  or  to  reward. 
Eccles.  ix. 

9.  To  bear  in  mind  with  praise  or  admiration  ;  lo 
celebrate.     I  Chron.  xvi. 

10.  To  bear  in  mind  with  favor,  cnre,  and  regard 
for  Ihe  safety  or  deliverance  of  any  one.  Ps.  Ixxiv. 
Oen.  viii.     Oen.  xix. 

11.  To  bear  in  mind  with  intent  to  reward  or  pun- 
ish.    3  John  \.     Jrr.  \xx\. 

1-Z  To  bear  iu  mind  with  confidence  ;  to  trust  in. 
Ps.  XX. 

13.  To  bear  in  mind  with  the  purpose  of  assisting 
or  relieving.     Qal.  ii. 

14.  To  bear  in  mind  with  reverence  ;  to  obey. 
Rtmentber  thy  Creator  in  the  d;tyi  of  Uiy  youth.  —  Eccl».  xii. 

15.  To  bear  in  mind  with  regard  ;  to  keep  as  sa- 
cred ;  to  observe. 

Remember  the  Sabfaatl>'daj  to  keep  it  holy.  —  Ex.  xx. 
To  remember  mercy^  is  to  exercise  it.     ffab.  iii. 
RE-MEM'BER- ED,  ;)p.    Kepi  in  mind  ;  recollected. 
RE-MEM'BER-ER,  n.    One  that  remembers. 

WoUon. 
RE-MEM'EER-ING,  ppr.  Having  in  mind. 
RE-MEM'BRANCE,  n.  [Fr.]  The  retaining  or  hav- 
ing in  mind  an  idea  which  had  been  present  before, 
or  an  idea  which  bad  been  previously  received  from 
an  object  when  present,  and  which  recurs  to  the 
mind  afterward  without  the  presence  of  iis  object. 
TechnicaUy^  Remembrance  diffLTS  from  RcMiFfts- 
cE:fCE  and  Recollection,  as  the  ftirmer  implies 
that  an  idea  occurs  to  the  mind  spontaneously,  or 
without  much  mental  exertion.  The  latter  imply  the 
power  or  the  act  of  recalling  ideas  which  du  not 
spontaneously  recur  to  the  mind. 

The  righteous  ahall  be  In  eyerlasting'  rem^Titbranre,  —  Pa.  cxil. 
Remembrance  is  when  the  aame  idea  r«iirs,  without  the  operalion 
of  the  like  object  on  the  exieni;tl  Kxaory.  Lodce. 

2.  Transmission  of  a  fact  from  one  to  another. 

Titan 
Amon^  the  heaTens  the  immortal  fact  displayed, 
L«it  L'le  rtinemiira.n£e  of  his  grief  slwulil  foil.  Ad^on. 


REM 

3.  Account  preserved  I  somelhing  to  assist  the 
memory. 

Thoa«  pn)ee<<dii)^  and  rwMmtroweM  uv  b  tbe  Tower.    Halt, 

4.  Memorial. 

■ibranft  of  ao  brave  a  deed. 

DrydtTK. 

5.  .A  token  by  which  one  is  kept  tn  tbe  memory. 

Keep  this  r#m«r7t{>ranc«  for  thy  Jtilia'a  sake.  iSftab, 

6.  Notice  of  something  absent. 

Let  your  renwmfrmncv  atilt  apply  lo  Banquo.  Stwk. 

7.  Power  of  remembering ;  limit  of  time  within 
which  a  fact  can  be  retneuibered  ;  as  when  we  say, 
an  event  look  place  before  our  remembrance,  or  since 
our  remembrance, 

8.  Ilonumble  memory.     [J\rut  in  use.]  Skak. 

9.  Admonition.  Sfiak. 

10.  Memorandum  ;  a  note  to  help  the  memory. 

Chillitisworth. 
RE-MEM'BRAN-CER,  n.    One  that  reminds,  or  re- 
vives the  remembrance  of  any  thing. 

God  ii  present  in  Uic  consciences  of  ^ood  and  had  ;  he  ta  there  a 
renuritbrancer  to  call  our  ncUoiu  to  mind.  Titylor, 

Q.  An  officer  in  the  exchequer  of  England,  whose 
business  is  lo  record  certain  papers  and  proceedings, 
make  out  processes,  &,c. ;  a  recorder.  The  officers 
bearing  tins  name  were  formerly  called  clerks  of  the 
remembrance.  Encyc. 

3.  Something  that  reminds  or  calls  to  remem- 
brance, as  n  git\  ;  memorial ;  memento.     Cowper, 
RE-MEM'O-RATE,  r.   t,      [L.   rememoratus,  remem- 
oror.] 

To  remember  ;  lo  revive  in  the  memory.    [JW(  in 

RE-MEM-0-RA'TION,  n.  Remembrance.  [Ao(  ta 
use.] 

RE-MER'CIE,  )       ,      ri:'       ™      •     1 

RE-MEIt'CY,    i  "-^     [Fr.  rcmercicr.] 

To  thatik.     [JVbt  in  use.]  Spenser. 

REJit'I-dJC:^^  n.  pi.     [L.,  from  remex,  a  rower.] 

In  ornitJialotryt  the  quill  feathers  of  the  wings  of  a 
bird,  which,  like  oars,  propel  it  through  the  air. 

Brande. 

RE-MI'GRXTE,  tj.  i,  [L.  rcmtgro;  re  and  mi^o,  to 
migrate,] 

To  remove  back  again  to  a  former  place  or  state  ; 
lo  return.     [See  Migbate.]  Boyle. 

RE-MI-GRX'TION,  n.  Removal  back  again;  a  mi- 
gration to  a  former  place.  Jfale-. 

RE-MINI)',  c.  L  [re  and  mind.]  To  put  in  mind  ;  to 
bring  to  the  remembrance  of;  as,  to  remind  a  person 
of  his  promise. 

2.  To  bring  lo  notice  or  consideration.  The  in- 
firmities of  old  age  remind  us  of  our  mortality. 

RE-MT\D'ED,  pp.     Put  in  mind. 

RE-MI\D'FJJL,  o.  Tending  or  adapted  to  remind; 
careful  lo  remind.  Southey, 

RE-.MIND'ING,ppr.  Putting  in  mind;  calling  atten- 
tion to. 

RExM  I-NIS'CENCE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  rejniniscens, 
remini/tcor,  Gr.  ftuaofiai.     See  Memory.] 

1.  7'hat  faculty  of  the  mind  by  whicn  ideas  for- 
merly received  into  it,  but  forgotten,  are  recalled  or 
revived  in  the  memory.  Encyc. 

2.  Recollection  ;  recovery  of  ideas  that  liad  es- 
caped from  the  memory.  Hate. 

3.  Reminiscence  seems  often  lo  signify  recollec- 
tion expressed  ;  a  relation  of  wliat  is  recollected. 

REM-I-MS'CENT,  ».  One  who  calls  to  mind,  and 
records  past  events. 

REM-I-NIS-CEN'TIAL,o.  Pertaining  lo  reminiscence 
or  recoileclion.  Brown. 

REM'I-PEI),  n.     V\j.  remus,  an  oar,  and  pes,  a  foot.] 
An  animal.    The  name  has  been  given  lo  certain 
crustaceans,  also  to  certain  coleopterous  insects. 

P.  Ctic.    Brande. 

RE-MISE',  p.  (.  [Fr.  remise,  from  remettre;  L.  remis- 
jiw,  remiito  ;  re  and  mitto,  to  send.] 

To  give  or  grant  back  ;  lo  release  a  claim  ;  to  re- 
sign or  surrender  by  deed.  A  B  hath  remised,  re- 
leased, and  forever  quitclaimed  to  B  Call  his  right 
to  the  manor  of  Dale.  Blackstoiie. 

RE-MIS'AD,  (re-mlzd',)  pp.     Released. 

RF^MIS'ING,  ppr.     Surrendering  by  deed. 

RE-MISS',  a.     [Fr.  remix;  l..remissus,  supra.] 

1.  Slack:  dilatory;  negligent;  not  performing 
duty  or  business;  not  complying  with  engagements 
at  ail,  or  not  in  due  time  ;  as,  to  be  rem^iss  in  at- 
tendance on  official  duties;  remiss  in  payment  of 
debts. 

2.  Slow  ;  slack  ;  languid.  Woodward. 

3.  Not  intense. 

Theae  nervous,  bold ;  those  lan^id  and  rttniet.    Roscommon. 

RE-MISS'I-BLE,a.  Thai  may  be  remitted  or  forgiven. 

Feltham. 
RE-MIS'SION,  (re-mish'un,)  n.      [Fr.,  from  L.  remis- 
sio,  from  remitto,  lo  send  hack.] 

1.  Abatement;  relaxation;  moderation;  as,  the 
remission  of  extreme  rigor.  Bacon. 

2.  Abatement;  diminution  of  intensity;  as,  the 
remission  of  the  sun*s  heat  ;  the  remiisian  of  cold  ; 
the  rcnmsion  of  close  study  or  of  labor.     JVoodinard. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BpQK — 


REM 

3.  Release ;  discharge  or  relinquishment  of  a 
claim  or  right;  as,  the  remu^ion  uf  a  tax  or   duty. 

4.  In  medieinej  abatement ;  a  temporary  subsi- 
dence of  the  force  or  violence  of  a  disease  or  of 
pain,  as  ditiiinguished  fmm  Ir«TEBMissioN,Jn  which 
the  disease  leaves  the  patient  entirely  for  a  time. 

5.  Forgiveness:  pardon;  that  is,  the  giving  up  of 
the  punishment  due  to  a  crime  ;  as,  the  remission  of 
sins.    Matt,  xsvi,    Heb.  ix. 

t>.  The  act  of  sending  back.     [A"o(  in  use.] 
RE-MISS'IVK,  a.     Remitting;  forgiving.      HackcL 
RE-MISS'LY,   ado.    Carelessly  j    negligently ;    with- 
out clo:?e  attention.  Hooker. 

2.  Slowly;  slackly;  not  vigorously ;  not  with  ar- 
dor. Clarendon, 

RE-MISS'NESS,  n.  Slackness  ;  slowness  ;  careless- 
ness ;  negligence ;  want  of  ardor  or  vigor  ;  cold- 
ness;  want  of  punctuality;  want  of  attention  to 
any  business,  duty,  or  enjiageraeot  in  the  proper 
time,  or  with  the  requisite  industry. 

Denham.     Arhuthnot, 
RE-MIT',   D.   U     [L.   remitto,   to   send   back  ;  re  and 
mitto^  to  send;    Ft.renuare;    li.  rimettere ;    Sp.  re- 
mitir.] 

1.  To  relax,  as  intensity  ;  to  make  less  tense  or  vi- 
olent. 

So  willia^Ijr  doth  God  remit  his  in.  MVton. 

9.  To  forgive  ;  to  surrender  the  right  of  punisliing 
a  crime  ;  as,  to  remit  punishment.  Dryden, 

3.  To  pardon,  aa  a  fault  or  crime. 

WboBMopverunsyr-rvmif,  thfyaie  rcmiUetf  lo  them.  —  Johuxx. 

4.  To  give  up  ;  to  resign. 

lu  gTV^TutiB  anil  inliunuu)  ciiincm,  oSenilen  ahouli]  be  remitted  to 
Utcir  prince.  liaywnrd, 

5.  To  refer.;  as,  a  clause  that  remitted  all  to  the 
bishop's  discretion.  Bacon. 

6.  To  send  back. 

The  prisoner  wm  remitted  to  the  gimrl.  Dryden, 

7.  To  transmit  money,  bills,  &c.,  to  some  person 
at  a  distance-  American  merchants  remit  money, 
hills  of  exchange,  or  some  species  of  stock,  in  pay- 
ment fur  British  goods. 

8.  To  restore. 

Is  this  CAK  the  t«w  remiU  him  to  hu  ancient  and  more  c^rtnin 
ngh[.  Btnckitane. 

RS-MIT',  V.  L  To  slacken  j  to  become  less  intense  or 
rigorous. 

Wbra  our  punons  remits  the  vebemenoe  of  our  Bprrch  remiu 
too.  Broome. 

So  we  say,  cold  or  heat  remits. 
3.  To  abate  in  violence  for  a  lime,  without  inter- 
mission ;  as,  a  fever  rrmits at  a  certain  hour  every  day. 
RE-MIT'MEXT,  n.    The  net  of  remitting  to  custody. 

2.  Forsiveness;  pardon.  JMUton. 

RE-M[T''1'AL,  n.     A  remitting  ;  a  giving  up  ;  surren- 
der; as,  the  remittal  of  the  first-fruits.  SirifL 
RE-MIT'TA\CE,  n.     In  commerce^  the  act  of  trans- 
mitting money,  hill4,  or  the  like,  to  a  distant  place. 
2.  The  «um  or  thing  remitted.                  jidJijion. 
RE-MIT'TED,    pp.     Relaxed;    forgiven;    pardoned; 
sent  back  ;  referred;  given  up;  transmitted  to  a  dis- 
tant place,  as  monev. 
REMITTENT,  a.    Ilaving  an  alternate  increase  and 
remission. 

Remitlrnt  feeer  one  which  has  striking  exarerba- 
tions  and  remissions,  without  any  entire  intermi»- 
sion.  Dan;,'ligon. 

RE-MIT'TER,  n.  One  who  remits,  or  makes  remit- 
tance. 

2.  In  law,  the  restitution  of  a  more  ancient  and  cer- 
tain right  to  a  per^ton  who  has  right  to  lands,  brit  is 
out  of  ptmsps.-'ion,  and  hath  afterward  the  freehold 
cast  upon  him  by  some  subsequent  defective  title,  by 
virtue  of  which  he  enters.  Btaekstone. 

3.  One  that  pardons. 
RE-MIT'TING,;;pr.    Relaxing;    forgiving;   sending 

back  ;  transmitting  money,  bills,  &.c. 
REM'NANT,   n.      [Contracted  from   remanent.      See 
Rem  A I  ■'V.J 

1.  Residue ;  that  which  is  left  after  the  separa- 
tion, removal,  or  destruction  of  a  piirt. 

The  remnaiU  lh«l  are  left  of  the  captivity.  —  Neh.  1. 

S.  That  which  remains  after  a  part  is  done,  per- 
formed, told,  or  passed. 

The  remnant  of  my  Uile  is  of  a  length 

Tf>  tire  Tour  paii<-r*e,  Drwlfn. 

Where  I  nny  liiink  the  rtmnanX  of  my  thoughts.  khak. 

REM'XANT,  a.     Remaining  ;  yet  left. 

Antl  quH  dedicate  h'  r  remnant  life 

To  Uie  ]<ut  duue«  of  a  buiuUe  wife.     \UuU  UM(f.]         Prior. 

RE-MOD'EL,  V.  U  [«  and  model.]  To  model  or  fash- 
ion anew. 

RE-MOD'EL-ED,  pp.     Modeled  anew. 

RE-MOD'EL-IN«,  ypr.     Modeling  again. 

RE-MCLD',  V.  t.  [re  and  mold.]  To  mold  or  shape 
anew. 

RE-MOLD'ED,pp.    Molded  again.  J.  Barlow. 

RF>-MOLD'ING,p;>r.     Molding  anew. 

RE-MOL'LIENT,         "*    '  •  "  " 


[Pr.]     Mollifying;  softening. 


RE-MOLT'KN,;»;*.  or  a.     [re  and  molUn^  from  -melt,] 

Melted  agiiin.  Bacon. 

RE-MON'STRANCE,  n.     [Fr.  remantranee,     See  Re- 

HONSTBATE.] 

1.  Piiow  ;  discover}'.     [J<rotin  vse.]  Shak, 

2.  Expostulation  ;  strong  representation  of  reasons 
against  a  measure,  either  public  or  private,  and  when 
addressed  to  a  public  body,  a  prince  or  magistrate, 
it  may  be  accompanied  with  a  petition  or  stipplica- 
tion  for  the  removal  or  prevention  of  some  evil  or 
inconvenience.  A  party  aggrieved  presents  a  remon- 
strance  lo  the  legislature. 

3.  Pressing  suggestions  in  opposition  to  a  measure 
or  act  J  as,  the  miwiistrances  of  conscience  or  of  jus- 
tice, Rogers, 

4.  Eipostulary  counsel  or  advice;  reproof. 

5.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  churchy  a  piate  of  silver 
or  gold,  about  six  inches  in  diameter,  standing  ver- 
tically on  a  support,  and  having  an  opening  in  the 
center,  within  which  the  host  is  placed,  to  be  exhib- 
ited to  the  congregation. 

RE-MON'STRANT,  a.  Expostulatorj- ;  urging  strong 
reasons  against  an  act. 

RE-MON'STRANT,  7i.  One  who  remonstrates.  The 
appellation  of  remonstrants  is  given  to  the  Armini- 
ans  who  remonstrated  against  the  decisions  of  the 
synod  of  Dort,  in  1(518.  Brande, 

RE-MON'STR.5TE,  r.  i.  [L.  remonstro  ,-  re  and  mon- 
strOy  to  show  ;  Fr.  remontrcr.     See  Muster.] 

1.  I'o  exhibit  or  present  strong  reasons  against  an 
act,  measure,  or  any  course  of  proceedings  ;  to  ex- 
postulate. Men  remonstrate  by  verbal  argument,  or 
by  a  written  exposition  of  reasons. 

2.  To  suggest  urgent  reasons  in  opposition  to  a 
measure.  Conscience  remonstrates  against  a  profli- 
gate life. 

RE-MON'STRATE.  v.  U  To  show  by  a  strong  repre- 
sentation of  reasons. 

RE-MON'STRa-TED,  pp.  Opposed  by  urging  strong 
reasons  against  a  measure. 

RE-MON'STRA-TING,  ppr.  Urging  strong  reasons 
against  a  measure. 

RE-M0.\-STRA'TI0X,  71.  The  act  of  remonstrating. 
\  LUtle  vsFd.] 

RK-.M0\'STRa-T0R,  n.    One  who  remonstrates. 

REM'O-RA,  H.     [L,,  from  re  and  mortw,  to  delay.] 

1.  Delay;  obstacle;  hinderance.     [^"01  in  tLse.] 

2.  The  sucking  fish,  a  s|M;ries  of  Lclicneis,  which 
is  said  to  attach  itself  to  the  bottom  or  side  of  a  ship 
and  retard  its  motion.  It  is  a  small  fish,  found  in 
the  Mediterranean  and  other  seas.  Partin^tun. 

REM'O-RATE,  v.  U     [L.  ranoror.] 

To  hinder  ;  to  delay.     [J^ot  in  use.] 
RE-iMORD',  V.   t.      [L.  remordeoi   re  and  vwrdcoy  to 
gnaw.] 
To  rebuke ;  to  e.Tcite  to  remorse.    [JV*wt  m  use.] 

Skeltotu 
RE-MORD',  t>.  t.    To  feel  remorse.  [JVot  inuse,]  ElyoL 
RE-MORD'EN-CY,  n.     Conipunciioa  ;  remorse. 

Kilha^beek. 
RE-MORSE',  n.     [I^  remorsns,  from  remordeoT] 

1.  The  keen  pain  or  anguish  excited  by  a  sense  of 
guilt ;  compunction  of  conscience  for  a  crime  com- 
mitted. Clarendon. 

2.  Sympathetic  sorrow  ;  pity  ;  compassion. 
Curse  on  ih'  uiiparvlouing  priiic«,  whom  tears  can  dr.iw 

To  no  remarte.  Dryden, 

[TKit  sense  is  nearly  or  quite  obsolete.] 
RE-MORS'EO,   (r** -morst',)   a.      Feeling    remorse  or 

rompttnction.     [JVot  used.]  Bp.  Hall, 

RE-MORSE'FJJL,  (re-mors'^ful,)  a.    Full  of  remorse. 

Bp.  Hall. 

2.  Compassionate;  feeling  tenderly.    [J^otinuse.] 

Shak. 

3.  Pitiable.     [JVot  in  use.]  Chapman. 
RE-MORSE'FUL-LV,  adv.     With  remorse  of  con- 
science. 

RE-MORSE'LESS,  (re-mors'less,)  a.  Unpitying; 
cruel;  insensible  to  distress;  nsjihe  remcrsetess  deep. 

Milton. 
RemorteUei  fttlvenaries.  South. 

RE-MORSE'LESS-LY,  ( re-mors'less -ly,)  adv.  With- 
out remorse.  South. 

RE-MORSE'LESS-NESS,  (re-mors'less  ness,)  n.  Sav- 
age cnielty  ;  Insensibility  to  distress.    Beaum.  ^  FL 

RE-MOTE',  a.  [L,r«mofit»,  removeo ;  re  and  moveOy 
to  move.] 

1.  Distant  in  place ;  not  near;  as,  a  remote  coun- 
try ;  a  remote  people. 

Give  me  a  life  rtmole  from  guilly  courts.  GraneUl*. 

S.  Distant  in  time,  ;>ast  fir  future  ;  as,  remote  an- 
tiquity. Every  man  is  apt  to  think  the  time  of  bis 
dissolution  to  be  rrmote. 

3.  Distant ;  not  immediate. 

h  is  not  all  rtmon  and  even  apparent  food  that  affoda  u*. 

Loekt, 

4.  Distant ;  primary ;  not  proximate ;  as,  the  re- 
mote causes  of  a  disease. 

5.  Alien  ;  foreign  ;  not  agreeing  with;  as,  a  propo- 
sition remote  from  reason.  Locke, 

6.  Abstracted  ;  as,  the  mind  placed  by  thought 
amongst  or  remote  from  all  budies.  Locke. 


REM 

7.  Distant  in  consanguinity  or  atlinity  j  as,  a  re- 
mote  kinsman. 

8.  Slight :  inconsidemble  ;  as,  a  rrmote  anaJog>' 
between  cases ;  a  remote  resemblance  in  form  or 
color. 

RE-MOTE'LY,  ot/y.  At  a  distance  In  space  or  time; 
not  nearly. 

2.  At  a  distance  in  consanguinity  or  affinity. 

3.  Slightly  ;  in  a  small  degree;  as,  to  be  remotely 
affected  by  an  event. 

RE-MOTE'NESS,  n.  State  of  being  distant  in  space 
or  time;  distance  ;  as,  the  remoteness  of  a  kingdom 
or  of  a  star  ;  the  remoteness  of  the  deluge  from  our 
age  ;  the  remoteness  of  a  future  event,  of  an  evil  or 
of  saccess. 

2.  Distance  in  consanguinity  or  affinity. 

3.  Distance  in  o|>eralion  of  efficiency;  as,  tlie  r»- 
moteness  of  causes. 

4.  Slightness;  smallness  ;  as,  remoteness  of  resem- 
blance. 

RE-MO'TfON,  n.  The  act  of  removing  ;  the  state  of 
being  removed  to  a  distance.     [Little  used.] 

Shak.     Brotoiu 
RE-MOULD',  V.  t.     See  Remold. 
KE-MOU\T',  V.  L     [Ft.  remonter  ;  re  and  monter.] 

To  mount  again  ;  as,  to  remount  a  horse. 
RE-MOUJ<T',  V.  i.     To  mount  again  ;  to  reascend, 

fVoodirard. 
RE-MOV-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.     The  capacity  of  being  re- 
movable from  an  office  or  station  ;  capiicity  of  being 
disphtced. 
RE-MOV'A-BLE,   (-moov'a-bl,)    a.       [from    remcrve.] 
That  may  be  removed  from  an  office  or  station. 
Such  ciimte   is  remooabU  at  the  pleasure  of  the  rector  of  the 
mother  chnrch,  Ayl\fe. 

9.  That  may  be  removed  from  one  place  to  another. 
RE-MOV'AL,  n.    The  act  of  moving  from  one  place 

to  another  for  residence  ;  as,  the  removal  of  a  family, 

2.  The  act  of  displacing  from  an  office  or  post. 

3.  The  net  of  curing  or  putting  away  ;  as,  the  re- 
moval of  a  disease. 

4.  The  slate  of  being  removed  ;  change  of  place. 

Locke, 

5.  The  act  of  putting  an  end  to ;  as,  the  removal  of 
a  grievance. 

RE-MOVE',  (re-moov',)  r.  (.  [L.  removeo  ;  re  and  mo- 
cco,  tomove;  Fr.  remuer;  It.  rimuovere ;  Sp.  remo- 
ver.] 

1.  To  cause  to  change  place  ;  to  put  from  its  place 
in  any  manner  ;  as,  to  remove  a  building, 

Ttiuii  shnlt  not  remooe  thy  neighbor's  landmark. -*Deut.  xix. 

2.  Todisplace  from  an  office. 

3.  To  take  or  put  away  in  any  manner ;  to  cause 
to  leave  a  person  or  thing  ;  to  banish  or  destroy  ;  as, 
to  remove  a  disease  or  complaint. 

RtTnove  sorrow  from  thine  hvarL  — Ecclcs.  zL 

4.  To  carry  from  one  court  to  another  ;  as,  to  re- 
move a  cause  or  suit  by  appeal. 

5.  To  take  from  the  present  state  of  being;  as, 
to  remove  one  by  death. 

RE-MOVE',  V.  i.    To  change  place  in  any  manner. 

2.  To  go  from  one  place  to  another.  Prior, 

3.  To  change  the  place  of  residence  ;  as,  to  remove 
from  New  York  to  Philadelphia, 

J^ote.  —  The  verb  remove^  in  most  of  its  applica- 
tions, is  synonymous  with  move,  but  not  in  all. 
Thus  we  do  not  apply  remove  to  a  mere  change  of  pos- 
ture, without  a  change  of  place  or  the  seat  of  a  thing. 
A  man  moves  his  head  when  he  turns  it,  <tr  his  finger 
when  he  tiends  it,  but  he  dues  not  removeiU  Remove 
usually  or  always  denotes  a  change  of  place  in  a 
body,  but  we  never  apply  it  to  a  regular  continued 
course  or  motion.  We  never  say,  the  wind  or  water, 
or  a  ship,  removes  at  a  certain  rate  by  the  hour ;  but 
we  say,  a  ship  was  removed  from  one  place  in  a  har- 
bor to  another.  Move  is  a  generic  term,  including 
the  sense  of  remove,  which  is  more  generally  applied 
to  a  change  from  one  station  or  permanent  position, 
stand,  or  sent,  to  another  station. 
RE-MOVE',  n.     Change  of  place.  Chapman. 

2.  Translation  of  one  to  the  place  of  another. 

Shak. 

3.  State  of  being  removed.  Locke. 

4.  Act  of  moving  a  man  in  chess  or  other  game. 

5.  Departure  ;  a  going  away.  }i'aller. 

6.  The  act  of  changing  place  ;  removal.    Bacon. 

7.  A  step  in  any  scale  of  gradation. 

A  freeholder  is  but  one  remooa  from  a  legislator.        Additon, 

8.  Any  indefinite  distance;  as,  a  small  or  great 
remove.  Rogers, 

9.  The  act  of  putting  a  horse^s  shoes  on  difflerent 
feet.  Siffift. 

10.  A  dish  to  be  changed  while  the  rest  of  the 
course  remains,  Johnson. 

U.  Susceptibility  of  being  removed.    {J\'ot  m  u^e.] 
QUmoille. 
RE-MOV'i^D,  (-moovd',)  pp.    Changed  in  place  ;  car- 
ried to  a  distance ;   displaced   from  office  ,    placed 
far  oir. 
2.  a.  Remote  ;  separate  from  others.  Shak. 

RE-MOV'ED-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  removed  ;  re- 
moteness. Shak. 


TONE,  BJv'LL,  TJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CiOU8 €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


REN 

RG-MOV'ER,  M.  One  that  removes  ;  as,  a  rtmorer  of 
landmarks.  Bacon. 

RE-MOVING,  ppr.  Changinfc  place  ;  rarrjing  or 
ping  IVum  one  place  to  another  ^  displacing  j  ban- 
ishinR. 

REM'PHAN,  n.  An  idol  worshiped  by  the  Tsraelitea 
while  ihey  were  in  the  wilderness.    Jicts  vii. 

RE-.MO'Gt-ENT.o.  VL-retnugioA  RebcHowinjt.  Mart, 

RE-MU-NER-A-BIL'1-TY,  n.  The  capacity  of  being 
rewarded. 

RE-MO'NER-A-BLE,  a.  [from  rtmunrraU.}  That 
may  be  rewarded  ;  fit  or  proper  to  be  recompensed. 

RE-MO'NER-ATE,  r.  (.  [U.  rtmunero ;  rt  and  mi*- 
Ii«r0,  fVom  mttnus^  a  gift-] 

To  reward  ;  to  recompense  ;  to  reqnlte  ;  in  a  good 
tatte;  to  pay  an  equivalent  to  for  any  service,  Toss, 
expense,  or  other  sncrrtire  ;  as,  to  ranuHrrate  the 
Croopa  of  an  army  for  their  services  and  sulTerings  ; 
tor$mmnercU  men  for  labor.  The  pious  8iii!erer  in 
(his  life  will  be  remunerctfd  in  tlie  life  to  come. 

RE-MO'NER-A-TED,  yp.    Rewanled  ;  compensated. 

RE-MC'NEK-A-TING, ppr.  Rewarding ;  recompensing. 

RE-MU-NER-A'TIO.\,  b.  Reward  ;  recompense  ;  the 
act  of  paying  an  equivalent  for  servicea,  loss,  or 
sacrifices.  Shak. 

2  The  equivalent  given  for  services,  loss,  or  suffer- 
ings, 

RE-MO'.\ER-A-TIVE,  a.  Exercised  in  rewarding  ; 
that  be^iws  rewards  ;  as,  remuntraticc  justice. 

Bot/le. 

RE-M0'\ER-.\-TO-RY,  a.  Affording  recompense  ; 
rewitrdirie.  Johnjion, 

RB-MUR'.MCR,  v.  L  [L.  remurmuro;  re  and  mur- 
muro.] 

To  utter  back  in  murmurs ;  to  return  in  mur- 
murs i  to  repeat  in  low,  hoarse  sounds.       Dryden. 

TbP  tmnbliiii;  tre««,  in  trvrj  pL-vin  Aad  wood, 

Hf  r  f*lc  remitrmur  lo  the  tiber  flood.  Pop«. 

RE-MtJR'MUR,  V.  L  To  murmur  back;  to  return 
or  echo  in  low,  rumbling  sounds. 

The  n«Ima  of  Man  r«mutrmmmA  «ll  around.         Dryitn. 

RE-MUR'MUR~ED,  pf,    Utterod  back  In  murmura. 
RE-MUR'ML'R-ING,  ppr.      Uttering    back    in    low 

sounds. 
RE'NAL,  0.     [L-  renatis,  from  mes,  the  kidneys.] 
Pertaining  to  the  kidneys  or  reins  j  as,  the  raud 

arteries. 
EEN'ARD,  a.     [Fr.  ;  G.  rrinrkf.] 

A  fox ;  a  name  used  io  fabler,  but  not  in  common 

discourse.  Dryden. 

This  word  is  also  spelled  Rktivard. 
RE-NA3'CEN-Cy,a.    The  sUle  of  springing  or  being 

produced  again.  Bmcn, 

RB-NAS'CENT,  «,    [U  rrmaseemty  renatcorf  r*  and 

iMMw,  to  be  bora.] 
Springing  or  rising  into  being  again  ;  reproduced. 
RK-NAS'CI-BLE,  a.    Thnt  may  be  reproduced  ;  that 

may  spring  a^ain  into  being. 
R&-.N.\V'I-G.\TE,  c.  t.     [rt  tistd  navigmu.}    To  navi- 
gate again  ;  as,  to  remartgatt  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
RE-\AV'I-G.\-TED,  pp.     Navigated  again;   sailed 

over  anew. 
RE-XA V'I-G.\-TIXG,  mr.     Navigating  again. 
REN-€OUX'TER,  m.    [Fr.  rencvntrt:  rt  and  eneontrt; 

en  and  contrt,  against.]    Literally^  a  meeting  olC  two 

bodies.    Hence, 

1.  A  meeting  in  opposition  or  contest. 

Tkw  )oitllBg  ckie&  in  rude  rtncouNUr  }oia.  Glannllt. 

2.  A  casual  combat ;  a  sudden  contest  or  fight 
without  premeditation ;  as  between  individuals  or 
small  parties. 

3.  A  ca^iual  action;  an  engagement  between  ar- 
mies or  fleets, 

TteyafadCTiiWidtoald  — sotnombef  thaeaeroy  in  all  renosuit. 
wn  Slid  mgagnDEata,  Adiuon, 


A.  Any  combat,  actioii,  or  engagement. 
REN-€OL*N'TER,  r.  L    To  meet  unexpectedlv  wiln- 
oat  enmity  or  hostility. 

[This  use  is  found  in  some  recent  publications,  but 
is  not  common.] 
52.  To  attack  hand  to  hand.  Spensfr. 

EEN-eOU.\'TER,  r.  i.     To  meet  an  enemy  unex- 
pectedly. 

2.  To  clash  ;  to  come  in  collision. 

3.  To  skirmish  with  another. 

4.  To  fight  hand  tu  hand.  JoSmon. 
REN-€OrN'TER  £D,Ki.  Met  unexpectedly  ;  clashed. 

[See  the  verbs,] 
REND,  r.  L  f  prtt.  and  pp.  Rbitt.  [Sax.  rendnn^ 
rktndoMi  Ir.  mraoai,  r^tauam ;  W.  rhanu;  Arnx. 
raamMy  to  divide,  and  creiina,  to  abridge,  whence 
£Dg.  ersaiky,  L.  ereao.  Qu.  L.  eemo,  Gr.  xpicoj. 
Obsb  Rn,  No.  4,  8,  13, 1&] 

1.  To  sefiarate  any  sub^ance  into  parts  with  force 
or  sudden  violence;  \  to  tear  asunder ;  to  split ;  as, 
powder  rend$  a  rock  in  blasting  ;  lightDing  rtiuLs  an 
oak. 

Aa  empiR  fna  ka  oU  fawndalkm  mC  Diydtm. 

I  Ttnd  mj  rrinu  and  aj^  bRa«t  I  vooad.  Pop*. 

Neitber  mi  yoor  filodiea,  Int  ye  die.  —  Lcr.  X. 

5.  To  separate  or  part  with  violence. 

I  wUI  turely  rtnd  ibe  king^^om  TMra  ibe*.  —  I  Kin^  xt 


•REN 

7*41  rend  tkt  heart ;  in  Scripttire^  to  have  bitter  sor- 
row for  sin.    Joel  ii. 

TV  rend  the  heavens ;  to  appear  in  majesty.  Is. 
Ixiv. 

Rend  differs  somewhat  fhim  lacerate.  Wo  never 
say,  to  lacerate  a  rock  or  ii  kingdom,  when  we  mean 
to  express  splitting  or  division.  Lacerate  is  properly 
applicable  to  the  lenrinj;  off  of  small  pieces  of  a 
thing,  as  to  lacerate  the  btidy  with  a  whip  or  scourge  ; 
or  to  ihe  tearing  of  the  flesh  or  other  tiling  without 
entire  separation. 
REND'ER,  H.  [from  rend.]  One  that  tears  by  vio- 
lence. 
REN'DER,  r.  U  [Fr.rmdre;  U.rendere;  S\i.rendir; 
Port,  render.  This  is  probably  the  L.  rcddo^  with  n 
casually  iut^erted.] 

1.  To  return  ;  to  pay  back. 

8««  Ui.M  non«  ntvUr  eril  for  evil  to  any  man. —  1  Tbeaa.  t. 

2.  To  inflict,  as  a  retribution. 

I  tt-llt  rtnder  vragcance  to  my  encmiea.  — Deut.  xxxU. 

3.  To  give  on  demand ;  to  give ;  to  assign. 

Thff  ilu^^nl  U  wivr  in  hi*  own  conceit  tlinu  aevon  idcb  thai 
cau  rtnd^r  a  reason.  —  Pro*,  xxri. 

4.  To  make  or  cause  to  be,  by  some  influence  upon 
a  thing,  or  by  mime  change ;  as,  to  render  a  person 
more  safe  or  more  unsafe  ;  to  render  him  solicitous  or 
cautious  ;  to  render  a  fortress  more  secure  ur  impreg- 
nable; to  rmt^cr  a  ferocious  animal  more  mild  and 
tractable. 

5.  To  translate,  as  from  one  language  into  an- 
other ;  as,  to  render  Ijiilin  into  English.  We  say,  to 
render  a  word,  a  sentence,  a  book,  or  an  author,  into 
a  different  language.  lA>cke. 

6.  To  surrender ;  to  yield  or  give  up  the  command 
or  possession  of;  as,  to  render  one's  self  to  his  ene- 
mies. A'.  Charles.     Clarendon. 

[Less  used  than  Surrs::«der.] 

7.  To  afford  ;  to  give  for  use  or  benefit.  Washing- 
ton rendered  great  service  to  his  country. 

6.  To  represent ;  to  exhibit. 

He  di.l  rtrvier  him  the  mo«t  unnntunl 

That  lived  ainoitf»t  men.     (.Vol  in  UMt.]  Shak. 

9.  To  boil  down  and  ct  irify  ;  as,  to  render  tallow. 
To  render  back  ;  to  return  ;  to  restore. 
REN'DER,  n.     A  tturrender  ;  a  giving  up.  Shak. 

3.  A  return  ;  a  payment  of  rent. 

la  thoae  early  timet,  the  king's  household  unti  •uppoit'-d  by 
specitic  rrnrfrra  of  coru  aud  oUter  Tictuals  irom  iti>;  lr<imnu 
or  the  deiiMitia.  Biackttont. 

3.  An  account  given.  Shak. 

RE.\'DEU-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  rendered. 

Shergfood. 

REX'DER-ED,  np.  or  a.  Returned  ;  paid  back  ;  given  ; 
assigned  ;  made  ;  translated  ;  surrendered  ;  afforded  ; 
boili'd  down  and  clarified  ;  as,  rendered  tallow. 

REX'OKR  KR,  B.     One  who  renders. 

REX'DER-I.NG,  p;»r.  Returning;  giving  back;  as- 
signing ;  making  ;  translating ;  surrendering ;  afford- 
ing. 

REX'DER-IXG,  n.     Version  ;  translation.        lowik. 
9.  The  act  of  laying  the  first  cciat  of  plaxter  on 
brick  or  stone  work  ;  the  coat  thus  Inid  on.    OwilL 

REN'DEZ-VOU."*,  (ren'de-voo,)  n.  [Fr,  r^-nrfci  vous, 
render  yourselves,  repair  to  a  place.  This  word  is 
anglicized,  and  may  well  be  pronounced  as  an 
English  word.] 

1.  A  place  appointed  for  the  assembling  of  troops, 
or  the  place  where  they  assemble  ;  or  the  port  or 
place  where  ships  are  ordered  to  Join  company. 

2.  A  place  for  enlisting  seamen  into  the  naval  ser- 
Tice.  Totien. 

3.  A  place  of  meeting,  or  a  sign  that  draws  men 
together.     [Rareiy  used.]  Bacon. 

4.  An  assembly;  a  meeting.     [Rarely  used.] 
J»^«'DEZ-VOUS,  (ren'de-voo,)  ».  i.    To  assemble  or 

meet  at  a  particular  place,  as  troops,  ships,  &c. 

The  place  where  the  Gaula  and  Bniti  had  remUsvoutrd. 
AJfred't  OrtmuM,  Tnmt.    B.  TrvmbuU.    Hook,  Rom.  HUl. 

REX'DEZ- VOL'S,  (ren'de-voo,)  c,  t.  To  assemble  or 
bring  logt^ilter  at  a  certain  place.  Echard. 

REN'DEZ-VOU.S-i;D,  (ren'de-vood,)  pp.  Assembled 
or  brouiiht  together  at  a  particular  place. 

RE.N'DEZA'OUS-IXG,  ren'de-voo-ing,)  ppr.  Assem- 
bling at  a  particular  place. 

RE.N'DI-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  yielded  or  surren- 
dered. 
2.  That  may  be  translated.  HowelL 

[Little  used  in  either  sense.] 

REN-Dr'TION,  (ren-di.sh'un,)7U  [(rom  render.]  The 
act  of  yielding  possession  ;  surrender.         Fairfax. 

2.  Translation.  South. 
REX'E-GADE,   >  n.      [Sp.  and  Port,  renegado^  from 
REX-E-Ga'DO,  )      rene^ar,  to  deny  ;  L.  re  and  Jtego^ 

to  deny ;    It.  rinegata ;    Fr.  renegat ;    primarily,  an 
apostate.] 

1.  An  apostate  from  the  faith.  .Addison. 

5.  One  who  deserts  to  an  enemy  ;  a  deserter. 

3.  A  vagabond.  [jirbuthnot. 
[  TTtis  is  the  sense  in  u>hich  this  word  is  mostly  used  in 

popular  lanffuatre." 


REN 


RE-Xe6E',  V.  U 


il 


renego.] 


To  deny  ;  to  disown.     [Obs. 


Shak. 


RE-XROE',  V.  i.    To  deny.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

RE-.NERVE',  V.  u     [re  and  Mcrt-e.]    To  nerve  again  ; 

to  give  new  vigor  to.  J.  Barlow. 

Rk-XERV'ED,  pp.    Nerved  anew. 
RK-NEKV'ING,  por.    Giving  new  vigor  to. 
RE-NEW',  (re-nii',)  v.  t*     [L.  renovo;  re  and  nouo,  or 

re  anfl  new.] 

1.  'I'o  renovate  ;  to  restore  to  a  former  state,  or  to 
a  good  state,  after  decay  or  depravation  ;  to  rebuild  ; 
to  repair. 

Am  rtnawed  the  altar  oT  the  Lord.  —  2  Chron.  xt. 

2.  To  reestablish  ;  to  confirm. 

Let  ua  go  lo  Gilgal  ami  rttttw  the  Icia^dom  there,  —  I  Sam.  zl. 

3.  To  make  again;  as,  to  renew  a  treaty  or  cove- 
nant. 

4.  To  repeat ;  as,  to  renew  expressions  of  friend- 
ship ;  to  renew  a  promise  ;  lo  renew  an  attempt. 

5.  To  revive  ;  as,  to  renew  the  glories  of  an  ances- 
tor or  of  a  former  age.  Sliak, 

6.  To  begin  again. 

The  Ki*l  great  nje  rtnttct  ila  finUhcd  coune.  Drydtn, 

7.  To  make  new  ;  to  make  (Vesh  or  vigorous  ;  as, 
lo  renew  youth  ;  to  renew  strength  ;  to  renew  the  face 
of  the  earth.     Ps.  ciii.     /.*.  xl.     Ps.  civ. 

8.  To  grant  a  new  loan  on  a  new  note  for  the 
amount  of  a  former  one. 

9.  In  tiieohs-rj,  to  make  new  ;  to  renovate ;  to  trans- 
forut :  to  change  from  nntnnil  enmity  to  the  love  of 
God  and  his  law;  to  implant  holy  affections  in  the 
heart ;  to  regenemte. 


RE-NEW'A-BLE,  (-nQ'a-bl,)  a.  That  may  be  re- 
newed ;  as,  a  lease  renewable  at  pleasure.         Swift, 

RE-XEW'AL,  n.  The  act  of  renewing;  the  act  of 
forming  anew  ;  as,  the  renewal  of  a  treaty. 

2.  Renovation ;  regeneration. 

3.  Revival ;  restoration  to  a  former  or  to  a  good 
state. 

4.  Reloan  on  a  new  note  given. 
RE-XEW'£D,  (re-niide',)  pp.  or  a.    Made  new  again  , 

repaired  ;  reestablished  ;  repeated  ;  revived  ;  renova- 
ted ;  regenerated. 

RE-XEW'ED-LY,  adv.    Again  ;  once  more. 

[Stimetimes  used  by  American  elergymeny  bvt  nat 
sanctioned  in  Knjrland.] 

RE-NEW'ED-NESS,  n.     Stale  of  being  renewed 

Hammond. 

RE-NEW'ER,  n.     One  who  renews.  Shenoood. 

RE-NEW'ING,  ppr.  Making  new  again  ;  repairitig; 
reestablishing;  repeating;  reviving;  renovating. 

RE-NEW'IXG,  a.  That  renews  or  regenerates;  aa, 
renewing  grace.     Tending  or  adapted  lo  renovate. 

RE-NEW'IXG,  n.    The  act  of  making  new  ;  renewal. 

REN'I-FORM,  a.     [L.  renrs,  the  kidneys,  and  form.] 
Having  the  form  or  shape  of  the  kidneys.  Kirwan. 

REX'I-TENCE,   )n.     [L.  renitens^  renitor,  to  resist; 

REX'I-TE\-CY,  (     re  and  nitor,  to  struggle  or  strive.] 

1.  'I'he  resistance  of  a  body  lo  pressure  ;  the  effort 
of  matter  to  resume  the  place  or  f<irni  from  which  it 
has  been  driven  hy  the  impulse  of  other  matter;  the 
effect  of  elasticity.  Quincy. 

2.  Moml  resistance ;  reluctance. 

We  find  ft  renileney  in  ouraplypt  lo  ascribe  life  and  Irrilabllity  to 
thi!  culd  und  motioiileiK  libers  of  plauls.  Dartnn. 

REXT-TEXT,  a.  Resisting  pressure  or  the  effect  of 
it ;  acting  against  impulse  by  elastic  force.         Ray. 

REN'NET,  n,  [G.  riHTifH,  to  run,  to  curdle;  H.run- 
nen^fronnen^  to  curdle  or  coagulate;  Sax.  gerunnen^ 
coagulated.] 

The  prepared  stomach,  or  concreted  milk  found  in 
the  stomach  of  a  sucking  quadruped,  particularly  of 
the  calf.  It  is  used  for  coagulating  milk,  and  is  also 
written  Run  met,  Encyc.  of  Dovi.  JCcon. 

REX'XET,  /  A    I,      ,.      r  1  ur     . 

RE\'\FT-I\G    1  "*  apple.         Mortimer. 

RE-XOUXCE',  V.  t.  [Fr.  renoncer;  L.  rcnuncio  ;  re 
and  ntincio^Xo  declare,  from  the  root  of  nomen,  name.] 

1.  To  disown  ;  to  di^^claim  ;  to  reject,  as  a  liile  or 
claim  ;  to  refuse  to  own  or  acknowledge  as  belong- 
ing to  ;  as,  to  renounce  a  title  to  land  or  a  claim  to 
reward  ;  lo  renounce  all  pretensions  to  applause. 

2.  'J"o  deny  ;  to  cast  off;  to  reject;  totdisclaim;  as 
an  obligation  or  duty  ;  as,  to  renounce  allegiance. 

3.  To  cast  off  or  reject,  as  a  connection  or  posses- 
sion ;  to  forsake  ;  as,  tu  renounce  the  world  and  all 
its  cirres.  Shak. 

We  have  renounced  Uie  hidden  thiiigi  of  dishonesty. — S  Cor.  ir. 

RE-NOUNCE',  V.  i.    To  declare  a  renunciation. 

He  of  my  sons  who  fail*  to  mHke  It  good. 
By  one  rel>-llioiiB  aciTenouncaa  to  my  blood.  Dryden. 

^iSot  in  use.] 

2.  In  cards,  not  to  follow  suit,  when  the  person  has 
a  card  of  the  same  sort. 

RE-XOUXCE',  n.  The  declining  to  follow  suit  when 
it  can  he  done. 

RE-XOUX'CED,  fre-nounst',)  pp.  Disowned  ;  de- 
nied ;  rejected  ;  disclaimed. 

RE-NOUNCE'MENT,  (re-noun s'ment,)  n.  The  act 
of  diRclaiming  or  rejecting;  ren  mciation.         Shak. 

RE-XOUN'CEK,  n.    One  who  d.-owns  or  disclaims. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— MeTE,  PBBV.  — PIxXE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 

93g  -  = 


REN 

RE-\OUN'CING,  ppr.  Disowning;  disclaiming  j  re- 
ject iiig. 

RE-NOUN'CING,  n,  Tlie  act  of  disowning,  disclaim- 
ing, denying,  or  rejecting. 

REN'O-VATE,  ».  U  [L.  renovof  re  and  noco,  to  make 
new  ;  novas,  new.] 

To  renew  ;  to  restore  to  the  first  state,  or  to  a  good 
state,  after  decay,  destruction,  or  depravation.  It  is 
s>'noDymous  witb  Rkn£w,  except  in  its  fourth  defi- 
nition, supra. 

EEN'0-Va-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Renewed ;  made  new, 
fresh,  or  \*icorous. 

RE.\'0-VA-TI\G,  ppr.  or  a.     Renewing. 

REN-0-Va'TION,  b.      [Fr.,  from  L.  renovatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  renewing  -,  a  making  new  alter  de- 
cay, destruction,  or  depravation  ;  renewal ;  as,  the 
renocation  of  tiie  heart  by  grace. 

Tbere  is  »jmcthiti^  inexprcfisibljr  pic: 
lion  of  the  worM. 

2.  A  state  of  being  renewed.        Bacon.    Milton. 
REN'O-Va-TOR,  m      One  who  or  that  which  re- 
news. FosUr. 

RE-NOVVN',  n.  [Fr.  renomm^e ;  rt  and  nommer,  to 
name.] 

Fame;  celebrity;  eTalted  reputation  derived  from 
the  extensive  praise  of  great  achievements  or  accom- 
plishments. 

Giants  of  old,  men  ui  rtnoten.  —  Gl-o,  ti.     Num.  xvi. 

RE-NOWN',  r.  (.    To  make  famous. 

Soft  elocution  dox  thy  »\\\t  rertown.  Dryien. 

A  barJ  whom  pilfered  pajjiumlii  rtnoien.  Pope. 

[TkU  verb  is  nearly  or  quite  obsoUte,] 

RE-NOWN'£D,  a.  Famous ;  celebrated  for  great  and 
heroic  achievements,  for  disiingiti^lied  qualities,  or 
for  grandf^ur ;  eminent ;  as,  renvtened  men  ;  a  re- 
naipjied  king  ;  a  renowned  city.      Milton.     Zhnfden, 

RE-NOW.N'ED-LV,  adr.     With  fame  or  celebrity. 

RE-\OVV\'LESS,  a.     Without  renown  ;  inglorious. 

RENT,  pp.  of  Rend.  Tom  asunder;  split  or  burst  by 
violence ;  torn. 

RENT,  n.     [from  rend.]     A  fissure  j  a  break  or  breach 
made  by  force ;  as,  a  rent  made  in  the  earth,  in  a 
rock,  or  in  a  garment. 
2.  A  schism  ;  a  separation  ;  as,  a  rent  in  the  church. 

RENT,  ».  (.    To  tear.     [See  Resd.]  [fVhite. 

RENT,  c.  t.    To  rant.     [^Tutinusr.]  Hudibras. 

RENT,  n.  [Fr.  rente,  from  rendre ;  It.  rcndita;  Sp. 
renta;  D.  Dan.  and  G.  rente  ;  Sw.  rdnta.] 

A  sum  of  money,  or  a  certain  amount  of  other  val- 
uable thing,  issuing  yearly  from  lands  or  tenements  ; 
a  compensation  or  return,  in  the  nature  of  an  ac- 
kn  iwiedgment,  for  the  possession  of  a  corporeal  in- 
heritance. Blackstone. 

Rents,  at  common  law,  are  of  three  kinds  ;  rent- 
service.,  rent-charge,  and  rent-aetJi.  Rent-service  is 
when  some  C4>rpora]  service  is  incident  to  it,  as  by 
fealty  and  a  sum  of  money  ;  rmt-chtir<re  is  wlien  the 
owner  of  the  rent  has  no  t'utuie  interest  or  reversion 
expectant  in  the  land,  but  the  rent  is  reserved  in  the 
deed  by  a  clause  of  distress  for  rent  in  arrear;  reut- 
seck,  dry  rent,  is  rent  rejwirved  by  deed,  but  without 
any  clause  of  distress.  There  are  aUarents  of  as- 
size, certain  estihlished  rents  of  freeholders,  and 
copyholders  of  manors,  wliich  can  not  be  varied  ; 
called  also  quUrents.  These,  when  payable  in  sil- 
ver, are  called  white-rents,  in  contradistincti  n  to 
rents  reserved  in  work  or  the  baser  metals,  called 
black-rents  or  blaek-maH,  Rack-rent  is  a  rent  of  the  full 
yearly  value  of  the  tenement,  or  near  it.  Afe^farm 
rent  is  a  rent-charge  issuing  out  of  an  estate  in  fee, 
of  at  least  one  fourth  of  the  value  of  the  lands  at 
the  time  of  its  reser\'alion.  BlaclisUme. 

RENT,  p.  (.  To  lease ;  to  grant  the  possession  and 
enjoyment  of  Linds  or  tenements  for  a  consideration 
in  the  nature  o(  rent.  The  owner  of  an  estate  or 
houBc  rent*  it  to  a  tenant  f  .r  a  term  of  years. 

9.  To  take  and  hold  by  lease  the  possession  of 
land  or  a  tenement,  fur  a  consideration  in  the  nature 
of  rent.     The  tenant  renu  his  estate  for  a  year. 

RENT,  r.  I.  To  be  leased,  or  let  for  rent;  as,  an  es- 
tate or  a  tenement  rents  fur  five  hundred  dollars  a 
year. 

REN T'A-BLE,  o.    That  may  be  rented. 

RENT' AGE,  n.     Rent,     [A-oe  used.] 

RENT'AL,  n.     A  schedul';  or  account  of  rents. 

RENT'-CIIARCE,  n.     Charge  upon  an  estate. 

RENT'ED,  pp.    Leaded  on  rent. 

RENT'ER,  n.  One  who  leases  an  estate  ;  more  gen- 
erally, the  lessee  or  tenant  who  takes  an  estate  or 
tencm^-nt  on  rent. 

REN'TER,  p.  (.  [Fr.  rentraire;  L.  rUraho,  retrahere; 
rf  and  tralto,  tn  draw.] 

1.  To  fine-draw  ;  to  sew  together  the  edges  of  two 
pieces  of  cloth  without  doubling  them,  so  that  the 
seam  is  scarcely  visible. 

2,  In  tapestry,  to  work  new  warp  into  a  piece  of 
damaged  tapestry,  and  on  this  to  restore  the  original 
pattern  or  design.  Encyc 

X  To  sew  up  artfully,  as  n  rent. 
REN'TER-£D,  pp.    Fine-drawn  ;  sewed   artfully  to- 
gether 
REN'TER  ER, «.    A  fine^rawer 


REP 

REN'TER-ING,  ppr.  Fine-drawing;  sewing  artfully 
togLther. 

REN-TIER',  Crin-tYa',)  v.  [Fr.]  One  who  has  a 
fi.veii  incornr,  as  fiuui  latitls,  slocks,  &.c. 

RENT'ING,  i)/>r.     Leasing  on  rent ;  taking  on  rent. 

RENT'-ROLL.  n.  [rent  and  rolL]  A  rental ;  a  list  or 
account  of  rents  or  income. 

RE-NO'MEU  ATE,  r.  (.     [L.  renumero.] 
To  recount. 

RE-NC'MER-A-TED,  pp.  Recounted  ;  numhered 
again. 

RE-NO'MER-A-TING,  ppr.     Recounting. 

REA'UN-CI-.A'TIOX,  n.     [L.  renuneiatio.] 

The  act  of  renouncing;  a  disowning;  rejection. 
[Pee  Renounce.]  Taylor. 

REN-VER.'^E',  (ren-vers',)  r.  (.     [Fr.  renverser.] 
To  reverse.     [JVot  used.}  Spenser. 

REN-VERSE',  (ren-vers',)  a.  In  heraldry,  inverted  ; 
set  with  the  head  downward,  or  contrary  to  the  nat- 
ural posture.  Encyc. 

REN-VERSE'MENT,  (ren-vers'ment,)  n.  The  act  of 
reversing.     [JVotiu  use.]  '         StuJcely. 

Rl-:-OB-TAl.V,r.  f.    [re  and  obtain.]    To  obtain  again. 

RE-OB-TAIN'A-BLE,a.   That  may  be  obtained  again. 

Rr.-OB-TALV'£D,p;..     Obtained  again.     [Sherwood. 

Rk-OB-TAIN^ING,  ppr.     Obtaining  again. 

Rk-<^'H/,\\,  If.  t.     To  open  again. 

KK-Ci'PES-ED,  pp.     OfK-ned  again. 

Rf>0'Pi;N-lNG,;»;)r.     Opening  a  second  time. 

E.  Everett. 

RK-OP  POSE',  r.  (.     To  oppose  again. 

RK-OR-DSIN',  r.  t.     [re  and  ordain  :  Fr.  re^rrdonner,] 
To  ordain  again,  as  when  the:  first   ordination  is 
defective. 

Rr,-OR-DAtN'£D,  pp.     Ordained  again. 

RK-OR-DAIN'ING,  ppr.     Ordaining  again. 

Rk-OR'DER,  r.  L    To  order  a  secund  lime. 

RK-OR-DI-Na'TION,  n.     A  second  ordination. 

.dtterbury. 

RE-OR-GAN-I-ZA'TION,  fi.  The  act  of  organizing 
an^v  ;  as,  repeated  reorganization  of  the  troops. 

Marshall. 

RE-OR'GAN-IZE,  v.  U  [re  and  organize.]  To  organ- 
ize anew  ;  to  reduce  again  to  a  regular  body,  or  to  a 
system  ;  as,  to  reorgauiie  a  society  or  an  army. 

Hosack. 

RE-OR'GAN-TZ-KD,  pp.  or  a.    Organi/xd  anew. 

RE-OR'GAN-IZ-ING,  ppr.     Organizing  anew. 

RE-PAC'I-FT  .ED, />/»,     Pacified  or  appeased  again. 

RE-PAC'I-F?,  V.  t.    [re  and  parif^.]     To  pacify  again. 

RE-PAC'I-F?-ING,  ppr.     Pacifying  again. 

RE-PACK',  V.  t.  [re  and  pack.]  To  pack  a  second 
time  ;  jis,  to  repacli  beef  or  pork. 

RE  PACK^ioO,  (pakt',)  pp.    Packed  again. 

Rl-^-PACK'ER,  H.     One  that  repacks. 

RK-PACK'ING,  ppr.     Packing  anew. 

RE-PAID',  pp.  of  Repat.     Paid  back. 

RE-PAIR',  (re-pare',)  r.  (.  [Fr.  revarer  ;  L.  reparo  ;  re 
and  paro,  to  prepare.     See  Pare.] 

1.  To  restore  to  a  sound  or  good  state  after  decay, 
injury,  dilapidation,  or  partial  destruction  ;  as,  to  re^- 
pair  a  house,  a  wall,  or  a  ship  ;  to  repair  roads  and 
britlges.  Tem|x;mnce  and  diet  may  repair  a  broken 
or  enfeebled  constitution.  Food  repairs  the  daily 
waste  of  the  body. 

2.  Torebuihl  a  part  decayed  or  destroyed;  to  fill 
up  ;  as,  to  repair  a  breach. 

3.  To  make  amends,  as  for  an  injury,  by  nn  erjuiv- 
alent ;  to  indemnify  fur  ;  as,  to  repair  a  lo!«s  or  dam- 
age. 

RIv-PAIR',  n.  Restoration  to  a  sound  or  good  state 
after  decay,  waste,  injury,  or  partial  destruction  ; 
supply  of  loss ;  reparation  ;  as,  materials  are  collect- 
ed for  the  repair  of  a  church  or  a  city. 

RE  PAIR',  r.  i.     [Fr.  repairer.] 

To  go  to ;  to  betake  one's  self;  to  resort ;  as,  to  re- 
pair to  a  sanctuar}'  for  safily. 

Gu,  ntouiit  liie  winds,  and  to  the  aliiulei  repair.  Pope, 

RF^PAIR',  n.  The  act  of  betaking  one's  self  to  any 
placf  ;  a  resorting  ;  abode.  Dryden. 

RE-PAIR' A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  repaired;  repara- 
ble. 

RF/-PAIR'KD,  tt.  Restored  to  a  good  or  sound  state; 
rebuilt ;  matlc  good. 

RE-PAIR'ER,  n.  One  who  repairs,  restores,  or  makes 
amends  ;'  a«,  the  repairer  of  decay.  Dryden. 

RE-PAIR'ING,  ppr.  Restoring  to  a  sound  state;  re- 
building ;  making  amends  for  loss  or  injury. 

RE-PAIIt'MENT,  n.     Act  i.f  repairing. 

RE-PAND',  a.     [L.  repandtis.]  — 

In  biitany,  having  an  uneven,  slightly  sinnous  mar- 
gin, OS  the  leaf  of  Sulunum  nigrum,  or  common  niglit- 
fharte,  Lindley. 

RE-PAND'OUS,  a,  [Supra.]  Bent  upward  ;  convei- 
edly  crooked.  Brown. 

REP'A-RA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  fVom  L.  rrparabilU.  See 
RerAtR.] 

1.  7'hat  may  be  repaired  or  restored  to  a  sound  or 
good  stale  ;  as,  a  house  or  wall  is  not  reparable. 

2.  That  may  be  retrieved  or  made  good  ;  as,  the 
loss  is  reparable. 

3.  That  may  be  supplied  by  an  equivalent ;  as,  a 
reparable  injury 


REP 

REP'A-RA-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  admitting  of  res- 
toration to  a  good  state,  or  of  amends,  supply,  or  in- 
demnification. 

REPA-RA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  repairing;  restora- 
tiun  to  soundness  or  a  good  state;  as,  the  reparation 
of  a  bridge  or  of  a  highway. 

2.  .Supply  of  what  is  wasted  ;  as,  the  reparation  of 
decaying  heultli  or  strength  after  disease  or  exhaus- 
tion. 

3.  Amends;  indemnification  for  loss  or  damage. 
A  loss  may  be  too  great  for  reparation. 

4.  Amends;  satisfaction  for  injury 

I  am  w>n(ible  of  t)ie  KanJ.-il  I  \\n,re  girca  by  mj  looap  wriiine;s, 
and  make  wtiAt  rtjjaraaon  1  atu  able.  Dryden. 

RE-PA R'A-TIVE,  a.  That  repairs;  restoring  to  a 
sound  or  good  state  ;  that  amends  defect  or  makes 
good.  Taylor. 

RE-PAR'A-TIYE,  n.  That  which  restores  to  a  good 
slate  ;  that  which  makes  amends. 

Wotton.     Kctttcioell. 
REP-AR-TEE',  n.     [Fr.  repartie,  from  repartir,  to  di- 
vide, to  share,  to  reply  ;  re  and  partir,  to  divide.] 
A  smart,  ready,  and  witty  reply. 


Cupid  wax  aa  bod  aa  he ; 
licaT  but  ilie  youngster*!  reparue. 


Prior. 


REPARTEE',  v.  t  To  make  smart  and  witty  re- 
plies. Prior. 

RE-PA RT-I^tl-EJV' TO,  n.  [Sp.]  A  partition  or 
distribution,  especially  of  slaves;  also,  an  assess- 
ment of  taxes.  Irving, 

RE-PASS',  V.  t  [Fr.  repasserf  It,  ripassare;  re  and 
pa.^s.] 

To  pass  agarn  ;  to  pass  or  travel  back ;  as,  to  repast 
a  bridge  or  a  river ;  to  repass  the  sea.  Pope. 

RE-i'xyS',  r.  i.  To  pass  or  go  back  ;  to  move  back  ; 
OS,  troops  passing  and  repassinrr  before  our  eyes. 

RE-PA8S'f:i),(-p4st',)p;>.     Passed  or  traveled  back. 

RE-PASS'ING,  par.    Passing  back. 

RE-PAST',  n.  [Ft.  repas,  from  repaltre ;  L.  re  and 
pasco.  to  f(.-ed.] 

1.  The  act  of  taking  food;  or  the  food  taken;  a 
meal. 

From  dance  to  sweet  rrpatl  Ihcy  turn.  Milton. 

A  rtpant  wiiliout  luxury.  Johnton. 

2.  Food  ;  victuals. 

Go,  and  jet  me  some  re/M*!.  SJtak. 

REPAST',  r.  (.     To  feed  ;  to  feast.  Shnk, 

RE-PAS'TIJRE,  n.  Food;  entertainment.  [J^ot  in 
(wc]  Shak. 

RE-Pa'TRI-ATE  or  RE-PAT'RI-ATE,  v.  u  [L.  re 
and  patria,  country.] 

Tti  restore  to  one's  own  country.     [Little  used.] 

RE-Pa'TRI-A-TED  or  RE-PAT'RI-X-TED,;»;».  Re- 
stored to  one's  own  country. 

RI-^PA'TRI-A-TING  or  RE-P.\T'RI-A-TING,  ppr. 
Restoring  to  one's  own  country. 

RK-PA  Y',  V.  t.     [Fr.  repayrr ;  re  and  pay.] 

1.  To  pay  back  ;  to  refund  ;  as,  to  repay  money 
borrowed  or  advanced. 

2.  To  make  return  or  requital  ■,  in  a  good  or  bad 
sense  ;  as,  to  repay  kindness  ;  to  rejiay  an  injury. 


3.  To  recomiK*nse,  as  for  a  loss.  Milton. 

4.  To  compensate ;  as,  false  honor  repaid  in  con- 
tempt. Bacon. 

RE-PA  Y'A-BLE,fl.  That  is  to  he  repaid  or  refunded  ; 
as,  money  lent,  repayable  at  The  end  of  sixty  tiays. 

RE-PA Y'ING,;»;;r.  Paying  back;  comi>cn^ting ;  re- 
quiting, 

RE-PAY'MENT,  n.    The  act  of  paying  back;  reim- 
bursement. 
9.  'I'he  money  or  other  thing  repaid.  , 

RE-PF;AL',  (-pmV,)  V.  L  [Fr.  rappelcr,  to  recall;  re 
and  appelrr,  l^.  appello ;  ad  and  pclh,] 

1.  To  recall.     [Obsolete  us  it  respcctt  persons.] 

Shak, 
9.  To  recall,  as  a  deed,  will,  law,  or  statute;  to 
revoke ;  to  abrogate  by  an  authoritaiive  act,  or  by  the 
same  power  that  made  or  enacted  ;  as,  the  legislature 
may  repeal,  at  one  session,  a  law  enacted  ut  a  pre* 
ceding  one. 
RE-PE.\L',  n.     Recall  from  exile.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

Shale. 

2.  Revocation  ;    abrogation  ;    as,  the  repeal  of  a 
Ktaltite. 

RE  PF,AL-A-nri.'I-TY,     )   n.    The  quality  or  slate 

RE-PKAL'A-ni.K  NESS,  j       of  being  repealable. 

RE-PkAI,'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  rep<;nled  ; 
revocable  by  the  same  power  that  enacted.  It  is 
held  as  a  sountl  principle,  that  charters  or  grants 
whicii  vewt  rights  in  individuals  or  corporations, 
are  not  rrpealnblr  without  the  consent  of  the  gran- 
tees, unless  a  clause  reserving  the  right  is  inserted 
in  tlie  act. 

RF.PKAl,'ETi,pp.     Revoked;  obrogated. 

RE-Pf:AI/ER,  n.  One  that  repeals;  one  whc  seeks 
a  re(jeal. 

RE-Pi-'.AL'ING,  ppr.    Revoking  ;  abrogating. 

REPEAT',  (-peet',)  v.  U  [Fr,  repeter;  It.  rtpetrre; 
Sp,  rrpetir;  L.  repeto  :  re  and  peto,  to  make  at  or 
drive  toward.    This  verb  ought  to  be  written  Ra- 


TONE.  ByLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C10US €  aa  K ;  d  as  J  ;  «  as  Z ;  CII  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


lis 


^ 


REP 

rsTfi,  in  analogy  witb  CoMrsTE,  and  with  Repkti- 

TIOK.l 

1.  To  do,  malce^  attempt,  or  utter  ag^iin  ;  to  iterate 
u,  to  npmt  an  action  ;  to  repeat  an  attempt  or  exer- 
tioa  ;  to  ripeol  n  word  or  discourse  j  to  repeat  a  song  ; 
to  re}w«(  an  argument. 

SL  Totryai^B. 

1  the  dancer  will  rvpaat.  rhyiefi. 

"    3.  To  recite  i  to  rehearse. 

He  r<7)MW  KMiM  liBM  of  VbxiL  Watlm'. 

4.  To  seek  r«dr«ss.  J'  Tmi/tor 

5.  To  sesk  again.    [  Oft«.] 

TV  rt^Mi  tigiaUf  in  tU  iwvy,  is  to  make  the  same 
■ignal  which  the  admiral  or  commander  has  made, 
or  10  make  a  siipmal  again.  Mar.  Diet 

RB-P£AT^  M.    In  mitsie,a.  mark  directing  a  part  to  be 
repeated  in  performance. 
3.  Re|)etition. 
K£-P&AT'ED^  pp.  or  a.    Done,  attempted,  w  c^ioken 

asmin ;  recited. 
RE^fiAT'ED-LY,  adc.    More  than  once  ;  again  and 
again,  Indoiinitely.    He  has  been  repeatedly  wanted 
of  his  dancer. 
BE-PEAT'ER,  «.    One  that  repeals;  one  that  recites 
or  rehearses. 

!L  A  watcli  that  strikes  the  hours  at  will,  by  the 
compression  of  a  ttpring. 
EE-PeAT'LVU,  ppr.    Doing  or  uttering  again. 

S.  a.  That  strikes  Uie  number  of  hours ;  ofl,  a  r^ 
peating  wntch. 
R£-PEAT'i\G  CIR'CLE,  %.  A  contrivance.  Invented 
by  Bo rd a,  for  determining  with  great  nccnracy  the 
angular  distance  of  two  objects,  by  taking  npcaled 
neuurementsof  it  on  the  limb  of  a  graduated  circle. 

OltHsttd. 
BEP-E-DA'TION,  a.    [Low  L.  rvpedo  j  re  and  p«,  the 
foot.] 

A  stepping  or  going  back.    [Abt  in  use.']    More. 
RB-PEL',  V.  t.     [L.  repeilo  {  r«  and  pelle^  tu  drive.] 
1.  To  drive  back  ;  to  force  to  return  ;  to  check  ad- 
TUice;  ■■,  to  rfpel  an  enemy,  or  an  assailant. 

HlwomMloa  npaUtd  Uw  bi«HiI«  ikls.  Pop*, 

And  viiiuo  OAj  rwptt,  tfaouf  h  ixX  lar^ds.  Drydtn, 

fi.  To  rooec  with  eOectual  resistance,  aa  an  en- 
croachment ;  to  resist ;  to  of^Kwe  ;  as,  to  nipd  an 
argument. 

&&PKL',  r.  i.    To  act  with  force  in  opposition  to  force 
impressed.    Electricity  sometimes  attracts  and  Boine- 
timea  rrpeU. 
3.  In  Mariicuif^  to  check  an  afflux  to  a  part  of  the 

RE-PEL'L£D,  n.    Driven  back  ;  resisted.         [body. 

R£-PEL'LE.\'-CV,  n.  The  principle  of  repulsioD  ;  the 
quality  uf  a  substance  which  expands  or  arpanlee 
particles  and  enlarges  the  volume ;  as,  the  rtvctiraey 
of  heaL  BUiek, 

3.  The  quality  that  repels,  drives  back,  or  resists 
approach  ;  as,  the  rrpelUmcf  of  the  electric  tluid. 
3.  Repulsive  quality.  F&rgter. 

RE-PEL'L£.\T,  a.  Driving  back  ;  aUe  or  tending  to 
repel. 

RE-PEL'LENT,  n.  In  tmedidne^  a  medicine  which 
drives  bark  morbid  humors  Into  the  mo^  of  the 
blood,  from  which  they  were  unduly  secreted  ;  or 
which  prevents  such  an  afflux  of  fluid  to  a  part,  as 
would  raise  it  to  a  tumor ;  a  discutienU 

I2ncifc,     Quincy.     Parr. 

RE-PEL'LER,  n.     He  or  that  which  repels. 

RE-PEL'Ll.NG,  ppr.  or  a.  Driving  back  ;  resisting  ad- 
vance or  nppn>ach  eflectuallv. 

R£'PE.\T,  a.     [L.  rrpo,  to  creep.] 

Creeping  ;  as,  a  repent  rout  or  animal. 

RE-PENT',  p.  i.  [Ft.  repentir:  IL  pentire^  pentirsi; 
Bp.  arrtpeMine;  L.  re  and  panitco^  from  petna,  pain, 
Gr.  rofVu.    See  P^i.t.] 

1.  To  feel  pain,  sorrow,  or  regret,  for  something 
done  or  spoken  ;  as,  to  repent  that  we  have  lust  much 
time  in  idleness  or  sensual  j»!«^asure;  to  repent  that 
we  have  Injured  or  wounded  the  feelings  of  a  friend. 
A  person  repemts  only  uf  what  he  himself  has  done 
or  said. 

2.  To  express  sorrow  for  something  post. 

Enobmtua  did  txion  tiij  fau  repent,  SJuik. 

3.  To  change  the  mind  in  consequence  of  the  in- 
eonrenience  or  injury  done  by  past  conduct. 

Lot,  pandreooac,  tbm  jpeoplo  rtpmf  wbea  the/  ««  wax,  and 
tbef  retucn.  —  Ex.  »S. 

4.  .4pp2ied  Co  tJu  Sufrtme  Baxg^  to  change  the 
coarse  of  providential  dealings.     Qen,  vi.-  Ps.  cvi. 

5.  In  tiuoUgy^  to  sorrow  or  be  pained  for  sin,  as  a 
violation  ofGod's  holy  taw,  a  dishonor  to  his  char- 
acter and  government,  and  the  foulest  ingruUtude  to 
a  Being  of  infinite  benevolence. 

Excejx  je  rvpnu,  yt  ahfta  ail  Ukeviie  pnuh.  —  Luke  xiU.    Acu 
liL 

RE-PENT',  r.  u  To  remember  with  sorrow ;  as,  to 
repent  rash  words  j  to  repent  an  injury  done  to  a 
neighbor  ;   to   repent  follies  and   vices.      [See   R»- 

rXIfTAItCE.] 

S.  With  the  reciprocal  pronoun.    [Fr.  «  repentir.] 

No  man  rvpmted  kim  of  hu  wickwlnpat.  — Jer.  riii. 
{This  form  of  erpression  is  ntne  obsolete.'] 


REP 

RE-PKNT'ANCE,  n.  [Fr.]  Sorrow  for  any  thing 
dune  or  said  ;  the  pain  or  criif  which  a  person  expe- 
riences in  consequence  of  the  injury  or  itiamvenience 
prcdiicod  by  liis  nwn  conduct. 

*'  Rc[Hiilance  is  the  relinquishment  of  any  practice, 
from  the  convicti<m  that  it  has  offt-ndt-d  God.  Sor- 
row, fear,  and  anxiety,  are  properly  not  parts,  but 
adjuncts  of  repentance  ;  yet  they  are  too  closely 
collected  with  it  to  be  easily  separated." 

Rambler. 
3.  In  theology,  repentance  is  distinguished  into 
erangelieat  and  U^al.  The  former,  usually  called 
repentance,  simply,  is  real  penitence,  sorrow,  or  deep 
contrition  for  sin,  as  an  offense  and  dishonor  to 
Cod,  a  violation  of  his  holy  law,  and  the  basest  in- 
gratitude toward  a  Being  of  infinite  benevolence. 
Ecanffelical  repentance  is  accompanied  and  followed 
by  amendment  of  life.  The  sorrow  proceeding 
merely  fit>m  the  fear  of  punishment,  is  called  lethal 
rtpeHtance,  as  being  excited  by  the  terrors  of  legal 
penalties,  and  it  may  exist  without  an  amendment 
of  life. 

Repentanca  ia  a  chooge  of  miud,  or  a  conrcnion  from  ■!»  to 
God.  Hammond, 

OodlT  aorrow  workeUi  npenlanct  to  •aWalion.  —  8  Cor.  vii. 
Mtitt.  iii. 

RE-PENT'ANT,  o.  [Fr.]  Sorrowful  for  past  con- 
duct or  words. 

2.  Sorrowful  for  sin.  Milton. 

3.  Expressing  or  showing  sorrow  for  sin  ;  as,  re- 
pentant tears  j  repentant  ashes  ;  repentant  sighs. 

Shak,     Pope. 
RE-PE.\T'ANT,  n.     One  who  repents  ;  a  penilenL 
3.  One  that  expresses  sorrow  for  sin.     LigkJfoot. 
RE  PENT'A.\T-LY,  adv.     In  a  repentant  manner. 
RE-PEN'T'ED,  pp.     Remembered  with  sorrow. 
RF.  PENT'ER,  n.     One  that  repents. 
RE-PENT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Grieving  for  what  is  past ; 

fecline  pain  or  contrition  for  sin. 
RE-PENT'ING,  n.     Act  of  repenting.     JIos.  x\.  ^ 
Rh;-PENT'ING-LY,  adv.    With  repentance. 
RF^PEO/PLE,  (re-pee'pl,)  r.  u     [re  and  people;  Fr. 
rrpeuplrr.] 

To  people  anew  ;  to  furnish  again  with  a  slock  of 
people.      The  world,  after  the  Hood,  was  repeopted 
by  the  descendants  of  one  family. 
RE-PfiO'PLED,(r6-pee'pld,)pp.    Stocked  anew  with 

inhabitants, 
RE-PEO'PLING,    (re-pee'pling,)    ppr.       Furnishing 

again  with  a  stock  of  inhabitants. 
RE-P£0'PLING,    (re-pce'p!ing,)  n.      [Supra.]     The 

act  of  furnishing  again  with  inhabitants.        Hale. 
RE~PER-eUSS',  V.  t     [L.  repercutio  ;  re  and  percutio  ; 
ptr  and  ^uatio,  to  shake,  to  beat.] 

To  beat  back.  Bacon. 

RE  PER-eUt:.S'/:D,  (kust',)  pp.    Beaten  back. 
KE-PER-eLS':?ION,  (-kush'un,)  n.     [L.  repercwtsio.] 
1.  The  act  of  driving  back  ;  reverberation ;  as,  the 
repercussion  of  sound. 
3.  In  musUj  frequent  repetition  of  the  same  sound. 

Encye, 
RE-PER-€USS'IVE,  a.     Driving  back  ;   having  the 
power  of  sending  back  ;  causing  to  reverberate  ;  as, 
repereussice  rocks.  *  Pattison. 

•J.  Repellent;  as,  a  repercussive  medicine.  {JsTot 
in  use.]  Bacon. 

3.  Driven  back  ;  reverberated.  Thomson. 

RE-PER-eUSS'IVE,  n.     A  rei«jUent.     [Obs.] 

Bacon. 
REP-ER-TI"TIOUS,  (rep-er-tish'us,)  a.      [from    L. 
repertus,  rrperio.] 

Found  ;  gained  by  finding.     [A*o£  in  use.]    Diet. 
REP'ER-TO-RY,  n,     [Fr.  reperUnre;    L.  repertorium, 
from   repcrio,  to  find  again  ;   re  and  aperio,  to  un- 
covt-r.] 

1.  A  place  in  which  things  are  disposed  in  an  or- 
derly manner,  so  that  they  can  be  easily  found,  as 
the  index  of  a  book,  a  common-place  book,  &c. 

2.  A  treasury  ;  a  magazine. 
REP-E-TE.\D',  n.     [L.  repetendus,  repeto.] 

in   arithmetic,   that   pjirt  of  a   repeating    decimal 
which  recurs  continually  atl  infnitutn.        Brande. 
REP-E-TI"TION,   (rep-e-tish'un,)   n.      [L.    repetitio. 
See  Repeat.] 

1.  The  act  of  doing  or  uttering  a  second  time  ;  it- 
eration of  the  same  act,  or  of  the  same  words  or 
sounds  Hooker. 

2.  The  act  of  reciting  or  rehearsing ;  the  act  of 
reading  over.  Shak. 

3.  Recital.  Chapman. 

4.  Recital  from  memory,  as  distinct  from  reading. 

5.  In  music,  the  act  of  repeating,  singing,  or  play- 
ing, the  same  part  a  second  time.  Encyc. 

6.  In  rhetoric,  reiteration,  or  a  repeating  the  same 
word,  or  the  same  sense  in  different  words,  for  the 
purpose  of  making  a  deeper  impression  on  the  au- 
dience. 

REP-E-rr'TION-AL,      (  a.     Containing  repetition. 

REP-E-TI"T10N-A-RY,  t      [Little  used.] 

REP-E-TI"TIOUS,  (rep-e-tiah'us.)  a.  Repeating; 
containing  repetition.     [America.]  Dwight, 

RE^PINE',  r.  i.  [re  and  pine.]  To  fret  one's  self;  to 
be  discontented  ;  to  feel  inward  discontent  which 
prf-ya  on  the  spirits;  with  at  or  again  at     It  is  our 


REP 

duty   never  to  repine  at  the  allotments  of   Provi- 
dence. 
3.  To  complain  discontentedly ;  to  murmur. 

Miiltiiuilfs  repine  at  Ibe  want  of  that  wtilch  iioihir?  but  )dl»- 
lieu  hiiKUn  tlicin  froin  Liijojiiif.  Jiamhisr, 

.1.  To  envy.  Johnson. 

RE-PIN'ER,  TU    One  that  repines  or  mtn-murs. 

RE-PIN'ING,ppr.  Fretting  one's  self ;  feeling  discon- 
tent that  ])rcys  on  the  spirits ;  complaining ;  miu*- 
muring. 

2.  a.  Disposed  to  murmur  or  complain;  aa,  a  re- 
pining t<'m|«.'r. 

RE-PI\'ING,  n.  The  act  of  fretting  or  feeling  discon- 
tent or  of  murmuring.  BurneL 

RE-PIN'ir<G-LY,  adv.  With  murmuring  or  com- 
plaint. UalL 

RE-PLACE',  V.  t,     [Fr.  rrplaeer ;  re  and  place,] 

1.  I'o  put  again  in  the  former  place ;  as,  to  replace 
a  book. 

The  earl  — wua  reptactd  In  hii  ifovemmeaL  Baeon. 

Q.  To  put  in  a  new  place.  Dryden. 

3.  To  repay  ;  to  refund ;  as,  to  replace  a  sum  of 
money  borrowed. 

4.  To  put  a  competent  substitute  in  the  place  of 
another  displaced,  or  of  something  lost.  The  paper 
is  lost,  and  can  not  be  rejdaccd. 

RE-PLAC'£D,  (re-plast',)  pp.  Put  again  in  a 
former  place  ;  supplied  by  a  substitute.  Thus,  in 
petrifaction,  the  animal  or  vegetable  substance  grad- 
ually wastes  away,  and  is  replaced  by  silex. 

2.  tn  mineralogy,  a  term  used  when  a  crystal  has 
one  or  more  planes  in  the  place  of  its  edges  or 
angles. 

RE-PLACE'MENT,  ti.    The  act  of  replacing. 

2.  In  mineralogy,  the  removal  of  an  edge  or  angle, 
by  one  or  more  planes. 
RE-i*LAC'lNG,  ppr.    Putting  again  in  a  former  place; 

supplying  the  place  of  with  a  substitute. 
RE-PLAIT',   r.   t.     [re  and  plait.]     To  plait  or  fold 
again  ;  to  fuld  one  part  over  another  again  and  again. 

Zh^den, 
RE  PLAIT'ED,  pp.    Folded  again  or  often. 
RE-PLAIT'ING,  ppr.     Folding  again  or  often. 
RE-PLA^T',  17.  t.     [Fr.  replanter  ,■  re  and  plant.] 

To  plant  again.  Bacon. 

RE-PLANT' A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  planted  again. 

Cotgrace, 
RE-PLANT-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  planting  again. 
RE-PLAiNT'ED,pp.     Planted  anew. 
RE-PLA\T'ING,  ppr.    Planting  again. 
REPLEAD',  r.  t.   or  i.     [re  and  plead.]     To  plead 

again^ 
RE-PLeAD'ER,  II.      In  laic,  a  second  pleading  or 
course  of  pleadings  ;  or  the  power  uf  pleading  again. 
Wlieiievvr  a  repltader  la  granted,  the  pleadinga  must  beg^  d* 
lutco.  Biackstom, 

RF^PLEAD'ING,  ppr.    Pleading  again. 
RE-PLEN'ISH,  r.  (.     [Norm,  rcplcner,  to  fill ;  It,  nero- 
pire;  L.  re  and  plenus,  full.] 

1.  To  fill ;  to  stock  with  numbers  or  abundance. 
The  magazines  are  replenished  with  com ;  the  springs 
are  replenished  with  water. 

Multiply  and  replenish  the  earth.  —  Gen.  I. 

2.  To  finish  ;  to  complete.     [JVot  in  use.]     Shak. 
RE-PLEN'ISH,  V.  i.     To  recover  former  fullness. 

Bacon. 
RE-PLEN'ISH-£D,  (re-plen'isht,)  pp.    Filled;  abun- 
dantly supplied. 
RE-PLEN'ISH-ING,   ppr.     Filling;   supplying  with 

abundance. 
RE-PLkTE',  a.     [L.  repletus ;  re  and  pleo,  to  fill.] 
Completely  filled  ;  full. 

IIU  words  rejilele  with  g^ile.  MUlon. 

RE-PL£'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  repletic] 

1.  The  state  of  being  conipk-tely  lilleu,  or  super- 
abundant fullness.  Bacon. 

2.  In  medicine,  fullness  of  blood  ;  plethora.    Coxe. 
RE-PLt:'TIVE,  a.     Filling  ;  replenishing.    Cotgrave. 
RE-PLk'TIVE-LY,  adv.     So  as  to  be  filled. 
RE-PLEV'I-A-HLE,  a.     [See  Replevv.]     Iniaw,that 

may  be  replevied. 

RE-PLEV'I-£D,  pp.    Taken  by  a  writ  of  replevin. 

UE-PLEV'IN,n.  [See  Replevy.]  An  action  or  rem- 
edy granted  on  a  distress,  by  which  a  person  whose 
cattle  or  goods  are  distrained  has  them  returned  to 
his  own  possession,  upon  giving  security,  to  try  the 
right  of  taking  in  a  suit  at  law,  and,  if  that  stiould 
be  determined  against  him,  to  return  the  cattle  or 
goods  into  the  possession  of  the  distrainor. 

Blackstone. 
2.  The  writ  by  which  a  distress  is  replevied. 

RE-PLEV'I-SA-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  replevied  ;  but 
little  used,  being  superseded  by  Repleviable. 

RE-PLEV'Y,  r,  u  (re  and  pledge.  Norm,  plegg  or 
plevy,  whence,  in  Law  L.  replegjobilis  and  reple- 
giare.] 

1.  To  take  back,  by  a  writ  for  that  purpose,  cattle 
or  goods  that  have  been  distrained,  upon  giving  secu- 
rity to  try  the  right  of  distraining  in  a  suit  at  law, 
and,  if  that  should  be  determined  against  the  plain- 
tiff, to  return  the  cattle  or  goods  into  the  hands  of  the 


FIVE,  FAR,  FAU<,  W^II^T.  —  METE,  PRfiY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  W(?LF,  BQQK 


REP 

distniiiior.     In  this  case,  the  person  whose  goods  are 
dislminM  becomes  the  plaintiff,  and  the  person  dis- 
training the  defendant  or  avowant.         Blackstone, 
2.  To  bail. 

RE-PLEV'Y-ING,  ppr.  Retaking  a  distress.  [See 
Replevt.I 

REP-LI-€a'TION,  n.     [L.  repUcatio.    See  Rkplt.] 

1.  An  answer;  a  reply.     Particularhj, 

2.  In  Io»  pleadings,  the  reply  of  the  plaintiff  to  the 
defendant's  plea. 

3.  Return  or  repercussion  of  sound.    [JVot  used.} 

Shak. 

REP'LI-€ATE,  a.    In  botany,  folded  back.    Loudon. 

REP'LI-€ATE,  n.     In  music,  a  repetition. 

RE-PI-.T'£D,  pp.     Answered;  returned  for  an  answer. 

RE-PLI'ER,  n.  One  who  answers ;  he  that  speaits  or 
writes  in  return  to  something  spoken  or  written. 

RE-PL?',  c.  i.'  [Ft.  repli^uer  ^  'C.replico;  re  and  plico, 
to  fold,  that  is,  to  turn  or  send  to ;  It.  replicare  ;  Sp, 
replicar.     See  Applt,  Employ,  and  Plt.J 

1.  To  answer;  to  make  a  returp,  in  words  or 
writing,  to  something  said  or  written  by  another. 

O  man,  who  art  Ihow  Ihal  replUsl  ajaiiiM  God  I  — Rom.  ii. 

2.  In  taa,  to  answer  a  defendant's  plea.  The  de- 
fendant pleads  in  bar  to  the  plaintiff's  declaration; 
the  plaintiff  replies  to  the  defendant's  plea  in  bar. 

RE-PLY',  r.  t.    To  return  for  an  answer.    He  knows 

not  what  to  reply. 
RE-PLY',  n.     [Fr.  repUque  ;  It.  replica.] 

1.  An  answer;  that  which  is  said  or  written,  in 
answer  to  what  is  said  or  written  by  another. 

2.  A  book  or  pamplilet  written  in  answer  to  an- 
other. 

RE-PLVING,  ppr.     Answering  either  in  words  or 

writing. 
RE-POL'ISH,  r.  t     [Fr.  repolir ;  re  and  polish,] 

To  polish  again.  Donne. 

RE-POL'I.^n-£D,  (pol'isht,)  pp.    Polished  again. 
RE-POL'Isa-ING,  ppr.     Polishing  anew. 
RE-PORT',  B.  (.      [Fr.  rapporttr;   L.  reportOj  to  carry 

back  ;  re  and  porta,  to  bear.] 

1.  To  bear  or  bring  back  an  answer,  or  to  relate 
what  has  been  discovered  by  a  person  sent  to  exam- 
ine, explore,  or  investigate;  as,  a  messenger  reports 
to  bis  employer  what  he  has  seen  or  ascertained. 
The  committee  reported  the  whole  number  of  votes. 

2.  To  give  an  account  of;  to  relate  ;  to  tell. 
They  rtported  bia  good  dred«  befoie  me.  —  Neh.  »i.     Acta  W. 

3.  To  tell  or  relate  from  one  to  another  ;  to  circu- 
late publicly,  as  a  story  ;  as  in  the  common  phrase, 
it  is  reported. 

It  is  reported  nmon?  the  hmthcn,  and  Gashma  aaiih  it,  th&t  thou 
Kod  the  Jewi  think  to  rebel.  —  Neh.  ri. 

In  this  form  of  expression,  it  refers  to  the  subse- 
qtient  clause  of  the  sentence;  "that  thou  and  the 
Jews  think  to  rebel,  is  reported." 

4.  To  give  an  oMciat  account  or  statement;  as, 
the  secretary  of  the  treasury  reports  to  congress  an- 
nually the  amount  of  revenue  and  expenditure. 

5.  To  give  an  account  or  statement  of  cases  and 
decisions  in  a  court  of  law  or  chancerj-. 

6.  To  return,  as  sound  ;  to  give  back.        Bacon, 
To  be  rfTtorted,  or.  vsualUj,  to  be  reported  of;  to  be 

Well  or  ill  spoken  of;  to  be  mentioned  with  respect 

or  reproach,    ^cts  xvi,     Rom.  ui. 
RE  PORT',  r.  i.     To  make  a  statement  of  facts.    The 

committee  will  report  at  twelve  o'clock. 
RE-PORT',  n.    An  account  returned  ;  a  statement  or 

relation  of  facts  given   in  reply  to   inquiry,  or  by 

a  person  authorized  to  examine  and  make  return  to 

bis  employer. 

From  Thctu  lent  m  fpiea  to  make  rtport.  Wailer. 

2.  Rumor  ;  common  fame  ;  story  circulated.  Re- 
port, though  often  originating  in  fact,  soon  becomes 
mcorrect,  and  is  seldom  deserving  of  crediL  When 
we  have  no  evidence  but  popular  r«^ffre,  it  is  pru- 
dent to  suspend  our  opinions  in  regard  to  the  facLs. 

3.  Repute;  public  character  j  as,  evil  report  and 
good  report.     2  Cor.  vi. 

Comeliiia  ttm  of  good  rtpwt  among  the  Jevra.  —  Acli  x. 

4.  Account ;  story  ;  relation. 

It  vu  a  tnie  report  that  I  heard  in  mj  own  land  of  thy  acta  and 
of  U)7  w-iwlom.  —  I  Kiiifa  x. 

.S.  Sound  ;  noise  ;  as,  the  report  of  a  pistol  or  caa- 
non.  »  Bacon, 

fi.  An  acconnt  or  statement  nf  a  jiuHrial  opinion 
or  decision,  or  of  a  cnse  argued  and  determined  in  a 
court  of  law,  chancery,  &.c.  The  books  containing 
•urh  statements  are  also  called  report': 

7.  An  official  statement  of  facts,  verbal  or  writ- 
ten ;  particularly,  a  statement  in  writing  of  proceed- 
ings and  facts  exhibited  by  an  officer  to  his  superi- 
ors ;  as,  the  reports  of  the  heads  of  departments  to 
congress,  of  a  master  in  chancery  to  the  court,  of 
committees  to  a  legislative  body,  and  the  like. 

RE-PORT'ED,  pp.  oi  a.  Told,  related,  or  stated  in  an- 
swer to  ln(|uiry  or  direction  ;  circtilatcd  in  popu- 
lar rumors  ;  reputed  ;  elated  officially. 

RE-PORT'ER,  n.    One  that  gives  an  account,  verbal 
or  written,  official  or  unofficial. 
2.  Ad  officer  or  person  who  makes  statements  of 


REP 

law  proceedings  and  decisions,  or  of  legislative  de- 
bates. 

RE-PORT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Giving  account;  relating; 
presenting  statements  of  facts,  or  of  adjudged  cases 
in  law. 

RE-PORT'ING-LY,  adv.     By  report  or  common  fame. 

RE-POS'AL,  Tt.  [from  repose.]  The  act  of  reposing 
or  resting.  Skak. 

RE-POSE',  c.  t.  [YT.repoaeri  re  and  po«er,  to  put; 
It.  riposare;  Sp.  reposar;  L.  repono^reposui.] 

1.  To  lay  at  rest. 

After  the  toil  of  battle,  to  rtpoM 

Your  wearied  virtue,  AfUton. 

S.  To  lay;  to  rest,  as  the  mind,  in  confidence  or 
trust ;  as,  to  repose  trust  or  confidence  in  a  person's 
veracity. 

3.  To  lay  up  ;  to  deposit ;  to  lodge ;  as,  pebbles  re- 
posed  in  cliffs.  Woodward, 

4.  To  place  in  confidence. 
RE-POSE',  r.  t.    To  lie  at  rest ;  to  sleep. 

Within  a  thicket  I  repoted,  Chapynan. 

2.  To  rest  in  confidence.  I  repose  on  the  faith 
and  honor  of  a  friend. 

3.  To  lie  ;  to  rest ;  as,  trap  reposing  on  sand. 
RE-PoSE',n.     [Fr.  repos.) 

1.  A  lying  at  rest. 

2.  Sleep;  rest;  quiet.  Milton.     SJiak. 

3.  Rest  of  mind ;  tranquillity;  freedom  from  un- 
easiness. 

4.  In  poetry,  a  rest ;  a  pause.  Ennic. 

5.  In  the  flue  artJi,  that  wliich  afiTirds  a  point  of 
rest  fur  the  eye ;  opposed  to  the  scattering  and  di- 
vision of  a  subject  into  too  many  unconnected  parts, 
and  also  to  any  thing  which  is  overstrained,  violent, 
or  fifTgeous.  Brande. 

RE-POS'-KD,  pp.     Laid  at  rest ;  placed  in  confidence. 
RE  PoS'ED-NESS,  n.     Stale  of  being  at  rest. 
RE-PoS'ING,  ppr.     Laying  at  rest ;  placing  in  confi- 
dence ;  lying  at  rest ;  sleeping. 
RE-POS'IT,  V.  t.     [U  repositus,  repono.] 

To  lay  up ;  to  lodge,  as  for  safety  or  preservation. 

Others  repotit  Uicir  joatig  io  Lules.  Durham. 

RE-POS'IT-ED,  pp.    Laid  up;  deposited  for  safety  or 

preservation. 

RE-POS'IT-ING,  ppr.  Laying  up  or  lodging  for 
safety  or  preservation, 

RE-Pd-SI"TION,  (-po-Eish'un,)  n.  The  act  of  re- 
placing; as,  the  rrpositiiin  of  a  bone.        Wiseman. 

RE-PO»'I-TO-RY,  n.     [L.  repositorium,  from  rqwno.] 

A  place  where  things  are  or  may  be  deposited  for 

safety  or  preservation.     A  granarj'  is  a  rqiositonj  for 

corn,  an  arsenal  for  arms.     The  mind  or  memory  is 

called  the  repository  of  ideas.  Locke. 

Rfi-POS-SESS',  r.  t.  [re  and  possess.]  To  possess 
again. 

Nor  ihall  my  fiithet  rtpottett  the  land.  Pope. 

To  repossej^s  one's  srlf;  to  obtain  possession  again. 
Rr.-POS-SESS'J^D,  (-pos-sest',)  pp.  Possessed  again. 
Rk-POS-HESS'I.\G,  ppr.     Possessing  again;  obtain- 

inc  p<">RSPssinn  again. 
Re-POS-SES'SIOiV.   (-pos-sesh'un,)  n.      The   act  of 

pos-ie,>Jsing  again  ;  the  state  of  possessing  again. 
RF,-POlf  R',  V.  L     [re  and  pour.]     To  pour  again. 
RR-Pfil'R'Kl),  p/).     Poured  again. 
Rk-POUR'ING,  ppr.     Pouring  again. 
REPREHEND',  r.  (.     [L.  reprekendo  ;    re  and  pre- 

kendo,  to  seize  ;  Fr.  rrprendre.] 

1.  To  chide  ;  to  reprove. 

Pardon  me  for  reprehending  (hee.  S^uik. . 

2.  To  blame  ;  to  censure. 

I  nor  adrbe  nor  reprehend  the  choke.  PkUipi. 

3.  To  detect  of  fallacy. 

This  color  will  he  rtprthtnded  or  encountered,  br  Imputing  to 
all  eseellencea  iu  conipuailiuns  a  kind  of  puvcny.  |  Not  in 
UM.)  Biicon. 

4.  To  accuse ;  to  charge  with  a  fault ;  with  off 
as,  Aristippus  being  reprehended  of  luxurv.     Bacon, 

REP-RE  HEND'ED,  pp.     Reproved  ;  blanied. 

REP-RE-ME.ND'ER,  n.  One  that  reprehends;  one 
that  lilain'-H  or  reproves.  Hooker. 

REP-RE  IlENTl'ING.  ppr.    Reproving  ;  blaming. 

REP-RE-HE.N'SI  RLE,  o.     [Fr.,  from  L.  rrpreA«n.«fW«.] 
Itl.itnable  ;    culpable  ;    censurable  ;    deserving  re- 
proof ;  applied  to  pi-rsona  or  things  ;  as,  a  reprehensible 
person;  reprfhrn^ihle  conduct. 

REP-UE  HEN'Sl-ULE-NE.SS,  n.  Blamablenesa;  cul- 
pa blen  ess. 

REP-RE-IIEN'SI-BLY,  (irfu.  Culpably;  In  a.  manner 
to  deservf!  censure  or  reproof. 

REP  RE-HEN'SION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  reprekensio.] 
Reproof;  censure;  open  blame.     Faults  not  pun- 
ishable may  deserve  reprehension. 

REP-RF^HEN'SIVE.  a.    Containing  reproof.      South. 

REP-RE-HEN'SO-RY,  a.    Containing  reproof. 

Bosierll. 

REP-RE-SENT',  v.  (.    [Fr.  representer;  L.  rcprmseuto  ; 
re  and  IjOw  L.  prasentn,  from  prtrsens,  present.] 
1.  To  show  or  exhibit  by  resemblance, 

Bcfora  hire  hum 
Brren  lamps,  aa  in  a  lodlac,  rrprenfiXing 
The  hurcnlj  Atm.  Mtiton. 


REP 

3.  To  describe  ;  to  exhibit  to  the  mind  in  words. 

Tho  mannpcra  of  the  bank  al  Genoa  liaTO  beea  revreaented  aa  a 
a-coiid  kind  of  KUAts.  AdUiiofi. 

3.  To  exhibit ;  to  show  by  action  ;  as,  a  tragedy 
well  represented.  Johnson. 

4.  To  personate  ;  to  act  the  character  or  to  fill  the 
place  of  another  in  a  play  ;  as,  to  represent  the  char- 
acter of  King  Richarti. 

5.  To  supply  the  place  of;  to  act  as  a  substitute 
for  another.  The  parliament  of  Great  Britain  repre- 
sents  the  nation.  The  congress  of  the  United  States 
represents  the  people  or  nation.  The  senate  is  con- 
sidered as  representing  the  States  In  their  corporate 
capacity. 

6.  To  show  by  arguments,  reasoning,  or  statement 
of  facta.  The  memorial  represents  the  situation  of 
the  petitioner.  Represent  to  your  son  the  danger  of 
an  idle  life,  or  pmlligate  company. 

7.  To  stand  in  the  place  of,  in  the  right  of  inherit- 
ance. 

AH  the  braiicli<;a  inh-rrit  th'*  aume  share  that  their  root,  whom 
Ihi-y  reyratenl,  would  hive  done.  Blackntone. 

REP-RE-SE\T'A-BLE,a.    That  may  be  represented. 
REP-RE-SENT' ANCE,  n.    Representation  ;  likeness. 

[Aot  used.]  Donne. 

REP-UE-SENT'ANT,  ?i.    A  representative.    [J^ot  in 

use.]  Wotton. 

REP-RE-SE\T-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  representing, 

describing,  or  sliowinc. 

2.  That  which  exhibits  by  resemblance;  image, 
likeness,  picture,  or  statue  ;  as,  representations  of 
God.  StillingficeL 

3.  Any  exhibition  of  the  form  or  operations  of  a 
thing  by  sometliing  resembling  it.  A  map  Is  a  rep- 
resentation  of  the  world  or  a  part  of  it.  The  terres- 
trial globe  is  a  representation  of  the  earth.  An  orrery 
is  a  representation  of  the  planets  and  their  revolutions. 

4.  Exhibition,  as  of  a  ptay  on  the  stage. 

5.  Exhibition  of  a  character  in  theatrical  perform- 
ance. 

6.  Verbal  description  ;  statement  of  arguments  or 
facts  in  narration,  oratory,  debate,  petition,  admoni- 
tion, &.C. ;  as,  the  representation  of  a  historian,  of  a 
witness,  or  an  advocate. 

7.  The  business  of  arting  as  a  substitute  for  an- 
other ;  as,  the  representation  of  a  nation  in  a  legisla- 
tive boily. 

8.  Representatives,  as  a  collective  body.  It  is  ex- 
pedient to  have  an  able  represetttaiion  in  both  houses 
of  conpress. 

9.  Public  exhibition. 

10.  The  standing  in  the  place  of  another,  as  an 
heir,  or  in  the  right  of  taking  by  inheritance. 

Blaekstone. 
REP-RE-SE.VT'A-TIVR,  fl.     [Fr.  reprtsenta^.] 

1.  Exhibiting  a  similitude. 

They   own  the   XegA  ancrificca,  though   rtpreeenWivt,  to   be 
proper  aud  real.  Attirhury. 

2.  Bearing  the  character  or  power  of  another  ;  as, 
a  council  representative  of  the  jKJople.  SioifL' 

REP-RE-S^NT'A-TIVE,  n.  One  that  exhibits  the 
likeness  of  another. 

A  sLittie  of  Roinor,  whiaporin^  an  idiot  in  the  ear,  who  was  the 
rejyresenlados  o(  croiluliiy.  Additon. 

2.  In  Irrrixlative  or  other  business,  an  agent,  deputy, 
or  substitute,  who  supplies  the  place  of  another  or 
others,  being  invested  with  his  or  their  authority. 
An  attorney  is  the  representative  of  his  client  or  em- 
ployer. A  member  of  the  house  of  commons  is  tho 
representuttce  of  his  constituents  and  of  the  nation. 
In  matters  concerning  his  constituents  only,  be  is 
supposed  to  be  bound  by  their  instructions,  but  in  the 
enacting  of  laws  for  the  nation,  he  is  supposed  not 
to  be  bound  by  their  instructions,  as  he  acts  for  the 
whole  nation. 

3.  In  law,  one  that  stands  in  the  place  of  another 
as  heir,  or  in  the  right  of  succeeding  to  an  estate  of 
inheritance,  or  to  a  crown. 

4.  That  by  which  any  thing  is  exhibited  or  shown. 

This  dcxilrine  inppoart  the  perfectiona  ofGod  to  be  the  reprteent- 
aUvet  to  ua  of  whatever  we  peiwive  in  the  crcaturca. 

Loclce. 

REP-RE  SENT'A-TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  the  character 
of  another  ;  by  a  rci>rePentalive.  Barrow. 

2.  By  substitution  ;  by  delegation  of  power. 

Sandys. 
REP-RE-SENT'A-TrVF--NESS,  n.    The  stateorqual- 
ity  of  being  representative. 

Dr.  Burnrt  obaprrra,  thnt  evry  thought  ia  attended  wtlh  con- 
acioiisncaa  and  rejtretentnUoenei*.  Spectator, 

REP-RE  SENT'EI),  pp.  Shown;  exhibited;  person- 
ntfd  ;  described  ;  stated  ;  having  subatitutes. 

REP-RE-SENT'ER,  n.  One  who  shows,  exibbits,  «r 
describes. 

2.  A  representative ;  one  that  acts  by  deputation. 
[Little  used.]  Sw\ft 

REP-RE-SENT'ING,  ppr.  Showing;  exhibiting; 
describing;  acting  in  another's  character;  acting 
in  the  place  of  another. 

REP-RE-SENT'MENT,  n.  Representation  ;  Image  , 
an  idea  proposed  as  exhibiting  the  likeness  of  some- 
thing. Taylor.     Brown, 


TONE,  BULL,  tJNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  m  K;  6  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


REP 


RE-PRESS\  r.  t,  [L.  rtprgssus,  rfprimo  i  re  iind  pre- 
moj  lo  press.] 

1.  To  crush  ;  to  quell ;  to  put  down  ;  to  subdue  ; 
to  suppress;  as,  to  rr^rrxj  sedition  or  rebellion;  to 
rgjirtss  the  first  risings  of  discontent 

S,  To  check  :  to  r&^train. 


Such  kinj 
PxTor  the  innoertit,  rtprtf  iho 


Idd. 


RE-PRESS',  R.    The  act  of  subduing.     [^Tot  w  uaB.\ 
RE-PRESS'i:D,  (-prest',)  pp.  os  .i.     Crushed  ;    sub- 
dued. .  . 
RE-PRESS'ER,  ».     One  that  crushes  or  subdues. 
RE-PRESS'Ii\G,  «ir.     Crushing ;   subduing;    check- 

RE  PRES'SIOX,  (re-prcsh'un,)  n.     The  act  of  subdu- 
ing ;  as,  the  repression  of  lumuUs.  K.  Charles. 
2.  Check;    restraint, 

RE-PR  ESS' I  \"E,  a.  Having  powerto  crush  ;  tending 
to  Bulidue  or  rcstmin. 

RE-PRESS'IVELY,  adv.     So  as  lo  repressu 

RE-PRIEV'AL,  (re-precv'al,)  m.  Pfctspite;  reprieve. 
[JVIrf  in  iu*f.]  OrerAury. 

RE^PRIEVE',  (re-precve',)  r.  t  [I  know  not  the  or- 
i|[in  of  this  word,  unless  it  is  the  French  reprtndre^ 
rcfnv.  In  Norm,  rtpriovt  is  rendered  reprieved  de- 
dmetioms,  and  rswuef,  deductions  and  duties  yearly 
paid  out  of  IttnoB.! 

1.  To  respite  after  sentence  of  denth  ;  lo  suspend 
or  delay  theexecution  of  fora  time  j  as,  to  reprtece  a 
criminal  for  thirty  days, 

Ue  rtprinca  Uw  nnner  from  time  to  time,  Rogtrm. 

2.  To  grant  a  respite  to;  to  relieve  for  a  time  from 
any  suffering. 

Conpanjr*  thim^  k  tiHf  npiitw*  «  man  from  Mi  mehtncbol;, 
j<Bi  cut  iKX  accure  »  tama  ttvn  hit  eanadnioe.  SouA. 

RE-PRI£VE\  ■.  The  temporary  suspension  of  the 
eiecutioa  m  ■entente  of  death  on  a  criminal. 

CUrendim. 
9.  He«|rfte;  interval  of  ease  or  relieC 

AH  ibat  I  Mk  b  Uit  a  than  ripHtM. 

TU  I  farfm  u  low,  snct  Imoi  id  {lievt.  Demkmm. 

SE-PSIfiV'£D,  pp.  nr  m.  Respited ;  allowed  a 
longer  lime  lo  live  than  the  sentence  of  death  pcr- 
miL<:. 

RB-PRI£V'(NG,  ppr.  Respiting;  suspending  Uie 
eieriition  of  for  a  time. 

REP'Rl-MA.M),  B.  t  [Ft.  rrprimaader.  If  this  word 
is  frum  L.  rrprim*.  it  must  be  fumed  from  the  parti- 
ciple rf;^Meii^its.j 

1.  To  reprove  severely ;  lo  reprehend ;  to  chide 
fora  fault. 

Gcnnuiki*  wm  wermiy  rtprimmMJti  by  TOicriw,  Ibr  tnTrl- 
hf  fam>  Egyp*  withwil  aii  p.  nahriun.  Jirh-dutoL 

3.  To  reprove  publicly  and  officially,  in  execution 
of  a  sentence.  The  court  ordered  the  officer  lo  be 
rrprinmmdui. 

REP'RI-MAVD,  n.    Severe  rcjwoof  for  a  fault ;  rppre- 

hension,  private  or  public.  SpectaUtr* 

REP'RI-MAND-ED,  pp.     Severely  reproved. 
REP'RI-MA.NO-IXO,  p;»r.     Rrpronnc  (severely. 
Rfe-PRINT',  r.  L     [rr  and  print]     To  priat  again  ;  to 
print  a  second  or  any  new  edition.  Pope, 

a.  To  renew  the  impression  of  any  thing. 

-  to  reprint  Gal'*  luji^  on  ihe 
Soulh. 

RE'PRINT,  n.    A  second  or  a  new  edition  of  a  book. 

Reviev  of  Griesbae/u 
RE-PR T>*T'ET>,  pp.     Printed  anew  ;  impressed  again. 
R£-PRIXT'ING,  ppr.    Printing  again;  renewing  an 

impression. 
RE-PKia'AL,    (re-prtz'atO   ii.      [Fr.    rrprcsailles;   It. 

riprrsagUa  ;    Sp,  rrpresaiia  ;    Fr.  rmrewrfrf,  repriSy  to 

retake  ;  re  and  prendre^  L.  prcndo.] 

1.  The  seizure  or  lakinc  of  any  thing  from  an  en 
emy  by  way  of  retaliation  or  iiidt-nini  Scat  ion  for 
something  taken  or  detained  by  htm. 

2.  That  which  is  taken  from  an  enemy  to  indem- 
nify an  owner  for  wmiethinpof  his  which  the  enemy 
has  seized.  Reprisals  may  consist  of  persons  or  of 
goods.  Letters  of  inan]ue  and  reprii^l  may  be  ob- 
tained in  order  to  seize  the  bodies  or  goods  of  the 
subjects  of  an  odt:ndiug  state,  until  sati^^faction  shall 
be  made.  Blarkj^onc 

3.  Recaption ;  a  retaking  of  a  man's  own  goods  or 
any  of  his  family,  wife,  child,  or  servant,  wrone- 
fully  taken  from  him,  or  detained  by  another.  *  In 
this  case,  the  owner  may  retake  the  gf»ods  or  persons 
wherever  he  finds  them.  Blaekstone. 

LtOers  of  f^mr^e  and  reprisal :  a  commission  grant- 
ed by  the  supreme  authority  of  a  state  to  a  subject, 
empowering  him  lo  pass  the  frontiers  [mar^uey]  that 
is,  enter  an  enemy's  terrilories,  and  capture  the 
goods  and  persons  of  the  enemy,  in  return  for  goods 
or  persons  taken  by  binx. 

4.  The  act  of  retorting  on  an  enemy  by  inflicting 
saflTering  or  death  on  a  prisoner  taken  from  him,  in 
retaliation  of  an  act  of  inliumanitv.  yaUeL 

RE-PRISE',  II.    [Fr.]    A  taking  by  way  of  retaliation. 

[06*.  1  Dryden, 

RE-PRISE',  r.  t    To  take  again.     [Obs.]     Sptnser. 

9.  To  recompense  ;  lo  pay.     [  Obs.]  Grant 

RE-PRI8'ING,  ppr.     Taking  again  ;  recompentiing. 


REP 

RE-PRTZ'F.S,  n.  pi.  In  tdtff,  deductions  or  payments 
nut  of  the  value  of  laud  ;  as,  rent-charges  or  unnui- 
ties.  iirande. 

RE-PROACII',  r.  t.  [Fr.  reprocher;  It.  ritnprocctare  ; 
from  the  same  ro«il  ns  aypruach,  and  Fr.  proche^  near, 
I*  prozy  m  proximus^  from  a  root  in  t^lass  Brg,  signi- 
lying  to  thnist  or  drive  ;  probably  T^a.] 

1.  To  censure  in  terms  of  opprobrium  or  contempt. 

Minptitiii*  with  tiw  anJor  wariiwd 

II'u  tiintiti^  fR«tMl»,  reprocuAed  iheir  ■hanWiil  flight, 

Kri^pllei)  Uie  vktnnt.  Drydtn. 

2.  To  charge  with  a  faull  in  severe  language. 

That  ahinie 
Then  »jt  not,  und  nproach  us  tu  unclean.  MUlon, 

3.  To  upbraid  ;  lo  suggest  blame  for  any  tiling.  A 
man^s  conscience  will  reproach  him  fur  a  criminal, 
mean,  or  unworthy  action. 

4.  To  treat  with  scorn  or  contempt     Luke  vi. 
RE-PR6ACir,  n.     Censure  mingled  with   contempt 

or  derision;  contumelious  or  opprobrious  language 
toward  any  i)erson ;  abusive  rctiections  j  a.-»,  fuul- 
mouthed  reproach.  Sltak. 

2,  Shame  ;  infamy  j  disgrace, 

Gi«*  liot  tliiuc  hcritagu  to  rrprvadi.  —  Joel  ii.    I«.  i». 

3,  Object  of  contempt,  scorn,  or  derision. 

Com",  and  let  ut  build  up  tlic  wnll  of  Jerusalem,  that  we  tnaj 
be  no  more  a  reproach.  —  NoL.  ii, 

4,  That  which  is  the  cause  of  shame  nr  disgrace, 
Ocfi.  XXX. 

RE-PROACH'A-BLE,  a.    Deserving  reproach. 

2.  Oppmlirioiis  ;  scurrilous.     [JVnt  proper.]     Ebjot 
RE-PR6ACH'A-KLE-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  bemg 

reproachnble. 

RE-PRO.-VCll'A-HLY,  adv.  In  a  reproachable  man- 
ner. 

RE-PROACn'BD,  (re-prffcht',)  pp.  Censured  in  terms 
of  coMlenipt  ;  upbraided. 

RE-PUfiACH'ER,  n.    One  who  reproaches. 

RE-PR6ACH'F[JL,  a.  Expressing  censure  with  con- 
tempt ;  scurrilous  j  opprt>brious  j  as,  reproachful 
words.  Shak. 

2:  Shameful  J  bringing  or  casting  reproach;  infa- 
mous; base;  vilej  as,  reproaehfui  conduct;  a  re- 
pn^tehfttt  life. 

RE^-PR6ACirFi;L-LY,  ado.  In  terms  of  reproach; 
opprobriously ;  scurrilously.     1  Tim.  v. 

'2.  ?h;tinefully ;  disgracefully;  contemptuously. 

RE  PR6ACH'I\G,  ppr.  Censuring  in  teniis  of  con- 
tempt ;  Upbraiding. 

REP'RO-UATE,  a.  [L.  rrprobatuSy  rrproboy  to  disal- 
low ;  re  and  jtroho^  lo  prove.] 

1.  Not  enduring  priKtf  or  trial ;  not  of  standard 
purity  or  fineness  ;  disallowed  ;  rejected. 

Jtfyrobate  »i\wt^  •hall  mrn  cjlt  Ilirro,  trotuse  Uie  Lord  liath  T» 
Jrcied  them.  — Jer.  »i. 

a.  Abandoned  in  sin ;  lost  lo  virtue  or  grace. 

tluit  th»r  know  Goil,  bwl  in  works  di-ny  him,  N-inp 
ale  aud  uisubedient,  nnd  lo  every  goiHl  work  rtprO' 
BOA.  — Til.  i. 

3.  Abandoned  lo  error,  or  in  apostasy.    2  7'im.  iii. 
REP'RO*BATE,  it.    A  per:M)n  ubondoimd  to  Bin  j  one 

lost  to  viriue  and  religion. 

I  acknowledge   iiiraulf  a  rtj/rvbate,  a  villain,  a  tniJtor  to  th« 
king.  lialegh. 

REP'RO-BATE,  v.  t  To  disapprove  with  detestation 
or  marks  of  extreme  dislike  ;  to  disallow  ;  to  reject. 
It  expresses  more  than  Disapprove  or  Disallow. 
We  disapprove  of  slifjlit  faults  and  improprieties  ;  we 
reprobate  wliat  Ja  mean  or  criminal. 

2.  In  a  milder  sense,  to  disallow. 

Sucli  au  answer  as  this,  is  reprobated  and  disallowed  of  in  lav, 

Aylif*- 

3.  To  abandon  to  wickedness  and  eternal  destruc- 
tion. Hammond. 

4.  To  abandon  to  his  sentence,  without  hope  or 
pardon. 

Drife  him  out 
To  reprobated  exile.  Southern, 

REP'RO-BS-TED,  pp  or  a.  Disapproved  with  ab- 
horrence; rejected;  abandoned  to  wickedness  or  to 
de<>truction. 

REP'RO-BaTE-XESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  repro- 
bate. 

REP'RO-Ba-TER,  n.     One  that  reprobates. 

REP'RO-Ba-TI.VG,  ppr.  Disapproving  with  extreme 
dislike;  rejecting;  abandoning  to  wickedness  or  to 
destnictinn. 

REP-RO-B.\'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  U  reprobatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  disalloxving  with  detestation,  or  of 
expressing  extreme  dislike. 

2.  The  act  of  abandoning,  or  state  of  being  aban- 
doned to  eternal  destruction. 

Wh-^o  a  sinnT  ia  so  hrirdened  as  to  Wl  no  ramone  or  Tnisf^ring 
of  coinckncc,  it  Ls  considered  as  a  sign  of  reprobation. 

Encyc. 

3.  A  condemnatory  sentence  ;  rejection. 

Set  a  brand  of  reprobadon  oil  dipt  poetry  and  btse  coin. 

Dryden. 

REP-RO-BA'TION-ER,  n.     One  who  abandons  others 

to  eternal _de*:truction.  South. 

Re  PRO-DuCE',  v.  U     {re  and  produce.]     To  produce 


They  . 

abatuiniible  aud 


REP 

again  ;  to  renew  the  prtMtiictiun  of  a  thing  deotroyed, 
'I'rees  are  reproduced  by  new  shoots  from  the  roots  or 
stump  ;  nnd  certain  animals,  as  the  polype,  are  repro- 
duced from  cuttings.  Kncyc. 
2.  f^unt-times  used  for  Ge?(khatb. 
RR-PRO-DCCKD,  (-duste',)pp.    Produced  anew. 
R£-PUO-DOC'KR,  n.    One  or  that  which  reprrKtuces. 

Burke. 
RR-PRO-DOC'ING,  ppr.     PrtJducing  anew. 
Re-PRO-DU€'TION,  ;i.     The  art  or  process  of  repro- 
ducing that  which  has  been  destroyed  ;  as,  the  repro- 
duction of  plants  or  animals  from  cuttings  or  slips. 
The  reproduction  of  sevi-ral   parts  of  lobsters    and 
crabs  is  one  of  the  greatest  curiosities  in  natural  his- 
tory, Encijc 
2.  Pnmetimes  used  for  Geseratidw.         Brandt. 
RT,  PRO  Dre'TIVE,     i  a.     Pertaining  to  or  used  in 
RkPRO  DUC'TO  RY,  (      reproduction.  LyelL 
RK-PRO  ML'L'GATE,  v.  L     Tu  promulgate  again. 
Rk  PRO-MUL-Ga'TION,  n.    A  second  promulgation, 
RK-PROOF',  14     [frum  reprove.]     Blame  expressed  lo 
tJie  luce  ;  censure  fur  a  fault ;  reprehension. 

Tho«e  brtt  can  lifar  reproof  who  merit  praise.  Pope. 

He  that  hiU'lh  reproof  \»  Umish.  —  Prov.  xii. 

2.  Blame  cast ;  censure  directed  to  a  person. 

RE-PROVABLE,  a.  [from  reprove]  Worthy  of  re- 
proof; deserving  censure;  blamable.  Taylor. 

RE-PROV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Stale  of  being  reprova- 
ble. 

RE-PROV'A-BLY,  adv.     In  a  reprovable  manner. 

RE-PR6vE',  (re  prnov',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  rcprouverf  L.  re- 
probo  ;  re  and  proba^  to  prove.] 

1.  To  blame  ;  to  censure 

I  will  not  re^oM  lliee  for  thy  sacrificea.  —  Ps.  I. 

2.  To  charge  with  a  fault  to  the  face  ;  to  chide ;  to 
reprehend.     Luke  iii. 

3.  To  blame  for ;  with  of;  as,  to  reprove  one  of 
laziness.  Carrw. 

4.  To  convince  of  a  fault,  or  to  make  it  manifest. 
Jo  An  xvi. 

5.  To  reftile  ;  to  disprove.     [JVb(  in  use.]     Shak. 

6.  To  excite  a  sense  of  guilt.  The  heart  or  con- 
science reproves  us. 

7.  To  manifest  silent  disapprobation  or  blame. 

The  vicious  cnn  nol  i-far  the  prfsence  of  the  goo<l,  whose  Tery 
lixiks  reprooe  llueui,  and  whose  life  is  a  severe,  lhoii|rh  silent 
adnioiiiiion.  Buckmmater. 

RE-PROV'£D,  (re-proovd',)  pp.  Blamed  ;  reprehend- 
ed ;  convinrod  of  a  fault. 

REPROVER,  n.  One  that  reproves  ;  he  or  that 
which  blames.    Conscience  is  a  bold  reprover. 

South. 

RE-PROVING,  ppr.     Blaming  ;  censuring. 

RF.-PROVING-LY,  adr.     In  a  reproving  manner. 

RS-PRCNE',  r.  (,  [r«  and  prune.]  To  prune  a  sec- 
ond time.  Evelyn. 

Rf.-PRCiN'/:!),  pp.     Pnined  a  second  time. 

Rk.  PROX'ING,  ppr.     Pruning  a  second  time. 

REP-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  reptatio.]  The  act  of  creep- 
ins  or  crawling.  Brande, 

REP'TILE,  (rep'til,)  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  reptUis,  from 
rrpOj  to  creep,  Gr.  cpro)  ,■  It.  rcttile  ,■  Sp.  rrptil.  (See 
Creep.)  The  jirlmary  sense  is  probably  to  rub  01 
8craj)e,  or  to  seize.] 

1.  Creeping  ;  moving  on  the  belly,  or  with  smah 
feet. 

2.  Groveling;  low;  vulgar;  as,  a  reptile  race  or 
crew;  rfpri7evir.es.  Bvrke. 

REP'TILE,  n.  An  animal  that  moves  on  its  belly,  or 
by  means  of  small,  short  legs,  aa  snakes,  lizards, 
tortoises,  and  the  like. 

In  zoiSlogijy  the  reptiles^  or  reptil'ia,  constitute  a  class 
or  order,  including  all  such  animals  as  are  cold- 
blooded, vcrtebrated,  and  breathe  air;  as  tortoises 
li/^rds,  frogs,  etc.  Bell  has  separated  the  batrachi- 
ans  from  this  class,  and  arranges  them  under  the  de- 
nomination of  Amphibia^  because  they  breathe  water 
in  the  tadpole  state. 

2.  A  groveling  or  very  mean  person  ;  a  term  of 
contpmpt. 

REP-TIL'I-AN,  a.  Belonging  to  the  Reptilia,  or  rep- 
tiles. Lyell. 

REP-TIL'I-AN,  n.  An  animal  of  the  order  Rcptllia  ; 
a  reptile.  LyeU. 

RE-PUB'LIG,  n.  [L.  respuhUca;  res  and  publica  ;  pub- 
lic a^airs.] 

1.  A  commonwealth ;  a  state  in  which  the  exer- 
cise of  the  sovereign  power  is  lodged  in  representa- 
tives elected  by  Ihe  people.  In  modern  usage,  it 
diiTers  from  a  democracy  or  democratic  state,  in 
which  the  people  exercise  the  powers  of  sovereignty 
in  person.  Yet  the  democracies  of  Greece  are  ofleii 
called  repubiics. 

2.  Common  interest ;  the  public.     [.Yet  in  use.] 

B.  Jonson. 
Republic  of  letters;  the  collective  body  of  literar>'  or 
learned  men. 
RE-PUB'LfC-AN,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  republic;   con- 
sisting of  a  commonwealth  ;  as,  a  republican  consti- 
tution or  government. 

2.  Consonant  to  the  principles  of  a  republic  ;  as, 
republican  sentiments  or  opinions ;  republican  man- 
ners. 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WII^T.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


REP 

RE-PUB'Lie-A\,  «.     One  who  favors  or  prefers  a 

retiiiblican  form  of  government. 
RE-PL'B'U€-AN  ISM,  n.    A  republican  fomi  or  sys- 
tem of  govtrnment. 
S.  Attachment  to  a  republican  form  of  government. 

Burke. 
RE-PUB'LI€^AN-IZE,  r.  u    To  convert  to  republican 
principles  ;  as,  to  republUaniie  the  rising  generation. 

Ramsay. 
REPUB-Lie-S'TION,  n.     [«  and  puhUcation.] 

1.  A  second    publication,  or  a  new  publication  of 
something!  t>efore  published. 

i!.  A  second  publication,  aa  of  a  furnier  will ;  re- 
newal. 

If  Uier"  bp  manv  b-rtninpntB,  iht  last  o»f  rthrowa  all  tht  forraer ; 
but  Uk  rtpu'ilicaiion  of  a  lonner  will  revoki^  one  nt  a  Uier 
dAte,  snil  eiLiblwbea  the  fir»L  Blackstane. 

RE-PUB'LUSn,  V.  U     [re  and  publish.']    To  publish  a 
second  lime,  or  to  publish  a  new  edition  of  a  work 
before  published. 
9.  To  publish  anew. 


RE^PUBT^ISH  .ED,  (lisht,)  pp.     Published  anew. 
RE-PUB'LISH-ER,  n.     One  who  republishes. 
RK-PaB'LISH-I.N'G,  ppr.     Publi-'hing  again. 
RE-PC'DI-A-BLE,  a.     [frou»    repudiate.]      That    may 

be  rejected  ;  fit  or  proper  to  be  put  away. 
RE-PO'DI-ATE,  r.  (,     [Fr.  rrpudier ;    L.    r^udio  ;   re 

and  one  of  the  roots  in  Class  Bd,  which  signities  to 

send  or  thrust.] 

1.  To  cast  away  ;  to  reject ;  to  discard. 

Aiboiits —  reptidiaie  nil  liiie  to  the  kiogdoin  of  bravCD.  Btntlgy. 

2.  To  refuse  any  longer  to  acknowledge;  to  dis- 
claim ;  as,  the  state  has  repudiated  its  debts.  [Re- 
cenL] 

3.  .appropriate! y J  to  put  away;  to  divorce;  as  a 
wife. 

RE-PO'Dt-A-TET),  pp.    Cast  off;  rejected  ;  discarded ; 

di^■claimed  ;  divorced. 
RE-Pe'Dl-A-TI.NG,ppr.    Casting  off;  rejecting;  dis- 

rlaimine;  divorcing, 
RE-PU-Dl-A'TION,  n,     [Fr.,  from  L.  rcpwHatw.] 

1.  Rejection  ;  the  act  of  disclaiming  ;  as,  tb6  re- 
pudiation uf  a  doctrine. 

2.  The  refusal  on  the  part  of  a  stale  or  government 
to  pay  its  debts.  [RecenU] 

3.  Divorce  ;  as^  the  r^udiatimi  of  a  wife. 

ArbuViROt. 
RE-PO'DI-A-TOR,  ».    One  that  repudiates. 
RE-POGN',  (re-piine',)  v.  L     [L.  repugiio  ;  re  and  pug- 
nffj 
To  oppose  ;  to  resist.    [A'of.  twcrf.]  ElyoL 

RE-PUG'NA\CE,    i    n.     [Ft.    rrpufrnance  :     It.  n>«- 
RE-PUG'NA\-CY,  \      ^nanza  :   L.  rrpitsitantia,  from 
repH^Ho,  to  resist ;  re  and  pdg-no,  to  lighL] 

1.  Opposition  of  mind;  relucUince;  unwilling- 
ness. Shak.     Dryden, 

2.  Opposition  or  struggle  of  passions ;  resistance. 

South. 

3.  Opposition  of  principles  or  qualities;  inconsist- 
ency i  contrariety. 

But  where  ditTreiiw  ii  without  repugnancy,  Ihfit  which  hMh  been 
c&n  te  no  ^av)n(i\cc  bo  that  which  U.  Hooter. 

RE-PUG'NANT,  «.    [Fr.,  from  L.  repu^ans.] 

1.  Opposite;  contrary;  inconsistent;  properly  fol- 
lowed by  (o.  Every  sin  is  repugnant  to  the  will  of 
God.  Every  thing  morally  wrong  is  repugnant  both 
to  the  honor,  as  well  as  to  the  interest  of  the  offender. 

2.  Disobedient ;  not  obsequious.     [J^Tut  in  use.] 

S/uik. 
RE-PUG'NANT-LY,  adv.    With  opposition ;  in  con- 
tradiction. Brounu 
RE-PUG'NATE,  V.  L    To  oppose  ;  to  fight  against. 
RE-PUL'LU-L;^TE,  r.  i,     [L.  re  and  pullulo,  to  bud.] 

To  bud  again.  Howdl. 

RE-PUULU-LA'TION,  a.    The  act  of  budding  again. 
RE-PULi^E',  (re-puls',)  n.     [L.  repuUcj  from  repeUoi 
re  and  pello^  to  drive.] 

1.  A  being  checked  in  advancing,  or  driven  back 
by  force.    The  eni'my  met  with  repaUe  and  retreated. 

2.  Refusal;  denial.  Badey. 
RE-PULSE',  (re-puls',)  r.  (.     [L.  repuhus,  reprJto.] 

To  repel ;  to  beat  or  drive  oack  ;  as,  to  repulse  an 
assailant  or  advancing  enemy.     Knoirlea.     Milton. 

RE-PUI*H'/:0,  (re-ptilflt',) pp.     Repelled;  driven  back. 

RE-PULS'ER,  n.     One  that  repulses  or  drives  back. 

Shervaood. 

RE-PULS'ING,  ppr.    Driving  back. 

RE-PUL'SION,  (re-pul'shun,)  «.  In  physits,  that 
power  by  which  bodies,  or  the  particles  of  bodies,  are 
made  to  recede  Irom  each  other,  P.  Cye. 

2.  The  act  of  repelling. 

RE-PULS'IVE,  a.  Repelling  ;  driving  off,  or  keeping 
frnm  approach.  The  repttlsive  power  of  the  electric 
fluid  is  remarkable, 

2.  Cold  ;  reserved  ;  forbidding  ;  as,  repulsive  man- 
ners. 

RE-PULS'IVE-T,Y,  adv.    By  repulsing. 

REl-PCLS'IVE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  r*- 
pulsive  or  forbidding. 

RE-PU1^E'LES9,  a.    That  can  not  be  repelled. 

RE-PUL8'0-RY,  a.    Repulsive  ;  driving  back. 


KEQ 

Re-PUR'CHASE,  V.  L  [re  and  purchase.]  To  buy 
again  ;  to  buy  back ;  to  regain  by  purchase  or  ex- 
pense. Ifale. 

RE-PUR'CHASE,  n.  The  act  of  buying  again;  the 
purchase  acain  of  what  has  been  sold. 

RE  PUR'CHAS-KD,  (pur'chasi,)  pp.  Bought  back  or 
again  ;  regained  by  expense  ;  as,  a  throne  repurchas- 
ed with  the  blood  of  enemies.  Shak. 

RK-PUR'CHAS-ING,  ppr.  Buying  back  or  again ; 
regaining  by  the  payment  of  a  price. 

REP'U-TA-BLE,  a.  [from  repute.]  Being  in  good  re- 
pute ;  held  in  esteem  ;  as,  a  reputable  man  or  char- 
acter ;  reputable  conduct.  It  expres.ses  less  than 
respectable  and  honorable,  denoting  the  good  opinion 
of  men,  without  distinction  or  great  (]ualities, 

2.  Consistent  with  reputation  ;  not  mean  or  dis- 
graceful. It  is  evidence  of  extreme  depravity  that 
vice  is  in  any  case  reputable. 

In  the  article  of  daiigerf  it  u  aa  reputaUt  lo  elude  an  enemy  aa 
to  tleteat  ooe.  Broome. 

REP'TT-TA-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  rep- 
utable. 

REP'U-TA-BLY,  adv.  With  reputation  ;  without  dis- 
grace or  discredit ;  as,  to  fill  an  olfice  reputably. 

REP-U-TA'TfON,  n,     [Fr.,  from  L.  reputatio.] 

1.  Good  name  ;  the  credit,  honor,  or  character 
which  is  derived  from  a  favorable  public  opinion  or 
esteem.  Reputation  is  a  valuable  species  of  i)roperly 
or  right,  which  should  never  be  violated.  With  the 
loss  of  reputation^  a  man,  and  especially  a  woman, 
l<^es  most  of  the  enjoyments  of  life. 

The  beat  evidence  of  reputation  ia  a  maii'a  whole  lirs.    Amet. 
9.  Character  by  report ;  in  a  good  or  bad  sense  ; 
as,  a  man  has  the  reputation  of  being  rich  or  poor,  or 
of  being  a  thief,  JiddLioju 

RE-PU'TA-TIVE-LY,  adv.     By  repute. 
RE-POTE',  r.  U     [L.  reputo;  re  and  puto^  to  think; 
Fr.  reputer.] 
To  think  ;  to  account ;  to  hold  ;  to  reckon. 

The  kin?  was  rfjmled  a  prince  most  prudent.  Shak. 

Wberefure  aje  we  counted  oa  beasta,  ajid  reputed  vil«  in  your 
aight  ?  — Job  xviii. 

RE-PCTE',  n.  Reputation;  good  character  ;  the  credit 
or  honor  deriveti  from  common  or  public  opinion ; 
as,  men  of  repute.. 

2.  Character ;  in  a  bad  sense  ;  as,  a  man  held  in 
bad  repute., 

3.  Established  opinion  j  aa,  upheld  by  old  repute. 

MUton. 

RE-PCT'ED,pp.  or  a.    Reckoned;  accounted. 

KE-POT'ED-LY,  adv.  In  common  opinion  or  estima- 
tion. Barrow. 

RR-PCTE'LESS,  a.     Disreputable;  disgraceful.  Shak, 

RE-PuT'ING,  ppr.  Thinking;  reckoning;  account- 
ing. 

KE-aUEST',  (re-kwest',)  ti.  [Fr.  requite;  L.  rrquhi- 
tu3y  rcquiro  ;  re  and  qiutro,  to  seek  ;  iL  ridtiesta ;  Sp, 
re*{ue.<ta.     See  Quest,  Qi'estio?!.] 

1.  The  expression  of  desire  to  some  person  for 
something  to  he  granted  or  done ;  an  asking  ;  a  peti- 
tion. 

Uanwn  atood  up  to  maka  rvguMf  lor  bia  Ufa  to  Edhcr  the  nueen. 

—  Ealh.  Y\i. 

2.  Prayer ;  the  expression  of  desire  to  a  superior 
or  to  the  Almighty.     Phd.  iv. 

3.  The  thing  asked  for  or  requested. 

!  win  both  tieif  anil  grant  you  jour  rttmttt*.  Shak. 

Hk  jjvi- Uiem  their  rr^ueat,  but   teatlcanncaa  into  thrir  aoula. 

—  Pa.  c*i. 

4.  A  state  of  being  desired  or  held  in  such  estima- 
tion as  to  be  sought  after  or  pursued. 

Knowle<l^  and  Tune  were  in  aa  great  request  aa  wealth  amon; 
«•  nu*-  Temple. 

In  request ;  in  demand  ;  in  credit  or  reputation. 

Conolaniia  belnj  now  in  no  re^e$t.  Shak. 

Request  expresses  less  earnestness  than  entreaty  and 
rupplicntion^  and  supjK»scs  a  right  in  the  person  re- 
quested to  deny  or  refuse  to  grunt.  In  this  it  differs 
from  demand. 

Court  of  Rrquesti ;  in  England,  a  court  of  eqtiity  for 
the  relief  of  such  persons  as  atldressed  his  majesty 
by  supplication  ;  abolished  by  stat.  16  and  17  Car. 
).     It  was  inferior  to  the  Court  of  Chancery.  Brande, 

2.  A   li>cal    tribunal,  sometimes  called  a  Court  of 
Conscience^  founded  by  act  of  parliament  to  facilitate 
the  recovery  of  small  d'^bts  from  any  inhabitant  or 
trader  in  the  district  defined  by  the  act.         P.  Cyc 
RE-QUEST',  r.  t     f  Fr.  requgter.] 

1.  To  ask  ;  to  solicit ;  to  express  desire  for. 

The  wHjrht  of  th*  pnlden  enr-riniri  which  he  requeeud,  wa«  a 
th'iuaand  and  acveii  hundred  •helieU  of  golti.  —  Jud  jea  viii. 

2,  To  express  desire  to;  to  ask.  We  requested  a 
friend  lo  arronipany  us. 

RE-QIIEST'ED,  pp.     Asked  ;  de.«ired  ;  solicited. 

RE  QIIF.ST'ER,  n.     One  who  requests  :  a  iietitiuner. 

RE-QURHT'lNG,ppr.    Asking;  petitioning. 

RE-QUICK'£N,  r.  u  [re  antl  quUkcn.]  To  reani- 
mate ;  to  give  new  life  to.  S/tak, 

RE-(lUrCK'i;N-KD,  pp.    Reanimated. 

RE-QUICK'£N-ING,  ppr.  Reanimating ;  Invigorat- 
ing. 


RER 

RE'QUI-EM,  M.  [U]  In  t/ie  Roman  CatJivlic  churchy 
a  hymn  or  mass  sung  for  the  dead,  for  the  rest  of  his 
soul ;  so  called  from  the  first  word.  P.  Cye. 

2.  A  grand  musical  composition,  performed  in 
honor  of  some  deceased  person.  Brande. 

3.  Rest;  quiet;  peace.     [J^Tot  in  use.]        Sandys. 
RE-QUT'E-TO-RY,  n.     [Low  L.  requietorium.] 

A  sepulchre.     [JVot  in  use.]  fVeever,        , 

Rk'QLTIN,  h.     [Fr.]     The  French  name  of  the  white 

shark,  Carcharias  vulgaris.  Jardinc^s  J^at.  Lib. 

RE-QUIIt'A-BLE.  a,     [from  require.]     That  may  be 

required  ;  fit  or  proper  to  be  demanded.  fiale. 

RE-QUIRK',  V.  L     [L.  requiro;  re  and  quwro,  to  Seek  ; 

Fr.  and  Sp.  rer/uertr.     See  Query.] 

1.  To  demand  ;  to  ask,  as  of  right  and  by  author- 
ity. We  require  a  person  to  do  a  thing,  and  we  re- 
quire a  thing  to  be  dune. 

Why,  then,  doth  my  lord  require  thia  thing  F —  1  Chron.  txL 

2.  To  claim  ;  to  render  necessary ;  as  a  duly  or 
any  thing  indispensable  ;  as,  the  law  of  God  rehires 
strict  obedience, 

3.  To  ask  as  a  favor ;  to  request. 

I  w.ia  aahrtrned  to  require  of  the  king  a  hand  of  aoldien  and 
horsemen  lo  help  na  aguiust  the  enemy  In  the  way.  —  Em. 

viii. 

[In  this  sense,  the  word  is  rarely  used,] 

4.  To  call  to  account  for. 

I  will  require  my  flock  at  their  hand.  —  Eack.  nxir. 

5.  To  make  necessary ;  to  need  ;  to  demand. 

The  kiiig'a  buainesa  required  haate.  —  t  Sani,  xxi. 

6.  To  avenge  ;  to  take  satisfaction  for.     1  Sain.  xx. 
RE1-QUIR'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Demanded;  needed  ;  neces- 

sarv. 
RE-QUIRE'MENT,  «.    Demand ;  requisition. 

ScotL     Chalmers. 

Thia  ruler  waa  one  of  thoae  who  belicTC  that  they  cun  fill  up 

every  requirement  contained  m  the  rule  of  right^onetieM. 

J.  M.  Alaton. 

The  Brijtol  water  is  of  service  where  the  accretions  exceed  the 

requiremeiiU  of  heidth.  Encyc. 

RE-QUTR'ER,  n.     One  who  requires. 
RE-QUIU'IN'G,  ppr.     Demanding;  needing. 
REQ'UI-SITE,  (rek'we-zit,)  a.     [L.  rcquisitus^  from 
requiro.  ] 

Required  by  the  nature  of  things  or  by  circum- 
stances ;  necessary  ;  so  needful  that  it  can  not  be 
dispensed  with.  Repentance  and  faith  are  re^uunte 
to  salvation  ;  air  is  requisite  to  support  life ;  heat  is 
reqniiite  to  vegetation. 
REQ'UI-SITE,  (rek'we-zrt,)  n.  That  which  is  neces- 
sary ;  something  indispensable.  Contentment  is  a 
requisile  to  a  happy  life. 

God,  on  his  part,  his  drclnrcd  the  requint£e  on  out* ;  what  we 
must  do  lu  obtain  btcaniii^,  ia  the  great  businesi  of  tii  all  to 
kt.ow.  Wakt. 

REQ'UI-SITF^LY,  (rek'we-zit-le,)  adv.    Necessarily; 

in  a  requisite  manner,  Boyle. 

REQ'Ul-SITE-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  requisite 

or  ni'cessarv  ;  necessity.  Boyle, 

REQ-UI-SI"TrON,  (rek-wc-zish'un,)  n.     [Fr.  ;    It. 

rcquisizione.     See  Rehoire.] 

1.  Demand  ;  npplicaliim  made  as  of  right.  Under 
the  old  confederation  of  the  .American  States,  con- 
gress often  nvMle  requisitions  on  the  States  for  money 
to  sii  pply  the  treasu  ry  ;  but  t  hey  had  no  power  lo  en- 
force their  rrqui.9itions,  and  the  States  neglected  or 
partially  complied  with  lln^m,  Hamilton. 

2.  A  written  call  or  invitation  ;  as,  a  requisition  for 
a  public  meeting.     [En^-.] 

RE-QUIS'I-TIVE,  a.  Expressing  or  implying  de- 
mand. Harris. 

RE  QUIS'I-TO-RY,  a.  Sought  for;  demanded.  [Lit- 
tle used.] 

RE-QUI'TAL,  TI.  [from  rrqtiite.]  Return  for  any 
olhce,  good  or  bad  ;  in  a  ^ood  sense,  compensation  ; 
recompense  ;  as,  the  requital  of  services  ;  in  a  bad 
sense,  retaliation  or  punishment ;  as,  the  requital  of 
evil  deeds. 
2.  Return  ;  reciprocal  action. 

So  merit  their  aversion  can  remove, 

Nor  ill  requitai  can  etl'&ce  their  lure.  WaiUr. 

RE-QUrrE',  P.  £.  [from  quit,  h.  eedo ;  Ir.  euitigkim, 
to  requite  i  cuiteaeh,  recompense.] 

1.  To  repay  either  good  or  evil ;  in  a  good  sense^  to 
recompense  ;  to  return  an  equivalent  in  good  ;  to  re- 
ward. 

I  also  will  requite  you  this  kindness.  — 2  Sam.  il.     I  Tim.  T. 

In  a  bad  sense,  lo  retaliate  ;  to  return  evil  for  evil ; 
to  punish. 


Joseph  will  certainly  reqtdle  ua  ell  the  eril  which  v 
—  Gen.  U 


)dLd  toh 


2.  To  do  or  give  in  return. 

He  hath  requited  me  evil  fur  good.  —I  Bran.  xxr. 

RE-QUTT'En,pp.    Repaid;  recompensed:  rewarded. 

RE-QUIT'ER,  7t,     One  who  requites. 

RE-QUIT'ING,ppr.    Recdhipensing  ;  rewarding;  giv- 
ing in  return. 

ReRE'FIeF,  n.     A  fief  held  of  a  superior  feudatory; 
an  under  fief,  held  by  an  under  tenant. 

Blackstona, 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.— AN"G£R,  VI"CIOUa-€  as  K ;  0  a»  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  8H ;  TH  aa  In  THIS. 


RES 


RERE'-MOrSE,  n,     [S«x.  krerewKu^J 

A  baL     [See  Reas-Mous*.] 
RE-UE-SOLVE',  p.  L    To  resolve  a  second  time. 
RE-RE  SOLV'i:D,yB,     Resolved  a  second  time. 
ReRE'WARD,  II.     [rfcr  uiid  ward,]    The  iwit  of  an 
army  lliat  nmnhes  in  tlie  rear,  as  the  guard  j  tlie 
rearjiiard.    JVkiii,  x.    Is.  lii. 

[  The  latter  ortkognxphy  is  to  be  pr^errttL] 
R£-riAIL',  0  (.  or  i.    [r*  and  saiL]    To  sail  back. 

Popt. 
Rf.-SSTT/FO,  pp.    Sailed  back. 
RF:-^AlL'ING,p0r.     Sailing  back. 
R£-9ALE',  n.     [re  and  sale,]    A  sate  at  Mcond  hand. 

3.  A  second  sale ;  a  sale  of  what  ww  before  sold 
to  the  possessor. 
RE-SA-LOTE',  V.  L    [L.  resahUo ;  r«  and  fttinJo,  to 
salute ;  Fr.  resaimer,] 

1.  To  salute  or  greet  anenr.  Milton, 

3.  To  return  a  salutaiiun. 
RE  SA-LCT'EU,  pp.    Saluted  attain. 
RK^A-LCT'ING.Mr.    Saluting  anew. 
R£-SCI\D',  r.  t.     [L.  rvidMuU ;  re  and  scindoy  to  cut ; 
Fr.  rtscimdcr.] 

1.  To  abnigate;  to  revoke;  t»>  annul  ;  to  vacate 
an  act  by  the  ennctiDg  niithorily  or  by  superior  au- 
thority ;  as,  \l^  rtj^ind  a  law,  a  resolution^  or  a  vole  ; 
to  rescind  an  edict  or  decree  j  to  resciwi  a  judg- 
ment. 

2.  To  cut  off.     [wVot  used.] 
RE^CI.VD'ED,  pp.    Abrogated  ;  revoked  ;  annulled. 
RE-SCI.N'D'ING,  ppr.     Abrogating  ;   revoking  ;  an- 
nulling. 

RE-SClS'SIO\,  (re-sizh'un,)  «.  [Fr.  rescision^  from 
L.  resatsms,] 

1.  The  act  of  abrogating,  annulling,  or  vacating  ; 
as,  the  rettission  of  a  law,  decree,  or  judgmcuL 

2.  A  cuttinsoff. 

RE^CIS'SO-KY,  (-Biz'Eo-re,)  a.     [Fr.  resdsmrtA 

Having  power  In  cut  off  or  to  abrogate.      Setden. 
RES'eOi:.*^,  (res'kus,)  a.     In  law,     [See  Rescue.] 
RE-SCRTBE',  c.  (.      lU.reMTiboi.rt  and  »erik«^  to 
wrileJ 

1.  To  write  back.  Ji^\g^ 

2.  To  write  over  again.  HowetL 
Rfi'SeRIPT,  M.     [Urescriptmm,rmerib^] 

1.  In  Romam  amti^mitify  the  answer  or  an  emperor, 
when  consulted  by  particular  perBons  on  some  dif- 
ftcolt  qnestion.  This  answer  served  as  a  decision  of 
tike  qoestion,  and  mi^ht  therefore,  as  a  precedent, 
gndnally  obtain  the  force  of  an  edict  or  law.  Hence, 
a.  An  edict  or  decree.  SmitJk*s  Diet, 

RE-SCRIP'TION,  a.  A  writing  back  ;  the  answering 
of  a  letter.  Levedmu, 

RE-SCRIPT'IVE-LY,  arfc.    By  rescript.    [UnusuaL] 

Bmrke, 

RESXU-A-BLE,a.    That  may  be  rescued.   OayCen. 

&£S'eOE,  (res'ku,)  r.  c.  [Norm,  re^mrt^to  r*»eme; 
rtacmis,  retaken,  rescued,  relieved  ;  Fr.  rtieamrre^  re- 
emu;  qu.  from  rerovprrr^  to  recover.  The  Italian 
risemttarc,  Sp.  rescatar^  Pott,  rts^atar^  to  rpdecm,  to 
rtacuBy  b  compoundt-d  of  rt  and  cattare,  to  (fet.  The 
Fr.  recinis  Is  evidently  the  It.  riscossa^  rec*>very,  ris- 
CQssOf  recovered,  from  rlgcuoUrr^  to  redeem,  ransom, 
regain,  escape,  exact,  or  rec4»vir,  contracted,  in  Fr. 
recourrCy  from  ri  or  re  and  It.  gtuotere,  to  shake; 
aco««a,  a  shaking ;  L.  rv  and  tjiuitio.] 

To  free  or  deliver  fnun  any  coniinemcnt,  violence, 
danger,  or  evil ;  to  Iibtriic  from  actual  restriiint,  or 
to  remove  or  withdraw  from  a  state  of  exposure  to 
evil ;  as,  to  rescue  a  prisoner  from  an  officer  ;  to  r«- 
CMS  seamen  from  de^ttruction  by  shi|iwreck. 

So  tfap  prople  rtsattd  JouUian,  ifait  be  died  not.  —  1  Sam.  xir. 

XXX.      Pk.  XXXT. 

C«nl«'  bUi^v  bj  datirm,  eootiwy  to  Ixw,  roaj  be  refottd  bj  tbe 
oworr,  wtitW*  oa  thmr  way  to  Uar  pound.  BiatAstont. 

Esiiaai/e  Uv  ralur  of  ooft  ■on)  rrwMrf  from  fiemiU  guitt  uid 
ft^oav,  *fid  drvunrd  to  grow  loRver  ia  tbe  knowMre  xnd 
AeoMoftiad.  A.IHekuuom. 

RES'GOE,  ».  [See  the  verb,]  Deliverance  from  re- 
straint, violence,  or  danger,  by  force,  or  by  the  inter- 
ference of  an  agent. 

2.  In  /«ie,  rfstmey  or  retanis:  the  forcible  retaking 
of  a  lawful  difttress  from  the  distrainor,  or  from  the 
custody  of  the  law  ;  al^«»,  the  forcible  liberation  of  a 
defendant  from  the  custody  of  the  officer,  in  which 
cases  the  remedy  is  by  writ  pf  reseovs.  But  when 
tbe  distress  is  unlawfully  taken,  the  owner  may  law- 
foUy  make  rescue. 

The  rwnii  of  »  prinnrr  from  ibe  eoott,  li  iraoMi-d  «-tth  per- 
petual imptiKximenl  ukI  forteiture  of  goodi.    Bimktione. 

RBS'€JC-ED,  (wsTtade,)  pp.mtu  Delivered  from  con- 
finement or  dnnger  ;  or  forcibly  taken  from  the  cus- 
tody of  the  law. 

RES'€L'-ER,  n.    One  that  rescues  or  retakes.    Kmt. 

RES'€tJ-IXG,  pjw.  Liberating  from  restraint  or  dan- 
ger ;  forcibly  taking  from  the  custody  of  the  law. 

RE-SE.^RCH',  (re-8erch'.)ji.     [FT.retkcrchf.,] 

Diligent  iiujuiry  or  examination  in  seeking  facts  or 
principles  ;  laborious  or  continued  search  after  truth; 
as,  researches  of  human  wisdom.  Rogtra. 

RE-SEARCH',  (re-serch',)  e.  u  [Fr.  reeherchn-;  re 
and  ehtrther.] 


RES 

I.  To  search  «ir  examine  will)  continued  caro  j  to 
seek  diligently  for  the  truth. 

1(  ia  not  -'ftjy  to  rtttarch,  with  due  diatincUon,  In  the  afttlona  of 
etniiifiu  peraoita^n,  boUi  bow  mnch  may  hare  bwn  blrm- 
ialiM  fcv  Uie  envy  uT  others,  ud  what  wa*  wmiptnl  by  Uieir 
own  (i-licjtj.     [fnuMM^.I  H'oOon. 

a.  To  search  again  ;  to  examine  anew. 
RE-SEARCH'£R,  ( re-serch 'er,)  a.  One  who  diligently 

inquires  or  examines. 
RE-SEARCH'ING,  ppr.    Examining  with  continued 

care. 
RE-SftAT',  r.  L     [re  and  seat.]     To  seat  or  set  apain. 
RP:-SF;AT'ED,p^.    Sealed  again.  [Dryden. 

Rr-.^RAT'ING,  ppr.     Sealing  again. 
RE-SEG'TION,  n.     [L.  resertio,  reseeo.] 

The  act  of  cutting  or  paring  off.  Cotgrave. 

R^-SEEK',  r.  U;  prtU  and  pp.  Resouoht.  [re  and 
seek.] 

To  seek  again.  J.  Barlom. 

RE-SerZE',  (-seez',)  v.  L  [re  and  seize.]  To  seize 
again  ;  to  scue  a  second  time.  Sprnser. 

2.  In  lawy  to  take  possession  of  lands  and  tene- 
ments which  have  been  disseized. 

WherPOpoB  lb?  ahcriff  is  commanded  lo  r*»eU*  the  land  RT>d  all 
Uie  dmttrU  ihi-n'oii,  and  ke*-p  the  adme  ia  hia  custody  till  the 
arrival  of  (he  justices  of  asaiie.  Black»U>n4. 

RP--S£1Z'£D,  pp.    Seized  again. 

Rk-SkIZ'ER,  n.    One  who  seizes  again. 

Rk-SkIZ'ING,  ppr.    Seizing  again. 

Rk-SE1Z'1;RE,  (re-sozh'yur,)  n,  A  second  seizure  ; 
the  net  of  seizing  again.  Bacon. 

Re-SELL',  r.  u  To  sell  again  ;  to  sell  what  has  been 
bought  or  sold.  W'A«i(on,  v.  4. 

Re-SELL'I\G,  ppr.    Selling  again. 

RE-SEM'HLA-BLE,  a,  [Pee  Resemble.]  That  may 
he  com pn red.    JAV  in  use.]  Oinrcr. 

RE-SEM'BLANCE,  (re-zem*-,)  «.  [Fr.  resseniblanee. 
See  Resemsle.] 

1.  Likeness;  similitude,  either  of  external  form  or 
of  qualities.  We  observe  a  resemblance  between  per- 
sons, a  rtsemhUtmee  in  shape,  a  resemblance  in  man- 
ners, a  rtsemhlmne*  in  disjKisitions.  Painting  and 
poetrj-  bear  a  great  resemblance  lo  each  other,  as  one 
object  of  boCb  is  to  please.  Dryden, 

3.  Something  similar ;  similitude ;  representation. 

Thf»^  oenaible  thlaga  whidi  religion  hath  allowed,  are  rettm- 

Wbhtw  IbnnMl  aeeonlinr  to  ihiii«  aplrituat.  Hooker. 

rairrtl  rtmtmthiiMea  of  thy  Maker  Sur-  Jtfi/lon, 

RE-»BM'BLE,  (re-zem'b!,)  e.  u  \Tt.  restmbler i  It. 
rassembrare ;  Sj*.  asemejar ;  Port,  assemeUuir.  See 
Similar.] 

I.  To  have  the  likeness  of;  to  bear  the  similitude 
of  something,  either  in  form,  figure,  or  qualities.  One 
man  may  resembU  another  in  features ;  he  may  resetn- 
bU  a  third  person  in  temper  or  dcjwrtment. 

EmH  ooe  T*semU»d  tbe  childrpa  or  a  kin^.  — JdJ^  riii. 

5!.  To  liken ;  Co  compare  j  to  represent  as  like  some- 
thing else. 

Tha  lofiM  puts  of  Africa  are  rttembltd  to  a  libbard's  aUn,  the 
diatuiee  of  whoae  spola  rt-preaenu  the  dispcrs-i)  situation  of 
tbe  bahkatioDa.  Brertioood. 

RESEM'BLf;n,;)p.    Likened;  rompnred. 

RE-SEM'RLING,  ppr.  Having  the  likeness  of;  liken- 
iiie;  comparing. 

Re-SE.VO',  o.  t.  f  pret.  and  pp.  Resekt.  [re  and  send.] 
To  send  again  ;  to  send  back.    [JiTut  in  nse.]    ShaJc. 

RS-.^E\T',  pp,  of  Rese:«d.     Sent  again. 

RE-SENT',  (re-zent',)  v.  L  [Fr.  ressentir,  to  perceive 
again,  to  have  a  deep  sense  of;  re  and  sentir,  to  per- 
ceive. L.  sentio;  IL  risentire,  to  resent,  to  hear  ngain, 
to  resotmd  ;  Sp,  rrsentirse,  to  resent,  also,  to  besin  to 
give  way  or  to  fail ;  re-sentimiento,  resentment,  a  flaw 
or  crack.] 

LitrraUy.  to  have  a  corresponding  sentiment  or 
feeling.     Hence, 

1.  To  take  well;  to  receive*  with  satisfaction. 
[  Obs.]  Bacon. 

2.  To  take  ill ;  to  consider  as  an  injury  or  affront ; 
to  be  in  some  degree  angry  or  provoked  aL 

Thill  with  Kcorti 
Ao'1  anp^T  wouldst  retm(  the  offered  wronf.  MilUm. 

RE-^E\T'ED,;>p.    Taken  ill ;  being  in  some  measure 

aner^'  at. 
RE-SE\T'ER,  n.  One  who  resents ;  one  that  feels  an 

injury-  deeply.  Wotton. 

2.  In  the  sense  of  one  that  takes  a  thing  well. 

[Oi.*.]  Barrow. 

RE-SENT'FJJL,  o.     Easily  provoked  to  anger  j  of  an 

irrilahlf  temper. 
RE-?E.\T'FL'L-LY,  adv.    With  resentment. 
RE-SENT'IXG,  ppr.    Taking  ill ;  feeling  angry  at. 
RE-ffE.\T'I\G-LY,  adv.    With  a  sense  of  wrong 

affront ;  with  a  degree  of  anger. 
2.  With  deep  sense  or  strong  perception.    [Obs.] 

Mare. 
RE-SENT'IVE,  a.  Easily  provoked  or  irritated  ;  quick 

lo  feel  an  injnrv  or  affront.  Thomson. 

RE-?ENT'MENT,  n.      [Fr.  ressenttment ;    It.  risenti- 

vtento ;  Sp.  re^ejitimiento.] 

1.  The  excitement  of  passion  which  proceeds  from 

a  sense  of  wrong  offered  to  ourselves  or  to  those  who 

are  connected  with  us  ;  anger.    This  word  usually 

expresses  less  excitement  than  Anger,  though  it  is 


ng  or 


RES 

often  synonymous  with  it  It  expresses  much  less  than 
Wrath,  i^xAiPESATioN,  and  Indignatioh.  In  this 
use,  resentment  is  not  the  sense  or  perception  of  inju- 
ry, but  the  excitement  which  is  the  effect  of  it. 

Can  hi-arenly  minds  such  hi^li  rettntnuml  abow  t        Dryden, 

a.  Strong  perception  of  good.    [JVoC  tn  luc]   More, 
RES-ER-VA'TION,  «.     [Fr.,  from  L.  reseroo.] 

1.  The  act  of  reserving  or  keeping  back  or  in  the 
mind  ;  reserve  ;  conceahnent  or  witlibolding  from 
disdi>!4iire  ;  as,  mental  reservtUion. 

2.  Suniethiiig  witJiheld,  either  not  expressed  or 
disclosed,  or  not  given  up  or  brought  forward. 

With  rt*»roa6on  of  a  hundred  knigbta.  Skak. 

In  the  United  States,  a  tract  of  the  public  land  re- 
served for  some  special  use,  as  for  schools,  the  use  of 
Indians,  &,c. 

3.  Custody  ;  stale  of  being  treasured  up  or  kept  in 
store.  Shak. 

4.  In  laiOy  a  clause  or  part  of  an  instrumetit  by 
which  something  is  reserved,  not  conceded  or  grant- 
ed ;  also,  a  proviso. 

Mental  reservation,  is  the  withholding  or  failing  to 
disclose  something  tliat  afl'ecis  a  statement,  promise, 
&c.,  and  wtiicli,  if  disclosed,  would  materially  vary 
its  import. 

RUnlai  reitrvationt  are  the  refuge  of  hypocritei.  Enq/c. 

RE-SERV'A-TIVE,  o.     Keeping;  reserving. 
RE-SEKV'A-TO-RV,  n.     ffrom  reserve.]     A  place  in 

which  things  are  reserved  or  kept.  Woodward. 

RE-SKIIVE',  (re-zerv',)  v.  t.    [Fr.  reserver ;  L.  reserve  ; 

re  and  servo,  to  keep.] 

1.  To  keep  in  store  for  future  or  other  use;  to  with- 
hold from  present  use  for  another  purpose.  The 
farmer  sells  his  com,  reserving  only  what  is  neces- 
sary for  his  family. 

Haat  thou  seen  the  treamirea  of  hall,  which  1  hav*  rettrvtd 
apiitist  tho  day  of  trouble  t  —  Job  xxxviii, 

2.  To  keep ;  to  hold  ;  to  retain. 

Will  he  reserve  his  anger  foreterf —Jer.  iU. 

3.  To  lay  up  and  keep  for  a  future  time.    2  Pet  ii. 

Reserve  your  kind  looks  and  laii^a^  for  private  hours.   Sunft. 

RE-SERVE',  (re-zerv',)  n.  That  which  is  kept  for 
other  or  future  use  ;  ttial  which  is  retained  from  pres- 
ent use  or  disposal. 

The  virpns,  Irside  the  oil  in  their  lamps,  carried  likewise  a  re- 
terve  in  some  other  Teasel  tor  a  continual  supply.  Tiliotton. 

3.  Something  in  Uie  mind  withheld  from  disclos- 
ure. 

Ilowr»(T  any  on*"  may  concur  in  the  geaeral  scheme,  it  u  stiU 
with  cfrrtain  reeervee  and  deviations,  Addison, 

3.  Exception  ;  a  withholding. 

Is  kiiuwledo^e  so  despisrd? 
Or  euTj,  or  what  reterue  lorbids  to  taste  t  MUton, 

4.  Exception  in  favor. 

Each  haa  some  daritn^  lust,  which  ploads  for  a  re«er««. 

Rogere, 

5.  Restraint  of  freedom  in  words  or  notions  ;  back- 
wardness ;  caution  in  personal  behavior.  Reserve 
may  proceed  from  modesty,  bashfulness,  prudence, 
prudery,  or  sullenness. 

My  soul,  surprised,  and  from  her  sex  disjoined, 

I*eli  all  reeerve,  and  all  the  sen  ttchind.  Prior. 

6.  In  laWj  reservation. 

In  rexervc  ;  in  store  ;  in  keeping  for  other  or  ftiture 
use.  He  1ms  large  quantities  of  wheat  in  reserve. 
He  hns  evidence  or  arguments  in  reserve. 

Body  of  reserve  f  in  military  affairs,  a  select  body 
of  troops  in  the  rear  of  an  army  drawn  up  for  battle, 
reserved  to  sustain  the  other  lines  as  occasion  may 
require  ;  a  body  of  troops  kept  for  an  exigency. 
RE-SERV'£D,  pp.  Kept  for  another  or  future  use  ; 
retained. 

2.  a.  Restrained  from  freedom  in  words  or  actions ; 
backward  in  conversation  ;  not  free  or  frank. 

To  all  obltpinff,  yet  reserved  lo  all.  Walsh. 

Nulhing  reserved  or  sullen  was  to  ace.  Dryden. 

RESERVEDLY,  adv.  With  reserve  ;  with  back- 
wardness;  not  with  openness  or  frankness. 

Woodward. 
2.  Scrupulously ;  cautiously  ;  coldlv.  Pope. 

RE-SERV'EU-NEtfS,  n.  Closeness;  want  of  frank- 
ness, openness,  or  freedom.  A  man  may  guard  him- 
self by  that  silence  and  reservedness  which  every  one 
mfty  iiinorenlly  practice.  South. 

RE-?ERV'ER,  71.     One  that  reserves. 

RE-SERVING,  ppr.  Keeping  back  ;  keeping  for  other 
use,  or  for  use  at  a  future  time ;  retaining. 

RESERVOIR',  (rez-er-vwor',)  tu  [Fr-l  A  place 
where  any  thing  is  kept  in  store,  particularly  a  place 
where  water  is  collected  and  kept  for  use  when 
wanted,  as  to  supply  a  fountain,  a  canal,  or  a  city  by 
means  of  aqueducts,  or  to  drive  a  mill-wheel  and 
the  like  ;  a  cistern  ;  a  mill-pond  ;  a  basin. 

RE-SET',  V.  t. !  pret.  and  pp.  Reset.  In  Scott  law,  to 
receive  stolen  goods. 

2.  To  set  over  again,  as  a  page  of  matter  among 
printers. 

RE-SET',  n.  In  Scots  law,  the  receiving  of  stolen 
goods,  or  harboring  of  a  criminal.  Jamieson, 

2.  Among  prt/ifpr^,  matter  reset. 


FATE,  FAR,  PALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 
~   942  ^^^^^^ 


RES 

RE-SET'TER,  n.     lii  Scots  law,  a  receiver  of  stolen 
goods.  .    Bouvier. 

HE-SET'TLE,  f.  U     [re  and  $ftat.\     To  seillt;  aRain. 
9.  To  Install,  as  a  minister  of  tne  gospel.      {SwifL 

RE-SET'TLE,  t».  i.    To  settle  in  Ilie  ministry  a  sec- 
ond time  :  to  be  installed. 

RE-SET'TLED,  pp.     Settled  again  ;  installed. 

RE-SET'TLE-MENT,  n.    The  act  of  settling  or  com- 
posing again. 

The  reseiUemtTtt  of  my  dUcomposed  soul.  Nonis. 

2.  The  State  of  settling  or  subsiding  again  ;  as,  the 
resettlement  of  lees.  J\IortiHier. 

3.  A  second  settlement  in  the  ministry. 
RE-t^ET'TLING,  ppr.     Settling  again  j  installing. 
RE-8H.:^PE',  p.  L     To  shape  acain. 
RE-SH.^P'£D,  (shapt'O  pp.     Shaped  again. 
RE-SH.^P'ING,  ppr.    Shaping  a  second  time. 
RE-SHIP',  J*.  L     ^e  and  ahip.]     To  ship  again  ;    to 

ship  what  has  been  conveyed  by  water  or  ini(K)rted  ; 

as  coffee  and  sugar  imported  into  New  York,  and 

reshipped  for  Hamburg. 
RE-SHIP'MENT,  n.    The  art  of  shipping  or  loading 

on  board  of  a  ship  a  second  time;  the  shipping  for 

exportatian  wh:it  has  been  imported. 
9.  That  which  is  reshipped. 
RE-SHIP'PKD,  (re-shipt',)  pp.     Shipped  again. 
RE-SHIP'PIN'G,  ppr.     Shipping  again. 
Re'SI-*\,NCE,  n.    [See  Resiant.]    Residence  ;  abode. 

lObs.]  Bacon. 

Re 'SI- A  NT,  a.    [yorm.  resimttf  resseaiUy  ftom  the  L. 

regideo.    See  Reside.] 
Resident  j  dwelling  ;  present  in  a  place.    [Obs.] 

KnoUes. 
RE-SIDE',  (re-zlde',)  v.  i.     [Fr.   re^ideri  L.  resideo, 

resido  :  re  and  s'^deoy  to  sit,  to  settle.] 

1.  To  dwell  permanently  or  for  a  length  of  time  ; 
to  have  a  setib*d  abode  for  a  time.  The  peculiar 
uses  of  this  word  are  to  be  noticed.  When  the  word 
is  applied  to  the  natives  of  a  state,  or  others  who 
dwell  in  it  as  permanent  citizens,  we  use  it  only 
with  reference  to  the  part  of  a  city  or  country  in 
which  a  man  dwells.  VVe  do  not  say  genL-rally,  that 
Englishmen  reside  in  England,  but  a  particular  citi- 
zen res'uie^  in  London  or  York,  or  at  such  a  house, 
in  such  a  street,  in  the  Strand,  &c. 

When  the  word  is  applied  to  strangers  or  travelers, 
we  do  not  say  a  man  resides  in  an  inn  for  a  night, 
but  he  reMded  in  London  or  Oxford  a  month  or  a 
year  ;  or  he  may  reside  in  a  foreign  country  a  great 
part  of  his  life.  A  man  lodges,  stays,  remains, 
abides,  fur  a  day  or  very  short  time  ;  but  reside  im- 
plies a  longer  time,  though  not  definite. 

a.  To  sink  to  the  bottom  of  liquors;  to  settle. 
[Obs.]  Boyle. 

[In  thi"?  sense,  Subside  is  now  used.] 
RES'I-DKNCE,   (  n.      [Fr.]     The   act   of  abiding  or 
RES'l-DEN-CY,  \      dwelling  in  a  place  for  sonie  con- 
tiniian<:e  of  time;  as,  the  residence  of  an  American 
in  France,  or  Italy  for  a  year. 

TIk  eonfnaor  bvl  oiVen  m&de  coiuidei&blG  rt^dtncta  in  Nor- 
mxnAy.  J/aU. 

2.  The  place  of  abode  ;  a  dwelling  ;  a  habitation, 

Capna  bad  been  —  Uie  retidtnct  oi  Tilwhus  fur  sevrnU  roan. 

Anon. 

3.  That  which  falls  to  the  bottom  of  liquors. 
[06^.1  Bacon. 

4.  In  the  canon  and  common  lait,  the  abode  of  a 
parson  or  incumbent  on  his  bene^ce ;  opposed  to 
Now-Rbsidewcb.  Blackjftone. 

RES'I-OENT,  a.     [L.  residens  ;  Fr.  resident.] 

Dwelling  or  having  an  abode  in  a  place  for  a  con- 
tinuance of  time,  but  not  definite;  as,  a  minister 
resident  at  the  court  of  St.  James.  A  B  is  now  res- 
ident in  South  America. 
RES'I-DENT,  n.  One  who  resides  or  dwells  in  a 
place  for  some  time.  A  U  is  now  a  resident  in  Lon- 
don. 

2.  A  public  minister  who  resides  at  a  foreign  court. 
It  is  usually  applied  to  ministers  of  a  lank  inferior 
to  iJmt  of  embassadors.  Encijc. 

RE?'I  DENT-ER,  n.     A  resident. 
RE*-I-DKN'TIAL,  (-ehal,)  a.     Residing. 
RES-I-1>EN'TIA-RY,  a.     Having  residence,    ^fore. 
RES-I-DEN'TI  A-RV,  n.    An  ecclesiastic  who  keeps  a 

certain  residence.  Eecles.  Canons. 

RE-Sin'EK,n.    One  who  resides  in  a  fmrticular  place. 
RE-9in'ING,  ppr.     Dwelling  in  a  place  fur  some  con- 
tinuance of  time. 
RE-SID'I^-AL,  a.    Remaining  after  a  part  is  taken. 

Davy. 
RE-SrO'TJ-A-RV,  0.     [L.  residues.    See  Reside.] 

Ftrtaining  to  the  residue  or  part  remaining;  as, 
the  residuary  ailvantage  nf  an  estate.  Jiyhffe. 

Residaary  legatee ;  in  faie,  the  legatee  to  whom  Is 
bequeathed  the  part  of  eonds  and  estate  which  re- 
mains after  deducting  all  the  debts  and  specific  lega- 
cies. BtaekHone. 
RES'l-DCE,  (rez'e-du,)  n.  [Fr.  residu  ;  L.  residuus.) 
1.  That  which  remains  aft' r  a  part  is  taken,  sepa- 
rated, removed,  or  designated. 

The  locnata  tball  Ckt  the  rttidut  of  that  whtcb  baa  ncaprd.  — 
Th*  TtMidua  of  ihcm  will  I  tHiver  to  ih*  iirord.  —  Jtr.  xv. 


RES 

2.  The  balance  or  remainder  of  a  debt  or  account, 
or  of  the  estate  of  a  tejitalor  after  the  payment  of 
debts  and  legacies. 

RE-SID'II-UM,  n.  [L.]  Residue;  that  which  is  left 
after  any  process  of  separation  or  purificatiuu. 

9.  In  law,  the  part  of  an  estate  or  of  goods  and 
chattels  remaining  after  the  payment  of  debts  and 
legacies.  Blnckstone. 

RE-riIt:<jE',  r.  t.  {re  and  siege.]  To  seat  again  ;  to 
reinstate.     [  Obs.]  Spenser. 

RE-SIGN',  (re-zlnc%)  v.  t.  [Fr.  resi^erj  L.  residua; 
re  and  si/pw^  to  sign.  The  radical  sense  of  sigii  is,  to 
send,  to  drive,  hence,  to  set.  To  resign  is  to  send 
back  or  send  away.] 

1.  To  give  up  ;  to  give  back,  as  an  office  or  com- 
mission, to  the  jwrson  or  authority  that  conferred  it ; 
hence,  to  surrender  an  office  or  charge  in  a  formal 
manner;  as,  a  military  officer  resigns  his  commis- 
sion ;  a  prince  resigns  his  crown. 

Phccbus  reiigna  hia  darU,  luid  Jo?« 

Hia  tlitiuilcr  to  the  god  of  lov«.  AnAom. 

2.  To  withdraw,  as  a  claim.  He  resigns  all  pre- 
tensions to  skill. 

3.  To  yield  ;  as,  to  resign  the  judgment  to  the  di- 
rection of  others.  Locke. 

4.  To  yield  or  give  up  in  confidence. 

Whi»l  more  renaoimblp,  than  Ihrvl  we  should  iu  all  thlnn  resign 
ourselves  U>  the  will  of  Gud  t  TiiioUon. 

5.  To  submit,  particularly  to  Providence. 

A  Gmn,  yrt  cauiloua  mind  ; 
Sincere,  though  prudent ;  conauint,  yet  rtsigmd.  Pope. 

6.  To  submit  without  resistance  or  murmur.   Shak. 
Rl:-MG\',  (re-sIne',)  v.  t.    To  sign  again. 
RE-SIGN',  (re-zine',)  n.     Resignation.     [Obs.] 
RES-IG-NA'TION,  n.     [Fr.]     The  act  of  resigning  or 

giving  up,  as  a  claim  or  possession  ;  as,  the  resigna- 
tion of  a  crown  or  commission. 

2.  Submission;  unresisting  acquiescence;  as,  a 
blind  resignation  to  the  authority  of  other  men's 
opinions.  Locke. 

3.  Quiet  submission  to  the  will  of  Providence ; 
submission  without  discontent,  and  with  entire  ac- 
quiescence in  the  divine  dispensations.  This  is 
Chri.-!lian  resignation. 

RE-SIGN'1;D,  (re-zlud',)pp.   Given  up  j  surrendered; 
yielded. 
2.  a.  Submissive  to  the  will  of  God. 

RE-SIGN'ED-LY,  adv.     With  submission. 

RE-STGN'ER,  b.     One  that  resigns. 

RE-SIGN'ING,  ppr.  Giving  up;  surrendering;  sub- 
mitting. 

RE-SIGN'MENT,  n.    The  act  of  resigning.    [Obs.] 

RE-SILE',  tJ.  i.     [l^resUw.] 

To  start  back  ;  to  recede  from  a  purpose.  [Little 
used.]  Kllis, 

RE-»IL'I-ENCE,   )   n.     [L.  resilicns,  resilio;   re  and 

RE-SIL'l-EN-CY,  (       salio,  to  spring.] 

The  act  of  leaping  or  springing  back,  or  the  act 
of  rebounding  ;  as,  the  resilience  ai  a  boil  or  of  sound. 

Bacon.  * 

RE-SIL'I-ENT,  (re-zil'e-ent,)  a.     [I.,  resilietis.] 
Leaping  or  starting  back  ;  rebounding. 

RES-I-LI"TION,  (rez-e-lish'un,)  n.     [L.  resilio.] 
The  act  of  springing  back  ;  resilience. 

RES'IN,  ».  [Fr.  rcnne :  L.  It.  and  Sp.  restna:  Ir. 
roiiin;  Gr.  finrnTi,  probably  from  ^ctj,  to  flow.] 

Resins  are  solid,  inflammable  substances,  which 
are  insoluble  in  water,  but  soluble  in  alcohol  and  in 
essential  oils.  When  c*»ld,  they  are  more  or  less 
britile  and  translucent,  and  uf  n  color  inclining  to 
yellow.  When  pure,  they  are  nearly  insipid  and  in- 
odorous. They  are  nuii-ronductors  of  electricity, 
and  when  excited  by  friction,  their  eleciricUy  is 
negative.  They  are  lieavicr  'han  water,  and  ihey 
melt  by  heat.  They  combine  with  the  alkalies,  per- 
forming the  function  of  weak  acids,  and  forming 
soaps.  They  are  soluble  in  many  of  the  acids,  and 
convertible  by  some  into  other  peculiar  aci<ls.  Tliey 
frequently  exude  from  trees  in  conibinalion  with 
essential  oils,  and  in  a  liquid  or  semi-liquid  stale. 
They  are  coni|»osed  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  oxygen, 
and  are  supported  to  be  formed  by  the  oxygenation 
of  the  essential  nils.  There  is  a  great  number  and 
variety  of  the  resins. 

RE»'IN-EX-TRAeT'IVE,  a.  Designating  extractive 
matter  in  which  resin  predominates. 

Ri:S-LN-[K'ER-OL'S,  a.     [I^   resina  and /cro,  to  pro- 
duce.l 
Yielding  resin  ;  as,  a  resini/erous  tree  or  vessel. 

Gregory. 

RES'IN-I-PORM,  a.     Having  the  form  of  resin. 

Cifc. 

RE9-I.\-0-E-LEe'TRre,o.  Containingor exhibiting 
negative  electricity,  or  that  kind  which  is  produced 
by  the  friction  of  resinous  subrtances.  t/re. 

RES'IN-OUS,  o.  Partaking  of  the  qualities  of  resin  ; 
like  resin.     Resinous  substances  are  combustible. 

Reftjtoits  electricity^  is  that  electricity  wliich  is  ex- 
cited by  rubbing  bodies  of  the  resinous  kind.  It  is 
also  called  netrative  electricity ytmA  is  opposed  to  ritre- 
oua  or  positive  eleetricUy.  Olmsted, 

RES'IN-OUS-LY,  adv.  By  means  of  resin  ;  as,  resin- 
(msly  electrified.  -     Gregory. 


RES 

RES'IN-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  res- 
inous. 

RES'IN-Y,  a.     Like  reein^or  partakingof  its  qualities. 

RES-I-PIS'CENCE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  resipisco,  from 
resipio  i  re  and  aapio^  to  taste.J 

Properly,  wisdom  derived  from  severe  experience  ; 
hence,  repentance.     [Little  used.] 

RE-SIST',  (re-zist',)  r.  t,  [L.  reststo;  re  and  sisto,  to 
stand  ;  Fr.  resister ;  Sp.  resistir;  It.  resistere.]    - 

1.  />itfra//i/,  to  stand  against;  to  withstand;  hence, 
to  act  in  opiHjsition,  or  to  oppose.  A  dam  or  mound 
resists  a  current  of  water  passively,  by  standing 
unmoved  and  interrupting  its  progress.  An  army 
resist!  the  progress  of  an  enemy  actively ^  by  encoun- 
tering and  defeating  it.  We  resist  measures  by 
argument  or  remonstrance. 

Why  doth  he  yri  find  fault  t   for  who  hath  resitttd  \m  will  ?  — 
Ronu  ix. 

2.  To  strive  against;  to  endeavor  to  counteract, 
defeat,  or  frustrate. 

Ye  do  alwayi  retitt  the  Holy  Ghotl.  —  AcU  ril. 

3.  To  baffle;  to  disappoint. 

Ood  retisteth  the  proud,  hul  grvelh  gmce  unto  the  humble.— 
Juinea  iv. 

RE-SrST',  V.  i.    To  make  opposition.  Skak. 

RE-SIST'ANCE,  n.  The  art  of  resisting ;  opposition. 
Resistance  is  passive,  as  that  of  a  fixed  body  which 
interrupts  the  passage  of  a  moving  body;  or  octice, 
as  in  the  exertion  of  force  to  stop,  rept^l,  or  defeat 
progress  or  designs. 

2.  The  quality  of  not  yielding  to  force  or  external 
impression  ;  that  power  of  a  body  whicii  acts  in  op- 
position to  the  impulse  or  pressure  of  another,  or 
which  prevents  the  effect  of  another  power  ;  as,  the 
resistance  of  a  ball  which  receives  the  force  of  another ; 
the  resistance  of  wood  to  a  cutting  instrument;  Uie 
resL'tance  of  air  to  the  motion  of  a  cannon-ball,  or  of 
water  to  the  motion  of  a  ship. 

RE  SIST'ANT,  n.     He  or  that  which  resists. 

Pearson. 

RE-8IST'ED,  pp.  Opposed  ;  counteracted  ;  with- 
stood. 

RE-SIST'ER,  n.     One  that  opposes  or  withstands. 

RE-SIST-I-BIL'LTY,     /    n.     The  quality  of   resist- 

RE-SIST'I-BLE-NESS,  \        ing. 

The  nnrne  bdily,  Iwing  the  complex  Idea  of  eztei^on  and  re»UU 
iiiUity  togeilier  in  ihc  aime  aulijecl.  Locke, 

2.  Quality  of  being  resistible;  bs,  Xhe  resistibility 
of  grace.  Hammond. 

RE-SIST'I-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  resisted  ;  as,  a  r«- 

sistible  force  ;  resistible  grace.  Hale. 

RE-SI.ST'I-BLY,  adv.  In  a  resistible  manner. 
RE-SIST'ING,  ;>;»r.  or  a.  Wiih-stauding  ;  opposing. 
Rrsistiiijr  iriediitm ;  a  substance  which  op|Kises  the 
passage  ofa  IkhIv  through  it.  In  astronomy,  an  exceed- 
ingly rare  medium  supposed  to  be  diffused  through 
the  planetary  spaces.  It  has  been  iiitherto  detected 
only  by  the  motion  of  Encke's  comnt.  Olmsted, 

RE-ffilSl^'IVE,  a.     Having  the  power  to  resist. 

B.  Jon.*ton. 
RE-SIST'LESS,  a.    That  can  not  be  effectually  op- 
posed or  withstood;  irresistible. 

Re»i»tieat  in  bcr  love  aa  In  hor  hata.  Drydxn, 

2.  That  can  not  resist;  helpless.  Spejuer. 

RE-SI.-^T'LESS-LY,  adv.    So  as  not  to  be  opposed  or 

denied.  Btackwflll. 

RE-SIST'LESS-NESS,  h.     State  of  being  irresistible. 
Rk-SOLD',  pp.  of  Resell.     Sold  a  second  time,  or 

sold  after  bring  bought. 
RES'O-LU-BLE,  a.    [re  and  L.  solubilis.    See  Re- 

80LTE.] 

That  may  be  melted  or  dissolved  ;  as,  bodies  res- 
oluble by  fire.  Boyle. 
RES'O-LUTE,    a.       [Fr.    resolu  :    It.    resoluto.      The 
Latin  resolutua  has  b  different  signification.      See 
Resolve.] 

Having    a  fixed    purpose  ;    determined  ;    hence, 
bold  j  firm  ;  steady  ;  constant  in  pursuing  a  purpose. 
E^twiinl  U  lU  hand, 
Rpady  to  fight;  IhiTcforc  be  retolute.  Shak. 

RES'O-LUTE  LY,  adv.    With  fixed  purpose  ;  firmly  ; 
steadily;  with  steady  perseverance.      Persist  reso- 
liLlcly  in  a  course  of  virtue. 
2.  Boldly  ;  firmly. 

Some  of  Ihes«  fncia  he  examines,  some  he  rttolutely  deniea. 

Swift. 

RES'0-LUTE-NESS,  n.  Fixed  purpose;  firm  deter- 
mination ;  unshaken  firmness. 

RE«-O-L0'TION,  n,  [Fr.,  from  L.  resolutio.  See 
Resolve.] 

1.  The  act,  operation,  or  process,  of  separating  the 
parts  which  compose  a  complex  idea  or  a  mixed 
body  ;  the  act  of  reducing  any  compound  or  combi- 
nation to  its  component  part«  ;  analysis  ;  as,  the 
resolution  of  complex  ideas  ;  file  resolution  of  any 
material  substance  by  cticmical  operations. 

2.  I'he  act  or  process  of  unraveling  or  disentan- 
gling jierplexities,  or  of  dissipating  obscurity  in  moral 
subjects;  as,  the  re^WuCt&n  of  difficult  questions  in 
moral  subjects. 

3.  Dissolution ;  the  natural  process  of  separating 
the  component  parts  of  bodies.  Digby. 


TONE,  BWLL,  ^NITE.  — AN"GER,  Vf'CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  8  aa  Z ;  Cli  as  SH  ;  TH  a«  in  THIS. 


RES 

4.  In  ■iii.*«-,  the  rt-totution  of  a  dissonanct^  or  dis- 
cord, is  the  p:\ss)ng  of  it  into  a  concord, usually  aftiT 
U  has  been  heard  in  the  preceding  horoionv. 

P.  CSfc 

5-  In  wuttieinaf  the  disappearini;  of  any  ttimor 
without  coming  to  utipptiration ;  tlie  dispersing  of 
inflammation ;  the  breaking  up  and  (ijsnppenrance 
of  a  fever.  Eneyc.     Coxe- 

0.  Fixed  purpose  or  determination  of  mind  ;  as,  a 
Ttsolution  to  reform  our  lives;  a  resolution  to  under- 
take nn  expedition.  Locke. 

7.  The  etftct  of  fixed  purpose  ;  firmness,  siendl- 
Daas  or  constancy  in  execution,  implying  courage. 

Tber  «t>o  ffo^vniM)  the  pulknicot,  luul  Uk  rtwlu^cm  to  »a 
Ummo  muMtnHB  thiufa.  Cianndon. 

8.  Determination  of  a  cause  in  a  court  of  justice  ; 
as,  a  judicial  rtMhitiam,  Hate. 

[But  this  word  is  nowr  seldom  used  to  express  the 
decision  of  a  Judicial  tribunal.  We  use  Judgment, 
DaciBiotff  or  Dbcrxe.1 

9l  The  determination  or  decision  of  a  IeKi^t<itive 
body,  or  a  formal  proposition  offered  for  leei^lative 
determination.  We  call  that  a  resolution,  whicli  Is 
reduced  to  ftirm  and  offered  to  a  legislative  house  for 
consideration,  and  we  call  it  a  rr^oluiiitn  when 
adopted.  We  say,  a  member  moved  certain  resotu- 
tians :  the  home  proceeded  to  consider  the  resolu- 
tions offered  i  they  adopted  or  rejected  tlie  rtso- 
bUioiu. 

10.  The  formal  determination  of  any  corporate 
body,  or  of  any  association  of  individuals ;  as,  the 
rsM^unu  of  a  town  or  other  meeting. 

U.  In  mtalkematics,  solution  ;  an  orderly  enumera- 
tion of  several  tilings  to  be  dune,  to  obtain  what  is 
required  in  a  probK-m.  JIuiion. 

1*2.  In  al^ebra^  the  rtsolution  of  an  equation,  is 
the  siime  as  reduction  ;  the  bringing  of  the  unknown 
quantity  by  itself  on  oni*  side,  and  alt  the  known 
quantities  on  the  other,  without  destroying  the  equa- 
tion, by  which  is  found  tbe  value  of  the  unknown 
quantity,  Da^s  Algthra, 

13.  Relaxation;  a  weakening.     [Ofr«.J     Brown, 

RtMJmtion  tff  a  fort^  mmf  m  Mstitfii ;  in  wrcAoJUCf , 
tlie  separation  of  a  single  force  or  motion  Into  two 
or  more,  which  act  in  different  directions. 

RES-0-LOTION-ER,  «.  One  who  joins  in  the  dec- 
laration of  others.     [AV  in  tur.]  Bwnut. 

RES'O-LU-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  to  dissolve 
or  relax.    [A*v<  mwck  iuaL]  Jokiuon, 

RE-SOLV'.\-BLF.,  a.  That  may  be  resolved  or  re- 
duced to  first  princi^cs. 

RE-SOLV'A-fiL£-.\ESS,  a.  State  of  being  resolva- 
ble. 

RE-SOLYE',  (rc-zolv',)  n,  u      [L    *esoiro}   re  and 
a«<w,  to  looae ;    Fr.  rtMudre ,-    It.  nsoleere ; 
MhMrj 

1.  1^  aeparate  the  component  parts  of  a  compound 

nbMUlCe  'f  to  reduce  to  first  principles  ;  as,  to  rtsclee 
a  body  into  its  con>|ioneni  or  constituent  parts ;  to  re- 
••fve  a  body  into  its  elements. 

9.  To  separate  the  parts  of  a  complex  idea  ;  to  re- 
duce to  simple  parts  ;  to  analyze. 

3.  To  separate  the  parts  of  a  complicated  question  : 
to  unravel ;  to  disentangle  of  perplexities  ;  to  remove 
obscurity  by  analysis  ;  to  clear  of  ditiicultieti ;  to  ex- 
|dain  ;  BSj  to  restiiee  questions  in  mural  science;  to 
rtM>lre  doubts  ;  to  resolve  a  riddle. 

4.  To  infonn  ;  to  free  from  doubt  or  perplexity; 
as,  to  rMo^rc  the  conscieuce. 

JRmoIwt  tat,  (trtn^n,  wHence  &ad  wh&t  70U  nrr.      Zhyden, 

5.  To  settle  in  an  opinion  ;  to  make  certain. 

Liocf  since  we  w«r  rtaoi^d  of  four  U-utl^ 

Tour  Itkhrul  Kmce  mad  ^our  bxl  \a  vmi.  Shak. 

6.  To  put  oa  resolution  ;  to  confirm. 
Qdt  pnaadr  the  tbrnpet,  or  rcwtfw  toq 

For  MM  ■■■■■iiir     tgwiiiHifJ  SKak. 

7.  To  ro^  ;  to  dissdve.  jfrbuthnoL 
6.  To  form  or  constitute  by  resolution,  vote,  or  de- 
termination ;  as,  the  hoyse  resolved  itseUTintoa  com- 
mittee of  the  whole. 

9.  In  ntiutc,  to  resolve  a  discord  or  dissonance,  is 
to  c-irry  it  into  a  concord,  usually  after  it  has  been 
heard  in  the  preceding  harmony.  P.  Cyc. 

IOl  In  medicine^  to  disperse  or  scatter;  to  discuss  ; 
U  an  inflammation,  or  a  tumor. 

11.  To  relax  ;  to  lay  at  ease.  Spenser. 

12.  In  awtAein«£tC5,  to  solve  ;  to  enumerate  in  order 
the  several  things  to  be  done,  to  obtain  what  is  re- 
quired in  a  problem.  Jiutton. 

13.  In  algebra^  to  resolve  an  equation,  is  to  bring 
alt  the  known  quantities  to  one  side  of  the  equation, 
and  the  unknown  quantity  to  the  other,  without 
destroyins  the  equation. 

RE-SOLVE',  (re-Z4ilv',)  r.  i.  To  form  a  restduiion  or 
purpose  ;  to  determine  in  mind.  He  rejoiced  to  aban- 
don his  vicious  course  of  life. 

a.  To  determine  by  vote.  The  legislature  resolved 
to  receive  no  petitions  after  a  certain  day. 

3.  To  melt ;  to  dissolve  ;  to  become  fluid. 

Wbea  the  Mood  «a^nr»  in  any  p*rl,  U  firmt  iomgvtAl'*,  ifaen 
moiM9  aiiii  tunu  klkalinc.  ArbulhnoL, 


pp.  r<- 


RES 

4.  To  separate  into  its  component  parts,  or  into 
distinct  principles  ;  as,  water  resolves  into  va|X)r;  a 
substance  rcMtivrs  into  gas. 

5.  I'o  be  settled  in  opinion. 

Lot  men  re»ole<  of  Llinl  u  they  pl^MS.    [  (Tmittial.  ]      Ijodca. 

RE-«OLVE',  (re-zolv',)  n.     Fixed  puriKtse  of  mind  ; 
Buttled  determination  ;  resolution. 

He  ainii^ht  rcTokM  hU  bold  rttvloe.  Denham. 

2.  Lepil  or  official  determination  ;  legislative  act 
concerning  a  private  person  or  corporation,  or  con- 
cerning st>ine  private  business.  Pulilic  acts  of  a  leg- 
islature respect  the  State,  and  to  give  tliem  validity, 
the  bills  for  such  acts  must  pass  through  atl  tTie  leg- 
islative forms.  Resolves  are  usually  private  acts,  and 
are  1  ften  passed  with  less  formality.  Resolves  may 
also  be  the  acts  of  a  single  branch  of  the  legislature  ; 
wtiereas  public  acts  nuist  be  passed  by  a  majority  of 
both  branches.  Atuerictin  Lefrijtlalures. 

3.  The  determination  of  any  corporation  or  asso- 
ciation ;  resolution. 

RE-SOLV'£D,  {re-zolvd',)pp.    Separated  intoiu  com- 
ponent parts  ;  analyzed. 

3.  Determined  in  purpose  ;  as,  I  am  resolved  not  to 
keep  company  with  gamesters.  This  phrase  is  pn>p- 
erly,  *■/ Aacf  reso/cerfi"  as  we  say,  a  person  i>  de- 
ceased, for  has  deceased  ;  he  is  retired,  for  has  re- 
tired. In  these  phrases,  the  participle  is  rather  an 
adjective. 

3.  Determined  ofRciallv,  or  by  vole. 
RE-SOLV'KD-LV,  adv.    With  firmness  of  purpose. 

Oreit. 
RE-SOLV'ED-NESS,  a.     Fixedness  of  purpose  ;  firm- 
ness ;  resolution.  Decay  of  Piety. 
RE-SOLVENT,  b.    That   which   has  the   jwwcr  of 
causing  solution.     In  medicine,  ttiat  whicti  has  power 
to  disperse  infiammation,  and  prevent  the  suppura- 
tion of  tumors  ;  a  discutienU  Coze.     Encye. 
RE-SOLVER,  n.    One  that  resolves  or  forms  a  firm 

ptirpnse. 
RE-SOLVING,  ppr.  Separating  into  component  parts ; 
analyxing;  rvmoving  perpli-xities  or  obscurity  ;  dis- 
cussing, as  tumors  {determining. 
RE-SOL V'lNG.  a.    The  act  of  determining  or  form- 
ing a  fixed  purpose  :  a  resolution.  Clarendon, 
RES'O-NANCE,  n.     (L.  rwonans.  ] 

I.  A  resounding ;  a  reverberation  of  sound,  or 
sounds. 

a.  In  mHSfc,  the  returning  of  sound  by  the  air  act- 
ing on  the  bodies  of  stringed  musicul  instruments. 

Brande. 
RES'O-NANT,   a.      [L.  resonans ;   re  and   sonoj  to 
sound.] 
Resounding;  returning  sound ;  echoing  back. 

Milton, 
RE-PORB'    r.  t,      [L.   resorbeo;    re  and  sorbco,  to 
drink  in.] 

To  swallow  up.  Youns^. 

RE-SORB'E.\T,  a.    Swallowing  up.  Woodhult. 

RE-SORT',  (rc-Rort',)  r.   i.      [Fr.   ressortir ;    re  and 
aortir^  to  go  or  come  out.] 

I.  To  have  recourse  ;  to  apply  ;  to  betake. 

Th«  kin^  thought  it  time  to  rfort  u>  oiber  eounaeU.  Ciarwndon. 

9.  To  go ;  to  repair. 

Tbe  people  rtsort  to  him  ftgsia.  —  Mark  z.    Joho  srlU. 

3.  To  fall  back. 

The  inbcritAnce  of  the  ion  ncrer  retorted  (o  tb«  mother.   T06a.] 

RE-SORT',  n.     The  act  of  going  to  or  making  appli- 
cntitui  ;  a  betaking  one's  self;  ns,  a  resort  to  other 
means  of  defence  ;  a  resort  to  subterfuges  for  eva- 
sion. 
S.  Act  of  visiting. 

Join  with  me  to  forbid  him  her  rticrL  Shak. 

3.  Assembly;  meeting.  Dnjden. 

4.  Ck>ncourse  ;  frequent  assembling  ;  as,  a  place  of 
resort.  Swift. 

5.  The  place  frequented  ;  as,  alehouses  are  the  re- 
sorts of  the  idle  and  dissolute. 

6.  Spring:  active  power  or  movement;  a  GaUi- 
eism.     [Aot  in  u:^«.}  Bacon. 

Last  resort;  ultimate  means  of  relief;  also,  final 
tribunal ;  that  from  which  there  is  no  appeal. 
RE-SORT'ER,  n.     One  that  resorts  or  frequents. 
RE-?0RT'I.\G,  ppr.    Going;   having  recourse;   be- 
taking ;  frequenting. 
RE-SOUND',  (re-zound',)  v.  U     [L.   resono ;    re  and 
Bono,   to   sound;    Fr.  resonner;    It.  risuonare;    Sp. 
resonar.] 
1.  To  send  back  sound ;  to  echo. 


Ami  Alhioii'a  cliSs  resound  the  runi  la;. 


Popt. 


Q.  To  sound  ;  to  praise  or  celebrate  with  the  voice 
or  the  sound  of  instruments.  Milton. 

3.  I'o  praise  ;  to  extol  with  sounds  ;  to  spread  the 
fame  of. 


Tb*"  nisn  for  wisdom's  »«rioiu  arU  renowned, 
houg  exerciaed  iu  woea,  O  muK,  rtaound. 


Pope. 


RE-SOUND',  T.  i.    To  be  echoed  ;  to  be  sent  back,  as 
sound  ;  as,  common  fame  ra/oundjt  bacu'  to  them. 

South. 
3.  To  be  much  and  loudly  mentioned.      Milton. 


RES 

3.  To  echo  or  reverberate  ;  as,  the  earth  resounded 

with  his  praise. 
Rk'SOUND',  p.  (.     [re  and  sound  ;  icith  the  accent  on 

the  fir.^t  .fvllable.]     To  sound  agaiti.  Jones. 

RE  SOUND',  «.     Return  of  sound  ;  echo. 

Beaum.  ^  FL 
RE-SOUND'ED,  pp.     Echoed;   returned,  as  sound; 

celebmtrd. 
RESOUND'ING,  ppr.    Echoing  ;  returning,  ns  sound 
RE-SOUHCE',  n.     [Fr.  ressourcef  re  and  source.] 

1.  Any  source  of  aid  or  support ;  an  expedient  to 
which  a  person  may  resort  for  assistance,  safety,  or 
supply  i  means  yet'  untried  ;  resort.  An  enterpris- 
ing man  finds  resources  in  his  own  mind. 

PrxIKn  »iewwl 
{lit  r<M>i  ptiratiinif  iincl  hia  fn-:n<)B  punned, 
Uaed  Uinjutciiiii)(m  iiiixvd  with  pnxyeia,  tut  lait  rctource. 

Vrydtn, 

2.  Rciources:  in  the  plural,  pecuniary  means; 
funds  ;  money,  or  any  property  that  can  be  convert- 
ed into  supplies;  means  of  raising  money  or  sup- 
plies. Our  national  resources  for  carrying  on  war  are 
abunduuL  Commerce  and  manufactures  furnish 
ample  resource.^. 

RE-SoURCE'LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  resources.  [-9 
word  not  to  be  countenanced.]  Burke. 

RK-SoVV,  v.  U  ;  prct.  Uemowkd  ;  pp.  Reiqwed  or  Ki- 
BowN.     [re  and  sow.]     To  sow  again.  Bacon. 

RK-SPicAK',c.  t.ipret.  Respoke  ;  pp.  Resporen,  Re- 
BPOKE.  [re  and  speak.]  To  answer;  to  speak  in  re- 
turn ;  to  reply.  [Little  used.]  Shak, 
9.  To  speak  again  ;  to  repeat. 
RE-SPE€T',  r.  L  [L.  respecto,  or  respectu.o,  from  re- 
spicio  ;  re  and  t^ecio,  to  view  ;  Fr.  respecter ;  It.  ris- 
peltare  ;  C^p.  respetur.] 

1.  To  regard  ;  to  have  regard  to  in  design  or  pur- 
pose. 

Ici  orchnnU  tind  g'nnlri)g,  we  do  not  so  much  respect  beauty  oa 
variety  of  ^ruuitd  for  fruiit,  trcoa,  and  hcrtj*.  Bacon. 

9.  To  have  regard  to,  in  relation  or  connection  ;  to 
relate  lo.  The  treaty  particularly  respects  our  com- 
merce. 

3.  To  view  or  consider  with  some  degree  of  rever- 
ence ;  to  esteem  as  possessed  of  real  worth. 

1  alway«  loTed  wid  retpecttd  Sir  William.  Siafl. 

A.  To  look  toward. 
pEnlladiua  advisrlh  the  front  of  hIa  houae  ahould  ao  respect  the 

atiuih.      [Not  in  uie.]  Brown, 

To  respect  the  person  :  to  suffer  the  opinion  or  judg- 
ment to  be  influenced  or  biased  by  a  regard  to  the 
outward  circumstances  of  a  person,  to  the  prejudice 
of  right  and  equity. 

Thou  ahuft  not  rttped  the  person  of  the  poor.  —  Loy.  xix. 
Neither  doth  Gud  respect  niiy  person.  —  2  S^iiii.  xiv. 

RE-SPE€T',  m.     [L.  respectus;  Fr.  respect.] 

1.  Regard  ;  attention.  Skak. 

2.  That  estimation  or  honor  in  which  men  hold 
the  distinguished  worth  or  substantial  good  qualities 
of  others.  It  expresses  less  than  Reverence  and 
Veneration,  which  regard  elders  and  superiors  ; 
whereas  Respect  may  regard  juniors  and  inferiors. 
Respect  regards  the  qualities  of  the  mind,  or  the  ac- 
tions which  characterize  those  qualities. 

Seen  without  awR,  and  aerved  without  respect.  Prior. 

3.  That  deportment  or  course  of  action  which  pro- 
ceeds from  esteem  ;  regard;  due  attention;  as,  to 
treat  a  person  with  respect. 

'I'beae  Kune  men  ticut  tlie  Suhbath  with  little  respeeL    NsUott, 

4.  Got>d  will;   favor. 

The  f-ord  had  respect  lo  Abel  and  hia  offering.  — Gen.  h. 

5.  Partial  regard;  undue  bias  to  the  prejudice  of 
justice  ,  as  the  phrase,  respect  of  persons.  I  Pet.  u 
James  ii.     Prov.  xxiv. 

6.  Respected  character ;  as,  persons  of  the  best 
respect  in  Rome.  Shak. 

7.  Consideration ;  motive  in  reference  to  som&- 
tbing. 

>VhateYer  aeeret  respects  were  llVcly  to  move  them.    Hooksr, 

8.  Relation  ;  regard  ;  reference  ;  followed  by  qf^ 
but  more  properly  by  to. 

They  believed  but  one  Supp-me  fJeity,  which,  with  respect  to  the 
bcr-ifila  men  r^'CcivL■d  from  him,  tutd  aererdl  l^ra. 

TUlolaon. 

RE-SPEGT-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.     State  or  quality  of  being 

respectable  ;  the  state  or  qualities  which  deserve  or 

command  respect.  Cumberland.     Kett. 

RE-SPEC T' A- BLE,  a.  [Fr. ;  It.  respettabile  t  Sp.  respe- 

table.] 

1.  Possessing  the  worth  or  qualities  which  deserve 
or  command  respect;  worthy  of  esteem  and  honor; 
as,  a  respectable  citizen  ;  respectable  company.  , 

No  government,  any  more  than  an  individual,  will  long  be  re- 
tpecied,  without  being  truly  resprdable. 

F^dsraUst,  Madison. 

9.  In  popular  lan^iag-e,  this  word  is  much  used  lo 
express  what  is  moderate  iu  degree  of  excellence  or 
in  number,  but  not  despicable.  We  say,  a  respecta- 
ble discourse  or  performance,  a  respectable  audience, 
a  respectable  number  of  citizens  convened. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— M£TE,  PR£Y.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


RES 

RE-SPF.€T'A-BLF.-.\ESS,  71.     Respectabiliiy. 

RE-PPi:CT'A-BLY,  at/r.     With  nspuct ;  more   ffener- 
oily.,  Ill  a  mjiniitT  U>  iiu-ril  ri^spect. 
9.  M.Hlemtely,  Imt  in  a  mimner  not  to  be  despissed. 

KE-SPE('T'ElJ,pp.  or  a.   Held  in  honorable  estimation. 

R&SPErT'En,7i.  One  thai  respects  ;  chiefly  used  in 
the  phnLse  rejtprcter  of  persons^  which  signities  a  per- 
son who  regards  the  external  circumstances  of  oth- 
ers in  hi8  jndijment,  and  Fufl^era  his  opinion  to  be 
biased  by  them,  to  the  prejudice  of  candor,  justice, 
and  equity. 

\  peiwive  that  God  U  oo  rttptcUr  qf  psrtoni. — AcU  r. 

RE-SPECT'FpL,  a.  Marked  or  characterized  by  re- 
spect ;  aa,  rr^-peciful  deportment. 

With  humble  Joy  and  with  respectful  fear.  Prior, 

RE-SPE€T'FtJL-LV,  oA-.  With  respect,  in  a  man- 
ner comportine  witli  due  estimation.  Zh-itden. 

RE-SPECT'FUL-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  re- 
spectful. 

RE-SPECT'tNO,  ppr.  Reeardinp  ;  having  resrard  to ; 
relating  to.  This  word,  like  CorrcERxi-Na,  has  refer- 
ence to  n  single  word  or  to  a  sentence.  In  the  sen- 
tence, '*  His  condtict  respecting  us  is  commendable," 
respecting  has  reference  to  conlucU  But  when  we 
say, "  Respecting  a  further  appropriation  of  money,  it  is 
to  be  observed,  that  the  resources  of  the  country  are 
Inadequate,"  respecting  has  reference  to  the  whole 
stibseqiieni  ctauae  or  sentence. 

RE-SPEGT'IVE,  a.     [Ft.  respectif:  It.  respctttvo.j 

1.  Relative;  having  relation  to  something  else; 
not  absolute  ;  as,  the  re^^ective  connections  of  soci- 
ety. 

2.  Particular:  relating  to  a  particular  person  or 
thing.  Let  each  man  retire  to  his  respective  place  of 
abode.  The  ofTicers  were  found  in  their  respectire 
Quarters  ;  they  appeared  at  the  head  of  their  respect- 
ive regiments.  Let  each  give  according  to  hia  re- 
spectire proportion. 

3.  Worthy  of  respect.     [.Vo(  in  use.']  Shak. 

4.  Careful ;  circumspect ;  cautions  ;  attentive  to 
consequences  ;  as,  respective  and  wary  men.  [JVot 
in  «.«(•.]  Hooker, 

RE-SPECT'IVE-LV,  adv.  As  relating  to  each  ;  par- 
ticularly ;  as  each  belongs  to  each.  Let  each  man 
respectively  perform  his  dut>'. 

The  impretaioni  from  tlie  oblt^ta  of  the  senset  do  miu^ln  retpect- 
ivtly  Kwvry  ooe  with  iu  kind.  Bacon, 

2.  Relatively  ;  not  absolutely.  Raten-L. 

3.  Partially  ;  with  respect  to  private  views.  [  Obs.] 

4.  With  respect.     [Ofrs.]  Shak. 
RE-SPEeT'LE:?S,  a.     Havmg   no  respect;    without 

regard;  without  reference.    [Little  u^ied.]     Draijton. 

RE-SPEeT'LESH-.\ESS,  n.  The  state  of  having  no 
respect  or  regard  ;  regardlessness.     [Little  used.] 

Shellon. 

RE-PPERSE',  (rc^spers',)  r.  (.  [L.  respersus,  respergo ; 
re  and  sjmrsoy  to  sprinkle.] 

To  sprinkle.     [Rarrlv  used.]  Tiuilor, 

RE-PPER'SIO.V,  (-sper'shun,3  m.     [L.  respersio.'] 
The  act  of  sprinkling.  Joknson. 

RE-PPTR-A-BIL'I-TY,     /  n.      The   quality   of   being 

RE-SPIR'A-BLE-NESS   \      respirahle. 

RE-SPIR'ABLE,  a,  [from  rehire,]  That  may  be 
breathed  ;  fit  for  respiration  or  for  the  support  of 
animal  life  ;  as,  respirahle  air. 

RES-P1-Ra'TI0.\,  71.     TFr.,  from  L.  respiratio.] 

\.  The  act  of  breathing ;  the  act  of  inhafing  air 
into  the  lungs  and  again  exhaling  or  expelling  it,  hy 
which  animal  life  is  supported.  The  respiration  of 
fishes  (for  these  can  not  live  long  without  air)  ap- 
pears to  be  performed  by  the  air  contained  in  the 
water  acting  on  the  gills. 
2.  Relief  from  toil.  Jinittm. 

RES'PI-RA-TOR,  n.  An  instrument  covering  tlic 
mnuth  with  a  net-work  of  fine  wire  in  front,  through 
which  perwns  of  wtiik  lungs  can  breathe  without 
injury.  'I'he  wire,  being  warmed  by  the  breath, 
tempers  the  cold  air  from  without.  Brande. 

RES-PI' RA-TO-RY,  a.  Serving  for  respiration  ;  per- 
taining to  respiration  ;  as,  respiratory  organs. 

Asiat.  Res. 

RE-SPIRE',  r.  i.  [Fr.  respirer;  L.  rcspiro  i  re  and 
$piro,  to  breathe.] 

1.  To  breathe  :  to  inhale  air  into  the  lungs  and  ex- 
hale it,  for  the  purptiDe  of  maintaining  anintal  life, 

2.  To  catch  breath.  SpeiL'^er. 

3.  To  rest;  to  lake  rest  from  tnil.  Milton. 
RE.SPTRE',  r.  U     To  exhale  ;  to  breathe  out ;  to  send 

out  in  exhalations.  B.  Jonson. 

RE-SPrR'/:[),  pp.     Breathed  ;  inhaled  and  exhaled. 
RE-8P!R'ING.  pjTT.     Breathing  ;  taking  breath. 
RE^J'PITE,  (rcs'pit,)  ,t.     [Fr.  rrpit.] 

1.  Pau-ie  ;  temporary  intermission  of  labor,  or  of 
any  process  or  operation  ;  interval  of  rest. 

SoiTM  pauM  and  rt»piu  onlj  I  require.  Denkam. 

2.  In  lato,  reprieve  ;  temporary  suspension  of  the 
execution  of  a  capital  offender.         Milton.     Prior, 

3.  Delay  ;  forbearance  ;  prolongation  of  time  for 
the  payment  of  a  debt  beyond  the  legal  time. 

4.  The  dt-lay  of  appeamhce  at  court  granted  to  a 
jury,  beyond  the  proper  term.  Blackstone. 


RES 

RES'PITE,  r.  u  To  relieve  hy  a  pause  or  interval  of 
rest. 

To  retpiU  his  day  l.ibor  with  n^^^-  Milton. 

2.  To  suspend  the  execution  of  a  criminal  beyond 
tlio  time  limited  by  tlie  sentence ;  to  delay  for  a  time. 

Clarendon, 
If  the  court  may  reajAU  for  a  diiy,  th-iy  may  for  a  year.  Ciinton. 

3.  To  give  delay  of  appearance  at  court ;  as,  to 
respite  a  jury.  Black.tt..ne, 

RES'PIT-ED,  pp.  Relieved  from  labor;  allowed  a 
temporary  susjiension  of  execution. 

RES'PIT-ING,  ppr.  Relieving  from  labor  ;  suspend- 
ing the  execution  of  a  capital  offender. 

RE-SPLEN'DEXCE,    )  n.     [L.  resplendens,  resplendeo ; 

RE-SPLEN'DEN-CV,  \      re  and  splendea,  to  sliine.] 
Brilliant  luster ;  vivid  brightness  ;  splendor. 

Son  1  thou  in  whom  my  glory  I  behold 

In  full  retpUndeuce,  ht-ir  of  all  my  might.  Miiton, 

RE-SPLEN'DE.\T,  n.  [Supra.]  Very  bright;  shin- 
ing with  brilliant  luster. 

With  royal  arms  anJ  rttpUndeni  p)ld.  Spenter. 

RE-PPLEN'DENT-LY,  ado.  With  brilliant  luster; 
with  great  brightness. 

Rf.-SPLIT',  v.  U     [re  and  *p?if.]     To  split  again. 

R£-SPL1T',  V.  i.     To  split  or  rend  a  second  time. 

SmeUie. 

RE-.SPOND',  r.  t.  [Fr.  repoiidre  ;  IL  risponda-e  ;  Sp. 
responder ;  L.  respondeo  ;  re  and  spondro^  to  promise, 
that  is,  to  send  to.  Hence  rcspondeo  is  to  send 
back.] 

1.  To  answer ;  to  reply. 

A  n'MT  ufTliclion  itrini^  a  new  chon!  in  th"?  hf-arl,  which  rerponda 
to  lome  new  uote  of  compl^t  witliiu  tiit;  wide  •c;v|p  of  hu- 
man woe.  Budetnintttr. 

9.  To  correspond  ;  to  suit. 

To  erery  theme  retjxmda  thy  various  lay.  Broome. 

3.  To  be  answerable ;  to  be  liable  to  make  pay- 
ment ;  as,  the  defendant  is  held  to  respond  in  dam- 
ages. 

RE-SPOND',  V.  L  To  answer  ;  to  satisfy  hy  payment. 
The  surety  was  held  to  re^ipoiul  tlie  judgment  of 
court.  The  goods  attached  shall  be  held  to  rc.*/>ojirf 
the  judgment.  Sedgwick.     Mass,  Rep, 

RESPOND',  71.  A  short  anthem  interrupting  the 
reading  of  a  chapter,  which  is  not  to  proceed  till 
the  anthem  is  ended.  IVheatbj, 

3.  An  answer.     [JVoi  in  use,]    Ch,  Reli^.  Appeal. 

RE-SPOND'ED,  pp.  Answered;  satisfied  by  pay- 
ment. 

RE-SPOXD'ENCE,   )  ^  -  /,,   , 

RE-''POND'E\-CY   1"*     '»"  t^'^swcnng.    LJuumers. 

RE-SPOX  D'ENT,  a.  Answering ;  that  answers  to  de- 
mand or  expectation. 

\Vi.>nJih  respondent  to  payment  and  contrihutiona.         Bacon. 

RE-SPOND'ENT,  v.  One  that  answers  in  a  suit, 
particularly  a  chancery  suit. 

2.  In  tke  scfivolsy  one  who  maintains  a  thesis  in  re- 
ply, and  whose  province  is  to  refute  objections,  or 
overthrow  arguments.  Watts. 

RE-SPOX-I)EX'TIA,  u.  In  commercial  latr,  a  loan 
upon  goods  laden  on  board  a  ship.  It  dilfers  from 
BuTTOMKv,  which  is  a  loan  on  the  ship  itself. 

Bonrier. 
RE-SPOXD'ING,  ppr.  Answering  ;  corresponding. 
RE-SPOXS'AL,  a.     Answerable ;    responsible.     [JVirt 

in  use.]  HeyUn, 

RE-SPOXS'.AL,  B.    Response  ;  answer.       Brcvint, 

2.  One  who  is  respimsible.     [J\''ot  in  use.]  Barrow. 
RE-SPONSE',  (re-spons',)  n.     [L.  reirponsuin.] 

\.  An  answer  or  reply ;  particularly^  an  oracular 
answer. 

2.  The  answer  of  the  people  or  congregation  to  the 
priest,  in  the  litany  and  other  parts  of  divine  ser- 
vice. Addison. 

3.  Reply  to  an  objection  in  formal  disputation. 

4.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  a  kind  of  anthem 
sung  after  the  lessons  of  matins  and  some  nthcr  parts 
of  tlie  office.  Bp.  Fttipatrick. 

5.  In  a  fugue,  a  repetition  of  the  given  subject  by 
another  part.  Busby. 

RE-SPONS-I-BIL'I-TV,  n.  [from  responsible.]  The 
state  of  being  accountable  or  answerable,  as  for  a 
trust  or  office,  or  for  a  debt.  Burke,     Paley. 

l\  is  used  in  the  plural ;  as,  heavy  responsibilittes. 

Johnson''s  Rrp. 
5.  Ability  to  answer  in  payment ;  means  of  paying 
contracts, 
RE-.SPONS'1-BLE,  a.     [from  Juresponsus^rrspondeo.] 

1.  Liable  to  account ;  accountable  \  answerable  ; 
as  for  a  trust  reposed,  or  for  a  debt.  We  are  all  r*- 
sponsible  for  the  talents  intrusted  to  us  by  our  Cre- 
ator. A  guardian  is  resvansible  for  the  faithful  dis- 
charge of  hia  duty  to  his  ward.  The  surety  is  re- 
sponsible for  the  debt  of  his  principal. 

2.  Able  to  discharge  an  obligation  ;  or  having  es- 
tate adequate  to  the  payment  of  a  debt.  In  takin" 
bail,  the  officer  will  ascertain  whether  the  proposed 
surety  is  a  responsible  man. 

RE-SPONS'LBLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  liable  to 
answer,  repay,  or  account ;  re^pcn^ibility. 


RES 

2.  Ability  to  make  payment  of  an  obligation  or  de- 
mand. 

RE-SPOXS'I-RLY,  adv.    In  a  responsible  manner. 
RE-SPON'SION,  (-sjKjn'shun,)  n.     [L.  responsio.] 
1.  The  act  of  answering.    [J^ot  used.] 
9.  In   the  university   of  Orford,    an    examination 
about  tlie  middle  of  the  college  courite,  also  called 
the  tiltle-ifo.     [See  Little-oo.J  Lyell. 

RE-SPONS'IVE,  a.     Answering;  making  reply. 

3.  Correspondent ;  suited  to  sometiiing  else. 

The  vwuil  lay  regpoifioe  to  the  atringi.  Popt. 

RE-SPONS'IVE-LY,  adv.    In  a  responsive  manner. 

RE-SPONS'IVE-NEriS,  ti.  State  of  being  respons- 
ive. 

RE-SPONS'O-RY,  a.     Containing  answer. 

RE-SPOXS'O-RV,  n.  A  re-^p-^nse  ;  the  answer  of  the 
people  In  the  priest  in  the  alternate  speaking,  in 
church  service. 

REST,  n,  [Sax.  rest,  rirst,  quiet  ora  lying  down  ;  Dan. 
G.  and  b\v.  rast ;  D.  rust.  The  German  has  also 
ruA«,  Sw.  ro,  Dan.  roe,  rest,  repose.  In  W.  aravs 
and  arosi  signify  to  stay,  stop,  wait.  This  I'eutunic 
word  can  not  be  the  L.  resto,  if  the  latter  is  a  com- 
pound of  re  and  sto  ;  but  is  an  original  word  of  the 
Class  Rd,  Rs.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  Cessation  of  motion  or  action  of  any  kind,  and 
applicable  to  any  body  or  being  ;  as,  rest  from  labor  ; 
rest  from  mental  exertion  ;  rest  of  body  or  mind.  A 
body  is  at  rest  when  it  ceases  to  move  ;  the  mind  is 
atrM^when  it  ceases  to  be  disturbed  or  agiluled  ; 
the  sea  is  never  at  rest.     Hence, 

2.  Uuiet ;  repose  ;  a  state  free  from  motion  or  dis- 
turbance ;  a  stale  of  reconciliation  to  God. 

I«am  of  m^,  for  I  am  meek  and  lowly  in  heart;  and  ye  ihall 
find  rett  unto  youi  aouU. -— M.ut.  xi. 

3.  Sleep  ;  an,  retire  to  rest. 

4.  Peace ;  national  quiet. 

The  land  had  r««t  eighty  yeaiK  —  Judgea  iH,    Dent,  xli, 

5.  The  final  sleep;  death.  Drydeiu 

6.  A  place  of  quiet;  permanent  habitation. 

Ye  are  not  m  yl  come  to  the  real,  and  to  the  inheriunce  wtdeh 
the  Lord  your  God  givelb  jciu,  —  Dent.  xii. 

7.  Any  place  of  repose. 

In  dust,  our  final  rest  and  native  home.  MUton. 

8.  That  on  which  any  thing  leans  or  lies  for  sup- 
port.    1  Kings  vi. 

Their  Tiaora  cluied,  their  lancca  tn  the  reet  Dryilen. 

9.  In  poetry,  a  short  pause  of  the  voice  in  reading ; 
a  cesura. 

10.  In  philosophy,  the  continuance  of  a  body  in  the 
same  place. 

11.  Final  hope. 

Sea  fighu  have  bren  finftl  to  the  war;  but  thli  Ii  when  princea 
■et  up  tht'ir  real  upon  the  batUe.     [Oba.\  Bacon. 

12.  Cessation  from  tillage.    Lev.  xxv. 

1.?.  The  gospid  church  or  new  covenant  state,  fn 
which  the  jieople  of  God  enjoy  reiiose,  and  Christ 
shall  be  glorified.     Is.  xi. 

14.  In  jnusic,  a  pause  ;  an  interval  during  which 
the  voice  or  sound  is  intermitted ;  also,  tlie  mark  of 
such  intermission. 
REST,  n.      [Fr.  reste,  from  restcr,  to  remain,  L.  resto.] 

1.  That  which  is  left,  or  which  remains  aflor  the 
separation  of  a  part,  either  in  fact  or  in  contempla- 
tion ;  remainder. 

Rcli^on  ji?c«  part  of  its  r*«iird  in  hand  —  the  prftrnt  comfort  of 
.  having'  done  our  duly,  and  for  thu  reat,  it  olTcra  us  the  beat 

■ecuriiy  that  Heaven  can  give.  T^iolion. 

2.  Others;  those  not  included  In  a  proposition  or 
description.  [In  this  sense,  re^t  is  a  nnun,  but  with 
a  singular  tennination,  expressing  plurality.] 

Plato  and  the  real  of  the  philoeoptiera.  SUUingJleet. 

Annod  liln!  ih<-  rr»t,  th*"  Trolan  prince  appears,  Dnjdcn. 

The  eltjctioii    hiUh  obuinua  it,  and   the  retl  t/tn  LiliudcJ. — 
Ram.  xi. 

REST,  r.  i.  [Pax.  restan,  hrestan,  to  pause,  to  cease, 
to  be  quiet;  D.rusfen;  G.  rastcjt ;  Sw.  rasta.  See 
Class  Rd,  No.  81,83.] 

1.  To  cease  from  action  or  motion  of  any  kind  ;  to 
stop  ;  a  icord  applicable  to  any  body  or  being,  and  to  any 
kind  of  motion. 

2.  To  cease  from  labor,  work,  or  performance. 

God  rtated  on  the  »^Tenlh  dny  from  all  hii  work  which  he  had 

mnd^.  — Q-tt.  ii. 
So  the  people  rttled  on  the  leventh  day.  —  Ex.  xvL 

3.  To  be  quiet  or  still ;  to  be  undisturbed. 

Tliere  real,  it  any  reit  can  hnrbor  lhcr«.  Milton. 

4.  To  cease  from  war  ;  to  be  at  peace. 

And  the  land  reaUd  from  war.  — Joih.  xl. 

5.  To  be  qtiiet  or  tranquil,  as  the  mind  ;  not  to  be 
agitated  by  ft^ar,  nn.Tiety,  or  other  pasnion. 

6.  To  lie  ;  to  repose  ;  as,  to  rest  on  n  bed. 

7.  To  sleep;  to  slumber. 

F.-»ncy  then  retire* 
Into  her  private  cell,  when  nature  reala.  Miiton. 

8.  To  sleep  the  final  sleep ;  to  die  or  be  dead. 

Glad  I  lay  me  down. 
As  tn  my  mnther'a  lap ;  there  1  siiould  reat. 
And  aleep  tccurf:.  Mltton. 

9.  To  lean ;  to  recline  for  support  ;   as,  to  reH 


TONE,  BULL,  liNITE.  — AN"GER.  VI"CIOUS.  — €  a*  K  j  G  as  J ,  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  a«  in  THIS. 


119 


945 


RES 

a^inft  a  tree.    The  Initli  of  religiou  rt^ta  on  divino 
testimony. 

10.  To  stand  on  ;  to  be  supported  by  j  as,  a  column 
rtsU  on  its  pedestal. 

11.  To  be  sntisfled ;  to  acquiesce;  as,  to  rest  on 
Heaven's  deleTtninalion.  .liddison. 

19.  To  lean ;  lo  trust ;  to  rely ;  as,  to  rest  on  a 
ro an *«  promise. 

13.  To  continue  Axed.    Isa,  1i. 

14.  To  terminate ;  to  come  to  an  end.    Eiek,  xvL 
15b  To  hang,  lie,  or  be  fixed. 

Orcr  «  tent  a  c!ood  dwU  rwl  bj  dty.  tiUtOK. 

1&  To  abide ;  to  remain  with. 

Ttwr  mid,  Tbe  Kuril  U  ^i^h  doth  reel  on  Clith*.  —  8  tUngt 

17.  To  be  calm  or  composed  in  misd  j  to  tn^oy 
peace  of  conscience. 

To  rest  iciLk ;  to  be  in  the  power  of;  to  depend  up- 
on ;  as,  it  rtsU  leiA  bim  to  decide. 
REST,  r.  L     [Fr.  rtst£r.] 

To  be  left ;  to  remain.    [  O&s.)  MUtoiu 

REST,  r.  U    To  lay  or  place  at  rest ;  to  quiet. 
Your  piety  hM  p«kl 
Alt  DWiifuI  ritP*,  lo  rt4t  my  wutltfiuf  •bwia.  Drydgn. 

3.  To  place,  as  on  a  suppoit.  We  rtH  our  cause 
on  the  truth  of  the  Scripture. 

Qer  wmi7  bnd  upon  jour  bosom  rmt  Wallt*; 

KE^TAG'N.\XT,  *.    [L.  rerta^aii«.J 

Staitnant;  remaining  without  a  aow  or  current. 
[AW  mmdt  nstd.]  Boyle, 

RE-STAG'NATE,  e.  u    [L,  restagno ;  re  and  jto^iw, 
to  stagnate.] 
To  stand  or  remain  without  flowins*     Wiseman. 
[This  word  is  superseded  by  Stagnate.] 
RE-ST.\G-XA'TIO.V,  n.    Stagnation,  which  see. 
RES'TANT,  a,     [L.  restarts,  reste.] 

In  botany,  remaining,  »s  footstaJks  after  tbe  fraetl- 
ficatiou  h.iK  faUen  oflf;  persistent.  I^e. 

RES' T.iU-RAJ^Tj  {Ksto-t^ins,)  n.    [Fr.]    An  eating- 
house. 
RES-TAV'R.i-TEUR^  (res-tSr'a-tur,)  n.    [Fr.,  a  re- 
storer.]   The  keeper  of  an  eating-house,  or  bouse 
for  occasional  refreshment. 
RES-TAU-RA'TIOX,  11.    [L-rMtoww.] 
Restoration  to  a  former  good  Mate. 
[Tbe  present  orthography  li  Ras-roaATioiT,  which 

M^ 

RES7*'ED,  fp.  Laid  on  for  support ;  lepoaed  \  reUeved 

by  rest 
R£-ST£.M%  r.  U  [re  aad  stent,]  To  force  back  against 

the  currenL  SAdb. 

REST'FIJL,  0.    [(Vom  rut]    Quiet;  being  at  rest. 

Shak, 
REST'F^I^LT,  air.    In  ft  state  of  rest  or  quIeL 

Ilerberi. 
REST'-HAR'ROW,  «,  A  prickly  European  plant,  of 

the  e^nus  Ononis,  with  tung,  tough  rnut^. 
REST'-HOl'SE,  «.    In  Imiui,  an  empty  house  for  the 

accommodation  of  tr.iVt-]crs  j  a  cboICry  or  semi. 
REST'IFF,  a.     [Fr.  reltfi   lu  re^tico,  ratio;  from  L. 

TtStO,] 

Unwilling  to  go,  or  only  mnning  back ;  obsti- 
nate in  refusinic  to  move  forward  ;  stubborn  ;  as,  a 
restif  steed.    More  usually  written  Rk»tivb,  which 
Me. 
REST'IFF,  n,     A  stubborn  horcc. 
REST'IFF-NESP,  n.      [Sec   Rkstitswem.]      Obsti- 
nate reluct'tnce  or  indifipositiuu  to  move. 
2.  Ob.-tJimie  unwillingness^.  Bacoju 

KE-STI\€'T10.\,  n.     [U  rcstinctio,  restuiffuo ;  re  and 
eztitisiio,] 
The  act  of  quenching  or  extinguishing. 
EEST'INO.  ppr.    Ceasing  to  move  or  act ;  ceasing  to 
be  movea  or  agitated;  lying;  leaning;  standing; 
dependinc  or  reiving. 
RE.«5T'1N'G-PLACE,  ».    A  place  for  rest. 
RE-STI.V"GL'IS1I,  (re-«ting'gwiahO  c.  t.     lUrestin- 
£uo  ;  rt  and  eztingHO.'] 
To  quench  or  ej^tinguish.  Field. 

RZS'TI-TLTE,  r.  L    [L.  retfctw;  re  and  *(aU#,  to 

To  rertore  to  a  former  state.   r-Vo(  usedA    Dwr. 
RES-TI-T0'TIO.\,  H.    [U  restitutio.] 

1.  The  act  of  returning  or  restoring  to  a  person 
some  thing  or  right  of  which  he  haj»  been  unjuptly 
deprived  ;  as,  the  rtstiluSion  of  ancient  righu  to  the 
crown.  Spenser. 

Restitution  is  made  by  restoring  a  specific  thing 
taken  away  or  lost. 

2.  The  act  of  making  good,  or  of  giving  an  eqtiiv- 
alent  for  any  loea,  damafe,  or  injury  ;  indemnifica- 
tion. 

Be  rttSbtSom  to  the  nlna  nuke*.  &En<fy«. 

,3  '^*'*  **^  °^  recovering  a  former  state  ot  posture. 
[trntstud,]  orae. 

Bestuutton  of  all  things ;  the  putting  the  world  in 
a  holy  and  nappy  state.    jHcts  iii. 
RES[TI-TU-TOa,  71.     One  who  makes  rwtilution. 

[LitUe  vsed.] 
^^^T'l  VE,  fl,     [It  restiro,  restio  :  from  L.  resto.] 

1.  LnwUIing  to  go,  or  only  running  back;  obsti- 
nate in  refusing  to  move  forward  ;  stubborn ;  as,  a 


RES 

restive  steed.    It  seems  oriyinally  to  have  l>cen  uaed 
of  horses  that  would  nut  be  driven  forward 

All  who  brf-jiT  him  dlil  aacvwl  Uir  ttiruno, 
IxiboTrd  to  dnw  Have  native  naiioiw  on,  Roacommon. 

S.  Unyielding ;  as,  restive  stubbornness.  V Estrange. 
3.  Being  at  redt,  or  lass  in  action.    [JVut  in  use.] 

Brown 
REST'IVE-NESS,  n.    Obstinate  relucUnce  or  indis- 
position to  move. 
S.  Obstinate  unwillingness. 
REST'LESS,  a.    [from  rest ;  Sax.  restleas.] 

L  Unquiet;  uueasy;  contiuually  moving;  as,  a 
restUes  child. 
SI.  Being  without  sleep;  uneasy. 

RtMtlsm  b«  puwd  the  R-mnftnt  of  tb«  nig^t.  Drydtn. 

3.  Passed  in  unquietnoss;  as,  the  patient  has  had 
ft  restless  night. 

4.  Uneasy  \  unquiet ;  not  satisfied  to  be  at  rest  or 
in  peace;  as,  a  rejitlest  prince;  restless  ambition 
restless  passions. 

5.  Uneasy  y  turbulent ;  aa,  restless  subjects. 

a.  Unsettled ;  disjxiiied  to  wander  or  to  change 
place  or  condition. 

Rtatitta  at  home,  und  ever  prone  to  nngf.  Drydtn, 

REST'LES3-LY,  adv.    Without  rest ;  unquietly. 

When  th?  n;uiU  out*  luul  turni  iiaclf  rettUttb/  from  on«  thing  lo 
nnother.  South. 

REST'LESS-NESS,  n.  Uneasiness;  unquietncss  ;  a 
state  of  disturbance  or  agitation,  either  of  body  or 
mind. 

2.  Want  of  sleep  or  rest ;  uneasiness.      Harvey. 

3.  Mutitm ;  agitation ;  as,  the  restlessness  of  the 
magnetic  needle.  Bovle. 

RE-STOR'A-BLE,  a.  [from  re^ore.]  That  may  be 
restored  to  a  former  good  condition ;  as,  reftorahie 
land.  Swift. 

RE-STOR'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  rtstora- 
hle. 

RE-ST^R'AL,  n.   Restitution.    [Ao(  in  use."]     Barrore. 

RES-TO-RA'TION,  n.  [Fr.  restauration  :  L.  restauro.] 
1.  The  act  of  replacmg  in  a  former  state. 

BeholJ  tbe  ddcirnt  c\ime»  agree, 

Bvjotcinf  la  tbjr  rtttoratioti.  Dryden. 

So  we  speak  of  the  restoratum  of  a  man  to  his  of- 
fice, or  to  a  good  standing  in  society. 

S.  Renewal ;  revival ;  reestablishuient ;  as,  the  res- 
taratioH  of  friendship  between  enemies  ;  tlie  restaror 
tioH  of  peace  aJ^^r  war;  tlie  restoration  of  a  declining 
commerce. 

3.  Recovery ;  renewal  of  health  and  soundness ; 
fts,  restarmUtm  from  aickneas  or  from  insaniry. 

4.  Rucovery  from  a  lapse  or  any  bad  state  ;  as,  the 
restoration  of  man  fn>m  apostasj*. 

5.  In  VieaUffy^  universal  re:>turation,  tlie  final  re- 
covery of  all  men  from  sin  and  alienation  from  God 
to  a  stale  of  hnppinras  ;  universal  salvation. 

6.  ln*En<rland,  the  return  of  King  Charles  H.  in 
lf»CO,  and  thf  reestablishuient  of  monarchy. 

RBS-TOaA'TlON-l.sr,  n  A  Universalist  who  be- 
lieves In  a  temporary  future  punishment,  but  in  a 
final  restomtiou  of  all  to  the  favor  and  presence  of 
G<.d. 

RE  ST<5R'A-TIVE,  a.  That  has  power  to  renew 
strenath  and  vigor.  Kncyc. 

RE-i^TOR'A-TIVE,  «.  A  medicine  efTicncious  in  re- 
storing strength  and  vigor,  or  in  recruiting  the  vital 
powers.  JirbuthnoU 

RE-STOR'A-TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  degree 
that  tends  to  renew  strength  or  vigor. 

RE-STfiR'A-TO-RY,  a.     Kestorative.     [Bad.] 

REST6RE',  r.  (.  [Vr.  restaur er ;  \l.  rr^taurart ;  Sp. 
and  Port,  restaurar ;  L.  restauro.  This  is  a  compound 
of  re  and  the  root  of  store,  story,  history.  The  prima- 
ry sense  is,  to  set,  to  lay  or  to  throw,  us  in  Gr.  otc- 
/)f05,  solid.] 

1.  To  return  to  a  person,  us  a  specific  thing  which 
lie  has  lost,  or  which  has  been  taken  from  him  and 
unjustly  detained.  We  restore  lost  or  stolen  goods 
to  the  owner. 

Now,  thcrcfcre,  reetore  to  [he  man  hii  v\k.  —  Gen.  xx. 

9.  To  replace  ;  to  return  ;  as  a  person  or  thing  to  ft 
former  place. 

Ph-irAoh  ihall  reatort  thee  to  thy  place.  —Gen.  xl. 

3L  To  bring  back. 

The  &ther  tnniahed  virtue  shall  rutort,  Dryden. 

4.  To  bring  back  or  recover  from  lapse,  degener- 
acy, declension,  or  ruin,  to  its  former  state. 

Low  of  Eden,  till  one  nr-ntPr  irmn 
RtBtort  it,  and  rrp;\:n  th*;  bliksCu!  km.  JM/lrm. 

Our  {brtJne  rtttored  Kt'ler  the  seveKst  aiSictionc  Prior. 

5.  To  heal ;  to  cure  ;  to  recover  from  disease. 

Hb  hand  wa»  rtttortd  whole  kke  n>  the  oth^r.  —  Matu  xii. 

6.  To  make  restitution  or  satisfaction  for  a  thing 
taken,  by  returning  something  else,  or  something  of 
dififercnt  value. 


7,  To  give  for  satisfaction  for  pretended  wrongs 
something  not  taken.    Ps.  Ixix. 


RES 

8.  To  repair ;  to  rebuild  ;  as,  to  restore  and  to  build 
Jerusalem.     Dun.  ix. 

9.  To  revive  ;  to  resuscitate  ;  to  bring  back  to  life. 

\Vhu«e  tun  tic  hiul  rtilortd  lo  life. — 2  Kiugs  viU. 

10.  To  return  or  bring  back  after  absence.  Ihb.xiW. 

11.  Tu  bring  to  a  i^Guse  of  sin  and  amendment  of 
life.     (htl.  vi. 

\-2,  Tu  renew  or  rcfjstabliish  after  interruption ;  as, 
peace  is  restored*  Friendship  between  tbe  parties  is 
restored. 

13.  To  recover  or  renew,  as  passages  of  an  author 
obscured  or  corrupted ;  as,  to  restore  tbe  true  read- 
ing. 

14.  In  the  fine  arts,  lo  bring  back  from  a  state  of 
Injury  or  decay ;  as,  to  restore  a  painting,  siritue,  &.c. 

R£'-SrORE',  V.  t.  [re  and  store]  'io  store  again. 
The  goods  taken  out  were  re-stored. 

RE-ST6R'AU,pp.  Returned  ;  brought  back  ;  retrieved  ; 
recoviTed  :  cured  ;  renewed  ;  reestablished. 

RE-STOUE'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  restoring ;  reatora- 
tiun.     r*'Vw(  used.]  Brown. 

RE-STOU'ER,  n.  One  that  restores  ;  one  that  returns 
what  is  lo!4t  or  unjustly  detained ;  oue  who  repairs 
or  reestablishes. 

RE-STOR'ING,  ppr.  Returning  what  is  lost  or  taken  ; 
bringing  back;  recovering;  curing;  renewing;  re- 
pairing; reestablishing. 

RE-STIIAIN',  V.  t.  [Ft.  restraindrc;  IL  ristrifftiere, 
restringerc ;  Sp.  restrintr,  rcstringir  ;  L.  restrinjro  ; 
re  and  stringo,  to  strain.  The  letter  g  appears  frouj 
the  participle  to  be  casual  ;  stringOj  for  strigo. 
Hence,  strictus,  strict,  stricture.  If  the  two  letters  st 
are  removed,  the  word  rigo  coincides  exactly,  in 
primary  sense,  with  L.  rego.rcctus^  rights  and  the 
root  of  reach.,  stretchy  straighLj 

1.  To  hold  back ;  to  check ;  to  hold  from  action, 
proceeding,  or  advancing,  either  by  physical  or  moral 
force,  or  by  any  interposing  obstacle.  Thus  we  re- 
strain a  horse  by  a  bridle;  we  restrain  cattle  from 
wandering  by  fences ;  we  restrain  water  by  dams 
and  dikes ;  we  restrain  men  from  crimes  and  tres- 
passes by  laws  ;  we  restrain  young  people,  when  we 
can,  by  arguments  or  counsel ;  we  restrain  men  and 
their  passions;  we  restrain  the  elements;  we  at- 
tempt to  restrain  vice,  l)ut  not  always  with  success. 

2.  To  repress  ;  to  keep  in  av/e  ;  as,  to  restrain  of- 
fenders. 

3.  To  suppress ;  to  hinder  or  repress ;  as,  to  re- 
strain excess. 

4.  To  abridge  ;  to  hinder  from  unlimited  enjoy- 
ment;  as,  to  restrain  one  of  his  pleasure  or  of  his 
liberty.  Clarendon.     Sfiak, 

5.  To  limit ;  to  confine. 

Not  only  s  metaphyaic-il  or  natumt,  iMit  a  mnral  unf»er»ality  k 
also  to  tie  retlrtUTted  by  a  p,\rt  of  tbe  pretiicata.       WaUi. 

6.  To  Avithhoid  ;  to  forlicar. 

Thou  rettrainetl  prayer  before  God.  ^  Job  i7. 

RE-STRAL\'A-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  restrained. 

Jiroien. 

EE-STRAIX'£D,pp.  Held  back  from  advancing  or 
wandering  ;  withheld  j  repressed  ;  suppressed  ; 
abridged  ;    conlined. 

RE-STRAIN'ED-LY,  adv.  W^ith  restraint ;  with  lim- 
itation. Hammond. 

RE-STRAIN'ER,  it.    He  or  that  which  restrains. 

Brown, 

RE-STRAIN'ING,  ;»pr.  Holding  back  from  proceed- 
ing; checking;  repressing;  hindering  from  motion 
or  action  ;  suppressing. 

2.  a.  Abridging ;  limiting ;  as,  a  restraining 
statute. 

3.  That  checks  or  hinders  from  sin;  as,  rutraiV 
ing  grace. 

RE-STRaIN'MENT,  n.    Art  of  restraining. 
RE-STRAKNT',  n.     [from  Fr.  restreint.] 

I.  The  act  or  operation  of  holding  back  or  hinder- 
ing from  motion,  in  any  manner;   hinderance  of 
the  will,  or  of  any  action,  physical,  moral,  or  mental. 
S.  Abridgment  of  liberty  ;   as,  the  restr(unt  of  a 
man  by  imprisonment  or  by  duress. 
3.  Prohibition  ;  a  rule  whicli  restrains. 

What  moved  our  parrnU  to  tmnk^rcM  hii  will 

For  one  TtttTainl,  lurila  of  the  wt^rld  beuddi.  Milton. 

A.  Limitation  ;  restriction. 

If  all  were  granted,  vet  it  nnirt  be  maintained,  wilhln  any  hold 
resiTainit,  far  olherwise  than  it  ia  rcc^JYed.  Brown. 

5.  That  which  restrains,  hinders,  or  represses. 
The  laws  are  restraints  upon  injustice. 

RE-STRICT',  V.  t.  [L.  restrictasy  from  restringo. 
See  Restrai:?.] 

To  limrt ;  to  confine  ;  to  restrain  within  bounds  ; 
as,  lo  restrict  words  lo  a  particular  meaning  ;  to  re- 
strict a  patient  to  a  certain  diet. 

RE-STRICT'ED,  pp.    Limited  ;  confined  to  bounds. 

RE-STRI€T'IXG,p;?r.     Confining  to  limits. 

RE-STRI€'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  restrictus.] 

1.  Limitation  ;  confinement  within  bounds. 

This  U  to  have  the  tame  rtelriction  oa  all  other  recreaiiont. 

Oov.  oftha  Tonga*. 

Restriction  of  teords,i9  the  limitation  of  their  sig- 
nification in  a  particular  manner  or  degree. 

2.  Restmint ;  as,  rcj(n'c(ioHj>' on  trade. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T — METE,  PRgY.  — PI.VE,  MARl.XE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


KES 

RE-STRl€T'IVE,  a.     [Fr.  re.-^tricti/.] 

1.  Having  the  quality  of  limiting,  or  of  expressing 
liniilatiuii ;  as,  a  restrictive  particle. 

2.  Imposing  restraint ;  as,  restrictive  laws  of  trade. 

3.  Styptic,     [A'oe  iwfd.l  Wiseman. 
RE-STRJ€TaVE-LY,  adv.    With  limitation. 

Gov.  of  the  Tongue. 

EE-STRIN6E',Cr&-slrinj',)».(.     [L.  restringo,  supra.] 
To  confine;  to  contract ;  to  aslringe. 

RE-PTRIN'6E:N-CY,  n.    The  quality  or  power  of  con- 
tracting. Petty. 

RF.  ;>TRiX'CE\T,  a.     Astringent ;  styptic 

RE-STRLN"GENT,  n.     A  medicine  that  operates  as 
an  astrinennt  or  styptic.  Harvey. 

RE-STRIVE',  r.  i.    [re  and  rfrtre.]    To  strive  anuw. 

SackviUe. 

REST'Y,  a.    The   same   as  Restive  or  RxstifFi  of 
"hlrh  it  is  a  contraction. 

Rk-SUB-JE€'TION,  h.     [re  and  subjection.']     A  sec- 
ond subjection.  Bp.  Hall. 

RK-^rn-Lt-MA'TIOX,  n.     A  second  sublimation. 

Re-SL'B-LI.ME',  v.  L     [re  and   subUmc]      To   sub- 
lime again  ;  as,  to  resuoUme  mercurial  sublimate. 

JVewlon. 

Re-SL'B-LIM'ED,  pp.    Sublimed  a  second  time. 

UE-StJB-LTM'I.VG,  ppr.     Subliming  again. 

Re-SU-DA'TION,  n.     [L.  resudatujj  resudo ;  re  and 
sudo,  to  sweat.] 

Tlie  act  of  sweating  an:ain. 

BE-8ULT',  c.  i,     f Fr.  resuUer ;  L.  restdUfy  resUio  i  re 
and  salio,  to  leap.] 

1.  To  leap  back  ;  to  rebound. 

The  huge  rouml  atoue,  remlting  with  a  bound.  Pope. 

9.  To  proceed,  spring,  or  rise,  as  a  consequence, 
from  facts,  arguments,  premises,  combination  of  cir- 
cumstances, consultation,  or  meditation.  Evidence 
results  from  testimony,  or  from  a  variety  of  concur- 
ring circumstances  ;  pleasure  results  from  friendship  ; 
harmony  results  from  certain  accordances  of  sounds. 

Pleasure  ajul  peace  nalural!/  retail  from  a  holy  anJ  good  life. 

TUloUon. 

3.  To  come  out,  or  have  an  issue  j  to  terminate  ; 
followed  by  in  ;  as,  this  measure  will    ssuU  in  good, 
or  m  evil. 
RE^SCLT',  n.    Resilience ;  act  of  flying  back. 

tiuuwt  w  proJooed  between  (he  atring  and  ibe  afi,  by  th*^  rr-tum 
of  the  rtftttt  of  the  aUiag.  Bacon, 

2.  Consequence  ;  conclusion  ;  inference  ;  efltct ; 
that  which  pniceeds  naturally  or  logically  from  facts, 
premises,  or  the  state  of  things  ;  as,  the  result  of 
reasoning;  the  resitlt  of  reflection  ;  the  result  of  a 
consultation  or  council  ;  the  result  of  a  legislative 
debate. 

The  ini*"T7  of  sinnTi  wiV     e  the   natural  r^tuU  of  th-ir  vile 
&!1tfcujna  and  cri:Hin»     jdulgenci^*.  /.  Lui/irup, 

3.  The  decision  or  determination  of  a  council  or 
deliberative  assembly  •  fts,  the  result  of  an  ecclesias- 
tical council.  JV>aj  England. 

RE-SULT'ANCE,  »     The  act  of  resuliinf;. 
RE-SULT'AXT,  n     m   mechanics^  a  force  which  is 

the  combined  effect  of  two  or  more  forces,  acting  in 

dilTerent  directions. 
RE-SULT'AN'T,  a.    That  revolts  from  the  combina- 
tion of  two  or  more  j  as,  a  resultant  force,  &c. 
RE-«ULT'1NG,  ppr.  or  a.     Proceedrn?  as  a   conne- 

quence,  effect,  or  conclusion  of  something;  coming 

to  a  determination. 
9.   fn  law,  resulting  use,  is  a  use  which  relums  to 

liim  who  raised  it,  luter  its  expiration  or  during  the 

impossibilitv  of  vesting  in  the  person  intendetl. 
RE-SCM'A-BLE,  a.    [from  re^me.]    That  may  be 

taken  back,  or  that  may  be  taken  up  again. 
RB-i!iU-MF.\  (ra-zu-mi',)    [Fr.]    A  summing  up;  a 

condensed  statement, 
RE-SOME', (re-zume'Or.  t.     [L.r«3kimo;  reandsumo, 

to  take.] 

1.  To  take  back  what  has  been  given. 

The  iun,  like  Ihia  from  which  ntir  night  we  bare, 

G^ied  on  too  long,  rtsumtt  the  li^ hi  lie  gave.  Denhwn. 

3.  To  take  back  what  has  been  taken  away. 

Th'>7  r€ai*mt  what  bu  been  obtained  fniu'luleiilly.     DavtnayO. 

3.  To  take  again  after  absence ;  as,  to  resume  a 
BeaL 

ReaaoD  rttvmta  her  placi*,  and  PaMitin  flrd.  Drydtn. 

A.  To  take  up  again  after  interniption ;  to  begin 
neain  ;  as,  to  resume  an  argument  or  discourse. 
fTfii-i  is  now  its  most  fretpient  u-ie.] 

Bfi-SCM'ED,  (re-zflmd',)  pp.    Taken  back;   taken 
again  ;  begun  again  after  interruption. 

RE  SCM'ING,  ppr.    Taking  back  ;  taking  again  ;  be- 
einnine  acain  after  iniemiption. 

U£-SL'M'.\10N,  V.  e.    To  summon  or  call  a^in. 
Q.  To  recall ;  to  recover.  Baroit 

RE-SUM'MON-£D,  pp.     Sammoned  again  ;  recov- 
ered. 

RK-SUM'MON-IN'G,  Mr.     Recalling;  recovering. 

RE-»UMP'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  I.,  resumpttis.] 

The  act  of  resuming,  t'lking  back,  or  taking  again; 
as,  the  resumption  of  a  grant. 

BE-»UMP'TIVE,  «.    Taking  back  or  again. 


RET 

RE-SC'PI-NATE,  a.  [L.  re.tupinatus,  resupino  f  re 
and  supinOf  supinus,  lying  on  the  back.] 

In  botany,  inverted  "in  position  by  a  twisting  of  the 
stock,  as  the  flowers  of  Orchis,  Lindley. 

RE-SU-PI-NA'TION,  n.  [Supra.]     The  state  of  lying 
on  the  back ;  the  state  of  being    resupinate  or  re- 
versed, as  a  corol. 
RE-SU-PI\E'  a.    Lying  on  the  back. 
RES-UR-REe'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.    rtsurrectus, 
rtsurgo;  re  and  surpoy  to  rise.] 

A  rising  again  ;  chiefly,  the  revival  of  the  dead  of 
the  human  race,  or  tlieir  return  from  the  grave,  par- 
ticularly at  the  general  judgment.  By  the  resurrec- 
tion of  Christ  we  have  assurance  of  the  future  rea- 
urrection  of  men.     1  Pet.  1. 

lu  the  rtturrettton,  ihej  neither  marry  uor  are  given  In  ciar- 
rid£e.  —  Mill.  xxii. 

RES-CR-REC'TION-IST,  fl.  On©  whose  business  is 
to  steal  bodies  from  the  grave.    [Z-utr.] 

RE-SUR-VEY',  (-sur-va',)  v.  t.  [re  and  survey.}  To 
survey  again  or  anew  ;  to  review.  Snak. 

RK-?UR-VEY',(-sur-va',)ii.   A  second  survey. 

Kk-SIJR-VEY'KD,  (-vadeS;  pp.    Surveyed  again. 

RE-SUR-VgY'ING.ppr.  Surveying  anew  ;  reviewing. 

RE-SLTS'CI-TATE,  v.  L  [L.  resuscito ;  re  and  susato, 
to  raise. ] 

To  revivify ;  to  revive ;  particularhj,  to  recover 
from  app.arent  death  ;  as,  to  resuscitate  a  drowned 
person  ;  to  resuscitate  withered  plants. 

RE-SUS'CI-Ta-TED,  pp.  Revived;  revivified;  re- 
produced. 

RE  SU??'CI-TS-TING,  ppr.  Reviving;  revivifying; 
reproducing. 

RE-SUS-CI-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  reviving  from 
a  state  of  apparent  death  ;  the  state  of  being  revivi- 
fied. Pope. 

RE-SUS'CI-TA-TIVE,  a.  Reviving;  revivifying; 
raising  from  apparent  death  ;  reproducing. 

RE-SUS'CI-Ta-TOR,  lu     One  who  resuscitates. 

RE-TAIL',  r.  (.  [Fr.  rf(ai7/cr;  re  and  toi/icr,  to  cut ; 
It.  ritasliarr.'\ 

1.  To  sell  m  small  quantities  or  parcels,  from  the 
sense  of  cutting  or  dividing  ;  opposed  to  selling  by 
rcholesale;  as,  to  retail  cloth  or  groceries. 

2.  To  sell  at  second  hand.  Pope. 

3.  To  tt'll  in  broken  parts;  to  tell  to  many  ;  as,  to 
retail  slander  or  idle  reports. 

Re'TAIL,  n.  The  sale  of  commodities  In  small  quan- 
tities or  parcels,  or  at  second  hand.  Addison. 

RE-TAIL' /;D,  pp.     Sold  in  small  quantities. 

RE-TAIL'ER  or  Rk'TAIL-ER,  h.  [This  word,  tike 
th^  noun  retail,  is  often,  prrhaps  generally,  accented 
on  the  firyl  syllable  in  America.] 

One  who  sells  goods  by  small  quantities  or  parcels. 

RE-TAIL'I.\G,  ppr,  or  a.     Selling  in  small  quantities. 

RE-TAlL'MEiNT,  n.     Act  of  retailing. 

RE-TAIN',  v.U  [Fr.  retcnir;  It.  ritcnere;  Sp.  rctener; 
L.  rftine-o  ;  re  and  teneo,  to  hold.] 

1.  To  hold  or  keep  in  possession  ;  not  to  lose  or 
part  with  or  dismiss.  The  memory  retains  ideas 
which  facts  or  arguments  have  suggested  to  the  mind. 

Thi-y  did  not  like  lo  retain  God  in  th^ir  kuowlwige.  —  Rom.  i, 

2.  To  keep,  hi  an  associate  ;  to  keep  from  depart- 
ure.     . 

Whom  I  would  hsre  retained  wiih  me.  —  Phil,  sili. 

3.  To  keep  back  ;  to  hold. 

An  executor  majr  retain  a  debt  due  to  him  from  (be  teiititnr. 

liUKkslone. 

4.  To  hold  from  escape.  Pome  substances  retain 
heat  much  longer  than  othent.  Metals  readily  re- 
ceive and  transmit  heat,  but  do  not  long  retain  it. 
Seek  cloths  that  retain  their  color. 

5.  To  keep  in  pay  ;  to  hire. 

A  Benedictine  cnnrent  btu  now  retained  the  mod  leamH  folher 
ot  their  oiUt  tu  write  io  iu  d«'l?iise.  Additon. 

P.  To  engage ;  to  employ  by  a  fee  paid  ;  as,  to  re- 
tain a  counselor. 
RE-TAIN',  tj.  I.    To  belong  to;  to  depend   on;  as, 
coldness  mixed  with  a  somewhat  languid  retii^h,  re- 
tainrng  to  bitterness.  Boyle. 

[JVf-t  in  use.     We  now  use  Pehtaitt.] 
2.  To  keep  ;  lo  continue.      [JJ'ot  in  usr.'\ 
RE-TAIN'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  retained.  Ashe. 
RE-TAIN'jED,  pp.  *HeId  ;  kept  in  possession  ;  kept  as 

an  associate  ;  kept  in  pay  ;  kept  from  escape. 
RE-TAIN'ER,  n.    One  who  retains;  ns  an  executor, 
who  retains  a  debt  due  from  the  testator.  Blackstone. 

2.  One  who  is  kept  in  service  ;  an  attendant ;  as, 
the  retainers  of  the  ancient  princes  nnd  nobility. 

3.  An  adherent ;  a  dependant ;  a  hanger  on.    Shak. 

4.  A  servant,  not  a  domestic,  but  occasionally  at- 
tending and  wearing  his  master's  livery. 

Cowel.     Brnnde. 

5.  Among  lattpersy  a  fee  paid  to  engage  a  lawyer  or 
counselor  to  ninintain  a  cause. 

b.  The  act  of  keeping  dependants,  or  being  In  de- 
pendence. Baeon. 

RE-TAIN'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Keeping  hi  possession; 
keeping  as  an  asHociate  ;  keeping  from  escape;  hir- 
ing ;  engaging  counsel ;  as,  a  retaining  fee. 

RE-TAKE',p.  t.;  pret.  Retook;  ;)p.  Rstakei*.  [re 
and  take.]     To  take  again.  Clarendon. 


RET 

2.  To  take  fmm  a  captor  ;  to  recapture ;  as,  to  r»* 
taJte  a  ship  or  prisoners. 

RI-l-TAK'^N, /»p.    Taken  again;  recaptured. 

RE-TAK'ER,  n.  One  who  takes  again  what  has  beea 
taken  ;  a  recaptor.  SenL 

RE-TAK'LNG,  ppr.  Taking  again;  taking  from  a 
captor. 

RE-TAK'ING,  n.    A  taking  again  :  recapture. 

RE-TAL'I-ATE,  v.U  [Low  L.  retalio  ;  re  and  teKo, 
from  talis,  like.] 

To  return  like  for  like ;  to  repay  or  requite  by  an 
act  of  the  same  kind  as  has  been  received.  It  is  now 
seldom  used,  except  in  a  bad  sense,  that  is,  to  return 
evil  for  evil ;  as,  to  retaliate  injuries.  In  war,  ene- 
mies often  retaliate  the  death  or  inhuman  treatment 
of  prisoners,  the  burning  of  towns,  or  the  plunder  of 
goods. 

ll  U  uoluclty  to  be  obligM  to  retaliate  the  Injuriea  of  authora, 
«  ho«e  works  are  ao  «ooo  I'or^tteu  that  wo  are  io  dan^r  of 
appearing  the  first  aggreMor*.  Siajt, 

RE-TAL'I-ATE,  v.  i.    To  return  like  for  like;  as,  to 

retaliate  upon  an  enemy. 
RE-TAL'I-A-TED,  pp.    Returned,  as  like  for  like. 
RE-TAL'I-A  TING,  ppr.     Kelurning  like  for  like. 
RE-TAL-I-A'TION,  Tt.    The  return  of  like  for  like  ; 

the  doing  that  to  another  which  he  has  done  to  us  ; 

requital  of  evil.  South. 

2.  In  a  good  sense,  return  of  good  for  good. 

Ood  Lik-i  whnt  i*  done  Co  othen  as  done  to  himaelf,  and  br  proi&> 
iae  o[-li£(>s  himaelf  to  lull  retaliation.  Quuny. 

[TTiis,  according  to  modern  usage,  is  harsh.l 
RF^T.AL'I-A-TIVE,  a.    Returning  like  for  like. 
RE-TAL'I-A-TO  RY,  a.    Returning  like  for  like;  as, 
retaliatory  measures  ;  retaliatory  edict.<?. 

Canning'.     Walsh. 
RE-TXRD'.  V.   t.     [Fr.  retarder;   L.   retardo;  re  and 
tarda,  to  (leluy  ;  tardus,  slow,  late.     See  Target.] 

1.  To  diminish  the  velocity  of  motion  ;  to  hinder; 
to  render  more  slow  in  progress  ;  as,  to  retard  the 
march  of  an  army  ;  to  retard  the  motion  of  a  ship. 
The  resistance  of  air  retards  the  velocity  of  a  canuon- 
ball.     It  is  opposed  to  Accelerate. 

2.  To  delay;  to  put  ofl";  to  render  more  late;  as, 
to  retard  the  attacks  of  old  age  ;  to  retard  a  rupture 
between  nations.     My  visit  was  retarded  by  business. 

RE-TARD',  V.  i.    To  star  back.     [JVof  in  uae.]  Brown. 

RE-TARD-A'TION,  n.  'The  act  of  abating  the  velo- 
city of  motion;  hinderance;  the  act  of  delaying;  as, 
the  retardation  of  the  motion  of  a  ship;  the  retarda- 
tion of  hoary  hairs*.  Bacon, 

RE-TXRD'A-TIVE,  a.    That  retards. 

RE-TARn'EI),p;).crrt.  Hindered  in  motion  ;  delayed. 

RE-TARD'ER,  n*  One  that  retards,  hinders,  or  de- 
lays. 

RE-TARD'ING,  ppr.  Abating  the  velocity  of  motion  ; 
hindering;  delaying. 

RE-TARD'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  retarding  or  delay- 
in  c.  Coieley. 

RETCH,  p.  i.  [Sax.  hraean ;  Dan.  rekker.  lo  reach,  to 
stretch,  to  retch,  to  vomit ;  the  same  word  as  reach; 
the  present  orthography,  retch,  being  wholly  arbitra- 
ry.    See  Ke.vch.] 

To  make  an  etfort  to  vomit ;  to  heave  ;  as  the  stom- 
nrh  ;  to  strain,  as  in  vomiting  ;  properly,  to  Reach. 

RETCH 'LESS,  careless,  is  not  in  use.  [See  Rbcx- 
I.E95.1  Drvdetu 

RE-Tl-ycrOITS,  (-shus,)  a.    Resembling  net-work. 

RE-TEC'TION,  w.  [L.  rctectitSy  from  rctego,  to  un- 
cover ;  re  and  tego,  lo  cover.] 

The  act  of  disclosing  or  producing  to  view  some- 
thing concealed  ;  as,  the  relection  of  the  native  color 
of  the  hodv.  Boyle, 

RE'TE  MO'-eO'SUM,  n.  [L.]  The  layer  of  the 
skin  intermediate  between  iho  cutis  and  the  cuticle, 
the  principal  seat  of  color  in  man.  Parr. 

RE-TENT',  n.    That  which  is  retained.        Kiriean, 

RE-TEN'TION,  v.  [Fr.,  from  L.  retentio,  retineo;  r« 
and  tenro,  to  hold.] 

1.  The  act  of  retaining  or  keeping, 
a.  The  power  of   retaining;    the  faculty  of  the 
mind  by  which  it  retains  ideas.  Locke. 

3.  In  mcdieinej  the  power  of  retaining;  or  that 
elate  of  contraction  in  the  ela.'Jtic  or  muscular  parts 
of  the  body,  by  which  they  hold  their  proper  contents 
and  prevent  involuntary  evacuations  ;  undue  reten- 
tion of  some  natural  discharge.  Encyc.     Coze. 

4.  The  act  of  withholding;  restraint.  Skak. 

5.  Custody  ;  confinement.     [JVi/t  in  use.]     Shak. 
RE-TEN'TIVE,  a.     [Fr.  retenttf^ 

Having  the  power  to  retain  ;  as,  n  retentive  memo- 
ry ;  the  retentive  faculty  ;  the  retentive  force  of  the 
stomacii ;  a  bodv  retentive  of  heat  or  moisture. 
RE-TEN'TIVE-LY,  adv.     In  a  retentive  manner. 
KE-TEN'TIVE-NESS,  Tf.    'J'he  quality  of  retention  ; 

ns,  retrntiveness  of  memory. 
RE-TEX'Tl<'RE,  n.     A  second  or  new  texture. 

Carlisle. 

RE'TI  A-RY,  (rS'she-n-ry,)  «.    In  entomology,  the  r«- 

tiaries  are  spiders  which  spin  webs  to  catch  their 

pre  v. 

RET'l-CEXCE,   )  n.     "^Fr.  reticence,  from  L.  retieentia. 

RET'I-CEN-CY,  S      r^eo;  re  and  fcwo.to  be  silent.] 

Concealment  by  silence.     In  rhetoric,  aposiopesLs 


TONE,  BULL,  tINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  a»  K ;  0  ai  J ;  9  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

~  [  347" 


RET 

or  BUi^raauoB  ;  a  figure  by  which  a  penun  really 
speaks  of  a  thing,  white  Ite  makes  a  show  as  if  be 
w«Aild  say  noUunjt  on  the  aubject.  Eneyc 

RET'I-CENT,  a.    SilenU  'i^ylor, 

Kk:i''l-eLE,  (ret'e-kl,)  a.    [L.  reticutmi,  from  rete,  a 
aeu] 
A  small  net.  -*»*• 

RE-TIC'U-LAR,  (I.  [Supra.]  Having  the  form  of  a 
uet  or  of  nel-work  ;  loriiied  with  interstices ;  as,  a 
reticuUir  body  or  membrane.  Kitcyc 

In  atuUomy,  the  retirular  bodf^  or  rete  mueosum^  \n 
the  layer  of  the  skin,  i*itermediattj  between  the  cutis 
and  the  cuticle,  the  princi[>al  seat  of  color  in  man  ; 
the  reticular  membrand  is  the  same  as  tlie  cellular 
menibmnc.  Parr. 

RE-'ri€'U-LATE,      )  a.     [U  retieutatuSy  from  rets,  tt 

RE-Tie'U-L.\-TEn.  i      net.] 

Netted  j  resembling  nel-work ;  having  distinct 
veins  or  lines  crossing  like  uet-work  ;  as,  a  retieul*^ 
comi  or  pftnl.  Martyn. 

RrtietiUted  Kork ;  in  nnsonry^  work  constructed 
with  diamond -shaped  stones,  or  square  stunes  placed 
diap'Oally.  ~    Olass.  cf  Orckit. 

RR-Tie-^-L.^TION,  K.  Net-work  ;  organisation  of 
substances  resembling  a  net.  Darwin. 

RET'I-eULE,  It-  [Supra.]  A  little  bag  of  net-work  ; 
a  lady's  work-bag,  or  a  little  bag  to  be  carried  in  the 
band. 

2.  In  a  tt^escopty  a  net-work  dividing  the  field  of 
▼lew  into  a  series  of  small  squares.  Brando. 

RET'I^ORM,  a.  [L.  rftifarmtj;  rctCt  a  net,  and 
forma,  form.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  net  in  texture  ;  composed  of 
croasing  lines  and  interstices;  a^  the  ret\form  coat  of 
the  eye.  Rajf. 

RET'l-NA,  n.     [L.,  from  rete,  a  net.] 

In  anatomvt  one  of  the  coats  of  the  eye,  hein?  an 
expansion  ot  the  optic  nerve  over  the  bottom  of  the 
eye,  where  the  sen^e  of  vision  is  first  received. 

Brande. 

RET-TX-AR-PHALT',         )  n.     A  bituminous  or  res- 

RET-IN-AS-PIIALT'UM,  t  inoua  substance,  of  a 
yellowi-h  or  reddi«ih-bri«wn  color.     [See  Rkti:(ite.] 

RET'I.vrrE,  ■.    [Ur.  ^nnyr,^  resin.] 

The  same  with  Reti^c^sphalt.  This  name  has 
been  also  applied  to  pitcbstoue,  or  pitcbstone  porphy- 
ry. Dana, 

RBY'IN-OID,  &  [Gr.  ^«riii7,  a  resin,  and  ci^»(,  like- 
ness.] 

Resin-like,  or  reTinilbnn  ;  resembling  a  resin  wilb- 
oiit  being  such. 

BET'I-NCE,  n.  [Tr.rrtenitey  fmm  rttenir,\o  retain, 
\m  rttimn  ;  r*  and  tni«o,  lo  bold.] 

The  aUendants  of  a  prince  or  ^istlngnisbed  per- 
sonage, chiefly  on  a  journey  or  an  excursion ;  a 
train  of  penona.  Dr^d€$u 

RET'I-PED,  a.     [L.  rete  and  p«.] 

A  name  gives  to  btnls  the  skin  of  wboee  tarsi  is 
divided  into  small  polygonal  scales.  Bramde. 

RET-I-RADE',  k.  [Fri,  from  retirrr,  lo  wittadraw; 
SfK  retimda,  a  relreaL] 

In  fartifieatiim,  a  kind  of  retrenchment  in  the  body 
of  a  bastion  or  other  work,  which  is  to  I»e  "ijiiMilcd 
inch  by  inch,  after  the  defenses  are  dismantled.  It 
nsually  consists  of  two  faces,  which  make  a  re- 
entering angle.  Ewofc 

RE-TIRE',  r.  i.  [Fr.  rttirrr ;  re  and  tirerj  to  draw  ; 
It.  ritirart ;  Sp.  retirar.] 

1.  To  withdraw  ;  lo  retreat ;  to  go  from  company 
or  from  a  public  place  into  pn**acy  ;  as,  torctire  from 
the  world  ;  to  rctftrf  from  notice. 

2.  To  retreat  from  action  or  danger;  as,  to  retire 
from  battle. 

3.  To  withdraw  from  a  public  station.  General 
Washington,  in  179C,  retirfd  to  private  life. 

4.  To  break  up,  as  a  company  or  assembly.  The 
company  retired  at  ele%'en  o'clock. 

5.  To  depart  or  withdraw  for  Kifety  or  for  nJensure, 
Men  rttirt  from  the  town  in  summer  for  health  and 
i4easure.  But  in  South  Carolina,  the  planters  retire 
from  their  estates  to  Charleston,  or  to  an  isle  near 
ibe  town. 

6.  To  recede  ;  to  fall  back.  The  shore  of  the  sea 
rtiires  In  bays  and  gulfs. 

BE~TIR£',  r.  t.    To  withdraw  ;  lo  take  away. 

vife  Knd  diildrra  into  &  foctiL    £Sdn^. 
•n  Ike  jatT, 

twy.  Davita. 


He 

A*  wbm  tte  ><■■  )■ 


[This  transitive  use  of  retire  is  now  obsolete.] 
KE-TIRE',  ».    Retreat ;   recession  ;    a  withdrawing. 
[  0&4.1  Shak.     Boftm. 

5.  Retirement ;  place  of  privacy.     [OAj.]     Miiton. 
EE-TTR'£D,  (re-tird',)  a.    Secluded  from  much  soci- 
ety or  from  public  notice  ;  private.     He  lives  a  retired 
life  -,  he  has  a  retired  situation. 
2.  Secret ;  private ;  as,  retired  speculationa. 
a  Withdrawn.  'Locke. 

BE-TIR'JED-LY,  (re-tlrd'ly,)  adv.    In  solitude  or  pri- 
vacy. '  Sherwood. 
RE-TIR'ED-yESS,  «,    A  state  of  retirement ;   soli- 
tude ;  privacy  or  secrecv.                            ^tierittm/. 
RE-TIRE'MENT,  n.    The  act  of  wilhdniwing  from 
company  or  frcHn  public  notice  or  station.     Mdton. 


RET 

2.  I'he  state  of  being  withdrawn  ;  as,  the  retire- 
ment of  the  mind  from  the  senses.  Locke. 

3.  Private  nb<.Httj ;  habitation  secluded  from  much 
society  or  from  public  life. 

C'«prrA  hnd  Ihrrn  i)io  ntirtmtnt  at  Angr^iatiu.  AdM»oi^ 

fUmrtmunt  is  u  DcoaMM-y  to  lus  «■  il  will  b«  welcome. 

WaMngton, 

■1.  Private  way  of  life. 


Jiglirwment,  runvl  quirt,  fivniUIiIp.  bnoki, 


Thonwon. 


PrugrvMive  virtue  lunl  approKin;  Heitveii. 

RE-TIR'ING,  ppr.    Withdrawing;  retreating;  going 
into  seclusion  nr  solitude. 

3,  0.    Reserved  ;  not  forward  or  obtrusive ;   as, 
rriirin^  modesty  ;  retirintr  manners. 
RE-TOLD',  pret.  and  pp.  of  Retell  ;  as,  a  story  retold. 
RE-TORT',  r.  t.     [L.  retortasj  retorgueo  j  re  and  tor- 
yueo,  to  throw.] 
1.  To  throw  back  ;  to  reverberate. 


Anil  thc^  Tttort  itul  huU  ttgjua 
T^Uie  tint  fiver. 


SJuik. 


2.  To  return  an  argument,  accusation,  censure,  or 
Incivility  ;  as,  to  retort  ttie  ciiurge  of  vanity. 

He  pn«M>4  ihtni^i  houile  tcom, 

And  M  ith  rttorid  Koru  liu  tnck  be  tuTB«-l.  MUton. 

3.  To  bend  or  curve  back  ;  as,  a  retorted  line. 

Bacon. 

RE-TORT',  r.  t.  To  return  an  argument  or  charge  ; 
to  make  a  severe  reply.  He  retorted  u^Kin  his  adver- 
sary with  seventy. 

RE-TORT',  n.  The  return  of  an  argument,  charge, 
or  incivility  in  reply  j  as,  the  retort  courteous. 

Shak. 
3.  In  cA«mi5fry,a  spherical  vessel,  with  a  lung  neck 
bent,  to  which  u  receiver  may  be  tittcd  ;  used  in  dis- 
tillation. Eaeyc. 

RE-TORT'ED,  pp.  Returned ;  thrown  back ;  bent 
back. 

RE-TORT'ER,  a.     One  that  retorts. 

RE-TORT'ING,  p;w.     Returning  ;  throwing  hack. 

RE-TOR'TIO.V,  n.    The  act  of  retorting.      Spenser. 

RE-TOR,T'I\'E,  a.     Containing  retort.  Barlow. 

RP.-TOSS',  r.  (.    [re  and  toss.]    To  toss  back.  Pope. 

RR-TOSS'KD,  C  tu^l,)  pp.    Tossed  back. 

Rf.-TOSS'1N«,  ppr.    Tossing  back. 

RE-TOL*CH',  (re-luch',)  r.  L  [re  and  touch.]  To  im- 
prove by  new  touches  ;  as,  to  retouch  a  picture  or  an 
essay.  Dryden.     Pope. 

RETOUCU'ED,  (rC-tucht',)  pp.  Touched  again  ;  im- 
proved by  new  touches. 

RF.-TOl-'CU'IJiG,  (re-tuch'ing,)  ppr.  Improving  by 
new  touches. 

RE-TR.\CE',  V.  t.  [Fr.  retracer;  re  an4  trox^rr,  to 
trace.] 

1.  To  trace  back  ;  to  go  bark  in  the  same  path  or 
Course  ;  as,  lu  retruce  one's  steps ;  to  retrace  une*s 
proceed  in  ps. 
S.  To  track  back,  as  a  line. 

Tfam  if  ihc  line  of  Tumu«  jow  rrtrmet. 

He  apriiiga  fiuoi  luacliua,  oi  Argire  race.  Dryden. 

X  In  paintin^y  &c.,  to  trace  over  again,  or  renew 
the  outline  of  a  drawing.  Brande. 

RE-TRAC'£D,  (re  irasl',)  pp.    Traced  back  or  over 

again. 
RE-TRACING,  ppr.    Tracing  back  or  over^pain. 
RE-TRACT',  r.  t.     [Fr.   rrtrncter  ,■   Norm,  rctraicter  ; 

L.  retractas,  retraho  ;  re  and  (ruAo,  to^raw.] 

].  To  recall,  as  a  declaration,  words,  or  saying;  to 

disavow  ;    lo  recant ;   as,  to  retract  an   accusation, 

charge,  or  assertion. 

I  would  u  freely  hare  rttracttd  the  charge  of  kloKfry,  ns  t  »?ver 
niute  it.  SUJiingjtnt. 

Z.  To  take  back  what  was  once  bestowed  as  a 
grant  or  favor.     [Little  vscd.]  Woodward, 

3.  To  draw  back,  as  claws. 
RE-TRACT',  V.  i.     To  trtke  back  ;  to  unsay  ;  to  with- 
draw concession  or  declaration. 


She  will,  «nd  the  will  not ;  th"  pninU,  d'fiiei, 
Cu[:«ena,  rttrecU,  adruu:««,  and  Lticu  fiics. 


GmnviU4. 


RE-TRACT',  n.    Among  horsemen,  the  prick  of  a 

horse's  foot  in  nailing  a  shoe. 
RE-TRACT' A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  retracted  or  re- 

call'^d. 
RF.-TRA€T'ATE,  v.  t    To  retract ;  to  recant. 
RE  TRACT-A'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  retractatio.] 
The  recalling  of  what  has  been  said  ;  recantation  ; 

change  of  opinion  declared.  SouUl 

RE-TRAeT'ED,pp.    Recalled  ;  recanted  ;  disavowed. 
RE-TRACT'I-ULE,   a.     That   may  be   drawn   back; 

rttractile.  Joum.  of  Science. 

RE-TRACT'ILE,  a.    Capable  of  being  drawn  back. 

A  walrtu,  with  fiery  eji^t—retraciiU  from  external  inJiirMs. 

PenrtanL 

EE-TRA€rr'ING,  ppr.  Recalling  ;  disavowing  ;  re- 
canting. 

RF--TRAC'TION,  n.  [from  retract]  Litcralbj^  the 
act  of  drawing  back  ;  as,  the  retraction  of  a  sinew. 

2.  The  act  of  withdrawing , something  advanced, 
or  changing  something  done.  tVoodward. 

3.  Recantation  ;  disavowal  of  the  truth  of  what 
bas  been  said ;  declaration  of  change  of  opinion. 

Sidney. 


RET 

*^ 

4.  .\ct  of  withdrawing  a  claim. 

Otluv  mpn'i  tiiwttlabln  dNire  of  t^wxifK  Iwth  bpj^iined  chorcli 
Kiid  staLe  of  the  Lencfit  of  uiy  r«lracaoru  or  cuncPMona. 
A.'.  CfiorUt. 

RE-TRACT'IVE,  a.    Withdrawing;  taking  frum. 

R&TRACT'IVE,  n.  That  which  withdraws  or  takes 
from. 

RE-TRACT'IVE-LY,  adv.  By  retraction  or  with- 
drawing. 

RE-TRAICT',  (re-trate',)  n.  Retreat.  [Obs.]  [See 
Retreat  ]  Bacon. 

RE-TRAIT',  n,     [It.  ritratto,  from  ritrarre,  to  draw.] 
A  cant  of  countenance  ;   a  picture.     [Obs.] 

RE^TR^X^IT,  n.     [L.  retrako,  retrazi.]        [Spenser. 
In  lutD,  the  withdrawing  or  open  renunciation  of  a 
suit  in  court,  by  which  the  plaintilf  loses  his  action. 

Blackstone. 

UE-TIIEAD',  (rS-tred',)  r.  i.    To  tread  again. 

RE-TIIkAT',  n,  [Fr.  retruite,  from  retraire  ;  re  and 
traire,  to  draw ;  L.  retractus^  retraho ;  re  and  traho ,' 
lU  rftratta.] 

1.  'I'lie  net  of  retiring;  a  wiUidrawing  of  one*s  self 
frum  any  place. 

But  bc.iutj'»  triumph  !■  well-timed  rtlraal.  Pop*. 

'i.  Rrtirement ;  state  of  privacy  or  seclusion  from 
noise,  bustle,  or  company. 

Here  in  the  calm,  still  niiTTor  of  retTtat,  Pope. 

3.  Place  of  retirement  or  privacy. 

He  built  his  tow  a  house  of  pleiuure — and  iprind  no  coat  to 
nuke  it  a  di.']icioua  relreal.  L'Ettnuig*. 

4.  Place  of  safety  or  security. 

ThM  plcawnj  ihtide  th'-y  •oiieht,  a  aoft  refrvot 

From  audtlcn  April  sliowcn,  a  alielter  from  Uie  heaL      Dryden. 

5.  In  inilitary  affairs,  the  retiring  of  an  army  or 
body  of  men  from  the  face  of  an  enemy,  or  from  any 
ground  occupied  to  a  greater  distance  from  llie  enemy, 
or  from  an  advanced  [msiiion.  A  retreat  is  properly 
an  orderly  march,  in  which  circumstance  it  ditfers 
frttm  vijligkt.  Eiicijc. 

6.  Tiie  withdrawing  of  n  ship  or  fleet  from  an 
enemy  ;  or  the  order  and  disposition  of  ships  de- 
clining nn  engagement. 

7.  A  signal  given  in  the  army  or  navy,  by  the  beat 
of  a  drutu,  or  the  sounding  of  trumjKts,  at  sunset, 
or  for  retiring  from  exercise  or  actinn. 

Totten.     Campbell. 
RE-TREAT',  v.  i.     To  retire  from   any  position  or 
place. 

2.  To  withdraw  to  a  private  abode  or  to  any 
secluded  situation.  Milton. 

3.  To  retire  to  a  place  of  safety  or  security  ;  as,  to 
retreat  into  a  den  or  into  a  fort. 

4.  To  move  back  to  a  place  before  occupied;  to 
retire. 

The  rapiJ  ctirrpnt*  drive, 
TuuMrd  the  retreating  at-a,  their  turioiia  tide.  Milton, 

5.  To  retire  from  an  enemy,  or  from  any  advanced 

position. 
RE-TREAT'ED,  as  a  passive  participle,  though  used 

by  Milton,  is  not  good  English. 
RE-TRENCH',  v.  t.     [Fr.  retrancher  ;  re  and  traneher, 

to  cut;   It.  trincea,  a  trench;  trincerare,  to  intrench; 

trinciare,  to  carve ;  W.  trycu,  to  cut.] 
I.  To  cut  off;  to  pare  away. 

Atid  thy  exubersitit  pttrta  retrench.  Denham. 

9.  To   lessen;  to  abridge;  to  curtail;  aR,   to   re- 
trench superrtuiiies  or  expenses.  Jittrrbvry. 
3.  To  confine  ;  to  limit.    [J^ot  proper.]    .^ddison. 
A.  In  military  affairs,  to  furnish  with   a  retrench- 
ment ;  as,  to  retrench  bastions.  P.  Cye, 
RE-TRENCH',  v.  i.     To  live  at  Icds  expense.     It  is 
more  reputable  to  retrench  than  to  live  embarrassed. 
RE-TRENCH'/:D,  (re-lrencht',)  pp.     Cut  off;  curtail- 
ed ;  diminished;  fiirni.-^hed  with  a  retrenctmicnt. 
RE-TRENCH'ING,  ppr.    Cultingoff;  curtailing;  fur- 
nishing with  a  retrenchment. 
RE-TRENCH'MENT,    71.       [Fr.    retranehanent ;    Sp. 
atrinchera?niento.] 

1.  The  act  oflopplng  off;  the  act  of  removing 
what  is  superfluous;  as,  the  retrenchment  of  words 
or  lines  in  a  writing.  Dryden.    Jlddison. 

2.  The  act  of  curtailing,  lessening,  or  iibridging  ; 
diminution  ;  as,  the  retrenchment  of  expenses. 

3.  In  military  affairs,  a  work  i^nstructed  within 
another,  to  prolong  the  defense  of  the  latter  when 
the  enemy  has  giiined  possession  of  it,  or  to  protect 
the  defenders  till  they  can  retreat  or  obtain  a  capitu- 
lation. P-  Cye. 

Numerstis  remalna  of   Roinui   relrtncJimenU,   eonatrncl^d   (o 
cover  (he  ceuatry.  D'Anoiila,  Tram. 

RE-TRIB'lITE,  v.  t.  ^Fr.  retribuer;  L.  retribuo;  re 
and  tribuo,  to  give  or  bestow.] 

To  pay  back ;  to  make  payment,  compensation, 
9r  reward  in  return  ;  as,  to  retribute  one  fnr  his 
kindness  ;  to  retribute  to  a  criminal  what  is  propor- 
tionate to  his  offense.  Locke. 

RE  TRIB'U-TED,  pp.  Paid  back;  given  in  return  j 
rewarded. 

RE-TRIB'lI-TER,  n.    One  that  makes  retribution. 

RE-TRIB'TJ-TING,  p/w.  Requiting;  making  repay- 
ment ;  rewarding. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIIA'I 

949 


■  MeTE,  FRgY.—  PrXE,  MARtNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- 


RET 

RET-Rr-BC'TIO\,«.     fFr.]    Repayment  i  return  ac- 

cuiinnudated  to  the  action  ;  reward  ;  compensation. 

la  g-xA  of^cfs  ^nd  due  rstribuliotu,  v 

and  tiiggardiv. 

9.  A  gratuity  or  present  given  for  services  in  ll»e 
place  of  a  salary.  Encyc. 

■   3.  The  rewards  and  punishments  distributed  at  the 
general  judgment. 

It  ii  4  Kroner  ir^umwit  for  &  stute  of  refn&uft'on  hereafti^r,  that 

in  llii*  worlJ  virtuoos  p>T»oii«  are  verjr   oiWii   utilortuiiale, 

Kud  Ticioua  perauru  pruxperouii.  Sptctalor. 

RE-TR!B'TT-TIVE,     )   a.     Repavin?;    rewarding  for 

RE-TRrB'lI-TO-RY,  \       good   deeds,  and  puniijhing 

for  offense!* ;  as,  retributive  jusuce. 
RE-TRIEV'A-BLE,  a,     [from  retrieve]     That  may  be 

rt'trievod  or  recovered.  Orai/. 

RE-TRIeV'A-BLE-NES3,  n.    State  of  being  retriev- 
able, 
RE-TltlKV'A-BLY,  adv.    In  a  retrievable  manner. 

RE-TRIF:VE'MENT,  [  '*•     ^*^^  ""^  retrieving. 
RE-TRlEVE',  tj.  f.     [Fr.  retrouvcr,  to  find  again;  It. 
ritroeare.     See  Thoteh.] 

1.  To  recover;  to  restore  from  loss  or  injnry  to  a 
former  good  state;  as,  to  retrieve  the  credit  of  a 
nation  ;  to  retrieot  one's  character  ;  to  retrieve  o  de< 
cayed  fortune. 

9.  To  remedy  the  consequences  of;  to  repair. 
[Rare,] 

Accept  my  ■omvr,  and  retrieM  my  f;iIU  Prior, 

3.  To  regain.     {Rare.'] 

With  late  repentance  now  th-y  would  rttriev* 

TLe  bodiPB  iliey  foreook,  and  wbl»  to  li»e.  Dryim. 

4.  To  recall ;  to  bring  b.^ck  ;  as,  to  retrieve  men 
ftom  their  cold,  trivial  conceitfi,  Berkelnj. 

BE-TRIeVE',    n.     A    seeking    again ;    a    discovery. 

[Aor  in  Jisr.]  B.  Jonson. 

RE-TRIfiV'£D,pp.    Recovered;  repaired;  regained; 

recalled. 
RE-TRIEV'ING,  ;jpr.     Recoverhig  ;    repairing;   re- 
calling. 
RR-TRIM',  r.  f.    To  trim  again. 
RE-TRO-AC T',  v.  i.    To  act  backward  or  in  return  ; 

!o  act  in  opposition. 
RE-TRO-.\C'TIO>',  n.     [L.  retro^  backward,  and  ac- 
tion,] 

1.  Action  returned,  or  action  backward. 
9.  Operation  on^omeihing  past  or  preceding. 
RE-TRO-A€T'I VE,  a.     [Fr.  retroaetif;  L.  retro^  back- 
ward, and  actice,] 

Operating  by  returned  action  ;  affecting  what  is 
past  ;  retrospective,  Beddoes. 

A  retroactive  law,  or  statute,  is  one  which  operates 
to  affect,  make  criminal   or   punii^hable,  acts  done 
prior  to  the  pas^iing  of  the  law. 
RE-TRO-AeT'IVE-LY,  adv.     By  returned  action  or 
operation;  by  operating  on  something  past. 

IVheaton. 
RET'RO  CEDE,  r.  t.    [L.  rctro^  back,  and  ccdo,  to 
give  ;  Fr.  retroceder.] 

To  cede  or  grant  hack  ;  as,  to  retroccde  a  territory 
to  a  forme_r  proprietur. 
RET'RO-CeDE,  v.   i.      [L.    reirOf   back,   and    cedo\ 
to  go.] 
To  go  hack.  Perry, 

RET'RO-CicD-En,  pp.    Granted  back. 
RE-TROCeD'E.VT,  a.   An  epithet  applied  to  diseases 
which  move  from  one  part  of  the  body  to  another,  as 
the  goiit. 
RET'R0-C^.D-IN*G,  ppr.    Ceding  bark  ;   going  back. 
RE-TR0-CES'SI0\,(  sesh'un,)  n.    A  ceding  or  grant- 
ing back  to  a  former  proprietor. 

American  State  Papers. 
9.  The  act  of  going  back.  More. 

RE-TRO-DL'e'TIOX,  n.     [L.  rctrodueo  ;  retro,  back, 
and  duco,  to  lead.] 

A  lending  «r  bringing  back. 
RET'RO-FLEX,  a.    Tl.  retrn,  hnck,  andjlerrts  benL] 

In  botany,  suddenly  bent  backward,  Liadlev. 

RET'RO-FRACT,         \    a.       [L.    retro,    back,    and 
RET'RO-FRAeT-/:D,  \       fractiis,  broken.] 

Reduced  to  hang  down  as  it  were  by  force,  so  as 
to  appear  as  if  broken  ;  as,  a  retrafract  peduncle. 

Martyn, 
Bent  back  toward  its  insertion,  as  if  it  were  broken. 

Ue. 
RE-TRO^GRA-DA'TIOX,    n.        JFr.      See     Rktbo- 

DBADC] 

1,  The  act  of  moving  backward  ;  applied  to  the 
apparent  motion  of  the  planets  contrary  to  the  order 
of  the  signs,  i.  e.,  from  east  to  west.  Hutton. 

2.  A  moving  backward  ;  decline  in  etcellence. 

JV*.  Chipmam. 
RET'RO-GRADE,  o.       [Fr.,   from    L.    retrogradiar  f 
retro,  backward,  and  gradior,  to  go.] 

1.  Going  or  moving  backward.  Bacon. 

2.  In  a^frontfmy,  apparently  moving  backward,  and 
contrary  to  the  succes-^ion  of  the  signs,  i,  e.,  from 
east  to  wc<!t,  as  a  planet.  Hutton. 

X  Declining  from  a  better  to  a  worse  state. 
RET'RfJ-GRADE,  v.   i.     [Fr.  retro  grader ;    L.  rUro- 
\  \       gradior  ;  retro  ana  gradior,  to  go.] 

To  go  or  move  backward.  Bacon, 


RET 

RE-TRO-GRES'SION,  (re-iro-gresh'un,)  n.  The  act 
of  goitig  backward  ;  reirogradation.  Brown. 

RE-TRO-GRESS'IVE,  a.  Going  or  moving  hack- 
ward  ;  dt^clining  from  a  more  perfect  to  a  less  perfect 
state. 

Oography  U  at  timei  retmgrtMtiv*.  Pinkerlon, 

RE-TRO-GRESS'IVE-LY,  adv.    By  going  or  moving 

backward. 
RE-TRO-MIX'dEN-CY,  n.     [L,  retro,  backward,  and 
viin^o,  to  discharge  urine,] 

The  act  or  quality  of  discharging  the  contents  of 
the  bladder  backward.  Brown. 

RE-TRO-illN'GENT,  a.    Discharging  the  urine  back- 
ward. 
RE-TRO-MIX'GE\T,  v.     In  zoStogy,  an  animal  that 
di:<charges  its  urine  backward. 

The  retrarningents  are  a  division  of  animals  whoso 
characteristic  is  that  they  discharge  their  urine  back- 
ward, both  male  and  female.  Encyc. 
RE-TRO-PUL'SIVE,  a.     [L.  retro,  back,  and  pulsus, 
pello,  to  drive.] 

Driving  back  ;  repelling.  Jifed.  Repos. 

RE-TRORSE'LY,  (re-trors'ly,)  ado.  [L.  retrorsam, 
backward.] 

In  a  backward  direction  ;   as,  a   stem   retrorsely 
aculeate. 
RET'RO-SPECT,  r.  t.    To  look  back  ;  to  affect  what 

is  past. 
RET'RO-SrECT,  n.     [L.  retro,  back,  and  specie,  to 
look.] 

A  looking  back  on  things  past;  view  or  contem- 
plation  of  something  past.     The  retronpeel  of  a  life 
well  spent  affords  peace  of  mind  in  old  age. 
RE-TRO-SFEC'TION,  n.    The  act  of  looking  back 
on  things  past. 
2.  The  faculty  of  looking  back  on  past  things. 

Stcift. 
RE-TRO-SPEeT'IVE,    a.      Looking    back  on    past 
events;    as,  a  retroapective  view. 

9.  Having  reference   to  what    is   past;    affecting 
things   past.      A  penal  statute   can  have   no  retro- 
spective effect  or  operation. 
RE-TRO-SPEGT'IVE-LY,  adv.  By  way  of  retrospect. 
RE-TRO-VER'SION,  n.     A  turning  or  falling  back- 
ward ;  as,  the  retroversion  of  the  uterus. 
RET'RO-VERT,  r.  u    To  turn  hack. 
RET 'KG- VERT-ED,  a.     [L.  retro,  back,  and  zerto,  to 
turn.] 

Turned  back.  Lawrence,  Leet.     Mrd.  Repos. 

RE-TRODE',  r.  (.  [L.  retrudo;  re  and  trudo,  to 
thrust,] 

To  thrust  hack.  More. 

RE-TRCD'ED,pp.    ThruPt  back. 
RE-TRrD'I\G,  ppr.     Thrusting  back. 
RE-TRUSE',a.  [L.  retrusits.]  Hidden  ;  abstruse.  [Obs.] 
RET'TING,  n.     A  corruption  of  tlie  term  Rottiso; 
as,  the  retting  of  tlax. 

This  is  tlie  term  used  by  Ure  and  other  English 
writers, 
RE-TUND',  V.  t.     [L.  retundo  ;  re  and  tiindo,  to  beat,] 
To  blunt ;  to  turn,  as  an  edge  ;  to  dull ;  as,  to  re- 
fund the  edge  of  a  weapon.  Ray. 
RE-TU.ND'ED.  pp.     Blunted  ;  turned,  as  an  edge. 
RE-TUIt.\',  r,  »,       [Fr.  retourner;    re  and  to unter,  to 
turn,  L.  torno;  It.  ritornare;   Sp.  rcfornar.] 

1.  To  come  or  go  back  to  the  same  place.  The  gen- 
tleman goes  fnim  the  country  to  London  and  returns, 
or  the  citizen  of  L«jndim  rides  into  the  country  and 
returns.  The  blood,  propelled  from  the  heart,  passes 
through  the  arteries  to  the  extremities  of  the  body, 
and  rrturns  through  the  veins,  t^ome  servants  are 
good  to  go  on  errands,  but  not  good  to  return. 

2.  To  come  back  to  the  same  stale,  occupation, 
subject,  &c.;  as,  to  return  from  bondage  to  a  i>taie  of 
freedom.  Locke. 

3.  To  answer. 

lie  aujd,  and  thui  the  qtwcn  of  befirpn  ratumtd.  Popt. 

4.  To  come  again;  to  revisit. 

Thou  (o  mnnkltid 
Be  p)od  and  friendly  ftilt,  and  ud  riturn.  M'dton. 

5.  To  appear  or  begin  again  after  a  periodical  rev- 
olution. 

With  (he  year 
S'Twons  return ;  but  not  to  me  reiurn* 
Day.  Milton, 

6.  To  show  fresh  signs  of  mercy. 

Relum,  O  Loni,  deliver  my  aoul.  —  P«,  vi. 

To  return  to   Ond  l    to  return  from  voickedness :  to 

repent  of  sin  or  wandering  from  duty.         Scripture. 

RE^TURN',  r.  f.     Ti>  tiring,  carry,  or  send  back  ;  as, 

to  return  a  borrowed  book  ;  to  return  a  hired  horse. 

2.  To  repay  ;  as,  to  return  borrowed  money. 

3.  To  give  in  recompense  or  requital. 
In^n?  Vi'iT,  return  him  A  trc«pan  ofl-nng.  —  1  Sun,  ri. 

'J'l»e  Lord  wili   r«lurn  thy  wickcdn'-M  upon  ihj  own   bead, — 

4.  To  give  back  in  reply  ;  as,  to  return  an  answer. 

5.  To  tell,  relate,  or  communicate. 

Mosc«  returned  ibc  wordt  of  the  peuple  to  the  Lord.  —  Ex.  lix. 

6.  To  retort;  to  recriminate. 

If  you  are  a  mnlicloiia  reads r,  you  rrtum  upon  n 
to  be  thought  more  Uitpiirtinl  ihAn  I  am. 


',  thill  I  afTect 
LtrytUn. 


REU 

7.  To  render  an  account,  usually  an  official  ac- 
count, to  a  superior.  Otiict.Ts  of  the  army  and  navy 
return  to  the  ronimander  the  number  of  men  in  com- 
panies, regiments,  &c. ;  they  retam  the  number  of 
men  sick  or  capable  of  duty  ;  they  return  the  quan- 
tity of  ammunition,  provisions,  &£. 

8.  To  render  back  to  a  tribunal,  or  to  an  office  ;  as, 
to  return  a  writ  ur  an  execution. 

9.  To  report  oilicinlly  ;  as,  an  officer  rrtum*  bia 
proceedings  on  the  back  of  a  writ  or  precept. 

10.  To  send  ;  to  transmit ;  to  convey. 

IiistL'Tid  of  a  aliip,  he  ahuuld  li.'vy  money  aad  rtium  the  sanM 
to  the  trcasurtrr  ibr  hi*  majestjr'i  uae,  Clartndon. 

RE-TURX',  n.  The  act  of  coming  or  going  back  to 
the  same  place. 

Takei  little  Jouniryi  and  niakea  quick  rttumt.  Drydtn. 

2.  The  act  of  sending  back;  as,  the  return,  of  n 
borrowed  book,  or  of  money  lent, 

3.  'I'he  act  of  putting  in  the  former  place. 

4.  Retrogression  ;  the  act  of  moving  back. 

5.  The  act  or  process  of  coming  back  to  a  former 
state,  occupation,  8ubjet:t,  &.c. ;  as,  the  return  of 
health. 

6.  Revolution ;  a  periodical  coming  to  the  same 
point;  as,  the  return  of  the  sun  to  the  tropic  of 
Cancer. 

7^  Periodical  renewal ;  as,  the  return  of  the  sea- 
sons, or  of  tlie  year. 

8.  Repayment ;  reimbursement  in  kind,  or  in 
Bometliing  equivalent,  for  money  expended  or  ad- 
vanced, or  for  labor.  One  occupation  gives  quick 
returns  ;  in  others,  the  returns  are  slow.  The  returns 
of  the  cargo  were  in  gold.  The  farmer  has  returns 
in  his  crops. 

9.  Profit ;  advantage. 

From  Ukcae  few  boon  we  tpend  in  prayer,  the  return  W  ^nt, 

Taylor. 

10.  Remittance  ;  payment  from  a  distant  place. 

Shak, 

11.  Repayment;  retribution;  requital, 

it  no  rttJim  due  from  a  grnlefnl  bretut  t  Drydtn, 

12.  Act  of  restoring  or  giving  back  ;  restitution. 

South. 

13.  In  architecture,  the  continuation  of  a  molding, 
projection,  &c.,  in  a  different  or  opposite  direction  ; 
a  side  or  part  which  falls  away  from  the  front  of  a 
straight  work  Owilt. 

14.  In  taio,  the  rendering  bark  or  delivery  of  a 
writ,  precept,  ur  execution,  to  the  proper  officer  or 
court;  or  tlic  certificate  of  the  officer  executing  it, 
indorsed.  We  call  the  transmission  of  the  writ  to 
the  proper  officer  or  court,  a  return  ;  and  we  give 
the  same  name  to  the  certificate  or  official  account  of 
the  officer*s  service  or  proceedings.  The  sheriff,  or 
his  subordinate  officers,  make  return  of  all  writs  and 
precepts.  We  use  tiie  same  language  for  the  send- 
ing back  of  a  commission  with  the  certificate  of  the 
commissioners, 

15.  A  day  in  bank.  The  day  on  which  the  de- 
fendant's ordered  to  appear  in  court,  and  the  sheriff 
is  to  bring  in  the  writ  and  report  his  proceedings,  is 
called  llie  return  of  the  writ.  Blackstone. 

It).  In  miiitanj  and  naval  a^ffiiirs,  an  official  ac- 
count, report,  or  statement  rendered  to  the  com- 
mander or  other  superiiir;  as,  the  rffum  of  men  fit 
for  duty  ;  the  return  of  the  number  of  the  aick  ;  the 
return  of  provisions,  ammunition,  Ace. 

17.  A  report  or  numerical  statement ;  as,  the  re- 
tarns  of  an  election  ;  the  returns  of  a  marshal. 

RE-TLIR.N'.\-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  returned  or  re- 
stored. 

2.  In  late,  that  Is  legally  to  be  returned,  delivered, 
given,  or  rendered  ;  as,  a  writ  or  precept  returnable  at 
a  certain  day  ;  a  verdict  returnable  to  the  court;  an 
attachuient  rrtumabU  to  the  King's  Bench. 

RE-TUR.\'-DAY,  n.  The  day  when  the  defendant  is 
to  appear  tn  court,  and  the  sheriff  is  to  return  the 
writ  and  his  proceedings. 

RE TL'RN'fil),  pp.  or  a.  Restored  ;  given  or  sent 
buck  ;  repaid  ;  brought  or  rendered  to  tlie  proper 
court  or  officer. 

RE-TL'Rj\'ER,  ».  One  who  returns;  one  that  re- 
pays or  remits  money. 

RE-TURN'LNG,  ppr.  or  a.  Giving,  carrying,  or  send- 
ing back  ;  coming  or  going  hack  ;  rtuiking  report. 

RE  TURiN'LNG-OF'FX-CER,  n.  The  officer  whose 
duty  it  is  to  make  returns  of  writs,  precepts,  ju- 
ries, &.C. 

RE-TURN'LES3,  a.  Admitting  no  return.  [Litile 
used.]  Chapman, 

RE-TCSE',  a.     [L.  rettrnt.",  retundo.] 

In  botany  and  concholngy,  terminating  in  a  round 
end,  the  center  of  which  is  depressed  ;  as,  a  retuse 
leaf.  Lindley.     Humble. 

Re-IJN'ION,  (-yun'yun,)  n.  A  second  union  ;  union 
formed  anew  aRer  separation  or  discord  ;  as,  a  re- 
union of  parts  or  particles  of  matter ;  a  reunion  of 
parties  or  sects. 

2.  In  medicine,  union  of  parts  separated  by  wounds 
or  accidents.  Parr. 

Reunion,  from  the  French,  in  the  sense  of  meeting 
or  assembly,  is  sometimes  used. 


TONE,  B^LL,  UWITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CU)US.  — e  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


\)4i) 


REV 

Rfir-NTTE',  p.  (.     [re  and  unite,}     To  unite  npain  ; 

to  join  nflt-r  separnlion.  Shak. 

3.  To  r«onciIe  after  variance. 
RE-tl-.MTE',  ».  i.    To  be  united  again  i  to  join  and 

coliertt  ai!Ain. 
RE-ll-NTT'ED,  pp.    United  or  joined  again  j  recon- 

riled. 
Rft-UNTT'ED-Ly,  adv.     Tn  a  rpuniiod  manner. 
RR  U-iVrT'ING.ppr.     Uniting  again  :  reconcilinR. 
RE-tJ-NI"TIOi\,  (-yu-nifih'un,)  «.    A  second  uniting. 

{Rare.] 
RK-t'RGF/,  r.  L    To  urge  a;:ain. 
REOS'r^ITE,  n.    [from  Reuss.  the  place  where  it  is 

found.] 

A  salt  of  sulphate  of  soda  and  magnesia,  found 

in  the  form  of  «  mealy  efflorescence,  sotneiimes  crjs- 

tnllized  in  flat,  six-sided  prisms,  and  in  acicular  crys- 

tals.  lire. 

RE-VAe'CIN-ATE,  r.  L     To  vaccinate  a  second 

lime. 
BE-VAe'ClN-A-TED,    pp.      Vaccinated   m    second 

lime. 
Re-VAC'CIX-A-TING,  ppr      Vaccinating  a  second 

time. 
Be_VAe-CI.\-A'TiON,  «.    A  second  vaccination. 
Rfi-V.AL-Q-A'TION,  ».    A  second  valuation. 
RSVE,  a.     [Sax.  gerrfa.] 

An  officer,  steward,  or  govcmor.     It  is  tt^ally 

written  Keeve. 
R£-VeAL\  r.  U    [Fr.  rtceler;  h.  revelo  ;  r«  and  veh^ 

to  veil.] 

1.  To  disclose;  to  show ;  to  make  known  some- 
thing before  unknown  or  concealed  ;  as,  to  rtceal 
Kcreis, 

2.  To  disclose,  or  make  known  from  heaven.  God 
bas  been  pleased  to  rereat  his  will  to  man. 

Tbe  wnth  tt  God  is  rvvtoltd  fmm  h-arfn  ■(piiitat  all  ungodli- 
oen  and  uuricbtetNuuess  of  nKn.—  Rom.  i. 

RE-VEAL',  x.  A  revealing ;  disclosure.  [.Vo<  in 
ute.'\  Brotcn, 

2.  The  side  of  an  opening  for  a  window,  doorway, 
&.C.,  iK'twcen  Uie  framework  and  the  outL-r  siirfare  of 
the  wall.  Oh*s.  ufArdui, 

RE-VEAL'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  be  revealed. 

RE-VEAL' A-BLE-.NESS,  n.  State  of  being  reveal- 
able. 

EB-VEAL'iTD,  pp.  or  a  Disclosed  ;  made  known  \ 
laid  open. 

RE-VeAL'ER,  n.  One  that  discloses  or  makes  known. 
Si.  One  that  Ijrings  to  view.  Drydm. 

RE-V£AL'I\G,  ppr.  Disclosing;  making  known  i 
discovering;. 

RE-VEAL'31EXT,  n.  The  act  of  revealing.  [UiiU 
lunM  SoutK 

RE-VfilL'LE,  (re-varyi,)  lu  [Fr.  rer«7'rr,  to  awake  ; 
re  and  tcUler^  to  watch  ;  contracted  fiom  L.  vigilo, 
See  Watch.] 

In  milUarjf  affairs,  the  beat  of  drum  about  break  of 
day,  to  give  notice  that  it  is  time  for  the  soldiers  to 
rise,  and  for  the  sentinels  to  forbear  challenging. 

JSratule. 

REVEL,  r.  i.  [D.  rcrr/cn,  to  rave,  from  the  root  of 
L.  rabo,  rabio.to  ntire,  whence  rabies,  rabid;  Dan. 
T-aaben^  to  bawl,  lo  clafnor ;  S\v.  ropa  :  allied  to  rove, 
rapio  ;  It.  riobotd,  a  spendthrift  j  rioboidttiif  to  not  or 
revel  j 

1.  To  feast  with  loose  and  clamorous  merriment ; 
to  carouse  ;  to  act  the  bacchanalian. 

Anion;,  ihat  reatit  lottg  o'  nighu.  SfuUc, 

2.  To  move  playfully  or  without  regularity. 
REVEL,  a.    A  feast  witli  loose  and  nuiey  jotlitv. 

Shuk, 
Some  men  mtn  the  fabric  of  ibeir  bo^ei  bj  incmsnt  rtvelt, 

Aambltr. 

3.  8ee  Rkveal,  n. 

RE-VEL',  r.  C.     fL.  rtvtllo:  r«  and  vfUo,  to  pull.] 
To  draw  back  >  to  retract ;  to  make  a  revuNion. 
Harem.     FrinttL 
REV-F^LA'TION,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  revilalus,  rtctlo. 
See  RETsauJ 

1.  The  act  of  disclosing  or  discovering  lo  others 
what  waj  before  anknown  to  them  ;  apprvpriaieltf^ 
tbe  disckmre  or  communication  of  truth  to  men  by 
God  himself,  or  by  his  autliorized  agents,  the  proph- 
ets and  apostles. 

BiW  tlMl  bf  mviftfioH  he  made  fctiown  to  m^  xhc  ntTatrry,  u  I 
wrob;  beiore  is  lew  wor-lt. —  Eph.  iii.    2  Cor.  x'u. 

2.  That  which  is  revealed  ;  appr^riately^  the  sa- 
cred truths  which  God  has  communicated  to  man  for 
bis  instniction  and  direction.  The  rfveialions  of  God 
are  contained  in  the  Old  and  New  Testament. 

3.  The  Apocalypse ;  the  last  book  of  the  sacred 
canon,  coniaming  the  prophecies  of  St.  John. 

REVEL-£D,pp.  Feasted  with  not^y  merriment;  ca- 
roused. 

REVEL-ER.iF.  [SeeRETai-j  One  who  feasts  with 
noiyy  merriment.  Pirpf, 

RE  VEL-LNG,  ppr.  Feasting  with  noisy  merriment  j 
carousing. 

REV'EL-ING,  «.  A  feasting  with  noisy  merriment; 
revelry.     Oal.  v.    1  Pet,  iv, 

RE-VEL'LED,  pp.     Drawn  back  ;  retracted. 

RE-\'EL'LENT,  a.    Causing  revulfion. 


REV 

REV'EL-MEXT,  ji-     Act  of  reveling. 
REVEL-ROUT,  a.     [See  Rout.]     Tumultuous  fes- 
tivity. Rowe. 

9.  A  mob;  a  rabble  tumultuously  assembled  ;  au 
unlawful  as-sembly.  jUrufirorth. 

REVEL-RY,  »,    Noisy  festivity;  clamorous  jollity. 

Milton, 
RE-VEN'DI-€ATE,  r.  L      [Ft.   revrndiquer  ;   re  and 
vendiquer^  to  claim  or  challenge,  L.  vindico.     See 
Vindicate.] 

To  reclaim  what  has  been  taken  away;  to  claim 
to  have  restored  what  has  been  seized. 

Should  aome  subcniu^nt  fortunate  revutuiioii  ilelivpr  It  from  the 
conqueror's  yoke,  U  can  ree^ruticate  Ih'-Tii.      VaOtl,  2Van#. 

RE.VEiV'DL€A-TED,pp.  Reclaimed  ;  regained  j  re- 
covered. 

RE- VEN'Dr-€A-TING, ppr.  Reclaiming;  re-denmnd- 
ing ;  recovering. 

RE-VEN-DI-€A'TrOX,n.  [Pr.]  The  net  of  reclaim- 
ing or  demanding  the  restoration  of  any  thing  taken 
by  an  enenty  ;  as  by  riglit  of  postliminium. 

The  endteu  dispni^  which  woulU  iprin;  from  Uw  rtvtndieation 
of  th«tn  huvfl  inuxxlua-d  a  eoalnrj  pncvee.   Vatul,  TVaiw, 

RE-VENGE',  (re-venj',)  v.  L  [Fr.  revenehn;  vender  ; 
Sp.ren^ar;  Pott,  ving-ar ;  L.  rtnt/fx,  ei'iu/ico;  It.ven- 
dicare.     See  Vindicate.] 

I.  To  inflict  pain  or  injury  in  return  for  an  injury 
received. 

JVute.  —  This  word  and  avm^e  were  formerly  used 
as  synonymous,  and  it  is  so  used  in  the  common 
version  of  the  Scripture,  and  applied  to  the  Supreme 
Being.  *'  O  Lord,  revenge  me  of  my  persecutors." 
Jer.  XV.  In  consequence  of  a  distinction  between 
avenjre  and  recat^e,  which  modern  usage  has  intro- 
duced, the  application  of  this  word  to  the  Supreme 
Being  appears  extremely  harsh,  irreverent,  and  of- 
feiistve.  Retenge  is  now  used  in  an  ill  senile,  ftir  the 
infliction  of  p^iin  maliciously  or  illegally  ;  avenge  for 
inflicting  just  punishment. 

'2.  According  to  modern  u-^a^r,  to  inflict  pain  delib- 
erately and  maliciously,  contrary  to  the  laws  uf  jus- 
tice and  tiumauity,  in  return  fur  injury,  pain,  or  evil, 
received  ;  to  wreak  vengeance  spitefully  on  one  who 
injures  or  ofl^ends.  VVe  say,  to  retcnge  an  injury  or 
insult,  or,  with  the  reciprocal  pronoun,  lo  revenge 
ounelcu  on  an  enemy  or  fur  an  injury,  tlmt  is,  lo 
take  vengeance  or  satisfaction. 

3.  To  vindicate  by  punisliment  of  an  enemy. 

Tbe  foda  an  juai,  and  uill  rnenga  o-jr  caiiae.  Dn/den. 

[According  to  modem  usage,  orenf«  should  here 
be  substituted  for  rerenffc] 
RE-VE.\GE',  (re-venj',)  n.    [Fr.  reveneht;  Arm.  re- 
vaiich,] 

1.  Return  of  an  injury ;  infliction  of  punishment. 
[Ob$.] 

Tbc  beginning  of  mengn  upoo  Un  coemj.  —  Deut.  xzxiL  C 

3.  According  to  modem  u-^agf,  a  malicious  or  spite- 
ful inlliction  of  pain  or  injury,  contrary  to  the  laws 
of  justice  and  Christianity,  in  return  for  an  injury 
or  oflViise.  Revenge  is  dictated  by  pa.-isioa  ;  vengeance 
by  justice. 

3.  The  passion  which  is  excited  by  an  injury  done 
or  an  afl'ront  given  ;  (he  desire  of  iullirtin^  pain  on 
one  who  has  dune  an  injury ;  as,  to  glut  revenffF., 

Retengty  as  tlie  word  is  miw  understood,  is  always 
contniry  to  tbe  precepts  of  Christ. 

Tlie  inilul^DM  of  reotngt  tends  to  make  men  more  tavnev  and 
cruet.  Kamt», 

RE-VENG'ED,  pp.    Punished  in  return  for  an  injury ; 

spitefully  punished.    The  injury  is  revenged. 
RE-VE.NGE'FiJL,  (re-venj'ful,)  a.     Full  of  revenge  or 

a  desire  to  inflict  pain  or  evil  for  injury  received ; 

spiteful;  malicious;  wreaking  revenge. 

If  ihy  reetnge/ul  heart  caii  not  forgive.  Shak. 

Q.  Vindictive;  inflicting  punishment. 

M:iy  my  hintU 
Nererbnindwh  more  reoengtjul  si^el.  Sha!:. 

RE-VEXGE'FJJI^LY,  (re-venj'fwl-ly,)  adv.  By  way 
of  revenge;  vindictively;  with  the  spirit  of  revenge. 

Dryden. 

RE:-^'E^'GE'^[;L-^•ES9,  (re-venj'ful-ncss;)  n.  Vin- 
dictivtiifss.  More. 

RE-VE.\GE'LE?S,  (re-venj'Iess,)  a.    Unreveuged. 

Marston. 

RE  VENGE'MENT,  (re-vcnj'ment,)  n.  Revenge  ;  re- 
turn of  an  injury.     {Little  u.ud.\  Spenser. 

RE-VE\G'ER,  n.  One  who  revenges  ;  one  who  in- 
flicts pain  on  another  siiitefully  in  return  for  an  in- 
jury. Spenser. 

S.  One  who  inflicts  just  punishment  for  injuries. 
[Les.*  proper.  1  Bentley. 

RE-VE.XG'lNG^/fr.  Inflicting  pain  or  evil  spitefully 
for  injury  or  aflront  received. 

2.  Vindicatine  ;  punishing. 
RE-VE\G'[.\G-LY,  adv.     With  revenge;   with  the 

spirit  of  revenge;  vindictively.  S/tak. 

REVE-NCE,  71.  [Fr.  rcnmu,  trom  revenir,  to  return, 
L,  revenio  ;  re  and  venio,  to  come.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  the  annual  rents,  profits,  in- 
terest, or  issues,  of  any  species  of  property,  real  or 
personal,  belonging  to  an  individual  or  to  the  public. 


REV 

When  used  of  individuals,  it  is  equivalent  to  income. 
In  modern  usage,  income  is  applied  more  generally 
lo  the  rent^  and  prolits  of  individuals,  and  revenue 
to  those  of  the  state.     In  the  hitter  case,  revenue  is, 

2.  The  annual  pr^xiuce  of  taxes,  excise,  customs, 
duties,  rents,  &c.,  which  a  nation  or  state  collects 
and  receives  into  the  treasury  for  public  use. 
^.  Return;  reward;  as,  a  rich  repmue of  praise. 
RE- VERB',  r.  t.    To  reverberate.    [J\ot  in  use.] 

Shak. 
RE-VERB'ER-ANT,  a.     [L.  reverberans.     Bee  R«- 

TERBERATE.] 

Returning  sound  ;  resounding ;  driving  back. 

Shak. 
RE-VERB'ER-ATE,  v.  u    [L.  reverberof  rt  and  ver- 
bero,  to  beat.] 

1.  To  return,  as  sound;  to  send  back;  to  echo; 
as,  an  arch  vnerbi-ratej  the  voice.  Shak. 

2.  To  send  or  bent  back  ;  to  repel ;  to  reflect ;  as, 
to  reverberate  rays  of  light.  Sicifl. 

3.  To  send  or  drive  back;  to  repel  from  side  to 
side  ;  as,  flame  reverberated  in  a  furnace. 

RE-VERB'ER-ATE,  r.  i.    To  be  driven  back;  to  be 
repelled,  as  rays  of  light ;  to  echo,  as  sound. 

Jloieell. 
2.  To  resound. 

Aria  evpn  at  hxnd,  n  dmm  ii  ready  bmced, 
'I'hu  &h»ll  reverberate  all  aa  well  aa  Ihiiio. 


Shak. 

RE-VERB'ER-ATE,  a.     Reverberant.  Shak, 

RE-VERB'ER-A-TED,  pp.    Driven  back;  sent  back  ; 

driven  from  side  to  side. 
RE-VERB'ER-A-TING,    ppr.      Driving   or   sending 

b:ick  :  reflecting,  as  light ;  echoing,  as  sound. 
RE-VERB-ER-A'TION,  h.     [Fr. ;  from  reverberate.] 
The  act  of  driving  or  sciuling  back  ;  particularly^ 

the  act  of  reflecting  light  and  heat  or  repelling  sound. 

Thus  we  speak  of  the  reverberation  of  the  rays  of 

light  from  an  object,  the  reverbi-ration  of  found  In 

echoes,  or  the  reverberation  of  heht  or  flame  in  a 

furnace. 
RE-VERB'ER-A-TO-RV,  a.      Returning   or  driving 

back  ;  its,  a  rei-erberatory  furnace  or  kiln.      Jiloion, 
RE-VKllB'ER-A-TORV,  n.     A  furnace  with  a  kind 

of  dome  that  reflects  the  flame  upon  a  vessel  placed 

within  it,  so  as  to  surround  it.  JVieholson. 

RE-VERE',  r.  (.     [Fr.  rcverer ;  It.  reverire ;  L.  revt- 

reor  ;  re  and  vercor,  to  fear.] 
To  regard  with  fear  mtngteci  with  respect  and 

affection  j  to  venerate ;  to  reverence ;  lo  honor  in 

estimation. 

Marcus  Aureliui,  whom  he  raihcr  revered  aa  hk  father,  thnn 
ticMtnl  aa  hia  ^vtrtaer  ui  the  emplra*  vt'Mi^nn. 

RE-VeR'/^D,  pp.  or  a.    Regarded  with  fear  mingled 

with  respt-ct  and  alfection. 
REVER-E.NCE,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  reverentia.] 

I.  Fear  mingled  with  respect  and  esteem  j  vensr- 

ation. 

When  qufirrela  and  rnctlnns  (ire  cnrTi''d  Opfnly,  It  U  a  8iyn  that 
til-  reoertnce  of  guwriimoni  is  lost.  Bacon. 

Tlie  fiar  uccj-pubie  lo  God,  ia  a  fili.it  four,  an  awful  reference  of 
-  tiie  iliviiie  nature,  prt-wdjug  from  r  just  (*lertii  of  liifc  iwr- 
fi'Cliona,  which  proiKio-B  in  us  an  inciiuutioo  to  hid  ai.'rvic* 
ujid  an  uiiuilliii^n'sa  to  oflend  biin.  Rogers. 

Reverence  is  nearly  equivalent  to  veneration,  but 
expresses  something  less  of  the  same  eindlion.  It 
diflers  from  awe,  which  is  an  emolicm  compounded 
of  fear,  dread,  or  terror,  with  admiration  of  sonte- 
thing  great,  but  not  necessarily  implying  love  or 
affection.  We  feel  reverence  for  a  parent,  and  for 
an  upriglit  magistrate,  but  we  stand  in  aire  of  a  ty- 
rant.   This  distinction  may  not  always  be  observed. 

Q.  An  act  of  respect  or  obeisance  ;  a  bow  or  cour- 
tesy.    2  Sam.  ix.  Dryden.     Fairfax. 

3.  A  title  of  the  clergy,  Shak. 

4.  A  poetical  title  of  a  father,  Skak. 
REVERENCE,  r.  f.    To  regard  with  reverence;  to 

regard  with  fear  mingled  with  respect  and  aflection. 
We  reverence  superiors  for  their  age,  their  authority, 
and  their  virtues.  We  ought  to  recerence  parents 
and  upright  judges  and  magistrates.  VVe  ought  lo 
reverence  the  Supreme  Being,  bis  word,  and  liis  or- 
dinances, 

Thoar  that  I  reverence,  thoae  I  fi»ar,  the  wlac.  ■  Shak. 

They  will  reoertnce  my  aon.  —  Matt.  xxi. 

L-.t  the  w ile  »x  ihui  she  reoeretux  her  husbaud.  —  E^ih.  v, 

REVER-EN-Ci!;D,  (rev'er-enst,)  w>.     Regarded  with 
fear  miufled  with  respect  and  anectinn. 

REVER-EN-CER,  w.    One  that  regards  with  rever- 
ence. Steift. 

REVER-EN-CING,  ppr.    Regarding  with  fear  mixed 
with  respect  and  aflection. 

REV'ER-EXD,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L,  rei^erendus.] 

I.  Worttiy  of  reverence  ;  entitletT  to  respect  min- 
gled with   fear  and  aflection;   aa,  reverend  and  gra- 
cious senators.  Shak. 
A  reverend  sirr  among  tfaem  came.                    Milton. 

9,  A  title  of  respect  given  to  the  clergy  or  ecclesi- 
astics. We  style  a  clerg>"nian  reverend;  a  bishop  is 
styled  right  reverend;  an  archbishop  most  reverend. 
In  England^  a  dean  is  also  styled  very  recerend.  In 
Rmnan  Catholic  countries,  the  members  of  the  differ- 
ent relif;ioiis  orders  are  styled  reverend.  Brande. 
REVER-ENT,  a.     Expressing  reverence,  veneration, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — M£TE,  PREY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.- 
950  ' 


REV 

or  suhrai^jsion  j  as,  TevtTejU  words  or  Itrms  ;  a  revcr- 
•nt  ptisture  in  prayer  ;  reverent  beh:ivior. 

2.  Submissive ;  liuiubic  j  iuipres!<ed  with  rever- 
ence. 

They  prostrate  fcU  bclbre  him  rtctrtnt.  Milton. 

REV-ER-EN'TIAL,  o.  [from  reoerenee^}  Proceeding 
from  reverence,  or  eipressing  il ;  as,  rev^cntlal  fear 
or  awe  ;  recereiitial  gratitude  or  esteem. 

ReligkiD  —  couiistliig  in  a  reverential  esteem  of  thtnfv  nenrd. 

South. 

REV-ER-EN'TIAL-LY,  adv.  With  reverence,  or 
show  of  reverence.  Brown. 

REVER-ENT-LY,  ado.  With  reverence;  with  re- 
spectful regard. 

OiiJe  Uiin  for  faulti,  and  do  It  revereiUJy.  iSAaJt. 

S.  With  veneration  i  with  fear  of  what  is  great  or 
terrifying. 

So  reverenVy  ra*n  qtiil  the  open  air, 

When  thuiiJer  apcali*  the  angry  guds  abroad.  Dryden. 

RH-VeR'ER,  n.    One  who  reveres  or  venerates. 

REV'ER-IE,  >  n.     [Ft.  rSverie^  from  riccr,  to  dream, 

REV'ER-V,   (      to  rave,  to  be  light-headed.    In  present 

usage,  thi3  word  is  more  frequently  written  Rev- 

EKIE.] 

I.  Properly^  a  ravinij  or  delirium  ;  but  ita  sense,  as 
generally  used,  is  a  loose  or  irregular  train  of  thoughts, 
occurring  in  musing  or  meditation;  wild,  extrava- 
gant conceit  of  the  fancy  or  imagination.  There  are 
r^ertWand  extravagancies  which  pasd  through  the 
minds  of  wise  men,  as  well  as  fools.  Addison. 

%  A  chimera  ;  a  vision. 

3.  In  meAicuity  voluntary  inactivity  of  the  whole 
or  the  greater  part  of  the  external  senses  to  the  im- 
pressions of  surrounding  objecL-i,  during  wakeful- 
ness. Good. 

RE-VeR'ING,  -ppr.  Regarding  with  fear  mixed  with 
respect  and  affection  ;  venerating. 

RE-VER£i'AL,  a.  [See  Reterse.]  Intended  to  re- 
verse; implying  reverse.  Burnet. 

RE-VERS'AL,  n.  [from  reverse.']  A  change  or  over- 
throwing; as,  the  rerersal  of  a  judgment,  which 
ainotinis  to  an  official  declaration  that  it  is  false.  So 
we  speak  of  the  reversal  of  an  attainder,  or  of  an 
outlawry-,  by  which  the  sentence  is  rendered  void. 

Blackstone. 

RE- VERSE',  (re-vers'j)  r.  U  [L.  reversiu^  revertoi  re 
and  rerto,  to  turn.] 

1.  To  turn  upside  down  ;  as,  to  reverse  a  pyramid 
or  cone.  Temple. 

2.  To  overturn ;  to  subvert ;  as,  to  reverse  the  state. 

Pope. 

3.  To  turnback  j  ai,  with  swift  wheelj  reverse. 

Milton. 

4.  To  turn  to  the  contrary ;  as,  to  reverse  the 
scene. 

Or  uSectntions  quite  rtvtrtt  the  sou].  Pope. 

5.  To  put  each  in  the  place  of  the  other  ;  as,  tore- 
verse  the  distinctions  of  good  and  evil.        Rogers. 

6.  In  lair,  to  overthrow  by  a  contrary  decision  ;  to 
make  void;  to  annul;  as,  to  reverse  a  judgment, 
sentence,  or  decree.  Judgments  are  reversed  by 
writs  of  error ;  and  for  certain  causes,  may  be  rfr- 
versed  without  such  writs. 

7.  Til  recall.     [JVot  in  «*«•]  Spenser. 
RE-VERSE',  (re-vern',)  v.  L    To  return.    [JVotinuse.] 

Spenser. 
RE-\"ERSE',  (re-vers',)  n.     Change ;  vicissitude  ;  a 
turn  of  afihtrs  ;  in  a  good  sense. 

By  a  ttmnv?  rtoerte  of  Uiingv,  Jti«tinian*i  law,  vbich  (or  m^n; 
ap^  wB«  neglecieil,  now  obuinn.  Baker. 

2.  Change  for  the  wome  ;  misfortune.  By  an  un- 
expected reverse  o(  circumstances,  an  affluent  man 
Is  reduced  to  poverty. 

3.  A  contrary  ;  an  opposite. 

Tbe   prrfornutne^«  to  whinh  God  haa  anrwxM  (h>  pmmlira  of 
ttetnky,  are  Jual  Uie  revem  oT  all  Uie  p unuiu  of  ti-iiw;. 
Jtogert. 

4.  [Ft.  rrvrrs.]  The  bnck  side  ;  as,  the  reverse  of  a 
Hmm  ;  the  reverse  iif  n  medal  or  coin,  i.  e.,the<iide  op- 
posite to  that  on  which  the  head  or  principal  figure  is 
impri"9Bed.  Brande. 

RE-VERSE',  a.  Turned  backward  ;  hnving  a  con- 
trary or  opposite  direction  ;  as,  the  recerse  order  or 
method. 

RE-VERS'ED,  Cre-verst',)pp.  or  a.    Turned  side  for 
side,  or  end  for  end  ;  changed  to  the  contrary. 
3.  In  ^10,  overthrown  or  nnnullfd. 

3.  a.  In  botany^  resupiiiatc;  liaving  the  upper  tip 
larger  and  more  expanded  than  the  lower  ;  as,  a  r«- 
vsrsed  cored. '  Bigewc. 

4.  In  eonckolcgy^  a  reversed  shell  is  one  whose  vo- 
hittons  are  the  reverse  way  of  the  common  cork- 
screw, Jluml'tc, 

RE-VERS'ED-LY,  adv.     In  a  reversed  manner. 

South. 

RE-VERSE'LESS,  (re- vers 'less,)  a.  Not  to  be  re- 
versed ;  irreversible.  Sneard. 

R&VERSE'LY,  (re-vers'Iy.)  adv.  On  the  other  hand; 
on  the  op[K>«ite.  Peamon, 

RE-VERH'I-BM:,  a.  That  may  be  reversed  ;  as,are- 
versible  judgment  or  «enience. 


REV 

RE-VERS'I\G,  ppr.  Turning  upside  down  ;  subvert- 
ing ;  t!irning  the  contrary  way  ;  anuuNing. 

RE-VER'SION,  (-ver'sbun,)  lu  [Fr.,  from  L.  rever- 
sio.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  returning;  appropriatehj, 
in  law,  the  returning  of  ati  estate  to  the  grantor  or  his 
heirs,  after  a  particular  estate  is  ended.     Hence, 

2.  The  residue  of  an  estate  left  in  the  grantor,  to 
commence  in  possession  after  the  determination  of 
the  particular  estate  granted.  Thus,  wijen  there  is  a 
gift  in  tail,  the  reversion  of  the  fee  is,  without  any 
special  reservation,  vested  in  the  donor  by  act  of 
law.  Blackstone. 

3.  In  annuities,  a  payment  which  is  not  to  be  re- 
ceived, or  a  benefit  which  does  ntrt  begin,  until  the 
happening  of  some  event,  as  the  death  of  a  person 
now  living.  Brande. 

4.  Succession ;  right  to  future  possession  or  enjoy- 
ment. 

5.  In  algebra,  reversion  of  series  is  the  method  of 
expressing  the  value  of  an  unknown  quantity  which 
is  involved  in  an  infinite  series  of  terms,  by  means 
of  another  series  uf  terms  involving  the  powers  of 
the  quantity  to  which  the  proposed  series  is  equal. 

Brande. 

RE-VER'SIOX-A-RY,  c  Pertaining  to  a  reversion, 
that  is,  to  l>e  enjoyed  in  succession,  or  after  the  de- 
termination of  a  particular  estate ;  as,  a  reversionary 
interest  or  right. 

RE-VER'SION-ER,  m.  The  person  who  has  a  rever- 
sion, or  who  is  entitled  lo  lands  or  tencment-s,  after 
a  particular  estate  granted  is  determined.  Blackstone. 

RE-VERT',  r.  t.     [L.  recrrto  ;  re  and  verto,  to  turn.] 

1.  To  turn  back  ;  to  turn  to  the  contrary ;  to  re- 
verse. 

Till  happr  chance  revert  the  cruel  Km«.  Prior. 

[Instead  of  revert,  in  this  sense,  Reverse  is  gen- 
erally used.] 

2.  To  drive  or  turn  back;  lo  reverberate;  as,  a 
stream  reverted.  Thomson. 

RE-VERT',  v.  i.     To  return  ;  to  fall  back. 

9.  In  litc^  to  return  to  the  proprietor,  after  the  de- 
termination of  a  particular  e.-'iate.  A  feud  granted 
to  a  man  for  life,  or  to  him  and  his  issue  male,  on  his 
death  or  failure  of  issue  male,  reverted  to  the  lord  or 
proprietor. 

RE-VERT',  n.    In  music,  return;  recurrence. 

Peacham. 

RE-VERT'ED,  pp.    Reversed  ;  turned  back. 

RE-VEKT'EN'i',  n.  A  medicine  which  n-stores  the 
natural  order  of  the  inverted  irritative  motions  in  the 
nnimul  system.  Darwin. 

RE-VERT'I-BLE,  a.    That  mny  revert  or  return. 

RE-VERT' [\G,  ppr.     Turning  back  ;  returning. 

RE-VEKT'lVE,  a.     Changing;  reversing.     Thomson. 

RK-VERT'IVE-LY,  ojIv.     By  way  of  reversion. 

REV'EU-V,  n.     See  Reverie. 

RE-VEST', r.  (.  [Ff.  rcvdtiri  Low  L.  revestio;  rcand 
ve^tiOf  to  clothe.] 

1.  To  clothe  n;;ain.  Wotton. 

2.  To  reinvest;  to  vest  again  with  possession  or 
ofiice  ;  as,  lo  revest  a  magistrate  with  authority. 

3.  To  lay  out  in  something  less  fleeting  than  mon- 
ey ;  as,  lo  revest  money  it)  stocks. 

RfS-VEST',  o.  I,  To  lake  etl'ect  again,  as  a  title;  to 
return  to  a  former  ownt-r  ;  as,  the  title  or  right  re- 
vests in  A,  after  alienation. 

RTnVEST'ED,  pp.    Clothed  again  :  invested  anew. 

RE-VE3T'I-A-RV,  n,  [Fr.  rcve^tiaire^  from  L.  re- 
vestio.] 

The  place  or  apartment  in  a  church  or  vmple 
where  the  dresses  are  deposited;  now  contracted 
into  Vestrv.  Cimden. 

RE-VEST'ING,  ppr.  Clothing  again ;  investing 
anew. 

REVET'.MEXT,  X.  [Fr.  revStment,  the  lining  of  a 
ditch,  froui  revctir,  supra.] 

In  furt'jiuit'u'n^  a  strong  wall  on  the  outside  of  a 
rampart,  intcndid  to  support  the  earth. 

RE-VT'llRATE,  V.  i.  [re  and  vibrate.]  To  vibrate 
back  or  in  return. 

RE-VI-BRA'TIOX,  n.     The  act  of  vibrating  back. 

RE-VIC'TIOX,  It.     [L.  rr  and  vivo,  victum,  to  live.] 
Return  to  life.     [JiTut  used.]  Brown. 

RE-VICT'UAL,Crp-vii'l,)  r.  (.  [re  and  victual]  To 
ftimish  again  with  provisions.  Ralegh. 

RR-VICT'UAL-£U,  tre-vjt'ld,)  pp.  Furnished  with 
victuals  again. 

Rfi-VICT'UAL-IN'G,  (re-vit'1-ing,)  ppr.  Supplying 
again  with  provisions 

RE- VIE',  r.  t.  [re  and  vie.]  To  accede  to  the  pro- 
posal of  a  stake  and  to  overtop  it ;  an  old  phrase  at 
ea  nh.     [  Obs.  ]  B.  .Jo  nso  n . 

RE  VIE',  V.  i.  To  return  the  challenge  of  a  wager  at 
cards  ;  to  make  a  retort.    [Obs.] 

Trial  of  the  Seven  Bishops, 

RE- VIEW',  (re-va',)iJ.t.  [r«  and  view;  or  Fr.rcvoir, 
recu.] 

1.  TO  look  back  on. 

2.  To  see  again. 

1  ■hull  remete  Siei'b.  SfuJc. 

3.  To  view  and  examine  a^nin  ;  lo  reconsider  ;  to 
revise;  as,  to  revine  a  nmnuscript.    It  is  said  that 


REV 


Dcnham. 


Virgil  was  prevented  by  deuh  from  remewinir  the 
Eneid.  * 

4.  To  retrace, 

Snal!  I  iholoiif,  labunoiia  aceoe  rewt&igj  Pms. 

5.  To  survey  ;  to  inspect ;  to  examine  the  state  of 
any  thing,  paiticularly  of  trw)ps  ;  as,  to  review  a  regi- 
ment. 

RE-VIEW',  (re-vu',)  n.  [Fr.  reviu,  from  revoir;  re 
and  Voir,  from  L,  video,  to  see.] 

1.  A  second  or  repeated  view  ;  a  reexamination  ; 
resurvey  ;  as,  a  review  of  the  works  of  nature  ;  a  re- 
vieio  of  life. 

2.  Revision;  a  second  examination  with  a  view  to 
aniendinent  or  improvetnent ;  as,  an  author's  review 
of  his  works.  ' 

3.  In  military  affairs,  an  examination  or  inspection 
of  troops  under  arms,  by  a  general  or  commander, 
for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  state  of  their  dis- 
cipline, equipments,  &c. 

4.  In  literature,  a  critical  examination  of  a  new 
publication,  with  remarks. 

5.  A  periotlical  pamphlet  containing  examinations 
or  analyses  of  new  publications;  as,  the  Critical 
Revicjv. 

0*mmission  cf  review ;  a  commission  granted  by 
the  British  king  to  revise  the  sentence  of  the  court 
of  delegates.  Enajc. 

RE-VIEW' £D,  (re-vude',)  pp.  Resurveyed  ;  reexam- 
ined ;  uispected  ;  critically  analyzed. 

RE-VIEW'ER,  n.  One  that  reviews  or  reexamines  ; 
an  inspector;  one  that  critically  examines  a  new 
publication,  and  publishes  his  opinion  upon  its  mer- 
its, 

RE-VIEW'I\G,  ppr.  I.ooking  back  on  ;  seeing 
again  ;  revising ;  reexamining ;  inspecting,  as  an 
army  ;  critically  examining  and  remarking  on. 

RE-VIG'OR-ATE,  v.  t.  [re  and  vigor.]  To  give  new 
vigor  to.     [vVw(  in  use.] 

RE-Vir.E',  r.  (.  [re  and  vile.  RioUant  is  found  in 
the  Norman.] 

To  reproach  ;  to  treat  with  opprobrious  and  con- 
temptuous language. 

She  rtoilfth  him  lo  his  facp.  Sv\ft. 

Tfioii  alialt  not  mile  the  godn.  —  T.x.  xxlt. 

BIfs«?d  am  yn  when  men  khtill  rtvUe  you.  —  Matt.  t. 

RE- VILE',  n.  Reproach;  contumely;  cofitemptuous 
lauL'uage.     [J\'bt  in  use.]  MUton, 

RE-VIL'A'D,  pp.  Reproached ;  treated  with  oppro- 
brious or  contemptuous  language. 

RE-VILE'MENT,  iu  Reproach;  contemptuous  lan- 
guage. More. 

RE-VIL'ER,  n.  One  who  reviles  another;  one  who 
treats  annther  with  coniemptuous  language. 

RE- VIL'ING,  ppr.  Reproaching;  treating  with  lan- 
gnnge  of  contempt, 

RE-VIL'li\G,  n.  Tiie  act  of  reviling  or  treating  with 
reproachful  words.    Is.  li. 

RE-VIL'ING-LY,  adv.  With  reproachful  or  contempt- 
uous language  ;  with  opprobrium. 

Rk-VIN'DI-CATE,  r.  (.  To  vindicate  again;  to  re- 
claim ;  to  demand  and  take  back  what  lias  been  lost. 

Mitford. 

RE-VLVDI-eA-TED,  pp.  Vindicated  again;  re- 
claimed. 

Rr:-Vl\'ni-eA-TING,p;>r.     Reclaiming. 

RE-VIS'AL,  n.  [from  revise.]  Revision  ;  the  act  of 
reviewing  and  reexamining  for  correction  and  im- 
provement ;  as,  the  revisal  of  a  manuscript ;  the  re- 
visnl  of  a  proof  sheet. 

RE-VISE',  V.  t.  [L.  revisusy  reviso,  to  revisit ;  r«and 
visa,  to  see,  to  viait.] 

1.  To  review  ;  to  reexamine  ;  to  look  over  with  care 
for  correction  ;  as,  to  revise  a  writing ;  lo  revise  a 
proof-sheet.  '  Pope. 

2.  To  review,  alter,  and  amend  ;  as,  to  revise  stat- 
utes. 

RE-VISE',  n.    Review  ;  reexamination.  ^oyle. 

2.  AuHmg  printers,  a  st- cond  proctf-sheet ;  a  proof- 
sheel  Inkeii  after  the  first  correction. 

RE-VIS'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Reviewed;  reexamined  for 
correction. 

RE-VIS'ER,  n.  One  that  revises  or  reexamines  for 
correction. 

RE-VIS'ING,  p;)r.  Reviewing;  reexamining  for  cor- 
rection. 

RE-VI"SION,  (re-vizh'un,)  n.    [Fr.]    The  act  of  re- 
viewing ;    review ;    reexamination   for    correction ; 
ns,  the  revision  of  a  book  or  writing,  or  of  a  proof- 
sheet  ;  a  revision  of  statutes. 
2.  Enumeration  of  inhabitants.  Tooke, 

R!^vr'''*loN-A^RY,  i  "•    Pertaining  to  revision. 
RE-VIS'IT,  e.  f.      [Fr  revisUer ;   L.  revisito}    re  and 
visito,  from  viso^  to  see  or  visit,] 
To  visit  again. 


Let  the  pale  aire  revitil  Thlwi. 


P<^. 


RE-VIS-IT-A'TIOX,  n.    The  act  of  revisiting. 
RB-VIiB'IT-ED,  pp.     Visited  again. 
RE-VIS'IT-ING,  ppr.    Visiting  again. 
RE-VI'SO-RY,  a.    That  reviews;   having  power  to 

revise.  Judge  Storf, 

RE-VI'VAL,  n,    [from  revive.]    Return,  recall,  oi  IN- 


TONE, BJJLL,  tJNITE.  — AiV'GER,  VfCIOUa  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  ■  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


951 


REV 

covery  to  lift;  ftvm  df'alti,  or  apparent  death  ;  aSy  the 
revival  of  a  druwiietl  p<?rson. 

i  Heturn  or  recall  to  activity,  from  a  stale  of  lan- 
guor ;  &!<,  (lie  revival  of  spirits. 

3.  Recall,  relurii,  or  recover)-  from  a  state  of  neg- 
lect, obliviuii,  i>bscurity,  or  di^pression  ;  as,  the  re- 
vival of  tetters  or  learning. 

4.  Keneweil  and  more  active  attention  to  re- 
ligion ;  an  awakening  of  men  to  their  spiritual 
concerns. 

RE-VI'VAL-IST,  H.    A  minister  of  the  gospel  who 

promotes  revivals  of  religion.     Reed  and  MaXheson, 
RE-VIVE',  F.  i.     [F*.   reciere;    I*  reciciscoi  ra  and 
vicOy  to  live  ] 
■    1.  To  return  to  life  ;  to  recover  life. 

The  kmI  of  the  child  c*ine  mto  him  «f)uti.  ami  he  mtMd.  —  I 
Ktugi  xvti.    HoiD.  xir. 

5.  To  recover  new  life  or  vigor  \  to  be  reanimated 
after  depression. 

Vtilmi  hp  mm  tli*  w^otm  vti|^  Jowph  luul  m»\  **>  cany  him, 
tbeapint  i.f  Jacob  ibrir  EiOtaer  mtMri.  —  Gen.  zJt, 

3.  To  recover  from  a  stale  of  neglect,  oblivion,  ob- 
scurity, or  depression.  Learning  revkcetl  iu  Europe 
after  the  middle  ages. 

4.  In  ekemistrgy  to  recover  its  natiiml  statt\  as  a 
metal. 

Sin  reriru,  when  the  conscience  is  awakened  by  a 
conviction  of  guilt.    Rom.  vii.  ' 
RE-\7V£',  e.  U    To  bring  again  toHfe;  to  reanimate. 

Milton, 

2.  To  rtiise  from  lanj^uor,  depression,  or  discour- 
agement ;  to  rouse  ;  as,  to  revive  the  spirits  or  cour- 
age. 

3.  To  renew  :  to  bring  into  action  after  a  snspen- 
•ion  ;  as,  to  revive  a  project  or  scheme  that  bad  been 
laid  aside. 

4.  To  renew  in  the  mind  or  memory ;  to  recall. 

The  mind  bJU  the  powrr,  in  majoj  cuo,  to  n 
lIoBt  which  H  KU  onoe  hul. 

5.  To  recover  from  a  state  of  neglect  or  depres- 
sion ;  as,  to  revive  letters  or  learning. 

6L  To  recomfort ;  to  quicken  ;  to  refresh  with  joy 
orbope. 

WBt  tbou  not  miB*  m  »^»i!m  ;  —  Ps,  Izzxv. 

7.  To  bring  again  into  notice. 

AiJH  Ibe  Ubeb  bom  (o  die.  Sw^ft. 

&  In  cJUanatry,  to  restwe  or  reduce  to  Its  nattiral 
Mate,  or  to  its  metallic  stale ;  as,  to  rariee  a  metal 
after  calcination. 

RE-\'7V'£D,  pp.  Brought  to  life;  reanimated;  re- 
newed ;  recovered ;  quickened  ;  cheered  ;  reduced 
to  a  metallic  state. 

RE-VIV'ER,  K.  That  which  revives  ;  that  which  in- 
vigorates or  refre:^hes ;  one  that  redeems  from  neg- 
lect or  depres^on. 

RE-VIVl-FI-GATF,,  r.  f.     [Tr.  rrritifier ;    L.  r«  and 
virifiee;  vtmu,  ahve,  and  facioy  to  make,] 
To  revive;   lo  recall  or  restore  tu  life.     [LitUe 


RB-VlV-I-FI-€A'TIO\,  n.  Renewal  of  life;  res- 
toration of  life  ;  or  the  act  of  recalling  lo  life. 

Spectator. 
S.  In  chemistrpy  the  reduction  of  a  metal  from  a 
state  of  combination  lo  its  metallic  state. 
RE-VIV'I-FI-£L>.  /■;>-    Recalled  to  life  ;  reanimated. 
RE-VIV'I-F?,  r.  U     [Ft,  rernutfier.] 

1.  To  recall  to  life  ;  to  reanimate.        Stackiumse. 

2.  To  give  nsw  life  or  vigor  to. 

RE-VIV'r-P?-ING,  ppr.    Giving  new  life  or  vigor  to. 

RE-VIV'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Eringinai  to  life  a^ain  ;  rean- 
imating ;  renewing-,  recalling  to  the  memory;  re- 
co^'ering  from  neglect  or  dt  presision  :  refreshing  with 
joy  or  hope  ;  reducing  to  a  metallic  state. 

RE-VrV'ING-LY,  ode.    In  a  reviving  manner. 

Coleride-e. 

REV'-^VI?'CENCE,   )  u.   Renewal  of  life  ;  n;Him  to 

REV-I-VIS'CEN-CV,  \      lilV.  BurneL 

REV-1-VlS'CEXT,  a.  Reviving ;  regaining  or  restor- 
ing life  or  action.  Darwin. 

RE-VI'VOR,  B.  In  lair,  the  reviving  of  a  suit  which 
ia  abated  by  the  death  of  any  of  the  parties.  This 
is  done  by  a  bill  of  reviror.  Blackstone. 

EEV'O-eA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  retoeohiiis.  See 
Retuke.] 

That  may  be  recalled  or  revoked  ;  that  may  be  re- 
pealed or  annulled  ;  as,  a  rrroeahle  edict  or  grant. 

REVO-CA-BLE-XESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  rev- 
ocable. 

REVO-CA-BLY,  adv.    In  a  r*^vocable  manner. 

REVO-CATE,  r.  u     [L.  revoco :  re  and  voco.  to  call.] 
To  recall ;  to  call  Back.     [A*trf  nt  use.]     [See  Re- 
voke,] 

REV-O-CA'TIOX,  n,     [Fr.,  from  L.  reroeotio.] 

1.  The  act  of  recalling  or  calling  back  ;  as,  the  rec- 
oeatioH  of  Calvin.  Hooker. 

2.  State  of  being  recalled.  Huwell. 

3.  Repeal ;  reversal ;  as,  the  rttoeation  of  the  edict 
of  Xantes.  A  law  may  cease  to  orwrate  without  an 
express  revocation.  So  we  spenk  of  the  reooeaUon.  of 
a  will,  of  8  use,  of  a  devise,  tc. 

REV'0-€A-TO-RY,  a.     Revuking ;  recalling. 
RE'VOICE',  r.  t.    To  refurnish  with  a  voice  ;  to  refit 


REV 

an  organ-pipe,  so  as  to  restore  its  proper  quality  of 

loin*. 

RE'VOIC'ED,  f-voist',)  pp.  Rcftirnished  with  a  voice. 
Rli-VOKE',  r.  U  [Ft,  revoquer;  L.  rcvoeo  i  re  and  roc*;, 
to  call.] 

1.  To  recall ;  to  repent ;  to  reverse.  A  law,  decree, 
or  sentence  is  revoked  by  the  same  atilhority  which 
enacted  or  passed  it.  \  charter  or  grant  tvhich  vests 
rights  in  a  corporation  can  not  be  leg:Uly  revoked 
without  the  consent  of  the  corporation.  A  devise 
roav  he  revoked  l>y  the  devisor,  a  use  by  the  grantor, 
and  a  will  by  the  testator. 

2.  To  check ;  to  repress  j  as,  to  revoke  rage.  [JVbt 
in  use,]  Speiiser. 

3.  To  draw  back. 


Seas  are  trouUed  when  llwy  do  rtvoka 
Tlirir  flnwjiif  vare*  into  UusiiucIvl-i  ngain. 
{Unuaaai^ 


Daviet. 


RB-VOKE',  c,  i.  In  card-plaijin^,  to  violate  the  laws 
of  the  game  by  nut  playing  the  cards  according  to 
the  established  sequence.  liviile. 

REJ-VfiKE',  n.  In  card-playing^  a  violation  of  rule  by 
not  playing  the  cards  according  to  the  established  se- 
quence of  the  game.  Iloyle. 

RE-VCK'/:i),  (re-vakt',)  pp.    Repealed;  reven«;d. 

RE-VOKE'.MENT,  n.  Revocation ;  revers;il.  [LUde 
used. ]  Shak. 

RE-V6K'IXG,  ppr.    Reversing;  repealing. 

RE-VOK'IN*G-LV,  adv.     Bv  way  of  revocation. 

RE- VOLT',  r.  i.  fFr.  revolter ;  It.  rivottare;  ri  and 
voltartt  to  turn ;  iruni  L.  rcvolvo ;  re  and  vottsoy  to 
turn,  Eng.  wallow.] 

1.  To  fall  off  or  turn  from  one  to  another.    Shak. 

0.  To  renounce  allegiance  and  subjection  to  one's 
prince  orsfcite  ;  to  reject  the  authority  of  a  sovereign  ; 
OS  a  province  or  a  number  of  pi^ople.  It  u  not  ap- 
plied to  imdicidtuilg. 

The  Edomitra  revottsd   Troni  undrr   (he   hand  of  Judah. — 2 
Chron.  zxi. 

3.  To  change,     [.^'■of  tn  vse.]  Shak. 

4.  In  Scripture^  to  disclaim  allegiance  and  subjec- 
tion to  God  ;  to  reject  the  government  of  Uie  King  of 
kings.     Is.  xxxi. 

RE- VOLT',  V.  L  To  turn  ;  to  put  to  flight ;  to  over- 
turn. Burke. 

2.  To  shock  ;  to  do  violence  to ;  to  cause  to  shrink 
or  turn  away  with  abhorrence  ;  as,  to  revolt  the  mmd 
or  Uie  feelings. 

Tbrir  honcM  pride  of  Ihclr  purer  rdtgion  had  retoUH  the 
BohflooUiu.  Atitfoi'd. 

RE-VOLT',  II.  Desertion  ;  change  of  sides ;  more  cor- 
reetlvy  a  renunciation  of  allegiance  and  subjection  lo 
one's  prince  or  government ;  as,  the  revolt  of  a  prov- 
ince of  the  Ronvin  empire. 

2.  Gra*8  departure  Irom  duty.  Shak. 

3.  In  Scripture,  a  rejection  of  divine  government; 
departure  from  God  ;  disobedience,     fs.  lix. 

4.  A  revolter.     [A"**  in  use.]  Shak. 
RE-VOLT'El>,  p^.  ora.    Having  swerved  from  alle- 
giance or  duty.                                                Milton. 

2.  Shocked  ;  grossly  offended. 
RE-VOLT'ER,  n.    One  wiio  changes  sides ;  a  de- 
serter, .^aerbiiry. 

2.  One  who  renounces  allegiance  and  subjection  to 
his  prince  or  state. 

3.  In  Scripture,  one  who  renounces  the  authority 
and  laws  of  God.    Jcr.  vi.    Hoji.  \\. 

RE-VOLT'IXG,  ppr.    Chancing  sides  ;  deserting. 

2.  Disclaiming  allegiance  and  subjection  to  a  prince 
or  state. 

3.  Rejecting  the  authority  of  God. 

4.  a.  Doing  violence,  as  to  the  feelings  ;  exciting 
abhorrence. 

RE  VOLT'ING  LY,  adv.     Offensively  ;  abhorrently. 

REV'0-LU-HLE,  a.     That  may  revolve. 

REVO-LUTE,  a.    [L.  rccolufus^  from  revolvo.] 

In  botany  and  zciilagii,  rolled  back  or  downward  ; 
as,  revolute  foliation  or  leafing,  when  the  sides  of  the 
leaves  in  the  hud  are  rullt^d  spirally  back  or  toward 
the  lower  surface ;  a  revolute  leaf  or  tendril  ;  a  revo- 
lute corol  or  valve.  Martin.     Lse.     Brande. 

REV-0-LC'TlOX,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  revolutus^  re- 
volvo.] 

1.  In  pkysiesj  rotation  ;  the  circular  motion  of  a 
body  on  its  axis  ;  a  course  or  motion  which  brings 
every  point  of  tlie  surfice  or  periphery  of  a  body 
back  to  the  place  at  which  it  began  to  move  ;  as,  the 
revolution  of  a  wheel ;  the  diurnal  revolution  of  the 
earth. 

2.  The  motion  of  a  body  round  any  fixed  point  or 
center  ;  as,  the  annual  revolution  of  the  earth  or  other 
planet  in  its  orbit  round  tlie  center  of  the  system. 

3.  In  geomftnjy  the  inntion  of  a  magnitude  (as  a 
point,  line,  or  surface)  about  a  point  or  line  as  its 
center  or  aiis.  A.  D.  Stanley. 

4.  Motion  of  any  thing  which  brings  it  back  to 
the  same  point  or  stale  ;  as,  the  revolution  of  day  and 
night,  or  of  the  seasons. 

5.  Continued  course  marked  hy  the  regular  return 
of  years  ;  as,  the  revolution  of  ages. 

6.  .Space  measured  by  some  regular  return  of  a  re- 
volving body,  or  of  a  state  of  things ;  as,  the  revula- 
tiaa  of  a  day.  Dryden. 


REW 

7.  In  politiet,  a  mnterini  or  entire  change  in  the 
constitution  of  govennnrnt.  Tims  the  rrvohition  in 
Kncl'ind,  in  It'i^S,  was  produced  by  tht!  iibdication  of 
King  James  II.,  the  establishment  uf  the  house  of 
Orange  u()on  the  throne,  and  the  restoratuin  of  ihe 
constitution  to  its  primitive  state,  'i'he  revolution  in 
the  United  States  of  America,  which  began  in  1775, 
efTfcted  the  separation  of  the  colonies  from  Great 
Britain.  The  revolution  in  France  is,  distinctively, 
that  which  began  in  1789,  and  which  caused  the  de- 
thronement and  death  of  Louis  XVI.  The  revolution 
qf  the  three  days,  in  France,  in  1830,  was  that  which 
placed  the  family  of  Orleans  on  the  throne. 

8.  Motion  backward.  Milton. 
This  word  is  used  adjectively^  as  in  the  phrase  rev- 

ohitton  principles.  Addison.     Smollett. 

REV-0-LC"TION-A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  revolu- 
tion in  government ;  as,  a  revoliUioitary  war;  revolu- 
tionary  crimes  or  disasters.  Burke. 

2.  Tending  to  produce  a  revolution  ;  as,  revolution- 
ary measures. 
REV-O-LO'TIOX-ER,  n.    One  who  ts  engaged  in  ef- 
fecting a  revolution  ;  a  revolutionist.  Ratttsay. 

2.  Ill  Englandy  one  who  favored  t)ie  revolution  in 
1688.  SinoUeU. 

REV-O-LC'TION-ISM,  n.    State  of  revolutions. 
REV-O-LC'TION-IST,  n.     One  engaged  in  effecting 
a  change  of  government  j  the  favorer  of  a  revolution. 
Burke.     S.  S.  Smith. 
REV-O-LC'TIOX-TZE,  v.  u    To  effect  a  change  in 
the  form  of  a  political  constitution  ;  as,  to  revolution- 
ize a  government.  Ames. 
2.  To  effect  an  entire  change  of  principles  in. 

The  gDipcl,  if  n-c«!vcd  iu  Irutli,  baa  reroluHonixed  Kii  aoiil. 

J.  M.  Maton, 

REV-0-LC'TIOX-TZ-£D,  pp.  Changed  in  constitu- 
tional form  and  principles. 

REV-OLO'TIOX-IZ-IXG,  ppr.  Changing  the  form 
and  principles  of  a  constitution. 

RE-VOLVE\  (ro-volv',)  r.  i.  [L.  revolvo  i  re  and 
volvo;  Russ.  valyu,  lo  roll.] 

1.  To  turn  or  roll  round  ;  as,  the  earth  revolvtM  on 
its  axis. 

2.  To  move  round  a  center;  as,  the  planets  revolve 
round  the  sun. 

RE- VOLVE',  r.  I.  To  turn  over  and  over ;  as,  to  re- 
volve thoughts  in  the  mind. 

RE-VOLV'^D,;i;?.  Turned  over  and  over;  seriously 
considen'd. 

RE-VOLV'EX-CY,  n.  Slate,  act,  or  principle  of  re- 
volving; revolution. 

It*  own  revolveney  upholdi  the  Torld.  Oowpar. 

RE-VOLV'ING,ppr.  oro.    Turning;  rolling;,  moving 

roimd. 
RK-VOM'IT,  tj.  (.     [re  and  vomit ;  Fr.  revomir.] 

To  vuniit  or  pour  fortii  again ;  to  reject  from  the 

stomarh.  HakewilL 

Rk-VOM'IT-ED,  pp.    Vomited  again. 
RE-VOM'IT-IXG,  ppr.     Vomiting  again. 
RE-VUL'SIOX,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  revulsus^  revella  ;  re 

and  vello^  lo  pull.] 

1.  In  medicine,  the  act  of  turning  or  diverting  any 
disease  from  one  part  of  the  body  to  another. 

Enajc. 

9.  The  act  of  holding  or  drawing  back.    Brown. 
RE-VUL'SIVE,  a.    Having  the  power  of  revulsion. 
RE-VUL'SIVE,  n.     That  which  has  tiie  power  of  di- 
verting disease  from  one  part  lo  another. 

2.  I'hat  which  has  the  power  of  withdrawing. 

Fell. 
REW,  (rii,)  n.     A  row.     [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser, 

RE-WARU',  p.  t  [Norm,  re^arder,  to  allow  ;  regar- 
des,  fees,  allowances,  perquisites,  rewards;  regardei, 
awarded.  In  these  words  there  appears  to  be  an  al- 
liance with  regard.  Cut  in  the  Fr.  and  Norm,  gvn^ 
don^a  reward,  and  guerdonner,  to  reward,  this  alli- 
ance does  not  appear.  So  the  Italian  guiderdonare, 
to  reward,  is  evidently  a  compound  of  the  L.  dono 
with  another  Vord,  and  apparently  with  the  Sax. 
wiUier,  G.  wtt/er  and  wiedery  D.  weder,  answering  to 
L.  re,  denoting  return.  The  Spanish  and  Portuguese 
have  the  Latin  word  with  a  different  prefix  ;  Sp.  ga- 
lardoR^  a  reward  ;  galardonar,  to  reward  ;  Port,  galar- 
dam,  gnladoar.  The  Armoric  has  gaivedoji,  garredo- 
ner.  Reaard  appears  to  be  from  the  X^orman.] 
To  give  in  return,  either  good  or  evil. 


Hence,  when  good, is  returned  for  good,  reward  sig- 
nifies lo  repay,  to  recompense,  to  compensate.  When 
evil  or  suffering  is  returned  fur  injury  or  wickedness, 
rneard  .'Signifies  to  punish  with  just  retribution,  to 
take  vengeauce  on,  according  to  the  nature  of  the 
casL*. 

I  will  n-nd'^r  ren^anM  to  my  caemiea,  and  wiL  ravar^  them 

thi»t  hiite  me.  —  Dcut,  xxiii. 
The  Son  of"  mati  will  come  In  the  glorj  of  his  Falher,  with  h» 

nrig>-lii,  and  [h>^u  he  will  rcuara  every  nmn  according  lo  bii 

wurkd.  —  Mau.  xvi. 

In  the  latter  passage,  reward  signifies  to  render 
both  goiid  and  evil. 
RE-WARD',  n.    Recompense,  or  equivalent  return  for 
good  done,  fur  kindness,  for  services,  and  the  like. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.\T.— M£TE,  PREY.  — PIXE,  MARYXE,  BIRD.— XOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.- 


RHE 

Rnrards  may  cunsi^t  of  money,  goods,  or  any  return 

of  kiiidiii'^a  or  Ijuppincss. 

The  loUirvr  it  wonhv  of  hb  rtimwd. —  I  Tim.  v. 
(JrcAt  it  )"i*ur  reattni  in  beaveik. —  Mjti.  ». 

Reipards  jktxA  punishments  presuppose  moral  a(!f?n- 
cy,an(l  sunit^ttiing  voluntarily  done,  well  or  ill ;  with- 
out which  respect,  though  we  m^y  receive  good,  it 
is  only  a  beut-^t,  and  not  a  rnrard. 

2.  'I'he  fruit  of  men's  labor  or  works. 

The  il«»d  liDow  not  any  ihitif,  oviiher  hare  they  (inj  more  a  re- 
ward.  —  Eccle«.  ix. 

3.  A  bribe  ;  a  gift  to  per^'ert  justice.    Deut.  xxvii. 

4.  A  Bum  of  money  offered  for  taking  or  delecting 
a  criminal,  or  fur  recover>'  of  any  thing  lost. 

5.  Punishment;  a  juat  return  of  evil  or  suffering 
for  wickedness. 

e  the  retMird  of  the 

6.  Return  in  human  applause.    JiTutt.  vi. 

7.  Return  in  joy  and  comfort.     Ps.  xix. 

RE  VVARD'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  rewarded  ;  worthy 
of  recompense.  Huoktr.     Taylor. 

RE-VVARD'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  "being 
worthy  of  reward.  Ooodman. 

RE-WAED'A-BLY,  adv.     In  a  rewardnhle  manner. 

RE-\VARD'ED, />;?.  Requited  i  recompensed  or  pun- 
ished." 

REWARD'ER,  n.  One  who  rewards;  one  that  re- 
quites or  rf  com jHj uses.     He.b.  xi.    jJddiion.     Sir{ft. 

RE-VVARD'ING,  ppr.  Making  an  equivalent  return 
for  good  (»r  evil  ;  requiting  ;  recompensing  or  puni-^h- 

RE-WARD'LE.SS,  a.     Having  no  reward.  [mg. 

Re-VV(5rD',  (re-wurd'O  v.  t.  [re  and  icurrf.]  To  re- 
peat in  the  s^nic  words.     [.V«t  in  use,]  Shak. 

RE-^VRTTE',  r.  L     To  write  a  second  time. 

R£-VVRlT'l\(;,  ppr.     Writing  a^ain. 

Re-WRIT'TEX,  pp.    Written  again.  KenL 

REX,  n.     [L.]     A  king. 

RBY'NARD,  (ra'nard,)  n.  An  appellation  given  to  a 
fox ;  renard. 

EHA-BAk'BA-RATE,  o,  fSee  Rmubibb.]  Impreg- 
nated (»r  tinctured  with  rhubarb.  Ftoijer. 

RHA-B.vR'BA-RINE,  n.  [h.  rhabarharam.  Generally 
and  more  correctly  called  Rhcis,  which  see.] 

A  proximate  principle  of  rliuh;trb,  which  appears  to 
possess  the  properties  of  an  acid.  It  has  been  sup- 
posed to  be  the  active  principle  of  rhubarb ;  but  litis 
\s  not  Well  settled 

RHAB-DOI,'0-OY/(rab-doIVje,)  n,  [Gr. /a.y^y(,  a 
staff  or  wand,  and  A-'>us,  discourse.] 

The  act  or  art  of  computing  or  numbering  by 
means  of  r^rtain  little  square  rods,  called  J^'apicr*s 
rods  or  J^'afifr's  bones.  Hutton. 

RHAB'D0-M.\N-CY,  Cmh'do-man-Be,)  n.  [Gr.  >j<i/3- 
6o<;,  rod,  and  fiavrem,  divination.] 

Divination  bv  a  rod  or  wand.  Brov:n. 

RHA-PON'TI-CLV,  n.     [L.  Thapnnticum.'] 

A  proximate  principle  of  Rheum  riiaponticum ; 
perhap'^  the  ^ame  as  Rhein. 

RHAP-SOit'ie,  rrap-sod'ik,)  \  a.  [from  rhnptiodih]  Per- 

RHAP-.'^OD'ie-AL,  I      taining  to  or  consiat- 

ing  of  rhapsody  ;  unconnected.     JiIa.<on.     Martin. 

RIIAP'.SO-D!PT,  Ti.  [fmm  rhapsndy.]  One  that  writes 
or  speaks  without  regular  dependence  of  <ine  part  of 
bis  disroursc  on  anotht^r.  tVatf^. 

2.  One  who  recitcfs  or  sings  rhapsodies  for  a  liveli- 
hood J  or  one  who  makes  and  rei^atji  verses  extem- 
pore. 

3.  jjnciraf/i/,  one  whose  profession  was  to  recite 
the  verses  of  Flomer  and  other  poets. 

RHAP'r*0-DIZE,  c.  i.  To  utter  rhapsodies.  Jrjftraon. 
RHAP'^O-DV,  (rap's.>-d?.)  n.    [Gr.  hiirauidia  t  l>aTtTu>, 
to  sew,  or  unite,  and  utt'h  a  soni;.] 

Originally^  a  portion  of  an  epic  poem  fit  for  recita- 
tion at  one  time,  as  a  book  of  Homer  was  rehearsed 
by  a  rhapsodist.  In  modern  u.tnce,  confused  jumble 
of  sentences  or  stitemenls,  without  dependence  or 
natural  connection  ;  rambling  comp<-»siiJon. 

Locke,     Jf^atts. 
RHE'lX,  n.     [L,  rheam^  rhubarb.] 

A   proximate   principle   of   the  officinal   rhubarb, 
which  appears  to  be  an  acid,  and,  as  such,  has  been 
called  rheie  acid.     It  has  been  8uppo»<cd  to  be  the  ac- 
tive principle  of  rhubarb,  but  this  is  doubiful. 
RHE'N'BER-RY,  (rine-,)  n.     Buckthorn,  a  plant. 

Johnson, 
HIIEN'ISH,  (ren'ish.)  a.  Pertainln?  U.  the  River  Khme, 
or  to  Rheims  in  France  ;  a.-,  Rhenish  wine.     As  a 
noun,  the  wine  produced  on  the  hills  about  Rheims, 
which  is  remarkable  as  a  solvent  of  iron.      Kneyc. 
RHP.'TIAN",  (re'shan,)  a.     Pertaining  to  the  ancient 
Rhaiti,  or  to  RhtPtia,  their  country  ;  as,  the  Rheliaa 
Al[rtj,  now  the  country  of  Tyro!  and  the  Grisons. 
RHP-'TOR,  n.     [L.,  from  Gr.  ^in^i/j,  an  orator  or 
speaker-] 

A  rhetorician.     [Litde  used.]  Hammond. 

RHET'O-Rie,  (ret'o-rik,)  n.  [Gr.  ^irjropixn,  from  Zff*, 
to  speak,  to  flow,  contracted  frono  ^cno  or  ^itju<^  Eng. 
to  read.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  drive  or  send.  See 
R£*dO 

I.  The  science  of  orator>- ;  the  art  of  speaking  with 
propriety,  elegance,  and  force. 

'  Loclie.     Jyryden.    Eneye, 


RHO 

2.  The  [Miwer  of  i)en*uai'iou  or  attraction  ;  that 
which  allures  or  charms.  We  speak  of  the  rhetoric 
of  the  tongue,  and  the  rhetoric  of  tiie  heart  or  eyes. 

Sweet,  aili'iit  rli*U>rie  of  ivnHiuling  ryp».  DatiUl. 

HHE^TOR'ie-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  rlietoiic;  as,  Uie 
rhetorical  art. 

2.  Containing  the  rules  of  rhetoric  j  as,  a  rhetorical 
treatise. 

3.  Oratorical;  a^^  a  rhetorical  flourish.         More. 
RHE-TOR'ie-AL-LY,  arfc     In  the  manner  of  rheto- 
ric ;  according  to  the  rtih^s  of  rhftfric;  ns,  to  treat  a 
subject  rhetorically;  a  discourse  rhetorically  delivered. 

RHE-TOR'ie-ATE,  r.  t.  To  play  the  orator.  [Ji'ot  in 
Vie.]  Decay  of  Piety 

RHE-TOR-re-A'TIOX,  n.  Rhetorical  amplification 
fJV'ot  ir  tu<e.]  IVaterland. 

RnET-0-RI"CIAN,  (ret-o-rish'an,)  iu  [Fr.  rhetori- 
cien.] 

1.  One  who  leaches  the  art  of  rhetoric,  or  the  prin- 
ciples and  rules  of  correct  and  elegant  sjwaking. 

The  ancient  aophisu  and  rhelorlciant,  wiio  had  young  aniliton, 
liveil  till  Un-y  wck  k  hujulreii  years  oki.  Bacon. 

2.  One  well  versed  in  the  rules  and  principles  of 
rhetoric. 

3.  An  orator,     [Less  proper.]  Dnfden, 
RnET-0-RI"CIAN,  (-ri.sh'-)«.    [See  the  noun. ]    Suit- 
ing a  nia«ter  of  rhetoric.     [jViit  in  use.]      Blaekmore. 

KHET'O-RIZE,  r.  i.     'J'o  play  the  orator.     Cot^avc. 
RHET'O-RIZE,  v.  t.     To  represent  by  a  figure  of  ora- 

Uirv.  Miltotu 

RHET'O-RI^iTD,  pp.    Represented  by  a  hgure  of  or- 

ntory, 
RIIEOM,  n.     [Gr.  ^£viia,  from  i^cw,  to  flow.] 

1.  An  increased  action  of  Uie  vessels  of  any  organ  ; 
but  generally  applied  to  the  increased  action  of  mu- 
cous glands,  atttinded  with  increased  discharge  and 
an  altered  state  of  their  excrLteri  fluids. 

2.  A  thin,  serous  fluid,  secreted  by  tlie  mucous 
glands,  &c.,  as  in  catarrh.  Sliak. 

RHEO-.MAT'ie,  (ru-mat'ik,)  a.  [L.  rheamaticus;  Gr. 
pivnarino^.,  from  (S-'i'iifl,  rheum,  which  see.] 

Pertaining  to  rheumatism,  or  [hirtaking  of  its  na- 
ture ;  as,  rheumatic  pains  or  affections. 

RHEO'MA-TlffiM,  (ru'ma^tizm,)  ;i.  rL.rAfMiTirtfi.fmtw; 
Gr.  f<Fvp.jTt)T/in,  from  pEvita,  a  water)'  humor,  from 
^w,  to  flow ;  the  ancients  suppiwing  the  disease  to 
proceed  from  a  defluxion  of  humors.] 

A  painful  disease  affecting  muscles  and  joints  of 
the  human  hudy,  chiefly  the  larger  Joints,  as  the  hips, 
knees,  shoulders,  &.C.  Encifc.     Parr, 

RHECM'Y,  (ra'me,)a.  [from  rheum.]  Fullof  rheum 
or  watery  matter  j  consisting  of  rlieum  or  partaking 
of  its  nature. 

2.  Affected  with  rheum.  J>ydcn, 

3.  Abounding  with  sharp  moisture;  causing  rheum. 

Shale* 

RIITME.     See  Rhtme. 

RHl'iNO,  B.  A  cant  word  for  gold  and  silver,  or  mon- 
ey, Wai^staffe. 

RH'l-NO-Cfi'RI-AL,  a.  [from  rhinoceros.]  Pertaining 
to  the  rhinoceros  ;  resembling  the  rhinoceros.  Tatlcr. 

RHI-.\OC'E-RuS,  (rl-nos'e-ros,)  n.  [Fr.  rhinoceros  or 
rhitiocerot ;  It.  and  ^p.  rinoeeroiitc  ;  L.  rhinoceros;  Gr. 
/'iV'jicfo'.M,  nose  horn  ;  ^upy  ihs  nase,  \W.  rhyn,  a  point, 
and  Kii  a;,  a  horn.] 

A  large  pachydtrmatnus  mammal,  nearly  allied  to 
the  el'-phant,  the  hippopotamus,  the  tapir,  &ic.  Five 
species  are  descrihed  by  naturullat*.  Two  of  these 
have  a  single  horn  on  the  nost?,  and  thrt-e  of  them 
have  two  horns.  Rhinocero.-t  Indicus  inhabits  India, 
especially  the  batiks  of  Ihi"  Ganges  ;  R.  Jtfricanus 
and  k.  Simus  inhabit  Southern  Africa  ;  and  li.  Su- 
matrengis  and  R.  Sovdoicus  inhabit  Sumatra. 

RHr-NOC'E-RO.S-BlRI),  n.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Bu- 
ceros.  a  s|>eeit-8  uf  hurnbill,  Bucenis  Rhinoceros, 
found  in  the  East  Indies  and  Indian  Islands,  having 
a  crooked  horn  on  llie  forehead,  joined  to  ilie  up|K-r 
mandibk.  P.  Cgc. 

RHI-.NO  PLAS'Tie,  a,  [Gr.  /!ir,  the  nose,  and  jrXac- 
ffdi,  to  form.]     Forming  a  nose. 

The  rhiHupliutic  o|>i*ration,  in  surgery,  is  one  which 
renews  the  noi>e,  or  stijtplies  a  substitute  for  a  natu- 
ral nose. 

RHI-ZO'MA,  n.  [Gr,  ^t^u/ia,  something  firmly  root- 
ed.] 

In  botany^n  large  and  fleshy  or  woody  part  or  organ 
of  n  TotA,  analogous  to  a  stem  under  ground,  which 
is  neither  a  tuber  nor  a  bulb.  It  Is  of  ver>-  various 
forms,  and  always  has  radich'S,  and  not  unfrequenl- 
ly  fibrils,  Eruwing  from  it.  'J'he  esculent  part  of  the 
root  of  a  beet,  carrot,  or  parsnep,  furnishes  a  good 
example  nf  a  rhixomo. 

RHl-ZOPH'A-GOUS,  (rl-rof'a-gus,)  a.    [Gr.  ^^a  and 

Feeding  on  roots. 
RHO'DI-AX,  a.    Pertaining  to  Rhodes,  an  isle  of  the 

Meililerranean  ;  as,  Rhodian  laws. 
RHO'Dl-UM,  n.     A   metal  discovered   by  WoIIaston, 
in  1803,  among  grains  of  cruile  platinum. 

Rhodium  requires  the  strongest  heat  that  can  be 
produced  in  a  wind-furnace,  for  its  fusion.  When 
fused.  It  has  a  white  color  anil  a  metallic  .uster.  It 
js  extremely  hard,  brittle,  and  has  a  sp.  gr.  of  about 


RHY 

11.  It  unites  with  oxygen  at  a  red  heaL  When 
pure,  it  is  not  acted  u|n>n  by  any  acid  ;  but  if  in  the 
state  of  an  alloy,  it  is  dissolved  by  atjua  re^ia. 

Turner. 

RUO-DO-DE.V'DRON,  m  [Gr.  poi"«i/,  a  rose,  and 
^£i  (^ijif,  a  trce.J 

The  name  ot  a  genus  of  plant.-j,  and  the  type  of 
the  natural  order  RlXMlodendrucee.  Four  species 
are  known  to  grow  in  N*'W  '"  gland,  viz.,  two  de- 
ciduous leafed,  which  are  c.litd  upright  or  gwamp' 
honeiisuekles ;  and  two  everj;reen  ones,  which  can 
hardly  be  said  to  have  any  distinctive  popular  names. 
Se\*eral  of  tlie  s[>ccies  of  this  genus  are  medicinal, 
and  many  of  them  are  highly  ornamental. 

RH0'DO\-ITE,  n.  Au  impure  variety  of  manganese 
spar.  Dana, 

RHCET'IZ-ITE, )  (ret-,)  n.    A  variety  of  the  mineral 

RHET'IZ-ITE,    i      kyanite.  Dana. 

RHOMB,         t  n.     [Fr.  rhmnbe;  I.,  rhombus  :  Gr.  ^v//- 

RHO.M'BUS,  (  I'ioi^  from  /Sc/i/Jw,  to  turn  or  whiri 
round,  to  wander,  to  roam,  or  rove;  lilerjilly,  a 
deviating  square.] 

In  gcometnj,  an  oblique-angled,  equilateral  parallel- 
ogram, or  a  quadrilateral  figure  whose  sides  are  equal 
and  the  opjwsite  sides  parallel,  but  the  angles  une- 
qual, two  of  the  angles  being  obtuse  and  l%vo  acute. 

II  at  ton, 

RHOM'BIC,  a.    Having  the  figure  of  a  rhomb.    Oretiu 

RIIOM-BO-HE'DRAL,  (rom-bo-hc'dral,)  a.  [Gr.  /top- 
/i')5,  rhomb,  and  tMpd,  side,] 

Related  to  the  rhombohedron  ;  presenting  forms 
derivable  from  a  rhombohedron.  Dana. 

RHOM-BO-He'URON,  n.  A  solid  contained  by  six 
equal  rhombic  planes. 

RHOM'BOID,n.  [Gr.  ^'»/./?o<,  ri>onib,and  rf.To5,f..rm.] 

1.  In  geometryj  a  figure  having  some  resemblance 
to  a  rhomb  ;  or  a  quadrilateral  figure  whose  opposite 
sides  and  angles  are  equal,  but  which  is  neithcrequi- 
lateral  nor  equiangular.  Iluiton. 

2.  a.  In  anatomy,  the  rhomboid  muscle  is  a  thin, 
broad,  and  ohtiiiuely-square,  fleshy  muscle,  between 
the  basis  of  the  scapula  and  the  spina  dorsi.     Enrye, 

RHOM-BOID'AL,  a.  Having  the  shape  of  a  rhom- 
boid. Woodicard, 

RHOMB'-SP;SR,  n.  A  mineral  resembling  calc-spar  in 
luster,  and  crystals  consisting  of  the  carbonates  of 
lime  and  maenesia,  with  some  carbonate  of  iron. 
Owing  to  the  latter,  it  usually  turns  brown  on  expo- 
sure. Dana. 

RHOM'BUS,  n.      See  Rhomb. 

o   ^  ^ 

RHO'BARB,  (ru'bilrb,)  7u    [Pers.  Jo*|j  rau-and.    In 

Syr.  raihoriiT.  It  seems  to  be  a  compound  word,  lat- 
iuizerl  rhabarbarum.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Rheum,  of  several  species  ; 
as  the  rhapontic,  or  common  rhubarb  ;  the  palina- 
ted,  or  Chinese  rhubarb  ;  ttie  rnmimct,  or  Tartarian  ; 
the  uniliilated,  or  wave-leafed  rhubarb  ;  and  the  ribes, 
or  currant  rhubarb  of  Mount  Libanus.  The  root  of 
a  hitherto  nun-descript  species  is  medicinal  and  much 
used  as  a  mndcrato  cathartic. 

RHO'BXRB-Y,  a.     Like  rhubarb. 

RHUMB,  (rum,)  v.  [from  rhomb.]  In  nnrifrntion^Ti. 
circle  on  the  earth's  surface  making  a  given  angle 
with  tlie  meridian  of  the  place,  ruarkiiig  the  direc- 
tion of  any  object  through  which  it  passes. 

Rrande. 

RHUMB'-IJXE,  n.  In  navigation,  the  tnick  of  a  ves- 
sel which  cuts  alt  the  meridians  at  the  sajne  angle; 
also  called  the  lazodromie  curve.  Rrande^ 

RHUS,  (rus,)  n,  [L. ;  Gr.  p  iv^.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
including  the  various  species  of  sum.irh.      P.  Cyc. 

RHTME,  (rime,)  n.  [Sax.  rtrn,  and  gerim^  number; 
riman,  to  number ;  go-riman,  id.;  riman  and  ryman. 
to  give  place,  to  open  a  way,  to  make  room  ;  Sw.  and 
Dan.  rim  :  P.  nnrt ,'  G.  reim  ;  W.  rhiv ;  Ir.  rimA  or 
reomh.  The  Welsh  word  is  nudcred  also,  that  di- 
vides or  separates,  and  the  i^as.  rn«  seems  to  be  con- 
nected with  room,  from  opening,  spreading.  The 
deduction  of  this  word  froni  the  Greek  pvO/ioi  is  a 
palpable  error.  The  true  orthography  is  nme  or  rr/me ; 
but  as  rime,  is  ho:ir-frost,  and  rhyme,  gives  the  true 
pronunciatifui,  it  may  be  convenient  to  continue  the 
present  orthography.] 

1.  In  poetry,  the  correspondence  of  sounds  in  the 
terminating  words  or  syllables  of  two  verses,  one  of 
which  succeeds  the  other  immediately,  or  at  no  great 
distance. 

Kor  rhytru  with  r^Mon  mny  di«prn«e, 

And  iwuiid  hiu*  rlghl  tu  guverii  n:uac.  Prior. 

To  constitute  this  correspondence  in  single  words, 
or  in  syllables,  it  is  necessary  that  the  voitel  and  the 
Jiiial  articulations  or  consonants,  should  be  the  same, 
or  have  nearly  the  same  sound.  'I'he  initial  conso- 
nants may  he  different,  as  in  Jind  and  mind^  new  and 
dreic,  cause  nnil  laws. 

2.  A  harmonical  succession  of  sounds. 

The  j'outh  with  aonni  i\n<i  rhyme^ 

Some  daucc,  aumu  haul  Uie  mj«.  Dtnham, 

3.  Poetry  ;  a  poem. 

He  tmew 
Hi/i)«c!f  lo  linf,  and  build  th«  lut'tjr  rhyms.  MUUin. 


TCXE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER.  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  Cll  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THia 


120 


aer 


RIB 


4.  A  word  o(  suuud  to  antiwer  to  another  wont 
JUy««  0r  rmMn  ;  number  or  sense. 

But  (hxn  xtM  tim?  unto  ihla  aPaaoQ, 

I  h»il  [K^khrf  rAynf  nor  rMuo*.  Sj>*nter. 

KHYMBt  (rtme,)  v.  i.    To  accord  tn  flmnid. 


But  IVfQtcd  hta  Botktoa  u  Okj  rdl. 

And  iTiber  rAymttd  uwl  (Kttl«d.  ■)!  wu  veil. 


Drydtn. 


S.  To  make  venea. 

1V«  mudhad  the  bwd  mkI  h»oekh«id  ikte  by  •Ud, 

Who  rAy»Mrf  Ihc  hiw,  M»d  peAloubetl  far  pnd».  Pop*. 

KH7ME,r.  f.    To  put  into  rhym».  JfUrtHi. 

RHYMED,  (rtmd,)M.    Put  iuto  rhyme. 
RHVMELESS.  a.     l>estJtute  of  rhyme  j   not  oavuif 

consonance  of  souad.  SalL 

SJiXJIiFi^       I   »•    One  who  makes  rhyme*;  a  versi- 

RHTM'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  rhyme. 
RnV.\'€HO-LITE.frink'o-0».    [Gr.  ^»yxof,  a  beak, 

ami  Ai.'.u-,  a  stinc.l 
The  (M'lnficd  beak  of  a  bird. 
RHYTHM.         (hlhmO       >         ,«,   A«fl««  1 
RHVTH'.Mr3,  frith'mtw,)  (  **    l^'"  ii»*''''«"J 

1.  In  cA«  tttieM  anuw,  a  divisioa  of  thna  Into  •hort 

portkta«  by  a  regular  sooceaston  of  moUoas,  impulses, 

•uunds,  &.c^  producing  an  agneabte  eflbct,  as  in  the 

dance,  music,  Jtc 

5.  In  /TMUMT,  adiritkMi  of  tfnee  la  than  portions 
by  a  tegular  auccewioa  of  craep  and  U*m«,  or  per- 
cussion* and  rwnierione  of  Toic«  on  wonts  or  ^Ua- 
blt».  It  bjfloan  peculiarly  to  poetry,  but  is  frand 
likewise  In  well-coBatiucted  praee.  P.  Cjrc. 

K11YTH'MI€-.\U  «.    [Gr.  ;^0;>M•f ,-  L.  rytAmiau,] 
Pertjuuing  to  rhythmus,  nhkb  see. 

RX'AL,  a.    A  Spaoish  coin.    [:dee  Rbal.] 

RI'AI.,  m.  [fnim  rtymL]  A  rnyal ;  a  cold  ctdn  for- 
merly current  in  Bntatn,  of  the  value  of  ten  i^htllinga 
sterling  to  the  rvi^  of  Hcnr^'  VI.,  aiid  of  fifteen 
shillin:«  in  the  rei);n  of  Elixabeth.  Brmmde, 

Rl'ALTOy  n.  [IL]  The  name  of  a  famous  bridge 
at  Vonxe  «ver  thr-  ^rand  «'snat 

RI'X\1\    (r5'.i:i  '":.  frm  Wre,    to  Uugh.J 

Liuigbing ;  ext  itelighiful  to  the  view, 

as  a  huKl«cap.'.  it/.]  Burks, 

KB,  «.  [Sax.  rii  ut  r.'ja  ;  i-  f.  rif;  U.  rippei  D.  rih^  a 
rib  or  raifter ;  Sw.  rx/'Aex,  rib  o^  siite^bone  ;  Dan.  rib- 
W  iv  riUhwa,  rib-bone ;  Ru^a.  refrrv,  a  rib  or  side. 
This  word,  like  the  I*  cMte,  signifies  side,  border, 
extremity,  whence  Ibe  compound  in  Sw.  and  Dan. 
r^buKfy  th.it  is,  rtdfr-bone.  It  maybe  allied  to  the 
I*  r*M.    The  aenae  of  tids  Is  genenlly  from  e:itend- 

IDf.] 

I.  A  bona  of  animal  bodies  which  forms  a  part  of 
Ibe  fVame  of  the  thorax.  The  ribs  io  tlie  human 
body  are  twelve  on  each  side,  proceeding  from  the 
spine  to  the  sternum,  or  toward  it,  and  serv-iug  to  in- 
ooae  and  protect  the  heart  and  Inng^.  . 

9.  In  tki^tmildhtf.  a  piece  of  tiiitber  which  forms 
or  Ktrenxthens  tbe  side  of  a  iihip. 

RAt  pf  m  fmrtL  are  short  pieces  of  plank,  having 
boWs,  through  wbtch  am  reeved  tbe  two  parts  of  the 
parrel  rope.  Jfor.  Did. 

3.  An  arch-formed  piece  of  timber  for  supporting 
tbe  lath  and  [4aster  work  of  a  vault.  (hrdu 

4.  In  Wtaajr,  tbe  continuation  of  the  petiole  along 
tbe  middle  of  a  leaf,  and  from  which  the  veins  tnke 
their  rise.  .Vtirfim. 

6.  In  fioU^  a  prominent  line  or  risiniE,  like  a  rib. 

&  Somethmg  long,  thin,  and  narrow)  a  strip.  [W. 
Tkib.] 

7.  A  wife  \  an  allusion  to  Eve,  our  common  moth- 
er, made  out  of  Adam's  rib.     [Vulgar.y 

Oroae.     HaUiicelL 
KIB,  V.  c.    To  furnish  with  ribs.    In  mamufacturrs,  to 
form  with  rising  lines  and  channels  ;  as,  to  rti  cloth  ; 
wheikce  we  say,  ribbed  cloth. 
a.  To  inclose  with  ribs.  SUk. 

KIB'AU),  n.  [Pr.  ribmmd;  It.  rifrsZiis,  a  ro^e,  and  as 
am  s^'juTirr,  po(»,  beggarly  ;  Arm.  ribcudy  a  fornica- 
tor. Qja.  D.  roAoiiX,  rsioais,  a  rogue  or  rascal.  Ac- 
ccfdiag  to  the  Italian,  thb  word  is  a  compound  of  n, 
or  rs,  and  baUe,  bold,  or  Sp.  baldio,  idle,  lazy,  va- 
grant, ontilled.  Put  the  nial  composition  of  the 
word  is  not  ascertained.] 

A  low,  vulgar,  brutal,  foul-moathed  wretch ;  a 
lewd  fellow.  SJuik.     Spntjter.     Pope, 

KIB'ALD,  0.    Low  i  base ;  mean ;  filthy ;  obscure. 

Shak. 
RtR'AIJ>-ISH,  «.    Disposed  to  ribaldry.  UalL 

RIB'ALD-ROU3, «.    Containing  ribaldry. 

J.  3r.  ^losojim 
KIB'ALD-RT.  m.     [IL  riAa/Jfrta.! 

Mean,  vulgar  language ;  chiefly,  obscene  language. 
Drfdtm.     Swift 
RIB' AX,  N.    In  kerttUrft  tbe  eigtatb  part  of  a  bend. 

Enaic. 
RIB'AND     See  RisaoN. 

RIB'B£D,  pp.  or  a.  Furnished  with  nbs;  as,  rt&ied 
with  steel.  SoMdys. 

2.  Inclosed  &.<<  with  ribs.  SAok. 

3.  Marked  or  formed  with  rising  lines  and  chan- 
nels ;  as,  nbbed  cloth. 


RIC 

RIB'BING,  n^r.     Furnishing  with  ril)!<. 

R1B'B1N(\  ".  .^u  assemblage  of  ribs  for  a  vault,  or 
coved  ceiling.  GfntHt. 

RIB'-GRXSd,  R.     A  species  of  plantain,  ribwort. 

RIB'BON,  m  [W.  rAiAi/i,n  row  or  strcuk,  a  driljlilet; 
rA*i,  id. ;  Ir.  rw»6i«  ;  Fr.  ruban  ;  Ami.  ruhanou.  This 
word  has  no  connection  with  bandy  and  the  orthog- 
raphy RiBiN  would  be  more  accordant  with  the  ety- 
mology.] 

1.  A  nllet  of  silk  ;  a  narrow  web  of  silk  nsird  for 
an  ornaiUL-nt,  as  a  badge,  or  fur  fastening  some  part 
uf  female  dress.  Dniden. 

2.  In   naval  arckUeeturey  a  long,  narrow,  flexible 

fiiico  of  timber,  nailed  upon  the  outsido  of  the  riba 
rom  tlie  stem  to  the  stern-post,  so  as  to  encompass 
the  vi'S^l  lengthwise.  Totten. 

RIB'BON,  r.  t.    To  adorn  with  ribbons.  Beaum.  4*  FL 

RIB'BON-GRXSS,  «.  Canary  grass;  a  plant  of  the 
genus  ['haloris.  Oardner. 

RIB'IBG,  R.    A  son  of  stringed  instrument. 

RIB'LESS,  a.     Ilaving  no  ribs. 

RIB'ROAdT,  r.  t  [rib  and  ntast.]  To  beat  sonndly  ; 
a  burte^tqtie  ie,>rd.  Butler, 

RIB'ROAST-ED,  pp.    Soundly  beaten. 

RIB'R5AST-I.\G,  ppr.    Beating  soundlv. 

RIB'SUP-PORT'ED,  a.    Supported  by  ribs. 

RIB'WORT,  «.  A  species  of  )ilaut&in,  Plantago  lan- 
ceolala.  P.  Cyc. 

RIC,      i  as  a  lemilnation,  denotes  jurisdiction,  or  a 

RICK,  (  district  over  which  government  is  exercis- 
ed, as  in  bishopric;  Sax.  eyne-ric^  kinif-rie.  It  is  the 
Goth,  rnki,  dominion.  Sax.  me  or  ric  ;  from  the  same 
ntol  as  L.  rt^,  to  rule,  and  rtgion. 

RIC,  as  a  termmation  of  names^  denotes  rich  or  pow- 
ernil,  as  in  Jf{fric^  Frcderiekf  like  U»e  Greek  Polycra- 
tea  and  PlHtarcAus.  It  is  the  first  syllable  of  Richard  ■ 
Sax.  ricy  riee.     [See  Rich.] 

RICE,  w.  [Fr.  nx  or  ris  t  It.  rtse  ,*  Sp.  and  Port.  ar~ 
roz  ;  G.  reit  or  reisa ;  D.  ryst ;   Dan.  ris ;   L.  oryza 

if  jS 
Gr.  npv^a  ;  Eth.  ret  ,*  Ar.  j    .)  oroMa ;  fh>m  tbe  verb 


,  to  be  contracted,  or  to  be  firmly  fixed. 


The  word  is  common  la  most  of  Ihe  Asiatics,  Per- 
sians, Turks,  Anneniantf,  and  Tartars.] 

A  plant  of  tbe  genus  Oryza,  and  its  seed.  There 
in  only  one  species.  This  plant  is  cultivated  in  all 
warm  climates,  and  the  grain  forms  a  large  portion 
of  Uie  food  of  the  inhabitants.  In  America,  it  grows 
chiefly  on  low,  moist  land,  which  can  be  overflowed. 
It  is  a  light  and  nutritious  food,  and  very  easy  of  di- 
gestion. Indeed,  It  seems  intended  by  the  wise  and 
benerolMit  Creator  to  be  a  common  article  of  food  for 
men  in  warm  climates. 

Several  species  of  aquatic  grasses  of  the  f*enus  Zl- 
zania,  found  in  Noith  America,  are  called  Wild 
Ricr.  .V»Wa/t 

RICE'-BIRD,  (-burd,)  n.  A  heauliful  Asiatic  bird  of 
the  finch  family,  so  named  from  its  depredations  in 
the  rice  fields.  It  is  tbe  Fringilla  (Loxia,  Linn.) 
or^-sivora,  and  is  also  called  Paodt  Biho,  and  Jkvt, 
Sfabrow.  p.  Cye. 

RTCE-BTRD,  tn,  A  bird  of  the  United  Slates, 

RICE'-BU.NT-ING,  \  the  Emberiza  or>zivora  ;  so 
named  from  its  feeding  on  rice  in  the  Southern 
States.  In  New  England,  it  is  called  Bobolink,  or 
BoR-Li?(coL7C.  Wilson. 

RTCE'-MILK,  ».  Milk  boiled  up  and  thickened  with 
rice. 

RTCE'-PA-PER,  ji.  A  material  brought  from  China, 
and  used  for  painting  upon,  and  for  the  manufacture 
of  fancy  articles.  It  is  obtained  from  a  leguminous 
plant,  the  (E-Jchynoniene  pabidosa.    Brande.     Dana. 

Rlt'E'-rrU'DING,  It.     Pudding  made  of  rice. 

RICE'-\VEE-V/L,  n.  An  insect,  the  Calandra  orj'ZK, 
resembling  llie  common  wheal  weevil,  which  attacks 
rice  and  Indian  com  in  the  Suiithem  States.    Harris. 

RICH,  a,  [Fr.  riche  ;  Sp.  ri£o ;  It.  ricta ;  Sax.  ric,  rice, 
ricca  ;  D.  ryk ;  G.  reick ;  Sw.  rik ;  Dan.  W/,  riif. 
This  word  in  Saxon  signifies  great,  noble,  powerful, 
as  well  as  rich.  It  is  probable,  therefore,  it  is  con- 
nected with  ric,  dominion,  L.  re^o,  rcgnuniy  Eng. 
rcachy  region,  from  extending;'] 

1.  Wealthy;  opulent;  possessing  a  large  portion 
of  land,  goods,  or  money,  or  a  larger  portion  than  is 
common  to  other  men  or  to  men  of  like  rank.  A 
farmer  may  be  rich  with  property  which  would  not 
make  a  nobleman  rich.  An  annual  income  of  £500 
sterling  would  make  a  rich  vicar,  but  not  a  rich  bish- 
op. Men  more  willingly  acknowledge  others  to  be 
ncher  than  to  be  wiser  than  tliemselves. 

Abram  wac  rUh  in  caul<^  io  ulvcr,  luid  id  golii.  — Gen,  xSL 

2.  Splendid  ;  costly  ;  valuable  ;  precious ;  sump, 
tuous ;  as,  a  rich  dress ;  a  rich  border ;  a  rich  silk  ; 
rich  furniture  ;  a  rich  present. 

3.  Abundant  in  materials  ;  yielding  great  quanti- 
ties of  any  thing  valuable  ;  a.«,  a  rich  mine  ;  rich  ore. 

4.  Abounding  in  valuable  ingredients  or  qualities  ; 
as,  a  rich  odor  or  flavor ;  rich  spices.     Waller.  Baker. 

So  we  say,  a  rich  description  j  a  discourse  rich  in 
ideas. 


RIC 

5.  Full  of  valuable  achievements  or  works. 

F.-tch  iiLiituic  alull  be  Hth  la  •ome  great  action,  KotM, 

G.  Fertile ;  fruitful ;  capable  of  producing  large 
crop5  or  quantities ;  as,  a  rick  soil ;  rich  land  ;  rich 
mold.  Philips. 

7.  Abundant ;  largo ;  as,  a  rtch  crop. 

8.  Abundant;  aflbrding abundance ;  plentiful. 

The  gurfcoua  Cnat,  wiLli  ritAatt  bttnil, 

IVur»  L)i>  h'T  tons  burUiric  pcnri  and  eu\d.  AtUlon. 

9.  Full  of  beautiful  scenery  j  as,  a  rich  landscape  ; 
a  rtcA  prospect, 

10.  Abounding  with  elegant  colors ;  as,  a  rich  pic- 
ture. 

11.  Plentifully  stocked  ;  as,  pasture  rich  in  flocks. 
19.  Strong  ;  vivid  ;  jwrfecl ;  as,  a  rich  color. 

13.  Having  something  precious}  as,  a  grove  of  ricA 
trees.  Milton. 

14.  Abounding  with  nutritious  qualities  \  aa,  a  rich 
diet, 

15.  Highly-seasoned ;  as,  rich  paste  ;  a  rtcA  dit^h  of 
food. 

16.  Abounding  with  a  variety  of  delicious  food  ; 
as,  R  rich  table  or  entertainment. 

17.  Containing  abundance  beyond  wants;  as,  a 
rich  treasur}'. 

IB.  In  miLiie,  full  of  sweet  or  harmonious  sound?. 

19.  In  Scri/iitipf,  abounding;  highly  endowed  with 
spiritual  gifts  ;  as,  rich  in  faith.    James  ii. 

30.  Placing  confidence  in  outward  prosperity. 
Matt.  xix. 

SI.  Self-righteous  ;  abounding,  in  onc*s  own  opin- 
ion, with  spiritual  graces.     Rev.  iii. 

Rich  in  mercy  ;  sjKiken  of  God,  full  of  mercy,  and 
ready  to  bestow  good  things  on  sinful  men.  F.ph.  ii. 
Rom.  X. 

The  rich,  used  as  a  noun,  denotes  a  rich  man  or 
person,  or  more  IVequently,  in  the  plural,  rich  men  or 
persons. 

The  rich  hath  many  (nca<ls, —  Pror.  xlv. 

RICH,  B.  t.    To  enrich.     [A"o(  used.]     [See  Enbich.] 

Oower. 
RICB'£D,  (richt,)  pp.    Enriched.    [JVo(  used.] 

Shak. 
RICII'ER,  a.  comp.    More  rich. 

RICH'ESj  n.  [Fr.  richesse ;  It.  riccAeiia;  Sp.  ritpteia. 
This  is  in  the  singular  numt>er  in  fact,  but  treated  as 
tlie  plural.] 

1.  Wealth;  opulence;  aflluence;  possessions  of 
land,  goods,  or  money  in  abundance. 

mchf  do  not  eon>i*t  in  having  more  ^M  and  ulver,  but  In 
ba*in|r  tnore  in  proportioo,  ttian  uur  ncl^ltbois.       Lock*. 

2.  Splendid  sumptuous  appearance. 

The  ridia  of  heavrn'*  paTemenl,  trodilen  gold.  AliHon, 

In  Scripture,  an  abundance  of  spiritual  blessings. 
Luke  xvi. 

The  riches  of  Qod  ;  his  fullness  of  wisdom,  power, 
mercy,  grace,  and  glory,  Eph.  i.  ii. ;  or  tbe  abundance 
supplied  by  his  works.     Ps.  civ. 

The  riches  of  CAri»( ,-  his  abundant  fullness  of  spir- 
itual and  eternal  blessings  for  men.     Eph.  iii. 

The  riches  of  a  slaU  or  kinffdom,  consist  less  in  a 
full  lreasur>'  than  in  the  productiveness  of  its  soil 
and  manufactures,  and  in  the  industry  of  its  inhab- 
itanbJ. 
RICH' EST,  a.  superl  Most  rich. 
RICH'LY,  adc.  With  riches  ;  with  opulence  ;  with 
abundance  of  goods  or  estate;  with  ample  funds; 
as,  a  hospital  richly  endowed. 

In  Belmont  u  a  lady  richly  left.  Stiak. 

2.  Oayly  ;  splendidly;  magnificently;  as,  richly 
dress«'d  ;  richly  ornamented. 

3.  Plenteously ;  abundantly;  amply;  as,  to  be 
richly  paid  for  services.  The  reading  of  ancient  au- 
thors will  richly  reward  us  for  the  perusal. 

4.  Truly;  really;  abundantly;  fully;  as,  a  chas- 
tisement richlti  deserved.  Jiildison. 

RICH'LY-WQQD-ED,  a.     Abounding  with  wood. 

Irving. 
RICH'NESS,  n.     Opulence  ;  wealth.  Sidney. 

2.  Finery  ;  splendor.  Johnsoji. 

3.  Fertility  ;  fecundity  ;  fruilfulness  ;  the  quali- 
ties which  render  productive;  as,  the  ricAne.?*  of  a 
Boil.  Addi-ion. 

4.  Fullness ;  abundance ;  as,  the  richness  of  a 
treasur>'. 

5.  Quality  of  abounding  with  something  valuable  ; 
as,  the  richness  of  a  mine  or  an  ore  ;  the  richness  of 
milk  or  of  cane-juice. 

6.  Abundance  of  any  ingredient  ch*  quality  ;  as, 
the  richness  of  spices  or  of  fragrance. 

7.  Abundance  of  beautiful  scenery;  as,  the  rich- 
ness of  a  landscape  or  prospect. 

8.  Abundance  of  nutritious  qualities  ;  as,  the  rich- 
ness of  diet. 

9.  Abundance  of  high  seasoning;  as,  the  ru:An«w 
of  cake. 

10.  Strength;  vividness;  or  whatever  conFtitutei 
perfection  ;  as,  the  richness  of  color  or  coloring. 

11.  Abundance  of  imagery  or  of  striking  ideas; 
as,  richness  of  description. 

RI-CIN'1€  ACID,  n.     A  substance  obtained  by  dis- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRfiY.— FIXE,  MARtNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


RID 

tillmg  castor-oil  at  a  ltit!h  temperature  ;  so  called  from 
RictMus,  the  generic  name  of  the  castor-oti  plant. 

Brande. 
EICK,  n.     [Sa.t.  hreac  or  An'^ ;  Ir.  entach  r  W.  erug,  a 
rwjfcf  on  apostem,  a  heap,  a  stark,  a  hillock  ;  crugato^ 
to  heap  or  pile,  to  swell,  to  grow  into  an  apostem.  I 
It  coincides  with  the  G.  rilc^Ua,  D.  rug,  the   back, 

A  heap  or  pile  of  praln  or  hay  in  the  field  or  open 
air,  but  sheltered  with  a  coverini;  of  some  kind.  In 
Jimeritay  we  Qsually  five  this  name  to  a  )ong  pile ; 
the  round  and  conical  pile  beincE  called  Stack.  In 
the  nartM  of  E» gland.  It  is  isaid,  this  name  is  given  to 
small  piles  of  com  in  the  Itt-ld.  Alortimer. 

RICK'ETS,  n.  pL  [In  technical  language,  rachia^  Gr. 
/SiXiriCt  from  ^axu,  back  or  spine,  Erip.  roc^  ap- 
plied to  the  neck  piece  of  meat  j  Sp.  raquiiisy  the 
rkkets.    See  Rack  and  Ridce.] 

A  disease  which  a^Tectr^  children,  and  which  is 
ebarmcterized  by  a  bulky  head,  a  crooked  spine,  de- 
pressed ribs,  enlarsed  and  i^pongy  articular  epiphy- 
ses, tumid  abdomen,  short  stature,  tiabby  and  wrin- 
kled flesh,  together  with  clear  and  often  premature 
mental  faculties.  Oood. 

RICK'ET-Y,  a.     Affected  with  rickets.      ^rbutAiwU 
2.  W'enk  ;  f>-eble  in  the  joints  j  imperfect. 

RI€'0-^HET,  (rik'o-shet  (tr  rik-o-sha',)  h.  [Fr.,  a  re- 
boundinif,  ao  of  some  flat  substance  striking  on  the 
surface  of  water.] 

In  gvnneryy  the  firing  of  grins,  mortars,  or  bowit- 
Eers,  usually  with  small  charges,  and  elevated  a  few 
degrees,  so  as  to  carr>'  the  balls  or  shells  just  over 
the  parapet,  and  cause  them  to  rebound  or  roll  along 
the  opposite  rampart.  This  is  called  rtc«cA«tJb^^, 
and  the  batteries  are  called  ricochet  batteries.  Ehc^c 
[The  verb  Ricochet  having  been  naturalized  aa 
an  English  word,  it  is  desirable  that  the  noun  abould 
likewise  have  the  English  pronunciation.] 

Rie-O-CHET',  (rik-o-shet',)  r.  U  To  operate  upon  by 
ricochet  firing.     [See  Rioochkt,  n-]  P.  Cyc 

RI€-0-CHET'TED,  (-abet'-,)  pp.  Operated  upon  by 
ricochet  firing. 

RI€-0-CKET'TlNG,  (-shet'-,)  ppr.  or  a.  Operating 
upon  by  ricochet  firing  ;  as,  ricochetttHg  batteries. 

RIC'Tt'RE,  n.     A  gaping.  [P.  Cfc 

RID,;rrk  of  Ride. 

RID,  r.  t. ;  pret.  Rid  ;  pp.  id.  [Sax.  aJtreddan  or  kr€^ 
dan  :  I),  redden  ;  G.  rfUen  or  erretten  ;  Dan.  reddsr  ; 
allied,  probably,  to  W.  rhidiow^  to  secrete,  to  drain, 
that  is,  to  separate  or  drive  ofiT,  whence  riddle.  Bee 
Class  Rd,  .No.  C3,  €9.] 

L  To  free ;  to  deliver ;  properljf,  to  sepaialef  and 
thus  to  deliver  or  save. 

TtxMl  b^  mifffec  rid  him  oat  «f  Otat  baixU.  —  Oen.  xxxvQ. 
I  wiH  rid  joa  oai  oT  Uieir  boodAfV.  —  Ex.  tI. 

2.  To  separate ;  to  drive  away. 

I  viU  rid  «*il  brasa  oat  of  Uie  land.  —  Lev,  txtL 

[This  lut  is  mot  eomrnoH.] 

3.  To  free ;  to  clear ;  to  disencumber ;  as,  to  rid 
one  of  bis  care.  It  is  not  easy  to  nd  the  sea  of  pi- 
rates. B.  Jemsom. 

Rewtred  at  ooee  to  rid  hitnwlf  of  pain.  Orydgn. 

4.  To  dispatch. 

hr  wiUnguum  rid*  mvay.  Omk. 

5.  To  drive  away ;  to  reniove  by  violence  ;  to  de- 
stroy. 

AU,  dealb'i  anu !  jtra  have  rH  Htk  mrert  yoong  prtnm.  Skat^ 

RID.  pp.  or  a.    Free  ;  clear  ;  as,  to  be  rW  of  trouble. 

T»  get  rid  <^f\  to  free  one^a  self.  Addison, 

RID'D.WCE,  n.  Deliverance  i  a  fetting  free;  as, 
riddance  from  all  adversity.  Hooker. 

2.  Disencumbrance.  Shaiu 

3.  The  ad  of  clearing  away.  Mdton. 

Tboa  ilult  oot  raftke  cleaa  riddance  of  the  cornei*  q4  Ui/  firid. 
—  Lev.  zxiiL 

RID.  'jW-ofRiDB. 

F.innTNG,  ppr.  Freeing;  clearing;  disencumbering. 
KII»  ULE,  Crid'dl,)  n  [Sax.  knddet;  \V.  rhidyU,  from 
TkniuiWj  to  secrete,  to  separate  ;  Corn,  ridar  or  krodar  ,* 
Arm.  rtdeU  or  erotzr  ;  Xr.  enathar^  a  riddle  ;  cratAamj 
to  dbake  ;  G.  r^lteliL,  to  shake,  to  riddle  ;  W.  cry</ii, 
U*  shake ;  allied  to  rid  and  to  cradU,  from  driving. 
See  CsADLr.] 

An  instrument  for  cleaning  grain,  being  a  large 
sieve  with  a  perforated  bu|tom,  which  permits  ilie 
grain  to  pass  through  it,  but  rctaini  the  chaff. 

JVoC«.  —  The  machines  now  used  have  nearly  sn- 
penu^ed  the  riddle. 
RiD'DLE,  V.  t.    To  separate,  as  grain  from  the  cbaflT 
wKh  a  riddle ;  as,  in  riddtt  wbeaL 

*2.  To  perforate  with  balls  ;  to  make  little  boles  In  ; 
as,  a  house  nddUd  with  sfaoL 
RID'DLE,  n.    TSaz.  r^dttM-,  D,  raadult  G.  rUtksei ; 
from  Bax.  nean,  D.  fiuniflt,  G.  ratA«ii,  to  coun»el  or 
adrtae,  also  to  guess.     See  Read.] 

1.  An  enigma;  something  proposed  for  conjec- 
ture, or  that  is  to  be  solved  by  conjecture  ;  a  puzrJing 
question  ;  aa  ambiguous  proposition.    Judges  xiv. 

Mitten. 
3.  Any  thing  ambiguous  or  puzzling.    Badibras. 


KID 

RID'DLE,  r.  L     To  solve  ;  to  explain  ;  but  we  gener- 
ally use  UnaiDDLE,  which  is  more  proper. 

Riddim  me  Mm,  Aod  g^uen  him  if  you  cm.  Dryiam. 

RID'DLE,  r.  t.    To  speak  ambiguously,  obscurely,  or 
enigmatically.  Shak. 

RID'DL£D,  pp.    Separated,  as  with  a  riddle ;  perfora- 
tL-d. 

RID'DLER,  a.    One  who  speaks  ambiguously  or  ob- 
scurely. Home. 

RID'DLING,  n.    That  which  is  deposited  by  riddling. 

RID'DLING-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  riddle  ;  se- 
cretly. Donne. 

RIDE,  V.  u;  preU  Rode  or  Rid;  pp.  Rid,  Ridden. 
[Sax.  ridan ;  G.  rvtfeii ,-  D.  ryden  f  Sw.  ridA ;  Dan. 
rider;  W.  rkedu,  to  run  ;  L.  rkeda,  a  chariot  or  vehi- 
cle ;  Hindoo,  ratha^  id. ;  Sax.  rad,  a  riding  or  a  road ; 
Ir.  ratio,  riadh,  a  running  ;  reaViam,  to  nin  ;  ridire,  a 
knight;  allied  to  readv^  G.  bcrdt;  hereiten,  to  ride, 
and  to  get  ready.  (SeeREAnr.)  Class  Rd,  No.  5,  9.] 
1.  To  be  carried  on  horseback,  or  on  any  beast,  or 
in  any  vehicle.  We  ride  on  a  horse,  on  a  camel,  in 
a  coach,  chariot,  wagon,  &lc 

[In  England,  present  usage  confines  the  verb  ride 
chiefly  to  motion  on  hor^et^k,  and  when  an  excui- 
sion  in  a  carriage  or  other  vehicle  is  intended,  tho  ex- 
pn^ssion  is  ordinarily  to  take  a  drive.  This  distinction 
has  sprung  up  within  the  last  hundred  years,  and  is 
not  yet  introduced  into  most  English  dictionaries.  Nor 
is  ride  wholly  confined  to  motion  on  a  horse,  since 
tJie  English  speak  of  riding  in  a  e^tage-coach  on  a 
journey,  icr.  Still,  to  an  Enelish  ear,  the  word 
ride^  without  quaI\flcation,  n.lturally  suggest-^  but 
one  idea  —  tliat  of  being  borne  on  a  horse.  When- 
ever an  excursion  is  spoken  of,  the  expression  is  uni- 
formly to  ride  or  to  take  a  drive,  according  to  the  na- 
ture of  the  conveyance.  In  all  other  cases,  as  of  trav- 
eling, &c.,  whenever  motion  in  a  vehicle  is  intend- 
ed, the  qualifying  clause  is  added,  so  that  ride^  stand- 
ing by  jts<^-lf,  always  means  motion  on  horseback. 
This  usage,  though  gaining  ground,  does  not  yet  pre- 
vail, to  any  great  extent,  in  America. —  £i] 

&  To  btt  borne  on  or  in  a  fluid.  A  ship  rides  at 
anchor;  the  ark  ro^on  a  flood  ;  a  balloon  rides  in 
tlie  air. 


3.  To  be  anpported  in  motion. 

Strony  u  (he  axfa^trae 
On  vlbca  b-avTD  riiU9.  Skai. 

4.  To  practice  riding.  lie  rides  often  forhia  healtb. 

5.  To  manage  a  borse  well. 

He  rode,  he  fenced,  be  aored  with  gneefut  ease.        Dryden. 

6.  To  be  suppcuted  by  aom^bing  subservient ;  to 

■iu 

Ob  ■wham  fodBA  booettf 
My  pnetiocs  rid  om/.  Shak. 

To  ride  easif,  in  s»tmen*s  Utngtutge,  is  wben  a  aliip 
does  not  labor  or  feel  a  great  strain  on  her  cables. 

To  ride  hard,  is  when  a  ahip  pitches  violently,  so 
as  to  strain  her  cables,  masts,  and  hull. 

7^  ride  outy  as  a  gale,  signifies  that  a  ship  does  not 
drive  during  a  stonii. 
RIDE,  V.  t.    To  sit  on,  bo  as  to  be  carried  j  as,  to  rids 
aborae. 

Tber  ride  the  Air  b  wbirtwiad.  AtfUton. 

2.  To  maoaca  inaoleutly  at  will ;  as  in  prlMt-rirf- 
dm. 

The  wMky  sooH  tie  ioogntndmn  l»  b*  ridden  bf  bikcn,  cob- 
blera,  end  bmmm.    ■  Ap^/L 

3.  To  carry.     [loeaL) 

RIDE,  n.    An  excursion  on  borselmck  or  In  a  vehicle, 
[in  England,  present  usage  confines  a  ride  to  mo- 
lion  on  horseback,  and  ai^ilies  the  term  drire  to  an 
excursion  in  a  carriage  or  other  vehicle.    See  the 
verb.  —  Ed.1 
S.  A  saddle  horse.     [LoeaL]  Orose. 

3.  A  road  cut  in  a  wood  on  through  a  ground,  for 
the  amusement  of  riding;  a  riding. 
Rl-DEAU',  (re-dd'O   a.    [Fr.]    A    small    mound    of 

earth. 
RTD'ER,  n.    One  who  Is  borne  on  a  borse  or  other 
beast,  or  iu  a  vehicle.    [See  remarks  on  Ride.] 
3.  One  who  breaks  or  manafos  a  borse.       fvuJt. 

3.  I'he  mntrix  of  an  ore.  Ore/rory, 

4.  An  addition  to  a  manuscript  or  other  docuraeot. 
Inserted  after  its  CAini[jl(-tion  ;  or  a  aeparate  piece  of 
paper ;  an  additional  clause,  as  to  a  bill  in  porlia- 
menL 

5.  In  ship-building^  a  sort  of  interior  rib  fixed  occa- 
sionally in  a  ship^s  hold,  opposite  to  some  of  the 
timbers,  to  which  they  are  bolted,  and  reaching  from 
the  keelson  to  the  beams  of  the  lower  deck,  to 
strengthen  her  frame.  Totten. 

6.  A  name  given  to  the  second  tier  of  casks  in  a 
vessel's  hold.  Thtten. 

RTD'ER-LE.SS,  a.     Having  no  rider. 

RIDGE,  (rij,)  a.  [Sax.  rig,  rieg,  hrie,  hrieg,  the  bark  ; 
Pw.  rt/gg :  D.  rug  ;  G.  r*iekni ;  Ice.  hri^gur.  The 
Welsh  has  rhigy  a  notch  or  groove,  and  rAwf,  a 
trench  or  furrow  between  ridgex.  The  Dutch  bas 
reeks,  a  ridge,  chain,  or  fc-ries,  and  the  Dan.  rtkkt  is 
a  row,  rank,  range,  a  file,  and  a  ridge,  from  the  rooc 


KiF 


of  rtkker,  to  reach.     If  connected  with  the   latter   { 
word,  the  primary  sense  is,  to  draw  or  stretch,  I*. 

1.  The  back  or  top  of  the  back.  Hudibras. 

5.  A  long  or  continued  range  of  hills  or  moun- 
tains ;  or  the  upper  part  of  such  a  range.  We  Bay,s 
long  ridge  of  hills,  or  the  highest  ridge. 

.Milton.     Ra/. 

3.  A  steep  elevation,  eminence,  or  protuberance. 

Put  riae  la  cryBUl  wall,  or  ridge  direct.  S^Hon. 

4.  A  long,  rising  land,  or  a  strip  of  ground  thrown 
up  by  a  plow  or  left  between  fUrrows.     Ps.  Ixv. 

Mortimer. 

6.  The  top  or  upper  angleof  the  roof  of  a  building. 

Mozon, 

6.  Any  long  elevation  of  land. 

7.  Ridges  of  a  horse's  mouth,  are  wrinkles  or 
risings  of  flesh  in  the  roof  of  the  mouth.     Far.  DieL 

RIDGE,  r.  C  To  form  a  ridge  ;  as,  bristles  that  ridgt 
the  back  of  a  boar.  MiUon. 

3.  In  tiUagCy  to  form  into  ridges  with  the  plow. 
The   farmeri!   in  Connecticut  ridfre    their  land   for 
maize,  leaving  a  balk  between  two  ridges. 
3.  To  wrinkle.  Cowper. 

RIDG'£D,  pp.    Formed  into  a  ridge  ;  wrinkled. 

RIDG'IL,        )  a.    The  male  of  any  beast  half  gelL 

RIDG'LI.VG,  i  £«cyc 

RIDG'LNG,  ypr.     Forming  into  a  ridge  ;  wrinkling. 

RIDG'V.  (rij'e,)  a.  Having  a  ridge  or  ridges  ;  rising 
in  a  ridge.  £>r^d«n. 

RID'I-€ULE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ridiculum,  from  ridee. 
to  laugh  or  laugh  at ;  Fr.  rider,  to  wrinkle,  to  bend 
the  brow  ;  Arm.  redcnna.] 

1.  Contemptuous  laughter,  or  rather  remarks  de- 
signed to  awaken  laughter  with  some  degree  of  con- 
tempt ;  derision.  It  expresses  less  than  scorn.  Rid- 
icule is  aimed  at  what  is  not  only  laughable,  but  im- 
proper, absurd,  or  despicable.  Sacred  subjects  should 
never  be  treated  with  HdicuU.    [See  Luoicaous.] 

iUi&Mte  U  too  roa^  nn  enterUminent  for  Uw  poliabed  Bad  i» 
fined.  It  ■>  b>oi»hed  bom  France,  mad  m  iomng  ground  ht 
Engiukd.  JCnm*. 

2.  That  species  of  writing  which  excites  contempt 
with  laughter.  It  differs  from  bttrteif^He,  which  may 
excite  laughter  without  contempt,  or  it  may  provoke 
derision.  Karnes, 

RidieuU  and  derision  are  not  exactly  the  same,  as 
derision  is  applied  to  persons  only,  and  ridicule  to 
persons  or  things.  We  deride  the*  man,  but  HdicuU 
the  man  or  bis  performances. 

RID'I-€ULE,  r.  f.  To  laugh  at  with  expressions  of 
contempt ;  to  deride. 

Q.  To  trtfat  with  contemptuous  merriment ,  to  ex- 
pose to  contempt  or  derision  by  writing. 

RID'I-CCLE,  a.     Ridiculous,     [^olin  u^e.] 

RID'I-€CI^i:D.  p;).  Treated  with  laughter  and  coo- 
tempt  ;  derided. 

RID'I-CCL-ER,  H.    One  that  ridicules.    Chesteijield, 

RID'I-eCL-l.\G,  ppr.  Laughing  at  in  contempt ;  ex- 
posing to  contempt  and  derision. 

RI-Die'U-LOU:*,  a.     [L.  ridieulus  ;  IL  ridicoloso.] 

That  may  justly  excite  laughter  with  contempt ; 
as,  a  ridiculous  dress ;  ridieuious  behavior.  A  fop 
and  a  dandy  are  ridiculous  in  their  dress. 

RI-Die'U-LOUS-LV,  ode.  In  a  manner  worthy  of 
contemptuous  merriment;  as,  a  man  ridiculoustjf 
vain. 

RI-DI€'Q-LOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
ridiculous:  as,  the  ridicntousmss  of  worshiping 
idols. 

RID'ING,  ppr.  [from  rtife.]  Passing  or  traveling  on 
a  beast  or  in  a  vehicle  ;  floating. 

5.  «.    Employed  to  travel  on  any  occasion. 

No  iuSn^im  bWwp  ibxll  have  taon  Man  one  ri£ng  mfpinitor. 

AyHge. 

RID'ING,  n.  A  road  cut  in  a  wood  or  through  a 
ground,  for  the  diversion  of  riding  therein. 

Sidney.    Eneye. 

3.  [Corrupted  from  triiXing,  third.]  One  of  the 
three  intermediate  jurisdictions  between  a  tbrce  and 
a  hundred,  into  which  the  county  of  York,  in  Eng- 
land, is  divided,  anciently  undcr'the  government  of 
a  n-eve.  Blaekstone, 

RID'ING-CLERK,  a.    In  England^  one    of  the  six 

clerks  in  chancei>-.  Ash, 

RTD'I.\G-€0.\T,  n.    A  coat  for  riding  on  a  journey, 

Swyft 
RID'ING-HAR-lT,  n.     A  gannent  worn  by  females 

when  thev  ride  or  travel.  Ouardian* 

RIDIXG-lipf^D,  «.     A  hood  u«d  by  females  when 

they  tide  ;  ii  kind  of  cloak  with  a  hood. 
RID'LV'J-SCHOOL,  (-skool,)  n.    A  school  or  plaae 

where  the  art  of  riding  is  taught.     It  may,  in  some 

places,  bo  fiUIcd  a  Riding-houie. 
RI-DOT  TO,  n.     f  It.,  from  L.  reduetus.] 

A  favorite  Italian  public  entertainment  consisting 

of  music  and  dancing  ;  held  generally  on  fast  eves. 
RTE.     Bee  Rte.  {Brande. 

RIFE,  a.     [Sax.  ryfe.    Ou.  Heh.  n3->,  to  multiply.] 
Prevaihng  ;  prevalent.    It  is  used  of  epidemic  dis- 


Tb*  plAf  lie  WM  ihea  r\f^  la  Bongkry. 


KtkOu. 


TCNE,  BCTA  t:NITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOrS.— €  as  K;  C  aa  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  8H  j  TH  as  in  THIS. 


RIG 

RIFli'LY,  a*/p.     PrtvalciiUy  ;  freiiucnlly. 

It  V**  liftijf  wrporxd  ihii  the  Turi«  wen  conAag  in  m  gt*^ 
fleet.  Knoiisa. 

RTFE'NESS,  n.     Frequency;  prevalence.     j3rbutAnot. 
RIFF'RAFF,  n.     [Fr.  rj^Tf  G.  r<uftrt,  to  aweep  j  Dan. 

Sweepings ;  refuiia.  &JL 

RI'FLE,  r.  L  [Ft.  rijUr^  to  rj^*,  to  sweep  away  ;  al- 
lied probably  Xq  friper  and  z^ivcier:  Q.  raj^,  to 
sweep ;  rij-fln^  to  hatchel.  This  is  one  of  tlio  fninily 
of  rip^  rivf^  reap,  rn_^e,  L.  nop**,  W.  rluU^toiC,  D. 
nfrm,  to  grate,  Enjj.  ruA,  &c.] 

1.  To  seize  aud  bear  away  by  force;  to  snatch 
away. 

Till  tin*  •taa  ryU  crwy  routhTul  gnem.  Pop*. 

2.  To  strip  ;  to  rob  ;  to  pillage  ;  to  plunder. 

TtMi  hftve  rifitd  my  mitslfr.  L'Sstrangt, 

RfFLE,  n.  (Don.  Wl*,  or  n^f,  the  riJU  of  a  pun ; 
riffleUfiisge,  a  rifle  pin  ;  G.  m/dii,  tu  clinmrer,  to  rifle. 
This  word  bt-Iunirs  to  the  family  of  ri;i,  i-m-c,  L.  m- 
;h'o,  Jtc»  supra.  The  word  means  pAiuarily  a  chan- 
nel or  groove.] 

1.  A  gun  aoout  the  u<:nal  len^h  and  size  cf  a 
musket,  the  m«ide  of  whose  barrel  )>t  riJUd^  that  is, 
grooved,  or  formed  with  apiral  cliaDDcId; 

2.  An   tnstruineni  used    fur  sliarpcntng  scythes. 

RrFLE,  r.  L    To  irmove  ;  to  channel. 

B.VFhED^  pp.  Seized  and  carried  away  by  Ti<rfence  ; 
pillaged  ;  channelt-d. 

Rl'FLE-MA.V,  n.    A  man  armrd  with  a  rifle. 

RI'FLti^R,  n.  .\  robbery  one  that  seizes  and  beais 
away  by  viotenec- 

RZ'FLING,  ppr.  PlurJering;  seizing  and  carr^'ing 
away  by  violence  ;  ;;rooving. 

RIFT,  ».  [from  rice.]  A  clefl ;  a  fissure;  nn  open- 
ing made  by  ri%-ing  or  splitting.     MiUom.    Dtydtn, 

RIFT,  ».     [D.  r»/.i 

A  shallow  place  in  a  stream;  a  fording  idace. 

RIFT,  r.  C    Ti»  cleave  ;  to  rive  j  to  split ;  as,  to  rift 

an  oak  or  a  rock.  MMau,    Pope^ 

RIFT,  r.  i.    Tu  burst  o|>en  ;  to  spIiU 

Tbn^cr— DotapttDn/lMi-Ufaonlnvic-*.  Bceom, 

2.  To  belch  ;  to  break  wind,     [local.] 
RIFT'ED,;.;..     Split;  rent;  cleft. 
RIFT'ING,  p/iT.    ^[ilitting;  cleaving;  bursting. 
RIG>  a.     [Sax.]     A  ridee,  which  see. 

RIG,  V.  L  [Sox.  wri^aHy  to  pill  on,  to  cover,  whence 
Su  krm^f  a  garment,  contracted  into  rail,  in  night- 
rmU.) 

1.  To  dress  ;  to  put  on  ;  when  applied  to  perwins, 
not  elegant,  but  rather  a  ludicruus  word,  to  express 
the  putting  oa  of  a  gay,  flaunting,  or  unusual  dress. 

JftCk  warn  Hfgtd  OOC  hi  hu  grid  uwl  Miv«r  Uae,  wilb  n  Initio  in 
Ul  ajL  URttnmg^ 

9.  To  ftimish  with  ni»pnritus  or  gear;  to  fit  with 
tackling;  as,  to  ri^  a  piirch.ise. 

3.  '7*0  rif  a  «A»f,  in  tfrnmen^s  lam'rua:*rj  ts  to  fit  the 
shrouds,  stay*,  braces,  tc ,,  to  their  rcsiwetive  mnsts 
and  vards.  Mar.  DicL 

RIG,  n.     [See  the  verb.]     Dress. 

2.  The  peculiar  manner  of  fi*iing  the  masts  and 
ripgmg  to  the  hull  of  a  vessel;  as,  schooner  ri>, 
sllip  n5,  iir,  Bravfie. 

3.  Bluster.     [.Vot  tutd.]  Burke. 
A.  A  romp;  a  wnnum    a  rtrumpet. 

To  run  tAe  rif  :  to  play  a  wanton  trick. 
To  run  the  riv  vpcn  ;  to  practice  a  spCVtive  trick  on. 
RIG,  r.  t.     To  play  the  wanton. 
RIG-A-nOO.\'  n.    [Ft.  n>orfoii.| 

A  gay,  brisk  dance  performed  by  one  couple,  and 
said  to  have  been  borrowed  from  Provence,  in  Frcnce. 

ilncyc. 
RI-GA'TION,  a.      [L.  rigatio^  from  rigv^  Gr.  iSfH-xw. 
See  Rain] 

The  act  of  watering;  but  Ibricatioit  is  generally 
used. 
RrGEL,  n.    A  fixeil  sjxx  of  the  first  magnitude  in  the 

left  fool  of  Orion. 
RIG'G£:D,  pp.     Dressed ;    fumibhed  with    shrouds, 

Bta>-ti,  &e.,  as  a  ship. 
RIG'GER,  h.    One  that  rigs  or  dre5<ie9  ;  one  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  fit  the  rigging  of  a  ship. 
2.  A  cylindrical  pulley  or  drum  in  machini-ry. 

HfberU 
RIG'GING,   ppr.      Dressing;    fitting  with   shruuJs, 

braces,  &c. 
RIGGING,  K.  Dre*i;  tickle;  paHicularty^  Ihf^  ropes 
which  support  the  mafts,  extend  and  contract  the 
sails,  ic,  of  a  ship.  This  is  of  two  kinds  :  simufinjr 
^jSS'ng,  as  the  shrouds  and  sta>'S,  and  runnin:^  rig- 
ging, comprehending  all  those  njpes  used  iu  bracing 
the  yards,  making  and  sihortening  sad,  tc,  such  as 
braces,  sheets,  halliard.s,  clewlines,  iStc. 

Brandt.     Tottm. 
RIG'GISH,  a.     Wanlnn  ;  lewd.     [-Virf  is  vst.]      Shak. 
RIG'GLE,  r.  i.  To  move  one  way  and  the  other.    [See 

WBrCGLE.] 

RIGHT,  (rite,)  a,  [Sax.  riht,  rebl ;  D.  re^;  G.  rtcU  ( 
Da.n.rigtig;  Sw.  nct(i>;  lu  rcUa :  i-p.rerto;  L. 
rectiLSy  from  the  root  of  regOy  properly  to  Eimin  or 


RIG 

Btrctch,  whtrnce  utruighii  Sax.  recan.    Sec  Class  Rg, 
No.  18,  46,  -17.] 

Properltft  Strained  ;  stretched  to  straightness ; 
hence, 

1.  Straight.  A  n>W  line,  in  gromrtry,  is  the  short- 
eat  line  that  can  he  drawn  or  imnpined  between  two 
points.  A  right  line  may  be  horizontal,  perpendic- 
ular, or  inclined  to  the  plane  of  the  horizon. 

2.  Direct  nr  upright;  opposed  to  OBLiqrs ;  as, 
right  a.<cension  ;  a  ri;;ht  sphere. 

3.  In  morals  nntl  religion,  just  \  equitable;  accord- 
ant to  the  standard  of  tnith  and  justice,  or  the  will 
of  God.  That  alone  is  rt>A/  in  the  flight  of  God, 
which  is  consonant  to  his  will  or  law  ;  this  being  the 
only  perffct  standard  of  truth  and  justice.  In  social 
and  poliiiciil  nffairs,  that  is  right  which  ia  consionnnt 
to  the  litws  and  customs  of  a  country,  provided  these 
laws  and  customs  are  not  repugnant  to  the  laws  of 
God.  A  man's  intentions  may  he  right,  thouch  his 
actions  may  be  wrong  in  consequence  of  a  defect  in 
judgment. 

4.  Fit;  suiliihie;  proper;  becoming.  In  things  in- 
dilFerent,  or  u  hich  are  regulated  liy  no  positive  law, 
that  is  n>At  which  is  best  suited  to*  the  character,  oc- 
casion, or  purpose,  or  which  is  iitt«'d  to  produce  some 
pood  eifect.  It  is  riglu  for  a  rich  man  to  dress  him- 
self and  his  family  in  expensive  clothing,  which  it 
wotrld  not  be  right  for  a  p«»or  man  to  purchase.  It  is 
right  for  every  man  to  choose  his  own  time  for  eat- 
ing or  exercise. 

Right  is  n  n'^Iative  term  ;  what  may  be  right  for 
one  end,  may  be  m-ror^g  for  another. 

5.  LawAil  J  as  Uie  right  heir  of  an  estate. 

6.  True;  not  erroneous  or  wrong;  according  to 
fiict. 

If  iSete  bp  no  pwwprct  hr-yond  ihr  rraTc,  tt>^  infcrrnc*  b  c^rtiun- 
1;  right,  "  Lrfl  us  Ml  and  diiiiK,  (or  Iwiiionuw  *c  <Jir,'* 

Lockt. 

7.  Correct ;  passing  a  inie  judgment ;  not  mistaken 
or  wrong. 

You  arc  right,  Jiutico,  wi  you  wrigti  lhi»  wrll.  Shak. 

8.  Not  left,  but  its  opposite ;  most  convenient  or 
dextrous;  as,  the  right  hand,  which  \s  generally 
most  stn.>ng  oi  mo^i  convenient  in  use. 

9.  Most  favorable  or  convenient. 

The  laily  hu  fawn  dmppoliUed  on  the  right  ulr.      SpeeUitor. 

10.  Properly  placed,  disposed,  or  adjusted  ;  order- 
ly ;  well-regulated, 

11.  Wtrit- performed,  as  an  art  or  act. 

1-2.  .Most  direct;  as,  the  right  way  from  London  to 
Oxford. 

13.  Ileing  on  the  same  side  as  tlie  right  hand  ;  as, 
the  ri>.S(  side. 

H.  Being  on  the  right  hand  of  a  person  whose 
face  is  tuward  the  mouth  of  a  river;  as,  the  ri^At 
bank  <'f  the  Hudson. 

15.  Denoting  the  side  which  was  designed  to  go 
outward,  a*  the  right  side  of  n  piece  of  cloth. 
RIGHT,  fli/f.    In  a  right  or  siniight  tine  ;  directly. 

l.rt  ihiuff  e»c«  look  riglu  on.  —  Prov.  \i. 
9.  According  to  the  law  or  will  of  (knl,  or  to  the 
standard  of  truth  and  justice  ;  as,  to  judge  right, 
3.  According  to  any  rule  of  art. 

You  wit)i  Mrict  discipline  itistnirled  ri^kU  Rotenmmon. 

A.  According  to  fact  or  truth;  as,  to  tell  a  story 
right. 

5.  In  a  great  degree;  very;  a'',  right  humble; 
riglu  noble;  right  valiant.  [Obsvlesccjit  or  inele- 
gant.'] 

6.  It  is  prefixed  to  titles,  as  in  right  honorable, 
right  reverend. 

RIGHT  is  used  elliptically  for  it  u  rights  ithiU  you  say 
Ls  rigltt^  it  is  true,  &.c. 

liight,  criM  hi«  lordihip.  Pope. 

On  fAe  right ;  on  the  side  wiih  the  right  hand. 

RIGHT,  (rite,)  n.  Conformity  to  the  will  of  God,  or 
to  his  law,  the  perfect  standard  of  truth  and  justice. 
In  the  literal  sense,  ri^rht  is  a  straight  line  of  conducl, 
and  tcroTtg  a  crook'U  one.  Right,  therefore,  is  rec- 
titude or  siraichtnes?',  and  perfect  rectitude  is  found 
only  in  an  infinite  Heing  and  his  wi!I. 

2.  Conformity  lolniinan  laws,  or  to  other  human 
standard  of  truth,  propriety,  or  justice,  \^'hen  laws 
are  definite,  right  and  wrong  are  easily  asroriained 
and  uudcr.^tood.  Fn  arts,  there  are  some  principles 
and  niles  which  determiiie  what  is  right.  In  many 
things  indifferent,  or  h  ft  without  positive  law,  we 
are  to  judge  what  is  right  by  fitness  or  propriety,  by 
cuittom,  civility,  or  other  circumstances. 

3.  Justice  ;  that  which  is  due  or  proper;  as,  to  do 
right  to  every  man. 

Long  l"»p  to  h"r  ha«  bom^  thr  f^iThfu!  kniglit. 

And  well  ils>er»cii,  had  lorliiiip  doue  him  right.  Dryrfen. 

4.  Freedom  from  error;  conformity  with  truth  or 
fact. 

B^Mom  your  opinions  pit, 

Your  eyri  are  alwayi  in  the  rif  fti.  Prior, 

o.  Just  claim;  legal  title;  ownership;  the  legal 
power  of  exclusive  possession  ;  enjoyment.  In  he- 
r-ditary  monarchies,  a  right  to  ihe  throne  vests  in  the 
heir  on   the  decease  of  tlie  king.     A  deed  vests  the 


RIG 

right  of  p<i8»icssion  in  the  jmrchaser  of  land.  Right 
and  posjwsrtion  are  very  diflVrent  things.  We  often 
have  occasion  to  demand  and  sue  for  rights  nut  in 
posaesnion, 

6.  Ju«t  claim  hy  courtesy,  customs,  or  the  principles 
of  civility  and  decorum.  Every  man  has  n  riglu  to 
civil  treatment.    The  magistrate  has  a  ngiu  to  respect. 

7.  Just  claim  by  sovereignty  ;  prerogative,  God. 
as  the  Author  of  all  things,  has  a  right  to  govern  and 
dispose  of  them  at  his  pleasure. 

a.  That  which  justly  belongs  to  one. 

Born  free,  he  sokiglit  liU  righL  Dryden. 

9.  Property ;  interest. 

A  subjrci  in  hu  princ«  may  claim  a  right.  Dryten. 

10.  Just  claim  ;  immunity  ;  privilege.  All  men 
have  a  right  to  the  secure  enjoyment  of  life,  personal 
safety,  liberty,  and  property.  \Ve  deem  the  right  of 
trial  by  jury  invaluable,  particularly  in  the  case  of 
crimes.  Rights  are  natural,  civil,  political,  religious, 
personal,  and  public. 

11.  Authority;  legal  power.  The  sheriff  has  a 
right  to  arrest  a  disturber  of  the  pence, 

12.  In  the  United  States,  a  tract  of  laud  ;  or  a  share 
or  proportion  of  property,  as  iu  a  mine  or  nianufac- 
ton.'. 

13.  The  side  opposite  to  the  left;  as,  on  the  right 
Look  to  the  right. 

14.  The  side  which  was  designed  to  go  outward  ; 
as,  the  ri-fht  side  of  a  piece  of  cloth. 

To  rights;    iu  a  direct  line  ;  straight,     [Unusual.] 

JVoodtoard. 
2.  Directly  ;  soon. 

To  set  to  rights ;  i  to  put  into  good  order ;  to  ad- 
To  put  to  rights;  \     just ;  to  regulate  what  ia  out 
of  order. 

Bill  of  rights  !  a  list  of  rights  ;  a  paper  containing 
a  declaration  of  rights,  or  the  declaration  itself. 

IVrit  of  right ;  a  writ  which  lies  to  recover  lands 
in  fee-simple,  unjustly  withheld  fiom  the  true  owner. 

Blaclistone. 
RIGHT,  (rite,)  r.  (.     To  do  justice  to  ;  to  relieve  from 
wrong;  as,  to  rjyA(  an  injured  person.         Taylor. 

2.  In  seamen^s  language,  to  right  a  vessel,  is  to  re- 
store her  to  an  upright  position  after  careening. 

To  right  the  helm ;  to  place  it  in  the  middle  of  the 
ship. 
RIGHT,  V.  I.    To  rise  with  the  masts  erect,  as  a  ship. 
RIGHT  AN"G1.E.   (rite'ang'gl,)   ».     In  geometm,  an 

angle  of  ninety  degrees,  or  one  fourth  of  a  circle. 
RIGIIT'-A.\"GLKD,   (rii'ang'gld,)   «.     Containing  a 

right  angle  or  right  angles. 
RIGHT'ED,  pp.      Relieved   £rora   Injustice;    set  ui>- 

riiAht, 
RIGHT'EN,  Cnt'n,)  v.  t.     [Sax.  gtHktan.] 

To  do  justice  to,     [Ofis.] 
RIGIIT'EOUS,  Crl'chus,)  a.     [Sax.  rVAfieise;  ri^Afand 
tcise,  manner,  as  in  otheru^ise,  lengthwise] 

1.  Just ;  accordant  to  the  divine  law.  Applied  to 
persons,  it  denotes  one  who  is  holy  in  heart,  and  ob- 
servant of  the  divine  commands  in  practice  ;  as,  a 
righteous  man.  Applied  to  things,  it  denotes  conso- 
nant to  the  divine  will  or  to  justice  ;  as,  a  righteous 
act.  It  is  used  chiefiy  in  theology,  and  applied  to 
God,  to  his  testimonies,  and  to  his  saints. 

7  he  righteous,  in  Scripture,  denote  the  servants  of 
God,  the  sainLs. 

2.  Just;  equitable;  merited. 

Ami  1  thy  righteout  doom  will  bleu,  Dryden, 

RIGHT'EOUS-ED,  (ri'chnst,)  a.     Made  righteous. 
RIGHT'EOUS-LY,  (rl'chus-ly,)  adv,    Jiisily  ;  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  laws  of  justice;  equitably;  as,  a 
criminal  righteously  condemned. 

Thou  shall  Judge  ihe  people  righleout^y,  —  Pb.  Ixrii, 
RTGIIT'EOUS-NESS,  (rT'chus-ness,)  n.  Purity  of 
heart  and  rectitude  of  life  ;  conformity  of  heart  and 
life  to  the  divine  law.  Righteousness,  as  used  in 
Scripture  and  theology,  in  which  it  is  chiefly  used,  is 
ni-arly  equivalent  to  holiness,  comprehending  holy 
principles  and  affections  of  heart,  and  conformity  of 
life  to  the  divine  law.  It  includes  all  we  call  justice, 
honesty,  and  virtue,  with  holy  afl'ections ;  in  short, 
it  is  true  religion. 

2.  Applied  to  God,  the  perfection  or  holiness  of  bis 
nature;  exact  rectitude;  faithfulness. 

3.  The  active  and  passive  obedience  of  Christ,  by 
which  the  law  of  God  ia  fulfilled.    Dan.  ix. 

4.  The  cause  of  our  justification. 

The  Loni  our  righUoutTiett,  — Jer.  ixVA. 

RIGHT'ER,  n.    One  who  sets  right;  one  who  does 

ju^ticH  or  redresses  wrong. 
RIGHT'FIJL,  a.    Having  ihe  right  or  just  claim  ac- 

cording  to  established  laws;  as,  the  W^A^uZ  heir  to 

a  throne  or  an  estate. 

2,  Being  hy  right,  or  by  just  claim  ;  as,  a  rightful 
lord  ;  rightful  property  ;  rightful  judge. 

3.  Just ;  consonant  to  justice  ;  a.^,\i  rightful  cause  ; 
a  riffhtfnl  war.  Prior. 

RTGHT'F[JL-LY,  adr.      According  to  right,  law,  or 

justice  ;  as,  a  title  rigktfalUj  vested, 
RIGHT'F^I^.VESS,  n.    Jut^iice  ;  accordance  with  the 

rules  of  right ;  as,  the  rightfulness  of  a  claim  to  lands 

or  tenements. 


FATE,  F.SR,  FALL,  WII AT,— MicTE,  PREY.— PIN'E,- MAIirXK,  RIRD.  — NOTE,   DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.- 


RIG 

3.  Moral  rectitude. 

Bill  Mill,  nithmirh  we  diil  of  perfect  righJftdn4Ma.         Sidtuy. 
{Sot  utiuU.] 

RIGHT'-HAND,  n.  The  hand  opposite  to  the  left, 
usually  the  most  employed,  the  stroiii^est,  most  con- 
venient, or  dextrous  hand,  and  lience  its  name  in 
other  lansuaees,  as  well  as  in  ours. 

RIGHT'-HAND'ED,  a.  Using  the  right  hand  more 
easily  than  the  left. 

RTGHt'-IiEXRT-ED,  a.     Having  right  dispositions. 

RIG flT' I \G,  p;(r.     Doing  justice  to;    setting  upright. 

RTGHT'LKSS,  a.     Destitute  of  right. 

RTGIiT'I.Y,  adv.  According  to  justice  ;  according  to 
the  divine  will  or  moral  rectitude  ;  as,  duty  rightly 
performed. 

2.  Properly ;  fitly  j  suitably ;  as,  a  person  rightly 
named. 

'■A.  According  to  truth  or  fact ;  not  erroneously.  He 
has  ri-jhilu  conjectured. 

4.  Honestly ;  uprightly.  Shak, 

5.  Exactly. 

Thou  ilidst  not  righsiy  kk.  Drydtn. 

6.  Straishtiy  ;  directlv.     [JVotin  wm.]     JSscham. 
RIGHT'-3IIXD-ED,  a.  Ilaving  a  right  or  honest  mind. 

T^aylor. 

RIGaT'-MIXD'ED-.VESS,  n.  The  stale  of  having  a 
right  mind. 

RIGHT'.VESS,  n.  Correctness  ;  conformity  to  truth 
or  to  the  divine  will,  which  is  the  standard  of  moral 
rectitude.  It  is  important  that  a  man  should  have 
such  persuasion  of  Ihe  ri^Hness  of  hia  conscience  as 
to  exclude  rational  douht.  South. 

2.  Straighiness  ;  as,  the  rightness  of  a  line.  Bacon. 

RIGFjT'-R(J\-MNG,  a.     Straight  running.     PhUlips. 

RIGHT  WHALE,  n.  The  common  whale,  from 
whose  mouth  whalebone  is  obtained,  as  distiu- 
guijihed  from  the  s()ermaceti  whale. 

RICID,  a.  [Fr.riguie;  lU  and  Sp.  W^Jo  ;  lj.rigvlus^ 
fromrigeoi  Gr./^tjoo),  to  be  stiff;  ptj'tofjStifl",  whence 

Tj. /W^w,  frigitlas]  Eth.  ^  lU  raga^  Heh.  T!i\  to 
be  still,  to  be  stiff  or  rigid.  Class  Rg,  No.  3,  27. 
The  primary  sense  is  probably  to  strain  or  fXiend.] 

1.  Stiff  j  not  pliaiit ;  not  easily  bent.  It  is  applied 
to  bodies  or  substances  that  are  naturally  soft  or 
flexible,  but  not  fluid.  We  never  say  a  rigid  stone 
or  rigid  iron,  nor  do  we  say  rigid  ice  ;  but  we  say 
an  animal  bndy  or  limb,  when  cold,  is  rigi/f.  Rigid 
is  then  opposed  to  Flcxirle,  but  expresses  less  than 

InrLEXinLE. 

2.  Strict  in  opinion,  practice,  or  discipline ;  severe 
in  lempL'r;  opposed  to  Lax  or  iNouLCErrr;  as,  a 
rigid  father  or  master  ;  a  rigid  officer. 

3.  Strict ;  exact ;  as,  a  rigid  lavv  or  rule  j  rigid  dis- 
cipline ;  ri.c'i^i  criticism. 

4.  Severely  just  j  as,  a  rigid  sentenco  or  judg- 
ment. 

5.  Exactly  according  to  the  sentence  or  law;  as, 
rigid  execution. 

RI-6ID'I-TY,  a.     [Fr.  rigiditi  ;  L.  rigiditas.) 

1.  Stiffness;  want  of  pliability  ;  llie  quality  of  re- 
sisting change  of  form  ;  opposL-d  toFLEXiBiLiTT,  Duc- 
tility, Mali^eadility,  and  Softness.         Hcbert. 

2.  Stiffness  of  appearance  or  manner ;  want  of 
ea^e  or  airy  elegance.  Wotton. 

RIC'ID-LY,  adv.     Stiffly;  unpliantly. 

2.  Sf^verely  ;  strictly  ;  exacily  ;  without  laxity,  in- 
dulgence, or  abatement;  as,  to  judge  rigidly ;  to 
critir.'XT  rigidly ;  to  excciile  a  law  rigidUi. 

RIG'IDNE.SS,  B.  StiffncRs  of  a  body  ;  the  quality  of 
not  being  easily  bent ;  as,  the  rigidiuss  of  a  limb,  or 
of  flesh. 

2.  Severity  of  temper;  strictness  In  opinion  or 
practice;  but  expressing  less  than  HrLcxiBiHTT. 

RIG'LGT,  R.  A  flat,  thin  piece  of  wood,  a  regtet, 
which  see. 

RIG'MA-ROLE,  n.  A  succession  of  confused  or  non- 
sensical i^tatements;  often  used  as  an  adjective  ;  as, 
a  rigmarole  Story.  OotdsmifJu 

RIG'OL,  a,    A  circle;  a  diadem.  Shak. 

RIG'OLL,  n.  .A  musical  instrument,  consisting  of  sev- 
eral sticlts  bound  together,  but  separated  by  beads. 

Ertcyc. 

EIG'OR,  n,     [L.,  from  rigeo,  to  be  stiff;    Fr.  rigueur.] 

1.  Stiffness;  rigidncss;  as,  Gorgonian  rigor. 

Mtlion. 

2.  In  medicine,  a  sense  of  chilliness,  with  contrac- 
tion of  the  skin;  a  ctuivulsive  shuddering  or  slight 
tremor,  as  in  the  cold  fit  of  a  fever. 

Cjz*.     Eoeyc.     Parr. 

3.  Stiffness  of  opinion  or  temper ;  severity  ;  stern- 
ness. 

All  1ii«  rigor  ii  tunied  to  fri^f  «nd  (itjr.  Denham. 

4.  Severity  of  life ;  austerity;  Toluntary  submis- 
■ion  to  pain,  abstinence,  or  mortification.  FeU. 

5.  Strictness  ;  exactness  without  allowance,  lati- 
tude, or  Indulgence  ;  as,  the  rigor  of  criticism  ;  to 
execute  a  law  with  rigor;  to  enforce  moral  duties 
with  rigor. 

6.  ViolencQ  ;  fury.     [jYoI  in  u«e.]  Spenser. 

7.  Hardness;  solidity.     [C^niuua/.]  Dryden. 
&  Beverity ;   asperity ;   as,  the  rtgort  of  a  cold 

winter. 


RIN 

RIG'OR-IST,  n.     One  very  rigorous;  a  name  some- 
times given  to  the  extreme  Jansenists.  Brande. 
KiG'OR-OUS,  a.     [Vr.rigourcux.]  ^ 

1.  Severe;  allowing  no  nbatem'ent  or  mitigation  ; 
as,  a  rigorous  officer  of  justice. 

2.  Severe;  exact;  strict;  without  nbnleraent  or 
relaxation;  as,  a  rigorous  execution  of  law;  an  en- 
forcement of  rigorous  discipline. 

3.  Exact;  strict;  scntpulously  accurate  ;  as,  art^- 
orous  definition  or  demonstration. 

4.  Severe  ;  very  cold  ;  as,  a  rigorous  winter. 
RIG'Oll-OUS  LY,  adv.      Severely  ;    without  relaxa- 
tion, abatement,  or  mitigation  ;  as,  a  sentence  rig- 
orou^-Iy  executed. 

9.  Strictly;  exactly;  with  scrupulous  nicety:  rig- 
idly. 

The  people  would  rraminff  his  works  more  rigoroutly  thin  him- 
■ell.  Dry  lit  n. 

RIG'OR-OUS-NESS,  n.  Severity  without  relaxation 
or  mitigation  ;  exactness.  .3sh. 

2.  Severity. 

J?T-Li"£'KO,  (-15'vo,)  n.  [It.]  In  arcAiteetur^  [See 
Relief.] 

RILL,  n.  [In  G.  rilh,  W.  rkill,  is  a  groove,  trfnch, 
channel,  the  root  of  drill.  In  Sw.  strila  is  to  run 
or  glide  ;  Dan.  ryller,  to  ramble.] 

A  small  brook  ;  a  rivulet ;  a  streamlet.     Milton. 

RILL,  r.  u  To  run  in  a  small  stream,  or  in  stream- 
lets Prior. 

RILL'ET,  71.     A  small  stream  ;  a  rivulet.     Drayton. 

R!M,n.  [Sax.  rim<i  and  reuma^  a  riui,  a  ream;  W. 
rhim  and  rhimp,  a  rim,  edge,  terniinaliou  ;  hence 
crim;i,a  sharp  ridge ;  crimpiate^  to  form  into  a  ridge, 
also  to  pinch,  fiim,  like  ramp,  ramble^  is  from  ex- 
tending ;  tlie  exlremitv.  In  Russ.  Aroma  is  a  bor- 
der.] 

1.  The  border,  edge,  or  margin  of  a  thing;  as,  the 
rim  of  a  ktntle  or  basin  ;  usually  applied  to  things 
circular  or  curving. 

5.  The  lower  part  of  the  belly  or  abdomen. 

Brown. 
RIM,  r.  (.     To  put  on  a  rim  or  hoop  at  the  border. 
RIME,  M.  [Sax.  krim;  Ice.  hrttm;  D.  n/m.  The  French 
write   this  frimas.   Arm.  frim;    probably  allied    to 
creanu     In  G.  it  is  reif^  D.  rxjp.'] 
White  or  hoar  frost;  congealed  dew  or  vapor. 

Bacon. 
RTME,  n.     TL.  rima;   Sw.  rrmna,  whence  remna,  to 
split ;  perhajw  from  the  r*Kit  of  rir«.] 

A  chink  ;  a  fissure ;  a  rent  or  long  aperture.    [J^ot 
in  use.'\ 
RIME,  r.  L    To  freeze  or  congeal  into  hoar  frosL 
RT'  \I A'*'F    ) 
RI'ivTOriS*  [  "*     t^*  ^-""'•'""'j  from  rima.] 

In  tialural  history^  chinky  ;  abounding  with  clefts, 
cracks,  or  chinks,  like  tho.-c  in  the  bark  of  trees. 
RI-MOS'I-TY,   n.       The  stale   uf    being   rimose    or 
chinky. 


0 


RIM'PLE,  n.     [Sax.  krympeUi.] 

A  fold  or  wrinkle.     [See  Rcmple 
RIM'PLE,  V.  t.     To  rumjile  ;  to  wrinkle. 
RIM'PLLVG,  n.     Unddkilion. 
RI'.MY,  a.    [from  rime.1  Abounding  with  rime  ;  frosty. 

Harvry. 
RIXD,  n.     [Sax.  rind  or  hrind;  G.  rtnde;  Gr.  ftvon 
IV.  croen,  skin.] 

The  skin  or  coat  of  fruit  thai  may  be  pared  or 
peeled  off;  also,  the  bark  of  trees. 

J}rydrn.     Milton,     Encyc. 
RIND.  V.  U     To  bark  ;  to  derorlicato.     LVof  in  use.] 
RIN'DLE,  n.     [from  the  root  of  run;  Dan.  rtii</i?r,  to 
flow.] 
A  small  watprcour«e  or  gutter.  ^.-ih. 

RIMF0R-Zj9JY'D0,  (-fart-«an'do,)  n.  [It.]  In  mu- 
sic, a  difction  to  the  performer  denoting  that  the 
sound  is  to  be  increased,  Busbtj. 

RING,  Ti.  (Sax.  ring  or  hring;  D.  ring  or  kring;  G. 
D.  and  Sw.  ring,  a  circle ;  Sw.  kring,  about,  around. 
This  coincides  with  ring^  to  sound,  and  with  wring, 
to  twist ;  G.  riN^^n,  to  ring  or  sound,  and  to  wrestle. 
The  sense  ts,  to  strain  or  stretch,  and  n  is  probably 
not  radical.    The  root,  then,  belongs  to  Class  Rg.] 

1.  A  circle^  or  n  circular  Ime,  or  any  thing  in  the 
form  of  a  circular  line  or  hoop.  Thus  we  say  of 
men,  thiry  formed  themselves  into  a  rin^,  to  see  a 
wpjstling  match  ;  rings  of  gold  were  made  for  the 
ark.  /Ir.  XXV.  Rings  of  gold  or  other  material  are 
worn  on  the  flngcrs,  and  sometimes  in  the  ears,  bb 
ornaments. 

a,  A  circular  course, 

P1.1M  mr,  0,  pUw  im«  In  the  >lurfy  ring, 

Wbrro  ynuihlul  chiuitilc^ra  cuDtf>ud  iwr  glorf.  SmiA. 

RING,  n.  [from  the  verb.]  A  sound  ;  particularly, 
the  sound  of  metals  ;  as,  ine  ring  of  a  bell. 

2.  Any  loud  sound,  or  the  sounds  of  numerous 
voices;  or  s<mnd  continued,  repented,  or  reverber- 
ated ;  as,  the  ring  of  ncclamatrons.  Bacon. 

3.  A  chim^,  or  set  of  bells  harmonically  tuned. 

Prior. 
RING,  V,  t,  i  pret.  and  pp.  Ruso,     [Sax.  rin^nn,  hrin- 
gan  ;  G.  and  D.  ringen  ;  Sw.  ringa  ;  Dan.  ringer.] 
To  cause  to  sound,  particularly  by  striking  a  me- 


RIN 

tallic  body  ;  as,  to  ring  a  bdl.     This  word  expresaev 
appropriately  the  sounding  of  metals. 
RING,  V.  L     [from  the  noun.]     To  encircle.       Shak. 

2.  In  horticiUttirc,  to  cut  out  a  ring  of  bark  ;  as,  to 
ring  branches  or  roots.  Gardner. 

3.  To  fit  with  rings,  as  the  Ingf  rs  or  as  a  swine*a 
snout.     Farmers  ring  swine,  lo  prevent  their  rooting. 

And  ring  Uk-k  fisifj^ra  with  thy  houarhold  worms,  ShaJc. 

RING,  V.  i.  To  sound,  as  a  betl  or  other  sonorous 
body,  particularly  a  nirtaliic  one.  Dnnien. 

2.  To  practice  the  art  uf  making  music  with  bells. 

Holder. 

3.  To  sound  ;  to  resound. 

With  •w<?eler  nnt«^  each  risinj  trinjite  rung.  Pope. 

4.  To  utter,  as  a  bell ;  to  sound. 

Thp  ihipUiorn  ly^llf,  with  hi*  tirowty  hutn», 

H\lh  rung  iiiglu'a  yuwiiin?  podl.  Shot, 

5.  To  tinkle  ;  to  have  the  sensation  of  sound  con- 
tinued. 

My  par*  i«h;iil  ring  with  ndse.  Dryii^n, 

n.  To  be  filled  with  report  or  talk.  The  whole 
town  rtTtgs  with  his  fame. 

RLN'CJ'-BoLT,  n.  An  iron  bolt,  having  a  ring  in  one 
end  of  it.  Tottm. 

RING'-UONE,  n.  A  callus  growing  in  the  hollow 
circle  of  the  little  pastern  of  a  horse,  just  above  the 
coronet.  Brande. 

RI\G''DI-AL,  n.  A  pocket  sun-dial  in  form  of  a 
ring. 

RING'DOVE,  (-duv.l  n.     [O.  nugeHanbe.] 

A  8p€!cie.^  iif  pigeon,  the  Coluniba  palumbufl,  the 
cushat,  the  largest  of  the  European  species. 

Jardine. 

RIN'GENT,  a.  [L.  ringor,  to  make  wry  faces,  that 
is,  to  wring  or  twist.] 

In  botany,  a  ringent  corol  is  one  which  is  irregular 
and  monopetalous,  with  the  border  divided  into  two 
parts,  called  the  upper  and  lower  lip,  the  upper 
arched,  so  that  there  is  a  space  between  the  two  like 
an  oiwn  mouth.  Martpn.     Smith. 

RING'ER,  n.  One  who  rings.  [In  the  sense  of 
trringrr,  not  used.] 

RING'-FENCE,  n.  A  fence  encircling  an  estate 
within  one  enclosure. 

RING'-FIN"GER,  n.  The  third  finger  of  the  Uft 
hand,  on  which  the  ring  is  placed  in  marriage,  vul- 
garly supposed  lo  communicate  by  a  nerve  directly 
with  the  heart.  HaUiwell. 

RING'-FORM-£D,  a.     Formed  like  a  ring.    tVhnecU. 

RING'TNG,  ppr.  Causing  to  sound,  a^  a  bell ;  sound- 
ing ;  cutting  out  a  ring  of  bark  ;  fitting  wiih  rings. 

RING'ING,  tu  The  act  of  sounding  or  of  causing  lo 
Bound. 

2.  In  hortiniHure.,  the  cutting  out  of  a  ring  of  barfc 
down  to  the  new  wood,  for  the  purpose  of  making 
a  branch  fruitful,  &c.  Qardner. 

RING'LkAD,  v.  t.  To  conduct.  {Little  used.] 
RING'LeAD-ER,  n.  [ring  and  leader.]  The  leader 
of  any  association  of  men  engaged  m  violation  of 
law  or  an  illegal  enterprise,  as  rioters,  mutineers,  and 
the  like.  This  name  is  derived  from  the  practice 
which  men  associating  to  oppose  law  have  some- 
times adopted,  of  signing  their  names  to  articles  of 
agreement  in  a  ring,  that  no  one  of  their  number 
might  be  distinguished  as  the  leader. 
RING'LET,  n.    [dim.  of  ring.]    A  small  ring. 

Pope. 

3.  A  curl ;  particularly,  a  curl  of  hair. 

Her  ^Idrii  lir«ca  in  waotou  ringlets  w&vcd.  A/UMn. 

3.  A  circle. 

To  danw  Diir  HngtstM  In  the  whiitling'  wfnd.  Shak. 

RING'-OU-SKL,  n.  A  bird  of  the  thrush  family, 
Merulu  lorquati,  inhabiting  the  hilly  and  mountain- 
ous pnrts  of  Great  Britain.  Jardine. 

RING'-SAIL,  n.    See  Rikqtail. 

RIN(;'-SHAP-£D,  (shapt,)  a.  Having  Ihe  shape  of  a 
ring,  DecandoUe. 

RING'-STREAK-ED.r-streekt,)*!.  {ring  and  streak.] 
Ilavini;  circular  streaks  or  lines  on  the  body ;  as, 
ring-strraked  goats,     Qen.  xxx. 

RING'-TAIL,  TI.  [riftg  and  tail.]  A  bird  having  a 
white  tail,  the  female  of  the  Hen-Harrier,  Circus 
cyanc'us.  Jardine. 

2.  A  light  sail  set  abaft  and  beyond  the  spanker  of 
n  ship  or  bark,  also  called  Kino-sail.  Tottrn. 

RLNG'TAIL-KUj  a.  Having  a  tail  striped  as  if  sur- 
rounded by  a  ring  ;  applied  to  a  young  golden  eagle. 

P.  Cye. 

RING'W'ORM,  (-wurm,)  n.  [ring  and  leorm.]  A 
vesicular  eruption  of  the  skin,  the  vesicles  being 
small,  with  n  reddish  base,  and  forming  ring»<,  whose 
area  is  sliehlly  discolored.  It  is  called  Herpes  cir- 
cinatus  by  Good. 

RINSE,  (rins,)  v.  t.  [Sw.  rensa  or  rena,  to  cleanse  or 
purifv  ;  Dan.  renscr,  lo  clean,  to  purge,  to  purify,  to 
scour;  Sax.  reim,  D.  and  G,  rein,  clean  ;  Fr.  rincer; 
Arm.  rinsa,  rinsein.  'i'his  word  is  probably  from  the 
same  mdix  as  the  Gr.  paivw,  and  frnvn^M,  to  sprin- 
kle. Our  common  people  pronounce  this  word  rcns, 
retaining  their  native  pronimrlation.  This  is  one  of 
many  insUinces  in  which  the  purity  of  our  vernacu- 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CiOUS.  — €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

______  ^^ 


RIP 

lar  Iniiguage  lias  been  corrti|>tpd  hy  thosf  who  have 
auder>tood  French  better  ttian  Iheir  mother  tongue.j 

1.  To  cleanse  by  the  introdtictiun  of  wnti^r ;  np- 
filied  particulaily  tu  hollow  ves«cU ;  as,  to  rinse  a 
bottle. 

2.  To  cleanse  witfe  a  second  or  repealed  application 
of  water  after  wasliing.  VVe  disiinpuish  teasMn^ 
from  rinsing.  Washing  is  perlurimd  by  riihbing,  or 
with  the  use  of  so.ip  ;  rinsinir  is  ptTlurnied  ivilh  cljan 
water,  without  much  rubbing  i>r  iht;  use  of  soap. 
Clothes  are  rinsed  by  dipping  and  dushin^: ;  and  ves- 
sels are  rinsed  by  dashuig  water  on  them,  or  by 
slight  rubbing  ;  a  close  barrel  may  be  rinsed^  hut  can 
not  welt  be  washed. 

RINS'ED,  (rinst,)  pp.  Cleansed  with  a  second  waterj 
cleaned. 

RI.VS'ER,  ft.    One  that  rinse-o. 

Rf\S'IXG,  ppr.  or  ju     Cleansing  with  a  second  water. 

RI'OT,  ■.  [N'lirm.  rioUi;  lU  rioUai  Fr.  ri*rf*,  a  brawl 
or  tumult.  The  \V.  brotA,  brtcthy  cunnnotion,  may 
be  from  the  same  root,  with  a  prefix,  which  wouM 
connect  this  word  with  brydian^  brydiaie^  to  heat,  to 
boil.  The  Spanish  has  alborottt,  and  Port,  ateorvto^ 
iu  a  tike  sense.  In  Danish,  rutier  is  to  drink  liard, 
to  rioL  The  primary  sense  is  probably  uui^e  or  agi- 
tation.] 

I.  Riot^  at  cammtn  fdv,  is  a  tumultuous  disturb- 
ance of  the  peace  by  tbn-e  or  more  person?*,  mutually 
aiding  and  fts«istmg  each  other,  wheiJier  the  act 
which  they  originally  intended  to  perform  was  in  il- 
sdf  lawful  or  unlawful.  Batteier. 

£L  L'pruar  j  tumult;  wild  and  noisy  festivity. 

MtUon. 

3.  Excessive  and  expenslre  feasting.    3  PtLO. 

4.  Luxury. 

The  Umb  tby  not  dooiH  to  UmA  lo^y.  Ptf. 

To  rmn  riot ,-  to  acl  or  move  without  control  or  re- 
straiaL  Sw^/t. 

RI'OT.  r.  i.     [Fr.  rieitr  t  IL  rwUareA 

h  To  revel ;  to  run  lo  ezc««a  in  feasting,  drinking, 
or  otiier  senaaal  indulgeacea. 
a,  To  luxnriata ;  to  be  bigfaljr  excited. 

No  pdM  Itet  riat»^  and  m  Ugod  ih^  jfttw*.  Ptpt. 

3.  To  banqneC ;  lo  live  In  luxury  ;  to  enjoy. 

How  Due  b  tke  lagnttndk  wWeli  fart«u  th*  beaetuaor,  wMe  k 
knolMraBtfirbMeitl  DwishU 

4.  To  raise  um  upnmx  or  sedition.  Johnson. 
RI'OT'ER,  n.    One  who  indulgoi  iu  loose  festivity  or 

excessive  feastiug. 
3.  In  Uit^  one  guilty  of  roerting  with  others  to  do 

an  unlawful  act,  and  declining  to  retire  upon  proc- 

lamaiioQ. 
RI'OT-ING,  fjtr.    Reveling;  Indulging  in  excessive 

feastinb 
RI'OT-ING.a.    A  reveling. 
RI'OT-IS£,  (-issO  a.    DissoJutcoess  ;  luxury.    [AW  m 

•w'-J  Spenser. 

RI'0T4>CS,  «.     [lUrtsttaM.] 

1.  Luxurious  ;  wanton  or  licentious  in  festive  in- 
dulgence* ;  as,  rictous  eaters  of  flesh.     Pn>v.  sxiii. 
3.  Consisting  of  riot;   tumultuous)   partaking  of 

the  nature  of  an  unlawful  ai»embly  ^  scditiuus. 
3.  Guilt>'  of  riot ;  applud  to  persons. 
RrOT-OUS-LY,  ode.     Willi   oxce^tiive  or  licentious 

luxuiT.  Ecdus. 

3.  In  the  mannerof  an  unlawful  Bisembty;  tumul- 

tnou^' ;  seditiously. 
RI'OT-OUS-XEd5,  a.    The  state  or  quality  of  being 

rioCttus. 
RT'OT-RY,  «.    Riot ;  practice  of  rioiinir.        Taylor. 
RIP,  r.  (.     [dax.  rypaii,  ryppan,  hrvpan  :   Sw.   rifra ; 

Dan.  rirer.    This  belongs  to  the  great  family  of  Sax. 

re^any  L.  mpio,  Ir.  reabam^  En?,  reap  and  rive ;  allied 

perhaM  to  the  L.  crepcy  Fr.  erccer.] 

1.  To  separate  by  cutting  or  tearing ;  to  tear  or  cut 
open  or  off;  to  tear  off  or  out  by  violence  ;  as,  to  rip 
open  a  garment  by  cutting  the  siilches  ;  to  rip  off  the 
skin  of  a  bea^t ;  to  rip  open  a  sack  ;  to  rip  off  the 
shingles  or  clapboards  of  a  house  ;  to  rip  up  a  rioar. 
We  never  use  lacerate  in  these  senses,  but  apply  it  lu 
a  partial  tearing  of  Uie  skin  and  riesh. 

3.  To  take  out  or  away  by  cutting  or  tearing. 

OUoaf. 
He's  rip  tbe  &ud  aeent  from  her  bout.  Oranaiitt, 

3.  To  tear  up  for  se«ch  or  di^eiorture,  or  for  alter- 
ation i  to  search  to  the  bottom  ;  with  up. 

Yoo  rif  Hp  tbe  orisiiMl  of  aeoU*ad.  Spen^fr. 

Tbeympid  HP  all  that  hMl  been  dMK  from  Uie  bc^nDii.r  uf  tbF 

rWKllioii.  C:arttlion. 

4.  To  rip  Mit ««  mO,  is  to  swear  ha.<4ily  and  vio- 
lently. [This  seems  to  be  the  D.  roepen.  Sax.  Arw- 
iwn,  to  cr>-  oui ;  aUied  to  U  crepe,  Fr.  errver.] 

KIP,  n.    A  tearing  j  a  place  torn  ;  laceration. 

o     A       ■   ..  Addison. 

2.  A  wicker  basket  to  carry  fish  in.  Co»eL 

RI'PA'RI-AA  a,     [L.  ripa,] 

Pertaining  to  the  bank  of  a  river. 
iX.lft.,  a.      [bax.   ripe,  gerip :    D.  nm ;  Q.   reif.      The 


Sason  word  signifies  harvest,' a' ro.;.  or  rtaping  i 
r.pa,  a  handful  of  corn  ;  ripan,  to  reap;  Wmi.,  to 
npen,j  i-  t     r      » 


RIS 

1.  Bronirhi  to  periertion  in  growth,  or  to  the  best 
state  ;  mature  ;  as,  ripe  fruit  j  ripe  corn. 

2.  Advanced  to  perl't'ciion  ;  matured  }  as,  ripe 
judgmctit,  or  ripe  in  judcmciiU 

:t.   Finished  ;  consuiiininie  ;  as,  a  ripe  scholar. 

4.  Brought  to  the  point  of  taking  effi-ct ;  matured  ; 
ready;  prepared  j  as,  things  just  ripe  for  war. 

5.  Fully  qualified  by  improvement ;  prepared  ;  as, 
a  t^iiident  ripe  lor  the  university  ;  a  saint  ripe  for 
ht'«ven.  Fell.     Dryden. 

6.  .Advanced  to  that  state  in  which  it  is  fit  for  use ; 
as,  rip*  cheese. 

7.  Reseuibling  the  ripeness  of  fhiit ;  as,  a  ripe  lip. 

Shak. 

8.  Complete  ;  proper  fcr  use. 

When  li:r.o  u  ript.  Shak. 

9.  Maturated  ;  suppurated  ;  as  an  abscess  or 
tuninr. 

RIPE,  r.  i.    To  ripen ;  to  grow  ripej  lo  be  matured. 

JJV'iX  used,']     [See  Ripen.]  Shak, 

RIPE,  r.  (.   To  mature  j  to  ripen.    [JVot  used.\ 

RTPE'LY,  adv.    Maturely  ;  at  the  fit  time.         Shuk. 
RIP'JG.V,  (ri'pn,)  r.  i.      [Sax.  ripian  ;   D.   rypen ;   G. 
rei/en.] 

1.  '1  o  grow  ripe ;  to  be  matured ;  as  grain  or  fruit. 
Grain  ripens  best  in  dry  weather. 

2.  To  approach  or  come  to  pt-rfection  ;  to  be  filled 
or  prepared  ;  ti.-i,  a  project  is  ripening  for  executi[)n. 

RIP't'N,  (rl'pn,)  c.  u    To  mature;  to  make  ripe;  aa 
grain  or  fruit. 

3.  To  mature;  to  fit  or  prepare;  as,  to  ripen  one 
for  heaven. 

3.  To  bring  lo  perfection ;  as,  to  ripen  tlie  judg- 
ment. 
RIP'£\-Kn,  pp.  or  a.     Made  ripe  ;  come  to  maturity. 
RlP'f:.\-I.\G,  n.     The  act  or  suite  of  becoming  ripe. 
RIPF/NESS,  n.     The  state  of  being  ripe  or  brou^iht  lo 
tltat  sLite  of  perfection  which  fits  for  use;  maturity  ; 
as,  the  ripeness  of  grain, 
a.  Full  growth. 

I'im*,  which  m^iie  tb^m  tVir  &tne  ouUive, 

To  Cowley  tcttx^  (lid  riptneta  p»«.  DtiAam. 

3.  Perfection  ;  completeness  ;  as,  the  ripeness  of 
virtue,  wisdom,  or  judcment. 

4.  fitness;  qiiiililiriitit>n.  Shak. 

5.  Complete  maturation  or  suppuration,  as  of  an 
ulcer  or  abbess. 

6.  A  state  of  preparation  ;  as,  the  ripeness  of  a 
projrct  for  execution. 

RlI"f;.N-l\G,  ppr.  or  a.     Maturing;  growing  or  mak- 

ine  ripe. 
RI-PIIE'.\.\,  a.    An  epithet  given  to  certain  mounlnins 

in    the    north  of  Asia,  probably  signifying   snoity 

mott  Htain.*. 
RtP-/-E.YO,  a.     [It.]     In  music  full. 
RIP'IER,  j  a.    In  old  /aw.v,  one  who  brings  fish  to 
KIP'PER,  i     market  in  tlie  inland  country      -        - 


[Obs.] 
Coteet. 


RlV'PEDy  (ript,)  pp.    Torn  or  cut  off  or  out;   torn 

o[>rn. 
RIPPER,  n.     One  who  tears  or  cuts  open. 
RlP'Pl.VG,p;)r.     Culling  or  tearing  off  or  open  ;  tear- 

int!  up. 
RIP'PI.VG,  n.     A  tearing. 

2.  A  discovery,     [Ob$.]  Spenser. 

RIP'PLE,  (rip'pl,)  V.  i.     fin   Dnn.  ripper  is  to  stir  or 

agitate  ;  in  G.  rij>  is  a  liatchel ;  and  riffeln,  to  halch- 

el ;  in  Sax.  gerified  is  wrinkled.     Hippie  is  probably 

allied  to  rip.] 

To  fret  on  the  surface  ;  as  water,  when  agitiited  or 

running  over  a  rough   boUom,  appears   rough  and 

broken,  or  as  if  ripped  or  torn. 
RIP'PLE,  (rip'pl,)  r.  L     [G,  riffcln,  to  hatchet.] 

1.  To  clean,  as  flax.  Ray. 
9.  To  agitate  the  surface  of  water. 

RIP'PLE,  n.  The  fretting  of  the  surface  of  water  ; 
little,  curling  waves. 

2.  A  l.irne  comb  or  haichel  for  cleaning  flax. 
RIP'PLEi-GRXSS,  «.     A  species  of  ptanuiin,  rib-gross, 

PInntnpo  lanceolata.  Farm.  Enct/c. 

RIP'PLEi-.MARK,  n.  A  name  given  to  small  undula- 
litms  on  the  surface  of  a  sea-beach,  left  by  the  reccd- 
ine  waves,  fn  geology,  siinilar  undulations  on  the 
surface  of  many  rocks  are  called  Kipple-marks. 

P.  Cye. 

RIF'PLE-MARK-£D,  (ralrkl,)  a.  Having  ripple- 
mark^.  Lyell. 

RIP'PLING, ;7n-.  Fretting  on  the  surface-,  cleaning, 
a<>  riax. 

RIP'PLING,  n.  The  breaking  of  ripples  or  the  noise 
of  it.  Pennant. 

S.  The  act  or  method  of  cleaning  flax;  a  hatch- 
eline. 

RIP'PLING-LY,  adv.     In  the  manner  of  ripples. 

RIP'RAP,  71.  In  engineering^  a  foundation  or  parapet 
of  stones  thrown  together  without  order,  as  in  deep 
water  or  on  a  soft  bottom. 

RfPT,  pp.  for  RrpfED. 

RIP'TOW-ELL,  n.  A  gratuity  given  to  tenants  after 
they  had  reaped  their  lord's  corn.  Bailey. 

RISE,    (rize,)  v.   i.  ;   pret.  Rose,  (r5ze  ;)    pp.    IIiskx, 


RIS 

(rizn.)  [Sax.  ari-vuM.-  U.ryien;  Goth,  rcwan,  in  «r- 
Ttisan,  to  rise,  and  ur-roift/an,  to  raise.     See  Raise.] 

I.  To  move  or  pass  upward  in  any  manner;  to  as- 
cend ;  as,  a  fog  rises  from  a  river  or  from  low 
ground  i  a  fish  ri*es  in  water  ;  birds  rise  in  the  air  ; 
clouds  rise  from  the  horizon  toward  the  meridian  ;  a 
balloon  rises  above  the  clouds. 

a.  To  get  up  ;  to  leave  the  place  of  sleep  or  rest ; 
as,  1(1  rise  from  bed. 

i).  To  get  up  or  move  from  anv  recumbent  to  an 
erect  posture  ;  a-t,  to  rise  after  a  fall. 

4.  To  gel  up  from  a  seat ;  to  leave  a  sitting  pos- 
ture ;  as,  to  rise  from  a  sofa  or  chair. 

5.  To  spring;  lo  grow  ;  as  a  plant;  Iience,  to  be 
high  or  tall.     A  tree  rises  lo  the  hight  of  sixty  feet. 

ti.  To  swell  in  quantity  or  extent ;  lo  be  more  ele- 
vated ;  as,  II  river  rises  after  a  rain. 

7.  To  break  forth  ;  lo  appear ;  as,  a  boil  rises  on 
the  !<kin. 

8.  To  appear  above  the  horizon  ;  to  shine  ;  as,  the 
sun  or  a  i«tar  rises. 

lie  tnakcili  hU  «un  lo  nas  on  the  evil  «nii  on  tbe  gooA.  —  Matt,  r, 

9.  To  begin  to  exist;  to  originote;  to  come  into 
beinc  or  notice.  Great  evils  sometimes  rise  from 
small  imprudences. 

10.  To  be  excited  ;  to  begin  to  move  or  act ;  as,  tbe 
wind  rase  at  I^  o'clock. 

II.  To  increase  in  violence.  The  wind  continued 
to  W*«till  3  o'clock. 

13.  To  appear  in  view  ;  as,  to  me  up  to  the  read- 
er's view.  Jlddison. 

V.i.  To  appear  in  sight;  also,  lo  appear  more  ele- 
vated i  OS,  in  sailing  toward  a  shore,  the  land  rises. 

14.  To  change  a  station  ;  to  leave  a  place;  as,  to 
rise  from  a  siege.  KnoUes. 

15.  To  spring  ;  to  be  excited  or  produced.  A 
thought  now  n*M  in  my  mind. 

IG.  To  gain  elevation  in  rank,  fortune,  or  public 
estimation  ;  to  l>e  promoted.  Men  may  rw«  by  in- 
dustry, by  merit,  by  favor,  or  by  intrigue. 

Some  riaa  hy  «n,  smi  »ome  I>y  virtue  fall.  Shak. 

When  Uie  » iekwl  rita,  men  hide  Uicnisclvct.  —  Ptot.  zxviiL 

17.  To  break  fortli  into  public  commotions  ;  to 
make  open  opp<)sition  to  government;  or  lo  assem- 
ble and  oppose  governmcnl ;  or  to  assemble  iu  arms 
fur  attacking  another  nation.  The  Greeks  have  rism 
against  ihcir  oppressors. 

No  more  ahtll  nation  nguinat  nation  ritt.  Pop*. 

18.  To  be  excited  or  roused  into  action. 

RUe  up  to  the  balllc  — Jer.  xlix. 

19.  To  make  a  hostile  attack  ;  a-?,  when  a  man 
risrtJt  Offainsi  his  neighbor.     Drut.  xxii. 

30.  'J'o  increase  ;  to  swell ;  to  grow  more  or  great- 
er. A  voice,  feeble  at  first,  rise^  to  thunder.  The 
price  of  goods  rises.    The  heat  rises  to  intensity. 

21.  To  be  improved;  to  recover  from  depression; 
09,  a  family  may  rise^  after  misfortune,  to  opulence 
and  splendor. 

23.  To  elevate  the  style  or  manner ;  as,  to  rise  in 
force  of  ex|ires8ion  ;  to  rise,  in  eloquence. 

23.  To  be  revived  from  death. 

Tlie  dciui  iu  Clirist  tliAll  nxa  first. —  1  TbPM.  iv. 

24.  To  come  by  chance.  Spenser. 
2.').  To  ascend  ;  to  be  elevated  above  the  level  or 

surface  ;  ns,  the  ground  ri^cs  gradually  one  hundred 
yatds.  Some  peaks  of  tlie  Andes  rise  more  than 
20,000  feet  alujve  the  level  of  the  ocean  ;  a  mountain 
in  Asia  is  said  to  rise  still  higher. 

26.  To  proceed  from. 

A  ■o'pter  ihatl  rite  out  of  Igrael.  —  Num.  xxiv. 

27.  To  have  its  sources  in.  Rivers  rise  in  lakes, 
ponds,  and  springs. 

28.  To  be  moved,  roused,  excited,  kindled,  or  in- 
flamed, as  passidu.     ilia  wrath  rose  to  rage, 

29.  To  ascend  in  the  diatonic  .scale  ;  as,  to  rise  a 
tone  or  semitone. 

30.  To  amount.  Tlie  public  debt  rises  to  a  hun- 
dred millions. 

31.  To  close  a  session.  We  say,  congress  will 
rise  on  the  4th  of  March  ;  the  Icgidlature  or  the  court 
will  rise  on  a  certain  day. 

This  verb  is  written  also  Arise,  which  see.  In 
treneral,  it  is  indifferent  which  orthography  is  used  ; 
but  custom  tias,  in  some  cases,  e:jtabtished  one  to  the 
exclusion  of  the  other.  Thus  we  never  say,  the 
price  of  goods  arises,  when  we  mean  advances,  but 
we  always  say,  the  price  rises.  We  never  say,  the 
ground  arises  to  a  certain  altitude,  and  rarely,  a 
man  arisen  Into  an  oflice  or  station.  It  is  hardly  pos- 
sible to  class  or  di-fine  the  cashes  in  which  usage  has 
established  a  difference  in  the  orthography  of  this 
verb.  A  knowledge  of  these  cases  must  be  acquired 
by  observation, 
ELSE,  (rise,)  n.  The  act  of  rising,  either  in  a  literal 
or  figurative  sense  ;  ascent ;  as,  the  rise  of  vapor  in 
the  air;  the  rise  of  mercury  in  the  barometer;  the 
rise  of  water  in  a  rivf:r. 

2.  The  acl  of  springing  or  mounting  from  the 
ground  ;  as,  the  rise  of  the  feet  in  leapmg. 

3.  Ascent ;  elevation,  or  degree  of  ascent ;  as,  the 
rise  of  a  hill  or  mountain. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.\T.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PTXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


HSd 


RIT 

4.  spring  ;  source  ;  origin  ;  as,  the  rise  of  a  stream 
tD  a  mountain.     All  sm  has  its  ruie  in  the  heart. 

5.  Any  place  etevateil  above  the  common  level  j 
as,  a  rise  of  himl. 

6.  Appearance  above  the  horizon  ;  as,  the  rise  of 
the  sun  or  a  star. 

7.  Increase;  advance;  as,  a  rise  in  the  price  of 
wheat. 

8.  Advance  in  rank,  honor,  property,  or  fame. 
Observe  a  man  aAer  his  rLe  to  otlice,  or  a  family 
after  its  rise  from  obscurity. 

9.  Increase  of  sound  on  tlie  same  key  ;  a  swelling 
of  the  voice. 

10.  Elevation  or  ascent  of  the  voice  in  the  diatonic 
scale  ;  as,  a  ruse  of  a  tone  or  semitone. 

11.  Increase;  augmentation. 

12.  [D.  rys  ;  from  the  verb.]  A  bough  or  branch. 
[J^ot  in  use.]  Chaucer. 

Rrs'AX,  pp.     See  Rise. 

RiS'KR,  H.     One  that  rises  ;  as,  an  cariy  riser. 

3.  Among  jviner;;,  the  upright  board  of  a  stair. 

Otcitt. 
RIS-I-niL'I-TY  or  RT-SI-RILa-TY,       )   n.      [from 
RIS'1-BLE-.\ES5  or  RI'SI.DLE-.NES.S,  (  risible.] 

The  quality   of   laughin^r,   or  of    being   capable  of 
laughter.    JiisibUity  is  peculiar  to  the  human  species. 
9.  Proneness  to  "lau{;h. 
RIS'I-BLE  or  RI'SI-BLE,  a.    [Fr.  risible:  Urisibilis^ 
from  riiUo,  risi^  to  laugh.    See  Ridiculoi*5.J 

1.  Having  the  faculty  or  power  of  laughing.  Man 
is  a  risible  animal. 

9.  Laughable  ;  capable  of  exciting  laughter.  The 
description  of  FatstafT,  in  £^hakspea^e,  exhibits  a 
ri^*A/e  scene.  Risible  diflVrs  from  ludicrous^  vis  spe- 
cies from  genus  ;  ludicrous  expressing  that  which  is 
playful  and  sportive;  ri«(Wp,  that  which  may  excite 
laughter.  Risible  differs  from  ridiculous,  as  the  latter 
implies  something  Cnean  or  contemptible,  and  risible 
does  not. 

RIS'I-BLY  or  RI'SI-BLY,  ode.  In  a  risible  manner  j 
lauehably. 

RTS'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Getting  up;  ascending;  mount- 
ing; springing;  proceeding  from  ;  advancing  ;  swell* 
ini: ;  increasing;  appearing  aboi'e  the  horizon  ;  re- 
living  from  death,  &c. 

9.  Increasing  in  wealth,  power,  or  distinction  ;  as, 
a  risiuff^  stale  ;  a  rising  character. 

3.  Growing,  advancing  to  adult  years,  and  to  the 
state  of  active  life  ;  as,  the  rising  generation. 

RIS'IXG,  n.  The  act  of  getting  up  from  any  recum- 
bent or  sitting  posture. 

2.  The  act  of  ascending;  as,  the  rising  of  vapor. 

3.  The  act  of  closing  a  sessitm,  as  of  a  public 
body  ;  as,  the  rising  of  the  legislature. 

4.  The  appearance  of  the  sun  or  a  star  above  the 
horizon. 

5.  The  act  of  reviving  from  the  dead ;  resurrec- 
tion.   Jfark  ix. 

6.  A  tumor  on  the  body.    Lev.  xiii. 

7.  An  assembling  in  opposition  to  government; 
iniiirrection  ;  st^dition,  or  nmtiny. 

RISK,/!.  [Fr.  risque;  Arm.  risql ;  Sp.  ries^o ;  Port. 
risco ;  It.  rischio,  risk,  danger,  peril;  Fr.  risquer. 
Arm.  risqta,  Sp.  arrirsgar^  Port,  arrisc/lr,  to  risk. 
The  sense  is,  a  pushing  forward,  a  rushiagy  as  in 
rujik.  Q,u.  Dan.  dristig,  biilil.  rash  ;  dristevy  to  dare. 
Sw.  drista,  to  trust,  to  be  hold,  hardy,  or  rask.  In 
Portuguese,  riseo  signifies  not  only  hazard,  but  a 
Etroke,  a  dash,  and  with  painters,  delineation  ;  riscar 
signttie.^  to  dash,  or  strike  out  with  a  pen,  to  erasA. 
The  primary  sense,  th<:n,  is,  to  throw  or  dash,  or  to 
rush,  to  drive  forward.      See  Pkril,  Rash,  and 

RtJSH.J 

1.  Hazard;  dnnecr  ;  pi-ril  ;  etpnsnre  to  harm.  He, 
at  the  risk  of  his  lif-*,  saved  a  dn>wninc  man. 

2.  In  comm^refl,  the  hazard  of  loss,  either  of  ship, 
goods,  or  other  property.  Hence,  ruk  signifies  also 
the  dfgree  of  hazard  or  danger  ;  for  the  premiums  of 
insurance  are  ratctilrtti^d  uimn  the  risk.  The  under- 
writers now  lake  risks  at  a  low  premium. 

To  run  a  risk,  is  to  Inrur  hazard  ;  to  encounter 
danger. 

RISK,  V.  U  To  hazard;  to  endanger;  to  expose  to 
injury  or  loss  ;  as,  to  rutk  gr»ods  on  board  ttf  a  ship  • 
to  rink  one's  person  in  battle  ;  to  risk  one's  fame  by 
a  puhlicati(m  ;  to  rwk  life  in  deft-nse  of  rights. 

9.  To  venture  ;  to  dare  tu  undertake ;  as,  to  risk  a 
battle  or  combat. 

RISK^/3I),  (riski,)  pp.    Hazarded  ;  exposed  to  injury 

RKSK'ER,  71.     One  who  hazards.  [or  loss. 

RISK'I.VGj  ppr.  Haz.-uding  ;  exposing  to  injury  or 
loss. 

RISSE,  obsolete  prei.  of  Rise.  B.  Jonson. 

RITE,  «.  [Fr.  rit,  rite;  I*,  ritna;  It.  and  Sp.  rito ; 
Sans,  ritiy  servicej 

The  manner  of  performing  divine  or  soli-nm  ser- 
vice, as  established  by  law,  precept,  or  cusfoni ;  for- 
mal act  of  religion,  or  other  soli-nm  duty,  'i'he  rites 
of  the  Israelites  were  numcrons  and  exiK-nsive  ;  the 
riUs  of  modem  churches  are  nn»re  simple.  Funenil 
rites  are  very  different  in  diderent  countries.  The 
•acranif'nt  is  a  holy  rite.  Hummnnd. 

RI-TOK-NEL'LO,  n.  [It.,  from  ritorno,  return,  or 
ritorjuire.  to  return.] 


RIY 

In  music,  n  repeat ;  the  htirdcn  of  a  song,  or  the 
repetition  of  a  verse  or  strain. 
RIT'l^-AL,  fl.      [It.  ritnale.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  rites;  consisting  of  rites  j  as,  ritual 
Bcrvice  or  sacrifices.  Prior. 

9.  Prescribing  rites  ;  as,  the  ritual  law. 
RIT'tT-AL,  n.     A  book  containing  the  rites  to  be  ob- 
served, or  the  manner  of  performing  divine  ser\'icc 
in  a  particular  church  or  communion.  P.  Cijc. 

RIT'U-AL-ISM,  «.     The  system  of  rituals  or  pre- 
scribed forms  of  rL^ligious  worship. 
9.  Observance  of  prescribed  forma  in  religion. 
RIT'U-ALrlST,  n.    One  skilled  in  the  ritual. 

Oreg(mj. 
RIT'TJ-AL-LY,  adc.    By  rites  ;  or  by  a  particular  rile. 

Sclden. 
RIV'AGE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  rivt,  bank.] 

A  bank,  shore,  or  coasL  {J^ot  in  use.'\  Spenser. 
RI'VAL,  n.  [Lt.  rivalis;  Fr  and  Sp.  rical ;  It.  ricate  ; 
Ir.  rioblach  ;  lleb.  3i'i,  to  contend,  to  strive  ;  Dan. 
rivesj  to  strive  ;  &p.  rifa,  strife,  raffle  ;  rifar,  to  dis- 
pute, quarrel,  or  rajlc,  and  to  split  a  sail.  Uu.  to  rive 
or  rip.    See  Raffle.] 

1.  One  who  is  in  pursuit  of  the  same  object  as 
another;  one  striving  to  reach  or  obtain  something 
which  another  is  attempting  to  obtain,  and  which 
one  only  can  possess ;  a  competitor ;  as,  rivals  in 
love ;  rirtUs  fur  a  crown.  Love  will  not  patiently 
bear  a  rival. 

2.  One  striving  to  equal  or  exceed  another  in  ex- 
cellence ;  as,  two  rivals  in  eloquence. 

3.  An  antagonist;  a  competitor  in  any  pursuit  or 
strife. 

RI'VAL,  a.    Having  the  same  pretensions  or  claims  ; 

standing  in   competition  for  superiority  ;   as,  rival 

lovers  ;  rival  claims  or  pretensions. 

Equivl  la  yean  nnd  rieal  in  renown.  Dryden. 

RI'VAL,  r. ',    To  stand  in  competition  with  ;  to  strive 

to  gain  the  object  which  another  is  contending  for  ; 

as,  to  rical  one  in  love, 

2.  To  strive  to  equal  or  excel ;  to  emulate. 

To  ritxU  thunder  in  iu  rapid  cour»e.  Dryden. 

RI'VAL,  v.  i.    To  bo  competitors.    [JYof  t»  u.^^.] 

Shak. 
RT'VAL-KD,  pp.    Having  another  competing  with  j 

emulated. 
RI' V  A  L-ING,  ppr.    Striving  to  equal  or  excel;  emu- 
lating. 
RT-VAL'I-TY,  n.     Rivalry.     [J^ot  in  use,\  Shak. 

RI'VAL-RY,  n.  [from  rivai.]  Competition  ;  a  strife 
or  effort  to  obtain  an  object  which  another  is  pursu- 
ing ;  as,  rivalry  in  love ;  or  an  endeavor  to  equal  or 
surpass  another  in  some  excellence  ;  emulation  ;  as, 
rivalry  for  superiority  at  the  bar  or  in  the  senate. 
RI'VAL-SUIP,  n.    The  state  or  cJiaracter  of  a  rival. 

B.  Jonson. 
9.  Strife ;  contention  for  superiority  ;  emulation  ; 
rivalry. 
RIVE,  V.  t. ;  jrret.  Rived  ;  pp.  Ritkd  or  Rivex.  [Dan. 
revner^  to  split ;  river,  to  pluck  olf  or  away,  to  rake  ; 
Sw.ri/'ro,  to  pull  asunder,  to  burst,  or  rend,  to  rake, 
to  tear ;  Ice.  rifa,  Sw.  rtj'ca,  a  chink,  or  crevice  ;  Fr. 
crcper,  whence  crerasse,  crevice;  Russ.  rru :  allied 
to  L.  rumpo,  rupi.  It  may  be  allied  to  the  family  of 
L.  rapio,  reap,  rip.] 

To  split ;  to  cleave  ;  to  rend  asunder  by  force  ;  as, 
to  rive  timber,  for  rails  or  shingles  with  wedges  ;  the 
riven  oak  ;  the  riven  clouds.  Dryden.    Milton. 

The  Koldin^  win'U 
Hav«  ritttd  the  linottr  oaks.  iS'/ia<t. 

RIVE,  v.L    To  be  split  or  rent  asunder. 

»ce«toae  Hm«,  >pltt«,  And  brtroka  in  any  dincllon,   Woodaard. 

RIV'EL,  V.  U  [Sax.  geriJUdy  wrinkled  ;  from  the  root 
of  Dan.  rir«r,  to  draw,  to  wrest,  t^w.  rifva.  This 
word  is  obsolete,  but  shrivel,  from  the  same  root,  is 
in  uae.    It  may  be  allied  to  rujle.] 

To  contract  into  wrinkles;  to  shrink  ;  as,  riveted 
fruit ;  rivfled  flowers.  Dryden.     Pope, 

RIV'KL-EU,  pp.  or  a.     Wrinkled. 

RIV'£L-L\G,  ppr.  Shrinking ;  contracting  into 
wrinkles. 

RIV'/:N,pp.  of  Ri»E.    Split;  rent  or  bunt  asunder. 

RI'VER,  n.     One  who  rives  or  splits. 

RIVER,  ».  [Fr.  ririire;  Arm.  rifyer;  Corn,  ryvier ; 
It.  rivicra;  from  L.  rirus,  rivulus ;  D.  rivier.  The 
Italian  word  signifies  a  river,  and  a  bank  or  shore, 
L.  ripa,  Sp.  ribera.] 

I.  A  large  stream  of  water  flowing  in  a  channel 
on  land  toward  the  ocean,  a  lake,  or  another  river. 
It  is  larger  than  a  rivulet  or  bniok  ;  but  is  applied  to 
any  stream  from  the  size  of  a  mill-stream  to  that  of 
the  Danube,  Amazon,  and  MisHissippi.  We  give  this 
name  to  large  streams  which  admit  the  tide  and 
mingle  salt  water  with  fresh,  as  the  rivers  Hudson, 
Delaware,  and  St.  Lawrence. 

3.  A  large  stream;  copious  flow;  abundance;  as, 
rirrrs  of  hirmd  ;  ricrrs  ol  nil. 

RIV'Ett-BKD,  n.     The  bod  or  bottom  of  n  river. 
RlV'EK-c:iIAN"NEL,  n.    The  channel  of  a  nver, 
RI  V'KR-€f>IJRSE,  n.    The  course  of  a  river. 
RIV'ER-DEL'TA,  n.    A  delta  formed  by  the  current 
of  a  river. 


ROA 

RIV'ER-DRAG'ON,  n.    A  crocodile;  a  name  given 

by  Miltun  to  the  king  of  Egypt. 
RIV'ER-KT,  n.     A  small  river.     [JVot  in  «5«.] 
RIVER-GOD,  w.    A  deity  supposed  to  preside  over  a 

river,  as  its  tutelary  divinity  :  a  naiad.     Lempriere. 
RIVEIt-flORSE,  n.    The  hipiKipotamus,  an  animal 

inhabiting  rivers.  Milton. 

RIVER-PLAIN,  n.  A  plain  by  a  river. 
RIVER-WA-TLR,  n.  The  water  of  a  river,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  Hain-wateh. 
RIVET,  tJ.t.  [It.  ribadire;  Port,  rebitar.  These  are 
comiwunds  of  a  verb  with  re  for  a  prefix.  The 
Spanish  has  rohlar.  The  French  river,  and  Arm, 
rica  or  rinca^  would  seeui  to  be  the  Heb.  3^i,  to 
drive.] 

1.  To  fasten  with  a  rivet,  or  with  rivets;  as, to 
rivet  two  pieces  of  iron. 
9.  To  clinch  ;  as,  to  rirct  a  pin  or  bolL      Moxon, 
3.  To  fasten  firmly  ;  to  make  firm,  strong,  or  im- 
movable ;  as,  to  rtpet  friendship  or  atTection. 

.^tterbury. 
Rioel  and  nail  me  whnre  I  ilArid,  je  powers.  CongTtv4. 

RIVET,  n.     A  pin  of  iron  or  other  metal  with  a  head, 
driven  through  a  pit:ce  of  timber  or  metal,  and  the 
pcrint  bent  or  spread  and  beat  down  fast,  to  prevent 
its   being  drawn  out;  or  a  pin  or  bolt  clinched  at 
both  ends. 
RIVET-ED,  pp.     Clinched  ;  made  fast. 
RIV'ET-L\G,  ppr.    Clinching;  fastening  firmly. 
RIVING,  ppr.     Splitting;  bursting  asunder. 
RI-VOSE',  a.     [L.  rirM.s-.] 

In  zoUlogyy  marked  with  furrows  sinuate  and  ir- 
recular.  Braade, 

RIV'U-LET,  rt.     [L.  rivulus.] 

A  small  stream  or  brook  :  a  streamlet. 


By  fountain  or  by  ahady  riouUt, 
llv  muj^ht  ibom. 


Afi'ton, 


RIX-J'TION,  ».    [L.  rixatio,  from  rtior,  to  brawl  or 

quarrel.] 

A  brawl  or  quarrel.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

RIX-DOL'LAR,  n.  [G.  reichsthaler :  D.  njksdaalder} 
Sw.  riksdaler;  Dan.  rigsdaler ;  the  dollar  of  the 
realm] 

A  silver  coin  of  Germany,  Holland,  Denmark,  and 
Sweden,  of  different  vahie  in  ditl'erent  places ;  but 
usually  valued  at  from  'Is.  to  4s.  8d.  sterling,  or  about 
the  same  as  the  American  dollar.  'I'he  rix  dollars 
now  current  in  Prussia,  Suxe-Gotha,  and  Poland, 
are  valued  at  2s.  lid.  sterling,  or  about  70  cents. 

McCulhch. 

ROACH,  n,  [Sax.  reokcke,  hreoce;  G.  roche;  Dan. 
rokke ;  Sw.  rocka ;  Fr.  rougrt,  from  the  root  of  rouge^ 
red.] 

1.  A  fish  of  the  carp  family,  Leuciscus  rutflus, 
found  in  fresh  water,  easily  caught  and  tolerably 
good  for  food. 

2,  The  curve  or  arch  cut  in  the  foot  of  some  sqjare 
sails.  Braude, 

As  sound  as  a  roach,  is  a  phrase  supposed  to  have 
been,  originally,  as  sound  as  a  rock,  [Fr.  roche.] 
ROAD,  n.  [Sax.  rad,  rade,  a  ride,  a  passing  or  travel- 
ing on  horseback,  a  way,  a  road,  corresponding  with 
the  G.  reise,  D.  reis,  Dan.  rejse,  Sw.  resa ;  but  in  the 
sense  of  a  place  for  anchoring  ships,  the  Fr.  has  rode, 
Sp.  rada,  G.  and  D.  reedCy  Sw.  redd,  Dan.  rede,  reed. 
In  the  sense  of  way,  the  Spanish  has  rauta,  W. 
rhated,  all  connected  with  ride,  W.  rhedu,  to  run,  and 
L.  gradior,  W,  rhudiatr,  to  wftlk  or  go.  The  Sla- 
vonic has  brudy  and  the  Bohemian  iirotl,  a  way. 
See  Grade.] 

1.  An  op»in  way  or  public  passage  ;  ground  ap- 
propriated for  travel,  forming  a  comiimnication  be- 
tween one  city,  town,  or  place,  and  another.  The 
word   is   generally  applied  to  highways,  and   as   a 

feneric  term  it  includes  highway,  street,  and  lane, 
'he  military  roads  of  the  Romans  were  paved  with 
stone,  or  formed  of  gravel  or  pebbles,  and  s<ime  of 
them  remain  to  this  day  entire. 

2.  Any  place  where  slii|»9  may  ride  at  anchor  at 
some  distance  frum  the  shore ;  sometiinea  called 
Roadstead,  that  Is,  a  place  for  riding^  meaning  at 
anchor. 

3.  A  journey.  Milton. 
[JViit  used ;  but  we  still  use  ride  as  a  noun  ;  as,  a 

long  ride ;  a  short  ride ;  the  same  word  dilferently 
written.] 

4.  An  inroad ;  incursion  of  an  enemy.  [JVo(  in 
vse.]  ShaJi. 

On  tM  road  ;  passing  ;  traveling.  Law. 

ROAD'-BED,n.  The  bed  or  foundation  on  which  tlie 
superstructure  of  a  railroad  rests.  Faraham. 

ROAD'.STER,  n.     Among  seamen^  a  vessel  riding  at 

anchor  in  a  road  or  bay.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  A  horse  fitted  for  traveling.  Bell. 

ROAD'STEAD,  (-ated,)  n.  A  place  where  ships  may 
ride  at  anchor,  at  some  distance  from  the  shore. 

ROAD'WAY,  71.  The  part  of  a  road  traveled  by  car- 
riages. Shak. 

ROA.M,  V.  t.  [If  m  is  radical,  this  word  seems  to  be 
connected  with  ramble,  L.  ramus.  In  VV.  rhamu  is 
to  rise  over,  to  soar,  to  vault ;  whence  rhamnnt,  a 
rising  boldly,  rowiflHcc ;  rhem.  rhum,  something  pro- 
jecting ;  rhim^  rim,  the  exterior  port  of  a  thing  ;  Ar. 


TONE,  BULL,  TJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VfCIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


!>yO 


ROB 


ROB 


^K  to  exceed,  lo  dt-part.      Class  Rui,  No.  5.     See 

aI»o  No.  9  find  23.] 

To  wander ;  to  ramble  ;  lo  rove  ;  lo  walk  or  move 
about  iVoin  place  to  place  wilhoul  any  certain  pur- 
pose or  direction.  Tim  wolf  and  ihc  savage  roam  in 
the  foresL 

Day-hue  roaming  ihrou^  «  thorny  vood.  5Sfl*. 

R6AM,  r.  L    To  ranite  ;  lo  wander  over;  as,  to  ream 

ihe  woods  ;  but  ihe  phrase  is  elliptical.         JUtUon. 
KCtAM'ED,pp.     Ranged;  wandered  over. 
ROAM'ER,  «.    A  wanderer  i  a  rovefi  a  rambler j  a 

I'afiraiii. 
ROAMTNG.  j^.    Wandering  ;  roving. 

raJm  '"'**^'  I  **    ^*'*  ""*  *^  wanderiag. 
ROAN* a.     [Fr.  r<»«ai«0 

A  roan  borse  is  one  that  is  of  a  bay,  aorrel,  or  dark 

color,  wiih  spou  of  gray,  or  wliile,  thirkly  intur- 

spented.  F^r,  Diet. 

EOAN'-TREE,  n.     A  tree  of  the  genus  ±>urbu9  or 

I^Tus  ;  the  mountain  a«h.  Lee. 

ROAR,  r.  L    [Sax.  puri'ji,  lo  roar;  W.  riairr,  the 

roaring  of  Uie  sea.] 

1.  To  cf}-  with  a  full,  loud,  continued  sound  ;  to 
bellow,  as  a  beasl ;  aa,  a  roarimg  bull  i  m  rearui/ lion. 

S.  To  CO'  aloud,  as  in  dislrei^ 

The  cuflrrin^  chirf 
Roortd  out  fur  dn^ uich.  Dryden. 

3.  To  cry  aloud ;  to  bawl ;  as  a  child- 

4.  To  cause  a  loud,  ci>iiiinued  sound.  We  my, 
the  sea  or  the  wind  roars ;  a  company  roar  in  accla- 
mation. 

5.  To  make  a  loud  noise, 

Th«  brajCB  UitiMt  of  Wax  had  ct»wed  to  roar.  htUton. 

KOAR,  a.  A  full,  loud  aound  of  some  continuance; 
tbe  cry  of  a  bea-«t ;  a.<,  the  roar  of  a  lii>n  or  buIL 

2.  The  loud  cry  of  a  child  or  prrs*m  in  distress. 

3.  Clamor:  outer)*  of  j-iy  or  mirth  :  as,  a  roar  of 
latigfaier.     He  set  the  coiiifmiy  in  a  roar. . 

4.  Tbe  loud,conti[iut-d  !«Ltuudul Uiesea  in  a  storm, 
or  tbe  bowling  of  a  tt>ni|)est.  FkUtps. 

5.  Any  huid  sound  ui'  some  continuance;  an,  Ibe 
roar  Gi  cannon. 

BGAR'ER,  a.     One  th:it  roarSjN^iin  or  beast. 

Si.  A  bo r«e  quite  broken  Winded.  Smart, 

RO.\R'ING.  Pin-,  vr  a.  Cr>  ing  like  a  bull  or  lion  j  ut- 
tering a  deep,  loud  sound. 

EOAR'ING,  u.  Tbe  cry  of  a  lion  or  other  beast ; 
outcry  of  distrsss.  Jab  Hi. ;  loud,  continued  sound  of 
the  billows  of  the  sea,  or  of  a  !t*inj>est.     /*.  v. 

3.  In  farrirrw,  a  disease  of  htiri-es,  usually  accoro- 
panvins  or  prfceding  broken  wind.    Farm.  MlMjfe. 

RCAli'lNG'LV,  aJe.     In  a  ruunng  manner. 

ROAR'Y,  «.     Dewy  ;  mtve  properly  Roar 

ROAST,  r.  L  [W.  rhoatiatr;  Ir.  rosiam ;  Arm.  rosta; 
Fr.rotiri  lu  arrostire :  I),  roo^ten ;  G.  rUMeii ;  Sw. 
rosta;  Dan.  rutcr,  to  n>:t;!l,  and  ris-f,  a  gridiron,  G. 
rofL  If  the  verb  is  front  the  uotii),  the  sense  is,  to 
dress  or  cook  on  a  gridiron,  or  grate,  and  ri^t,  rurt, 
coincide  in  elements  with  L.  rfLdellam^  a  rnke.  If 
the  verb  is  the  nxtl,  tbe  sense  |>r>»hab)y  is,  to  contract 
or  criftp,  or  to  throw  or  agitate,  hence  to  make  rotiEh. 
Tbe  Welsh  has  aUo  cra>-u,  to  rua.^,  from  crds.  This 
coincides  wiiJi  crisi}.] 

1.  To  cook,  dress,  or  prcpnrp  menl  for  the  table,  by 
exposing  it  to  Iteat,  as  on  a  spit,  in  a  bnke-'pan,  in  an 
oven,  or  the  like.  We  now  say,  to  roajtt  meat  on  a 
spit,  in  a  pah,  or  in  a  tin  uven,  &.c. ;  to  bid:e  tatsat  iji 
sn  oven  ;  lo  broil  meat  on  a  ^ridinm. 

3,  To  prepare  for  food  by  exposure  to  heat ;  as,  to 
r»att  apples  or  potatoes  ^  to  ro<L't  vsz»- 
3.  To  beat  to  excess ;  to  beat  vitdently. 

Roatitd  to  vnth  aiwl  tn.  S9iak. 

A.  To  dry  and  parch  by  exposure  to  beat ;  as,  lo 
reajtt  coffee, 

5.  In  metallurfT/,  to  dissipate  tbe  volatile  parts  of 
on  by  beaL 
G.  In  eowtmon  diseamrM,  to  Jeer ;  to  banter  aererely. 

ScotL 
ROAST,  m.    That  which  is  roasled. 
ROAST,  a.    [For  Roaited.]    Roasted  i  as,  roaH  beef. 
ROAST,  a.    in  the  phrase  to  rsi«  the  roast,  u  e.,  to  gov- 
ern tbe  company,  this  word  is  a  corrupt  pronuncia- 
tion of  the  G.  roLi,  counsel,  Dan.  and  D.  rood,  Sw. 

rit 
RO.A.ST'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Dressed  by  exposure  to  beat  on 

a  spit. 
EOAST'ER,n.    One  tbU  roasts  meat ;  also,  a  contri- 
S.  A  pig  for  roasting.  [vance  for  roasting. 

ROAST'ING,  ppr.  Preparing  for  the  table  by  exposure 
to  heat  on  a  spit ;  drying  and  parching. 
3.  Bantering  with  seventy. 
ROAST'ING,  n.    The  act  of  roasting,  as  meal. 

2.  In  metaliurgv,\he  prutnicted  ap;>lication  of  beat, 
below  a  fusing  point,  to  nieL-ilIic  ores. 

3.  A  severe  teasing  or  bantering. 

ROB,  M.     [Sp.  robi  Ar.  %^\j  rauba^  to  be  thick.] 


The  inspissated  juice  of  ri(Mj  fruit,  niiied  with 
bouey  ur  sugar  to  the  consistence  of  a  conserve. 

Sp.  DicU 
ROB,  r.  (.     [G.  raubtn  ;  D.  rooven  ;  Sw.  roffa  and  riifva  ; 
Dan.  r^veri  IL  rtibart;  Sp.  roban  Tort,  rouiurj  Fers. 


•^  fcj  ,  robodan.  This  word  has  tbe  elements  of  W. 

rha'ib^  a  snatching.  Sax.  rrnfiany  L.  rapio,  Fr.  ravir. 
Class  Rb,  No.  2tl,  27,  09,  30.] 

1.  In  /aio,  to  take  from  tbe  person  of  another  fclo- 
niiMisly,  forcibly,  and  by  putting  bim  in  fear  ;  as,  to 
rob  a  passenger  on  the  road.  Blackstone. 

3.  To  seize  and  carry  from  any  thing  by  violence 
and  with  felonious  intent ;  as,  to  rob  a  coach  ;  to  rob 
the  mail. 

3.  To  plunder ;  to  strip  unlawfully  ;  as,  to  rob  an 
orchard  ;  to  rob  a  man  of  his  just  praise. 

4.  To  take  away  by  oppression  or  by  violence. 

Rob  itoi  thr  [wor  brcituw*  tw  is  poor.  —  Prov.  xxU. 

b.  Tu  take  from  \  to  deprive.  A  lurgo  tree  robs 
smallff  plants  ne.ir  it  of  tl)eir  nourishment. 

6.  In  a  loose  seasr,  to  steal ;  tu  take  privately  with- 
out permission  of  the  owner.  7'ooke. 

7.  To  withhold  what  is  due.    Jifal.  iii. 
ROB'Bi;!),  (robd,)  pp.    Deprived   feloniously  and   by 

violence  ;  plundered ;   seized  and  carried  away  by 
violence. 
ROB' BLR,  n.     In  late,  one  that  takes  goods  or  money 
from  the  {Ktrson  of  another  by  force  or  menaces,  and 
with  a  felonious  inteuL  BUxeksione. 

2.  In  a  loustr  sensf,  one  who  lakes  that  to  which 
he  has  no  right ;  one  who  steals,  plunders,  or  strips 
by  violence  and  wrong. 

ROB'BER-V,  ».  In  laiCy  the  forcible  and  felonious 
taking  from  the  [>erson  of  another  any  money  or 
goods,  juitting  him  in  fe^ir,  that  is,  by  violence  or  by 
menaces  of  death  or  personal  injury.  Robbery  diflers 
from  tMeft,  as  it  is  a  violent,  felonious  taking  from  the 
person  or  presence  of  anotlier  ;  w  hereas  th^  is  a  fe- 
lonious taking  of  goods  privately  from  the  person, 
dwelling,  &.C.,  of  another.  These  words  should  not 
be  ronfitunded. 

2.  A  plundtring;  a  pillaging  j  a  taking  away  by 
viclenrc,  wrong,  or  oppres^iion. 

ROBBING,  ppr.  Feloniously  tjiking  from  Ihe  person 
of  another  ;  putting  bim  in  fear  ;  stripping  \  plunder- 
ing ;  taking  from  another  unlawfully  or  by  wrong  or 
oppression 

ROB'BINS,  I  n.pl     ^ropeand  bands.]     Short,  flat 

ROPE'-BAND$,  ]  plaited  pieces  of  rope,  with  an 
eye  in  one  end,  used  in  pairs  to  lie  ibe  upper  edges 
of  square  ghiii  to  their  yards.  Mar.  Diet. 

ROBE,  n.  [Fr.  robe;  Sp.  ropa;  Port,  roupa;  Ir.  roba: 
IL  roba,  a  robe,  and  goods  or  estate  ;  far  roba,  tu  get 
money  ;  robonr,  a  long  gown  ;  rebbieeia,  trilles,  idle 
Bluff.  The  Spanish  and  Portngtiesc  words  sicnify 
clothing  in  general,  cloth,  stutT,  wearing  ap|>arel,atso 
a  lousu  garment  worn  over  the  rest;  a  gown  ;  Sp. 
Topaft  is  wearing  apparel,  tlrapery ;  ropcria,  the  trnde 
of  dealers  in  clothes.  In  Sp.  and  Port.,  then,  tlie 
word  coincides  with  the  Fr.  dnt/i^  Eng.  drapery  and 
frippery.  In  Sax.  rtaf  is  clothing  in  general,  and 
spoil,  plunder,  from  reufian^  to  rob.  From  these  facts 
let  the  reader  judge  wlicther  tiiis  word  had  its  origin 
in  rubbing,  like  tcearinff  apparel,  or  from  stripping, 
the  name  being  originally  given  to  skins,  the  primi- 
tive clothing  of  rude  nations.] 

1.  A  kind  of  gown,  or  liirig,  loose  garment,  worn 
over  other  dress,  particularly  by  persons  in  elevated 
stations.  The  robe  is  properly  a  dress  of  state  or 
dignity,  as  of  princes,  judges,  priests,  &.c.  See  Ezod. 
xiix.  55.     1  Sam.  xxiv.  4.    Matt,  xxvii.  23. 

2.  A  splendid  female  gown  or  garment.     8  Sam. 

3.  An  elegant  dress  ;  splendid  atlire.  [xiii. 

4.  In  Scripture,  the  vesture  of  purity  or  righteous- 
ness, and  of  happiness.    Job  xx'ix.    Luke  xv. 

ROBE,  p.  L  To  put  on  a  robe ;  or  to  dress  with  mag* 
nificence  ;  to  array.  Pope.     Thomson, 

2.  To  dress ;  to  invest,  as  with  beauty  or  elegance ; 
as,  fields  robed  with  green. 

Sucbiraa  his  power  orrr  tb«  exprrsaon  or  hia  countrnnnc^  that 
he  could  in  an  iiisi«nt  shake  otT  iKa  atrrmueu  uf  wkutnr,  and 
robe  it  in  the  brightest  flinUci  of  apiiii^.  Wirt. 

ROB'ED,  pp.  Dressed  with  a  robe ;  arrayed  with  ele- 
gance. 

BOB'ERD»-MAN,  in.     In  tA«  old  statutes  of  England, 

ROB'ERTS-MAN,  (  a  bt.ld,  stout  r<il-ber,  or  night- 
thief,  said  lo  be  GO  called  from  Robiahood,  a  famous 
robber.  Johnson. 

ROB'ERT,  >  n.   An  annual  plant,  of  the  genua 

HERB-ROB'ERT,  i      Geranium,  Loudon. 

ROB'ERT-INE,  (-in,)  ».  One  of  an  order  of  monks, 
BO  called  from  Robert  Floater,  tbe  founder,  A.  D. 
1187. 

ROB'IN,  n.     [It.  mbecula,  from  rubeo,  to  be  red.] 

A  bird  with  a  reddish  breast.  In  England^  Ihe 
robin,  or  redbreast,  is  the  Er>'tliaca  (Motacilia,  Lmn.) 
rubecula,  a  bird  allied  to  tbe  nightmgale.  In  Amer- 
ica, a  species  of  thrush,  Turdus  migratorius,  is  com- 
monly called  robin.  Jardine.     jSTtittall. 

ROB'ING,  ppr.  Dressing  with  a  robe  ;  arraving  with 
elegance. 


ROC 

ROU'IN-<;OOD'FEUL0W,   n.     A  celebrated   fairy, 

also  called  I'lcs.     (See  Puck.]  Jiraude. 

ROB'O  RANT,  a.     [L  roboraus,  roboro.] 

Strengthening. 
ROB'U-KANT,  n.     A  medicine  that  strengtliens  ;  but 

Tonic  is  generally  used. 
ROB-0-RA'TION,   n.     [from   L.  roboro,  from  robur, 
strength.] 

A  strengthening.     [Little  used.]  Coles. 

RO-BO'RE-OUS,  a.  [L.  robortus,  from  robttr,  strength, 
and  nn  oak.] 

Made  of  oak.  DicU 

RO-BUST',  a.     [L.  robustus,  from  robur,  strength.) 

1.  Strong  ;  lusty  ;  sinewy  ;  muscular  ;  vigorous  ; 
forceful ;  as,  a  robust  body  ;  robust  youth.  U  implies 
full  flesh  and  sound  health. 

2.  Sound  ;  vigorous  ;  as,  robust  health. 

3.  Violent ;  rough  ;  rude. 

Rmiip-loviny  m!a« 
U  hauled  aboui  \a  ^'iliaiiU-^  robust.  Thomaon. 

4.  Requiring  strength  ;  as,  robust  employment. 

Locke. 
JVote.  —  This  is  one  of  the  words  in  which  we  ob- 
serve a  strong  tendency  in  pmrtice  to  accentuate  the 
first  syllable,  as  in  access  ;  and  there  are  many  situ- 
ations of  the  word  in  which  this  ia  the  preferable 
pronunciation. 

RO-BUST'IOUS,  (ro-bnst'j'us,)  a.    Robust;    strong; 

sinewy;  vigorous;  forceful.  Milton. 

2.  Boisterous  ;  violent ;  rude.  Shak. 

[Robustious   nnd    its  derivatives,  RoBCiTiotrsLT 

and  RoBusTioi!9WE9s,  are  now  extre:nely  vulgar,and 

in  Ihe  L'nited  States  nearly  obsolete.] 

RO-BUST'LY,  atlv.    With  great  strength  ;  muscnlarly. 

RO-BUST'NESS,  n.  Strength  ;  vigor,  or  tbe  condition 
of  Ihe  body  when  it  has  full,  firm  flesh,  and  sound 
health.  ArbiithnoL 

ROC,     {  n.    The  well-known  monstrous  bird  of  Ara- 

ROCK,  (      bian  mytholoiiy.  Bratide. 

RO€'AM-B()LE,  /  n.     [from  the  French.]     A  "-^^  of 

ROK'AM-BOLE,  \  wild  garlic,  the  Allium  ophioscu- 
rodon,  growing  naturally  in  Crete. 

Rocambole,  icild,  is  Allium  scorodoprasum,  which 
grows  in  Denmark,  Atc. 

ROe-CEI/LlC  ACID,  «.  An  acid  obtained  from  the 
R(»ccella  tinctoria,  or  archil  weed.  Heeren. 

ROC  HE'- A  U-UiM,  n.     [Fr.  roche,  a  rock.     It  ought  to 
be  written  and  called  Rock-Alum.] 
Rork  alum,  a  purer  kind  of  alum.  Mortimer. 

RO-CIIELI.E'  SALT,  (ro-shel'  sawit,)  tu  Tarlrato  of 
ptitassa  and  sutla. 

ROCil'ET,  71.  [Fr.  rocket ;  It.  roccetto,  rocehetto  ;  Sax. 
roec  ;  G.  roek;  D.  rok.  This  coincides  in  origin  with 
frock.] 

A  hnen  garment  resembling  the  surplice,  but  with 
narrower  sleeves,  worn  under  the  chintere  by  hishops 
during  Ihe  middle  ages.  Hook. 

R(JCH'E'r,  M.     A  fish,  the  roach,  which  see. 

ROCK,  n.  [Ft.  roc,  or  rocke;  It.  rocca,  a  rock,  and 
a  distriff;  Sp.  roca;  Port,  roea,  rocka;  Arm.  roch; 
Bastjue,  arroca.  Dropping  the  first  letter  of  crag,  rock 
would  Seem  to  be  the  same  word,  and  so  named  from 
breaking  and  tlie  consequent  roughness,  correspond- 
ing with  Gr.  /5ax<u,  as  crag  does  with  crack  i  Ar. 


o^ 


garaka,  to  burst,  crack,  tear,  raJte.  So  L.  rupes. 


from  the  root  of  rumpo,  to  break  or  burst.  If  this  is 
not  the  origin  nf  rock,  I  know  not  to  what  root  to  as- 
sign it.     See  Class  Rg,  No.  34.] 

1.  A  large  mass  of  stony  matter  usually  compound- 
ed of  two  or  more  simple  minerals,  either  bedded  in 
the  earih  or  resting  on  its  surface.  Sometimes  rocka 
compose  the  principal  [lart  of  huge  mountains  ;  some- 
times huge  rucks  lie  on  the  surface  of  the  earth,  in 
detarhed  blocks  or  masses.  Under  this  term  miner- 
alogists class  all  mineral  substances,  coal,  g}-psum, 
salt,  tec. 

2.  In  Scripture,  figuratively,  defense  ;  means  of 
safety  ;  protection  ;  strength  ;  asylum. 

T!ic  Lord  b  my  rock.  — 2  Sam.  xxii. 
ti.  Firmness ;  a  firm  or  immovable  foundation.  Ps. 
xxvii.    Malt.  vii.  and  xvi. 
4.  A  fabulous  bird  in  the  Eastern  tales.    [See  Roc] 
ROCK,  n.     [Dun.  rok;  Sw.rock;  B.  rokken  ;  Crock- 
en ;  It.  rocca :  Sp.  rueca.    The  latter  is  rendered  a 
disiaff,  a  winding  or  twisting,  and  the  fish  of  a  mast 
or.yard.     The  sense  is,  probably,  a  rack  or  frame.] 

A  disiaflTused  in  spinning;  the  staff  or  frame  about 
which  flax  is  arranged,  from  which  the  thread  is 
drawn  in  spinning. 
ROCK,  r.  (.  [Dan.  rofefter,  to  move,  stir,  wag,  rack, 
advance  ;  G.  riidfen;  Okl  Fr.  roequer,  or  roqner;  Sw 
ragla,  to  reel ;  W.  rhocian,  to  rock  ;  rA<Jc,  a  shooting 

or  moving  different  ways  ;  Ar.  -^  ,  ragga,  to  shake, 

to  tremble,  to  agitate.     This  latter  verb  in  Ch.  and 
Syr.  signifies  to  desire,  to  long  for,  that  is,  to  reach, 
or  stretch,  Gr.  o/^tj  cj  ;  and  it  may  be  a  different 
word  J 
I.  To  move  backward  and  forward,  as  a  body  rest- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — M£TE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- 


ROC 

ing  on  a  foundation  ;  as,  to  rock  a  codle ;  to  rock  a 
chair ;  to  roek  a  mountain.  It  differs  from  Shake,  as 
denoting  a  slower  and  more  nniform  moiion,  or  larger 
movements.  It  differs  from  Swiwg,  which  expresses 
ft  vibratory  motion  of  something  suspended. 

A  riainf  ^anhqtiake  rocked  the  ^frouiid.  Dryden. 

3.  To  move  backward  and  forward  in  a  cradle, 
chair,  &c.  ;  as,  to  rock  a  child  to  sleep.        Dryden. 
3.  To  lull ;  to  quiet. 

Sleep  rock  thy  brain.     {UnuaiiaL\  Shak. 

ROCK,  r.  i.  To  be  moved  backward  and  forward  ;  to 
reel. 

The  rocking  Iowa 
SuppUnts  itKir  fooUlepa.  Philipt. 

ROCK'-AL-UM,  n.  The  purest  kind  of  alum.  [See 
Rochb-Alum.J 

ROCK'-BA-S/N,  C-ba-sn,)  n.  A  cavity  or  artificial  ba- 
sin cut  in  a  rock,  for  the  purpose,  as  is  supposed,  of 
collecting  the  dew  or  rain  for  ablutions  and  purifica- 
tions prescribed  by  the  druidical  religion. 

Orosicr.     Encyc* 

ROCK'-BOUND,  a.     Hemmed  in  by  rocks. 

ROCK'-BUT-TER,  a.  A  supposed  subsulphlte  of  alu- 
mina, oozing  from  aluminous  rocks.  Cyc 

ROCK'-GORK,  n.  A  variety  of  asbestus,  resembling 
cork  in  its  texture.  Dana. 

ROCK'-eRESS,  Ti.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Arabia. 
Also  called  Wall-Cress.  Fann.  Encyc 

ROCK'-CROWN-ED,  a.     Crowned  with  rocks. 

ROCK-CRYS'TAL,  n.  Limpid  quartz.  When  purest, 
it  is  while  or  colorless,  but  it  is  found  of  a  grayish 
or  yellowish  white,  pale  yellow,  or  citrine.  Its  most 
usual  form  is  that  of  hexagonal  prisms,  surmounted 
by  hexagonal  pyramids.  KinBan.     Cleaveland. 

ROCK'DoE,  n.    A  species  of  deer.  Qrno. 

ROCK'£D,  (rokt,);»p.  [from  rocA,  the  verb.]  Moved 
one  way  and  the  other. 

ROCK'ER,  n.  One  who  rocks  the  cradle;  also,  the 
curving  piece  of  wood  on  which  a  cradle  or  chair 
rocks. 

ROCK'ET,  n.  [Dan.  rakrt,  rakette^  a  rocket,  cracker, 
or  squib  ;  G.  rackeu  s  probably  from  the  root  of  crack 
and  ToditL,  Ft.  craqufr^  craqueter.'\ 

An  artificial  firework,  consisting  of  a  cylindrical 
case  of  paper,  filled  with  a  composition  of  combusti- 
ble ingredients,  as  niter,  charcoal,  and  sulphur.  This 
l>e)ng  tied  to  a  stick  and  fired,  the  case  and  stick  are 
projected  through  tlie  air  by  a  force  arising  from  the 
comhur<lion.  P.  Cyc. 

ROCK'ET,  71.     [L.  eruca.] 

A  popular  name  of  certain  species  of  the  genus 
Brassica,  or  more  probably  Eruca.  The  popular  name 
of  Hesperis  matrunalis,  and  other  species  of  Hespe- 
rts.  Tullif. 

ROCK'-FISH,  n.  A  salt-water  fish,  a  species  of  Goby, 
Gohius  niger.  Jardinc^s  Sat.  Lib. 

ROCK'I-NESS,  «.  [from  rodty.]  Stale  of  abounding 
with  rocks. 

ROCK'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Moving  backward  and  for- 
ward. 

ROCK'I.VG  CHAIR,  n.     A  chair  mounted  on  rockers. 

ROCK'IXG  SrO.NE,  n.  A  stone,  often  of  great  size 
and  weight,  resting  upon  another  stone,  and  so  ex- 
actly poised  on  some  edge  or  corner,  that  it  can  be 
rockedj  or  slightly  moved,  with  but  little  force. 

Jour,  of  Sci. 

ROCK'LESS.  a.     Being  without  rocks.  Dryden. 

ROCK'-OIL,  n.     Another  name  for  petroleum. 

ROCK'-PIG-EO\.  B.  A  species  of  pigeon,  Oolumba 
livia,  found  in  Euroi>e,  Asia,  and  Africa.  It  inhiibits 
rocks  and  caves,  and  is  considered  to  be  (he  original 
of  the  domestic  pigeons.  Jardine, 

ROCK'-PLAXT,  n.  A  plant  distinguished  by  growing 
on  or  among  naked  rocks.  P.  Cue. 

ROCK'-RIB-B/:i),  a.     Inclosed  or  ribbed  in  by  rocks. 

ROCK'-ROOF-i-D,  (tooft.)  a.  Having  a  roof  of 
rock. 

ROCK'-R09E,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Cistus  or  He- 
lia!.themum. 

ROCK'-RO-BV,  a.     A  fine  reddish  variety  of  garnet 

Dana. 

ROCK'-SALT.  n.  Mineral  salt ;  salt  dug  from  the 
earth  ;  cHlorid  of  sodium.  But  in  Jimericay  this  nninc 
is  sometimes  given  to  xalt  that  comes  in  large  cr>'s- 
tals  from  the  West  Indies,  which  salt  is  formed  by 
evaporation  from  sea-water,  in  large  basins  or  cavi- 
ties, on  the  fsles.  HexahcdraJ  rock-salt  occuri^  foli- 
ated and  fibrous.  Ure. 

ROCK'-WOQD,  n.     Ligniform  asbestus.  Cye. 

ROCK'-WdRK,  (wurk,)  n.  Stones  fixed  in  mortar 
in  imitation  of  the  asperities  of  rocks,  forming  a 
wait. 

3.  In  gardening,  an  elevation  of  earth  and  other 
loose  materials  covered  with  stones,  &c.,  among 
which  plants  adapted  for  such  a  situation  are  grown. 

P.  Cije, 

ROCK'V.  o.    [from  rock.]    Full  of  rocks  ;  as,  a  rocky 
mountain  ;  a  rocky  shore. 
3.  Resembling  a  rock  ;  as,  the  rocky  orh  of  a  shield. 

Milton. 
3.  Very  hard  ;  stony  ;  obdurate ;  insusceptible  of 
impression  ;  as.  a  rocky  bosom.  Shak. 

RO'CAA,  n.    [A  comiptionof  CTriiai.]    A  colored  pul- 


ROG 

py  substance  within  the  legume,  and  surrounding  the 
seeds  of  the  Bixa  Orellana.  In  its  purified  state  it  is 
called  Anotto. 
ROD,  n.  [Sax.  rod;  Dan.  rode;  D.  roede,  roe;  G.  rulhe 
and  rru.  In  Danish,  rotf  is  a  root;  and  I  sup|)ose 
rody  root^  L.  radius,  ray,  radix,  root,  and  Dan.  and  Sw. 
rad,  to  be  of  one  family.  The  sense  is  a  shoot,  from 
extending.  The  Russ.  prut^  a  rod,  is  probably  the 
same  word  with  a  prefix.] 

1.  The  shoot  or  long  twig  of  any  woody  plant ;  a 
branch,  or  the  stem  of  a  shrub  ;  as,  a  rod  of  hazel,  of 
birch,  of  oak,  or  hickory.     Hence, 

2.  An  instrument  of  punishment  or  correction ; 
chastisement. 

I  will  chaslen  him  wiih  ihe  rod  of  men.  —  2  Sam.  Til.    Pror.  x. 

3.  Discipline  ;  ecclesiastical  censures.    1  Cor.  Iv. 

4.  A  kind  of  scepter. 

Thp  rod  and  b\ni  of  peace.  Shak. 

5.  A  pole  for  angling ;  something  long  and  slender. 

Oay. 

6.  An  instrument  for  measuring  ;  but,  more  g-ener- 
ally,  a  measure  of  length  containing  5^  yards,  or 
sixteen  feet  and  a  half;  a  pnle ;  a  perch.  In  many 
parts  of  the  United  States,  rod  is  universally  used  for 
pole  or  prrch. 

7.  In  Scripture,  a  staff  or  wand.     1  Sam.  xiv. 

8.  Support. 

Thy  rod  and  thy  rtaff,  they  comfort  me.  —  P».  xxlii. 

9.  A  shepherd's  crook.     Lev.  xxvii. 

10.  An  instrument  for  threshing.     Is.  xxviii. 

11.  Power;  authority.     Ps.  cxxv. 

12.  A  tribe  or  race.     Ps.  Ixxiv. 

Rod  of  iron  ;  the  mighty  power  of  Christ.  Rev.  xii. 
Ps.  ii. 

RODE,  preL  of  Ride  :  also,  a  cross.     [See  Rood.] 

RO'DEiNT,  a.     [h.  rodo.] 

Gnawing ;  a  term  applied  to  the  rodentia,  which 
see. 

RO'DENT,  n.    An  animal  that  gnaws,  as  a  rat. 

RO-DEN'TIA,  n.  jil.     [L.  roth,  to  gnaw.] 

Gnawers ;  an  order  of  mammals  having  two  large 
incisor  teeth  in  each  jaw,  separated  from  the  molar 
teeth  by  an  empty  space.  The  rat  and  mouse,  the 
squirrel,  the  marmot,  the  musk-rat,  and  the  beaver, 
belong  to  this  order. 

ROD'O-MONT,  n.  [Fr.  id. ;  IL  ri^domonte,  a  bully  ;  Ir. 
raidhmeis,  silly  stories,  rodomontade  :  roitJire,  a  bab< 
bier,  a  prating  fellow  ;  roithrcacht,  silly  talk,  loquaci- 
ty, rhetoric;  from  radham,  to  say,  tell,  relate,  W.  ad- 
raici.  The  Ir.  radh,  radham,  are  the  Sax.  r<cd,  speech, 
and  radon,  to  read.  (See  Read.)  The  last  syllable 
may  be  the  Fr.  viontcr,  to  mount,  nnd  the  word  then 
signifies  one  that  speaks  loftily.  Hence  the  name  of 
Ariosto's  hero.] 

A  vain  boaster.  .  Herbert. 

ROD'O-MONT,  a.    Bragging;  vainly  boasting. 

ROD-O-.MONT-ADr'  v-      •  ■       - 

See  RoDOMONT.] 


ng;  V 

[Fr. 


id.  i   It.  rodomontata. 


Vain  boasting  ;  empty  bluster  or  vaunting ;  rant. 

1  couM  shaw  thnt  thn  rodomontcuUa  of  Almauzor  Kfc  netthT  ao 
iii.U  nor  inipuuible,  Dryitn. 


ROD-O-MOXT-ADE',  r.  t.     To  boast;  to  brag;   to 

bluster ;  to  rant. 
ROD-O-MONT-AD'IST,  I  n.  A  blusteringboastcr;  one 
ROD-0-MONT-AD'OR,  \     that  brags  or  vaunts. 

Terry.     Todd. 
ROE,  )  n.     [Sax.  rn,  or  raa,  ragr,  or  hrtpge ;  G. 

ROE'BUCK,  J      reh  and  rehbock  ;  Dan.  raa,  or  raabuk  ; 

Sw.  rabodi.\ 

1.  A  sjiefies  of  deer,  the  Cnpreolus  Dorcas,  with 
erect  cylindrical  bra'iched  horns,  forked  at  the  sum- 
mit. This  is  one  of  the  smnltest  of  the  deer,  but  of 
elegnnt  shape  and  remnrkably  nimble.  It  prefers  a 
mountainous  country,  and  congregates  in  families. 

P.  Cyc. 

2.  Roe  ;  the  female  of  the  hart.  Sandi/s. 


POE,  (ro,)  n.     [G.ro-rtm  Dan.  ro^n,  rflrn  ,•  that  whigh 
I         ■      So  in  Dan.  rogc  is  spiitlcJ 
The   seed   or  sjiawn  of  (ifhes.     The  roe  of  the 


is  ejected. 


male  is  called  sofl  roe  or  milt;  that  uf  the  femal 
karii  roe  or  fttavn.  Encyc 

ROE'-STONE,  n.     Called  also  OSlite,  which  see. 

RO-GA'TIOX,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  rogalio;  rogo,  to  ask.] 
1.  Litany  ,  supplication, 

U«  pcrl<x('  th  the  rogatiant  ur  litaniiux  before  in  \uk.     Hooker, 

3.  In  RoTnan  jurisprudence-,  the  demand,  by  the 
consuls  or  tribunes,  of  a  law  to  be  passed  by  the 
I)eople. 

RO-OA'TION-WEEK,  n.  The  second  week  before 
Whitsunday,  thus  called  from  the  three  fasts  ob- 
served therein ;  viz.,  on  Monday,  Tuesday,  and 
Wednesday,  called  rogation-days,  because  of  the  ex- 
traordinary prayers  then  made  for  the  fruits  of  the 
earth,  or  as  a  preparation  for  the  devotion  of  the 
Iltily  Thursday.  P.  Cyc.     Hook. 

ROGUE,  (rCg,)  n.  [Sax.  rarg,  org,  idle,  sliipid,  mean 
eargian,  to  become  dull  or  torpid  ;  D.  G.  Sw.  and 
Dan.  arg,  evil,  crafty,  wickr-d  ;  Gr.  ao}ai.  Hence 
('imhric  argur,  nnd  Eng.  rogve,  by  transposition  of 
lettera.  The  word  arga,  in  the  laws  of  the  Longo- 
bards,  denotes  a  cuckold.    Sp<>l.  voc.  .^rga.] 


ROL 

1.  In  law,  a  vagrant;  a  sturdy  beggar;  a  vaga- 
bond. Persons  of  this  character  were,  by  the  an- 
cient laws  uf  England,  to  be  punished  by  whippmg 
and  having  the  ear  bored  with  a  hot  iron. 

Encyc.     Spf:n.^er. 

2.  A  knave  ;  a  dishonest  person  ;  applied  now,  I 
believe,  exclusively  to  males.  This  word  compre- 
hends thieves  and  rolibers,  but  is  generally  applied 
to  such  as  cheat  and  defraud  in  mutual  dealings,  or 
to  counterfeiters. 

The  rogue  nnd  fool  by  Hl»  U  fair  and  wiae.  Pope, 

3.  A  name  of  slight  tenderness  and  endearment. 

Alaa,  poor  rogue,  1  ihiuk  indeed  Bhe  lores.  S/tai. 

4.  A  wag.  Shak. 
ROGUE,  (rog,)  ».  i.    To  wander ;  to  play  the  vaga- 
bond.    [Little  used.]                                            Spenger. 

9.  To  play  knavish  tricks.     [Little  used.]  Johnson. 
ROGU'ER-V,  n.     The  life  of  a  vagrant.    [JVoio  little 
u.ied.]  Donne. 

2.  Knavish  tricks ;  cheating ;  fraud ;  dishonest 
practices. 

*TiB  no  icAndnl  fjmwn 
For  debt  and  roguery  lo  quit  Uic  town.  Dryden. 

3,  Waggery  j  arch  tricks ;  mischievousness. 
ROGUE'SHIP,  n.     The  qualities  or  personage  of  a 

roi!ue.  th^fden. 

ROGUE'S'-YXRN,  ti.    Yarn  of  a  different  twist  and 

color  from  the  rest,  and  inserted  into  the  cordage  of 

the  British  navy,  to  identify  it  if  stolen.      Bttchanan. 
ROGUISH,  (rog'ish,'  a.  Vagrant ;  vagabond.    [JSTearly 

obsolete.  ]  Spenser. 

2.  Knavish;  fraudulent;  dishonest.  Sicift 
[This  is  the  present  sense  of  the  tcord.] 

3.  Waggish  ;  wanton  ;  slightly  mischievous. 

.Addison. 

ROGU'ISH-LY,  adv.  Like  a  rogue  ;  knavishly  ;  wan- 
tonly. 

ROGU'ISH-NESS,  n.  The  qualities  of  a  rogue  ; 
knavery  ;  mischievousnei^s. 

2.  Archness  ;  sly  cunning  ;  as,  the  roguishnass  of 
a  look. 

ROGU'Y,  (rog'y,)  a.    Knavish  ;  wanton.    [A'ot  m  use.] 

/j  Estrange, 

ROIL,  V.  L  [This  is  the  Arm.  brella,  Fr.  brouillcr,  em- 
brouitter.  It.  brogliare,  imbrogliare,  Sp.  embroUar, 
Port,  cmbrulhar ;  primarily,  to  turn  or  stir,  to  make 
intricate,  to  twi^t,  wrap,  involve,  hence  to  mix,  con- 
found, perplex,  whence  Eng.  broil,  Fr.  brouillard, 
mist,  fog.  In  English,  the  prefix  or  first  letter  is 
lost.] 

1.  To  render  turbid  by  stirring  up  the  dregs  or  sed- 
iment ;  as,  to  roil  wine,  elder,  or  other  liquor  in  casks 
or  bottles. 

2.  To  excite  some  degree  of  anger ;  to  disturb  the 
passion  of  resentment. 

[These  senses  are  in  common  use  in  JVcw  England, 
and  are  local  in  England.] 

3.  To  perplex.     [Local  in  England.] 
ROIL'KD,  pp.     Rendered  turbid  or  foul  by  disturbing 

the  lees  or  sediment ;  angered  slightly  ;  disturbed  in 
mind  by  an  offense. 

ROIL'ING,  ppr.  Rendering  turbid,  or  exciting  the 
passion  of  anger. 

JVotp. — This  word  is  as  legitimate  as  any  in  the 
language. 

ROINT.    See  Arovnt. 

ROIST  )  r.  u     (Arm.  reusOa,  to  embroil.     This 

ROIST'ER,  \  word  belongs  to  the  root  of  rustle, 
brustlr.  Sax.  bnjsan,  to  shake,  to  rush,  W.  rhysiau),  to 
rusk,  to  straiten,  to  entangle,  rkysu,  id.] 

To  bluster ;  to  swagger ;  to  bully  ;  to  be  bold, 
noisy,  vaunting,  or  turbulent.    [JVo(  in  use.] 

Shak.     SiBiJt 

ROIST'ER,        )  71.    A  bold,  blustering,  turbulent  fel- 

UOIST'KR-ER,  i      low.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

ROI.ST'ER  LV,  a.     Blustering;  violent. 

ROIST'ER-LV,  ai/c.  In  a  bullying,  violent  manner. 
[Little  used.] 

R^KK,  ) 

ROOK,  J 

ROAK    J 

ROK'Y,  a.  [See  Reek.]  Misty;  foggy;  cloudy, 
[JVfje  in  use.]  Ray- 

Roll,  p.  (.  fD.  and  G.  rollen:  Bw.mUa;  Dan.  ral- 
Irr ;  W.  rhoiiaui;  Fr.  route*.  Arm.  ruilha  and  roUai 
It,  ruUnre ;  Ir.  rolom.  It  is  usual  to  consider  this 
word  ns  formed  by  contraction  from  the  Latin  rottila, 
a  little  wheel,  (Vom  rota,  W.  rhod,  a  wheel.  But  it 
is  against  all  probability  that  al'  the  nations  of  Eu- 
rope have  fallen  into  such  a  contraction.  Roll  is  un- 
doubtedly a  primitive  rout,  on  which  have  been 
formed  troll  nnd  stroll.] 

1    To  move  by  turning  on  the  siirfacc,  or  with  a 
circular  motion  in  which  nil  parts  of  the  surface  are 
successively  applied  to  a  plane ;  as,  to  roU  a  barrel  or 
puncheon  ;   to  roll  n  stone  or  ball.      Sisyphus  was 
condemned  to  roll  a  stone  to  the  top  of  a  hilt,  which, 
when  he  had  done  so,  rolliui  down  again,  and  thus 
his  punishment  was  eternal. 
9.  To  revolve;  to  turn  on  its  axis;  as,  lo  roU  a 
;      wheel  or  a  planet. 
I  3.  To  move  in  a  circular  direction. 

I         4.  To  wrap  round  on  itself;  to  form  into  a  circular 


I.     Mist 
laud. 


smoke  ;    damp.     JWrtA  of  Eng- 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE. -*AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8 €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  ai  in  THIS, 


121 


m 


ROL 


ROM 


or  cylindrical  body  ;  as,  to  roll  k  piece  of  ctoth  ;  to 
roU  a  slieet  of  paper  ;  to  roll  parchment ;  to  roU  to- 
bacco. ,        ,.      J 

5.  To  inwrap ;  to  bind  or  involve  in  a  bandage  or 
the  like.  msemait. 

6.  To  form  by  rolling  into  round  masses. 

FeneAam. 

7.  To  drive  or  Impel  any  b*)dy  with  a  circular  mo- 
tion, or  to  drive  forward  with  violence  or  in  ^J  ^ij"^ 
The  ocean  rolh  its  billows  to  the  shore.    A  river  rous 

*VTrsprea"wu2"i  roller  or  rol.ing-pin;  as.  to 
^9.  T^%luce  «  periodical  revoIuUoD. 


HM»n  riwoe  mad  nUtd  h»r 
10.  To  press  or  level  with  a  roller;  as,  to  roH  a 

flCld.  „  ^r       , 

To  roU  oite^s  seff;  to  wallow.    .Vie.  U 
ROLL  p.  i.    To  move  by  turning  on  th«  snrface,  or 
with' the  successive  application  of  all  parts  of  the 
surface  to  a  plane ;  as,  a  ball  or  wheel  n>Us  on  the 
earth  ;  a  body  rvUs  on  an  inclined  plane, 

1  To  move,  tuni,  or  run  on  an  aiis  ;  as  a  wheel. 
[In  this  seu^e,  Kb  volts  b  more  generally  used.] 
3l  To  run  on  wheels. 

And  to  Hm  wOnv  «^^  ^  ^**'"^  />ry<lm. 

4.  To  revolve ;  to  parfonn  a  periodical  revolution  ; 
8S,  the  ntihrnf  year  ;  agea  roU  away. 

5.  To  turn  i  to  move  circularly. 

And  KMfrdcTctAlkro/I  vitta  tiriuf  Ai«.  Arydm. 

6.  To  float  In  nmgh  water;  to  be  tossed  about. 

T«-te  t»  teaqnuow  afftiu  I  nUai,  Pop*, 

7.  T^  move,  as  waves  or  billows,  with  alternate 
swell!*  and  depnssloos.    Waves  roll  on  waves. 

&  To  fluctuate ;  to  move  lumiiltuously. 

Wtet^^fawtfMnevtdUvkhiBlteeroU/  Prior. 

9.  To  be  mored  with  violence ;  to  be  burled. 

Down  dkp;  fclU 
Pj  llinsMMili :  T-f' ^— |-'  — W-*  MUtoa. 

10.  To  be  fbrnied  into  a  cylinder  or  ball ;  as,  the 
cloth  rsO*  welL 

U.  To  spread  under  a  roller  or  roUing-pin.    The 
pasta  tvOi  welL 
la.  To  waHow  ;  to  tumble ;  as,  a  horse  roUs. 

13.  To  rock  or  move  from  side  to  side  ;  as,  a  ship 
rttU  in  a  calm. 

14.  To  beat  a  drum  with  ^rokes  so  rapid  that  they 
can  scarcely  be  dtsiin^ishod  by  the  ear. 

ROLL*  m.  llie  aci  of  rolting,  or  state  of  being  nUed  ; 
■sTtae  r9U  of  a  ball ,  the  roll  of  a  vesset 

9l  The  thing  rolling.  TVaueii. 

9L  A  mass  made  round ;  something  like  a  ball  or 
cylinder  ^  as,  a  raU  of  fat ;  a  ro//  of  wool. 

Addison.    MoriiMer. 

4.  A  roller;  a  cylinder  of  wood,  iron,  or  stone; 
as,  a  r»a  to  break  clods.  Mortimer. 

a.  A  quantity  of  cloth  wound  into  a  cylindrical 
form  ;  as,  a  ntU  of  woollen  or  satin  ;  a  roU  of  lace. 

6.  A  cylindrical  twist  of  tobacco. 

7.  An  official  writing ;  a  list ;  a  register ;  a  cata- 
lonie  ;  as,  a  mu»ter-rvU  ;  a  court-ro/^ 

8.  The  uniform  beating  of  a  drum  with  strokes  so 
rapid  as  scarc«>ly  to  be  di^tinKiiisti^d  by  the  ear. 

9.  RalU  of  court,  of  parliament,  or  of  any  public 
body,  are  the  narchments  on  which  are  engrossed, 
by  the  proper  officer,  the  acts  and  prfrt:eedings  of  that 
body,  and  whirh,  being  kept  in  mils,  constitute  the 
records  of  such  public  b»>dy. 

10.  In  mtipiity,  a  volume  ;  a  book  consisting  of 
leaf,  bark,  paper,  skin,  or  other  material,  on  which 
the  ancients  wrote,  and  which,  being  kept  rolled  or 
ftAdedj  was  called  in  Latin  volumeK^  from  roZro,  to 
roll.     Hence, 

11.  A  chronicle  ;  history  ;  annals. 

Not  aamm  n»fe  aofafe  gnccd  itae  roiU  of  fuao,      TrumtuU. 

1%.  Part:  office ;  that  is,  round  of  duty,  like  turn. 

rofcfcf 

EOLL'ED,  ^.  oro.  Moved  by  turning;  formed  into 
a  round  or  cylindrical  body ;  leveled  with  a  roller,  as 
land. 

ROLL'ER,  a.  That  which  rolls  ;  that  which  turns  on 
its  own  axis;  pmrtindarit/,  a  cylinder  of  wood, stone, 
metal,  ftc,  ased  in  hustmndry  and  the  arts.  Rollers 
are  of  various  kinds,  nr  j  used  for  various  pur|>oses. 
9.  A  bandage  :  a  61i;;l ;  properly^  a  long  and  broad 
bandage  used  in  surscry. 

3.  An  insessoria)  or'  perching  bird  of  the  genus 
Coracias.  fuuud  v,  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa.  The 
colors  of  the  p'umn^e  in  adults  axe  brilliant  blue 
and  grern,  mixed  with  chesLnuL  Jardine. 

R0LL'ER3,R.  pi.  Heavy  waves  which  set  in  upon  a 
coast  without  wind. 

ROL'LICK,  F.  i.  To  move  in  a  careless,  swaggering 
manner,  with  a  frolicsome  air.     [  CoUoquiaL]    Smart. 

ROL'LlCK-IN*G,  p^.  or  a.  >Ioving  in  a  careless  or 
swapgering  manner;  frulicaome. 

RCLL'LNG,  ppr.  Turning  over;  revolving;  forming 
into  a  cylinder  or  round  mass;  leveling,  as  land. 

2.  a.  Undulating;  having  a  regular  succession  of 
regular  elevations  and  depressions  ;  as,  a  rolUng 
Prai'ie.  rrcstern  States, 


ROLL'ING,  n.  The  turning  round  of  a  body  upon 
some  surface. 

2.  The  motion  of  a  ship  from  side  to  side. 
ROLL'lXtJ-PIN,  n.     A  n>und  piece  of  wotkd,  tapering 

at  each  end,  with  w  hich  paste  is  molded  and  reduced 

to  a  projKT  thickness.  fVlientan. 

ROLL'I.NG-PKES??,  n.     An   engine  consisting  of  two 

cylinders,  by  which  cloth  is  cnleiidered,  waved,  and 

tabbied  ;    also,    an    engine    for  taking   imprestjiniis 

from  copper-plates;  also,  a  like  engine  for  drawing 

plates  (if  iiiel:il,  &.c. 
ROLL'Y-I'OOL-Y,  n.     [Said  to  be  roll  and  pool,  or 

roily  ball,  and  pool,]     A  game  in  which  a  ball,  rolling 

into  a  ct'rtaiu  place,  wins.  ,^rbuthnoL 

ROM'.\tiC,  (rum'm^,)  n.    BnstJe  ;  tumultuous  search. 

[See  Ri'MMAGK.}  Shak. 

RO-M.\'ie,  a.  or  n.    A  term  applied  to  the  modem 

Greek  language. 
RO-MAL',  (ro-mawl',)  a.    A  species  of  silk  bandker- 

chieK 
RO'MAN,  0.    [L.  Romanu,",  from  Roma,  the  principal 

city  of  the  Runian^  in   Italy.     Ruim  is  the  oriental 

name  Ramah,  elevated,  that  is,  a  hill  ;  for  fortresses 

and  towns  were  ollen  placed  on   hills  for  security  ; 

Heb.  and  Ch.  0'>\  to  be  high,  to  raise.    Class  Rm, 

N0.3.J 

1.  Pertaining  to  Rome,  or  to  the  Roman  people. 
S.  Pertaining  to  or  proiessing  the  Roman  Catholic 

religion. 

Roman  order;  In  ardiUecture,  the  composite  order. 

[See  CoMPosiTB.] 

Romam  Catholic ;  as  an  aiJjfctitf,  denoting  the  re- 

Itgiun  professed  by  the  people  of  Rome  and  of  Italy, 

at  the  head  of  which  is  the  pope  or  bishop  of  Rome  ; 

as  a  noun,  one  who  adheres  to  this  religion. 
RO'MAX,  n.     A  native  of  Rome. 

9.  A  citizen  of  Rome ;  one  enjoying  the  privileges 

of  a  Rtinian  citizen. 

3.  One  of  the  Christian  church  at  Rome  to  which 
Paul  addressed  an  epistle,  consisting  of  converts 
from  Judaism  or  paganism. 

RO'.MAN  CKM'ENT,  n.  An  excellent  water  cement, 
for  biiildine  pur;K>ses.  Buchanan. 

RO-MANCE',  (r«>-mans',)  n.  [Fr.  raman  ;  It.  romanio  ; 
Sp.  romance,  the  common  vulgar  language  of  S|)nin, 
and  romance;  Port,  id.,  any  vulgar  tongue,  and  a 
species  oC  ix>etry  ;  W.  rham,  a  rising  over;  rhamant, 
a  rising  over,  a  vaulting  or  springing,  an  omen,  a 
figurative  expression,  romance,  as  an  adjective^  rising 
boldly,  romantic;  rkamanta,  to  rise  over,  to  soar,  to 
teach  to  a  distance,  to  divine,  to  romance,  to  alle- 
gorize ;  rkamantUy  to  use  figurative  or  high-flown 
language,  &.c  The  Welsh  retains  the  signification 
of  the  orienUl  word  from  which  Rome  is  derived, 
and  indeed  the  sense  of  romance  is  evidently  from 
the  primitive  sense  of  the  root,  rather  than  from  the 
use  I'f  the  Roman  language.  The  Welsh  use  of  the 
word  proves  also  the  correctness  of  the  foregoing 
derivation  of  Roma,  and  overthrows  the  fabulous  ac- 
count of  the  origin  of  tlie  word  from  Romulus  or 
Remus.  It  is  probable  that  this  word  is  allied  to 
ramble.] 

1.  A  fabulous  relation  or  story  of  adventures  and 
incidents  designed  for  the  entertainment  of  renders  ; 
a  tale  of  extraonlinary  adventures,  fictitious  and 
often  extravagant,  usually  a  tale  of  love  or  war,  sub- 
jects interesting  the  sensiltilities  of  the  heart,  or  the 
passions  of  wonder  and  curiosity.  Romance  differs 
from  the  novel,  as  it  treats  of  actions  and  adventures 
of  an  unusual  and  wonderful  character  ;  that  is,  ac- 
cording to  the  Welsh  signification,  it  vaults  or  soars 
beyond  the  limits  of  fact  and  real  life,  and  often  of 
probability. 

The  firat  romafuxt  were  s  mon«(rou«  HJHmblage  of  hUioripi,  In 
wliich  inilh  »iid  fiction  were  blended  wilhwut  prcbaWliiy  ;  a 
C4>itipouttun  jf  ainuroiu  Bklvcutarcs  and  the  exiravn^nat 
idea*  ul  cliiTalry.  Encyc. 

2.  A  fiction.  Prior. 
RO-MANCE',  a.  or  a.     A  term  denoting  the  dialect 

formerly  prevalent  in  some  of  the  southern  districts 
of  France,  which  spning  directly  from  the  Roman  or 
Latin  language 

RO-MANCE',  (ro-mans',)  r.  i.  To  forge  and  tell  ficti- 
tious stories  ;  to  deal  in  extravagant  stories. 

Richardson, 

RO-MAN'CER,  n.     One  who  invents  fictitious  stories. 
2.  A  writer  of  romance.  .Aubrey. 

RO-MAN'CING,  ppr.  Inventing  and  telling  fictitious 
tales  ;  building  castles  in  the  air. 

RO-M  AN'CY,  a.     Romantic.     [JVot  proper.) 

RO-MA.V-ESUUE',  (ri>-inan-esk',)a. or  n.  A  term  ap- 
plied in  painting  to  that  which  appertaina  to  romance, 
or  rather  to  fable,  as  connected  with  objects  of  fancy  ; 
in  architecture,  to  the  debased  styles  subsequent  to, 
and  imitntive  of,  the  Roman  ;  in  literature,  to  the 
common  dialect  in  some  of  the  southern  districts  of 
France,  the  remains  of  the  old  Roman  language. 

Brande.     Oloss.  of  ArchiL 

RO'MAN-ISM,  «.    The  tenets  of  the  churoh  of  Rome. 

Brevint. 

RO'MAN-IST,n.  An  adherent  to  the  Roman  Catholic 
relicion  ;  a  Roman  Cailutlic.  Brandt. 

RO'MAN-IZE,  V.  U  To  latinize;  to  fill  with  Latin 
words  or  modes  of  speech.  Dryden. 


ROO 

%  To  convert  to  the  Roman  Catholic  religion  or 
opinions. 
RO'MAN-IZE,  r.  i.    To  conform  to  Roman  Catholic 

opinions,  customs,  or  modes  of  speech. 
B0'MAi\-T2-^;L>,  pp.  or  a.    Latinized;  conformed  to 

the  Koiiian  Catholic  faith. 
RO'.MAN  IZ-ING,  ppr.     Latinizing;   conforming  to 

the  Roman  Catholic  faith. 
RO-MANSI!'    n.     The  language  of  the  Grisons   in 

Switzerlano,  a  corruption  of  the  Latin. 
RO-MAN'Tie,  a.    Pertaining  to  romance  or  resem- 
bling it;  wild;  fanciful;  extravagant;  as,  a  rtima'i- 
tic  taste  ;  romantic  notions  ;   romantic  expectations ; 
romantic  zeal. 

%  Improbable  or  chimerical;  fictitious;  as,  a  r»- 
mantte  tale. 

3.  Fanciful ;  wild  ;  full  of  wild  or  fantastic  scen- 
ery ;  as,  a  romantic  prospect  or  landscape ;  a  romantic 
situation. 
RO-MAN'Tie-AL-LY,  adv.     Wildly  ;  extravagantly. 

Pope. 
RO-MAN'TI-CISSM,  n.  The  slate  of  being  romantic  or 
fantastic;   applied  chiefly  to  the   unnatural  produc- 
tions of  the  modern  French  school  of  novelists. 

Brande. 
RO-MAN'TIC-NES3,  n.     Wildness  j  extravagance  ; 
fancifulness. 
2.  Wtldness  of  scenery. 
RO-MAN'ZO-VITE,  n.      A  variety  of  garnet,  of  a 
brown  or  brownihb-yellow  color;  named  from  Count 
Konmnzoff.  ClcaveUind. 

RO'MErlNE,  (-in,)  n.  [from  the  mineralogist  Romi  de 
L'hle.] 

A  mineral  consisting  of  antimonious  acid  and  lime, 
presenting  a  hyacinth  or  honey-yellow  color,  and 
occurring  in  square  octahedrons.  Dana. 

ROME'PE.N-NV,  J   n.      [Rome    and    Sax.   pennig    or 
ROME'SeOT,        \       sceat.] 

A  tax  of  a  penny  on  a  house,  formerly  paid  by  the 
people  of  England  to  the  church  of  Rome.  [See 
Petebpence.I 
ROM'ISH,  a.  [from  Rome.']  Belonging  or  relating  to 
Rome,  or  to  the  religion  professed  by  the  people  of 
Rome  and  of  the  western  empire,  of  which  Rome 
was  the  metropolis  ;  Roman  Catholic ;  as,  ihe  Romish 
church  ;  the  Romish  religion,  ritual,  or  ceremonies. 
ROM'lisT,  n,     A  Roman  Catholic.  South. 

ROMP,  n.     [A  difl^erent  spelling  of  Ramp  ;  W.  rham, 
a  rising  over  ;  rhamu,  to  reach  over,  to  soar,  to  vault. 
See  Ramp  and  Romance.] 
X.  A  rude  girl  who  indulges  in  boisterous  play. 

Addison. 
2.  Rude  play  or  frolic. 

Romp-\oy'mg  miM 
!■  hauled  about  iu  eulUntry  rubusl.  TTiomtnn. 

ROMP,  V.  X.  To  play  rudely  and  boisterously  ;  to  leap 
and  frisk  about  in  play.  Richardson. 

ROMP'ING,  ppr.  Playing  rudely.  As  a  noun,  rude, 
boisterous  play. 

ROMP'ISH,  a.    Given  to  rude  play  ;  inclined  to  romp 

A.th, 

ROMP'ISH-LY,  adv.    In  a  rude  or  boisterous  manner 

RO.MP'ISH-NESS,  71.  Disiwsition  to  rude,  boisterous 
play  ;  or  the  practice  of  romping.  Steele. 

RO.M  PEE'   i  "*     ^^  rumpo,  to  break.] 

In  hcralflry,  an  ordinary  that  is  broken,  or  a  chev- 
ron, a  bend,  or  the  like,  whose  upper  ptjinls  are  cut 
off.  Eacyc. 

RON-DEAU',  (ron-do',)  \  n.     [Fr,  rondeau,  from  rond, 

RON'DO,  (       round  ] 

1.  A  kind  of  poetry,  commonly  consisting  of  thir- 
teen verses,  of  which  eight  have  one  rhymu,  and 
five  another.  It  is  divided  into  three  conplas,  and 
at  the  end  of  the  second  and  third,  the  beginning  of 
the  rondeau  is  repeated  in  ah  equivocal  sense,  if  pos- 
sible. fVarton.     Trevotix. 

2.  In  music,  the  rondo,  vocal  or  instrumenuil,  gen- 
erally con!!ii?ts  of  three  strains,  the  first  of  which 
closes  in  the  original  key,  while  each  of  tht;  others  is 
so  constructed  in  modulation  as  to  reconduct  the  ear 
in  an  easy  and  natural  manner  to  the  first  titniin. 

liu-^by. 
RON'DEL,  B.     In  foHificati on,  a.  small,  round  tower, 

erected  at  the  fot)t  of  a  bastion.  Brande. 

RON'DLE,   (ron'dl,)   n.       [from    round.]      A    round 

mass.     [JVot  in  use.]  Peacham. 

RON'DO,  n.     See  Rondeau. 
RON'DURE,  n.     [Fr.  rimdeur.] 

A  round  ;  a  circle.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

RONG  ;  the  old  pret.  and  pp.  of  Ring,  now  Rcno. 

Chaucer. 
RON'ION,  (run'yon,)  n.     [Fr.  rognon,  kidney.] 

A  fat,  bulky  woman.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

RONT,  n.     An  animal  stinted  in  its  growth.     [Now 

written  and  pronounced  Rumt.]  Spenser. 

ROOD,  a.  [A  different  orthography  of  Rod,  which 
see.] 

1.  The  fosrth  part  of  an  acre,  or  forty  square  rods. 
[See  Acre.] 

S.  A  pole ;  a  measure  of  five  yards  ;  a  rod  or 
perch.  [JVot  used  in  America^  and  probably  local  in 
England.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT MeTE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK  — 


ROO 

ROOD,  n.     [?ax.  rode  or  rod,] 

A  cross  or  crucifix  ;  a  name  formerly  given  to  the 
Jgure  of  Christ  on  the  cross  erected  in  Roman  Cath- 
olic churches.  When  complete,  this  was  accom- 
panied by  the  figures  of  the  Virgin  Mary  and  of  SL 
John.  SAak, 

ROOD'LOFT,  ji.  A  loft  or  gallery  in  a  church  on 
which  the  rood  and  its  appendages  were  set  up  to 
view.  OwUl 

ROOD'Y,  a.     Coarse  ;  hiiurious.         Craven  Dialect. 

ROOF,  n.  [Sax.  rof,  Arof;  Gr.  ooo^r,^  ooo^og,  from 
cui-^w,  to  cover.  Q.u.  Russ.  Jtroc,  Slav,  strop.  See 
tile  Ar.  Class  Rb,  No.  12,  and  Syr.  No.  40.] 

1.  The  cover  or  upper  part  of  a  house  or  other 
building,  consisting  of  rafters  covered  with  boards, 
shingles,  or  tiles,  with  a  side  or  sides  sloping  from  the 
ridge,  for  ihe  purpose  of  carrying  off  the  water  that 
falU  in  rain  or  snow.  In  Asia,  the  roofd  of  houses 
are  fiat  or  horizontal.  The  same  name,  roof,  is  given 
to  the  sloping  covers  of  huts,  cabins,  and  ricks;  to 
the  arches  of  ovens,  furnaces,  &.c. 

2.  A  vault ;  an  arch  ;  or  the  interior  of  a  vault ;  aa, 
the  rofl/of  heaven. 

3.  The  vault  of  the  mouth  ;  the  upper  part  of  the 
mouth  ;  the  palate. 

If  t  do  Hot  remenitHr  thee,  iet  my  tongue  clcare  lo  ihe  roo/  of 
my  mouth. — Pa.  cxxxrii. 

ROOF,  p,  L    To  cover  with  a  roof. 

I  hnve  not  K«n  thn  n^mdins  of  any  Rnm^n  buUdingB,  thnt  have 
not  been  rao/ed  with  Vdults  or  arches.  Addison. 

2.  To  inclose  in  a  house  ;  to  shelter. 

Here  had  we  now  our  country'!  honor  roofed.  Sttak, 

R0OF'£O,  (rooft,);7p.    Furnished  or  covered  with  a 

roiif  or  arch. 
ROOF'IN'G,  ppr.     Covering  with  a  roof. 
ROOF'I.N'G,  n.     The  act  of  covering  with  a  roof. 

2.  The  materials  of  which  a  roof  is  composed  ;  or 

matcriiils  fur  a  roof.  OwiU. 

ROOF'LESS,  a.     [Snx.  roflease,] 

1.  Having  no  roof;  as,  a  roojlfss  house. 

2.  Having  no  house  or  home  ;  unsheltered. 
ROOF'Y,  a.     Having  roofs.  Dryden. 
KQpK,  M.     [Sax.  hroc  ;    G.  roche  ;   Dan.  ro^e,  raaae^  a 

rouk,  and  kragf^  a  crow.  This  word  belongs  to  the 
root  of  eroWy  or  is  rather  the  same  word  dialecticnily 
varied  ;  Dan.  krage  :  Sw.  kraka  ;  G.  krahe;  D.  kraai ; 
L.  graculas ;  probably  frf»m  its  voice ;  Ir.  ffrag^ 
gragam.     See  Crow  and  Croak.] 

1.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Corvus,  the  bird  mentioned 
by  Virgil  under  this  name.  This  bird  resembles  the 
crow,  but  differs  from  it  in  not  feeding  on  carrinn, 
but  on  Insects  and  grain.  In  crows  also  the  nostrils 
and  root  of  the  bill  arc  clothed  with  feathers,  but  in 
rtmks  the  same  parts  are  naked,  or  have  only  a  few 
bristly  hairs.    The  rook  is  gregarious.  P.  Cyc 

2.  A  cheat ;  a  trickish,  rapacious  fellow. 

fVycherUy. 
RQQK,  *.     [It.  roeco,  a  bishop's  staff,  a  crosier,  a  rook 
at  chess.] 

In  ehtsa,  a  name  given  to  the  four  pieces  placed  on 
the  corner  squares  of  the  board,  also  called  Castlei. 
The  rook  moves  the  whole  extent  of  the  board,  un- 
less impeded  by  some  other  piece.  Jfoyte, 
ROOK,  p.  i.    To  cheat ;  to  defraud.                   Locke. 
R9OK,  r.  t.    To  cheat ;  to  defraud  by  cheating. 

ROOK.  V.  i.    To  squaL     [See  Ruck.] 
ROQK'£D,  (rwkt,)  pp.     Cheated  ;  defrauded. 
RQQK'ER-Y,  n.     A  place  where  rooks  congregate  and 
build  their  nests,  as  a  wood,  &c.  Pope, 

2.  In  low  languagf,  a  brothel. 
RQOK'rXG,  ppr.     Ch*aling. 

RQOK'V,  o.    inhabited  by  rooks  ;  as,  the  rooky  wood. 

Shak, 

BOOM,  n.  [Sax.  rum  .*  Dan.  and  Sw.  rum :  D.  ruim  ; 
G.  raum  ;  tioth.  rumif,  room,  place  ;  Ir.  ruttiy  a  floor 
or  room  ;  G.  rdumen.  Sax.  rumioji,  ryman,  to  give 
place,  to  amplify,  to  enlarge;  Sax.  rum-g-ifa,  liberal. 
It  may  be  allied  to  roam,  ramble.  Class  Rm,  No. 
4.9.J 

1.  Space;  compass;  extent  of  place,  great  or 
smalL  Let  the  words  occupy  as  little  room  as  pos- 
sible. ^ 

3.  Space  or  place  unoccupied. 

horii,  n  n  <1on<>  u  thou  hut  commtu)(le<1,  nnd  yet  there  Ii  room, 
—  Luke  xiv. 

3.  Place  for  reception  or  admission  of  any  thing. 
In  this  cii»e  there  is  no  room  for  doubt  or  for  argu- 
ment. 

4.  Place  of  another ;  stead ;  as  in  succession  or 
subiiltution.  One  magistrate  or  king  comes  in  the 
room  of  a  former  one.  We  often  place  one  thing  in 
the  room  of  another.     I  Kings  xx. 

5.  Unoccupied  opportunity.  The  eager  ptirsuit  of 
wealth  leaves  little  room  fr»r  seriouB  reflection. 

6.  An  apartment  in  a  house  ;  any  division  sepa- 
rated from  the  rest  by  a  partition  ;  as  a  parlor,  a 
drawing-room  or  bed  room  ;  also,  an  apartment  in  a 
■hip,  as  the  cook-room,  bread-room,  gun-room,  ic. 

7.  A  seat.     Luke  xiv. 

To  make  room  :  to  open  a  way  or  passage ;  tq  free 
from  obstructions. 


ROO 

To  ruake  room ;  to  open  a  space  or  place  for  any 
tiling. 

To  give  room ;  to  withdraw  ;  to  leave  space  unoc- 
cupied for  others  to  pass  or  to  be  seated. 

ROOM,  V,  i.    To  occupy  an  apartment ;  to  lodge;  an 
acad0Hic  use  pfthe  word.     A  B  rooms  at  No.  7. 

ROOM'AfiE,  jL     [from  room.]     Space;    place.     [JYof 
used.]  Wotton. 

ROOM'FJJL,  a.     Abounding  with  rooms.       Donne. 

ROOM'I-LV,  adv.     Spaciously. 

ROO.M'I-NESS,  71.    Space;    spaciousness;   large  ex- 
tent of  space. 

RooMTH,  space,  and  Roomtht,  spacious,  are  ill- 
formed  words,  and  not  used  in  the  United  States. 

ROOM' Y,  a.      Spacious;  wide;  large;  having  ample 
ro<«n  ;  as,  a  roomy  mansion  ;  a  roomy  deck.   Dryden. 

ROOP,  n.     Hoarseness.     [Little  used.] 

ROOST,  TU      [Sax.  Aroa-£f    D.  roc5(,  roost;   roesten,  to 
roost,  j 

The  pole  or  other  support  on  which  birds  rest  at 
night. 

He  clFipj>cd  his  win^  upon  his  roott.  Dryden, 

2.  A  collection  of  fowls  roosting  together. 
At  roost ;  in  a  state  for  rest  and  sleep. 
ROOST,   V.   i.     To  sit,  rest,  or  sleep,  as  birds  on  a 
pole,  tree,  or  other  thing  at  night. 
2.  To  lodge,  in  burlesque 
ROOST'ER,  H.     [The  head  or  chief  of  ihe  roost.]     A 
cock,  the  male  of  the  domestic  fowl.  America. 

[RoosT-cocK  is  provincial  in  England.]    Hallitcell. 
ROOST'ING,  ppr.     Sitting  for  rest  and  sleep  at  night. 
ROOT,  71.     [Dan.  rod  ;    Sw.  rot ;    L.  radix ;  It.  radice ; 
Sp.  rail  ,■  Ir.  raidis;  W.  rhaiz,  a  ray  or  spear,  whence 
gvraity  a  root.     A  root  is  a  shoot,  and  only  a  differ- 
ent application  of  rody  L.  radius.] 

1.  That  part  of  a  plant  which  enters  and  fixes 
itself  in  the  earth,  and  serves  to  supp«irt  the  plant  in 
an  erect  position,  wliile,  by  means  of  its  radicles,  it 
imbibes  nutriment  for  the  stem,  branches,  and  fruit. 
There  are  six  distinct  organs  which  are  capable  of 
entering  into  the  composition  of  a  root,  viz.,  the  rad- 
icle,  the  Jtbrily  the  sobotes,  the  buiby  the  taber^  and  the 
rhizoma. 

2.  The  part  of  any  thing  that  resembles  the  roots 
of  a  plant  in  manner  of  growth  ;  as,  llie  roots  of  a 
cancer,  of  teeth,  &.c. 

3.  The  bottom  or  lower  part  of  any  thing. 

Doep  lo  the  rooU  of  hell.  Milton. 

Burnet  uses  root  of  a  mountain,  but  we  now  say 
base,  foot,  or  bcttam.    See  Job  xxviii.  9. 

4.  A  plant  whose  root  is  esculent,  or  the  most  use- 
ful part,  as  beets,  carrots,  &c. 

5.  The  original  or  cause  of  any  thing. 

The  I0YC  of  money  ii  the  root  of  nil  wil.—  1  Tim.  ri. 

C  The  first  ancestor. 

They  ware  the  roou  out  of  which  ■pnin;  two  distinct  people. 

Locke. 

7.  In  arithmetic  and  algebra^  the  root  of  any  quan- 
tity is  such  a  quantity  as,  when  multiplied  into  itself 
a  certain  number  of  times,  will  exactly  produce  that 
quantity.  Thus  2  is  a  root  of  4,  because,  when  mul- 
tiplied into  itself,  it  exactly  produces  4.         J.  Day. 

8.  Means  of  growth.  •'  lie  hath  no  root  in  him- 
self;" that  is,  no  soil  in  which  grace  can  grow  and 
flourish.    MaiL  xiii. 

9.  In  musicy  the  fundamental  note  of  any  chord. 

Busby. 
Root  of  bitterness;  in  Scripture,  any  error,  sin,  or 
evil  that  produces  discord  or  Immorality. 

To  take  root ;  to  become  planted  or  fixed  ;  or  to  be 
established  ;  to  increase  and  spread. 

7*0  take  deep  root;  to  be  firmly  planted  or  estab- 
lished ;  to  bo  deeply  impressed.  Dryden. 
ROOT,  p.  1.    To  fix  the  root ;  to  enter  the  earth,  as 
rtxits. 

In  deep  prnunda,  the  weed*  root  t\'^r\vr.  Mortimer. 

2.  To  be  firmly  fixed  ;  lo  be  established. 

The  mulUpl/iiic  brood  of  the  ungodly  »hAlI  not  take  deep  root- 
ing. Wisdom. 

3.  To  sink  deep. 

If  »ny  error  chunced  —  to  ettnae  mtai»pptrh^n«loi»i,  ho  fa»e  Ihem 
Dot  I^Ave  tu  rool  und  foAtctt  b}-  coitccAlment.  l\ll. 

ROOT,  B.  U    To  plant  and  fix  deep  in  the  oarth  ;  used 
chiefly  in  the  participle  ;  as,  rooted  trees  or  forests. 

Dryden. 

i  To  plant  deeply  ;  to  impress  deeply  and  durably. 
Let  the  leading  truths  of  the  gospel  be  rooted  in  the 
mind  ;  let  holy  affections  be  well  rooted  in  the  heort. 

3.  In  Scri/>(ur«,to  be  routed  and  grounded  in  Christ, 
is  to  be  firmly  united  to  him  by  faith  and  love,  and 
well  established  in  the  belief  of  his  character  and 
doctrines.  Eph.  iii. 
ROOT,  p.  i.  or  (.  [Sax.  wrot,  a  snout  or  proboscis; 
vrratatiy  to  dig  or  root ;  D.  Wroeten,  G.  reuten,  Dan. 
roder,  Sw.  rota,  lo  root.  This  seems  to  be  of  the 
same  family  as  the  former  word  and  rod,  from  the 
use  of  the  snout.} 

To  turn  up  the  earth  with  the  snout,  as  swine. 
Swine  root  lo  find  worms;  they  root  the  ground 
whetever  they  come. 

7*0  root  up  or  out ;  to  eradicate  ;  to  extirpate ;  to 


ROU 

remove  or  destroy  root  and  branch  ;  to  exterminate. 

Drut.  xxix.    Job  xxxi. 
ROOT'-BOUND,  a.    Fixed  to  the  earth  by  roota. 

Miltotu 
ROOT'-JiUILT,  (-bill,)  a.     Built  of  rwts.     Shemtane. 
ROOT'-KAT-ER,  n.    An  animal  that  feeds  on  roots. 

Kirby. 

ROOT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Having  its  roots  planted  or 

fixed  in  the  earth;    hence,   fixed;    deep;    radical; 

osy  rooted   sorrow;    rooted   aversion;    rooted   preju- 
dices. 
ROOT'ED-LY,  adv.     Deeply  ;  from  the  heart.      Shak. 
ROOT'ED-NESS,  n.    The  state  or  condition  of  being 

rooted. 
ROOT'ER,  n.    One  that  roots;  or  one  that  tears  up 

by  the  roots. 
ROOT'-HOUSE,  n.    A  house  made  of  roots. 

Dodsley. 
2.  A  house  for  keeping  roots. 
ROOT'ING,  ppr.    Striking  or  taking  root ;  turning  up 

with  the  snout. 
ROO T'-LeAF,  n.    A  leaf  growing  immedtatrly  from 

the  root.  Jifartyn, 

ROOT'LET,  V.    A  radicle;  a  little  root.        Martyn, 
ROOT'-STOCK,  n.     In   botany,   a    prostrate   rooting 

stem,  yearly  producing  young  branches  ;  the  rhizoma. 

Lindley. 
ROOT'Y,  a.     Full  of  roots  ;  as,  rooty  ground.    Adams, 
R0-PAL'I€,  a.     [Gr.  ^ottuXw,  a  club.] 

Club-formed;  increasing  or  swelling  toward  the 

end. 
RCPE,  n.     [Sax.  rap  ;    Sw.  rep ;    Dan.  reeb  ;  W.  rhaf} 

Ir.  ropa,  roibiiu] 

1.  A  large  string  or  line  composed  of  several 
strands  twisted  together.  It  differs  from  cord,  liney 
and  string,  only  in  its  size  ;  being  the  name  given  to 
all  sorts  of  cordage  above  an  inch  in  circumference. 
Indeed  the  smaller  ropes,  when  used  for  certain  pur- 
poses, are  called  lines. 

Ropes  are,  by  seamen,  ranked  under  two  descrip- 
tions, cable-laid  and  hawser-laid ;  the  former  Com- 
posed of  nine  strands,  or  three  great  strands,  each 
consisting  of  three  small  ones ;  the  latter  made  with 
three  strands,  each  composed  of  a  certain  number  of 
rope-jams.  Totten, 

2.  A  row  or  string  consisting  of  a  number  of 
things  united  ;  as,  a  rope  of  onions. 

3.  Ropes,  [Sax.  rappas  ;]  the  intestines  of  birds. 

Lye. 
Rope  of  sand ;  proverbially,  feeble  union  or  tie  ;  a 
band  easily  broken.  Locke. 

ROPE,  V.  t.  To  draw  out  or  extend  into  a  filament  or 
thread  by  means  of  any  glutinous  or  adhesive  qrtal- 
ity.  Any  glutinous  substance  will  rope  considerably 
before  it  will  part. 

ROPE'-BAND.    See  Robbin. 

RoPE'-DAN-CER,  n.  [rope  and  dancer.]  One  that 
walks  on  a  rnpe  extended  through  the  air.    Addison, 

ROPE'-LAD-DER,  n.     A  ladder  made  of  ropes. 

ROPE'-MAK-ER,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  make 
ropes  or  cordage.  [I  do  not  know  thai  Rofer  is  ever 
used.] 

ROPE'-MAK-ING,  n.  The  art  or  business  of  manu- 
facturing ropes  or  cordage. 

ROP'ER-Y,  n.     A  place  where  ropes  are  made.     [A*ot 
used  in  the  United  States.] 
2.  A  trick  that  deserves  the  halter.  Shak, 

ROPE'-TRICK,  n.    A  trick  Ihat  deserves  the  halter. 

Shak- 

ROPE'-WALK,  n.  A  long,  covered  walk,  or  a  long 
btiilding  over  smooth  ground,  where  ropes  are  man- 
ufactured. 

ROPE'-VXRN,  n.  Yam  for  ropes,  consisting  of  a 
single  thread.  The  threads  arc  twisted  into  strands, 
and  the  strands  into  ropes. 

ROP'I-NESS,  «.  [from  ropy.]  Stringiness,  or  apt- 
ness to  draw  out  in  a  string  or  thread  without  break- 
ing, as  of  glutinous  substances;  viscosity  ;  adhesive- 
ness. 

ROP'Y,  a.  [from  rope.]  Stringy  ;  adhesive  ;  that 
may  be  drawn  into  a  thread;  as  a  glutinous  sub- 
stance; viscous;  tenacious;  glutinous;  as,  ropy 
wine  ;  ropy  lees.  Dryden.     Philips. 

ROa'UE-LAUR,  Crok'e-18r,)ii.  [from  Fr. ;  Dan.  rofc- 
kelor;  G.  rock,  a  coBt,  D.  rok,  Snx.  rocc^  whence 
frock,  Sp.  rocto.  Qu.  the  last  syllable  ;  or  is  the  word 
derived  from  a  duke  of  this  name?]  A  cloak  for 
men.  Gay. 

RO'RAL,  a.     [L.  roralisy  from  ros,  dew.] 

Pertatnmg  lo  dew,  ur  consisting  of  dew  ;  dewy. 

RO-RA'TION,  n.     [L.  roratio.]  [  Oreen, 

A  falling  of  dew.     [JVot  u^cd.]  Did. 

RO'RID,  a.     [L.  rorirfuj.] 

Dewy.  Granger. 

RO-RIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [h.  ros,  dew,  and  fero^  to  pro- 
duce.] 
Generating  or  prm'i'cing  dew.  Di4:L 

RO-RlF'LU-E\T,   a       [L.   ros,    dew,   and  fiuo,    to 
flow.] 
Flowing  with  dew.     [J^ot  used.]  Dtr.t. 

ROR'CiUAL,  n.  [Norwegian  ror^ialus,  a  whale  with 
folds.  ] 

Tijc  English  name  of  cetaceous  mammals  or  whafea 
of  the  genua  Rorqualus,  which  comprises   at  least 


TCNE,  Bl/LL,  IJNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  as  K ;  C  aa  J  ;  8  as  Zj  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  aa  in  TH 


IS. 


963 


ROS 

UirM  living  species  of  diS'erent  dimensions,  and,  as  : 
18  suppitsed,  Btrveral  fuwil  species.  The  preat  north- 
ern Rorqual  is  said  to  be  the  largest  of  the  whiite 
tribe,  and  to  have  somelimes  attained  the  length  of 
105  feeL  JardiJuU  AW.  Ub, 

ROSX'CEOUS,  (-xa'staus,)  a.  [L.  rosacmu.  See 
RoiB.] 

Rose-like ;  composed  of  acreral  petals,  arranged 
in  a  circalar  fonn  ;  as,  a  nsaeeeus  ooraL     JiartifH. 

RQ^AC'ie,  (-aas'ik,)  o.  The  iwoeie  acid  was  ob- 
tained from  the  lateritious  sediment  of  the  unne 
which  occurs  in  certain  fnVL-rs.  It  is  now  supposed 
to  be  uric  acid,  modified  l>y  animal  matter  accident- 
ally present-  , 

RO'SA-RY,  n.     [L.  rosixrium.     See  Rose.] 

1.  A  bed  of  rtises,  or  place  where  roses  frow. 

a  tn  the  Roman  CatAotie  churchy  a  series  of  pmy- 
ers,  and  a  string  of  beads  by  which  they  are  counted. 
A  rosary  conststsof  fifteen  decades.  Each  decade  con- 
tains ten  Jlce  Marias^  marked  by  small  beadn,  pre- 
ceded by  a  Pater  JVbHery  marked'  by  a  larger  bead, 
and  concluded  by  a  Gluria  PatrL  Five  decades 
make  a  chaplet,  which  is  a  third  part  of  the  ro- 
sary. Bp.  FUzpatriek, 
RO£i'CID,  a.     [L.  rosddHS-,  fh)ni  nu,  dew.] 

Dewy ;  containing  dew,  or  consisting  of  dew. 
[AW  uMd.}  Btu«n, 

ROSE,  a.  [Fr.  rwt;  U  lu  and  Sp^rosa;  O.  and  Dan. 
TOM  t  D.  reM,  fMU  .*  8 w.  nw ;  Arm.  ro»m  ;  Ir.  rvu  or 
roM ;  W.  rkCM ;  Gr.  ^oiav  ;  from  the  root  of  reW,  nut- 
^,  W.  rkmi.    See  Rkd.] 

L  A  plant  and  flower  of  the  genua  Rosa,  of  many 
species  and  varieties,  as  the  wild,  canine,  or  dog 
rose,  the  while  rose,  the  red  ruse,  the  cinnamon 
rose,  the  eglantine  or  sweet  brier,  &c.  There  are 
five  petals;  the  calyx  is  urceulale,  quinquefid,  and 
corneous  ;  the  seeds  are  numerous,  hispid,  and  fixed 
to  the  inside  of  the  calyx.  P.  Cyc. 

S.  A  knot  of  ribbon  in  the  form  of  a  rose,  used  as 
an  ornamental  tie  of  a  shoe. 

3.   In  anMitteture,     See   RoatTTK. 
In  Ettetisk  history,  in  the  feuds  between  the  bouses 
of  Yorli  and  Lancaster,  the  xkiu  rost  was  tbe  badge 
of  the  former,  and  the  rtd  rase  of  the  latter.    Skak. 

Undn-thf  rojf,  {sub  nua:)  in  secret ;  pri%*ately  ;  in 
a  manner  that  forbids  disclosure;  the  rose  being 
among  the  ancients  the  s>-mbol  of  secrecy,  and  bung 
op  at  entertainments,  as  a  token  that  nothing  there 
said  was  to  be  divulged.  B»otJL 

Rogf-  qfjerkko ;  a  plant  growing  on  the  plain  of 
Jericho,  the  Anastatica  bierocbuntica. 
B09G,  ;>rre.of  Risa. 
RO'»E-AL,  (rO'zhe-al,)  a.     [L.  «wcmj.] 

Like  a  rose  in  smell  or  color.  Elftt. 

RC'SE-ATE,  a.  [Tt.  rosat,]  Rosy;  AiU  of  roses;  as, 
T9staie  bowers.  Pop*. 

2.  Blooming ;  of  a  rose  color ;  as,  roseate  beauty. 

BoyU. 

RQSE'BAV,  R.  h  plant,  the  NVrium  oleander.  The 
dtottrf  rogfbay  is  a  Rbododondron.  Lff, 

RfiSE'-BUG,  i  n.     A  winced  in^^-cl,  a  sppcies  of 

r6?E'-CHAF-ER.  i      diurnal  beetle,  which  feeds  on 
the  blossoms  of  the  rose,  and  on  various  other  plants. 
Farm.  Encyc. 

ROSE'-€OT^OR-ED   (kul'lord,)  (  a.     Having  the  col- 

ROSE'-IIfED,  (-bade,)  •    \      or  nf  a  rose. 

ReS'KD.  (rt/.d,)  a.     Crimsoned  ;  flusl»ed.  Shak. 

R6SE'-DI-A  MOND,  «.  A  diamond  nearly  hemi- 
spherical, cut  into  34  triangular  planes. 

Ennff.  of  Dom.  Econ, 

R5SE'-FAC-ED,  (fiate,)  a.  Having  a  rosy  or  red 
face. 

ROSE'-GALL,  x.     An  excrescence  on  the  dtrg-rose. 

DicU 

ROSE'LTTE,  «.  [from  M.  RMe.]  A  native  arseniate 
of  cobalt,  occnmng  in  small,  red  crystals.      Daua, 

ROSE'-MAL-LOW,  «.  A  plant  of  the  grnus  Allhira, 
larger  than  the  common  mallow,  and  ci>tmnoiily 
called   HoLLTHOCK.  Miller, 

R0SE'MA-RY,  M.  [ L.  rosKutrinus,  sea-rose  ;  roaa  and 
■lariituA.  So  in  \\  .  rhoa-mariy  and  in  Ir.  6atA-ro#,  sea- 
rose.] 

A  Terticillale  plant  of  the  genus  Rosmarinus, 
growing  naiumlly  in  the  southern  part  of  France, 
Bpain,  and  Italy,  also  in  .\sia  Minorand  in  China.  It 
has  a  fragrant  smell,  and  a  warm,  pungent,  bitterish 
ta^re.  It  has  been  used  as  an  emblem  of  fidelity  or 
cnn^Jtanry.  P.  Cyc. 

RCSE'-N&BLE,  a.  An  ancient  English  gold  coin, 
Ftamp'^d  with  the  figure  of  a  rose,  first  struck  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  IlL  and  current  at  68.  6d. 

Brande.     P.  Cyc, 

RO-Se'O-LA,  m.  In  neselopyf,  a  cutaneous  disease, 
consisting  of  a  mse-colored  efflorescence,  in  circum- 
scribed patches  with  litile  or  no  elevation,  often  al- 
ternately fading  and  reviving,  sometimes  with  a 
colorless  nucleus  ;  chiefly  on  the  cheeks,  neck,  and 
arms.  Roseola  sometimes  occurs  symptomatically  of 
dentition,  dyspepsia,  and  various  febrile  and  other 
constitutional    affections,      it  is    somelimes    called 

RnsC-BA9H.  TuUtf. 

ROSE'-aUARTZ,  a.    A  variety  of  quartz,  which  is 

rose-red. 
R0«E'-ROOT,  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Rhodiola. 


ROS 

RO'SET,  n,     [Fr.  rosrUe,  fmm  rose] 

A  red  color  used  by  painters.  Ptaeham, 

ROSETTE',  n.  [Fr.j  An  imitation  of  a  rose  by 
ribbini,  used  as  an  ornament  or  badge. 

SL  In  ar^hUecturf^  an  ornament  in  the  faun  of  a 
rose,  much  used  in  decorations.  OwUt. 

RO«E'-VVA-TER,  n.  \Valer  tinctured  with  roses  by 
distillation.  Enevc. 

RO*  E '-WIN-DO  W,  a.  In  architecture,  a  circular  "win- 
dow. Oioss.  ofjirchit, 

R^SE'-\V<JQD,  a.  The  wood  of  a  Uee  growing  in 
Brazil  and  other  warm  climates,  much  used  in  cab- 
inet work.  It  is  oi  a  fragrant  smell,  and  from  it  is 
obtained  the  oleum  r/uMiii,  tin  agreeable  perfume,  used 
In  scenting  pomatum  and  liniuieuts.       JitcCuUoch. 

ROS  1  CKO'CIA.N,  n.  f  L.  ros,  dew,  and  crux,  cross  ; 
deie,  the  most  powerful  dissolvent  of  gold,  according 
to  these  fanatics,  and  cross,  the  emblem  of  light.] 

The  Rosicrucians  were  a  sect  or  cabal  of  henneti- 
cal  philiwophers,  or  rather  fanatics,  who  were  first 
known  in  Uerntany  in  the  seventeenth  century,  and 
made  great  pretensions  to  science  ;  and  among  otlier 
things,  pretended  to  be  masters  of  tlie  secret  of  the 
philostipher's  stone.  Eneye.  Amrr. 

ROS-I-eRC'CIAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Rosicrucians, 
or  their  arts.  Hudibras. 

RO'SIER,  (ffi'ihur,)  tu  [Pr.]  A  rose-bush.  [Ao(  in 
use.]  Sprnser. 

ROS'lN,  n.  [This  is  only  a  different  orthography 
of  Resin;  Ir.   roUin;  Fr.    rc*ine  ;   L.   ruina.      S&e 

ResI!*.] 

The  resin  left  afler  distilling  off  the  volatile  oil 
from  the  different  species  of  turpentine  ;   colophony. 

Ore. 
ROS'IN,  V.  t.     To  nib  with  rosin.  Gay. 

RO'SI-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  rosy,  or  of  re- 
sembling the  color  of  the  rose.  Daveitant. 
ROS'IN- Y,  a.    Like  rosin,  or  partaking  of  its  qualities. 

Temple. 
ROS'LAND,  n,     [W.  rhos,  peal,  or  a  moor.] 

Heathy  land  ;  land  full  of  ling  ;  moorish  or  wa- 
tery land. 
ROS'M.VRtXE,  (-reen,)  n.    Rosemary. 

Spenser.     Skenstone. 
ROSS,  a.     [Qn.  G.  gnxusy  nibbish.] 

The  rough,  scaly  matter  on  the  surface  of  the 
bark  of  certain  trees.  A>»  England^ 

ROSS'EL,  a.     Light  land.     [Abf  used  in  Jtmeriea.] 

Mortimer, 
ROSS'EL-LY,  0.    Loose  ;  tight.     [A«e  in  um.] 

ROS'PIG-NOL,  «.    [Fr.  ML  ;  It  rMi^twZo.] 

The  nightingale.  ^siat.  Res. 

ROS'TEL,  «.     [h.  rostelium^  dim.  of  rostrum,  a  beak.] 
In  botany,  the  descending  plane  part  of  tlie  corcle 
or  heart,  in  the  first  vegetation  of  a  seed.    Martyn. 

That  part  of  the  c»re»iiiefB,  or  car<;/«,  of  a  seed  which 
descends  into  the  earth  and  becomes  a  root. 

D.  C.  mUdenow. 
ROS'TEL-LATE,  a.    Having  a  rostel. 
ROS-TEL'Ll-FORM,  a.     Having  the  form  of  a  ros- 
tel. 
ROS'TER,  n.     [A  corruption  of  re^stn-.}     In  military 
affairs,  a  plan  or  table  by  which  the  duty  of  officers 
is  regulated.  Brandt. 

In  jM<j.t.tachusctls,  a  list  of  the  officers  of  a  division, 
brig;\de,  regiment,  or  battalion,  containing,  under  sev- 
eral heads,  their  names,  rank,  the  corps  to  which 
thry  bel  -ng,  date  of  commission,  and  place  of  abode. 
These  are  called  division  rosters,  brigade  rosters,  reg- 
imental or  battalion  rosters. 

The  word  is  also  used  frequently  instead  of  Reois- 
TEF,  which  comprehends  a  general  list  of  all  the  offi- 
cers of  the  Stale,  from  the  commander-in-chief  to  the 
lowest  in  commission,  under  the  same  appropriate 
heads,  with  an  additiimal  column  for  noting  the  al- 
terations which  take  place.  ff.  H.  Sumner. 
ROS'TRAL,  a.     [from  L.  rostrum,  beak. J 

1.  Resembling  the  bt:ak  of  a  ship.  Tatler 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  beak. 
ROS'TRATE,      ;         ,,  .    *      i 
RO-S'TRA-TED,  1  °*     L^.  rostratus.-] 

1.  In  botany  and  conekoloiry,  beaked  ;  having  a  pro- 
cess resembling  the  beak  of  a  bird. 

Marttrn.    Humble. 

2.  Furnished  or  adorned  with  beaks;  as,  rojlrated 
gallevs. 

ROS'TRI-FORM,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  beak. 

Kirby. 
ROS'TRUM,  n.     [L. ;  W.rhetgyry  a  snout,  orrA^tArea, 
a  pike.] 

1.  The  beak  or  bill  of  a  bird. 

2.  Tlie  beak  or  head  of  a  ship, 

3.  In  ancient  Rvme,  a  scaffold  or  elevated  place  in 
the  forum,  where  oration;',  pleadings,  funeral  ha- 
rangues, &c.,  were  delivered.     Hence, 

4.  A  platform  or  elevated  spot  from  which  a  speak- 
er addresses  his  audience.  OviiU. 

5.  The  pipe  wtiich  conveys  the  distilling  liquor 
into  its  receiver,  in  the  common  alembic,    ^uincy. 

6.  A  crooked  pair  of  scissors,  uiied  by  surgeons  for 
dilating  wounds.  Coze,    ^uincy. 

RO'SU-LATE,  a.  Having  the  leaves  arranged  in  little 
rose-like  clusters.  P.  Cyc. 


ROT 

RO'SY,  a.  [from  rose.]  Resembling  a  rose  in  color 
or  qualities;  blooming;  red;  blushing  j  charming. 

While  Mourning  jouth  &n(l  g&y  deltgbt 

8ii  oa  ihy  rtwy  chrcka  confrrt.  Prior. 

The  ru#y  Ti>om  r»igi>«  her  light.  Wail^r, 

Q.  Made  in  the  form  of  a  rose.  B.  Jonson. 

RO'8Y-BO-SOM-£;D,  o.    Embosomed  among  roses. 

Oray. 

RO'SY-eROWN-ED,  a.    Crowned  with  roses.   Cfray. 

K0'«Y-TINT-ED,  o.    Having  the  tints  of  the  rose, 

Mrs.  Butler. 

ROT,  r.  i  [Sax.  rotiiMi  D.  rotten;  Sw.  riitai  Dan. 
raadner.'] 

To  lose  the  natural  cohesion  and  organization  of 
parts,  as  animal  and  vegetable  substances;  to  be  de- 
composed and  resolved  into  its  original  component 
parts  by  the  natural  process,  or  the  gradual  operation 
of  heat  and  air  ;  to  putrefy. 

ROT,  V.  U  To  make  putrid  ;  to  cause  to  be,  wholly  or 
partially,  decomposed,  by  the  natural  operation  of 
air  and  heat ;  to  bring  to  corruption. 

ROT,  rt.  A  fatal  distemper  incident  to  sheep,  usually 
supposed  to  be  owing  to  wet  seasons  and  moist  pas- 
lures.  The  immediate  cause  of  the  mortality  of 
sheep,  in  this  disease,  is  found  to  be  a  great  number 
of  small  animals,  called  flukes,  (Jiisciola,)  found  in 
the  gall-bladder  and  adjacent  parts.     Farm.    Encyc. 

2.  Putrefaction  ;  putrid  decay.  Philips. 

3.  Dry  rot  f  in  timber,  the  decay  of  the  wood  with 
out  the  access  of  water.     [See  Dry  Rqt.1 

RO'TA,  n.  [L.  rotQf  W.  rAorf,  a  wheel ;  allied  to  rhe- 
du,  to  rtin.  The  name  is  derived  from  the  fact  that 
they  sit  in  a  circle,  {rota.)    See  Rotart.J 

1.  An  ecclesiastical  court  of  Rome,  composed  of 
twelve  prelates,  of  whom  one  must  be  a  German, 
another  a  Frenchman,  and  two  Spaniards  ;  the  other 
eight  are  Italians.  1  his  is  one  of  the  most  august 
tribunals  in  Rome,  taking  cognizance  of  all  suits  in 
the  territory  of  the  church  by  appeal,  and  of  all  mat- 
ters beneficiary  and  palrtmonial.  Encyc 

2.  In  Englifk  history,  a  club  of  politicians,  who,  in 
the  time  of  Charles  I.,  contemplated  an  equal  govern- 
ment by  rotntiun.  Hndibras. 

RO'TA-LTTE,  a.  One  of  a  genus  of  fossil  shells,  which 
are  spiral,  nniltilocular,  univalves. 

RO'TA-RY,  tt.  [L.  rota,  a  wheel,  W.  rhod,  Sp.  rufda, 
PorL  roda.  Arm.  rod,  Fr.  roue,  G.  and  D.  rad;  Ma- 
layan, rata,  a  chariot ;  allied  to  \V.  rAcdu,  to  run. 
So  car  is  allied  to  L.  curroA 

Turning,  as  a  wheel  on  fls  axis  ;  tiS,  rotary  motion. 
Rotary  engine :  a  steam-engine  worked  by  the  elas- 
tic force  of  the  steam  acting  upon  pistons  fixed  to  an 
axis,  whereby  the  latter  is  put  in  motion.    Buchanan. 

RO'TATE,  a.  In  botany,  w h eel -sii aped  ;  monopeta- 
lous,  spreading  nearly  flat,  without  any  tube,  or  ex- 
panding into  a  nearly  flat  border,  with  scarcely  any 
tube;  as,  a  rotate  corol.  Martyn.     Smith. 

RO'TATE,  V.  i.  [L.  roto.]  To  revolve  or  move  round 
a  center.  Redjietd. 

RO'TA-TED,  a.     [L.  rotatu.t.] 
Turned  round,  as  a  wheel. 

RO'TATE-PLANE,  a.  In  bvtany,  wheel-shaped  and 
flat,  willhUit  a  tube  ;  as,  a  rotate-plane  corol.      Lee. 

RO'TA-TING,  ppr.  and  a.  Revolving  ;  moving  round 
a  center. 

RO-TS'TION,  TU  [h.rotatio,  from  roto,  to  turn  ;  rota, 
a  wheel.] 

1.  The  act  of  turning,  as  a  wheel  or  solid  body  on 
its  axis,  as  distinguished  from  the  progressive  motion 
of  a  body  revolving  round  another  body  or  a  distant 
point.  I'hus  the  daily  turning  of  the  earth  on  its 
axis,  is  a  rotation;  its  annual  motion  round  the  sun 
is  a  revolution. 

2.  Vicissitude  of  succession  ;  the  course  by  which 
oflicers  or  others  leave  their  places  at  certain  times, 
and  are  succeeded  by  others ;  applied  also  to  a 
change  of  crops. 

RO'TA-TIVE,  a.  Turning,  as  a  wheel ;  rotary.  [Lit- 
tle use(L] 

RO-TA'TOR,  n.  [L.]  That  which  gives  a  circular 
or  rolling  motion  ;  a  muscle  producing  a  rolling  mo- 
tion. Coze. 

R6'TA-TO-RIE8,  (-riz,)  n.  pi.  Wheel-animalcules; 
rotifers.  Kirby. 

RO'TA-TO-RY,  a.  [iTom  rotator.']  Turning  on  an 
axis,  as  a  wheel ;  rotary. 

3.  Going  in  a  circle ;  following  in  succession ;  as, 
rotatory  assemblies.  Burke. 

[This  word  is  often  used,  probably  by  mistake,  for 
rotary.  It  may  be  regularly  formed  from  rotator,  but 
not  with  the  exact  sense  in  which  it  is  used.  With 
rotator  for  its  original,  it  would  signify  causing,  rath- 
er than  being  in  a  circular  motion.    The  true  word  is 

rotary.] 

ROTE,  n.  [A  contraction  of  croiod,  W.  crvith,  Ir.  enttC,] 
A  musical  instrument  of  former  times,  probably  sim- 
ilar to  the  hurdy-gurdy.    [06^.]  P.  Cyc. 

ROTE,  n.     [L.  rota,  a  wheel,  whence  Fr.routine.] 

Properly,  a  round  of  words  ;  frequent  repetition  of 
Words  or  sounds,  without  attending  to  the  significa- 
tion, or  to  principles  and  rules;  a  practice  that  im- 
presses words  in  the  memorj',  without  an  effort  of 
the  understanding,  and  without  the  aid  of  rules. 
Thus  children  learn  to  speak  by  rote;  they  often  re- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.— 

964 


ROU 

peat  what  they  hear,  till  it  becomes  familiar  to  ihem. 
So  we  learn  to  sing  by  ro(e,  as  wo  hear  notes  repeat- 
ed, and  soon  learn  lo  repeat  them  ourselves, 

ROTE,  r.  f.  To  fix  in  the  memory  by  meana  of  fre- 
quent repetition  oiirselve.H,  or  by  hearing  ihe  repeti- 
tion of  others  without  an  effort  (.f  the  understand- 
ing to  comprehend  what  is  repeated,  and  without  the 
aid  of  rules  or  principles,     [tittle  used.]  Shak. 

ROTE,  c.  i.  To  go  out  by  rotation  or  succession.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Qrev. 

ROTH'EIUBEASTS,  n.  pU  [Sax.  hrytlier,  a  quadru- 
ped.] 

Cattle  of  the  bovine  genus;  called  in  England 
Black-Cattle.     [JN'ot  used  in  jJmerica.]      Ooldinf. 

ROTH'ER-NaILS.  n.  pi.  [Corrupted  from  ruiier- 
nails.] 

Among  shipteriffhts,  nails  with  verv  full  heads, 
used  for  fastening  the  rudder  irons  of  ships.     Bailey. 

ROTU'OF-FITE,  n.  A  variety  of  pa  met,  brown  or 
black,  found  in  Sweden.  It  has  a  resemMance  to 
melanite,  another  variety,  but  differs  from  it  in  hav- 
ing a  small  portion  of  alumina.  Cyc. 

RO'Tl-FER,  ».     [h.  rota  find  fero.] 

The  rotifers  are  a  class  of  infusorial  animals,  hav- 
ing ciliated  apt)endage9  on  the  fore  part  of  the  body, 
which  seem  to  move  in  a  rotary  manner.     Brande. 

ROT'TED,  pp.  or  a.  Made  putrid  ;  decomposed  whol- 
ly or  partially. 

ROT'TS.V,  (rot'n,)  o.     [Sw.  rutten.] 

1.  Putrid  ;  carious  j  der^^mposed  by  the  natural 
process  of  decay  ;  as,  a  rotten  plank. 

2.  Not  firm  or  tmsty  ;  unsound  ;  defective  in  prin 
ciple  ;  treacherous  ;  deceitful. 

3.  Defective  in  substance ;  not  sound  or  hard  ;  as 
a  road  or  way.     [Rare.]  KnnUes. 

4.  Fetid  ;  ill-smelling.  [Rare,]  Shak, 
R0T'T*;N-LV,  adv.  Putridly  ;  defectively  ;  fetidly. 
ROT'T£N-NESS,  n.     Suite  of  being  decayed  or  pu 

irid  ;  canousness;  putrefaction  ;  unsoundness. 

ROT'T£N~ST0i\E,n.  A  soft  stone,  called  also  Trip- 
oli, terra  Tripolitana,  from  the  country  from  which  it 
was  formerly  broughL  It  is  used  in  all  sorts  of  finer 
grinding  and  polishing  in  the  arts,  and  fur  cleaning 
furniture  of  metallic  sub-stances.  The  rotten-stone 
of  Derbyshire,  in  England,  is  a  Tripoli  mixed  with 
calcareous  earth.  JVichoUon.     P.  Cyc 

ROT'TING,  ppr.  Making  putrid  ;  causing  to  decom- 
pose. 

RO-TITND',  a.  [L.  rotundiLs,  probably  funned  on  rota, 
a  wheel,  as  joeundus  on  jocus.] 

1.  Round;  circular;  spherical.  Addison. 

2.  In  botany^  orbicular,  a  little  inclining  to  be  ob- 
.   'ong.  Lindtey. 
UO-TUN'DA,  i         ru      .    J            A^ 
RQ-TUN'DO  t        1-      ^otondoy  round.] 

.\  round  building  ;  any  erection  that  is  round  both 
on  the  outside  and  inside.  The  must  celebrated  edi- 
fice of  this  kind  is  the  Pantheon  nl  Rome.     Encyc, 

RO-TUND-I-FO'U-OUS,  a.  [U  rotandus,  round,  and 
folium,  a  leaf.] 

Having  round  leaves. 

RO-TUND'I-TV,  in.  Roundness;  sphericity;  circu- 

RO-TUND'NESS,  \      larity  ;    as,   the  rotundity  of  a 

„  C'*>*»«-  Bentley. 

ROU'BLE.     See  Rublk. 

ROU'e^U,  (roo'koo,)  n,  [Originally  written  CJrucc] 
The  dried  pulp  which  invests  the  seeds  within  the 
seed-vessel  of  Bixa  orellana.  a  shrub  eight  or  ten 
feet  high,  growing  in  South  America.  A  substance 
used  in  dyeing  ;  the  same  as  A;»otta. 

KOtZ-S',  (roo-a',)  «.  [Fr.]  In  the  fashionable  leorld, 
one  devoted  to  a  life  of  sensual  pleasure,  but  not  ex- 
cluded from  society  for  his  vices ;  a  debauchee. 

ROCGE,  (roozh,)a.     [Fr.]     Red.  Dames. 

EOUGE,  (roozh,)  n.  A  species  of  lake  or  red  paint, 
usually  prepared  from  the  dried  flowers  of  the  saf- 
flower,  CarthamuBtinctorius.  It  is  used  for  paint- 
ing the  cheeks.  Brande. 

ROUGE,  r.i.  [Supra.]  To  paint  the  face,  or  rather 
the  cheeks,  with  rouge. 

ROUGE,  (roozh,)  v.  L  [Supra.]  To  paint  or  tinge 
with  rouge. 

/I0£7«£'-£r-JV*O/ii',  Croozh'i-nwa'.)  [Fr.,  red  and 
black.]  A  game  at  cards  in  which  persons  play 
against  the  owner  of  the  table  or  bank  ;  so  calltd  be- 
cause the  table  is  divided  into  small  comiKirtments, 
colored  red  and  black.  IloyU. 

KGVG'KDj  (roozhd,)  pp.  Tinged  with  rouge,  as  the 
face. 

ROUGH,  (ruf,)  a.  [Sax.  hreo^,  hreoh,  hrug,  ref>h,  rug, 
ruh,  href  hrrof;  I>.  ruiff,  ruugli,  shaggy,  whence  our 
»'*'5'i  rugi^edi  O.  rouA,  rough,  and  roucA,  hoarse,  L. 
ratuiM,  lu  rauco  f  Sw.  ntj^,  entangled  hair  ;  raggig, 
rugged,  shaggy;  Oan.  rogy  rug,  rye;  W.  crec  and 
cy/i  r»iigh,  rugged,  hoarse,  curling,  and  crecian,  to 
creak,  to  scream,  Eng.  shriek;  treg,  hoarse,  from 
cryjf,  or  the  same  word  varied.  Criig  is  from  rhyg, 
Eng.  rye,  that  is,  rough  ;  (crwea,  crooked,  is  probably 
from  the  same  source  ;)  Sax.  rata,  hraca,  a  cough  ; 
L.rufra,  a  wrinkle;  W.  rAufi,  to  grunt  or  growl; 
rhac,  what  is  rough,  irregular,  a  grunt ;  rhw^iaw,  to 
grunt;  rAuwc,  a  rug,  a  rough  garment,  an  exterior 
coat ;  rhue,  a  coat,  husk,  or  shell ;  rhvrne,  a  snoring, 
snorting,  or  rattling   noise.     The  latter  is  probably 


ROU 


ROU 


from  the  same  root,  from  roughness,  and  this  is  the 
Gr.  ficyx^t  to  snore  ;  Arm.  rochat  or  dirochat,  to 
snore;  diroch,  snoring.  The  Welsh  unites  rough 
with  creak,  shriek  i  and  shrug  is  formed  on  the  root 
of  L.  ruga,  a  wrinkle,  a  rtii^e.  (See  Ridrx:.)  The 
primary  sense  is  to  stretch  or  strain  ;  but  applied  to 
roughness  or  wrinkling,  it  is  to  draw  or  contract,  a 
straining  together.] 

1.  Having  inequalities,  small  ridges,  or  points  on 
the  surface  ;  not  smooth  or  plain  ;  as,  a  rough  board ; 
a  roug-A stone;  roayA  cloth, 

2.  Stony  ;  abounding  with  stones  and  stumps  ;  as, 
ro«^A  land  ;  or  simply  with  stones ;  as,  a  rough  road, 

3.  Not  wrought  or  polished  ;  as,  a  rou^h  diamond. 

4.  Thrown  into  huge  waves;  violently  agitated; 
as,  a  r  ugh  sea. 

5.  Tempestuous  ;  stormy  ;  boisterous ;  as,  rough 
weather. 

6.  Austere  to  the  taste  ;  harsh  ;  as,  rough  wine, 

7.  Harsh  to  the  ear;  grating;  jarring;  unharrao- 
nious;  as,  rough  sounds  ;  rough  numbers.       Pope. 

8.  Rugged  of  temper;  severe;  austere;  rude;  not 
mild  or  courteous. 

A  fiend,  a  fury,  pitiless  and  rough.  Shak. 

9.  Coarse  in  manners  ;  rude. 

A  surly  boatman,  rough  aa  seas  and  wlnda.  Prior. 

10.  Harsh  ;  violent ;  not  easy ;  as,  a  rough  reme- 
dy- Clarendon. 

11.  Harsh  j  severe ;  uncivil ;  as,  rough  usage. 

Locke. 

12.  Hard  featured ;  not  delicate  ;  as,  a  rough  vis- 
age- Drydm. 

13.  Terrible  ;  dreadful. 

Oh  the  rough  e<lge  of  baide,  ert  it  Joined, 

SAtnn  advanced.  Mttlon. 

14.  Rugged  ;  disordered  in  appearance ;  coarse. 

Rough  from  ihe  toning  »ir^  Ulyssra  moTca.  Pope. 

15.  Hairy ;  shaggy ;  covered  with  hairs,  bristles, 
and  the  like. 

ROUGH,  (nifjl  c.  L     To  rough  it,  is  to  have  or  pursue 

a  rorigh  or  rugged  course. 
ROUGH'-exST,  (rufkist,)  p.  (.     [rou^h  and  east.] 

1.  To  form  in  Us  first  rudimenla,  without  revision, 
correction,  and  polish.  Dryden. 

2.  To  mold  without  nicety  or  elegance,  or  to  form 
with  asperities.  Cleveland. 

3.  To  plaster  with  a  mixture  of  lime  and  shells  or  , 
pebbles  ;  as,  to  rougk-cast  a  building. 

ROUGH'-eXST,  (ruf'kist,)  n.  A  nide  model;  the 
form  of  a  thing  in  its  first  rudiments;  unfinished. 

Digby. 
2.  A  kind  of  plastering  made  of  lime,  with  a  mix- 
ture of  shells  or  pebbles,  used  for  covering  buildings. 

ROUGH'-DRAUGHT,  (rufdrirt,)  n.  A  draught  in 
its  rudiments  ;  a  draught  not  perfected  ;  a  sketch. 

Dry  den. 

ROUGH'-DR  AW,  (rufdraw,)  v.  L  To  draw  or  delin- 
eate coarsely.  Vryderu 

ROUGH'-DRAWN,  Crurdrawn,)pp.  Coarsely  drawn. 

ROUGH'^N,  (ruf  n,)  ».  e.  [from  rough.]  To  make 
rough.  Swift. 

ROUGH'EN,  (rurn,)  v.  i.     To  grow  or  become  rough. 

Thomson. 

ROVGW F.S-KO,  (niPnd,)  pp.  Made  or  become  rough. 

R0UGH'>;N  ING,  ppr.     Milking  rough. 

ROUGII-F(X)T-EI>,  Crurfy9l-ed,)a.  Feather-footed; 
as,  a  raush-footed  dove.  Shertcood. 

ROUGH'-HEVV,  (rufha,)  r.  t.     [rough  and  hew.] 

1.  To  hew  coarsely,  without  smoothing;  as,  to 
rough-heu>  timber. 

Si.  To  give  the  first  form  or  shape  to  a  thing. 

Thrn-'i  a  divinity  that  kh.-\pf^  our  endi, 

Jtough-h*v  ihc-ni  how  wc  will.  Shak. 

ROUGH'-HEWN,  (nirhQne,)p;>.  or  a.  Hewn  coarse- 
ly,  without  smoothing. 

2.  Rugged  ;  unpolished  ;  of  coarse  manners  ;  rude. 

A  rou^-Ktiffn  ■eamott.  Bacon. 

3.  Unpolished  ;  not  nicely  finished.  IloweU. 
ROUGH'INGS.  (ruringz,)n.  p/.     Grass  after  mowing 

or  reaping.     [lAicnl.] 
ROUGII'ISH,  (rufish,)  a.     In  some  degree  rough. 

Rick.  Diet. 
ROUGH'L£AF-/.D,  (rufleeft,)    o.       Having    rough 

leaves. 
ROUGH'LY,    (rufly,)  adv.    With  uneven    surface; 

with  ns[«'riiie«  on  the  surface. 

2.  Harshly;  uncivilly;  nidely ;  as,  to  be  treated 
roughly, 

3.  Severely ;  without  tenderness  ;  as,  lo  blame  too 
roughly,  Dnjden. 

4.  Austerely  to  the  taste. 

5.  Hnisterously  ;  tein)iestuolisly, 

6.  H.irshly  t<i  Ihe  ear. 

7.  Violently  ;  not  gently. 

ROUGH'NESS,  (ruf'ness.)  ti.  Unevenness  of  sur- 
face, occasioned  by  small  prominences  ;  asperity  of 
surface  ;  as,  the  roughness  of  a  board,  of  a  floor,  or 
of  a  rock. 

2.  Austereness  to  the  taste:  as,  the  roughness  of 
«»^«-  Broitn. 

3.  Taste  of  astringency. 


Spectator. 


4.  Harsliness  to  the  ear;  as,  the  roughnc-a  of 
sounds.  StcifL 

5.  Ruggf^ness  of  temper;  harshness;  austerity. 

.Addison. 

0.  Coarseness  of  manners  or  behavioc;  rudeness. 

Sererity  brcwlelh  fear ;  but  roughnesa  breedeUi  hate.    Baeon. 

7.  Want  of  delicacy  or  refinement ;  as,  military 
roughness. 

8.  Severity;  harshness  or  violence  of  discipline. 

9.  Violence  of  operation  in  medicines. 

10.  Unpolished  or  unfinished  slate;  as,  the  rough- 
ness of  a  gem  or  a  draught. 

11.  Inelegance  of  dress  or  appearance. 

12.  Tempestuousness  ;  boisterous ness  ;  as  of  winds 
or  weather. 

13.  Violent  agitation  by  wind  ;  as,  the  roufkneM 
of  the  sea  in  a  storm.  " 

14.  Coarseness  of  features. 
ROUGH'-RID-ER,  (nifrld-er,)  n.    One  who  breaks 

horses;  particulariy  a  non-commissioned  officer  in 
the  cavalry,  whose  duty  it  is  to  assist  the  ridiiic  ma»- 
t"-'!".  CampbfWs  Mil.  Diet. 

ROUGH'-SHOD,  (rurshod,)a.  Shod  with  shoes  arm- 
ed with  points  ;  as,  a  rough-shod  horse.  [This  word 
is  not  generally  used  in  America.  In  New  England, 
instead  uf  roughshod^  calked  is  used.] 

To  ride  rough-nhod,  in  a  figurative  sense,  is  to  pur- 
sue a  course  regardless  of  the  pain  or  distress  it  may 
cause  others. 

ROUGHT,  (rawt,)  for  Rauoht,  pret.  of  Reach.  F  Obs.] 

ROUGH'-WORK,  (rufwurk,)  v.  t     [rough  and  work.] 
To  work  over  coarsely,  without  regard  to  nicety, 

smoothness,  or  finish.  Moxon 

ROUGH'-WROUGHT,  {ruPmwl,)  pp.  or  a.    Wrought 

or  done  coarsely. 
ROU-LEAU',  (roo-lo',)  n.    [Ft.]    A  Hltle  roll ;  a  roll 

of  coins  in  paper.  Popg 

ROULETTE',  n.     [Fr.,  a  little  ball  or  roller.] 

Agameofchance,  in  which  a  small  ball  is  made  to 

move  round  rapidly  on  a  circle  divided  off  into  red 

or  black  spaces,  and  as  it  slops  on  the  one  or  the 

other,  the  player  wins  or  loses.  Diet,  de  I'Acad. 

ROUN,  V.  i,     [G.  rnuneM  ;  Sax.  runian,  from  run,  runa, 

mystery  ;  whence  runic.] 
To  whisper.     [Obs.]  Ootcer. 

ROUN  r.  I.     To  address  in  a  whisper.     [Obs.]     BreU 
ROAN'-TREE,  n.     The  roan-tree  or  mountain-ash. 
ROUNCE,  n.    The  handle  of  a  printing-press. 
ROUN'CE-VAL,  n.     [from   Sp.  Runce^valles,  a.  town 

at  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees.] 

A  variety  of  pea,  so  called.  Ttmstr. 

ROUND,    a.     [Fr.  rond;    It.    Sp.  and    Port,    ronda,  a 

round;   Arm.   roundt;   G.   Dan.  and   Sw.  ru/td;  D. 

rond.     Q.U.  W.  crien,  Ir.  cruin.  Arm.  cren.] 

1.  Cylindrical  ;  circular ;  spherical  or  globular. 
Round  is  applicable  to  a  cylinder  or  circle  as  well  as 
to  a  globe  or  sphere.  We  say,  the  barrel  of  a  musket 
is  round  ;  a  ball  is  round ;  a  circle  is  round. 

2.  Full ;  large  ;  as,  a  round  sum  or  price.    Addison. 

3.  Full;  smooth  ;  flowing;  not  deftctire  or  ab- 
rupt. 

1b  hi*  •niim,  Momce  is  quick,  round,  and  pleuanL 
Hi*  rtyle,  Ihou^b  round  and  coinpreticfiiive. 

4.  Plain  ;  open  ;  candid  ;  fair. 
Pound  d'^aling  U  the  honor  of  mau'i  nature. 
Lt;t  her  be  round  with  him, 

5.  Full ;  quick  ;  brisk  ;  as,  a  round  trot.     Addison. 

6.  Full;  plump;  bold;  positive;  as,  a  round  as- 
sertion ;  a  round  oath.  Shajp. 

A  round  number,  is  a  number  that  ends  with  a  ci- 
pher, and  may  be  divided  by  10  without  a  remain- 
der;  a  complete  or  full  number.  It  is  remarkable 
that  the  W.  cant,  a  hundred,  the  L.  centum,  and  Sax. 
hund,  signify  properiy  a  circle,  and  this  use  of  round 
may  have  originated  in  a  like  idea. 
ROUND,  n.  A  circle  ;  a  circular  thing,  or  a  circle  in 
motion  ;  also,  an  orb,  globe,  or  sphere. 

With  round*  of  waxcii  l«|)er«  on  th-ir  head».  Shak. 

Knit  your  hunila,  and  liem  the  ground 

In  a  hghl,  t'iinin«uc  round.  Milton, 

2.  Action  or  performance  in  a  circle,  or  passing 
through  a  series  of  hands  or  things,  and  coming  to 
the  point  of  beginning;  or  the  time  of  such  action. 

Wonwn  to  cania  may  be  comparwl  ;  we  plily 
A  round  or  two  ;  wh-'n  rii'-d,  we  throw  awny.  Grantfille. 

The  ftj.\A  WHi  ai-rved  ;  the  bowl  was  crowned  ; 
To  the  king't  plea«nre  went  (he  mirthful  round.  Prior. 

So  we  say,  a  round  of  labors  or  duties.  We  run 
the  daily  round.  Addiwn. 

3.  Rotation  in  office;  succession  in  vicissitude. 

^     .  Ilolyday. 

4.  A  rundle  ;  the  step  of  a  ladder. 

All  ibe  rouruig  like  Jncob'i  ladder  ri«e.  Dryden. 

5.  A  walk  T>erfonned  by  a  guard  or  an  officer  round 
the  rampart  of  a  garrison,  or  imKmg  senlim-ls,  to  see 
that  the  sentinels  are  faithful  and  all  things  siife. 
Hence  the  offict-r  and  men  who  perform  this  duly 
are  called  the  rounds.  Encyc, 

6.  A  short  vocal  compoHJtion  in  three  or  more  parts, 
in  performing  which  the  first  voire  begins  alone 
singing  to  the  end  of  the  first  pari,  then    passes  on 


PttuAam. 


Shak'. 


TCNE,  BI;LL,  T;NITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8.-€  as  K;  G  as  J;  S  as  Zj  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


965 


ROU 

to  the  second,  third,  Uc,  p&rtii,  ttii;  other  voices  fol- 
lowing successively  tliw  same  romint",  till  nil  are 
joined  together,  the  ruuiid  ending  at  the  mnrk  of  a 
pauae,  or  at  a  signal  a(*reed  on.  P.  Cye. 

7.  A  general  discharge  of  Hre-arms  by  a  body  of 
troops.  In  which  each  soldier  Ares  onc«.  In  volleys, 
it  is  usual  for  a  company  or  regiiueul  to  tire  three 
rounds. 

6.  That  which  goes  round  a  whole  circle  or  com- 
pany ;  as,  a  romnd  of  applaus*. 

A  round  nf  eariridgea  and  baUa;  one  cartrid|;e  to 
each  man;  as,  to  supply  a  regiment  with  a  single 
rtinuf,  or  with  twelve  roundji,  of  cartridges, 

A  rouMd  ^be^i  «  cut  of  the  thigh  through  and 
across  Che  bone. 
ROUND,  tt/r.    On  all  sides. 

Thine  nmniM  ahftll  out  a  uvaeh  kbout  thee,  and  eooipus  thee 
rewK^  — >  Luke  xix. 

S.  Circularly ;  la  a  circular  form ;  as,  a  wheel 
tnms  rvwuL 

3.  Prom  one  side  or  party  to  another ;  as,  to  come 
or  turn  mui.  Hence  these  expressions  signify  to 
ekmmf*  tides  or  opnitMu. 

4.  Not  in  a  direct  line ;  by  a  course  longer  than 
the  direct  course.  The  shortest  course  is  not  the 
best ;  let  us  po  round. 

AU  rvMiuf,  in  eow»mon  tpeeck,  denotes  over  the  whole 
l^ace,  or  in  every  direction. 

Romtd  m^ut  is  taulcdogtcaL 
ROUND,  prtf.  On  every  side  of;  as,  the  people  stood 
mmrf  him  ;  the  sun  sheds  light  round  the  earth.  In 
this  sense,  around  is  much  used,  and  ail  is  ot\en  used 
to  modify  the  word.  They  stood  a//  round  or  around 
him. 

3.  About ;  in  a  circular  course,  or  in  all  parts  ;  as, 
to  eo  roMJMf  the  city.  He  led  bis  guest  round  his 
fields  and  garden.    He  wanders  round  the  world. 

3.  Circularly  \  about ;  as,  tu  wind  a  cable  round 
the  windlass. 

To  cowu  or  fit  round  onf^  in  popular  ianjiMj^c,  is 
to  gain  adrantnge  over  one  by  dattery  or  deception ; 
to  circumvenL 
ROtJXn,  r.  L  To  make  circular,  spherical,  or  cylin- 
drical ;  as,  to  round  a  silver  coin  ;  to  round  the  edges 
of  any  thing. 

Vfwnm  mUh  mmaj  feel,  lint  rmM  theoMelTea  boo  bUK  «r 
bMd  cfcidir  wAa  lofB  oC  timber.  Baton. 

S.  To  ■oiToaad  ;  to  encircle ;  to  encompass. 

Tta'lodiMtve  verge 
Of  geUra  fB"*)!  Cbu  mtut  re«Nrf  mj  le«w, 
0«r  Mttle  Me  ■  rvamdrd  with  ■  ahep. 

3.  To  form  to  the  mnh  at  figure  of  the  section  of  a 
circle. 

The  fcpiK*aa  wr  ^aAen  metUla  ue  niieil  ami  roundod  to 
Teiy  grru  pcrfc  joa.  Adduom. 

4.  To  move  abo  any  thing ;  as,  the  son.  In  polar 
regions,  rvmmds  tb>    horizon.  JUittin, 

5.  To  make  fut.,  smmith,  and  flowing;  as,  to 
round  periods  in  writing.  S»i/L 

n  romndim:  among  xramnt,  to  haul  upon  a  rope, 
geaeraUy  used  in  hauling  upon  the  weatlter  braces. 

Tottnu 
To  rotaul  mp  ;  to  haul  up  ;  usually,  to  haul   up  the 
slack  of  a  rope  through  its  leading  block,  or  to  haul 
up  n  tackle  which  hangs  loitse,  by  its  fill.     ToUen. 
ROUND,  r.  t.    To  grow  or  become  round. 

The  qoeen,  jour  motfacr,  roiatd*  apaee.  Shak. 

9.  To  go  round,  as  a  guard. 

Tb.*J  nigfaUj  rounding  walk. 


SImk. 


To  round   to,   in  sailing,   is  to  turn  the  head   of 
the  ship  towjud  the  wind. 
ROUND,  p.  i.     [A  corruiHion  of  roun;  Sax.  runian; 
G.  rmoira.] 
To  whisper  ;  as,  to  round  in  the  ear.    [Obs.] 

Bacon. 
ROUND' A-BOUT,  a.    \round  and  obouL]    Indirect ; 
going  round ;  loose. 

ParaphTMc  b  a  reairfe^aMt  wayrf  tnmalating'.    -        F)dtoii. 

S.  Ample  ;  extensive ;  as,  ronndabotU  sense. 

3.  Encircling  ;  encompassing.  Taller. 

[In  any  sense,  this  word  is  inelegant.] 
KOUND'A-BOUT,  n.    A  horizontal  wheel  on  which 
children  ride.  Smart. 

S.  .A  sort  of  surtout.  Smari. 

3.  In  ..f  surtca,  a  short  close  body  garment  without 
skirLo. 
ROUND'-BACK-JCD,  (bakt,)  \  a.      Having   a    round 
ROUND'-SH0UL-DER-£D,    \     back  or  shoulders. 

RUUND'E^A V  1  *■  f^''  ""•^**»  from  rond^  round.] 
1-  A  sort  of  ancient  poem,  consisting  of  thirteen 
verses,  of  which  eight  are  in  one  kind  of  rhyme, 
ai>d  five  in  another.  It  is  divided  into  couplets  ;  at 
the  end  of  the  second  and  third  of  which,  the  begin- 
ning of  the  poem  is  repeated,  and  that,  if  possible. 
In  au  equivocal  or  punning  sense.    TreriruT.     Brande. 

2.  [Fr.  rondellty  a  liiUe  shield.]    A  roand  form  or 
figure.     [JV*o(  ujfed.'\  Bacon. 

3.  [Rounds,  in  Juraldry^n.  circular  spot  —  E.  H. 
Barker.] 


ROU 

ROUND'Ett,  B.  [See  Rorforai.]  Circumference; 
fnclusure.     rA*o(  in  use.]  Shak. 

ROUND'UEAD,  (-hed.)  n,  [round  and  head.]  A 
name  of  contempt  formerly  given  to  a  l*uriian,  from 
the  practice  which  prevailed  among  the  Puritans  of 
cropping  ihe  hair  round.  They  were  also  called  Prick- 
KAREo,  in  consequence  of  their  ears  appearing  fblly 
exposed  from  the  scantiness  of  thoir  liair.  During 
Uie  time  of  Charles  I.  and  of  the  Commonwealth, 
the  name  Roundhtfid  was  extended  to  all  the  repub- 
licans, TooHt.     p.  Cue 

ROUND'HEAD  ED,  o.    Having  a  round  head  or  top. 

Loath. 

ROUND'HOUSE,  n-  A  tonstable»s  prison  ;  the  prison 
to  secure  pers<ms  taken  up  by  the  night-watch,  till 
they  can  be  examined  by  a  magistrate.  Encyc, 

S.  In  a  ship  of  iDar^  a  certain  necessary  near  the 
head,  for  the  use  of  particular  officers. 

3.  In  large  merchantmen  and  ships  of  war,  a  cabin 
or  apartment  in  the  after  part  of  tlie  qnarter-deck, 
having  the  poop  for  its  roof;  sometimes  called  the 
Coach.     It  is  the  master's  lodglng-rooni. 

Mar.  Diet.     Encyc 

ROUND'ING,  ppr.     Making  round  or  circular. 
S.  Making  full,  flowing,  and  smooth. 

ROUND'ING,  a.    Round  or  roundish;  nearly  round. 

ROUND'ING,  n.  Among  seamen^  small  rupe  orspun- 
^am  wound  round  a  larger  rope  to  keep  it  from  chaf- 
ing ;  also  called  Service.  ToUen. 

ROUND'ISH,  a.  Somewhat  round;  nearly  round; 
as,  a  roundish  seed  ;  a  roundish  figure.  Boyle, 

ROUND'ISH-NESS,  n.     The  stale  of  being  roundish. 

ROUND'LET,  n.     A  little  circle.  Gregory. 

ROUND'LV,  adv.     In  a  round  form  or  manner. 

2.  Openly  ;  boldly  ;  without  reserve  \  perempto- 
rily. 

He  aJfimu  ktctj  Lhinj;  rountCy.  Addiaon. 

3.  Plainly;  fully.  He  gives  tliem  rountUyXo  un- 
derstand that  their  duty  is  submission. 

4.  Briskly  ;  with  spued. 

When  U»e  mind  hu  brou^ii  lt«?lf  to  attpnikin,  it  will  be  able  to 
oopp  wiUi  diAcultiea  and  ntaatei  thcia,  and  tboo  it  iwaj  gt> 
on  rottndiy.  Lock*, 

5.  Completely  j  to  the  purpose  j  vigorously  ;  in 
earnesL  SftoA.     Da'ries. 

ROUND'NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  round,  cir- 
cular, sphL-rical,  globular,  or  cylindrical ;  circularity  ; 
sphericity;  cylindrical  form;  rotundity;  as,  the 
rvKiidiiesis  of  the  globe,  of  the  orb  of  the  sun,  of  a 
ball,  of  a  bowl,  &C,  fVaUs. 

S.  Fullness ;  smnoUine-ss  of  flow ;  as,  the  rounds 
nan  of  a  period. 

3  Openness ;  plainness  ;  boldness  i  poattiveness; 
as,  Ihe  romndneas  of  an  assertion. 

ROUNIVRIDGE,  e.  C  [ro  .nd  and  ridfre-]  In  tillaffe, 
to  form  round  ndges,  by  plowing.    Edwards,  tV.  lud. 

ROUND'ROB-IN,  a.     [Fr.  mnd  and  ruban.     Todd.\ 
A  written  [>el)tiun,  memorial,  remonstrance,  or  m- 
strument,  signed  by  iiameit  in  a  ring  or  circle,  so  as 
not  to  show  who  signed  it  firsL.  Forbes. 

ROUNDS,  n.  pi.     [See  Uouhd,  a.  No.  5.] 
9.  Round  top.     [See  Top.] 

ROUND  TA'BLE,  n.  Knights  af  the  round  table; 
knights  belonging  to  an  order  established  by  the 
British  king  Arthur,  about  the  sixth  century,  so 
named  from  their  eating  at  a  round  table,  by  which 
the  distinction  of  rank  was  avoided.  Toone. 

ROUND  TOWER,  n.  The  name  given  to  certain 
lofty  towers,  t;i(«:ring  from  the  base  to  a  conical  cap 
or  roof,  which  crowns  the  summit  j  found  chiefly 
in  Ireland.  They  are  of  great  antiquity,  and  vary  in 
hight  from  thirty-five  to  one  hundred  and  twenty 
feet.  Some  stand  on  circular  bases,  and  some  on 
square  bases.  P.  Ctic. 

ROUP,  (ro4ip,)  r.  t.  To  cr>'  or  shout;  hence,  to  ex- 
pa-e  to  sale  by  auction.     [ScoUwA.]     Jamienon's  Diet, 

ROUP,  n.     An   outcry;  a  sale  of  goods   by  auction. 

[S(vUi^A.J  Jamicson^s  Diet. 

2.  A  disease  in  poultry.  Gardner. 

ROU3E,  (rouz,)r.  (.  [This  word,  written  also  A  bouse, 
seems  to  belong  to  the  family  of  raiVc  or  rush.  (See 
Raise.)  In  Sax.  krysanj  to  shake  and  to  rush  ;  Goth. 
hrvtyan,  to  shake.] 

1.  To  wake  from  sleep  or  repose.     f7e?i.  ilix. 

2.  To  excite  to  thought  or  action  from  a  slate  of 
idleness,  languor,  stupidity,  or  inattention. 

Addison.     AtterbMry, 

3.  To  put  into  action  ;  to  agitate. 

Blustffrin^  wind*  Hut  rouMcd  the  aca.  Milton, 

4.  To  drive  a  beast  from  his  den  or  place  of  rest. 

Denham,     Pope. 
ROUSE,  V.  x.     To  awake  from  sleep  or  repose. 

Morpbeui  rousea  from  \i\t  bed.  Pope, 

%  To  be  excit^  to  thought  or  action  from  a  state 
of  indolence,  sluggishness,  languor,  or  inattention. 

ROUSE,  r.  i  In  seamen's  langiiage,  to  pull  together 
upon  a  cable,  &c.,  without  the  assistance  of  tickles 
or  other  mechanical  power.  Mar,  Diet, 

ROUSE,  (rouz,)  n.  [D.  roes,  a  bumper  ;  G.  raifcscA, 
dninkenness  ;  rauscheny  to  ritvA,  to  rustle.] 

1.  A  bumper  in  honor  of  a  health.  [O&s.]    STiak. 

2.  Excess  of  drinking  ;  a  carousal.  Shak. 


ROW 

ROUS't'D,  (roiizd,)  pp.  Awakened  from  sleep;  ei- 
cited  to  thought  or  action. 

ROUS'ER,  n.     One  thai  rouses  or  excites. 

UOUS'ING,  ppr.      Awaking    from    sleep;  exciting; 
calling  into  action, 
a.  (1.    Having  power  to  awaken  or  excite. 
3  Great ;  violent ;  as,  a  rousing  fire.     [  Vulgar.] 

ROU$'ING-LY,  adv.     Violently  ;  excitingly. 

ROUST,  n.     A  torrent  occasioned  by  a  tide.    Shetland. 

ROUT,  R.  [G.  rotte,  D.  rut,  Dan.  rode,  a  set,  gang, 
rabble ;  Dan.  ratter^  G.  rotten^  to  combine  together, 
to  plot ;  D.  roUf  n,  to  assemble  and  to  rot ;  W.  rhaio- 
(fr,  a  crowd  ;  Fr.  ruta^  a  herd.  Q,u.  from  the  root  of 
crowd,  or  from  breaking,  bursting,  noise.] 

1.  A  nibble  ;  a  clamorous  nmltitude ;  a  tumultu- 
ous crowd  ;  as,  a  rout  of  people  assembled. 

The  endlL-u  rouU  of  wrcicbfd  ttiraJla.  Spenaer, 

2.  In  ia»,  a  rout  is  where  three  persons  or  more 
meet  to  do  an  unlawful  act  upon  a  common  quarrel, 
as  forcibly  to  bn'uk  down  fences  on  a  right  claimed 
of  common  or  of  way,  and  make  some  advances  to- 
ward it.  Blickstone. 

3.  A  company  of  select  persons.  [OAjj.]  Spenser. 
Hence, 

4.  A  fashionable  assembly  or  large  evening  party. 

Smart, 
ROUT,  n.    [Fr.  deroute;  It.  ratia,  a  breaking,  a  defeat, 
a  rout;  rutto,  brctken,  defnaied  ;  rottura,  a  rupture; 
Sp.  rotoy  roto.     This  is  a  corruption  of  the  L.  ruptus^ 
frtmi  rumpo,  to  break.     Class  Rb.] 

The  bruiiking  or  defeat  of  an  army  or  band  of 
troops,  or  the  disorder  and  confusion  of  troops  thus 
defeated  and  put  tu  llight,  MUton. 

ROUT,  ti.  (.  'i'o  break  the  ranks  of  troops  and  put 
tltt-m  to  llight  in  disorder  ;  to  defeat  and  throw  into 
confusion. 

The  Icirig'i  hor»e  —  routtd  and  defeiitcd  the  whole  army. 

Ciartndon, 

ROUT,  r.  i.  To  assemble  in  a  clamorous  and  tumultu- 
ous crowd.     [JVot  1/1  use.]  Bacon. 

ROUT,  r.  i.     [Sax.  hrutan.] 

To  snore.     [Oftj*.]  Chaucer. 

ROUT,  V.  L  [For  Root.]  To  turn  up  the  ground 
with  the  snout ;  to  search.     [JVot  in  use.]  , 

ROUTE  or  ROUTE,  n.     [Fr.  route;  Sp.  raiUa:  Arm.    | 
roud;  W.  rhawd,  a  route  or  way  ;  rhodiatOy  to  walk 
about ;  Eng.  road.     (See  Road.)     It   belongs  tu  the 
family  of  rirff,  and   h.  gradior ;  properly  a  going  or 
passing.] 

The  course  or  way  whicM  is  traveled  or  passed,  or 
to  be  passed  ;  a  passing  ;  a  course  ;  a  march. 

Wide  through  tlie  fuay  field  (heir  roul  they  lake.  Cay. 

Rout  and  road  are  not  synonymous.  We  say, 
to  mend  or  repair  a  road,  nut  nol  to  mend  a  route. 
We  use  route  for  a  course  of  passing,  and  not  without 
reference  to  the  passing  of  some  person  or  body  of 
men  ;  but  route  is  nol  the  road  itself, 

ROUT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Put  to  flight  in  disorder. 

ROU-TTNE',  (roo-teen',)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  n*ta,  a 
wheel.] 

1.  A  round  of  business,  amusements,  or  pleasure, 
daily  or  frequently  pursued  ;  particularly,  a  course 
of  business  or  official  duties,  regularly  or  frequently 
returning. 

2.  Any  regular  habit  or  practice  not  accommodated 
to  circumi^tances. 

ROUT'ING,  ppr.     Putting  to  flight;   defeating  and 

throwing  into  confusion. 
ROU  T'OUS-LY,  attc.   With  that  violation  of  law  called 

a  rout,  Bouvier. 

ROVE,  V.  i.     [Dun.  rSver,  to  rob;  Sw.  rOfca.     This 

correi^iHinds  with  the  Sax.  reajian  and   L.  rapto,  Fr. 

ravir.     In  Sw,  strUfva,  to  rove  or  wander,  ap|>ears  to 

be   formed  on  this  rout.     In   D.  roooen,  G.   raubea, 

signify  to  rob.] 

Ti»  wander ;  to  ramble ;  tn  range  ;  to  go,  move,  or 

pass  without  certain   direction   in  any  manner,  by 

walking,  riding,  flying,  or  otherwise. 

For  who  hia  power  to  wulk,  hu  power  to  rooe.       Arbulhnot. 

ROVE,  V.  t  To  wander  over;  as,  roving  a  field; 
roving  the  town.  This  is  an  elliptical  form  of  ex- 
pression for  riiving  over,  through,  or  about,  the  town. 

ROVE,  r.  t  [Ou.  rcere.]  To  draw  a  thread,  string, 
or  Cord,  through  an  eye  or  aperture. 

ROVER,  n.     A  wanderer;  one  who  rambles  abouL 

2.  A  fickle  or  inconstant  person. 

3.  A  robber  or  pirate  ;  a  freebooter.  [So  Corsair  is 
from  L.  cursus,  curro,  to  run.]  Bacoju 

4.  A  sort  of  arrow.     [  Obs.]  B.  Jonson. 
At  rovers;  without  any  particular  aim;    at   ran- 
dom; as,  shooting  of  rovers.             South,     Addi.-^on. 

[I    never   heard  this   expression  in  the    United 

States.] 
ROVING, ppr.  or  a.    Rambling;  wandering;  passing 

a  cord  through  an  eye. 
ROV'ING,  n.     The  operation  which    gives  the  first 

twist  to  cotton  thread  by  drawing  it  through  an  eye 

or  aperture. 
ROV'LNG-LY,  adv.    In  a  wandering  manner. 
ROVING-NESS,  n.    Stale  of  roving. 
ROW,  71.     [Sax.  rawa;  G.  reihe;  D.  ret     The  Welsh 

has  rhes.    It  is  a  contracted  word,  and  probably  the 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WU^T MeTE,  PREY  —PINE,  MARiNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

966 


ROY 

elements  are  Rir  :  the  same  as  of  rank.  The  prima- 
ry sense  is  probably  to  stretch,  to  reach.  If  the  ele- 
ments are  Rd,  it  coincides  with  rod ;  Sw.  rad^  a 
row.] 

1.  A  series  of  persons  or  things  arranged  in  a  con- 
tinued line  ;  a  line;  a  rank;  a  lile;  as,  a  row  of 
trees  ;  a  row  of  gems  or  pearls ;  a  roio  of  bouses  or 
columns. 

Where  th«  brl^t  aenphiio  in  burning  row.  A^Ion. 

S.  An  excursion  taken  in  a  boat  with  oars. 
ROW,  r.  U  [Sax.  rowan,  reoroan  ;  Sw.  ro  ;  Dan.  roer ; 
D  roeijen;  the  latter  signifies  to  row  and  tu  gauge; 
G.  rudery  an  oar ;  rudem^  to  row  ;  Sax.  rotherj  an 
oar;  Gr.  cofrrti),  cpcoffw,  to  row ;  eofiruij,  an  oar. 
If  the  noun  is  the  primary  word,  ruder  and  rotker, 
an  oar,  may  be  from  the  root  oi  rod,  I*,  rat/iu.^,  or 
from  the  root  of  rado,  to  nib,  grate,  sweep.  If  the 
verb  is  tlie  primary  word,  the  sense  is  to  sweep,  to 
urge,  drive,  impel.     Class  Rd.     See  Rudder.] 

1.  To  impel,  as  a  boat  or  vessel  along  the  surface  of 
water  by  oars  ;  as,  to  roio  a  boat. 

2.  To  transport  by  rowing;  as,  to  rme  the  captain 
a«hore  in  his  barge. 

ROW,  V.  i.    To  labor  with  the  oar  ;  as,  to  row  well ; 

to  row  with  oars  muffled. 
ROW,  n.     A  riotous,  noisy  disturbance.     Ld.  ByroB. 
ROW'A-BLE,  a.     Capable  of  being  rowed  or  rowed 

upon.     [JsTot  in  tLse.]  B,  Jonson. 

ROW'AN-'I'REE,  TL    The  roan-tree  or  mountain  ash, 

whirh  see.  P.  Cye. 

ROWDY,  n.     A  riotous,  turbulent  fellow.    AmtrtcA. 
ROWED,  (r6d«  )  pp.     Driven  by  oars. 
ROW'EL,  tu     [Old  Fr.  roueUe;  G.  rddel :  Sp.  rodaja,  a 

smalt  wheel,  a  rowel  ;  rucda,  a  wheel,  L.  rota,  W. 

rhod.     Tba  French  roueUe  is  a  diminutive  of  rout, 

contracted  from  rota.] 

1    The  little  wheel  of  a  spur,  formed  with  sharp 

points. 

3.  .Among  farriers,  a  roll  of  hair  or  silk,  passed 
through  the  flesh  on  horses,  answering  to  a  seton  in 
surgery.  Eneyc, 

3.  A  little  flat  ring  or  wheel  of  plate  or  iron  on 
horses*  bits.  Sprnscr. 

ROW'EL,  V.  U  To  insert  a  rowel  in;  to  pierce  the 
itkin  and  insert  a  roll  of  hair  or  silk.         Mortimer. 

ROW ' EX ^ ED,  pp.     Pierced  with  a  rowel. 

KOW'EL-I.NG,  ;j;>r.  Inserting  a  roll  of  hair  or  silk; 
piercing  the  skin  to  make  a  rowel. 

ROW'EN,  a.     [Qu.  Heb.  Ij?i,  to  be  green,  to  thrive.] 

Roaen  is  r  ftrlJ  l(i>pt  up  till  ntl«r  Mictu'^lmaa,  thai  th'-  corn  left 

on  the  ground  may  •proiil  Into  frcen.     .Vote*  on  Tu**er. 
Turn  jour  c«ws  ibu  pte  milk  into  your  roueru,  till  snuw  cinca. 

Alurdmer, 

2.  In  AVir  England^  the  second  growth  of  grass  in 
a  season.  HalliweU. 

We  never  apply  the  word  to  a  field,  nor  to  a  growth 
of  corn,  after  harvest,  nor  is  the  word  ever  uned  in 
the  plural.  The  first  growth  of  grass  for  mowing  is 
called  The_;Sr*(  crop,  and  the  sec(^>nd  roweru 

ROWER,  n.  One  that  rows  or  manages  an  oar  in 
rowing. 

ROW'lSlG,  ppr.     Impelling,  as  a  boat  by  oars. 

RoWI.VG,  ft.     The  act  of  impelling  a  boat  by  oars. 

ROWLAND.  To  give  a  Roteland  for  ait  Oliver,  is  to 
give  a  full  equivalent,  as  a  reinrt,  blow,&;c.,  of  equal 
force  ;  in  allusion  to  two  knights,  famous  in  romance, 
who  were  considered  as  exactly  matched. 

HalUwelL 

ROW'LEY-R.AGG.    See  R*asTo;»r. 

ROW-LOCK,  n.  That  part  of  a  boat's  gunwale  on 
which  the  oar  rests  in  rowing.  Totun. 

ROW'-POKT,  n.  A  name  given  to  little  square  hules 
in  the  side  of  small  vessel'*  of  war,  parallel  to  the  sur 
faceof  the  water,  for  the  purpose  of  rowing  in  n  calm. 

Mar.  DieL 

ROY'AL,  a.  [Fr.  royal:  It  rtale  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  reul: 
contracted  from  L.  regalis,  from  rex,  king.  See  Rick 
and  RioHT.J 

1.  Kingly;  pertaining  to  a  king;  regal;  as,  royo^ 
power  or  prerogative  ;  a  roya/ garden  j  rvi/oi  domains ; 
the  royal  family. 

2.  Becoming  a  king;  magntflcent;  tis^  royal  state. 

3.  ^oble  ;  illustrious. 

Bow  doth  th.^t  royal  m^rchitnt,  et>od  Anlooio  i  Sfrak, 

ROY'AL,  n.  A  large  kind  of  paper.  It  is  used  ns  a 
DOtin  or  an  adjective. 

2.  Among  seamen,  a  small  sail  spread  Immediately 
nbove  the  top  gall  ant-sail  ;  sometimes  termed  the 
Typ-o»LLANT-ROT*i-  Totten. 

3.  One  of  the  shoots  of  a  stag's  head.        Bailnj. 
A.  In  artillr.ry,  a  small  mortar. 

5.  In    England,  one  of  the  soldiers  of  the   first 
regim<;nt  of  foot,  called  the  Rotals,  and  supposed 
to  be  the  oldest  regular  corps  in  Europe.    James. 
R0Y'AL-I8M,   n.     Attachment   to   the   principles  or 
cause  of  royally,  or  to  a  royal  government 

Madison. 
ROY'AI^IST,  n.    An  adherent  to  a  king,  or  one  al- 
tacbed  to  a  kingly  government. 

Where  CAn<lMh  (oitgUl,  tti«  nti/alUu  prersUed.  WaiUr. 


ROY'AI^TZE,  p.  L     To  make  royal. 
ROY'AL-IZ-iJD,  pp.     Made  royal. 


SkaJL 


RUB 

ROY' AL-LY,  ado.    In  a  kingly  munner  ;  like  a  king  ; 
as  becomes  a  king. 

Hi*  body  «biU  be  royo^/y  ioterred.  Dri/dtn, 

ROY'AL-TY,  n.     [Fr.  royauU ;  It.  realtd.] 

1.  Kingship;  the  character,  state,  or  oflice  of  a 

king. 

Ac>V<^ty  by  birth  wu  the  iwceteit  way  of  majeat;.     Holyday. 

2.  The  king  or  sovereign ;  as,  in  the  presence  of 
royalty. 

3.  Royalties,  pL ;  emblems  of  royalty  ;  regalia. 

Milton. 

4.  Rights  of  a  king  ;  prerogative.  £ncyc. 
ROYNE,  V.  L     [Fr.  ro^ner.] 

To  bite  ;  to  gnaw.     [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

ROYN'ISH,  a.     [Fr.  ro^cu-c,  mangy  ;  Sp.roiioso;  It. 
ro^noso.] 

Mean  ;  pallrj' ;  as,  the  roynish  clown,  [^'ot  in 
tt-'C.]^  Shak. 

ROY'TEL-ET,  n.     [Fr.  roitclft,  from  roi,  king.] 

A  little  king.     [JVot  in  use.)  Heylin. 

ROY'TISII,  a.    VVild;  irregular.    [JVolin  u.^e.] 

Beanm.  4*  Fl. 
RUB,  V.  t.  [W.  rhiobiato ;  D.  teryven ;  G.  reiben,  to 
rub,  to  grate,  also  to  upbraid  ;  reibe,  a  grater.  Q.\i. 
Jj.  probrum,  exprvbro  ;  Gr.  r/ji/?aj,  to  rub.  We  have 
the  elements  of  the  word  in  i^crape,  scrub,  L.  sanbo, 
Gr.  ^ou0w.    Class  Rb,  No.  30.] 

1.  To  move  something  along  the  surface  of  a*ody 
with  pressure  ;  as,  to  rub  the  face  or  arms  with  the 
hand  ;  to  rub  the  body  with  tlannel.  Vessels  are 
scoured  or  cleaned  by  rubbing  them. 

2.  To  wipe ;  to  clean ;  to  scour  ;  but  rub  is  a  ge- 
neric term,  applicable  to  friction  for  every  purpose, 

3.  To  touch  so  ns  to  leave  behind  something 
which  touches;  to  spread  overj  as,  to  rvJ>  any 
thing  with  oil. 

4.  To  polish  ;  to  retouch  ;  with  over. 


of  our  radetuptioa  u  to  rub  ovtr  the  dr-raced 
Suuih. 


Th..-  whole  b.isiii 
copy  of  th« 

5.  To  obstruct  by  collision.     [UnusuiU.]       Shak. 

In  popular  language,  rub  is  used  for  teasing,  fret- 
ting, upbraiding,  reproaching,  or  vexing,  with  gibes 
or  sarcasms. 

To  rub  down ;  to  clean  by  rubbing ;  to  comb  or 
curry,  as  a  horse.  Drydetu 

To  rub  off;  to  clean  any  thing  by  rubbing  ;  to  sep- 
arate by  friction  ;  as,  to  rub  off  rust. 

Tu  jiib  out ;  to  erase  ;  to  obliterate  ;  as,  to  rub  out 
marks  or  letters. 

2.  To  remove  or  separate  by  friction  j  as,  to  rub 
out  a  stain. 

To  rub  upon  ;  to  touch  hard.  Sidney. 

To  rub  up  ;  to  burnish  ;  to  gx^Iish  ;  to  clean. 

2.  I'o  excite  ;  to  awaken  ;  to  rouse  to  action  ;  as, 
to  rub  up  the  memory. 
RUH,  o.  L    Tu  move  along  the  surface  of  a  body 
with  pressure  ;  as,  a  wheel  rubs  against  the  gate- 
post. 

2.  To  fret ;  to  chafe ;  as,  to  rub  upon  a  sore. 

£>rydai. 

3.  To  move  or  pass  with  difficulty  ;  as,  to  rub 
through  woods,  as  huntsmen  ;  to  riib  through  the 
world.  Chapman.     L^  Estrange. 

RCB,  R.     I'he  act  of  nibbing  ;  friction. 

2.  That  which  renders  ntotion  or  progress  diflicult ; 
collision;  hindcrance ;  obstruction. 

Now  fTorj  rub  ii  ■itiooiImh)  in  our  way.  £Aak, 

Upon  Uua  rub  the  Kugli^li  einUuHuulon  thought  fit  to  duntur. 

Hayiicard, 
All  K>rt  of  rub*  will  be  laid  in  the  way.  Daownant. 

3.  Inequality  of  ground  tJiat  hinders  the  motion  of 
a  bowl.  SJiak. 

4.  Difficulty;  cause  of  uneasiness  ;  ptnch. 

Tu  BlrMrp,  perchnnee  to  drrum ;  ay,  thrre'i  the  rub.         Sfiak. 

5.  Sarcasm  ;  Joke  ;  something  grating  to  the  feel- 
ings. 

RI'H,  i   TU     [rub  and  .ttone.]     A  stone,  usu- 

RUB'-STOXE,  \       ally  some  kind  of  sandstone,  used 
to  sh:ir)>en  instruments;  a  whetstone. 


RL'll'B.VGE,   ) 
R(lR'BIOGE,f  For  Rui 
RIJB'BLE,       ) 


BBisH.    [F^ulgar,  and  not  used.] 

RUB'nf;D,  (nibd,)  pp.     Moved  along  the  surface  with 

a  pressure  ;  cleaned  ;  polished. 
RUB'BER,  n.     One  that  rubs. 

2.  The  instrument  or  thing  used  in  rubbing  or 
cleaning.  Sici/L 

3.  A  coarse  file,  or  the  rouKb  part  of  it.    Mozon. 

4.  A  whetstone  ;  a  riihstune. 

5.  In  whist  and  some  otJter  game-^,  two  games  out  of 
three  ;  or  the  game  that  decides  the  contest  j  or  a 
contest  consisting  of  three  games. 

India  rubber:  caoutchouc,  a  substance  produced 
fri»m  several  plants  of  South  America  ;  a  substance 
r'-m;trkably  pHablo  and  elastic.     [See  Caoutchouc] 

RUB'BING,  n.  Act  of  rubbing,  scouring,  or  polish- 
ing. 

RUB'BING,  npr.  Moving  along  the  surface  with  a 
pret^re  ;  chafing;  scouring;  poli^shing. 

RUlJ'Brsn  n.  [from  rub;  jn-t'perly,  that  which  is 
rubbed  off;  but  not  now  used  in  thit  limited  sense.] 


RUB 

1.  Fragments  of  buildings  ;  broken  or  imperfect 
pieces  of  any  structure;  ruins. 

He  Kiw  the  tbwiia  one  half  in  rubbuh  lie.  Drydtn. 

2.  Waste  or  rejected  matter  ;  any  thing  worthless. 

3.  Mingled  mass  ;  confusion.  .^rbuthnot. 
RUB'BLE,                  i   n.     A  name   given   by  quarry- 
RUB'BLE-STONE,  j        men  to  the  upper  fragmenta- 
ry  and   decomposed   portion   of   a   mass  or  stone; 
sometimes  applied  to  water-worn  stone.    [See  also 
RuHBAOE.l  Lyell. 

RUB'BLE-WALL, )   n.     In  masonry,  coarse  walling 
RUB'BLE-WORK,  i       constructed  of  rough  stones, 
not  large,  but  irregular  in  size  and  shape. 

Encyc.Am,     Gloss  of  .^rchiU 
RUB'BLY,  fl.     Pertaining  to  or  containing  rubble. 
RU-BE-Fa'CIENT,  (-shent,)  a.     [L.  rubefaeio,  infra.] 

Making  red. 
RU-BE-FA'CIE\T,  n.     In   medicine,  r  substance  or 
external  application  which  produces  redness  of  the 
skin. 
RC'BEL-LITE,  n.     [from  L.  rubeus,  red.] 

A  red  variety  of  tourmaline,  varying  in  color 
from  a  pate  rose-red  to  a  deep  ruby.  Dana. 

RU-Bk'O-LA,  n.     The  measles. 

RU-BES'CENT,  a.     [L.  rubeseens,  rubeseo,  from  ruAeo, 
to  redden  or  to  be  red.] 
Growing  or  becoming  red  ;  tending  to  a  red  color. 
RO'BK-ZXiiL,  n.     [G.]     A  famous  mountain  spirit  of 
Germany,  sometimes  friendly,  sometimes  mischiev- 
ous, corresponding  to  Puck.     [See  Puck.] 

Encye.  Am. 
RO'Bl-€AN,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  rubeo,  to  be  red.] 

Rubican  color  of  a  horse,  is  a  bay,  sorrel,  or  black, 
with  a  light  gray  or  white  upon  the  flanks,  but  the 
gray  or  while  not  predominant  there.      Far.  DieL 
RO'BI-CEL,  n.     [L.  rubeo,  to  be  red.] 

A  gem  or  mineral,  a  variety  of  ruby  of  a  reddish 
color,  from  Brazil.  J>J^cholson.    Brandt. 

RO'Bl-eON,  n.  A  small  river  which  separated  Italy 
from  Cisalpine  Gaul,  the  province  allotted  to  Cesar. 
When  Cesar  crossed  that  stream,  he  invaded  Italy, 
with  the  intention  of  reducing  it  to  his  power.  Hence 
the  phrase,  to  pass  the  Rubicon,  signifies,  to  take  a 
desperate  step  in  an  enterprise,  or  to  adopt  a  meas- 
ure from  which  one  can  not  recede,  or  from  which  he 
is  determined  not  to  recede. 
RO'BI-CUND,  «.     \L.  rubicundus.] 

Inclining  to  redness. 
RU-BieUND'I-TY,  ju    An  inclination  to  redness; 

ruddiness. 
RO'Bl-i;i),  (ru'bid,)  pp.  or  a.    Red  as  a  ruby;  as,  a 

ritbied  \i\-} ;  ruiird  nectar.  Milton. 

RU-BIF'ie,  a.     [L.  ruber,  und  facto.] 

Making  red  ;  as,  rubijie  rays.  Orete. 

RU-BI-FI-CA'TION,  n.     The  act  of  making  red. 

HuwelL 
RO'BI-FORM,  a.     [L.  ruber,  red,  nnd/orm.] 

Having  the  form  of  red  ;  as,  the  rubiform  rays  of 
the  sun  are  least  refrangible.  JVetcton. 

RO'BI-F?,r.  f.     [L.  ruber,  red,  and  facto,  to  make.] 
To  make  red.     [Liftte  used.]  Brown. 

RU-BIG'I-NOUS,  a.     Rusty, 
RU-BI'GO,  n.   [L.]   Mildew,  a  kind  of  rust  on  plants, 

crmsisting  of  a  parasitic  fungus  or  mushroom. 
RO'BI-OUS,  a,     [L.  rubeus.] 

Bed  ;  ruddy.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

RO'BLE,  (rii'bl,)  n.     [Russ.,  from  rublyu,  to  cut.] 

1.  A  silver  coin  of  Russia.  The  old  ruble  was 
worth  about  3s.  8d.  sterling,  or  85  cents.  The  new 
ruble,  coined  since  17(i2,  is  worth  nearly  3s.  3d.  ster- 
ling, or  75  cents.  Kelly. 

2.  A  money  of  account  in  Russia.  The  bank  ruble 
of  100  copecks  is  worth  about  lid.  sterling,  or  21 
cents.  McOilloch. 

RO'BRie,  n.  [Fr.  rubrique;  L.  It.  and  Sp.  rubricai 
from  L.  rubeo,  to  be  red.] 

1.  A  title  or  article  in  certain  ancient  taw  books; 
so  called  because  written  in  red  letters.         P.  Cye. 

2.  I'he  name  given  to  the  directions,  printed  in 
pniyer-books,  which  were  formerly  put  in  red  letters. 

Th-?  rubric  nnii  the  rulea  rclnling  to  the  liturgy  are  ettublwhcd  bjr 
royal  authority,  as  well  aj  the  liturgy  iiwlf.  Ntlion. 

The  name  has  sometimes  been  given  to  any  writ- 
ing or  printing  in  red  ink  in  old  books  and  manu- 
scripts, especially  the  date  and  place  on  a  title-page. 

Brande, 
RO'BRie,  V.  t.    To  adorn  with  red. 
RC'BRie,         }         „    . 
RC'BRIC-AL.i  *^    ***^^- 
RD'ltRIC-AL,  a.     Placed  in  rubrics. 
RO'BRie-ATE,  V.  t.     [L.  rubricalus.] 

To  mark  or  distinguish  with  red.  Herbert, 

RC'RRie-ATE,  fl.     Marked  with  red.  Spelman. 

RO'BY,  n.  [Fr.  rublt;  Sp.  rubi;  Port  r«M,  rubim;  It 
rubino  :  D.  robyn :  G.  Dan.  and  Sw.  rubin ;  Ir.  id.  i 
from  L.  rubeo,  to  be  red.] 

1.  A  precious  stone;  a  mineral  of  a  carmine  red 
color,  sometimes  verging  to  violet,  or  intermediate 
between  carmine  and  hyacinth  rod  ;  but  it»  parts 
vary  in  color,  and  hence  it  is  called  Sai>phii^  Ri;nr 
or  Orange  Red,  and  by  some  Vebbieille  or  Rl'piceu 

KijiBon. 
There  are  two  kinds  of  ruby,  the  oriental  or  co- 


TCNE,  BULL,  TINITE.-AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8.-€  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

__ 


RUD 

nindiim,  and  the  spinel.  The  latter  ia  distinmiish- 
able  from  the  former  by  its  color  and  cr>stnlli7.:itiun. 

Phillips. 

The  Balas  Ruby  is  a  bright  red  variety  of  Ihe 
spinel. 

The  niby  is  next  in  hardness  and  ralue  to  the 
diamond,  and  highly  estetrined  In  Jewelry. 

3.  Redness ;  red  color.  SJUft. 

3.  Any  thing  red.  MUtom. 

4.  A  hiain  ;  a  blotch  ;  a  carbuncle. 

[The  ruby  is  said  to  be  tlie  stone  called  by  Pliny  a 
Carbuncle.] 

Rubp  <if  arsenic  or  sulphur,  is  the  realgar,  protosul- 
phurvt  of  arsenic,  or  red  compound  of  arsenic  and 
nilpbur.  Fnnfc*    ^iekotson. 

Ruhf  ^  itM,  is  the  protosulphuret  of  zinc,  or  red 
blend  I'. 
Rock  rubi/ ;  a  fine  red  varifty  of  garneL     Dan*. 
Rubtf  sitver.    See  Red  SiLrcR. 
RC'BV,  o.  c    To  make  red.  Pope. 

EO'BV,  a.    Of  the  color  of  Ihe  ruby ;  red  ;  as,  m^ 

lips. 
RO^RV-ING,»r.    Making  red. 

RUCK,  r.  t.  [L.  ru^t  lo  wrinkle,  to  fold;  ruffa,  a 
fold.l 

1.  To  cower ;  lo  bend  and  set  close.    [JVirf  in  ust,] 

2.  To  draw  into  wrinkles  or  folds  ;  to  crease  ;  as, 
to  nek  up  a  carpet.  Smart. 

[In  this  Mn^tc,  the  word  is  used  by  the  common 
pwiple  of  New  England.] 
RUCK,  c.  i.     To  squat  or  sit,  as  a  hen  pn  eggs. 

SmarL 
2.  To  have  a  folded  or  ridgy  surface,  as  the  sleeve 
of  a  coaL  Fifrb^ 

RUCK,  a.  A  wrinkle,  fold,  or  plait  in  a  piece  of 
ch»tb.  »         .         P-  F 

RUCK'En,  (nikt,)  pp.    Wrinkled. 
RUe-TA'TION,  H.     [L.  ructo,  to  belch.] 

^  The  act  of  belching  wind  from  Ihe  stomach. 
RUD,  to  make  red,  used  by  Spenser,  is   a  different 

spelling  of  Red.     [O**.]     (See  Ri-ddt.] 
RUD,  n,     [Sax.  rude.    See  Red  and  Rcddt.] 

1.  Redness  ;  blush  ;  also,  red  ocher. 

2.  The  fish  nidd. 

KITDD,  a,  [Probably  from  red,  rwjrfy.]  A  Orsb-wvler 
European  fi^h  of  the  carti  family,  Ijenciscus  ery- 
tbrnphthalmus,  also  called  Rei>  eye.  It  differs  from 
the  n»arh,  to  which  it  is  closely  allied,  in  having  the 
dorsal  fin  placed  in  tbo  interval  between  the  ventral 
and  anal  Ana.  Its  bodv  is  deep,  and  has  the  whole 
aur&ce  tinged  with  a  bnlliant  reddish  golden  hue. 
Jardine*s  A'al.  Lih, 

RuD'DER,  R.  [G.  rwier^  an  oar  and  a  rudder ;  t?ax. 
rsOcr,  an  o«r  ;  D.  rwer.  for  raader :  Sw.  rvdrr :  Dan. 
ro«r.  (See  Row.)  The  oar  was  ll»e  first  rudder  used 
hf  man,  and  is  still  the  instrument  of  steering  ccr- 
Uin  boats.] 

1.  In  mamgaiim^  the  instrument  by  which  a  ship 
Isfllneted  ;  Uial  put  of  Ihe  helm  which  consists  of  a 
piece  of  timber,  broad  at  the  boiiom,  which  enters 
tbe  water  and  is  attached  tu  the  st(>rn  post  by  hinges, 
on  which  it  turuK.  This  timber  is  managed  by  means 
of  the  tiller  or  wheel.  Totien, 

2.  That  wiiich  guides  or  governs  the  course. 

For  rhjcne  (be  rttddtr  '»  of  vene*.  UudStnu. 

3.  A  sieve.     [Local]     [Sec  Riddle.] 
Ruddrrprrch;  a  small  tish  with  the  upper  part  of 

the  body  brown,  varied  with  large  round  spots  of 
yellow,  the  belly  and  sides  streaked  with  lines  of 
white  and  yellow.  This  fish  is  said  to  folhrn-  the 
rudders  of  ships  in  tbe  warm  parts  of  the  Atlantic. 

Catfjiby.     PennaiU. 

RUD'Dl-ED.  (rud'did,)  a.     Made  ruddy  or  red. 

RUD'Dl-.XESS,  a.  [from  ruddy  ]  The  state  of  being 
ruddy  ;  redness,  or  r^ither  a  lively  flesh  color :  that 
degree  of  redness  which  characterii^es  high  health  ; 
applied  chiefly  to  the  complexion  or  color  of  tbe 
human  skin  ;  as,  the  ruddiness  of  the  cheeks  or  lips. 

RUD'ULE,  n.  [W.  rhaieUt  from  the  root  of  red, 
ruddy.)  ' 

The  name  of  a  species  of  red  earth,  colored  by 
sesquoxyd  of  iron;  red  chalk,  which  see. 

_  IVoodieard. 

RUD'DLE-MAX,  «.    One  who  digs  ruddle. 

RUD'DOCK,  a.  [Sax.  rudduc;  from  the  root  of  rei 
ruddy.]  ^ 

A  biid,  Uw  English  robin  or  redbreast. 

Edin.  Encyc 

RDD'DV,  «.  [Sli.  mrff,  rvdu,  rtoi;  D.  rood;  G. 
TctX;  W.  rku::Gt.  rpiSj/oj  ;  Sans.  rtuUtira,  blood. 
This  Kerns  lo  be  a  dialectical  orthography  of  Rid, 
which  see.] 

1.  Of  a  red  color  ;  of  a  lively  flesh  color,  or  the 
color  of  the  human  skin  in  high  health.  Thus  we 
"jV"'*''  "^''**^*i  rud-ly  lips,  a  ruddv  face  or  skin,  a 
"Milji  youth  ;  and  in  p.>etic  language,  rvddy  fruit. 
But  tbe  word  is  chiefly  applied  to  the  human  skin. 
^  Drtjden,     Ottcay. 

■i.  Of  a  bngSt  yellow  color :  as,  rvrfiv  gold.  !'Un- 
nswal.  1  •      I  g  rt  yj^  J I 

BCDE,  a.  rPr.  ra-fc;  M.ndt  and  roia.;  Sp.™*.; 
L.  rttdu;  D.  nw ;  G.  r.»,  law,  crude ;  Arm.  mrf. 


RUD 

The  scnsp  is  [trobably  rough,  broken,  and  this  word 
may  be  allied  to  rate  and  trade-.  See  Class  Rd.  No. 
35,  38.] 

1.  Rough  ;  uneven ;  nipped  ;  unformed  by  art ; 
as,  rude,  workmflnship,  that  id,  roughly  finished; 
rude  and  unpolished  stones.  StUliitffJleet. 

2.  Ruugli ;  of  coarse  manners  ;  unpolished  ;  un- 
civil;  clownish;  rustic ;  a^^*,  a  rude  countryman; 
rude  behavior  ;  rude  treatment ;  a  rude  attack. 

RuiSon.  1ft  jro  ilwt  rude,  uiid»il  Urnch.  Shak. 

3.  Violent;  tumultuous;  boisterous;  turbulent; 
as,  rude  winds;  the  rude  agitation  of  the  sea. 

Boyle. 
A.  Violent ;  fierce  j  impetuous  ;  as,  the  rude  shock 
of  armies. 

5.  Harsh  ;  inclement ;  as,  the  rude  winter. 

fValler. 

6.  Ignorant;  untaught;  sa\-nge ;  barban>us ;  as, 
tlie  rude  natives  of  America  or  of  New  Holland  ; 
the  rude  ancestors  of  the  (irecks. 

7.  Raw  ;  untaught ;  ignorant ;  not  skilled  or  prac- 
ticed ;  ns,  rude  in  speech  ;  rude  in  arms.      fVuUon. 

8.  Artless;  inelegant;  not  polished;  as,  a  rude 
tmnslntion  of  Virgil.  IMtdeiu 

RODE'LV,  adv.  With  roughness;  as,  a  mountain 
rudeiu  formed. 

2.  Vi(tlently  ;  fiercely  ;  tumultuously.  Tbe  door 
was  rudeiy  assaulted. 

3.  In  a  rude  or  uncivil  manner ;  as,  to  he  ruAely 
accosted. 

4.  Without  exactness  or  nicety ;  coarsely  ;  as, 
work  rudely  executt^d. 

1  that  «m  rudthf  aUinped,  and  want  Iotp'b  majcstj, 

To  atrut  before  a  wantun,  aiobltn^  nymph.  Shak. 

&  Unskillfully. 

My  miMP,  ihou^  rvdely,  hs*  rptltrned 

SoHW  fiUitt  i«einUance  of  hk  gwiakc  mind.  ChyrUn. 

6.  Without  elegance. 
RCDE'NESS,  n.     A  rough,  broken  state  ;  unevenness  ; 
wildness  ;  as,  Ihe  rudeness  oi  &  mountain,  country, 
or  landscape. 

2.  Coarseness  of  manners  ;  incivility  ;  rusticity  ; 
vulgarity. 

And  kinfi  the  rudentta  of  ihHr  J07  must  bear.  DryUn, 

3.  Ignumncc ;  unskillfulness. 

WhAi  he  iliil  ainui  wai  rather  thf^jfh  rudentta  and  want  of 
Ju.lgiuriL  UayMtrd. 

4.  Arilessness  ;  coarseness;  inelegance;  as,  the 
rudenesA  of  a  fiainting,  or  piece  of  sculpture. 

5.  Violence;  impetuosity;  as,  the  rudetteaa  of  an 
attack  <ir  shock. 

6.  Violence;  stonninesa;  as,tlienu2eMc»«of  winds 
or  of  Ihe  season. 

RO'DE.\-TI;rE.  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  rudcns,  a  rope,! 
In  areJtittcture,  the  figure  of  a  rope  or  staff,  plain 
or  carved,  with  which  the  flutings  of  columns  are 
sometimes  filled.  Brande. 

RO'DE-KA-RV,  a.  [l-ow  L.  ruSerarius ;  from  the 
root  of  rudii,  and  indicating  the  primary  sense  of 
rurfr,  to  be  broken.] 

Belonging  to  nibbisJi.     [JVot  used.}  DieL 

RU-DE-RA'TION,  n.  [L.  rudcratio,  from  rudero,  to 
pave  with  broken  stones.] 

Amung  tke  aHcienti!,i\  method  of  laying  pavements, 
and  perhaps  uf  building  walls,  with  rough  pebbles 
and  mortnr.  Owilt. 

RCDES'BV,  ^riidz'be,)  a.  An  uncivil,  turbulent  fel- 
low.    r.Vo(  in  use.]  Shak. 

RC'DI-MEN'T,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  rudimentum.  If  con- 
nected with  erudio,  it  denotes  what  is  taught,  and 
trudio  may  be  connecU-d  with  the  Goth,  rodyan,  to 
speak,  Sax.  nedan,  to  read.  But  the  real  origin  is 
nut  obvious.  It  may  have  been  formed  from  some 
word  \nRd,  signifying  to  »h»Kjt  or  spring.] 

1.  A  first  principle  or  element;  that  which  is  to 
be  fir^^t  learnt ;  as,  the  rudiments  of  learning  or 
science.  Articulate  sounds  are  the  rudimenijf  of  lan- 
guage ;  letters  or  characters  are  the  rudiments  of 
written  language;  the  primary  rules  of  any  art  or 
science  are  its  rudiments.  Hence  instruction  in  the 
rudiments  of  any  art  or  science,  constitutes  the  be- 
ginning of  education  in  that  art  or  science. 

2.  The  original  of  any  thing  in  its  first  form.  Thus 
in  botanu,  Ihe  germen,  ovary,  or  seed  bud,  is  tbe  ru- 
diment of  the  fruit  yet  in  embrj'o  ;  and  the  seed  is  the 
rudiment  of  a  new  plant.  Martijn, 

Rudiment,  in  natural  history,  is  also  an  imperfect 
organ,  one  which  is  never  fully  formed.  Thus  the 
flowers  in  the  genus  Pentstemon  have  four  stamens 
and  a  rudiment  of  a  fifth,  (a  simple  filament  without 
an  anther.) 

Gotl  brholda  Ihe  fim  imperfect  rudimenU  of  virtue  in  the  aonl. 

Spectator, 
RC'DI-MENT,  r,  L    To  furnish  with  first  principles 
or  rules  ;  to  ground  ;  to  settle  in  first  principles. 

Gayton. 
RU-DI-MENT'AL,       ;  a.     Initial ;  pertaining  to  rudi- 
RU-DI-MENT'A-RY,  J      ments,  or  consisting  in  first 

principles  ;  as,  rudimental  essays.  Spectator. 

RU-DOLPH'!NE,  a.  An  epithet  applied  to  a  set  of  as- 
tronomical tables,  computed  by  Kepler,  and  founded 


RUK 


on  the  (ibservntions  of  Tycho  Brahe  ;  so  named  from 
Rudolph  11.,  emperor  of  Bohemia.  Brande. 

ROE,  (rQ,)  I'.  U  [Sax.  reoajian,  Areowian  f  W.  rAuaw, 
rhuada;  D.rvuvsen;  G.  reurn,  to  repent;  Dan.  and 
Sw.  ruelse,  contrition.  This  is  the  L.  rudo.  to  roar, 
to  bray.     Class  Rd.] 

To  lament ;  lo  regret ;  to  grieve  for  ;  as,  to  rue  the 
commission  of  a  crime  ;  lo  rue  the  day. 

Th7  wUl 
Clwae  frwly  what  U  now  k  jiially  r  u««.  ARUon. 

BOE,  r.  u    To  have  compassion.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Cliaacer. 
RUE,  «.  Sorrow;  repentance,  [JVotin  use.]  Shak. 
RCE,  (raj  H,  [Sax.  rude;  D.  ruit;  G.  route;  Dan. 
rude;  Gr.  fivrn !  L.  and  It.  ruta;  Sp.  ruda;  Fr.  rue; 
Arm.  ry;  Ir.  ruith,  raith;  Corn.  ryte.  Rue  is  a  ron- 
tnicled  word.  <iu.,  from  its  bitter  taste,  grattnT, 
roughness.]  " 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Ruta,  of  several  species.  The 
common  gitrden  rue  is  medicinyl.  It  has  n  strong, 
ungrateful  odor,  and  a  bitter  and  penetrating  taste. 

Encyc 
RU'KD,  (rQde.)  pp.    Lamented;  grieved  for;  regret- 
ted. 
ROE'FJJL,  (ru'-,)  a.     [rue  and  full]    Woful ;  mourn- 
ful ;  sorrowful ;  to  be  lamented. 

Spur  them  to  ruc/uj  work.  Shak. 

2.  Expressing  sorrow 

He  aighed  add  cnat  a  rueful  eye.  DryUn, 

RCE'FUL-LV,  adv.  Mournfully  ;  sorrowfully.  ^fM■e. 
ROE'FDL-NESS,  n.  Sorrowfulness;  mournfulness. 
RCE'ING,  n.     Lamentation.  SmitA. 

RU-ELLE',  (ru-el',)  m.  [Fr.,  a  narrow  street,  from  ru«, 
a  street.] 

A  circle  ;  a  private  circle  or  assembly  at  a  private 
house.    [JVot  in  use.]  Dryden. 

RU-FES'CENT,  a.     [L.  ru/escoj  to  grow  red.] 

Reddish  ;  tinged  with  red.  Kd.  Encyc. 

RUFF,  n.  [Arm.  rouSeun^  a  wrinkle;  W.  rhevu.  to 
thicken.] 

1.  A  piece  of  plaited  linen  worn  by  females  around 
the  neck.  Addi,^on. 

%.  Something  puckered  or  plaited.  Pope, 

3.  A  European  river  fish,  of  the  perch  family, 
Acerina  vulgaris,  sometimes  called  tbe  smaller  river 
perch,  Jardine'a  J^'al.  Lib. 

4.  A  bird  of  Europe  and  Asia,  Machetes  pregnax, 
allied  to  the  woodcock  and  sandpiper.  The  male 
has  a  tuft  of  feathers  around  the  neck  during  the 
breeding  season,  whence  the  name.  The  female  is 
called  Reeve.  Jardine. 

5.  A  slate  of  roughness.     [Sax,  hreof.]     [OK] 

Chapman. 

6.  Pride ;  elevation  ;  as,  princes  in  the  ruff  of  all 
tlieir  glory.  VJ^trange. 

7.  A  particular  species  of  pigeon. 

8.  At  currfs,  the  act  of  winning  the  trick  by  trump- 
ing tJie  cards  of  another  suit.     [D.  troef,  troevetu] 

RUFF,  B.  (.     To  ruffle  ;  lo  disorder.  Spenser. 

2.  To  trump  any  other  suit  of  cards  at  whist.  [D. 
troeven.] 

RUFF'Et),  (ruft,)pp.     Ruffled  ;  disordered. 

RUF'FIAN,  (ruf'yan,)  n.  [If  Uiis  word  signifies  pri- 
marily a  rubber,  it  is  from  the  root  of  rob,  Sw.  rofva, 
Dan.  rdter.  In  Scottish,  ruffie  is  a  worthless  fellow. 
In  It,  ruffiano  is  a  pimp,  Sp.  rujian,  Port,  rujiam ;  D. 
roffiaan,  id.] 

A  boisterous,  brutal  fellow  ;  a  fellow  ready  for  any 
desperate  crime  ;  a  robber ;  a  cutthroat ;  a  murderer. 

^^ddinon. 

RUF  FIAN,  Cruf'yan,)a.  Brutal ;  savagely  boisterous ; 
as,  ruffian  rdge.  Pope.. 

RUF'FIAN,  c.  i.  To  play  the  ruffian  ;  to  rage;  to  raise 
tumult.  Shak. 

RUF'FIAN-ISII,  o.  Having  the  qualities  or  manners 
of  a  rufiian. 

RUF'FIAN-ISM,  n.    The  act  or  conduct  of  a  ruffian. 

RU  F'FIAN-LIKE,  )  a.   Like  a  ruffian;  bold  in  crimes; 

RUF'FIAN-LV,       j      violent ;  licentious.       Fulke. 

RUF'FLE,  (nif'fl,)  v.  t.  [Belgic,  ruijffelen,  to  wrin- 
kle. Chaucer  has  rivelinir,  wrinkling,  and  Spelman 
cites  rifflura  or  rufflura  from  Bracton,  as  signifying  in 
law  a  breach  or  laceration  of  the  skin,  made  by  the 
stroke  uf  a  stick.] 

1.  Properly,  to  wrinkle  ;  to  draw  or  contract  into 
wrinkles,  open  plaits,  or  folds.  Addii^on. 

2.  'i'o  tlisorder  by  disturbing  a  smooth  surface  ;  to 
make  uneven  by  agiiaiion  ;  as,  to  ruffle  the  sea  or  a 
lake. 

She  smoothed  the  ruffltd  a^as,  Dryd^n. 

3.  To  discompose  by  disturbing  a  calm  state  of;  lo 
agitato  ;  to  disturb  ;  as,  to  ruffie  the  mind  ;  to  ruj^e 
the  passions  or  the  temper.  It  expresses  less  than 
Fket  and  Vbx- 

4.  To  throw  into  disorder  or  confusion. 

WhTe  U«t 
He  might  the  rujltd  Fj<r  inv«i.  Hudibrae. 

5.  To  throw  together  in  a  disorderly  manner. 

1  ruffled  up  fallen  leaves  in  heap.     [Unusual,^         Chapman. 

6.  lo  furnish  with  rutfles ;  as,  to  ruffle  a  shirt. 
RUF'FLE,  (ruf 'fl,)  v.  i.    To  grow  rough  or  turbulent ; 

as,  the  winds  ruffle.  Shak. 


riTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIL^T.— MeTE,  PRfiV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQOK.- 

96:i  ~  ~ 


RUI 

a.  To  play  Iwisely  ;  lo  flutter. 

On  hia  rif  tit  ■tiould'rr  hii  Diick  mane  r^I!ii«l, 

Rujiea  at  ipt^eU,  aiid  tUiiCfa  in  Ui«  wind.  Dryden. 

3.  To  be  rough  ;  to  jar  ;  to  be  in  contention. 

Thry  wpuld  ruJU  with  )un>r».     [Oba.]  Bacon, 

EUF'FLE,  It.  A  strip  of  plaited  cambric,  or  other  fine 
cloth,  attached  to  some  border  of  a  garment,  as  to  the 
wristband  orbiisoin.  That  at  the  bosom  is  sometimes 
called  by  the  English  a  Frili^ 

3.  Disturbance ;  agitation  ;  commotion  ;  as,  to  put 
the  mind  or  temper  in  a  ruffie, 

RUF'FLE,  I  ».     A  particular  beat  of  the  drum,  being 

RUFF,  }  a  low,  vibrating  sound,  not  so  loud  as 
a  roll,  used  on  certain  occasions  in  military  afiairs 
as  a  mark  of  respect.  Lieutenant-generals  have  three 
ruffic^i  as  they  pass  by  the  regiment,  guard,  &c. ;  ma- 
jor-generals have  twi> ;  brigadiers  one,  &.c. 

Campbell^  Mil.  Diet.     Encyc. 

RUF'FLE,  I  r.  (.    To  beat  the  ruff  or  ruffle  of  the 

ItUFF,         j      drum. 

RUF'FLED,  pp.  or  a.  Disturbed  ;  agitated  ;  furnished 
with  niffles. 

RUF'FLE-LESS,  a.     Having  no  nillles. 

RUF'FLE-MENT,  ti.     Act  uf  ruffling. 

RUF'FLER,  «.     A  bully  ;  a  swaggerer.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

RUF'FLIXG,  ppr.  Disturbing  ;  agitating  ;  furnishing 
with  ruffles. 

RUF'FLING,  n.     Commotion  ;  disturbance  ;  agitation. 

RUF'FLVG^*  I  '^*     ^^^'"8  *  r*^"  **^  ^^^  ^'^^• 
RUF'FLIN'b,  >  n.  A  particular  beat  or  roll  of  the  drum, 
RUF'FING,     )      used  on  certain  occasions  as  a  mark 

of  resfK-ct. 
RO'FOUS,  a.     [L.  ru/us  ;  Sp.  rufo  ;  Port,  ruioo ;  prob- 
ably from  the  rot>t  of  L.  rubra.] 

Reddish  ;  of  a  reddish  color,  or  rather  of  a  brown- 
ish red.  Lindiey. 
RUF'TER-HQQD,  n.     In  falconry,  a  hood  to'be  worn 

by  a  hawk  when  she  is  first  drawn.  Baileii. 

RUG,  n.  [D.  rwio-,  G.  rauchy  rough,  hairy,  shaggy; 
Sw,  rujo*^,  entinglfid  hair;  rtig^ig,  rugged,  shaggy. 
This  coincides  with  Dan.  r«/,  W.  rbys^  rye,  that  is, 
rough;  W.  rAuu-,  something  abounding  with  points. 
In  VV.  bryca.n  is  a  rug,  a  clog,  a  brogue  fur  the  feet, 
a  covering.  This  belongs  to  the  great  family  of 
rough.  L.  ruga,  raucus.] 

1.  A  coarse,  nappy  woolen  cloth,  used  for  a  bed- 
cover, and,  in  modern  times,  particularly,  for  cover- 
ing the  carpet  before  a  fireplace.  This  name  was 
formerly  given  to  a  ruarse  kind  of  frieze  tised  for 
winter  garments,  and  it  niity  be  that  the  poor  in  some 
countries  still  wear  it.  But  in  America,  I  bilieve, 
the  Dame  is  applied  only  to  a  bed-cover  fur  ordinary 
beds,  and  to  a  covering  before  a  fireplace. 

a.  A  rough,  woolly,  or  shaggy  dog. 
RO'GATE,  a.    Wrinkled  ;  having  alternate  ridgfs  and 

depressions.  Dana. 

RUG'GED,  a.  [from  the  root  of  rug,  rougk^  which 
see.] 

L  Rough  ;  full  of  asperities  on  the  surface  ;  broken 
into  sharp  or  irregular  pointii  or  crags,  or  otherwise 
uneven  ;  as,  a  rugged  mountain  ;  a  rugged  road. 

2.  Uneven  ;  not  neat  or  regular. 

Uti  w<r!l-propurt>ocKd  beonl  made  rough  and  rugged.    Sf^k. 

3.  Rough  in  temper ;  harsh ;  hard  ;  crabbed  ;  aus- 
tere. South. 

4.  Stormy  ;  turbulent ;  tempestuous ;  as,  rugged 
weather  ;  a  rugged  se.ison. 

5.  Rough  to  the  ear ;  hars^h  ;  grating  ;  as,  a  rugged 
ver»e  in  poetry  ;  rugged  prose.  Dryden. 

6.  Sour;  surly;  frowning;  wrinkled;  as,  ragged 
looks. 

7.  Violent  ;  rude  ;  bolsteroufl.  Hudibraa. 
6.  Rough  ;  shaggy  ;  as,  arugged  bear.  Fairfax. 
9.  In  bot/'Hti,  scabrous;    rough  with  tubercles  or 

stiff'  points  ;  as  a  leaf  or  stem.  Marti/n, 

RUG'GED-LV,  adc.     In  n  rough  or  nigged  manner. 
RUG'GED-.N'ESS,  n.     The  i)uality  or  ettate  of  being 
nigged  ;  roughness;  asperity  of  surface  ;  as,  the  rug- 
gtdnesg  of  land  or  of  r(>:ids. 
2.  Riiughtiess  of  temper  ;  harshness;  surliness. 
X  Coaritenesii ;  rudeness  of  manners. 

4.  Stormines)) ;  boisteruusness  ;  as  of  a  season. 
RUG'-GOVVN-£D,  a.     Wearing  a  coarse  gown  or  rug. 

Bf-attm.  Sf  Fl. 
RUG'IN,  n,     A  nappy  cloth.    [A*.*!  u.ffd.}      tVisfmnn. 
Rfj'GtNE,  (rvl'jeen,)ii.  [Fr.l  A  surgeon's  rasp.  Sharp. 
Rf^'Gft?*E    1 

RO'GOUS*  1  ***     t^*"  ''"*'*'"**'  ''''**™  '■'*5"''»  ^  wrinkle.) 
I.  Wrinkled  ;  full  of  wrinkles.  tViseman. 

5.  In  botany,  a  le^f  is  said  to  be  rugose  when  the 
veins  are  mitre  contract-d  than  the  disk,  so  that  the 
latter  risen  intu  little  inequalities,  as  in  sage,  prim- 
'n«e,  cowslip,  &c.  JUartifit.     Smith. 

RU-GO-S'I-TV,  n,  A  stale  of  being  wrinkled.  [Little 
u.^ed.]  Smith. 

RO'IX,  1.  [Fr.  ruinfy  from  L.  and  8p.  rnina:  It.  ruina 
and  ronina  t  from  I«  rue,  to  fall,  to  rush  ditwn  ;  VV. 
rheofin,  a  sudden  glide,  slip,  or  fall,  niin  ;  rAcu?,  some- 
thing slippery  or  smtKith,  ice,  frost ;  rheu^  to  move  or 
be  active;  rlk- A,  a  ninning  off;  rkr^byz^n.  destroyer. 
Perhaps  the  latter  words  are  of  a  diflTereni  family.] 


RUL 

L  Destruction  ;  fall ;  overthrow ;  defeat  ;  that 
change  of  any  thing  which  destroys  it,  or  entirely 
defeats  its  object,  or  unfits  it  for  use  ;  as,  the  ruin  of 
a  house  ;  tlie  rvin  of  a  ship  or  an  army  ;  the  ruin  of 
a  constitution  of  government ;  the  ruin  of  hi-alih  ;  the 
ruiii  of  commerce  ;  the  ruin  of  public  or  private  hap- 
piness ;  the  ruin  of  a  project. 

3.  Mischief;  bane  ;  that  which  destroys 

The  errun  of  young  nttrn  are  the  ruin  of  busitiea*.         Bacon. 

3.  Ruin;  more  generally,  Tiiina ;  the  remains  of  a 
decayed  or  demolished  city,  house,  fortress,  or  any 
work  of  art  or  other  thing;  as,  the  ruins  o(  Batbec, 
Palmyra,  or  Persepulis ;  the  rut/La  of  a  wall ;  a  castle 
in  ruins. 


4.  The  decayed  or  enfeebled  remains  of  a  natural 
object ;  as,  the  venerable  old  man  presents  a  great 
mind  in  ruins. 

5.  The  cause  of  destruction. 

They  were  the  ruin  of  him  and  of  all  larael.  —  3  Chrou.  xxviii. 
RO'LV,  V.  L     [Fr.  ruiner.] 

1.  To  demolish  ;  to  pull  down,  burn,  or  otherwise 
destroy  ;  as,  to  rut/t  a  city  or  an  edifice. 

2.  To  subvert ;  to  destroy  ;  as,  to  ruin  a  state  or 
government. 

3.  To  destroy  ;  to  bring  to  an  end  ;  as,  lo  ruin  com- 
merce or  manufactures. 

4.  To.destroy  in  any  manner;  as,  to  rutn  health  or 
happiness  ;  to  rum  rejnitation. 

5.  To  counteract ;  to  defeat ;  as,  to  ruin  a  plan  or 
project, 

6.  To  deprive  of  felicity  or  fortune. 

By  ihce  raised  I  ruin  all  my  foe*.  Miltan. 

(jtuce  wilh  a  nod,  and  rutn  with  a  frown.  Dryden. 

7.  To  impoverish  ;  as,  to  b?  ruined  by  speculation. 
The  eye*  of  other  pf^ple  are  the  ej^  Uwi  ruin  u».    Frai^lin. 

8.  To  bring  to  everlasting  misery  ;  as,  to  ruin  the 
soul. 

RC'IN,  r.  i.    To  fall  into  niins.  Milton. 

S.  To  run  lo  ruin  ;  to  fall  into  decay  or  be  dilapi- 
dated. 

Though  he  hia  houae  of  p<4iahrd  mttHJe  build, 

Yet  ahall  it  ruin  like  the  n.oth'i  frail  cell.  Sbndyv, 

3.  To  be  reduced  ;  to  be  brought  lo  poverty  or  mis- 
ery. 

If  we  are  idle,  and  ctiaturb  the  IcduiUious  in  their  buiiiiraa,  we 
ah.ill  ruin  the  lUaler.  Lockt. 

JVotp.  —  This  intransitive  use  of  the  verb  is  now 
unusual. 

RO'IN-ATE,  V.  U  To  dtmolis!!;  to  subvert;  to  de- 
stroy ;  to  reduce  to  poverty.  ['/"Aitf  word  is  ill-fumud^ 
and  happily  is  become  ob.tolete.} 

RU-I\-A'TION,  71,  Subversion  ;  overthrow  ;  demoli- 
tiun.     [Inelegant  and  obiiolete.] 

RC  IX-fJD,  pp.  or  a.  Demolished;  deatioyed  ;  sub- 
verted ;  rffiuced  to  poverty  ;  undone. 

RO'IN-ER,  n.     One  that  ruins  or  di^atroys.     Chapman. 

RO'IN-I-F'ORM,  fl.     [L.  ruina  and  form.] 

Having  the  appearance  of  ruins,  or  the  ruins  of 
houses.     Certain  minerals  are  said  to  be  ruinifo7-m. 

RO'IN-ING,  ppr.  Demolishing;  subverting;  destroy- 
ing; reducing  to  poverty ;  bringing  to  endless  mis- 
ery. 

R0'"l\-Ol/S,  o.     [h.ruinosus;  Fr.ruineux.j 

1.  Fallen  to  ruin  ;  entirely  decayed  ;  demolished  ; 
dilapidated  ;  as,  an  edilice,  bridge,  or  wall  in  a  ruin- 
oun  state. 

2.  Destructive  ;  baneful  ;  pernicious  ;  bringing  or 
tending  to  bring  ccruin  ruin.  Who  can  describe  tlie 
ruinous  practice  of  inlenvperance  ? 

3.  Composed  of  niins ;  consisting  in  ruins;  as,  a 
ruinous  heap.     /■■*.  xvii. 

RC'IN-OVS-LV,  ado.  In  a  ruinous  manner;  destruc- 
tively. 

RP'IN-OUS-NESS.  n.     A  ruinous  slate  or  quality. 

RCL'A-BLE,  a.     Subject  lu  rule  ;  accordant  to  rule. 

Bacon. 

ROLE,  n.  [W.  rhrol:  Arm.  reol ;  Sax.  regol,  rengol; 
Sw.  Dan.  G.  and  I),  regel;  Fr.  regie;  Sp.  regla;  Port. 
regoa,  regra  ;  It.  regola  ;  It.  regula,  from  rego,  to  gov- 
ern, that  is,  to  stretch,  strain,  or  make  straight.  I 
suppose  the  WeUh  rheol  to  be  a  contracted  word.] 

1.  Government ;  sway  ;  empire  ;  control ;  supreme 
command  or  authority. 

A  wis-  ■Tv^ini  ihall  hnve  rul«  orer  it  ion  that  caiupth  thanie. 

Prov.  Rvii. 
And  hi<  •teni  ruie  ibe  groauing  land  obeyed.  PrjM. 

2.  That  which  is  established  as  a  principle,  stand- 
ard, or  directory  ;  that  by  which  any  thing  is  to  be 
ndjuHed  or  regulated,  or  to  which  it  is  to  br;  con- 
formed ;  th.it  which  is  settled  by  authority  or  custom 
for  guidance  and  direction.  1'hus  a  statute  or  law 
is  a  rule  of  civil  conduct ;  a  canon  is  a  rtitr^  of  eccle- 
siastical govt-rnmcnt ;  the  precept  or  command  of  a 
father  is  a  rule  of  action  or  obedience  to  children; 
precedents  in  law  are  rules  of  decision  lo  judges  ; 
maxims  nnd  customs  furnish  rules  for  regulating  our 
Horial  opinions  and  manners.  The  laws  of  God  are 
rules  for  directing  us  in  life  paramount  to  all  others. 

A  rule  which  you  do  not  apply,  it  no  tu!«  at  ail.  J.  M.  Mason. 


RUM 

3.  An  instrument  bv  which  lines  are  drawn,  ot 
short  lengths  measured. 


4.  Established  mode  or  courst  of  proceeding  pre 
scribed  in  private  life.  Everyman  should  have  somt 
fixed  rule^  for  managing  his  own  alfairs. 

5.  A  maxim,  canon,  or  precept,  to  be  observed  in 
any  art  or  science.  Encyc. 

6.  In  mona-^tcrieSy  corporations,  oT  societies,  a  law  or 
regulation  to  be  observed  by  the  society  and  its  par- 
ticular members. 

7.  In  cuurtSy  rules  are  the  determinations  and  or- 
ders of  court,  to  be  observed  by  its  officers  in  con- 
ducting the  business  of  the  court. 

8.  In  arithmetic  and  algebra,  a  determinate  mode 
prescribed  fur  p<:.'rforming  any  operation  and  produ- 
cing a  certain  result. 

9.  In  grammar,  an  established  form  of  construction 
in  a  particular  class  of  words  ;  or  the  expression  of 
that  form  in  words.  Thus  it  is  a  rule,  in  En^lish, 
that  s  or  es,  added  to  a  noun  in  the  singular  number, 
forms  the  plural  of  that  noun  ;  but  man  forms  its  plu- 
ral men,  and  is  an  exception  to  the  rule. 

Rule  of  three,  is  that  rule  of  arithmetic  which  di- 
rects, when  three  terms  are  given,  how  to  find  a 
fourth,  which  shall  have  the  same  ratio  to  the  third 
term  as  the  second  has  to  the  tirst. 
RC'LE,  V.  t.  To  govern  ;  t«)  control  the  will  and  ac- 
tions of  others,  eitlier  by  arbitrary  power  and  author- 
ity or  by  established  laws.  The  emperors  of  the  East 
rule  their  sutijects  without  the  restraints  of  a  consti- 
tution. In  limited  governments,  men  are  ruled  by 
known  laws. 

If  a  moil  know  nni  how  (o  rule  hia  own  houae,  how  ahall  tie  taka 
care  of  thi?  church  of  God '  —  1  Tier.    lii. 

2.  To  govern  the  movements  of  things;  to  con- 
duct ;  to  manage  ;  to  control.  That  God  rule^  the 
world  he  has  created,  is  a  fundamental  article  of  be- 
lief. 

3.  Tu  manage  ;  to  conduct,  in  almost  any  manner, 

4.  To  settle  as  by  a  rule. 

Th^'i  a  niU4  coac  with  the  tchuolmca.  ^Uerbur^. 

5.  To  mark  with  lines  by  a  ruler;  as,  to  ride  a 
blank  book. 

6.  To  establish  by  decree  or  decision ;  to  deter- 
mine ;  as  n  courL 

ROLE,  r.  i.  To  have  power  or  rommand  ;  to  exercise 
supreme  authority* 

B>-  me  princca  rutt.  —  Prov.  viil. 
It  is  often  followed  by  oocr. 

They  shall  rult  ooer  th>.-ir  opjifssors.  —  Is.  xir. 

We  biitxliie  ii.iid  ruie  over  all  wtln-r  creatun'S.  Ray. 

2.  In  law,  to  deride  ;  lo  lay  down  and  settle  as  a 
rule  or  order  of  court. 

3.  Among  merchants,  to  stand  or  maintain  a  level ; 
as,  prices  ride  lower  than  formerly. 

ROL'i;D,  pp.  Governed  ;  controlled;  conducted  ;  man- 
aged ;  established  by  decision. 

RCL'ER,  n.  One  that  governs,  whether  emperor, 
king,  pope,  or  governor;  any  one  that  exercises  su- 
preme power  over  others. 

2.  One  that  makes  or  executes  laws  in  a  limited 
or  free  government. '  Thus  legislators  and  magis- 
trates are  called  rulers. 

3.  A  rule ;  an  instniment  of  wood  or  metal  with 
straight  edges  or  sides,  by  \vhich  lines  ore  drawn  on 
paper,  parchment,  or  other  sulistance.  When  a  ruler 
has  the  lines  of  chords,  tangents,  sines,  &:c.,  It  is 
called  a  Plane  Scale.  Encyc. 

RCL'ING,  ;)/jr.  Governing;  controlling  the  will  and 
actions  of  intelligent  beings,  or  the  movements  of 
other  physical  bodies. 

2.  Marking  by  a  ruler. 

3.  Deciding;  determining. 

4.  a.  Predominant;  chief;  controlling;  as,  a  rul- 
ing passimi, 

ROL'LNG-LY,  ado.    Controllingly. 

ROL'V,  a.  [from  rule.]  Orderly;  easily  restrained. 
fJW»t  in  use.]     [See  Unbuly.] 

RUM,  n.  ^Porhaps  from  rheuvi,  a  flowing.  In  ;in  old 
authcir,  it  is  written  rhum.]  Spirit  distilled  frum 
cane  juice,  or  from  thu  scummings  of  the  juice  from 
the  boiling-hnuse,  or  fnun  the  treacle  or  molasses 
which  drains  from  sugar,  ur  from  dunder,  the  lees  of 
former  distillations.  Kdipanis,  fV.  Ind. 

In  Vie  United  States,  rum  is  distilled  from  molasses 
only. 
2.  A  low,  cant  word  for  a  country  parson.    Swift, 

RUM,  a.     Old-fashioned  ;  queer  ;  odd.    [.5  cant  word.] 

Smart. 

RUM'BLE,  (rum'bl,)  a.  A  seat  fur  servants  behind  a 
carriage.  F.nglaud. 

RU.M'BLE,  V.  i.  [D.  rommelen;  G.  rummeln:  Dan. 
rumlrr:  It.  rombare.  If  Hm  lire  the  radical  letters 
this  word  may  be  referred  to  the  Ch.  Syr.  Ileb.  ant! 
Eth.  nyi,  roj/ft,  Class  Rm,  No.  11.  Wilh  a  prefix, 
grumble,  Gr.  iifjefioi,  L.  fremo,  Ir.  cruim,  thunder,  O. 
brummen,  D.  brommen,  bremmen,  &c. ;  Sw.  roma,  to 
bellow.] 

I'o  make  a  low,  heavy,  continued  sound  ;  as, 
thunder  rumbles  at  a  distance,  but  when   near,  its 


IDNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  ai  K;  6  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CII  as  811;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1*>9 


969 


upper  tftoinaci 
BO'AM-NA.vr, 


rtiiuals  wlticli  chew  the  cud. 

.  rtimino.] 


RUM 

sound  is  siKtrp  and  raitling^  a  buavy  carriage  rum- 
blfji  uii  the  p;tvi.'iiient. 

UUM'IU.EU,  n.     The  poson  or  thing  that  rumbles. 

aUM'BLlNG,  pitr.  or  *.  Miikiiig  a  low,  huavy,t:on- 
tiuut'd  twuiiil  i  as,  ruuibltng  llniiiiicr.  A  rumbling 
nuise  ii  a  low,  b'avy,  coiitiiiui'd  noUe. 

RL'>1  BLLNG.  ».  A  low,  Iienvy,  continued  Bound. 
Jer.  xlvii. 

RUM'BL1\G-LY,  adv.    In  a  rnmbling  manner. 

BL'M'-BUn,  H,  A  gros  bhwsoiii  ;  the  popular  name  of 
a  redness  wcasiouedbv  the  dotostablc  practice  of  ex- 
cessive drinking.  Rum-hud-'  usually  appear  first  on 
the  nose,  and  gnduuliy  extend  over  the  face.  This 
lerni  seems  to  h:tve  reference  to  the  disease  techni- 
cally defined  to  he  an  uusuppunitive  papule,  station- 
ar>,  contlueiit,  red,  mottled  with  purple,  chiefly 
aiferting  the  face,  sometimes  producetl,  and  always 
]iggruvated,  liy  the  use  of  alcoholic  liquors,  by  expo- 
sure tu  he.at,  Vice  ll  is  technically  called  lonthus  ee- 
tyinb^fer,  and  popularly  pimpled /mc     {jSiHtricaJ] 

Rush. 

RO'MEN,  n.    rUl    The  cud  of  n  ruminant ;  also,  the 
Ai  of  ani 

iFr.,  from  L.  i 
;  having  tin.*  proik-rty  of  chewing 
again  what  has  been  swallowed  ;  as,  ruminaxt  ani- 
mal-*. Ray. 

E'O'MI-N'AN'T,  n.    An  animal  that  chinvs  the  cud. 
RuaunaHli  are  four  fooled,  hairy,  and  viviiarous. 
Encifc     Ray.     Drrfiam, 
An  animal  that  chews  Uie  cud,  as  this  camel,  deer, 
gnat,  and  htivine  kind.  dcU. 

RO'.MI-.\A.\T-LY,  adc.     Bv  chewing. 

RU-MI-XA.\'TIA,  n.  pi.  An  order  of  herbivorous 
animals,  having  four  stomachs,  ilie  first  so  situated 
05  to  receive  a  large  qu.-intity  of  vegetable  matters 
coarsely  bruised  by  a  first  mastication,  which  p;isses 
into  the  second,  w'here  it  is  moistened  and  formed 
into  little  pellets,  which  the  animal  has  the  jniwer  of 
bringing  again  to  the  mouth  to  be  rechewed,  after 
which  it  is  swallowed  into  the  third  stomach,  from 
which  it  passes  to  the  fourth,  whrre  it  is  finally  di- 
gested. The  camel,  the  deer,  the  bovine  genus,  the 
goal,  and  the  shet-p,  are  examples  of  thi«  order. 

RC'MI-NJITE,  r.  i.  [Fr.  rimtwcr ;  U  rmmimo^  fronn 
ruMcm.  the  cud  ;  W.  rAum,  that  swells  out.] 

1.  To  chew  the  cud  ;  to  chew  again  what  has  been 
slightly  chewed  and  swallowed.  Oxen,  sheep,  deer, 
goats,  camels,  hares,  and  squirrels,  rumimaie  in  fact ; 
other  animals,  as  moles, bees,  crickeU,  beetles,  crabs, 
&,r.,  only  appear  to  numinmtt.  Peyer.     Kneyc. 

The  only  animals  endowed  with  the  genuine  fac- 
ulty of  rumination,  are  the  Rumi^antia,  or  cluven- 
boofed  quadrupeds,  (Pecora,  Linna-us ;)  but  the 
bare,  althou gh  its  stomach  is  ditferently  organised, 
is  an  occasional  and  partial  ruminant.     Ed.  F.nate. 

9.  To  muse;  to  meditate;  to  ibink  again  and 
Rfain  ;  to  ponder.  It  is  natural  to  rumiiuitt  on  mis- 
fitftune^. 

RO'MI-NATB,  ■.  fc    To  chew  ovpr  again. 

3.  To  muse  on  ;  to  meditate  over  and  over  again. 

M*d  wHb  dccire,  riie  ruminales  her  ifa.  Dryttn.. 

RC'MI-NATE,       \  a.     In  botany^  pierced  hy  numerous 

BC'MI-NA-TED,  (  narrow  cavities,  full  of  dry,  cel- 
lular matter,  like  the  albumen  of  a  nutmeg.    Lt-ndley. 

RC'MI-\A-TED,p/».     Chewed  again  ;  mused  on. 

RO'MI-NA-TIXG,  jipr.  or*.  Chewing  the  cud; 
musing. 

RU-MINa'TIOX,  «,     [L.  ruminalio.] 

1.  The  act  of  chewmg  the  cud. 

2.  The  power  or  property  of  chewing  the  cud. 

JtiflriMUiiM  li  firvn  lo  stuRMb,  to  enable  Umn  u  oooe  to  \Af  up 
a  grcmt  Bton  «f  food,  moA  ajfurwutJ  to  chew  iu  Ai-haikttot, 

3.  A  musing  or  continued  thinking  on  a  subject ; 
deliberate  meditation  or  reflection. 

RO'MI-N.A-TOR,  n.  One  that  mmin.ates  or  muses  on 
any  su  Ject  i  one  that  pauses  to  delib,.'rale  and  con- 
sider. Cot^rave. 

RUM'MAtiE,  n.  A  searching  carefully  by  looking 
into  every  comer,  and  by  tumbling  over  things. 

RUM'M.AOE,  D.  (.     [Clu.  L.  rimor,  or  Fr.  rtmuer.] 

To  search  narrowly  by  looking  into  every  comer, 
and  turning  over  or  removing  goods  or  other  things. 

Our  freed/  acuaCT)  rummage  er^ry  hold.  Drydtn, 

RUM'MA^E,  e.  i  To  seareli  a  place  narrowly  by 
looking  among  things. 

I  tnv«  often  rwnwiagmi  tot  old  books  in  liulp  EriL-tin  ftrwl  Duck- 

RUM'MA-6£D,  pp.    Searched  in  every  corner. 

RlTM'MA-GING.ppr.    Searching  in  everj-  corner 

RUM'MER,  n.  [D.  roemo-,  a  wine  glass,  from  rocineii, 
to  vaunt,  brag,  or  praise.] 

A  alass  or  drinkins  cup.     [Alot  ni  useJ]     Philips. 

RO'MOR,  n.  [L.]  Flying  or  popular  report;  a  cur- 
rent story  passing  from  one  [wrson  lo  another,  with- 
out any  known  authority  for  the  truth  of  it. 

Rvmor  ni-xt,  an-1  tixM\c, 
And  tORiult,  and  eonTubkm,  iJI  fmlvtnl^.l.  Milton, 

Wbrti  je  dndl  bnr  at  trm  and  rvmora  rf  wan,  be  7«  not 
souUnL —  Mark  xin. 


RUN 

2.  Report  of  a  fact ;  a  story  well  authorized. 

Thia  rwifwr  uf  him  went  fonli  tbniughout  all  Juilrn.  —  Luka  tU. 

3,  Fame  ;  reported  celebrity. 

Great  k  Um  rumor  of  UiU  dreadful  knight.  Shak. 

RO'MOR,  r.  L    To  report ;  to  tell  or  circulate  a  re[K>rt 

Mj  hHuft  *acAp«NJ  troiu  out  tlw  cilatlrl.  Dryden. 

R0'MOR-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Told  among  the  people  ;  re- 

ixtried. 
RO'MOR-ER,  n.     A  reporter  ;  a  teller  of  news.    Shak, 
RO'MOR-ING,  ppr.     Reporting  ;  telling  news. 
RC'MOR-OUS,  (I.     Famous;  notorious.    [Obs.]    Bale. 
RITMP,  n.     [U.  rump/;   Sw.  ruwpa ;    Dan.   rumpe  or 

rompf.] 

1.  'i  he  end  of  the  bark-bone  of  an  animal,  with 
the  parls  ndjacuiit.  Among  the  Jews,  the  rump 
was  esteemed  the  most  delicate  iiart  of  Uie  animal. 

Kncyc. 

2.  The  buttocks.  Hudibra.s. 
Rump  partiamrnt ;   in   English  historyy  a   name  of 

contempt  given  to  the  remnant  of  the  Long  Parlia- 
ment, which,  in  1C59,  after  Richard  Cromwell  had 
resigned  the  protectorate,  was  assembled  hy  a  coun- 
cil of  oflicers.  One  who  had  been  a  member  of  this 
parliament,  or  who  favored  it,  was  called  a  rumper. 

Bratuie. 

RU.M'PLE,  (rum'pl,)  v.  L  [D.  rompc/tfn,  lo  rumide; 
Sax.  hrympelle^  a  fold  ;  probably  connected  with 
crumple^  W.  criem,  erom,  crooked,  crymu,  to  bend.] 

To  wrinkle;  to  make  uneven  ;  to  form  into  irreg- 
ular inequalities ;  as,  to  rumple  on  apron  or  a  cravaU 

Swijl, 

RUM'PLE,  a.     A  fold  or  plaiL  Drydrn. 

RU.M'PLii^D,  pp.  Formed  into  irregular  wrinkles  or 
f.dds. 

RUMP'UilSS,  a.  Destitute  of  a  tail;  as,  a  rumpless 
fowl.  Laterenee. 

RUM'PMXG.ppr.    Making  uneven. 

RUM'PUS,  M.     A  disturbance;  noise  and  confusion. 
[lAnr,  but  used  wUoquiaily  in.  England  and  AmericaJ] 

RUN,  p.  t.;  jn-et.  Ran  or  Kvn,  pp.  Rvn.  [Sax.  rcnnan; 
and,  with  a  iran.-jposition  of  letters,  irrnan,  arnian^ 
yrnan  ;  Goth,  rti^tan  ;  D.  rennea  ;  G.  rennen,  rinnen  ; 
Dan.  rindrr;  Sw.  rdfiHO.  The  Welsh  has  rAin,  a 
running,  a  eliannel,  hence  the  Rhinr.] 

1.  To  move  or  pass  in  almost  any  manner,  as  on 
the  feet  or  on  wheels.  Men  and  otiier  animals  run 
on  their  feel ;  carriages  run  on  wheels,  and  wheels 
rss  on  their  axletrees. 

2.  To  move  or  pass  on  the  feet  with  celerity  or 
rapidity,  by  le;ips  or  long,  quick  steps  ;  as,  men  and 
quadni[ieds  rua  when  in  haste. 

3.  To  use  the  lef;s  in  moving;  loslep;  as,  children 
riiit  alone  or  run  abouL  Locke. 

4.  To  move  in  a  hurry. 

The  javu  and  peojile  run  oLouu  B.  Jonaon, 

5.  To  proceed  along  the  surface;  to  extend;  to 
spread ;  as,  the  lire  rutts  over  a  field  or  forest. 

Tbe  ItK  ran  Alotig  uputt  tin  ^ roiuid.  —  Eaod.  ix. 

6.  To  rut^h  with  violence  ;  as,  a  ship  runs  against 
a  rock  ;  or  one  ship  raas  against  another. 

7.  To  perform  a  jiassace  by  land  or  water ;  to  pass 
or  co;  OS,  sl)i|H,  railroad  cars,  stage-coaches,  &c., 
run  r-'gularly  between  different  places. 

8.  To  contend  in  a  race  ;  as,  men  or  horses  run  for 
a  prize. 

9.  To  flee  for  escape.  When  General  Wolfe  was 
dying,  an  oflicer  standing  hy  him  exclaimed,  "See 
bow  they  run.'"  *'  Who  run?  "  said  the  dying  hero. 
" The  enemy,"  said  the  ofiicer.  "Then  I  die  hap- 
py," said  the  general. 

10.  To  depart  privately  ;  lo  steal  away. 

Mr  coiijciciior  will  »erve  mu  lo  run  from  tills  Jew,  my  mRrter. 

Shak. 

11.  To  flow  in  any  manner,  slowly  or  rapidly  ;  to 
move  or  pass  ;  as  a  fluid.  Rivers  run  to  the  ocean 
or  to  lakes ;  the  Connecticut  runs  on  sand,  and  iis 
water  is  remarkably  pure  ;  the  tide  runs  two  or  three 
miles  nn  hour  j  tears  run  down  the  cheeks. 

12.  To  emit ;  lo  let  flow. 

1  commaad  tlvU  tlic  conduit  run  noihtug  bui  clareL  S!hak, 

Ri«cra  run  pf-uLIf  gold.  AlUum. 

But  this  form  of  expression  is  elliptical,  with  being 
omitted  ;  *'  rivers  run  vith  potable  gold." 

13.  To  be  liquid  or  fluid. 

Aa  w;ix  tlufolves,  fis  ice  tx-gias  to  run,  Addigon. 

14.  To  be  fusible  ;  to  mcjt. 

S'it^x  iron  op-1  run  freely  in  the  fire.  Wooduard. 

15.  To  fuse  ;  to  melt. 

Your  iron  must  not  burn  ia  tlkc  fire,  that  n,  run  or  melt,  for  then 
it  will  be  Lrivle.  AfoxoM. 

16.  To  turn  ;  as,  a  wheel  runs  on  an  axis  or  on  a 
pivot. 

17.  To  pass  ;  to  proceed  :  as,  to  run  through  a 
course  of  business  ;  to  run  through  life  ;  lo  run  in  a 
circle  or  a  line  ;  ui  run  througli  all  degrees  of  pro- 
motion. 

18.  To  flow,  as  words,  language,  or  periods.  The 
lines  run  smoothly. 


RUN 

19.  To  pass,  as  time. 

As  fital  u  'xir  Unw  rwn«,  we  sliould  be  glad  in  most  p«n  of  our 
tivf-s  iliai  U  ran  much  fLUlcr.  Adduon. 

20.  To  have  a  legal  course ;  lo  be  attached  to;  to 
have  lethal  ellect. 

CustOTDS  run  only  upon  our  ^oods  litiporled  or  exportrd,  and  thdt 
but  oiic«  liT  all ;  v>'h<'re»s  inien-ai  run*  aa  wcU  uron  uat 
slui»  n>  gooiU,  aud  must  be  yi'arly  pajil.  Vniids. 

SI.  To  have  a  course  or  direction. 

When;  the  ^neruily.alluwifd  pnu:tic«  runt  couuter  to  It. 

Locke. 
lAnW  U  tlip  wU.loni,  wlirro  the  fiight 
So  run*  Dg^uikM  all  r^aaua.  Shak, 

23.  To  pass  in  thought,  speech,  or  practice  ;  as,  tu 
run  through  a  series  of  arguments;  to  run  from  one 
topic  to  another. 

Virgil,  in  hla  finit  G(M>ri;tc,  has  run  into  a  ui  of  precepts  forcif  a 
to  his  subject.  Adduoti. 

23.  To  be  mentioned  cursorily  or  in  few  words. 

The  whole  run<  on  short,  like  srticlcs  in  an  sccuuiit. 

ArbuOinoL 

24.  To  have  a  continued  tenor  or  course.  The  con- 
versation ran  on  the  aflairs  of  the  Greeks. 

The  king's  oniJiiiiry  style  runnelA,  "  Our  soverplpn  lord  the 
king."  Sanderton. 

S5.  To  be  in  motion ;  to  speak  incessantly.    Her 
tongue  ritri^  continually. 
90,  To  be  busied. 

When  we  drstrt?  any  thing',  our  mlnJs  run  wholly  on  the  good 
circiiiiisuince*  u(  it;  when  it  is  utitiiintM,  our  minds  run 
wholly  on  the  bad  uiios.  Sw^fl, 

27.  To  be  popularly  known. 

I  names,  by  which  they  run  a.  rre*; 

28.  To  be  received  ;  to  have  reception,  success,  or 
continuance.  The  pamphlet  ntnjf  well  among  a  cer- 
tain clnss  of  people. 

29.  To  proceed  in  succession. 

8lic  s:iw  with  )oy  the  line  hnmurtal  run, 

KacIi  sire  imi>n.-ut;d  und  glaring  in  his  son.  Pop*. 

30.  To  pass  from  one  state  or  condition  to  another ; 
as,  to  run  into  confusion  or  error ;  lo  run  distracted. 

.dddiion. 

31.  Tu  proceed  in  u  train  of  conduct. 

You  Mliuuld  run  a  ccruin  courts.  Sliak. 

32.  To  be  in  force. 

The  owner  iialh  incurred  tlie  rorf.ilure  of  el^hl  yi':irs'  [irolits  of 
his  luids,  bel'up-  hi^  C'jmctli  to  the  knuwiL-dge  of  th>-  procen 
tli^t  runneth  ug^iiuit  liiin.  Bacon. 

33.  To  be  generally  received. 

H«  was  not  Ignumnt  wh»t  ivport  run  of  himself.         KnoUei. 

34.  To  be  carried  ;  to  extend  ;  to  rise  ;  as,  debates 
ran  high. 

In  popish  countries,  the  pcrwer  uf  the  cl-  rgy  runs  liighi-r. 

Ayi^ft, 

35.  To  have  a  track  or  course. 

Sf:arching  the  ulcer  with  my  probe,  the  sinus  run  up  nbore  the 

orifico.  wUeman, 

.3G.  To  extend  ;  to  lie  iu  continued  length.  Veins 
of  silver  run  in  different  directions. 

37.  To  have  a  certain  directitm.  The  line  runs 
east  and  west 

38.  To  pass  in  an  orbit  of  any  figure.  The  planets 
run  their  periodical  courses;  the  comets  do  not  rua 
lawless  through  the  rpfiions  of  space. 

39.  To  tend  in  growth  or  progress.  Pride  is  apt  to 
run  into  a  contempt  of  others. 

40.  To  trrow  exuberantly.  Ytrting  persona  of  10  or 
12  years  old  soon  run  up  to  men  and  women. 

If  tlic  riciiii'-ss  of  the  ground  c.-xuse  Hirnips  to  run  lo  Ipavcs, 
Iroading  down  the  leaves  will  help  their  rooting.    Morlinur. 

41.  To  discharge  pus  or  other  matter ;  as,  an  ulcer 
imns. 

42.  To  reach  ;  to  extend  lo  the  remembrance  of; 
as,  time  out  of  mind,  the  memory  of  which  runnclA 
not  to  the  contrary. 

43.  To  continue  in  time,  before  it  becomes  due  and 
payable  ;  as,  a  note  runs  thirty  days ;  a  note  of  six 
months  has  ninety  days  to  nin. 

44.  To  continue  in  eff*ect,  force,  or  operation. 

The  statute  may  be  prevented  frorn  runrting-  — by  the  act  of  the 
creditor.  Iloj-kitiaon.     Wheaton't  Rep. 

45.  To  press  with  numerous  demands  of  paymeut ; 
as,  to  run  upon  a  bank. 

4fi.  To  pass  or  fall  into  fault,  vice,  or  misfortune  ; 
as,  to  run  into  vice  ;  to  run  into  evil  practices ;  to  nut 
into  debt  ;  lo  run  into  mistakes. 

47  To  fall  or  pass  by  gradual  changes  ;  lo  make  a 
transition  ;  as,  colors  run  one  into  another. 

48.  To  have  a  general  tendency. 

Temp>;rate  climaleB  run  into  niodtnite  governments.      Swi/1. 

49.  To  proceed  as  on  a  ground  or  principle.  Upon 
that  the  ai)Ostle's  argument  runs.     [Rare.] 

Atierbury, 

50.  To  pass  or  proceed  in  conduct  or  management. 
Tanjiiin,  ninrdni  into  all  the  methods  of  tyranny,  after  a  cruel 

riign,  Wiis  expi-iled.  Stoi/t. 

51.  To  creep;  to  move  by  creeping  or  crawling; 
as,  serpents  run  on  the  ground. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD,  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 
970  ■  '  ~  ~ 


Il 


RUN 

59.  To  slide  ;  as,  a  sled  or  sleigh  runs  on  the  snow. 

53.  To  dart ;  to  shoot ;  as  a  meteor  in  the  sky. 

54.  To  fly ;  to  move  in  the  air;  as,  the  clouds  run 
IVom  N.  E.  lo  S.  \V. 

55.  In  Scripture,  to  pursue  or  practice  the  duties  of 
religion. 

Ye  dill  run  well ;  who  did  hisUer  jou  t  —  Gal.  t. 

56.  In  elections,  to  have  interest  or  favor;  to  be 
8up;)orted  by  votes.  The  candidate  will  not  rmn,  or 
he  will  run  well. 

To  run  qfUr ;  to  pursue  or  follow. 
Q,  To  search  for;  to  endeavor  to  find  or  obtain; 
as,  to  run  after  similes.  Locke. 

To  run  at ;  to  attack  with  the  horns,  as  a  bulL 

To  run  attay ;  to  flee  ;  to  escape. 

To  ran  aicay  with ;  to  hurry  without  deliberation. 

Locke. 
2.  To  convey  away  ;  or  to  assist  in  escape  or  elope- 
ment. 

To  run  in ;  to  enter ;  to  step  in. 

To  run  ivto  ;  to  enter ;  as,  to  run  inio  danger. 

Tu  run  in  trust;  to  run  in  debt ;  to  get  credit.  [JVot 
in  use,] 

To  run  in  with ;  to  close  ;  to  comply ;  to  agree  with. 
[Unujfual.]  Baker. 

2.  To  make  toward  ;  to  near  ;  to  sail  close  to  ;  as, 
to  run  in  witA  Llie  land  ;  a  seaman's  phrase. 

To  run  dotcn  a  coast ;  to  sail  along  it. 

Tu  run  on  :  to  be  continued.  Their  accounts  had 
run  on  for  a  year  or  two  without  a  settlement. 

2.  To  talk  incessantly. 

3.  To  continue  a  course.  Drayton. 

4.  To  pres?  with  jokes  or  ridicule  ;  to  abuse  with 
8arca»'m:« ;  to  bear  hard  on. 

7'n  run  over ;  to  overflow ;  as,  a  cup  runs  over  ,■  or 
the  liquor  runs  over. 

To  run  out ;  to  come  to  an  end  ;  to  expire  ;  as,  a 
lease  runs  out  at  Michaelmas. 

2.  To  spread  exuberantly  ;  as,  insectile  animals 
run  out  into  It^gs.  Hammond. 

3.  To  expatiate ;  as,  to  run  out  into  beautiful  di- 
gressions.    He  runs  out  in  prai^  of  Milton. 

.Addison, 

4.  To  be  wasted  or  exhausted  ;  as,  an  estate  man- 
aged without  economy  will  soi>n  run  euL 

5.  To  become  poor  by  extravagance. 

And  hod  her  itock  b?en  l<^*»,  no  doubt 

Shi?  nitwt  IwTe  U»n»  ago  run  out.  Dryden. 

To  run  riot ;  to  go  to  the  utmost  excess. 

To  run  up :  to  rise  ;    to  swell ;   to  amount     Ac- 
counts of  goods  credited  ru7t  up  very  fift. 
RUN,  F.   L      To   drive   or   push  ;    in  a  genrral  sense. 
Hence,  to  nut  a  sword  through  the  body,  is  to  stab  or 
pierce  it, 

a.  To  drive  ;  to  force. 

A  Ullcative  p^non  ncrw  htma^ir  upon  gTt»l  inconrrnlenc'^,  bf 
bluUiio;  oui  hi«  own  or  oih^n'  s^fi*.  Rat/. 

Oth-™,  «eii«toin'^  to  p^rireil  ■piroil.UJuns,  run  nslural  pliiloao- 
ptajr  into  nvuphyuc;il  rioiiunt.  Lockt. 

3.  To  cause  to  be  driven. 

Tlwy  mn  the  »hip  apwuiid.  —  AcU  xxvti. 

4.  To  mrlt ;  to  fuse. 

Tht>  fHirfit  ^d  niiut  t>?  rum  iind  washed.  Pelton. 

5.  To  incur;  to  encounter;  to  run  the  risk  or 
hazard  of  losing  one's  properly.  To  run  the  danger, 
is  a  phrase  not  now  in  use. 

6.  To  venture  ;  to  hazard. 

H*  would  hiinvlf  br  in  ihe  Higltlandi  to  Tf^ire  thrnij  iind  run 
hi*  fortuH'!-  wiUt  Okhi.  Clartndon. 

7.  To  smugcte;  to  impc)rt  or  export  without  pay- 
ing the  duties  required  by  law  ;  as,  to  run  goodd. 

8.  To  purxue  in  tbouehl ;  lo  carry  in  contempla- 
tion ;  as,  to  run  the  world  back  to  Us  first  original. 

SoutJu 

I  would  fflndly  uiid<;mitnd  the  farmatloa  ufa  mmiI,  uid  run  it  up 
t^  iU  punetum  talUna.  Collitr, 

9.  To  push  ;  to  thrust ;  a^,  to  run  the  hand  into 
the  pocket  or  the  bosom  ;  to  run  a  nail  into  the  foot, 

10.  To  ascertain  and  mark  by  metes  and  bounds; 
as,  to  mn  a  line  betwein  towns  or  slates. 

n.  To  cause  to  ply;  to  maintain  in  ninning  or 
Ms«ing ;  as,  to  run  a  stage-coarh  from  London  to 
Bristol:  to  run  a  line  of  packets  from  New  Ilavtn  to 
New  Yftrk. 

19.  To  cause  to  pass  ;  as,  to  run  a  r(»pe  through  a 
b1«ck. 

13.  To  found  ;  to  shape,  form,  or  make  in  a  mold  ; 
to  east ;  as,  lo  mn  buttons  or  balls. 

'I'o  run  down:  in  hunting,  to  chnse  to  Weariness  ; 
as,  t(i  run  down  a  stag. 

2.  hi  navigation,  to  run  doten  a  vessel,  is  to  run 
again-<t  her,  end  on,  and  sink  her.  Mar.  DicL 

3.  T<t  crush  ;  lo  overthrow  ;  tu  overbrar. 

Rrli^Qfi  ■  rundomi  by  the  lic^n*r  of  th^«*  tim"^.      Berkeley. 

To  run  hard ;  to  press  with  Jokes,  sarcasm,  or  ridi- 
ctile. 

2.  To  urce  or  press  importunately. 

To  run  orrr:  to  recount  in  a  cursory  manner;  to 
narrate  hastily ;  as,  to  run  over  the  particulars  of  a 
•tory. 

!L  To  consider  cursorily. 


RUN 

3.  To  pass  the  eye  over  hastily. 

To  run  out ;  to  thrust  or  push  out ;  to  extend. 

2.  To  waste  ;  to  exhaust ;  as,  to  mn  out  an  estate. 

To  run  through;  to  expend;  to  waste  ;  as,  lorun 
through  an  estate. 

To  run  up:  to  increase;  to  enlarge  by  additions. 
A  man  who  takes  goods  on  credit,  is  apt  to  run  up 
his  account  to  a  large  sum  before  he  is  aware  of  it. 

2.  To  thrust  up,  as  any  thing  long  and  slender. 
RITN,  n.    The  act  of  running. 

2.  Course  ;  motion  ;  as,  the  run  of  humor.   Bacon. 

3.  Flow  ;  as,  a  run  of  verses  to  please  the  ear. 

Broome. 

4.  Course  ;  process  ;  continued  scries  ;  as,  the  run 
of  events. 

5.  Way  ;  will ;  uncontrolled  course. 

Our  foioily  must  have  thoir  run.  ArbuVinoL 

6.  General  reception;  continued  success. 

It  i»  impossible  for  detached  pnpen  to  hn»e  k  general  run  or  long 
codtiau&uce,  if  not  diversifi-'d  with  humor.  Adt^on. 

7.  Modish  or  popular  clamor;  as,  a  violent  run 
against  university  education.  Sicift. 

8.  A  general  or  uncommon  pressure  on  a  bank  or 
treasury  for  payment  of  its  notes. 

9.  The  aflmost  part  of  a  ship's  bottom.   Mar.  Diet. 

10.  The  distance  sailed  by  a  ship;  as,  we  had  a 
good  run, 

11.  A  voyage  ;  also,  an  agreement  among  sailors 
to  work  a  passage  from  one  place  to  another. 

Mar.  Diet, 

12.  A  pair  of  mill-stones.  A  mill  has  two,  four, 
or  six  run;*  of  stones. 

1."*.  Prevalence;  as,  a  disease,  opinion,  or  fashion 
has  its  run. 

H.  In  the  Middle  and  Southern  States  of  America,  a 
small  stream  ;  a  brook. 

//(  the  long  run,  (a/  the  long  run,  not  so  generally 
used,)  signifies  the  whole  process  or  course  of  things 
takt-n  together ;  in  the  final  result ;  in  the  conclusion 
or  end. 

The  run  of  mankind;  the  generality  of  people. 
RUN'A-GATE,  n.     [Fr.  runairat.) 

A  fugitive  ;  an  apostate ;  a  rebel ;  a  vagabond. 

Sidney.     Shak. 
RUN'A-WAY,  n.      [run  and  away.]     One  that   flies 
from   danger  or  restraint;   one  that   deserts  lawful 
service  ;  a  fugitive.  SAoi. 

RUN  Ca'TIOX,  n.     [L.  ruveatio.] 

A  weeding.     [JVo(  in  use.]  Evelyn. 

RUX'Cf-NATE,  a.     [h.  runcina,  a  saw.] 

In  botany,  a  runcinate  leaf  is  a  sort  of  pinnatifid 
leaf,  with  the  lobes  convex  before  and  straight  be- 
hind, like  the  teeth  of  a  double  saw,  as  in  tlie  dan- 
delion. Martyn. 

A  leaf  wliich  has  sinuses,  and  of  course  lubes, 
that  slopi'  barkward,  is  said  to  be  runcinate. 

Lion  toothed  ;  cut  into  several  transverse,  acute 
secment'*,  pointing  backward.  Smith. 

RUN'DLE,  (run'dl,)  n.     [from  ronnd,  G.  rund.] 
'      1.  A  round  :  a  step  of  a  ladder.  Duppa. 

2,  Something  put  round  an  axis  ;  a  peritrt>chium  ; 
as,  a  cylinder  with  a  rundic  about  it.  H'Ukins. 

RUiVO'LKT,  i  7u     [fromround.]     A  small  barrel  of  no 
RUN'LKT,     \      certain  diinciirfions.     Il  may  contain 

from  thrue  to  twenty  galli»ns.  Encyc. 

RCNE,  n.     [See  Runic]     The  Runic  letter  or  charac- 
ter. Temple. 
RC'.N'ER,  n,    A  barfl  or  learned  man  among  the  an- 
cient Oolhs,     [See  Ruwic]  Temple. 
RCNES,  n.  pL    Gothic  characters,  poetr}-,  or  rhymes. 

Temple. 
RITN'G,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Riso. 

RUNG,  H.     A  tIiH>r  timlwr  in  a  ship,  whence  the  upper 
end  is  called  a  Ruwo-hkad  ;  more  properly,  a  Floor- 
head.  Jilar.  Diet. 
RO'Nie,  a.     [W.  rhin,  Ir.  mn,  Goth,  runa.  Sax.  run,  a 
secret  or  myrtery,  a  letter.] 

An  epithi-t  applied  to  the  language  and  letters  of 
the  ancient  Goths.      [In   Russ,  chronoyu  is  to  con- 
cral.] 
RUN'LET,  n.    A  little  nin  or  stream  ;  a  brook. 

2.  See  Ri;i»Di.cT. 
RUN'NEL,  n.    [from  run,]    A  rivulet  or  small  brook. 

[Kot  in  use.]  Fairfax. 

RUNNER,  «.  [from  run.]  One  that  runs;  that 
which  rans. 

2.  A  rarer.  Dryden. 

3.  A  nuissenger,  SmfL 

4.  A  thread-like  stem,  ninninR  along  the  ground, 
ns  in  thf  strawberry,  and  forming  at  its  extremity 
roots  and  a  youne  plant.  Lindlnj. 

5.  One  of  the  stones  of  a  milt.  Mortimer. 
*'}.  A  bird.  Jiinsieorth, 
7.  A  rone  used  to  increase  the  mechanical  power 

of  a  tackle.  ToUen. 

6.  One  of  the  limbers  on  which  a  sled  or  sleigh 
flides. 

BUN'NF.T,  n.  [D.  runzd,  from  runnen,  ronnen,  to 
curdle;  G.  rinnen,  to  curdle,  and  tr>  run  or  flow; 
Pax.  perunnen,  coagulated.  Il  is  also  wrillen  Ren- 
net, which  SL-e.] 

The  prepared  stomach,  or  the  ctmgulated  milk 
found  in  the  stomachs  of  calves  or  other  sucking 


RUS  _ 

qiiadnipeds.  The  same  nnmo  is  given  to  a  liquor 
prepared  by  steeping  the  inner  membrane  of  a  calPs 
stnniHch  in  water,  and  to  the  membrane  itself  1'hia 
is  used  for  coagulating  milk,  or  converting  il  into 
curd  in  the  making  of  cheese.  £ncve. 

KVN'NINO,  ppr.  Moving  or  going  with  rapidity} 
flowing. 

2.  a.    Kept  for  the  race ;  as,  a  running  horse. 

Law. 

3.  In  succession ;  without  any  intervening  day, 
year,  &c. ;  as,  to  visit  two  days  running  i  to  sow 
land  two  years  running. 

4.  Discharging  pus  or  other  matter  ;  as,  a  running 
sore. 

RUN'NING,  n.  The  act  of  running,  or  passing  with 
speed. 

2.  That  which  runs  or  flows  ;  as,  the  first  running 
of  a  still  or  of  cider  at  the  mill. 
n.  The  discharge  of  an  ulcer  or  other  sore. 

RUN'NING-FIGHT,(-fite,)n.  A  battle  in  whicbone 
par'y  flees  and  tiie  other  pursues,  but  the  paijy  fleeing 
ket-pi!  up  the  contest. 

RUN'NING-FIRE,  n.  A  term  used  when  troops  fire 
rapidly  in  succession.  CampbelPs  Mil.  Diet. 

RUN'NLVG-RIG'GING,  n.  That  part  of  a  ship's  rig- 
ging or  ropes  which  passes  through  blocks,  itc. ;  in 
distinction    from    STASotNo-KiGciNG.       [See    Rio- 

RUN'NING-TI'TLE,  n.     In  printing,  the  title   of  a 
book  that  is  continued  from  page  to  page  on  the 
upiwr  margin. 
RUNN'ION,  n.     [Ft.  rogncr,  to  cut,  pare,  or  shred.] 
A  paltry,  scurvy  wretch.  Shak. 

RUNT,  n.  [In  D.  rund  is  a  bull  or  cow  ;  in  Scot,  runt 
is  the  trunk  of  a  tree,  a  hardened  stem  or  stalk  of  a 
plant,  an  old  withiTcd  woman.  It  may  be  from  D. 
runnen,  to  contract.     See  Runnet.] 

Any  animal  small  below  the  natural  or  usual  size 
of  the  species. 

Of  lame  pl^oni  aro  croppers,  carriers,  and  runU.       Waltan. 

RU-PEE',  n.     [Pers.  *j  •»  ropah,  silver,  and  ropiah^ 

is  a  thick,  round  piece  of  money  in  the  Mogul's  do- 
minions, value  24  stivers.     Casidl.] 

A  coin  and  money  of  account  in  the  East  Indies. 
The  current  silver  rupee  is  valued  at  2s.  sterling,  or 
about  4(J  cents  ;  the  sicca  rupee  of  account  at  2s.  6d. 
sterling,  or  about  58  cents  ;  the  gold  rupee  at  99s.  2d. 
sterling,  or  nearly  seven  dollars.     Kelly.    McCuUach. 

RUP'TION,  n.     [L,  niptio,  rumpo,  to  break.] 

Rrearli  ;  a  break  or  bursting  open.  Wiseman. 

RUP'Tl'RE,  (rupt'yur,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ruptus,  rum- 
po,  to  break.] 

1.  The  act  of  breaking  or  bursting,  the  state  of 
being  broken  or  violently  parted  ;  as,  the  rupture  of 
the  skin  ;  the  rupture  of  a  vei^sel  or  fiber.  ArbulhnoL 

2.  Hernia;  a  preternatural  protrusion  of  the  con- 
tents of  the  abdomen. 

3.  Breach  of  peace  or  concord  ;  eitlier  between  in- 
dividuals or  nations  ;  between  national,  open  hostility 
or  war.  We  say,  the  parties  or  nations  have  conte 
to  an  open  rupture. 

He  knew  that  policy  would  disincline  Napoleon  from  n'rupturt 
wiih  his  family.  ^'  EoereU. 

RU1"TITRE,  V.  U     To  break  ;  to  burst ;  to  part  by  vio- 
lence r  as,  to  rupture  a  blood-vessel. 
RUP'Tl^RE,  V.  i.    To  suffer  a  bre.nch  or  disruption. 
RUP'TUR-tl),  pp.  ova.      Broken;  burst 
RUP'T^RE-WORT,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Herni- 
aria,  and  another  of  the  genus  Linum. 

Fam.  ef  Plants. 
Rl'P'Tr;R-I.\0,  ppr.     Breaking;  bursting. 
RO'RAL,  a.     [Fr.,  fVom  L.  rurulis,  from  rw3,tho  coun- 

l'.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  the  country,  as  distin- 
guifthtd  from  a  city  or  town  ;  suiting  the  country,  or 
resembling  il ;  as,  rural  scenes  ;  a  rural  prospect ;  a 
rural  situation  ;  rural  music.        Sidnni.     Thomson. 

2.  Pertaining  to  farming  or  agricuUure  ;  aa,  ruriiZ 


eronuniy. 


Oardner. 


RO'RAL  I>i?AN,  n.  An  ecclesiastic  who  had  the  care 
and  inspection  of  a  rfeanm^,  or  subdivision  of  anorch- 
di-aconry,  under  the  direction  of  the  bishop.  The 
oflice  has,  to  a  great  extent,  fallen  into  disuse. 

P.  Cyc 
RO'RAL-IST,  n.     One  that  leads  a  rural  life. 

Coventnj. 
RO'RAL-LY,  adp.     As  in  the  country,         fVakefield. 
RC'IIAL-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  being  rural.    DicU 
RU-Rie'O-LIST,  n.    [L.  ruricola',  nw,  the  country, 
and  e.olo,  to  inhabit.] 

An  inhabitant  of  the  country.     [J^ot  in  vse.] 

DicU 
RU-RIG'EN-OUS,  n.     [L,  ru.<,  the  country,  and  gig- 
nor,  to  b'^  bnrn.] 

Born  in  the  country.     [JVo(  in  use.]  Diet. 

ROSE,  n.    [FrJ    Artifice;  trick;  stratagem;  wile; 

fraud  ;  deceit.  ■Roy- 

RfTSE  DE  OUERRE\{T^i■£e  de  gviT'.)  [Ft.]    A  slrat- 

agf-m  of  war. 
RUSH,  n.    [Sax,  rics  or  rise ;  probably  L.  rusem.    The 
Swedish  corresptuiding  wtird  Is  anf,  the  Hebrew  r|3D, 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C10US.  — €  as  K }  0  aa  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  j  TH  as  in  THIS. 


UTl 


RUS 


RUS 


usually  rendered  se.i-weed,  and  applied  to  the  Ar- 
abic Gulf.  DtuL  i.  .1.  JVum.  xxi.  14.  This  corre- 
spondence deserves  notice,  ns  illustrating  certain 
passutces  in  the  Scripture^.] 

1.  A  pUmx  of  the  genus  Jnncu!i,  of  many  species, 
growing  mostly  in  wot  ground.  Some  species  nre 
used  in  bottoming  chairs  and  plaiting  mats.  The 
pith  of  the  rush  is  used  in  some  jdaces  for  wicks  to 
lamps  and  rush-lights.  ''•  Cs[c. 

The  term  rush  is,  however,  applied  to  plants  of  va- 
rious other  genera  beside  Juncns,  and  by  no  means 
lo  all  of  the  genus  Juncus.  _   . 

2.  Any  thing  proverbially  worthless  or  of  trivial 
value. 

John  Bull'*  fricnd»hip  k  not  wonh  ft  rwA.  Arintthnol. 

RUSH,  F.  i.  [Sax.  pfosan,  Arfojwn,  or  nB.«an  ;  Sw.  rusa  : 
G.  rcitsdteHy  D.  ruiscAem ;  Gr.  p^dcw.  The  G.  has  also 
kraustH^  the  Dutch  brutsscJkrn,  to  rush  or  n>ar ;  Dan. 
bnisen^So  rush.  The  WV Isb  has  6r^i<iirand  erysiaw^  to 
hurry,  to  hasten  ;  both  fnun  rh^Sy  a  rushing ;  rhysiaiD, 
to  rush.  We  have  rustle  and  In-usUe  proKibly  fN)ra 
the  same  source.  The  U'tlsh  brysiaie  seems  lo  be 
the  English  prtss.    See  Class  Rd,  No.  5,  9,  Ace] 

1.  To  move  or  drive  forward  with  impetuosity, 
violence,  .and  tumultuous  rapidity;  as,  armies  rush 
lo  ba^le  ;  waters  riLsh  down  a  precipice ;  winds  rash 
through  the  foresL  We  ought  never  to  rush  into 
company,  much  less  into  a  religious  as;jcmbly. 

2.  To  enter  with  undue  eagerness,  or  without  due 
deliberation  and  preparation  ;  as,  to  rash  into  busi- 
ness or  speculation  ;  to  ru^A  into  the  ministry. 

Sprat, 
RUSH,  r.  L    To  push  forward  with  violence.    [JVbt 

usrd,] 
RUSH,  a.      A   driving  forward    with   eagerness  and 

baste ;  a  violent  motion  or  course }   as,  a  rush  of 

troops  ;  a  rush  of  winds. 
RUSH'-BOT'TOM-£D,  a.     Having  a  boUom   made 

with  nishes.  Irving. 

Rr?H'-€AN-DLE,  (-kan-dl,)  n.     A  small,  blinking 

trijttr,  made  by  stripping  a  rush,  except  one  small 

strip  of  the  bark  which  holds  the  pith  together,  and 

dipping  it  in  tallow.  Jahnson,    Milton. 

RUSH'ED,  (nisht.)  prfU  of  Rush.     [See  the  wrh.] 

9-  a.    .\bounding  with  rushes.  R'artcn. 

RUSH'ER,  m.    One  who  m-^hes  forward.     Wkidock. 

2.  Oae  who  formerly  strewed  rushes  on  the  floor 

at  dances.  B.  Jjnson, 

RUSH'l-NESS,!*.    [fromriwAj.]    The  state  of  ab<mnd- 

ing  with  rushes.  Scott. 

RUSH'IXG,  ppr.     Moving  forward  with  impetuosity. 
RUSH'IXG,  n.     A  violent  driving  of  any  thing  ;  rapid 

or  tumultuous  course.     Is,  xvii. 
RUSH'-LIGHT,  (-lite,)  «.  The  light  of  a  rush-candle  ; 

a  small,  feeble  Iighu 

%  A  nish-candle.  i>cyc 

RUSH'-LTKE,  a.    Resembling  a  rush  ;  weak. 
RUSU'V,  a.     Abounding  wiLh  rusJies.        Mortimer. 
2.  Made  of  rushes.  TuktL 

Mj  ruxAy  cottch  and  fT\igt\  fiin,  Qo.dsmiA. 

RUSK,  n.     A  kind  of  light  cake. 

2,  Hard  bread  for  stores,  Ralrgh, 

RUS'MA,  n.     A  brown  and  light  iron  substance,  with 

half  as  much  quicklime  steeped  in  water,  of  which 

the  Turkish  women  make  their  psilothron  to  Uike  od* 

their  hair.  Orac. 

RCSS,  a.     [Sw.  ryss.] 

Pertaimng  to  the  Ross  or  Russians. 
[The  native  word  is  Russ.     We  have  Russia  fiv  in 
the  south  of  Europe.] 
RCSS,  ■.     The  lan:,'uage  of  the  Russ  or  Russians. 
RUS'SET,  a,     [Fr.   roui,   rovssf,  red:  lU  rosso;  Sp. 
rosOj  roxo;  L.  russus.     See  Red  and  Rvddt.] 
1.  Of  a  reddish-brown  colur ;  as,  a  russet  mantle. 


Our  niminer  such  a  rutatt  Viyrrj  wears. 


Dryden, 
Shak, 


2.  Coarse  ;  homespun  ;  rustic. 
[RcflSETT  is  but  little  used.] 
RUS'SET,  a.    A  couuiry  dress.  Dryden. 

RUS'SET,  i  a.    A  kind  of  apple  of  a  russet  color 

RUS'SET-ING,  I      and  mugh  skin. 

f  I  have  never  known  a  i»ear  so  called  in  America, 
though  it  seems  that  in  England  pears  have  this 
name.] 
RCS'SIA-LE ATH'ER,  (ru'shi  or  rush'i-lelh'er,)?!.  A 
soft  kind  of  leather,  made  in  Russia,  /t  is  curried 
with  the  empyreumatic  oil  of  the  bark  of  the  birch 
tree,  and  is  much  used  in  bookbinding,  on  account  of 


its  not  being  subject  to  mold,  and  being  proof  against 
insects.  tfre. 

RCS'SIAN,  (ru'shan.  This  has,  till  of  late,  been  the 
universal  pronunciation;  but  in  London,  rush'an 
has  now  become  prevalent.  SmerL)  a.  Pertaining 
lo  Russia. 

RCiS'SIAN,  (ru'shan  or  rush'an,)  n.  A  native  of  Russia. 

RUST,  n.  [Sax.  rust ;  D.  roest ;  G.  and  Sw.  rost ; 
Dan.  rasti  W.  rktcd  i  Gr.  (pvai0ni  probably  from 
its  color,  and  allied  to  ruddy,  red,  as  L.  rubigo  is  from 
rubeo.     See  Ruddt.] 

1.  The  red  or  orange-yellow  coating  on  iron  ex- 
posed to  moist  air ;  an  oxyd  of  iron  which  forms  a 
rough  coat  on  its  surface.  This  term  is  sometimes 
applied  lo  any  metallic  oxyd.  Ure.     P.  Cyc 

2.  Ltws  of  power  by  inactivity,  as  metals  lose  their 
brightness  and  smoothness  when  not  used. 

3.  Any  foul  matter  contracted  ;  as,  t-usI  on  com  or 
salted  meat. 

4.  Foul  extraneous  matter  ;  as,  sacred  truths  cleared 
from  the  rust  of  human  mixtures. 

5.  A  disease  in  grain,  a  kind  of  dust  which  gathers 
on  the  stalks  and  leaves  ;  in  reality,  a  parasitic  fun- 
gus or  mushroom.  Ed.  Encyc. 

RUST,  p.  i.     [Sax.  rustian  :  W.  rhydu.] 

1.  I'o  contract  rust ;  to  be  oxydizea  and  contract  a 
roughness  on  the  surface. 

Our  armon  now  may  rutt.  Dryden. 

2.  To  degenerate  in  idleness  \  to  become  dull  by 
inaction. 

Muat  1  ru»t  in  Egypt  ?  Drydtn, 

3.  To  gather  dust  or  extraneous  matter. 
RUST,  tt.  (.    To  cause  to  contract  nisL 

Kc^p  up  your  bright  aworda,  for  the  dew  will  rutl  them.    Skak. 

2.  To  impair  by  time  and  inactivity. 
RUST'-€0L-OR-£D,  (kul-lurd,)  a.    Having  the  color 

of  iron  rust.  Dc  Candolle. 

RUST'ED,  pp.    Affected  with  rust. 
RUS'Tie,  }  a.    [L.  rusiicusy  from  rusy  the  coun- 

RUS'Tie-AL,   \      try.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  country ;  rural ;  as,  the  rustic 
gods  of  antiquity.  Eneyc 

2.  Rude;  unpolished;  rough;  awkward;  as,  ruj- 
tie  manners  or  behavior. 

3.  Coarse ;  plain  ;  simple  ;  as,  rustic  entertain- 
ment ;  rustic  d  ress. 

4.  Simple;  artless;  unadorned.  Pope, 

5.  In  arcAitecturej  a  term  denoting  a  species  of  ma- 
sonry, the  joints  of  which  are  worked  with  grooves, 
or  channels,  to  render  them  conspicuous.  'J'he  sur- 
face of  the  work  is  sometimes  left  or  purposely  made 
rough,  and  sometimes  eveu  or  smooth. 

Oloss.  of  Arehit. 
RUS'TI€,  «.    An  inhabitant  of  the  country  ;  a  clown. 
RUS'Tie-AL-LY,  adv.     Rudely  ;   coarsely  ;  without 

refinement  or  elegance.  Dryden, 

RUS'TIC-AL-NESS,   «.      The   quality  of  being  n»- 

tical ;  rud.ness  ;  coarseness;  want  of  refinement. 
RUS'Tie-ATE,  r.  i.     [L.  rusticttr,  from  rus.] 

To  dwell  or  reside  in  the  country.  Pope. 

RUS'TI€-ATE,  v.  L     To  compel  to  reside  In  the 

country  ;  to  banish  from  a  town  or  college  for  a  time. 

Spectator. 
RUS'TI€-A-TED,  pp.     Compelled  to  reside  in   the 
country. 

2.  a.  In  arcAitecturey  having  the  character  of  rustic 
work. 
RUS'TIC-A-TING,  ppr.    Compelling  lo  reside  in  the 

country. 
RUS-Tie-A'TION,  n.    Residence  in  the  country. 

a.  In  universities  and  colleges,  the  punishment  of  a 
student  for  some  offense,  by  compelling  him  to  leave 
the  institution,  and  reside  for  a  time  in  the  coun- 

RUS-TIC'I-TY,  n.     [h.  rusticitas  ;  Fr.  rusticitS.] 

The  qualities  of  a  countryman;  rustic  manners; 
rudeness  ;  coarseness  ;  s-implicity  ;  artlessness. 

.Addison.     Woodjcard. 
RUS'Tie-LQOK-ING,  a,     ^^ipearing  to  be  rustic. 
RUST'I-I*Y,  a'dJD.     In  a  rusty  state.  Sidney. 

RUST'l-iXESS,  71.     [from  rustij.]     The  state  of  being 

rusty. 
Rl'ST'lNG,  ppr.     Contracting  rusi ;  causing  to  rust. 
RUS'TLE,   (rus'l,)   v.  i.      [Sax.  hristlan;  G.  rasscin,- 
Sw.  rossla,  to  rattle.] 

To  make  a  quick  succession  of  small  sounds, 
like  the  rubbing  of  silk  cloth  or  dry  leaves;  as, 


RYO 

a  rustling  silk  ;  rustling  leaves  or  trees ;  rustling 

wings.  Milton. 

H«  U  coming;   I  bcnr  tht- straw  ru§a*.  S/utk. 

RUS'TLER,  w.    One  who  rustles. 
RUS'TLING,  (ms'ling,)  ppr.  or  a.    Making  the  sound 

of  silk  cloth  when  rubbed. 
RUS'TLING,  n.     A  quick  succession  of  smalt  sounds, 

as  a  brushing  among  dry  leaves  or  straw. 
RUST'Y,  a.   Covered  or  affected  with  rust ;  as,aT-U£ty 

knife  or  sword. 

2.  Dull ;  impaired  by  inaction  or  neglect  of  use. 

Skak, 

3.  Surly  ;  morose.  Ouardiajt, 

4.  Covered  with  foul  or  extraneous  matter. 
RUT,  n.     [Fr.  rut;  Arm.  ntt,  the  verb,  rurfo/,  ru(«n  ,* 

probably  allied  to  G.  retien,  to  excite,  or  Sw.  ryta,  lo 
bellow.] 
The  coptilation  of  deer. 
RUT,  V.  i.     To  lust,  as  deer. 
RUT,  n,     [It.  rotaia,  from  L.  rota,  a  wheel.] 

The  track  of  a  wheel. 
RUT,  V.  t.    To  cut  or  penetrate  in  ruts,  as  roads. 

2.  To  cut  a  line  on  the  soil  with  a  spade.  Gardner. 

3.  To  cover.  Dryden, 
RO'TA-BA'GA,  n.    The  Swedish  turnip,  or  Brassica 

cnmpestris. 
ROTH,  rt,     [from  rue.]    'Mercy;  pity;   tenderness; 
sorrow  for  the  misery  of  another.     [Ofts.]     Fairfax, 
2.  Misery;  sorrow.     [Obs.l  Spenser. 

ROTH'KJJL,  a.     Rueful ;  woful ;  sorrowful.     [Obs.] 

2,  Merciful.     [Obs.]  [Carew. 

RCTH'FJJL-LY,  odu.    Wofully  ;  sadly.     [Obs.] 

Knolles. 
2.  Sorrowfully;  moumfVilly.     fOft.*.]       Spenser. 
ROTH'LESS,  a.  Cruel;  pitiless;  barbarous;  insensi- 
ble to  the  miseries  of  others. 


Their  rtigc  the  hottite  t»nda  rratrntn, 

All  bill  the  ruthltts  monarch  of  (he  main. 


Pope. 


ROTH'LESS-LY,  adv.  Without  pity  ;  cruelly  ;  barbar- 
ously. 

ROTII'LESS-NESS,  n.  Want  of  compassion;  in- 
sensibility to  the  distresses  of  others. 

RC'TIL,     I  n.     An  ore  of  titanium  of  a  reddish- 

RO'TILE,  )  brown  color,  sonietimes  passing  into 
red.  It  occurs  usually  in  prismatic  crystals,  some- 
times massive.  Dana. 

RO'TI-LANT,  0.      [L.  ri(t(7a7ts,  rutiTo,  to  shine  ;    per- 
haps from  the  root  of  red,  ruddy.] 
Shining.  Evelyn. 

RO'TI-LATE,  V.  L     [L.  rutilo.) 

To  shine  ;  to  emit  rays  of  light.    [JWc  used.]  Ure. 

RUT'TED,  pp.    Cut  or  penetrated  in  ruts.    [See  the 


[G.   reiter,   D*  ruiter,  a  rirfer.     See 


verb.] 

RUT'TER, 
Ride.] 

A  horseman  or  trooper.     [JV*ot  in  use.] 

RUT'TER-KIN,  n.      A   word   of   contempt;    an  old 
crafty  fox  or  beguiler.     [JVot  in  use.] 

RUT'TI-ER,  n.     [Fr.  routier,  from  route.] 

Direction  of  the  road  or  course  at  sea  ;  an  old  trav- 
eler acquainted  with  roads  ;  an  old  soldier.  [JVot  in 
use.]^  Cotgrave. 

RUT'TING  ppr  or  a.     Copulating  or  breeding.     [See 
the  verb.] 

RUT'TISH,  a.  [from  rut.]  Lustful ;  libidinous.    Shak. 

RUT'TISH-NESS,  n.     The  slate  or  quality  of  being 
nittish. 

RUT'TLE,  for  Rattle,  is  not  much  used.    Burnet. 

R-y-AC'O-LTTE,  n.     [Gr.  ,'w.£  and  \iOoi.] 

A  species  of  glassy  feldspar.  Dana. 

R'?'AL,  71.     A  coin.     [See  Rial.] 

RT'DER,  iu    A  clause  added  lo  a  bill  in  parliament. 


[See  RiDER  and  Ride.] 
R*E,  ( 


(ri,)  n.  [Sax.  ryge;  D.  roggei  G.  rocken;  Dan. 
rog  or  rug ;  S  w.  rag  or  rog ;  W,  rhyg.  This  word 
is  the  English  rough,] 

1.  An  esculent  grain  of  the  genus  Secale,  of  a  qual- 
ity inferior  to  wheat,  but  a  species  of  grain  easily 
cultivated,  and  constituting  a  large  portion  of  bread 
stufT. 

2.  A  disease  in  a  hawk.  .^insworth. 
R^E'-GRASS,  n.  A  popular  nameof  Lolium  perenne, 

a  grass-like  plant,  which  is  sometimes  cultivated  for 
cattle  in  England  ;  also  of  Hordeum  murinum,  a 
species  of  barley.  Loudon. 

RT'OT,  n.  In  HindooHan,  a  peasant;  a  cultivator  of 
the  soil ;  a  renter  of  land  by  a  lease  which  is  consid- 
ered as  perpetual,  and  at  a  rale  fixed  by  ancient  sur- 
veys and  valuations.  Asiat.  Res.    P.  Cyc. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE.  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BpQK.- 


72 


SAB 


STHE  nineteenth  letter  of  the  English  alphabet,  is 
9  a  sibilant  articulation,  and  numbered  among  the 
»emi-vowela.  It  represents  the  hissing  mrtde  by 
driving  the  breath  between  the  end  of  the  tongue 
and  the  roof  of  the  mouth,  just  above  the  upper 
teeth.  It  has  two  uses ;  one  to  express  a  mere  hiss- 
hig,  as  iit  Sabbath^  saek^  sin,  tAu,  thus  ;  the  other  a  vo- 
cal hissing,  precisely  like  that  of  i,  as  in  mtue^  loise, 
pronounced  muif,  wize.  It  generally  has  its  hissing 
sound  at  the  beginning  of  ail  proper  English  words, 
but  in  the  middle  and  end  of  words,  its  sound  is  to 
be  known  only  by  usage.  In  n  few  words  it  is  si- 
lent, as  in  Uile  and  vigcount. 

In  abbreviations,  S.  sLinds  for  societas,  society,  or 
soeitts,  fellow  ;  as,  F.  R.  &,  Fellow  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety. In  medical  prescriptions ^  S.  A.  signifies  secun- 
dum arUm,  according  to  the  rules  of  art. 

In  (Ac  tiutts  of  the  ancients^  S,  stands  for  Sfztus  :  Sp. 
for  Spurius ;  S.  C.  for  senatus  consultum  ;  S,  P.  Q.  R. 
for  senatus  populusque  Roman  its ;  S.  S.  S.  for  stratum 
super  stratum^  one  layer  above  another  alternalily  ; 
S.  y.  B.  E.  E.  Q.  r.  for  si  valesy  bene  Rst,  ego  quoque 
valeo. 

As  a  numeral,  S.  denoted  seven.  In  the  Italian  mu- 
sic^ S.  signi5es  solo.  In  books  of  navigation,  and  in 
common  usatre,  S.  stands  for  south  ;  S.  E.  for  south- 
east ;  &  fT.  for  south-west ,  S,  S.  E.  for  south-south- 
east ]  S,  S.  IV.  for  south-south-west,  &c. 

SA'BA-I8M.    See  SAmAm«M. 

SAB'A-OTH,  n.  [Heb.  n>K3X,  armies,  from  H3X,  to 
assemble,  to  fight,  The  primary  sense  is,  to  drive,  to 
urge  or  crowd.] 

Annies;  a  word  used,  Rom,  ix.  29,  James  v.  4, 
"  the  Ixird  of  Sabaoth." 

SAB-BA-TA'RI-AN,  n,  [frxtta  Sahbatk.]  One  who  re- 
gards the  seventh  day  of  the  week  as  holy,  agreeably 
to  the  letter  of  the  fourth  commandment  in  the  dec- 
alogue. There  were  Christians  in  the  early  church, 
who  held  this  opinion  ;  and  one  sect  of  Baptists, 
commonly  called  Seventh-<lay  Baptists,  do  so  now. 
2.  A  strict  observer  of  the  Sabbath.      [MuntocL 

SAB-BA-TA'RI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Sabbath,  or 
to  the  tenets  of  Sabbatarians.  Murdoch. 

SAB-BA-TaTII-AN-ISM,  tt.  The  tenets  of  Sabbata- 
rians. Bp.  IVard. 

SAB'BATH,  n.    [Heb.  n3P,  to  cease,  to  rest;  as  a 

noun,  cessation,  rest,  L.  sabbatum-j  At.  dXfc^w  'Q^- 
ata.] 

1.  The  day  which  God  appointed  to  be  observed  as 
a  day  of  rest  from  all  secular  labor  or  employments, 
and  to  be  kept  holy  and  consecrated  to  his  service 
and  worship.  This  was  originally  the  seventh  day 
of  the  we.-k,  the  day  on  which  G-td  rested  from  the 
work  of  creation  ;  and  this  day  is  still  observed  by 
the  Jews  and  some  Christians  as  the  Sabhaih.  But 
the  Christian  church  very  early  began,  and  still  con- 
tinue, to  observe  the  first  day  of  the  week,  in  com- 
memoration of  the  resurrection  of  Christ  on  that  day, 
by  which  the  work  of  redemption  was  complt-ted. 
Hence  it  is  often  called  the  Lord*s  day.  The  heathen 
nations  in  the  north  of  Europe  dedicated  this  day  to 
the  sua,  and  hence  their  Christian  descendants  con- 
tinue to  call  the  day  Sunday.  But  in  the  United 
Btates,  Christians  have  to  a  great  extent  discarded 
the  heathen  name,  and  adopted  the  Jewish  name 
Sabbath,  Sabbath  is  not  strictly  synonymous  with 
Sundai/.  Sunday  is  the  mere  name  of  the  day  ;  Sab- 
baVi  is  the  name  of  the  institution.  Sunday  is  the 
Sabbath  of  Christians  ;  Saturday  is  the  Sabbath  of  the 
Jews. 

2.  Intermission  of  pain  or  sorrow  -,  time  of  rest. 
Pneeful  aWp  out  the  SaibaA  of  the  tomb.  Po/m. 

3.  The  sabbatical  year  among  the  Israelites.     Lev 

XXT. 

SAB'BATII-BREAK-ER,  n.  [Sabbath  and  break.] 
One  who  profanes  the  Sabbath  by  violating  thf  lnws 
of  G"d  or  man  which  enjoin  the  religious  observance 
of  that  day. 

SAB'HATH-BREAK-ING,  n.  A  profanation  of  the 
Sahbnih  by  violating  the  injunction  of  the  fourth 
commandment,  or  the  municipal  laws  of  a  state 
which  require  the  observance  of  that  day  as  holy 
time.  All  unnecessary  secular  labor,  visiting,  trav- 
eling, sportt,  amusements,  and  the  like,  are  consid- 
ered as  S-ibbath-br caking. 

SAB'BATH-LESS,  a.     Without  intermission  of  labor. 

Bacnn. 

8AB-BAT'I€,  / «.       [Fr.   sahbaiique;    L.  sabbatin 

8AU-BAT'ie-AL,  \      ciw.l 

1.  Pcrtaming  to  the  Sabbath. 

2.  Il**stnibling  the  Sabbath  \  enjoying  or  bringing 
an  intermission  of  labor.  Gregory. 


SAB 


s. 


Sabbatical  y^ar,  in  the  Jewish  economy^  was  every 
genenth  year,  in  which  the  Israelites  were  commanded 
to  suffer  their  flt^lds  and  vineyards  to  rcM,  or  lie 
without  tillage,  and  the  year  next  following  every 
seventh  sabbatical  year  in  succession,  that  is,  every 
fiftieth  year,  was  the  jubilee,  which  was  also  a  year 
of  rest  to  the  lands,  and  a  year  of  redemption  or  re- 
lease.    Lev.  XXV. 

SAB'BA-TIS.M,».     Rest;  intermission  of  labor. 

SA-BE'AN.     See  Sahia.v. 

SA'BE-IS.M,  n.     The  same  as  Sabiakism.     D^jJnvUle. 

S.A-HELL'I.^N,  a.  Pertaining  to  tiie  heresy  of  Sa- 
bL-llins. 

SA-BELL'IAN,  n.  A  follower  of  Sabellius,  a  presby- 
ter of  Ptoleniais,  in  the  third  century,  who  main- 
tained that  there  is  but  one  person  in  the  Godhead, 
and  that  the  Son  and  the  Holy  Spirit  are  only  differ- 
ent powers,  operations,  or  odices  of  the  one  God  the 
Father.  He  was  thought  not  to  make  the  disiinclion 
in  the  Trinity  broad  enough,  while  Arius  wastiiousjht 
to  make  it  too  great.  Murdoch. 

SA-BELL'IAi\-IS.M,  n.  The  doctrines  or  tenets  of 
Sabellius.     [See  Sabellian.]  Barrow. 

SA'BER,  >  n.     [Fr.  sabre;  Arm.  sabrenn,  sdabla  i  Sp. 

SA'BRE,  {      saifU ;    D.    sabel ;    G.    sdbel      Uu.    Ar. 


aabba,  to  cut.] 

A  sword  or  cimetnr  with  abroad  and  heavy  blade, 
thick  at  the  back,  and  a  little  curved  toward  the 
point ;  a  falchion.  Encye. 

Sabrr-tasche,  (tash.)  [G.  tasche,  a  pocket.]  A 
leathern  case  or  pocket  worn  by  a  cavalr\-  officer  at 
the  lefl  side,  suspended  from  the  sword  belt. 

Campbells  Mil.  Diet* 
SA'BER,  i  v.L     To  strike,  cut,  or  kill  with  a  sahcr.  A 
SA'BRE,  \      small   party  was  surprised  at  night,  and 
alm(»st  every  man  sabered. 

SA'BR>0'^'  i  PP'     ^^^'^^  *"■  '''"^*^  ^^'*^  ^  s^^""' 

SA-BRING  ^'  i  PP^'  ^^"''■"e  ^^  killing  with  a  saber. 

SA'BI  AN,   (  a.     Pertaining  to  Saba,  in  Arabia,  cel- 

SA-Hk'  AN,  \     ebrated  for  producing  aromatic  plants. 

SA'Bl-AN,  a.     [Heb.  ndx,  an  army  or  host.] 

The  Sabian  worship  or  religion  consisted  in  the 
worship  of  the  sun  and  other  heavenly  bodies. 

Edin,  Encyc 

SA'BI-AN,  n.     A  worshiper  of  the  sun. 

SA'BI-AN-ISM,  n.  That  species  of  idolatry  which 
cimsisted  in  worshiping  the  sun,  moon,  and  flars. 
This  idolatry  existed  in  Chtildea  or  Persia  at  an  early 
period  of  the  world,  and  was  propagated  by  the  in- 
habitants who  migrated  westward  into  Euro[)e,  and 
continufd  among  our  ancestors  till  they  embraced 
the  Christian  religiim. 

SAB'INE,  n.  A  plant ;  usually  written  Satis,  which 
see. 

2.  A  small  fish,  which  is  sometimes  preserved  In 
oil  for  food. 

SA'BLE,  (sa'bl,)  n.  [Rusifl.  sobot :  G.  tobrl;  Sw.  Unn. 
and  I),  sabel  i  Fr.  liheline  i  It.  zibelliiio  :  Sp.  crbellina  ; 
L.  loboia  or  lobola,  an  ermine.  This  word  and  the  an- 
imal were  probably  not  known  to  the  Greeks  and 
Romans  till  a  late  period.  Jornandes  mentions  the 
sending  to  Rome,  in  the  Olh  cenlury,  aaphilinas  pellcs, 
sable  skins  ;  and  Marco  Polo  calls  them  libcliaes  and 
lombolines.     Pennant,  1.  %\.] 

1.  A  digitigrade  carnivorous  mammal ;  a  small  an 
imal  of  the  weasel  family,  the  Mustela  or  Martes 
zibrllina,  found  in  the  northern  latitudes  of  America 
and  Asrta.  It  resembles  the  marten,  but  has  a  longer 
head  and  ears.  Its  fur,  which  is  exceedingly  valua- 
ble. Consists  of  a  downy  under-wool,  with  a  dense 
coat  of  hair  overtoppi-d  by  another  still  longer  ;  this 
upper  covering  will  lie  in  any  direction,  backward  or 
forward  ;  and  a  skin  is  valued  in  proportion  as  this 
co:it  is  abundant,  black,  and  glossy. 

2,  The  fur  of  the  sable.  [.Jardine' a  J^at.  Lib. 
SA'BLE,  a.     [Fr.  i  Qu.  Gr.  ^j^os,  darkness.    Seethe 

noun.] 

Black  ;  dark  ;  used  chiefly  In  poetry  or  in  heraldry  ; 

a**,  \i(!ht  with  her  t(U>le  mantle  ;  the  sable  throne  of 

Night. 
SA'BLE-STOL-JED,  o.     Wearing  a  sable  stole  or  vest- 

mrnt.  Milton. 

SAIJ'I.IERE,  n.     [Ft.,  from  sable,  sand,  L.  sabHlum,] 

1.  A  sand-pit.     [JVot  much  usrd.]  Bailey. 

2.  In  carpentry y  n  piece  of  timbei  as  long,  but  not 
so  thick,  as  a  beam.     [OA5.]  OwilL 

SA-BOT',  (sa-bC,)  n.     [Fr.  »abat(  Sp.  tapato.'] 

A  wooden  shoe.     [J^ot  English.}  Bramhall. 

SA'BRE.     See  Sabih. 


SAC 


SAB-TJ-LOS'I-TY,  «.    [from   sahuloiLs.]    Sandiness ; 

grittiness. 
SAB'Q-LOUS,  a.     [L.  sahvdosua,  from  sabutum^  sand.j 

Sandy ;  gritty. 
SAC,  n.     [Sax.  sae,  saca,  sace  or  saeu^  contention.  This 

is  the  English  Sabb,  which  see.] 

1.  In  English  Imo,  the  privilege  enjoyed  by  the  lord 
of  a  manor,  of  holding  courts,  trying  causes,  and 
imiMJsing  fines.  CoweL 

2.  In  natural  hUtory^  &  bag  or  receptacle  for  u 
liquid.     [See  Sack.] 

SA'CAR.     See  Sakeb. 
SAC-CADE',  n.    [Fr.,  a  jerk.] 

A  sudden,  violent  check  of  a  horse  by  drawing  or 
twitching  the  reins  on  a  sudden  and  with  one  pull ; 
a  correction  used  when  the  horse  bears  heavy  on  the 
hand.     It  should  be  used  discreetly.  Encyc. 

SACCATE,  a.     [L.  satcus.] 

In  botany,  having  the  form  of  a  bag  or  pouch  ;  ftjr- 
ni<lu'd  with  a  bag  or  pouch  ;  as  a  petal,  &c. 
S.AG-CHAR'ie  ACID,  n.     An  uncrystallizable  acid 
pr  duct,  formed  along  with  oxalic  acid  during  the 
action  of  nitric  acid  on  sugar.  Brande, 

SAC  CHA-RIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  saccharum,  sugar, 
and  fero,  to  produce.] 

Producing  sugar;  as,  saechartferous  canes.    The 
maple  is  a  sacchariferous  tree. 
SAC-CHAR'I-FY,  v.  u    To  convert  into  sugar       Ure. 
SAC'CH.A-RINE,    a.       [from    Ar.    Pers.  so/tar;    Gr. 
aaK\ao  ;  L.  sacehaivm,  sugar.] 

Pertaining  to  sugar  ;  having  the  qualities  of  sugar; 
as,  a  saccharine  taste ;   the  saccharins  maner  of  the 
cane  juice. 
SAC'CHA-ROID,         (a.      [Gr.    aaKxap    and    ci^oj, 
SAC  CHA-ROID'AL,  (     likeness.] 

Having  a  texture  resembling  sugar;  most  com- 
monlv,  but  not  always,  loaf-sugar. 
SA€  CHA-ROM'E-TER,  n.   [L.  saccharum,  8ugar,and 
pcronv.] 

An  instniment  for  ascertaining  the  quantity  of  sac- 
charine matter  in  the  juice  of  a  plant,  or  for  deter- 
mining the  specific  gravity  of  brewers*  and  distillers' 
worts. 
SAC-CHO-LACTATE,  n.  In  chrmistry,  a  sail  formed 
by  the  union  of  the  saccholactic  acid  with  a  base. 

Fourcroy. 
SAC-CHO-LAC'Tie,  o.     [L.  saecharum^  sugar,  and 
lac,  milk.] 

A  term  in  chemistry,  denoting  an  acid  obtained 
from  the  sugar  of  milk  ;  now  called  mucic  acid. 

Fourcroy.     Vrt. 
SACCULE,  n.    A  little  sack. 

SAC-ER-DO'TAL,  a.  [L.  sacerdotatisy  from  saeerdogj 
a  priest.     See  Sacred.] 

Pertaining  to  priests  or  the  priesthood  ;  priestly  ; 
as,  sacerdotal   dignity  ;    sacerdot(U   functions  or  gar- 
ments ;  sacerdotal  character.  Stilling  fie  et, 
SAC-ER-DO'TAL-ISM,  n.    The  spirit  of  the  priest- 
hood. 
SAC-ER-DO'TAL-LY,  adv.      In  a  sacerdotal  manner. 
SACH'EL,  n.     [L.  sacculus,  dim.  ot  saccus;  W.  sagetl; 
Fr.  sacheL] 

A  small  sack  or  bag  ;  a  bag  in  which  lawyers  and 
children  carry  papers  and  books. 
SA'CilEM,  71.    In  Jimerica,  a  chief  among  some  of  the 

native  Indian  tribes.     [See  Saoamobe.J 
SA'CHEM-DOM,  n.    The  government  or  jurisdiction 

of  a  sachem.  Dtoight. 

SACK,  n.  [Sax.  «ffe,  sacc ;  D.  toA,  sek  ;  G.  sack  ;  Dan. 
sak  ;  Sw.  sSck ;  W.  sag  ;  Ir.  sac ;  Corn  loA  ,•  Arm. 
sach :  Fr.  sac :  It.  saeeo ;  Sp.  saco,  saca  ;  Port,  saco, 
sacco ;  L.  saceus;  Gr.  aaxKOi ;  Hungarian,  saak; 
Slav,  shakcl:    Heb.  pr.     See  the  verb  to  Sack.] 

A  bag,  usually  a  large  cloth  bag,  used  for  holding 
and  conveying  corn,  small  wares,  wool,  cotton,  hops, 
and  the  like.     Oen,  xlii. 

Sack  of  iBool,  in  commerce,  contains  26  stone  of  14 
lbs  each,  or  364  pounds.  McCufloch. 

A  sack  of  cotton,  contains  usually  about  300  lbs., 
but  it  may  be  from  150  to  400  [Kiunds. 

Sack  of  earth,  in  fortification,  \b  a  canvas  bag  filled 
with  earth,  used  in  making  retrenchments  in  haste. 

Encyc. 
2.  The  measure  of  three  bushels.  Johnson. 

SACK,  Tt.     [Fr.  «M,  seche,  dry.] 

1.  A  Sp<anish  wine  of  the  dry  kind,  supposed  to  be 
sherry.  S/tuk.     P.  Cye. 

2.  The  name  is  now  applied  loakind  of  sweel 
wine.  P.  Cyc. 

SACK,  Ti.  [L.  sarrtim,  whence  Gr.  aayof.  But  the 
word  is  Ceflic  or  Poutonic  ;  W.  ffegan,  a  covering,  a 
cloak.] 

Among  our  rude  ancestors,  a  kiud  of  cloak  of  n 
square  form,  worn  over  the  shoulders  and  body,  and 


TCNE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  £l  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


973 


SAC 

fBitenPd  in  from  by  a  cinsp  or  thorn.  It  was  orig- 
iiiiilly  made  uf  skin,  Hfttrward  of  wooL  [See  f'arro, 
Strabo,  Ciuver^  Bvchart,]  In  modern  times,tUis  name 
has  been  given  to  a  woman's  garment,  a  gown  with 
looae  plaits  on  the  back,  and  also  to  a  loose  outer 
parraenl  wum  by  men. 

SACK,  «   L    To  put  in  a  sack  or  in  bag3. 

Bettertmu 

RACK,  r.  L  [Arm  sac^a  ;  Ir.  sacham,  to  attack  ;  Sp. 
and  Fort,  satpirar,  to  phinder  or  pillage  ;  Sp.  to  ran- 
aack  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  gacary  to  pull  out,  extort,  dispi»s- 
scss  i  It.  saerheiririarff  to  sack  ;  Fr.  ^arcdiffr,  to  pil- 
lage ;  saccade^  n  jerk,  a  sudden  pull-  From  com- 
paring this  word  and  *oc*,  a  bag,  in  several  lan- 
giiaci's,  it  app«'ars  that  they  are  binh  from  one  rtxit, 
anil  that  the  primary  sense  Is,  to  stmin,  pull,  draw  ; 
hence  sa(k^  a  bag.  is  a  tie,  that  w  hich  is  tied  or  drawn 
togt^tlier  ;  and  sack,  to  pillage,  is  to  pu  II,  to  strip,  that 
is,''lo  take  away  bv  violence.  See  Class  Sg,  No.  5, 
15»  16,  1^,  .Ti),  74,  77,  ic] 

To  )>lnniti-r  or  pillage,  as  a  town  or  city.  Rome  was 
twice  taken  and.*arJtrt/  in  the  reign  of  one  pope.  This 
word  is  never,  I  believe,  applied  to  the  mbblng  of 
perstms,  or  pillaging  of  single  houses,  but  to  the  pil- 
laging of  towns  and  cities;  and  aatowns  are  usually 
or  orten  sacked^  when  taken  by  assault,  the  word 
may  sometimes  include  the  sense  of  taking  by 
aXoriQ. 

The  RomuM  Uy  audet  tbe  appceheoiioo  of  Kdog  tbHr  dtjr 
tattmi  bgr  »  uitwvtM  ennn/.  Addimtn. 

SACK,  n.  The  pillage  or  plunder  of  a  town  or  city  ; 
or  the  stonii  and  plunder  of  a  town  ;  as,  the  rack  of 
Trov.  Dryden, 

SACK'ACB,  R.  The  act  of  taking  by  storm  and  pil- 
laging. RastMe, 

SACK'BUT,  N.  [Sp.  McmkudUy  the  tube  or  pipe  of  a 
Mimp,  and  a  aackbut ;  Port,  gara^uxm  or  MUtfuebuxo ; 
W.  »wfm»t^U.  The  Dutch  call  it  xkuif-trvrnpet,  the 
tk90$  ti'a»ye<,  the  trumpet  that  may  be  drawn  out  or 
shortened.  SaeL,  then,  is  of  the  same  family  as  the 
(veceding  word,  signifying  to  pull  or  draw.  The 
last  syllable  is  the  L.  tmru.^.] 

A  wind  inAfument  of  music  ;  a  kind  of  trumpet. 
ao  contrived  that  it  can  be  lengthened  or  shnrtenea 
according  to  the  (one  required ;  said  to  be  the  same 
as  tbe  trombone.  Bm^e. 

SACK'CLOTII,  a.  [mcA  and  elotA.]  Ooth  of  which 
sacks  are  made;  coarse  cloth.  This  word  is  chietly 
naed  in  Scripture  to  denote  a  cloth  or  garment  worn 
in  moumiDg,  diatren,  or  moctificatioa. 


Gtnl 


'£1 


wkli« 


Jobxvi. 


I  bdbn  jUmt.— 9  8uk  fL 


SACK'CLOTH  .ED,  (klothd,)  c  Clothed  in  sack- 
clolh.  ffalL 

^CK'£D,  (sakt,)  pp.  PUIaged  ;  stormed  and  plun- 
dered. 

SACK'EIL  a.    One  that  takes  a  town  or  plunders  it. 

SACK'FJj'L,  a.     A  full  sack  or  bag.  Siei/t 

SACK'ING,  ppr.  Taking  by  assault  and  plundering 
or  pillaging. 

SACK'l.NG,  n.  The  act  of  taking  by  storm  and  pil- 
laging. 

S.\CK'ING,  a.     [Sax.  sacerng^  from  tire,  saec.'\ 

1.  Cloth  of  which  sacks  or  bags  are  made. 

2.  The  coarse  cloth  or  canvas  fastened  to  a  bed- 
stead f«>r  supporting  the  bed. 

SACK'LCSS,  a.  [Sax.  focJra-T,  from  sac^  contention, 
and  Ifosy  less.] 

Quiet  i    peaceable;  not  quarrelsome;   harmless; 
innocent.     [LaeaL] 
SACK-POS'SET,   a.      [stuk  and  posseL]      A   posset 
made  of  sack,  milk,  and  some  other  ingredients. 

Swift. 
SA€'RA-MENT,  a.     [Tr.  sacrement -,  IL  and  Sp.  sae- 
ramenlo :  from  L.  aacramentum^  an  oath,  from  aactr, 
sacred.] 

1.  Among  tmeiem  Ckristtm^  writers,  a  mystery. 
[JVMm  mm.] 

9L  An  oath ;  a  ceremony  producing  an  obligation  ; 
hut  not  u»td  m  tkit  general  sense, 

3.  In  ^reseaC  ma^r^  an  outward  and  visible  sign  of 
inward  and  spiritual  grace ;  or  more  parlieularlp,  a 
solemn  religious  ordinance  enjoined  by  Christ,  the 
head  of  the  Christian  church,  to  be  observed  by  his 
followers,  by  which  their  special  relation  to  him  is 
crrated,  or  (heir  obligations  to  him  renewed  and  rat- 
ified. Tbe  Roman  Catholic  and  Greek  churches 
have  Inng  held  to  seven  sacraments,  viz.,  baptism. 
Confirmation,  the  euchanst,  penance,  extreme  unc- 
tion, holy  orders,  and  matrimony.  The  Protestants 
mniiitain  that  there  are  only  two  sacrameiib=,  vir,, 
baptism  and  the  Lord's  supper.  Thus  baptism  is 
called  a  sacratnent-y  for  by  it  persons  are  separated 
from  the  world,  brought  into  Christ's  visible  church, 
and  laid  under  particular  obligations  to  obey  his  pre- 
cepts. The  eucharist,  or  communion  of  the  Lord's 
supper,  is  also  a  sacrament,  for  by  commemorating 
the  death  and  dying  Jove  of  Christ,  Christians  avow 
their  special  n-lation  to  him,  and  renew  their  obliga- 
tions to  be  faithful  to  their  divine  Master.  When 
we  use  sacrament  without  any  qualifying  word,  we 
mean  by  it, 

4.  The  eucharist  or  Lord's  supper.  JSddison. 


SAC 

SAC'RA-MENT,  ».  (.  To  bind  by  an  oath.  [.Vu( 
vsriL]  ImiuU 

SAC-RA-MENT'AL,  a.     Constituting  a  sncnmienl  or 
pertaining  to  it ;  ns,  sacramental  rites  or  elenit-nls. 
"i.  Bound  by  oath  ;  as,  the  sacramental  host. 

SAC-RA-.MENT'AL,  o.  That  which  relates  to  a  sac- 
rament. Jiltn-tvn. 

SAC-RA-MENT'AL-LY,  adv.  After  the  manner  of  a 
sacrament.  //all. 

SAC-RA-MEN-TA'RI-AN,  n.  One  who  rejects  either 
the  Roman  Catholic  or  the  Lutheran  doctrine  of  the 
real  presence  of  Christ's  body  and  blood,  in  the  sac- 
rament I'f  the  eucharist  or  Lord's  8iip|>er.     .Murdoch. 

SAC-RA-MEN'T'A-RY,  n.  An  ancient  book  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  church,  written  by  Popo  Gelasius, 
and  revised,  corrected,  and  abridged  by  Sl  Gregory, 
in  which  were  contained  all  the  prayers  and  ceremo- 
nies practiced  in  the  celebration  of  tbe  sacraments. 

Encyc. 
Q.  A  sacra  men  tar  ian  ;  a  tcnn  of  reproach  formerly 
applied  by  Roman  Catholics  to  Protestants. 

Stapleton, 

SAC-RA-MENT'A-RY,       >  a.    Pertaining  t(.  the  sac- 

SAC-RA-MEN-TA'RI-AN,  i  nuiunt  of  the  Lord's 
suiip'r,  or  to  the  sacmmentarian-*.  Murdork, 

SA  €RA'RI-UM.  n.  [U]  A  sort  of  family  chajwl  in 
the  hituscsof  the  Romans,  devoted  to  some  particular 
divinity.  Elmrs. 

SX'CKATE,  r.  t.     [L  mo-o.]    To  consecrate.    [Ofts.] 

SA'CRE.    See  Sakkb. 

SA'CRED,  o.  [Fr.  sacri  ;  Sp.  It.  and  Port  aacro; 
from  L.  sacevy  sacred,  holy,  cursed,  damnable  ;  W, 
segyTy  that  keeps  apart,  from  sSff^  that  is,  without 
access;  se/m,  to  secrete,  to  separate.  We  here  see 
the  connection  between  Sacredhess  and  Skcbect. 
The  sense  is,  removed  or  separated  from  that  which  is 
common,  vulgar,  polluted,  or  open,  public  ;  and  ac- 
evrsrd  is,  separated  from  society  or  the  privileges  of 
citizens,  rejected,  banished.] 

1.  Holy  ;  pertaining  to  God  or  to  his  worship  ;  sep- 
arated from  common,  secular  uses,  and  consecrated 
to  Gi>d  and  his  service;  as,  n  sacred  place  ;  a  miered 
day  ;  a  sacred  feast ;  sacred  service  ;  sacrrd  orders. 

2.  Proceeding  from  God  and  containing  religions 
precepts  ;  as,  the  sacred  books  of  the  Old  and  New 
Testament. 

3.  Narrating  or  writing  facts  respecting  God  and 
holy  things  ;  as,  a  sacred  historian. 

4.  Relating  to  religion  or  the  worship  of  God  ;  used 
for  religious  purposes;  tis^  sacred  sirngs;  sacred  mu- 
sic ;  sMred  history. 

5.  Consecrated ;  dedicated  ;  devoted  ;  with  to. 

A  templtf  satrtd  to  tbe  qaeen  of  )ot«.  Drydtn. 

6.  Entitled  to  reverence ;  venerable. 

Port  vtd  Bum  to  ihw  kIoop  wrrp  fiven. 

The  two  moM  «Mr«t  nanwa  of  earth  miil  bntv^n.         Cowley. 

7.  Inviolable,  as  if  appropriated  to  a  superior  be- 
ing ;  as,  sacred  honor  or  promise. 

SMreu  of  marmgr  atill  tiK  tacrcd  bcM.  l>ryden. 

Sacred  majestv.  In  this  title,  sacred  has  no  definite 
meaning,  or  it  fa  blasphemy. 

Sacrrd  place,  in  the  civil  law^  is  that  where  a  de- 
ceased pt-rxon  is  buried. 
8A'€RED-LY,  arfr.    Religiously;  with  due  reverence, 
an  of  something  holy  or  consecrated  to  God;  as,  to 
observe  the  Sabbath  sacredly :  the  day  is  sacredly  kept. 
2.  Inviolably  ;  strictly  ;  as,  to  observe  one's  word 
sacredly  :  a  secret  to  be  sacredly  kept. 
SA'CREb-NESS,  n.     The  state   of  being  sacred,  or 
consecrated  to  God,  to  liis  worship,  or  to  religious 
uses  ;  holiness  ;  sanctity  ;  as,  the    sacredness  of  the 
e.anctuary  or  its  worship  ;  the  sacredness  of  the  Sab- 
bath ;  the  sacredness  of  the  clerical  office. 

2.  Inviolableness ;   as,  the  sacredness  of  marriage 
vows  or  of  a  trust. 
3A-(TRIF'ie,  I   a,      [L.    saerijicus.       See    Sacbi- 

SA-CRIF'ie-AL,  i       FICE.J 

Employed  in  sacrifice.  Johnson. 

SA-€RIF'I€^A-BLE,  a.     Capable  of  being  otr.;red  in 
sacrifice.     [Ill-rormed^  harsh^  and  nut  used.]     Brotcn. 
S.\-eRIF'ie-A\T,  n.     [L.  sacrificans.] 

One  that  offers  a  sacrifice.  //allyioeU. 

SAe-RI-FI-CA'TOR,  n.     [Fr.  siicr}fieateur.\ 

A  sacrificer ;  one  that  ofll'rs  a  sacrifice.  fJVot 
used,  ]  Brown, 

SA-€RlF'ie-A-TO-RY,  a.    Offering  sacrifice. 

SherrDood. 
S.^€'RI-FTCE.  (sak're-flze,)  r.  U      [L.  facrifco ;  Fr. 
sacrifier :  Sp.  sacrificar ;  iL  sacrijic-are ;  L.  sacer^  sa- 
cred, and  faeio,  to  make.] 

1.  To  immolate  or  consume,  partially  or  wholly, 
on  the  altar  of  God,  either  as  an  atonement  for  sin, 
or  to  procure  favor,  or  to  express  thankfulness;  as, 
to  sacrifice  an  ox  or  a  lamb.    2  Sam.  vi. 

2.  To  destroy,  surrender,  or  suffer  to  be  lost,  for 
the  sake  of  obtaining  something;  as,  to  snerifice  the 
peace  of  the  church  to  a  little  vain  curiosity.  We 
should  never  sacrifice  health  to  pleasure,  nor  integrity 
to  fame. 

3.  To  devote  with  loss, 

Condemnpd  to  Ktcrijice  his  clillitUh  jcari 

To  t«btiliji^  ignorance  and  to  empty  fei\n.  Prior. 

4.  To  destroy  ;  to  kill. 


SAO 

SAC'RI-FTCE,  t.  i.  To  make  offerings  to  God  of 
things  consumed  on  the  altar.     Kjnd.  iii. 

SAC'RI-FICE,  (salt're-flxe,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  sacri- 
Jicium.] 

1.  An  animal  or  any  other  thing  presented  to  God 
and  burned  on  the  altar,  as  an  acknowledgment  of 
his  power  and  providence,  or  to  make  atonement  for 
sin,  npjtease  his  wrath,  or  conciliate  his  favor,  or  to 
express  thankfulness  for  his  benefits.  Animals 
offered  in  sacrifice  are  called  rictinrti  sacrifices  in 
which  no  Mood  is  shed,  are  called  nnliloody  sacrijiee-n. 
Sacrifices  arc  erpiatory,  impetratory,  and  tucfiaristical ; 
that  is,  atoning  for  sin,  seeking  favor,  or  expressing 
thanks.  A  aacrifiec  ditlers  from  an  oblation,  by  being 
consumed  partially  or  wholly,  (in  the  altar;  whereas, 
the  oblation  is  only  consecrated  to  God  or  to  a  relig- 
ions use,  as  tithes,  first  fruits,  or  contributions  for 
religious  purposes.  Sacr^cfs  have  been  common  to 
most  nations,  and  have  been  offered  to  false  gods,  as 
well  as  by  the  Israelites  to  Jehovah. 

//uuian  sacrifcf~t^  the  killing  and  offering  of  human 
beings  to  deities,  have  been  practiced  by  some  barba- 
rous nations. 

2.  I'he  thing  offered  to  God,  or  immolated  by  an 
act  of  religion. 

My  lif'*,  if  thoit  pftory'il  my  lifn, 

Tliy  aacrifief  bIwII  be.  AddUon. 

3.  Destruction,  sirrrender,  or  loss  made  or  incurred 
for  gaining  some  object,  or  for  obliging  another  ;  as, 
the  sacrifice  of  interest  to  pleasure,  or  of  pleasure  to 
interesL 

4.  Anv  thing  destroyed. 

SAC'RI-FIC-ED,  (sak're-flzd,)  pp.  Offered  to  God 
upon  an  altar ;  destroyed,  surrendered,  or  suffered 
to  be  lost. 

SA€'RI-FIC-ER,  (snk're-flz-er,)  n.  One  that  sacri- 
fices or  immolates.  Drydcn. 

SAe-RI-FI"ClAL,  (saknvfish'al,)  a.  Perfiinning 
sacrifice;  included  in  sacrifice;  consisting  in  sacri- 
fice. Shiik.     Tuiitor. 

SA€'RI-FIC-ING,  (sak're-fiz-ing,)  ppr.  Om>ring  to 
God  U|>on  an  altar;  surrendering,  or  suffering  to  be 
lost ;  destroying. 

SAC'RI-LEGE,  (-lej,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  sacrilegiumi 
sarrr,  sacred,  and  /e^'o^to  take  or  steal.] 

The  crime  of  violating  or  profaning  sacred  things  ; 
or  the  alienating  to  laymen  or  to  common  purposes 
what  has  been  appropriated  or  consecrated  to  re- 
ligious persons  or  uses. 

Ant)  the  hid  IrfaitiiT'S  in  licr  SAcml  tomb 

With  sacriUgt  to  iWg.  Spenser. 

SAC-RI-LK'GIOUS,  a.     [h.  saenlemis.] 

1.  Violating  sacred  things  ;  pulKitcd  with  the  crime 
of  sacrilege. 

Above  the  reach  of  lacrUegioua  hsiids.  Pops. 

2.  CorUaiiiing  sacrilege  ;  ^i,&  sacrile^ous  attempt 
or  act. 

SAe-RLLE'GIOUS-LY,  adv.  With  sacrilege  ;  in  vi'o- 
l;ition  of  sacred  things  ;  as,  sacrile^ously  invading 
the  pro[)erty  of  a  church. 

SAC-RI-Lk'GIOUS  NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being 
sacrilegious. 
2.  Uis^|»sit)nn  to  sacrilege.  Scott, 

SA€'RI-Le-<jIST,  n.     One  who  is  guilty  of  sacrilege. 

Spehnan. 

SA'CRING,  ppr.     [from  Fr.  sacrer.] 

Consecrating.     [J^Tot  in  use.']  Temple,     S!wk. 

SA'CRING-BELL,  71.  A  small  bell  used  in  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  church  to  call  attention  to  the  more 
solemn  parts  of  the  service  of  the  mass ;  called  also 
Saints'  Bell,  or  Mass  Rcli- 

Shak.      OIoss.  of  .SrchiU 

SA'CRIST,  Ti.  A  sacristan  ;  a  person  retained  in  a 
cathedral  to  copy  out  music  for  the  choir,  and  take 
care  of  the  books.  Bushy. 

SACRIST-AN,  n.  [Fr.  saeristahi  ;  It.  sacristano;  Sp. 
sacristctn  ;  from  L.  sacer,  sacred.] 

An  officer  of  the  church  who  has  the  care  of  the 
utensils  or  movables  of  the  church.  It  is  now  cor- 
rupted into  Sexto;*. 

SAC'RIST-Y,  n,  [Fr.  sacriatie ;  Sp.  and  It.  sacristia; 
from  L.  sacer,  sacred.] 

An  apartment  in  a  church  where  the  sacred  uten- 
sils, vestments,  &.C.,  are  kept;  now  called  the  Ves- 
Tar.  Drydcn.     Jiddison. 

SAG'RO-SAXeT,a.  [L.  sacrosanctus  j  sacer  a.nA  sajie- 
tus,  holy.] 

Sacred  ;  inviolable.     [JVot  in  use.]  More. 

S.\D,  a.  [In  W.  sod  signifies  wise,  prudent,  sober, 
permanent  It  is  probable  this  word  is  from  the  root 
of  set,  I  have  not  found  the  word,  in  the  English 
sense,  in  any  other  language.] 

1,  Sorrowful ;  affected  with  grief;  east  down  with 
aflliction. 

Th'  itn^lic  ^inrl>  luc^ndr-tl,  mut"  nnd  tad.  Milton. 

Sad  tor  their  Iom,  but  joyful  of  our  life.  Pop*. 

2,  Habitually  melancholy ;  gloomy ;  not  gay  or 
cheerful. 

See  in  hfr  CpH  tad  KloUa  eprend.  Popt. 

3.  Downcast ;  gloomy  ;  having  the  external  ap- 
pearance of  sorrow  ;  as,  a  sad  countenance.  Jllatt.  vi. 

4.  Serious  ;  grave  ;  not  light,  gay,  or  volatile. 
Lady  Gaiheriii**,  a  tad  and  religions  womtn.  Bacon. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREV.— PL\E,  MARKNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 


SAF 

5.  Afflictive  ;  calamitous  ;  causing  Borrow  ;  as.  a 
gad  accident ;  a  sad  mi!^fu^tune. 

6.  Dark-colored. 

Woucf ,  or  wade,  i»  oaed  bj  the  djen  to  ]mj  tbe  fouiHJution  of  &I1 
tad  colun.  MorUmer, 

[Tkit  sense  is,  Ibelietfe^  entirely  obsolete.] 

7.  Bad  ;  vexatious ;  as,  a  sad  husband.  [Colloquial.] 

8.  Heavy  j  weighty  ;  ponderous,  [^Addison. 
With  ihai  his  hand  more  uad  than  lump  of  le*d.        Speruer. 

[Ob,.] 

9.  Close  i  Run;  cohesive  ;  opposed  to  Light  or 
Friable. 

Chalky  Unda  are  nMiirally  cold  and  tad,    [ObtJ]    Mortimer. 
[The  two  latter  senses  indicate  that  the  primary 
sense  is  set,  fixed  ;  W.  sadiuw,  to  make  firm.] 
SAD'D£\,  (sad'n,)  r.  L    Tu  make  sad  or  sorrowful  ; 
also,  til  make  melancholy  or  gkMjmy.  Pope. 

2.  To  make  dark-colored.     [Obs.] 

3.  To  make  heavy,  firm,  or  cohesive. 

Marl  is  t>iiiil>n«,  and  saddffdng  of  Uuid  !•  (be  great  prejtidice  it 
duUi  u>  clay  l.tuiis.     (<^.|  Morliiner. 

SAD'DE.\-£D,  Ttp.     Mad*?  sad  or  {•loomy. 
SAD'D£N-I\G,  ppr.     Milking  sad  or  (iloomy. 
SAD'DER,   n.      A:i   abridgment  or  summary  of  the 

Zfndavesia  in  the  motlern  Persian  language. 
SAD'DKR,  a. ;  evmp.  ut  Sad.  [Brande. 

8AD'DE.ST,  a. ;  superl.  of  Sad. 
SAD'DLE,  (Md'l,)  H.     [Sax.  sadel,  sadl:  D.  zadel ;  G. 

sattel;  Dan.  and   Sw.  sadel;  VV.  saiiell:  It.  sadfMlli 

Russ.  sedlo  or  siedlo ;   frotu  the  root  of  sit^  sety  L. 

stdeo,  sedile.] 

1.  A  seat  to  be  placed  on  a  horse's  back  for  the 
rider  to  sit  on.  Saddles  are  variously  made,  as  the 
commim  saddle  and  the  hunting-saddle,  and  tor  fe- 
males the  side-saddle. 

9.  Among  seamen,  a  cleat  or  block  of  Avood  nailed 
on  the  tower  yard-arms  to  retain  the  studding-sail- 
booms  in  their  place.  The  name  is  given  also  ti> 
other  pieccfi  of  wood  hollowed  out ;  as,  the  saddle  of 
the  bowspriL  Totteu. 

A  saddle  of  venison,  or  muWon,  consists  of  the  ribs  on 
botli  sides,  not  separated  through  the  back-bone. 
SAD'DLE,  B.  L    To  put  a  saddle  on. 

Abraham  rose  eari;  in  Uw  monuag  and  taddUd  his  au.  — Gen. 
xxii. 

2.  To  load  ;  to  fix  a  burden  on  ;  as,  to  be  saddled 
with  the  expense  of  bridges  and  highways. 

SAD'DLE-UACK -ED,  (sad'l-bakt,)a.     Having  a  low 

back  and  an  elevated  neck  and  head,  as  a  horse. 
SAD'DLE  BAGS,  Ti.   pi.      Bags,  usually   of  leather, 

united  by  straps,  for  carriage  on  horseback,  one  bag 

on  each  side. 
SAD'DLE-UoW,  n.     [Sax.  sadl-boffa.] 

The  bows  of  a  saddle,  or  the  pieces  which  form 

the  front. 
S.\D'DLEl-€LOTH,  ».     A  cloth  under  a  saddle,  and 

extending  out  behind  ;  the  housing. 
SADDLED,  pp.     Fiirnislied  with  a  saddle;  loaded. 
SAD'DLE- .MAK-EB,  I  n.     One  whose  occupaliun  is 
SAD'DLER,  t      to  make  saddles. 

SAD'DLER-Y,  n.     The  materials  fur  making  saddles 

and  harnesses. 

2.  The  articles  nsnally  offered  for  sale  in  n  sad- 
dler's shop.  Booth. 

3.  The  trade  or  emplnynient  of  n  saddler. 
SAD'DLE-SHAP-ED,  (-sliipt,)  a.     In  jieoh,<ry^  an  epi- 
thet applied  ti»  slriita  when  bent  on  each  side  of  a 
mountain,  without  being  broken  at  tup.  Buchanan. 

SAD'DLK-TREE,  n.    The  frame  of  n  saddle. 

SAD'DUNG,  ppr.  Putting  a  i>addle  on  ;  fixmg  a  bur- 
den on. 

SAD-DU-CrVA.V,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  Sadducoea. 

SAD'DL"-CEE,  n.  One  of  a  sect  ninnng  the  ancient 
Jews,  who  denied  the  resurrection,  a  future  state, 
and  the  exi^^tence  i>f  angels,     .icts  xxili. 

SAD'DU-C'ISM,n.  The  tenets  of  the  Sadducees.  ^/orc 

SAD'DIM.'IZ  ING,  a.  Adopting  the  principles  of  the 
Saddiicees;  as,  Sndduciziiisr  tShn^iUnw.    Jiderhury. 

SAD'I-RO.N,  (-I'urn,)  n.  An  instrument  for  smootliing 
or  ironing  clothes  ;  a  tint-iron. 

SAD'LY,  adv.     Sorrowfully  ;  mournfully 

Hi?  aadly  aulTcn  i»  thvir  gnaf.  DryrUn. 

2.  In  a  calamitous  or  miserable  manner.  The 
mis'furtuties  which  others  cxi)erience,  we  may  one 
day  sadiy  feel. 

3.  In  a  dark  color.     [Oh».]  B.  Jonson. 
SAD'N'ESS,  n.     Sorrowfulness;  moumfulnesa  ;  dejec- 
tion of  mind  ;  as,  grief  and  sadness  at  the  memory  of 
•in.                                                                     Dtcay  of  I'icty. 

2.  A  melancholy  look  ;  gloom  of  countenance. 

Dim  Mtuneti  iM  not  a^ra 
Celnlial  viKigr*.  Milton. 

3.  Seriousness ;  sedate  gravity.  I>et  every  thing 
in  a  miiurnrul  subject  have  an  air  of  sadness. 

SAFE,  a.  [Fr.  mm/,  sauce,  contracted  from  L.  salvus, 
from  sahiA,  safety,  health.] 

1.  Frtie  from  danger  of  any  kind  ;  as,  safe  from 
enemies;  safe  from  disease ;  sttfe  from  storms;  safe 
from  the  malice  of  ftjes. 

2  Free  from  hurt,  injury,  or  damage  ;  as,  to  walk 
.4n/V  over  red-bol  pluwsliares.  We  brought  the  goods 
n^ft  to  land. 


SAG 

3.  Conferring  safety  ;  securing  from  harm;  as,  a 
safe  guide  ;  a  safe  harbor ;  a  safe  bridge. 

4.  Not  exposing  to  danger.     PUil.  iii. 

5.  No  longer  dangerous  :  platuid  beyond  the  power 
of  doing  harm ;  a  ludicrous  meaning. 


Bamjiio's  «aft. 
Ay,  mjr  pxxl  lord,  aa/e  m  i\  diich. 


Shei. 


SAFE,  n.  A  place  for  safety  ;  a  fire-proof  chest  or 
closet  for  containing  money,  valuable  papers,  &c. ; 
a  chest  or  closet  for  securing  provisions  from  noxious 
animals. 

SAFE,  V.  L    To  render  safe.     [JVi-^  in  use.]         Shak. 

SAFE-eON'DUeT,  71.  [safe  and  conduct;  Fr.  savf- 
conduit.] 

That  which  gives  a  safe  passage,  either  a  convoy 
or  guard  to  protect  a  person  in  an  enemy's  country 
or  in  a  foreign  country,  or  a  writing,  a  pass,  or  war- 
rant of  security,  given  to  a  person  by  the  sovereign 
of  a  country,  to  enable  him  to  travel  with  safclv. 

SAFE'GUXRD,  (gird,)  ju     [safe  and  guard.]     He  or 
that  which  defends  or  protects  j  defense  ;  protection. 
The  tword,  llie  ga/eguard  of  thy  l>rotlier'«  throne.    Granville. 

2.  A  convoy  or  guard  to  protect  a  traveler. 

3.  A  passptirt ;  a  warrant  of  security  given  by  a 
sovereign  to  protect  a  stranger  within  his  territories  ; 
formerly,  a  protection  granted  to  a  stranger  in  prose- 
cuting his  rights  in  due  course  of  law.  Eneyc. 

4.  An  outer  petticoat  to  save  women's  clothes  on 
horseback.  Mason. 

SAFE'GL'aRD,  r.  £.     To  guard;    to  protect.     [Liale 

usrd.]  Shak. 

S.\FE-KEEP'ING,  n.     [safe   and   keep.]     The  act  of 

keeping  or  preserving  in  safety  from  injury  or  from 

e?ca[k;. 
SAFE'-LODG-ED,  a.     Lodged  in  safety.       Carlisle, 
SAFE'LI-EK,  adt\  comp.     More  safely. 
SAFE'LI-EST,  adv.  super.     Most  safely. 
SAFE'LY,  otic.     In  a  safe  manner  ;  without  incurring 

danger  or  hazard   of  evil  consequences.     We  may 

safely  prt)ceed,  or  safely  conclude. 

2.  Wiihoul  injury.    "We  passed  the  river  safely. 

3.  Without  escape;  in  close  custody  ;  as,  to  keep 
a  prisoner  safely. 

SAFE'NESS,  n.  Freedom  from  danger;  as,  the  «<^e- 
ness  of  an  experiment. 

2.  The  state  of  being  safe,  or  of  conferring  safety  ; 
as,  the  s<^fcnes.■i  of  a  bridge  or  of  a  bout. 
SAFE'TV,  n.     Freedom  from  danger  or  ha7.ard  ;  as, 
the  s<\fcty  of  an  electrical  experinieut ;  the  safety  of  a 
voyage. 

I  wu  not  In  tafety,  nor  had  1  nsU  — Job  iii. 

2.  Exemption  from  hurt,  injury,  or  loss.  We 
crossed  tbe  Atlantic  in  safety. 

3.  Preservation  from  escape  ;  close  custody  ;  as,  to 
keep  a  prisoner  in  aafcty. 

4.  Preservation  from  hurt.  Shak. 
SAFE'TV-L.AMP,   ».      A   lamp    covered    with   wire 

gaiiz.',  to  give  light  in  mines,  without  the  danger  of 
setting  fire  to  inllammuble  gases.  Invented  by  Sir 
'Hiiin|iliry  Davy. 
SAFE'TV-VALVR,  n.  A  valve  fitted  to  the  boiler  of 
a  F^tram-tmgine,  which  tipens  and  lets  out  the  steam 
wlieii  the  pressure  within  becomes  too  arenl  for 
safety.  Francis. 

S.AF'FL^W,  TI.     The  plant  saffluiver,  whicii  see. 
8AF'FLOW-ER,   n.      An   aninnil    )>laiit,   Carthamus 
tinctorius  ;  also  called  IIastakd  Safkrun. 

2.  A  deep  red  feculn  scp.'irated  from  orange-colored 
flowers,  particularly  those  of  the  Carthamus  tincto- 
rius; called  also  SrANiaH  Red  and  China  Lakb. 
Kncyr.     Ure. 
The  dried  flowers  of  the  Carthamus  tinctorius. 

'Hunnson. 
SAF'FRON,  n.     [W.safncn,  safyr ;  Fr.  safran  ;  Arm. 
lafron;  \\.iaffcrano;  Sp.  a:«/rafi{  Port,  acafram ;  D, 
saffradm  G.  Sw.  and   Dun.  sajran;  Turk,  lafrani; 

Ar.  ^A^  safra^  to  be  yellow,  to  be  empty  ;  the  root 

of  cipher.    The  radical  sense,  then,  is,  to  fail,  or  to 
be  hollow,  or  to  be  exhausted.] 

1.  A  bulbous  plant  of  the  genus  Crocus,  having 
flowers  of  a  deep  yellow  color.  Thp  bastard  saffron, 
or  sajfioiccr,  M  of  the  genus  Carthamus,  ond  the 
meadinr  t»\ffron  of  the  genus  Colcliicuni. 

2-  In  tJie  materia  vtcdiea,  aaftruti  is  formed  of  the 
stigmata  of  the  Crocus  sativus,  dried  on  a  kiln  and 
pres-^ed  into  cakes.  P.  Cyc. 

SAF'FKOX,  a.     Having  the  color  of  saifron  flowers  ; 
deep  yellow  ;  as,  n  saffron  face  ;  a  saffron  streamer. 
Siuik.      Dryden. 

SAF'FRON,  V.  t  To  tinge  with  saffron  ;  tr)  make 
yellow  ;  to  gild.  Chaucer. 

SAF'FRON  £D,  pp.  Tinged  with  saffron  ;  made  yel- 
low. 

8AF'FR0N-Y,  a.     Having  the  color  of  saffron.     Lord. 

SAG,  V.  I.  [A  different  sjK-lling  of  Swao,  which  see.] 
1.  To  yield;  to  give  way;  t«>  lean  or  incline  from 
an  upright  position,  or  to  bend  from  a  horizontal  posi- 
tion, in  consequence  of  the  weight.  Our  workmen 
say,  a  door  soffs ;  a  building  sags  to  the  north  or 
south ;  or  a  beam  sags  by  means  of  its  weight. 


SAG 

2.  Figvraticdy,  to  bend  or  sink  ;  as,  the  mind  shall 
never  sag  with  doubt.  S/iak. 

3.  7'o  sag  to  leeward,  is  applied  to  a  vessel  which 
makes  much  leeway,  by  reaoon  of  the  sea  or  cur- 
rent. Ti/tten. 

SAG,  r.  t.  To  cause  to  bend  or  give  way  ;  to  load  or 
burden. 

SA'GA,  71.  Tlie  general  name  of  those  ancient  com- 
positions which  comprise  the  history  and  mythology 
of  the  northern  European  races.  Brande. 

SA-GA'CIOUS,  (-shus,)  a,  [L.  sagai,  from  sagua, 
wise,  foreseeing;  saga,  a  wise  woman;  sagio,  to 
perceive  readily  ;  Fr.  sage,  sagesse;  Sp.  saga,  sagaz  ; 
It.  saggio.  The  latter  signifies  wise,  prudent,  sage, 
and  an  es.-tay,  which  unites  this  word  with  seek,  and 


L.  sequor.] 
I.  Uuick  ( 


of  scent ;  as,  a  sagacious  hound  ;  strictly, 
perhaps,  following  by  the  scent,  which  sense  is  con- 
nected with  L.  seqaor;  with  of;  as,  sagacious  of  his 
quarry.  Milton. 

2.  Quick  of  thought;  acute  in  discernment  or 
penetration  ;  as,  a  sagacious  head  ;  a  sagacious  mind. 

Locke. 
I  would  give  more  for  th«  critlctsni)  of  one  sagaeiout  (-ripmy, 
than  liir  tboac  of  a  acure  of  Hdniirers.  Ji.  Humphrey. 

SA-Ga'CIOUS-LY,  adv.    With  quick  scent. 

2.  With  quick  discernment  or  penetration. 
SA-GA'CIOUS-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  being  saga- 
cious ;  quickness  of  sconU 

2.  Quickness  or  acuteness  of  discernment. 
SA-GAC'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  sagacite  ;  1^  sagacitas.] 

}.  Quickness  or  acuteness  of  scent;  applied  to  oiti- 
rnals. 

2.  Quickness  or  acuteness  of  discernment  or  pen- 
etration ;  readiness  of  apprehension  ;  the  faculty  of 
readily  discerning  and  distinguishing  ideas,  and  of 
separating  truth  from  falsehiKid. 

Sagacity  finds  out  th«  iiiiorincdiale  ideas,  to  diacorer  what  con. 
DccUou  there  a  iu  each  link  of  the  chaia.  Lockt. 

SAG'A-MORE,  n.  Among  some  tribes  of  .American  In- 
dians, a.  king  or  chief.     [In  Sax.  sigora  is  a  conqueror.] 

SAG'A-PEN,  i  r^  T 

SAG-A-Pe'NUM,!   "•     [Gr.cayanni'oy.] 

In  pharmacy,  an  inspissated  sap  brought  from  Per- 
sia and  the  East  in  granules  or  in  masses.  It  is  a  com- 
pact substance,  hea\'y,of  a  dirty  brownish  color,  with 
small  whitish  or  yellowish  specks.  It  has  the  same 
alliaceous  odor  as  asafetida,  but  weaker.      P,  Cyc. 

SAG'A-THY,  71.  A  kind  of  serge  ;  a  slight  woolen 
stuff.  Taller. 

SAGE,  71.     [Fr.  sauge  ;  Ar.  saocA.] 

1'he  popular  name  of  Salvia  uflicinalis,  (Linn.Tri8,) 
which  is  a  native  of  various  parts  of  the  south  of 
Europe,  aud  is  very  generally  cultivated,  almost 
every  where  in  gardens.  It  is  mostly  employed  in 
cookery  as  a  condiment ;  but  it  is  also  used  in  medi- 
cine, in  the  form  of  warm  infusion,  as  a  diaphoretic 
Salvia  grandifiora,  (Etlinger,)  a  native  of  'I'auria, 
is  said  to  [Ktssess  the  same  properties  and  powers  as 
Salvia  oflicinalis.  The  popular  name  sage,  act^im- 
panied  with  some  distinguishing  epithet,  is  .lome- 
tiines  applied  to  all  the  species  of  the  genus  Salvia, 
more  than  a  hundred  and  forty  of  which  are  recog- 
nized by  botanists. 

The  genus  Salvia  belongs  to  the  natural  order 
Iianiiaceie. 

SAtiE,a.  [Ft.  sage;  It.  saggio  ;  h,  saga,  sag  us,  sagio. 
See  Saoacious.J 

1.  Wise;  havmg  nice  discernment  and  powers  of 
jutlging  ;  prudent;  grave  ;  as,  a  sage  counselor. 

2.  VVise  ;  judicious  ;  proceeding  from  wisdom  ; 
Well  judged;  well  adapted  to  the  purpose;  as,  sage 
counsels. 

8A0E,  71.  A  wise  man  ;  a  man  of  gravity  and  wis- 
dom i  particularly,  a  man  venerable  for  years,  and 
known  as  n  man  of  sound  judgment  and  prudence ; 
a  grave  philosopher. 

At  hiH  I'irth  a  sLir  procKaiina  him  come, 

And  giiidia  tbe  «ik«t^rn  saget.  MUlon, 

Uruvcji  whore  immoriul  tagta  taught.  Pofit. 

SAtiE'LY,  adv.    Wisely;  with  just  discernment  and 

prudence. 
SA-6kNE',  n.    A  Russian  measure  of  about  seven 

English  feet.     [See  Sajene.] 
SAIjE'NESS,  n.   Wisdom  ;  sagacity  ;  prudence  ;  grav- 
ity. Mcham. 
SAG'EN-TTE,  ti.     Acicular  rutile.  Ure. 
SAG'GED,  (sagd,)  pp.    Caused  to  bend  or  give  way  ; 

loaded  :  burdened. 
SAG'GER,  i  n.     A   cylindrical   case  of  fine   clay,  in 
SEG'GER,  \     which  fine  stone  ware  is  inclosed  while 

being  baked  in  the  kiln.  Buchanan. 

Thepotfare  called  Saooebs  or  Seggers.  Brande. 
SAG'GING,  ppr.    Causing  to  bend  ;  burdening. 
S.AG'GING,  n.     A  bending  or  sinking  in  consequence 

of  the  weight. 
SA<5'IT-TAL,  a.     [L.  sagittalis,  from  aagitta,  an  nr 

row  ;  that  which  is  thrown  or  driven,  probably  from 

the  rootof  .saj/  and  sing.] 
Pertaining  to  an  arrow ;  resembliDg  an  arrow  ;  as, 

sagittal  bars  of  yellow.  Pennant, 

In  anaiomy,  the  sagittal  suture  is  the  BUture  which 

unites  the  parietal  bones  of  the  skull.  Coze. 


TONE,  BULL,  tTMTE.  — AN"CEE,  V1"CI0US.  — €  aa  K ;  0  as  J  ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 

~~^  975 


SAl 

SAG-rr-TA'RI-US,  It.  [L.,  an  nrcher.]  One  of  the 
twelve  signs  of  llie  zodiac,  which  the  sun  enters 
RlwiU  November  '22, 

SAC'IT-TA-RY,  H.  [Supra.]  A  centaur,  an  animal 
half  man,  half  horse,  unned  with  a  bow  and  quiver. 

Sfiak. 

SAG'IT-TA-RY,  a,     Perlainins  U*  an  arrow. 

SAGTI'-T.aTK,  a.  In  botauy  and  loHlojjy^ sUsped  like 
the  head  of  an  arrow  ;  trianpular,  hollowed  al  the 
base,  with  angles  at  the  hinder  pari ;  or  with  the 
binder  angles  acute,  divided  by  a  !«inu3. 

JUartjfH.     Brandt, 

SA'GO,  n.  A  dry,  mealv  substance,  or  granuliued  paste, 
imported  frwni  Java,  the  Philippine  and  Molucca 
Isles,  Jtc  It  is  the  prepared  pith  (if  several  different 
plants,  as  the  Sagus  Rumphii  or  Metroxylum  Sa^us, 
a  palm,  and  Cycas  circinalis,  a  plant  intermediate 
between  palms  and  ferns,  &.c  It  is  much  used  as 
an  article  of  diet  for  the  sick. 

SA-GOIN',  H,  The  Sa^oiiu  form  a  division  of  the 
monkey  family,  including  such  of  the  monkeys  of 
America  as  have  long,  hairy  tails,  nut  prehensile. 

P.  Cite, 

SX'GVM,n,  [L-l  The  miliUiry  cloak  of  the  Roman 
mngislrales  and  dignitaries.  Brande, 

SA'GV,  a.  [fnmi  sage,}  Full  of  sage;  seasoned  with 
sage. 

S.\H'LITE,m.  A  massive,  cleavable  variety  of  augile, 
of  a  diniiy  ereen  color,  lirst  obtained  at  the  mountain 
Sahia  in  \\>5termania.  Dana. 

SA'ie,  n.  A  Turkish  orGrecian  vessel,  very  common 
in  the  Levunt,  a  kind  of  ketch  which  has  no  toi>- 
gnllant-sail,  nor  mizzen-iop-^^il.  Mar.  Diet. 

S.\ID,  (sed,)  prfU  and  ;»;».  of  Sat  ;  so  written  for  Saysd. 
Declared  ;  uttered  ;  reported. 
9.  Aforesaid:  before  mentioned. 

SAIL,  M.  rSax.  segel;  G.  and  Sw.  aegd;  Dan.  sfjt; 
D.  zeii ;  W.  Aiey/,  a  sail,  a  course,  order,  state,  jour- 
ney ;  kwyliate^  to  set  in  a  course,  tniin,  or  order,  to 
direct,  to  procured,  to  sail,  to  attack,  to  butt.  The 
Welsh  appears  to  be  the  same  word.  [So  k&t  is  the 
L.  ««/,  salt.] 

1.  In  navigtuian^  a  spread  of  canvas,  or  an  assem- 
blage of  several  breadths  of  canvas,  lor  some  sub- 
stitute for  It,)  sewed  together  with  a  double  seam  at 
the  borders,  and  edged  with  a  cord  called  the  boU- 
ropfy  to  bo  extended  on  the  masts  or  yards,  for  re- 
ceiving the  imiMilse  of  wind  by  which  a  ship  is 
driven.  The  principal  sails  are  the  courses  or  lower 
sails,  the  top-sails,  and  top-gallant  sails.  Mar.  Diet. 

5.  Ill  poetrjty  wtng^  Sprnsrr, 

3.  A  ship  or  other  vessel ;  used  In  the  singular  for 
a  single  ship,  or  as  a  collective  name  for  many.  We 
saw  a  ^/at  the  leeward.  We  saw  three  satt  on  our 
starboard  rjuarter.     The  fleet  consists  of  twenty  saiL 

4.  An  excursion  in  some  vessel ;  as,  to  take  a  s*iL 
TV  tooM  soiU  i  to  unfurl  them. 

n  make  Slit ;  to  extend  an  additional  quantity  uf  sail. 

7>  9ft  tail ;  to  expand  or  spread  tiie  sails ;  and 
bence,  to  begin  a  voyage. 

.  7\i  skorte*  «€>!.-  to  reduce  the  extent  of  sail,  or 
take  in  a  part. 

To  strike  sail:  to  lower  the  sails  suddenly,  as  in 
painting,  or  in  sudden  gusts  of  wind. 

2.  To  abate  show  or  pomp.     [Colioquial.]     Shak. 
8XIL,  r.  i.    To  be  impelled  or  driven  forward  by  the 

action  of  wind  upon  sails,  as  a  ship  on  water.  A 
ship  Milg  from  Xew  York  for  Liverpool.  She  sails 
ten  knots  an  hour.     She  sail^s  well  close-hauled. 

2.  To  be  conveyed  in  a  vessel  on  water ;  to  pass 
by  water.     We  xaUtdfrom  London  to  Canton. 

3.  To  swim. 

Little  dolphin!  whrn  liKj  foU 

In  tix  ToM  shadow  of  tbe  firkish  wl»ie.  Dryden. 

4.  To  set  sail :  to  begin  a  voyage.  We  smiled  from 
New  York  fur  Havre,  June  15, 1824.  We  sailed  from 
Cowes  for  New  York,  May  10,  19-:i5. 

&  To  be  carried  In  the  air,  as  a  balloon. 

6.  To  pafs  smoothly  along. 

Aa  u  a  mop'd  memt^ug^t  fntta  bexveo, 

WtKo  b-  benridpa  tbcmy  p^cins  cluuda, 

Apd  mils  upoa  titt  taaam  cHT  tbe  ur.  S3uJt, 

7.  To  fly  without  striking  with  the  wlngSL 
S.XIL,  r.  L    To  pass  or  move  upon  in  a  ship,  by  means 

of  saUs. 

A  thoownd  abipa  mm  nnflned  lo  tail  the  tea.  Dryden. 

[This  use  is  elliptical,  on  or  ocer  being  omitted.] 
a.  To  fly  through. 

Siihlhne  ah*  tails 
Tb'  aerul  ipace,  and  mounia  ihe  winged  {aJe&  Pope. 

3.  To  direct  or  manage  the  motion  of  a  vessel ;  as, 

to  sail  one's  own  ship.  ToUen. 

S.AIL'A-BLE,  o.    Navigable  ;  that  may  be  passed  by 

ships.    _  Cntgraec 

SAIL'-BoRXE,  a.     Berne  or  conveyed  by  sails. 

J.  Barlow. 
S.IIL'-BROAD,  a.     [See   Broad.]     Spreading  like  a 

sail.  MOton. 

SaIL'-€LOTH,  n.    Duck  or  canvas  used  in  making 

sails. 
SAIL'ED,  pp.     Passed  in  ships  or  other  water  cratt 
B.flL'ER,  n.     One  that  sails ;   a  seaman ;    usually 

Sailor. 


SAI 

a.  A  ship  or  other  vessel,  with  reference  to  her 
speed  or  manner  of  sailing.  Thus  we  say,  a  heavy 
sailer  ;  a  fast  sailer;  a  prime  sailer. 

SAIL'ING,;»;>r.or  a.  Moving  on  water  or  in  atr;  pass- 
ing in  a  ship  or  other  vessel. 

SAIL'ING,  n.  The  act  of  moving  on  water;  or  the 
movenu'iit  of  a  ship  or  vessel  impelled  or  wafted 
along  the  surface  of  water  by  the  action  of  wind  on 
her  sails.  JIar.  DicL 

2.  Movement  through  the  air,  as  in  a  balloon. 

3.  The  act  of  setting  sail  or  beginning  a  voyage. 
SAIL'IXG-MAS-TER,  n.     An  utlicer  in  a  ship  of  war 

who  superintends  all  the  details  of  navigating  the 
ship. 

SaIL'LESS,  a.     Destitute  of  sails.  Pollok. 

SAIL'-LOFT,  n.  A  loft  or  apartment  where  sails  are 
cut  out  and  made. 

SAIL'-MAK-ER,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to 
make  sails. 

'2.  An  officer  on  board  ships  uf  war,  whose  busi- 
ness is  to  repair  or  alter  sails.  Mar.  Diet. 

SAIL'-MAK  ING,  k.  The  art  or  business  of  making 
sails. 

SAIL'OR,n.  [A  more  common  spelling  than  Sailer.] 
A  mariner;  a  seaman  ;  one  who  follows  the  busi- 
ness of  navigating  shiits  or  other  ve&sels,  or  one  who 
understands  the  management  of  ships  in  navigation. 
This  Word,  however,  does  not  by  itself  express  any 
particular  skill  in  navigation.  It  denotes  any  perstm 
who  follows  the  seas,  and  Is  chiefly  or  wlmlly  ap- 
plied to  the  common  hands.     (See  Seaman.] 

SAIL'OR-LTKE,  a.     Like  sailors. 

SAIli'-KOOM,  n.  An  apartment  in  a  vessel,  where  the 
sails,  wliich  are  not  bent,  are  stowed.  Totlcn, 

SAIL'V,  a.     Like  a  sail.  Drayton. 

SAIL'-YXRD,  «.     [Sax.  sfirl.-nfrd.] 

The  yard  or  spar  on  which  sails  are  extended. 

Drydea, 

SAIM,  n.     [Sax,  seim ;  W.  saim;  Fr.  saindvttz.     Q,u. 
L.  sfbum,  contracted.] 
Lard.     (Local.] 

SALN,  fur  S\rz:iy  pp.  of  Sat.     [Obi.]  Shak. 

SAIN'FOI.V,     in,     [Fr.  sain/otn;  satrU,  sacred,  and 

SAINT'FOIX,  i     fvtn,  hay.] 

A  leguminous  plant  cultivated  for  fodder,  of  the 
genus  Hedysnrunt. 

SAINT,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  sanctujt ;  It.  and  Sp.  santo.] 

1.  .\  person  sanctified  ;  a  holy  or  gt>dly  person  ; 
one  eminent  for  piety  and  virtue.  It  is  particularly 
applied  to  the  apostles  and  other  hi'ly  p<'rsons  men- 
tioned in  Scripture.  A  hypocrite  may  imitate  a  saint. 
Ps.  xvi.  Jiddison. 

2.  One  of  the  blessed  in  heaven.     Rnr.  xviii. 

3.  The  holy  angels  are  called  saints.  Deal,  xxxiii. 
Jude  14. 

4.  One  canonized  by  the  Roman  Catholic  chtirch. 

Encyc, 
SAINT,  r.  (.    To  number  or  cnn>ll  among  saints  by  an 
odlcial  act  of  the  pope  ;  to  canonize. 

0»er  Bgvlnat  the  church  itanda  a  largw  hoapitnl,  ejrcl*^  by  a 
diueaiaker,  wbo  ba^  been  ljcatifi-.*(i,  Uiou^  ui-ver  fainlea, 
Adtiiion. 

SAINT,  r.  t.    To  act  with  a  show  of  pietv.        Pope. 

SAINT  AN'THO-NY'S  FIRE,  (an'to-niz-,)  n.  A  poi>- 
ular  name  of  the  er>'sipelas,  so  called  because  it  was 
supposed  to  have  been  cured  by  the  intercession  of 
St,  Anthony.  P.  Cyc. 

SAINT'ED,  pp.  Canonized ;  enrolled  among  the 
saints. 

2.  a.  Holy ;  pious ;  as,  thy  father  was  a  most 
sainted  king.  Shak, 

3.  Sacred  ;  as,  the  gods  on  sairited  hills,  Milton. 
SAINT'ESS,  n.  A  female  sainL  Fisher. 
SAINT'ING,p;)r.     Canonizing;  enrolling  among  the 

saints. 
SAINT  JOHN'S  BREAD,  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus 

Ceratonia  ;  also  called  the  Cabob-Tbek.      P.  Cyc 
SAINT  JOHN'S  WORT,   n.      A  name    common    to 

plants  of  the  genus  Hypericum,  most  of  which  have 

yellow  flowers. 
SAINT'LTKE,  a.      [saint  and   like.]      Resembling    a 

saint ;  as,  a  saintlike  prince.  Bacon. 

2.  Suiting  a  saint ;  becoming  a  saint. 

GJowetl  over  only  with  a  mxinltUee  ahow,  Dryden. 

8AINT'Lf,(i.  Like  a  saint;  becoming  a  holy  person  ; 
as,  wrongs  with  saintly  patience  borne.         MUion. 

SAI.VT  Pk'TER'S  wort,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Ascvnim,  and  another  of  the  genus  Hypericum, 

SAI.NT'S  BELL,  n.  A  small  bell  used  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  church  to  call  attention  to  the  more  solemn 
parts  of  the  service  of  the  mass,  as  at  the  conclusion 
of  the  ordinary,  when  the  priest  repeats  the  words 
Sancte,  sanete,  sancte,  Deus  sabaoth,  and  on  the  eleva- 
tion of  the  host  and  chalice  afler  consecration. 

Oloss.  of  Jirchit. 

SAINT'-SEEM-ING,  a.  Having  the  appearance  of  a 
saint.  Montagu.. 

SAINT'SHIP,  n.  The  character  or  qualities  of  a 
saint. 

SAINT  SI-MO'NI-AN,  n,  A  follower  of  the  Count  de 
St.  Simon^  who  died  in  1825,  and  who  maintained 
that  the  principle  of  joint-stock  property  and  just 
division  of  the  fruits  of  common  labor  among  the 


SAL 

members  of  attciety,  is  the  true  remedy  for  tbe  social 
evils  which  exlut.  Brandt. 

SAINT  VI'TUS'S  DANCE,  ».  A  disease  affecting 
with  irregular  movements  the  muscles  of  voluntary 
motion,  and  attended  with  a  great  failure  of  the 
general  physical  strength,  called  by  physicians 
Chorea  Sancti  Viti.  The  name  is  said  to  have 
been  bttrrowed  from  some  devotees  of  St.  Vitus, 
who  exercised  themselves  so  long  in  dancing  that 
their  intellects  became  di.-iordered,    P.  Cue.     Forsyth. 

SA-JeNE',  n.  [Written  also  Sagej^e.  Tooke  writes 
it  Sajene.] 

A  Russian  measure  of  length,  equal  to  seven  feet 
English  measure. 

SAKE,  n.  [Siix,  sac,  saca,  sace,  sacu,  contention,  dis- 
cord, a  suit  or  action  at  law,  cause  in  court;  hence 
the  privilege  which  n  lord  had  of  taking  cogni/.ance 
of  suits  in  his  own  manor  ;  sacan,  to  contend,  to 
strive  ;  Goth,  sakan,  to  rebuke,  chide,  upbraid  ;  D. 
taak,  cause,case,thii)g,business,  affair  ;G.  £ftcAe,  mat- 
ter, ttimg  ;  eines  «ac/ifi/wAreH,  to  plead  one's  cause  ;  «r- 
sackCf  cause,  reason,  motive  ;  Hw.  sak  and  orsak,  id. ; 
Dan.  .•Mi^',  cause,  thing,  affair,  matter,  case,  suit,  ac 
tion  ;  Ch.  poy,  to  contend,  to  strive,  to  seek;  Hcb. 
pQ^y,  to  press  or  oppress ;  Ch.,  to  accuse,  to  crimi- 
nate. Class  Sg,  No.  4G,  92.  'I'he  primary  sense  is 
to  strain,  urge,  press,  or  drive  forward,  and  this  is 
from  the  same  root  as  seek,  essay^  and  L.  sequor^ 
whence  we  have  purmte  and  prosecute.  We  have 
analogous  words  in  cause,  things  and  the  L.  res.  Its 
Saxon  sense  is  no  longer  in  use,  that  is,  cause,  ac- 
tion, suit,  a  seeking  or  demand  in  court ;  but  we  use 
it  in  a  sense  nearly  similar,  though  differently  ap- 
plied.] 

1.  Final  cause  ;  end  ;  purpose  ;  or  rather  the  pur- 
pose of  obtaining.  I  open  the  window  for  the  sake 
of  air,  that  is,  to  obtain  it,  for  the  purpose  of  obtain- 
ing air.  I  read  for  the  sake  of  instruction,  that  is,  to 
obtain  it.  Sake  then  signifles,  primarily,  effort  to  ob- 
tain, and  secondarily,  purpose  of  obtaining.  The 
liero  tights  for  the  sake  of  glory;  men  labor  for  the 
sake  of  subsistence  or  wealtth 

2.  Account ;  regard  to  any  person  or  thing. 

I  will   not  a^tin  curae  the  ground  way  more  for  luau'a  «aift, — 
Save  me  for  thy  inercj'a  tike.  —  Ps.  ?i, 

SA'KER,  n.     [Fr.  sacre.] 

1.  A  hawk  ;  a  species  of  falcon. 

2.  A  small  piece  of  artillery.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Hadibras. 
SAK'ER-ET,  n.    Tlie  male  of  the  saker-hawk. 

Bailey. 
SAL,  n.    [L.    See  Salt.]    Salt;  a  word  much  used 

in  chemistry  and  pharmacy. 
SAI/  \-  BLE,  a.     [from  sale.)     That  may  be  sold  ;  that 

finds. I  ready  market;  being  in  good  tlemand. 
SAL'A-BLE-NESS,  n.     The  state  of  being  salable. 
SAL'A-BLY,  adt\     In  a  salable  manner. 
SA-LA'CIOUS,  (-shus,)  a.    [h.  salax,  from  the  root  of 

sal,  salt;  the  primary  sense  of  which  is,  shooting, 

penetrating,  pungent,  coinciding  probably   with  L. 

salio,  to  U-ap.     Salacioasy  then,  is  highly  excited,  or 

prompt  to  leap.] 

Lustful ;  lecherous.  Dryden. 

SA-LA'CIOUS-LY,  at/u.    Lustfully;  with  eager  ani 

nial  a|)p<'tite. 
SA-LA'CIOUS-NESS,  )  n.  Lust  ;Iecherouancss;  strong 
SA-LAC'I-TY,  \     propensity  to  venery. 

Brown. 
SAL'AD,  n.     [Fr.  salade ;  Arm.  saladenn;  It.  insalata; 

Sp.  ensaladn^  that  is,  literally,  salted  ;  D.  salaade  ;  G. 

and  Sw.  salat;  Dan.  salad.] 

A  name  given  to  raw  herbs,  usually  dressed  with 

salt,  vinegar,  oil,  or  spices,  and  eaten  for  giving  a 

relish  to  other  food. 

leaves  eaten  raw  are  lemicd  salad.  Watt: 

SAL'AD-ING.  n.     Vegetables  for  salads.         Cheyne. 

SA'LAL-BER'RY,  n.     A  fruit  fr<  m  the  valley  of  the 
Columbia  River,  or  Oregon,  about    the  size    of  a 
common  grape,  of  a  dark  color,  and  of  a  sweet  flavor. 
Farm.  Encyc. 

SAL  A-LEM'BROTH,  n.  A  compound  of  corrosive 
sublimate  of  mercury  and  sal  ammoniac,  in  the  pro- 
portions of  two  equivalents  of  the  former  to  one 
of  the  latter. 

8A-LXM',n.  [Oriental,  peace  or  safety.]  In  Ike  East, 
a  salutation  or  compliment  of  ceremony  or  respect. 

Herbert. 

SAL'AM-STONE,  n.  A  kind  of  blue  sapphire  brought 
from  Ceylon.  Dana. 

SAL'A-MAN-DER,  n,     [L.  and  Gr.  salamandra.] 

The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  batrachian  rep- 
tiles, havmg  some  afllniiies  with  lizards,  but  more 
with  frogs.  Salamanders  have  an  elongated  body, 
four  feet,  and  a  long  tail,  which  gives  them  the  gen- 
eral form  of  lizards  ;  but  then  they  have  all  the  char- 
acters of  batrachians.  The  vulgar  story  that  the 
salamander  is  able  to  endure  fire,  is  a  mistake. 

Salamander's  hair  or  wool ;  a  name  given  to  a  spe- 
cies of  asbestos  or  mineral  flax;  I  believe  no  longer 
used. 

8AL-A-MAN'DRINE,  a.  Pertaining  V^  or  resembling 
a  salamander ;  enduring  fire.  Spectator. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — RNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.— 
_ 


SAL 

SAL  AM-M6'NI-AC,n.  Chlurid  of  ainmoniiim,asolid 
substance  of  a  sharp  arid  acrid  tiste,  much  used  in 
th«  mechanic  arts  and  in  pharmacy.  The  native  sal 
UDmoniacM  of  two  kinds — volcanic  and  conclioidal. 

Ure. 

SAL'A-RI-ED,  (sal'a-rid,)  a.     Enjoving  a  salary. 

SAL'A-RV,  n.  [Ft.  salaire  ;  It.  and  &\i.  salario  ;  L. 
s^arium  ;  said  to  be  from  sai^  salt,  which  was  part  of 
tlie  pay  of  Roman  soldiers.] 

The  recompense  or  consideration  stipulated  to  be 
paid  to  a  person  for  services,  usually  a  Axed  sum  to 
be  paid  by  the  year,  as  to  governors,  magistrates, 
wttJed  clergymen,  instructors  of  seminaries,  or  other 
officers,  civil  or  ecclesiastical.  When  waees  are 
stated  or  stipulated  by  the  month,  week,  or  day,  we 
do  not  call  the  compensation  salary,  but  -pait  or  wages ; 
as  in  the  case  of  military  men  and  laborers. 

SALE,  R.  [VV.  sal,Ti  pass,  a  cast,  or  throw,  a  sale; 
Sax.  sal,  sale  ;  srllaiiy  stftan,  syUattj  gesyllait,  to  give, 
yield,  crant,  impart,  deliver,  also  to  sell.  The  pri- 
mary stnse  of  sell  is  simply  to  deliver  or  cause  to 
pass  from  one  person  to  another ;  Sw.  sdlja,  Dan. 
salirer,  to  sell.] 

1.  The  act  of  selling  ;  the  exchange  of  a  commod- 
ity for  money  of  equivalent  value.  The  exclmnae 
of  one  comuKKiity  for  another  is  barter  or  permuta- 
tion^ and  tele  dilTers  from  iMrter  only  in  the  nature  of 
the  equivalent  given. 

2.  Vent;  power  of  selling;  market.  He  went  to 
market,  but  found  no  sale  fur  his  goods. 

3.  Auction  ;  public  sale  to  the  highest  bidder,  or 
exposure  of  goods  in  market.     [Little  useJ,]    Temple. 

4.  Stale  of  being  venal,  or  of  being  ofTered  to  bri- 
bery ;  as,  to  set  the  liberty  of  a  state  to  sale.  Addiion. 

5.  A  wicker  basket.     [Qu.  Sax.  sttlau,  to  bind.] 

Speitscr. 
SALE,  a.    Sold;  bought;  as  opposed  to  Homemade. 

[ColloquialA 
SAL-E-BROS'l-TY,  «.      [See    S*lebbous.]     Rongh- 

ness  or  nigeedness  of  a  place  or  road.         Felthnm. 
SAL'E-BROUS,    a.      [L.    sate&rosu.^   from   salebra.   a 

rough  place  ;  probably  allied  to  salio,  to  shoqt  out.] 
Rough;  rugged;  uneven,     [luttle  used.] 
3.\L'EP,  n,     [Said  to  be  a  Turkish  word  ;  written  also 

Salop,  Saloop,  and  Saleb.1 

In  tJte  materia  medial,  the  dried  root  of  a  species  of 

Orchis ;  also,  a  preparation  of  this  root  to  be  used  as 

food.  Fourcroy.      Parr. 

SAL-E^RA'TUS,  n.     [sal  and  ixratas.]     A  carbonate 

of  potash,  containing  a  greater  quantity  of  carbonic 

acid  than  pearlash,  used  in  cookery. 
SALES'MAN,   7i.     [saU  and   man.]      One    that   sells 

clothes  ready  made.  Sieift. 

2.  One  who  finds  a  market  for  the  goods  of  another 

person. 
SaLE'WORK,  (-wurk,)  n.     Work  or  things  made  for 

sale ;  hence,  work  carelessly  done.     This  last  sense 

is  a  satire  on  man.  Shak. 

SAL  OEM,  n.    Common  salt}  cblorid  of  sodium. 

Brande. 
S.\L'IG,  a.     [Echard  deduces  this  word  from   «fi/fl,  a 

house,  and  the   law  from  the   circumniance  that  a 

male  only  could  inherit  his  father^  mansion  and  the 

court  or  land  inclosed.    Montesq.  B.  18.] 
The  Salic  law  of  France  is  a  fundamental  law,  by 

virtue  of  which  males  only  can  inherit  the  throne. 
SAL'I-CIN,  n.     A  bitter  febrifuge  substance,  obtained 

in  white,  pearly  crystals,  from  some  species  of  the 

willow,  and  also  of  the  pi>plar.  Brandt. 

SA'LI-ENT,  a.     [L.  sa/iVmr,  salio,  tn  leap.] 

1.  Leaping;  an  epithet  in  heraldry  applied  to  n 
lion  or  other  beast,  represented  in  a  leapin::  posture, 
with  his  right  foot  in  the  dexter  point,  and  his  hinder 
left  foot  in  the  sinister  base  of  the  escutcheon,  by 
which  it  is  distinguished  from  Rampant.     Harris. 

2.  In /orti/Scaiiun,  projecting;  as.  a  salwut  angle. 
A  salient  angle  points  outward,  ant)  is  opposed  to  a 
rt-enteriug  angle,  which  points  inward.        P.  Cite. 

SA'LI-ENT,  a.  [h-saliens,  from  salio^  to  leap  or  shoot 
out.] 

1.  Leaping;  moving  by  leaps,  as  frogs.     Broien. 

2.  Beating;  throbbing,  a^  the  heart.     Blaekmore. 

3.  Shooting  out  or  up  ;  springing;  darting;  as,  a 
Malit:nt  sprout.  Pope 

8A'LI-ENT-LV,  adv.     In  a  salient  manner. 

SA  LIF'ER-OUS,  a.      [L.  «fl/,  salt,  and  ftro^  to  pro- 
duce.] 
Prudacing  or  bearing  salt ;  ai,  saliferous  rock. 

Eaton. 
Salifermta  rocks  ;  the  nf^w  red  sandstone  system  of 
some  geologists  ;  so  called   because,  in  Eurojie,  thi^f 
formation  contains  beds  of  salt.  Daua. 

SAL'I  KT-A-BLE,  a.  [from  saiify.]  Capable  of  com- 
bining with  an  acid  to  form  a  salt.  Salifiable  bases 
are  metallic  oxvds,  alkaloids,  &c. 

S  \L.I-FI  CA'TI'ON,  ft.    The  act  of  salifying. 

SAL'I  FT/H),  (sal'e-fide,)  pp.  Formed  into  a  saA  by 
cnnihirration  wiCli  an  acid. 

SAL'I  FV,  r.  .     [L.  «fl/,  salt,  and /rtcio,  to  make.] 
To  form  into  a  sail,  by  combining  on  acid  with  a 
bn<e. 

8AL'I-FV-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Forming  into  a  salt  by 
combination  with  a  base. 

SAL'I-GOT,  n.    [Fr.]     A  plant,  the  water  thistle. 


SAL 

SAL-I-NA'TIO\,  ji.     [L.  sal,  salt;  salinatoTy  a  salt- 
maker  ;  Fr.  Wirt,  salt,  brinish.] 
'        The  act  of  washing  with  saltwater.     OreenhilL 
SA-LIXE',        )         r„        ...         ,        ,       ,.  i 
SA-LIV'OUS   t  "*     I        saiin,  from  L.  sal,  salt.] 

1.  Consisting  of  salt,  or  constituting  salt;  as,  «a/in£ 
particles ;  saline  substances. 
^  Partaking  of  the  qualities  of  salt ;  as,  a  saline 
SA-LI.\E',  n.     [Sp.  and  It.  salina ;  Fr.  saUnc]     [taste. 
A  salt  spring,  or  a  place  where  salt  water  is  col- 
lected in  the  earth  ;  a  name  given  to  the  salt  springs 
in  the  United  States. 
SA-LLNE'NESS,  n.     Stale  of  being  saline. 
SAL-!-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  sal,  salinum,  and  fcro,  to 
produce.] 
Producing  salt, 
SA-LIN'l-FORM,  a.     [L.  sal,  salinum,  and  form.} 
of  salt. 


[L.  sal,  salinum,  and  ter- 


Having  the  form 
SA-LI'NO-TER-REXE'. 
renus,  from  terra,  eartll.^ 

A  term  denoting  a  compound  of  salt  and  earth. 
S.^L'IUUE,  (sal'ik,)  a.     See  Salic. 
SAL'ITE,  V.  t      [L.  salio,  from  sal,  salt.] 

To  salt ;  to  impregnate  or  season  with  salt.     [Lit- 
tle used.] 
SA-LI'VA,  n.      [Ij.  saliva  ;    Ir.  seile  ;    W.  haliio,  as  if 
connected  with  h&l,  salt.  The  Irish  has  si/im,  to  drop 
or  distill,  and  sileadk,  saliva.] 

The  fluid  which  is  secreted  by  the  salivary  glands, 
and  which  serves  to  moisten  the  mouth  and  tongue. 
It  moistens  our  food  also,  and  by  being  mixed  with 
it   in   mastication,  favors    deglutition.      When  dis- 
charged from  the  mouth,  it  is  called  Spittle. 
SA-LI'VAL,       }  a,     [from  salica.]     Pertaining  to  sa- 
S.\L'I-VA-Ry,  (      liva  ;  secreting  or  conveying  sali- 
va; as,  salivary  glands  ;  salivary  ducts  or  canals. 
Encyc.     .SrbathnoL 
S,\L'I-VANT,  a.     Producing  salivation. 
SAL'I-V,\NT,  H.    That  which  produces  salivation. 
SAL'I-VATE,  r.  (.     [from  saliva;  Fr.  saliver.] 

To  produce  an  unusual  secretion  and  discharge  of 
saliva  in  a  person,  usually  by  mercury  ;    to  prcMJuce 
ptyalism  in  a  person. 
SAL'I-Va-TED,  pp.     Having  an   increased   secretion 

of  saliva  from  medicine. 
S.\L'I-VA-TL\G,  ppr.    Producing  increased  secretion 

of  sali^'a. 
SAL-I-Va'TIOX,  n.    The  act  or  process  of  ptyalism, 

or  of  producing  an  increased  secretion  of  saliva. 
SALI'VOUS,  a.     Pertaining  to  saliva;  partaking  of 

the  nature  of  saliva.  tf'iscinan. 

SAL'LET,  n.     [Fr.  salade.] 

A  head-piece  or  helmet.  Chancer. 

SAL'LET,  i  «.     [Corrupted  from  salad.]     [J^otin 

SAL'LET-ING,  i      use.] 
SAL'LLANCE,  n.     [from  sally.]     An  issuing  forth. 

[.ATot  in  u-ie.]  Spenser. 

SAL'LI-/;D,  pp.    Rushed  out;  issued  suddenly. 
S.\L'Lr>\V,  It.      [Sax.  *rt/A,  ^a/(^,-    Ir.  soi7,-    Ft.  soul e  ; 
It.  salcio;   Sp,salce;    L.  salix:  W.  helig.     Uu.  from 
its  color,  resembling  brine.] 

A  name  applied  to  certiim  trees  or  low  shrubs  of 
the  willow  kind,  or  genus  Salix.  P.  Cyc. 

SAL'LOVV,  a.     [Sax.    saloioig,   sealwe^  from   salh,  L. 
aalizy  the  tree,  supra.] 

Having  a  yellowish  color  ;  of  a  pale,  sickly  color, 
tiiiiced  with  a  dark  yellow  ;  as,  a  sallow  skin. 
SAL'L6VV-NESS,  n.  A  yellowish  color;  paleness, 
tinged  wi[h  a  dark  yellow;  as,  salluioness  of  coni- 
pl'-xion. 
SAL'LOVV-THORN,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Hip- 
pophae. 

'J'he  common  sallow-thorn  or  sea  buckthorn,  is  a 
thorny  shrub,  about  four  or  five  feel  high. 

Partington. 
S.\L'LY,  «.     [Fr.saillie;   It.  salita;    Sp.  aalida  ;    Port. 
sahida.    See  the  verb.] 

In  a  general  sense,  a  spring ;  a  darting  or  shooting. 
Hence, 

1.  An  issue  or  nisWng  of  troops  from  a  besieged 
place  to  nllark  the  besiegers.  Bacon. 

•2.  A  spring  or  darling  of  iiitpllect,  fancy,  or  imag- 
ination ;  Iliiiilit ;  sprightly  exertion.  VVe  t>ay,  sallies 
of  wit,  salhes  of  imagination. 

3.  Excursion  from  the  usual  track  ;  range. 

Ue«ho  often  makr^  «a//i(*  iiilo  a  counlrj,  nnd  tr»rerm  it  up  and 
dowD,  will  know  it  U-Uf-r  iIum  ou«  tkkt  gp^  nlwuyi  muiid 
)m  lb*  uine  tritck,  Lockt. 

4.  Act  of  levity  or  extravagance;  wild  gayety ; 
frolic  ;  a  bounding  or  darting  beyond  ordinary  rules ; 
as,  a  sally  of  youth  ;  a  sally  of  luvitv. 

iVotian.     SwifL 
SAL'LV.o.i.     [Fr,  *aiUir;  Arm.  JOt/Au;  lU  salire  ;  Sp. 
salir ;  Port,  sahiry  [I  lost ;]  L.  salio,  Qm.  Gr.  aAA'/jai, 

which  is  allied  to  the  Ar.   \\  alia,  or    \^  hatla, 

both  of  which  signify  to  impel,  to  shoot.    See  Solab, 
from  L.  sol,  W.  haul,  Gr.  n^i'><.  | 

1.  I'o  issue  or  rush  out,  as  a  body  of  troops  from  a 
forttficti  place,  to  attack  besiegcrn. 

Tlipy  bre«k  th»r  truce,  biiiI  Moily  oiil  by  nigltt.  Dryrfen. 

3.  To  issue  suddenly  ;  to  make  a  sudden  eruption. 


SAL 

SAL'LV-ING,  ppr.  Issuing  or  rutshing  out 
SAL'LV'-PORT,  n.  In  fortification,  a  postern  gate,  or 
a  passage  under  ground  from  the  inner  to  the  outer 
works,  such  as  from  the  higher  flank  to  Ihe  lower, 
or  to  the  tenaillcs,  or  to  the  communication  from  the 
middle  of  tlio  curtain  to  the  ravelin.  Encye. 

2,  A  large  port  on  each  quarter  of  a  fircshlp,  for  the 
escape  of  the  men  into  boats  wlien  the  train  is  fired. 

Mar.  Diet, 
SAL-MA-GUN'DI,  (-gun'de,)  n,      [Sp.   salpieon,   cor- 
rupted.   See  Salpico:*.] 

1.  A  mixture  of  chopped  meat  and  pickled  herring 
w^ith  oil,  vinegar,  pepper,  and  onions.        Johnson. 

2.  A  mixture  of  various  ingredients  ;  an  olio  or 
medley.  JV.  Iniitg. 

&^L  MAR'TIS,  71.  [L.,  salt  of  Mars.]  Green  sulphate 
of  iron.  Ore. 

SAL'MI-AC  ;  a  contraction  of  Sal-ammomac. 

SALM'ON,  (sam'mun,)  n.  [L.  satmo  ;  Fr.  saumon,] 
A  fish  of  a  yellowish-red  color,  of  the  genus  f^almo, 
found  in  all  the  northern  climates  of  America,  Eu- 
rope, and  Asia,  ascending  the  rivers  for  spawning  in 
spring,  and  penetrating  to  their  head  streams.  It  is 
a  remarkably  strong  fish,  and  will  even  leap  over 
considerable  fulls  which  lie  in  the  way  of  its  prog- 
ress. It  has  been  known  to  grtpw  to  the  weight  of 
7r>  pounds  ;  more  generally  it  iw  from  15  to  25  pounds. 
It  furnishes  a  delicious  dish  for  the  table,  and  is  an 
article  of  commerce. 

SALM'OX-TROUT,  (sam'Tnun-trout,)  n.  A  small 
species  of  Salmo,  n-sembling  the  common  salmon  in 
color.  It  is  also  called  the  sea-trout,  and  is  highly 
valued  as  an  article  of  food.  tValton. 

SAL'MON-OID,  a.  or  n.  A  term  applied  to  fishes  be- 
longing to  the  family  of  which  the  salmon  is  the 
type.  Brande. 

SA-LOON',  n.  [\i.  salone,  from  sala,  hall;  Sp.  and 
Fr.  salon.     See  Hall.] 

In  arckitreture,  a  spacious  and  elegant  apartment 
for  the  reception  of  company,  or  for  works  of  art. 
It  is  often  vaulted  at  the  top,  and  frequently  compre- 
hends two  stories,  with  two  ranges  of  windows.  It 
is  a  state  room  much  used  in  {lataces  for  the  recep- 
tion of  embassadors  and  other  visitors.  The  term  is 
also  applied  to  a  large  room  in  a  steamboat,  &.c. 

OwilL     P.  Cyc. 

SAL'OP,       ^  n.    The  dried  rootof  a  lepecies  of  orchis  ; 

SA-LOOP', )  aNo,  a  decoction  of  this  root,  used  in 
some  parts  of  England  as  a  beverage  by  the  poorer 
cliL-sses.     The  Wi>rd  is  projwrly  Salep.  Smart. 

SAL'PI-eO\,  Ti.  [Sp.,  from  salpiear,  to  bcr^prinkle ; 
Port.  In  corn,  to  powder,  to  spot ;  from  sal,  salt.] 

Siuflinp;  farce  ;  chopped  meat  or  bread,  &:c.,used 
to  stuff  legs  of  veal-     [f  believe  not  used.]      Bacon. 

SALPINX,  n.     [Gr.  pnArij  (,  a  trumpet.] 

The  Eustachian  tube.  Brande. 

SAL  PRU-NEL'LA,  n.  Fused  niter  cast  into  cakes 
or  balls. 

SAL-SA-MEN-TA'RI-OUS,  a.     [L.  sal-^amentariu.i.] 
Pertaining  to  salt  thinys.     [JVot  in  h^c]         Diet. 

SAL  SEl(;N-ETTE',(-«Sn-yet',)».  Rochelle  salt  tar- 
trate of  putassa  and  soda.  Brande. 

SAL'SI-FY,  (sal'se-fe,)  n.     [Fr.  saUifis.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  1  ragopogon,  having  a  long, 
tapering  rod,  of  a  mild,  sweetish  taste,  like  the  pars- 
nep,  often  called  the  Oybter-plant,  from  its  taste 
when  fried.  Gardner. 

S.AL-SIL'LA,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Alsira-menn, 
with  tuberous  roots,  which  are  eaten  like  tlie  potato. 
It  is  a  native  of  Peru.  Farm.  Eneiic. 

SAL-SO-AiyiD,  fl.     [L.  salsiis,  salt,  and  acidus,  acid.] 
Having  a  taste  compounded  of  saltness  and  acid- 
ness.     [^fJttle  v.'<ed.]  Flotier. 

SAL-SO'GI-NOIIS,  u.  [from  L.  salsngo,  froiii  sal, 
salt.] 

Saltish  ;  somewhat  salt.  Boyle. 

SALT,  n.  [Sax.  salt,  sealt ;  G(tth.  Sw.  and  Dan.  sah  ,• 
'ti.  sail ;  D.  sout ;  Russ.  sol ;  IL  sale  :  Fr.  set ;  L.  Sp. 
and  Port  soi ;  (Jr.  uA?,*  W.kalen:  Corn,  and  Arm. 
halinn,  from  W.  AA/,  salt,  a  pervading  substance. 
The  radical  sense  is,  probably,  pungent,  and  if  «  is 
radical,  the  word  belongs  to  the  root  of  L.  salio  ;  but 
this  is  uncertain.] 

1.  Common  salt  is  the  chlorid  of  sotlium,  a  sub- 
stance used  for  seasoning  certain  kinds  of  food,  and 
for  ihe  preservation  of  meat,  &c.  It  is  found  native 
in  the  earth,  or  it  is  produced,  by  evaporation  and 
crystallization,  from  water  impregnated  with  saline 
particles. 

2.  In  chemistry,  a  body  composed  of  an  acid  and  a 
base,  which  may  be  either  a  metallic  oxyd  *  r  an  al- 
kaloid. Thus  nitrate  of  potassa,  commonly  called 
Niter,  or  Saltfeteb,  is  a  salt  composed  of  nitric 
acid  ami  potassa,  the  potassa,  which  is  an  oxyd  of 
the  metal  [wtassium,  being  the  base. 

3.  'J'aste  ;  sapor  ;  smack. 

We  hnve  Bcmc  iatl  of  our  youth  in  ut.  Shak. 

4.  Wit ;  poignancy  ;  as,  Attic  salt. 

SALT,  a.  Having  the  taste  of  salt;  impregnated  with 
'salt  ;  as,  salt  beef;  salt  water. 

2.  Abounding  with  salt ;  as,  a  salt  land.    Jer.  xvii. 

3.  Overtlowed  with  salt  water,  or  impregnated  with 
it ;  as,  a  salt  marsh. 


TONE,  BULL,  tINlTE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUB.  — €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  9  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS, 


J  23 


977 


SAL 

4.  Oruwing  on  salt  marsh  or  meadows,  and  haring 
the  taste  of  salt ;  as,  s(Ut  grass  or  hay. 

5.  Producing  sail  water ;  as,  a  sail  spring. 

6.  I«ec)ieruU3  ;  salacious.  Shah, 

7.  Pungent  or  bitier ;  as,  salt  Bcom.  SAaJt. 
SALT,  n.    Tlie  part  of  a  river  near  tlio  seat  where  the 

water  is  salt  Beverti/. 

9.  A  vessel  for  holding  salt, 
S^LT,  V.  u    To  Bprinkte,  impregnate,  or  season  with 
salt ;  as,  to  salt  fish,  beef,  or  pork. 

2.  To  fill  with  ■^alt  between  the  limbers  and  planks, 
as  a  ship,  for  the  preservation  of  tl»e  limber. 
S^LT,  o.  i.    To  deposit  salt  from  a  saline  substance  : 
as,  the  brine  begins  to  salU    \  Used  fry  mani^'acturcrs.] 
SALT,  n.     [Fr.  saut,  from  saillir^  to  leap.] 

A  leap;  the  act  of  jumping.  [-Vt>(  "*  •«<•.]  B.Jonson, 
SAL'TANT,  a.     [L.  salUns,  from  salto^  to  leap.} 

Leaping;  jumping;  dancing.  DicL 

SAL-TA'TION,  ».     [L.  stUtatiOy  from  sallo^  to  leap.] 
L  \  leaping  or  jumping.  Brown, 

2.  Beating  or  palpitation }  as,  tbe  saltation  of  the 
great  aner>-.  fVUeman, 

SAL'TA-TO-RY,  ( o.     Leaping  or  dancing;    or 

SAL-TA-TO'RI-OUS,  (      having  the  pt>wer  of  leaping 

or  dancing  ;  used  in  leaping  or  dancing. 
SALT'-BOX,  n,    A  small  box  with  a  lid,  used  for 
holding  salt. 

In  turUitfue  mnsicy  the  satt-baz  has  been  used  like 
the  marr'W-bones  and  cleaver,  tongs  asid  poker,  &c. 
SiVLT'-CAT,  B.     A  lump  of  salt,  made  at  the  salt- 
works, which  attracts  pigeons.  Mortimer. 
SALT'-CEL-LAR,  n.    [salt  and  crllar.]    A  small  vea- 

*sel  used  for  holding  salt  on  the  tal>Ie.  SteifL 

SALT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Sprinkled,  seasoned,  or  impreg- 
nated with  salL 
SALT'ER,  n.    One  who  salts;  one  who  gives  or  a;*- 
plies  salt. 
2.  One  that  sells  salt.  Camden. 

SALT'ERN,  K.    A  salt -work ;  a  building  in  which 

salt  is  made  by  boiling  or  evaporation.  Encyc 

SALT'-FISH,  It.    A  fish  that  has  been  salted. 

a.  A  fish  from  salt  water.  Shak. 

SALT'-GREE.N'   a.     Green  like  the  salt  sea.      Sbitk. 
SAL'TIER,  (sal'teer,)  n.     [Ft.  sautoiry  from  s^mt^,  h, 
salto,  to  leap.] 

In  herahiry,  [one  of  the  eight  greater  ordinaries ;  a 
St  Andrew's  cross,  or  cross  in  the  form  of  an  X.  — 
E.  If.  Barker.] 
BAL'TI-GRADE,  a.     [L.«aZt»wand  gradior.] 

Leaping  ;  formed  for  leaping. 
SAL'TI-GRAOE,  n     The  name  of  a  family  of  spiders 

who  le:ip  lo  sei/.e  their  prey. 
S-U^TLN-BAN'eO,  (bank'o,)  »•     [Fr.  snltimbanipie ; 
IL  saUare  in  baneoy  to  leap  on  the  bench,  to  mount  on 
the  bench.] 

A  motmtebank  ;  a  quack,     [^ot  in  ust.]       Brovnt. 
SALT'ING,  ppr.    Spriiikling,  seasoning,  or  impregnajr 

ing  with  salt, 
SALT'IXG,  n.    The  act  of  sprinkling  or  impregnating 

with  salt. 
SjVLT'ISH,  a.    Somewhat  salt;  Uociured  or  impreg- 
nated moderately  with  salL 
SALT'ISU-LY,  adc.    With  a  moderate  degree  of  salt- 

ne^. 
SALT'ISH-N'ESS,  n.     A  moderate  degree  of  saltness. 
S.ALT'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  salt ;  insipid. 
SALT'LV,  adv.    With  ta^te  of  salt;  in  a  salt  manner. 
SALT'-MARSII,  n.    Gntss-Iand  subject  to  the  over- 
flow of  sjili  or  sea-water. 
S.\LT'-MTXE,  n.  A  mine  where  rock-salt  is  obtained. 
SALT'XESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  impregnated 
with  salt;   as,  the  salines  of  sea-water  or  of  pro- 
2.  Ta«te  of  salt.  [visions. 

SALT'-PAN,  i  n.  A  pan,  basin,  or  pit,  where  salt  is 
SALT'-PIT,  i  obtained  or  made.  Bacon.  Woodtoard, 
^ALT  PE'TER  ) 

S\I  T-Pe'TRe'  I  '*■  t*"'*  ^^^  ^^'  ^^'''P'^^i  *  stone.] 
A  salt  consisting  of  nitric  acid  and  potassa,  and 
hence  deni-minated  Nitrate  of  Potassa  ;  als.t  called 
XiTER.  It  is  found  native  in  many  countries.  It  is 
al--H)  fuund  on  wall^  sheltered  from  rain,  and  is  ex- 
tracted by  lixivintion  from  the  earths  under  cellars, 
stables,  bams,  tc.  Hooper.     Lavoisier. 

SALT-Pe'TROUS,  a.     Pertaining  to  saltpeter,  or  par- 
iaking  of  iu  qualities  ;  impregnated  with  saltpeter. 
Med.  Rf^os, 
SALT'-RHECM,  (rume,)  lu     A  vague  and  indefinite 
popular  n.ime,  applied  to  almost  all  the  non-febrile  cu- 
taneous enipiions  which  are  common  among  adults, 
except  ringwiirm  and  itch. 
SALTS,  n.  pi.    The  popular  name  of  various  chemical 
salts  used  in  medicine,  as  Glauber's  salt,  Epsom  salt, 
fee. 
2.  The  salt  water  of  rivers  entering  from  the  ocean. 
&  Carolina. 
SALT'-PPRI\G,  B.     A  spring  af  salt  water. 
SALT'-WA-TER,  n.    Water  impregnaud  with  salt ; 

sea -water. 
SALT'-WORK,  (  wurk,)  n.    A  house  or  place  where 

salt  is  made. 
SAIjT'-WORT,  -n.     A  plant ;  a  vague  and  indefinite 
popular  name  applied  lo  most  of  the  numerous  spe- 
cies of  Salsola,  and  Aw  to  some  species  of  Salicor- 
nia  and  Glaux.     They  are  chiefly  found  on  the  sea- 


SAL 

shore  and  otlier  places  where  the  ground  is  moist 

and  saline. 
SALT'Y,  a.    Somewhat  salt.  • 

SX-LO'BRl-OUS,  a.     [L.  saUber^  salubris^  from  solus. 

See  Safk.I 

Favorable  to  health ;  healthful ;  promoting  health  ; 

as,  salubrious  air  or  water  ;  a  salu}»'ious  climate. 
S  A-LO'BRI-OUS-LY,  orfc.    So  as  to  promote  health. 

Burke. 
SA-LCi'BRLOUS-NES9,  \  ^     ,,    .....r.  ,„.  ^ 
S.VLO'BRI-TV,  !«•     [l^  ^olabntas,-] 

Wholesomeness  ;  healthfhlness;   favorableness  to 

the  preservation  of  health  ;  as,  the  salubrity  of  air,  of 

a  countrv.  or  climate. 
SAL'^-TA-RI-LY,  adv.     Favorably  to  health. 
SAL'l|-TA-R[-NESS,   n.     [See  SiLUXAHV.]     Whole- 

someness ;  the  quality  of  contributing  to  health  or 

safety. 
9,  The  quality  of  promoting  good  or  prosperity. 
SAL'lJ-TA-RY,  a.     [Ft,  salutairc;   L.  salutaris,  from 

salusy  health.] 

1.  Wholesome  ;  healthful ;  promoting  health.  Diet 
and  exercise  are  salutary  to  men  of  sedentary  habits. 

2.  Promotive  of  public  safety  ;  contributing  to  son»e 
beneficial  purpose.  The  strict  discipliue  of  youth  has 
a  salutary  etfect  on  society. 

SAL-U-TA'TION,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  salutatio.  See  Sa- 
lute.] 

The  act  of  saluting ;  a  greeting ;  the  act  of  paying 
respect  or  reverence  by  the  customary  words  or  ac- 
tions;  as  in  inquiring  of  persons  their  welfare,  ex- 
pressing to  tliem  kind  wishes,  bowing,  &c.  Luke  i. 
Mark  xii. 

In  All  piihiie  meotinga  «nd  rri^alr  uddrpaBe*,  u«o  the  fbrtns  of  »al. 
ulation,  revcretice,  and  dcceucy,  luuaj  tuiiong  the  most  •oU-r 
people.  'I'ai/lor. 

SA-LU-TA-TO'RI-AN,  n.  The  student  of  a  college 
who  pronounces  the  salutatory  oration  at  the  annual 
commencement. 

SA-LC'TA-TO-RI-LY,  ado.     By  way  of  salutation. 

SA-L0'T,\-TO-RY,  a.  Greeting;  containing  saluta- 
tions ;  an  epithet  applied  to  the  oration  which  intro- 
duces the  exercises  of  the  commencements  in  Amer- 
ican c(»lleges. 

SA-LOTE',  r.  (.  [L.  saluto  ;  It,  s(UuIart ;  Sp.  saludar; 
Fr.  saluer;  from  L.  solus,  or  salvus.] 

1.  To  greet ;  lo  hail ;  to  address  with  expressions 
of  kind  wishes. 

If  yt  aaluu  jour  brethneo  only,  what  do  ye  more  than  olben  ? 
—  Mau.  ▼. 

2.  To  please ;  to  gratify.     [UnnsuaL}  Shak. 

3.  To  kiss. 

4.  In  military  and  nnvaJ  affairs,  to  honor  some  per- 
son or  nation  by  a  discharge  of  cannon  or  small  arms, 
by  striking  colors,  by  shouts,  &,c. 

S.A-LOTE',  «.  The  act  of  expressing  kind  wishes  or 
respect ;  salutation  ;  greeting.         South.    .Addison. 

2.  A  kiss.  Roscommon. 

3.  In  military  affairs,  a  discharge  of  cannon  or  small 
arms  in  honor  of  some  distinguished  personage.  A 
salute  is  sometimes  performed  by  lowering  the  colors 
or  beating  the  drums.  The  oflicers  also  .<fa/u«each 
other  by  bowing  their  half  pikes  or  dropping  their 
swords.  Encye. 

4.  In  the  navy,  a  testimony  of  respect  or  deference 
to  tlie  rank  of  a  person,  or  on  the  anniversary  of 
some  festival ;  rendered  also  by  the  vessels  of  one 
nation  lo  those  of  another,  or  to  foreign  ports.  This 
is  performed  by  a  discharge  of  canntm,  volleys  of 
small  arms,  striking  the  colors  or  top-sails,  or  by 
shouts  of  the  seamen  mounted  on  the  masts  or  rig- 
ging. Totten.    Encyc 

SA-LPT'ED,  pp.     Hailed  ;  greeted. 
SA-LCT'ER,  n.     One  who  salutes. 
SAL-T^TIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  salut{fer ;  salus,  health, 
and  fero,  to  bring.] 

Bringing  health  ;  healthy  ;  as,  salut^ferous  air. 

Dennis. 
SATj-V.4-niL'I-TY,  n.     [from  solvable.]     The   possi- 
bility of  being  saved  or  admitted  to  everlasting  life. 
Saundersott. 
SAL'VA-BLE,  a.     [L.  salrus,  safe  ;  salvo,  to  save.] 
That  may  be  saved,  or  received  to  everlasting  ha[>- 
piness  ;  admitting  of  salvation  ;  as,  a  salvable  state. 
SAL'VA-BLE-NESS,  n.     State  of  being  salvable. 
SAL'VA-BLY,  adv.     In  a  salvable  manner. 
SAL'VAGE,  n.     [Fr.  salvage,  sauvage,  from  L.  salvus^ 
salBo.] 

In  eommercey  a  reward  or  recompense  allowed  by 
law  for  the  saving  of  a  ship  or  goods  from  loss  at 
sea,  either  by  shipwreck,  fire,  &c.,  or  by  enemies  or 
pirates.  Park. 

SAL'VAGE,  for  Savage,  is  not  used,     [See  Savage.] 
SAL-VA'TION,  n.    [It.  salvazione;  Sp.  salcacion;  from 
L.  salro,  lo  save.] 

1.  The  act  of  saving ;  preservation  from  destruc- 
tion, danger,  or  great  calamity. 

9,  .Appropriately,  in  (Ace/off?/,  the  redemption  of  man 
from  the  bondage  of  sin  and  liability  to  eternal  death, 
and  the  conferring  on  him  everlasting  happiness. 
This  is  the  great  salvation. 

Godly  sorrow  workelh  repentance  to  lalvation. —2  Cot.  vii. 
3.  Deliverance  from  enemies;  victory.     Ex.  xiv. 


SAM 

4.  Remission  of  sins,  or  saving  graces.    Luke  xiz. 

5.  The  Atithor  of  man's  salvation.    Ps.  xxvli. 

6.  A  term  of  praise  or  benediction.    Rev.  zix. 
SAL'VA-TO-RY,  n.     [Fr.  salcatoire.] 

A  place  where  things  are  preserved  j  a  repository. 

Hale. 
SALVE,  (sav,)  71.     [Sax.  sealfe;  from  L.  salvos.] 

1.  An  adhesive  composition  or  sub^jtance  to  be  ap- 
plied to  wounds  or  sores;  when  spread  on  leather 
or  cloth,  it  is  called  a  Plaster. 

2.  Help  ;  remedy.  Hammond. 
SALVE,  (siv,)  V.  t.    To  heal  by  applications  or  med 

icanients.     [Little  used.]  Spenser.     Hooker. 

2.  To  help ;  to  remedy.     [Little  used.]       Sidney. 

3.  'I'o  help  or  remedy  by  a  salvo,  excuse,  or  res- 
ervation.    [Little  used.]  Hooker.     Bacon. 

4.  To  salute.     [-Vo(  m  use.]  Spenser, 
SAL'VER,  n.     A  piece   of   plate  with   a  foot;   or  a 

waiter  on  which  any  thing  is  presented. 

Addison.     Pope. 
S/\L-VIF'ie,  a.     [L.  salvus  and//icio.] 

Tending  to  save  or  secure  safety.  [A  bad  word, 
and  not  used,]  Ch.  Reiig.  Appeal. 

SAL'VO,  n.    [from  the  L.  salvo  jure,  an  expression 
used  in  reserving  rights.] 
An  exception  ;  reservation  ;  an  excuse. 


2.  A  military  or  naval  salute. 

SAL  VOLATILE,  [L.]  Volatile  salt.  [See  Vol- 
atile.] 

SAL'FO  PU-DO'RE,  [L.]  Without  offending  mod- 
esty. 

SAL'VO  SEJV'SU,  [L.]     Preserving  the  sense. 

SAL'VOR,  «.     One  wlio  saves  a  ship  or  goods  at  sea. 
ffheaton*s  Rep. 

SA-Ma'RAjH.  [L.]  An  indehiscent,  superior  fruit, 
containing  two  or  more  few-seeded,  indeliiscent,  dry 
cells,  and  elongated  into  wing-like  expansions  ;  as 
in  the  ash,  maple,  and  elm.  Lindley. 

SA-MAR'I-TAN,  a.  Peruiining  to  Samaria,  the  prin- 
cipal city  of  Hie  ten  tribes  of  Israel,  belonging  to  tlie 
tribe  of  Eptiraim,  and,  a^er  the  captivity  of  those 
tribes,  repeopled  by  Cuthites  from  Assyria  or  Chal- 
dea. 

S.  A  term  denoting  the  ancient  characters  and 
aljihabel  used  by  the  Hebrews  before  the  Babylonish 
captivity,  and  retained  by  the  Samaritans. 

SA-MAR'I-TAN,  n.  An  inhabitant  of  Samaria,  or 
one  that  belonged  to  the  sect  which  derived  their 
appellation  rr«>ni  that  city.  The  Jews  had  no  deal- 
ings with  the  Samaritans. 

2.  The  language  of  Samaria,  a  dialect  of  the 
Chaldean. 

SAM'BO,  n.  The  offspring  of  a  black  person  and  a 
niulalto.  W.  Indies, 

SAME,  a,  [Sax.aome;  Golh.  soma, samo ;  Dun.samme, 
same,  and  sammen,  together  ;  Sw.  samme,  same  ; 
Dan.  samlcr,  forsamler,  to  collect,  to  assemble ;  Sw. 
samla,  for.fma!a,  id.;  D.  zaam,  lamen,  together;  lo- 
melen,  to  assemble  ;  G.  santmebt,  id. ;  Sax.  samod,  L. 
simul,  together  ;  Sax.  samnian,  semnian,  to  assemble, 
to  sum  ;  W.  sum,  sum,  amplitude  ;  swm,  the  state  of 
being  together ;  swiner,  that  supports  or  keeps  togeth- 
er, a  beam,  Eng.  summer,  in  building.  We  observe 
that  the  Greek  dpa  agrees  in  signification  with  the  L. 
simul,  and  Sax.  samod.  Sans,  satn,  together.  Shall 
we  suppose,  then,  that  s  iias  passed  into  an  aspirate 
in  this  word,  as  in  salt,  Gr.  uAc,  or  has  the  Greek 
word  lost  s  ?  The  word  same  may  be  the  L.  idem  or 
dem,  dialeclically  varied.     The  primary  sense  is  lo 


r 


dhamma. 


set,  lo  place,  to  put  together.    See  Ar. 


to  draw  together,  to  set  together,  to  join,  to  collect. 
Class  Sm,  No.  33,  and  see  No.  43,  44.] 
L  Identical ;  not  different  or  other. 

Thou  urt  Ihe  game,  and  thy  ypar«  shall  have  no  end.  —  Pi.  eil. 
The  Irf>nl  Jt'sus,  ihe  tame  night  in  which  ho  woa  hetmjed,  took 
bread.  —  I  Cur.  xi. 

2  Of  the  identical  kind  or  species,  though  not  the 
specific  thing.  We  say,  the  horse  of  one  country  is 
the  same  animal  as  Ihe  horse  of  another  cuuntry. 
The  same  plants  and  fruits  are  produced  in  the  saine 
latitudes.  We  see1n  men,  in  all  countries,  the  same 
passions  and  the  same  vices. 

Th'  ethereal  vigor  is  in  all  the  iame,  Dryd£n. 

3.  That  was  mentioned  before. 

Do  hut  ihink  how  well  (he  sarru  he  spends, 

Wlio  speiiils  his  blood  his  country  lu  r<.-L(rTe.  Daniet. 

4.  Equal ;  exactly  similar.  One  ship  will  not  run 
the  same  distance  as  another  in  the  saiiie  lime,  and 
with  the  same  wind.  Two  balls  of  the  same  size 
have  not  always  the  same  vveiglit.  Two  instruments 
will  not  always  make  the  same  sound. 

SAME,  adv.     [Sax.  sam.] 

Together.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

SAME'NESS,  71.  Identity  ;  the  state  of  being  not  dif- 
ferent or  other  J  as,  the  sameness  of  an  unchangeable 
being. 

2.  The  state  of  being  perfectly  alike  ;  near  resem- 
blance ;  correspondence;  similarity;  as,  a  sameness 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — MeTE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- 
975  ^^  " 


SAN 

of  manner ;   a  sameness  of  sound  ;   tUe  sameness  of 

object*  iu  A  laiitl^cape. 
Sa'Ml-A\  EARTH.   [Gr.  Sontiw,  the  isle.]    The  name 

of  a  marl  of  two  species,  formerly  used  in  medicine 

as  an  astringent, 
SA'MI-A.\  STONE,  n.     A  sort  of  polishing  stone 

from  the  Island  of  Samoa,  used  by  goldsmiths. 

SA'MI-EL,  )         r.  ^.     - 

SI-MOOSl',  i  "•     l'^'"-  &y-*^  Mmom.   The  Ar.  ^.^^ 

stUtamoy  signifies  to  be  thin,  or  to  become  thin  or 
pale,  and  to  suffer  the  heat  of  tbe  simoom,  and 

A.MI  *fl»«Bni,  signifies  to  poison.  This  word  signi- 
fies, probably,  that  which  is  deleterious  or  destruc- 
tive,! 

A  not  and  destructive  wind  that  sometimes  blows 
in  Arabia  and, the    adjacent   countries,  from  the 
desert. 
SA'MITE,  «.     [Old  Fr.]     A  species  of  silk  stuff. 

[Obs.]  Chaucer. 

SAM'LET,  n,     A  little  salmon.  Walton. 

SAMP,  n.  A  species  of  food  composed  of  maize 
broken  or  bruised,  boile^t,  and  eaten  with  milk;  a 
dish  borrowed  from  the  natives  of  America. 

JWic  England. 
SAM'PAN,  n.     A  Chinese  boat  from  12  to  15  feel  long, 
in   which  a    Chinese   family  lives  on    the   Canton 
River,  where  there  are  said  to  be  40,000  such  boaU. 

Smart. 
SAM'PHIRE,  (sam'fire,)  n.    [Said  to  be  a  corruption 
of  Saint  Pierre.] 

An  herb  of  the  genus  Crithmum.  The  golden 
samphire  is  of  the  genus  Inula.  Fam.  of  Plants. 

Samphire  grows  on  rocks  near  the  sea-shure,  where 
it  is  washed  by  the  salt  water.  It  is  used  for  pick- 
ling- MiUcr. 

In  the  United  Stntesy  tliis  name  is  applied  to  Sali- 
cornia  herbacea,  which  is  called  glass-rcort  in  Eng- 
land. 
SAM'PLE,  n.  [L  ezemplum;  Sp.  and  Port,  exemplo ; 
It.  esempio  ;  Fr,  ezcnipte  ;  Arm.  eczempl ;  It.  somplar, 
tamhlacAaSy  from  gamhatl^  similar.] 

1.  A  specimen  ;  a  part  of  any  thing  presented  for 
inspection  or  intended  to  be  shown,  as  evidence  of 
the  quality  of  the  whole  ;  as,  a  sarnide  of  cloth  or  of 
wheat.  Goods  are  often  purchased  in  market  by 
samples. 

I  deiisii  this  u  a  aampU  of  whit  I  hope  more  faUy  to  dwctus. 

H'ooduard. 
9.  Example  ;  instance.  Addison. 

SAM'PLE,  r.  £.    To  show  something  similar. 

Ains^eorth. 
SAM  PLER,  n.     [L.  f,remptarj  supra.] 

A  pattern   of  work  ;  a  specinim  ;  particularly^  a 
piece  of  needle-work  by  young  girls  for  impruvement, 
ShaJL.     Pope. 
SAM'SON'S-POST,  n.     In  ship.i^  a  strong  post  rejiting 
on  the  keelson,  and  snpprjrlins  a  beam  of  the  deck 
over  the  bold  ;  also,  a  temporary  <ir  movahJe  pillar 
carrying  a  leading  block  or  pulley  for  various  pur- 
poses. BraiuU. 
SAN-A-BIL'F-TY,     /         «..<-... 
SAN'A-IILE  NKSS,  \  "*     ^^'^^^  "^  ^^'"8  curable. 
SAN'A-BLE,  a.      [L.  aanabilis^   from   sanoy  to  heal; 
sanusy  sound.     Pee  Sot'so.] 

That  may  be  healed  or  cured  ;  susceptible  of  rem- 
edy. Mf^e. 
SA-NA'TION,  n.     [T*  sanatio,  from  sano^  to  heal.] 
The  act  of  healing  or  curing.     [-Wt  used.] 

„  Wiseman. 

SAN'A-TIVE,  a.     [I>.  sano,  to  heal.] 

Having  the  power  to  cure  or  heal ;  healing  ;  lend- 
ing to  heal.  Bacon. 
SAN'A-TI  VE-XE.S-S  n.    The  power  of  healing. 
8A.\'A-T0-RY, «.     Healing. 

9.  Tending    or  adapted    to  guard   public   health. 
SATfiTART  is  more  cuuirnon. 
&aj^  BEJ^-rrO,  n.     a  r.rfie   painted   with   hideous 
figures,  worn  by  persons  condeninud  by  the  Inquisi- 
tion. 
BANCE'-BEIX,     >  h.     The   same   as   Saint'b-bell, 
PA.NGTE'-BELL,  i      which  see.        Gloss,  of  ArchiL 
BANe'Tl  FI-CATE,  e.  L    To  sanctify.     [jXat  in  use.] 

Barrow. 
eA\e-TI-FI-€A'TION,n.    rPr.,  from  Low  L,  wncfi/i- 
Mtio,  from  8anet\fiee.     See  SA-rrTirr.] 

1.  The  act  of  making  holy.  In  an  rranfrrlical 
sense^  the  act  of  God's  grace  by  which  the  atftctions 
of  men  ate  purifii  d  or  slicnaied  from  sin  and  the 
world,  and  exalted  to  a  supreme  love  to  God  ;  also, 
the  state  of  being  thus  purified  or  sanctified. 

God  twlh  from  Ute  hrgiiminr  cho«en  you  to  •nlTiuion,  throueh 
tttrtcUfieatton  of  Uic  Spirit  and  b-.-ticf  of  Lh«  Inafi.  —  3  Thc«. 
it.     I  Pet.  L 

2.  TTie  act  of  consecrating  or  of  setting  apart  for 
a  S3cr'"d  purpose  ;  consecration.  StiUinsfiret. 

SANe'TLFI-KD,  pp.  or  a.     Made  holy  ;  consecrated  ; 
■et  apart  for  sacred  services. 
2.  Affectedly  holy.  /Tume. 


SAN 


SAN 


SAXCTLFI-KR,  n.    He  that  sanctifies  or  makes  hqly. 

In  theology,  the  Holy  spirit  is,  by  way  of  eminence, 

denominated  the  Sandier. 
SAXC'TI-F?,  V.  t.     [Fr.  sanct\ficr;  It.  santijicare;  Sp. 

santificar;  Low  L.  $anct{fico }  from  aanctus,  holy,  and 

faciOf  to  make.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense^  to  cleanse,  purify,  or  make 
holy-  Addison. 

2.  To  separate,  set  apart,  or  appoint,  to  a  holy,  sa- 
cred, or  religious  use. 

God  bJcaaed  the  Bcvenlh  t\\j  niid  Kinc6fitd  it.  —  Gen.  \\. 
Sounder  the  Jewish  dispensation,  to  sanctify  ihe 
altar,  the  temple,  the  priests,  &.c. 

3.  To  purify,  to  prepare  for  divine  service,  and  for 
partaking  of  holy  things.    Rzod.  lix. 

4.  To  separate,  ordain,  and  appoint  to  the  work 
of  redemption  and  the  government  of  the  church. 
John  X. 

5.  To  cleanse  from  corruption  ;  to  purify  from  sin  , 
to  make  holy  by  detaching  tJie  affections  from  the 
world  and  its  detilenienu,  and  exalting  them  to  a 
supreme  love  to  God. 


Sancdfy  them  through  th/  truth;  thy  word  U  truth,- 
xvii.     Epli.  V. 


-John 


6.  To  make  the  means  of  holiness  ;  to  render  pro- 
ductive of  holiness  or  piety. 

Tho«^  judg-mciiU  of  God 
which  hi*  mercy  h.iUi 
repL'iil  of  that  unjust 


!  the  more  welcome,  u  a  meani 
nclified  to  to  me,  aa  to  make  me 
K.  CharUs. 


7.  To  make  free  from  guilt. 

Th.it  holy  man,  iimazp<i  M  what  he  •aw, 

Miide  Lntte  to  tanctify  the  H'tM  by  law.  Dryden. 

8.  To  secure  from  violation. 

Truth  guard!  tlic  poet,  tanciifiet  the  line.  Pope. 

To  sanctify  Ood ;  to  praise  and  celebrate  him  as 
a  holy  being;  to  acknouhidge  and  honor  his  holy 
majesty,  and  to  reverence  his  character  and  laws. 
Ssa.  viii. 

Ood  sanctifes  himself,  or  his  name^  by  vindicating 
his  honor  from  the  reproaches  of  the  wicked,  and 
manifesting  hi.«  glorj-.  EzeJi.  xxxvi, 
SANe'TI-Ft-r\G,  ppr.  Making  holy;  purifying 
from  the  defilements  of  sin  ;  separating  to  a  holy 
use. 

2.  a.    Tending  to  sanctify  j  adapted  to  increase 
holiness. 
SAN€'TI-F5-IXG-LY,  ado.    In  a  manner  or  degree 

tending  to  sanctify  or  make  holy. 
SANe-TlL'O-ULENT,    a.       [L.  sanctus,  holy,   and 
loquoTy  to  speak.] 

Discoursing  on  heavenly  things. 
SANC-TI-MO'NI-OUS,  a.    [L.  sanctimonia,  from  sane- 
tuSf  boly.] 

Saintly  ;  having  the  appearance  of  sanctity  ;  as,  a 
sanctimonious  pretense.  VEstranee. 

SANe-TI-M0'NI-OUS-LY,fldp.    With  sanctimony. 
SANe-TI-MO'NI-OUS-NESS, «.     State  of  being  sanc- 
timonutus  j  sanctity,  or   tlie  appearance  of  it ;   de- 
voutness. 
SANC'Tl-MO-NY,  n.     [L.  sanctimonia.] 

Holiness  ;  devoutness  ;  scrupulous  austerity  ;  sanc- 
tity, or  the  appearance  of  it.     [Little  used,] 

Skak,  •  Ralpch. 
SANG'TION,  (sank'shun,)  «,     [Fr.,  from  U  aanctto, 
from  sanctus^  holy,  .solemn,  esLiblished.] 

1.  Ratification  i  an  orticial  net  of  a  stiperior  by 
which  he  ratifies  and  gives  validity  to  the  act  of 
some  other  permm  or  body.  A  treaty  is  not  valid 
without  the  sanction  of  the  president  and  senate. 

2.  Authority  ;  confirmation  derived  from  testi- 
mony, character,  influence,  or  custom. 

The  «irk:t«t  profcMofs  of  n^aon  hare  aildcd  the  tanction  of 
their  le«Umoiiy.  WaUt. 

3.  A  law  or  decree.     [Improper.]  Denkam. 
SANe'TI(>.\,  (sank'shifn.)  r.  u    To  ratify;  to   con- 
firm; to  give  validity  ornuihority  to.  Burke. 

SAN€'TloN-/;i),  (sank'shund,)  pp.    Ratified:  con- 
firmed ;  authorized. 
SANe'TK)N-L\G,p;;r.     Ratifying;  authorizing. 
SANe'TI-TUDE,  «.     [h.  sanctus,  sanctitudo.] 

Holineets  ;  sacredness.  Milton. 

SANC'TI-TY,  n.     [L.  sanctitas.] 

I.  Holiness  ;  state  of  being  sacred  or  holv.  God 
atUibute^  no  sanctity  to  place.  Mdton. 

9.  Goodness;  purity;  godliness;  ns,  the  sanctity 
of  love  ;  sanctity  of  mannirrs.  Shak.     Addison. 

3.  Sacredness;  solomnity  j  as,  the  fancfiiu  of  an 
oath. 

4.  A  saint  or  holy  being. 
Aboitt  mm  all  thn  sancti&€t  of  heBTen.     \Unu$ual.\     Milton. 

SANC'TU-A-RIZE,  r.  t.     [from  sancfiisry.]     To  shel- 
ter by  means  of  a  sanctuary  or  sacred  privileges. 

Shak. 


permiKcd  to  enter  except  the  high  priest,  and  that 
only  once  a  year,  to  intercede  for  the  [)euple.  The 
same  name  was  given  to  the  most  sacred  part  of  Ibe 
tabernncle.    Lee.  i.     /felt,  ix 

2.  The  temple  at  Jerusalem.    2  CAroa.  xi. 

3.  A  house  consecrated  to  the  worship  of  God  ;  a 
place  where  divine  service  is  performed,     Ps.  Ixxiii. 

Hence  sanctuary  is  used  for  a  church. 

4.  In  Rinnan  Catholic  ehurchesythat  part  of  a  church 
where  the  altar  is  placed,  encompassed  with  a  bal- 
nstrade.  Brande. 

5.  A  place  of  protection  ;  a  sacred  asylum.  Hence, 
a  sanctuary-man.  is  one  that  resorts  to  a  sanctuary  for 
protection.  Bacon,     S/iak. 

G.  Shelter  ;  protection. 

Som-  rrltcs  of  pjtiniing  look  tnncttuuy  under  ground.  Dryden. 
SAJVC'TUM  SAJ^€~TO' RU.M,  [L.]  Most  holy  place. 
SAND,  iu  [Sax.  sand;  G.  Sw.  and  Dan.  sand;  D. 
land.] 

1.  Any  mass  or  collection  of  fine  particles  of  stone, 
particularly  of  fine  particles  of  silicious  stone,  but 
not  strictly  reduced  to  powder  or  dusU 

That  fiiitir  matter,  culled  tattd,  b  no  other  than  Tery  Bmall  peb- 
W«-  Woodward. 

2.  Sands  ;  in  the  plural,  tracts  of  land  consiaing  of 
sand,  like  the  deserts  of  Arabia  and  Africa  ;  as,  the 

-  }i}\y^^  ''«'*^"-  MUton. 

SAiVU,  r.  t,     lo  sprinkle  with  sand.     It  is  customary 

among  the  common  people,  in  America,  to  sand  their 

fioors  with  white  sand. 
2.  To  drive  upon  the  sand.  Burton. 

SAN'DAL,  n.     [Fr.  sandale;  iLsandalo  ;  Sp,  saRdaliaj 

L.  sandalium  ;  Gr.  trnv^aXioy.      Uu.  Syr.   Irn  sun,  to 

shoot.    Class  Sn,  No.  9.]  X^ 

1.  A  kind  of  shoe,  consisting  of  a  sole  fastened 
to  the  foot.  The  Greek  and  Roman  ladies  wore 
sandals  of  a  rich  stuff,  ornamented  with  gold  or 
s''yer.  Pope.     i:„cyc. 

2.  A  shoe  or  slipper  worn  by  the  pope  and  other 
Roman  Catholic  prelates  when  they  officiate.  A 
like  sandal  is  worn  by  several  congregations  of  monks. 

Kneyc. 
S      ^  ^ 
SAN'DAL,  J  ^^        ,     ,. 

S.\N'DAL-W9QD,  i    "•       [Ar.    JiOww?    sonadUin  i 
o  J  o  J  •* 


Pers.   ^,SXc>.  jondoL] 


The  wood  of  the  Santalum  album,  which  is  a  low 
tree,  having  a  general  resemblance  to  the  Privet  or 
Prim.  When  the  sandal-tree  becomes  old,  the 
harder  central  wood  acquires  a  yellow  color  and 
great  fragrance,  while  the  softer  exterior  wood  re- 
mains white  and  destitute  of  fragrance.  The 
former  is  what  is  called  ycUow  sandal  wood,  and  the 
latter  white  sandal-wood.  It  is  the  yellow  wood 
only  which  is  highly  esteemed  for  its  perfume,  and 
which  is  considered  so  valuable  for  musical  instru- 
ments, boxes,  cabinets,  &.c.  This  article  grows 
chiefly  on  the  coast  of  Malabar  and  in  the  Indian 
Archipelago.     [See  also  Sanders.] 

SAN'DAL-/:D,  a.     Wearing  samials. 

SAN'DAI^I-FORM,  a.  Shaped  like  a  sandal  or 
slipper. 

SAN'DA-RAC, 


!  n.    [L.  sandaraca ;  Ar. 


U^^J' 


I«NaaM 


[A  had  word,  and  not  used. 
SANG'TU-A-RY,  (i 


.  ,Hauki'yuwi  re,)  n.  [Fr. sanctuaire ; 
It.  and  Sp.  santuarto  ;  L.  sanctaarium,  from  sanctus. 
sacred.]  ' 

1.  A  sacred  place ;  particularIy,nmong(Ae /vra^-Zi/M, 
the  most  retired  part  of  the  temple  at  JeruHalem, 
called  the  Holt  of  Holiei,  in  which  was  kept  the 
ark  of  the  covenant,  and  into  which  no  person  was 


BAN'DA-RACH, 

sajidrag.] 

1.  A  resin  in  white  tears,  more  transparent  than 
those  of  mastic.  'I'here  is  reason  to  think  that  the 
produce  of  different  plants  takes  this  name  when  it 
has  the  same  external  characters ;  but  what  may 
more  properly  Ire  called  sandarack  is  believed  to 
be  the  produce  of  Callitris  quadrivalvis  of  Roxburgh, 
and  Thyia  articulata  of  Vuhl.  It  is  used  in  powder, 
and  mingled  with  a  little  chalk,  to  prevent  ink  from 
sinking  or  spreading  on  paper.  This  is  the  sub- 
stance denoted  by  the  Arabic  word,  and  it  is  also 
called  Varnish,  as  it  enters  into  the  preparations  of 
varnirih. 

2.  The  combination  of  arsenic  and  sulphur,  called 
Realgar,  which  is  the  prot4»suIpliurt;t  of  arsenic. 

SAND'-BAG,  n.  A  bag  filled  with  sand  or  earth, 
used  in  fortification. 

SAND'-DXTH,  n.  A  balh  made  by  warm  or  hot  sand, 
with  which  something  is  en\'elo[)ed. 

SAND'-BLIND,  a.  Having  a  defect  of  sight,  by 
means  of  which  small  particles  appear  to  fly  be- 
fore the  eyes.  Shak. 

SAND'-HOX,  n,  A  b<ix  with  a  perforated  top  or 
cover,  for  sprinkling  paper  with  sand. 

9.  An  evergreen  South  American  tree  of  the  genus 
Ilura.  It  is  said  that  the  pericarp  of  the  fruit  will 
burst,  when  ripe,  with  a  loud  report,  and  throw  the 
seeds  to  a  disrtance.  Loudon. 

SAND'-DRIFT,  n.     Drifting  sand. 

SAND'ED,  pp.  Sprinkled  with  sand  ;  as,  a  sanded 
floor. 

2.  o.     Covered  with  sand  ;  barren.        Mortimer. 

3.  Marked  with  small  spots ;  variegated  with 
•pots  ;  speckled  ;  of  a  sandy  color,  as  a  hound. 

Shak. 

4.  Short-sighted.  Shak, 


TCWE,  BULL,  UNITE— AN"GER.  V1"C10U8— €  M  K ;  O  .,  J  ;  g  aa  z  ;  CH  «.  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


979 


SAN 

SAM»'-KEL,  n.  A  fish  of  ibe  genus  Atnmotlytefi, 
belonging  to  the  eel  family.  lis  head  is  elongaU-d, 
the  up|N>r  j:iw  larger  than  the  under  one,  the  thwly 
cylindrical,  with  scales  hardly  perceptible,  and  the 
tail  deeply  forked.  It  usually  buries  tt-svlf  in  the 
nunsi  sand  after  the  retiring  of  the  tide.  Two  fpe- 
cies  of  snnd-eel  are  now  rero]:nized,ihe  larger  usu- 
ally nn'nsiiring  from  ten  to  fifteen  inches,  the  smaller 
scarcely  ever  exceeding  seven  or  eieht  inches. 

Jardine'j  AliX.  Lib. 

SAX-DE-MA'NT-.AN,  n.  A  fiillower  of  Robert  Sande- 
man,  who  held  to  Aniinomian  principles.  The  real 
founder  (»r  the  sect  ivas  John  Glass,  whose  adherents 
are  called  Glassitks. 

SAXD'ER-LI.NG,  w.  A  small  wadinf;  bird,  allied  to 
the  dotterel  and  to  the  sandpiper ;  Arenaria  ralidrU 
of  Mever.  Jardine. 

SAND'ERS,  n.  The  n-d  sandcrs  wood,  Bonietimcs 
called  r«{/  sandal  vood,  is  the  produce  of  a  lofty  tree, 
the  Pierocarpus  9.-inuilinus,  a  native  of  India.  This 
wood  has  a  bripht  garuet-rcd  color,  and  is  used  for 
its  roloring  m;Uier.  P,  Cye. 

SAN*'DE-VER,  |  «.    [Fr.Miii  rfe  p«rre,  or  snint  dt  verre^ 

8AN'DI-VER,  \      dross  or  recrement  of  (;lass.] 

GU:it3g:ill ;  a  whitish  salt  which  is  cast  up  from 
the  materials  of  gl:u«s  in  fusion,  and,  floating  on  the 
lop,  Uskunmpd  otT.  It  is  used  by  gilders  of  iron, 
and  in  the  fusion  of  several  ores.  It  is  said  to  be 
good  for  cleansing  the  skin,  and,  taken  internally,  is 
Ueierceul-  Efic^c 

SAND'-FLQOD,  ».  A  vast  body  of  sand  moving  or 
bitrne  along  the  deserts  ttf  Ambia.  Bruer. 

8A.NI>'-HkAT,  n.  The  heat  of  warm  sand  in  chemi- 
cal operations. 

SA.VD'I-NESS,  M.    [from  sandy,]    The  slate  of  being 
sandy  :  as,  the  sandiness  of  a  road. 
Sl  The  slate  of  being  of  a  s:indy  color. 

SAXD'ING,  ppr,    Sprinkling  or  covering  with  sand. 

SAND'iSlI,  «.  [from  sand.]  Approaching  the  nature 
of  s-ind  ;  loose  \  not  coniinct.  Evtl^ 

SANO'IX.  n.  A  kind  of  minium  or  red  lead,  made  of 
C'-niiie.  but  inferior  to  the  true  luiniunu  Encvc 

SAXD'PA-PER,  n.  Pa[K  r  covered  on  one  side  wiih  a 
fin»  frritty  substance,  for  smottthing  and  )N>li.«hing. 

SAXDTI-PER,f«.  A  name  common  to  several  species 
of  wading  birds  of  the  wtMiJcitck  and  snipe  family, 
belonging  to  the  genera  Totanus  and  Tringn. 

Jardinf, 

SAXD'STfiXE,  «.  [sand  and  jttame,]  Sandstone  is, 
in  most  cases,  coni|iosed  chietly  of  grains  of  quartz 
united  by  a  cement,  cnkareous  marly,  ai^illaceous, 
or  even  silicious.  The  texture  of  tiome  kinds  is 
loose,  of  (dhers  close ;  the  fracture  tajmnalar  or 
earthy.  GtaftUmd. 

Sandstones  u.«iially  consist  of  the  materials  of 
older  rocks,  a^  grttnite,  broken  up  and  comminuted, 
and  afterward  deposited  again.  Olm.*ted. 

SAXD'WICH,  ».  Two  pieces  of  bre^d  and  butler, 
with  a  thin  slice  of  ham  or  other  salt  meat  between 
them  ;  said  to  have  been  a  favorite  dish  of  the  Etirl 
of  Sandwich.  Orose. 

SAND'WORT,  (-wurt,)  a.  A  small  plant  of  the 
genus  Arenaria.  Louihn, 

SAND'Y,  a.     [Sas.  saitdig.] 

1.  Aboiindmg  with  sand  ;  full  of  sand  ;  covered 
or  sprinkled  with  sand  ;  as,  a  sandy  desert  or  plain  \ 
a  sandy  road  or  soil. 

3.  Consisting  of  sand ;  not  firm  or  solid  ;  as,  a 
sandy  foundation. 

3.  Of  the  color  of  sand ;  of  a  yellowish-red  color ; 
as,  sandy  Imir. 

SaXE,  a,  [L.  sanusy  Eng.  sound;  D.  geiond;  G.  ge- 
sund.  This  is  the  Eng.  sotutdj  Sax.  sund.  See 
Sop:fD.] 

1.  Sound;  not  disordered  or  shattered;  healthy; 
as,  a  sane  body. 

2.  Sound  ;  not  disonlered  :  having  the  regular  ex- 
ercise of  rea-*on  and  other  faculties  of  the  mind  ;  as, 
a  sane  pr>rson  ;  a  [K'rson  of  a  gone  mind. 

SANE'XESS,  H.     Stale  of  being  sane  or  of  sound 

mind. 
SAXG,  pTf*.  of  Si:t«». 
S.\N"GA-REE%  a.    Wine  and  water  sweetened  and 

spiced. 
SJi.VO  FROm^  C-^ne-frwa,)  n.     [Fr.,  cold  Mood.] 

Coulneas  ;  freedom  from  agitation  or  excitement  of 

mind. 
2.  Indifference. 
SAN'GI-AC,  n,    A  Turkish  governor  of  a  sangiacate, 

or  district  firming  part  of  n  pashawlic        Brands, 
8AX'6l-A-eATE,  a.     A  division  of  a  Turkish  pa- 

shiwlic  Brande, 

8AN"GCIF'ER-OUS,  (sang-gwirer-us,)  a.     [L.  son- 

guifer ;  san^'iA^  blood,  and  /ere,  to  carry.] 

Conveying   blood.      The  sanguiferous  vessels  are 

the  arteries  and  veins. 
SAX"GLl-FI-eA'T!OX,   ».     [Fr.,  from   L.   sanguis, 

blood,  and  facia,  to  make.] 

In  the  animal  economy,  the  production  of  blood  j 

the  conversion  of  chyle  into  bI.»od.  j9rl/utAiioL 

SAX"GUI-F!-ER,  a.     A  producer  of  blood.    Flayer. 
SAN"GUiF'H;-OUS,  a.    [L.  sanguis,  blood,  andjlao, 

Floatmg  or  running  with  blood. 


SAN 

SAX"GUI-F7,  (.-tang'nwo-fr,!  r.  i.     To  produce  blood. 
SAX"GU1-KV-IXG,  ppr.     Producing  blood. 
SAX"GUIX-A-R1-LY,  adv.    In  a  bloodthirsty  man- 
ner. 
SAN"GUIN.A-RV,  (sang'gwin-a-re,)  a.    [Fr.  sangui- 
noire:  l>.  sansruinarius^  from  Jtan^uis^  blood.] 

1.  BloiKty  ;  attended  with  nnich  blootlshed  ;  mur- 
derous \  as,  a  san^inary  war,  contest,  or  battle. 
Q,  Uloodtliirsty  i  cruel ;  eager  to  shed  blood. 


mnkea  m  brutal  am)  tangainary.  Broom*. 

SAN"GUfN-A-RV,  a.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Sangul- 

nnria  ;  blood  worL  ^ak. 

S.\X"GUL\E,  (sang'pwin,)  a.  [Fr.  sangvin  ;  L.  saw- 
guineu.i,  from  .sanguis,  blood.] 

].  Red  ;  having  the  color  of  blood  ;  as,  a  snncuine 
color  or  countenance.  Drydtn.     Milton. 

S.  Abounding  with  blood  ;  plethoric  ;  as,  a  san- 
guine habit  of  body.     [Technical.] 

3.  Warm  ;  ardent ;  as,  a  ;;an4rifine  temper. 

4.  Confident.  He  is  sanguine  in  his  expectations 
of  success. 

SAX"GUINE,  n.    Blood  color.    [JVot  in  use.] 

denser. 
SAX"GUINE,  p.  (.     To  stain  with  blood.     [But  En- 
BANGuiNE  is  generally  used.] 
9.  To  stain  or  varnish  with  a  blood  color. 
S.\X"GUIXE-LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  blood  ;  pale, 

[A  bad  wordy  and  little  ttsed.] 
SAN*"GUIXE-LY,  (sang'gwin-le,)    adv.      Ardently; 

with  confidence  of  success.  Chesterfield. 

SAX"GUIXE^NES3,  n.  Redness;  color  of  blood  in 
the  skin  ;  as,  sang^ineness  of  countenance. 

3.  Fullness  of  blood;  plethory ;    as,  sanguineness 
of  habiL 
3.  Ardor;  heat  of  temper ;  confidence. 

Decay  of  Piety* 
SAN'"GUIN'E-OUS,  a.     [L.  sammineus.] 

1.  Abounding  with  blood  ;  plethoric   .^rbuthnot. 
Q.  Constituting  blood.  Brovn, 

SAN"GUIN'I-TY,  for  Sawgi-isewess,  is  not  in  use. 

Steift 

SAN"GmN-lV'0R-0U8,  a.  [L.  sanguis,  blood,  and 
roro,  to  eat.] 

Eating  or  subsisting  on  blood. 

SAN-GUIX'O-LKXT, «,     Bloody. 

8AN"GUI-SU6E,  «.     [Lu  sanguisuga  ;  sanguis,  blood, 
and  SMgo,  to  suck.] 
The  blood-sucker  ;  a  leech,  or  horse-leech.    Eneyc 

SAX'IIE-DRIM,  m.  [Low  I»  synedrium  ;  Gr.  avviSfH- 
oy  :  cvpy  with,  togeilter,  and  iSjju,  seat.] 

The  great  council  of  the  Jews,  which  consisted  of 
seventy  one  or  seventy-two  members,  and  decided 
the  most  important  causes,  t>oth  ecclesiastical  and 
civil.  p.  Cye. 

SA.N'ieLE,  a.    [from  I.,  sano,  to  heal.] 

Self-heal ;  the  poptilar  name  of  several  species  of 
the  genus  Sanicula ;  and  it  is  said  also  of  some  spe- 
cies of  Saxifraga  and  Certora.  It  has  likewise  the 
popular  name  Herchera  Americana,  in  some  parts 
of  the  United  States.  The  American  Bastard  Sani- 
cle  is  a  s[)ecies  of  Mitella. 

SA'XI-£S,  n.  [L.]  A  thin,  reddish  discharge  from 
wounds  or  sores  ;  a  serous  matter,  less  thick  and 
white  than  pus,  and  having  a  slight  tinge  uf  red. 

SA'Xl-OUS,  a.  [from  sanies.]  Pertaining  to  sanies, 
or  partaking  of  its  nature  ond  oppearance  ;  thin  and 
serous,  with  a  slight  bloody  tinge;  as,  the  saniotts 
matter  of  an  ulcer. 

2.  Excreting  or  effusing  a  thin,  serons,  reddish 
matter  ;  as,  a  sanious  ulcer.  Wiseman. 

SAX'I-TA-RY,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  designed  to  secure 
health  ;  as,  sanitary  regulations. 

SAN'I-TY,  n.     [I^  saniUts.     See  Sawe.] 

Soundness;  particularly,  a  sound  state  of  mind; 
the  t>t<ue  of  a  mind  in  the  perfect  exercise  of  reason. 

SAak. 

SAN'JAK,  n.     See  Sangiac. 

SAXK,  pret.  of  SisK,  but  nearly  obsolete. 

SAX'NAH,  iu  The  name  of  certain  kinds  of  India 
muslin. 

&^A\9,  prep.     [Ft.]     Without.  Skak. 

SAX'SCRIT,  n.  According  to  H.  T.  Colebrooke,  San- 
scrit signifies  the  polished  dialect.  It  is  sometimes 
written  Shanscrit,  and  in  other  ways.  .dsiaL  Res. 
7,200.] 

The  ancient  language  of  Ilindoostan,  from  which 
are  formed  all  the  modern  languages  or  dialects  of 
the  great  peninsula  of  India.  It  is  the  language  of 
the  Bramins,  and  in  this  arc  written  the  ancient 
books  of  the  country ;  but  it  is  now  obsolete.  It  is 
from  the  same  stock  as  the  ancient  Persic,  Greek, 
and  Latin,  and  all  the  present  languages  of  Europe. 

SiJVS  €U'LOTTES'j  (sing  ku-lot',)  [Fr.,  without 
breeches.]  Ragged  fellows  ;  a  name  of  reproach 
given  in  the  first  French  revolution  to  the  extreme 
republican  party. 

SANSeO'LOT-TISM,  a.  Extreme  republican  prin- 
ciples. 

SAJ^'S  S(5C7-C/*,  (sang-soo-see',)  [Fr.]  Without  care; 
free  and  easy. 

S.\N'TA-LIX,  71.  The  coloring  matter  of  red  sanders 
wood,  obtitincd  by  digesting  the  rasped  wood  in  al- 
cohol, and  adding  water.  Brande. 


SAP 

SAX'TER.    SeeSAUSTEB. 

SAX'TON,  n.    A  Turkish  priest;  a  kind  of  dervis, 

regarded  by  the  vulgar  as  a  saint.  Herbert. 

SAX'TO-XI'X,   n.      A  proximate  vegetible   principle 

obtained  from  the  seed  of  the  Artemisia  santonica, 

or  southern wiK>d,  white,  crj-stallizable,  and  bitterish. 

P.  Cyc 
SAP,  n.     [Sax.  strp  ;  D.  zap  ;  G.  soft :  Sw.  ttajl,  safee  ; 

Dan.  suft.  Sieve i  Fr.  sme;  Arm.  sabr,-  probably  from 

softness  or  flowing.    Clu.  Pera.  Xi'.  tabah,  a  flow- 
ing.] '^ 

1.  The  juice  of  plants  of  any  kind.  The  ascending 
sap  flows  in  the  vessels  of  the  alburnum  or  sap-wood, 
and  is  colorless,  while  the  descending  sap  flows  in 
llio  vessels  of  the  liber  or  inner  bark,  and  is  often 
colored.  This  a-mark,  however,  is  applicable  to  ex- 
ogenous plants  only.  From  the  sap  of  a  species  of 
maple  is  made  sugar  of  a  good  quality  by  evapora- 
tion. 

9.  The  alburnum  of  a  tree ;  the  exterior  part  of 
the  wood,  next  to  the  bark. 

[^  sense  in  general  use  in  J^ete  England,  ] 
SAP,  o.  t,      [Fr.  saper:  It.   lappare;  Arm.  sappa:  It. 
lappa,  a  spade  ;  zappone,  a  mattock.     The  primary 
sense  is,  probably,  to  dig  or  to  thrust.] 

1.  To  undermme  ;  to  subvert  by  digging  or  wear- 
ing away ;  to  mine. 

Their  ilwrfllinfB  were  tapped  by  floodi.  Drydtn, 

9.  To  undermine ;  to  subvert  by  removing  the 
foundation  of.  Discontent  saps  the  foundation  of 
happiness.  Intrigue  and  corruption  sap  the  constitu- 
tion of  a  free  government. 
SAP,  r.  i.  To  proceed  by  mining,  or  by  secretly  un- 
dermining. 

BuUi  aaa&ulti  arc  cnnlei]  on  bir  tappirtg,  7bll«r. 

SAP,  n.  In  sieges,  a  trench  for  undermining  ;  or  an 
approach  made  to  a  fortified  place  by  digging  under 
cover  of  gabions,  &c.  'i'he  single  sap  has  only  a  sin- 
gle parapet:  the  double  has  one  on  each  side,  and 
the  flying  is  made  with  gabions,  &c.  In  all  saps, 
traverses  are  left  to  cover  the  men.  Encye. 

SAP'A-JOU,  /  B.    The  sapajous  form  a  division  of  the 
SAP'A  JO,     i     monkey  family,  including  suchof  the 
monkeys  of  America  as  have  prehensile  tails. 

P.  Cye. 
SA-PAX'-WpQD,  n.    A  dye-wood  yielded  by  a  spe- 
cies of  Ca;salpinia,  a  thorny  tree  of  Southern  Asia 
and  the  neighboring  islands.    It  resembles  Brazil 
wood  in  cdbir  and  properties.  P.  Cyc. 

SAP'-COL'OR,  (-kul'hir,)  n.  An  expressed  vegetable 
juice  inspissated  by  slow  evaporation,  for  the  use  of 
painters,  ns  sap-green,  &c.  Parke. 

SAP'-GREEX,  n.  A  light-green  pigment  prepared 
from  the  juice  of  the  ripe  berries  of  the  Rhamnus 
catharticus  or  buckthorn.  Francis. 

8APMD,  a.     [L.  sapidus,  from  sapio,  to  tasteJ 

Tasteful  ;  tastable  ;  having  the  power  of  affecting 
the  organs  of  taste;  as,  sapid  w.-der. 

Brmcm,     .^rbnthnot. 
SA-PID'I-TY,    I  n.     Taste  ;  tastefulness  ;   savor  ;  the 
SAP'ID  XESS,  i      quality   of  affecting  the  organs  of 

taste  ;  ns,  the  sapidness  of  water  or  fruit.       Boylf.. 
SA'PI-EXCE,  n.     fFr.,  from  L.  sapientia,from  sapio, to 
tuste,  to  know.] 

Wisdom;  sngencss ;  knowledge. 

Slill  hai  ^rntiliidp  and  inpUncM 
To  spare  the  folk*  thftt  give  him  ha'pence.  Suifl. 

S.^'PI-ENT,  a.    Wise;  sage;  discerning. 

Tlwre  titc  gajnenl  Iciii^  he]d  dnllJance.  Milton, 

SA-PI-EX'TIAL,  (-8hal,)a,  Affording  wisdom  or  in- 
structions for  wisdom,     f  A*o(  muck  used.] 

Bp.  Richardson. 

SA'PI-EXT-LY,  flrfp.    Wisely  ;  sagaciously. 

SAP'LESS,  a.  [from  sap.]  Destitute  of  sap;  as,  a 
sapless  tree  or  branch.  Stciji.     Shak. 

2.  Dry  ;  old  ;  husky  ;  as,  a  sapless  usurer. 

Dryden. 
SAP'LING,  n.    [from  sap.]    A  young  tree. 

Niii«  the  taptingt  tall.  Rmion. 

SAP-O-DIL'LA,  (  n.  In  botany,  the  distinctive  term 
ZAP-O-TIL'LA,  i  for  one  of  the  two  varieties  of 
Sapota  Achras,  (Miller.)  Also,  the  popular  name  of 
the  same  variety  ;  but  it  is  likewise  applied,  by 
many,  to  both  varieties.  SajKrta  Achms  is  a  large, 
tall,  and  straight  tree,  without  branches  for  more 
than  sixty  or  seventy  feet.  It  belongs  to  the  natural 
order  SapotaceiB,  (Lifidley,)  and  is  a  native  of  Me- 
ridional America.  Its  bark  is  used  in  medicine  as 
an  astringent. 

Sapoditla  plum  ;  the  fruit  of  Sapota  Achras,  which 
is  variable  in  size  and  form,  being  globose,  oval,  or 
ovate,  and  abotit  the  size  of  an  ordinary  qumce.  Its 
rind  is  rough,  brittle,  and  of  a  dull-brown  color;  its 
flesh  is  a  dirty  yellowish-white,  very  soft,  and  de- 
liciousty  sweet.  It  is  eatable  only  when  it  begins  to 
be  spotted,  and  then  it  is  much  used  in  desserts. 
1'he  seeds  are  dark-colored  and  shining,  and  are  used 
in  medicine  as  a  diuretic. 
SAP-0-XA'CEOUS,  a.     [from  L.  sapo,  soap.] 

Soapy;  resembling  soap;  having  the  qualities  of 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MkTE,  PRgY.  —  PIXE,  MARIXE,  BIRD.  — XOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK 


S.\R 

soap.     Saponaceous  bodies  are  compounds  of  an  acid 

and  a  ba^e,  nnd  are  in  rt^ality  a  kind  uf  salt. 
SAP'O-NA-KY,  o.     Saponaceous, 
SA-P(J>J-[-KI-eA'TION,  n.    Conversion  into  soap. 
SA-PON'I-FI-fiD,  pp      Converted  into  soap, 
SA-PON'I-F?,    p.  U       [L.  sapoy   soap,  and   faciOy   to 

make.] 
To  convert  into  soap.  Ore. 

SAP'O-NIN,  Ji.     A  pt-cullar  substance  from  the  root  of 

Snponaria  officinalis  or  3<»apwort.     It  is  the  cause  of 

the  lather  which  the  root  forms  wiih  water.   Brandt. 
SAP'O-NULE,  n.     An  imperfect  soap  formed  by  the 

action  of  an  alkali  ujion  an  esscntinl  oil. 
SA'POR,  n.     [L.]    Taste;   savor;  relish ;  the  power 

of  affecting  the  organs  of  taste. 

TliT^  ti  Mine  tapor  in  all  alim'jnU.  Broien. 

SAP-O-RIF'ie,  a.  [Fr.  saporifique;  from  L.  5a;njrand 
facio^  to  make.] 

Having  the  power  to  produce  taste  ;  producing 
taste.  Buileif.    Johnson. 

SAP-O-ROS'I-TY,  71,  The  quality  of  a  body  by  which 
it  excites  the  sensation  of  taste. 

SAP'O-ROUS,  a.  Having  taste;  yielding  some  kind 
(if  taste.  Bailey. 

SA-PO'TA,  n.  In  botany^  the  name  of  a  tree  or  plant 
of  the  genus  Achras. 

SAP-PA-niL'LO-TREE,  n.  The  popular  name  of  a 
tree  of  the  genus  Sloanea.      Fiinu  of  Plants.    Lee, 

SAP'PARE,  n.  A  mineral  or  P|>ecie3  of  earth,  the 
kyanite;  called  by  Haiiy,  dlsthene.  Ure, 

SAP'P/^D,  (sapt,)pp.     Undermined;  subverted. 

SAP'PER,  n.  t)ne  wh(»  saps.  In  an  armtj^  sappers 
and  miners  are  employed  in  working  at  saps,  build- 
ing and  repairing  fortllicatioits,  &c.  P.  Cue. 

SAP'PHIC,  (safik.)  a.  Pertaining  to  Sappho,  a  Gre 
cian  poetess  ;  a.«i,  Sapphic  odes  ;  Sapphic  verse.  The 
Sapphic  verse  ronsistj"  of  eleven  syllables  in  five  feet, 
of  which  the  first,  fourth,  and  fifth  are  trochees,  the 
second  a  sjHjndee,  and  the  third  a  dartyl.  The  Sap- 
phic strophf^  consists  of  three  Sapphic  verses  followed 
by  an  Adonic  Brande. 

SAP'PHIRE,  tsaffire  or  sarfer,)  n.      [L.  sapphirug; 

Gr.  (raTr<iicipos ;  from  the  Ar.  oLw  safaroy  to  scrape, 

to  shine,  to  be  fair,  open,  beautiful ;  Ch.  Syr.  and 
Sam.  to  scrape,  to  shave.] 

Pure,  crystallized  ahimma.  It  occurs  in  hexagonal 
cr>'^als,  and  also  in  prains  and  miLssive,  The  name 
sapphire  is  ustmlly  restricted  to  the  blue  crystals, 
while  the  bright  n-d  are  called  orienUd  ruby  ;  the 
amethystine,  oriental  amethyst ;  the  dull,  massive  va- 
rieties, corundum  or  emery, 
Snpphire  is  next  in  hardfness  to  the  diamond.  Dana, 

SAP'PfllR-IN'E,   a.     Resembling  sapphire;    made  of 
sapphire  ;  having  the  qualities  of  sapphire,     Boyle. 
n.  A  mineral  of  a  pale-blue  or  green  color,  somewhat 
resembling  sapphire  ;  considered  by  some  as  a  vari- 
ety of  spinel.  Dana. 

SAP'PI-.\ESS,  n.  [from  sappii.]  The  slate  or  quality 
of  being  full  of  sap  ;  succulence  ;  juiciness. 

SAP'PISG.  ppr.     Undi-rmining ;  subverting. 

SAP'py,  a.     rSax.jffp.v.] 

1.  Abounding  with  sap;  Juicy  ;  succulent 

2.  Young;  not  firm  ;  weak.  [Mortimer. 
Wh^n  \ie  h.id  I  aMed  iliii  wejk  and  ttppt/  tgt.        Hajfward, 

3.  Weak  in  intellect. 

SAPPY,  a.    [ar.  Or.  -rrprf,.,  to  putrefy.] 
Musiv  ;  tainted.     tA*y(  in  u-fe.] 

SA-PROPH'A-GANS,  n.  pL  A  tribe  of  coleopterous 
insects  which  feed  on  anim.-il  and  vegetable  sub- 
stances in  a  state  of  decomposition.  Brande.. 

SAP'-SX'GO,  n,     A  kind  of  cheese  niadr  in  Switzer- 
land, having  a  dark-green  color  and  agreeable  flavor. 
Farm,  Eneyc. 

SAP'-TCRE,  n.  A  vessel  that  conveys  sap.  Dr  Candolle. 

SAP'-WpQD^  ji.  The  alburnum,  or  exterior  part  of 
thf  w(ii»d  of  a  tree,  next  to  the  bark. 

SAR'A-BA-ITE,  n.  One  of  a  sect  of  oriental  monks 
who  secede  from  ordinary  monastic  life. 

SAR'A-BAND,  n.  [Sp.  '.arabanda ;  Port,  and  It.  «ara- 
banda  >  Fr.  narabande.l 

A  grave,  Spanish  dance  to  an  air  in  triple  time  ; 
al»«o,  the  nir  itst-lf.  Diet,  de  VAead. 

SAR'A-CEN,  n.  An  Arabian;  so  called  from  sara^  a 
desert. 

8AU-A-CE.\'ie,  (  a.     Pertaining  to  the  Saracens, 

SAR-A  CEN'ie  AL,  \      inhabitants  of  Arabia. 

2,  Denoting  the  architecture  of  the  Saracens,  the 
modern  Gothic.  Johnson. 

SXR'CASM,  n.  [L.  sareasmus;  Gr.  fla^ifrnT/ioi,  from 
oaiiKii'-^  to  deride  or  sneer  at ;  primarily,  to  flay  or 
pluck  ofl^the  skin.] 

A  kfcn,  reproarnful  expression  ;  nRatiricnl  remark 
or  expression,  uttered  with  some  degree  of  scorn  or 
contempt ;  a  taunt ;  a  gibe.  Of  this  we  have  an  ex- 
ample in  the  remark  of  the  Jews  resprrting  (,"hrisl, 
on  the  cross,  *'  He  saved  others,  himself  he  can  not 
save." 

SAR-€AS'TrC,         \a.     Bitterly  satirical;  scornfully 

SAR-GAS'TIOAL,  (      severe  ;  taunlmg. 

What  a  (W*ix*  and  tarctuHe  r^pfS^nrion  would  \}M  have  drawn 
from  ihi*  rri'-nd-ihip  of  thi  world  !  South. 


SAR 

SAK-CAS'Tie-AL-LY,  ado.  In  a  sarcastic  mimner  ; 
with  scornful  satire.  South, 

SARCE'NET,  n.     [(iu.  saraetntteam  ox saracen^  silk.] 
A  species  of  fine,  thin,  woven  silk.  Drydetu 

SAR'eO-CARP,  n.     [Gr.  trjp|  and  Kaoiro<;.'\ 

In  botany^  the  fleshy  part  of  a  drupaceous  pericarp, 
situated  between  the  integument,  or  skin,  and  the 
putamcn,  endocarp,  or  stone.  Lindtey. 

SAR'CO-CELE,  n.  [Gr.  on/jf,  flesh,  and  MiXn^  tu- 
mor.] 

A  fleshy  and  firm  tumor  of  a  testicle,  with  a  sim- 
ple vascular  texture,  not  inflammatory.  It  is  the 
Sarcoma  vasculosum  of  Good. 

SAR'eO-eOL,  in.      [Gr.,  compounded   of   crapf, 

SAR'CO-COU-LA,  i      flesh,  and  *^AAa,  glue.] 

A  semi-transparent,  solid  substance,  imported  from 
Arabia  and  Persia  in  gniiiis  of  a  light-yellow  or  red 
Color.  It  is  an  inspissated  sap,  supposed  to  be  pro- 
duced by  a  species  uf  Peniea.  it  has  its  name  from 
its  supposed  use  in  healing  wounds  and  ulcers. 

Kneyc. 

SAR'€0-LTXE,  a.     [Gr.  aafU  flesh.] 

In  mim^rulitfry^  flesh-colored.  Shepard. 

SAR'CO-I.ITE,  n.  rfltsh-stone.]  A  name  of  a  variety 
of  atialcinie  from  Vesuvius.  It  has  lieen  also  applied 
to  a  variety  of  chabasite,  and  to  the  mineral  Hum- 
boldtite.  Dana. 

SAR-€0-LOG'ie-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  sarcology. 

SAR  eOL'0-<5Y,  M.  [Gr.  aap^^  flesh,  and  Xujoi,  dis- 
course.] 

That  part  of  anatomy  which  treats  of  the  soft 
parts  of  the  body,  as  the  muscles,  fat,  intestines, 
vesstls,  &.C.  Encyc 

SAR-€0'MA,  n.     rGr.,from  <Taf>^,  flesh.] 

Any  fleshy  ami  firm  tumor  not  inflammatory,  at- 
tended with  dull  sensations  and  sluggish  growth. 
There  are  numerous  varieties  of  sarcoma. 

SAR-eOPH'A-GOUS,  f  kofa-gus,)  o.  [See  Sarcoph- 
agus.]    Feeding  <m  flesh  ;  flesh-eating.  Diet. 

SAR-eOPH'A-GL'S,  (kot^a-gus,)  n.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
aaoKOitxiy^s  i  aa,il,  fleshy  and  tfiayd'y  to  eaU] 

1.  A  species  of  stone  used  among  the  Greeks  for 
making  coffins,  which  was  so  called  because  it  con- 
sumed the  flesh  of  bodies  dejMjsitcd  in  it  within  a 
few  weeks.  It  is  otherwise  called  lapis  Jlsaius  or 
jJssian  gtone,  and"  said  to  bo  found  at  Assos,  a  city 
of  Lycia.    Hence, 

2.  A  stone  coffin,  or  tomb,  tn  which  the  ancients 
deposited  bodies  which  they  chose  not  to  burn. 

Pliny.     Smith*H  DicU 

SAR-eoPH'A-GY,(-kof'a-je,)n.  [Supra.]  The  prac- 
tice of  eating  flesh.  Brown. 

SAR-eOT'ie,  a.     [Gr.  cat,^,  flesh.] 

In  .turffery^  producing  or  generating  flesh. 

SAR-eOT'ie,  n.  A  medicine  or  application  which 
pntmotes  the  growth  of  flesh  ;  an  incarnative.  Coxe. 

SAR-eU-LA'TlON,  n.     [L.  sarculatioy  a  raking.] 
A  raking  or  weeding  with  a  rake. 

SAR'DA-CHATE,  »i.  A  sort  of  agate  containing 
sard.  Dana. 

S.IRD,  )   n.     \  mineral,  a  variety  of  chalcedony, 

SXR'DOIN,  \  which  has  a  rich  brownish-red  color, 
but  when  held  betweHii  the  eye  and  the  light,  appears 
of  a  deep  blood  red  ;  carnelian.  t/re. 

SAR'DEL, 

SA 

SA 

A  precious  stone.  One  of  this  kind  was  set  in 
Aaron's  breastplate.     F.iod.  xxviii. 

SAR'DIiNE,  n.  A  Mediti'rranenn  fisli  of  the  herring 
family,  Engraulis  meletta.  It  is  cftcn  prepnn'd  like 
the  anchovy,  as  a  delicacy.  P.  Cye, 

SAR-DI.\'I-Ai\,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  island,  king- 
dom, or  p*'ople  of  Sardinia. 

SAR-I>ON'ie,  a.  An  epithet  opplied  to  that  forced, 
heartless,  or  bitter  laugh,  or  grin,  which  but 
ill  ronreals  a  person's  real  feelings.  It  is  derived 
from  the  Sardonirus  risun^  (Sardonic  or  Snrdonian 
laugh,)  a  spasmodic  affection  of  the  muscles  of  the 
f{ice,  giving  it  a  horrible  ap[)e»rance  of  laughter,  !md 
said  to  be  produced  by  eating  the  Herbasardnnica,  a 
species  of  ranunculus,  that  grows  in  Sardinia.  It 
often  occurs  in  trtanus  or  locked-Jaw  and  other  con- 
vulsive affections.  P.  Cye. 

SAR-DON'ie,  a.  Denoting  a  kind  of  linen  made  at 
Colclii*.  BryanL 

SAR'DO-WX,ti.  [L.  itordonyeheji,  from  Gr.  aao^ofvi^ 
from  Sardigy  a  ctly  of  Asia  Minor,  and  "»'i'(,  a  nail ; 
BO  natned,  according  to  Pliny,  from  the  resemblance 
of  its  color  to  the  flesh  under  the  nail.  Plin.  Lib. 
37,6.] 

A  silicious  stone  or  gem,  nearly  allied  to  onyx.  Its 
color  is  a  reddish  yellow,  or  nearly  orange.  We  are 
informed  that  the  yellow  or  oninge-colored  agate, 
with  an  undulating  surface,  is  now  often  called  gar- 
doniz.  F.nctjc.     Cleaveland. 

SAR'I-GCE,  71.  The  popular  name  of  Didelphis  opos- 
sum, a  marsupial  mammal  of  Cayenne,  nearly  allied 
to  the  Virginian  opossum. 

SARK,  n.     [Sax.  srjre.j 

1.  In  Scotland,  ft  shirt. 

2.  A  shark.     [JV«(  used,] 

SAR' LAC,  n.  The  Bos  Po-phagns  or  ^nolens,  the 
grunting  ox  of  Tartary. 


^sn'i»ivr    \    "•      {}'•  «a'"<'>««  •    fir.   aap^io*- .*    from 
SAR'Ul-L-S    )         Sardis,  in  Asia  Minor,  ncrtv  Sort.] 


SAT 

SAR-MA'TIAN,  *   a.     Pertaining  to  Sarmalia  and  its 

SAR-MAT'ie,  S  inhabitants,  the  ancestors  of  the 
Russians  and  Poles. 

SAR'.MENT,  n.  A  prostrate  filiform  stem,  or  runn«r, 
as  of  the  strawberry.  Lindtey. 

SAR-MEN-TOSE',  )   a.    [L.  garmentosua.  from  sarmen- 

SAR-MEN'TOUS,  J        (urn,  a  twig.f 

A  sarmentose  stem,  in  botany^  is  one  that  is  long 
and  filiform,  and  almost  naked,  or  having  only  leaves 
in  bunches  at  the  joints  or  knots,  where  it  strikes 
root ;  a  runner.  Martyn. 

SARN,  n.  A  British  word  for  pavement  or  stepping- 
stones. 

SA-RON'I€.  a.  Denoting  a  gulf  of  Greece  between 
Attica  and  Sparta.  D'^nville. 

SAR'PLAR,  n.  A  snrplar  of  wool  is  a  sack  contain- 
ing 80  tod  ;  a  tod  contains  two  stone  of  14  pounds 
each.  Encyc 

SAR'PLI-ER,  n.     [Fr.  serjnlUire.] 

Canvas,  or  a  packing  cloth.  Bailry. 

SAR'A-SIN,       (  «.    A  plant,  a  kind  of  birlhwort. 

SAH'RA-SINE,  \  Bailey. 

2.  A  porieullia  or  herse. 

SAR-SA-PA-RIL'LA,  j  ti.    A  plant,  a  species  of  Smi- 

SX  ll'.SA,  \       lax,  whose  root  is  valued  in 

medicine  for  its   mucilaginous  and  farinaceous   or 
demulcent  qitalities,  Kneye. 

SARSE,  n.     [Ciu.  sarcenet,  or  Fr.  so.?.] 

A  fine  sieve  ;  usually  written  Searce  or  Searse. 
[Little  used.] 

SARSE,  u.(.  [from  the  noun*]  To  sift  through  a 
sarse.     [Little  vse4.] 

SXRT,  n.  A  piece  of  woodland  turned  into  amble. 
[Apt  ^tsed  in  America.]  Bailey. 

SAR-TO'RI-US,  n.     [L.  sartor,  a  tailor.] 

The  muscle  which  throws  one  leg  across  the  other, 
called  the  Tailor's  Muscle. 

SASH.n.  [An  Arabic  word  signifying  a  band.  But 
this  word,  when  it  signifies  a  frame,  is  referred  by 
Ash  and  Bailey  to  the  French  ehassisy  a  frame  for 
a  window,  which  is  the  cha^e  of  a  printing  press 
also.  Johnson  and  his  followers  mistake  the  mean- 
ing of  the  word.] 

1.  A  belt  worn  for  ornament.  Sashes  are  worn 
by  military  officers,  as  badges  of  distinction,  round 
the  waist  or  over  the  shoulders.  They  are  usually 
of  silk,  variously  made  and  ornamented. 

2,  Ttie  frame  of  a  window  in  which  the  lights  or 
panes  of  glass  are  set. 

SASH'-FRAME,  n.  The  frame  in  which  sashes  are 
set  for  glass. 

SASH'OON,  n.  A  kind  of  leather  stuffing  put  into  a 
boot  for  the  wearer's  ease.  Jiinsjcorth. 

SAS'SA-FRAS,n.  [L.  saz\fraga;  saxum^a  stone, and 
frangOy  to  break.] 

A  tree,  the  Laurus  sassafras  of  Linnieus,  whose 
hark  has  an  aromatic  smell  and  taste. 

SASSE,  (sas,)  n.     [D.  sas.] 

A  sluice,  canal,  or  lock,  on  a  navigable  river;  a 
word  found  in  old  British  statutes.  Todd. 

SAS'SO-LIN,     I   M.     Native    bomcic  acid,  found   In 

SAS'SO-LIXE,  (  saline  Incrustations  on  the  bor- 
ders of  hot  Bjmngs  near  Sasso,  in  the  territory  of 
Florence.  Klaprolh.     Brande. 

SAS'TRA,  n.  Among  the  Hindoos,  a  law  or  institutes  ; 
applied  partictilarly  to  institutes  of  religion,  consid- 
ered as  of  divine  authority.  The  word  is  also  ap- 
plied, in  a  wider  sense,  to  treatises  containing  the  laws 
or  institutes  of  the  various  arts  and  sciences,  as 
rhetoric,  Sec.     [Sec  Shastra  and  Shastf.h.] 

fVilson^s  Sanscrit  Dictionary, 

SATjprrt.  of  Sit. 

SA'TAN,  n.  [Meb.,  an  adversary.]  The  grand  ad- 
versary of  man  ;  the  devil  or  prmce  of  darkness; 
the  chief  of  the  fallen  angels. 

SA-T.AN'I€,  (   a.     Having  the  qimlities  of  Satan  ; 

SA-T.AN'IC-AL,  (  resembling  Satan  ;  exTremtly  ma- 
licious or  wicked  ;  devilish  ;  infernal. 

Detest  Ihn  alnmlT  which,  with  &  tatatdc  smile,  exults  over  tha 
clKir.iciLT  it  h^ts  mined.  Dieight. 

SA-TAN'ie-AL-LY,  ado.  With  the  wicked  and  ma* 
licious  spirit  of  Satan  ;  diabolically.  Hammond. 

SA'I'AN-IS.M,  n.  The  evil  and  malicious  disposition 
of  Sntnn  ;  a  diabolical  spirit. 

SA'TAX-IST,  B.  A  very  wicked  person.  [Little 
iLsed.] 

SA'i'CfrEL,  «.    [See  Sachel.]    A  little  sack  or  bag, 

SATE,  V.  t.  [L.  aatio ;  It.  taziare ;  Port  and  Sp. 
gaciar ;  Fr.  ra.'isajiier ;  allied  to  set.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  Btufl",  to  fill,  from  crowding,  driving.] 

'I'o  satiate  ;  to  satisfy  appetite ;  to  glut ;  to  feed 
beyond  natural  desire. 

While  Ihn  vultures  xtto 
Their  maws  with  full  rrpuat.  Fhilipa, 

SATE,  (sat,)  old  pr^rt.  of  Sit,  for  Sat.  Shak.   Milton. 

SAT'ED,  pp.     Filled;  glutted;  satiated. 

SATE'LESS,  a.  Insatiable  ;  not  capable  of  being  sat- 
isfied. 

SAT'EI^-LTTE,  n.  [Fr.  ond  It.  satellite  i  L.  satdles. 
Uu.  its  alliance  to  xit  ot  side.] 

1.  A  secondary  planet  nr  moon  ;  a  small  planet  re- 
volving round  another.  In  the  solar  system,  eighteen 
aatellites  havo  been  discovered.     The  eartli  has  one. 


TONE,  BI;LL,  ignite — AN"GER,  VI"Cr0US.  — C  as  K;  6  as  J;  «  as  Z;  Cn  as  SH ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


981 


SAT 

called  the  miwM,  Jupiter ^oiir,  Saturn  seveity  nnd  Her- 
■Chel  nix.  Morse, 

S.  A  follower ;  an  obsequious  attendant  or  de- 
pendent. 

8AT-EL-LI"TI0US,  (-Itsh'ua,)  a.  ConsistinR  of  sat- 
ellites. CAfjfs«. 

SA'TIATE,  (sa'ihale,)  r.  t  [L.  satiahiSj  from  gatio. 
See  Sate.] 

1.  To  fin  ;  to  sBtisiy  appetite  or  desire  ;  to  feed  to 
the  fJiU,  or  to  furnish  enjoyment  lo  the  ejtenl  of  de- 
•iro ;  a«>  ti>  satiate  appetite  nr  sense, 

2.  To  fill  lo  the  extent  of  want ;  as,  to  satiaU  tbe 
earth  or  plants  with  water. 

3.  To  glut ;  lo  till  beyond  natural  desire. 

He  inA7  be  taaaJad,  but  nut  wtkAwl.  Worrit. 

4.  To  gratify  desire  to  the  utmost. 

I  maj  r«t  surriw  the  fnAlic«  of  mjr  MietnM,  BltlKMcti  ibff  ^ould 
be  mJmit^  wiUi  in;  bKiod.  X.  Chariw. 

A.  TonUuratfl.    [JVm*  maiuiMi.]    [See  Saturate.] 

SATIATE,  a.  Filled  to  satiety  ;  glutted ;  followed 
by  with  or  of.  The  fonner  is  most  common  ;  as,  mi- 
ttolc  <>/ applause.     [UnmjmtU,]  Pope, 

SA-TI-A'TION,  (sa-she-i'shun,)  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing tilled.  H'hitaker, 

8A-TI'E-TY,  n.  [Fr.  satifti :  L.  satietAf,  See  Satb.] 
Proprrltjt  fitltncsj  tif  erntificatiun^  either  of  the  ap- 
petite or  any  stMi^iinl  desire  ;  but  it  usually  implies 
fullness  beyond  desire;  an  escesa  of  gnititieatton 
which  excites  wearisoniuueas  or  loathing  j  stale  of  be- 
ing glutted. 

In  AH  ptramir^  (km  it  m^fttf.  BakrviU. 

Bid  ihjr  wonl>,  with  gnc*  divine 
Imbuol,  bring  to  their  nrevUKsi  no  luitty.  Mitton. 

SAT'IN,  n.  [Fr.  »«aimi  W.  mfan,  satin  or  silk  ;  Sw. 
sidetii  Port,  and  Sp.  »«(<« ;  ll,setai  Gr.and  L.nJuiaa  ; 

Ch-  and  Heb.  pio ;  Ar.  aS)«Xmi  ^AdmA.] 

A  species  of  glossy  ailk  c3otb,  of  a  thick,  clou 
texture. 
SAT-I-NET*,  B.    A  thin  species  of  satin. 

3.  A  ptuiicular  kind  of  cloth  made  of  cotton  warp 
and  wo(den  filMne. 
SAT'IN-FLOW-EH,  «,    A  plant  of  ihe  penus  Luna- 

ria. 
SAT'IX-SPAR,ii.    A  fine  fibrous  variety  of  carbonate 

of  lime,  having  a  pearly  luster.  IMmo. 

SAT'I.V-WQQD,  «.  a'  hard,  lemon-colored  wood 
from  India,  oi  a  fragrant  odor,  used  in  cabinet-work. 

Fntmeis. 
SAT'ING,  fpr.     Filling ;  gintttng  ;  satiating. 
SATIRE,*.    [Fr.Mtirt:  Sp.and  l^mtira;  so  named 
from  sharpness,  pungency.    See  Satvriasis.] 

1.  A  diiKourse  or  pt^tem  in  which  wickedness  or 
folly  is  exposed  with  severity.  It  dilfers  from  Lam- 
pooif  and  PAaquixAPK,  in  being  general  rather  than 
person  aL  Jukiisim, 

a.  Keenness  and  severity  of  remark.  It  dirfera 
from  Sarcasm  in  not  expressing  contempt  or  scorn. 

SA-TlS'le^AL  (*•     [^*«'»"<^»W'  Fr.  OTiinyue.] 

1.  Belonging  to  satire  ;  conveying  satire ;  as,  a  «a* 
tiric  style^ 

2.  Censorious  ;  severe  in  language.  Baeon, 
8A-TIR'ie-AL-LY,  adv.     With  severity  of  remark  ; 

with  invective  ;  with  intention  to  censure. 
SAT'IR-IST,  Ji.    One  who  writes  satire. 

Wjcheriev,  in  hia  wrilings,  is  th«  dutrjjeM  MUirirt  of  hia  time. 

Cranmiie, 
SAT'IR-IZE,  r.  U     [Fr.  gatirUer,] 

To  censure  with  keenness  or  severity. 

b  iSM  buvl  H  tainxt  wril  m.  man  of  diatiopiiabcd  vic^.  m  to 
•     pniM  ^vU  a  HMO  of  diuinguolml  «inuim.  Sie\ft. 

SAT'IR-IZ-ED,  pp.    Seren  ly  censured. 
SAT'IR-IZ-I.NG,  ppr.     Con^urine  with  sevcrilv. 
8AT-I:S-FAe'TIO\,  n,     [Fr.,  from   L.  saU^^ctia  i  It. 

woddUfazione,     See  Satisfy.] 

1.  That  stale  of  the  mind  which  results  from  the 

ftall  gratification  of  dcjiire ;  repose  of  mind  or  con- 

tenunent  with  present    posees:»>on  and   enjoyment. 

Sensual  pleasure  affools  no  permanent  sait^mcttoti. 

5.  The  act  of  pleaaiag  or  gratifying. 

mind  kirtnr  a  power  to  sunpeod  the  cxecuiioa  and  •oft*- 
'/MiM  or  in  cfaMM.  Lodu. 

3.  Keposs  of  the  mind  on  the  certainty  of  any 
tbingn  that  stale  which  reaubs  fh>m  relief,  from  sus- 
pense, doabi,  or  uncertainty ;  conviction. 

What  oslU/acaon  can  jtru  have  f  Shot. 

4.  Gratification  ;  that  which  pleases. 

Eichui^nf  aoltd  quin  to  ofatjiiit 

The  wimlj  aatU/oieliom  of  tbe  brain.  Dryden. 

5.  That  which  satisfies ;  amends ;  recompense ; 
compensation  \  indemnification  ;  atonement.  Satis- 
faction for  damages  must  be  an  equivalent  but  satis' 
faction,  in  many  cases,  may  consist  in  concession  or 
apotocy. 

6.  Payment ;  discharge  j  as,  to  receive  a  sum  in 
full  gatisfaction  of  a  debtj  to  enter  saH^faction  on 
reconL 


* 


SAT 

S.^T-IS-FAC'TIVE,  a.  Giving  aatisfaction.  [LitUe 
used,  or  not  at  all.]  Browtu 

SAT-IS-FACTO-RI-LY,  adtJ.  In  a  manner  to  give 
satisfaction  or  content. 

2.  In  a  manner  to  impress  conviction  or  belief. 
The  crime  was  satisfactorily  proved. 

SAT-IS-FAG'TO-RI-NESS,  n.  The  power  of  satisfy- 
ing or  giving  content ;  as,  the  «att^uct0rinf««  of  pleas- 
ure or  eiijoyuienL  Boyle. 

SAT-I9-FAe'T0-RY,  a.  [Fr.  satisfactoire ;  Sp.  gtitis- 
f actor  io.] 

1.  Giving  or  producing  satisfaction;  yielding  con- 
tent; particularly,  relieving  the  mind  from  doubt  or 
uncertainty,  and  enabling  it  to  rest  with  confidence  ; 
as,  to  give  a  satisfactonj  account  of  any  remarkable 
transaction.  A  judge  seeks  for  £al^/acfi>ry  evidence 
of  guilt  before  he  condemns. 

2.  Making  amends,  indemnification,  or  recom- 
pense ;  causing  to  cease  from  claims  anil  to  rest  con- 
tent ;  atoning ;  as,  to  make  satisfactory  comitcnsa- 
tion,  or  a  sati^actory  apology  for  an  ofixjnse. 

A  moat  wIk  And  atilGcifni  meant  of  KvlvaUon  br  the  aalif/oc-iory 
Aod  mrrttorioii*  death  and  obnlienee  ct  tlie  iiic«niair  Sun  uf 
God,  Jeaua  CiitiMt.  Sandtrnn, 

SAT'IS-FI-A-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  satisfied. 

SAT'IS-FI-i^D,  (fide,)  pp.  Having  the  desires  fully 
gmtified  ;  made  content. 

SAT'IS-FT-ER,  n.     One  that  gives  satisfaction. 

SAT'IS-F?,  e.  t  [h.  satit/iicio:  satis,  enough,  and 
fofio,  to  make  ;  Fr.  satisfaire  ;  It.  sodili^ure  ;  Sp.  so- 
ti^aacr  ;  G.  salt,  D.  lat,  Dan.  sat^  filled,  satisfied.] 

1.  To  gralify  wants,  wishes,  or  desires  to  the  full 
extent ;  to  supply  possession  or  eiijipyment  till  no 
more  is  desired.  J'he  demands  of  hunger  may  be 
easily  satisfied  :  but  who  can  salu^y  the  passion  for 
money  or  honor.' 

3.  To  supply  fully  what  is  necessary  nndjjenianded 
by  natunil  law  \  as,  to  satis^fy  with  min  the  desolate 
and  w.-iste  ground.    Job  xxxviii. 

3.  To  pay  to  content ;  to  recompense  or  indemnify 
to  the  full  extent  of  claims  ;  as,  lo  satijfy  demands. 

Hr  ia  wrU  pud  that  yt  woll  ta^Jled.  Shak. 

4.  To  appease  by  punishment ;  as,  to  satisfy  rigor. 

Milton. 

5.  To  free  from  doubt,  suspense,  or  uncertainty  ; 
to  cause  the  mind  to  rest  in  confidence  by  ascertain- 
ing the  truth  ;  as,  to  satisfy  one's  self  by  inquiry. 

(5.  To  convince.  A  jury  must  be  satu^fied  of  the 
guilt  of  a  man  before  they  can  justly  condemn  him. 

The  atinJinf  rrxi\rncr%  of  th^  Truth  of  thr  g^^pc'  "'^  ^^  ihfm- 
Klvra  iiMjal  firm,  •iiti'l,  and  mUiaf\fitif.  AtUrbury, 

7.  To  pay ;  to  discharge ;  as,  to  »atx^  an  execu- 
tion. 

DHm  due  to  th«  United  Statra  ore  to  be  first  aaU^Jkd,      Wirt. 

S.\T'IS-F?,  c.  t.  To  give  content.  Earthly  good 
never  satires. 

2.  To  feed  or  supply  to  Ihe  full. 

3.  To  make  payment. 

[But  Ihe  intransitive  use  of  this  verb  is  generally 

ellipticalj 
SAT'IS-Fy-I\G,  ppr.     Giving  content ;    feeding   or 

supplying  to  the  full  extent  of  desire  j  convincing  ; 

paying. 
SAT'IS-FT-ING-LY,  adv.     In  a  manner  tending  lo 

satisfy. 
SA'TIVE,  a.     [L.  sativus^  from  scro,  satunij  to  sow.] 
Sown  in  gardens.  Koelyn. 

SA'TRAP  or  SAT'RAP,  n.     In  Persia,  the  governor 

of  a  province.  P.  Cyc. 

SAT'RA-PAL,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  satrap  or  a  satrapy. 

Mitford. 
SAT'RA-PESS,  Jt.     A  female  satrap.  Mitford. 

SAT'RA-PX«  »»•     The  government  or  jurisdiction  of  a 

satrap.  Z>*  JtuvUlr.     JilHton. 

SAT'lT-RA-BLE,  a.     [See  Satubate.]     That  may  be 

saturated  ;  capable  of  saturation.  Orew. 

SAT'U-RANT,  a.     [L.  saturans.] 

Saturating  j  impregnating  to  the  full. 
SAT'l^-RANT,  n.      In   medicine,  a   substance   which 

n^'utralizes  the  acid  in  the  stomach.  Coze. 

SAT'I^-RATE,   (sat'yu  rale,)  r.  U      fL.  saturo,  from 

so/ur,  filled  ;  satio,  to  feed  to  the  full.     See  Sate.] 

1.  To  impregnate  or  unite  with  till  no  more  can  be 
received.  Thus  an  arid  satttrates  an  alkali,  and  an 
alkali  saiunitejt  an  acid,  when  the  solvent  can  con- 
tain no  more  of  the  dissolving  body. 

2.  To  suppiv  or  fill  to  fullness,  Tkomsoju 
SAT'U-Ra-TED,  pp.  or  a.     Supplied  to  fullness. 
8AT'U-Ra-TI\G,  ppr.    Supplying  to  fullness. 
S.\T-U-Ra'T10N,  a.     In  a  general  sense,  a  filling  or 

supply  to  fullness.  In  chemistry,  the  union,  combi- 
nation, or  impregnation  of  one  body  with  another  by 
natural  attraction  or  affinity,  till  the  receiving  body 
can  contain  no  more;  or  solution  continued  till  the 
solvent  can  contain  no  more.  The  saturation  of  an 
alkali  by  an  acid  is  by  one  sort  of  affinity  ;  the  satu- 
ration of  water  by  salt,  is  by  another  sort  of  afiint- 
tv,  called  !kilution. 
SAT'UR-DAY,  n.  [Sax.  SaUr-dteg;  D.  Saturdag; 
Saturn's  day.] 

The  seventh  or  last  day  of  the  week;  the  day  of 
the  Jewish  Sabbath. 


SAU 

SA-TO'RITV,  «.    [U  saturiias.    Bee  Saturate.] 
Fullness  of  supply  ;  the  state  of  being  saturated. 
[ Little  used.] 
SAT'URN,  n.     [L.  Safumu*.] 

1.  In  vtytholojry,  one  of  the  oldest  and  principal 
deities,  the  son  of  C'a-lus  and  Terra,  fheaven  and 
earth,)  and  the  fatlier  of  Jupiter.  Tno  name  in 
Greek  was  K/)»i'f><;,  which  at  a  later  pwiod  was  made 
equivalent  to  Xonv^,  Time. 

d.  In  astronomy,  one  of  the  planets  of  the  solar 
system,  next  in  magnitude  to  Jupiter,  but  more  re- 
mole  from  the  sun.  Its  diameter  is  seventy-nine 
thousand  mtloa,  its  mean  distance  from  the  sun 
nearly  nine  honored  millions  of  miles,  and  its  year, 
or  periodical  revolution  round  the  sun,  nearly  twen- 
ty-nine years  and  a  half. 

3.  Ill  the  old  cJtcmi^tn/j  an  appellation  given  to 
lead. 

4.  In  heraldry,  tlie  black  color  in  blazoning  the 
arms  of  sovereign  princes. 

S.AT-URN  A'LI-A,  it.  pi.  [L.]  Among  the  Romans, 
the  festival  of  Saturn,  celebrated  in  December  as  a 
period  of  iinrestniined  license  and  merriment  for  nil 
classes,  extending  even  to  the  slaves.      Smithes  Did. 

SAT-URN-A'Ll-AN,  a.     [from  L.  saturnalia.] 
I.  Pertaining  to  the  saturnalia.     Hence, 
3.  Loose;  disi^olutej  sportive.  Burke. 

SA-TURN'I-AN,  a.  In  fabulous  hlitory^  pertaining  to 
Saturn,  whose  age  or  reign,  from  the  mildness  and 
wisdom  of  his  goveriiineni,  is  called  the  gulden  age  ; 
hence,  golden  ;  hnppy  ;  distinguished  for  purity,  in- 
tegrity, and  simplicity. 

Th'  Aii^>ia[ii*,  born  lo  bring  Satarman  limea.  Pope. 

SAT'URN-I.NE,  a.     [Fr.  saiumien,  from  L.  Satumus.] 

1.  Supposed  to  be  under  the  iiilluence  of  Saturn. 
Hence, 

2.  Dull;  heavy;  grave;  not  readily  susceptible  of 
enciteinenl ;  phlegmatic;  as,  a  aatamine  person  or 
tem[icr.  Addison. 

3.  In  old  chemistry,  pertaining  to  lead  ;  as,  saturn- 
ine compounds.  Silliman. 

SAT'LJUN'-IST,  n.  A  person  of  a  dull,  grave,  gloomy 
temperument.  Browne. 

SAT'CRN-ITE,  n.  A  metallic  substance,  separated 
from  lead  in  torrefaction,  resembling  lead  in  its  color, 
weight,  solubility  in  acids,  &.c.,  but  more  fusible  and 
britlie  ;  easily  scorified  nnd  volatilized.     [0A.>^.] 

Kirwan.    JiTichoUon,     Encye. 

SA'TYR,  (sa'tur,)  n.  [L.  satyr  us  j  Gr.  aarvousj  a 
monkey,  a  fawn.] 

In  mythology,  a  sylvan  deity  or  demi-god,  rt-pre- 
senled  as  a  monster,  part  man  and  part  goat,  usually 
having  horns  on  his  head,  a  hairy  body,  with  the 
feet  and  tail  of  a  gonU  Satyrs  are  usually  found  in 
the  train  of  Bacchus,  and  have  been  distinguished 
for  lasciviousness  and  riot  They  have  been  repre- 
senled  as  remarkable  for  their  piercing  eyes  and 
keen  raillery.  Encyc.    P.  Cije. 

SAT-V-RI'A-SIS,  Ti.  [Gr.  unrvfiiaati.  We  observe 
in  this  word  a  connection  with  satire^  in  the  sense  of 
excitement,  pungency.] 

Immoderate  venereal  appetite.  Coie. 

SA-TYR'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  satyrs  ;  as,  satyric  trag- 
edy. P-  Cyc 

SA-'i'VR'I-ON,  n.  A  plant,  supposed  to  excite  salaci- 
ty. P"pe. 

SAUCE,  rt.  [Fr.  sauce  or  saiutse,  from  L.  salsus,  salt, 
from  s'll ;  Arm.  sous;  It.  and  Sp.  salsa.] 

1.  A  mixture  or  composition  to  be  eaten  with  food 
for  improving  its  relish. 

lli^h  laucct  and  rich  »picci  arc  brought  from  the  Indies,  BaJter. 

2.  In  JVfic  England,  culinary  vegetables  and  roots 
eaten  with  flesh.  This  application  of  the  word  falls 
in  nearly  with  the  definition. 

Ruou,  bertis,  vint-lniiw,  and  aalad-flowm  —  (hry  di«h  up 
variuna  wnyi,  nnd  ftiid  Iliom  Vf-ry  doliciona  »auca  to  their 
mcata,  U>th  roaAted  aod  builtd,  fresh  add  an  It. 

Beoerly,  Hut.  Virginia. 

Savee,  consisting  of  stewed  apples,  is  a  great  arti- 
cle in  some  parts  of  New  England  ;  but  cranberries 
make  the  most  delicious  sauce. 

To  serve  one  the  same  sauce,  is  to  retaliate  one  injuiy 
wiih  another.     [Vulgar.] 
SAUCE,  tJ.  t.    To  accompany  meat  with  something  to 
give  it  a  higher  relish. 

2.  To  gralify  with  rich  tastes  ;  as,  to  sauce  the 
palate.  Shak. 

3.  'I'o  intermix  or  accompany  with  any  thing  good, 
or,  ironically,  with  any  thing  bad. 

Then  fell  sIk*  to  sauce  h^r  d<'sim  with  threateninn.     Sidney, 
Thou  Ktj'eac  hb  ine^it  wua  $auced  wi'.h  thy  upbrAiJioga.     ShaJc. 

4.  To  treat  with  bitter,  pert,  or  tart  language. 
[  Fulgar.] 

SAUCE'BOX,  n.  [from  saucy.]  A  saucy,  impudent 
fellow.  Spectator. 

SAUCE'PAN,  n.  A  small  pan  for  sauce,  or  a  small 
skillet  with  a  long  handle,  in  which  sauce  or  small 
things  are  boiled.  Swift. 

SAU'CER,  n.     [Fr.  saucirre  or  saussiere.] 

1.  A  small  pan  in  which  sauce  is  set  on  a  table. 

Bacon. 

2.  A  piece  of  china  or  other  ware,  in  which  a  tea- 
cup or  coffee-cup  is  seL 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


*y% 


SAV- 

SAU'CI-LY,  adv.  [from  sauey.]  Impudently;  with 
impertinent  boldness;  petulantly.  Addison. 

8AL*'CI-NESS,  n.  Imi>udence  ;  impertinent  boldness; 
petulance ;  contempt  of  superiors 

BramhclL     jyryden. 

SAUC'IXG,  ppr.     Accompanying   meats  witJi   some- 
tbing  to  0ve  them  a  higher  relish, 
a.  Gratifying  with  rich  tastes. 

SAII'CIS.SE,       (  n.     [Pr.  saucUae^   a  sausage,   from 

SXU'CIS-SON,  S     sauce.] 

In  mining  or  ^iiTifry,  a  long  pipe  or  has,  made  of 
cloth  well  pitched,  or  of  leather,  Qlled  with  powder, 
and  extending  from  the  chamber  of  the  mine  to  the 
entrance  of  the  gallery.  To  preserve  the  powder 
from  dampness,  it  is  generally  placed  in  a  woodtin 
pipe.  It  serves  to  communicate  fire  to  mines,  cais- 
Buns,  bomb-chests,  &c.  Saucisson  is  also  a  long 
bundle  of  fagots  or  fascines,  fur  raising  batteries  and 
other  purposes.  Encye.     Hrande, 

SAU'CY,  a.  [from  sauce:  L.  salsus,  salt  or  siilted. 
'The  use  of  this  word  leads  to  the  primary  sense  of 
salt,  which  must  be  shooting  forward,  penetrating, 
pungent,  for  boldncts  is  a  shooting  forward.] 

1.  Impudent;  bold  to  excess  ;  rude;  transgressing 
the  rules  of  decorum  ;  treating  superiors  with  con- 
tempt. It  expresses  more  than  Pbrt  j  as,  a  saucy 
boy  ;  a  saucy  fellow. 

2.  Expressive  of  impudence;  as,  a  saucy  eye; 
saucv  looks. 

SAUER'KRJiUT,  (sour'fcrout,)  n.     [Gar.]     Cabbage 

preserved  in  brine  ;  a  favorite  German  dish. 

Buchanan, 
SAUL  ;  an  old  spelling  of  PouL. 
SXUN'CIXG-BELL.    See  Sance-Bcli- 
SXUN'PKKS.    See  Saxders. 
SAUN'TER,  (san'ter,)  v.  i.    To  wander  about  idly; 

as.  sauntering  from  place  to  place.  Dryden. 

2.  To  loiter;  to  linger. 
SAUN'TER,  71.    A  sauntering  or  place  for  sauntering. 

Yoiutg, 
exUN'TER-ER,  n.     One  that  wanders  about  idly. 
SAUN'TER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Wandering  about  lazily 

or  idly ;  loitering. 
SAU\'TER-I-\G,  n.     The  act  of  wandering  lazily 

about  or  loitering. 


SAUR,  n.     Soil ;  dirt.  Orost, 

SXU'RI-A,  n.  pi.  An  order  of  reptilex,  comprehend- 
ing the  lizards,  alligators,  ice.     [f^ee  Saurian.] 

SAU'R1-A\,  a.     [Gr.  ffuvw.i,  a  lizard.] 

Destgoaling  an  order  of  reptiles,  the  snuria  orsau- 
rians.  £d.  F.ncyc 

SAU'RI-ANS,  B.  p/.  An  order  of  reptiles,  including 
all  that  are  covered  with  scales,  and  have  four  legs, 
as  the  lizard. 

SAU'ROID,  a.  Resembling  the  lizards;  as,  sauroid 
'fish. 

SAU'SA6E,  n.     [Fr.  saucisse;  from  sauce^  I>.  j»oiyu.«.] 
The  intestine  of  an  animal  stulIVd  with  minced 
meat  seasoned. 

SAUS'SUR-ITE,  n.  A  massive,  cleavable  mineral, 
so  named  from  M.  Saussure,  of  a  white,  greenish, 
or  grayish  color,  consisting  of  silica,  alumina,  lime, 
oxyd  uf  iron,  and  soda.    It  is  extremely  tough.  Dana. 

Sa  V'A-BLE,  o.  [from  save.]  CapaWe  of  being 
saved.  Ckillin(rieortJi. 

SAV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.    Capability  of  being  saved. 
ChiUinirttorth. 

SAVAGE,  a.  [Pt.  aauvage -y  .Kntx.  mvaich  ;  Xusetvag- 
gioi  Sp.  saivaffe;  from  L.  gilra,  a  wood,  or  nlcicoui, 
an  inhabtiaiit  of  a  wttod,  or  itUcaticus.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  forest;  wild;  remote  from 
human  residence  and  improvements;  uncultivated; 
OS,  a  savage  wilderness. 

Corn«U  hikI  taoa^t  brtriea  uf  (h«  wood.  IhyUn, 

2.  Wild  ;  untamed  ;  as,  sarage  beasts  of  prey. 

3.  Uncivilized;  untaught;  unpolished;  rude;  as, 
savage  life  ;  savage  manners.  lialegh. 

Whiit  naiion,  nine  tlie  oirifiiPiic^mpnt  ofiit^  Cliriiliun  era,  cTcr 
rcMe  Irum  tavage  ta  civilucd  withuul  CtiiUli;iiiitv  ? 

K.  D.  Grijfin. 

4.  Cruel  ;  barbarous  ;  fierce;  ferocious;  inhu- 
man ;  brutal ;  as,  a  sara<ff  ppiril. 

RAVAGE,  n.  A  human  being  in  his  native  state  of 
rudeness;  one  who  is  untaught,  uncivilized,  or 
without  cultivation  of  mind  or  m;innrrs.  The  sav- 
ae^f.t  of  America,  when  uncorrupted  by  the  vires  of 
civilized  men,  are  remarkable  for  their  hospitality  to 
strangers,  and  for  their  truth,  fidelitv,  and  gratitude 
to  their  friends,  but  implacably  cruel  and  revengeful 
toward  their  enemies.  From  thi«  last  trait  of  the 
savage  character,  the  word  came  to  signify, 

U.  A  man  of  extreme,  unfeeling,  brutal  cruelty;  a 
barbarian. 
3.  The  name  of  a  genus  of  fierce,  voracious  flies. 
/)«*.  J^at.  Hvtu 

SAVAGE,  V.  t.  To  make  wild,  barbarous,  or  cruel. 
[JW  leell  authorized^  and  little  used,]  Thomson, 

BA  V'ACrE-LY,  ado.  In  the  manner  of  a  savage;  cru- 
elly ;  inhumanly.  Shak. 

8A  VAOE-XESS,  n.  Wildness  ;  an  untamed,  uncul- 
tivated, or  uncivilized  state  ;  barbarism.     Mcncc, 


Will  you  not  speak  lo  save  a  ladj-'i  bhisb  ? 
Sileiil  and  u i lo Luc r veil,  to  iave  his  leiLin. 


SAV 

2.  Cruelty ;  barbarouaness. 

Wolvci  and  beort,  thry  ta,y, 
C.iBtiiiv^  tlit-ir  jtam^enec*  ujiiiJi;,  \\xte  duaA 
Like  oitictt  of  pi:jr,  Sfiok. 

SAVAGERY,  It.    Wild  growth,  as  of  plants.   S/i«A. 

2.  Cruelty;  barbarity.  Shak. 
SA  VAG-ISM,  n.    The  state  of  rude,  uncivilized  men; 

the  state  of  men  in  their  native  wildness  and  rude- 
ness. S.  S.  Smith.     Walsh. 
Tbc  gTpatrr  part  of  mclTn   pbiloaophcra  hR»c  dcclurcd  for  the 
ori^nnl  tavagiam  of  men.  £ntyc. 

SA-VAN'NA,  Ti.  [In  Spani^ih,  sabava  is  a  sheet  for  a 
bed,  or  a  large  plain  covered  witli  snow.] 

An  extensive  open  plain  or  meadow,  or  a  plain 
destitute  of  trees,  and  covered  with  grass.     Locke. 

SA-FAJ^T',  (sa-viing',)  n. ;  pi.  Savaws.     [Fr.] 

A  man  of  learning;  in  tJiepltiral^  literary  men. 

SAVE,  (I.  L  [Fr.  saui'cr,  from  L.  satco.  It.  salvare,  Sp. 
salvar.  As  salve  is  used  in  Latin  for  salutation  or 
wishing  health,  as  had  is  in  English,  I  suspect  this 
word  to  be  from  the  root  of  heal  or  Aai7,  the  first  let- 
ter being  changed,  as  in  Gr.  aAj,  W.  Auicn,  salt.  See 
Salt  J 

1.  To  preserve  from  injury,  dcstniclion,  or  evil  of 
any  kind;  to  rescue  from  danger;  as,  to  save  a 
house  from  the  flasnes  ;  t<»  o-ai-f  a  man  from  drown- 
ing ;  to  save  a  family  from  ruin  ;  to  save  a  state  from 
war. 

He  ciied,  aayiiiff,  Lord,  mivt  raf.  —  Matt.  xiv.    Gea.  x\r. 

9.  To  preserve  from  final  and  everlasting  destruc- 
tion ;  to  rescue  from  eternal  death. 

Clirist  Je»u8  c;une  into  the  world  lo  tnoe  Binnen.  —  1  Tim.  i. 

3.  To  deliver;  to  rescue  from  the  power  and  pol- 
lution of  sin. 

He  shall  wave  hk  peapl«  from  their  slnt.  —  MutL  L 

4.  To  hinder  from  being  spent  or  lost ;  as,  to  save 
the  expense  of  a  new  garment.  Order  in  all  atfairs 
saves  time. 

5.  To  prevent.  Method  in  affairs  savc^  much  per- 
plexity. 

6.  To  reserve  or  lay  by  for  preservation. 

Now  tave  a  aaliutii  nrnt  now  mm  a  groat.  Popt. 

7.  To  spare;  to  prevent;  to  hinder  from  occur- 
rence. 

Dryd£T%. 

Dryien, 

8.  To  salve;  as,  to  v^ure  appearances.        Milton. 

9.  To  take  or  use  opportunely,  so  as  not  to  lose. 
The  ship  sailed  In  time  to  save  the  tide. 

10.  To  except ;  to  reserve  from  a  general  admis- 
sion or  account. 

Knu;!  bumoU  none  of  them,  sars  Hnzjor  only.  —  Josh.  xf. 
Of  the  Jews  five   times  recoir<:ti  I  fortjr   slripes,  aaoe  one.  — 2 
Cor.  xi. 

[Soce  is  here  a  verb  followed  by  an  object.    It  is 
the  imperative  used  without  a  specific  nominative; 
but  it  is  now  less  frequently  used  than  ezcept.] 
SAVE,  V.  i.    To  hinder  expense. 

Bran  onliiitncc  taeelh  in  (he  qiinntity  of  the  matcri:d.     Bacon, 

SAVE'ALL,  n.  [save  fxin\  all.]  A  small  pan  inserted 
in  a  candlestick  to  save  the  ends  of  candles. 

Johnson. 
2.  Among  seamen,  a  small  sail  sometimes  set  under 
the  foot  uf  anutlier  sail  to  catcli  the  wind  that  would 
pass  under  it.  Totten. 

SAVED,  pp.  Preserved  from  evil,  Injury,  or  de- 
stmction  ;  kept  frugally  ;  prevented  ;  spared  ;  taken 
in  time. 

SAVER,  n.  One  that  saves,  preserves,  or  rescues 
frtiin  evil  or  destruction  ;  as,  the  jorer  of  the  coun- 
Irj-.  Sw^fU 

2.  One  that  escapes  loss,  but  without  gain. 

Dryden. 

3.  One  that  is  frugal  in  ex{ienses;  an  economist. 

Wotton. 
SAVIN,  n.     [Fr.  savinier  ;  L.  and  Sp.  sahina.] 

An  evergreen  tree  or  shrub  of  the  genus  Junipcrus. 
The  flavin  of  Europe  resembles  the  red  cedar  of 
America,  and  the  latter  is  sometimes  called  sar^in. 

Bif/eloio. 
SAVING,  ppr.     Preserving  from  evil  or  destruction; 
hindering  from  waste  or  lossj  sparing}  taking  or 
using  in  time. 
'J.  Excpirting. 

3.  a.  Frugal ;  not  lavish  ;  avoiding  unnecessary 
expenses;  econotulcal ;  parsimonious.  Hut  it  im- 
plies less  rigorous  economy  than  Parsiuonious  ;  as, 
a  saving  husbandman  or  liousekceiier. 

4.  That  saves  in  returns  or  receipts  the  principal 
OTsum  employed  or  expended  ;  that  incurs  no  loss, 
though  not  gainful ;  as,  a  saving  bargain.  The  ship 
has  made  a  saving  voyage. 

5.  'i'hat  secures  everlasting  salvation ;  as,  saving 
grace. 

SAVING,  n.  Sonething  kept  from  being  expended  or 
lost. 

By  reducing  the  InteTCst  of  Uie  debt,  the  dbUod  makes  a  tatting. 

Anon. 

2.  Exception ;  reservation. 

Conti^nd  not  with  those  UiAt  arc  lew  Mrong  for  ua,  hiil  sllll  wiih  a 
laaing  to  Utinr.aty,  L'Ettrange. 


SAW 

SAV'ING-LY,  atlv.     V\'itli  frugality  or  parsimony, 

2.  So  as  to  be  finally  saved  iVom  eternal  dualA ; 
as,  savingly  converted. 
SAV'ING-NESS,  n.     Frugality;    parsimony;  caution 
not  t<J  expend  money  without  necessity  or  use. 
2.  Tendency  to  promote  eternal  salvation. 

Johnson. 
SAVINGS-BANK,  n.     A  bank  in  which  the  savings 
or  earnings  of  the  poor  are  deposited  and  put  to  in- 
terest for  their  benefit. 

1.  One  who  saves,  preserves,  or  delivers  from  de- 
struction, or  danger.    2  Kings  xiii.  5.     Js.  xix.  20. 

2.  PropeWy  ant/ oppropricfc/i/,  Jesus  Christ,  the  Re- 
deemer, who  ha.s  opened  the  way  to  everlasting  sal- 
vation by  his  obedience  and  death,  and  wlio  is 
therefore  called  the  Savior^  by  way  of  distinction, 
the  Savior  of  men,  the  Savior  of  the  world.  Gen- 
eral Washington  may  be  culled  the  saver,  but  not 
tht;  savior,  of  his  country. 

SA'VOR,  Tt.  [Fr.  saveur ;  L.  sapor;  W.  saicyr ;  Arm. 
saour;  from  I*,  sapio,  to  taste.] 

1.  'I'aste  or  odor;  something  That  perceptibly  af- 
fects the  organs  of  taste  and  smeH  ;  as,  the  savor  of 
an  orange  or  rose  ;  an  ill  savor;  a  sweet  savor, 

I  smell  Bwt-^t  laoor;  ShaJt. 

In  Scripture,  it  usually  denotes  smelt,  scent,  odor. 
Lev.  xxvi.     Eccles.  i. 

2.  The  quality  which  renders  a  thing  valuable; 
the  quality  which  renders  other  bodies  agreeable  to 
the  taste. 

If  tlic  salt  hnth  lost  its  sapor.  —  Matt.  r. 

3.  In  Scripture,  character ;  reputation.    Exod.  v. 

4.  Cause  ;  occasion.    2  Ct^r.  ii. 

Sweet  savor,  in  Scripture,  denotes  that  which  ren- 
ders a  thing  acceptable  to  God,  or  his  acceptance. 
Hence,  to  smell  a  sier.ct  sacor^  is  to  accept  the  ofll-riiig 
or  service.     Oen.  viii. 
SA'VOR,  V.  i.     To  have  a  particular  smell  or  ta^te. 

2.  To  partake  of  the  quality  or  nature  of;  or  to 
have  the  appearance  of.  'I'he  answers  savor  of  a 
humble  spirit ;  ur  tliey  savor  of  pride. 

Wotton.    Milton. 

I  liare  rejected  every  thiny  that  savors  of  parly.         Additoti. 

SA'VOR,  v.  t    To  like  ;  to  taste  or  smell  with  pleas- 
ure. Shak, 
2.  To  like  ;  to  delight  in  ;  to  favor.    Matt.  xvi. 

PA'VOR-ED,  pp.     'J'asted  or  smelt  with  pleasure. 

SA'VOR-I-LY,  adv,     [from  saoory.]     With  gust  or  ap- 
petite. Lh-ijdcn. 
2.  With  a  pleasing  relish.                           Zhyden. 

SA'VOR-I-NESS,  n.  Pleasing  taste  or  smell ;  as,  the 
saroriness  of  a  pine-apple  or  a  peach. 

SA'VOR-LESS,  a.  Destitute  of  smell  or  taste ;  in- 
sipid. Hall. 

SA'VOR-LY,  a.     Well-seasoned  ;  of  good  taste. 

S,\'VOR-LY,  adv.     With  a  pleasing  relish.   Barrow. 

SA'VOR-Y,  a.     [from  savifr.]     Pleasing  to  the  organs 

of  .'imelt  or  taste  ;  as,  a  savory  odor.  Milton. 

Make  me  aaoory  meat.  —  Geo.  xxtU, 

SA'VOR-Y,  n.  [Fr.  savoric]  An  aromatic  plant  of 
the  genus  Satureia,  much  used  in  cooking. 

SA-VOY',  n.  A  variety  of  the  common  cabbage, 
(Brassica  oleracea,)  much  cultivated  for  winter  use. 

Ed-.  Eiicyc. 

SAW,  pret.  of  See. 

SAW,  n.  [Sax.  sa^a;  G.s'dge;  T).  zaag :  Sw.  suga  ; 
ban.  saug  ;  Fr.  acie  f  It.  sega.     See  the  verb.] 

1.  A  cutting  instrument  consisting  of  a  blade  or 
thin  plate  of  iron  or  steel,  with  one  edge  dentated  or 
t(X)thed. 

2.  A  saying;  proverb;  maxim;  decree.  [Obs.] 
[See  Sav.J  Shak. 

Sj^W,  r.  i,  t  pret.  Sawed  j  pn.  Sawed  or  Saws.*  [G. 
s'dgen;  D.  zaagrn  ;  Sw.  saga;  Dan.  saucer;  Norm. 
segiiar ;  It.  segare,  to  saw,  cut,  reap ;  E.  seco ;  Fr. 
scicr  :  allied  to  sickle.] 

1.  To  cut  with  a  saw  ;  to  separate  with  a  saw  ;  as, 
to  saio  timber  or  marble. 

2.  To  form  by  cutting  with  a  saw  ;  as,  to  saw 
boards  or  planks  ;  that  is,  to  saw  timber  into  boards 
or  planks. 

S^  W,  V.  i.  To  use  a  saw  ;  to  practice  sawing  ;  as,  a 
man  sates  well. 

2.  To  cut  with  a  saw  ;  as,  the  mill  saws  fhst  or 
well. 

3.  To  be  cut  with  a  saw ;  as,  the  timber  sates 
sni(»oth. 

SAWDUST, n.  Dust  or  small  fragments  of  wood  or 
stone  made  by  the  attrition  of  a  saw.       Mortimer. 

S^VV'£D,  pp  or  a.  Cut,  divided,  or  formed  with  a 
saw. 

SAW'ER,  n.  One  that  saws;  corrupted  into  Saw- 
rER. 

SAW'-FISII,  n.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Pristis,  of  sev- 
eral species,  closely  allied  to  the  sharks.  It  has  the 
upper  jaw  prolonged  into  a  long  beak  or  anout,  with 
spines  growing  like  teeth  on  both  edges.  The  saw- 
fish is  said  to  be  one  of  the  most  formidable  enemies 
of  the  whale  tribe.  Jardine^s  J^at.  Lib. 

SAW'-FL?,  n.     One  of  a  genus  of  flics,  (Tenthredo 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.— AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS C  as  K ;  d  aa  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CIX  as  SH  j  Til  as  in  THIS. 


SAY 

Linn.)  having  ovipodilors  somewhat  resembling  a 
handsaw.  Partington. 

8A.\V'-MILLf  K.  A  mill  for  sawing  logs  and  large 
pieces  of  timber,  driven  by  water,  Bteum,  or  other 
power. 

BAW'NEV,  n.  A  nickname  for  a  Scotchman,  cor- 
rupted from  SoHdy,  i.  e.  Jilexander.  [fiiZfar.] 

8^\V'-P1T,  H,  A  pit  over  which  timber  is  sawed  by 
two  men,  one  standing  below  the  timber  aiid  the 
other  above.  JUitrttmer. 

SAW-SET,  I  n.     An  instrument  used  to  wrest  or 

SAW-WREST,  i  turn  the  teeth  of  saws  a  little 
'outward,  that  ihey  may  make  a.  kerf  somewhat 
wider  than  the  thickness  of  the  blade. 

SAW-WORT,  (wurt,)  n.  A  plant  of  the  penua 
'^rrainla,  so  named  from  its  serrated  leaves.  It  hwa 
the  habits  and  qualities  of  the  thi.<ile9. 

SAWYER,  H.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  saw  tim- 
ber into  pnuiks  or  boards,  or  lo  saw  wood  fur  fuel. 

2.  In  Jtmeriea,  a  tree  which,  being  undermined  by 
a  current  of  water,  and  f;Uling  into  the  stream, 
lie.'*  with  its  branches  above  water,  which  are  con- 
tinually raised  and  depressed  by  the  forre  of  the 
current,  from  which  circumi^tance  the  name  is  de- 
rived. Th«  saieiirrs  in  the  Misj^is-iippi  render  the 
navigation  dangenms,  and  frequently  sink  boats 
which  nin  against  them. 

SAX'A-TILE,  a.     [L.  saxafilh,  fn>m  Au-Km,  a  nick.] 
PertaiDins  lo  rucks  ;  living  aiiiung  rocks.    JluHter. 

SAX-I-CA'VOUS,  a.  [L.  jwxura,  rock,  and  cuee,  to 
hollow.] 

A  temi  applied  to  mollusks  which  live  in  holes  in 
rocks  made  either  by  boring  or  otherwise.      Dana, 

8AX'I-FRA6E,  n.  [L.  saxifraga;  composed  of  mi- 
MMy  a  stone,  and  franao^  to  break.] 

A  medicine  that  has  the  property  of  breaking  or 
dissolving  the  stone  in  the  bladder.  Hut  in  frot^ny,  a 
plant  of  the  genus  Saiifnga,  which  embraces  many 
species,  mostiy  hardy  herbs  growing  naturally  on  or 
among  rocks.  The  hnmA  acxifirage  is  of  the  genus 
Pimpinella  ;  the  gitidtm  mxifr€^  is  of  the  genus 
Chr>-$oplenium  ;  the  auMlinDsazt^fv  isof  the  genus 
Seseli.  Emeyc     London. 

8AXIP'R.\-GOUS,  a.    Disst^lving  the  stone.    Brvwm. 

SAX'ON,  n.  [Sax.  xror,  a  knife,  sword,  or  dagger,  a 
^xon.] 

1.  One  of  the  nation  or  people  who  formerly  dwelt 
in  the  northern  part  of  Germany,  and  who  invaded 
and  conquered  Enelnt)d  in  the  tif^h  and  siiih  cen- 
turies     The  Wflsh  still  call  the  Engli:ih  Sasonj. 

2.  The  laniruazr  of  the  Saxono, 

SAX'OX,  a.  Pertaining  1»  the  Saxons,  lo  their  coun- 
try, or  to  their  language. 

SAX'OX-BLCE,  a.  A  deep-blue  liquid  used  in  dye- 
ing, and  obtained  by  dissolving  indigo  in  concen- 
trattNl  sulphuric  arid.  Brandt, 

SAX'0\-ISM,  lu    An  idiom  of  the  Saxon  language. 

Wetton. 

SAX' OX-IST,  a.     One  versed  in  the  Saxon  language. 

SAY,  V.  L  ;  preu  and  pp.  Said,  contracted  from  Satlp. 


U.   leftffen 
to  speietk  t 


or  say. 


sOgA  i  Duu  tiger ;  Ch.  nio  or  ns, 

The  same  verb  in  Arabic,  ^Lw  Mu^ti*  signifies  to 

sinky  Holh.  W^ean.  The  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  throw 
or  thrust.  CIass  Sg,  No.  23.  Pcrs.  gacJum  a  word, 
speech.] 

1.  To  speak  ;  to  utter  in  words  ;  as,  be  jtaid  noth- 
ing ;  he  said  many  things  ;  he  says  not  a  word.  Say 
a  good  word  for  me. 

It  is  ot>ser\'atile  ihat,  although  this  word  is  radically 
■ynonymous  with  Sfeak  and  Tkll,  yet  the  uses  or 
applications  of  ihe^e  words  are  different.  Thus  we 
say,  to  speak  an  oration,  to  tell  a  storj- ;  but  in  these 
librBses,  aa§r  can  not  be  used.  Yet  to  say  a  lesson  is 
good  English,  though  not  very  elc^nL  We  never 
nse  the  phrases,  to  soy  a  sermon  or  discourse,  to  say 
an  a^ument,  to  jcy  a  speech,  to  say  testimony. 

A  very  general  use  of  say  is  to  introduce  a  relation, 
sanation,  or  recital,  either  of  the  speaker  himself,  or 
of  something  said  or  done,  or  to  be  done,  by  another. 
Thus  Adam  £(iuJ,  This  is  bone  of  my  bone;  Xoah  mu/, 
Blesst^d  be  the  Lord  God  of  Shein.  If  we  say,  VVe 
have  no  sin,  we  deceive  ourselves.  Say  tu  the  cities 
ofJudah,  BelHUd  your  God.  I  can  not  «ay  what  I 
should  do  in  a  similar  case.  Say  thus  precedes  a 
sentence.  But  it  is  perhaps  iropracticobte  to  reduce 
the  peculiar  and  ai^ropriate  uses  of  say,  speak,  and 
UU  to  general  rules.  They  can  be  learnt  only  by  ob- 
■er^'atitin. 

2.  To  declare.     Oen.  xxxvlL 

3.  To  utter ;  to  pronounce. 

Sojf  now  Shitbaleth.  — JtjdfH  si. 

4.  To  Utter,  as  a  command. 

God  mid,  L«t  then  be  IlghL  —Gen.  I. 

5.  To  Utter,  as  a  promise.     Luke  xxiii. 

6.  To  utter,  as  a  question  or  answer.    Mark  xL 

7.  To  affirm  ;  to  teach.    JUaU.  xviL 
6.  To  confess.    Luke  iriL 

9.  To  testify.    Acts  ixiv. 


SCA 

10.  To  argue  ;  to  allege  by  way  of  argument. 

Aftor  all  ttut  cui  be  aoid  ftg&iiut  «  thin;,  TUlolton. 

11.  To  repeat ;  to  rehearse  ;  to  recite  ;  as,  to  say 
a  li'sson. 

12.  To  pronounce ;  to  recite  without  singing.  Then 
shall  be  said  or  sung  as  follows. 

13.  To  report;  as  in  the  phrases,  it  is  satii,  they 

4.  To  answer ;  to  utter  by  way  of  reply ;  to  tell. 


"? 


Sou,  StplU,  feel  .rou  no  conCMit, 
Hcilccuttg  on  ft  life  well  spent  i 


Stei/l. 


jiTote.  —  This  verb  is  not  properly  intransitive.  In 
the  phrase,  "  as  when  we  say,  Plato  is  no  fool,"  the 
last  clause  is  the  object  after  the  verb  ;  that  is,  "  we 
say  what  follows."  If  this  verb  is  property  intran- 
sitive in  any  case,  it  is  in  the  phrase,  **  that  is  lo  say," 
but  in  such  ca.'«es,  the  subsequent  clause  is  the  ob- 
ject of  Uie  verb,  being  that  which  is  said,  uttered,  or 
relaled. 

S.\Y,  n.     [Sax.  saira,  satru,] 

A  speech  ;  somclliing  said,  [la  popular  use,  but  not 
fir  <f  ant.] 

SAY,  M.    [ForAssAT.]    A  sample.    [Oft;*.]     Sidney, 
2.  Trial  by  sample.     [Obs.]  Boyle, 

SAY,  n.     [Fr.  soie.] 
Aihinsilk.    [Obs.] 

SAY,     (  M.     In  commerce,  a  kind  of  serge  used  for  lin- 

S.\YE,  )      ings,  shirts,  aprons,  &.c.  Kncyc. 

SAVING,  ppr.  Uttering  in  articulate  sounds  or 
Words;  speaking;  telling;  relatinc  ;  reciting. 

SAY'ING,  B.  An  expression;  a  sentence  uttered;  a 
declaration. 

MoKV  Aed  tit  thi>  sayAng,  —  Acta  vji. 

CiCrrD  tr('a«ui«(J  up  thi;  tayingt  of  Screrolti.         Aliddleton. 

Q,  A  proverbial  expression.  Many  are  the  sayings 
of  tho  wise.  Milton, 

S€AB,  n,  [Sax.  swi,  sceb;  G.  seltabe ;  Sw.  skabb : 
Dan.  skab ;  L.  scabies;  It.  scohbia.  It  seems  to  be 
connected  with  L.  seabo,  to  nib  or  scratch,  G.  scAabeuy 
to  shave,  W.  yso-ubatOj  to  sweep,  L.  seaber,  ruugh, 
D.  schob,  a  scale.] 

1.  An  incnisted  substance,  dry  and  rough,  formed 
over  a  sure  in  healing. 

2.  A  contagious  disease  of  sheep,  resembling  the 
mange  in  horses,  fcc.  Farm,  Encyc 

3.  A  mean,  ditty,  paltry  fellow.     [Low.]     Shak, 
SeAB'BAUD,  «.     Tlie  shc.ilh  of  a  sword.     Vryden. 
SeAB'BARL),  r.  L     To  pfit  in  a  shealh. 
SCAB'BARU-ED,  pp.     Put  into  a  sheath. 
S€AB'BARD-I.\G,ppr.     Shealhing. 
SeAB'B£I>,    (scabd    or  skab'bed,)   a.      [from   seah.] 

Abounding  with  scabs  ;  diseased  with  scabs.  Bacon. 
2.    Mean  ;  paltry  ;  vile  ;  W(»rthles8.  Lh-ytien. 

SCAB'BKDNESS,  a.    The  stale  of  being  scabbed. 
SCAB'OI-NESS,  R.     [from    scabby.]     The  quality  of 

being  scabby. 
SCAB'BY,a.    [from  aeab.'\    Affected  with  scabs  ;  full 
of  scabs.  Dryden. 

2.  Diseased  with  the  scab  or  mange  ;  mangy. 

Sipift 
SCA'BI-OUS,  a.     [L.  scabiosu<r,  from  .leubies,  scab.] 
Consisting  of  scabs;  rough;    itchy;  leprous;  as, 
scabious  eruptions.  .^rbuthnoi. 

8€A'Bl-0US,  n,     A  plant  of  the  genus  Scabiusn,  said 

to  be  useful  in  cutaneous  diseases.  Loudun, 

S€A  BRED'I-TY,  n.     [L.  seabredo,  scabritie^.] 

Roughness;  ruggetlhess.     [J^utin  use.]     Burton, 
SCA'BROUS,  a,     [L.  scabrosus^   scaber^  from  scabies^ 
scab.]^ 

1.  Rough ;  rugged ;  having  hard,  short,  rigid 
points.  Arbuthnot, 

2.  Harsh;  unmusical.  B.  Jonson. 
S€A'BROUS-NESS,  n.    Roughness  ;  rigaedncss 
Se.\B'VVORT,  n.     A  plant,  a  s|»ecies  of  Hetcnium. 
SeAD,   H.      A   fish   of   the   genus  Caranx,   {Scontber 

trachuruSy  Linn.;)  also  called  Horse  Mackerel. 

Jardine's  A'at.  Lib. 
SCAF'FOLD,  n.  [Fr.  echafaud;  Arm.  cha/od;  Ir. 
seafal ;  IL  scqffule ;  D.  schavot ,'  G.  schafot ;  Dan. 
skafot ;  perhaps  fnun  the  root  of  shape,  as  form  is 
used  for  bench.  The  last  syllable  is  the  L./o/a.  In 
Cornish,  skaral  is  a  bench  or  stool,  and  this  word, 
sckarotj  in  Dutch,  signifies  a  tailor's  bench,  as  well 
as  a  scafluld.l 

1.  Among  huilders,  an  assemblage  or  structure  of 
timbers,  )>oard-4,  or  planks,  erected  by  the  wait  of  a 
building  to  support  the  workmen. 

2.  A  temporary  gallery  or  stage  raised  either  for 
shows  or  spectators.  JUilton, 

3.  A  stage  or  elevated  platform  for  the  execution 
of  a  criminal.  Sidney. 

S€AF'FOLD,  v.  L  To  furnish  with  a  scaffold  ;  to  sus- 
tain ;  to  uphold. 

S€AF'FOLD-AGE,  n.    A  gallery;  a  hollow  floor. 

Shak. 

SeAF'FOLD-ED,pp.     Furnished  with  a  scaffold. 

SeAF'FOLD-ING,  ppr.     Furnishing  with  a  scaffold. 

SeAF'FOLD-lNG,  n.  A  frame  or  structure  for  sup- 
port in  an  elevated  pt.ace  ;  a  scaffold. 

2.  I'hat  which  sustains;  a  frame  ;  as,  the  scaffold- 
ing of  the  body.  Pope, 

3.  Temi>orary  structure  for  support.  Prior. 
A.  Materials  fur  scaffolds. 


SCA 

SeAG'LI-A,{Hkal'ye-a,)n.  [It.]  A  reddi:^h  variety 
of  cliatk.  Dana. 

S€AG-LI-0'LA,  (8kat-ve-6'Ia,)  n.  [\x.]  A  species  of 
plaster  or  stucco  made  of  pure  gypsum,  with  varie- 
gated colors  in  imitation  of  marble.  OtoUt. 

SCAL'ABLE,  a.    That  may  be  scaled. 

SCA-LADE',  I  n,     [Fr.  sraladei  Sp.  sealado;  from  L. 

8CA-LA'UO,  i      jfca^d,  a  ladder.     See  Scale.] 

.\  storm  or  assault  on  a  fortified  place,  in  which 
the  soldiers  enter  the  place  by  means  of  ladders.  It 
is  written  also  Eucalaoe. 

SCA  LAR'I-FOR.M,  a,  [L.  scalaris,  a  ladder,  and 
forma,  form.] 

Having  transverse  bars  and  spaces  like  a  ladder. 

Dana. 

SCA'LA-RY,  a.  Resembling  a  ladder;  formed  with 
steps.     [Little  used.]  Brown. 

SCALD,  (skawld,)  r.  (.  [It.  scaldare ;  Sp.  ond  Port. 
e.-icaUar ;  Fr.  echauder,  for  fschalder ;  iSw.  skolla ; 
Viin.  skaalder  ;  Ir.  s^allnim  ;  from  the  root  of  L.  ca/cd, 
calda,  calidus.  I  sup)H)se  the  primary  sense  of  caleo 
is,  to  contract,  to  draw,  to  make  hard'.] 

1,  To  burn  or  painfully  affect  and  injure  by  im- 
mersion in,  or  contact  with,  a  liquor  of  a  boiling 
heat,  or  a  hent  approaching  it ;  as,  to  scald  the  hand 
or  foot.  We  scald  tho  piirt,  when  the  heat  of  the 
litpior  applied  is  so  violent  us  to  injure  the  skin  and 
flesh.  Scaid  is  sometimes  used  to  express  the  effect 
of  the  heat  of  other  substances  than  liquids. 

Iler«  the  blue  fl.iiTK;i  uf  scalding  briinilone  fall.  Cowley. 

2.  To  expose  to  a  boiling  or  violent  heat  over  a 
fire,  or  in  water  or  other  liquor;  as,  to  scald  meat 
or  milk. 

SCALD,  n.  [Puptn.]  A  burn,  or  injury  to  the  skin 
and  flesh  by  liot  liquoi. 

SCALD,  n.     [au.  Sax.  scyll,  a  shell.] 

'  Scab  ;  scurf  on  the  head.  Spenser. 

Se^LD,  a.     Scurvy  ;  paltry  ;  poor  ;  as,  scald  rhvmers. 

Shak. 

SCALD,  n.  [Dan.  skialdrer,  to  make  verses  ;  also,  a 
poet.  The  primary  sense  is,  prt>bably,  to  make  or  to 
sing.  If  the  latter,  we  find  its  aflinities  in  G.  schal- 
len,  D.  schfllrn,  Sw.  skalla.] 

Among  the  ancient  Scandinarians,  a  poet ;  one  whose 
occujiation  was  to  compose  poems  in  honor  of  distin- 
guished men  and  their  achievements,  and  to  recite 
and  sing  them  on  public  occasions.  1'lie  sealils  of 
Denmark  and  Sweden  answered  to  the  bards  of  the 
Britons  or  Cells.  Mallet. 

SCALD'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Injured  by  a  hot  liquor;  ex- 
posed lo  boiling  heat. 

Scalded  cream ;  dolled  cream ;  cream  raised  from 
milk  by  heating.  Gardner. 

SCALD'ER,  Ti.     A  scald  ;  a  Scandinavian  poet. 

Se/^LD'-HEAD,  (Bkawld'hed,)  n,  [See  Scald.]  A 
pustular  eruption,  mostly  of  the  hairy  scalp,  in  which 
the  pustules  are  indistinct,  often  distant  patches, 
gradually  spreading  till  the  whole  head  is  covered  as 
with  a  helmet;  skin  below  the  scabs  red,  shining, 
dotted  with  ptipillous  apertures,  excreting  fresh  mat- 
ter ;  roots  of  the  hair  otlen  destroyed.  It  is  the  Por- 
rigo  gaieata  of  Good. 

SCALD'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  scalds  or  poets  of  an- 
tiquity ;  composed  by  scalds.  Warton. 

SCALD'IXG,  7);>r.  or  o.     Burning  or  injuring  by  hot 
liquor. 
2.  Ex[K>sing  to  a  boiling  lieat  in  liquor. 

SCALD'ING-HOT,  a.    So  hot  as  to  scald  the  skin. 

SCXLE,  n.  [Sax.  scale,  sceale;  D.  schaal,  a  sralf,  a 
bowl,  saucer,  or  dish,  and  a  skdl,  uniting  the  Pax. 
acaie  and  .icell :  G.  schate,  a  scale  or  balance,  a  dish, 
bowl,  shelly  peel,  or  paring ;  Dan.  .ikal,  a  shell ;  skater, 
to  shell,  peel,  or  pare  ;  skid,  a  fish  scale  ;  Sw.  skal^ 
a  fIhsII  ;  Fr.  ecaUle ;  ecaUler,  to  scale  uT  pcet ;  eeale,  a 
shell ;  ecalcr,  lo  shell ;  eckeUe,  a  scale  or  ladder ;  It. 
scaglia,  the  scale  of  a  fish  ;  scala,  a  ladder ;  L.  id., 
Sp.  escala.  Scale,  a  shell  and  a  dish,  is  probably  from 
peeling  or  paring,  that  is,  -seprirating  ;  but  whether  a 
simple  or  compound  word,  (^es-cal,  ez-cal,)  1  do  not 
know.  If  the  sense  is,  to  strip,  it  coincides  with  the 
Gr.  c\vXa(Oy  to  spoil.] 

1.  The  dish  of  a  balance  ;  and  hence,  the  balance 
itself,  or  whole  instrument ;  as,  to  turn  the  scale. 

Ijong  lime  in  even  tcatt 
The  btiule  hunj.  Milton. 

But,  in  general,  we  use  the  plural,  scales,  for  the 
whole  instrument. 

The  »cniei  nre  turned ;  her  kintluCH  weight  no  more 

Now  thin  my  to\»>.  Watltr. 

2.  The  Scales,  pi. ;  the  sign  of  the  Balance,  or  Li- 
bra, in  lite  zodiac.  Creech. 

3.  The  small,  thin  plate,  shell,  or  crust,  which 
composes  a  part  of  the  covering  of  a  flsh  ;  and  hence, 
any  thin  layer  or  leaf  exfoliated  or  separated  ;  a  thin 
lamina  ;  as,  scales  of  iron  or  of  bune.  Sharp. 

The  scales  of  fish  consist  of  alternate  layers  of 
membrane  and  phospiiuie  of  lime.  The  scales  of  ser- 
pents are  composed  of  a  horny  membrane,  without 
llie  calcareous  phosphate.  Ure. 

4.  A  ladder  ;  series  of  steps  ;  means  of  ascending, 
[L.  scala."]  Addison. 

5.  The  act  of  storming  a  place  by  mounting  the 
walla  on  ladders  ;  an  escalade,  or  scalade.   Milton, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PREY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  W^QLF,  BOOK.— 

yS4  ^ 


SCA 

6.  A  mathematical  instrument,  of  wood  or  metal, 
on  which  are  markoil  lines  and  figures,  for  the  pur-  , 
pose  of  mexsiiring  distances  or  extent  j  as,  a  plain 
scale;  a  diagonal  scale, 

7.  Regular  gradation ;  a  scries  rising  by  steps  or  . 
degrees,  like  those  of  a  ladder.  Thus  we  speak  of 
the  *ca/e  of  being,  in  which  man  occupies  a  hijiher 
rank  than  brutes,  and  angels  a  higher  rank  than 
man. 

8.  .-^ny  instrwment,  figure,  or  scheme,  graduated 
for  the  purpose  of  mea-suring  extent  or  proportions ; 
a.'f,  a  map  drawn  by  a  gc<de  of  lialf  an  inch  to  a 
league. 

9.  In  music^  a  gamut ;  or  a  series  of  linc»  and 
•paces  rising  one  above  another,  or  falling  one  below 
another,  on  wliich  notes  are  placed  ;  or  a  scale  con- 
sists of  the  regular  gradations  of  sounds.  A  scale 
may  be  limited  to  an  octave,  or  it  may  extend  to  the 
compass  of  any  voice  or  instrument,  Encye. 

10.  Any  thing  graduated  or  marked  with  degrees 
at  equal  distances. 

SGALK,  r.  L     [IL  scalare^  from  scala^  a  ladder.] 

1.  To  climb,  as  by  a  ladiler;  to  ascend  by  steps  ; 
applied  to  the  loallji  of  a  furtijied  placCy  to  mount  in 
assault  or  storm. 

Oft  h.iTe  I  tcaled  ihc  cra|^^  oak.  SptnMtr, 

2.  [from  «ca/e,  a  balance.]  To  measure  j  to  com- 
pare ;  to  weigh. 

Sealing  hia  pivaral  bearing'  with  bb  pari.  Sfiak. 

3.  [from  scale,  the  covering  of  a  fish.]  To  strip  or 
clear  of  scales  ;  as,  to  scale  a  fish. 

4.  To  take  off  in  thin  Inmens  or  scales. 

5.  To  pare  off  a  surface. 

If  aJl  ihc  iDouDtaioa  were  icaUd,  and  the  earth  made  tr^a. 

6.  In  the  north  of  En  viand,  to  spread,  as  manure  or 
loose  substances  ;  also,  to  disperse  :  to  waste. 

7.  In  gunnery,  to  clean  the  inside  of  a  cannon  by 
the  explosion  of  a  small  quatiiily  of  powder.    Totten. 

S€ALE, ».  i.  To  separate  and  come  off  in  thin  layers 
or  lainince. 

The  oil  ihella  of  ihe  Iijbatcr  »eal4  off.  Saeon. 

B€  Alt' ED,  pp.    Ascended  by  ladders  or  steps  j  cleared 
of  scales  ;  pared  ;  scattered. 
3.  Having  scales  like  a  fish  \  squamous ;  as,  a  sealed 

Se-ALEjLESe,  a.    Destitute  of  scales.      S.  L,  Jintchill. 

SCA-Lr.-VB',        I  a,    [Gr.  ojcjAij'Os-,  oblique,  unequal, 

SeA-LK'NOUS,  J  allied  prohahly  to  o^iAiof;  G. 
gchel,  sehiely  D.  scheel^  squinting  \  Dan.  skieler^  to 
squint.} 

A  scalene  trioHgle^  is  one  whose  sides  and  angles 
are  unequal. 

SeA-LgNE',  71.     A  scilene  triangle. 

8€AL'ER,  n.     One  who  scales. 

8€A'LI-NESS,n.  [from  scal^,]  The  state  of  being 
waly  :  roughness. 

SCAL'ING,  ppr.  Ascending  by  ladders  or  steps ;  storm- 
ing. 

2.  Ptripping  of  scales. 

3.  Peeling  ;  paring. 
SCAL'ING-LAD-DER,  n.  A  ladder  made  for  enabling 

troops  to  scale  a  wall. 
SeAUI-O'LA.    See  Scagliola. 
SCALL,  n.     [^See  Scald  and  Soau>-Hkad.]    Scab ; 

scabbiness ;  leprosy. 

It  k  ft  dry  tcaU,  ti'na  a  Irproay  on  the  bead.  —  Lcr.  zHL. 

9.  A  mean,  scabby  fellow.  Shak. 

BCAL'LIOX,  (skal'yun,)  n.  {li.  gcalo^nn  ,  1^.  ascalo- 
Bi'o ;  Fr.  cchalote,  whence  our  shalot ;  so  named,  prob- 
ably, from  its  coJits,  shell,  Jtcale.] 

A  pliint,  the  Allium  Ascalonicnm,  which  grows 
ahi-ut  Asralon  in  Palestine.  It  is  ilie  wildest  of  all 
the  cultivated  species  of  the  garlic  and  otii'm  genus. 
It  \a  propagated  bv  means  of  the  cloves  of  its  bulbs. 

eeAL'LOP,  (skol'iup,)  n.  [This  is  from  the  rwt  of 
*A*J/,  scale  ;  coinciding  with  scalp,  D,  schulp,  a  shell.] 

1.  A  PheII-fish,or  testaceous  mollusk,  of  the  genua 
Peclen  of  Lamarck.  The  shell  is  bivalvular,  the  hinge 
toothless,  having  a  small  ovated  hollow,  from  which 
alternate  ribs  and  furrows  usually  run  diverging  to 
the  margin  of  the  shell.  There  are  nuntertms  species 
used  for  food,  some  of  which  arc  found  in  the  seas 
of  most  climates.  The  shell  occurs  in  abundance  on 
the  coast  of  Palestine,  and  was  formerly  worn  by 
pilgrims  as  a  mark  that  ttiey  bad  been  to  the  Holy 
Land. 

2.  A  recess  or  curving  of  the  edge  of  any  thing, 
like  the  segment  of  a  circle.    Written  also  Scollot. 

Be.\L'LOP,».  L    To  mark  or  cut  the  edge  or  border 

of  any  thing  into  segments  of  circles.  Oray. 

SeAL'LOP-£D,  (skolMupt,)  pp.  or  a.    Cut  at  the  edge 

or  border  into  segments  of  circles. 
BCAL'LOP-INC,  ppr.   Cutting  the  edge  Into  segments 

of  circles. 
SCALP,  n.  [D.  »fAe/p,  or  ifcAa//j,  a  shell.    The  German 

ban  hintscaate,  brain-shell.    (See  Scalk.)    But  qti. 

the  Ch.  Syr.  and  Ar.  «lSp,  to  peel,  to  bark,  and  L. 

$ealpo^ 
1.  7*o«  skin  of  the  top  of  the  head  ;  as,  a  hairless 

teatp.  fihak. 

S.  Tb«  skin  of  the  top  of  the  head  cut  or  torn  off. 


SCA 

A  scalp,  among  the  Indians  of  America,  is  a  trophy 
of  victory. 

SCALP,  r.  t.  To  deprive  of  the  scalp  or  integuments 
of  the  head.  Sharp. 

SCALP'jED,  (skalpt,)  p;?.  Deprived  of  the  skin  of  the 
head. 

SGALP'EL,  n.     [L,  sedlpdbim,  from  scatpo,  to  scrape.] 
In  surgery,  a  knife  used  in  anatomical  dissections 
and  surgical  operations.  Brande. 

SCALP'ER,  )  B.    An  instrument  of  surgery 

SCALP'ING-I-RON,  (  used  in  scraping  foul  and  ca- 
rious bones  ;  a  raspatory.  Encyc.     Parr. 

SCALP'ING,  ppr.  Depriving  of  the  skiu  of  the  top  of 
the  head 

SCALP'ING-KNTFE,  (-nife,)n.  A  knife  used  by  sav- 
ages in  scalping  their  prisoners.  Cooper. 

SCaL'Y,  a.  [from  scale]  Covered  or  abounding  with 
scales  ;  rough  ;  as,  a  scidy  fish  ;  the  scaly  crocmiile. 

Milton. 

2.  Resembling  scales,  laniinaj,  or  layers. 

3.  Mean  ;  acahby  ;  as,  a  scuiy  fellow.  [See  Scall.] 
IVarlous  dialects  in  Eiifrland.]  HaUowcll. 

4.  In  botany,  composed  of  scales  lying  over  each 
other  ;  as,  a  scaly  bulb  ;  having  scales  scattered  over 
it  ;  as,  a  scaly  stem.  JiftiHyn. 

SeAL'V-W'IKG-£D,  a.     Having  wings  with  scales. 

Kirby. 
Se.\M'BLE,  r.  i.     [D.  schommclcn,  to  stir,  to  shake.] 

1.  To  stir  quick;  to  be  busy  j  to  scramble;  to  be 
bold  or  turbulent.  Sliak. 

2.  To  shift  awkwardly.  More. 
SCAM'BLE,  r.  £.  To  mangle;  to  maul.  Mortimer. 
SCAiM'CLER,  n.     A  bold  intruder  upon  the  generosity 

or  hospitality  of  others.  Steccens. 

SCAM'HLING,  ppr.     Stirring  ;  scrambling  ;  intruding. 
S€A.M'BLLVG-LY,  adv.    With  turbulence  and  noise ; 

with  bold  intrusiveness. 
SeAM-M5'NI-ATE,a,    [fromscammoni/.]    Made  with 

BCnmmony.  WUicman. 

SCAM'iMO-NY,  n,     [I.,  scammoma,  from  the  Persian.] 

1.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Convolvulus. 

2.  An  inspissated  sap  obtained  from  the  plant  Con- 
volvulus Scammonia,  of  a  blackish-gray  color,  a 
nauseous  smell,  and  a  bitter  and  acrid  taste.  It  is 
used  in  medicine  as  a  cathartic.  The  best  scatnmony 
comes  from  Aleppo,  in  light,  spongy  masses,  easily 
friable.  That  of  Smyrna  is  black,  ponderous,  and 
mixed  with  extmneoua  matter.     Foarcroy.    Encyc. 

SCAMP,  n.     [Sec  Scamper.]     A  great  rascal. 

Ilalliwcll. 
[Used  in  various  dialects  in  England,  and  vulgarly 
used  in  .America.] 
SCAM'PER,  V.  L     [D.  schampen,  to  slip  aside  ;  Fr.  es- 
eamper;  It.  scampare,  to  escape,  to  save  one's  self; 
«aim;)o,  safely  ;  compare,  to  preserve,  to  fly,  to  escape  ; 
Sp.  escampar,  to  clear  out  a  place.] 
To  run  with  speed  ;  to  hasten  escape.    .Addison. 
SCAM'PER-ING,  ppr.    Running  with  speed  ;  hasten- 
ing in  flight. 
SCAN,  w.  (.     [Fr.  scander;  Sp.   eseander ;  It.  scnndire, 
scandcre,  to  climb,  to  scan.    The  Italian  is  the  L.  as- 
eendo.^tiee  Asce.-vd.I 

1.  To  examine  with  critical  care  ;  to  scrutinize. 

The  ftctiona  of  men  in  bt^h  itntiona  ^n  oU  conaplcuoiu,  and 
liable  lo  be  gcanned  and  aiflcd.  AUerbury. 

2.  To  examine  a  verse  by  counting  the  feet ;  or, 
according  to  modem  usage,  to  recite  or  measure 
verse  by  distinguishing  the  feet  in  pronunciation. 
Thus  in  Latin  and  Greek,  a  hexameter  verse  is  re- 
solved into  six  feet  by  scanning,  and  the  true  quanti- 
ties are  determined. 

SCAN'DAL,  n.  [Fr.  scandal*;  It.  scandalo  ;  Sp.  escan- 
dalo;  L.  scandal um  ;  Gr.  OKHff^a^ov ;  Ir.  scannail, 
slander.  In  Greek,  this  word  signifies  a  stumbling- 
block,  something  against  which  a  person  impinges, 
or  which  causes  him  to  fall.  In  Sax.  scandr,  sconde, 
signifies  shame,  confusion,  dinhonor,  infamy;  D. 
schande,  id.  ;  schandaal,  reproach,  scandal;  G.  schande, 
shame  ;  schdnden,  to  mar,  disfigure,  spoil,  violate  ; 
Dan.  skiender,  to  abuse,  defame,  &.c.  ;  Sans,  sckiande 
or  iskianda,  scanilal.  In  Arm.  scandal  is  a  quarrel. 
The  primary  wnse  of  the  root  must  bo,  to  drive,  to 
thrust,  or  to  strike  or  caxt  down.] 

1.  Offense  given  by  the  faults  of  another. 

IIU  liiBlfiil  orifiM  h«  eaUrged 
Even  to  Ihc  hi!l  of  acaivLal.  fiHtton. 

[In  this  sense  we  now  generally  use  Offense.] 

2.  Reproachful  aspersion  ;  opprobrious  censure  ; 
defamatory  speech  or  report;  something  uttered 
which  is  false  and  injurious  to  reputation. 

My  known  »irtue  b  from  leandat  free.  Dryden. 

3.  Shame ;  reproach  ;  disgrace.  Such  is  the  per- 
verted state  of  the  human  mind,  that  some  of  the 
most  heinous  crimes  bring  little  scatidal  upon  the  of- 
fender. 

SCAN'DAL,  r.  (.  To  treat  opprobriously  ;  to  defame ; 
to  asperse ;  to  traduce ;  to  blacken  character. 

I  do  (awn  on  m**n,  nnd  hiiff  Ihi-m  hart. 

And  after  tcandai  ihera,     {LMUt  ti»td.\  Shak. 

2.  To  scandalize;  to  offend.    [A*o(  used.] 

Bp.  Stonj. 
SCAN'DAL-TZR,  r.   «.      [Gr.   <TKat'Sn\ii;oj ;    L.  wan- 


SCA 

dalizo;  Sp.  eieandalizar ;  It.  tcandatezzare ;  Fr.  9ca»- 
datiser.] 
1.  To  offend  by  some  actii)n  supposed  criminal. 

I  demand  who  the;  are  whom  we  tcandalixM  by  luiug  himileM 
tiling*.  Hooker. 

9.  To  reproach ;  to  disgiice ;  to  defame ;  as,  a 
scandaliiin^  libeter.  Addison. 

SCAN'DAL-IZ-£D,  pp.  Offended  j  defamed  ;  dis- 
graced. 

SCAN'DAL-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Giving  offense  toj  dis- 
gracing. 

SCAN'DALOUS,  a.  [It.  scandaloso  ;  Sp.  escandaloso  ; 
Ft.  scandideuz  ;  Sw.  skdndelig.  \ 

1.  Giving  offense. 

NoUiinjf  tcandalous  or  ofTctuive  to  any.  Hooker. 

2.  Opprobrious;  disgraceful  to  reputation;  that 
brings  shame  or  infamy;  as,  tt  scandalous  crime  or 
vice.  How  perverted  must  bo  the  mind,  that  con- 
siders seduction  or  ducVms  lasa  scandalous  than  lar- 
ceny ! 

3.  Defamatory. 

SCAN'DAL-OUS-LY,  ado.  Shamefully ;  in  a  manner 
lo  give  offense. 

HIa  diacoune  at  table  waa  teandaioiuly  uabeeoroUig  tli«>  di^nitj 
of  his  ■taiiun.  Sw^J'l 

2.  Censoriously  ;  with  a  disposition  to  find  fault , 
as,  a  critic  scandalouslu  nice.  Pope. 

SCAN'DAL-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  Iwing 
scandalous  ;  the  quality  of  giving  offense,  or  of  being 
disgraceful. 

seJtjX'DALUM  MAO-J^A'TUM,  [L.]  In  law,  a 
defamatory  speech  or  writing  made  or  published  to 
the  injury  of  a  person  of  dignity.  Encyc. 

SGAN'UK.NT,  a.     [L.  scandens,  scaTido,  to  climb.] 
Climbing,  either  with  spiral  tendrils  for  its  sup- 
port, or  by  adhesive  fibers,  as  a  stalk  ;  climbing ;  per- 
forming the  ulfice  of  a  tendril,  as  a  petiole. 

Smith.     Bigclow. 

SCAN'NJED.  (skand,)  pp.  Critically  sifted  or  exam- 
ined ;  resolved  into  feel  in  recital. 

SCAN'T^ING,  ppr.  Critically  examining;  resolving 
into  feel,  as  verse. 

SCAN'SION,  (shun,)  m.    The  act  of  scanning. 

Percy. 

SCAX-Sfl'RES,  n.  pi.     [L.  scando,  to  climb.] 

An  order  of  birds  whose  external  toe  is  directed 
backward  like  a  thumb,  by  which  they  are  enabled 
to  cling  to  and  climb  upon  trees.  The  whole  of  this 
order  are  not  actually  climbers  ;  and  there  are  climb- 
ing birds  that  do  not  belong  lo  this  order.  The 
woodpeckers  and  parrots  are  an  example  of  tliis 
order. 

SCAN-So'RI-AL,  a.  Climbing  or  adapted  to  climb- 
ing ;  a  term  applied  to  the  order  of  birds  called  scan- 
sores.     [See  ScANSOBEs.]  Sicainson. 

SCANT,  u.  U     [Dan.  skaanct,  from  sknaner,  lo  spare.] 
To  limit ;  lo  straiten ;  as,  to  scant  one  in  provis- 
ions ;  to  scant  ourselves  in  the  use  of  necessaries  ;  to 
scant  a  garment  in  cloth. 

I  am  icanted  io  the  picuxuro  of  dwelling  on  your  nctioni. 

Uryilen, 

SCANT,  V.  L  To  fail  or  become  less ;  as,  the  wind 
scantf. 

SCANT,  a.     Not  full,  largo,  or  plentiful ;  scarcely  suf- 
ficient; rather  less  than  is  wanted  for  the  purpose; 
as,  a  scant  allowance  of  provisions  or  water;  a  scant 
pattern  of  cloth  for  a  garment. 
2.  Sparing;  parsimonious-,  cautiously  affording. 


3.  Not  entirely  favorable  for  a  ship's  course  ;  as,  a 
scant  wind  ;  also,  a  light  wind.  Totten. 

SCANT,  adv.    Scarcely  ;  hardly  ;  not  quite. 

The  proplf  —  n-c/'iTcd  of  the  hnnkera  scant  twcDiy  ihillinCT  for 
liiiny.     {Ol*avteU  or  vulgar.]  COmasn. 

SCANT'ED,  pp.    Limited  ;  straitened. 
SCANT'LLY,  ado.     [from  scanty.]      Not  fully;  not 
plentifully.    The  troops  were  scantily  supplied  wiih 
flour. 

2.  Sparingly;  niggardly;  as,  to  speak  scaTttdy  of 
one.     [Umisual.]  Shak. 

SCANT'I-NESS,  n.    Narrowness  ;  want  of  space  or 
compass ;  as,  the  scantiness  of  our  heroic  verse. 

J}rydcn. 
2.  Want  of  amplitude,  greatness,  or  abundance ; 
limited  extent. 


3.  Want  of  fulness;  want  of  sufficiency ;  as,  the 
scantiness  of  supplies. 

SCAN'TLE,  V.  U     To  be  deficient ;  to  fail.     Drayton. 

SCAN'TLB,  V.  I.  To  divide  into  thin  or  small  pieces; 
to  shiver.  Chesterfield. 

SCANT'LET,  n.  [See  ScAHTLiifo.]  A  small  pat- 
tern ;  a  small  quantity.     [JVot  iniwe.]  Ifale. 

SCANT'LING,  n.  [Fr.  echantillon,  a  pattern  ;  Sp.  c*- 
cantillon;  Vort.  cscantilJtam.] 

1.  A  pattern;  a  quantity  cut  for  a  particular  pur- 
pose. L'Estrange. 

2.  A  small  quantity  ;  as,  a  scantlinsr  of  wit. 

Dryden.     Locke. 


I 


TONE,  BJJI-C,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  M  K ;  0  M  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  M  in  THIS. 


1:24 


uso 


SCA 


fSs  >iimh>iinit  wm  Tvtv  turrow  aad  aatntj/. 
Now  wfiii'  lim^  the  proud  aich  uuitioc. 


3.  A  certain  proportion  or  tjuaiitity.  Shak. 

4.  Timber  sawed  or  cut  into  pieces  of  a  small 
size,  as  for  studs,  rails,  Alc.  This  seems  to  be  allied 
10  the  L.  scanduta^  and  it  is  llie  sense  in  which  1 
have  ever  heard  it  used  in  the  United  Stales. 

5.  The  dimensions  of  a  piece  vt'  liiuber,  with  re- 
B^^rd  to  its  breadth  and  thickness.  Brandf. 

SeANT^UNG,  a.   Not  plentiful  i  small.    [A'o(  i»  use.] 

Taylor, 
8€ANT'LY,  «(r.    Scarcely;  hardly.    [06*.] 

Camden, 
a  Not  fully  or  sufficicnUy  ;    narrowly  ;    penuri- 
ously  :  without  amplitude.  DrydcA. 

S€ANT'NEi?S,  «.     [from  scant.']    Narrowness  ;  small- 
ness  ;  as,  the  scantntss  of  our  capacities.      OlanvUle. 
8€ANT'Y',  a.    [from  scanty  and  having  the  sanio  sig- 
nifiraiion.] 

1.  Narrow  ;  small;  wanting  amplitude  <x  extent. 

Lodtt. 
Pupa. 

a.  Poor ;  not  ropions  or  full ;  not  ample  ;  hardly 
wtiicienl;  as,  a  scanty  language  ;  a  woxCy  supply  of 
wnrd:i ;  a  scanty  f^upply  of  bread. 

3.  Sparing ;  niggardly  ;  parsimoDfams. 

tn  Qltatnulnir  »  point  of  diffieultjr,  be  not  too  wcuHty  tjS  warA%, 

Waiu. 

9€XPE,  r.  t.  or  i.  To  escape  ;  a  contracted  word,  not 
now  used,  except  in  poetry,  and  wiUi  a  mark  of 
elbkin.    [See  Escape.] 

SCAPE,  a.    An  e^ape.    [See  Bscapk.] 

2.  Means  of  escape  ;  e\*a^ion.  Donn*. 

3.  FWak ;  aberration  ;  devialinn.  Shak, 

4.  Loose  act  of  vice  or  lewd  ness.  Skak. 
\Oi>solcU  ill  aU  its  sensts."] 

SCAPE,  n.  [L.  seapus;  probably  allied  to  sc^foj  and 
the  Gr.  rc/jTrroo*',  scepter.] 

1.  In  botany^  a  radical  stem  bearing  the  fVuclifica- 
tiOQ  without  leaves,  Bs  in  the  narcissus  and  hyacinth. 

Marty  n. 
3.  Tn  arekitetturf^  the  shaft  of  a  column  ;  also,  the 
BDophve*"  of  a  shaft.  Oloss.  qfjirchit. 

S€.APE'-4iAb-L0U'S,  n.  One  who  has  narrowly  es- 
caped th5  gallows  for  his  crimes. 

BCAPE'-GO-AT,  n.  [e.^cape  and  ^ooL]  In  (Ae  Jeicish 
rituat,  a  goat  which  was  brought  to  the  dixir  of  the 
tabernacle,  where  the  hish  priest  laid  bis  hands  upon 
bim,  confessins  the  sins  of  the  pet>ple,  and  putting 
them  on  the  head  of  the  gnat ;  after  w  hich  the  gojit 
was  sent  into  the  wilderness,  bearing  the  iniquities 
of  the  people.     Lrc.  xvi. 

S€APE'-GRACE,  a.    A  graceless,  hair-brained  fellow. 

HaUiwM, 

S€APEXESS,  a.  [fhrni  M«pe.]  In  Utaay,  desUtuta 
of  a  scape. 

SeAPE'MENT,  n.  The  method  of  commnnicaling 
the  impulsi^of  the  wheels  to  the  pendulum  of  a  clock, 
or  balance  of  a  watch.     [8ee  KscArEMK?«T.] 

SCAPIt'ISM,  n.  [Gr.  aAa-rut^  to  dig  or  make  hol- 
low.] 

Among  the  PfrfrianSytt  barbarous  punishment  in- 
flict(-d  on  criminals  by  contining  them  in  a  hollow 
tree  till  they  died  a  misenible  dt-ath.  Ask, 

SeAPH'ITE,  n.     [L.  scapha.] 

Fossil  remainsof  a  genus  of  Cephalopods,  of  a  boat- 
shaped  form,  allied  to  the  ammonite.  Brandr, 

8CAPH'0ID,w.  [Gr.  ava-poit^  boat,and  eiJ-{.]  Re- 
sembling a  boat  in  form. 

S€AP'0-LITE,  It.  [Gr.  ffvaro?,  a  rod,  and  Xiflwj,  a 
stone.] 

A  grayish-white  mineral,  occurring  tn  four  or  eight- 
sided  prisms,  terminated  by  low  pyraniid^a,  and  in 
cleavable  masses,  with  a  somewhat  pearly  luster. 
It  somi'times  presents  pale,  bluish,  greenish,  and 
reddish  shades  of  color.  It  consists  of  silica,  alu- 
mina, and  lime.    It  is  the  Wernerite  of  IlaUy. 

Dana. 

SCAP'PLE,  V.  L  To  reduce  a  stone  to  a  straight  sur- 
face without  working  it  smooth.      Gloss.  o/jirchiL 

S€AP'U-LA,  a.    [L.]    The  shoulder-blade.       Core, 

SeAP'll-LAR,  a.     [t.  srapuJnris.) 

Pertaining  to  the  shoulder,  or  to  the  Bcapula  ;  as, 
tbe  scapjilar  arteries. 

Scapular  frathers.     See  SciPULAa,  a.  No,  2. 

S€AP'lJ-LAR,a.  [Supra.]  In  ojiatomw,  the  name  of 
two  pair  of  artenes,  and  as  many  veins,  near  tlie 
shoulder-blade.  Encyc 

2.  In  omitholojFy^  a  feather  which  springs  from  the 
shoulder  of  the  wing,  and  lies  along  the  side  of  the 
back.  Bratide. 

8€APMT.LAR,     )  «,    A  part  of  the  habit  of  certain 

S€AP'U-LA-RY,  j  religious  orders  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  church,  consisting  of  two  bands  of  woolen 
stuff  worn  over  the  gown,  of  which  one  crosses  the 
back  or  shoulders,  and  the  other  the  stomach.  This 
is  worn  as  a  badge  of  peculiar  veneration  for  the 
Virgin  Mary.  Brande. 

SCAP'l^-LA-RY,  a.  The  same  as  Scapulas,  which 
see. 

S€A'Pir&,  n.  [I*.]  In  enutJu>loff9,  the  stem  or  trunk 
of  a  feather.  Brande. 

2.  In  archUecture^  a  scape,  which  see. 

S€XR,  N.  [Fr-escarre;  Ann.  scarr  or  ysear  f  Jt.  ejtcara; 
Gr.  tirx.aiJa;   Dan.  skar;   probably  from  the  root  of 


SCA 

shrary  ^hare^  to  drt.  Sax.  scira*^  scearan^  whence 
Dan.  skaar^  a  notch.] 

1.  A  mark  in  tlie  skin  or  flesh  of  an  animal,  made 
by  a  wound  or  an  ulcer,  and  remaining  after  the 
wound  or  ulcer  is  healed.  The  soldier  is  [iroud  of 
his  scars, 

2.  Any  mark  or  injury  ;  a  blemish. 

Tbe  rnnh  had  Uwt  bexiitr  of  jrouLli  —  and  not  »  wrrb>klr,  «rar,  or 
rraaure  od  iu  body.  Bum^L 

3.  [L.  seams;  Gr.  tTKapn^.l  A  fish  of  the  genus 
Settt-usj  commonly  called  Pabhot-fish. 

Vict.  J^at.  lEsU 

SeXR,  B.  (.    To  mark  with  a  scar.  Shak. 

SGAR'AB,  i   n,     [L.    scaraba-us,  from    Gr.    trjcaip  f 

S€AR'A-BEE,  \       Sax.  sceam,  fimus.) 

A  beetle  ;  an  insect  of  the  genus  Hcarabieus,  whose 
wings  are  cased.     [See  Beetle.] 

Se.\R'A-MOUCH,  n.  [Fr.  escajmouche;  U.sMramue- 
eio  ;  Sp.  ejicaramum,  a  skirmish.] 

A  butfoon  tn  the  old  comedy  so  called  fVom  the 
skinnishing  antics  whicli  he  performed.    Rich.  DieL 

S€ARCE,a.  fit.  scarso;  D.scMaarsch.  In  Arm.  .irari 
is  simrt,  ana  perhaps  the  word  is  from  the  root  of 
sAMr,  lo  cuL  The  Spanish  equivalent  word  is  rsca^o, 
and  it  is  observable  that  some  of  our  common  peo- 
ple pronounce  this  woni  woa*.] 

1.  Not  plentiful  or  abundant ;  being  in  small  quan- 
tity in  pniportion  to  the  demand.  VVe  f^ay,  water  is 
scarcBy  wheat,  rye,  barley  is  searct,  money  is  scarce^ 
when  the  quantity  is  not  fully  adequate  to  the  de- 
mand. 

2.  Being  few  in  number  and  scattered ;  rare ;  un- 
common.    Good  horses  are  scarce. 

Tbe  Mcarceit  of  nil  U  a  Pesceniiiut  Niger  on  a  modnllion  well 
pcMeiTod.  Addittm. 

HarcI'ly,  i  «*•  "'""yi  '"""y- 

We  scarcely  ihink  ottr  miieriet  our  foes.  SKak. 

3.  Hardly  ;  with  ditliculty. 

Slowly  he  aaiU,  and  ttarctly  Uem»  the  tidrt.  Dryden. 

Se;tRCE'NESS,  j  n.  Smallness  of  quantity,  or  small- 
SCAR'CI-TY,      )      ness  Jn  proportion  to  Iho  wants 

or  demands  ;  deficiency  ;  defect  of  plenty  ;  penury  ; 

as,  a  scarcity  of  grain  ;  a  great  scarcity  of  1>eautics  ; 

a  ecareity  of  lovely  women.  Dryden. 

Pniae,  like  p>\A  and  diaraowU,  ovet  il^. value  to  ita  ccord^. 

RaridiUr. 
A  Moreily  of  mow  would  laiae  a  mutinj  at  Naples.    Addi$on. 

fL  Rareness;  infrequency. 

Ttw  nlm  oT  an  advanUge  b  eub&noed  tiy  Iti  fcarorrutt. 

G>mer. 

Root  of  scarcity,  or  Scarcity  rooti  the  mangold- 
wurzel,  a  variety* of  the  Beta  Cycla,  or  white  beet ; 
O.  muMgald-wurzel,  beet-root,  corrupted  Into  maasrel- 
wuTtd  i  Fr.  racine  de  diseUe^  root  of  want  or  scarcity. 

Kd.  Rncyc. 
S€ARE,  V,  L     [In  W.  t^srar  is  to  separate;  in   It. 
scvrart  is  to  dishearten,  from  L.  cz  and  cor,  heart ; 
but  qu.1 

To  fright ;  to  terrify  suddenly  ;  to  strike^ith  sud- 
den terror. 

The  noiae  of  thy  ero»-bow 
Wm  tcart  tbe  herd,  and  to  my  abot  ta  loat.  Shak. 

To  scare  aieay;  to  drive  away  by  frightening. 
SeXRE'CROVV,  n.     [scare  and  crow.]     Any  frightful 
thing  set  up  to  frighten  crows  or  other  fowls  from 
cornfields  ;  hence,  any  thing  terrifying  without  dan- 
ger;  a  vain  terror. 

A  tcarecroa  «et  to  Wghten  fools  away.  Dryden. 

2.  A  provincial  name  of  the  sea-fowl  called  the 

Black  Teb:<,  Sterna  nigra.  Edin.  Encyc. 

SGAR'KD,  pp.     Frightened  ;  suddenly  terrified. 
SCAKE'FIUE,  n.    Afire  breaking  out  so  as  to  frighten 

people,     [JVwt  used.]  Holder. 

S€ARF,n.,-  /li-ScARFs.     [TT.echarpe;  IX.aarpa;  Sax. 

scearf,  a  fragment  or  piece ;  G.  scharpe ;  from  the 

root  of  shear.] 

1.  Something  that  bangs  loose  upon  the  shoulders ; 
as  a  piece  of  cloth. 

Put  on  your  hood  and  tear/.  SioifL 

2.  A  water-fowl,  the  cormorant.     [Provincial.] 

Edin.  Encyc. 
S€XRF,  r.  t     To  throw  loosely  on.  Shak. 

2.  To  dress  in  a  loose  vesture.  SAcA". 

SeXRF,  V.  U     [Sw.  skarfca;  Sp.  cscarpar.] 

To  join;  to  piece  ;  to  unite  two  pieces  of  timber 
at  the  ends,  so  that  they  appear  to  be  one.  This  is 
usually  done  by  letting  the  end  of  one  into  the  end 
of  the  other,  sometimes  by  laying  the  two  ends  to- 
gether and  fastening  a  third  piece  to  both. 

Totten.     Owilu 
S€ARF'£D,  (sk*lrft,)pp     Dressed  in  a  loose  vesture. 

2.  Joined  ;  pieced. 
SeXRF'IXG,  ppr.    Uniting  two  pieces  of  timber  at 

the  ends,  so  as  to  appear  but  one. 
SeXRF'ING,  n.    The  joining  of  two  pieces  of  timber 

end  to  end,  so  that  they  appear  but  one.       P.  Cyc 

seXRF'SKlN,  TL     [5car/and  skin.]     The  cuticle  ;  the 

epidermis  ;  the  outer  thin  integument  of  the  body. 

Chcyne. 
Se.\R-I-FI-eA'TION,n.  {Im  scarijicatio.  SeeScABiFv.] 


SCA 

In  surfi^ery,  the  operation  of  making  several  In- 
cisions in  the  skin  with  a  lancet  or  other  cutting 
int>truuicnt,  particularly  the  cupping  instrument. 

Encyc 
SeAR-I-FI-CA'TOR,  ft.    An  instrument  used  in  cup- 
ping, containing  10  or  12  lancets  for  making  a  num- 
ber of  incisions  ut  once.  Brande. 
SeAR'I-FI-ER,  a.    [from  scarify.]    The  person  who 
scariHes. 
2.  The  instrument  used  for  scarifying. 
G.  In  airriculture^  an  implement  fur  stirring  and 
loosening  the  soil,  without  bringing  up  a  fn-sh  sur- 
face.                                                          Fann.  Encyc. 
SCA  R'l-F?,  V.  (.    [Fr.  srarifer  ;  h.  scarifico.    Qu.  scar^ 
Gr.  eerx'iiiJUiAnd  L./octo,  to  make.    But  the  Greek  is 
ojcapi'i)ao;xtii,  from  (T<iufi(0-»s,  a  pointed  iustruinent, 
or  a  sharp-pointed  piece  of  wood.] 

'J'o  scnitch  or  cut  the  skin  of  an  animal,  or  to 
make  small  incisions  by  means  of  a  lancet  or  cut^ 
ping  instrument,  so  as  to  draw  blmid  t'r4)iu  the 
sni:Uter  vessels  without  o|)ening  a  large  vein. 

Encyc. 
S€AR'I-F?-ING,  ppr.    Making  small  incisions  in  the 

skin  with  an  instrumenL 
S€XR'ING,  ppr.     Frightening;  suddenly  terrifying. 

SeA'RI-OUs'  i  **■    U^^^  ^*  fcariosus,  rough.] 

In  botany,  tough,  thin,  and  semi-transiwirenl,  dry 
and  sonorous  to  the  touch  ;  as  a  p<.-riaiitl).   Martyn. 

SexR-LAT'I-NAorSeXR-L-VTlCNA,  n.  [It.  scar- 
luuino  and  searlatto,  scarlet.] 

A  barbarous  Italian  term  witli  a  Latin  termination, 
employed  to  designate  what  is  coiuiuonly  calli^d  in 
Kngtisli  Scarlet  Fevkr,  and  in  nosology  Rosalia. 

S€XR-LAT'I-NOUS,  a.  Of  a  scarlet  color;  pertaining 
to  the  scarlet  fever. 

SeXR'LET,  n.  [Fr.  ecarlate :  Arm.  scarladd ;  It.  scar- 
latto  ;  Sp.  escariata  ;  Ir.  scarloid;  W.  ysgarlad,  the  ef- 
fusion of  a  wound,  scarlet,  from  y-sgar,  to  »«'parate  ; 
(see  Sh£ah  ;)  D.  scliarUiken ;  G.  scharlack  ;  Dan.  akar- 
iagen.  Qu.  Ch.  ^pD,  to  color,  as  a  derivative,  min- 
ium ;  Ar.  vJLm  shakara,  to  be  red.] 

1.  A  beautiful  bright-red  color,  brighter  than  crim- 
son. Encyc 

2.  Cloth  of  a  scarlet  color. 

All  b<^r  household  are  c)otl>ed  with  tearltt.  —  Pror.  xxxi. 
sex  R'LET,  a.     Of  the  color  called  scarlet ;  of  a  bright- 
red  color ;  as,  a  scarlet  cloth  or  thread  ;  a  scarlet  lip. 
SCXR'LET-BeAN,  n.     A  plant ;  a  red  bean. 
SeXR'LET-FF.'VER,  n.    A  fehrile  exanthema,  called 
in  nosology  Rosalia,  and  also  Scarlatina.     It  is 
characterized  by  fever, attended,  about  the  third  day, 
with  an  eruption  of  level,  or  nearly  level,  crimson- 
red  patches,  first  ap(»earing  in  the  fauces  and  on  the 
face,  neck,  and   breasts,  and   progressively  on   the 
whole  surface,  oflen  conlluent  and  terminating  about 
the  seventh  day,  in  cuticular  exfoliations. 
SeXR'LET-6AK,  «.     A  species  of  oak,  the  Quercua 
coccifera,  or  kermes  oak,  producing  small  insects, 
the   Coccus   liicis,   called   kermes^   or  scarlet  grain. 
More  properly,  the  Uuercus  coccinca  of  the  United 
States. 
SeXR'MAGE,  I  peculiar  modes  of  spoiling  Skirmish. 
SCXR'MOGE  ;  j      [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

SeXRN,  71.     [Sax.  sccarn.] 

Dung.     [J\rot  in  use,  or  local.]  Bay. 

S€XRN'-BEE,  n.    A  beetle.     [JVot  in  iwe,  or /oca/.] 

Buy. 
SCXRP,  n.     [Fr.  escarpe;  It.  scarpa,  a  scarp,  n  shoe,  a 
slope  ;  Sp.  escarpa.] 

In  fortification,  the  interior  slope  of  the  ditch  next 
the  place,  ut  the  foot  of  the  ramiiart.    [See  Escarp.] 

Brande. 
SCXRP, n.    In  herahlry,  the  scarf  which  military  com- 
manders wear  for  ornament  -,  borne  soinewliat  like  a 
batoon  sinister,  but  broader,  and  continued  to  the 
edges  of  the  Held.  Eneyc. 

SCXRP'/TD,  (skarpl,)  a.    Cut  down  like  the  scarp  of  a 

fortification. 
PCX  R'RfD,  (skard,)  pp.    Marked  with  a  scar. 
S€XR'iUNG,p/)r.    Marking  with  a  scar. 
SCA'RUS,  71.     A  genus  at  fishes,  the  species  of  which 

are  called  Pabkot-Fishes.  P.  Cyc. 

SCA'RY,  M.    Barren  land  having  only  a  thin  coat  of 

grass  upon  it.     [Local.] 
SCAT,  71.     A  shower  of  rain ;    and  hence,  scatty, 

showery.  Orosc. 

SCATCH,  n.     [Fr.  escache.] 

A  kind  of  horsebil  for  bridles.  Bailey. 

SCATCH'ES,  n.  pi.     [Fr.  echasses.] 

Stilts  to  put  the  feet  in  for  walking  in  dirty  places. 
SCXTE.     See  Skate.  [Bailey. 

SCAT'E-BROUS,  a.  [L.  scattbra^  a  ."ipring  ;  scatco,  to 
overflow.! 

Abounding  with  sprinjrs.  lyicL 

S€ATH,  V.  t.  [Sax.  scathian,  seeathian,  to  injure,  to 
damage,  to  steal ;  D.  sch<2aden ;  G.  schaden  ;  Sw.  ska- 
da  :  Dan.  skatler.] 

To  damage  ;  to  waste  ;  to  destroy.  Milton. 

SCATII,  n.     Dam&ee  ;  injury  ;  waste  ;  harm,    i^enser. 
aeATH'ED,  (ska-Jit,)  pp.    Damaged  ;  destroyed. 


FATE,  FAR,  FJVLL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQ<?K.- 


SCE 

SeATH'FJJL,  a.    Injurious ;  harmful  j  destruclive. 

Shak, 
SeATH'FiJL-NESS,  n.      Injuriousncss  ;  destructive- 
SGATII'ING,  ppr.     Injuring  ;  destroying.  [ness. 

S€ATH'LESS,  a.    Witliout  waste  or  damage. 

Chaucer. 
SCAT'TER,  V.  U     [Sax.  scattran^  to  pour  out,  to  dis- 
perse ;  L.  seateo ;  Gr.  OKcSauj,  to  scatter,  to  dJRCuss, 
L.  di^cutio.     This  word  may  be  formed  on  the  root  of 
diseutio.    The  primary  sense  is,  to  drive  or  throw.] 

h,  To  disperse ;  to  dissipate  ;  to  separate  or  remove 
things  to  a  distance  from  each  other. 

Prom  (lienor  [li(i  tbe  Lord  tcaOer  them  nbroad  upoo  tbe  bfie  ol 

kit  ihe  earth.  — Geo.  xi. 
I  «'il]  acaUer  you  UDong  th«  be&thcD.  —  Lev.  xzrt. 

2.  To  throw  loosely  about  j  to  sprinkle ;  as,  to  scat- 
ter seed  in  sowing. 


Teadi  the  g:lad  hours  to  tcatUr,  ai  Dkj  &y. 
Soft  quicL,  p?utle  love,  ami  eadieaa  joy. 


Prior. 


3.  To  spread  or  set  thinly. 

Why  thoiilJ  my  muae  enlarge  on  Lihyan  BU'tttoa, 

Thfir  taHUred  cottag'?*,  unil  smple  ploiiis  ?  Drydcn. 

8€AT'TKR,  r.  I    To  be  dispersed  or  dissipated.  The 
ctotids  scaUer  after  a  storm. 
S.  To  be  liberal  to  the  poor ;  to  be  charitable. 

Prov.  TL 

S€AT'TER-BR.^IN-.ED,  a.    Giddv.  HaUiwell. 

SeAT'TER-i'JDj  pp.  or  a.  Dispersed  ;  dissipated ;  thin- 
ly spread  ;  sprinkled  or  thinly  spread  over. 

2.  In  bntarnt,  irregular  in  position  ;   without  any 
app.irenl  regular  order  ;  as,  scattered  branches. 
SeAT'TER-/;D-LY,(skat'turd-le,)arfy.  In  a  dispersed 

manner;  separately.     U^ot  tntick  used.'}         Clarke. 
SeAT'TER-ING,  ppr.    Dispersing ;  spreading  thinly ; 
sprinkling. 

2.  a.  i\ui  united  j  divided  among  many ;  as,  scat- 
(*riiiff  votes. 
BGAT^'ER  ING-LY,  adv.     Loosely;   in  a  dispersed 
manner,  ihiiity;  a^,  habitations  scatteringly  placed 
over  iht*  c<'untry. 
SeAT'TER-1-NGS,  n.  pi.    Things  scattered. 
SCAT'TER-LIXG,  n.     A  vagabond  ;  one  that  has  no 

fixed  habitation  or  residence.     [Little  used.] 
6€A-T0'Rr-ENT,  a.     [L.  seaiuAms.] 

Springing,  as  the  water  of  a  fountain.     [JVbt  used.] 
eeAT-U-RlO'lN-OUS,  a.     [L.  acaturigo.]         [Diet. 
Abounding  with  springs.     [JVot  used.]  Diet. 

SCAl^P,  R.  A  species  of  pochard  or  divtng-durk, 
found  in  Europe  and  North  America.  It  is  the  Fu- 
ligtila  marila  of  Stephens.  Jardine. 

SCWAGE,  n.     [Sax.  sceawian,  to  show.] 

In  ancient  custom.-',  a  toll  or  duty  exacted  of  mer- 
ehant-strang»;rs  by  mayors,  sheriffs,  &c.,  for  goods 
shown  or  offered  fur  sale  within  their  precincts. 

Coieet, 
SCAVENGER,  n.    fSax.  scafan,  to  scrape,  to  shave, 
G.  itckabeiiy  Sw.  skafva^  Dan.  skaver,  L.  seabio.] 

A  person  whose  employment  is  to  clean  the  streets 
of  a  city,  by  scraping  or  sweeping  and  carrying  off 
the  lilih. 
8CEL'ER-AT,  {seV-,)  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  scclcratus.] 
A  villain  ;  a  criminal.     [JVot  in  use.]         Cheyne. 
SCENE,  n,     [Fr.  id. ;  L.  scena;  Gr.  oKnvvi  Htb.  p», 
to  dwell ;  Cn.  to  subside,  to  settle ;  Syr.  to  come  or 

fall  on;  Ar.     ,  ^—^^^  «a£a;ui,  to  be  firm,  stable,  quiet, 

to  set  or  establish,  to  quiet,  or  cause  to  rest.  Class 
Gn,  No.  43,  44.  'ITie  Greek  word  signifies  a  tent, 
hut,  or  cottage.  In  L.  it  is  an  arbor  or  stage.  The 
primary  sen^  is,  to  set  or  throw  down.] 

1.  A  stage;  the  theater  or  place  where  dmmntic 
pieces  and  other  shows  are  exhibited.  It  does  not 
appear  that  the  ancients  changed  the  tenies  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  play.  Indeed,  the  original  scene  for 
acting  was  an  open  plat  of  ground,  shaded  or  slightly 
covered.  Eneye. 

2.  The  whole  series  of  actions  and  events  connect- 
ed and  exhibited  ;  or  the  whole  assemblage  of  objects 
displayed  at  one  view.  Thus  we  say,  the  execution 
of  a  malefactor  is  a  melancholy  scene.  The  crucifix- 
ion of  our  Savior  was  the  most  solemn  scene  ever 
presented  to  the  view  of  man.  We  say,  also,  a  ncene 
of  sorrow  or  of  rejoicing)  a  noble  scene;  a  sylvan 
scene, 

A  chftrmin^  »e€ne  of  nature  H  dlipltyed.  Drydtn. 

3.  A  part  of  a  play  ;  a  division  of  an  act  A  play 
U  divided  into  acts,  and  acts  are  divided  into  scenes. 

4.  So  much  of  an  act  of  a  play  as  represents  what 
passes  between  the  same  persons  in  tbe  same  place. 

Dryden, 

5.  The  Imaginary  place  in  which  the  action  uf  a 
play  is  supposed  to  occur.  The  scene  was  laid  in  the 
king's  palace.  Brande. 

6.  The  curtain  or  banging  of  a  theater  adapted  to 
tbe  play. 

7.  The  place  where  any  thing  is  exhibited. 

The  world  b  a  »ft«t  tctne  of  ttrifr.  J.  M.  Mattm. 

8.  An  exhibition  of  strong  feeling  between  two  or 
more  persons,  usually  of  a  pathetic  or  passionate 
kind.     [ReccnL]  Walter  Scott. 


sen 

9.  Any  remarkable  exhibition. 

The  •ti-plKrOs,  while  watching  th^ir  flocki  opon  the  plains  of 
Bell  lit  honi,  were  Bu.l,l.:nly  ini'rmiptJ^I  by  oiw  of  the  moat 
Bublune  and  aurpriaing  a«n«<  which  have  ever  becnextuhited 
on  earth.  W.  B.  Sprague. 

SCkNE'-PAINT-ER,  n.  One  who  makes  it  his  em- 
pluyment  to  paint  scenes  for  theaters. 

SCfiNE'-PAINT-ING,  n.  The  act  or  employment  of 
painting  scenes  for  a  theater.  Brande. 

SCeN'ER-Y,  n.  The  appearance  of  a  place,  or  of  the 
various  objects  presented  to  view ;  or  the  various  ob- 
jects themselves  as  seen  together.  Thus  we  may  say, 
the  scenery  of  the  landscape  presented  to  the  view 
from  Mount  Holyokc,  in  Hampshire  county,  Massa- 
chusetts, is  highly  picturesque,  and  exceeded  only  by 
the  scenery  of  Boston  and  its  vicinity,  aa  seen  from 
the  State  House. 

Never  need  an  American  look  beyonfj  hia  own  country  for  the 
sublime  and  beautiful  of  naluiiLl  scenery.  Iroing, 

2.  The  representation  of  the  place  in  which  an  ac- 
tion is  performed.  Pope, 

3.  The  disposition  and  consecution  of  the  scenes 
of  a  play.  Dryden. 

4.  Tlie  paintings  representing  the  scenery  of  a  play. 
SCEN'ie,  )  rr        «.  1 
SCEN'ie^AL,  1  "-     [^-  «*=^«"-'0 

Pertaining  to  scenery  ;  dramatic  ;  theatrical. 
SCEN-O-GRAPH'ie,  (  a.      [See   Sckwoqhapht.] 

SCEN-0-GRAPH'I€;-AL,  \      Pertaining  to  scenogra- 

phy  ;  drawn  in  perspective. 
SCEN-O-GRAPH'IC-AL-LY,  adv.    In  persjiective. 

Mortimer. 
SCE-NOG'RA-PHY,   (se-nog'ra-fe,)  n.       [Gr.   cjtijvF?, 
scene,  and  j  /'U^w,  to  describe.] 

The  representation  of  a  body  on  a  perspective 
plane  ;  or  a  description  of  it  in  alt  its  dimensions  as 
It  appears  to  the  eye.  Barlom. 

SCENT,  7u  [Fr.  senieur,  from  sentir,  L.  sentio,  to  per- 
ceive J 

1.  Odor;  smell;  that  substance  which,  issuing 
from  a  body,  affects  the  olfactorj'  organs  of  animals  ; 
as,  the  scent  of  an  orange  or  an  apple  ;  the  scent  of 
musk.  The  word  is  applicable  to  any  odor,  agreeable 
or  offensive. 

2.  The  power  of  smelling  ;  the  smell ;  as,  a  hound 
of  nice  scent. 

3.  Chase  followed  by  the  scent;  course  of  pursuit ; 
track. 

He  traveled  upon  the  aame  acenl  into  Ethiopia,  Temple. 

SCENT,  t?.  t.  To  smell ;  to  perceive  by  the  olfacu»ry 
organs ;  as,  to  scent  game,  as  a  hound. 

2.  To  perfume  ;  to  imbue  or  fill  with  odor,  good  or 
bad.     Aromatic  plants  scent  the   room.    Some  per- 
sons scent  garments  with  musk ;  others  scent  their 
snuff. 
SCENT'ED,  pp.    Smelt;  perceived  by  the  olfactory 
organs. 
2.  Perfumed  ;  imbued  with  odor. 
SCENT'FKL,  0.    Odorous ;  yielding  much  smell. 

Zh-ayton, 
2.  Of  quick  smell.  Browne. 

SCENT'ING,  ppr.    Smelling  ;  perceiving  by  the  olfac- 
tory organs. 
2.  Perfuming;  filling  with  odor. 
SCE  N'T' LESS,  a.     Inodorous  ;  destitute  of  smell. 
SCEP'TKR,  I  n,     [Fr.  sceptre  t  L.  sceptrum ;  Gr.  oKrjTr- 
SCEP'TRE,  1      rooc,  from  ff«i)ffT(.i,  to  send  or  thrust ; 
coinciding  with  L.  scipio,  that  is,  a  shoot  or  rod.] 

1.  A  staff  or  baton  borne  by  kings  on  solemn  occa- 
sions, as  a  badge  of  authority.     Hence, 

2.  I'be  appropriate  ensign  of  royalty  ;  an  ensign  of 
higher  antiquity  liian  the  crown      Hence, 

3.  Royal  power  or  authority ;  as,  to  assume  the 
scepter. 

Tlie  tctpttr  ihall  not  depart  from  Judah,  nor  a  lawgiver  from 
between  hia  ^t,  until  ShiJob  coroa.  —  tiev.  xlix. 

4.  A  constellation. 

SCEP'TER,  )  V.  L    To  invest  with  royal  authority,  or 
RCEP'TRE,  j      with  the  ensign  of  authority.     HalL 
SCEP'TER-KD,  I  o.     Invested  with  a  scepter;  bear- 
SCEP'TR£D,      {        ing  a    scepter;   as,  a    stcptered 
prince. 

To  BHtaln'i  qiie^n  the  tcepUrtd  •uppllant  Ipenda.  ticket. 

Go|i|-««pI*r«d  Juno.  Pamm. 

SCEP'TER-LESS,  J         „     , 

SCEP'TRE-LESS,  1  *"     "aving  no  scepter. 

SCKP'Tie.     See  SEFPTtc. 

eCllAAL'STETN,  (shal'stlne,) )  n.     The  same  with 

SCALE'-STONE,  j        Tabuuar      Spab, 

which  see.  Dana. 

SeilR'DI-ASM,  (skS'de-nzm,)  n.    [Gr.  ffxcStaa^ia.] 
Cursorv  writing  on  a  loose  sheet. 

SCHED'Ui.E,  Ti.  [L.  ecketlula,  from  seheda,  a  sheet  or 
leaf  of  pa|>er ;  Gr.  <r\i^n,  fri>m  axtC^M,  to  cut  or  di- 
vide ;  L.  .ici'nrfo,  fnr  scido.  The  pronunciation  ought 
to  follow  the  analogy  of  scheme,  &c.] 

1.  A  small  scroli  or  piece  of  paper  or  parchment, 
containing  some  writing.  Hooker. 

2.  A  piece  of  pa|»er  or  parchment  annexed  to  a 
larger  writing,  as  to  a  will,  n  deed,  a  lease,  &c.  Encyc 

3.  A  piece  of  pa|>cr  or  parchment  containing  an  in- 
ventftry  of  goods.  Encyc. 

SCHEE'LIN,?!.    [So  called  from  Scheele,  a  distin- 


SCH 

guished  chemist.]  A  calcareous  ore  of^hngsten  or 
lungsiate  of  hme,  of  a  white  or  pale-yellowish  color 

Dana. 

SCHE'LI-UM,  n.  A  different  name  of  tungsten,  a 
Iiard,  brittle  metal,  of  a  grayish-white  color,  and 
brilliant.  DicL 

SCHkIK,  (sheek  or  shake,)  n.    See  Sheik. 

SCHk'MA-TISM,  (ske'ma-tizm,)n.  [Gr.  axnfiOTi(rpoSj 
from  (TX^/ifj,     See  Scheme.] 

1.  Combination  of  the  aspects  of  heavenly  bodies. 

2.  Particular  form  or  disposition  of  a  thing.  [^ 
Kord  not  much  used.]  Cireck. 

SeilE'MA-TIST,  rt,    A  projector ;  one  given  to  fonji- 

ing  schemes, 
JScHEMER  is  more  generally  used.] 
SeiiK'MA-TIZE,  r.  i.    To  form  a  scheme  or  schemes, 
SCHEME,  (skiime,)  n.     [L.  schema;    Gr.  oxr/^ia,  from 

(TXE'i,  a  contracted  word,  probably  from  ax'^w,  to 

have  or  hold.] 

1.  A  plan  ;  a  combination  of  things  connected  and 
adjusted  by  design  ;  a  system. 

We  shall  never  be  able  to  ?ive  ourselves  a  Mtisfactory  BWount  ot 
ttie  divine  conduct,  without  forming  such  b.  echem*  of  things 
Bs  shall  take  in  tinie  and  eternity.  AUerbu'^. 

2.  A  project ;  a  contrivance ;  a  plan  of  something 
to  be  done ;  a  design.  Thus  we  say,  to  form  a 
scheme,  to  lay  a  scheme,  to  contrive  a  scficme. 

The  BiotCTl  «cA«m«  of  ■iippljring  our  wanti  by  lopping  off  our 
deairei,  u  like  cutting  uU  our  feet  when  we  wuit  shoes. 

Sai/L 

3.  A  representation  of  the  aspects  of  the  celestial 
bodies  ;  any  lineal  or  mathematical  diagram.  [LittU 
iw^-l  Brovm.     Hudibras. 

SCHEME,  (skeme,)  r.  t.     To  plan  ;  to  contrive. 

SCHEME,  V.  i.    To  form  a  plan  ;  to  contrive. 

SCHeM'ER,  n.  One  that  contrives;  a  projector;  a 
contriver. 

SCHeM'ING,  ppr.    Planning;  contriving. 

2.  a.  Given  to  forming  schemes;  artfhl;  in- 
trigiiing. 

SCHeM'ING,  n.    The  act  of  forming  a  plan. 

SCHeM'1NG-LY,  adv.     By  scheming  or  contriving. 

SCHeM'IST,  n.     A  schemer  ;  a  projector.     Coventry. 

SCHeNE,  (Skene,)  n.     [L.  schanus;  Gr.  o-xotvn^.] 
An    Egyptian  measure  of   length,  equal   to  sixty 
stadia,  or  about  seven  and  a  half  miles.    Herodotus. 

SCHER'IF,  «.  [Ar.,lord  or  master.]  A  title  given  in 
the  East  to  those  who  descend  from  Mohammed 
through  his  son-in-law,  Ali,  and  daughter,  Futima  ; 
an  emir  ;  applied  to  the  cliicfs  of  Mecca  and  Medina. 

Brande. 

SCHE-RO'MA,  n.     In  medicine,  a  dryness  of  the  eye. 

Brande. 

SCIIE'SIS,  (ske'sis,)  n-  [Gr.  ax^oi^,  from  cxcoi, 
cxi^'-'i  to  have  or  hold.] 

Habitude ;  general  state  or  disposition  of  the  body 
or  mind,  or  of  one  thing  with  regard  to  other  things. 

J^orris. 

SCHII/LER-SPAR,  (shil-,)  n.  A  massive,  lamellar 
mineral,  of  a  dark-green  color,  occurring  m  serpen- 
tine, and  consisting  of  silica,  magnesia,  and  oxyd  of 
iron,  with  10  or  12  per  cent,  of  water.  The  name 
has  also  included  hromite,  which  is  a  foliated  variety 
of  augite.  Dana. 

SCHIR'UHUS.    SeeSciRRHrs. 

SCHISM,  (si7.m,)  ti.  [L.  schisma;  Gr.  ffx(tr/<n,  from 
OX'S***'  to  divide,  L.  scindo.  Sax.  sccadan,  I),  schicn, 
sehciden,  G.  sckeidea,  to  separate,  to  part.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  division  or  sepanttion  ;  but 
appropriately,  a  division  or  separation  in  a  church  or 
denomination  of  Christians,  occasioned  by  diversity 
of  opinions  ;  breach  of  unity  among  people  of  the 
same  religious  faith. 

Set  bounds  ta  our  pnssinns  by  reason,  to  our  errors  by  (ruth,  sod 
to  our  achidtiu  by  charity.  A'.  Charitt. 

In  Scripture,  the  word  seems  to  denote  a  breach  of 
charity,  rather  than  a  difference  of  doctrine. 

2.  Separation  ;  division  among  tribes  or  classes  of 
people. 

SeillS'MA,  (skiz'mA,)  tt.  [1.. ;  Gr.  irxiapa.]^  In  mu- 
sic, an  interval  equal  to  half  a  comma.        Brande. 

SCHlS-MAT'ie,  (siz-mat'ik,)  )  a.      Pertaining 

SCHIS-MAT'IC^AL,  (siz-mat'ik-al,)  j  to  schism; 
implying  schr;m  ;  partaking  of  tht^  nature  of  schism  ; 
tending  to  schism  ;  BSy  schismalical  opinions  or  pro- 
posals. K.  Charles.     South, 

SCHIS-MAT'ie,  (slz-,)  n.  One  who  separates  from 
an  established  church  or  religious  faith,  on  account 
of  a  diversity  of  opinions.  Blachstone,     Sioi/t. 

SCHI8-MAT'IC-AL-LY,  (si/,-,)  adv.  In  a  schismat- 
ical  manner  ;  by  separation  from  a  church  on  account 
of  a  diversity  of  opinions. 

SCHIS-MAT'ie-AL-NESS,  n.  Tlie  state  of  being 
schiHinatical. 

SCHIS'MA-TIZE,  v.  i.  To  commit  or  practice 
schism;  to  make  a  breach  of  communion  in  the 
church.  Johnson, 

SCHIS.M'LESS,  (siz.m'-,)  a.  Free  ftom  schism  ;  not 
affected  by  schism.     [Little  used.]  Milton. 

SCHIST,  (shist,)  n.    [Gr.  axtaroi,  divided  or  divisi- 
ble.] 
In  eeology,  a  rock  having  a  slaty  structure.  Dana, 

srHIST'OSE,  \a.     In  geology,  slaty  or  imperfectly 

SCIIIST'OUS,  \      slaty  in  structure.  Dana. 


TCNE,  BULL,  tlNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUa.  — €  aa  K;  0  na  Jj  «  aa  Z ;  CH  aa  SH  j  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


SCH 

S€HOL'AR>  (skul'ar,)  n.  [Low  L.  schotaris^  from 
tcJiolti^  a  bcIkk)!  ;  Gr.  c\oXi,  leisure,  a  acluK)l ;  Fr. 
tcoUer;  D.  schoolier ;  G.  schiiler;  Dan.  skuteltrrd. 
The    DanUIi    word    Bigntfies   school4eamed.      See 

ScHOOU] 

1.  One  who  learns  of  a  teacher  ;  one  who  is  nn- 
der  the  tuilion  of  a  preceptor;  a  pupil ;  a  di!*ciple; 
hence,  any  member  of  a  ctJtew,  academy,  or  school ; 
applicable  to  the  learner  of  any  art,  science,  or 
branch  of  literature. 

2.  A  man  of  letters.  Locke. 

3.  frnpAo/Koi/y  ustdy  a  man  eminent  for  erudi- 
tion ;  a  person  of  high  atlaiumenu  iu  science  or  lit- 
erature. 

4.  One  that  learns  any  thing ;  as,  an  apt  scholar  m 
the  school  of  vice. 

5.  A  pt'dant ;  a  man  of  books.  Bacon, 
[But  the  word  scholar  seldom  conveys  the  idea  of 

a  pedant.] 

(>.  An  undergraduate  in  English  universities,  who 
belongs  to  the  foundation  of  a  college,  and  receives 
support  in  part  ftom  its  revenues. 
SeHO-LAR'I-TY,  n.     Scholarship.     [-Vo(  used.] 

B,  JoH.'ion, 
8C[I0L^\Il-LTKE, )  a.    Like  a  scholar  ;  becoming  a 
SCHOL'AR-LY,       S      scholar.  Baeon, 

SenOL'AR-SHlP,  n.  Learning;  attainments  iu  sci- 
ence or  literature ;  as,  a  man  of  great  scholarship. 

Pope. 

2.  Literary  education  ;  as,  any  other  house  of 
scAola  rsh  ip.     [  On  usual.  ]  MUton, 

3.  Exhibition  or  maintenance  for  a  scholar ;  foun- 
dation for  the  support  of  a  student.         JiiiisKorUu 

lello-LAl'TlllAL,  I  -     [L.  ,cHoU.^icus.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  scholar,  to  a  school,  or  to 
schools;  as,  scAotastic  manners  or  pride;  scholastic 
leamiog. 

9.  Scholar-like;  becoming  a  scholar;  suitable  to 
schools  ;  as,  scholastic  precision. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  schoolmen,  or  philo'tophers 
and  divines,  of  the  middle  ages,  who  adopted  the 
B>-stem  of  Aristotle,  and  spent  much  time  on  {>oints 
<k  nice  and  abstract  speculation  ;  as,  scholastic  divin- 
ity or  tbeotogy ;  scholastic  philosophy. 

Among  tbe  most  disiinsuislu-d  uf  the  schoolmen 
were  Alexander  of  Hales,  Thomas  Aquinas,  Dun- 
Scotus,  and  William  Occam.  Tht^v  look  ilieir  name 
from  being  teachers  in  schuoU  of  ilivinity  cstahlitihcd 
chieAy  by  Charlemagne.  Some  of  their  fiercest  con- 
tests related  to  the  question  of  Realism  and  Nomi- 
nalism. Encfc  .Jnier. 

4.  Pcdanlir  ;  formal. 

SCIIO-LAS'Tie,  n.    One  who  adber««  to  the  method 

or  suhtilties  of  the  schiiuls.  MiUou. 

BeilO-LAS'Tie  AULY,   *fo.     In    the   manner   of 

schools ;  accordtttg  to  the  nicetie*  or  method  of  the 

schools. 
SCHO-LASTI-CUH,  a.    Tbe  method  or  subtilties  of 

the  MiUKrfs.  Wartsn. 

Tht  iiHril  of  tbe  old  adtolMddwi,  %)deh  wparoeA  1;«h>rio<n  io- 

vnti^ikuon  unj  tiow  iodoctioo.  /.  P.  S.joA, 

SenO'LI-AST,  (skO'le-ast,)  m.    [Gr.  frxoXias-rti.    Bee 

ScHOLirM-] 

A  commentator  or  annotator ;  a  name  given  to  the 
old  grammarians  or  critics,  who  wrote  on  the  mar- 
gins of  the  manuscripts  of  tbe  Greek  and  J^tin 
classics,  annotations  called  scholia^  from  bern;:,  as  it 
were,  the  fniits  of  their  leisure.  Brande. 

SenO-LI-AST'IC,  a.  That  pertains  to  a  scholinst  or 
his  j)ur^uit5.  Sic'ifl, 

S€Ho'LI-JZE,  r.  i.  To  write  notes  on  an  author's 
works.     {J\'ot  ustd.]  JUilt,>n. 

SeilOL'ie;AL,  a.    Scholastic     [AV>£  in  use.]    Hales. 

SCIlO'LI-LTM,  u. ;  pL  Scholia  or  Scholil'Ms.  [L. 
scholioni  Gr.  vxokiovy  from  ffxoAi,  leisure,  lucubra- 
tion.] 

1.  .\nnotation. 

2.  In  maShfmatics,  a  remark  or  observation  sub- 
joined to  a  demonstration. 

S€HO'LY,  a.    A  scholium.     [J^ol  in  use.]      Hooker. 

S€UOXY,  r.  i.    To  write  comments.    [Jiiot  in  use,] 

Hooker. 

SCnOOL,  (skool,)  a.  [L.  gehola  :  Gr.  (rxoXri,  leisure, 
vacation  from  business,  lucubration  at  leisure,  a 
place  where  leisure  i?  enjoyed,  a  school.  The  ad- 
verb signifies  at  ease,  leisurely,  slowly,  hardly,  with 
labor  or  difficulty.  In  ?ax.  sceol  ts  a  crowd,  a  multi- 
tude, a  school,  (shoal,)  as  of  fiishes,  and  a  school  for 
instruction.  So,  also,  scol,  scolu,  a  school ;  hut  the 
latter  sense,  I  think,  must  have  been  derived  from 
the  Latin.  D.  school,  an  academy  and  a  crowd  ; 
schoolm,  to  flock  together  ;  G.  schule,  a  school  for  m- 
rtruction;  O.skoU;  Sw.  skoUx ;  W.ysgot;  Arm.  scol; 
Fr.  ecoU  ;  IL  tcuola ;  Sp.  tscuda  :  Port,  eseola :  Sans. 
achala.  This  word  seems  originally  to  have  denoted 
leisure,  freedom  from  business,  a  time  given  to 
sprvrts,  games,  or  exercises,  and  afterward,  time 
given  to  literary  studies.  The  sense  of  a  crowd, 
collection,  or  shoal^  seems  to  be  derivative.] 

1.  A  place  or  establishment  in  which  persons  are  in- 
■tnicted  in  arts,  science,  lanpuases,  or  anv  spt-cica  of 
learning  ;  or  the  pupUs  assembled  for  instrrjction.     In 


SCH 

American  usage,  school  more  generally  denotes  the 
ctillective  body  of  pupils  in  any  place  of  instruction, 
and  under  the  direction  and  discipline  of  one  or 
more  teachers.  Thus  we  tay,  a  sc*iool  consi^tif  of 
fifty  pupils  ;  the  preceptor  has  a  laree  school,  or  a 
small  schoul  i  his  discipline  keeps  Uio  school  well 
regulated  and  quieL 

2.  The  instruction  or  exercises  of  a  collection  of 
pnpils  or  students,  or  the  collective  body  of  pupils 
while  engaged  in  their  studies.  Thus  we  say,  the 
school  begins  or  opens  at  eight  o'clock,  that  is,  the 
pupils  at  that  hour  begin  their  studies.  So  we  say, 
the  teacher  is  now  in  school;  tlie  school  hours  are 
from  nine  to  twelve,  and  from  two  to  five. 

3.  'J'he  state  of  instruction. 

Srt  him  lietiin«  lo  »ckoot.  DryrUn, 

4.  A  place  of  education,  or  collection  of  pupils,  of 
any  kind  ;  as,  the  schools  of  the  prophets.  In  modem 
w,«ai»r,  the  word  school  comprehemls  every  place  of 
education,  as  university,  college,  academy,  common 
or  primary  schools,  dancing-schools,  riding-schools, 
&c. ;  but  ordinarily  the  word  is  applied  to  seminaries 
inferior  to  universities  and  colleges. 

What  b  (hr  gwRi  comiminliy  of  Christians,  btrt  one  of  the  fntiu- 
iii^nil'l''  KhooU  in  th<'  vut  pI.iD,  which  Uotl  htm  iualiditeil  for 
Uia  Cilucauoi)  of  ru.rioui  iiiu;Ili^'iicin  i  BackminaUr, 

5.  Separate  denomination  or  sect ;  or  a  system  of 
doctrine  taught  by  particular  teachers,  or  p«^culiarto 
any  denomination  of  Christians  or  philosophers. 

Lfl  no  jii&n  be  les*  eorifliif-nt  in  bit  faiih  —  by  reiuon  of  nny  dif- 
fim«io-  in  (h«  Beveni  ichoola  of  Chrialiani.  Thy/or. 

Thus  we  say,  the  Socratic  school,  the  Platonic 
school^  the  Peripatetic  or  Ionic  school;  by  which  we 
understand  all  those  who  adopted  and  adliered  to  a 
particular  system  of  opinions, 

6.  The  schools,  pL;  the  seminaries  for  teaching 
logic,  metaphysics,  and  theology,  which  were  formed 
in  the  middle  ages,  and  which  were  characterized  by 
academical  disputations  and  subtilttcs  of  reasoning  ; 
or  the  learned  men  who  were  engaged  in  discussing 
nice  points  in  ineLiphysics  or  theology. 

TtK  buprvroc  ftiithoritr  of  Aiwtoile  in  ihe  schoois  of  ih'<'ilo^  as 
wdJ  oj  of  pliiliMophjr.  JJenry, 

7.  Any  place  of  improvement  or  learning.  The 
world  is  an  excellent  school  to  wise  men,  but  a  school 
of  vice  to  fools. 

8.  Formerly,  a  shoal  or  compact  body  ;  as,  a  school 
of  fishes  ;  spelt,  also,  Sculi-  lialliwell. 

In  this  sense,  the  word  is  still  sometimes  used  in 
America. 

Primary  school :  a  school  for  instructing  children  in 
the  first  rudiments  of  language  and  literature  ;  called, 
also,  common  school,  because  it  is  open  to  the  children 
of  all  the  inltobiiants  in  a  town  or  district 
SeilOOL,  p.  L    To  instruct ;  to  train  ;  to  educate. 

lle'i  geoUe,  never  adiooUd,  jrct  learned.  Shak. 

9.  To  teach  with  tupcriority;  lo  tutor;  to  chide 
and  admonish  ;  to  reprove. 

School  yotir  child, 
And  uk  why  God's  AnoiuUxi  he  reviled.  Dryden. 

S€H0OL'-BOY,  n.  [See  Ror.]  A  boy  belonging  to 
a  school,  or  one  who  is  learning  rudiments.    Swift 

SeHOOL'-UAME,  n.  [See  Damk.]  The  female 
teacher  of  a  school. 

S€IIOOL'-DAY,  n.  [See  Dat.]  The  ago  in  which 
yovith  are  sent  to  school.     [J^Tot  now  used,]       Shak. 

SenoOL'-DIS-TRIGT,  n.  A  division  of  a  town  or 
city  for  establishing  and  conducting  schools.  [UnUed 
Stites.] 

SeilOOL'-DI-VTNE',  n.  One  who  espouses  the 
scholastic  theology;  one  of  the  schoolmen. 

Sei!OOL'-DI-VIN'I-TY,  n.    Scholastic  divinity. 

SeUOOL'iTD,  (skoold,)  pp.  Instructed;  trained;  tu- 
tored ;  reproved. 

SeHOOL'ER-Y,  n.  Something  taught ;  precepts. 
fJV'of  u.tetL]  Spenser. 

SeilOOL'-FEL-I^W,  n.  [See  Fellow.]  One  bred 
at  the  same  school ;  an  associate  in  school.    Locke. 

S€HOOL'-GIRL,  n.     A  giri  belonging  to  a  school. 

SCHOOL'-IIOUSE,  n.  [See  House.]  A  house  ap- 
propriated for  the  use  of  schools,  or  for  instruction  ; 
but  applied  only  to  buildings  for  subordinate  schools, 
Hot  to  colleges.  In  Connecticut  and  some  other 
States,  every  town  is  divided  into  school -districts, 
and  each  district  erects  its  own  school-house  by  a  tax 
on  the  inhabitants. 

SCHOOL'ING, ppr.    Instructing  ;  teaching;  reproving. 

SCHOOL'ING,  n.     Instruction  in  school ;  tuition. 

2.  Compensation  for  instruction ;  price  or  reward 
paid  to  an  instructor  for  teaching  pupils. 

3.  Reproof;  reprimand.  He  gave  his  son  a  good 
schooUniT.  Walter  ScotL 

SCHOOL'-MAID,  n,     [See  Maid.]     A  girl  at  school. 

Shak. 

SCHOOL'MAN,  7u  A  man  versed  in  the  niceties  of 
academical  disputation  or  of  school  divinity.  The 
schoolmen  were  philosophers  and  divines  of  the  mid- 
dle ages  who  adopted  the  principles  of  Aristotle,  and 
spent  much  time  on  points  of  nice  and  abstract  spec- 
ulation. They  were  so  called  because  they  taught  in 
the  schools  of  divinity  established  by  Charlemagne. 

En  eye  Ata. 


SCI 

seilOOL'MAS-TER,  n.     [See  Master.]     The   man 

who  pn'-;ides  over  and  teaches  a  school;  a  teacher, 
instructor,  or  preceptor,  of  a  school. 

Ailriiin  Yl.  wiu  soim-tinie  tchooltnatfr  toChnriea  V.    Knolttt. 

2.  He  or  that  which  disciplines,  instructs,  and 

leads. 

Ttx"  Itw  was  our  Bchoolmaaler  to  bring  us  to  Christ.  — GdJ.  iii. 

SenOOL'MATE,  n.  One  who  attends  the  same 
school. 

SeilOOL'MtS-TRESS,  n.  [See  Mistress.]  A  wo- 
man who  governs  and  teaches  a  school.  Oay. 

seiiOOL'-TE.\CII-ER,  n.    One  who  teaches  or  in- 

SeilOOL'-TEACIMXG,  n.  The  business  of  instrucl- 
itm  a  school. 

SCMOON'EU,  (skoon'er.)  n.     [G.  schoner.] 

A  vessel  with  two  masts,  whose  mainsail  and 
foresail  are  suspended  by  gaffs,  like  a  sloop's  main- 
sail, and  stretcned  below  by  booms.         Mar.  Diet. 

SCHORL,  (shorl,)  n.  [Sw.  sk^rl,  from  jtfcor,  brittle ; 
Dan.  .•.iior.] 

A  mineral,  black  tourmaline.  Dana, 

SClIOR-L.l'CEOUS,  (  shus,)  a.  Like  shori  ;  partak- 
ing of  the  nature  and  characters  of  short.  Kirwan. 

SCHOKLTTE,  (shorl'Ue,)  n.  A  mineral  of  a  greenish- 
white  color,  soinetiines  yellowish,  a  variety  of  topaz 
mostly  found  in  irregular,  oblong  masses  or  columns, 
inserted  in  a  mixture  of  quartz  and  mica  or  granite. 
Klopruth.  Kirwan. 
Schorlite,  or  schorlous  topaz,  the  pycuile  of  Wer- 
ner, is  of  a  straw-yellow  color.  Ure. 

SCI-A-GRAPH'IC-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  sciagraphy. 

SCT-A-GRAPH'I€-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  sciagraphical 
manner. 

SCI-AG'RA-PHY,  (sl-ag'ra-fe,)  n.  [Gr.  cKiaypa^ia  i 
anta,  a  shadow,  nnd  ypailxit,  to  describe.] 

1.  The  art  or  science  of  projecting  or  delineating 
shadows  as  they  fall  in  nature.  GtoUl. 

2.  In  architccturej  the  profile  or  vertical  section  of 
a  building  to  exhibit  its  interior  structure.   Huiton, 

3.  In  a.-itrononin,  the  art  of  finding  the  hour  of  the 
day  or  night  by  the  shadows  of  objects,  caused  by 
the  sun,  moon,  or  stars;  the  art  of  dialing.  [Little 
used.]^  Hutton. 

SCTA-THER'IG,         \  a.     [Gr.  trxta,  a  shadow,  and 
SCI-A-THERae-AL,  \     ^np",  a  catching.] 

Behmging  to  a  sun-dial.     [Little  used.)      Brown, 
SCT-A-THER'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    After  the  manner  of 

a  sun-dial.  Qregory, 

SCT-AT'ie,  (sl-al'ik,)  )  n.    [L.  sciatica,  from  Gr.  taxt- 
SCl-AT'ie-A,  i     ad  I  x"^,  from  itrx'as,  a  pain 

in  the  hips,  from  lax'oi-j  the  hip,  from  tff,xis>  the 
loin.] 

A  peculiar  and  specific  painful  affection,  princi- 
pally seated  in  the  sciatic  nerve,  which,  if  protract- 
ed, produces  emaciation  of  the  limb  atlected,  with 
weakness,  and  a  more  or  less  permanent  flexion.     If 
it  is  not  a  true  neuralgia,  it  is  nearly  allied  to  it. 
SCI-AT'ie,         ia.     Pertaining  to  the  hip;  as,  the 
SCI-AT'IC-AL,  \      sciatic  artery  or  nerve. 
2.  Affecting  the  hip;  as,  sciatic  pains. 
SCI'EN'CE,  (si'ens,5  n.     [Fr.,  from    L.  scientia,  from 
seio,  to  know  ;  Sp.  ciencia  ;  It.  scienza.     Scio  is  prob- 
ably a  contracted  word.] 

1.  In  a  general  serue,  knowledge,  or  certain  knowl- 
edge ;  tlie  comprehension  or  understanding  of  truth 
or  facts  by  the  mind.  The  science  of  God  nmst  be 
perfect. 

2.  In  philosophy,  a  collection  of  the  general  princi- 
ples or  leading  truths  relating  to  any  subject,  ar- 
ranged in  systematic  order.  Pure  science,  as  the 
mathematics,  is  built  on  self-evident  truths  ;  but  the 
term  science  is  also  applied  to  other  subjects,  founded 
on  generally  acknowledf^ed  truths,  as  metaphynics ; 
or  on  experiment  and  observation,  as  chrmistry  and 
natural  philosophy ;  or  even  to  an  assemblage  of  the 
general  principles  of  an  art,  as  the  science  of  a^- 
culture,  the  science  of  vaviffation.  Arts  relate  to 
practice,  as  painting  and  sculpture. 

A  principle  in  tcience  b  &  nile  in  art.  Play/air. 

3  Art  derived  from  precepts  or  built  on  principles. 

Sdenct  perfects  geoius.  Dn/den. 

4  Any  art  or  species  of  knowledge. 

No  Bcience  doth  males  known  the  (irsC  principles  on  which  it 
buildelh.  Hooker. 

5.  One  of  the  seven  liberal  branches  of  knowl- 
edge, viz.,  grammar,  logic,  rhetoric,  arithmetic,  ge- 
ometry, astronomy,  and  music.  Johnsotu 

JVote.  —  Authors  have  not  always  been  careful  to 
use  Ihe  terms  art  and  science  with  due  discrimination 
and  precision.  Music  is  an  art  as  well  as  a  science. 
In  general,  an  art  is  that  which  depends  on  practice 
or  performance,  and  science  that  which  depends  on 
abstract  or  speculative  principles.  The  theory  of 
music  is  a  science ;  the  practice  of  it  an  art. 
SCI'ENT,  (si'ent,)  a.     [L.  sciens.] 

Skillful.     [JVot  used.]  Cockeram. 

SClEJVTERy  [L.]     Knowingly.  Botirier. 

SCi-E\'TIAL,  a.     Producing  science.  Milton, 

SCT-E\-TlF'ie,         )a.      [Fr.   scientifique ;   It.  sden- 
SCI-EN-TIF'ie-AL,  i      ti/ico  ,•  Sp.   cient^co  ;   L.    sci- 
cntia  and  facio,  to  make.] 


Fate,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T MeTE,  PRgY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


SCI 

1.  Prtiducine  certain  knowltdgo  or  demonstralion  ; 
as,  scientific  evidence.  Soutlt, 

2.  According  to  the  rules  or  principles  of  science  ; 
as,  a  .■iciaitific  arrangement  of  fossils. 

3.  Well  versed  iu  science  ;  as,  a  scientific  physi- 
cian. 

SCr-E.V-TIF'ie-AL-LY,  ado.  In  such  a  manner  as 
to  produce  knowledge. 

li  i»  easier  to  belie»p,  than  to  be  rdtntijiatUy  iiwtnieierl.    Lockt. 
9.  According  to  the  niles  or  principles  of  science. 

9Cir.'I-CET,  (sii'e-set,)  [L.]     To  wil;  namely. 

SCIL'Ll-TIN,  n.  [See  Squn-ul  A  white,  transpa- 
rent, acrid  substance,  extracted  from  squills  by  Vogel. 

SCIM'I-TAR.     PeeCiMETEB.  [Ure. 

eClN'€OID,  (siiik'oid,)  n.  The  xriTtcoids  are  a  family 
of  saurian  reptiles,  havfng  short  feet,  a  non-extensile 
tongue,  the  body  and  tail  covered  with  equal  scales, 
like  liles,  and  the  toes  margined.  Brands. 

8CI\'€0ID,  a.  Resembling  the  animal  called  Acmciw, 
a  !;:iurian  reptile  of  Egvpt. 

SCINK,  (sink,)  lu     A  cast  calf.     [JVw(  in  vse,  or  local.] 

AinsiPOrth. 

9.  A  saurian  reptile.     [See  Skink.]  P.  Ciic. 

SCIN'TIL-LANT,  o.     [See  Scintillate.]     EmiUing 

s{^tarks  or  fine  igneous  particles  ;  sparkling. 
SCIN'TIL-LATE,   v,   i.       [L.   scintillo.      This   word 

seems  to  be  a  diminutive  formed  on  the  Teutonic 

fCtmiR,  Eng.  to  shine.] 

1,  To  emit  sparks  or  fine  igneous  particles. 

Marbiei  do  not  scintiLale  wiib  ttet\.  fhurcoy. 

2.  To  sparkle,  as  the  fixed  i^tars. 
SClS'Tlh-hA-TlSG,  ppr.    Emitting  sparks;   spark- 
ling. 

SCIN-TIL-La'TIO-V,  n.  The  act  of  emitting  sparks 
or  igneous  particles  ;  the  act  of  sparkling. 

BroKtt.     OlanviUe. 
SCI-OG'RA-PHY.    See  Sci*grapht. 
SCT'0-USM,  n,     [See  Sciolist.]     Superficial  knowl- 
edge. Brit.  Critic 
SCI'O-LIST,  (si'o-list,)  n.     [L.  aciolus^  a  diminutive, 
formed  on  scioy  to  know,] 

One  who  knows  little,  or  who  knows  many  things 
superficially  ;  a  smalterer. 

Tlic«  pYssag^s  ill  that  book  were  rnoti^  to  humble  tho  pimimp- 
OOH  of  our  mtxteni  tdoliaU,  \S  Uiuir  prid*)  were  iioi  h»  gruU 
u  their  ignorance.  Tet»yU, 

SCI'O-LOUS,  a.  Superficially  or  imperfectly  know- 
ing. 

SCl-OM'A-€HY,fsI-om'a-ke,)  n.  [Gr.  oxia,  a  shadow, 
and  tta\ri^  a  battle.] 

A  battle  with  a  shadow.  Cowley. 

SCI'O-MAN-CY,  n.     [Gr.  cKta  and  fiavrtta,] 
Divination  by  shadows. 

SCT'O.V.    See  Cion. 

SCT-OP'Tie,     >  a.    [Gr.  (r«ia,  a  shadow,  and  oTrouof, 

SCl-OP'TRie,  i      to  see.] 

Scioptic  ball;  an  optical  instniment,  consisting  of 
a  convex  lens  fixed  to  an  opening  in  the  window- 
shutter  for  ftirming  images  in  the  camera  obscura, 
and  c;)pable  of  being  turned,  like  the  eye,  to  difi^erent 
pnrts  of  the  landscape.  OlmMed. 

SCl-OP'Tie,  71.  A  sphere  or  globe  with  a  lens  made 
to  turn  like  the  eye  ;  used  iu  experiments  with  the 
camera  obi^cura  ;  a  scioptic  ball.  .^sfi. 

eci-OP'TICS,  71.  The  science  of  exhibiting  images 
of  external  objects,  received  on  some  extended  sur- 
face through  a  double  convex  glass  into  a  darkened 
nxim. 

SCl'RE  FA'Cf-JlS,  (si 're-fa 'she-as,)  n.  fL.]  In  /oy, 
a  judicial  writ  summoning  a  person  to  show  cause  to 
the  court  why  something  should  not  be  done,  as  to 
require  iureties  to  show  cause  why  the  plaintiff 
should  not  have  execution  against  them  fur  debt  and 
damages,  or  to  require  a  third  |>erson  to  show  cause 
why  giK»ds  in  his  hands  by  replevin,  should  not  be 
di-livered  to  satit^fy  the  execution,  Slc     Black.ttone. 

SeiR  RMOS'I-TY,  fskir-ros'e-te,)  n.  [See  Hcirrhi-i.] 
An  induration  of  the  glands.  j9rbutftnoL 

[The  spelling  Skihbhositt  would  be  preferable. 

SCIR'RHOUS,  a.  Indurated;  hard;  knotty;  as  a 
gland. 

2.  Proceeding  from  Kirrhus ;  as,  scirrhous  aiTec- 
tions  ;  acirrhous  disease. 

SeiR'RHUS,  (skir'nis,)  «.  [IL  scirro;  Sp.  tscirro  ;  L. 
scirrhus  ;  Gr.  OKippoi.] 

[The  spelling  SsiantJi  would  be  preferable.] 
n   medicine,   hard,   rigid,   vascular    infarction    of 
glandular   follicles ;    indolent,  insentient,  glabrous ; 
sometimes  shrinking  and  becoming  more  indurated  ; 
when  irritated,  tending  to  a  cancerous  ulcer. 

Oood. 
SCIS-CI-TA'TION,  n.     [L.  sciaeitor^  to  inquire  or  de- 
mand.] 

The  act  of  inquiring;  Inquiry ;  demand.  [LiaU 
luerf.l  lialL 

SCIS'Sl-BLE,  (sis'se-bl,)  o.  [L.  scissus^  seindo^  to 
cut.] 

Capable  of  being  cut  or  divided  by  a  sharp  instru- 
ment :  ail,  seissible  matter  or  bodies.  Bacon. 
SC1S'SIL£,  (sis'sil,)  «.     [L.  sciasiiis,  from  aeindoy  to 
cut.) 
That  may  be  cut  or  divided  by  a  sharp  instrument. 
-^rbulfmot. 


SCO 

SCIS'STLE,  n.    The  clippings  of  metals  in  various 

mechanical  operations,  and  also  in  coining. 

Brande. 
SCIS'SIOX,  (slzh'un,)  n.    [Fr,,  from  L.  scisstOj  sando, 
to  cut.] 

The  act  of  cutting  or  dividing  by  an  edged  instni- 
ment. Wiseman. 
SCIS'SORS,  (siz'zors,)  n.  pU     [L.  scissor^  from  sciwrfo, 
to  cut,  Gr.  (rxiC;^,  Sax.  sceadan.] 

A    cutting    instrument    resembling     shears,    but 
smaller,  consisting  of  two  cutting  blades  movable 
on  a  pin  In  the  center,  by  which  tbey  are  fastened. 
Hence,  we  usually  say,  a  pair  of  scissors. 
SCIS'SURE,  n.     [L.  sciisura,  from  scindo^  to  cut.] 

A  longitudinal  opening  in  a  body,  made  by  cutting. 
[This  can  not  legitimately  be  a  crack,  rent,  or  fis- 
sure. In  this  use  it  may  lie  an  error  of  the  press  for 
Fissure.  Decay  of  Piety.] 
SCIT-A-MIN'E-OUS,  a.  [L  scitamaitim,  a  delicacy.] 
Belonging  to  the  Scitamineffi,  one  of  Liuna?us's 
natural  orders  of  plants,  which  are  mostly  tropical 
herbs,  as  ginger,  turmeric,  &,c.  .^Mat.  Res. 

SCI'lJ-RINES,  (-rinz,)  n.  pL     [L.  sciurus,  a  squirrel.] 

Rodent  animals  of  the  squirrel  tribe.        Brandt. 
8€LA-Vo't\I-AN,  (  a.     [from  Sclavi,  a  people  of  the 
SLA-VON'ie,  i      nortli  of  Europe.] 

Pertaining  to  the  Selavi,  a  people  that  inhabited 
the  countr>'  between  the  rivers  Save  and  Drave,  or 
to  their  language.  Hence  the  word  came  to  denote 
the  language  which  is  now  spttken,  in  iU  various 
dial'-ct's,  in  Poland,  Russia,  Hungary-,  Bohemia,  &c. 
SeLER'O-DERMS,  n.  pL  [Gr.  a^cX^ipus,  hard,  and 
^ictia.  skin.] 

A  family  of  plectognathic  fishes,  having  a  skin 
covered  with  hard  scales,  Brande. 

S€LE-ROT'ie,  0.  [Gr.  oKXnpoiy  hard;  aK^nporra, 
hardness.] 

Hard  ;  timi ;  as,  the  sclerotic  coat,  membrane,  or 
tunic  of  the  eye,  which  is  the  firm,  white,  outer  coat. 

Bay. 
SCLE-ROT'ie,  n.    The  firm,  white,  outer  coat  of  the 
eye,  Coxe. 

2.  A  medicine  which  hardens  and  consolidates  the 
parts  to  which  it  is  applied.  Qainey.     Coze. 

SeOAT.     See  Scot. 
SeOB'I-FORM,  a.     [L.  seobs,  sawdust,  and  form.] 

Having  the  form  of  sawdust  or  raspings, 
SeOBS,  a.     [L.,  from  scabo,  tu  .scrape.] 

Raspings  *if  ivor>-.  hartshorn,  metals,  or  other  hard 
substance  ;  dross  uf  metals,  &,c.  Chambers. 

SCOFF,  V.  s  [Gr.  cdour-t.).  The  primary  sense  is 
probably  to  throw,  in  which  sense  it  coincides  with 
the  D.  fchoiipen^  G.  sckiippcn,  to  push,  to  shove.  But 
I  do  not  Iind  the  word  in  the  English  and  Greek 
sense,  in  any  modern  language  except  the  English.] 
To  treat  witlj  insolent  ridicule,  mockery,  or  con- 
tumelious language  ;  to  manifest  contempt  by  de- 
rision ;  with  aL  To  scoff  at  religion  and  sacred 
things,  is  evidence  of  extreme  weakness  aad  fully, 
as  well  as  of  wickedness. 

Tho>  shall  tciifai  the  kin^.  —  Hab.  1. 

S€OFF,  V.  U  To  treat  with  derision  or  scorn  ;  to  ad- 
dress with  contumelious  language.  Fotherby. 

S€OFF,  n.  Derision,  ridicule,  mockery,  or  reproach, 
expressed  in  language  uf  contempt ;  expression  of 
scorn  or  contempt. 

Wiih  acaff$,  and  Koms,  and  eonttimrlioua  btuDti.  ShaJc. 

SeoFF'£D,  (skon,)  pp.  Treated  with  derision  or 
scorn. 

8€OFF'ER,  «.  One  who  scnfTs  ;  one  that  mocks,  de- 
rides, or  reproaches  in  the  language  of  contempt;  a 
ecorner. 

Therr  %\\t\\  cmne  lo  the  Inst  Anjt  gfqftra,  w^lktn^  tn^r  ih'^Ir 
own  luau,  and  Mjinr,  When:  b  the  pnjuuM  of  bia  com- 
Inff  ?  —  a  Pet.  iii. 

SCOFF'I.NG,  ppr.  or  a.    Deriding  or  mocking;  treat- 
ing with  reproAchfiii  language. 
SeOFF'IXG,  n.     I'lio  act  of  treating  with  scorn.  jSsh, 
8COFF'IXG-LY,  (m/c.    In  mockery  or  contempt;  by 
way  of  derision. 

Ariatotli;  Kpplled  ihii  bcmbUch  acojlngly  to  the  lyeophnnli  itt 
Athena.  Broojita, 

S€flLD,  t).  i.  [B.  schcUlen :  G.schelten;  Dan.  skielder, 
to  rail,  to  scold  ;  Sw.  ulcnlla,  to  sound  or  ring  ;  skallroj 
to  snap  or  cmck  ;  skaUoy  to  bark,  to  scold.  It  seems 
to  be  formed  on  the  root  of  G.  sehellr,  a  bell,  a  jingle, 
a  box  on  the  ear;  schelleny  achallcn,  to  ring  ;  D.  schel^ 
schellen.  If  «  is  a  prefix,  this  word  coincides  with 
cflW,  and  Sax.  gatan^  to  sing,  gytlan^  ffieUn^  to 
yell,] 

To  find  fault  or  rail  with  rude  clamor;  to  brawl ; 
to  utter  railing,  or  harsh,  nide,  boisterous  rebuke  ; 
with  at ;  as,  to  scold  at  a  servant.  A  scolding  tongue. 
a  scolding  wife,  a  scvUUng  husband,  a  scolding  mas- 
ter, who  can  endure  ? 

Piutton  me ;  'tii  Hie  ftnt  time  Uiil  ctcf 

I'm  rurc«il  CO  tofld.  SKak. 

S€OLD,  V.  t.  To  chide  with  rudeness  and  boisterous 
clamor;  to  rate.  Bostaell. 

[The  transitive  use  of  this  word  is  of  recent  ori- 
gin, at  least  within  my  knowledge.] 


SCO 

S€oLl>,  n.    A  rude,  clamorous,  foul-mouthed  woman. 

Scolds  UDSwer  foul-moutbcHl  tcolda.  Sv^fU 

9,  A  scolding  ;  a  brawl. 
SeOLD'ER,  71.     One  that  scolds  or  rails, 
SeOLDTNG,  p7>r.    Railing  with  clamor;  uttering  re- 
buke in  rude  and  boisterous  language. 
3.  a.  Given  to  scolding. 
SCCLD'IN'G,   ti.     'i'he  uttering  of  rude,  clamorous 
language  by  way  of  rebuke  or  railing;  railing  lan- 
guage. 
SeOLD'lNG-LY,  ode.    With  rude  clamor  or  railing. 
S€OL'E-CITE,  n.    [Gr.  avwA/jf,  a  worm.] 

One  division  of  the  old  species  Mesotype,  occur- 
ring in  radiated  crystallizations  of  a  while  color,  or 
transparent,  and  consisting  of  silica,  alumina,  and 
lime,  with  I3A  per  cent,  of  water.  When  a  small 
portion  of  it  is  placed  in  the  exterior  flame  of  a  blow- 
pipe, it  twists  like  a  worm,  becomes  opaque,  and  is 
converted  into  a  blebby,  colorless  glass.  '■ 

Dana.     Phillips. 
SeOL'LOP,  n.     A  shell-fish  with  a  pectinated   shell. 
[See  Scallop.] 

2.  An  indenting  or  cut  like  those  of  a  scollop 
shell. 
SeOL'LOP,  tj.  t.    To  form  or  cut  with  scollops.    [See 

Scallop.] 
S€OL-0-PEN'DRA,  n.     [Gr.  <TKo\oir£v6pa.] 

1.  A  venomous  serpent.  Johnson. 

2.  A  genus  of  venomous  insects  of  the  order  Myr- 
iapoda,  destitute  of  wings.  These  insects  have  as 
many  feet  on  each  side  as  there  are  segments  in  the 
body.     The  species  are  usually  called  CsHTirEDa. 

P.  Cyc     Partington. 

S€0M'BER-0ID,  n.  The  seomberoids  (or  mackerel 
tribe)  are  a  family  of  fishes,  of  which  the  Scomber 
is  the  type.  Brande. 

SeOMM,  7u  [L.  scomma;  Gr.  cKcopfidj  ftom  ffxajTroj. 
See  Scoff.] 

1.  A  buffoon,     [^ot  in  iL^a,]  L'' Estrange* 

2.  A  flout ;  a  jeer.     [JVot  in  use.] 

SCONCE,  n.  [D.  schans;  G.  ehame;  D.  skands ;  Sw. 
skans^  a  fort  or  castle,  a  fortification.] 

1.  A  fort  or  bulwark  ;  a  work  for  defense.    [Obs.] 

Shak, 

2.  A  hanging  or  projecting  candlestick,  generally 
with  a  mirror  to  reflect  the  light. 

Golden  MOrurra  hang  upon  the  wkILb.  Dryden. 

3.  The  circular  tube,  with  a  brim  in  a  candlestick, 
into  which  the  candle  is  inserted,  that  is,  the  sn|>- 
port,  the  holder  of  the  candle  ;  and  from  this  sense 
the  candlestick,  in  the  preceding  definition,  has  its 
name. 

4.  A  fixed  seat  or  shelf.    [Local.] 

SCONCE,  71.  [I).  ifkiUnner,  to  judge,  to  discern; 
skiOrisom,  judictoiLS.] 

1.  Sense;  judgment;  discretion  or  understanding 
This  sense  has  been  in  vulgar  use  in  New  England 
within  my  memory. 

2.  The  head  ;  a  low  word.  Shak. 

3.  A  mulct  or  fine,     [<^a.  poll-tax.] 
SCONCE,  V.  t.     To  nmlct ;  to  fiue.  Warton. 

[Ji  low  word,  and  not  in  use.] 
SCOOP,  71.  [D.  schop,  a  scoop,  and  a  shovel;  G. 
schiippe ;  sckupp,  a  shove ;  sckuppen,  to  push  or 
shove;  Sw,  skuff,  a  shove;  Dan.  skuffe,  a  scoop,  a 
shovel,  a  box  or  drawer  ;  D,  schuif,  schuiven,  toshove ; 
Fr.  nope  ;  Arm,  esgop  or  scop.] 

1.  A  large  ladle ;  a  vessel  with  a  long  handle 
fastened  to  a  dish,  used  for  dipping  liquors  ;  also,  a 
little  hollow  piece  of  wood  for  hailing  bouts. 

9.  An  instrument  of  surgery-.  Sharp. 

3.  A  sweep  ;  a  stroke  ;  a  swoop.  Shak. 

SCOOP,  V.  t.  To  lade  out ;  properly,  to  take  out  with 
a  scoop,  or  with  a  sweeping  motion. 

lie  icooped  the  waU-r  from  the  crytUU  flood.  Dryden. 

2.  To  empty  by  lading ;  as,  he  scooped  it  dry. 

Addison. 

3.  To  make  hollow,  as  a  scoop  or  dish  ;  to  ex- 
cavate ;  as,  the  Indians  scoop  the  trunk  of  a  tree 
into  a  canoe. 

Those  carbuQclei  Uie  Indians  will  icoop,  so  xa  to  hold  nbon?  a 
pint.  ArbuihnoU 

4.  To  remove,  so  as  to  leave  a  place  hollow. 

A  ip^ctntor  would  think  thii  circiil.ir  mount  had  been  nctimll/ 
tcoojfid  out  of  thnt  hollow  ipiic«.  Spectator. 

SC00P'>:D,  (skoopt,)  pp  Taken  out  as  with  a  scoop 
or  ladle  ;  hollowed  ;  excavated ;  removed  so  as  to 
leave  a  hollow. 

SCOOP'KR,  Ti.     One  that  scoops;  also,  a  water-fowl. 

SeOOP'ING,p/ir.  Lading  out;  making  hollow;  ex 
cavating ;  removing  so  as  to  leave  a  hollow, 

SCOOP'-NET,  Ti.  A  hand-net,  so  formed  as  to  sweep 
the  bottom  of  a  river. 

SCOPE,  n.  \h.scopns;  Gr.  fftf^rof,  from  aKon^M,  to 
see  or  view  ;  Heb.  *\pv,  to  see,  to  behold  ;  Ch.  to 
drive  or  strike.  Class  Gb,  No.  85,  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  stretch  or  eitenil,  to  reach  ;  projjerly,  the 
whole  extent,  space,  or  reach,  hence  the  wliole 
space  viewed,  and  hence  the  limit  or  ultimate  end.] 
I.  Space  ;  room  ;  amplitude  of  intellectual  view  ; 
as,  a  free  scope  for  inquiry  ;  full  scope  for  the  fancy 
or  imagination  ;  ample  scope  for  genius. 


I 


TONE,  BULL,  tJNlTE.  — AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS.— e  M  K)  0  an  J ;  a  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  la  THIS. 

— _  -_^„ 


SCO 


SCO 


8.  The  llinil  of  inlellectual  view  ;  Uic  end  or  thing 
to  which  ihe  mind  directs  iu  view  ;  that  wliicli  is 
piiriKj.scd  to  be  reached  or  accomplislied  ;  hence,  ul- 
timute  design,  aim,  or  purpose  ;  intention  ;  drit\.  It 
ei)ircssea  botli  the  purpose  and  thing  purposed. 
Your  Kopt  U  u  min«  owa. 

So  to  enlorce  Rod  qiKififr  Ike  lawi,  ^^ 

At  to  Tour  n'ul  •e«»«  good.  ■^^■_ 

Tin  lam  of  ^  Ui-ir  plnulinj  .pUn«  I™",""  •olhonlj,  !•  to 
OTertluow  Bueli  law»  ami  coujutuuoiio  of  Ote  ""'Vl!^>_ 

3.  LibertT  :  fteedom  from  rertraint ;  room  to  move 
ijj  '  *  Hiwker. 

4.  Liberty  beyond  just  limits  ;  licenae. 

Gitfl  him  line  and  tcop*.  Shtt. 

5.  Act  of  riot  i  sally  ;  excess.    [0»..l  SA.it. 

6.  Extended  quantity  ;  as,  a  xapt  of  land.    [  OS*.  J 

AieiM. 

7.  Length  ;  eltent ;  sweep  ;  as,  sccpe  of  cable. 

SeO'PI-FORM,  «.    [L  sco^  a  broom,  and  /erm.] 
Having  the  form  i>f  a  broom  f>r  btjaom. 
Zeolite,  rtoMfana  or  <My</*i  I*. 

SeO'PI-PED,  «.    [L.  scop*,  a  broom,  and  pw,  a  foot.] 
One  of  a  tribe  of  melliferous  insects,  which  ha»o  a 
brtish  of  hairs  on  the  |K>sterior  feet. 
SeOP'PET,  V.  (.    To  lade  out.    [JVot  ia  %stA 

||8??lS:..L.i-  [«™--]    '^"-^^ 

8coffinp.     \jXat  in  ustJ]  Hammo^ 

SeOPT-LOUS,  «.     [L.  scopuloFHs.'] 

Full  of  Tocks  ;  rocky.    [-VT>(  in  ust.]  DkL 

SeOR'BUTE,  n,     [L.  seorhutits.] 

Scurvy.     [AW  w  use.]  Pmrkas. 

S€OR-BC'Tie,  } «.       [Ft.    «»r*iit«?ii«,    from    L. 

S€OR-BC'Tie-AL,  S     scorimtus,    the  scurvy.      See 

SCUBP,   ScrBTT.] 

1.  AtTecled  or  diseased  with  scurvy ;  as,  a  scor- 
bvtie  person. 

2.  Pertaining  to  scurvy,  or  partaking  of  lis  nature  ; 
as,  satrbutic  complaints  or  sj-inptoms. 

3.  Subject  to  scurvy  ;  as,  a  .irnrhHtie  bnhit. 
eeOR-B0'TI€J-AL-LY,  ode.     AVilh   the   scur*-T,  or 

with  a  tendency  to  itj   as,  a  woman  tttfrbuUcaUy 
alT^ted.  WisemtM, 

S€ORCE.    See  Scohsb.  ^     ,^ 

SeO&CU,  r.  1.  [D.  jcAfm^,  adkr*aft*n,  to  iCoiiJi.  If 
thb  ifl  the  same  word,  tbera  has  been  a  tnuispuenion 
of  the  ToweL  The  Saxon  baa  mmvutd^  the  participle. 
But  U  is  probable  the  Dutch  is  the  true  ortltoirniphy, 
and  the  wont  is  to  be  referred  (o  the  Cb.  1*^^  Ar. 

tSyS^  ^t^rakm  or  cteraio,  lo  bum,  singe,  or  roast. 

Oass  Rg,  No.  33, 34.]  _.  , 

1.  To  bum  jiQperfit  iafly  ;  to  object  to  a  drpree  of 
beat  that  changes  the  color  of  a  thing,  or  b*»lh  the 
color  and  texture  of  the  surface.  Fire  will  scorch 
tinea  or  cotton  very  speedily  in  extremely  cold 
weather.  ^  .  ..    , 

2.  To  burn ;  to  affect  pamfully  with  heat. 
Scorched  with  the  burning  sun  or  burning  sands 
of  Africa.  ^         ^ 

8€ORCH,  v.i.  To  be  burnt  on  the  surface ;  to  be 
parched  ;  to  be  dried  up. 

BcAOtT a  litile  mangy  siraw  »nt1  f-m  anion*  your  »»c<trm5», lo 
prtvem  ilie  roou  fiota  wcorching.  Mortimer. 

S€ORCH'£D,  (sJcorcht,)  pp.     Burnt  on  the  surface  ; 

pained  bv  heat. 
SeORCH'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Burning  on  the  surface; 


paininc  hv  beat. 
E:ORCiriS'G-FEX'XEL, 


SeORCiriN'G-FEX'XEL,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Tbap«?ia  ;  deadly  carrot.  Lie, 

S€ORCH'ING-LY,  ode.  So  as  to  parch  or  bum  the 
surface. 

SeORCHTNG-NESS,  m     The  nnality  of  scorchm*. 

SeOR'DI-UM,  n.  [L.]  A  plant,  the  waier-cernian- 
der,  a  species  of  Teucrium.  Encife. 

SCORE,  m.  [It.  mot,  a  notch ;  sgoram,  to  cut  in 
pieces ;  Sax.  scor,  a  score,  twenty  ;  Ice.  gkara,  from 
tb«  root  of  sAmt,  short,  shire,] 

I.  A  notch  or  incision  ;  hence,  the  number  twenty. 
Our  ancestors,  before  the  kntrtvledce  of  writing, 
numbered  and  kept  accounU  of  numbers  by  cutting 
notches  on  a  stick  or  tally,  and  making  one  notrhthe 
representative  of  twenty.  A  simple  mark  answered 
the  same  purpose, 
a.  A  line  drawn. 

3.  An  account  or  reckoning ;  as,  he  paid  his  score. 

Shak. 

4.  An  account  kept  of  something  past ;  an  epoch  ; 
an  era.  TtUot-*on, 

5.  Debt,  or  account  of  debt,  Shak, 

6.  Account ;  reason ;  motive. 

But  kft  (be  tnde,  m  lauty  moR 

Bats  Uidj  dooe  on  Ifae  nine  aevrt.  HudUrroM. 

7.  Account;  sake. 

Tou  «et  your  fcindnw  on  Cydaiia'a  score.  Drydtn. 

8.  In  musUt  the  original  and  entire  draught  of  any 
composition,  or  its  trahscript.  Biuby. 

To  quit  scores:  to  pay  fully;  to  make  even  by  giv- 
ing an  cquivalenL 


Jtjfon^  IN  score;  the  words  with  the  musical  notes 
of  a  song  annexed.  Johnson. 

SCORE,  r.  t.    To  notch  ;  to  cut  and  chip  for  the  pur- 
pfwe  of  preparing  for  hewing  ;  as,  to  score  timber. 

2.  To  cut;  to  engrave.  Speitger. 

3.  To  mark  by  a  line.  Sandys. 

4.  To£et  down  as  a  debt. 

Mjulnni,  I  know  when, 
Instead  of  fivp,  you  fcvrtd  loe  leu.  Stci/t. 

5.  To  set  down  or  take  as  an  account ;  to  charge  ; 
as,  lo  score  fnllics.  I>ryilrn. 

6.  To  fonn  a  score  in  music.  Bushy. 
SeOR'/^D,  (skOrd,)  ;»;».  or  a.     Notched  ;    act   down ; 

marked  ;  prejwreil  for  hewing. 
In  botany^  a  scored  stem  is  marked  with  parallel 

lines  or  grooves.  Jilartyn. 

SeO'RI-A,  n. ;  pi.  Scorijb.    [U,  from  the  Gr.  gjcwpm, 

oK'-'Oj  rejected  matter,  that  which  is  thrown   off. 

Class  Gr.] 
I.  Dross;  the  recrement  of  mclats  In  fusion,  or 

the   slag    rejected  after  tlie  reduction  of  metallic 

ores.  J^FTPtiin,     Kncyc 

a.  Tlie  cellular,  slagpv  lavas  of  a  volcano.     Dana. 
SeO-RI-A'CEOUS,  a.     Pertaining  to  dross ;  like  dross 

or  the  recrement  of  nietats  ;  partaking  of  the  nature 

of  scoria. 
S€0-RI-FI-€S'TION,  n.     In  mrtallurfpj,  the  act  or 

operation  of  reducing  a  boily,  either  wholly  or  in 

part,  into  scoria.  Eneyc. 

8eO'RI-KT-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Reduced  to  scoria, 
SeO'RI-FORM,  a.     fL.  scoria  and  form.] 

Like  scoria  ;  in  the  fonn  of  dross.  Kintan. 

SeO'RI-FS,  r,  u    To  reduce  to  scoria  or  drossy  mat- 
ter. 
SCfi'RI-FV-ING,  ppr.    Reducing  to  scoria. 
SeOR'ING,  ppr.    Notching  ;  marking;  setting  down 

ns  an  account  or  debt ;  forming  a  sciTe. 
SeO'RI-OUS,  0.     Drossy  ;  cindery  ;  rucremontitlous. 

Brown. 
SeORN,  n.     [Sp.  fcfcamio,  scorn  ;  cicamecer,  to  mitck  ; 

PnrU  escameo,  cscameccr;  It  schtrrno^  schcrnirci  \V. 

ysgom^  ysffomiaw.] 

1.  Extreme  contempt ;  that  disdain  which  springs 
fVom  a  perscm's  opinion  of  the  meanness  of  an  ob- 
ject, and  a  consciousness  or  belief  of  his  own  supe- 
riority or  worth. 

lie  thcHiirht  icorn  to  )&r  htinitt  on  Monlccal  &lone.  —  Eath.  Ul. 

l^vt^v  •iilloii  Iruwn  ana  lutk-r  tcom, 

But  f,.iiin-l  t.V  tuel  ihJl  IM  iiuX  dkl  bom.  Oryden. 

a.  A  subject  of  extreme  contempt,  disdain,  or  de- 
rision i  that  which  is  treatod  with  contempt. 

TIkm  hwJkM  i»  •  ivprDMh  lo  otir  nri^hto^n,  a  tcom  And  a  de- 
rWon  Id  ibcm  that  «rc  uouud  us,  —  Pb.  xlir. 

To  tMi»k  seem  f  to  disdain  ;  lo  despise,    [  Obs.] 

Sidney. 
To  iangh  to  scorn ;  to  deride ;  to  make  a  mock  of ; 
lo  ridicule  as  contemptible. 

They  taughtd  ui  to  team.  —  Neh.  11. 

S€ORN,  r.  t.  To  hold  in  extreme  contempt;  to  de- 
spise ;  lo  contemn  ;  to  disdain.    Job  xvi. 

Sorely  bp  aeonteth  the  •comer ;  but  be  giTeth  grace  to  (he  lowly. 
—  pK<».  ill. 

9.  To  think  unworthy ;  to  disdain. 

Piune,  thM  delirhu  aroiind  th^  worlil  to  stray, 

ScorrtM  not  to  iiie  our  Aiso*  in  her  way.  Pope. 

a  To  slight ;  lo  disregard  ;  to  neglect. 

This  ray  long  sufferance  and  my  dixy  of  grac*, 

Tbuse  who  negL-cl  aud  scorn,  shall  never  Uste.        MUton. 

S€ORN,  e.  t.  To  scorn  at;  to  scoff  at ;  to  treat  with 
contumely,  derision,  or  reproach.     [Obs.]        S/uik. 

S€ORN'£D,  (skornd,)  pp.  Extremely  contemned  or 
despised  :  disdained. 

S€ORN'ER,  n.  One  that  scorns;  a  contemner;  a 
despise  r. 

They  are  great  tcomrra  cf  death.  Spenser. 

2.  A  scoffer;  a  derider  ;  in  Scripture.,  one  who 
scoffs  at  religion,  its  ordinances,  and  teachers,  and 
who  makes  a  mock  of  sin  and  the  jtidgmenu  and 
threateninss  of  Gud  against  sinners.     Prov.  i.  xii. 

eeORN'FU'L,  a.  Contemptuous;  disdainful;  enter- 
taining Bcurn ;  insolent. 

Th'  enamored  deity 
The  ecomfiii  (Liniscl  shuns.  DryUn. 

2.  Acting  in  defiance  or  disregard. 

Scornful  of  winter's  frost  and  summer's  sun.  Prior. 

3.  In  Scripture,  holding  religion  in  contempt; 
treating  with  disdiiin  religion  and  the  dispensations 
of  God. 

SeORN'FtJL-IjY,  oflv.  With  extreme  contempt; 
contemptuously  ;  insolently. 

The  Kicrrd  rights  of  the  Cliristian  chureh  arc  tcom/ully  tram- 
pled on  in  print.  AlUrbury. 

SeORN'FUL-.\ESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  scorn- 
ful. 

SeoRN'ING,  ppr.  Holding  in  great  contempt;  de- 
spi~:in0 ;  di^dainins. 

SeORN'ING,  n.  The  act  of  contemning;  a  treating 
with  contempt,  slight,  or  disdain. 

How  long  will  the  scomera  delight  lo  their  soffrninff  ?  — Prov.  I. 


SCO  

SeOR'O-DITE,  n.  [Gr.  oKopoiov^  gariic;  from  its 
smell  under  Hio  blowpipe.] 

A  native  comjwund  of  arsenic  acid  and  oxyd  of 
iron,  having  a  leek-green  or  brownish  color,  Dana, 

S€OR'PI-0,  n.     [U]     The  scorpion. 

S€OR'Pl-ON,  Ji.  [ Fr.,  from  L.  scorpio  ;  Or.  oKopKtns; 
probably  altered  from  the  Oriental  3*\pp.  The  Ara- 
bic verb  to  which  this  word  belongs,  signifies  to 
wound,  to  strike,  &c,] 

1.  The  popular  English  name  of  any  Hp<?cies  of 
snirpio.  which  is  a  genus  of  pedipalpoiis,  pulnumary 
nrachnidie.  Scorpions  have  an  elongated  body,  sud- 
denly terminated  by  a  long,  slender  tail,  formed  of  six 
joints,  the  last  of  which  terminates  in  an  arcuated 
and  very  acute  sting,  which  effuses  a  venomous  li- 
quid. 1'his  sting  gives  rise4o  excruciating  pain,  but 
is  unattended  either  with  redness  or  swelling,  ex- 
cept in  the  axillary  or  inguinal  glands,  whrn  un 
extremity  is  affecletl.  It  is  very  seldouij  if  ever,  de- 
structive of  life.  Seorjiions  are  found  in  the  south 
of  Europe,  in  Africa,  in  the  East  Indies,  and  in 
South  America.  The  number  of  species  is  not  accu- 
rately determined. 

2.  In  Scripture.^  a  painful  scourge;  a  kind  of  whip 
armed  with  points  like  a  scorpitm's  tail.     I  Kinfrs  xii. 

Malicious  and  crafty  men,  who  delight  in  injuring 
others,  are  compared  to  scorpions,     Kiek.  ii. 

3.  In  astronomy,  the  eighth  sign  of  the  zodiac, 
which  the  sun  enters  about  Oct.  23. 

4.  A  sea-fish.  [L.  scorpius.]  [See  Ska-*Scor- 
p,  o  N.  ]  Jlin-sworth. 

Water-scorpion ;  an  aquatic  Insect.  [See  Water- 
Scorpion. 1 

S€0R'P1-0N-FLT,  n.  A  neuropterous  Insect  of  the 
genus  Panorpa,  Linn.,  having  a  tail  which  resembles 
that  of  a  scorpion. 

SeOR'PI-ON-GRASS,  n.  A  name  given  to  certain 
annual  and  perennial  plants  of  the  genus  Myosutis, 
one  of  which  is  commonly  called  Foroet-mk-not. 

Loudon. 

SeOR'PI-ON'»-TAIl.,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Scor- 
piurus,  with  trailing,  herbaceous  stalks,  and  pro- 
ducing a  p<pd  resembling  a  caterpillar,  whence  it  is 
called  caterpillars.  Partinf^lon. 

S€OR'Pi-ON-SEN'NA,  n,  A  shrub  of  the  genua  Cor- 
onilla. 

S€OR'Pl-ON'»-TIIORN,  n,  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Ulex. 

S€OR'PI-0N-W0RT,  (wurt,)  n.  A  plant,  the  Or- 
nithopus  Bcorpioides.  Parr. 

S€ORSE,  n.    [It.  scorsa,  a  course  ;  L.  ra  and  cj/r.^H.-*.] 
A  course  or  dealing;  barter.     [Obs,]         Spenser. 

SeORSE,  r.  (.    To  chase.     [Obs.]  Spmscr. 

2.  To  barter  or  exchange.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

SeCRSE,  c.  i.  To  deal  for  the  purchase  of  a  horse. 
[Oft.«.l  J*.  Jotison. 

S€OR'TA-TO-RY,  a.     [h.  scortntnr,  from  scortor.] 
Pertaining  to  or  consisting  in  lewdness. 

SeOR'ZA,  n,    [Uu.  It.  scorza,  bark  ;  U  ex  and  cortex.] 
In  mineralogy,  a  variety  of  epidote.  Ure. 

SCOT,  n.  [Sax.  sceiU,  a  part,  portion,  angle,  or  bay,  a 
garment  or  vest,  a  towel,  cloth,  or  sheet ;  scrat,  sceata, 
sceatt,  money,  lax,  tribute,  toll,  price,  gift ;  sceta, 
scyta,  a  sheet.  This  is  the  English  shot,  in  the 
phrase,  he  pjiid  his  shot;  and  scot,  in  scot  and  lot. 
Ice.  skat,  D.  schnt.,  a  wainscot,  shot,  scot ;  sekoot.n 
sheet,  a  shoot,  a  shot,  a  sprig,  a  bolt,  the  lap,  the 
womb  ;  G.  schoss,  scot,  a  shoot,  and  schodss,  lap, 
womb  ;  Sw.  skatt^  tax,  tribute,  rent,  Eng.  scot;  Dan. 
Bkot,skat,  id. ;  ^Aiod,  the  lap,  the  bosom,  the  waist  of  a 
coat ;  Fr.  ecot,  shot,  rMkoning,  It.  scottn.  Pp.  escote, 
shot,  reckoning,  a  tucker,  or  small  piece  of  linen 
that  shades  a  woman's  breast,  also  the  eloping  of  a 
garment ;  escota,  a  sheet,  in  seamen's  language  ;  Port. 
tscota  ;  escote^  shot,  club.  This  word  coincides  in  el- 
ements with  shade,  scud.,  shoot,  shed,  and  sheet,  all  of 
which  convey  the  sense  of  driving,  or  of  separating, 
cutting  off.] 

In  law  and  English  history,  a  portion  of  money  as- 
sessed or  paid  ;  a  customary  tax  or  contribution  laid 
on  subjects  according  to  their  ability  ;  also,  a  tax  or 
custom  paid  for  the  use  of  a  sheriff  or  bailiff.  Hence 
our  modern  shot;  as,  lo  pay  one's  shot, 

Scot  and  lot;   parish   payments.     When    persons 
were  taxed  not  to  the  same  amount,  bift  according 
to  their  ability,  tliey  were  said  to  pay  scot  and  loU 
Encyc.     P.  Cyc. 

S€OT,  n.  [Sax.  scotta,  seotte  ;  W,  ysgotiad,  a  woods- 
man, a  Scot,  from  ysgawd,  a  shade  ■,y.t^odi,tn  shade, 
to  shelter,  Eng.  shade,  which  see.  This  word  signi- 
fies, according  to  the  Welsh,  an  inhabitant  of  the 
woods,  and  from  the  same  root  probably  as  Scythian^ 
Sctjthia.] 
A  native  of  Scotland  or  North  Britain. 

SeOT'AL,     i  n.     [scot  and  ale.]     In  Uw,  the  keeping 

S€OT'aLE,  i     oran  alehouse  by  the  officer  of  a  for- 
est, and  drawing  people  to  spend  their  money  for 
liquor,  for  fear  of  his  displeasure. 
SCOTCH,  a.    Pertaining  to  Scotland  or  its  inhabitants. 

[Bee  Scottish.] 
SCOTCH,  I  V.  L    [Arm.  seoaz,  the  shoulder,  whence 
SCOT,        )      scoaiya,  to  shoulder  up,  to  prop,  to  sup- 
port;  W.  y^^TPyi,  a  shoulder;  t/.f^nm/iaw,  to  shoulder, 
which  is  said  to  be  from  cwyt,  a  fall.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PRBY-  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- 


900 


SCO 

To  stip(K»rt,  n^  a  wheel,  by  ptactng  8«>iiie  olwtacle 
to  prevent  its  rolling.  Our  wagoners  and  rartirien 
gcoUh  or  scut  tlie  wheels  of  their  wagons  and  carts, 
when,  ID  ascending  a  hill,  they  stop  to  give  their  toam 
rest,  or  for  uther  purpose.  [ScoicA  is  local  in  Eng- 
land ;  both  words  iire  sometimes  used  in  Anifirira.] 
SeOTl'H,  r.  L  [Qii.  Ann.  sqeiirea,  or  S&x.  scradan. 
This  can  not  be  from  Fr.  ecarcher^  to  flay  or  peel-, 
ecorcCj  bark.] 

To  cut  with  shallow  incisions.    Ilcnce,  to  wound 
slightly. 

We  have  acolchtd  the  soafce,  not  killt-d  it.  ShaJt. 

SCOTCH,  n.    A  slight  cut  or  shallow  incision  ;  a  line 
drawn  on  the  ground,  as  in  hop-scotch. 

SJtaJu     Walton. 
SCOTCH'-COL'LOPS,  )  n.    pL      Veal 

SeOTCH'£I>-€OL'LOPS,  (skotcht'-,)  \  cut  into  small 

pieces. 
SfOTCH'ED,  (skotcht,)  pp     Cut  with  shallow  incis- 
ions. 
2.  SiTpported,  as  a  wheel. 
SeOTCH'-FID'DLE,  iu     A  cant  name  for  the  itch. 
Gross.  -  W.  Scott, 
SCOTCH'-TTOP'PER,  n.     A  play  in  which  boys  hop 
over  scotches  or  linns  in  the  ground  ;  hop-scotch. 

Locke. 
SeOTCH'ING,  ppr.     Cutting  with  shallow  incisions. 

2.  Snpfwrtins,  as  a  wheel.     [See  the  verb.] 
8C5'TER,  n.  The  black  diver  or  duck,  a  murine  fowl 

of  Ihe  eenu3  Oidemia  of  Fleming.  P-  Cyc. 

ECOT'FREE,  a.     Free  from   payment  or  scot;   un- 
taxed. 
9.  Unhurt;  clear;  safe. 
SeC'TI-A,  (sk6'she-a,)  n.     [Gr.  nKona^  darkness.] 
In  architecturfy  a  hollow  molding  in  the  base  of  a 
co'nmn  between  the  fillets  of  the  tori.  Owilt. 

SeO'TIST,  n.     [from  Duns  Scotus^  a  Scottish  corde- 
lier.] 

One  of  the  followers  of  Scotus,  a  sect  of  school 
divines,  who  maintained  the  immaculate  conception 
of  the  Virgin,  or  that  she  was*  born  without  original 
sin  ;  in  opposition  to  the  Thomists,  or  followers  of 
Thoma^  Aquinas. 
6eOT-0-D£N'I-A,  n.  [Gr.  cKoroSiviat  from  oKorosy 
darkness,  and  ric'f,  giddiness.] 
Id  medicine,  giddiness  with  imperfect  vision. 

Brande. 

S€OT'0-GRAPH,  n.     [Gr.    wotoj,    darkness,  and 

J  orn^'.',  to  write.] 
An  ioiftruraeiit  for  writing  in  the  dark,  or  without 

BeeJng. 
8€0T'0-MY,  H.    [Gr.  ff«orw/(a,vertlgo,from  ckotooj, 

to  darken.] 
Dizziness  or  swimming  of  the  bead,  with  dimness 

of  sight. 
8€0T'TER-fN'G,  n.     A  provincial  word  in  Hereford- 
shire, England,  denoting  the  burning  of  a  wad  of 

pease  stniw  at  the  end  of  harvest. 

Bailey.     Johnson. 
SCOT'Tr-CISM,  n.    An  idiorn  or  peculiar  expression 

of  the  natives  of  Scotland.  Beanie. 

8€OT'TISH,fl.     Pertaining  to  the  inhabitants  of  ScoU 

land,  or  to  their  country  or  language  ;  as,  ScoUith 

industry  or  economy  ;  a  ScottLik  chief  j  the   Scottish 

dialect. 
SCOU.V'DREL,  It.     [Said  to  be  from  It.  stondantoley  a 

lurker,  one  that  skulks  from  the  roll  or  muster,  fmui 

L.  ah.*condo.     The  Italian  signifies  properly  the  play 

hiiodman-blind,  or  fox  in  the  hole.] 

A  mean,  worthless  fellow  ;  a  rascal  ;  a  low,  petty 

villain  :  a  man  without  honor  or  virtue. 


Go,  If  yoiir  atici"nt  but  ijnoble  Wood 

Uaa  en-ft  Ihruugh  tmundrtU  «v«t  lioce  the  (lo«d. 


Pope, 


SCOTJX'DREL, a.    Low;  base;  mean;  unprincipled. 

BCOUN"DKEL-ISM,  n.  Baseness  ;  turpitude  ;  rascal- 
ity. Cotgrare, 

6COUR,  V.  t.  [Goth.  sI:aurony  to  scour  ;  .'^ax.  scur,  a 
scouring;  D.  schuuren  ;  G.  schenrrn ;  Dan.  skurer ; 
Bw.  skttra:  Arm.  scarhein^  scurhein  or  scurya;  Fr. 
emrer,  to  scour  ;  Sp.  eseurar.  See  the  roots  *^'U  and 
ynx     Class  <;r.  No. .%  8.) 

1.  To  rub  hard  with  something  rough,  for  the  piir- 
poiie  of  cleaning;  as,  to  scour  a.  kettle;  to  scour  a 
musket ;  to  »cour  armor. 

2.  To  clean  by  friction  ;  to  make  clean  or  bright. 

3.  To  cluanse  from  grease,  dirt,  &.C.,  as  articles  of 
dress ;  to  restore. 

4.  To  piirgn  violently. 

5.  To  remove  by  scouring. 

N''»cr  came  n-fonnatlnn  in  a  flood 

Wiih  tucb  ■  beady  cjiT>-ntT  tcouring  faults,  Shak, 

6.  To  range  or  search  fur  the  purpose  of  taking  ; 
a«>,  to  fcour  the  sea  for  pintes, 

7.  To  pass  swiftly  over  j  to  brush  along ;  as,  to 
scour  the  coast.  MiUon. 

Nut  to  when  swift  Camilta  *mwr>  th«  plain.  Pop*. 

SCOUR,  »,  i.  To  perform  the  business  of  cleaning 
veK.-teU  by  rubbing.  Shak, 

2.  To  clean. 

W*nQ  water  k  aoflcr  thao  eold,  for  U  tcourelh  better.    Bacon, 

3.  To  be  purged  to  excess.        Bacon.    Mortimer. 


SCO 

4.  To  rove  or  range  for  sweojiing  or  taking  somfr; 
thing. 

Barbaroaaa,  thua  $ccuring  along  Uie  coast  of  ludy.     KttoUss. 

5.  To  run  with  celerity  ;  to  scamper. 

So  four  fi'-rce  coiirwra,  slartin*  lo  the  race, 

Scour  lliruugh  [Iii;  pliiiii,  ami  Iciigtlica  every  pace.      DryiUn, 

SCOUR'ED,  pp.  Rubbed  with  something  rough,  or 
made  clean  by  rubbing;  cleansed  from  grease,  din, 
&c.  ;  severely  purged;  brushed  along. 

SeoUR'ER,n,  One  that  scours  or  cleans  by  rubbing; 
one  who  cle.inscs  clothes  from  grease,  dirt,  &c 

2.  A  drastic  cathartic. 

3.  One  that  runs  with  speed. 

SCOURGE,  (skurj,)  n.  [yt.  escourgiei  IL  seoreggia, 
a  leather  thong ;  from  L.  corrigia,  from  corrigOy  to 
strai[.'hten.J 

1.  A  whip ;  a  lash  consisting  of  a  strap  or  cord  ; 
an  instrument  of  punishment  or  discipline. 

A  teourge  of  tmall  conls.  — John  ii. 

2.  A  punishment ;  vindictive  affliction. 

Famine  and  pbg;iic  are  acnt  as  tcourget  for  omeaJment.  — 2 
>l)idnu). 

3.  He  or  that  which  greatly  afflicts,  harasses,  or 
destroys;  particularly,  ^ny  continued  evil  or  calam- 
ity. Attila  was  called  Ihu  scourse  of  God,  for  tile 
miseries  he  inflicted  jn  his  conquests.  Slavery  is  a 
terrible  scourge, 

4.  A  whip  for  a  top.  Locke. 
SCOURGE,  (skurj,)  ».  t.     [It.  scoreggiare.] 

1.  To  whip  severely  ;  to  lash. 

b  it  lawful  tor  yua  to  teourge  a  man  that  la  &  Ronuui  I  —  Acts 
xvii. 

2.  To  punish  with  severity  ;  to  chastise ;  to  afflict 
for  sins  or  faults,  and  with  the  purpose  of  correction. 

He  will  tcourgt  ua  for  our  intquitica,  aod  will  have  mercy  a^in. 

Totit. 
Whom  the  Lord  lovelh  he  ch.tsteneth,  and  tcoitrgelh  eicjy  bod 
whom  he  roceifeth.  —  Heb,  xii. 

3.  T»»  afflict  greatly  ;  lo  harass,  torment,  or  injure. 
SCOURG'/:i>,  (skurjd,)  ;7;7.     Whipped;  lashed;  pun- 
ished severely  ;  harassed. 

SeOUR6'ER,(skun'er,)  n.  One  that  scourges  or  pun- 
ishes ;  one  that  alilicLs  severely. 

SeOURG'ING,  p/»r.  Whipping;  lashing  with  severi- 
ty ;  punishing  or  afflicting  severely. 

SCOUR'ING,  ppr.  Rubbing  hard  with  something 
rough  ;  cleaning  by  rubbing;  cleansing  from  grease, 
dirt,  &:c. ;  cleansing  with  a  drastic  cathartic;  rang- 
ing over  for  clearing. 

SCOUR'IXGj  7J.  A  rubbing  bard  for  cleaning;  a 
cleansing  trom  grease,  dirt,  &.C. ;  a  cleansing  by  a 
drastic  purge  ;  lotiseness;  flux.  Bacon. 

SC5UUSE.     See  Scorse. 

SCOUT,  n,  [Fr.  eeoui;  ecouter,  to  bear,  to  listen; 
Norm,  cjscovk,  a  hearing  ;  It.  scolta,  a  watch  ;  scottare, 
to  listen  ;  L.  auscalto;  Gr.  uu;,  the  ear,  and  L.  cuUoy 
eolo.] 

1.  In  military  affairs^  a  i»erson  sent  before  an  army, 
or  to  a  distance,  lor  the  piir[Mwe  of  observing  the  mo- 
tions of  an  enemy  or  discovering  any  danger,  and 
giving  notice  to  the  commanding  officer.  Horsemen 
are  generally  employed  as  scouts.  Encye. 

9.  A  cant  tenn  at  Oxford  for  a  college  servant  or 
waiter.  Oxford  Guide. 

3.  A  high  rock.     [JVbt  in  use.'] 

SCOUT,  V.  i.  To  go  on  the  business  of  watching  the 
motions  of  an  enemy  ;  to  act  as  a  scout. 

With  ubtcure  wiiig 
Stout  fur  and  wido  into  ttte  realm  of  ni^t.  MVton, 

SCOTJT,  V.  L    [Perhaps  Sw.  skitita^to  shoot,  to  thrust, 

that  Is,  to  reject.] 
To  sneer  at ;  to  treat  with  disdain  and  contempt. 

[  This  word  is  in  good  tL^e-  in  .^merica^] 
SCOUT'ED,  flp.    Sneered  at;  treated  with  contempt. 
SCOUT'ING,  ppr.    Treating  with  contempt. 
SCOV'EL,  (skuv'l,)  n.     [W.  ysgubcU,  from  ysgub,  a 

broom,  L.  scopa.] 
A  mop  for  sweeping  ovens  ;  a  maul  kin. 

AinsiBortk.     Bailey. 
SCOW,  n.     [D,  schouiP  ;  Dan.  skude  ;  Sw.  skiU^,] 

A  large,  fiat-bottomed  boat,  used  as  a  ferry-boat, 

or  for  liKiding  and  untonding  vessels.     {A  leord  in 

good  Hse  in  Mete  England.] 
SCOW.  V.  t.     To  trans[«»rt  in  a  scow. 
SeoW'£D,  ^n\itiwd,)  pp.    Transported  in  a  scow. 
SCOWL,  r.  1.     [Sax.  acwi,  in  scut-eagcdy  scowl-eyed  ; 

probably  f^om  the  root  of  G,  schu^  schidy  D.  a'cheely 

distorted  ;  aehieltn^  Dan.  skirler,  to  squint;  Gr.  gko- 

Xt.w.  to  twist     See  Class  Gl,  No.  59.] 

1.  To  wrinkle  the  brows,  as  in  fniwning  or  dis- 
pleasure ;  to  put  on  a  frowning  look ;  to  look  sour, 
sullen,  severe,  or  angry. 

She  acoieUd  and  frowned  with  fruward  countenance.   Sptnaer. 

2.  To  look  gh>omy,  frowning,  dark,  or  tempes- 
tuous ;  avi,  the  scuvfling  heavens.  Tlwmson. 

SCOWL,  V.  t.    To  drive  with  a  scowl  or  frowns. 

Milton, 
SCOWL,  Ti.    The  wrinkling  of  the  brows  in  frown- 
ing;  the  expression  of  displeasure,  sullenness,  or 
discontent  in  the  countenance. 
2.  Gloom ;  dark  or  rude  aspect ;  as  of  the  heavens. 

Crashato. 


SCK 

scow  L'  Kl),  pp.     Frow  ned  at, 

SCOWL'ING,  ppr.oTa.  Contracting  the  brows  into 
wrinkles;  frowning;  expressing  displeasure  or  sul 
leiiiiess. 

SeOWL'LNG-LY,  adv.  With  a  wrinkled,  frowning 
aspect ;  with  a  sullen  look. 

SCRAD'ULK,  (.-krab'bl,)  c.  i.  [D.  krabbclen,  to  scrap* 
to  scribble ;  krabbeny  to  scrape  ;  G.  krabbdn,  graben. 
This  word  belongs  lo  the  root  of  scrape,  L.  ecribo, 
Eng.  grave,  engrave.  Sec,     See  Scrape.] 

L  To  scrape,  paw,  or  scratch  with  the  hands  ;  to 
move  along  on  the  hands  and  knees  by  clawing  with 
the  hands  ;  to  scramble  ;  as,  to  scrabble  up  a  clitT  or 
a  tree.  [A  word  in  common,  popular  use  in  J^eto  Eng- 
land, but  not  ele-raut.] 

2.  To  make  irregular  or  crooked  marks;  as,  chil- 
dren scrabble  wlien  they  begin  to  write  ;  hence,  to 
make  irregular  and  unmeaning  marks  ;  to  scribble. 

David  —  scraHbted  on  tl»e  doom  of  thn  gale.  —  1  Sam.  ixi, 

SCRAB'BLE,  v,  t  To  mark  with  irregular  lines  or 
letters  ;  ns,  to  scrabble  paper. 

SCRAB'BLE,  7t.  Amotion  on  the  hands  or  knees; 
a  scramble.  Jhlloway. 

SCRAB'BLING,  ppr.  Scraping;  scratching;  scram- 
bling; making  irregular  mai^s. 

SCKAF'FLE,  r.  i.      To  scramble;  to  be  industrious. 

[  Obs.]  Brockett. 

2.  To  shuffle  ;  to  use  evasion.     [Obs.]       Grose. 

SCRAG,  n.  [This  word  is  formed  from  the  root  of 
rag,  crag,  Gr.  &nxta,  ^ux'5»  rack.     Class  Rg.] 

Something  thin  or  lean  with  roughness.  A  raw- 
boned  person  is  called  a  scrag  ;  but  the  word  is  vul- 
gar, 

SCRAG'GED,  >  a.     [Supra.]     Rough  with  irregular 

SCRAG'GY,    \      points,  or  a  brt>ken  surface;  as,  a 

scraggy  hill ;  a  scragged  back-boue.  Bcntley, 

S.  Lean  with  roughness.  Jirbuthnot. 

SCRAG'GED  NESS,  |    n.       Leanness,     or     leanness 

SCRAG'GI-XEriS,  (  with  roughness;  rugged- 
ness ;  roughness  occasioned  by  broken,  irregular 
points. 

SCRAG'GT-LY,  adv.    With  leanness  and  roughness. 

SCRAM'BLE,  v.  t.  [D.  schranmcny  to  scratch.  It  is 
not  improbable  that  this  word  is  corrupted  from  the 
rtH>l  of  scrape,  scrabble.] 

1.  To  move  or  climb  by  seizing  objects  with  the 
hand,  and  drawing  the  body  forward  ;  as,  to  scram- 
ble up  a  cliff. 

2.  To  seize  or  catch  eagerly  at  anything  that  is  de- 
sirod  ;  to  catch  with  haste  preventive  of  another  ;  to 
catch  at  without  ceremony.  Man  originally  was 
obliged  to  scramble  with  wild  beasts  fur  nuts  and 
acorns. 


Of  other  care  they  liltio  reckonhiy  maks, 
Than  huw  lo  acramtle  at  the  •hearer's  feast. 


MUton. 


SCRAM'BLE,  n.  An  eager  contest  for  something,  \n 
which  one  endeavors  to  get  the  thing  before  an- 
other. 

The  Rcarcity  of  monoy  enhances  the  price  and   IncreaBt-i  the 

acram^lt.  Locke. 

9.  The  act  of  climbing  by  the  help  of  the  hands, 
SCRAM'BLER,   n.      One   who  scrambles  ;  one  who 

climbs  by  the  help  of  the  hands. 
SCRAM'BLLVG,  jipr.     (.'limbing  by  the  help  of  the 
bands. 
2.  Catching  at  eagerly  and  without  ceremony. 
SCRAM'BLING,  n.  The  act  of  climbing  by  the  help  of 
the  hands. 

2.  The  act  of  seizing  or  catching  at  with  eager 
haste  and  without  ceremonv. 
SCRAM'BLINO-LY,  adv.     By  seizing  or  catching  at 

eagerly. 
SCRXNCH,  V.  t  [D.  schranssen;  from  cranek,craunch, 
by  prefixing  s.] 

To  grind  with  the  teeth,  and  with  a  crackling 
sound  ;   to  crauneh.     [This  is  in  vulgar  use  in  Amer- 
ica.] 
SCRAN'NEL,  a.     [On.  broken,  split;   from  the  root 
of  cranny.]     Slight ;  poor. 

Grate  on  their  terarmtl  p>p"'»  of  wretched  straw.  MUton, 

{Not  in  u«.] 

SCRAP,  n.  [from  scrape.]  A  small  piece  ;  properly^ 
something  scraped  off,  but  used  for  any  thing  cut 
off;  a  fragment;  a  crumb;  us,  «f  r«p*  of  meat.  Shak. 

2.  A  part ;  a  detiirlicd  piece  ;  as,  scraps  of  history 
or  poetry  ;  scraps  of  antiquity  ;  scraps  of  authors. 

Locke.     Pope. 

3.  A  small  piece  of  paper.  Pope. 
[If  used  lor  licript,  it  is  iinpropjT.] 

SCRAP'-BQQK,  n.  A  blank  book  for  the  prpserva 
tion  of  short  pieces  of  poetry  or  other  eMracls  from 
books  and  pai>ers, 

SCRAPE,  V.  t.  [Sax,  screopan  f  D.  schraapen,  sckrab 
ben ;  G.  schrapen ;  Sw.  scrapa ;  Dan.  skrabrr ;  Ir 
scrtobam,  sgrabam  ;  llu«f.  skrcba  and  ogrebayu  ;  L 
scribo,  (ir.  ypinp<'),  lit  write;  W.  ysgravu,  to  scrape, 
from  crapu,  to  scrape,  fmm  crap,  claws,  Otatm.  But 
probably  from  the  general  root  of  grave.  In  Ch.  and 
Syr.  3n2  signifies  to  plow  ;  in  Ar.  to  strain,  distress, 
gripe.     Bee  Grave.] 

1,  To  rub  the  siirtace  of  any  thing  with  a  sharp  or 
rough    instrument,  or  with   Homething  hard;  as,  to 


I 


TONE,  BJJLI,,  IJNITE.— AN"OER,  VI"CIOUS C  as  K ;  0  u  J  ;  K  u  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  In  THia. 


SCR 

tcra^  Ihe  floor ;  to  scraps  a  vessel  for  cleaning  it  j  to 
terape  the  earth  ;  to  scrape  Ihc  body.    Job  ii. 
3.  To  clean  by  scrapiiig.    Lee.  xiv. 

3.  To  remove  or  take  off  by  rubbing. 

I  wfll  rIbo  tempt  her  dual  from  ber,  wi  J  make  hrr  ffite  U»  top  of 
%  rock.  —  uck.  xxvi. 

4.  To  act  upon  the  surface  with  a  gnuiug  noise. 

The  chiminr  clodra  to  dinner  call ; 

A  himdn.-vt  Sxnweps  »cm}tt  the  murble  hnll.  Pop*. 

5.  To  insult  by  drawing  Ibe  feet  over  the  fliwr. 
Wstd  in  the  English  Mitivo'sitits,]  [Orose. 
7b  scrape  ^i  to  remove  by  •craping  j  to  clear 

away  by  rubbing. 

To  scntpe  tegttker ;  to  gather  by  cloee  induslr>-  or 
small  gaina  or  savings  j   as,  to  scrap*  tugtiktr  a  good 
estate. 
S€RAPE,  r.  i.    To  make  a  harsh  noise. 

2.  To  play  awkwardly  on  a  violiu. 
a  To  make  an  awkward  bow. 

7b   scraps    ae^uaimtames ;    to  make  one*«  wtf  ac- 
quainted ;   to  curry  favor.      [A  low  phrase  intro- 
duced from  the  practice  of  atropine  in  bowing.] 
SCRAPE,  a.     [Dan.  scrub  ;  Sw.  skrap.] 

1.  A  rubbing. 

S.  The  sound  of  the  foot  drawn  over  the  floor. 

3.  A  bow. 

4.  Difficulty;  perplexity;  distress;  that  which 
harasses,     [ji  Iok  icord.'\  T.  B.  Maextuiay. 

S€RAP'£D,  (skrapt,)  pp.  Rubbed  on  the  surface  with 
a  sharp  or  rouch  instrument;  cleaned  by  rubbing; 
cleared  away  by  scraping. 

BGRAP'ER,  ».  An  insiniment  with  which  any  thing 
is  scraped  ;  as,  a  scrnprr  fur  shoes. 

2.  An  instrument  drawn  by  oxen  or  horses,  and 
used  for  scraping  earth  in  making  or  repairing  roads, 
digging  cellars,  canals,  &.c. 

3.  An  instrument  having  two  or  three  sharp  sides 
or  edges,  fur  cleaning  tlie  planks,  mat;ts,  or  decks  of 
a  ship,  &c. 

4.  A  miser  ;  one  who  gathers  property  by  penuri- 
ous diligence  and  small  savings ;  a  scrape>penny. 

5.  An  awkn'ard  fiddler. 

SCRAP'INO,  ppr.  Rubbing  the  stirfiice  with  some- 
thing sharp  or  hard  ;  cleaning  by  a  scraper ;  remov- 
ing by  nibbing  ;  playing  awkwardly  on  a  violin. 
SCRAP'INU,  n.  That  which  is  separated  from  a  sub- 
stance, or  ia  ccrflected  by  scraping,  raking,  or  rub- 
bing ;  as,  the  scrapings  of  the  street. 

3.  A  drawing  of  the  feet  over  the  floor,  as  an  in- 
Bult  to  some  one.  Orosa, 

[  JJisd  ia  IIA«  Emglisk  wiiMrsities.] 
SCR  AT,  r.  L    [Formed  on  the  root  of  L.  rado.] 

To  scratch.     [JSTot  in  use,]  Burton, 

SCRAT,  V.  i.    To  mke ;  to  search.    {JVb(  t»  use,] 

SeRAT,  n.    A  hermaphrodite,     [^rot  m  use,]  Skmner, 

SCRATCH,  vw   L      [G.  kratirn^   ritzem,   krttzeiuf    D. 

krmlse* ;    Sw.  krttsa  ;    Dan.  kroiUer ;    probably  from 

the  root  of  rratA,  and  L.  rado.     See  Class  Rd,  No. 

46,  49,  56,  58,  50.] 

I.  To  rub  and  tear  the  surfbce  of  any  thing  with 
Bomettiing  sharp  or  ragged  ;  as,  to  scratch  the  cheeks 
with  the  nails  ;  to  scriOch  the  earth  with  a  rake  ;  to 
seraich  the  hands  or  face  by  riding  or  running  among 
briers. 

A  Mit  of  mail  auul-«oIored  «oDes,  m  bud  ai  to  tcralA  gUat. 

Grew. 

a.  To  wound  slightly. 

3.  To  rub  with  the  nails. 

Be  nundful,  wben  inTention  fiula. 

To  tcraleh  your  bead  nod  bile  your  luilb.  Swifl. 

4.  To  write  or  draw  awkwardly  ;  as,  to  scrauh  out 
a  pamphlet.     [M'ot  in  ust.]^  SicifL 

5.  I'o  dig  or  excavate  with  the  claws.  Some  ani- 
mals seraUh  holes  in  which  they  burrow. 

To  seraUk  out ;  to  era^  ;  to  rub  out ;  to  obliterate. 
SCRATCH,  V.  i.    To  use  the  claws  in  tearing  the  sur- 
face.   The  gallinaceous  hen  scratches  fur  her  cliick- 
ens. 

Dufl,  tame  things,  that  will  Deitber  bke  nor  tcmUh.       Atort, 
SCR.\TCH,  B.     A  break  in  the  surface  of  a  thing  made 
by  scratching,  or  by  rubbing  with  any  thing  pointed 
or  tagged  j  as,  a  saraUk  on  timber  or  glass. 

Tbe  couw  fife  •»  BMkes  deep  sermlthss  in  the  vork,    ^ojon. 
Tbew  oaili  with  acroldb*  •nil  defonn  taj  brcut.  Prior. 

&  A  slight  wound. 

Hcaveii  fbrlad  k  ahsllow  seroSA  ■hould  difre 

Tbe  PiiDoe  of  Wak«  (ixtro  such  a  field  u  th».  Shak. 

3.  A  kind  of  wig  worn  for  covering  baldness  or 
gray  hairs,  or  for  other  purpose.  SmoUcU. 

4.  Among  boxers,  a  line  across  tbe  prize  ring,  up  to 
which  boxers  are  brought  when  they  join  fight. 
[Lote.]  Orose, 

5.  Scratches  are  a  disease  in  horses  ccnfii^ing  of 
drj-  chaps,  rifts,  or  scabs,  between  the  heel  and 
pastern  joint.  Buchanan, 

SCRATCH'£D,  (sfcralcht,)  pp.    Tom  by  the  rubbing 

of  something  rough  or  pointed. 
SCRATCH'ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  scratches. 

S.  A  bird  which  scratches  for  food,  as  the  common 

hen  and  cock. 
SCRATCH'ES,  ».  pi    Cracked  ulcers  on  a  hor8e»s 

foot,  just  above  the  hoof. 


SCR 

S€RATCH'ING,ppr.  Rubbing  with  something  [Kiiuted 
or  rongh  ;  rubbing  and  tt-aring  the  surfaro. 

SCRAXCIl'ING-hV,  ado.  Withtiie  action  of  scratch- 
ing. Siiincy, 

SCRAW,  a.  [Irish  and  Erse.]  Surface;  cut  turf. 
JAOt  IB  Bse.]  Sieift. 

SCRAWL,  r.  u  [du.  from  crawly  or  its  root,  or  from 
tlie'D.  schratelen,  to  stratch  or  scrape.  Both  may  be 
from  one  root] 

1.  To  draw  or  mark  awkwardly  and  irregularly. 

2.  To  write  awkwardly.  [Sinyt. 
SCR.\WL,r.  *,    To  write  unskillfully  and  ineiL^gantly. 

Tlwujh  with  a  giilJeii  pen  you  tcr<ltel.  Sw/U 

2.  To  creep  ;  to  crawt.  [This  is  from  craiei,  but  I 
know  nut  that  it  is  in  use.]  .^instoorth. 

SCRAWL,  H.  Unskillful  or  inelegant  writing  ;  or  a 
piece  of  hasty,  bad  writing.  Pope, 

2.  In  AVw  Englandy  a  ragged,  broken  branch  of  a 
tree,  or  other  l>rush-woo<i ;  brush. 

SeRAVVL'>:D,p/i.    Written  unskillfully. 

SCRAWL' ER,  n.  One  who  scrawls;  a  hasty  or  awk- 
ward writer. 

SCRAWL'IN'G,  ppr.  or  a.  Writing  hastily  or  inele- 
gantly. 

SCRAWNY,  a.  Meager;  wasted.  [This  word  is 
used  colluciuialty  in  Aiuericn.  and  is,  undoubtedly,  the 
same  as  i^cRANur,  whicli  llalliwell  mentions  us  be- 
ing used  in  various  dialects  in  England.] 

SCRAY.n.*  A  bird,  called  the  Ska  Swallow  or  Tern, 
(Sterna  Hirundo.) 

sent' A-BLE,  a.    [L.  srreahilts,  from  scree,  to  spit  ouL] 
'i'hat  mav  be  spit  out.     [06.4.] 

SCRkAK,  (^skreek,)  r.  i.  [Sw.  skrika;  D.  skrigen 
W.  ysgre^uin,  from  crffian,  to  creaky  to  shriek,  from 
crrf ,  cry^,  rough,  roughness,  or  its  root.  This  word 
is  only  u  dilTi-reiii  orthugrapliy  of  jcreecA  and  shriek, 
but  is  nut  elegant.] 

To  utter  suddenly  a  sharp,  shrill  sound  or  outcry  ; 
to  scruain  ;  as  in  a  sudden  t^right ;  also,  to  creak,  as 
a  diHiror  wheel.     [See  Scbekch.] 

[When  applied  to  things,  wo  use  erfok,  and  when 
to  gen:nn8,  shriek,  both  of  which  are  elegant.] 

SCRtuAK,  H.     A  creaking;  a  screech. 

St'RF:A.M,  r.  i.  [Sax.  rtomian,  hnrman^  or  hreman; 
W.  ysaartnu,  to  set  up  a  scnsam  or  sliout.  It  appears 
from  the  Welsh  that  this  is  also  the  English  .vkinnish, 
Sp.  e^iearamuzar^  which  in  D.  is  sehermut.feJetij  from 
schenn,  a  fence  or  skreen  ;  schcrmrn,  to  fence.  The 
primary  sense  is,  to  thrust,  drive,  or  force  out,  or 
away,  to  separate.    See  Class  Rm,  No.  11.] 

1.  To  cr>*  out  with  a  shrill  \*oice ;  to  utter  a  sud- 
den, sharp  outcry,  as  in  a  fright  or  in  extreme  pain  ; 
to  shriek. 

The  tv*TM  matroot  nEso  a  aertaming  cif.  Dryden. 

Q.  To  utter  a  shrill,  barvb  cry ;  as,  the  screaming 
owl. 

SCRkAM,  n,  A  shriek,  or  sharp,  shrill  cry,  uttered 
suddenly,  as  in  terror  or  in  pain  ;  or  the  shrill  cry  of 
a  fuwl ;  as,  screams  of  horror.  Pope. 

SCReAM'ER,  »i.  a  name  given  to  two  species  of 
Stiuth  .\merican  birds  of  the  genus  Palamedea, 
(Linnieus,)  usually  ranked  with  the  gruUutorial  ur 
wading  birds;  so  called  from  their  loud,  shrill  cry. 

P.  Cyc. 

SCRe.^M'ING,  ppr.  tittering  suddenly  a  sharp,  shrill 
crv  ;  cn-ing  with  a  shrill  voice. 

SCRKAM'ING,n.  The  actof  crying  out  with  a  shriek 
of  terror  or  agony. 

SCREECH,  V.  i.  [Sw.  skrika  ;  Dan.  skriger ;  G. 
schreien ;  W.  ysgre^ian^  from  cregian,  to  creak  ;  Ir. 
sereachaim.  See  Scbeak  and  Shriek,  and  Class  Rg, 
No.  1,4,49,50.] 

1.  To  cry  out  with  a  sharp,  shrill  voice  ;  to  utter  a 
sudden,  shrill  cry,  as  in  terror  or  acute  pain ;  to 
scream  ;  to  shriek.  •  Bacon. 

2.  To  utter  a  sharp  cry,  as  an  owl ;  thence  called 

SCBEECH-OWL. 

SCREECH,  n.    A  sharp,  shrill  crj',  uttered  in  acute 
pain,  QT  in  a  sudden  frighL 
2.  A  harsh,  shrill  cry,  as  of  a  fowl.  Pope, 

SCREECH "        

SCREECH 

agreeable  cry  at  night,  often  considered  ill-boding, 
but  realty  no  more  ominous  of  evil  than  the  nutes  of 
the  nightingale, 

2.  a.     Like  a  screech-owl.  Carlisle. 

SCREED,  n.  In  archiUeture,  a  name  given  to  wooden 
rules  fur  running  moldings;  also,  to  the  extreme 
guides  on  the  maririns  of  walls  and  ceilings  for 
floating  to,  by  the  aid  of  the  rules.  Braade. 

SCREEN,  n.  IFr.  ecran.  This  word  is  evidently  from 
the  root  of  L.  eemo,  eicerno^  Gr.  xptvui,  to  separate, 
to  sift,  to  judge,  to  figtu,  contend,  skirtni.sh  ;  Sp. 
harnero,  a  sieve.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root 
Is,  to  separate,  to  drive  or  force  asunder,  hence  to 
sift,  to  discern,  to  judge,  to  separate,  or  cut  ofl* 
danger.] 

1.  Any  thing  that  separates  or  cuts  off  incon- 
venience, injury,  or  danger  ;  and  hence,  that  which 
shelters  or  protects  from  danger,  or  prevents  incon- 
venience. 

Some  amtiitioiis  men  i^cm  ai  tereens  to  piinces  In  nintt<>n  of 
diinger  and  eavy.  Bacon, 


Wl^a.ppr.    Uttering  a  shrill  or  harsh  cry. 
:I'-OWL,  w.     An  owl  that  utters  a  harsh,  dis- 


SCR 

2.  In  arehitectiire,  a  partition  in  churches,  flee,  car- 
ried up  to  a  certain  hight  fur  separation  und  pro- 
tection ;  as,  an  altar  screen,  &c.  P.  Cyc. 

3.  Something  movable,  used  for  separation,  shel- 
ter, or  concealment,  or  to  exclude  heat,  cold,  or  light. 

Smart. 

4.  A  long,  coarse  riddle  or  sieve,  used  to  sep- 
arate the  coarser  from  the  finer  parts,  as  uf  coal, 
sand.  Sec. 

SCREEN,  V.  L  To  separate  or  cut  off  from  inconve- 
nience, injury, or  danger;  to  shelter,  to  protect ;  to 
protect  by  liiding;  to  conceal;  as,  fruits  scrcenrd 
from  cold  winds  by  a  forest  or  hill.  Our  houses  and 
garments  screen  us  from  cold  ;  an  umbrella  screens 
us  from  rain  and  the  sun's  rays.  Neither  rank  nor 
money  should  screen  frum  punishment  the  ntan  who 
violates  the  laws. 

2.  To  pass  through  a  screen  ;  to  separate  the  coarse 
part  of  any  thing  from  the  fine,  or  the  worthless 
from  the  valuable.  Knrbjn. 

SCRKEN'KD,  pp.  Protected  or  sheltered  from  injury 
or  danger;  siiied. 

SCREEX'ING,  ppr.    Protecting  from  injury  or  danger. 

SCREW,  (skru,)  n.  [D.  schroef;  G.  schraabe;  Dan. 
skruve  ox  skrue :  Sw.  sknif.  The  primary  sense  is, 
probably,  to  turn,  or  rather  to  strain.   Class  Rb.] 

1.  A  cylinder  of  wood  or  metal,  grooved  spirally  ; 
or  a  cylinder  with  a  spiral  channel  or  thread  cut  in 
such  a  manner  that  it  is  equally  inclined  to  the  base  of 
the  cylinder,  throughout  the  whole  length.  A  screw 
is  mule  or  female.  In  the  male  screw,  the  thread 
rises  from  the  surface  of  the  cyhnder ;  In  the  female, 
the  groove  or  channel  is  sunk  below  the  surface  to 
receive  the  thread  of  the  male  screw, 

2.  One  of  the  six  mechanical  powers. 

3.  A  grooved  piece  of  iron,  used  for  fhstening  to- 
getlier  pieces  of  wood  or  metal ;  usually  called  Wood- 
sriiEW.  P.  Cyc. 

SCREW,  (skrO,)  r.  t.  To  turn  or  apply  a  screw  to  ;  to 
press,  fasten,  or  make  firm,  by  a  screw  ;  as,  to  screw 
a  lock  on  a  door;  to  screw  a  press. 

2.  To  force  ;  to  squeeze  :  to  press. 

3.  To  oppress  by  exactions.  Landlords  sometimes 
scrap  and  rack  their  tenants  without  mercy 

4.  To  deform  by  contortions  ;  to  dirilort. 

He  tcrtiDtd  his  lltc«  iiitu  a  tinnleiied  imile.  Dryrltn, 

To  screw  out ;  to  press  out ;  to  extort. 
To  screw  up  ;  to  force ;  to   bring   by  violent  pres- 
sure ;  as,  to  screiD  vp  the  pins  of  power  too  high. 

HomU, 
To  serno  in  ;  to  force  in  by  turning  or  twisting. 

SCREW'/oD,  (skrude,)  p/».  Fastened  with  screws; 
pressed  with  screws  ;  forced. 

SCREW'ER,  n.     He  or  that  whicj^  screws. 

SCREWING,  ppr.  Turning  a  screw ;  fastening  or 
pressing  with  a  screw. 

SCREW'-PINE,  n,  [Malay,  Pawrfan^,  i.e., something 
to  be  regarded,]  The  popular  name  of  the  several 
s{>ecics  of  the  genus  Pandanus,  trees  whicli  grow  in 
the  East  Indies,  the  I^le  of  Bourbon,  Mauritius,  New 
South  Wales,  and  Guinea.  The  trees  have  great 
beauty,  and  some  of  them  an  exquisite  odor;  and 
their  ruots,  leaves,  and  fruit  are  all  found  useful  fur 
various  purposes. 

SCREWS-TREE,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Helictcres, 
of  several  species,  natives  of  warm  climates.  They 
are  evergreen,  shrubby  plants,  with  purple,  brown, 
or  yellow  flowers,  and  capsules  inturted  or  twii^ted 
inward.  Loudon. 

SCRI-BA'TIOUS.a.    Skillful  in  or  fond  of  writing. 

SCRIB'UIiE,  V.  t,  [L.  scribdlo,  dim.  of  scribo,  to 
write,  W.  ysgHoaw.     See  Scribe.] 

1.  To  write  with  haste,  or  without  care  or  regard 
to  correctness  or  elegance  ;  as,  to  scribble  a  letter  or 
pamphlet. 

2.  To  fill  with  artless  or  worthless  writing, 

Mdton. 
SCRIB'BLE,  tr.  I.    To  write  without  care  or  beauty. 

If  Ma:v)ui  scriUile  in  Apollu't  »pite.  Pope. 

SGRin'BLE,  n.  Hasty  or  careless  wrKing  ;  a  writing 
of  little  value  ;  as,  a  hasty  scribble,  Boyle. 

SCRlH'BLKIi,  pp.     Written  hastily  and  without  care. 

SCRIB'BLER,  ti.  A  petty  author;  a  writer  of  no 
reputation. 

The  icribbltr,  pinched  with  hunger,  writes  to  dine,   Grancillt, 

SeRIB'BLING,7t.    Act  ofscribbling  or  Writing  hastily. 

SCRIB'BLING,  ppr  or  a-  Writing  hastily  and  with- 
out care. 

SCRIB'BLING-LY,  adv.     In  a  scribbling  way. 

SCRIBE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  scriba,  from  scribo,  to 
write  i  formed  probably  on  the  root  of  grave,  scrape, 
scrub  !  D.  schrtjven  ;  G.  schreiben  ;  Sw.  skrifca  ;  Dan. 
skriver ;  W.  ysgrivaw,  ysgrivenu,  whence  scrivener; 
It.  serirere ;  Sp.  escribir;  Port,  e^erever;  Fr,  ecrire, 
ecrivant;  Arm,  scrica,  scrifaa;  Gr.  ypatpt-i;  \t.  gra- 
fadh,  to  write,  and  sgriobatn,  sgrabam,  to  scrape,  en- 
grave, or  write  ;  Ross,  skreba,  sgrebayu,  to  scrape, 
scrub,  Hike.  Class  Rb.  The  first  writing  was  prob- 
ably engraving  on  wood  or  stone.] 

1.  In  a  general  se/ise,  a  writer.    Hence, 

2.  A  notarj' ;  a  public  writer. 

3.  In  ecclesiastical  meetings  and  associations  tn  Jimer- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T METE,  PR£Y.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 

992  '  —  ^ 


SCR 

tea,  a  secreiarj-  or  clerk  ;  one  wlio  records  ihe  trans- 
actions of  on  ecclesiastical  body. 

4.  In  Scripture  mid  the  Jtwish  history^  a  clerk  or 
Becrctary  to  the  king.  Seraiah  was  scribt  to  King 
David.    3  Sam.  viii. 

5.  An  officer  who  enrolled  or  kept  the  rolls  of  the 
Array,  and  called  over  the  names  and  reviewed  them. 
^  Ck.  xxvi.     2  Kin^s  xxv. 

6.  A  writer  ana  a  doctor  of  the  law  ;  a  man  of 
learning ;  one  skilled  in  the  law ;  one  who  read  and 
explained  the  law  to  the  people.    Ezra  vii. 

SCKIBK,  r.  L    To  mark  or  fit  by  a  rule  or  compasses; 

111  fit  the  edge  of  a  board,  &c.,  to  another  surface. 
S€RIB'/:D,  pp.     Marked  or  fitted  lo  another  surface. 
S€RIB'lNG,;?/w.    Marking  or  fitting  to  another  surface. 
S€KIB'l\G,  n.     The  fitting  of  the  edge  of  a  board  to 

another  surface.     In  joinenj,  the  fitting  of  one  piece 

to  another,  so  that  their  fibers  may  be  perpendicular 

to  each  other.  Owili. 

S€RI'MKR,  n,     [Fr.  Rscrimeitr.     See  Skiruish.] 

A  fencing-master.     [06*.]  Shak. 

SCRIMP,  r.  L     [Sw.  akrumprn^  shriveled  ;  D.  krimpcn^ 

to  shrink,  crimp,  shriv*"!  j  G.  schrumpfen  ;  W.  crimpiaw. 

In  pinch.] 
To  contract ;  to  shorten  j   to  make  too  small  or 

sliort ;  to  limit  or  straiten  j  as,  to  scrimp  the  pattern 

of  »  coat.  AVto  KiJi^land. 

[P'ariou3  dialects  in  England.]  HaUiiceU. 

SCRIMP,  a.     Short ;  scanty. 

SCRIMP,  n.    A  pinching  miser;  a  niggard  ;  a  close- 
fisted  person.  AVw  EngUtnd. 
SCRIMP'ING-LY,  ada.     In  a  scrimping  or  scanty 

manner. 
SCKIXE,  iu      [L.  scrinium;   Norm,  escrin;   probably 

Uvlii  L.  cemOy  secerno.] 
A  shrine ;  a  chest,  book-case,  or  other  place,  where 

writings  or  curiosities  are  deposited.     [See  Shrike, 

which  is  generally  used.]  Speiurr. 

SCRINGE,  c.  i.    To  cringe,  of  which  this  word  is  a 

comiptioa. 
SCRIP,  n.     [W.  ys^rab,  ysgrepan,  something  puckered 

or  drawn  together,  a  wallet,  a  scrip;  Sw.  6kr<^pa. 

This  belongs  to  the  root  of  ffripr,  our  vulgar  grab, 

tliat  is,  to  seize  or  press.] 

.\,small  bag  ;  a  wallet ;  a  satchel.     David  put  five 

smooth  stones  in  a  scrip,     1  Sara.  xviL     Matti  x. 
SCRIP,  1.    [L.  scriplum,  scriplio,  from  seribo,  to  write.] 
A  small  writing,  certificate,  or  schedule;  a  piece 

of  pai>er  containing  a  writing. 

BilU  of  oxchnn^  can  not  pnr  oitr  debts  kbroad,  till  ktipm  of 
piper  can  be  miule  curi«DC  cotQ.  Liockt. 

A  certificate  of  stock  subscribed  to  a  bank  or  other 
company,  or  of  a  sliare  of  otlier  joint  property,  is 
call-d  in  America  a  scrip. 

SCRIP'PAGE.  Tu  That  which  is  contained  in  a  scrip. 
[J^ot  in  use.\  Diet. 

SCRIPT,  n.     A  scrip.     [JVot  in  use.]  Chaucer. 

2.  Among  prijiters,  a  kind  of  type  made  in  imita- 
tion of  hand-writing.  P.  Cyc, 

SCRIP'TO-RY,  a.     [L.  acriptoriua.    See  ScRtBE.] 
F!((>re8-ed  in  writing;  not  verbal.     [Little  usfd.] 

SCRIP'TUR-AL,  a,  [from  Scripture]  Contained  in 
the  Scriptures,  so  called  by  way  of  eminence,  thai  is, 
in  the  Bible  ;  as,  a  scriptural  word,  expression,  or 
phrase. 

2.  According  to  the  Scriptures  or  sacred  oracles ; 
as,  a  scriptural  doctrine. 

SCRlP'TlvR-AIv-IST,  »i.  One  who  adheres  literally 
to  the  Scriptures,  and  makes  lliem  the  foundation  of 
all  phllosophv. 

SCRIP'T1;R-/L-LY,  adv.    In  a  scriptural  manner. 

SCKIP'TCRE,  (skript'yur,)  n.  [L.  scn>(ura,  from 
acrtbo.  to  write.] 

1.  In  its  primary  «nue,  a  writing;  any  thing  writ- 
ten. .     .      R'il's'^ 

2.  Jipprfpriaiely^  and  by  iray  of  distinction,  the  btKiks 
of  the  Old  and  New  Tertainent  ■.  the  Bible.  Tho 
word  is  used  either  in  the  singular  or  plural  number 
to  denote  the  sacred  writings,  or  divine  oracles,  called 
taered  or  koly,  as  proceeding  from  God,  and  contain- 
ing sacred  doctrines  and  precepts. 

Tbctv  U  not  »ny  »ciion  that  k  nun  ougtat  (o  do  or  fortontr,  hut 
Uk  Scriplurt  wdl  pv«  Uim  k  cle«r  pivoept  or  prohtUtion 
for  h.  South. 

Comp«r-4l  wilh  thi^  kno«lcd£;e  which  lli«  Scripturet  conuiin, 
KTery  otter  •ufajeci  of  bonwa  inquiry  k  Tanitj  «nrl  etri;iil- 
nrM,  Buckmin*l»r. 

SCRIP'TIJR-IST,  n.    One  well  versed  in  the  Pcrip- 

Infrj).  JVciecomhe. 

BCRIVE'NER,  ("kriv'ner,)  n.  [W.  yMgrivenwr^from 
vM^ivmu^  to  write,  It.  aericano ;  Fr.  ecrivain.  See 
ScBinE.] 

1,  A  writer ;  one  whose  occupation  ia  to  draw  con- 
tracts or  other  writings.  Enryc. 

a.  One  whose  business  ia  to  place  money  at  inter- 
e«l,  Dryden. 

SCRO-BIC'U-I.ATE,      )  „      r,    -,-ofti,^i„  i 
SCKO-BIC'U-LA-TED,  I  **•     ^^-  «™*"='*''"-J 

Pitted  ;    having  numerous  small,  shallow  depres- 
sions or  hollows.  Lindley. 
SCROF'II-LA,  n.    [L.    In  G.  fcrop/is  crop,  craw,  and 
scrofnhL.    In  D.  it  is  kropzeer,  neck-sore.] 

A  disease  capable  of  afllficting  various  partu,  but 
which,  when  seated  in  glands,  is  manifested  by  in- 


SCR 

dolent  enlargement,  sometimes  suppurating  imper- 
fectly or  ulcerating;    nicer  healing  with   difficulty. 
It  is   more   properly  called   Struma.    The  popular 
name,  Kiso's-Evil,  is  applied  lo  this  disease  only 
when  it  is  seated  in  glands. 
SCROF'lI-LOLTS,  a.   Pertaining  to  scroflila,  or  partak- 
ing of  its  nature  ;  as,  scrofidoua  tumors  ;  a  serojulous 
habit  of  body. 
2.  Diseased  or  affected  with  scrofula. 
Scrofulous  peraotki  can  nc»er  bo  duly  nourished,     Arbuthnot. 

SCROF't^-LOUS-LY,  adr.    In  a  pcroftilous  manner. 
SCROG,  n.     A  stunted  shrub,  bush,  or  branch. 
SCROLI',  ».     [Probably  formed  from  roll^  or  its  root) 
Fr.  ecroue,  a  contracted  word,  whence  escrow.] 

1.  A  roll  of  paper  or  parchment;  or  a  writing 
formed  into  a  roll. 

Htp  is  tho  terott  of  every  man's  nnme.  ShaJc. 

The  ht-ateiiB  ikill  be  rolled  together  m  «  »croll.  —  1».  xxxiv. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  name  given  lo  convolved  or 
spiral  ornaments  variously  introduced  ;  also,  to  the 
volutes  of  the  Ionic  and  Corinthian  capital.     Qwilt. 

3.  A  rounded  mark  added  to  a  person's  name,  in 
signing  a  pajier.  On  some  estates  it  has  the  etTect  of 
a  seal,  though  not  generally.  Boucier. 

SCRO'TI-FORM,  a.     [h.  scrotum.] 
Purse-shaped. 

SCRO'TO-CELE,  n.  A  rupture  or  hernia  in  the  scrotum. 

SCRO'TUM,  rt.  [L]  The  bag  which  contains  the 
testicles. 

SCROYLE,  n.  [In  Fr.  ecroucHe^,  the  king's  evil;  or 
D.  schraal,  thin,  lean,  meager.] 

A  mean  fellow  ;  a  wretch.     [JVo(  in  use.]     Shak. 

SCRUB,  V.  L  [Sw.  akruhba,  to  scrub,  lo  rebuke  ;  Dan. 
skrabber;  D.  schrobben;  G.  sckrubben.  This  word  is 
probably  fonned  on  rub,  or  its  root,  and  perhaps 
scrape,  L.  seribo,  may  be  from  the  same  radix ;  Ir. 
acriobam.  ] 

To  rub  hard,  either  with  the  hand  or  with  a  cloth 
or  an  instrument ;  usually,  to  rub  hard  with  a  brush, 
or  with  something  coarse  or  rough,  for  the  purpose 
of  cleaning,  scouring,  or  making  bright ;  as,  to  scrub 
a  floor  ;  to  scrub  a  deck  ;  to  scrub  vessels  of  brass  or 
other  metal. 

SCRUB,  r.  i.  To  be  diligent  and  penurious;  as,  to 
scrub  hard  for  a  living. 

SCRUB,  N.  A  mean  fellow  ;  one  that  labors  hard  and 
lives  meanly. 

2.  Something  small  and  mean. 

No  Utile  tcrub  Joint  ahull  come  on  my  boiud.  Swift. 

3.  A  worn-out  brush.  Ainstcorth. 
SCRUB'-RACE,  n.     A  race  between  low  and  con- 
temptible animals,  got  up  for  amusement. 

SCRUB'Ufrn,  (skrubd,)  pp.     Rubbed  hard. 

.SCRUB'BED,  (  a.  Small  and  mean;  stimted  in  growth  ; 

SCRUB'BY,  i  as,  a  scrubbed  boy  ;  a  scrubby  cur ;  a 
scrubby  tree.  SkaJc     Swift. 

SCRUB'^BING,  pjn:     Rubbing  hard. 

SCRTJF,  for  Sct;Rr,  is  not  in  use. 
;  SCltO'PLE,  7u  [Fr.  scrupule,  from  L.  scrupulua,  a 
doubt;  acrupulum,  the  third  pari  of  a  dram,  from 
acrupus,  a  chessman  ;  probably,  a  piece,  a  small 
thing,  from  scraping,  like  scrap.  Scrvpulus  was,  pri- 
marily, a  little  rtone  or  piece  of  gravtjl  ;  and  as  one 
of  «uch  in  a  shoo  hurts  the  f(«>tj  it  is  supposed  that 
this,  like  a  short  stop  or  fiinching,  gave  rise  to  the 
sense  of  doubting,  which  gives  pain.     Enaje.] 

1.  Doubt ;  hesitation  from  the  difficulty  of  deter- 
mining what  is  right  or  ex[M.-dient;  backwardness; 
reluctance  to  decide  or  to  acL  A  man  of  fashionable 
honor  makes  no  aeruyle  to  take  another's  life,  or  ex- 
pose his  own.  lie  has  no  scruples  of  conscience,  or 
he  despises  them. 

3.  A  weight  of  twenty  grains,  the  third  part  of  a 
dram. 

3.  ProvertHalhj,  a  very  small  quantity. 

4,  In  Ea.ttrrn  chronology,  the  one  ttiousand  and 
eightieth  part  of  an  hour  ;  a  division  of  time  used 
by  the  Chaldeans,  Jewn,  Arabs,  &c.  llutton. 

Scruple  of  half  durtuiaa  ;  an  arc  of  the  moon's  or- 
bit, which  the  mrton's  center  describes  from  the  be- 
ginning of  an  eclipse  to  the  middle.     [Rare] 

Scruples  rf  immrr/iion,  or  incidence;  an  arc  of  the 
moon's  orbit,  which  her  center  describes  from  the 
beginning  of  the  eclipse  to  the  time  v^heu  its  center 
falls  into  the  shadow.     [Rare.] 

Scruples  of  emersioni  an  arc  of  the  moon's  orbit, 
which  her  center  de«cril)es  in  the  time  from  the  first 
emersion  of  the  moon's  limb  lo  the  end  of  the  eclipse. 
[  Rare-.]  JluUon. 

SCRO'PLE,  e.  t    To  doubt ;  to  hesitate. 

He  terupUd  not  to  cat, 
JlgTvliiM  Ikia  brUt-r  kiwwlod^rr.  Milton. 

BCRO'PLE,  tj.  (.  To  doubt;  lo  hesitate  to  believe  ;  to 
question  ;  as,  to  scruple  the  truth  or  accuracy  of  an 
account  or  calculation. 

SCRO'PLKl),  pp.     Doubted  ;  qnestioned. 

SCRO'PLKR,  iu     A  doubter;  one  who  hesitates. 

SCRO'PLING,  ppr.  Doubting;  hesitating;  question- 
ing. 

SCRO'PU-MZE,  (skrup'yu-lize,)  o.  t.  To  perplex  wilh 
srniifles  of  conscience, 

SCRU-PU-LOS'l-'l'Y,  n.     [I*,  scmpulositas.] 


scu 

1.  The  quality  or  stale  of  being  scrupulous  ;  doubt . 
doubtfulness  respecting  some  difficult  point,  or  pro- 
ceeding from  the  difficulty  or  delicacy  of  determin- 
ing how  to  act;  hence,  the  caution  or  tenderness 
arising  from  the  fear  of  doing  wrong  or  offending. 

The  firet  sacril''ge  la  looked  upon  with  «oiii*  horror ;  but  when 
tiv-y  luve  once  made  Uie  breocli,  Uieir  $cruputo»itij  soon 
retires.  Utcay  of  Piety. 

2.  Nicety  of  doubt;  or  nice  regard  to  exactness 
and  propriety. 

Su  Cdreftil,  even  to  tcrupuloaily,  were  tlicy  lo  keep  Ibeir  Sab- 
bath. Houth. 

3.  Niceness  ;  preciseness.  Johnson. 
SCRO'PU-LOUS,  a.     [h.  scrupuloaus;  Fr.  scrupuicux.] 

X.  Nicely  doubtful  ;  hesitating  to  determine  or  to 
act ;  cautious  in  decision  from  a  fear  of  offending  or 
doing  wrong.  Be  careful,  in  moral  conduct,  not  lo 
offend  scrupulous  brethren. 

3.  Given  to  making  objections  ;  captious. 

Eqiinliiy  of  two  domeitic  puwer* 

Breeds  tcrupuloua  f-iciiou.  Shaic. 

3.  Nice;  doubtful. 

The  Justice  of  ihat  cntiac  ought  to  he  c?ident;  nut  obscure,  nut 
tcrupuiout.     [Nutin  u*e.\  Bacon. 

4.  Careful;  cautious;  exact  in  regarding  facta. 

fyoodward, 

5.  Nice ;  exact ;  as,  a  scrupulous  abstinence  from 
labor.  Paley. 

SCRu'PU-LOUS-LY,  adv.  With  a  nice  regard  to 
minute  particulars  or  to  exact  propriety. 

The  duty  consists  not  ecrupuloutly  tn  minutea  and  half  houn. 

Taylor. 
Henry  wns  aerupuloutly  careful  not  to  ucribe  the  s^icc^ts  lo 
himself.  Additon. 

SCRO'PU-LOUS-NESS,  n.     The  state  or  quality  of 

being  scrupulous  ;  niceness,  exactness,  or  cautien  in 
determining  or  in  acting,  from  a  regard  to  truth,  pro- 
prietv,  or  expedience. 

SCRO'TA-BLE,  a.  [See  Scrutint.]  Discoverable 
by  inquiry  or  critical  examination.    Decay  of  Piety. 

SCRU-TA'I'ION,  n.     Search  ;  scrulinv.     [JVot  used.] 

SCRU-Ta'TOR,  n.     [L.,  from  serutor.) 

One  that  scrutinizes  ;  aclose  examiner  or  inquirer. 
[LitUe  u.-.-ed.]  Ayliffe. 

SCRU-TI-NEER',  n.     One  who  scrutinizes. 

SCRO'TI-NTZE,  c.  f.  [from  scrutiny.]  To  search 
closely  ;  to  examine  or  inquire  into  critically  ;  as,  to 
scrutinize  the  measures  of  administration  ;  to  scruti- 
nize the  private  conduct  or  motives  of  individuals. 

SCRC'TI-NTZ-f:D,  pp.     Examined  closely. 

SCRO'TI-NIZ-ER,  n.  One  who  examines  with  criti- 
cal care. 

SCRC'TI-MZ-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Inquiring  into  with 
critical  minuteness  or  exactness  ;  searciiing  closely. 

SCRO'TI-NOUS,  a.  Closely  inquiring  or  examining  ; 
captious.  Dcnham. 

SCRO'TI-NY,  TT.  [Fr.  scrutin;  It.  scrutinio :  Sp.  es- 
crut-inio ;  Low  L.  scrutinium,  from  serutor,  to  search 
closely,  lo  pry  into;  Sax.  scrudnian;  Ir.  scrndajn.] 

1.  Close  search;  minute  inquiry;  critical  exami- 
nation ;  as,  a  scrutiny  of  votes  ;  narrower  scrutiny. 
In  the  heat  of  debate,  observations  may  escape  a 
pnidenl  man,  which  will  not  bear  the  lest  oi  scrunny, 
9.  In  the  primitive  church,  an  examination  of  cate- 
chimicns  in  the  Inst  week  of  Lent,  who  were  to  re- 
ceive bajitism  on  Easter-day.  This  was  performed 
wilh  prayers,  e.vorcisms,  and  many  other  ceremonies. 

En  rye. 

3,  In  tJte  canon  law,  a  ticket  or  Utile  paper  billet  on 
which  a  vote  is  written.  Encyc. 

4.  In  parliamentary  langiiatfe,  an  examination  of 
the  votes  given  at  an  election  by  a  committee  for  the 
purpose  of  correcting  the  p<)ll.  Braude. 

PCRu'Tl-NY,  f.  (.    The  same  as  Scrutinize.  [Obs.] 

SCRU-TOIR',  (akru-lwor',)  n.  [Fr.  eentoire,  from 
ecrire,  to  write.     Sec  Scribe.] 

A  kind  of  desk,  case  nf  drawers,  or  cabinet,  with 
a  lid  opening  downward  for  the  convenience  of 
writing  on  "it.  Prior. 

SCRC'ZE,  r.  (.  To  crowd  ;  to  squeeze.  [.4  low  word, 
of  heal  use..]  Spenser. 

SCUD,  V.  i.  [This  is  shoot,  or  from  the  same  root; 
Dan.  skydcr,  to  shoot ;  skvd,  a  shot ;  Sw.  skmUla,  to 
thr<»w  or  pour  out ;  Sax.  sceotan,  to  shoot,  to  flee  or 
haste  away  ;  \V.  ysgwdu,  to  push  or  thrust .  ysgudnw, 
yssuthaw,  to  whisk,  to  scud,  to  whirl  about.  See 
Shoot.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  be  driven  or  lo  flee  or  fly 
with  haste.  In  seameti's  language,  to  be  driven  with 
precipitation  before  a  tenipist.  This  ia  done  wilh 
just  sufficient  sail  to  keep  the  vessel  abend  of  the 
sea,  or  when  the  wind  is  too  violent,  without  any 
sail  set,  which  is  called  scudding  under  bare  poles. 

Toitr.n. 

9.  To  run  with  precipitation  ;  to  fly.        J>ryden. 

SCUD,  V.  f.     To  paKS  over  quickly.  Sficnstone. 

SCUD,  71.      The   seamen's   name    for    loose,   vapoi^ 

clouds  driven  swiftly  by  the  wind.  Brawlc. 

2.  A  driving  along  ;  a  rushing  with  precipiUition. 

Guy. 
seUD^DING,  ppr.    Driving  or  being  driven  before  a 

tempest ;  running  wilh  floetness. 
BCUD'DLE,  o.  i.    To  run  with  a  kind  of  affected 


TONE,  BJJLl  ,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOU8 €  asK;  OasJ;  «asZ;  Cllaa  3H ;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 

125  ~  OOT 


scu 


baste ;    commonly 

■  rd.] 


pronounced    scuttle,      {A    Uhb 


SeCTD'O^  (skooMoO  «. ;  pU  Scroi,  (skoo'dw,)  [It.] 
An  Italian  silver  coin  niid  monoy  of  nccouiiL  The 
Bcudo  of  Rome  is  worth  4a.  4d.  sterling,  or  one  dollar. 

P.  Cyc. 

SeUF'FLE,  (skuf  n,)  iu  [This  is  b  different  orlhogra- 
pliy  of  Shi'fflk  ;  fromMo",  or  its  root ;  Sw.  sk^ft  a 
push;  skuffu,  to  push,  thrust,  shove;  Dan.  «fciU?^,  a 
drawer,  a  scoop,  n  shovel i  skufh-^  to  *Ah/B«,  to  cheat; 
D.  schuircn^  to  shove,  push,  or  draw  ;  G.  scktebcH.] 

1.  A  contention  or  trial  of  strength  between  two 
persons,  who  enibmce  each  other's  bodies  ;  a  struggle 
with  closf  embrace,  to  decide  which  shall  throw  the 
other;  in  distinction  from  Wrestling,  which  is  a 
trial  of  strength  and  dexterity  at  anus  length. 
Among  our  common  |»eople,  it  is  not  unusual  for  two 
persons  lo  commence  a  content  by  wrt-s^tling,  and  at 
taal  etose  iii,  as  it  is  called,  and  decide  the  contest  by 

S.  A  confused  contest ;  a  tumultuous  struggle  for 
victory  or  superiority  ;  a  (ighu 

n*  dof  kafa  upoti  tbr  •r-rprnt  Mod  lean  U  to  pircN ;  but  In  the 
tenfitf  Ibe  cra>lltr  hnrpennl  to  he  OTrnurnrd.    L'Estratigt. 

S€UF'FLE,  p,  i.  To  strive  or  struggle  with  close  em- 
brace, as  two  men  or  boy«. 

a.  To  strive  or  couicud  tumultuously,  as  small 
parties. 

A  (xUant  man  pn-fon  to  Rgitt  to  grmt  dindTantagt*  in  the  fi«kl, 
faiui  onlerljrway,  ntberttwntoMnt/fIc     *" 


s  III  uic  I  Km, 
uitdMcipliaed 
K.  C/iatU: 


S€UF'FLER,  n.    One  who  scuffles. 

S.  An  agricultural  implement  resembling  the  scari- 
6er,  but  usually  lighter.  Farm,  Encyc, 

SeUF'FUNO,  pirr.  Striving  for  superiority  with 
close  embrace  ^  struggling  or  contending  without 
or^er. 

S€UG,  r.  U    [Dan.  dcys^er,  to  shade  ;  Sw.  Auggu,  a 
shade.] 
To  hide.     [iMcal.)  Cfrose, 

SCULK,  V.  t.  [See  Skulk.]  To  retire  into  a  close  or 
covered  place  for  concealment ;  to  Itirk  ;  to  lie  close 
from  shame,  fear  of  injur>*,  of  detectiun. 

SeULK'ER,  ft.  A  Inrker;  one  tliat  lies  dose  for 
hiding.     [See  Skclkeb.] 

SCULK'IXiB,  pfr,  VVithdrnwing  into  a  close  or  cov- 
ered idace  fur  concealment ;  lyinc  close. 

SeULL,  a.    The  brain-pan.    [See  ?kl-u_] 
S.  A  boat ;  a  cock-boaU    [See  Scitller.] 

3.  One  who  scttlls  a  boat    But  properly, 

4.  Ab  oar,aD  short  that  one  man  can  work  a  pair : 
vfusfly.  an  oar  placed  over  the  stem  of  a  btat,  and 
workea  fhun  side  to  side.  Brmmde. 

5.  A  shoal  or  multitude  of  fish.  [Sax.  Mtole.] 
[Alrf  ta  use.] 

SeULL,  V.  L  To  impel  a  boat  by  moving  and  turning 
an  oar  over  the  stem.  Tott^n, 

FeULL'-€.A.P.    See  Skull-Caf. 

S€ULL'£D,  (skuld,)  pp.  Impelled  by  turning  an  oar 
over  the  stem. 

SCULL'ER,  a.  A  boat  rowed  by  one  man  with  two 
sculls  or  short  oars. 

2.  One  that  sculls,  or  rows  with  sculls ;  one  that 
impels  a  boat  by  an  oar  over  the  stern. 

S€ULL'ER-Y,  n.  [Probably  from  the  root  of  nheUy 
scale f  Fr.  ecusUe  ;  ScAU^^k/,  skotl,  a  bowl ;  Dan.  gkaal, 
a  drinking-cnp  ;  skal^  a  sMt^  skull ;  G.  scAaU,  scale  i 
a  «A<U,  a  dish,  or  cup ;  D.  gchally  schiL  Sk*UiM  and 
sJbsUt  were  the  cups,  bowls,  and  dishes  of  rude 
men.] 

A  place  where  dishes,  kettles,  and  other  culinary 
utensils  are  kept. 

SCL'LL'ING,  ppr.    Impelling  a  boat  by  an  oar. 

SeULL'ION,  (skul'yun,)  a.  [Jr.  sqmUe,  from  Uie  root 
of  the  preceding.] 

A  servant  that  cleans  pots  and  kettles,  and  does 
other  menial  serrices  in  the  kitchen. 

gCL'LL'IO\-LV,  a.  Lake  a  scullion;  base;  low; 
mean.     [.Vol  lueii.] 

SeUU*.  V.  U     [L.  seuIjOy   sadpo.    Qu,   Gr.   >Xti0u; 
root  *hi.  Class  Lb,  No  37  ;  or  gaUj  L,  co/eiu,  Class 
Gl,  No.  8.] 
To  carve  ;  to  eneraie.    [AoC  m  use.]        Saitdifs. 

eeCLP'TlLE,  (-til,)  a.     [L.  tealptUis.] 

Formed  by  carving ;  as,  sevIptiU  images.  BntwH, 

SCULP'TOR,  «.  [L.  See  Sculp.]  One  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  carve  wood  or  stone  into  images  ;  a 
carver.  Eneye. 

SeULPTl^R-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  sculpture  or  en- 
graving. 

SeULP'TtCRE,  (skulpt'yur,)  a.     [Fr. ;  L.  scutptitra,] 

1.  The  art  of  carving,  cutting,  or  hewing  wood  or 
atone  into  images  of  men,  beasts,  or  other  things  ; 
applied  particularly  to  carving  images  or  statues  in 

2.  Carved  work.  [stone. 
Thnv,  tM,  in  lirin;  wotipt^r*,  mlj^i  to  Men 

The  iiuMlallKiicmaribeC'rrtAnqueea.  Dryden, 

3.  The  art  of  engraving  on  copper. 
SeULP'TURE,  V.  L    To  car^e  ;  lo  engrave  ;  to  form 

images  or  figures  with  the  chisel  on  wood,  stone,  or 
metal. 
SCULP'TUR-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Carved  ;  engraved ;  as,  a 
sculptured  vase  ;  sculptured  marble. 


scu 

SCULP'TtJH-ING,  WW.     Carving;  engraving. 
SCU.M,  n.     [Fr.  ecume;   It.  schiuma;   Sw.   and  Dan. 
skum;  M.schuim;  G.  schaum.] 

1.  The  extraneous  mutter  or  inijHirities  which  rise 
to  the  surface  of  liquors  in  boiling  or  fermentation, 
or  which  form  on  thti  surface  by  other  moans.  1'he 
word  is  also  applied  to  the  scoria  of  metals.  Eneye. 

Q.  The  refuse  ;  the  recrement ;  tliat  which  is  vile 
or  wortiiless. 

The  grvAt  Kitd  the  iiiaoMnl  arc  iruutled  oy  the  teum  nnil  n>fuM 
of  iha  people.  AdilUon. 

SCUM,  V.  L  To  take  the  scum  from  ;  to  clear  off  the 
impure  matter  from  the  surface  ;  to  skim. 

Yoti  tliat  icum  the  motlen  had.  Drydsn, 

SeUM'BER,  n.    The  dung  of  the  foi.      Jlinsv>orth. 

seUM'ULE,  r.  e.  In  oil  paintin^^  thinly  Ui  spread  or 
rub  o|>aquo  or  semi-oiiaque  colors  over  other  colors, 
to  modify  the  effect.  Joecltin. 

SCUM'BLING,  n.  In  oil  painting^Wxe  act  of  thinly 
spreadini*  or  rubbing  opaque  or  setui-opaque  colors 
over  other  colors,  lo  modify  tlm  effect;  also  the 
colors  thus  spread  over  others.  Jite^lyn. 

SCUM'M^;U,  ;>p.    Cleared  of  scum  ;  skimmed. 

S€  V  M '  .M  E  R,  n.     [  Fr.  eeumoire.  1 

An  in.'itrument  used  for  taking  off  the  scum  of 
liquors ;  a  skimmer. 

SCIJ.M'.MING,  ppr.     Clearing  of  scum  ;  skimming. 

SeCM'MLNGS,  It.  pL  The  matter  skimmed  from 
boiling  liquors ;  as,  the  scummings  of  the  boiling- 
house.  JEiitfantr,  IVest  Indies, 

SeUP'PER,  «.  [Sp.  escupivj  to  spit,  to  eject,  to  dis- 
cliarge.] 

The  scuppers  or  scupper-holes  of  a  ship  are  chan- 
nels cut  through  the  water-ways  and  sides  of  a  ship 
at  proper  distances,  for  carrying  off  the  water  from 
the  deck.  Totten. 

SeUP'PER-IIOSE,  n.  A  pipe  of  leather,  canvas,  &c., 
attached  to  the  mouth  of  the  scup{>ers,  on  the  outside 
of  a  vessel,  lo  prevent  the  water  from  entering. 

7\itten. 

SCUP'PER-N.^IL,ii.  A  nail  with  a  very  broad  head, 
for  covering  a  large  surface  of  the  hose. 

Mitr.  Diet. 

S€UP'PER-FLUO,  a.    A  plug  to  stop  a  scupper. 

ToUen. 

SCURF,  a.  [Sax.  seurfi  G.  seJutrf:  D.  sehur/l;  Dan. 
skurv  i  Sw.  skorf;  Ice.  ^car/a  ;  L.  scorbutus.  In  D. 
schfurtn  is  to  rend  or  crack,  and  seheurbuik  is  scurvy, 
Dan.  skOfrbugy  f^om  skStry  brittle.  In  Ir.  gearbh  is 
rough.     It  is  named  from  breaking  or  roughness.] 

1.  A  dry,  miliary  scab  or  mealy  crust  formed  on 
the  skin  of  an  animal. 

2.  The  soil  or  foul  remains  of  any  thing  adherent ; 
as,  the  scurf  o(  crimes.    [AVt  common  nor  elegant.] 

Drydeiu 

3.  Any  thing  adhering  to  the  surface. 

Tit-yre  stood  %  bill,  whoae  grialjr  top 

Sbifiic  with  k  giow7  »cvr/.  MUlon. 

SCURF'I-NEiSS,  n.    The  state  of  being  scurfy. 
SeURF'Y,  o.    Having  scurf;  covered  with  scurf. 

3.  Resembling  scurf. 
SCUR'RILE,  (skur'ri!,)  a.     [L.  scurrilis,  from  *curro, 
a  bufftMin  ;  G.  scheren,  D.  scheercn,  to  jeer.] 

Such  as  befits  a  buffoon  or  vulgar  jester;  low; 
mean  ;  grossly  opprobrious  in  language  ;  scurrilous  ; 
as,  scurriU  jests  ;  scurrUe  scotling  ;  seurrile  taunts. 
Skak.     Dry  den. 
SeUR-RIL'I-TY,  n.     [L.  scurrilitas  ;  Fr.  scurrtlile.] 
Such  low.  vulgar,  indecent,  or  abusive  language 
as  is  used  by  mean  fellows,  buffoons,  jesters,  and 
the  like ;   grossnees  of  reproach  or  invective ;  ob- 
scene jests,  &.C. 

Baniib  acurriHt}/  kdcI  proEineneu.  Drydsn. 

SeUR'RIL-OUS,  a.  Using  the  low  and  indecent  lan- 
guage of  the  meaner  sort  of  people,  6r  such  as  only 
the  license  of  buffoons  can  warrant ;  as,  a  scurrilous 
fellow. 

2.  Containing  low  indecency  or  abuse ;  mean ; 
foul ;  vile  ;  obscenely  jocular ;  as,  scurrUous  lan- 
guage. 

S€UR'RIL-OUS-LY,  adv.  With  gross  reproach ; 
with  low,  indecent  language. 

It  i*  bnrtiaroua  incivility,  tcurriiotuiy  to  iport  with  whnt  othen 
count  reli^oii.  T^UotfOn. 

SCUR'RIL-OUS-NESS,  n.    Indecency  of  language; 

vulgarity  ;  baseness  of  manners. 
SeUR'VI-LY,  adv.     [from  scurry,]     Basely ;  meanly ; 

with  coarse  and  vulgar  incivility. 

The  clergy  were  never  more  learned,  or  to  leurvUy  trepted. 

SeUR'VI-NESS,  n.  [from  scurvy.]  The  state  of  be- 
ing scurvy. 

SeUR' VY,  n.  [from  scurf;  scurvy  for  scurfy ;  Low  L. 
scorbutus.] 

A  disease  characterized  by  livid  spots  of  various 
sizes,  sometimes  minute  and  sometimes  large,  and 
occasioned  by  extravasation  of  blood  under  the  cuti- 
cle, paleness,  languor,  lassitude,  and  depression  of 
spirits,  general  exhaustion,  pains  in  the  limbs,  occa- 
sionally with  fetid  breath,  spongy  and  bleeding 
gums,  and  bleeding  from  altnost  all  the  mucous 
membranes.     It  is  occasioned  by  confinement,  innu- 


SCY 

Iritinus  fbod,  and  Imrd  labor,  in  conjunction,  but 
more  es()eciatly  by  confinement,  for  a  long  period  of 
time,  to  a  limited  range  of  fimd,  which  is  ineapuble 
of  supplying  the  elements  necessary  to  repair  the 
waste  of  the  sysloui.  'J'liis  disease  has  been  called 
purpura  by  some  nosologists,  but  by  Good  it  is  mure 
appropriately  styled  poj-phyra. 
BCUK'VY,  a.  Scurfy;  cuvepd  or  affected  by  scurf 
or  scabs  ;  scabby  ;  di>seased  with  scurvy,    Leviticus. 

3.  Vile;   mean;    low;   vulgar;    worthless;    con- 
temptible ;  as,  a  scuroy  fellow. 


lie  Bpotce  tcurvy  nnd  provoking  ti 
That  MCUTVy  cukluin  ol  tnklng  luU 


Shak, 
SieifU 


SCUR'VY-GRXS.'',  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Cochle- 
aria;  alsocallcd  Spuonwort.  It  grows  on  rocks  near 
the  sen,  h:is  an  acrid,  hitter  taste,  and  has  its  name 
frtim  having  been  uf\en  used  as  a  remedy  for  tlic 
scurvy.     It  was  formerly  eaten  raw  as  a  salad. 

Partington.     Loudon. 

'SCOS'ES,  for  Etcusks.  Shak. 

SCUT,  n,  [Ice.  skotti  W.  net,  a  tail  or  rump ;  cicta, 
short.] 

The  tail  of  a  hare  or  other  animal  whose  tail  is 
short.  Brown.     Swift, 

SeO'TAfiE,  n.  [Law  L.  scatagiumy  from  acutum^  a 
shield.] 

In  English  hi-itory,  a  tax  or  contribution  levied 
upon  those  who  held  lands  by  knight  service  ;  origi- 
wo/iy,  a  composition  for  personal  service  which  tlie 
tenant  owed  to  his  lord,  but  afterward  levied  as  an 
assessment.  Blackstotie. 

SCO'TATE,  a.     [L,  scutum,  a  buckler.] 

1.  In  botany^  having  the  form  of  an  ancient  round 
buckler.  Loudon, 

2.  In  ziAilogyy  protected  by  large  scales,  as  a  sur- 
face. Brandt. 

SCUTCH,  r.t.    [Same  as  Scotch,  to  cut  sliehlly,]    To 

beat  or  whip  slightly.  /laUiwell. 

SCUTCH,  V.  t.     In  Pennsylvania,  to  dross  flax  with  a 

scutching  knife,  In  New  England  called  a  Swi.tuLE 

or  Swingling  KNtrE. 
SeUTCH'EON,  a  contraction  of  Escutcheon,  which 

see. 

The  ornamental  bit  of  brass  plate  pt?rforated  with 

a  kef-hole,  und  placed  over  the  key-hute  of  a  piece 

of  furniture. 
SCOTE,  n,     [L.  scufum,  a  buckler.] 

1.  A  small  shield.     [JVot  used.]  Skelton. 

2.  A  French  gold  coin  of  Ss.  4d.  sterling.  [JVot 
used.]  Eneye. 

SCO'TEL-LX-TED,  a.      [L.  scuUlla,  a   dish.     See 

Scuttle.] 
Formeolikea  pan;  divided  into  smalt  surfaces; 

as,  the  acutellated  bone  of  a  sturgeon.      Woodward. 
SCU-TI-BRANCH'I-ATE,  a.      A  term   applied   to  a 

molluscous  animal  covered  by  a  shell,  in  the  manner 

of  a  shield. 
SeO'TI-FORM,  a.     [L.  scutum,  a  buckler,  and  form.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  buckler  or  shield. 
SeO'TI-I'ED,  7t.     [L.  MMtuni  and  pes.] 

One  of  a  family  of  birds  which  have  the  anterior 

part  of  the  legs  covered  with  segments  of  horny 

rings,  terminating  on  each  side  in  a  groove.   Brande. 
SCUTTLE,  n.     [L.   scutella,  a  pan   or  saucer;    W. 

ysgudeil :  Sax.  seutely  scuttel,  a  dish.] 

A  broad,  shallow  basket;  so  called  from  its  resem- 
blance to  a  dish. 
SeUT'TLE,  71,      [Fr.   ecoutille ;   Arm.   seoutilh ;    Sp. 

escotUlai  Sax.  scyttcl,  a  boll  or  bar;  scyttan,  to  bolt, 

to  shut.     See  Shut.] 

1.  In  skipSy  a  small  hatchway  or  opening  in  the 
deck,  large  enough  to  admit  a  man,  nnd  with  a  lid 
for  covering  it ;  aLso,  a  like  hole  in  the  side  or  bottom 
of  a  ship,  and  through  the  coverings  of  her  hatch- 
ways, &,c. 

2.  A  square  hole  in  the  roof  of  a  house,  with  a 
lid. 

3.  [from  scud,  and  properly  scuddlc]  A  quick 
pace  ;  a  short  run.  Spectator. 

SeUT'TLE,  V.  i.    To  run  with  affected  precipitation. 

.Srbathnot. 

BCUT'TLE,  V.  t  [from  the  noun.]  To  cut  large 
holes  through  the  bottom,  deck,  or  sides,  of  a  ship 
for  any  purpose. 

2.  To  sink  by  making  holes  through  the  bottom  ; 
as,  to  scuttle  a  ship, 

SeUT'TLE-BUTT,  )  n.     A  butt  or  cask  with  a  large 

SCUT'TLi:-exSK,  \  hole  in  it,  used  to  contain  tie 
fresh  water  for  daily  use  in  a  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

SeUT'TL£D,  pp.  Having  holes  made  in  the  bottom 
or  sides  ;  sunk  by  means  of  cutting  holes  in  the  bot- 
tom or  sides. 

SCUT'TLE-FISH,  tu    The  cuttle-fish,  so  called.    [See 

CuTTLE-Fl9H.] 

SeUT'TLING,  ppr.    Cutting  boles  in  the  bottom  or 

sides  ;  sinking  by  such  holes. 
SCTTHE,  n.     [Sax.  sithe;   D.  seissmi  Ch.  "isn,  Syr. 

J-^,  Ar.  4\A9,^h>  h^tzada,  tp  reap;  deriv.  Ar.  a 

sickle;  Sam.  ^'HIV  to  reap;   Eth.  09 A  o/zad, 
to  reap,  and  deriv.  a  sickle;  Heb.  and  Cl^,  ixyo, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRpY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD,  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE    WQLF,  BQQK.— 

m 


SEA 

frwin  the  same  root,  nn  ax.  These  verbs  seem  to  he 
the  same,  with  diiTfrent  prefixes,  and  from  this  evi- 
dently is  derived  sytAe,  which  would  be  a  better 
spellinc;  than  set/the.'] 

1.  An  instrument  for  mowing  grass,  or  cutting 
grain  or  other  vegeLibles.  It  cuni<isl8  of  a  long 
curving  blade,  with  a  sharp  edge,  made  fast  to  a  han- 
dle,  which,  in  New  England,  is  called  a  snath^  and 
which  is  bent  into  a  convenient  form  for  swinging 
the  btade  to  advantage.  The  blade  is  hung  to  the 
snath  at  an  acute  angle. 

In  mytholoj^,  Saturn  or  Time  is  represented  with 
a  scythe,  the  emblem  of  destruction. 

3.  The  curved,  sharp  blade  used  anciently  in  war 
chariot?. 

SCV'fHE,  r.  (.    To  mow.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Shak. 

8CYTII'£D,  a.     Armed  with  scythes,  as  a  chariot. 

SCYTHE' MAX,  n.    One  who  uses  a  scythe  ;  a  mower. 

SCYTH'I-A\,  (sith'e-an,)  a.  Pertaining  to  Scythia,  a 
name  given  to  the  northern  part  of  Asia,  and  Europe 
adjoining  to  Asia. 

SCYTiri-A.N,  M.     [See  Scot.]     A  native  of  Scythia. 

SDaIN,  for  Disdain.     [It.  sdegnare.]     [JVt»t  in  use.} 

Spenser. 

SDeIN'FUL,  (sdane'-,)  forDisDAiKFUL.        Spenser. 

SeA,  (see,)  ;i.  [Sai.  sat,  sf-e^e;  G.  see  i  D.  zee;  8w. 
stS,  the  sea,  a  lake,  or  pocd  ;  Basque,  sah ;  contracted 
from  sag;  sce^.  Hence  Sax.  ffirstge^  garsec^e,  ^^^ 
*"■/,?.  the  ocean.  TJiis  word,  like  fate,  signifies,  pri- 
marily, a  seat,  set,  or  lay,  a  repository,  a  basin.] 

1.  A  larae  basin,  cistern,  or  laver  which  Solomon 
made  in  the  temple,  so  large  as  to  contain  more  than 
six  Ihuusaiid  gallons.  This  was  called  the  brairn 
afOy  and  used  to  hold  water  for  the  priests  to  wash 
lln-mselvcs.     I  Kings  vii.     2  Chron.  iv. 

2.  .\  large  body  of  w  <ter,  nearly  inclosed  by  land, 
as  the  Baltic  or  the  Mediterranean  ;  as,  the  Sea  of 
Azof.  Seas  are  properly  branches  of  the  ocean,  and 
upon  the  same  level.  Large  bodies  of  water  inland, 
and  siluated  above  the  level  of  the  ocean,  are  lakes. 
The  appellation  of  sea^  given  to  the  Caspian  Lake, 
is  an  exception,  and  not  very  correct.  So  the  Lake 
of  Galilee  is  called  a  sea^  from  the  Greek. 

3.  The  ocean  ;  as,  to  go  to  sea.  The  fleet  is  at  sea, 
or  on  the  high  sea*. 

4.  A  wave  j  a  billow ;  a  surge.  The  vessel  shipped 
a  seu. 

5.  The  swell  of  the  ocean  in  a  tempest,  or  the  di- 
rection of  the  \vaves  ;  as,  we  head  the  sea, 

6.  Provrrbially,  a  large  quantity  of  liquor ;  as,  a 
«ea  of  blood. 

7.  A  rougb  or  agitated  [rface  or  elemenL 

la  a  troubled  ma  of  poMioa  btcU  Milton. 

Half  seas  over;  b^f  drunk.    [.4  hw  phrase.] 

Spectator. 
On  the  high  seas;  in  the  open  sea,  the  common 
hichway  of  nations. 
SEA'-A-NEM'0-i\E,  n.    A  popular  name  of  the  Ac- 

Jinia.  Dana. 

SeA'-APE,  n.  [sea  and  ape.]  The  name  given  to  a 
marme  animal  which  plays  tricks  like  an  ajre.  The 
name  is  applied  by  some  to  the  sea-otter. 

Jardine^s  ^at.  Lih. 
SeA'-BANK,  ji.     [sea  and  bank.]     The  sea-shon-. 

Shak. 
_  2.  .A  bank  or  molo  to  defend  against  the  sea. 
SkA'-BAK,  n.     [sea  and  bar.]     The  sea-swallow. 

Johnson, 
Se.V'-BAT,  n.    [sea  and  bat.]    A  sort  of  flying  fish. 

Cotgrave. 
SSA'-BATH-£D,a.     [seaxind  bathe.]     Bathed,  dipiMjd, 

or  washed  in  the  sea.  Sandys. 

SEA'-BEAR,  JI.  [sra  and  bear.]  An  animal  of  the 
bear  kind  that  frequents  the  sea  ;  the  white  or  polar 
bear. 

2.  A  name  of  several  species  of  the  seal  family,  as 
the  ursine  seals,  of  the  genus  Arctncpphahis  nf  P. 
Cuvier.  Jardine^s  JVat.  Lib. 

SE.A'-Be.\RD,  rt-     [sea  and  brard.]     A  marine  plant. 

Conferva  nipcstris,  growing  in  dense  tufts.       Lee. 
SEA'-BeAHT,  n.     (sea  and  beast.]     A  beast  or  mon- 
strous animal  of  the  sea.  Mdtan. 
SEA'-BeAT,          >  a.     [sea  and  beaL]     Beaten  by  the 
S£.\'-BeAT  .K.V,  t     sea  ;  lashed  by  the  waves. 

A\oag  ih<*  Mo-bcol  abot«.  Pope. 

Sf.A'-BOARD,  J  n.    [sea  and  Fr.  b<n-d,  side.]     The 

SEA'-HfiRi).     \      seashore. 

SeA'-BoARD,  adv.     Toward  the  sea. 

SkA'-BO.AT,  It.  [sea  and  boat.]  A  tenn  applied  by 
seamen  to  a  vessel  with  respect  to  her  qualities  in 
bad  weather  ;  as,  a  good  sea-boaL  Brandt. 

SeA'-BORD,  J  a.     [j.M  and  Fr.  bord^  border.] 

SEA'-BORD'EE-INO,  i  Bordering  on  the  sea  or 
ocean. 

SEA'-BOR.V,  o.  [sea  and  bom.]  Bom  of  the  sea  ; 
produced  by  the  sea;  as,  Neptune  and  h'ya  seahum 
niece.  Waller. 

2.  Bom  at  sea. 

REA'-norjND,         )  a.    [sea    and  bound.]    Bounded 

8F:A'-B0I;ND-ED,  |     by  the  sea. 

8£A'-BOV,  n.  [sea  and  boy.]  A  boy  employed  on 
shipboard. 


SEA 

SEA'-BREAt'H,  fu  [sea  and  breach.]  Irruption  of 
the  sea  by  breaking  the  banks.  VEstrange, 

SEA'-BREAM,  n.     fwi  and   bream.]      A  sea-fish  of 
the  genus   Pagellus,  (H^iarus,  Linn.,)  growing  to  the 
length  of  from  IG  to  20  inches,  and  used  for  food. 
Jardine^s  JVat.  Lib. 

SEA'-BREE7.E,  n.  [sra  and  breeze.]  A  wind  or  cur- 
rent of  air  blowing  from  the  sea  upon  land  :  for  the 
most  pan  blowing  during  the  day  only,  and  subsid- 
ing at  iiifiht. 

SEA'-BUILT,  Cse'bilt,)  a.  [sea  and  builL]  Built  for 
Jhe  sea  ;  as,  sra-built  forts,  (ships.)  Lh-yden. 

SeA'-CAB-RAGE,  n.  [sea  and  cabbage.]  A  name  of 
variou.«  plants  of  the  cabltage  tribe,  ns  Brassica  ole- 
racea  and  Cranibe  maritima.  Eneyc.    Miller. 

SEA'-e.\LF,  n.  [sea  and  calf.]  A  marine  animal, 
Jtie  common  seal. 

8eA'-€AP,  n.  [sea  and  cap.]  A  cap  made  to  be 
worn  at  sea.  Shuk. 

Sf.A'-CAP-T.-VIX,  n.     The  captain  of  a  ship.    S/iaJc. 

SE.'\'-eXRD,  n.  [sea  and  card.]  The  mariner's  card 
or  compass. 

SEA'-eXRP,  n.  [sea  and  carp.]  Aspotted  fish  living 
among  rocks  and  stones.  Johnson. 

SE.V^CHANGE,  n.  [sea  and  change.]  A  change 
wroMslit  by  the  sea. 

SEA'-CHXRT,  n.  [sea  Rnd  chnrL]  A  chart  or  map 
jn  which  the  lines  of  the  shore,  isles,  shoals,  har- 
bors, &c.,  are  delineated. 

JVote.  —  This  word  has  become  useless,  as  we  now 
use  chart  for  a  representation  of  the  sea-coast,  and 
map  for  a  representation  of  the  land. 

SeA'-CIR-CLKD,  (se'sur-kld,)  a.  [sea  and  circle.] 
_Siirrounded  by  the  sea.  Sandys. 

SEA'-GoAL,  «.  [sea  and  coal.]  Coal  brought  by 
sea  ;  a  vulgar  name  for  mineral  coal,  in  distinction 
from  Charcoal,  Johnson. 

Se.\'-€OAST,  n.  [sea  and  eoasU]  The  shore  or  bor- 
der of  the  land  adjacent  to  the  sea  or  ocean. 

SEA'-eOB,«.  [sea  and  cob.]  A  sea-fowl,  called  also 
Sea-Gl'll. 

SkA'-CoLE'WORT,  n.     Sea-cabbage,  which  see. 

Se.A'-GOM-PASS,  (-kum-passT)  »-  [sea  and  compass.] 
The  mariner's  card  and  needle;  the  compass  con- 
structed for  u.se  at  sea.  Camden. 

SEA'-€OOT,  n.  [sea  and  coot.]  A  sea  fowl,  Fulica 
marina. 

SEA'-eOR'MO-RANT,  ti.  [sea  and  cormorant.]  The 
sea-crow  or  sea-drake,  Corvus  marinua. 

S£A'-COVV,  n.     [sea  anri  cow.]     The  manatee,  a  ceta- 
ceous herbivorous  mammal  of  the  genus  Manatus. 
[See  Maxvtee  and  Manatl-*.]  Brande.     Partington. 
9.  Also,  the  name   sometimes  givfen  to  the   sea- 
borne, waJrus,  or  morse,  which  see. 

Jardine^s  JVat.  Lib,     Partington. 

SEA'-CROW,  n.  [sea  and  eroie.]  A  sea-fowl  of  the 
gull  kind  ;  the  mire-crow  or  pewet-guti,       P.  Cite. 

SkA'-DEV-/L,  n.  [sea  and  devU.]  A  large,  cartriagi- 
nous  fish,  of  the  genus  Cycloptera,  belonging  to  the 
Ray  family.  Brande^ 

2.  The  fishing-frog,  or  frog-fish,  of  the  genus  Lophi- 
T19  ;  a  fish  in  sha[)o  somewhat  resembling  a  tadpole, 
growing  to  a  large  size,  with  a  head  very  large  in 
proportion  to  the  rest  of  the  body.  Partington. 

SEA'-DOG,  71.  [sea  and  dog.]  A  fish,  perhaps  the 
shark.  Pope.     Roscommon. 

2.  The  sea-calf  or  comm(m  seal. 

SEA'-DR.\G-OX,  n.  [sea  and  drason.]  A  marine 
monster  caught  in  Enyland  in  1749,  resembling,  in 
iM)me  degree,  an  alligator,  but  having  two  large  fins 
which  served  for  swimmine  or  flying.  It  had  two 
legs  terminating  in  hoofs,  like  those  of  an  ass.  Its 
body  was  covered  with  impenetrable  scales,  and  it 
had  five  rows  of  teeth.     [Qu.]  Oent.  Jilag. 

SEA'-EA-GLE,  n.  [sea  and  eagle.]  A  bird  of  the 
eagle  kind,/o  named  from  (wnng  often  found  on  the 
sea -const ;  also  called  the  White-tailed  or  Ci»e- 
RKors  Eaole,  Faico  or  Aquila  albicilla.      Jardine. 

SEA'-eAR,  n.  [sea  and  ear.]  A  scutibranchiale 
gastropt^doMs  mollusk  with  a  univalve  shell,  helong- 
mg  to  the  genus  llaliotis,  remarkable  for  the  splendid 
colors  (principally  green  and  violet)  of  the  interior, 
and  n  row  of  small  holes  pierced  through  one  side  ; 
so  named  from  resembling  in  form  the  cartilage  of 
the  human  ear.  HahUman. 

SEA'-EEL,  n.  [sea  and  eel,]  An  eel  caught  in  salt 
water ;  the  conger. 

SEA'-EGG,  n.  [sra  and  tgg.]  A  name  given  to  sea- 
urchins  or  sea-hedgehogs,  when  stripped  of  their 
spines.  Dana. 

SEA'-EL'E-PHA\T,n.  Uea  and  elephant,]  An  ani- 
mal of  the  seat  family,  Macrorhinus  proboscideus  of 
F.  Cuvier,  also  called  Elefhakt  Seal,  It  attains  to 
the  length  of  90,25,  and  p\*en  30  feet,  with  a  circum- 
ference of  from  15  to  18  feet.  The  nose  of  the  adult 
male  is  capable  of  being  elongated  into  a  proboscis 
of  about  a  fotit  in  length.  This  specien  is  found  in 
the  southern  hemisphere,  and  is  considered  an  object 
of  great  commercial  importance. 

Jardine^s  JVat.  Lib. 

SEA'-EN-CIR'CLKD,  (-sur'kld,)  o.  [sea  and  eneir- 
e-ted.]     Encompassed  by  the  sea.  7^homson, 

SRA'-FAR-ER,  n.  [sea  and  fare,]  One  that  follows 
the  seas  ;  a  mariner  Pope, 


SEA 

SEA'-FAR-ING,  a.  [Supra.]  Following  the  business 
of  a  seaman  ;  customarily  employed  in  navigation. 

.^rbuthnot. 

SEA'-FEN-NEL,  n.  [sea  and/can*/.]  The  same  as 
Samphire. 

SeA'-FTGHT,  C-ftto,)  71.  [sea  ondJighL]  An  engage- 
_tnent  between  ships  at  sea  ;  a  naval  action.  Bacon. 

SeA'-FISH,  7U  [sea  and  /j*A.]  Any  marine  fish  j 
any  fish  that  lives  usually  in  salt  water. 

SeA'-FOWL,  n.  [sea  and  fowl.]  A  marine  fowl ; 
any  bird  that  lives  by  the  sea,  and  procures  its  fuod 
from  salt  water.  Pope. 

SeA'-FOX,  7u  a  fish  of  the  shark  family,  Alopias 
Vnlpes,  also  called  Pox-Shark.  It  is  named  from 
the  form  of  its  Uiil,  the  under  lobe  being  very  small, 
and  the  upper  long  and  slightly  curved  upward  like 
a  scythe.  It  frequently  measures  13  feet  in  length, 
including  the  tail,  which  is  then  more  than  G  feet  long. 
Jardine's  JVat.  Lib. 

SEA'-GACiE,  n,  [,lhi  and  gage.]  The  depth  that  a 
vessel  sinks  in  the  water.  Encyc. 

SeA'-GAR-LA.ND,  71.     [sea  and  garland.]     .\  plant. 

SeA'-G1R-DL£S,  (se'gur-diz,)  7U  [sea  and  girdle.] 
_A  sort  of  sea-plant.  Johnson. 

SeA'-GTRT,  (-gun,)  a,  [sea  and  girt.]  Surrounded 
by  the  water  of  the  sea  or  ocean  ;  as,  a  sea-girt  isle. 

MiUon. 

SEA'-GOD,  TI.  [sea  and  god.]  A  marine  deity;  a 
fabulous  being  supposed  to  preside  over  the  ocean  or 
sea ;  ns  Neptune. 

SEA'-GOWN,  71,  [sea  and  gown.]  A  gown  or  gar- 
^nent  with  short  sleeves,  worn  by  mariners.    Shak. 

SeA'-GRXSS,  71.  [sea  and  grass.]  A  plant  growing 
on  the  flea-shore;  an  aquatic  plant  of  the  genus 
Ruppia.  Lee. 

SEA'-GREEN,  n.  [sea  and  green.]  Having  the  color 
of  sea-water ;  being  of  a  faint  green  ciilor. 

Locke,     Pope, 

SeA'-GREEN,  7l    The  color  of  sea-water. 
2.  A  plant,  the  saxifrage. 

SEA'-GULL,  71.  [sea  and  gull.]  A  sea-fowl  of  the 
genus  Larus ;  a  sixicies  of  gull ;  called  also  Sea- 
Cbow. 

SeA'-HARE,  n.  [sea  and  hare.]  A  marine  tecti- 
branchiate,  gastropodous  mollusk,  liaving  the  edges 
of  the  foot  surrotinding  the  back  and  capjjble  of  be- 
ing reflected  upon  it.  It  has  four  tentacles,  the  upper 
pair  of  which  are  hollowed  out  like  the  ears  of  a 
hare,  whence  the  name.  The  shell  is  null  or  incom- 
plete, and  internal.  The  animal  secretes  an  acrid 
humor.  It  is  of  the  genus  Aplysia  or  Laplysia  of 
Linna'us.  Kirby.     P.  Cye. 

SEA'-IIEDGE'nOG,7t.  The  sea-urchin;  a  species  of 
Echinus,  so  called  from  its  prickles,  which  resemble 
in  some  measure  those  of  the  hedgehog  or  urchin. 

Carcw. 

SEA'-HEN,  a.  [sea  and  hen.]  A  name  of  the  Fool- 
jsh  or  I*esser  Guillemot,  Uria  Troile.       Ed.  Encyc. 

SE.\'-nOG,  71.  [sea  and  hog.]  The  porpoise,  which 
see. 

SeA'-HOL-LY,  n.  [sea  and  hotly.]  A  plant  of  the 
^enus  Eryngium.  Lee. 

SeA'-IIOLM,  n.     [sea  and  Dan.  holm^  an  isle.] 

1.  A  small,  uninhabited  isle. 

2.  Sea-holly.  Carew. 
SEA'-HORSE,  71.     [sea  and    horse.]     In  zoUlogy^  tho 

morse  or  walrus,  a  species  of  Tricneclius. 

Jardine" s  JVat.  Lib. 

2.  The  hippopotamus,  or  river-horse.       Dnjden. 

3.  A  fish  of  the  genus  Hippocampus,  (Syngnatlms, 
Linn.,)  allied  to  the  needle-fish  or  piprc-fish,  and  hav- 
ing a  prehensile  tail.  Jardinc^s  JVat.  Lib. 

SEA'-KALE,  7».  A  name  of  several  plants  of  the  nat- 
ural order  Brassicie,  or  cabbage  tribe,  as  the  Bras- 
sica  oleracea,  and  Crambe  maritima  ;  sea-cnbhage  ; 
sea-C(dewort.  Tully. 

SEA'-LXRK,  n.  A  bird  of  the  sandpiper  kind  ;  the 
purr. 

2.  A  bird  of  the  dotterel  kind  ;  the  ringed  dotterel 
or  plover. 

SEA'-LEOS,  7t.  pi.  [sea  and  leg.]  The  ability  to 
walk  on  a  ship's  deck  when  pitching  or  rolling. 

Tutteju 

SEA'-LEM-ON,  ti.  [sea  and  lemon.]  A  marine,  nu- 
dibranchiate,  gastropodous  mollusk,  of  the  genus 
Doris,  having  an  oval  Iwtdy,  convex,  marked  with 
numerous  punctures,  and  of  a  lemon  color. 

P.  die.    Kneye. 

SEA'-LEOP-ARD,  (-lep-erd,)  n,  [sea  and  leopard.] 
An  animal  of  the  seat  family,  of  the  genus  Stcnorhyn- 
chus  of  F.  Cuvitr,  found  in  the  South  Shetland  and 
South  Orkney  Islands,  near  the  antarctic  circle;  so 
named  from  being  spotted  like  the  leopard. 

Janlinc^g  JVat-.  Lib. 

SEA'-TjET-TER,  n.  A  paper  from  the  custom-house, 
specifying  the  nature  and  quantity  of  the  cargo  on 
board  of  ships  on  a  foreign  voyage,  their  destina- 
tion, A.C.  Bouvier. 

SE.'\'~LIKE,a.     [sea  and  like,]    Rescmblmg  the  sea. 

Thomson. 

SEA'-LI-ON,  71.  [sea  and  Hon.]  A  name  given  by 
voyagers  to  various  seals  of  large  dimensions,  ns  tho 
sea-elephant.  The  name  is  particularly  applied  to 
certain  large,  earless  seals,  with  manes  somewhat 


TOPfE,  BULL,  TINITB.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS C  as  K;  Cl  u  J;   8  aa  Z ;  CII  as  BH ;  Til  as  In  THIS. 


SEA 

like  those  of  the  lion,  and  belonging  to  .the  gunus 
rialyrh.vncbus  of  F.  Cuvier. 

Jardine'a  JiTat.  Lib,     P.  Cyc. 
8K.V-MA1D,  K.    [jeaandMou!.]    The  mermiud.    [See 
Meruaiu.]  Skak. 


2.  A  sea-nymph. 
SkA'-MAI.L,  (85^m:il, 


A  Ben-fowl,  a  species  of 
eA'-MEW,  (sc'ma,)    \      gull  or  Lams. 
SEA'MAN,  n,     [M-a  and  man,]     A  sailor;  a  mariner 
a  man  who^e  occiipatioa  is  to  vLssisl  in  the  maunge- 
ment  of  ships  at  sea. 

2.  Btf  icuv  of  dL^inrtioH,  a  skillful  mariner;  also,  a 
man  who  U  well  versed  in  ilie  art  of  nnvigaiinji 
ships.  In  this  sense,  it  is  applied  both  to  oflicers  and 
common  mariners. 

3.  MenuaUj  the  male  of  the  mermaid.  [LiuU 
usi-ii.]  Locke, 

SeA'MAN-LTKE,  o.    T-tke  a  skillful  seaman. 

SgA'MAN-SHIP,  M.  The  $ktll  of  a  gotK]  »caman  ;  an 
acquaintance  with  the  art  of  raaiinging  and  navigat- 
ing a  shtp  ;  applicable  both  t»  offieera  and  Ut  Men. 
.Vara/  skill  is  the  art  of  mnnacing  a  flopt,  particnlnriy 
in  an  engagement ;  a  very-  diflercnt  thing  from  sta- 
■manskip. 

SeA'-MXRCG,  n.    The  shore  or  border  on  the  sea. 

SAak, 

Sf.A'-MARK,  ».  (jM  and  marJt.]  Any  elevated  ob- 
ject on  land  which  serves  for  a  direction  to  mariners 
in  entering  a  harbor,  or  in  sailing  along  or  approach- 
ing a  coast;  a  beacon  ;  aj  a  light-house,  a  moun- 
tain, &c.  Ennie, 

SkA'-MEVV,  (-ma,)  a.  A  sea-fowl,  a  species  of  giill  or 
Larus. 

8£A'-MOM-STEai,  ■.  [sea  and  monsUr.]  A  huge 
jnarine  animal.    Lam.  iv. 

SeA'-MO.^S,  n.  [sta  and  mass,}  A  name  given  to 
coral.     [See  CohauJ 

SeA'-MOL'SE,  n.  [sra  and  fnoujv.]  A  dorsibran- 
chiate  annelid,  of  the  genus  Apbrodita  of  Linnsus. 

P.  Cyc 

SEA'-NA'VEL-WORT,  n.  [*«,  narel,  and  wort.]  An 
herb  gnnving  in  Syria,  which  is  said  to  eflecl  great 
cures  of  diseases.     [Ij.  OMdrosaet.]  JttkMsom. 

S£A'-\E£-DLG,  h.  [sm  and  mmO*.]  A  name  of 
the  gar  or  garfish,  of  the  genus  fisox.  Tide  flsh  has 
a  slender  body,  with  long,  pointed  Jaws,  and  a  larked 
tail.  Its  hack  is  of  a  fine  green  ctrfor,  and  when  in 
the  wntrr,  ii-t  colors  are  extremely  beautiful. 

SfiA'-NET-TLE,  n.  [aea  and  mettir,]  A  popular  name 
of  certain  Medusa,  which  have  the  property  of  sling- 
ing when  touched.  Dama, 

SKA'-NCRS-KD,  (s^'nurst.)  «.  [*««  and  nmrgtd.] 
_N'ur-<ed  b\-  Uie  ««a.  J.  Bmrtuw. 

S£A'-NVMPn,  (sv'nimf,)  n.  [sea  and  npmpk.]  A 
nvmph  or  gtwldi^ss  of  the  sea.  Brwmu. 

SeA'-O-N'ION,  {«€  un-yun,)  a.  [sea  and  omionA  A 
jplant,  squill,  Scilla  maritima.  P.  Cifc. 

SeA'-OOZE,  m.  [sea  :knd  ooze.]  The  soft  mud  on  or 
near  the  wa-sh(>re.  Mortimer. 

SeA'-OT-TER,  n.  [sea  and  oUerA  An  aquatic,  car- 
nivorous animal  of  the  otter  kind,  belonging  to  the 
subgL-nu3  Enhydm  of  Flctning.  It  is  found  in  the 
Northern  Pacilic,  sometimes  three  hundred  miles 
from  land,  and  is  highly  valued  for  its  skin,  which 
Jias  a  fine,  clase  fur.  Jardine*a  JV*tU.  Lib. 

SeA'-OWL,  k.  [sea  and  oW.]  Another  name  of  the 
himp-fish.  Booth, 

SeA'-PAD,  n.     The  star-fish.  Johnson. 

SeA'-PAX-TUER,  n.  [sea  nni  panther.]  A  fish  like 
a  lamprey.  Jokjison. 

8eA'-PHEA»-ANT,  (-fez-ant,)  n.  [am  and  pkea.''a»t.] 
The  pin-tail  duck,  Dalila  caudacuta.  P.  Cyc. 

SEA'-PIE,   I  a.     [gea  and  pie,  pica.]     A  sca-fuwl  of 

8£A'-PYE, )  the  genus  Ilxinatopus,  and  grrillic  or- 
der; called,  also,  the  Ovter-Catcher,  from  its 
thnisting  its  b'jak  into  oysters  when  open,  and  tak- 
ing ofjt  the  animal. 

SfeA'-PIE,  (««'pX,)  a.  [sea  and  pie.]  A  dish  of  food 
consisting  of  pute  and  meat  boiled  together ;  so 
named  b^^ause  common  at  sea. 

SEA'-PIeCE,  n.  [*ea  and  piece.]  A  picture  repre- 
senting  a  scene  at  sea.  JSddisom, 

SeA'-PIKE,  n.  fsta  and  pike.]  A  sea-fi?h  of  the 
genus  Belone  of  Cuvier,  allied  to  the  pike,  and  so 
named  Irom  its  resemblance  to  that  tish  ;  commonly 
called  GABFtsH.  Jardine^s  A'ot.  Lib. 

8£A'-PLANT,  a.  [sea  and  pUotL]  .\  plant  that  grows 
in  salt  water,  as  mefacusy  &.c. 

Sea '-POOL,  a.  [jflsand  pooL]  A  lake  of  Bait  water. 
_  Spenser. 

Seaport,  n.  [sea  and  port.]  A  harbor  near  the 
sea,  formed  by  an  ann  of  llie  sea  or  by  a  bay. 

2.  A  city  or  town  situated  on  a  harbor,  on  or  near 
the  sea.  V\*e  call  a  town  a  seaport,  instead  of  a  sea- 
son town. 

SeA'-RE-SEM'BUXG,  o.    Like  the  sea  ;  sea-like. 
_  Sandi/s. 

SeA'-RISK,  a.  [jea  and  rtsA-.]  Hazard  or  risk  at  sea ; 
danger  of  injury  or  destruction  by  the  sea. 

6eA'-R0B-BER,  It,  [sea  and  robber.]  A  pirate;  one 
Jhal  robs  on  the  high  seas. 

SEA'-ROCK-ET.n.  A  cruciferous  plant  of  the  genus 
Cakile  or  Bunias,  growing  on  the  sea-shore. 

Loudon. 


SEA 

SEA'RIX^M,  n.  [sea  and  room.]  Ample  sf»ice  ordis- 
tance  from  lana,  shoals,  or  rocks,  sufficient  for  a 
ship  to  drive  or  scud  without  danger  of  shipwreck. 

ToUen. 

Sj%.\'-ROV-ER,  iu  [sea  and  rover.]  A  pirate;  one 
that  cruises  for  plunder. 

2.  A  ship  or  vessel  that  is  employed  in  cruising  for 
nlundtT. 

SeA'-ROV-ING,  a.     Wandering  on  the  ocean. 

SeA'-RUFF,  n.    A  kind  of  sea  fish.      [L.  orphus.] 

Johnson. 

SEA'-SeOR'PI-ON,  n.  [sea  ond  scorpion.]  A  salt- 
water fish,  Coitus  scorpius,  allied  to  the  River  Bull- 
head, and  having  tlie  head  armed  with  spines. 
It  is  very  voracious,  and  sometimes  exceeds  a  foot 
in  length.  Jardine^s  JVat.  Lib. 

SEA'-J?ER-PENT,  n.  [sea  and  serpent.]  A  huge  an- 
jnial  like  a  serpent,  inliabiting  the  sea.        ^uMri«. 

SRA'-iJERV-U'E.  n.  [si\i  and  srrrice.]  Naval  scr- 
jrice ;  service  in  the  navy  or  in  ships  of  war. 

SeA'-SHARK,  n,  [sea  and  shark.]  A  ravenous  sea- 
fish  ;  the  shark.  SAak. 

SeA'-SIIELL,  «.  [sea  and  shell]  A  marine  shell; 
a  slioll  that  grows  in  the  sea-  Mortimer. 

SEA'-tfHoRB,  n.  [sea  and  shore.]  The  coast  of  the 
sea  ;  the  land  that  lies  adjacent  to  Die  sea  or  ocean. 

Locke. 

SicA'SICK,  fl.  [sfaand^*.]  Aflected  with  sickness 
or  nausea  by  means  of  the  pitching  or  rolling  of  a 
vessel.  Dryden.     Sw'^ 

S£A'SICK-NESS,  n.  Tlie  sickness  or  nausea  occa- 
sioned by  the  pitching  and  rolling  of  a  ship  in  an 
agitated  sen. 

SeA'SIDE,  h.  [sea  and  side-.]  The  land  bordering 
on  the  sea  ;  the  country  adjacent  to  ttie  sea,  or  near 
it.  Scripture.     Pope-, 

SE.\'-STAR,  It.  [sea  and  star.]  The  star-fish,  a  ma- 
j-ine,  radiate  animal,  called  technically  jJstcrtas. 

SeA'-SUR-GEON,  n.  [sea  and  surgeon.]  A  surgeon 
emploved  on  shipboard,  Wiseman. 

SF.A'-St'R-ROUNU'ED,  a.  [sea  and  surround.]  En- 
compassed by  the  sea. 

Se A'-ii\VAL-L5W,  lu*  [sea  and  simUov).]  The  com- 
mon tern,  Sterna  Ilirunuo.  P,  Cyc 

3.  Also,  a  provincial  name  of  the  storm  petrel, 
Tlialossidroma  ( Procellaria,  Linu.)  pelagica. 

P.  Cyc 

SEA'-TERM,  R.  [sea  and  term.]  A  word  or  term 
used  appropriately  by  seamen,  or  peculiar  to  the  art 
of  navigation. 

SEA'-TIIIeF,  (se'tbeefj  n.  [sea  and  thief.]  A  pi- 
rate. Bp.  lif  Chichester. 

8eA'-T0.\D,  n,  [sea  and  toad.]  An  ugly  fish,  so 
railed.  Cotgrave. 

8g,-\'-TORN,  a.    [*ea  and  torn.]    Tom  by  or  at  sea. 

Browne^ 

SEA'-TOSS-ED,  (s€'tOBl,)  a.  [«m  and  towed.]  Tossed 
by  the  sea.  Shak. 

8EA'-TRAV'EL-ING,  k.    Traveling  by  sea  voyages. 

S£A'-U'i\I-€ORN,  a.    A  name  of  the  narwhal. 

Brandc 

SEA'-UR-CHIN,  n.  [sea  and  urchin.]  One  of  a  ge- 
nus of  marine  animals,  the  Echinus,  of  many  spe- 
cies. The  body  is  roundish,  covered  with  a  bony 
crust,  and  often  set  with  movable  prickles.  The  sea- 
urchins  belong  to  the  fourth  division  of  animals,  the 
Radiata.  Sea-hedgehog  is  another  of  these  animals, 
and,  when  stripped  of  the  spines,  they  are  often 
called  Sea-Egos.     [See  also  EcHir«us.J  Dana. 

SeA'-\VALL-£D,  a.  [sea  and  vatted.}  Surrounded 
or  defended  by  the  sea.  Shak. 

SeA'WARD,  o.  [sea  and  word.]  Directed  toward 
the  sea,  Donne 

SeA'WARD,  adv.    Toward  the  sea.  Drai/ton. 

SeA'-WA-TER,  n.  [sea  and  water.]  Water  of  the 
sea  or  ocean,  wtiich  is  sail.  Bacon, 

SeA'-WEED,  n,  [sea  and  vecd.]  A  marine  plant  of 
the  genus  Fucus,  used  as  manure,  and  for  making 
glass  and  soap.  A  common  name  for  the  marine 
algc,  and  some  other  plants  growing  in  salt  water. 

SE.V-WITH'WIXD,  n.     Bindweed. 

SeA'-WQLF,  It.  [sea  and  icolf.  See  Wolf.]  A  fish 
of  the  genus  Anarrhicas,  also  called  Wolf-Fish  and 
Cat-Fish,  found  in  northern  sens,  about  Greenland, 
Iceland,  Norway,  Scotland,  England,  6lc.  This  fish 
is  so  named  from  its  fierceness  and  ravcnousness.  It 
grows  sometimes  to  the  length  of  four  and  even 
seven  feet,  and  feeds  on  cnistaceous  animals  and 
shell  fish,  as  well  as  on  common  fish.     Partington. 

2.  The  name  sea-wolf  h^s  also  been  given  to  a  spe- 
cies of  seal,  the  sea-elephant.     Jardine's  J^aL  Lib. 

SeA'-WOR.M'WQOD,  n,  A  sort  of  wormwood 
growing  by  the  sea,  the  Artemisia  maritima. 

Johnson,     Lee, 

SeA'-WOKN,  fl.    Worn  or  abraded  by  the  sea- 

SeA'-WOR-THI-NESS,  a.  The  state  of  being  able  to 
resist  the  ordinar>' violence  of.  wind  and  weather, 
as  that  of  a  ship.  Kent. 

SeA'-WOR-THY,  a.  [sea  and  worthy.]  Fit  for  a 
voyage;  worthy  of  being  trusted  to  transport  a 
cargo  with  safety  ;  as,  a  sea-worUiy  ship. 

Seal,  (see!,)  n,     [Sax.  seol^  srle^  syle  ;  Sw.  sid!.] 

The   common  name   for  the  aquatic  carnivorous 
mammals  uf  the  family  Phocids,  corresponding  to 


SEA 

the  genus  Phora  of  Linnsus.  Seals  mostly  inhabit 
sea-coasts  and  islands,  particularly  in  the  higher  lat- 
itudes of  both  hemispheres.  They  pass  rhuch  of 
their  time  in  the  water,  but  have  warm  blood,  and 
breathe  only  air.  Their  hind  feet  are  placed  at  the 
extremity  of  llie  body,  in  the  same  direction  with  it, 
and  serve  the  purpose  of  a  caudal  fin  ;  the  fore  feet 
are  also  adapted  for  swimming,  and  furnished  each 
with  five  claws.  Sothe  seals  have  extern.il  ears, 
while  others  are  destitute  of  them  ;  and  this  difier- 
ence  is  the  ground  of  M.  Peron's  distribution  of  them 
into  two  divisions,  viz.,  the  earless  seals  or  true 
seals,  and  the  eared  seals  or  otaries.  Tliere  are  nu- 
meriHis  s;>ecies,  bearing  the  popular  names  of  the 
sea-lion,  the  sea-bear  or  vrsine-seal,  llie  sea-elephant, 
elephant-seal  or  boUie-nosey  the  bearded  or  great  seal, 
the  monk  seal,  the  created  seal,  &c.  The  common 
seal,  Calocephalus  vitulinus  of  F.  Cuvier,  (Phoca  vi- 
tulina,  Linn.,)  is  found  in  the  northern  seas  gener- 
ally, on  the  British  and  French  coasts,  &c.  It  is 
covered  with  short,  stiff",  thickset  hair,  has  no  exter- 
nal ears,  and  is  usually  from  iliree  to  five  or  six  feet 
in  length.  Seals  are  much  sought  after  for  their  skins 
and  fur,  and  also  for  tlieir  oil,  which  in  some  species 
28  very  abundant.  A  Cyc     Jardine'a  JVai.  Lib. 

Seal,  (seel,)  n.  [Sax.  sigel,  sigle;  G,  siegel;  D. 
legtl;  Dan.  aeigl,  segl;  Fr.  sceau;  Arm.syell;  L. 
stffillum ;  It,  sigillo  ;  Sp.  sigilo.  It  is  uncertain  what 
was  the  original  signification  of  seal,  whether  an  im- 
age, or  some  ornament.  In  Saxon,  the  word  signi- 
fies a  necklace,  or  ornament  for  the  neck,  a  stud  or 
boss,  a  clasp,  and  a  seal.] 

1.  A  piece  of  metal  or  other  hard  substance,  usu- 
ally round  or  elliptical,  on  which  is  engraved  some 
image  or  device,  and  sometimes  a  legend  or  inscrip- 
tion. This  is  used  by  individuals,  corporate  bodies, 
and  states,  for  making  impressions  on  wax  upon  in- 
stniments  of  writing,  as  an  evidence  of  their  authen- 
ticity. The  king  of  England  has  his  great  seal  and 
his  privy  seal.  Seals  are  sometimes  worn  in  rings. 
[See  also  Pritt  Seal  and  Great  Seal.] 

2.  The  wax  set  to  an  instrument,  and  impressed  or 
stamped  with  a  seal.  Tims  we  give  a  deed  under 
hand  and  seaL  Wax  is  generally  used  in  sealing  in- 
struments, but  other  suKstances  may  be  used. 

3.  I'he  wax  or  wafer  that  makes  fast  a  letter  or 
other  paper. 

4.  Any  act  of  confirmation.  Milton. 

5.  That  which  confirms,  ratifies,  or  makes  stable  ; 
assurance.    2  Thn.  ii. 

6.  That  which  effectually  shuts,  confines,  or  se- 
cures ;  that  which  makes  fast.     Rev.  xx. 

SEAL,  (seel,)  v.  t  ft^w.  besegla,  fdrseirla;  Dan.  be- 
segler,  forsegler ;  G.  siegeln  ;  D.  legeien.  The  root 
signifies,  pubably,  to  set,  to  fix,  to  impress,  or  to  cut 
or  engrave.] 

1.  To  fasten  with  a  seal ;  to  attach  together  with  a 
wafer,  or  with  wax  ;  as,  to  seal  a  letter. 

2.  To  set  or  affix  a  seal  as  a  mark  of  authenticity  ; 
as,  to  seal  a  deed.    Hence, 

3.  To  confirm  ;  to  ratify  ;  to  establish. 

And  with  mj  hnnd  I  Meal  our  itari  hrwrU'  tore.  Stint, 

Wheu.  ihcrt'forc,  I  have  performed  tliis,  and  hare  wealed  lo  them 

tills  fniit,  1  will  come  by  you  into  Spain.  —  Rom.  3lv. 

4.  To  shut  or  keep  close  ;  sometimes  with  up.  Seal 
your  lips  ;  seal  up  your  lips.  Shak. 

Open  yoitr  run,  and  teal  your  bosom  upon  the  Bccret  concernt 
of  a  fritiid.  DwighL 

5.  To  make  fast. 

So  they  went  and  made  the  lepiilcher  sure,  tea&ng  the  itone  and 
•etling  &  walch.  —  M:Ht.  xxvii- 

6.  To  mark  with  a  stamp,  as  an  evidence  of  stand- 
ard exactness,  legal  size,  or  merchantable  quality. 
By  our  laws,  weights  and  measures  are  to  be  sealed 
by  an  officer  appointed  and  sworn  for  that  purpose  ; 
and  leather  is  to  be  sealed  by  a  like  officer,  as  evi- 
dence that  it  has  been  inspected  and  found  to  be  of 
good  qualily.  Laics  of  Conn. 

7.  To  keep  secret. 

Shut  up  the  wonlt,  &ud  teal  the  book.  —  Dsn.  xii.    la.  riij. 

8.  To  mark,  as  one's  property,  and  secure  from 
danger.     Cant.  iv. 

9.  To  close ;  to  fulfill ;  to  complete }  with  up. 
Dan.  ix. 

10.  To  imprint  on  the  mind;  ha^to seal  instruc- 
tion.   Job  xxxiii. 

11.  To  inclose  ;  to  hide  ;  to  conceal.    Job  liv. 

12.  To  confine  ;  to  rcHtrain.    Job  xxxyii. 

13.  In  architecture,  Ui  fix  a  piece  of  wood  or  iron  in 
a  wall  with  cement,  plaster,  or  other  binding  for  sta- 
jiles,  hinges,  &.c.  OwUt. 

Seal,  (seel,)  r.  i.    To  fix  a  seal, 

I  will  teal  unto  Ihu  bond.     [Unusual.]  Shak. 

SEAL'ED,  (seeld,)  pp,  or  a.  Furnished  with  a  seal ; 
fastened  with  a  seal ;  confirmed  ;  closed. 

SeAL'ER,  n.  One  who  seals  ;  an  officer  in  chancery, 
who  seals  writs  and  instruments. 

2.  In  JVcw  EnrrUind,  an  officer  appointed  by  the 
town  or  other  proper  authority,  to  examine  and  try 
weights  and  measures,  and  set  a  stamp  on  such  as 
are  according  to  the  standards  established  by  Iha 
State;    also,   an  officer   who   inspects  leather,  and 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT MeTE,  PRfiY.  — PL\E,  MARINE,  BIRD N5TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.- 

ao6 


SEA 

Stamps  such  as  is  good.  These  are  called  sealers  of 
_n'eij:hts  and  measures,  and  sealers  uf  leather. 

Sealing,  ppr.  Fixing  a  seal;  fastening  with  a 
seal ;  confirming  ;  closing;  keeping  secret ;  fixing 
a  piece  of  wood  or  iron  in  a  wall  with  cement. 

SeAL'ING,  n.    The  act  of  atlixing  a  seal. 

2.  In  architecture  the  fixing  of  a  piece  of  wood  or 
iron  on  a  wall  with  pUistcr.  cement,  or  other  binding, 
fur  staples,  hinges,  Aoc.  OitUt. 

3.  [from  se^y  the  animal.]  The  operation  of 
Jnking  seals  and  curing  their  skins, 

SeAL'ING-VOY-AGE,  n.  A  voyage  for  the  purpose 
of  killing  seals  and  obtaining  their  skins. 

SkAL'ING-VVAX,  b.  [seal  and  vox,]  A  compound 
of  the  resin  lac,  with  some  less  brittle  resin,  and  va- 
rious coloring  matters,  used  fur  fastening  a  folded 
letter,  and  thus  concealing  the  writing,  and  for  re- 
ceiving impressions  of  seals  set  to  ini^trumenCs. 
Sealing-wai  is  hard  or  soft,  and  may  be  of  any 
color. 

Seam,  (seem,)  n.  [Sax.  .«ea?n  ;  D.  zoom  ;  G.  saum;  Dan. 
jfOm  ;  Sw.^m,aseam,asulure;  *o(na,  to  sew.  TheG. 
saum  signifies  a  hem  or  border.  The  word  probably 
signifies  the  uniting  by  seaing.  In  Danish,  sominer 
signifies  to  hem,  and  to  bese^'m,  to  be  seemly,  to  be- 
come, to  be  suitable.  We  see  then  that  seam  and 
seem  are  from  one  root.  The  primary  sense  is,  to 
meet,  to  come  or  put  together.  See  Same  and  As- 
semble.    Class  Sm,  No.  33,  41).] 

1.  The  suture  or  uniting  of  two  edges  of  cl&lh  by 
the  needle.  Dryden, 


2.  The  joint  or  juncture  of  planks  in  a  ship's  side 
or  deck;  or  rather  the  intervals  between  Uie  edges 
of  boards  or  planks  in  a  fioor,  &.c.  The  seams  of 
ships  are  filled  with  oakum,  and  covered  with  pitch. 

3.  In  mintSj  a  vein  or  stratum  of  metal,  oar,  coal, 
and  the  like.  Knctje.     Kirwan. 

In  geology^  a  thin  layer  which  separates  strata  of 
greater  magnitude. 

4.  A  cicatrix  or  scar. 

5.  A  measure  of  eight  bushels  of  com  ;  or  the  ves- 
sel that  contains  iL     [Aot  used  in  America.] 

A  seam  of  glass:  the  quantity  of  120  pounds,  or  24 

st'ine  of  five  pounds  each.     [JiTot  used  in  Amn-iea,] 
S£AM,  n.     [Sax.  seim  ;  W.  .ta(7«.]  [Encyc 

Tallow  ;  grease  ;  lard.     [Load.]      Shak.     Dryden. 
S£AM,  D.  t.    To  form  a  seam;   to  sew  or  otherwise 

unite. 
2.  To  mark  with  a  cicatrix  ;  to  scar ;   as,  seamed 

with  wounds.  Pope. 

SEA'MAN.     See  under  Sea. 
SeAM'£D,  (seemd,)  pp.  Marked  with  seams;  having 

seams  or  scars. 
SS A  M'ING,  ppT.       Marking   with    scars  j    making 

Beams. 
S£AM'LESS,  a.    Having  no  seam;  as,  the  geamUss 

earm*^nl  of  ChrisL 
SEAM'-RENT,  n.     [setkm  and  rent,]    The  rent  of  a 

seam  ;  the  separation  of  a  suture. 
SeAM'STER,  n.   One  that  sews  well,  or  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  sew. 
S  EA.M 'STRESS,  n.     [that  is^seamstcjess;  SaT.  seamr 

estre.'] 

A  woman  whose  occupation  is  sewing. 
SEAM'STRESS-Y,  »,    The  business  of  a  seamstress. 
SeAM'V,  o.    Having  a  scam;  containing  seams  or 

showing  them.  Skak, 

Sf.AN.  (s6ne,)  H.     A  net.     [See  Sei:te.] 
SE'AJVCf:,  (si'ans,)  w.    [Fir.]    Session,  as  of  some 

public  body. 

S£'POY    M  "*    l^^^^'V^^i  Hindoo,  »«j>aAai.] 

A  native  of  India,  in  the  military  service  of  a 

European  power,  and  disciplined  after  the  European 

manner. 
SEAR,  r.  e.   [Sax.ff«aran  ;  Gr.a(i7/'Ccj,to  dry  ;  (f7/j(iivu, 

to  dry,  to  parch  ;  (i/>o(}  dry  ;  iT£i/},ihe  sun  ;  <r£i/jc(ti, 

10  dry.     Q.U.  L.  torrcoj  in  a  different  dialect.] 

1.  To  burn  to  dryness  and  hardness  the  surface  of 
any  thing:  to  cauterize;  to  expose  to  a  degree  of 
beat  that  changes  the  color  of  the  surface,  or  makes 
it  hard  ;  as,  to  sear  the  skin  or  flesh. 

I'm  teared  wilh  burning  stcH.  Xornt. 

Sear  is  allied  to  scorck  in  signification  ;  but  it  Is 
applied  primarily  to  animal  flesh,  and  has  special 
Fffference  to  the  effect  of  heat  in  making  the  surface 
hard.  Scorch  is  applied  to  flesh,  cloth,  or  any  other 
substance,  and  has  no  reference  to  the  effect  of  hard- 
ness. 

2.  To  wither;  to  dry.  Shak. 

3.  To  make  callous  or  insensible. 

lUvlnp  their  conMdeotK  »tar^  with  a  hot  iron.  —  I  Tim.  U. 

To  sear  up  i  to  close  by  searing  or  cauterizing;  to 
stop. 

Ch«r^h  TeiDa  of  food  bamor,  and  tear  up  Uio«e  or  ill.    Ttmplt. 

SEAR,  a.     Dry ;  withered.  Milton.     Ray. 

8EARCE,  (sers,)   v.  I,     To  sifl ;  to  bolt:  to  separate 
the  fine  part  of  meal  from  the  coarse     [Little  used.] 

Mortimer. 


SEA 

SEARCR,  (.'•era,)  n.     A  sieve  ;  a  bolter.     [Little  used.] 
SEAR'C'ER,  (strs'er,)  n.      One   tliut    sifts  or   bolts. 

[Little  used.] 
SEARCH,   rserch,)  v.   t.     [Fr.  ehfrcher ;    It.  ccrcare; 

Ana.  kerchat^  to  seek,  to  ramble.] 

1.  To  look  over  or  through,  for  the  purpose  of  find- 
ing something;  to  explore;  to  examine  by  insiwc- 
tiun  ;  as,  to  search  the  house  for  a  book ;  to  search  the 
wood  for  a  thief. 

Semi  thou  men,  that  ihcy  inay  search  Uie  land  of  Catia&n.  — 
Num.  xiii. 

2.  To  inquire  ;  to  seek  fur. 

Enoug^h  ia  l<>rt  besides  to  tearch  ami  knov.  MUton. 

3.  To  probe  ;  to  seek  the  knowledge  of,  by  feel- 
ing with  an  instrument;  as,  to  scorch  a  wound. 

Shak. 

4.  To  examine ;  to  try  or  put  to  the  test.  Ps. 
cxxxix. 

To  search  out;  to  seek  till  found,  or  to  fiijd  by 
seeking  ;  as,  to  search  out  truth.  Watts. 

SEARCH,  (serch,)o.i.  Toseek;  tolookfor;  tomake 
search. 

Once  more  tearch  wiih  m«.  Shak. 

2.  To  make  inquiry  ;  to  inquire. 

It  ■iiffjcrs  th!»t  tht-y  hnve  oncf!  with  care  ufled  the  matter,  find 
searched  into  nil  Uie  jKiniculaxa.  Locke. 

To  search  for ,-  to  look  for ;  to  seek  ;  to  try  to  find  ; 
as,  to  search  for  a  gentleman  now  in  tlie  house. 

S/tak. 
SEARCH,  (serch,)  n.  A  seeking  or  looking  for  some- 
thing that  is  lost,  or  the  place  of  which  is  unknown, 
wilh  for  or  qfier ;  as,  a  search  for  lost  money  ;  a 
search  for  mines  of  gold  and  silver ;  a  search  after 
happiness  or  knowledge, 

2.  Inquiry  ;  a  seeking.  He  spent  his  life  in  search 
of  truth. 

3.  Quest;  pursuit  fr  finding. 
Nor  did  my  tearch  of  liberty  begin. 

Till  my  black  hair*  were  changed  upon  my  chin.         Dryden, 

Right  of  search ;  in  naval  affairs^  the  right  claimed 
by  one  nation  to  authorize  the  commanders  of  their 
ships  to  enter  vessels  of  other  nations,  and  examine 
thfir  papers  and  cargo,  to  ascertain  the  character  of 
the  vessi.-ls  and  the  destination  of  their  cargoes. 

SEARCH'A-BLE,  (serch'a-bl,)  a.  That  may  be 
searched  or  explon-d.  Cotgrave. 

SEA  RCU' A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  search- 
able. 

SEARCH'£D,  (sercht,)  pp.  Looked  over  carefully  ; 
explored  ;  examined. 

SEARCH'ER,  (serch'er,)  n.  One  who  searches,  ex- 
plores, or  examines,  for  the  purpose  of  finding  some- 
thing. 

2.  A  seeker ;  an  inquirer.  IVatts. 

3.  An  examiner;  a  trier;  as,  the  Searcher  of 
hearts. 

4.  An  officer  in  London,  appointed  to  examine  the 
bodies  of  the  dead,  and  report  the  cause  of  their 
death.  OraunU 

5.  An  officer  of  the  customs,  whose  business  is  to 
search  and  examine  ships  outward  bound,  to  ascer- 
tain whether  they  have  prohibited  goods  on  board, 
also  ba[!g.ige,  gocfds,  &.C.. 

6.  An  inspector  of  leather.     [Local.] 

7.  In  military  affairs,  an  instrument  for  examining 
ordnance,  to  ascertain  whether  guns  have  any  cav- 
ities in  them.  Kneyc. 

8.  An  instrument  used  in  the  inspection  of  butter, 
itc.,  to  asc4Ttain  the  quality  of  that  which  is  con- 
tained in  firkins.     [Local,]  Mass. 

SEARCH'ING,  (serch'ing,)  ppr.  Looking  into  or 
over ;  exploring ;  examining;  inquiring;  seeking; 
investigating. 

3.  a.  Penetrating  ;  trying  ;  close  ;  as,  a  searching 
discourse. 

SEARCH'ING,  (serch'ing,;  n.  Examination;  severe 
tiiqilhition.     Judges  v. 

SEAR<;H'ING-LV,  adv.     In  a  searching  manner. 

SEARCH'ING-NESS,  (scrch'ing-ness,)  a.  The  qual- 
ity of  severe  inquiry  or  examination. 

SEARCn'LESS,fserch'leBs,)a.  Inscrutable;  eluding 
search  or  investiKittion. 

8EARCII'-Wi^R-RANT,  (serch'-,)  n.  In  law,  o  war- 
rant issued  by  a  justice  of  the  peace,  authorizing 
persons  to  search  houses,  or  other  places   for  stolen 

gfKMltl. 

SEAR'-eLOTH,  n.     [Sax.  sar-dath.  sore-c.oth.] 
A  cloth  to  Cover  a  sore  ;  a  plaster  .Mortimer. 

SEAR'/^'D,  pp.  or  o.  [frum  sear.]  Burnt  on  the  sur- 
face ;  fautprized  ;  hiirdened. 

SeAR'EU-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  seared,  cau- 
terized, or  hardened  ;  hardness;  hence. insensibility. 

Bp.  Hall-. 

SEA'SON,  (sC'zn,)  n.  [Fr.  saison;  Arm.  s(F,sonn, 
sa^zvn  ;  Port,  saiam,  sezam,  season,  proper  time, 
stale  of  being  seasoned  ;  saionar,  to  season,  ripen, 
temper,  sweeten,  bring  to  maturity  ;  Sp.  .tazon,  sea- 
son, maturity,  tnsie,  rt-lish  ;  aaionar,  to  season.  The 
primary  sense,  like  that  of  time  niid  opiturtnnity,  \a 
to  fall,  to  come,  to  arrive,  and  this  word  seems  to  be 
allied  to  seize  and  a.ise.'is  ;  to  fall  on,  to  set  on.] 

Season  literally  signifies  that  which  comes  or  ar- 


SEA 

rives  ;  and  in  this  general  sense,  is  synonymous  with 
time.     Hence, 

1.  A  fit  or  suitable  time  ;  the  convenient  time ; 
the  usual  or  api>ointed  time  ;  as,  the  messenger  ar- 
rived in  season  ;  in  good  season.  This  fruit  is  out  of 
season. 

2.  Any  time,  as  distinguished  from  others. 

The  teaton  prime  for  aweetrst  toe.atM  and  oin.  A/i^Ion. 

3.  A  time  of  some  continuance,  but  not  long. 

Thoti  »halt  be  Wind,  not  accing  the  via  for  a  teaton.  — Acta  liij. 

4.  One  of  the  four  divisions  of  the  year,  spring, 
summer,  autumn,  winter.  The  season  is  mild;  it  Is 
cold  for  the  season. 

We  lAW,  ill  nix  d«yi*  travelings,  the  leTeral  season*  of  thp  year 
in  Uieir  tiL-mity.  AdtUton. 

We  distinguish  the  season  by  prefixing  its  ap- 
propriate name,  as  the  eprtng'-season,  summer-svu- 
son,  &.C. 

To  be  in  season ;  to  be  in  good  time,  or  suflUclently 
early  for  the  purpose. 

To  be  out  of  season ;  to  be  too  late,  beyond  the 
proper  time,  or  beyond  the  usual  or  appointed  time. 

From  the  sense  of  convenience  is  derived  the 
following. 

5.  'J'liat  which  matures  or  prepares  for  the  taste  ; 
that  which  gives  a  relish. 

You  lack  the  teatQit  of  all  nature,  atcep.  Shot. 

But  in  this  sense,  we  now  use  SEAfloiriivo. 
SeA'SON,    (se'zn,)    V.  t.     [Fr.  assaisotiner ;   Sp.   and 
Port,  sazonar.] 

1.  To  render  palatable,  or  to  give  a  higher  relish 
to,  tty  the  addition  or  mixture  of  another  substance 
more  pungent  or  pleasant;  as,  to  season  meat  with 
salt ;  to  season  any  thing  with  spices.    Lev.  ii. 

2.  To  render  more  agreeable,  pleasant,  or  delight- 
ful ;  to  give  a  relish  or  zest  to  by  something  that  ex- 
cites, animates,  or  exhilarates. 

You  teason  still  wilh  sports  your  leriout  hsiira.  Ihyden. 

The  proper  u«e  of  wit  ■  to  teaton  couvemUoa.        TtUoUot^ 

3.  To  render  more  agreeable,  or  less  rigorous  and 
severe ;  to  temper ;  to  moderate ;  to  qualify  by  ad- 
mixture. 

Wbeo  iDfrey  MOforw  Jiutioe.  SKak. 

4.  To  imbue ;  to  tinge  or  taint. 

Season  tlieir  younger  yean  with  pratlcnt  nod  pioua  principle. 

Taylor. 

5.  To  fit  for  any  use  by  time  or  habit ;  to  mature  ; 

to  prepare. 

Who  ill  want  a  hollow  friend  doth  try, 

Din-cily  aeatont  him  aii  enemy.  Shak. 

6.  To  prepare  for  use  by  drj'ing  or  hardening;  to 
take  out  or  suffer  to  escape  the  natural  juices  ;  as,  to 
season  timber. 

7.  To  prepare  or  mature  for  a  climate  ;  to  accus- 
tom to  and  enable  to  endure  ;  as,  to  season  the  body 
to  a  particular  clitnaie.  Long  residence  in  the  West 
Indies,  or  a  fever,  may  season  strangers. 

SEA'SON,  (s5'zn,)  v.  i.  To  become  mature;  to  grow 
fit  for  use  ;  to  become  adapted  to  a  cliinate,  as  the 
human  body. 

2.  To  become  dry  and  hard,  by  the  escape  of  the 
natural  juices,  or  by  being  penetrated  with  other 
substance,  'i'imber  j^-a-^on*  well  under  cover  in  the 
air,  and  ship  timber  seasons  in  salt  water. 

3.  To  betoken  ;  to  savor.     [Obs.]    Beaum.  .5*  Fl. 
SEA'S ON-A-BLE,  a.     Opportune;  that  comes,  hap- 
pens, or  is  done  in  got>d  time,  in  due  season,  or  in 
pmper  time  fur  the  purpose ;  as,  a  seasonable  supply 
of  rain. 

Mercy  Ii  teatonabtt  in  ihe  time  of  affliction.  Ecclua. 

SEA'S  ON-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Opportuneness  of  time  ; 
the  stale  of  being  in  good  time,  or  in  time  conveni- 
_ent  for  the  purpose,  or  sufficiently  early.  Addison. 
SeA'SON-A-BLY,  adv.  In  due  lime;  in  time  conve- 
nient ;  sufficiently  early  ;  as,  to  sow  or  plant  season- 
ably. 
SEA'80N-A6E,  Tt,    Seasoning;  sauce.     [J^otused.] 

South. 
SEA'SON-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  seasons. 

Partinirt/tn. 
SEA'SON-/rD,  (se'znd,)  pp.  or  a.     Mixed  or  sprinkled 
with  something  that  gives  a  relish  ;  tcmptrrcd  ;  mod- 
erated ;  qualified;  matured;  dried  and  hardened. 
SEA'S ON-ER,  71.    He  that  seasons;  that  which  sea- 
sons, matures,  or  gives  a  relish. 
SeA'SON-L\G,  ppr.     Giving  a  relish  by  something 
added;  moderating;  qualifying;  maturing;    drying 
and  hardening  ;  fitting  by  habit. 
SEA'S  ON-ING,  n.    That  which  is  added  to  any  spe- 
cies of  food,  to  give  it  a  higher  relish  ;  usually,  some- 
thing pungent  or  aromatic,  as  salt,  spices,  or  other 
aroipatic  herbs,  acids,  sugar,  or  a  mixture  of  sev- 
eral things.  Arbidhnct. 

2.  Something  added  or  mixed  to  enhance  'the 
pleasure  of  enjoyment ;  as,  wit  or  humor  may  serve 
as  a  seasoning  to  eloquence. 

Political  vpewilations  nre  of  to  dry  and  auHtrrr  a  nature,  that 
they  will  not  go  down  with  the  public  wilhuut  fn-q>tent  tea* 
toning:  A'iditon. 


TONE,  BULL,  XINITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS e  M  K;  0  M  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CII  as  SH;  TH  u  in  THIS. 

997" 


SEC 

SfiA'SON  L£SS»  «.  Without  succfssion  of  the  sea- 
sons 

SCAT,  (wet,)  n.  [It.  srdia ;  Sp.  sede,  sitio^  from  I^. 
tedeg^  situs:  8w.  sdte;  Dan.  stude;  G.  sUz;  D.  ictel^ 
tU^matt ;  W.  tiz  ;  Ir.  saidk  ;  \V.,  with  a  prtfix,  eo- 
aod,  whence  gnsodi,  to  .trU  (See  Set  nnd  Sit.)  The 
English  Stat  retains  the  Roman  pronunciation  of 
fttiM,  that  is,  «e^«,«.] 

1.  That  on  which  one  sits  ;  a  chair,  bench,  stool, 
or  any  other  thing  ou  whfch  a  [terson  sits. 

Chr*»  — owithww  the  uU*«  of  ihe  iwory-changerm,  %aA  the 
mmtt  q(  tbem  tba  sold  dovrs.  —  M-itu  zzi. 

9.  The  place  of  sitting  ;  throne ;  chair  of  state ; 
tribunal ;  post  of  aulhuriiy  ;  as,  the  scat  of  justice  ; 
JU(Igment-«Mt. 

3.  Mansion ;  residence;  dwcllInK;  abode;  as, 
Italy  tlie  5Ml  of  enipirt*.  The  Greeks  sent  colonies 
to  aeek  a  new  stat  in  Gau! 

la  AltM  be  •ImII  fix  Uli  mynX  «#al.  DryrUn. 

4.  Site ;  situation.  Tlie  sfat  of  Eden  has  never 
been  incontnwertibly  a^rrtained. 

5.  That  part  of  a  saddle  on  which  a  person  sits. 

&  In  korstmmMskip,  the  posture  or  situation  of  a 
person  on  borsetwck.  Eacyc, 

7.  A  pew  or  shp  in  a  church  ;  a  place  to  sit  in. 

8.  The  jJace  where  a  thin?  ic  settled  or  estalv- 
lished.  London  is  the  seat  of  bnsinr^id  nnd  opulence. 
8o  we  say,  the  seal  of  tite  muses,  the  seat  of  arts,  the 
#Ml  of  commerce. 

S£AT,  V.  L  To  place  on  a  scat ;  to  cause  to  sit  down. 
We  scat  ourselves ;  we  seat  our  guests. 

The  gvrtu  wen  BO  loOMr  malad  but  tb«j  enteral  into  «  wwm 
dctnte.  Arbut^noL 

3.  To  place  In  a  post  of  authority,  in  office,  or  a 
place  of  distinction,  lie  seatsd  his  sou  in  the  profes- 
Kir*8  chair. 

HMD  biffa  vu  Knf  BiAud  MOtaL  Skak. 

3.  To  settle ;  to  fix  In  a  particular  place  or  coun- 
try. A  cokMy  of  Greeks  ssmtsd  themselvea  in  the 
south  of  Italy ;  another  at  Massilia  in  Gaul. 

4.  To  fix  i  lo  set  firm. 

Pram  ibdr  fcwwtoiioM,  loawninf  to  uid  Bra, 

Ttar  [4«Kted  tb«  woMrf  Ulb.  JCIton. 

6.  To  placa  in  a  cbnrcli ;  to  asalRn  seau  to.  In 
New  England,  where  the  pews  In  churches  ve  not 

pri^-a'.e  properly,  it  is  customary  to  seat  fhmilies  for  a 
year  or  longer  time  ;  tbat  is,  assign  and  appropriate 
seats  to  their  use. 

6.  To  appropriate  the  pews  in,  to  particular  fami- 
lies ;  a0,  (o  seal  a  churrh. 

7.  To  repair  by  making  the  seat  new ;  as,  to  seat  a 
garmenL 

8.  To  settle;  to  plant  with  inbahitanta  ;  as,  tn  seat 
a  country.    [Mot  muck  used.]  ^':A,  yirg. 

8£AT,  e.  t.    To  rest ;  to  lie  down.    [A'ot  m  use,] 

Spenser. 

6£AT'ED,  pp.  Placed  in  a  chair  or  on  a  bench,  &.C. ; 
set ;  fixed  ;  settled  ;  established  ;  furnished  with  a 
deal. 

SeAT'IXG,  ppr.  Placing  on  a  seat;  setting;  set- 
tling ;  furnishing  with  a  scat ;  having  its  treats  as- 
signed to  individual^),  as  a  church. 

Sea VES,  a.  pt.     [Sw.  saf;  Dan.  sir ;  Heb.  (fD,  *«/.] 
Rufahes.     [LocaL] 

SEAVy,  a.     Overgrown  with  nishes.     [LocaL"] 

SE-BA'CEOUS,  (-shus,)  o.  [Low  L.  aebaeeus,  from 
srium,  serutKf  tallow,  W.  Mint.  Uu.  Eth.  sebacky 
faLj 
Made  of  tallow  or  fat ;  pertaining  tn  fat. 
Sebaceous  humor;  a  suet-like  or  glutinous  matter 
secreted  by  the  sebaceous  glands,  which  serves  to 
defend  the  skin  and  keep  it  sdfl.  Coze,     Parr. 

Sebaceous  glands  ;  small  glands  seated  in  the  cellu- 
lar membnuie  under  the  skin,  which  secrete  the  so- 
baceoas  bnmor.  Parr. 

8E-BAC'ie,  Mwi'ik,)  a.  [Supra.]  In  ckemlitry^  per- 
taining to  tat;  otMained  from  fat;  as,  the  sebacic 
acid.  Lacoisitr. 

Sfi'BATE,  a.  [Supra.]  In  cAemistry,  a  salt  formed 
by  the  sebacic  acid  and  a  base. 

Hooper.     Lar-oisier. 

8E-BES'TE\,  u.  A  tropical  tree  and  its  fruit,  of  the 
genus  Cordia  ;  called  Sebkstes  Plum.         P.  Cyc 

SERTN-DY,      )  n.      In   Indm^  an  irregular   native 

8EB-UX-DEE',  t  soldier,  employed  chiefly  on  reve- 
nue and  police  service.  Maieom. 

SE-CA'LE,  jc    [L.]     The  ergot  of  rye.  Brandt. 

BE'CANT,  a,  [L.  secans^  *eco,  to  cut  or  cut  off,  coin- 
ciding with  Eng.  save.] 

Cutting  ;  dividing  into  two  parts. 

8E'eANT,  a.     [It.  Fr.  and  Sp.  secante,  supra] 

1.  In  gfometru.  a  line  that  cuts  another,  or  divides 
it  into  parts.  I'be  secant  of  a  circle  is  a  line  drawn 
from  the  circtimfercnce  on  one  side  to  a  point  with- 
out the  circumference  on  the  other.  Hution. 

2.  In  trigonometry ,  the  secant  of  an  arc  is  a  right 
line  drawn  fVom  the  center  through  one  end  of  the 
arc,  and  terminated  by  a  tangent  drawn  through  the 
oihi^r  end.  Hutton. 

SE-CeDE',  v.  i.  [L.  tecedo;  je,  from,  and  cedo^  to 
move.  Se  is  an  inseparable  preposition  or  prefix  in 
Latin,  but  denoting  departure  or  separation.] 


SEC 

To  withdraw  from  fellowship,  communion,  or  as- 
sociation ;  to  flt'par;ite  one's  st-lf ;  as,  certain  minis- 
ters secfilrd  from  the  church  of  Scotlond  about  llie 
year  1733. 

SE-CkD'ER,  a.  One  who  secedes.  In  Scotland^  the 
secetlers  are  a  numerous  body  of  Presbyterians  who 
seceded  from  the  communion  uf  tho  established 
church,  about  the  year  1733. 

SE-CkU'ING,  ppr.  or  o.  Withdrawing  from  fellow- 
ship or  comumnion. 

SE-t'ERN',  r.  L  [L.  secemo ;  se  and  eemo.  to  sepa- 
rate.] 

In  the  animal  economy^  to  secrete. 

Ttio  niucua  Me«m«d  ia  Ihc  noac  —  (■  a  laudable  humor. 

ATbulJtpol. 

SE-CERN'^D,  pp.     Separated  ;  secreted. 

8E-CERN'ENT,  h.  Tlint  which  promotes  secretion  ; 
that  which  increases  tho  motions  which  constitute 
secretion.  Darwin. 

SE-t^UN'ING,  ppr.    Scpamting;   secreting;  as,  se- 

cernin-r  vesHt-ls. 

SF;-(;KK\'ME.\T,  n.    The  process  or  act  of  secreting. 
SE-CESS',  a.     [ L.  ^fcM^iw,]     Retirement;  retreat. 
SE-CES'SION,  (-sosh'un,)  n.     [U  secessio.    See  Se- 
cede.] 

1.  The  act  of  withdrawing,  partictilarly  from  fel- 
lowship and  communion.  Etict/e. 

2.  Tlie  act  of  dei>arting  ;  departure.  Brown. 
SeeeA-fion  church,  in  Scotland.     See  Secedeb. 

SE'eill-UM,  n.  A  South  American  vegetable,  Sechi- 
um  edulis  or  Siegos  edulis.  The  fruit,  in  size  and 
form,  resembles  a  large  bell-pear,  and  is  eaten  like 
the  sqitash.  Farm.  Eiiajc. 

Se'CLE,  (sS'kl,)  II.     [Fr.  sidcU;  L.  seculum.] 

A  century.     [JV*oI  in  use.]  Hammond. 

SB-CLODE',  V.  C.  [L.  secludo }  se  and  daudo^  cludo,  to 
shut.] 

1.  To  separate,  as  from  company  or  society,  and 
usually  to  keep  ai>art  for  some  length  of  time,  or  to 
contine  In  a^separate  state  ;  as,  persons  in  low  spirits 
seclude  themselves  from  society. 

Xjn  Ktab'^n  irninu  ^m  the  light  of  hewveD 

StclutU  Uieir  Uwom  slAfo.  TVumson, 

2l  To  shut  out ;  to  prevent  from  entering  ;  to  pre- 
clude. 

lodjar  your  tcn't«  pl.int»  b  your  eonwrratory,  ttcltitling  all 
entnuice  of  cold.  Evtlyn. 

8E-€L0D'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Separated  from  others;  liv- 
ing in  retirement ;  shut  out. 

SE-CLrO'EDLY,  ado.    In  a  sechided  manner. 

SE  CLCD'IN'G,  ppr.  Separating  fr<»m  others  ;  confin- 
ing in  s^tlitude  or  in  a  separate  state  ;  preventing  en- 
trance. 

SE-6 LOSE' NESS,  a.  The  state  of  being  secluded 
from  society. 

SE-CLO'SION,  {-zhun,)  n.  The  act  of  separating 
from  sotifty  or  connection  ;  the  state  of  being  sepa- 
rate or  a(»art ;  separation  ;  a  shutting  out ;  as,  to  live 
in  geelu.iion. 

SE-€LO'SIVE,  o.  That  secludes  or  sequesters  ;  that 
keeps  separate  or  in  retirement. 

SE€'ONI>,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  secundus ;  It,  seeondo; 
Sp.  and  Port,  segitndo ;  from  L.  sequor,  to  follow. 
See  Seck.^ 

1.  That  immediately  follows  the  first;  the  next 
following  the  fir*  in  order  of  plac«*  or  time  ;  the  or- 
dinal of  two.  Torie  tlie  second  book  from  the  shelf. 
Enter  the  second  house. 

And  he  tlppt  and  dreamed  the  letond  time.  —  Gen.  xll. 

S.  Next  in  value,  power,  excellence,  dignity,  or 
rank  ;  inferior.  The  silks  of  China  are  second  to 
none  in  quality.  Lord  Chatham  was  second  to  none 
in  eloquence.  Dr.  Johnson  was  second  to  none  in 
inteltectunl  powers,  but  second  to  many  in  research 
and  erudition. 

Jit  second  hand ;  in  the  second  place  of  order ;  not 
in  the  first  place,  or  by  or  from  the  first ;  by  trans- 
mission ;  not  primarily  ;  not  originally  ;  as,  a  report 
received  at  second  hand. 

In  imiialion  of  pr^ncheri  at  stcond  hand,  1  «hall  lrinjcrib«  from 
Bruyere  a  piece  of  raillery.  Thiler. 

SEtrOND,  n.  One  who  attends  another  in  a  duel,  to 
aid  him,  mark  out  the  ground  or  distance,  and  see 
that  all  proceedings  between  the  parties  are  fair. 

tVatts.     Jiddison. 

2.  One  that  supports  or  maintains  another ;  that 
which  supports. 

Being  »ure  enough  of  seconds  after  the  fir«t  onset.       WotUm. 

3.  The  sixtieth  part  of  a  minute  of  time  or  of  a  de- 
gree, that  is,  the  second  minute  or  small  division  next 
to  the  hour  or  degree.  Sound  moves  above  1140 
Englii^h  feet  in  a  second. 

4.  In  mtisie,  an  interval  of  a  conjoint  degree,  be- 
ing the  difference  between  ony  sound  and  the  next 
nearest  sound  above  or  below  it. 

Bushy.     BroTule. 
SECOND,  V.   t.     [L.  secundo ;  Fr.  seconder ;   It.   se- 
condare.] 

1.  To  follow  in  the  next  place. 

Sin  ia  seconded  vUh  sin.     [Liole  u»td.]  South. 

2.  To  support;    to  lend    aid    to   the  attempt  of 


SEC 

another ;  to  assist ;  to  forward  ;  to  promote ;  lo  en- 
courage ;  to  net  as  tho  maintainer. 

Wo  haro  luppliei  to  tecond  out  attempt.  Shak. 

Tlic  aUempii  of  Aij»iri.i  lo  circumscriU  the  conqueata  of  Bona* 

parte  wem  a«n>rvj«d  by  Htiavia.  Anon. 

In  God,  one  •ingle  cnii  tti  t-ndi  produce, 
Yd  •enrca  to  tfco'ul  loo  aomc  oihcr  uac,  Pop4. 

3.  In  deliberative  assemblies,  to  unite  with  a  person, 
or  act  as  his  second^  in  proponing  some  measure ; 
as,  to  arcottd  a  motion  or  proijosiiion. 

SE€'ONl>-A-RI-LY,  adv.  [from  secondary.]  In  Hjo 
second  degree  or  secund  order ;  not  primarily  or 
originally  ;  not  in  the  first  Intention.  Ihiiies  on  irn- 
p«>rts  serve  primarily  to  raise  a  revenue,  and  secomla- 
rdu  to  encourage  domestic  manufactures  and  induatrv. 

SEC'OND-A-RI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  sec- 
ondary. J^orris. 

SECOND-A-RY,  a.     [L.  srcundarius,  from  secundas.] 

1.  Succeeding  next  in  order  to  the  (irst ;  subor- 
dinate. 

Whore  thTe  b  moral  right  on  the  one  hand,  uo  tecontfary  right 
cm  diacharge  it.  L'  ICulrange. 

2.  Not  primary  ;  not  of  the  first  intention. 

Two  are  the  railicd  diflircnc«a ;  the  ttcondary  dUIcrcnc^a  an  as 
four.  Bncon. 

3.  Not  of  the  first  order  or  rate  ;  revolving  about  a 
primary  planet.  I'rimary  planets  revolve  about  tho 
sun  ;  secondary  planets  or  satellites  revulve  about  the 
primary. 

4.  Acting  by  deputation  or  delegated  authority  ;  as, 
the  work  of  secondary  hands.  Miiton. 

5.  Acting  in  8Ubt>rdinalion,  or  as  second  to  anoilier ; 
as,  a  secondary  othrer.  Kiicyc. 

fi.  In  mineralogy,  a  term  denoting  a  modified  crys- 
tal derived  from  one  of  the  primary  forms,  or  any 
plane  on  a  crystal  which  is  not  one  of  the  primary 
planes.  Dana, 

Secondary  rocks  or  .Tfru/a,  in  ge-olotry^  are  those 
which  are  pituated  over  or  above  the  primary  ami 
below  the  tertiary.  They  usually  abound  in  urcanic 
remains  or  petrifactions.  Clrarrland. 

Secondary  formation;  in  geolofry^  Hie  formation 
which  includes  the  secondary  strata. 

Ji  secondary  /foer,  is  that  which  arises  after  a 
crisis,  or  a  critical  effort,  as  after  the  declen.siun  of 
the  small-pox  or  measles.  Qitincy. 

Secondary  circles.     See  SECOtfDAar,  n.  No.Q. 

Secondary  qualities^  are  the  qualities  of  bodies 
which  are  not  inseparable  from  them,  but  which 
proc<;t-d  from  casual  circumstances,  such  as  tor, 
tasie,  odor,  &c. 

Secondary  qutUs.     See  SEcoNOAnr,  n.  No.  3. 
SEe'OND-A-RY,  n.     A  delegate  or  deputy  ;  one  who 
acts  in  subordination  to  another  ;  as,  the  secondaries 
of  the  Court  of  King's  Bench  and  of  Common  Pleas. 

Encyc. 

2.  In  astronomy,  a  great  circle  of  the  sphere  pas.sing 
through  the  jmles  of  another  great  circle,  porjjcndic- 
ular  lo  its  plane  ;  as,  secondaries  to  the  ecliptic. 

Brands. 

3.  In  ornithology^  a  quill  or  large  feather  growing 
on  the  second  bone  of  a  bird's  wing.  Bmnde. 

SEC'OND-eOUS'yN,  (kuz'n,)  n.  The  name  giveu  to 
the  children  of  cousins. 

SE€'ONI>-ED,  jrp.     Supported  ;  aided. 

SECOND-ER,  n.  One  that  supports  what  another  at- 
tempts, or  what  he  afiirms,  or  what  he  moves  or  pro- 
poses ;  as,  the  seconder  of  an  enterprise  or  of  a  motion. 

SECOND-HAND,  n.  Possession  received  from  the 
firrit  possessor.  Johnson. 

SECOND-HAND,  a.  Not  original  or  primary;  re- 
ceived from  another 

Tbey  bnve  but  a  itcond-fiand  or  implicit  knowledge.      Locke. 

2,  Not  new  ;  that  has  been  used  by  another  ;  as,  a 
second-hand  hook. 

SECOND-ING,ppr.     Supporting;  aiding. 

SECOND-LY,  adv.     In  the  second  place.        Bacon. 

SE-^OJ^ DO,  [It.]     In  music,  the  second  part. 

SECOND-RATE,  n.  [second  and  rate.]  The  second 
order  in  size,  dignity,  or  value. 

They  call  it  thunder  of  the  Mcond-rale,  Additon. 

So  we  sav,  a  ship  of  the  second-rate. 

SECOND-RATE,  a.  Of  the  second  size,  rank,  qual- 
ity, or  value  ;  as,  a  second-rate  ship;  a  second-rate 
cloth  ;  a  second-rafe  champion.  Drydcn. 

SECOND-SIGHT,  (-site,)  n.  The  power  of  seeing 
things  future  or  di.<4tant;  a  power  claimed  by  vome 
of  the  Highlanders  in  Scotland.  Addison. 

Nor  lea*  availe'l  bia  optic  aleight. 

And  Scoiiish  gift  of  teamd  light.  TrurnhtiU't  M'Fingal. 

SECOND-SIGnT-ED,(-sI'tcd,)  a.  Having  the  power 
of  second-sight.  .Addison. 

Se'CRE-CY,  n.  [from  secret.]  Properly,  a  state  of 
separation  ;  hence,  coucealment  from  the  observa- 
tion of  others,  or  from  the  notice  of  any  persons  not 
concerned  ;  privacy  ;  a  slate  of  being  hid  from  view. 
When  used  of  an  individual,  secrecy  implies  con- 
cealment from  all  others ;  when  used  of  two  or  more, 
it  implies  concealment  from  all  persons  except  (hose 
concerned.  Thus  a  company  of  counterfeiters  carry 
on  their  villainy  in  sccreey. 

The  lady  Anne, 
Whom  the  king  hath  in  tertey  long  miirrie*!,  Shak. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.-METE,  PRgY.-PINE,  MAKIN-E,  BIRD.-NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  B(?pK.- 
9^ 


SEC 

9.  Solitude  ;  retirement ;  seclusion  from  the  view 
of  ctliers.  Milton. 

3.  Forbearance  of  disclosure  or  discover>'. 
k  b  not  wiih  public a«  with  private  pr.ijcr ;  in  thb,  nUMT  lecrtcy 
k  commanded  than  ouiward  aliiiw.  Hooktr. 

A.  Fidelity  to  a  secret ;  the  act  or  habit  of  kcepiug 
.    secrets. 

For  Mcrcty  no  laily  dowr.  Shak. 

?E'€RET,  a.  [Fr.  secret;  It.  Pp.  and  Port,  secreto ; 
L.  secrt'ttu.  This  is  given  as  the  participle  of  secemo, 
but  it  is  radically  a  different  word  ;  W.  se^yr,  that 
is,  ap:irt,  inclosed,  or  sacred  :  segru^  to  s«crele  or  put 
upurt ;  si^,  that  is,  without  access.  The  radical 
sense  of  s8^  is,  to  separate,  as  in  L.  scco,  to  cut  off"; 
and  not  improbably  this  word  is  contracted  into  the 
Liitin  se,  a  prefix  in  sf^gre^o^  separo,  &;c.] 

I.  Proprrht^  separate  ;  hence,  hid  ;  concealed  from 
the  notice  or  knowledge  of  all  persons  except  tJie 
individual  or  individuals  concerned. 

I  have  a  stent  ortaiid  to  ibee,  O  king. — Judgfa  iU. 
9.  I'^UBcen  j    private  j  secluded  j   being  in  retire- 
ment. 

There,  secret  in  her  sapphire  ell. 

He  Willi  Uif  Naia  wont  ly  ilwtll.  Fenlon. 

3.  Removed  from  sight;  private;  unknown. 
Atrtde  in  a  $»cret  place,  and  hitie  thj-ielf.  —  1  Sam.  x'lx. 

4.  Keeping  secrets;  faithful  to  secrets  intrusted; 
as,  secret  Runiansi.     [Unusual.]  S/iak. 

5.  Private  ;  aflbrdiug  privacy  ;  as,  the  secret  top  of 
Sinai.  MUtoru 

6.  Occult ;  not  seen  ;  not  apparent ;  as,  the  secret 
operations  of  physical  causes. 

7.  Known  to  God  only. 

Serrtt  things  belong  to  the  Lord  our  God.  —  Dent.  xxix. 

8.  Not  proper  to  be  seen  ;  kept,  or  such  as  ought  to 
be  kept,  Irom  observation. 

SE'€RET,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  secretum.] 

1.  Something  studiously  concealed.  A  man  who 
can  n<it  keep  his  own  sccreLf,  will  hardly  keep  the 
secrets  of  others. 

To  tell  our  own  ttcreU  a  oHen  fully  ;  to  com  mi  mica  to  tho«e  of 

nthi-n  is  iKneivry,  Hambler. 

K  taletitAr.T  re»ealeih  tecreU.  —  Prov.  xL 

3.  A  thing  not  discovered,  and  therefore  unknown. 

All  tecreU  of  Uie  deep,  all  natiif't  worki.  AfUtan. 

IhM  thou  heanj  the  weeret  o(  God  i  —  Jub  iv. 

3.  Secrets^  pL ;  the  parts  which  modesty  and  pro- 
priety require  to  be  concealed. 

In  secret ;  in  a  private  place  ;  in  privacy  or  secrecy  ; 
in  a  state  or  place  not  seen  ;  privately. 

Bre&d  eateo  in  tecrti '»  pleaaanL  —  Prutr.  Ix. 

BE'CRET,  V.  U    To  keep  private.    [JVot  used.]    Bacon. 
SEC-Rfi-TA'RI-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  secretary. 

Bril.  Spy. 
SEe'RE-TA-RI-SHIP,  n-    The  office  of  a  secretary. 

Sioift. 

BEG'RE-TA-RY,  n,  [Fr.  secritaire;  Sp.  and  It.  seer^ 
lario;  from  Vt.  secretus,  secrai;  originally  a  confidant, 
one  intrusted  with  secrets.] 

1.  A  pcrsfin  employed  by  a  public  body,  by  a  com- 
pany, or  by  an  individual,  to  write  orders,  letlera, 
dispatches,  puUic  or  private  papers,  records,  and  the 
like.  Thus  legislative  bodies  have  secretaries^  whose 
business  is  to  record  all  their  laws  and  resolves. 
Kmbo-ssadnrs  have  secretaries. 

2.  An  officer  who^e  business  is  to  suprrintend  and 
manage  the  affairs  of  a  particular  dejKinment  of  gov- 
ernment ;  as,  the  secretary  of  slate,  who  conducts  the 
correspi)ndence  of  a  slate  with  foreign  courts;  the 
secretary  of  the  ireasurj',  who  manages  the  depart- 
ment of  finance  j  the  secretary  of  war,  of  the  navy, 
&c. 

SE-€ReTK',  p.  t.  To  hide ;  to  conceal ;  to  remove 
from  observation  or  the  knowledge  of  others  j  as,  to 
secrete  stolen  goods. 

2.  To  secrete  one's  self;  to  retire  fVom  notice  into 
a  private  place  ;  to  abscond. 

X  In  tJic  animal  economy^  to  secern  ;  to  produce  from 
till*  bliKKl  stibst'inces  different  from  the  blood  itself, 
or  from  any  of  its  constituents ;  as  the  glands.  The 
hvcr  secretes  bile  ;  the  salivary  glands  secrtu  saliva. 

E4.  Kncye. 
A,  In  vegetable  physiolcgyy  to  separate  6Ub.stance8 
fn^ni  the  nap, 

HE  t'llP-T'El),  pp.  or  o.    Concealed  ;  secerned. 

8K  CKkT'IjN*;,  ppr.     Hiding;  secerning. 

8E-€RF.'TluN,  n.  The  act  of  secerning  ;  the  act  or 
process  of  prtxlucing  from  the  bltKid  substances  dif- 
ferent from  the  blood  itself  or  from  any  of  its  con- 
stituents, as  bde,  saliva,  mucus,  urine,  &.c.  This 
was  considered  by  the  older  physiologists  as  merely 
a  separation  from  the  blcKKl  of  rertain  subHlanc<^'S  pre- 
viiiusly  contained  in  it;  the  Uteral  meaning  of  secre- 
tion.  But  this  opinion  is  now  generally  exploded. 
'Ihe  organs  of  secretion  are  of  very  various  form  and 
htructure,  but  the  most  general  are  those  called  Wand*. 

FA.  jLiteyc. 

9.  In  vegetables,  the  corresponding  process  of  sep- 
arating substances  from  the  sap. 

3.  The  matter  secreted ;  as  mucus,  perspirable 
matter,  ice. 


SEC 

S£'C'RET-1ST,  n.    A  dealer  in  secrets.     [JVw(  in  vse.] 

Boyle. 
SE-€RE-TI"TIOUS,  (se-kre-lish'ua,)  o.     Parted   by 

aiiini:tl  isecretion.  Floycr. 

SE-€Re'TIVE-NE9S,  n.  Among  phrenologists^  the 
organ  which  induces  secrecy  or  concealment. 

Brande. 
Se'CRET-LY,  ailc.     Privately;  privily;  not  openly; 
without  the  knowledge  of  others;  as,  to  dispatch  a 
messenger  secretly. 
2.  Inwardly  ;  not  apjiarently  or  visibly  ;  latently. 
Now  ttcrtUy  with  inward  grief  ahe  |Uiied.  Addison. 

Se'CRET-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  hid  or  con- 
cealed. 

2.  The  quality  of  keeping  a  secret.  Donne. 
Se'€RE-TO-KY,  a.    Performing  the  office  of  secre- 
tion ;  as,  secretory  vessels.  Ray. 

SECT,  n.  [Kr.  sccie ;  It.  setta ;  L.  and  Sp.  secta  ;  from 
L.  s«o,  to  cut  off",  to  seik'irate.] 

1.  A  body  tir  number  of  persons  united  in  tenets, 
chiefly  in  philosophy  or  religion,  but  constituting  a 
distinct  parly  by  holding  sentiments  different  from 
those  of  other  men.  Most  sects-  have  originated  in  a 
particular  [lersou,  who  taught  and  propagated  some 
peculiar  notions  in  philosophy  or  religion,  and  who 
is  considered  to  have  been  its  founder.  Among  the 
jews,  the  principtU  sect^  were  the  Pharisees,  Saddu- 
cees,  and  Essenes ;  in  Greece  were  the  Cynic  sect^ 
founded  by  Antisthenes,  and  the  Academic  sect,  Ity 
Plato.  The  Academic  sect  gave  birth  to  the  Peri- 
patetic, and  the  Cynic  to  the  Stoic.  Enfield. 

3.  A  denomination  which  dissents  from  an  estab- 
lislied  church. 

3.  A  cutting  or  cion.     [JSTot  useiL]  Shak. 

SE€T-A'R1-AN,  a.     [I^  sectarias.] 

Pertaining  to  n  sect  or  to  sects  ;  peculiar  to  a  sect ; 
as,  sectarian  principles  or  prejudices. 

SEeT-A'UI-AN,  «.  One  of  a  sect ;  one  of  a  party  in 
religion  which  has  separated  itself  from  the  estab- 
lished church,  or  which  holds  tenets  different  from 
those  of  the  prevailing  denomination  in  a  kingdom 
or  state. 

SECT-A'RI-AN-ISM,  «.  The  disposition  to  dissent 
from  the  established  church  or  predominant  religion, 
and  to  form  new  sects, 

SECT-A'RI-AN-IZE,  r.  f.  To  imbue  with  sectarian 
feelings. 

SECT'A-RISM,  n.    Sectarianism.     [LUUe  used.} 

SECT'A-RIST,  71.     A  sectary.     [JVot  much  used.) 

SE€T'A-RY,  n.     [Fr.  sectaire.]  [Warton. 

1.  A  person  who  6e|>arates  from  an  established 
church,  or  from  the  prevailing  denomination  of 
Christians  ;  one  that  belongs  to  a  sect ;  a  dissenter. 

2.  A  follower  ;  a  pupil.     [JVot  in  use.]      Spenser, 
SECT-A'TOR,  ».     [Fr.  sectateur.] 

A  follower ;  a  disciple  ;  an  adherent  to  a  sect.  [JWf 
noiB  used.]  Ralegh. 

SECT'ILK,  a.     [L.  sectilh,  from  seco,  to  cul.l 

Capable  of  being  cut  in  slices  with  a  knire.  Dana. 
In  mineralogy^  applied  to  minerals  when,  being  cut 
with  a  knife,  the  seiKirated  particles  do  not  fly  away, 
but  remain  on  the  mass.  Humble. 

SECTION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  sectio  ;  seco,  to  cut  off.] 

1.  Tlie  act  of  cutting,  or  of  se[)arating  by  cutting ; 
as,  the  section  of  bodies.  IVotlon. 

2.  A  part  separated  from  the  rest ;  a  division. 

3.  In  books  and  voritings,  a  distinct  part  or  p<^irtion  ; 
the  subdivision  of  a  chapter  ;  the  division  of  a  law 
or  other  writing  or  instrument.  In  laws,  a  section  is 
sometimes  culled  a  Paraurafh  or  Ahticle. 

Boyle,  Locke 
A.  A  distinct  part  of  a  city,  town,  country,  or  peo- 
ple; a  partof  territory  separated  \ty  geographical  lines, 
or  of  a  people  considered  as  distinct.  Thus  we  say, 
the  northern  or  eastern  section  of  the  United  States, 
the  middle  section,  the  southern  or  western  section. 

5.  In  geometry,  the  intersection  of  two  siipt^rficiea, 
or  of  a  superffcies  and  a  solid.  In  the  former  case, 
it  is  a  line  ;  in  the  latter,  a  surface.    .4.  D.  Stauley. 

6.  The  representation  of  an  object,  as  a  building, 
machine,  &c.,  cut  asunder  vertically,  so  as  to  show 
the  interior  or  profile.  Olu-'s.  ofArchit. 

7    In  tA«  public  lands  of  the  United  Slates,  a  tract  of 
f»40  acres. 
SECTION-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  section  or  distinct 
part  of  a  larger  body  or  territory. 

All  tectional  In'fmta  and  r»r(v  frclin^,  it  !■  hoped,  will  hercaA 
ler  jrictd  to  Khcracs  oT  Brubitiun. 

J.  Slory,    Hotack,  Mttn.  of  Clinton. 

SEC'TION-AL-LY,  aWr.     In  a  sectional  manner. 
SECT'OR,  n.     [Fr.  scctcur,  from  h.seco,  to  cut.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  part  of  a  circle  comprehended  be- 
tween two  radii  and  the  included  arc ;  or  a  mixed 
triangle,  formed  by  two  radii  and  the  arc  of  a  circle. 

JIuUon. 
The  sector  of  a  sphere,  is  the  solid  generated  by  the 
revolution  of  the  sector  of  a  circle  about  one  of  its 
radii. 

2.  A  mathematical  instrument  so  marked  with 
lines  of  sines,  tangents,  secants,  chords,  &,c.,  as 
to  fit  all  mdii  and  scales,  and  useful  in  finding  the 
proportion  between  auantities  of  the  same  kind. 
The  sector  is  founded  on  the  fourth  proposition  of 


SEC 

the  sixth  bo<»k  of  Euclid,  where  it  is  proved  that 
similar  triangles  have  their  homologous  sides  propor- 
tional. Eticyc 

3.  In  astronomy,  an  instrument  for  measuring  ae- 
nith  distances.     [See  Zenith  Sector.]       Brande 

Dip  sector;  an  msiruiuent  used  for  measuring  tte 
dip  of  the  horizon.  Obitsted. 

SECIJ-LAR,  a.  [Fr.  seciilaire;  It.  secolare ;  Sp.  sccit- 
lur;  h.  secularis,  from  seciilum,  the  world  or  an  age.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  this  jm-sent  world,  or  to  things  not 
spiritual  or  holy  ;  relating  to  things  not  immediately 
or  primarily  respecting  the  soul,  but  the  body  ;  worltl- 
ly.  The  secular  concerns  of  life  respect  making  pro- 
vision for  the  support  of  life,  the  preservation  of 
health,  the  temiwral  prosperity  of  men,  of  states,  &,c. 
Secu^r  power  is  that  which  superintends  and  gov- 
erns the  temjKjral  affairs  of  men,  the  civil  or  [lolitical 
power;  and  is  contradistinguished  from  spiritual  or 
ecclesiastical  power. 

2.  Among  Roman  Catholics,  not  regular ;  not  bound 
by  _monai*tic  vows  or  rules  ;  not  confined  to  a  monua- 
twry,  or  subject  to  the  rules  of  a  religious  comuiu- 
nily.  Thus  we  say,  the  secular  clergy,  and  the  reg- 
ular clergy.  Temple. 

Secular  equation ;  in  astronomy,  the  numerical  ex- 
pression of  the  magnitude  and  period  of  a  secular 
inequality. 

Secular  inequality ;  a  deviation  from  the  mean  mo- 
tion or  mean  orbit  of  a  celestial  body,  which  pro- 
ceeds so  slowly  as  to  become  sensible  only  after  the 
lapse  of  centuries.  Brande. 

3.  Coming  or  observed  once  in  a  century ;  as,  a 
secular  year. 

Secular  games,  in  Rome,  were  games '  celebrated 
once  in  an  age  or  century,  which  lasted  three  days 
and  nights,  with  sacrifices,  theatrical  shows,  com- 
bats, sports,  &,c.  Valerius  Maximus, 

Secular  music ;  any  music  or  songs  not  adapted  to 
sacred  uses. 

Secular  refrigeration  ;  in  geology,  the  periodical 
cooling,  and  consequent  consolidation,  of  the  crust 
of  the  globe.  Brande, 

Secular  sang,  or  poem;  a  song  or  poem  composed 
for  the  secular  games,  or  sung  or  rehearsed  at  those 
games. 
SEC'U-LAR,  n,  A  church  officer  or  officiate,  whose 
functions  are  confined  to  the  vocal  department  of  the 
choir.  Busby. 

SE€-IJ-LAR'!-TY,  n.  Worldliness ;  supreme  atten- 
tion to  the  things  of  the  present  life.  Budianan. 
SE€-l|-LAR-I-ZA''JTON,  n.  [from  secularize.]  The 
act  of  converting  a  regular  person,  place,  or  benefice, 
into  a  secular  one.  Most  catJiedral  churches  were 
formerly  regular,  that  is,  the  canons  were  of  religious 
or  monastic  orders  ;  but  they  have  since  been  secu- 
larized. For  the  secularization  of  a  regular  church, 
there  is  wanted  the  authority  of  the  [K)pe,  that  of  the 
prince,  the  bishop  of  the  place,  the  patron,  and  even 
the  consent  of  the  |«iople,  Encyc. 

2.  In  polities,  the  appropriation  of  church  property 
to  secular  or  common  uses  ;  also,  transferring  the 
civil  jurisdiction  of  a  district  or  country  from  eccle- 
siastics to  laymen.  Murdock, 

SEC'IT-LAR-TZE,  v.  t.    [Fr.  se-culariser ;  from  secular.] 
To  convert  that  which  is  regular  or  monastic  into 
secular ;  as,  the  ancient  regular  cathedral  churches 
were  secularized. 

At  the  rfforinntion,  the  abbey  was  iteutaris*d.      Cox€,  Hwitx. 

3.  To  convert  from  spiritual  appropriation  to  secu- 
lar or  commtui  use. 

3.  To  transfer  the  civil  government  of  a  bishopric 
or  country  from  a  prince  bishop  to  a  layman. 

4.  To  make  worldly  or  unspiritual.       [Jilurdock. 
SE€'ll-h.\\l'XZ-KD,  pp.     Converted  from  regular  to 

secular,  or  from  ecclesiastical  to  laicul  or  to  worldly 

uses. 
SEC'U-LAR  rZ-ING,  ppr.     Converting  from  regular 

ot  monastic  to  secular,  or  from  ecclesiastical  to  laical 

or  to  worldly  uses. 
SEG'li-LAR-LY,  ado.     In  a  worldly  manner. 
SEC'I-I-LAR-NESS,  n.     A  secular  disposition  ;  world- 

Jiness  ;  worldly-mindedness. 
SE'CUND,  a.     In  botany,  arranged  on  one  side  only. 
SEC-UN-DA'TION,  n.     Prosperity.     [JVot  used.] 
SEC'UN-DINE,  71.     [Fr.  srcondtncs ;   from  second,  L. 

secundus,  from  sequor,  to  follow.] 

1.  In  botany,  the  second  coat  or  integument  of  an 
ovule,  reckoning  the  outer  as  the  first.        Lindlry. 

2.  St:eandines,  in  the  plural,  as  ifcnerHlIy  used,  are 
the  several  coats  or  membranes  in  which  the  fetus  is 
wrap[)ed  in  the  womb  ;  tlie  afterbirth. 

Otie.    Braiule. 

SE-€UJV'DUM  AR'TRJif,  [h.]  According  to  art  or 
professional  rule;  skillfully. 

BE-CORE',  a.  [L.  srcurus;  It.  sieiiro ;  Sp.  seguro.  It 
coincides  in  elements  with  the  oriental  "i^o  and  "^ao, 
to  shut  or  inclose,  to  make  fust ;  but  it  may  be  from 
sc,  or  sine,  and  cura,  care,  free  from  anxiety.] 

1.  Free  from  danger  of  being  taken  by  an  enemy  ; 
that  may  resist  assault  or  attack.  The  place  is  well 
fortified  and  very  secure.  Gibraltar  is  a  secure  for- 
tress. In  this  sense,  secure  is  followed  by  against  or 
from  I  as,  secure  against  attack,  or  frojn  an  enemy. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  8  as  Z;  CH  aa  SH ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


SED 

2.  Free  ft«in  danger;  safe;  applied  to  persons i 
with  fritm, 

3.  Free  from  fear  or  apprehension  of  dnnger  ;  not 
alanned  ;  not  disturtied  by  fear  ;  confident  uf  safely  ; 
hence,  cart'U'ss  of  the  means  of  defense.  Men  are 
oAcn  must  in  danger  when  they  feel  most  secure. 

Coi>fi(|^itc«  ih'-a  bore  lhe«  on,  *«-4*r« 

Tu  Tw^x.  DO  dnaf^T.  Milton. 

4.  Confident ;  not  distrustful ;  with  qf. 

But  thou,  trcuTt  ttftout,  uttlriit  vrhtt  woe«,  DryJm, 

It  emtOftna  tite  in«M  tnrurt  of  ha  ttrriijlh  to  prajr  to  (iovi  not  to 
expuCF  him  to  wi  rneitiy.  Ro£tr: 

5.  Careless  ;  wanting  caution.     [See  No.  3.] 

G.  Certain  ^  very  confident.     He  is  secure  of  a  wel- 
come reception. 
SE-CCRE'.  c.  I.    To  puard  effectually  from  dantrcr  ;  to 
make  safe      Fortifications  may  secure  a  city  ;  stiipd 
of  war  may  secure  a  hart>or. 

I  tfnmd  ft  ctowd  beAm  llw  ficWr^  liffat, 

StMUined  di«  wnq^Miw!,  uhI  MOtrgd  ba  ffifhL         i>ryiim. 

S.  To  mike  certain  ;  to  put  beyond  hazdrd.  *  Lib- 
erty and  fixed  laws  secure  to  evt;r>'  citizen  due  pro- 
tection of  person  and  pn^perty.  The  first  duty  and 
the  hifhe^t  interest  of  men  is,  to  secure  the  favor  of 
God  by  repentance  and  faith,  and  thus  to  secure  tu 
thems«'lves  future  felicity. 

3.  To  iuchtse  or  confine  efTertiially  ;  to  piard  ef- 
fectually from  escape  ;  sometimes,  to  seize  and  con- 
fine :  a!f,  to  secure  a  prisoner.  The  sherifi*  pursued 
the  thief  with  a  warmnt,  and  secured  him. 

4.  To  make  certain  of  payment ;  as,  to  secure  a 
debt  by  mortgage. 

5.  Til  make  certain  of  receiving  a  precarious  debt 
by  givinx  bond,  bail,  8urt;ty,  or  otherwise ;  as,  to  m- 
cure  a  credttur. 

G.  To  in.-iure,  as  property. 

7.  To  nitike  fast :  as,  lo  secure  a  door  ;  to  secure  a 
rafter  to  a  plate  ;  to  secure  the  hatches  of  a  ship. 

8£-€CR'£D,  pp.  Etfectually  guarded  or  protected  ; 
made  certain  ;  put  beyond  hazard ;  effectually  con- 
fined ;  made  fast. 

8£-€CUB'LY,  ade.  Without  danger;  safely  ;  as,  to 
pa^  a  river  on  ice  seeurtig.  But  SArKi-T  is  generally 
used. 

8.  Without  fear  or  apprehension ;  carelessly ;  in 
an  unguarded  state  ;  in  confidence  of  aifety. 

ir«  (Ufinf  Kn  mewrtif  him  t|.'fl«Nt. 
brtbee.- 

B£-CORE'MENT,  s.  8ecurit>-;  protection.  [AW 
msed.]  Brounu 

6E-€0RE'XESS,  «.  Confidence  of  safety  ;  exemp- 
tion from  fear  ;  bence,  want  of  vigilance  or  camion. 

Bacon. 

8E-CPR'ER,  9.    He  or  that  which  secures  or  protects. 

SECCRf-FORM,  o.    [L.  securisj  an  ax  ur  haithct, 

and  /•frm.] 

In  botany^  having  the  form  of  an  ax  or  hatchet. 

Lee, 
8E-€0'RI-TY,  n.     [Fr.  sfcuriU  :  L.  sentritas.] 

1.  Pnrtection ;  effectual  drfen^  or  safety  from 
danger  vf  any  kind  ;  as,  a  chain  of  forts  erected  for 
the  security  of  the  ffftnliers. 

2.  That  which  protects  or  guards  from  danger.  A 
navy  coitstitutes  the  securtttf  of  Great  Britain  from 
invasion. 

3.  Freedom  from  fear  or  apprehension ;  confi- 
dence of  safely  ;  whence,  negligence  in  providing 
means  of  defence.  Srcuritif  is  dangerous,  for  It  ex- 
poses men  to  attack  wlien  unprepared.  Security  in 
sin  is  the  worst  condition  of  the  sinner. 

4.  .Safely  ;  c<'rtatnty.  We  have  no  security  for 
peace  witii  the  enemy,  but  the  dread  of  our  navy. 

5.  Any  thing  given  or  deposited,  to  secure  the  pay- 
ment of  a  debt,  or  the  performance  of  a  contract  ; 
as  abond  with  surely,  a  mortgage,  the  indor^ment  of 
a  responsible  man,  a  pledge,  &c.  BlacksU'uc 

6.  Something  given  or  done  to  secure  peace  or 
fpod  behavior.  Violent  and  dangerous  men  are 
obliged  to  give  securitv  for  their  good  behavior,  or  for 
keeping  the  peace.  This  security  consists  in  being 
bound  with  one  or  more  sureties  in  a  recocnizance 
to  tlie  king  or  ^ntc.  Blarkstone. 

BE-DAX',  n.     [Fr.,  from  the  h.  sedeo ;  like  L.  esseda.] 
A  portable  chair  or  covered  vehicle  for  carrjing  a 
Bingle  person.    It  is  borne  on  poles  by  two  men. 

Dryden.     Kncyc 

SE-DX7*E',  a.  [L.  tedatusy  fhMn  sedo^  to  calm  or  ap- 
pease, that  is,  to  «ef,  to  cause  to  subside.] 

Settled  ;  composed  ;  calm  ;  quiet ;  tranquil ;  still ; 

•erene;  unruffled  by  passitm  ;  undisturbed  ;  c^mtem- 

ptntive  ;  sober  ;  serious;  as,  a  sedate  soul,  mind,  or 

temper.    So  we  say,  a  acdaU  look  or  countenance. 

Dryden.      Watts. 

8E-DXTE'LY,   arfp.      Calmly;    without  agitation   of 

mind.  Locke. 

8E-DATE'NESS,  «.  Calmness  of  mind,  manner,  or 
countenance;  freedom  from  agitation  i  a  settled 
state  ;  composure  ;  serenity  ;  tranquillity  ;  as,  sedate- 
ntss  of  temper  or  soul ;  stdateuess  of  countenance ; 
sedatentss  of  conversation.  Addison. 

SE-DA'TIO\,  a.    The  act  of  calming.     [Ay(  in  use."] 

Coles. 


SED 

SED'A-TIVE,  a.     [Fr.  srdatif^  from  L.  sedOy  to  calm.] 
Ill  TMPrfiVi'ir,  nuKleratine  ;  uUiiyinR  irritability  and 
Irritation;  diminishing  irntalive  activity;  assuaging 
pain. 

SEO'A-TIVE,  n.  A  medicine  which  allays  irritability 
and  irritation,  and  irritative  activity,  and  which  as- 
suages pain. 

SE  DE-FFJV-DEJ^DO,  [L.]  In  defending  himself; 
the  plea  of  a  |>erson  charged  with  murder,  wtio  al- 
1ege:4  that  be  t^omniitteit  the  act  in  his  own  defense. 

Sr:'nKNT,  a.    Sitting;  inactive;  quiet. 

SED'E\-T.A-RI-LV,  adv.  [from  sedentary.]  In  a 
setleiitan-  innnner. 

SED'EX-TA-RI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  seden- 
tary. 

SED^EX-TA-RY,  n.  One  of  a  tribe  of  spiders,  which 
rest  motionless  until  their  prey  is  entangled  in  their 
web.  Brande. 

8ED'E\-TA-RY,  a.  JFr.  sedentaire;  It.  and  Sp.  se- 
dentario  ;  L.  sedentanus^  from  scdrns,  sedeo,  to  sit.] 

1.  Accustomed  to  sit  much,  or  to  pass  most  of  the 
time  in  a  sitting  posture  ;  as,  a  sednttary  man.  Stu- 
dents, tailors,  and  women,  are  sedentary  persons. 

2.  Requiring  much  sitting  ;  as,  a  sedentary  occupa- 
tion or  employmenL 

3.  Passed  for  the  most  part  in  sitting ;  as,  a  seden- 
tary life.  ArbuUinot. 

4.  Inactive ;  motionless ;  sluggish  ;  as,  tlie  seden- 
tary earth.  Milton. 

Tbe  toiil,  coiuklerpd  i^MtnticlIy  troin  ila  pauiona,  u  oT  a  nrmin, 
*td4nUuy  uiuure.  Sitctaior. 

SEDGE,  (sej,)  n.  [Sax.  see^ ;  perhaps  from  the  root 
of  L.  «ccu,  to  cut;  that  is,  sword  grass,  like  L. 
gladiolus.  ] 

1.  A  narrow  flag,  or  gmvvth  of  such  flags  ;  called, 
in  the  north  of  England,  Seo  or  Sao. 

Johnson,     Barret. 

5.  In  A>to  Enfflaudf  a  species  of  very  coarse  grass 
growing  in  swamps,  and  forming  bogs  ur  clumps. 

SEDGE'-BJRD,  J    a.     [sedfft  and  bird,  or  war- 

SEDGE'-WAK'BLER,  (  bier.]  A  small  Euro|>enn 
singing  bird,  of  the  family  Sylviadffi,  the  Salicaria 
pliragiuitis  of  Selby.  It  ullen  buiidd  its  nest  among 
reeds  or  tall  aquatic  plants.  Jardine. 

SED6'£D,  a.     Composed  of  (lags  or  sedge.        Shak. 

SEDO'V,  a.    Overgrown  with  sedge. 

On  the  geatie  Sereni'a  M(/fy  bank.  Shak. 

SEn'I-ME\T.  «.  [Fr.,  finom  L.  «dimenittm,  ft-om 
sedeo,  lo  settle.] 

The  matter  which  subsides  to  the  bottom  of  liquors  ; 
settlings:  lees;  dregs.  Bacon. 

SED -I-MEXT'A-RY,  a.  Pertaining  lo  sediment; 
furnied  by  sediment;  consisting  of  matter  that  has 
subsided.  Buckland. 

Stdmvttary  rodU,  are  those  which  have  been 
formed  by  materials  deposited  from  a  state  of  sus- 
pension in  water. 

8E-DI"T10X,  (se-dish'un,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  seditio. 
The  sense  of  this  word  is  the  contrary  of  that  which 
is  naturally  deducible  from  sedo  or  sedeo^  denoting  a 
rising  or  rnging,  rather  than  an  ap[)easing.  Uut  to 
set  is  really  to  throw  down,  to  drive,  and  sedition 
may  be  a  setting  or  rushing  together.] 

A  factious  commotion  of  the  [>eople,  or  a  tumultii- 

.  ous  assembly  of  men  rising  In  opposition  to  law  or 
the  administration  of  justice,  and  in  disturbance  of 
.the  public  peace.  Sedition  is  a  rising  or  commotion 
of  less  extent  than  an  insurrection^  and  both  are  less 
than  rebeilum  ;  but  some  kinds  of  sedition^  in  Great 
Britain^  amount  to  high  treason.  In  general,  sedition 
is  a  local  or  limited  in^uirection  in  opposition  to  eicil 
authority,  as  mutiny  is  to  military.  Kzra  iv.  Luke 
xxiii.    Acts  xxiv,  Encyc. 

SE-DI"T10X-A-RY,  n.  An  inciter  or  promoter  of  se- 
dition. Bp.  Hall. 

SE-DI"TTOUS,  (se-dish'us.)  a,  [Fr.  seditieuxi  L.  sedi- 
tiosus.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  sedition  ;  partaking  of  th    nature 

of  sedition  ;  as,  seditious  behavior  ;  seditious  strife. 

Q.  Tending  to  excite  sedition  ;  as,  seditiou-t  words. 

3.  Distjosed  to  excite  violent  or  irregular  opposition 

to  law  or  lawful  authority;  turbulent;  factious,  or 

guilty  of  sedition  ;  as,  seditious  citizens. 

SE-DI"TIOUS-LY,  adv.  With  tumultuous  opposition 
to  law  ;  in  a  manner  to  violate  the  public  peace. 

8E-DI"TIOUS-NESS,  n.  The  disposition  to  excite 
popular  commotion  in  opposition  to  law  ;  or  the  act 
of  exciting  such  commotion. 

SED'LITZ  WA'TER.     See  Seidlitz  Wateb. 

SE-DOCE',  r.  L  [L.  sedueo ;  se^  from,  and  duco^to 
lead  ;   Fr.  sfduirt ;  It.  sedurre ;  Sp.  seducir."] 

1.  To  draw  aside  or  entice  from  the  path  of  recti- 
tude and  duty  in  any  manner,  by  flattery,  promises, 
bribes,  or  otherwise  ;  to  tempt  and  lead  to  iniquity  ; 
to  corrupt ;  to  deprave. 

Me  the  g'oW  o'  France  rfiil  not  teduce.  Shale. 

la  the  UittT  times,  •ome  will  ilep.^n  Irom  the  faith,  ffiring  heed 
tu  teducing  apirita.  —  1  Tim.  iv. 

S.  To  entice  to  a  surrender  of  chastity.    He  that 
can  seduce  a  female  is  base  enough  to  betray  her. 
SE-DCC'£T),  (se-dusi',)  pp.     Drawn  or  enticed  from 
virtue  ;  corrupted  ;  depraved. 


SEE  ■ 

SE-DOCE'MEXT,  n.     The  act  of  seducing ;  seduc- 
tion, 
a.  The  means  employed  to  seduce;  the  arts  of 

flattery,  falsehtiod,  and  deception.  Pope. 

SE-UOCEII,  n.  One  that  seduces;  one  that  by 
temptation  or  arts  entices  another  to  depart  from  the 
path  of  rectitude  and  duty  ;  preeminently,  one  that 
by  flattery,  prtmiises,  or  falsehood,  persuades  a  fe- 
male to  surrender  her  chastity.  The  seducer  of  a 
female  is  little  less  criminal  than  the  murderer. 

3.  That  which  leads  astray  ;  that  which  entices  to 
evil. 

Hit  wlioap  firm  fsith  no  rrnsim  conl<i  remove, 

Will  iiii-li  bclbre  that  aoit  atdueer,  love.  Drydtn. 

SE-DOXT-BLE,  a.  Cajmble  of  being  drawn  aside 
from  the  path  of  rectitude  ;  corruptible.        Brou^n. 

SE-DOC'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Enticing  from  tbe  path  of 
virtue  or  chastity. 

8E-D0C'IXG-LY,  adv.     In  a  seducing  manner. 

SEDUCTION,  n,     f  Fr.,  from  L.  seduciio.] 

1,  The  net  of  seducing,  or  of  enticing  from  the 
path  ai  duty  ;  in  a  {general  sense.  Hammond. 

2.  Appropriatily,WiVi  act  or  crime  of  persuading  a 
female,  by  flattery  or  deception,  to  surrender  her 
chastity.  A  woman  who  is  above  flattery  is  least 
liable  to  ^eJurtiun  ;  but  the  best  safeguard  is  priuci-. 
pie,  the  love  of  purity  and  holiness,  the  fear  of  God, 
anti  reverence  for  his  commands. 

SE-DCC'TIVE,  a.    Tending  to  lead  astray;  apt  to 

mislead  by  flattering  appearances.  Sttpliens. 

SE-DCC'TiVE-LV,  adv.     In  a  seductive  manner. 
SE-DO'LI-TY,   n.      [L.   sedulitas;    It.   tedulUd.      See 
Sedulous.] 

Diligent  and  assiduous  ap[>lication  to  business  ; 
constant  attention  ;  unremitting  industry  in  any 
pursiiiL  It  denotes  constancy  antI  perseverance^  rath- 
er than  iiUeriseness  of  application. 

Lot  there  be  but  the  wvme  prupcnsiiv  aiiiJ  bent  of  will  to  religion, 
ami  there  will  U:  the  name  aadulity  and  indefauguhle  iiidiia- 
try  ill  im-ii'a  iuqutnctt  into  it.  Soulh. 

SED'tl-LOUS,  a.  [L.  sedulus^  from  the  root  of  aedeo, 
to  sit,  ;is  assiduous  from  assidco.\ 

Literally^  sitting  close  to  an  employment ;  hence, 
assiduous  ;  diligent  in  application  or  pursuit;  C(ui- 
stanl,  steady,  and  persevering  in  business,  or  in  en- 
deavors to  eflt!ct  an  object ;  steadily  industrious  ,  as, 
the  sedulous  bee.  Pnor 

What  »iffiiifiea  the  luund  of  words  In  prayer,  without  the  aUTfon 
of  the  heiirt,  and  h  sedulous  nppficatioti  of  the  pruper  iii'-eiii 
that  may  lead  to  aiicb  at)  eutl  r  L^Etlmnga 

SED'IT-LOUS-LY,  adv.     Assiduously;  industriously; 

diligently  ;  with  constant  or  continued  application. 
SED'U-LOUS-NESS,  n.      Assiduity;  assiduousness; 

steady  diligence  ;  continued  industry*  or  effort. 
SEE,  n.     [Ft.  sidj^e ;  Scot.  .«''■«;  Arm.  s-ic/*.] 

1.  The  seat  of  episcopal  power;  a  diocese;  the 
jurisdiction  of  a  bishop.  Swiff. 

2.  The  seat  of  an  archbishop ;  a  province  or  juris- 
diction of  an  archbishop;  as  an  archiepiscopal  see. 

Shak. 

3.  The  seat,  place,  or  office  of  the  pope  or  Roman 
pontiff;  as,  the  pnpal  see. 

4.  The  authority  of  the  pope  or  court  of  Rome; 
as,  to  nppeol  to  the  see  of  Rome.  Addisoji, 

SEE,  V.  t.;  pret.  Saw  ;  pp.  Seen.     [Sax.  seov^  seogan, 

feseon  ;  G.  sehen  ;  D.  lien,  pret.  zait,  saw  ;  Dan.  .teer  ,• 
w.  se.  Thiri  verb  is  contracted,  as  we  know  by  the 
Eng.  siffkt^  Dan.  .?)>(,  G.  ge.siclu,  D.  tigt,  getigt. 
Ch.  KDO,  noD,  or  OD  lo  see.  Class  Kg,  No.  34.  In  G. 
besuchen  is  to  visit,  to  see,  and  this  is  from  sucken, 
which  is  the  Eng.  to  seek,  and  to  seek  is  to  look  for. 
In  G.  gesuch  is  a  suit^  a  seeking,  demand,  petition  ; 
And  vers uchcn  is  lo  try ,  Eng.  essay.  We  have,  Ihen, 
decisive  evidence  thai  see,  seek,  L.  seguor,  and  Eug. 
essay,  are  alt  from  the  same  radix.  The  primary 
sense  of  the  root  is,  to  strain,  stretch,  extend  ;  and  as 
applied  to  see,  the  sense  is,  to  extend  to,  to  reach,  to 
strike  with  the  eye  or  sight.] 

1.  To  perceive  by  the  eye  ;  to  have  knowledge  of 
tbe  existence  and  apparent  qualities  of  objects  by  the 
organs  of  sight ;  to  behold. 

I  will  now  turn  aaiiln  nnd  tea  this  pr^at  sight.  —  Ex,  ill. 
We  iMVir  Metn  the  laud,  and  bitbuld,  it  U  very  good.  —  Jiidgea 
xviii. 

9,  To  observe;  to  note  or  notice;  to  know;  to 
regard  or  lihik  to  ;  lo  take  care  ;  to  attend,  a.s  to  the 
execution  of  some  order,  or  to  the  performance  of 
something. 

Give  th^m  first  one  simple  idea,  and  «e  that  they  fully  compT«- 

hfnd  it  hifore  you  joany  furihor.  Locke. 

Set  that  ye  fall  not  outlty  the  way,  —  Gen.  iIt. 

3.  To  discover;  to  descry  ;  to  understand.  Who 
so  dull  as  not  to  see  the  device  or  stratagem  ?  Very 
noble  actions  oAen  lose  much  of  their  excellence 
when  the  motives  are  seen. 

4.  To  converse  or  have  intercourse  with.  We  im- 
prove by  seeing  men  of  different  habits  and  tempers. 

5.  To  visit ;  as,  to  caJl  and  see  a  friend.  I'he  phy- 
sician sees  his  patient  twice  a  day.  1  Sam.  xv.  1 
Cor.  xv'i. 

6.  To  attend  ;  to  remark  or  notice. 

Lhad  a  mind  to  M«  him  oul,  and  therefore  did  not  carp  lo  con- 
tradict him.  Addimon. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH*T METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  B(?(JK. — 

1000 


SEE 

7.  To  behold  Willi  patience  or  sufferance  ;  to  en- 
duro 

It  wu  Dot  meei  for  u>  to  ne  Uie  king's  diahonor.  —  Ezra  iv. 

8.  In  Scrtpture^  to  hear  or  nttend  to. 

I  turned  lo  «««  the  voice  ih.it  spok«  with  me.  — Rcr.  i. 

9.  To  feel ;  to  suffer  ;  to  experience. 

Make  ui  gM  Mcordinp  to  the  tlayt  wherein  thou  ha«l  sfflictod 
a»,  and  the  year*  ii»  which  we  have  iten  e»il.  —  Ps.  xc. 

If  a  man  •hall  keep  mj  taying,  he  shall  nefcr  ate  death.— 
Jolin  viii.     Luke  ii. 

10.  To  know  ;  to  learn. 

Go,  I  pray  thee,  *e«  whether  it  bo  w«U  with  thy  br-thrcn.  —  Gen. 

11.  To  ppfceive  ;  to  understand;  to  comprehend. 
.  tee  the  train  of  arpunient ;  I  see  liis  motives. 

12.  To  perceive;  to  understand  experimentally. 

I  Me  another  law  in  my  members  —  Rom.  vii. 

13.  To  beware 

Set  ihou  do  it  rot.  —  Her.  xix. 

14.  To  know  by  revelation. 

rbe  woni  that  Isaiah,  the  lun  of  Amoz,  taut  concerning  Judah 
and  Jeruaalem. —  Is.  ii.  xiii. 

15.  To  have  faith  in  and  reliance  on. 

Seeing  htra  who  is  iiiviiiWe.  —  Ileb.  xj. 

16.  To  enjoy  ;  to  have  fruition  of. 

BIcMed  are  the  pure  in  heart,  for  they  shall  tee  Gwl,  —  Matt.  *. 

SEE,  r.  i.  To  have  the  power  of  perceiving  by  the 
proper  organs,  or  ttie  jtower  of  sight.  So[ne  aniuials, 
it  is  said,  are  able  to  see  best  in  the  night. 

2.  Tu  discern  j  to  have  intellectual  sight  ;  to  pene- 
trate ;  to  understand  ;  with  throuirk  or  into  ;  as,  to 
tee  thrnuffh  rhe  plans  or  policy  of  another  ;  to  see 
into  artful  schemes  and  pretensions.  TUloLion. 

3.  To  examine  or  inquire.  See  whether  tht  esti- 
mate is  correct. 

4.  To  be  attentive.  Shak. 

5.  To  have  full  understanding. 

But  row  ya  say,  We  tee ;  Uierefure  your  siii  rcmaJiwtli.  —  John 
xix. 

See  to  U;  look  well  to  it ;  attend  ;  consider;  take 
care. 

Let  me  *«,  let  us  see,  are  used  to  express  consider- 
ation, or  to  introduce  the  particular  consideration  of 
a  subject,  or  somt;  scheme  or  calculation. 

See  is  used  imperatively,  to  call  the  attention  of 
others  to  an  object  or  a  subject.  Sec^  sec,  how  the 
balloon  ascends  ! 

See  what  it  is  to  hare  a  poet  in  your  house.  Pop*. 

SEED,  n.  [Sax.  sad ;  G.  saat ;  D.  zaad ;  Dan.  sad  ; 
8w.  »<td ;  from  the  verb  sow.  Uu.  \V.  h&d.  Arm. 
luuL] 

1.  The  substance,  animal  or  vepetable,  which  na- 
ture preiwiresfi>rthereprL»duction  and  conservation  of 
tlie  species.     The  seeds  of  plants  nre  a  deciduous 

?art,  containing  the  rudiments  of  a  new  vepetihle. 
n  some  cases,  the  seedL'  constitute  the  fruit  or  vnlii- 
able  part  of  plants,  as  in  the  case  of  wheat  and  other 
esculent  grain  ;  sometjan-s  the  seeds  are  inclosed  in 
the  fruit,  as  in  apples  and  nu-luns.  When  applied  to 
animal  matter,  it  has  no  plural. 

2.  That  from  which  any  thing  springs';  first  prin- 
ciple; original ;  as,  the  seeds  of  virtue  or  vice. 

Hooker. 
X  Principle  of  production. 

PniM  of  gf^at  ^ct*  ho  Katf  r»  as  *  teed.  WalUr. 

4.  Progeny  ;  offspring  ;  children  ;  descendants  ;  as, 
the  seed  of  Abraham  ;  the  seed  of  David.  In  this 
sense,  the  word  is  applied  to  one  person,  or  to  any 
number  collectively,  and  admits  of  the  plural  form  ; 
but  rarely  used  in  the  plural. 

5.  Race  ;  generation  ;  birth. 

Of  mortal  Med  they  were  not  held.  Waller. 

6EED,  V.  i.    To  grow  to  maturity,  so  as  to  produce 
seed.     MaJKe  will  nut  seed  in  a  cool  climate.  Swift 
a.  To  shed  the  seed.  Mortimer. 

SEED,  r.  L     To  sr)w  ;  to  sprinkle  with  seed,  which 

germinates,  and  takes  r<H>t.  Belknap. 

SEED'-BUD,  n.     [seed  and  bud.]     The  germ,  germen, 

or  rudiment  of  the  fruit  in  embryo. 
SEED'-€AKE,   71,     [seed   and   cake.]      A  sweet  cake 

cnnlaining  aruniatic  seeds,  Tusser. 

8EED'-€&AT,  n.    In  botany,  the  aril  of  a  seed. 

Martt/n. 

seed'^rai^,  ( "•    ^"^  °'  *^"'"  '^"^  ^*^'*' 
SEED'-DOWN,  n.    The  down  on  vegetable  seeds. 

SmilH. 
SEED'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Sown  ;  sprinkled  with  seed. 

2.  Bearing  seed  ;  covered  thick  with  seeds. 

Flftcher. 

3.  Interspersed  as  with  seeds.  B.  Jonson. 
PEED'ER,  n.    One  who  sows. 

SEED'-FI£LD,  n,     A  Held  for  raising  seed.     Oarlisle, 
SEED'ING,  ppr.     Sowing  with  seeds. 
8EED'-LA€,  ».   The  resin  lac  dried,  after  most  of  the 

coloring  matter  has  been  dissolved  out  by  water. 

Ure. 
SEED'-LEAF,  m.     Id  botany,  the  primary  leaf.    The 


SEE 

seed-leaver  are  the  cotyledons  or  lobes  of  a  seed  ex- 
panded and  in  vegetation.  Jlfartyn. 

SEED'LING,  n,  A  plant  reared  from  the  seed,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  one  propagated  by  layers,  buds,  &.c. 

Tully. 

SEED'-LIP,  j  n.    A  vessel  in  which  a  sower  carries 

SEED'-LOP,  (      the  seed  to  be  dis(»ersed.    England. 

SEEU'-LOBE,  n.  The  lobe  of  a  seed;  a  cotyledon, 
which  see. 

SEED'NESS,  rt.    Seed-time.     {J^ot  in  use.] 

SEED'-PEARI.,  (-perl,)  n.  [seed  and  pearl.]  Small 
grains  of  pearl.  Boyle. 

SEED'-PLAT, )  n-     [seed  and  plat.]     The  ground  on 

SEED'-PLOT,  \  which  seeds  are  sown  to  produce 
pliints  for  transplanting;  hence, 

2.  A  nursery  ;  a  place  where  any  thing  is  sown  or 
planted  for  cultivation.  Hammond. 

SEEDS'M.AN,  n.  {seed  and  man.]  A  person  who 
deals  in  seeds  ;  also,  a  sower.  DicL 

SEED'-TI.ME, «.  [seed  and  time.]  The  season  proper 
for  sowing. 

Whilf^  the  earth  remainclh,  $ted-txme  and  harvest,  and  cold  and 
heat,  and  summer  and  winter,  and  day  and  night,  shall  not 
cease. — Uen.  viil. 

SEED'-VES-SEL,  n.    In  botany^  the  pericarp  which 

contains  the  seeds. 
SEED'V,  a.     [from  aeed.]     Abounding  with  seeds. 

Diet. 

2.  Having  a  peculiar  flavor,  supposed  to  be  derived 
from  the  weeds  growing  among  the  vines;  applied 
to  French  tirandy.  Encyc. 

3.  Running  to  seed. 

4.  Exhausted  ;  worn  out ;  poor  and  miserable 
looking;  as,  he  looked  ^icetiy;  a  seedy  coal.  [Collo' 
quial  or  low.]  HalUwcll.     Goldsmith. 

SEE'ING,  ppr.  [from  see.]  Perceiving  by  the  eye; 
knowing;  understanding;  ohsi^rviiig;  beholding. 

JVote.  — This  participle  appears  lo  be  used  indefi- 
nitely, or  without  direct  reference  to  a  person  or  per- 
sons. "  Where fi>re  come  ye  to  me,  seeing  ye  hate 
me  ?  "  Gen.  xxvi.  That  is,  since,  or  the  fact  being 
that  or  thus  ^  because  that.  In  this  form  of  phrase- 
ology, tJiat  IS  understood  or  implied  after  seeing; 
why  come  ye  to  me,  seeing  that  ye  hale  me  ?  The 
resolutiun  of  the  phrase  nr  sentence  is,  ye  hate  me ; 
that  fact  being  seen  or  known  by  you,  why  come  ye 
to  me  ?  or,  why  come  ye  lo  me,  ye  seeing  (knowing) 
that  fact  which  follows,  viz., ye  hate  mc  In  thiscase, 
seeing  reUtins  its  participial  character,  although  its  re- 
lation lo  the  pronoun  is  somewhat  obscurtu.  Origi- 
nally, seeing^  in  this  use,  had  direct  relation  to  the 
speaker  or  to  some  other  jK^rson.  "  Now  I  know 
that  thou  fearesi  God,  seeing  thou  hast  not  withheld 
thy  stm."  Oen,  xxii.  Here  seeing  refers  to  /,  or,  ac- 
cording to  the  language  of  sj'nlax,  agrees  or  accords 
with  /.  I  know  thou  fearest  God,  for  1»«  thou  hast  not 
withheld  thine  only  son  ;  I  know  thou  fearest  God  by 
seeing,  in  consequence  of  seeing  this  fact,  thou  hast 
not  withheld  thine  only  son.  But  the  use  of  seeing 
is  extended  to  cases  in  which  it  can  not  be  referred  lo 
a  sjH!Ciflc  person  or  persons,  in  which  cases  it  ex- 
presses lliu  notoriety  or  admission  of  a  fact  in  gen- 
eral, and  is  left,  like  the  French  on,  in  the  phrases 
on  dit,  on  voit,  without  application  lo  any  particular 
person. 

SEE'ING,  n.  The  act  of  perceiving  objects  by  the 
organ  of  sight,  or  the  sense  ivhich  we  have  of  exter- 
nal objects  by  means  of  the  eye.  Hutton. 

SEEK,  r.  L  i  preu  and  pp.  Sought,  (sawU)  [Sax. 
secan,  steean,  to  seek,  lo  come  to;  ai^ecan,  lo  re- 
quire ;  gesecan,  to  seek,  lo  come  to  ;  furaaean,  forsii- 
ean,  to  forsake  ;  G.  suchen,  to  seek  ;  absuchen^  to 
pick  off;  hesuehen,  to  visit,  to  see  ;  gcsuch,  suit,  peti- 
tion ;  gesuche,  a  continued  seeking  ;  versncken,  to 
try,  prove,  tempt,  essay,  strive  ;  versuek,  trial,  essay  ; 
D.  lueken,  lo  seek,  to  liwk  fur,  to  try  or  endeavor; 
bezoeken^  to  visit,  to  try  ;  gezoek,  a  seeking  ;  opioeken, 
to  seek  ;  vrrzoekrn,  to  reipiest,  desire,  invite,  try, 
tempt,  to  visit ;  Dan.  sSger,  to  seek,  to  endeavor ; 
be.-<iiger,  to  visit ;  forsSger,  U)  try,  lo  essay,  to  experi- 
ment, to  tempt ;  opsHger,  to  seek  or  search  after  ; 
8w.  i^ka,  to  seek,  to  sue,  lo  court ;  siika  en  lagligen, 
to  sue  one  at  law  ;  brsiika,  lo  visit ;  forsHka,  to  try, 
to  essay,  to  tempt.  These  w<»rds  all  accord  with  L. 
sequor^  Ir.  neichim,  to  follow  ;  fur  to  seek  Is  to  go  after, 
and  the  primary  sense  is  to  advance,  to  press,  to 
drive  forward,  as  in  the  L.  veto.  (See  EsatT,  from 
the  same  root,  through  Uie  Italian  and  French.)  Now, 
in  Sax.  forsaran,  forsa^can,  is  to  forsake  ;  sacan  is  to 
strive,  contend,  whenr-e  Engli-^h  sake,  and  sscan,  se- 
can, is  to  seek.  But  in  Sweilish,/Srj*u/ta,  to  forsake, 
to  renounce,  is  from  yaA,lhJrig,  cause,  suit,  Sax.  saca, 
English  sake;  in  Danish,  forsager,  lo  renounce,  is 
from  siger,  lo  say  ;  sag,  a  tiling,  cause,  matter,  suit ; 
sagd,  a  saying  ;  G.  vcrsagen,  lo  deny,  lo  renounce, 
from  sagen,  lo  say,  lo  tell  ;  D.  veriaaken,  lo  deny,  to 
forsake,  to  revoke,  from  took,  thing,  cause,  and  leg- 
gen  Is  lo  say  or  tell,  which  is  the  Sax.  ;«fc^afj,to  say. 
These  close  afiinilies  prnve  that  seek,  e.tsay,  say,  and 
L,  sequor,  are  all  from  one  radix,  coinciding  with  Ch. 
poy,  to  seek,  to  strive.  (.Mass  Sg,  No.  4t>,  and  see 
No.  30,  Ar.  The  English  verb  see  seems  to  be  from 
the  same  root,  1 


SEE 

1.  To  go  in  search  or  quest  of;  to  look  for;  to 
search  for  by  going  from  place  to  place. 

The  man  a^ked  liim,  saying,  Wltat  eeekeet  thou  I    And  he  said, 
I  seek  my  brvthren.  — G«n.  xxxvii. 

2.  To  inquire  for;  to  nsk  for;  lo  solicit;  to  en- 
deavor lo  find  or  gain  by  any  means. 

•Tlie  young  lions  ruor  alter  thnt  prey,  and  seek  their  meat  frota 

God.  —  Ps.  Ctr. 
He  round  no  place  fur  repeiitanc«,  though  he  sou; At  it  careliilly 

with  tears.  —  Heb.  xii. 
OUicrs,  tempting  him,  sought  of  him  ft  »^  —  LuVe  xi, 

3.  SccA  is  followed  sometimes  by  ou(  or  a/iifr.  To 
seek  out,  properly  implies  to  look  for  a  specific  thing 
among  a  number.  But  in  general,  the  use  of  out 
and  after  with  seek,  is  unnecessary  and  inelegant. 

To  seek  Ood,  his  name,  or  his  face  ;  in  Scripture,  to 
ask  for  his  favor,  direction,  and  assistance.  Ps. 
Ixiii.  Ixxxiii. 

Ood  seeks  men,  when  he  fixes  his  love  on  them, 
and  by  his  word  and  Spirit,  and  the  righteousness  W 
Christ,  reclaims  and  recovers  them  from  their  miser- 
able condition  as  sinners.  Eiek.  xxxiv.  Ps.  ciix. 
Luke  XV. 

To  seek  after  the  life,  or  soul :  to  attempt  by  arts  or 
machinations  ;  or  to  attempt  to  destroy  or  ruin.    Ps* 

XXXV. 

To  seek  peace,  or  judgment  ,•  to  endeavor  lo  promote 
it;  or  to  practice  it.     Ps.  xxxiv.     Is.  i. 

To  seek  an  altar,  temple,  or  habitation ;  to  frequent 
it,  to  resort  to  it  often.      2  Chron.  i.     .Smos  v. 

To  seek  i-ut  God's  works;  lo  endeavor  to  understand 
them.     Ps.  cxi. 
SEEK,  r.  i.    To  make  search  or  inquiry  ;  lo  endeavor 
to  make  discovery. 

Seek  ye  out  of  ilie  book  of  th«  L.ord,  and  read,  —  Is.  xxxiv. 
2,  To  endeavor.         • 

Ash  not  whiit  ptiins,  nor  furthT  seek  to  know 

Their  proccas,  or  the  Turms  of  law  below.  Dryden, 

To  seek  offer:  to  make  pursuit;  to  attempt  to  find 
or  take.     [See  No.  3,  supra.] 

To  seek  for;  to  endeavor  lo  find.  K'nolles. 

To  seek  to  ;  to  ai>ply  lo  ;  to  re»t>rt  to.     1  Kings  x. 

To  seek,  was  formerly  used  in  an  adverbial  man- 
ner, for  al  searching,  or  under  the  necessity  of  searckr- 
ing,  as  the  result  of  ignorance  or  inexperience. 

Unpnicticed,  unprepanxl,  and  slill  (0  seek.  MiUon. 

[This  phrase,  f  lielieve,  Is  wholly  obsolete,] 
SEEK'ER,  B.     One  that  seeks;   an   inquirer;   as,  a 
setkrr  of  truth. 

2.  One  of  a  sect  that  profess  no  determinate  re- 
ligion. Johnson. 
SEEK'IXG,  n.     Act  of  attempting  to  find  or  procure. 

Baxter, 
SEEK'-SOR  R^VV,  n.     [seek  and  sorrotc]     One  that 
contrives  to  give  himself  vexalion.     [Little  u-ied.] 

Sidney. 
SEEL,  V.  t.     [Fr.  sceller,  to  seat.] 

To  close  ihe  eyes ;  a  term  of  falconry,  from  the 
practice  of  closing  Ihe  eyes  of  a  wild  hawk. 

Bacon. 
SEEL,  r.  i.     [Sax.  sylan,  to  give.    See  Sell.] 

To  lean  ;  lo  incline  lo  one  side.     [  Obs.]     Bacon. 
SEEL,  (  71.     The  rolling  or  agitation  of  a  ship  in 

SEEL'ING,  I      a  storm.     [Obs.]  AinswortA. 

SEEL,  n.     [Sax.  ^.r/.] 

Time;  opportunity;  season:  in  respect  to  crops; 
as,  b;iv-seet.     [Local  in  England.]         Farm.  Encyc. 
SEEL'I-LY,  ode.     In  a  silly  manner.     [Obs.] 
SEEL'Y,  It.     [from  5«f/.]     Lucky;   fortunate,     [Obs.] 

Spenser. 
2.  Silly;  foolish;  simple.     [Obs.]     [See  Sillv.] 

Tusser. 
SEEM,r.  t.  [G.  liemen,  to  become,  to  be  fit  or  suita- 
ble ;  geziemen,  lo  becuinc,  to  beseem,  to  be  meet,  de- 
cent, seemly.  In  D.  zweemen  is  lo  be  like,  to  resem- 
ble, and  taamen  is  lo  fit  or  suit,  to  become.  In  Dan. 
jtfrtj  is  SLseam,  and  ^mmer  signifies  to  hem,  and  also 
to  become,  lo  ftwerm,  lo  be  suitable,  decent,  or  seemly. 
This  is  certainly  the  G,  liemen ;  hence  we  see  that 
seam  and  seem  are  radically  the  same  word  ;  It.  *«n- 
brare,  to  seem  ;  sembiante,  like,  similar,  resembling  ; 
rassembrare,  to  resemble  ;  Sp.  semejar,Ui  be  like  ;  Fr. 
sembler,  lo  seem,  to  a[>pear.  These  words  seem  to  be 
of  one  family,  having  for  their  radical  sense,  to  ex- 
lend  to,  to  meet,  to  unite,  to  cttme  together,  or  to 
pre.ss  together.  If  so,  the  Dutch  taamen  leads  us  to 
the  oriental  roots,  Heb.  Ch.  and  Syr.  T\n^j  damah,  to 

be  like  ;  Eth.  AiS         adam,  lo  please,  to  suit ;   Ar. 

^^\  adama,  to  add,  lo  unite,  to  agree,  to  suit,  to 

conciliate,  to  confirm  concord.  Class  Dm,  No  S 
and  7.  These  verbs  are  radically  one,  and  in  these 
wo  find  the  primary  sense  of  Adam  ;  likeness,  ot 
form.] 

1.  To  appear ;  to  make  or  have  ^  ahow  of  sepi- 
blance. 

Thou  art  not  what  thou  seem'st.  Shak. 

All  ettmed  well  pleased ;  all  eeemed,  XM.  were  not  all.    M.iUan. 

2.  To  have  the  appearance  of  truth  or  fact ;  to  be 


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UDdentood  aatnie. 
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that  the  Turkish  power 


SEEM,  r.  L    To  become  ;  to  befit.     [Obs.]     Spenser. 
SEEM'£D,pp      Appeared;  befitted. 
SKCM'EK,  ».    One  that  carries  an  appearance  or  wm- 
blance. 

Hencv  vp  AkII  M«, 
If  powrr  ehtm^  purpose,  whai  our  tttmtrt  be.  5*««. 

BEEM'ING,  Mr.  or  a.  Appearing  ;  having  the  appear- 
ance or  seiuolance,  whether  real  or  not. 

2.  a.     Specious  ;  as,  geeming  friendship. 
SEEM'ING,  n.     Appearance;  show;  semblance. 

2.  Fair  appearance. 

ThcBpktwp, 
Snadng  sod  •■Tor  aJl  the  wintf r  loaf.  SSak. 

a  Opinion  ar  Uktnc  ;  favorable  o^nion. 

Noihitif  motv  dnr  to  tbeir  •M«Mf .  Hookrr. 

•  Hb  rrrrrv*—  wonk  Impi^Ded 

WUh  reMBo  •»  lur  Mmiiiv.    (0*s.)  MHioh. 

SEEM'ING-LY,  ads.    In  appearance  j  in  show ;   In 
semblance. 


ThH  ihff  CkUm  wnHMf  ^  eompDed  wtih. 
The;  (Vpcnd  often  oo  Kmoia  uid  —lOMiffy  dkproporttooed 
cause*.  AuirhttTif, 

SEEM'ING-NESS,  n.    Fair  appearance;  plausibility. 

Digby. 
SEEM'LESS,a.  Unseemly  ;  unfit ;  indecorous.  [Obs.] 

Spen^fr. 
SEEM'LI-NESS,    n.      [rVom    seemly.]      Comelinoas; 
grace  ;  fitness  ;  propriety  ;  -decency  ;  decorum. 

IVbeo  ntmhjtaaM  coatbtaes  vith  portlinew.  CUrndtn, 

SEEM'LY,  a.  [G.  tiemlUh ;  D.  taanulgk ;  Dan.  sUm- 
melig,] 

Becoming ;  fit ;  suited  to  the  object,  occasion,  pur- 
poM,  or  character;  suitable. 

Suspense  ot  Jiiigm^ut  anil  cxrrciae  of  cbuiljp  wen  nfer  and 
tMiiUur  fur  Chnauan  men,  Dan  the  hot  punuit  of  Ihcae 
oontiu<r«nKa.  Hocktr, 

Boaor  m  ou  fwfy  far  a  fbol.  —  Pto«.  xxvt 

SEEMXT,  «d».    In  a  decent  or  suitable  manner. 

Pope. 
SEEM'LY-HED,  «.    [See  Haao  and  Hooo.l    Comely 

or  decent  appearance.    [Ofr.*.]  Ckaiuer. 

SEEN,  pp.  of  Sea.    Beheld  ;  obaerred ;  understood. 
S.  a.    Veraed  ;  skilled. 

Noble  Boj\t,  not  Ie»  is  natun  Mm.    [Ob».}  Dryttn. 

SEER,  a.  [from  see.]  One  who  sees ;  aa,  a  serr  of 
viaionB.  Spectator. 

2.  A  prophet;  a  person  wbo  foresees  future  events. 
1  Sam.  ix. 

SEER'WQQa      See  8ba>,    and   Ska*-Wood,  dry 

wood. 

SEE'SAW,  n.    [Qu.  saw  and  sav,  or  itra  and  ^tne.] 

1.  A  vibratory  or  Kciprocaling  motion.        P»pe, 

Q.  A  play  among  children,  in  which  they  sit  on 

each  end  of  a  boutl  and  move  alternately  up  and 

down  ;  a  board  adjusted  for  this  purpuj$e.     fialliweU. 

3.  A  terat  in  whist  fur  a  certain  mutual  action  of 
partners  in  support  of  each  other.  Ho^le. 

SEE'SAW,  V.  i.  To  move  with  a  reciprocalinj;  mo- 
tion ;  U*  move  backward  and  forward,  or  upward 
and  downward.  JtrbuthnoL. 

SEETHE,  r.C;  prtt.  Seethed,  Sod;  pp.  Seethed, 
SoDDEJf.  [Sax.  ^atAdn,  srotAan^  mthun  ;  D.  ttrdem  : 
G.  sieden  ;  Sw.  siuda ;  Dan.  gydrr  i  Gr.  ^^ u,  contract- 
ed from  Ci0-^  1  Heb.  fv,  tu  seethe,  to  boil,  to  swell,  to 
be  tntlau-d.    Class  Sd,  No.  4.] 

To  boil :  to  detsoct  or  prepare  for  food  in  hot  liquor ; 
as,  to  M«tA<  flesb. 

TkDU  ihalt  Dot  M(A«  a  Ud  in  Ito  mother'*  milk.  —  Ex.  xsiU. 

SEETHE,  V.  i.  To  be  in  a  state  of  ebullilion  ;  to  lie 
hoc.  Spenser. 

[  T^is  word  is  rarefy  used  in  the  comman  concerns  of 

SEETh'£3),  pp.     Boiled  ;  decocted. 

SECTH'ER,  a.    .A  boiler  ;  a  pot  for  boiling  things. 

SEETU'ING,  ppr.     Boiling  ;  decocting.        [Dryden. 

SEG,  a.    Sedge.     [A'ot  in  use.] 

SEG,  m.     A  castrated  bulL  AVrtA  of  England. 

SE-GAR',  «.     See  Cicab. 

8£G'G.\R,  ■.  A  cylindrical  caite  of  fire-cUy  in  which 
fine  stoneware  is  baked.     [See  Saggbk.]  LVe. 

SEG-IICL',  (seg-ol',)  n.  .K  Hebrew  vowel-point,  or 
short  vowel,  thus :  ■.*,  indicating  the  sound  of  the 
English  e  in  men,  M.  StuarL 

SECHO-LATE,  a.    Marked  with  a  seghol. 

SEG'MENT,  ».  [Fr.,  from  \^  se omentum,  from  a«o, 
to  cut  ofl:.  We  observe  here  the  Latin  has  «e^for 
s«,  like  the  It.  segare,  Sp.  ssgar^  and  like  the  Teu- 
tonic  smgen^  idMgen,  to  saw;  properly,  a  piece  cut 
off.] 

1.  In  geometry^  a  part  cut  off  from  a  figure  by  a  line 
or  plane;  ^areuai/ar^,that  part  uf  the  circle  conbiined 
between  a  chord  and  an  arc  of  that  circle,  or  so  much 
of  the  circle  as  is  cut  off  bv  the  chord.  The  segment 
^  a  sphere^  is  a  part  cut  off  by  a  pl.ine. 

J^'ettton,     Button. 

2.  In  general^  a  part  cut  off  or  divided ;  as,  the 
segments  of  a  calyx. 


SEI 

Sluggishness  ;  dullness  ;  inactivity.    [JVo£  used,] 

Vict. 
8EG'RE-GATE,i?.  L    [L.  segrego  ;  «,  fVom.and^fx, 
flock.] 
To  separate  from  others  ;  to  set  apart.     Shertpood. 
SEG'RE-GATE,  a.     Separate;  select.     [Little  used.] 

ffotton. 
Segregate  polygamy^  (Polygnmia  segregata,  Linn. ;) 
a  mode  of  lutlorescence,  wlit-n  seven!   Horets  com- 
prehended within  an  anthodium,  or  a  common  calyx, 
are  furnished  also  wiih  proper  ix^rinnths.     JMartyn. 
SEG'RE-OA-TED,w»,    Separated  ;  {virtcd  from  others. 
SEG'RE-GATING,  ppr.     Sepiiraling. 
SEGRE-GA'TION,  ».    [Fr.]    Separation  from  others ; 

a  parting.  Shak, 

SEID'LITZ  POWDERS,  n.  pL  Powders  intended  to 
pniduce  Ihe  same  effect  with  Seidlitz  water.  They 
are  romptised  of  thu  tartnitti  of  potassa  and  soda, 
(Rochelle  salt,)  with  bicarbonate  of  soda,  usually  in 
a  paper  of  one  color,  ami  tartaric  acid  in  a  pjiprr  of 
another.  These  are  dissolved  separately  in  water, 
then  mixed,  and  taken  while  effervescing. 

Brande. 

SETD'LITZ  Wyy'TER,  a.     A   saline,  mineml   water 

from  Seidlitz,  in  Bohemia,  often  tiiken  as  an  agn-ea- 

bte  aperient.     It  contains  the  sulphates  of  magnesia 

and  soda  with  carbimic  acid.  Brande. 

S£IG.\  EC'RI-AL,  (se-na're-al,)  a.    [Fr.    See  Seiom- 

lOR.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  lord  of  a  manor  ;  manorial. 

2.  Vested  with  large  powers;  independent. 

Tnnple. 
S&IGN'IOR,  (seen'yur,)  a.  [Fr.  seigneur;  IL  signore  ; 
Sp.  seyior:  Port,  senhor ;  from  L.  senior,  elder  ;  sentz, 
old  ;  Ir.  sean.] 

A  lord  :  the  lord  of  a  manor ;  but  used  also  in  the 
south  of  Europe  as  a  title  of  honor.  The  sultan  of 
Turkey  is  callt-d  the  grand  seignior. 
SeIGN'IOR-AGE,  (sitn'yur-nje,)  n.  A  royal  right  or 
prerogative  of  the  king  of  England,  by  which  he 
claims  an  allowance  of  gold  and  silver  brought  in 
the  mass  to  be  exchanged  for  coin.  Brande. 

Seigniorage  is  used  in  common  language  to  signify 


SeIGN.IO'RI-AL,  a.    The  same  as  SsinxBCRiAL. 
SfilGN'lOR  IZE,  (seen'yur-Ize,)  r.  t    To  lord  it  over. 

[Little  us:rd.]  Halifax, 

SEIG.N'IOR-Y,  (seen'yo-ry.)  a.     [Fr.  sei^nturie.] 

1.  A  lordship;  a  manor.  Dames.     Kttcye. 

2.  I'he  power  or  authority  of  a  lord  ;  dominion. 

O'Neal  ni-vrr  lud  ^ay  Mifinory  orrr  that  couolrjr,  but  what  be 
gM  bjr  eocnacameot  upon  Ihe  En^nh.  Spetuar. 

SEINE,  (seen,)  a.  [Sax.  segne;  Fr.  seins;  Arm. 
aeigne  ;Lt.  sagena  :  Gr.  oaynfTj.] 

A  large  net  fur  catching  fif^h.  The  seines  used  for 
taking  shnd  in  the  Connecticut,  sometimes  sweep 
nearly  the  whole  breadth  of  the  river. 

S£I\'ER,  n.  A  fisher  with  a  seine  or  net,  [A*o(  much 
iced.  ]  Carevo. 

SEIS-.MO.M'E-TER,  a.     [Gr.  cttafioi.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  shock  of  an  earth- 
quake, and  other  concussions.    EMn.  Phil.  Trans. 

SE'I-TY,  n.     [L.  se^  one's  self.] 

Something  peculiar  to  a  man's  self.  [J^'ot  well  aur 
thorized.]  Taller. 

SglZ'A-BLE,  o.  That  may  be  seized ;  liable  to  be 
taken. 

Seize,  (seeze,)  B.  U  [Fr.  saisir ;  Arm.  seisza  or  sesya ; 
probably  allied  to  assess,  and  to  sit^  ssL  The  sense  is, 
to  fall  on,  to  throw  one's  self  on,  which  is  nearly  the 
primary'  sense  of  set.  It  must  be  noticed  that  this 
word,  m  writers  on  law,  is  usually  written  seise; 
as  aUo  in  composition,  disseise,  disseisin,  redisseize. 
But  except  in  law,  it  is  usually  or  always  written 
seize.  It  is  desirable  that  the  orthography  should  be 
uniform.] 

1.  I'o  tall  or  rush  upon  suddenly  and  lay  hold  on  ; 
or  lo  gripe  or  grasp  suddenly.  The  tiger  rushes  from 
the  thicket  and  seizes  his  prey.  A  dog  seizes  an  ani- 
mal by  the  throat.  The  hawk  seizes  a  chicken  with 
his  claws.     The  officer  seizes  a  thief. 

2.  To  take  possession  by  force,  with  or  without 
right. 

At  last  thry  aeizt 
The  »cept«,  and  regaid  rot  Davkl'i  •on.  Mtlton. 

3.  Tu  invade  suddenly  ;  to  take  hold  of;  to  come 
upon  suddenly  ;  as,  a  fever  seizes  a  patient. 

And  hope  and  douU  al[ern:xtc  <m«  her  soul.  Pope. 

4.  To  Like  possession  by  virtue  of  a  warrant  or  le- 
gal authority.  The  sheriff  .seiicd  the  debtor's  goods  ; 
the  whole  estate  was  seized  and  confiscated.  We 
say,  to  arrest  a  person,  to  seize  gixids. 

5.  To  fasten  ;  to  fix.  In  seamen's  language,  to 
fasten  two  ropes,  or  different  parts  of  one  rope,  to- 
gether with  a  cord.  JIfar.  Diet. 

To  be  seized  oft  to  have  possession;  as,  a  griSin 
$eized  of  his  prey.  A  B  was  seized  and  possessed  of 
the  manor  of  Dale.  Spenser.      \ 

To  seize  on,  or  upon,  is  lo  fall  on  and  grasp  ;  tutake  i 

bold  on  ;  to  take  possession.    JUati.  xxi.  i 

SeIZ'£D,  (seezd,)  7)p.    Suddenly  caught  or  grasped; 


SEL 

taken  by  force  ;  invadetl  suddenly  ;  taken  posstaslua 
of;  fastened  with  a  cord  ;  having  posi>ession. 

SfilZ'ER,  w.     One  that  seizes. 

SfilZ'IN,  71.     [Fr.  saisiHe.] 

1.  In  ^lU),  possession.  Seizin  is  of  two  sorts,  selzir 
in  deed  or  fact,  and  seizin  in  law.  Seizin  in  fact  oi 
deed,  is  act'uil  or  corptiral  possession  ;  seizin  in  la'r, 
is  when  simieihing  is  dune  which  the  law  accounts 
passession  or  seizin,  as  enrollment,  or  when  lands 
descend  to  an  heir,  but  he  has  not  yet  entered  on 
them.  In  this  case,  the  law  considers  the  heir  as 
seized  of  the  estate,  and  the  jM-rson  who  wrongfully 
enters  on  the  land  is  accounted  a  disseizor. 

Cowel.     Encye. 
3.  The  act  of  taking  possession.    [JWit  used  except 
in  law.] 
3.  Tlie  thing  possessed  ;  possession.  Hale. 

Livery  (if  seizin.     See   Livkrt. 
Primn"  seizin.     See   Primer. 
SE1Z'I.\G,  ppr.     Falling  on  and   grasping  suddenly  ; 
laying  hold  on  suddenly  ;  taking  possession  by  force, 
or  taking  by  warrant ;  fastening. 
SkIZ'ING,  tu    The   act  of  taking  or   grasping  sud- 
denly. 

2.  In  seamen's  language,  the  operation  of  fastening 
together  Topea  w*ith  n  cord  ;  also,  the  cord  or  curds 
used  for  such  fastening.  Mar.  Diet. 

SeIZ'OR,  n.     One  who  seizen.  fVkeaton. 

8£IZ'l"HE,    (aeez'yur,)   n.     The  act  of  seizing ;   the 

act  of  laying  hold  on  suddenly  ;  as,  the  seizure  of  a 

thief. 

2.  The  act  of  taking  possession  by  force  ;  as,  the 
seiiure  of  lands  or  goods  ;  the  seizure  of  a  town  by 
an  enemy  ;  the  seizure  of  a  throne  by  a  usurper. 

3.  The  act  of  taking  by  warrant ;  as,  the  seizure  of 
contraband  goods. 

4.  The  state  of  being  seized,  as  with  disease. 

IVilberforce. 

5.  The  thing  taken  or  seized.  Miltoa. 

6.  Gripe  ;  grasp  ;  possession. 

.  And  give  ine  teizure  of  the  n)ighty  wealth.  Drydtn. 

7.  Catch  ;  a  catching. 

Let  there  be  no  sudden  leisure  of  a  lapsed  a/UaUc,  to  plaT  upon 
it.  Wa:u. 

SE'JANT,  a.    In  heraldry,  sitting,  like  a  cat  with  the 
fore  feet  straight ;  applied  to  a  lion  or  other  beast 

Kncyc, 
SEJOIN',  ».  L    To  separate.     [JVbt  English^ 
S£-JC'GOUS,  a.     [L.   sejugis;   sec,  six,  ana  ^^um, 
yoke.] 

In  botany,  a  sejugous  leaf  is  a  pinnate  leaf  having 
six  pairs  of  leaflets.  Martyn. 

SE-JUNC'TION,  n.       [L.   sejunetioi    «,  from,    and 
junffo,  to  join.] 

The  act  of  disjointing;  a  disuniting;  separation. 
[Little-  used.]  Pearson. 

SE^UNG'I-BLE,  a.      [Supra.]      That    may  be  dis- 
jointed.    [Little  used.]  Pearson. 
SF.KE,  for  Sick.     [Obs.]     [See  Sice.]  Chaucer. 
SE'KOS,  n,    [Gr.]     A  place  in  a  temple  in  which  pa- 
gans inclosed  the  images  of  their  deities, 
SE'LAH.  It.     [Heb.  n'jD.]     In  the  Psalms,  aword  sup- 
posed to  signify  silence  or  a  pause  in  the  musical  per- 
f<irmance  uf  the  song.                                    Qeseiiius. 
SEL'€OUTH,  C-kooth,)  a.    [Sax.  ael,  setd,  rare,  and 
couth,  known.] 
Rarely  known  ;  unusual ;  uncommon.    J*  06^.] 

Spenser. 
SEL'DOM,  (sel'dum,)  adv.  [Sax.  sdden,  eeldon;  D. 
lelden  ;  G.  selten  ;  Dan.  sclsom,  seldsum  ;  Sw.  sdJlany 
siillsan.  In  Danish,  seUkab  (set  and  shape)  is  a 
company,  fellowship,  or  club.  Sel  probably  signifies 
separate,  distinct,  coinciding  with  L.  solus.] 
Rarely  ;  not  ofttm  ;  not  frequently. 

Wiwiom  tttid  joiiih  are  $ildom  Joined  iu  one.  Hooker. 

[Seld  was  formerly  used,  but  is  now  obsolete.] 
SEL'DOM,  a.     Rare;  unfrequent.     [Little  used.] 

SEL'DOM-NESS,    n.      Rareness ;    infrequency ;    un- 
comnionness.  Hooker. 

SELD'-SHOWN,  f-shone.)  a.     [Sax.  seld  and  shown.] 
Rarely  shown  or  exhibited.     [J'^ot  in  use.]     Shak. 

SE-LE€T',  r.  (.     [L.  setectus,  from  seligo ;  ^e,  from, 
and  lego,  to  pick,  cull,  or  gather.] 

To  choose  and  take  from  a  number;  to  take  by 
preference  from  among  others  ;  to  pick  out;  to  cull ; 
as,  to  sHect  the  best  authors  for  perusal ;  to  select  the 
most  interesting  and  virtuous  men  for  associates. 

SE-LEC  T',  a.     Nicely  chosen  ;  taken  from  a  number 
by   preference ;   choice  ;  whence,   preferable  ;    more 


valuable  or  excellent  than  others ;  a^,  a  body  of  se- 
lect troops;   a  select  compar 
consisting  of  select  authura. 


ap,  a  bi 
itwty ; 


a  library 


SE-LEGT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Chosen  and  taken  by  prefer- 
ence frnni  among  a  number;  picked  ;  culled 

SE-LECT'ED-LY,  adv.     With  care  and  selection. 

Haywood, 

SE-LECT'ING,  ppr.      Choosing   and  taking  from  a 
number;  picking  out;  culling. 

SE-LEC'TION,  (-shun,)  n.     [L.  selectio.] 

1.  The  act  of  choosing  and  taking  from  among  a 
number ;  a  taking  from  another  by  preference. 

2.  A  number  of  things  selectedor  taken  (Vom  oth- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT MeTE,  PRfiY PL\E,  M.\RINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.- 


SEL 

ers  by  preference.    I  have  a  small  but  valuable  *e- 
teeticn  of  Ijpoks. 
SK-LEGT'tVE,  a.    Selecting;  tending  to  select,  [tin- 

SE-LECT'MAN,  *,  [select  and  man.]  In  JVcir  Enfr- 
land^  a  town  officer  chosen  annually  to  manage  Ihe 
concerns  of  the  town,  provide  for  the  poor,  &c. 
The  number  is  usually  from  three  to  seven  in  each 
town,  and  these  constitute  a  kind  of  executive  au- 
thoritv. 

8E-LEeT'XESS,  a.  The  state  of  being  select  or  well 
chosen. 

8E-LEeT'OR,  n.  [L.]  One  that  selects  or  chooses 
from  amon^a  number. 

SE-Le'NI-ATE,  a,  A  compound  of  aelenic  acid  with 
a  base. 

5}E-LEN''I€,  a.  Pertaining  to  selenium  ;  aa,  setenic 
acid,  which  is  composed  of  one  equivalent  of  sele- 
nium and  three  of  oxygen. 

SEL-E\-IF'ER-OUS,  "o.      [selenium    and   L. /ct-<j,  to 
product\] 
t'OULiining  selenium  ;  as,  srleniferoiLa  ores. 

Oraham. 

SE-L£'N*I-OUS  ACID,  n.  An  acid  c  mposed  of  one 
equivalent  of  selenium  and  two  of  oxygen. 

SEL'EN-ITE,  n.  [Gr.  o-Xii'tr»js,  from  Tc\r,v>j^  the 
moon  ;  so  called  from  a  resemblance  iit  luster  or  ap- 
pearance to  the  moon.j 

1.  The  variety  of  sulphate  of  lime  or  g>-psum,  oc- 
curring in  transparent  crystals,  or  crystalline  masses. 

Dana. 

2.  A  compound  of  selenious  acid  with  a  base. 
SEL-E  iVIT'ie,         ia.      Pertaining  to  selenile ;   re- 
SEL-E-MT'I€^AL,  i      sembling  it,  or  partaking  of  its 

nature  and  proj>erties. 

SE-Le'NI-UM,  a.  [Supra.]  An  elementary  sub- 
Bt'iuce,  allied  to  suljiliur,  having  a  dark -brown  color, 
with  a  brilliant  metallic  luster.  It  passes  into  va|«tr 
at  fiSd'  Fahrcniieit,  producing  the  od*ir  of  decaying 
horaeriidiHh.  Oraham.     Brandc. 

SF^LEN'lU-KET,  \  .      ,     ,  .  I  n.     A  compound 

SE-LE.\'U-RET.  i  fse-'en  yu-ret,J  j  ^^  selenium 
with  some  other  element.  Dana, 

2.  A  mineral,  of  a  shining  lead-gray  color,  with  a 
granubr  texture.  It  is  composed  chiefly  of  seleni- 
um, sliver,  and  copper. 

Clraceland.     Phillips. 

PEL-E-XOGRAPH'ie,         i  a.     [Infra.]      Belonging 

SEL-t:-NO-GRAPH'ie-AL,  (      to  selenography. 

SEL-E-.\OG'KA-PHY,  a.  [Gr.  dtX/ii'fj.lhe  moon,  and 
j.)*'.'f''.  to  describe.] 

A  description  of  the  surface  of  the  roocm  ;  corre- 
■poodmg  to  geography  in  respect  to  the  earth. 

Brande, 

SELF,  a.  or  pron. ;  pi.  Selves  ;  used  chiefly  in  compo- 
sition. [Sax.  jie//,  aylf:  Golh.  silba;  Sw.  sielf:  Dan. 
selo:  G.  .lelbst ;  D.  zelf.  I  know  not  the  primary 
sense  of  this  word  ;  most  probably  it  is  to  set  or 
unite,  or  to  separate  from  others.     See  Selvkdci:.] 

1.  In  old  authors,  this  word  sometimes  signifies 
particular,  very,  or  same.  ^^JJad  onViam  syifan  geare  ;  *' 
in  that  same  year,  that  very  year.  Soz,  Chron.  A.  D. 
1053,  1061. 

Shool  inotliT  arrow  tliAl  ttlf  wty.  Shak, 

On  ibe«  »//  hiJ!».  RaitgK. 

At  Uut  9el/  ntoinrot  cntr-n  Pat.imon.  Dryden, 

In  this  sense,  xelf  is  an  adjective,  and  ts  now  ob- 
solete, except  when  followed  by  gamt ;  as,  on  the 
sftf-mame  day ;  the  self-iamt  hour ;  the  self-same 
thing  ;   which  is  taululogy.     Matt.  viii. 

2.  In  jtresenU  usa<re,  .trlf  is  united  to  certain  per- 
sonal pronouns  and  prfmominal  adjectives,  to  ex- 
press emphasis  or  distinction;  also  when  the  pro- 
noun is  used  reciprocally.  Thus,  for  emphasis,  t  my- 
self will  write  ;  I  will  examine  for  myself.  Thou 
tAy^«r(/' Shalt  go;  thou  shnlt  sec  for  thyself.  You 
y«Mr.-(e// shall  write;  you  shall  see  (ut  yotiraclf.  He 
kimstif  shall  write  ;  he  shall  examine  for  himself.  She 
herself  »Ua\\  write;  she  shall  examine  for  herself. 
The  child  itself  shall  be  carried  ;  it  shall  be  present 
itself. 

Reciprocally ^  I  abhor  myself;  thou  enrichest  thy- 
self: he  loves  himself:  nhe  admires  htrself;  it  pleases 
itself;  we  value  ourselves;  ye  hurry  yourselves;  they 
see  the-mselces.  I  did  not  hurt  him,  he  hurt  himself; 
he  did  not  hurt  me,  I  hurt  miisef. 

Except  when  added  to  pronouns  used  reciprocally, 
self  serves  to  give  emphasis  to  the  pronoun,  or  to 
render  the  distinction  expressed  by  it  more  emphat- 
ical.  *'  /  myself  will  decide,"  not  only  expresses  my 
determination  to  decide,  but  the  determination  that 
no  other  shall  decide. 

Himself,  herself,  ihemselcesy  are  used  in  the  nomi- 
native case,  as  well  as  in  the  objective. 

Jl-suk  bimftf   b.tpUud  not,   tnit  hta  dlid[d<».  —  John  \t.    See 
Matt,  xjciii.  4. 

3.  S^lf  is  sometimes  used  as  a  notin,  noting  the 
individual  subject  to  his  own  cniemplation  or  ac- 
tion, '  r  noting  identity  of  person.  Consciousness 
makes  every  one  to  be  what  he  calls  self. 

A  nuui'i  ttlf  may  be  the  worst  fellow  Id  convene  with  in  the 
wofW.  Pop*- 


SEL 

4.  It  also  signifies  personal  interest,  or  love  of  [hI- 
vate  interest ;  selfishness. 

fonttrwu  w 
pn>]uilice«. 

Self  is  much  used  in  composition. 

SELF-A-BAS'£D,  (-a-basteO  a.  [sdf  and  abase.] 
Humbled  by  conscious  guilt  or  shame. 

SELF-A-BSSE'MENT,n.  Humiliation  or  abasement 
proceeding  from  consciousness  of  inferiority,  guilt, 
or  shame.  Milner. 

SELF-A-BAS'ING,  a.  Humbling  by  the  conscious- 
ness of  guilt  or  by  shame. 

SELF-AB-HOR'RENCE,  n.  The  abhorrence  of  one's 
self. 

8ELF-AB  HOR'RING,  a.     Abhorring  one's  self. 

SELF-A-BOSE',n.  [self  ht\A  abuse.]  The  abuse  of 
one's  own  person  or  powers.  Shdu 

SELF-Ae-€CS'£D,  a.  Accused  by  one's  own  con- 
science 

SELF-A€-eOS'ING,  a.  [self  nnd  acciwe.]  Accusing 
one's  self ;  as,  a  .■.■c//'-afc«.ym^  look.  Sidney. 

SELF'-A€T'ING,  a.     Acting  of  or  bv  itself. 

SELF'-ACT'IVE,  a.     Acting  of  itself. 

SELF-Ae-TIV'I-TY,  ii.  [self  anj  aetmitri.1  Self- 
motion,  or  the  power  of  moving  one's  self  without 
foreign  aid.  Senttetf. 

SELF-ADJUST'ING,  a.  Adjusting  by  one's  self  or 
bv  itself. 

8ELP-.\D-JH-RA'TION,7i.    AdmiraUon  of  one's  self. 

Scott. 

SELF-.\D-MIR'I?fG,  a.    Admiring  one's  self.  Scott. 

SELF-AF-FAIRS',  n.  pL  [self  and  affair.]  One's 
own  private  business.  Shak. 

SELF-AF-FRIGHT'ED,  (frlte'-,)  a.  [self  and  af- 
fritrliL]     Frightened  at  one's  self.  Shak. 

SELF-AG-GRAM)'IZE-MENT  or  j  n.    The  aggrand- 

SELF-AG'GRAND-IZE-.MENT,  (  Izeinent  or  ex- 
altation of  one's  self. 

SELF-AN-NI'HI-LA-TED,  a.  Annihilated  by  one's 
self. 

SELF-,\N-NI-HI-LA'TION,  n.  Annihilation  by  one's 
own  acts. 

SEJ^F-AP-PLAUSE',  (self-ap-plauz',)  n.  Applause  of 
one's  self. 

SELF-AP-PL?'ING,  a.    Applying  to  or  by  one's  self. 

SELF-AP-PRO  V'ING,  (proov'ing,)  a.  That  approves 
of  one's  own  conduct.  Pope. 

SELF-AS-SC.M'£D,  a.  Assumed  by  one's  own  act 
or  without  authority.  Jllitford. 

SELP-A-S-SOR^D,  (-ash-shard',)  a.  Assured  by 
one's  self.  E.  Everett. 

SELF-AT-TRACT'IVE,  a.     Attractive  by  ojie's  self. 

SELF-BANTSII-fD,  (ban'isht,)  a.  [se(f  and  banisk.] 
Exiled  voluntarilv. 

SELF-DE-GOT'TJEX,  a.  [self  and  begel.]  BegotVln 
by  one's  powers. 

SELF-BE-GUIL'£D,  o.     Deceived  by  one's  self. 

SELF'-BOR.V,  a.  [seff  and  bom.]  Born  or  produced 
by  one's  self. 

SELF-(JE.N'TER-ED,  )  a.      [self  and  center.]      Cen- 

SELF-UEN'TR£D,      (      tercd  in  itself. 

Tlje  earth  letf-ctntered  aiid  unmoved.  Dryden. 

IelmIn'Trlng'!*''  i  «•   c«"^^^'"s '"  o"'^'^  '"''- 

8ELF-CHAR'I-TY,  n.  [self  and  chariUf.]  Love  of 
one's  self.  Shak. 

8ELF-€OM-M0'NI-€A-TIVE,  a.     [s«^  and  commu. 
nieative.] 
Imparted  or  communicated  by  its  own  powers. 

JVopris. 

SELF-€ON-CkIT',  (-kon-sect'i)  n.  [self  and  con- 
ceiL]     A  high  opinion  of  one's  self;  vanity. 

SEI-F-eON-CEIT'ED,  a.     Vain  ;  having  a  high  or 
overweening  opinion  of  one's  own  person  or  merits. 
L*  Estrang^e. 

SELP-eON-CRIT'ED-NESS,  n.  Vanity  ;  an  over- 
weening opinion  of  one's  own  person  or  accomplish- 
ments. Locke. 

SELF-€ON-DEM-NX'TI0N,  n.  Condemnation  by 
one's  own  ctmscience. 

SELF-CONDEM'NING,  a.     roiidemning  one's  self. 

SELF-CON'FI-DENCEjn.  [self  nni\  coiifdence.]  Con- 
fidence in  one's  own  jnilKinent  or  ability  ;  reliance 
<m  one's  own  opinioti  or  [mwers,  without  other  aid. 

SELF-eON'FIDENT,  a.  Cunlidenl  of  one's  own 
strength  or  powers;  relying  on  the  correctness  of 
one's  own  judgment,  or  the  competence  of  one's 
own  powers,  withont  other  aid. 

8ELF-eON'FI-DENT-LY,a'/p.  With  self-confidence. 

SELF-€ON-FID'ING,  a.  Confiding  in  one's  own 
judgment  or  powers,  without  the  aid  of  others. 

Pope. 

SELF-€ON'SCIOUS,  f-shus,)  a.  [self  and  consnous.] 
Conscious  in  one's  self.  Dryden. 

SELF-eON'SCIOUS-NESS,  n.  Consciousness  within 
one's  self.  Locke. 

SELF-eON-SlD'ER-INO,  o.  [sdf  and  consider.] 
Considering  in  one's  own  mind  ;  dchberating. 

■  Pope. 

SELF-CON  SOM'/;r),  a.     Consumed  by  one's  self. 

8ELF-eO\-SCM'ING,  a.  [self  and  consume.]  That 
consumes  itself.  Pope. 

8ELF-€0N-TRA-Die'TI0N,  n      [self  and  cmtradic- 


SEL 

tion.]  The  act  of  contradicting  itself;  repugnancy 
in  terms.  To  be  and  not  to  be  at  the  same  time,  la 
a  self-contradiction  ;  a  jtroposition  consisting  of  two 
members,  one  of  which  contradicts  the  otlter. 

SELF-eON-TRA-DICT'O-RY,  a.  Contradicting  it- 
self. Spectator, 

SELF-eON-VICT'ED,  a.  [self  and  convicu]  Con- 
victed by  one's  own  consciousness,  knowledge,  or 
avowal. 

SELF-€ON-Vie'TI0N,  n.  Conviction  proceeding 
from  one's  own  consciousness,  knowledge,  or  con- 
fession. Sw\ft. 

SELF-CRE-AT'ED,  a.  Created  by  one's  self;  not 
formed  or  constituted  by  another.  Milner. 

SELF-DE-CeiT',  (-seetO  71.  [sf^  and  deceit.]  De- 
ception respecting  one's  self,  or  that  originates  from 
one's  own  mistake  ;  self-deception.  Spectator. 

SELF-DE-CEIV'£D,  a.  [self  and  deceive.]  De- 
ceived of  misled  resjMJCting  one's  self  by  one's  own 
mistake  or  error. 

SELF-DE-CKl  V'ING,  a.    Deceiving  one's  self. 

SELF-DE-CEI"T10N,  n.  [Supra.]  Deception  con- 
cerning one's  self,  proceeding  from  one's  own  mis- 
take. 

SELF-DE-FENSE',  (self-de-fcns',)  «,  [seW  and  de- 
fense.]  The  act  Tit  defending  one's  own  person, 
property,  or  reputation.  A  man  may  be  justifiable  in 
killing  anuthtr  in  self-defense. 

SELF-DE-FENS'IVE,  a.  Tending  to  defend  one's 
self. 

SELF-DE-LC'SION,  (-zhun,)  n.  [self  and  delusion.] 
The  delusion  of  one's  self,  or  respecting  one's  self. 

South. 

SELF-DE-NT'AL,  n,  [self  and  denial.]  The  denial 
of  one's  self;  the  forbearing  to  gratify  one's  own 
appetites  or  desires.  South. 

SELF-DE-\?'ING,  a.  Denying  one's  self;  forbear- 
ing to  indulge  one's  own  appetites  or  desires. 

SELF-DE-N?'ING-LY,  adv.  In  a  self  denying  man- 
ner. 

SELF-DE-PEND'ENT,  )  a.    Depending  on  one's  self. 

SELF-DE  PEND'ING,   \  ScoU. 

SELF-DER  E  LIC'TION,  n.    Desertion  of  one's  self. 

SELF-DF>-STItOY'£D,  a.    Destroyed  by  one's  self. 

SELF-DE-STROY'ER,  n.     One  who  destroys  him- 

Sflf. 

SELF-DE-STUOY'ING,  a.     Destroying  one's  self. 

SELF-DE-STRUC'TION.  n.  [self  and  destruction.] 
The  destruction  of  one's  self ;  voluntary  destruc- 
tion. 

SELF-DE-STRUe'TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  the  destruc- 
tion of  one's  self. 

SELF-DE-TERM-JN-A'TION,  n.  [self  and  determ- 
ination.] Determination  by  one's  own  mind  ;  or  de- 
termination by  its  own  powers,  without  extraneous 
impulse  or  influence. 

SELF-DE-TERM'IN-ING,  a.  Determining  by  or  of 
itself;  determining  or  deciding  without  extraneous 
power  or  influence  ;  as,  the  self-determii\ing  power  of 
the  will, 

SELF-DE-Vrs'i:D,  a.    Devised  by  one's  self. 

Baxter. 

SELF-DE-VOT'ED,  a.  [self  and  devote.]  Devoted 
in  person,  or  voluntarily  devoted  in  person. 

SELF-DE-V6TE'MENT,  n.  The  devoting  of  one's 
person  and  services  voluntarily  to  any  dilRcult  or 
hazardous  employment.  Memoirs  of  Buchanan. 

SELF-DE-VOT'ING,  a.    Devoting  one's  self. 

E.  Everett 

SELF-DE-VOUR'ING,  a.  [self  and  devour.]  De- 
vouring one's  self  or  itself.  Dcnham. 

SELF-DIF-FO'SIVE,  a.  [self  and  diffusive.]  Hav- 
ing (>owcr  to  difl'use  itself;  that  difl^uses  itself. 

JVOTTtJ. 

SELF-DOOM'KD,  a.     Doomed  by  one's  self.  More. 

SELF-DUB'BKD,  a.     Dubbed  by  one's  self.  Irving. 

SELF-ED'II-€A-TED,  a.  Educated  by  one's  own 
efll'orts. 

SF.LF-E-LECT'ED,  a.     Elected  by  himself. 

SELF-E-LECT'IVE,  o.  Havingtli'e  right  to  elect  one's 
self,  or,  as  a  body,  of  electing  its  own  members. 

Jefferson, 

8ELF-EN-JOY'MENT,  n.  [self  and  enjoyment]  In- 
t*;rniil  satisfaction  or  pleasure. 

SELF-ESTEEM',  n,  [self  dnid  esUem.]  The  esteem 
01  good  opinion  of  one's  self.  Milton. 

SELF-ES-TI-MA'TION,  n.  The  esteem  or  good 
opinion  of  tmo's  self.  Milner. 

SELF-EV'I-DENCE,  n.  [self  and  evidence.]  Evi- 
dence or  certainty  resulting  from  a  proposition  with- 
out proof;  evidence  that  ideas  offer  to  the  mind  upon 
bare  statement.  Locke. 

SELF-EVIDENT,  a.  Evident  without  proof  or  rea- 
soning; that  produces  certainty  or  clear  conviction 
up^m  a  bare  presentation  to  the  mind ;  as,  a  self-evi- 
dent proposition  or  truth.  That  two  and  three  make 
five,  is  sirlf-evident. 

SELF-EV'I-DENT-LY,  adv.  By  means  of  self-evl 
dence. 

SELF-EX-^LT-A'TION,  (-egz-,)  n.  The  exaltation  of 
one's  self.  Scott. 

SELF-EX-ALT'ING,  (egz-,)  a.     Exalting  one's  self. 

SELF-EX-AM-IN-A'TION,  (egz-,)  n.  [self  and  cd- 
aniination.]    An  examination  or  scrutiny  into  one's 


TONE,  B{;iX,  IINITE.  — AN"OER,  VI"CIOUS C  as  K;  0  as  J  ;  8  aa  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1003 


SEL 

own  stiUt^,  conduct,  and   motives,  piirticutnrly  in  re- 
eard  to  ri'hcions  ctDections  and  dutieo,  Sasth. 

SELP-EX-€C»'ING,a.    Excusing  one's  self.  Scott. 

SELF-EX-IST'ENCC,  n.  [te(f  and  MisfenM.]  In- 
herent ( xistence  ;  the  existence  possessed  by  virtue 
of  a  being's  own  nature,  and  independent  of  any 
other  being  or  cause  ;  an  attribute  peculiar  to  Ciod. 

Blackman. 

SELF-EX-IST'ENT,  (.egl-,)  a.  Existing  by  iu  own 
nature  or  essence,  independent  of  any  other  cauae. 
God  is  the  only  stlf-f^ttnt  being. 

SELF-EXULTING,  (-egx-,)  a.  Exulting  in  one's  self. 

Softer. 

SELF'-FED,  a.    Fed  by  one's  self. 

8ELF-FL.\T'TER-L\G,  a.  [mV  and  pitter.]  Flat- 
tering one's  self. 

SELF-FLAT'TER-Y,  ».     Flattenr  of  one's  self. 

SELF-CLO'RIOUS,  a.  [seV  and  yr(*n*«<-]  Spring- 
ing from  vain-glory  or  vani^  ;  vain  ;  boastfilL 

Dnfdm. 

SELF-GOV'ERN-ED,  (-guv'emd,)  a.  .Governed  by 
one's  self.  Caieridgt. 

SELF-GOV'ERN-MENT,  ».  The  governuient  of 
one's  self. 

SELF-GR.\T-lJ-L.^'TION,  «.  Cratulation  of  one's 
self.  E.  EotrtU. 

SELF-HARM'ING,  a.  [sMf  and  tanm.]  Injuring  or 
hurting  one's  self  or  itself.  Sharp. 

SELF'-HE.\L,  a.     f«V  nnd   kral.]     A   plant  of  the 
genus  Prunella,  and  another  of  the  genus  Sauicula. 
Fam   tf  flanta. 

SELF-HEAL'ING,  a.  Having  the  power  or  pro|ierty 
of  healing  itself.  The  srlf-kraling  power  of  living 
animals  and  vegetables  is  a  property  as  wonderful 
as  it  is  indicative  of  divine  goodness. 

SELF-HOM'I-CIDE,  «.  [srif  and  *««ickie.]  The 
killing  mie's  self;  suicide.  HakvciU. 

SELF-I'DOHZ-£D,  a.    IdoUzed  by  one's  self. 

Cowper. 

SELF-IG'XOR.\.NCE,  n.  Igsoiance  of  one's  own 
chaiacler.  Ok.  S/tcUfr. 

SELF-IG'NO-RANT.  a.    Ignorant  of  one's  self. 

8ELF-IM'MO-LA-TING,  «.    Immohiling  one's  self. 

Fraatr, 

SELF-IM-P.\RT'IXG,  a.  [seVand  iiqMrt.]  Imp- 
ing b%  its  own  powers  and  will.  M'oms. 

SELF-IM-POS'Tl^RE,  «.  [.-rt/mi  imrttture.]  Im- 
posture practiced  on  one's  self.  SoMtJL 

SELF-IX-FLICT'El),  a.     Inflicted  by  one's  self. 

SELF-I.N-SUF-Kr'CIE.\-CY,  (-fish'en-«;,)  n.  Insuf- 
ficiency of  one's  self. 

8ELF-I.N"'TER-Esr,  a.  [nV  and  mUrat.]  Private 
Interest :  the  interest  or  advantage  of  one's  seK. 

SELF-I.NTEREST-ED,  a.  Having  aelf-tat«tesl ; 
particulnilv  concerned  for  one's  aelf. 

SELF-I-N- VIT'ED,  a.     Invited  by  one's  self. 

SELF-JUIKS'ING,  a.    Judging  one's  self. 

SELFJUST'I-FIER,  a.  One  who  excuses  or  Justi- 
fies himself.  •  J.  M.  Masem. 

EELF-KIN'DL£D,  a.  [Mfftad  kiitdUi.]  Kindled  of 
itself,  or  without  extraneous  aid  or  power. 

DrytUn. 

SELF-KNOWING,  a.  [jrf/and  taote.]  Knowing  of 
itself,  or  without  communication  from  another. 

SELF-KNOWL'EDdE,  ».  The  knowledge  of  one's 
own  renl  character,  abilities,  worth,  or  demerit. 

SELF'-LfiATHING,  a.     Lo.ilhing  one's  self. 

SELF-LOVE',  C-luv',)  a.  [srIf  and  lave.]  The  love 
of  one's  own  person  or  happiness. 

Stlf-lov,  Uk  tj^Dg  or  iiiL>tioa,  acu  Um  anal.  Pop4. 

8ELF-L0V'ING  a.    Loving  one's  self.         n'altJtn. 
SELF-LC'.MIN-OUS,   a.      Possessing    in     itself   the 

property  of  emitting  light.  Brewater. 

SELF'-MADE,  a.     Made  bv  one's  self. 
8ELF'MET-.«L,  a.   [,W/and  atrta/.J    The  same  metal. 
fiELF-.MO'TIO.V,  a.    [«c//and  inolioa.]     Motion  given 

by  inherent  powers,  without  external  impulse  ;  spon- 


Maner  is  ooc  radwd  vUi  Mf/.notioN.  Cftcyn*. 

SELF-MOVED,  (moovd',)  a.  Moved  by  inherent 
power  without  the  aid  of  external  impulse.     Pffpr. 

SELF-MOVING,  a.  Moving  or  exciting  to  action  by 
inherent  power,  without  the  impulse  of  another  body 
or  extraneofis  influence.  Ptype. 

SELF-MCR'DER,«.  [<fV  and  srarrfer.]  The  mur- 
der of  one's  self ;  suicide. 

SELF-ML'S'DER-ER,  a.  One  who  voluntarily  de- 
stroys bis  own  life. 

SELF-XEG-LECT'ING,  ».  [at/  and  ntghcL]  4 
neglecting  of  one's  self. 

St'K-lov  is  net  au  frral  a  aiD  as  a«i/-nagtedinc.  Shot. 

SELF-O-PIN'IO.N,  (-o-pin'yun,)  «.  ['fJ/and  opinio}!.] 
One's  own  opinion.  Cotlirr.     Prior, 

SELF-0-PlN'ION-£l),  a.  Valuing  one's  own  opinion 
highly. 

SELF-PXR-TIAL'I-TV,  ».  [^/and /wrtioiio/.]  Thai 
partiality  by  which  a  rnan'overratcs  his  own  worth 
when  compared  with  olliers.  Kameji, 

SELF-PLEAS'ING,  a.  [seff  and  pUa.^e.]  Pleasing 
one's  self ;  gratifying  one's  own  wishes.       Bacon. 

SELF-POS-SES'SION,  n.  The  possession  of  one's 
powers  ;  calmness  ;  ielf-<ommand. 


SEL 

SELF-PR.^ISE',  (praie',)  n.  [self  and  praise.]  The 
praise  of  one's  self;  self-applause.  Broome. 

SELK-PKEF'ER-E.N"CE,  n.  [.-•elf  ani  prifirence.]  The 
preference  of  one's  self  to  others. 

SELF-1'RES-ER- VA'TION,  a.  [sfVand  Bre.erralion.] 
1'he  preservation  of  one'a  self  from  destruction  or 
injury.  MUton. 

SELF-PRE-SERVINO,  a.     Preserving  one's  self. 

SELF-PROP'.A-GA-TING,  a.  Propagating  by  itself 
or  himself.  /;,  KreretL 

SELF-REO'IS-TF.R-ING,  a.  That  registers  itself,  as 
a  ihermomeler  which  ni.trks  tlie  extreme  points  of 
its  range  within  a  given  time.  Francis. 

SELF-REG'U-LA-TED,  a.     Regulated  by  one's  self. 

SELF-RE-LI'ANCE,  n.  Reliance  on  one's  own 
powers. 

SELF-RE-LT'ING,  a.    Depending  on  one's  self. 

SELF-RE-PEL'LKN-CY,  a.  [.lelf  and  repellencv.]  The 
inherent  pttwer  of  repulsion  in  a  body.  Black. 

SELF-RE-PEL'LING,  a.  [«f(/'and  rrjiet]  Repelling 
bv  its  own  inherent  power. 

SELF-RE-PR0ACH'KD,(-fe-pr5cht',)  a.  Reproached 
by  one's  own  conscience. 

SELF-RE-PROACiriNG,  a.     Reproaching  one's  self. 

SELF-RE-PR0.4CH'ING-LY,  aJii.  By  reproaching 
one's  self. 

SELF-RE-PROV£D,  a.  [seff  and  reprme.]  Re- 
proved by  cimscioiisness  or  one's  own  sense  of  guilt. 

SELF-REPROVING,  a.  Reproving  by  conscious- 
ness. 

SELF-REPROVING,  a.  The  act  of  reproving  by  a 
conscious  sense  of  ^ilL  Sfutk. 

SELF-RE-Pl'LS'IVE,  a.     Repulsive  by  one's  self. 

SELF-RE-STRAIN'£D,  a.  [aeif  and  restrain.]  Re- 
strained by  itself,  or  by  one's  own  power  or  will ; 
not  controlled  by  external  force  or  authority. 

DrytUn. 

SELF-RE  STRAIN'ING,  a.  Restraining  or  controll- 
ing itself. 

SELF-RE-STRAl.\T',  «.    A  restraint  over  one's  self. 

SELF-RIGHT'EOUS,  a.  Righteous  in  one's  own 
esteem. 

SELF-RIGHT'EOUS-NESS,  a.  Reliance  on  ope's 
own  righteousness. 

SELF-RO'I.N-£D,  a.     Ruined  bv  one's  own  conduct. 

SELF-SAC'RI-FIC-ING,  (sak'rc-nz-,)  a.  Yielding 
up  one's  own  interest,  feelings,  &c  ;  eacrilicing 
one's  self.  Cttanninjf. 

SELF'-SAME,  a.  [se^and  same.]  Numerically  the 
same  ;  the  very  same  ;  identical.  Scripture. 

SELF-S.AT'IS-FI-£D,  a.     Satisfied  with  one's  self. 

Irving. 

SELF-SAT'IS-F?-ING,  a.  Giving  satisfaction  to 
one's  self. 

SELF'-SEEK-ER,  n.  One  who  aeeka  only  his  own 
interest. 

SELF'-*iEEK-ING,  a.  [seVand  seek.]  Seeking  one's 
own  interest  or  happiness  ;  selfish.  jirltutknot. 

SELF-SLAUGHTER,  (sclf-slnw'ter,)  ».  [sc(f  nnd 
siau^kter.]     The  slaughter  of  one's  self.  Shak. 

SELF-t:orND'l.\G,  a.    Sounding  by  one's  self. 

SELF-SPUR'RI.NG,  a.     Inciting  one's  self. 

SELF-SUB-DU'£D,  a.  [self  and  subdue.]  Subdued 
by  one's  own  power  or  means.  Shali. 

SELF-SUB-VERS'IVE,  a.  Overturning  or  subvert- 
ing itself.  J.  P.  Smith. 

SELF-8UF-ri"CIEN-CY,  (-suf-flsh'ense,;  n.  [self 
and  sufficiency.]  An  overweening  opinion  of  one's 
own  strength  or  worth  ;  excessive  confidence  in 
one's  own  competence  or  sufficiency.  Dryden. 

SELF-SUF-FI"CIENT,  (-fish'ent,)  a.  H.iving  full 
confidence  in  one's  own  strength,  abilities,  or  en- 
dowments ;  whence,  haughty  ;  overbearing.     Watts. 

SELF-SUS-PEND'ED,  a.  Suspended  by  one's  self; 
balanced.  Sauthey. 

SELF-SUS-PI"CIOnS,  (-8U8-pish'us,)  0.  Suspicious 
of  one's  self.  Baiter. 

SELF-SU8-TAIN'£D,  a.    Sustained  by  one's  self. 

SELF'-TAUGHT,  a.    Taught  by  one's  self. 

E.  Everett, 

SELF-TOR-MENT'INC,  a.  [self  and  torment.]  Tor- 
m^-nting  one's  self;  s.s^  sdf-lormenting  sin. 

Crashaio. 

SELF-TOR  MENT'OR,  n.  One  «  ho  torments  him- 
self. 

SELF-TOR'TUR-INO,  a.    Torturing  one's  self. 

SELF-TROUB'LING,  (-trub'bling,)  a.  Troubling 
one's  self. 

SELF-UPBRaID'ING,  a.    Reproaching  one's  self 

SELF-VAL'U-ING,  a.    Esteeming  one's  self. 

PameU, 

SELF-VT'O-LEXCE,  a.     Violence  to  one's  sell. 

SELF-WILL',  a.  [self  and  mil.]  One's  own  will ; 
ob-"tinacy. 

SELF-\ViLL'£D,  a.  Governed  by  one's  own  will ; 
not  yielding  to  the  will  or  wishes  of  others;  not  ac- 
com'roodatine  or  compliant ;  obstinate. 

SELF-WORSHIP,  n.    The  idolizing  of  one's  self. 

SELF-WOR'SHIP-ER,  n.    One  who  idolizes  himself. 

SELF-W0R'SHIP-L\G,  a.     Worshiping  one's  self. 

Coleridge. 

SELF-WRONG',  (self-rong',)  a.  [self  nnd  trron^.] 
\Vrfing  done  by  a  person  to  himself.  Shak. 

SELF'ISH,  fl.     Regarding  one's  own  interest  chiefly 


SEM 

or  stilfly  ;  intliienced  in  actions  by  a  vitw  to  private 
ndviinliict'.  -^  Spr/Uator. 

SELr'I8U  LV,  adr.  In  a  selfish  manner;  wiUi  regard 
to  iiriviiii-  inlt-rest  only  or  cliiotly.  Pope. 

SELF'ISII-NtlSS,  «.  Tlie  exclusive  rcRard  of  a  per- 
iion  to  hta  own  interest  or  liappint-ss  ;  or  lliut  supreme 
Belf-IoVL'  or  at'lf- preference  which  leads  a  person,  in 
bi«  actions,  to  direct  his  purposes  to  the  advancement 
of  his  own  interest,  (wwer,  or  happiness,  without 
regarding  the  interest  uf  others.  Seltishness,  in  its 
Worst  ur  unqualitied  sense,  is  the  very  essence  of 
human  depravity,  and  stands  in  direct  opposition  to 
BENEvoi.i;r(CE,  which  is  the  essence  of  the  divine 
character.  As  God  is  love,  »o  man,  in  his  natural 
state,  is  seiixhness. 

Stljithnett  —  a  vice  uti^rtj  at  vnrianc^wUh  the  happin^'^t  of  liim 
who  turbora  it,  mnd,  lu  aiich,  torn  le  in  tied  by  fU  luve. 

Mackinloth. 

SELF'LESS,  a.     Having  no  regard  to  self.    Coleridge. 
SELF'NESS,  n.     Self-love  ;  seltishness.     [JVot  in  lue.] 

Sulnry. 
SEL'ION,  (Bel'yun,)  n,     A  ridge  of  land.    [Local.] 
SELL,  for  tfcLK  ;  and  SELLS,  for  Selves.     [Scot.] 
SELL,  n.     [Ft.  selle;  L.  sella.]  [B.  Jonson, 

A  saddle,  and  a  throne.     [  Obs.]  ^en^tr. 

SELL,  V.  1. 1  pret.  and  pp.  Sold.  [Sax,  selan,  sellan, 
syliin,  or  mjllioi,  to  give,  grant,  yield,  assign,  or  st^ll ; 
syllan  to  bi'te,  to  give  in  com|)ensntion,  to  give  to  bout; 
Sw.  adlia  :  Ice.  sella ;  Dan.  s(tlger ;  Basque,  salUu. 
The  primary  sense  is,  to  deliver,  send,  or  transfer,  or 
to  put  off.  The  sense  of  sell,  as  we  now  understand 
the  wor<l,  is  wholly  derivative;  as  we  see  by  the 
Saxon  phnises  jii/llan  to  airenne,  to  give  for  one's  own  ; 
syllan  to  fpjfe,  to  bestow  for  a  girt  ;  to  bestow  or  con- 
fer grati'^.J 

1.  To  transfer  property  or  the  exclusive  right  of 
possession  to  another,  for  an  equivalent  in  money. 
It  is  correlative  to  Buy,  as  one  parly  Imys  what  the 
other  selLi.  It  is  distinguished  from  EicHArrot  or 
Barter,  in  which  one  commodity  is  given  for  an- 
other ;  whereas  in  selling  the  consideration  is  money, 
or  its  representative  in  current  notes.  To  this  dis- 
tinction there  may  be  exceptions.  "  Esau  sold  his 
birthright  to  Jacob  for  a  mess  of  pottage.*'  But  this 
is  unusual.  *'  Let  us  sell  Joseph  to  the  I^ibmaelites  ; 
and  they  sold  him  for  twenty  pieces  of  silver."  Oen. 
z.\xvii.  Among  the  Hebrews,  parents  had  power  to 
sell  their  children. 

2.  To  betray  ;  to  deliver  or  surrender  for  money  or 
a  reward  ;  as,  to  sell  one's  country. 

3.  To  yield  ur  give  for  a  consideration.  The  troops 
fought  like  lions,  and  sold  their  lives  dearly  ;  that  is, 
they  yielded  their  lives,  but  first  destroyed  many, 
which  made  it  a  dear  purchase  for  their  enemies. 

4.  In  Scriptttre,  to  give  Up  to  be  harassed  and  made 
slaves. 

Hr  told  th^m  inio  the  haiidi  of  their  enemict.  —  Judget  ii. 

5.  To  part  with  ;  to  renounce  or  forsake. 

Buy  the  tnilh  ami  tell  it  not,  — Prov.  xxu. 

To  sell  one's  self  to  do  cvU  ;  to  give  up  one*a  self  to 
be  the  slave  of  sin,  and  to  work  wickedness  without 
restraint.     1  Kings  xxi.     2  Kings  vii. 

SELL,  V.  i.     To  have  commerce  ;  to  practice  selling. 
y.  'i"o  be  sold.     Corn  sells  at  a  good  price.      [Shak. 

SEL'LEN-DER,  |  n,  A  skin  disease  in  a  horse's  hough 

SEL'LAN-DER,  \  or  pastern,  owing  to  a  want  of 
cleanliness.  Qardncr. 

SELL'ER,  n.     The  person  that  sells  ;  a  vender. 

SELL'LNG,  ppr.     Transferring  the  property  of  a  thing 
for  a  price  or  equivalent  in  money.  . 
2.  Betraying  for  money. 

SELT'ZER  WA'TER,  n.  A  mineral  water,  from 
Seltzer,  in  Germany,  containing  much  free  carbonic 
acid.  Brande. 

SEL'VAGE,  n.     The  sambas  Selvedge. 

SEL-VA-GEE',  n.  A  kind  of  skein  of  ro[>c-yarns, 
wound  round  with  yarns  or  marline,  used  for  stop- 
pers, straps,  &c.  ToUen. 

SELVEDGE,  n.  [p.  lelf-kanl,  self-border;  G.  sahl- 
teiste,  hall-list.  The  first  syllable  appears  to  be  sel/, 
and  the  last  is  edge.] 

The  edge  of  doth,  where  it  is  closed  by  complicat- 
ing the  threads  ;  a  woven  border,  or  border  of  close 
work.     Ezod.  XX /ii. 

SELV'EDG-£D,  a.    Having  a  selvedge. 

SELVES,  pt.  of  Self. 

SEM'A-PHORE,  n.  [Gr.  oij/ia,  a  sign,  and  <popctay  to 
bear.] 

A  telegraph. 

SEM-A-PHOR'IC,  0.     Telegraphic. 

SEM-A-PHOR'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  By  means  of  a  tele- 
graph. 

SEM'BLA-BLE,  a.  [Fr.]  Like  ;  similar;  resembling. 
JJVot  tn  use.]  Shak. 

SEM'BLA-BLY,  adv.     In  like  manner.     [JVot  in  use.] 

SEM'BLANCE,  n.  [Fr,  id. ;  It.  .^embianza;  Sp.  semeju 
and  scmejanza  ;  from  the  rotU  of  similar.] 

1.  Likeness  ;  resemblance  ;  actual  .'Similitude  ;  as, 
the  semblance  of  worth  ;  -temblance  of  virtue. 

The  $emhlances  «nd  Imilntiona  of  Bhelli.  WttcdttKird, 

2.  Appearance;  show;  figure;  form. 

Their  temblance  kind,  nnd  mild  their  p^anm  wen.    fhirjhs. 


Fate,  far,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  DIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQIJK.. 
1004  ~~ 


SEM 

SEM'BLANT,  b.  Show;  figtire  ;  resemblance.  [JVi»t 
in  iwe.'  Spniser. 

SEM'BCWT,  a.     Like  ;  resembling.     [JVot  in  «.<?.] 

Prior. 

SEM'BLA-TIVE,  a.  Resembling;  fit;  suitable;  ac- 
cording to. 

Aod  all  is  nmblatioe  a  woman's  pajt.     (.Vot  in  u««.]      i^/iofc. 

SEM'BLE,  (sem'bl,)  p.  t     [Fr.  sentiifr.) 

To  imitate  ;  to  represent  or  to  make  similar. 

Where  aembiing  tirt  may  carre  the  fair  effect.     [Not  in  ut«,\ 

Prior. 
8E-MEt-OT'ie,  «-     [Gr.  trnfiEtov,  a  sipn.] 

Relating  to  tbe  signs  or  symptoms  of  diseases.  [See 
Sbmiotic]  Brande. 

S£:'MEJ^,  n.     [L.]     Seed,  particularly  of  animals. 
SE-,MES'TER,  n.     [h,  semestris,  sez^  s'lX^  and  mcasis^ 
month.] 

A  period  or  term  of  six  months.     Oer.  Uaitersities, 
SEM'I,   [L.  send^  Gr.  ^/ii,]    in  composition,  signifies 

half. 
SEMa-A-CID'I-FI-£D,  o,  or;?p.   Half  acidified.    [See 

AciDIFT.] 

SEM'I-AM-PLEX'I-CAUL,  a.  [L.  semi,  amplexus,  or 
amplector,  to  embrace,  and  caulis,  stem.] 

Partially  amplexicaiil.     In  botany,  embracing  the 
stem  half  around,  as  a  leaf.  Marti/n. 

SEM'I-AN'N(J-AL,  (-an'yu-al,)  a.  [semi  and  annuaS.] 
Half  vearly. 

SEM'I-AN'MT-AI^LY,  a>Iv.    Every  half  year. 

SEM'I-AN'NU-LAR,  a.  [L.5cmiand  annu/ii.?.  a  rinp.] 
Having  the  figure  of  a  half  circle;  that  is,  half  round. 

Gretc. 

SE.M'I-AP'ER-TIJRE,  n.  [semi  and  aperture.]  The 
half  of  an  aperture. 

SEM'I-A'RI-AN,  n,  [See  Aria:*.]  In  ecrJesiastical 
history,  the  Snai-Jlrians  were  a  branch  of  the  Arians, 
who  in  appearance  condemned  the  errors  of  Arius, 
but  acquiesced  in  some  of  his  principles,  disguising 
•them  under  more  moderate  terms.  They  did  imt  ac- 
kn^iwledge  the  Son  to  be  consubstantial  with  the 
Father,  that  is,  of  the  same  substance,  but  admitted 
him  to  be  of  a  like  substance  with  the  Father,  not 
bv  nature,  but  by  a  peculiar  privilege.  Eacyc. 

SEM'I-A'RI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  SeniWArianism. 

SEM'I-A'Rr-A.\-ISM,  n.  The  doctrines  or  tenets  of 
the  Semi-Arians.  Eneyc. 

SEM'l-IIAR-BA'RI-AN.fl.  [semi  and  barbarian.]  Half 
savage  ;  partially  civilized.  Mitford. 

SEM'I-BREVE,  n.  [semi  and  breve  ;  formerly  written 
Sevibro'*]  In  nm^tc,  a  note  of  half  the  duration  or 
time  of  the  breve,  a  note  now  rarely  used.  The  sem- 
ibreve  is  the  longest  note  now  in  general  use,  and 
the  inea.sure-note  by  which  all  others  are  regulated. 
It  ctinLiins  the  time  of  two  minims,  four  crotchets, 
eight  quavers,  sixteen  semiquavers,  or  thirty-two 
demisemiquavi'rs. 

SEM'i-eAI^CI.\'£D  or  SEM'I-GAL'CIN-ED,  a. 
[semi  and  calcine.]  Half  calcined  ;  as,  semi-calcined 
iron.  Kirwan. 

8EM'I-€AS'TRXTE,  r.  (.  To  deprive  of  one  testi- 
cle, 

SEM'l-eAS-TRA'TION,  n.  Half  castration  ;  depri- 
vation of  one  testicle.  Broien. 

SEM'I-€HA-OT'ie,  a.     Partially  chaotic. 

HiUkeaek. 

SEM'I-€HO'RUS,  ».  A  nhort  chorus  performed  by  q 
few  nmsi-r^. 

SEM'I-CHRIS'TIAN-TZ-ED,  a.     Half  Christianized. 

SE.M'I(.IR-€LE,  (-s«r-kl,)  n.  {semi  and  circle.)  The 
half  of  a  circl*' ;  the  part  of  a  circle  comprehended 
between  its  diameter  and  half  of  its  circumference. 

button. 
B.  Any  body  in  the  form  of  a  half  circle. 

8EM'I-€IR-tLED,  (-Bur-kld,)i  a.    Having  the  form  of 

SEM-l-C!R'eU-LAR,  i      a  half  circle. 

[Semu'ircclah  is  generally  used.]         [Addison. 

SEM'I-CIR-eUM'FER-E.\CE,  n.  Half  the  circum- 
ference. 

SEM'I-Cfl-KOM,  n.  [semi  and  colon.']  In  grammar 
and  punctnaiinn,  the  point  [  ; }  the  mark  of  a  pause 
ID  be  observed  in  reading  or  speaking,  of  les:*  dura- 
titm  titan  the  colon,  double  the  duration  of  the  com- 
ma, or  half  the  duration  of  th?  period.  It  is  used  to 
distinguish  the  conjunct  members  of  a  sentence. 

Encyc, 

SEM'I-rOL-UM\,  (kol-lum,)  ru     A  half  column. 

SEM'I-CO-LUM'NAR,  a.  [semi  t\n&  coUmnar.]  Like 
a  half  column  ;  flat  on  one  side  and  round  oo  the 
other  ;  a  term  of  botany,  applied  to  a  stem,  leaf,  or  peti- 
ole. Jtartyii. 

SEM'I-COM-PACT',  a.  [semi  and  compact.]  Half 
compart ;  imperfecily  indurated.  Ktrwaru 

SEM'I-euUS-TA'CEOUS,  C-shus,)a.  [semi  nnd  cms- 
itireiiu.'.]     Half  cru-iiaceous.  JV*a£.  Hist. 

SEM'I-CRYS'TAL-LIXE,  a.  Imperfectly  crystal 
|i7,cd.  Hitchcock. 

SEM'l-€0'Bie-AL,  a.  The  semi-cubical  parabola,  in 
gtometry,  is  a  curve  of  such  a  nature  that  the  cubes 
of  the  (irdinates  are  projwrtional  to  the  squares  of 
the  ab-^cirttas.  Iluttan. 

8EM-I-et)'PI-UM,   71.      [Gr.  r!fiKr4-*>^im:] 
A  half  bath,  or  one  that 


tremitiex  and  hipfl. 


coveni  only  the  lower  ex- 


S£M 

SEM'I-CVL-I\'DRie,  ia.     [semi  and  eylindric] 

SEM'l-CYl^LV'ORie-AL,  J      HiUf  cylindrical.     Lee. 

SEM'I-DE-IST'ie-AL,  a.  Half  deistical ;  bordering 
on  deism.  S.  Miller. 

SEM'I-Iil-AM'E-TER,  n.  [semi  and  diameter.]  Half 
the  diainetet- ;  ft  right  line,  or  the  length  of  a  right 
line,  drawn  from  the  center  of  a  circle,  sphere,  or 
other  curved  figure,  to  its  circumference  or  pertjdiery  ; 
a  radius.  Encyc 

SEM'I-DI-A-Pa'SON,  ti.  [semi  and  diapason.]  In 
music,  an  imperfect  octave,  or  an  octave  diminished 
by  a  lesser  semitone.  Hatton. 

SEAI'I-DI-A-PE-\'TE,  n.  In  miwjc,  an  imperfect  fifth. 

Basby. 

SEMT-DT-APH-A-Ne'I-TY,  n.  [See  Semi-diaph*- 
f«oL'«.]  Half  or  imperfect  transparency.  [Little 
used.]  Bvyle. 

[Instead  of  this,  Translucknct  is  now  used.] 

SEM'I-DI-APH'A-NOUS,  a.     [semi  and  diapkanoiu.] 

Half  or  imperfectly  transparent.  Woodieard. 

[Instead  of  this,  Translucent  is  now  used.] 

SEM'I-DI-A-TES'SA-RON,  ti.  [semi  and  diatessa- 
ron.]     In  music,  an  imperfect  or  defective  fourth. 

IIiLtton. 

SEM-I-DI'TONE,  ti.     [.-fmi  and  It.  ditono.] 

In  mvsie,  a  lesser  third,  having  its  terms  as  6  to  5  ; 
a  h«;miditono.  Hntton. 

SEM'1-DOUH-LE,  (-dub'l,)  tu  [semi  and  double]  In 
the  Romish  breviary,  an  ollice  or  feast  cel<;bnit(^d  with 
less  solemnity  than  the  double  ones,  but  with  more 
than  the  single  ojies.  Baileti. 

SEM'NFLO-RET,  ti.     [semi  Vindfioret.]     [Obs.]     [See 

SeMIFL08CULR.[ 

SEM-I-FLOS'eULE,  «.  [semi  and  jloscule.]  A  flos- 
cule  whose  corol  consists  of  a  single  ligule,  i.  e.,  a 
single  strap-shaped  petal ;  as  the  florets  of  Lt:ontodon 
Taraxacum,  <tr  dandelion. 

SEM'I-FLOS'eU-LOUS,  a.  [semi  and  L.  flosctdns,  a 
little  flower.  Semifloscl'lar  is  also  used,  but  is  less 
analogical.] 

ComjKJsed  of  semiflorets  or  ligulate  florets ;  as,  a 
semifiosculous  flower.  JIartyn. 

SE.M'I-FLO'ID,  a.  [sani  and  fluid.]  Imperfectly 
fluid.  jlrbuthnot. 

SEM'I-FORM-ED,  a.  [semi  and  formed.]  Half 
formed ;  imperfectly  formed  ;  as,  semi-formed  crys- 
tals. Edaards,  fVe^t  ladies. 

SE.\I'I-H(^'RAL,  a.     Half-hourly. 

SEM'I-IN'DU  RATED,  a.  [semi  and  indurated.]  Im- 
l>erfectly  indurated  or  hardened. 

SEM'l-LA-PID'IFI-fJD,  (-fide,)  a.  [semi  and  lupid- 
ijied.]     Imperfectly  changed  into  stone.      Kirwan. 

SEM'I-LEiN-Tie'U-LAK,  a.       [semi    and    lenlienlar.] 
Half  lenticular  or  convex  ;  imperfectly  resembling 
a  lens.  Kirwan, 

SEM-I-LO'NAR,      )  a.     [Fr.  semilunaire;  h.semi  and 

SE.M-I-LO'NA-RY,  \      luna,  moon.] 

Resembling  in  form  a  half  moon.  Qrew. 

SEM'I-MET-^L,  ti.  [semi  and  metal.]  A  metal  that 
is  not  malleable,  as  bismuth,  arsenic,  nickel,  cobalt, 
zinc,  atjtimony,  niangancfie,  tungsten,  molybdenum, 
and  uranite.     [Awt  now  used.]  J\''ickolson. 

SEM'I-MF--TAL'Lie,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  seuii-metal, 
or  partaking  of  its  nnttire  and  qualities.      Kirwan, 

SEM'IN-AL,  a.  [Fr,,  from  seminalis,  from  semen,  seed  ; 
from  the  n>ot  of  sirw] 

1.  Pertaining  to  seed,  or  to  the  elements  of  produc- 
tion. 

2.  Contained  in  seed  ;  radical ;  nidimcntal ;  origin- 
al ;  as,  seminal  principles  of  generation  ;  seminal  vir- 
tue. GlantiUe.     Swift. 

Seminal  leaf;  the  same  as  seed-leaf. 

SEM'LN'-AL,  n.     Seminal  stale.  Brown. 

SEM-LN-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  nature  of  seed  ;  or  the 
power  of  being  produced*  Brown. 

SEM'IN-A-RIST,  n.  [Xvom  seminary.]  A  Roman  Cath- 
olic priest  educated  m  a  foreign  seminary.     Sheldon. 

SEM'IN-A-RY,  n.  [Fr.  seminaire ;  L.  seminarium, 
from  semen,  seed  ;  semirto,  to  sow.] 

1.  A  seed -plat ;  ground  where  seed  (s  sown  for 
producing  plants  for  transplantation  a  nursery  ;  as, 
to  transplant  trees  from  a  aemmary.  Mortimer. 

[In  this  sense,  the  word  is  not  used  in  America  ; 
bemg  superseded  by  Ntrserv.] 

2.  The  place  or  original  stock  whence  any  thing 
is  brought 

TUia  ■Ir.iiom,  Wng  thr  aeminnry  or  prwmptUAry,  rnrriishin^ 
mMti-r  fnr  tiv.  (onuatiuti  of  animar  tmii  regT-Mf  brulira. 
l/Vo(  in  uw.]  Woodioard. 

3.  Seminal  state.     [JVoi  in  use.]  Brmim, 

4.  Source  of  iiropagatlon.  Jfarvcy. 

5.  A  place  of  education  ;  any  school,  academy, 
collpgOjor  university,  in  which  young  persons  are  in- 
structed in  the  several  branches  of  learning  which 
may  qualify  them  for  their  future  employments. 
[  This  is  the  only  sii^mifcation  (if  the  voord  in  the  United 
States,  at  least  as  far  as  my  kiioietedfre  criend.-:.] 

6.  Seminary  yrie-st ;  a  Riinian  Catholic  priest  edu- 
cated in  a  foreign  tiemiiiary  ;  a  seminarist. 

B,  Jimson. 
SEM'IN-A-RY,  a.    Seminal ;  lulonging  to  weed. 

Smith. 
SEM'IN-ATE,  V.  t.     [L.  aeminn.] 

To  BOW  ;  to  spread  ;  to  propagate.      Waterhoiise. 


SEM 

SEM-IN-A'TION,  ti.     [L.  seminatio.] 

I.  'i'he  act  i»f  sowing.  Wotton. 

3.  In  botany,  the  natural  dispersion  of  seeds. 

Martiin. 
SEM'L\-£D,  a.    Thick  covered,  as  with  seeds.  [Obs.] 

B.  Jonson. 
SEM-IN-IF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  semen,  seed,  and  fcro, 
to  produce.} 

Seed-bearing;  producing  seed.  Darwin. 

SEM-IN-IF'ie,         {  a.     [L,  semen,  seed,  and  fucio,to 
SEM-I.\-lF'ie-AL,  \     make.] 

Forming  or  producing  seed.  Brown. 

SEM-IN-IF-IC-A'TION,  n.    Propagation  from  the  seed 

or  seminal  parts.  Hale, 

SEM'I-NYMPH,  (-nimf,)  n.  In  entomolofry,  the  nymph 

of  insects  which  undergo  a  slight  change  only  in 

passing  to  a  p(;rfect  state.  ■    LyomieL 

SE-Mi-O-LO0'l€-AL,  a.      Relating  to  the  doctrine  of 

signs  or  symptoms  of  diseases. 
SE-Ml-OL'O-0;Y,  n.     [Gr.  nnpcfv  and  Aoyo?.!    That 
part  of  medicine  which  treats  of  the  signs  of  diseases. 
It  is  now  mcrgrd  in  Symptomatologt. 

Half  transparent  only.  Boyle. 

SEM'I-O'PAL,  n.     A  variety  of  opal.  Jameson, 

SEM'I-OR-UICU-LAK,  a.  [.semi  and  orbicular.] 
Haviny  the  shape  of  a  half  orb  or  sphere. 

Martyn, 

SEM'I-OR'DI-NATE,  a.  [.lemi  and  ordinate.]  In 
conic  sections,  a  line  drawn  piirallel  to  one  axis,  and 
bisected  by  the  oilier,  and  reaching  from  one  side  of 
the  section  to  the  other;  the  half  of  which  is  prop- 
erly the  scnii-ordinate,  but  is  now  called  the  ordi- 
nate. 

SEM'I-OS'SE-OUS,  a,  [semi  and  osseous.]  Of  a 
bony  nature,  but  only  half  as  hard  as  bone. 

Med.  and  Plufn.  Joum, 

SE-Mt-OT'I€,  a.  [Gr.  ont'dov.]  Relating  lo  the  signs 
or  symj)toms  of  diseases.  Brande. 

SEM'I~0' VATE,  0.     [semi  and  ovate.]     Half  ovate. 

I^e, 

SEM'I-OX'YGEN-A-TED,  a.  Combined  with  oxy- 
gen only  in  part.  Kirwan. 

SEM'I-PA'GAN,  a.     Half  pagan. 

SEM'I-PAL'MATE,      ia.     [semi  nnd  palmate.]    In 

SEM'I-PAL'.Ma-TED,  \  loHhtry,  half  palniated  or 
webhed  ;  denoting  that  the  toes  are  connected  to- 
gether by  a  web  extending  along  only  their  proximal 
half.  Brande. 

SEM'I-PED,  ti.     [semi  and  L.  pe^,  a  foot.] 
A  half  foot  in  poetry. 

SE-MIP'E-DAI,,  a.     Containing  a  half  foot 

SEM'I-PE-LA'Gl-A\,  Ti.  In  ecclesiastical  history,^ 
follower  of  John  Cassiamis,  a  French  monk,  who, 
in  430,  modified  the  doctrines  of  Pelagius,  by  deny- 
ing human  merit,  and  maintaining  the  necessity  of 
the  Spirit's  influences,  while  he  rejected  the  doctrine 
of  unconditional  election,  the  inability  of  man  to  do 
good,  irresistible  grace,  and  the  certain  perseverance 
of  the  saints.  Murdoch. 

SEM'I-PE-LS'GI-AN,  0.  Pertaining  to  the  Semi- 
I»e!aginiis,  or  their  tenets. 

SEM'l-PE  LA'Gi-AN-lSM,  ti.  The  doctrines  or  tenets 
of  the  Semi-pelagians,  supra. 

SEMM-PEL-LC'CII),  a.  [semi  and  pelUuid.]  Half 
clear,  or  imperfectly  transparent ;  as,  a  jf/'mi-pc/Zucid 
gem.  Woodward. 

SEM'I-PEL-LU-CID'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  or  state, 
of  being  imperfectly  transparent. 

SEM'I-PEK-SPie'U-OUS,  a.  [semi  and  perspicuous,] 
Half  trans|Kirent ;  imperfectly  clear.  Qrew. 

SEM'I-PHLO  GIS'TIC-A-TEU,  a.  [semi  and  phlogis- 
ticatcd.] 

Partiallv'  imprecnated  with  phlogiston.     [OA*.] 

SEM'I-PRI  MIG'EN-OUS,  a.  [*«ni  and  primi^renous.] 
In  i'rc/oj.'';/,  of  a  middle  nature  between  subs^lauces 
of  primary'  and  secondary  formation.     [06-*J 

Kinoan. 

SEM'I-PROOF,  TI.  [semi  and  proof]  Half  priKif; 
evidence  from  the  testimony  of  a  single  witness. 
[  Little  rijted.  1  Bailey. 

SEM'l-PftO'TO-LITE,  ti.  [semi  and  Gr.  rr,.wTos, 
first,  and  AiOhj,  stone.] 

A  species  of  fossil  of  a  middle  nature  hetween 
substances  of  primary  and  those  of  secondary  forma- 
tion,    f  Ohs.]  Kirwan. 

SEM'I-QlIAn'RATE,  I  B.     [L.   semi  and   quadratus, 

SEM'I-aCAR'TILE,    \      or  yuortu*-,  fourth.] 

An  aspect  of  the  planets,  when  distant  from  each 
other  the  half  of  a  quadrant,  or  forty-five  degrees, 
one  siL'n  and  a  half.  Hutton. 

SEM'l-tilJA-VER,  n.  [.■*/?mt  and  quaver.]  In  music, 
a  note  of  half  the  duration  of  the  quaver;  the  six- 
teenth of  the  scniibreve. 

SE.M'I-UUA-VER,  B.  t.  To  sound  orsing  in  semiqua- 
vers. Cowper. 

SEM'I-QUIN'TILE,  n.  [h.  semi  and  tjiiintilis.]  An 
aspt'ct  of  the  planets,  when  distant  from  each  other 
half  of  the  quiniile,  or  thirtv-six  degrees.     Ilnttnn. 

SEM'i-SAV'AGE,  a.  [ifiwi  and  saooire.]  Half  aav 
age  ;  half  barbarian. 

SEM'I-SAV'AGE,  ti.  One  who  is  half  savage  or  im- 
perfectly civilized.  J.  Barlow. 


TCNE,  BJJl*!*,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8.  — C  as  K ;  0  aa  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ,  TH  aa  In  THIS. 


1005 


SEN 

8EM'[-SEX'TILE,  h,  [.«eiri  and  sextile.]  An  mpect 
o(  the  pl:int.'is,  wlien  tliey  nre  dislnni  mtin  eitcli  oth- 
er llie  twcttXl)  pail  of  a  circle,  or  thirty  degrees. 

Huiton. 

SEM'I-SPHER'ie,.        (  «.       t-icmi    nnd     spherieaL] 

SEM'l-SPHER'ie-AL,  \  Having  ihe  figure  of  a  half 
s^iliurv.  Kinean. 

SEM'l-SPHE^ROID'AL,  a.     [semi  and  sphenidaL] 
Furmed  like  a  half  spheroid. 

SEM-I-TER'TIAN,  (-shan.)  a.  [s«mi  and  tertian.] 
Compininded  of  a  tertian  and  quotidian  ngue. 

8EM-l-TER'TIAN,  n.  An  iniermiitent  compounded 
of  a  tertian  and  a  quotidian.  SuiUy, 

SEM-IT're.     See  Shcmitic. 

SEM'I-TOXE,  n.  [.^emi  nnd  tonf,]  In  music,  half  a 
lone  ;  an  interval  of  sound,  as  betwei-n  mi  nnd  /u  in 
the  diatonic  scale,  which  is  only  half  the  didtanc«  of 
the  interval  between  do  or  ut  and  re,  or  between  sol 
and  to.  Huttom,     Bttstn/. 

8EM-[-TON'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  s^imitone  i  con- 
sistinf!  of  a  semitone  or  of  semitones. 

SB.M'I-TRAN'SEPT,  r.     [jicmi  aud  tmnsept ;  L.  tratis 
and  geptum.] 
The  half  of  a  transept  or  croes  aisle. 

SEM'I-TRANS-PAR'E.N-CY,  n.  Imperfect  transpar- 
ency i  partial  oprnjiienesa. 

SEM'I-TRAN3  PaRT.NT,«.  [«iiiiand£r«jwiwr«itf.] 
Half  or  imporleciry  tmnsparent. 

SEM'I-VER-TIC'IL-LATE,  a.     Partially  verticilate. 

Smith, 

SEM-I-VIT'REOUS,  a.    ParlUlly  vitreous. 

Biffftow. 

SEM'I-VIT-RI-FI-€ATION,  a.  [semi  and  vitr\fica- 
tioK.] 

1.  The  stale  of  beine  imperfectly  vitrified. 

2.  A  substance  imperfectlv  vitrihed. 
SE.M'I-VIT'RI-Fr-ED,  a.     [See  Vitrift.]     Half  or 

imperfectly  vitrified  ;  partially  converted  into  glass. 

SEM'l-VO'eAL,  a.  [semt  and  fomL]  Pertaining  to 
a  semi-vowel ;  half  vocal ;  imperfectly  sounding. 

8EM'l-VOW-EL,  «.  [semi  and  ruicc/.  j  In  g^rammar^ 
a  half  vowel,  or  an  articulation  which  is  accompa- 
nied with  an  imperfect  sound,  which  may  be  con- 
tinued at  pleasure.  Thus  f/,  fm,  m,  though  uttered 
with  close  orfjan"*,  do  not  wholly  inierTU|>t  the  sound  j 
and  they  are  called  snni-rotceiji. 

S&~MOULE',  (si-uuxir,)  n.  [Ft.)  A  name  piven  to 
Ihe  lar^c,  hard  grains  retained  in  the  bolting  ma- 
chine after  the  fine  flour  has  been  pass«"d  through  it  j 
nlso  ivrittep  Semolina,  from  the  Italian  C/re. 

SE.M  PER-VlRE.VT,  «.  [L.  «eav«-.  always,  and  trf- 
ren.i,  rlinirishing.] 

Always  frf*.<h  ;  evergreen.  i>£. 

SEM'PElt-V'IVH,  K.  [L.  semper,  always,  and  viwuy 
alivf.] 

.K  plant.  Baton, 

SEM-PI-TERX'AL,  a.  [Fr.  stmpUemd:  L.  sempiter- 
nu.i. :  itrmpfr,  always,  and  rtTmu,  eternal.] 

1.  Eternal  in  futurity;  everlasting;  endless;  hav- 
ing becinning.  but  nn  end. 
'X  Eternal  ;  everlasting.  BUukmore. 

SEM-PI-TER.\'l-TY,  «.     [L.  sfmpilermitas.] 

Future  duration  without  end.  Hah. 

SF.M'PRF;  [It]     In  music,  throughout. 

Sf  \t  P'*>TFK,  ^ 

^F^IP'^TRF^S        C  ^^  Seamster,  Seamstress,  and 

SEMP'STRESS-Y.  5     Se*«3tee3st. 

SEN,  ado.  This  word  is  used  by  some  of  our  common 
p|»ople  forSi^cs.  It  seems  to  be  a  contraction  of 
since,  or  it  is  the  Sw.  sen,  Dan.  seen,  slow,  late. 

8EN'A-RV,  a,     (L.  seni,  senarius,] 

Of  six  ;  belonging  t6  six  ;  containing  six. 

REN'ATE,  a.     [Fr.  semat;  It  seimtx) ;  Sp.  senadc     U 


from  seiiex.  old,  Ir-  sea»    W     ten     t\t       .am 

Mana,  or  Aam^  jtanaJt.  w  oe  advanced  in  years.  Un- 
der the  former  verb  is  the  Arabic  word  signifying  a 
tooth,  showing  that  this  u  only  a  dialectical  variation 
of  the;  Heb-  iC^  The  pnmary  sense  is,  to  extend,  to 
advance,  or  to  Wear  A  senata  was  origmallv  a 
council  of  eld'Ts.! 

I  An  assembly  or  cimncil  of  senators  a  txtrty  of 
the  principal  inhabitants  i^  a  city  or  state,  invested 
with  a  share  in  the  govrmmetit  The  nenate  of  an- 
cient Rome  was  one  <»f  thf  most  tltustrious  bt>dies  of 
men  that  ever  boo-  thw  name,  .Some  of  the  Swiss 
cantons  h&v«'  n  i«enate,  either  legislative  or  executive. 

■i  \n  Uu  Untied  State-f,  senate  denotes  the  higher 
'>ranrn  .»r  house  of  a  legi^^lature.  Such  is  the  senate 
rfihe  United  States,  or  upper  house  of  the  concress  ; 
and  in  most  of  the  States,  the  higher  and  least  nu- 
merous branch  of  Ihe  lesisiature  is  called  the  senate. 
In  the  United  States,  the  senate  is  an  elective  b*>dy. 

3.  In  tAe  tiniversity  nf  CambriA^e,  En^land^  the 
governing  body  of  the  university.  It  is  divided  into 
two  houses,  denominated  re^eiUs,  (res^eittes,)  and 
no«-rf  ff-tTiis,  {KOH~regentes.)  The  former  consists  of 
masters  of  arts  of  less  than  five  years'  standing,  and 
doctors  of  less  than  two,  and 'is  called  the  tipper 
bouse,  or  wkitehood  lutuse,  from  its  members  wearing 
hoods  lined  with  white  silk.     All  other  masters  and 


SEN 

duclurs  who  keep  their  names  on  the  college  books 
are  non-rogenls,  aud  compose  the  hwer  house,  or 
black-hood  hoa^e,  its  members  wearing  black  silk 
hoods.  Cam.  CaL 

4.  In  a  looser  sense,  any  legislative  or  deliberative 
body  of  men  ;  as,  the  eloquence  of  the  senate. 

SEN'ATE-HOUSE,  ».  A  house  in  which  a  senate 
meets,  or  a  place  of  public  council.  Shak. 

SE.N'A-TOR,  n.  .\  member  of  a  senate.  In  Scot- 
land, the  lords  of  session  ore  called  senators  of  the 
college  of  justice. 

2.  A  counselt)r  ;  a  judge  or  magistrate.      Ps.  cv. 
SEN-A  TO'RI-AL,a.    Pertaining  toa  senate  ;  becom- 
ing a  senator;    as,  senatorial  robes;  senatt/rial  elo- 
quence. 

5.  Entitled  to  elect  a  senator  ;  as,  a  senatorial  dis- 
trict. United  States, 

SEX-A-TO'RI-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a  sen- 
ate ;  with  dignity  or  solemnity. 

SEN-.\-TC'RI-AN.    Thusame  nsStrrATORiAL.  [Obs.] 

SEN'A-7'OR-SHIP,  n.  The  office  or  dignity  of  a  sen- 
ator. Carcw. 

SBJVA'TUS  COJ^-SUL'TUM,  [L.]  A  decree  of  the 
sen.ite. 

SEND,  V,  t. ;  pret,  and  pp.  Sent.  [Sax.  sendan  ;  Goth. 
sandyan;  D.  zendeni  G.  senden  i  Sw.  sdada  ;  Dan. 
sender.  ] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  to  throw,  cast,  or  thrust ;  to 
impel  or  drive  by  force  to  a  distance,  either  with  the 
baud  or  with  an  instrument,  or  by  other  menus. 
We  send  a  bull  with  the  hand  or  with  a  bat ;  a  bow 
send.'i  an  arrow;  a  cannon  sends  a  shot;  a  trumpet 
sends  the  voice  much  further  than  the  unassisted 
organs  of  speech. 

"2.  To  cause  to  be  conveyed  or  transmitted  ;  as,  to 
send  letters  or  dispatches  from  one  country  to 
another. 

3.  To  cause  to  go  or  pass  from  place  to  place  ;  as, 
to  send  a  messenger  from  London  to  Madrid. 

4.  To  commission,  authorize,  or  direct  to  go  and 
act. 

I  hftT«  not  tent  thor  prophpU,  yet  the;  mn.  ^  Jer.  xxiii. 

5.  To  cause  to  come  or  fall ;  to  bestow. 

He  tmdoK  nuii  ou  the  JiiU  mid  en  the  uiiJuM.  —  MatL  T. 

6.  To  cause  to  come  or  fall ;  to  inflict. 

7*he  Ijonl  ihAll  tnd  upon  Uiee  timing,  rexation,  uid  ivbtlln,  ^ 

IX-uu  xxfiii. 
If  I  nnd  pntilrnee  ainong  mj  proi^e.  —  3  Chron.  tU. 

7.  To  propagate ;  to  diffuse. 

CberuUc  aunga  br  nij^tit  from  ndxbboring  lull* 

Aeml  irtiuie  —niL  Miiton. 

TV  *€nd  away :  to  dismiss  ;  to  cause  to  depart. 

7b  send  forth  or  out ;  to  prtMluce  ;  to  put  or  bring 
forth  ;  as,  a  tree  sends  forth  branch»rs. 

S.  To  emit ;  as,  flowers  ^eruJ/urCA  their  fragrance. 
James  \\\. 
SEND,  r.  t.    To  dispatch  an  agent  or  messenger  for 
some  purpose. 

See  jre  how  (hb  ion  of  a  munlcrer  balb  wrU  lo  take  away  017 

So  we  say,  we  sent  to  invite  guests  ;  we  sent  to  in- 
quire into  the  facts. 

2.  Among. tcaruen,  to  pitch;  as,  the  ship  aettas  for- 
ward so  violently  as  to  endanger  her  masts. 

Totten. 
To  send  for:  to  request  or  require  Oy  message  to 
come  or  be  brought ,  as,  to  send  for  a  physician  ;  to 
send  for  a  C4>ach.    But  these  expressions  are  elliptical. 
SEN'DAL,  It.      [Sp.  cendal.] 

A  light.  Chin  stulf  of  silk  or  thread      'JVut  in  h.^.  | 

Chaucer 
SEND'ER,  It.     One  that  sends  Shak 

SEN'E-GA,  f  n.     A  plant  <;ailed    R4TTle-*!^4KE  Root, 
SEN'E-K.-\,  i       the  Polygiila  senega 
SEN'E-G.VL.     See  Gi'm  Sk-ieoal 
SEN'E-ClN,  I*.     The  bitter   acrid  principle  of  polygala 
senega      (t  is  now  known  to  be  an  acid,  and  has 
been  call'-d  Polvhalic  Acid. 
SE-N'ES'CENCE,   n.      [L.   senesco,   from   senexy  old. 

Sef  Sg-fATE.] 

T'he  state  of  growing  old  ;  decny  by  time. 

fVoodward. 
SEN'ES-CHAL,  (sen'e-shal,)  n.  [Fr.  sen^chal ;  It. 
sinitcalco :  Sp.  scneseal :  G.  seneschalL  The  origin 
and  signification  of  the  first  part  of  Ihe  '.v(»rd  are  not 
ascertained.  The  latter  part  is  the  Teutonic  schalk 
or  scealc,  a  servant,  as  in  mur^Au/.] 

A  steward  ;  an  officer  in  the  houses  of  princes  and 
dignitaries,  who  bus  the  superintendence  of  feasts 
and  domestic  ceremonies.  In  some  instances,  the 
seneschal  is  an  officer  who  has  the  dispensing  ofjus- 
tice  ;  ns,  Ihe  high  seneschal  of  England.  Knctjc, 
SEN'GREEN,  n.  A  plant,  the  houseleek,  of  the  ge- 
nus Sempervivum.  Fam.  of  Plants. 
SE'NILE,  rt,    [U  senilis.] 

Pertaining  to  old  age ;  proceeding  from  age. 

Boyle. 
SE-NIL'I-TY,  n.     Old  age,     [Ao(  muck  used.] 

BosweU, 
SeN'IOR,  (jsecn'yur,)  a.     [L.  senior,  comp.  of  senez, 
old.     See  Se?(ate.] 

1.  Elder  or  older ;  but  as  an  a^/Vcttoe,  it  usually  sig- 


SEN 

nifies  older  in  ofiicc  ;  as,  the  .scitior  pastor  of  a  church, 
where  there  nre  c<illengut:s  ;  a  senior  counselor.  In 
such  use,  senior  has  no  reference  to  age,  fjjr  a  senior 
counselor  may  be,  and  often  is,  the  younger  man. 

2.  Noting  the  fourth  year  of  the  collegiate  course 
in  Ihe  American  colleges,  or  the  third  year  in  the- 
ological seminaries. 
SEN'IOR,  (seen'yur,)  n.    A  person  who  ia  older  than 
another  ;  one  more  advanced  in  life. 

2.  One  that  is  older  in  oflice,  or  one  whose  first 
entrance  upon  an  ofiico  was  anterior  to  that  of  an- 
other. Thus  a  senator  or  counselor  of  sixty  years 
of  ago  olXen  has  a  senior  who  ia  not  filly  years  of 
age. 

3.  An  nged  person  ;  one  of  the  oldest  inhabitants. 

A  tenior  of  ihe  place  replki,  Dryden. 

4.  One  in  the  fourth  year  of  his  collegiate  course 
at  an  American  college ;  originally  called  senior 
svphister.  [See  Sophisteb.]  Also,  one  in  the  third 
year  of  his  course  at  a  theological  seminary. 

SltN  lOR'l-TY,  (sen-yor'e-te,)  ?i.  Eldership  ;  supe- 
rior age ;  priority  of  birlh.  He  is  tJie  elder  brother, 
and  (Entitled  to  the  place  by  seniority, 

2.  Priority  in  office  ;  as,  the  seniority  of  a  pastor  or 
counselor. 

SkN'IOR-Y,  n.    Tlie  same  as  Senioritt.  Shak. 

SEN'NA,   n.      [Pers.   and    Ar.  Iaam  sana,     Qu.  from 

Ch.  and  Syr.  |3D,  to  strain,  purge,  purify.  The  com- 
mon pronunciation,  seena,  is  incorrect.] 

The  leaves  of  various  species  of  Cassia,  the  best 
of  which  are  natives  of  the  East ;  used  as  a  cathar- 
tic. 

SEN'NIGHT,  (scn'nit,)  71.  [Contracted  from  seven- 
nisjit,  a*  fortnight  from  fourteemiighL] 

The  space  of  seven  nights  and  days  ;  a  week. 
The  court  will  be  held  this  day  senvi<rht,  that  is,  a 
week  from  this  day  ;  or  the  court  will  be  held  next 
Tuesday  senniirht,  a  week  from  next  Tuesday. 

SEN'NIT,  n.  A  fliit,  braided  cord,  formed  by  plaiting 
rope-yarns  together.  Tutien. 

SE-NOe'LJ-LiAR,   a.      [L.  seni,  six,  and   oculus,  the 

Having  sm  eyes. 

Must  niiininU  Alt  binocular,  epidi.TB  ocioDociilar,  and  M>inr  <e- 
nociilar.  Derham. 

SENS'ATE,       i  a.      [See  Sense.]      Perceived  by  the 
SENS'A-TED,  j      senses.  Hooke. 

3EN-SA'TION,   n.     [Fr. ;    It.   sensazione\    Sp.   seusa- 

cion ;    from   I*,    seiisas,    setUia,    to    perceive.      See 

Se^ise.] 

1.  In  mental  philosophy,  an  impression  made  upon 
the  mind  through  the  medium  of  the  senses.  It  dif- 
fers from  perception,  which  ia  the  knotcledgc  of  ex- 
ternal objects  consequent  on  sensation. 

2.  Feeling  awakened  by  external  objects,  or  by 
some  change  in  tn  internal  state  of  the  body  ;  as,  a 
sensation  of  heav;ii.  fs,  &c. 

3.  Feeling  awaRei  ed  by  immaterial  objects;  as, 
sensations  of  awe  in  i.  e  divine  presence. 

4-  A  slate  of  exciiet  interest  or  feeling  ;  as,  "  the 
sensation  caused  by  th  appearance  of  that  work  is 
BtitI  remembered  by  ma,  y."  Brotigham. 

SENSE,  (sens,)  n  [Ff  --nsi  It.  senso ;  Sp.  sentido  ; 
from  L.  sensus,  from  ^eia  9,  to  feel  or  perceive  ;  W. 
syndaiB,  id. ,  syn,  sensn.  te-iing,  perception  ;  G.  sinn, 
sense,  mind,  intention  \\  tin;  Sw.  sinnet  Dan. 
mnd,  sands. ' 

1  The  faculty  oy  which  animals  perceive  external 
objects  by  means  of  impressions  made  on  certain  or- 
gans ot  the  body.  Encyc. 

Sense  is  a  branch  of  perception.  The  five  senses 
of  animals  are,  1,  special,  as  smell,  sight,  hearing, 
tasting  ;  2,  common,  as  feeling. 

2.  Sensation  ;  perception  by  the  senses.     Bacon. 

3.  Perception  by  the  intellect;  apprehension;  dis- 
cernment. 

ThU  BasiliiiR,  having  the  quick  sen$t  of  a  lover.  Svlnty, 

4.  Sensibility  ;  quickness  or  acuteness  of  percep- 
tion. Sknk, 

5.  Understanding;  soundness  of  faculties;  strength 
of  natural  reason. 

Oppr^M^d  nature  slecpa  ; 
Thia  rest  mighlyel  h:ive  b^ilnied  th>  broken  ttnset.         SJiak. 

6.  Reason  ;  reasonable  or  rational  meaning. 

Up  mvps;  ht»  wordi  hiv  loose 
Ai  heaps  of  sand,  anil  8C4iV;rinff  wide  from  Kn»e.       Dryden. 

7.  Opinion  ;  notion  ;  judgment. 
I  speak  my  private  but  impartial  aenaa 

With  freedom.  Roimmnxon. 

8.  Consciousness ;  conviction ;  as,  a  due  sense  of 
our  weakness  or  sinfulness. 

9.  Moral  perceplioft 

Some  are  so  ni»nlene<i  in  wlckednew,  at  to  have  no  aenw  of  the 
moat  friendly  otficet.  L' Eitnxnge. 

10.  Meaning;  import;  signification;  as,  tlie  tnic 
sense  of  words  or  phrases.  In  interpretation,  we  are 
to  examine  whether  words  are  to  be  understood  in  a 
literal  or  figurative  sen,¥e.  So  we  speak  ^if  a  legal 
sense,  a  grammatical  sense,  an  historical  .s-ense,  &.c. 

Common  sense  ;  that  power  of  the  mind  which,  by 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PRgY PLNE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


SEN 

K  kind  of  instinct,  or  a  sliort  process  uf  reasiming,  per- 
ceives Iruih,  the  relation  of  ttiines,  caut*e  and  effect, 
&c.,  and  hence  enabk-s  the  posse.^sor  to  discern  what 
is  ri^hi,  useful,  expedient,  or  proper,  and  adopt  the 
b^st  means  lo  accomplish  his  purpose.  This  power 
seems  to  be  the  gift  of  nature,  improved  by  experi- 
ence and  observati.'ii. 

Moral  seiuie ;  a  determination  of  the  mind  to  be 
pleased  with  the  contemplation  of  those  affections, 
actions,  or  characters  of  rational  agents,  which  are 
called  good  or  virtuous.  Encyc 

SENS'ED,  (senst,)  pp.  Perceived  by  the  senses, 
f  JVof  in  itse.]  Olanville. 

SENSE'FtJL,  a.    Reasonable  ;  judicious.  [JVot  in  use.] 

Morris. 

SEN'SE'LESS,  a.  Wanting  the  faculty  of  perception. 
The  body,  when  dead,  is  senseless  i  but  a  limb  or 
other  part  of  the  body  may  be  senseless,  when  the 
rest  of  the  body  enjoys  its  usual  sensibility. 

2.  Unfeeling;  wanting  sympathy. 

Tbe  itnttteu  ^&re  feels  not  your  ploui  aorrowt.  Rotoe. 

3.  Unreasonable;  foolish;  stupid. 


A,  Unreasonable  ;  stupid ;  acting  without  sense  or 
judgment. 

They  were  a  tenttteit,  ttupid  race.  Sw^ft. 

5.  Contrary  to  reason  or  sound  judgment  ;  as,  to 
deistroy  by  a  senseless  fondness  the  happiness  of 
children. 

6.  Wanting  knowledge  ;  unconscious  ;  with  of; 
as,  libertines  senseless  of  any  charm  in  love. 

SoiUheru. 

7.  Wanting  sensibility  or  quick  perception. 

PeacJutm. 
8ENSE'LESS-LY,  ado     In  a  senseless  manner;  stu- 
pidly ;  unreasonably  ;  as,  a  man  .ienselessly  arrogant. 

LoeJce. 
SEXSE'LESS-XES3,    n.      Unreasonableness;   fiilly  ; 

stupid  ty  ;  absurdity.  Ornc. 

SENS-1-BIL'l-TV,  n.     fFr.  sensibility ;  from  sensible.) 

1.  f^usceptibility  of  impressions  upon  the  organs 
of  sense  ;  the  capacity  of  feeling  or  perceiving  the 
impressions  of  external  objects;  applied  to  aniitiat 
bodies;  as  when  we  say  a  frozen  limb  has  loDt  its 
sensibility, 

2.  Aculeness  of  sensation  ;  applied  to  the  body. 

3.  Capacity  or  acuteness  of  perception  ;  that  qual- 
ity which  renders  us  susceptible  of  inipr(.'!i;sii>ns ; 
delicacy  of  feeling;  as,  sensibility  to  pleasure  or 
pain  ;  sensibUUy  to  shame  or  praise  ;  exquisite  sensi- 
bility. 

4.  Actual  feeling. 

Tbi>  »(iJa  ^really  to  my  lensUAtily.  Buriw. 

[This  word  is  often  used  in  this  manner  for 
Sensatio?*.] 

5.  It  is  sometimes  used  tn  the  plural. 

ii'w  atnsibilitie$  »wm   r.itber  lo  hare  been    IhoK  ofprdriolwm, 

ihiniit  wuutul-nl  pridp.  Mtirthatl. 

SenMihiiilieB  imthffidly  ui  hapjiineM  mity  be  (icquired.      Encyc. 

6.  Nice  perception,  so  to  speak,  of  a  balance  ;  that 
quality  of  a  balance  which  renders  it  movable  wnh 
the  smallest  weight,  or  the  quality  or  t^tatc  of  any 
in^iniin'^ni  that  renders  it  easily  affected  ;  an,  the 
sensibility  of  a  balance  or  of  a  thermometer. 

Laeoiiier. 
SE.VSM-BLE,  o.     [Fr.  and  Sp.  id.;  It.  sen.--ibile.] 

I.  Having  the  capacity  of  receiving  impre»!iions 
from  external  objecLs  ;  capable  of  percfiving  by  the 
instrumentality  of  the  proper  organs.  We  say,  the 
body  or  the  desh  n*  sensUtle^  when  it  feetit  the  im- 
pulse (»f  an  external  body.  It  may  be  more  or  less 
sensible.  Danein. 

a.  Perceptible  by  the  senses.  The  light  of  the 
moon  furnishes  m>  sensible  beat. 

Air  b  nntibld  u  (lie  iwucb  by  iu  moUon.  ArbuOtnat. 

3.  Perceptible  or  perceived  by  the  mind. 

Tbe  dl*gnee  wu  more  *tnnb:e  than  the  pain.  TfnpU. 

4.  Perceiving  or  having  perception,  either  by  the 
mind  or  the  senses. 

A  m^n  cunnot  think  td  any  time,  wrddng  or  ■Itvjifn^,  without 
being  ttuibU  i^t  iu  Loeit. 

5.  Having  moral  perception ;  capable  of  being  af- 
fected by  moral  good  or  evil. 

U  tboo  weit  MfUtUt  of  courtcty, 

I  shcMiid  not  nuike  w  gnM  h  »Iiuw  or  seal.  Shak. 

6.  Having  acute  intellectual  feeling;  being  easily 
or  strongly  adjected  ;  as,  to  be  sensibU  of  wrong. 

Dryden, 
7   Perceiving  bo  clearly  as  to  be  convinced  ;  satis- 
fied ;  persuaded  Boswell. 
Th*y  Br*>  now  ttnsS^  It  would  hsvc  be«a  better  to  comnlv,  than 
Iu  refute.  Aadison. 

8.  Intelligent;  discerning;  aa,  si  sensible  mun. 

9.  Movable  by  a  very  small  weight  or  impulse  ;  as, 
a  sensible  balance  Is  necessary  to  ascertain  exact 
wetcht.  Lavoisier. 

10.  Affected  by  a  slight  degree  of  heat  or  cold  ;  as, 
a  sen.Tibte  thermometer.  Thomson. 


SEN 

11.  Containing  good  seuse  or  sound  rea.son. 

He   &>Mrfw(l  ClAu<iltii   iu   Uie   following   stntible   tini]   noble 
•peech,  Henry, 

Sensible  note ;  in  mitnc,  that  which  constitutes  a 
third  major  above  the  dominant,  and  a  semitone  be- 
neath the  tonic.  Encyc. 

SENS' I-BLE,  n.  Sensation  ;  also,  whatever  may  be 
perceived.    [Little  used.] 

SENS'I-BLE^NESS,  n.  Possibility  of  being  perceived 
by  the  senses ;  us,  the  seiisiblene^s  of  odur  or  sound. 

2.  .\ctual  perception  by  the  mind  or  body  ;  as,  the 
seJisibleness  of  an  impression  on  the  organs.  [But 
qu.] 

3.  Sensibility  ;  quickness  or  acuteness  of  percep- 
tion ;  as,  the  sntsibleiiess  of  the  eye.  &iarp. 

4.  Susceptibility  ;  capacity  of  being  strongly  af- 
fected, or  actual  feeling  ;  consciousness  ;  a-'i,  the  sen- 
sibleness  of  the  soul  and  sorrow  for  sin.     Ilamnwnd, 

5.  Intelligence;  reasonableness;  good  sense. 

G.  Susceptibility    of     slight    itnpressious.        [See 
Sensible,  Nu.  9,  10.] 
SENS'I-BLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  to  be  perceived  by 
the  senses  ;  perceptibly  to  the  senses  ;  as,  pain  sens- 
ibly increased  ;  motion  sensibly  accelerated. 

2.  With  perception,  either  of  mind  or  body.  He 
feels  his  loss  very  sensibly. 

3.  Externally  ;  by  affecting  the  senses.     Hooker. 

4.  With  quick  intellectual  perception. 

5.  With  intelligence  or  good  sense  ;  judiciously. 
The  mau  converses  very  sensibly  on  all  common 
topics. 

SENS-IF'ER-OUS,  a.     Producing  sense.  Kirby. 

SENS-IF'I€,  a.     [L.  sensus  and  facio.] 

Producing  sensation.  Oood. 

SENS'I-TIVE,  a.  [It.  and  Sp.  sensUivo;  Fr.  sensitif; 
L.  sensitiimsj  from  sntsus,  sentto.] 

1.  Having  sense  or  feeling,  or  having  the  cafiacity 
of  perceiving  impressions  from  external  objects  ;  as, 
sensitive  soyil ;  ^rrLsitire  appetite;  sen-^itice  faculiy. 

Ray.     Dryden, 

2.  Having  quick  and  acute  sensibility,  either  to 
the  action  of  external  objects,  or  to  impressions  upon 
the  mind  and  feehngs. 

3.  That  affects  the  senses  ;  as,  jcn^-iCtve  objects. 

Ilantmond, 

4.  Pertaining  to  the  senses,  or  to  sensation  ;  de- 
pcndmg  1)11  sensation  ;  as,  sensitive  motions  ;  sensi- 
tive muscular  mtttiuns  e.vcited  by  irritation.    Darwin. 

SENS'I-TIVE-LY,  adv.    In  a  sensitive  manner. 

Hammond. 

SENS'I-TIVE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  having  quick 
and  acute  sen-sibihty,  either  to  the  action  of  external 
oiiject.-ij  ur  to  impressions  upon  the  mind  and  feel- 
ings. 

SENS'I-TIVE-PI.ANT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Mi- 
mosa, so  called  because  its  leaves  and  footstalks 
shrink,  contract  and  fall,  on  being  slightly  touched. 

Brands. 

SENS-0'RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  lo  the  sensory  or  sen- 
sorium  ;  as,  sensorial  faculties  ;  aensori4il  motions  or 
iwwera.  Darwin^ 

SeWo-RV        *  (  "*     [^^^^  ^*  ««WM-')  sentio.] 

1.  The  sent  of  sense  and  percrptiim,  commonly 
8uppo.sed  to  be  seated  in  some  ptirt  of  the  contents  of 
the  cranium. 

2.  Organ  of  sense ;  as,  double  sensories,  two  eyes, 
two  ears,  &.c.  Bcntley. 

SENS'U-AI*,  a.  [It.  sensuale;  Sp.  sensuali  Fr.  sen- 
suet;  from  I«  sensus.] 

I.  Pertaining  tu  the  senses,  as  distinct  from  the 
mind  or  soul. 


F»r  u  ervftiion'i  ninpie  ntne«  extemli, 
The  ncolc  of  eentuat,  ukenul  puwcra  utcendj. 


Popt. 


2.  Consisting  in  sense, ordependingon  it ;  a9,«CTw^ 
ual  appetites,  hunger,  luiti,&.c. 

3.  AfftM'ting  the  sense*",  or  derived  from  them  ;  as, 
sen-tval  pleasure  or  gratification.     Hence, 

4.  In  throlniry,  carnal  ;  )>eriAinhig  to  the  flesh  or 
body,  in  opiKj^iftion  to  the  spirit ;  not  spiritual  or  ho- 
ly ;  evil.     James  iii.     Jude  19. 

5.  Devoted  to  the  gratification  of  sense;  given  to 
the  indulgence  of  the  appetites  ;  lewd  ;  luxurious. 

No  irikII  part  at  vlrtit^  conaiata  in  ttbtt«Inia^  from  that  in  which 
atnsUfOl  men  pUce  ih>-ir  rtlidiy.  AtUrbury. 

SENS't^-AL-I8M,n.  The  doctrine  that  alt  our  idtfas, 
or  the  operations  of  the  understanding,  not  only 
originate  in  .lensation,  but  are  transformed  sensations^ 
citpics,  or  relics  uf  sensations.  CundiUac. 

2.  A  state  of  subjection  to  sensual  feelings  and  ap- 
petite. 
SENS'(|-AL-IST,  n.  A  person  given  to  the  indulgence 
of  the  appetites  or  senses  ;  one  who  places  liis  chief 
h»ppinetts  in  carnal  pleasures.  South. 

8ENS-[J-AL'I-TY,    (  n.     [It.  srnsuatitd  ;  &p.  sensuali- 
SEN.S'U-AI^NESS,  (      dad  ;  Fr.  sentualit^.] 

Devoti'dness  to  the  gratification  of  the  bodily  ap- 
petites ;  fVee  indulgence  in  carnal  or  sensual  pleas- 
ures. 

Thote  pAmpemI  animitU 
Th.-*!  rixgi"  in  %a.tnge  •rn/iJo/tty,  Shak. 

Th'j  n*ol<l  (IrrM  \f-u  they  ihoulU  tisve  afibctlotu  tnlnted  by  any 
aetvuaiity.  Additon. 


SEN 

SENS-U-AL-I-ZX'TION,  n.  The  act  of  sensualizing; 
the  state  of  being  sensualized. 

SEXS'l^-AL-IZE,  r.  (.  To  make  sensual;  to  subject 
lo  the  luve  of  sensual  pleasure  ;  to  debase  by  carnal 
gratifications  ;  as,  sensualiied  by  pleasure.       Pope. 


SENS'U-AL-IZ-ED,  pp.     .Made  sensual. 

SENS'Q-AL-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Subjecting  to  the  love  of 
sensu:il  pleasure. 

SENS'tJ-AL-LY,  adv.     In  a  sensual  manner, 

SENS'U-OUS,  a.  Pertaining  to  sense  ;  feeling;  con- 
nected with  sensible  objects ;  as,  poetry  is  more 
simple,  aensuffusy  and  passionate.  Milton, 

SENT,  pre(.  and  pp.  of  Send. 

SEN'TENCE,  n.  [Fr. ;  It.  sententa;  Sp.  sentcnc'ia; 
from  L.  sententia^  from  «n(w,  lo  think.] 

1.  In  /air,  a  judgment  pronounced  oy  a  court  or 
judge  upttit  a  criuitiial ;  a  judicial  decision  publicly 
and  officially  declared  in  a  crimnial  prosecution.  In 
technical  language,  sentence  is  used  only  for  the  dec- 
laration of  judgment  against  one  convicted  of  a 
crime.  In  civil  cases,  the  decision  of  a  court  is 
called  a  JuDGHEivT.  In  criminal  cases,  tfratence  is  a 
judgment  pronounced  ;  doom. 

2.  In  languaire  not  tcchniail^a  determination  or  de- 
cision given,  particularly  a  decision  that  condemns, 
or  an  unfavorable  determination. 

Let  him  set  out  »onic  of  Luih-^r'*  works,  Hiat  by  tli-iii  we  may 
piiu  tenUnce  upon  hu  doctriaei.  AtUrbury. 

3.  An  Opinion  ;  judgment  concerning  a  contro- 
verted point.    Jicts  XV. 

4.  A  maxim  ;  an  axiom  ;  a  short  saying  containing 
moral  instruction.  Broome, 

5.  Vindication  of  one's  innocence.    Ps.  xvii. 

6.  In  grammar,  a  period  ;  a  number  of  words  con- 
taining complete  sense  or  a  sentiment,  and  followed 
by  a  full  pause.  Sentences  are  simple  or  compound. 
A  simple  sentence  consists  of  one  subject  and  one 
finite  verb  ;  as,  "the  Lord  reigns."  A  compound 
sentence  contains  two  or  more  subjects  and  finite 
verbs,  Bs  in  this  verse  : 

He  filli,  he  boumJarCuttriecta,  and  cqiisUs  all.  Pop*. 

A  dark  sentence;   a  saying  not  easily  explained. 
Dan.  viit. 
SEN'TENCE,  v.  t.    To  pass  or  pronounce  the  judg- 
ment of  a  court  on  ;  to  doom  ;  as,  to  sentence  a  con- 
vict to  death,  to  Iranspurtation,  or  to  imprisonment. 
2.  To  condemn  ;  Ui  doom  to  punishment. 

Nature  hcnctf  ia  aentenced  in  your  doom.  Dryden. 

SEN'TEXC-£D,    (sen'tenst,)    pp.       Doomed ;    con- 

dr-nnied. 
SEN'TEN-CER,Ti.    One  who  pronounces  a  sentence, 

Suuthnj. 
SEN'TEN-CING,  ppr.    Prxmouncing  the  judgment  of 

a  court  on. 
SEN-TEN'TIAL,  a.    Comprising  sentences. 

JVffwconie. 
2.  Pertaining  lo  a  sentence  or  full  period;   as,  a 
sentential  pause.  Sheridan. 

SEN-TEN'TIA-RY,  n.  Formerly,  one  who  read  lec- 
tures, or  conmiented  on  the  sentences  of  Peter  Lor- 
ribard,  Archbishop  of  Paris,  a  school  divine. 

Henry,  Brit. 
SEN-TEN'TIOUS,  (-shus,)  a,      [Fr.   sententieuz;    lU 
senteniioso.'] 

1.  Abounding  with  sentences,  axioms,  and  max- 
ims; short  and  energetic;  ^a,  ^  sententious  stylo  or 
discourse  ;  sententious  truth.  Waller. 

How  hff  npea  h«  air*, 
Amlnilousty  tenUntuxiel  Additon. 

2.  Comprising  sentences  ;  as,  sententious  marks. 

Grew. 
[This  should  be  Sewtextial.] 
SEX-TEN'TIOUS  LY,  adv.     In  short,  expressive  pe- 
riods ;  wilh  striking  brevity. 

Kntlaicati  dclivcra  her  ]uil<;ment  eenUntioualy,  to  givn  ii  mors 
weight.  ISruome. 

SEN-TEN'TIOUS-NESS,  n.  Pithiness  of  sentences  ; 
brevity  with  strength. 

The  MedCK  1  esteem  fur  iu  gravity  and  itnUn^ueneee. 

Dryden. 

SEN'TEB-Y  and  SEN'TRY  are  corrupted  from  Sen- 

TIKEI- 

SEN'TIENT,  (sen'shent,)  a.     [h.  sentiens,  sentio.] 
That  perceives  ;  having  the  faculty  of  [>erceplion. 

Man  is  a  sentient  being  ;  be  possesses  a  sentient  prin 

ciple. 
SEN'TIENT,  (sen'shent,)  a.     A  being  or  person  that 

has  the  faculty  of  perception. 
2.  He  that  perceives.  Qlanville, 

SEN'TIENT-LY,  adv.     In   a  sentient  or  perceptive 

manner. 
SEN'TI-MENT,  n.     [Fr.  id. ;  It.  sentimcnto;  Sp.  sen- 

timiento  ;  from  L.  sentio,  to  feel,  perceive,  or  think.] 

1.  Properly,  a  thouglit  prompted  by  passion  or  feel 
ing.  Karnes. 

2.  In  a  popular  senscy  thought ;  opinion  ;  notion  ; 
judgment ;  the  decision  of  the  mind  formed  by  de- 
liberation or  reasoning.  Thus,  in  deliberative  bodies, 
every  nian  has  the  privilege  of  delivering  hia  senti- 
ments u[)on  questions,  motions,  and  bills. 


TCNE.  BI;LL,  TJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — €  IS  K;  d  aa  J ;  »  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS 


1007 


SEP 

3.  The  sense,  thought,  or  opinion,  contained  in 
wurdet,  but  constderetl  as  distinct  from  them.  We 
may  like  the  sauimenty  when  we  dislike  the  lan- 
guage. % 

4.  Sensibility  ;  feeling.  Shfridam. 
SEN-TI-MENT'AL,  o.    Abounding  with  Benliment, 

or  just  opinions  or  reflections ;  as,  a  sentimentat  dis- 
course. 

2.  Expressing  quick  Intellectual  feeling. 

3.  Affecting  at-nsibility  ;  in  a  coHUr»pin9us  sgnse, 

SkeridMM. 

SEN-TI-MENT'AL-I«M,ii.  Sentimentality  ;  affecta- 
tion of  exquisite  feeling  or  sensibility.    tViOungton. 

SEN-TI-ME.NT'Al--<J^T,  n.  One  thit  aflccta  senti- 
ment, fine  ft-eliiig,  or  exquisite  sensibility, 

SE.\-Ti-ME.NT-AL'I-TY,  n.  AliWiati.  n  of  fine  fcel- 
ine  or  exqntdite  sensibility.  H'artom, 

SEN-TI-ME.VT'AUZE,  r.  i.  To  affect  exquUil* 
seiisibilitv. 

8EN-TI-.M'ENT'AL-l.y,  aJr.  With  intellectual  feel- 
ing nr  sensibility. 

S£N''T1-NEL,  B.  [Ft.  semtiMeUe ;  It  and  Port,  senti- 
lutla  1  Sfi.  eeiUiiula ;  (turn  I*,  sentutf  Ut  perceive.] 

[n  wuittarif  ^Ikirsy  a  soldier  set  to  wutch  <»*  guard 
an  array,  camp,  m  other  place,  fnun  surprise,  to  ob- 
serve the  approach  of  dnnger  and  give  notice  of  it. 
In  Mpa/or  K«e,  the  word  it!  contracted  into  Sb.htbt. 

8EN'T1-NEL-£D,  a.     Furnished  with  a  sentinel. 

SEN'TRV,  a.     fSee  SK-»Tii«au] 

1.  A  sentinel ;  a  soldier  placed  on  guard. 
3.  Guard  ;  watch  ;  the  duty  of  a  sentinel. 

O'rr  mj  ilutuben  ttiOn/  kerp.  Brown. 

SEX'TRY-BOX,  is.  A  box  to  cover  a  sentinel  at  bis 
post,  and  sheltttr  him  from  the  weather. 

SE^ZA,  [II. ;  Fr.  aans.]     WithouU 

SEFAL,  R.     [from  L.  tepio.] 

In  iotany,  a  distinct  part  of  Ihnt  sort  of  calyix 
which  is. called  a  Perianth.  When  a  perianth 
consists  of  but  one  part,  it  is  said  to  be  mon^ufpa- 
i«Kd,  when  of  two  or  more  parts,  it  is  said  to  be 
A,  Cri,  rrtra,  petUa»e^^iUy  etc.  Wht-n  uf  a  variable 
and  indefinite  number  of  part?,  it  is  said  to  be  poli/' 

SEPA-LOID,  «.  Like  ft  sepal,  or  dtatina  part  of  a 
perianth. 

SEP-A-RA-BIL'I-TY,  ».  [from  wpvoUe.]  The  qual- 
ity of  beioc  sepusble,  or  of  admitting  seiHuation  or' 
fUBunioa. 

of  ml  iliKioction. 

fHmtiritH. 

SEPARABLE,^  [Fr.,  from  L.  mfanhilJM.  See 
BarxajLTK.] 

That  may  be  eepanited,  disjoined,  disunited,  or 
irnt  i  fts,  tbe  »m*rmhl*  parts  of  plants  ;  qualities  not 
sepanMU  frum  IIm  substance  in  which  they  exist. 

8EP'A-RA-BLE-NES5,  a.  The  quality  of  being  ca- 
pable of  separmtioD  or  disunion. 

Triik  pmnJi  as  »a(  w  ianU.  of  ibe  mpaniUnM*  ot  m  yHtev 
tiwuirc  from  goU.  Bofi*. 

8EFA-RA-BLT,  «<v.    In  a  separable  manner. 

SEP'.VRXTE,  V.  U  fL.  sfparo ;  Fr.  sejMrtr ;  It  srpa. 
rare;  Sp.  jqpTorf  sLusa^razbrrayiu  The  Latin  word 
is  compounded  of  se,  a  preflT,and  paro,  evidently 
coinciding  with  the  oriental  H">2  or  1"^3,  the  sense  of 
which  is,  to  throw  or  drive  off.  C'lass  Br,  No.  7,6,9, 
10.    See  Pare  and  PARar.l 

1.  To  disnnite;  to  divide  i  to  sever;  to  part,  in 
almost  any  manner,  either  things  naturally  or  cas- 
ually joined.  The  parts  of  a  solid  sub>~ianre  may  be 
atpar^td  by  breaking,  cutting,  or  splittinc,  or  by 
finkm,  decomposition,  or  naiiiml  dissolution.  A 
eompoond  bixly  may  be  separated  into  it^  constituent 
pautk  Frirnds  may  be  ftparaied  by  necessity,  and 
must  be  srparalrd  by  death.  Tbe  prism  separates  the 
several  kinJs  of  colored  rays.  A  riddle  arparates  the 
chaff  from  tbe  grain. 

5.  To  aet  a|ian  from  a  Dumber  for  a  poiticular 


S^pmrmm  tut  Bafiabu  uid  Sau).  —  Acu  xui. 

3.  To  dbeoonect ;  as,  to  $eparate  man  and  wife  by 
divorce. 

4.  To  make  a  space  between.  The  Atlantic  sep- 
armus  Europe  from  .America.  A  narrow  strait  sep- 
mrmUs  Europe  from  .\fnca.  To  sfparate*a  on^g  s*^; 
to  withdraw  -,  to  deport. 

Stpmrmit  tn/mtt/,  I  pnjr  tbw,  from  me.  —  Gra.  xiu. 

SEP'A-RJLTE,  •.  t.  To  part ;  to  be  disunited  ;  to  be 
disconnected ;  to  withdraw  from  each  other.  The 
patties  jtf^oraleif,  and  each  retired. 

5.  To  cleave ;  to  open  ;  as,  the  ports  of  a  substance 
Morafe  bv  drying  or  freezing. 

SEP'A  RAtE,  a.     [L.  grpanOMS.] 

1.  Divided  from  the  rest  ;  being  parted  from 
another  ;  disjointed  ;  disconnected ;  used  of  tiings 
tkat  kace  Aeea  united  or  centtected,  Oeu,  zlix.  2 
Cor.  vi. 

2.  Unconnected  ;  not  united  ;  distinct ;  wed  </ 
tkiKfg  Uuu  kare  not  heen  tomueUd, 

3.  Disunited  from  the  body  ;  as,  a  separate  spirit  j 
the  separate  state  of  souli>.  Locke. 


All 


SEP 

SEP'A-R.A-TF.D,  pp.  Divided  ;  parted  ;  disunited  j 
disconnected. 

SEP'A-RATE-LY,  adv.  In  n  separate  or  unconnected 
state;  aitnrt ;  dii<tinctly  ;  singly.  The  opinions  of 
the  council  were  aeparatfly  taken. 

SF-P'A-RArE-iN'ESS,  a.     the  stale  of  being  separate. 

8EP-A-RAT'Xe-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  seiianitiun  in 
religion.  Dwight. 

SEP'A-RA-TING,  ppr.  Dividing  j  disjoininR;  putting 
or  driving  asunder  i  disconnecting;  dcconii>osing. 

SEP-A-RA'TION,  n.  tFr.,from  l^sepanUio  ;  It.  sepa- 
razii/ne ;  i?p.  separaeton.]^ 

1.  Tile  act  of  sepnnitmg,  severiiip,  or  disconnect- 
ing ;  disjunction  ;  as,  the  separation  of  the  soul  from 
the  botly. 

SL  Tbe  state  of  being  separate  j  disunion  ;  dis- 
connection. 

the  (U>a  of  hb  Mparation  he  b  boljr  U>  the  Lord.  —  Num.  vL 

3.  The  operation  of  disuniting  or  decom)>osing 
substances  ;  chomiciil  analysis.  Bacon. 

4.  Divt>rce  ;  disunion  of  married  persons.    Shak. 
SEP'.\-RA-TISM,  M.    The  act  of  sepamling  ;  dispo- 
sition  to  withdraw  from  a  church,  or  practice  of 
with  Ira  wing. 

SEP'A-KA-TIST,  n.     [Fr.  s^paratUe.] 

One  thnt  withdraws  from  a  church,  or  ralher  from 
an  established  church,  to  which  lie  has  belonged  ;  a 
dissenter;  a  seceder  j  a  schismatic  ;  a  sectary. 

bacon. 

8EP'A-RA-T0R,  a.  One  that  divides  or  disjoins  ;  a 
divider. 

8EP'A-RA-T0-RY,  a.  That  separates  ;  as,  srparatory 
ducts.     [LittU  used.]  Cheyne^ 

SEP'A-R.A-T^O-RY,  n.  A  chemical  vessel  for  separa- 
ting liquors  ;  and  a  surgical  instrument  for  separating 
tbe  pericranium  from  the  cranium.  Part\ 

PE-PAWN',  (   n.    A  speciesof  food  consislingof  meal 

SE  PO.N',  \  of  mai/^  boik'd  in  water.  It  is  in  New 
York  and  Pennsylvania  what  ha^ty-pudding  is  in 
New  England. 

SEP'E-LMtLE,  a.    [L.  sepelio.]    Thnt  may  be  buried. 

SE'Pl-A,  M.     [Gr.  ai,:Tta  and  onrvr/^  a  bag.] 

1.  This  term  comprehends  several  genera  of  ceph- 
alotHKlous  mulhisca  ;  as  the  Octopus,  Lotigo,  etc. 
This  term  is  also  the  name  of  an  imlividuat  genus 
of  this  group.  Most  of  these  animals  have  un  inter- 
nal sac  cx>nutining  a  nntural  ink,  that  is,  a  cnrbona- 
ce4ius  matter  suspended  in  water  by  the  intervention 
of  gelatine.  This  they  emit,  when  pursued  Iiy  ene- 
mies, by  which  the  water  is  so  discolored,  Ihat  the^ 
are  i^eu  (^nablfd  to  effect  tlieir  escape.  These  ani- 
mals are  called  Cuttl£-Fish,  though  Ihey  are  not 
true  fishes. 

2.  A  pigment  prepared  from  the  ink  of  the  sepia  or 
cuttle-fish,  Ure, 

SEP'  I-M  ENT,  a.  [L.  aqtimentum^  from  sqiio,  to  inclose.] 
A  hedge;  a  fence;  something  that  separates  or 
defends. 
SE-POSE',  (se-[)6ae',)  r.  L    [L,  tepono^  srposittLnJ] 

To  set  apart.     [Aiot  in  iwe.]  Doime. 

SEP-0-Sl"T10N,   (-zish'un,)   n.     The  act  of  setting 

apart ;  segregation.     [JVot  in  use.]  Taylor. 

S£'POY,  n.     [Pent,  sipaht;  Hindoo,  sepahai.]     A  na- 
tive of  India,  employed  as  a  soldier  in  the  service  of 
Eitrop<'an  powers. 
8EP'PI-.\.    See  Sepia. 
SEPS,  n.     [L.,  from  Gr.  »irrw.     Cuvier.] 

The  name  of  a  genus  of  scincoid  saurian  reptiles, 
sometimes  called  Serpskt-Lizaros.  They  are  found 
in  the  E:ist  Indies,  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  on 
the  coasts  of  the  Mediterranean.  These  animals 
have  elongated  bodies,  short  and  indistinct  feet,  non- 
extensile  tongues,  and  scales  covering  their  bodies 
like  tiles. 
SEPT,  n.  [Qu.  ^apta,  in  the  L.  prosapia ;  or  Heb.  tiStr. 
See  Cl.iss  Sb,  No.  23.] 

A  clan,  race,  or  family,  proceeding  from  a  common 
progenitor  ;  used  of  the  races  or  families  in  Ireland. 
Spenser.     Dacies. 
SEP'TA.B.    »/.  of  Septum,  which  see. 
SEPT-AN"GU-LAR,    (ang'gu-iar,)    a.       [L.   sepiem^ 
seven,  and  an^ulus,  angle.] 
Ilavine  seven  angles. 
SEP-TA'RI-UM,n-;  pU  Septabia.     [L.  eepta^  parti- 
tions.] 

A  iiame  given  to  flattened  imbedded  nodules  of 
clay  or  marl ;  also,  to  similar  nodules  intersected  by 
seams.  Dana. 

SEP-TE.M'BER,  n.  [L.,  from  srptem,  seven  ;  Fr.  Sep- 
tembre;  It.  Settembre ;  Sp.  Septiembre.] 

The  seventh  riiontli  from  March,  which  was  for- 
merly the  first  month  of  the  year.  September  is 
now  the  ninth  month  of  the  year. 
SEP-TEM'BRIST,  n.  A  name  given  to  the  agents  in 
the  massacre  in  Paris,  September  2,  1792;  hence,  a 
term  proverbial  throughout  Europe  for  one  who  is 
bloodthirstv  and  malignant.  Brande. 

SEP-TE.M'PAR-TITE,  a.    Divided  nearly  to  the  base 

into  seven  parts. 
8EP'TEN-A-RY,  a.    [Fr.  septin aire ;  M.  settenario ;  Sp. 
septenario;  L.  septenarius,  from  srptem^  seven.] 
Consisting  of  seven  ;  as,  a  septenary  number. 

fVatls, 


SEP 

SEP'TEN-A-RY,  a.     The  number  seven.      Burnet. 
SEP-TEN'NI-AL,  a,   [V..  teplennis ;  sfpcsm,  seven, and 
annus,  year.] 

1.  L:isting  or  continuing  seven  years  j  as^  sept£nni(U 
par]inn)ent.-j. 

2.  Happt^'uing  or  returning  once  in  every  sdVen 
years  ;  jis,  xeptenmal  elections  in  England. 

SEP-TEN'NI-AL-LY,  adi>.     Once  in  seven  years. 
SEP-TEN'TRI-ON,  lu     [Fr.,  from  L.  stptCHtTio.] 

The  north  or  northern  regions.  Sliak. 

SEP  TFN'TRI  ON  ) 

SEP-TEN'TRl'-ON-AL,  j  "■     t^*  ^''/•'""'^"a'"-] 

JVortbern  ;  pertaining  to  the  north. 

Krum  cold  ttpUntrion  UnaU.  Milton. 

SEP-TEN-TRI-ON-AL'I-TY,  n.    Northerliness.    [Ji 

bad  wtird.'l 
SEP-TEN'TRI-ON-Al^LY,  adv.    Northerly  ;  toward 

the  nurth.     {Ji  bad  word.]  Brown. 

SEP-TEN'TRI-ON-ATE,  v.  i.    To  tend  northerly. 

Brown. 
[This  word  septentrion  and  its  derivatives  are  hard- 
ly  anglici-£ed;    they   are    harsh,    unnecessary,   and 
little  used,  and  may  well  be  suffered  to  pa^  into 
disuse.] 
SEPT'-FOIL,  n. JL.  septemnnd  folium;  seven-leafed.] 

A  plant,  the  Tormentilltt  or  Tormentil. 
SEP'TIC,  la.     [Gr.   antr  ik"S,  from  tri/ircii,  to  pu- 

SEP'TI€-AL,  i      trefy.] 

Having  [wwer  to  promote  putrefaction.     Many  ex- 
periments were  made  by  Sir  John  Pringle  to   nscer- 
tain  the  septic  and  antiseptic  virtues  of  natural  bodies. 
Encyc.    Brande. 
SEP'Tie,  n.    A  substance  that  promotes  ihe  putrefac- 
tion uf  bodies,  JEncye, 
SEP-Ti-CI'1)AL,  a.     [L.  septum^  a  partition,  and  aedo, 
to  cut  or  divide.] 

A  septicidal  dehiscence  of  a  pericarp,  is  that  which 
takes  place  between  the  laminte  of  the  dissepiment. 

Lindley. 
SEP-TIC'I-TY,  (sep-tis'e-te,)  n.    Tendency  to  putre- 
faction. PoUTCroy. 
SEP-TI-FA'RI-OUS.o.     Having  seven  different  ways. 
SEP-TIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  septum  and  fero.] 

Bearing  septa.     [See  Septum.] 
SEP-TIF'LU-OUS,  a.     Flowing  in  seven  streams. 
SEP-TI-FO'LI-OUS,  a.     Having  seven  leaves. 
SEP'TI-FORM,  a.     Having  seven  forms. 
SEP-TIF'RA-G.Mj,  a.    [L.  septum^  a  partition,  and 
frango^  to  break.] 

A  neptifravat  dekiscenct  of  a  pericarp^  occurs  when 
the  dissepiments  adhere  to  tbe  axis,  and  separate 
from  the  valves. 
SEP-TI-LAT'ER-AL,  a.    [L.  septem,  seven,  and  lotus, 
side.] 
Having  seven  sides  ;  as,  a  septilateral  figure.  Brovm. 
SEP-TIL'LION,   (Hep-til'yun,)    n.     According  to   the 
English  notation,  the  product  of  a  million  involved  to 
the  seventh  power,  or  a  unit  with  forty-two  ciphers 
annexed;    according  to  the   French  notation^i\.  unit 
with  twenty-four  ciphers  annexed. 
SEP-TIN'SU-LAR,  a.     [L.  septem^  seven,  and  insula^ 
isle.] 

Consisting  of  seven  isles ;  as,  the  sepHnsular  re- 
public of  the  Ionian  Isles.  Qu.  Rev. 
SEP'TON,  71.     [Gr.  (rrjitos,  to  putrefy.] 
That  which  promutes  putrefaction. 
SEP-TU-AG'EN-A-RY,    a.      [Fr.    septuaginaire ;    L. 
septuagenarius,  from  sepluaginta^  seventy.] 

Consisting  of  seventy.  Brown. 

SEP-TU-A-GEN-A'RI-AN, )  n.      A    person    seventy 
SEP-TU-AG'E.V-A-RY,        (      years  of  age. 
SEP-TU-A-GES'I-MA,  n.     [L.  septuagesimusy  seven- 
tieth.] 

The  third  Sunday  before  Lent,  or  before  Quadra- 
gesima Sunday,  supposed  to  be  so  called  because  it 
is  about  sevenlv  days  before  Easter.  P.  Cye. 

SEP-TU-A-GES'1-MAL,  a.    [Supra.]    Consisting  of 
seventy. 

Qur  Abridged  and  stptuagttimat  a^.  Broien. 

SEP'TU-A-GINT,  n.     [L.  septuaginta,  seventy  ;  sep- 
tern.,  seven,  and  some  word  signifying  ten.] 

A  Greek  version  of  the  Old  Testament,  so  called 
because  it  was  said  to  be  the  work  of  seventy,  or 
rather  of  seventy-two,  interpreters.  This  translation 
from  the  Hebrew  is  re[)orted  to  liave  been  made  in 
the  reign  and  by  the  order  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus, 
king  of  Egypt,  about  two  hundred  and  seventy  or 
two  hundred  and  eighty  years  before  the  birth  of 
Christ.  But  this  is  very  doubtful.  From  internal 
evidence  it  is  clear  that  it  was  not  all  the  work  of 
one  man,  nor  of  one  company  of  men  ;  for  the  trans- 
lators of  different  books  were  of  very  different  de- 
grees of  competency,  and  were  governed  by  very 
different  rules  of  interpretation.  It  was  prob:ibiy 
not  all  the  work  of  one  age.  Jilurdock. 

SEP'TU-A-GINT,  a.     Pertaining  to   the  Sepluagint; 
contained  in  the  Greek  copy  of  the  Old  Testament. 

The  SeptuagirU  chronology  rn;tkes  fifteen  hundred  year*  more 
from  ih-'  ci^aliou  to  Attniham,  ibati  Uic  presenl  Hebrew  copiei 
of  the  Bible.  Eneyc. 

SEP'TU-A-RY,  n.     [L.  septum,  seven.] 

Something  composed  of  seven  ;  a  week.  [Little 
used.]  .^sh.     Cole. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  BRgY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.  - 


8EQ 

SEP'TUM,  «.  ,•  pi.  Sefta,  In  botany^  a  paititiun  that 
separates  the  cells  of  the  fruit. 

2.' In  anatomy^  a  partition  which  separates  two 
cavities. 

SEP'TU-PLE,  a.  [Low  l^septuplez:  septcm^  seven, 
and  pUco,  to  fold.J 

Sevenfold  ;  seven  times  as  much. 

SEP'UL-eHER,  |n.     [Fr.   septOchre  ;    Sp.   and   Port. 

SEP'UL-eHRE,  i  sq>ulero;  It.  sepolcro  ;  from  L. 
aepulchrum^  from  srpelio,  to  bury,  which  seems  to  be 
formed  with  a  prefix  on  the  Goth. //Aon,  to  bury.] 

A  prave  ;  a  tomb ;  the  place  in  which  the  dead 
body  of  a  human  being  is  interred,  or  a  place  des- 
tined fur  that  purpose.  Among  the  Jews,  scputchers 
were  often  excavations  in  rocks.  Is.  xxii.  JUatt, 
xxvii. 

SEP'UL-eilER,  >r.t.    Toburj-;  to  inter  ;  to  entomb; 

SEP'CL-eHRE,  i      as,  obscurely  sepuUhered.  Prior. 

SKP'UL-CHER-ED,  >pj».  ora.    Deposited  in  a  sepul- 

PEPTL-eilRED,     i     Cher. 

SE-PL'L'eilRAL,  a.  [L.  sepuJchralis,  from  septd- 
cirunu] 

Pertaininfi;  to  burial,  to  the  grave,  or  to  monuments 
erected  to  the  memory  of  the  dead  ;  as,  a  sepulchral 
stone  ;  a  sepulchral  statue  ;  a  sepulchral  inscription. 

Milton. 

SEP'UL-TITRE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  sepuhuray  from 
sepfUo,] 

Uurial ;  interment ;  the  act  of  jdepositing  the  dead 
body  of  a  human  being  in  the  grave. 

Where  we  m*j  royal  tejrjlturt  prepare.  Dryden. 

SE-aUA'CIOUS,  (se-kwa'shus,)  a.    [L.  sequaxj  from 
sequor,  to  follow.     See  ^eek.j 
I.  Following  i  aUendanL 

Tre»?«  uprooted  left  iheir  plue| 

Sfptodoua  oT  tb«  lyre.  Dryden. 

1'he  fun<J,  w^iionuuj  herd.  T^nuon. 

S.  Ductile ;  pliant. 

The  for^  wni  eaiT,  und  the  matier  ductile  Mid  atqaacious. 
[LilUe  uted.)'  Hay. 

SE-QUX'CIOUS-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  sequacious  ; 
di»*position  to  C>Ilow.  Tai/lor. 

SE-aUAC'I-TY,  (se-kwas'e-te,)  n.     [Supra.]     A   fol- 
lowing, or  dis|K>sition  lo  follow. 
3.  Diictititv  ;  pliableness.     [Little  used,]     Bacon. 

SE'aCEL,  (s'e'kwel,)  n.  [Fr.  s^qudlet  L.  It.  and 
Sp.  sequela;  from  L.  sequor,  to  follow.] 

1.  That  which  fultows ;  a  succeeding  part  ;  as,  the 
stauel  of  a  man's  adventures  or  history. 

2.  Consequence  ;  event.  Let  the  sun  or  moon 
cease,  fail,  or  swerve,  and  the  sequel  would  be  ruin. 

Hooker. 

3.  Consequencelnferred;  consequentialness.  [Lii- 
tU  ujteit.\  Whitgjfu. 

SE'QUEXCE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  sequensy  sequor ;  It. 
se^HCHza.] 

1.  A  following,  or  that  which  follows;  a  conse- 
quent. BroiBJL 

3.  Order  of  successioo. 

How  art  thou  &  kinff 
But  by  fair  aequerux  and  auccenion?  Shak. 

3.  Series;  arrangement;  method.  Bacon. 

4.  In  music,  a  regular  alternate  succession  of  simi- 
lar chords.  Busby. 

5.  \n  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  a  hymn  intro- 
duced in  the  mass  on  certain  festival  days,  and  re- 
cited or  sum;  immediately  before  the  gospel,  and 
aflcr  the  gradual  or  introil,  whence  the  name. 

Bp.  Fitzpatrick. 

SE'QUENT,  a.     [Siipra.1     Following;  succeeding. 
9.  Consequential.     [Little  w^ed.]  [Shak. 

PP/aUENT,  It.     A  foil  >wer.     (JVo(  m  uite.]       Shak. 

SK-ailEN'TIAL-LY,  adv.     In  succession. 

SE-Q.UES'TER,  r.  t.  J  Fr.  siquestrer  i  It.  seque^^trare  ; 
Sp.  seque.itrar ;  Ix>w  L.  seqatstro,  to  sever  or  separate, 
to  put  into  the  hands  of  an  indilfc-rent  person,  as  a 
deposit ;  sequester,  belonging  to  mediation  or  umpir- 
age, and  as  a  noun,  an  umpire,  referee,  mediator. 
This  word  is  probably  a  compound  of  se  and  the  root 
of  quastut,  qu^rsitus,  sought.     See  Question.] 

1.  To  separate  from  the  owner  for  a  lime ;  lo 
•eize  or  lake  possession  of  some  property  which  be- 
longs to  another,  and  hold  it  till  the  profits  have  paid 
the  demand  for  which  it  is  taken. 

Forrrvrly,  ih^  ^oo'la  of  «  defwiitant  in  chancery  were.  In  ihe  last 
n-furt,  tequtMleretl  und  dctain'-d  to  enforce  the  decreea  of  the 
court.  A  lid  now  the  proffta  of  a  benefice  ore  »touetUr«d  to 
pay  lbs  (ichu  of  eccli^aiiiattca.  BtnckMlont. 

2.  To  take  from  parties  in  controversy  and  put  into 
the  possession  of  an  indifferent  person.         Kncyc. 

3.  To  put  aside  ;  to  remove ;  to  separate  from 
other  things. 

I  hnd  wholly  aei^uetUred  my  civil  b^hiti.  Bacon. 

4.  To  sequester  one*  M  self;  to  separate  one's  self  from 
society  ;  to  withdraw  or  retire  ;  to  seclude  one's  self 
for  the  sake  of  privacy  or  solitude  ;  as,  to  sequester 
one^t  selfXtom  action.  Hooker. 

5.  To  cauw  to  retire  or  withdraw  into  obscurity. 

It  waa  bla  tailor  and  hii  cook,  bla  floe  foahloiu  and  bia  fVnch 
nfmiu,  which  Mqu4§tertd  him.  South. 

SE-OUES'TER,  p.  L  To  decline,  as  n  widow,  any 
concern  with  the  estate  of  her  husband. 


SER 

SB-QUES'TEH-ED,  pp.oT  a.  Seized  and  detained  for 
a  time,  to  sati^ify  a  demand  ;  separated  ;  also,  being 
in  retirement ;  secluded ;  private ;  as,  a  sequestered 
situation. 

SE-CiUES'TER-ING,  por.  Sei2ing  or  taking  posses- 
sion of  the  property  of  another  fur  a  time,  to  satisfy 
a  claim;  removing;  separating;  secluding. 

SE-aUES''J'RA-IILE,  a.  That  may  be  sequestered 
or  separated  ;  subject  or  liable  to  sequestration. 

SE-aUES'TRATE,  v.  L  To  sequester.  [It  is  less 
used  than  SEquKSTER,  but  exactly  synonymous.] 

SE-QUE?i-TRA'TION,  ti.  The  act  of  taking  a  thing 
from  parties  contending  for  it,  and  intrusting  it  to  an 
indifferent  person.  Encyc. 

2.  In  the  civil  /aw,  the  act  of  the  ordinary,  disposing 
of  the  goods  and  chaltels  of  one  deceased,  whose  es- 
tate no  one  will  meddle  with.  Encyc. 

3.  The  act  of  taking  property  from  the  owner  for  a 
time,  till  the  rents,  issues,  and  prohts  satisfy  a  de- 
mand. 

4.  The  act  of  seizing  the  estate  of  a  delinquent  for 
the  use  of  the  stale. 

5.  Separation  ;  retirement;  seclusion  from  society. 

South, 

6.  Slate  of  being  separated  or  set  aside.    .    Shak. 

7.  Disunion  ;  disjunction.     [J^ot  in  use.']  '  Boyle. 
SE-aUES-TR.^''J'OR,  n.    One  that  sequesters  proper- 
ty, or  takes  the  possession  of  it  for  a  time,  to  satisfy 
a  demand  out  of  its  rents  or  profits.  Taylor. 

2.  One  to  whom  the  keeping  of  sequestered  proi>- 
erty  is  committed.  Bailey, 

Se'UUIN,  n.  A  gtftd  coin  of  Italy  and  Turkey.  The 
average  value  at  Venice,  and  in  other  parts  of  lUily, 
is  9s.  5d.  sterling,  or  about  $9.20,  In  'i'urkey,  the 
sequin  fonducli  is  valued  ut  7s.  7d.  sterling,  or  about 
Si .75.  It  is  sometimes  written  CHE*iuiNand  Zechin. 
[See  Zechitc.]  Kelly. 

SE-RAGL'IO,  fse-ral'yo,)  n.  [Fr.  sirail;  Sp.  serrallo; 
It.  serraglio,  from  serrare,  to  shut  or  make  fast,  Fr. 
serreri  perhaps  from  ^y  or  T^X.   Castell  deduces  the 

word  from  the  Persian  (^)«.mw  sarai,  serai,  a  great 

house,  a  palace.  The  Portuguese  write  the  word 
cerralha,  and  Fr.  serrer^  to  lock,  they  write  cerrar^  as 
do  the  Spaniards.] 
The  palace  of  the  grand  seignior,  or  Turkish  sul- 
or  the  palace  of  a  prince.  The  sera^Uo  of  the 
lailran  is  a  long  range  of  buildings  inhabited  by  the 
grand  seignior  and  nil  the  officers  and  dependents 
of  hi!=  court  ;  and  in  il  is  transacted  all  the  business 
of  government.  In  this  also  are  confined  the  females 
of  the  harem.  Eton. 

Hence,  seraglio  has  been  often,  though  improperly, 
confounded  with  harem,  and  is  sometimes  used  to 
signify  a  house  of  women  kept  for  debaucherj-. 

Smart. 
SE-RaI',  n.     In  India  and  Tartary,  a  place  for  the  ac- 
commodation of  travelers  ;  a  Mohammedan  name  of 
the  choltry,  or  rest-house.  Malcom. 

SER'APH,  (ser'nf)  n. ;  pi.  Seraphs;  but  someliines 
the  Hebrew  plural,  Seraphim,  is  used,  [from  Heb. 
ei-ic,  to  burn.] 
An  an^H'l  of 


the  highest  order. 

Ab  full,  aa  perfect,  in  vtk-  ninn  tliat  moiinia. 
As  the  nipt  t^ntph  that  adurea  and  burna. 


Pop9. 


SE-RAPiri€,         i  a.    Pertaining  to  a  seraph  ;  angel- 
SE-RAPII'I€-AL,  j      Ic  ;  sublime ;  as,  seraphic  purity  ; 
seraphic  fervor. 

2.  Pure  ;  refined  from  sensuality.  Swtjt 

3,  Ilurning  or  inflamed  with  love  or  zeal.  Thus 
St.  Itonaventure  was  called  the  seraphic  doctor. 

Encyc, 
SE-RAPH'ie-.4L-Ly,  ode.    In  Ihe  manner  of  a  ser- 
aph. 
SER'A-PIUM,  (-fim.)  n.    [the  Ileb.  plural  of  Seraph.] 
Angels  of  the  highest  oruer  in  the  celestial  hierarchy. 

Com.  Prayer. 
[It  is  sometimes  improperly  written  Seraphims.I 
SER'A-Pllt.\E,    i  a.     [from  seraph.]     A  keyed  wind- 
SER-.\-Pllt'iNA,  \      instrument,  the  tones  of  which 
are  et.nenited   by  the  play  of  wind  upon  metallic 
reeds,  as  in  the  accordion.    It  consists,  like  the  or- 
gan, of  a  key-board,  wind-chest,  and  bellows.     By 
means  of  a  pedal,  the  stress  of  the  wind  upon  the 
reeds  miy  be  so  regulated  as  to  give,  with  fine  effect, 
the  expression  of  accent,  crescendo,  and  diminuendo. 
E.  T.  Fitch. 
SE-RS'PIS,  n.    [L.  and  Or.]    An  Egyptian  deity. 

Brande. 
BE-RAB'KIER,  (se-ras'keer,)  n.    A  Turkish  general 

or  commander  of  land  forties. 
SERE,  a.      Dry  ;  withered.      Usually  written    Seab, 

which  see. 
S£RE,  n.     [Qu.  Fr.  serrer,  to  lock  or  make  fast.] 

A  claw  or  talon.     [JVot  in  use.]  Chapvmn, 

SERE  NADE',  n.  [Fr.,  from  It.  and  Sp.  streriata,  from 
L.  serenux,  clear,  serene.] 

1.  Properly,  music  performed  in  the  open  air  on  a 
clear  night;  hence  it  is  usually  applied  to  musical 
entertainments  given  in  the  night,  especially  by  gen- 
tlemen, in  a  spirit  of  gallantry,  under  the  windows 
ot  ladiofk  Brande, 


SER 

2.  Also,  a  song  composed  for  such  an  occasion. 

Encyc. 
SER-E-NADE',  v.  C    To  entertain  with  nocturnal  mu- 
sic. Spectator. 
SER-E-NADE',  v.  u    To  perform  nocturnal  music. 

Taller. 
SE-RE'NA  GUT'TA.    See  Gutta  Skretta. 
SER-E-NA'TA,  n.    A  piece  of  vocal  music  on  an  am- 

oroiis  subject.  BtLsby. 

SE-RkNE',  a.  [Fr.  serein  ;  It.  and  Sp.  sereno  ;  L.  se- 
renus ;  Kuss.  oiariayu,  Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Ar.  *\nr,  to 
shine.     Class  Sr,  No.  2,  23,  47,] 

1.  Clear  or  fair,  and  calm  ;  as,  atfcrmesky  ;  serene 
air.    Serene  imports  great  purity. 

2.  Bright. 

The  moon,  tereTtt  in  glory,  mounta  the  %1tj.  Pope. 

3.  Calm  ;  unruffled  ;  undisturbed  ;  as,  a  serene  as- 
pect ;  a  serene  soul.  Milton. 

4.  A  title  given  lo  several  princes  and  magistrates 
in  Europe  ;  as,  serene  highness  ;  most  serene. 

SE-ReNE',  71.     A  cold,  damp  evening.    [JVot  in  use.] 

B.  Jonsoiu 
SE-RicXE',  V.  U    To  make  clear  and  calm;  to  quieU 
9.  To  clear  ;  lo  brighten.  Philips. 

SE-RkNE'LY,  ado.    Calmly  ;  quietly. 

The  setting  sun  now  ahone  terenely  briglit.  Pope. 

2.  With  unruffled  temper;  coolly.  Prior. 

SE-RkNE'NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  serene;  se- 
renity. 
SE-REi\'I-TUDE,  n.    Calmness.     [JVoC  in  «.5e.] 

IVotton. 
SE-REN'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  serenity  ;  L.  serenitas.] 

1.  Clearness  and  calmness  ;  as,  the  serenity  of  the 
air  or  sky. 

2.  Calmness;  quietness;  Btillness ;  peace. 

A  geiier.U  peace  and  terevity  newly  succeeded  general  irtmble. 

Ttinple, 

3.  Calmness  of  mind  ;  evenness  of  temper;  undis- 
turbed state;  coolness. 

I  can  not  see  how  any  men  ahoald  tnuugreaa  thoae  tnonil  rulet 
with  confidoiice  and  aeranity.  Lodn, 

4.  A  title  of  res|»ect  or  courtesy.  Milton. 
SERF,  n.     [Fr.  serf;  L.  servus.     See  Serve.] 

A  servant  or  slave  employed  in  husbandry,  and,  in 
some  countries,  attached  to  the  soil,  and  transferred 
with  it.    The  serfs  in  Poland  are  slaves.  Coze. 

SERF'DOM,  n.     The  state  or  condition  of  serfs.  LyelL 

[Serfage  is  less  proper.] 
SERCE,  n.     [Fr.  serge;  Sp.  lerga,  coarse  frieze,  and 
jargon  ;  It.  sargia,  a  coverlet ;  1),  sergie.] 

A  woolen  t\villed  stuff  manufacturea  in  a  loom 
with  four  treddles,  after  the  manner  of  ratteens. 

Silk  serge  is  a  twilled,  silk  fabric,  used  mostly  by 
the  tailors  for  lining  parts  of  gentlemen's  coats. 

Encyc.  of  Dom,  Econ, 
SER'GEAN-CY,  (sar'jen-se,)  n.    The  office  of  a  ser- 
geant at  law.  Hacket. 
SKR'GEANT,  (sar'Jent,)  n.     [Fr.  sergent;  lUsergenU; 
Sp.  and  Port,  sargento  ;  from  L.  servicns,  servinrr,  for 
so  was  thid  word  written  in  Latin.    But  Castell  de- 

duces  the  word  from  the  Persian  i*XA.^y*w  sar- 

chank,  or  saijank,  a  prefect,  a  subaltern  military  ofli- 
cer.  (See  Cast.  Col.  33ti.)  If  this  is  correct,  two  dif- 
ferent words  are  blended.] 

1.  Formerly,  an  iifficer  in  England,  nearly  answer- 
ing to  Ihe  more  modern  bailiff  of  the  hundred  ;  also, 
an  officer  whose  duty  was  to  attend  on  the  king,  ana 
on  the  lord  high  steward  in  court,  to  arrest  traitors 
and  other  offenders.  This  officer  is  now  called  Ser- 
oeant-at-Arms,  or  Mace.  There  are,  at  present, 
other  officers  of  an  inferior  kind,  who  attend  mayors 
and  magistrates  lo  execute  their  orders. 

2.  In  Trti/irarj/  affairs,  a  non-^-om missioned  officer 
in  a  company  of  infantry  or  troop  of  cavalry,  whose 
duty  is  to  instruct  recruits  in  discipline,  to  form  the 
ranks,  Sec. 

3.  In  England,  a  lawyer  of  the  highest  rank,  and 
answering  to  the  doctor  of  the  civil  law.     Blackstmie. 

4.  A  title  sometimes  given  to  the  king's  servants; 
as,  .frr^'mrtf -surgeon,  serviml-eiirgeon.         Johnson, 

SER'GEANT-AT-ARMS,  ti.  In  legislative  bodies,  an 
officer  who  executes  the  commands  of  the  body  in 
preserving  order  and  punishing  offenses.     Brande. 

SER'GEANT-MA'JOR,  n.  [sergeant  and  ma/or.]  A 
non-cnmmissloned  officer  who  acts  as  assistant  to 
the  adjutant.  Brande. 

SER'CEANT-Y,  (sar'jcnt-e,)  n.  In  England,  sergeanUj 
is  of  two  kinds,  grand  sergeanty  and  petit  sergeanty, 
Orand  sergeanty  is  a  particular  kind  of  knigiit-ser- 
vice,  a  tenure  by  which  the  tenant  was  bound  lo  do 
some  special  honorary  service  to  the  king  in  person, 
as  to  carry  his  banner,  his  sword,  or  the  like,  or  lo  he 
his  bulier,  his  champion,  or  other  officer,  at  his  roro- 
natlnn,  to  lead  his  host,  to  be  his  marshal,  to  blow  a 
horn  when  an  enemy  approaches,  &c. 

Cowel.    Blaeksfone. 
Petit  scr^reanty  waa  a  tenure  by  which  the  tenant 
WRB  hountl  to  renderto  the  king  annually  some  small 
implement  of  war,  as  a  bow,  a  pair  of  spurs,  a  sword, 
a  lance,  or  the  like.  Littleton, 


TONE,  BIJLL,  tINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  aa  K ;  6  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  aa  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


127 


lOoiT 


SER 

SER'6EANT-SHIP,  Csar'jent-*«hip,)  n.    The  office  of 

a  sersreant. 
SERiSE'-MAK-ER,  n.     A  manufacturer  of  serges. 
S£'RI-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  series;  consisting  of  a 

series. 
S£^RI-ALS,  n-pi.  Talea,  or  other  writings,  commenced 

ID  one  number  of  a  periodical  work,  and  continued 

in  succ^'&<ive  numbers. 
S£'Rl-ATE,  a.   Arranged  in  a  series  or  succession. 
Pfi'RI-ATE-LY,  aJc.     In  a  regulHr  series. 
SE-RI^i'  TIM,  [L.]     In  regular  order. 
SE-Rl"CEOUS,  (se-ri»b'usO  a.     (L.  scricits,  Trvtn  ser- 

icMm,  silk.] 

Pertaining  to  silk  ;  consisting  of  silk  i  silky.    In 

botany^  coven^d  with  very  soft  hairs  prcwed  clause  to 

the  surface;  as,  a  strwtnis  leaf.  Martyit. 

S£'RI&S,  K.    [I^    This  word  belongs  probably  to  the 

Sbemitic  ^BT,  *>>er,  "yV^y  the  primary  aenae  of  which 

is,  to  stretch,  or  strain.] 
1.  A  continued  succession  of  things  in  the  same 

order,  and  bearinf  the  same  relation  to  each  otiier; 

as,  a  Mrus  of  kings ;  a  seriu  of  successors. 
a.  Sequence ;  order ;  course  ;  succession  of  things  ; 

fts,  ft  stri*s  of  calaniituus  event*. 

3.  Ib  asfsrsl  AuCory,  an  order  or  subdivision  of 
KHne  class  of  natuial  bodies.  fiBcye. 

4.  In  snCAsMCic  and  ati^ra^  a  number  of  terms  in 
mccesaion,  increasing  or  diminishing  according  to  a 
certain  law  ;  a.^,  arithmt-iiciU  seriei  and  geometrical 
series.     [See  pHoRRcasion.] 

SER'IN,  n.  [Ft.]  A  song  bird  of  the  finch  family, 
found  in  the  central  parts  of  Eitr(i[»e.  It  has  a  small, 
horny,  and  short  bill,  and  its  luibitsare  mostly  similar 
to  tho»e  uf  the  canary  bird.  Partington. 

Sft'Rl-O-eOM'ie,  }  a.     Having  a  mixture  of  se- 

8fiTlI-0-eOM'ie-AL,  i      rioiisness  and  siiort. 
'  Sfi'RI-OUS,  a.      [Fr.   strieux;    Sp.   serio ;    It.  seria^ 
terioMi  h.  serius.] 

1.  Grave  in  manner  or  disposition  ;  solemn ;  not 
light,  gay.  or  volatile  ;  as,  a  strious  man  ;  a  serious 
habit  or  disposition. 

5.  Really  intending  what  is  mid  ;  being  in  earnest ; 
not  jesting  or  making  a  false  pretense.  Are  you 
Mrious^  or  in  Jest  ? 

X  Important ;  weighty ;  not  trifling. 

Tke  Belj  Scriptttnt  bring  to  oar  nn  tbe  aart  «siips<  tUof*  b 
ItewofM.  Yttmg. 

4  Pwticularl^  attentive  to  peligious  concema  or 
<H>e*s  own  religious  state.  fFithetfert*. 

SE'RI-OUS-LY.  odp.  Gravely;  solemnly;  in  earnest; 
without  levity  ;  in  an  important  degree.  One  of  the 
first  duties  of  a  rational  being  is  to  inquire  sfriomsly 
why  he  was  created,  and  what  he  is  to  du  to  answer 
tbe  purpose  of  his  creation. 

S&'RI-OUS-N ESS,  a.  Gravity  of  manner  or  of  mind  ; 
solemnity.  He  spoke  with  great  serieustu*s,or  with 
an  air  of  seri&iunes^it, 

3.  Earnest  attention,  particularly  to  religious  con- 
cema. 

TtaM  apirit  d  idlgioa  umI  tarioismsm  viioUied  sU  ftl  oiier. 

AtUrbtiry. 
SER'JEAXT,  n.     9ee  SaauriNT. 
SER-MOC-IN-A'TION.    a.      Speecb-raaklng.      [JVot 

used.]  Peaeham. 

SER-.NIOC-IN-A'TOR,  a.    One  that  makes  sermons  or 

speeches,     [Abe  ia  iL*r.] 
8ER'.MO.\,  n.     [Fr.,  from   L.  pernio,  from  the  root  of 
»erw,  the  primar>'  sense  of  which  is,  to  tJirow  or  thritsL 

See  AslERT,  I.tSEBT.1 

1.  A  discourse  defivered  in  public  by  a  licensed 
clerg}'nian  for  the  |>urpuse  of  religious  instruction, 
and  usually  grounded  on  some  text  or  passage  of 
Scripture.  Sermons  are  extemporary  addresses  or 
written  discourses. 

mon  \m  pfmctioe,  wrought 
i«  oT  Uke  UMUi«  be  uu£hu  DryUn. 

2.  A  printed  discourse. 

SER'MOX,  p.  L  To  discourse  as  in  a  sermon.  [Lit- 
tU  ust4.] 

3.  To  tutor ;  to  lesson  ;  to  teach.    [LUtU  used.] 

SkaL 
SER'MON,  c.  t.    To  compose  or  deliver  a  sermon. 

[UaU  used.]  Miiton. 

BER'MO.N-ING,  a.    Discourse;  instruction;  advice. 

[Abt  in  M»e.]  ClaH£er. 

BER'MOX-ISH,  a.     Resembling  a  sermon. 
BER'MON-IZE,  r.  i.     To  preach.        Bp.  JVUkoUom. 

2.  To  inculcate  rigid  rules.  CkesterfieU, 

3.  To  make  sermons ;  to  compose  or  write  a  ser- 
mon or  sermons.  [  Tikis  is  tJU  seiue  m  which  this  verb 
is  treiieralhused  im  the  United  StaUs.] 

SER'.MON'-fe-ER,  a.    One  that  composes  sermons. 

SER'MON-IZ-I\G,p;w.  Preaching;  inculcating  rigid 
prerepU;  comjiosing  sermons. 

SER'MOX-TZ-ING,  a.  The  act  of  composing  ser- 
mons ;  the  act  of  preaching  sermons  ;  the  act  of  in- 
struetine  in  a  furmal  manner.  Jlsh, 

SER'MOUNT-AIN,  m.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Laser- 
pitium,  or  laserwort  kind,  sometimes  called  Seseli. 

8E-R0N'      )  ^'*     ^'^^y^ 

SE-ROON'  (  **    t^P*  '""*"»  a  frail  or  basket.] 

1-  A  sereon  of  almonds  is  the  quantity  of  two 


SER 

hundred  pounds;  of  nnipe  seed,  from  three  to  four 
liimilred  weiphl  ;  of  Castile  soap,  from  two  hun- 
dred and  a  half  to  three  hundred  and  three  quar- 
ters. Juneyc 

3.  A  bale  or  package  made  of  skin  or  leather  for 
holdine  dnii;s,  &c.     [See  CsRoon.] 

8E-R0S'I-TY,  H.     [Fr.  serosiU.     See  Serum.] 

A  fluid  obtained  from  the  coagulated  serum  of  the 
b1i'H>d.  Ure. 

SER'O-TINE,  ».  A  species  of  bat  found  in  Europe, 
Scotophilus  serotinus  of  Gray.    Jartline^s  JVat.  Lib. 

SE'ROl'S,  a.     [Fr.  sireui.     See  Skrim.] 

1.  Thin;  watery;   like  whey;  used  of  that  part 
of  the  bliKid  which  separates  in  coagulation  from  the 
grumoiis  ur  red  part. 
3.  Pertaining  to  scrum.  ^rbuthnot, 

SER'PENT,  n.  [L.  serpens^  creeping ;  serpo^  to  creep. 
Qu.  Gr.  coTTO} i  or  fn>m  a  nntt  in  Sr.  In  Welsh, 
sarf,  a  serpent,  seems  to  be  fnmi  ti6r.  The  Sanscrit 
has  the  word  sarpaj  serpent.] 

1.  A  snake  ;  a  popular  name  of  Ophidian  reptiles 
without  feet.  Their  bodies  are  extremely  elongated, 
and  move  by  means  of  the  folds  they  form  when  in 
contact  with  the  ground.  Their  hearts  have  two 
auricles.  'J'his  is  the  widest  use  of  the  tern)  serpent. 
This  term  is  likewise  applied  to  a  faniily  of  ophidian 
reptile!«,  which  comprises  all  the  genera  without  a 
stt-rnum,  and  without  any  vestige  of  a  stiouhler,  &c. 

3.  In  astronomy^  a  constellation  represented  as  a 
serpent  held  by  Ophiucus  or  Serpentarius.    P.  Cyc. 

3.  \  wind  instrument  of  music,  serving  as  a  base 
to  the  horns  or  cornets.  It  is  so  colled  from  its  folds 
or  wreaths.  Brande. 

4.  Figuratively^  a  subtle  or  malicious  person. 

5.  In  mytholoiTY.K  svmbol  of  the  sun. 
SER'PENT-eO'OUM-UER,  ».    A  plant  of  the  genus 

Trichosanthes.  • 

SER'PEN'T-fiAT'ER,  n.  A  bird  of  Africa  that  de- 
vours serpents. 
SERPENT-FISH,  a.  A  fish  with  a  body  of  a  ribbon- 
like and  compressed  form,  and  a  band  of  red  running 
lengthwise.  It  Is  the  Cepola  taenia  or  rtibescens, 
(Linnieus,)  the  red-band-fish.  [Fr.  ruAun.]  P.  Cue. 
SER'PENT'S-TONGUE,  flung.)  n.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Ophioglossum  ;  aulaer's-tongne. 

2.  A  name  given  to  the  fossil  teeth  of  a  species  of 
shark,  because  tfaey  resemble  tongues  with  tlieir  roots. 

Booth. 
SER-PEN-TA'RI-A,  a.    The  trivial  or  specific  name 

of  numerous  plants  that  have  been  reputed  to  be 

remedial  of  snake-bites  ;  as,  AristulochiaSeritenlaria, 

Prenanihes  Serpentaria,  &.c. 
8ERPE\-TA'RI-US,  n.    [L-l    A  constellation  in  the 

northern  hemisphere,  also  called  Ophiucus.  Huiton. 
SER-PEXT'l-FORM,  o.     Having  the  fonn  of  a  ser- 

pt^nt.  Kirby. 

SER-PEX-TIG'E-NOUS,  o.    Bred  of  a  serpent. 
SER'PEX-TINE,  a.     [L.  serpentinus,  from  serpens.] 

1.  Resembling  a  serpent  ;  usually,  winding  or 
turning  one  way  and  the  other,  like  a  moving  ser- 
pent ;  anfractuous ;  as,  a  serpentine  road  or  course. 

2.  Spiral ;  twisted  ;  as,  a  serpentine  worm  of  a  still. 

3.  Like  a  serpent;  having  the  color  or  properties 
of  a  serpent. 

Serpentine  tontrue^  in  the  manege.  A  horse  ia  said 
to  have  a  serpentine  tongue,  when  he  is  constantly 
moving  it,  and  sometimes  passing  it  over  the  bit. 

£neye. 
Serpentine  terse ;  a  verse  which  begins  and  ends 
with  the  same  word. 
SER'PEN-TI.VE,  )   n,      A   species   of  mag- 

SER'PE\-TI.\E-STONE,  (  nesian  stone,  usually 
of  an  obscure  green  color,  with  shades  and  spots, 
resembling  a  serpent's  skin.  Diet.  J^aU  Hist, 

A  rock, generally  unsiratified,  which  is  principally 
composed  of  hydrated  silicate  of  magnesia. 

Serpentine  is  often  nearly  allied  to  the  harder 
varieties  of  steatite  and  p<:>titone.  It  presents  two 
varieties;  precious  serpentine  and  common  serpen- 
tine. Cteaveland. 
SER'PE\-TI\E-LY,  adv.  In  a  serpentine  manner. 
SER'PENT-IZE,  r.  t.  To  wind  ;  to  turn  or  bend, 
first  in  one  direction  and  then  in  the  opposite;  to 
meander. 

Ttte  roaxt  $erptntized  through  a  tall  shrubberT. 

Barrow,  7VatMl«in  Africa, 
SER'PEXT-LTKE,  a.     Like  a  serpent. 
SERPENT-RY,  n.     A  winding  like  that  of  a  ser- 
pent. 
SER'PET,  n.     A  basket.     [JVot  in  use.]     Ainsvorth. 
SER-PIG'IN-OUS,  a.     [from  L.  serpigo^  from  sorpo^  to 

creep.]     Aficcted  with  serpigo. 
BER-Pl'GO,  n.     [U.  from  serpo,  to  creep.] 

An  exploded  name  of  Herpes  circinalus  or  ring- 
worm. 
SER-PO'U-DANS,  )  n.  pi     Animals  of  the  order  An- 
SER-PO'LE-ANS,    (    nelida,  forming  calcareous  tubes 
which  twine  round  and  cover  stones,  shells,  &c. 

Kirby. 
SER'PU-LITE,  n.    A  petrified  shell  or  fossil  of  the 

genus  Serpula.  Jameson. 

SERR,  r.  U     [Fr.  serrer;  Sp.  and  Port,  cerrar.] 

To  crowd,  press,  or  drive  together.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Bacon. 


SER 

SER'R.^TE,      )   a.     [L.  serratus^  from  Vrro,  to  saw  ; 
SEU'RA-TED,  \       serra,  a  saw.] 

Notched  on  the  edge  like  a  saw.  In  botavjy^  hav- 
ing sharp  notches  about  the  edge,  pointing  toward 
the  extremity  ;  as,  a  .lerrate  leaf. 

When  a  serrate  leaf  has  small  serrnlures  upon  the 

large  ones,  it  is  said  to  be  doubly  serrate^  as  in  the 

elm.     We  say  also,  a  serrate  calyx,  corol,  or  stipule. 

A  scrrate-ciliale  leaf,  is  one  having  fine  hairs,  tike 

the  eyelashes,  on  the  sermtures. 

A  srrrate-deatate  lenf,  has  the  serrntures  toothed. 
SER-RA'TION,  n.     Formation  in  the  shape  of  a  saw. 
SER'RA-TIJRE,  it.    A  notching  in  the  edge  of  any 

thing,  like  a  saw.  Martyn. 

SER'RI-KD,(ser'rid,)pp.  om.    Crowded  ;  compacted; 

as,  serried  files. 
SER'ROUS,  a.    Like  the  teeth  of  a  saw ;  irregnlar. 

\  Little  xtsed.]  Brown. 

SER'RU-LATEj      )  a.    Finely  serrate  ;  having  very 
SER'RU-LA-TED,  \      minute  notches.  Martyn. 

SER'RY,  r.  t.     [Fr,  serrer.] 

To  crowd  ;  to  press  together.    [JVo(  used.'^ 

Milton, 
SE'RUM,  n.    [L.]    The  thin,  transparent  part  of  the 
blood.     It  is  analogous  to  albumen.  SiUiman. 

2.  The  thin  part  of  milk  ;  whey. 
SER'VAL,  «.  A  digiiigrade,  carnivorous  mammal,  of 
the  cat  Ri'ntis,  the  Fells  Serval  of  Southern  Africa. 
It  is  a  middle-sized  species,  with  a  lung  tail  and 
black  s|Mits. 
SERVANT,  n.  [Fr.,  from  h.  scrvans,  Crom  servo,  to 
keep  or  hold  ;  properly,  une  that  waits,  that  is,  slops, 
holds,  attends,  or  one  that  is  bound.] 

1.  A  person,  male  or  female,  that  attends  another, 
for  the  pur[)Ose  of  performing  menial  offices  for  him, 
or  who  is  employed  by  another  for  such  offices  or  for 
other  labor,  and  is  subject  to  his  command.  1'he 
word  is  correlative  to  master.  Servattt  diffi^Ts  from 
slave^  as  the  nerpant's  subjection  to  a  master  is  volun- 
tary, the  sluve^s  is  not.  Every  slave  is  a  servant,  but 
every  servant  is  not  a  slave. 

Servants  are  of  various  kinds  ;  as,  household  or  dtf- 
mestic  servants,  menial  servants  ;  laborers^  who  are 
hired  by  the  day,  week,  or  other  term,  and  do  not 
reside  with  their  employers,  or,  if  they  board  in  the 
same  house,  are  employed  abroad,  and  not  in  domes- 
tic services ;  apprentices,  who  are  buand  for  a  term  of 
years  to  serve  a  master,  for  the  purpose  of  learning 
his  trade  ur  occupation. 

In  a  legal  sense,  stewards, -factors,  bailifis,  and 
other  agents,  are  nervants  for  the  time  they  are  em- 
ployed in  such  character,  as  they  act  in  subordina- 
tion to  others. 

2.  One  in  a  slate  of  subjection. 

3.  In  Scripture,  a  slave  ;  a  bondman  ;  one  pur- 
chased fur  money,  and  who  was  compelled  to  serve 
till  the  year  of  jubilee ;  also,  one  purchased  for  a 
term  of  years,    ilzod.  xxi. 

4.  The  subject  of  a  king ;  as,  the  servaiUs  of  David 
or  of  Saul. 

The  Syriam  became  teroanu  to  DuviJ.  — 2  Sam.  viii. 

5.  A  person  who  voluntarily  serves  another,  or 
acts  as  his  minister;  as,  Joshua  was  D:\eserrant  of 
Moses,  and  the  apostles  the  servants  oX  Chnsl.  So 
Christ  himself  is  called  a  servant.  Is.  xlii.  Moses  is 
called  the  servant  of  the  Lord.     Dcttt.  xxxiv. 

6.  A  person  employed  or  used  as  an  instrument  in 
accomplishing  God's  purposes  of  mercy  or  wrath. 
So  Nebuchadnezzar  is  called  the  servant  of  God. 
Jer.  XXV. 

7.  One  who  yields  obedience  to  another.  The 
saints  are  called  the  servants  of  God  or  of  righteous- 
ness; and  the  wicked  are  called  the  servants  of  sin. 
Rom.  vi. 

8.  That  which  yields  obedience,  or  acts  in  subor- 
dination as  an  instrument.     Ps.  cxix. 

9.  One  that  makes  painful  sacrifices,  in  compli- 
ance with  the  weakness  or  wants  of  others.  I 
Cor.  ix. 

10.  A  person  of  base  condition  or  ignoble  spirit. 

Ecrits.  X. 

11.  A  word  of  civility.  I  am,  air,  your  humble  or 
obedient  seroanU 

Our  bett^ra  tell  ua  i\Kj  an  our  humble  aereants,  but  undentnnd 
ua  lu  tc  their  slave*.  Smft. 

Servant  of  servants ;  one  debased  to  the  lowest  con- 
dition of  servitude.     Oen.  ix. 

SERVANT,  V.  t.    To  subject.     [Aot  in  use.]     Shak. 

SERVE,  (serv,)  v.  t.  [Fr.  servir;  It.  servire;  Sp.  ser- 
vir;  from  L.  servio.  This  verb  is  supposed  to  be 
from  the  noun  servus,  a  servant  or  slave,  and  this 
from  servo,  to  keep.  U  serviis  originally  was  a  slave, 
he  was  probably  so  named  from  being  preserved  and 
taken  prisoner  in  war,  or  more  probably  from  being 
bound,  and  perhaps  from  the  Shemitic  ^n,  "^ix,  to 
bind.  But  the  sense  of  servant  is  generally  a  waiter, 
one  who  attends  or  waits,  and  from  the  sense  of  stop- 
ping, holding,  remaining.] 

1.  To  work  for ;  to  bestow  the  labor  of  body  and 
mind  in  the  employment  of  another. 

Jftcob  loved  Riichel,  and  aatd,  I  will  *enx  thee  seren  ye&ra  Ear 

Knch'-l  thy  younger  daughter.  — Gen.  xxlx. 
No  mail  can  term  two  maatent.  —  Matt.  vl. 


FJTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH*T.— METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BIJQK. 


SER 

2.  To  act  as  the  minister  of;  to  perform  official  du- 
ties to  ;  as,  a  minister  serves  bis  prince. 

Had  1  nrved  Ood  u  dili^otl;  m  1  bare  aeroad  the  king^,  ba 
would  uot  bare  pveu  me  OTer  in  m;  p^y  tuin, 

OtnftnaJ  WfOtey. 

3.  To  attend  at  command  ;  to  wait  on. 

A  ^oiJde»  amon^  goda,  adored  and  nroed 

By  an^ela  number^at,  xbj  daily  (ruin.  MUtan, 

4.  To  obey  Bcrvilely  or  meanly  ;  as,  to  5e7-re  mam- 
men. 

When  wridlhy,  show  thy  wiwiom  not  to  be 

To  wealtli  a  lerrant,  but  make  weaJlb  Merv€  Ihee.       Denkam. 

5.  To  supply  with  food  ;  as,  to  be  served  in  plate. 

Dryden. 

6.  To  be  subservient  or  subordinate  to. 

BodW  bn^ht  and  greater  should  not  <rrM 

The  leas  not  bright.  Milton. 

7.  To  perform  the  duties  required  in;  as,  the  cu- 
rate served  two  churches. 

8.  To  obey  ;  to  perform  duties  in  the  employment 
of;  as,  to  serve  the  king  or  the  country  in  the  army 
or  navy. 

9.  To  be  sufficient  to,  or  to  promote  ;  as,  to  serve 
one's  turn,  end,  or  purpose.  Locke. 

10.  'J'o  help  by  good  offices  j  ns,  to  serve  one's 
country.  Tate. 

11.  To  comply  with  j  to  submit  to. 

Tbey  think  herein  we  terve  the  ^me,  becaiiw  thereby  we  either 
hold  or  seek  preferment.  Hooker. 

12.  To  be  sufficient  for  ;  to  satisfy  ;  to  content. 

One  half-pirn  bottle  tervet  (hi-in  both  to  diue, 

And  ia  at  ooce  thfir  viiicfar  ajid  wine.  Pope. 

13.  To  be  in  the  place  of  any  thing  to  one.  A  sofa 
screen  the  Turka  for  a  seat  and  a  couch. 

14.  To  treat ;  to  requite  -,  as,  he  sn-ved  me  ungrate- 
fully ;  he  served  me  very  ill.  We  sny  also,  he  served 
me  a  trick,  that  is,  he  deceived  me,  or  practiced  an 
artifice  upon  me. 

15.  In  Scripture  and  theology,  to  obey  and  worship ; 
to  act  in  conformity  to  the  law  of  a  superior,  and  treat 
him  with  due  reverence. 

Fcnr  the  Lori,  and  tero«  him  in  sinterity  and  truth.  As  for  me 
and  my  house,  we  wilt  terot  th';  Lord.  -~  Jo«h.  xxIt, 

16.  In  a  bad  sens/y  to  obey  j  to  yield  compliance,  or 
act  according  to. 

Seraing  diTers  luata  and  pleasures.  —  Tit.  ill. 

17.  To  worship ;  to  render  homage  to  j  as,  to  serve 
idols  or  false  gods.     Ezek.  xx. 

18.  To  be  a  slave  to ;  to  be  in  bondage  to.     Oen, 

XV. 

19.  To  serve  one's  self  of;  to  use ;  to  make  nse  of; 
a  OaliicL^iif  [se  aervir  de.\ 

I  %-ill  atTTM  myaef/o/ this  concession.  CAU/infirorlh. 

20.  To  use  ;  to  manage  ;  to  apply.  The  guns  were 
well  served. 

31.  To  place  on  the  table  in  dishes,  (for  sejue  up  ;) 
as,  to  serve  dinner. 

22.  In  seatneii's  laniruage,  to  serve  a  rope  is  to  wind 
Romething.  as  spun  yarn,  &.c.,  tight  round  it.  to  nre- 
vent  friction  ToUen. 

To  nerve  up :  to  prepare  and  orewnt  m  a  dish  :  as. 
tn  serve  up  a  siriom  of  beef  m  plate  :  Jiguratweiy.  to  | 
^r^-par**  ' 

7*1  serve  in,  as  used  by  Shakspe-are,  for  to  brin^  m, 
as  meat  by  an  attendant,  I  have  never  known  to  be 
used  in  America. 

To  serve  out  to  distribute  in  portions ;  as,  to  serve 
out  provisions  to  soldiera. 

To  serve  a  writ ;  to  read  it  to  the  defendant ;  or  to 
leave  an  attested  copy  at  his  usual  place  of  abode. 

To  serve  an  attachment^  or  u»-it  of  attachment ;  to 
levy  it  on  the  person  or  gooda  by  seizure  ;  or  to  seize. 

7b  serve  an  execution  ;  to  levy  it  on  lands,  goods,  or 
person,  by  seizure  or  taking  p<^«session. 

To  serve  a  learrani ;  to  read  it,  and  to  seize  the  per- 
son ag'Tinst  whom  it  is  issued. 

In  general,  to  ser^e  a  process,  is  to  read  it,  so  as  to 
give  due  notice  to  the  party  concerned,  or  !o  leave 
nn  uitested  copy  with  him  or  his  attorney,  or  at  his 
usual  place  of  abode. 

To  serve  an  ojScef  to  discharge  a  public  duly.  [This 
phrase,  I  believe,  is  not  used  in  America.     We  say, 
a  man  serves  in  an  office,  that  is,  serves  the  public  in 
an  offict.] 
SERVE,  (serv,)  ».  i.    To  be  a  servant  or  slave. 

The  l»rH  shall  eire  thee  n-st  fmrn  thy  Borrow,  and  from  thy  frar, 
and  from  the  hard  bondage  wtirreio  tbuu  waat  made  U> 
serM.  —  Is.  xiT. 

2.  To  be  employed  in  labor  or  other  btisinesa  for 
aiiuthff.      Oen.  xxix. 

3.  To  be  in  subjection.    Is.  zliii. 

4.  To  wait ;  to  attend  ;  to  perform  domestic  ofl^ices 
to  another.     Luke  z. 

6.  To  perform  duties,  as  in  the  army,  navy,  or  In 
any  office.  An  officer  serves  five  year^  in  India,  or 
under  a  particular  commander.  The  late  secretary 
of  the  colony,  and  afterward  state,  of  Connecticut, 
was  annually  appointed,  and  served  in  the  office  six- 
ty years. 

6.  To  answer  ;  to  accomplish  the  end. 

She  fRnred  that  ail  would  not  strrs.  Sidney, 


SER 

7.  To  be  sufficient  for  a  purpose. 

This  little  brand  will  sera*  to  light  your  lire.  Dryden, 

8.  To  suit ;  to  be  convenient.  Take  this,  and  use 
it  as  occasion  serves. 

9.  To  conduce  ;  to  be  of  use. 

Our  victory  only  served  to  load  lu  on  to  further  viaionarr  pros- 
pecu.  Swifu 

10.  To  officiate  or  minister;  to  do  the  honors  of; 
as,  to  serve  at  a  public  dinner. 

SERVED,  pp.      Attended  ;   waited  on  ;  worshiped  ; 

levied. 
SERVICE,  (serv'is,)  n.     [Fr. ;  It.  servizio  ;  Sp.  servi- 

cio ;  from  L.  servitium.'] 

1.  In  a  general  sense^  labor  of  body,  or  of  body  and 
mind,  perlornied  at  the  command  of  a  superior,  or 
in  pursuance  of  duty,  or  for  the  benefit  of  another. 
Service  is  voluntary  or  involuntary.  Voluntary  serv- 
ice is  that  of  hired  servants  or  of  contract,  or  of 
persons  who  spontaneously  perform  souiethiug  for 
another's  benefit.  Involuntary  service  is  that  of 
slaves  who  work  by  compulsion. 

2.  The  business  of  a  servant;  menial  office. 

Hhak. 

3.  Attendance  of  a  servant.  Shak. 

4.  Place  of  a  servant ;  actual  employment  of  a  serv- 
ant ;  ns,  to  be  out  of  service.  Shak. 

5.  Any  thing  done  by  way  of  duty  to  a  superior. 

This  poem  was  the  lost  piece  of  termct  1  did  for  my  master  King 
Chrtrlr-i,  Dryden. 

6.  Attendance  on  a  superior. 

Madnm,  I  entreat  true  peace  of  you, 

Which  1  will  purcluiMe  with  my  duteous  tervice.  Shak. 

7.  Profession  of  respect  uttered  or  sent. 

Prjy  do  my  servure  to  his  majesty.  Shak, 

S.  Actual  duty  ;  that  which  is  required  to  be  done 

in  an  office  ;  as,  to  perform  the  services  of  a  clerk,  a 

sheriff!",  or  judge. 

9.  7  hat  which  God  requires  of  man ;    worship ; 

obedience. 


10.  Employment ;  business  ;  office ;  as,  to  qualify 
a  man  for  public  service. 

11.  Use  ;  purpose.  The  guns  are  not  fit  for  public 
service, 

12.  Military  duty  by  land  or  sea  ;  as,  military  or 
naval  service  ;  also,  tiie  period  of  such  dutv. 

Campbell's  Mil.  Diet 

13.  A  militaiy  achievement.  Shak. 

14.  Useful  office  ;  advantage  conferred  ;  that  which 
promotes  interest  or  happiness.  Medicine  often  does 
no  nervice  to  the  sick  ;  calumny  i^  sumetimes  of  serv- 
ice to  an  autlior. 

15.  Favor. 

To  tli'^  a  wnmsn's  termcei  are  due.  Shak. 

16.  The  duty  which  a  tenant  owes  to  his  lord  for 
his  fee.  Personal  service  consists  in  homage  and 
fealty,  &.c. 

17.  Public  worship,  or  office  of  devotion.  Divine 
service  was  inicrrupted. 

J8.  A  musical  church  composition,  consisting  of 
clioni-ses,  trios,  duets,  solos.  &c 

19.  The  official  duties  of  a  minister  nr  tne  gosuoi. 
as  in  church,  at  a  funeral,  marriage   Ace 

20.  Course  ;  order  of  dishes  at  table. 


8ES 

SERViCE-A  BLY,  adv.     In  a  serviceable  manner. 
SERVICt:-B9QK,  n.     A  prayer-book  or  missal. 
SERVIENT,  a.     iU  serviens.] 

Subordinate.     fJVot  in  use."]  Dyer. 

SERVILE,  (serv'il,)  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  servUis,  from 
servio,  to  serve.] 

1.  Such  as  pertains  to  a  servant  or  slave  ;  slavish  ; 
mean  ;  such  as  proceeds  from  dependence ;  as,  service 
fear;  scttU*  obedience. 

2.  Held  in  subjection  ;  dependent. 

Even  fortune  rules  no  more  a  gersile  land.  Pope, 

3.  Cringing;  fawning;  meanly  submissive;  as, 
servile  flattery. 

She  must  bend  the  terviU  knee.  Thomson. 

4.  In  grammar^  not  belonging  to  the  original  root; 
as,  a  servile  letter. 

SER  VILE,  n.     In  gTammar,  a  letter  which  forma  no 
part  of  the  original  root ;  opjwsed  to  Radicai.. 

SERVILELY,  adv.     Meanly;  slavishly;  with  base 
submiH-sion  or  obsequiousness. 

2.  With  base  deference  to  another;  as,  to  copy 
scrvilchi ;  to  adopt  opinions  servilely, 

SERVILE-NESS,  j  71.    Slavery;   the   condition  of  a 

SER-VIL'1-TY,  slave  or  bondman. 


To  be  a  queen  in  bondaffe,  is  more  vile 
Than  is  a  il.ive  in  biise  aeroUity. 


Shak. 


There  was  no  extraordinary  sermce  seen  a 


,  the  board, 

I/akeiBtll. 


SI.  A  set  or  numlier  of  vessels  ordinarily  used  at 
table  ;  as,  a  service  of  plate  or  glass. 

22.  In  seamen's  languaffe^  the  materials  used  for 
serving  a  rope,  as  spun  yarn,  small  lines,  &c. 

23.  A  tree  and  its  fruit,  of  the  genus  Pyrus  or  Sor- 
bus.     The  wild  service  is  of  the  genus  Crata'gus, 

Service  of  a  v^rit^  process^  &c.  ;  the  reading  of  it  to 
the  person  to  whcmi  notice  is  intended  to  be  given, 
or  tlie  leaving  of  an  att^^sted  copy  with  tlie  person  or 
bis  attorney,  or  at  his  usual  place  nf  abode. 

Service  of  an  attachment  i  the  seizing  of  the  person 
or  goods  according  to  the  direction. 

The  service  of  aa  etreution  ;  the  levying  of  it  upon 
the  goods,  estate,  or  person  of  the  defendant. 

7'o  see  service,  in  military  language,  implies  to  come 
Into  actiml  contact  with  the  cnemv. 

Campbell's  Mil.  Diet 
SERVICE-A-RLE,  a.  That  does  service;  that  pro- 
motes happiness,  interest,  advantage,  or  any  good  ; 
useful ;  beneficial ;  aflvauUigeotis.  Rulers  may  be 
very  serviceable  to  religion  hy  their  example.  The 
attentions  of  my  friends  were  very  serviceable  to  me 
when  abroad.  Raiit  and  manure  are  serviceable  to 
land. 

2.  Capable  of  or  fit  for  military  duty. 

CampbeWs  Mil.  Diet 

3.  Active;  diligent ;  officious. 

J  Jitirtw  tl.ee  well,  a  eermceabla  TilL-xio.     \Unuaual.]        Shak. 
SERVICE-A-BLE-NES3,  n.    Usefulness  in  promoting 
good  of  any  kind  ;  bencflcialness. 

All  action  being  tor  some  end,  its  aptness  to  be  commanded  or 
forbidden  must  ba  founded  upon  its  serviceableneaa  or  dis- 
Krvieeablencss  to  some  end.  Norrie, 

S.  Officiousncss  ;  readiness  to  do  service.      Sidney. 


2.  Mean  submission  ;  baseness  ;  slavishnoss. 

3.  Mean  obsequiousness;  slavish  deference;  as, 
the  common  servility  to  custom  ;  to  copy  manners  or 
opinions  with  servility. 

SERV'LNG,  ppr.  Working  for;  acting  in  subordina- 
tion to;  yielding  obedience  to;  worshiping;  also, 
performing  dtitiea  ;  as,  serving  in  the  army. 

SERVING-MAID,  n.     A  female  servant ;  a  menial. 

SERVING-MAN,  n.     A  male  servant  j  a  menial. 

SERVITOR,  n.  [It.  servitore:  Sp.  servidor;  Fr. 
serviteur ;  from  L.  servio,  to  serve.] 

1.  A  servant ;  an  attendant.  Hooker. 

2.  One  that  acts  under  another;  a  follower  or  ad- 
herent. Davies. 

3.  One  that  professes  duty  and  obedience.  Shak. 

4.  In  the  university  of  Oxford y  nn  under  graduate, 
who  is  partly  supported  by  the  college  funds  ;  such 
as  is  called  in  Cambridge  a  siiar.  They  formerly 
waited  at  tahle,  but  this  is  now  dispensed  with. 

Brajuie. 
SERV'I-TOR-SHIP,  n.    The  office  of  a  servitor. 

Boswrlt. 
SERVI-TUDE,n.     [Fr.,from  L.  servitudo  or  servitus  i 
It.  servit-d.     See  Serve.] 

1.  The  condition  of  a  slave  ;  the  state  of  involun- 
tary subjection  to  a  master  ;  slavery  ;  bondage.  Such 
is  the  state  of  the  slaves  in  America.  A  large  por- 
tion of  the  human  race  are  in  servitude. 

2.  The  slate  of  a  servant.  [Less  common  and  less 
proper.] 

3.  The  condition  of  a  conquered  country. 

4.  A  state  of  slavish  dependence.  Some  persons 
may  be  in  love  with  splendid  servitude.  South. 

.*>.  Servants  collectively.     [JVo(  in  use.]         Shak. 
SES'A-ME.       '  ».     fFr-  sesame:   It.  sesamo  '    L.  sesa- 
SES'A-MUM.  \      ma:  Gr.  anoann,  frnaauov.'' 

Oilv  Eram  :    names   given   to  annual   herbaceous 
I      pianis  of  the    genus  Sesamum,  irom  tne  seeus    of 
'      wiiicn  an  oil  is  exurefisea.     vine  sm^cies  of  it  is  culti- 
vated In  Carolina,  and  the  blacks  use  the  seeds  for 
fcMxl.     It  is  called  theroBcwE.  Encye.     Bcloe. 

SES'A-MOID,  \  a.       [Gr.    aijira^iTJ,    sesame,    and 

BES-A-MOID'AL,  \      cMos,  form.] 

A  term  applied  to  the  small  bones  found  at  the  ar- 
ticulations of  the  great  toes,  and  sometimes  at  the 
Joints  of  fhe  thumbs  and  in  other  parts. 

Brandr-.     Forsyth. 
SES'BAN,  It.     [Ar.]     A  It-guminous  plant,  a  species 

of  Sesbania  or  ^schynomene.  Loudon, 

SES'E-LI,  n.     [L.  Gr.  seseli.] 

A  genus  of  plants ;  meadow  saxifrage  ;  hartwort. 

F.ncyc. 
SES'UUI,  Tt.  [L.,  one  and  a  half.]  In  chemistry,  this 
is  nmch  used  as  a  prefix  to  the  names  of  compounds 
of  an  acidifying  and  basifying  principle  with  another 
element,  to  form  a  sniifiable  base  ;  or  of  an  acid  with 
a  salifiable  base,  to  form  a  salt.  It  always  denotes 
that  the  elementiry  or  proximate  principles  of  the 
compound  are  in  the  proptirlions  of  one  and  a  half  of 
the  acidifying  and  basifying  principle,  or  of  the  acid, 
to  one  of  the  other  element  or  proximate  principle; 
but  as  there  can  be  no  such  thing  as  half  of  an  equiv- 
alent, such  compounds  are  always  to  be  understood 
as  consisting  of  three  equivalents  of  the  nridifyiug 
and  basifying  principle,  or  of  the  acid,  to  two  equiv- 
alents of  the  other  element  or  proximate  princi|»le. 

Sesquidupli    (L.    sesqviduphis)    is    sonietiiiien  used 
in  the  same  manner,  to  denote  the  proportions  of 
two  and  a  half  to  one,  or  rather  of  five  to  two. 
SES-aUI-AL'TER,  v.     The  name  of  a  stop  on  the 

organ,  containing  three  ranks  of  pipes.         P.  Cijc. 
SES-aUIAL'TER,  i  a.       [L.,    from    sfsquiy    the 

SESaUI-AL'TER-AL,  i  whole  and  half  as  much 
more,  and  alter,  other.] 

1.  In  geometry,  designating  a  ratio  where  one 
quantity  or  number  contains  another  once  and  half 
as  much  more  ;  as  9  contains  6  and  its  half.    Bentley. 


TONE,  BULL,  TINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8 — €  as  K;  C  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  m  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

ToTr 


SES 


SET 


9.  A  sesfpiiahn-al  florrt^  is  when  a  large,  fertile  i 
floret  fs  acconipauiud  witb  a  Amall,  abortive  one. 

Martyn, 

SES-aUl-AL'TER-ATE,  a.  In  arithmriie  nnti  geom»- 
trjr,  designating  a  ratio  between  two  numbem,  lints, 
A^c,  in  which  the  greater  is  equal  to  once  and  a  half 
of  the  less.  Mutton. 

SES-QUI-URO'MID,  n.  A  basic  compound  of  bro- 
mine with  another  element,  in  the  proportions  of 
three  equivalents  of  brumiua  to  two  of  the  other  ele- 
ment. 

SES-aUI-€AR'BO-NATE,  n.  A  salt  composed  of 
three  equivalent:)  of  carbonic  acid,  with  two  equiva- 
lents of  any  base  ;  as,  the  se-^quiearbonate  of  ammo- 
nia, i.  e.,  the  common  volatile  salt  of  hartshorn. 

SE3-UCI-€nL0'KID,  n.  A  basic  compound  of  chlo- 
rine with  another  element,  in  the  proportions  of 
three  t^quivalents  of  chluriiie  to  two  of  the  other  cle- 
ment. 

SES-UUI-CVA-XID,  n,  A  ba-'ic  compound  of  cyan- 
ogen with  some  element,  in  the  pntportions  of 
three  equivalents  of  cyanogen  to  two  of  the  other 
element 

SES-aUl-DO'PLI-G.\TE,  o.  [U  sesquiy  supra,  and 
duplicatmst  double.] 

Designating  the  ratio  of  two  and  a  half  to  one,  or 
where  the  greater  term  contains  the  lesser  twice  and 
a  half,  as  that  of  bO  to  30. 

SES-Ut'I'O-DID,  a.  A  basic  compound  of  iodine 
with  another  element.  In  the  prtiportions  of  three 
equivalents  of  iodine  to  two  of  the  other  element. 

SES-ai'lP'E-DAL,  ^  o.    [L.  sfsqui^  one  and  a 

SE&^riP-E-DA'LI-AX,  i  half,  and  perfo/w,  from 
ftty  a  fooLj 

CoDtainrnga  foot  and  a  half;  as,  a  sf^tpedatian 
pigmy.  ArtftUknou 

Addifion  uses  srsmiipedal  as  a  noun. 

SES-QUIP'LI-eATE,  a.  f L.  jf-syai,  one  and  a  half, 
and  pliaittLfy  pUcoy  to  fold.] 

Designating  the  ratio  of  one  ani^t  half  to  one  ; 
fts,  the  sesqu^lieat*  propcation  of  the  periodical  times 
of  the  irianeta.  Ch^nr, 

SES-aCt-SUL'PIIfD,  n.  A  basic  compound  of  sul- 
phur with  some  other  element,  in  the  proportions  of 
three  equivalents  of  sulphur  to  two  of  the  other  elo- 
menL 

8E8-uri-TER'TIAN%        {  a.    [L.  stMtmi,  one  and  a 

SES-ari-TERTIOX-AL.  (     half,  and  tfrtiw,  third.] 
Designating  the  ratio  of  one  and  one  third  to  one. 

Johnson, 

SES'QCI-TOXE,  n.  In  mwAc,  a  minor  third,  or  in- 
terval of  three  semitones.  Aufty. 

SES-QCOX'YD.  n.  A  bask  compound  of  ox>gen 
with  •oane  other  element,  in  the  pro|ioniona  of  three 
eqtiinlenta  of  the  oxygen  to  two  of  the  other  ele- 

&ESS,  n,    [L.  Mww.]  [ment. 

A  tax.    [Little  mM^,  ffr  mjC  at  «/L]     [9ee  Asibjb- 

MS:fT.j 

SES'SILE,  (»c«'Bfl,)  «.    (L.  sesjUis,    Pee  Sbt.] 

In  natural  kittarj^  sitting  close  upon  the  bwly  to 
which  it  belongs,  without  any  sensible  projecting 
support.  Thus,  in  frotuay,  a  sessile  Itnf  issues  di- 
rectly from  the  main  stem  or  branch,  without  a 
petiole  or  footiiLiIk.  A  sessue  ttower  nas  no  iKMiiin-  i 
cie.  A  stjiitue  pappus  nas  no  stipe,  out  is  piaceu  im-  \ 
mediately  on  the  ovarv.  Marvt/n.      ( 

CES'SION,  ^sesnuno  a.     i  rr..  tmm  u.  $ts3io.  Irom  [ 
atC€o     See  Sbt  *" 

2.  A  sitting  orbing  placed;  as,  the  ascension  of 
Chri^  and  his  »ugioA  at  the  right  band  uf  God. 

Hooker, 
a.  The  actual  sitting  of  a  court,  cnmicil,  legisla- 
ture, ic.  J  or  the  actual  assembly  of  the  members  of 
these  or  any  similar  body  for  the  transaction  of  busi- 
ne^«.  Thus  we  say,  the  court  is  now  in  stssvm^ 
meaning  that  the  members  are  assembled  for  busi- 
ness. 

3.  The  time,  space,  or  term  during  which  a  court, 
council,  legislature,  and  the  like,  meet  daily  for 
business ;  or  the  space  of  time  between  the  first 
meeting  and  the  prorogation  or  adjournment.  Thus 
a  session  of  parliament  is  opened  witb  a  speech  from 
the  throne,  and  closed  by  prorogation.  The  session 
of  a  judicial  court  is  called  a  term.  Thus  a  court 
may  have  two  sessions  or  four  sessions  annually. 
The  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  has  one  an- 
nual session.  The  legislatures  of  most  of  the  Slntea 
have  one  annual  stssion  only  ;  some  have  more. 
The  congress  of  the  United  States  has  one  only. 

4.  SesMans,  in  some  qftke  States^  is  particularly  used 
for  a  court  of  justices,  held  for  ^nting  licenses  to 
innkeepers  or  tarerners,  for  laying  out  new  high- 
ways, or  altering  old  ones,  and  the  like. 

Quizrc^  Se^isionsy  in  England,  is  a  court  held  once 
in  everj-  quarter,  by  two  justices  of  the  peace,  one 
of  whom  IS  of  the  quorum,  for  the  trial  of  smalt  fel- 
onies and  misdemeanors. 

Sessions  of  the  Peace ;  a  court  consisting  of  justices 
of  the  peace,  held  in  each  county,  for  inquiring  into 
trespasses,  larcenies,  foresuitling,  &c.,  and  in  gen- 
eral, for  the  conservation  of  the  peace. 

Latrs  ofJ^ev)  TorJu 

Court  of  Session  ;  the  supreme  civil  court  of  Scot- 
land. Brande, 


SES'SIOX-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  church  oession. 

SEj^S'-POOL,  n.  [sess  and  pooL]  A  cavity  sunk  in 
the  earth  to  recefVe  and  reUiin  the  sediment  of  wat<T 
conveyed  in  drains.  Sess-pools  should  be  placed  at 
proper  distances  in  all  drains,  and  particularly  should 
one  be  |>laced  at  the  entrance.  Kncye. 

SES'TERCE,  n.     {Fr.,  from  L.  seHrrtius.'] 

A  "Roman  coin  or  denomination  of  money,  in 
value  the  fourth  part  of  a  denarius,  and  oripinnlly 
containing  two  asses  and  a  half,  afterward  four 
asses;  equal  to  about  two  pence  sterling,  or  four 
cents.  Tlie  seslertium,  that  is,  setdertium  pondusy 
was  two  pounds  and  a  half,  or  one  thousand  ses- 
terces, equal  to  JE8  17s,  Id.  sterling,  or  about  $40, 
before  the  reign  of  Augustus.  After  his  reign  it 
was  valued  at  £7  16s.  3d.  sterling.  It  was  original- 
ly coined  only  in  silver,  but  afterward  both  in  silver 
and  brass.  Smithes  Diet. 

SET,  r.  L  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Set.  [Sax.  sattauy  setan,  set- 
tan,  to  set  or  place,  to  seat  or  fix,  to  appease,  to  calm, 
L.  sedo ;  to  compose,  as  a  book,  to  dispose  or  put  in 
onier,  to  establish,  found,  or  institute,  to  possess,  to 
cease  ;  G.  srtzen,  to  set,  to  risk  or  lay,  as  a  wager,  to 
plant,  to  appoint,  to  leap  or  make  an  onctet ;  D.  zet~ 
ten;  Sw.sdtta;  Dan.  setter;  W.  *odt,  to  fix,  to  con- 
stitute ;  gosodif  to  set,  to  lay,  to  put,  to  establish,  to 
ordain  ;  gosod,  a  setting  or  placing,  a  site^  a  statute, 
an  onset  or  assault ;  L.  sedo,  sedeo,  and  sido,  coin- 
ciding with  .-Ji^but  all  of  one  family.  From  the  Nor- 
man orthography  of  this  word,  wo  have  iLxsess,  a#- 
sise.  (See  Assess.;  H^b.  and  Ch.  lot  and  niC',  to 
set,  to  place  ;  Syr.  ^A^D  seU,  to  found,  to  establish. 
Class  Sd,  Na  31, 56.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  Uirow, 
to  drive,  or  intransitively,  to  rush.] 

L  To  put  or  place  ;  to  fix  or  cause  to  rest  in  a 
standing  posture.  We  set  a  house  on  a  wall  of 
stone  ;  we  5rt  a  book  on  a  shelf.  In  this  use,  set 
differs  from  lay  ;  we  set  a  thing  on  its  end  or  basis ; 
we  lay  it  on  its  side. 

9.  To  put  or  place  in  Its  proper  or  natural  posture. 
We  set  a  chest  or  trunk  on  it^  bottom,  not  on  its 
end  ;  we  sH  n  bedstead  or  a  table  on  its  feet  or  legs. 

X  To  put,  place,  or  fix  in  any  situation.  God  set 
the  8UU,  moon,  and  stars  in  the  firmament. 

I  do  ««(  mj  bow  In  Um  elou^.  — Gen.  Ix. 

4.  To  put  into  any  condition  or  state. 

The  L«nt  thy  Ood  wUl  sst  thee  on  Wfh.  — Dmt.  xxvill. 

I  uu  OMiie  to  Ml  n  man  at  Tamnes  •gwtui  hb  father.  —  MaU.  x. 

So  we  say,  to  set  u  order,  to  mC  at  ea**,  to  set  to 
werk^atat  woHt, 

5.  To  put ;  to  fix ;  to  attach  to. 

Tba  Lofd  M(a  maifc  upoo  Cain.  —Gen.  W. 

So  we  say,  to  «^t  a  label  on  a  vial  or  a  bale. 
C.  To  fix ;  to  render  motionless  ^  as,  the  eyes  are 
«et :  the  jaws  are  set. 

7.  To  put  or  fix,  as  a  price.  We  sU  a  price  on  a 
bouse,  farm,  or  horse. 

8.  To  fix  i  to  state  by  some  rule. 


The  town  of  Benw  has  bandwme  foutitaina  nanieu  m<  ««  a»-  t 
taooe*  trom  one  end  of  the  atrcK  to  the  ouiei.      AOduon. 

9-  To  regulate  or  adjust ,  as,  ui  »£i  a  timeoiece  ov 

the  sur.. 

Ht  teu  bk  Jud^ent  by  hi«  paaalon.  mor. 

10.  To  fit  to  music ;  to  adapt  with  notes  i  as,  to 
set  the  words  of  a  psalm  to  music. 

Sei  thj  own  aonga,  and  tHag  them  to  thy  lute.  DryUn. 

11.  To  pitch  i  to  begin  to  sing  in  public 

Be  Mf  the  bundreflth  psalm.  Spectator. 

12.  To  plant,  as  a  shrub,  tree,  or  vegetable. 

Prior. 

13.  To  variegate,  intersperse,  or  adorn  with  some- 
thing fixed  ;  to  stud  j  as,  to  ^et  any  thing  with  dia- 
monds or  pearls. 

High  on  their  head*,  with  Jewels  richly  «(, 

Fritch  laily  wore  a  radinot  coronet.  Dryden. 

14.  To  return  to  its  proper  place  or  state  ;  to  re- 
place ;  to  reduce  from  a  dislocated  or  fractured  state  ; 
as,  to  set  a  bone  or  a  leg. 

15.  To  fix ;  to  place ;  as  the  heart  or  affections. 

Set  your  alf^ctiona  on  thin^  abore.  —  Col.  lii. 

Mintla  alto^iher  aef  on  trade  and  profiL  Addison. 

15.  To  fix  firmly  j  to  predetermine. 

The  h'-ait  of  the  >or5  of  men  is  fully  set  in  them  to  do  evil.  — 
EmIm.  Tiji. 

Hence  we  say,  a  thing  is  done  of  set  purpose ;  a 
man  is  set,  that  is,  firm  or  obstinate  in  his  opinion  or 
way. 

17.  To  fix  by  appointment ;  to  appoint ;  to  assign  ; 
as,  to  «et  a  time  for  meeting  ;  to  set  an  hour  or  a  day. 

Bacon,     South. 

18.  To  place  or  station  ;  to  appoint  to  a  particular 
duty. 

Am  I  a  lea,  or  a  whale,  thai  thou  tettsal  a  watcb  over  mat  —  Job 
vii. 

19.  To  stake  at  play.    [Little  used,]  Prior. 

20.  To  offer  a  wager  at  dice  to  another.  [Little 
vsed.]  Snak, 


SET 

21.  To  fix  in  metal. 

And  him  loo  rich  a  Jewel  (o  be  Ml 

lu  vulgar  iikcul  fur  a  vulgar  uae.  Drydsn, 

95.  To  fix;  to  cause  to  slop;  to  obstruct;  as,  to 
set  a  coach  in  the  mire.  The  wagon  or  the  team  was 
set  at  the  hill.  In  some  of  the  states,  Htall  is  used  in 

S3.  To  embarrass  ;  lo  |>erplex.  [a  like  sense. 

They  are  hard  »et  to  repn-M'ut  llic  lilt  ai  a  griavanee.    Additon, 

24.  To  put  in  good  order ;  to  fix  for  use  ;  to  bring 
to  a  fine  edge  ;  as,  to  get  a  razor. 

25.  Til  loose  and  extend  ;  to  spread  }  as,  to  set  the 
sails  of  a  ship. 

2G.  To  point  out  without  noise  or  disturbance  ;  as, 
a  dog  sets  birds.  Johiison, 

27.  To  oppose. 

Will  you  set  your  wit  lo  a  fool'i  I  S^uUc. 

28.  To  prepare  with  runnet  for  cheese ;  as,  to  £et 
milk. 

29.  To  dim  ;  to  darken  or  extinguish. 

Ahijah  ouiild  not  tee ;  for  Wat  cye»  were  set  by  icaaon  of  bia  aga. 
—  t  Kii)g»  xiv. 

To  set  by  the  compass;  among  eeamen,  to  observe 
the  bearing  or  situation  of  a  distant  object  by  the 
compass. 

To  set  about;  to  begin,  as  an  action  or  enterprise  ; 
to  apply  to.  lie  has  planned  his  enterprise,  and  will 
soon  set  about  it. 

To  set  onc''s  self  against;  to  place  one's  self  in  a 
state  of  eiiniity  or  opfiosition. 

The  king  of  B^ibyloii  $tl  himself  agtUntt  Jeruaalcm  the  B.-ime 
day.  —  EkIi.  xxlv. 

To  set  against ;  to  oppose  ;  to  set  in  comparison,  or 
to  oppose  as  an  equivalent  in  exchange  ;  as,  to  set 
one  thing  atrainst  anottier ;  or  to  set  off  one  thing 
against  another. 

To  set  apart ;  lo  separate  to  a  particular  use  ;  to  sep- 
arate from  the  rest. 

2.  To  neglect  for  a  time,     [ATjt  in  use.']     Knolles. 

To  set  aside  ;  to  omit  fur  the  present ;  to  lay  out  of 
the  question. 

Setdtng  OMiile  all  olhor  conride ration! ,  I  will  endeavor  to  know  the 
Ualh  and  yield  to  thai.  ISUoteon. 

2.  To  reject 

1  embrace  Uiat  of  the  deluge,  and  let  aside  all  the  roat. 

Woodioard, 

3.  To  annul ;  to  vacate.  The  court  sei  aside  the 
verdict  or  the  judgment. 

To  set  abroach ;  to  spread.  Shak. 

To  set  a-going;  lo  cause  to  begin  to  move. 
To  set  by ;  to  set  apart  or  on  one  side  ;  to  reject. 
[In  this  sense,  by  is  einphalical.]  [BacoTh 

2.  To  esteem  i  to  regard  ;  to  value.        HalliwelL 
[In  this  sense,  set  is  pronounced  witb  more  em- 
phasis than  6t/.] 

To  set  down  ;  to  place  upon  the  ground  or  floor. 

2.  To  enter  in  writing  ;  to  register. 

Some  ruJea  were  to  be  set  down  for  the  government  of  the  army. 

darendon. 

3.  To  explain  or  rt-lale  in  writing. 

4.  To  fix  on  a  resolve.     [Little  used.]        Knolles, 
^.  To  hx  ,  lu  establish  ,  to  ordaiu 

inia  law  we  may  name  eternal,  ocmg  tnat  omer  wnicri  liod  ba&k 
eel  aoan  witb  biniaelt,  lor  niniaelt  to  do  oil  things  by 

Hooker 

To  setjort/t:  to  manliest  j  to  offer  or  present  to 
view.    Bj}m.  iii. 

2.  To  publish  :  to  promulgate ;  to  make  appear. 

h'aUer. 

3.  To  send  out ;  to  prepare  and  send. 

The  Venetian  admiral  hitd  a  fleet  of  alzty  golleya,  set  forti  fcj 
the  Vtinetiani.     [Obs.]  KnoUes. 

4.  To  display  ;  to  exhibit ;  to  present  to  view  ;  to 
show.  Dryden.    Milton. 

To  set  forward  ;  to  advance ;  to  move  on  ;  also,  to 
promote.  Hooker. 

To  set  in;  to  put  in  the  way  ;  to  begin. 


To  set  off;  to  adorn  ;  to  decorate ;  to  embellish. 

Thpy  set  off  the  worat  f«cc«  with  the  beat  ain.  Addison. 

2.  To  give  a  pompous  or  flattering  description  of; 
•6  eulogize  ;  to  recommend  ;  as,  to  set  off  a  charac- 
ter. 

3.  To  place  against  as  an  equivalent ;  as,  to  set  off 
one  man's  services  against  another's. 

4.  To  separate  or  assign  for  a  particular  purpose  ; 
as,  to  set  off  a  portion  of  an  estate. 

To  set  on  or  upon }  to  incite  ;  lo  instigate  ;  to  ani- 
mate to  action. 

Thou,  traitor,  haat  set  on  thy  wife  lo  thia.  ShaJc. 

2.  To  assault  or  attack  ;  seldom  used  transitively,  bid 
the  passive  form  is  often  used. 

Alpbonsus  —  waa  *el  upon  by  a  Turkiah  pirate  and  takea. 

KiwUee. 

3.  To  employ,  as  in  a  task. 

Set  on  thy  wife  to  obaerre.  Shak. 

4.  To  fix  the  attention ;  to  determine  lo  any  thing 
with  sellled  purpose. 

It  become*  a  true  lover  to  have  your  beoit  mora  aeC  ujton  her 
good  tlian  your  own.  Sidruy. 


FATE,  FAR,  FAM-,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

icla  ~ 


SET 

To  set  out :  to  aSv-ii^  ;  to  allot ;  as,  to  set  out  the 
share  of  each  proprietor  or  heir  of  an  estate  j  to  set 
out  the  widow's  thirds 

2.  To  publish,  as  a  proclamation.  [■A'ot  degant^  nor 
eommoR.  ]  Bacon.     Sv>\fL 

3.  To  mark  by  boundaries  or  distinctions  of  space. 

DeuTininiit»^  portions  of  those  iiiflniut  abyMn  oT  spRce  and  durm- 
tiuii,  «ef  out,  OT  suppoacd  to  be  dutiiiguiBhe<l  from  ail  ibe 
rtm.  bj  koown  boun<brie«.  Lodu. 

4.  Tu  adorn  ;  to  embellish. 

An  \ig\y  woman  in  a  rich  baUt,  att  out  wilh  Jewels,  nothing  can 
In-come.  Drj/den. 

5.  'J'o  raise,  equip,  and  send  forth  ;  to  furnish. 

The  Ven^Uaos  pirtend  tb^v  could  aet  out,  in  case  of  grntt  n^ 
ceanty,  thirty  ineii-of-war.  Addiaon, 

[Not  alegant,  and  UlUa  uaed.] 

6.  To  show  ;  to  display  ;  to  recommend  ;  to  set  off. 

I  omU  aet  out  that  best  aide  of  Luther.  AOtrbury. 

7.  To  show  ;  to  prove. 

Tbosc  Tpr?  r^asone  aet  out  how  heiuotis  hia  ■!□  waa.  {lAttU 
uaed,  and  not  elegant.}  AOerbury. 

8.  In  laic,  to  recite  ;  to  state  at  large. 

Judge  Sedgwick. 
To  set  up ;  to  erect ;  as,  to  set  up  a  building ;  to  set 
up  a  post,  a  wall,  a  pillar. 

2.  To  begin  a  new  institution  ;  to  institute  ;  to  es- 
tablish ;  to  found  i  as,  to  ^cf  up  a  manufactory;  to 
eel  up  a  school. 

3.  Tu  enable  to  commence  a  new  business  ;  as,  to 
set  up  a  son  in  trade. 

4.  To  raise  ;  to  eialt ;  to  put  in  power ;  as,  to  set 
up  the  throne  of  David  over  Israel.    2  Sam.  iiL 

5.  To  place  in  view  ;  as,  to  set  up  a  mark. 

6.  To  raise  i  to  utter  loudly ;  asj  to  set  up  the 
voice. 

I'll  Ml  up  weh  a  i^ote  aa  the  ahall  bear.  Drydsn. 

7.  To  advance ;  to  propose  as  truth  or  for  recep- 
tion ;  as,  to  set  up  a  new  opinion  or  doctrine.  Burnet 

8.  To  rai:;e  from  depression  or  to  a  sufficient  for- 
tune.   This  good  fortune  quite  set  him  up. 

9.  In  seamen's  language^  to  extend,  as  the  shrouds, 
stays,  ice. 

To  set  at  naught}  to  undervalue  ;  to  contemu  ;  to 
despise. 

Ye  have  aet  at  naught  all  xaj  eoanael.  —  Pror,  L 

To  set  in  order ;  to  adjust  or  arrange  j  to  reduce  to 
method. 

The  real  will  \  aet  in  order  when  I  come,  —  1  Cor.  li. 

To  set  eyes  on :  to  see  ;  to  behold  ;  or  to  fix  the  eyes 
in  looking  on  ;  to  fasten  the  eyes  on. 

To  set  the  teeth  on  edge;  to  affect  the  teeth  with  a 
painful  sensation. 

To  set  over  ;  to  appoint  or  constitute  as  supervisor, 
inspector,  ruler,  or  commander. 

2.  To  assign  ;  to  transfer;  to  convey. 

To  set  right ;  to  correct  ;  to  put  in  order. 

To  set  smi;  to  make  sail,  or  to  commence  sailing. 

To  set  at  ease;  to  quiet ;  to  tranquilize  j  as,  to  set 
the  heart  at  ease.    . 

To  set  free  :  to  release  from  confinement,  tmprison- 
meni,  or  nonaage  :  to  liberate  :  to  emancinate 

To  set  at  worK :  to  Cause  to  enter  on  worK  or  ac- 
tion :  or  to  direct  how  to  enter  on  work.         Locke. 

To  set  on  fire  :  to  comiriunicnte  fire  to :  to  inflame  : 
ana,  jtgurativfit/y  to  enmndle  the  passions  ;  to  make 
to  rage  ;  to  irritjite  ;  to  fill  with  disorder.    James  iiL 

To  set  before ;  to  offer ;  to  propose  ;  to  present  to 
view.    DeuL  xi.  xxx. 

To  set  a  trap,  snare,  or  gin ;  to  place  in  a  situation 
to  catch  prey  ;  to  spread  ;  figuratively^  to  lay  a  plan 
to  deceive  and  draw  into  the  power  of  another. 
BET,  V.  i.    To  decline  ;  to  go  down  -,  to  pass  below  the 
horizon  ;  as,  the  sun  sets  s  the  stars  set, 

2.  To  be  fixed  hard  ;  to  be  close  or  firm.    Bacon. 

3.  To  fit  music  to  words.  SAak. 

4.  To  congeal  or  concrete. 

That  fluid  aabtiance  in  a  hw  minirtes  be^'na  to  aeL         BoyU. 

5.  To  begin  a  Journey.  The  king  is  aet  from  Lon- 
don. 

tThis  is  obsolete.     We  now  say,  to  set  out.'\ 
.  To  plant;  as,  "to  sow  dry,  and  to  set  wet." 
Old  Proverb. 

7.  To  flow  ;  to  have  a  certain  direction  in  motion  ; 
as,  the  tide  sets  to  the  east  or  north  ;  the  current  sets 
westward. 

8.  To  catch  birds  with  s  dog  that  setf  them,  that 
Is,  one  that  lies  down  and  points  them  out,  and  with 
a  large  net.  Boyle, 

To  set  one*s  self  about ;  to  begin  ;  to  enter  upon  ;  to 
take  the  first  steps. 

To  set  one*s  seif;  to  apply  one's  self. 

To  set  about ;  to  fall  on  ;  to  begin  ;  to  take  the  first 
steps  in  a  business  or  enterprise.  ^tterbury. 

To  set  in;  to  begin.  Winter,  In  New  England, 
usually  sets  m  in  December. 

2.  To  become  settled  in  a  particular  state. 

Wtwo  the  wf?ath'rr  waa  aet  in  to  be  'ery  bad,  Addiaon. 

To  set  forteard ;  to  move  or  march ;  to  begin  to 
march ;  to  advance. 

The  aona  of  Aanm  and  the  aooa  of  Menui  wl  forward,  — 
Num.  X. 


SET 

To  set  on,  or  upoA;  to  begin  a  Journey  or  an  enter- 
prise. 

Uc  that  would  seriously  aet  upom  the  aeatch  of  UuUi.     tiodi*. 

S.  To  assault ;  to  make  an  attack.  Shak. 

To  aet  out;  to  begin  a  journey  or  course  ;  as,  to 
set  out  for  London  or  from  London ;  to  set  out  in 
business  ;  to  stt  otU  in  life  or  the  worid. 

2.  To  have  a  beginning.  Brown. 

To  set  to ;  to  apply  one's  self  to. 

Oov.  of  the  Tongue, 

To  set  up :  to  begin  business  or  a  scheme  of  life  j 
as,  to  setup  in  trade  ;  to  set  up  for  one's  self. 

2.  To  profess  openly  ;  to  make  pretensions.  He 
sets  up  for  a  man  of  wit ;  he  sets  up  to  leach  moral- 
ity. Dry  den. 
SET,  pp.  Placed  ;  put ;  located  ;  fixed  ,  adjusted  ; 
composed  ;  studded  or  adorned  ;  reduced,  as  a  dislo- 
cated or  broken  bone. 

2.  a.  Regular;  uniform;  formal;  as,  a  set  speech 
or  phrase  ;  a  set  discourse  ;  a  set  battle. 

3.  Fixed  in  opinion  ;  determined  ;  firm  ;  obstinate ; 
as,  a  man  set  in  his  opinions  or  way. 

4.  Established;  prescribed  ;  as,  sc(  forms  of  prayer. 
SET,  TL     A  number  or  collection  of  things  of  the  sanie 

kind  and  of  similar  form,  which  are  ordinarily  used 
together ;  as,  a  set  of  chairs  ;  ^  set  of  tea-cups ;  a  set 
of  China  or  other  ware. 

2.  A  number  of  things  fitted  to  be  used  together, 
though  dilferent  in  form  ;  as,  a  set  of  dining-tahles. 

A  set  implies  more  than  two,  which  are  called  a 
pair. 

3.  A  number  of  persons  customarily  or  ofllicially 
associated  ;  as,  a  set  of  men,  a  set  of  officers ;  or  a 
number  of  persons  having  a  similitude  of  character, 
or  of  things  which  have  some  resemblance  or  rela- 
tion to  each  other.  Hence  our  common  phrase,  a  set 
of  opinions. 

This  ^)>  into  diff^r^nt  dirisioni  or  aeta  of  natiooa  connected 
under  particular  religions,  ic.      Ward'a  Ixta  o/  Naiona, 

4.  A  number  of  particular  things  that  are  united  in 
the  formation  of  a  whole  ;  as,  a  set  of  features. 

.^ddLion. 

5.  A  young  plant  for  growth ;  as,  sets  of  white 
thorn  or  other  shrub.  Encye, 

6.  The  descent  of  the  sun  or  other  luminary  below 
the  horizon  ;  as,  the  set  of  the  sun.  Atterbury, 

7.  A  wager  at  dice. 

That  waa  but  civil  war,  an  equal  aeu  Dryden. 

8.  A  game. 

We  will,  In  France,  play  a  ael 
Shall  strilie  hl>  falher'a  crown  into  tiv;  ba^oni.  Shak, 

A  dead  set ;  the  act  of  a  setter  dog  when  it  discov- 
ers the  game,  and  remains  intently  fixed  in  pointing 
it  out ;  said  also  by  Grose  to  be  a  concerted  scheme 
to  defraud  a  person  by  gaming. 

To  be  at  a  dead  set.  ts  to  be  in  a  fixed  state  or  con- 
dition which  precludes  further  progress. 

To  make  a  dead  set  upon ;  to  make  a  determined 
onset. 
SE-Ta'CEOUS,  (shus,)  a.     [L.  seta,  a  bristle.] 

1.  Bristly :  set  with  bristles :  consisting  oi  ons- 
tlcs  :  as.  A  stiff,  setaceous  tail-  Derham. 

2:  In  natural  lastory,  Dristie-shaped ;  having  the 
thickness  and  leneth  of  a  bristle  :  as,  a  setaceous  leaf 
or  leaflet.  Martyn. 

Setaceous  ■worm ;  a  name  given  to  a  water  worm 
that  resembles  a  horse  hair,  vulgarly  supposed  to  be 
an  animated  hair.     But  this  is  a  mistake.    Eneyc 
SET'-DOWN,  n.    A  powerful  rebuke  or  reprehen- 
sion. 
SET'-FOn^    See  Sept-Foil. 
SE-TIF'ER-OU3,o.    [L.  seta  and  fero.] 

Producing  or  having  bristles. 
S£'TI-FOR>1,  a.     [L.  seta,  a  bristle,  and  form.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  bristle.      Journ.  qf  ScieTtce 
S£'T!-REME,  h.     [L.  seta  and  remus.] 

A  name  given  to  the  jointed  legs,  whose  inner  side 
has  a  dense  fringe  of  hairs,  by  means  of  which  cer- 
tain animals,  as  the  diving-beetles,  move  in  the  wa- 
ter. Kirhf. 
SET'NESS,  «.    Regulation;  adjustment;  obstinacy. 

Masters. 
BET'-OFF,  n.  [set  and  off.)  The  act  of  admitting 
one  claim  to  counterhahince  another.  In  r  setr-off, 
the  defendant  acknowledges  the  justice  of  the  plain- 
tiff's demand,  but  nets  up  a  demand  of  his  own  to 
counterbalance  it  in  whole  or  in  part. 

The  rl^hl  of  pleading  a  «e^aJf' depends  on  statute.     BUuJcatont. 

^ote.  —  In  JWw  England,  offset  is  sometimes  used 
for  set-off.  But  offset  has  a  diflV-rent  sense,  and  it  is 
desirable  that  the  practice  should  be  uniform,  wher- 
ever the  English  language  is  sp<iken, 

2.  The  part  of  a  wall,  &.c.,  which  is  exposed  hori- 
zontally when  the  portion  above  it  is  reduced  in 
thickness  ;  also  called  Offset.       Oloss.  ofJirchtt. 

SE'TON,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  seta,  a  bristle.] 

In  surgery,  a  few  horse  hairs  or  small  threads,  or  a 
twist  of  silk,  drawn  through  the  skin  by  a  large  nee- 
dle, by  which  a  small  opening  is  made  and  contin- 
ued. Eneyc,     Quincy. 

Se'TOSE,  la.     [It.  setossi   L.  setosus,   from  seta,  a 

Sfi'TOUS,  i     bristle,] 


SET 

In  naturid  history,  bristly;  having  the  surface  set 
wilh  bristles  ;  as,  a  setous  leaf  or  receptacle.  Martyn. 

SET'-SPEECH,  n.  A  speech  carefully  prepared  be- 
fore it  is  delivered  in  public.  HalliweU. 

SET-TEE',  71.  [from  set,}  A  long  seat  with  a  back 
to  it. 

2.  A  vessel  with  one  deck  and  a  very  long,  sharp 
prow,  carrying  two  or  three  masts  with  lateen  sails  ; 
used  in  the  Mediterranean,        Mar.  Diet.     Encyc 

SET'TER,  n.  One  that  sets ;  ae,  a  setter  on,  or  in- 
citer ;  a  setter  up ;  a  setter  forth,  &.c. 

2.  A  dog  that  beats  the  field  and  starts  birds  for 
sportsmen.  It  partakes  of  the  characters  of  the 
pointer  and  spaniel.  P.  Cyc. 

3.  A  man  that  performs  the  ofiUca  of  a  setting  dog, 
or  finds  persons  to  be  plundered.  South. 

4.  One  that  adapts  words  to  music  in  compo- 
sition. 

5.  Whatever  sets  off,  adorns,  or  recommends.  [JVo( 
vsed  y  fVhitlock. 

SET'TER-WORT,  (vnirt,)  tu  A  plant,  a  species  of 
hellebore,  Helleborus  foelidus,  also  called  Stl'tkino 
Hellebore  or  Bear's  Foot.  Forsyth, 

SET'TI\G,  ppr.  Placing;  putting;  fixing;  stud- 
ding; appointing;  sinking  below  the  horizon,  &c. 

SET'TING,  n.  The  act  of  putting,  placing,  fixing,  or 
establishing. 

2.  The  act  of  sinking  below  the  horizon.  The 
setting  of  stars  is  of  three  kinds,  cosmical,  acronical, 
and  heliacal.     [See  these  words.] 

3.  The  act  or  manner  of  taking  birds  by  a  setting- 
dog. 

4.  Inctosure  ;  as,  settings  of  stones.    Ezod.  xxviii. 

5.  The  direction  of  a  current,  sea,  or  wind. 

Hutton. 

6.  The  hardening  of  plaster  or  cement.        Owilt. 
SET'TING-eCAT,  n.     In  archiUcture,  the  best  sort  of 

plRStering  on  walls  or  ceilings.  Brande. 

SET'TLNG-DOG.  n.    A  setter;  a  dog  trained  to  find 

and  start  birds  (or  sportsmen. 
SET'TLE,  (set'il,)  n.     [Sax.  seU,  seUl;  G.  sessel;  D. 

zetcl;  h.  sedile.     See  Set.] 

A  bench  wilh  a  high,  wooden  back.        Dryden. 
SET'TLE,  V.  U     [from  set.]     To  place  in  a  permanent 

condition  after  wandering  or  fluctuation. 

I  will  aeOle  you  after  your  old  rstutea.  —  Ezek.  xxxvL 

2.  To  fix  ;  to  establish  ;  to  (uake  permanent  ia  any 
place. 

I  will  aettle  him  in  my  houae  and  in  my  kiajrdofn  forever.  —  I 
Chron.  xvii, 

3.  To  establish  in  business  or  way  of  life  ;  as,  to 
settle  a  son  in  trade, 

4.  To  marry  ;  as,  to  settle  a  daughter. 

5.  To  establish  ;  to  confirm. 

Her  will  alone  could  aeltia  or  reroke.  Prior. 

6.  To  determine  what  is  uncertain  ;  to  establish  ; 
to  free  fiom  doubt;  aa,  to  settle  questions  or  points 
of  law.  The  Supreme  Court  have  settled  the  question. 

7.  To  fix  ;  to  establish  ;  to  make  certain  or  perma- 
nent ;  as,  t(*  settle  the  succession  to  a  throne  in  a  par- 
ticular family  So  we  sneak  of  settled  habits  and  set' 
tlea  opmions. 

b.  To  nx  or  estaonsa :  not  to  sutler  to  aoubt  or 
waver. 

n  will  aetue  tne  wavennjr  Rnd  connrm  the  douDttui.        tiuift, 

9.  To  make  close  or  compact. 

Cover  ant>hilla  up,  thai  the  rain  may  aettla  the  turf  before  the 
■pring.  Mordmer. 

10.  To  cause  to  subside  afler  being  heaved  and 
loosened  by  frost;  or  to  dry  and  harden  afler  rain. 
Thus  clear  weather  settles  the  roads. 

11.  To  lower  or  cause  to  sink.  Totten, 

12.  To  fix  or  establish  by  gift,  grant,  or  any  legal 
act ;  as,  to  settle  a  pension  on  an  officer,  or  an  annu- 
ity on  a  child. 

13.  To  fix  firmly.  Settle  your  mind  on  valuable' 
objects. 

14.  To  cause  to  sink  or  subside,  as  extraneous 
matter  in  liquors.  In  fining  wine,  we  add  something 
to  settle  the  lees. 

15.  To  compose ;  to  tranquilize  what  is  dis- 
turbed ;  as,  to  settU  the  tlioughts  or  mind  when 
agitated. 

lit.  To  establish  in  the  pastoral  office;  to  ordairt 
over  a  church  and  society,  or  parish  ;  as,  to  xrttte  a 
minister.  United  States.     Boswell. 

17.  To  plant  with  inhabitants;  to  colon i/e.  The 
French  first  settled  Canada  ;  the  Puritans /rctt/erf  New 
England  ;  Plymouth  was  settled  in  1690.  Hartford 
was  settled  in  1030.  Wethcrsfietd  was  the  first  seliled 
town  in  Connecticut. 

ProTincpi  fir«t  ataled  ufl-T  Ihe  florKl.  MUford. 

Land  wliicb  th<y  are  unnblc  to  atfUe  and  cultivate. 

Vatul,  Trana. 

18.  To  adjust ;  to  close  by  amicable  agreement  or 
otherwise;  as,  to  seals  a  controveriy  or  dispute  by 
agreement,  treaty,  or  by  force. 

19.  To  adjust ;  to  liquidate ;  to  balance,  or  to  pay  ; 
as,  to  settle  accounts. 

To   settle  the  land;  among  seamen,  to  ciuise  it  to 
sink  or  appear  lower  by  receding  from  it. 
SET'TLE,  V.  i.     To  fall  to  the  bottom  of  liquor ;  to 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE,  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  0  m  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  aa  8H ;  TH  as  In  THIS.   . 


SET 

■ubstde ;  to  sink  and  rest  on  the  bottom  ;  tui,  lees  or 
draci  ««a/e.  Slimy  (>article<i  in  water  settle  nnd  form 
mud  at  the  bottom  of  rivers. 

This  word  is  used  of  the  extraneous  matter  of 
liquors,  when  it  subsides  spontantroiisly.  But  in 
clicmical  operations,  when  substances  mixed  or  in 
solution  are  decomposed,  and  one  component  part 
subsides,  Jt  is  said  to  be  precipiUUed.  But  it  may  also 
be  said  to  settle, 

3.  To  lose  motion  or  fermentation  ;  to  deposit,  as 
feces. 


3.  To  fix  one's  habitation  or  residence.  Belgians 
had  settled  on  the  southern  coast  of  Britain^  before 
Itae  Romans  invaded  Uie  isle. 

EucQrit  Puiteaa  *1m  Am  mtStd  b  Nmt  EofUnd. 

*  Yjmt,Thuu. 

4.  To  marry  and  establish  a  domestic  state. 
Where  subsistence  i^  easily  obtained,  cbUdrcn  setllt 
at  an  early  period  of  life. 

Sw  To  become  fixed  after  change  or  f  actuation  ;  as, 
the  wind  came  about  and  seUM  in  Jic  west. 

Bacon. 

6.  To  become  stationary  ;  to  qut(  a  mmblini;  or  ir- 
repilar  course  for  a  permanent  or  nicthixlical  one. 

7.  To  become  ttxed  or  pennnnenC ;  to  take  a  lasting 
ftwot  or  stale  ;  as,  a  scuUd  couvictiun. 

Cl(7l«— -niM  Uinogh  Itae  taMniDtJiue  c^on  dll  h  «#«Im  In  ut 
loMaw  ml.  ArtmOunol, 

8w  To  rest ;  to  repoao. 

Wtafo  llin*  huh  vara  eat  tfaaU'  mturol  vmnity,  Rnd  taufbt  tbem 
dliiCiMloR,  their  faodne*  MiliM  on  iu  pn>pn  object. 

Sp»ctator. 

5.  To  become  calm  ;  to  cease  firom  agitation. 

Till  dw  forv  or  bb  bl^bnrB  MOb, 
Come  not  before  him.  Shak. 

10.  To  make  m  Jointure  for  a  wife. 

Be  Mfhs  vhh  IDOM  mcotm  \h*X,  MtOe*  wtIL  OnrdL 

11.  To  sink  by  its  weight ;  and  in  loose  bodies,  to 
become  more  compacL  We  say,  a  wall  stttUs :  a 
bouse  settles  upon  its  foundation;  a  mass  of  sand 
Mfflat  and  becomes  more  firm. 

IS.  To  aiak  after  beini;  heaved,  and  to  dry ;  as, 
toads  jcttk  in  sfuing  after  frost  and  rain. 

13.  To  be  ordained  or  Installed  over  a  parish, 
church,  or  congregation.  A.  B.  was  invited  to  settle 
tn  the  first  society  in  New  Haven.  N.  D.  settUi  In 
tbe  ministiy  very  yoang. 

14  Td  adjiuK  diflhruneea  or  aceoonts ;  to  come  to 
an  agreement    He  baa  seated  with  his  creditors. 
8ET'l'LJ:n,  (set'Ud,)  p^  or  «.    Placed  ;  esCaUisbed  ; 

fixfd  ;  deU'nnined  ;  composed  ;  adjusted. 
8ET'TL£1>-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  settled; 

confirmed  state.    ILiaU  used.]  K.  ChmrUs. 

SET'TLB-HBNT,  (settl-ment,)  n.    Tbe  act  of  set- 
tling, or  state  of  being  settled. 

3.  The  falling  of  the  foul  or  foreign  matter  of  liquors 
to  the  bottom  ;  subsidence. 

3.  The  matter  that  subaidcs  ;  lees  ;  dregs.     T.Vot 

JUCd,  tMoTOWtSF. 

■^For  this  we  use  Skttu^^os.^ 

4.  The  act  of  giving  possession  by  legal  sanction. 

V5  Boeks,  my  fSrlcU,  m;  vp(m4.  inv  iwMurei  uue. 

With  Mtt^mcM  M  gtMni  M  lAW  can  mace.  Dryden, 

5.  A  Jointure  granted  to  a  wife,  or  the  act  of  grant- 
ing it.  We  say,  the  wife  has  n  competent  sealeineTtt 
for  her  maintenance  ;  or  she  has  provision  made  for 
her  by  the  srttlemtnt  of  a  jointure. 

6.  The  act  of  tabinr  a  domestic  state  ;  the  act  of 
marrying  and  fioing  to  housekeeping. 

7.  A  becommg  stationary,  or  taking  a  permanent 
residence  after  a  rovinc  course  of  life.  U Estrange, 

&  The  act  of  planting  or  e^ilabti^hing,  as  a  colony  ; 
alMi,  tbe  place,  or  the  ci-lony  established  j  as,  the 
British  sealeme^^s  in  America  or  India. 

d.  Adjustment ;  liquidation  ;  the  ascertainment  of 
Jnst  claims,  or  pa)'ment  of  the  balance  of  an  ac- 
counL 

10.  Adjustment  of  differences ;  pacification  ;  rec- 
onciliation J  as,  the  seittemeiU  of  disputes  or  conlro- 
Tersies. 

U.  The  ordaining  or  inst^itlment  of  a  clergyman 
•«ver  a  parish  or  congregation. 

12.  .\  sum  of  money  or  other  property  granted  to  a 
minister  on  his  ordinatiun,  exclusive  of  his  salary. 

13.  Legal  residence  or  e^tabltsbnieni  of  a  person 
hi  a  particular  parish  or  tuwn,  which  entitles  him  to 
maintenance  if  a  pauper,  and  i>uhject^  the  parish  or 
town  to  his  support.  In  England,  the  poor  are  sup- 
ported by  the  pari-=h  where  they  have  a  settlement. 
In  New  England,  they  are  supported  by  the  town. 
In  England,  the  statutes  12  Richard  II.  and  19  Henry 
VII.  seem  to  be  the  first  rudiments  of  parish  settle>- 
meiUs.  By  statutes  13  and  14  Charles  II.  a  legal  set- 
tUment  is  declared  to  be  gained  by  birth,  by  inhab- 
itancy, by  apprenticeship,  or  by  service  for  forty 
days.  But  the  gaining  of  a  settlement  by  so  short  a 
residence  produced  great  evils,  which  were  remedied 
by  statute  1  James  IL  Blackstone. 

14.  j«d  0/  settlement ;  in  British  history^  the  statute 
of  12  and  13  William  III.,  by  which  the  crown  was 


SEV 

limited  to  his  present  majesty's  house,  or  the  house 
of  Hanover.  Blach^t  me. 

SET'TI.ING,  ppr.  Tlacing;  fixing;  establishing; 
regulating;  adjusting;  planting  or  colonii^ing  ;  sub- 
siding; composing;  ordaining  or  installing  ;  becum- 
ini!  the  iKistor  of  a  parish  or  church. 

SET'TLING,  n.  The  act  of  making  a  selUeraenti  a 
planting  or  colonizing. 

2.  The  act  of  subsiding,  as  lees. 

3.  The  adjustment  of  differences. 

4.  Settlings^  pU  ;  lees  ;  dregs  ;  sediment. 
SET'-TO,  a.    A  conflict  in  boxing,  argument,  &c. 

JIalliwdL 
SET'W^LLjS.  [set  and  tcatt.']  A  plant  The  gar- 
den setwall  is  a  species  of  Valeriana. 
SEV'fiN,  (sev'n,)  a,  [Sax.  seo/uj  seofan  ;  Goth,  sibun  ; 
D.  iferen;  G.  siebe»;  Sw.  siu  ;  Dan.  syr  ;  I.,  septcm, 
whence  Fr.  sept,  IL  sette^  Sp.  siete,  (or  the  two  latter 
are  the  W.  saitkf  Arm.  saith  or  sein)  SaiiA.sapta; 

Pers.  CsX^  huft;  Zend.  A<q»te,  Pehlavi,  lu{fti  Gr. 


An* 


Heb.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Eth. 


pas?.    In  Ch.  and  Syr.  J73D  signifies  to  fill,  to  satisfy  ; 
in  Ar.  seven,  and  to  make  tlie  number  seven.    In 


Heb.  and  Ch.  pav  is  seven;  Ar.   %jj^  shabiay  to 

fin.  With  this  o^t^lO^^»p^y  coincide-  the  spelling  of 
the  Teutonic  and  O<>i!iio  words,  whose  elements  are 
Sb,  or  their  cognattfj.  But  the  I^atin  and  Sanscrit 
have  a  third  radic&l  letlei,  as  has  the  Persic,  viz.,  t. 


and  these  coincide  v.ith  the  Ar. 


sabata,  to 


observe  the  Sabtath,  to  rest,  Heb.  Ch.   and  Syr. 

It  IS  obvio'is.  then,  that  seven  had  its  origin  in 
these  verbs,  and  if  the  Persic  and  Greek  words  are 
fVom  the  same  source,  which  is  very  probable,  we 
have  satisftctory  evidence  that  the  sibilant  letter  s 
Lsj  been  changed  into  an  aspirate.  And  this  con- 
firms my  opinion  that  a  similar  change  has  taken 
place  in  the  Gr.  AAj,  salt,  VV.  halerty  and  in  many 
other  word*.] 

Four  and  three ;  one  more  than  six  or  less  than 
eighL  Scrca  days  constitute  a  week.  We  rend  in 
Scripture  of  jer^n  years  of  plenty,  and  seven  years  of 
famine,  scrm  trumpets,  sepen  seals,  seven  vinis,  &c. 

Seven  atmrs;  a  common  name  for  the  cluster  of 
nan  In  tbe  neck  of  Taurus,  called  Pleiades. 

Jfatton. 

SEV'£N-FOLD,  a.  [seren  nnd/o/rf.]  Repeated  seven 
times;  doubled  seven  times;  increased  to  seven 
times  the  size  or  amount ;  as,  the  sevenfold  shield  of 
.Ajax  :  sevenfold  rage.  MiltaTU 

SEV'£N-FOLD,  adv.    Seven  times  as  much  or  often. 

n  DcMovw  rnvfeiOt  Cain.  vcneiMtnce  >haU  be  lakm  on  him  mvca> 
JolA.  —  Uen.  it, 

SEVEN-FtFLI^^b,  o.     riaving  seven  hills.     More.      ( 
SEV'KN-NTGHT.  rsen'nit,)  n.     ^seven  and  night.\     A  , 
week  ;  the  period  of  seven  days  ana  nignis  ;  or  the 
time  from  one  day  of  the  week  to  the  next  day  of 
the  same  denomination  preceding  or  following.    Our 
ancestors  numbered  the  diurnal  revolutions  of  the 
earth  by  nights^  as  they  reckoned  the  annual  revolu- 
tions by  ^pinlers.     Seti:«wight  is  now   contracted 
into  Sehmioht,  which  see. 
SE\"EN-S€ORE,  ».     [seven  and  score,  twenty  notches 
or  marks.}    Seven  times  twenty,  that  is,  a  hundred 
and  forty. 

The  old  Counf»i  oT  IVamoad,  who  lired  Mevanscore  y^an, 
deotiied  twice  or  Ihhcc.  Bacon. 

SEV'£N-TEEN,   a.      [Sax.    teofontyne;   seven-ten.] 

Seven  and  tea. 
SEV'£.\-TEENTn,  a.     [from  seventeen.    The  Saxon 

seofon-teotha  or  seofon-teogelha  is  differently  formed.) 
The  ordinal  of  seventeen  j  the  seventh  after  the 

tenth. 

On  the  nvtnltenth  day  of  the  BPcond  month  — nil  tbe  fountaint 
ot  the  great  deep  were  brokeo  up.  —  Geo.  Tii. 

SEV'£7rrH,  a.     [Sax.  seofetha.] 

1.  Tlie  ordinal  of  seven  ;  the  first  after  the  sixth. 

On  the  Mtrtntk  day  God  end-ni  hi«  work  which  he  had  mtide ;  and 
be  reuod  on  th«  teventJi  tiny  from  all  bit  work  which  be  had 
mad^.  —  Gen.  ii. 

2.  Containing  or  being  one  part  in  seven  ;  as,  the 
seventhnart, 

SEV'£\TH,n.  The  seventh  part;  one  part  in  seven. 
2.  In  mv-tiCy  a  dissonant  interval  or  heptachord. 
An  interval  consisting  of  four  tones  and  two  major 
semitones,  is  called  a  seventh  minor.  An  interval 
composed  of  five  tones  and  a  major  semitone,  is 
called  a  seventh  major,  being  a  major  semitone  less 
than  an  octave.  Busby.     Braade. 

SEV'£NTI1-LY,  adv.    In  the  seventh  place.      BaeoTi. 

SEV'EN-TI-ETH,  a.  [from  seventy.)  The  ordinal  of 
seventy  ;  as,  a  man  in  the  seventieth  year  of  his  age. 


SEV 

The  seventieth  year  begins  immediately  after  the 
close  t»f  the  sixty-ninth. 
SEV'i^:i\-TY,  a.  [D.  leventig;  Sax.  seofa^  seven,  and 
ti^,  ten  ;  Goth,  tig^  Gr.  ^c<ca,  ten,  but  the  Saxon 
writers  prefixed  hund,  as  hund-seofontig.  See  Lye,  ad 
voc.,  and  Sax.  Chron.  A.  D.  1083.J 
Seven  times  ten. 

Tbi»l  he  would  accomplish  seo4nt}/  yean  In  llie  detolnOona  of 
Jerusalem.  —  Dun.  ix. 

SEV'KN-TY,  n.  The  Septuagint  or  seventy  trans- 
lators of  the  Old  Testament  into  the  Greek  lan- 
guage. 

SEV'ER,  r.  t  [Fr.  sevrer ;  It.  sevrare.  There  may  be 
a  doubt  whether  sever  is  derived  from  the  Latin 
separo.  The  French  has  sevrer^  os  well  as  sepa- 
rer  i  and  the  Italian  .-(ffrrare,  «(rprare  and  acfrerare, 
as  well  as  separare.  The  It.  scevrare  coincides  well 
in  orlbogrnphy  with  Eng.  shiver^  and  this  with  Heb. 
■>2»,  Ch.  Syr.  and  Ar.  "^an,  to  break.  The  latter 
are  the  same  word  with  dilfiirent  prefixes.  See  Class 
Br,  No.  2t),  97.] 

1.  To  part  or  divide  by  violence  ;  to  separate  by 
cutting  or  rending  ;  as,  to  sever  the  body  or  the  arm 
at  a  single  stroke. 

2.  To  part  from  the  rest  by  violence  ;  as,  to  sever 
the  head  from  the  body. 

3.  To  separate  ;  to  disjoin,  as  distinct  things,  but 
united  ;  as,  the  dearest  friends  severed  by  cruel -no- 
cess  it  v. 

4.  To  separate  and  put  in  different  orders  or 
places. 

The  nng-els  ahall  come  forth  and  ttver  tba  wicked  fromamoag 
the  Just,  —  MaU.  xiil, 

5.  To  disjoin  ;  to  disunite  j  in  a  general  sense;  but 
usimlty  implying  violence. 

6.  To  keep  distinct  or  apart.     Exod.  viii. 

7.  In  law,  to  disunite  ;  to  disconnect ;  to  part  pos- 
session J  as,  to  sever  an  estate  in  joint-tenancy. 

Blaek.'^lone. 
SEVER,  p.  t.    To  make  a  separation  or  distinction; 
to  distinguish. 

The  I.ortl  will  tner  between  tlw  cattle  of  limel  and  the  cattle  of 
Kgypi.  —  Ex,  ix. 

2.  To  suffer  disjunction ;  to  be  parted  or  rent  asun- 
der. Shak. 
SEV'ER-AL,  a.  [from  srver.l  Separate;  distinct; 
not  conimem  to  two  or  more  ;  as,  a  several  fisliery  ;  a 
several  estate.  A  several  fishery  is  one  helil  by  the 
owner  of  the  soil,  or  by  title  derived  from  the  owner. 
A  several  estate  is  one  held  by  a  tenant  in  his  own 
right,  or  a  distinct  estate  unconnected  with  any  other 
person.                                                            Blackstone. 

2.  Separate;  different;  distinct. 

Diven  »ori»  of  b^nsl*  came  from  teveral  parts  to  drink.     Bacon, 
Four  teoeral  armies  to  [lie  fidd  are  lod.  Drydan, 

3.  Divers;  consisting  of  a  number;  more  than 
two,  but  not  very  many.  Several  persons  were  pres- 
ent when  the  event  took  place. 

4.  Separate ;  single  ;  particular. 

Fiich  aevtrai  ship  a  victory  did  gain.  Dryden, 

5.  Distinct ;  appropnate. 


(  pruYiFice  welt  commaiiQ, 
Would  itll  Lilt  sloop  10  whAl  tliey  uiidcral:ind. 


Pope. 


A  joint,  ana  several  note  or  bond,  is  one  executed  nv 
two  or  more  persons,  each  of  whom  is  bound  to  pay 
the  whole,  in  case  the  others  prove  to  be  insolvent. 
SEV'ER-AL,  a.    Each  particular,  or  a  small  number, 
singly  taken. 

Seoerai  of  them  neither  roae  from  anj  consf^cuotu  fitmlly,  nor 

left  any  behind  them.  Addison, 

There  w.-u  not  time  enough  to  hear 
Tlie  tMveralt.^  ShnJt. 

[This latter  use,  in  the  plural,  is  now  infrequent  or 
obsolete.  ] 

2.  An  inclosed  or  separate  place  ;  inclosed  ground  ; 
as,  they  had  their  several  for  the  heathen,  their  sev- 
eral fur  their  own  people  ;  put  a  beast  into  a  several. 
Hooker.     Bacon. 
[These  applications  are  nearly  or  wholly  obsolete.] 
In  several  i  in  a  state  of  separation. 
Where  pasturca  in  teoeral  be.     [Liltie  used.}  Tu8»er. 

SEV-ER-AL'I-TY,  n.     Each  particular  sincly  taken; 

distinction.     [JVot  tn  use.]  Bp.  Hull. 

SEV'ER-AL-IZE,u.t.     To  distinguish.     [A*«(  in  use.) 

Bp.  Hnll. 
SEV'ER-AL-LY,  adv.     Separately  ;    distinctly  ;  opart 
from  others.     Call  the  men  severally  by  name. 

I  could  not  keep  my  eye  Hca<.ly  on  them  severaliy  so  tu  to  num- 
ber them.  Neuilon. 

To  be  jointly  and  severally  bound  in  a  contract,  is 
for  each  obligor  to  be  liable  to  pay  the  whole  demand, 
in  case  the  other  or  others  are  not  able. 

SEV'ER-AL-TY,  n.  A  state  of  separation  from  the 
rest,  or  from  all  others.  An  estate  in  serrralht,  is  that 
which  the  tenant  holds  in  his  own  right,  without  be- 
ing joined  in  interest  with  any  other  pet^on.  It  is 
distinguished  from  joint-tenancy,  coparcenery,  and 
common.  BUickstone. 

SEV'ER-ANCE,  n.  Separation;  the  act  of  dividing 
or  disuniting.  The  severance  of  a  jointure  is  made 
by  destroying   the  unity  of  interesL     Thus,  when 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT MeTE,  PRgY.  — PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 

1014 


SEW 

there  are  two  joint-tenaiita  for  life,  and  t)ie  inherit- 
ance is  purchased  by  or  descends  upon  either,  it  is  a 
severance. 

So  also  when  two  persons  are  joined  in  a  writ,  and 
one  is  noniiuited  ;  in  this  case  severance  is  permitted, 
and  the  other  plainiilT  may  proceed  in  the  suit.  So 
also  in  assize,  when  two  or  more  disseizees  appear 
upon  the  writ,  and  not  the  olher^  severance  is  permit- 
ted. Btackstone.  Enajc, 
SE-VeRE',  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  severtu;  It.  aud  Sp, 
severe.  1 

1.  Rigid;  harsh;  not  mild  or  induliient;  as,«ftier« 
words  i  secere  treatment  j  severe  wrath. 

Milton,    Pope, 

2.  Sharp ;  hard  ;  rigorous. 

Let  your  K&l  —  be  more  teotrt  against  ttiyself  than   ftfnlnM 
octten.  Taylor, 

3.  Very  strict ;  or  sometimes,  perliaps,  unreasona- 
bly strict  or  exact;  giving  no  indulgence  to  faults 
or  errors  ;  as,  A-Cfcre  government;  scpfre  criticism. 

4.  Rigorous,  perhaps  cruel ;  as,  severe  punishment ; 
severe  justice. 

5.  Grave;  sober;  sedate  to  an  extreme;  opposed 
to  Cheebfui.,  Gat,  LiutiT,  Lively. 

Your  liKik*  mint  alter,  »■  your  snl.J-^t  do**, 

from  kinj  to  fierci;,  tioin  waiitou  lo  teotre.  WalUr, 

6.  Rigidly  exact ;  strictly  methodical ;  not  lax  or 
airy.  I  will  not  venture  on  so  nice  a  subject  with 
my  severe  style. 

7.  Sliarp;  afflictive;  distressing;  violent;  as,  se- 
vere pain,  anguii^ha^  torture.  See, 

8.  sjharp  ;  biting;  extn-me  ;  as,  seccrc  cold. 

9.  Close  ;  conoid  ;  not  luxuriant. 

The  Latin,  &  moal  tevtre  and  compendious  laQgiitige.    Drydtn. 

10.  DitTicuIt  to  be  endured  ;  exact;  critical;  nice; 
as,  a  severe  tesL 

SE V'ER-ED,  pp.     Parted  by  violence  ;  disjoined. 
SE-VeRE'LY,  adv.     Harshly  ;  sharply  ;  as,  to  chide 
one  severely, 

2.  Strictly  ;  rigorously  ;  as,  to  judge  one  severely. 

To  be  or  foadly  or  teoerely  kind.  Savaga. 

3.  With  extreme  rigor  ;  as,  to  punish  severely. 

4.  Painfully ;  afflictivdy ;  gi«atly ;  as,  to  be  *e- 
verely  afflicted  with  the  gout. 

5.  Fiercely ;   ferociously. 


More  formtildale  Hydra  &tanda  within, 
Whose  Jawi  wiihiron  teeth  ttotrtSy  ^n. 


Dryden. 


SEX 

SEW,  (96,)  V,  i.    To  practice  sewing  ;  to  join  things 

Willi  stitches. 
SEW,  (sa,)  r,  (.     [L.  sicco^  to  dry.] 

To  drain  a  pond  for  taking  the  fish.    [OJ5.] 
SEW'i5D,  (s6de,)/>/j.     United  by  stitches. 
SEW'EL,   (su'el,)   n.      Among   kuntfrnteny  something 

hung  up  to  prevent  deer  from  entering  a  place. 
SEWER,  (su'er,)  n.     [G.  aniucfit;  perhaps  from  the 

n>ot  of  suck^  or  L.  sicco.     But  Elines  deduces  the 

word  from  the  old  French  asscour.} 

A  drain  or  passage  to  convey  otf  water  and  filth 

under  ground  ;  a  subterraneous  canal,  particularly  in 

cities  ;  corruptly  pronounced  shoer  or  soer. 
SEWER,  (so'er,)  n.     [D.  schaffkr^    from    scfiaffen^  to 

provide,  to  dish  up ;  G.  sehaffiier;  Dan.  skaffcr;  Sw. 

skaffare.     See  Shape.] 
An  officer  who  serves  up  a  feast  and  arranges  the 

dishes.     [Obs.]  Milton, 

SEW'ER,  (so'er,)  n.     One  who  sews  or  uses  the 

needle. 
SEWER-AGE,   (su'er-aje,)   tu      The    making    of  a 

sewer  ;  the  discharging  of  water,  &c.,  by  a  sewer. 
SEWING,  (so'ing,)  p/w.    Joining  with  llie  needle  or 

with  stitches. 
SEWING,  (so'ing,)  n.    The  act  or  occupation  of  sew- 
ing or  using  the  needle;  that  which  is  sewed  with 

the  needle.  ■^sh 

SEW'I-TUDE,  (su'e-tude,)  n.     A  term  from  the  civil 

law,  equivalent  to  Easement. 
SEVV'tiTEK,  (so'ster,)  n.      A  woman    that  sews  or 

spins.     rOfti\]  B.  Jonson. 

SEX,  Ti.     [Fr.  sexe ;  Sp,  sezo  :  It.  sesso;  L.  sexus;  qu. 

G.  sicke,  she,  female  ;  from  L.  seco,  to  divide.] 

1.  The  distinction  between  mate  and  female;  or 
that  property  or  character  by  which  an  animal  is  male 
or  female.  The  male  sex  is  usually  characterized 
by  muscular  strength,  boldness,  and  firmness.  The 
female  sex  is  characterized  by  softness,  sensibility, 
and  modesty. 

In  botany,  the  structure  of  plants  which  corre- 
sponds to  sez  in  animals.  The  LinnjEan  nietiiod  of 
botany  is  formed  on  the  sexes  in  plants.  Milne, 

2.  By  Kay  of  emphasis,  womankind  ;  females. 


8EV'ER-ING,  ppr.     Parling  by  violence  ;  disuniting. 

SEV'ER-TTE,  H.  A  mineral  found  near  St.  Sever,  in 
France,  occurring  in  small  masses,  white  without 
luster,  a  little  harder  than  lithomnrge.  It  is  com- 
posed of  silica,  alumina,  and  water. 

P.  Cyc,     Phillips. 

8ErVER'I-TY,  n.     [L.  severitas.] 

1.  Harshness;  rigor;  austerity;  want  of  mildness 
or  indulgence;  as, the  severity  of  a  reprimand  or  re- 
proof. 

2.  Rigor  ;  extreme  strictness  ;  as,  severity  of  disci- 
pline pr  government. 

3.  Excessive  rigor;  extreme  degree  or  amount.  Sp- 
verity  of  penalties  or  punishments  of^en  defeats  the 
object  by  exciting  pity. 

4.  Extremity;  quality  or  power  of  distressing;  as, 
the  severity  of  p:iin  or  anguish. 

5.  Extreme  degree  ;  as,  the  teverity  of  cold  or 
beat. 

6.  Extreme  coldness  or  inclemency  ;  as,  the  sever- 
ily  of  the  winter. 

7.  Hiirshness;  cruel  treatment ;  nharpness  of  pun- 
ishment ;  as,  severity  practiced  on   prisimers  of  war. 

8.  Exactness;  rigor;  nicenesa;  as,  the  x^cerify  of 
ft  test. 

9.  Strictness  ;  rigid  accuracy. 

Coafiuing  myielf  10  the  ttverily  uf  truth.  DrydMn. 

SEV-O-Ca'TION,  n.     [L.  sevoco,'] 

A  calling  astda. 
SEV-RC'GA,  n.    A   fish  of  the  sturgeon  kind,  the 
Acipenser  stellatus,  of  the  Caspian  Sea. 

Tooke,     PaUas. 
SEW,  (su.)    To  follow.     [JVbtiwed.]     [See  St;K.] 

Spenser. 

8EVV,   (i«S,)  c.    t.      Better  written  Soe.      [Sax.  «iri- 

an,  sui^ian;    Goth,  siayan;   Sw.  fy :  Dan.  syer ;    L. 

auo.      This  is  probably   a  contracted  word,  and    if 

iu  ulemcnu  are  Sb  or  ^,  it  coincides  with  the 

Eth.  n<f^P  «M/a(,  to  sew  ;  and  the  Ar.  has  .JU^mS 

"  b 
iahfai^  an  awl.  See  Class  Sb,  No.  85,  100,  The 
Hindoo  has  siaawa,  and  the  Gipsy  siwena.  But  the 
eli-Mit;nt>i  are  not  otvious.] 

To  unite  or  fasten  together  with  a  needle  and 
Uiread. 

Thf-f  Mi0*d  fl^'leftves  together,  utd  mule  themaelm  apron*.  — 
Gpti.  iii. 

To  seti)  up ;  to  inclose  by  sewing }  to  Inclose  In  any 
thing  sewed. 

Thow  ««iM#f  up  mine  inN^irity.  —  Job  xl*. 

SvH  Rie  up  tbi  ■kiru  of  liic  i^own.  Shak. 


Unhappy  •**  /   whoie  beauty  !■  your  snare. 
1'be  S£X  wboce  presence  civiloea  uun. 


Dryden. 
Coieper. 


SEX-A-CE-NA'RI-AN,  n.    [Infra.]     A  person  who 

has  arrived  at  the  age  of  sixty  years.  Cotrper. 

SEX'A-GEN-A-RY   or  SEX-AO'EN-A-RY,  o.      [Fr, 

sexagenaire :    L.  seiagennriua,  from   sex^  six,  and  a 

word  signifying  ten,  seen  in  vigiiiti,  bisgenti.^ 

Designating  the  number  sixty  ;  as  a  noun,  a  person 

siAty  years   of  age;   also,  something  composed   of 

sixty, 
SEX-A-GES'I-.MA,  n,     [L.  seragesimus^  sixtieth.] 

The    second    Sunday   before   Lent,   the   next  to 

Sh rove-Tuesday,  so  called  as  being  about  the  GOtli 

day  before  Easter. 
SEX-A-GES'I-MAL,  a.     Sixtieth;  pertaining  lo  the 

number  sixty.     Sexagesimal  or  sexagenary  arithmetic, 

is  a  method  of  computation  by  sixties,  as  that  which 

is  used  in  dividing  degrees  into  minutes,  minutes 

into  seconds,  &.c. 

Sexagesimals,  or  sexagesimal  fractions,   are    those 

whose  denominators  proceed  in  the  ratio  of  sixty  ; 

"•  Vo'  TZOO-  5TsVoo-  ■'''"'  denominator  U 
sixty,  or  its  power.  These  fractions  are  called,  also, 
astronomical  fractions,  because  formerly  there  were  no 
others  used  in  astronomical  calculations.  Hutton, 
SEX'AN"GLE,  (sex'ang-gl,)  n.  In  geoinetry,  a  figure 
having  six  angles,  and  consequently  six  sides. 

JIutton, 
8EX'AN"GLED,  (-ang'gld,)  jo.      [L.   sex,   six, 

SEX-AN"GU-LAR,  (-ang'gu-lar,)  \     and  an^u/iu,  an- 

Ilaving  six  antics  ;  hexagonal.  Dryden. 

SEX-AN"GU-LAR-Ly,  adv.    With  six  angles  ;  hex- 

agonally. 
SEX-DECl-MAL,  a,     [h.  sex,  six,  and  decern,  ten.] 
In  erystaltography,  when   a  prism  or  the  miadle 
part  of  a  crystal  hiL4  six  faces  and  the  two  summits, 
taken  together,  ten  fiices.     [Ayt  used.]  JIaiiy, 

8EX-DU-0-DEC'I-MAL,  o.     [L.  «x,  six,  and  duode- 
eijn,  twelve.] 

Ill  cnjstaUomraphy,  designating  a  crystal  when  the 
prism  or  middle  part  has  six  faces  and  the  two  sum- 
mits, taken  togetlier,  twelve  faces.     [JWt  use^l.] 

Haiiy, 
SEX-EN'NI-AL,  a,     [L.  sex,  six,  and  annus,  year.] 

Lasting  six  years,  or  hapt>ening  once  in  six  years. 
SKX-EN'NI-AL-LV,  adv.     Once  in  six  years. 
SEX' FID,  a,     [L.  sex,  six,  nnd  Jindo,  to  divide.] 

In  botany,  six-clef^  ;  as,  a  sexjid  calyx  or  nectary. 

Mart  If  n. 
SEX'LESS.  a.     Having  no  sex.  Shelly. 

SEX-LOC'IJ-LAR,  a.     f  I*,  sex,  six,  and  loeutas,  a  cell.] 
In  botany,  six-celled;  having  six  cells  for  seeds; 
n«,  a  sezlocular  pericarp. 
SEX'TAIN,  ».     [L.  sextans,  a  sixth,  from  sex,  six.] 

A  stanza  of  six  lines. 
SEX'TANT,  71.     [L,  aeiCon.?,  a  sixth.    The   Romans 
divided   the  as   into    12   ounces ;    a  sixth,   or  two 
ounces,  was  the  sextans.'] 


SUA 

L  In  matAerTuitic-',  the  sixth  part  of  a  circle-    Hence, 

2.  An  instrument  fur  measuring  the  angular  dis- 
tances of  objects  by  redeciiun.  It  is  funned  like  a 
quadrant,  excepting  that  its  limb  comprehends  60 
degrees,  or  the  sixth  part  of  a  circle.  Brands. 

3.  In  astronomy,  a  constellation  situated  across  the 
equator  and  soutii  of  the  ecliptic.  Brande, 

SEX'TA-RY,  Ti.     [L.  sextarius,] 

An  ancient  Roman  measure,  about  equal  to  nn 
English  pint.    It  was  double  the  liemina. 

SmiVi''s  Diet. 

SEX'TA-RY,  \  n.     The  same  as  Sacruta.x.     [J^Tol 

SEX'TRY,      \      used.]  Diet. 

SEX'TILE,  (-til,)  n.     [L.  sextUisy  from  sez,  six.] 

Denoting  the  aspect  or  position  of  two  planets, 
when  distant  from  each  other  60  degrees  or  two 
signal.     This  position  is  marked  thus  -if.      Hutton. 

SEX-TILL'ION,  (seks-til'yun,)  n.  According  to  the 
English  notation,  the  product  of  a  million  involved  to 
Ihc^sixth  power,  or  a  unit  with  thirty-six  ciphers  an- 
nexed ;  according  to  the  French  notatiuiif  a  unit  with 
twenty-one  ciphers  annexed.  Barlow. 

SEX'TON,  n.  [Contracted  from  Sacristan,  which 
see.] 

An  under  officer  of  the  church,  whose  business  Is 
to  take  care  of  the  vessels,  vestments,  &c,,  belonging 
to  the  church,  to  attend  on  the  officiating  clergyman, 
and  perform  other  duties  pertaining  to  the  church,  to 
dig  graves,  &c.  Kncye, 

SEX' TON-SHIP,  n.    The  office  of  a  sexton,     Swifi. 

SEX'TU-PLE,  a.  [Low  L.  sextuplus }  sex,  six,  and 
duplas,  double] 

1.  Sixfold  ;  SIX  times  a^  much.  Brown, 

2,  In  miisic,  denoting  a  mixed  sort  of  triple,  beaten 
in  double  time,  or  a  measure  of  two  times  composed 
of  six  equal  notes,  three  for  each  time. 

Busby,    Encyc. 

SEX'tJ-AL,  a.  [from  sex.]  Pertaining  to  S'jx  or  the 
sexes  ;  distinguishing  the  sex  ;  denoting  what  is  pe- 
culiar to  the  distiiiL'tiun  and  odice  of  male  ond 
female;  as, A-&cua/ characteristics;  j«juai intercourse, 
connection,  or  conunerce, 

2.  Sexual  method ;  in  botany ,  the  method  which  is 
founded  on  the  distincticm  of  sexes  in  plants,  as 
male  and  female,  each  sex  being  furnished  with  ap- 
propriate organs  or  parts ;  the  male  producing  a  pol- 
len or  dtist,  which  fecundates  the  stigma  of  ttie  pistil 
or  female  organ,  and  is  necessary  to  render  it  prolific 
It  is  found  that  most  plants  are  herinapliriMlitc,  the 
male  and  ft  male  organs  being  contained  in  the  same 
flower.  This  doctrine  was  taught  to  a  certain  ex- 
tent by  Theophraslua,  Dioscorides,  and  Pliny,  among 
the  ancients,  hut  has  been  more  fully  illustrated  by 
Cffisalpinus,  Grew,  Camernrius,  Linnteus,  and  many 
others  among  the  moderns.  Milne.     Enctjc. 

SEX'U-AL-IST,  n.  One  who  t>elioves  and  maintains 
the  doctrine  of  sexes  in  plants;  or  one  who  classi- 
fies plants  by  the  difierences  of  the  sexes  and  parts 
of  fructificjition.  Milne,     Eneijc, 

SEX-U-AL'l-TY,  n.  The  state  of  beijig  distinguished 
by  sex. 

SEX'lJ-AT^LY,  adv.     In  a  sexual  manner. 

SFOR-ZX'TO,  a.  [It.]  In  viasie,  11  direction  placed 
over  a  note,  to  signify  to  the  performer  that  it  must 
be  struck  with  peculiar  force,  Brande, 

SHAB,  V.  i.  To  p!uy  mean  tricks.  In  some  parts  of 
New  England,  it  signifies  to  reject  or  dismiss  ;  as,  a 
woman  shabs  lier  suitor.  It  is,  however,  veiy  vul- 
gar and  nearly  obsolete. 

SHAB'BEn   a.     Mean;  shabby.  ^.  ff^ood, 

SHAIi'BI-LY,  adv.     [from  shabby.]     Raggedly  ;  with 
rent  or  ragged  clothes  ;  as,  to  be  clothed  shabbily, 
a.  Meanly  ;  in  a  despicable  manner. 

SHAB'BI-NESS,  n.  Kaggedness  ;  as,  the  shabbiness 
of  a  garment. 

2.  Meanness;  paltriness. 

SHAB'BY,  a.  [D,  schabbig ;  G.  schObig,  from  sehaben, 
lo  rub,  to  shave,  to  scratdi ;  schabe,  a  niotli,  a  shaving 
tool,  a  scab.      This  is  a  different  orthography  of 

SCABBT.] 

1.  Ragged  ;  torn  or  worn  to  rags  j  as,  a  shabby 
coat ;  shabby  clothes. 

a   Clothed  with  ragged  garments. 

1'he  dean  waa  so  thalAy,  StoifL 

3.  Mean  ;  paltry ;  despicable  ;  as,  a  shabby  fellow  ; 
shabby  treatment.  Clarendon. 

[For  the  idea  expressed  by  shabby,  there  is  not  a 
better  word  in  the  language.] 

SHAB'RACK,  n,  [Hungarian.]  The  cloth  furniture 
or  housing  of  n  troop  horse  or  charger.  Smart. 

SHACK,  n.  In  ancient  customs  of  England,  a  liberty  of 
winter  pasturage.  In  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  the  lord 
of  a  manor  has  shack,  that  is,  liberty  of  feeding  his 
sheep  at  pleasure  on  his  tenant's  lands  during  the 
six  winter  months.  In  Norfolk,  shack  extends  to  the 
common  for  hogs,  in  all  men's  grounds,  from  harvest 
to  seed-time ;  whence  lo  go  a-shark  Is  to  feed  at 
jarge.  Cowel.     Encyc. 

Jn  JVffP  England,  shttek  is  used  in  a  somewhat  sim- 
ilar sense  for  mast  or  the  fond  of  swine,  and  for  feed- 
ing at  large  or  in  the  forest,  [for  we  have  no  manors.] 

2.  A  shiftless  fellow ;  a  low,  itinerant  beggar ;  a 
vagabond.  Forby. 


TONE,  ByLL,  IINITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  Kj  6  as  J ;  8  as  Zj  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1015 


SHA 

SHACK.  V.  t.    To  shed,  as  corn  at  harvest.    [LoeaL] 

Orose. 
a.  To  feed  iu  stubble,  or  upon  the  waste  corn  of 
the  field.     [Load.]  P'gff^ 

SHACK'LE,  (shak'I.)  n.    Stubble. 

[Ill  Scottish,  shag  U  the  refuse  of  barley,  or  that 
which  b  not  well  filled,  and  is  given  to  horsea.  The 
word  ^Aodc,  then,  is  probably  from  a  root  which  signi- 
fies to  break,  to  reject,  or  to  waste,  or  it  may  be  al- 
lied to  sMaf  and  shake.] 
BHACK'LE,  r.  L  fSax.  serarut;  D.  5cAa*W,  a  link  or 
mesh  ;  Sax.  tuac4ine,  a  rope  to  fasten  the  foot  of  a 
aaU.  Ou.  the  root  lit?,  Clana  Sg,  So.  74.  But  we 
s     ^     ^ 

find  the  word,  perhaps,  in  the  Ar.  ^L^^^i  <^oni 

V.f^^  shaJcatm,  to  tie  the  feet  of  a  beast  or  bird.] 

I.  To  cliAin  ;  to  fetter  ;  to  lie  or  confine  the  limbs 
BO  aa  tu  prt- vent  (Vee  motion. 

So  thp  Mrcieteii  con)  lbs  thatdthd  daMer  Uwa, 

A*  pRMir  to  bll  M  tmpoteiit  ta  riie.  Saiilk. 

3.  To  bind  or  confine  so  as  to  obstruct  or  embarrass 
action. 


SHACK'I.E,  a.  )     [Generally  used    in 

SUACK'L£»,  (shaklx,)  m.pLS  the  plural.]  Fetters, 
g>-ves,  handcuffs,  cords,  or  eomething  else  that  con- 
fines the  limbs  so  as  to  restrain  the  use  of  them,  or 
prevent  free  motion.  Dryden. 

S.  Thai  which  obstructs  or  embarrasses  tree  oc- 
tton. 

Bia  *CTT  win  wems  to  br  in  bvnJa  umI  thadcU:  SouA, 

SHACK'LED,  pp.     Tied  ;  confined  ;  embarrassed. 
SH.ACK'LING,  ppr.     Fetterine;  binding;  C4mfining. 
SHAD, K.     It  ha-4  no  T^ural  termination.     Shad  ta  din- 

guhir  or  plural.     [G.  ttJtade.     In  \V.   ysgadoMy  Ir. 

j^i^'i^  a  herrinp.] 

A  fish  of  the  genus  Alosa,  (Clupea,  Linn.,)  highly 

prised  for  food.    Shad  enter  the  rivers  in  England 

and  America  in  the  spring  in  immense  Dumbers. 
SHAD'UoCK.n.    jThe  name  of  the  man  who  first 

Ci^ried  this  miU  rroiD  the  East  to  the  West  Indies.] 
A  Urge  ntecies  tit  orange,  Ckrus  decumana. 

8RXDE,  K.  [Sax.  «oa<  scoitf,  sc«^  shade ;  sctadany  to 
separate,  divide,  or  shade ;  G.  «dLtfr<-ji,  shallow,  and 
to  shade  ■,  D.  adtadwcm^  tckmimvn ;  Dan.  skaturrr^  to 
shad*  a  picton ;  W.  ytppad^  m  shade ;  y»/e^,  to 
shade  or  shelter ;  Ofgo^  id.  \  Corn.  dUa  or  stn  ; 
Ir.  sgath  and  $fmtimm^  to  cut  off,  to  shade.  The  Gr. 
WKtA  is  probabfy  the  same  word  contracted,  and  per- 
haps »«ro(,  darkness.  In  the  sense  of  cutting  off 
or  separating,  this  word  coincides  exactly,  aa  it  does 
in  elements,  with  the  G.  sduiiim^  U  9cindoy  for  «ado, 
wbieb  is  fitrmed  on  c«tto,  to  strike  off.  Hence  Sax. 
ge$c«ady  distinction,  L.  scutum^  a  shield,  Sp.  esmdo, 
that  which  cuts  off  or  intcrcetiU.  Owen  deduces 
the  Welsh  word  from  tatotl^  .somi-thing  that  incloses  ; 
but  probably  the  sense  i^,  Uiut  which  cuts  ofl*  or  de- 
fends.] 

].  lAttrcUyythe  interception,  cutting  ofi^,  or  inter- 
ruplittn  of  the  rays  of  light ;  hence,  the  obsctiriiy 
which  is  caused  by  sucli  interception.  Shade  diflers 
from  shadow^  as  it  implies  no  particular  form  or  defi- 
nite limit ;  whereas  a  iMadtne  represents  in  form  the 
(^ject  which  Intercepts  the  light.  Uence,  wlien  we 
say,  let  us  resort  to  the  shade  of  a  tree,  we  have  no 
ref<>rence  to  iu  form  ;  but  when  we  speak  of  meas- 
uring a  p>'ramid  or  other  object  by  its  shadow,  we 
have  reference  to  its  extent. 

3.  Darkness ;  obscurity  ;  as,  the  shades  of  night. 
The  skmdfi  of  the  earth  constitutes  the  darkness  of 
night. 

SL  An  obscure  place,  properly  in  a  grove  or  close 
wood,  which  precludes  the  sun's  rays  j  and  hence, 
n  secluded  retreat. 

I<N  «  awk  out  Mnns  dMoUie  akocb,  utd  ihtre 

Weep  our  skd  biMuina  empty. 

4.  A  screen 
hettL 

5.  Protection  ;  shelter.    [See  Shadow.] 

6.  In  painting,  the  dark  part  of  a  picture.  Dryden. 

7.  Degree  or  gradation  of  lighL 

Wbke,  red,  jtQenr,  btnr,  with  their  aev^nd  degree*,  or  AadMt 
and  mixtorvs,  ■■  grera,  eome  otU/  to  iff  the  eyes.    Lockt. 

&  A  very  minQfie  difiference ;  as,  coffee  is  a  shade 
higher.  Mercantile, 

9.  A  shadow.    [See  Shadow.] 

Eary  win  merit,  u  iu  aAodc,  puiaue.  Pope, 

[This  is  allowable  in  poetry.] 

10.  The  soul,  after  its  separation  from  the  body  ; 
so  called  because  the  ancients  supposed  it  to  be  per- 
ceptible to  the  sight,  not  to  the  touch;  a  spirit  j  a 
ghost ;  as,  the  shades  of  departed  heroes. 

Swift  u  tboufbt  Uie  flitLJDf  thadt.  Drydtn. 

SHXDB,  ».  £.     [Sax.  aceadanj  gesceadan,  to  sepantle,  to 
divide,  to  shade.] 
1.  To  shelter  or  screen  from  light  by  intercepting 


Shak. 
,  something  that  intercepts  light  or 


SHA 

its  rays  ;  and  when  applied  tu  the  rays  of  the  sun.  It 
signifies  to  shelter  from  light  und  heat ;  as,  a  large 
tree  shades  the  plants  under  its  branches  j  shaded 
vegetables  rarely  come  to  perfection. 

alUn  with  thtir  leafy  gntivi,  Drydtn. 

5.  To  overspread  with  darkness  or  obscurity ;  to 
obscure. 

Thou  shad'tl 
The  full  blase  ol  thy  tiMjiu.  Idilkm. 

a  To  shelter  ;  to  hide. 

Ere  in  our  own  bouse  1  Jo  Bhads  my  head.  Shak. 

4.  To  cover  from  injury  ;  lo  protect ;  to  screen. 

Milton. 
h.  To  paint  in  obscure  colors  ;  to  darken. 

6.  To  mark  with  gradations  of  color  j  o^it,  the  shadn 
ing  pencil.  Milton. 

7.  To  darken  ;  to  obscure. 

SHAD'ED,  p;>.  or  a.    Defended  fiiom  the  rays  of  the 

sun  ;  darkened. 
SMAD'EK,  n.    He  or  that  which  shades. 
SII.\I)ES,  n.  pi.    The  lower  region  or  place  of  the 

dead.     Hence, 

5.  Deep  obscurity  ;  total  darkness. 
SHAD'I-LV,  ado.     UmUmgeously. 
SilAD'I-iNESS,  TU     [from  shady.]     The  state  of  being 

shady  i   umbrageous uess  ;   as,  the   shadiness  of  the 

furect. 
SHAD'IN'G,  ppr.    Sheltering  from  the  8un*s  rays. 
SHaU'ING,  n.     The  act  or  process  of  making  a  shade. 

ScotU 
SHAD'OW,  n.     [Sijix.  seadu.sceadtu     See  Smadk.] 

1.  Shade  within  dt-fineu  limits  ;  obscurity  or  dep- 
rivation of  ligl).,  apiK'treni  on  a  plane,  and  repre- 
senting the  form  of  the  body  which  intercepts  the 
rays  of  light ;  as,  the  shadow  of  a  man,  of  a  tree,  or 
a  tower.  The  shadow  of  the  earth  in  an  eclipse  of 
the  moon  is  proof  of  its  sphericity. 

2.  Darkness  ;  shade  ;  obscurity. 

Night's  nble  ahadows  Erom  the  ocean  liae.  Dtnftatn, 

X  Shelter  made  by  any  thing  that  Intercepts  tlie 
light,  heat,  or  influence  of  the  air. 

In  aecrrt  thadoto  Trom  the  lunny  ny, 

Ou  a  awect  tMl  of  liliei  •uftly  laid.  Spenatr. 

4.  Obscure  place  ;  secluded  retreat. 

To  aeeret  akodowa  1  reUie,     [06*.]  Drydtn. 

5.  Dark  part  of  a  picture.     [Oft*.]  Peaeham. 
[In  the  two  la^  senses.  Shade  is  now  used.] 

6.  A  spirit;  a  gho!«t.     ^Obs.] 

[In  this  sense.  Shape  is  now  used.] 

7.  In  paiiuingt  tlie  representation  of  a  real 
shadow. 

8.  An  imperfect  and  faint  representation  ;  opposed 
to  Substance. 

The  law  having  a  »hado»  of  good  Uilnja  to  come.  — Heb.  z. 

9.  Inseparable  companion. 

8ia  and  her  ahadof,  Death.  MUton. 

10.  Type  ;  mystical  representation. 

Typea  and  §hndoui  of  lh;il  dejtiued  aecnl.  Milton. 

11.  Protection;  shelter;  favor,     /-am.  iv,     />«.  xci. 
13.  Slight  or  faint  ap)^>earance.    James  j. 

Shadow  of  death ;  terrible  darkness,  trouble,  or  death. 
Job  iii. 
SHAD'OW,  D.  (.    To  overspread  with  obscurity. 

The  warlike  elf  much  wondered  at  thii  tree, 

Bo  fair  and  great,  that  ahadoiMd-*i\  the  ground.         Spenaer. 

[Shade  is  more  generally  used.] 

2.  To  cloud  J  to  darken. 

The  ahadaxoed  lirery  of  the  burning  f  no.  Shot. 

3.  To  make  cool ;  to  refresh  by  shade  ;  or  to  shade. 

Flowery  6rldj  and  ahadowed  waiera.  Sidney. 

4.  To  conceal ;  to  hide  ;  to  screen. 

I.et  e*rry  aoldier  hew  him  duwit  &  boit^h, 

Anil  beai'i  before  litm ;  ttw r^l>y  ahall  wu  skadoia 

The  numtier  of  our  hoau     [Vnusuai.]  Shak. 

5.  To  protect ;  to  screen  from  danger  ;  to  shroud. 

Shadoieing  iheir  right  under  your  winga  of  war.  Shak. 

6.  To  mark  with  slight  gradations  of  color  or  light. 

Locke. 
[In  this  sense,  Shade  is  chiefly  used.] 

7.  To  paint  in  obscure  colors ;  as,  void  spaces 
deeply  shadoree-d.  Dryden. 

8.  To  represent  faintly  or  imperfectly. 

AufMttiu  !•  ahadovted  in  the  person  of  £neaa.  Dryden. 

9.  To  represent  typically.  The  healing  power  of 
the  brazen  serpent  shadoiceth  the  efficacy  of  Christ's 
righteousness. 

[The  two  last  senses  are  in  use.  In  place  of  the 
others   Shade  is  now  more  generally  used,] 

SHAD'OW-CAST-ING,  a.    Casting  a  shadow. 

SHAD'OVV-£D,  pp.    Represented  imperfectly  or  typi- 
cally. 

SHAD'OW-GRASS,  lu    A  kind  of  grass  so  called. 

Johnson. 

SHAD'OW-ING,  ppr.    Representing  by  faint  or  imper- 
fect resemblance. 

SHAD'OW-ING,  n.    Shade  or  gradation  of  light  and 
color.    [This  should  be  Shadi^io,] 


SHA 

SlIAD'OW-LESS,  o.     Having  no  shadow. 
SHAD'OVV-Y,  a.     [Sax.  «ea(/iri^.] 

1.  Full  of  shade  ;  dark  ;  glouuiy. 

Tliia  ahadoiay  deacrt,  uufreqii-'nied  wooda.  Shak. 

2.  Not  brightly  luminous  ;  faintly  light. 

More  ulnnannt  I'sht, 
^ladoay  aeu  otr  tlie  taae  of  Uiinga,  Milton. 

3.  Faintly  representative  j  typical,  as,  shadowy 
expiations,  Milton. 

4.  Unsubstantial ;  unreal. 

Milloii  Itai  brought  into  bis  poema  two  acton  of  a  afiadow  and 
fictiuuua  n^iturv,  in  the  jtcrauna  of  Sin  luid  Death.   Addison. 

5.  Dark  ;  obscure  ;  opaque. 

By  comiiia.nd  ere  yel  dim  Night 

Her  thadatay  cloud  withdrawa.  Sutton, 

SHAD'OW-Y-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  shadowy  or 

unsubstantial. 
SHA'DRACH,  (drak,)  n.     In  the  smelting  of  iron^  a 

mass  of  iron  on  which  the  operation  of  smelting  has 

failed  of  its  intended  effect.     [Local.] 
SHA'UV,  a.    [from  shade.]     Abounding  with  shade  or 

shades  j  overspread  with  shade. 

And  Amuryllia  f\\U  thfs  thady  grovpa.  Dryden. 

2.  Sheltered  from  the  glare  of  light  or  sultry  heat. 

Cast  it  atao  that  you  may  liuva  ruuma  a?iady  for  lummer  and 
warm  for  winti^r.  Bacon. 

SIIAF'FLE,  V.  i.     [See  Shuffle.]    To  hobble   or 

limp.     [JVot  in  tiseT] 
SHAF'FLER,  n.    Ahobblcr;  one  that  limps.     [JVo( 

in  use.] 
SHAFT,  71.     [Sax.  sce<ift ;  D.  and  G.  sehajl;  Sw.  and 

Dan.  shaft  ;Ij.  scapus ;  from  the  root  of  sAupe,  from 

Bcttuig,  or  shooting,  extending.] 

1.  An  arrow;  a  missile  weapon;  as,  the  archer 
and  the  skajt  More. 

Sn  lol^y  WAI  the  pQe,  a  Parthian  bow. 

With  vi^r  drawn,  niuat  aend  the  ahafi  below.  Dryden. 

2.  In  minings  a  pit  or  long,  narrow  opening  or  en- 
trance into  a  mine.  It  is  perpendicular  or  slightly 
inclined.  [Tliis  may  possibly  be  a  different  word, 
as  in  German  it  is  written  achacht,  Dan.  skwgte.] 

3.  In  architecture,  the  shaf^uf  a  column  is  the  nody 
of  it,  between  the  base  and  the  capital. 

4.  The  shaft  of  a  chimney  is  lliat  part  of  it  which 
rises  above  the  roof.  GwiU. 

5.  Any  thing  Ktrnight ;  as,  the  shqfl  of  a  steeple 
and  many  other  things.  Pcacham. 

6.  The  stem  or  slock  of  a  feather  or  quill. 

7.  The  pole  of  a  carriage,  sometimes  called 
To:<auB  or  Neap.  The  thills  of  a  chaise  or  gig  are 
also  called  Shafts. 

8.  The  handle  of  a  weapon. 

Shafi,  or  tchiie-shaft;  a  species  of  Trochilus  or  hum- 
ming-bird, having  a  bill  twenty  lines  in  length,  and 
two  long  white  feathers  in  the  middle  of  its  tail. 

Kncvc. 
SHAFT'F.D,a.    Having  a  handle  ;  a  term  in  heraldry, 

applied  to  a  spear-head. 
SHAFT'MENT,  n.     [Sax.  scaiff-mund.] 

A  span,  a  measure  of  about  six  inches.  [JVbt  in 
use.']  Rtiy. 

SHAG,n.    [Sax.  «ccac^a,  hair,  shag  ;  Dan.  .iAue^,-  Sw. 

skdffs'i  the  beard,  a  brush,  &.c.   In  Eth.  UJ  T*  sbaky, 
a  hair  cloth. 1 

1.  Coarse  hair  or  nap,  or  rough,  woolly  hair. 

True  Witney  broailclutli,  with  its  thug  unshorn.  Oay. 

2.  A  kind  of  cloth  having  a  long,  coarse  nap. 

3.  In  ornithologij,  an  aquatic  fowl,  the  green  cor- 
morant or  crestecf  cormorant,  Phalacrocorax  cristntus. 

P.  Cyc 
SHAG,  a.     Hairy  ;  shaggy.  Shak. 

SHAG,  V.  t    To  make  rough  or  hairy. 

Shag  the  green  zone  that  bounds  the  boreal  sides.    J.  Barlota. 

2.  To  make  rough  or  shaggy ;  to  deform. 

Thomson. 
SHAG'BARK,  n.      The  popular  name  of  a  kind  of 
hickory,  the  caria  squamosa,  from  its  shaggy  b;irk ; 
also  called  Shelluabk.  Sylc.  Jim. 

SHAG'GY^'  i  ^-    .^'*"g*'  "^'*^  *''"S  hair  or  wool. 

About  his  shouldori  hangs  the  ahaggy  sWa.  Dryden, 

2.  Rough  j  rugged  ;  as,  the  sltaggy  tops  of  hills. 

Milton. 
And  throw  the  ahaggy  ipotls  about  your  shoulders.     Addison. 
SHAG'GI-NESS,      \   n.     The  state  of  being  shnggy  , 
SHAG'GED-NEriS,  \       roughness,    with   long,    loose 
hair  or  wool. 

SHA-GREEN',  n.    [Pers.  c5jJUm  *a£ri,the  skin  of  a 

bOTse  or  an  ass,  &c.,  dressed.1 

A  kind  of  leather,  prepared  skins  of  horses,  asses, 
mules,  &,c.,  and  grained  so  as  to  be  covered  with 
small  round  pimples  or  granulations.  The  skin  is 
steeped  in  water,  scraped,  and  stretched  on  a  frame  : 
small  seeds  are  forced  into  it;  it  is  then  dried,  and 
the  seeds  are  shaken  out,  leaving  the  surface  in- 
dented. The  skin  is  afterward  polished,  soaked, 
and   dyed.     Shagreen  is  prepared   at  Astrachan  in 


FiTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT METE,  PRfY — PL\E,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE.  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

1016  ~  ~~~ 


SHA 

Russia,  in  various  parts  of  the  Levant,  &c.,  and  is 
much  used  for  covering  small  cases  and  boxes. 

P.  Cyc.     Urt. 

SHA-GREEV,        )   a.     Made   of  the   leather  called 

SHA-GREEN'ED,  \       Shagrkkx. 

SHA  GKEEX',  for  CHACRirr.     [See  Chagrin.] 

SHXH.  n.  The  title  given  by  European  writt-m  to  the 
k.iii:  or  monarch  of  Persia.  Braiids. 

8HXIK,  It.     8ee  Sheik. 

8UAII.,  V.  L  To  walk  sidewise.    [Low,  and  not  in  use.] 

L*  Estrange, 
[This  word  is  probably  the  G.  schieleny  Dan.  skit- 
ter, to  squint] 

SHAKE,  r.  t.;  pret  Shook  ;  pp.  Shakett.  [Sax. 
seeacan,  to  shake,  also  to  dee,  to  dt^part,  to  withdraw  ; 
Sw.  skaka ;  D.  sehvkken,  to  shake,  to  jolt,  to  heap  ; 
sckifk,  a  shock,  jolt,  or  bounce  ;  VV.  ysgegiaw-,  to 
shake  by  seizing  one  by  the  throat ;  ce^i'atr,  to  choke, 
from  cig,  a  cboking,  the  mouth,  an  entrance.  If  the 
Welsh  gives  the  true  origin  of  this  word,  it  is  re- 
markably expressive,  and  characteristic  of  rough 
manners.  I  am  not  confident  that  the  Welsh  and 
Saxon  are  from  a  common  stock.] 

1.  To  cause  to  move  with  quick  vibrations;  to 
move  rapidly  one  way  and  the  other ;  to  agitate  ;  as, 
the  wind  shakes  a  tree ;  an  earthquake  shakes  the 
hills  or  the  earth. 


He  ihook  the  lacred  honors  of  his  tKad.  Drydtn. 

Ai  &  lif-ir««  c-uleth  her  uiiiiinel;  I'ruii,  when  it  b  shaken  by  ft 
Biighiy  wind.  —  Rer.  vL 

%  To  make  to  totter  or  tremble. 

The  npid  whr%ls  ihtdce  heriven's  tasta.  Afi.'ton. 

3.  To  cause  to  shiver;  as,  an  ague  shakes  the 
whole  frame. 

4.  To  throw  down  by  a  violent  motion. 

MacljeUi  b  ripe  for  ihaking.  Shak. 

[But  see  Shake  off,  which  is  generally  used.] 
&.  To  throw  away  ;  to  drive  olf. 

Tis  our  fint  intent 
To  thait  all  carra  Kud  biuiiteu  from  our  an.  Shot. 

[See  Shaie  <if.] 

6.  To  move  from  firmness  ;  to  weaken  the  stability 
of;  to  endanger;  to  threaten  to  overthrow.  Nuthing 
should  shake  our  belief  in  the  being  and  perfections 
of  God,  and  in  our  own  accountableness. 

7.  To  cause  to  waver  or  doubt ;  to  impair  the  res- 
olution of;  to  depress  the  courage  of. 

That  ye  be  not  •oou  ihaken  in  mind.  —  2  Tlu-sa.  ii, 

8.  To  trill ;  as,  to  shake  a  note  in  music, 

Tq  shake  hand.i ;  sometimes,  to  unite  with  ;  to  agree 
or  contract  with  ;  more  generally^  to  take  leave  of, 
from  the  practice  of  shaking  hands  at  meeting  and 
parting.  Shak.     K.  Charles, 

To  shake  off:  to  drive  off;  to  throw  off  or  down  by 
violence  ;  as,  to  shake  off  the  dust  of  the  feet ;  also, 
to  rid  one's  self;  to  free  from;  to  divest  of;  as,  to 
shake  oj^disease  or  grief;  to  «Aaite  oj?" troublesome  d€>- 
pendents.  Add'uton. 

SHAKE,  V.  t.  To  be  agitated  with  a  waving  or  vibra- 
tory motion ;  as,  a  tree  shakes  with  the  wind  ;  tlie 
house  shakes  in  a  tempest. 

The  Ibuadalioni  o(  the  earth  do  thake.—  lt.  xxfv. 

2.  To  tremble  ;  to  shiver ;  to  quake ;  as,  a  man 
shakes  in  an  ague ;  or  he  shakes  with  cold,  or  with 
terror. 

3,  To  totter. 

tTndpr  hii  burning  vrhcrls 
Th«  Mrad&ct  empyi^iui  ifiook  Uiruughoul, 
Alt  t>ut  the  throne  ittclf  of  God.  Milton. 

SHAKE,  x.  Concussion;  a  vacillating  or  wavering 
motion  ;  a  rapid  motion  one  way  and  the  other ; 
agitation. 

Tbe  (renl  Mtdir^'a  honor  vaa  compowd  of  thicker  Unit,  which 
could  endnr?  a  thaJce.  Uerbtrt. 

3.  A  tremblins^or  shivering  ;  agitation. 

3.  A  motion  onhands  clasped. 

Our  •■I'jlitioiis  w^n  v<-ry  brarty  on   both  aides,  conniiting  of 
many  kind  shaJctt  ol  itie  b.ind.  AdtiUon, 

4.  In  miLfic,  a  trill  ;  a  rapid  reiteration  of  two  notes 
c^mprehendmg  an  interval  not  greater  than  one  whole 
lone,  nor  less  than  a  semitone.  BiL<btj, 

5.  A  fissurf  f.r  rent  in  timber  caused  by  its  being 
dried  too  suddenly.  Gtcilt. 

SHAKE'UOWN,  n,  A  temporary  substitute  for  a  bed, 
as  on  chairs,  or  on  the  floor  ;  derived,  perhaps,  orig- 
inally from  the  shaking  down  of  straw  for  this  pur- 
pose. Knffland. 

PHAK'£X,  (shiik'n,}  pp  Impelled  with  a  vacillating 
motion ;  agitated. 

Q.  a.  Cracked  or  split ;  as,  shaken  timber.  [See 
Shakt.] 

Nor  ia  the  wood  tkalun  or  twiited,  aa  thoae  about  Caiytown, 

Barroitf, 

SHAK'ER,  11.  A  person  or  thing  that  shakes  or  agi- 
tates ;  as,  the  shaker  of  the  earth.  Pope. 

3.  In  the  United  States,  Shakers  Is  the  name  given 
to  a  very  singular  sect  of  Christians,  ho  called  from 
the  agitations  or  movements  in  dancing  which  char- 
icterixe  their  wurship. 


SHA 

SHAK'ING,  ppr.     Impelling  to  a  wavering  motion  j 
causing  to  vacillate  or  waver  ;  agitating. 
2,  Trembling;  shivering;  quaking. 

SHAK'ING,  tu  Tiie  act  of  shaking  or  agitating; 
brandishing.    Job  xli. 

2.  Concussion.  Harmar. 

3.  A  trembling  or  shivering.  Waller. 
SHAK'O,  n.    A  military  cap. 

SHA'KV,  a.    A  term  applied  to  timber  when  naturally 

full  of  slits  or  clefts.  Oieilt. 

SHALE,  r.  U    To  peel.     [JVbf  in  tLie.]     [See  Shell.] 
SHALE,  n.     [G.   sehale;    a  different   oithography  of 
ScHELL,  but  not  in  use.    See  Schsll.] 

1.  A  shell  or  husk.  Shak. 

2.  tn  geology,  a  fine-grained  rock,  having  a  slaty 
structure.  Dana. 

SHALL,  V.  L  verb  auxiliary,  pret.  Should.  [Sax. 
scealany  sciflan,  to  be  obliged.  Itcoincides  in  signifi- 
cation nearly  with  ouglu,  it  is  a  duty,  it  is  necessary  ; 
D.  zal,  zul ;  G.  .loll;  Sw.  skola,  pret.  skulle  ;  Dan.  skal, 
skuUe,  skulde.  The  Gcnnan  and  Dutch  have  lost  the 
iwhital  letter  of  the  verb  ;  but  it  appears  in  the  deriv- 
ative G.  sehuld,  guilt,  fault,  culpability,  debt ;  D. 
schuld,  id. ;  Sw.  skuld,  Dan.  :ikyld,  debt,  fault,  guilt, 
skylder.  to  owe  ;  Sax.  scyld,  debt,  offense,  L.  sce- 
liis.  The  literal  sense  is,  to  hold  or  be  held,hepce 
to  owe,  and  hence  the  sense  of  guilt,  a  being  held, 
bund,  or  liable  to  justice  and  punishment.  In  the 
Teutonic  dialects,  schulden,  skyld,  are  used  in  the 
Lord's  Prayer,  as  *'  forgive  us  our  tiebts,"but  neither 
debt  nor  treypoBs  expresses  the  exact  idea,  which  in- 
cludes sin  or  crime,  and  liability  to  punishinenL 
The  word  seems  to  be  allied  in  origin  to  skill,  L.  cal- 
leo,  to  be  able,  to  know.  (See  Skcll.)  Shall  is  de- 
fective, having  no  infinitive,  imperative,  or  jmrtici- 
ple.  It  ought  to  be  written  shal,  as  the  original  has 
one  I  only,  and  it  has  tme  only  in  shall  and  should.] 

1.  Shall  is  primarily  in  the  present  tense,  and  in 
our  mother  tongue  was  followed  by  a  verb  in  the  in- 
finitive, like  other  verbs.  "/c  sceal  from  the  beon 
gefidlnd,**  I  have  need  to  be  baptized  of  thee.  Matt.  iii. 
"/c  nu  sceat  singan  sarewidasy**  I  must  now  sing 
mournful  songs.  Bocthius. 

We  still  use  shall  and  should  before  another  verb  in 
the  infinitive,  without  the  sign  to:  but  the  significa- 
tion of  nhaU  is  considerably  defected  from  its  primi- 
tive sense.  It  is  now  treated  as  a  mere  auxiliary  to 
other  verbs,  serving  to  form  some  of  the  tenses.  In 
the  present  tense,  shali,  befurea  verb  in  the  infinitive, 
forms  the  future  tense  ;  but  its  furce  and  effect  are 
different  with  the  different  persons  or  personal  pro- 
nouns. Thus,  in  the  first  person,  shall  simply  fore- 
tells or  declares  what  will  take  place  ;  as,  I  or  we 
shall  ride  to  town  on  Monday.  This  declaration  sim- 
ply informs  another  of  a  fact  that  is  to  take  place. 
The  sense  of  shall  here  is  changed  from  an  expres- 
sion of  need  or  duty,  to  that  of  previous  statement  or 
information,  grounded  on  intention  or  resolution. 
When  uttered  with  emphasis,  **  I  shall  go,"  it  ex- 
presses firm  determination,  but  not  a  promise. 

3.  In  the  second  and  t})ird  perscms,  shall  implie;!  a 
promise,  command,  or  determination.  "  You  jhall 
receive  your  wages,"  "  he  shall  receive  his  wages," 
imply  that  you  or  he  ought  to  receive  them  ;  but 
usage  gives  to  these  phrases  the  force  of  a  promise  in 
the  person  uttering  them. 

When  s/uUt  is  uttered  with  emphasis  in  such 
phrases,  it  expresses  determination  in  the  speaker, 
and  implies  an  authority  to  enforce  the  act.  **  Do 
you  refuse  to  go  ?  Does  he  refuse  to  go  ?  But  you 
or  he  shall  go." 

3.  Shall  I  go,  shall  he  go,  interrogatively,  asks  for 
permission  or  direction.  But  shall  you  go,  asks  for 
information  of  another's  intention. 

4.  But  after  another  verb,  shall,  in  the  third  person, 
simply  foretells.  He  says  that  he  shall  leave  town 
to-morrow.  So  aNo  in  the  second  person;  you  say 
that  you  shall  ride  to-morrow. 

5.  After  if,  and  some  verbs  which  express  condi- 
tion or  supposition,  shall,  in  all  the  persons,  simply 
foretells ;  as, 

SI  shall  say,  or  we  shall  say, 
Thou  j<halt  say,  ye  or  you  shall  soy. 
He  shall  sav,  they  ahalt  say. 
fi.  Should,  in'the  first  person,  implies  a  conditional 
event.     "  1  should  have  written  a  letter  yesterday, 
had  I  not  been  internipied."     Or  it  expresses  obliga- 
tion, and  that  in  all  the  persons. 
I  should,  '\  have   [wid  the  bill  on  demand  ;  it 

Thou  shouldst,  f  was  my  duty,  your  duty,  his  duty 
He  should,  ^  to  pay  the  bdl  on  demand,  but  it 
You  should,        J  was  not  paid. 

7.  Should,  though  proi>erly  the  past  tense  of  shall, 
is  vflf.n  used  to  express  a  contingent  future  event ; 
as,  if  it  should  rain  to-morrow  ;  if  you  should  go  to 
London  next  week  ;  if  he  should  arrive  within  a 
month.  In  like  manner  after  though,  grant,  admit, 
allow. 
SH  A  L-LOON',  n.  [Said  to  be  from  Chalonsy  in  France  ; 
Sp.  chaleon  ;  Fr.  ras  de  Clialons.]  . 

A  slight,  woolen  stuff.  SaifL 

SHAL'LOP,  n.  \Ft.  chaUnipe:  Sp.  and  Port.  cAafupa  ; 
G.  srhaluppe.  This  word  is  changed  into  sloop;  but 
the  two  words  have  now  different  significations.] 


SUA 

A  sort  of  large  boat  with  two  masts,  and  usually 
rigged  like  a  schooner.  Jtlar.  Diet. 

SHAL-LOT',  n.  An  eschalot,  Allium  ascatonicum,  a 
bulbous  plant  resembling  the  garlic  [See  Esch- 
alot.] 

SHAL'LCW,  a.  [from  sliotU,  Sax.  seeol,  a  crowd,  or 
rather  scylf,  a  shelf.] 

1.  Not  deep  ;  havmg  little  depth  ;  shoal ;  as,  shal- 
low water;  a  shallow  stream  ;  a  shallow  brook. 

Dryden. 
3.  Not  deep  ;  not  entering  far  into  the  earth  ;  as,  a 
shaUow  furrow  ;  a  shallow  trench.  Dryden. 

3.  Not  intellectually  deep  ;  not  profound;  not  pen- 
etrating deeply  into  abstruse  subjects;  superficial; 
as,  a  shallow  mind  or  understanding ;  shallow  skill. 

D"cp  veraed  in  books,  and  thallou  In  hiin*cir.  MilUm, 

4.  Slight ;  not  deep  ;  as,  a  shallow  sound.    Bacon. 
SHAL'LOW,  n.     A  shoal ;   a  shelf;   a  fiiit  ;   a  sand- 
bank ;  any  place  where  the  water  is  nol  deep. 

A  iwift  stivuiti  i»  not  h>:anl  in  the  ch;iiiacl,  but  upon  thallowt  of 

g:Ri»el.  /iacon. 

Dashed  on  the  thaUotes  of  the  moTing  aand.  Drydtn. 

SHAL'LOW,  V.  U    To  make  shallow.    [Little  used.] 

Herbert. 
SH  AL'LOW-BRA  IN-£D,  a.    Weak  in  iulelltxrt ;  foolt 

ish  ;  empty-headed.  South. 

SHAL'LOW-LY,  alv.    With  little  depth.        Carew. 

2.  Superficially;  simply  ;  witliout  depth  of  thought 
or  judgment ;  not  wisely.  Shak. 

SHAL'LOW-NESS,  n.    Want  of  depth  ;  small  depth  ; 
as,  the  shallowness  of  water,  of  a  river,  of  a  stream. 
2.  Superficialness  of  intellect ;  want  of  power  to 
enter  deeply  into  subjects  ;  emptiness  ;  silliness. 

SHAL'LOW-SEARCH'ING,  (serch'ing,)  a.  Search- 
ing superficially.  Milton. 

SHAIiM,    t  ,  .  „...      ,  (  w.     fGr.  schalmnt,  from  schid- 

SHA  WM,  i  (^"^''^  '"'J  \      len,  to  sound.] 

A  wind  instrument  of  music,  much  like  the  clar- 
ionet in  form.       IMituscd.]         KnoUes.     Fosbroke. 

SHA-LOTE',  B.  The  French  echalvte  anglicised  ;  a 
bulbous  )ilant  resembling  the  garlic.  [See  Eschalot.} 

SHAL'SToNE,  n.  [G.  schule,  a  scale,  and  stone,  G. 
stciH.]     See  Tarular  Shak. 

SHALT,  the  second  person  singular  of  Shall;  as,  thou 
shall  not  steal. 

SHa'LY,  a.     Partaking  of  the  qualities  of  shale. 

SHAM,  n.  [W,  siom,  vacuity,  void,  balk,  di^^appoint- 
ment.] 

That  which  deceives  expectation  ;  any  trick,  fraud, 
or  device  that  deludes  and  disappoints;  delusion; 
impasture.     [JVot  an  elegant  word,] 

B<  licvp  who  will  the  •ok-iiin  sAain,  nut  I.  AddUon. 

SHAM,  a.     False  ;  counterfeit ;  pretended  ;  as,  a  sham 

fight. 
SHAM,  v.  f.     [W.  siomi,  to  balk  or  disappoint.] 

1.  To  deceive  expectation;  to  trick  ;  to  cheat ;  to 
delude  with  false  pretenses. 

They  find  th>-msclvps  fooled  and  ihamTntd  into  conviction. 

[Not  tlegaril.]  L'Eilrangt. 

2.  To  obtrude  by  fraud  or  imposition.   L'Estrange. 
To  sham  Jibraham  ;  to  feign  sickness  or  infirmity. 

[See  Abraham  Men.]  Oold<mith. 

SHAM,  V.  i.     To  make  false  pretenses.  Prior. 

SHAM'AN,  n.  A  jiriest,  wizard,  or  conjurer,  among 
the  Ostiaks  or  otiicr  idolatrous  tribes  of  the  Finnish 
race.  Brandc. 

SHAM'AN-ISM,  n.  The  idolatrous  worship  or  re- 
ligion of  the  Ostiaks,  Samoycdes,  and  other  Fin- 
nish tribes. 

SHAM'BLE,r.  i.  To  walk  awkwardly  and  unsteadily, 
as  if  the  knees  were  weak.  Forby. 

SHAM'BLES,  (-biz,)  n.  pi.  [&nx. seamel,  L.sca7nHwm,a 
bench,  It.  scanno,  Sp.  escaho ;  from  L.  scajtdo.] 

1.  The  place  where  butcher's  meat  is  sold  ;  a  flesh- 
market.     1  Cor.  H. 

2.  In  mining,  a  niche  or  shelf  left  at  suitable  dis- 
tances to  receive  the  ore  which  is  thrown  from  one 
to  another,  and  thus  raised  to  the  top. 

SHA.M'BLING,  ppr.  or  a.  [from  seamble,  scambling.] 
Moving  with  an  awkward,  irregular,  clumsy  fwice  ; 
as,  a  shambling  trot ;  shambling  legs.  Smith, 

SHAM'BLING,  n.  An  awkward,  clumsy,  irregular 
pace  or  gaiL 

SHAME,  H.     [Sax.  seama,  seeamy  secom;  G.  scham;  D. 


schaamen;   Sw.   and    Dan.  skam.     Q,\i.  Ar. 


chashama,  with  a  prefix,  to  cause  shame,  to  blush,  to 
reverence.    Clnss  Sm,  No.  48.J 

1.  A  painful  sensation  excited  by  a  consciousness 
of  guilt,  or  of  having  done  something  wliich  Injures 
reputation  ;  or  by  theexposuretif  that  which  nature  or 
modesty  prompts  us  1o  conceal.  Shame  is  particu- 
larly excited  by  the  disclosure  of  actions  which,  in 
theview  of  men,  are  mean  and  degrading.  Hence, 
it  is  often  or  always  manifested  by  a  downcast  look 
or  by  blushes,  called  confusion  qf  face. 

Hidr,  Tur  ihamt, 
Romnna,  your  ffmndairca'  IniH^i^a, 

That  blimh  Ht  thfir  ilegenrmic  proer-ny.  Dryden. 

Shamt  prevnili  when  reaaon  la  ilelentcd.  Rambler. 

2.  The  cause  or  reason  of  shame  ;  that  which 
brings  reproach,  and  degrades  a  person  in  the  esti- 


TONE,  BI;LL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI'CIOCS.  — €  aa  K ;  O  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


J2.S 


1017 


SHA 

mation  of  oibers.    Thus  an  idol  is  caUed  a  thamt, 
Hm,  ix. 

GuUo,  who  u«  tin  **WM  ot  religion.  Si>uA, 

3.  Repraacb  ;  ignominy  ;  derision  ;  contempt. 

Tr  h*v«  bonw  the  »ltam»  of  the  bcMthra.—  Eliek.  xxxvi. 

4.  Tbe  puta  which  modesty  requires  to  be  cov- 
errd. 

5.  Dishonor :  disgrace.    Prw.  ix. 

SHAME,  r.  L  To  make  ashamed ;  to  excite  a  con- 
sciousness of  guih  or  of  doing  somelbing  derogatory 
to  reputation  ;  to  cause  to  blush. 

Who  «A<UM«  a  icribtiifT,  tir««3n  «  cobweb  throu^  Fopt. 

I  wtiw  not  th^M  ihiogB  to  tikamt  jou. —  1  Cor.>. 

2.  To  disgrace. 

And  with  foul  cawM-Jte  Ms  OUBMS  ■*— s.  J^wwjt. 

3.  To  mock  at. 

Te  ban  «*amMf  Ifaa  eooBMl  ef  lb*  poor.  —  IV  sh . 

8HXMB,  r.  i.    To  be  ashamed. 

To  in  truak  auUion  |f««  MMa  •  magnltad*  u  I  aAsaw  to  rrprat. 

[This  verb,  I  believe,  is  no  longer  used  Intransi- 
tively.] 
#HAM''£D,  pp.     Made  ashamed. 
8HAME'FaC-K1),  (-a«:te,)d.    [Lye  supposes  this  to 
be  a  comipciou  of  Sax.  geam-fiuft^  sluime-fut,  held 
or  restrained  by  shameJ 

Bashful;  easily  confused  or  put  out  of  counle- 
■ance.    A  man  may  be  skmnrfaeeti  to  excess. 

Ctmati^ta»  i»  ■  bluahiof ,  Hiom^fiutd  fitiu  ^ak. 

Yoor  tKamt/iuMt  virtue  iliuniMil  th»  prOfiJe^  pimiae.    Dryien. 

SHAMETAC-£D-LY,  (-mBt»>}«rf9.  BaahfUlly  ;  with 
exci«=sive  miwlesty.  WoottOH, 

SHSME'FAO-/:n-XESS,  (-faste-,)  «.  Basbfulneas  ; 
PTCPK'*  of  iiioilt'sly.  Drydtn, 

8HXME  tXU  a-  [fhatiu  and  ftUL]  That  brings 
shame  or  di^emce;  scandalous;  disgraceful  ;  injuri- 
ous to  reputation.  It  expreMes  less  than  Infamou* 
and  loNOHtNioiTS. 

Hii  navaJ  iiTpuKttaaa  wci«  bM  mora  nirprUnf  than  hte  quid 
,    . ..,_.. Arhmtkmot. 


0.  Indecent ;  raising  shame  in  others. 

Ptobw  4rfnC  ■>  "Mt  •*MK/U  liffet. 

SHAMETUULY,  «dv.  DtafraceftinT;  tn  a  manner 
to    bring    rcproarh.      He    akmm^fmujf   deserted    Us 

friend. 

3.  With  indignity  or  indecency;  in  a  manner  that 
may  cause  shame. 

How  dU«K^W^  Ika  BUM  hs  dU  tHMMI  1 

8HXMK'FUL-NBSS,ii.    Dt^raceftelneat. 
SHAUE'LKSS,  a.      [jAotm  and   Um.)     Deelitute  of 

shame ;  wantjng  modeal^  ;  impudent ;  brazen-faced  ; 

bnmodeal ;  audackms ;  inaeasible  to  disgrace. 

Bod)  itowilaai  buda  wv  have.  J^ipt. 

S.  Done  without  shame ;  indicating  want  of  ahum ; 
afl,  a  dtamuifM  denial  of  tnith. 

8HXME'LE.SS-LY»orfr.  Without  shame  ;  impudent- 
ly i  as,  a  mnn  .^kameUjstf  wicked.  HaU. 

SUAME'LE.SS  NES8,  «.  Destitution  of  shame; 
want  of  seiuibility  to  disgrace  or  dishoaw ;  impu- 
dence. 

Be  thai  UuAes  oot  at  Ua  erinw,  bm  adds  a&oawbanwM  to 
ttuLmc,  Km  Dotbinf  left  to  raton  hiia  to  rirtue.     Tbyior. 

SUAM'ER,  a.    One  who  makes  ashamed  ;  that  which 

confounds. 
SH.\.M '-FIGHT,  n.     A  pretended  fight  or  engage- 

menL 
SHAM'ING,    ppr.      Making   ashamed  ;    causing   to 

blush  :  confounding. 
SnAM'MER,  H.    [from  sham.]    One  that  shams  ;  an 

imponi>r.    [Low.] 
8BA31'MY,  a.     [Ft.  cAamoU;  It.  camozza:  Sp.  gamu' 

t*  t  Fiat,  gomo ;  from  Sp.  f-tnid,  a  doc,  or  its  root ; 

W.  g^Pfr,  a  goat ;  Corn,  and  Ir.  garar,] 

1.  A  species  of  Antelope,  the  .\ntilope  Rupicapra. 
[See  CHAMoift.] 

3.  A  kind  of  leather  prepored  from  the  skin  of  this 
animal.  It  is  dressed  in  oil  or  tanned,  and  much  es- 
teemed for  its  softness,  pliancy,  and  the  qiialrty  of 
bearing  soap  without  damage.  A  firoat  p.-)rt  of  the 
leather  which  bears  this  name  is  counterfeit,  being 
made  of  the  skin  of  the  common  goat,  the  kid,  or 
even  of  sheep.  *  F.neyc. 

This  word  has  also  been  written  Shahot  and 
8nAHoi».     [See  Chamois.] 

SHA  M-POO',  \  V.  L     [Oriental  ?1     To  nib  and  percuss 

CHAM-POO',  \..  the  whole  surface  of  the  body,  and 
at  the  same  time,  to  flex  and  extend  the  limbs  and 
rack  the  joints,  in  connection  with  the  hot  bath. 

SHAM-POO'ED,  ^.  Rubbed,  percussed,  4cc.,  in  con- 
nection with  the  hot  baih. 

BH.\M-PO0'ING,  ppr.  Rubbing  and  percussing  the 
whole  surface  of  the  body,  at  the  same  lime  flexing 
and  extending  the  limbs,  and  racking  the  joints,  in 
connection  with  the  hot  bath. 

BHAM-POO'INO,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  knead- 
ing, nihbinE,  and  working  any  part  of  the  bodv,  as 
after  bathing.  What  is  now  popularly  called  s'ham- 
poaiii^^  was  ancienity  called  tripsis^  and  it  is  still  so 
called  technically. 


SHA 

SHAM'ROCK,  ».  The  Irish  name  for  a  three-leafed 
plant,  the  Oxalis  Acetiwella,  or  common  Wot>d- 
Stirrel.  It  has  been  often  supposed  to  be  the  Trifuli- 
uiu  repens,  white  trefoil  or  white  clover. 

JburmU  nf  Royal  InMitute.     P.  Cyc.     Brande. 
SII.\NK,  n.     [SJax.  BcanCf  scettnc !  G.  ana  D.  jscAenkeli 
Sw.  skank.] 

1.  The  whole  joint  from  the  knee  to  the  ankle. 
In  a  horse^  the  part  of  the  fore  leg  baween  the  knee 
and  the  fooilock. 

3.  The  tibia  or  large  bone  of  the  leg  ;  as,  crooked 
blanks. 

3.  The  long  part  of  an  instrument ;  as,  the  sha/tk 
of  a  key.  Mozon. 

The  beam  or  shad  of  an  anchor,  having  the  ring 
at  one  end  and  the  arms  at  the  other.  Totten. 

4.  The  space  between  two  channels  of  the  Doric 
triglyph.  Gwitt. 

5.  A  plant,  (Bryonia.)  Johnson. 
8IIAN'K'£D,  (shankt,)  a.    Having  a  shank 
SUANK'EU,  «.     [from  Fr.  chancrt.] 

A  primary,  syptiilitic  ulcer,  always  occasioned  by 
the  application  of  the  specific  secretion  from  another 
primary  iiyphilitic  ulcer.  It  is  always  tlie  first  inani- 
festnliou  of  true  and  regular  syphilis.  [See  Chan- 
cre.] 

SHAXK'LIN  SAND,  n.  A  sandstone  with  other  as- 
sociated deposits,  constituting  the  lower  part  of  the 
cretaceous  formation.  ManteiU 

SHAXK'-PAINT-ER,  n.  With  seamen,  n  short  TO\}e 
and  chain  which  sustains  the  shank  and  flukes  of  an 
anchor  against  the  ship's  side,  as  the  stopper  fastens 
the  riiift  and  stuck  to  the  cat  bead.  Totten. 

SHAN'SeillT,  Tu  The  Sanscrit,  or  ancient  language 
of  Ilindtxtstan.     [See  Sanscrit.] 

SHAN'TV,  for  Jantt.  Gay  ;  sliowy.  [JVot  in  i««,  or 
tocalY 

SHANDY,  X.    [Said  to  be  from  Ir.  «e<in,  old,  and  tigj 
a  house.] 
A  hut,  or  mean  dwelling. 

SHAPE,  r.C  ;  prst.  Shaped^  pp.  Shaped  or  Shapkh. 
[Sax.  see^ioM.  ae^pan,  scipan^  or  scyppan,  to  form,  to 
create  ;  Sw.  sai^a;  Dan.  skaber;  G.  schuffen,  to  cre- 
ate, to  make  or  get,  to  procure,  furnish,  or  supply  ; 
.D.  sekeppfH,  seh^en  ;  Sans,  skiifana.  The  Sw.  has 
sjk4^,  to  provide,  and  the  Dan.  skaffer.] 

1.  To  furm  or  create. 

I  WM  ah^pwn  in  inkjutlj.  —  Pa.  IL 

3.  To  mold  or  make  into  a  particular  form  ;  to  give 
form  or  figure  to  ;  as,  to  skape  a  garmeoL 

Qnee  akapti  hel  limtiB,  and  boautj  decked  her  taoe.       Prior. 

'  3.  To  mold  ;  to  cast ;  to  regulate  :  to  adjust ;  to 
adapt  to  a  purpose.  He  shapes  his  plans  or  designs 
to  the  temper  of  the  times. 

4.  To  direct ;  as,  to  shupe  a  course.         Den/uim. 

5.  To  image ;  to  conceive. 

Oti  aij  )ea]4Miv 
ShmpiS  fiuitla  that  are  not  Shak. 

SHAPE,  r.  i.    To  square ;  to  suit ;  to  be  adjusted. 

Shak. 
SHAPE,  a.    Form  or  figure  as  constituted  by  lines  and 

angles  ;  as,  the  shape  of  a  horse  or  a  tree  ;  the  shape 

of  the  head,  hand,  or  fooL 

2.  External  appearance. 

He  hrai  me  grierously  in  ibe  ahttpt  of  a  woman.  Shah. 

3.  The  form  of  the  trunk  of  the  human  body  3  as, 
a  clumsy  shape;  an  elefiant  shape. 

4.  A  being  as  endowed  with  form. 

R'fore  the  j^t^s  ih-re  aat, 
On  either  aide,  a  (oriiiidAble  thapt.  MUtorx. 

5.  Idea;  pattern.  MQton. 

6.  Form.  This  application  comes  before  the  legis- 
lature in  the  shape  of  a  memorial. 

7.  Manner. 

SnSP'KD,  (shapt,)     )pp.      Formed;    moUed ;    cast; 

SHAP'fJN',  (ship'n,)  \      conceived. 

Sll.^PE'LEisS,  a.     Destitute  of  regular  form  ;  wanting 
avmmelry  of  dimensions ;  as,  deformed  and  shape- 
less. Shak. 
Tte  thapeltaa  rodi  or  hao^ng  pred(MC«.  Pop*. 

SHAPE'LE9P-NESS,  n.     Destitution  of  regular  form. 

SHAPE'LI-NESS,  71.  [from  shapely.l  Beauty  or  pro- 
pitrtion  of  ftirin.     [Lktle  xised,] 

SHaPE'LY,  a.  [from  shape.]  Well-formed  ;  having 
a  retnilar  shape;  symmetrical.  WarUm. 

SMAPE'SMITH,  ».  {shape  and  smith.]  One  that  un- 
dertakes to  improve  the  form  of  the  body.  [In  bur- 
le^'fue.]  cJartA. 

SHAP'iS'Q,  ppr.  Forming;  molding;  casting;  con- 
Cfiving;  giving  form. 

SHAP'ING,  a.    The  act  of  forming  a  shape. 

Coleridge, 

SHARD,  H.  [Sax.  guard,  from  seearanj  to  shears  to 
separate.] 

1.  A  piece  or  fragment  of  an  earthen  vessel,  or  of 
any  brittle  substance.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

Q.  The  shell  of  an  egg  or  of  a  snail.  Oower. 

3.  A  plant,  (ehard.)  Dryden, 

4.  A  frith  or  strait;  as,  a  perilous  sAard.  £^e»s«r 

5.  A  gap, 

6.  A  fish. 


SHA 

SIIARD'BORNE,  a.  [shard  and  borne.]  Borne  on 
Bhardcd  wings,  like  the  beetle.  Shak. 

[Soino,  says  Halliwell,  are  of  opinion,  that  Shak- 
spenre  wrote  the  word  *Aar(/-6oni,  i.  e.,  born  among 
stiards;  but  neither  he  nor  any  of  the  later  lexicog- 
raphers adopts  this  opinion.  —  £^.1 

SHAttU'ED,  o.  Hiiviiig  wings  sheotned  with  a  hard 
case  ;  a^,  the  sharded  beetle.        Todd,  from  Ooioer. 

SHARE,  n,  [Sax.  sccar,  sceara,  from  scearan^  to  shear; 
W.  y.ijfar,  which  is  a  cumjKJund.] 

1.  Apart  i  n  {Kirtiun  ;  n  quantity  ;  as,  a  small  share 
of  prudence  or  good  sense. 

3.  A  part  or  purlitui  of  a  thing  owned  by  a  number 
in  common;  that  part  of  an  undivided  interest 
which  beUin}{s  to  each  proprietor  ;  as,  a  ship  owned 
\n  ten  shares ;  a  Tontine  building  owned  in  a  hun- 
dred shares. 

X  The  (Kirt  of  a  thing  allotted  or  distributed  to 
eaeh  individuiU  of  a  number;  dividend;  separate 
portion.  Each  heir  has  received  bis  share  of  the 
estate. 

4.  A  [Kirt  belonging  to  one  ;  portion  possessed. 

Nur  I  wiiliuvit  my  tftari  -A  fitniu.  Drydtn. 

5.  A  part  contributed.  He  bears  bis  share  of  the 
burden. 

6.  'J'he  broad  iron  or  blade  of  a  plow  which  cuts 
the  ground,  or  furroiv-slice.  Mortimer. 

To  go  shares;  to  purtuke ;  to  be  equally  concerned. 
Ij'  Kstran/^e. 
SHARE,  V.  t.     [Sax.  secaran,  snjran ;   but   we   have 
sArtir  directly  from  this  verb,  and  share  seems  to  be 
from  the  noun  ;  W.  ysnariaw.] 

1.  To  divide  ;  to  part  aiiioiig  two  or  more. 

Buppose  I  thart  mjr  Tortutic  equally  liuttvecD  my  children  and  a 

•trailer.  Sioifl. 

And  •har€  titi  bunlen  where  he  thnres  his  heart.  Dryden. 

Q.  To  partake  or  enjoy  with  others  ;  to  seize  and 
possess  Jointly  or  in  couunon. 

Great  Jo*e  wilh  C«.'»nr  ahartt  his  •ovcrelgn  swaj.  Mt'lon. 

While  arancc  and  rtipine  thare  the  land.  Milton. 

3.  To  cut ;  to  shear.     [JVot  noic  in  use.] 

And  (he  eharad  vimge  hangs  on  equai  lidea,  Dryden. 

SHARE,  V.  i.     To  have  part. 

A  right  cf  iiihrritance  gave  every  one  a  title  to  ekare  in  the  rooda 
of  his  rather.  Lfockt, 

SHARE'-BONE,  n.    The  09  pubis,  a  bone  placed  at 

the  upper  and  fore  part  of  the  pelvis.  Fur.tyth. 

SHAR'KD,  pp.     Held  or  enjoyed  with  another  or  oth- 
ers ;  divitled  ;  distributed  in  shares. 
SHARE'HOLD-ER,  n.     [share  and  holder.]     One  that 
holds  or  owns  a  share  in  a  joint  fund  or  property. 
Une  of  the  proprietor*  of  tlte  mine,  who  waaa  principiil  eharo- 
holder  iu  the  company,  died.  Afed.  Repot. 

SHAR'ER,  n.  A  partaker  ;  one  that  participates  any 
thing  with  another;  one  who  enjoys  or  suffers  in 
common  with  another  or  others  ;  as,  a  sharer  In 
another's  good  fortune  ;  a  sharer  in  the  toils  of  war  ; 
a  sharer  in  a  lady's  affections, 

SlIAR'ING,  ppr.  Partaking;  having  a  part  with 
another  ;  enjtiying  or  sufl'ering  wilh  others. 

SHJ^R'ING, «.     Participation. 

SHARK,  T(.  [L.  carcharias;  Gr.  Kapx'^P"^ii  from 
Kapxaooi,  sharp;  Corn,  skarkias,] 

1.  The  name  commonly  ^iven  to  many,  and  some- 
times iiidiscriniinately  to  all  the  voracious  cartilagin- 
ous fishes  of  the  family  Squalidie,  (genus  Squalus, 
Linn.,)  comprehending  numerous  genera,  as  Carcha- 
rias, Scyllium,  &c.  I'he  body  is  oblong  and  taper- 
ing; the  skin  rough  and  destitute  of  scales;  the 
teeth  are  arranged  in  several  rows,  rne  within 
another,  and  are  usually  long,  sharp,  and  triangular, 
wilh  projections  or  serratures  on  the  sides.  The 
white  shark,  Carcharias  vulgaris,  one  of  the  largest 
species,  attains  the  length  of  twenty-five  feet 

P.  Cyc.     Jardine's  JVaL  Ub. 

2.  A  greedy,  artful  fellow  ;  one  who  fills  his  pock- 
ets by  sly  tricks.     [Loir.]  South. 

3.  Trick  ;  fraud;  petty  rapine;  as,  to  live  upon 
the  shark,     [Little  used.]  South. 

4.  In  JVei0  K/iffland,  one  that  lives  by  shifts,  con- 
trivance, or  stratagem. 

SHARK,  V.  t,    To  pick  up  hastily,  slily,  or  in  small 

quantities.     [Low.]  Sfiak. 

SHARK,  r.  t.     To  play  the  petty  thief;  or  rather,  to 
live  by  shifts  and  petty  stratagems.     [In  JVcic  Eng- 
land^ the  common  pronunciation  is  shurk,   but  the 
word  rarely  implies  fraud.] 
9.  To  cheat ;  to  trick.     [^Loic.]  ^insiDorth. 

3.  To  fawn  upon  for  a  dmner ;  to  beg.    Johnson, 
To  shark  out ;  to  slip  out  oresca|)e  by  low  artifices. 
[  Vulvar.} 
SHARK'ER,n.     One  that  lives  by  sharking  ;  an  artful 

fellow.  Wotton. 

SHARK'ING,  ppr.     Picking  up  in   haste;  living  by 

petty  rapine,  or  by  shifts  and  devices. 
SHARK'ING,  71.     Petty  rapine  ;  trick.  Westfield. 

3.  The  seeking  of  a  livelihood  by  shifts  and  de- 

SHARP,  a.  [Sax.  seearp;  D.  schcrp  ;  G.  seharf;  Dan. 
and  Sw.  sharp  ;  Turk,  scerp  ;  probably  from  the  root 
of  shear,  shire,  short  i  the  radical  letters  being  Or  or 
Or.] 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T METE,  PRfiY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

1018  ' 


SHA 

1.  Haviiifi  a  very  thin  edge  or  fine  point ;  keen  ; 
acute  ;  not  blunt.  Tims  we  say,  a  sharp  knife,  or  a 
sharp  needle.  A  sharp  edtie  easily  severs  a  sub- 
stance i  a  d/tarp  point  is  easily  made  to  penetr;ite  it. 

i  TermiiKiting  in  a  pointer  edge;  not  obtuse; 
as,  a  hill  terminates  in  a  i*Aarp  peak,  or  a  sharp  ridge. 

3.  Furuiiayan  acute  or  too  small  angle  at  the  ridge  ; 
as,  a  .sharp  ruof. 

4.  Acute  of  mind  ;  quick  to  discern  ordistingiiish  ; 
penetrating  ;  ready  at  invention  ;  witty  ;  ingenious. 

Nothinr  makw  mrn  tkarper  ihan  WitnU  Adduon. 

Mad;  other  ihiiin  bfloug  In  the    material  world,  wherein  the 
tSarpest  philiMophcn  Iwve  not  yet  obtained  cJear  klra*. 
'       *^  Warn. 

5.  Being  of  quick  or  nice  perception;  applied  to 
the  senst-s  or  organs  of  perception  ;  as,  a  sharp  eye  ; 
sharp  siiiht. 

To  «ftrtrj.»-fy«!  r«a«o«  lhi»  would  •eem  untrue.  Dr^n, 

6.  Affecting  the  organs  of  taste  like  fine  pointa ; 
s<»ur ;  acid  ;  as,  sharp  vinegur  ;  isAarp-tasted  citrons. 

Dryden. 

7.  Affecting  the  organs  of  hearing  like  sharp 
points;  piercing;  penetrating;  shrill;  as,  a  sharp 
S4jund  or  voice  ;  a  sharp  note  or  tone  ;  opposed  to  a 
flat  note  or  sound. 

8.  Severe;  harsh;  biting;  sarcastic;  as,  sharp 
words  ;  sharp  rebuke. 

B«  Uiy  words  w»pp?, 
Sharp  as  he  nx-'riu ;  but  ihe  •word  lorbear.  Dryd^n. 

9.  Severely  rigid ;  quick  or  severe  in  punishing ; 
cruel.  . 

To  (fajt  place  the  thorp  Athctmn  Uw 

Can  nut  purauc  ua.  Siak, 

10.  Eager  for  food  ;  keen  ;  as,  a  sharp  appetite. 
U.  Elager  in  pursuit;  keen  in  quest. 

My  folchiua  now  is  tharp  and  fuiMin^  empty.  Shai. 

19.  Fierce  ;  ardent  j  fiery ;  violent ;  as,  a  sharp 
contesL 

A  iharp  aaiauU  already  ia  bc^n,  DrydM, 

13.  Keen;  severe;  pungent;  as,  aAar^f-pain. 

14.  Very  painful  or  distressing  ;  as,  sAarp  tribula- 
tion ;  a  sharp  fit  of  the  gout. 

15.  Very  attentive  or  vigilant. 

Sharp  at  her  uunoat  ken  ahe  CMt  her  eye*.  Drydtn. 

16.  Making  nice  calculations  of  profit ;  or  close 
and  exact  in  making  bargains  or  demanding  dues. 

StotfU 

17.  Biting;  pinching;  piercing;  as,  sharp  air; 
sharp  wind  or  weather.  Ray. 

16.  Hubtile ;  nice  ;  witty  ;  acute  ;  used  <if  things;  as, 
t  sharp  discourse.     [Rare.]  Hooker, 

111.  Among  vDorkmen^  bard  ;  afi,  sharp  sand. 

■MoxoiL. 
^\  Emaciated  ;  Iran  ;  thin  ;  as,  a  sharp  visage. 

Milton. 
To  brace  sharp :  in  seamanship,  to  turn  the  yards  to 
tte  most  oblique  po^iition  possible,  that  the  ship  may 
tiy  well  up  to  the  wind.  Mar.  Diet. 

Si>ARP,  n.     In  mn.-nc,  an  acute  sound.  Shak. 

3.  A  note  artiticially  raised  a  laemitone;  or, 

3.  The  character  #?,  which  directs  the  note  to  be 
thus  elevaU'd  ;  opposed  to  a  Jlatt  which  depresses  a 
«Ote  a  Semitone.  Brande, 

4.  A  pomled  weapon.     [JWi  in  use,]  Collier. 
SHARP,  ».  u    To  make  keen  or  acute.      B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  render  quick.  Spen.ier. 

3.  To  mark  with  a  t«harp,  in  musical  comfiosition  ; 
or  to  raise  a  note  a  »>emitone. 

9H  A  RP,  V.  L    To  ptay  trices  in  bargaining  ;  to  act  the 
»har|»r.  L' Estrange. 

8HAKP'f;D,  (sharirt,)  pp.     Made  keen. 

a,   .M:irkt-d  with  a  sharp  in  musical  composition. 

8HARP'-EUG-AD,  (-«jd,)  a.       Having  a  fine,   keen 
edgp, 

aHARP'EN,  f«harp'o,)t>.  ^  [Q.sthUrfmi  D.aeherpen; 
Sw.  gktirpa.\ 

1.  To  ma>e  sharp;  to  give  a  keen  edge  or  fine 
point  tu  a  thing;  to  edge;  to  point ;  ik9,  lo  sharpen  a 
knife,  an  ax,  or  Uie  teeth  of  a  saw;  to  sharpen  a 
■woro. 

AU  the  Urxeihe*  wt>nt  dnwn  to  the  Phitiatin«a  to  thorpen  rmy 
ttt*a  hi*  ahaR-  and  hi*  colter,  and  hia  ox  and  hia  uiuttock.  — 
1  Sam.  xui. 

2.  To  make  more  eager  or  active;  as,  to  sAarpen 
the  edge  of  industry.  Hooker. 

3.  To  make  more  pungent  and  painful.  The  abuse 
of  wenlth  and  greatness  may  hereafter  sharpen  the 
sting  of  conscience. 

4.  To  make  more  quick,  acute,  or  ingenious.  The 
W(t  or  the  intellect  is  sharpmrd  by  study. 

5.  To  render  perception  more  quick  or  acute. 

The  air  »harj>ef\eil  hi*  rianal  ray 

To  obJ'Cl*  diMant  far.  MUUtn. 

6.  To  render  more  keen  ;  to  make  more  eager  for 
ftXKl,  or  for  any  gratification  ;  ad,  to  sharpen  the 'ap- 
petite ;  to  sharpen  a  desire.  Shak.     Tilloison. 

7.  To  make  biting,  sarcastic,  or  severe. 

Sharpen  each  wonl.  Smitk. 

8.  To  render  less  flatter  more  slirill  or  piercing. 

In£lo«orea  not  only  preaTre  aound,  but  !ncre»ae  and  aharptn  it 


SHA 

9.  To  make  more  tart  or  acit^;  to  make  sour;  as, 
the  rays  of  the  sun  sharpen  vinegar. 

10.  To  make  more  distressing ;  as,  to  sharpen  grief 
or  other  evil. 

11.  In  mtmic,  to  raise  a  sound  by  means  of  a  sharp. 

Prof.  Fisher. 

SHARP'  EN,  V.  i.     To  grow  or  become  sharp.     Shak. 

SHARP'jEN-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Made  sharp  ;  edged  ;  point- 
ed ;  rendered  more  active,  acute,  keen,  Sec, 

SHARP'£.V-ING,  ppr.    See  the  verb. 

SHARP'ER,  n.  A  shrewd  man  in  making  bargains; 
a  tricking  fellow ;  a  cheat  in  bargaining  or  gaming. 

Sharpert,  aa  pikea,  prey  upon  their  own  kind.  L'E9trang4. 
SHARP'IN'G,  ppr.     Making  keen  or  acute. 

3.  Marking  with  a  sharp,  in  musical  composition. 
SHARP'LV,  adv.     With  a  keen  edge  or  a  fine  poinL 

2.  Severely  ;  rigorously  ;  roughly.     Tit.  i. 

They  are  lo  be  more  tharply  chasiiced  and  reformed  than  the  rude 
Irish.  Spenser. 

3.  Keenly  ;  acutely  ;  vigorously  ;  as  the  mind  and 
memory  sharply  e-xercised.  B.  Jonson* 

4.  Violently  ;  vehemently. 

At  the  arrival  of  the  Eii^ljah  embaMadors,  the  aoldiera  were 
tharply  aasailed  wllh  wanca.  Hayuard, 

5.  With  keen  perception  ;  exactly  ;  minutely. 

You  contract  your  rye  when  you  would  aee  eharpty.      Bacon. 

6.  Acutely;  wittily;  with  nice  discernment. 
SHARP'NESS,  71.     Keenness  of  an  edge  or  point;  as, 

the  sharpness  of  a  razor  or  a  dart. 

2.  Not  obtuseness.  TVotton. 

3.  Pungency ;  acidity ;  as,  the  sharpness  of  vin- 
egar. Watts. 

4.  Pungency  of  pain  ;  keenness  ;  severity  of  pain 
or  affliction  ;  as,  the  sharpness  of  pain,  grief,  or  an- 
guish. 

5.  Painfulness  ;  affljctivcness  ;  bs^  the  sharpness  of 
death  or  calamity. 

And  the  b^t  quarrel*  in  (he  heat  are  curst 

By  those  that  reel  tbuir  aharpnete.  Shak. 

6.  Severity  of  language;  pungency;  satirical  sar- 
casm ;  as,  the  sharpness  of  satire  or  reliuke. 

Some  did  all  fully  with  Just  tharprutt  blame.  Dryden. 

7.  Acuteness  of  intellect ;  the  power  of  nice  dis- 
cernment; quickness  of  understanding;  ingenuity; 
as,  sharpness  of  wit  ur  understanding. 

Dryden.    Addison. 

8.  Quickness  of  sense  or  perception  ;  as,  the  sharp- 
ness of  sight. 

9.  Keenness;  severity;  as,  the  sharpness  of  the 
air  or  weather. 

SHARP'-POINT-ED,  o.    Having  a  sharp  point. 

SHARP'-SET,  a.  [sharp  and  seL]  Eager  in  appetite; 
affected  by  keen  hunger ;  ravenous ;  as,  an  eagle  or 
a  lion  sharp-set,  Broten. 

2.  Eager  in  desire  of  gratification. 

The  town  1*  gharp-Btt  on  new  playa.  Pope. 

SHARP'-SHOOT'ER.  n.  [sharp  and  shooL]  One 
skilled  in  shr>oting  at  an  object  with  exactness;  one 
skilled  in  the  use  of  the  riffe. 

SHAUP'-SHOOT-ING,  n.  A  shooting  with  great  pre- 
cisioi   jnd  effecL 

SFiARP'-SIGHT'ED,  (-slt'ed,)fl.  [sharp  nnd  .tight] 
Having  quick  or  acute  sight ;  as,  a  sharp-sighted  ea- 
gle or  hawk. 

2.  Having  quick  discernment  or  acute  understand- 
ing ;  as,  a  sharp-sighted  opponent ;  sharp-sighted  lodg- 
ment. 

SHARP'-SIGHT'EO-NESS,  (-sit'ed-,)  n.  The  state 
of  having  acute  sight, 

SHARP'-Vt?.AG-f:l),  o.  [sharp  and  visage.]  Having 
a  sharp  or  thin  face.  Hale. 

SHARP'-WIT-TED,  a.  Having  an  acute  or  nicely 
discerning  mind.  IfoUon. 

SHAS'TER,  (  n.     Among  lAe  Hindoos,  a  law  or  insti- 

8U.\S'TRA,  I  tutes  ;  applied  panicularly  lo  a  book 
containing  the  insiitutfs  of  their  religion,  considered 
of  divine  authority.  The  term  is  applied,  in  a  icider 
tense,  to  treatises  containing  the  laws  or  institutes  of 
tlie  various  arts  and  sciences,  as  rhetoric. 

Wdson*s  Sanscrit  Diet. 
[Sa»t«*  is  the  original  word.] 

SHAT'TER,  V.  t.  [U.  schatfren,  to  crack,  to  make  a 
great  noise.  This  word  seems  to  be  allied  to  scatter 
and  to  .tcotA,  waste.  The  sense  is,  to  force  or  drive 
apart.] 

1.  To  break  at  onre  Into  many  pieces  ;  to  dash, 
hurst,  rend,  or  part  by  violence  into  fragments  ;  as, 
explosion  shatters  a  rock  or  a  bomb  ;  lightning  shat^ 
ters  the  sturdy  oak  ;  steam  shatters  a  boiler  i  a  mon- 
archy is  shattered  by  revolt.  Locke. 

2.  To  rend  ;  to  crack  ;  to  split ;  to  rive  into  splin- 
ters. 

3.  To  dissipate;  to  make  incapable  of  close  and 
continued  application  ;  as,  a  man  of  shattered  humor. 

J^iyrris. 

4.  To  disorder;  to  defangc ;  to  render  delirious; 
as,  to  shatter  the  brain.  The  man  Kcem.-j  to  be  shat- 
tered in  his  intellect. 

SHAT'TER,  r.  i.  To  be  broken  into  fragments;  to 
fall  or  crumble  to  pieces  by  any  force  applied. 

Some  ehatw  aud  fly  in  many  plnca.  Boom. 


SHE 

SKAT'TER-BRAIN-ED,  >  a.      [shaUer  and   brain  or 

SHAT'TER-PAT-KD,       J    ;?o/e.]  Disordered  or  wan- 
dering in  intellect. 
2.  Heedless;  wild;  not  consistent.       Goodman. 

SHAT'TKR-£I>, /»/).  or  a.  Broken  or  dashed  to  pieces; 
rent  ;  disordered. 

SHAT'TKR-ING,  ppr  Dashing  or  breaking  to  pieces  ; 
rending;  disordtring. 

SHAT'TERS,  n.  pi.  [I  believe  used  only  in  the  plu- 
ral.] The  fragments  of  any  thing  forcibly  rent  or 
broken  ;  used  chietly  or  solely  in  the  phrases,  to 
break  or  rend  into  shatters.  Stcift. 

SHAT'TER-Y,  a.  Brittle  ;  easily  falling  into  many 
pieces ;  not  compact ;  loose  of  texture  ;  as,  shattery 
spar.  Woodward. 

SHAVE, c.  (.;  pret^  Skated  ;  pp^  Shaved  or  Shavb!*. 
[Sax.  sceafan^  scafan  ;  D.  schaaven  ;  G.  schaben  {  Dan. 
skaver ;  Sw.  skafca.] 

1.  To  cut  or  pare  oflT  something  from  the  surface  of 
a  body  by  a  razor  or  other  edged  instrument,  by  rub- 
bing, scraping,  ur  drawing  the  instrument  along  the 
surface ;  as,  tu  shave  the  chin  and  cheeks ;  to  shave 
the  head  of  its  hair. 

He  shall  ihatie  hia  head  in  the  day  of  hia  cleaiuiiif .  —  Num.  ti. 

2.  To  shave  off;  to  cut  ofl'. 

Neither  ahall  ihey  thave  <i^lhe  comer  of  their  beard.  —  l^r.  xxi. 

3.  To  pare  close. 

The  bi-niling  Bcytlie 
Shat>es  all  the  auifatx  of  the  waving  green.  Gay. 

4.  To  cut  off"  thin  slices  ;  or  to  cut  in  thin  slices. 

Bacon. 

5.  To  skim  along  the  surface  or  near  it ;  to  sweep 
along. 

He  ihavee  with  lerel  win;  the  deep.  MUton, 

6.  To  strip  ;  to  oppress  by  extortion  ;  to  fleece. 

7.  To  make  smooth  by  paring  or  cutting ofiT slices; 
as,  to  shave  hoops  or  staves. 

7>)  shave  a  note ;  to  piirciiase  it  at  a  great  discount, 
or  to  take  interest  upon  it  much  beyond  the  legal 
rate.     [Ji  Iojd  phrase.) 

SHAVE,  n.  [Sw.  skaf;  G.  schabe;  Sax.  scqfa^  sceafai 
D.  schaafy  a  plane.] 

An  instrument  with  a  long  blade  and  a  handle  at 
each  end  for  shaving  huops,  &.c. ;  called  also  a  Draw- 
ing Knife. 

SHA  V'£D,  pp.  Pared  ;  made  smooth  with  a  razor  or 
other  cutting  instrument ;  fleeced, 

SHAVE'-GRASS,».  A  plant  of  the  genus  Equisetum  j 
the  Dutch  rush  or  scouring  rush.  Booth. 

SHAVE' LING,  n.  A  man  shaved  ;  a  friar  or  religious; 
in  contempt.  Spenser. 

SHAVER,  n.  One  that  shaves,  or  whose  occupation 
is  to  shave. 

2.  One  that  is  close  in  bargains,  or  a  sharp  dealer. 

Thia  Lewis  ia  a  cunning  aAavtr.  Sw^/t. 

3.  One  that  fleeces  ;  a  pillager  ;  a  plunderer. 


SHAVER,  n.     [Gipsy,  tsekabe,  or   tsekatooj  a  boy ; 
achawo  or  tsekawo^  a  son  ;  Ar.  i_rL^  a  youth,  from 


M  shahha^  to  grow  up,  to  excite.] 
A  boy  or  young  man.  Halliwell. 

[This  word  is  still  in  common  use  in  New  England.] 
SHAVING,  ppr.    Paring  the  surface  with  a  razor  or 
other  sharp  instrument;  making  smooth  by  paring; 
fleecing. 
SHAVING,  n.    The  act  of  paring  the  surface. 

2.  A  tliin  slice  pared  oft*  with  a  shave,  a  knife,  a 
plane,  or  other  cutting  instrument.  Mortimer. 

SHAW,  n.      rSax.  scua,  seuwa;   Sw.   skugga;    Dan. 
skoce,  a  thicket,  and  sky^ge,  a  shade.] 

A  thicket ;  a  small  wood  or  grove.         HallitoelL 
[Local  in  England.     In  America  not  used.] 
SHA  W'-FOWL,  71.     [show  and  fowt.]    The  represen- 
tation or  image  of  a  fowl  made  by  fowlers  to  shoot  at. 

Johnson, 
SHAWL,  rt.  A  cloth  of  wool,  cotton,  silk,  or  hair, 
used  by  females  as  a  bmse  covering  for  the  neck  and 
shoulders.  Shawls  are  of  various  sizes,  from  that  of 
a  liandkerchief  lo  that  of  a  counterpane.  Phawls 
were  originally  manufactured  in  the  heart  of  India 
from  the  soft,  wuolly,  inner  hair  of  a  variety  of  the 
common  goat  reared  in  Thibet,  and  the  best  shawls 
now  come  from  Cashmere  ;  but  they  are  also  manu- 
factured in  Europe.  The  largest  kinds  are  used  in 
train  dresses  and  for  long  scarfs. 

Encye.    Mc  CuUoch. 
SHAWM,  n.     [O.  schahncif,  from  schaRm,  to  sotmd.] 
"a  wind   instrument  of  music,  having  much  the 
form  of  the  clarionet ;  now  superseded  by  the  haut- 
boy and  bassoon  ;  written  also  Shalu. 

Com.  Prayer.  Fosbroke, 
SflE,  pronoun  personal^  of  the  feminine  gender,  [Sax. 
seo  ;  Goth.  51 ;  D.  zp  ;  G.sie.  The  Danes  and  Swedes 
use  fur  he  and  Mf.'the  word  from  which  the  English 
has  A«/i ;  Dan.  Aan,  he,  the  male;  kun,  she,  the  fe- 
male ;  kane,  a  cock ;  Sw.  han^  he  ;  kanne*  a  cock  ; 


TONE,  BULL,  tiNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  O  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  8H ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


1019 


SHE 


SHE 


A#R,  k»BU0s^  h*»mey  she.  This  Is  the  root  of  Henry.  I 
Sh«  Is  perluip«  ibe  Heb.  nVM,  a  woman  or  wife.  In 
the  Saxim,  mo  is  used  as  an  ndjecttvu^  and  tnny  be 
rendered  (JU  or  «.  It  is  also  used  as  a  ixlutive, 
an^wenog  to  «*»,  L.  nm.  It  is  aL^o  used  for  he 
and  cAot.  Id  English,  M«  has  no  variation,  and  is 
used  only  in  the  nominative  case.  In*  the  oblique 
cases,  we  use  hers  and  her,  a  distinct  word.] 

I.  A  pronoun  which  is  the  substitute  for  the  name 
of  a  fenjale,  and  of  the  feminine  Kinder  j  the  word 
which  refers  to  a  female  mentioned  in  the  preceding 
or  following  part  of  a  sentence  or  discourse. 

ITwi  Sarah  dented,  njoig,  I  Uujhed  oot ;  (at  »kt  VM  »ItM. 
,         —  0«tt.  «"». 

3.  Ske  Is  sometimes  used  as  a  noun  for  womm  or 
female^  and  in  the  j>lural ;  but  in  contempt  or  in 
ludicrous  (anguage. 

LadT,  you  *ro  One  cruvllnt  «A«  *&n.  ShaJt. 

The  M««  of  lul;  stuU  unt  bctnj 

Mr  iuleKM.  SSak. 

3.  SkM  is  uaed  also  in  composition  for  female,  rep- 
rpsenting  sex  ;  as,  a  ^A^bear ;  a  s*«-cat. 

8He.\D'ING,  a.  [G.  sduidtn.  Sax.  temdaJt,  (o  di- 
vide.] 

In  the  hie  ^  Man^  riding,  a  tithing,  or  division, 
in  which  there  is  a  coroner,  or  chief  constable. 
The  isle  is  divided  into  six  shemdin^s,         Encfc 

SHEAF,  (sbeef,)  «, ;  pL  Sheaves.  [Sax.  *e*^,-  D. 
sekthff.  U  appears  lo  be  connected  with  t^  D. 
Khmwemij  seA(N{/',  to  shove.  Sax.  srufan.  The  Benae 
then  is,  a  mass  rr  collection  driven  or  pressed  to- 
gether. But  the  VV*eUh  has  ^sguhf  a  «Jke^  an  J  a 
besom,  whence  ^ig^ubaw,  to  sweep,  I^  «eopa,  »eopo, 
and  said  to  be  from  chA,  what  is  put  together,  a 
euhe.  If  these  are  of  one  family,  as  I  suspect,  the 
root  la  in  Class  Gb,  and  the  sense,  to  collect  or  press 
together.] 

I.  A  quantity  of  the  stalks  of  wheat,  rye,  oats,  or 
barley  t>ound  together;  a  bundle  of  stalks  or  straw. 

Tb^  iviprr  (ill*  tm  i^md^  luuid*. 

And  biu>b  the  goldrn  aluams  ia  brittle  buMti.  Drydtn. 

%  Any  bundle  or  collection  ;  as,  a  «Aeq/'of  arrowa. 

3.  Tn  mechanics.    See  Sheave. 
SH&AF,  c.  t.    To  collect  and  bind  :  to  make  sbesTea. 

Shak, 
SHRAF'Y,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  stwaft 
8HP.AU     See  Smecli^o.  [0«»> 

BIir.AL,  to  shfii,  is  not  U-<ed.  Simlu 

SHIKAR, r.L  ;  prU.  Sheabed  :  pp.  SnEAasD  orSHoaH. 
The  old  preL  Shore  is  entirely  obM>let&  [Saz. 
scearAMy  seifntm,  sciran,  to  shear,  to  divide,  wbence 
share  and  shire ;  G.  xcAfrni,  to  shear,  or  sfaare,  and 
to  vex,  to  rail,  to  jeer ;  sehier  rftcA  «<c/,get  yoa  gone  ; 
schier  dich  mms  4em  weft,  voove  out  of  tbe  way  ;  D. 
sdkMmtf  to  sbave,  shear,  banter,  Mretcb,  warp ;  de 
ftk  acAMrcK,  to  play  the  fool ;  ttg  we/  acheervi,  lo 
shemr  ^t  Inn.  jakier«p,  lo  cat,  carve,  law,  bew  ; 
afettfts,  a  je«t,  jeer,  banter ;  skterUer^  lo  sport,  mock, 
Jeeri  Snk  skuira^  to  reap,  lo  mow,  to  cut  off,  to 
cleanse,  lo  rinse  ;  Sans,  sehamn  or  chaura^  to  shave ; 
W.  y^'^or,  a  part,  a  share ;  yjyariaie,  to  separate. 
The  Greek  has  ^t'o^ic',  to  shave,  and  «tip(t>,to  shave. 
shear,  cut  off,  or  lay  waste.  The  primary  senw  Is,  to 
aepnrate  or  force  otf  in  general ;  hut  a  prominent 
significntion  b,  to  separate  by  nibbing,  as  in  aeour- 
ingt  or  as  in  shavin^y  cutting  close  to  the  sarface. 
Hence  the  sense  of  jeering,  as  we  say,  to  give  one 
the  rub.     See  Scois,  and  Class  Gr,  No.  5,  8.] 

1.  To  cut  or  clip  something  from  the  surface  with 
an  instniment  of  two  blades ;  to  separate  any  thing 
from  the  surface  by  shears,  scissors,  or  a  like  instru- 
ment ;  as,  to  shear  sheep ;  to  shear  cloth.  It  is  ap- 
propriately used  for  the  cutting  of  wool  from  shet-p 
or  their  skins,  and  for  clipping  the  nap  from  cloth, 
but  may  be  applied  to  other  things;  as,  a  horse 
shears  Ihe  ground  in  feeding  much  closer  than 
an  ox. 

2.  To  separate  by  shears  ;  a^,  to  shear  a  fleece. 

3.  To  reap.     [.Vo(  m  «we.]     [ScoUtsh.^       Qtnter. 
SHS AR,  r.  i.    To  deviate.    [See  Sheer.] 
8HeAR'BILL,n.     [shear atiA  hill.]     A  water-fowl,  the 

black-skimmer  or  cut-water  (Rhyncopis  nisra)  of 
the  Antilles.  Eneye. 

SHCARD,  (sherd,)  a.  A  shard  or  fragment  [See 
Bh^rd.] 

SHeAR'CD,  pp.    Oipped  ;  deprived  of  woo!,  hair,  as 


nap,  by  means  of  shea 
SHSAR^ER,  n.    One   tl 


that  shears ;   as,  a  shearer  of 
sheep.  MUton. 

SRgAR'ING,  ppr.  Clipping;  deprivlngof  wool,  hair, 
or  nap,  bv  means  of  shears. 

SH&AR'ING,  n.    The  act  of  shearing. 

8H£AR'LIXG,  m.  A  sheep  that  has  been  but  once 
sheared. 

SH^.VR'MAN,  M.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  shear 
cloth. 

SHEARS,  (sheerz,)  n.  pL  [from  the  verb.]  An  In- 
strument consisting  of  two  blades  with  a  bevel  edge, 
movable  on  a  pin,  used  for  cutting  cloth  and  other 
substances.  Shears  differ  from  scissors  chiefly  in 
being  larger. 

Fste  urgvd  tbe  «ft«ar*,  aod  cut  tbe  a^lph  ia  tvftln.  Pop€, 


The  shears  used  by  farriers,  sheep-shearers,  &c.,  ! 
are  made  of  a  single  piece  of  steel,  bent  rtnmd  until 
the  blades  meet,  which  open  of  themselves,  by  the 
elasticity  of  the  metal. 

a.  Wings.     [JVuC  ia  iwe.]  Spm»er. 

3.  An  engine  fur  raising  heavy  weights.  [See 
Sheers.] 

4.  The  denomination  of  the  age  of  sheep  from  the 
cutting  of  the  teeth  ;  as,  sheep  of  one  shear,  two 
shear,  &.C.     [Loeat.)  Mortimer. 

SHEAR'-STEEL,  n.  Steel  prepared  by  a  peculiar 
process  for  making  clothiers'  shears,  scythes,  &c. 

fVancis. 

SHEAR'WA-TER,  n.  A  web-footed  water-fowl  of  the 
genus  Ryncops,  also  called  Cut-w*ter  and  Bl*ck- 
iKtuMEB.  It  takes  its  food  by  skimming  along  the 
surface  of  the  water  with  its  sharp  and  thin  lower 
mandible  plunged  beneath  the  water.         P.  Cue. 

2.  .\  name  of  certain  web-footed  sea-fowls  of  the 
genus  Putfinus,  (Procellaria,  Linn.,)  allied  to  the 
petrels  ;  also  called  Puffins.  P.  Cyc. 

SHkAT.     See  Sheet. 

SU£AT'-FISH,  n.     [G.  seheide,  Cuvier.] 

A  fish,  a  species  of  Silurus,  having  a  long,  blimy 
body,  destitute  of  scales,  and  the  back  dusky,  like 
that  of  the  eel.     It  is  the  largest  fresh-water  hsb  of 
Europe,  being  sometimes  six  teet  or  more  in  length. 
Jardine's  JVaL  Lib.     P.  Cyc 

SHEATH,  a.  [Sax.  sceath,  scathe;  G.  seheide;  D. 
scheede ;  from  separating,  G.  5cAhden,  D.  scheienj  Sax. 
scoK^n.    See  Shade.] 

1.  A  case  for  the  reception  of  a  sword  or  other 
long  and  slender  instrument ;  a  scabbard.  A  sheath 
is  that  which  separate?,  and  hence  a  defense. 

2.  In  botany,  a  membrane  investing  a  stem  or 
branch,  as  in  grasses.  Martyn. 

3.  Any  thin  covering  for  defense ;  the  wing-case 
of  an  insect. 

8HE.ATHB,  p.  L    To  put  into  a  case  or  scabbard  ;  as, 
to  she^^he  a  sword  or  dagger. 
3.  To  inclose  or  cover  with  a  sheath  or  case. 

Tte  leopaid  — Verna  the  cUiwi  of  his  torv  ti^ci  turned  up  Trorn  the 

rrounH,  and  $}t»aAed  in  th»  akin  oT  hit  ton.  Or€». 

Til  In  mjr  breast  aho  aKeaViM  her  dAgger  now.  DtyUn. 

3.  To  cover  or  line ;  as,  to  sheathe  the  bowels  with 
demulcent  or  mucilaginous  substances. 

4.  To  obtund  or  blunt,  as  acrimonious  or  sharp 
particles.  j9rbuthnoL 

5.  To  fit  with  a  sheath.  Shak. 

6.  To  case  or  cover  with  boards  or  with  sheets  of 
copfier ;  as,  to  sheathe  a  ship,  to  preserve  it  from  the 
worms. 

To  sht^Uhe  the  su>ord;  a  figurative  phrase  ;  to  put 
an  end  to  war  or  enmity  ;  to  make  pi^ace.  It  corre- 
S|>onds  to  the  Indian  phrase,  to  bury  the  hatcheu 

SHUATH'£D,  pp.  Put  in  a  sheath  ;  inclosed  or  cov- 
ered with  a  case;  covered;  lined;  invested  with  a 
membrane. 

Q.  a.  In  botany,  \*aginate  ;  invested  by  a  sheath  or 
cylindrical,  membranaceous  tube,  which  is  the  base 
of  the  leaf,  as  the  stalk  or  culm  in  grasses.  Martyn, 

8Hi?ATH'ER,  »i.     One  that  sheathes. 

SHEATH'ING,  ppr.  Putting  in  a  sheath  ;  inclosing 
in  a  case ;  covering  ;  lining  ;  investing  with  a  mem- 
brane. 

SHEATH'ING,  n.  The  casing  or  covering  of  a  ship's 
bottom  and  sides ;  or  the  materials  for  such  cov- 
ering. 

SIIeATH'LESS,  a.  Without  a  sheath  or  case  for 
covering;  unsheathed.  Perey^s  Masque. 

SnE.ATH'WING-£D,  a.  [sheath  and  icing.]  Having 
cases  for  covering  the  wings  ;  as,  a  sheath-winged 
insect.  Brown. 

SIIeATH'Y,  a.    Forming  a  sheath  or  case.    Brown. 

SHEAVE,  n.  [In  D.mA^ is  a  slice,  a  truckle,  a  quoit, 
a  fillet,  a  draughtsman,  a  pane.  In  G.  scheJbe  is  a 
mark,  a  pane,  a  wheel,  the  knee-pan,  a  slice.] 

In  seamea^s  language,  a  wheel  in  a  blocK,  rail, 
mast,  yard,  ic,  on  which  the  rope  works.  It  is 
made  of  hard  wood  or  of  metal.  Totten. 

SHEAVE,  F.  L  To  bring  together;  to  collect.  [J^ot 
in  u-ie.]  AshmoU. 

SHeAV'ED,  o.     Made  of  straw.     [JVot  in  use.) 

Shak. 

SHE.AVE'-H6LE,  b.  a  channel  cut  in  a  mast,  yard, 
or  other  timber,  in  which  to  fix  a  sheave. 

Mar.  Diet. 

SnE-eHI'NAH.    See  Sheki;tah. 

SHECK'LA-TON,  a.     [Fr.  eiclaion.     Chalmers.] 

A  kind  of  gilt  leather.     [JVo(  in  useA       Spenser, 

SHED,  V.  t. ;  preL  and  pp.  Shed.  (Sax.  scedan,  to 
pour  out.  If  s  is  a  prefix,  this  word  coincides  in  ele- 
ments with  D.  gieten,  lo  pour,  to  cast,  G.  giejsen, 
Eng.  gii.^h.  It  coincides,  also,  in  elements  with 
shooL     See  the  noun.] 

I.  To  cause  or  suffer  to  flow  out ;  aa,  to  shed 
tears  ;  to  shed  blood.  The  sun  sheds  light  on  the 
earth  ;  the  stars  shed  a  more  feeble  tight. 

Thi«  li  my  Uood  of  the  New  T^iamenl,  wtucb  i«  ihed  for  many 
tur  tbe  remiuion  of  linm.  —  MdtL  xxri. 

2l  To  let  fall ;  to  cast ;  as,  the  trees  shed  their 
leaves  in  autumn ;  fowls  shed  their  feathers ;  and 
serpents  shed  their  skin. 


SHE 

3.  To  scatter ;  to  emit ;  to  throw  oflT;  to  diffuse  ; 
as,  flowers  nhed  their  sweets  or  fru(trance. 

[The  peculiar  sense  of  this  word  is,  to  ca.'^t  off 
something  that  belongs  to  the  body,  either  a  sub- 
stance or  a  tpiality.  Applied  to  animals  and  plimts, 
it  expresses  a  periodical  casting  off  of  a  nuturul  cov- 
ering.] 
SUED,  r.  i.    To  lei  fall  its  parte. 

While  oati  an  api  to  thed  most  u  th«7  lie,  and  btnck  at  Ihey 
iLind.  Af ortifMr. 

SHED,  n.  [Sax.  sced^  a  shade  ;  8w  skydd,n  defense  ; 
skydda,  to  protect,  lo  defend,  or  shelter  ;  Van.  skytter, 
id. ;  skytter,  a  shooter ;  Kkytjt,  a  defense  ;  skyt,  a  gun  ; 
gkydrr,  U\  shotit ;  G.  schiHien,  to  defend;  «cAWIie,  a 
shoMter ;  D.  schutten,  lo  defend,  to  parry,  or  stop; 
schutter,  a  shooter.  It  appears  that  shed,  the  noun 
and  verb,  and  ahoot,  are  from  one  source,  and  shade, 
scud,  scath,  and  several  other  words,  when  traced, 
all  terminate  in  the  same  radical  sense,  to  ihrust, 
rush,  or  drive.] 

1.  A  slight  building  j  a  covering  of  timber  and 
boards,  &c.,  for  shelter  against  rain  and  the  inclem- 
encies of  weather ;  a  poor  house  or  hovel ;  as,  a 
horse-Merf. 


The  finl  Al<"tf»bom  in  lowly  ghtrt. 
Shtd4  uf  rerdi  which  snminrr'a  heat  mpel. 


FHir/ai. 
Satidy: 


S.  In  compositioHt  effusion  ;  as  tn  blood-5A«d.    [See 

the  verb.  ] 
SHED,  V.  t.    To  keep  off;  lo  prevent  from  entering  ; 

as  a  hut,  umbrella,  or  garment  that  sheds  rain. 
SHED'DER,  ».     One  that  sheds  or  causes  to  flow  out; 

as,  a  shedder  of  blood. 
SHED'DLNG,  ppr.     Effusing;    causing  to   flow  out; 

letting  fall;   casting r^>r«wing  off;    sending  out; 

diffusing;  keeping  otT. 
SHED'DING,  M.     That  which  is  cast  off. 

2.  The  act  of  casting  off  or  out. 
SHEKI/ING,  n.     See  Shieliwo. 
SHEEN,      )  a.    [Sax.  scene,  swn,  brlghL    This  is  the 
SIIEEN'Y,  \      old  orthography  of  shincj  which  see.] 
Bright  i  glittering  ;  showy. 


Up  roae  each  warrior  bold  and  brave, 
GuKtcuing  iu  (iled  Stec'  and  aniiur  aheen. 


F\ur/ax. 


[  litis  word  is  used  only  in  poetJ-y,] 
SHEEN,  n.     Brightness;  splendor.  Milton. 

SHEEP,  n.  sing,  and  pi.  [Sax.  sceap,  seep ;  G.schaf; 
D.  schaap  ;  Bohemian,  skope,  a  wether.] 

1.  An  animal  of  the  genus  Ovis,  which  is  among 
the  most  useful  species  that  the  Creator  has  bestowed 
on  man,  as  its  wool  constitutes  a  principal  material 
of  warm  clothing,  and  its  flesh  is  a  great  article  of 
food.  The-slieep  is  remarkable  for  its  harmless  tem- 
per and  its  timidity.    The  varieties  are  numerous. 

2.  In  contempt,  a  silly  fellow.  Atnsworth. 

3.  Figuratively,  God's  people  are  called  sheep,  as 
being  under  the  government  and  protection  ol  Christ, 
the  great  Shepherd.    John  x. 

SHEEP'-BITE,  V.  (.  [sheep  and  bite.]  To  practice 
petty  thefts.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Shak. 

SHEEP'-BIT-ER,  n.  One  who  practices  petty  thefts. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

SHEEP'COT,  n.  [sheqt  and  cot.]  A  smalt  inrlosure 
for  sheep ;  a  pen.  Milton. 

SHEEP'FOLD,  7u  [sheep  and  fold.]  A  place  where 
sheep  are  collected  or  confined.  Prior. 

SHEEP'HQQK,  n.  [sheep  anil  hook.]  A  hook  fast- 
ened to  a  pole,  by  which  shepherds  lay  hold  on  the 
legs  of  their  sheep.  Bacon.     Drydeiu 

SHEEP'ISH,  a.     Like   a  sheep;    bai^hful  ;   timorous 
to  excess  ;  over-modest ;  meanly  diffident.     Locke. 
2.  Pertaining  to  sheep. 

SHEEP'ISH-LY,adp.  Bashfully;  with  mean  timidity 
or  diffidence. 

SHEEP'ISH-XESS,  n.  Bashfulness  ;  excessive  mod- 
esty or  diffidence  ;  mean  timorousness.        Herbert, 

SHEEP'-MAR-KET,  n.  A  place  where  sheep  are 
sold. 

SHEEP'-MXS-TER,n.  [sheep  and  master.]  A  feeder 
of  xheep  ;  one  that  has  the  care  of  sheep. 

SHEEP'S'-EYE,  (-1,)  n.  [ahcrp  and  nje.\  A  modest, 
diflident  look,  such  as  lovers  cast  at  their  mistresses. 

Dryden. 

SHEEP'-SHANK,  n.  [sheep  and  shank.]  Among 
seamen,  a  peculiar  kintf  of  knot  in  a  n>pe,  made  to 
shorten  it  temporarily.  Totten. 

SHEEP'S'-HEAD,  (-hed.)  n.  [.sheep  and  head.]  A 
fish  caught  on  the  shores  of  Connecticut  and  tif 
Long  Island,  so  called  from  the  resemblance  of  its 
head  to  that  of  a  sheep.  It  is  the  Sargns  Ovis  of 
Mitchell,  and  is  allied  to  the  Gilt-head  and  Sea- 
bream.     It  is  esteemed  delicious  food. 

SHEEP'-SHeAR-ER,  tu  [sheep  and  shear.]  One 
that  shears  or  cuts  off  the  wool  from  sheep.  Qen. 
xxxviri. 

SHEEP'-SIIeAR-ING,?!.    The  act  of  shearing  sheep. 
2.  The  time  of  shearing  sheep  ;  also,  a  feast  made 
on  that  occa-sion.  Souih. 

SHEEP'-SKIN,  n.  The  skin  of  a  slieep  ;  or  leather 
prepared  from  it. 

SHEEP'S'-SOR'REL,  n.  An  herh,Rumex  AcetoaeUa, 

growing  naturally  on  poor,  dry,  gravelly  soil. 
I  Loudon. 


FaTE,  far,  fall,  VVH.^T MeTE,  PRfiY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  Bi^QK.— 


SHE 

SHEEP'STEAL-ER,  n.  [sheep  and  steal]  One  that 
stenli'  sheep. 

SHEEP'STEAL-ING,  n.    The  act  of  stealing  sheep. 

SHEEP'-WALK,(-wawk,)Ti.  [sheqt  nnd  walk.]  Pas- 
ture for  sheep  ;  a  place  where  sheep  feed.    MMon, 

SHEER,  a.  [Sax.  5cir,  scyn  G.  schicr;  Dan.  skier; 
Sans,  chanty  tscharu:  from  the  rout  of  skear^  to  sepa* 
rate  ;  whence  sheer  is  clear,  pure.  It  might  be  de- 
duced from  the  Shemitic  ^ht,  to  be  clear  j   Eth. 

O^r ,  to  be  clean  or  pure.    But  the  Danish  and 
Saxon  orthography  coincides  with  that  of  shcar.j 

1.  Pure;  clear;  separate  from  anything  foreign; 
unmingted ;  as,  sheer  ale.  But  this  application  is  un- 
usual. Shak. 

We  say,  sheer  argument,  sheer  wit,  sheer  false- 
hood, Slc 
9,  Clear;  thin  ;  as,  sheer  muslin. 
SHEER,  adv.     Clean  ;  quite  ;  at  once.    [06s.]    Milton. 
SHEER,  r.  L     To  shear.     [JVot  in  use.]  Dryden. 

SHEER,  r.  t.  [See  Shear,  the  sense  of  which  is,  to 
separate.] 

1.  In  seameTi*s  hm^uage^  to  decline  or  deviate  from 
the  line  of  the  proper  course,  as  a  ship  when  not 
steered  with  steadiness.  Mar.  Diet, 

2.  To  slip  or  move  aside. 

To  sheer  off;  to  turn  or  move  aside  to  a  distance. 
7*1?  sheer  up;  to  turn  and  approach  to  a  place  or 
ship. 
SHEER,  n.   The  longitudinal  curve  or  bend  of  a  ship's 
deck  or  sides. 

2.  The  position  in  which  a  ship  is  sometimes  kept 
at  single  anchor,  to  keep  her  clear  of  it. 

To  break  sheer ;  to  deviate  from  that  position,  and 

risk  fouline  the  anchor.  Mar.  Diet. 

SHEER'-HULK,  «.     An  old  ship  of  war  cut  down  to 

the  lower  deck,  and  fitted  with  sheers  or  ap(Kiratus 

to  fix  or  take  out  the  masts  of  other  ships.     Tottm. 

SHKER'LY,  adc.     At  once ;  quite ;  absolutely.    [  Obs.] 

Beanm.  Sf  Fl. 
SHEERS,  n.  pi.     An  engine  consisting  of  two  or  more 
pieces  of  timber  or  poles,  fastened  together  near  the 
lop;  used  for  raising  heavy  weights,  particularly  for 
hoisting  the  lower  matOS  of  ships.  HeberU 

SHEET,  n.  [Sax.  sceat^  sceta,  scyta;  h.  sckeda;  Gr. 
axc6n.  The  Saxon  seeat  signifies,  a  garment,  a  cloth, 
towel,  or  napkin  ;  seeta  is  rendered  a  sheet,  and  the 
Greek  and  Liatin  words  signify  a  table  or  plate  for 
writing  on  ;  from  the  root  of  Sax.  sceadan,  to  sepa- 
rate, I*,  seindo,  Gr-  (T\(^w.] 

1.  A  broad  piece  of  cloth  used  as  a  part  of  bed-fur- 
niture, next  to  the  body. 

2.  A  broad  piece  oi  paper,  as  it  comes  from  the 
manufacturer.  Sheets  of  paper  are  of  different  sizes, 
as  royal,  dcmi,  foolscap,  pot,  and  post-pnper. 

3.  A  piece  of  paper,  primed,  folded,  and  hound,  or 
formed  into  a  book  in  blank,  and  making  four,  eight, 
sixteen,  or  twenty-four  pages,  &c. 

4.  Any  thing  expanded  ;  as,  a  sheet  of  water  or  of 
fire  ;  a  sheet  of  copper,  lead,  or  Iron. 

5.  SheetSy  pL  ;  a  book  or  pamphlet.  The  following 
/keets  contam  a  full  answer  to  my  opponent. 

6.  A  sail. 

SHEET,  n.  [Fr.  ecoute  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  escota  ;  It.  teotte. 
This  word  seems  to  be  connected  with  scot  or  shot ; 
Sp.  escotar,  to  cut  out  clothes,  to  pay  one's  scot  or 
share  of  taxes,  and,  in  nautical  language,  to  free  a 
ship  of  water  by  pumping.  The  word  is  probably 
from  that  root,  or  from  shoot.] 

In  nautical  lan^tage^  a  mpe  fastened  to  one  or  both 
the  lower  corners  of  a  sail,  to  extend  and  retain  it  In 
a  particular  situation.  When  a  ship  saiU  with  a  side- 
wind, the  lower  corners  of  the  main  and  fure-sails 
are  fastened  with  a  tack  and  a  sheet. 

Mar.  D'uL     ToUen. 

SHEET,  V.  t.    To  furnish  with  sheets.     [Little  used.] 

2.  To  fold  in  a  sheet.     [Littie  used.]  Shak. 

3.  To  cover  as  with  a  sheet  j  to  cover  with  some- 
thing broad  and  thin. 

Whrn  mow  th«  pniture  aheeti.  Sffiak. 

To  sheet  httmf,  is  to  haul  home  a  sheet,  or  extend 
thp  sail  till  the  clew  is  close  to  the  sheet  block. 

SHKE'l''-AN€n-OR,  n.    The  largest  anchor  of  a  ship, 
which  in  stress  of  weather  is  snmetiines  the  seaman's 
Inst  refuge  to  prevent  the  ship  from  going  ashore. 
Hence, 
2.  The  chief  support ;  the  last  nfuge  for  safety. 

SHFET'-eOP  PER,  n-    Copper  in  broad,  thin  plates. 

SIIKET'I.NG,  n.     Cloth  for  sheets. 

SHEET'-I-RO.N,  (I-urn,)  tu  Iron  in  sheets,  or  broad, 
thin  plates. 

SHF.ET'-LEAD,  (-led,)  tu     I^bA  in  sheef*. 

SHKIK,  (sheek  ot- ith^ke.  1'he  latt«-r  is  more  nearly 
the  pronunciation  of  Arabic  !>cholars.)  n.  Among 
the  Arabians  and  Mo'irs,  an  old  man  ;  henee,  a  chief, 
a  lord,  a  man  of  eminence.     Al<u  written  Sheikh. 

SHEK'fX,  (shek'I,)  n.  [Hob.  hpv,  to  weigh;  Ch. 
Syr.  Ar.  and  Eth.  id. ;  Eth.,  to  apfN-nd  or  suspend  ; 
Low  iu  sicliLt ;  Fr.  stele.  Fnmt  this  root  we  have 
ahdling.  Payments  were  originally  made  by  weight, 
as  they  still  are  in  some  countries.     See  Poutto.] 

An  ancient  weight  and  coin  among  the  Jew.t,  and 
other  nations  of  the  same  stock,  equal  to  twenty  gc- 


SHE 

raha.  Dr.  Arbuthnot  makes  the  weight  to  have  been 
equal  to  9  pennyweights,  2  4-7  grains,  Troy  weight, 
or  about  half  an  ounce,  avoirdupois  j  and  tlie  value 
2s.  3  3-8d.  sterling,  or  about  half  a  dollar.  Later 
writers  make  its  value  nearly  2a.  1\A.  sterling,  or 
about  60  cents.  Kitcye.     P.  Cyc.     Jfiner. 

SHE-KI'NAH,  n.  In  Jeioiah  history,  that  miraculous 
light  or  visible  glory  which  was  a  symbol  of  the  di- 
vine presence.  Encyc.  ^m. 

SHELD'A-FLE,  (a-fl,)  (  *    -    -.„„.       i  i,-  «- 

SHELD'A-PLE,  {Va-pi;)  i  "•    A  chaffinch.    Johnson, 
This  word  is  also  written  Sheix-Apple. 

Ed.  Encyc 

SHEL'DRaKE,  71.  An  aquatic  fowl,  a  species  of  duck, 
the  Anas  tadorna  of  Linnaeus.  It  has  a  green  or 
greenish-black  head,  and  its  body  is  variegated  with 
white.     It  is  much  esteemed  for  food.  Encyc. 

SHEL'DUCK,  n.  A  species  of  wild  duck.  [See 
Sheldrake.]  Morlimer. 

SHELF,  n. ;  pi.  Shelves.  [Sax.  srylfj  whence  scylfan, 
to  shelve  ;  Fr.  ecmil^  a  sand-bank.] 

1.  A  board  or  platform  of  boards  or  planks,  elevat- 
ed above  the  fioor,  and  fixed  or  9<-t  horizontally  on  a 
frame,  or  contiguous  to  a  wall,  for  holding  vessels, 
utensils,  books,  and  the  like. 

2.  A  sand-bank  in  the  sea,  or  a  rock,  or  ledge  of 
rocks,  rendering  the  water  shallow  and  dangerous 
to  ships. 

3.  In  mininff,  a  stratum  lying  in  a  very  even  man- 
ner i  a  tlat,  projecting  layer  of  rock.  Hebert. 

SHELF'Y,  a.  Full  of  shelves  ;  abounding  with  sand- 
banks or  rocks  lying  near  the  surface  of  the  water, 
and  rendering  navigation  dangerous  ;  as,  a  shelfy 
coast.  Dnjden. 

2.  Hard  ;  firm.   [See  Shelf,  No.  3.]    [JVwt  in  use.] 

Carew. 

SHELL,  71.  [Sax.  scyt,  seyU^  scetl,  a  shell,  and  sceale,  a 
scale  ;  D.  sehil,  schaal ;  G.  schale  ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  skal  ,■ 
Fr.  ecaille.  The  word  primarily  signifies,  that  which 
is  peeled  or  separated,  as  rind,  or  the  outer  coal  of 
plants,  or  their  fruit .  and  as  shells  were  used  for 
dishes,  the  word  came  to  signify  a  dish.  See  Scale.] 

1.  The  hard  or  stony  covering  of  certain  fruits  ana 
of  certain  animals ;  as,  the  shell  of  a  nut ;  the  shell  of 
an  oyster  or  lobster.  The  shells  of  animals  are  crus- 
taceous  or  testaceous ;  crustaceous,  as  that  of  the 
lobster,  and  testaceous,  as  that  of  the  oyster  and 
clam. 

2.  The  outer  coat  of  an  egg. 

3.  The  outer  part  of  a  house  unfinished.  We  say 
of  a  building  that  wants  the  interior  timbers  or  fin- 
ishing, that  it  is  a  mere  shelL 

4.  A  coarser  kind  of  coffin. 

5.  An  instrument  of  music,  like  testudo  in  Latin  ; 
the  first  lyre  being  made,  it  is  said,  by  drawing  strings 
over  a  tortoise-shell.  Dryden. 

6.  The  outer  frame  or  case  of  a  block.       Totten. 

7.  Outer  or  superficial  part;  as,  the  shell  of  re- 
ligion. Ayliffe. 

8.  A  hollow  sphere  of  iron,  which,  being  filled 
with  gunpowder,  and  fired  from  a  mortar  or  how- 
itzer, bursts  into  pieces  ;  a  bomb.  Brande. 

Fossil  shells;  shells  dug  from  the  earth. 

SHELL,  p.  (.     To  strip  or  break  off  the  shell ;   or  to 

take  out  of  the  shell ;  as,  to  shell  nuts  or  almonds. 

2.  To  separate  from  the  car  ;  as,  to  shell  m.iize. 

SHELL,  r.  t.    To  fall  off,  as  a  shell,  crust,  or  exterior 

coat. 

2.  To  east  the  shell  or  exterior  covering.  Nuts 
shell  in  falling. 

3.  To  be  disengnged  from  the  husk  ;  as,  wheat  or 
r>'e  shells  in  reaping. 

SHEL'LAC,      /  n.    The  resin  lac  spread   into  thin 

SHELL'-L.AC, )  plates,  af^cr  being  melted  and 
strained.  Ure. 

SHELL'-BXRK,  n.  A  species  of  hickorj-,  (Carya 
squamosa,)  whose  bark  is  loose  and  peeling  ;  shag- 
bark.     This  species  produces  the  most  piiJatahle  nut. 

SIIELL'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Deprived  of  the  shell;  also, 
separated  fmm  the  ear  ;  as,  ghelled  corn  or  maize. 

SHELL'-FISH,  n.  A  testaceous  mollusk,  whose  ex- 
ternal covering  consists  of  a  shell  ;  as  oysters, 
ct:im^,  &:c. 

SIIELL'ING,  ppr.    Taking  off  the  shell ;  casting  the 
external   h;ird  covering  ;   separating  from  the  husk 
and  falling. 
2.  Separating  from  the  ear,  as  maiz.e. 

SHELL'-MXRL,  n.  A  dp[»osit  of  sh.Il.^,  which  have 
been  disintegrated  into  a  gray  or  white  pulveruli^nl 

SHELL'-MRAT.  ju  Food  consisting  of  shell-fish,  or 
testaceous  mollufica.  Fuller. 

SHELLS,  n.  pi.  The  husks  or  envelopes  of  the  cocoa- 
nut,  a  decoction  of  which  in  boiling  water  is  used  as 
a  snh.stiinte  for  chocolate,  cocoa,  tc.      MeCuUoch. 

SHELL'-WORK,  (-work,)  n-  Work  conifiosud  of 
shells,  or  adorned  with  them.  Coijrrave. 

SHELL'V,  a.  Abounding  with  shells  ;  as,  the  sheUy 
shore.  Prior. 

2.  Consisting  of  shells. 

SHEL'TER,  n.     [Sw.  gkyla,  to  cover;  Dan.  skiul,  a 
shed  or  cover,  a  shelter  j   shinier,  to  hide,  conceal, 
cloak  ;  L.  celo.] 
I.  That  which  covers  or  defends  from  injury  or 


ThT?  the  Indiiin  ht-txUmsin,  thui 
Sheltert  in  cool. 


SHE 

annoyance.  A  house  is  a  skelter  from  rain  and  other 
inclemencies  of  the  weather  ;  the  foliage  of  a  tree  in 
a  nhelLcT  from  the  rays  of  the  sun. 

Tlf  healing  plant  ■hxll  aid, 
Prom  Muriiia  a  tlulUr,  aaiJ  Iroin  bi.-«t  a  aluide.  Pope. 

S.  I'he  state  of  being  covered  and  protected  ;  pra 
lection ;  security. 

Who  iaio  iKetUr  talcca  their  tender  bloom.  Young. 

3.  He  that  defends  or  guards  from  danger;  a  pro- 
tector.   Ps.  Ixi. 
SHEL'TER,  V.  t    To  cover  from  violence,  injury,  an- 
noyance, or  attack  ;  as,  a  valley  sheltered  from  the 
north  wind  by  a  mountain. 

Tlioae  ruini  sheltered  oiicc  hit  aacred  bead.  Dryden. 

We  betought  lti«  deep  lo  ihtlUr  ua.  Millan. 

2.  To  defend  ;  to  protect  from  danger;  to  secure 
or  render  safe  ;  to  harbor. 

Wtint  emIlcH  honor  shalt  fou  ^nin. 

To  uve  and  theller  'I'roy'i  unhappy  train  t  Drydan. 

3.  To  betake  to  cover  or  a  safe  place. 

Thry  ahtllered  theniKlvea  under  a  rock.  Abbot. 

4.  To  cover  from  notice ;  to  disguise  for  protec- 
tion. 

In  »nin  I  ■trove  to  check  my  prowing  (Ume, 

Or  tftelttr  p;iuion  under  frieitdship'a  name.  Prior, 

SHEL'TER,  r.  i.     To  take  shelter. 

liag  beat, 

Milton. 

SHEL'TER-£D,  pp.  or  o.  Covered  from  injury  or  an- 
noyance ;  defended  ;  protected. 

SHEL'TER-I.\G,  ppr.  Covering  from  injury  or  an- 
noyance ;  protecting. 

SHEL'TER-LEi?S,  a.  Destitute  of  shelter  or  protec- 
tion ;  without  home  or  refuge. 

Xovr  sad  and  aheiurieta  perhaps  ahc  liei.  Uotet. 

SHEL'TER-Y,  a.     Affording  shelter.     [Little  used.] 

WJiUe. 

SHEL'TIE,  (shcl'te,)  n.  A  Shetland  pony  ;  a  small 
but  strong  liorse  in  Scotland  ;  so  called  from  Shet- 
land, where  it  is  produced.  Encyc. 

SHELVE,  rshelv,)  r,  U  To  place  on  a  shelf  or  on 
shelves.     \j^ot  in  use.]  Chaucer. 

SHELVE,  (shelv,)  v.  i.     [Sax.  scylfan,  to  reel.] 
To  inchne  ;  to  be  sloping. 

SHELVING,  jtpr.  or  a.  Inclining;  sloping;  having 
declivity. 

With  rocin  and  thtlving  arches  raulted  round.  Additon. 

SHELV Y,  a.  Full  of  rocks  or  sand-banks ;  shallow ; 
as,  a  shelvy  shore.     [See  Shelpt.1  Shak. 

SHEM'ITE,  n.     A  descendant  of  Shem. 

SHEM-IT'IC,  a.  Pertaining  to  Shera,  the  son  of 
Noah.  I'he  Shemitic  languages  are  the  Chaldee, 
Syriac,  Arabic,  Hebrew,  Samaritan,  Ethiopic,  and 
Old  Phenician. 

SHEM'IT-IS.M,  71.  The  system  or  peculiar  forms  of 
the  Sliemitic  languages. 

SHEND,  V.  t,;  prct.  and  pp.  Shkst.  [Sax.  sc«ndan  f 
D.  schenden,  to  violate,  spoil,  slander,  revile  ;  G. 
schdnden.io  mar,  spoil,  disfigure,  violate,  abuse,  de- 
bauch.    This  is  from  the  root  of  scandal.] 

1.  To  injure;  mar,  or  spoil.    [OA^.] 

Thftt  much  1  Tear  m;  body  will  be  ahcni.  Dryden. 

2.  To  blame,  reproach,  revile,  degrade,  disgrace. 

The  lamoua  name  of  knighthood  foully  ihend.    [OhiJ 

Speneer. 

3.  To  overpower  or  surpass.     [O&j.] 
She  pnaard  the  reit  aa  Cj^nthia  doth  ahtnd 

Thu  \vmvt  tta™.  Speneer. 

SHENT,  pp.     Injured.      [Obsolete,    unless    in    po- 

etryj 
SHe'oL,  n.     [Heb.]    The  place  of  departed  spirits; 

Hade*. 
SHEP'HERD,   (shep'perd,)   n.      [Sax.  sceap-heard  or 

hyrd;  sheep  and  herd^] 

1.  A  man  eiuplnyedTin  tending,  feeding, and  guard- 
ing sheep  in  the  pasture.  Milion. 

2.  A  swain  ;  a  rural  lover.  Ralr.gh, 

3.  The  pastor  of  a  parish,  church,  or  congrega- 
tion ;  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  who  superintends  a 
church  or  parish,  and  gives  instruction  in  spiritual 
things.  God  and  (-hrist  are  in  Scripture  denomi- 
nated Shepherds,  as  they  lead,  protect,  and  govern 
their  people,  and  provide  for  their  welfare.  Ps.  xxiii. 
Ixxx.    Juhn  X. 

SHEP'HERD-ESS,  Tt.     A  woman  that  tends  sheep; 

hence,  a  rural  lass. 

She  put  ^iTf\t  into  the  garb  of  a  ekepherdeee.  Sidney. 

SHEP'HERD-ISH,a.     Resembling  a  shepherd;  sull- 

inu'  a  shepherd  ;  pastoral  ;  rustic.  Sidney. 

SHEP'HEKIMSM,  n.     Pastoral  life  or  occupation. 
SI!EI"MERD-LY,  a.    Pastoral;  rustic.  Tai/hr, 

SHEP'HKRD'S    NEE'DLE,  n.     An  annual   plant  of 

the  genus  Scandix  ;  Venus's  comb. 
SHEP'IIERD'S  POUCH,  (  ti.     An  annual  cruciferous 
SHEP'HKRD'S  PURSE,  J      plant  of  the  genus  Cap- 

sella,  (Thiaspi,  Linn.) 
SHEP'HKRD'S  ROD,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Dip- 

sar.ils ;  teasel. 
SIIEP'HERD'S  STAFF,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Dip- 

sacus  or  teasel  kind. 


TCNE,  BULI,,  IJNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"C10Ua.  — C  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1021 


SHI 

SICBR'BET,  n.  [Pen.  (IX>  v^  dtariaL  This  word, 
as  well  as  sin^  and  akrub,  and  I^  aorbroj  is  from  the 

Ar.  %mjyJm  «Aara&c,  10  drink,  to  imbibe] 

A  drink  composed  of  water,  lemon-Juice,  and 
•n|»r,  sometimes  with  perfumed  cakes  di-ssolved  in 
it,  with  an  infusion  of  some  drops  of  rose-water  or 
other  ingredient,  to  give  it  an  agreeable  taste. 

P.  Cfe, 
SHERD,  n.     A  fragment ;  as,  potsherd;  usually  writ- 
ten Shard,  which  ece. 
SHKR'iF^      >  n.   An  Arabic  word  which  means  noble^ 
SUER'KEF,  i      ilitistrtous^   given,  in   Arabia,   Eaypt, 
and    Barbarv,  as  a  title  Ut  the  descentlanu  of  Mo- 
hammed.   I'he  chief  magistrate  of  Mecca,  &c.,  has 
this  title.  P'  Oye. 

ThiM  word  is  also  written  ScHsaiF  and  Shek- 

RIFFK. 

SHER'IFF,  n.  [Sax.  seir-^crtfa;  *cjfre,  scire,  a  shire 
or  division,  and  gfrrfa^  a  rreec,  a  count,  prefect, 
bailiff,  pmvost,  or  sieward  ;  G.  gr^^  D.  gratif.  This 
word,  from  its  derivation,  would  more  properly  be 
written  Smair  ] 

An  olficer  m  each  county,  to  whom  is  intrusted 
the  execution  of  the  laws.     In  Eiielniid,  shenffs  are 
appointed  by  the  king.     In  llie  United  Slates,  sher- 
i^s  are  fleeted  by  the  legislature,  or  by  the  riti/^iis, 
or  appointed  and  commissioned  by  the  executive  of 
the  State.     The  office  of  shentf  in  Enf>lnnd   is  Judi- 
cial and  mini<:ierial.     In  the  United   States  it  is 
mostly  or  whoUy  ministerial.    The  sheriflf,  by  him- 
self or  his  deputies,  executes  civil  and  criminal  pro- 
cess throughout  the  county,  has  charge  of  the  jail 
and  prisoners,  attends  courts,  and  keeps  the  peace. 
SnER'lFF-AUTY,"!  n.      The   oflite    or    jurisdiction 
SHERIFF-DOM,      I      of  sheriff.     [I  believe  none  of 
SHER'lFt'-SIIlP,     f     these  words  are  now   in  use. 
SHERIFF-WICK,  J      See  Shrievalty.] 
SIIER'RV,    «.      [Sometimes    wntien   Shkrris.]      A 
strong  wine  of  a  deep  atnber  color,  and  having, 
when  good,  an  aromatic  odor  -,  so  called  fmm  Xercs, 
new  Cadis  in  Spain,  where  it  is  made.  McCnUock, 

See  Show,  Showed,  Showr. 


SHEW,  (slid,)  > 

SHEWED,  (shode,)J 
SHEWN,  (-ih6ne,)     > 


SHEW'-HREAO.  (shfi'bred.)    See  Show-Bread. 

SHEW'ER.  (sho'er,)  m.  One  that  shows.  [See 
Shower.] 

SHEWING,  (shd'ing.)    See  Showixo. 

SHl'AH.     SeeSHiiTBS. 

SHIB'UO-LETH,  n.  [Heb.,  an  ear  of  com,  or  a 
stream  of  water.] 

I-  A  word  which  was  made  the  criterion  by  which 
to  distinguish  the  Ephraimiies  from  the  Gileadiies. 
The  Ephraimites,  not  being  able  to  pnmi'Unce  the 
letter  V  sA,  pronotmced  the  word  sibboletA,  See 
Judges  xtu    Hence, 

2:  The  criterion  of  a  party  ;  o>  that  which  distin- 
guishes one  party  from  another ;  and  usMalift  some 
peculiarity  in  things  of  little  importance.        SomXk. 

8UXDE,  n.     [Sax.  eeeadati,  to  divide.] 

A  piece  split  off}  a  cleft j  a  piece;  a  billet  of 
wood  y  a  splinter. 

[JVi^f  tLsfd  in  .Veio  England^  and  local  rn  England,] 

8HIE,  (shi,)  r.  t  To  throw;  as,  to  ;fAu  a  stone  ;  often 
spelled  Sht.     [fariaHS  dialects.]  HaUitcrV. 

SHIELD,  (sheeld,)  n.  [Sax.  seyld:  Sw.sklfld;  Dan. 
skiotdy  fkddt:  D.  and  G.  schild.  This  word  is  from 
cnverinc,  dt-fending,  Sw.  ^yla,  to  cover;  or  from 
separating.  Sax.  «nr/a(*,  Dan.  skiUer^  to  separate. 
Protection  is  deduced  from  either,  and  indeed  both 
may  be  radically  one.  (See  Shelter  )  The  L.  scit- 
twn  coincides  in  elements  with  the  Sax.  sceatian,  to 
separate,  and  dj^teuj  with  the  Gr.  KaAi>;:ruj,  to 
cover.) 

L  A  broad  piece  of  defensive  armor ;  a  buckler ; 
used  in  war  for  the  protection  uf  ihe  body.  The 
shields  of  the  ancients  were  of  different  shapes  and 
sizes,  triangular,  squafe,  oval,  &c.,  made  of  leather, 
or  wood  covered  wiih  leather,  and  borne  on  the  left 
arm.  This  species  of  annur  was  a  gottd  defense 
against  arrows,  darts,  spears,  &c,  but  would  be  no 
protection  against  butluts. 

2.  Defense ;  shelter ;  protection ;  or  the  person 
that  defends  or  protects ;  a.s,  a  chief,  the  ornament 
and  *kuld  of  the  nation. 

Fcsr  DOtj  Abrun ;  I  am  th;  «Aidd,  uhI  tkf  rxtfxAtg  grcal  <•■ 
w»itt.  —  Gen.  «▼, 

3.  In  keroblry,  the  escutcheon  or  field  on  which 
are  placed  the  bejirintrs  in  coats  of  arms. 

4.  In  botany,  a  name  given  to  the  little  colored 
cnps  or  lines  with  a  hard  di^k,  surrounded  by  a  rim, 
and  containing  the  trucl*fication  of  lichens.' 

lAJtdley. 
SHI£LD,  V.  L    To  TiTcr  as  with  a  shield  ;  to  cover 
froro  danger ;  to  defend  ;  to  protect ;  to  secure  from 
assaii^l  or  uiju<7. 

To  ««  IV  >o<i  ^1-  r»nq<iiahf<I  feO»-r  AitM.  .  Drydtn, 

Hear  *ue  t>*ii  f-u»e«  to  Mhieid  hia  injurwi  honor.  aWA. 


SHI 

Q.  To  ward  off;  to  defend  against;  as,  clothes  to 
gktfld  one  from  cold. 

SHIkLO'ED,  pp.  Covered,  as  with  a  shield;  de- 
fended ;  protected. 

SHICLD'ING,  ppr.  Covering,  as  with  a  shield;  de- 
fending from  attack  or  injur>* ;  protecting. 

SRIeLD'LESS,  o.  Destitute  of  a  shield  or  of  protec- 
tion. 

SHieLD'LESS-LY,  adv.    Without  protection 

SHl^LD'LESS-NESS,  lu  Destitution  of  a  shield  or 
of  protection. 

SHIFT,  r.  i.  [Sax.  se^cflan^  to  order  or  appoint,  to  di- 
vide .or  distribute,  also  to  verge  or  decline,  also  to 
drive;  D.  jtcA(/lr/i,  to  divide,  distinguish,  part,  turn, 
discuss;  Dan.  .-ili/tc,  a  i>nrting,  sharing,  division,  lot, 
share;  fk{ftrr,to  part,  share,  divide;  Sw.ifkiflaj  to 
shift,  to  distribute.  This  verb  is  npjMirently  from  the 
same  ri>ot  as  shiver  ;  Dan.  sk^fer  sig^  to  shiver  ;  Sw. 
sl^ffa  (MR,  to  change.  1'he  primary  sense  is,  to  move, 
to  depart;  hence,  to  separate.  \Ve  observe  by  the 
Swedish  that  sk^fta  om  ((rm,  about,  or  round)  was 
oneinally  the  true  phrase,  to  move  about  or  round  ; 
ant)  we  still  say,  to  skijl  dbouL] 

1.  To  move  ;  to  change  place  or  position.  Vegeta- 
bles are  not  able  to  shi/l  and  seek  nutriment. 

fVoodaard. 

S.  To  change  Its  direction  ;  to  vary  ;  as,  tlie  wind 
Bhifted  from  south  to  west. 

3.  To  change  ;  to  give  place  to  other  things.  Locke, 

A.  To  ctuuige  clothes,  particularly  the  under  gar- 
ment or  chemise.  Young. 

5.  To  resort  to  expedients  for  a  livelihood,  or  for 
accomplishing  a  purpose  ;  to  move  from  one  thing  to 
another,  and  seize  one  expedient  when  another  fuits. 

Men  In  diMn-w  wUI  look  to  iKmtmcIt*^  and  leare  thrir  compan- 
icMiB  to  tlu/i  ut  wM  H«  ihfy  cxn.  L'Kttrangt. 

G.  To  practice  indirect  methods.  Ralegh, 

7.  To  seek  methods  of  safety. 

Nature  trachra  evvrj  creature  how  lo  >ft^  (at  haHf  In  caara  of 
<Ung«r,  L'EtOttng$, 

8.  To  chanire  place  ;  as,  a  cargo  3h\fU  from  one 
side  to  the  other. 

SHIFT,  r.  t  To  change;  to  alter;  as,  to  shift  the 
■cenea. 

2.  To  transfer  from  one  place  or  position  to  anoth- 
er; as,  shift  the  helm  ;  sh^  the  sails. 

3.  To  put  out  of  the  way  b^  some  expedient. 

t  »h\/tad  him  away,  Shak. 

4.  To  change,  as  clothes  ;  as,  to  shift  a  coat. 

5.  To  dre«s  in  fresh  cloUics.  Let  him  have  time  to 
shift  himself. 

To  shift  abouii  to  turn  quite  round  to  a  contrary 
side  or  opposite  point. 

To  sh^  off;  to  delay ;  to  defer ;  as,  to  shift  off  the 
duties  of  religion.  *  Rogers. 

2.  To  put  away  ;  to  disengage  or  disencumber  one*s 
self,  as  of  a  burden  or  inconvenience. 

SHIFT,  n.  A  change;  a  turning  from  one  thing  to 
another ;  hence,  an  expedient  tried  Jii  difficulty  ;  one 
thing  tried  when  another  fails. 

Ill  find  a  (bouaand  ih{fu  U>  gd  away.  Shak. 

S.  In  a  bad  sense^  m«an  refuge  ;  last  resource. 

For  little  kkiIb  on  little  »h\/U  nlf.  Dryden. 

3.  Fraud  ;  artifice  ;  expedient  to  effect  a  bad  pur- 
pa*te  ;  or  an  evasion  ;  a  trick  to  escape  detection  or 
evil.  Hooker.     South. 

4.  A  woman's  under  garment ;  a  chemise. 
SniFT'ED,  pp.    Changed  from  one  place  or  position 

to  another. 

SHIFT'ER,  n.  One  that  shifts  ;  the  person  that  plays 
tricks  or  practices  artifice. 

2.  In  ships,  a  person  employed  to  assist  the  ship's 
coitk  in  washing,  steeping,  and  shifting  the  salt  pro- 
vi:«inns. 

SHIFT'ING,  77W.  or  tt.  Changing  place  or  position; 
reporting  from  one  expedient  to  another. 

SIIfTT'ING,  n.    Act  of  shifting. 

SHIFT'ING-LY,  adv.  By  shifts  and  changes  ;  deceit- 
fully. 

SHIFT'LESS,  fl.  Destitute  of  expedients,  or  not  re- 
sorting to  successful  expedients  ;  wanting  means  to 
act  or  live  ;  as,  a  shifilcf^i  fellow. 

SHirr'LESS-LV,  a4B.     In  a  shiftless  manner. 

SHIFT'LESS-NESS,  n.     A  Plate  of  being  shiftless. 

SHIITES,  n.pi.  [  Heretics  ;  from  sAioA,  heresy.]  That 
branch  of  the  Mohammedans  to  which  the  Persians 
belong.  They  reject  the  first  three  caliphs,  and  con- 
sider Ali  as  being  the  first  and  only  rightful  succes- 
sor of  Mohammed.  They  do  not  acknowledge  the 
Sunnaor  body  of  traditions  respecting  Mohammed  as 
any  part  of  the  law,  and  on  lliese  accounts  are  treat- 
ed as  heretics  by  the  Sunnites,  or  orthodox  Moham- 
medrina.  P.  Cyc 

SHILF,  n.     [G.  scAi"//,  sedgn.] 

Straw.  Tooke. 

SHILL,  to  sheUf  is  not  in  use. 

SHILL,  p.  L  To  put  under  cover;  to  sheal.  [JJotin 
«,?f,  or  local,] 

SHII^LA'LY,     )  n.    An  oaken  sapling  or  cudgel, said 

SHII#-LA'LAH,  \      lo  be  from  a  woc^  in  Ireland  of 

that  name,  famous  for  its  oaks.  [Irish-]    Also  spelled 

Shillelt,  Shillklah.  Orose. 


SiJI 

SHIL'LING,  n.  [Sax.  »ci«,  j»ci7/m^  ;  G.  sehilttng ;  D. 
gcftelltng  i  Sw.  and  Dun.  ukitiing;  Fr.  escaitH;  It.  seel' 
liuo  ;  Sp.  cheiiH  :  Fort,  zelim ;  from  the  Urienlol  7p(r, 
shakal,  to  weigh.     See  Shekel.] 

An  English  silver  coin,  and  money  of  account, 
equal  to  twelve  i)ence,  or  the  twentieth  part  of  a 
pound.  The  English  shilling,  i»r  shilling  sterling,  is 
equivalent  nearly  to  twenty-three  cents,  money  of 
the  United  States.  Our  ancestors  introduced  the 
name  with  the  coin  into  this  country ;  but  by  depre- 
ciation the  value  of  the  shilling  sunk  in  New  Eng- 
land and  Virginia  one  fourth,  or  to  sixteen  cents  and 
two  thirds,  and  in  New  Vork  and  North  Carolina  to 
twelve  nnd  a  half  cents. 

This  denuininatitin  of  money  still  subsists  in  the 
United  States,  allhough  there  is  no  coin  of  that  value 
current,  except  llie  Simnish  coin  of  twelve  and  a  half 
cents,  which  is  a  shilling  in  the  money  of  the  State 
of  New  York.  Since  the  adoption  of  the  present 
coins  of  the  United  States,  eagles,  dollars,  dimes, 
cents,  dec,  the  use  of  shilling  is  continued  only  by 
habit. 

SHIL'LY-SHAL'LY,  n.    [Russ.  shalyu.  to  beYoolish, 
to  play  the  ftHtl,  to  play  wanton  tricks.] 
Foolish  trifiing  :  irresolution.     [Vulgar.] 
[This  word  has  probably  been  written  Shiu^I- 
8HALL-I  from  an  ignorance  of  its  origin.] 

SHI'LOIL  n.  [Heb.]  The  name  given  to  the  Mes- 
siah by  Jacob.     Gen.  xlix.  10. 

SHT'LY.     See  Shvlt. 

SHIM,  n.  A  tool  used  in  tillage  to  break  down  the 
land,  or  to  cut  it  up  and  clear  it  of  weeds. 

Farm.  Eneyc. 

SHDrMER,  V.  i.  [Sax.  seymrian;  G.  schimmerni  D 
schcmeren ;  Dan.  skimter.] 

To  gleam  ;  to  glisten.     [JiTot  in  use.']        Chaucer. 

SHIN,  n.  [Sax.  scina,  scyne,  shin,  and  scin-ban,  shin- 
bone;  G.  schiencj  schicne-bein ;  D.  scheeii^  scheen-been  i 
Sw.  skenben.] 

The  fore  part  of  the  leg,  particularly  of  the  human 
leg;  the  fore  part  of  the  crural  bone  called  tibia.  This 
bone,  being  covered  only  with  skin,  may  be  named 
from  that  circumstance  —  skip-bone  i  or  it  may  be 
formed  from  the  rotJt  of  chine,  edge. 

SHINE,  r.  L  ;  prtU  Shined  or  Shone  ;  pp.  Shi^ed  or 
Shone.  [Sax.  scinan  ;  D.  schuynen  ;  G.  scheinen  ;  Sw. 
skina.  Jf  s  is  a  prefix,  this  word  accords  with  the 
root  of  L.  canus^  canco  ;  W.  cdn,  white,  briglit  See 
Cant.1 

1.  To  emit  rays  of  light ;  to  give  light ;  to  beam 
with  steady  radiance  ;  to  exhibit  brightness  or  splen- 
dor ;  as,  the  sun  .■■7«>im  by  day  ;  the  moon  shinejs  by 
night.  Shining  differs  from  sparkling,  gliitening,  glit- 
tering, as  it  usually  implies  a  steady  ratfiaiion  or  emis- 
sion of  light,  whereas  llie  latter  words  usually  imply 
irregular  or  interrupted  radiation.  'I'liis  distinction 
is  not  always  observed  ;  and  we  may  say,  the  fixed 
stars  shine,  as  well  as  Ih:it  they  sparkle.  But  we 
never  say,  the  sun  or  the  moon  sparkles. 

3.  To  bo  bright ;  to  be  lively  and  animated;  to  be 
brilliant. 

L^t  lliiiie  ey<^»  thine  Torth  in  their  full  luater.  Z}enham. 

3.  To  be  unclouded  ;  as,  the  moon  shines. 

Bacon. 

4.  To  be  glossy  or  bright,  as  silk. 

Fiah  with  their  lina  and  tkimng  Kales,  MUlon. 

5.  To  be  gay  or  splendid. 

So  proud  bhr  thtned  in  ber  pnaee\j  atate.  Spenser. 

6.  To  be  beautiful. 

Onc«  hri^htnt  gkmed  this  child  of  heat  and  air.  Pope. 

7.  To  be  eminent,  conspicuous,  or  distinguished  ; 
as,  to  shine  in  courts.     Phil.  ii. 

Fpw  are  quHlificd  to  ahtne  in  companj'.  Steift. 

8.  To  give  light,  real  or  figurative. 

The  light  or  righti-oiisiicu  hnth  not  tkined  to  (la.  Wladon. 

9.  To  manifest  glorious  excellencies.     Ps.  Ixxx. 

10.  To  be  clearly  published.     Is.  ix. 

11.  To  be  conspicuously  displayed  ;  to  be  manifest. 

Ij«t  yottr  light  so  thine  bf?fore  men.  —  Mntt,  v. 
To  eausf  the  face  to  shine:  to  be  propitious.     AVm. 
vi.     Ps.  Ixvii. 
SHINE,  n.     Fair  weather. 

Be  it  fair  or  foul,  nin  or  thine,  Dryden, 

2.  Brightness;  Splendor;  luster;  gloss. 

Thf  frlitl'-rifif  thine  of  gnl^i.  Decay  of  Piety. 

Fair  o|>-riirig  lo  isoruc  court's  propitious  thint.  Popt. 

[\ote>gnnl.] 

SHINIER,  n.  A  small  fresh-water  fish,  of  the  minnow 
kind,  so  called  from  its  shiny  appearance.     Siarer. 

2.  A  cant  name  for  bright  pieces  of  money.  [  Vul- 
gar.] 

SHT'NESS.     See  Shyness. 

SHIN"GLE,  (shing'gl,)  n.  [G.  schindel:  Gr.  <T\iv^a\. 
p')(.  ;  I*,  .•'cindula,  from  scindo,  to  divide,  G.  acJieiden.] 

1.  A  thin  board  sawed  or  rived  for  covering  build- 
ings. Shingles  are  of  different  lenpths,  with  one  end 
made  much  thinner  than  the  other,  for  lapping. 
They  are  used  for  covering  roofs,  and  sometimes 
the  body  of  the  building. 

2.  Round,  water-worn,  and  loose  gravel  and  peb- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PR£Y PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK 

10^  '  Z 


SHI 


bles.  or  a  coUectiun  of  roundish  stones,  on  sborea 
and  roasts. 


Shingie-baUast  is  ballast  composed  of  gravel. 
SHIN"GLE,  r.  t.    To  cover  wilh  shingles  ;  as,  to  shin- 

gle  a  roof. 
SHl.\"(iLED,  pp.  or  a.    Covered  with  shingles. 
SHI.\"GLE-ROOF-£D,  (shing'^l-roon,)  a.     Having  a 

roof  covered  with  shingles.  Blackwood, 

SUL\"GL£S,  (shing'glz,)  n.     FL.  eintptlum.] 

A   kind   of  herpes,  viz.,   Heri^ea    Zoster,   which 

spread!)  around  the  body  like  a  girdle;  an  eruptive 

A  isease.  ArbitthnoL 

PIIIN"GLING,  ppr.    Covering  with  shingles. 
SIII.V'GLING,  n.     The  act  of  covering  with  shin- 

clfs  ;  a  covering  of  shineles. 
8H1.N"GLY,  a.     Abtmnding  with  gravel  or  shingle. 
SHIN'IN'G,  ppr.     Emitting  light ;  beaming;  gleaiuing. 
0.  a    Bright;  splendid  ;  radiant. 
X  Illustrious;  distinguished;  cons^picuous ;  as,  a 

shininir  example  of  charity. 
SIIIX'LXG;  n.     Etfusiou  or  clearness  of  light ;  brigbt- 

ne^.     9  Sam.  xxiii. 
SIITN'ING-NESS,  n.     Brightness;  splendor.    Spenser. 
SHIN'Y,  a.     Bright;  luminous;  clear;  unclouded. 

Like  divunl  thuad*;r  on  a  <Ainy  day.  Dryden. 

SHIP,  as  a  termination,  denotes  state  or  office  :  as  in 
lordship.  Steward. 

SHIP.     See  Shape. 

SHIP,  n-  [Sax.  .icip,  snip;  D.  schip  ;  G.  ichiff,  Sw. 
skepp ;  Dan.  skUt .-  L.  scapha :  from  the  n>ot  of  shape ; 
Sa.x.  sceapian^  scippan^  scyppan,  to  create,  form,  or 
build.] 

In  a  general  sense^  a  larflc  vessel  or  building  of  a 
peculiar  structure,  adapted  to  navigation,  or  floating 
on  water  by  means  of  sail^^.  In  an  appropriate  scfwe, 
a  building  of  a  structure  or  form  fitted  for  navigation, 
furnished  with  a  bowsprit  and  three  masts,  a  main- 
mast, a  fore-mast,  and  a  mizzen-mast,  each  of  which 
is  composed  of  a  lower  ma--ii,  a  tup-masi,  and  top- 
gallant-mast,  and  square  rigged.  Ships  are  of  vari- 
ou:t  sizes  and  fitted  fur  various  uses  ;  most  of  Iliem, 
however,  faP  under  the  denomination  either  of  ships 
of  war  or  of  mrrckant-ships, 

A  ship  of  the  line;  usually  a  vessel  of  war  of  the 
rate  of  seventy-four  guns  or  more.  Totten. 

Armed  ship;  in  Rtiirltsh  usa<^es  ofwar^n.  private 
ship  taken  into  the  service  of  the  government  in 
time  iiS  war,  and  armed  and  equipped  like  a  ship  of 
war.  Brandt, 

SHIP,  tf.  (.     [Sax.  acipian.] 

1.  To  put  on  board  (»f  a  ship  or  vessel  of  any  kind  ; 
as,  to  ship  giKjds  at  Liverpool  for  New  York. 

•2.  To  irauKport  in  a  ship;  to  convey  by  water. 

Th<>  tun  no  •uon-T  ithnll  ilie  mounUiiii*  touch, 

But  WB  will  $hip  bini  h-nc^.  Skak. 

X  To  engage  for  service  on  board  of  a  ship  ;  as,  to 
skip  seamen. 

4.  To  receive  into  a  ship  or  vessel ;  ax,  to  ship  a 
sea.  Mar.  Diet. 

5.  To  fix  any  thing  in  its  place ;  as,  to  ship  the 
tiller.  Totten. 

To  ship  off;  to  send  away  by  water;  as,  to  ship  off 
convicts. 
SHIP,  r.  i.    To  engage  for  service  on  board  of  a  ship. 

Totten. 
SHIP'BOAKD,  aJo.  \ship  and  hoard.^  To  go  on  ship- 
hoard  or  a  chipboard,  is  to  go  aboard  ;  to  enter  a  ship  ; 
to  embark  ;  titerally,  to  iro  over  the  ttide.  It  is  a  pecu- 
liar phnise,  and  not  much  used.  Seamen  say,  to  go 
aboard  or  on  board. 

To  be  on  shipbnard  ;  to  be  in  a  ship  ;  but  seamen 
generally  say,  aboard  or  on  hoard, 

2.  n.  The  plank  of  a  ship.  Eiek.  xxviL  [JVot 
now  used,] 

SHIP'-BOY,  iu  [ship  and  boy.]  A  boy  that  serves  on 
board  of  a  ship. 

8HIP'-BR5-KER,  n.  A  brtiker  who  procures  insur- 
ance on  Shi{>r4. 

8HlP'-Bt;iLD-ER,  (-btld-cr,)a.  [ship  and  buUdcr.]  A 
man  whose  occupation  is  to  construrl  nhtps  and 
othfr  vessels  ;  a  naval  architect  ;  a  shipwrigtil. 

SHIP'-BUILD-ING,  (-bild-ing.)  n.  [ship  and  build.] 
Naval  architecture;  the  art  of  constructing  vessels 
for  navigation,  particularly  ships  and  other  vessels  of 
a   large   kind,  bearing  masts ;   in   distinction   from 

BoAT-BUILDIflO. 

SIIIP'-CAR'PENTER,  n.  A  shipwright;  a  carpen- 
ter that  works  at  ship-building. 

SHIP'-CHAND-LER,  n.  [ship  and  cAomUer,  G.  hand- 
ler, a  trader  or  denier.] 

One  who  deals  in  cordage,  canvas,  and  other  fur- 
niture of  8hip«. 

SHIP'-HOLD-ER,  B.  [..*Ai>  and  hold.]  The  owner  of 
a  ship  or  of  shipping. 

SHII'LnS.S,  a.     Destitute  of  ships.  Ora^. 

SIIIP'MAN,  It.  [ship  and  man.]  A  seaman  or  sailor. 
lObf.]     I  Kings  ix.    AcLt  xxviil. 

SHIP'-.MAS-TER,  n.  [ship  and  master.]  The  cnptain, 
master,  or  commander,  of  a  ship.     Jonah  i. 

SHIP'.VlilTE,  n.  [skip  and  maU.)  A  term  applied  to 
sailors  who  serve  in  the  same  ship. 


8H1 

SHIP'MENT,  n.  The  act  of  putting  any  thing  on 
board  of  a  ship  or  other  vessel ;  embarkation  ;  as,  he 
was  engaged  in  the  shipment  of  coal  for  London. 

2.  The  goods  or  things  shipped,  or  put  on  board  of 
a  ship  or  other  vessel.  We  say,  the  merchants  have 
made  large  shipments  to  the  United  States. 

The  question  b  whether  the  simrc  of  M  in  the  Aipmetii  ia  ex- 
emptod  from  conilemnB.tioii  by  reason  of  Im  oeulral  ilomicil. 
J.  Siory. 

SHIP'-MON-EY,  (mun-ne,)  n.  [ship  and  money.]  In 
English  history,  an  imposition  formerly  charged  on 
the  ports,  towns,  cities,  boroughs,  and  counties,  of 
England,  for  providing  and  furnishing  certain  ships 
for  the  king's  service.  The  attempt  made  by  Charles 
I.  to  revive  and  enforce  this  im[>osition  was  resisted 
by  John  Hampden,  and  was  one  of  the  causes  which 
led  to  the  death  of  Charles.  It  was  finally  abolished 
by  Stat.  17  Car.  11.  Brande. 

SHlP'-oVVN-ER,  n.     The  owner  of  a  ship  or  ships. 

SHIP'P£D,(shipt,)  pp.  Put  on  board  of  a  ship  or  ves- 
sel ;  received  on  board. 

SHIP'PEN,  n.     [Sax.  scipert.] 

A  stable  ;  a  cow-house.     [JVot  m  use.]    Chaucer. 

SHIP'PER,  n.  One  who  places  goods  on  board  a  ship 
for  transportation. 

SHIP'PING,  ppr.  Putting  on  board  of  a  ship  or  ves- 
sel ;  receiving  on  board, 

3.  a.  Relating  to  ships  ;  as,  shipping  concerns. 

Kent. 

SHIP'PING,  n.  Ships  in  general ;  ships  or  vessels  of 
any  kind  for  navigation.  The  skipping  of  the  Eng- 
lish nation  exceeds  that  of  any  other;  the  tonnage 
of  the  shipping  belonging  to  the  United  States  is 
second  only  to  that  of  Great  Britain. 

To  take  shipping ;  to  embark  ;  to  enter  on  board  a 
ship  or  vessel  for  conveyance  or  passage.    John  vi. 

Shippina^  articles ;  articles  of  agreement  between 
the  captain  of  a  vessel  and  the  seamen  on  board,  in 
resptfct  to  the  amount  of  wages,  length  of  time  fur 
which  they  are  shipped,  &c.  Bouoier. 

SHIP'-SIIaPE,  adv.  In  aseamaiilike  manner  ;  hence, 
properly;  according  to  usage.  Totten. 

SHIP'S-HUS'B.AND,  n.  One  who  attends  to  the 
requisite  repairs  of  a  ship  while  in  port,  and  does  all 

.   lh»*  other  necessary  acts  preparatory  to  a  voyage. 

Bouvier. 

SHIP'WRECK,  (-rek,)«.  [ship  and  wreck.]  The  de- 
struction of  a  ship  or  other  vessel  by  being  cast 
ashore  or  broken  to  pieces  by  striking  against  rocks, 
shoals,  and  the  like.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  The  parts  of  a  shattered  ship.     [Unusual.] 

3.  Destruction.  [Dryden. 
To  make  shipwreck  concerning  faith,  is  to  apostatize 

from   the  love,  profession,  and  practice,  of  divine 
truth  which  had  been  embraced.    1  7\m.  i. 

SHIP'WRECK,  r.  t.  To  destroy  by  running  ashore 
or  on  rocks  or  sand-banks.  How  many  vessels  are 
annually  shipirrecked  on  the  Bahama  rocks! 

2.  To  sutler  the  perils  of  being  cast  away  ;  to  be 
cast  ashore  with  the  loss  of  the  ship.  The  ship- 
wTfckfd  mariners  were  saved.  Addison.     Sftak. 

SHIP'WRECK-£D,  (rekt,)  pp.  or  a.  Cast  ashore; 
dashed  upon  the  rocks  or  banks  ;  destroyed. 

SIIIP'W*RIGHT,  (-rite,)  n.  [ship  and  wri^ht.  See 
Work.] 

One  vrhose  occupation  is  to  construct  ships  ;  a 
builder  of  ships  or  other  vessels.  Sw^ft 

SHIRE  or  SHIRE,  n.  [Sax.  seir,  scire,  seijre,  a  divis- 
ion, from  sciran,  to  divide.  (See  Share  and  Smear.) 
It  is  pronounced,  in  compound  words,  shir,  as  in 
Hampshire,  Brrkshire..] 

In  Englamty  a  division  of  territory,  otherwise 
called  a  county.  The  shire  was  originally  a  division 
of  the  kingdom  under  the  jurisdicliim  of  an  earl  or 
count,  whose  authority  was  intrusted  to  the  sheriff, 
[shtre-reeve.J  On  this  oflirer  the  government  ulti- 
mately devolved.  In  the  United  States,  the  corre- 
sponding division  of  a  State  is  called  a  county,  but 
we  retain  shire  in  the  comjtonnd  half-shire  ;  as  when 
the  county  court  is  held  iu  two  towns  in  the  same 
county  alternately,  we  call  one  of  the  divishms  a 
half-.tkire. 

In  some  Slalc»,*Aire  is  used  as  the  constituent  part 
of  the  name  of  a  county,  as  Berkshire,  Hampshire,  in 
Ma-^sachuseitH,  These  being  the  names  established 
by  law,  we  say,  tlie  county  <^  Berkshire,  and  we  can 
not  Willi  propriety  say,  the  county  of  Berks,  for  there 
is  no  ci>unty  in  MnssaclMisctts  thus  named. 

SHIRE'-MOTE  or  SIltRE'-MOTE,  n,  [Sax.  *ryr. 
gemote,  shire-meeting.j 

Anciently,  in  England,  the  county  court ;  sheritPs 
turn  or  court.  Coieel.     Btackstone. 

SHIRK,  p.  r.  or  i.  To  avoid  or  get  off  from  ;  to  slink 
awav.     Smart.     [Vulgar.]     See  also  Shark. 

SHIRK,  n.  One  who  seeks  to  avoid  duty  ;  one  who 
lives  hv  shifts  and  tricks.     [See  Shark.] 

SHIRK'iNG,  n.    A  living  by  shift*  and  tricks.    [See 

SHIRL  ;  a  different  spelling  of  Shohl.     [Sec  Shorl.] 

SHIR'LEY,  71.     A  bird,  by  some  called  the  Greater 

BuLFiscM  ;  having  the  upper  part  of  the  body  of  a 

dark  briiwn,  and  the  lhn>nt  and  breast  red.      Diet. 

SHIR'RiCD,   (whurd  )  a.     A  term   applied   to  articles 

having  lines  or  cords  inserted  between  two  pieces 


SHO 

of  cloth,  as  the  lines  of  India  rubber  in  shirred  sus* 
penders. 
SHIRT,  fshurt,)  n.  [Dan.  skiorte,  Sw.  skiorta,  a  shirt  : 
Dan.  siiiurt,  a  petticoat ;  Ice.  scyrta.  This  word 
seems  to  be  iiatned  from  its  shortness  or  cutting  off, 
and  might  have  signified  originally  a  somewhat 
different  garment  shortened ;  Sax.  scyrt,  short,  L. 
curtus.] 

A  loose  garment  of  linen,  cotton,  or  other  material, 
worn  by  men  and  boys  next  tl»e  body. 

It  u  folly  for  a  nation  to  export  beef  and  linen,  while  a  great  pan 
of  the  people  are  obliged  to  subciu  ou  puiatoet,  and  liavi;  no 
thirlM  lo  wear.  ^.  M. 

SHIRT,  (shurt,)  V.  L    To  cover  or  clothe,  as  with  a 

shirt.  Dryden. 

9.  To  change  the  shirt,  and  put  on  a  clean  one. 

SHIRT'ING,  ppr.    Covering  with  a  shirt. 

SHIIIT'ING,  n.     Cloth  for  shirts. 

SHIRT'LESS,  (shurt'Iess,)  o.    Wanting  a  shirt 

Pope. 

SHIST.     See  Schist. 

SHIT'TAH,  )  n.     [Ileb.]     In  Scripture,  a  sort  of  pre- 

SHIT'TIM,  j  cious  wood  of  which  the  tables,  altars, 
and  boards,  of  the  tabernacle  were  made  among  the 
Jews,  It  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  wood  of  a 
species  of  Acacia,  which  is  hard,  tough,  and  smooth, 
and  very  beautiful.  Oeseuius. 

SHIT'TLE,  a.  [See  Shoot.]  Wavering;  unsettled. 
[_V»t  used,  or  local.] 

SHIT'TLE-COCK.     See  Shuttlecock. 

SHIT'TLE-NESS,  n.  Unseitleduess ;  inconstancy. 
[JVot  in  use,  or  local.] 

SHIVE,  n.  [D.  schyf:  G.  scheibe.  If  «  is  a  prefix,  this 
Word  agrees  radically  with  chip.] 

1.  A  slice ;  a  thin  cut ;  as,  a  shive  of  bread.    [JVot 
in  use,]  Shak. 

2.  A  thin,  flexible  piece  cut  off.     [Jfot  in  use.] 

Boyle, 

3.  A  little  piece  or  fragment ;  as,  the  shives  of  flax 
made  by  breaking. 

SHIVER,  n.  [G.  sehtefer,  a  splinter,  slate  ;  schiefem, 
to  shiver,  to  scale;  Dan.  skive,  Sw.  «fri/ca,  a  slice ; 
Dan.  skifer,  skiver,  a  slate  ;  skifer  sigj  10  shiver,  peel, 
or  split,  Sw.  skifva  sig,] 

1.  In  mineralogy,  a  variety  of  blue  slate. 

2.  In  seamen''s  languagey  a  little  wheel  ;  a  slieave. 
SHIVER,  V.  t,     rSupra.     ttu.  Heb.  -^3^,  to  break  into 

pieces.     Class  Br,  No.  26.] 

1.  To  break  into  many  small  pieces  or  splinters  ;  to 
shatter  ;  to  dash  to  pieces  by  a  blow. 

The  ground  with  thiotrtd  armor  atrown.  Milton, 

2.  Among  jmmfn,  to  shake  in  the  wind;  applied 
to  sails  ;  as,  "sAtrer  the  niizzen  topsail."     Totten, 

SHI  VER,  V,  u  To  fall  at  once  into  many  small  pieces 
or  parti. 

The  natural  world,  ahoiild  gravity  once  ceaae,  would  Initnrjlly 
shiver  into  millions  of  aioma.  Woodioard, 

2.  To  quake;   to  tremble;  to  shudder;  to  shake, 
as  with  cold,  ague,  fear,  or  horror. 

The  man  that  ahivtred  on  the  brink  of  nn.  Drydtn, 

Promi-thcui  ia  laid 
On  icy  Caucnius  to  thivtr.  Sv^fL 

3.  To  be  affected  with  a  thrilling  sensation,  like 
that  of  chilliness. 

Any  "fry  Imrsh  tioise  will  aet  the  teeth  on  edjfe,  and  make  all  the 
ixxiy  shiotr.  Bacon, 

SHIVER,  n.  A  small  piece  or  fragment  into  which  a 
thing  breaks  by  any  sudden  violence. 


\  wniilil  poiinil  ihcc  into  ahiuera  with  hi»  fist, 
a  Ijiactiil. 


a  a  lailor  breaks 
Shak. 


SHIVER-£D,  pp.  Broken  or  dashed  into  small 
piert's.. 

SHIVER  ING,  ppr.  or  o.  Breaking  or  dashing  into 
small  pieces. 

2.  Uuaking  ;  trembling  ;  shaking,  as  with  cold  or 
fear. 

SHIVERING,  n.    The  act  of  breaking  or  dashing  to 
pieces  ;  division  ;  severance. 
2.  A  trembling;  &  shaking  with  cold  or  fear. 

SHIVEK-ING-LY,  adv.  With  shivering,  or  slight 
trcuibliug. 

SHIV'EK-SPAR,  n.     [G.  schiefer-spath.] 

A  carbonate  of  lime,  so  called  from  its  slaty  struc- 
ture ;  called  also  Slate-Spar.  Phillips. 

SHIV'ER-Y,  a.  Easily  falling  into  many  pieces;  not 
firmly  cohering  ;  incom[>act ;  as,  shivery  stone. 

SH5AD,  71.  Among  miner^t,  a  train  of  metallic  stones 
miXL-d  with  rubbish,  which  serves  to  direct  them  in 
the  discovery  of  mines.  Encye. 

SHOAD'-SToXE,  n.  A  small  stone  or  fragment  of 
ore  made  smooth  by  the  action  of  the  water  passing 
over  it.  Ilaltiwell. 

BHOAL,  n.  [Sax.  sceol,  a  crowd.  It  should  rather  be 
written  Shole.1 

1.  A  great  multitude  assembled  ;  a  crowd  ;  a  throng; 
as,  shoaif  of  people.  Immense  shoals  of  herring  ap- 
pear on  the  coast  in  the  spring. 

The  vicoi  of  a  prince  draw  thoalt  of  followera.  Decay  of  Piety. 

2.  A  place  where  the  water  of  a  river,  lake,  or  sea 
is  shalliiw  or  of  little  depth  ;  a  sand-bank  or  bar  ;  a 
shallow.  The  entrance  of  rivers  is  olXen  rendered 
difficult  or  dangerous  by  shoaU, 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IGNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"C10U8 €  aa  Kj  <>  as  J  : 


I  Z ;  CH  as  SH :  TH  as  ID  THIS. 


SHO 

SflQAL,  «.  j.    To  crowd  ;  to  throng ;  to  assemble  in  a 
multitude.    The  fiahea  thoaUd  about  the  place. 

Chapman. 
9.  To  become  more  shallow.    The  water  skoals  as 
we  approach  the  town. 
8U0.\L,  a.      Shallow;   of  little    depth;    aa,   skiMt 

water. 
SHOAL'I-NESS,  n.      [from  skoaty.)      Shallownew  i 
^      IttUe  depth  of  water. 

S.  The  state  of  abounding  with  shoals. 
SIIOAL'V,  a.     Full  of  shoals  or  shallow  places. 

The  toamng  tcaael  Miltd  on  ihoaiy  ground.  DiytUn, 

8H0AR,  K.     A  propk     [See  Shobb.! 
8H0AT,  a.    A  young  bog.     [See  Shotb.] 
SHOCK,  M.     [D.  scJioky  a  bounce,  jolt,  or  leap;    Fr. 
tkoc^  a  striking  or  dashing  against.     See  Shake.] 

1.  A  violent  collisjun  of  bodies,  or  the  concussion 
which  it  occasions ;  a  vitdeul  striking  or  dashing 
againsL 

Th«  HiMtg,  niwhokea  mouocb  ic^ct  the  «Aoct« 

Of  tkles  umI  mm.  Blochnorw. 

2.  VIoleot  onaet ;  conflict  of  coittending  armies  or 
foes. 

HcMoodtbraAoctarawbolehoMoribe*.  AdAmn. 

3.  Externat  violence  ;  as,  the  sk^du  of  fortune. 

JtOdiaoM. 

A,  Od!*enae ;  impression  of  di^iust. 

FtwfT  «Aocka  ft  a»lP»nan  fives  bb  fri^ od.  Young, 

5.  In  ettctrieityy  the  effect  on  the  animal  system  of 
a  discharge  of  the  fluid  from  a  charged  body. 

6.  A  pile  or  assemblage  of  sheaves  of  wheat,  r>'e, 
Itc    The  number  of  sheaves  varies  from  twelve  to 

The  latter  is  the  number  in  New  England. 
Farm.  Eneifc 

Tu»trr. 
Thomson. 


And  cauM  It  on  <&oct*  to  be  b;  vid  by  aeu 
Beiuod  Uw  nuuter  waJlu,  buUOt  up  Um  thodt*. 


7.  A  dog  with  long  hair  or  shag,    [frmn  shag.] 
SHOCK,  V.  C     [D.  sekokkem .-  Fr.  eko^uh-.] 

1.  To  shake  by  the  sudden  coUijiion  of  a  bo^*. 

S,  To  meet  force  with  furce  ;  to  encounter.     Skak. 

3.  To  strike,  as  with  horror  or  disgust ;  to  cause  to 
recofl,  as  from  something  odious  or  horrible  ;  lo  of- 
fend utremely  ;  to  disguet.  I  was  shocked  at  the 
si^  of  so  otuch  misery.  Avoid  every  thing  that 
can  shock  the  feelings  of  delicacy. 

AdriM  bint  DO(  to  thock  ft  fAlb^r'i  will.  DryUn, 

SHOCK,  V.  C    To  collect  sbea^'es  into  a  pile  ;  to  pile 

sheaves.  7%uwr. 

SHOCK'fD,   (shokt,)  yy.     Struck,  as  with  horror ; 
offended ;  disgusted. 
'2.  Piled,  as  sheaves. 
8HOCK'HBAD-ED,  «.     Having  a  thick  and  bushy 

head  of  hair. 
SHOCKING,  ppr.    Shaking  with  sadden  violence, 
a.  Meeting  in  onaet  ar  violent  encounter. 

And  sew  with  riMoM  fh»  AaMmg  umies  cIcMrd.  Pop*. 

3l  a.  Striking,  as  with  horror;  causing  to  recoil 
with  horror  or  disgust ;  extremely  offensive  or  dis- 
gusting. 

"Hw  Frfoch  humor —  [t  Tery  aluxMng  to  ihe  ItalUna.   AJduon, 

SnOCK'I.\G-LY,  adv.  In  a.  manner  to  strike  with 
horror  or  dtsmist.  ChesUrfield. 

SHOCK'ING  NESS,  h.    The  stiiie  of  being  shocking. 

SHOD,  for  Shobd,  prrt.  and  pp.  of  irnow.. 

SHOE,  (shoo,)  «. ;  pi.  Shoes.  [Sai.  scto,  sceog;  G. 
stkuk  ;  D.  schocn  ;  Sw.  «io  ;  Dan.  «ilor,  a  fthoe  ;  skon-^ 
to  bind  with  iron,  to  shoe.  It  is  uncertain  to  what 
this  word  was  originally  applied,  whether  to  a  band 
o(  iron,  or  to  something  worn  on  the  human  fooL 
It  la  a  contracted  word.  In  G.  hand^cAuh^  Ifand-shoe, 
is  a  glove.  The  sense  is  probably  a  cover,  or  that 
which  is  put  onl 

1.  A  covering  for  the  foot,  usually  of  leather,  com- 
poeed  of  a  thick  species  for  the  si^e,  and  a  thinner 
kind  for  the  vamp  and  qiiartrra,  Shoe^  for  ladies 
often  have  some  species  uf  cluth  for  the  vamp  and 
quarters. 

2.  A  plate  or  rim  of  iron  nailed  to  the  hoof  of  a 
horse  to  defend  it  from  injury  ;  also,  a  plate  of  iron 
for  an  ox's  hoof,  one  for  each  divisiun  of  the  hoof. 
Oxen  are  shod  in  New  En^rland,  Mtmetiines  to  defend 
the  hoof  from  injur)*  in  fti'ny  places,  more  generally 
to  enable  them  to  walk  on  ice,  in  which  case  the 
^oes  are  armed  with  sharp  points.    This  is  called 


3.  The  plate  of  iron  which  is  nailed  to  the  bottom 
of  the  runner  of  a  sleigh,  or  any  vehicle  that  glides 
on  the  snow  in  winter. 

4.  A  piece  of  timber  fastened  with  pins  to  the  bot- 
tom of  the  runners  of  a  «led,  to  pn^vent  them  from 
wearing. 

5.  The  inclined  piece  at  the  bottom  of  a  water 
trunk  or  lead  pipe,  foriuminp  the  course  of  the  water, 
and  dischareing  it  from  a  building.  OteilL 

6.  Something  in  form  of  a  shoe,  or  answering  the 
purpose  of  a  shoe. 

7.  A  cover  for  defense. 

Shoe  pf  an  anch^n-;  a  small  block  of  wood,  convex 
on  the  back,  with  n  hole  to  receive  the  point  of  the 
anchor  fluke  ;  used  to  prevent  the  anchor  from  tear-  i 


SHO 

ing  the  planks  of  the  vessel  when  raised  or  low- 
ered. T'utten. 
SHOE,  (shoo,)  p.  t. :  prrL  and  pp.  Shod.    To  furnish 

with  shoes  ;  to  put  shoes  on  ;  as,  to  shoe  a  horse  or 

an  ox ;  to  shoe  a  sled  or  sleigh. 
S.  To  cover  at  the  bottom.  Drayton. 

To  shoe  an  anchor  ;  lo  cover  the  flukes  with  brnad, 

triangular  pieces  of  plank.     This  is  intended  to  give 

the  anchor  a  stronger  hold  in  soft  grounds.   Totten. 
SHOE'IILACK,  (shoo'blak,)  x.     [shoe  and  bluck.]     A 

person  that  cleans  shoes. 
SHOE'BOV,  R.     [shoe  and  boy.]     A  boy  that  cleans 

shoes. 
SHOE'BUCK-LE,  (shoo'buk-I,)  a.     [shoe  and  buekle.] 

A  buckle  fur  fastening  a  shoe  to  the  foot. 
SHOE'INt;,  (shtw'ing,)  ppr.     Putting  on  shoes. 
SHOE'INti-HOUN,  K.     [shoe  and  hum.]     A  horn  used 

to  facilitate  the  entrance  of  the  fool  into  a  narrow 

shoe. 
*2.  Any  thing  by  which  a  transaction  is  facilitated  ; 

any  thing  used  as  a  modiuni ;  in  contempt.  Spectator. 
SHOE'-LEATH-ER,    (shoo'leth-er,)    n.      [shoe     and 

leatArr.]     Leather  for  shoes. 
SHOE'LESS,  0.    Destitute  of  shoes. 

CAllrops  rfrj  much  incomtnodeil  the  thotUta  Moon. 

Dr.  Atiditon. 

SHOE'MAK-ER,  n.  [shoe  and  maker.]  One  whose 
occupation  or  trade  is  to  make  shoes  and  boots. 

SHO'KR,  n.  One  that  fits  shoes  to  the  feet ;  one  that 
furnishes  or  puts  on  shoes  ;  as  a  farrier. 

SHOE'STRING,  n.  [shoe  and  string.]  A  string  used 
to  far^ten  a  shoe  to  the  foot. 

SHOE'TVE,  (shoo'tl,)  n.  [shoe  and  tye.]  A  ribbon 
used  for  fastening  a  shoe  to  the  fo4.)t.  Hudibras. 

SHOG,  fur  Shock  ;  a  violent  concussion.     [J\'i>t  in  use,] 

Dryden, 

SHOG.  r.  L     To  shake  ;  to  agitate.     [A'oC  in  use.] 

Carew. 

BBOG,  e.  ».  To  move  off;  to  be  gone ;  to  jog.  f JVo( 
in  u.^.]     [See  Joe]  Hall. 

SHOG'GING,  II.    Concussion.     [J^ot  in  use.]    Ilarmar. 

SHOG'GLE,  r.  r.  Tushake  ;  to  joggle,  [^ot  in  use.] 
[See  JOUUL.E.J  P^ggf' 

SHCLE,  n.     [Sax.  sceoly  a  crowd.] 

A  throng ;  a  crowd  ;  a  great  multitude  assembled. 
[This  is  the  better  orthography.     See  SuoAt..] 

SHoNE,  pp.  of  Shine. 

SHOO,  0.  (.     [O.  scheuehen^  to  scare.] 

To  scare  ;  to  drive  away  by  frightening;    hence, 
be  gone. 

[A  icord  used  ta  searing  away  fowls^  hui  used  in  the 
imperative  only.] 

SHOOK,  pp.  of  Shakb. 

SIipQK, «.  In  commerce^  shooks  are  casks  of  hogs- 
head staves  prepared  for  use.  Boards  for  boxes  of 
sugar,  prepared  or  fllted  for  use,  bear  the  same  name. 

SHOOK,  r.  U     To  pack  staves  in  casks. 

SU06.\,  old  pi.  of  Shoe.     [Obs>] 

SHOOT,  V.  L  ;  preU  and  pp.  Shot.  The  old  participle 
SHoTTENisnbsolete.  [Sax.  sceotany  scytan,  to  shoot,  to 
dart,  lo  rush,  to  lay  out  or  bestow,  to  transfer,  to 
pomt  with  the  finger,  whence  to  lead  or  direct;  G. 
schossen,  to  shoot,  and  to  pay  scot,  also  schiessen^ 
to  shoot,  to  dart ;  D.  sehieten ;  Sw.  skiula ;  Dan. 
skyder ;  Ir.  scftthim^  lo  vomit;  sciut^  an  arrow  or 
dart ;  It.  scattare^  to  shoot  an  arrow  ;  L.  scatfo,  lo 
shoot  out  water;  W.  ysguthaw^  ysgudaw^  to  scud  ; 
ystrirduy  to  thrust ;  ysgylhu,  to  spout.  It  is  formed 
with  a  prefix  on  Od.] 

1.  To  let  fly  and  drive  with  force  ;  as,  to  shoot  an 
arrow. 

2.  To  discharge  and  cause  to  be  driven  with  vio- 
lence ;  as,  to  shoot  a  hall. 

3.  To  send  off  with  force ;  to  dart 

And  from  about  b«r  ahot  d.irti  ol  desire.  MUtan. 

4.  To  let  off;  used  of  the  instrument. 

The  two  cniU  of  a  bow  akot  off,  fly  from  one  aoother.     Boylt. 

5.  To  strike  with  any  thing  shot ;  as,  lo  shoot  one 
with  an  arrow  or  a  bullet. 

6.  To  send  out ;  to  push  forth  ;  as,  a  plant  shoots  a 
branch. 

7.  To  push  out ;  lo  emit;  to  dart ;  to  thrust  forth. 

Beware  ibe  accrel  soake  that  akoola  a  Btin^.  Dryden. 

8.  To  push  forward  ;  to  drive ;  to  propel ;  as,  to 
shoot  a  bolt. 

9.  To  push  out ;  to  thrust  forward. 

Tlifj  ahoot  out  the  lip.  —  P«.  xiii. 

The  phrase   to  shoot  out  the  Up,  signifies  to  treat 
with  derision  or  contempt. 

10.  Tu  pass  through  with  swiftness;  aa,  to  ^Aoot 
the  Stygian  flood.  Dryden. 

11.  To  plane  straight,  or  fit  by  planing;  a  work- 
man's term. 

Two  piMM  of  wood  thst  are  ahot,  that  is,  planed  or  pared  with  a 
chi».l.  Moxon, 

12.  To  kill  by  a  ball,  arrow,  or  other  thing  shot ; 
as,  to  shoot  a  duck. 

VS.  To  pass  rapidly  under  by  the  force  of  a  cur- 
rent :  as,  lo  shoot  a  bridge.  7'otten. 
SHOOT,  r.  t.    To   perform   the  act  of   discharging, 
sending  with  force,  or  driving  any  thing  by  means  of 


SHO 

an  engine  or  instrument ;  as,  to  shoot  at  a  target  or 
mark. 

When  yoo  ahoal  and  *hu(  one  ew.  Prior. 

Tlie  itrchcn  liuve  ■oreljr  gricrou  Lim,  aad  »hot  at  blm.  —  Uca. 
zlis. 

2.  To  germinate;  to  bud  ;  lo  sprout;  to  send  forth 
branches. 


Oniuna,  ft!  they  han^,  will  ahool  lorlh. 
But  the  wild  olive  thoota  aoil  shades  the  U 


Delightful  talk. 
To  teach  the  young  idea  how  to  ahool. 


IJ<uvn. 
igTKteful  plain. 

Drydan. 

Tliomaon. 

3.  To  form  by  shooting,  or  by  an  arrangenient  of 
panicles  into  spicutte.  Metals  shoot  into  crystals. 
Even.'  salt  shoots  into  crystals  of  a  determinate  forni. 

4.  To  be  emitted,  sent  forth,  or  driven  along. 
TbTi-  ahot  A  streaming^  l.-unp  alun^  the  aky.  Drydan, 

5.  To  protuberate  ;  lo  be  pU!«hed  out ;  to  jut ;  to 
pjMijert.     The  land  shoots  into  a  promontory. 

G.  To  pass,  as  an  arrow  or  pointed  instrument ;  to 
penetrate. 

Thy  words  afiool  ihruugli  my  heart,  Addiaon. 

7.  Tu  grow  rapidly  ;  to  become  by  rapid  growth. 
The  boy  sunn  shoots  up  to  a  man. 

H»'lt  •oo»  tkool  up  a  ht'ro.  Dryden. 

8.  To  move  with  velocity  ;  as,  a  shooting  star. 

9.  To  feel  a  quick,  darling  [min.    My  temples  shcoL 
To  shoot  ahead;  to  outstrip  in  running,  flying,  or 

sailing. 
SHOOT,  n.     The  act  of  propelling  or  driving  any  thing 
with  violence  ;  the  discharge  of  a  fire-arm  or  bowl ; 
as,  a  good  shoot. 

The  Turkisli  t>ow  pvcth  ■■  very  foroilile  ahofO,  Bacon, 

S.  The  act  of  striking,  or  endeavoring  to  strike 
with  a  missive  weapon.  Shak. 

3.  A  young  branch. 

Pnitie  off  superfluoua  hrHuches  and  ahoota  of  this  accond  tnring. 

£velyn, 

4.  A  young  swine  wliich  is  shooting  or  growing  up. 

IJuUotCiiy. 
[In  JVeiD  England,  pronounced  shote.] 

SHOOT'ER, )!.  One  that  sho*»t3;  an  archer;  a  gun- 
ner. Herbert. 

SHOOT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Discharging,  as  fire-arms  ; 
driving  or  sending  with  violence  ;  pushing  out  ;  pro- 
tuherating  ;  germinating ;  branching ;  glancing,  as 
pain. 

SHOOT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  discharging  fire-arms,  or 
of  sending  an  arrow  with  force  ;  a  firing. 

2.  Sensation  of  a  quick,  glancing  pain. 

3.  In  sportsmanship,  the  act  or  practice  of  killing 
game  with  guns  or  fire-arms. 

SHOOT'ING-STAR,  n.  Afire  ball  or  meteor  which 
darts  across  the  sky  with  a  transient  light.  Shooting- 
stars  have  been  found  to  be  more  abundant  at  partic- 
ular periods,  the  most  remarkable  of  which  are  the 
13th  of  November  and  the  9th  or  10th  uf  August. 

Olmsted. 

SHOOT'Y,  a.     Of  equal  growth  or  size.  Orose. 

SHOP,  n.  [\orm.  sehope;  Sax.  sceoppa,  a.  depository, 
from  sceapian,  to  form  or  shape  ;  Sw.  skap,  a  reposi- 
tory ;  Dan.  skab,  a  cupboard  or  chest  of  drawers. 
Qu.  Fr.  echoppc.] 

1.  A  building  in  which  goods,  wares,  drugs,  &c., 
are  sold  by  retail. 

9.  A  building  in  which  mechanics  work,  and 
where  they  keep  their  manufactures  for  sale. 

Keep  your  ahop,  and  your  ahop  will  keep  you.  FVanktin. 

SHOP,  r.  t.  To  visit  shops  for  purchasing  goods; 
used  chiefly  in  the  participle;  as,  the  lady  is  shop- 
ping. 

SHOP'BOARD,  n.  [shop  and  board.]  A  bench  on 
which  work  is  performed  ;  as,  a  doctor  or  divine 
taken  from  the  shipboard.  South. 

SHOP'BQpK,  71.  [shop  and  book,]  A  book  in  which 
a  tradesman  keeps  his  accounts.  Locke. 

SHOP'KEEP-ER,  n.  [shop  and  keep.]  A  trader  who 
sells  gLHids  in  a  shop  or  hy  retail ;  in  distinction  from 
a  MEBCHAST,or  one  who  sells  by  wholesale,  wflrfdwon. 

SHOP'LIFT-ER,  n.  [shop  and  lift.  See  Lift.]  One 
who  stMjils  any  thing  in  a  shop,  or  takes  goods  pri- 
vately from  a  shop  ;  one  who,  under  pretense  of  buy- 
ine  goods,  takes  occasion  to  steal.  Encyc. 

SHOPLIFTING,  n.  Larceny  committed  in  a  shop; 
the  stealing  of  any  thing  from  a  shop. 

SHOP'LTKE,  a.     Low  ;  vulgar.  J?.  Jonson. 

SHOP'MAN,  n.     [shop  auA  man.]     A  petty  trader. 

Dryden. 

2.  One  who  serves  in  a  shop.  Johnson. 
SIIOP'PING,  ;jpr.     Visiting  shops  for  the  purchase  of 

goods. 

SHOP'PING,  n.  The  act  of  visiting  shops  for  the  pur- 
chase of  goods. 

SHORE,  the  oldpret  of  Shear.     [Obs.] 

SHORE,  n.     [Sax.  score.] 

The  coast  or  land  adjacent  to  the  ocean  or  sea,  or 
to  a  large  lake  or  river.  This  word  is  applied  prima- 
rily to  the  land  contiguous  to  water  ;  but  it  extends 
also  to  the  ground  near  the  border  of  the  sea  or  of  a 
lake,  which  is  covered  with  water.  VVe  also  use 
the  word  to  express  the  land  near  the  border  of  the 


Fate,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— MeTE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE.  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE.  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 
X^4 


SHO 

sea  or  of  a  grc.'it  Irik(*,  to  an  indefiaite  extent;  A9 
when  we  pay,  n  town  stands  on  the  sftore.  Wo  do 
not  apply  the  word  to  the  land  contiguous  to  a  small 
stream..    This  we  call  a  Bank. 

8HCRE,  n.  The  popular  but  corrupt  pronunciation  of 
seierr ;  a  pronunciation  that  should  be  carefully 
avuided. 

SHORE,  n.     [Sp.  and  Port,  escora;  D.  schoor.] 

A  prop  or  timher  placed  as  a  brace  or  support  on 
tho  side  of  a  building  or  other  thing.    Watts.     Owilt. 

SHORE,  V.  t.     To  propi  to  support  by  a  post  or   but- 
tress ;  usually  with  up ;  as,  to  shore  up  a  building. 
•2.  To  set  on  shore.     [J\''ot  in  tute.]  S/uik, 

SIIoR'£D,  pp.     Propped  ;  supported  by  a  prop. 

SHOR'IXG,  ppr.     Propping;  supporting. 

SlIORE'LEStf,  fl.  Having  no  shore  or  coast;  of  in- 
definite or  unlimited  extent ;  as,  a  shorekss  ocean. 

Boyle. 

SHORE'LIXG,  I  ?!.    In  England,  the  skin  of  a  living 

SHOR'LING,  )  sheep  shorn,  as  distinct  from  the 
jaorliniTy  or  skin  taken  from  the  dead  sheep.  Hence, 
in  ^ome  parts  of  England,  a  a'Aor/in^  is  a  sheep  shorn, 
and  a  morlia/r  i^  one  that  dies.        „  Eiictic. 

SHORL,  n.  [3w.  jfcSr/,  from  skar,  brittle ;  i>un. 
^kiiir.] 

A  mineral,  black  tourmaline.  Dana. 

SHOR-LA'CEOUS,  a.  Like  shorl ;  partaking  of  the 
nature  and  characters  of  shorL  Klrwan. 

SHORL'TTE,  n,  A  mineral  of  a  greenish- white  color, 
iiouietiinea  yellowish,  a  variety  of  topaz ;  mostly 
found  in  irregular,  oblong  masses  or  columns,  in- 
serted in  a  mixture  of  quartz  and  mica  or  granite. 
Klaprolh.  Kirwan. 
Shorlite  or  shorloua  topaz,  the  pycnite  of  Werner, 
is  of  a  straw-yellow  color.  Urt, 

SHORX,  p;».  of  Shear.  Cut  offj  as,  a  lock  of  wool 
skom. 

2.  Having  the  hair  or  wool  cut  off  or  sheared  ;  as, 
a  shorn  lamb, 

3.  Deprived  ;  as,  a  prince  shorn  of  his  honors. 
SHORT,  a.     [Sax.  sceort.,  scyrt :  G.  kuri ;    D.  Sw.  and 

Dan.  kort ;  Fr.  court :  It.  corto  ;  L.  cuHu-S  ;  Ir.  gear ; 
Ru^s.  kortayu^  to  shorten.  It  is  from  cutting  off  or 
sepamiing.     Q,u.  Dan.  skiHr^  Sw.  skor,  brittle.] 

1.  Not  long  ;  not  having  great  length  or  extension  ; 
as,  a  short  distance  ;  a  s£>rt  ferry ;  a  shorl  flight ;  a 
short  piece  of  timber. 


S.  Not  extended  in  lime  ;  not  of  long  duration. 

Tbe  triumphing  of  ibe  wicked  k  »AorI.  —  Job  ix.     I  The«.  ii. 

3.  Not  of  usual  or  sufficient  length,  reach,  or  ex- 
tent. 

Wcidt  thoueh  I  un  of  limb,  and  thori  of  sighL  Pojm. 

4.  Not  of  long  duration  ;  repeated  at  small  inlcr- 
Tals  of  time  ;  as,  short  breath.       Dryden.     Sidney. 

5.  Not  of  adequate  extent  or  quantity  ;  not  reach- 
ing the  point  demanded,  desired,  or  expected  ;  as,  a 
quantity  short  of  our  expectations. 

Not  ihrrr-fofv  am  I  thort 
Of  knoivirig-  whut  i  ou^t.  Milton. 

6.  Deficient ;  defective ;  imperfect.  This  account 
is  short  of  the  truth. 

7.  Not  adequate;  insufficient;  scanty;  as,  prr>> 
Tisiona  are  short  ,■  a  short  allowance  of  water  for  the 
voyage. 

8.  Not  sufficiently  supplied    scantily  furnished. 

Tbe  En^li^  wen  Inferior  in  oomlier,  Kod  grew  vAort  in  ihcir 
provMooj.  Ua^oard. 

9.  Not  far  distant  in  time  ;  future. 

li«  eommiinded  Uiow  who  were  appointed  to  altond  him,  to  be 
re&dy  bjr  «  ihorl  day.  Clartndon. 

We  now  say,  at  short  notice.  In  mercantile  tan- 
^ua^f,  a  note  or  bill  is  made  payable  at  short  sight, 
that  is,  in  a  little  time  after  being  presented  to  Uie 
payer. 

io.  Not  fetching  a  compass;  as  in  the  phrase,  to 
turn  short. 

11.  Not  going  to  the  [loint  intended ;  as,  to  stop 
short. 

12.  Defective  in  quantity  ;  as,  sheep  short  of  their 
wo»!l.  Dniden. 

13.  Narrow  ;  limited }  not  extended ;  not  large  or 
comprehensive. 

Ttif-ir  own  thnrt  und'>t«tBndfn^  mcb 

No  fijitber  ih&n  lh«  pr<?«:nL  RoiM. 

14.  Brittle;  friable;  breaking  all  at  once  without 
splinters  or  shatter;* ;  aj(,  marl  so  sh«rt  that  it  can  not 
be  wrought  Into  a  ball.  Mortimer. 

15.  Not  bending. 

Tbe  lane*  broke  $horl.  Dn/rUn, 

IC).  Abrupt;  brief;  pointed;  petulant;  severe.  I 
asked  bim  a  question,  to  which  he  gave  a  short  an- 
swer. 

To  be  short :  to  be  scantily  supplied ;  as,  to  &«  short 
of  bread  or  water. 

To  come  short ;  to  fail  ;  not  to  do  what  is  demanded 
or  expected,  or  what  is  necessary  fur  the  purpose  ; 
applied  to  persons.  We  all  come  short  of  perfect 
obedience  to  God's  wfIL 

9.  Not  to  reach  or  obtain.    Rom.  iii. 


SHO 

3.  To  fail ;  to  be  insufficient.  Provisions  come 
short. 

To  cut  short ;  to  abridge ;  to  contract ;  to  make 
too  small  or  defective  j  also,  to  destroy  or  cousuiue. 
2  STmgs  X. 

To  fall  short ;  to  fail ;  to  be  inadequate  or  scanty  ; 
as,  provisions  fall  slwrt;  money  falls  short. 

S.  To  fail ;  not  to  do  or  accomplish  ;  as,  to  fall 
thort  in  duty. 

3.  To  be  less.  The  measure  faJls  short  of  the  es- 
timate. 

To  sUrp  short ;  to  stop  at  once  ;  also,  to  stop  with- 
out reaching  the  point  intended. 

To  turn  short ;  to  turn  on  the  spot  occupied ;  to 
turn  without  making  a  compass. 

For  fuming  short  ho  struck  wiili  all  hii  might.  Drydxn. 

To  be  taken  short;  to  be  seized  with  urgent  neces- 
sity. Swift. 

In  short :  in  few  words ;    briefly ;   to  sum  up  or 
close  in  a  few  words. 
SHORT,  n.    A  summary  account ;  as,  the  short  of  tbe 
matter. 

The  ahort  nod  long  In  our  play  ii  preferred.  Shot. 

SHORT,  adv.  Not  long;  as,  sAori-enduring  joy ;  a 
sA(?r£-brealhcd  man.  L>ryden,     j^rbuthnot. 

In   connection    with   verbs,  short  is  a  modifying 
word,  or  used  adverbially  ;  as,  to  come  shorty  ifcc'. 
SHORT,  V.  t.     To  shorten. 

2.  V.  i.  To  fail  ;  to  decrease.     [JiTot  in  vse.'] 
SHORT'-BREATH-£D,   (breUit,)   a.     Having  short 

breath  or  quick  respiration. 

snORT'-€AKE,  n.  A  soft  and  friable  cake,  in  which 
butter  or  lard  has  been  mixed  with  the  flour.    Furby. 

SHORT'eOM-ING,  (-kum'ing,)  n.  A  failing  of  Uie 
usual  produce,  quantity,  or  amount,  as  of  a  crop. 

Chalmers. 
9.  A  failure  of  full  performance,  as  of  duty. 

SHORT'-DaT-ED,  a.  {short  and  date.}  Having  lit- 
tle time  to  run.  Sandys. 

SHORT'-DRAWN,  a.  Being  of  short  breathing  ;  im- 
perfectly inspired,  as  breath. 

SHORT'£N,  (short'n,)  v.  t.     [Sax.  scyrtan.] 

1.  To  make  short  in  measure,  extent,  or  time  ;  as, 
Co  shorten  distance ;  to  shorten  a  road  ;  to  shorten 
days  of  calamity.    Matt.  xiiv. 

3.  To  abridge  ;  to  lessen  ;  as,  to  shorten  labor  or 
work. 

3.  To  curtail ;  as,  to  shorten  the  hair  by  clipping. 

4.  To  contract ;  to  lessen;  to  reduce  or  diminish 
in  extent  or  amount ;  as,  to  shortai  sail ;  to  sliorten 
an  allowance  of  provisions. 

5.  To  confine  ;  to  restrain. 

Here,  whero  tbe  subject  is  so  fruitful,  I  am  thorttned  by  my 
chain.  Dryiun. 

6.  To  lop  ;  to  deprive. 

The  jouth  —  ahortened  of  his  ears.  Z>n/d£n. 

7.  To  make  paste  short  or  friable,  with  butter  or 
lard. 

8H0RT'£N,  (short'n,)  v.  u  To  become  short  or 
shorter.  The  day  shortens  in  northern  latitudes  from 
June  to  December. 

3.  To  contract ;  as,  a  cord  shortens  by  being  wet  ; 
a  irietallic  rod  shortens  by  cold. 

SHORT' a:N-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Made  short  or  shorter; 
abridged  ;  contracted. 

SnORT'/:N-ING,  ppr.  Making  short  or  shorter;  con- 
tracting. 

SHORT'£N-ING,  ».    A  making  short  or  shorter. 

3.  Something  used  in  cookery  to  make  paste  short 
or  friable,  as  butter  or  lard.  HaUiwelL 

SHORT'-HAND,  n.  [short  and  Aanrf.]  Short  writing  ; 
a  compendious  method  of  writing  by  substituting 
characters,  abbreviations,  or  symbols  fur  words  ;  oth- 
erwise called  Stenooraphy.  Locke. 

SHORT'-JOINT-ED,  a.  [short  and  joinf.]  A  horse 
is  said  to  be  shorl-jointedj  when  the  pastern  is  too 
short.  Enoic. 

8H0RT'-LTV-ED,  a.  {.^hort  and  live.']  Not  living  or 
lasting  long;  beingof  short  continuance  ;  as,  n.^/wrf- 
lived  race  of  beings  ;  short-liotd  pleasure  ;  short-lived 
passion.  Dryden.     Addison. 

SHORT'LY,  adv.     Quickly  ;  soon  ;  in  a  little  lime. 
Tbe  armtn  came  shortly  in  view  of  each  other.       Clartndon. 

S.  In  few  words ;  briefly ;  as,  to  express  ideas 
more  shortly  in  verse  than  in  prose.  Pope. 

SHORT'N ER,n.     He  or  that  which  shorteni.  Sioift. 

SHORT'.NESri,  n.  The  quality  of  heingsh(»rt  in  8i>ace 
or  time  ;  little  length  or  liitU- duration  ;  as,  the  skort- 
Tiess  of  a  journey  or  of  distance;  the  shortness  of 
the  days  in  winter ;  the  shortness  of  life. 

2.  Fewness  of  words  ;  brevity  ;  conciseness  ;  as, 
the  «Aor(fle.*sof  an  essay.  'J'he  prayers  of  the  church, 
by  reason  of  their  shortness,  are  easy  for  the  memory. 

3.  Want  of  reach  or  the  power  of  retention  ;  as, 
the  shortness  of  the  memory.  Bacon. 

4.  Deficiency;  imt>erfection ;  limited  extent;  as, 
the  shortness  of  our  reason.  Glanville. 

SHORT'-RIB,  n.  [short  and  rib.]  One  of  the  lower 
ribs ;  a  rib  shorter  than  tho  others,  below  tbe  sternum  ; 
a  false  rib.  JYUeman. 

SHORTS,  B.  pi.  The  bran  and  coarse  part  of  meal,  in 
mixture.  Hulliwell. 


SHO 

SHORT'-SIGHT,  (site,)  n.  Short-sightedness;  my- 
opy  ;  vision  accurate  only  when  the  object  is  near. 

Oood. 

SHORT'-SIGHT'ED,  (site'-,)  a.  Not  able  to  see  far ; 
having  limited  vision  ;  in  a  literal  sense. 

3.  Not  able  to  look  far  into  futurity ;  not  able  to 
understand  things  deep  or  remote;  of  limited  in- 
tellect. 

SHORT'-SIGHT'ED-NESS,  n.  A  defect  in  vision, 
coniji!>ting  in  the  inability  to  see  things  at  a  distance, 
or  at  the  distance  to  which  the  sight  ordinarily  ex- 
tends. 

2.  Defective  or  limited  intellectual  sight ;  inability 
to  see  far  into  futurity  or  into  things  deep  or  abstruse. 

Addison. 

SnORT'-WAIST-ED,  a.  [short  and  vaisL]  Having 
a  short  waist  or  body.  Vryden. 

SHORT'-WIND-ED,  a.  [short  and  wind.)  Affected 
with  shortness  of  breath  ;  having  a  quick  respira- 
tion ;  as,  dyspna>ic  and  asthmatic  persons.      May. 

SHORT'-VVlNG-£D,  a.  [short  and  wing.]  Having 
short  wings  ;  as,  a  short-tcinffcd  hawk.         Dryden. 

SHORT'-WIT-TED,  a.  Having  little  wit;  not  wise; 
of  scanty  intellect  or  jndgmenu  Hales. 

SnCR'V,  a.  [from  stiore.]  Lying  near  the  shore  or 
coast.     [Little  used.]  Burnet. 

SHOT,  preL  and  pp.  of  Shoot. 

SHOT,  n.  [Sax.  scyt;  D.  scAoo(,  schoL  See  Shoot 
and  Scoir] 

1.  The  act  of  shooting ;  discharge  of  a  missile 
weapon. 

tiecrtiued  twenty  shot  of  bis  greatest  eanuon  to  be  mnde  at  the 
kUig't  army.  Clartndon, 

JVti(c  —  The  plural,  ahotsy  may  be  used,  but  shot  is 
used  in  both  numbers. 

2.  A  missile  weaix>n,  particularly  a  ball  or  bullet. 
Shot  is  properly  whatever  is  discharged  from  fire- 
arms or  cannon  by  the  force  of  gunpowder.  Shot 
Used  in  war  is  of  various  kinds;  as,  round  ahot^ 
balls,  or  bullets  ;  those  for  cannon  made  of  iron,  those 
for  mu-skels  and  pistols,  of  lead.  Secondly,  double- 
headed  shot,  or  bar  shot,  consisting  of  a  bar  with  a 
round  head  at  each  end.  Thirdly,  chain  shot,  con- 
sisting of  two  balls  chained  together.  Fourthly. 
grape  shot,  consisting  of  a  number  of  balls  bouuu 
together  with  a  cord  in  canvas  on  an  iron  bottom, 
so  as  to  form  a  cylindrical  figure.  Fifthly,  case  shot 
or  canister  shot,  consisting  of  a  great  number  of  small 
bullets  in  a  cylindrical  tin  box.  Sixthly,  langrcl  or 
lanjrrage,  which  consists  of  pieces  of  iron  of  any 
kind  or  shape.     Small  shot,  denotes  musket  balls. 

Mar.  Diet.     Hebcrt. 

3.  Small  globular  masses  of  lead,  used  for  killing 
birds  and  other  small  animals.  These  are  not  called 
balls  or  bullets. 

4.  Tiie  flight  of  a  missile  weapon,  or  the  distance 
which  it  passes  from  the  engine  ;  as,  a  cannon  shot ; 
a  nmsket  shot;  a  pistol  shot;  a  bow  shoL 

5.  A  marksman  ;  one  who  practices  shooting;  as, 
an  excellent  shoL  W.  Irving. 

6.  A  reckoning  ;  charge  or  proportioual  share  of 
expense  at  a  tavern,  &c.     [See  Scot.] 

Shot  of  a  cable  ;  in  seamen*s  langnaire,  the  splicing 
of  two  cables  together;  or  the  whole  length  of  two 
cables  thus  united.  A  ship  will  ride  easier  in  deep 
water  with  one  shut  of  cable  thus  lengthened,  than 
with  three  short  cables.  Encye. 

SHOT,  r.  L    To  load  with  shot  o\*er  a  cartridge  ;  as, 

to  shot  the  guns.  Tottcn, 

SHOT'-BELT-ED,  a.    Wearing  a  belt  carrying  shot 
SUOTE,  n,     [Sax.  sceota  ;  from  shooting,  darling.] 
].  A  fish  resembling  the  trout.  '      Carew. 

3.  A  young  hog,  or  a  half-grown  unfatted  hog. 

SSi;e  Shoot.]  Ainsworth. 

OT'-FREE,  a.     [shot  and/ree.]     Free  from  charge  ; 
exempted  from  any  share  of  expense  ;  scot-free. 
3.  Nut  to  be  injured  by  shot.     [JWt  used.] 

FelUiam. 
3.  Unpunished.    [JVot  used.] 
SIIOT'-GaUGE,  n,    [shot  and  fi"««fi*e.]    An   instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  diameter  of  round  shot. 

ToUen. 
SnOT'-HOLE,   Tu     A  hole    made  by  a  bullet   dis- 
charged. 
SH0T'*1'ED,  pp.    Loaded  with  shot  over  a  cartridge, 

as  guns. 
SH0T'T/:N,  (shot'n,)a.  [fromsAoof.]   Having  ejected 
the  spawn.  SAoA. 

3.  Shooting  into  angles. 

3.  Shot  out  of  its  socket ;  dislocated  ;  as  a  bone. 
Shotten  herrinff ;  a  gutted  herring  dried  for  keep 
ing ;  hence,  a  mean,  meager  fellow. 

Shak.     Ilallitrell 
SIIOUGH,  (shok,)  n.    A  kind  of  shaggy  dog.    [Ao( 

in  icse.]  [^ee  Shock.] 
SHQULl),  (Bh99d.)  The  preterit  of  Shall,  but  now 
used  as  an  auxiliary  verb,  either  in  the  past  time  or 
conditional  present.  **  He  should  have  paid  tlie  debt 
at  the  time  the  note  became  due.''  ShouU  here  de- 
notes past  time.  ^'  I  shotUd  ride  to  town  this  day  if 
the  weather  would  permit."  He  should  expresses 
present  or  future  time  conditionally.  In  the  aeconti 
and  third  persons,  it  denotes  obligation  or  duty,  as 
in  the  first  example  above. 


TONE,  BI:LL,  IJ.VITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0US — C  as  K  j  0  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


131} 


1025 


SHO 

1.  t  should  go.  Wbon  shovhl  in  this  person  is  ut- 
tered wilbuut  emphasis,  it  tleclnrea  simply  thnt  an 
event  would  take  place,  on  sumu  condition  or  under 
other  circumstances. 

But  when  expressed  with  emphasis,  should  \Ti  this 
person  denotes  obligation,  duly,  or  determination. 

a.  Thoit  skouldst  \  Without  cwpbasi.^,  should^ 

You.  should  S  ^°'  In  il)e  second  jierson,  is 
nearly  equivalent  to  ought;  you  ought  to  go.it  u 
your  dutv,  you  are  bound  to  go.     [See  Hhalu] 

With  empiiasis,  should  expresses  dctemitnation  in 
the  speaker  conditionally  to  compel  the  person  to 
act.  *•  If  I  Iiad  the  care  of  you,  you  should  go, 
whether  willing  ornoL" 

3.  Ut  should  go.  Should,  in  the  third  person,  has 
Ibc  same  force  as  in  the  st^cond. 

4.  If  /  should,  if  you  should,  if  he  ahouU,  kc,  de- 
■ole  ■  future  conliugeut  event. 

fi.  After  should,  the  principal  verb  U  sometimes 
oniitted*  without  obscuring  the  sense. 

So  aut^ecu  W*«  Jtut  kiag*,  ot  so  Ux-j  cAomU.  Drfim. 

Tbat  is,  so  tbey  should  tov*  them. 

&  Should  bs;  ouebt  to  be  ;  a  proverbial  phrase, 
eonveying  111010  c«tt«ure,coatompl,  or  irony.  Thiugs 
are  not  as  OMy  *k»uU  be. 

TbB  boy*  lUok  ibcJT  mother  do  bctM  tbao  >to  Mkvtdd  bt. 

Addiaon, 

7.  "  Wo  think  it  strnn^  that  stones  should  full 
from  the  a*?riul  regious."  In  lliis  use,  should  implifn 
that  stones  do  full.  In  all  similar  phrases,  should 
implies  the  actual  existence  of  the  tact,  without  a 
condition  or  sup|Mi.-iition. 
SHOUL'DER,  m.  fSax.  sculdre,  seuldor,  sculdfr ;  G. 
tekuUrr;  D.  sehouder :  Svf.  skutdra  Dan.  skutder.'^ 

1.  The  joint  by  which  the  ann  of  a  human  being 
or  the  fore  leg  of  a  quadruped  is  connected  with  the 
body  ;  or  in  man,  the  projection  formed  hy  the  bones 
called  ?c*Pt'i..«:  or  Shoi'loeb-Bladbs,  which  extend 
fh>m  the  basis  of  the  nfck  in  a  horizontal  direction. 

3.  The  upper  joint  uf  the  fore  leg  of  an  animal  cut 
for  the  market ;  as,  a  shoulder  of  mutton. 

3.  Shoulders,  in  the  plural ;  the  upper  part  of  the 
back. 

AdowB  bw  dhovUm  Ul  hex  heag^  ti  hair.  Dryden. 

4.  FhpiratUfalf,  support ;  sustaining  power ;  or 
that  which  elevates  and  sustains. 

Tor  on  thy  tkotUorm  tlo  I  bulhl  my  wM.  Shak. 

5.  Among  artifuitrv,  something  like  the  human 
shoulder  \  a  horizonul  or  rectangular  projection  from 
the  body  of  a  thmg.  Moron. 

6.  In  /i/rfijirah^vR,  the  angle  of  a  bastion  included 
between  the  face  and  tiank.  Brandt, 

SHAl'L'nKR,  r.  t.  To  push  or  thrual  with  the  shoul- 
der; to  push  with  violence. 

Anaad  ha  vudbaOim  tbc  nfatite  flond, 

Tlwitfii  liij  mdk  allvr,  cntvdiaf  for  ■  rinr.  Bom. 

Ab  tbey  tlw  wnh  weold  tAouittr  from  her  msL         Sfmtmr. 

2.  To  take  upon  tlie  shoulder  -j  as,  to  shoulder  a 

SHfiUL'DER-BELT.  it.  [shoulder  and  belt.]  A  belt 
that  iiasses  acrt^ss  the  sh^'ulder.  Drudrn. 

SHOuL'nER-FLSDE.R.  [shoulder  and  blade.]  The 
Inme  of  the  shtHilder,  or  blade-bone,  broad  and  tri- 
anpilar,  covering  the  hind  part  of  the  ribs;  called 
by  anatomists  Scapula  and  Ohoplata.  Encve. 

SMOUL'UER-eLAP-PER,  n.  [shoulder  and  clap.] 
One  thnt  claps  another  on  the  shoulder,  or  that 
nses  ereai  familiarity.     [A'ot  in  use.]  Shak. 

SHOCL'l>ER-i:D,  pp.  Pushed  or  thrust  with  the 
shoulder. 

3.  StipiKtrted  on  the  shoulder. 
SHOt'L'DER-I.N'ti,  ppr.    Pushing  with  the  shoulder. 

a.  Takins  upon  the  shoulder. 
SHOL'L'DKK-KNOT,  (sh.51'dcr-not,)it.    [jAwtWerand 

kmoC]     An  ornamental  knot  of  ribbon  or  lace  worn 

on  the  shoulder ;  an  epaulet. 
SIIorL'DER-SI|OT-Ti:.\,    a.     [shoulder   and    shoU] 

Strained  in  the  shuulder,  as  a  horse.  Shak, 

SHOUL'DER-SLIP,  «.     [shoulder  and  slip.]     Disloca- 
tion o(  the  shoulder  or  of  the  humerus.  Sieift 
SHOUT,  V.  L    [This  word  coincides  with  shoot,  W. 

jfsrifthu,  to  jet,  to  spotiLl 
To  utter  a  sudden  anu  toud  outcry,  usually  in  joy, 

triumph,  or  exultation,  or  to  animate  soldiers  in  an 

onset. 

ItiiMCUieTolnof  dtem(hBt«koulft»inuteT7.  —  Ex.  zzsJi. 
When  7«  itet  Ihe  mnukI  oi  tiw  irumpin,  all  the  people  ab&U 
ahout  whk  »  fraat  abouL  — Jtoit.  rL 
SHOUT,  n.    A  loud  burst  of  voice  or  voices  ;  a  vehe- 
ment and  sudden  outcry,  particularly  of  a  multitude 
of  men,  expressing  joy,  triumph,  exultation,  or  ani- 
mated courage.  It  is  sometimes  intended  in  derision. 
JbdL  vi.    Eira  iii. 

The  Rhotlkna,  awiof  th«  aoaaj  turn  th^-tr  bukt,  gxy^  a  irrmt 
«&OMt  ID  derinoo.  KnoHu. 

SHOUT,  V.  L    To  treat  with  shonts  or  clamor.  HaO. 
SHOUT'EI),  pp.    Treated  with  shouts. 
SHOUT'ER,  n.    One  that  shouts.  Dr^dm. 

SHOL'T'IN'G,  ppr.    Uttering  a  sudden  and  loud  outcry 

in  joy  or  exultation. 
SHOUT'ING,  n.    The  act  of  shouting  ;  a  loud  outcry 

expressive  of  joy  or  animiition,    2  Sam.  vi. 


SHO 

SHOVE,  (shuv,)  r.  f.  [Sax.  teufan,  to  push  or  thrust ; 
sqi/tin,  to  suggest,  to  hint;  1>.  schuiven;  G.  schieben, 
sehuppen ;  Sw.  sku^ ;  Dan.  sku^ff^.  The  mote  cor- 
rect orthography  would  be  Shut  ] 

1.  To  pui<h  ;  to  propel ;  to  drive  along  by  the  di- 
rect application  of  strength  without  a  sudden  im- 
pulse i  particularly,  to  push  a  body  by  sliding  or 
causing  it  to  move  along  the  surface  of  another  body, 
either  by  the  hand  or  by  an  instrument ;  as,  to  shove 
a  bttttle  along  a  table ;  to  shove  a  table  tUung  the 
floor ;  to  shove  a  boat  on  the  water. 

And  aAotM  awajr  Uie  worthy  Uiiilrn  gucat.  MUton. 

Shonng  bACk  thia  eanli  ua  wlilch  1  aiu  Drydtn. 

3.  To  push  ;  to  press  against. 


7>s  shove  atoajf ;  to  push  to  a  distance ;  to  tlirust 
Off. 

TV  shove  fry ;  to  p^ish  away  ;  to  delay,  or  to  reject ; 
as,  to  shove  by  the  hearing  of  a  cause  ;  or  to  shove  by 
justice.     [Ac»f  elegant.]  Shaiu 

Tti  shope  off;  to  thrust  or  push  away. 
To  shove  dotDnf  to  overthrow  by  pushing. 

j^rbutbnoL 

SHOVE,  (shuv,)  r.  i.  To  push  or  drive  forward  ;  to 
urge  a  course.  Sio(lk. 

iJ.  To  push  off;  to  move  in  a  boot  or  with  a  pole  ; 
as,  he  shoved  from  shore.  Oarth. 

To  shove  off;  to  move  from  shore  by  pushing  with 
pnles  or  oars. 

SHOVE,  n.  The  act  of  ptishing  or  pressing  against  by 
strength,  without  a  sudden  impulse.  SwifL 

SH0V'/:D,  (shuvdOw-     Pushed;  propelled. 

SHQV'KL,  (shuv'l,)  R.  [Sax.  seojl;  G.  sehcMfel;  D. 
schoffel,  Salop;  Dan.  skuffe,  a  scoop  or  shovel;  from 
shoving.] 

An  instrument  consisting  of  a  broad  scimp  or  blade, 
more  or  less  hollow,  with  a  handle  ;  used  for  throw- 
ing earth  or  other  loose  subsunrps. 

SHOV'£L,e.  u    To  take  up  anil  throw  with  a  E^hovel ; 
as,  to  shovel  earth  into  a  heap  or  into  a  cart,  or  out  of 
apiL 
a.  To  gather  in  great  quantities.  Verham. 

SHOV'/TL-ltOARD,  a.  A  board  on  which  they  play 
by  sliding  metal  pieces  at  a  mark.  Dryden. 

SH6v'*;L-£I),  vshuv'ido  pp.     Thrown  with  a  shovel. 

SHOVi'L-ER,  n.  [from  shoi^el.]  A  species  of  duck, 
Anas  clyi>e:ita  of  Linnsus,  remarkable  for  the  length 
and  terminal  expansion  of  the  bill.  Brande. 

SHOV'KL-ING,  ppr.    Throwing  with  a  shovel. 

snow,  (shO.)  r.  t,;preL  Showed;  pp.  Shown  or 
Shuwbd.  It  is  sometimes  written  Shew,  Shewed, 
Shew.-*.  [Sax.  seeawtan;  D.  schouu>en;  G.  schauen  ; 
Dan.  skuer.  This  word,  in  mttst  of  the  Teutonic  di- 
alects, signifies  merely  to  liN>k,  see,  view,  behuld. 
In  Saxon,  it  signifies  to  show,  look,  view,  explore, 
regard.  This  is  doubtless  a  contracted  word.  If  the 
radical  letter  lost  was  a  labial,  «A«i0  coincides  with 
the  Gr.  c(t*-irta*,  oinrronai.  If  a  dental  has  been 
lost,  this  word  accords  with  the  8w.  skatla,  to  view 
or  behold.] 

1.  To  exhibit  or  present  to  the  view  of  others. 

Go  ihj  way,  ahetM  ihyacif  to  the  prieat.  —  MalL  tuI. 

2.  To  afford  to  the  eye  or  to  notice ;  to  contain  in 
a  visible  form. 

Nor  wntit  w«  aklll  or  art,  from  whence  to  nlae 

Magnificence  ;  aod  what  can  heaven  thow  iiwre  t  Miiton, 

3.  To  make  or  enable  to  see.  Milton. 

4.  To  make  or  enable  to  perceive.  Milton. 

5.  To  make  to  know  ;  to  cause  to  understand;  to 
make  known  to  ;  to  teach  or  inform.    Job  x. 

Know,  I  am  atm 
To  «Aou  thee  what  Aail  coote  in  fuiun  daya.  MUton, 

6.  To  prove  ;  to  manifest. 

I'll  ihou  my  duty  by  my  timely  care.  Ihyden, 

7.  To  inform  ;  to  teach  ;  with  of. 

The  time  Cometh  when  1  ahall  no  mnir  apeak  unta  you  in  proverha, 
but  1  Bfaall  Aot»  you  pUiiily  o/  the  Father.  —  Jobo  X»i. 

8.  To  point  out,  as  a  guide. 

Thou  ahnlt  $how  tfa?m  the  way  in  which  they  muat  valk.  —  Ex. 
xviii, 

9.  To  bestow ;  to  confer ;  to  afford  ;  as,  to  show 
favor  or  mercy  on  any  person.     Ps.  cxii.  5. 

10.  To  prove  by  evidence,  testimony,  or  authentic 
registers  or  documents. 

They  could  not  thote  their  father'a  houie.  —  Ezra  iL 

11.  To  disclose  ;  to  make  known. 

I  diirat  not  ahoa  you  mine  opioioo.  —  Job  xxxH. 

13.  To  discover  ;  to  explain  ;  as,  to  show  a  dream 
or  interpretation.     Dan.  ii. 

To  show  forth  i  to  manifest ;  to  publish ;  to  pro- 
claim.   1  PeL  ii. 

To  show  off;  to  exhibit  in  an  ostentatious  manner. 

To  show  up  :  to  expose.     [CoUoqaiaL] 
SHOW,  V.  i.    To  appear ;  to  look  ;  to  be  in  appearance. 

Ju»[  aiKh  she  thouit  before  a  rising  storm.  Dryden. 

3.  To  have  appearance  ;  to  become  or  suit  well  or 
ill. 

My  lord  of  York,  it  beUer  thoti>ed  wftk  yoa.     [  Obs.]      SkaJc. 


SHR 

SHOW,  n.    Supefficial  appearance ;  not  reality. 

MUtI  Hemyfa 
Diaapprovca  that  can,  though  wiac  in  afttna.  MUlon. 

Q.  A  spectacle  ;  something  offered  to  ,view  for 
money.  Addison. 

3.  OtjtentatiouB  display  or  parade. 

1  enry  noue  ilicir  ja^-antry  an<)  thov.  Young. 

4.  Appearance  as  an  object  of  notice. 

The  city  ita<?lf  luak^'a  Uic  nubh^at  ihoa  of  aoy  io  tlie  world, 

AddiMon. 

5.  Public  appearance,  in  distinction  from  conceal- 
ment :  as,  nn  open  show. 

6.  Semblance  ;  likeness. 

In  «Aou  plebeian  an^l  militant.  MiUon, 

7.  Speciousness ;  plausibility. 

Bui  a  short  exile  must  for  sAoia  precede.  I>ryden. 

e.  External  apiH^arance. 

Ami  forcnl,  at  Iciat  in  $how,  to  priao  It  more.  Dryden. 

9.  Exhibition  to  viuw  ;  as,  a  show  of  cattle,  or  cat- 
tIe-.vA<ftD.  AgriculU  Societies. 

10.  Pomp;  magnificent  spectacle. 

As  for  triumphs,  masks,  leusir,  and  sucb  aAowa.  Baeen. 

11.  A  phantom  ;  ns,  a  fairy-sAoio.  Drydeiu 
I'J.  Representative  action;  as,  a  dumb  show. 

Addison. 
1'3.  External  appearance  ;  hypocritical  pretense. 

Wlio  di>vi>ur  widows'  houses,  and  for  a  tfiaw  mtikc  long  prayera. 
—  Luke  XX. 

Show  qf  hands;  a  raising  of  hands,  as  a  vote  in  a 
public  nippling.  Enjrlnnd. 

SHOVV'-HILL,  n.  A  broad  sheet  containing  an  ad- 
vertisement, in  largo  letters,  of  books,  goods,  &c., 
placed  at  shop-doors,  windows,  Sic.  Peck, 

SIIOW-BOX,  n.  A  box  containing  some  object  of  cu- 
riosity, carried  round  as  a  show. 

SHOW'-UREAD,  i  ,  ^-,Kr<.,i  >  S  «•     U^ow  and  bread.] 

SHEW'-BHEAD,  i  t^""  ^^*^^^^  \  Among  the  Jews, 
bread  of  exhibition  ;  the  loaves  of  bread  which  the 
priest  of  the  week  placed  before  the  Lord,  on  the 
golden  table  in  the  sanctuary.  They  weru  made  of 
fine  flour  uiilcavt-ned,  and  changed  every  Sabbath. 
The  loaves  were  twelve  in  number,  and  represented 
the  twelve  tribes  of  Israel.  They  were  to  be  eaten 
by  the  priests  only,  and  that  iti  the  holy  place. 

Leviticus.     Kitto. 

SHOVV'-CASE,  n.     A  case  or  box  in  shops,   with 
'plates  or  glass  on  the  top  or  in  front,  within  which 
delicate  or  valuable  articles  are  placed  for  exhibi- 
tion. 

SHOWER,  n.    One  who  shows  or  exhibits. 

SHOWER,  n.  [Sax.  scur;  G.  schauer,  a  shower,  hor- 
ror ;  sehauem,  to  shower,  to  shiver,  shudder,  quake. 
Q,u.  Heb.  Cb.  and  Ar.  *-VV,  to  be  rough,  to  shud- 
der.] 

1.  A  fall  of  rain  or  hail,  of  short  duration.  It  may 
be  applied  to  a  like  fall  of  snow,  but  this  seldom  oc- 
curs. It  is  applied  to  a  fall  of  rain  or  hail  of  short 
continuance,  of  more  or  less  violence,  but  never  to  a 
storm  of  long  contintiance. 

2.  A  fall  iif  things  from  the  air  in  thick  succession  ; 
as,  a  shower  of  darts  or  arrows  ;  a  shower  of  sttmes. 

Pope. 

3.  A  copious  supply  bestowed;  liberal  dintribu- 
tion  ;  as,  a  great  shttwer  of  gilts.  Shak. 

SHOWER,  r.  (.  To  water  with  a  shower;  to  wet 
copiously  with  rain  ;  as,  to  shower  the  earth. 

Milton. 
9.  To  bestow  liberally  ;  to  distribute  or  scatter  in 
abundance. 

Ceaar's  hrot 
That  thowera  down  greatneae  on  his  friends.  Addison. 

3.  To  wet  with  falling  water,  as  in  the  shower- 
bath. 

SHOWER,  r.i.    To  rain  in  showers. 

SHOWER-BATH,  n.  [shower  and  bath.]  Water 
showered  upon  a  person  by  some  contrivance  from 
above  ;  also,  a  contrivance  for  effecting  this. 

SHOWER-KD,  pp.  Wet  with  a  shower  or  with  fall- 
ing water  ;  watered  abundantly  ;  bestowed  or  distrib- 
uted liberally. 

SHOWER-ING,  ppr.  Wetting  with  a  shower  or  with 
falling  water  ;  bestowing  or  distributing  liberally. 

SHOWER-LESS,  a.     Without  showers.     Armstrong. 

SHOWER-V,  a.  Raining  in  showers;  abounding 
with  frequent  falls  of  rain. 

SHOWI-LY,  adv.  In  a  showy  manner  ;  pompously  ; 
with  parade. 

SHoWI-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  showy  ;  pompous- 
ness  ;  great  parade. 

SHOWLVG,  ppr.  Presenting  to  view;  exhibiting; 
proving. 

SHOWING,  B.     A  presentation  to  view;  exhibition. 

SHOWISH,  o.     Splendid ;  gaudy.     [Little  used.] 

Swift. 
9.  Ostentatious. 

SHOWN,  pp.  of  Show.  Exhibited;  manifested; 
proved. 

SHOWY,  a.  Splendid  ;  gay  ;  gaudy  ;  makinga  great 
show  ;  fine.  Addison. 

2.  Ostentatious. 

SHRAG,  V.  L     To  lop.     [J^ot  ix  use.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — MeTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.— 


SHR 

SHRAG,  n.     A  twig  of  a  tree  cut  off.     [Ao(  in  use.] 
SHRAG'GER,  Tt.     One  tbat  lops ;  one  that  trims  trees. 

[JV'ot  in  use.] 
SHRANK,  pret,  of  Smriitk,  is  nearly  obsolete. 
SHRAP,     in.     A   place  baited   with   chaff  to  invite 
SHRAPE,  i      birds.     [A'ot  in  use.} 
SHRAP'NELL  SHELL,  n.   In  ^niJiFK^.  a  name  piven 

to  sliells  filled  with  a  quantity  of  musket  ba)U,  which, 

when  the  shell  explodes,  are  projected  still  further. 

Brande. 
SHRED,  V.  t, ;  pret,  and  pp.  Shred.     [Sax.  scTcadan^  to 

cut  off;  Sw.  #ftrarf(/arf,  a  taiIor.| 
To  cut  into  small  pieces,  particularly  narrow  and 

long  pieces,  as  of  clolh  or  leather.     It  differs  from 

Mince,  which  signifies  to  chop  into  pieces  fine  and 

short- 
8HKED,  n.     A  long,  narrow  piece  cut  off;  vls,  shreds 

of  clnth.  Bacon. 

3.   A  fraement ;  a  piece  ;  as,  shreds  of  wit.     Swi^ 
SHRED'DIN'G,  ppr.     Cutting  into  shr*-ds. 
SHKKD'DIN'G,  R.     A  cutting  into  shreds  ;  that  which 

i;*  rut  off;  a  piece.  Jlovker. 

SIIKED'LESa,  a.     Having  no  shreds.  Byroiu 

6HUEVV,  (shruj)  n.     [I  know  not  the  original  sense  of 

this  word.     If  it  signifies  a  brawler,  it  may  bt;  from 

I>.  schreeuteen^  to   brawl,  G.  scfirfien^   Dan.  skriger. 

But  bc-fkr^Wy  in  Chaucer,  is  interpreted  to  curse.] 

1.  A  peevish,  brawling,  turbulent,  vexatious 
wotnan.  It  appears  originally  to  have  been  R\h 
plied  to  males  as  well  as  females;  but  it  is  now  re- 
stricted u  the  latter. 

The  man  *'.v\  pjl  k  «Arrt0  for  his  wifr,  and  therr  eo"M  tw  no 
qui'.-l  in  Ok  houji-  wiih  htT.  L'EMtraagt. 

9.  A  shrew-mouse,. 
SHREW,  tf.  (.    To  beshrew ;  to  curse.     [Obs.] 

Chaucer, 
SHREWD,  (shriide,)  a.     Hiving    the    qualities   of  a 
shrew ;      vexatious  j      troublesome  j     mischievous. 
[  Ob$A  Shak. 

2.  ^ly  ;  cunning;  arch;  subtle;  artful;  astute; 
as,  a  shracfi  man. 

3.  Sagacious;  of  nice  discernment}  as,  a  shrewd 
observer  of  men. 

4.  Proceeding  fn.>m  cunning  or  sagacity,  or  con- 
taining it ;  as,  a  shretrd  saying  ;  a  shrewd  conjecture. 

5.  Painful;  vexatious;  troublesome. 

E'Ty  of  ihw  ntitntxT 
That  hnvp  endnred  tkrtwd  niilm  iiuil  days  witb  ai.       SMk. 

[Ob:) 
No  eniiiijr  b  wo  dPipicable  but  he  maj  do  one  »  shrewd  ttirn. 

[ObM.]  VEatrange. 

SHREWD'LY,  (shrude'le,)  ado.  Mischievously;  de- 
stmctively. 

ThJ»  practice  h«ih  mo«l  •AreuxUy  pomed  upon  Ihw.  {Oba.}  Shak, 

2.  Vexaliously  ;  ujied  ofsligki  misckirf. 

Tbc  otMlirniHf  and  ■ctibmalic-d  ure  like  to  tliink  th^mteUps 
threwdty  hurt  by  Mtxg  cut  from  that  t>o<ly  the/  chos"  not 
(o  be  ol.     lOfr*.]  *  South. 

Yet  ar'>iwil  ihe  not  to  widm,  tbrougli  ahrevdiy  pataed. 

[Ofc«.J  Oryltn. 

3.  Archly ;  sagaciously  ;  with  good  guess ;  as,  I 
shre.trdly  suspect ;    he  skretpdli/  observed.       Locke. 

SHREWD'NESS,  H.    Sly  cunning;  archness. 

Tb?  n'-iffhUifi  rouud  adtnii^  liis  tkrewdnet:  Sjt^fU 

S.  Sagaciousness ;   sagacity ;    the  quality  of  nice 
discernment. 
3.  Mischievousncss ;  vezatiousness.    [A'Vt  in  use.] 

Chaucer. 
SHREWISH,  (shrii'-,)  a.    Having  the  qualities  of  a 
shrew  ;  froward  ;  peevish  ;  petulantly  clamorous. 
My  wife  b  th'-emth  when  !  k"— p  not  houn.  Shak. 

SHREW'I8H-LY,arfp.  Peevishly;  clamorously;  tur- 
bult;Dtly. 

He  RpR.ika  vfry  Bhrewithly.  Shak. 

SHREW'ISH-.N'ESS,  n.  The  qualities  of  a  shrew; 
fruwardness  ;  petulance  ;  turbulent  clamorou.tness. 

I  have  no  gift  in  thretoithnest.  Shak, 
SHREW'-MOrSE,  n.     [Sax.  sereaien.'} 

An  insectivorous  mammal  rcsemblmgnmou'ie,  but 
belonging  to  the  genus  f^orex ;  an  animal  that  bur- 
rows in  the  ground,  feeding  on  the  larves  of  insects, 
Sec.  It  is  a  harmless  animal. 
SHRIkK,  (shreek,)  r.  i.  [Dan.  skriger:  Sw.  skrika; 
G.  schreien;  D.  schreiftn;  the  two  latter  contracted  ; 
W.  y^grr^ian.  from  crff,  a  scream  or  shriek,  also 
rough,  rugged,  Eng.  to  creaky  whence  screechy  and 
vulgarly  screak ;  hence  W.  yggre^,  a  jay,  from  iL'i 
scream  ;  ereg,  hoarse,  crygi^  hoarseness,  roughness, 
from  the  roolof  rw^^wi,  and  L.  ruj^a,  wrinkled,  rujfo, 
to  brny  ;  all  from  straining,  and  hence  breaking, 
hurxting,  cracking ;  allied  to  crock  and  crackle  {  It. 
scricchiiilare,]  ' 

To  utter  a  sharp,  shrill  cry ;  to  scream ;  as  in  a 
nidden  fright,  in  horror  or  anguish. 

At  th'M  the  ghrtektH  alund.  Dryden. 

II  wna  the  owl  that  akrieked.  Sfu^k. 

BHRIGK,  n.  A  sharp,  shrill  otitcry  or  scream,  fiUcU 
OS  is  produced  by  sudden  terror  or  extreme  anguish. 
Shri^M,  clamors,  murmiin,  fill  ih'  affri^hfd  io»n.     Dryden. 

BHRtftK'ER,  71.     One  who  utters  a  shriek.  Crabbe. 

SHKISK'ING,  ppr.  or  o.  Crying  out  with  a  shrill 
voice. 


SHR 

SHRIeK'ING,  «.    A  crying  out  with  a  shrill  voice. 

Bj.  Taiitor. 
SHRTEV'AL,   a.      Pertaining  to  a  sheriff.      [J^ot   in 

use.] 
SHRIEV'AL-TY,  B.     [from  skerif.]  Sheriffalty  j  the 

otlice  of  a  sheriff. 

It  wai  onlain«l  hjr  28  Edward  I.  that  tho  prople  ihAll  ha*e 
election  of  •heriff  in  every  abire,  when  the  akrieoalti/  ta 
not  of  inherii.tnO!.  Blackatone. 

SHRIf^VE,  n.     Sheriff.     [JSTot  in  use.] 

SHRIFT,  n.     [Sax.  scrift.) 

Confession  made  to  a  priest.     [Oft^.l  Shak. 

SHRTGIIT,  for  I^hrieked.  Chaucer. 

SHRTGHT,  n.     A  shriek.     [JVof  in  use.]         Spm/'er. 

SHRIKE,  H.  [See  SHBtEK.]  The  butcher-bird;  a 
common  name  of  the  birds  belonging  to  the  genus 
Laniiis.  The  shrikes  breed  on  trees  and  seiz^e  living 
prey.  Jardine. 

SHRILL,  0.  [W.  ^?/,  a  sharp  noise;  Arm.  scnTA,  a 
cricket,  L.  ff-ryllus,  Fr.  grillon^  Sp.  and  It.  grillo  i  It. 
strillare,  to  scream,] 

1.  Sharp  ;  acute  ;  piercing ;  as  sound  ;  as,  a  shriU 
voice  :  shrill  echoes,  Shak. 

2.  Uttering  an  acute  sound  ;  as,  the  cock's  shrill- 
sounding  throat ;  a  shrill  trumpi-t. 

JVate.  —  A  shrili  sound  may  be  tremulous  or  trill- 
ing; but  this  circumstance  is  not  essential  to  it,  al- 
though it  seems  to  be  from  the  root  of  trill. 
SHRILL,  r.  u     To  utter  an  acute,  piercing  sound. 

Breidc  we  our  pipei,  ll»;»t  ahrilUd  na  loud  aa  Lirk.        Spenaer. 

SHRILL,  r.  t.    To  cause  to  make  a  shrill  sound. 

Spenser. 

SIIRILL'NESS,  n.  Acuteness  of  sound  ;  sharpness 
or  fineness  of  voice.  Smith. 

SHRIL'LV,  adv.  Acutely,  as  sound;  with  a  sharp 
sound  or  voice.  More. 

SHRIMP,  V.  t,  [D.  krimpen:  Dan.  skrumper,  to  crum- 
ple, to  shrink  ;  G.  schrumpfen  ;  W.  crom,  crwm^  bend- 
ing or  shrinking  in.] 

To  contracL     [JVotinuse,]  Echard. 

SHRIMP,  n.  [Supra.]  A  long-tailed,  decapod,  rrus- 
taceous  animal,  allied  to  the  lobster.  It  has  long, 
slender  feelers,  claws  with  a  single,  hooked  fang, 
and  three  pair  of  legs.  There  are  numtTous  species, 
some  of  which  are  esteemed  delicious  food. 

2.  A  little,  wrinkled  man;  a  dwarf;  in  contempt. 

Shak. 
SHKTNE,  n.     [Ss\x.  serin  :  G,  schreim   Sw.skriu!    L. 
acrinium  ;  It.  scrigno;  Fr.  ecrin.     See  Skreen.] 

A  case  or  box  ;  particularly  applied  to  a  case  in 
which  sacred  things  are  deposited.  Hcnre,  a  reliquu- 
r>-,  tomb,  or  altar.  We  hear  much  of  shrines  for 
relics. 

Come,  ofler  at  my  aftriM.  and  I  will  help  thee.  S^ak. 

SHRINK,  V.  i. ;  prrt.  and  pp.  Shruiik.  The  old  pret, 
Shrap*k,  and  pp.  Shrunken,  are  nearly  obsolete. 
[Sax.  scrinean.  It  n  is  not  radical,  the  root  is  rig  or 
ryir.] 

I.  To  contract  spontaneously  ;  to  draw  or  be  drawn 
into  less  length,  breadth,  or  compass  by  an  inherent 
power;  as,  woolen  cloth  shrinks  in  hot  water;  a 
flaxen  or  hempen  line  shrinks  in  a  humid  atmos- 
phere.    Many  substances  shrink  by  drying. 

3.  To  shrivel ;  to  become  wrinkled  by  contraction  ; 
as  the  skin. 

3.  To  withdraw  or  retire,  as  from  danger;  to  de- 
cline action  from  fear.  A  brave  man  never  shrinks 
from  danger ;  a  good  man  does  not  shrink  from  duty. 

4.  To  recoil,  as  in  fear,  horror,  or  distress.  My 
mind  shrinks  from  the  recital  of  our  woes. 


What  h:ipr»'^  nniiin*a  ahrinJt  at  wilh  affriijht, 
Tin?  hanl  InhahiLiiil  cutittjnita  is  right. 


ropa. 


5.  To  express  fear,  horror,  or  pain  by  shntgging  or 
contraciing  the  l»ody.  Shak. 

SHRINK,  V.  t.     To  cause  to  rontract ;  as,  to  shrink 
flannt-I  by  immersing  it  in  boiling  water. 


O  miffhty  Oanr  I   iltut  Itiou  !«•  ao  low  I 
At*  afl  ihj  coT.(inr»u.  ^loriei,  triumf^,  a 
Shrunk  to  thia  little  inoaaure  I 


SKak, 


SHRINK,  fl.  Contraction  ;  a  spontaneous  drawing 
into  less  compass  ;  corrugation.  JVoodtrard, 

«2.  Contraction  ;  a  withdrawing  from  fear  or  horror. 

Daniel. 

SHRINK' AGE,  n.  A  shrinking  or  contraction  into  a 
less  compass.  Make  an  allowance  for  the  shrinking 
of  gmin  in  drying. 

SHRINK'ER,  n.  One  that  shrinks;  one  that  with- 
drawn from  danger. 

SHRINK'ING,  ppr.  Contracting;  drawing  together  ; 
withdrawing  from  danger;  declining  to  act  from 
fear  ;  causing  to  contract. 

SHRINK'ING,  n.    A  contraction  or  spontaneous  draw- 
ing into  less  compass. 
2,  The  art  of  drawing  back  through  fear. 

RHRINK'ING-LY,  orfr.     By  shrinking. 

SHRIV'AL-TY.    See  Shrietaltt. 

SHRIVE,  V.  f.  [Sax.  acrifan,  to  take  n  confession. 
But  the  sense  seems  to  be,  to  enjoin  or  iroposo  pen- 
ance, or  simply  to  enjoin.] 

To  hear  or  receive  the  confession  of;  to  administer 
confession  ;  as  a  priest. 

He  ahrivta  Ihii  woman.     [Oba.I  Shak. 


SHR 

SHRIV'iCL,  Cshriv'!,)r.i.    [from  the  root  of  riueZ,  Sax. 
gerified,] 

To  contract ;  to  draw  or  be  drawn  into  wrinkles  ; 
to  shrink  and  form  corrugations  ;  as,  a  leaf  shrivels 
in  the  hot  sun  ;  the  skin  shrivels  with  age. 
SHRIV'ii:L,  V,  L  To  contract  into  wrinkles  ;  to  cause 
to  shrink  mto  corrugations.  Ascorching  sun  shrivels 
the  blades  of  corn. 

And  ahriveled  berba  on  withering  sterna  decay.  DryUn, 

SIIRIV'A:i^7i:D,  pp.  or  a.    Contracted  into  wrinkles. 
SHRIV'/JL-ING,  ppr.    Contracting  into  wrinkles. 
SHRIVEU,  n.     [from  shrive.]     A  confessor.     [Obs.] 

Sh4ik. 
SHRIVING,  n.    Shrift ;  confession  taken.    [Obs.] 

Sptnscr. 
SHROFF,  It.    In  the  East  Indies,  a  banker. 
SHROUD,  n.     [Sax.  scrtid,  clothing.] 

1.  A  shelter;  a  cover;  that  wnicta  covers,  con- 
ceals, or  protects. 

Swaddled,  aa  new  bom,  in  aaUe  ahroada,  Sindya. 

2.  The  dress  of  the  dead  ;  a  winding-sheet. 

Younir, 

3.  Shroud  or  shrouds  of  a  ship  ;  a  range  of  large 
ropes  e.\tendiiig  from  the  head  of  a  mast  to  the  right 
and  left  sides  of  the  ship,  to  support  the  ma.-^ts,  and 
enable  them  to  carry  sail;  as,  the  main  shraadt : 
fore  shrouds;  mizzen  shrouds.  There  are  also  fut- 
tock  shrouds^  bowsprit  shrouds^  Slc 

Mar.  Diet.     Hebert. 

4.  A  branch  of  a  tree.     [JVot  proper.]        ffarton. 
SHROUD,  V.  t.    To  cover;  to  shelter  from  danger  or 

annoyance. 

tender  your  beame  I  will  me  aidely  ahroud.  Spanaer. 

Oqi.'  oflhrae    tret'a,  with  all   lu  young  ones,  may  ahrouc/  four 
hundred  horeemen.  Raiegh. 

2.  To  dress  for  the  grave  j  to  cover  j  as  a  dead 

body. 

The  nncwnt  Egrptinn  mummiea  were  ihroudad  In  aevral  folda 
of  linen  banieared  with  guma.  Bacon. 

3.  To    cover ;    to    conceal  j    to    hide ;    as,  to    be 

shrouded  in  darkness. 

Some  t^mpeit  ri»e, 
And  blow  out  all  (he  Btora  that  light  the  skica, 
To  ahroud  my  ahame.  Dryden. 

4.  To  defend  ;  to  protect  by  hiding. 

So  Venus  from  prevailing  Qrreks  did  ahroud 

Til';  hope  of  Kutiie,  and  aaved  him  in  a  doud.  WaUar. 

5.  To  overwhelm  ;  as,  to  be  shrouded  in  despair. 

6.  To  lop  the  branches  of  a  tree.  [Unusual  or  im- 
proper.] Chambers. 

SHROUD,  r.  i.    To  take  shelter  or  harbor. 


If  your  stmy  ntK'ndnnta  l)e  yet  lodged 
Ur  ahroud  wiihiu  llirw  limita. 


Milton. 


SIIROUD'ED,   pp.     Dressed;    covered;   concealed  j 
sheltered  ;  overwhelmed. 

8HR0UD'ING,;>^r.    Dressing;  covering;  concealing; 
sheltering  ;  overwhelming. 

SHROUD'Y,  a.     Affording  shelter.  Milton. 

SHRoVE,  r.  i.    To  join  in  the  festivities  of  Shrove- 
tide.    [Obs.]  Beaum. 

SHRf>VK'-TIDE,  )n.    [from  shrove^ 

SHRfiVE'-TCES-DAY,  (-tuz-<Ie,)  t      prci.  ot  shrive, 
to  take  a  confession.     See  Tide  and  Tuesday.] 

Confession-time  ;  confession-Tuesday  ;  the  Tues- 
day alter  Quinquagesima  Sunday,  or  the  day  imme- 
diately preceiiing  the  first  of  lA*nt,  or  Ash  Wednes- 
day ;  on  which  day,  all  the  people  of  England,  when 
Roman  Catholics,  were  obliged  to  confess  their  sins 
one  by  one  to  their  parish  priests  ;  after  which  they 
dined  on  pancakes  or  fritters.  I'he  latter  practice 
still  continues.  The  bell  rung  on  this  day  is  vul- 
garly railed  Pahcake-Bei-l,  and  the  day  itself  Pan- 
CAKE-TuEsuAT,  P.  Cyc.     Brande. 

PHRCV'ING,  n.    The  festivity  of  Shrovetide. 

SHRUB,  n.     [Sax.  acroA,  G.  scroff,  rugged  3  Ir.  agra- 
bach,  rough.    See  Scrub.] 

A  low,  dwarf  tree  ;  a  woody  plant  of  a  size  less 
than  a  tree;  or,  more  strictly,  a  plant  with  several 
permanent  wootiy  stems,  dividing  from  the  bottom, 
more  slender  and  lower  than  in  trees  ;  a  plant  will^ 
severul  woody  stems  from  the  same  root. 

Encyc.     Martyn, 
GooBrhrriea  and  currants  arc  thrtiba;   oolca  and  gherriei  are 
treea.  Locka. 

SHRUB,  n.    [Ar.  ^j  j-w  shurbon^  drink,  and  from  the 

same  source,  sirup.  The  Arabic  verb  signifies  to 
drink,  to  imbibe,  whence  L.  sorbeo.  See  Sherbet 
and  Ahsork.] 

A  liquor  composed  of  acid  and  sugar,  with  spirit 
to  preserve  It ;  usually  the  acid  of  lemons. 
SHRUB,  r.  IL     To  clear  of  shrubs.  .Anderson. 

SHRUB'BER-Y,  n.     Shrubs  in  general. 

2.  A  plantation  of  shrubs, 
SHRUB'BI-NESS,  n.    The  state  or  quality  of  being 

shruhhv. 
SHRUB'BING,  ppr.     Clearing  of  shrubs. 
SIIRUB'BY,  a.     Full  of  shrubs  ;  as,  a  shruhhy  plain. 
2.  Resembling  a  shrub  ;   as,  plants  shrubby   and 
curled.  Mortimer. 


TCNE,  B(;iX,  TINITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — €  aa  K ;  0  as  J ;  «  as  Z;  CH  as  8H ;  TH  as  in  THIS, 


SHU 

3.  Consisting  of  tibruba  or  brush  j  as,  shrubby 
browae.  PhUijt^. 

4.  A  Mntfr&y  plant  is  perennial,  wiili  several 
wuody  stems.  Martyn. 

8HKL'lt'UE£?S,  a.     Having  no  shrubs. 
SHRUFF,  n.     [G.  schroff^  rugged.] 

Dross  ;  recrement  of  metals.    [J^ot  in  vseA     f>ict. 

SHRUG,  r.  L   [This  word  id  probably  foriiieil  from  the 

root  of  G.  rVken^  the  back,  U.  m^,  Sax.  Aric  or  Arj/^, 

the  back,  a  ruf''p,  W.  crug,  a  heap,  cne^^  a  crook, 

L.  ruga^  a  wrinkle,  Eng.  raug^h,] 

To  draw  up  ;  to  contract ;  as,  lo  skru/r  the  ehoul- 
ders.     The  word  seems  to  be  limited  in  its  use  to  the 
BbouldefB,  and  to  denote  a  particular  motion  which 
niiiies  the  shoulders  and  rounds  the  back. 
SH&UG,  ».  i.    To  raise  or  draw  up  the  shoulders,  as 
in  expreMtnf  hoiror  or  dissatisfaction. 
Thw  riia,  thry  «A»^ff, 
IVy  bov,  ihey  •buI,  tbey  •eruch,  tboy  bur*  Stii/t. 

SHRUG,  n.    A  drawing  up  of  the  shoulders;  a  motion 
usually  expressing  dislike  or  slight  contempt. 
Tbe  SpHnbuTls  uJk  in  clUlofvea 
or  bnJs  aimI  «houl<lcn,  timIs  ukI  aftruf-*.  ffwfi&nu. 

SHRUG'GING,  pT^r.    Drawing  up,  aa  the  shoulders. 
SIIRU.NK,  prtL  and  yp.  of  Shrink. 
SHRUXK^£Nj  pp.  of  3HRi!tK.     [JVwirfy  ob.^otete,] 
SHL'CK,  R.    A  shell  or  covering ;  a  husk  or  \x>A. 

HaliivtlL 
SHUD'DER,  V.  I     [G.  seMandem,  acMUcU  ,•  D.  scMud- 
den.    This  word  contains  the  same  elements  as  tlie 

To  quake ;  to  tremble  or  shake  with  fear,  horror, 
or  aversion  ;  to  shiver. 

I  lore  —  &1ai  1  I  ahuddtr  tX  the  tuuiw.  Smixh. 

SHUD'DER,  «.    A  tremor  j  a  shaking  with  fear  or 

horror.  Skak, 

SHUD'DER-IN'G,   ppr,  or  a.     Trembling  or  shaking 

with  fear  or  horror;  quaking. 
SHUD'DER-ING,  n,     A  trembling  or  shaking  with 

fear  or  horror. 
Sni'D'DER-IXG-LY,  adv.    With  tremor. 
SUL'F'FLE,  r,  (.     [D, /icAoJ^ejL,  lo  shove,  to  shovel, 

toshutHej  dim,  of  Smotc    See  Shots  and  Bcup- 

FLB.] 

1.  Propfrly^  to  shove  one  way  and  the  other ;  to 
push  from  une  to  another;  as,  to  skuffie  nwney  from 
hand  to  hand.  Locke, 

3.  To  mix  by  pushing  or  shoving  ;  to  confuse  ;  to 
tbroir  into  disorder ;  ci^ectotly,  to  change  the  ndative 
positions  of  cards  ia  the  paeJu 

1  nwa  wxhf  tk^0ta  euifa  or  raule  din  flrooi  bocm  to  lakinljfat, 
vtUMut  tndaff  ft  new  Um  In  hfa  adotl.  SbambUr. 

3.  To  remove  or  fntrodu^  by  artiScial  confusion. 

It  waa  cootnnd  br  jnour  «orauw,  uid  Mij^U  into  iht  p«p^n 
Uut  wcnaMaed.  DryU^i. 

n  akmgU  of;  to  push  off;  to  rid  one*s  self  of. 
Wbra  yoa  lay  Uame  to  a  child,  he  will  attempt  to 
sM^ltirf. 

n  jdb^a  up :  to  throw  together  in  haste ;  to 
wmk9  ap  or  Ibrm  in  confasion  or  with  fraudulent  dis- 
order ;  as,  he  shuffled  up  a  peace.  HumtiL, 
SHUF'FLE,  c.  i.  To  change  the  relative  position  of 
cards  in  a  pack  by  little  shoves ;  as,  to  ahuffit  and 
cut. 

2.  To  change  the  position  ;  to  shift  ground  ;  to 
prevaricate ;  to  evade  fair  questions ;  to  practice 
shifts  to  elude  detection. 

Biding  my  honor  In  my  nvcemilj,  I  aio  £ua  to  thujlt.    STuJt. 

3.  To  Struggle  ;  to  shift. 

Toot  liTe,  gooA  master. 
Mint  gkvJU  fwr  iUeK.  STieJt. 

•4.  To  move  with  an  irregular  gait ;  as,  a  s&i^in^ 
nag. 

5.  To  shove  the  feet ;  to  scrape  tiie  floor  in  dan- 
cine,     [yulfor.]  Skak. 
BHUF'FLE,  n.    A  shoving,  pushing,  or  jostling;  the 
act  of  mixing  and  throwing  into  confusion  by  change 
of  places. 

Tbe  uncnfakd  agitation  and  nide  iAu^«  of  msurr.    BtntUy. 

S.  An  evasion  ;  a  trick  ;  an  artifice.    L^Estranee. 
SHUF'FLE-BO.\RD  ;   the  old  spelling  of  Shovei^ 

Bo  AMD. 

8HUF'FLB-€AP,  m.  A  play  perfonned  by  shaking 
money  in  a  hat  or  cap.  .Arbuthnot. 

SHL'F'FLED,  pp.     Moved  bv  little  shoves  ;  mixed. 

SHUF'FLER,  fi.  One  that  shuffles  or  prevaricates; 
one  that  plays  tricks  ;  one  that  shuffles  cards. 

SHUF'FLIXG,  ppr.     .Moving  by  little  shoves  one  way 
and  the  other;  changing  the'  places  of  cards;  pre- 
varicating; evading;  playing  tricks. 
2.  a.    Evasive  ;  as,  a  shujfiing  excuse. 

SHUF'FLIXG,  n.  The  act  of  throwing  into  confu- 
sion, or  of  changing  the  relative  position  of  things 
by  shoving  or  motion. 

2,  Trick  ;  an  i  (ice  ;  evasion. 

3.  An  irreeular  gaiL 

SHUF'FLLNG-LY,  adz.  With  shuffling  ;  with  an  ir- 
regular gait  or  pace.  Dryden. 

BHCMAG,  n.    Sumach,  which  see.  McCulloch. 

8BUN,  V,  U  [Sax.  seunian^  ascvniatt;  allied,  perhaps, 
to  D.  MAstncn,  to  slope.] 


SHY 

1.  To  avoid;  to  keep  clear  of;  not  to  fall  on  or 
come  in  contact  with ;  as,  to  shun  rocks  and  sho:ils 
in  navigation.  In  shuttnin^  Scylla,  take  care  to  avoid 
Charybdis. 

2.  To  avoid  ;  not  to  mix  or  associate  with ;  as,  to 
shun  evil  company. 

3.  To  avoid  ;  not  to  practice  ;  as,  to  shun  vice. 

4.  To  avoid  ;  to  escape  ;  as,  to  shun  a  blow. 

5.  To  avoid  ;  to  dechne  ;  to  neglect. 

I  hars  not  thurmtd  to  iledan  the  vbote  couutel  of  God.  —  Acta 

SnUX'LESS,  a.  Not  to  be  avoided  ;  inevitable  j  un- 
avoidable ;  as,  shunless  destiny.     [Little  used.) 

SIIUN'NED,  (shund,)  pp.    Avoided. 

SHUN'NiN'G,  ypr.  Avoiding;  keeping  clear  from; 
dt'ctiniug. 

SHUNT,  i»,  [Contraction  of  shun  it.)  In  ratltrays^  a 
turning  olf  to  a  short  rail,  that  the  principal  rail  may 
be  left  free.     [EnfflniuL]  Smart. 

SIirUK.     See  Shark. 

SHUT,  r.  (. ;  prec  and  pp.  Shut.  fSai.  scittan^  seyt- 
tan,  to  bolt  4>r  make  fa.st,  to  shut  in.  This  seems  to 
be  derived  from  or  connected  with  scyttel^  a  boll  or 
bar,  a  scuttle^  scytla,  a  shooter^  an  archer,  scytan.  sceo- 
(uri,  scotian,  lu  shoot,  H.sckutUny  to  stop,  defenu,  par- 
ry, pound,  confine,  which  seems  to  be  allied  to  schut- 
ter,  a  sh(X)ter.  Ho  in  G.  scAOtien,  to  defend,  and 
sck^itze^  a  shooter  ;  Dan.  styHer,  to  defend  ;  gkylte^  a 
Ehouter  ;  Sw.  skydda^  to  defend  ;  skytt^  a  marksman. 
The  sense  of  those  words  is  expressed  by  shoot^  and 
this  is  the  primary  sense  of  a  bolt  that  fastens,  from 
tJirusting,  driving.] 

1.  To  close  so  as  to  hinder  ingress  or  egreea ;  as, 
to  shut  a  door  or  gate  ;  to  shut  the  eyes  or  the  mouth. 

2.  To  prohibit ;  to  bar  ;  to  forbid  entrance  into ;  as, 
to  shut  the  ports  of  a  kingdom  by  a  blockade. 

Shall  that  bo  ahut  to  nuui,  which  to  the  bcaat 

Is  open  i  Miilon. 

3.  To  preclude  ;  to  exclude. 

But  $hut  frum  «voi7  ahore,  Drydm. 

4.  To  close,  as  the  fingers ;  to  contract ;  as,  to  shut 
the  hand. 

To  *hut  in ;  to  inclose  ;  to  confine. 

And  the  Lord  Wkul  him  in.  — Gen.  viL 
2.  Spoken  of  points  of  land,  when  by  the  progress 
of  a^hipone  point  is  brought  tocoverorinterct^pt  the 
view  of  another.  It  is  then  said,  we  shut  in  such  a 
point,  we  shut  in  the  land  ;  or  one  ix>int  shuts  in  an- 
other. 

To  shut  out ;  to  preclude  from  entering ;  to  deny 
admission  to;  to  exclude;  as,  to  shut  out  rain  by  a 
tight  roof.  An  interesting  subject  occupying  the 
mind,  skMte  out  all  other  thoughts. 

To  shut  up  ;  to  close  ;  to  make  fast  the  entrances 
into ;  as,  to  shut  igr  a  bouse. 

2.  To  obstruct. 

DAngrroua  ncki  >Aut  up  fbe  paaaaye.  RaUgh, 

3.  To  confine ;  to  imprison  ;  to  lock  or  fasten  in ; 
ns,  to  shut  up  a  prisoner. 

4.  To  confine  by  legal  or  moral  restraint. 

Before  ftulh  caine.  w*  were   kept  under  the  law,  shut  up  lo  the 
liiltb,  which  tbould  afterwud  bf  rcTcoIed.  — Gal.  iii. 

5.  To  end  ;  to  terminate;  to  conclude. 

Whm  the  Mnte  of  life  ia  ihui  up,  tbo  alare  will  be  above  hia 
moaier,  If  be  haa  acted  betKr.  ColHer, 

SHUT,  r.  u  To  close  itself;  to  be  rinsed.  The  door 
fihuts  of  itself;  it  shuts  hard.  Certain  flowers  shut  at 
night,  and  open  in  the  day. 

SHUT,  pp.    Closed  ;  having  the  entrance  barred. 
a.  a.     Rid  ;  clear ;  free.  L'' Estrange. 

SHUT,  ».  Close  ;  the  act  of  closing  ;  as,  the  shut  of  a 
door;  the  shut  of  evening,     [/.itt/e  used.)     Dryden. 

S.  A  small  door  or  cover.  But  Shutter  is  mure 
generally  used. 

SHUT'TKR,  n.     A  person  that  shuts  or  closes. 

2.  A  close  cover  for  a  window  or  other  aperture. 

SHUT'TING,  ppr.  Closing;  prohibiting  entrance; 
confining. 

SHUT'TLE,  n.     ffrom  the  root  of  shoot ;  Ice.  skiUul.) 
An   instrument  used  by  weavers   for   passing  or 
shooting  the  thread  of  the  woof  in  weaving  from  one 
side  of  the  cloth  to  the  other,  btitween  the  threads  of 
the  warp. 

8HUT'TLE-€OCK, )         r  .    „,   ^„.        ,  , 

SHUT'TLE-CORK;  \  "■    t'AuWie  and  cork.) 

A  cork  stuck  with  feathers,  used  to  be  struck  by  a 
battledore  in  play ;  also,  the  play. 

SHV,  a.  [G.sckeu,  shy  ;  sheuckcn,  to  scare, and  scheuen^ 
to  shun  ;  D.  JcAato,  shy  ;  scAttujcn,  to  shun  ;  Sw.  skygg, 
shy,  and  sky^  to  slnin  ;  Dan.  sky,  shy,  and  skyer,  to 
shun,  to  escltew.  In  Sp.  e^iouivo  is  *Ay,  and  esqvivar, 
to  shun  ;  It.  schifo,  shy,  ana  schifare,\o  shun.  The 
two  last-mentioned  languages  have  a  labial  for  the 
last  radical ;  but  possitdy  the  words  may  be  of  the 
same  family.  The  G.  scheucken,  to  scare,  is  our  shoOy 
a  word  used  for  scaring  away  fowls.] 

1.  Fearful  of  near  approach  ;  keeping  at  a  distance 
through  caution  or  timidity  ;  shunning  approach ;  aii, 
a  shy  bird. 

She  la  repicspnlcd  In  a,  ahy,  retiring  posture.  Addiaon, 


SIC 

2.  Reserved  ;  not  familiar ;  cq^  ;  avoiding  fVeedom 
of  intercourse. 

Wh4it  nuikea  70U  so  ihy,  my  icood  Trieiidf  ArbuAnot. 

3.  Cautious;  wary;  careful  tu  avoid  committing 
one's  self  or  adopting  mea^iures. 

lujuon  in  the  preparation  ot 
BoyU. 

4.  Suspicious  ;  jealous. 

Priiieca  are,  by  wicdom  of  »lAte,  aomcwhal  afty  of  their  auccmora. 

IfoUoft. 

SIIV,  V.  u    To  start  suddenly  aside,  as  a  liorse. 

JItitliwell. 
SIl?,  n.     In  korsemanshipf  the  starting  suddenly  aside 

of  a  horse.  Farm.  Kiicyc. 

SH^'LY,  adv.  In  a  shy  or  timid  manner;  not  fa  mi  I- 
inrlv  ;  with  reserve. 

SHY'^NEt^S,  n.  Fear  of  near  approach  or  of  familiar- 
ity ;  reserve ;  coyness. 

St ;  tiie  seventh  note  in  the  musical  scale,  do  or  ut  be- 
ing the  first.  It  was  aildiyl  to  Guido's  scale  by  Le 
Maire,  about  the  end  of  tlie  seventuuntli  century. 

Brands. 

SI-AL'0-GOGUE,  (sl-aro-gog,)  n.    [Or.  ffiuAor,  sali- 
va, and  aywyoi,  leading.] 
A  medicine  that  promotes  the  flow  of  saliva. 

Braifde, 

SIB  ;  a  relation,  in  Saxon,  but  not  in  use  in  Env'lif  h. 

8I-UK'itl-AN,  o.  [Rush,  sircr,  north.  S/icrin  is  fiwrncd 
by  annexing  the  Greek  la,  country,  from  the  Ci^Uic, 
to  siverj  north.] 

Pertaining  to  SiberiOy  a  name  given  to  a  great  and 
indefinite  extent  of  territory  in  the  north  of  Asia;  as, 
a  Sihrrian  winter. 

SIR'ER-ITE,  n.     Red  tourmaline.  Urc. 

SIB'I-LAXT,  a.  [U  sibiUt,  to  hiss,  Fr.si^cn  Kuss. 
soplyu,  Bi'pyii,  id.] 

Hissing;  makrng  a  hissing  sound.  S  and  x  are 
called  sihilant  letters. 

SIIi'I-LANT,  n.  A  Utter  that  ts  uttered  with  a  hissing 
of  tlie  Voice  ;  as  s  and  z. 

SIB-I-LA'TION,  n.     A  hissing  sound.  Bacon. 

SIU'YL,  n.  [frtiiu  the  L.]  In  pagan  ant'u/uity,  the 
sibyls  were  certain  women  said  to  be  endowed  with 
a  prophetic  spirit.  Their  number  is  variously  stated  ; 
but  Ilie  opinion  of  Varro,  who  states  them  to  have 
been  ten,  ts  generally  adopted.  They  resided  in  va- 
rious parts  of  Persia,  Greece,  and  Italy.  It  is  pre- 
tended that  they  wrote  certain  prophecies  on  leaves 
in  verse,  which  are  called  sibylline  verses,  or  sibylline 
oracles.  Hence  the  term  is  applied  to  a  gipsy,  or  for- 
tune-teller. Lcmpriere. 

SIB'YI^LTXE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  sibyls;  uttered, 
written,  or  composed  by  sibyls  ;  like  the  productions 
of  sibyls, 

SIB'YL-LTXE  BQQKS,  n.  pL  Books  or  doctimenls  of 
prophecies  in  verse,  supposed  to  contain  the  fate  of 
the  Roman  empire,  and  said  to  have  l>een  purchased 
by  Tartpiin  the  Prtflid  from  a  sibyl.  lirande. 

SI€  THJiJ^'SIT  OLO'Rl-A  MUJST'DTj  [L.j  Thus 
passes  away  the  glory  of  the  world. 

SICA-MOHE,  n.  More  usually  written  Stcahohx, 
which  see. 

SIC'CATE,  V.  e.    To  dry.     [JVof  in  use.) 

SI€>-e.^'TION,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  drying.  [JVoi 
in  use.) 

SI€'€A-TIVE,  a.  ffrom  L.  sicca,  to  dry,  Fr.  secher.  It. 
seccare,  Sp.  secar^  W.  sy^.) 

Drying  ;  causing  to  dry.  Eneye. 

Sie'€A-TIVE,  n.  That  which  promotes  the  proc<:88 
of  drving. 

SieCIF'ie,  (sik-sif'ik,)  a.     Causing  dryness. 

Sie'Cr-TY,  (sik'se-te,)  n.     [L.  .viccitas.) 

Dryness;  aridity;  destitution  of  moisture;  a!i,  the 
siccily  of  the  flesh  or  of  the  air.  Brown, 

SICE,  (size,)  n.     [Ft.  six.) 
The  number  six  at  dice. 

SICH,  for  Such.     [See  Such.]  Chaucer. 

8IC-IL-I-X'NO  ;  in  music,  a  composition  in  measures 
of  6-4  or  C-8,  to  be  performed  in  a  slow  and  graceful 
manner. 

SIC-IL'IAN  VES'PERS,  n.  pi  In  hhtary,  the  name 
of  the  great  massacre  of  the  FrencJi  in  Sicily,  in  the 
year  1282,  on  the  evening  of  Easter  Tuesday.  Brandt. 

SICK,  a.  [Sax.  seoc;  D.  riekj  Sw.  siuki  Ice.  syke. 
Qxk.  Gr.  fTiKXoi,  squeamish,  loathing.] 

1.  Affected  with  nausea;  inclined  to  vomit;  ns, 
sick  at  the  stomach.  [  This  is  probably  the  primary 
sense  nfthe  word.]     Hence, 

2.  Disgusted  ;  having  a  strong  dislike  to;  with  of; 
as,  to  be  sick  o/flatterj  ;  lo  be  sick  w/a  country  life. 

He  wna  not  so  sick  o/bia  master  u  o/his  work.     L'Etlrangt. 

3.  Affected  with  disease  of  any  kind  ;  not  in 
health  ;  followed  by  vf;  as,  lo  be  sick  ofn  fever,  flu 
Englnnd,  ill  is  now  more  commonly  used  when  dis- 
ease is  spoken  of,  and  sick,  when  nausea  or  disgust 
is  intended.  —  Ed.) 

4.  Corrupted.     [J^ot  in  use,  nor  proper.)       Shak. 

5.  The  sick ;  the  person  or  persons  affected  with 
disease.     7^  sick  are  healed. 

SICK,  p.  t.     To  make  sick.     [JVot  in  vse.]      [See 

SickenJ 
SICK'-RERTH,  n.    In  a  skip  qfwar,  an  apartment  fhr 

the  sick. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  VVH^T.  — METE,  PRfiY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQ<?K.- 

102d  ^^ 


SID 

SICK'-nilAIN-ED,  a.    Disordtrtd  in  the  brain. 
SICK'£N,  (sik'n,)  c,  t.    Tu  make  sick  ;  to  (iistase. 
Raiao  this  to  itr^iigth,  mid  sitken  that  to  iica(h.  Prior. 

2.  To  make  squeamish.     It  sickens  the  stomach, 

3.  To  disgust.  It  siclzens  one  to  hear  the  fawning 
■yeophant. 

4.  To  impair.     [JVot  in  use.]  Skak. 
SICK'£N,  r.  t.    To  become  sick  ;  to  fall  into  disease. 

The  Juitgps  that  ki(  upon  the  jail,  luid  those  that  attended, 
ndc^tad  upou  it,  and  died.  Bacon. 

3.  To  be  satiated  ;  to  be  filled  to  disgust.     Shak. 

3.  To  become  disgusting  or  tedious. 

Tbr  toiling  plraxure  ndttna  into  pain.  Ooldsmilh. 

4.  To  be  disgusted ;  to  be  filled  with  aversion  or 
abliorrcnce.  lie  sickened  at  ttie  sight  of  so  much 
human  misery. 

5.  To  become  weak ;  to  decay  j  to  languish. 
Plants  often  sicken  and  die. 

All  pleuurei  sicken,  and  all  glorlet  iink.  Pope. 

SICK'^X -ED,  (aik'nd,)  pp.     Made  sick. 
SI('K'/:N-1NG,  ppr.  or  a.    Becoming  sick ;  making 
sick. 
2.  Disgusting. 
SICK'KR,  a.     [Cseeurtis}  Dan.  siAker ;  G.  sicker ;  D. 
leker.] 
Sure;  certain;  firm.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

KICK'ER,«//r.    Surely;  certainty.     [Obs.]    Spenser. 
SICK'ER-LY,  arfr.    Surely.     [06^.1 
SICK'ER-iVESS,  n.     Security.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

SICK'ISII,  a.  [from  sick.]  Somewhat  sick  or  dis- 
eased. JJakewilL 

2.  Exciting    disgust  -y    nauseating ;    as,   a    sickish 
taste. 
SlCK'ISH-IiY,  adv.     In  a  sickish  manner. 
SlCK'ISIl-NESS,  H.     The  quality  of  exciting  disgust. 
SICK'LE,  (sik'l,)  n.     [Sax.  sicH^  sicot;  G.  sickel;  D. 
lUikel;  Gr.  ^aixXi,  ^aj«Aof  ;  L.  itcuia,  from  the  root 
of  »eat^  to  cuL] 

A  reaping-hook  ;  a  booked  instrument  with  teeth  ; 
used  fur  cutting  grain. 

Tho>i  ihiilt  not  move  a  tiektt  to  thy  nrifhbor**  ■taading  coni.  — 
Dfuu  zxtii. 

SICK'LED,  a.    Furnished  with  a  sickle.     TTiomson, 
SicK'LE-MAN,  i  n.     One  that  uses  a  sickle  ;  a  reajy- 
SICK'LER,  i      er.     [JVt»i  used  in  J^ew  England,] 

Shak, 
S1CK'LE-SHAP-£D,  (sik'I-shapt,)  a.    Shaped  like  a 

SIck'LE-WORT,  n,     A  plant  of  the  genus  Coronilla. 

SICK'LI-NE.SS,  n.  [from  sicklif.]  The  stale  <.f  being 
sickly  ;  the  state  of  being  habitually  diseased  ;  ap- 
plied tn  persons. 

2.  The  state  of  producing  sickness  extensively ; 
as,  the  sickliness  of  a  season. 

3.  The  disposition  to  generate  disease  extensively  ; 
as,  the  sickliness  of  a  climate. 

SICK'-LIST,  n.  A  list  containing  the  names  of  the 
sick. 

SICK'LY,  a.  Not  healthy;  somewhat  nlFected  with 
disease  ;  or  habitually  indisposed  ;  as,  a  sickly  per- 
son,  or  a  sickly  constitution  ;  a  sickly  plant. 

2.  Producing  disease  extcnsivily  ;  marked  with 
sickness  ;  as,  a  sickly  time  ;  a  sickly  autumn. 

3.  Tending  to  produce  disease  ;  as,  a  fic^y  climate. 

4.  Faint ;  weak  ;  languid. 

The  moon  growg  sickly  at  thn  w^t  of  daf.  DryUn, 

SICK'LY,  e.  C    To  make  diseased.    [AV£  tn  use.] 

Shak. 
BICK'NESS,«.    [G.sudu.] 

1.  Nausea;  squeamishness ;  as,  sickness  of  the 
stomach. 

2.  Slate  of  being  diseased. 

I  do  lament  the  ticknets  o(  ih<!  kinf^,  iSftak, 

3.  Disease ;  malady ;  a  morbid  state  of  the  body 
of  an  animal  or  plant,  in  which  the  organs  do  not 
perfectly  perform  their  natural  functions. 

Tni*  not  too  much  your  now  rf^a(l<>M  ch:>rm« ; 

Thoa^,  mgf  or  nckncs*  soon  or  Uie  diannna.  Pore. 

llim«-lf  took  our  infinnitiea,  and  bon  our  nctncAHX. -^MatL 
TiiL 

[In  Bnfriandy  present  usage  inclines  to  illness  »m 
the  word  for  expressing  disease,  confining  sickness 
chiefly  to  nausea  and  disgust.  —  E4.\ 
STDE,  ri.  [Sax.  sidy  sidty  sida,  a  side,  also  wide,  like 
L.  iatus ;  D.  tyde,  side,  flank,  p»ge  ;  st(/,  far;  G. 
seiu  ;  Sw.  sida  :  Dan.  side,  a  side  ;  rid  or  ^iid,  lunp, 
trailing ;  sidst,  last ;  Scot.  «u2e,  long.  These  words 
indicate  the  radical  sense  to  be,  to  extend,  dilate,  or 
draw  out.] 

1.  The  broad  and  long  part  or  8iirf:ice  of  a  thing, 
as  difitingtiished  from  the  end,  which  is  of  less  px- 
tcnt,  and  may  be  a  point ;  as,  the  side  of  a  plank  ; 
the  side  of  a  chest ;  the  side  of  a  house  or  of  a  ship. 
One  side  of  a  len^  may  be  concave,  the  other  convpx. 

Siiie  is  distinguished  from  eJge;  as,  the  side  of  a 
knife  or  sword. 

2.  Margin;  edge;  verge;  border;  the  exterior 
line  of  any  thing,  considered  in  length  ;  ns,  the  side 
of  a  tract  of  land  or  a  field,  as  distinct  from  the  end. 
Hence  we  say,  the  side  of  a  rtvi:r;  the  side  of  a  road  ; 
the  east  and  west  side  of  the  Ameri(:an  continent. 


SID 

3.  The  part  of  an  animal  between  Ihe  back  and 

the  face  and  bi-lly  ;  the  part  on  which  the  ribs  are 
situaii;d  ;  as,  the  right  side;  the  It-ft  side.  This,  in 
quadni[)Gda,  is  usually  the  broadest  [lart. 

4.  The  part  between  ilie  top  and  bottom  ;  the 
slope,  declivity,  or  ascent,  as  of  a  hill  or  mountain  ; 
as,  the  side  of  Mount  Etna. 

5.  One  part  of  a  thing,  or  its  superficieB;  aa,  the 
side  of  a  ball  or  sphere. 

C.  Any  part  considered  in  respect  to  its  direction 
or  point  of  compass  ;  as,  to  whichever  side  we  direct 
our  view  ;  we  see  difficulties  on  every  side. 

7.  Party  ;  faction  ;  sect ;  any  man  or  body  of  men 
considered  as  in  opposition  to  another.  One  man 
enlists  on  the  side  of  the  tories  ;  another  on  the  side 
of  the  whigs.  Some  persons  change  sides  for  the 
sake  of  popularity  and  ofiice,  and  sink  themselves  in 
public  estimation. 

And  anti  the  pauiona  on  the  tide  of  truth.  Pope. 

8.  Interest ;  favor. 

The  Lord  ia  on  mj  side.  —  Pa.  cxviii. 

9.  Any  part  being  in  opposition  or  contradistinc- 
tion to  another  ;  used  of  persons  or  proposilions.  In 
that  battle,  the  slaughter  was  great  on  both  sides. 
Passion  invites  on  one  side ;  reason  restrains  on  the 
other. 

Oppn  Jiiaiice  bendi  on  either  side,  Dryden. 

10.  Branch  of  a  family  ;  separate  line  of  descent ; 
as,  hy  the  father's  side,  he  is  descended  from  a  noble 
family ;  by  the  moiher'a  side,  his  birth  is  respectable. 

11.  Quarter;  region;  part;  as,  from  one  side  of 
heaven  to  the  other. 

To  take  sides ;  to  embrace  the  opinions  or  attach 
one's  self  to  the  interest  of  a  party  when  in  opposi- 
tion to  another. 

To  choose  sitles :  to  select  parties  for  competition  in 
exercises  of  any  kind. 
SIDE,  a.     Lateral ;   as,  a  side  post ;    but  perhaps  it 
would  be  better  to  consider  the  word  as  compound. 

2.  Being  on  the  side,  or  toward  the  side  ;  oblique ; 
indirect. 

The  law  hath  no  aide  rrapect  to  thflir  peraona.  Hooker, 

One  mighty  aquadron  with  a  tide  wind  aped.  Zhyden. 

So  we  say,  a  side  view,  a  side  blow. 

Bentlcy.     Pope. 

3.  I<ong;  large;  extensive.     [Oft,?.]  Shak. 
SIDE,  V.  i.    To  lean  on  one  side.  {Liiue  used.]  Bacon, 

2.  To  embrace  the  opinions  of  one  party,  or  engage 
in  its  interest,  when  opposed  to  another  party  ;  as, 
to  side  with  the  ministerial  party. 

All  tide  In  pat^i  and  \x^n  the  attack.  Pope. 

SIDE,  V.  e.    To  stand  at  the  side  of.    [JVot  m  use.] 

Spenser. 
2.  To  suit ;  to  pair.    [JVo(  in  u*e.]         Clarendon. 

SIDE'UOARD,  n.  [side  and  board.]  A  piece  of  fur- 
niture or  cabinet  work,  consisting  of  a  table  or  box 
with  draw(;rs  or  cells,  placed  at  the  side  of  a  room 
or  in  a  recess,  and  used  to  hold  dining  utensils,  &c. 

SIDE'-BOX,  n.  [side  and  box.]  A  box  or  inclosed 
seat  on  the  side  of  a  theater,  distinct  from  the  seats 
in  llio  pit. 

SIDE'-CUT,  n.  A  canal  branching  out  from  the  main 
one.  Jimeriea, 

SID'ED,  a.  Having  a  side  ;  used  in  composition  ;  as, 
onesided,  mnny-sided,  &c. 

SIDE'-FLV,  n.     An  insect.  Derham, 

SIDE'LING,  ado.     [from  sidle  ;  D.  zydeUnfrs.] 

1.  Sidewise  ;  with  the  side  foremost;  as,  to  go 
sideline  through  a  crowd. 

2.  isloping. 

SIDE'LONG,  a.  [side  and  long:]  Lateral;  oblique; 
not  din-ctly  in  front;  as,  a  sidelong  glance.     JOryden. 

SIDE'LONG,  (m/p.  Laterally;  obliquely;  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  side.  Jifitton. 

3.  On  Ihe  side  ;  as,  to  lay  a  thing  sidelong.  Evelyn. 
SID'ER,  n.    One  that  takes  a  side  or  Joins  a  party. 

2.  Cider.     [JVot  tn  use.] 
SID'ER-A-TED,  a.     [h.  sidemtus.] 

Blasted ;  planet-struck.  Brown. 

SID-EK-A'TION,  n.  [L.  sideratio  ;  sidero,  to  blast, 
from  5u/u.<f,  a  star.] 

A  bla-^ting  or  blast  in  plants ;  a  sudden  deprivation 
of  sense ;  an  apoplexy ;  a  slight  erysipelas.  [JVot 
used.  ]  Ray,     Coze. 

A  sphacelus,  or  a  species  of  erysipelas,  vulgarly 
called  a  Blast.  Parr. 

ilivER^ \L^^'  i  *    [^  »ideralis^  from  sidus,  a.  star.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  star  or  stars  ;  astml ;  aa,  ndereal 
light. 

2.  Containing  stars  ;  starry  ;  as,  sidereal  regions. 
Sidereal  day:  in  axtronomy,  the  period  in  which  a 

star  apparently  completes  a  revolution  in  the  heav- 
ens, being  the  exact  period  in  which  the  earth  re- 
volves on  its  axis. 

Siitereai  j/Mr;  the  period  in  which  the  earth  makes 
one  revolution  in  its  orbit  with  respect  to  the  stars, 
or  the  apparent  period  in  which  the  sun  completes 
one  revolution  round  the  earth.  OlmHcd. 

SID'ER'ITE,  R.  [L.  gideritisi  Gr.  itl.,  from  ai6r)poi, 
iron.] 


SIE 

1.  The  lodestone ;  also,  iron-wort,  a  plant ;  also, 
the  common  ground  pine,  (Tducrium  chama?pitys, 
Linn.)  Coze.    Encyc.     Parr. 

2,  In  mineralogy,  a  phosphate  of  iron, 

Lavoisier.     Fovreroy. 

SID-ER-O-CAL'CITE,  n.  Brown  spar,  composed  of 
the  carbonates  of  iron  and  lime  or  magnesia.    Ure. 

SID-ER-0-CLi;P'TE,  n.  A  mineral  of  a  yellowish- 
green  color,  soft  and  translucid,  occurring  in  reniform 
or  botryoidal  masses,  supposed  to  be  a  variety  of 
olivine  or  chrysolite.  Saussure. 

SID-ER-0-GRAPH'I€,         )  a.    [See  Sidebogbafht.] 

SID-ER-0-GRAPH'I€-AL,  \  Pertaining  to  siderog- 
raphy, or  performed  by  engraved  plates  of  steel ;  as, 
sidero graphic  art  ;  siderogimphie  impressions. 

SID-ER-OG'RA-PillST,  n.  One  who  engraves  steel 
plates,  or  performs  work  by  means  of  such  plates. 

SID.ER.OG'RA-PHY,  n,  [Gr.  ct6i,pas,  steel,  or  iron, 
and  yputpoi,  to  enprave.] 

'J"ho  art  or  practice  of  engraving  on  steel,  by  means 
of  which,  impressions  may  be  transferred  from  a 
steel  plate  to  a  steel  cylinder  in  a  rolling  press  of  a 
particular  construction.  Perkins, 

SID'ER-O-SeOPE,  7t.  [Or.  aiSrjpaSj  iron,  and  (tkojzco), 
to  view  or  explore.] 

An  instrument  lately  invented  in  France,  for  de- 
tecting small  quantities  of  iron  in  any  cubstance, 
mineral,  vegetable,  or  animal.      Ferussac^s  Bui.  1827. 

SIDE'-SAD-ULE,  C-sad'dl,)  n,  [side  and  saddle.]  A 
saddle  for  a  woman's  seat  on  horseback. 

SIDE'-SAD-DLE-FLOW-ER,  n.  A  species  of  Sar- 
racenia,  or  Sarrazinia,  an  aquatic  plant,  bo  called  be- 
cause the  stigma  of  the  flower  resembles  a  woman's 
pillion.  Loudon. 

SIDES'MAN,  n.    [side  and  man.]    An  assistant  to  the 
churchwarden. 
2.  A  party  man.  Jtf'dton. 

SIDE'-TA-BLE,  n.  A  table  placed  either  against  the 
wall  or  aside  from  the  principal  table. 

SIDE'TAK-ING,  n.  A  taking  sides,  or  engaging  in  a 
party.  Hall. 

SIDE'WSYS,  )  adtt.     [side  and   wny;    but  stdcwist  is 

SIDE'VVISE,   j      the  proper  combination.] 

L  Toward  one  side  ;  inclining  ;  as,  to  hold  the 
head  sidewise. 

2.  Laterally;  on  one  side;  as,  the  refraction  of 
light  sidneise.  JVewtoiu 

SIL>'ING,  ppr.    Joining  one's  side  or  party. 

SID'IMG,  71.    The  attaching  of  one's  self  to  a  party. 
2.  The  turn-out  of  a  railroad.  England. 

SI'DLE,  r.  i.    To  go  or  move  side  foremost;  as,  to 
sidle  ihruu;?h  a  crowd. 
_2.  To  lie  on  the  side.  SusifL 

SIeCE,  (secj,)  Ti.  [Fr.  si^ge,  a  seat,  a  siege,  the  see  of 
a  bishop;  Norm,  sage,  a  seat;  It.  seggia,  seggio; 
Arm.  sick,  sicha,  sick  enn.  The  radical  sense  is,  to 
set,  to  fall,  or  to  throw  down  ;  Sax.  sigan,  to  fall, 
set,  or  rush  down.  These  words  seem  to  be  con- 
nected with  sink,  ond  with  the  root  of  seal,  L.  sigH- 
lum.) 

1.  The  setting  of  an  army  around  or  before  a  for^ 
tificd  place  for  ihe  purpose  of  compelling  the  garri- 
son to  surrender  ;  or  the  surrounding  or  investing  of 
a  place  by  an  army,  and  approaching  it  by  passages 
and  advanced  works,  which  cover  the  besiegers  from 
the  enemy's  fire.  A  siege  differs  from  a  blockade, 
as  in  a  siege  the  investing  army  approaches  the  for- 
tified place  to  attack  and  reduce  it  by  force  ;  but  In  a 
blockade,  the  army  secures  all  the  avenues  to  the 
place  to  intercept  all  supplies,  and  waits  till  famine 
compels  the  garrison  to  surrender. 

2.  Any  continued  endeavor  to  gain  possession. 

Love  itood  the  tiege,  and  would  not  yield  bia  breast. 

Dryden. 

3.  Scat  ;  throne,     [Oft*.]  Spenser. 

4.  Rank  ;  place;  class.     [06^.]  Shak. 

5.  Stool.     [jVot  in  ttse,]  Broien, 
SIkOB,  r.  e.    To  besiege.     [JVot  in  rise.]         Spenser. 
SI'EN-ITE,   )  n.     A   compound    granular  rock   com- 
SY'EN-TTE,  i    posed  of  quartz,  hornblende,  and  feld- 
spar, of  a  grayish  color  ;  so  called  because   there  are 
many  ancient  monuments,  consisting  of  this  rock, 
brought  from  Syene,  in  Upper  Egypt.     It  differs  from 
granite  only  in  containing    hornblende    instead   of 
mica.     [As  this  word  is  from  Syene,  the  proper  spell- 
ing is  Svenite.]                                  Lunier.     Dana. 

SI-EN-IT'IC,  i  a.     Containing  syenite;   having  the 

S?-EN-IT'ie,  i      character  of  syenite.  Humble. 

SI-ER'RA,  n.  [Sp.]  A  word  meaning  saw,  intro- 
duced into  geography  by  the  Spaniards,  to  designate 
a  ridge  of  mountains  and  craggv  rocks. 

61-ES'TA,  71.  [Sp.]  A  short  sleep  taken  about  the 
middle  of  the  day,  or  after  dinner. 

SIe'DR,  (so'ur,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  title  of  respect  used  by 
the  French. 

SIEVE,  Csiv,)  n.  [Sax.  sffe,  syfe',  O.  sieb;  D.  leef, 
tift ;  the  sifter.     See  Sift.] 

A  utensil  for  separating  flour  from  bran,  or  the 
fine  part  of  any  pulverized  or  fine  substance  from 
the  coarse,  hy  the  hand  ;  as,  a  fine  sieve  ;  a  coarse 
sieve.  It  consists  of  a  hoop  with  a  bottom  of  hair, 
canvas,  wire,  &.C.,  and  performs  in  the  family  the 
service  of  a  bolter  in  a  mill. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  VNITE— AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8 — €  aa  K;  0  as  J ;  B  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


SIO 


SIFT,  r.  L    [Sax.  *iftm  ;  Q.  aiehen  ;  D.  ziften,'] 

].  To  separate  by  a  sieve^  as  the  fine  part  of  a  eub- 
Btance  from  the  coane  ;  as,  to  s\ft  meal ;  to  sijl  pow- 
der ;  to  s\fi  sand  or  lime. 
a.  To  st'parate  ;  to  p-irt.  Dryden. 

3.  To  examine  minutely  or  critic!iny ;  to  scniti- 
nize.    Let  tbe  principlej  of  tba  party  be  thoroughly 

We  haw  n<W  your  objeettoofc  Hooktr, 

SIFT'ED,  ni.  or  «.     Separated   by  a  sieve  j  purified 

ixvm  the  coaiaer  parts  i  critically  examined. 
SIFT'ER,  a.     One  that  eifts ;  that  which  sifts  ;  a 

BIFT'tNG,  ypr.  Separating  the  finer  from  the  coarser 
port  by  a  sieve  ;  critically  examining. 

SIG,  a  Saxon  word  sieniO'ing  victor>',  is  used  in 
names,  as  in  Sigheri^  bright  virtor>-.  It  answers  to 
tlM  Greek  yi<  In  JVIeanWer,  and  tlie  .!>.  vie  in  yUttn 


&IG  II,  (sIO  0.  i.  [^ftx-  «>eaii,  to  niRh  ;  D.  tugU  a  sigh  ; 
zugten^  to  sigh  ;  Uan.  tnkktr  .'  Sw.  sueka  ,-  allied  p<T- 
hapH  to  a-M4-jk,  a  drawing  in  of  the  breath.] 

To  inhale  a  larger  qimntity  of  air  than  usual,  and 
Immediately  expel  it  j  to  suffer  a  deep  singlo  respira- 
tion. 

Ha  «<(JM  dtrptr  ta  hk  spirit.  —  M  vk  t  Ui. 

SIGH,  (sT,)  «.  L    To  lament ;  to  mourn. 

Art*  to  oaew,  and  mro  anbnrn. 

S&tll  Uea  hrr  bmdb  and  m^  ber  file.  Prior, 

S.  To  express  by  sighs. 

Tbe  fentle  awadn  —  mghM  buk  ber  pieL  Hoot: 

SIGH,  n.  A  single  deep  respiration;  a  long  breath; 
the  inhaling  of  a  larger  quantity  of  air  than  usual, 
and  the  sudden  emis,sion  uf  it.  This  is  an  effiirt  of 
nalare  to  dilate  tbe  lung-:  and  give  vigor  to  the  circu- 
lation of  the  blood,  when  the  action  of  the  heart 
and  arteries  is  languid  from  grief,  depression  of  spirits, 
Weakness,  or  want  of  exercise.  Hence  si;fks  are 
indications  of  rrief  or  debility. 

BTGH'ER,  (si'er,)  m.    One  that  sighs, 

SIGHING,  ppr.  Suffbring  a  deep  respiration ;  taking 
a  long  breath. 

SIGHING,  n.  The  act  of  sufltring  a  deep  respiration, 
or  tikins  a  long  breath. 

STGH'INl^LV,  adc.    With  sighing. 

SIGHT,  (site,)  n.  [?ax.  /rwht^  with  a  prefix;  D. 
frzifr;  G.  sukt ;  ukn.  sigt ;  Sw.  sickt^  front  Uie  root 
of  sttA 

1.  The  act  of  seeing ;  perception  of  objects  by  the 
eye  ;  view  ;  as,  to  gain  sight  of  land  ;  to  have  a 
tight  of  a  landscape  j  to  loee  »igki  of  a  ship  at  sea. 

A  cload  rMeived  him  Ml  of  Ibsir  tAfki.  ~  Acu  L 

%  The  (acuity  of  riaion,  or  of  perceiving  objects 
by  tbe  )n:«tni mentality  of  the  eyes.  It  has  been 
doubted  whether  m(^e«  have  n/^L  Milton  lost  his 
«t>AJ:  The  tigkl  usually  lails  at  ur  before  lilty  years 
or  age. 

O  loa  vt  <if  H  •i  Otoe  I  moM  eomplaio.  NUlon. 

3.  Open  view;  the  state  of  admitting  unobstnicted 
vision;  a  being  within  the  limits  of  vision.  The 
harbor  Is  In  sight  of  the  town.  The  shore  of  Long 
Island  is  in  sight  of  New  Hnven.  The  White  Moun- 
tain is  in  plain  sight  at  Portland,  in  Maine  ;  a  moun- 
tain is  or  is  not  within  sight ;  an  engagement  at  sea 
is  within  sight  of  land. 

4.  Notice  from  seeing  ;  knowledge  ;  as,  a  letter  in- 
tended for  the  fight  of  one  person  only. 

5.  Eye  ;  the  instrument  of  seeing. 

FnHQ  tbe  drptb  of  hell  dv-j  lift  thrir  rifftf.  Dryden. 

&  A  small  aperture  through  which  objects  are  to 
be  seen  ;  as,  the  sight  of  a  quadranL 

7.  Tliai  which  is  beheld  ;  a  spectacle  ;  a  show ; 
j»crficM/arI«.  something  novel  and  remarkable  j  some- 
thing womerfuL 

They  never  »w  a  mght  m  fair.  Spenstr. 

hima  mid,  1  viQ  now  luni  a«de  and  ne  this  great  nght,  whj 

Uk  bua  b  not  burnMl.  —  Ex.  bi. 
^aifal  aighlm  and  gnU  agna  alnfl  tbere  be  from  beat«n.  — 

li^a  xxL 

8.  A  smatl  plec«  of  metal  fixed  on  (he  muzzle  of  a 
musket,  &x.,  to  aid  the  eye  in  taking  aim. 

Qntpb.MU.  Diet 
To  tak«  sight ;' to  take  aim:  to  look  fur  the  pur- 
pose  of  directing  a  piece  of  artiller}*,  A;c. 

STCHT'ED,  a.  In  compesitiaH  only,  having  sight,  or 
seeing  in  a  particular  manner;  as,  long-sighted,  see- 
ing at  a  great  distance  ;  short-sighted^  able  to  see  only 
at  a  small  distance  ;  quiek-tight^j  readily  seeing,  dis- 
cerning, or  understanding;  shMi^~sight£d,  having  a 
keen  eve  or  acute  dbscemmenL 

ISIGHT'FRL-NESS,  m.  ClearaeM  of  sight,  [^ot  in 
iw^.]  Stdrtfy, 

STGHT'LESS,  (slle'less,)  a.    Wanting  sight ;  blind. 

or  an  wbo  hSatUj  creep,  or  nihtless  maar.  Pope. 

2.  Offensive  or  unpleasing  to  llie  eye ;  as,  sightless 

ftains.    JJi'ot  veli  aitthoriied,]  SAofc. 

SrGHT'LE!?S-I>Y,  adv.    In  a  sightless  manner. 
SIGHT'LESS-NESS,  a.    Want  of  sight 
SIGHT'LI-NESS,   n.      Comeliness ;   an   appearance 

pleasing  to  the  sight. 


SIG 

SIGHT'LV,  (sncHe,)  a.    Pleasing  to  the  eye ;  striking 
to  the  view. 

MaoY  bmre,  tightly  honea.  L'Eitrangt- 

2.  Open  to  the  view  ;  that  may  be  seen  from  a  dis- 
tance.   We  say,  a  houste  etanda  in  a  sightly  place. 
SIGIITS'M.\N,  m.     Among  musicians ^  one  wlio  reads 

music  readily  at  first  sight.  Basby. 

SIG'IL,  (sij'U,)  11.     [U  sigiUum.^ 

A  seal ;  signature.  I>ryden. 

8I6-IL-LA'RI-A,  R.    A  name  given  to  certain  large 

plant!)  fttund  In  the  coal  formation.        BrongniarU 
SI-GIL'LA-TIVE,  a.     [Fr.  sigiUatif;  U  sigiUum,] 
Fit  to  seal ;  belonging  to  a  seal ;  composed  of  wax. 

Coigrave-. 
SIG'MA,  a.  The  name  of  the  Greek  letter  i:,  s.  f  Eug- 
li»>h  &)  The  Greeks  originally  used  for  this  letter 
the  form  of  the  English  C,  and  the  Romans  adopted 
this  form  for  their  tables.  The  most  honoruble 
plaren  nt  the  table  were  the  extremities.  Elmes. 
SIG'MOID,  /  rr.  j      j      i 

SIG-MOID'aL,  i  °-    fGr.  aiy^a  and  nSoi.] 

Curved  like  the  Greek  j,  (sigma.)  Smith.  Bigrlov>. 
The  sigmoid  jlezure^  in  anatmny,  is  the  last  curve 
of  the  colon,  before  it  termin-ites  in  llie  n^clum.  Parr. 
SIGN,  (slue,)  n.  (Fr.  signe;  It,  segno;  Sp.  scHa;  L. 
sig/inm  ;  Sax.  segen  ;  Arm.  sygn,  syn  ;  Ir.  sigkin  ;  G. 
zeidun ;  Sans,  taga.  From  the  lust  tlirce  words,  it 
appears  that  n  is  not  radic.il ;  the  elements  being  Sg. 
If  80,  and  the  G.  leichen  is  of  this  family,  then  we 
learn  that  sign  is  only  a  dialectical  orthography  of 
token,  for  zrichen  ia  the  D.  teeken,  Dan.  tegity  Sw.  (eo- 
ken.  Coinciding  perhaps  with  Gr.  fieiKvi'tii.] 

1.  A  token  ;  something  by  which  another  thing  is 
ehon'n  or  represented  ;  any  visible  thing,  any  mo- 
tion, appearance,  or  event,  which  indicates  tlie  ex- 
istence or  approach  of  something  else.  Thus  we 
speak  of  signs  of  fiiir  weotlier  or  of  a  storm,  and 
of  external  marks,  which  are  signs  of  a  good  con- 
stitution. 

2.  A  motion,  action,  nod,  or  gesture,  indicating  a 
wish  or  command. 

Tbe;  made  tigrv  to  hh  hlher,  bow  be  vould  baee  him  callml. 
—  Luk«L 

3.  A  wonder ;  a  miracle  ;  a  prodigy ;  a  remarkable 
transaction,  event,  or  phenomenon. 

Tbnni^  mi^lj  tignt  and  woadc^ra.  —  Rom.  xr. 

4.  Some  visible  transaction,  event,  or  appearance, 
intended  as  proof  or  evidence  of  something  elae ; 
hence,  pmof ;  evidence  by  sighL 

Show  me  a  ^gn  that  tboti  talkcst  with  me.  ->-  Judges  tL 

5.  Something  hung  or  set  near  a  bouse  or  over  a 
door,  to  give  notice  of  the  tenant's  occupation,  or 
what  is  made  or  sold  within  ;  as,  a  trader's  sign  ;  a 
tailor's  sign  :  tlie  sign  of  the  Eagle. 

6.  A  memorial  or  monument;  something  to  pre- 
ser\*o  tbe  memory  of  a  tiling. 

What  time  the  file  dcrouied  two  handred  and  fift/  men,  aiid 
th!7  becaoie  a  aign.  — Nam.  xnri. 

7.  Visible  mark  or  representation  ;  as,  an  outward 
sign  of  an  inward  and  spiritual  grace. 

S.  A  mark  of  distinction. 

9.  Typical  representation. 
Tbe  holy  ajTmboIi  or  wignt  are  not  barely  Bignlficalive. 

Brtrevood. 

10.  In  astronomy,  the  twelfth  part  of  the  ecliptic 
or  zodiac.  The  signs  are  reckoned  from  the  pt)int 
of  intersection  of  the  ecliptic  and  equator  at  the 
vernal  equinoij  and  are  named,  respectively,  Arief, 
Taurus,  Gemini,  Cancer,  Leo,  Virgo,  Libra,  Scorpio, 
Sagittarius,  Capricornus,  Aquarius,  Pisces.  These 
names  are  borrowed  from  the  constellations  of  the 
zodiac  of  the  same  denomination,  which  were  re- 
spectively comprehended  within  the  foregoing  equal 
divisions  of  the  ecliptic,  at  the  time  when  those 
divisions  were  first  made  ;  but,  on  account  of  the 
precession  of  the  equinoxes,  the  positions  of  these 
constellations  in  the  heavens  no  longer  corresp<tnd 
with  the  divisions  of  the  ecliptic  of  the  same  name, 
but  are  considerably  In  advance  of  them.  Thus  the 
constellation  Aries  is  now  in  that  port  of  the  ecliptic 
called  Taurus. 

11.  In  algebra,  A  character  indicating  the  relation 
of  quantities,  or  an  operation  performed  upon  them  ; 
as  the  sign  -i-,  [piu«,J  prefixed  lo  a  quantity,  indicates 
that  the  quantity  is  to  be  added ;  the  sign  — 
[minus]  denotes  that  the  quantity  to  which  it  is 
prefixed  is  to  be  subtracted.  The  former  is  prefixed 
to  quantities  called  affirmative  or  positive ;  the  latter 
to  quantities  called  negative. 

12.  The  subscription  of  one's  name;  signature; 
as,  a  sign  manual. 

13.  Among  physieioTis,  an  appearance  or  symptom  in 
the  human  body,  which  indicates  its  condition  as  to 
healtti  or  disease. 

14.  In  music,  any  character,  as  a  flat,  sharp, 
dot,  Slc. 

SIGN,  (sine,)  v.  t  To  mark  with  characters  or  one's 
name.  To  sign  a  paper,  note,  deed,  &c.,  is  to  write 
one's  name  at  the  foot,  or  underneath  the  declara- 
tion, promise,  covenant,  grant,  &c.,  by  which  the 
person  makes  it  his  own  act.     To  sign  one's  name,  is 


SIG 

to  write  or  subscribe  it  on  paper.    Signing  does  not 
now  include  sealing. 

2.  To  signify;  lo  represent  typically.    [JWiwiwf-] 

Taylor. 

3.  To  mark. 

4.  To  signify  by  the  hand  ;  to  move  tbe  band  for 
Intimating  something  to  another. 

SIGN,  V.  i.    To  be  a.  sign  or  omen.     [JVof  in  use,} 

Shak. 

SIG'NAL,  n.  [Fr.  signal ;  Sp.  seiial;  ftom  L.  signujn.] 
A  sign  that  gives  or  is  Intended  to  give  notice  ;  or 
the  notice  given.  Signals  are  used  to  communicate 
notice,  information,  orders,  and  the  like,  to  persons 
at  a  distance,  and  by  any  persons  and  fur  any  pur- 
pose. A  signal  may  be  a  motion  of  the  hand,  the 
raising  of  a  fiag,  the  firing  of  a  gun,  or  any  thing 
which,  being  understood  by  persons  at  a  distance, 
may  communicate  notice. 

Signals  are  particularly  useful  in  the  navigation  of 
fleets  and  in  naval  engagements.  Tbere  are  datj- 
nigiiah,  which  are  usually  made  by  the  sails,  by 
flags  and  pendants,  or  guns  ;  night-signah,  which 
are  lanterns  disposted  in  certain  figures,  or  false  fires, 
rockets,  or  the  tiring  of  guns  ;  fog-signah,  which  are 
made  by  sounds,  as  firing  of  gun«,  beating  of  drums, 
ringing  of  bells,  &r,.  There  are  signals  of  evolution, 
ndilressed  to  a  whole  fleet,  to  a  division,  or  lo  a 
pqu.idron  ;  signal;*  of  movements  to  particular  ships  ; 
and  signals  of  Hervice,  general  or  particular.  Signals 
used  in  un  army  are  mostly  made  by  u  particular 
beat  of  the  drum,  or  by  tbe  bugle. 

Mar.  Diet.     Kvcye. 

SIG'NAL,  a.  Eminent;  remarkable  ;  memorable  ; 
difitinguisbod  from  what  is  ordinary  ;  n8,a*iy(m/ ex- 

S>loit ;  a  signal  service  ;  a  signal  act  of  benevolence, 
t  is  generallv,  but  not  always,  uwd  in  a  good  sense. 

SIG'NAL-FIRE,  n.     A  fire  intended  for  a  signal. 

SIG-,\AL'I-TV,  n.  duality  of  being  signal  or  remark- 
able.    [JWj(  tn  use.]  Brown, 

SIG'NAL  tZE,r.  L  [from  sigjial.]  To  make  remark- 
able or  eminent ;  to  render  distinguished  from  what 
is  common.  The  stildier  who  eignalizfs  himself  m 
battle  merits  his  country's  gratitude.  Men  may  sig- 
nalize themselvc^their  valor,  or  their  talents. 

2.  Among  seamen,  to  make  signals  to,  by  means  of 
flagM,  &c.  % 

8K;'NAL-IZ-ED,pp,'  Made  eminent. 

SIG'NAL-IZ-L\G,;»/*r.     Making  remarkable. 

SIG'NAL-LY,  adv.  Eminently  ;  remarkably  ;  mem- 
orablv  ;  in  a  distinguished  manner. 

SIG-NA'TION,  n.  Sign  given;  act  of  betokening. 
f  ATot  in  mr.] 

SIG'NA-TO-RY,  a.    Relating  to  a  seal ;  used  in  seal- 


ing. 
SIG'NA-TURE, 


Diet, 
[Ft.,  from  L.  signo,  to  sign.] 

1.  A  sign,  stamp,  or  murk  impressed. 
The  bmln,  brlnp  well  runiUhed  wilh  various  trncet,  tignaturea, 

and  imngfi.  WalU. 

The  rniurul  anj   ItideliMe  aignature  o(  God,  Blamped  on  the 

buiuan  Kinl.  Bentley. 

2.  In  old  medical  trritcrs,  nn  externa!  mark  or 
character  on  a  plant,  which  was  mipposed  to  indicate 
its  siiitahkness  to  cure  particular  disease, or  diseases 
of  particular  [larts.  Thus  plants  with  yellow  flow- 
ers were  suj)posed  to  be  adapted  to  the  cure  of  Jaun- 
dice, Slc. 

Some  pinnta  bear  a  very  evident  aignalure  of  their  nnturc  and 
u»^.  Mora. 

3.  A  mark  for  proof,  or  proof  from  marks. 

4.  Sign-manual ;  the  name  of  a  person  written  or 
subscribed  by  himself. 

5.  Among  printers,  a  letter  or  figure  at  the  bottom 
of  the  first  page  of  a  sheet  or  hsif  sheet,  by  which 
the  sheets  are  distinguished  and  their  order  desig- 
nated, as  a  direction  to  the  binder.  Every  successive 
sheet  has  a  difl^-rent  letter  or  figure, and  if  the  sheets 
are  more  numerous  than  the  letters  of  the  alphabet, 
then  a  small  letter  is  added  to  the  capital  one  ;  thus, 
A  a,  B  b.  In  large  volumes,  the  signatures  are  some- 
times composed  of  letters  and  figures  ;  thus,  5  A,  5  B. 
But  some  printers  now  use  figures  only  for  signa- 
tures. 

6.  In  physiognomy,  an  external  mark  or  feature,  by 
which  sorne  persons  pretend  to  discover  the  nature 
and  qualities  of  a  thing,  particularly  the  temper  and 
genius  of  persons. 

7.  In  music,  the  flats  and  sharps  at  the  beginning 
of  each  stafl^,  to  mark  the  key  of  the  movement, 

SIG'NA-TURE,  v.  t.  To  mark  ;  to  distinguish.  [J^ot 
in  use.]  Cheyne.. 

SIG'NA-TtIR-IST,n.  One  who  holds  to  the  doctrine 
of  signatures  impressed  upon  objects,  indicative  of 
charafter  or  qualities.     [Little  used.]  Brown, 

SIGN'BOARD,  n.  A  board  on  which  a  man  sets  a  no- 
tice of  his  occu[>ation,  or  of  articles  for  sale. 

STGN'/:D,  pp.     Marked  ;  subscribed. 

SIGN'ER,  n.  One  that  signs  or  subscribes  his  name  ; 
as.  a  memorial  with  a  hundred  signers. 

SIG'NET,  n.  A  seal  ;  particularly  in  Great  Britain, 
the  seal  used  by  the  king  in  sealing  his  private  let- 
ters, and  grunts  that  pass  by  bill  under  his  majesty's 
hand. 

SIG-NrF'I-€ANCE,  \n.    [from   L.  signijlcans.     See 

SlG-NIFa-GAN-CY,  j      SioNirr.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


SIG 

1.  Meaning  ;  import ;  that  wtiich  is  intended  to  be 
expressed  ;  as,  the  st^nijicance  of  a  nod,  or  of  a  mo- 
tioQ  of  the  tiaad,  or  of  a  word  or  expression. 

Sttltingfieet. 

2.  Force;  energy;  power  of  impressing  the  mind; 
OS,  a  duty  enjoined  with  jtarticular  siffn^ance. 

Jitterbury. 

3.  Importance  ;  moment ;  weight ;  consequence. 

Mud;  »  circuiiiatancf  of  lou  nsf'iflcatwy  liaa  bten  coiwtru'c!  into 
au  oven  act  of  high  Uva»uri.  Adduon. 

SIG-NIF'I-CANT,  a.     [U  sieni/tcans.  ] 

1.  Expressive  of  something  beyond  the  external 
mark. 

2.  Rearing  a  meaning;  expressing  or  containing 
sir;n location  or  sense;  as,  a  gigiiificaat  word  or 
sound  ;   a  gi^ificant  look. 

3.  Betokening  something;  standing  as  a  sign  of 
something. 

It  wu  wll  said  of  Plodaiu,  that  the  atan  were  tignificant,  but 
not  efficient.  Halegk. 

A.  Expressive  or  representative  of  some  fact  or 
event.  The  passover  among  the  Jews  Was  si^iifi- 
eant  of  the  escape  of  the  Isra<-lites  from  the  destruc- 
litin  whicli  fell  on  the  Egyptians.  The  bread  and 
wine  in  the  sacrament  are  significant  of  the  body  and 
blood  of  Christ. 
5.  Important ;  momentous.  [A"u(  in.  uaeJ] 
SIG-NtF'ieANT-LY,  adv.     With  meaning. 

2.  With  force  of  expression.  South. 

SIG-\I-PI  GA'TION,   «.      [Fr.,  from   L.  si^\}icatio. 
See  SiGMFY.] 

1.  The  act  of  making  known,  or  of  communicating 
ideas  to  another  by  signs  or  by  words,  by  any  tiling 
that  is  understood,  particularly  by  words. 

All  sp'^king  or  §ign\fictuion  of  one'i  ramd   Implies  an  net  or 
^ilreaa  of  one  niaa  to  another.  South. 

2.  Meaning  ;  that  which  is  understood  to  be  in- 
tended by  a  sign,  character,  mark,  or  word  ;  that 
idea  or  sense  of  a  sign,  mark,  word,  or  expression 
which  tlie  person  using  it  intends  to  convey,  or  that 
which  men  in  general,  who  use  it,  understand  it  to 
convey.  The  siffnificaiion  of  words  was  originally  ar- 
bitrary, and  is  dependent  on  usage.  But  when  cus- 
tom has  annexed  a  certain  sense  to  a  letter  or  sound, 
or  to  a  combination  of  letters  or  sounds,  this  sense  is 
always  lo  he  considered  the  signification  which  the 
person  using  llie  word  intends  to  communicate. 

So,  by  custom,  certain  signs  or  gestures  have  a  de- 
termined signification.     Such  is  the  fact  also  with 
figures,  algebraic  characters,  &,c. 
SIG-MF'I-CA-TIVE,  a.     [Fr.  significati/.] 

1.  Betokening  or  representing  by  an  external  sign  ; 
as,  the  significative  symbols  of  the  eucharist. 

Brereioood. 

2.  Having  signification  or  meaning;  expressive  of 
a  certain  idt-a  or  thing. 

Keiittrr  in  thr  (li-grL-eii  of  kindred  wen  they  dcMttnte  oT  rignijt- 
eaiive  wonls.  OamiUn. 

SIO-NIP'r-GA-TIVELY,  adv.     So  as  to  represent  or 

express  by  an  external  sign.  Usher. 

SIG-NIF'I-eA-TIVE-NESS.  n.     The  quality  of  being 

significative. 
SIG-M-FI-CA'TOR,  «.    That  which  signifies. 

Burton. 
SIG-NIF'I-eA-TO-RY,   n.      That  which    betokens, 

signifies,  or  represents.  Taylor. 

8IG'\I-FI-£D,  pp.     Made  known  by  signs  or  words. 
8IG'.\I-F9,  r.  t.     [Fr.  ntgnifieri  L.  significu;  signtiatj 

a  sign,  and  facia,  to  make.] 

1.  To  make  known  something,  either  by  signs  or 
words;  to  express  or  communicate  to  another  any 
idea,  thought,  wish,  purpose,  or  command,  either  by 
words,  by  a  nod,  wink,  gejiture,  signal,  or  other  sign. 
A  man  signifies  his  mind  by  his  voice,  t)r  by  written 
characters  ;  he  may  signify  his  minti  by  a  nod  or 
other  motion,  provided  the  persim  to  whom  he  di- 
rects it,  undt^rstands  what  is  intended  by  it.  A  gen- 
eral, or  an  iidmira\,  signifies  his  commands  by  signals 
to  officers  at  a  distance. 

2.  To  mean  ;  to  have  or  contain  a  certain  sense. 
The  word  .Sabbath  signifies  rest.  Less,  in  compo- 
sition, as  In  faithless,  signifies  destitution  or  want. 
The  prefix  re,  in  recommend^  seldom  signets  any 
thing. 

3.  To  import;  to  weigh  ;  lo  have  consequence; 
iL^ed  in  particular  phrases  ;  as,  it  signifies  much  or  lit- 
tle ;  it  sifrnifirs  nothing.  What  d(»es  it  signify! 
What  signify  the  cplendors  of  a  court.'  Confession 
of  sin,  without  refiirmalioa  of  life,  can  signify  ni>th- 
ing  in  the  view  of  fiod. 

4.  To  make  known  ;  to  declare. 

The  ^T^ninwDt  ihoiilii  tigm/y  to  tb'?  Protc«taoU  of  Ireland, 
that  wa.iit  of  aUTcr  u  not  to  be  remedied.  Su{^. 

SIG'.VI-FV,   p.   i.      To  express   meaning  wfth  force. 
u^ed.y 

FT-ING,  ppr.      Making  known  by  signs  or 
wordn. 

BTGN'ING,  ppr.     Marking;   subscribing;   signifying 
by  the  hand. 

SIGN'IOR,  (secn'yur,)  n.    A  title  of  respect  among 
the  Italian-*.     [Hce  SEtoxioiu] 

STG.N'IOR-IZE,  (secn'yur  Ize,)  v.  i.    To  exercise  do- 
minion ;  or  to  have  dominion.    [Little  used.] 


{ Little  uW.l 
BIG'NI-I 


SIL 

SrGN'IOR-V,  (seen'yur-y,)  n.  A  different,  but  less 
common  s[H;Iling  of  Seionioet,  which  see.  It  sig- 
nifies lordship,  dominion,  and  in  Shakspcare,  senior- 
ity. 

SiGN'-MAN'tJ-AL,  n.  One's  own  name  written  by 
himself;  applied  [Kirticularly  to  the  signature  of  a 
sovereicn  or  prince. 

SIGN'-POST,  rt.  [sign  and  post.]  A  post  on  which 
a  sign  hanps,  or  on  which  papers  are  placed  to  give 
public  notice  of  any  tiling.  By  the  laws  of  some  of 
the  New  England  States,  a  sign-post  is  to  be  erected 
near  the  center  of  each  town. 

STKE    i  '^     S^ch.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

SIK'ER,  a.  or  adv.     Sure;    surely.      [Obs.]      [See 

Sicker.] 
SIK'ER  AE3S,  B.    Surenesa;  safety.    [Obs.] 

Chaucer. 
STLE,  V.  t,    To  strain,  as  fresh  milk  from  the  cow. 

[Local.] 
SIL'£D,  pp.     Strained. 
SI'LENCE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  silcntium^  from  sSeo,  to 

be  still;   It.  silemio  ;    Sp.  silencio.     The  sense  is,  to 

stop  or  hold  ;   but  this   may  proceed   from  setting, 

throwing  down.     See  Bill.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense t  stillness,  or  entire  absence  of 
sound  or  noise  ;  as,  the  silence  of  midnight. 

2.  In  animals,  the  state  of  holding  the  peace  ;  for- 
bearance of  speech  in  man,  or  of  noise  in  other  an- 
imals. 


3.  Habitual  taciturnity;  opposed  to  Lo^uacitt. 

Shak. 

4.  Secrecy.  These  things  were  transacted  in  si- 
lence. 

5.  Stillness;  calmness;  quiet;  cessation  of  rage, 
agitation,  or  tumult;  as,  the  elements  reduced  to 
silence. 

6.  Absence  of  mention  ;  oblivion. 

Eternal  lilenc*  be  their  dooni,  Milton. 

And  what  most  menu  f.uiic,  in  lUence  hid.  AJUion, 

7.  Silence  is  used  elliptically  for  let  there  be  aUence^ 
an  injunction  to  keep  silence. 

SI'LENCE,  V.  t.  To  oblige  to  bold  the  peace;  to  re- 
strain from  noise  or  speaking. 

2.  To  still ;  to  quiet ;  to  restrain  ;  to  appease. 
Thia  would  *Uenc£  all  further  oppiMition.  Clarendon. 
Tbeae  would  have  tilmced  their  scruple*.  Hogers. 

3.  To  stop  ;  as,  lo  silence  complaints  or  clamor. 

4.  To  cause  to  cease  firing  by  a  vigorous  cannon- 
ading ;  as,  to  silence  guns  or  a  battery.  Tatten. 

5.  To  restrain  from  preaching  by  revoking  a  license 
to  preach ;  as,  to  siienct  a  minister  of  the  gospel. 

United  States. 
The  RcT,  Thomas  Hooker^  of  Chelmaford  lo  Euex,  wai  tiUnctd 
for  Noo-confbnnitj.  B.  TrumbuiL 

6.  To  put  an  end  to ;  to  cause  to  cease. 

Tlie  question  between  agriculture  and  comuicrce  hai  reeelTed  a 
decision  which  haa  atUnced  the  rivaUliipt  between  thern. 

Hamiiion. 
ST'LENC-KD,  (sllenst,)  pp.    Stilled  ;  hushed. 
ST'LENC-ING,  ppr.     Stilling. 
SrLENT,  a.     Not  speaking;  mute.     Ps.  xxil. 

2.  Habitually  taciturn;  speaking  little;  not  in- 
clined to  much  talking  ;  not  loquacious. 

UljHM,  he  adda,  waa  the  moat  eloquent  and  the  tsoal  aiUnt  of 
men.  Broom*. 

3.  Still ;  having  no  noise  ;  as,  the  silent  watches  of 
the  night ;  the  silent  groves  ;  all  was  silent. 

4.  Not  operative ;  wanting  elficacy.  Ralegh. 

5.  Not  mentioning  ;  not  proclaiming. 

Thia  ww-crwfd  world,  of  which  In  bcU 

Fame  U  not  silerU.  Milan. 

6.  Calm  ;  as,  the  winds  were  silent.  PamelL 

7.  Not  acting  ;  not  transacting  business  in  person  ; 
as,  a  sUent  partner  in  a  commercial  house. 

8.  Not  pronounced  ;  having  no  sound  ;  as,  e  ia  si- 
lent in  fa&le. 

8T-LEN'TIA-RY,  n.  One  appointed  to  keep  silence 
and  order  in  court;  one  sworn  not  to  divulge  secrets 
of  sLite.  Barrow. 

SI'LENT-LY,  adv.    Without  speech  or  words. 

Each  nlenlly 
I>cinan<la  tbj  gnc,  and  ac-<*ia  to  waich  thy  e^e,        Drydsn, 

2.  Without  noise  ;  as,  to  march  silently. 

3.  Without  mention.  He  mentioned  other  difficul- 
ties, hut  this  he  silently  passed  over,  Locke. 

SI'LENT-NESS,  n.  Suie  of  being  silent;  stillness; 
silence.  ji.fh. 

SI-IjE'SIA,  tl  A  duchy  or  country  now  chiefly  be- 
longing to  Prussia  ;  hence,  a  species  of  lineu  cloth 
so  called  ;  thin,  coarse  linen. 

SI-Lk'SIAN,  (-shan,)a.  Pertaining  to  Silesia;  made 
in  Silesia;  as,  Silesian  linen. 

SI'LEX,  n.     [U  silex^  flint.] 

Silicic  acid,  generally  impure,  as  it  is  found  in  na- 
ture, constituting  flint,  quart?.,  and  most  sands,  and 
sandstones^     fSee  Silica  and  Silicic  Acid.] 

SIL'HOU-ETTE,  (sil'oo-et.J  n.  [Fr.,  from  the  name 
of  the  improver.] 


SIL 

A  prnfile;  a  representation  of  the  outlines  of  an 
object  filled  in  wiili  a  black  color.  Brande. 

SIL'I-CA,  n.     [L.  silez,  a  flint.] 

One  of  the  names  of  sdicic  acid  in  a  state  of  pu- 
rity.    It  was  considered  to  be  one  of  the  primitive 
earths.     [See  Silicic-  Acid.] 
SIL'I-CAlfl,  n.    A  suit  composed  of  silicic  acid  and 

a  base. 
SIL'I-eA-TED,a.  Combined  with  silicic  acid.  [Rare.] 

Sdhman. 
SI-LIC'ie  ACID,  n.  An  acid,  according  to  Thom- 
son, composed  of  one  equivalent  of  silicon  and  one 
of  oxygen,  or,  according  to  Bcrzelius,  one  of  silicon 
and  tiiree  of  oxygen.  When  pure,  it  is  a  light, 
white  powder,  which  feels  rough  when  rubbed  be- 
tween the  fingers.  It  is  both  inodorous  and  insipid. 
It  combines  wjth  bases,  forming  salts,  which  are 
called  silicates.  Rock  crystal,  tlint,  and  other  varie- 
ties of  quartz,  are  nearly  pure  silicic  acid. 
SIUIC'I-CAL-Ca'RE-OIJS,  a.     [silez  and  calcareous.] 

Consisting  t>f  t'ilex  and  calcareous  matter. 
SIL-IC'I-CALCE,  n.     [L.  silez  or  silica  and  calz.] 
A  silicious  rock  containing  carbonate  of  lime. 

Saussure, 
SILI-CIF'ER-OUS,  a.      [L.  sUez  and  /ero,  lo   pro- 
duce.] 

Producing  silex  ;  or  united  with  a  portion  of  silex. 
SIL-IC-I-FI-Ca'TION,   n.      Petrifaction   by   flint    or 

silex.  Mantell. 

SIL-IC'I-FT-ED,  pp.  or  a.     Petrified  by  flint 
SIL-IC'I-FY,  (sil-is'e-fl,)  ».  u     [L.  sUex,  flint,  and 
facio^  to  make.] 

To  convert  into  silex,  or  petrify  by  flint. 

The  apecimeDs  found  near  Phil^elphla,  ara  completely  nttcijied. 

ifay. 

SIL-IC'I-FY,  V.  i.    To  become  silex. 

SIL-IC'I-FY-ING,  ppr.     Petrifying  by  silex. 

SIL-IC-I-MO'RITE,  n.    [sUez  and  muria,  brine.] 
An  earth  com|M>sed  of  silex  and  magnesia. 

SI-LI"CIOUS,  (se-lish'us,)  a.  Pertaining  to  silex,  or 
partaking  of  its  nature  and  qualities. 

SI-LIC'1-TED,  a.     Impregnated  with  silex. 

Kirwan,  Qeol, 

SI-LI"CIUM,  n.  Silicon,  which  see.  The  name  5i- 
licium  was  given  by  those  who  supposed  it  to  be  a 
metal  like  sodium.  SilUman. 

SIL'I-CLE,       (         TT      -J-    I    1 

SIH€'U-LA,  !  "-     [I"*^'^"''^-] 

A  pericarp  or  seed-vessel  as  broad  as  it  is  long, 
consisting  of  two  valves,  two  sutures,  and  a  dissepi- 
ment, with  the  seed8  attached  to  both  eilges  of  tJie 
dissepiment,  and  alternately  upon  each  side  of  it. 

SIL'I-GON,  n.  A  dark,  nut-brown,  elementary  sub- 
stance, destitute  of  a  metallic  luster,  and  a  non-con- 
ductor of  electricity.  It  is  incombustible  in  atmospheric 
air,  and  in  oxygen  gas,  but  burns  in  certain  salts  con- 
lainingoxygen.  It  is  neither  dissolved  noroxydized 
by  Sulphuric  or  nitric  acids  ;  but  a  mixture  of  the  nitric 
and  fluohydric  acids  dissolves  it  readily.  Its  exter- 
nal characters  are  much  altered  after  exposure  to  a 
high  temperature. 

SI-LIC'l^-LOSE,  a.  Having  silicles,  or  pertaining  to 
them.  • 

SI-LIG'I-NCSE,  a.     [L.  siUgo.] 

Made  of  fine  wheat.  Bailey. 

SIL'ING,  ppr.     Straining. 

StL'ING-DISH,  «.     [Dan.  sUery  to  strain.] 

A  colander.     [JVut  in  jtsc]  Barrett. 

SII/I-QUA,  n.  [L,]  With  gold-finersy  a  carat,  six  of 
whicl)  make  a  scruple.  Johnson. 

SIL'iaUE,  (sil'ik,)  i  "•     tL-  siliqua.] 

An  elongated  pericarp  or  seed-vessel,  consisting 
of  two  valves,  two  sutures,  and  a  dissepiment, 
with  the  seeds  atUiched  to  both  edges  of  the  dissepi- 
ment, and  alternaiily  upon  «ach  side  of  it. 

SIL'I-aUI-FORM,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  siliqua. 

SIL'I-aiJOSE,   )         .,    „7,,„,„^,i  [Smith. 

siE'i-auoiis,  i  °-   t^'  ^^i^"^-}  ^ 

Having  that  sgiecies  of  pericarp  called  silique ;  na, 
siliquose  plants.  Jnartyn. 

SILK,  n.      [Sax.  seolc;   Sw.  silke;   Dan.   id.;   Russ. 


schilk;  At.  and  Pers. 


j5Jw« 


silk ;  properly  any 


thread,  from  Ar.  liXjLM  salaka^  to  send  or  thrust 

in,  to  insert,  to  pass  or  go.] 

1.  The  fine,  soft  thread  produced  by  various  epe- 
ciea  of  caterpillars,  particularly  by  the  larve  of  the 
insect  called  silk-worm  or  Bombyx  Mori.  That  which 
we  ordinarily  call  silk,  is  a  thread  composed  of  sev- 
eral finer  threads,  which  the  worm  draws  from  its 
bowels,  like  the  web  of  a  spider,  and  with  wliich 
the  fiilk-w^orm  envelops  itself,  forming  what  is  called 
a  Cocoon.  F.7icyc. 

2.  Cloth  made  of  silk.  In  this  sense,  the  word 
has  a  plural,  silks^  denoting  different  sorts  and  varie- 
ties, as  black  silk,  while  silk,  colored  silks. 

3.  The  filiform  style  of  the  female  flower  of 
maize,  which  resembles  real  silk  in  fineness  and 
softness. 


TONE,  BPLL,  IGNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOU8.  — €  aa  K ;  d  aa  J  j  S  u  Zj  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

losT 


SIL 

Ttrgiida  sUk ;  a  plain  of  the  jcenus  Pcrlploca, 
which  climbs  and  wind^^  about  other  ptnnt^,  trees, 
&c.  No  species  of  Peripluca  grows  in  Virginia,  or 
any  part  of  the  United  Siatis. 

BILK,  a.     Pertainine  to  sitk  ;  ctjnsisting  of  silk. 

SiLK-COT'TON-TREE,  n.  A  tree  of  the  goniie 
Buuibax,  growing  to  an  immense  size,  and  having 
ii3  Steeds  enveloped  in  a  cotluuy  sub«stance  ;  a  native 
of  both  the  Indies.  LaudoH. 

Slh'V  KX,  (silk'n,)  tt.     [Sax.  su'lcen.} 

1.  M:tde  of  tttlk  ;  an,  siik§n  cloth  j  a  sUkem  vail. 

2.  Like  silk  ;  soft  to  the  touch.  Dryden. 

3.  Soft  ;  delicate  i  tender ;  smooth ;  as,  uiild  and 
sitktH  language. 

4.  Dressed  in  silk  ;  as,  a  sitkrn  wanton.        Skak. 
SILK'tN,  (silk'n,)  v.  L    To  render  soft  or  smooth. 

Dyer. 

SlLK'ES-FJiy  pp.    Rendered  soft  or  smooth. 

SILK'-GKXSd,  M.  A  filamentous  plant  of  the  genus 
Yucca.  Farm.  Encyc, 

SILK'I-NESS,  «.  [from  ffiU-y.J  The  qualities  of  silk; 
si>ftne$«  and  smoothness  to  the  feel. 

'2.  Softness ;  effeminacy }  pusillanimity.  [Littie 
used.}  B,  JoHson. 

S1LK'M.\N,  K.    r^ttt  and  flwit.1    A  dealer  in  silks. 

Skak. 

SFLK'-MER-CER,  n.  {sOk  and  merter.'\  A  dealer  in 
silks. 

SILK'-MILL,  N.  A  mill  for  reeling,  spinning,  and 
nianufartiiring  silk. 

BILK'-\V£AV-ER,n.  [silk  and  trrdrer.]  One  whose 
ocrufKition  is  to  weave  silk  stutls.  IVaits. 

SILK'WEED,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Asclepias,  also 
called  VViLj>  CoTTo:*,  whose  seed-vessels  contain  a 
long,  silkv  down.  Farm.  Kncve. 

SILK'-WOUM,  (-wurm,)  n.  [silk  and  leorm.]  The 
wonu  which  produces  silk,  the  lar^-e  of  a  lepidop- 
tetuus  insect  called  the  bomb^z  mori.  Silk-worms 
are  said  to  have  been  first  introduced  into  the  Roman 
empire  from  China,  in  the  reign  of  Justinian. 

SILK'-WORM  GUT,  n.  A  substance  prepared  from 
the  entrails  of  sUk-wonns,  used  in  making  lines  for 
ant'ttng.  Urt. 

SILK'V,  a.    Made  of  silk  ;  consisting  of  silk. 

2.  Like  silk  ;  soft  and  smooth  to  the  touch. 

3.  Pliant  ;  yielding.  Skak. 
BILL,  M.     [r^ox.  s^ly  syU^  syti ;  Fr.seuil;  G.  achtcelle; 

\V.  gaii,  tyty  or  seilfr^  foundation  ;  sfiliam^  to  found  ; 
L.  Minn,  allied  to  solid.  The  primary  sense  is,  prob- 
ably, to  lay,  aetj  or  throw  down.] 

L  frspgWft  tiK  basis  or  foundation  of  a  thing ;  op- 
jpnpriaMfy  a  piece  of  timber  on  which  a  building 
rests;  the  lowest  timlnrr  of  any  structure;  as,  the 
tiU  o€  a  bouse,  of  a  bridge,  of  a  loom,  and  the 
like. 

5.  The  timber  or  stone  at  the  foot  of  a  dow;  the 
threshold. 

3.  The  timber  or  stone  on  which  a  window-frame 
standi  ;  or  the  lowest  piece  in  a  window-frame. 

4.  The  shaft  or  thill  of  a  carriage.     {LotML]  Orase, 
BrL'LA-BUB,  n,    A  liquor  made  by  mixing  wine  or 

cider  with  milk,  and  thus  forming  a  soft  curd.  Kin^. 

SIL'LI-LY,  adv.  [from  siity.]  In  a  silly  manner  j 
foolishly  ;  without  the  exercise  of  good  sense  or  judg- 
ment. Dryden. 

SIL'LI-MAN'-TTE,  *.  .\  mineral  found  at  Sayhrook, 
in  Connecticut,  so  named  in  honor  of  Prof.  Silliman, 
of  Yale  College.  It  occurs  in  long,  slender,  rhombic 
prisms,  engaged  in  gneiss.  Its  color  is  dark  gray  and 
hair  brown  ;  luster  shining  upon  the  external  planes, 
but  brilliant  and  sub-metallic  upon  thtkse  produced 
by  cleavage  in  a  direction  parallel  witti  the  longer  di- 
■Sonal  of  the  prism  :  hardness  about  the  same  with 
quattz ;  specific  gravity,  3.-110.  It  is  composed  of  sil- 
ica and  alumina,  with  some  oxyd  of  iron. 

SIL'LI-XESjt*,  m.  Weakness  of  understanding;  want 
of  sound  sense  or  judgment ;  simi^icitv  ;  harmless 
folly.  i,''£*(ran^r. 

SIL'LOCK,  m-  The  name  given  in  the  Orkney  isles 
to  the  fry  of  the  coaj-fi.-'h,  which  is  allied  to  the  cod- 
fish ;  also  spelled  Sili-ie  and  ^klxok. 

Jamie,ion*s  Diet. 

SIL'LY,  a.  f  I  have  not  found  this  word  in  any  other 
language  j  but  the  Sax.  aseaUan  signifies  to  be  dull, 

inert,  la^.  This  corresponds  with  the  Ar.  \  - ',-  *— ^ 

kaxla^  to  be  stnpid,  Ileb.  Ss3.  7*hts  may  be  radically 
the  same  word,  with  a  (wefix.    Class  SI,  No.  ai5.] 

1.  Weak  in  intellect:  fo«>ltsh  ;  witless;  destitute 
of  ordinary  strength  of  mind  ;  simple ;  as,  a  giUy 
roan  ;  a  itiil^  child. 

2.  PriK-eeding  from  want  of  undersfcinding  or  com- 
mon judgment;  characterized  by  weakness  or  fol- 
ly ;  unwi^  ;  as,  silly  ihuughts ;  siUg  actions  ;  a  siUy 
tekeme :  writings  stupid  or  sUlf,  Walts. 

3.  Weak ;  helpless. 

A  fi*r  long  itorms  — 
With  which  my  niiy  bait  mu  tonrd.     [OU.]  Spent^. 

SIL'LY-HOW,  n.      The  membrane   that  covers   the 

head  of  the  fetus.     [/  belieee  not  used.\  Brovnu 

BILT,  m.     ^Sw.  syltn,  to  pickle.] 

I.  Saliness,  or  salt  man:^h  or  mud. 


SIM 

2.  A  deposit  of  mud  or  fine  earth  from  running  or 
standing  water.  Dana. 

SILT,  P.  t.    To  choke,  fill,  or  obstruct  with  mud. 
SILT'ING,  ppr.    Choking,  filling,  or  obstructing  with 

sIilE^k^Js.!"-  [I- »■'"««  .■>>•'*"«•]      ^■"'"'- 

A  fish  of  the  genus  Silurus,  as  the  sheat-fish. 

Diet.  Ad(.  IfisU 
SI-LC'RI-AN,  fl.    [from  the  Si7urM,  who  anciently  in- 
habited a  part  of  England  and  Wales.] 

In  geology  A  term  applied  to  the  fossiliferous  strata 
below  the  old  red  sandstone.  Murchison. 

SI-LO'UI-DANS,  n.  pi.  'J'he  family  of  fislies  of  which 

the  ailurus  is  the  type.  Brande. 

SIL'VA,  a.     [L.]     A  collection  of  poems. 

9.  The  natural  history  of  the  forest-trees  of  a  coun- 
try.   [I'his  word  is  more  commonly  spelled  Svlta.] 
SIL'VA«,  a.    [L.  sihsa^  a  wood  or  grove,    it  is  also 
written  Stltan.] 

1.  Pertaining   to    a   wood    or   grove  ;    inhabiting 

2.  Woody;  abounding  with  woods.  [woods. 
Bctwixl  two  rowa  of  rocJii,  a  ntoatk  accoe.  Dryikn. 

SIL'VATE.     See  Stltat«. 

SIL'VAN,  «.    Another  name  of  Tellurium.  Werner. 

SIL'VER,  R.     [Sax.  seotfer^  situer  ;   Goth.  sUubr;   G. 

sUber;  D.  tilver ;  Sw.  sUfcer ;  Dan.  stiioi  Lapponic, 

seUovpe.     Qu.  Russ.  serebro;  r  for  /.] 

1.  A  metal  of  a  white  color  and  lively  brilliancy. 
It  lias  neither  tasto  nor  smell ;  itssirecific  gravity  is 
10.55:2^  according  to  Uergman,  but  according  to  Kir- 
wan,  It  is  less.  A  cubic  foot  weighs  about  tkiO  lbs.  It 
is  exceedingly  malleable,  and  its  ductility  is  little  in- 
ferior to  that  of  gold.  It  is  harder  and  more  elastic 
than  tin  or  gold,  but  less  so  than  copper,  platinum,  or 
iron.  It  is  fuund  native  in  thin  plates  or  leaves,  or 
in  fine  threads,  or  it  is  found  mineralized  by  various 
substances.  Great  quantities  of  this  metal  are  fur- 
nished by  the  mines  of  South  America  and  of  Mexi- 
co ;  and  it  is  tound  in  small  quantities  in  Norway, 
Germany,  Spain,  the  United  States,  &.c. 

Alrwan.    Encyc 
9.  Money  ;  coin  made  of  silver. 

3.  Any  thing  of  soft  splendor. 

PnJlfl*  —  pit««iu  of  her  pIftinliTp  crW, 

III  aluMitf^r  cluaeJ  ber  ciwcr-Alreajning  ejn.  Pope. 

SIL'VER,  a.    Made  of  silver ;  as,  a  silcer  cup. 

White  like  silver;  as,  ailcer  hair.  Skak. 

Oibm  on  tUvtr  Ulws  «nd  riv«n  bathed 

Tbrtr  downj  bmuL  AAilon. 

3.  White  or  pale ;  of  a  pole  loater ;  as,  the  aUner 
moon. 

4.  Soft  and  clear;  as,  jt^eer  tones  or  sound.  [Il 
sutmo  argenli$to.]  Spender.     Shak. 

SIL'VER,  p.  L    To  cover  superficially  with  a  coat  of 
silver  -,  as,  to  silcer  a  pin  or  a  dial-plate. 

2.  To  foliate ;  to  cover  with  tinfoil  amalgamated 
with  quicksUver  ;  as,  to  sUrer  glass. 

3.  To  adorn  with  mild  luster ;  to  make  smooth  and 
brighL 

And  vnfliog^  c»lranr«  nivtrtd  oVr  the  deep.  Pop*. 

4.  To  make  hoary. 

Hia  hoMl  waj  tUvertd  o'er  with  age.  Gay, 

SIL'VEU-Bf;AT-ER,  n.    [silver  jvex A  beater.]    One  that 

foliates  silver,  or  forms  it  into  a  leaf. 
SIL'VER-Bl  SH,  n.     A  plant,  a  species  of  Anthyllis, 
SIL'VER-Ui;s'KL\-£D,  a.    Buskined  with  silver. 

Milton. 
SIL'VER-KD,  ;»p.     Covered  with  a  thin  coat  of  silver; 

rendered  smooth  and  lustrous  ;  made  white  or  hoary. 
SII^VER-FTR,  (fur,)  n.     A  species  of  fir.     Berkeley. 
SIL'VER-FISH,  n.     A  fish  of  the  size  of  a  small  carp, 

having  a  white  color,  striped  with  silvery  lines. 
SIL'VER-nAIR-£D,  a.     Having  hair  of  the  color  of 

silver.  South. 

SIL'VER-ING,  ppr.    Covering  the  surface  with  a  thin 

cnat  of  silver;  foliating;  rendering  mildly  lustrous; 

rendering  white. 
SIL'VER-ING,  n.     The  art,  operation,  or  practice  of 

covering  the  surface  ()f  any  thing  with  silver  ;  as,  the 

silvering  of  copper  or  brass.  Encyc 

2.  The  silver  thus  laid  on. 
SIL'VER  LSAF,  n.    Silver  beaten  into  a  thin  leaf, 
SIL'VER-LING,  n,     A  silver  coin.     Is.  vii. 
SIL'VER-LV,  adv.    With  the  appearance  of  silver. 

Shak. 
SIL'VER-SMITH,  n.    [silver  and  smith.]     One  whose 

occupation  is  to  work  in  silver,  or  in  manufactures 

of  which  the  precious  metals  form  a  part. 
SIL'VER-THIS-TLE,  (-this'l,)  «.    [ailter  and  thistle] 

A  plant. 
SIL'VER-TREE,  n.      An  evergreen  shnih,  or  small 

tree,  of  the  genus  Leucadendion,  a  native  of  South 

Africa.  Loudon. 

SIL'VER- WEED,  tu    A  perennial  plant,  of  the  genus 

Potentillo. 
SIL'VER-Y,  a.     [from  silver.]    Like  silver;  having 

the  appearance  of  silver;  white  ;  of  a  mild  luster. 

Of  all  Ih-?  enameled  r*ce  whoae  aiinfry  wing 

Wavea  to  tho  tepid  icphjn  of  the  apring.  Pcpe. 

2.  Besprinkled  or  covered  with  silver. 
SI'MA.     See  Ctma. 


SIM 

SIM'A-GRE,  n.    [Fr.  sinutgrie.] 

Grinuice.    [JVot  in  useT]  Dryden. 

SI-MAR'      i         rp       ■  1 

SI-MAR^A  ("•     [P'^-"™^'*^''-] 

A  woman's  robe.     [JVot  in  use.]  Dryden. 

SIM'I-A,  n.  [L.,  an  ape.]  A  general  name  of  the  va- 
rious tribes  of  monkeys. 

SIM'I-L.\R,a.  [Ft.  similaire  ;  It.  simile  ;  Sp.  similar  ; 
L.  similis  i  W.  keval,  hevalyi;  from  fno/,  like,  Gr. 
biiaX'i.  The  Welsh  mat  signifies,  small,  light, 
ground,  bruised,  smooth,  allied  to  mill,  W.  rnala,  to 
grind.  Hut  I  am  not  confident  that  these  words  are 
of  one  family.] 

Like;  resembling;  having  a  like  form  or  appear- 
ance. Similar  may  signify,  exactly  alike,  or  having 
a  general  likeness,  a  likeness  in  tlie  principal  points. 
Things  perfectly  similar  in  their  nature  nmst  be  of 
the  same  essence,  or  homogeneous  ;  but  we  generally 
understand  sirniiar  to  denote  a  likeness  ttiiit  is  not 
perfect.  Many  of  the  statutes  of  Connecticut  are 
similar  to  the  statutes  of  Massachusetts  on  the  same 
subjects.  The  manners  of  the  several  States  of  New 
England  are  similar,  the  people  being  derived  from 
common  ancestors. 

In  geometry,  similar  rectilineal  figures  are  such  as 
have  their  several  angles  rcsiHJCtively  equal  each  to 
each,  and  their  sides  about  the  equal  angles  propor- 
tional. Similar  solids  are  such  as  are  contained  by 
the  same  number  of  similar  planes,  similarly  situat- 
ed, and  having  like  inctinatiun  to  one  another. 

Brande. 

SIM-I-LAR'I-TY,  Ti.  Likeness;  resemblance;  as,  a 
similarity  of  features.  There  is  a  great  yimi/an/j/  in 
the  features  of  the  Laplanders  and  Samoiedea,  but 
little  similarity  between  the  features  of  Europeans 
and  the  woolly-haired  Africans. 

SIM'I-LAR-LY,  ado.  In  like  manner;  with  resem- 
blance. Reid. 

SIM'I-LAR-Y.    The  same  as  Similar. 

SIM'I-LE,  n.  [L.]  In  rkctoric,  similitude;  a  com- 
parison of  two  tilings,  which,  however  different  in 
other  respects,  have  soma  strong  point  or  points  of 
resemblance  ;  by  which  couiparison  the  character  or 
qualities  of  a  thing  arc  illustrated,  or  presented  in  an 
impressive  light.  Thus  the  eloquence  of  Demosthe- 
nes was  like  a  rapid  torrent;  that  of  Cicero  like  a 
lari^e  stream  that  glides  smoothly  along  with  majes- 
tic tninquillity. 

Sl-JUIL'I-TKR,  n.  [L.,  tn  like  manner.]  In  late,  the 
technical  dt'signatiun  of  the  form  by  which  either 
party,  in  pleading,  accepts  the  issue  tendered  by  his 
opponent.  Brande. 

SI-MIL'I-TUDE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  similitudo.] 

1.  Likeness  ;  resemblance  ;  likeness  in  nature, 
qualities,  or  appearance  ;  as,  Biinilitudt  of  substance. 

Bacon. 
Ijet  ut  mitke  man  In  our  tmnge,  man 
In  our  ainuHlude.  Milton, 

Pate  aome  future  tKird  ah.ill  Join 
In  aail  aivuiitude  of  g^riela  to  nunc.  Pop*. 

2.  Comparison  ;  simile.    [See  Simile.] 

T&aao,  in  hia  timilUudtw,  never  departed  frtim  the  wooda. 

Dryden. 

SI-MII-I-TO'DIN-A-RY,  a.  Denoting  resemblance  or 
com  piiriso  n .  Coke. 

SIM'I-LOR,  n.  An  alloy  of  copper  and  zinc  resem- 
bling brass,  but  of  a  golden  color.  Ure. 

SIM'I-OUS,  a.     [L.  simia.] 

Pertaining  to  or  like  a  monkey. 

SIM'I-TAR.     See  Cimeter. 

SI.M'MER,  r.  i.  [Uu.  Or.  ^u/ifj,  J^t./iow,  to  ferment.] 
To  boil  gently,  or  with  a  gentle  hissing.  Simmer- 
ing is  incipient  ebullition,  wlien  little  biiliblos  are 
formed  on  the  edge  of  the  liquor  next  to  the  vessel. 
These  are  occasioned  by  the  escape  of  heat  and 
vapor. 

SIM'.MER-ING,  ppr.     Boiling  gently. 

SIM'NEL,  n.     [Dan.  simle;  Sw.  simla;  G.  semmel.] 
A  kind  of  sweet  cake  ;  a  bun. 

SI-MO'NI-AC,  n.     [Fr.  simoniaque.     See  Simont.] 
One  who  buys  or  sells  preferment  in  the  church. 

J9ylitfe. 

SIM-O-NI'AC-AL,  a.     Guilty  of  simony.     Spectator. 
2.  Consisting  in  simony,  or  the  crime  of  buying  or 
selling    ecclesiastical   preferment;    as,  a  simoniacal 
presentation. 

SIM-O-NT'AC-AL-LY,  adv.  With  the  guilt  or  offense 
of  eimnny. 

SI-MO'NI-ANS,  71.  pi.    The  followers  of  Simon  Ma- 
Saint  Simonians.     See  Saint  Simonians.  [gus. 

SI-MO'NI-OUS,  o.  Partaking  of  simony  ;  given  to 
simony.  Milton. 

SIM'ON-Y,  n,  [from  Simon  Magus,  who  wished  to 
purchase  the  power  of  conferring  the  Holy  Spirit. 
Jlcts  viii.] 

The  crime  of  buying  or  selling  ecclesiastical  pre- 
ferment ;  or  the  corrupt  presentation  of  any  one  to 
an  ecclesiastical  benefice  for  money  or  rew.-ird.  By 
Stat.  31  Elizabeth,  c.  vi.,  severe  penalties  are  enacted 
against  this  crime. 

Sl-MOOM',  /  n.    A  hot,  dry  wind,  that  blows  occ.i- 

SI-MOON',  \  sionally  in  Arabia,  Syria,  and  the 
neighboring  countries,  generated  by  the  extreme  heat 
of  the  parched  deserts  or  sandy  plains.     Its  approach 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRgV PINE,  MARINE,  B!RD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK  ■ 


SIM 

is  indicated  by  a  redness  In  the  air,  and  its  fatal 
effects  were  formerly  supposed  to  be  avoided  by  fall- 
ing on  the  face  and  huIUing  the  breath. 

Knctie.     P.  Cye. 
SI'MOl7S,  a.    [L.  simo,  one  with  a  flat  nose,  Gr. 

1.  Having  a  very  flat  or  snub  nose,  with  the  end 
turned  up. 

2.  Concave ;  as,  the  simous  part  of  the  liver. 

Brown, 
SIM'PER,  r.  i.  To  smile  in  a  silly  manner.  Sftak. 
RIMTEK,  II.    A  smile  with  an  air  of  silliness. 

Addison. 
SIM'PER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Smilinp  foolisblv. 
SLM'PER-ING,  n.    The  act  of  smiling  wiUi  an  air  of 

silliness. 
SIM'PER-ING-LY,  adv.     With  a  silly  smile. 
SIM'PLE,  a.      [Fr.,  from   L.  simpUxj   *!««,  witliout, 

and  plex^  plica^  doubling,  fold  ;  It.  eemplice.] 

1.  Single  ;  consisting  of  one  thing  :  uncom- 
pounded  ;  unmingled  ;  nncombined  witli  any  thing 
else ;  as,  a  simple  substance  ;  a  simple  idea  ;  a  simple 
sound.  IVatls. 

2.  Plain  ;  artless  j  not  given  to  design,  stratagem, 
or  duplicity;  undesigning;  sincere  j  harmless. 

A  tirnpts  huabaDdroaii  in  ^armeaU  pray.  Hubbard. 

3.  Artless ;  unaffected  j  unconstrained  ;  inartifi- 
cial ;  plain. 

In  HmpU  manncra  all  the  iecret  Ilea.  Young. 

4.  Unadorned;  plain;  as^  a  simple  style  or  narra- 
tion ;  a  simple  dress. 

6.  Not  complex  or  complicated  ;  as,  a  machine  of 
simple  construction. 

6.  Weak  in  intellect ;  not  wise  or  sagacious  ;  silly. 

The  nmjda  belie»'-ih  *"rpry  ■■rord ;  buc  the  prudrnt  looketh  well 
li>  his  foing.  —  Prov.  xit. 

7.  In  botany^  undivided,  as  a  root,  stem,  or  spike  ; 
only  one  on  a  petiole,  as  a  simple  leaf;  only  one  on  a 
peduncle,  as  a  simple  flower  ;  having  only  one  set  of 
rays,  as  an  umbel  ;  having  only  one  serins  of  leaflets, 
Bji,  a  simpU  calyx;  not  plumose  or  feathered,  as  a 
pappus.  Marttjn. 

Simptey  when  applied  to  minerals  and  rocks,  has 
reference  to  their  boniogeneousness,  and  not  lo  the 
number  of  elements  which  enter  into  their  cotn|>ost- 
tion.  Kneyc.     DritdeH. 

A  aimpU  bodyy  in  chemistry,  is  one  that  has  not 
been  dr-composed,  or  separated  into  two  or  mure  ele- 
mentary bodies. 

PIM'PLE,  n.  Something  not  mixed  or  compounded. 
Id  the  materia  medica,  the  genemi  denomination  of 
an  herb  or  plant,  as  each  vegetable  is  sup[H)St;d  to 
possess  its  particular  virtue,  and  therefore  to  consti- 
tute a  simple  remedy. 

SIM'PLE,  V.  i.     To  gather  simples  or  plants. 

Am  timpting  on  ihe  flower;  hilU  be  striyed.  Oartk. 

SIM'PLE:-HEART'ED,  o.    Having  a  simple  heart. 

ScutL 

SIM'PLE-MIND'ED,  a.  Artless;  undesiening;  un- 
stispficting.  Blackatone. 

PIM'PLE-MIND'ED-NESS,  n.     Artlessnesa. 

SIM'PLE  MIN'ER-AL.n.  A  mineral  composed  of  a 
single  substance.  Rocks  are  generally  aggregates  of 
sevt  r.il  simple  minerals  cemented  together. 

SIM'PLE-\ESS,  n.  The  sUte  or  quality  of  being 
simple,  single,  or  uncompounded  ;  as,  the  simpleness 
of  the  elements.  Digby, 

%  Artiessness  ;  simplicity. 
3.  Weakness  of  intellect. 

SIM'PLER,  K.  One  that  coUects  simples  ;  an  herbal- 
ist ;  a  )4impl>st. 

SIM'PLE8S,  for  Sihplicitt  or  Silliness,  is  not  In 
use.  Spenser. 

8IM'PLE-TON,  (-pl-tnn,)  n.  A  silly  person;  a  per- 
son of  weak  intellect ;  a  trifler;  a  fouli»h  i>erson. 

Pope. 

SIM-PLI"CIAN,  (sim-plish'an,)  n.  An  artless,  un- 
skilled, or  iindesigninc  person.  Armeay. 

SIMPLICITY,  n.  [L.  simptieitas ;  Fr.  simplicUi ; 
IL  simplicUd  ;  Sp.  simplieidad.) 

1.  Bingtoness;  the  state  of  being  unmixed  or  un- 
compounded ;  as,  the  simplicity  of  metals  or  of 
earths. 

2.  The  state  of  being  not  complex,  or  of  consisting 
of  few  parts  ;  as,  the  simplicity  of  a  machine. 

3.  Artiessness  of  mind  ;  freedom  from  a  propensity 
to  cunning  or  stratagem;  freedom  from  duplicity; 
sincerity. 

Manjoia  Donrt,  a  man  tor  hi*  harmloB  nmplidtjf  nriiber  mk. 
)ilue<l  oor  Riueh  reiputled.  ftatfieard. 

4.  Plainness ;  freedom  from  artificial  ornament ; 
as,  the  ximplicHu  of  drpf<;4,  of  style,  of  luriguage,  Alc. 
Simptirity  in  writing  is  the  first  of  excellences, 

5.  Plainness  ;  freedom  from  subtiliy  nr  abstruse- 
ness  ;  as,  the  simpbcUy  of  scriptural  doctrines  or 
truth. 

6.  Weakness  of  intellect  ;  silliness.  Hooker. 

Ofidly  simplicity,  in  Scripture,  is  a  fair,  open  pro- 
fession and  practice  of  evangelir.il  truth,  with  B 
sinftle  view  to  obedience   and  to  the  glory  of  God, 

8I.M-PLI-PI-€A'TION,n.     [See  Simplify.]     The  act 


SIN 

of  making  simple  ;  the  act  of  reducing  to  simplicity, 
or  to  a  state  not  complex.  CA.  Obs. 

SIM'PLI-FI-£D,  pp.     Made  simple  or  not  complex. 
SIM'PLI-FV,  r.  (.     [L.  simplex,  simple ^  and /dcto,  to 
make  ;  Fr.  simplifier.] 

To  make  simple ;  to  reduce  what  is  complex  to 
greater  simplicity  ;  to  make  plain  or  easy. 

Tlw  coIU'Ctioii  of  duties  U  drawa  to  a  point,  ami  »o  far  timpU- 

Jitd,  HamilVon. 

It  U  importnnt,  In  sckntiric  punuila,  to  be  cautioui  in  aimplifr^ng 

our  (leiluction*.  NicholMon, 

Thi«  i>  the  true  way  to  nmpiify  the  itudy  of  science. 

Lavoisier,  7Van«. 

SIM'PLI-FY-ING,  ppr.  Making  simple;  rendering 
less  complex. 

SIM'PLIST,  n.  One  skilled  in  simples  or  medical 
pinnts.  Brown. 

SIM'PLO-CE.     See  Stmploce. 

SIM'PLY,  adv.  Without  art;  without  Bubtilty ;  art- 
lessly ;  plainly. 

Subverting  worldly  strong  and  worldly  wise 

By  nmply  rooek.  Afi/ton. 

2.  Of  itself;  without  addition  ;  alone. 

Th'.'y  make  that  good  or  evil,  which  otherwise  of  Itself  were  not 
tiJnjilt/  the  one  nor  iht:  other.  Hooker. 

3.  Merely ;  solely. 

Simply  the  thin^  I  am 
Shall  raako  me  live.  ShaJc. 

4.  Weakly ;  foolishly. 
SIM'U-LA-eilRE,  «.     [L.  simulacrum.) 

An  image.     [JVut  in  use.]  Elyot, 

SIM'l^-LAR,  ti.  [See  Simulate.]  One  who  sim- 
ulates or  counterfeits  something.      [JVot  in,  use.] 

Shak. 

SIM'U-LaTE,  p.  (.     [L.  Simula^  from  similis,  like.] 
To  feign  ;  to  counterfeit ;  to  assume  the  mere  ap- 
pearance of  something,  without   the   reality.     The 
wicked  often  simulate  the  virtuous  and  good. 

SIM'U-LATE,  a.     [L.  simutatus.] 

Feigned  ;  pretended.  Bale. 

SIM'U-LA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Feigned  ;  pretended  ;  as- 
sumed artificially.  Chesterfield. 

SIM'U-LA-TING,  ppr.  Feigning;  pretending;  as- 
suming the  appearance  of  what  is  not  reaL 

S1.M-U-La'TIO.N,  rt.     [Fr.,  from  l..  simulatio.] 

The  art  of  feigning  to  l>e  that  which  one  is  not ; 
the  assumption  of  a  deceitful  appearance  or  charac- 
ter. Simulation  differs  from  dissimulatioji.  The  for- 
mer dfnot>-s  the  assuming  of  a  Oilse  character  ;  the 
latter  denoted  the  concealment  of  the  true  character. 
Both  are  comprehended  in  the  word  Hypocbisy. 

SI-MUL-TA'NE-OUS,  a.  [Ft.  simultanie  ;  Sp.  simul- 
taneo;  from  L.  siniul,  at  ttie  same  time.] 

Existing  or  happt-ning  at  the  same  time  ;  a9,simuU 
taneaus  events.  The  exchange  of  nitificatious  may 
be  .-iimultaneous. 

ST-MIJL-TA'NE-OUS  LY,  adv.     At  the  same  time. 

ST-MUL-TA'NE-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  or  happening  at  the  same  time  ;  as,  the  si- 
tnu/tanoumc^.*  of  transactions  in  two  different  places. 

SIM'UL-TY,  M.     [L.  stMultas.] 

Private  grudge  or  quarrel.     [JVot  in  use.] 

B.  Jonson. 

SIX,  71.  [Sax.  sin  and  syn ;  G.  sAinde  t  D.  londe  {  Sw. 
and  Dan.  synd;  Lnpponic,  Finnish,  gindia;  allied 
perhaps  to  Ir.  sainim^  to  alter,  to  vniy,  to  sunder. 
The  primary  sense  is,  probably,  to  depart,  to  wan- 
der.] 

1.  The  voluntary  departure  of  a  moral  agent  from 
a  known  rule  of  rectitude  or  duty,  prescribed  by 
God  ;  any  voluntary  trniisgresHJon  of  the  divine  law, 
or  violation  of  a  divine  command  ;  a  wicked  act ; 
iniquity.  Sin  is  either  a  fiositive  act  in  which  a 
knowii  divine  law  is  violated,  or  it  is  the  voluntary 
neglect  to  obey  a  positive  divine  command,  or  a  rule 
of  duty  clearly  implied  in  such  conuiiand.  Sin  com- 
prehends not  actions  only,  but  neglect  of  known  duty, 
all  evil  thoughts,  purposes,  words,  and  desires,  what- 
ever is  contrary  to  God'»  commands  or  law.  1  John 
til.  MatL  XV.  James  tv. 
Sinnen  neither  enjoy  tb*  pl< 


Among  divines,  sin  is  original  or  actual.  Actual 
sin,  above  defined,  is  the  act  of  a  moral  agent  in  vi- 
olating a  known  nileof  duty.  Oriirinnl  sin,  as  gen- 
erally understood,  is  native  depravity  of  heart ;  that 
want  of  conformity  of  heart  to  the  divine  will,  that 
corruption  of  nature  or  dett-rioration  of  the  moral 
character  of  man,  which  is  8iip[iosed  to  be  the  effect 
of  Adam's  a[Mistasy,  and  which  mimife.sts  itself  in 
moral  agents  by  pfisiiive  arts  of  disobedience  to  the 
divine  will,  or  by  the  voluntary  neglect  tn  comply  with 
the  express  commiinds  of  (<od,  which  require  that 
we  should  love  God  with  nil  the  heart,  and  soul,  and 
strength,  itnd  mind,  and  our  neighb*»r  as  our-Jclves. 
This  native  depravity,  or  alienation  of  affections 
from  God  and  his  law,  is  sup|iosfd  to  be  what  the 
ap<»stle  culls  the  carnal  mind  or  mindrdnesn,  which  is 
enmity  against  God,  and  is  therefore  denominated 
sin  or  .-iinfulness. 

Unpardonable  sin,  or  blasphemy  against  the  Tloly 
Spirit,  is  supposed  to  lie  a  malicious  and  obstinate  re- 
jection of  Christ  and  the  got«pel  plan  of  salvation,  or 


SIN 

a  contemptuous  resistance  made  to  the  influences 
and  convictions  of  the  Holy  Spirit.    Matt.  xii. 

2.  A  sin-offering  ;  an  offering  made  to  atone  for 
sin. 

He  bath  made  him  to  be  tin  for  us,  who  knew  no  ^.  —  2  Cor.  ▼. 

3.  A  man  enormously  wicked.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Shak. 
Sin  differs  from  crime,  not  in  nature,  but  in  appli- 
cation.   1'hat  which  is  a  crime  against  society,  is  sin 
against  God. 
SIN,  ».  i.     [Sax.  sin£riany  syn^rian.] 

1.  To  depart  voluntarily  from  the  path  of  duty  pre- 
scribed by  God  to  man  ;  to  violate  the  divine  law  in 
any  particular,  by  actual  transgression,  or  by  the  neg- 
lect or  non-observance  of  its  injunctions;  to  violate 
any  known  rule  of  duty. 

All  have  sinned  and  come  sltort  of  the  glory  of  God.  —  Rom.  Ui. 
It  is  followed  by  against. 

Againtt  Ihee,  thee  only,  have  I  tinned.  —  Ps.  fi. 

2.  To  offend  against  right,  against  men  or  society  ; 
to  trespass. 

I  am  H  maa 
More  tinned  against  ilvm  tintnng.  Shak. 

And  who  but  wtKhes  to  Invert  the  laws 
Of  order,  tint  aipuiiJil  tli"  el.-rnal  cause.  Pope. 

SIN,  for  SiscE,  [Scot,  syne,]  is  obsolete  or  vulgar. 

SI-NA-IT'I€,  a.  [from  Sinai,  the  mountain.]  Per- 
taining to  Mount  Sinai;  given  or  made  at  Sinai. 

Mackniskt, 

8IN'A-PIS-IN,  n.  A  principle  extracted  from  mustard 
seed,  Sinnpis  atba.  It  is  white,  crystallizable,  inodor- 
ous, and  bitter. 

SIN'A-PISM,  H.  [L.  sinopisy  sinape^  mustard,  G.  senf^ 
Sax.  senep.] 

In  pharmacy,  a  cataplasm  composed  of  mustard 
seed  pulverized,  with  some  other  ingredients,  and 
used  as  an  external  application.  It  is  a  powerful  ir- 
ritant. Enajc. 

SIN'-BORN,  a.    Derived  from  sin. 

SINCE,  prep,  or adr.  [Sw.  sedan;  Dan.  siden  ;  D.sint; 
BUppHised  to  be  contracted  from  Sax.  siihthan,  which 
is  from  sithian,  to  pa!!S,  to  go  ;  and  siththan  may  be 
the  participle,  and  denote  past,  gone,  and  hence  after, 
afterward.  Sith,  in  Saxon,  has  a  like  sense.  Our 
early  writers  used  sith,  .-lithen,  gilhence  ;  the  latter  is 
evidently  a  corruption  o{  sitMhan.  It  may  be  doubted 
whether  Sw.  «-i°h,  Dan.  sent,  slow,  latL',  is  a  contrac- 
tion of  this  word  ;  more  probably  it  is  not.] 

1.  After;  fr<im  the  time  that.  The  proper  signifi- 
cation of  since  is  ajlrr,  and  its  appropriate  sense  in- 
cludes the  whole  period  between  an  event  and  the 
present  time.  I  have  not  seen  my  brother  since  Jan- 
uary. 

The  Lord  hath  hless-Mi  ihre,  tince  my  comine.  —  Geo.  t-xx. 
Holy  prvpheu,  who  have  been  tince  the  woild  begun.  —Luke  L 
John  Ix. 

Since,  then,  denotes,  during  Iho  whole  time  after  an 
event ;  or  at  any  particular  time  during  that  period. 

2.  Ago;  pant;  bc'fore  this.  "Aliout  two  years 
since,  an  event  liapiM;ncd,"  that  is,  two  years  having 
passed. 

3.  Because  that;  this  being  the  fact  that. 

Since  tnilh  and  corutancy  an-  »aln, 

iS)iic«  ni-ith'T  love  nor  •t-iwc  of  miu 

Nor  force  of  n'A«on  cim  p>r»uitile, 

Tlien  let  example  be  olwyed.  Glanctlle. 

Since,  when  it  precedes  a  noun,  is  called  a  prepo- 
sition, but  when  it  precedes  a  sentence,  it  is  called  an 
adverb.  The  truth  is,  the  character  of  the  word  is 
the  same  in  both  cases.  It  is  probably  an  obsolete 
participle,  and  according  to  the  usual  classification  of 
words,  may  be  properly  ranked  Willi  the  prepositions. 
In  strictness,  the  last  clause  of  the  passage  above 
cited  is  the  case  absolute.  "  The  Lord  hath  blessed 
thee,  since  my  coming,"  that  is,  my  arrival  l)eiiig  past. 
So,  since  the  world  beffon,  is  strictly,  pa,-<t  the  world 
began,  the  beginning  of  the  world  being  pa.st.  In  the 
first  case,  xiiice,  considered  as  a  preposition,  has  com- 
ing, a  noun, .for  its  object,  and  in  the  laiter^ase,  the 
clause  of  a  sentence.  So  we  say,  against  your  ar- 
rival, or  against  you  come. 
SIN-CERE',  a.  FFr.,  from  L.  sinen-us,  which  is  said 
to  be  com[H)8ea  of  sine,  without,  and  ceray  wax ;  as 
if  applied  originally  to  pure  honey.] 

1.  Pure ;  unmixed. 

As  nfw-bom  babes,  de»ire  the  eineere  milk  of  the  wonl.  —  I 
Pet.  ii. 

A  Joy  which  nevr  was  tinctre  till  now.  Dryrfen, 

Therf  it  no  lincere  tic'ni  in  any  aniiiiitl  julwi.  Arbnihnot. 

1  would  have  all  g;iilici»nia  avoided,  that  our  tooffue  may  be  tin- 
ctre. Felion. 

[This  sense  is,  for  the  most  part,  obsolete.  We  use 
the  phrases  sincrrr  ^oy,  sincere  pleasure,  but  we  mean 
by  them,  unfeigned,  real  joy  or  pleasure.] 

2.  Unhurt;  uninjured. 

The  invioliible  body  stood  lineere.     [Oba.']  Dryfen. 

3.  Being  in  reality  whiit  it  appears  to  be  ;  not 
feigned  ;  not  simulated  ;  not  assumed  or  said  for  the 
sake  of  appearance;  real;  not  hypocritical  or  pre- 
tended. This  is  the  present  use  of  the  word.  Letyour 
intentions  be  pure,  and  your  declarations  sincere. 
Let  love  and  friendship  be  sincere.  No  prayer  con 
avail  with  a  heart-searching  God,  unless  it  is  sineert. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  as  K;  0  as  J ;  S  aa  Z ;  ClI  as  SII  i  TU  as  in  THIS. 


130 


l^SJ" 


SIN 

SIN-CfeRE'LY,  adt.  Hont'sUy  ,  wilh  rent  purity  nf 
benit ;  wiiliuut  siiiuilitilun  ur  disguise  ;  unteigm-dly  ; 
as,  lo  speak  cue's  mind  j,iaccrely  ,■  lu  love  virtue  .viV 

SI.N-CeRE'XES8,  n.    Sincerity. 

SIN-CER'I-'i'Y.  ft,     [Fr.  sincerUi  :  L.  jineeriSas.'] 

1.  Hnne!?ly  of  mmd  or  tnit-ntion ;  freedom  from 
simulation  or  ttypocrii^y.  We  may  question  a  man's 
prudence,  when  we  can  not  que^^tion  his  sincerity. 

9.  Freedom  from  hypi>crisy,  disguise,  or  false  pre- 
tense ;  ns,  the  .'lincrrita  of  a'dcclamlion  of  love. 

SIN'CI-PUT,  «.  f  L.]  The  furo  part  of  the  head  from 
the  forehead  to  the  coronal  suture.  £ncyc 

eiN'DON,  H.  [L.,  fine  liueu.j  A  wrapper.  J AVt  in 
use,]  Baa>iL 

BJSE,  a.     [U  sinus.] 

In  ge^metry^  the  sitte  or  riffht  sine  of  an  arc  ia  a 
line  drawn  from  one  end  of  that  arc,  perpendicular 
to  the  radius  drawn  through  the  other  end,  and  is 
always  etjual  to  half  the  chord  of  double  the  arc 

Vtrstdsint :  that  part  of  the  diameter  between  the 
sine  and  the  arc  Hutton. 

SI'NE-CL'RE,  n.  [L.  «»*,  without,  and  cura^  cure, 
care.] 

Ad  office  which  ha?  revenue  without  employment ; 
in  tkurck  nffairit^  n  benelice  without  cure  of  souls. 
[  This  is  tMt  origimmt  mn4  yn/per  sense  of  the  word.] 

8rNE-€CR-l«if,  a.    The  state  of  having  a  sinecure. 

SI'XE-GCR-IST,  a.     One  who  has  a  sinecure. 

Sl'.S'E  DPE,  [L.,  without  day.]  An  adjournment 
sime  dia  is  an  adjournment  witliout  fixing  the  time  of 
resuming  business  or  reassembling.  When  a  defend- 
ant is  sufftrred  to  go  sint  dw,  he  is  dismissed  the 
conrt. 

eiN'E-PTTE,  II.     [L.  sinape,  musiard.] 

Something  resembling  mustard  seed.     De  Costa. 

ST'JSrE  QUJi  .\-0.V,  [L.]  Without  which  a  thing 
can  not  be;  h<.uce,  au  indispensable  condiimn. 

SIN'EW  (siii'nu,)  n.  [Sax.  «uw,  sinw,  sinweiG. 
sekme;  D.  imitie;  Sw.amai  Dma,  stna  or  setne.  The 
primary  seiue  is,  suetched,  strained,  whence  the 
aeitse  of  strong ;  G.  seAmen^  to  long ;  Ir.  sinnim,  to 
strain.] 

1.  In  oaattfMy,  a  tendon ;  that  which  unites  a  mus- 
cl«  to  a  bone. 

a.  In  a<  plnnl^  strength ;  or  rather  that  which 
snmitiea  strength.    Money  is  the  sauv:s  of  war. 

Zhf/den, 
3.  Muscle;  nerve.  Uavits, 

81  V'EW,  r.  c.    To  knit  as  by  sinewa.  Skak. 

SIX'EW-ED,  (sin'nude,)  a.  Furuiabed  with  ainews; 
as,  a  ettnuf-simeiced  youth. 

2.  Strong ;  linn  j  vigorous. 
WhMhew* 

Stmk. 


SIN 


SIN 


1 


SINR,  r.  L     To  uUer  with  musical  modulations  of 
voice. 

ihd  ih-y  Ming  the  wong  of  Mow*,  the  •errant  of  God,  and  the 
KHig  of  the  LadiU.  —  Hfv.  xt, 

S.  To  celebrate  in  song;   to  give  praises  to  in 
verse. 


Th'  ImI,  ri\f  hAppi>>st  Britiah  Irin^, 
^Vholn  ihiiu  Shalt  paint  or  I  shalt  aing. 


3.  To   relate  or  rehearse 
poetry, 

Arma  and  the  man  I  ting. 


AdtUson. 

numbers,  verse,  oi 


DrydMTi 


BIN'EW-LB.*«S,  a.    Ilavinj;  no  strength  or  Tigor. 

SI.V'EW-SHRtrXK,  a.  Gaunt  btllied  ;  having  the 
sinews  under  itie  belly  shrunk  by  excess  of  fatigue, 
as  a  hor^^  jr^,  />,^ 

81N'EW-Y,  a.    Consisting  of  a  sinew  or  nerve. 

The  BMwy  ihrmd  tny  brain  Ictt  bll.  Donnd. 

a.  Nervous;  strong;  well  braced  with  sinews; 
Tigorous ;  drm  ;  as,  yie  Waevy  Ajai.  SAak. 

The  oonhnn  piwptc  an  Urge,  fcir  compltxioDed,  Krmx",  tin- 
er0f/,  aod  eouni^MMia.  iiait. 

SIX'FJJI^a.  [from  sin,]  Tainted  with  sin  ;  wicked  ; 
iniquitous ;  criminal ;  unholy  ;  as,  sinfui  men. 

Ah,  ain/ut  nation,  a  proplc  l.ulcn  with  iniquity  I  — 1».  L 

2.  Containing  sin,  or  consisting  in  sin;  contrary 
to  the  laws  of  Gud:  as,fiV'«' actions  ;  ^'n/«/ thoughts: 
simful  words. 

BIN'FyL-LY",  «<fD.  In  a  manner  which  the  laws  of 
God  do  Dot  permit;  wickedly;  iniquitously  :  crim- 
inal )y. 

BIX'F(;L-XESS,  «.  The  finality  of  being  sinful  or 
contrary  to  the  dmne  will ;  wickedness;  iniquity; 
criminality  ;  as,  the  sin/uimess  of  an  action  ;  the  sia- 
ykinr-A*  pf  thoughts  or  purposes. 

2.  Wickedne-is;  corruption;  depravity;  as,  the 
sinfulKeis  of  m;n  or  of  the  human  race. 

SING,  F.  L;  pnt.  SuNo,  S*sc;  pp.  Srsc  [.Sat.  «ji- 
goa,  syngan  ;  Goth,  siffi^iean  ;  G.  aa^en  ;  D.  uniren  ; 
Bw.simmga;  l>an.9fnger.  It  would  seem  from' the 
Gothic  tbai  a  is  caaaaJ.  and  the  elements  5*.  If  so, 
it  coincides  with  My  and  seek^  all  signify  rag'to  strain, 
once,  press,  or  drive.] 

1.  To  utter  sounds  with  various  inflections  nr  me- 
lodioiu  nntdulations  of  voice,  as  fancy  may  dictate, 
or  according  to  the  notes  of  a  song  oi  tune. 

The  fvo»e  of  tbetn  lh*i  mtg  do  1  bear.  —  Ex.  xixiL 

2.  To  utter  sweet  or  melodious  sounds,  as  birds. 
It  is  remarkable  that  the  female  of  no  species  of 
birds  ever  siuvs. 

Aod  tingins  tkrh  in  kItt  cig'^  hoag.        -  DryUn. 

a  To  make  a  small,  shrill  sound  :  as,  the  air  rimrs 
in  passmg  through  a  crevice. 
O'er  hta  bead  the  flying  rpear 
sang  iii..ocent,  and  apeni  iu  forte  in  air.  Pope. 

4.  To  tell  or  relate  something  in  numbers  or  verse 

Of  faoman  hop-  bj  mm  cttou  d««in>7«d.  prwr. 


While  ittvtdlicd  at  eajo  you  ring  jour  happy  loroa.     UrytUn. 

SIN6E,   (sinJO   tj.   U     [Sax.  sangan;   G.  sengen;  D. 
leniren.] 

To  hum  slightly  or  superficially  ;  to  burn  the  sur- 
face of  a  thing,  as  the  nap  uf  clolh,  or  Uio  hair  of 
the  skin  ;  as,  to  singe  off  the  beard.  SAak. 

Thiia  riiliit;  on  hia  curl*.  Iw  »rvm«i  to  paia 

A  rullin^  &n  along,  and  aingt  Uic  gnu.  DryUn, 

SINCE,  n.     A  burning  of  the  surface  ;  a  slight  burn. 
S1.\G'£D,  (sinjd,);»;i.    Burnt  superficially. 
SIXGK'IN'G,  ppr.    Burning  the  surface. 
SIXG'ER,  n.     [from  sing.J    One  that  sings. 

2.  One  versed  in  music,  or  one  whose  occupation 
is  to  sine  ;  as,  a  chorus  of  ^'n^-ers.  Dnjden. 

X  A  bird  that  sings.  Bacon. 

SING'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.     Uttering  melodious  or  musical 

notes;  making  a  shrill  sound;  celebrating  in  song ; 

rfciting  in  verse. 
SING'IXG,  n.     The  net  of  uttering  sounds  with  musi- 
cal intonations;  musical  articulation;  the  utterance 

of  melodious  tones.     Cant.  ii. 
SING'IXG-BpQK,  u.     A  music-bouk,  as  it  ought  to  he 

ealled :  a  btK>k  conVtining  tunes. 
SIXG'IXG-LY,adr.    With  sounds  like  singing  ;  with 

ft  kind  of  tune.  JVarth. 

SIXG'lXG-MAX,a.     [jin^n^and  man.]     A  man  who 

sines,  or  is  enij>loyed  to  sing  ;  as  in  cathedrals. 
SIXG'1XG-MA>>-TER,  a,    A  music-master;  one  that 

teaches  vocal  music.  .Addison. 

SING'ING-WOM-.\N,  n.     A  woman   employed    to 

sing. 
SIX"GLE,  (sing'gl,)  a.     [h.singulus;  probably  from 

a  rout  that  signifies  to  separate.] 
1.  Separate;  one;  only;   individual;  consisting 

of  one  only  ;  as,  a  stngte  star ;  a  single  city  ;  a  single 

act- 
:2.  Particular;  Individual. 

Ko  ringU  maa  b  ban  wilh  k  rifbl  oT  eoiitralllnr  Iha  onltilona  of 
•UUiaM.  *  ■        ^Pop^, 

3.  Uncom  pounded. 

Knple  Uou  are  oppoMd  to  eonplex,  and  ^nglt  to  compoand. 

WtttU. 

4.  Alone  j  having  no  companion  or  assistant. 

Who  mngU  ha«  maintained, 
Against  molted  nmlutud^  the  cauar  oi  truth.  Milton. 

5.  Unmarried  ;  as,  a  singU  man  ;  a  single  woman. 

6.  Not  double;  not  complicated;  as,  a  single 
tliread  ;  a  jriiiW*  strand  of  a  rope. 

7.  Performed  wilh  one  person  or  antagonist  on  a 
side,  or  wilh  one  person  only  opposed  to  another; 
as,  a  fdngte  light ;  a  single  combat. 

8.  Pure;  simple;  incorrupt;  unbiased;  having 
clear  vision  of  divine  truth.    Matt.  vi. 

9.  Small;  weak;  silly.     [Ob.i.] 

Braum.  ^  FL     Shak. 

10.  In  hotttnyy  a  single  flower  is  when  there  is  only 
one  on  a  stcm,4nd  in  common  usage,  one  not  double. 

Martun. 
SIN"GLE,  C'^'ne'glO  v.  u    To  select,  as  an  individual 
person  or  thing  from  among  a  number;  to  choose 
one  from  others. 

A  dog  who  can  tingle  out  his  riiajter  in  the  dark.  Baeon. 

2.  To  sequerter ;  to  withdraw;  to  retire;  as,  an 
agent  singling  itself  from  comforts.     [JVot  used.] 

Hooker. 

3.  To  Like  alone ;  as,  men  commendable  when 
singled  from  society.     [Aut  in  iwe.]  Hooker. 

4.  To  separate.  Sulney. 
S1X"GLED.  pp.     Selected  from  among  a  number. 
SI.X"GLE-liAND-ED,  a.    Having  one  hand  or  work- 
man only. 

SIN"GLE-HEXRT-ED,  a.    Having  no  duplicity. 

•More. 
SIN"GLD-MIND-ED,  o.    Having  a  single  purpose. 

Sedgwick. 
SI.V"GLt^XESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  one  only  or 
separate  from  all  others  ;  the  opposite  of  doubleness, 
eontplicaiion,  or  multiplicity. 

2.  .Simplicity;  sincerity;  puritv  of  mind  or  pur- 
pose; freedom  from  duplicity  ;  as,  singleness  of  be- 
lief: singleness  o(  hean.  Hooker.     Law. 
SI.\"GL£S,  (sing'Elz,)  n.  pi.    The  reeled  filaments  of 

silk,  twisted  to  give  them  firmness. 
SIX"GLE-SKED-ED,  a.     Containing  one  seed  only. 
SIN"GLE-STICK,  H.     A  cudgel. 

2.  A  game   at    cudgels,   in   which   he   who  first 

brings    blood  from    his   adversary's    head    is    pro- 

nniinred   virtor.  Halliwell. 

SIX''GLF--TREE,       \   n.     The  cross  piece  to  which 

SVVIX"GLE-TREE,  i       the   traces   of   a   harnessed 


horse  are  fixed.     A  single-tree  is  fixed  uptm  each  end 

of  tlie  double-tree  when  two  horses  draw  nbreacit, 

Haldrman. 
SIN"GLE-VALV-£D,  a.  Having  one  valve  only. 
SIN"GLIN,   TJ.    A    single    gleaning;   a   handful    of 

gleaned  grain.     [IaiciiI.] 
SIN"GLING,  ppr.     Selecting  from  among  a  number. 
SIN"GLV,  add.     Individually  ;   particularly  ;    as,   to 

make  mtMi  singly  and  personally  good.       TUlotson. 

2.  Only  J  by  himself. 

Lu'tk  tbc^,  'lU  *a,  thou  tingly  hcinest  maa.  Shak. 

3.  Without  piirtncrs,  companions,  or  associates  ; 
as,  to  attack  another  singly. 

At  oinl're  tiiiglif  lo  ()<'ci<.te  ibcir  doom.  Oryitn. 

4.  Honestly;  sincerely. 
SIXG'-SOXG,  n.     A  term  fur   bad    singing  or  for 

drawling. 
81N"GU-LAR,    (sing'gu-Iar,)    a.     [Fr.  singuUer ;  L. 
singularis,  from  stngulusy  single.] 

1.  Single;  not  complex  or  compound. 

That  id'-a  vrliicli  rt-pfarnij  one  dfirrnilimte  thing,  ia  callod  a  tin- 
gular  idi'j,  whulher  limplf,  cuinplrx,  or  coiufmund.    WaUt. 

2.  In  grammar^  exprt;ssing  one  person  or  thing; 
as,  the  singular  number.  The  singular  numbci 
stands  opposed  to  dual  and  pluraL 

3.  Particular;  existing  by  itself;  unexampled  ;  as, 
a  singular  phenomenon.  Your  case  is  hard,  but  not 
singular. 

4.  Remarkable;  eminent;  unusual;  rare;  as,  a 
man  of  singular  gravity,  or  singular  attainments. 

5.  Nut  common  ;  odd;  implying  something  censu- 
rable or  not  appruved. 

ilia  zeal 
None  aeconded,  as  tingular  and  ntsh.  Milton. 

G.  Being  alone;  that  of  which  there  is  but  one. 

These  busu  of  the  emprrora  and  empr<-s«»a  are  ic-irw,  and  aoine 
of  Uwin  aliRoal  lingular  ia  their  liind.  Addison. 

SIN"GU-LAK,  n.    A  particular  instance.    [UhusuaL] 

More. 
SIN"GU-LAR-IST,  n.    One  who  affects  shigularity. 
SIN"GU-LAR'I.TV,  n.     [Fr.  shigulariU.] 

1.  Peculiarity  ;  sonic  character  or  (iriality  of  a 
thing  by  which  it  is  distinguished  from  all,  or 
from  most  others. 

Pliny  addclh  thia  singutanty  lo  that  toil,  that  the  lecond  yar  the 
very  falling  of  llii;  w:<;il«  yield^^lh  corn.  Addiaon. 

2.  An  uncomn)on  character  or  form ;  sometliing 
curious  or  remarkable. 

I  Look  notice  of  tliii  little  figure  Tor  the  ringularih/  of  tlir  Inatro- 
nienu  AdtUton. 

3.  Particular  privilege,  prerogative,  or  distinction. 

No  Uahop  of  Rome  ever  looJi  upon  him  this  name  of  ainru!arity, 
(iiniiriTmiil  l;i»h"p.)  ifmker. 

Cathuliciain  —  iini^i  bo  tindcratood  in  oppuaiiion  to  thv  l>'ijrn]  tin- 
gularil^  of  ihe  jewUh  nnliun.  Peargot: 

4.  Character  or  trait  of  character  different  from 
that  of  others.  The  singularity  of  living  according 
to  the  strict  precepts  oi  the  gospel  is  highly  to  be 
commended. 

5.  Oddity. 

6.  Celibacy.     pV*i7(  in  use.]  J.  Taylor. 
SIN"GU-LAR-IZE,  v.  t    To  make  single.    [JVot  in 

use.] 
SIN"GU-LAR-LY,  adv.    Peculiarly  ;  in  a  manner  or 
degree  not  common  to  others.    It  is  no  disgrace  lo 
be  singularly  pood. 
9.  Oddly  i  strangely. 

3.  So  as  to  express  one,  or  the  singular  number. 
SIN"GULT,  n.     [U  singultus.]  [Morton. 

A  sigh.      [JVot  in  use.] 
SIX'I-€Ar.,  a.     [from  sine.]     Pertaining  to  a  sine. 
SIN'IS-TER,  a.     [L.     Probably  the  primary  sense  is, 
weak,  defective.] 

1.  Left;  on  the  left  hand,  or  the  side  of  the  left 
hand  ;  opposed  to  Dexter  or  Rioht  ;  as,  the  sinister 
cheek  ;  or  the  sim.tter  side  of  an  escutcheon. 

2.  Evil;  bad;  corrupt;  perverse;  dishonest;  as, 
sinister  means  ;  sinister  purpose. 

He  Komit  to  uiidcnninc  another's  inU'rctt  by  any  rinwWr  or  in- 
f'Tinrarla.  .     gouthi 

3.  Unlucky  ;  inauspicious.  B.  Jonson. 
StHViter  aspect ;  in  iisiroln-ry,  a«  appearance  of  two 

planets  happening  according  to  the  succrssion  of  the 
signs  ;  as,  Saturn  in  Arie^,  and  Jlars  in  ihe  same  de- 
gree of  Geuiini.  Encye. 

[This  word,  among  the  poets,  is  usually  accented 
si-nis'ter.] 
SIN'IS-TER-HAND'ED 

use.] 
SIX'IS-TER-LY,  adv.   Absurdly  ;  perversely  :  unfairly. 

J.  IVood. 
SIX'IS-TRAL,  a.     To  the  left  ;  sinistrous. 

In  eoncAology^  a  term  applied  to  shells  which  have 
the  turns  of  the  spiral  made  to  the  left  ;  the  same  as 
Reversed.  Humble. 

SIN'IS-'rRAI^LY,  adv.     Toward  the  left. 
SrX-IS-TllOR'SAL,   a.      [sinisUr  and   Gr.   optrw,   to 
rise.] 
Rising  from  left  to  right,  as  a  spiral  line  or  helix. 

Henry 
SIN'I.S-TROUS,  a.    Being  on  the  left  side;  inclined 
to  the  left.  Brown. 


Left-handed.      [.Not  in 


FATE,  FAB,  FALL,  WHAT.-MKTE,  PREY. -PINE,  MAR'tNE,  BIRD.-NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK._ 

1034  — 


SIN 

3.  Wrong ;  absurd  ;  perverse. 

>  barm,  e»en  by  the  most  tintttrout 
Bentley, 

SIN'IS-TROUS-LV,  ado.     Penersely  ;  wrongly. 

9.  U'ilh  a  tendency  to  use  the  left,  as  the  stronger 

hi*  lid. 
SINK,   r.  i. ;  pret.  Su-tk  ;  pp.  id-     The  old  pret.  Sa^k 

is  nnirly  obsolete.     [Sax.  sencan,  Mncati ;  Goth,  sig- 

aran  ;  O.  sinken  ;  D.  ztnken  ;  Sw.  siitnka ;  Dan.  synker  ,' 

cotiiciiline  with  siffft.    Class  Sg.] 

1.  To  fall  hy  the  force  of  greater  gravity,  in  a  me- 
dium or  substance  of  less  specific  gravity  ;  to  sub- 
side ;  opposed  to  ?wim  or  Float.  S'onie  species  of 
Wood  or  timber  will  sink  in  water.  Oil  will  not  sink 
in  watL-r  and  many  other  liquids,  for  it  is  sixjcifically 
lighter. 

I  Mink  ill  d'^p  mire. —  P^  Ixlx. 

2.  To  fall  gradually. 

He  sunk  down  in  hia  cliMiot.  —2  Kin^  ix, 

3.  To  enter  or  penetrate  into  any  body. 

The  done  sunk  into  his  forph.'ad.  —  1  S:iiii.  x^ii, 

4.  To  fall ;  to  become  lower;  to  subside  or  settle 
to  a  level.  * 

The  AlpB  and  Pyrenees  *tiift  before  him.  Addison. 

5.  To  be  overwhelmed  or  depressed. 

Our  country  sinka  bcnccith  th^  yoke.  Sfiak. 

6.  To  enter  deeply  ;  to  be  impressed, 

lyt  lb-»^  sayings  link  down  inio  your  eara,  —  I.uke  ii. 

7.  To  become  deep ;  to  retire  or  fall  within  the  sur- 
face of  any  thing ;  as,  the  eye^  sink  into  the  head. 

8.  To  fiill  ;  to  decline  ;  to  decay  ;  to  decrease.  A 
fref^  ginte  gradually  sinks  into  ruin.  It  is  the  duty  of 
government  to  revive  a  ^nkin^  commerce. 

L«l  not  ihe  lir^  tint  or  ilAcken.  Morfjmer. 

9.  To  fall  into  rest  or  indolence  ;  as,  to  sink  away 
in  pleasine  dreams.  Addison, 

10.  To  be  lower  ;  to  fall ;  as,  the  price  of  land  will 
sink  in  time  of  peace. 

SINK,  V.  t.    To  cause  to  sink  ;  to  put  under  water ;  to 
Immeme  in  a  fluid  ;  as,  to  sink  a  ^hip. 

%.  To  make  by  diggingor  delving  \  afl,  to  sink  a  pit 
or  a  well, 

3.  To  depress  ;  to  degrade.  His  vices  sink  him  in 
infamy  or  in  public  estimation. 

4.  To  plunge  into  destruction. 

If  I  hare  a  eoitcciptice,  let  it  tink  me,  Shak, 

5.  To  cause  to  fall  or  to  be  plunged.     Woodward. 

6.  To  brmg  low  \  to  reduce  in  quantity. 

Vou  aunk  ihe  hTer  wtih  repeai«!  dnugliu.  Addinn, 

7.  To  depress  ;  to  overbear ;  to  crush.  This  would 
sink  the  spirit  of  a  hero. 

8.  To  diminish  ;  to  lower  or  lessen  ;  to  degrade. 

I  mean  not  that  we  alioutd  nnk  our  li^re  out  of  covetottsncM. 

Hogtrt, 

9.  To  cause  to  decline  or  fail. 

Ttiy  criH-l  vitxA  untiattifdl  luet  of  power 

W^M  tunk  thy  frtUit-r  rnorf  ih.in  nil  bis  yc-vra.  Rove. 

10.  To  suppress  ;  to  conceal ;  to  inlervert. 

If  atiit  with  ready  mon<>y  to  buy  any  thing',  and  you  happen  to 
t«  out  of  puc|['-t,  tiiik  the  money,  ami  taire  up  th"  ffuoda 
on  account.     [Unutual.\  Sw\ft. 

11.  To  depress  ;  !o  lower  in  value  or  amount. 
Grt-at  importations  may  sink  the  price  of  goods. 

12.  To  rt-diice  i  to  pay  ;  to  diminish  or  annihilate 
by  payment ;  as,  lo  aink  the  national  debt. 

13.  To  wa.<(te  ;  to  diimipate  ;  as,  to  sink  on  estate. 
SI.NK,  n.     [Sax.  sine] 

1.  A  drain  to  carry  off  filthy  water  ;  a  jrikes. 

Skak,     Haymard. 
^  A  kind  of  basin  of  stone  or  wood  to  receive 
filthy  water. 
SI.NK'KR,  n.    A  weight  on  something,  aa  on  a  fisb- 

lii>»>,  to  sink  it. 
SINK'-IICLE,  n.      A  hole   for  dirty  water   to  run 

llirriiich. 
SINK'l.\G,ppr.  or  a.    Falling;  subsiding;  depressing  ; 
d|;clinlng. 

Stnktng  fund;  in /nance,  a  fund  created  for  sinking 
or  (laytng  a  public  debt,  or  purchasing  the  stock  for 
the  government. 
BIN'LES.**,  a.    [from  *ta.]    Free  from  sin  ;  pure  ;  per- 
fect.    Chri'^t  yielded  a  stnless  obedience. 

2.  Free  from  sin  ;  innocent  ^  as,  a  sinless  soul. 

T>rtjden. 
8IN'LEHS-LY,  adv.    In  a  sinless  manner  ;  innocently. 
BI\'LK.<S-NEt3S.  n.     Freedom  from  sin  and  guilt. 

livyU. 
.•^IN'NER,  «.     One  that  has  voluntarily  violated  the 
divine  law  ;  a  moral  agent  who  has  voiuiitanly  diso- 
beyed  any  divine  precept,  or  neglected  any  known 
duty. 

2.  It  is  owed  in  contradintinrtion  topAi:«T,  to  de- 
note an  tinregenerate  person  ;  one  who  has  not  re- 
ceived the jiardun  of  bin  sins. 
I  3.  An  (.mmd^r ;  a  criminal.  Dryden. 

^IX'.N'F.R,  V.  i.    To  act  as  a  sinner ;  in  ludicrous  lan- 
giio<re. 

Wh'-thcr  the  ehofmer  trnner  It  or  a!\int  il.  Pops, 

j   eiN'-OP-FER-ING,  n.    [sin  and  offering,]    A  sacrifice 


SIP 

for  sin  :-«omething  offered  as  an  expiation  for  sin. 

Exod.  XX ix. 
SIN'O-PER,  ;         rx      ■       ■      /-  1 

SIN'O-PLE   \  "•     I-      sxnopts;  Or.  <nvwini.i 

Red  ferruginous  quartz,  of  a  blood  or  brownish-red 
color,  sometimes  with  a  tinge  of  yellow.  It  occurs 
in  small,  but  very  perfect  cry'stal-",  and  in  masses  that 
resemble  some  varieties  of  jasper.  Cleaveiand. 

SIN'O-PLE,  71.  In  the  heraldry  of  Continental  Europe^ 
green  ;  vert.  Brande. 

SIN'-OP-PRESS'£D,  (-op-prest',)  o.  Oppressed  with 
a  sense  of  sin. 

SI\'-STUNG,  a.    Stting  with  remorse  for  sin.  Baxter. 

SIN'TER,  n.  In  mineralogy,  calcareous  sinter  is  a 
loose  variety  of  carbonate  of  lime,  composed  of  a  se- 
ries of  successive  layers,  concentric,  plain  or  undu- 
lated, and  nearly  or  quite  parallel.  It  appears  under 
various  forms.  Cleaveiand. 

Siliciouti  sinter  is  a  light  cellular  or  fibrous  quartz  ; 
also,  a  similar  variety  of  opal. 

Pearl  sinter  is  a  variety  of  opal,  of  a  pearly  luster, 
occurring  in  globular  and  bolryoidal  masses.      Dana. 

SIN'U-ATE,  V.  t.     [L.  .«>«o.] 

To  wind  ;  to  turn  ;  to  bend  in  and  out.   Woodward. 

SIN'U-ATE,      I  a.      In  botany,  a  sinuate  leaf  is  one 

SlN'l|-A-TED,*i  that  has  large  curved  breaks  in  the 
margin,  resembling  bays,  as  in  the  oak.       Martyn. 

SJ.\'l|-A-TING,  ;;;jr.  Winding;  turning;  bentliug  in 
and  out. 

SIN-l|-A'TION,  ji.  A  winding  or  bending  in  and 
out.  Hale. 

SIN-U-OS'I-TY,  n.     [L.  sinuosus,  sinus.} 

The  qimlity  of  bending  pr  curving  in  and  out ;  or 
a  series  of  bends  and  turns  in  arches  or  other  irregu- 
lar figures. 

SIN'U-f)SE    i  '^     t       «n»«tr,  from  L.  wntw,] 

Winding  ;  crooked  ;  bending  in  and  out ;  of  a  ser- 
pentine or  undulating  form  ;  as,  a  sinuous  pipe. 

Streaking  the  ground  with  cinuouc  trnce.  Milton. 

SIN'tJ-OUS-LY,  adr.     Windingly  ;  crookedly. 
SI'NUS,  n.     [L.,  a  bay.]     A  bay  of  the  sea  ;  a  recess 
in  the  shore,  or  an  opening  into  the  land,    gurnet. 

2.  In  anatomy,  a  cavity  in  a  bone  or  other  part, 
wider  at  the  bottom  than  at  the  entrance.     Kncyc. 

3.  In  surgery^  a  little  elongated  cavity,  in  which 
pus  is  collected  ;  an  elongated  abscess  with  only  a 
small  orifice.  Encyc.     Parr. 

A.  In  conchology,  a  groove  or  cavity.         Humble. 

5.  An  opening  ;  a  hollow. 
SIP,  V.  L  [Sax.  sipan,  to  sip,  to  drink  in,  to  macerate  ; 
D.  sippen ;  G.  saufen  ;  Dan.  sVber  ;  Sw.  supa  ;  Ir.  sub- 
ham  f  W.  sipiaiD,  to  draw  the  lips  ;  sipian,  to  sip  ;  Fr, 
soupe^  souper  ;  Eng.  sop,  sup,  supper.  See  Class  Sb, 
No.  79.] 

1.  To  take  a  fluid  into  the  mouth  in  small  quanti- 
ties by  the  lipa ;  as,  to  sip  wine  ;  to  sip  tea  or  coffee. 

Pope. 

3.  To  drink  or  imbibe  in  small  quantities. 

Every  licrb  dmt  •i/»«  the  dew.  Afi/(on. 

3.  To  draw  into  the  motilh  ;  to  extract ;  as,  a  bee 
sips  nectar  from  the  flowers. 

4.  To  drink  out  of. 

They  akim  the  (looda,  and  tip  t)io  jmrjile  (lowera.         Drylen, 

Sir,  r.  t.  To  drink  a  small  quantity  ;  (o  take  a  fluid 
with  the  lips.  Dryden. 

SIP,  H.  The  taking  of  a  liquor  with  the  tips;  or  a 
small  draught  taken  with  the  lips. 

One  wip  of  thn 
Will  bathe  the  drooping'  tpitiiM  in  ilelighl, 
Ik-yoiiii  the  blifs  of  drcanM.  Milton, 

STPE,  p.  i.  To  cwKe }  to  issue  slowly ;  as  a  fluid. 
[LoeaL]  Qroae. 

SI'PHON,  n.  [L.  siphoy  sipo;  Gr.  it i <p oyv  ;  It.  si/one; 
Fr.  siphon  ;  Sp.  si/on.     Qu.  from  the  root  of  *-i/».J 

1.  A  bent  pipe  or  tube  whttiite  arms  are  of  unequal 
length.  It  is  rbietly  used  fur  drawing  liiptids,  as 
fmm  a  cask,  well.  Sec.  The  tube  being  in  some 
way  filled  with  a  liquid,  and  the  shorter  arm  be- 
ing immersed  in  the  fluid,  the  pressure  of  the  at- 
mfwphere  fttrces  the  fluid  to  rise  in  Ihe  lube  above 
the  level  of  its  surface,  and  it  U  then  discharged 
thrntigh  the  longer  arm,  the  end  of  which  must  be 
kept  tower  than  the  level  uf  the  liquid. 

3.  The  pipe  by  which  the  chambers  of  a  shell 
rommunir.ite  ;  a  Htphunde.  Ed,  Encyc. 

Sl-PIIt>\'IO,  a.     Pi  riaining  to  a  siphon. 

ST  PIlON-OHRAiNeiri-ATE,  a.  In  malaeologtf,  pro- 
vided with  a  siphon  or  tube,  by  which  the  water  to 
he  inhaled  is  carried  to  the  gills,  as  in  the  nmllusks 
of  the  <»rder  siplionobranchiata.  The  molluscans 
t^-hirh  have  no  siphons  are  called  AsiPiior^oDRA.f- 

CHl  ATE. 

SI  PflUN-CLE,   (slTunk-l,)    n.      In    conchology,  the 
opening  which  runs  through  the  partitions  of  cham- 
beri>d  or  naiitiloid  shell-i. 
srPFlUN-CL/;i>,  a.     Having  a  siphimcle.    Bar.khtnd. 
Sl-PllUiN'CU-LAtt,  a.     Pertaining  to  u  siphuncle. 

—  Buekland. 

SI-PHUN'eU-LA-TED,  a.     [L.  siphunculas^  a  little 
siphon.] 
Having  a  little  siphon  or  spout,  as  a  vatve.    Say. 


SIR 

SIP'ING,  n.     The  act  of  oozing.  Granger. 

SIP'PKD,  (sipt,)  pp.  Drawn  in  with  the  lips ;  imbibed 
in  small  quantities. 

PIP'PER,  n.     One  tlint  sips. 

SIP'PET,  n.     A  small  sop.     [JVof  in  iwe.]        Milton. 

SIP'PING, /i;ir.  Drawing  in  with  the  lips;  imbibing 
in  small  quantities. 

SI  QWS,  [L.,  if  any  one.]  These  words  give  name 
to  a  notification  by  a  candidate  for  orders  of  his  in- 
tention to  inquire  whether  any  impediment  may  be 
alleged  against  liim. 

SIR,  (sur,)  n,  [Fr.  sire,  and  sirur,  in  monsieur;  Norm. 
«irfi,  lord  ;  Corn.  «ira,  father  ;  Heb.  "MCj^Aur,  to  sing, 
to  look,  obtjerve,  watch,  also  to  rule.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  stretch,  strain,  hold,  &c.,  whence  the 
sense  of  a  ruler  or  chief.] 

1.  A  word  of  respect  u-^ed  in  addresses  to  men,  as 
■madam  is  in  addresr^'s  to  women.  It  signifies  prop- 
erly lord,  corresponding  to  dowinus  in  LMin,  don  m 
Spanish,  and  kerr  in  German.  It  is  used  in  the  sin- 
gular or  plunil. 


S|ieak  on,  tir. 

But,  »iri,  U-  siiddrn  Iti  the  crccutbn. 


Shak 


2.  The  title  of  a  knight  or  biironetj  as,  Sir  Horace 
Vere.  Bacon. 

3.  It  is  used  by  Shakspcare  for  m^n. 

In  the  election  of  a  «r  ao  niro.     [.Vol  in  uae.]  Sliok, 

4.  Formerly,  in  .American  colleges^  the  title  of  a 
master  of  arts. 

5.  It  is  prefixed  to  loin,  in  sirloin ;  as.  a  sirloin  of 
beef.  This  practice  is  said  to  have  originated  in  the 
knighting  of  a  loin  of  beef  by  one  of  the  English 
kings  in  a  fit  of  good  humor.  Addison, 

C.  Formerly,  the  title  of  a  priest.  Spenser. 

STR-CAR',  n.    A  Hindoo  clerk  or  writer.       MaUom. 
SIR-DAR%  n.    A  native  chief  in  Hindoostan. 

Maleom, 
SIRE,  n.     [Supra.]     A  father;  used  in  poetry. 

And  ntiae  hia  isauc  like  a  loving  aire.  Shak, 

9.  The  male  parent  of  a  beast ;  particularly  used 
of  horses ;  as,  the  horse  had  a  good  sire,  but  a  bad 
dam.  Johnson. 

3.  It  is  used  in  composition;  as,  in  grandsire,  fat 
grandfather;  great- erra/wiaire,  great-grandfather. 
SIRE,  V.  (.    To  beget ;  to  procreate  ;  used  of  beasts. 

Shak. 
SJR'EXy,  (sird,)  pp.     Begotten. 

St'REN,  n.  [L. ;  Fr.  sirine ;  It.  sirena  i  from  Heb. 
lie,  shur,  to  sing.] 

1.  A  mermaid.  In  ancient  mythology,  a  goddess 
who  enticed  men  into  her  power  hy  the  charms  of 
music,  and  devoured  them.  Hence,  in  modern  k6c, 
an  enticing  woman ;  a  female  rendered  dangerous 
by  her  enticements. 

Sin^,  airen,  lo  thyiclf,  nnd  I  will  dote.  Skak. 

2.  A  bairacliian  reptile  of  Carolina,  constituting  a 
peculiar  genu.s,  destitute  of  posterior  extremities  and 
pelvis.  The  siren  is  a  true  amphibian,  which  re- 
spires at  will  throughout  its  life,  either  in  the  water 
by  means  of  branchiie,  or  in  the  air  by  means  of 
lungs.  Cuvier. 

SI'RE.N^,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  siren,  or  to  the  dangerous 
enticements  of  music;  bewitching;  fascinating;  as, 
a  siren  song. 

SI-RE.NE',  n.  An  instrument  used  for  ascertaining 
the  velocity  of  atrial  vibration,  corresponding  to  the 
different  pitches  of  musical  sounds.  Brande, 

SI'REN-IZE,  0.  i.  To  use  the  enticements  of  a  siren  ; 
lo  ctiarm. 

SI'REN-TZ-£D,  pp.    Charmed. 

ST'REN-IZ-LNG,  ppr.     Charming. 

Sl-RI'A-SiS,  n.     [Gr.  at(>ia<si^.    See  Sibius.] 

A  disease  (Kcasioned  by  the  excessive  heat  of  the 
snn  ;  almost  peculiar  to  children,    Johnson.      Coze* 

SIR'I-US,  n.     [L.,  from  the  Gr.  o-f(/>,  Ihe  sun.] 

The  targe  and  bright  star  called  the  dog-star,  in 
the  month  i>f  the  constellaltoii  Cants  major. 

SIR'l^OlN,  (sur'loin,)  n.  [Fr.  surhngc]  A  loin  of 
beef,  said  toliave  been  knighted  by  one  of  the  Eng- 
lish kings  in  a  fit  of  good  liumor;  but  probably  pur- 
loin, Ihe  upper  part  of  the  loin,  like  sir-name,  whicll 
is  properly  sur-name,  i.  e.,  an  additional  name. 

SmarL 

SIR'NAME  is  more  correctly  written  SunwAME. 

SI'RO,  n.    A  mite.  Encyc 

SI-ROCeO,  n.  [It.  id.!  Sp.  siroeo  or  xaloque.]  An 
oppressive,  relaxing  wind  from  the  Libyan  deserts, 
chiefly  experienced  in  Italy,  Malta,  and  Sicily. 

Brande. 

SIR'RAH,  n.  A  word  of  reproach  and  contempt; 
used  in  addressing  vile  characters. 

•        Go,  $irrah,  to  my  cell.  Shak, 

[I  know  not  whence  wo  have  this  word.    The 
common  derivatit^n  of  it  from  sir^  ha^  is  ridiculous.] 
SIRT,  (sun,)  n.     [L.  sijrtis.] 

A  quicksanil.     [JVot  in  tme.) 
SIR'UP,  n.     [Oriental.    Bee  Sherbet  and  AnnoBn.] 

The  swei;t  juice  of  vegetables  or  fruits,  or  other 
juice  sweetened  ;  or  sugar  boiled  with  vegetable  in- 
fusitms.  Coxr. 

[Smart  and  later  writers  prefer  the  pronunciation 
siPup;  Walker  and  others,  sur'up.^ 


TONE,  BJJLL,  r^NITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K }  G  as  J ;  8  as  2 ;  CII  as  BH  j  TH  as  in  THIS. 

loaT 


SIT 

SIR'UP-£J),  (Air'upt,)  a.    Moutened  or  tinged  with 

simp  or  Aweet  juice.  Drayton. 

SIR'UP-V,  a.    Ldke  atnip,  or  partaking  of  its  qualities. 

Mortimer. 
SIR~FEJVTE^^  (seer-vangt'.)  *,   [Fr.l  A  peculiar  spe- 
cies uf  poet^,  usually  satirical,  oilea  used  by  the 
tPHiNidourj  of  the  niiddle  ages.  Brandt. 

9I-».\L'  MF.SiP,    (  n.      The   pfepared    fiber    of   the 
&I-9AL'  (JRaSS,  i      Agave  Aiiuricans,  or  Aim;rican 
iiioe»  «»ed  for  coinage  ;  so  called  from  Sisal,  a  port 
in  Yurntan. 
SrSG,  for  Assize. 
STSK,  n.     Six,  a  term  in  games. 

SIS'KIN,  R.     A  bird  ;  another  name  of  the  aberdavine. 
Johtinttn.     Diet,  .S'at,  Hut. 
The  siskin  or  aberdavine  is  the  Fnngilla  spinus. 
Ed.  £Meyc 
SISS,  r.  i.     [D.  wsem :  Dui.  Mwer;  G.  Mwca.-  Sw. 
<MM,  to  bu£x,  rush,  bi>«,  whisUcI 

To  hiss  }  m  Ugiticmtf  wrd,  I»m<  m  Englmmdj  hU  m 
mnivtrMtpapmiv  MM  i*  Akw  EMgUmd.        AiUimU. 
SIS'TER,  a.     [Sax.  M^ansler:  D.  tiuier;  G.  sekwaUrt 
Sw.  sp^fr;  Dan.  jritjrfert  Rush,  matr^f  PoL  stogtra; 
Dalmatian,  stantrt;  Sans.  «ipa«nt} 

1.  A  feoiale  born  of  Itae  same  paienU ;  correlatlTe 
to  Bbother. 

a.  A  woman  of  the  same  fluth ;  a  female  fUloW' 
Christian. 

IT  ft  bfvtlwn-.  or  «i«arr  to  iMhed  ■»]  dwdtute  of  duly  food.  — 

Sl  a  female  of  the  same  kind.  Shak, 

4.  One  of  tbe  mme  kind,  or  of  the  same  condi- 

tkn  ;  as^  tUter  fruits.  Pupe. 

Sb  A  (e  uale  of  the  same  society,  as  the  nuns  of  a 

convent. 
SISTER,  V.  L    To  resemble  cloeely.    [LUOt  «miI.1 

SIS'TER,  r.  t.    To  be  akin;  to  be  near  to.     [Utile 

used.]  Shak. 

SIS'TER-II(X>I)>  "•     [«w(er  and   hwd.]    Sisters  col- 
lectively ,  or  a  society  of  sisters ;  or  a  socirty  of  fe- 
males united  in  one  faith  or  order.  JUduau. 
3.  The  ottice  or  duty  uf  a  sister.     [LittU  ustd.) 
SIS'TER-IN-L.A\V,  n.    A  husband's  or  wife**  sister. 

Rmtk. 
SIS'TER-LY,  a.    lake  a  si.«terj   becoming  a  sister  j 

ntfertionale  ;  as,  tistrrhf  kindness. 
SISTKUM,  a.     [Gr.  cteitt/ioi',  from  cciu,  to  shake.] 
A  kind  of  tinibn-l  which  the  Egyptian  priests  of 
Isis  used  to  shake  at  the  festivals  of  that  nddeai. 

SIS'T-I'HUS,  a.  [  L.,  from  Gr.]  In  /akmlmu  Autory,  a 
robber  or  traitor  mrforious  for  his  cunning,  and  wlKJee 
crtaaea  were  punished  by  hi:*  being  com|K-lIe4l  to  roll 
to  the  iop  of  a  hill  a  huge  »tone,  which  cunstuntly 
recoiled,  and  made  his  taitk  iiicettsaiiu         Brandt, 

SIT,  V.  i. ;  prtt.  Sat  ;  old  pp.  Sirrca.  [Goth.  sUom  ; 
Sax.  nbn  or  riaan ;  D.  lUun ;  G.  ^its^m ;  8w.  nOa  ; 
Pan.  ridder :  L.  sedea  ;  It.  gtdrrt ;  Fr.  semr^  n*hence 
mssemiTf  tu  st-t  or  pLic?,  to  lay,  to  assess,  from  the 
participle  of  which  we  have  attise^  ojjtu,  a  sitting, 
a  session,  whence  siie^  by  contraction  ;  \V.  senL,  to 
sit  habitually  ;  geiu,  to  seat ;  gm-srt,  a  supreme  seat ; 
gorsezu^  tu  pre^jide  ;  Arm.  oxxtA,  tfuucza,  «tzA<a,  to 
sit ;  Ir.  snidhim^  eisidhiut,  nnd  feUim  ;  Corn.  Meadka,  to 
sit.  It  coincides  with  the  Ch.  and  Heb.  '^D'>  and 
Ueb.  n^sr,  to  set,  {dace,  or  found,  and  perhaps  with 

the  Ar.  (Nam  «<Ua,  to  stop,  close,  or  make  firm. 
See  Class  Sd,  No.  31,  56.  (See  Sbt.)  The  Sp. 
jicaar,  to  besiege,  ia  the  same  word  differently  ap- 
plied.] 

1.  To  rest  upon  the  buttocks,  as  animals ;  as,  to 
tit  on  u  sofa  or  on  the  ground. 

2.  To  perch  ;  to  rest  on  the  feet ;  as  fowls. 

3.  To  occupy  a  seat  or  place  in  an  official  capacity. 

The  «Am  ud  fte  Pbarins  til  ta  M»s-i%  wet*—  MoO.  sxO. 

<  To  be  in  a  state  of  rest  or  idleness. 


5.  To  rest,  lie,  or  bear  on,  as  a  weight  or  burden  ; 
as,  grief  sits  heavy  on  his  heart. 
&  To  KTttle ;  to  rest ;  to  abide. 

Ale  borne  Ml  oo  each  Amdioa  face.  Dtydtn. 

7.  To  incubate ;  to  cover  and  warm  eggs  for  hatch- 
ing ;  as  a  fowl. 

as  tte  putridfc  jiOrA  oa  ?{^  and  hAtchnb  them  not.  — Jer. 

8.  To  be  adjusted ;  to  be,  with  respect  to  fitness 
«  unfitness  ;  as,  a  coat  siu  well  or  ill. 

Th"  iww  ■nd  gorgW'Ui  gxnnent,  timiatj. 

Sits  DM  M  tasj  oo  me  ■■  yaa  tbiak.  SJtai. 

a.  To  be  placed  in  order  to  be  painted ;  as,  to  «tt 
for  one's  picture. 

10.  To  be  in  any  situation  or  condKion. 

Sappose  »11  the  cbaich  Undt  to  be  thrown  up  to  ibr  laitT ;  would 
(he  traanu  tit  naier  io  Uiar  rtnu  Uwn  now  t         '  Stei/L 

11.  To  hold  a  session;  lobe  officially encraged  in 
public  business  ;  as  judges,  legislators,  or  officers  of 
any  kind.     The  House  of  Commons  sometimes  sits 


SIT 

tilt  Inte  at  night.  The  judges  or  the  courts  sU  In 
WestminsttT  Uall.  The  commissioners  sit  every 
day. 

1'2.  To  exercise  authority  ;  as,  to  sU  in  judgment. 
One  council  ^tits  u|x)n  lift*  and  death. 

13.  To  be  in  any  assembly  or  council  as  a  member ; 
to  have  a  seat.     1  Mfue, 

14.  To  be  in  a  local  poeitioiu  The  wind  aits  foir. 
[UmusuaL] 

To  sit  at  mmt ;  to  be  at  table  for  eating. 

TV  sit  <fMro ,-  to  place  one's  self  on  a  chair  or  other 
seat }  as,  to  sit  doiex  at  a  nical. 

3.  To  begin  a  siege.  The  enemy  sat  down  before 
the  town. 

3.  To  settle  ;  to  fix  a  permanent  abode.   Spenser. 

4.  To  rest ;  to  cease  as  satisfied. 

Han  we  ma  dm  «il  d»iMi,  but  atUI  proceed  bi  oor  eeaith. 

JtogrrB. 

To  sit  outs  to  be  without  engagement  or  employ- 
ment.    [Littis  used,]  Saundmton. 

T^  sit  up  i  to  rise  or  be  raised  from  a  recumbent 
posture. 

He  tbkl  WM  dead  Ml  vp,  and  tr^n  to  sprak.  —  Luke  tU. 

3.  Not  to  go  to  bed ;  as,  to  sit  up  late  at  night; 
also,  to  watch  ;  as,  to  sit  yp  with  a  sick  person. 
SIT,  r.  t.    To  keep  the  seat  upon.     He  sits  a  horse 
well. 

[  T****  phrase  is  elliptical.] 

2.  To  sit  m<  down,  to  j(if  Aim  down,  t0  5t(  (Arm  down, 
equivalent  to  I  seated  myself,  &.C.,  are  familiar  phrases 
used  by  good  writers,  though  deviations  from  strict 
propriety. 

Thejr  tat  tktm  down  to  wscp.  MUton, 

3.  "  The  court  vas  saty"  an  expression  of  Addison, 
Is  a  gross  impropriety. 

SITE,  n.     [L.  situs,  Eng.  seat ;   from   the  root  of  L. 
ssdee,  to  siL     The  Roman  pronunciation  was  seetus.] 

1.  Situation  ;  local  position  ;  as,  the  sUe  of  a  city 
or  of  a  house. 

3.  A  seat  or  ground-plot ;  as,  a  mill-.«ife.  But  we 
usually  say,  milUtrof,  by  which  we  undenitand  the 
I^ace  where  a  mill  stands,  or  a  place  convenient  for 
a  mill.    ' 

3.  The  posture  of  a  thing  with  respect  to  itself. 

Ttir  wniblance  o(  a  lover  fixed 
Io  mclaiicbuljr  tilM.  ■  TAonuon. 

[  This  is  improper,] 
SIT'ED.a.     Placed  ;  situnted.     [JVot  in  use.]    Spenser. 
SIT'FAST,  a.     In  farriery,  an  ulcerated  horny  sore 
growing  on  a  horse's  hack,  under  the  saddle. 

Farni.  JCaeyc 
SITH.  adv.     [^x.  sith,  sitXtAam.) 

Since;  in  Inter  times.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

SITHE,  a.    Time.     [Obs.]  Spemser. 

8ITIIE.    See  Scttbi. 

ilTH'ES,*^^'}**'-     [Sax.  «£*M«i.] 

Since  ;  in  later  times.     [Oftf.]  Spenser. 

SIT'TER,  a.     [from  siL]    One  that  sits.    The  Turks 
are  great  sitters.  Bacon. 

2.  A  bird  that  sits  or  incubates.  Mortimer. 
SIT'TIXG.pjrr.  or  o.     Resting  on  the  buttocks,  or  on 

the  feet,  as  fowls;  incubating;  brooding;  being  in 
the  actual  exercise  of  authority,  or  being  assembled 
for  that  purpose. 

3.  a.  In  botany,  sessile,  i.  e.,  without  petiole,  pe- 
duncle, or  pedicel,  &c. 

SIT'TIN'G,  n.     The  posture  of  being  on  a  seat. 

3.  The  act  of  placing  one's  self  on  a  seat ;  as,  a 
sitting  down. 

3.  A  seat,  or  the  space  occupied  by  a  person  in  a 
church.  England. 

4.  The  act  or  time  of  resting  in  a  posture  for  a 
painter  to  take  the  likeness.  For  a  portrait,  six  or 
seven  sittings  may  be  required. 

5.  A  session  ;  the  actual  presence  or  meeting  of 
any  body  of  men  in  their  seats,  clothed  with  author- 
ity to  transact  business;  as,  a  sitting  of  the  judges 
of  the  King's  Bench  ;  a  sitting  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons ;  during  the  silling  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

6.  An  uninterrupted  application  to  business  or 
study  for  a  time  ;  course  of  study  uointermittcd. 

:  oT  Paul'a  epitUei,  I  mul  K 
Lockt. 


For  ttw  ondentandin^  of  ui;  c 
tbrou^  at  one  ntt>n[. 


7.  A  time  for  which  one  sits,  as  at  play,  at  work, 
or  on  a  visit.  Dryden. 

8.  Incubation  ;  a  resting  on  eggs  for  hatching  ;  as 
fowls. 

The  m»Ie  bird  iimo»»a  the  female  with  hk  aonBi,  during  the  whole 
linw  o(  her  naing.  Additon. 

SIT'TJ-ATE,  a.     [Fr.  aituer;   It.  situare^  situato;  Sp. 
sitaar:  from  L.  situs,  sedeo.] 

1.  Placed,  with  respect  to  any  other  object ;  as,  a 
town  situate  on  a  hill  or  on  the  sea-shore. 
3.  Placed  ;  consisting. 

Pleaaiire  tiluale  in  hill  nod  dale.  AfUton. 

J^'ote.  —  In  the  United  States,  this  word    is  less 

used  than  Situated,  but  both  are  well  authori7.ed. 

SIT'U-A-TED,  fl.      [See  Situate.]     Seated,   placed, 

or  standing  with  respect  to  any  other  object ;  as,  a 

city  situated  on  a  declivity,  or  in  front  of  a  lake;  a 


siz 

town  well  sitnated  for  tnnle  or  mniinfactures  ;  an 
observatory  well  situated  for  observiition  of  the  stars. 
New  York  is  situated  in  the  forty-first  degree  of 
north  latitude. 

3.  Placed  or  being  In  any  state  or  condition  with 
regard  to  men  or  things.     Observe  how  the  executor 
is  situated  ivilh  respect  to  the  heirs. 
SIT-U-A'TION,  n.     [Fr. ;  It  situaziane.] 

1.  Position  ;  scat ;  location  in  respect  to  something 
else.  The  situation  of  lA>ndon  is  mure  favonible  for 
foreign  commerce  than  that  of  Paris.  The  jiiiuation 
of  a  stranger  among  people  of  habits  ditTcring  froui 
his  own,  can  not  he  pleututiit. 

S.  State  ;  condition.  He  enjoys  a  situation  of  ease 
and  tranquillity. 

3.  Circumstances  ;  temporary  stale  ;  used  of  per- 
sons in  a  dramatic  scene.  Johnson. 

4.  Place ;  office.  He  has  a  situation  in  the  war 
department,  or  under  government 

SY'VA,  n.     In  Indian  mythology,  n  title  of  the  Supreme 

Being,  in  the  character  of  the  avenger  or  destroyer. 
SIV'AN,  fl.     The  third  month  of  the  Jewish  ecclesias- 
tical year,  answering  to  part  of  our  iMay  and  part  of 
June. 
SIV-A-THE'Rl-UM,  n.    [Siva,  an  Indian  deity,  and 
Gr.  9/?,)i'ir,  a  wild  animal. J 

An  extinct  animal,  whose  skull  and  other  bones 
were    recently  discovered  in    India.      It    had    four 
horns  and  a  proboscis;  was  larger  than  the  rhinoce- 
ros, and  must  have  resembled  an  immense  anteloiie. 
«  Jilantelt. 

SIX,  a.     [Fr.  siz ;  L.  sex  ;  It.  set;  Sp.  seis  ;  D.  lesf  G, 
seeks:   Dan.   and  Sw.  sex;   Sax.  siz;   Gr.  e(.     Qu. 
Sans,  shashta,  Heb.  W  shish.] 
Twice  three  ;  one  more  than  five, 
SIX,  n.    The  number  of  six,  or  twice  three. 

To  be  at  six  and  seven,  ot,  as  more  generally  used, 
at  sixes  and  sevens^  is  to  be  m  disorder. 

Bacon.     Swift.     Shak. 
SIX'FOLD,  a.     [siz  and  fold ;  Sax.  six  and  feald.] 

Six   times    repeated;     six   double;    six   times  as 

much. 

SIX'PENCE,  n.    [*ti  and  pence.]     An  English  silver 

coin  of  the  value  of  six  pennies  ;  half  a  shilling. 

3.  The  value  of  six  pennies  or  half  a  shilling. 

SIX'-PEN-NV,  a.     Worth  sixjwnce ;  as,  a  siz-penny 

loaf. 
SIX'-PET-AL-ED,  a.    In  botany,  having  six  distinct 

petals  or  (lower  leaves.  Martyn. 

SlX'seORE,  a.     [six  and  score.]    Six  times  twenty  ; 

one  hundred  and  twenty.  Sandys. 

SIX'TEEN.  tt.     [Sax.  sittene,  siztyne.^ 

Six  and  ten  ;  noting  the  sum  of  six  and  ten. 
SIX'TEENTH,  a.     [Sax.  sixUotha.] 

The  sixth  nlYer  the  tenth  ;  the  ordinal  of  sixteen. 
SIXTH,  fl.     [Sax.  5irt<i.l 

The  first  after  the  fifth  ;  the  ordinal  of  six. 
SIXTH,  71.     The  sixth  part. 

3.  In  mu^-iV,a  hexachofd,an  interval  of  two  kinds  ; 
the  minor  sixth,  consisting  of  three  tones  and  two 
sentitones  major,  and  the  major  sixth,  composed  of 
four  tones  and  a  major  semitone.  Rousseau. 

SIXTH'LY,  adv.     In  the  sixth  place.  Bacon. 

SIX'TI-ETH,  a.     [Sax.  sixteogotha.] 

The  ordinal  of  sixty. 
SIX'TY,  a.     [Sax.  siztig.] 

Ten  times  six. 
SIX'TY,  n.     The  number  of  six  times  ten. 
SIZ'A-BLE,  a.    [from  size.]    Of  considerable  bulk. 

Jlurd. 
3.  Being  of  reasonable  or  suitable  size  ;  as,  sizable 
timber. 
SI'ZAR,  n.  In  the  university  of  Cambridge,  England, 
the  name  of  u  body  of  students  next  below  the  pen- 
sioners, who  eat  at  the  public  table,  after  the  fellows, 
free  of  expense.  They  formerly  waited  on  the  table 
at  meah,  but  this  is  done  away  with.  They  were 
probably  so  called  from  being  thus  employed  in  dis- 
tributing the  size  or  provisions.     [See  Size,  No.  3.] 

liuber. 
SIZE,  n.     [Either  contracted  from  a.tsize,  or  from  the 
L..  scissus.     I  take  it  to  be  from  the  former,  and  frotn 
the  sense  of  setting,  as  we  apply  the  word  to  the  as- 
size of  bread.] 

1.  Bulk;  bigness;  magnitude;  extent  of  super- 
ficies. Size  particularly  expresses  thickness  ;  as,  the 
size  of  a  tree  or  of  a  roast ;  the  size  of  a  ship  or  of 
a  rock.  A  man  may  be  tall,  with  little  size  of  body. 
3.  A  settled  quantity  or  allowance.  [Contracted 
IVom  assize.] 

3.  At  the  university  of  Cambridge,  England,  food 
and  drink  front  the  buttery,  aside  from  the  n^gnlar 
dinner  at  commons,  corresponding  to  Battel  at  Ox- 
ford. Orad.  ad  Cantab. 

4.  Figurative  bulk  ;  condition  as  to  rank  and  char- 
acter ;  as,  men  of  less  size  and  quality.  [A*u£  rnueh 
used.]  VEstrange. 

5.  With  shoemakers,  a  mehsnre  of  length 

SIZE,  n.  [W.  sytk,  stifT,  rigid,  and  size,  Sp.  sisa; 
from  the  root  of  assize,  that  which  sets  or  fixes.] 

I.  A  kind  of  weak  glue,  used  in  manufactures. 

3.  An  instrument  con^iHtingof  thin  leaves  fastened 
together  at  one  end  by  a  rivet ;  used  for  ascertaining 
the  size  of  pearls.  £ne^c. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PR£Y.  — PINE,  MARLNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


SKE 


SKI 


SKI 


8IZK,  c.  L  To  adjust  or  arrange  according  to  size  or 
bulk.  Hudibras. 

3.  To  settle;  to  fix  the  standard  of;  as,  to  size 
weights  and  measures.     [JV"ow  UuXe  used.] 

3.  To  cover  with  size  ;  to  prepare  with  size. 

4.  To  swell ;  to  increase  the  bulk  of.  Beaum.  JSr  FJ. 

5.  Among  Cornish  miners^  to  separate  the  finer  from 
the  coarser  parts  of  a  met:U  by  sifting  them  through 
a  wire  sieve.  Encyc. 

SIZE,  V.  i.  At  Vu  university  of  Cambridge,  En/rlund, 
to  order  food  or  drink  from  the  buttery  ;  a  word  cor- 
responding to  Battel  at  Oxford.    Orad.  ad  Canttib. 

STZ'ED,  pp.  Adjusted  according  to  sizej  prepared 
with  size. 

2.  a.     Having  a  particular  magnitude.  Shak. 
JVotc. — This   word   is   used    in   compounds;    as, 

inrze-sizedy  common-^iierf,  middle-*i:erf,  &.c. 
SI'ZEL,  n.     In  eoiitinff^  the  residue  of  plates  uf  silver, 

after  pieces  are  cut  out  for  coins. 
SIZ'ER,  n.      In  the  university  of  Cambridge,  a  student 

of  the  rank  next  below  that  of  a  pensioner.     [See 

PiZAR.] 

SIZE'-STICK,  n.  With  shoemakers^  a  measuring 
slick. 

SIZ'I-NESS,  n.  [from  sizy.]  Glutinousness;  via- 
cousness ;  the  quality  of  size ;  as,  the  siitnesg  of 
blood. 

PTZ'ING,  ppr.     Arranging  according  to  size. 

SIZ'ING,  n.  A  kind  uf  weak  glue  used  in  manufac- 
tures.    [See  Size.] 

SrZ'Y,  a.  [from  size.]  Glutinous  ;  thick  and  viscous  ; 
rnpy ;  having  the  adhesiveness  of  size;  as,  sizy 
hloud.  ^rbuthnoL 

SKAD'DLE.  (skad'dl,)  n,     [Sax.  scath,  secath.] 
Hurt;  damage.     [JVot  in  use.'j 

SKAD'DLE,  a.     Hurtful ;  mischievous.     [J^otinuse.] 

Ray, 

SKAD'DOXS,  n.  pL  The  embryos  of  bees.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Bailry. 

SKAIN,  Ji.     [Fr.  escaigne.] 

A  knot  of  thread,  yarn,  or  silk,  or  a  number  of 
knots  collected.  F.ncycy  art.  Rope. 

SKAIXS'MATE,  n.  A  messmate;  a  companion. 
[JVut  in  use.]  Skak, 

SKALD,  n.     [Ciu.  Sw.  scaRa,  to  sing.] 

An  ancient  Scandinavian  poet  or  bard. 

SKA  RE  I  "■    ^^''**  »  *'"*''* '  ^^^'  Orose, 

SKATE*  n.  [D.  schaats:  probably  from  the  root  of 
shout ;  It.  scatto,  a  slip  or  slide.] 

A  frame  of  wood  furnished  with  a  smooth  iron  and 
fastened  under  the  foot,  for  moving  rapidly  on  ice. 

SKA  TE,  r.  t.    To  slide  or  move  on  skates. 

SKATE,  n.  [Sax.  jcfarfrfa  .-  It.  squatus^  sqitatina  ;  W. 
e&th  vor  nr  morgath,  that  is,  seaeat.  This  shows  that 
skate  is  formed  on  caL  The  primary  sense  of  cat  I 
do  not  know  ;  but  in  W.  c&ih  eithen  is  a  hare  ;  that 
is,  furze  or  gora-e-eat.] 

A  popular  name  of  numerous  cartilaginous  fishes 
of  the  genus  Raia, having  the  body  much  depressed, 
and  more  nr  less  of  a  rJinmboidal  form.  The  Raia 
Batis,  called  the  Skate,  Gray  Skate,  or  Blue  Skate,  is 
ttie  most  common,  weizhius  sometimes  300  pounds, 
and  is  much  used  for  the  table.  ^ 

P.  Cye.     Jardine^s  JVat,  Lib. 

PK;(T'ER,  ji.     One  that  skates  on  ice.  Johnson. 

SKAT'I.VG,  n.     The  act  or  art  of  moving  on  skates. 

PKAT'iNG,  ppr.     Sliding  or  moving  on  bkatc^. 

BKKAN,  n.     [Sax.  s<Bgen.] 

A  short  sword,  or  a  knife.     [A'ot  in  use.] 

PKEED.     See  Seid.  [Bacon.     Spenser. 

SKEEL,  ».     [G.  schale,  Eng.  sheiL] 

A  shallow,  wooden  vessel  (or  holding  milk  or 
crt-am.     [Local.]  Orose. 

SKEET,  n.  A  long  scoop  used  to  wet  the  sides  of 
ship<4  or  the  sails  of  small  vessels.  Mar.  DicL 

SKEG,  n.     A  sort  of  wild  plum.  Johnson, 

.«KEG'GER,  n.     A  little  salmon.  fTalton. 

SK£I.\,  (skane,)  n.  A  knot  or  a  number  of  knots  of 
ihrr.id,  ailk,  or  yarn. 

SKEL'DER,  n.    A  cant  term  for  a  vagrant. 

B.  Jonson. 

SKEI/E-TON,  «.  [Fr.  sgndette;  It.  scheletro:  8p, 
f.-^uetefa  I  Or.  tTftXerni:,  nr>',  from  tiK'.Wo't  to  dry, 
that  is,  to  contract ;  allied  pt- rhaps  to  L.  calico^  cal- 
lus.] 

I.  The  bones  of  an  animal  body,  separated  fnjm 
the  f1*-)ihand  retained  in  their  natiiml  pnsition  or  con- 
nections. When  the  bones  are  connected  by  Ihe  nat- 
ural ItgamenLs,  it  is  called  a  natural  skeleton  ;  when 
by  wires,  or  any  foreign  substance,  an  artificial  skel- 
eton. Kncye.      tVi^tar. 

2-  The  compages,  general  structure,  or  frame  of 
any  thing  ;  the  principal  parts  that  support  the  rest, 
but  wiHiMiit  the  appendag'-s, 

3.  The  heads  and  outline  of  a  literary  perform- 
ance, particularly  of  a  sermon. 

4.  A  very  thin  or  lean  person. 
SKEL'E-TON-KEY,  n,   A  thin,  light  key,  with  nearly 

the  whole  substance  of  the  bits  filed  away,  so  that  it 
may  be  less  obstructed  by  the  wards  of  a  lock. 

SKEL'LUM,  n.     |G.  ^thetm.]  [Hebert. 

A  scoundrel,     [•^ot  in  use.] 

SKEL'LY,  V.  L    To  sijuint;  SrocketL 


SKELP,  n.     A  blow  ;  a  smart  stroke.  BroeketL 

SKEP,  n.     A  coarse,  round  farm-basket.     [J\rot  used  m 

.America.]  Tasser.     Faniu  Encyc. 

2,  In  Scotland,  the  repository  ia  which  bees  lay 

their  honey.  Johnson. 

SKEP'Tie,  n.      [Gr.   oxcirriKfiy  from   tTKiTTTOfiat,  to 

look  about,  to  consider,  to  speculate  ;  Sax.  sceavjiany 

to  look  about,  to  see,  also  to  show.     See  Show  J 

1.  One  who  doubts  the  truth  and  reality  of  any 
principle  or  system  of  principles  or  doctrines.  In 
philosophy,  a  Pyrrhonist  or  follower  of  Pyrrho,  the 
founder  of  a  sect  of  skeptical  philosophers,  who 
maintained  that  no  certain  iufetences  can  be  drawn 
from  the  reports  of  the  senses,  and  who  therefore 
doubted  of  ever>'  thing.  Enfield. 

2.  In  theoloiry,  a  person  who  doubts  the  existence 
and  perfections  of  God,  or  the  truth  of  revelation  ; 
one  who  diybelieves  the  divine  original  of  the  Chris- 
tian religion. 

Suffer  not  you  raith lo  be  shaken  by  the  Bopbistriei  of  ak^tic*. 

Clarice. 

SKEP'TI€,  )a.      Doubting;  hesitating  to  admit 

SKEP'Tie-AL,  \      the  certainty  of  doctrines  or  prin- 
ciples ;  doubting  of  every  thing. 
2.  Doubting  or  denying  the  truth  of  revelation. 


SKEP'Tie-AL-LY,  odr.  With  doubt;  in  a  doubling 
manner. 

SKEP'Tie-AL-NESS,  n.  Doubt;  pretense  or  pro- 
fession of  doubt. 

SKEP'TI-CISM,  n.     [Fr.  scepticisme.] 

1.  The  doctrines  and  opinions  of  the  Pyrrhonists 
or  skeptical  philosophers;  universal  doubt;  the 
scheme  of  philosophy  which  denies  the  certainty  of 
any  knowledge  respecting  the  phenomena  of  na- 
ture. 

2.  In  theolotry,  a  doubting  of  the  truth  of  revela- 
tion, or  a  denial  of  the  divine  origin  of  the  Chris- 
tian religion,  or  of  the  being,  perfections,  or  truth  of 
God. 

Let  no  dp»pon(fc>ncy,  or  limiilily,  or  ■ecrrt  »ktptiri»m.  If  ad  any  one 
to  UouU  ubetlKT  thu  UcMcd  proapcci  will  be  realiKd. 

S.  MiUer. 

SKEP'TI-CTZE,  r.  i.  To  doubt ;  to  pretend  lo  doubt 
of  everything.     [Little  used.]  Shaftesbury. 

SKER'RY,  n,     A  rocky  isle. 

SKETCH,  R.  [Ih  sehets ;  G.  skiite ;  Ft.  esquisse;  Sp. 
esquicio ;  It.  schiizo,  a  sketch,  a  squirting,  a  spurt,  a 
gushing,  a  leap,  bop,  or  frisking  ;  schiziare,io  squirt, 
to  spin,  stream,  or  spout.  We  see  the  primar>'  st-nse 
of  the  verb  is,  to  throw,  the  sense  of  shoot.  It,  scat- 
tare,  L.  se<tteo.] 

An  outline  or  general  delineation  of  any  thing  ;  a 
first  rough  or  incomplete  draught  of  a  plan  or  any  de- 
sign ;  as,  the  sketch  of  a  building ;  the  sketch  of  an 
essay. 

SKETCH,  r.  t.  To  draw  the  outline  or  general  figure 
of  a  thing  ;  to  make  a  rough  draught.  JVatts. 

2.  To  plan  by  giving  the  principal  points  or  ideas. 

Dnjden. 

SKETCir^D,    (skecht,)    pp.       Having    the    outline 

SKETCH'ER,  n.     One  who  sketches.  [drawn. 

SKETCIi'I  NESS,  n.     State  of  being  sketchy. 

SKETCH'ING,  ppr.     Drawing  the  outline. 

SKETCU'Y,  a.  Containing  only  an  outline  ;  incom- 
phtc. 

SKEW,  (skti,)  ailv.     [G.  schief;  Dan.  skitev.] 
Awry  ;  oliliquely.     [See  A«kkw.] 

SKEW,  1%  t.     [Dan.  skutver,  to  twist  or  distort.] 

I.  To  look  obliquely  upon;  to  notice  slightly. 
[A"i;(  in  use.]  Beaum. 

fi.  To  shape  or  form  in  an  oblique  way.  [JVot  in 
u-^e.] 

SKEVV   r.i. 


To  walk  obliquely.    [Local.] 

SKEW'BACK,  (ska'bjik,)  n-  In  brickwork  and  ma- 
sonry, the  abutment  which  slopes  to  receive  the  end 
of  nn  arch,  Brande. 

SKEW'BRIDCE,  n.    A  kind  of  bridge  npon  a  railroad, 
wlif^n  it  intersects  any  existing  comumnication 
ohliqtii-Iy. 

SKEWER,  (skQ'er,)  n.  A  pin  of  wood  or  iron  for 
fastening  meat  to  a  spit,  or  for  keeping  it  in  form 
while  roasting.  Drydcn. 

PKEW'ER,  r.i     To  fasten  with  skewers. 

SKEW'ER-ING,  ppr.     Fastening  with  skewers. 

SKID,  n.  A  piece  of  timber  pliired  up  and  down  the 
side  of  n  vi-ssel,  to  preserve  it  from  injury  by  heavy 
bodies  hoisted  or  lowered  against  it.  Tottcn. 

2.  A  chain  used  for  fastening  the  wheels  of  a  wag- 
on, to  prevent  '\\a  turning  when  descending  a  steep 
hill.  Farm.  Encyc. 

3.  A  name  given  to  pieces  of  timber  used  for  sup- 
p<')rts,  as  of  a  ritw  of  barrels,  A.c.  Jimerica. 

SKIFF,  V.  (Fr.  rw/Mi/;  It.  sckifo ;  Sp.  esi/iiifo;  L. 
aatpha  ;  G.  schiff;  from  the  same  root  as  skip.] 

A  small,  light  boat,  rescmliliuK  a  yawl.   Jilar.  Diet. 

SKIFF,  V.  £,     I'o  pass  over  in  a  light  boat. 

SKILL,  n.  [f^&i.  jfcylan,  to  scpanite,  to  distinguish; 
Ice.  and  Sw.  skilia^  Dan  nkiller,  to  divide,  sever, 
part ;  whence  shield,  that  which  separates,  and  hence 
that  which  protects  or  defends  ;  D.  sche.elen,  to  differ  ; 
schilten,  to  i«5el  or  pare.  Scale  is  from  the  root  of  these 


words,  as  in  shell.  Sax.  scyl,  sceal.  In  Heb.  Sao  is, 
foolish,  perverse,  and  as  a  verb,  to  pervert,  to  be  fool- 
ish or  perverse  ;  in  Cb.  to  understand  or  consider,  to 
look,  to  regard,  lo  cause  lo  know,  whence  knowl- 
edge, knowing,  wise,  wisdom,  understanding;  Rab. 
to  be  ignorant  or  foolish  ;  Syr.  to  be  foolish,  to  wan- 
der in  inind,  also,  to  cause  to  undertjtand,  to  know, 
lo  perceive,  to  discern,  also,  to  err,  to  do  wrong,  to 
sin,  to  fail  in  duty  ;  whence,  foolish,  fully,  ignorance, 
error,  sin,  and  understanding;  Sam.  to  be  wont  or 
accustomed,  to  look  or  behold.  The  same  verb  with 
V,  Heb.  Saw,  signifies,  to  understand,  to  be  wise, 
whence  wisdom,  understanding,  also,  to  waste,  lo 
scatter,  or  destroy,  lo  bereave,  also,  to  prosper;  Ch. 
to  understand;  ^h'^V  to  complete,  to  perfect;  t?^ 
with  a  prefix.  This  signifies,  also,  to  found,  to  lay  a 
foundation;  Syr.  to  found,  also,  to  finish,  complete, 

adorn,  from  the  same  root;  Ar.  V,f-T^^  shakala,  to 

bind  or  tie,  whence  Enti.  shackles ;  also,  to  be  dark, 
obscure,  intricate,  diflicult,  to  form,  to  make  like,  to 
be  of  a  beautiful  form,  to  know,  to  be  ignorant,  to 
agree,  suit,  or  become.  These  verbs  appear  to  bo 
formed  on  the  ro<)t  ^3,  S^^  to  hold,  or  restrain,  which 
coincides  in  signification  with  the  Ch.  and  Eth.  7n3, 
to  be  able,  L.  calleo,  that  is,  to  strain,  stretch,  reach, 
and  with  SS^,  to  perfect,  that  is,  lo  make  sound,  or 
to  reach  the  utmost  limit.  The  sense  of  folly,  error, 
sin,  perverseness,  is  from  wandering,  deviation^  Gr. 
oKoXtoi;  the  sense  of  aftiW  and  understanding  is  Irom 
separation,  discernment,  or  from  taking,  holding,  or 
reaching  to,  for  strength  and  knowledge  are  allied, 
and  often  from  tension.  The  sense  of  ignorance 
and  error  is  from  wandering  or  deviation,  or  per- 
haps it  proceeds  from  a  negiitive  sense  given  to  the 
frimary  verb  by  the  prefix,  like  ex  in  Latin  and  s  in 
talian.  The  Arabic  sense  of  binding  and  sliacklea 
is  from  straining.  The  Eng.  shall  and  should  belong 
to  this  family.] 

L  The  fauidiar  knowledge  of  any  art  or  science, 
united  with  readiness  and  dexterity  in  execution  or 
performance,  or  in  the  application  of  the  art  or  sci- 
ence lo  practical  purp4ises.  Thus  we  speak  of  the 
skill  of  a  matliematician,  of  a  surveyor,  of  a  phy- 
sician or  surgeon,  uf  a  mechanic  or  seaman.  So  we 
speak  of  skill  in  management  or  negotiation. 

Dryden.     Swift 

2.  Any  particular  art.     [JVot  in  use.]  Hooker. 

SKILL,  V.  t.     To  know;  to  understand.     [Obs.] 
SKILL,  V.  i.     To  be  knowing  in;  to  be  dextrous  in 
performance.     [  Obs.]  Spenser. 

2.  To  differ;  to  make  diflerencc  ;  to  matter  or  be 
of  interest.     [Obs.]  Hooker.     Bacon. 

LThis  is  the  Teutonic  and  Oothic  sense  of  the  word.] 
L'>;D,  a.  Having  familiar  knowledge  united  with 
readiness  and  dexterity  in  the  application  of  it;  fa- 
miliarly acquainted  with  ;  expert;  skillful;  followed 
by  in  ;  as,  a  professor  skilled  in  logic  or  geometry  ; 
one  skilled  iu  the  art  of  engraving. 

SKILL'LESS,  a.     Wanting  skill ;  artless.  Shak. 

SKIL'LET,  V.     [au.  Fr.  ecuelle,  ecuelleUe.] 

A  small  vessel  of  iron,  copper,  or  other  metal,  with 
a  long  handle,  used  for  heating  and  boiling  water  and 
other  culinary  purposes. 

SKILL'FJJL,  a.  Knowing;  well  versed  in  any  art ; 
hence,  dextrous  ;  able  in  management ;  able  In  per- 
form nicely  any  manual  oi>eration  in  the  arts  or  pro- 
fessions ;  OS,  a  skillful  mechanic ;  a  skillful  operator 
in  surgery. 
2.  Well  versed  in  practice ;  as,  n  skillful  physician. 
It  is  followed  by  at  or  )»  ,"  as,  skillful  at  the  organ  ; 
skillful  in  drawing. 

SKILL'FJJI-^LY,  adv.  With  skill ;  with  nice  art  ;  dex- 
trously  ;  as,  a  machine  skillfully  made  ;  a  ship  skill- 
fullv  managed. 

SKILL'FiJL-NESS.ff.  The  quality  of  possessing  skill; 
dextrousness  ;  ability  lo  perform  well  in  any  part  or 
business,  or  to  manage  afluirs  with  judgment  and 
exactness,  or  according  lo  good  taste  or  just  rules  j 
knowlfdjre  and  ability  derived  from  experience. 

SKIL'LIi\*i,  n.  A  bay  of  a  barn  ;  also,  a  slight  addi- 
tion to  a  collage.     [Ij}cal.' 


>cal.] 
..]    Dif 


SKILT,  n.     [See  Skill.]    Diflerence.     [Obs.] 

Clraveland. 
SKIM,  n.      [A  difierent  orthography  of  Set  m.    Fr. 

icume  f  IL  schiuma  ;  G.  sehaum  :  D.  schuim  ,•  Dan.  and 

Sw.  skum  1  Ir.  s:rcimhim,  to  skim.] 
Scum  ;  the  thick  matter  that  forms  on  the  surface 

of  a  liquor.     [Little  u.'^ed.] 
SKIM,  r.  t.    To  Uike  ofl^  the  thick,  gross  matterwhich 

separates  from  any  liquid  substance,  and  collects  on 

the  surface  ;  as,  to  skim  milk  by  taking  off  the  cream. 

2.  To  take  off  by  skimming  ;  as,  to  skim  cream. 

Oryden. 

3.  To  pass  near  the  surface;  to  brush  Iho  surface 
slightly. 

The  •wnllow  iHmi  tho  rivcr'«  watery  farfl,  IhyUn, 

SKIM,  V.  i.  To  pass  lightly  ;  to  glide  along  in  an  even, 
smooth  course,  or  without  flapping  ;  m^,  an  eagle  or 
hawk  skims  along  the  ethereal  regions. 
2.  To  glide  along  near  Ihe  surface  ;  lo  pass  Hchtly 

Pope. 


TONE,  BJ;LL,  TJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0U9.  — €  as  K;  0  aa  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  na  in  THIS. 


SKI 

3.  To  hasten  over  superficially  or  wiUi  slight  at- 
tCDtion. 

TlM-jr  akin  oT«r  »  KiMiea  In  a  supfrficiAl  surrey.        WaBa. 

SKTM'BLE-Se.VM'BLE,  a.     [A  UiipUcalion  of  seam- 
ble.]    Wandering;  di9i>rderly.  fi*cJf. 

[j9  laWt  unautAoriifd  tcorti.] 
SKIM'-€6LT'ER,      (  n.     A  colter  for  paring  off  the 
SKIM'-eOULT'ER,  1      surface  of  land. 
SKIM'M£D,  pp,  or  a.     Taken  from  the  surface  ;  hav- 
ing the  thick  matter  taken  from  the  surface ;  brushed 
alone  ,  _ 

SKIM'MER,  n.      A  ntensil  in  the  form  of  a  scoop, 
used  for  skimminc  Ii<iu«ir*. 
«    One  that  skims  over  a  subjocl.     [Ltttlt  used,] 
3.  A  *vel>-fiK»ce4  watiT-fowl.  of  the  gcnun  Rhyn- 
chops.    The  black  skimmer,  Rhynchups  ni)!nt,  is  also 
called  CuTWATKRnnd  Shkahwater,  whieh  see. 

,\-uttaU,     P.  Cyc, 
PKIM'-MILK,  I  n.     Milk  from  which  the  cream 

SKIM'MKn-MILK,  S      has  ber»  t.nken. 
SKIM'.MIN'G^fpr.    Taking  from  the  surface,  as  cream 
fn>m  milk, 
a.  Glidins  liehlty  along  near  the  Riirfaeo. 
SKIM'MING~LY.  arfe.     By  gliding  alonji  the  surface. 
SKIM'MINfi-TON,  I  «.      A  vulpar  word,    [fn-m   the 
SKIM'I  TRY,  t       Danish  gkirmter,  to  Jest,]  used 

in  the  phmse  to  ride  sktmmiiistto»,  or  skimttry,  which 
conflicted  in  making  a  man  who  had  been  beaten  by 
hb  wife  ride  iM-hind  a  \%  oman  on  a  hor^^e,  with  his 
(hce  to  the  horse's  tail,  followtd  by  a  pn>cession  of 
rough  mufiic,  as  frying-pans,  bulU'-horns,  marrow- 
bones, cleavers,  &c.  HalliieelL 
SKIM'MINGS,  ■.  pL  Matters  skimmed  from  the  sur- 
face of  liquors.  Edieards^  fVeM  fHdir.f. 
SKIN,  R.  [Sax.  stint  Sw.  sktitn;  Dan.  skiitd,  a  skin  ; 
G.  «AiflJrn,  to  day  ;  Ir.  *con»,  a  membr\ne  ;  \V.  ^»- 
gii^  a  robe  made  of  skin,  a  pf-liisse,  said  to  be  from 
dii,  a  spread  iv  covering.  But  in  Welsh  cin  is  skin, 
peel,  or  rind.  This  may  sipufy,  a  covering,  or  a  peel, 
from  stripping.] 

1.  The  natural  covering  of  animal  bodtc-o,  consist- 
ing of  the  cuticle,  or  scarf-skin,  the  rete  mua^um, 
and  the  cutis,  or  hide.  The  cuticle  is  very  tliin  and 
insensible  -,  the  cutis  is  thicker  and  very  sensible. 

//arccy. 
9.  A  hide  ;  a  pelt ;  the  skin  of  an  animal  separated 
from  the  body,  whether  green,  dry,  or  Uinned. 
3l  The  body  i  the  person  ;  in  lukicrauj  language, 
L*  BlgtrAtge. 
A.  The  bark  or  husk  of  a  plant ;  the  exterior  coat 
of  frails  and  plants. 
SKIN,  r.  L    To  strip  off  the  skin  or  hide  ;  to  flay ;  to 
peel.  EUis, 

3.  To  cover  with  okin.  IhytUn. 

3.  To  cover  supertirially.  ^ddUon. 

8KIN,  p.  u    To  be  covered  with  skin  ,  as,  a  wound 

gkiiu  over, 
SKIN'-DEEP,  m.    Stiperftclal ;  not  deep  ;  stiEhL 

FtiUum. 
SKINTLINT,  ii.    [skim  and  JKmL]    A  very  aigi^riXf 

person. 
SKINK.  «.     [Sax.  aenc] 

1,  Drink:  pottage.     [0*».]  Baemt. 

2.  [I*,  jciwcju.]  A  small  species  of  lirard,  found 
in  Nurtheni  and  Western  .\frica,  and  considered  by 
the  aitcit-nts  a  sort  of  universal  medicine  ;  also,  the 
common  name  of  a  genus  of  lir.ards,  or  saurian  rep- 
Ule«,  to  which  the  othcinat  skiitk  belongs.  They 
bare  a  long  body,  entirely  covered  with  rounded  im- 
bricate scales,  and  are  alt  natives  of  warm  climates. 

Ed.  Encve.     P.  Cm. 
SKINK,  V.  t.     [Pax.  xcraraa  :  G.  and  D.  fthfitkcn  :  Dan. 
gkienker :  Sw.  skdnka :  Ice.  skenkia,  to  bestow ,  to  make 
a  present.] 
To  serve  drink.     [  Oft*.] 
SKIXK'ER-  «.     One  that  serves  liquors.     [06.?.] 

Shak. 
SKIN'LESS, «.    [from  dtuu]    Having  a  thin  skin  ;  as, 

»kimU<s  fruit. 
SKI.N'NED,  pp.    Stripped  (^  the  skin  ;  flayed. 

2.  Covered  with  skin. 
SKIN'NER,  n.     One  that  skins, 

9.  One  that  deals  in  «k)ns,  pelts,  or  hideji. 
9K1N'\I-\ES3,  a.     The  qualilv  of  being  skinny. 
SKIX'XING,  ppr.     StrippinB  of  the  skin  ;  flaying. 
SKIN'NV,  a.     Consisting  of  akin,  or  of  »kin  only; 

wanting  flesh.  Ray.    JiddUoru 

SKIP,  r.  t.     [Dan.  kipper^  to  leap ;  Ice.  datpa.] 

To  leap ;  to  bound  ;  to  spring ;  u  a  goat  or  lamb. 

TV  Ixmb  ihy  not  dovna  lo  Ured  to-Aar, 

Il*d  be  U17  iraaira,  vookl  tm  akip  lod  ji^j  *  Pope. 

To  skip  op«r  ,•  to  pass  without  notice  j  to  omit. 

Bacon. 
SKIP.  r.  t.    To  pass  over  or  by  j  to  omit ;  to  miss  j  to 
leap  over. 

T\cj  who  hATc  a  miod  I 
ctuipten. 

SKIP,  n.     A  leap ;  a  bound  ;  a  spring.  Sidney. 

2.  In  mufit,  a  paissage  from  one  sound  lo  another^ 
by  mjre  than  a  degree  at  orfce.  Busby. 

SKIP'-J  A.CK,  a.     An  upstart.  L" Estranee, 

SKIP'-KEN-NEI.,  n.     A  lackey  ;  a  footboy. 


SKO 

SKIP'PER,  n.  [Dan.  skipper;  D.  scAipper.  See 
SHirJ 

1.  The  master  of  a  small  trading  or  merchant  ves- 

2.  Tfrom  jJtijB.  1    A  dancer.  [sel. 

3.  A  youngling  ;  a  young,  thoughtless  person. 

Siutiu 

4.  The  honifish,  so  cilled. 

5.  The  cheese  maggot. 

SKIP'PET,  a.  [See  Ship  and  Skifi-.]  A  small  boat. 
l.Ypt  iM  %uie.]  Spenser. 

SKIP'PING,  ;>y»r.  ora.  I.eaping  ;  bounding.  Skipping 
Noff.4,  in  muji«,  are  notes  that  are  not  in  regular 
cotirse,  but  separate. 

SKIP'IMNC-LV.  adp.    By  leaps. 

SKIPPKNG-RCPE,  a.  A  small  rope  used  by  young 
persons  in  skipping,  or  leaping  up  and  down. 

SKIRM'ISII,  (skur'mish,)  n.  [Fr.  e.^cannouche ;  It. 
scaramuccia  ;  Sp.  escarainuza  ;  Port,  escaratnu^a  ;  G. 
scharTMiltiei ;  D.  sehennutselinff ;  Sw.  skanni/tsel; 
Dan.  skiertaydsei ;  W.  ysgarm,  outcr>' i  ysgarmuy  to 
shout;  ynirannes,  a  shouting, a  skirmish  ;  from jrarm, 
a  shout.  The  priniarj-  sense  is,  to  throw  or  drive.  In 
some  of  the  languages,  skirmush  appears  to  be  con- 
nected with  a  word  signifying  d^cnse;  but  defense 
is  from  drivine,  repelling.] 

1.  A  slight  fight  in  war  ;  a  light  combat  by  armies 
at  a  great  distance  from  each  other,  or  between  de- 
tachments and  small  parties. 

2.  A  contest;  a  contention. 

Thev  nrrer  mecl  but  Uiere'a  a  riirmitA  of  wiL  SttaJe, 

SKTR.M'ISH,  r.  t.  To  fight  slightly  or  in  small  par- 
ties. 

SKIRM'IPH-ER,  «.     One  that  skirmishes. 

SKIRM'ISH-ING,  (skur'-,)  ppr.  Fighting  slightly  or 
in  detached  i»arties. 

SKIRM'ISH-LNG,  (skur*-,)  n.  The  act  of  fighting  in  a 
Kx>se  or  sliglit  encounter. 

SKTRR,  F.  L.  To  scour;  to  ramble  over  in  order  to 
clear.     [J\"ot  in  use.]  Shak. 

SKIRR,  V.  i.  To  scour  ;  to  scud  ;  to  run  hastily.  [JVot 
in  u.te,}  Shak. 

SKIR'KET,ji.  A  plant,  the  Slum  Sisanim,a  native  of 
China,  Cochi^<■hina,  Corea,  Japan,  &c.  It  has  been 
cultivated  in  l^urope,  time  immemorial,  for  the  sake 
of  its  efcruie?:  nnA,  which  somewhat  resembles  tlie 
parsnep  iu  ^.avuj,  i:  U  eaten  boiled,  with  butter, 
pepper,  tc,  or  h»'M»oi;c«,  and  sulisequenlly  fried. 
It  is  A  valuable  C'.l:i<r^'^  vcjrtable. 

SKIK'KI1U.S.  S<:ti  ^ivBHuv.  [The  spelling  Sxia- 
.  RHUS  would  i>»:  pr.*fRra-^e.] 

SKIRT,  (skur;.}  u.  [^Sn.  s«w*ta,  a  shift  or  close  gar- 
ment :  Dun.  gkior:^  a  petticoat ;  skioj-te^  a  jtAiVt,  a 
shifL  Theite  words  soom  to  be  froi:;  the  root  of  sAort, 
from  cutting  orl.] 

1.  The  lowor  »nd  Io<»9e  part  of  a  coat  orotiirr  gar- 
ment i  the  part  bi-low  the  waist ;  as,  the  skirt  ol  a 
coat  or  mantle.     1  Soia.  xv. 

2.  The  edge  of  any  part  of  dress.  Addison. 

3.  Border ;  edge  ;  margin  ;  extreme  part ;  as,  the 
skirt  of  a  forest ;  the  nkirt  of  a  town.  Drydcn. 

4.  A  woman's  garment  like  a  petticonL 

5.  The  diaphragm  or  midriff  in  animals. 

To  spread  tJu  skirt  over ;  in  Scripture,  to  take  under 

one's  care  and  protection.     Ruth  tii. 
SKIRT,  r.  L     To  border  ;  to  form  the  border  or  edge  ; 

or  to  run  along  the  edjie  ;  as,  a  plain  skirted  by  rows 

of  trees  ;  a  circuit  skirted  round  with  wood. 

jiddi^on. 
SKIRT,  p.  t.    To  bo  on  the  border  j  to  live  near  the 

extremity. 

Saviii^*  — wKo  stirt  along  owr  W'-stem  fronll'Ta.   S.  .9.  SmitA, 
SKIRT'ING,  i   n.       The     narrow,    vertical 

SKIRT'ING-BOARD,  (        board,  placed    round    the 

margin  of  a  floor.  OailU 

SKIR'I'ED,  pp.     Bordered. 

SKIRT'ING,  ppr.     Bordering  ;  fonning  a  border. 
SKIT,  n.     A  wanton  girl;  a  reflection  ;  a  jeer  or  gibe  ; 

a  whim.    [Obs.] 
SKIT,  V.  t,      [Sax.  scitan;    primarily  to  throw,  to 

sh/int] 

To  cast  reflections.     [Local.]  Grose. 

SKITTISH,  a.     [Uu.  Fr.  ecoiueuz.     Pee  Scud.J 

1.  Shy;  easily  friehtened  ;  shunning  familiarity; 
timorous  ;  as,  a  re«tiff,  >ikitti-^h  jade.      L* Eitrangt. 

2.  Wanton  ;  volatile  ;  hasty.        '  Shak. 

3.  Changeable  ;  fickle ;  as,  skittish  fortune.     Skak. 
SKIT'TISU-LY,    ado.     Shyly;  wantonly;     change- 
ably. 

SKIT'TIsn-NESS,  n.     Shyness;  aptness  to  fear  ap- 
pro.ich  ;  timidity. 
9.  Fickleness  ;  wantonness. 
SKIT'TLES,  (skit'Ilz,)  n.     Ninepins.  Wartm^ 

SKI'VEKS,  n.  pL  fG.  scAie/erw,  to  shiver,  lo  scale  ; 
D.  sehtify  a  slice  ;  Dan.  skive^  a  slice,  skifer^  skioer,  a 
slate.]' 

Sheepskins  split  ordividedforthe  purpose  of  book- 
binding. 
SKOL'E-ZTTE, )  n.  [Scolecite  is,etymologicalIy,the 
S€OL'E-CITE,  \  proptr  spt-lline-]  One  division  of 
the  old  species  Mesotype,  occurring  in  radiated  crys- 
tallizations of  a  white  color  or  transparent,  and  con- 
sisting of  silica,  alumina,  and  lime,  with  13^  per 
cent,  of  water.    When  a  small  portion  of  it  is  placed 


Prior. 
one  who 
Totten, 


SKY 

In  the  exterior  flame  of  the  blowpi[ie,it  twists  like  a 

worm,  [<T>tii>\iii,]  becomes  opiiqiie,  and  is  converted 

into  a  likbhy,  colorless  glass.  Dana.     Phillips. 

SKONCE.    See  Sconce. 

SKOR'O-DTTE,  (  ».     [Gr.  oKOfio^ou,  gariic ;  from  its 
SeoK'ODTTE,  i      smell  under  the  blowpipe.     Seoa- 

ootTs  is,  etymologically,  thu  proper  s[K-lling.] 

A  native  compound  of  arsenic  acid  and  oxyd  of 

iron,  having  a  leek-green  or  brownish  color.     Diuia. 
SKOR'ZITE,  H.     [from  Skorza.]    A  variety  of  epidutc. 

[See  ScoRZA.l 
SKREEN.     See  Screen. 
SKRINOE,  properly  Schinoe  ;  a  vulgar  corruption  of 

Crinoe. 
SKCE.     See  Skew. 

SKUG,  V.  U    To  hide.     [Local.]  Ifalliwrtl. 

SKULK,  r.  t.     [Dan.  .xAiWfr,-   H\v.  skyla  ;    D.  schuilen, 

to  hide,  shelter,  sciilk  ;  the  Eng.  shrUer.] 
To  lurk  ;  to  withdraw  into  a  corner,  or  inlon  close 

place  for  concealment. 

No  nfv.t  of  Plivl !   ihr  brid'-^rooTti  cam", 
Aiiit  lhoii;;lit  hit  triili-  hnil  tkiilked  fur  ■huiiiQ. 
Anil  akiilk  bultiml  Uw  ■nlXj'rfu^'  of  art. 
SKULK,  \  n.     A   person    who  skulks 

SKULK'ER,  )     av(.ids  duly. 
SKULK'^D,  (skulkt,)  pp.    Lurked  ;  concealed. 
SKULK'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Lurking;  withdrawing  into 

a  riose  phice  for  concealinenl. 
SKULK'ING-LY,  adv.     In  a  skulking  manner. 
SKULL,  n.     rSw.  skaltr,  skull;    ekal,  a  Jthell  ;    Dan 
skal,   a  shell,   the  skull,  and   skoll,   the   skull;    U. 
ftehcel ;    G.  hirnsdiuley   braiu-shell ;    Sp.  choUa.     See 
Shell.] 

1.  The  bone  that  forms  the  exterior  of  the  head, 
and  incloses  the  brain.  It  is  com|K)8cd  of  several 
parts  united  at  the  sutures. 

2.  A  person. 

Skulla  tlial  can  not  trach  and  will  not  Icnrn.  Covper, 

3.  Skull,  for  shoal  or  school,  of  fish.     [J^'ot  used,] 
SKULL'-CAP,  n.     A  head-piece. 

2.  A  herbaceous  plant  of  the  genus  Pciilollaria,  the 
calyx  of  whose  tlower,  when  inverted,  appears  like 
a  helmet  with  the  vi7.t>r  raised.  Loudon. 

SKUNK,  n.  A  digiiignide,  carnivorous  mnmuial,  the 
Mephitis  AmericaJia,  found  over  a  very  wide  extent 
of  country,  both  in  North  and  South  Americiu  It  ts 
nearly  allied  to  the  weasel  on  the  one  hand,  and  to 
the  otter  on  the  oilier.  This  animal  has  two  glands 
near  the  inferior  extremity  of  the  alimentary  canal, 
which  secrete  an  extremely  fclid  liquor,  and  which 
the  animal  has  the  power  of  emitting  at  pleasure  as 
a  means  of  defense.  This  liquor  pfpssesses  valuable 
medicinal  powers,  but  its  extreme  offcnsivencss  in- 
ttrff-res  with  its  use. 

SKUNK'-eAB'BAGE,  (  n.      A  herbaceous  plant,  the 

SKUNK'-WEED,  (      Ictodes  fielidus  or  Potlios 

foFMida,  so  named  from  its  smell.    It  has  large  leaves, 
and  grotvs  in  low,  wet  groumls  in  America. 

BigetotB.     Dnenj, 

SKUR'RY,  a.     Haste;  impetuosity.  BrockrU. 

SKCTE,  M.     A  boat.     [.See  Scow.] 

SKV,  n.  [Sw.  sky^  Dan.-j*Ai/fl,  a  cloud;  Dan,  sky- 
himmel,  tile  vault  of  heaven.] 

1.  The  aerial  region  which  surrounds  the  earth  ; 
the  apparent  arch  or  vault  of  heaven,  which  in  a  clear 
day  is  of  a  blue  color.  Milton, 

■X  The  heavens.  Dryden. 

3.  The  weather;  the  climate.  Johnson. 
A.  A  rioild  ;  a  shadow.     [  Obs.']  Gvwcr, 

SKY'-BLuE,  a.     Of  the  blue  color  of  the  sky. 
SKT'-BORN,  a.     Born  or  panluced  in  the  sky. 

Collins. 
SKV'-BUILT,  (bilt,)  a.    Built  in  the  sky. 

Wordstnnrth. 
SK?'-C01^0R,  (kul-lur,)  n.     The  color  of  the  sky; 

a  particular  species  of  blue  color;  azure.       Bm/fe. 
SKV'-€0L-OR-£D,  (kuMurd,)  o.    Like  the  sky  in 

color;  blue;  azure,  .Addison. 

SK?'-DV-£D,  C-dide,)  a.    Colored  like  the  sky. 

Pope, 
SK?'£D,  (sklde,)  a.    Surroumled  by  sky,     [Poetic] 

Thomson, 
SK?'EY,  a.     Like  the  sky  ;  ethereal. 
SKV-MTGII,  atlB.     High  as  the  sky  ;  very  high. 
SK^'ISII,  a.    Like  the  sky,  or  approachiug  the  sky. 

The  tki/itk  hcnd 
Of  Uiie  Olynipiia.  [.4  bad  word.]  Shak, 

SKY'-LARK,  n.    A  species  of  lark  that  mounts  and 

sings  as  it  flies,  the  Alaiida  arvensis.     It  is  common 

in  Europe  and  in  some  parts  of  Asia. 

Spectator.     Jardine. 
SKT'-LXRK-ING,  71.     Amonp  seamen,  running  about 

the  rigginir  of  a  ve.sRel  in  sport ;  frolicking.     Totten. 
SKY'-LH;ilT,  (lite.)  n.     A  window  placed  in  the  roof 

of  a  building,  or  ceiling  of  a  room,  for  the  admission 

of  lipht.  Pope. 

SKY'-POINT-ING,  a.     Pointing  lo  the  sky. 
SKY'ROCK  ET,  ?i.     A  rocket  Ihat  ascends  high  and 

burns  as  it  flics  ;  a  species  of  fireworks.     .Sddison, 
SKY'-ROOF-jED,  (rooft,)   a.     Having  the  sky  for  a 

roof.  fVord'noorth, 

SKY'SAIL,  n.    The  sail  set  next  above  the  royal. 

Totten. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.\T.— METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK 

—- 


SLA 

SKT'-SCRAP-EK,  it.    A  sky-sai!  of  a  triangular  form. 

Totten. 
PKV'WARD,  fl.    Toward  the  sky. 
SLAB,  a.    Tliick  ;  visrous.     [J^ot  used.]  SftoA. 

SLAB,  n.     [W.  Uab,  yslab,  a  thin  strip,] 

1.  A  tlim  iiiece  of  marble  or  other  stone,  Iiaving 
right  angles  and  plane  surfaces.  OwUt. 

2.  An  outside  piece  taken  from  a  log  or  timber  in 
vawing  it  into  boards,  planks,  &.c. 

3.  A  puddle.     [See  .Slop.]  F.vehjn. 
Slabs  of  tin  ;  the  lesser  masses  which  the  workers 

cast  the  metal  into.    These  are  run  into  molds  of 
stone. 
SLAB'BER,  V.   C      [D.  slabben;   G.  scfUabben,  schla- 
bcrn.] 

To  let  thesalira  or  other  liquid  fall  from  the  mouth 
carelessly  ;  to  drivel.     It  is  also  written  Slater  and 
Slobber,  and  often  pronounced  slob'ber. 
SLAU'BER,  tf.  t.    To  sup  up  hastily,  as  liquid  food. 

Barret. 
9.  To  wet  and  foul  by  liquids  suffered  to  fall  care- 
lessly from  the  mouth. 
3.  To  shed  ;  to  spill. 
SLAB'nER-ER,  n.    One  that  slabbers;  an  idiot 
SLAB'BER-I.NG,  ppr.     Driveling. 
SLAB'BI-XESS,   n.      The   state   of   being    thick    or 

slabby. 
SLAB'BY,  a.    Thick  ;  viscous.     [JVot  much  used.] 

ffinema  n. 
9.  Wet.     [See  Sloppt.] 
SLAB'-LIXE,  H.    A  line  or  small  rope  by  which  sea- 
men haul  up  the  foot  of  the  main-sail  or  fore-sail. 

ToUen. 
SLACK,  a.     [Sax.  stec  ;  Sw.  slak ;  W.  llae,  yslac.     See 
the  verb.] 

I.  Not  tense;  not  hard  drawn;  not  firmly  ex- 
tended ;  as,  a  slack  rope  ;  slack  rigging. 

3.  Weak;  remiss;  not  liolding  fast ;  as,  a  stack 
hand. 

3.  Remiss;  backward;  not  using  due  diligence; 
not  earnest  or  eager;  as,  alack  in  duly  or  service  j 
slack  in  businer^s. 

4.  Not  violent ;  not  rapid  ;  slow  ;  as,  a  slack  pace. 

Dnjden. 
SLick  in  stays  f  ui  seamen's  language,  slow  in  going 
atmtit,  as  a  ship.  Jilar.  Diet. 

SLACK'-WA'TER,  n.  In  sramcn's  language,  the 
time  when  the  tide  runa  slowly,  or  the  water  is  at 
rest;  or  the  interval  l>ctwei;n  the  liux  and  rcHiix  of 
the  tide.  Mar.  Diet. 

SLACK,  adv.  Partially  ;  insufficiently  ;  not  in- 
tensely ;  a-s,  slack  dried  hops  ;  bread  slack  baked. 

Mortimer. 

BLACK,  n.  The  part  of  a  rope  tliat  hangs  loone,  hav- 
ing no  t-train  upon  it.  Totten. 

SLAi'K,  )  r.  L      [Sax.  slaciatii    D.  slaaken;    Sw. 

SLACK'£^',  \  slakna  ;  W.  ijslacau.  and  yslaciaie,  to 
slacken,  to  loosen,  from  llac,  llag.  slack,  loose,  lax, 
slu^'nsh.] 

1.  To  become  less  tense,  firm,  or  rigid  ;  to  de- 
cp-a-ic  in  tension  ;  as,  a  wet  cord  aladieits  in  dry 
wcath'T. 

2.  To  be  remiss  or  backward  ;  to  neglect.  Deul. 
x.viii. 

3.  To  lose  cohesion  or  the  quality  of  adhesion; 
as,  lime  slacks  and  cninibk-s  into  powder.    Mozon. 

4.  To  abate  ;  to  bt-coiuo  less  vioL-nL 

Will  Blacken,  if  liia  bn-aih  ktir  not  ihirir  Aamn.  Milton, 

!i.  Tii  Ittse  rapidity  ;  to  become  more  slow  ;  as, 
a  current  of  watt-r  slackens  ;  tlie  tide  slackens. 

Mar.  Diet. 

6.  To  languish  ;  to  fail ;  to  flag.  JUivmorth. 
SLACK,         I  B.  t.     To  l.-sscn  tension  ;  t«»  make  less 
SLACK'/:N,  \      tense  or  light ;  as,  to  slacken  a  ropo  or 

a  banda^p. 

2.  To  relax ;  to  remit ;  as,  lo  ^acken  exertion  or 
lahur. 

3.  To  mitigate ;  to  diminish  in  severity ;  as,  to 
slacken  (tain. 

4.  To  becoma  more  slow;  to  lessen  rapidity ;  as, 
to  slacken  one's  pace. 

5.  To  abate  ;  to  lower :  as,  lo  slacken  the  heat  of  a 
tire. 

G.  To  relieve  ;  to  unbend  ;  to  remit ;  as,  to  slacken 
cariTS.  Dcnham. 

7.  To  withhold  ;  to  use  less  liberally.  Shak. 

6.  To  deprive  of  cohesion  ;  as,  to  slack  lime. 

Mortimer. 

9.  To  repress  ;  to  check. 

1  itiiiiM  1^  eri-^ttl,  yuunu  priTic^,  (n  think  my  pri  w nc» 
t'ltb-nl  yo\it  thougliu  aiiiI  tlackensd  'cui  U>  tirnia.      Ad^on. 

10.  To  neglect. 

Slack  not  the  gooti  prmg^.  Drydtn, 

11.  To  repress,  or  make  less  quick  or  active. 

Addison. 
PLACK,  n.    Small  coni ;  coal  broken  into  small  pieces. 

[Kntr.] 
SLACK,  a.    A  valley,  or  small,  shallow  dell.  [Local.] 

(iroHt. 

SLACK'£D,  (slakt,)  pp.  or  a.  Relaxed;  deprivod  of 
r<>hc!>ion  ;  as,  slacked  time.  [Slaked  is  mure.cor- 
reec] 


SLA 

SLACK'KN,  n.  Among  miners,  a  spongy,  semi-vilri- 
fied  substance  which  ihey  mix  wiili  the  ores  of 
metals  to  prevent  their  fusion.    [See  SLAKirfJ 

Eiuryc, 

SLACK'EX-En,  pp.  or  a.    Relaxed  or  remitted. 

SLACK'KN-ING,  ppr.     Relaxing  or  remitting. 

SLACK'ING,  ppr  Relaxing;  depriving  of  cohesion; 
as,  slacking  Innc.     [Slakino  is  more  correct.] 

SLACK'LY,  adv.     Not  tightly  ;  loosely 
2.  Necligently ;  rcmisslj-. 

SLACK'NESS,  n.  Looseness  ;  the  state  opposite  to 
tension  ;  not  tightness  or  rigidness  ;  as,  the  slackness 
of  a  cord  or  rope. 

2.  Remissness  ;  negligence  ;  inattention  ;  as,  the 
slackness  of  men  in  business  or  duty  ;  slackness  in  the 
performance  of  engagements.  Hooker. 

3.  Slowner;s ;  tardiness;  want  of  tendency;  as, 
the  slackness  of  Iksh  lo  heal.  Siiarp. 

4.  Weakness  ;  want  of  inlenseness.    BrereicooU. 
SLADE,  n.     [Sax.  slad.] 

A  lilile  dell  or  valley;  also,  a  flat  piece  of  low, 
moist  ground.     [Local.]  Drayton. 

SLAG,  n.     [Dan.  slaggi  G.  schlacke.] 

1.  The  dross  or  recrement  of  a  metal;  also,  vitri- 
fied cinders.  Boyle.     Kirwan, 

2.  The  scoria  of  a  volcano.  Dana. 
SLAG'GY,  a.     Pertaining  to  or  resembling  slag. 
SLAIE,  (sla,)  n.     [Sax.  sU.] 

A  weaver's  reed. 
SLAIN,  pp.  of  Slay  ;  so  written  for  SLAVErf.    Killed. 
SLAKE,  V.  t.     [Sw.  slacka.  Ice.  slacka,  to  quench.     It 
seems  to  be  allied  to  lay.] 

To  quench  ;  to  extinguish  ;  as,  to  slake  thirst. 

Add  $laie  the  heavenly  fire.  ifpCTtaer. 

SLAKE,  r.  t.  To  mix  with  water  so  that  a  true 
chemical  combination  shall  take  place  ;  as,  to  slake 
lime. 

SLAKE,  c.  i.    To  go  out;  lo  become  extinct. 

Bi-mcn. 
2.  To  grow  less  tense.     [A  mistake  for  Slack.] 

SLAK'£D,  (slakt,)  pp.  or  a.  Uuenched;  mixed  with 
water  so  that  a  combination  takes  place. 

SLAK'IN,  n.  Among  smelters,  a  sptmgj',  semi-vitri- 
fied substance,  which  they  mix  wiib  melallic  ores, 
to  prevent  their  fusion.  It  Is  the  scoria  or  scum 
from  a  formerTusion  of  metals.  Hebert. 

SLAK'ING,  ppr.     Extinguishing,  as  thirst. 

2.  Mixing  with  water  so  as  to  produce  combina- 
tion, as  with  liuie. 

SLA.M,  V.  t.  [Ice.  lema^  to  strike,  Old  Eng.  lam;  Sax. 
lUanman,  to  sound.] 

1.  To  strike  with  force  and  noise ;  to  sliut  with 
violence ;  as,  to  slam  a  door. 

2.  To  beat  ;  to  culf.     [Local.]  Grose. 

3.  To  strike  down  ;  to  slaughter.     [Local.] 

4.  To  win  all  the  tricks  in  a  hand ;  as  we  say,  lo 
take  all  at  a  stroke  or  dash. 

SLAM,  n.  A  violent  driving  and  dashing  against ;  a 
violent  shutting  of  a  dour. 

2.  Defeat  at  cards,  or  the  winning  of  all  the  iricks. 

3.  The  refuse  of  alum-works  ;  used  in  Yorkshire  as 
a  manure,  with  sea-weed  and  lime.     [Local.] 

HebeH. 
SLAM'KIN,  I         r^       w  i 

SLAM'MER-KIN,  j  '^     l^"  *«'«"»;'«•] 

A  shit  ;  a  slatternly  woman.     [Act  used,  or  local.] 
SLAM'MING,  ppr.      Striking  or  shutting   with   vio- 
lence. 
SLAN'DER,   n.       [Norm,    eselaunder;    Fr.    esclandre ; 
Russ.  klcnu,  klianuf  to  slander;  Sw.  klandra,  to  ac- 
cuse or  blame.] 

1.  A  fal.se  tJile  or  report  maliciously  uttered,  and 
tending  to  injure  the  repulatitui  nf  another,  by  les- 
sening liiin  in  the  esteetn  of  his  fellow-citi^uns,  by 
exposing  him  to  im{>e.ichnient  and  punishment,  or 
by  impairing  his  means  of  living  ;  defamation. 

Blackstone, 
Stnnder,  thnt  wnnrt  of  poisom,  ttt  find* 
Aitciujr  ciiUaiiCi;  to  i;{iit>t>le  inio.lji.  Jlmrvey, 

2.  Disgrace;  rc]iroach ;  disreputation;  ill  name. 

Shak. 

SLAN'DER,  r.  (.  To  defame  ;  to  injure  by  mali- 
ciiiu^ly  uttering  a  false  report  re!<pecting  one  ;  to  tar- 
nish or  inipair  the  repiiUIinn  of  one  by  false  tales 
maliciously  told  or  propagated. 

BLAN'DER-f:D,  pp.  Defamed  ;  injured  in  good  name 
by  false  and  malicious  reports. 

SLAN'DER-ER,  n.  A  defamer  ;  one  who  injures  an- 
other by  maliciously  reporting  something  lo  his  preju- 
dice. 

SLAN'DER-ING,  pjn-.     Defaming. 

SLAN'DER-Ot'S,  a.  That  utters  defamatory  words 
or  talij.s  ;  as,  a  slanderou-i  tongue.  Pope^ 

2.  Containing  slander  or  defamation  ;  calumnious  ; 
as,  filandcrous  wurds,  speeches',  or  reports,  false  and 
maliciously  uttered. 
X  .'^randaliius  ;  reproachful. 

SLAN'DER-OUSLY,  adr.  With  slander;  calumni- 
ou^ly  ;  with  faUe  and  malicious  reproach. 

SLAN'DER-OUS-NESH,  «.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  slanderous  or  defamatory. 

SLANG,  old  pret.  of  Slimo.     [VVe  now  use  Slitno.] 

SLANG,  n.    Low,  vulgar,  unmeaning  language.  [Loic.] 


SLA 

SLANG'-WIIANG-ER,  n.  A  noisy  demagogue;  a 
turbulent  partisan.  Irving. 

[A  cant  word)  of  recent  origin  in  America,  used 
cofloquialty  or  in  works  of  humor.] 

SLANK,  H.     A  plant,  an  Alga.  Jlinsteorth. 

SLANT,  a.  [^w.  slinta,  slant,  to  slip;  perhaps  allied 
to  W.  ysglent^  a  slide,  and  if  Ln  are  the  railical  let- 
ters, this  coincides  with  lean,  incline.] 

Sloping;  oblique;  inclined  from  a  direct  line, 
whether  horizontal  or  perpendicular ;  as,  the  slant 
lightning.  Milton. 

SLANT,  V.  t.  To  turn  from  a  direct  line  j  to  give  an 
oblique  or  sloping  direction  to.  Fuller. 

SLANT,  I  n.     An  oblique  reflection  or  gibe;   a 

SLXNT'ING,  \      sarcastic  re-mark.     [In  vulgar  use.] 
2.  Slant ;  a  copper  coin  of  Sweden,  of  which  iOQ 
pass  for  one  rix-doliar. 

Slant  of  wind ;  among  seamen,  a  transitory  breeze 
of  wind,  or  the  period  of  its  duration. 

SLANT'ING,p;?r,  or  a.  Giviijg  or  having  an  oblique 
direction;  inclining  from  a  right  line;  slant;  as,  a 
slanting  ray  of  light ;  a  slanting  direction. 

SLANT'ING-LY,  adc.  With  a  slope  or  inclination; 
also,  with  an  oblique  hint  or  remark. 

SLANT'LY,       (adv.    Obliquely;  in  an  inclined  di- 

SLANT'VVISE,  \      rection.  7\sser. 

SLAP,  n.  [G.  scfdapjtc,  a.  slap;  schlappen,  to  lap;  W. 
yslapiaw,  lo  slap,  from  yslab,ihaX  is  lengthened,  from 
lUb,  a  stroke  or  slap  ;  llubiaw,  lo  slap,  to  strap.  The 
D.  has  fiap  and  klap ;  It.  schiajfo,  for  schlaffb ;  L.  alapa 
and  schhppus ;  Cli.  and  Syr.  fh^.  Class  Lb,  No. 
3[j.] 

A  blow  given  with  the  open  band,  or  with  some- 
thing bntad. 

SLAP,  V.  L  To  strike  with  the  open  hand,  or  with 
something  broad. 

SLAP,  ado.    With  a  sudden  and  violent  blow. 

Arbuthnot. 

SLAP'DASII,  adv.  [slap  and  dash.]  All  at  once. 
[Low.] 

SI.APE,  a.     Slippery;  smooth.     [LocaL]  Qrose. 

SLAP'JACK,  n.     A  sort  of  pancake. 

SLAP'PING,!"-     Very  large.     [Vulgar.] 
SLASH,  r.  t.     [Ice.  slasa,  to  strike,  to  lash;  W.  Uhth^ 
Qu.] 

1.  To  cut  by  striking  violently  and  at  random  ;  to 
cut  in  long  cuts. 

2.  'I'o  lash. 

SLASH,  V.  i.  To  strike  violently  and  at  random  with 
a  sword,  hanger,  or  other  edged  instrument ;  to  lay 
abt>ut  one  with  blows. 

Hewing  anil  sUubing  Rt  their  idle  shades.  Spenser. 

SL.ASII,  n.    A  long  cut ;  a  cut  made  at  random. 

Clarendon. 
2.  A  large  slit  in  the  thighs  and  arms  of  the  old 

costumes,  made  to  show  a  brilliant  color  through  the 

openings. 
SLASII'i:b,  (slasht,)  pp.    Cut  at  random  ;  cut  in  long 

sirips  or  slits. 
SLASH'ING,  ppr.  or  a.   Striking  violently,  and  cutting 

at  mndom. 
SLAT,  TU     A  narrow  piece  of  board  or  timber  used  to 

fasten  together  larger  pieces  ;  as,  Uie  slats  of  a  cart 

or  a  chair. 
SLATCH,  n.    In   seamen^s  language,  the  period  of  a 

transitory  bree/.e.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  An  interval  of  fair  weather.  Bailey. 

3.  Slack.     [See  Slack.] 

SLA'I'E,  n.  [1*  r.  eclater,  to  split,  Sw.  slita  ;  It.  sglata^ 
a  tile.     Class  Ld.] 

1.  An  aryillacuoiis  stone  which  readily  splits  into 
plates;  argilhie ;  argillaceous  schist.  The  name  is 
liUo  given  to  other  rocks  or  stones  having  a  siiui- 
lur  structure. 

2.  A  piece  of  smooth,  argillaceous  stone,  used  for 
covering  buildings. 

3.  A  piece  of  smooth  stone,  of  the  above  species, 
useil  for  writing  on. 

SLATE,  r.  (.  To  cover  with  slate  or  plates  of  stone  ; 
as,  to  slate  a  roof.     [It  does  not  signify  to  tile.] 

SLATE,  I  V.  t.    To  set  a  dog  loose  at  any  thing.     [Lo~ 

SM'^.TE,  i      cal]  Ray. 

SLATE'-AX,  n.  A  mattock  with  an  ax-end  ;  used  in 
slating.  Eneyc. 

SLAT'fiO,  pp.  or  a.     Covered  with  slate. 

SLAT'ER,  n.  One  that  lays  slates,  or  whose  occupa- 
tion is  to  slate  buildings. 

SLAT'ING,  n.     The  act  of  covering  with  slates. 
2.  The  cover  thus  put  on. 

SLAT'ING,  ppr.     Covering  with  slates. 

SLAT'TER,  V.  i.  [G.  schlottcrn,  to  hang  loosely  ; 
schlotterig,  negligent.    See  Slut.] 

1.  To  be  careless  of  dress,  and  dirty.  Ray. 

2.  To  be  careless,  negligent,  or  awkward  ;  to  spill 
cnrelfssly. 

SLAT'TERN,  ti.  A  woman  who  is  negligent  of  her 
dress,  or  who  suffers  her  clothes  and  furniture  to  be 
in  disorder  ;  one  who  is  not  neat  and  nice. 

SLAT'TERN,  v.  t.  To  slattern  aicay  i  to  consume 
carelesslv  or  wastefully  ;  to  waste.  [  Hare.]  Chesterfield 

SLAT'TERN-LI-NESS,  ti.     Slate  of  being  shiiternly. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS C  as  K;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  ClI  oa  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


]n:u) 


SLA 

SLAT'TER\-LY,  mAj.    Negligently  ;  awkwardly. 

C/iestcrieUl. 

SLAT'Y,  a.  [fVoro  sUte.]  Resembling  slate  ;  having 
the  nnttire  or  prxipt-rties  of  slaie  ;  composed  of  thin, 
parallel  platen,  ca|>ahte  of  being  sejarated  by  split- 
ting ;  a.«,  a  slaty  color  or  texture. 

SLAL'GII'TER,(sIa\v'tcr,)  a.  [Sax.  sltr^e  iD.slagtinfr: 
G.  sMacAtniy  to  kill ;  Ir.  glaighe ;  sluighim^  to  sluy. 
See  Slat.] 

1.  In  a  general  fen^f^  a  killing.    JJpptieil  to  mm, 

slaughter  usually  denotes  great   destruction  of  life 

by  violent  mean:* ;  as,  the  ^tk^^htrr  of  men  in  battle. 

3.  Jippiud  to  bfosu,  butchery  \  a  killing  of  oxeu  or 

other  beastn  fur  market. 

SLAUGH'TER,  (slaw'ier,)  c.  t.     To  kill :  to  slay  ;  to 
niake  great  destruction  of  life  \  a^,  to  slaugkUr  men 
in  battle. 
3.  To  buirlier  ;  to  kill  for  the  market ;  as  beasts. 

SLAUGHTER-fD,  (slaw'lerd,)  pp.  or  «,  Slain; 
biitchervd. 

SLAUGH'TER-ER,  n.  A  pcraon  employed  in  slaugh- 
tering. 

SLACGH'TER-HOUSE,  (slaw'ter-house,)  a.  A  house 
where  beasts  are  butchered  for  the  market. 

SLAl'GH'TER-ING,  (slaw'ter-ing.)  ppr.  Killing; 
de^iroviug  human  life;  butchering. 

SLAUGH'TEK-MAX,  (slaw 'ter- man,)  n.  One  ein- 
pioved  in  killing.  Sftak, 

SLAL'GH'TKR-OIJS,  (slaw'ieNus,)  a.  Destructive; 
murdfnuiTi.  Shak. 

8LAUGM'TER-OU3-LY, (slaw-', ) adc.  Destructively ; 
murderously. 

SLAVE,  n.  '[D.  slaaf:  G.  stlave ;  Dan.  slaee^  selave ; 
Sw.  «f^,-  Fir.  eseiavt;  Arm.  selaf;  It.  sekiavo  :  Sp. 
9acUn»i  Port,  fwcraro :  U.  sclabhadA.  This  word  is 
COOUDonly  deduced  from  Sc/tiri,  ScJavonians,  llie  name 
of  a  people  who  were  made  slaves  by  the  Venetians. 
But  tliis  is  not  certain.] 

1.  A  person  who  is  wh<4ly  subject  to  the  will  of 
another;  one  who  has  no  fteedom  of  action,  but 
whose  person  and  service*  are  wholly  under  the  con- 
trol of  another.  In  tbe  esrly  Sate  of  the  world, 
and  to  this  day,  amoag  mmim  baitarous  nations,  pris- 
oners of  war  are  considered  and  tntated  as  slorcs. 
I'he  siares  of  modern  times  are  more  generally  pnr- 
cliased,  like  horses  and  oxen. 

3.  One  who  has  lost  the  power  qf  resistance ;  or 
one  who  sarrenders  htmaelf  to  any  power  wbalev- 
er  -,  as,  a  »Uve  to  passion,  to  lust,  to  ambition. 

WaUtr. 
S.  A  mean  person  ;  one  in  the  lowest  state  of  life. 

4.  A  dnidge  ;  oae  who  labors  like  a  slave. 
SLAVE,  r.  u    To  dnidge  ;  to  toil ;  to  labur  as  n  slave. 
SLAVE'BORN,  a.     Bom  in  slaver*-. 
8LAVE'H6Lr>-ER,  a.    One  who  holds  slaves, 

SLA  VE'HOLD-ING-  a.    Holding  persons  in  slavery. 

SLA  VE'LIKE,  a.     Like  or  becoming  a  slave. 

SL.^V'ER,  «,     A  vessel  cngaced  in  the  slave-trade. 

SLAVER,  a.  [The  same  as  Si.ABBaa.]  Saliva  drivel- 
ing from  tbe  month.  Pope. 

SLA  V'ER,  c.  i.  To  suffer  the  spiule  to  issue  from  Che 
mouth. 

2.  To  be  besmeared  with  sali\*a.  Shak. 
SL.^V'ER,  r.  t.    To  smear  with  sali\'a  issuing  from 

the  month  ;  to  defile  with  drivel. 

SLAVER -/:D,  pp.     Defiled  with  driveL 

SLA  VER-ER,  n.     A  driveler  ;  nn  idiot. 

SLAVER-ING,  ppr.     Letting  fall  saliva.- 

BLAV'ER-Y,  a.  [See  Slate.]  Bondage;  the  state 
of  entire  subjection  of  one  person  to  the  will  of  an- 
other. 

Siarcry  b  tbe  obligation  to  labor  for  the  benefit  of 
the  master,  without  the  contract  or  consent  of  the 
eerrmnt.  Patty. 

StaTerr  may  proceed  from  crimes,  from  cnptiv'ity, 
or  Aom  debt.  Slavery  is  also  roluatmy  or  inrolunta- 
ry:  eelaafary,  when  a  person  sells  or  yields  his  own 
person  to  the  absolote  command  of  another  ;  invol- 
waCary,  when  he  is  placed  nnder  the  absolute  power 
of  another  without  his  own '  consenL,  c^lavery  no 
K^ger  exists  in  Great  Britain,  nor  in  ihe  Northern 
States  of  America. 
3:  Tbe  ottices  of  a  slave ;  dnidgery. 

SLAVE'-TRADE,  a.  [sUtre  and  traile.]  The  bar- 
barooa  and  wicked  business  uf  purchasing  men  and 
women,  transporting  them  to  a  distant  country,  and 
selling  them  for  daves. 

SLAVISH,  a.  Pertaining  to  slaves ;  servile  ;  mean  ; 
base  ;  such  as  bec4une8  a  stave;  as,  a  ^acisk  de- 
pendence on  the  great. 

3.  Servile  ;  laborious  ;  consisting  in  drudgery  ;  u, 
a  aiarifk  life. 

SLAVISHLY,  arfr.    Servilely;  meanly;  basely. 
2.  In  the  manner  of  a  slave  or  drudge. 

SLaVISH-.\E.<s!,  a.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
lavish  ;  servility  ;  meanness. 

SL.\-VO\'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Slavons,  or  an- 
cient inhabitants  of  Russia. 

SLA-VON'ie,  n.    The  Slavonic  languaee. 

SLAW,  ji.     ID.  sfaa.] 

Cole-slaw  is  sliced  cabbage,  with  or  without  vin- 
egar. 

SLAY,  r.  L;  preL  Slkw  :  pp.  Slii:..  [Sal.  sltgan, 
^gan ;  Goth,  slakan  ,*  G.  gcklagen .-   D.  gUaeu  ;  Sw. 


SLE 

sU;  Dan.  slaatr^  to  strike,  to  kill.  The  proper  sense 
is,  to  strike^  and  as  beating  was  an  early  mode  of 
killing,  this  word,  like  smtte,  came  to  sifiiiiry  to  kill. 
It  seems  to  be  funned  on  the  root  uf  lay  ;  as  we  say, 
to  lay  on.] 

1.  To  kill ;  to  put  to  death  by  n  weapon  or  by  vi- 
olence. We  say,  he  slew  a  man  with  n  sword,  with  a 
6tone,or  with  a  club,  or  with  other  arms  ;  but  we  never 
say,  the  sheriff  .W«_m.*  a  niQlefaclor  with  a  halter,  or  a 
nianis  WuiM  on  the  gallows  or  by  poison.  So  that  ^/ai/ 
retains  something  of  iu  primitive  sense  of  utr iking  or 
beatitLir,  It  is  [uirticulnrly  npplied  to  killing  in  battle, 
but  is'  properly  applied  aUo  to  the  killing  of  an  indi- 

£.  I'o  destroy.  [vidua!  man  or  beasL 

Thinigh  Ik  ttay  me,  jd  will  I  truM  in  him.  — Juti  xiiL  15. 

SLAVER,  n.  One  that  slays  ;  a  kilter;  a  murderer; 
an  assassin  ;  a  destroyer  ol  life. 

PLAYING,  ppr.     Killing;  destroying  life. 

SL£A  VE,  n.     (Ice.  slrfa.] 

The  knotted  or  entangled  port  of  silk  or  thread  ; 
sitk  or  thread  untwisted.  Drayton. 

SLkAVE,  r.  t.  To  separate  threads  ;  or  to  divide  a 
collertion  of  threads ;  to  sley  ;  tuifd  by  teeavers. 

SI,k.AV'/;[),  a.     Raw  ;  not  spun  or  wrought. 

SLP.AVING,  p;»r.  Sejiarating  threads.      [Jffulin^hrd. 

SLP.AZ'I  .NES.S,ii.  The  state  or  quality  of  bring  sleazy. 

SLkAZ'Y,  I   a.     [IVtbahly  fromtlie  ntot of /opsc;  Sax. 

SLEEZ'Y,  i       lysaH,  alysan,  to  lixwe.] 

Thin  ;  flimsy  ;  wanting  firmness  of  texture  or 
sntistance  ;  as,  gleezy  silk  or  muslin. 

SLED,  R.  [D.  sUedt;  G.  scMiUtn ;  Sw.  stUde ;  Dan. 
«/«ds  j  W.  ysled ;  probably  from  eliding  or  draw- 
ing.] 

A  carriage  or  vehicle  moved  on  ninners,  much 
used  in  .America  for  conveying  heavy  weights  tu 
winter,  as  timber,  wood,  stone,  and  the  like. 

HalUwclL    JYortA  of  F.n gland. 

SLED,  r.  L  To  convey  or  transport  on  a  sled;  as,  to 
tied  wood  or  timber. 

SLED'OED,  pp.    Conveyed  on  a  sled. 

2.  Mounted  on  a  sled.  Shak, 
SLED'DING,  ppY.     Conveying  on  a  sled. 
SLED'DIN'G,  n.     The  act  of  tmnsporting  on  a  sled. 

2.  The  means  of  conveying  on  sleds ;  snow  sufll- 
cienl  for  the  ninning  of  sleds.  Thus  wo  say  in 
America,  when  there  is  snow  sufficient  to  riin  a 
sled,  it  is  good  sledding ;  the  sttitding  is  gixid. 
Sometimes,  in  New  England,  there  is  little  or  no 
gntvd  Mediling  during  the  winter. 

SLEDGE,  (slej,)  n.     [Sax.  sUcgr^slege;  D.  »ley;  Dan. 
dtggt  i  Sw.  ^Ittgga ;  from  the  root  of  slay,  to  strike.] 
1.  A  large,  heavy  hammer;  used  chiefiy  by  iron- 
smiths,  called  al.«o  a  Sledgk  Hammer. 

"2.  In  EngUutd,  a  sled ;  a  vehicle  moved  on  run- 
ners or  on  low  wheels.  In  this  sense,  the  word  is 
not  used  in  America  ;  hut  the  same  Word  is  used  in 
a  somewhat  different  sense,  and  written  .Slkigh. 
SLEEK,  a.  [D.  tekken,  to  leak,  to  smooth,  or  sleek  ; 
gftfkty  made  smooth  ;  G.  schOeM;  allied  to  tick,  or  G. 
gtfich,  even,  equal,  tikf.     See  Lies.] 

1.  Smooth ;  having  nn  even,  smooth  surface ; 
whence,  glossy  ;  as,  sleek  hair. 

So  tUtk  bcr  tkln,  ao  fimltlcM  wu  ber  malie.  DryUn. 

3.  Not  rough  or  harsh. 

TtK«c  ruggcvl  n.imes  lo  our  like  moutlu  grow  aUek.    Milton. 

SLEEK,    n.    That  which    makes  smooth ;   varnish. 

[Uule  Msed.] 
SLEEK,  r.  t.    To  make  even  and  smooth  ;  as,  to  sleek 

the  hair.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  To  render  smooth,  soA,  and  glossy. 

Getitle  mjr  lord,  tleek  o'er  jomt  nigged  looln.  Shak. 

SLEEK,  atlv.  With  ease  and  dexterity  j  with  exact- 
ness,    [Vulgar.'] 

SLEEK'LV,  (u/o.    Smf^^thly;  nicely. 

SLEEK'NESS,  a.     Smoothness  of  surface.  Felthavu 

SLEEK'-STONE,n.     A  smoothing  stone.  Peacham. 

SLEEK'V,  a.  Of  a  sleek  or  smooth  appearance. 
[.^'b(  in  use.]  Thomson. 

SLEEP,  r.  i.  :  pret.  and  pp.  Slept.  [Sax.  slqtan, 
altzpan:  GaiU.  slcpan  ;  G.  schlafcn;  H.  slaapcn.  This 
word  seems  to  be  allied  to  words  which  signify  to 
rest  or  lo  relax  ;  G.schlaff.] 

1.  To  lake  rest  by  a  Kuspcnsion  of  the  voluntary 
exercise  of  the  powers  of  the  body  and  mind.  The 
printer  time  to  keep  is  during  the  darkness  of  night. 

2.  To  rest;  to  be  unemployed  ;  lo  be  inactive  or 
motionless  ;  as,  the  sword  sleeps  in  its  sheath. 

3.  To  rest ;  to  lie  or  be  still ;  not  to  be  noticed  or 
agitated.     Tiie  question  sleeps  for  the  present. 

4.  To  live  thoughtlessly. 

We  aUep  over  oui  happiness.  AUerbury. 

5.  To  be  dead ;  to  rest  in  the  grave  for  a  time. 
1  r*«*.  iv. 

6.  To  be  careless,  inattentive,  or  unconcerned ; 
not  to  be  vigilant.  Shak. 

SLEEP,  n.  A  natural  and  healthy,  but  temporary  and 
periodical  suspension  of  ttie  functions  of  the  hemi- 
spheres of  the  cerebrum,  or,  in  other  words,  of  the 
Intellectual  powers.  Klecp  may  be  complete  or  in- 
complete. 
That  sLite  of  an  animal  in  which  the  voluntary 


SLE 

'  exertion  of  his  mental  and  corporeal  powers  is  sus- 
pended, and  he  rests  unconscious  ot  what  passes 
around  him,  and  nut  alfevted  by  the  ordinary  im- 
pressions of  external  objects.  Sleep  is  generally 
attended  with  a  relaxation  of  the  muscles,  but  the 
involuntary  motions,  as  respiration  and  the  circula- 
tion of  the  blood,  ore  continued.  The  mind  is  ofYen 
very  active  in  im|>erfect  sleep,  but  its  powers  not 
being  under  the  control  of  reason,  its  exercises  are 
very  irregtilar.  Sleep  is  the  natural  rest  or  rejKise 
intended  by  the  Creator  lo  restore  the  powers  of  the 
body  and  mind,  when  exluii^^itted  or  fatigued. 

Sleep  of  plants;  a  state  of  plants,  usually  at  night, 
when  their  leaflets  approach  each  other,  and  conceal 
the  flowers,  as  if  in  re|)ose.  Liiimrua. 

SLEEP'-CHXUGtD,  a.    Heavy  with  sleep.    Lamb. 
SLEEP'ER,  H.     A  person  that  sleeps  ;  also,  a  drone  or 
lazy  penton.  Orcio. 

sC  'i'hat  which  lies  dormant,  as  a  law  not  executed. 
[J^'bt  in  use.]  Bacon. 

3.  An  animal  that  lies  dormant  in  winter,  as  the 
bear,  the  marmot,  &.c.  Kncyc. 

A.  A  piece  of  timber  on  or  near  the  level  of  the 
ground  for  the  support  of  some  superstructure,  as 
joists,  &:c.,  or  to  steady  rails  or  framework.  The 
sleepers  on  railways  are  sometimes  blocks  of  stone. 

I/ebert. 

5.  A  rafter  lying  in  the  valley  of  a  roof.    [Obs.] 

OiDllL 

6.  A  term  applied  to  the  knees  which  connect  the 
transoms  to  the  after-timbers  on  the  ship's  quarter. 

luttcn. 

7.  In  the  glass  trade^  a  large  iron  bar  crossing  the 
smaller  ones,  hindering  the  passage  of  coats,  but 
leaving  rootn  for  the  ashes.  Encyc 

8.  A  platform. 

9.  A  fish,  Exocffitus.  Ainsworth. 
SLEEP'FIJL,  a.  Strongly  Inclined  to  sleep.  {Rare.] 
SLEEP'FyL-NESS,  «.     Strong  inclination  lo  sleep. 

{Little  used.] 
SLEEP'1-LY,  odu.     Drowsily;  with  desire  to  sleep. 

2.  Dully;  in  a  lazy  manner;  heavily.       Ralegh. 

3.  Stupidly.  Atlerbury. 
SLEEP'1-NESS,  ft.    Drowsiness;  inclination  to  sbep. 

ArbuthnoU 
SLEEP'ING,  ppr,  or  a.     Resting  ;  reposing  in  sleep. 
2.  a.    Occupied  with  slee[) ;  as,  sleeping  hours. 
Sleeping  partner.     See  Dormant. 
SLEEP'iNG,  n.    The  slate  of  resting  in  sleep. 

2.  The  state  of  being  at  rest,  or  not  stirred  or 
agitated.  Shak. 

SLEEP'LESS,  a.  Having  no  sleep;  without  sleep; 
wakeful. 

2.  Having  no  rest;  perpetually  agitated;  as,  Bis- 
cay's sleepless  bay.  Byroiu 
SLEEP'LESS-LV,  adv.     In  a  sleepless  manner. 
SLEEP'LESS-NESS.n,    Want  or  destitution  of  sleep. 
SLEEP'-WAK-ER,  n.    One  under  the  influence  of 

magnetic  sleep, 
SLEEP'-WaK-ING,  n.  The  state  of  one  mesmerized, 

whr>  is  asleep  and  awake  at  the  same  time. 
SLEEP'-WALK-ER,(-wawk-,)  n.     A  somnambulist ; 

one  who  walks  in  bis  sleep. 
SLEEP'-WALK-ING,  C-wawk-,)  n.    Somnambulism ; 

walking  iii'one's  sleep. 
SLEEP'Y,  a.    Drowsy;  inclined  to  sleep. 
2.  Not  awake. 


She  wuked  her  sleepi/  crew. 


Dryden. 


3.  Tending  to  induce  steep;  soporiferous ;  som- 
niferous;  as,  a  sleepy  drink  or  potion.       Milton. 

4.  Dull  ;  lazy  ;  heavy;  sluggish.  Shak, 
SLEEP'Y-LOOK-ING,  a.  Appearing  lo  be  sleepy. 
SLEET,  n.     [l^an.  sludy  loose  weather,  rain  and  snow 

together ;  Ice.  slMJa.] 

1.  A  fall  of  hail  or  snow  mingled  tvith  rain, 
usually  in  fine  particles.  I>ryden. 

2.  in  gunnery,  the  part  of  a  mortar  passing  from 
the  chamber  to  the  trunnions  for  strengthening  that 
part.  Eneye. 

SLEET,  V.  i.     To  snow  or  Iiail  with  n  mixture  of  rain. 
SLEET'I-NESS,  n.    A  state  of  weather  in  which  rain 

fitlls  mixed  with  snow. 
SLEET'Y,  a.     Briniiing  sleet.  JVarton. 

2.  Consisting  of  sleet. 
SLEEVE,  n.     [Sax.  slef,  slijf;  W.llawes;  said  to  be 
from  Uaie,  llie  hand.] 
■  1.  The  part  of  a  garment  that  is  fitted  to  cover  the 
arm  ;  as,  the  sleere  of  n  coat  or  g(t\vn. 

2.  The  raveled  sleeve  of  care,  in  Shakspeore.  See 
Sleave, 

7'o  lauffh  in  the  sleeve  :  to  laugh  privately  or  unper- 
ceived  ;  that  is,  perlmps,  originally,  by  hiding  the 
face  in  the  wide  sleeves  of  former  times.  ArbuthnoL 

To  hung  on  the  slecce  ;  lo  be  or  nuke  dependent  on 
others.  Ainsworth. 

SLEEVE,  r.  U    To  funiish  with  sleeves;  to  put  in 

sleeves 
SLEEVE'-BUT-TON,  n.     A  button  to  fasten   the 

t^Ieeve  or  wristbnnd. 
SLEEV'JED,  pp.  or  a.    Furnished  with  sleeves  ;  hav- 

int:  sleeves. 
SLEEVE' LESS,  a.    llavins  no  sleeves;  as,  a  slecre- 
Uss  coat.  Sandys. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.\T.  — METE,  PRgY.  — PIXE,  M.iRlNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  DQQK.- 
1040  ~       ~ 


SLI 

a.  Wiinting  a  cover,  pretext,  or  palliation  ;  unrea- 
sonable ;  as,  a  sleeveless  tale  of  transubstaiitiation  ; 
JL  sleerfless  ermnd.    [Little  ttseiL]     Hall.     Spectator, 

SLEEVING,  ppr.     Furnishing  with  sleeves. 

SLBID,  (slide,)  ».  (.  To  sley  or  prepare  for  use  in 
the  weaver's  sley  or  slaie. 

SI,Bir''ED,  (slid'ed,)  pp.  Prepared  for  use  in  the 
weaver's  sley. 

SLCID'I.NG,  (ilaid'ingO  pjw.  Preparing  for  use  in  the 
weaver's  sley. 

SLglGf!,  (sli,)  a.  [Probably  allied  to  «/««t.]  A  vehi- 
cle moved  on  runners,  and  preatly  used  in  America 
for  transporting  persons  or  goods  on  snow  or  ice. 

[Tlii9  word  the  English  write  and  pronounce 
Blcoge,  and  apply  it  to  what  is  called  in  America  a 
Slkd.1 

SLglGlt'I.NG,  (sli'ing,)  n.  The  state  of  the  snow 
or  ice  in  winter  which  admits  of  running  sleighs. 

America, 
2.  The  act  of  riding  in  a  sleiph.  .America* 

SI*EIGirr,  (sllte,)  n.  JG.  sehlUJt^  trick,  cunning  ; 
Khlickt^  plain,  sleek;  Sw.  «fd';^,  dextrous;  D.  sluik^ 
underhand  ;  slaiken^  to  smuggle ;  Ir.  sligktAeack,  sly.] 
1.  An  artful  trick  ;  sly  arti^ce  ;  a  trick  or  feat  so 
dextrously  performed  that  the  manner  of  perform- 
ance escapes  observation  ;  as,  sleight  of  hand  ;  Fr. 
legerdfinain.  Not  improbably  sUigkt  and  Fr.  Ugery 
light,  may  have  a  common  origin. 
2    Dextrous  practice  ;  dexterity. 

SLETOHT'FJJL,  i  ^  .„„,   *  i  a.  Artful  j  cunningly  dex- 

SLEIGHT'Y,       j  (=*'"e  -,j  j      jj^g 

SLEN'UEE.  a.  [Old  D.  slinder.  This  word  is  proba- 
bly fitrmeo  on  tlie  root  of  lean,  Teut.  Idcin.] 

1.  Thin  ;  small  in  circumference  compared  with 
(be  length  ;  nut  thick  ;  as,  a  slender  stem  or  stalk  of 
a  planL 

2.  Small  in  the  waist ;  not  thick  or  gross,  A  slen- 
der waist  is  considered  as  a  beauty. 

3.  Not  strong  ;  small ;  slight. 

Mightjr  beuu  are  helil  in  *Undtr  dtaiiu.  Pop€. 

4.  Weak  ;  feeble  ;  as,  slender  hope ;  slender  proba- 
bilities ;  a  slender  constitution. 

5.  8mnil ;  inconsiderable  ;  as,  a  man  of  slender 
parts. 

6.  Small;  inadequate ;  as,  slender  means  of  sup- 
port ;  a  slender  pittance.  Shak. 

7.  Not  amply  8up|>lied. 

TM  pxxl  Oitoritis  often  rH^oed 

To  gr.t£e  nij  tleruUr  uUe.  Philip*. 

6.  Spare  ;  abstentious ;  as,  a  slender  diet. 

Arbuthnot. 
SLEN'DER-LY,  adv.     Without  bulk. 

2.  Slightly  ;  meanly  ;  as,  a  debt  to  be  slenderly  re- 
garded. Hayward, 

3.  Insufficiently  ;  as,  a  table  slenderly  supplied. 
8LEN'l>CR-NESS,  n.     Thinness  ;  smallness  of  diam- 
eter in  proportion  to  the  length ;  as,  the  sicndcrne.^a 
of  a  hair,  ^ewloTu 

2.  Want  of  bulk  or  strength ;  as,  the  sUndemesa  of 
a  cord  or  chain. 

3.  Weakness;  slightness;  as,  the  sleitdemess  of  a 
reason.  IVhitsifte. 

A.  Weakness;  feebleness;  ^s^  the  slenderness  of  a 
eonstitutiim. 
5.  Want  of  plenty  ;  as,  the  slendemeis  of  a  supply, 
fl.  Spareness  ;  as,  slendemest  of  diet. 
BLENT,  V.  i.    To  make  an  oblique  remark.     [JVot 

ujted.]     [See  Slaht.} 
8LKPT,  pret  and  pp.  of  Slkzp. 
SLRW,prrt.of  Slat. 
BL£Y,  (sli,)  n.     [Sax.  »l&] 

A  weaver's  reed.    [See  Slkati  and  Sleid.I 
SLCY,  (sla,)  V.  t.    To  separate;  to  part  threads  and 

arrange  them  in  a  reed  ;  as  weavern. 
SLICE,  r.  L     [G.  sehleissen^  to  sUt ;  Sax.  alitan.] 

1.  To  cut  into  thin  pieces,  or  tu  cut  off  a  thin, 
broad  piece.  Su/iWi/,*. 

2.  To  cut  into  luirts.  CUurelamL 

3.  To  cut  ;  to  divide.  Burnet. 
SLICE,  n.     A  thin,  broad  piece  cut  off;  as,  n.  slice  of 

bacon  ;  a  slice  of  cheese  ;  a  slice  of  bread. 

2.  A  broad  piece  ;  as,  a  slice  of  plaster.        Pope, 

3.  A  peel,  or  fire-sbovel.  IlaiUiceU, 

4.  A  spatula  ;  an  instrument  consisting  of  a  broad 
plate  with  a  handle,  used  by  apothecaries  fur  spread- 
ing plasters,  &.e. 

5.  In  ship^uildinsy  a  tapering  piece  of  plank  to  be 
driven  between  the  timbers  before  planking.     Kneye. 

SLTC'KD,  (sllst,)  pp.  or  a.  Cut  into  broad,  thin  pieces. 
SL[(;H,  i  a.  The  ore  of  a  metal,  particularly  of  gold, 
SLICK,  \    pounded  and  prepared  for  further  working. 

Hebert.     Encye. 
SLICING,  ppr.    Cutting  into  brood,  thin  pieces. 
SLICK  ;  the  (wptilar  pronunciation  of  Sleek,  and  so 

written  by  some  authors.  IlalhwcU. 

SLlCK'EN-SinES,  n.     A  nnm<- which  workmen  give 

to  a  varii;ty  of  galena  in  Derbyshire.  Urt. 

8LID,jwft.  of  Slide. 
SLID, 


r»^n 


SLID'D/TN,!'^'*''^'-'"' 
SLID'DER,  V  i.    \?-aj..  aliderian,  slidrian.   See  Slide.] 
To  slide  with  interruption.     [JWt  in  »"«0 

I>ryden. 


SLI 

SLID'DER,  \a,   [See  Slidb.]     Slippery.     [JVbe  in 

SLID'DER-LY,  (      w^e.]  Chaucer. 

SLIDE,  r.  i. ;  pret.  Slid;  pp.  Slid,  Slidden.     [Sax. 

slidan ;  probably  glide^  with  a  different  prefix  j  G. 

glciten,] 

1.  To  move  along  the  surface  of  any  body  by  slip- 
ping, or  without  bounding  or  rolling;  to  slip;  to 
glide ;  as,  a  »!led  slides  on  snow  or  ice  j  a  snow-slip 
slides  down  the  mountain's  side. 

2.  To  move  along  the  surface  without  stepping; 
as,  a  man  slides  on  ice. 

3.  To  pass  inadvertently. 

Make  it  door  uid  a  bar  for  th;  mouth ;  beware  thou  ilide  not 
b;  it.  Eccluw, 

4.  To  pass  smoothly  along  without  jerks  or  agita- 
tion ;  as,  a  ship  or  boat  slides  through  the  water. 

5.  To  pass  in  silent,  unobserved  progression. 

A^ea  iliall  gluU  sway  wiUiout  pereeiving.  thyden. 

6.  To  pass  silently  and  gradually  from  one  state  to 
another  :  as,  to  slide  insensibly  into  vicious  practices, 
or  into  the  customs  of  others. 

7.  To  pass  without  difficulty  or  obstruction. 

Pnrti  nnswering  parts  shull  tlidt  into  a  whole.  Pope. 

8.  To  practice  sliding  or  moving  on  ice. 

I'hey  baUu-  in  auinincr,  and  in  winter  »'dd€.  Wailer. 

9.  To  slip ;  to  fall. 

10.  To  pass  with  an  easy,  smooth,  uninterrupted 
course  or  flow. 

SLIDE,  r.  L  To  slip ;  to  pass  or  put  in  imperceptibly  ; 
as,  to  slide  in  a  word  to  vary  the  sense  of  a  question. 

Watts. 

2.  To  thrust  along  ;  or  to  thrust  by  slipping  ;  as,  to 
sliile  along  a  piece  of  timlier. 

SLIDE,  n.    A  smooth  and  easy  passage ;  also,  a  slider. 

Sacon. 
Q.  Flow  ;  even  course.  Bacon. 

3.  The  descent  of  a  detached  mass  of  earth  or  rock 
down  a  declivity.  Dana. 

4.  A  place  on  the  side  of  a  hill  or  mountain  for 
limber  to  descend ;  as,  the  slide  of  Alpnacb,  in  Switz- 
erland. 

5.  In  music,  a  grace  consisting  of  two  small  notes 
moving  by  degrees. 

SLID'KK,  n.     One  that  slides. 

2.  The  part  of  an  instrument  or  machine  that 
slides. 

SLID'ING,  ppr.  Moving  along  the  surface  by  slip- 
ping; gliding  ;  passing  smoothly,  easily,  or  impercep- 
td>ly. 

SLID'ING,  n.     The  act  of  sliding  ;  lapse  ;  falling. 

SLID'ING-KEEL,  n.  A  narrow  frame  or  platform  let 
down  thruuKh  the  bottom  of  a  small  vessel,  like  a 
deepening  of  the  keel.  It  serves,  like  a  lee-board,  to 
sustain  the  vessel  against  the  lateral  force  of  the 
wind.  Brande. 

SLID'ING-RCLE,  n.  A  mathematical  instrument  for 
the  mechanical  [wrfurmance  of  addition  and  sulitrac- 
tion,  and,  by  means  of  logarithmic  scales,  of  multi- 
plication and  division.  TJie  operations  are  pt;rformed 
by  sliiling  one  of  the  parts  along  another.     P.  Cye. 

SLID'ING— SCALE,  n.  In  the  F.nglish  eorn^laws,  a 
scale  for  raising  or  lowering  the  duties  in  proportion 
to  the  fall  or  rise  of  prict'S. 

SLIGHT,  (sllle,)  a.  [D.  slegt;  Q.  scklecht,  plain,  sim- 
ple, mt!an  ;  D.  slegten,  to  level ;  G.  aehlecken,  to  lick. 
It  seems  that  slight  belongs  to  the  family  of  sleeky 
smooth.     Q.U.  Dan.  slety  by  contraction.] 

L  Weak  ;  inconsiderable  ;  not  forcible  ;  as,  a  slight 
impulno  ;  a  slight  effort. 

2.  Not  strong  or  Arm  ;  not  calculated  to  endure  j  as, 
a  slight  structure. 

3.  Not  deep  ;  as,  a  slight  Impression. 

4.  Not  violent;  as,  a  slight  disease,  illness,  or  in- 
disposition. 

5.  Trifling  ;  of  no  great  importance. 

Slight  m  tbe  aubjocl,  but  oot  m  tb«  pFsise.  Pope. 

6.  Not  strong  ;  not  cogent. 

Some  firmly  embntce  iloctrinet  upon  alight  grounds.      Lode*. 

7.  Cursory;  supcrflcial ;  not  thorough;  as,  slight 
examination. 

8.  Negligent;  not  vehement;  not  done  with  ef- 
fort. 

Tlw  ihitking  of  the  hcwl  i>  a  gesture  of  slight  refusal.    Bacon. 

9.  Foolish;  silly;  weak  in  intellect.      Hudibras. 
SLIGHT,  (sllie,)  n.     No(^ert ;  disregard;  a  moderate 

degree  of  contempt  manifested  necatively  by  neg- 
lect. It  expresses  less  than  Cuntemft,  Disdain,  and 

BcORff. 

2.  Artifice;  dexterity.     [See  Sleiomt.] 
SLIGHT,  (Mlite,)  tJ.  (,    To  neglect ;  to  disregard  from 
the  rontiderntitm  that  a  thing  is  of  little  value  and 
unworthy  of  notice  ;   as,  to  slighl  the  divine   com- 
mands, or  the  offers  of  mercy.  Milton.    Locke. 

2.  To  ovcrtlirow  ;  to  demolish.     \^J^ut  used.'] 

Clarendon. 

"  The  rogues  slighted  mo  into  the  river,"  in  SAafc- 
apeare,  is  not  used,     [D.  sUgten."^ 

To  slijfht  oBcr  i  to  run  over  in  haste ;  to  perform 
superficially  ;  to  treat  carelessly  ;  as,  to  slight  over  a 
theme.  JOnjdcn, 


SLI 

SLIGHT'ED,  (.slit'ed,)  pp.  or  a.     Neglected. 

SLIGHT'£N,  (slit'n,)  r.  u  To  slight  or  disregard. 
[J\'*w(  in  use]  Spenser. 

SLIGHT'ER,  n.     One  who  neglects. 

SLTGHT'LN'G,  ppr.     Neglecting  ;  disregarding. 

SLIGHT'L\G-LY,  adv.  With  neglect;  without  re- 
sp<*ct.  Boyle. 

SLlGHT'LY,(8me'Iy,)  adv.  Weakly;  superficially; 
with  inconsiderable  force  or  effect;  in  a  small  de- 
gree ;  as,  a  man  slightly  wounded  ;  an  audience 
alishtiv  affected  with  preaching. 

2.  ^fegIigently ;  without  regard;  with  moderate 
contempt.  Hooker.     Shak, 

SLIGHT'NESS,  (sllte'-,)  n.  Weakness ;  want  of 
force  or  strength;  superficialness;  as,  the  slightness 
of  a  wound  or  an  impression. 

2.  Negligence  ;  want  of  attention  ;  want  of  vehe- 
mence. 

How  does  it  reproach  the  slightness  of  our  sleepy,  henrtWi  sd 
dresses  !  Dtaa/  oj  Piety. 

SLIGHT'Y,  (sltte'-,)  a.    Superficial ;  slight. 

2.  Trifling;  inconsiderable.  Echard. 
SLI'LY,  adv.     [from  sly.]    With  artful  or  dextrous 

secrecy. 

Satan  fU/y  robi  us  o(  our  grand  treasure.         Decay  of  Pitty. 

SLIM,  a.  [Ice.]  Slender;  of  small  diameter  orthick- 
ness  in  proportion  to  the  hight ;  as,  a  slim  person ; 
a  slim  tree.  Orose, 

S.  Weak  ;  slight ;  unsubstantial. 

3.  Worthless. 

SLIME,  n.  [Sax.  slim;  Sw.  alemi  D.  alym;  Dan. 
sliim;  Q.  sehlamm;  L.  limus.] 

Soft,  moist  earth,  having  an  adhesive  quality; 
viscous  mud. 

They  had  brick  for  stone,  and  tlim*  bad  they  for  mortar.  —  Gen. 

xi. 

SLIME'-PIT,  n,    A  pit  of  slime  or  adhesive  mire. 
SLIM'j-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  slime  ;  viscosity. 

Flayer. 
SLIM'NESS,  n.    Slate  of  being  slim. 
SLLM'Y,  a.     Abounding  with  slime  ;  consisting  of 
slime. 

2.  Overspread  with  slime;  as,  a  slimy  eel. 

3.  Viscous;  glutinous;  a^,  a  x/imj/ soil. 
SLI'NESS,  n.     [from  sly.]     Dextrous  artifice  to  con- 
ceal any  thing  ;  artful  secrecy.  .Addison. 

SLING,  n.     [D.  slingrr.] 

1.  An  instrument  for  throwing  stones,  consisting 
of  a  strap  and  two  strings;  the  stone,  being  lodged 
in  the  strap,  is  thrown  by  loosing  one  of  the  strings. 
With  a  sling  and  a  stone  David  killed  Goliah. 

2.  A  throw  ;  a  stroke.  Milton. 

3.  A  kind  of  hanging  bandage  put  round  the  neck, 
in  which  a  wounded  limb  is  sustained. 

4.  A  rope  by  which  a  cask  or  bale  is  suspended 
and  swung  in  or  out  of  a  ship. 

SLING,  M.     [G.  schlingeny  to  swallow.] 

A  drink  comiw-sed  of  equal  porta  of  rum  or  spirit 
and  water  sweetened.  Rush. 

SLING,  V.  t. ;  preU  and  pp.  Sluwo.  ("Sax.  slingan  ;  D. 
slingeren  ;  Sw.  slinka,  to  dangle  ;  Dan.  slingrer,  to 
reel.     The  primary  sense  seems  to  be,  to  swing.] 

1.  To  throw  with  a  sling. 

2.  To  throw  ;  to  hurl.  .Addison. 

3.  To  hang  so  as  to  swing  ;  as,  to  sling  a  pack. 

4.  To  move  or  swing  by  a  rope  which  suspends  the 
thing. 

SLING'EU,  fl.    One  who  slings  or  uses  the  sling. 
SLING'ING,  ppr.    Ttirowiiig  with  a  sling;  hanging 

so  as  to  swing  ;  moving  by  a  sling. 
SLINK,  V.  i,  i  pret.  and  pp.  Slunk.     [Sax.  slincan  /  G. 

schleichen.] 
L  To  sneak  ;  to  creep  away  meanly ;  to  steal 

away. 

He  would  pinch  tltc  cliildren  in  the  darit,  and  then  »Hnk  into  a 
curnt-r.  Artntlhnoi. 

9.  To  miscarry,  as  a  beast. 

SLINK,  p.  L  To  cast  prematurely;  to  abort  or  mis- 
carry of;  as  the  female  of  a  beast. 

SLINK,  a.  Produced  prematurely,  as  the  young  of  a 
beast. 

SLIP,  V.  i.  [Sax.  slrpan ;  D.  shppen  j  Sw.  sUppa ;  Dan. 
8lii)rper ;  G.  schliijifrn,  sehliefcn ;  W.  ysUOy  smooth, 
glili,  from  llib;  L.  labor,  to  slide.] 

1.  To  slide;  to  glide;  to  move  along  the  surface  of 
a  thins  without  bounding,  rolling,  or  stepping. 

2.  To  slide  ;  not  to  tread  firmly.  Walk  carefully, 
lest  your  foot  should  .tlip. 

3.  To  move  or  (ly  out  of  place  ;  usually  with  out ; 
as,  a  bone  may  slip  out  of  its  place.  Wiseman. 

4.  To  sneak  ;  to  slink  ;  to  depart  or  withdraw  se- 
cretly ;  with  aiDoy. 

Tliiii  nrif  Intdnninn  tlipt  away, 

I'o  give  his  purtjur  luirer  play.  Prior. 

5.  To  err  ;  to  fall  into  error  or  fault. 

One  glipptth  in  his  speech,  but  Dot  from  his  heart.        Ecclus. 

n.  To  glide ;  to  ])as3  unexpectedly  or  Impercep- 

And  thrice  the  flitting  shadow  flipped  away.  Dryden, 

7.  To  enter  by  oversight.  An  error  may  slip  into 
a  copy,  notwithstanding  all  possible  care. 


TCNE,  BULL,  IJNITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOU&  — C  as  K;  ti  as  J;  »  as  Z ;  CU  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

l3l  lOTf 


SLI 


SLO 


6.  To  escape  insensibly  ;  to  be  lost. 

Cm  the  moat  proper  metbtxb  to  reuin  the  ideiu  70a  have  •«- 
qutred,  (or  the  mind  m  ro&djr  lo  let  nuui;  of  Ihem  •Aip. 

SLIP,  ».  *.    To  convey  eecrelly. 

He  tried  lo  *tip  m.  powder  into  her  driuk.  Arbi*tiu¥>t. 

2.  To  omit  J  to  lose  by  negligence.  l«et  us  not  slip 
the  occasion. 

And  flip  DO  advantage 
That  mmy  mxxin  you.  ^-  J0"»"- 

a  To  part  iwigs  ftom  the  branches  or  stem  of  a 
bee. 

The  bcmochM  abo  taay  be  •tVP*^  ■""^  pUnied.         Afortbncr. 

4.  To  escape  from ;  to  leave  slily. 

Luccntio  aHpf^  ma  Uka  bia  rre/bouod.  9iak, 

fVvM  Is  bete  ondentood 
&.  To  let  loose  ;  as,  to  dip  the  hounds.     Dnfdm. 

6.  To  throw  off;  to  disengage  one^s  self  frt>ui ;  as, 
a  hone  slips  his  bridle. 

7.  To  pass  over  or  omit  negligently ;  as,  to  ^  over 
the  main  puintj  of  a  subject. 

8.  To  tear  off ;  as,  to  sUp  off  a  twig. 

9.  To  suffer  abortion  ;  tu  tuiscarry  ;  as  a  beast. 
7b  slip  a  cahie ;  to  veer  out,  and  let  go  the  end. 

Mm-.  DicU 
n  slip  om  t  to  put  on  in  haste  or  loosely  j  as,  to  Jilip 
Ml  a  gown  or  coitL 
SLIP,  M.     A  slidtnK  ;  act  of  slipping. 

5.  An  unintentional  ern>r  tir  fault.  Dryden. 

3.  A  twig  separated  from  the  main  stock  j  as,  the 
alip  of  a  vine. 

4.  A  Ica^h  or  string  by  which  a  dog  ia  hold  ;  so 
called  from  its  being  so  made  as  to  slip  or  (•ecouie 
loose  by  relaxaliun  of  the  hand.  Shak. 

6.  An  escape  i  a  secret  or  unexpected  desertion. 
G.  A  long,  narrow  piece ;  as,  a  «Iip  of  paper. 

*  JiddiSOH. 

Hence, 

7.  Among  printers,  n  portion  of  the  columns  of  a 
newspaper  struck  off  by  itself. 

8.  A  counterfeit  piece  of  money,  being  brass  cov- 
ered with  stiver.    [AW  ta  mm.]  Shak. 

9l  Matter  ftNind  in  troughs  c«  grindstones  after  the 
grindtag  of  edge-tooU.    [LocaL]  Petty. 

10.  A  particular  quantity  of  yam.    [LocoL] 

Airrrt. 

11.  An  opening  between  wharves  or  in  a  dock. 

AVw  York. 
19.  A  place  having  a  gradual  descent  on  the  tunk 
of  a  river  or  harbor,  convenient  fur  ship-building. 

Mar.  DieL 
IX  A  long  seal  or  narrow  pew  in  churches. 

Umi:^  Stales. 
14.  In  ffoloffify  a  man  of  strata  separated  vertically 
or  airlant. 
SLIP'-BO.\RD,  B.    A  board  sliding  in  grooves. 

SLIP'-KNOT,  (-not.)  n.  A  knot  which  will  not  bear 
a  strain,  but  slips  along  the  rope  or  line  around 
which  it  is  made.  ToOriu 

SLIP'PKn,  (fJipi,)  pp.  of  SuF. 

SLIP'PKR,  a.  J=>ai.]  A  kind  of  light  shoe,  which 
may  be  slipped  on  with  ease,  and  worn  in  undress  ; 
a  slip-shoe.  Pope, 

5.  A  kind  of  apron  for  children,  to  be  slipped  over 
their  other  clothes  to  keep  them  clean. 

3.  A  pInnL     PL.  errpis.] 

4.  A  kind  of  iron  slide  or  lock  for  the  use  of  a 
heavy  wagon. 

SLIP'PEK,  a.     [Pax.  slipHr.) 

SWppfTv.     [.Vat  in  use,]  Spenser. 

8LIP'PER-/:D,  a.    Wearing  slippers.  Wartfin. 

SLIP'PER-I-LY,  ado.    [from  sUppery.]     In  a  slippery 

manner. 
SLIP'PER-I-N'E.^3,  n.     The  state  or  quality  of  being 

slippery  ;  lubricity ;  smoothness  ;  glibness  ;  as,  the 

tt^perimess  of  ice  or  snow ;  the  glipperines*  of  the 

tongue. 

2.  Uncertainty  ;  want  of  finn  footing.    Johnson. 

3.  Lubricity  of  character. 

8LIP'PER-Y,  a.  Smooth  ;  glib  ;  having  the  quality 
opposite  to  adhesiveness  i  as,  oily  substances  render 
things  dippery. 

8.  Not  affording  firm  footing  or  confidence ;  as,  a 
ApperTf  promise.  Tvsser^ 

The  s&ppgry  tofa  al  bomaa  itate.  Coitity. 

3.  Not  easily  held ;  liable  or  apt  to  slip  away. 

The  t.'ipp€ry  psA  will  117  to  looae  bk  bold.  Dryden. 

4.  Not  standing  firm  ;  as,  dippery  standers.     Shak. 

6.  Unstable  ;  cbanceable  ;  mutable  ;  uncertain  ; 
aa,  the  sUppenf  state  of  kings.  Deaham. 

6.  Not  certain  in  its  effect ;  as,  a  slippery  trick. 

7.  Lubricous;  wanton;  unchaste.  Shak. 
SLIP'PV,  a.    Slippery.     [AW  in  tue,  Owvkgk  regular. 

Sax.  ^ipeg.] 
SLIP'SHOD,  a.    [.^lip  and  shod.]     Wearing  shoes  like 

slippers,  without  piilline  up  the  quarters.        SicifL 
SLIP'SLOP,  n.     Had  liquor. 
SLIP'STRLNG,  n.     [.dip  and  string.]     One  that  has 

shaken  off  restraint ;  a  prodigal ;  called  also  Slip^ 

THaivT,  but  I  believe  seldom  or  never  used. 

Cotgrave. 


8LISII,  a.    A  cut;  a  low  word,  formed  by  reduplicat- 

inff  Slavii  ;  as,  slish  and  slash.  ^luk. 

SLIT,  p.  t,  i  preU  Slit  ;  j»p.  Slit  or  Slittkd.     [Sax. 

sUtani    Sw.  slita;   il.  sehleissen ;    I>,   slyten  ;    Dan. 

stidtr.     The  two  latter  8if;tui'y,to  wear  out  ur  waste. 

The  Gorman  has  the  signification  of  splitting  and  of 

wearing  t)ut.l 

1.  To  cut  lenpthwise ;  to  cut  into  long  pieces  or 
strips  ;  ns,  to  slit  iron  bnrs  into  nail  roils. 

A  To  cut  or  make  a  long  li:;sure  ;  ;is,  to  slit  the  ear 
or  tongue,  or  the  no^.  Temple.    JWiDtun. 

3.  'J'o  wjt  in  general.  MUton. 

4.  To  rend  ;  to  split. 

SLIT,  a.    A  long  cut ;  or  a  narrow  opening ;  as,asUt 
in  the  ear. 
a.  A  cleft  or  crack  in  the  breast  of  cattle.  Eneyc 
SLITII'EH,  V.  i    To  slide.     [Various  <iia/ccr-».l 

naUiieeH. 
SLIT'TER,  a.    One  that  slits. 
SI.IT'TI  N'G,  ppr.     Cutting  lenfjthwise. 
SLIT'TING-MILL,  a.  A  mill  where  iron  bars  are  slit 

into  nail  rods,  &.c. 
SLIVE,  r.  i    "Hj  sneak.    IN'orih  of  England.] 

Halliwell. 
SLIVER,  e  (.     [Sux.  s/i/Im  ;  W.  ysWeime,  from  y.-'iuir, 
a  slash  or  slice,  from  elaiVy  a  sword  ur  cinieler ;  llaiv, 
shears  or  a  shave  ;  but  all  probably  from  the  sense 
of  cutting  or  8ei)amtinp.     Class  Lb.] 

To  cut  or  divide  into  long,  thin  pieces,  or  into  very 
small  pieces  ;  to  cut  or  rend  length  w  ise  j  as,  lo  sliver 

W(K>d. 

SLIVER,  n.  A  long  piece  cut  or  rent  off,  or  a  piece 
cut  or  rent  lengthwise. 

SLIVER-ED,  pp.  Divided  into  long,  thin  pieces;  cut 
or  rent  lengthwise. 

SLIV'ER-I.NG,  ppr.  Cutting  or  rending  lengthwise 
into  long,  thin  pieces,  tu-  very  small  pieces. 

SIjCAM,  «.     Layers  of  earth  between  those  of  coal. 

SLOAT,  (sifile,)  a.  [from  the  root  of  Dan.  stutter^  to 
fasten,  D.  sluiten.  Sw.  «fufa,  G.  scMUesseni  from  the 
root  of  L.  clauda.] 

A  narrow  piece  of  timber  which  holds  together 
large  pieces  ;  as,  the  stoats  of  a  cart. 

SLOH'BKR,  and  its  derivatives,  are  a  different  or- 
thiigraphy  of  Slabber,  the  original  pronunciation  of 
which  was  probably  slobber.  [See  Slabbeb  and 
Slatkr.] 

SLOCK,  lo  quench,  is  a  different  orthography  of 
Slake,  but  not  used. 

SLOE,  n.  rSax.  sla^,  <fa;  G.  sekUhe  ;  D.  slee,  in  sJee- 
pruim,  ana  «/««  sienifies  sour;  slee-boontj  the  sli>o- 
tree  ;  Dan.  staaty  tdaam,  or  slaaen-torne.] 

A  small,  hitter,  wild  plum,  the  fruit  of  the  black 
thorn,  Pninus  ^pinosa.  Mortimer. 

SLf^'GA.V.  n.  The  war-cry  or  gathering  word  of  a 
Hiphland  clan  in  Scotland.  fV.  Seott. 

SLOOM,  H.     Slumber.     [^Vorlh  of  Eng.]       /i.UiteetL 

SLOOM'V,  a.    Sluggish  ;  slow.     [JWrtA  of  Eng.] 

IMUwelL 

SLOOP,  a.  [D.  sloep^  sloepschip;  G.  sekaluppe ;  Dan. 
sluppe  ;  Fr.  ehatoupe.     It  is  written  bIsi>  Shallop.] 

A  vessel  with  one  mast,  (he  main-sail  of  which  is 
attached  to  a  gaff  above,  to  a  boom  below,  and  to 
the  mast  on  its  foremost  edge.  It  differs  from  a  Cot- 
ter by  having  a  fixed  sleeving  bowsprit  and  a  jib- 
stay.  Sloops  are  of  various  sizen,  from  the  size  of  a 
boot  to  that  of  more  than  100  tuns'  burthen. 

Mar.  Diet 
Sloop  of  var ;  a  vessel  of  war  rigged  either  as  a 
ship,  brig,  or  schooner,  and  mounting  between  18 
and  32  guns.  Totten. 

SLOP,  r.  u  [Probably  allied  to  lap.]  To  drink  greed- 
ily and  grossly.     [Little  ustd.] 

SLOP,  n.  [Probably  allied  to  slabber.]  Water  care- 
lessly thrown  about  on  a  table  or  floor  ;  a  puddle ;  a 
soiled  spot. 

2.  Mean  liquor  ;  mean  liquid  food. 

3.  S/op^,  pL ;  ready-made  clothes,  bedding,  &c. 
[Sec  Slop*.] 

SLOPE,  a.    [This  word  contains  the  elements  of  L. 

labor,  lttpsus,and  Eng.  slip  ;  also  of  L.  levo,  Eng.  lifi. 

I  know  not  whether  it  originally  signified  ascending 

or  de?c<"nding,  probably  the  luller.] 

Inclined  or  inclining  from  a  horizontal  direction; 

forming  an  angle  with  the  plane  of  the  horizon  ;  aa, 

sJope  hills.     [Little  jtsed.]  Milton. 

SLOPE,  n.     An  oblique  direction  ;  a  line  or  direction 

inclining  from  a  horizontal  line  ;  properly,  a  direction 

downward. 

2.  An  oblique  direction  in  general ;  a  direction 
forming  an  angle  witii  a  perpendicular  or  other  right 
line. 

3.  A  declivity ;  any  ground  whose  surface  forms 
an  angle  with  the  plane  of  the  horizon  ;  also,  an  ac- 
clivity, as  every  declivity  mu^t  be  also  an  acclivity. 

SLOPE, ».  U  To  form  with  a  slope  ;  to  form  to  decliv- 
ity or  obliquity  ;  to  direct  obliquely;  to  incline;  as, 
to  slope  the  ground  in  a  garden  ;  to  slope  a  piece  of 
clftth  in  cutting  a  garment. 

SLOPE,  V.  L  To  t;tke  an  oblique  direction  ;  to  be  de- 
clivous or  inclined. 

SLOPE'NESS,  Tt.  Declivity;  obliquity  [JVot  much 
usfd.J  WoUon. 

SLOPE'WISE,  adv.     Obliquely.  Carew. 


8LO 

SLOP'ING,  ppr.    Taking  an  inclined  direction. 

2.  a.    Oblique;   declivous;  inclining  ur  inclined 

from  a  horizotitai  or  other  right  line. 
SLOP'ING-LV,  adv.     (ibliquely  ;  wilh  a  slope. 
SLOF'PI-NKSS,  n.     [from   slvppy.]      WeliKJSs  of  the 

earth  ;  niuddiiicss. 
SLOP'PY,  a.    [(xomslop.]    Wet.aa  the  ground  j  mud- 
dy ;  plashy. 
SLOPS,  n.  pi.    [Q,u.  D.  sluif^  a  case  or  cover,  or  slof^ 

an  old  slipper,  or  Sax.  slupen,  lax,  loose  ;  tvAupaii,  to 

loosen.] 

Trowsera ;    a    loose    lower    garment ;    drawers; 

hence,  ready-madu  clothes,  bedding,  Slc.         Shak. 
SLOP'SELL-EU,    R.     One    who    sells    ready-made 

clothes. 
SLOP'SHOP,  a.    A  shop  where  ready-made  clothes 

are  sold. 
SLOSH,  n.     See  Slush. 
SLOSH'Y,  a.     See  Slusht. 
SLOT,  t?.  f.    [D.  Wtiitea,  U>  shut;  G.  schliessem  Dan. 

stutter;  Sw.  slula;  from  the  rtmt  of  L  ctaudo.] 
To  shut  with  violence;  to  slam,  that  is,  to  drive. 

[JVot  ia  use,  or  local.']  Ruy, 

SLOT,  n.     A  broad,  Ilat,  wooden  bar. 
SLOT,  H.     [The  Saxon  has  sLftingr^  tracks.] 

The  track  of  n  deer,  Xh-aytoTi. 

SLOTH  or  SLOTH,  n.     [Sax.  stawUtj  from  slaw^  slow. 

See  Slow.] 
I.  Slowness ;  tardiness, 

I  nbhor 
Thit  dilatory  $toth  and  tricks  or  Rome.  Shak, 

9.  Disincliuiilion  to  notion  or  labor;  sluggishness; 
laziness  :  idleness. 


Thpv  chang>?  tlK-ir 
ShA,  like  ru*t,    - 


to  ploasiirc,  easo,  nnd  ttoth.    MilUin. 
foAU^r  likui  lAU)r  wear*,     fyntiktin. 

3.  The  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  tardigrade 
edentate  inaniiuais,  a  genus  which  comprises  only 
two  s|)ec)es,  viz.,  Hradypus  tridactylus  ur  Ai,  about 
the  size  of  a  conimun  cat,  nnd  Bradypus  didnctylus 
or  Unau,  about  half  the  size  of  the  former,  both  of 
South  Auterica.  These  animals  are  so  called  from 
the  remarkable  slowness  of  their  motions.  It  is 
said  that  their  greatest  speed  seldom  exceeds  three 
yanls  an  hour.  'J'hey  feed  on  vegetables. 
SLOTH  or  SLOTH,  v.  i.     To  be  idle.     [JSTot  in  use.] 

Ooioer. 
SLOTH'FJJIi  or  SLOTII'FUL,  a.    Inactive  j  sluggish  ; 
lazy  ;  indolent ;  idle. 

He  tliiit  b  tloth/ul  in  hia  work,  b  brother  to  him  that  is  a  gr-:at 
wuster. —  Prvtr.  xviti. 

SLOTH'FUL-LY  or  SLOTII'FyL-LY,  adv.  Lazily  ; 
sluggishly  ;  idlv. 

SLOTH'Ft'L-NESS  or  SLOTII'FJJL-NESS,  n.  The 
indulgence  of  sloth;  inactivity;  the  habit  of  idle- 
ness ;  laziness. 

SlolhfulnetM  cnstelh  into  a  deep  sleep.  —  FroT.  xxx. 

SLOT'TED,  ;ip.  or  a.     Shut  wilh  violence.     [Local.] 

SLOT'TER-Y,  a,  [G.  scMotterig^  negligent ;  schlvt- 
tern,  tu  hang  loost^ly,  to  wabble.     See  Slut,] 

L  Squalid;  dirty;  sluttish;  untrimmed.  [J^otin 
use.]  Chaucer. 

2.  Foul  ;  wet.     [JVoi  in  itsc]  Pryce.. 

SLOT'TING,  ppr.  Shutting  with  violence;  slam- 
ming. 

SLOUCH,  n.  [This  word  probably  belongs  to  the  root 
of  tag,  slug.] 

1.  A  hanging  down  ;  a  depression  of  the  head  or 
of  sotne  other  piirt  uf  the  body  ;  an  ungainly,  clown- 
ish gaiL  Satift. 

2.  An  awkward,  heavy,  clownish  fellow.     Oay. 
SLOUCH,  V.  L    To  hang  down  ;  to  have  a  downcast, 

clownish  look,  gait,  or  manner.  Ckesti-rfietd, 

SLOUCH,  V.  L  To  depress  ;  to  cause  to  hang  down  j 
as,  to  slouch  the  hat. 

SLOUCH'KD,  (sloucht,)  pp.  Made  to  hang  down  ; 
depressed. 

SLOUCH'ING,  ppr.     Causing  to  hang  down. 

2.  a.  Hanging  down  ;  walking  heavily  and  awk- 
wardly. 

SLOUGH,  (slou,)  n.  [Sax.  slog ;  W.  ystie^.,a  gutter 
or  slough,  from  llw^,  a  lake.] 

1.  A  place  of  deep  mud  or  mire  ;  a  hole  full  of 
mire.  Milton. 

2.  (pron.  sluff.)  The  skin  or  cast  skin  of  a  ser- 
pent. [Its  use  for  the  skin  in  general,  in  Sliak- 
speare,  is  not  authorized.] 

3.  (pron.  sluff.)  The  part  that  separates  from  a 
foul  sore.  fVi'^enuin. 

The  dead  part  which  separates  from  the  living  in 
mortification.  Cooper. 

SLOUGH,  (sluff,)  V.  u  To  separate  from  the  sound 
flesh  ;  to  come  off;  as  the  matter  formed  over  a 
sore  ;  a  term  in  surgery. 

To  slough  off;  to  separate  from  the  living  parts,  aa 
the  dead  part  in  mortification. 
SLOUGH'Y,  (slou'e,)  a.    Full  of  sloughs  ;  miry. 

Swift, 
SLOVEN,  n.     [D.  slof,  careless  ;  sloffen,  to   neglect  j 
W.  yslahi,  from  yslab,  extended  ;  Ir.  slapaire.] 

A  man  careless  of  his  dress,  or  negligent  of  clean- 
liness ;  a  man  habitually  negligent  of  neatness  and 
order.  Pope. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PR£Y.  — PL\E,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK 

1042  ^=r===;;====:^=z=^:^^^i^::==:^z:===r:==^=======z=:=:= 


SLU 

SLOV'E\-LI-NESS,    n.     [from   sloven.]     Nepligence 

of  drt'ss  ;  liabitriiU  want  of  cleanliness.        Wotton. 

2.  N'egltci  of  order  and  neatness.  HaU, 

SLOV'EN-LV,  a.    r^'egligcnt  of  dress  or  neatness  ;  as, 

a  Aapcnlij  man. 
2.  L'wsc ;  disorderly ;    not  neat ;  as,    a  slovenly 

drcs?i. 
8L0V'E.V-LY,  adv.    In  a  careless,  inelegant  manner. 
SLOV'E.\-RY,  n.     Negligence  of  order  or  neatness; 

dirtiness.   JJVot  m  itse.]  Shak. 

BhCtWy  a,     [8ax.5faw,  for  staff;  Dan.  «C>'D,duIl,  blunt  j 

Contracted  from  the  root  of  slack,  sluggard^  tair.] 

1.  Moving  a  small  distance  m  a  luni*  time;  not 
swift ;  not  quick  in  motion ;  not  rapid  ;  as,  a  stow 
stream  ;  a  sIojb  motion. 

2.  Late  ;  not  happening  in  a  short  time. 

Th-«^  chiiiig^  in  tlie  h^'itveiis,  though  alov,  prociuccd 

Like  cliant^  on  Ka  nnU  land,  sidereal  bl:uC  Atitton, 

3.  Not  ready;  not  prompt  or  quick;  as,  slow  of 
speech,  and  dou)  of  tongue.    Kzody  iv. 

4.  Dull ;  inactive  ;  tardy. 

The  Tro].ir«  (ire  nol  t!ow 
To  ^AFcl  Ibeir  shore  from  bd  expected  (oe,  DryUn. 

5.  Not  hasty  ;  not  precipitate ;  acting  with  deliber- 
ation. 

Th«  liOitt  b  merciful,  iloie  to  angt-r.  Cam.  Prayer, 

tic  Ihnt  is  tlQW  to  wmth  b  of  f  real  uodentamling.  —  Pror.  xir. 

6.  Dull ;  heavy  in  wit.  Pope. 

7.  Behind  in  time;  indicating  a  time  later  than  Uie 
tnie  time  ;  as,  the  clock  or  watch  is  slow. 

8.  Not  advancing,  growing,  or  improving  rapidly  ; 
an,  the  sloiD  growth  of  arts  and  sciences. 

SLOW  is  used  in  composition,  to  modify  other  words; 
as,  a  s/t)Kf-p;iced  horse. 

SL^W,  as  a  verb,  to  delay,  is  not  in  use.  Shak, 

SLOVV,  n.     [Sax.  sliw.] 

A  moth.     [JVot  in  u^f.l  Ghaucer, 

SLOWBACK,  n.  A  lubber;  an  idle  fellow;  a  loi- 
terer. 

SLOWLY,  adv.  With  moderate  motion  ;  not  rapid- 
ly ;  not  with  velocity  or  celerity  ;  as,  to  walk  slowly. 

2.  Not  soon  ;  not  early  ;  not  in  a  little  time  ;  not 
with  hasty  advance ;  as,  a  country  that  rises  slowly 
into  importance. 

3.  Not  hastily  ;  not  rashly ;  not  with  precipitation  ; 
as,  he  determines  slowly. 

4.  Not  promptly  ;  ni>t  readily  ;  as,  ho  learns  slowly. 

5.  Tardily  ;  with  slow  progress.  The  building  pro- 
ceed^ slowly. 

SLOWNESS,  n.  Moderate  motion ;  want  of  speed  or 
velocity. 

SwifinCM  and  tloionesM  an  reUtire  ideu.  WatU. 

2.  Tardy  advance  ;  moderate  progression ;  as,  the 
slowness  of  an  operation  ;  slowness  of  growth  or  im- 
provement, 

3.  Dullness  to  admit  conviction  or  affection  ;  as, 
slowness  of  heart.  Bentley. 

4.  Want  of  readiness  or  promptness ;  dtillness  of 
intellect. 

5.  Deliberation  ;  coolness  ;  caution  In  deciding. 

6.  Dilatorinesfl;  tardiness. 
SLOW-SIGHT-ED,  a.     Slow  to  discern.  More. 
SLOW-WING-fiD,  a.     Flying  slowly. 
SLOW-WORM,  u.     rSax.  slaw-wyrm.] 

A  reptile,  the  blinaworm,  not  venomous.  It  Is  the 
Angriis  fragilia  of  Linmeus.  P.  Ctjc 

SLUB'BEK,  r.  i.  To  do  lazily,  imperfectly,  or  coarse- 
ly ;  to  dHuh  ;  to  stain ;  to  cover  carelessly.  {IMtle 
u^ed,  and  vttlsar.\ 

SLUIJ'nEK  DEGULL'ION,  (yun,)  n,  A  mean,  dir- 
ty, sorry  wretch.  Hitdibro-*, 

SLrB'BEIl-ING-LY.orfr.  In  a  slovenly  manner.  [JVot 
used,  and  viUffar.}  Drayton, 

SLUDGE,  B.    [D.  .tlyk.  Sax.  slog,  a  slough.l 

Mud  ;  mire;  soft  raud.  Mortimer. 

SLUDG'Y,  a.     Miry.  Partin^on. 

SLOE,  (slu,)  f-  t.  In  seamen*s  lanffitaffe,  to  turn  any 
thing  conical  or  cylindrical,  &c,  about  its  axis,  with- 
out removing  it  from  its  place ;  to  turn. 

Mar.  Diet.      Totten. 

SLO'ED,  (siade,)  pp.  Turned  alwut  on  its  axis  with- 
out removinc  it. 

SLUG,  n.  [Allied  to  staekj  stugffard;W.UagjV.alaky 
slek,  a  snail.] 

L  A  drone  ;  r  slow,  heavy,  lazy  fellow.      Shak. 

2.  A  hinderance  ;  obstruction.  Baron. 

3.  A  kind  of  snail,  very  destrurtive  to  plants,  of 
the  genus  Limax.  Slugs  are  naked  t^nails,  or  snails 
without  a  lihell. 

4.  [Q.U.  Sax.  sloea^  a  mouthful ;  D.  stok^  a  swallow ; 
or  Sax.  slecf,  a  sledge.] 

A  cylindrical  or  oval  piece  of  metal,  used  fir  the 
charge  of  a  gtin.  Pope. 

SLUG,  p.  u    To  move  slowly  j  to  lie  idle.    [Obe.] 

Spenser. 
SLUG,  V.  t.  To  make  sluggish.  [Obe.]  Milton. 
8LUG'A-BED,  n.     One  who  indulges  in  lying  abed. 

[JVtft  u^ed.)  Shak. 

SLUG'GARI),  n.     [from  slug  and  ard,  slow  kind.]    A 

person  habitually  lazy,  idle,  and  inactive  ;  a  drone. 

J>ryden. 
SLUG'GARD,  a.    Sluggish  ;  lazy.  Dryden. 


SLU 

SLUG'GAKD-IZE,r. /.To  make  lazy.   [Rare.]    S/uik. 
SLUG'GISH,  a.     Habitually  idle  and  lazy;  sfolliful; 
dull ;  inactive  ;  as,  a  sluggish  man. 

2.  Slow  ;  having  little  motion  ;  as,  a  sluggish  river 
or  stream. 

3.  Inert;  inactive;  ha\ing  no  power  to  move  it- 
self. 

Mutter  is  alugf^h  and  inactire.  Woodieard. 

SLUG'GISH-LY,  flrfu.     Lazily;  slolhfully  ;  drowsily; 

idly  ;  slowlv.  Milton. 

SLUG'GISH-NESS,  n.     Natural  or  habitual  indolence 

or  laziness  ;  sloth  ;  dullness  ;  applied  to  persons. 

2.  Inertness  ;  want  of  power  to  move ;  applied  to 
inanitnate  viatter, 

3.  Slowness  ;  as,  the  sluggishness  of  a  stream. 
SLUG'GY,  a.     Sluggish.     [JVoI  in  use.]         Chauce* 
SLUGS,  H.     Among  miners,  half-ri>asted  ore. 
SLCICE,  (slu?;e,)  n.     [D.  sluis,  a  sluice,  a  lock  ;   G. 

Bchieuse,  a  floodgate,  and  sehloss^  a  lock,  from  «Afic*- 
sen,  to  shut ;  Sw.  sluss ;  Dan.  sliise  {  Fr.  ecltise  ;  It. 
ehiusa,  an  inclosure.  The  Dutch  sluiten,  Dan.  sluUer, 
to  shut,  are  the  G.  schliessen ;  alt  formed  on  the  ele- 
ments of  Ld,  Ls,  the  rtwt  of  Eng.  lid,  L.  claudo,clau- 
si,  clausvs  ;  Low  I,,  ezclusa.] 

1.  A  frame  of  timber,  stone,  &c.,  with  a  pate,  for 
the  purpoh;e  of  excluding,  retaining,  or  regulating  the 
flow  of  water  in  a  river,  &c.  Jirande. 

2.  The  stream  of  water  issuing  through  a  fliM)d- 
gate.  If  the  word  had  its  origin  in  shuUing,  it  de- 
noted the  frame  of  boards  or  planks  which  closes  the 
opening  of  a  milidam  ;  but  I  believe  it  is  applied  to 
the  stream,  the  gatci,  and  channel.  It  is  a  common 
saying,  that  a  rapid  stream  runs  like  a  sluice. 

3.  An  opening;  a  source  of  supply  ;  that  through 
which  any  thing  flows. 

Esch  tlvux  uf  allluent  rorlune  opened  aoon.  HarU. 

SLOICE,  r.  t.    To  emit  by  floodgates.     [Little  used.] 

Milton. 
SLCI'CY,  a.    Falling  in  streams,  as  from  a  sluice. 

And  oft  whole  sheets  deacend  of  Wuicy  mill.  Dryden, 

SLtJ'ING,  ppr.    Turning  on  its  axis, 
SLUM'BEIt,  V.  i.     [Sax.  slumeriaai  D.  slaimcreni  G. 
schlummern  :  Dan.  shimmer,  slumrcr;  Sw.  slumra.] 

1.  To  sleep  lightly  ;  to  doze. 

He  Umt  kcppeth  Isnel  shall  neither  tlumber  nor  sle^p.  —  Pg. 
cxri, 

2.  To  sleep.  Slumber  is  used  as  synonymous  with 
sleep,  particularly  in  the  poetic  and  eloquent  style. 

MilUtn. 

3.  To  he  in  a  state  of  negligence,  sloth,  supineness, 
or  Inactivity. 

Why  Blumbert  Pope?  Young. 

SLUM'BER,  tj.  L     To  lay  to  sleep. 

2.  To  stun  ;  to  stupefy.  [Little  itsed,  and  hardly  le- 
gUimateJ^^  Spenser.     H'otton. 

SLUM'BER, n.     Light  sleep;  sleep  not  deep  or  i^ound. 

From  cnr*'l^«ni?«B  il  shall  settle  Into  tlumber,  and  from  etutnber 

K  shall  settle  into  a.  deep  and  long  sleep.  SuuA. 

2.  Sleep  ;  repose. 

Rest  to  nijr  »o»l,  and  tlumber  to  my  eyes.  Dryden, 

SLUM'BKR-£D,  pp.     Laid  to  sleep. 
SLUM'BER-ER,  v.     One  that  slumbers. 
SLUM'HF.K-ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Dozing  ;  sleeping. 
SLUM'BER-ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  slumbering  manner. 
SLfJM'BKK-OUS,  \  a.    Inviting  or  causing  sleep;  so- 
SLUM'BER-Y,        \      poriferous. 

Wliile  priisire  In  the  fiumtertm*  riiade.  Pope. 

2.  Sleepy  ;  not  waking.  Shak. 
SLUMP,  V.  i.    [G.  sehlump  ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  slump^  a  hap 

or  chance,  accident,  that  is,  a  fall.] 

To  fall  or  sink  suddenly  inti>  water  or  mud,  when 
walking  on  a  hard  surface,  as  on  ice  or  frozen 
pound,  not  strong  enough  to  bear  the  person.  [This 
letntimaSe  word  is  in  eommon  and  retpectable  use  in  JVew 
F.ngland,  and  its  signifiaition  is  so  appropriate  thai  no 
ether  word  will  sJipply  its  place.] 

SLUNG, prcf.  and  pp.  of  Sliko. 

SLUNK,  preL  and  pp.  of  Slimi. 

SLUR,  c.  t.     [D.  slordig,  sluttish.] 

1.  Til  soil ;  til  sully  ;  to  contaminate;  to  disgrace. 
2l  To  pxss  lightly  ;  to  conceal. 

with  prriiHls,  points,  and  trop^,  he  tlurt  hia  crimca.    Dryden, 

3.  'I'o  cheat;  to  trick.     [UntLsual.]  Prior, 

4.  In  mime,  to  sing  or  perform  in  a  smooth,  gliding 
style.  Busby. 

SLUR,  n.  Properly,  a  black  mark  ;  hence,  slight  re- 
proach or  disgruce.  Every  violation  of  moral  duty 
should  be  a  slur  to  the  reputation. 

2.  In  musiCyti  mark  connecting  notes  that  are  to  be 
sung  to  the  »atne  syllatile,  or  made  in  oiw  continued 
breath  of  a  wind  instrument,  or  with  one  stroke  of  a 
stringed  instrument. 

SLUR'ltiCD,  (Blurd,)  pp.    Contaminated  ;  soiled. 

2.  a.     In  musicy  marked  with  a  slur;  performed  in 
a  smooth,  gliding  style,  like  notes  marked  with  a 
slur.     [See  Slur,  n.  No.  2.] 
SLUSH,  n.    Soft  mud.    Also,  in  some  places,  a  mix- 
ture of  snow  and  water  ;  snow  broth.      Jainieson. 

%  A  soft  mixtare  of  grease,  &c.,  used  to  lubri- 
cate. 


SMA 

SLUSIl'V,  a.  Consisting  of  soft  mud,  or  of  snow  and 
water,  or  of  soft  grease. 

SLUT,  n.  [D.  Wrt,  a  slut,  a  rag  ;  G.  schlotterig^  negli- 
gent, slovenly  ;  schlotternylo  hang  loosely, to  wabble, 
or  waddle.] 

1.  A  woman  who  Is  negligent  of  cleanliness,  and 
who  suffers  her  [KTSon,  clothes,  furniture,  &.C.,  to  ba 
dirty  or  in  disorder.  Siiak.    King 

2.  A  name  of  slight  contempt  for  a  woman. 

L' Estrange. 

SLUT'TER-Y,n.  The  qualiliesof  a  slut:  more  gener- 
ally, the  practice  of  a  slut;  neglect  of  cleanliness 
and  order;  dirtiness  of  clothes,  rooms,  furniture,  or 
provisions.  Drayton. 

SLUT'TISII,  a.  Not  neat  or  cleanly  ;  dirty  ;  careless 
of  dress  and   neatness ;    disorderly ;   as,  a  sluttish 

2.  Disorderly  ;  dirty  ;  as,  a  sluttish  dress.  rw(>man. 

3.  Meretricious.     [Little  used.]  Jloliday. 
SLUT'TISH-LV,  ado.    In  a  sluttish  manner;  ncgli- 

genilv ;  dirtilv. 

SLUT'TISH-NESS,  n.  The  qualities  or  practice  of  a 
slut;  negligence  of  dress;  dirtiness  of  dress,  furni- 
ture, and  in  domestic  affairs  generally.  Sidney.   Ray, 

SLY,  a.  [G.schUtu;  Dau.  slue.  Q,u.  D.  slaik,  untter- 
hand,  privately  ;  sluikcn,  to  smuggle;  which  seem 
to  be  allied  to  sleek  and  sleight.] 

1.  Artfully  dextrous  in  performing  things  secretly, 
and  escaping  observation  or  detection  ;  usually  im- 
plying some  degree  of  meanness  ;  artfully  cunning  ; 
applied  to  persons ;  as,  a  sly  man  or  boy. 

2.  Done  with  artful  and  dextrous  secrecy ;  as,  a 
sly  trick. 

3.  Marked  with  artful  secrecy;  as,  sly  circumspec- 
tion. *  MUton. 

4.  Secret ;  concealed. 

Envy  work*  in  a  t!y,  linperceptililc  manner.  Wattt. 

On  the  slv  ;  in  a  sly  or  secret  manner.     [Eng.] 
SLY'-BOOl'S,  n.    A  sly,  cunning,  or  waggish  person. 

[LoiP.] 
SLY'LY,  SLY'NESS.  See  Slilt,  Sliness 
SMACK,  V.  i.  [VV.  ysmae,  a  stroke  ;  Sax.  smtecean,  to 
taste ;  D.  sinaaken ;  G.  sehmeckcn,  sehmatzcn ;  Sw. 
smaka  ;  Dan.  smager ;  D.  smak,  a  cast  or  throw.  The 
primary  sense  is,  to  throw,  to  strike,  whence  to 
touch  or  taste  ;  Gr.  paxit  a  battle ;  as,  battle  from 
beat..] 

1.  To  kiss  with  a  close  compression  of  the  lips,  so 
as  to  make  a  sound  when  they  separate;  to  kiss 
with  violence.  Pope. 

2.  To  make  a  noise  by  the  separation  of  the  lips 
after  tasting  any  thing.  Gay. 

3.  To  have  a  taste  ;  to  be  tinctured  with  any  par- 
ticular taste. 

4.  To  have  a  tincture  or  quality  infused. 

AW  sects,  all  a^et,  rnadt  of  ihb  vice.  Shak. 

SMACK,  V.  t.    To  kiss  with  n  sharp  noiso.     Donne. 

2.  'I'o  mske  a  sharp  noise  with  the  lips. 

3.  To  make  a  sharp  noise  by  striking;  to  crack  ; 
as,  to  smack  a  whip. 

SM'ACK,  n.     A  loud  kiss.  Shak. 

3.  .\  quick,  sharp  noise,  as  of  the  lips  or  of  a 
whip. 

3.  Taste;  savor;  tincture.  Spenser.     Carew. 

4.  Pleasing  taste.  Tusser. 

5.  A  quick,  smart  blow. 

6.  A  small  quantity  ;  a  taste.  Dryden. 

7.  [D,  smaksehip.  Lye  supposes  it  to  be  the  Sax. 
snacea,  from  snaea,  snake,  and  so  named  from  its 
form.  Uu.J  A  small  vessel,  commonly  rigged  as  a 
sloop,  used  chiefly  in  the  coasting  and  Ashing  trade. 

JJcbert. 

SMACK'ING,  ppr.  Kissing  with  asharp  noise  ;  making 
n  sharp  noise  with  the  lips  or  by  striking. 

SMALL,  (smawl,)  a.  [Sa.x.  stiuel,  «^ma/,  thin,  slender, 
little;  G.sehmal,  D.  stnal,  narrow;  Dan.  smai,  nar- 
row, strait;  smaler,  to  narrow,  to  diminish;  Sw. 
small  Rus.s.  malo,  small,  liitlOf  few;  mahfu  and 
vmatiayu,  to  diminish  ;  Slav,  to  nba.se  ;  W.  mal, 
small,  trivial,  light,  vain,  like,  similar ;  maluj  to 
grind,  and  malau,  to  make  similar;  Gr.  bpaXoi, 
Sec  Mill,  Mold,  Meal.] 

L  Slender;  thin;  tine;  of  little  diameter;  hence, 
in  general,  little  in  size  or  quantity  ;  nol  great ;  na,  a 
smalt  house  ;  a  small  horse ;  a  small  farm  ;  a  sinall 
■body ;  small  particles. 

2.  Minute;  slender;  fine;  ns,  a  smnK  voice. 

3.  IJttlfi  in  rieeroe  ;  as,  sniali  improvement ;  smaB 
acquirements  ;  ihe  trouble  is  smaU. 

Th'rp>  nrosy  no  SHiall  stir  atwut  that  way.  — AcU  Ix. 

4.  Being  of  little  moment,  weight,  or  imirortance; 
as,  it  is  a  small  matter  or  thing ;  a  small  subjecL 

5.  Of  little  genius  or  ability;  petty  ;  as,  a  small 
poet  or  musician. 

6.  Short ;  containing  little  ;  as,  a  small  essay. 

7.  Little  in  amount;  as,  a  small  sum;  a  small 
price. 

8.  Containing  little  of  the  principal  quality,  or  lit- 
tle strength  ;  weak  ;  as,  small  beer. 

9.  Gentle  ;  soft ;  not  loud.     1  Kings  xix. 

10.  Meiin  ;  base;  unworthy.     [ColioauiaL] 
SMALL,  n.    The  sinall  or  slender  part  of  a  thing  j  as, 

the  small  of  the  leg  or  of  the  back,  Sidney. 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— C  as  K  ;  0  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  Tllia 

1043 


_J 


SMA 

SMALL,  r.  u    To  make  little  or  less.    [J^ot  in  u.tf.] 
BMXLL'AOG,  n.     A  plant,  Apium  gmveolens.     In  its 

improved  state  under  cuUivaUon,it  is  called  Cklkrt. 
Kncyc.  nf  Dinn.  Fxon. 
SMALL'-ARMS,  *.  pL     A  (reneral  nnme  of  muslnta, 

carbines,  rides,  pistols,  Jcc,  In  distinction  from  the 

gKM  guns. 
SMALL'-BEER,  n,     [smaU  and  beer.]     A  species  of 

weak  beer. 
SMALL'-eLOTHEa.  »,  jti     Breeches.  Bovth. 

SMALL'-eOAL,  n.     \smaU  and   coaL].    Little  wo*>d 

coals  use^  to  light  Ares.  Oaw, 

SMALL'-CRA  FT,  «,     [smatt  and  ctV*.1     A  tcmcI,  or 

veaaels  in  itenemi,  of  a  small  size,  or  below  the  sixe 

of  ships  and  bri^  intended  for  foreign  trade. 
SMALL'-GRilN' £D,  a.    Having  small  grains, 

Tkompaim. 
SMALL'ISH,  a.    Somewhat  small.  Ckwuer, 

SMALL'NESS,  n.  Littlemss  of  siw  or  extent ;  little- 
ness of  quantity  ;  as,  the  smaUiusj  of  a  Ay  or  uf  a 

horse  ;  the  smaUne'Ss  of  a  hill. 
9.  Liulenesa  in  degree  ;  as,  the  nmtlUets  of  trouble 

or  pain. 

3.  Littleness  in  force  or  strength ;  weakness }  as, 
nmllmiBs  of  mind  or  intellectual  powcra. 

4.  Flaeneas;  softness j  melodiousness;  as,  the 
SBiagmjj  of  a  female  voices 

5.  Littleness  in  amount  or  value  ;  as,  the  smaUnesa 
of  the  sum. 

6.  Littleness  of  importance }  in  considers  blenesa  ; 
as,  the  mmattmess  of  an  afi^ir. 

8MALL-P0X',  a.  [imudl  and  poz^  potJtsi.\  An  eiran- 
thematic  disease,  ciyisisting  of  a  constitutional  febrile 
affection,  and  a  cuianeous  eruption.  The  cutant-oiis 
eruption  is  first  a  pajmle,  the  top  of  which  becomes 
a  vesicle,  and  thrn  a  pii:<tule,  and  finally  forms  a  thick 
crust  which  sloughs  after  a  certain  tune,  often  leav- 
ing a  pit  or  scar.  This  disease  is  propugatt-d  exclu- 
sively bv  contagion  or  infection,  and  is  verj-  danger- 
ous when  it  occurs  casually.  It  is  rAllod,  technically, 
Variola.     It  has  severul  quite  distinct  varieties. 

8MALL'-W.\RK?,  m.  pi.  The  name  eiven,  in  c»si- 
aterrr,  to  various  Fmall,  textile  artidea,  as  tapes, 
braid,  sash-cord,  fringe,  tr.  .MeCa/ZocA, 

SMAL'LV,(sniawrtr,)  ailv.  In  a  little  quantity  or  de- 
gree ;  with  minuteness.     [LUiU  ujitJ.]        AxXam, 

SMALT,  a.  [D.  tmHUn^  Dan.  jwrfrer,  to  melt;  G. 
jcAjAci:,  fntm  seJimrl:rn^  to  melt,  to  smelt  \  8w.  smtOt^ 
id. ;  a  word  fivmed  on  mWt.] 

Common  glx<s  tinged  t>f  a  fine  deep  blue,  by  the 
proioxvd  of  cobalL 

SMAL'f'INE,  a.  Grav  cobalt ;  tin-wbile  cobalt,  cim- 
sisting  of  arsenic  and  cobalt. 

BMAR'AGO,  a.     [Or.  v^a^^^.] 
The  emerald. 

SMA-RAG'DIXE,  (-din,)  a.  [L.  moraf^iaiu,  f^om 
the  Greek.] 

Pertaining  to  emerald ;  consisting  of  emerald,  of 
resembling  it ;  of  an  emerald -green. 

SMA-RAG'UnX,  m.  A  mineral;  called  also  Grbea 
DiALLiGB.  Ure, 

SMART,  a.  [D.  rmcrl ;  G.  sckmmt  Dmi.  tmerte. 
This  wt>rd  is  probably  fonned  on  the  root  of  L>  ama- 
ru,  bitter,  that  is,  sharp,  lift  Fr.  pi^umiU.    See  the 

root  "i"«D,  Ar.  y^  marra.    Class  Mr,  No,  7.] 

1.  Quick,  pungent,  lively  pain  \  a  pricking,  local 
pain,  as  the  pain  from  puncture  by  nettles  ;  as,  the 
twutrt  of  bodily  punishmenL 

2.  Severe,  pungent  pain  of  mind  ;  pungent  grief; 
as,  the  smart  of  affliction. 

SMART,  r.  i.  [Sax.  smeoT-UiH ;  D.  smertem ;  G.  sehmer~ 
leM ;  Dan.  smrrUr.] 

1.  To  feel  a  lively,  pungent  pain,  particularly  a 
pungent,  local  pain  from  some  piercing  or  irritating 
application.  Thus  Cayenne  pepper,  applied  to  the 
tongue,  makes  it  .^nuiT-L 

3.  To  feel  a  pungent  pain  of  mind ;  to  feci  sharp 
pain  ;  as,  to  smmH  under  sutferings. 

3.  To  be  punished  ;  to  bear  ptnalties  or  the  evil 
cooaequttaeea  of  any  thing. 

fib  Ikkt  b  ■UKlj  for  a  ama^ei  AhAll  vsiart  for  It,  —  Pror.  %L 

BM&RT,  c  Pungent;  pricking;  causing  n  keen,  lo- 
cal pain  ;  as,  a  JsMrt  lash  or  stroke  ;  a  smart  quality 
or  taste.  Skak.     OroMcitU. 

3.  Keen  ;  severe  ;  poignant ;  as,  Mwutri  pain  or  suf- 
ferings 

3.  Quick  ;  Tigoroos ;  sharp ;  serere ;  as,  a  smart 
skinnish. 

4.  Brisk ;  fresh  ;  as,  a  smart  breeze. 

5.  Acute  and  pertinent ;  witty ;  as,  a  smart  reply  ; 
a  smart  saying. 

6.  Brisk  ;  vivacious ;  as,  a  smart  rhetorician. 

Who,  for  ijie  poor  rroovn  of  bftng  smart, 

Wouid  iMTc  A  atiag  within  a  brotbec's  heart  ?  Yoting. 

7.  Dressed  in  a  showy  manner. 

SMART,  n,     A    cant  word  for  a  fellow  that  affects 

briskness  and  vivacity. 
SMART'EN,  r.  L     To  make  smart.     [JVot  ta  jure.l 
SMART'ER,  a.  comp.     More  smart, 
SMART'EST,  a.  suptrl.     Most  smart. 


SM£ 

SMA  R'TLE,  (smilr'tl,)  r,  i.  To  waste  away.  [JVo(  i« 
u.4f.J  Hay. 

SMART'LY,  adv.     With    keen    pain;    as,  to   ache 
smartl}!!. 
3.  liriskly  ;  sharply;  wittily. 

3.  Vigorously;  actively.  Clarendon. 

4.  Showily;    in    a    showy  manner;   as,  smartly 
dressed. 

SMART'-MON-EY,  n.  Money  paid  by  a  pers*m  to 
buy  himself  otf  from  some  unpleasant  engagement 
or  some  p;iinful  ftituation. 

2.  Money    allowed  to  soldiers  or  sailors  in   the 
English  service,  for  wounds  and  iiijuries  received. 

Qrose. 
SMART'NESS,  n.      The  quality   of  being  smart  or 
(Hingent ;  ptkipiancy  ;  as,  the  smartnejsi  of  pain. 

2.  Quickness;  vigor;  as,  the  «-fNartn&>-5  of  a  blow. 

Boyle. 

3.  Liveliness  ;  briskness  ;  vivacity  ;  wittiness  ;  as, 
the  swarinesA  of  a  n^pty  or  of  a  phmsc.  Swi/L 

SMART'-TICK-ET,  a.  A  certificate  given  to  wound- 
ed seamen,  entitling  them  to  suiart-money. 

Brande. 

SMXRT'-WEED.B.  A  name  given  to  the  arse-smart, 
or  Polygi>num  punctatuni,  on  account  of  its  acri- 
mony, which  produces  smarting  if  applied  where 
the  skin  is  tender, 

SMASH,  r.  L  [Probably  maah^  with  a  prefix.]  To 
break  in  pieces  by  violence;  to  dash  to  pieces;  to 
crush. 

Here  cTcry  thing  U  broken  and  gmaahtd  to  pircot.     \Ytilgnr.'\ 

Burke. 
SMASH'KD,  (smosht,)  pp.  or  o.     Dashed  to  pieces. 
SM.\SH'ING,  ppr.     Dashing  to  pieces. 
SMASiriNG,  a.    State  of  being  smashed. 
SMATCH,  a.     [Corrupted  from  smack.} 

1.  Taste  ;  tincture.     [JWt  in  u^e,  or  vulgar.l 

2.  A  bird. 

SMAT'TER,  p.  ».     [Qu.  Dan.  smaxtrr,  to   smack,  to 
make  a  noise  in  chewing;  Sw.  ^niA^fra,  to  crackle  ; 
Ice.  smtedr.     It  contains  the  elements  of  stitUsr.} 
1.  To  talk  superficially  or  ignorantly. 


■  yon  cannot  gmatttr. 


Saijl. 


3.  To  have  a  slight  taste,  or  a  slight,  superficial 
knowledge, 

SMAT'TER,  a.     Slight,  superficial  knowledge. 

Tempts. 

8MAT'TER-ER,  a.  One  who  has  only  a  slight,  su- 
perficial knowledge.  Stcifi, 

S.MAT'TER-ING,  a.  A  slight, superficial  knowledge. 
[  T^Al.*  is  the  icord  commonly  used,] 

SMi^AR,  r.  U  [Sax.  smerian,  smirian;  D.  smerren  ;  G. 
sekmirrem  ;  Dan.  smdrsr;  8w,  smiirja ;  Ir.  stnenram  ; 
Russ.  marayu ;  D.  smeer ;  G.  schmier^  grease,  tallow  ; 
Ir,  sMcar^  id.;  Sw.  and  Dan.  smiir^  butter.  Qu,  its 
allianre  with  marrow,  marly  mtre,  from  its  softness. 
See  Class  Mr,  Xo.  10,  21.] 

1.  To  overspread  with  any  thing  unctuous,  vis- 
cous, or  adhe<:ive ;  to  besmear  ;  to  daub  ;  as,  to  smear 
any  thing  with  oil,  butter,  pitch,  &.c. 

Milton.     I>nfden. 

2.  To  soli ;  to  contaminate  ;  to  pollute  ;  as,  nmeared 
with  infamy.  Shak. 

8M&AR,  n.    A  fat,  oily  substance ;  ointment.     [Little 

ti-ird.] 
SMftAR'-KD,  pp.    Overspread  with  soft  or  oily  mat- 
ter -,  ftoiled. 
SMeAR'ING,  ppr.     Overspreading   with   any  thing 

soft  and  oleaginous  ;  soiling. 
SMfiAR'Y,  a.     That  smears  or  soils ;  adhesive.     [Lit- 
tle used,]  Howe. 
SMEATH,  n.     A  sea-fowl. 
SMECTITE,  a.     [Gr.  <rM^«rtj,  deterging.] 

An  argillaceous  earth  ;  fuller's  earth  ;  so  called 
from  its  property  of  taking  grease  out  of  cloth,  &.c. 

Pinkerton, 
SMEETH,  r.  t.     To  smoke.     [JSTot  in  use.] 
SMEETH,  F.  U     To  smooth.     [JVortA  of  Enfr!and.l 

HaUivuk. 
SMEC-MAT'I€,  a.     [Gr.  ff^fij^fa,  soap.] 

Being  of  the  nature  of  soap ;  soapy  ;  cleansing  ; 
detersive. 
SMELL,  V.  (.  ,*  preL   and   j*p.  Smelled,  Smelt.      [I 
have  not  found  this  word  in  any  other  language,] 

To  perceive  by  the  nose,  or  by  the  olfactory  nerves ; 
to  have  a  sensation  excited  in  certain  organs  of  the 
nose  by  particular  qualities  of  a  body,  which  are 
transmitted  in  fine  particles,  oflen  from  a  distance  ; 
as,  to  smell  a  rose ;  to  smell  perfumes. 

To  smell  out,  is  a  low  piirase  signifying  to  find  out 
by  sagacity.  VEstrange. 

'  To  smell  a  rat.  Is  a  low  phrase  signifying  to  sus- 
pect strongly. 
SMELL,  V.  u    To  afltct  the  olfactory  nerves ;  to  have 
an  odor  or  particular  scent;  followed  hyaff  as,  to 
smell  of  smoke  ;  to  smeU  of  musk. 

2.  To  have  a  particular  tincture  or  smack  of  any 
quality  ;  as,  a  report  smells  of  calumny.  [JVot  ele~ 
ganL^  Shak. 

3.  To  practice  smelling.     Ezod,  xxx.  Skak. 

4.  To  exercise  sjigacity. 

SMELL,  n.  The  sense  or  faculty  by  which  certain 
qualities  of  bodies  are  perceived  through  the  instru- 


SMI 

mentality  of  the  olfactory  nerves  ;  or  the  faculty  of 
perceiving  by  the  organs  of  the  nose  ;  one  of  the  five 
sent!es.  Jn  some  species  of  beasts,  the  smcU  is  re- 
markably acute,  partirularly  in  the  eanine  species. 

2.  Scent ;  odor  ;  the  quality  of  bodies  which  af- 
fects the  olfactory  organs ;  as,  the  smell  of  mint ;  the 
smell  of  geranium. 

The  iwe«t«al  tmtU  in  th«  Air  ii  that  of  tb«  white  double  tIoIiH. 

Boom, 

SMELT  ^^'  I  ^''*-  "'"'  ^P-  '*'"  ^«^^'- 

SMELL^ER,  n.     One  that  smells. 

SMELL  FKA.ST,  ».  [smell  and /fart.]  One  that  is 
apt  to  find  and  frequent  good  tables  ;  an  epicure  ;  a 
parasite.  L^EstroHtre. 

SMELL'!  NG,  ppr.  Perceiving  by  the  olfacU»ry 
nerves. 

SMELL'ING,  a.  The  sense  by  which  odors  arc  per- 
ceived. 

SMELL'lNG-nOT-TLE,  n.  A  small  bottle  filled 
with  soipething  suited  to  stimulate  the  nose  nnri  re- 
vive the  spirits.  Ask. 

SMEI^T.     bee  Smeixed. 

SMELT,  n.  [Sax.]  A  small  fish  that  is  very  delicate 
fiK)d.  It  is  of  the  genus  Osnierus,  belonging  to  the 
salmon  family.  It  emits  a  peculiar  odor,  whidi  has 
been  compared  to  the  smelt  of  cucumbers,  green 
rushes,  or  violets.  The  sand-smelt  is  the  same  as  tlie 
alherine,  which  see.  Jardine's  JVat.  Lib. 

SMELT,  tJ.  t.  [it.  smelten;  G.  schmelien ;  Dan.  smel- 
ter ;  Sw.  sma/tu,  to  melt.  This  is  melt,  with  s  pre- 
fixed.} 

To  melt  or  fuse,  as  ore,  fur  the  piir|>osc  of  separating 
the  metal  from  extraneous  substances. 

SMELT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Melted  for  the  extraction  of 
the  nietat. 

SMELT'EK,  B.     One  that  melts  ore. 

8MELT'ER-V,  »i.  A  hou.-(e  or  place  for  smelting 
ores. 

SMELT'ING,  ppr.     Melting,  as  ore. 

SMELT'IiN'G,  n.  The  opt^-nititm  of  melting  or  fusing 
on-s  for  the  purpose  of  extracting  the  metal. 

SMERK,  t.  i.     [Sax.  smerciati.] 

1.  To«niile  ntfectedly  or  wantonly.  Swift. 

2.  To  look  affectedly  soft  or  kind  ;  as,  a  smerking 
countenance  ;  a  smerking  grace.  Young. 

SMERK,  n.     An  affected  smile. 
SMERK,       )         TCi  _     •      . 

SMEKk'y,  i  **•    ^"^*J  smart;  janty. 

So  gnurk,  lo  imooth,  he  pricked  hit  ears.  3pen»er. 

SMER'LIN.  n.     A  fish.  Jiinsworth. 

SMEW,  (smu,)  M,  A  migratory  aquatic  fowl,  the 
Mergus  albellus  ;  also  called  White  Nun. 

Ed.  Eneyc. 
SMICK'ER,   r.   u       [Sw.   smickra,    to    flatter,    Dan. 
srit  iirrrr.] 
To  snierk  ;  to  look  amorously  or  wantonly. 

Kerseij, 
SMICK'ER4NG,    ppr.      Smerking;    smiling    allect- 

edly. 
SMICK'ER-ING,  n.     An  affected  smile  or  amorous 

look. 
SMICK'ET,  n. ;  dim.  of  Smock.     [JVo(  used.] 
SMID'DY,  n,     [.Sax,  smitfitJta.] 

A  smilhery  or  smith's  workshop.     [JVot  in  use.] 
SMTGIIT,  for  Smite,  in  Spenser,  is  a  mistake. 
SMIL'A-(.'IN,  n.     [Gr.  ff/((Xu| ;  L.  e-mi/az,  the  modern 
name  of  a  genus  of  plants,] 

A  white  crystallizable  compound,  considered  to  be 
the  active  principle  of  the  ofiicinal  species  of  smilaz, 
or  sarsaparilla.  It  is  tat^teless  when  solid,  but  bitter 
in  solution.  It  is  now  ascertained  to  be  an  acid,  and 
is  called  pARiLLtnic  Acid.  Tvlly, 

SMILE,  r.  i.     [Sw.  smila  :  Dan.  *m»/er.] 

L  To  contract  the  features  of  the  face  in  such  a 
manner  ns  to  express  pleasure,  moderate  joy,  or  love 
and  kindness  ;  the  contrary  to  Frown. 

The  tmiiing  infant  in  hit  banrl  ahull  tilce 

The  crfut'.'ti  baeilink  ami  •pcck)'^  inak^.  Pope. 

She  tmittd  to  tee  the  doughiy  hero  tluin.  Pope. 

%  To  express  slight  contempt  by  a  smiling  look, 
implying  sarcasm  or  pity  ;  to  sneer. 

'Twaa  what  1  laHl  to  Cngg;%  nnd  Child, 

Who  praiaed  m^  nnxli.-sty  and  tmilsd.  Pope, 

3.  To  look  gay  and  joyous  ;  or  to  have  an  appear- 
ance to  excite  joy ;  as,  smiling  spring  ;  smiling  plenty. 

The  dcwrt  amiled. 
And  pamdiM  waj  op-.^nrd  in  the  wild.  Pap*. 

A.  To  be   propitious    or    favorable ;   to   favor ;   to 
countenance.     May  Heaven  smile  on  our  labors. 
SMILE,  V.  L    To  awe  with  a  contemptuous  smile. 

Young. 
S5ITLE,  n.    A  peculiar  contraction  of  the  features  of 
the  face,  which  naturally  expresses  pleasure,  mod- 
erate  joy,    approbation,  or    kindness ;    opposed   to 
Fhown. 

Swcct  Intercourse  of  look>  and  amUsa.  MUlon. 

2.  Gay  or  joyous  appearance ;  as,  the  smiles  of 
sprit!  g. 

3.  Favor;  countenance;  propiliousness  ;  as,  the 
smiles  of  Providence. 

4.  An   expression  of  countenance,  resembling  a 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL.  WHAT MeTE,  PRfiY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

1044  '         ~- 


SMO 

tinile,  but  indicative  of  opposite  fet-lings,  as  con- 
tempt, JTorn^  i.c. ;  as,  a  scornful  wnife. 

SMILE' LESS,  a.     Not  having  a  smite. 

SMIL'ER,  n.     One  who  smiles. 

SMIL'LVG,  ppr.  or  a.  Having  a  smile  on  the  coun- 
tenance ;  looking  joyous  or  cay  ;  looking  propitious. 
,  SMIL'IXG-LY,  ado.     With  a  Took  of  pleasure. 

S.MTL'L\G-XES8,  n.    State  of  being  smiling.    Byroiu 

S.MILT,  for  Smelt.     [Awt  in  use,] 

SMIRCH,  (smurch,)  v.  (.  [from  mwri,  murky.]  To 
cloud ;  to  dusk  j  to  soil  j  as,  to  smirch  the  face.'  [Low.] 

Shak. 

SMIRK,  (smurk,)  v,  u  To  look  affectedly  soft  or 
kind.     [See  Smerk.]  Young. 

SM  IT,  soHietimes  used  for  Smitten.     [See  Smite.] 

SMITE,  o.  L  :  pret.  Shote  ;  pp.  Smitten,  Smit.  [Sax. 
smitan,  to  strike  ;  smltan  ofer  or  oh,  to  put  or  place, 
tti.-it  is,  to  throwf  J),  smyten^  to  smite,  to  cast  or 
throw  ;  G.  sehmeissen^  to  smite,  to  fling,  to  kick,  to 
cast  or  throw,  to  fall  down,  that  is,  to  throw  one's 
self  down  ;  Sw.  smida^  to  hammer  or  forge  ;  Dan. 
smider,  to  forge,  to  strike,  to  coin,  to  invent,  devise, 
counterfeit;  D.  smeeden^  to  forge;  G.  schmteden,  to 
coin,  forge,  invent,  fabricate.  The  latter  verb  seems 
to  be  formed  on  the  noun  «cAmiVd,aHmith, or  MAmicrf*, 
a  forge,  which  is  from  the  root  of  gmiie.  This  verb 
is  the  L.  mitto.  Fr.  metlre,  with  3  prefixed.  Class 
Md  or  Ms.  It  IS  no  longer  in  common  use,  though 
not  entirely  obsolete.] 

1.  To  strike  ;  to  throw,  drive,  or  force  against,  as 
the  fiM  or  hand,  a  stone  or  a  weapon  ;  to  reach  with 
a  blow  or  a  weapon  ;  as,  to  smite  one  with  the  fist } 
to  smiu  witJi  a  rod  or  with  a  stone. 

\Vho»iyTet  shall  tmiu  thc«  oa  thy  right  cheek,  lum  to  him  the 
ctb^r  kbo.  —  Mau.  v. 

2.  To  kill ;  to  destroy  the  life  of  by  beating,  or  by 
weapons  of  any  kind  ;  as,  to  smite  one  with  the 
sword,  or  with  an  arrow  or  other  engine.  David 
smou  Goliath  with  a  sling  and  a  stone.  The  Philis- 
tines were  often  smitten  with  great  slaughter 

[This  word,  like  Slat,  usimlly  or  always  carries 
with  it  something  of  its  original  signification,  that 
of  beating^  striking^  the  primitive  nnnle  of  killing. 
We  never  apply  it  to  the  destruction  of  life  by  poison, 
liy  accident,  or  by  legal  execution. 

3.  To  blast ;  to  destroy  life;  as  by  a  stroke  or  by 
somctliing  sent. 

Thf  flax  uid  the  twriej  were  andOtn. —  Ex.  Ex. 

4.  To  afflict  i  to  chasten  ;  to  punish. 

Lt-t  <ti  twii  mistahe  God'a  roodn'-M,  nor  imnfine,  bcwnae  bt 
artuUt  u>,  that  we  itre  luranken  by  him,  Wak*. 

5.  To  strike  or  aSect  with  passion. 

S*^  whM  the  ch--iriri8  that  •mile  Ih'*  »impll^  heart. 


Popt. 

Pop*. 

to  reproach  or  upbraid. 


Smil  Willi  the  lore  of 

To  smite  icith  the  tongue 
Jer.  xviiL 
SMITE,  V.  i.    To  strike  ;  to  collide. 

Th^  heart  mcltcih,  and  ih^  kne^i  armU  together.  —  Nch.  tL 
SMITE,  n,     A  blow.     [Local,] 
SMIT'CR,  n.    One  who  smites  or  strikes. 
I  fB*e  my  bacli  10  the  tmiUrt.  —  la.  |, 

SMITH,  ».    [Sax.  smith ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  smed ;  D.  smit ; 
G.  seAmied;  from  smiting.] 

}.  Z.if*rraWy,  the  striker,  the  beater  ;  hence,  one  who 
forges  with  the  hammer  ;  one  who  works  in  metals  ; 
as,  an  iron-*mttA  -  gold  .stititA,  silver-*mtrA,  &.c. 

Nor  yn  thn  ttntlA  hath  learn<^<l  to  form  a  iworl.  7hj«. 

2.  He  that  makes  or  elTecif"  any  thing.      Dnjden. 
Hence  the  name  Smith,  which,  from  the  number 
of  Workmen  employed  in  working  metals  in  early 
age!i,  is  suppoi'ed  to  be  more  common  than  any  other. 
SMITH,  r.  C     [Sax.  amithian,  to  fabricate  out  of  mcUtl 
by  hammering.] 

To  beat  into  shape  ;  to  forge.     [.Yot  m  usr.] 

Chaucer. 
SMITH'CRXFT,  n.      [smith  and  emfi.]    The  art  or 

occupation  of  a  smith.     [Little  used.]  Ralegh. 

SMITH'ER-Y,  n.    The  workshop  of  a  smith. 

2.  Work  done  by  a  smith  Burke. 

SMITH'IN'G,  n.    The  act  or  art  of  working  a  mass  of 

inm  into  the  intended  shaiM?.  Moion. 

8MITn-SCM-AN,a.  Pertaining  to  or  derived  from 
Smithson,  an  English  gentleman  who  has  given  by 
leeary  a  larpe  sum  of  money  to  the  United  States,  for 
the  foundation  and  support  of  an  institution  for  the 
diffusion  of  learning. 
S.MITH'Y,  n.     [i^ViX.  smUhtha.] 

The  ahop  of  a  smith.     [sAdam  used.] 
SMIT'I.N'U,  p/fT.    Stn!iing;  killing;  anltcting;  pun- 
ishing. 
SMITT,  n.    The  fine^rt  of  the  cinyoy  ore  made  up  into 

halls,  ilKed  for  marking  xhecp.  Woodward. 

SMIT'T^N,  (smit'n,)p/i  of  Smite.     Struck;    killed. 
2.   Aff'cted  with  some  passion  ;  excited  by  beauty 
or  something  impressive. 
BMIT'TLE,  p.  U     [from  smile]     To  infect.     [Local] 

SMOCK,  m.    JSax.  wmoc.] 

I.  A  shin;  a  chemise;  a  woman's  under  gar- 
ment. 


SMO 

2.  In  compositiun^  it  is  used  for  female,  or  what  re- 
lates tti  Women  ;  as,  ^mocA^treason.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  A  smock-frock,  which  see.         M.  F.  Tvpper. 
SMOCK'-FaC-£D,    {-lasle,)   a.        [snwck    and  face.] 

Pale-faced  ;  maidenly ;  having  a  feminine  coun- 
tenance or  complexion.  Fcnton. 

SMUCK'-FROCK,  n.  {smock  and  frock.]  A  coarse, 
linen  frock  or  shirt  worn  over  the  coat  by  farm-labor- 
ers. HalliwtU. 

SMOCK'-MILL,  n.  A  wind-mill  whose  top  is  the 
only  part  which  turns  to  meet  the  wind.     Francis. 

SMOCK'-RACE,  n.  A  mco  run  by  wotncn  for  the 
prixe  of  a  fine  smock,  JWrtA  of  England. 

SMOCK'LESS,  a.     Wanting  a  smock.  Chaucer. 

S.MoKE,  n.  [Sax.  smoea^  smec^  smic;  G.  sdtmauch;  D. 
smovk  ;  W.  ysmteg^  from  miog^  smoke ;  Ir,  mucJi ;  al- 
lied to  jnuggij,  and  I  think  it  allied  to  the  Gr.  apvxtoj 
to  consume  slowly,  to  waste.] 

1.  The  exhalation,  visible  vapor,  or  substance  that 
escapes  or  is  expelled  in  combustion  from  the  sub- 
stance burning.  It  Is  particularly  applied  lo  the  vol- 
atile matter  expelled  from  vegetable  matter,  or  wood, 
coal,  peat,  &c.  The  matter  expelled  from  metallic 
substances  is  more  generally  called  Fume,  Fumei. 

2,  Vapor ;  watery  exhalations. 

S.M6KE,  r.  i,  [Sax.  smocian^  smtcan^  smican;  Dan. 
smUgeri  D,  smookrn;  G.  se'tmauchen,] 

1.  To  emit  snutke  ;  to  throw  off  volatile  matter  in 
the  form  of  vapor  or  exiialation.  WtHid  and  other 
fuel  smokes  when  burning;  and  smokes  most  when 
there  is  the  least  tlanie. 

2.  To  burn  ;  to  be  kindled  ;  to  rage ;  in  Scripture. 

The  ang^r  of  the  L>ord  and  bU  Jealousy  ahall  trtokg  ngaiiiat  that 
inui.  —  DeuU  xxix, 

3.  To  raise  a  dust  or  smoke  by  rapid  motion. 

Proud  of  hU  ateeUs,  he  tmoket  aloii^  the  field.  Drydtn. 

4.  To  smell  or  hunt  out ;  to  suspect. 

I  beg^in  to  gmok*  that  they  were  11  pivrccl  of  mummers.     [IMUm 
tited.]  Addiion. 

5.  To  use  tobacco  in  a  pipe  or  cigar,  by  kindling 
the  tobacco,  drawing  tlie  smoke  into  the  mouth,  and 
putting  it  ouL 

6.  To  suffer  ;  to  be  punished. 

Some  of  yoii  ihall  amoke  for  U  in  Rome.  Shak. 

SMOKE,  V.  L  To  apply  smoko  to  ;  to  hang  in  smoke  ; 
tt>  scent,  medicate,  or  dry  by  smoke  ;  as,  to  smoke  in- 
fected clothing  ;  lo  smoke  beef  or  hams  for  preser- 
vation. 

2.  To  smell  out ;  lo  find  out. 

He  was  fint  tmoked  by  the  old  Lon.1  Lafcu.  [jVov  IJOIr  utd.] 

Shak. 

3.  To  sneer  at;  to  ridicule  to  the  face.     Congreve. 
SM5KE'-eLOUD,  It.     A  cloud  of  smoke.     Hemans. 
SM6KE'-eON-SCM'ING,  a.     Consuming  smoke. 
S.MoK'£D,   (smokt,)  pp.   or  a.     Cured,  cleansed,  or 

dried  in  smoke. 
SMoKE'-DRT-f:D,  (drlde,)  a.    Dried  in  smoke.  Irving. 
SMfiKE'-DR¥,  r.  t.     To  dry  by  smoke.      Mortimer. 
SMOKE'-JACK,  n.     An  engine  for  turning  a  spit  by 

means  of  a  fly  or  wheel  turned  by  the  current  of  as- 

ceriding  air  in  a  chimney. 
SMCKE'LESS,  a.    Having  no  smoke;  as,  smokeless 

towers.  Pope, 

SMCK'ER,  fi.     One  that  dries  by  smoke. 

2.  One  that  uses  tobacco  by  inhaling  its  smoke 

from  a  pipe  or  cigar. 
SMOKE'-SAIL,  R.     A  small   sail   hoisted  before  the 

funnel  of  a  vessel's  galley,  to  allow  the  smoke  to  rise 

before  it  is  blown  aft  by  the  wind.  Totten, 

SM^K'I-LY,  adv.     So  as  to  l>e  full  of  smoke. 
SMOK'I-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  smoky.  JJsh, 
SMOK'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Emitting  smoke,  as  fuel,  Slc. 

2.  Applying  smoke  for  cleansing,  drying,  Ace. 

3.  Using  tobacco  id  a  pi|>e  or  cigar. 
SMOK'ING,  n.    The  act  of  emitting  smoke. 

2.  The  act  of  applying  smoke  to. 

3.  The  act  or  practice  uf  inhaling  tobacco  smoke 
from  a  pipe  or  cigar. 

SMOK'Y,  a.  Emitting  smoko  ;  fumid  ;  as,  smoky 
fires.  Dryden. 

2.  Having  the  appearance  or  nature  of  smoke  ;  as, 
a  smtfky  fog,  Harvry. 

3.  Filled  with  smoke,  or  with  a  vapor  resembling 
it ;  thick.  New  England,  in  autumn,  frequently  has 
a  smoky  atmosphert-. 

4.  Subject  lo  be  filled  with  smoke  from  the  chim- 
neys or  fireplaces  ;  as,  a  smoky  house. 

5.  Tarnished  with  sini'ke;  noisome  with  smoke; 
ns,  smoky  rafters  ;  smoky  cells.       Mtiton.     Drnham. 

SMoL'DER-ING ;  the  more  desirable  orthography  of 
Smoulderi:io,  which  see. 

8MOOR,  ;    .  «      re  1 

8.M0RE,{   *'•'■     {^^^'  ^oran.] 

To  suffocate  or  smother.     [JV*«/.  in  %tse.]        More. 

SMOOTH,  a.  [Sax.  smethe,  smorth ;  W.  e^mipyth,  from 
mtpyth  ;  allied  to  L.  mitw,  Ir.  »ny(A,  maofA,  soft,  lender.] 
1,  Having  an  even  surface,  or  a  surface  so  even 
that  no  ruughncsfl  or  points  are  perceptible  to  the 
touch  ;  not  rough ;  as,  smooth  glass  ;  siaooth  por- 
celain. 

The  oudlnea  mutt  be  «moot\,  Imperceptible  to  the  touch. 

Drydsn, 


SMO 

2.  Evenly  spread  ;  glossy ;  as,  a  fmoofA-h aired 
horse.  Pope. 

,3.  Gently  flowing;  moving  equably;  not  rufHed 
or  undulating  ;  as,  a  smvoUi  stream  ;  smooth  Adonis. 

Milton. 

4.  Thai  flows  or  is  uttered  without  stops,  obstruc- 
tion, or  hesitation;  voluble;  even;  not  harsh;  as, 
smooth  verse  ;  smooth  eloquence. 

When  sa?e  Minerra  roae, 
From  her  aweet  lips  moon  elocution  flows.  day, 

5.  Bland;  mild;  soothing;  flattering. 

This  smooth  diKourae  atid  mild  behavior  oft 

ConceAt  a  rrailof.  Addiion. 

6.  In  botany,  glabrous;  having  a  slippery  surface 
void  of  roughness. 

SMOOTH,  n.  That  which  is  smooth;  the  smooth 
part  of  any  thing  ;  as,  the  smooth  of  the  neck.  Oeit, 
xxvii. 

SMOOTH,  V.  U     [Sax.  smethian.] 

1.  To  make  smooth  ;  to  make  even  on  the  surface 
by  any  means  ;  as,  to  smooth  a  board  with  a  plane  ; 
to  smooth  clulh  with  an  iron. 

And  tmooOud  the  ruffled  aea.  Dryden, 

2.  To  free  from  obstruction  ;  to  make  easy. 

Thou,  Abelard,  the  hat  sad  oiTice  pay, 

And  tmoolh  my  pou^ge  lo  the  reuhiut  of  day.  Popt. 

3.  To  free  from  harshness ;  to  make  flowing. 

In  their  moliona  harmony  divfne 

So  tvtoothM  her  chnrining  tones.  ARUon. 

4.  To  palliate  ;  to  soften  ;  as,  to  smooth  a  fault 

Shak. 

5.  To  calm;  to  mollify  ;  to  allay. 

Each  perturbation  tmooOied  witti  outward  calm.  MxUon. 

6.  To  ease. 

The  dilTiculty  rmoothtd.  I>rydtn. 

7.  To  flatter  ;  to  soften  with  blandishments. 

B<xatise  I  can  not  flnttrr  and  look  fair, 

Smile  in  men's  I'accs,  gmooth,  deceive,  and  coy.  Shak, 

SMOOTH'-CHIN-NED,  a.    Beardless. 

S.M00TH'/:D,  pp.     Made  smooth. 

SMOOTH'EN,  for  Smooth,  is  used  by  mechanics; 

thoiigli  not,  I  believe,  in  the  United  States. 
SMOOTH'ER,  n.     One  who  smooths. 
SMOOTH'ER,  fl. ,-  comp.  of  Smooth. 
SMOOTH'-FAC-i^TD,  (-faste,)  a.    Having  a  mild,  soft 

look  :  as,  sviootk-faced  wooers.  Shak. 

SMOOTH'iNG,  ppr.     Making  smooth. 
SMOOTH'I\G-I-U0\,  n.    An  iron  instrument  with 

a  iHtlished  face  for  smoothing  clothes  ;  a  sad-iron. 
SMOOTH'ING-PLANE,  n.     A  small, fine  plane, used 

for  smoothing  and  finishing  work,  Qwilt. 

SMOOTH'LY,  adv.     Evenly  ;  not  roughly  or  harshly. 

2.  With  even  flow  or  motion ;  as,  to  flow  or  glide 
smooMy. 

3.  V\  ithout  obstruction  or  difficulty;  readily;  ea- 
sily. Hooker. 

4.  With  soft,  bland,  insinuating  language. 
SMOOTH'NESS,  n.     Evenness   of  surface;  freedom 

from  roughness  or  asj>ertty  ;  as,  the  amootJiness  of  a 
floor  or  wall ;  smooUiness  of  the  skin  ;  smoothness  of 
the  water. 

2.  Softness  or  mildness  to  the  palate;  as,  the 
smoothness  of  wine. 

3.  Softness  and  sweetness  of  numbers  ;  easy  flow 
of  words. 


Virgnl,  though  smooth  where  mnoolhn. 
BtiiN:tin^  it. 


is  rrquireil,  is  far  from 
Drydtn, 

4.  Mildness  or  gentleness  of  speech  ;  blandness  of 
address.  Shak. 

S.MOOTH'-PAC-£Z>,  (paste,)  a.  Having  a  smooth 
pace.  Scott. 

SMOOTH'-TONGUiCD,  (tungd,)  a.  Having  a  smooth 
tongue;  plausible;  flattering. 

SMOTE,  /M-ce.  of  Smite, 

SMOTH'ER,  (smuth'er,)  c.  L  [Allied  perhaps  to  Ir. 
smuid,  smoke  ;  Sax.  methgian,  to  smoke.] 

1.  To  suflVtcate  or  extinguish  life  by  causing  smoke 
or  dust  to  enter  the  lungs  ;  to  stifle. 

2.  To  suffocate  or  extinguish  by  closely  covering, 
and  by  the  exclusion  of  air ;  as,  to  smother  a  child 
in  bed. 

3.  To  suppress  ;  to  stifle;  as,  to  smother  the  light 
of  the  understanding.  Hooker. 

SMOTH'ER,  (smuth'er,)  v.  i.    To  be  8ufl:bcated. 

2.  To  be  suppressed  or  concealed. 

3.  To  smoke  without  vent.  Bacon. 
SMOTH'ER,  (smuth'er,)  n.    Smoke  ;  thick  dust. 

Shak.     Dryden. 

5.  A  state  of  suppression.     [JV»e  m  use.]    Bacon. 
SM0TH'ER-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Suffocated  ;  stifled  ;  sup- 
pressed. 

SMOfH'ER-l-NESS,  n.     State  of  being  smothery. 

SMOTH'ER-INO,  (smuth'-,)  n.     Act  of  smothering. 

More. 

SMOTH'ER-ING,  ppr.     Suflbcating  ;  suppressing. 

SMOTH'ER-ING-LY,  adv.  Suflocatiugly  ;  suppress- 
in  gly. 

SMOTH'ER- Y,  (smuth'-,)  «■    Tending  to  smother. 

SMOUCH,  r.  e.    To  salute.     fJVut  in  use.]     Sttibbes. 

SMOUL'DER,  V.  i.  To  burn  and  smoke  without  vcnL 
[See  the  next  word.] 


TONE,  Bi;tL,  TJNITE.— AN"OER,  Vl"CIOU8,— €  as  K ;  O  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


SNA 

8M0UL'DER-ING,;»pr.oro.  I  [A  word  formed  from 

SMOl'L'UR  Y,  a.  ]   mold^  moUer,  and  there- 

fore it  ought  to  be  written  ^molderikg.  Perhn[«  we 
have  tbe  word  directly  from  the  Dan.  »muigr^  smullrr, 
Rw.  smottty  smula,  to  crumble  or  fall  tu  dust;  Dun. 
tmrntlf  dust ;  which  is  from  the  same  root  as  rnuU, 
mealy  Slc] 

Burning  and  smoking  without  vent.        Dntden. 

SMUDOE,  «.     A  suffocating  smoke.  Grose. 

SMUG,  fl.  [Dan.  smuk^  ueat,  flnoi  G.  smack;  Sax. 
smieere,] 

Nice  ;  neal ;  affectedly  nice  in  drsss.  [J\''orth  iff 
EHirland,]  HuUiwelU 

SMUG,  c.  L  To  make  spruce;  to  dress  with  affected 
neatness.     [JVot  in  use.]  Chaucer. 

SMl'G'GI£,  r.  t.  [Sw.  smyffa  ;  D.  gmokkeUny  Which 
seems  to  be  allied  to  xmiii^,  under  hand  ;  smuiifen^ 
lo  eat  in  secret ;  G.  sdtmu^geln  ;  Dan.  smugy  clnn- 
destincly.  We  probably  have  the  root  mti/  in 
hugger  mugger.] 

1.  To  import  or  export  secritly  pwtds  wliich  are 
forbidden  by  the  government  to  be  linporled  or  ex- 
ported;  or  secretly  to  im[K>rt  or  exjKirt  dutiable 
goods  without  paying  Uie  duties  impo.«>ed  by  taw  ; 
to  run. 

2.  To  conrey  clandestinely. 

SMUG'GUfTD,  pp.  or  a.  Imported  or  exported  clan- 
destinely and  contrarj'  lo  law. 

SMUG'GLER,  it.    One  that  imports  or  exports  goods 
privately   and   contrary"   to  law,  either  contraband 
goods  or  dutiable   goods,  without  paying  the  cus- 
toms. 
2,  A  vessel  employed  in  running  goods. 

SMUC'SUNG,  ppr.  Importing  or  exporting  goods 
conlmrj*  to  law. 

SMUG'GLING,  n.  The  offense  of  clandestinely  im- 
porting or  exporting  prohibited  goods,  or  other  goods 
without  paying  tbe  customs.  BlaeksOtHe, 

SMUG'LY,  adc.    Neatly  ;    sprucely.     [AW  in  use.] 

SMUG'NESS,  n.    Neatness;  spruceness  without  elo- 

ennce.     [AW  w  its*.J  SJutrtcood. 

SMC'LV^   a.      Looking  smoothly  ;    demure.      [JVbt 

SMUT,  M.  [pan.  tmuds ;  Sax.  smtta  ,*  D.  smetj  a  spot 
or  stain ;  sw.  tmittay  to  taint :  D.  tmoddig,  dirty, 
tmodderen,  to  smut;  G.  seAmiUz.] 

1.  A  spot  made  with  sooC  or  coal ;  or  tbe  foul  mat- 
ter itself. 

2.  A  parasitic  fungns,  which  forms  on  grain. 
Sometimes  the  whole  ear  is  bhtsted  and  converted 
into  smut.  This  is  often  the  fact  wiUi  maize. 
Smta  lessens  the  value  of  wheal. 

X  Obscene  language. 
SMUT,  p.  L    To  stain  or  mnrk  with  smut ;  to  blacken 
with  coal,  soot,  or  other  dirty  substance.    Addison. 

2.  To  taint  with  mildew.  Bacon. 

3.  To  blacken;  to  tarnish. 

SMUT,  p.  u    To  gather  smut ;  to  be  converted  into 

smuL 
SMUT'-MILL,  m-    A  machine  for  cleansing  grain  from 

smut.  Farm.  Encpc 

SMUTCH,  r.  L     [^fVom  smcke ;  Dan.  smSger.    Qn.] 
To  blacken  with  smoke,SDot,or  coaJ.  B.Jonson. 
J^'ote.  —  We  have  a  common  word  in  New  Eng- 
land, pronounced  snwoeA,  which  I  take  to  he  smutch. 
It  signifies  In  fnul  or  blacken  with  something  pro- 
duced bv  c<>rabu#iion  or  other  like  substance. 
SMUTCH'£D,  (smucht,)  a.    Blackened  with  smoke, 

Bf»ot,  or  coal. 
8MUT'TI-LY,  adr.     Blackly  ;  smokily ;  foully. 

9,  With  obscene  language. 
SMUT'TI-NESS,  «,    Soil  from  smoke,  soot,  coal,  or 
•mut. 
2,  Ohscenene^  of  lanirunge. 
SMUT'TY,  a.    Soiled  wiill  smut,  coal,  soot,  or  the  like. 

2.  Tainted  with  mildew  ;  as,  smutty  com. 

3.  Obscene ;  not  modest  or  pure  ;  as,  smutty  lan- 
euage. 

SNACK,  n.     [do.  from  the  root  of  snateJu] 

1.  A  share.  It  is  now  chiefly  or  wholly  used  in 
the  phrase,  to  go  snncks  with  one,  that  is,  to  have  a 
share.  Pope. 

2.  A  slight,  hasty  repast. 

SNACK'ET,  /  n.    The  hasp  of  a  casement.    [Local] 
SNECK^ET,  t  Slifrtcood.     Omft. 

SN.\e'OT,  a.     A  fish.     [L.  acus.]  jSinsteorOi. 

SNAF'FLE,  «.     [D.  sneb.  snacrl,  bill,  beak,  snout  ;  G. 

Dan.  and  Sw.  snabei ;  from  the  root  of  ntb,  neb.] 
A  bridle  consisting  of  a  slender  bit-mouth,  without 

branches.  Enctjc 

SNAF'FLE,  V.  C    To  bridle ;  to  hold  or  manage  with 

a  bridle. 
SNAG,ii.    A  short  branch,  or  a  sharp  or  rough  branch  ; 

a  shoot ;  a  knot 

Th*  coat  of  arma 
Now  OD  a  D&ked  »wtg  ia  triumph  burne.  Dtydtn. 

2.  A  tooth,  in  contempt;  or  a  tooth  projecting  be- 
yond the  rest.  Prior. 

3.  In  the  western  rivers  of  the  tJniud  States^  the 
trunk  of  a  large  tree  firmly  Iixed  to  the  bottom  atone 
end,  and  rising  nearly  or  quite  to  the  surface  at  the 
other  end,  by  which  steamboats,  ice,  are  often 
pierced  and  sunk. 


SNA 

SNAG,  r.  t.    To  run  against  the  branches  of  a  sunken 

tree,  a«  in  American  rivers. 
SNAG'GKll,  (snagd,)  pp.     Hun  against  a  snag,  or 

brunch  of  a  .sunken  tree. 
SNAG'GKD,  t  a.     Full  of  snags  ;  full  of  short,  rough 
SNAG'GY,     )      branches  or  sharp  points;  abounding 

with  knots ;  aa,  m  moggy  tree ;  a  snaggy  stick ;  a 

snaggy  oak.  SpcHfier.    More. 

SNAUj,  n.     [Sax.  snmgrl,  snfgel;  Sw.  snigel;    Dan. 

snegelj  G.  sehneckef  dim.  from  the  root  of  snukey 

snak.] 

1.  A  slimy,  slow-creeping  animal,  of  the  genus 
Ilelix,  and  order  of  Moltusco.  The  eyes  of  this  in- 
sect are  in  the  horns,  one  at  the  end  of  each,  which 
it  c^n  retract  at  pleasure.  Besides  these  shell-snails, 
there  are  also  snails  without  shells,  commonly  called 
Sli'gi,  which  see.  Encyc 

2.  A  drone  ;  a  slow-moving  person.  Shkk. 
SNAIL'-CLA-VER,   in.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Mcd- 
SNAIL'-TRffi'FOIL,  i      icago. 
SNAIL'-FLOW-ER,  «.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Phase- 

olus,  allied  to  the  kidney-bean.  iMudon, 

SNAIL'-LIKE,  0.  Resembling  a  snail ;  moving  very 
slowly. 

SNAIL'-LIKE,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a  snail; 
slowly, 

SNAKE,  H.  [Sax.  sntLca;  Dan.  snog;  G.  schnake; 
(Sans.  naga.  Q,u.)  In  G.  scJtnecke,  Dan.  snekke,  is 
a  snail,  from  the  root  of  Dan.  sniger^  Ir.  snaighim, 
Sax.  ^rritran,  lo  creep,  to  5nfa-t.] 

A  serpent  of  the  oviparous  kind,  distinguished 
from  a  vij^er,  says  Johnson.  But  in  America,  the 
common  and  general  name  of  serpents,  and  so  the 
word  is  used  by  the  poets.  Dryden.     Skak. 

SNAKE,  r.  C.  In  scamcn*s  language^  to  wind  a  small 
rope  round  a  large  one  spirally,  the  small  roi)e3  lying 
in  the  spaces  between  the  strands  of  the  large  one. 
This  operation  is  called,  also,  Wobminq. 

SNAKE'ROOT,  n.  [snake  and  rooc]  A  popular  name 
applied  to  a  great  number  of  different  plants,  proba- 
bly to  50  or  100.  It  is  a  literal  translation  of  Ophior- 
rAiid,  the  name  of  a  genus  of  plants.  Some  of  the 
principal  plants  called  by  tiiis  name  in  America  are 
the  Virginia  snakeroot,  (.\ristolochia  ser|Kmtaria,) 
black  snakeroot,  (Sanicula  Morylandica,}  scneka 
snakeroot,  (Polygala  senega,)  Slc. 

SNAKE'S'-MEAD,  n.  In  railroads  constructed  by  nail- 
ing  bars  of  iron  on  to  stretchers,  a  snuke^s-hcad  is  one 
of  the  bars  which  becomes  loase,  and,  rising  at  one 
end,  forces  its  way  into  the  cars.  JSmerica. 

SNAKE»e'-HEAD  I'RIS,  n.  A  bulboos  plant,  Iris 
lubemsa,  of  Arabia. 

SNAKE' WEED,  n.  [snake  and  weed.]  A  plant,  bis- 
tort, of  the  genus  Polygonum. 

SNAKE'WOpD,  n.  [snake  and  vtood.]  The  smaller 
branches  of  a  tree,  growing  in  the  Isle  of  Timor  and 
other  parts  of  the  East,  having  a  bitter  taste,  and 
supposed  to  be  a  certain  remedy  (or  the  bito  of  Jhe 
hooded  serpent.  Hill. 

It  ia  the  wood  of  the  Strychnos  colubrina.    Parr. 

SNAK'ING,  ppr.  Winding  small  ropes  spirally  round 
a  large  one. 

SNAK'ISII,  a.     Having  the  qualities  of  a  snake. 

SN.^K'Y,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  snake  or  to  snakes  ;  re- 
sembling a  snake  ;  serpentine;  winding. 

2.  Sly;  cuntiing;  insinuating;  deceitful. 

So  to  the  coast  of  Jordftn  he  dimU 

Ilia  tMsy  flteps,  girded  with  Mnaky  wUei.  MUton, 

3.  Having  serpents ;  as,  a  snaky  rod  or  wand. 

Dryden. 
Tlial  vnoty-heiuled  gorgon  thirld.  Millan, 

SNAP,  V.  U  [D.  snappen,  snaawcn;  G.  schnappcn^  to 
snap,  to  snatch,  to  gasp  or  catch  for  breath  ;  Dan. 
snapper;  Sw.  snappa  ;  from  the  root  of  knap  and  D. 
knippm.] 

1.  To  break  at  once ;  to  break  short ;  as  sub- 
Btances  that  are  brittle. 

Breaka  the  doora  open,  tnapt  llie  locks.  Prior, 

2.  To  strike  with  a  sharp  sound.  Pope. 

3.  To  bite  or  seize  suddenly  with  the  teeth. 

Addison.     Qaij. 
A.  To  break  upon   suddenly  with  sharp,  angry 
5.  To  crack  ;  as,  to  snap  a  whip.  [words. 

To  map  off;  to  break  suddenly. 
2.  To  bite  off  suddenly  Wiseman. 

To  snap  one  up,  to  snap  one  up  short;  to  treat  with 
sharp  words. 
SNAP,  V.  i.    To  break  short ;   to  part  asunder  sud- 
denly ;  as,  a  mast  or  spar  snaps ;  a  needle  snaps. 
If  Ueel  M  too  hard,  that  is,  too  brittle,  witb  tbe  leut  bending  it 
win  snap.  Moxon. 

2.  To  make  an  effort  to  bite  ;  to  aim  to  seize  with 
tbe  teeth  ;  as,  a  dog  snaps  at  a  passenger ;  a  fish 
snaps  at  the  bait. 

3.  To  utter  sharp,  harsh,  angry  words. 

SNAP,  71.  A  sudden  breaking  or  rupture  of  any  sub- 
stance. 

2.  A  sudden,  eager  bite;  a  sudden  seizing,  or  effort 
to  seize,  with  the  teeth. 

3.  A  crack  of  a  whip. 

4.  A  greedy  fellow.  VEstrange. 

5.  A  catch  ;  a  theft.  Johnson. 


SNA 

SNAP'DRAG-ON,  n.  A  plant.  The  popular  name 
of  several  different  plants  ;  as,  fur  example,  of  a  spe- 
cies of  Antirrhinum,  of  Ruellia,  \}f  Uarloria,  &c. 

3.  A   play   in    whicli   raisins  are   snatched   from 
burning  brandy,  and  put  into  the  mouth.      Tatler. 
3.  The  thing  eaten  at  snapdragon.  Siriji. 

SNAP'HANOE,  Ti,     A  kind  of  lirelut-.k.  Skdton. 

SNAP'P-ED,  (snapt,)  pp.  Broken  abruptly;  seized  or 
bitten  suddenly  ;  cracked,  as  a  whip. 

SNAP'PER.  »,     One  that  snaps.  Skak. 

SNAP'PISH,  a.  Eager  to  bite;  apt  to  snap;  as,  a 
snappish  cur. 

2.  Peevish  ;  sharp  in  reply ;  apt  to  speak  angrily  or 
tartly. 

SNAP'PISH-LY,  adv.     Peevishly  ;  angrily  ;  tartly. 

SNAP'PI8H-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  snap- 
pish ;  peevishness ;  tartness. 

SNAP'SACK,  n.     A  knapsack.     [Vulgar.] 

SNMl,  V.  u    To  snarl.     [JVy£  in  use.]  Spenser, 

SNAKE,  n.  [Dan.  snare;  Sw.  snara;  Dan.  snore,  a 
string  or  cord,  D.  snor  ;  Sw.  sniirc,  a  line  ;  snora,  to 
lace.] 

1.  An  instrument  for  catching  pnimals,  particularly 
birds,  by  the  leg.  It  consists  of  a  cord  or  string  with 
slip-knots,  in  whicii  the  leg  is  entangled.  A  snare  is 
not  a  net. 

2.  Any  thing  by  which  one  is  entangled  and 
brought  into  trouble.     1  Cor.  vii. 

A  fool's  lips  arc  tbu  tnare  of  bis  soul.  —  Prov,  xvUi. 
SNARE,  V  t.     [Dan.  snarcr.] 

To  catch  with  a  snare  ;  to  insnare  ;  to  entangle ; 
to  bring  into  unexpected  evil,  perplexity,  or  danger. 
Tbe  wicked  a  anartd  \a  the  worli  of  liit  own  huadi.  —  Ps.  ix. 

SNAR'ED,  pp.  Entangled ;  unexpectedly  involved  in 
difficulty. 

SNAR'ER,  n.    One  who  lays  snares  or  entangles. 

SNAR'ING,  ppr.     Entangling  ;  insnaring. 

SNARL,  r.i.  [G.'sc/(7iajvcH,'to  snarl,  lo  speak  in  the 
throat;  D.  ^lar,  snappish.  This  word  seems  to  be 
allied  to  gnarl,  and  to  proceed  from  some  root  signi- 
fying to  twist,  bind,  or  fasten,  or  to  involve,  enUin- 
gle,  and  thus  to  be  allied  lo  snare.] 

1.  To  growl,  as  an  angry  or  surly  dog;  to  gnarl ; 
to  utter  grumbling  sounds ;  but  it  expresses  more  vio- 
lence than  Grumble. 

Thiit !  should  MTuirl  and  bite,  and  play  the  6og.  S/iak. 

2.  To  speak  roughly ;  to  talk  in  rude,  murmuring 
terms. 

It  is  maliciotiB  nnd  uniniuily  to  aitarl  at  the  Utile  lApaes  of  a  pcD, 
from  which  Virgil  himaelf  suviida  not  exfnipted.     Dryden, 

SNXRL,r.t.  To  entangle  ;  to  complicate  ;  to  involve 
in  knots;  as,  to  snarl  the  hair;  to  snarl  a  skein  of 
thread. 

[This  word  is  in  universal  popular  use  in  JVew 
England.] 

2.  To  embarrass, 
SNARL,  n.     Entanglement ;  a  knot  or  complication  of 
hair,  thread,  &c.,  which  it  is  difficult  to  disentangle  ; 
hence,  a  contention  or  quarrel.  HaUitnetl. 

[Local   in  England,  and  stUl  used  occasionally  in 
A  in  erica.] 
SNARL'ER,  n.     One  who  snarls;  a  surly,  growling 

animal ;  a  grumbling,  quarrelsome  fellow.      Swift 
SNARL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Growling;  grumbling  an- 
grily. 
2.  Entangling. 
SNAR'Y,  a.     [from  snare.]     Entangling;  insidious. 
Spiders  in  the  vault  their  tnary  webs  buve  spread.       Lh-yrixn. 

SNAST,  71,     fG.  schnavtze,  a  snout.] 

The  snun  of  a  candle.     [A'ut  in  use.]        Bacon, 
SNATCH,  V.  U  ;  prct,  and  pp.  Snatched  or  Snatcht 
[D.  snakken,  to  grasp,  to  catch  for  breath.] 

1.  To  seize  hastily  or  abruptly. 

When  half  our  knowledge  we  must  tnalch,  not  take.       Pvp«. 

2.  To  seize  witliout  permission  or  ceremony ;  as, 
to  snatch  a  kiss. 

3.  To  seize  and  transport  away  ;  as,  snatch  me  to 
heaven.  Thomson. 

SNATCH,  V.  i.  To  catch  at ;  to  attempt  to  seize  sud- 
denly. 

Nav,  tbe  ladiei  too  will  be  Mnalching.  Shale, 

Ue  shall  tnatch  on  the  right  bttid,  and  be  hungry.  —  Ib.  ix. 

SNATCH,  71.     A  hasty  catch  or  seizing. 

2.  A  catching  at  or  attempt  to  seize  suddenly. 

3.  A  short  fft  of  vigorous  action  ;  as,  a  snatch  at 
weeding  after  a  shower.  Tnsser, 

4.  A  broken  or  interrupted  action ;  a  short  fit  or 
turn. 

Spcclalor. 

5.  A  shuffling  answer.     [Little  used.]  Shak. 
SNATCH'-BLOCK,  ti.    A  particular  kind  of  block 

used  in  ships,  having  an  opening  in  one  side  to  re- 
ceive the  bight  of  a  rope.  Mar,  DicL 

SNATCH'£D,  (snacht,)  pp.  Seized  suddenly  and  vi- 
olently. 

SNATCH'ER,  n.  One  that  snatches  or  takes  abruptly. 

Shak. 

SNATCH'ING,  ppr.  Seizing  hastily  or  abruptly  j 
catching  at. 


They  move  by  fits  and  gnaleliei. 

We  have  often  little  tJtaUKes  of  Kunsbtne. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— MgTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK. — 

1046 


SNI 

SNATCH'ING-LV,  adv.    By  snatching  ;  hastily  ;  nb- 
SNXTH,  n.    [Sftx.  srusd  ;  Elig.  snatke,  inteaVt.]      [niptly. 
The  handle  of  a  scythe.  AVir  England. 

[Also  spelled  Snathe  and  Skbathe.] 
SNATHE,  V.  t.     [Sax.  snidan,  snithan.] 

To  lop  ;  to  prune.     [JVut  m  use.] 
SNAT'TOCK.  n.     [Supra.]     A  chipi  a  slice.     [J^'ot  in 

use,  or  local.]  OayU'iu 

9\i:AD,  «.     The  handle  of  a  scythe  ;  snath.     Ji.ih. 
SNkAK,  (sneek,)  v.  i.     [Sax.  a-nwaii  ,■  Dan.  s/ii^'w,  to 
creep,  or  move  softly,     bee  Snake.] 

1.  To  creep  or  steal  away  privately  ;  to  withdraw 
meanly,  as  a  person  a&aid  or  ashamed  to  be  seen  ; 
as,  to  sneak  away  from  company;  to  sneak  into  a 
corner,  or  behind  a  screen. 

You  fkullced  txhiaii  ihc  frnee,  and  tneaiced  aw&j.       Dryden, 

%  To  behave  with  meanness  and  servility ;  to 
crouch ;  to  truckle. 

Will  trttakt  a  scrireticr,  an  exceeding  kaare.  P'jx. 

SXkAK,  v.  t.    To  hide.     [JVot  in  use.]  Wake, 

SNfAK,  n.    A  mean  f.-llow. 

SNeAK'ER,  n.     A  small  vessel  of  drink.     [Local.] 

Spectator. 
SXi?AK'I\G,  ppr.      Creeping  away  slity ;   stealing 
away. 

2.  a.    Mean  ;  ser^'iIe ;  crouching.  Rojce. 

3.  Meanly  parsimonious;  covetous;  niggardly. 
SN£AK'I\G-LV,  adv.   In  a  sneaking  manner  ;  mean- 
ly^ Herbert. 

SNeAK'ING-NESS,  n.    Meanness;  niggardliness. 

Bayic. 

SXkAKS'BV,  n-    A  paltry  fellow.  Barrow. 

SNEAK'UP,  n.  A  sneaking,  cowardly,  insidious  fel- 
low.    [JVot  used,]  Hhak. 

SNeAP,  (sneep,)  r.  L  [Dan.  snibhe,  reproach,  repri- 
mand ;  snip,  the  end  or  point  uf  a  thing  ;  D.  saipy  a 
snipe,  from  its  bill ;  snippen,  to  snip  or  nip ;  G.  scMnep- 
pe,  a  peak  ;  from  the  root  of  neb,  nib,  nip,  with  the 
sense  of  shooting  out,  thrusting,  like  a  sharp  point.] 
1.  To  check;  to  reprove  abruptly;  to  reprimand. 
[Obs.]  Chanrer. 

9.  To  nip.     [06*.l  Shak. 

8NEB,  V.  u  To  cbeclt ;  to  reprimand ;  the  same  aa 
SrcEAP.  Spenser. 

SVFAD   I  ***    See  SNE4D. 

SXKKK*  n.     The  latch  of  adoor.     [J^ot  in  u-^e,  or  local.] 
^N  EKR,  r.  t.     [from  the  root  of  L.  naris,  nose  ;  to  turn 
up  the  nose.] 

1.  To  sht»w  contempt  by  turning  up  the  nose,  or 
by  a  )iarticular  cast  of  countenance  ;  *'  naso  suspcn- 
drre  adunco." 

a.  To  insinuate  contempt  hy  a  covert  expression. 

I  couM  be  c«Dirat  tu  le  a  little  »netred  at.  Poji*. 

X  To  uller  with  grimace.  Congreve. 

4.  'I'o  show  mirth  awkwardly.  Taller, 
dNEER,  n.     A  ]tK>k  of  contempt ;  or  a  turning  up  of 

the  nose  to  manifest  contempt;  a  look  of  disdain, 
derision,  or  ridicule.  Pope. 

2,  An  eTpr<-ssion  of  ludicrous  scorn.  Walts. 
SNEER' ER,  n.     One  that  sneers. 
SNEER'FyL,  a.    Given  to  sneering.     [JVot  in  use,] 

Shenstone* 

SNEER'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Manifesting  contempt  or  scom 
by  turning  np  the  nose,  or  by  some  grimace  or  signif- 
icant ItMik.  «■ 

SNEER'LNG-LV,  adv.  With  a  look  of  contempt  or 
scorn. 

SNEEZE,  V.  I.  [Sax.  nitJian;  D.  niexen;  G.  niesen; 
Sw.  ntjsa  ;  from  the  root  of  nose,  G.  nose,  Dan.  nase, 
I),  neus,  L.  nasus ;  the  primary  sense  of  which  is,  to 
project.] 

To  emit  air,  chiefly  Ihmngh  the  nose,  audibly  and 
violently,  by  a  kind  of  involuntary  convulsive  force, 
occasioned  by  irritation  of  the  inner  membrane  of 
the  nt>se.  Thus  snufT,  or  any  thing  that  tickles  the 
n<t*e,  makes  one  ««ffif.  Swift 

SNEEZE,  n.  A  sudden  and  violent  ejection  of  air, 
chiefly  through  the  nose,  with  an  audible  sound. 

MUtun. 

SXEEZE'WORT,  (  wurt  )  n.  A  plant.  The  popular 
namt;  of  several  difTt^renl  plants;  as  of  a  species  of 
Arhillt-a,  of  Xt-ranthenium,  &.c. 

8NEEZ'ING,ppr.     Emitting  air  from  the  nose  audibly. 

SiN'EEZ'ING,  n.  The  act  of  eji-cting  air  vinlenlly  and 
auditily,  cliietly  through  the  nose  ;  sternutation. 

6NELI.,  0.     [Sax.  «Mf/.Y 

Active  ;  brisk  ;  ninible.     [A*of  in  use.] 

SNET,  K.  'J'he  fut  of  a  deer.  [Local  among  sports- 
mm.] 

SNEVV,  oW  prrf,  of  Sr«ow.     [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

8NIU,  to  nip  or  reprimand,  is  only  a  different  spellmg 
of  Sneh,  8r(CAP.  J/yJ>berd^M  Tale. 

BNiCK,  n.  A  small  cut  or  mark;  a  latch.  [JVot  in 
use.] 

Sauk  and  snee ;  a  combat  with  knives.  [A«t  in 
use.] 

[Snee-  is  a  Dut«h  enntraction  of  snyden,  to  cot.] 

BNICK'ER,  (  r.  t.     [Sw.  niugg,  close.    This  can  have 

SNIG'GER,  t'     no  connection  with  sneer.     The  ele- 
ment and  the  sense  are  difl*erent.] 
I'o  laugh  slily ;  or  to  laugh  iu  one's  sleeve. 

HaUiioeU. 


SNO 

[It  is  a  word  in  common  use  in  J^Cew  kA%^lAind,  not 

easily  defined.     It  si^iiHes^  to  lauj^'h  with  small,  audible 

catches  uf  voice,  as  when  persons  attempt  to  suppress 

loud  laughter.] 

SNIFF,  V.  I,    To  draw  air  audibly  up  the  nose.     [See 

Snufk.]  SieifL 

SNIFF,  «.  (.    To  draw  in  with  the  breath  through  the 

nose.     [JVot  in  use.]  Todd. 

SNIFF,  n.     Perception  by  the  nose.     [JVot  in  use.] 
SNIFT,  V.  I.     To  snort.     [JVot  in  ujie.]  [  tVartun. 

SNIFT'ING-VALVE,  n.  A  valve  in  the  cylinder  of 
a  steam  engine,  for  the  escape  of  air;  so  culled  from 
the  noise  it  makes.  Francis. 

SNIG,  Ti.     [See  Snake.]     A  kind  of  eel.     [Local.] 
SNIG'GLE,  V.  i.    [Su|>ra.]    To  fish  for  eels,  by  thrust- 
ing the  bait  into  their  holes.     [LocaL]  IValtoiu 
SNIG'GLE,  V.  U    To  snare  ;  to  catch.    Beaum.  S,-  Ft. 
SNIP,  V.  t.     [D.  snippen,  to  nip  ;    knippen,  to  clip.     See 
Sneap.] 

To  clip  ;  to  cut  oft  the  nip  or  neb,  or  to  cut  off  at 
once  wjtli  siiears  or  scissors. 
SNIP,  R.    A  clip  ;  a  single  cut  with  shears  or  scissors. 
Shak.     Wiseman. 
3.  A  small  shred.  Wise^aiu 

3.  Share;  a  snack.     [A  low  word.]     L^Estran-se. 
SNIPE,  n.     [D.  snip:  G.  schnepfe ;  from  ncft,  nib',  so 
named  from  its  bill.] 

1.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Scolopax,  that  frequents  the 
banks  of  rivers  and  the  borders  of  fens,  distinguished 
by  its  lone,  straight,  slender  bill.  The  several  s|>t'cies 
of  this  bird  are  highly  prized  for  food. 
9.  A  fool  ;  a  blockhead.  Shak. 

SNI  P'PER,  n.     One  that  snips  or  clips. 
SNIP'PET,  n,     A  small  part  or  share.    [JVot  in  use."] 

Hudibras. 
SNIP'PING,  ppr.    Clipping;  cutting  off  with  shears 

or  scissors. 
SNIP'SNAP;  a  cant  word,  formed  by  repeating  snap, 
and  signifying  a  turt  dialogue  with  quick  replies. 

Pope. 
SNITE,  n.  [Sax.]  A  snipo.  [JVot  in  use.]  Carew. 
SNrrE,  V.  L     [Sax.  snytan.] 

To  blow  the  nose.     [JVot  in  use.] 
In  Scotland,  sjiite  the  candle;  snuff  it.  Q-rcic. 

SNITHE,   (a.    Sharp;  piercing;  cutting;    applied  to 
SMTirV,  i      the  wind, 

SNIV'JCL,  (sniv'l,)  71.     [Sax,  snofely  snyfling.    Q,\i.neb, 
nib,  snuff^ 
Snot ;  mucus  running  from  the  nose. 
SNIVEL,  r.  i.     To  run  at  the  nose. 

3.  To  cry  as  children,  with  snuffing  or  sniveling. 
SNIV'ii:L-EU,  n.    One  that  cries  with  sniveling. 

S.  One  that  weeps  for  slight  causes,  or  manifests 
weakness  by  weeping. 
SNIV'£L-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Running  at  the  nose;  cry- 
ing as  children. 
SNIV'£L-y,a.  Running  at  the  nose  ;  pitiful ;  whining. 
SNOB,  71.    A  vulgar  person,  particularly  one  who  apes 
gentility.  HalliwcU. 

[  Used  in  England  in  various  dialects,  and  recently  in- 
troduced into  books  as  a  term  of  derision.] 

3.  In  the  English  universities,  a  townsman,  as  op- 
posed to  a  gownsman. 
3.  A  journeyman  shoemaker.  HalliweU, 

SNOB'BISII,  a.     Belonging  to  or  resembling  a  snob. 
SNOD,  n.     [Sax.]     A  fillet.     [JVot  in  use,  or  local.] 
SNOD,  a.    Trimmed  ;  smooth.     [Local.] 
SNOOD,  n.     In   Scotland,  the  fillet  which  binds  the 

hair  of  a  young  unmarried  woman.      Walter  Scott. 
SNQOK,  V.  i.     [Sw.  snoka.     Uu.  nook,] 

I'o  lurk  ;  to  lie  in  ambush.     [JVot  in  use.]     Scott. 
SNOOZE,  n.     A  nap.  JJuUoway. 

[j9  tow  word,  provincial  in  England,  and  sometintes 
heard  iu  America.] 
SNORE,  r.  i.     [Sax.  snora,  a  snoring  ;  D.  snorken  ;  Q, 
sehnarchen;  Sw.  snarka;  from  the  root  of  L.  naris, 
the  nose  or  nostrils.] 
To  breathe  with  a  rough,  hoarse  voice  in  sleep. 
Roscommon. 
SNORE,  n.    A  breathing  with  a  harsh  noise  in  sleep. 
SNOU'ER,  n.     One  that  snores. 
SNoR'ING,  ppr.    Respiring  with  a  harsh  noise. 
SNORT,  V.  i.     [G.  sehjiarchen.     See  Snore.] 

1.  To  force  ttie  air  with  violence  through  the  nose, 
•o  as  to  make  a  noise,  as   high-spirited  horses  in 

3.  To  snore,  [^nt  common.]        (prancing and  play 
SNORT,  r.  (.     I'o  turn  up  in  anger,  scorn,  or  derisioD, 

as  the  nose.     [Unusual.]  Chaucer. 

SNORT'ER,  n.    One  that  snorts  ;  a  snorer. 
SNORT'ING,  ppr.    Forcing  the  air  violently  through 

the  nose. 
SNORT'ING,  n.    The  act  of  forcing  the  air  through 
the  nose  with  violence  and  noise.    Jer.  viii. 

Q.  Act  uf  snoring.     [Unusual.] 
SNOT,  K,     [Sax.  snote;  I),  snot;  Dan.  id.] 

Mucus  discharged  from  the  nose.  Swift. 

SNOT,  V.  t,     [Sax.  snytan.] 

To  bhtw  the  noso.  Sherwood. 

SNOT'TER,  V.  i.    To  snivel ;  to  sob.     [Local.] 
SNOT'TY,  a.    Foul  with  snot.  [On 

2.  Mean  ;  dirty. 
SNOUT,  n.     [W.  ysnid;  D.  *7iui(;  G.  schnautie,  snout; 

schndulien,  to  snuff,  to  blow  the  nose,  Sax.  snytan  ,- 
Sw.  snyte  ;  Dan.  snude,  snout ;  snyder,  to  snuff.] 


[Orose. 


SNU 

I.  The  long,  projecting  nose  of  a  beast,  as  that  of 
swine. 
3.  The  nose  of  a  man  ;  in  contempt.     Hudibras. 
3.  The  nozzle  or  end  of  a  hollow  pipe. 

SNOUT,  V.  t.    To  furnish  with  a  nozzle  or  point. 

Camden. 

SNOUT'ED,  a.    Having  a  snout.  Heylin. 

SNOUT'y,  a.    Resembling  a  beast*s  snout.     Otway. 

SNOW,  n.  [A  contracted  word;  Sax.  snaw;  Goth. 
snaiws  ;  D.  sneeuio  ;  G.  schnee  ;  Dan.  snee  ;  Sw.  sne  ; 
Sclav,  anc^f  Bohem.  «ntA;  Ir.sneacbt;  Fr.  ntige ;  L. 
nix,  nivis ;  It.  and  Port,  neve ;  Sp.  nieve..  I'he  Latin 
nicis  is  contracted  from  ni^,  like  Eng.  bow  from 
Sax.  bugan.  The  prefix  s  is  common  in  the  other 
languages.] 

1.  Crystallized  vapor  ;  particularly,  waten'  particles 
congealed  into  white  crystals  in  the  air,  md  falling 
to  the  earth.  Meteorologists  distinguish,  by  means 
of  the  miscroscope,  GOO  varieties  of  crj'stals  of  snow, 
some  of  which  are  extremely  beautiful.      Olmsted. 

Red  snow  ;  snow  of  a  red  color,  formerly  supposed 
to  be  tinged  by  minute  plants,  but  by  more  recent  in- 
vestigators considered  as  owing  its  color  to  the  pres- 
ence of  certain  animalcule. 

Snow  line;  tlie  lowest  limit  of  perpetual  snow. 

B  ramie. 
3.  A  vessel  equipped  with  two  masts,  resembling 
the   main   and   lure-masts   of  a  ship,  and   a  third 
small  mast  just  abal^  the  main-mast,  carrying  a  try- 
sail. Jilar.  DUU 

SNOW,  v.  i,     [Sax.  snawan.] 

To  fall  in  snow  ;  as,  it  snows  ;  it  snowed  yesterday. 

SNOW,  B.  t.     To  scatter  like  snow.  Donne. 

SNOW'BALL,  n.  [snow  and  ball,]  A  round  mass  of 
snow,  pressed  or  rolled  together.     Locke.     Dryden^ 

SNOW'BALL,  >TL     A  shrub  or  small  tree  of 

SNOW'BAH^TREE,  J  the  genus  Viburnum,  bear- 
ing large  balls  of  while  flowers  ;  gelder  rate. 

SNoW'-BIRD,  (sno'burd,)  n.  A  bird  which  appears 
in  the  time  of  snow.  The  popular  name  of  Einbe- 
riza  nivalis,  which  is  found  both  in  Europe  and 
America;  of  Fringilla  nivalis,  (Linn.,)  found  only  in 
Europe  ;  of  Fringilla  hiemalis,  (Linn.,)  found  only  in 
America;  and  of  various  other  birds. 

SNoW'-BROTII,  n.  [snow  and  brotJu]  Snow  and 
water  mixed  ;  very  cold  liquor.  Shak. 

SNOW-CAPPED,  la.      Capped  or  crowned  with 

SNOW'-CAPT,        I     snow. 

SN0W'-€ROWN-ED,  a.  [snow  und  croum.]  Crowned 
or  having  the  top  covered  with  snow.        Draijtoiu 

SNOW'DEEP,  n.     [snow  and  deep.]     A  plant. 

SNOW'-DRIFT,  Ti.  [snow  and  drift.]  A  bank  of 
snow  driven  together  by  the  wind. 

SNOW'-DROP,  T(.  [snow  and  drop.]  A  bulbous  plant 
bearing  a  white  flower,  cultivated  in  gardens  for  its 
beauty  ;  the  Galanlhus  nivalis. 

SNOW'-FED,  a.     Fed  with  snow.  Shelley. 

SNOW'-FLOOD,  n.    A  flood  from  melted  snow. 

Jiloore. 

SNOW'LESS,  a.     Destitute  of  snow.  Tooke, 

SNoW'LIKE,  a.     Resembling  snow. 

SNOW'-PLOW,       )  n.    A  machine  operating  like  a 

SNOW-PLOUGH,  i  plow,  but  on  a  larger  scale,  for 
clearing  away  the  snow  from  roads,  railways,  &c. 

HcberU 

SNOW-SHOE,  (snfi'shoo,)  n.  [snow  and  shoe.]  A 
shoe  or  racket  worn  by  men  traveling  on  snow,  to 
prevent  their  feet  from  sinking  into  the  snow. 

SNOW-SLIP,  n.  [snow  und  slip.]  A  large  mass  of 
snow  which  slijra  down  the  side  of  a  mountain,  and 
someiime.H  buries  houses.  Ooldsmith. 

SNOW-STORM,  fi.     A  storm  with  falling  snow. 

SNOW-WHITE,  a.  [snow  and  %Dhite.]  White  as 
snow  ;  very  white. 

SNOW-WRi?  ATH,  n.     A  wreath  of  snow.      JfUion. 

SNOWY,  a.     White  like  snow.  Shak. 

3.  Abounding  with  snow  ;  covered  with  snow. 

The  tnowy  lop  of  coU  Olympu*.  Millon, 

3.  White;  pure;  unblemished.  HalL 

SNUB,  n.  [D.  sneb  ;  a  difl'erent  orthography  of  irnip, 
aneup,  neb,  nib,  ytip.] 

1.  A  knot  or  protuberance  in  wood  ;  a  snag.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Spenser. 

2.  A  check  or  rebuke.  J.  Foster. 
SNUB,  r.  i.    [Supra.]    To  nip;  to  clip  or  break  off 

the  end.     Hence, 

2.  T(»  check  ;  to  reprimand  ;  to  check,  stop,  or  re- 
buke with  a  tart,  sarcastic  reply  or  remark. 

J.  Foster. 
[This  is  the  same  word  radically  as  Sneaf,  S»eb, 
and  is  the  word  chiefly  used.] 

To  S7i«6  a  cable  or  rope,  among  seamen,  is  to  check 
it  »udd4-nly  in  running  out  Totten. 

SNUB,  V.  t.     [Q.  schnauben,  to  snub,  to  snort,  to  pant 
for,  to  puff.] 
To  sob  with  convulsions.     [JVot  used,] 
SNUB'-NOSE,  71.     A  short  or  flat  nose. 
RNUB'-NO«-£D,  a.    Having  a  short,  flat  nose. 
SNUDGE,  V.  i.     [Dan.  migcr.    See  Snug.] 

To  lie  close  ;  to  snug.     [AT:)(  in  use,  or  vulgar,] 

Herbert, 
SNUDGE,  Tt.    A  miser,  or  a  sneaking  fellow.    [JVot  in 
use.] 


TONE,  BULL,  CINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  »  aa  Z ;  CH  as  SB ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


so 

SNUFF,  n.  [D.  muf,  whence  snuffen,  to  siiulT,  to 
scent ;  G.  scMnuiipe ;  allied  to  snub^  nrb,  nib.] 

1.  The  burnini!   part  of  a  candle-wick,  or  that 
which  has  been  charred  by  Uie  flame,  whether  burn- 
ing or  noL  JiddisoH, 
"X  A  candle  almost  burnt  out.  Shak. 

3.  Pulverized  tobacco  and  various  other  powders, 
taken,  or  prepared  to  t>e  i;iken,  into  t)ie  nose. 

4.  Keseiitnient ;  bufl*,  expressed  by  a  isiitiffing  of 
the  noM.  Bacon. 

SNUFF,  p.  e.  [D.  snMffhi;  G.geknupfen,  to  take  snuITi 
sckttHppm^  to  snuff  a  candle.] 

1.  To  draw  in  willi  the  breath;  to  inhale;  as, to 
tnnff  the  wind.  Dryi^tL, 

^  To  scent ;  to  smell ;  to  perceive  by  the  nose. 

3.  Ttr  crop  the  snuff,  as  of  a  candle  ;  tu  take  off 
the  end  of  the  suuff.  Swift. 

SNUFF,  r.  i.  To  snort ;  to  inhale  air  with  violence 
or  with  noise  ;  a:^  dojrs  and  horses.  Dryden. 

2.  To  turn  up  the  nose  and  inhale  air  in  con- 
tempt.   .VdJ.  ii. 

3.  To  lake  offense. 

SXUFF'tiOX,  n.    A  box  for  carT>-iii(  snuff  about  the 

person. 
SNl'FF'ER,  M.     One  that  snuffs 
SNUFF'KRS,  a.  oL    An  instrument  for  cropping  the 

snuff  of  a  candle. 
SNUFFING,   ppr.      Drawing  in  with   tlie  breath  ; 

scenting. 

2.  Cnipping  the  snuff,  as  of  a  candle. 
SNUFF'ING,  n.     The  act  of  suulfing.  Byron. 
SNUF'FLE,  (snuffl,)  ».  i.     [D.  snuffcUn;  ii.  niifftln 

and  scknufftln :  Dan.  yittfo^,  to  «nwj^,  to  give  a 
crabbed  answer,  to  snub.] 

To  speak  through  the  nose ;  to  breathe  bard 
through  the  nose,  or  through  the  nose  when  ob- 
stnicbrd. 

flofMe  ■wtlMi  PUIS*,  lo  a  brokm  note, 
Sm^/Smtuoam.  DryUn. 

BNUF'FLER,  n.  One  that  snuffles  or  speaks  through 
the  n(k<e  when  obsinicted. 

8.NUF'FL£9,  (snufdz,)  a.  Obstruction  of  the  no«e 
by  mucus. 

SNUF'FLING,  u.    A  speaking  through  the  nose. 

Swift 

S.\UFP'T;IK-ER,  m.  One  that  takes  snuff,  or  in- 
hales it  into  the  nose. 

SNUFF'V,  a.     Soiled  with  snuff. 

SNUG,  r.  k  [Dan.  nigtr^  to  saeak;  8U.  siuc«a,  to 
creep ;  protwbly  allied  to  migk^  dose,  8w.  niugg. 
Bee  S:«AKB.] 

To  lie  close  \  as,  a  child  mng$  to  lis  mother  or 
nurse.  Sidme$. 

SNUG,  «.     [Sw.  rmygg^  neat.] 

1.  Lyiug  close ;  clossly  pressed  ;  as,  an  infant  lies 

9.  Close ;  concealed  ;  doC  exposed  to  notice. 
At  WiU't 
iJe  ««Hf ,  tad  brftr  what  cntka  anj.  SftlfL 

3.  Being  in  good  order ;  all  convenient ;  neat ;  as, 
a  smug  liiiie  farm. 

A.  Clitse  ;  neat ;  convenient ;  as,  a  snug  house. 

6.  Slily  or  insidiously  close. 

Whra  fuu  U/  fiuii*,  to  anap  foun^  I>.uTkon'B  pmL    Drydtfi. 

SNUG'GER-Y,  a.  A  snug,  comfortable  place.  [Fa.- 
rnifiar.  ]  Warren. 

SNUG'GLE,  e.  i.  [from  *"ajf.]  To  move  one  way 
and  the  other  to  get  a  close  place ;  to  lie  close  for 
convenience  or  warmth. 

SNUG'I.Y,  adv.     Closely  ;  safely. 

SNUG'NES::?,  m.  Closeness;  the  stite  of  being  neal 
or  convenient.  HayUg^s  Coiepfr. 

80,  r.  c  Stand  still ;  a  word  used  in  the  imperative 
only,  by  milkmaids.     [See  the  next  word.] 

80,  iu/f.  [Gottl.  sara;  Sax.  sita;  G.  so;  D.  xo ;  Dan. 
s*a;  Sw.  sd;  perhaps  L.  ftc,  contracted,  or  Heb. 
ni3,  to  couipiise,  to  set.  In  Ir.  so  is  this  or  that.  It 
Is  the  same  in  Scots.  It  is  from  some  root  signifying 
to  set,  to  xfiU,  and  this  sense  is  retained  in  tiK  use  of 
the  word  by  milkmaids,  who  say  to  cows.  «0,s«,  that 
is,  stand  still,  remain  as  you  are;  and  in  this  use, 
the  word  may  l»e  the  original  verb.] 

1.  In  like  manner,  answering  to  as,  and  noting 
comparison  or  resemblance ;  its  with  the  people,  so 
with  the  priest. 

2.  In  such  a  degree  ;  to  that  degree. 

Wh7  b  bk  durwc  m  Umi;  in  eorabaf .'  —  Jmlgca  t. 

3.  In  such  a  manner  :  sometime*  repeated,  so  and 
90  ;  as.  certain  colors  mingled  js  and  so.    Suckling. 

4.  It  is  followed  by  ««. 

There  h  KMnrdnsf  rqutraleat  in  Pnaoe  and  Sccdand  ;  so  as 'A 
b  m  hint  CAlumnj  npja  ouf  anl  to  zfbim  ihal  so  exeHI<^t  a 
frail  will  Bu(  grow  bciT.  Tksipl*. 

But  in  like  phrases,  we  now  use  tlua :  "  so  Oat  It 
is  a  bard  calumny  ; "  and  this  may  be  considered  as 
the  established  usage. 
■        &  In  the  i>ame  manner. 

Dm  your  hiior  »iai  pf-ax  mpeet,  »od  caukc  all  your  famBT  la  cSo 

•oloo.  Lock: 

6.  Thus  ;  in  this  manner  ;  as,  New  York,  so  called 


SOA 

from  the  Duke  of  York.    I  know  nut  why  it  is,  but 
so  it  is. 

It  conct-nts  rrrry  nuin,  wllh  the  grMteat  ■eriouaneM,  eo  trxiutni 
vrbcUivr  tbcM  tbtngi  arc  «o  er  not.  7\UoUon. 

7.  Therefore ;  thus  ;  fur  this  reason }  in  conse- 
quence of  this  or  that. 

It  lcaT«a  inainiclion,  ami  to  Instructun,  to  tha  K>brie(v  of  lh« 
•etll«d  article  ot  the  church.  fioiylay. 

Ood  roakea  him  in  hb  own  imnge  an  iiitellcciuol  creaiun;,  uad 
so  eapiiNa  of  di>inii)ii>n.  Lock*. 

Thb  natuie  made  liie  clipping  of  coin  high  treaaon,  which  It  wa« 
UOt  at  common  Uw  ;  «o  Uut  thb  waa  an  eulamng  ilntu'.i:-. 
alaOcstons. 


8.  On  these  terms,  noting  a  conditional  petition. 

Here,  thru,  exchanre  w«  [mitiially  for^« 
So  may  ibr  ^iit  uf  all  niv  tirukrn  «awa, 


Here,  thru,  exchanre  w«  [mitiially  for^veocai ; 

So  may  ibr  ^iit  uf  all  niv  tirukrn  «awa, 

My  peijunea  to  U>cc,  Ur  alt  Ibrgoucn.  Rowt. 


So  here  might  be  expressed  by  (Aiu,  that  is,  in  this 
manner,  by  this  mutual  forgiveness. 

9.  Provided  that ;  on  condition  that.    |,L.  modo.] 

Su  Uk  itoetrin?  be  but  wholrsoiw  anti  edifying  —  thoufh  tlit-re 
kltuuM  be  avi-nnl  of  ci.ictiwBa  In  themaniM*r  of  ciip.tiring  nnd 
rcaaniitnj,  it  may  be  OTeri.x>k«i.  AmrbiAy. 

I  can  not  who  hmmtaea  iho  mcanc,  m  Ukj  are  furnbbcd. 
,  Anon. 

10.  In  like  manner,  noting  the  concession  of  one 
prt>|Hk«iIion  or  fact,  and  tho  assumption  of  anotlier  ; 
auiiweriiig  to  as. 

At  a  WMf  ■hoiiM  he.  undertakf^n  upon  a  luat  motivr,  lo  a  princ« 
ought  tu  cuiuiJtrr  the  condition  be  t4  in  wlien  he  enl'^n  on  it. 

11.  5o  often  expresses  the  sense  of  a  word  or  sen- 
tence going  before.  In  this  case  it  prevents  a  repeti- 
tion, and  may  be  considered  as  a  substitute  for  the 
word  or  phr.ise.  "  France  is  highly  cultivated,  but 
England  is  uit>re  so^**  that  Is,  more  Kighty  cuUicated. 

Arthur  Young. 
To  make  m^n  happy,  and  to  keep  them  to.  CrttA. 

12.  Thus ;  thus  it  is  ;  this  is  the  state. 

How  sorrow  sh»kra  him  I 
So  now  the  tentpeat  lean  hiin  up  by  th'  roota.  Dryden. 

13.  Well ;  the  fact  being  such.  And  so  the  work 
is  done,  is  it  ? 

14.  It  is  sometimes  used  to  express  a  certain  de- 
gree, implying  comparison,  and  yet  without  the  cor- 
responduig  word  as,  to  render  the  degree  definite. 

Aa  aJtringeat  b  not  quite  so  proper,  where  relaxing  the  tirinarj 
paaagM  (■  neooaaary.  Arbathnol. 

That  is,  not  perfectly  proper,  or  not  so  proper  as 
something  else  not  specified. 

15.  It  is  sometimes  equivalent  to  be  it  so,  let  it  be 
»»,  let  U  be  as  it  is,  or  in  that  manner. 

Theic  b  Percy ;  if  youi  ftiiher  vlll  do  aw  any  boaor,  so  ;  if  not, 
let  him  kiU  the  next  Percy  hkoMlC  Shak. 

]&  It  expresses  a  wish,  desire,  or  petition. 

Ready  aic  the  ap|iellant  and  defendant  — 

So  pleaK  your  UchikeM  lo  behold  Uie  fi^u  Shak. 

17.  Somuck  as;  however  much.  Instead  of  «o,  we 
now  generally  use  as ;  as  muck  as  ;  that  much  ;  what- 
ever the  quantity  may  be. 

18.  So  so,  or  so  repeated,  used  as  a  kind  of  excla- 
mation ;  equivalent  to  well,  well;  or  it  is  so,  the 
tiling  is  done. 

So,  to,  it  works ;  now,  miiirew,  Btt  you  ixti,  Dryden. 

19.  So  so  ;  much  as  it  was  ;  indiflerentty ;  not  well 
nor  much  amiss. 

Hb  le^  b  but  to  to.  Shak. 

SO.  So  then ;  thus  then  it  is ;  therefore  ;  the  conse- 
quence is. 

So  ihen  the  Vobciani  stand  ;  but  as  at  first 

Ready,  when  tinw  thail  prompt  them,  tu  make  road 

Upon  '■  again,  Shak. 

SOAK,  e.  L     [Sax.  socian ;  W.  swgiaw,  to  soak,  and 
sugaw,  to  suck.     To  soak  is  to  suck  in ;  D.  zuigen,  G. 

teugen,  At.  .  cJLm  sakai,  to  imbibe,  that  is,  to  draw  ; 

Ir.  sughtJiach,  soaking  ;  perhaps  hence  Sw.  sackta^  D. 
la^rt,  soft.  Class  Sg,  No.3G.  Heb.  Ch.  and  Syr.  npar. 
No.  82.] 

1.  To  steep  ;  to  cause  or  suffer  to  lie  in  a  fluid  till 
the  substance  h:is  imbibed  what  it  can  contain;  to 
macerate  in  water  or  other  fluid  ;  as,  to  soak  cloth  ; 
to  soak  bread. 

2.  To  drench;  to  wet  thoroughly.  The  earth  is 
soaked  with  heavy  rains. 

Th^■if  land  sh^l  b?  toaked  with  blood.  —  la.  xxxIt. 

3.  To  draw  in  by  the  pores  ;  as  the  skin.    Dryden. 

4.  To  drain.     {/Tut  authorized.] 

SOAK,  (soke,)  v.  i.    To  lie  steeped  in  water  or  other 
fluid.     Let  the  cloth  lie  and  soak. 

Q.  To  enter  into  pores  or  interstices.  Water  soaks 
into  the  earth  or  other  porous  matter. 

3.  To  drink  intemjteratety  or  gluttonously  ;  to 
drench  ;  as,  a  soaking  club.     [Lotc.]  Locke. 

80AK'£D,  {aoki,)  pp.  Steeped  or  macerated  in  a  fluid  ; 

drenched. 
BOAK'EB.,  n.      One   that  soaks  or   macerates   in  a 
liquid. 
2.  A  hard  drinker.     [Loie.] 


SOB 

--'    ■         ■*  

SOAK'ING,  ppr.    Sleeping;  macerating;  drenching; 

imbibing. 
2.  a.    That  wets  thoroughly  ;  as,  a  soaking  rain. 
SOAL,  of  a  shoe.     See  Bole. 
SOAP,  (sSpe,)  a.     [Sax.  sape;   D.   teep;  Q.  seife;  Sw. 

sapa;  Dan.  az&s;   Fr.  savont  IL  sapone;  Sp.  xabon; 

L.  sapo}  Gr.  aairiovi  Arm.  aavann;  VV.  sebon;    Ilin- 

O      J     ^ 

doo,  saboon,  savin;  Gipsy,  sopuaa ;   Pers.     *   a  jIav 

sabun;  Ar.   /.ajLw  sabunon.    Class  Sb,  No.  29.] 

A  compound  of  one  or  more  of  the  od-aeids,  more 
especially  with  the  metallic  alkalies  potassa  ur  soda, 
but  al.-to  with  some  other  salifiable  bases.  The  most 
common  soaps  are  either  margarates  or  otcates  of 
pota.ifra  or  foda,  made  by  boiling  sume  comnion  oil 
with  the  lye  of  wood-ashes ;  used  in  washing  and 
cleansing,  in  medicine,  Slc.  Common  soap  is  un 
unctuous  suhi^tance. 

SOAP,  r.  L     [Sax.  sapan;  D.  leepen;  G.  setfea.] 
To  rnb  or  wash  over  with  soap. 

SOAP'BER-HV-TKEL;,  «.  An  evergreen,  tropical 
tree  of  several  species,  belonging  to  the  genus  Sapiri- 
dus,  bearing  red,  saponaceous  berries,  which  are 
used  as  a  substitute  for  soap  in  washing  clothes. 

P,  Cyc.     Loudon. 

SOAP'-noiL-ER,  «.  [soap  and  boiler.]  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  make  suap. 

SOAP'-BOIL-ING,  n.  The  occupation  of  making 
soap. 

S0AP'/;D,  fs5pt,)  pp.    Buhbed  or  washed  with  soap. 

SOAP'i.Nfi,  ppr.     itubbing  or  washing  with  soap. 

SOAP'STOXE,  n.  Steatite  ;  a  niagnesian  mineral, 
usually  gray,  white,  or  yellow  ;  the  Lapis  ollaris. 

SOAP'SUDS,  n.  pL  Suds;  water  well  impregnated 
with  soap. 

SO-VP'WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Saponaria  ; 
so  called  from  its  bruised  leaves  producing  a  lather 
like  soap,  on  being  agitated  in  water. 

Parm.  Encyc. 

SOAP'Y,  a,     Itcsombling  soap;   having  the  qualities 
of  soap  ;  sot\  and  stnooth. 
2.  Smeared  with  Kojip. 

SO.\tt,  (sore,)  V.  X.     [Fr.  essorcr,  to  soar  ;  cssor^  flight ; 

It.  sorare;    Elh.    UJ^^  sarar^  to    fly,   to   be  lofVy. 
Lud.  Col.  109.     Class  Sr,  No.  20.] 

1.  To  Hy  aloft }  to  mount  uikui  the  wing;  as  an 
eagle.     Hence, 

2.  To  rise  high  ;  to  mount ;  to  tower  in  thought  or 
imagination  ;  to  be  sublime  ;  as  the  poet  or  orator. 

3.  To  rise  high  in  ambition  or  herui^m. 

Vivlor  toart  aliove 
What  the  world  calls  inUlununc.  Ad'Uton. 

4.  In  general^  to  rise  alofl ;  to  be  lofly. 
SOAR,  TU     A  towering  flight.  Milton. 
SO.'\R'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Mounting  on  the  wing;  rising 

alofl ;  towering  in  thought  or  mind. 
SOAR'ING,  n.    'i'he  act  of  mounting  on  the  wing,  or 

of  towering  in  thought  or  mind  ;  intellectual  flii^ht. 
SOA'VE,  i  [It.]     In  jflUiic,  sweet,  or  with 

SOA-VE-MEJ^'TBA      sweetness.  Brande. 

SOB,  V.  i.     [Sax.  seobfrend,  complaining.     Qu.] 

To  sigh  with  a  sudden  heaving  of  the  breast,  or  a 

kind  of  convulsive  motion ;  to  sigh  with  deep  sorrow 

or  with  tears. 

She  sig-bed,  she  sobbed,  nnd,  furious  with  dfspajr, 

She  rt-iit  Iter  gariiicnU,  and  she  lure  her  liatr.  Dtydtn, 

SOB,  n.  A  convulsive  sigh  or  catching  of  the  breath 
in  sorrow  ;  a  convulsive  act  of  respiration  obstructed 
by  sorrow.  Johnson. 

Break,  heart,  or  choke  with  toba  my  hated  breath.      Drydtn. 

SOB,  r.  U     To  soak.     [JK'ot  in  use.)  Mortimer. 

SOII'BING,  ppr.  Sighing  with'a  heaving  of  the 
breast. 

SOB'KING,  n.    Lamentation. 

SO' HER,  a.  [Fr.  sobre ;  It.  sobrio  f  L.  sobrius ;  D. 
sober,  poor,  mean,  spare,  sober;  Sax.  sifer,  sober, 
pure,  chaste.     See  Soft.] 

I.  Temperate  in  the  use  of  spiritous  liquors;  ha- 
bitually temperate ;  as,  a  sober  man. 

Li»e  a  tober,  rigliteous,  and  gtuWy  life.  Com.  Prayer. 

9.  Not  intoxicated  or  overpowered  by  spiritnus 
liquors;  not  drunken.  The  sot  may  at  times  be 
sober. 

3.  Not  mad  or  insane;  not  wild,  visionary,  or 
heated  with  passion  ;  having  the  regular  exercise 
of  cool,  disiiassionate  reason. 

There  w»i  not  a  «o6er  person  to  be  had  ;  all  was  tempestuous 
and  blustering.  Dryden. 

No  tiAxr  man  would  put  hinw^lf  in  danger  for  the  appUusc  of 
escaping  without  breaking  hb  neck.  Drydtn. 

A.  Regular;  calm;  not  under  the  influence  of 
passion;  as,  sober  judgment;  a  man  in  his  sober 
senses. 

5.  Serious  ;  solemn  ;  grave  ;  as,  the  sober  livery  of 
autumn. 

WhM  parts  g^y  Prance  from  toher  Spain }  Prior, 

See  her  tober  over  a  sampler,  or  pay  o»er  a  Jointed  baby,  Popt. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.>T.— MeTE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

104a  ~ 


Popt. 


;  calmly  ; 
Locke. 


soc 

SQ'BBR,  V.  t.    To  make  sober;  to  cure  of  intoxica- 
tion, 

Tbrre  ahaltow  dniuffatx  intoxicate  tbfi  t>nun, 
Ad(1  drioking  laigcgr  soiert  tu  Kfain. 

S5'BER  .ED,  pp.     Jlade  sober 
SO'BER-LY,  tuiv.    VViihout  intemperance. 

2.  Withoui  enthusiasm. 

3.  Without  intemperate  pasdion  ;  coolly 
modemtely.  Bacoiu 

4.  Gravely;  seriously. 
8o'BER-MrN'D'ED,a.   Having  a  disposition  or  temper 

haliitiiallv  sober,  calm,  aud  temperate. 
S6'BER-MIND'EU-NESS,    n.      Calmness ;    freedom 

from  inordinate  passions  j  habitual  sobriety. 

Porteus. 
SO'BER-NESS,  n.     Freedom  from  intoxication  ;  tcm- 

2.  Gravity  ;  seriousness.  [perance. 

3.  Freedom  from  heat  and  passion ;  calmness  ; 
coolness. 

The  MobentdtM  of  Virgil  niighl  hare  ihown  him  the  difr>;rvn(y. 

Ury<Un. 

SO-BRI'E-TV,  n.     [Fr.  sobrieti;  L.  sobrictas^  from  ao- 

1.  Habitual  soberness  or  temperance  in  the  use  of 
Bpiritous  liquors  ;  as  when  we  say,  n  man  of  sobriety. 

Hooker.     Taylor. 

2.  Freedom  from  intoxication. 

Public  sobriety  \t  a  rt-l-itive  duty.  BlackMtan*. 

3.  Habitual  freedom  from  enthusiasm,  inordinate 
passion,  or  overheated  imasination  ;  calmness  ;  cool- 
ness ;  2Sy  the  sobriety  of  rip4.T  years  ;  the  sobriety  of 
age.  Drytien. 

4.  Seriousness  ;  gravity  without  sadness  or  melan- 
choly. 

Mirth  makes  them  iiot  mad. 

Nor  lobrieU/  •rul.  L/enJtam. 

SOB-Kt-aUfiT',  (sob-re-ka',)  ».    [Fr.]    A  nickname. 
80€,  n.     [Sax.  soc,  from  socan,  secan,  to  seek,  to  follow, 
L.  se^uor.] 

1.  Properly,  the  sequela,  secta,  or  suit,  or  the  body 
of  suitors  ;  hence,  the  power  or  privilege  of  holding 
a  court  in  a  district,  as  in  a  manor  ;  jurisdiction  of 
causes,  and  the  limits  of  that  jurisdiction. 

English  Law.      Wilkins.     Lye, 

2.  Liberty  or  privilege  of  tenants  excused  from 
customary  burdens.  Cowet. 

3.  An  exclusive  privilege  claimed  by  millers  of 
grinding  all  the  corn  used  wiihin  the  manor  or  town- 
ship in  which  the  mill  stands.  Orose. 

SOG'AGE,!!.  [from  soc,  supra,  a  privilege.]  In  Eng- 
lish law,  a  tenure  of  lands  and  tenements  by  a  cer- 
tain or  determinate  service;  a  tenure  distinct  from 
chivalry  tw  knight's  service,  in  which  the  render  was 
uncertain.  The  service  must  be  wrriain,  in  order  to 
be  denominated  socage;  as  to  hoid  by  fealty  and 
twenty  shillings  renL  Blackytone. 

Socage  is  of  two  kinds  ;  free  socage,  where  the 
•ervices  are  not  only  certain,  but  hononible  ;  and  vil- 
lein socage^  where  the  services,  though  certain,  are 
of  a  baser  ^aturt^  Blackstone. 

SO€'A-<SER,  n.    A  tenant  by  socage  ;  a  socman. 

80'-€ALL,-£D,  a.     So  named. 

BO-eiX-BIL'I-TV,  71.     [Fr.  sociahilitS.] 

Sociableness  ;  disposition  to  associate  and  converse 
with  others  ;  or  the  practice  of  familiar  converse. 

SO'CIA-BLE,  (s6'sha-bl,)  a.  [Fr.  sociable  ;  L.  soetabi- 
Us,  from  socius,  a  companion,  probably  from  scquor, 
to  follow.     See  Sesk.] 

I.  That  may  be  conjoined  ;  fit  to  be  united  in  one 
body  or  company  ;  aji,  sociable  parts  uniterl  in  one 
body.  Hooker, 

S.  Ready  or  disposed  to  unite  in  a  general  in- 
t«re«t. 

To  make  man  miM,  »aA  tociablt  to  man.  AtUtuan. 

3.  Ready  and  inclined  to  join  in  company  or  locte- 
ty;  or  fl-equently  meeting  for  conversation  ;  as,  $th 
aable  neighbors. 

4.  Inclined  to  converse  when  in  company;  dis- 
posed to  freedom  in  conversation  ;  opposed  to  Re- 
■BRTED  and  Tacitur:«. 

5.  Free  in  conversation  ;  conversing  much  or  fa- 
miliarly.   The  guests  were  very  sociable, 

S0'C'I.\-BLE-NES9,  n.     Dispt^itiou  to  associnie  ;  in- 
clination to  company  and  converse:  or  actual  fre- 
quent union  in  society  or  free  converse.    This  word 
may  signify  either  the  disposition  to  associat*;,  or  the 
disposition  to  enter  into  familiar  convt>rsation,  or  the 
actual  practice  of  a^sociatine  and  conversing. 
SO'CIA-BLY,  arfe.     In  a  sociable  manm-r  j  with  free 
intercourse ;  conversibly  ;  familiarly  ;  as  a  compan- 
ion. 
SO'CIAL,(-shal,)  i.    [I^ socialis,  from  socius,  compan- 
ion.] 
I  I.  Pertaining  to  society  ;  relating  to  men  living  in 

I  society,  or  to  the  public  as  an  aggregate  body;  as, 
I  social  Interests  or  concerns  ;  social  pleasures  ;  social 
beneflts  ;  social  happiness  ;  social  duties. 

True  Klf-love  aad  aofial  urt  the  lame.  Popt. 

3.  Ready  or  disposed  to  mix  in  friendly  converse 
eompanionable. 

Whb«n,  ndifn  I    jft  not  with  th«n  rcnkova 

Ttqr  Burtlal  apirit  or  thy  todal  lore.  Popt, 


SOC 

3.  Consisting  in  union  or  mutual  converse.  Milton. 
A.  Disposed  to  unite  in  society.  Man  isa^ircui^heing. 

SG'CIAL-IS.M,  n  A  social  state  in  which  there  is  a 
•ommunity  of  property  among  all  the  citizens  ;  a 
new  term  fur  Aurakianism.     [See  Comuunism.] 

SO'CIAL-IST,  ji.  One  who  advocates  a  community 
of  pro[>erty  among  all  the  citizens  of  a  state. 

SO-CIAi.'1-Ty,  7i.  Socialness;  the  quality  of  being 
social.  Sterne. 

So'Ci,\L-LY,  ado.     In  a  social  manner  or  way. 

SCCIAI.-NESS,  w.    The  quality  of  being  social. 

SO'CIA'l'E,  (-Hliate.)  i>.  t.  To  associate}  to  mix  with 
company.      [06*.  J  Skelford. 

SO-CI'E-TV,  w.  [Fr.  sociiti ;  Sp.  sociedad;  It.  sod- 
etd;  L..  soeietas,  f rum  iociu^',  a  Companion.  See  So- 
ciable.] 

1.  The  union  of  a  number  of  rational  beings  ;  or 
a  number  of  persons  united,  either  for  a  temporary 
or  permiinent  purpose.  Thus  llie  inhabitants  of  a 
state  or  of  a  city  constitute  a  society,  having  common 
interests  ;  atid  hence  it  is  called  a  community.  In  a 
more  enlarged  sense,  the  whole  race  or  family  of 
man  is  a  society,  and  called  human  society. 

The  tru-j  and  nMurd   foiindiiiiona  of  aociely  ore  lite  wants  and 
fvura  of  iiKlivkluola.  Biacksiotu. 

2.  Any  number  of  persons  associated  for  a  particu- 
lar purpose,  whether  incorporated  by  taw,  or  only 
united  by  articles  of  agreement ;  a  fraternity.  Thus 
we  have  Bible  societies,  missionary  societies,  and 
charitable  societies  for  various  objects  ;  societies  of 
mechanics,  and  learned  societies ;  societies  for  encour- 
aging arts,  &.C. 

3.  Company ;  a  temporary  association  of  persons 
for  prortt  or  pleasure.  In  this  sense,  Companv  is 
more  generally  used. 

4.  Company  ;  fellow^ship.  We  frequent  the  society 
of  those  we  love  and  esteem. 

5.  Partnership;  fellowship;  union  on  equal  terms. 

Amonf  unequal*  what  «o<T«tyc:in  aon  ?  Milton. 

Meaveii'a  greatn<'M  no  tociety  con  bear.  Dryden.      \ 

G-  Persons  living  in  the  same  neighborhood,  who 
frequently  meet  in  com[»any  and  have  fellowship. 
Literary  society  renders  a  place  interesting  and  agree- 
able. 

7.  In  Connecticut,  a  number  of  families  united  and 
incorporated  for  the  pur|)Ose  of  supporting  public 
worship,  is  called  an  ecclesiastical  society.  This  is  a 
parish,  except  that  it  has  not  territori.'il  limits.  In 
Massachuseaj<,s»n:h  an  incorporated  society  is  usually 
called  a  parish,  though  consisting  of  persons  only, 
without  regard  to  territory. 
30-CIX'l-AN,  a.  [from  Socinus,  a  native  of  Sienna, 
in  Tuscany,  the  rt»under  of  the  sect  of  Socinians  in 
the  Uith  c.iitury.] 

Pertaining  to  Socinus,  or  his  religious  creed. 
80-CIX'I-.\N,  n.     One  of  the  followers  of  Socinus. 

Eveyc 
SO-CIN'I-AN-ISM,  n.  The  tenets  or  doctrines  of  So- 
cinus, who  held  Christ  to  have  been  a  mere  man  in- 
spired, denied  his  divinity  and  atonement,the  doctrine 
of  original  depravity,  and  kindred  doctrines.  Enajc. 
SOCK,  n.  [Sax.  socc ;  L.  soccus ;  Sw.  soeka  ;  G.  socke ; 
D.iok;  DiUi.sok;  Fr.  socque ;  It.  soeco ;  Sp.  loco,  lu- 
eco,  a  woiiden  shoe,  a  plinth,  whence  localo,  Fr. 
soeU.     Q.II.  L.  sicca,  to  dry,  Gr.  o«»«  s,  a  bag.] 

I.  The  shoe  of  the  ancient  actors  of  comedy. 
Hence  the  wurd  is  used  for  comedy,  and  opposed  to 
BuixiN,  or  tragedy. 

(ircat  KIi'tchiT  never  (rrad*  in  bu*ktn  hf-n-, 

Nor  fTnaXxt  JoiMon  dnrea  In  tackm  appenr.  Dryden. 

3.  A  garment  for  the  foot,  like  the  foot  of  a  stock- 
ing. 
3.  A  plowshare.  Rd.  Encye, 

SOCK'ET,  «,     [Ir.  soUead.] 

'    The  little  hiOlow  tttbe  or  place  in  which  a  can- 


dle is  fixed  in  the  candlestick. 

And  in  tlw  aotktla  oily  buhbln  dance. 


Dryden. 


9.  Any  holIc»w  thing  or  place  which  receives  and 
holds  Bomtthing  else  ;  as,  the  sockets  of  the  teeth  or 
of  the  eyes. 

Ilia  rvr  (mIU  in  Ih^lr  liollow  Bocktt*  nnV.  Dryden. 

Oonipli^aU  M  the  connection  at  &  tooih  to  Hi  aocket.      WUeinan. 

SOCK'ET-CHIS-EL,  n,  A  strong  chisel  used  by  car- 
peniers  for  mortising.  Owilt, 

SOCK'ET-P6l*E,  n,  A  pole  armed  with  an  iron 
Bi>cket,  and  used  to  profu*!  boats,  &c, 

SOCK'LESS,  a.     Destitute  of  socks  or  shoes. 

Beatim.  4*  Fl' 

S6'€LE,  (sS'kl,)  71.  In  archiireture,  a  plain  block  or 
plinth,  forming  a  low  pedestal  to  a  statue,  column, 
tc, ;  also,  a  plain  face  or  plinth  at  the  lower  part  of 
a  wall,  Olostt.  of  MrckiL 

SOCMAN,  «.  [See  Socaob,]  One  who  holds  lands 
or  tenements  by  socage.  CoiecL 

SOCMAN-RV,  n.     Tenure  by  socage.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Coicel. 

SOG'OiME,  n.  A  custom  of  tenants  to  grind  corn  at 
the  lord's  mill.     [JVo(  used.]  CoweL 

PO€'0-TO-RINE,  (-rin,)  (  o.       Socotorine   or   socotrine 

SOC'O-TRIXE,  i      aloes ;    a   kind   of   aloes 

from  Socotra,  an  Isle  in  the  Indian  Ocean.    Encye. 


SOF 

SO-GRAT'ie,         1 0.     Pertaining    to    Socrates,  the 

SO-CRAT'IC-AL,  \     Grecian  sage,  or  to  his  language 

or   manner  of  teaching  and   pliilosophizing.     1*he 

Socratic  method  of  reasoning  and  instruction  was  by 

a  series  of  questions  leading  to  the  desired  result. 

SO-€RAT'ie-.\L-LV,  ado.     in  the  Socratic  method. 

Guodinan. 

SO€'RA-TISM,  n.    The  doctrines  or  philosophy  of 
Socrates. 

SOe'RA-TIST,  71.    A  disciple  of  Socrates.    Martyn. 

SOD,  n.     [D.  loode:  G,  sode.     I   suspect   the  ridical 
sense  is  set,  fixeil ;  W.  sodi,  to  set.] 

Turf;  sward  ;  that  stratum  of  earth  on  the  surface 
which  is  filled  with  the  roots  of  grass,  or  any  i>or- 
tion  of  that  surface.  It  dilTers  from  Clod,  wh'ch 
may  be  a  compact  mass  of  earth  without  roots  ;  but 
Bod  is  funned  by  earth  held  together  by  roots. 

SOD,  fl.     Made  or  consisting  of  sod. 

SOD,  V.  U     To  cover  witli  sod  ;  to  turf. 

SOD,  pret.   of   Skkthe;  also  the   passive   participle. 
[See  Sodde;*.] 

So'DA,  71.     [G.  soda;  D.  souda  i  It.  soda;  Sp.  soda  or 
sosa,  glasswort,  barilla.] 

1.  The  protoxyd  of  the  metal  sodium,  formerly 
called,  though  nut  appropriately,  viineral  alkali.  It 
has  likewise  been  called  a  fizcd  alkali,  in  contra- 
distinction from  ammonia,  which  is  u  volatile  al- 
kali. 

2.  The  carbonate  of  soda,  formerly  called  Natbow, 
obLained  by  lixiviating  the  ashes  of  marine  plants,  or 
decomposing  the  salts  of  soda.  In  this  state,  how- 
ever, it  is  never  pure. 

So'DA-ASH,  n.     Impure  carbnnate  of  soda. 
SO'D.^-LITE,    71.      A   mineral   occurring  usually   in 
small,  bluish  dodecahedrons,  and  containing  a  large 
proportion  of  soda,  along  with  silica,  alumina,  and 
muriatic  acid.  Dana. 

SO-DAL'I-TV,  n.     [L.  sodalitas,  from  sodalis,  a  com- 
panion.] 

A  fellowship  or  fraternity.  StiUingJleet. 

SO'DA-SALTS,  71.  pi.     In  chemistry,  salts  which  have 

soda  for  their  base.  Silliman. 

S6'DA-WA-TER,  «.     A  very  weak  solution  of  sod u 
in  water  highly  charged  with  carbonic  acid.    The 
popular  bevernge  sold  under  this  name  in  the  shopa 
is  ordinarily    nothing    but   common    water  higlily 
charged  with  carbonic  acid, 
SOD'DED, ;»/».     Covered  with  sod  :  turfed. 
SOD'n/:X, /i;*.  of  Seethe.     Boiled;  seethed. 
SOD'DY,  a.     [from   sod.]     Turfy;  consisting  of  sod  j 

covered  with  sod. 
SOD'ER,  r.  (.  rW.  sawd,  juncture;  S'lwdrutw,  to 
join,  to  suder;  r'r.  soudrr;  Arm.  souda  or  soudta;  It. 
sodare,  to  make  firm.  It  has  been  taken  fur  granted 
that  this  is  a  contracted  word,  from  L.  soUdo,  and 
hence  written  Soi.deb.  'I'he  fact  may  be  doubled  ; 
but  if  true,  the  settled  pronunciation  seems  to  render 
it  expedient  to  let  the  c)>ntracted  orthography  remain 
undisturbed.  So  Parkluirst  writes  it.  Lexicon, 
p21.] 

To  unite  and  make  solid,  as  metallic  substances  ; 
to  unite  the  surfaces  of  metals  by  the  intervention 
of  a  metal  or  metallic  cetncnt   in  a  state  of  fusion, 
which  hardens  in   cooling,  and   renders  the  joint 
solid. 
SOD'ER,   n.     Metallic  cement;   n   metal   or  metallic 
composition   used   in    uniting   oilier    metallic   sub- 
stances. 
SOI)'ER-/CD,  pp.     United  by  a  metallic  rement. 
SOD'ER-ING,  ppr.      Uniling  nntl    making    solid   by 

means  of  a  metallic  substance  In  a  state  of  fusion. 
SOD'ER-IMG,  n.     The  proems  of  uniting  the  surfaces 
of  metals  by  the  intervention  <pf  a  more  fusible  metal 
or  metallic  cement. 
SO'DI-UM,  n.     The  metallic  base  of  soda.     It  is  soft, 
white,  and  opaque,  and  very  malleable.     It  is  lighter 
than  water,     Couunon  culinary  salt  is  chlorid  of  so- 
dium. Davy. 
SOD'OM-ITE,  n.     An  inhabitant  of  Sodom. 

9.  One  guiltv  of  sodomy. 
SOD-OM-IT'IC-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  sodomy. 
SOD'OM-Y,  71.     A  crime  agaim^t  nature. 
SOE,  n.     [Scot,  sae  ;  perhaps  sea.] 

A  large  wotiden  vessel  for  holding  water;  a  cowl. 
[Local.]  More. 

SO-EV'ER  ;  so  and  ever,  found  in  compounds,  as  in 
rchosorcer,  ichatsoever,  wheresoever.  [See  these 
words.]  It  is  sometimes  used  aepsiraie  from  the 
pronoun;  as,  in  what  things  soever  yo\i  undertake, 
use  diligence  and  fidelity. 
SO'FA,  71.  [Probably  an  Oriental  word.  Clu.  Sw. 
siifra,  to  lull  to  sleep.] 

An  elegant  long  seat,  usually  with  a  stuffed  bot- 
tom. Sofasare  variously  made.  In  the  United  States, 
the  frame  is  of  maliogany,  nnd  the  bottom  formed  of 
BtiilTed  cloth,  with  a  covering  of  silk,  chintz,  calico, 
or  hair-4:loth  ;  sometimes  tin  springs.  The  s<>fa  of 
tbi-  Orientals  is  a  kind  of  nlrove  raised  half  a  foot 
above  the  rto<jr,  where  visit4)rs  of  distinriion  are  re- 
ceived. It  is  also  a  seat  by  the  side  of  the  room 
rov(!red  with  a  carpet. 
SO'KA-llED,  71.     A   bed  within  a  frame   beneath   a 

sofa,  which  can  be  used  for  lodging  by  night. 
SO'FETT,  71.    A  small  sofa. 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOU8.  — C  as  K;  6  as  J  ;   S  as' Z ;   CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


133 


1049 


SOF 

SO'FI,     )  f  .x'e^  ,  \  ».   In  Persia,  a  reheious  person  ;  a 

80'Plil.it^f^'M      dervis. 

SO'FISM,  n.  The  mystical  doctrines  of  the  Sofis,  or 
der\  Jses  of  Persia.  Brande, 

SOF'FIT,  «.  [lu  soffitta.]  In  arehUKture,  n  ceiling; 
a  term  neldoni  used  except  in  reference  to  the  under 
nidei)  of  the  subordinate  parts  and  members  of  build- 
ings, sucli  aa  staircases,  entablature!),  archways,  cor- 
nicea,  &c.  Otogs.  ofJirekiL 

SOrr.  0.  [PaT.  9oS\e,  sufia.  The  D.  has  u»gt^  Sw. 
amekta^  D.  sagtt^  and  the  G.  sanft^  in  a  like  sense,  but 
wlrf^tber  ttilied  to  #<y1,  may  be  questioned.] 

1.  Ea^ly  yieldins  to  proasure ;  the  contrary  of 
Bau>  :  as,  a  ji^  bed ;  a  Mil)  peach  ;  #^  eartli. 

5.  Not  hanl ;  easily  separated  by  an  edged  iMtni- 
ment :  as,  goft  wood.  The  chestnut  -is  a  a^  wood, 
but  more  durable  than  hickory,  which  is  a  very 
hard  wood.  So  we  say,  a  st^ft  stone,  when  tt  breaks 
or  is  lie  wed  with  ease. 

3.  Easily  worked  i  malleable  ;  as,  »^  iron. 

4.  Not  rtMigh,  rugged,  or  harsh ;  smooth  to  the 
touch ;  delicate ;  as,  »^  aUk  ;  mj/I  raiment  j  a  st^fl 
skin. 

5k  Delicate  -,  feminine  \  aa,  the  s^sr  sex. 

6.  Easily  yielding  to  penmaaion  or  motives ;  flexU 
ble  i  susceptible  of  ^fluence  or  passion.  In  both 
tbasa  senses,  m^  is  applied  to  females,  and  some- 
times to  males  \  as,  a  divine  of  a  *^^ft  and  servile 
temper.  £  Charles, 

One  king  b  too  »qfl  and  auj.  L^Eatnutg*, 

7.  Tender ;  timorous. 

Bow«T«r  w^  wiihin  lhrin»rl»«  ihey  *r*, 

To  joti  Utr;  will  be  Tkluiit  bjr  dcspuir.  Dryd*n. 

8.  Mild ;  gentle ;  kind  ;  not  severe  or  unfeeling  j 
OS,  a  person  of  a  jw/t  nature. 

9.  Civil ;  complaisant;  courteous;  as,  a  person  of 
jq^  manners.    He  has  a  «^  way  of  asking  favors. 

10.  Placid  ;  still  \  easy. 

Od  hex  at^fl  uik  while  ihe  pttm  «*«&, 

SbF  bMn  ibw  «^  wnta  lbs  koioMb  air  akMC.  AfiOpa. 

11.  Effeminate ;  viciously  nioa. 

Aa  Ufe  umI  «Vt  oourae  <tf  fife  fa  tbi  Mom  a(  crimbaljl*— oius. 

15.  Delicate;  elegantly  tender. 

HcT  Cxm  more  Mi/t  km!  tituiiia*.  MjTJmi. 

13.  Weak ;  impreaaible. 

Tte  ikcemr  «»■   twod  lUa  a^  pko*  oT  AdM***.      (Nf< 
«bff<M1.1  Q*— Ml. 

14.  Gentle ;  smooth  or  melodious  to  tbe  ear ;  not 
loud,  iTMigh,  or  harsh ;  as,  a  a^  voice  or  iMle  \  a 
«^  sound ;  #4^  acoeau ;  j^  whispers. 

Drydm.    Paf*. 
lb.  Smooth  i  flowiBf ;  not  rough  or  vebemeal. 

Tb9  K4nM  ni«MaCBle  iowkI  Ivr  ao/t  t*y*.  AflilM. 

&q/l  wfR  mj  auntben,  who  conKl  uke  otfroM  f  Pop*. 

16.  Ea«i>- ;  quiet ;  undiiiturbed  ;  as,  atfft  slumbers. 

17.  Mild  to  the  eye  ;  m>t  stn>np  or  glaring;  as,  «t/l 
colors ;  the  jqft  coloring  of  a  picture. 

The  VB,  rfiMBf  oo  Ibr  wpp^  V^  ^  ^^  dawk,  nmAe  ibn  «^ 

16.  Mild  ;  warm  ;  pleasant  to  the  feelings  j  as,x^ 
air. 

19.  Notttntied  withsali?  :  not  Iinrd  :  so  a^^todt^^om- 
pose  soap  ;  as,  ."vft  water  is  the  best  f,.r  washing. 

20.  Mild  ;  gentle  ;  nut  rough,  nide,  or  irritating. 

A  Mifl  aMWrr  lunM-th  awaj  wrath.  —  Prov.  xr. 

21.  Weak  ;  fwlish. 

SOFT,  arfr.     Softly  ;  gentiv  ;  f|uK  tly. 

SOFT,  ezcJan.     For  be  soft :  hold  ;  stop  ;  not  so  fast. 

Bin,  »a/t,  m7  itma^  ;  thv  WorU  u  wkl^.  SudtHng. 

SOFT ES,  (sofn,)  r.  L  To  make  soft  or  more  soft ; 
to  make  less  hard. 

Their  urow'a  poira.  Uwjr  fti/irn  ia  the  l»ne.  ^^• 

2.  To  mollify;  to  mr»ke  lc««  fierce  or  intractable  ; 
to  make  more  susceptilile  of  humane  or  fine  feel- 
ings ;  as,  to  amflm  a  hard  lM>:trt  ;  to  sojiat  savage  na- 
lurea.    Tbe  heart  i^  sofUiud  by  pjly. 


3,  To  make  leas  harsh  or  severe ;  as,  to  j^«a  an 
expression. 

<  To  palliate  ;  to  represent  aa  less  enormous ;  as, 
to  wrfUm  a  fautL 

&  To  make  easy;  to  compose;  to  mitigate;  to 
alienate. 

Marie  out  tojltn  pkis  to  eue.  Pop*. 

8.  To  make  calm  and  placid. 

Hd  ber  be  mil  that  cfacwn  or  K^fUna  \jSc.  Popt. 

7.  To  make  leas  harsh,  less  rude,  less  offensive,  or 
TiolenL 

Bat  swcMlr  tempend  ftwe,  mnd  ttf/ttnad  all  br  apoke.    Drydsn. 

6.  To  make  leas  glaring  ;  as,  to  aqftat  the  coloring 
of  a  piclare. 

9.  To  make  tender ;  to  make  effeminate ;  to  en- 
ervate :  as,  trnops  soflnifd  by  luxury. 

10.  To  make  less  harsh  or  grating  ;  aft,  to  soften  the 
voice. 

80FT'£N,CBof 'n,)  v.  L    To  become  less  hard  ;  to  be- 


SOI 

come  more  pliable  and  yielding  to  pressure  ;  as,  iron 
or  was  softrmt  in  heat ;  fruits  .lo/len  as  they  ripen. 

9,  To  become  less  rude,  harsh,  or  cruel  j  as,  savage 
natures  so/ten  by  civilization.  • 

3.  To  become  less  obstinate  or  obdurate;  to  be- 
come more  susceptible  of  humane  feelings  and  ten- 
derness i  to  relenU  The  heart  sofiens  at  the  sight  of 
woe. 

4.  To  become  more  mild  ;  as,  the  air  suft^ns. 

5.  To  become  loss  harsh,  severe,  or  rigorous. 
SOFT'/:N-f:D.  (»of'nd,);»p.  or  a.     Made  less  hard  or 

less  harsh  ;  made  less  obdurate  or  cruel,  or  less  glar- 
ing. 

SOFT'KN-ING,  ppr.  or,a.  Making  more  soft ;  making 
le<is  rough  or  cruel,  &,c. 

SOFT'CN-ING,  n.  The  act  of  making  less  hard,  less 
cruel  or  obdurate,  less  violent,  less  glaring,  &c. 

SOFT'ES-iSG,  n.  In  paitUinff,  the  blending  of  colors 
into  each  otlu^r. 

80FT'-HEART-ED,  a.  Having  londerness  of  heart  ; 
susceptible  of  pity  or  other  kindly  affection  ;  gentle  ; 
meek. 

SOFT'Isn,  o.     Somewhat  soft.  D.  Clinton. 

SOFT'LING,  n.  An  effeminate  person  ;  one  viciouiily 
nice.     [LUile  used.]  tVoolton. 

SOFT'LY,  ade.     Without  hardness, 

a.  Not  with  force  or  violence  ;  gently  ;  as,  he  soft- 
ly pressed  my  hand. 

X  Not  loudly;  without  noise;  as,  speak  softly; 
walk  softly. 

In  this  dark  liloiica  aq/tly  lean  the  town.  DtyUn. 

4.  Gently ;  placidly. 

She  aqftty  Inya  him  on  e  flowety  be^.  Diydtn. 

5.  Mildly ;  tenderly. 

The  kinf  muBt  die  : 
Though  pity  t<\fliy  plcaiU  within  ray  aotu.  Drydan. 

SOFTENER,  n.    He  or  that  which  softens. 

2.  One  th.at  piilliales.  Siri/t 
SOFT'NE.SS,  n.   The  quality  of  bodies  which  renders 

them  capable  of  yielding  to  pressure,  or  of  easily  re- 
ceiving impressions  from  other  bodies;  opjmsed  to 
Uardkcss. 

Q.  Susceptibility  of  feeling  or  passion  ;  as,  the  soft- 
ness of  the  heart,  or  of  our  natures. 

3.  Mildness;  kindness;  as,  sqftasss  of  words  or 
expressions.  Watts. 

4.  Mildness;  civility;  gentleness;  as,  softttess  of 
m:inners.  Dryden. 

5.  Effeminacy ;  vicious  delicacy. 

He  wu  not  dcl^bttd  wbh  the  at^fhmaa  of  tbe  court. 


6.  Timorousness ;  pusiUanimliy ;  exceasive  suscep- 
tibility of  fear  or  alarm. 

IVik  Tirtue  ooubt  ool  pnweod  out  of  fear  or  tq/faww.     Bacon, 

7.  Smoothness  to  the  ear ;  as,  tbe  s^;^>i«ss  of  sound, 
which  is  distinct  from  Exilitt  or  Finkkkis. 

Bacon, 
6.  Facility  ;  gentleness  ;  candor;  easiness  to  be  af- 
fected ;  as,  sti/lness  of  spirit.  Hooker. 

9.  Gentleness,  as  contrary  to  vehemence. 

With  fuetigth  And  atifinaaa,  ^aeigj  »nd  nae.  Harts. 

10.  Mildness  of  temper ;  meekness. 


For  contemplation  he  and  »nlor  formed, 
K>>r  tofXntaa  she,  aiid  aw^t  Ktlr«cti'e  grace. 


MUlon. 


II.  U'eakness  ;  simplicity. 

I'J.  Mild  temperature;  as,  the  softness  of  a  climate. 

Mitford. 
SOFT'-VOIC-£D,  f-voist,)  a.     Having  a  soft  voice. 
SOG'GY,  a.    [Allied  probably  to  soak,  which  see;  W. 
soe^,  and  soe^,  to  steep.] 

1.  Wet ;  fillfd  with  water  ;  soft  with  moisture  ;  as, 
soffiry  land.  Timber  that  has  imbibed  water  is  said 
to  be  soggy. 

2.  St«;aming  with  damp.  B.  Jonson. 
SO-HO',  ejclam.  A  word  used  In  catling  from  a  distant 

place  :  a  s;M>rt3man's»  halloo.  Shak. 

SOI'  DISAA'T',  (swi'de-zing',)  [Pr.J  Calling  him- 
self; self-stvled  ;  pretended  ;  would  be. 

SOIL,  r.  L  I^Sax.  selan,  sylian  :  Dan.  sbler ;  Sw.  sSla; 
Fr.  salir^  souUUr ;  Arm.  salieza ;  Jr.  salaighim.  Class 
81,  N**.  35,  Syr.l 

1.  To  make  dirty  on  the  surface;  to  foul ;  to  dirt; 
to  stain  :  to  defile  ;  to  tarnish  ;  to  sully  ;  as,  to  soil  a 
garment  with  duet. 

Our  M-outeit  oniainentA  now  aoiled  nnd  stnincd.  l^Jilion. 

a.  To  cover  or  tinge  with  any  thing  extraneous; 
as,  to  mil  the  earth  with  blood.  Tate. 

3.  To  dung  ;  to  manure.  Suuih. 
To  soil  a  horse,  is  to  purge  him  by  giving  him  fresh 

grass.  Johnson. 

n  soil  cattle,  in  hxishandrti,  is  to  feed  them  with 
grass  or  ^een  food  daily  cut  for  them,  instead  of 
pasturing  them.  J^aT-ra.  Eitcyc. 

SOIL,  n.     [G.  s^/le.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  Dirt  :  any  foul  matter  upon  another  substance  ; 
foulness ;  8pot. 

2.  Stain  -,  tarnish. 

A  ladv'*  honor —  will  not  bear  a  aoii.  Oryden. 

3.  The  upper  stratum  of  the  earth;  the  mold,  or 
that  compound  substance  which  furnishes  nutriment 


80L 

to  plants,  or  which  is  particularly  adapted  to  snpport 
and  nt^rirth  them.     [L.  solum;  W.  jnr/.| 

4.  Land  ;  country.     We  love  our  native  soiL 

5.  Dung  ;  coingM^t. 

Improve  laud  by  dun^  and  other  tort  of  aetla,  AJorimar, 

To  take  soil ;  to  run  into  the  water,  as  a  deer  when 
pursued.  B.  Jonson. 

&OH''Kl>,jfp.or  a.     Fouled;  stained;  tarnished;  ma- 
nured ;  fed  with  grass  or  green  food. 
SOIL'LNESS,  n.     Stain  ;  foulness.     [Little  used.] 

Bacon. 
SOIL'ING,  ppr.    Defiling;  fouling;  tarnishing;  feed- 
ing with  fresh  grass  ur  green  fnud  ;  manuring. 
POIL'ING,  n.    The  act  or  practice  of  feeding  cattle 
or  horses  with  fresh  grass  or  green  food,  cut  daily  for 
them,  instead  of  pasturing  them. 
SOIL'LES^,  a.     Destitute  of  soil.  Bigsby. 

SOIL'l,*RE,  n,     IFt.  souitlure.] 

Stain  ;  pollution.     [JVot  in  tise.]  Shak. 

SOIR-£E',  (swar-a',)  n.     [Fr.  soir,  evening.] 

An  evening  party. 
SO'JOURN,  (sS'jurn  or  so-jurn',)  r.  i.     [Fr.  stjoumer; 
It.  soggiornarr,  which  setms  to  be  formed  from  the 
noun  soffgiorno;  sub  and  giomo,  a  day.] 

To  dwell  for  a  time  ;  to  dwell  or  live  in  a  place  as 
a  temporary  resident,  or  as  a  strangerj  not  consider- 
ing the  place  as  his  tK>rnmnent  habitation.  SoAbram 
sojourned  in  Egypt.     Oeii.  xii. 

Tb«  •oldiera  auciubled  at  Newcxallc,  and  Uicre  aojoumed  ihne 
dnya.  liayward. 

SO'JOURN,  (so'jurn,)  n.  A  temporary  residence,  as 
that  of  a  tniveler  in  a  foreign  land.  Milton. 

SO'JOURN-ER,  n,  A  tt-miKirary  resident ;  a  stranger 
or  traveler  who  dwells  in  a  place  for  a  time. 

W«  Hre  Ur.tiis^rs  bffore  tl>w  and  aq/ourrMr*,  a»  all  our  faUien 
Wf re.  —  1  Clirun.  x%\x. 

Sri'JOURN-ING,  ppr.     Dwelling  for  a  time. 

S^'JOCJRN-ING,  n.  The  act  of  dwelling  in  a  place 
for  a  time  ;  also,  the  time  of  abode.     Eiod.  xii. 

SO'JOURN-MEtNT,  (so'jurn-,)  n.  Temporary  resi- 
dence, as  that  of  a  stranger  or  traveler  H'ahh. 

SOKE,  n.  A  district  in  whicli  a  particular  privilege  or 
power  is  exercised.  England. 

POL,  n.    [L.]    The  sun. 

SOL,  n.     [Norm.  soulze,soulds,souz,  from  L.  solidus.l 
1.  In  Prance^  a  small  copper  coin  ;  a  penny  ;  usu- 
ally Sou,  or  Sous.  Encyc. 

3.  A  coppt- r  coin  and  money  of  account  in  Switz- 
erland. 

SOL,  B.  [II.]  The  name  of  a  note  in  music.  It  is  the 
fifth  in  the  gamut,  do  or  ut  being  the  first. 

SOL'.^CE,  r.  t,  {It.  sollaziare,  from  L.  .solatium;  solcr, 
to  comfort,  assuage,  relieve.     See  Console.] 

I.  To  cheer  in  grief  or  under  calamity  ;  to  comfort ; 
to  relieve  in  affliction  ;  to  console  ;  applied  to  persons; 
as,  to  solace  one's  self  with  the  hope  of  future  re- 
ward. 
9.  To  allay  ;  to  assuage  ;  as,  to  solace  grief. 

SOL' ACE,  r.  i.  To  take  comfort;  to  be'  cheered  or 
relieved  in  grief.     [Ofr.*.]  Shak. 

SOL'ACE,  n.     [It.  suUaizo  ;  h.  solatium.'] 

Comfort  in  grief;  alleviation  of  grief  or  anxiety  ; 

also,  that  which  relieves  in  distress;  recreation. 

The  prorior  aolacea  of  age  are  not  music  and  coinplimcnu,  but 
wImIo  ■   ■       -■  ..I,. 


xlom  and  devotion. 


Jiavibler, 


80l.'AC-£D,  (sol'ast,)  pp.  Comforted  ;  cheered  in  af- 
flicti6n. 

SOL'ACEi-MENT,  n.  Act  of  comforting;  state  of  be- 
ing Solaced. 

SOL'A-CING,  ppr.  Relieving  grief;  cheering  in  af- 
fliction. 

SO-LA'CIOUS,  (so  la'fihus,)  a.  Affording  comfort  or 
amnsemcMit.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

SO-LA-N'DER,  n.     [Fr.  goulandres.] 

A  disease  in  horses.  Diet. 

SO'LAN-GOOSE.  n.     The  gannel,  Sula  Bassana,  a 
web-ftwted  sea-fowl,  found  on  the  coasts  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  Labrador,  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence, 
&,€.     It  is  nearly  ol   ilie  size  of  the  domestic  goose. 
Jardine.     J^uttaU. 

loblV{^l\.r,ir,,)\  '■  [L.  «.;<.-"..  nightshade.] 
A  vegetable  alkaloid,  obtained  from  various  spe- 
cies of  Solanum,  as  B.  dulcamara,  S.  nigrum,  S. 
tuberosum,  ice. 

SO-LX'NO,  n.  A  hot,  oppressive  wind  in  the  Medi- 
tfrrantan,  particularly  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Spain. 
It  is  a  modification  of  the  sirocco,  Brande. 

SO-LA'NUM,  71.  [L.]  A  genus  of  plants  comprehend- 
ing the  potato,  (S.  tubero.fum,)  egg  plant,  {S.  Melon- 
gnta,)  love  apple  or  tumato,  (S.  Ly coper sicum,)  night- 
B))ade,&.c. 

SO'LAR,       /   a.     [Fr.  solaire;  L.  .9o/ari.!, from  sol,  the 

SO'LA-RY,  i       sun,  W.  sttl,  Fr.  soleil,  It.  sole,  Sp.  sol.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  sun  ;  as,  the  solar  system  ;  or 
proceeding  from  it ;  as,  solar  light ;  solar  rays  ;  solar 
influence. 

2.  In  a-ttrology,  bom  under  tbe  predominant  in- 
fluence of  the  sun  ;  as,  a  solar  people.     [Obs.] 

Dryden. 

3.  Measured  by  the  progress  of  the  sun,  or  by  its 
revolution  ;  as,  the  solar  year. 


FITE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PReV,  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.- 
1050  ~  ^^^ 


SOL 

Solar  Ofcle,     See  Cycle,  No.  3. 
Soutrfiowers^are  those  wlitch  upon  and  sbut  daily, 
at  certain  dt-termiiiate  tioura.  Linnaus. 

SoUr  micro;icope;  a micro:JCO|>e  in  which  the  object 
is  ihiiitiiiiated  by  the  light  of  the  sun  concentrated 
apon  it.  It  consists  of  two  parts  j  first,  of  a  matrnijifr, 
by  which  the  object  placed  behind  it  is  made  to  form 
a  highty-niagnitied  image  on  a  wall  or  screen  in  a 
dark  ruuni ;  apd,  aecondly,  of  an  illuminating  appa- 
rotaa,  composed  of  a  mirror  thrust  through  an  open- 
ing in  the  window  shutter  to  retlect  the  light  of  the 
suti  into  the  tube  whicii  carries  the  magnifier,  and  of 
several  lenses  caJltid  cwWf/wfr*-,  which  receive  the 
light  from  the  minr>>r  and  concenrrate  it  upon  the  ob- 
ject in  the  focus,  the  enliirgcd  image  of  which  is 
thus  rendered  linninous  and  distinct.  Olitistcd. 

SoiAr  spots;  dark  spots  that  appear  on  the  sun's 
disk,  usually  visible  only  by  the  telescope,  but  some- 
timed  »o  larpe  as  to  be  seen  by  the  naked  eye.  They 
adhere  to  the  body  of  the  sun  ;  indicate  its  revolu- 
tions on  its  axis  ;  are  very  changeable  in  their  figure 
and  dimensions ;  and  var>-  in  size  from  mere  points 
to  spaces  of  60,000  miles  in  diameter. 

Solar  system  ;  the  group  of  celestial  bodies  compre- 
hending the  sun,  planets,  and  comets. 

S^'LAR,  n,     A  sollar  ;  a  lofl  or  upper  chamber. 

Sold,  pro,  and  pp.  of  Sklu  [Oloss.  ofJirchU. 

Sold,  n.     [from  the  root  of . soldier  ;  Norm.  soude,'\ 
Salary  ;  military  pay.     [Aof  in  use-'\         Spenser. 

SOL'DAN,  for  Sultan,  is  not  in  use.  Mdton, 

SOL'DA-N'EL,  n.     [L.  convoloului  soldaneUaJ] 
A  plant. 

SOL'DER,  V.  L  [from  t,.  solido^  solidus.}  To  unite 
the  surfaces  of  metals  by  the  intervention  of  a  more 
fusible  metal  or  metallic  cement.     [See  Sodkr.] 

SOL'OER,  R.  A  metal  or  metallic  composition  for 
uniting  the  surface  of  metala  ;  a  metallic  cement. 

60L'DER-£D,  pp.  United  as  metals  by  a  metallic 
cement. 

SOL'DER-ING,  ppr.  Uniting,  as  metals,  by  a  metallic 
cement. 

SOL'DER-ING,  n.  The  process  of  uniting  the  sur- 
faces of  metals  by  means  of  a  more  fusible  meUil  or 
a  metallic  cement. 

SOL'DIE.R,  (.sol'jur,)  n.  [Fr.  sotdat:  Norm,  soudeyer^ 
soudiers ;  IL  sotdato ;  Sp.  soldado :  from  L.  solidus,  a 
piece  of  money  ;  the  pay  of  a  soldier;  Norm,  soud, 
Contracted  from  sould,  pay,  wages  ;  soudoyer^  to  keep 
in  piiy  ;  Sw.  besuUla,  to  count  out  money  to,  to  pay  ; 
Dan.  be.iolder,  to  give  a  salary  or  wages.] 

1.  A  nian  engaged  in  military  service  ;  one  whose 
occupation  i^  military  -,  a  man  enlisted  for  service  in 
an  army  ;  a  private  or  one  in  tlie  ranks. 

Thrtre  on^hl  to  br  tame  urns  fur  tober  rcfirtlion  betw^n  ihe  life 
of  ±  aotditr  unri  bia  d^ath.  Rambler. 

S.  A  man  enrolled  for  service,  when  on  duty  or 
embodied  for  military  discipline;  a  private;  as,  a 
militia  soldier. 

3.  Km/jAadfoi/i/,  a  brave  warrior  ;  a  man  of  military 
expt-ricnce  and  skill,  or  a  manof  distinguished  valor. 
In  thiK  setisp,  an  officer  of  any  grade  may  be  denom- 
inat'-d  a  soldier.  Shak. 

SOL'DIER-ESS,  H.     A  female  soldier.     [JVot  in  ttse.] 

Beaum.  ^  FL 

SOL'DIER-LIKE,  )   a.     Like  or  becoming  a  real  sol- 

S6L'DIER-LY,  )  dier }  brave;  martial;  heroic; 
honorable. 

SOL'DIER-SIIIP,  (sSl'jur-,)  «.  Military  qualities; 
militai^  character  or  stale  ;  martial  skill ;  behavior 
becoming  a  soldier.  Shak. 

SOL'DIER-V,  (Hol'jur-y,)  ju  Soldicra  collectively; 
the  bi>dy  of  military  men. 

I  cUarff?  not  ihp  uol'Uery  with  ignorance  and  contempt  of  Irnrn- 
iu^,  wiUiout  excTpuoii,  Siti/l. 

G.  Soldiership;  miliuiry  ser\'ice.  [Obs.]  Sidney. 
S6LE,  H.  [Sax.  ^oi;  D.iuul;  G.gohle;  Dun.fole:  Fr. 
id.  i  It.  *u  Ui^  soil  and  sole  ;  Sp.  suela^  the  sole  of  the 
foot,  and  siioio^  soil;  Ij.  solea^  solum ;  that  which 
settn  or  is  set  or  laid.  The  radical  sense  coincides 
with  that  of  aUL] 

\.  I'he  txittom  of  the  foot;  and  by  a  figure,  the 
foot  itself.  Shak.     Spenser. 

2.  The  bi)ttom  nf  a  shoe ;  or  the  piece  of  leather 
which  constitutes  the  bottom. 

Tur  c-lipn  wu  a  mH'HAry  »ttoe  with  k  irry  Ihick  tale.  li«il  »l>7ve 
the  in«irp.  Arbiil/tnol. 

3.  The  pnrt  of  any  thing  that  forms  the  bottom, 
and  on  which  it  stands  niton  the  ground. 

Elni  ti  pTui^T  fur  iiiilla,  wolet  of  *hi*i»,  :ind  p»[K«.    Mortimer. 

4.  A  marine  flat  fish  of  the  genus  iSoIca  of  Cuvier, 
fPtrtironectcs,  LinuiRUs,)  so  called,  pn)babl>, because 
It  kt*pp'  on  or  near  the  bottom  of  the  sea.  These 
firili  abound  on  the  British  coa^^t,  and  hence  the  name 
of  sole  bank,  to  the  southward  of  Ireland.  This  fii^h 
sometimes  grows  to  the  weight  of  six  or  seven 
pounds  or  more.  Dirt.  A'af.  Htst. 

The  name  sale  is  also  given  to  certain  other  fiat 
fishes  nf  the  genera  Monochiriis  and  Arhirus,  sub- 
divisions of  the  old  genus  Pleuronectes. 

P.  Cyc.     Storer. 

5.  In  ship-building,  a  sort  of  lining,  used  to  pre- 
vent the  wearing  of  any  thing. 

(>.  A  sort  of  horn  under  a  home's  hoof.      Eneye. 


sol 

SOLE,  V.  (.    To  furnish  with  a  sole  ;  as,  to  sole  a  shoe. 

SOLE,  0.  [L.  solus  ;  Fr.  seul ;  II  and  Sp.  solo ;  prob- 
ably from  separating;  Ar.  \\\  zaula.  Class  SI, 
No.  3.} 

1.  Single;  being  or  acting  without  another;  indi- 
vidual ;  only.  God  is  the  sole  Creator  and  Sover- 
eign of  the  world. 

2.  In  late,  single  ;  unmarried  ;  as,  nfemme  sole. 
SOL'E-CISM,  n.     [Gr.  a>X>iKicTii)s,  said  to  be  derived 

from  5o/i,  a  peopleof  Attica,  who,  being  transplanted 
to  Cilicia,  lost  the  purity  of  tlieir  language.] 

1.  Impropriety  in  language,  or  a  gross  deviation 
from  the  rules  of  syntax;  incongruity  of  words; 
want  of  correspondence  or  consistency. 

A  biiriwiriaiH  may  be  in  one  word ;  a  toleeiam  must  be  of  more. 
Joknton,  troia  Cicero. 

2.  Any  unfitness,  absurdity,  or  impropriety. 

B.  Jonson. 
Cesar,  by  diBmisun;  his  giiartia  and  retaining  hm  jwwr,  corn- 
milled  a  (li^iig^rous  eoieciam  in  politica.  Middieton. 

SOL'E-CrST,  n.     [Gr.  ffoAoiKiroc] 

One  who  is  guilty  of  impropriety  in  language. 

BlaekwalU 
SOL-E-CIST'ie,  >  a.     Incorrect ;  incongruous. 

SOL-E-CIST'ie-AL,  (  Johnson. 

SOL-E-CIST'ie-AL-LY,  cdv      In  a  solecistic  manner. 

BlacktoalU 
SOL'E-CTZE,  P.  i.     [Gr.  ooXoiKt^<>}.] 

To  commit  soIecFsm.  More. 

SQWED,  pp.    Furnished  with  a  sole. 
SOLE'-LEATH-ER,(-leth-er,)rt.   Thick,  strong  leath- 
er, used  for  the  soles  of  shoes. 
SOLE'LY,arfp.  Singly  ;  alone  ;only  ;  without  another; 
as,  to  rest  a  cause  solely  on  one  argument;  to  rely 
solely  on  one's  own  strennth. 
SOL'fiMN,  (sol'em,)  a,     [Fr. solcnnel ;  lUsolenne;  Sp. 
solemne  ;  L.  .toleitnis^  from  soleo, to  be  accustomed,  to 
Use,  that  is,  to  hold  on  or  continue,  as  we  have  loont, 
from  G.  iDohnen,  to  dwell.] 

1.  Anniversary;  observed  once  a  year  with  re- 
ligious ceremonies. 

Tlie  wonhip  of  this  ima^e  waa  advanced,  ^adH^olemn  i'tppli- 
Cilion  obaerved  every  year.  Slillingjleet. 

[I  douht  the  correctness  of  this  definition  of  John- 
son ;  or  whether  sulemn,  in  our  language,  ever  in- 
cludes the  sense  of  anniversary.  In  the  passage 
cited,  the  sense  of  anttivnsary  is  expressed  by  erery 
year,  and  if  it  is  included  in  solemn  also,  the  sentence 
ts  tautological.  I  should  say  then,  that  solemn,  in  this 
passage  of  ^tillingfleet,  lias  the  sense  given  in  the 
second  definition  below,] 

3.  Religiously  grave ;  marked  with  pomp  and 
sanctity;  attended  with  religious  rites. 

Mia  holy  rit^c  and  aolemn  feaab  pn/oood.  Milton. 

3.  Religiously  serious;  piously  grave;  devout; 
marked  by  reverence  to  God  ;  as,  solemn  prayer  ;  the 
solemn  duties  of  the  sanctuary. 

4.  Afl'ccting  with  seriousness  ;  impressing  or  adapt- 
ed to  impress  seriousness,  gravity,  or  reverence; 
sober  ;  serious. 

There  reigned  a  toflrmn  ntf-nce  orer  all.  Spenter. 

To  'iwftge  with  tolemn  touchei  Iroiibleil  IhotighU.        MUtorx. 

5.  Grave;  serious;  or  afifectcdly  grave;  as,  a 
solemn  face. 

6.  Sacred  ;  enjoined  by  religion  ;  or  attended  with 
a  serious  appeal  to  God  ;  as,  a  solemn  oath. 

7.  Marked  with  solemnities;  as,  a  so^mn  day. 
SOI/EMN-BKEATIMNG,  a.    I>iff"using  or  inspiring 
.    solemnity.  Gray. 
SOL'EM-NESS,    n.      The   state   or  quality   of  being 

solemn ;  reverential  manner ;   gravity  ;   as,  the  sol- 
cmnc<*  of  public  worship. 

2.  Soh-mnity  ;  gravity  of  manner.  fVotton. 
SO-LBM'NI-TV,  n.     [Fr.  solemnity.] 

I.  A  rile  or  ceremony  annually  performed  with 
religious  reverence. 

Urriii  wua  l\v-  cauae  ;  our  old  toiemi^itiet 

f  ruiti  no  Mind  aea)  or  roiid  trudiliun  hae, 

But  KHfd  from  df-aih,  our  Argi»''i  yearly  pay 

Thrae  grat'-fiij  honon  to  die  gwi  of  ilay.  Pope. 

{Solemnities  seems  here  to  inchtde  the  sense  of 
anniver.-'ary.  See  the  fourth  line.  But  in  modern 
u^age,  that  sense  is  rarely  or  never  attached  to  the 
word  .J 

9.  A  religions  ceremony  ;  a  ritual  performance  at- 
tended with  religious  reverence  ;  as,  the  solemnity  of 
a  fiinernl  or  of  a  sacrament. 

3.  A  ceremony  ada])ted  to  impress  awe  ;  as,  Iho 
solemnities  of  the  la^t  day. 

4.  Manner  of  acting  awfully  Berious. 

With  liorriW"  tolemmty  hf  caused  every  thing  lo  be  prppareJ  for 
hii  iriuinph  of  victory.  Sidney. 

5.  Gravity  ;  steady  seriousness ;  as,  the  solemnity 
of  the  Spanish  language.  Spectator. 

6.  Affected  gravity. 

SoUmniiy  'i  a  cover  for  a  aot.  Young, 

80L-EM-Nl-ZX'TI0N,  n.  The  act  of  solemnizing ; 
celebration  ;  as,  the  solemniiation  of  a  marriage. 

Bacon, 


SOL 

SOL'EM-NIZE,  r.  f.    [Fr.  solenniser;  It.  solenmizare,] 

1.  To  dignify  or  lionor  by  ceremonies;  to  celi^ 
brate  ;  as,  to  solemnize  the  birth  of  Christ.      BoyU 

Their  choic*  nobility  and  flower 

Mt't  from  ft!l  p^iri*  to  toletnnize  Ihia  feast.  MUton 

2.  To  perform  with  ritual  ceremonies  and  respec*, 
or  according  to  legal  forms  ;  as,  to  solemniie  a  mar- 
riage. Z.  Swift 

3.  To  perform  religiously  once  a  year.     [Qu.f 

Hooker. 

4.  To  make  grave,  serious,  and  reverential ;  as,  to 
solemnize  the  mind  fur  the  duties  of  the  sanctuary. 

Wilberforce. 
[In  this  sense  the  word  is  occasionally  used  in 
England,  and  is  well  authorized  in  the  United  States. 
—  Jt>i.J 

SOL'EM-^^Z  .ED,  pp.  Celebrated  religiously  ;  made 
grave. 

SOL'EM-NTZ-ER,  n.  One  who  performs  a  solemn 
rile. 

SOL'EM-NrZ-ING,  ppr.     Honoring  with  sacred  ritea. 

SOL'EMN-LY,  ai/r.  With  gnivity  and  religious  rev- 
erence. Let  us  solemnly  address  the  throne  of 
grace. 

2.  With  official  formalities  and  by  due  authority. 
This  question  of  law  has  been  solemnly  decided  in 
the  highest  court. 

3.  With  formal  state.  Skak. 

4.  With  formal  gravity  and  stateliness,  or  with  af- 
fected gravity. 

There  in  deaf  murmurs  tolemnly  are  viae.  Dryden. 

5.  With  religious  seriousness ;  as,  I  solemnly  de- 
clare myself  innocent. 

I  tlo  solemnly  assure  th«  reader.  St^Jt, 

SOLE'NESS,  n.  [from  sole.']  Singleness;  a  state  of 
being  unconnected  with  others.  Derinsr. 

SO'LEN-ITE,  n.  A  petrified  razor-shell,  or  bivalve 
of  the  genus  Solen. 

SOL-FA',  V.  i.  To  pronounce  the  notes  of  the  gamut, 
ascending  or  descending,  do,  (or  ut,)  re,  mi,  fa,  sol^ 
la,  si,  doy  and  vice  versa. 

S0L»FA'!NG,p;7r.  Pronouncing  the  notes  of  the  gamut. 

SOlrF.^-TA'RJi,  n.  [from  the  Italian  volcano  near 
Naples.]  A  volcanic  vent  or  area,  from  which  sul- 
phur, sulphureous,  watery,  and  aciii  vapors  and  gases 
are  emitted.  LyelL 

SOL~FE<^'<>I-0,  n.  [It.]  In  music,  the  system  of  ar- 
ranging Ilic  scale  by  the  names  do,  re,  mi,  fa,  sol,  la, 
si,  by  which  singing  is  taught. 

SO'LK  ;  in  mu-si'e,  pi,  of  Solo. 

SO-LICIT,  (so-lis'it,)  v.  t.  [L.  solicilo;  Fr.  soUiciter; 
It.  solhcitare.  I  know  not  whether  this  word  is 
simple  or  compound  ;  probably  the  latter.  Uu.  L. 
laeio.] 

1.  To  ask  with  some  d'-gree  of  earnestness  ;  to 
make  petition  to  ;  to  apply  to  for  fibtaining  some- 
thing. This  word  implies  earnestness  in  seeking, 
but  I  think  less  earnestness  than  Ueo,  Implore,  En- 
treat, and  iMPonruNE,  and  more  than  Ask  or  Re- 
quest ;  as  when  we  say,  n  man  solicits  the  minister 
for  an  ofiice  ;  he  solicits  his  father  for  a  favor. 

Dill  1  »o/iri(  ihee 
From  darkncsa  to  promote  me  ?  MUton. 

2.  To  ask  for  with  some  degree  of  earnestness  j  to 
seek  by  petition  ;  as,  to  solicit  an  ofiice ;  to  solicit  a 
favor. 

3.  To  awake  or  excite  to  action  ;  to  summon  ;  to 
invite. 

TIknt  fniil  toUdted  hT  longing  eye.  Milton. 

Sounds  and  sottie  tingible  quitlitira  aoliat  their  proper  scnse^ 
and  force  an  entrance  to  tltc  mind.  Locke. 

4.  To  attempt ;  to  Ir}'  to  obtain. 

I  vi'^w  my  crime,  but  kindli;  al  the  view, 

Reiieiit  old  pleaturea  nnd  tolidt  new.  Pop*. 

5.  To   disturb;    to   disquiet;    a    Latinisra    rarely 

used. 

But  anxiouB  fears  toUcit  my  weak  breast.  Dryden, 

SO-LIC'IT-ANT,  n.     One  who  solicits. 

BO-LIC-IT-A'TION,  Tt.  Earnest  request;  a  seeking 
to  obtain  something  from  another  with  some  degree 
of  zeal  and  earnestness  ;  sometimes,  perhaps,  im- 
portunity. He  obtained  a  grant  by  repeated  solicita- 
tions. 

2.  Excitement ;  invitation  ;  as,  the  solicitation  of 
the  senses.  Locke. 

SO-LIC'IT-ED,  pp.     Earnestly  requested. 

SO-LIC'IT-ING,  ppr.  Requesting  with  earnestness  j 
asking  for;  attempting  to  obtain. 

This  way  and  that  tolidting  the  dart.  Dryden. 

SO-LIC'IT-OR,  n.     [Fr.  soUiciteur.] 

1.  One  who  asks  with  earnestness  ;  one  that  asks 
for  another.  Shak. 

2.  An  attorney,  advocate,  or  counselor  at  law, 
who  is  authorized  to  practice  in  the  English  court  of 
chancery.  In  .America,  an  advocate  or  counselor  at 
law,  who,  like  the  attorney- general  or  Stale's  attor- 
ney, prosecutes  actions  for  the  State. ' 

SO-LICIT  OR-GEN'ER-AL,  n.  In  Or  cat  Britain,  an 
officer  of  the  crown,  who  is  associated  with  the  at- 
torney-general in  managing  the  legal  business  of  the 
crown  and  public  oflices.  Brande. 


TONE,  BI;LL,  UNITE AN"GEB,  VI"CIOUS C  08  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH  ;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


1051 


SOL 

80-LIC'IT-OU3,  (lis'it-us,)  a.     [L.  solidtu.^.] 

1,  L'arf  ful ;  anxious  ;  ver'y  dosiwus,  as  lo  oblntn 
•ometliitig.  Men  are  ufleu  more  soliritous  lo  uttinin 
tb«  favor  or  ibeir  kiug,  or  of  the  people,  than  of  tbeir 
Maker. 

Si.  Careful;  anxious;  concerned;  as  respecting  an 
unknown  but  interesting  event ;  followed  usually  by 
abcxU  or  fur.  We  say,  a  man  is  solicitous  about  the 
fate  of  his  petition,  or  about  the  result  of  the  nego- 
tiation.    He  i*  wUcttotis  for  the  safrty  of  his  ship. 

a  Anxious  ;  concerned  ;  folluwed  by/t>r,  as  when 
something  is  to  be  obtained.  Be  not  golicitous  for 
the  future. 

SO-LICTi'-OUS-LY,  orfr.  Anxiously;  with  care  and 
concern.  Errors  in  religion,  or  in  science,  are  to  be 
tolicitoMsly  avoided.  A  wi^e  prince  soUcitouslfi  pro- 
motes the  prosjteriiy  of  his  subjects, 

SO-LIC'IT-Ors-NESS,  n.     St.licilude. 

SO-LlC'IT-RE^^i*,  «.  A  female  who  solicits  or  peti- 
tions. 

SOLICITUDE,  «.     [I*  wUcUmdo,] 

Carefulness  ;  concern  ;  anxiety  ;  uneasiness  of 
mind  occasioned  by  the  fear  of  evil  or  the  desire 
of  good.  A  man  feels  soiieituiU  w*hen  his  friend  is 
sick.  We  feel  solicitude  for  the  success  of  an  enter- 
prise. With  what  fo/ici<tti/e  should  men  seek  to  se> 
cure  future  happine^ ! 

SOt'ID,  a.  [L.  Mlidms:  E'r.  solide ;  It.  and  Sp.  ttoiido  ; 
from  tl>e  sense  ot  seaing  Kir  prtssurt^  and  hence  allied 
to  L.  svImm^  Eng.  sUL] 

1.  Hard ;  firm  ;  compact ;  having  its  constituent 
particles  so  close  or  dense  as  lo  n^ist  the  impression 
or  penetration  of  other  bodies.  Mence^  solid  bodies 
are  not  penetrable,  nor  are  the  parts  movable  and 
easily  displaced,  like  those  of  duids.  Soltd  is  oppiised 
lojlH'</ant1  liquid. 

2.  Not  hollow  ;  full  of  matter ;  as,  a  solid  globe  or 
cone,  as  distinguished  front  a  koUow  one. 

3.  Having  all  the  geometrical  dimensionsi ;  cubic; 
•as,  a  at^id  foot  contains  17.?$  xolid  inches.    JtrbtahnoU 

iln  this  sense,  Cubjc  is  now  generally  u^ed.] 
.  Finn  ;  compact ;  strong  ;  as,a^'iJ  pier  ;  a  folid 
pile  ;  a  teUd  walL  Addison. 

5.  Sound  ;  not  weakly  ;  as,  a  $olid  constituUun  of 
body.    [SoL-^D  is  more  ecnenilly  used.}        WatU, 

6.'  Real ;  sound  ;  valid  ;  true  ;  just ;  DoC  empty  or 
fallacious.  Wise  men  seek  golU  reasons  for  their 
opinittns. 

7.  Grave;  profound;  not  light,  trifling,  or  su- 
perficial. 

Tfaetr,  vwHkig  mk^  aflrct  gn*itj,  uul  (o  fcj  ifae  nune  of  wabd 
mtn.  Dryftn. 

8.  In  Many,  of  a  fleshy,  aniform,  undivided  sub- 
stance, as  a  bulb  or  root ;  not  spongy  or  bollow  wkh- 
in,  as  a  stem.  Marttfn. 

A  9oHd  foot  contains  1738  solid  inches,  weipiing 
1000  ounces  of  rain  water. 

SMid  *mMU ;  an  angle  formed  by  tliree  or  more  plane 
angles,  which  are  mst  in  the  same  [dane,  meeting  in 
a  point. 

Solid  problem  ;  one  which  can  be  construed  geo- 
metrically only  by  the  intersection  of  a  circle  and  a 
conic  section,  or  of  two  conic  sections.         Hutton, 

Solid  f^uare^  in  mHitary  Iwnjr^auf^  is  a  square  body 
of  troops;  a  body  in  which  the  ranks  and  files  are 
equal. 
SOL'ID,  a.  A  firm,  compact  body.  In  atatomy  and 
medical  seimct^  the  bones,  fle.*h,  and  vessels  of  animal 
bodies  are  called  solids^  in  dii>tinction  from  the  blood, 
cbyle,  and  other  fluids. 

In  fffemrtrjf,  a  solid  is  a  magnitude  which  has 
leneth,  breadth,  and  thickness. 
SOLH-DATE,  e.  f.     [  I>.  solido.] 

To  make  s«>lid  or  firm.     [Little  used.]        Cowlnt. 
SO-LID-I-FI-eA'TION,  n.     The  act  of  making  sjlid. 
80-LID'I  FI-CD,  pp.    Made  solid. 
SO-LID'I-FV,  r.  L    [L.  solidiUt  solid,  and  facto,  to 
make.] 

To  make  solid  or  compact.  Kinmut. 

SO-LID'I-FT-ING,  ppr.     .Making  solid. 
SO-UD'I-TV,  «.     [Fr.  soliditi  :  h.  .toUditas.] 

1.  firmness;  hardness;  dt-nsity  ;  compactneis  ; 
that  quality  of  bodies  which  resists  impression  and 
penetration ;  opposed  to  FLCtoirr. 

ThM  whkh  Usdcm  tbe  mppinnA  of  two  bodiei  moving  one 
lovuil  utother,  I  ml  woti£tf.  LoeH. 


2.  Fullness  of  matter;  opposed  to  (Ioli-owxcss. 

3.  Moral  firmness ;  soundnrji^  ;  strength  ;  validity  ; 
tnith  ;  certainty  ;  as  opposed  to  \V'c*K:«Eft9  or  Fal- 
i.AcioL«NES9  ;  as,  the  fo^ic^'etr  of  arguments  or  reason- 
ing ;  the  solidity  of  principles,  truths,  or  opinions. 

Addison.     Prior, 
In  ffeometry^  the  solid  contents  of  a  body. 
SOL'ID-LY,  orfr.      Firmly;  densely  ;  compactly;  as, 
the  parts  of  a  pier  solidly  united. 
2.  Firmly  ;  truly ;  on  firm  grounds. 

A  compl-'ie  brare  tnao  ought  to  know  tcliHy  the  rtmia  end  of  Mi 
being  to  the  world.  Difbf. 

SOL'ID-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  firm,  dense, 
or  comixict ;  firmness  ;  compactness  ;  solidity ;  as 
of  material  bodies. 

a.  Soundness;  strength;  truth;  validity;  as  of 
arguments,  reasons,  principles,  &c 


SOL 

SOI^IDUN"G[;-LATE,  «.     [L.  solidus  and  wigvla.] 
One  vf  :i  tribe  of  mammals  having  a  single  or  solid 
hoof  on  each  foot ;  a  soliped. 
SOL-II>-UN"GLT-LOUS,  a.      [L.  solidus,   solid,    and 
unrula,  hoof.] 

Having   hoofs  that  are  whole  or  not  cloven.     A 

horse  is  a  solidung^uloux  animal.      Bacon.     Barroxo. 

SOL-I-FID'l-AN,  n.    [L.  soUs,  alone,  and./f./fj»,  faith.] 

One  who  muin tains  that  faitli  alone,  without  works, 

is  necessary  to  justification.  Hammond. 

SOL-I-FID'I-AN,  o.    Holding  the  tenets  of  Solifidians. 

FfUham. 
S0L-I-FID'I-A\-1?M,  «.     The  tenets  of  Soliftdians, 
SO-Lll.'O-UriZE,  c.  i.     To  utitr  a  soliloquy. 
80-LIL'0-UrrZ-I.\G.  pjtr.     Ctlennc  a  soliloquy. 
SO-LIL'O-liUV,  M.     [Ft.  soliloque ;  It.  and  Sii.  solih- 
qtiio;  L.  solus^  atone,  and  loqupr,  to  speak.] 

1.  A  talking  to  one's  self;  a  talking  or  discoi>rse  of 
a  per^m  alone,  or  not  addressed  to  another  person, 
even  when  others  are  present. 

Lor-n  ftre  olwav*  tttlownl  tlie  comroit  of  toHlo^uy.    Sptekttor. 

2.  A  written  composition,  reciting  what  it  la  sup- 
posed a  person  speaks  to  himself. 

Tl>e  whole  po«m  u  a  tolitoijuy.  Prior. 

SOL'I-PED,  n.     [L.  9o/iLf,  alone,  or  soliduSy  and  pM, 
foot.    Uut  the  word  is  ill  formed.! 

An  animal  whose  hoof  is  not  cloven.        Brown. 

The  solipeds  constitute  a  group  of  quadnipeds  with 

undivided  hoofs,  us,  for  example,  the  Linnaian  genus 

Equtis.  Kd,  Encyc. 

SO-LIP'ED-OUS,  a.      Having  hoofs  which  are  not 

cloven. 
SOL-I-TAIRE',  n.     [Fr.  solitaire^  from    L.  solilarius. 

See  SOLITABT.] 

1.  A  person  who  lives  in  solitude ;  a  recluse ;  a 
hermiL  Pope. 

%  An  ornament  for  the  neck.  Shcnstone. 

3.  A  game  which  one  person  can  play  alone. 
SOL-I-Ta'RI-.\N,  n.     A  hermit.  Ttoisden. 
SOL'I-TA-Kl-LY,  adv.     [from  solitary.]     In  solitude; 

alone;  wittiout  company. 

Feed  thy  jrojile  with  thy  nxl,  the  (lock  of  thy  h«rritag«,  lh»l  dwell 
— ^' — 'y  ta  the  wood.  —  Micih  xri. 


SOI/I-TA-RI-NCSS,  a.  The  state  of  being  alone; 
forbearance  of  company  ;  retirement,  or  habitual  re- 
tiremenL 

Al  home,  in  wha)«toine  folitarine§t.  Donns. 

2.  Solitude ;  loneliness ;  destitution  of  company  or 
of  animated  beings  ;  applied  to  plact  f  as,  the  solUari' 
nes*  of  the  countn',  or  of  a  wood. 

80L'I-TA-RY,  a.  [Fr.  solitaire;  L.  solitariusy  from  so- 
ImSf  ahme.] 

1.  Living  alone ;  not  having  company.  Some  of 
tbe  more  ferocious  animals  are  solitary,  seldom  or 
never  being  found  in  flocks  or  herds.  Thus  the  lion 
is  called  a  solitary  animaU 

Thoac  raie  iind  9o!itiry,  (beae  In  Rocln.  MUton. 

&  Retired  ;  remote  from  society  ;  not  having  com- 
pany, or  not  much  frequented ;  as,  a  solitary  resi- 
dence or  place. 

3.  Lonely  ;  destitute  of  company ;  as,  a  solitary 
life. 

4.  Gloomy ;  still ;  dismal. 

Let  that  night  be  Bolitary  ;  let  no  Joyful  Toic«  come  therein.  — 

Jub  iii. 

5.  Single  ;  as,  a  solitary  instance  of  vengeance  ;  a 
solitary  example. 

6.  In  botany,  separate  ;  one  only  in  a  place  ;  as,  a 
solitary  stipule. 

A  solitary  fiotoer  is  when  there  la  only  one  to  each 
peduncle  ;  a  solitary  seed,  when  there  is  only  one  in 
a  pericarp.  Marttjn. 

SOL'I-TA-RV,  n.    One  that  lives  alone  or  in  solitude  ; 

a  hermit :  a  recluse.  Pope. 

SOL'I-TUDE,  K.  [Fr.,  from  L.  soUtudo ;  from  solus^ 
alone.] 

1.  Loneliness;  a  state  of  being  alone;  a  lonely 
life. 

\^'ho^T«r  b  delighted  w!lh  aolitadt,  ii  either  &  wild  b«>)Ut  or  r 
god.  Bacon. 

9.  Loneliness  ;  remoteness  from  society  ;  destitu- 
tion of  company  ;  applied  to  place;  as,  the  solitude  of 
a  wood  or  a  valley  ;  the  solitude  of  the  country. 

Th'  roVttiult  of  hb  little  parish  U  become  matter  of  grerit  com- 
fkTt  tu  him.  tdita, 

3.  A  lonely  place ;  a  desert. 

In  \\\rtK  deep  tolit^et  nn'l  ftwrul  c^lls, 

Whi-ie  heareiily,  pensive  Contempl^ttion  dwelli.  Pope. 

SO-LIV'A-GANT,  a.     [L.  soUvagus ;  solus,  alone,  and 
vaa^or^  to  wander.] 
Wandering  alone.  Oranger, 

SOL'LAR,  71.     [Low  L.  solarium.} 

A  garret  or  upper  room.     [Aoi  in  use.]       7V*««r. 
80L-MI-ZA'TI0N,  n.     [from  sol^  tbi,  musical  notes.] 
A  sol-faing  ;  a  repetition  or  recital  of  the  notes  of 
the  gamuL  Bumty. 

SO'LO,  n,    [It.,  from  L.  solas^  alone.] 

A  tune,  air,  or  strain,  to  be  played  by  a  single  in- 
strument, or  sung  by  a  single  voice. 
SOL'O-MON'S-LeAF,  n.     A  plant 


SOL 

SOL'O-MON'S-SRAL,  n.  The  ptipular  name  of  sev- 
eral pL'tnts  belonging  lo  the  genera  Polygonatum, 
Smilacinn,  Streptopus,  &c. 

SOL'STICE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  solstitium  ;  sol.  the  sun, 
and  sto,  to  stanti;  It.  tolstizio  ;  Sp.  solsticio.] 

In  astronomy,  the  time  when  the  sun,  in  its  annual 
revolution,  arrives  at  that  point  in  the  ecliptic  fur- 
thest north  or  south  of  the  equator,  or  reaches  its 
greatest  northern  or  southern  declination.  When 
near  these  points,  which  are  called  the  solstitial 
points,  Uie  sun  scarcely  changes  its  declination  for 
sevt'rat  days,  and  hence  is  said  to  stand  still,  whence 
the  name  solstice.  The  summer  soUtice  occurs  about 
the  !£3d  of  June  ;  the  winter  solstice  about  the  'i2d  of 
December.  Olmsted. 

SOL-STI"TIAL,  (sol-stish'al,)  o.  Pertaining  lo  a  sol- 
stice ;  as,  a  solstuial  point.  Brown, 

2.  Happening  at  a  solstice ;  usually,  with  us,  at 
the  summer  solstice,  or  midsummer  ;  as,  solstitial 
heat.  Milton. 

SOL-IT-BIL'T-TY,  n.  [from  soluble.]  The  quality  of 
a  body  which  renders  It  susceptible  of  solution  ;  sus- 
ceptibility of  being  dissolved  in  a  fluid.  The  solubil- 
ity of  resins  Is  chiefly  confined  lo  spirits  or  alcohol. 

SOL'Tl-BLE,  a.     [L.  sflliihilis,  from  solvo.  to  melL] 
Susceptible  of  being  dissolved  in  a  fluid  ;  capable 
of  solution.     Sugar  is  soluble  in  water  ;  salt  is  soluble 
only  to  a  certain  extent,  that  is,  till  the  water  is  sat- 
united. 

SOL'lJ-BLE  NESS,  n.     Solubilily. 

SO'LUS,  fl.     [U]     Alone. 

SO-LOTE',  a.     [L.  solutas,  solvo.] 

2.  In  a  general  sense,  loose  ;  free ;  as,  a  solute  inter- 
pretation,    [J^ot  in  use.]  Bacon, 

3.  In  botany,  loose  ;  not  adhering;  opposed  to  Ao- 
itATE  ;  as,  a  solute  stipule.  Martyn. 

SO-LCTE',  V.  L     To  dissolve.     [JVo(  m  use]     Bacon. 
SO-LC'TION,   n.     [Fr. ;    It.  soUiione ;    Sp.  soludon; 

from  L.  solutio,  from  solvo,  to  loosen,  melt,  dissolve. 

Sec  SoLTE.] 

1.  The  act  of  separating  the  parts  of  any  body; 
disruption  ;  breach. 

In  all  boilies  there  ii  Kn  itpprtJte  of  union  and  evllatlon  of  «oIu- 
lion  of  continuity.  Bacon. 

9.  A  feeble  combination,  in  which,  with  a  mere 
mechanical  change  of  properties,  and  without  regard 
to  definite  proportions,  one  or.more  solids  are  equally 
diffused  through  some  liquid.  This  mode  of  combi- 
nation is  so  weak,  that  the  liquid  may  be  evajHirated 
from  the  solid  or  solids,  leaving  them  unchanged  ex- 
cept in  texture  or  aggregation.  There  is  usually,  and 
prtibably  .-ilways,n  limit  to  the  quantity  of  the  solid  or 
solids  which  can  be  dissolved  by  a  given  liquid,  and 
this  is  called  stUuration.  The  liquid  in  whit:h  the  so- 
lution is  efl'ecled  is  called  tiie  solvent  or  vimstruum. 

J^Tote.  —  This  word  is  not  used,  in  cJiemistry  or 
mineralogj',  for  the  melting  of  bodies  by  tlie  heal  of 
fire. 

The  term  solution  is  applied  to  a  very  extensive 
class  of  phenomena.  Wlien  a  solid  disappears  in  a 
liquid, if  the  compoundexhibits  perfect  transparency, 
we  have  an  example  of  solution.  Tbe  word  is  ap- 
plied both  to  the  act  of  combination  and  to  the  result 
of  the  orocess.  Thus  common  salt  disappears  in 
water,  that  is,  its  solution  takes  place,  and  the  liquid 
obtained  is  called  a  solution  of  salt  in  water.  Solution 
is  the  result  of  attraction,  or  aflinity,  between  the 
fluid  and  the  solid.  This  affinity  rontinues  to  oper- 
ate to  a  certain  point,  where  it  is  overbalanced  by 
the  cohesion  of  the  solid  ;  it  then  ceases,  the  fluid  is 
said  to  be  saturated,  the  point  where  the  op«'ration 
ceases  is  called  saturation,  and  the  fluid  is  called  a 
saturated  solution.  Brande. 

Solution  is  a  true  chemical  union.  Mixture  is  a 
mere  mechanical  union  of  bodies. 

3.  Resolution  ;  explanation  ;  the  act  of  explaining 
or  removing  difficulty  or  doubt :  as,  the  salution  of  a 
diflicult  qtiestton  in  morality  ;  the  solution  of  a  doubt 
In  casuistry. 

4.  Release;  deliverance;  discharge.         Barrow. 

5.  In  alffcbra  and  ffeojnetry,  the  answering  of  a 
question,  or  the  resolving  of  a  problem  prop,  sed. 

Solution  of  continuity ;  the  separation  of  connection, 
or  connected  substances  or  parts  ;  applied,  in  surgery, 
to  a  fracture,  laceration.  Sec. 
SOL'IJ-TIVE,  a.  Tending  to  dissolve  ;  loosening;  lax- 
ative. Eneye. 
SOLV-A-niL'I-TY,  n.    Ability  to  pay  aU  just  debts. 

Eneye. 
SOLV'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  solved,  resolved,  or 
explained. 

2.  That  can  be  paid.  Tooke. 
SOLV'A-BLE-NESS,  n.    Solvability. 

SOLVE,  V.  U  [L.  solvo :  Fr.  soudre ;  It.  solvere.  Class 
SI.     Several  roots  give  the  sense.] 

1.  Properly,  to  loosen  or  separate  the  parts  of  any 
thing;  hence,  to  explain;  to  resolve;  to  eclaircise  ; 
to  unfold  ;  to  clear  up,  as  what  is  obscure,  or  diflicult 
to  be  understood  ;  as,  to  solve  questions ;  to  solve  dif- 
ficulties or  a  problem. 

When  God  sliall  mltw  (be  daric  decrcw  of  fiite.  Ticktl. 

2.  To  remove  ;  to  dissipate  ;  as,  to  solve  doubts. 
SOLVED,  pp.     Explained  ;  resolved. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 
1052 


SOM 


SOLVENCY,  n.     [  L.  solvens.]  I 

Ability  to  pny  all  dehts  or  just  clniins ;    as,  the 

aolrf^Hcy  of  a  merchant  is  unduiihled.     Tiie  credit  of 

a  n;ition'a  notes  depends  on  a  favorable  opinion  of 

its  sitlcfticy, 

SOLV-END',  n.    A  substance  to  be  dissolved. 

Klrwan, 
SOLVENT,  fu    Having  the  power  of  dissolving  ;  as, 
a  sotvrnt  body.  Boyle. 

2.  Able  to  pay  all  just  debts.    The  merchant  is 

solrcnL 

a  Sufficient  to  pay  all  just  debts.    The  estate  is 
goleent, 
SOLVENT,  B.    A  fluid  that  dissolves  any  substance 

is  ciill-d  the  solvent,  or  menstruum. 
SOLVER,  rt.     One  who  solves  or  explains. 
SOLVI  BLE,  a.    Solvable,  which  see. 
SO-MAT'I€,  I  a.      [Gr.    (7u-'/iart»cof,    from    troj^a, 

SO-MAT'ie-AL,  i      body.] 

Corporeal :  pertaining  to  a  body.     IJ^ot  in  itsp.] 

ScoU. 
SO'MA-TIST,  n.     [Supra.]     Onf  who  admits  the  ex- 
istence of  corporeal   or  material  beinca  only;    one 
who  denies  the  existence  of  spiritual  substances. 

Olaa  viile. 
SO-MA-TOL'0-45Y,  n,    [Gr.  trto/m,  body,  and  X->yoi, 
discourse.] 

The  doctrine  of  bodies  or  material  substances. 
SO.M'BER,  J  a.       [Fr.    sombre^    from    Sp.    sombra,   a 
SOM'BRE,  \     shade.] 

Dull ;  dusky  ;  cloudy  ;  gloomy. 

SOM'HKOUS,  a.     Gloomv.  Stephens. 

SOM'HHOUS-LV,  firfo.     Gtoomilv. 
SOM'BROUS-NESS,  n.     State  of  being  sombrous. 
SOME,  (sum,)  a.     [Sax.  «um,  snme;  D.  sommigt;  Sw. 
somlifft :  Sw.  and  Dan.  som^  who.] 

1.  Noting  a  certain  quantity  of  a  thing,  but  inde- 
terminate ;  a  iwrtion  greater  or  less.  Give  me  some 
bread  ;  drink  some  wine  ;  bring  some  water. 

2.  Noting  a  number  of  persons  or  things,  greater  or 
less,  but  indeterminate. 

Some  th'-'»r-iu-:il  wriiT*  R!k«rp  that  tlvTe  wna  a  tirm  when  thrre 
WW  nu  aiich  Uriiig  .i»  tocirty.  B!adcstona. 

3.  Noting  a  person  or  thing,  but  not  known,  or  not 
specific  !»nd  definite.  Some  person,  I  know  not  who, 
gave  me  the  information.  Enter  the  city,  and  some 
man  will  direct  you  to  the  house. 

hlott  ^Mhmrn  of  property,  wt  tome  period  or  olhir  of  their 
li»t^  Bfc  ambilioiw  of  icpt^itrnung  ibcir  wiingr  in  parlia- 
niciii.  BiacksUine. 

4.  Noting  indeterminately  that  a  thing  is  not  very 
great ;  moderate  >  as,  the  censure  was  to  some  extent 
just. 

5.  It  sometimes  precedes  a  word  of  number  or 
quantity,  with  the  sense  of  about  or  near,  noting 
want  of  certainly  as  to  the  s[iecific  numl'er  or 
iiiiKxint,  but  Kornething  near  it;  as,  a  village  of  some 
eighty  houses  ;  name  two  nr  three  [KTsons  ;  some  sev- 
enty mites  distant ;  an  object  at  some  good  distance. 

Bacon. 

6.  Sitme  is  often  opposed  tn  otArrs,  Some  men  be- 
lieve one  thing,  and  othrry  anoilirr. 

7.  Some  is  often  used  without  a  noun,  and  then, 
like  other  adjectives,  is  a  Hubstiinle  for  a  noun.  We 
consumed  some  of  our  provisions,  and  the  res;  was 
given  to  thf  pfwir. 

-  .    .  s  .lo  dy, 

,  PoMet. 

\  ^"cl.Vim  from  iin«, 

i_;    .  ,  .  iiid  bl^l  fXJirplr  wlna,  Dryden, 

8.  Some  Is  used  as  a  termination  of  certain  adjec- 
tives, as  in  hanUsiime,  mrttlrsamr,  blithesome,  fulsome, 
lonfsome,  gladsome,  ^amesomP.  In  these  words,  some 
ha«  primarily  the  sense  of  little,  or  a  certain  degree  ; 
a  llHie  WifAc  or  irla'L  But  in  usace,  it  rather  indi- 
cates a  considerable  degree  of  the  thing  or  quantity  ; 
a«,  mrttlesome,  full  of  mettle  or  «piril ;  ffladsoTne,  very 
glad  or  jnyoua. 

SOME'BOD-Y,  (sum'-,)n.    [somenni\  bodit.]    A  person 
unknown  or  uncertain  ;  a  persim  indeterminate. 
J"«.»  mH,  Somebody  h™ih  itmchcd  iff.  —  l.uke  *iit. 
Wq  mna;  lirnw  in  eo-nebody  Oi.kI  msty  M-iiui 
"lVi»l  111  aiiii  <ianp;r.  Denham. 

9.  A  person  of  consideration. 

|I>-lof>-  Ov*^.  ttiyi  rote  up  Theudu,  twut'ug  hirrurlf  tu  be  eome- 
bo-ly.  —  AcW  r. 

SOME'DRAL,  (»ura'-,)ad».  [some  and  dad.]  Income 
degree.     [Obs.  ]  Spm  «r. 

SOMK'liOVV,  o/Zd.  [some  and  hote.]  One  way  or 
other ;  in  some  way  not  yet  known.  The  thing 
must  have  happened  somehow  or  other. 

POM'F.R-SAULT,>  .„„^.  .  .\n.     [.^p.  sobre^aHr,Uy 

SOM'ER-Sl-iT,  J^sumer-,;^  exceed  in  hmhl.  to 
Icitp  over  ;  sobrrsaUar,to  stirpri^^e  ;  It.  soprai-^atirc,  to 

•  attack  unexpectedly;  soprassalto,  an  overleap;  L. 
tuf^  and  salio,  to  leap.] 

A  l*-ap  in  which  a  person  turns  with  his  heels  over 
hi-»  hi^ad,  and  lizhts  upon  his  feet.  Donne. 

SO.M'ER-VILL-ITE,  71.  A  V^uvian  mineral,  occur- 
ring in  pale,  dull,  yellow  crystals,  and  rt;iatf;d  to 
Geblenite.  Dana. 


SON 

SOME'TIIING,  (sum'-,)  n.  [some  and  fAin^.]  An  in- 
deienniiiate  or  unknown  event.  SomcVting  must 
have  happened  to  prevent  the  arrival  of  our  friends 
at  the  time  tixed.  I  shall  call  at  two  o'clock,  unless 
somethinsr  .should  prevent.     [See  Thiho.] 

2.  A  substance  or  material  thing,  unknown,  inde- 
terminate, or  not  specified.  A  machine  stops  be- 
cause something  obstructs  its  motion  ;  there  must  be 
something  to  support  a  wall  or  an  arch. 

3.  A  part ;  a  portion  more  or  less. 

Something  yet  of  doubt  remains.  Milton. 
StJIl  from  hia  lidle  he  could  somelking  sp^re, 

To  frrrU  Uie  hutigry  and  to  doUifi  the  tmre.  HarU. 

Something  i4  it  arij«  from  our  infant  BUtc.  WtUii. 

4.  A  little  ;  an  indefinite  quantity  or  degree.  The 
man  asked  me  for  a  dollar,  but  I  gave  him  something 

5.  Ui-stance  not  great.  [more. 
It  must  be  done  to-ni^ht,  and  something  from  the  palace.  Shak. 

6.  Something  has  been  used  adverbially  for  in  some 
degree;  as,  he  was  something  discouraged  ;  but  the 
use  is  not  elegant.  Temple. 

SOME'TIME,  (sum'-,)  adv.    Once  ;  formerly. 

Tlwl  fair  and  wariike  form 
In  which  the  majesty  of  buried  Denmark 
Did  aometime  march.  Stak. 

2.  At  one  time  or  other  hereafter. 
[Sometime  is  really  a  compound  noun, and  at  is  un- 
derstood before  it ;  at  some  time.] 
SOME'TIMES,  orfp.  At  times;  at  intervals;  not  al- 
ways ;  now  and  then.  We  are  sometimes  indisposed, 
sometimes  occupied,  sometimes  at  leisure  ;  that  is,  at 
some  times. 

Il  is  ^ood  th.it  we  be  sometimet  contradicted.  Thylor. 

2.  At  one  time  ;  opposed  to  another  time. 
SOME'WIIAT,    (aum'hwot,)    n.      [sorM    and    what.] 
I^mething,  though  uncertain  what.         Atterbury. 

2.  More  or  less ;  a  certain  quantity  or  degree,  in- 
determinate. 

Th«'»e  nits  hare  tometohat  of  a  nitrous  taste.  Greto, 

3.  A  part,  greater  or  less. 
SomewhtU  uf  his  food  sense  will  suffer  In  this  transfusion,  and 

much  of  the  beauty  of  his  thoughts  will  be  losL     Dryden. 

SOME'\VII.\T,  ado.  In  some  degree  or  quantity. 
This  U  someichat  more  or  less  limn  was  exi)ccted  ; 
he  is  somciehat  aged  ;  he  is  somewhat  disappointed  ; 
somewhat  disturbed.  , 

SOME'VVHERE,  adv.  [some  and  where.]  In  some 
place,  unknown  or  not  sjwcified ;  in  one  place  or 
another,  lie  lives  somewhere  in  obscurity;  Dryden 
somnrhere  says,  "  Peace  to  the  manes  of  the  dead." 

SOME'VVHILE,  adv.  [some  and  while.]  Once  ;  for  a 
time.     [06*.]  Spen-ier. 

SO.ME'WHITII-ER,  adv.  To  some  hideterminate 
place.  Johnson. 

SOM'MITE,  «.  Nepheline;  a  mineral  which  occurs 
in  .small  crystals  and  crjstalline  grains  in  the  lava  of 
Moui;l  Somma  on  Vesuvius.  Hauy. 

SOM-NAM-UU-LA'TION,  n.  [U  somntts,  sleep,  and 
ambulo,  to  walk.] 

The  act  of  walking  in  sleep.  Bcddoe^. 

SOM-NAM'ltU-LI€,  a.  VValkmg  in  sleep;  pertaining 
to  somnambulism. 

SOM-NAM'HU-LISM,  n.  [Supra.1  The  act  or  prac- 
tice of  walking  in  sleep.  Bcdttoes.     Darwin. 

60M-N.\M'BU-LIST,  n.  A  person  who  walks  in  his 
gle^.f).  Beddoes.     Forteus. 

SOM'NER,  for  Summoser.    [JVo(  in  use.] 

SOM-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  somn\ftr;  somnus,  »leep, 
and  /ero,  to  bring  ;  Fr.  aomnifire  ;  lU  and  Sp.  som- 
ntfero.] 

Causing  or  inducing  steep  ;  soporific  ;  as,  a  som- 
niferous potion.  lyalton. 

SOM-NIF'IC,  a.  [L.  sommis,  sleep,  and  facto,  to 
make.] 

Causing  sleep;  tending  to  induce  sleep. 

SOM-NIL'0-UUI.^T,  n.     One  who  talks  in  his  sleep. 

SOM-NIL'O-UUOUS,  a.     Apt  to  talk  in  sleep. 

A  talking  or  t^iioaking  in  sleep.  Coleridge. 

SOM-MI/oaUY,  n.    The  talking  of  one  in  a  slate 

(if  somnipalbv. 
SOM-MP'ATIIIST,  n.    A  person  in  a  state  of  som- 

nitmlliy.  „     , 

SOM-NIl"A-T»Y,  n.     [L.  somnus  and  Gr.  naOos.] 

Sleep  from  sympathy,  or  by  the  process  of  mesmer- 
i.sm. 
POM'NO  LENCE,    in,     [^►w    I*,  somnolentia;  from 
SOM'NO-LEN-CY,  \      aomnus,  sleep.] 

Sleepiness;  drowsiness;  inclination  to  sleep. 

Oower. 
SOM'NO-LENT,  a.      Sleepy  ;    drowsy  ;    inclined   to 

fiWep.  BuUokar. 

SOM'NO-LENT-LY,  ado.     Drowsily. 
SON,  (sun,)  n.     [Sax.  xunu;  Goth.  «iinu«;  G.sohn;  D. 
toon;  Sw.son;  Dan.stfn;  Sana,  ntnu;  Russ.  st^  ^^ 
sin.] 

1.  A  male  child  ;  the  male  issue  of  a  parent, 
father  or  mother.  Jacob  had  twelve  sons.  Ishmael 
was  tho  son  of  ilagar  liy  Abraham. 

2.  A  male  descendant,  however  distant ;  hence,  in 
the   plural,  sons  signifies  descendants  in  general,  a 


SON 

sense  nmch  used  in  the  Scriptures.    The  whole  hu- 
man race  are  styled  sons  ofJidum, 

3.  The  compellalion  of  an  old  man  to  a  young  one, 
or  of  a  confeasor  lo  his  penitent ;  a  term  of  atfection. 
Eli  called  Samuel  his  son. 

Be  plidn,  good  eon,  and  homely  in  thy  drifl.  Skak, 

4.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  a  country;  as,  the 
sons  of  Britain.  Let  our  country  never  be  ashamed 
of  her  sons. 

5.  The  produce  of  any  thing. 

EartJi's  tall  eone,  the  «dar,  oalc,  and  pine-  Bladcmore. 

AVxe.  — The  primary  sense    of  child   is  produce, 

6.  One  adopted  into  a  family,         [issue  ;  a  shooL 

Moses  was  the  son  of  Pliarooli's  daughtir.  —  Ex.  U. 

7.  One  who  is  converted  by  another*3  instrumen- 
tality, is  called  his  son;  also,  one  educated  by  anoth- 
er ;  as,  the  sons  of  the  prophets. 

8.  Christ  is  called  the  Son  of  God,  as  being  con- 
ceived by  tho  power  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  or  in  conse- 
quence of  his  relation  to  the  Father. 

9.  Son  of  pride,  sons  of  light,  son  of  Belial. 
These  are  Hebraisms,  which  denote  that  persons 
possess  the  qualities  of  pride,  of  light,  or  of  Belial, 
as  children  inherit  the  qualities  of  their  ancestors. 

SO-NA'TA,  n.  [It  See  Souwd.]  A  lune  intended 
for  an  instrument  only,  as  canuta  is  for  the  voice. 

SONG,  n.  [Sax.  song;  D.  zang;  G.  sang,  gesang; 
Sw.  siHng  ;  Dan.  sang.     See  Sino.] 

1.  In  general,  that  which  is  sung  or  uttered  with 
musical  modulations  of  the  voice,  whether  of  the 
human  voice  or  that  of  a  bird. 

2.  A  litlle  poem  to  be  sung  or  uttered  with  music- 
al motliilations  ;  a  ballad.  The  songs  of  a  country 
are  characteristic  of  its  manners.  Every  aninlry 
has  its  love  songs,  its  war  songs,  and  its  patriotic 
songs. 

3.  A  hymn  ;  a  sacred  poem  or  hymn  to  be  sung 
either  in  joy  or  thanksgiving,  as  that  sung  by  Moses 
and  the  Israelites  after  escaping  the  dangers  of  the 
Arabian  Gulf  and  of  Pharaoh  ;  or  of  lamentation,  as 
that  of  David  over  the  death  of  Saul  ainl  Jonathan. 
Songs  of  joy  are  represented  as  constituting  a  part  of 

4.  A  lay  ;  a  strain  ;  a  poem.         [heavenly  felicity. 
Thrt  hrtni  thil  first  adorned  our  native  loiigno 

Tuned  to  liis  British  lyre  this  ancient  song.  Drydett. 

5.  Poetry  ;  poesy  ;  verse. 

This  subject  for  heroic  long 


Pleased  nie. 


Milton. 


[See  Def.  1.] 


Silltman. 
Mar*. 

Orose*  ^ 


6.  Notes  of  birds. 

7,  A  mere  trifle. 

The  soldier's  pay  is  a  song. 

Old  song;  a  trifle. 

I  do  not  intend  to  be  thus  put  off  with  &d  old  song, 

SON' 8Y'  t  "•    L"^*^y  i  fortunate  ;  thriving. 
SONG-e'N-N0'BL£D,  a.    Ennobled  in  song. 

Coleridge, 
SONG'ISH,  a.    Consisting  of  songs.     [Low,  and  not  in 

use.]  Dryden. 

SONG'STER,   n.      [song  and   Sax.   strora,   one  that 

steers.] 

1.  One  that  sings;  one  skilled  in  singing;  not 
often  applied  to  human  beings,  or  only  in  slight  con- 
tempt. JIowcl. 

2.  A  bird  that  sings;  as,  the  little  songster  m  his 
cage,     [fn  this  use  the  word  is  elegant.] 

SONG'STRESS,  n.     A  female  singer.  ThomsoTu 

SO-NIF'ER-0U8,  a.     [L.sonus,  sound,  and /ero,  to 

bear.] 
Sounding;  producing  sound. 
SON'-IN-LA W,  n.     A  man  married  to  one's  daughter. 
SON'NET,  ii.     [Fr.,  from  U.sonetta;  i^p.  soneta.     See 

Sound.] 

1.  A  short  poem  of  fourteen  lines,  two  stanzas  of 
four  verses  each  and  two  of  three  each,  the  rhymes 
being  adjusted  by  a  particular  rule. 

2.  A  short  poem.         [Milton,     Johnson.     Busby. 

1  huve  a  sonnet  that  will  serre  the  turn.  Shak, 

SON'NET,  r.  t.     To  compose  sonnets.  Bp.  HalL 

SON-NET-EER',  n.     [Fr.  sonnetier.j 

A  composer  of  sonnets  or  small  poems;  a  small 
poet ;  usually  in  contempt.  Pope. 

SO-NOM'lvTER,n.  [L.  soniw,  sound,  and  Gr.  /(crpcw, 
to  measure.]  . 

An  instrument  for  measuring  sounds  or  the  mter- 
vals  of  sounds.  ^-  Encyc. 

SON-O-RIF'ie,   a.     [L.   sonus,  sound,  and  /ado,  to 
make.] 

Producing  sound ;  as,  the  sononfc  quality  of  a 
bodv.  '*'«'^' 

SO-NO'ROUS,  a.     [L.  sonorus,  from  sonus,  sound.] 

1.  Giving  souna  when  slnick.  Metals  are  sono- 
rous biKlies. 

2.  Loud  sounding;  giving  a  clear  or  loud  sound; 
as,  a  sonorous  voice. 

3.  Yielding  sound  ;  as,  the  vowels  are  sonorous. 

Dryden. 

4.  High-sounding;  magnificerrt  of  sound. 

The  Itnlian  opera,  amidst  all  the  mrann-'ss  and  femilinrlty  of  tho 
thiJiighls,  has  something  beautiful  and 
pnrsaiun. 


rONE,  BIJLL,  umTE.  — AN^'GER,  VI"C10tJS C  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SlI ;  'f  U  as  in  THIS. 


1053 


soo 

SO-NO'ROUS-LY,  adv.    With  sound;   wilh  a  high 

sol  I  ml. 
SO-NO'ROUS-NESS.    m.     The    quality    of    yielding 

soiinil   when  struck,  or  coining  in  collision  with 

uioitirr  body  ;  as,  ttie  soiK»rou.tNe~t.i  of  metals. 
•i.  Having  or  giving  a  loud  or  cleitr  sound  j  as,  the 

s«HoruHSHtiss  of  a  voice  or  au  instrutncnL 

3.  Mnsniticpnce  of  sound.  Johnson. 

SON'SniP,  (sun'-Jn.     [fn>ni  stm.]     The  slate  of  be- 

inc  n  <ion.  or  of  hiiving  the  relation  of  a  son. 

2.  Filiation  ;  the  character  of  a  son.        Johnjon. 
SOO'DRA,  *  H.     The  l<.\vest  of  the  four  great  castes 
SOO'IIKK,  i      among   the    Hindoos.     More  properly, 

SUDHA. 

SOO'FEE,  n.  Among  MolMmmtiitanSt  a  believer  in 
S^H>f^•e^>■In. 

SOO'FEB-IS.M,  n.  A  refined  mysticism  among  certain 
cJasse>-  of  Mohanimciians,  particularly  in  Persia,  who 
reject  the  Koran  and  hold  to  a  kind  of  pantheism. 

SOON,  tbto.     [Sax.  avua  :  Goth,  suns.] 

1.  In  a  sliort  lime  ;  shortly  after  any  time  specified 
or  BU()fioiM^I ;  as,  dcwii  alter  sunriKe}  «m>n  after  din- 
ner ;  I  shall  ,4MM  return  ;  we  shall  mor  have  clear 
we.it  her. 

a.  Riirly  ;  without  the  usual  delay  ;  before  any 
time  suppoeed. 

Mtf w  n  it  tiMt  ft  k^«T  comf  m  •oam  to-tlnjr  t  —  Ci.  ii. 

3.  Readily;  willingly.  But  in  this  sense  it  accom- 
panies ipoidiL,  or  some  other  word  expressing  will. 

I  MOwU  AS  toon  aee  «  nrcr  witnling  unonj^  u'oocls  or  in  mead- 
ow*, M  when  it  u  UMCd  up  in  ao  manj  whtiiwical  fi^iirps  at 
Addiaon. 


Jis  toon  ms,  so  soon  ms ;  immediately  at  or  after 
another  event.  Jis  svon  oa  liie  mall  arrives,  I  will 
inform  yon. 

Ar  ioon  at  Moks  came  iii^  to  the  camp,  he  aaw  the  calf  and 
the  duicuig.  —  Kx.  xxxtl. 

SOO\,  «.     Speedy  ;  quick.     [J^ot  in  us€.] 
SOO.V'LY,  orff.    QJiickly  ;  speedily.     [A*o(  tn  use,] 

SOU^HONC,!*-     A  kind  of  black  tea. 

SOO 'SOO,  n.  Among  the  feajro//^,  the  name  of  a 
cetaceous  mammal  with  a  long  slender  beak,  the  Soo- 
auo  GaageticuR,  of  Lesson,  found  in  the  Ganges. 

Jtsiat.  Res. 

SOOT,  «.  [?ax.  sot;  Sw.  sot:  Dan.  sm^  mm^,*  Ir. 
JrHtA  ;  \V.  swta^  »ofiC,that  which  is  volatile  or  sudden. 

But  qu. ;  fur  the  word  is  from  the  Ar.  ^Lww  Miu2a*  to 
be  black.] 

A  black  substance  formed  by  combustion,  or  di»- 
enpni.f'1  frum  fuel  in  the  pnwess  of  combustion,  ris- 
ing in  fine  particles  and  adhering  to  the  Kides  of  the 
chimney  or  pipe  conveying  the  smoke.     Soot  consists 

9of  nnv^e  than  nirteen  drfferfnl  subsftnces,  of  which 
carlH>n,  nimin,  asboin,  creosote,  cnpnomor,  &c.,  are 
perhnps  the  principal.  The  wot  of  burnt  pine  forms 
lanifblack. 

SOOT,  r.  L     To  cover  or  foul  with  soot. 

SOO'I'  ED,  -pp.     Covered  or  soiled  with  awC  MortiiMr. 

SOOT'EK-KIN,  n.  A  kind  of  false  birth  fabled  to  be 
produced  by  the  Dutch  women  from  sitting  over 
their  Moves.  Sv»Jt. 

SOOTH,  n.     [Sax.  soth  ;  Ir.  seadh.] 

1.  Truth;  reality.     [Obji.]  Sluk, 

2.  Prognostication.     [Obs.]  denser, 
X  Sweetness;  kindness.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

SOOTH,  o.     Pleasing  ;  delightful.     [06.1.]      JUUton. 
9:  True  j  faithful.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

SOOTHE,  p.  L  [.^ax.  gesoUiuin^  to  flatter.  There 
seems  to  be  a  connection  between  this  verb  and  the 
preceding  sootJu  The  sense  of  stttinff,  allay  or  soft- 
ening, would  give  that  of  truth,  and  of  sieect,  that 
is,  smooth.] 

1.  To  flatter ;  to  [rieaee  with  blandishments  or  soft 
words. 

C«o  I  mmAm  (rruitiT  I  Orydtn. 

r»e  th«l  the  (brce  J  crety  it^Mm  on  him, 

Soolktd  and  ouvmmI,  breu  angr7,  «oolAc^  airun.      Add'uon. 

2.  To  soften  ;  to  assuage  ;  to  mollify  ;  to  calm  ; 
as.  to  soeUu  one  in  pain  or  passion  ;  or  to  soothe  pain. 
It  is  allied  both  to  persons  and  things. 

3.  To  gratify  ;  to  please. 

Soothed  with  hii  future  &me.  Dryden. 

SOOTH'ED,    pp.      Flattered;    softened;     calmed; 

pleaf»ed. 
SOO'f  H'ER,  n.    A  flatterer  ;  he  or  that  which  softens 

Of  assuages. 
SOOTH'ING,  yjB".  or  a.     Flattering  ;   softening  ;    as- 
suaging. 
SOOTH'IXG-LY,  adv.     With  flrtttery  or  soft  words. 
SOOTH'LY,  adit.     In  truth  ;  really.     [  Obs.]     IlaJr^. 
SOOTH'SaY,  p.  i.     l^ooth  and  .tay.]     To  foretell;  to 

prediet.     .^ct9  xvi.     [Little  used.] 
SOOTH'SAY-ER,  n,     A  foreteller:  a  prognosticator  ; 

one  who  undertakes  to  foretell  future  events  without 

ins[vation. 
SOOTH'SAY-ING,  n.   The  foretelling  of  future  events 

by  persons  without  divine  aid  or  authority,  and  thus 

distinguished  from  PHopHErT, 
2.  A  true  saying;  iniih.     [Obf.]  Chaucer. 


SOP 

SQ<?T'I-iVESS,  n.    [from  xooty.]  The  quality  of  being 

siKity  or  foul  with  sttot ;  fuliginousnesd. 
SQpT'lSH,  a.     Partaking  of  boot ;  like  soot.     Brown. 
SQQT'Y,  a.     [Sax.  soti^r.] 

1.  PrtHlucing  soot ;  as,  sooty  coal.  Milton. 

2.  Consisting  of  soot ;  fuliginous ;  as,  sooty  mat- 
ter, mikins. 

3.  Foul  with  soot. 

4.  Black  like  soot ;  dusky  ;  dark  ;  as,  the  sooty  flag 
of  .Acheron.  Milton. 

S<?QT'Y,  r.  u    To  black  or  foul  with  soot.     [J^ot  aa~ 

thorite,!.]  Chapman. 

Sop,  n,     [D.  sop;    Sax.  sop;    G.  sujrpe.,  soup;    Dan. 

suppe  ;   Sw.  soppa  i    Sp.  sopa ;    It.  tuppa  :    Fr.  soupe. 

See  Class  Sh,  No.  2,  3tt,  &.c.     Uu.  saap.] 
1.  Any  thing  steeped  or  d!p[)ed  and  softened  in 

liquor,  but  chiefly  siuncthing  thus  dipped  in  broth  or 

liquid  ft»od,  and  intended  to  be  eaten. 


I  wlite,  quuntity  for  quautit/,  incbmte  i 


!  thnn  wine 
Bacon. 


3.  Any  thing  given  to  pacify;  so  called  from  the 
sop  given  to  Cerberus,  in  mythology.  Hence  the 
phrase,  to  give  a  sop  to  Cerberus. 

Sop-in-vine  ;  a  kind  of  pink.  Spenser. 

SOP,  r.  L    To  steep  or  dip  in  liquor. 
SOPE.     See  Soap. 

SOPH,  B,     In  the  univrrsity  of  Cambridge ^  England^  an 
abbreviation  of  Sophistkr. 

2.  In    the  .American   colleges,   an    abbreviation   of 
Sophomore. 
SO'PIII,  (so'fe,)  II.  A  title  of  the  kingof  Persia.    [See 

also  Son.] 
SOPH'ie-AL,  a.     [Gr.  <T-<p<.i(,  wise  ;  aoipiat  wisdom.] 

Teaching  wisdom.     [Jw  in  vse.]  Harris. 

SOPH'ISM,    n.       [Fr.    sophisme ;    ll    sopkisma ;    Gr. 
at>tt>iotta.] 

A  specious  but  fallacious  argument;  a  subtilt^n 
reasoning;  an  argument  that  is  not  supported  by 
sound  reasoning,  or  in  which  the  inference  is  nut 
justly  dfduced  f^roin  the  premises. 

Witcn  a  fatu?  iir||7m^nt  pitta  on  the  appearance  of  «  trup  one, 
then  it  ia  prupi-rly  ctdlml  a  •ojAinn  ur  fallacy.  WatU. 

SOPH'IST,  II.     [U  snphhta  ;  Fr.  sophiste ;  It.  snjista.] 

1.  The  name  of  a  class  of  men  who  taught  elo- 
quence, philosophy,  and  politics  in  ancient  Greece, 
and  who,  by  their  use  of  vain  subilelies  and  false 
axtotns,  drew  ujkui  tticm.selves  general  hatred  and 
contempt. 

2.  A  captions  or  fallacious  reasoner. 
SOPII'IST-ER,   n,      [Gr.  cvpiarris.]      The  same    as 

Sophist,  which  see.     [Ofc.«j 

2.  In  fJkc  university  of  Cfatnbridge^  England,  the 
title  of  sttidents  who  are  advanced  beyond  the  first 
year  of  their  residence.  The  entire  course  at  the 
university  consists  of  three  years  and  one  term,  dur- 
ing whicii  the  students  have  the  titles  of  First- Year 
Mt'n,  or  Freshmen  ;  Second-Year  Men,  or  Junior 
Sophs  or  S<iphister3  ;  Third-Year  Men,  or  Senior 
Sophs  or  St>phisUTs  ;  and,  in  the  last  term,  Uucsiion- 
ists,  with  reference  to  the  approaching  examination. 
In  the  oidrr  Jimrritam  colleges,  the  junior  and  senior 
classes  were  originally  called  Junior  Sophisiers  and 
Senior  Sophisters.  The  term  is  also  ut<ed  at  Oxford 
and  Dublin. 

SOPH'IST-ER,  r  L     To  maintain  by  a  fallacious  ar- 
gument.    [AWt  m  use..]  Cobluim, 

SO-P  inST'IG  i 

SaPHIST'I€-AL,  i  "•    t^^'  saphistiquei  It. juyirfico.] 
Fallaciously  subtile  ;    not  sound ;  as,  sophistUaX 
re:isoningor  argument. 

SO-PHIST'ie-AL-LY,  adv.     Wilh  fallacious  SMbtllty. 

S»\fi. 

SO-PHIST'I€-ATE,  r.  t.     [Fr.  *opAwi*jiMT;    &p.  soM- 
ticar.] 

1.  To  adulterate  ;  to  corrupt  by  something  spurious 
or  foreign  ;  to  pervert ;  as.  to  sophisucatc  nature,  phi- 
losophy, or  the  understanding.        Hooker.     South. 

2.  Toadulteraie  ;  to  renderspurions  ;  as  merchan- 
dise ;  as,  to  sophisticate  wares  or  liquors. 

They  purdwac  but  aophuticaUd  wnre.  Dryden. 

SO-PHIST'I€-ATE,      \a.      Adulterated;    not   pure; 
SO-PHIST'ie-A-TED,  i      not  genuine. 

So  Inilh,  whTi  only  one  supplK-d  th-  elMe, 

Gn.-w  ac-irce  nn<i  G--ar,  atid  yet  sopkisticats.  Dryden, 

SO-PHIST'ie-A-TED,  pp.      Adulterated  ;    corrupted 

bv  somf'thing  spurious  or  furfign. 
SO-PHIST'ie-A-TING,    ppr.      Corrupting;     adulter- 

atine. 
SO-PHIST-I€-A'TION,  n.     The-  act  of  adulterating  ; 

a  counterfeiting  or  debasing  the  purity  of  something 

by  a  foreign  admixture;  adulteration. 

Boylfi.     Quiney. 
SO-PHIST'I€-A-TOR,  n.     One  that  adulterates  ;  one 

who  injures  the  purity  and  genuineness  of  any  thing 

bv  foreign  admixture.  Whitalicr. 

SO^H'IST-RY,  Ti.     Fallacious  reasoning;    reasoning 

sound  in  appearance  only. 

Tlieac  men  h^ve  obacured  mid  confonndfrd  the  nMure  of  Ihin^ 
by  tbcii  false  priiiciplo  and  wretched  tophiatry.      South. 

SOPH'O-MORE,  71.    One  belonging  to  the  second  of 
the  four  classes  in  an  American  college. 


SCR 

[This  word  has  generally  been  considered  ns  an 
'*  American  barbarism,"  hut  was  probably  introduced 
into  tiur  country,  at  a  very  early  period,  from  the  uni- 
versity of  Oiuibridge,  England.  Among  the  cant 
terms  at  that  university,  as  given  in  the  Gradus  ad 
Cantabrigiam,  we  find  Soph-Moma  "the  next  dis- 
tinctive np(M!llation  to  Freshman."  It  is  added,  that 
"  a  writer  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  thinks  vior 
an  abbreviation  of  the  Greek  /i'lj/.i'-t,  introduced  at  a 
time  when  the  Encomium  Motub,  the  Praise  of  Fully, 
by  Erasmus,  was  so  generally  used."  The  ordinary 
derivatiim  of  the  word,  from  ffui/tdc  and  fii<<fidq^  would 
seem,  therefore,  to  be  incorrect.  The  younger  Stiphs 
at  Camliridge  appear,  formerly,  to  have  rt-ceived  the 
ndjiiurt  moT  {pu^piti)  to  their  names,  eillitT  as  one 
which  they  courted  fur  the  reason  mentioned  above, 
or  as  one  given  them  in  .«i>ort,  for  the  supposed  ex- 
hibition of  inflated  feeling  in  entering  on  their  new 
honors.  The  term,  thus  appliiMt,  seems  to  have 
passed,  at  a  very  early  period,  from  Cainhri»lge  in 
England  to  Cambridge  in  America,  as  *^the  next 
distinctive  appellation  to  Freshman,"  and  thus  to 
have  been  attached  to  the  second  of  the  four  elaases 
in  our  American  colleges  ;  while  it  has  now  almost 
ceased  to  be  known,  even  as  a  cant  word,  at  the  pa- 
rent Institution  in  England,  from  whence  it  came. 
This  derivation  of  the  word'  is  rendered  more  proba- 
ble by  the  fact,  that  the  early  spelling  was,  to  a  great 
extent  at  least,  Sophiinore,  as  apiKiars  from  the  man- 
uscripts of  President  Stiles,  of  Vale  College,  and  the 
records  of  Harvard  College  down  tj  the  period  of 
the  American  revolution.  This  would  he  perfectly 
natural  if  Soph  or  Sophister  was  considered  as  the 
basis  of  the  word,  hut  can  hardly  be  explained  if  the 
ordinary  derivation  had  then  been  regarded  as  the 
true  one.  —  Ed.] 

SOPH-0-MOa'ie-AL,a.  Inflated  in  style  or  manner. 
[America.]  J.  C.  Catlwaii. 

So'PlTE,  r.  L    To  lay  asleep.     [AX  in  me.]     Chnjne. 

SO-PI"TION,  (-pish'un,)  n.     [L.  sopio,  to  lay  asleep,] 
Sleep,     [j^ot  inuse,]  Brawiu 

SOP'O-HSTE,  II.  U     [h.  soporo.] 
To  lav  asleep.     [jVy(  in  use] 

SOI'-O-RiF'EU-OCS,  a.  [L.  eopoHfer ;  sopor,  sleep, 
and  fcro,  to  bring;  from  sopio,  to  lull  to  sleep; 
Sans,  swapa^  sleep.  Sopio  agrees  in  elements  with 
sober.] 

Causing  sleep,  or  tending  to  produce  it;  somnifer- 
ous.    The  p<»ppy  possesses  soporifcrous  qualities. 

SOP-O-RIF'EH  OUS-LY,  adv.   So  as  to  produce  sleep. 

SOP-O-RIF'ER-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  caus- 
ing sleep. 

SOP-O-RlF'ie,  a.  [L.  sopor,  sleep,  and  /acw,  to 
make.] 

Causing  sleep;  tending  to  cause  sleep;  os,  tfce 
SKporiJic  virtues  of  opium.  Lorke, 

SOP-O-RIF'IC,  n.  A  medicine,  drug,  plant,  or  other 
thing  that  lias  the  quality  of  inducing  slt-^p. 

SO'PO-KOL't?,  fl.     [U  If  jtorus,  from  vopvr,  »leep.] 
Causing  sleep;  Klee|fy.  Qrei^iU. 

SOP'Pi^D,  (sopi.)  pp.     hipped  in  liquid  food. 

SOP'PER,  n.  jrom  sop.]  "r.f  that  soi>s  or  dips  in 
liipior  something  to  Iw  ealeii.  Johnson. 

SOP'PING,  pvr.     Stepping  in  I.quid  food. 

SO-PKA'MST.  Ti.     A  iret'le  singer. 

SO-PRA'NO,  [It.]  In  miwic,  the  treble;  the  highest 
female  voice. 

SORH,  n.  [Fr.  sorbe;  It.  aorba,  sorbo ;  L.  sorbum, 
aorbus.] 

The  nervice-tree  or  its  fruit. 

SOR'BATE,  n.  A  compound  of  malic  or  sorhic  acid 
with  a  tiase.  Ure. 

SOR-BE-FA'CIENT,  (-fa'shent,)  n.  [L.  sm-beo,  to  ab- 
sorb, and  facia,  lo  make.] 

In  medicine,  that  which  produces  absorption. 

SOR-FJE-FA'CIENT,  a.  In  medicine,  producing  ab- 
sorption. 

SORB'ENT.     See  Ai'sohbent. 

SOR'Bie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  sorbiis  or  service-tree  ; 
as,  surbic  acid.  Svrbic  acid  is  only  another  name  for 
the  malic  acid,  or  a  name  not  at  all  in  use. 

SOR'BILE,  (sor'hil,)  a.     [L.  snrbcu.j 

That  may  be  drank  or  sipped.     [AW  in  use.] 

SOR-BI"TION,  (-bish'un,)  n.     [L.  sorbitio.] 

The  act  of  drinking  or  sipping.     [A*o(  in  vse,] 

SOR-BON'ie-AL,  a.     Belonging  to  a  Sorbimist.    Bale. 

SOR'BON  1ST,  n.  A  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  orlhet)- 
logical  college,  in  the  university  of  I'aris,  founded 
by  Robert  de  Sorbonne,  A.  D.  1250,  Sorbovnf  is 
properly  the  name  of  the  building,  from  which  the 
theological  faculty  are  called'the  doctors  of  the  Sar- 
bnnnr.  Murdock. 

SOR'CER-ER,  n.     [Fr.  sorcier;  Arm.  ^ercu  ;  stipposed 
lo  be  from  L.  sors^  lot.     But  see  Class  Sr,  No.  24, 
Eth.] 
A  conjurer;  an  enchapter;  a  magician. 

The  Egyptian  lorcerert  contended  wilh  Moaei.  WaUa. 

SOR'CER-ESS,  n.   A  female  magician  or  enchantress. 

Milton.     Shak. 
SOR'CER-OUS,  a.    Containing  enchantments. 

Chaf/man. 
SOR'CE-RY,  n.     Magic ;    enchantment ;    witchcr.ift ; 
divination  by  the  assistance  or  supposed  assistance 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PLNE,  M.\RINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQ^K-  — 
1054 


SOR 

of  evil  spirits,  or  the  power  of  commanding  evil 
epirits.  Enajc 

Adder's  wiedoin  1  h&re  kamcd, 

To  frnce  my  e&n  ag-ninst  iby  aorceriet.  MUton. 

SORD,  for  SvFARD,  13  now  vulgar.     [See  Sward.] 
SORD'A-WAL-ITE,  ti.     A   mineral   so   named  from 

Sordawald,  in  VVibourg,  Finland.  It  is  nearly  black, 

rarely  gray  or  green,  and  contains  silica,  alumina, 

magnesia,  and  perojcyd  of  iron.  Phillips. 

SOR'I>P,S,ii.     {L.]     Foul  matter;  excretions;  dregs  j 

filthy,  uselesa,  or  rejected  matter  of  any  kind. 

Coze.     Woodward. 
SOR'DET,    \n.      [Yr.  sourdine;  lUsordina;  from  Fr. 
SOU'DINE,  (      gourd,  L.  surdiu,  deaf.] 

A  small  instrument  or  damper  in  the  mouth  of  a 

trumpet,  or  on  the  bridge  of  a  violin  or  violoncello, 

to  make  it  sound  lower  or  fainter. 

Encitc.  Am.     Bailey. 
SOR'DID,  a.    [Fj.avrdide;    It.  sordido ;    L.  sordidus, 

from  norde-s,  filth.] 

1.  Filthv  i  fuul ;  dirty  ;  gross. 

TbriT  Cb&itra  stands, 
A  aordiii  god.  [hydtn. 

[This  literal  sense  is  nearly  obsolete.^ 

2.  Vile;  base;  mean;  as,  vulgar,  sordid  mortals. 

Coysley. 

3.  Meanly  avaricious  ;  covetous  ;  niggardly. 

He  may  be  old. 
And  yd  not  fordid,  who  refuses  gold,  Dtnham. 

SOR'niO-LY,  odo.     Meanly;  basely ;  covetously. 
SOR'DID-.NESS,  ft.     Fillhiness;  dirtiness.         Ray. 

2.  .Meanness;  baseness;  as,  the  execrable  sordid- 
nes.t  t>r  the  delights  of  Tiberius.  Cnwley. 

3.  Ni^'giirdline.ss. 

SORE,  n.  [Dan.  saar,  a  sore,  a  wound,  or  an  ulcer  ; 
I),  iweer ;  G.  geschwur  ,*  Sw.  sar.  See  the  next 
word.] 

1.  A  place  in  an  animal  Imdy  where  the  skin  and 
flesh  are  ruptured  or  bruised,  so  as  to  be  pained  with 
the  Hlijjhtest  pressure. 

2.  An  ulcer;  a  boil. 

3.  In  Scripture,  grief;  affliction.     9  Cbran.  vi. 
S&RE,  a.     [Sax.  nur,  pain,  also  grievous,  painful;  D. 

leer ;  G.  sekr ;  also  8a.x.  sieier,  swar^  or  swer,  heavy, 
grievous;  Dan.  svter ;  G.  schwer ;  D.  twaar.  This 
seems  to  be  radically  the  same  word  as  the  former. 
See  Sorrow.] 

1.  Tender  and  susceptible  of  pain  from  pressure  ; 
as,  a  boil,  ulcer,  or  abscess,  is  very  sore ;  a  wounded 
place  is  .sore  ;  inflammation  renders  a  part  sore. 

2.  Tender,  as  the  mind  ;  easily  pained,  grieved,  or 
vexed  :  very  susceptible  of  irritation  from  any  tiling 
that  crosses  the  inclination. 

Ualic^  &nd  hntr^  are  ycrj  (reUing,  aiid  apt  to  make  our  minds 
aora  and  uneiwy.  TilioUon, 

3.  Affected  with  inflammation  ;  as,  sore  eyes. 

4.  Violent  with  pain  ;  severe  ;  afflictive  ;  distress- 
ing i  OS,  a  sore  disease  ;  sore  evil  or  calamity ;  a  sore 
night.  Com.  Prayer.     Skuk. 

5.  Severe  ;  violent ;  as,  a  sore  conflict. 

*i.  Criminal  ;  evil.     [Obs.]  Shak. 

SORE,  adv.     With   painful  violence;   intensely;   se- 
verely ;  grievously. 
*  Thy  hand  prenclh  nw  aora.  Com.  Prayer, 

2.  Greatly;  violently;  deeply.  He  was  sorely 
afflicted  at  the  loss  oi  his  son. 

Son  si£)t«d  tbe  knight,  who  thb  long  sermon  bearcL    Dryden. 

SORE,  V.  L    To  wound  ;  to  make  sore.    [Obs.] 

Spenser. 
SORE,  n.     [Fr.  sor-faleon.     Todd.] 

1.  A  hawk  of  the  first  year.  Speiiser. 

2.  [Fr.  saur.]     A  buck  of  the  fourth  year.    Shak, 
SORE'HON,  (n.     [Irish   and   Scottish.]     A   kind    of 
80RN,  \       servile  tenure  which   subjected  the 

tenant  to  maintain  his  chieAain  gratuitously,  when- 
ever he  wished  to  indulge  himself  in  a  debaurh.  So 
Ihitt,  when  a  person  obtrudes  himself  on  another  for 
bed  and  board,  he  is  said  to  «am,  or  be  a  corner. 

SpnisT.     Macbean. 
SOR'EL,  n.     [dim,  ot  sore.}     A  buck  of  the  third  year. 

Shak. 
SORE'LY,  adv.     [from  sore.]     With  violent  pain  and 
distress  ;  grievouetly  ;  greatly  ;  as,  to  he  sorely  pained 
or  afflicted.  ^ 

2.  Greatly ;  violently  ;  Beven;ly  ;  as,  lo  be  sorely 
pressed  with  wnnt ;  to  be  sorely  wounded. 
SORE'NESS,  n.  [from  sore.]  The  tenderness  of  any 
pan  of  an  animal  body,  which  renders  it  extremely 
susceptible  of  pain  from  pressure  ;  as,  the  soreness  of 
a  boil,  an  abscess,  or  wound. 

2.  Fiffvratirely,  tenderness  of  mind,  or  suscepti- 
bility of  mental  pain. 
ROR'GO,  n.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Sorghum. 
SO'KI.  n.pl.     Sec  Soaua. 
SO-RI'TKS,  n.     [li.,  from  Gr.  uwociTnt,  a  heap.] 

In   Ionic,  an  abridged  form  of  stating  a  series  of 
■yllogisins,  of  which  the  conclusion  of  each  is  a 

B remise    of   the    succeeding    one.      Thus,    A=:8, 
;  =r  O,  C  =  D  ;  then:fore,  A  =:  D.  Brande. 

BOKS'EDf  pp.     Obtruded  upon  a  friend  for  bed  and 
boarcL 


SOR 

aORN'ER,  n.  One  who  obtrudes  himself  on  another 
for  bt-d  and  board. 

90-R0R'I-CTDE,  n,     [L.  soror,  sister,  and   cado,  to 
strike,  to  kill,] 
The  murder  or  murderer  of  a  sister. 
[Little  used,  and  obviously  because  the  crime  is 
very  infrequent/l 

SOR'RAGE,  n.  The  blades  of  green  wheat  or  barley, 
[^Tot  u^ed.]  Diet. 

SOR'RANCE,  n.  In  farriery,  any  disease  or  sore  tn 
horses. 

SOR'REL,  a.     [Fr.  saure,  yellowish  brown  ;  Murtr,  to 
dry  in  the  smoke  ;  It.  sauro,] 
Of  a  reddish  color ;  as,  a  sorrel  horse. 

SOR'REL,  n.     A  reddiiih  color;  a  faint  red. 

SOR'REL,  a.  [Sax.  sur,  sour  ;  Dan.  syre^  sorrel ;  W. 
suran.\ 

The  popular  name  of  certain  species  of  Rumex,  as 
Runiex  acetosa,  Rumex  acetosella,  &.C.,  so  named 
from  its  acid  taste.  The  wood  sorrel  is  of  the  genus 
Oxalis  ;  the  Indian  red  and  Indian  white  sorrels  are  of 
the  genus  Hibiscus. 

Salt  of  sorrel;  binoxalate  of  potassa.  Brande. 

SOR'REL-TREE,  n.  As(>eciesof  Andromeda,  whose 
leaves  are  sometimes  used  as  a  substitute  for  sumach 
in  dyeing.  Farm.  Eneyc. 

SOR'RI-LV,  adv,  [from  «orri/.]  Meanly;  despica- 
bly ;  pitiably  ;  in  a  wretched  manner. 

Thy  pipe.  O  Pan,  shAll  ht-lp,  Uiongh  1  sing  aorrily.       Sidney. 

SOR'RI-aNESS,  n.  Meanness;  poorness;  despicable- 
ness. 

SOR'ROW,  n.  [Sax.  sor^:  Goth,  saurga;  Sw.  and 
Dan.  sorg,  care,  solicitude,  sorrow;  D.  zorg ;  G. 
sorge,  care,  concern,  uneasiness;  from  the  same 
root  as  sure,  heavy.] 

The  uneasiness  or  pain  of  mind  which  is  produced 
by  the  loss  of  any  good,  real  or  supposed,  or  by  dis- 
apiwintment  in  the  ex[>cclation  of  good;  grief;  re- 
gret The  loss  of  a  friend  we  love  occasions  sorrow ; 
the  loss  of  properly,  of  health,  or  any  source  of  hap- 
piness, causes  sorrow.  We  feel  sorrow  for  ourselves 
in  misfortunes ;  we  feel  sorrow)  for  the  calamities  of 
our  friends  and  our  country. 

A  world  of  woe  and  sorrow.  Milton. 


SOR'ROW,  V.  i,  [Sax.  sarian,  sargian,  sorgian,  Gottk 
saurgan,  to  be  anxious,  to  sorrow.] 

To  feel  pain  of  mind  in  consequence  of  the  actual 
loss  of  good,  or  of  frustated  hopes  of  good,  or  of  ex- 
pected loss  of  happiness  ;  to  grieve  ;  to  be  sad. 

1  rcjoic,  not  thnl  ye  were  made  son-y,  but  thai  ye  aorroieed  to 

rvpenUnce.  —  I  Cor.  tu. 
I  ilesiru  no  nnn  to  aorrovt  fur  me.  Hayieard. 

Sorroioing  most  of  all  lor  the  wonts  which  be  spoke,  that  they 
should  see  his  f:ic«  no  more.  — AcU  xi. 

SOR'ROW-BLIGHT-ED,  (-b!it-ed,)  a.  Blighted  with 
Sorrow.  Moore. 

SOR'R0W-£rD,p;».  Accompanied  with  sorrow.  [Abt 
in  use.]  Shak. 

SOR'ROW-FUL,  a.  Sad;  grieving  for  the  loss  of 
some  good,  or  on  account  of  some  expected  evil. 

2.  De'^ply  serious  ;  depressed;  dejected.     1  Sam.  i. 

3.  PrcMucing  sorrow;  exciting  grief;  mournful; 
as,  a  sorrowful  accident. 

4.  Expressing  grief;  accompanied  with  grief;  as, 
sorrowful  meat.     Job  vi. 

SOR'ROW-FJJL-LV,  ode.    In  a  sorrowful  manner;  in 

a  manner  to  produce  grief. 
SOR'ROW-FJJL-NESS,  n.    Slate  of  being  sorrowful ; 

grief. 
SOR'ROW-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Feeling  sorrow,  grief,  or 

regret. 
SOR'ROW-ING,  M.    Expression  of  sorrow.    Brotene, 
SOU'ROW-LE.^S,  a.     Free  from  sorrow. 
SOR'R0VV-STRICK-£N,  a.     Struck  with  sorrow  ;  de- 

pn'ssed. 
SOR'RV,  a,     [Sax.  sarig,  sari,  from  sar,  sore.] 

1.  Grieveo  for  the  los.s  of  some  good  ;  pained  for 
•ome  evil  that  has  hn|>pcned  to  one's  self,  or  friends, 
or  country.  It  dtycs  not  t)rdiiiarily  imply  severe 
grief,  but  rather  8li|[ht  or  transient  regret.  It  may 
be,  however,  and  often  is,  used  to  express  deep  grief. 
We  are  sorry  to  lose  the  company  of  those  we  love  ; 
we  are  sorrif  U>  lose  friends  or  pro[)erty  ;  we  are  sorry 
for  the  misfortunes  of  our  friends  or  of  our  country. 

And  the  king  wrj  aorry.  —  Matt.  xir. 

2.  Melancholy;  dismal.  Spenser. 

3.  Poor;  mean;  vile;  worthless;  as,  a  sorry 
slave  i  a  sorry  excuw.  U Estrange.     Dryden. 

Conrso  complexions, 
And  cheeks  of  sorry  ([fditi.  MUton, 

SORT,n.  [Fr.sortei  U.sorta;  Sp.suerte:  Port,  sorie  ; 
G.  id,f  D.  som-t;  Sw.  and  Dan.  sorti  L.  sors,  lot, 
chance,  state,  way,  sort.  This  word  is  from  the 
root  of  Fr.  *«rfir.  It.  sortirt,  L.  sortior ;  the  radical 
Sense  of  which  Is,  to  start  or  shoot,  to  throw  or  to 
fall,  to  come  suddenly.  Hence,  sors  is  lot,  chance^ 
that  which  comes  or  falls.  Tlie  sense  of  .'crt  is  prob- 
ably derivative,  signifying  that  which  i^  thrown  out. 
separated,  or  selected.] 

1.  A  kind  or  specien  ;  any  number  or  collection  of 
Individual  persons  or  things   characteri:£ed  by  the 


SOT 

same  or  like  qualities  ;  as,  ti  sort  of  men  ;  a  sort  of 
horses  ;  a  sort  of  trees  ;  a  soH  of  poems  or  writings. 
Sort  is  not  a  technical  word,  and  therefore  is  used 
with  less  precision  or  more  latitude  than  genus  or 
species  in  the  sciences. 
3.  Manner;  form  of  being  or  acting. 

Flowers,  in  siKh  sorl  worn,  cjin  nuther  be  smelt  nor  seen  wt-li  by 

thosp  lh,\l  wear  U>ein.  Hooker. 

To  Adam  in  what  aort  nhM  1  appear  t  MUton. 

3.  Class  or  order ;  as,  men  of  tbe  wiser  sort,  or  tbe 
better  sort ;  all  sorts  of  people.     [See  def.  1.) 

4.  Rank  ;   condition  above   tbe  vulgar.     [JVot  m 
vse.  ]  .  Shak. 

5.  A  company  or  knot  of  people.    [A"o(  in  «.?e.] 

Skci.     Waller. 

6.  Degree  of  any  quality. 

I  slult  not  be  wholly  widiout  praise,  if  in  some  aorl  1  h:ivi;  copied 
his  style.  liryiUn. 

7.  Lou     [Obs.]  Sfiak. 

8.  A  pair  ;  a  st;t ;  a  suiL 

Outof sorts;  outoforderj  hence, unwell.  [Low.] 
Halliwdl. 
SORT,  P.  u  To  separate,  as  things  having  like  quali- 
ties from  other  things,  and  place  them  in  distinct 
classes  or  divisions;  as,  to  sort  cloths  according  to 
their  colors  ;  to  sort  wool  or  thread  according  to  its 
fineness. 

Sh«ll  fish  hMC  been,  by  some  of  tljc  anck-nts,  compared  niid 

aoriad  with  h)seciB.  lUtcon. 

Rayi  wliicli  difter  in  rerranglbitiiy  maybe  parted  and  aorttd  from 

one  snuthcr.  Aculon. 

2.  To  reduce  to  order  from  a  state  of  confusion. 
[See  supra.] 

3.  To  conjoin  ;  to  put  together  in  distribution. 

The  Bwuin  perceiving,  by  her  words  ill  aorud, 

That  she  wus  wholly  I'runi  tterwH  truiisponett,  Droutn. 

4.  To  cull ;  to  choose  from  a  number ;  to  select. 

Tliat  be  may  aort  her  out  n  worthy  spouse.  Chajuman. 

SORT,  V.  i.     To  be  joined  with  others  of  th»  same 
species. 

Nor  do  mctils  only  aorl  with  metals  in  the  mrth,  and  minerals 
with  mincmls.  Woodaard, 

2.  To  consort ;  to  associate. 

The  illtbi^ralUy  of  parents  toward  children  makes  them  b^tsc  and 
«orl  with  any  company.  Bacon. 

3.  To  suit ;  to  fit. 

They  are  l»ppy  whose  natures  aorl  wijh  iheir  rocatioiis.  Baron, 

4.  To  terminate  :  to  issue;  lo  have  success.     [Fr. 
sortir.]      [J^ot  in  use.]  Bacon, 

5.  To  Hill  ouL     rJV*y(  in  use.]  Skak. 
SORT'A-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  sorted. 

2.  Suitable;  befitting.  Bacon. 

SORT'A-BLY,  adv.     Suitably  ;  fitly. 
SORT'AL,   a.      Pertaining  to  or   designating  a  sort 
[JVot  in  use.]  Locke.    ■ 

SORT'ANCE,  B.    Suitableness;  agreement.    [J^ot  in 

uxc.]  Shak. 

SOR'l'ED,  pp.    Separated  and  reduced  to  order  from 

a  state  of  confusion. 
SOR'TIE,  (sor'te,)  n.     [Fr.,  from  sortir,  to  issue.] 

A  sally  ;  the  issuing  of  a  body  of  troops  from  a  be- 
sieged place  to  attack  the  besiegers. 
SORT'I-LE6E,  n.     [Fr.,  from   L.   sortilegium;  sors, 
lot,  and  lego,  to  select.] 

The  actor  practice  of  drawing  lots  ;  divination  by 
drawing  lots.  */.  JV/.  Masoiu 

fSoBTiLEGT  is  uot  used.] 
SORT-I-Le'CIOUS,  a.     Pertaining  to  sortilege. 

Daiibut. 
SORT'ING,  ppr.    Separating,   as  things  having  like 

qualities  from  other  things,  and  reducing  to  order. 
SOR-TI"TI0N,  (-tish'un,)  n.     [L.  sortitio.] 

Selection  or  appointment  by  lit.  Up.  Hall. 

SORT'MENT,  n.    The  act  of  sorting;  distribution 
into  classes  or  kinds. 

2.  A  parcel  sorted.     [This  word  is  superceded  by 
AssoBrMt:?tT,  which  see.] 
SO'RUS,  n. ;  pi.  Sori.     [Gr.  ffw/ioj,  ft  heap.]     In  bota- 
ny, a  name  given  to  small  clusters  of  minute  cap- 
siiles  on  the  back  of  the  fronds  of  ferns. 
SO'RY,  n.    The  ancient  name  of  sulphate  of  iron. 
SOSS,  r.  (.     [G.  sauscn.     See  Souse.]  [Ure. 

To  fall  at  once  into  a  chair  or  soat ;  to  sit  lazily. 
[JVwt  in  use.]  Swift. 

SOSS,  n.  A  lazy  follow.  [Not  in  use  ;  but  some  of 
the  common  i>eople  in  New  England  call  a  lazy,  slut- 
tish woman  a  sozzle.] 
SOS'TE-J<rirTO,  [it.]  in  music,  sustaining  the 
sounds  to  the  utmost  of  the  nominal  value  of  the 
time. 
SOT,  71.  [Fr.  sot;  Arm.  sodt;  Sp.  lote,  iota;  Port. 
zote ;  D.  tot.  The  sense  is  stupid  ;  Cb.  >tv*  Class 
Sd,  No.  61.] 

1.  A  stupid  person  ;  a  blockhead;  a  dull  fellow  ;  a 
dolt.  Shak.    South 

•2,  A  person  stupefied  by  e;[cettsive  drinking;  an 
habitual  drunkard. 

What  can  ennoble  aola  9  Pop*. 

,  SOT,  v.L     To  stupefy  ;  to  infatuate  ;  to  besot 
j  f  hnti!  to  see  it  brave,  bold  felluw  aottad.  Drydan, 

I  [JVot  much  used.]     [See  Bkiot.] 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS.— C  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CII  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

1055" 


sou 

80T,  e.  1.    To  tipple  to  stupidity.     [LUtie  Hsed.] 
80-TE  RI-OL'O-GY,   m.      [Gr.  <ruirnt>to(,  salubrious. 

and  \  '>9s,  discourse.] 

A  discourse  on  health,  or  the  science  of  promoting 

ntiil  preservinfE  health. 
SoTH'ie  VfiAR,  «.    The  Egjptinn  year  of  3C5  days, 

6  hdur*,  so  called  from  Sothu.  the  das-«tar. 
SOT'Tl.^M,  a.     Dull;    stupid;   senseless;   diUii^h ; 

vt!r>*  foolish. 

How  i(nM€»j>l  are  MOUk  prrtfmlere  Ift  aaCrulo^  I  A«iO- 

2.  Pull  With  iniempemnce. 
80T'TIi«H-LY,  arfr.    Stupidly  ;  aenselessly;  without 

rpn3»»n.  _  Bentie^. 

SOT'TISH-NESS,  m.    Dullncas  in  the  exercise  of  rea- 
son ;  stupidity. 

Frv  coiMnlfr  uiu  wIlu  At^t^  of  tvt&Annt  and  coafinnMl  i^ 
oofAMT  taeu  m*y  nuk  LSe.i*^*,'*.  AmiA. 

9.  Stiipiilitv  from  intoxication.  Stmtk. 

SOT  TO  »'0'C/':,(va'chi,)  [It.]    In  anuic,  with  a  r&- 

strained  voice  or  moderate  lone. 
SOI),  (^lo,)  ■••  !»'■  Soi'9.     [Fr.  -^ou,  «al.1 

A  French  money  of  account,  and  a  coppor  coin,  in 
vntue  the  OiMh  part  of  a  Itvrs,  or  uf  a  franc. 
SOU'BAM.     Jiee  SDa«H. 

SOoi^HoNG'!!"-    A  kind  of  black  lea. 

SOCGII,  (MitK)   c.   u     [Tcut.   ji»(:^ii.l     To   whistle; 

am^iVd  Co  U«  wtiU.  Hist,  of  the  lieymt  Socutf. 

SOUgH,  (suf,)  n.     A  small  drain  ;  an  adii. 

Buchanan, 
S,   {prvn.  sow.)     A  hollow  murmur  or  roarinjf;  a 
bnulng ;  as,  a  soufk  in  the  ears. 

Ben  Joa.-t0n.     HailiwtlL 
SOUGH,  (i«uf,)  tu    [Scotch.]   To  whistle,  as  the  wind. 
SOUGHT,  (^awl,)  fret,  and  pp,  of  Seek. 

I  am  fvMiml  of  t}«-m  who  «ou/Ai  tne  not. —  Is.  Isr. 
SOUL,  (sdlc.)  N.     [Sax.  Mirr/,  mv/,  or  soii/i*  G.  seek; 
IX  zief  :  Dan.  siri;  Sw.  Ad/.) 

L  The  spiritual,  rational,  and  immortal  substance 
tn  man,  which  distiniruishc!i  him  from  brutes  ;  that 
part  of  man  ^'^  bich  eniihlc^  hun  tu  think  and  reason^ 
and  which  renders  him  a  subject  uf  moral  p^rcm- 
nent.  The  immortality  of  the  muI  is  a  fundamental 
article  cf  the  CbriatiaB  qrsten. 

Bucbbike  mmi* «r  dw  b«nM  M«<,lhtf  k«Mt  hi«*  ■«  Ood, 
fto  ot^Kt  of  mpmom  aSrvAon.  J.  Bdmm^, 

S.  The  nnderstanding  ;  the  intellectual  principle. 

Tte  «y**  of  our  mmtt  then  onIj  begin  to  wet,  when  our  t<o>Ulj 


3.  Vital  principle. 

TkM  MM,  >/  Iha  ^natX  wwM  baCh  wj*  and  ««Mt. 

4.  Spirit ;  essenc*  ;  ckief  put ;  as,  charity,  the 
ami  of  all  tb«  virtaea. 

EnMioo  to  tte  «Oirf  flf  lllliill  £.  p9Htr. 

2L  Ufe ;  animatJnf  principle  or  part;  as,  an  able 
comnunder  is  like  smU  of  an  army. 
&  Internal  power. 

TVn  la  Baa»  «(mI  «t  (oodnrw  ia  tUngv  evS.  SStak. 

7.  A  human  beiny ;  a  peraon.  There  was  not  a 
mul  present  In  l^ris  there  are  more  than  seven 
hundred  thou.^nd  souls.  London,  Westminster, 
Soutliwark,  and  the  suburbs,  are  said  to  contain 
twelve  bundr^  thousand  asmis* 

&  Animal  life. 

1^  (Mf«r  their  mm!  from  deotb,  utd  b>  keep  then  «U<re  b 

9.  Active  power. 

And  beavnt  wotiA  ftf  b?4utv  be  drtvln^  nwl.        Drydtn. 

10.  Spirit ;  eonrage  ;  fire  ;  grandeur  €€  mind. 

Thot  he  wxnU  cawtiao  he  miM  arado  cotl^a^ 

Bui  not  ■  mmti  to  pre  oor  *m»  aucccM.  YbuRf . 

11.  Generosity;  nobleness  of  mind;  a  coUo^mmoI 
%se. 

VX.  An  intelligent  being. 

E*rty  99ml  ia  hnTca  ohMil  bnd  tte  kace.  JUUfeMi. 

13.  Heart;  adection. 

TV  M«I  of  Jotkubu  WM  kalt  »4th  Ite  oomI  of  DkvU.  —  1  Sun. 

14.  In  Scripturt^  appetite ;  as,  the  full  scmJ ;  the 
hungry  somL     Proc  xivit.     Job  xxxiit. 

15.  A  familiar  compellation  of  a  person,  but  often 
expressinc  some  qualities  uf  the  mind  ;  as,  alas  I 
pnor  toui  :  he  was  a  good  am»iL 

SOUL,  r.  L    To  endue  with  a  aonL    [A't/t  u»e4  } 

Ckamea-. 

SOWL,  i  "•  *■    f ^"*  *^  '^'''  hT%Ahj  pottage.] 
To  aflbnl  suitable  sustenance.     [JVof  in  »««.] 

fVarm/T. 
S^UL'-BELL,  x.    The  passing  bell.  HaJL 

SOUL'-BE-TftZY'ING.  a.     Tending  to  betray  the 

sntiL 
SOUL'-eiLM'IXG,  (kim'ing,)  a.   Tranquilizing  the 

soul.  Le*. 

SOUL'-DE-STROY'I,VG,  a,     Pemicions  to  the  soul. 

Procrastination   of  repentance   and   faith  is  a  soul- 

aestroying  evil. 
BOUL'-DIiEAS^fD,  a.    Diseased   in  soul  or  mind. 

(A"o«  used.]  Spenser. 


SOU 

SGUL'-DIS-SOUV'IXS'G,  d.  MulUng  or  tending  to 
soOin  the  soul.  BeattiK. 

SOUL'*:n,  a.  Instinct  with  sou!  or  feeling  ;  as,  Gre- 
cian chiefs  larcely  souled.  Drytlen. 

SOUL'-li.N-TRA-NC'ING, a.    Enrapturing  the  soul. 

Coleridge, 

SOUL'-FFAT,  rt.    Dceptv  felL 

SOUL'-llARD'£N-£l),a.     Having  an  obdurate  heart. 

CoteriJffe. 

SOUL'LESS,  a.  Without  a  soul,  or  without  greatness 
or  nobleness  of  mind  ;  mean  ;  spiritless. 

81kv«,  n>uU«M  villMii.  Sftak, 

SOUL'-SeOT,  )  n.     [soul  and  scot.]     A  flineral  duty, 
SOUL'-SIIOT,  j      or  money  |mid  by  the  Roman  Catli- 
olic^,  in  former  timesii  fur  a  requiem  fur  the  »iul. 

SOUL'-SEARCH-IN'G,  (afile'sercli-ing,)  o.  Searching 
the  soul  i-r  hcrtrl. 

SOUL'-SF:LlrING,  a.  [wm/  and  sell.]  Selling  per- 
som  i  dealing  in  the  purchase  and  sale  of  huuinn  be- 
inffs.  ./.  Barluw. 

SCUL'-SICK,  a.  [soul  and  ftdk.]  Diseased  in  mind 
or  soul ;  morally  disea-ted.  Hall. 

POUL'-Srm-RlS'G,  fl.   Exciting  the  soul.  E.  Everett. 

SOUL'-SUB-DOING,  «.     Subduing  the  soul. 

SOUND,  «.  [Sax.  sundt  I),  firioitd ;  G.  iresund;  Dnn. 
and  Sw.  sund  :  Basi|ue,  sendoa  ;  I*,  sanus  ;  Fr.  rain  ; 
Sp.  and  lu  ^ano;  Ch.  and  Sjr.  |Dn.  Class  Sn,  No. 
18,24,35.  It  is  fnmi  driving  or  straining,  stretch- 
ing.] 

1.  Entire;  unbroken;  not  shaky,  sj^il,  or  defect- 
ive ;  Rii,  sound  timber. 

2.  Undecayed  ;  wh  le  ;  perfect,  or  not  defective; 
as,  n>un<^  fruit ;  a  sound  apple  or  melon. 

3.  Unbriiken  ;  not  bruised  or  defective  ;  not  lacer- 
ated or  dt-cayed  \  as,  a  sound  limb. 

4.  Nut  carious  ;  not  decaying  ;  as,  a  sound  tooth. 
b.  Not  bruken  or  decayed ;  not  defective ;  as,  a 

sound  shift. 

6.  Whole ;  entire ;  unhurt ;  unmutilated  ;  as,  a 
sound  body. 

7.  Healthy ;  not  diseased ;  not  being  in  a  niurbld 
state  ;  having  all  the  organs  complete  and  in  (lerlect 
action  ;  as,  a  sound  body  ;  sound  health  ;  a  sound  cim- 
slilutiun  ;  a  sound  man  ;  a  sound  burse. 

8.  Founded  in  tniih  ;  firm  ;  strong ;  valid  ;  solid  ; 
th:it  can  not  be  overthrown  or  refuted  ;  as,  sound 
reasoning;  a  sound  argument ;  a  soutid  objection  ; 
sound  doctrine ;  sound  principles. 

9.  Right ;  correct ;  well  founded  ;  free  frum  error; 
orthodox.    3  Tim.  i. 

Let  nijr  brait  be  •owmI  ta  itgr  otatutca.  —  Ps.  exit. 

10.  Heavy  ;  laid  on  with  force ;  as,  sound  strokes  ; 
^scund  beating. 

11.  Founded  in  right  and  law  ;  legal ;  valid  ;  not 
defective  ;  that  can  nut  be  overthrown  ;  as,  a  sound 
title  to  land  ;  sifund  justice. 

12.  Faiit;  profound;  unbroken;  undisturbed;  as, 
sound  sleep. 

11  Perfect,  as  intellect ;  not  broken  or  defective  ; 
not  enfeebled  by  age  or  accident ;  not  wild  or  wan 
drring;  not  deranged;  as,  a  sound  mind;  a  sound 
understanding  or  reason.  ^ 

Sound  currency ;  in  commerce^  a  currency  whose  ac- 
tual value  is  the  same  as  its  nominal  value  ;  and,  if 
in  bank  notes  or  other  substitute  for  silver  and  gold, 
a  currency  which  is  so  sustained  by  fiind^  that  it  is 
at  any  time  convertible  into  gold  and  silver,  and  of 
course  of  equal  value. 
SOUND,  adv.    Soundly  ;  heartily. 

So  tound  be  tivpi  that  nou^bt  mi^hi  Liin  awake.        Sptnser, 

SOU.VD,  n.     The  air-bladder  of  a  fish. 

SOUND, a.  [Sdtx.sundy  a  narrow  sea  or  .<^rnit,  a  swim 

ming ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  sund ;  Pers.  vJLw  shana,  a  swim 
ming,  L.  matctio.  Q,u.  can  this  name  l>e  given  to  a 
narrow  sea,  because  wild  ttenjits  were  accustomed  to 
pass  it  by  swimming,  like  Bosjtorus:  or  is  the  word 
from  the  root  of  sound^  whole,  denoting  a  stretch,  or 
narrowness,  from  stretching,  like  straight;  or  from 
its  sounding?] 

A  narrow  passage  of  wat^r,  or  a  strait  between  the 
main  land  and  an  isle;  or  a  strait  connecting  two 
peas,  or  conneiting  a  sea  or  lake  with  the  occ:in  ;  as, 
the  sound  which  connects  the  Baltic  with  the  ocean, 
between  I>enmark  and  Sweden  ;  the  sound  lliat  sep- 
arates Long  Island  from  the  main  land  uf  New  York 
and  Connecticut. 
SOUND,  a.  [Fr.  sonde  i  Sp,  sonda.  See  the  following 
verb.] 

An  instrument  which  surgeons  introduce  into  the 
bladder,  in  order  to  discover  whether  there  is  a  stone 
in  that  viscus  or  not.  Cooper.     Sharp. 

SOUND,  r.  U  [Sp.  sondar  or  sandbar  ;  Fr.  sonder. 
This  word  is  probably  connected  with  the  L,  sonvs, 
Eng.  soundj  the  primary  sen-se  of  which  is,  to  stretch, 
or  reach.] 

I.  To  try,  as  the  depth  of  water  and  the  quality  of 
the  ground,  by  sinking  a  plummet  or  lead  attached 
to  a  line  on  which  are  marked  the  number  of  fath- 
oms, to  ascertain  the  depth  of  water.     The  lower 


sou 

end  of  the  lead  is  covered  with  tallow,'  by  means  of 
which  some  pttrtion  of  the  earth,  sand,  gravel,  sliells, 
&c.,  of  the  bottom,  adhere  to  it,  and  are  drawn  up. 
By  these  mennw,  and  the  di'pth  of  water,  and  the  na- 
ture of  tlie  boiioui,  which  are  careftilly  marked  on 
good  charts,  seamen  may  know  how  far  a  ship  is 
from  land  in  the  night,  or  in  thick  weather,  and  In 
ninny  cases  when  the  land  is  loo  remute  tu  be  visi- 
ble. 

2,  To  introduce  a  sound  into  the  bladder  of  a  pa- 
tient, in  urder  to  ascertain  whether  a  stone  is  there 
or  not. 

When  a  p&tieiit  is  to  be  toundtd.  Cooptr, 

3.  To  try ;  to  examine ;  to  discover,  or  endeavor 
to  discover,  that  which  lies  concealed  in  another's 
breast ;  tu  search  out  the  intention,  opinion,  will,  or 
desires. 

I  waa  in  ]m, 
Anti  liT  ihut  olTer  mriint  to  tound  your  brcaM.  DryiUn. 

I'vt  touTultd  iiijr  NiiniiiUana  man  bjr  mttii.  Adduon. 

SOUND,  V.  i.  To  use  the  line  and  lead  in  learchlng 
the  depth  of  water. 

Tb«  ftliipmoD  Mounded,  and  found    It  twenty  fixthotni.  —  AcU 
sxvii. 

SOUND,  n.    The  cuttle-fish.  Ainsworth. 

SOUND,  n.  [Sax.  son ;  W.  sien ;  Ir.  join ;  Fr.  son ;  It. 
sttonoi  Sp.  son  ;  L.  sonua^  from  sono^  to  sound,  sing, 
rattle,  beat,  &,c.  This  may  be  a  dialectical  variation 
of  L.  lonus^  (o?io,  which  swMus  to  be  allied  to  Gr.  rn- 
K.f,  to  stretdi,  or  strain,  I.,  teneo,] 

1.  Noise  ;  report ;  the  object  of  hearing  ;  that  which 
strikes  the  ear  ;  or,  more  philosophically,  an  Impres- 
sion, or  tiie  effect  of  an  impression,  made  on  the  or- 
gans of  hearing  by  an  impulse  or  vibration  of  the  air 
caused  by  a  collision  of  bodies,  ur  by  other  means ; 
as,  the  sound  uf  a  trumpet  or  drum  ;  the  souml  of  the 
human  voice;  a  horrid  sounds  a  charming  sowid;  a 
sliarp  sound  ;  a  high  sound, 

3.  A  vibration  of  air  caused  by  a  collision  of  bod- 
ies, or  other  means,  sutlicienl  to  affect  ttie  auditory 
nerves  when  [>erfect.  Some  persons  are  so  entirely 
deaf  that  they  can  not  hear  the  loudest  sounds.  Jiud- 
ible  sounds  are  such  as  are  perceptible  by  the  urgans 
of  hearing.  Sounds^  not  audible  to  men,  may  be 
audible  to  animals  of  niure  sensible  organ.s. 

3.  Noise  without  signification  ;  empty  noise  ;  noise 
and  nothing  else. 

It  U  the  »eiiM,  and  noi  Ibe  tound,  tliat  niuK  be  the  pHncIpIa. 

Locka . 

SOUND,  V.  X,  To  make  a  noise  ;  to  utter  a  voice  ;  to 
make  an  impulse  of  the  air  that  shall  strike  the  or- 
gans of  hearing  with  a  particular  effect.  We  say,  an 
instrument  sounds  well  or  ill ;  it  sounds  shrill ;  the 
voice  sounds  harsh. 

And  Ant  taught  speaking  irucnpeia  bow  to  tound.      Drydsn. 

9.  To  exhibit  by  sound,  or  likeness  of  sound.  This 
relation  sound*  rather  like  a  fiction  than  a  truth. 

3.  To  be  conveyed  in  sound  ;  to  be  spread  or  pub- 
lished. 

Prom  70U  toundtd  out  the  wonl  of  (be  Lord.  —  1  Theia.  i. 

To  sound  in  damages,  in  laio,  is  when  there  is  no 
specific  value  of  property  in  demand  to  serve  as  a  rule 
of  damages,  as  in  actions  of  tort  or  trespass,  an  distin- 
guished from  actions  of  debt,  &.c.  Ellsworth, 
SOUND,  V.  t.  I'o  cause  to  make  a  noise ;  as,  to  sound 
a  trumpet  or  a  horn. 

3.  To  utter  audibly ;  as,  to  sound  a  note  with  the 
voice. 

3.  To  play  on  ;  as,  to  sound  r.n  instrument. 

4.  To  order  or  direct  by  a  sound  ;  to  give  a  signal 
for,  by  a  certain  soutid  ;  a--*,  to  sound  a  retreat. 

5.  'i'o  celebrate  or  honor  by  sounds;  to  cause  to  be 
reported  ;  as,  to  sound  one's  praise. 

6.  Tu  spread  by  sound  or  rei)ort ;  to  publish  or  pro- 
claint ;  as,  to  sound  the  praises  or  fame  of  a  great 
man,  or  a  great  expluit.  We  sometimes  say,  to  sound 
abroad. 

SOUNO'-B^ARD,  )  n.     A  thin  board  which  prop- 

SOUND'ING-B6ARD,  |  agates  the  sound  in  an  or- 
gan, violin,  or  other  musical  instrument. 

To  many  a  row  uf  pip^a  the  tound-board  breathes.       MUton. 

2.  A  board,  or  structure  with  a  flat  surface,  sus- 
pended over  a  pulpit,  to  prevent  the  sound  of  the 
preacher's  voice  from  ascending,  and  thus  propaga- 
ting it  farther  in  a  hori7.ontal  direction. 

SOUND'ED,  p;7.  Caused  tu  make  a  noise;  uttered 
audibly. 

2.  Explored  ;  examined. 
80UND'-HEAD-ED,.a.     Having  sound  principles. 
SOUND'-[lE.\RT-ED,  (-hirt-ed,)  a.     Having  a  sound 

heart  or  affections. 
SOUND'ING,  ppr.    Causing  to  sound  ;  uttering  audi- 
bly. 

a.  Trying  the  dejith  of  water  by  the  plummet;  ex- 
amining the  .'ntention  or  will. 

3.  a.     Sonorous;  making  a  noi.se. 

4.  Having  a  ntagnificent  sound;  as,  words  more 
saundins  or  significant.  J^ryden, 

SOUND'ING,  n.    The  act  of  uttering  noife  ;  the  act 
of  endeavoring  to  discover  the  opinion  or  desires;  the 
act  of  throwing  the  lead. 
2.  In   surgery,  the  operation   of  introducing   the 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.\T.— MeTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MAMNT;,  BIKD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK. 


sou 

sound  into  the  bladdery  called  Searching  fur  the 
stone.  Cooper. 

SOUND'ING-BOARD.    See  Sopnd-Boabd. 

SOUND'ING-POST,  n,  A  small  post  in  a  violin  and 
vtolonci:!!llOf  set  under  the  bridge  for  a  support,  for 
propagating  the  sounds  to  the  back  of  the  instru- 
ment. 

SOrND'INO-ROD,  n.  A  rod  or  piece  of  iron  used  to 
ascertain  the  depth  of  water  in  a  ship's  hold.  It  is 
let  donri  in  a  groove  by  a  pump.  Mar.  Diet, 

SOIJND'IN'GS,  n.  pi.  Any  place  or  part  of  the  ocean, 
where  a  deep  sounding  line  will  reach  the  bottom  ; 
also,  the  kind  of  ground  or  bottom  where  the  lead 
reaches. 

a.  The  quality  of  the  ground  brought  up  by  the 
soundine-lead,  and  the  depth  of  water.  Tofen. 

SOIJNU'LEISS,  d.  That  can  not  be  fathomed  ;  having 
no  Atuiid. 

SOUND'LY,  ode.  [firom  sound^  entire.]  Healthily ; 
boartily. 

2.  Severely  ;  lustily  ;  with  heavy  Mows ;  smartly ; 
as,  to  beat  one  soundly. 

3.  Truly  ;  without  fallacy  or  error  ;  as,  to  judge  or 
reason  soundly, 

4.  Firmly;  as,  a  doctrine  jomju//;/ itettled.  Bacon. 

5.  Fast  i  closely  ;  so  as  not  to  be  easily  awakened  ; 
as,  to  sleep  ioundltj.  Locke. 

SOUND'iVESS,  li.  Wholeness;  entireness ;  an  un- 
broken, unimpaired,  or  undecayed  stale  ;  as,  the 
soundness  of  timber,  of  fruit,  of  the  teeth,  of  a 
lunb.  Sec.     [Sec  Sootro.] 

2.  An  unimpaired  state  of  an  animal  or  vegetable 
body  ;  a  state  in  which  the  organs  are  entire,  and 
regularly  perform  their  functions.  We  say,  the 
soundnejit  of  the  body,  the  soundness  of  the  constitu- 
tion ;  the  soundness  of  health. 

3.  Firmness  ;  strength  ;  solidity  ;  truth  ;  BS^sound- 
nesa  of  reasoning  or  argument,  of  doctrine  or  princi- 
ples. 

4.  Truth  ;  rectitude  ;  firmness  ;  freedom  from  error 
or  fallacy  ;  orthodoxy  ;  as,  soundness  of  faith. 

SOUP,  (soop.)  II.     [Fr.  soape  :  It.  luppa^  sop ;  Sp.  sopa^ 

sop,  or  situp;  G.  suppe;  D.  soep;    Ice.  saup.      [See 

Sur  and  Sop.l 
Strong  brulD;  a  decoction  of  flesh  for  food,  highly 

seasoned. 
SOUP,  fsoop.)  V.  L    To  sup  ;  to  breathe  out.     [JVot  in 

use,]  Widif. 

SOUP,  (soop,)  r.  u    To  sweep.    [J^ot  in  use.]     [See 

SwKCP  and  Swoop.]  HalL 

SOUR,  a.     [Sax.  *iir,  surig ;  G.  sauer;  D.  iu«r;  Sw. 

svr  ;  Dan.  suur  ;  VV.  sitr ;  .Arm.  sur  ;  Fr.  sur,  sure  ; 

Heb.  "iiD,  to  depart,  to  decline^,  to  turn,  as  liquors,  to 

become  sour.     See  Class  Sr,  \o.  16,  and  No.  11. J 
i.  Acid  ;   having  a  pungent   taste  ;   sharp   to  the 

tmste  ;   turt^   as,  vinegar  is  souri   sour  cider;  sour 

beer. 

2.  Acid  and  austere,  or  astringent ;  as,  sun-ripe 
fruits  are  often  sour. 

3.  Harsh  of  temper;  crabbed  ;  peevish  ;  austere; 
morose  ;  as,  a  man  of  a  sour  temper. 

4.  Afflictive  J  as,  sour  adversities.     ;'JVo(  in  use.] 

Shak. 

5.  Expressing  discontent  or  peevishness.  He 
never  uttered  a  sour  word. 

Tb«  loni  treuurer  afl:n  looked  on  me  wiib  a,  aour  eount«n»nc«. 

Swi/L 

6.  Harsh  to  the  feelings  ;  cold  and  damp ;  as,  sour 
weather. 

7.  Rancid  ;  musty. 

8.  I'urned,  as  milk  ;  coagulated. 

SOUR,  n.     A  sour  or  acid  substance.  Spenser. 

SOUR,  V.  L  To  make  acid  ;  to  cause  to  faax'u  a  sharp 
taste. 

So  tbe  Mn'a  h«ftl,  with  dilfcivnt  pow«r«, 

Ripros  Ute  8''-*P^i  Uie  liquor  aoura.  Su^/l, 

2.  To  make  harsh,  cold,  or  unkindly. 

Tufb  of  fraja  $our  land.  Mortinur. 

3.  To  make  harsh  in  temper  ;  to  make  cross,  crab- 
bed, peevish,  or  discontented.  Misfortunes^  often 
a§mr  the  temper. 

Pride  had  aU  aourwd,  oot  wnth  dcbued  mj  beAzt.       HarU. 

4.  To  make  uneaiiy  or  less  agreeable. 

H«ll,  gr^Al  kiiif  t 
To  «our  y^ar  happtacH  I  Riua  report 
The  quMD  k  de«u/.  ■  SfiaJt. 

5.  In  rural  eeonamy,  to  macerate,  as  lime,  and  ren- 
der fit  for  plaster  or  mortar.  Kneye. 

SOUR,  V.  i.    To  become  acid  ;  to  acquire  the  quality 
of  tartness  or  pungency  to  the  taste.     Cider  sours 
rapidly  in  the  rays  of  the  sun.    When  food  sours  in 
the  stomach,  it  is  evidence  of  imperfect  digestion. 
S.  To  become  peevish  or  crabbed. 


SOURCE,  «.  [Fr.  source;  Ann  souretan  ;  either  from 
sourdrt  or  *or(ir,  or  the  L.  surgo.  The  Italian  sor- 
genU  is  from  surgo.] 

1.  /'ropcrZy,  the  spring  or  fountain  from  which  a 
stream  of  water  proceeds,  or  any  collection  of  water 
within  the  earth  or  upon  its  surface,  in  which  a 
■cream  originates.    This  is  called  also  the  head  of 


sou 

the  streiitn.  We  call  the  water  of  a  spring,  where  it 
issues  from  the  earth,  the  source  of  the  stream  or 
rivulet  proceeding  from  it.  We  say  also,  that 
springs  Imve  their  sources  in  subterranean  ponds, 
lakes,  or  collections  of  water.  We  say  also,  that  a 
large  river  has  its  source  in  a  hike.  For  exam[)!e,  the 
St.  Lawrence  has  its  source  in  the  great  lakes  of 
America. 

a.  First  cause  ;  original ;  that  which  gives  rise  to 
any  thing.  Thus  ambition,  the  love  of  power,  and 
of  fame,  have  been  the  sources  of  half  the  calami- 
ties of  nations.  Intemperance  is  the  source  of  innu- 
merable evils  to  individuals. 

3.  The  first  producer  ;  he  or  that  which  originates  ; 
as  Greece,  the  source  of  arts.  iValler. 

SOUR'-CROUT,  (  n.     [G.  sauer-kraut,  i.  e.,  sour-cab- 

SOUR'-KROUT,  i      bage.] 

Cabbage  cut  fine,  pressed  into  a  cask,  and  suffered 
to  ferment  till  it  becomes  sour. 

SOUR'DET,  n.     [Fr.  sourdine,  from  sourd,  deaf.] 
The  little  pipe  of  a  trumpet. 

80UR'-I>OCK,  n.     Sorrel,  so  called. 

SOUR'SD,  pp.     Made  sour  ;  made  peevish. 

SOUR'-GOURD,  n.  An  evergreen  tree  of  the  genus 
Adansonia,  which  yields  a  fruit  resembling  a  gourd. 
[See  .\DAr«»o?(i4.] 

SOUR'IXG,  p/rr.  Making  acid;  becoming  sour;  mak- 
ing peevish. 

SOUR'l.NG,  71.     That  which  makes  acid. 

SOUR'ISII,  a.  Somewhat  sour;  moderately  acid  ;  as, 
sourish  fruit ;  a  sourLih  taste. 

SOUR'LV,  ado.     With  acidity. 

2.  With  peevishness  ;  with  acrimony. 

The  •tern  Alhenian  prince 
Then  aourty  snuled.  Dryden, 

3.  Discontentedly.  Brown. 
SOUR'NESS,  ».     Acidity  J  sharpness  to  the  taste; 

tartness ;  as,  the  sournsss  of  vinegar  or  of  fruit. 


3.  Asperity  ;  harshness  of  temper. 


SOUR'-SOP,  «.  A  small  evergreen  tree  of  the  West 
Indies,  the  Anona  muricatn.  which  hears  a  large  sue* 
cutent  fruit.  It  is  closely  allied  to  the  custard  apple. 
Loudon.     P.  C^ 

SOUS,  (soo,)  n. ;  pi.  of  Sou  or  Sol.     [See  Sou.] 

SOUSE,  n.     [U.  sousirfachy  watery.] 

1.  Pickle  made  with  «alt. 

2.  Something  kept  or  steeped  in  pickle. 

3.  The  ears,  feet,  &.C.,  of  swine  pickled. 
SOUSE,  0.  ^     To  steep  in  pickle. 

Bui  toute  the  cabba^  with  a  butiiiteous  h<?art.  Pop*. 

3.  To  plunge  into  water. 

Thejr  touted  me  into  the  Thamei,  with  u  little  remorsn  aa  they 
druwn  Ulud  \  upptcs.  Sluilc. 

SOUSE,  P.  i.     [Ger.  sausen,  to  rush.] 

To  fall  suddenly  on ;  to  rush  with  speed ;  as  a 
hawk  on  its  prey. 

Jove'i  bird  will  toute  upon  the  tfmoroua  linre.  Dryden. 

SOUSE,  r.  L     To  strike  with  sudden  violence,     Shak. 
SOUSE,  ik/b.     With  sudden  violence.     [TTtis  vord  is 

hit  and  vultfar.] 
SOUS'fTD,  (sonsij  pp.     Steeped  in  pickle. 

2.  Plunged  into  water. 
SOUT'ER,  (sool'cr,)  h.     fSax.  sutere;  L.  sutor.] 

A  shoemaker  ;  a  cobbler,     f  JVtft  in  lue.]      Cnaiuer, 
SOUT'ER-LY,  adv.     Like  a  cobbler.     [J^ot  in  use.] 
SOUT'ER-RAIN,  n.     [Fr. ;  that  is,  sub-terrain,  under 
ground.] 
A  grotto  or  cavern  under  ground.    [JSTot  F.nsrti^h.] 

jjrbuthnot. 
SOUTH,  n.     [Sat.  rfutA;  G.  siid ;  D.  zuid;  Dan.  sud  ; 
8w.  adfr  ,-  Fr.  sud  :  Arm.  su  ] 

1.  The  north  and  south  are  opposite  points  in  the 
horixon  ;  each  ninety  degrees,  or  the  quarter  of  a 
great  circle,  distant  fnmi  the  east  and  west.  A  man 
st'inding  with  his  face  toward  the  eai^t  or  rising  sun, 
has  the  suuiM  on  his  right  hand.  1'he  meridian  of 
every  plare  is  a  great  circle  passing  through  the 
norlti  and  south  points.  Strictly,  south  is  the  hori- 
zontal point  in  tlje  meridian  of  a  (ilace,  on  the  right 
hand  of  a  person  siaiidiug  with  his  face  toward  the 
east.  Hut  the  word  in  applied  to  any  p4^>int  in  the 
meridian,  between  the  horizon  and  the  :eenith. 

2.  In  a  less  exaet  sense,  any  p<*inl  or  iilace  on  the 
earth  or  in  the  heavenn,  which  is  near  the  meridian 
toward  the  right  hand  :ls  one  faces  the  east. 

3.  A  southern  region,  country,  or  place;  as,  the 
queen  of  the  south,  in  Hcriitturc.  So,  in  Europe,  the 
people  of  Spain  and  Italy  are  spoken  of  as  living  in 
the  south.  In  the  United  States,  we  speak  of  the 
Stales  of  the  suutk,  and  of  the  north. 

4.  The  wind  that  blows  from  the  south.  [J^ot 
used.]  Shak, 

SOUTH,  a.     In  any  place  north  of  the  tropic  of  Cancer, 

pertaining  to  or  lying  in  the  meridian  toward  the 

sun  ;  as,  a  south  wind. 

2.  Ileing  in  a  southern  direction  ;  as,  the  south  sea. 

SOUTH,  adv.    Toward  the  south.    A  ship  sails  south; 
the  wind  blows  south. 


SOW 

SOUTH-eOT'TI-AN,  n.  A  follower  of  Joanna  SouHi 

cott,  a  fanatical  female,  who  made  a  great  noise  in 

England  at  the  close  of  tlm  last  and  beginning  of  the 

present  century. 
SOUTH-KAST',  n.     The  point  of  the  compass  equally 

distant  frtuu  the  south  and  east.  Bacon. 

SOUTH-EAST',  a.     In  the  direction  of  south-east,  or 

coming  from  the  south-east  ;  as,  a  south-east  wind. 
SOUTH-kAST'ER-LY,  a.     In  the  direction  of  south 

east  or  nearly  so. 
3.  From  the  south-east,  as  wind. 
SOUTH-kAST'ERN,  o.    Toward  the  south-east. 
SOUTH'EH-LY,  (suth'er-ly,)  a.     Lying  at  the  south, 

or  in  a  direction  nearly  south  ;  as,  a  southerly  |)cint. 
3.  Coining  from  the  south  or  a  point  nearly  sttuth  ; 

as,  a  southerly  wind. 
SOUTH'ER.V,   (suth'ern,)    a.     [Sax.    suth    and    ern, 

place.] 

1.  Belonging  to  the  south;  meridional;  as,  the 
southern  hemisphere. 

2.  Lying  toward  the  south  ;  as,  a  soiUhern  country 
or  climate. 

3.  Coming  from  the  south  ;  as,  a  southern  breeze. 
SOUTH'EU.X  ER,  (suth'ern-er,)  it.     An  inhabitant  or 

nativr  of  the  south  or  Southern  States. 
SOUTH'ERN-LY,     (suth'ern  ly.)  ado.     Toward    the 

south.  Hakeicill. 

SOUTH'ERN-MOST,    (sutft'ern-mflst,)   a.      Furthest 

toward  the  south. 
SOUTH'EKN-WQQD,   (suth'ern-W9<?d,)  n.     A    plant 
nearly  allied  to  the  wormwood.  JUiller. 

The  southernwood   is  the  Artemisia  nbrotanum,  a 
congener  of  the  wormwood. 
SOUTH'IiNG,  a.    Going  toward   the   south  ;  as,   the 

southintf  sun.  Dryilen. 

SOUTHING,  n.    Tendency  or  motion  to  the  south. 

Dryden. 
3.  The  southing  of  the   moon,  the  time  at  which 
the  moon  passes  the  meridian.  Mar.  Diet. 

3.  Course  or  distance  soutli ;  the  dilference  of  lati- 
tude made  bv  a  vessel  to  the  southward. 
SOUTH'MOST,  a.     Furthest  toward  the  south. 

MUton. 
SOUTH'ROX,  (suth'-,)  n.     An  inhabitant  of  the  more 
southern  part  of  a  country.  IV.  Scott, 

ISu^IIIaY-'erJ      See  Sooth,.,. 

SOUTH'WARD,  (suth'ard,)  adv.  Toward  the  south  ; 
as,  to  go  southward.  Locke. 

SOUTH'WARD,  (suth'ard,)  n.  The  southern  regions 
or  countries.  Ralegh. 

SOUTH-WEST',  n.  [south  and  loest]  The  point 
of  the  compass  equally  distant  from  the  south  and 
wesL  Bacon. 

SOUTH-WEST',  a.  Lying  in  the  direction  of  the 
south-west ;  as,  a  south-Kiest  country. 

2.  Coming  from  the  south-west ;  as,  a  south-west 
wind. 

SOUTH-WEST'ER-LV,  a.  In  the  direction  of  south- 
west, or  nearly  so. 

2.  Cotning  from  the  south-west,  or  a  point  near  it ; 
as,  a  south-westerly  wind. 

SOUTH-WEST'ERN,  a.  In  the  direction  of  south- 
west, or  nearly  so;  as,  to  sail  u  south-westem  course. 

SOUV'E-NANCE,(soov'e-nance,)  w.  [Fr.]  Remem- 
hranee.     [.Vut  F.nirlL-^h,  nor  if  it  used.]  Spenser. 

SOUV'E-NlR,  (soov'e-neer,)  ?u  [Fr.]  A  remem- 
brancer. 

SOVEREIGN,  (suv'er-in,)  a.  [We  retnin  this  bar- 
barous orthography  from  the  Norman  souvereigny 
which  doubtless  was  adopted  through  a  mistake  of 
its  origin.  7'lie  true  spelling  would  boSrvERAn,  from 
the  It.  suprmus,  superus  ;  Fr.  aouverain  ;  It.  sovrano  ; 
Sp.  and  Port,  suberano.     See  Suveban.] 

1.  Supreme  in  power;  possessing  supreme  domin? 
ion  ;  as,  a  sovereign  prince.  God  is  the  soaercig^ 
Ruler  of  the  universe. 

2.  Supreme  ;  superior  to  nil  others  ;  chief.  God  is 
the  sorereiirn  good  of  all  who  love  and  obey  him. 

3.  Supremely  eflicacious  ;  superior  to  all  others; 
predominant ;  efiectual ;  as,  a  sovereign  remedy. 

4.  Supreme  ;  pertaining  to  the  first  magistrate  of  a 
notion  ;  as,  sovereign  authority. 

SOV'ER-EIGX,  (suv'er-in,)  n.  A  supreme  lord  or 
ruler  ;  one  who  possesses  the  highest  authority  with* 
out  control.  Some  earthly  princes,  kinga,  and  em- 
perors are  sovereigns  in  their  dominions. 
3.  A  supreme  magistrate  ;  a  king. 
3.  A  gold  coin  of  England,  value  20s.  or  £1  ster- 
ling. 

SOV'ER-EIGN-IZE,  (suv'er-inlze,)  v.  i.  To  exercisg 
supreme  authority.     [JVwt  in  itse.\  Herbert. 

SOV'ER-EIGN-LY,  (suv'eMn-le,)  adv.  Supremely; 
in  the  highest  degree. 

Ho  WHJ  tootre'ignly  lovnly  in  hiinsflf,     [LHHt  uitd.\      Boyls. 

SOV'ER-EIGN-TY,  (suv'er-in-te,)  n.  Supreme  pow- 
er ;  supremacy;  the  possession  of  the  highest  power, 
or  of  uncontrollable  power.  Absolute  sonereignly 
belongs  to  God  only. 

SOW,  V.     [Sax.  sitga;  Sw.  sug-ga;  D.  zeug ;  G.  fiau.] 

1.  The  female  of  the  hog  kind  or  of  swine. 

2.  An  ohlong  piece  of  lead.  Ainsworth, 

3.  An  insect ;  a  millept^d.  Jiinsworth. 


TONE,  BJjLL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  aaK;0a8J;  ia«Z;  Cl?a*  SH;  ?H  V»  in  J^^^, 


1 3  J 


1057 


Mtiton. 


SPA 

— —  '■   ■  ■—  — •■■--■     ■     ■  I      I  I 

SOW'-BRKAD,  (-bred,),  n.     \  tuberotis-rooted  pinnt 

of  (tie  peiius  C>'ctuiuen,  on  which  wild  Hwm«  in 

Itnlv  fefd.  Loution, 

SOW'-BL'G,  H.     An  isopodoua  crustaceoua  animal ;  a 

ntillt'iH't). 
SOW'-THIS-TLE,  {-lliis'l.)  «.     A  plant  of  the  genus 

Sunchus,  said  to  be  eaten  by  swine  and  some  otlier 

annuals.    The  t^vay  soMhtAistU  is  of  the  genus  An- 

do'afai. 
SOW,  0.  L  ;  yreL  Sowed  ;  pp.  Sowkd  or  Sowrt.     [StkX. 

$aieam;   G.  siUn ;  D.   zaajetn   8w.   sai    Dan.    saafr  ; 

Russ.  ji'vH  ;  perhaps  L.  vtH.     This  word  is  probably 

contracted.] 

!.  To  scatter  on  ground,  for  the  purpoM  of  growth 

and  the  pro<luc»!un  of  a  crop  ;  as,  to  sow  good  seed  ; 

to  sow  a  bushel  of  wheat  or  r>'e  to  the  acre  ;  to  sotc 

oats,  c!ovi'r,  or  bartey ;  to  mw  seed  in  drills,  or  (o 

sow  it  brund-fasL    Oata  and  Aai  should  be  sown 

early  in  the  spring. 
Q,  To  scatter  seed  over  for  growth ;  as,  to  tow 

gnnind  or  land  ;  to  tow  ten  or  a  hundred  acres  in  a 

year. 

3.  Tb  spread,  or  to  originate ;  to  propagate ;  as,  to 
warn  discord. 

Bom  lo  ftAict  m^  Mareia'a  famtlr. 

And  «ow  tlMMMon  ia  the  ht^na  of  brothm  AddUon. 

4.  To  eupfdy  or  Mock  with  seed. 

Tike  in^llKiual  fikcuhr  i»  ft  gooill^  Add,  Mnd  It  b  tte  wont  hu»- 
buklfj  iu  the  wond  to  mm*  it  with  thflM.  Hal*. 

5.  To  scatter  over ;  to  besprinkle. 

H'  rowarf  with  ctu>  «fcF  bmvra. 

Mora  ixnr  tom€d  the  c*rtb  witk  orirat  p«trL 

SOW,  V.  i.  I'o  scatter  seed  for  growth  and  the  pro- 
duction of  a  crop.  In  .Vew  England,  farmers  begin 
to  SOX  Id  April. 

They  tbdt  «ow  in  tmn  ah&II  n^p  In  Joy.  —  Pt.  cxxrU 
SOW,  for  Saw,  is  not  in  use.     [See  Sew.] 
POW'A.NS, /«,    pL     [Scottish.!      A    nutritious    artl- 
SOW'EN?,  S     cle  of  food  made  from  the   husk   of 
^   tlir  oat,  by  a. process  not  unlike  that  by  which  com- 
mnn  starch  is  made.     In  England  it  is  called  Flum- 

HE    T. 

SOWCE,  for  Soi-SE.     [See  SotT»E.l 

SOW'£D,;>^     Scntterrd  on  ground,  as  seed;  sprinkled 

with  seed,  as  ground.     We  say,  seed   is  sowed;  or 

hind  ii  itmed. 
SOWER,  a.    He  that  seaUerv  seed  for  propagation. 

BefaoM.  a  tnmtr  w«Bl  fank  in  ww.  —  Matt.  siB. 

9.  One  who  scatters  or  spreads  \  u,  m  miosp  of 
words.  UakrwiU, 

3.  A  breeder ;  a  promoier ;  as,  a  sever  of  suits. 

Baeon. 
SOWING,  ppr.    Scattering,  as  seed  ;  sprinkling  with 

!*ced,  as  ground  ;  sticking  with  set^ 
SOWING,  a.    The  act  of  scattering  aoed  fur  propaga- 
tion. 
S0WIN8,  a.  p/.    See  Sow*ir». 
SOWL,  ».  u     To  pull  by  the  eara.  Shak. 

[JVM  nstd  ta  ^mrruaJ] 
SOU  N,  pp.    Scattered,  as  seed  ;  B[»1ukled  with  seed, 

as  ground. 
SOY,  M.     A   kind  of  sauce  for   A)«h,  brought  chiefly 
from  Ja[»an,  prepared  principally  from  the  seeds  of  a 
leguminnse  plant  called  SojA,or  rather  Soya,  which 
is  the  Soja  hispida.  Tally. 

SOZ'ZLE,  a.  (See  Sos».]  A  sluttish  woman,  or  one 
that  spills  water  and  other  liquids  carelessly. 

-Vcic  Fjnffland. 
SPA,  a.   A  general  name  for  a  spring  of  mineral  water, 

from  a  place  of  this  name  in  Germany. 
SPXAD.  (sEKid,)  a.    A  kind  of  uiineral ;  spar.    [Sp. 

e-pato.  J     [  Otji.  ]  n'oodward. 

SPACE,  a.  [Fr.  e^ac* ;  Sp.  espacio ;  It.  gpa'.io;  L. 
rpatimm,  space;  spatuTj  to  wander.  This  word  is 
probably  formed  t.n  the  root  of  puUo.     Class  Rd.] 

1.  Room ;  exteniitoa.  Space,  in  the  ab.str.u:t,  is 
mere  extension. 

Purv  tpatm  m  cmfmitke  netclwr  oC  irvmuwe  nor  tao&xt.    LocN. 

S:  Any  quantity  of  extension.  In  relation  to 
Wkdies,  spac*  is  the  interval  btrtween  any  two  or 
mnreobjects ;  as,  the  spcce  between  two  stars  or  two 
hilts.  The  quantity  of  spac^  or  extent  between 
bodie?,  constitutes  their  distance  from  c.ich  other. 

3.  The  distance  or  interval  between  lines;  as  in 
books.  The  spacts  in  music  are  named  as  well  as 
the  lines. 

4.  Quantity  of  time ;  also,  the  intf  rral  between 
two  points  of  time. 

Nine  dawa  d»  ma  ilwt  ■ew im  dar  and  oi^L       Aft/am. 
God  nay  (Mft  m  JndfBenta  far  »  tunc,  uxl  gin  a  people  a 
iomget  mpoa  far  icpeBiaaM.  TVloUon. 

5.  A  short  time;  a  while. 

To  *ur  jroor  deadlj  «rife  •  tyaca.  Spenstr. 

[?'*«  sense  is  aeor/y  ohaolae^l 
SPACE,  o.  L    To  rove.     (AW  in  use.]  Spenstr. 

SPACE,  V.  t.     Among  prtnters,  to  make  spaces  or 

wider  intervals  between  lines. 
SPACED,  (spist,)  pp.    Divided  into  wider  intervals 

between  lines. 
SPACE'FJJL,  tt.     Wide  ;  extensive.     [AVI  %sfd.^ 

Sandys. 


SPA 

SPACING,   ppr     Making  wider    intervals    between 

lines. 
SPA'CIOL^S,  a.     [Fr.  spaeieux;  Sp.  spatioso;  It.  spa- 

tioso :  L.  spatiosus.1 

1.  Wide  ;  rotimy  ;  having  large  or  ample  room  ; 
not  narn>w  ;  as,  a  spacious  church  j  a  spacious  hall 
or  drawing-room. 

2.  Extensive;  vast  in  extent;  as,  the  spacious 
earth  ;  the  spacious  ocean. 

SPA'CIOIIS-LV,  adv.    Widely  ;  extensively, 
SPA'CIOUS-XESS,  a.     Widenoss ;    largeness  of  ex 

tent ;  riM^miness  ;  as,  the  spaciousness  of  the  rooms 

in  a  building. 

3.  Extensiveness  ;  vastncss  of  extent ;  as,  the  ^a 
cioHjinf-ss  of  the  ocean. 

SFAD'OLE,  a.     [dim.  of  spade.]     A  little  sjtade. 

Jilortimer. 

SPADE,  a.  [^&]t.  spady  spada;  G.  spaten:  D.  spaade  : 
Dan.  and  Sw.  spatlr  :  prub;ibly  from  breadth,  exten- 
sion, coinciding  with  L.  spatula^  from  the  root  of 
pateo.} 

1.  .An  instrument  for  digging  or  cutting  the  ground, 
consisting  of  a  broad  and  nearly  rectangular  blade 
of  iron  with  a  handle. 

2.  A  suit  of  cards. 

3.  A  deer  three  years  old  ;  written  also  Spaid. 

4.  A  gelded  beast.     [Ij.  spado.] 

SPADE,  F.  e.  To  dig  with  a  spade  ;  or  to  pare  off  the 
swnnl  of  land  with  a  spade. 

SPADE'-BONE,  n.  [spade  and  bone.]  The  shoulder- 
blade.     [I  belter e  little  used.] 

SPADE'F^'L,  n.  [.-ipade  and  fuU,]  As  much  as  a 
spade  will  hold. 

SPA-Ur'CEOUS,  ^spa  dish'us,)  a.    [L.  spadiceus^  from 
spadii,  a  light  rea  color.] 
1.  Of  a  light  red  color,  usually  denominated  Bat. 

Bromn. 
3.  In  botany,  a  spadieeous  fiower,  is  a  sort  of  ag- 
gregate flower,  having  a  receptacle  common  to  many 
florets,  within  a  spatha,  as  in  palms,  dracontium, 
arum,  &C  Martyn. 

8P.\-DILLE',  (spa-dil',)  a.  [Fr.]  The  ace  of  spades 
at  omber.  ^ 

SPAD'ING,  ppr.    Digging  with  a  spade. 

SPA'DIX,  a.  [L.]  In  botany, Wie  receptacle  in  palms 
and  some  othei  plants,  proceeding  from  a  spatha. 

Martyn. 

SPA'DO,  a.    [I*]    A  gelding.  BroiDn. 

SPA-DROON^,  a.  A  cut  and  thrust  sword,  lighter 
than  a  bntadsword.  Smare. 

SPA-GYR'ie,  0.     [L.  spagi/ricus.] 
Chemical.     [J<rot  ta  use.] 

SPA-GYR'ie,  a.    A  chemisU    [J^ot  m  use.]      Hall. 

SPAG'VR-IST,  n.    A  chemist    [J^ot  in  use.]    Boyle. 

SPX'HEE,  (   a.      (Turk,  sipakiy  Pcrs.   sipahee.      See 

SPA'III,      i       SiAPor.] 

One  of  the  Turkish  cavalry.  The  spahisv/cre  dis- 
banded with  the  janizaries. 

SPAKE,  pre£.  of  Speak  ;  nearly  obsolete  We  now  use 
SroKE. 

SP^LL,  (spawl,)  n.     [Fr,  epaaie ;  It.  spalla.] 

1.  The  shoulder.     (AW  English.]  Fairfax. 

2.  A  chip.     (Abt  in  use.] 

SPALT,  (  n.     A  whitish,  scaly  mineral,  used  to  pro- 

SPliLT,  S      mote  the  fusion  of  metals.   Bailey,   .^sk. 

SP.ALT,  a.     j^Dan.  spalt^  a  split  ;  G.  spalten^  to  spIiL] 
Brittle;  liable  to  break  or  split.  NalUjeell. 

SP.-V.N,  n,  [Sax,  span;  D.  span;  G.  spanne ;  Dan. 
spand^Ti  span  in  measure;  Sw.  ^span,  a  span  in  meas- 
ure, and  a  set  of  coach  horses,  G.  ge.<pann  ;  verbs, 
Sax.  spannan,  to  span,  to  unite  ;  gespanian,  to  join  ; 
D.  and  G.  ^pann^n  ;  Dan.  spander,  to  strain,  stretch, 
bend,  yuke.  This  word  is  formed  on  the  rttoi  of 
bind,  L.  pando.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  strain, 
stretch,  extend,  hence  to  join  a  team,  Dan.  for^pand, 
D.  gespan.] 

1.  The  space  from  the  end  of  the  thumb  to  the 
end  of  the  little  finger  when  extended  ;  nine  inches; 
the  eighth  of  a  fathom.  Hulder, 

3.  A  short  space  of  time. 

hitt  '•  l-ut  a  *pan ;  I  "11  ercrj  iuch  ea}oj.  FhrquAar. 

3.  In  arehitecture,  the  spread  or  extent  of  an  arch 
between  its  abutment':. 

4.  .\  span  of  horses,  consists  of  two,  usually  of 
about  the  same  color,  and  otherwise  nearly  alike, 
which  are  usually  harnessed  side  by  side.  The  word 
signifies  properly  the  same  as  Yoke,  when  applied  to 
horned  rattle,  from  buckling  or  fastening  together. 
But  in  America,  span  always  implies  resemblance  in 
col  r  at  least ;  it  being  an  object  of  ambition  with 
gentlemen  and  with  teamsters  to  unite  two  horses 
abreast  that  are  alike. 

5.  In  seamen's  language,  a  rope  secured  at  both 
ends  lo  any  object,  the  purchase  being  hooked  to  the 
bicht.  Toit^. 

SPAN,  V.  t.  To  measure  by  the  hand  with  the  fin- 
gers extended,  or  with  the  fingers  encompassing  the 
object ;  as,  to  span  a  space  or  distance ;  to  span  a 
cylinder. 

9.  To  measure  or  reach  from  one  side  of  to  the 
other  ;  as,  to  span  the  heavens. 

SP.AN,  r.  I.  To  agree  in  color,  or  in  color  and  size  ; 
88,  the  horses  span  well.  JVew  England. 


SPA 

SPAN.  prrU  of  Sem.     [Obs.]     We  now  use  Srvn. 
SPAN'CCL,  n.    A  rope  lo  tie  a  cow*s  hind  legs.    [Lo- 

eoL]^  Orose, 

SPAN'CEL,  c.  i.    To  tie  the  legs  of  a  horse  or  cow 

with  a  rope.     [Local.]  Jilalone. 

SPAN'OEL-ING,ppr.     Tying  a  cow's  hind  legs. 
HPAN'eOUN-TER,   I  n.     A  piny  at  which  money  is 
SPAN'FXR-THING,  (       thrown  within  a  sjmn  or  cir- 
cuit m.Trkfd  Ste\fl. 
SPAX'DUEL,  n.    The  irregular  triangular  space  be- 
tween the  curve  of  an  arch  and  the  rectangle  inclos- 
ing it.                                                                      OwiU. 
SPANE,  r.  U     [D.  speenen.] 

To  wean.     (AV*I  in  use-.] 
SPANG,  n.     [D.  spanne,  a  spangle  ;  Gr.  <peyy(i}.] 

A  spangle  or  shining  ornament:  a  thin  piece  of 
metal  or  other  shining  material.    \J\rol  in  uxe.] 

Bacon. 
SPAN"GLE,  (spang'gl,)  a.     [Supra.]     A  sm.ill   plate 
or  bi.ss  of  sinning  metal ;   sumetbiug  brilliant  used 
as  an  ornament, 

2.  .^ny  little  thing  spnrkling  and  brilliant,  like 
pieces  uf  nietnl ;  as  crystals  of  ice. 

Kor  the  rich  ipangtes  ilml  adoni  ihe  tkjf.  Walitr, 

SPAN"GLE,  (spang'gl,)  r.  (.  To  set  or  sprinkle  with 
Bpnngles  ;  to  adorn  with  small,  distinct,  brilliant 
bodies  ;  as,  a  spangled  breastplate.  Donne. 

Wh.it  Blari  do  tjtangle  ht-avfii  wilh  •nch  bcauiy,  Shak. 

SPAN"GL/':D,  (span'gld.)  pp.  or  a.    Set  with  spangles. 
SPAN"GLI:R,  n.     One  that  spangles.  Keates. 

SPAN"GLING,  ppr.     Adorning  with  spangles. 
SPAN'IEL,  (span'yel,)  n.     [Fr.  epagneul;  said  to  be 
from  W.-tpaniola,  now  Haijlt.] 

1.  A  dog  used  in  spurts  of  the  field,  remarkable 
for  his  sagacity  and  obedience.  Drydcn. 

2.  A  mean,  cringing,  fawning  person.  Shak. 
SPAN'IEL,  a.     Like  a  spaniel;  mean;  fawning. 

Shak, 

SPAN'IEL,  r.  i.  To  fawn;  to  cringe;  to  be  obse- 
quious. 

SPAN'IEL,  V.  t.     To  follow  like  a  spaniel. 

SPAN'IEIj-ING,  ppr.     Following  like  a  spaniel. 

SPAN'ISil,  a.     Pertaining  to  Spain. 

SPAN'LSII,  n.    'i'he  language  of  Spain. 

SPAN'ISII-BROU.M,  n.  A  shrub  of  the  genus  spar- 
tium,  thickly  set  wilh  verdant,  flexible,  rush-like 
twigs.  Lojuion. 

SPAN'ISH-BROWN.  n.  A  species  of  earth  used  in 
paints.  Its  color  depends  upon  the  sesquoxyd  of 
iron. 

SP.^NTSH-FLT,  «.  A  coleopterous  insect,  the  Can- 
tliaris  vesicHtoria,  used  in  vesicatories,  or  composi- 
tions for  raising  blisters. 

SPAN'ISH-NUT,  n.  A  bulbous  plant,  the  Morffia 
Sisyrinchium  of  the  south  of  Europe.  Miller. 

SPAN'ISH-WHITE,  n.  A  white  eurih  from  Spain, 
used  in  paints.  What  is  so  called  in  New  England, 
in  soft  carbonate  of  calcia,  or  clialk,  in  line  powder. 

SPANK,  r.  f.  [W.  panifc,  a  Mow;  allied  perhaps  to 
the  vulgar  hang,  and  found  in  the  Persic] 

1.  To  strike  on  the  breech  wilh  the  open  hand  ;  to 
slap. 

2.  V.  i.  To  move  wilh  a  quick,  lively  step  between 
a  trot  and  gallop.  Qrose. 

SPANK'ER,  n.     A  small  coin.  Durham. 

2.  In  .teanien^s  language,  the  after-sfiil  of  a  .-^hip  or 
hark,  being  a  fore-and-aft  sail,  attached  to  a  gatl"; 
formerly  culled  Driver.  Totten. 

3.  One  thill  takes  long  strides  in  walking  ;  also,  a 
sunn  person.  Halliiocll. 

SPANK'ING,    ppr.     Striking   wilh   the  open   h  nd ; 
moving  with  a  quick,  lively  pace. 
9.0.     Liirge;  stout.     [Vulgar.]  HalUioelL 

SPAN'-LONG,  a.     Of  the  length  of  a  span. 

B.  Jonson. 
SPAN'NKD,  (spand,)  pp.  Measured  wilh  the  hand. 
SPAN'NER,  n.     One  th.it  spans. 

2.  The  lock  of  a  fusee  or  carbine;  or  the  fusee 
itself.  Bailey.     Bowering. 

3.  An  iron  instrument  used  in  the  manner  of  a 
lever  to  tighten  the  nuts  upon  screws.         Brands. 

SPAN'-NEW,  (-nu,)  a.  [G.  spajinea ;  allied  perhaps  to 
spangle:] 

Unite  new  ;  probably  Bright-new. 

SPAN'NING,  ppr.  iMtrasuring  wilh  the  hand;  en- 
compassing with  the  fingers. 

SPAN'-ROOF,  n.  A  Common  roof,  having  eaves  on 
two  sides.  Owilt. 

SPAN'-WORM,  n.  Another  name  for  the  canker- 
worm,  of  various  species,  (which  see  ;)  so  called  from 
its  [>eculiar  mode  of  progression, 

SPAR,  n.     '" 
spar,  a 

bar  of  a  gale  ;  Sw.  sparre,  a  rafter;  Fr.  barre;  It. 
sharra,  a  bar;  Sp.  esparr,  a  fossil ;  espar,  a  drug  If 
this  word  is  connected  with  spare,  Ihe  primary  sense 
is  probably  thin.  The  sense  of  bar  and  .^ar  ia,  how- 
ever, more  generally  derived  from  thnisling,  shoot- 
ing in  length  ;  so  .tpear  likewise.     See  Bah.] 

1.  Any  earthy  mineral  that  breaks  with  regnl.ir 
surfaces,  and  has  some  degree  of  luster ;  a  crystal- 
Ii7.ed  earthy  mineral  of  a  shining  luster.  It  is  the 
German  spath.  Dana. 


,  n.     [D.  spar,  a  rafter,  a  shingle  ;  G.  sparren, 
,  a  rafter  ;  Dan.  spar,  a  spar,  a  small  beam,  the 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PBBV.— PINi;,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE.  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


SPA 

2.  Amon^  seamen^  a  general  Umi  for  masls,  yards, 
bourns,  and  gnfFs.  Totten. 

3.  Aiming  old  architecttt,  a  piece  of  timber  of  vari- 
ous kinds  ;  still  used  locally  for  rafters. 

Olo.*.t.  ofJIrckit, 

4.  The  bar  of  a  ^te  or  door.     [Obs.]     Chaucer. 
BPARfF.  t,     [Sax.  sparratt;  G.  spcrrtn:  irnm  j*par.] 

To  bar ;  to  shut  close,  or  fasten  wiili  a  bar.     [0^5.] 

Cha  Hcer. 

SPAR,  r.  i.  [Sax.  spirian^  to  argue,  or  dispute,  to  as- 
pire ;  Russ.  sporyuy  to  dispute,  to  contend  ;  Ir.  «pflr- 
nam.  'VXxe  Saxon  word  signifies,  to  dispute,  also,  to 
investigate,  to  inquire,  or  explore,  to  follow  after. 
Tins  13  another  form  of  the  L.  spiroy  Gr.  (nrdipw, 
<nrtip(u.  The  primarj'  sense  is,  to  urge,  drive,  throw, 
propel.] 

1.  To  dispute  ;   to  quarrel  in  words  ;  to  wrangle. 
[Tkui  is  the  affwe  of  the  word  in  JJmerica,] 
9.  To  fipht  with  prelusive  strokes.  Johnson. 

SPAR'A-BLE,  w.  [^i^arroio-bUl^  from  the  shape.]  The 
name  of  shoemakers'  nails. 

SPAR'A-DRAP,  n.  [Ft.]  A  cere-cloth,  [^'ot  Eng- 
li.<h.] 

SPAR'a!(HJS   S    See  Asparagus,     [yulfrar.] 

SPARE,  p.  L  [Sax.  spartan;  D-  spaaren;  G.  spar  en ; 
Dan.  sparer;  bw.  spara :  Fr.  epnra^ner.  ft  seems  to 
be  from  the  same  root  as  1*.  parco:  It.  sparagnare.] 

1.  To  use  frugally;  not  to  be  profuse;  not  to 
waste. 

Thou  thy  Father*!  ihunder  ditUl  not  tpare.  Mitton. 

2.  To  save  or  withhold  from  any  particular  use  or 
occupation.  He  has  no  bread  to  spare-y  that  is,  to 
withhold  from  his  necessary  uses. 

AU  the  time  be  could  tpare  from  (be  ntc^rxarj  cir-t  of  hw 
weiybiy  ctiarj?,  he  bestowed  on  prayer  and  i^rYing  of 
God.  KnolUt. 

3.  To  part  with  without  much  inconvenience ;  to 
do  withouL 

I  coul'J  have  belirr  apared  n  bettt^r  in*a.  Sftak. 

Nor  can  we  Mpart  yon  long.  Drj^n 

4.  To  omit ;  to  forbear.  We  might  have  spared 
xhis  t<>il  and  expense. 

B^  plos^il  your  polttice  to  ipara.  Dryden, 

5.  To  use  tenderly  ;  to  treat  with  pity  and  forbear- 
ance; to  forbear  to  afflict,  punish,  or  destroy. 

Span  u«,  food  Lord,  Com.  Prayer. 

Dim  s.-ulne«  did  not  tpare 
CeIe«iU!  »i»g"«.  M\!\rm. 

But  inan  aJooe  can  whom  be  coixiuen  tpare.  Waller. 

6.  Not  to  take  when  in  one's  power  ;  to  forbear  to 
destroy  ;  as,  to  spare  the  life  of  a  prisoner. 

7.  I'o  grant ;  to  allow  ;  to  indulge. 

Where  angry  Jov  did  nerer  tpare 

One  breath  uf  kind  and  lempenitc  air.  Roacommon. 

8.  To  forbear  to  inflict  or  impose. 

Spare  my  sight  the  p\]n 
Of  sefing  wh.il  a  worlil  ol  itrara  K  cost  you.  Dryten, 

SPARE,  r.  i.     To  live  frugally  ;  to  be  parsimoniotu. 

Pope. 

2.  To  forbear  ;  to  be  scrupulous. 

To  pltick  and  eat  my  (ill  I  tpared  nnL  Milion, 

3.  To  be  frugal ;  not  to  be  profuse. 

4.  To  use  mercy  or  forbearance  ;  to  forgive ;  to  be 
tender. 

The  king  —  vaa  tparing  and  com p»af innate  toward  bb  anh}ecta. 

Bacon, 
SPARE,  a.     [Sax.  .«7NPr.] 

1.  Scanty  ;  parsimonious ;  not  abundant ;  as,  a 
spare  diet. 

He  wn  tpare,  tnit  illacTert  of  ip^wh.  Carett, 

[We  more  generally  ti^'p,  in  the  latter  application, 
SrARi^o;  an,  he  was  sparing  of  words,] 

2.  That  c:in  l»e  dispensed  with  ;  not  wanted  ;  su- 
perfluous.    I  have  no  irpare  time  on  my  hand.i. 

\{  that  ntJ  spare  cloih-  s  h'  had  to  gi»e.  Spenter. 

3.  Held  in  re-*erve,  to  be  used  in  an  emergency; 
as,  a  spare  anchor. 

4.  Lean  ;  wanting  flesh  ;  meager;  thin. 


5.  Slow.     \J^ot  in  »w«,  or  locaW]  Oront. 

SPARE,  n.     Parsimony  ;  frugal  use.     [J^ot  in  use,] 

Bacon, 
PPJ^R'fin,  j»p.     Dispensed  with;  saved;  forborne. 
SPSKE'I.Y.flrfp.     Sparingly.  MUton. 

SPARE'NESS,  n.    State  of  being  lean  or  thin  ;  lean 

nfs^.  Hammond. 

SPAR'ER,  n     One  that  avoids  unnecessary  exp-.-nse 

H^vUon. 
SPARE'-RIII,  Ti.     [D.  «pier,  a  muscle,  and  rib.] 

The  piece  of  a  hog  Uiken  from  the  side,  consisting 
of  the  ribs  with  liitle  flesh  on  them. 
SPAR  GE  FA€'T10N,  n.     [L.  spargo,  to  sprinkle.] 
1'he  act  of  sprinkling.    fJVoe  uied.]  Diet. 

SPAR'-IIUNc;,  a.    Hung  with  spar,  as  a  cave. 

Holmes. 
BV  AK'XJVG,  ppr.     Using  frugally;  forbearing;  omitting 
to  punish  or  dertrny, 


SPA 

3.  a.    Scarce  ;  little. 

Of  this  ibere  is  with  you  tparing  memory,  or  none.       Baam. 

3.  Scanty ;  not  plentiful ;  not  abundant ;  as,  a 
tparing  d  ieU 

4.  Saving;  parsimonious. 

Virgil,  being  lo  rerr  tparing  of  his  words,  and  iearing  so  much 
to  be  irniigiiiml  by  iiie  reader,  can  never  be  tranaluted  as  be 
ought  in  any  modrrn  tongue,  Dryden. 

SPAR'ING-LV,  adv.     Not  abundantly.  Shak. 

2.  Frugally  ;  parsimoniously  ;  not  lavishly. 

High    titlt-s    of  honor  were,  in  the    king's    minority,   tparingly 
(tranted,  because  dignity  then  wi^il'd  on  desert.    Hay^oard. 
Conuneiid  but  tparingUj  wltom  thuu  dost  love.  Denham. 

3,  Abstinently ;  modemtely. 

Chrisii:ins  are  oljtigeU  to  taste  even  the  Innocent  pleasures  of  life 
but  tpanngty.  AUerbttry. 

4.  Seldom  ;  not  frequently. 

The  momliiy  of  a  grave  sentence,  aSi'cted  by  Lucan,  Is  more 
tparingly  used  uy  Virgil.  Dryden. 

5,  Cautiously  ;  tenderly.  Bacon. 
SPAR'ING-NESS,  ti.     Parsimony  ;  want  of  liberality. 

2,  Caution.  Barrow. 

SPARK,  «.     [Sax.  spearc;  D.  spartelen,  to  flutter,*to 

sparkle  ;  Dan.  sparker,  to  wince,  or  kick.     The  sense 

is,  that  which  shoots,  darts  off,  or  scatters  ;  probably 

allied  to  L,  spargo  and  Russ.  sverkayu.] 

1.  A  small  particleof  fire  or  ignited  substance  which 
is  emitted  from  bodies  in  combustion,  and  which  ei- 
ther ascends  with  the  smoke,  or  is  darted  in  another 
direction.  Pope. 

2.  A  small,  shining  body  or  transient  light. 

We  h.ave  here  and  there  a  liule  clear  light,  and  some  tparkt  of 
bright  knowledge.  Locke. 

3.  A  small  portion  of  any  thing  active.  If  any 
spark  of  life  is  yet  remaining. 

4.  A  very  small  portion.  If  you  have  a  spark  of 
generosity, 

5.  A  brisk,  showy,  gay  man. 

The  finest  tparkt  and  cleanest  beaux.  Prior, 

6.  A  lover. 

SPARK,  V.  1.    To  emit  particles  of  fire,  to  sparkle. 

[.Vot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

SPARK'rrL,  a.     Lively;  brisk;  gay  Camden. 

SPARK'ISil,  a.     Airy  ;  gay.  WaUfi. 

2.  Showy  ;  well  dressed  ;  fine.  VEstrange. 

SPARK'LE,  (spark'l,)  n.     A  spark.  Dryden. 

2.  A  luminous  particle. 
SPARK'LE,  (spirk'l,)  v.  i.     [D.  spartelen.] 

1.  To  emit  sparks  ;  to  send  off  small  ignited  parti- 
cles ;  as  burning  fuel,  &.C. 

2.  To  glitter;  to  glisten;  as,  a  brilliant  sparkles; 
sparkling  colors.  Locke. 

3.  To  twinkle;  to  glitter;  as,  jpflrWin^  stars. 

4.  To  glisten  ;  to  exhibit  an  appearance  of  anima- 
tion ;  as,  the  eyes  sparkle  with  joy.  Milton. 

5.  To  emit  little  bubbles,  as  spirituous  liquors  ;  as, 
sparkling  wine. 

SPARK'LE,  V.  L  To  throw  about;  to  scatter.  [JVot 
in  use.]  Sackville. 

SPARK'LER,  n.  He  or  that  which  sparkles;  one 
whose  eyes  sparkle.  Addison. 

SPARK'LET,  n,     A  small  spark.  Cotton. 

SPARK'U-NESS,  n.  Vivacity.  [J^otinuse.]     Aubrey. 

SPAKK'LING,  ppr.  or  a.  Emitting  sparks  ;  glittering  ; 
lively  ;  as,  sparkling  wine  ;  sparkling  eyes 

SPARk'LING-LY,  adv.  With  twinkling  or  vivid  bril- 
liancv. 

SPARK'LING-NESS,  n.    Vivid  and  twinkling  luster. 

SPAR'LLN'G,  a.     A  smelt.  Cwlgruve. 

SPA'ROII),  a,     [L   9parus  and  Cr,  ci^?.] 

Like  the  gilt-head  ;  belonging  to  that  family  of  spi- 
nous-flnned  fishes  which  includes  the  gilt-head  and 
sea-bream.  Brande, 

SPAR'RLNG,  n.     Prelusive  contention,  -ns  among  box- 
2.  Di!<piite  ;  slight  debate.  [ers. 

SP.\RT.OVV,  n,  [Sax.  .syifflra  ;  Goth.  spnr^Ba  ;  G,  and 
Dan.  Sperling  ;  Sw.  spar/;  probably  allied  to  spear  or 
spare^  and  so  named  from  its  smallness.] 

The  populnr  name  of  sevt-ral  small  conic-billed 
birds  which  feed  on  insects  and  seeds.  The  com- 
mon sparrow,  or  house -spar  row,  of  Europe,  Pyrgita 
domestica  of  Cuvicr,  (Fringilla  domestica,  Linn.,)  is 
notrd  for  its  familiarity  and  even  impudence,  its  vo- 
racity and  fecundity  P.  Cyc.     Jardine. 

SPAR'ROW-IIILL,  Tu  Small  nails;  cast-iron  shoe- 
nails. 

SP.\R  R0W-<;RASS  ;  a  corruption  of  Aspabacds. 

PPAR'ROW-HAWK,  i  71.      [Sax.    spcarhafoc,    spear- 

SPAR'HAWK,"  i     hawk.] 

A  small  species  of  shorl-winped  hawk,  A  popular 
name  of  all  those  fatcims  whose  tarsi  are  high  and 
scutellatf-d.  The  Falco  Nisus  is  called  sparrow-hawk 
by  way  of  eminence. 

SPAR'RV,  a,     [from  spar.]     Resembling  »p.ir,  or  con- 
sisting of  spar;  having  a  confused  crysUilline  struc- 
ture ;  spathose. 
Sparry  iron;  carbonate  of  iron,  or  spathic  iron. 

Pan  a. 

SPARSE,  (spars,)  a,  [L.  sparsus,  scattered,  from 
spargo.] 

1.  Thinly  scattered  ;  set  or  planted  here  and  there  ; 
as,  a  spar.ie  population.  Story. 


SPA 

2.  In  botany,  not  opp«jsiie,  nor  alternate,  nor  in  any 
apparent  regular  order  ;  applied  to  brunches,  leaves. 
ptMluncles,  &LC.  Martyn. 

SPARSE,  (spars,)  v.  U     To  disperse.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Speustr. 

SPARS'ED,  (splrst,)  o.    Scattered.  Lee. 

SFARS'ED-LY,  adv.    In  a  scattered  mannei 

Evelyn. 

SPARSE'NESS,  b.  Thinness;  scattered  state;  as, 
sparsenesa  of  population.  Story.,  vol.  ii.  70. 

SPXR'TAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  ancient  Sparta  ;  hence, 
hardy;  undaunted;  as,  Spartan  souls;  Spartan 
bravery 

SPASM,  n*  [L.  spasmus  ;  Gr.  cnaapa^  ttora  oraw,  lo 
draw.] 

An  abnormal,  sudden,  and  more  or  less  violent 
but  brief  contraction  of  one  or  more  muscles,  or 
muscular  fibers.  Spasm  is  either  clonic  or  tonic.  In 
clonic  spasm,  the  muscles  or  muscular  Tibers  contract 
and  relax  alternately  in  very  quick  succession,  pro- 
ducing the  appearance  of  agitation,  as  in  epilepsy. 
In  tonic  spasm,  the  muscles  or  muscular  fibers  con- 
tract in  a  steady  and  uniform  manner,  and  remain 
contracted  for  u  comparatively  long  time,  as  in  teta- 
nus. Some  cases  of  spasm  appear  to  be  intermediate 
between  these  two  varieties. 

SPAS-iMOD'ie,  a.  [Gr.  tnr.io'/i'jf,  spasm,  and  ei^os, 
likeness;  implying  something  which  is  like  spasm^ 
without  being  such;  Fr.  spasmodique;  It.  spasmo- 
dico.] 

Relating  to  spasm,  consisting  in  spasm;  as,  a 
spaiimodic  affection. 

SPAS-SlOD'ie,  n.  A  medicine  good  for  removing 
spasm  ;  but  [  believe  the  word  generally  employed  is 
Anti-Spasmodic. 

SPAS'Tie,  o.     [Gr.  oiraariKo^.] 

Relating  to  spasm.  [A  term  prtferabte  to  Spas- 
modic] 

SPAS-TfC'I-TV,  (-tis'e-te,)  n.    A  state  of  spasm. 
2.  The    tendency  to,  or  capability    of  suffering 
spasm. 

SPAT,  prct.  of  Spit,  but  nearly  obsolete,  ^ 

SPAT,  n.  [from  the  root  of  spit;  that  which  is 
ejected.] 

1.  The  young  of  shell-fish.  Woodward, 

2.  A  blow.  HalliweU. 

3.  Hence,  a  petty  combat ;  a  little  quarrel  or  dis- 
sension. [A  vulgar  use  qf  the  word  in  Aiw  Eng- 
land.] 

SPA-TAN"GUS,  M.     A  genua  of  pedicellate  echino- 

dermatous  animals. 
SPATCH'-eoCK,  n.     [dispatch.]    A  fowl  kilted  and 

iramediatt'ly  broiled  for  some  sudden  occasion. 

HaUiwcU. 

spati"e  '  i  "■    t^*  '^''**'''  ^  ^'''^^•^ 

In  ftofrtHi/,  the  calyxof  a  spndix  opening  or  bursting 
lonpiuidiniilly,  In  form  of  a  sheath.  Martyn. 

SPA-THA'CEOUS,  (-shus,)  a.      Having  that  sort  of 

calyx  called  a  s{>ntha. 
SPATH'ie,  a.     [G.  .f;»flM.] 

Foliated  or  lamellar.  S;>a(Ai<  iron  is  carbonate  of 
iron,  an  ore  of  iron  having  a  foliated  structure,  and 
a  yellfnvish  or  brownish  color.  Silliman. 

SPATiri-FORM,  «.  [spath  uniform.]  Resembling 
spar  in  form. 

The  ocheruus,  tpath'^form,  and  mineraliied  forms  of  nmnll*. 

Laooitier. 

SPATH'OPE, )  a.    In  botany,  having  that  sort  of  ca- 

SPATH'UUS,  \      lyx  called  spatha. 

2.  In  mineralogy,  having  the  characters  of  spar; 
sparry.  Dana. 

SPATii'tl-LATE     See  Spatulate. 

SPa'TIATE,  (-shate,)  r.  i.     f  L,  spatior.] 

To  rove  ;  to  ramble.     [Jvy(  tn  use.]  Bacon. 

SPAT'TER,  V.  t,  fThis  root  is  a  derivative  of  the 
family  of  spit,  or  L.  ptUeo,    See  Spi.ttbb.] 

L  To  scatter  a  liquid  substance  on ;  to  sprihkle 
with  water  or  any  fluid,  or  with  any  moist  and  dirty 
malter  ,'  as,  to  spatter  a  coat ;  lo  spatter  the  floor  ;  lo 
spatter  the  hoots  with  mud.  [This  word,  I  believe, 
is  applied  always  to  fluid  or  moist  substances.  We 
say,  to  spatter  with  water,  mud,  blood,  or  gravy  ;  but 
never  to  spatter  with  dust  or  meal.] 

2.  Figuratively,  to  asjwrse  ;  lo  dtifamo.  fin  this 
sense.  Asperse  is  generally  used.] 

3.  To  throw  out  any  thing  offensive  ;  as,  to  spatter 
foul  speeches.     [JVot  in  use,]  Shuk. 

4.  To  scatter  about ;  as,  to  spatter  water  here  and 
there. 

SPAT'TER,  V.  t.  To  throw  out  of  the  mouth  in  a 
scattered  manner  :  lo  sputter.     [See  Sputteb.] 

MUtan. 
SPAT'TER-DASH-ES,  n.  pi.     [.tpalter  and  dash.] 

Coverings  for  the  legs,  to  keep  them  clean  from 
water  and  mud.     [Since  boots  are  generally  worn, 
these  things  and  their  name  are  liitle  used.] 
SPAT'TER -KD,  pp.      Sprinkled  or  fouled  by  soma 
liquid  or  dirty  substance. 
2.  Aspersed. 
SPAT'TER-ING,  p]tr.     Sprinkling  with  moist  or  foul 
matter. 
2.  Aspersing. 
SPAT'TLE,  n.     Spittle.     [JSTot  m  use,]  Bale* 


TONE,  BIJLL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER„  VI"CIOtJS €  as  K;  6  aa  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 

"To5ir 


SPE 

SPAT'TLIXO-POP'PY,  n.    A  plant,  SUeno  inflala. 
SPAT'i:-I.A,  in.     [h.  sp4ttAula^  syatMa,  a  si  ice  ;    \V. 
SPAT'TLE,    i      yspodot ;  (mm  Ihe  root  of  I^  pateo :  so 
nainrd  from  Its  breadtb,  or  from  its  use  in  apreadinf 
things,] 

A  slice ;  an  apothecary's  instrument  for  !<preading 
pla^tpm,  ^c  Quincy. 

SPAT'U-1<ATE,  0.     [from  L.  spathuta.] 

In  natural  Ai^tor^,  sUaped  like  a  spatula  or  battle- 
dore, being  roundish,  with  a  long,  uarrow,  linear 
base ;  as,  the  leaf  of  Cistus  incanua.  Martj/n, 

SPAVIN,  N.  [It.  xpaeenio^  spavamn,  spavin,  a  cramp  ; 
Fr.  fj»«rrt«  ,-  t-p.  eitfHiraran  ;  Port,  espararam.) 

A  swellinit  in  or  near  some  of  the  joinu  of  a 
horse,  by  which  lameness  is  produced. 

Farm.  £iuryc. 
SPAV'IN-£0,  a.  Affected  with  spavin.  OtfUfmidL 
SPAW,  n.     Stre  Sfa. 

SPAVVL,  r.  i.  [G,  i^Uktl^  spawl ;  spfien^  to  5pawl,to 
■pew.     Sptit  is  a  conimcted  word.] 

To  throw  saliva  from  the  mouth  in  a  scattering 
form  ;  to  disperse  spittle  in  a  cartrless,  dirty  manner. 
Wh;  muat  he  ■putmr,  *pa«aJ,  Mtd  ilaTer  it  I  S>a^^ 

8P-\WL,  n.    Saliva  or  spittle  thrown  out  carelessly. 

Drydem. 
%  A  fragment  of  stone. 

SPAWL'ING,  ppr.  Throwing  spilUe  carelessly  from 
the  mouth. 

8PA>V'L'I.NG,  a.     Saliva  thrown  out  carelessly. 

SP;^U*N,  N.  lit  has  no  plural.  If  this  word  is  not 
cimtracted,  li  belongs  to  the  root  of  I«  pono^  Sp. 
foaer^  Fr.  pomdrt^  to  lay  ejrgs.  If  contracted,  it 
pniluiMy  bt'lungs  tu  ttie  root  of  spttc  or  spatol.  The 
radical  sense  is,  that  which  is  ejected  or  Uirown 
out.] 

1.  The  eggs  of  fish  or  frogs  when  ejected.    Ray. 

2.  Any  product  or  ofli«pnng ;  on  exprr^on  t^f  eon- 
tempt.  Roicommon, 

3.  In  EmgtLsk  gtrrdeninj^y  the  buds  or  brunches  pro- 
duced from  undergrouniJ  stems  ;  also,  the  while  fi- 
brous mauer  forming  the  matrix  £rum  which  fungi 
are  produced.  P.  C|rc. 

SPAWN,  r.  L    To  produce  or  deposit,  as  fishes  do 
their  eggs. 
S.  To  bring  forth  ;  to  generate  j  m  ernCo^ 

Swift 
SP^WN,  r.  L    To  deposit  eggs,  as  Ash  or  frogs. 

3.  To  issue,  as  offV^tring  ;  in  eonUmpt  Locke* 

SP,\\VN'£I),  pp.    Produced  or  depuaUed,  ai  the  egga 

o^  fish  or  fro^ 
SP^WN'E&^a.    The  female  fish. 

Th   •^pwmar  u»d  ibe  BMlMt  or  iht  tauW  ww  Ihelv  amwa  with 
»uuL  U'a/Am. 

SPAT,  (sfa,)  «.  t    [W.  ysjMzx^  to  exhanst ;  dyipazu, 

tu  geld  ;  Arm.  jp«z«  w  spmktuL,  to  geld  ;  L.  i^orf*,  a 

gelding;  Gr.  vrr-ib*,  to  draw  out.} 
To  extirpate  the  ovaries  of  a  female. 
8PXV'£D,  pp.    Baring  the  ovaries  extirpated. 
SPAV'ING,  ppr.    Extirpnting  the  ovanes. 
SPRAK,  (speek,)  e.  i. ;  prtU  Sroxs,  (Sfaki,  neariy 

ob«.  0  pp.  'Srom^^  SroBK:*.     [Sax.  spm^*^  gpeemm ;  It. 

rpiccAr   Ir  paroU,  to   sprnk    du>tioctIy  ;    apiccart^   to 

Bbine,  that  is,  to  shoot  or  thrust  forth ;  Eth.  ill  III 
smbak,  to  preach,  to  teach,  to  proclaim.  The  Sw.  h.ts 
no,  Dan.  spoer,  to  foretet).  It  is  easy  to  see  that 
the  root  of  this  word  is  allied  to  that  of  Bcax,  Peak, 
PtcaJ 

1.  To  utter  wi>rdi  nr  nrticulate  sounds,  as  human 

beings;  to  express  thouglits  by  words.     Children 

learn  to  tptmk  at  an  early  age.     The  organs  may  be 

•o  obstructed,  that  a  man  nmy  not  be  able  to  itprak. 

Sptmk,  l»nl,  for  th;*  wtrrnKi  tk-areth.  —  1  Sam.  Ui. 

5.  To  utter  a  speech,  discourse,  or  harangue;  to 
uttt-r  thoughts  in  a  public  assembly.  A  man  may  be 
well  iofurmed  oo  a  subject,  and  yet  too  ditTideut  to 
jpadk  in  public 

Haaj  of  the  mlbBSn  nrnin  ili^maplT**  popitu-  bf  rptnJting  in 
puliUBeM  •gauMS  Uwae  Uiinga  wittth  weiv  mo«  gralrhil 


3.  To  Calk ;  to  express  opinions ;  to  dispute. 

B,  iir,  ii  aUe  id  JfMot  for  tumael^  wbes  th"  imvwt 


4.  Todi 


;  to  make  mention  of. 


Loeuk  SB— ti  of  •  pMl  of  CfiMK^s  ftnDf  that  cune  to  him  timn 

the  unnui  I^kk*.  Adimm. 

n»  Sorfptitic  tptmtt  odIj  cf  thaw  to  whom  it  ipeala. 


5.  To  give  aonnd. 

MAe  all  jow  tniMpeU  »pmk.  Skmk. 

To  gptak  x-iijt;  to  converse  with.    Let  me  speak 
letiA  my  son. 
SPeAK,  o.  c  To  utter  with  the  mouth  ;  to  pronounce  ; 
to  utter  articulately  ;  as  human  beings. 

Ttaej  mat  iImtb  irilh  bbn  on  tbr  ^roufxl  terta  daji  uid  aem 

nigMa,  uut  Qooe  »paJtt  a  wont  unto  him.  —  Job  ii. 
Spmk  the  void  oolr,  mod  my  bob  ^»il  be  beUed.  —  MuL  tU. 

3.  To  declare  ;  to  proclaim  ;  to  celebrate. 


It  ia  my  filher"*  moBic 
To  apeak  jour  dmls. 


Shak. 


3.  To  talk  or  converse  in  ;  to  utter  or  pronounce, 


SPE 

as  in  conversation.     A  man  may  know  how  to  read 
and  to  understand  a  language  which  he  can  not 
spMk. 
4.  To  address  ;  to  accost. 

Hf  will  smile  upon  the«,  put  the«  in  bopo,  utd«pMt>  thrw  fiilr, 

Ecclu*. 

&  To  exhibit ;  to  make  known. 

lyt  hrnren'*  w)<le  circuit  aptak 
The  Maker's  high  nia^iiiAoeiifie,  Sdilton. 

6.  To  express  silently,  or  by  signs.  The  lady's 
looks  or  eyes  speak  the  meaning  or  wishes  of  her 
heart. 

7.  To  communicate  ;  as,  to  speak  peace  to  the  soul. 
To  speak  a  ship ;  to  hail  and  speak  to  her  captain 

or  commander. 

Aote.  —  We  say,  to  speak  a  word  or  syllable,  to 
fpeak  a  sentence,  an  orniion,  piece,  cotnposition.or  a 
oialogue,  to  speak  a  man's  praise,  &c. ;  but  we  never 
sa>',  t(i  sprak  an  argument,  a  sermon,  or  a  story. 
SPEAK'AHLE,  a.     TImt  can  be  siH>ken. 

iL  Having  the  power  of  speech.  Milton. 

SPkAK'ER,  k.   One  that  speaks,  in  whatever  manner. 

2.  One  that  proclaims  or  celebrates. 

No  other  tpeakar  of  my  tiring  scUoo*.  Shak. 

3.  One  that  utters  or  pronounces  a  discourse ;  usu- 
ally, one  thiit  tittprs  a  s|iefrh  in  public.  We  say,  a 
man  is  a  good  speaker,  or  a  bad  speaker. 

4.  The  person  who  presides  in  a  dt-liberntive  as- 
sembly, preserving  order  and  re giihiting  the  debates  ; 
as,  Ihe  speaker  uf  the  house  ol  conimuus  ;  the  speaker 
of  a  house  of  representatives. 

SPSAK'ER-i?HIP,  n.    The  office  of  speaker. 

SP^AK'INGf  ;)/ir.  Uttering  words  j  discoursing;  talk- 
ing. 

SPgAK'ING,  n.  The  act  of  uttering  words  j  dis- 
course. 

2.  In  eolUres^  public  declamation. 
SPfiAK'ING-TRLMP'ET,  a.    A  trumpet  by  which 

the  sound  of  the  human  voice  may  be  propagated  to 
a  gfrat  di:itance. 
SPEAR,  n.  [Sax.  speare,  spert i  D.  and  G.  spteri  Dan. 
tpmr ;  W.  wpat-f  from  pdr,  a  spear.  So  W.  ber  is  a 
spear,  ancf  a  spit,  that  which  shoots  to  a  point. 
Chiss  Br.] 

1.  A  long,  pointed  weapon,  used  in  war  and  hunt- 
ing, by  Uirusting  or  throwing  ;  a  lance. 

MtUon.     Pope. 

3.  A  sharp-pointed  instrument  with  barbs,  used  for 
stabbing  fish  and  other  animals.  Caraa. 

X  A  shoot,  as  of  grass  ;  usually,  Sriaa. 
SPCAR,  0.  L    To  pierce  with  a  spear  i  to  kill  with  a 

wear ;  as,  to  spear  a  fish. 
SPkAR,  p.  L    To  shoot  into  a  lung  stem.  [See  Sriaa.] 

Mortimer. 
aPEAR'CT),  M.    Pierced  or  killed  with  a  spear. 
SP£AB'-FQQT,  a.    [spear  and  fooL]   The  Car  foot  be- 
hind ;  used  of  a  kerte..  Enc*jc 
SPfiAR'-GRASS,  a.     [spear  and  grass.\     A  long,  stiff 
grass.  Siak. 

S:  In  New  England,  this  name  is  given  to  a  spe- 
cies of  Pua,  a  large,  siiiootli-slalked  meadow  grass. 
SPRAR'ING,  ppr.    Piercing  or  killing  with  a  spear. 

2.  ShiKiiing  into  a  lung  stem. 
8PEAR'>I.\N,  «.    [.ipearand  man.^    One  who  is  armed 

with  a  si»-nr.     Ps.  Ixviii. 

SPkAR  MINT,  a.  ^spear  and  minLl  A  plant,  Men- 
tha viriilis  ;  a  species  of  mint. 

SPkAR'-TIIIS-TLE,  (this-l,)  n.     A  plant. 

SPeAR'WORT,  (-wurt,)  n.  A  plant  ;  the  popular 
name  of  the  Ranunculus  flammula. 

SPECHT,    in.    A  woodpecker.     [A"ot  in  h*<t,  w /ocaZ.] 

SPEIGHT,  i  Shenflood. 

8PE"CIAI*,  (spesh'alj)  a.  [ff- J  It*  speziale;  Sp.  m- 
peeial;  from  L.  specialise  from  species,  form,  figure, 
sort,  from  spedo,  to  see.  Hence  species,  primarily,  is 
appearance,  that  which  is  presented  to  the  eye.  This 
word  and  Especial  are  the  same.] 
1.  Designating  a  species  or  sort. 

A  special  id^&  ii  eallct]  b;  the  Khouia  >  tpt-eici.  Waa». 

5.  Particular ;  peculiar ;  noting  something  more 
than  ordinary.    She  smiles  with  a  special  grace. 

Our  Sarior  ia  rrprwpiiled  prrry  wh'-re  in  Scripture  u  ihr  epedal 
patron  of  the  poor  Mud  ;d1Iicie(l.  Auerbury. 

3.  Appropriate;  designed  for  n  particular  purpose. 
A  private  grant  is  made  by  a  special  act  of  parliament 
or  of  congress. 

4.  Confined  to  some  particular  class  of  subjects; 
as,  a  special  dictionary,  as  one  of  medicine  or  law. 

5.  Extraordinary;  uncommon.  Our  charities  should 
be  universal,  but  chiefly  exercised  on  special  oppor- 
tunities. SpraL 

6.  Chief  in  excellence. 

T)ie  ktnf  hath  dnurs 
The  epedal  head  of  nil  ih?  land  trgether.  SSiak. 

Special  administration^  in  lato,  is  one  In  which  the 
power  of  an  administrator  is  limited  to  the  adminis- 
tration of  certain  specific  effects,  and  not  the  effects 
in  gencml,  of  the  deceased.  Blackstone. 

Special  bail  consists  of  actual  sureties  recognized 
to  answer  for  the  appearance  of  a  person  in  court,  as 
distinguished  from  common  bail^  which  is  nominal. 

Blackstone. 


8PE 

Special  bailiff  is  a  bailiff  appointed  by  the  sheriff, 
foi  making  urrests  and  serving  processes. 

Sprciai  contract     See  SrEciAUTT. 

Special  demurrer  is  one  in  which  the  cause  of  de- 
murrer is  pitrticulnrly  stated. 

Special  ^aee;  the  renewing  and  sanctifying  influ- 
ences of  the  Holy  Sjiiril,  as  distinguished  from  com- 
mon grace,  which  only  awakens  and  convicts. 

Kdtoards 

Special  imparlance  is  one  in  which  there  is  a  saving 
of  all  ejtceiiiions  to  ilie  writ  or  count,  or  of  all  eice|>- 
tions  whatsoever.  BlackMane 

Spninl  jury  is  one  which  is  called  upon  motion  of 
either  party,  when  the  cause  is  supposed  to  require 
it.  Blackstone. 

Special  matter  in  evidence ;  the  particul;ir  facts  in 
the  case  on  which  the  defcndanl  relies. 

Special  plea,  in  bar,  is  a  plea  which  sets  forth  the 
particular  fiicts  or  reasons  why  llie  plaintiff's  de- 
mand should  be  barred,  as  a  release,  accord,  Slc. 

Blackstone. 

Special  pleading ;  the  allegation  of  speci:il  or  new 
matter,  as  distinguished  from  a  direct  denial  of  the 
matter  alleged  on  tlie  opposite  side.  Bouvier. 

Special  property  ;  a  qualified  or  limited  property,  as 
the  prot>erly  which  a  man  acquires  in  wild  aninials 
by  reclaiming  them  from  wildness. 

Special  session  of  a  court :  an  extmordinary  session  ; 
a  sessitm  beyond  the  regular  stated  sessions  ;  or,  in 
corporationK  and  counties  in  England,  a  pttliy  sesMon 
held  by  u  few  justices  for  dispatching  small  business. 

Blackiitone. 

Special  statute  is  a  private  act  of  the  legislature, 
such  as  respects  a  private  person  or  individual. 

Special  tail  is  where  a  gift  is  restrained  to  certain 
heirs  of  the  donee's  body,  and  docs  not  descend  to 
the  heirs  in  general.  Blackstone. 

Special  verdict  is  a  verdict  in  which  Ihe  jury  find 
the  facts,  and  state  them  as  pnived,  but  leave  the 
law  arising  from  the  facts  to  be  determined  by  the 
court.  Another  methtKl  of  finding  a  special  verdict 
is  when  the  jury  find  a  verdict  generallv  for  the 
plaintiff,  but  subject  to  the  opinion  of  the  court  on  a 
special  case  staled  by  Ihe  counsel  on  both  sides,  with 
regard  to  a  matter  of  law.  Blackstone. 

Special  warrant;  a  warrant  to  take  a  person  and 

bring  him  before  a  particular  justice  who  granted  the 

warrant. 

SPE  'CIAL,  n.     A  particular.     [JVo(  used.]     Hammond. 

SrE"CIAL-IZE,   (spesh'al  Ize,)   v.   t.      To   mention 

specially.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Sheldon. 

SPE  'CIAL-LV,  (spesh'ol-le,)  adv.  Particularly  ;  in  a 
mnnner  beyond  what  Is  common,  or  out  of  the  ordi- 
nary cotirse.  Ever>-  signal  deliverance  from  danger 
ought  to  be  specially  noticed  as  a  divine  interposition. 

£  For  a  particular  purtwse.  A  meeting  of  the  leg- 
islature is  specially  summoned. 

\i.  ChieflC;  especially. 
SPE"CIAL-TY,  (spesh'al-ty,)  n.    Particularity. 

Speeialty  of  riilc  hiuh  been  neglected.  S3iak. 

2   A  particular  or  peculiar  case. 

JVote.  —  This  word  is  now  little  used  in  the  senses 
above.    Its  common  acceptation  is, 

3.  A  sptxial  contract ;  an  obligation  or  bond  ;  the 
evidence  of  a  debt  by  deed  or  instrument  under  seal. 
Such  a  debt  is  called  a  debt  by  specialty,  in  distinc- 
tion from  simple  contract.  Blackstone. 
SPE'CIE,  (spc'shy,)  n.  Coin  ;  copper,  silver,  or  gold 
coined,  and  used  as  a  circulating  medium  of  com 
merce.  [See  Special.] 
SPe'CIeS,  (spe'shcz,)  n.  [L.,  from  specioy  to  see. 
See  Special.] 

1.  In  scientific  ctassifieation,  n  group  of  such  indi- 
viduals as  have  an  essential  identity  in  all  qualities 
proceeding  from  their  ultimate  constitution  or  na- 
ture. 

In  zoology  and  botany,  all  individuals  that  are  pre- 
cisely alike  in  every  character  not  capable  of  change 
by  Liiy  accidental  circumstances,  and  capable  of  uni- 
form, invariable,  and  permanent  continuance  by  nat- 
ural pro)>agation. 

All  changes  produced  by  accidental  causes,  in  in- 
dividuals of  a  species,  and  which  are  not  capable  of 
uniform,  invariable,  and  permanent  continuance  by 
natural  propagation,  indicate  and  mark  what  are 
called  Varieties. 

There  are  as  nmiiy  §peci«$  ns  there  are  dilTcrcnt  inrnriiihle  forma 
or  atructurca  of  vcg'-Uiblca.  Martyn, 

S.  In  logic,  A  special  idea,  corresponding  to  the 
specific  distinctions  of  tilings  in  nature.        IVatts. 

3.  Sort;  kind;  in  a  loose  sense  ;  us,;!  species  o(\ow 
cunning  in  the  world  ;  a  species  of  generosity  ;  a 
species  of  cloth. 

4.  Appearance  to  the  senses;  visible  or  sensible 
representation. 

An  anpnrent  divejaky  between  Ihe  tpeciee  rlaible  and  audible,  b 
tnnt  the  vrail'le  doth  not  riiiiiglc  in  the  tnedium,  but  the  au- 
dible doth.  Bacon. 

The  spedet  of  letlen  illuntinatod  with  indi^  and  Tiolct.  lUtU* 
uted.]  Neaion. 

5.  Representation  to  the  mind. 

Wit — Ihe  faculty  of  imagination  in  the  writer,  which  aearchea 
over  all  the  mrmory  for  the  tpeciet  or  ideas  of  those  ihirifa 
which  it  deaigna  to  repreaent.     \Uale  used.]         Oryden. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PR£Y.  — PL\E,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQQK.- 


8PE 

6    Show  ;  visible  exhibition. 

Sliowi  ftnil  Mpedts  lerve  beat  wiih  ibe  common  people.  [!fot  m 
■Mc.]  Bamn. 

7.  Coin,  or  coined  silver  and  gold,  used  as  a  circu- 
lating medium  ;  as,  the  current  species  of  Eunipe. 

^rbuthnot. 
In  modem  practice,  this  word  is  contracted  into 
Specie.  What  quantity  of  spefie  has  the  bank  in 
its  vault?  What  is  the  amount  of  all  the  current 
spfcte  in  the  country?  What  is  the  vahie  in  specie 
of  a  bill  of  exchange  ?  We  receive  payment  for 
goods  in  specxty  not  in  bank  notes. 

8.  In  pharmacy^  a  simple ;  a  component  part  of  a 
compound  medicine.  Johnson,     Qainetf. 

9.  The  old  pharmaceutical  term  for  powders.  Parr. 

SPE-ClF'ie  \L   I  ***     I r i'^*  *P^tP?«« <  II' spec{fieo.] 

1.  That  mnkes  a  thing  of  the  species  of  which  it 
is  ;  designating  the  peculiar  property  or  properties  of 
a  tiling,  which  constitute  its  species,  and  distinguish 
It  from  other  things.  Thus  we  say,  the  specific  form 
of  an  animal  or  a  plant ;  the  specific  form  of  a  cube 
or  square  ;  the  specific  qualities  of  a  plant  or  a  drug  ; 
the  specific  difference  between  an  acid  and  an  alkali ; 
the  specific  distinction  between  virtue  and  vice. 

Specific  (WfSfxv^ace  is  thai  primary  attnbule  which  ili»tin^i>het 
f-ach  sptjcks  fruin  one  Kooiher.  WatU, 

2.  That  specifies  or  particularizes  j  as,  a  specific 
■ta  lenient. 

3.  In  medicine,  curing  disease  upon  some  principle 
peculiar  to  the  supposed  st>ecilic,  a  principle  not  com- 
mon to  two  or  more  remedies  ;  or  infallibly  curing 
all  cases  of  certain  diseases,  to  which  the  specific  is 
deemed  appropriate. 

Specific  character  ;  in  botany^  a  circumstance  or  cir- 
cumstances distinguishing  one  species  from  every 
other  species  of  the  same  genus.  Martijn, 

Specific  grarity  ;  in  pkilo^tophy,  the  weight  that  be- 
longs to  an  equal  bulk  of  each  body.     [See  Gbat- 

ITV.] 

Specific  name,  in  botariy,  is  the  trivial  name,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  generic  name,  Mnrtyn. 

Specific  name  is  now  used  for  the  name  which,  ap- 
pended to  the  name  of  the  genus,  constitutes  the 
distinctive  name  of  the  species;  but  it  was  originally 
applied  by  Linnceus  to  the  essential  character  of  the 
species,  or  the  essential  difference.  The  present  spe- 
cific name  he  at  first  called  the  trivial  name. 

Smith, 
8PE-CIF'IG,  n.     In  medicine,  a  remedy  Ihat  cures  dis- 
eases upon  some  principle  peculiar  to  itself,  and  not 
common  to  any  two  or  morf  remedies. 

2.  A  remedy  which  infallibly  cures  all  cases  of 
certain  diseases,  to  which  it  is  deemed  appropriate. 
No  such  thing  as  a  specifier  in  either  of  these  senses, 
exists. 

8PE-*:iF'IC-AL.-LY,  adv.  In  such  a  manner  as  to 
constitute  a  species;  according  to  the  nature  of  the 
species.  A  body  is  specificalhj  lighter  ihan  another, 
when  it  baa  less  weight  in  the  same  bulk  than  the 
other. 

Hiirnan  reason  —  differa  tptdficaily  from  iho  bnitutic  re«§<m  oi 
brotri.  Qrtta, 

Those  wrml  (irtnei  that  are  tptdficaHy  requisite  to  •  itut-  pcr- 
rorm4iice  of  d%ny.  Soulh, 

3.  Definit4?Iv;  particularly. 

8PE-CIF'I€  ATE,  v.  t,    [L.  apeeiea,  form,  mnA  facia,  to 

make.] 
To  show,  mark,  or  designate  th«  species,  or  the 

distinguishing  particulars  of  a  thin?  ;  to  specify. 
8PE(M-FI  eA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  deiennining  by 

a  mark  or  limit ;  notation  of  limits. 

Thi«  §pecifUraAon  or  limSottion  of  ih"  qii'ition  hlndm  th"  ilisptK 
ten  Irotn  vamlering  wlWAJ  frum  the  precUe  point  of  infimry. 

WaaM. 

0.  The  act  of  specifying  ;  designation  of  partlcn- 
lara  ;  particular  mention  ;  as,  the  specification  of  a 
charge  against  a  military  or  naval  ofttcrr. 

X  A  written  sLttement  containing  a  minute  de- 
scription or  enumeration  of  particulars,  as  of  charges 
ugninst  a  public  officer,  or  the  terms  of  a  con- 
tract, &.C, 

4.  Article  or  thing  specified. 
ePE-CIF'ie-NE39,  n.     Particular  mark  of  distinction. 

AnnoL  on  GlanvtUr. 
8PEC'I-FI-rD,  pp.  or  o.      Particularized  ;    specially 

namtrd. 
8PEC'I-F7,  v.  L     [Fr.  specifier;  It.  specificarr.'\ 

To  mention  or  name,  as  a  particular  thinir ;  to  des- 
ignate in  words,  su  as  to  distinguish  a  thing  from 
every  other ;  as,  to  specify  the  uses  of  a  plant ;  to 
wpecyfy  the  articles  one  wants  to  purcha^. 

He  >»•  th*T»  ft**-!!  ua  nn  eitnct  pi-ojr.tphy  of  Gr^c,  wlwrr  the 
eounirie*  Kiid  (be  uset  uf  their  soil)  itte  §pt^fitd.       Pop*. 

SPEC'I-FY-ING,  ppr.  Naming  or  designating  partic- 
ularly. 

8PEC'I-MEN,  k.  [L.,  from  /rpedes^  with  the  termina- 
tion men,  which  corresponds  in  sense  to  the  English 
hood  or  ness.  ] 

A  sample;  a  part  or  small  portion  of  any  thing, 
intended  to  exhibit  the  kind  and  quality  of  the 
whole, or  of  lomething  not  pxhii)iti'd  ;  ns,  a  sjieeimen 


SPE 

of  a  man's  handwriting  ;  a  spnimen  of  painting  or 
com;K»silion  ;  a  specimni  of  one*!*  art  or  skill. 
SPfi'CIOL'S,  ^sp5'shus,)a.     [Fr.  specieuz ;  iLspeciesoi 
Sp.  espeeioso  ;  L.  spreiosus."] 

I.  Showy  ;  pleasing  to  the  view. 

The  n-ft,  far  grenter  p»rt, 
Will  iefjm  in  outward  rite*  iiuti  tpecioug  forma 
Hi-lignoa  »aiisficd.  MVton. 

9.  .apparently  right ;  superficially  fair,  just,  or 
correct ;  plausible  ;  appearing  well  at  first  view  ;  as, 
jprcjoiw  reasoning ;  a  specious  argument;  a  specious 
objection  ;  specious  deeds  Templ;ition  is  of  greater 
danger,  because  it  is  coveted  with  the  .^peciott,*  names 
of  good    aturc,  gcK>d  manners,  nobleness  of  mind,  &c. 

SPK'ClOirs  LY,  (spc'slms-,)  adv.  With  a  fair  ap- 
pearance ;  with  show  of  right ;  as,  to  reason  spe- 
ciously. 

SPit'CIOUS-NESS,  n.  Plausible  appearance ;  fair 
external  show  ;  ns,  the  speciousness  of  an  argument. 

SPECK,  n.  [Sax.  spccca  ;  D.  spikkel.  In  Sp.  peca  is  a 
freckle  or  spot  raised  in  the  skin  by  the  sun.  Tliis 
word  may  be  formed  from  peck,  for  peckled  has  been 
used  for  speckledy  spotted  as  though  pecked.     Q.u. 

Ar,  %JLt  bakaa,  to  be  spotted.     Class  Bg,  No.  31.] 

1.  A  spot ;  a  stain  ;  a  small  place  in  any  thing  that 
is  discolored  by  foreign  matter,  or  is  of  a  color  ditTer- 
ent  from  that  of  the  main  substance ;  as,  a  speck  on 
paper  or  cloth. 
3.  A  very  small  thing. 

SPECK.  V.  t.     To  spot ;  to  stain  in  spots  or  drops. 

SPECK'LE,  (spek'l,)  n.  A  little  spot  in  any  thing,  of 
tt  different  substance  or  color  from  that  of  the  thing 
itself. 

SPECK'LE,  r.  t  To  mark  with  small  spots  of  a  dif- 
ferent color ;  used  chiefly  in  the  participle  passive, 
which  see. 

SPECK' LKD,  (spek'ld,)  pp.  or  a.  Marked  with  specks  ; 
variegated  with  spots  of  a  different  color  from  the 
ground  or  surface  of  the  object;  as,  the  speckled 
breast  of  a  bird  ;  a  speckled  serpent. 

Speckled  bird !  a  denominatiun  given  to  a  person 
who  differs  so  much  from  the  company  he  is  in  as  to 
br?  an  object  of  suspicion  or  distrust. 

SPECK'LfiD-NESS,  n.    The  stale  of  being  speckled. 

SPECK'LING,  ppr.    Marking  with  small  spots. 

^PECKT     t 

SPEIGHT  1  "*    -A  woodpecker.     [See  Specht.] 

SPEC'TA-CLE,  (kl,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  speetacultim, 
from  specto,  to  Iwhold  ;  specio,  to  see  ;  It.  spettaeolo.'\ 
1.  A  show  ;  something  exhibited  to  view  ;  usually, 
something  presented  to  view  as  extraordinary,  or 
something  that  is  beheld  as  unusual  and  worthy  of 
special  notice.  Thus  we  call  things  exhibited  for 
ainiisement,  public  spectacles,  as  the  combats  of  glad- 
iators in  ancient  Rtmie. 


3.  Any  thing  seen  ;  a  sight.  A  drunkard  is  a 
shuck  rug  spectacle. 

3.  Spectacle.'^,  in  thep^Mra!,-  nn  optical  instnmient 
con^'isting  of  two  lenses  set  in  a  light  frame,  and 
used  to  assist  or  correct  some  defect  in  the  organs  of 
vision. 

4.  FiguToUvely,  something  that  aids  the  intellectual 
sight 

ShakapeAni  — needcil  not  the  tpecladta  of  Ixxika  to  reii!)  nature. 

SPF.e'TA-CLKD,  a.  Furniflhed  with  spectacles,  Shak. 
SPEe-TAC'!J-LAR,  a.  Pertaining  to  shows.  Hickes. 
SPEC-TA'TI6N,  n.     [L.  sprctatio.] 

Regard  ;  respect.     [Little  used.]  Harvey. 

SPEC-TA'TOR,  n.     [L.,  whence  Fr.  spectatear;   It. 
speiUUore.] 

1.  One  that  looks  on  ;  one  that  sees  or  beholds  ;  a 
beholder ;  as,  the  spectators  of  a  show. 

2.  One  personally  present.  The  spectators  were 
numerous. 

SPEC-TA-TO'RI-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  Spectator. 

Addison, 
SPEC-TA 'TOR-SHIP,  n.    The  act  of  beholding. 

Shak. 
9.  The  office  or  quality  of  a  spectator.    .Addison, 
SPEC-TA 'TRESS,  »         ^t  .  .  •    i 

SPEC-TA'TKIX,     i  "•     [^-  ^^''''"^•J 

\  fi-nifile  beholder  or  looker  on.  Rome. 

PPEf''TER,  (  n.  [Fr.  spectre:  from  L.  spectrum^  from 
SPECTRE,  I      specto,  to  beh(.ld.] 

I.  An  nppnrition  ;  Uie  appearance  of  a  person  who 
Is  dead  ;  a  gho^t. 


Th"  fhiMU  of  triilom  frr-m  th'  hriilje  descend, 
A'lih  boM  Iknitlic  BpecUrt  to  rejoice. 


Dryden. 


2.  Something  made  preternatural  I  y  visible. 
SPEC'TER-PRO-PL/:n, )  ,    ,,  ,^  s  1  a.  Peopled  with 
Sl'EC'TKE-PEO-PLiLl),  i  <'P^  P'***^  j      ghasts. 

Bowring. 
SPEC'TUAI.,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  spectre  ;  ghostly. 
SPECTRUM,  n.     [I..]     A  visible  form  ;  an  image  of 
sdiiictliing  seen,  continuing  after  the  eyes  are  closed, 
covered,  or  turned  nway.     This  is  called  an  Ocular 
Spectrum.  Darwin. 


SPE 

9.  The  elongntfd  figure,  formed  in  a  ilark  chamber, 
of  the  seven  prismatic  colors,  into  which  a  bc.im  of 
the  sun*s  light  Is  decotntKtsed,  by  admitting  it'thri>u<>h 
nn  opening  in  the  ivindow-shultcr,  and  letting  it 
fall  on  a  prism.  Olmsted. 

SPECU-LAR,  a,  [X..  irpecularisy  from  speculunt,  a 
mirror,  from  specio,  to  see.} 

1.  Having  the  qualities  of  a  speculum  or  mirror; 
having  a  smooth,  reflecting  surface;  as,  a  specular 
metal  ;  a  specular  surface.  A>w(o«. 

2.  Assisting  sight.     [Improperf  and  not  vsed.] 

Philips. 

3.  Affording  view.  Milton. 
Specular  iron  :  an  ore  of  iron  occurring  frequently 

in  crystals  of  a  hriltiant  metallic  luster  ;  the  peroxyd 
of  iron  ;  also  called  oUgist  iron  or  rhombohcdral  iron 
ore.  Dana. 

SPEC'U-LATE,  V.  i.  [L.  speculor^  to  view,  to  con- 
template, frum  specio,  to  see  ;  Fr.  speculer;  lu  speeu- 
lare.] 

1.  To  meditate;  to  contemplate;  to  consider  a 
subject  by  turning  it  in  the  mind  and  viewing  it  in 
its  difftTent  aspects  and  relations  ;  as,  to  speculate 
on  political  events  ;  to  speculate  on  the  probable  re- 
sults of  a  discovery.  Addison. 

2.  In  citmmerce,  to  purchase  land,  goods,  stork,  or 
other  things,  with  the  expectation  of  an  advance  in 
price,  and  of  selling  the  articles  with  a  profit  by 
means  of  such  advance;  as,  to  speculate  in  coffee,  or 
io  sugar,  or  in  six  per  cent,  stock,  or  in  bank  stock. 

SPEC'Q-LATE.  V.  U  To  consider  attentively  ;  as,  to 
speculate  the  nature  of  a  thing.     [JVof  in  ud'*J 

Brown. 
SPEC  U-L  A -TING,  ppr.     Meditating. 

2.  Purchasing  with  the  expectation  of  an  advance 
in  price. 
SPEC-U-LA'TION,   n.     Examination    by   the   eye; 
view.     [Little  used."] 

2.  Mental  view  of  any  thing  in  its  various  aspects 
and  relations  ;  contemplation  ;  intellectual  examina- 
tion. The  events  of  the  dnyafifurd  matter  of  serious 
speculation  to  the  friends  of  Christianity. 

Th-nccforth  to  tp<ciitation$  hifta  or  deep 

1  turned  my  thought*.  MUton. 

3.  Train  of  thoughts  formed  by  meditation. 

From  him  Socnitei  derived  the  pnnciplci  of  momlilj  snd  mort 
part  of  his  naliirdl  tpeculaliona.  Temple. 

4.  Mental  scheme  ;  theory  ;  views  of  a  subject  not 
verified  by  fact  or  practice.  This  gli>be,  which  was 
formerly  round  only  in  speculation^  has  been  circum- 
navigated. The  application  of  steam  to  navigation 
is  no  longer  a  matter  of  mere  speculation. 

Sptculadottt  which  oriffinnie  iu  euilt,  mual  end  lu  min. 

5.  Power  of  sight. 

Thou  htul  no  tj>eculation  in  thoie  ejca.     [Not  in  use.]    Shnk. 

6.  In  commerce,  the  act  or  practice  of  buying  land 
or  goods,  Ac,  in  exiwctation  of  a  rise  of  price  and  of 
selling  them  at  an  advance,  as  distinguished  from  a 
regular  tradt^,  in  which  the  profit  expected  is  the 
difference  between  tlw  retail  and  wholesale  prices, 
or  the  difference  of  price  in  the  place  where  the 
goods  are  purchased  and  the  place  to  which  they 
are  to  be  carried  for  market.  In  England,  France, 
and  America,  public  stock  is  the  subject  of  continual 
speculation.  In  the  United  States,  a  few  men  have 
been  enriched,  but  many  have  been  ruined,  by  specu- 
lation 

SPECIJ  LA-TIST,  71.    One  who  speculates  or  forms 

theories  ;  a  speculator.  Milner. 

SPECTJ-LA-T[VE,fl.     pY  specuUtif;  U. spe<culalivo.] 

1.  Given  to  speculatmn  ;  contemplative;  applied  to 
persons. 

The  mind  of  man  brln^  hy  nature  speculative.  Hooker. 

2.  Formed  by  speculation  ;  theoretical ;  ideal  ;  not 
verified  by  fact,  experiment,  or  practice  ;  as,  a  scheme 
merelv  speculative. 

3.  Pertaining  to  view  ;  also,  prying.  Bacon. 

4.  Pertaining  to  speculation  in  land,  goods,  &.c. 
SPEe'U-LA-TIVE-LY,a</r.    In  contemplation  ;  with 

meditation. 

2.  Ideally ;  theoretically ;  In  theory  only,  not  in 
practice.  Propositions  aeem  often  to  be  speculatively 
true,  which  experience  does  not  verify. 

3.  In  the  way  of  speculation  in  lands,  goods,  &c. 
SPECT^-LA-TIVE-NESS,    n.     The    state    of    l>cing 

speculative,  or  of  consisting  in  speculation  only. 

SPECU-LA-TOR,  n.    One  who  speculates  or  forms 

theories.  More. 

2.  An  observer;  a  contemplator.  Brojen. 

3.  A  spy  ;  a  watcher.  Broome. 

4.  In  commerce,  one  who  buys  goods,  land,  or  other 
things,  with  the  expectation  of  a  rise  of  price,  and  of 
deriving  profit  from  such  advance. 

SPECU-LA-TO-RY,  a.    Exereising  speculation. 

Johnson. 
2.  Intended  or  adapted  for  viewing  or  espying. 

fVarton 
SPECtJ-LUM,  n.    [L. ;  G.  and  T).spitgel}  8w.  spo- 
gel ;  Dan.  spejl.] 
1.  A  mirror  or  looklng-glasi. 
9.  A  mirror  employed  in  optical  Instruments,  in 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  V1"C10U8 €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  «as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1061 


SPE 

which  the  reflectinft  surface  is  fomied  of  ft  metallic 
alloy,  instead  of  glass  coated  with  quicksilver. 

Olmsted. 
X  In  sur^enff  an  instniinent  for  dilating  and  keep- 
ing open  certain  pans  of  the  body  Coxe, 
SPED,  prei.  and  pp.  of  Speed. 
SPEECH,  «.     [Sax,  spttc     See  Spbak.I 

I.  The  faculty  of  uttering  artiriitnte  sounds  or 
words,  as  in  human  beinga  ;  the  fncuUy  of  express- 
ing thoughts  by  words  or  ariicnlme  sounds.  Speech 
was  given  to  man  by  his  Creator  for  tlie  noblest  pur- 


ft.  Language ;  words  as  expressing  ideas. 
Thm  aeu  of  Ood  lo  human  ntn 
CkK  ooc  without  procvM  of  «/wmA  be  (old.  MUlon. 

3.  A  particular  language,  as  distinct  from  others. 
Ps.  xix. 

4.  That  which  is  spoken ;  words  uttered  in  con- 
nection and  expressing  thoughts.     Vou  smile  at  my 

5.  Talk  ;  mentioD  ;  common  saying.  [speech. 

Ttw  (Juke  iIkI  of  me  cL-tnand 
Wtwt  w»a  lb"  >M«cA  nmon^  (h»  LAoUuncn 
Coitcrmtii^  tbe  VVnefa  ^^iimef.  SfiaJt. 

6.  Formal  discourse  m  public  ;  oration  ;  harangue. 
The  member  has  made  his  finit  speedt  in  the  legis- 
lature. 

7.  Any  declaration  of  thoughts. 

I,  with  \ievn  of  apetA  iinploreit,  r»p<ie<I.  MUlOft, 

SPEECH,  V.   L    To   make  a  speech  ;    to  harangue. 

f  IMUe  used,] 
SPEECH'I-FI-£D,  (-Hde.)  pp.     Harangued. 
SPEECH'l-FT.r.  t.    To  nmkea  speech  i  to  harangue. 
The  noun  spfech^atut*  it  sum  times  used,  but  hke 
tpffchify,  rather  as  a  term  of  sport  or  derision. 
SPEKCH'[-FY-I.\G,  ppr.     Haran-iuing. 
SPEECH'ING,  a.     The  act  of  making  a  speech. 

.Voore. 
SPEECH'LESS,  a.     Destitute  or  deprived  of  the  fac- 
ulty of  speech.     More  generally, 
2.  Mutts  i  ffilent ;  not  speaking  for  a  time. 

SpcaeUt—  with  woiidrr,  mad  h\lf  dcktl  with  tmx.      AMhum. 

8PEECil'LE.-3S-XESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  apeech- 
le::<s  ;  niutenejis.  B«cm. 

SPEECH'-MAK-ER,  H.  One  who  mnkes  speecliei  j 
one  who  speaks  much  in  a  public  a:!»t-mbly. 

SPEED,  c.  i.;  prrL  and  pp.  St-Eo,  Speeded.  [Sax. 
spedimn^  sp^tdoM  t  O.  fpofdrn ;  G.  spedirem^  to  send  \ 
Gr.  tmn^'*.  The  L.  erpedio  may  be  frttm  the  same 
root,  which  sigiiifiee  to  drive,  to  iiurry,  of  the  fam- 
ily of  X-  peto.     Class  Bd.] 

1.  To  make  hasle  i  lo  move  with  celerity.   Skak, 

2.  To  tutve  success  ;  to  prosper ;  tu  succeed  ;  that 
b,  to  advance  In  one's  enterprise. 

Bcdut*»Me*dMfadwllh>nU/«;M£  Shak, 

ThoK  tku  pnfcBcd  uid  tUmeti  Uw  hboimI  lonple,  Mwrf  •• 
nttcr.  Am*. 

a.  To  have  any  eoadltion,  good  or  ill  i  to  fare. 

The  inigtMiMC  «B  apM  ite  anmllnt  fed.  WaiUr. 

SPEED, «.  L    To  dispatdi ;  to  send  away  in  baste. 

Be  »pad  him  iheoce  horne  to  hia  h«U»tioa.  Fhir/ax. 

3.  To  hasten  ;  to  hurry  ;  to  put  in  quick  motion. 

Bot  tptd  tw  MefB  »ioag  the  ttoarag-P^MWioding  ihor?.    Dryltn, 

3.  To  hasten  to  a  conclusion  ;  to  execute ;  to  dis- 
patch ;  as,  to  speed  Judicial  acts.  Ayliffu 
i.  To  assi^  ;  to  help  forward  ;  to  hasten. 

WUi  rinnf  giW  ihit  »p*d  ib<*ir  happr  flighL  Dryitn, 

5.  To  prosper  ;  to  cause  to  succeed.  May  Heaven 
apeed  this  undertaking. 

6.  To  furnish  in  haste. 

7.  To  dispatch  ;  to  kill  j  to  ruin  ;  to  destroy. 

Whb  « tpmAmg  thmt  hii  b^rt  hr  fotina.  Dtvien. 

Aifiradi^MM!   either  waj  I'm  a/>^/ 

If  bn,  the;  wrice,  it  fhrni,U,  Uf-jr  m-iitl  me  dewl.       Fopt. 

J^ftf. —  In  the  phrase  "  G(k1  speed,"  there  ia 
pmbably  a  gross  n)i!itake  in  considering  it  as  equiva- 
lent to  "  may  God  give  yon  succe^ss."  The  true 
phrase  is  pntbably  *' g-oorf  gperd;"  gi^od,  in  Saxon, 
being  written  god,  I  bid  you  or  wish  you  good 
spfrd,  that  is,  good  succes»<. 
SPEED,  ■-  Swiftness;  quickness;  celerity ;  applied 
fc»  animals.  We  say,  a  man  or  a  bnr5e  nins  or  trav- 
els with  irpred  t  a  fowl  flie«  with  t^ecd.  We  speak  of 
the  itpefd  of  a  fish  in  the  water,  hut  we  do  not  speak 
of  the  gpeed  of  a  river,  or  of  wind,  or  of  a  falling 
body.  I  think,  however,  f  have  seen  the  word  ap- 
plied to  the  lapse  of  time  and  the  motion  of  light- 
nine,  but  in  poetry  only. 

2.  Haste  ;  dispatch  ;  a«,  to  p'^rfjrm  a  journey  with 
speed  :  1 1  execute  an  order  with  sperd. 

3.  Rapid  p.ice  ;  as,  a  horse  of  speed.  We  say,  also, 
high  speed,  full  speed, 

4.  Success  ;  prosperity  in  an  undertaking  ;  favora- 
ble issue  ;  that  is,  advance  to  the  desired  en*I. 

0  I»rd  Ood  of  my  ma^^  AbrAfaam,  1  pray  ibee,  tend  me  good 
rpee-i  ihiM  da.  J.— Orrn.  xxiv. 

This  use  is  retained  in  the  proverb,  "to  make 
more  haste  than  good  speedy*'  and  in  the  scriptural 
phrase.  "  to  bid  one  good  speedy*'  [not  Ood  speedy  as 
erroneously  written.] 


SPE 

SPEI:1>'FI;L,  a.     FuII  of  speed  ;  hasty. 

SPEEU'I-LV,  ado.  Uuickty  ^  with  haste;  in  a  short 
time. 

SPEEDT-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  speedy; 
quicknei^s  ;  celerity;  haste;  despatch. 

SPEED'WELL,  m,  A  plant  of  the  genus  Veronica, 
one  species  of  which  has  been  much  recommended 
in  Swedeji  and  Germany  as  a  substitute  for  tea. 

Loudon. 

SPEED'Y,  tt.     Ouick  ;  swifl ;    nimble;   hasty;   rapid 
in  mo:ion  ;  as,  a  speedy  flight ;  on  speedy  foot.    Shak. 
2.  iluick   in  performance  ;  nut  uilatory  or  slow  ; 
as,  n  speejly  dis|>ntch  of  business. 

SPEER,  p.t     See  Spebe. 

SPEET,  D.  f.     ft;,  speeteii :  from  the  root  of  spit.} 
To  stab.     [JsTot  in  iwe.] 

SPEIGHT,  (spite,)  «.  A  woodpecker.  [JVtit  in.  use^ 
or  IvcaL] 

SPEISS,  (splse,)  «.  The  mineral  copper  nickel,  con- 
sisting of  nickel  and  arsenic  Ure, 

SPELK,  N      [Sax.  speU.] 

A  splinter  ;  a  small  stick  or  rod  used  in  thatching. 
[Local,]  .  Oro.-te, 

SrELL,  M.  ^Sax.  sptl  ox  spell,  a  story,  narration,  fable, 
speech,  saying,  fame,  retK)rt,  suflden  rumor,  a  magic 
charm  or  song.  Hence  ffospel.  Sax.  god-spe.lU  In  G. 
spiel  is  play,  sport;  spielen,  to  piny,  V.  speelen,  S^w. 
spela,  Dan.  spiller.  But  this  is  a  diflerent  application 
of  the  same  action.  The  verb  primarily  signifies  to 
throw  or  drive,  and  is  probably  funned  on  the  root  of 
L.  pello.  Or. /3(tXXui.  (^ee  Peal  imd  Appeal,  and 
Class  HI,  No.  1,  Eth.)  In  some  of  the  applications 
of  spelt,  we  observe  the  sense  of  turn.  We  observe 
the  same  in  throw,  warp,  eun(,  &.c.} 

1.  A  story  ;  a  tale      [06*.l  Chancer. 

2.  A  charm  consisting  oi  some  words  of  occult 
power. 

StATt  not ;  her  nctioni  ihiUl  be  holy ; 

You  heftr  my  rvfU  ia  lawful,  S^ak. 

Begiu,  begin,  itie  myMic  tp*U  prepare.  MUton. 

3.  Among  seamen,  a  turn  of  work  ;  relief;  turn  of 
duty  ;  as,  take  a  spell  at  ttie  pump. 

4.  In  JVVie  England,  a  sliorl  time  ;  a  little  time; 
the  continuance  of  any  kind  of  weather.  [Ui/ed 
mmeng  seamen  ;  not  eleganL]  JVeie  England. 

Their  toil  it  ao  exirvme,  UuU  they  can  not  (>n<{ure  it  nhoTS  four 
h»un  in  a  lUy,  but  arc  •ncctnlfd  by  tptUt.  Cartio. 

5.  A  turn  of  gratuitous  labor,  sometimes  accompa- 
nied with  presenU.  People  give  their  neighbors  a 
spell,  JSTnc  England. 

SPELL,  r.  L  ;  prft.  and  pp.  Spelled  or  Spelt.  [Sax. 
spellian,  spelligan,  to  tell,  tu  narnite,  to  discourse, 
which  gives  our  sense  of  spell  in  reading  letters; 
jpe/iAJi,  .•ipr^iVa/i,  to  take  another's  turn  in  labor;  D. 
spelten,  to  spell,  as  words  ;  Fr.  epeler.} 

1.  To  tell  t»r  name  the  leiturs  of  a  word,  with  n 

firoper  division  of  syllables,  fur  the  purpose  of  learn- 
ng  the  pronunciation.  In  this  manner  children  learn 
to  read  by  first  spelling  the  words. 

2.  To  write  or  print  with  the  proper  letters ;  to 
form  words  by  correct  orthography. 

The  word  satir*  ought  &>  be  »p<tU<$  with  i,  and  not  with  y. 

3.  To  take  another's  place  or  turn  temporarily  in 
any  labor  or  service;  to  relieve.  [Used  by  seamen, 
and  in  J^Tctr  England.] 

4.  To  charm  ;  as,  spelled  with  words  of  power. 

Ih-yden. 

5.  To  read  ;  to. discover  by  characters  or  marks  ; 
with  out;  as,  to  spell  out  the  sense  of  an  author. 

Milton. 


6.  To  tell ;  to  relate ;  to  teach.    [JVot  in  ime.] 

^\itton. 

SPELL,  r.  i.    To  form  words  with  the  proper  letters, 
either  in  reading  or  writing.     He  knows  not  how  to 
spelU     Our  orthography  is  so  irregular  that  most  per- 
sons never  learn  to  spdL 
2.  To  read.  Mdton. 

SPELL'BOUND,  a.  Arrested  or  locked  up  by  a 
sppll. 

SPELL'^D,  ?      ^  „„^  f  c 

SPPI  T  \  P''^'  ^"'^  PP'  ^'  Spell. 

SPELL'ER,  n.  One  that  spells;  one  skilled  In  spell- 
ing. 

SPELL'IN'G,  ppr.  Naming  the  letters  of  a  word,  or 
writing  them  ;  forming  w^ords  with  their  proper  let- 
ters. 

2.  Taking  another's  turn. 

SPELL'ING,  n.  The  act  of  naming  the  letters  of  a 
word,  or  the  act  of  writing  or  printing  words  with 
their  proper  letters, 

3.  Orthography  ;  the  manner  of  forming  words 
with  letters.  Bad  spelling  is  disreputable  to  a  gen- 
tleman. 

SPELL'IN'G-BQQK,  n.    A  book  for  teaching  children 

to  spell  and  read. 
SPELL'-LAND,  n.     A  land  of  spells  or  charms. 

Mrs.  BntlfT, 
SPELT,  n.    [Sax.  spelu  ;  D.  spelu ;  G.  spelz ;  It.  spelda, 
spella,] 

A  species  of  grain,  the  Triticum  Speita,  much  cul- 


SPE 

tivatcd  fur  food  in  Germany  ;  called,  also,  German 
Wheat.  Encye. 

SPELT,  V.  t.     [G.  spalten;  Dan.  spUdn-.] 

To  split.     fjVwt  in  ««(t.]  Mortimer. 

SPEL'TER,  w.     [G.  and  D.  spiauter.] 

Natural,  impure  zinc,  which  contains  a  portion  of 
lead,  copper,  iron,  a  little  arsenic,  manganese,  and 
plumbago.  fVebster's  Manual, 

SPENCE,  (spens,)  n.     [Old  Fr.  dispense.] 

A  buttery  ;  a  larder ;  a  place  where  provisions  are 
kepU     [Obi.]  Chaucrr. 

SPE.N'CLR,  n.  One  who  has  the  care  of  the  ejHJUce 
or  buttery.     [Obs.] 

2.  .\  short  over-jacket  worn  by  men  or  women. 

3.  Among  ^pamf«,  a  fore-and-aft  sail  eel  abalX  the 
fore  and  mainmasts  ;  a  trysail. 

SPEND,  ».£.,-  preU  and  pp.  Spekt.  [Sax.  spemlant 
8w.  spendera  :  Dan.  spanderer  ;  It.  spendert :  L.  ex- 
pendo,  from  the  p:irticiple  of  which  is  Fr.  depcnser ; 
from  the  nx)t  of  L.  paudo,  pandeo,  the  primary  sense 
of  which  is,  to  strain,  to  open  or  spread  ;  allied  to  1 
span,  pane,  &.C.,  and  probably  to  Gr.  a^H'6'.-'j  to  pour 
out.] 

1.  To  lay  out ;  to  dispose  of;  to  part  with ;  as,  to 
spend  money  for  clothing. 

Why  do  ye  tpend  money  fur  that  which  ia  not  l/rend  ?  — 1«,  \v. 

2.  To  consume;  to  waste;  to  squander;  as,  lo 
spend  an  estate  in  gaming  or  other  vices. 

3.  To  consume  ;  lo  exhaust.  The  provisions  were 
«pf7il.  and  the  troops  were  in  want. 

4.  To  bestow  for  any  purpose;  often  with  on  or 
upon.     It  is  folly  to  spaid  words  in  debule  on  trifles. 

5.  To  efll'use.     [Little  used.]  Shak. 

6.  To  pass,  as  time  ;  to  sufler  to  pass  away. 

They  spend  their  day*  In  wealth,  and  io  a  moment  go  down  to 
tlie  grave.  —  Job  xiii. 

7.  To  lay  out ;  to  exert  or  to  waste  ;  as,  to  spend 
one*s  strength. 

8.  To  exhaust  of  force  ;  to  waste  ;  to  wear  away  ; 
as,  a  ball  had  spent  its  force.  The  violence  of  the 
waves  was  spent. 

Henpa  of  tptnt  arrowa  fill)  aot)  atrew  the  grouad.        Drtfden. 

9.  To  exhaust  of  strength  ;  to  harass  ;  lo  fatigue. 
Thoir  bodiei  spent  with  long  Inbor  and  thirst.  Knollet. 

SPEND,  D.i.  To  make  expense;  to  make  disposition 

of  money.  He  sjiends  like  a  prudent  man. 

2.  To  be  lost  or  wasted ;  to  vanish;  to  he  dissi- 
pated. 

The  aound  tpendeth  and  U  disMpatcd  in  the  open  air.    Bacon. 

3.  To  pntve  in  the  use. 

Butter  tptnt  111  if  it  came  from  the  richer  aoO.  Temple. 

4.  To  be  consumed.  Candles  sjtend  fast  in  a  cur- 
rent (»f  air.     Our  provisions  spend  rapidly. 

5.  To  be  employed  to  any  use. 

Tlir  v'm»^  thf^y  o»<"  forwiiip  sri"  »o  offn  cul,  that  their  arip  tjtend- 
tlh  iiilu  the  grapes      \Unuaual.\  Uoiua. 

SPEND'ER,  n.  One  that  spends;  also,  a  prodigal ;  a 
lavisber.  Taylor,     Bacon. 

SPEND'ING,  ppr.  Laying  out;  consuming;  wast- 
ing ;  exhausting. 

SPF.ND'ING,  7t.  The  act  of  laying  out,  expending, 
consuming,  or  wasting.  Whitlock. 

SPEND'THRIFT,  n.  [spend  and  thrijl.]  One  who 
spends  money  profust-ly  or  improvidcnlly ;  a  prodi- 
gal ;  one  who  lavishes  his  estate.     Dryden.     Swifi. 

SPENT,  pret.  and  pp.  or  a.  from  Spend.  Exhausted  ; 
deprived  of  Its  original  force  or  peculiar  qualities  ;  as, 
spmt  hups;  a  spent  ball,  i.  e.,  one  which  may  still 
injure,  but  can  not  penetrate  any  hard  object. 

SPER,  V.  L  To  shut  in,  support,  enclose.  Spelled  also 
SpEBa.  Shak. 

SPe'RA-BLE,  a.     [L.  speraMis^  from  spero,  to  hope.] 
_Tliat  may  be  hoped.     [JVot  tn  w,>t.  Bacon. 

SPkRE,  v.  t.  To  ask  ;  to  inquire.  [Used  in  Scotland 
and  the  north  of  Ireland.]  IJatiiwclL 

SPP:R'£D,  pp.     Asked  ;  inquired. 

SPERM,  n.     [Fr.  .fpcrme;  L.  spn-ma  ;  Gr.  tnrcppa.] 

1.  Animal  seed  ;  Ihat  by  which  the  species  is  prop- 
agated. Bacon.     Ray. 

2.  Spermaceti,  which  see. 

3.  Spawn  of  fishes  or  frogs. 
SPERM-A-Cfi'TI,  (-se'te,)  n-     [L.  sperma,  sperm, and 

cetus,  a  whale.     It  is  pronounced  us  it  is  writt'^n.] 

A  fatty  matter  olilained  chiefly  from  the  head  of 
the  cachalot,  or  spermaceti  whale.  When  separated 
from  the  oil  and  purified,  it  becomes  a  while,  st-mi- 
transparenl,  brittle,  l.-imellar,  crystalline  mass,  nun  h 
used  for  mnking  candles.  Ure.     P.  Ciic. 

SPERM-A-Cf/TI-WHALE,  )  n.      The    cachalnt,   or 
SPERM'-WHaLE,  \       species  of    whale  of 

the  genus  Physelcr,  (Linn.,)  from  which  spermaceti 
is  obtained. 
SPERM' A-PHORE,  n.    In  fto(aTiT/,thal  part  of  the  ova- 
ry from  which  the  ovules  arise;   it  is  synonymous 
with  Placenta. 
SPERM-AT'ie,  a.    Consisting  of  seed  ;  seminal. 

More. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  semen,  or  conveying  it;  as, 

spermatic  vessels.  Ray.     Coxe. 

SPERM' A-TIZE,  v.  i.     To  yield  seed.     [JVot  in  use.] 

•  Brown. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PRgY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD,  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQpK.- 

1062  ' 


SPH 

SPERM-AT'O-CeLE,  n.  [Gr.  tnrzp^ia^  seed,  and  ktjXtjj  \ 
tumor.] 

A  swelling  of  the  spermatic  vessels,  or  vesaels  of 
th«  testicles.  Cuze. 

8PKRM-A-'rO-76'A,  n.  pL  [Gr.  irorpun  and  :,<.>ov.] 
Minute  particles  in  tlie  spermatic  fluid  of  animals 
reseinhlin?  certain  infusorix         Jovrn.  of  Science, 

SPER.M'ObERM,  n.       Gr.  urrcpfia  and  hopa.} 

Ill  botany^  Uie  whole  integuments  of  a  seed  in  the 
aL'precale.  Liadley. 

SPEKM'-OtL,  n.  Oil  obtained  from  the  cachalot  or 
spermaceti  whale. 

SPEtt.M-OL'O-GlST,  tu  [Gr.  tnTcpfioXoyoi.l  One 
who  treats  of  setuls. 

SPERSE,  r.  t.     To  disperse.     {J^ot  in  use.']    Spenser. 

SPET,  r.  t.     To  spit ;  to  throw  out.     [JVut  used.] 

SPKT,  n.     Spittle,  or  a  flow.     [JVot  in  iise.] 

SPEW,  (3pij,)  11.  f.  [Sax.  spiwan  ;  D.  spuicen^  spu'iffen  ; 
G.  ^peien.  Contracted  from  spdchent  Sw.  spy;  Dan. 
spyer  :  L.  ^uo,] 

1.  To  vomit ;  to  puke  ;  to  eject  from  the  stomach. 

■2.  To  eject ;  to  cast  forth. 

3.  To  cast  out  with  abhorrence.    Lev.  xviii, 

SPEW,  (spu,)  p.  i.  To  Vomit;  to  discharge  the  con- 
tents of  the  stomach.  B.  Jonson. 

SPEW'/oD,  (spiide,)  pp.     Vomited;  ejected. 

SPEW'ER,  fi.     One  who  spews. 

SPE\\''ING,  ppr.  Vomiting;  ejecting  from  the  stom- 
ach. 

SPEW'IXG,  n.    The  act  of  vomiiinff. 

PPEW'Y,  ('4pu'e,)  a.    Wet;  fopgy.  [Local.]  Mortimer. 

SPHACELATE,  (sfas'e-lite,)  v.  i.  [See  Sphacelus.] 

1.  To  mortify  ;  to  become  gangrenoua  ;  as  flesh. 
9.  To  decav  or  become  carious,  as  a  bone. 

SPHAC'E  LATE,  r.  U    To  affect  with  gangrene. 

Sharp. 
SPHACELATED,   pp.  or  a.       Affected   with   gan- 

(TTcne ;  mortified. 
SPHAC-E-LA'TIOX,  n.    The  process  of  becoming  or 

making  gangrenous;  mortitication.        Jileil.  Rfpos. 
SPHACE-LUS,  (sfas'e-lus,)  «.     [Gr.  <r^<iAtA«i,  from 

ff/»a^(j,  to  kill.] 
i.  In  medicine  indsurfferij,  gangrene  ;  mortification 

of  the  flesh  of  a  living  animal. 

2.  Dtath  of  a  bone.  Coze, 
6PH.\G'NOUS,  (sfag'nn.s,)  a      [sphagnum^  bog-moss. 

Linnaeus.] 

Pertaining  to  bog-mo^s  ;  mossy.  Bigelow. 

SPHeNE,  (sfine,)  n,     [Gr.  rr^i-iv,  a  wedge] 

A   mineral  composed  of  i)ilicic  acid,  titanic  acid, 
and  lime.     Its  colors  are  dull  yellow,  green,  gray, 
brown,  and  black.     It  is  found  amorphous  and  in 
cr}-stals.    The  primary  form  of  its  crystal  is  an  ob- 
lique, rhombic  prism. 
SPHS'NOin,         ;  (sfe  ,)  a.    [Gr.  <i^7?i',  a  wedge,  and 
SPHE-NOID'AL,  i      cMos,  form.] 
Resembling  a  wedge. 

The  sphenoid  bone^  is  the  pter>'goid  bone  of  the 
haftis  of  the  skull.  Coze. 

SPHP,RE,  (sf5re,)B.  [Fr.,from  L.  sphara,  Gr.  a<i,aipay 
whence  It.  ^fera,  Sp.  ejipm^  G.  sphdre.] 

1.  In  ge.timetnj,  a  solid  body  contamed  under  a 
single  surface,  which,  in  every  part,  is  equally  dis- 
tant from  a  point  called  iu  center.  The  earti)  is  not 
an  exact  .•'phere.    The  sun  appears  to  be  a  sphere. 

3.  An  orb  or  globe  of  the  mundane  system. 

Pint  tlic  nm,  a  niigUly  tphere,  iv  rramcd,  MUton, 

flien  ..,orl.il  .-..ri 
Uiul  hcapi  ihc  music  of  the  tjJltrci,  IhyUn, 

3.  An  orbicular  body,  or  a  circular  figure  repre- 
senting the  earth  or  apparent  heavens.  Dnjden. 

4.  Circuit  of  motion  ;  revolution  ;  orbit ;  as,  the 
diunial  itphere.  Milton^ 

5.  The  concave  or  vast  orbicular  expanse  in  which 
the  heavenly  orbs  appear. 

€u  Circuit  of  action,  knowledge,  or  influence  ; 
comfiasti ;  province  ;  employment.  Every  man  has 
his  pariiculai  sphere  of  action,  in  which  it  should  be 
his  ambition  to  excel.  Events  of  this  kind  have  re- 
peatedly f:illen  within  the  sphere  of  my  knowledge. 
This  man  treat-*  of  matters  not  within  his  sphere. 

7.  Rank  ;  order  of  society.  Persons  moving  in  a 
higher  sphrre  claim  more  dcft-rence. 

Sphrre  nf  activity  of  a  body  ;  the  whole  space  or 
extent   reached   by  the   influence   it  exerts. 

Enrye, 

A  Tx/rht  sphere ;  that  aspect  of  the  heavens  in 
which  the  circles  of  daily  motion  of  the  heavenly 
bfidies  are  perpendicular  to  the  horizon.  A  spec- 
t.it*>r  at  the  eijiiator  views  a  rii^ht  sphere, 

Jl  parallel  sphere  ;  that  in  which  the  circles  of 
daily  nnition  are  parallel  to  the  horiz«>n.  A  spec- 
tator at  cither  of  the  poles  would  view  a  parallel 
gphrre. 

An.  oblique  sphere:  that  in  which  the  circles  of 
daily  motion  are  oblique  to  the  hi>rizrin,  as  is  the 
ca'^e  to  a  spectator  at  any  point  between  the  equator 
and  either  pole. 

ArmiUary  sphere;   an   nrtifirial   representation   of 
thf  circles  of  the  sphere,  by  means  of  brass  rings. 
SPH£RE,  (sf^re,)  v.  L    To  place  in  a  sphere. 

Th*"  frlcrrinm  planei  Sol 
lo  noUf  cmrrftiM  f>iilhrun<-(I,  and  Mphertd 
Afnt<l«  ibc  rr«i.     [Unutual.]  •     Shak. 


SPl 

S.  To  form  into  roundness  ;  as,  light  sphered  in  a 
radiant  cloud.  Miltan. 

SPHiiRE'-BORN,  a.    Born  among  the  spheres. 

MiiUm. 

SPHER'ED,  pp.    Placed  in  a  sphere, 
SPHeRE'-DE-SCEND'ED,  o.     Descended  from  the 

spheres. 
SPHkRE'-MEL'O-DY,  n.    Melody  of  the  spheres. 

Carlyle. 
SPHr:RE'-M0'8I€,  iu    The  music  or  harmony  of  the 

spheres.  Ed.  Rev. 

SPHER'ie,  (sfer'ik,) )  a.     [IL  ^erieo  ;  Fr.  spheriqiu  ,- 
SPHER'I-eAL,  (      L.  spluerieus.] 

1.  Globular;  orbicular;  having  a  surface  in  every 
part  equally  distant  from  the  center;  as,  a  spAcricai 
body.     Drops  of  water  take  a  spherical  form. 

2.  Planetary  ;  relating  lo  the  orbs  of  the  plan- 
els. 

Wc  make  gwilly  of  our  itisnstcn  the  iun,  (he  moon,  and  ihi*  iLtn, 
a«  if  we  w«r«  vilLiina  by  ajJuricai  pretlomiiidna^.      SliaJc. 

Spherical  geometry  ;  that  brancii  of  geometry  which 
treats  of  spherical  magnitudes;  the  doctrine  of  the 
sphere  ;  particularly ^  of  the  circles  described  on  its 
surface. 

Spherical  angle ;  the  ancle  formed  on  the  surface 
of  a  sphere  by  the  arcs  of  two  great  circles. 

Spherical  ezeess  ;  in  trigonometry,  the  sum  by 
which  the  three  angles  of  any  triangle  on  the  sur- 
face of  a  sphere  or  spheroid,  exceed  two  right  an- 
gles. Brande. 

Spherical  triangle;  a  figure  on  the  surface  of  a 
sphere,  bounded  by  the  arcs  of  three  great  circles 
which  intersect  each  other. 

Spherical  trigonometry  ;  that   branch  of  trigonome- 
try which  teaches  to  compute  the  sides  and  angles  of 
spherical  triangles. 
SPHER'ie-AL-LY,  adv.     In  the  form  of  a  sphere. 
SPHER'1€-AL-NESS,  )  71.      The   state   or  quality  of 
SPHE-RICl-TV,  i      being    orbicular    or    spher- 

ical ;    roundness;    as,  the  sphericity  of  a   drop    of 
water. 
SPHER'I-CLE,  (sfer'e-kl,)  n.     A  small  sphere. 
SPHER'ies,  n.     The  doctrine  of  the  sphere;  spher- 
ical ceometry 
SPHE'ROID,  n.      [Gr.   aiPatpa^  a  sphere,  and  ct^oy, 
form.] 

A  body  or  figure  approaching  to  a  sphere,  but  not 
perfectly  spherical.  A  spheroid  is  oblate  or  prolate. 
The  earth  is  found  to  he  an  oblate  spheroid,  that  is, 
flatted  at  the  poles,  whereas  some  astronomers  for- 
merly siippi^sed  it  to  be  prolate  or  oblong. 

SPHF  ROin'iy"'         I  "•      """'"B   the    form  of  a 

2.  In  crystallvgraphy,  bounded  by  several  convex 
faces. 
SPHE-ROID'I-TY,  n.    The  state  or  quality  of  being 
sphpr()idal.  # 

SPHE-ROM'E-TER,  w.  [Gr.  a^atpa,  and  pErpop.l 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  thickness  of  small 
bodies,  the  curvature  of  optical  glasses,  &c. 

Brande. 
SPHER-O-SID'ERITE,    n.     Carbonate   of  iron    in 

spheroidal  masses,  occurring  in  trap.  Dana. 

SPHER'ULE,  (sfer'QI,)  «.     [L.  sphimda.] 

A   little  spnere  or  spherical   body.      Merciiry  or 
quicksilver,  when  poured  upt>n  a  plane,  divides  it- 
self into  a  great  number  of  minute  spherules. 
SPHER'U-LITE,  n.     A  variety  of  obsidian  or  pearl- 

st<ine,  found  in  ntundod  grains.         Diet  JVaL  IIisL 
SPHKR'Y,  o.     Belonging  to  the  spheres.  Milton. 

2.  Round  ;  spherical.  Shak. 

SPHING'TER,  (sfink'ter.)  n.  [from  Gr.  cc^i^jw,  lo 
constrain,  to  dnw  close.] 

In  anatomy,  a  muscle  that  contracts  or  shuts  an  or- 
ifice or  aperture  round  which  it  is  placed;  as,  the 
sphincter  labiorum  ;  sphincter  vesica.  Coze. 

SPHINX,  (sfinx,)  n.     [Gr.  ff^t>('  ^  ifp^inx.] 

1.  In  mythology,  ft  monster  usually  represented  as 
having  the  btxly  of  a  lion  and  the  face  of  a  young 
woman;  also,  in  various  other  forms.  The  Grecian 
sphinx  is  s.'iid  to  have  proposed  a  mysterious  rid- 
dle to  every  one  who  passed  by  her  dwelling  near 
Thebes,  and  to  have  killed  all  who  could  not  solve  it. 

2.  In  entnmoloi^y,  a  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects, 
vhich 

Moths. 

SPHRAO'IDE,  (-id,)  71.  A  species  of  ocherous  clay 
which  falVs  to  pieces  in  water  with  the  emission  of 
many  bubttlfs  ;  called  also  Earth  of*  Lem^os. 

SPHRA-GlS'TieS,  w.     [Gr.  (iy>,oa><(,  a  seal.] 

The  science  of  seals,  their  history,  age,  distinc- 
tions ;  a  branc.*i  of  diplomatics.  Brande. 

SPHYG-MOM'E-TER,  n.     [Gr.  (i^u>-;o)s,  pulse,  and 

plTftOV.] 

An  instrument  for  exposing  to  the  eye  the  action 
of  the  pulse,  the  strength  of  which  it  measures. 
PPI'AL.  n,     A  spy  ;  n  scout     [A*o(  iti  use.]      Bacon. 
SPt'CATE,  a.     [L.  spicatus,  from  spica,  a  spike.] 

Having  a  spike  or  ear.  Lee. 

SPl€-€A'TO,  [It.)  In  Tfiimr,  a  term  indicating  that 
every  note  is  to  have  its  distini^t  sound  ;  nuicli  like 
staccato.  Brande.. 

SPICE,  n.     [Fr.  epiee;  It.  spezie;  Sp.  espccia.] 


the  species  of  which  are  commonly  called  Hawk- 


SPI 

1.  A  vegetable  production,  fragrant  or  aromatic  to 
the  smelt  and  pungent  tif  the  taste  ;  used  in  sauces 
and  In  cookery. 

2.  A  small  quantity  ;  stimcthing  that  enriches  or 
alters  the  quality  of  a  thing  in  a  small  degree,  as 
spice  alters  the  taste  of  a  thing. 

3.  A  sample.     [Fr.  Mp^cc] 

SPTCE,  r.  t.    To  season  with  spice  ;  to  mix  aromatic 
substances  with  ;  as,  lo  spiee  wine. 

2.  To  tincture  ;  as,  the  spice^i  Indian  air.     Shak, 

3.  To  render  nice  ;  to  season  with  scruples. 

Chaucer. 
SPTC'KD,  (splst,)  pp.  or  a.    Seasoned  with  spice. 
SPi'CER,  n.    One  that  seasons  with  spice. 

2.  One  that  deals  in  spice.  Camden. 

SPI'CER-Y,  n.     [Fr.  epicerie.] 

1.  Spices  in  general ;  fragrant  and  aromatic  vege- 
table substances  used  in  seasoning. 

2.  A  rejmsitory  of  spices,  Addison. 
SPICE'-WQQrJ.  "•     The  Laurus  benzoin,  an  Ameri- 
can shrub,  called  also  Wild-Allshice  and  Benja- 
min-Tree.                                                   Farm.  Kneyc. 

Sri'Cl-NESS,  n.     Quality  of  being  spicy. 

SPICING,  ppr.     Seasr)ning  with  spice. 

SPICK  AND  SPAN,  bright ;   shining;  as,  a  garment 

spick  and  span,  new,  or  ^pan-new.     Spick  is  from  the 

root  of  the  It.  spicco,  brightness  ;  spiccare,  to  shine  ; 

spicear  le  parole.,  lo  speak  distinrlly  ;  spicciare,  lo  rush 

out,  the  radical  sense  of  which   is,  lo  shoot  or  dart. 

Spaa  is  probably  from  the  rootof  ^/lan^r/e,  Gr.  ipcyyut, 

G.  spie.gel,  a  mirror. 
SPICK'NEL, )   n.    The  herb  maldmony  or  bear-wort, 
SPIG'NEL,     \       (DicL,)   the   Meum  Athamaniicum, 

which,  when  eaten  by  cows,  gives  the  same  flavor 

to  their  milk  and  butter,  as  that  of  schab-ziege 

cheese. 
SP!-eOS'I-TY,  71.     [L.  spica.] 

The  state  of  having  or  being  full  of  ears,  like 

corn.     [A"o(  in  use.]  Diet. 

SPIC'U-LAR,  a.     [h.  spiculum,  a  darU] 

Resembling  a  dart ;  having  sharp  points. 
SPI€'li-LATE,  V.  t.      [L.  spiculo^  lo  sharpen,  from 

spiculum,  a  dart,  from  spica^  or  its  root.     See  Spike.] 
To  sharpen  to  a  jKiint.  Mason. 

SPie'TJLE,  n.    A  miimte,  slender  granule  or  point. 
SPICU-LI-FORM,  a.     Having  the  form  of  a  spicule. 
SPie-U  LIG'EN-OUS,  0,     Containing  spicules. 
SPI'CY.fl.    [from  sjtice.]    Producing  spice  ;  abounding 

with  spices  ;  as,  the  spicy  shore  of  Arabia.   Milton. 
2.  Having  the  qualities  of  spice;   fragrant;  arir- 

matic  ;  as,  spicy  plants. 

1^(1  by  new  star*,  and  borne  by  spicy  jalca.  Poju. 

SPI'DER,  n.     [I  know  not  from  what  source  this  word 
is  derived.] 

1.  1'he  common  name  of  the  animals  of  the  family 
Araneidffi,  of  the  class  Arachnida,  some  of  which  are 
remarkable  for  spinning  webs  for  taking  .their  prey 
and  forming  a  convenient  habitation,  and  for  the  de- 
posit of  their  food. 

Tlie  apUUr's  touch,  how  czqulaitply  fine  I  Pope. 

2.  A  kitchen  utensil,  somewhat  resembling  a 
spider. 

3.  A  trevcl  to  support  vessels  over  a  fire. 
SPT'DER-€ATCH-ER,  n.     A  bird  so  called. 
SPI'DER-LIKE,  a.     Resembling  a  spider.  Shak. 
SPI'DER-WORT,  (-wurt,)  ju     A  plant  of  the  genus 

Anihericum,or  of  the  genusTradescantia. 
SPIG'NEL.     Sre  Spicknel. 
SPIG'OT,  71.     [VV.  jjspigatcd,  from  yiptV,  Eng.  spike; 

from  pig,  Eng.  pike;  Dan.  spiger^  a  nail.     See  Spike 

and  Pike.] 

A  pin  or  peg  used  to  stop  a  faucet,  or  to  stop  a 

small  hole  in  a  cask  of  liquor.  Swift. 

SPIKE,  «.      [W.   yspig,  supra;    D.  .tpyk,  spyker ;    G. 

speicke  ;  Dan.  spiger,  Sw.  spik,  a  nail ;  L.  spica,  an 

ear  of  corn.     It  signifies  a  shoot  or  point.    Class  Bg. 

See  Pike.] 

1.  A  large  nail ;  always  in  America  applied  to  a 
nail  orpin  of  metal.  A  similar  thing  made  of  wood 
is  called  a  Peu  or  Pik.  In  England,  it  is  sometimes 
used  for  a  sharp  point  of  wood. 

2.  An  ear  of  corn  or  grain.  It  is  applied  lo  the 
ears  of  maize. 

3.  .\  shoot.  Addison. 

4.  [lu  spica.]  In  botany,  &  species  of  inflorescence, 
in  which  sessile  flowers  arc  alternate  on  a  cimmion 
simple  peduncle,  as  lavender,  &.c.  Martyn. 

SPIKE,  71.     A  species  of  lavender.  ffilL 

SPIKE,  Ti.  (.     To  fasten  with  spikes  or  long  and  large 

nails  ;   as,  to  spike  down  the  planks  of  a  floor  or 

bridge. 

2.  To  set  with  spikes. 

A  yoiiitile:ipiiir  over  the  »;Jtjt<(f  palct  — was  caught  by  thf  «pifcc«. 
l^fiiMua/.J  WUttnan. 

3.  I'o  stop  the  vent  with  a  spike,  nail,  &«. ;  as,  to 
spike  canncm. 

SPIK'i^D,  (splkl,)pp.    Furnished  with  spikes,  as  corn  j 
fastened  with  spikes;  8top|>ed  with  spikes. 

SPIKE'-LAV'EN-DER,  7i.    Common  lavender,  the 
Lavandula  S[»ica. 

SPIKE'LET,  71.     In   botany,  n  small  spike  making  D 
part  of  a  large  one  ;  or  a  subdivision  of  a  spike. 

Barton. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS C  as  K ;  O  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  j  TH  as  in  THIS. 


106:1 


SPI 

SPIKE'XARD,  (spik'nnra,)  it.     [L.  spiea  iiarrfi.]  i 

1.  A  ViiKue  popular  name  applied  to  nuniprons 
wiileiy  didVrent  plants,  lu  tlie  United  States  it  is 
a{>plit-d  tu  Aralin  raceinosn;  in  England,  to  Andro- 
popon  nardus  uf  India;  to  Valeriana  spica;  and  to 
sevf  nit  species  uf  Bacctiaris,  C'onyia,  &c. 

2.  A  name  of  various  fVagrant  essential  oils. 
RPtK'iN'(i,   ppr.     Fastening  with    spikes;  slopping 

with  large  nails. 
SPIK'Y,  a.     Having  a  sharp  point.  Diftr, 

SPILE,*.     [U.  i|tii,  a  pivot,  a  soindle  ;  G.  s^UU{  It. 
spile ;  W,  (bill,  from  tlie  tx.k*\  of  L.  pilusy  pUum^  &c] 
1.  A  small  peg  or  wooden   piu,  used   to  stop  a 
hole.  ^     ^ 

a.  A  stake  driven  into  the  ground  to  protect  a  bank, 
form  wharfji,  abiilnients,  &.C. 
SPILL,  «.    [A  did'erent  orthography  of  Sfilb.  supra.] 
1.  A  smalt  pt'g  or  pin  fur  stopping  a  cask  ;  as,  a 
vent-liule  slopped  with  a  spiiL  Martimer* 

3.  A  little  bar  or  pio  of  iron.  Coma, 
a  A  little  sum  of  money.    [A'Vt  im  mm.]     At^ig^ 

SPILL,  c.  U;  ;>rcL  Spilled  or  Spilt;  m».  id.     fSai- 
spiUan :  D.  and  6.  spiUen;  Sw.  spilla  ;  Dan.  spdder.] 

1.  To  surt'er  to  fall  or  run  out  of  a  vessel ;  to  lose 
or  suffer  to  be  scattered  ;  applied  only  to  lluidti  and 
to  substaiioas  whose  particles  are  small  and  loose. 
Thus  we  tpiil  water  from  a  pail ;  we  gpili  spirit  or 
oil  from  a  buttle ;  we  jpiU  quicksilver  or  powders 
from  a  veaee)  or  a  paper ;  we  spill  sand  or  dour. 
Spilt  diflWs  from  pour  in  expressint;  accidental  loss  ; 
a  loss  or  waste  not  designed,  or  contrary  to  purpose. 

2.  To  suffer  to  be  shed  ;  as,  a  man  spiUs  his  own 
blood. 

3.  To  cause  to  flow  out  or  lose  ;  to  shed  j  as,  a 
nan  tpHU  another's  blood. 

[This  is  applied  to  caiies  of  murder  or  other  homi- 
cide, but  not  to  venesectkm.  In  the  latter  case  Tfe 
ray,  to  Ul  or  take  blood.J 

Aim]  to  r  Tcnpr  btt  blood  w  Jurtljf  jyflf.  Drydtn. 

4.  Tomitchfef;  to  destroy;  as,  to  tpili  the  mind 
or  soul ;  to  gpUl  glory ;  to  j^mU  forms,  &c. 

[Tki*  MppttaOioit  is  eteelcCe,  mmd  mmtimpropfr.] 

5.  To  throw  away.  TiUrL 

6.  In  secmfm*4  Un^uAjre^  to  dislodge  the  wind  out 
of  the  oivitv  or  bellv  of  a  sail  in  order  to  reef  or  ftirl 

SPILLjV.  %.    To  waste  ;  to  he  prodigal.     fJVW  in  ««.] 
9.  To  be  shed ;  to  be  suirered  to  fUl,  be  lo^,  or 
wasted. 

Ue  «iu  M  topA*U  oT  \iamH,  tlhU  be  IM  k  spUl  on  aU  tln^  oom- 
p.«r.  WktU. 

ftPfLt'ED,  pp.    Soff^red  In  fitit,  as  liquids ;  sbed. 
SPILI/ER,  m,    One  that  ^ills  or  sheds. 

3.  A  kind  of  fishing-line.  Camt. 

SFILL'iNO,  ppr.     Suffering  to  fall  or  run  out,  as 
liqiiMs ;  shedding. 

SpMimg^ines,  in  a  skip^  are  ropes  fur  fMing  more 
convealenilv  the  square-^nila.  .Ifor.  Vict. 

9PILT,  prwL  and  n.  of  Sriix. 
SPILTH,  B.    [ttftm  spOL]    Any  ihinff  split.     [AM  » 

MM.]  SJufi. 

SPIN,  V.  Lf  prtL  and  pp.  Srcjf.     Srt!*  is  not  used. 

tSax.  spna^ms  Golb.  spiMmam;  D.  and  G.  spinurm: 
>AU,spimdsr;  Sw.spixmtL.  If  the  sense  is  to  draw 
out  or  extend,  this  coincides  in  origin  with  span.] 

i.  To  draw  out  and  twiiit  into  threads,  either  b>' 
the  band  or  machinery  ;  as,  Ui  spin  wool,  cotton,  or 
flax  ;  to  «ptii  goats*  hair. 

AM  Ite  nni  vWch  Pea^low  twit  in  tJljMcs'  i^bMMr,  ffM  bat 
m  llhxca  witk  maHm.  S%ak. 

9.  To  draw  out  tediously ;  to  form  by  a  slow  pro- 
cess or  by  decrees  ;  with  out ;  as,  to  spin  ami  large 
Ttilumes  on  a  subject. 

3.  To  extend  to  a  great  length  ;  a?,  to  spin  otU  a 
subject 

4.  To  draw  out ;  to  protmet ;  to  spend  by  delays ; 
ax,  to  spin  ant  the  day  in  idleness. 

Br  Ofw  deb;  aftrr  wmUwt,  thrf  spin  owl  their  wbol'-  IWrs. 

L'Ettnnt*. 

5.  To  whirl  with  a  thread ;  to  tarn  or  cause  to 
whir) ;  as,  to  spin  a  top. 

6.  To  draw  out  from  the  stomach  in  a  filament ; 
as,  a  spider  spins  a  web. 

TV  wn  Atfy,  in   milttary  langua^e^  is  to  twii4  it  into 
ropes  A>r  convenient  carriage  on  an  expedition. 
SPIN,  r.  i.    To  practice  spinning;  to  work  at  draw- 
ing and  twisting  threads  >  a^i,  the  woman   knows 
how  to  spin. 

Tbigr  Bii^erkaMr  t»«jna,iMreu«u>b^  Priw. 

2.  To  perform  the  act  of  drawing  and  twisting 
threads  ;  as,  a  machine  or  jenny  spins  with  great  ex- 
actness. 

3w  To  move  round  rapidly  ;  to  whirl;  as  a  top  <»* 
a  spindle. 

4.  To  stream  or  issue  in  a  thread  or  small  current ; 
as,  blood  spins  from  a  vein.  Drayton, 

SPI-NA'C£OCB,  a.     Denoting  the  plant  spinach  and 
the  class  cf  plants  u>  which  it  belongs. 

Enryc,  of  Dom.  Econ. 
SPIN'ACH,  >  (spin'aje,)  n.     [L.  spinacia;  ll.  spinaet ; 
SPIN'ACiE.  {      Sp.  espinac^i:  Ft.  epinards :  D.  spina- 
gie  ;  G.  spinal ;  Pers.  spanaek,] 


SPl 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Spinacia,  whose  leuves  are 
boiled  for  greens  and  used  for  other  culinary  pur- 
port's. 
SPI'NAL,  a.  [See  Spine.]  Pertaining  to  the  spine 
or  biick-bune  uf  an  animal ;  as,  the  spinal  cord  ; 
spinal  muscles  ;   spinal  arteries. 

.^rhuihnoU     Encve. 
SPIN'DLE,  n.     [from  spin  ;  Snx.  and  Dan.  spindet.] 
1.  The  pin  used  in  spinning  wheels  for  twi:^ting 
the  thread,  and  on  which  the  tliread  when  twisted 
is  wound.  Bacvn 

a.  A  slender,  pt>inted  nwl,  or  pin,  on  which  any 
tiling  turns;  an  axis  or  small  axis;  us,  the  spinttU 

3.  The  fusee  of  a  watch.  [of  a  vane. 

4.  A  long,  slendor  stalk.  Mirrtimtr. 

5.  Thu  iron  pin  or  pivot  on  which  a  capstan  turns. 

ToUtn. 

6.  In  ffeomrlry,  a  solid  genented  by  the  revolution 
of  a  curve  line  about  its  base  ur  double  ordinate. 

Bnifde. 

SPIN'DLE,  r.  L  To  shoot  or  grow  in  a  lonu,  slender 
8liilk  or  body.  Baevn.     Mortimer, 

SPINDLE-LEGS,         t  n.     A  tjill,  slender  person  j  in 

SPIN'DLE-PHANKS,  |      contrmpt. 

SPI\'DLE-811ANK-A;D,  (spin'di-shankt,)  a.  Having 
ltiii£,  sU'iidur  legs. 

SPl.VDLi:-^H.\P-£D,  (spin'dl-shSpt,)  a.  Ilavingthe 
shape  t'f  a  spindle  ;  fusiform.  Martyn. 

SPIN'ULE-TREE,  a.  A  shrub  of  the  genus  Euuny- 
mus,  whose  tine,  hard-grnined  wood  was  used  for 
spindles  and  skewers.  Loudon. 

SPLN'DLE-VVOKM,  it.  The  popular  name  of  the  cat- 
erpillar of  a  lepidoptemus  insect,  which  injures  the 
maize  in  New  England.  Harris. 

SPIN'DLING,  ppr.  om.  Tall  and  slender;  shooting 
into  a  small,  trill  stalk.  Jl^h, 

SPINE,  n.  [L.  and  IL  spiiui;  Fr.  epint;  Sp.  tspinaio  ; 
W.  ^spiny  from  pin.'\ 

1.  The  back-bone  of  an  animal.  Coze. 
3.  The  shin  of  the  leg.                                      Coze, 

3.  .\  thorn  ;  a  sharp  process  from  the  woody  part 
of  a  planL  It  differs  from  a  prickle,  which  proceeds 
from  the  bark.  A  spint  sometimes  terminates  a 
bmnch,  and  sometimes  is  axillar>',  growing  at  the 
angle  formed  hy  tlie  branch  or  leaf  with  the  stem. 
The  wild  apple  and  pear  are  armed  with  spine^'* ;  the 
rose,  bramble,  gooseberry,  &c.,nre  armed  with  prick- 
les. Mortyn. 

4.  In  zoUlogy,  a  thin,  pointed  spike,  as  in  fishes. 

5.  Sometimes,  a  ridge. 

IK'xI'llE'.h    tl*-  '»"«'"«•] 

.\  mineral  occurring  In  octobedrons,  of  great  hard- 
ness, consisting  of  alumina  and  magnesia.  When 
of  a  red  or  ruby  color,  it  constitutes  the  gem  H[Mnel- 
ruby,or  the  C4>mmun  ruby  t»f  jewelry.  It  occurs  also 
of  grven,  blue,  brown,  and  black  colors.        Dana. 

^I-NELL'ANE,  «.  The  same  with  the  mtnernl 
Hauyne.  Dana. 

8PI-NES'CENT,a.  [from  spine.'^  Becoming  hard  and 
thorny.  Martyn. 

SPIN'ET,  n.      [It.  spinrtta  :  Fr.  epinette  ;  Sp.  espinrta.] 
An  instrument  of  music  resembling  a  harpsichord, 
but  smaller  ;  a  virginal ;  a  clavichord. 

SPI'NET,  n.     [L.  spinetutn.) 

A  small  wood  or  place  where  briers  and  thorns 
grow,     f  A"(>(  m  use.]  B.  Jonson. 

SPI-NIF'EU-OUS,  a.     [L.  spiua^  spine,  and /eru,  to 
bear.] 
Producing  spines  ;  bearing  thorns. 

SPINK,  «.     A  bird  :  a  finch.  Ifarte. 

SPIN'NEK,  7U    One  that  spins;  one  skilled  in  spin- 
ning. 
■2.  A  spider.  Shak. 

SPIN'NKR,        I  n.     In   entomohjgy^  nn  organ   with 

SPIN'NER-ET,  i  which  insects  form  their  silk  or 
webs.  Braiide. 

SPIN'NING,  ppr.  Drawing  out  and  twisting  into 
threads;  drawing  out;  delaying. 

SPIN'NING,  n.  The  act,  practice,  or  art  of  drawing 
out  and  twisting  into  threads,  as  wool,  flax,  and  cut- 
ton. 

2.  The  act  or  nractice  of  forming  webs,  as  spiders. 
SPIN'.NING-JEN-NY,  7U     An  engine  or  comphcated 

machine  fur  spinning  wool  or  cotton,  in  the  manu- 
facture of  cloth. 

SPIN'NING-VVHEEL,  n.  A  wheel  for  spinning  wool, 
cotton,  or  flax  into  threads.  Gay. 

SPI-NOS'I-T  Y,  n.  The  sUite  of  being  spiny  or  thorny  ; 
cni)ib«-dncs8.  OlancUte, 

SPT'NOt W    i 

SPI'VC^e'  1  "•     f'*  fpinosus,  from  spina.] 

Full  of  spines  ;  armed  with  thorns ;  thorny. 

Martyn. 

SPT'NO-ZISM,  n.  The  form  of  Pantheism  taught  by 
Benedict  Spinoza,  a  Jew  of  Amsterdam,  who  main- 
tained that  God  is  not  only  the  maker,  but  also  the 
original  matter^  of  the  universe,  so  that  creation  was 
only  a  deveJoi>ment  of  himself  by  the  Deity. 

Murdi^ek. 

SPI'NO-ZIST,  n.  A  believer  in  the  doctrines  of  Spi- 
noza. 

SPIN'STER,  II.  [.'pin  and  ster.]  A  woman  who 
spin<i,  or  vvhoiie  occupation  is  to  spin.     Hence. 


SPl 

2.  In  !awy  the  common  title  by  which  a  woman 
without  rank  or  distinction  is  designated  ;  an  unmar- 
ried woman. 


SPIN'STRY,  n.    The  business  of  spinning.    Milton, 
SPIN'THERE,  n.     A  mineralof  a  greenieh-gray  color. 

It  is  a  variety  of  sphene.  Ure. 

SPIN'IJLE,  n.     A  minute  spine.  Dana. 

SPIN'U-LOUS  a.    Covered  with  minute  spines. 
SPI'NY,  a.    [from  spine.]     Full  of  spines;  thorny; 

as,  a  spiny  tree. 
2.  Per|duxed  ;  difTicult;  troublesome.        Digby, 
SPIIl'ACLE,  (Bpir'a-kl  or  sni'ra-kl,)  lu     [L.  spiracu- 

lutH^  from  spiro^  to  breathe.] 

1.  A  small  aperture  in  animal  and  vegetable  bod- 
ies, by  which  air  or  other  fluid  is  exhaled  ur  inhaled  ; 
a  smalt  luile,  orifice,  or  vent ;  a  pore  ;  a  minute  pas- 
sage ;  as,  the  spiracles  of  the  human  skin. 

2.  Any  small  aperture,  hole,  t»r  vent.   fVoodward. 
SPI'RAL,  a.     [IL  spirale;  Fr.  spiral  i  from  L.  spira,  a 

spire-.] 

Winding  round  a  cylinder  or  other  round  body,  or 
in  a  circular  form,  and  nt  the  same  time  rising  or  ad- 
vancing forward  ;  winding  like  a  screw.  The  mag- 
nificent column  in  the  Place  Vendomo,  at  Paris,  is 
divided  hy  a  spiral  line  into  compartments,  it  is 
formed  with  spiral  compartments,  on  which  art^  en- 
graved fi(?uros  emblematical  of  the  victories  of  the 
French  armies.  A  whirlwind  is  so  named  from  the 
spiml  motion  of  the  air. 

SPI'RAL,  n.  In  geometry,  i\\e  name  given  to  a  class 
of  curves  which  continually  recede  from  a  renter  or 
pole,  while  they  continue  to  revolve  about  it. 

Brande. 

SPT'RAL-COAT-ED,  a.     Coated  spirally.         Smith. 

SPI'RAL-LY,  adv.  In  a  spiral  form  or  direction  ;  in 
the  niannf  r  of  a  screw.  Hay. 

SPI-KA'TION,  n,  [L.  spiratio.]  A  breathing.  [Kot 
used.]  Barrow. 

SPIRE,  n  [Ij.  spira  ;  Gr.  oKcipn  i  8p.  espira  ;  from  the 
■root  of  I.,  spiro^  to  breathe.  The  primary  sense  of 
the  nH>t  is,  to  throw,  to  drive,  to  send,  but  It  implies 
a  winding  motion,  like  tkrotOy  warp,  and  many  oth- 
ers.] 

1.  A  winding  line  like  the  threads  of  a  screw  ;  any 
thing  wreathed  or  contorted ;  a  curt ;  a  twist ;  a 
wreath. 

Ilia  neck  erect  (tmiiUl  hi«  clrdlng  tjArta.  Millon. 

A  (lmgoii'»  fi.T)r  furm  t»'!i,'d  thi."  gwJ  ; 

SoLliiiic  oil  radiiujt  tpiret  he  rotk.  Drydm, 

3.  A  body  that  shoots  up  to  a  point;  a  tapering 
body  i  a  round  pyramid  or  pyraraidical  body ;  a  stee- 
ple. 

With  ylUt'-'ritig  tjArea  ami  pjnniiclo  udorned,  MUtOti. 

3.  A  slalk  or  blade  of  grass  or  other  plant.  How 
bumble  ought  man  to  be,  who  can  notni.ike  a  single 
spire  of  grass  I 

4.  The  top  or  uppermost  point  of  a  thing.    SSiak, 
SPIRE,  V.  i.     To  shoot ;  to  shcKil  up  pyraiiiidically. 

2.  To  breathe.     [JVw/  in  u>r..]  [J^iortuner. 

3.  To  sprout,  as  grain  in  malting. 
SPIR'/i:D,  fl.     Having  a  spire.  Mason, 
SPI'RI-FER,  71.    [L.  spiray  a  spire,  and  fero,  to  bear.] 

The  name  of  an  extinct  genus  of  mollusks,  having 
a  shell  with  two  internal,  calcareous,  spiral  append- 
agert.  Brande. 

SPIR'IT,  fl.  [Fr.  Mprif;  It.  spirito;  Bp.  espiritui  L. 
spiritusy  from  spiroy  to  l»reathe,  to  blow.  The  prima- 
ry sense  is,  to  rush  or  drive.] 

1.  Primarily,  wind  ;  air  in  motion  ;  hence,  breath. 

All  Unlit-a  h»vt;  tj/iriU  and  pncumatical  parU  within  ih'-m. 

Bacon, 
[  This  sense  is  now  unnsuaL] 

2.  Animal  excitement,  or  the  effect  of  it ;  life  ;  ar- 
dor ;  fire  ;  courage  ;  elevation  or  vt^hemence  of  mind. 
The  troops  attacked  the  enemy  with  great  spirit. 
The  young  man  has  the  spirit  uf  youth.  He  speaks 
or  acts  with  spirit.  Spirits,  in  tiu  plural^  is  used  In 
nearly  a  like  sense.  The  troops  began  to  recovet 
their  spirits.  Swift. 

3.  Vigor  of  intellect ;  genius. 

Hia  wit,  hi*  braiiiy,  nnil  hia  tpirit.  Butler, 

The  nublcU  ipiril  or  gcnim  cmi  not  docrvc  enough  of  iii;tiikiiid 
lo  pretend  tu  ihe  csiceni  of  heroic  vinue.  TtmpU. 

4.  Temper;  disposition  of  mind,  habitual  or  tem- 
porary ;  as,  a  man  of  a  t'enerous  spirit,  ur  of  a  re- 
vengeful spirit;  the  ornament  of  a  meek  and  (juiet 
spirit  • 

Let  111  go  lo  the  hoiiBcof  Cod  In  the  »pirir  of  prayer.  BUkerttelh. 

5.  The  soul  of  man  ;  Ihe  intelligent,  immaterial, 
and  immortal  part  of  huiimn  beings.     [See  Soul.] 

The  *pirit  thtll  r^mni  to  Gwt  ihnl  giwe  It.  —  Gcclei.  xli, 

C.  An  immaterial,  intelligent  substance. 

Locke. 


Spirit  ia  -a  lulaUnce  in  which  thinking,  knowing,  doobling,  mad 
R  power  of  moving,  do  kutaiat.  *        " 


Hence, 

7.  An  immaterial,  intelligent  being. 

By  which  he  went  and  pi^ncbed  '.o  "Jie  tpi'ils  In  priion.  • 

Pel.  iii. 
God  t%a  tpiriL  —  John  It. 


Fate,  far,  fall,  \vil\t.— mete,  prey.  — pine,  mari.ne,  bird.— note,  dove,  move,  ^olp,  bqqk.- 
1064 


SPl 


SPI 


8.  Turn  of  lAind ;  temper ;  occasional  state  of  the 
mind. 


SPI 


A  perf-a  Jud^  will  re»d  Mch  worii  of  wit 
With  Uie  Hjiic)  ajm-U  tbj.t  iu  aoihor  writ. 

9.  Powers  of  mind  distinct  frura  the  body. 

Id  tpirit  pertiapi  he  sjso  wiv 
Rich  Mexico,  ihe  »eat  of  Mootciuine. 

10.  Sentiment : 


Pop«. 


Milton. 

i  perception. 

Your  tfirit  i»  loo  true,  your  feari  too  certain.  ^uii. 

II.  Eager  desire  ;  disposition  of  mind  excited  and 
directed  to  a  particular  objecL 

God  hu  made  a  apiril  of  buiWinff  «ucc"eJ  a  spirii  of  pulling 


down. 


SquJi, 


12.  A  person  of  activity  ;  a  man  of  life,  vigor,  or 
enterprise.  ^    ' 

The  watery  Idngt)oin  ia  no  bar 

To  «op  ih«  forvigii  a]iirits,  but  they  conie.  Shak. 

13.  Persona  distinguished  by  qualities  of  the  mind. 

Such  trtiriu  at  he  deaind  to  please,  auch  would  I  choose  for  my 
Ji"'ff«.  Dryden, 

14.  Excitement  of  mind  ;  animation  ;  cheerful- 
ness ;  usuaUy  in  the  plural.  We  found  tfur  friend  in 
very  good  spirits.     He  has  a  great  flow  of  spirits. 

To  aiiiff  thy  praiao,  would  Hearen  my  tm-ath  proloo', 
lufuaiitg  tpinU  worthy  •ucli  a  aon^.  "  Drydm. 

15.  Life  or  strength  of  resemblance  ;  essential 
qtialities ;  as,  to  set  oir  the  faf«  in  its  true  spirit. 
The  copy  has  not  the  spirit  of  the  original.     Wotton. 

Hi.  Something  eminently  pure  and  refined. 
Nor  d.rfh  the  eye  kaclf, 
That  meet  pure  jytrti  of  aeuae,  behold  i[*-lC  SKak. 

17.  That  which  Jmth  power  or  energy  j  the  quality 
of  any  substance  which  manifests  life,  activity,  or 
the  power  of  strongly  affecting  other  bodies ;  as,  the 
spirit  of  wine,  or  of  any  liquor. 

18.  A  strong,  pungent  liquor,  usually  obtained  by 
distillation,  as  mm,  brandy,  gin,  whisky.  In  Amer- 
ica, spirit^  used  without  other  words  explanatory  of 
its  meaning,  signiries  the  liquor  distilled  from  cane- 
juice  or  rum.     We  say,  new  spirit^  or  old  spirit,  Ja- 

19.  An  apparition  ;  a  ghost.  [maica  spirit^  tc 
9 1,  The  renewed  nature  of  man.     Matt.  xxvi. 

Oal.  V, 
21.  The  influences  of  the  Holy  Spirit,    MatL  xxxi. 
IMy  Spirit :  the  third  person  in  the  Trinity. 
Spirit  of  wine ;  pure  alcohol,  so  called  because  for- 
merly obtained  only  from  wine. 
SPIH'IT,  r.  u    To  animate  ;  to  actuate  ;  as  a  spirit. 

So  lnlk.?d  Uw  tpiriud  •ty  anake.     [IMHe  used.]  AliUon. 

2.  To  animate  with  vigor;  to  excite;  to  encour- 
age ;  as,  civil  dissensions  spirit  the  ambition  of  pri- 
vate men.  Swifi. 

It  is  Sometimes  followed  by  vp ;  as,  to  spirit  up. 
Mitldlcton. 

3.  To  convey  away  rapidly  and  secretly,  as  if  by 
the  agency  of  a  spirit ;  as  "  I  felt  as  if  I  had  been 
sptriUtf  into  some  castie  of  antiquity."  fVillis. 

4.  To  kidnap.  Blaekstone. 
To  .fpirit  away ;  to  entice  or  seduce. 

SPIR'IT-AL-LV,  ado.    By  means  of  ihe  breath.    [JVot 

SPIR'IT-ED,  pp.  Animated  ;  encouraged  ;  incited. 
2.  a.  Animated  ;  full  of  life  ;  lively  ;  full  of  spirit 
or  fire  ;  as,  a  spirited  address  or  oration  ;  a  spirited 
answer.  It  is  uticd  in  composition,  noting  the  slate 
of  the  mind  ;  as  in  bigh-spirited,  low-spirited^  mean- 
spirileft. 

SPIR'IT-ED-LY,  adv.  In  a  lively  manner;  with  spir- 
it ;  with  sirensth  ;  with  animation. 

SPIR'IT-ED-.VESS,  n.     Life  ;  animation. 

2.  Disposition  or  make  of  mind  ;  used  in  com- 
pounds ;  as,  Uifih-spirUedness^  iow -spiritcdiiess,  mean- 
ly (r(((trfnft*.«,  narrow-spiritednpss. 

SPIR'IT-njL,  a.    Lively  ;  full  of  spirit     [AV(  lufd.] 

SPIR'IT-FIJL-LY,  adv.  In  a  lively  manner.  'IjVot 
u.ied.  1  *■ 

ePIR'l*r-Ff;i^NES.S,  «.  Liveliness;  sprightlinesg. 
[JVbt  u-*riL]  Harvn,. 

PIR'IT-L\G,  ;fpr     Animating;  actuating;  bcarmg 


spi 


SPIRjIT-OUlS-NESS,  n.  A  rufli.cd  state;  fineness 
and  acliviiy  ol  parts  ;  as,  tJio  thinness  and  sjiiriluti^ 
»#.v.*  of  liquor.  Bvvle 

SPIR'IT-HSRC'ING.a.    Piercing  tlie  spirit. 

SPlR'IT-SEARCH'tN'G,  a.     Searching  the  spirit. 

SP  R'lT-.'JTIR'RING,  j  a.    Eiciting  the  spirit. 

SPIR'IT-ROUS'ING,    (  *  '       Scott. 

SPIR'IT-tJ-AL,  a.  [Fr.  spirUntl ;  It.  spirituaU:  L. 
gptrtttialiti.] 

1.  Consisting  of. ■spirit;  not  material ;  incorporeal; 
as,  a  spirilual  substance  or  being.  The  soul  of  man 
is  spirUuaJ, 

2.  Mental ;  Intellectual ;  as,  spiritual  armor. 

n    1VT  .  ^  Milton. 

J.  Wot  gross;  refined  from  eiternal  things;  not 
sensual ;  relating  to  mind  only;  as,  a  spiritual  and 
refined  religion.  Calamy. 

4.  Not  lay  or  temporal ;  relating  to  sacred  things  ; 
ecclesiastical ;  as,  the  spiritual  functi<ins  of  the  cler- 
gy ;  the  lords  spiritual  and  temporal ;  a  spiritual  cor- 
poration. 

5.  Pertaining  to  spirit  or  to  the  afleclions ,  pure  ; 
holy.  .  *  f       t 

God'alawb  tpintuat ;  it  Is  »  (ranicrint  of  Uiedivine  nnlure,  and 
exuiiHU  lU  auUiurity  to  the  acts  of  the  soul  of  man.   Broum. 

6.  Pertaining  to  the  renewed  nature  of  man ;  as, 
'irdual  life. 

7.  Not  Hoshly ;  not  material ;  as,  spirUual  sacrifices. 
I  Pet.  n. 

8.  Pertaining  to  divine  things;  as,  spiritual  songs. 
Eph.  V. 

Spiritual  couH ;  an  ecclesiastical  court  :  a  court 
held  by  a  bishop  or  other  ecclesiastic. 
SPIR'IT-y-AUISM,  71.  The  doctrine,  in  opposition 
to  the  materialists,  that  all  which  exists  is  spirit  or 
soul  — that  what  is  called  the  external  world  ia  either 
a  succession  of  notions  impressed  on  the  mind  by  the 
Deity,  as  maintained  by  Berkeley,  or  else  the  mere 
educt  of  the  mind  itself,  as  taught  by  Ficlile. 

o    c.  .      *  .    .  Bratide. 

9.  State  of  being  spiritual. 
SPIR'IT-I^-AL-IST,  Ti.    One  who  professes  a  regard 

for  spiritual  things  only ;  one  whose  employment  Is 
spiritual.  HaUiweU. 

2.  One  who  maintains  the  doctrine  of  spiritual- 
ism. 

SPIR-IT-ti-AL'I-TY,  n.    Essence  distinct  from  mat- 
ter ;  immateriality. 

If  Uiia  light  be  not  ipiritual,  it  approacheth  ncareit  to  ipiriluality. 

9.  Intellectual  nature;  as,  the  spirituality  of  the 
"""'■„  .  .  ■  South. 

3.  Spiritual  nature  ;  the  quality  which  respects  the 
spirit  or  affections  of  the  heart  only,  and  the  essence 
or  true  religion  ;  as,  the  spirituality  of  God's  law, 

4.  Spiritual  exercises  and  holy  affections. 

Much  of  our  tpirituaUty  and  comffart  in  public  worship,  d<>pend 
on  the  atau'  of  mind  in  which  we  come.  £tcJter<tc[A. 

5.  That  which  belongs  to  the  church,  or  to  a  per- 
son as  an  ecclesiastic,  or  to  religion,  as  distinct  from 
temporalities. 

During  the  Tacancy  of  a  Ke,  the  arcbbiabop  la  guardian  of  the 


SPIK'IT-U-OIIS-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  being  spir- 
itiious;  ardor;  heat;  stimulating  quality;  as,  the 
rpirituousne.is  of  liquors. 
2.  Life  ;  t»^nuity  ;  activity. 

SPIRT     See  Spurt,  the  more  correct  orthography 

SPIR'TLE,  V.  L    To  spirt  in  a  scattering  manner. 

SPIR'TLED,  (spur'tld,)  pp.     Spirted  actilteringly. 

SPIR'tJ-L.\,  n.  [L.]  A  genus  of  cephalopods,  having 
a  discoid,  multilocular  shell.  p.  Cyc. 

SPIR'Y,  a.    [from  spire.]    Of  a  spiral  form  ;  wreathed; 
curled  ;  as,  the  spiry  volumes  of  a  serpent.     Drtjden, 
2.  Having  the  form  of  a  pyramid  ;  pyramidical ;  as, 
sviry  turrets.  Portn. 

SPISS,  a.     [h.  spissus.-]  ' 

Thick  ;  close  ;  dense.    f.Vof  t?t  use.] 

SPISS'I-TUDE,  n.  [Supra.]  Thickness  of  soft  sub- 
stances ;  the  denseness  or  compactness  which  belongs 
to  substances  not  perfectly  liquid  nor  perfectly  solid  ; 
as,  the  spissitude  of  coagulated  blood  or  of  any  coac- 
ulum.  '        * 

SPIT,  n.  [Sax.  spitu  ;  D.  spit ;  G.  spiess ;  Sw.  spcu ; 
Dan.  spid ;  It.  spieito  ;  Ice.  .■^nct,  a  spear.  It  belongs 
to  Class  Bd,  and  is  from  thrusting,  shooting.] 

1.  An  iron  prong  or  bar  pointed,  on  which  meat  is 
roasted. 

2.  [D.  spit,  a  sjiade.]  Such  a  depth  of  earth  as  is 
pierced  by  Uio  spade  at  once  f  a  spadeful,  f  Various 
'''"''^■^      „       .  IMliwelL 

J.  A  small  point  of  land  running  into  the  sea,  or  a 
long,  narrow  shoal  extending  from  the  shore  into  the 
sea ;  as,  a  spit  of  sand. 
SPIT,  II.    [Dan.  spyL] 

What  IS  ejecteil  from  the  mouth  ;  saliva. 
SPIT,  V.  t.  [from  the  noun.]  To  thrust  a  spit  through; 
to  put  u])on  a  spit ;  as,  to  spit  a  loin  of  veal. 

2.  To  thrust  through  ;  to  pierce.  Dryden. 

3.  To  spade  ;  to  dig. 

SPIT,  V.  U;  pret.  and  pp.  Spit.  Spat  is  obsolete. 
I  fcax.  sputati !  Sw.  spotta ;  Dan.  spyUer ;  G.  spMf.en. 
1  he  sense  is,  to  throw,  or  drive.    Class  Bd.] 

1.  To  eject  from  the  mouth  ;  to  thrust  out,  as  sali- 
va or  other  matter,  from  the  mouth. 

2.  To  eject  or  throw  out  with  violence. 

SPIT,  D.  t.    To  throw  out  saliva  from  the  mouth.    It 

■    19  a  dirty  trick  to  spit  on  the  floor  or  carpet. 

SPIT'AL,  n.  [Corrupted  from  hospital.]  "  Roh  not 
the  spital,"  or  charitable  foundation.  Johnson. 

[Viilj^'ur,  and  not  in  use.] 

SPIT'-BOX,  n.  A  vessel  to  receive  discharges  of  spit- 
tle. ^ 

SPITCireoCK,  v.  u    To  split  an  eel  lengthwise  and 


broil  it. 


King. 


SI'1R'IT-I.\6,  ppr 
away. 

8PIR'IT.LES.«,  a.     Destitnle  of  spirits  ;  wanting  ani- 
mation ;  wanting  clleerftilness  ;  dejected  ;  depressed. 

2.  Destitute  of  vigor ;   wanting  life,  courage,  or 
fire  ;  09,  a  spiritless  slave.  ' 

A  man  io  faint,  ao  tplrilteit. 
So  dull,  an  dpail  In  luoh.  SJiai, 

3.  Having  no  breath  ;  extinct;  dead.  OrrenhilL 
BPIR'IT-I.E.SS-LY,  adv.     Without  spirit ;  without  el- 

rnion.  Mare. 

SPIR'ITLESS-.VESS,  n.     Dullness  ;  want  of  life  or 

vieor. 
SPIIt'lT-LEVET,,  11.    An  instniment  for  obtaining 

an  exact  horizontal  line,  by  means  of  a  bubble  of  air 

on  the  surface  of  spirits  of  wine  inclosed  in  a  glass 
.  '"•'<'•      .  Buchanan. 

SP/R-r-rri'SO,  [it.]     in  music,  with  spirit. 
BPIR'lT-OU8,  a.     Like  spirit;   refined;   defecated; 

pure. 

Moi*  frftned,  mem  tptriiout  and  pure.  lotion, 

2.  Pine  i  ardent ;  active.  Stnith. 


S-  An  ecclesiastical  body.    [JVol  tn  i/.«.l      shak. 

SPIR-IT-tJ-AL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  spiritual- 
izing. 

In  cAniiwtry,  the  operation  of  extracting  spirit  from 
natural  bodies.  F.ntuc 

SPIR'IT-II-AUTZE,  V.  L  [Fr.  spiritualiser,  to'eilract 
spirit  from  mixed  bodies.] 

1.  To  refine  the  intellect ;  to  purify  from  the  fecu- 
lences of  the  world  ;  as,  to  spiritualize  the  soul. 

.  Hammond. 

2.  To  imbue  with  spirituality,  or  life. 

3.  In  chemistry,  to  extract  spirit  from  natural  bod- 
ies. 

4.  To  convert  to  a  spiritual  meaning. 
SPIR'IT-II-,\L-IZ-ER,  n.    One  who  spiritnnlizes. 

Warburton. 
SPIR  IT-IJ-Alj-I>Y,  at/p.    Wilhout  corporeal  grossness 
or  sensuality  ;  in  a  manner  conformed  to  the  spirit  of 
true  religion  ;  with  purity  of  spirit  or  heart. 

Spiritually  minded ;  »nAer  tha  influence  of  the  Holy 
Spirit,  or  of  holy  principles  ;  having  the  affections 
refined  and  elevated  above  sensual  objects,  and 
placed  on  fiod  nntl  his  law.    Rom.  viii. 

Spiritually  ducrmed;  known,  not  by  camni  reason, 
but  by  the  peculiar  illumination  of  the  Holy  Spirit. 
1  Ci'r.  ii. 

8PIR'IT-U-AI^MIND'ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of 
having  spiritual  exercises  and  holy  aflictions  ;  splrit- 
<">'''>••  Owen. 

SPIR'tT-IJ-AL-TY,  n.    Ecclesiastical  body.    [JVul  in 

SpTr'IT-II-OIJS,  a.    [Fr.  spiritueuz.] 

1.  Containing  spirit ;  consisting  of  refined  spirit ; 
ardent ;  as,  spirituous  liquors.  [This  might  well  be 
written  Spihitous.] 

2.  Having  the  quality  of  spirit ;  fine ;  pure  ;  active  ; 
M,  the  spintuaus  part  of  a  plant.  .^rbuthnot. 

3.  Lively ;  gay  j  vivid  ;  airy.    [Jint  ia  use.] 

Wotton. 


SPITCH'eoCK,  n.    An  eel  split  and  broiled. 

SPITE,  n.    [D.  spyt,  spite,  vexation  ;  Ir.  spid.    The 
i  r.  has  depit.  Norm,  despite.     The  It.  dispctto  and  Sp. 
despceho  seem  to  be  from  the  L.  despectas ;  but  spite 
seems  to  be  from  a  different  root.] 
Hatred  ;  rancor  ;  malice ;  malignity  ;  malevolence. 
„   ,  John.ton. 

Jtptte,  however,  is  npt  always  synonymous  with 
these  words.  It  oaen  denotes  a  loss  deliberate  and 
fixed  hatred  than  malice  and  malignity,  and  is  often 
a  sudden  fit  of  111  will  excited  by  temporary  vexa- 
tion. It  is  the  effect  of  extreme  Irritation,  and  is  ac- 
companied with  a  desire  of  revenge,  or  at  least  a  de- 
sire to  vex  the  object  of  ill  will. 

B.'Cone,  ye  Critics,  and  rcslmin  your  apite; 

Codrua  writea  on,  and  will  for  ever  write.  Pop*. 

In  spile  of;  in  opposition  to  all  efforts ;  in  defiance 
or  contempt  of.  Sometimes  spite  of  is  used  without 
in,  but  not  elegantly.  It  is  often  used  without  ex- 
pressing any  malignity  of  meaning. 

Whom  God  made  uac  of  to  ipeak  a  word  in  ieaaon,  and  ahred 

me  fri  tpiu  0/  the  world,  the  tievil,  and  njva.lf.      A'uulk. 
In  tjklM  0/  all  applicalioiia,  the  patient  ffrow  worac  every  tlay. 

Arbuthitot. 

To  oiee  one  a  spite  i  to  entertain  a  temporary  hatred 
for  sometliing. 
SPITE,  r.  t.    To  be  angry  or  vexed  at 

2.  To  mischief;  to  vel  ;  to  treat  maliciously;  to 
thwart.  Shak. 

3.  To  fill  with  spite  or  vexation ;  to  offend  ;  to 
vex.  ' 

DariuB,  t/MI«f  at  the  Ma^,  endeavored  to  aboliah  not  only  their 
learning,  but  their  Unguage.     {Not  uied.)  Teinple. 

SPIT'AD,  pp.     Hated  ;  vexed. 

srri'E'FSJL,  a.  Filled  with  spite  ;  having  a  desire  to 
Vex,  annoy,  or  injure  ;  m.ilignant ;  malicious. 

A  wayward  aon, 
Spite/ul  and  wruthful.  Shale. 

SPITE'FIJL-LY,  ado.  With  »  desire  to  vex,  annoy, 
or  injure  ;  malignantly  ;  nialicioiislv.  Swifi,. 

SPITE'Fpi^NESS,  n.  The  desire  to  vex,  annoy,  or 
do  mischief,  proceeding  from  irritation  ;  maiico ; 
malignity. 

It    looka   more  like  spUsfulnsas  and  Bl-nature,  than  a  diliifent 
aearch  after  truth.  A*«/. 

A   violent   or   passionate    person. 

SflT'-FULL,  n.    Aspadcftil.  ^°"' 

SPIT'TED,  pp.    [from  spit.]    Put  upon  a  spit. 

2.  Shot  out  into  length.  Bacon. 


SPIT'FIRE,    71. 
[Lore] 
PIT'-FD 


TONE.  BULL.  UMTE— AN"GER.  VI"CIOU8.-e  «l  K ;  6  ..  J ;  g  a.  Z ;  CH  a.  SH ;  TH  «  tn  THIB. 


lU 


1066 


SPL 


SFIT'TF.R,  n.     One  tlint  puts  nuiil  on  a  spit, 

2.  Oiu'  who  cjfcts  *aliv:i  fnun  his  mouUi. 

3.  A  young  deor  wliose  hums  begin  lo  shoot  or 
become  »harp  ;  a  brocket  or  pricket.  Encyc 

SPIT  TIM!,  ppr.     t'utttng  on  a  spiL 

2.  Ejertnii:  Kiliva  fmiu  the  muuth. 
SPIT'TLli,   (spil'll,)   n.      [from  spiL^      Paliva  ;    the 
iliick,  moist  matter  which  (s  secreted  by  the  saliviiry 
glands  and  ejected  from  the  month. 
2.  A  Bmall  8t»rt  of  t^pade.     [spaJdle.] 
SPIT'TLE.     SceSriT*!- 
SPIT'TLE,  r.  u    To  dig  or  stir  with  a  small  spade. 

SP[T-TOON',  n.  A  more  f^^ionable  name  for  Srix- 
Box.  ,    «  . 

SPiT'VEN-OM,  «.  [spit  and  vtnam,]  Poison  ejected 
from  the  nu»uih.  IfiHtker. 

SPLANeiI-\0l/0-6Y,  n.  [Or  (rr^aj-^ra^  bowels, 
and  A»>fi$,  discourse.] 

1.  The  doctrine  of  the  viscera  j  or  a  treatise  or  de- 
8cri|ition  of  the  viscertu  Hotper. 

2.  The  doctrine  of  diseases  of  the  internal  iKirta 
of  the  bcHly.  Coif. 

SPLASH,  r.  u    [formed  on  pUish.]    To  siwttcr  with 

water,  or  with  water  and  nniil. 
SPLASH,  r.  i.    To  strike  and  diijih  about  water. 
SPLASH,  n.    Water  or  water  and  dirt  thrown  upon 

any  Ihinir,  or  thrown  from  a  puddle  and  the  like. 
SPLASH'-IlOAItO,  n.     A  suard  in  front  of  a  vehicle, 

to   prevent   iu   bting   spl;;;ihcd   by    mud    from    Uie 

horse's  heels. 
SPLASll'£l>,  (splasht,)  pp.    Spattered  with  water  or 

mud. 
SPLASH'IXG,  ppr.    Sp;itterine  with  water  or  mud. 

2.  Striking  and  dashins  aUmt  water. 
SPLASH'V,  tt.    Full  of  diriy  tvater ;  wet;  wet  and 

muddy. 
splay',  r.  (.    [Pee  Displat.J    To  dislocate  or  break 

a  horse's  i<boulder-bone.  Joh'tsoti. 

2.  To  upread.     [  Uttlr  usrd.]  Meaae. 

SPLAY,  Tot  Oisruxr.     [.\''t  i«  use,} 
SPLAY,  a.    Displayed  ;  spread  j  turned  outward. 

Sidmtif. 
SPLAY,  n,     A  slant<'d  or  sloped  surface  ;  particularly, 

the  expansion  eiven  to  doors,  windows,  A:c.,  by 

slanting  their  sides.  Qlas.\  of  Arehit. 

SPLAY'£I»,    pp.    or    a.      Dislocated,   as   s    bt>rse'8 

sbouldt^r-bone. 
2.  d.    In    orcAiifrtvTf,  oblique ;   havine  one   side 

which  makes  an  oblique  anjilf  with  the  itther. 
SPLAY'EOQT,         \a.     Having  ihe  f.Hi  turned  oul- 
SPLAY'PQQT-ED,  j     wa;d  ;  having  a  wide  fo^it. 

Pope, 
SPLAY  MOLTII,   ru      A    wide   iDoutb ;    a    mouth 

streirhed  by  desipi, 
SPLEEX,  n.     [I*  splem  ;  Gr.  (t^X-jj.] 

1.  The  milt ;  a  i«[Hin;:>-  vis*  ns  silnaled  in  the  left 
hyp»^hondrium,  mar  ih-;  fundus  of  the  stomach, 
and  under  ilie  r.l«^.  It  has  an  oval  fijnire.  Its  u*e 
b  nt'i  known.  Tito  nnritnts  supptwed  this  to  be  llie 
seat  of  niilinihilv ,  auz;  r,  or  vexation.    Hence, 

2.  .\nger;  latent  spile }4I  humor.  Thua  we  say, 
to  vent  une^s  gplrtn. 

Id  notJc  initnl*  K'ine  dr^ei  r»ti»in, 

Nm  yr-t  pmgxl  uS,  oi  tfUeit  aud  soul  diwl.tin.  Pop«. 

3.  A  fit  of  aneer.  Shak. 

4.  A  fit ,  a  sudden  motion.    [A^Dt  Hsed.]      Shak, 
&.  Melancholy  ;  hyfxichoudriacal  allections. 

Bodies  ehftu^ixl  to  ritxni  Tonna  bj  v^'ceii.  Pop*, 

6.  Immoderate  merrirncnL    f  A'trf  in  useJ]     Shak. 
8PLEEN'£D,  a.    Depri<red  of  the  spleeo. 

jfrfriitAnoC. 

wlilivriu;'  I  *•  A"^  ■•  f^^^  ■•  <•"=•<••"• 

Mr*Elf  lure  caliiied  tteir  wpUtnfiti  uniiinjr.  SSak. 

2.  Melancholy  ;  hypochondriacal.  Pope. 

SPLEEX'ISH,  a.    Spteenv;  alFected  with  spleen. 
SPLEEN'K^H-LV,  adv.     In  a  spleenish  manner. 
SPLEE.N'ISII-.NESS,  n.     feUte  of  beina  splecnish. 
SPLEEN'LESS,  a.    Kind  j  geuUe;  mild.    [Obs.] 

Chapman, 
SPLEEX'WORT,  (-wurt,)  a.     [L.  gplenmm.\ 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Asplcnium  j  miltworL 

Londvii. 
SPLEEN'Y,  «.    Angry  ;  peevish ;  frelftiL 


A  g/rfiiwy  Liaifaetmii,aiHl  aot  wbokaotae  ta 
Our  cuMc. 


S^ak. 


2.  .Melancholy  ;  affected  with  nervous  complaints. 
SPLEN'DENT,  o.     [L.  spimdenSy  splcndfo^  to  shine.] 

1.  Shining  ;  glossy  ;  beaming  with  light  ;  as, 
spiauUmt  pianetB  i  spUndtat  metals.  AViftoa. 

3.  Very^Mospicuous  j  illustrious.  WuUon. 
SPLEN'DID,  a.  f  L.  gplendid^s^  from  gplendeo,  to  shine  ; 

Fr.  spleadide ;   It.  fpU/uLdo  ,*    VV.  ysplax,  from  plaa^ 
clear.    See  Puiic.] 

L  Properly^  i»^iK.iDg  j  very  bright  j  as,  a  splendid 
sun.     Hcrnce, 

2.  Showy  ;  raagnificent;  sumptuous;  pompous; 
as,  a  splendid  palace  ;  a  gplmdid  procession  ;  a  npUn- 
did  equipage  ;  a  splenMU  feast  or  entertainment. 

3.  Illustrious;  beice,  brilliant ;  aa,  a  .?;>^R/ii(<  vic- 
tory. 


SPL 

4.  llhisirious  j  famous ;  celebrated  ;  as,  a  splendid 
repuinlion. 
SPLK.N'Um-LY,  ado.    With  great  brightness  or  bril- 
liant lii-til. 

^.  Magnificently;  sumptuously;  richly;  as,  a 
house  sfJendidly  furnished. 

3.  With  great  pump  or  show.  The  king  was 
fpUndidbj  attended, 
SPLEN'lttnt,  H.  l^L.,  I'rom  the  Celtic  ;  W.  yptundn; 
from  pUiHiaw,  dj/^fpteiiiiato^  to  cast  ray»,  fn»ni  plan,  a 
ray,  a  cion  or  shoot,  u  planet  whence  plant,  tivo 
Plaht  and  Plankt.] 

1.  Great  brightness ;  brilliant  luster ;  as,  the 
splendor  of  the  sun. 

2.  Great  show  of  richness  and  elegance  ;  mag- 
nificence ;  as,  the  splendor  of  equifnge  or  of  royal 
robes. 

3.  Pomp ;  parade  ;  as,  the  sptendtfr  of  a  procession 
or  of  ceremonies. 

4.  Brilliance  ;  eminence  j  as,  the  sptaulor  ofa  vic- 
tory. 

SPLEN'DROUS,  a.    Having  splendor.    [JVor  in  use.] 

Drayton, 

AlTvcled  with  spleen  ;  peevish  ;  fretful. 


Yoti  hnmor  m^  w)icn  1  urn  tick  ; ' 
Why  not  whi.'n  I  xih  tytenttic  } 


Pope. 


SPLEX'E-Tie,  K?    A  person  affected  with  spleen. 

Tutlrr. 

SPLE-NET'I€-AL-LY,  ado.  In  a  morose  or  splceny 
manner. 

SPLKX'ie,  0.     [Fr.  splcniqne.] 

Itelouging  to  the  spleen  ;  as,  the  splenic  vein. 

Ray. 

SPLEN'ISil,  a,  Affectiid  with  spleen;  peevish  ;  Iret- 
fu  I.  Drayton, 

SPLE-NT'TIS,  n.    Inflammation  of  the  spleen. 

SPI.EN'l-TiVE,  fl.  Hot;  fiery;  passionate;  irrita- 
ble,    [J\'ot  in  twe.l  Shak. 

SPLEXT   ».    SeeSpLiriT. 

Sl'LEXT'-t'O.VL,  H.  An  Inferior  kind  of  cannel  coal 
from  Scotch  collieries. 

SPLICE,  r.fc.  [S\v.  fiplitsa;  "D.  splitfien :  G.  spleissen  ; 
Dan.  gplidjtrri  from  splider^  splitter^  to  spUt^  to  divide. 
It  should  lie  written  Si-liskJ 

To  »e|iantte  the  strands  of  the  two  ends  of  a  rope, 
and  tiniie  them  by  a  particular  manner  of  interweav- 
ing them  ;  or  to  unite  the  end  of  a  rope  to  any  part 
of  another  by  a  like  interweaving  of  the  strands. 
I'here  are  diiferent  modes  of  spUelng,  as  the  short 
splice,  lung  splice,  eye  splir-e,  &c.  Mar.  Did. 

Splice  iA<  mmn  brmui  among  seamen,  a  phrase  that 
sigiiilles  an  extn  allowftace  of  spirits  in  cases  of  cold 
or  Wet. 

SPLICE,  n.    The  union  of  ropes  by  Interweaving  the 

strands.  Mar.  Diet. 

SPLIC'iCD,  (splTsle,)  pp.    United,  as  a  rope,  by  a  par- 

tirnlur  manner  of  inlerweavinc  the  two  ends. 
SPLI'CLN'i;,  ppr.     Separating  the  strands  of  two  ends 

of  a  rrt]ie,  and  uniting  them  by  interweaving. 
SPLT'CI.NG,  n.     The  act  or  process  of  splicing. 
SPLINT,         (n.     [D.  splirUcr;   G.  sjdiiit,  or  splitter; 
SPLLNT'ER,  S      I>an.  spUndU     Qu.  is  n  radical  ?] 

1,  A  piece  of  wood  split  off;  a  tliin  piece  (in  pro- 
portion to  its  thickness)  of  wood,  or  other  solid  sub- 
stance, rent  from  the  main  body  ;  as,  splinters  of  a 
ship^s  side  or  mast  rent  otf  by  a  shot. 

2,  In  surgery,  a  thin  piece  of  wood,  or  other  sub- 
stance, used  to  hold  or  contine  a  broken  bunc  when 
set. 

3.  A  piece  of  bone  rent  off  in  a  fracture. 

4.  Splint;  in /arrirry,  a  hard  excrescence  growing 
on  the  shank-bones  of  horses.  Farm.  Kncye. 

SPLINT,         jr.*.    To  split  or  rend  into  lonp,  thin 

SPLINT'ER,  \     pieces;  to  shiver;  as,  the  lightning 
splinters  a  tree. 
2.  To  confine  with  splinters,  as  a  broken  limb. 

SPLINT'ER,  p.  i.    To  be  split  or  rent  into  long  pieces, 

SPMNT'ER-IIXR,  n.  A  cross-bar  in  a  coach,  which 
supports  the  springs. 

SPL1NT'ER-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Split  into  splinters ;  secured 
hv  splints. 

SPLINT'ER-ING,  ppr.  Splitting  into  splinters;  se- 
curing bv  sphnts. 

SPLLNT'ER- Y,  a.  Consisting  of  splinters,  or  resem- 
blinij  splinters  ;  as,  the  .fpUntery  fnictiire  of  a  miner- 
al, which  discovers  scales  arising  from  splits  or  fis- 
sures, parallel  to  the  line  of  fra'  ture,  Kirwan. 

SPLIT,  V.  (.,'  pret.  and  pp.  Split.     [D.  spUUen;  Dan. 

splitter;  G.  splittem,  or  spleissen  ;  Eth.  (J'fli  ll  fait, 
to  separate,  to  divide,  the  same  verb  which  in  other 
Sheniitic  languages,  Heb.  Ch.  and  Syr.  o"?!!,  signifies, 
to  escape.     See  Spalt.] 

L  To  divide  longituainally  or  lengthwise  ;  to  sep- 
arate a  thing  from  end  to  end  by  force ;  to  rive  ;  to 
cleave  ;  as,  to  split  a  piece  of  timber;  to  split  a  boatd. 
It  differs  from  Cback.  To  crack  is  to  open,  or  par- 
tially separate  ;  to  split  is  to  separate  entirely. 

2.  To  rend  ;  to  tear  asunder  by  violence ;  to  burst ; 
as,  to  split  a  rock  or  a  sail. 


SPO 

,X  To  divide ;  to  part ;  a«,  lo  split  a  hair.  The 
phrast!S,  to  sjiUt  the  heart,  to  split  a  ray  of  licht,  nre 
now  inelegant  and  obsolete,  cspcciiilly  the  former. 
The  pliniso,  to  S}ilit  the  earth,  is  not  strictly  ctirrect, 

4,  To  dash  and  break  on  a  rock  as,  u  ship  strand- 
ed and  split.  Mar.  Diet. 

5,  To  divide  ;  to  break  into  aiscord  ;  as,  a  people 
split  inUt  parties. 

6,  To  strain  and  pain  with  lAugbter;  as,  to  split 
tlie  sides. 

SPLIT,  i\  i.  To  burst ;  lo  part  asunder ;  to  suffer  dis- 
ruption ;  as,  vessels  uplit  by  the  frf^e/.ing  of  water  in 
them.  Glass  vcsscU  ufleu  split  when  healed  too 
suddenly. 

2.  To  burst  with  laughter. 

Kach  had  a  gr.ifity  wmdd  make  you  iplis.  Pope. 

3.  To  ho  broken ;  to  be  dashed  to  pieces.  We 
were  driven  upon  a  ruck,  and  tiie  ship  immediately 
split.  Stoifl. 

To  .tpUt  on  a  rock ;  to  fail ;  to  err  fatally ;  to  have 
the  hopes  and  designs  fruHlrated.  Spectator, 

SPLIT,  n.    A  crack,  runt,  or  loni^itudinal  fissure. 

Totiai. 
S.  A  breach  or  separation  as  in  a  political  party. 

[  Colloqnial. ' 


SPLIT'TKR,  n.     One  who  splits. 


Sioift. 


CoJd  winter  tpIUs  the  rodu  in  twain. 


Dryden. 


SPLlT''riNt,,p;)/-.    llursling;  riving;  rending. 

SPLUT'TER,  n.  A  bustle  j  a  stir,  {.a  low  w,/rd,  and 
little  usr:l,] 

SPLUT'TER,  V.  L  To  speak  hastily  and  confusedly. 
[Loir.]  Carltun. 

SPOI>'lJ-.'\lENE,  n.  [Gr,  nirnSoM,  to  reduce  to  ashes.] 
A  minentl,  called  by  Haiiy  Tbipha?ie.  It  occurs 
in  laminated  m:isses,  easily  divisible  into  prisms  with 
rhumbotdal  b:ises  ;  the  lateral  faces  smooth,  shining, 
and  [>early  ;  the  cross  fracture  uneven  and  splintery. 
Before  the  blowpipu  it  exfidiales  into  little  yt-Ilowish 
or  grayish  scales,  whence  its  name.        Clf^u'clarul. 

It  contains  the  rare  earth  litliia,  combined  with  sil- 
ica and  alumina.  Dana. 

SPOl  L,  r.  (.  f  Fr.  spolier ;  It.  spo'rtiare  ;  L.  sprlio ;  W. 
yspciliato.  The  sense  is,  probutuy,  to  pull  asunder,  to 
tijar,  to  strip  ;  coinciding  with  L.  vello^  or  with  peclj 
or  with  both.     See  Class  111,  No.  7,  8,  15,  32.] 

1.  To  plunder  ;  to  strip  by  violence  ;  to  rob  ;  with 
qfi  as,  to  .spuiZ  one  of  his  goods  or  possessions. 

Mv  BOns  IhHr  old  iiiihuppy  wre  (Wpise, 

Spoiled  vf  liis  kii)^i>m,  niiU  deprived  of  eycB.  Pope. 

2.  To  seize  by  violence;  to  take  by  force  ;  as,  to 
epoU  one's  gooils. 

Thia  mount 
With  all  ita  vfrdiir^  apoiUd.  MUton. 

3.  [Sax.  spillan.]  To  corrupt;  to  cause  to  decay 
and  perish.  Heat  and  moisture  will  soon  spoil  vege* 
table  and  animal  substances. 

4.  To  corrupt  j  to  vitiate  ;  to  mar. 

Spiritu^t)  prKlc  tpoitt  many  grtiicpt.  Tnylor. 

5.  To  ruin  ;  to  destroy.  Our  crops  are  sometimes 
spoiled  by  insects. 

G,  To  render  useless  by  injury;  xis^Xo  spoil  paper 
by  welting  it. 

7.  To  injure  fatally  ;  as,  to  spoil  the  eyes  by  read- 
ing. 
SPOIL,  V.  i.    To  practice  plunder  or  robbery. 

Outbwa,  which,  lurking  iu  woods,  used  to  break  forth  to  mh  and 
MpoU,  ifpeiiMcr. 

9.  To  decay  ;  to  lose  the  valuable  qualities  ;  to  be 
corrupted  ;  as,  fruit  will  soon  spoil  in  warm  weather. 
Grain  will  spoil,  if  gathered  when  wet  or  moist. 
SPOIL,  n.     [L.  spolium.] 

1.  That  which  is  taltcn  from  others  by  violence  ; 
particularly,  in  iMr,  the  plunder  taken  from  an  ene- 
my ;  pillage  ;  booty. 

'2.  That  which  is  gained  by  strength  or  effort 

Each  acionce  and  each  art  hia  tpoil.  Bentley. 

3.  That  which  is  taken  from  another  without  li- 
cense. 

Genile  gnl^a, 
Fanning  thHr  odoriferoiii  wingx,  dispense 
Nnlive  p^rfimm,  tind  whisper  whence  Ibey  stole 
Their  balrny  tpoili,  Aftlton. 

4.  The  act  or  practice  of  plundering  ;  robbery  j 
waste. 

The  ranH  that  hath  not  music  In  himseir, 

Nor  is  rial  inovwl  with  concord  of  swwt  sounda, 

Ia  fH  fur  lrt;i*un,  UraLigcnts,  and  spoils,  Sfiak. 

5.  Corruption;  cause  of  corruption. 

Viiinhioua  company  haih  Ijcfo  the  tpoU  at  me.  Shak, 

6.  The  slough  or  cast  skin  of  a  serpent  or  other 
animal.  Bacon. 

SPOIL' ED,  pji,  or  a.     Plundered  ;  pillaged  ;  corrupted  ; 

rendered  usfcle!<s, 
SPOIL'ER,n.    A  plunderer;  apillager;  a  robber. 
9.  One  that  corrupts,  mars,  or  renders  useless. 
SPOIL'FIJL,  a.    VVa.'ilefuI ;  rapacious.     [Little  used.] 

Spenser. 
SPOIL'ING,  ppr.    Plundering;  pillaging;  corrupting; 
rendering  useless. 

2.  Wasting;  decaying. 
SPOtL'ING,  n.     Plunder;  waste. 
SPOKE,  prct.  of  Speak. 

SPoKE,  71,     [Sax.  spaca ;  D.  spaak;  G.  speiche.    ThI" 


FiTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— MeTE,  PREY  —PINE,  MARXNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  B(?gK.— 


SPO 

worti,  wliosc  radicuJ  sense  is,  to  shixil,  or  ihruf-t,  co- 
incidei;  Willi  y;»i7;e,  sp'i^ot^  pike,  and  G.  spcien^  con- 
tractetl  (turn  spcichen^  lo  speic.] 

1.  The  riiiiius  or  r;ty  of  n  wheel :  one  of  the  email 
bars  which  are  iosericd  in  tlie  hub  or  nave,  and 
which  serve  to  support  the  rim  or  felly.  Smift. 

3.  1'he  sjKir  or  round  of  a  ladder.  [J^'Ve  in  lue  in 
the  United  States.] 

SPoK't-V,  (s\\ok'n,)  pp.  of  Speak. 

SPoKE'SHa  VE,  n.  A  kind  of  plane  for  dressing  the 
spokes  of  wheels,  the  shells  of  blocks,  nnd  other 
curved  work.  BucJianan, 

SPCKES'MAN,  n.  [sp6ak,  spoke,  and  matu]  One  who 
speaks  for  another. 

He  ihatl  be  Ihy  tpokttman  \o  the  p?ople.  —  Ex.  it. 

SPC'LT-STE,  V.  U     [L.  spolio.] 

To  plunder  ;  to  pillage.  DicU 

SPf>'l.I-.\TE,  V.  i.    To  practice  plunder  ;    to  commit 
robber>'.      kn   time  of  war,  rapaciuui^  men   arc  let 
.     l(H)se  to  .fpoHatc  on  cumnuTce. 
SPo'Lt-.A-TED,  pp.    Plundered  ;  robbed. 
SPO-LI-A'TION,  tt.    The  act  of  plunderinp,  particu- 
larly of  plundering  an  enemy  in  linie  of  war. 

9,  The  act  or  practice  of  plundering  neutrals  at  sea 
under  audmrity. 

3.  In  ccclc^ia.'iieal  affairs^  the  act  of  an  incumbent 

in  mkin?  the  fruits  of  his  benefice  witliout  riu'ht,  but 

under  a  pretended  title.  Black.^tonr.. 

SPON-DA'ie,  \  a.      [See  Spondee.]       Pertaining 

:?PON-Da'I€-AL,  \     lo  a  spondeej  denoting  two  long 

feet  in  poetry. 
SPON'IJEE,  n.      [Ft.  spondeej  It  spondee;   L.  span- 

A  poetic  foot  of  two  long  syllables.  Broome. 

SPOX'UYEE,  i  n,     [L.  spombjlua i  Gr.  aiioviv'Koi  ;  It. 
SPON'DVL,     ]      sponduJo.] 

A  joint  of  Iho  back-bone  ;  a  vertebra.  Coxe. 

SPONGE,  n.  [L.  iq>on<ria;  Gr.  'i-^oyyia;  Fr.  eponire  i 
It.  spusrna  ;  Sp.  f.fepoitja  ;  Sax.  stpomrfa  >'  D.  ifpona.] 

1.  A  popjii?,  marine  substance,  found  adhering  to 
rocks,  shells,  &.c.,  under  water,  and  on  rocks  about 
the  shore  at  low  water.  It  is  generally  supposed  to 
be  of  animal  origin,  and  it  consists  of  a  fibrous,  retic- 
ulated substance,  covered  by  a  soft,  pcbitinous  mat- 
ter, but  in  which  no  polypes  tnive  hitherto  been  ob- 
served. It  is  so  porous  as  to  imbibe  a  tireat  quantity 
of  water,  and  is  used  for  various  purposes  in  the 
arts  and  in  surgery.  Encyc.     Ciiricr. 

3.  In  ffunnenjj  an  instrument  for  cleaning  cannon 
aflera  discharpe.  It  consi^t.s  of  a  cylinder  of  wood, 
covered  with  lamb-skin  or  wool,  and  having  a  han- 
dle or  staff.  For  small  guns,  it  is  comnumly  fixed  to 
one  end  of  ttie  handle  of  the  rammer. 

3.  In  t'le  manege,  the  extremity  or  point  of  a  hori^e- 
6h(»e,  answering  to  the  heel. 

Pifrotechnicul  sponire^  is  made  of  mushrooms  or 
fungi,  growing  on  old  oaks,  .x9h,  fir,  &c.,  which  are 
boilt:d  in  water,  dried,  and  beaten,  then  put  in  a  strong 
lye  prepared  with  saltpeter,  and  again  dried  in  an 
oven.  'i*his  makes  the  black  match,  or  tinder, 
brought  from  Germany.  Encyc. 

SPONGE,  e.t.  To  wipe  with  a  wet  sponge  j  as,  to 
sponge  a  slate. 

2.  To  wipe  out  with  a  uponge,  as  letters  or  writing. 

3.  To  cleanse  with  a  sponge ;  as,  to  sponge  a  can- 
non. 

4.  To  wipe  out  completely  ;  toextinpuish  or  destroy. 
SPONGE,  V.  i.     To  suck  in  or  imbibe,  as  a  sponge. 

2.  To  gain  by  nn-an  arts,  by  intrusion,  or  hanging 
on  :  as,  an  iiller  wha/tpoK-reA  nn  his  neighbor. 

SPONGE'-CaKE,  n.  A  kind  of  sweet  cake  which  is 
very  light  and  sponcy. 

SPOXG'/JU,  (spunjd,)  pp.  Wiped  with  a  sponge ; 
wiped  out;  extinguished. 

SPON'G'KK,  n.    One  who  uses  a  spoDge  ;  a  hanger  on. 

SPO\G'I-FOR.M,  a.  {sponge  and  form.]  Resembling 
a  sponge  ;  soA  and  porous  ;  porous. 

SPONG'I-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
sponuy,  or  porous  like  s(K>nce.  Harvry. 

SPONC  IXt;,  ppr.  Wiping  with  a  wet  sponge  j  cleans- 
ing with  a  sponge. 

5.  Gainmg  by  mean  arts,  by  intrusion,  or  hang- 
ing on. 

SPONfi'ING-HOUSE,  n,  A  bailiff's  house  to  put 
debtors  in  before  being  taken  to  j;iil. 

8P0.\'GI-OLE,  I!.  [See  Spo:<f;E.]  In  Mawy,  a  sup- 
posed r^xpansinn  of  minute  parts  at  the  tcrininntitin 
of  ndicles,  resembling  a  sponge,  f4ir  ali.surbiiig  the 
nutriment  of  plants. 

SPONfi'I-OLIS,  a.  Full  of  small  cavities,  like  a 
spuiige  ;  as,  sponjf-iitas  bones.  Cheyiie, 

SPO-NG'Y,  a.  Soft  and  full  of  cavities  ;  of  an  o|>rn, 
loc^e,  pliable  texture  ;  as,  a  fprniiry  excrescence  ; 
apon/pj  earth  ;  spongy  cake  ;  the  spongy  substance  of 
Ifao  lungs. 

2.  Full  of  small  cavities  ;  as,  spon^v  bones. 

3.  Wet  ;  drenched  ;  soaked  and  suft,  like  sponge. 

4.  Having  the  quality  of  injhibing  fitiids. 
PPO.N'K,  (spunk,)  n.     [A  word  probably  formed  on 

punk,] 

Touchwood.  In  Scotland,  a  match ;  somethmg 
dipped  in  sulphur  fur  readily  taking  fire.  [See 
8pu:<e.] 


SPO 

SPON'SAL,  a.     [h. ^OTv^alis,itom  spondeo,  to  betroth.] 
ReUilinj'  lo  niiirriage  or  lo  a  spouse. 

SPON'SI-ULE,  a.     Worthy  of  credit.     [Local.] 

SPON'SION,  n.     [L.  spotLfio^  from  spondeo,  to  engage.] 
The  net  of  becoming  surety  for  another. 

SPON'SION,  (-shun,)  n.  In  intcmatioyial  laie^mi  act 
or  engagement  on  behalf  of  a  slate,  by  nn  agent  not 
specially  authorized  for  the  puriwse,  or  one  who  ex- 
ceeds the  limits  of  authority.  Brande. 

SPON'SOR,  n.  [L.,  supra.]  A  surety:  ono  who 
binds  himself  to  answer  for  another,  and  is  resjion- 
Bible  for  his  default.  Scott. 

2.  In  some  Christian  communions^  the  name  given 
to  those  who,  at  the  baptism  of  infants,  profess  the 
Christian  faith  in  their  name,  and  guaranty  their  re- 
ligious education  ;  a  godfather  or  godmother. 

Brande. 

SPON-PO'RI-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  sponpor. 

SPON'SOR-SIIIP,  ji.    State  of  being  a  sponsor. 

PPON-TA-N£'[-TY,  in.    [L.  spvnte,  wiU.] 

SPON-TA'NE-OUS-NESS,  i  The  quality   of  pro- 

ceeding or  acting  from  native  feeling,  pronuness, 
or  tentperament,  without  constraint  or  external 
force. 

SPON-Ta'NE-OUS,  a.  [L.  spontaneus,  from  sponte, 
of  free  will.] 

1.  Proceeding  from  natural  feeling,  temperament, 
or  dispositiim,  or  frum  a  n;iiive  internal  prouencss, 
readiness,  or  tendency,  witliout  compulsion  or  con- 
straint ;  as,  a  spontaneous  gift  or  proposition. 

[Spontaneous  is  not  pttrfectly  synonymous  with 
'  VoLUNTAHY  ;  the  latter  implies  an  act  of  the  will, 
which  may  proceed  fnun  reason,  or  argument,  with- 
out any  natural  feeling  or  aflection.  yuluntary  is 
applicable  to  rational  beings  ;  spontaneous  is  applica- 
ble to  animals  destitute  of  reason.] 

2.  Acting  by  its  own  impulse,  energy,  or  natural 
law,  without  external  force  ;  as,  spontaneous  motion  ; 
sjiontaneaiis  growth  ;  spontaneous  combustion. 

3.  Produced  without  being  planted,  or  without 
human  labor  ;  as,  a  spontaneous  growth  of  wood. 

Spi'HtMneuits  combustion;  a  taking  fire  of  itself. 
Thus  oikd  canvx'^, oiled  wool,  and  many  other  com- 
bustible substances,  when  suffered  to  remain  for 
some  time  in  a  confined  stato,  suddenly  take  fire,  or 
undergo  spontaneous  combustion. 
SPON-T.^'NE-OUS-LV,  adv.  Of  one's  own  internal 
or  native  feeling  ;  of  one's  own  accord  ;  as,  he  acts 
spontaneously. 

2.  Ily  its  own  force  or  cncrg>' ;  witliout  the  im- 
pulse of  a  foreign  cause  ;  used  of  things. 

WUi-y  turns  apontaneously  ncid.  Arbuthnot. 

SPON-TA'NE-OUS-NESS,  n.    See  Spontaweity. 

SPON-TOON',  n.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  esporiton;  It.  sponta- 
nea.] 

A  kind  of  half  pike ;  a  military  weapon  borne  by 
inferior  officers  of  infantry. 

SPOOK,  I  n.     [Gcr.  spuk.]    A  spirit;  a  ghost ;  n  hob^ 

.'■PCKE,  \      goblin,  Bnlieer. 

SPOOL,  n.  [G.  spuie;  D.  spocl ;  Dan.  and  Sw.  spolc] 
A  piece  of  cane  or  reed,  or  a  liolhiw  cylinder  of 
wood  with  a  ridge  at  each  end,  used  by  weavers  to 
wind  their  yarn  upon  in  order  to  slaie  it  and  wind  it 
on  ttio  beam.  The  spr>ol  is  birger  than  ttie  quill,  on 
which  yam  is  wound  for  the  shuttle.  But  in  manu- 
factories, the  word  may  be  differently  applied. 

PPO(3L,  V.  t.    To  wind  on  spools. 

SI'00L'/:D,  pp.     Wound  on  a  spool. 

PPOOL'ING,  ppr.     Winding  on  8|hhiIs. 

SPOOL'-STAND,  n.  An  article  holding  spools  of 
fine  thread,  turning  on  pins,  used  by  ladies  at  their 
Work. 

SPOO.M,  r.  I.  To  he  driven  swiftly  ;  probably  a  mis- 
take for  SporjN.    [See  Spoo^,  llie  verb.] 

SPOON,  It.    [It.  spoHoir.] 

1.  A  snmll  domestic  utensil,  with  a  bowl  or  con- 
cave part  and  a  handle,  for  dipping  liquids  j  as,  a 
XeH'spoon ;  a  Uible-,spo»n. 

S.  An  instrument  consisting  of  a  bowl  or  hollow 
iron  and  a  Inng  handle,  used  for  Liking  earth  out  of 
hnlfs  dug  for  setting  posts. 

SPOON,  c.  t.  To  put  before  the  wind  In  a  gale.  [/ 
bf.litre  not  now  vae^l.] 

SPOON'iiILL,  n.  {ypoon  and  hill]  Th^  popular 
name  of  certain  wading  birds  of  the  grallic  order, 
and  genus  Pl.italea,  so  named  from  ihe  shape  of  their 
bill,  which  is  long,  largf,much  rtatiened,  dilated  and 
roundf'd  at  the  extremity  into  the  furm  of  a  spiwn  or 
spatula.  The  spoonbilU  in  form  and  habits  are  allied 
to  the  herons.  J^nWill.     P.  Cijc 

SPOON'-URIFT,  n.  In  seamen^s  laagmige,  a  show- 
ery sprinkling  of  sea-water,  swept  from  the  surface 
in  a  tempest.  Totten. 

SPOON'ri-JL,  Ti.  [^oon  and  full.]  As  much  as  a 
spjon  contains  or  is  able  lo  contain  j  as,  a  tea-apw(m- 
ful:  n  inh\e ■spiioiif III. 

2.  A  small  quiintity  of  a  liquid.  .Arbuthnot. 
SPOON'-.MfcAT,  n.     [spoon  and  meat.'j     Food  that  is 

or  must  he  lakun  with  a  spoon  ;  liquid  food. 

Diet  inoA  upon  apoon-meala.  Harvey. 

SPOON'WORT,  (wtirt,)  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus 

Cochlcaria;  scurvy-grass. 


SPO 

SPO-KAD'je,         I  a.     [Fr.   sporaditpie ;   Gr.  oT-na^ 
SrO-RAD'lC-AL,  \     <.r.'.,spparaie,  scattered;  whence 
certain  isles  of  Greece  were  called  Sporades,] 

Separate;  single;   scattered;  used  only  in   refer-  ' 
ence  lo  diseases.     A  sporadic  dif=caso  is   one  which 
occurs  in  single  and  scattered  cases,  in  distinction 
from  an  epidemic  and  endemic,  which  affects  many 
{tersuns  at  the  same  time. 

Sporailie  di'ieases  are  opiKised  to  epidemics  and  en- 
demics, as  accidental,  scattered  complaints.     Purr. 

SPOR'i/LE   i  "•     ^^^'  '^'^^P"^'  *  sowing.] 

'  In  botany,  that  part  of  flowcrless  plants  which  per- 
forms the  function  of  seeds. 

SPO'RII),  n.     In  botany,  a  naked  corcle,  destitute  of 
radicle,  cotyledon,  and  hilum.  Lindley. 

SPORT,  n.     [D.  boert,  jest;  bocrten,  to  jest;  bockig, 
merry,  facetious,  jocular.] 

1.  That  which  diverts  and  makes  merry  ;  play  ; 
p.aine;  diversion;  also,  mirth.  The  word  signifies 
both  the  cause  and  the  effect ;  that  which  produces 
mirth,  and  the  mirth  or  merriment  produced. 

llcr  tporla  were  such  OB  carried  dches  of  luiowled^  upnn  the 
Bireiim  of  (l(;(j<rlit.  Sviney. 

Here  the  word  denotes  Ihe  cause  of  amusement. 

Tlicj-  c;ill''d  for  Sam?oii  out  of  ihe  priiton- house  j  and  he  made 
tlieiii  tport.  —  Ju(lg>-#  xvi. 

Hero  sport  is  the  effect. 

2.  Mock  ;  mockery  ;  contemptuous  mirth. 

Tlirn  make  spori  ftl  nn',  tlipn  H  me  be  your  jest.  ShaJc. 

Til  y  maJe  a  sport  uf  hU  prophi-u.  Etdrat, 

3.  That  with  which  one  plays,  or  which  is  driven 
about. 

To  ditiin^  Wvi?«,  ihff  tport  of  cTery  wind.  Drydtn. 

Ni.ver  <lo>-8  mail  appear  to  jn^ater  ilis^Ml vantage  than  whfu  he  tl 
tlie  tpur*  o(  hiH  own  uiiguvcriietl  p.isaious.         J.  Ciarke, 

4.  Play  ;  idle  jingle. 

All  autlinr  who  shoiikl  introduce  such  a  sport  of  worcta  upon  our 
§t:igf,  would  meet  with  Bm:ill  api'UuBO.  Broome. 

5.  Diversion  of  the  field,  as  fowling,  hunting,  fish- 
ing. Clarendon. 

In  sport.  To  do  a  thing  in  sj)ort,  is  to  do  it  in  jest, 
fur  play  or  diversion. 

So  is  the  man.  that  drcoiveth  his  oeighbnr,  and  laith,  Am  nut  I  In 
apart  ?  —  Prov.  xxvi, 

SPORT,  r.  (.     To  divert;  to  make  merry,  used  icitk 
tJte  reciprocal  pronoun. 

Ag^.iiiiat  whom  Jo  ye  sport  yourselves  ?  —  Ii.  Ivii. 

2.  To  represent  by  any  kind  of  play. 

Now  sporAng  on  Ihy  lyre  th^*  love  of  yoiiib.  Dryden. 

3.  To  exhibit  or  bring  out  in  public  ;  as,  to  sport  a 
new  equipage.     [Familiar.]  Orose. 

SPORT,  V.  i.    To  play  ;  lo  frolic ;  to  wanton. 

See  the  brisk  laints  that  sport  ajonj  the  lurad.  Anon. 

9.  To  practice  the  diversions  of  the  field. 
'A.  To  trifie.     The  man  thai  laugiis  at  religion  sports 
with  his  own  salvation. 
SPORT'ER,  n.     One  w|io  sports. 

SP0R'1''FIJL,  a.     Merry;  frolicsome;  full  of  jesting; 
indulging  in  mirth  or  play  ;  as,  a  sportful  companion. 
Down  \\e  alights  among  the  sporl/al  herd.  Afi!lO«t. 

2.  Ludicrous  ;  done  in  jest  or  for  mere  piny. 
Thise  are  no  ajmrtfttl  productions  of  the  soil,         BenQey. 

SPORT' FI;L-LY,  adv.    In    mirth;  in  jest;   for  the 

sake  of  diversi<m;  playfully. 
SPORT'FJJI'-NKSS,  n.    Play;  merriment;    frolic;  a 

playful  disposition  ;  playfulness  ;  as,  the  sportfulness 

of  kids  and  lambs. 
SPORT'INO,  ppr.  or  a.     Indulging  sport  ;■  practicing 

the  diversions  of  the  field. 
SPORT'IVE,  o.    Gay;  merry;  wanton;  frolicsome.* 

Is  it  I 
That  drive  thee  from  the  sporioe  court  F  Shak, 

2.  Inclined  to  mirth;  playful ;  as,  a  sportive  hu- 
mor. 
SPORT'IVE-LY,  adv.     Gayly  ;  merrily  ;  playfully. 
SPORT'IVE-NESS,Ti.  Playfulness  ;  mirth  ;  merriment. 

2.   Disposition  to  mirth.  [li'alton. 

SPORT'LESS,  a.     Without  sport  or  mirth  ;  joyless. 
SPORTS'.MAN,  n.     Uport  and  man.]     One  who   pur- 
sues the  sporLs  of  the  field  ;  one  who  hunts,  fishes, 
and  fowls. 
9.  One  skilled  in  the  sports  of  the  fields,    .^ddi-on, 
BPORTS'MAN-SHIP,  n.     The  prarlice  of  s  (ortsmen. 
SPORT'U-LA-RV,  a.    [from  L.  spuria,  a  batkot,  an 
alms-basket.] 

Subsisting  on  alms  or  charitable  contriliutifns. 
[LiUle  used.]  JIalt. 

EPORT'ni.E,  n.     fh.  sporttita,  a  litlle  basket.] 

An  alms  ;  a  dole  ;  a  charitable  gift  or  contriliution 
[JSTot  in  use.]  Atdiffe 

SPOR'ULE,  Tl.  A  diminutive  of  Spore,  which  cee 
SPOT,  Tt.  [D.  spat,  a  s[Mit,  spavin,  a  f>op-gun  ;  spatten, 
to  spot,  to  sputtiT ;  Dan.  s]irtlr,  a  spot,  and  spit.,  a 
pecker;  svarl,  sprt,  a  w<»od|»'Tker.  We  see  this 
Word  is  of  the  family  of  spatter,  and  that  the  radical 
sense  is,  to  throw  or  thrust.  A  spot  is  made  by  spat- 
tering or  sprinkling.] 
1.  A  mark  on  a  substance  made  by  foreign  matter « 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— C  as  K;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 

1067 


a' speck  ;  a  blot ;  a  plnce  discolored.    The  least  upot 
ia  Tbiblo  on  while  paper. 

2.  A  slaiu  on  character  or  reputation  ;  sonn^thing 
that  soils  purity  ;  disgrace ;  reproach  ,  fault ;  hlcm- 
ish.    See  1  Pet.  i.  17.    Eph.  v,  27. 

Yet  Chlo«  sure  wu  Ibrmcd  witliout  a  tpoL  Pop*. 

3.  A  small  extent  of  space  j  a  place  ;  any  particu- 
lar place. 

The  tpU  10  vhich  I  point  ii  paiadke.  JVftTon. 

FixeJto  one  apoL  *^'-^^V- 

So  we  Bay,  a  spot  of  ground,  a  spot  of  grass  or 
flowers  ;  meaning  a  place  of  small  extent. 

4.  A  place  of  a  different  color  from  the  ground  i  aa, 
the  spoti  of  a  leopard. 

5.  A  variety  of  the  common  domestic  pigeon,  ao 
called  fh>m  a  s|»ot  on  its  head  just  above  Its  beak. 

6.  A  dark  place  on  Ihe  disk  or  face  of  ihc  suu  or 
of  a  planeu     See  SoL^a  Spots,  under  S01.1R. 

7.  A  luckl  placa  in  the  heavens. 

VpontJu^iti  immediately;  before  moving  ;  with- 
out changiof  place.  [So  the  French  say,  smr  U 
cJkamp.] 

II  wu  deCenniMd  Hpni  (h<  apot.  Sn^fl, 

SPOT,  V.  C  To  make  a  visiUa  mark  with  some 
fnreign  matter ;  to  discolor ;  to  stain ;  as,  to  spot  a 
garment ;  to  spot  paper. 

2.  To  patch  by  way  of  ornament.  Addison. 

3.  To  stain  }  to  blemish ;  to  Uiint ;  to  disgnice  ;  to 
taraisli ;  as  repatatioo. 

M7  vlijtB  Wk  DO  »pMkd  tboaffali  thall  itUB.  SUrwy. 

TV  9pot  timbtr,  la  to  cut  or  chip  it,  in  preparation 
for  hewine. 
SPOT'LESS,  a.     Free  from  spots,  fouI  matter,  or  dis- 
coloration. 

9:  Free  frtaa  nynnch  or  impurity ;  pure ;  un- 
tainted i  innocent ;  as,  a  tpotUat  nJind  \  tfotlts*  bfr- 
baTiw. 

SPOT'LES3.77BSS,  m.    Freedom  from  spot  or  slain ; 

freedom  from  repraacb.  Donne. 

SPOT'TED,  ^.  or  a.    Marked  with  ^mls  or  places  of 

a  dttftrrent  color  fttun  ibe  ground ;  as,  a  jotted  beast 

or  garment. 
SPOT'TEU-XESS,  a.    The  stale  or  quality  of  being 

spotted. 
SPOT'TER,  n.    One  thai  makes  spots. 
8FOT'TI-.\KS:S,  n.     The  state  or  quality  of  being 

snolty. 
8POT'TI  NG,  nr.     Mark  ing  with  spots ;  atainiiife, 
SPOT'TV,  «.    FuU  of  spou;  marked  with  discolored 

places. 
SPOUS'AGE.  a.    [See  SrooiK.]    The  act  of  espous- 
ing.    [J^otUMd.1 

SroUS'Al^  a.  [fhMn  s^Muc]  Pertaining  to  mar- 
riage ;  nuptial  i  maUimoolal;  conjugal ;  connubial ; 
bridal ;  as,  tpmtal  rites ;  spmuei  omamentii.  Pope, 

SPOUS'AL,  m.     rpr.  epousmtOcti   Sp.   t^ponsaicsi   U 

"Si 


See  SrousK.] 
Uarrian ;  nuptiida.    It  Is  now  generally  ufied  in 
the  plunl;  as,  the  tpomtaU  of  HippoUta.      Dr^dtn. 

SPOUSE,  (spooB,)  a.  [Fr.  ^mmj  Sp.  sipaM,  amm; 
IL  jpsM,  jpesa  ;  L.  neiuas,  jfnuo,  trom  ^mtJeo,  to 
engage ;  Ir.  psaaai,  id.  It  appears  that  »,  In  wpomdeo^ 
is  not  radical,  or  that  it  has  been  lart  in  other  lan- 
gaaget.  The  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  ;ri«  together,  to 
bind.    In  Sp.  etpoMU  signifies  manacles.] 

One  engaged  or  joined  in  wedlock ;  a  married 
person,  bosfaand  or  wife.  We  aay  of  a  man,  that 
be  is  the  9p»mMt  of  siicb  a  woman  ;  or  of  a  woman, 
she  n  tbe  jtpMiss  of  such  a  man.  Drydrn. 

SPOUSE,  (Bpoux,)  e.  c  To  wed  ;  to  espouse.  [Little 
ntrd,]     fsie  Espoisb.I  Ckaueer. 

SPOUS'ED,  pfi.  Wedded  :  joined  in  marriage  ;  mar- 
ried ;  but  aeMoin  need.  The  word  used  in  lieu  of  it 
is  EsporsBXk.  Milton. 

SPOUSE'LESS,  (spooaleas,)  a.  Destitute  of  a  hus- 
band or  of  a  wife }  as,  a  $f0iude*s  king  or  queen. 

Pope. 

SPOUT, «.  [D.  s^KtC,  a  spout,  jputn,  to  spouL  In 
G.  ^tien  la  to  gpH^  and  spoCtcii  is  to  mock,  banter, 
sport.  These  are  of  one  family;  epoiU  retaining 
nearly  the  primary  2nd  literal  meaning.  Class  Bd. 
See  Bdd  and  Pout.) 

1.  A  pipe,  or  a  projecting  mouth  of  a  vessel,  use- 
ful in  directing  the  stream  of  a  liquid  poured  out  \ 
as,  the  spout  of  a  pitcher,  of  a  tea-pot  or  wtocr- 
poL 

2.  A  pipe  conducting  water  from  another  pipe,  or 
from  a  trough  on  a  house. 

3.  A  violent  discharge  of  water  raised  in  a  column 
at  sea,  like  a  whirlwind,  or  by  a  whirlwind.    [See 

AVATKRsroUTj 

SPOUT,  r.  t  To  throw  out,  as  liquids  through  a  nar- 
row onflce  or  pipe ;  as,  an  elephant  spouts  water 
from  his  trunk. 

Next  OD  hit  beU7  floati  Uie  mijbtT  whftl*  — 

2.  To  throw  out  words  with  affected   gravity ;  to 

SPOUl  r.  t.  To  issue  with  violence,  as  a  liquid 
through  a  narrow  orifice,  or  from  a  spout;  as,  water 


spoutt  from  a  cask  or  a  spring ;  blood  apcute  from  a 
vein. 

AR  the  i^luoriog  hUI 
Is  brifltl  Willi  tpouting  nllk.  Tlkonuon. 

SPOUT'ED,  pp.  Thrown  in  a  stream  from  a  pipe  or 
narrow  orince. 

SPOU'i'lNG,  ppr,  or  o.  Throwing  in  a  stream  from  a 
pipe  or  narrow  opening  ;  pouring  out  words  viulently 
or  atfectedly. 

SPOUT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  throwing  out,  as  a  liquid 
from  n  narrow  opening  ;  a  violent  oratlected  speech  ; 
a  harangue. 

SPKAG,   a.      Vigorous;    spriglitly.      [Local.] 

/latliwclL 
Abta.  —  In  America,  this  word  is,  in  pc»pular  lan- 
guage, pronounced  spry^  which  is  a  contraction  of 
epriffkf  in  sTn-i^htlti. 

SPKAG,  n.    A  youiig  salmon.     [Local]  Orose. 

SPRAIN,  r.  L  [Probably  Sw.  spranga^  to  break  or 
loo^rten  ;  Dan.  Fprtngfry  to  springs  to  burst  or  crack  ; 
or  from  the  same  ruoL.j 

To  weaken  the  motive  [Hiwer  of  a  pari  by  sudden 
and  excessive  exertion  ;  to  overstrain  the  muscles  or 
hgameutsof  a  joint ;  to  stretch  the  muscles  or  liga- 
ments so  as  to  injure  tliem,  but  without  luxation  or 
dislocfition.  Qay.     Encye. 

SPRAIN,  n.  The  weakening  of  the  motive  power  of 
a  part,  by  sudden  and  exct-ssive  exertion  ;  un  exces- 
sive strain  of  the  muscles  or  ligaments  of  a  joint, 
wiiliout  dislocation.  Temple. 

SPRaIN'EI),  pp.  or  a.     Injured  by  excessive  stniining. 

SPKAtN'ING,  ;7;^r.     Injuring  by  excessive  extension.* 

SPRAINTS,  n.pl.     The  dung  of  iin  otter,       Bailey. 

SPRANG,  pr^f.  of  Spring  ;  but  SrRuna  is  more  gen- 
erally used. 

SPRAT,  n.     [D.  sprot ;  G.  sprotte :  Ir.  sprotA.1 

A  small  hsh  closely  allied  to  the  herring  and  pil- 
chard. 

SPRAWL,  r.  t.  [The  origin  and  affinities  of  this 
word  are  uncertain.    It  may  be  a  contracted  word.] 

1.  To  spread  and  stretch  the  body  carelessly  in  a 
horizontal  position  :  lo  lie  with  the  limbs  stretched 
out  or  struggling.  We  say,  a  person  lies  spraicling } 
or  ha  sprawU  on  the  bed  or  on  the  ground. 

Jludibrofi. 
Si.  To  move,  when  lying  down,  with  awkward 
extension  and  motions  of  tJie  limbs  ;  to  scrabbto  or 
scramble  in  creeping. 

Th«  Unk  wi«  not  fl>*d^nl :  bot  In  wpntttiing  ftiul  •tru^i;Iin^  to 
C^t  cl««r  of  Uie  fluiic,  uowu  Uk/  luiuUi^.     L'Sttranga. 

a  To  widen  or  open    irregularly,  as  a  body  of 
horse. 
SPRAWL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Lying  with  the  llmhs  awk- 
wardly stretched  j  creeping  with  awkward  motions  ; 
stniggling  with  contortion  of  the  limbs. 

2.  Widening  or  opening  irregularly,  as  cavalry. 
SPRAY,  n.     [Probably  allied   to  sprig     The   radical 

sense  is  a  sbooL    Class  Kg.] 

1.  A  small  8ho<.>t  or  branch ;  or  branch  of  a  tree ; 
« twig.  Encyc 

2.  A  collective  body  of  small 'branchns ;  as,  the 
tree  has  a  beautiful  spray.  Downing. 

3.  Among  aeamfn,  the  water  that  is  driven  from 
the  top  of  a  wave  by  wind,  and  which  spreads  and 
flies  in  small  particles.  It  dilTersfrom  Spoon-Dhift  ; 
as  spray  is  only  occasional,  whereas  sjwon-drift  Hies 
continually  along  the  surface  of  the  sea. 

SPREAD,  (spred,)r.  t, ;  prei.  and;>p.  Spread  or  Spbeo  ; 

tSax.  spnedan,  sjrrtdan ;  Dan.  spreder  i  Sw.  sprida ; 
>.  ^preiden ;  G.  spreiten.  This  is  probably  furmed  on 
the  root  of  broad,  G.  breit ;  breitcn^  to  eipread.  The 
more  correct  orthography  is  Spbed.] 

1.  To  extend  in  length  and  breadth,  or  in  breadth 
only  ;  to  stretch  or  expand  to  a  broader  surface  ;  as, 
to  spread  a  carpet  or  a  table-cloth  ;  to  spread  a  sheet 
on  the  ground. 

2.  To  extend  ;  lo  form  into  a  plate  ;  as,  to  spread 
silver.     Jer.  x. 

3.  To  set  i  to  place  ;  to  pitch  ;  as,  to  spread  a  tent. 
Qen.  XXX  iii. 

4.  To  cover  by  extending  something;  to  reach 
every  part. 

Aod  an  unusual  palenra  tpreadt  bcr  Aice.  OraTwille. 

5.  To  extend  ;  to  shoot  to  a  greater  length  in 
every  direction,  so  as  to  fill  or  cover  a  wider  space. 

The  stiiU:!;  treea  fiut  »pread  Uieir  bnachea.  Milton. 

6.  To  divulge  ;  to  propigate  ;  to  publish  ;  as  news 
or  fame ;  to  cause  to  be  more  extensively  known  ; 
as,  to  spread  a  report. 

In  this  use,  the  word  is  often  accompanied  with 
abroad. 

Tbc5,  wbcfl  tb^  had  d'-puted,  wpread  abrwd  his  fame  id  all 
tlutl  connXij.  —  Matu  U. 

7.  To  propagate  ;  to  cause  to  affect  great  numbers  ; 
as,  to  spread  a  disease. 

8.  To  emit ;  to  diffuse  ;  as  emanations  or  effluvia  ; 
as,  odoriferous  plants  spread  their  fragrance. 

9.  To  disperse  ;  to  scatter  over  a  larger  surface  ;  as, 
to  spread  manure;  to  spread  plaster  or  lime  on  the 
ground. 

10.  To  prepare ;    to  set  and  furnish   with    pro- 


SPR 

visions  ;  as,  to  spread  a  table.    God  spread  a  table  for 
the  Israelites  in  the  wilderness. 

II.  To  open  ;  to  unfuld  ;  to  unfurl ;  to  stretch  ;  as, 
to  spread  the  sails  of  a  ship. 
SPREAD,  (spred,)  r.  i.  To  extend  itself  in  length  and 
brt-adth,  in  all  directions, or  in  breadth  only  ;  to  be 
extended  ur  sirelchcd.  The  larger  elms  i^prcad  over 
a  space  of  forty  or  fitly  yuids  in  diameter;  or  tbe 
shade  of  the  larger  elms  spreads  over  that  space. 
The  larger  lakes  in  America  «;;rca(^  over  more  than 
fifteen  hundred  square  miles. 

Pliiiita,  if  Ibfj  tpread  iiiucU,  are  aeldom  toll.  Boron. 

■  Q.  To  be  extended  by  ilrawing  or  beating;  as,  a 
metal  spreads  with  difficulty. 

3.  To  be  propagTited  or  made  known  more  exten- 
sively. 1)1  reports  s(imetiuit.-s  spread  with  wonderful 
rapidity. 

4.  To  be  propagated  from  one  to  onother ;  aw,  a 
disease  ^rcdd.'i  into  all  parts  of  a  city.  The  yellow 
fever  of  American  cities  has  nut  been  found  to  £i>retM< 
in  the  country. 

SPREAD,  (spred,)  n.    Extent ;  compass. 

I  bars  a  (tn«  tprtad  of  ImproroUa  hiul.  Adiliton, 

3.  Expansion  of  parts. 

No  flower  liai  ihnt  tpread  of  tbe  woodbine.  Bacon. 

3.  A  cloth  used  as  a  cover;  a  tablti,  aa  spread  or 
furnished  with  a  meal.     [Colhquial.] 
SPREAD'-kA'GLE,  n.      In  annorial  bearings,  the  fig- 
ure of  »n  eagle,  with  its  wings  elevated  and  its  legs 
extendc*!.  Booth. 

SPREAD'ER,  (spred'-,)  n.  One  that  spreads,  extends, 
expands,  or  propagates  ;  as,  a  spreader  of  disease. 

Hojaker. 

5.  One  that  divulges  ;  one  that  causes  to  be  more 
generally  known;  a  publisher;  as,  a  spreader  of 
news  or  n'iK)rl3.  Swift. 

SPREAD'ING,  ppr.  Extending  ;  expanding  ;  propa- 
gating ;  divulging;  dispt-rsing  ;  dilTusing. 

2.  a.  Extending  or  extended  over  a  large  space; 
wide;  as,  the  sjtnadirig  vak. 

Governor  Wintlirxp,  and  hU  auoclates  at  Cluu-lcalown,  had  for  a 
church  A  liitgv  tpTtading  tree.  B.  2'rumbuU. 

SPREAD'ING,  ft.  The  act  of  extending,  dispersing, 
or  propagating. 

SPREE,  71.  A  merry  frolic;  often  with  drinking. 
[Lt.tf.J_  HailiwrlL 

SPRENT,  pp.     Sprinkled.     [Obs.]     [See  Sprinkle.] 

Spenser. 

SPREW,  (sprfl,)  n.  [D.  spreeuw  or  spreuuwy  the  dis- 
ease c;illed  thrush.] 

A  disease  of  the  mucous  membrane,  consisting  in 
a  speciflc  inflammation  of  the  niucijKirous  gliinds, 
with  an  elevation  of  the  ejtitheliuin.  (or  cuticle  on 
the  re(^  part  of  the  lips,)  in  round,  oval,  or  irregular 
whitish  or  ash-colored  vesicles.  It  is  ctmfined  to  the 
mouth  and  alimentary  canal,  and  terminates  in  curd- 
like sloughs. 

SPRIG, «.  [W.  ijsbrig;  ys,  a  prefix,  and  brig,  top, 
summit ;  thai  is,  a  shoot,  or  shooting  to  a  point. 
Class  Brg.] 

1.  A  small  shoot  or  twig  of  a  tree  or  other  plant ;  a 
spray  ;  as,  a  sprig  of  laurel  or  of  parsley. 

2.  A  brad,  or  nail  without  a  head.     [Local.] 

3.  I'he  representation  of  a  small  branch  in  em- 
broidery. 

4.  A  small  cye-bolt  ragged  at  the  point.      Enajc 
SPRIG,  V.  t.    To  mark  or  adorn  with  the  representa- 
tion of  small  branches ;  to  work  with  sprigs ;  as,  to 
sprig  muslin. 

SPRIG'-eRYS'TAL,  n.  A  cluster  of  pointed,  pris- 
matic crystals  of  quartz,  adhering  by  one  extremity 
to  the  rock.  Woodward. 

SPRIG'GjED,  pp.  Wrought  with  representations  of 
small  twigs. 

SPRIG'GING,  ppr.     Working  with  sprigs. 

SPRIG'GY,  a.     Full  of  sprigs  or  small  branches. 

SPRIGIIT,  (  n.     [G.  spriet,  spirit.     It  should  be  writ- 

SPRITE,     S      ten  Sphite.] 

1.  A  spirit ;  a  shade ;  a  soul ;  an  incorporeal 
agent. 

Fonh  he  called,  out  of  deep  darkness  dread, 

Lemons  of  tprighU.  Snenser. 

Aiul  gaping  graves  rcwivcd  llic  guilty  tprigkU  Drijden. 

9.  A  walking  spirit ;  an  apparition.  Locke. 

3.  Power  which  gives  cheerfulness  or  courage. 
Hold  thoa  1117  heart,  establish  thou  rojr  aprighu.     [Nolin  um.] 

Sidney. 

4.  An  arrow.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Bacon. 
SPEIGHT,  r.  U    To  haunt,  as  a  spright,     [JVof  used.] 

Sfiak. 
SPRIGHT'FUL,  a.     [This  word  seems  to  be  formed 
on  the  root  of  sprag,  a  local   word,  pronounced  in 
America  spry.      It  belongs  to  the  family  of  spring 
and  spHg.] 
Lively;  brisk;  nimble;  vigorous;  gay. 

spoke  like  a  tpright/ul  noble  geotleman,  Sliak. 

Steeds  tprightful  ai  the  light.  Covley. 

[This  word  is  little  used  in  America.  We  use 
Sfbiohtlt  in  the  same  sense.] 

SPRIGHT'FJJL-LY,  (k/p.     Briskly;  vigorously.    Shak. 

SPRIGHT'FJJL-NESS,  n.  Briskness;  liveliness;  vi- 
vacity. Hammond. 


FATE,  FAR,  FAUL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARKNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. - 


SPR 

SPRIG  IIT'LESS,  (sprite'-,)  a.  Destitute  of  life  ;  dull ; 
slueirish  ;  as,  T)rtue*8  sprighUets  coM.  Cowley* 

SPRIGUT'LI-NESS,  n.  Jfrum  sprifrhUy.]  Liveli- 
ness;  life;  briskDesgj  vigors  acliviiy  j  gayety  ;  vi- 
vacity. 

In  il]T3iin>,  with  what  iprff&lUiMH  and  aUcrit;  does  tlm  loul 
exert  hemelf  I  A'itiuQn. 

SPRIGHT'LY,  (sprlte'lc,)  <u  Lively;  brisk;  nni- 
luated  ;  vigorous  ;  airy  ;  pay  ;  ai",  a  sjjrijrfuly  youib  ; 
a  sprightly  air ;  a  sprightly  dance. 


Tbe  tprifhiiy  SjW\%  trip*  atoii^  th"?  green. 
And  tprighUy  wil  and  lore  iutpirea. 


Ptmt. 
Dryden. 


SPRING,  r.  i. ;  preU  Spruwo,  [Sfra:ig,  nut  wholly  ob- 
solete ;j  pp.  Sprupio.  [Sax.  sprinffan;  D.  and  G. 
springtn;  U^n.  sprinirer  ;  Sw.  springa;  from  the  nwt 
Brg  or  Rg  ;  n  probably  being  casual.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  leap,  to  shoot,] 

1.  To  vepetate  and  rise  out  of  the  ground  ;  to  be- 
gin to  api>ear  ;  as  vegetables. 

To  KUmT/  [he  dfMolale  froiinil,  anci  cause  Ihe  bud  of  the  tender 
berti  U>  tpring  forlii.  — 3-Ai  xxxviii. 

In  this  aenae^  spring  is  often  or  usually  followed  by 
a.  To  begin  to  grow.  [up,  /ortA,  or  ouL 

The  teeth  of  thp  yoiiog  oot  aprunf.  Ray. 

3.  To  proceed,  as  from  the  seed  or  cause. 

Much  more  good  of  sio  aball  tpHng.  M  lion* 

A.  To  arise ;  to  appcEu: ;  to  begin  to  appear  or 
exist. 

When  ih«  day  bejan  to  spring,  they  let  her  go.  —  Judaea  xx'u 
Do  uot  blaat  my  syringing  hopn.  Hoioe. 

5.  To  break  forth  ;  to  issue  into  sight  or  notice. 

O,  tpring  to  H^ht  I  auspicioua  t>ib^,  be  bom.  Pope. 

6.  To  issue  or  proceed,  as  from  ancestors,  or  from 
a  country.     Aaron  and  Moses  sjmnig  from  Levi. 

7.  To  proceed,  aa  from  a  cause,  reason,  principle, 
or  other  originaL  The  noblest  title  springs  from 
virtue. 

They  found  new  hope  to  tpring 
Out  of  dnpair.  AfiUm. 

8.  To  grow  ;  to  thrive. 

Wtwt  mAkpa  all  Ihia  but  Jiifiter  the  king  t 

At  whoao  conitnand  we  pc-hah  and  we  tpring,        Dryden. 

9.  To  prricecd  or  issue,  as  from  a  fountjiin  or 
unorce.  Water  springs  from  reservoirs  in  the  earth. 
Rivers  Fpring  from  lakes  or  ponds. 

10.  To  leap ;  to  bound  ;  to  jump. 

Thi*  mounf.iin  «ta»  lh.it  tpringt 
Ftom  M^ht  to  hi^it,  and  buuoda  nlrnxg  the  pf^dni.        Philip*. 

U.  To  fly  back  ;  to  start;  as,  a  bow,  when  bent, 
tprings  hack  by  its  elostic  power. 

I'i.  To  start  or  rise  suddenly  from  a  covert. 

Watchful  ««  ftwlora  when  their  jpme  will  tpring.         OUtay. 

13.  To  shoot ;  lo  issue  with  speed  and  violence. 

Andauilden  li^hl 
Sprung  tlirough  the  raulted  ruuf.  Dryden. 

H.  To  bend  or  wind  from  a  straicht  direction  or 
plane  surface.  Our  mochanics  say,  a  piece  of  timber, 
or  a  [rfank,  sjtrings  in  seasoning. 

To  spring  at;  to  leap  toward  j  to  attempt  to  reach 
by  a  leap. 

To  spring  tn ;  lo  rush  in  ;  to  enter  with  a  leap  or 
In  haste. 

To  spring  fortk ;  to  leap  out ;  to  rush  out. 

To  spring  on  or  upon  :  to  leap  on  ;  to  rush  OD  with 
hiMe  or  violence  ;  to  assault. 
SPRING,  V.  L    To  start  or  rouse,  as  game;  to  cause  to 
rise  from  the  earth,  or  from  a  covert ;  as,  to  spring  a 
pheasant. 

2.  To  produce  quickly  or  unexpectedly. 

The  nntw,  mirpntrti  with  fciehl, 
Start!  up  and  learea  hT  bed,  timi  tpringa  a  li^hl.       Drj/dtn, 
[/  have  never  heard  such  an  cTprrssion.'l 

3.  To  start ;  to  contrive,  or  to  produce,  or  propose 
on  a  sudden  \  to  produce  unexpectedly. 

Tbr  friroda  to  the  caiue  tpmng  a  new  pmjKL  Sie{ft. 

[In  lieu  nf  tpring^  the  people  tn  the  United  States 
generally  use  start  t  to  start  a  new  project.] 

4.  To  cauy  to  explode  ;  as,  to  spring  a  mine. 

^d'iison. 

5.  To  burst;  to  cause  to  open  ;  a*,  to  spring  a 
leak.  When  it  is  said,  a  veasel  has  sprung  a  Imk^ 
i\\K  meaninft  Is,  the  leak  has  then  commvncrd. 

6.  To  crack  ;  as,  to  spring  a  mast  or  a  yard. 

7.  To  cause  to  rise  from  a  given  spot ;  as,  to  spring 
an  arch. 

B.  To  cause  to  close  suddenly,  as  the  parts  of  a 
trap ;  as,  to  spring  a  trap. 

To  spring  a  bull;  in  seamn*s  language^  to  ItHMen 
the  end  of  a  plank  in  a  ship's  bottom. 

To  spring  a  leak ;  to  commence  leaking  ;  to  begin 
to  leak. 

To  spring  the  tuff;  when  a  vessel  yields  to  tbe 
helm,  and  sails  nearer  to  the  wind  than  before. 

Mar.  Diet. 

To  spring  a  fenef.^  for  to  leap  a  /en^e,  is  not  a 
phrase  U!ted  in  this  country.  Thomson. 

To  spring  an  arch  ;  to  set  off,  begin,  or  commence 
an  arch  from  an  abutment  nr  pier. 

7*6  spring  a  rattle.    See  WATciiHArf. 


8PR 

SPRING,  Tu    Alcapj  abound;  ajump;  as  of  an  an- 
imal. 

The  prisoner  wiib  s  iprinf  from  prtaoo  brake.  S>ryden. 

9.  A  flying  back  ;  the  resilience  of  a  body  recov- 
ering Its  former  stale  by  its  elaslicily  j  as,  the  spring 
of  a  hiiw. 

3.  Ekislic  power  or  force.  The  soul  or  the  mind 
requires  relaxation,  that  it  may  recover  its  natural 
spring. 

UcaTcna  I  what  a  tpring  waa  In  lui  arm  I  DrytUn. 

4.  An  elastic  body ;  a  body  which,  when  bent  or 
forced  from  its  natural  state,  has  the  power  of  recov- 
ering it ;  as,  the  sjirist'/  of  a  watch  or  clock. 

5.  Any  active  power  ;  that  by  which  action  or  mo- 
tion is  produced  or  propagated. 

Like  nature  If^iijng  down  the  tpringt  of  life.  Dryden. 

Our  author  shun*  '7  rulgar  tpringt  to  iiicte 

The  heru'i  glory.  Pope. 

6.  A  fountain  of  water ;  an  issue  of  water  from 
the  earth,  or  the  basin  4if  water  at  the  place  of  its 
issue.  Springs  are  temporary  or  perennial.  From 
springs  proceed  rivulets,  and  rivulets  united  form 
rivers.     Lakes  and  ponds  are  usually  fed  by  springs. 

7.  The  place  where  water  usually  issues  from  the 
earth,  though  no  water  is  iliere.  Thus  we  say,  a 
spring  is  dry. 

8.  A  source;  that  from  which  supplies  are  drawn. 
The  real  Christian  has  in  iiis  own  breast  a  perpetual 
and  inexhaustible  spring  of  joy. 

The  a.icred  tpring  whence  right  and  honor  itream.      Daviea. 

9.  Rise ;  original ;  as,  the  spring  of  the  day.  1 
Sam,  \x. 

10.  Cause;  original.  The  springs  of  preat  events 
are  often  concealed  from  common  observation. 

11.  The  season  of  the  year  when  plants  begin  to 
vegetate  and  rise ;  the  vernal  season.  This  season 
comprehends  the  months  of  March,  April,  and  May, 
in  the  middle  latitudes  north  of  the  equator. 

12.  In  seamen's  language,  a  crack  or  fissure  in  a 
ma.'^t  or  yard,  running  obliquely  or  transversely.  [In 
the  sense  of  /eoJt,  I  believe,  it  is  not  used.] 

13.  A  n>pe  or  hawser  by  which  a  ship  is  held  at 
one  part,  as  the  bow  or  quarter,  in  order  lo  keep  her 
in  a  particular  position,  or  to  turn  her  in  a  .shun  com- 
pass. Brande. 

14.  A  plant ;  a  shoot ;  a  young  tree.    [Jifot  in  H,?e.] 

Sfpenser, 

15.  A  youth.     [JVot  in  tuc.J  Spenser. 

16.  A  hand  ;  a  shoulder  of  pork.    [Atif  in  use.'] 

Beaum.  ^  FL 
SPRIXG'AT^      (  n,    A  youth.    [Abt  w  use.\ 
SPRIN''Gi\LL,  i  Spnisrr. 

%  An  ancient  military  ensine  for  casting  stones 
and  arrows.    [Oftjr.l^  IlaUiwelL 

SPRINGS-BACK,  n.   In  Me  Wnt/cry,  the  cover  of  a  book 
which  is  not  made   fast  to  the  back,  but  which 
springs  back  when  the  book  is  opened. 
SPRING'-BOK,  u.    [D.  spring  and  bok,  a  buck  or  he- 
goat,] 

A  ruminant  mammal  of  the  caprid  tribe,  the  Ante- 
lope Euchore  or  Springer  Antelope,  which  inhabits 
the  plains  of  Soiitli  Africa. 
SPRINGE, (sprlnj,) It.  [from^rtn^.]  A  gin  ;  a  noose, 
which,  being  fastened  to  nn  elastic  body,  is  drawn 
close  with  a  sudden  spring,  by  which  means  it 
catches  a  bird. 
SPRINGE,  r.  t.    To  catch  in  a  springe  ;  to  Insnare. 

Beaum.  4*  Ft, 
SPRING'ER,  n.    One  who  springs;  one  that  rouses 
game. 
3.  A  name  given  to  the  grampus. 
3.  In  architecture,  the  impost,  or  point  at  which  an 
arch  unites  with  its  supiwrt ;  also,  the  bottom  stone 
of  an  arch,  which  lies  on  tlie  impost ;  also,  the  rib  of 
a  groined  roof. 

A.  Springer,  or  springer  antrlope  ;  a  s|iecies  of  ante- 
lope in  Southern  Africa;  the  spring-buk. 
SPRING'-H^LT,  n.     [spring  and  haU.]      A  kind  of 
lameness  in  which  a  uoroe  suddenly  twitches  up  his 
I'-KB.  .Shak. 

SPRING'-IIEAD,  (hed,)  n,     A  fountain  or  source. 

[  UsrUjfs.  ]  Herbert. 

SPRINO'I-NESS.n.  ^from  «pWn^.]  Elasticity  j  also, 
the  power  of  sprtngtng. 

2.  The  state  of  abounding  with  springs;  wetness  ; 
snonginess;  as  of  land. 
SPRING'ING,  ppr.  or  fu    Arising;  shooting  up  ;  leap- 
ing: proceeding;  routing. 

Springing  m-tb  ;  in  ejttat^s,  a  contingent  use ;  a  use 
which  may  arise  uprm  a  contingency.     Blackstone. 
SPRING'ING,  71.      'I'he  act  or  process  of  leaping, 
arising,  issuing,  or  proceeding. 

2.  Growth  ;  increase.     Ps.  \iy. 

3.  In  building,  the  side  of  an  arch  contiguous  to 
the  part  on  which  it  rests. 

SPRIN"GLE,  n-    A  springe  ;  a  noose.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Carew. 

SPRING'-TTDE,  n.  [spring  and  tide.]  The  tide 
which  happens  at  or  soon  af^er  the  new  and  full 
moon,  which  rises  higher  than  commim  tijes. 

Mar.  Diet.     Dryden. 
SPRLVG'-TIME,  a.    The  season  of  spring. 


SPR 


SPRING'-WHEAT,  n.  [spring  and  wheat.]  A  spe- 
cies of  wheat  to  be  sown  in  the  spring;  so  called  in 
distinctiim  from  winUr  wheaU 

SPRING'Y,  a.  [from  spring.\  Elastic;  possessmg 
the  power  of  recovering  itself  when  bent  or  twisted. 

2.  Having  great  elastic  power.  ArbuthnoU 

3.  Having  the  power  to  leap ;  able  to  leap  far. 

4.  Abounding  with  springs  or  fountains;  wet; 
spongy  ;  as,  springy  land. 

SPRINK'LE,  (sprink'l,)  v.  t.  [Sax  sprengan;  D. 
sprenkelen,  sprengen  ;  G.  sprengen  ;  Dan.  sprinkler  ; 
Ir.  spreighim.  1  he  L.  spargo  may  be  the  same  word 
with  the  letters  transposed,  n  being  casual.  Class 
Brg.] 

1.  To  scatter;  to  disperse;  as  a  liquid  or  a  dry 
substance  composed  of  hne  separable  particles;  as, 
Moses  sprinkled  handfuls  of  ashes  toward  heaven. 
Exad.  ix. 

9.  To  scatter  on  ;  to  disperse  on  in  small  drops  or 
particles  ;  to  besprinkle  ;  as,  to  sprinkle  the  earth 
with  water;  to  sprinkle  a  floor  with  sand  ;  to  sprinkle 
paper  with  iron  filings. 

3.  To  wash  ;  to  cleanse  ;  to  purify. 

Haring  our  hearu  tprinkled  from  an  cf  il  corucicnce.  —  Deb.  x, 
SPRINK'LE,  r.  i.  To  perform  the  act  of  scattering  a 
liquid  or  any  fine  substance,  so  that  it  may  fall  in 
small  particles. 

The  prifrat  ahall  tprinkte  of  the  oil  with  hia  finpria.  —  Lct.  xIt. 

Baptwin  may  well  enough  be  pcrfonocd  by  tprinkting  or  efftt- 
ajon  of  water.  Ayl\ff*. 

2.  To  rain  moderately  ;  as,  it  sprinkles. 
SPRLVK'LE,  n.     A  small  quantity  scattered  ;  also,  a 

utensil  for  sprinkling.  Spenser. 

SPRINK'L£D,  (sprink'ld,)  vp.      Dispersed  in  smaU 

panicles,  as  a  liquid  or  as  dust. 
2.  Having  a  liquid  or  a  fine  substance  scattered 

over. 
SPRINK'LER,  n.    One  that  sprinkles. 
SPRINK'LING,  ppr.      Dispersing,  as  a  liquid  or  as 

dust. 
2.  Scattering  on,  in  fine  drops  or  particles. 
SPRINK'LING,  n.     The  act  of  scattering  in  small 

drops  or  parcels.  HalL 

2.  A  small  quantity  falling  in  distinct  drops  or 

parts,  or  coming  moderately  ;  aa,  a  sprinkling  of  rain 

or  snow. 
SPRIT,  r.  (.     [Snx.  spryttan,  to  sprout;  D.  spruiten; 

G.  sprie^sen ;  Dan.   spruder^  sproyter,  to  spurt ;  Sw. 

spritta,  to  start.     It  is  of  the  same  family  as  sitrouL 

Class  Itrd.] 
To  throw  out  with  force  from  a  irarrow  orifice ;  to 

eject ;  to  spirt.     [JVot  in  use.]     [See  Si-urt.] 
SPRIT,  V.  i.    To  sprout ;  to  buU ;  to  germinate  ;  as 

luirley  steeped  for  mall. 
SPRIT,  n.     A  shoot  ;  a  sjtrotit.  Mortimer. 

2.  [D.  spriet.]     A  small  boom,  pole,  or  sjiar,  which 

crosses  the  sail  of  a  boat  diagonally  from  tlie  mast  to 

the  upper  aftmost  corner,  which  it  is  used  to  extend 

and  elevate.  Totten. 

SPRITE,  n.    [If  from  G.  spriet,  this  is  the  most  cor- 
rect orthography.    The  Welsh  has  ysbrid^  a  spirit.] 
A  spirit. 
SPRTTE'KUL.     See  Spriohtpuu 
SPRTTE'F!JL-LY.    See  SpRicHxruLLT. 
SPRfTE'LUNES-S.     See  Sprightukess. 
SPItlTE'  L Y.     See  Spri  ohtlt. 
SPRIT'-SAIL,  ji.    [sprit  nu^  6aU.]    The  sail  extended 

by  a  sprit. 
2.  A  sail  attached  to  a  yard  which  hangs  under 

the  bowsprit.     fJVot  in  use.]  Totten. 

8PR01).  n,     A  salmon  in  its  second  year.   Chambers. 
SPRONG,  oldprtt.  of  Spriko.    [Dulch.]     [^ot  in  use.] 
SPROUT,  V.  i.     [D.  spruitrn  ;  G.  sprossrn  ;  Sax.  spryt- 

tan ;   Sp.  brotar,  the  same   word   without  jr.      See 

SpritJ 

1.  T(>  shoot,  as  the  seed  of  a  plant ;  to  germinate ; 
to  push  out  new  shoots.  A  grain  that  sprouts  in  ordi- 
nary temperature  in  ten  days,  may,  by  an  augmenta- 
tion of  heat,  be  made  to  sprout  in  forty-eight  hours. 
The  stumps  of  trees  often  sprout,  and  produce  a  new 
forest. 

2.  To  shoot  into  ramifications. 

Titriol  ia  apt  to  tprout  with  molature.  Bacon. 

3.  To  grow,  like  shoots  of  plants. 

And  on  the  oahi-a  iprouting  plumca  appear.  Ticket. 

SPROUT,  n.  The  shoot  of  a  plant ;  a  shoot  from  the 
seed,  or  from  the  stump,  or  from  Ihe  root  of  a  plant 
or  tree.  The  sprouts  of  the  cane,  in  Jamaica,  are 
called  ratoons.  Fjiwards.  fV.  Ind. 

2.  A  shoot  from  the  end  of  a  branch.  The  young 
shoots  of  shrubs  are  called  sprouts^  and  in  the  forest 
often  furnish  browse  for  cattle. 

SPROUT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Shooting  in  vegetation ;  ger- 
minating. 

SPROUTS,  n.pt.    Young  coleworts.  Johnson. 

SPROCE,  a.  Nice;  trim;  neat  without  elegance  or 
dignity  ;  formerly  applied  to  things  with  a  serious 
meaning  ;  now  applied  to  persons  only. 

He  la  ao  tpruee,  that  be  ncrcr  can  be  grnttMit.  Tader. 

SPROCE,  V.  L    To  trim ;  to  dress  with  affected  neat- 


TONE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUa  — C  as  K;  0  as  J ;  8  aa  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

1069 


SPU 

SPROCE,  V.  i.  To  dress  one's  self  with  aficclud  neat- 
ness. 

BPROCE,  n.  The  fir-tree  ;  a  name  applied  to  all  the 
species  of  thnt  section  of  the  Lininean  pt-nus  Pinna 
wiiKh  are  comprehended  under  Abies,  and  likewise 
to  :ioiue  thai  are  comprehended  under  Pence.  This 
term,  however,  beluiisjs  more  es[K-cially  to  Piniis 
Abies  or  Norway  spruce,  a  native  of  the  north  of 
Enropc.  In  (Ae  United  States,  it  is  apphed  to  Pious 
nigra,  Pinus  aiba,and  Pinna  rubra,  which  are  used  in 
families  to  give  flavor  to  beer.  They  are  used  by 
way  of  decoction,  or  in  the  form  of  extract. 

SPROCE'-BEER,  n.  A  kind  of  beer  which  is  tinc- 
tured with  spruce,  eitlier  by  means  of  tiie  extract  or 
bv  decoction. 

SPRCCE'LiV,  ode.  With  extreme  or  affected  neat- 
ness. 

SPROCE'NESS,  n.  Neatness  without  taste  or  ele- 
fmnce;  irimness;  fineness;  quaintuess. 

SPROE,  II.  In  Seottandy  that  which  is  tbmwn  off  in 
castini;  metals  ;  dross  or  scoria.  [This  is  sometimes 
a  vicious  orthography  of  Strbw,  the  name  of  the 
disease  otherwise  called  Vtru^fk.     See  8pbew.j 

SPRtiG,  F.  L    To  make  smart.     [JVot  in  v^e.] 

SPRUNG,  prfL  and  pp.  of  Sprino.  The  man  sprung 
over  the  ditch;  the  mast  is  sprung i  a  faeru  sprung 
from  a  race  of  kings. 

SPRUNT,  r.  i.  To  sp?  ng  up;  to  germinate  ;  to  spring 
for\vard.    [vWt  in  iw«.J 

SPRUNT,  n.    Any  thing  short  and  not  easily  bent. 
[JVV>J  in  use.] 
"X  A  leap  ;  a  spring.    [^Vot  in  use*] 
3.  A  steep  ascent  in  a  nnd.    [Aorof.] 

SPRUNT,  a.  Active:  vigorous ;  strong;  becoming 
slrons-    JA*»I  in  ute.) 

SPRUNT'LV,  ode.  Vigorously;  youlhrully;  like  a 
young  man.     [JVW  in  n^.]  B.  Joitsoju 

SPRV,  a.  Having  great  power  of  leaping  or  running ; 
nimble;  active;  vigorous.    [Locai.] 

JfJUtrrJI.     Forb^. 
[This  word  is  in  common  use  in  Ntw  England, 
and  is  doubUeaaacoatraction  of  «pri^.  SueSrsiaui- 
tr.J 

SPUD,  n,  [Dan.  spyrf,  a  spear  ;  Ice.  spi»ot.  It  coin- 
cides with  spit,] 

1.  An  intt^ement  somewhat  like  a  chisel,  with  a 
long  bandk-,  used  by  farmers  for  destroying  weeds. 

Farm.  Ktteye, 
Q.  Any  short  thing ;  in  contempt  Stcift, 

SPUL'LEft,  n.    One  employed  lo  insp^t  yam,  to  see 

that  it  is  wt'II  spun,  and  lit  fur  ihe  loom.    [Loc<tl.] 
SPOME,  K.     [L.  and  II.  ^uhia;  Sp.  r.-'pHmc.] 

Frrth ;    foam;    scum;    fntlhy  matter  raised  on 
liquors  or  fluid  substances  by  boiling,  eiTurvescence, 
or  agitation. 
SPOME,  P.  i.    To  froth  ;  to  foam. 
SPU-MES'CENCE,  n.    Frutbinesa;  the  siateof  foam- 
in  3.  Khvan. 
SPU-MIF'ER-OUS,(i.    Producing  foara. 

Coniiisting  of  fh>tb  or  scum  ;  foamy. 

Tbc  apunu/  wmrea  proclaim  Uk;  v^'vtj  TJir.  DrvtUn. 

The  •ptunotu  aiMl  ftirid  uaIs  of  Ibe  Uogd.  Arbathnat. 

SPUN,  prrU  and  pp.  of  Svm. 

SPUN«^E,  n.    See  Spoxge. 

SPUN'-HaY,  lu  Hay  twisted  into  ropes  for  conven- 
ient carriage  on  a  militarv  expedition. 

SPUNK,  jt.  [Probably  from  pniOu]  Touchwood; 
wood  that  readily  takes  fire.     Hence, 

2.  Vulgarly f^n  inflammable  temper  ;  spirit;  as,  a 
man  of  gmtiik.    Ill-natured  observations  touched  his 

spank.     [Lotc.] 

SPUN'-YXRN,  n.  Among  seamen,  a  line  or  cord 
formed  of  two  or  three  rope-yarns  twisted. 

SPUR,  B.  [Sai.  ^Mr ,-  D.  spojr ;  G.  sporn ;  Dan.  spore ; 
Ir.  spor:  \V.  y^ardun:  Fr.  eperon;  It.  sproiie;  coin- 
ciding in  elements  with  spear.     Class  Br.] 

1.  An  instrument  having  a  rowel  or  little  wheel, 
with  sharp  points,  worn  on  horsemen's  heels,  to 
prick  the  horses  for  hastening  their  pace. 

Girt  with  rvatj  Bword  knd  tpttr.  Hadibnu, 

Hence,  to  set  spurs  to  a  horse,  is  to  prick  him  and 
put  him  upon  a  run. 

2.  Incitement ;  instigation.  The  love  of  glory  is 
the  spur  to  heroic  deeds. 

3.  The  largest  or  principal  root  of  a  tree ;  hence, 
perhaps,  the  short,  wooden  buttress  of  a  post ;  [that 
id,  in  bi>th  cases,  a  shoot.] 

4.  The  hard,  pointed  projection  on  a  cock's  leg, 
which  serves  as  an  instrument  of  defense  and  an- 
noyance. Ray. 

5.  Something  that  projects  ;  a  snag.  Shak, 

6.  In  .America,  a  mountain  that  shoots  from  any 
other  mountain,  or  range  of  mountains,  and  extends 
to  some  distance  in  a  lateral  direction,  or  at  right  an- 
gles. 

7.  That  which  excites.  AVe  say,  upon  the  ^ur  of 
the  occasion  ;  that  is,  the  circumstances  or  emergen- 
cy which  calls  for  immediate  action. 

8.  A  spnrre  or  sea-swallow.  Ray. 

9.  The  hinder  part  of  the  nectary  in  certain  flow- 
ers, shaped  like  a  cock's  spur.  Jfartyn, 


SPU 

10.  A  fungus  (SperniGcdta  Clavus)  growing  within 
the  glumes  of  rye,  wheat,  couch-gra.'-s,  herd^s-grass, 
&.C.     fFr.  ergot.] 

11.  In  old  fortifieatlons,  a  wall  that  crosses  a  part 
of  tht^  mmpart  and  joins  to  the  town  wall. 

SPUR,  r.  L     [It.  sj^oram.] 

1.  To  prick  with  spurs  ;  to  incite  to  a  more  hasty 
'  pace  ;  as,  to  spur  ft  horse.  '■ 

2.  To  incite  ;  lo  instigate  ;  to  urge  or  encourage  to 
action,  or  to  a  more  vigorous  pursuit  of  an  object. 
Some  men  are  spurred  lo  action  by  the  love  of  glory, 
olliers  by  the  love  of  power.  Let  alfection  spar  us  to 
social  and  domestic  duties.  Locke. 

3.  To  impel ;  to  drive. 

Lti»e  will  not  be  apurrtd  lo  whtit  it  Icwtlica.  STtoi. 

4.  To  put  spurs  on. 

SPUR,  V.  i.    To  travel  with  great  expedition. 

The  PanhiAns  shiill  bo  Uktc, 
And,  fpttrring  from  the  fight,  coulcw  their  I'car.         Dryden, 

2.  To  press  forward. 

Somr  Wtl  mrn  —  Vy  tpurting  on,  refine  tbenuclrei.      Grew. 

SPUR'-CLAD,  a.    Wearing  spurs. 

SPUR'GALL,  tJ.  (.      [spur  and  gaU]     To   gall   or 

wound  with  a  spur.  Shak. 

SPUR'GALL, «.    A  place  galled  or  excoriated  by  much 

n.^ing  ot  the  spur. 
SPUli.'GALLr-l.'D,  ;p;t.    Galled  or  hurt  by  a  spur ;  as, 

Kfnurgalled  hackney.  Pitpe, 

SPURGE,  H.     [Ft.  epurge ;  It.  spurgo,  a  purge;  from 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Euphorbia.  This  name  is 
applied  to  various  sp<'cies  of  Euphorbia,  and  by 
sonic,  to  the  whole  genus,  which  is  very  numerous. 

SPURGE'-FLAX,  n.  An  evergreen  shrub,  Daphne 
Gnidium,  a  native  of  Spain. 

SPURGE'-LAU-REL,  n.  The  Daphne  Laureola,  an 
evercreen  >'hnib,  a  native  of  Enrtiiw. 

SPUROE'-OL-IVE,  n.  An  evergreen  shrub,  the 
Daphne  OieoVdes,  a  native  of  Crete.  Lvudon. 

SPURClE'-WORT,  (-wurt,)  n.    A  plant. 

SPURG'IXG,  for  Puaoiso,  is  not  in  use.    B.Jonsoiu 

SPO'RI-OUS,  a.     [L,  y/mWu.*.] 

1.  Not  genuine  ;  not  proceeding  from  the  true  source, 
or  from  the  source  pretended  ;  counterfeit;  false  ; 
adulterate.  Spurious  writings  are  such  as  are  not 
composed  by  the  authors  to  whom  Uiey  are  ascribed. 
^vrious  drugs  are  common.  The  reformed  churches 
reject  spurious  ceremonies  and  tradititms. 

2.  Not  legitimate  ;  bastard  ;  as,  sjmrious  issue. 
By  the  laws  of  England,  one  begotten  ujid  born  out 
of  lawful  matrimony  is  a  spurious  child. 

Spurious  disrase:  a  disease  conmionly  mistaken 
for,  and  colled  by  the  name  of,  something  whicli  it  is 
not ;  as  spurious  pleurisy,  i.  e.,  rheunuttism  of  the  in- 
tercostal muscles. 

SPC'RI-OUS-LY,  a*fij.    Counterfeiily  ;  falsely. 

SPC'RI-OUS -NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
counterfeit,  false,  or  not  genuine;  as,  the  spurious- 
ness  of  drugs,  of  coin,  or  of  writings. 

2.  Illegitimacy ;  the  state  of  being  bastard  or  not 
of  leiiitimate  birth  ;  as,  the  spuriousncss  of  issue. 

SPUR'LING,  B.     A  small  sea-fish.  Tusser, 

SPUR'LING-LINE,  n.  Among  seamen,  the  line 
which  forms  the  communication  between  the  wheel 
and  the  telltale. 

SPURN,  r.  L  [Sax.  sptiman. ;  It.  sporam  ;  L.  sperno, 
aspemort  from  the  root  of  spur,  or  from  kicking.] 

1.  To  kick  ;  todrivebackor  away,  as  wjtii  the  foot. 

Sliali. 

2.  To  reject  with  disdain  ;  to  scorn  to  receive  or 
accept.  What  nuiltitudes  of  rational  beings  spurn 
Uie  offers  of  eternal  happiness  ! 

3.  To  treat  with  contempt.  Locke. 
SPURN,  tj.i.     To  manifest  disdain  in  rejecting  any 

thing ;  as,  to  spurn  at  the  gracious  offers  of  pardon. 

9.  To  make  contemptuous  opposition  ;  to  manifest 
disdain  in  resistance. 

Nsj,  more,  to  apum  Rt  yoar  moBt  royal  inmge.  Shxtk. 

3.  To  kick  or  toss  up  the  heels. 

Tbc  drunken  ch-iirman  in  the  kennel  apurnt.  Gay. 

SPURN,  ji.  Disdainful  rejection  ;  contemptuous  trpal- 
ment. 

The  insolence  of  office,  nnd  the  spurns 

That  piLtieut  merit  of  the  unworthy  takr^.  Shak. 

SPURN' £D,  (spurnd,)  pp.    Rejected  with  disdain; 

treated  with  contempt. 
SPURN'ER,  n.    One  who  spurns. 
SPURN'EV,  n.    A  plant.  LHct. 

SPURN'ING,  ppr     Rejecting  with  contempt. 
SPURN'-WA-TER,  n.    In  ships,  a  channel  at  the  end 

of  a  deck  to  restrain  the  water. 
SPURRE,  n.    A  name  of  the  sea-swallow  or  common 

tern.      (Proviyicial.']  Edin.  Encyc. 

SPUR'R£D,  (spurd,)  pp.     Furnished  with  spurs. 

2.  Incited  ;  instigated. 

3.  a.  Wearing  spurs,  or  having  shoots  like  spurs. 
SPUR'RER,  n.     One  who  uses  spiirs. 
SPUR'RI-ER,  ju    One  whose  occupation  is  to  make 

spurs.      , 
SPUR'RINT;,  ppr.     Pricking  with  spurs;    inciting; 
urgmg. 


SPY 

SPUR-ROY'AL,  n.  A  gold  coin,  flrst  made  In  the 
reign  of  Edward  IV.  In  the  reign  of  Jamus  I.,  lis 
value  was  tiltecn  shillings.  Souu-times  written 
SruR-RiAL  or  Rtal.  Btaum.  4"  h'L 

SPUR'RY,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Spergiila,  which 
is  sometimes  cultivated  in  Europe  for  fodder.  Oardnnr. 

SPURT,  V.  ^  [Sw.  spruta ;  Dan.  spruder  and  .fproyter, 
to  spout,  to  squirt,  to  syringe.  The  English  word  has 
Bullcred  a  transjwsilion  of  letters.  It  is  frcun  the 
root  of  sprout,  which  see.] 

To  throw  out,  as  a  liquid  in  a  stream  ;  to  drive  or 
force  out  with  violence,  as  a  liquid  from  a  pipi;  or 
email  orifice  ;  as,  to  spurt  water  from  the  muutfj,  or 
other  liquid  from  a  lube. 

SPURT,  V,  i.  To  gush  or  issue  out  in  a  stream,  as  li- 
quor from  a  cask  ;  to  rush  from  a  confined  place  in  a 
small  stream. 

Then  the  Bmall  ]ct,  which  liaety  handi  unlock, 

SparU  in  Ihc  gardener's  eyw  who  lurng  Uie  cock.        Pop*. 

SPURTj  H,  A  sudden  or  violent  ejection  or  gushing 
of  a  liquid  substance  from  a  tube,  orifice,  or  otliL-r 
confined  place;  a  jet. 

2.  A  sudden  or  short  occasion  or  exigency  j  sud- 
den effort,     [yulgar.] 

BPURT'ING,  ppr.  Forcing  out  a  liquid  fVotn  a  piiw 
or  small  orifice. 

SPUR'TLE,  (spurtl,)  v.  t.  [from  spurt]  To  shoot 
in  a  scattering  manner.     [Little  wsei.]        Drayton. 

SPUR'WAY,  n.  [spur  and  way.]  A  horsn  path  ;  a 
narrow  way  ;  a  bridle  road  ;  a  way  for  a  single  beiLst. 
[JVrtf  usr*l  in  the  United  States.] 

SPUR'-WIIEEL,  n.  A  wheel  with  cogs  around  the 
edge  pointing  to  the  center. 

SPU-TA'TION,  n.     [L.  sputo,  to  spit.] 

The  act  of  spitting.     [JWt  used.]  Ilareey. 

SPO'TA-TIVE,  a.  [Supra.]  Spitting  much  ;  inclined 
to  spit.     [J^ot  ttscrf.J  fVotlon. 

SPUT'TER,  tJ.  i.  [U.  spuitcH,  to  spout;  Sw.  .npotta; 
L.  sputo,  to  spit.  It  belongs  to  the  mot  of  spout  and 
spit;  of  the  latter  it  seems  to  be  a  diniinutive.] 

1.  To  spit,  or  to  emit  saliva  from  the  niouth  in 
small  or  scattered  portions,  as  in  mpid  speaking. 

2.  To  throw  out  moi.siure  in  small,  detached  parts  ; 
as  green  wood  sptittcriner  in  the  flame.         Dnjden. 

3.  To  (iy  off  m  small  particles  with  some  crack- 
ling or  noii>e. 

When  Bpnrkling  lumps  Iheir  sputtering  lighu  ndmncs. 

Dryden. 

4.  To  Utter  words  hastily  and  indistinctly  ;  Vttrrnlbj, 
to  spout  small ;  to  speak  so  rapidly  as  to  emit  saliva. 

They  coulil  neither  of  Ihcni  ep^-ik  iheir  raj",  nnd  so  ihfy  lell  a 
ajmlteHng  at  one  anvUier,  like  two  roiwiing  ajipl-s. 

Cungreoe. 

SPUT'TER,  V.  L  To  throw  out  with  haste  and 
noise  ;  to  utter  witli  indistinctiiess. 

In  the  midst  of  caroBS'-a  — 10  apuUer  oul  the  bimeal  nccuKiliotis. 

SPUT'TER,  n.  Moist  matter  thrown  out  in  small  jKir- 
ticles. 

SPUT'TER-/;D,  pp.  Thrown  out  in  smnl!  portions, 
as  liipiids;  uttered  with  haste  and   indistinctness,  as 

SPUT'TER-EK,  u.     One  that  sputters.  [words. 

SPUT'TER-ING,  /*/""■  "r  "•  Emitting  in  small  parti- 
cles ;  uttering  rapidly  and  indisllnclly ;  siKiaking 
liastilv  ;  spouting. 

SPC'J'UM,  n.  [L.]  Spittle;  salival  discharges  from 
the  mouth.  Hail. 

2.  In  medicine^  that  wJiich  is  expectorated,  or 
ejected  from  the  lungs. 

SPY,  JU  [^[t.  spia ;  Fr.  esjnon  ;  Hp.  espia ;  D.  spicds ;  G. 
spdher;  Dan.  spejdcr ;  W.  yffjmaw,  to  espy,  to  ex- 
plore; yspeitkiaw,  to  look  about;  yspaith,  that  is 
open,  visible;  pfiiM,  an  opening,  a  prosi)ect,  a  glance. 
Class  Bd  ;  unless  the  word  is  a  contraction,  and  of 
Class  Sp.] 

1.  A  person  sent  into  an  enemy's  camp  to  inspect 
their  works,  ascertain  their  strength  and  their  inten- 
tions, to  ivatch  their  movements,  and  secretly  com- 
municate iiitelligenre  to  the  proper  officer.  By  the 
laws  of  war  among  all  civili/.ed  nations,  a  spy  is 
subjected  to  capital  punishment. 

2.  A  person  deputed  to  watch  the  (ynduct  of  oth- 
ers. Dryden. 

3.  One  who  watches  the  conduct  of  others. 

These  wretched  npiea  of  wit.  Dryden. 

SPY,  V.  t.  To  see  ;  to  gain  sight  of ;  to  discover  at  a 
distance,  or  in  a  state  of  concealment.  It  is  the 
same  as  Esfv  ;  as,  to  spy  land  from  the  mast  head  of 
a  ship. 

As  ti^r  spied  two  gimtle  fawns.  AJUton: 

One,  in  reitdin^,  skijiped  over  ail  sentences  witere  he  tpied  a  note 

of  adiiiiriUon.  SioifU 

2.  To  discover  by  close  search  or  examination  ;  as, 
a  lawyer,  in  examining  the  pleadings  in  a  case,  spies 
a  defect. 

3.  To  explore;  to  view,  inspect,  and  examine  se- 
cretly ;  as  a  country  ;  usually  with  out. 

Moses  sei^t  to  apy  out  Jjuiier,  and  they  took  tJie  Tillages  thereof. 
—  Num.  ixi. 

SPY,  V.  i.    To  search  narrowly  ;  to  scrutinize. 

It  is  my  nature's  plnjne 
To  apy  inio  Hbiise.  Shiik. 


^FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NCTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOOK.— 


1070 


SQU 

^  Vn"  v,~  \"'\  V.     [.•;►»/  and  boau]     A  btml  f>t;nl  U*  m;ikn 

-  and  bring  inleliigcnce.  Arhuthnot, 

-  -.71.    The  p^ipular  name  of  a  small  tele- 

;1  in  viewing  distant  objects. 

The  act  or  biisinesa  of  spying. 
'.  ob,)  a.     [In  G.  quappe  is  a  qiiab,  an  eel- 
'■li^j  plump,  sleek  ;  quabbeln,  to  be  plump 
,  1  to  vibrate,  Eng.  to  wiiift/tf  ,•  Dan.  fi'o&^p, 
.    guopped^  fnt,  pbiinp,  jolly,  our  vulgar 
,  liDpper.,  tu  shake.] 
::iick;  plump  J  bulky. 
.^h  daughter,  nor  the  wife  were  nice.        BelUrton. 

3.  Uutiedged  3  unfcatbered  ;  as,  a  squab  pigeon. 

King. 
S("iU.\n,  n.     A  young  pigeon  or  dove. 

i   '     ■'    ni  13  in  common  or  general  nac  in  Amer- 
!M>^  the  only  sense  in  wliicb  it  is  ut;t;d  ia 
t         '!>     .  re  given.] 

2.  A  kirnl  of  sufa  or  couch;  a  stuffed  cushion. 
rjV*(j(  used  in  Jlmerica-I 
fiClVXR,  ode.     Striking  at  once;  with  a  heavy  fan ; 
plump. 

Tbc  eagle  ilropped  the  torloise  squab  upon  a.  rock,     [Loui  and 
not  uted.\  VEHranse. 

[The  vulgar  word  Awhap,  or  Whop,  is  used  in  a 
like  sense  in  America.     It  is  found  in  Chaurer.] 
SQ.UAB,  V.  i.    To  full  plump  ;  to  strike  at  tine  dash, 
or  with  fi  heavy  stroke.     [J^Tot  used.] 

S(ir  tli'ItV  "'  I  "•     '^'"'^'^  *  *^^  '  ^*^^^y-        Harvey. 

.SUl'AB'BLR,  (skwob'bl,)  v.  L  [1  know  not  the 
origin  of  tliis  word,  but  it  seems  to  be  from  the  root 
of  irabblc :  G.  quabbeln,  to  vibrate,  to  quake,  to  be 
alcek.     t'ee  3  jcar.] 

1.  To  contend  for  superiority ;  to  scuffle ;  lo  strug- 
gle ;  as,  two  piTsons  squabble  in  sport.  Shak. 

2.  To  contend;  to  wrangle;  to  quarrel.  [Jnele- 
gmit  or  lowJ]  Glancille. 

3.  To  deltate  peevishly  ;  to  dispute.  If  there  must 
be  dts|Kitei},  it  is  less  criminal  to  squabble  than  to 
murder.     [Inelea^ant  or  low.] 

4.  Among  printers,  a  page  is  eaid  to  be  squabbled 
when  the  letters  stand  awry  or  out  of  their  regular 
iiprisht  piwitii.n.  Jidatus. 

r^Qt'AB'IlI.E,  n.     A  scuffle;  a  wrangle  ;  a  brawl ;  a 

pctiv  quarnl.  JirbuihnoL 

H(ilTAll^fltiER,  «.     A  contentious  person  ;  a  brawler. 
S\tUAB'I(LI\0,ppr.    Scuffling;  contending;  wrang- 

t  ■!.■_'. 

'    \'!'-Prr:,  (''kwob'pT,)n.    [squab  wi^  pie.]    A  pie 
of  -.^(iiiabs  or  young  pigeons. 
' '.  f>\iVod,)  n.     [Ft.  escouadc] 

■"*y /(iHa-MflffT,  a  smalt  party  of  men  as- 

-Irill  or  inspection.     Campbtlfs  -Mil.  Diet. 

iiill  parly. 

SU.t 'AiJ  iii>.V,  n.     [Fx,  escatfron  ;  It.  squadra,  a  squad- 

mn,    a    Miuare  ;    Pp.    esqaadron;  from    L.  quadrata.i^ 

sqiiart"  ;  /j'ltulro,  to  s(]uare  ;  allied  1<j  quatuor^  four.] 

1.  In  iu  primary  sfTfiPy  a.  square  or  square  form  ; 
and  hence,  a  square  body  of  troops;  a  body  drawn 
up  in  a  square.    So  .Milton  has  used  the  word. 

Tho*;  half  roumlin^  ^i.inli 
Just  mi*t,  aiMl  cli>sinj  (lood  in  Mqwidron  Joined. 

[Thifl  sense  is  probably  obsolete,  unless  in  poetry.] 

ilence,  also, 

a.  A  body  of  troops  in  any  form. 

3.  In  military  tactics^  the  principal  division  of  a 
regimt-nt  of  cavalry,  U!»ually  from  100  to  200  men. 

4.  A  division  of 'a  lleer.  [/>.  Cue. 
SQUJ^D'RON-KU,  (skwod'nind,)  a.      Formed  "into 

nquadrnns  or  squares.  Milton. 

BdlJAU'in,  (skwol'id,)  a.     TL.  sqnaliduSy  Uota  sqw- 
Uo,  to  be  foul,     Clu.  \V.  qualy  vile.] 
Foul ;  filthy  ;  extremely  dirty. 
L'nconilyd  hia  lodu,  uid  tquaiid  hit  RSllrt.  Drydtn. 

pan.M^Tn'i-Ty,  t 

Pt^UAL'm-XESS,  ( 
P(ir.\I/ID-LY,  adv.  In  a  sq-i^did,  filthy  manner. 
SGUAI.L,  r.  i.  [.'^w.  sqvala  ;  Dan.  squaldrer,  lo  prate. 
Tlieie  woFdo  are  prohably  of  <nie  family  ;  but  squally 
like  .-queal,  'n*  i>r4>t>Hbly  from  the  ro(»t  of  Sax.  ^Uan. 
til  P^l^ak,  or  lleb.  ^''p,  D-  fi^««t  to  y^^i  or  is  formed 
frrim  UHtiL] 

Tn  cry  out ;  to  scream  or  cr>'  violently ;  as  a 
woman  fVightened,  or  a  child  in  anger  ordistresi; 
a«.  the  infant  .'quailed,  ArhuthnoL     Pope 

BCIU ALL,  n.     A  loud  ncrenm  ;  a  harsh  cry.       Pope, 
2r[Sw.   sqcoL]     A  sudden   and   violent   gust  of 
wind. 

Jl  hlaek  squally  is  one  attended  with  dark,  heavy 
clouds. 

Jl  iphite  squall.  Is  one  which  comes  unexpectedly, 
without  being  marked  in  its  approach  by  the  rbrndri. 

Tf'tlen. 
PflUAIiT/ER,  n.    A  screamer  ;  one  that  cries  aloud. 
8ClUALL'IN'G,ppr.oro.  Crying  out  harshly  ;  scream- 
ing. 
SCirAl.I-i'Y,  a.     Abounding  with  squalla;  disturbed 
oflf-ii  with   sudden  and  violent  gusts  of  wind  ;  as, 
Mqnally  wenthfr. 

2.  In  aarieuUurn,  broken  into  detached  pieces; 
inUrmpled  by  unproductive  spots.     [Ij>caL] 


Foulness:  filthiness. 


SQU 

SsaUX'LOin,  a.    [L.  squalu^^  a  shark,  and  Gr.  £«)«?, 
likcnes!*.] 

Like  a  shark,  or  resembling  a  shark. 
SOUA'LOR,  n.     [L.]    Foulness;  filth  iness ;   coarse- 
ness. Burton. 
SaUA'.MI-FOHM,  a.     [L.  *7i(ama,  a  scale,  and  form.] 

Having  the  form^  shape  of  scales. 
SQUA-MlG'EK-OUSTa.      [L.  squami^er;  squama,  a 
scale,  and  ff^o,  to  bear.] 
Bearitig  or  having  scales, 
SQUA.M'I-PEX,  n.     [L.  squama^  a  scale,  and  penna, 
a  fin.J 

A  nsh  whose  dorsal  and  anal  fins  arc  covered  with 
scales. 

SaUA'MOUS,  i*     l^- squamosus.] 

Scaly ;    covered   with  scales ;    as,   the    squamous 

cones  itf  the  pine.  IVoodioard, 

SaUAN'DER,   (:*kwon'dor,)  v.  U    [G.  versckweadai, 

probably  from  wenden,  to  turn.J 

1.  To  spend  lavishly  or  profusely  ;  to  spend  prodi- 
gally ;  to  dissipate  ;  tti  waste  without  economy  or 
judgment ;  as,  to  squander  an  estate. 

They  ortcn  squnrwlered,  but  they  never  g.-vTC,  Satstge. 

The  erinic  of  itqiuindei-ing  tieaiifi  is  eijuai  to  the  folly,   liambler. 

2.  To  scatter;  lo  dis|>erse. 

Our  eqiuitidered  Iroopa  he  mllica.  Drydcn. 

[In  this  application  not  noto  used.] 
SQUAN'OER-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Spent  lavishly  and  xvithoul 

necrsNity  or  use  ;  wasted  ;  dissipated,  as  property. 
SCiLfAi\'ltER-ER,  n.     One    who  spends  his    money 

prodigally,  witliutit  necessity  or  use  ;  a  spendlhrift; 

a  prudi'^al ;  a  waster  ;  a  lavisher.  Ltjckc. 

SaU^N'DER-ING,p;>r.   Spending  lavisliingly;  wast- 
ing. 
SCii;A.V'DER-I\G-LY,  adv.    By  squandering. 
SQUARE,  a.     [VV.  cwAr ;  Fr.  carr6,  quarri  i  perhaps 

Or.  a')'-',  contracted  from  xanuy.     This  is  probably 

not  a  contraction  of  L.  quadratus.] 

X.  Having  four  equal  sides  and  four  right  angles  ; 

as,  a  square  room  ;  a  square  figure. 

2.  Forming  a  right  angle ;  as,  an  instrument  for 
striking  lines  square.  Mozon. 

3.  Parallel ;  exactly  suitable  ;  true. 

She'«  a  must  triumphant  lady,  if  report  be  tquare  to  her.     \Un- 
atual.\  Shak. 

4.  Having  a  straight  front,  or  a  frame  formed  with 
straight  lines;  nut  curving;  as,  a  man  of  a  square 
frame  ;  a  squart  built  man. 

5.  That  does  equal  justice;  exact;  fair;  honest; 
as,  square  dealing. 

6.  Even  ;  leaving  no  balance.  Let  us  make  or 
leave  the  accounts  square. 

Three  ttquare,  Jive  square  ;  having  three  or  five 
equal  sides,  &.c. ;  an  abusive  use  of  square. 

Square  root ;  in  peometnj  and  arithmetic.  Tho 
square  root  of  a  quantity  or  number  is  that  which, 
multiplied  by  itstjlf,  protiuces  the  quantity  or  num- 
ber.    Thus  7  is  the  square  root  of  40,  for  7  X  7  =  49. 

Si/uarc  jneasure;  thi^  square  of  a  lineal  measure; 
tho  measure  of  a  superficies  or  surface,  which  de- 
pendH  on  the  length  and  breadth  taken  conjointly. 

Square  number.     See  StiuARE,  n.  No.  5." 

In  seamen's  lanmia^e,  the  yards  are  square,  when 
they  are  arranged  at  right  angles  with  the  mast  or 
the  keel,  and  parallel  to  the  horizon.  The  yards  and 
sails  are  said  alsu  to  be  square,  when  they  are  of 
greater  length  than  uaual.  Totlen. 

SQUARE,  n.    A  figure  having  four  equal  sides  and 
four  right  nngles. 

9.  An  area  of  four  sides,  with  houses  on  each  Mde. 

The  ■t.-iltifl  uf  Alexander  VII.  ■tcLiid*  ■□  tbc  lar^o  tquare  of  the 
totvn.  Addison. 

3.  The  content  of  tho  side  of  a  figure  squared. 

4.  .\  mathematical  instrument,  which  consists 
esitentially  in  having  at  least  one  straight  edge  at 
right  angles  to  nnothor.  It  is  of  several  forms,  as 
the  T  square,  the  carpenter's  square,  &c. 

,5.  In  gfomriry  ami  aritlnnetic,  a  square  or  square 
number  is  the  product  of  a  number  multiplied  by 
Itself.    Thus  i'A  is  the  square  of  8,  for  8X8  =  64. 

6.  Rule  ;  regularity  ;  exact  proportion  ;  justness  of 
workmanship  and  conducL 

Thfy  of  (laUti*  much  mora  om  of  tquare.  Hooker. 

I  ha»i;  not  k<-pt  my  tquart.    [Not  in  u«.]  Shak. 

7.  A  square  body  of  troops  ;  as,  tho  brave  squares 
of  war.  .S/wA. 

8.  A  quaternion  ;  four.     [JVot  in.  me.]  Sfiak. 

9.  Level  ;  equality. 

Wtt  tire  Dot  on  tbu  square  with  toch  u  lhe«.  Drydtn. 

10.  In  a.ttroloirjj,  qunrtile  ;  the  position  of  planets 
distant  ninety  degrees  from  each  other.    [Ob.t.] 

Jildton. 

11.  Rule;  conformity;  accord.  I  shall  break  no 
squnren  with  anuthcr  for  a  trifle, 

S/piares  go.  Let  us  see  how  tho  sqiiares  go,  that 
Is,  how  the  game  proceeds  ;  a  phrase  t;iken  frnin  the 
game  of  chess,  the  thesft-board  being  formed  with 
squarrd.  UEatrangc. 

SUUAHE,  V.  U     [Fr.  equarrir  and  earrer.] 

1.  To  form  wiUi  four  equal  aides  and  four  right 
angles. 


SQU 

2.  To  reduce  to  a  square  ;  to  form  to  right  angles  ; 
as,  to  square  mason's  work. 

3.  To  reduce  to  any  given  measure  or  standard. 

Shak. 

4.  To  adjust ;  to  regulate  ;  to  mold  ;  to  shape  ;  as, 
to  square  our  actions  by  the  opinions  of  others;  to 
square  our  lives  by  the  precepts  of  the  gospel. 

5.  To  accommodate  ;  to  fit ;  as,  square  my  trial  to 
my  strength.  Milton. 

G.  To  respect  in  quartile.  Creech. 

7.  To  make  even,  so  as  to  leave  no  difference  or 
balance  ;  as,  to  square  accounts  ;  a  popular  phrase. 

8.  In  aritJimetic^  to  multiply  a  number  by  itself;  as, 
to  square  the  number. 

9.  In  seamen's  language,  to  square  Vie  yards  is  to 
place  them  at  right  angles  with  the  mast  or  keel. 

To  square  the  circle;  to  determine  the  eiact  con- 
tents of  a  circle  in  square  measure. 
StlUARE,  V.  i.    To  suit ;  to  fit ;  to  quadrate  ;  lo  accord 
or  agree.    His  opinitms  do  not  square  with  ttio  doc- 
trines of  philosuphors. 

2.  To  quarrel ;  to  go  to  opposite  sides  ;  lo  take  an 
attitude  of  olfense  or  defense,  or  of  defiance. 

Ar''  you  such  fools 
To  tqxiare  for  this  f  Sliai. 

SaVAWEn,  pp.  or  a.  Made  in  the  form  of  a  sipiare, 
or  with  right  anglt^s  ;  adjusted  ;  regulated  ;  multiplied 

SUUARE'LY,  adv.     In  a  square  form.  [by  itself. 

SQ,UaRE'NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  square  ;  as, 
an  instrument  to  try  the  squareness  of  work.    Mozon. 

SUUAR'ER,  n.  Johnson  thinks  that  this  word,  in 
Shakspeare,  denotes  a  hot-headed,  contentious  fel- 
low.    [See  SquABE,  r.] 

SQUARE'-RIG-G/JD,  a.  In  seamen's  language.,  a  ves- 
sel is  square-rigged  when  her  principal  sails  are  ex- 
tended by  yards  suspended  by  the  middle,  and  not 
by  stays,  gaffs,  booms,  and  lateen  yards.  Thus  a 
ship  and  a  brig  are  square-rigged  vessels.  Mar.  Did. 

SQ,UaKE'-SaIL,  n.  In  seamen's  languatre,  a  four- 
sided  sail  extended  to  a  yard  suspended  by  the  mid 
die.  Mar.  Diet. 

SQUAR'IN'G,  ppr.  Making  in  the  form  of  a  sqimro, 
or  with  right  angles;  adjusting;  regulating;  nuilti- 
plyijig  by  itself. 

SUUaR'ISM,  a.    Nearly  square.  Pennant. 

s2a;\R'ROul,  i  "^    t^"'  Gr.  ^n:".-.™,  .curf.] 

In  natural  hi.dorij,  raffged,  or  full  of  loose  scales; 
rough  ;  jugged  ;  composed  of  parts  whieh  diverge  at 
right  angles,  and  are  irregular  in  size  and  direction. 

P.  Cijc. 
A  squarrous  calyx  consists  of  scales  very  widely 
divaricating;  a  .?f/(mrroiw  leaf  is  divided  into  shreds 
or  jags,  raised  above  the  plane  of  the  leaf,  aiid  not 
parallel  to  it.  "^  Martyn. 

SUUASH,  (skwosh,)  V.  (.    [from  the  root  of  quash,  L. 
qufwso,  Fr.  casser.] 
To  crush  ;  to  beat  or  press  into  pulp,  or  a  flat  mass. 
SQUASH, n.  Something  soft  and  easily  cnished.  Shak. 
2."  [(iu.  Gr.  iTiKi'i)^.]     A  plant  of  the  genus  Cuctir- 
bita,  or  gourd  kind,  and  its  fruit ;  a  culinary  vegeta- 

3.  Something  unripe  or  soli ;  in  conteinpt.  [ble. 

This  squash,  thla  ^tjnllemnn.  Shak. 

4.  \  sudden  fall  of  a  heavy,  soft  body.   Arhathnot. 

5.  A  shock  of  siift  bodies. 

My  fall  wn»  Etopped  by  &  teiTil)le  aqutuh.     [  Vulgar. \    Swift. 

SQ,U^SH'-BUG,  n.  The  common  name  of  a  bug  in- 
jurious to  squaslies ;  the  more  usual  one,  in  New 
England,  belongs  lo  the  order  Hemiptera. 

SUUASH'Y,  adv.     Like  a  squa.-h  ;  also,  muddy. 

SCiUAT,  (skwi>l,)  p.  i.  [W.  ysicatiaie,  from  yswad,  a 
falling,  or  throw;  \\.  quatto,  sqiuit,  close;  qualtare, 
lo  squat,  to  cower,  to  lurk.  It  may,  perhaps,  be  al- 
lied to  It.  guatare,  to  watch,  Fr.  gueUer,  to  wait,  to 
watch.] 

1.  To  sit  down  upon  the  haras  or  heels;  as  a  hu- 
man being. 

2.  To  sit  close  to  the  ground ;  to  cower ;  as  an  an- 
imal. 

3.  In  the  United  States,  to  settle  on  another's  land 
without  pretense  of  titic,  a  practice  very  common  in 
the  wilderness. 

4.  To  stoop  or  lie  close  to  escape  observation  ;  as  a 
partridge  or  rabbit 

SaUA T,  n.  i.  To  bruise  or  make  flat  by  a  fall.  [JVot 
in  u'fP.]  BarrcU 

SaUAT,  a.  Sitting  on  the  hams  or  heels ;  silting  close 
to  liic  grttund  ;  cowering. 

Ilirn  then;  they  found, 
Sijuat  lilt?  a  load,  do*;  ut  Ihe  cm  of  Ere.  Miiton. 

2.  Short  and  thick,  like  the  figure  of  an  animal 
squatting. 

Th-?  h'^ad  of  tlie  tr\i\\\\  insect  !■  broad  and  tquat.  Ortxo. 

SQUAT,  n.  The  posture  of  one  that  sits  on  his  hams, 
or  close  to  the  ground.  Drydcn. 

9.  A  sudden  or  crushing  fall.     [JVotinusr.] 

Ifcrhcrt. 

3.  A  small,  separate  vein  of  ore  ;  a  mineral  con- 
sisting of  tin  ore  and  spar.     JInlUwell.     Woodward. 

SQUAT'TER,  ti.     One  that  squats  or  sits  close. 

9."  In  (Ac  United  States,  one  that  settles  on  new  land 
without  a  title. 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOU8.  — C  as  K;  O  as  J;  B  aa  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

IotT 


SQU 

SUI'AVV,  m.     Among  some  trihtj  qf  Jtmerictin  tndians^ 

u  itMuale,  or  wife. 
SUIkAK,  (skweek,)  p.  t.    [Sw.  *ypa^a,  to  rr>-  like  a 

frog  ;    G.  quiekeH  ;    W.    gTCi^ian^   to   wjucak.       This 

word  probably  belongs  to  Ihe  family  of  quack.    Class 

Gk.] 

1.  To  HUer  %  sharp,  shrill  cr>',  tisu.illy  of  short  du- 
ration ;  to  cry  with  nn  acute  tone,  a-H  nn  nnim;il ;  or 
to  muke  a  sharp  noise,  as  a  pipe  or  quill,  a  whit'l,  a 
door,  and  the  like,  WhecU  squeak  only  wlien  the 
axletree  is  dry. 

WJw  Mn  rndure  (o  hf«r  one  of  Uie  rourt  old  ^omua-mutak- 
ing  throueh  ih^  niouUi  of  «  fuiiuch  f  Aaatson. 

ZoiJiM  cilb  the  coii.p*j>iw.»  ol  Vlrmem  tbe  tf-MiUtg  pigt  tt 
Hoiwr.  «p«. 

2.  To  break  silence  or  secrecy  (br  ffear  or  pain  ;  to 
speak.  Drtfdetu 

SUL'kAK,  «.  A  sharp,  shrill  sound  mddenly  uttered, 
either  of  the  human  voice  or  of  any  anuna)  or  instru- 
ment, such  as  a  child  utters  in  acute  pain,  or  as  pigs 
litter,  or  as  is  made  by  carriage-wheels  when  dry,  or 
bv  n  pipe  or  itM^tl. 

SaVgAK'ER,  n.  One  that  utters  a  sharp,  slirill 
sound. 

SQ.UeAK'IXG,  ppr.  era.  Crying  with  a  sharp  voice ; 
making  a  sharp  sound  ;  as,  n  MUfaJunf  wheel. 

SQU£.\L,  (skweel,)  v.  u  [This  ia  only  a  diflerent 
ortbography  of  t^tudl;  Ir.  a^al^  a  squealing.     See 

To  cry  with  a  sharp,  shrill  roke.  U  la  used  of  an- 
imals only,  and  chiefly  of  «wine.  It  agrees  in  sense 
with  SQUEAK,  except  Uiat  s^umI  denotes  a  more  con- 
tinued cry  than  squeaky  and  the  latter  is  not  linuted 
to  animals.  We  say,  a  squealimghog  or  pig,a<fiieaZ- 
M^  child,  but  more  geuerally  a  mmUiji/ child. 

SaU£AL'I\G,  ppr.  or  m.  Uttering  a  abarp,  shrill 
sound  or  voice ;  as,  a  sfualiMg  |^ 

SaUcAM'ISH,  a.    [Piubably  from  the  root  of  wan- 

Literallfy  having  a  stiimach  that  is  easily  turned, 
or  that  rt*adity  nauseates  any  thing;  hence,  nice  to 
exceas  in  taste  ;  fastidtoas  ;  easily  disgusted  ;  apt  to 
be  oflkaded  at  triding  un(v(^irieties ;  acrupuluus. 
Qnodi  bp,  ihu  tMoor  *»  tttt  ly  wiifc 
That  UbM  &  bMting  br  a  Wrmak. 
Hi*  mtrnt  m  nwic,  ami  prrtups  um  fiaia 
TV  nm  <rf  t^mmmtk  l—a-  u>ei)l«rUiD. 
SQL'EAM'I8H-LY,  ude, 

with  ton  much  nict-ness, 

&QU K.-V.M'l^il-NESS,  a.    Exceaaive  irtccness ;  vicious 

delicacy  of  taste ;  fastldiousneas ;  excessive  scnipu- 


SouAmn. 
In  n  fastidious  manner; 


The  (borDo^pMed    pIMchn  noM   pramlly  laufh  Kt  ibe 
wfumumukmmn  of  hta  ooMdnwe.  Sottk. 


SaVSAS'I-NESS,  n.     Nausea.     [J^ot  vytf.]      [See 

QUEASI!IKSS.] 

SQU£AS'V,  s.     Queasy  ;  nice  ;  squeamish  ;  scrupu- 
lous.    i'Vift  used,]     [See  Qi'KAsr.j 
squeeze:,  r.  L     [Arm.  quasqu^  ffvojca ;  W.  gwu^u.] 

1.  To  press  bitwecn  two  bodies ;  to  press  clowly  ; 
as,  to  sqmefie  an  orange  with  the  fingers  or  with  un 
instrument ;  lo  gqureze  the  hand  in  friendship. 

2.  To  oppress  with  hardships,  burdens,  and  taxes; 
to  harass  ;  to  crush. 

Ia  K  eiwH  WW,  people  must  exped  to  be  tquetud  with  tbp  Ixmlen. 
X,^E*trangt, 

3.  To  hug  ;  to  embrace  closely. 

4.  To  force  between  close  bodies  ;  to  compel  or 
cause  to  pass ;  as,  to  squeeze  water  through  felt. 

To  squseie  out{   to  force  out  by  pressure,  as  a 
liquid. 
SQUEEZE,  r.  t.    To  press;  to  urge  one's  way;  to 
pass  by  pressing ;  as,  to  squeeze  bard  to  get  through 
a  crowd. 
2.  To  crowd. 

To  squeeze  ikreugk;  to  pass  through  by  pressing 
and  urging  forward. 
SQUEEZE,  a.    Pressure ;  compression  between  bod- 
ies. I*hilips. 
9,  A  close  hug  or  embrace. 
SQUEEZ'fD,  pp.  or  a.     Pressed  between  bodies; 

compressed  ;  oppressed. 
SQUCEZ'IXG,  ppr.    Pressing;  compressing;  crowd- 
ing :  oppressing. 
SQUEEZ'ING,  n-    The  act  of  pressing ;  compression  ; 
opt^rei^sion. 
^  That  which  is  forced  out  by  pressure  ;  dre^ 

Tbe  ingt  smI  a^itstxingM  of  tbe  brftin.  At/x. 

SQUELCR,  iv.t    To  crush.     [-4  it>v>  vord,  and  tut 
SQUELSH,  t      need.] 

SQUEIXU.  a.    A  heavy  fall.     [I««,  and  not  used.] 

Hudibras. 
SQUIB,  n,    [This  word  probably  belongs  to  the  family 
of  iBkipi  denoting,  thai  which  i?  thn.»wn.] 

1.  A  little  pipe  or  hollow  cylinder  of  paper,  titled 
with  powder,  or  combustible  matter,  and  sent  into 
the  air  burning,  and  bursting  with  a  crack  ;  a  cracker. 

Lunpooni,  like  mptiht,  may  nwlc!  a  prt^ni  b!«e,         WaUer. 
Tbe  maJdng  ind  ■elUng  of  tquibM  is  pimuhaUile.     Bladctumt. 

2.  A  sarcastic  speech,  or  little  censorious  writing 
published  ;  a  petty  lampoon. 

3.  A  preny  fellow.     [Abt  ia  *»«.] 

The  mpiibt,  in  ihe  commoo  phra«e,  *«  called  Kbeien.   ThUer. 


SQU 

SQUIB,  r.  i.  To  thn>w  stjuibs ;  to  utter  sarcastic  or 
severe  reflections  ;  to  contend  in  petty  dispute  ;  as, 
two  members  of  a  society  squib  a  little  in  deb:ite. 

iCoUoquinl.] 
UIB'BING,  ppr.    Throwing  squibs  or  severe  re- 
ject ion  ^ 
SQUlH'niNG,  a.    The  act  of  growing  squibs  or  se- 
vere reflections. 
sai'IG'GLE,  (skwig'gl,)  r.  i.    To  shake  and  wash  a 
fluid  about  the  mouth  with  Uie  lips  cltjst'd.     {Local.] 

Porby. 
SQUILL,  n.     [Fr.  squiUfy  L.  squiUa^  a  squill,  a  lob- 
ster or  prawn ;   IL  squiUa^  a  squill,  a  sea-onion,  a 
little  bell ;  squiUarty  to  ring  ;  Sp.  esquila^  a  small  bull, 
a  shrimp.] 

1.  A  bulbous  plant  of  the  genus  Scilln. 
S.  Omitkogalum  squUtOy  or  ScUla  maritima  ;  officinal 
squill.    It  has  a  large,  acrid,  bulbous  root,  like  an 
onion,  which  is  used  in  medicine. 

3.  .\  stomapodous,  crustaceous  animal,  of  the  ge- 
nus ^uitla.  Encyc. 

4.  An  insect,  called  squill  insect^  from  its  resem- 
blance to  Ihe  preceding,  having  a  long  boily  covered 
with  a  crust,  the  head  brond  and  squat.  Grew. 

SQUIN'AN-CV,  ft.      [It.  squinanziai   Fr.  squinancie; 
L.  eynanche;  Gr.  KVfa)\n.] 
The  quinsy,  which  see.     [Squinanct  is  not  ufcd.] 

SQUINT,  a.  [D.  scAutn,  sloping,  oblique  ;  schuinte,  a 
slope  ;  W.  ysffeiniaw,  to  spread,  to  sprinkle,  to  sijuint, 
from  ysgainy  to  spread,  to  sprinkle.  We  see  the 
sense  Is,  to  deviate  from  a  direct  lino,  to  ^Tandcr  or 
shoot  otr.] 

1.  Looking  obliquely. 

3.  Not  having  the  optic  axes  of  both  eyes  coinci- 
dent ;  occasioned  by  a  permanent  shortening  of  one 
of  Ihe  lateral,  straight  muscles,  and  a  permanent 
elongation  of  its  antagonist. 

3.  L(K>king  with  suspicion.  l^enscr* 

SQULNT,  r.  i.    To  see  obliquely. 

Soiue  cau  t^tdnt  wbeo  tbejr  will.  fiocon.' 

5.  To  have  the  axes  of  the  eyes  not  coincident. 

3.  To  slope ;  to  deviate  from  a  true  line;  to  run 
obliquely.  Ktnean, 

SQUINT,' r.  L  To  turn  the  eye  to  an  oblique  position ; 
as,  to  squint  an  eye.  Bacon. 

Q.  To  look  with  non -coincident  optic  axes. 

Ue  eim  the  web  wad  tbe  pio,  ugiinu  Ibe  ejc,  and  make*  (be 
luuv-Iipi.  Shak. 

SQUINT,  n.    The  act  or  habit  of  squinting. 
SQUINT'-EYE,  r-I,)  n.     An  eye  that  squints. 
8QUINT'-EY-A'U,  (Ide,)  a.    Having  eyes  tliat  squint ; 
having  eyes  with  non-coincident  axes.        Knollee. 

2.  Oblique  ;  indirect ;  malignant ;  as,  gquint-eytd 
praise.  Denham. 

3.  Lookingobliquely  or  by  side  glances;  as,  ^^Kine- 


euod  jealousy  or  envy. 
IQUI '      — 


BQUINT-I-FK'GO,  a.    Squinting.  Dryden. 

[.^  cant  teordy  oitd  not  to  be  used,} 

SQL  INT'ING,  ppr.  Seeing  or  looking  with  non-coin- 
cident axes  of  the  eyes  ;  looking  by  side  plances. 

SQUINT'ING,  n.    The  act  or  habit  of  looking  squint. 

SQUINT'ING-LY,  adv.  With  squint  look  ;  by  side 
glances. 

SQUIN'V,  V.  i.    To  look  squinL  Shak. 

J  A  cant  wordy  not  to  be  ttsed.] 
IR,  (skwur,)  r.  u    To  throw  with  a  Jerk.    Spelt 
also  S^iutRR.     [O65.]  Addison. 

SQUIRE,  B.  [A  popular  contraction  of  Es^ui  b£.  See 
EsruireJ 

1.  In  Oreat  Britain^  the  title  of  a  gentleman,  next 
in  rank  to  a  knight.  Shak. 

2.  Jn  Oreat  Britainy  an  attendant  on  a  noble  war- 
rior. Dryden.     Pope. 

3.  An  attendant  at  court.  Skali, 

4.  In  tA«  Uniud  States,  the  title  of  magistrates  and 
lawyers.  In  New  Bngland,  it  is  particularly  given 
to  justices  of  the  peace  and  judges  ;  and  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, to  justices  of  the  peace  only. 

5.  The  title  customarily  given  to  gentlemen. 
SQUTRE,  V.  t.     To  attend  as  a  squire.  Chaucer. 

2.  In  colloquial  languagey  to  attend    as  a  beau   or 
gallant  for  aid  and  protection  ;  as,  to  squire  a  lady  to 
the  gardens. 
SQUIRE'UOQD,  n.    The  rank  and  state  of  a  squire. 

Shclton. 
SQt'IRE'I*Y,  a.     Becoming  a  squire.  Shelton. 

SQUIRE'SHIP,  n.     Office  of  a  squire.  Stcijt. 

SQUIRM,  (skwunn,)  v.  L  or  i.  To  move  like  a  worm 
or  eel,  with  writhing  or  contortions. 

2.  To  climb  by  embracing  and  clinging  with  the 
hands  and  feet,  as  to  a  tree  without  branches. 

[Johnson  writes  this  word  Swarm,  and  this   is 
probably  the  original  word.   Bailey  writes  it  SquiRM.] 
SQUIRM'LNGjppr.  Moving  like  a  worm  or  eel ;  climb- 
ing by  embracing. 
SQUIRR.     SeeSquiR. 

SQUIR'REL,  (skwer'rel  or  skwur'rel,)  n.  [Fr.  ecu- 
reuil ;  L.  sciurus ;  Gr.  oKiovpuiy^  compound  of -j^ti a, 
shade,  and  ovoa,  tail.] 

A  small  rodent  mammal.  The  squirrel  has  two  cut- 
ting teeth  in  each  jaw,  a  long,  tufted  tail,  four  long 
toes  on  the  fore  feet,  and  a  tubercle  instead  of  a 
thumb,  and  five  on  the  hind  feet.     Many  species  are 


STA 

enumerated.  These  animals  are  remarkably  nimble, 
runnine  up  trees,  and  leaping  from  branch  to  hrnnrh 
with  surprising  ogility.  Tliey  subsist  on  nuts,  of 
wliirli  they  lay  up  a  store  for  winter,  some  of  them 
in  hulluw  trues,  others  in  the  earth.  Their  flesh  is 
delicate  food. 

[See  also  FLTiMO-PquiHliKu] 

SQUlR'REL-nU\T,7i.  In  Amertraythe  huntingand 
shooting  of  squirrels  by  a  company  of  men. 

SQUIRT,  (skwuri.)  V.  I.  [from  some  root  in  Class 
Gr,  or  VVr,  signifying  to  throw  or  drive.] 

'i'o  eject  or  drive  out  of  n  narrow  pipe  or  orifice,  la 
a  stream  ;  as,  to  squirt  water. 

SQUIRT,  V.  i.  To  tiirow  out  words  ;  to  let  fly.  [JVot 
IK  «■''•]  L'Estrauffe. 

SQUIRT,  n.    An  instrument  with  which  a  liquid  is 
ejected  in  a  stream  with  force. 
3.  A  small,  quirk  stream. 

SQUIRT'ED,  pp.  Ejected  in  a  stream  from  a  narrow 
orifice. 

SQUIRT'ER,  (skwurt'er.)  n.    One  that  squirts. 
[  This  tPtn-d,  in  all  its/vrms.  is  vulifar.] 

SQLIRT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Ejecting  from  a  narrow 
orifice  in  a  stream. 

Sqnininir  cucumber;  the  fruit  of  Ihe  plant  Ecba- 
lium  Elaterium,  or  Moniordica  Elatcrium,  which, 
wlifn  nearly  ripe,  separates  suddenly  from  its  i>e- 
dunclo,  at  the  same  time  ejecting  its  juice  and  seeds. 

STAIt,  V.  t.  [This  word  contains  the  elements,  and  is 
probably  from  the  primary  sense,  of  the  L.  stabili*, 
stabilio,  stipo,  D.  stippen,  to  point  or  prick,  Eng,  stiffy 
and  a  multitude  of  others  in  many  languages.  The 
radical  sense  is,  to  thrust ;  but  I  know  not  to  what 
Oriental  ruots  they  are  allied,  unless  to  the  Ilcb.  2>ci, 


Ar.  dkA9*  vatsaba.     Class  Sb,  No.  35,  37,  or  Class 

Db,  No.  46,  53,  44.] 

1.  To  pierce  with  a  pointed  weapon ;  as,  to  be 
stabbed  by  a  dagger  or  a  sjM^ar ;  to  stab  fish  or  eels. 

2.  To  wound  mischievously  or  mortally  ;  to  kill  by 
the  thrust  of  a  pointed  instrument.  Philips. 

3.  To  injure  secretly  or  by  malicious  falsehood  or 
slander  ;  as,  to  gtab  reputation. 

STAB,  V,  L    To  give  a  wound  with  a  pointed  weapon. 

Nunc  Btial)  dMK 
With  shortened  sword  lu  »lab  it)  closer  war.  Oryden, 

2.  To  give  a  mortal  wound. 

He  sproJra  poniards,  Rnd  every  word  atah4.  Shak. 

To  stab  at ;   to  offer  a  stab  ;    to  thrust  a  pointed 
weapon  at. 
ST.\IJ,  n.    The  tlmist  of  a  pointed  weapon. 

2.  A  wound  with  a  sharp-pointed  weapon  ;  as,  to 
fall  by  the  stab  of  an  assassin. 

3.  An  injury  given  in  the  dark  ;  a  sly  mischief;  as, 
a  stab  given  to  character. 

STJt'bAT  MA' TEH,  n.  [L.]  A  celebrated  Latin 
hymn,  beginning  with  these  words,  set  to  music  by 
most  of  the  great  coinptisers,  and  performed  in  the 
church  service  of^  the  Roman  Catholics. 

STAH'B/;i),  pp.  Pierced  with  a  pointed  weapon; 
killed  with  a  spear  or  other  pointed  instrument. 

PTAB'llER,  71.     One  that  stabs  ;  a  privy  murderer. 

STAll'HING,  ppr.  Piercing  with  a  pointed  weapon  ; 
killing  Willi  a  pointed  instrument  by  piercing  the 
body. 

STAB'BING,  n.  The  act  of  piercing  with  a  pointed 
weapon  ;  the  act  of  wounding  or  killing  with  a 
pointed  instrument. 

Tins  cUitnte  wni  made  on  account  of  the  frequent  qunrrt-ls  nnd 
elabbingt  witb  shori  dag^rs.  Biackslone. 

STAB'BING-LY,  adv.  With  intent  to  a  secret  act 
maliciouslv.  Bp.  Parker. 

STA-BIL'L"M  ENT,  71.     [L.  stabUimentuviy  from  stabilio, 
to  make  firm.     See  Stab.] 
Act  of  making  firm  ;  firm  support. 

Tliey  serve  for  tiabUl/nent,  propagniioii,  and  shade.  Derham. 

STA-BIL'1-TATE,  v.  u  To  make  stable;  to  estab- 
lish.    [JVo(  used.]  Mifre. 

STA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  stabilitas,  from  stabilis.  See 
Stab.] 

1.  Steadiness;  stableness  ;  firmness;  strength  to 
stand  williout  being  moved  or  overthrown  ;  as,  the 
stability  of  a  throne  ;  the  stability  of  a  constitution  of 
government. 

2.  Steadiness  or  firmness  of  character;  firmness  of 
resolution  or  purpose  ;  the  qualities  opposite  \o fickle- 
ness, irresolution,  or  inconstancy.  We  say,  a  man  of 
little  stability,  or  of  unusual  stability. 

3.  Fixedness;  as  opposed  to  Fluidity.  [/  believe 
not  now  used.] 

Sine/;  duidnL-ss  and  atalkUty  arc  contrary  quatiti^B.  Boyle, 

STA'BLE,  a.  [L.  stabUis  ;  Fr.  stable  ,•  It.  stabile.  The 
primary  sense  is  set,  fixed.     See  Stab.] 

1.  Fixed;  firmly  established;  not  to  be  easily 
moved,  shaken,  or  overthrown  ;  as,  a  stable  govern- 
ment. 

2.  Steady  in  purpose  ;  constant ;  firm  in  resolution  ; 
not  easily  diverted  from  a  purpose  ;  not  fickle  or  wa- 
vering ;  as,  a  stable  man  ;  a  stable  character. 

3.  Fixed  ;  steady  ;  firm  ;  not  easily  surrendered 
or  abandoned  ;  as,  a  man  of  stable  principles. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MfeTE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK. — 
1073  '' 


STA 

4.  Durable ;  not  subject  to  be  overthrown  or 
chanetfd. 

Id  thia  K^o  of  ehtwce  and  T&nitj,  wfaeie«oU^g  ii  ttabl*. 

Rogert. 

STA'BLE,  V.  t.    To  fix  ;  to  establish.    [JVvt  u^frf.] 

STA'DLE,  n.  [L.  utabtdum^  that  is,  a  stand,  a  hied 
place,  like  8UiU.  (See  the  latter.)  These  words 
do  nut  primarily  imply  a  coverimr  for  horses  or  cattle.] 
A  house  or  shed  for  beasts  to  lodge  and  feed  in.  In 
large  towns,  a  stable  is  usually  a  buiidinii  for  horses 
inly,  or  horses  and  cows,  and  often  connected  with 
a  coach-house.  In  the  country  towns  in  the  Northern 
States  of  .\merica,  a  stable  is  usually  an  apartment  in 
a  barn  in  which  hay  and  grain  are  deposited. 

STA'BLE,  r.  £.  To  put  or  keep  in  a  stable.  Our  farm- 
ers generally  stable  not  only  horses,  but  oxen  and 
cows,  in  winter,  and  sometimes  young  cattle. 

STA'BLE,  V.  i.  To  dwell  or  lodge  in  a  stable  ;  to 
dwell  in  an  inclosed  place  ;  to  kennel.  Milton. 

STa'BLE-BOY,  \  H.    A  boy  or  man  who  attends  at  a 

PTa'BLE-MAN,  i      stable.  Swi/L 

STa'BLED,  pp.     Put  or  kept  in  a  stable. 

STA'BLE  NESS,  n.  Fixedness;  firmness  of  position 
or  establishment ;  strength  to  stand  ;  stability  ;  oa, 
the  stablcness  of  a  throne,  or  of  a  system  of  laws. 

2.  Steadiness;  constancy;  firmness  of  purpose; 
stability;  as,  stahlencss  of  character,  of  mind,  of 
principles,  or  opinions. 

ST.A'BLE-STAND,  n.  [stable  and  stand.]  In  law, 
when  a  man  is  found  at  his  standing  in  the  forest, 
with  a  cross-bow  bent,  ready  to  shoot  at  a  deer,  or 
with  along  bow;  or  standing  close  by  a  tree  with 
greyhounds  in  a  leash  ready  to  slip.  This  is  one  of 
the  four  presumptions  that  a  man  intends  stealing  the 
king's  deer.  En^li^h  Luus. 

STA'ilLIN'G,  ppr.     Putting  or  keeping  in  a  stable. 

STA'BLING,  B.  The  act  or  practice  of  keeping  cattle 
in  a  stable. 

2.  A  house,  shed,  or  room  for  keeping  horses  and 
cattle. 

STAB'LISH,  V.  U  [L.  stah'dio ;  Fr.  etablir  ;  It.  stabUire; 
Sp.  establec^r.     See  Stab.] 

To  fix;  to  settle  iu  a  state  for  permanence;  to 
make  firm. 

[In  lieu  of  this,  Establish  is  now  always  used.] 

STA'BLY,ado.  Firmly;  fixedly  j  steadily;  as,agov- 
emment  slably  settled. 

STAB-U-LA'TIOX,n.    Act  of  housing  beasts.    [Obf.] 

STA€-€A'TO,  [IL]  In  mu-tie,  denoting  a  short,  dis- 
tinct, articulate  style  ;  the  opposite  to  Legj^to. 

STACK,  n,  [W.  ystac,  a  stack  ;  ytttaca,  a  standard, 
fntm  t&g^  a  state  of  being  stuffed  ;  Dan.  stak^  a  pile 
of  hay ;  Sw.  stack;  Ir.  stacaiih.  It  signifies  that 
which  is  set,  and  coincides  with  Sax.  etnc^  D.  staak^ 
a  stake.  Stock,  sta<r,  sta/re,  are  of  the  same  family, 
or  at  lea^t  have  the  same  radical  sense.J 

I.  A  large,  conical  pile  of  hay,  pram,  or  straw, 
sometimes  covered  with  thatch.  In  America,  the 
stack  differs  from  the  cock  only  in  size,  both  being 
conical.  A  lon^  pile  of  hay  or  grain  is  called  a  rick. 
In  England,  this  distinction  is  not  alwayn  observed. 
This  Wfird,  in  Great  Britain,  is  sometimes  applied  to 
B  pile  of  wood  containing  408  cubic  feet,  and  also  to 
a  pile  of  poles  ;  but  I  believe  never  in  America. 


3.  A  number  of  funnels  or  chimneys  standing  to- 
gether. We  say,  a  stack  of  chimneys  ;  wjiich  is  cor- 
rect, as  a  chimnry  is  n  passage.  But  we  also  call  the 
whole  jftoc't  a  chimney.  Thus  we  say ^  ^Ue  chimney 
lises  ten  fet-t  above  the  roof. 

A  stack  of  arm.-*,  is  a  number  of  muskels  set  up  to- 
gether, with  the  bayonet!*  crossing  one  unotlier,  form- 
mg  a  sort  of  conical  pile. 
STACK,  tj.  U    To  lay  in  a  conical  or  other  pile ;  to 
make  into  a  large  pile  ;  ns,  to  stuck  hay  or  grain. 
S.  In  England,  to  pile  wood,  poles,  &c. 
To  stack  arms ;    to  set  up  muskets  together,  with 
the  bayonets  crossing  oneanotht;r,and  furming  a  sort 
of  conical  pile. 
STACK'ATD,  (stakt, )/>;».    Pil^d  in  a  large,  conical  heap. 
STAC'K'I.VG,  ppr.     Laying  in  a  large,  conical  lieap. 


A  hand    or   rope  usr*d  in 
binding    thatch    or   straw 


STACK'ING-ll.AXD 
BTAC'K'L\G-BELT, 

upon  a  stack. 
STACK'I.NG-STA^^E,  n.    A  stage  ttsed  in  building 

stacks. 
STACK'-YARD,  n.    A  yard  or  inclosure  for  stacks  of 

h:iy  or  grain. 
STAG'TE.  n.     [L.  etactf,  Gr.  ^aKTr,.] 

A  fatty,  resinous,  liquid  matter,  of  the  nature  of 

liquid   myrrh,  very  odoriferou.i,  and   highly  valued. 

But  it  is  said  we  have  none  but  what  is  adulterated, 

and  whnt  ts  so  called  is  liquid  storax.  Cijc. 

STAD'DLE,  (stad'dl,)  n.    {D.  stutiet,  from  stut,  a  prop  ; 

stMllm,  to  prop;  Eng.  stud;  G.  aiutie.     It  belongs  to 

the  root  of  ilead,  steady.] 

1.  Any  thing  which  serves  for  support ;  a  staff;  a 
crutch  i  the  frame  or  support  of  a  stack  of  hay  or 
grain.  England* 

[In  tkis  ntnse  not  used  in  JVew  England.] 

2.  In  JVrto  England,  a  small  tree  of  any  kind,  par- 


STA 

ticularly  a  forest  tree.  In  America,  trees  are  called 
Btatidles  from  three  or  four  years  old  till  they  are  six 
or  eiglit  inches  in  diameter  or  more  ;  but  in  this  re- 
spect the  word  is  indL*fiuite.  This  is  also  the  sense 
in  whicti  it  is  used  by  Bacon  aud  Tusser. 

STAD'DLE,  V.  U  To  leave  staddles  when  a  wood  is 
cut.  Txisser. 

STAO'DLE-ROOF,  n.  The  roof  or  coveringof  a  slack. 

STAI>'DI*ING,  ppr.  Leaving  staddles  wlieu  a  wood 
is  cut. 

STADE,  n,     [L.  stadium.]     A  stadium  or  furlong. 

Smitk's  DicL 

STA'DI-UM,  n.    [Ij.  ;  Gr.  th^iov.]    A  Greek  measure 
of  125  geomiTtrical  paces;  a  furlong. 
2.  The  course  or  career  of  a  race. 

STAUT'HoLU-ER,  (statS)  "•  [D.  stadt,  a  city,  and 
keuder,  holder.]  " 

Fonnerlt/,  the  chief  magistrate  of  the  United  Prov- 
inces of  Holland  ;  or  the  governor  or  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor of  a  province. 

STADT'lloLU-EU-ATE,  (.,,,„    ^  (  n.     TheofHceof 

STAHT'IIOLIJ-EII-SIIIP,  i  ^^^^'  ''J  j      a  stadtholder. 

STAFF,  71.  f  pL  Staffs  or  Staves.  [Sax.  hLf/,  a  stick 
or  club,  a  pole,  a  crook,  a  prop  or  support,  a  letter,  an 
epiKllo  ;  sUrfn,  stefn,  the  voice  ;  D.  staf,  a  stalf,  scep- 
ter, or  crook  ;  staaf,  a  bar  ;  G.  stab,  a  staff,  a  bar,  a 
rod  f  Dan.  stab,  stav,  iti.  ;  stuvn,  stcevn,  the  prow  of  a 
ship,  that  is,  a  projection,  that  whicii  shoots  out ;  Fr. 
douce.  The  priuiary  sen^e  is,  to  thrust,  to  shoot. 
See  Stab.] 

1.  A  stick  carried  in  the  hand  fur  support  or  de- 
fense by  a  person  walking;  hence,  a  support;  that 
which  props  or  upholds.  Bread  is  proverbially  called 
the  staff  of  life. 

The  boy  w;ia  tliff  very  ttrtfTof  my  agf.  ShaJc. 

Tliy  rud  aiiJ  Ihy  alaf,  ilwy  comfort  irn;.  —  Pa   xxiij. 

2.  .\  Slick  or  clnb  used  as  a  weapon.        Dryden. 

3.  A  long  piece  of  wood  ;  a  stick  ;  the  long  handle 
of  an  instrument ;  a  pole  or  stick,  used  for  many 
ptirposes. 

4.  The  five  lines  and  tiie  spaces  on  which  music  is 
written. 

5.  An  ensign  of  authority  ;  a  badge  of  office  ;  as,a 
constable's  staff.  Shak.     Hayward. 

6.  The  rtiuiid  of  a  ladder.  Brown. 

7.  A  pole  erected  in  a  ship  to  hoist  and  display  a 
flag ;  called  a  t^n^-staff.  Tiiere  is  also  a  jack-^fujf, 
and  an  ensign-, ftajf. 

8.  [Fr.  e^ttifette,  a  courier  or  express  ;  Dan.  staffette ; 
It.  staffetta,  an  express  ;  staff  ere,  a  groom  or  servant ; 
staffa,  a  stirrup ;  S\\  estafeta,  a  courier,  a  general 
post-olhce ;  esfufero,  a  f<K)t-boy,  a  stable-lwyj  an  er- 
rand-boy ;  Port,  e-stafrta,  an  express.  Thjs  word 
seems  to  be  formed  fmm  It.  staffa,  a  stirrup,  whence 
stafftere,  a  stirrup-holder  or  groom,  whence  a  servant 
or  horseman  sent  express.]  In  military  affairs,  an  es- 
tablishment of  officers  in  various  departments,  at- 
tached to  an  army,  or  to  the  commander  of  an  army. 
The  general's  staff  consists  of  those  officers  about  his 
person  who  are  employed  in  carrying  his  commands 
into  execution. 

9.  rice,  sttf.]  A  stanza  ;  a  series  of  verses  se  dis- 
poseti  that,  when  it  is  concluded,  the  same  or<lcr  be- 
gins again. 

CowI.-y  found  oiit  th^t  nn  klnil  of  ttaff  Is  proper  for  a  horoic 
ixxcm,  h»  being  nil  loo  t)'ficd.l.  Dryden. 

8TXFF'-AN"GLE,  n.  In  architecture,  a.  square  rod 
of  wood  standing  flush  with  the  wall  on  each  of  its 
sides,  at  the  external  angles  of  plastering,  to  prevent 
their  b<-ing  damaged.  Braiuie. 

STAF'FI-ER,  n.    An  attendant  bearing  a  staff. 

Hudibras. 

STXFP'ISH,  a.    StilT;  har^h.     [Obs.]  A^ckam. 

STAFF'-'i'REE,  n.  The  popular  name  of  the  several 
species  of  lite  genus  CeliL^trus.  but  not  u^ed  except 
With  some  epithet  prefixed,  to  oiriiinyuish  the  species 
or  variety.  Thus,  Cela-stnis  scandens  of  the  United 
States,  is  called  Cl^bino  Staff-Tuke. 

STAG,  w.  [This  word  beh>ngs  lo  the  root  of  stick, 
stage,  stocL  The  primary  sense  is,  to  thrust,  hence, 
to  fix,  to  stay,  Slc] 

1.  The  male  rod  deer;  the  male  of  the  hind. 

2.  A  colt  or  filly  ;  also,  a  romping  girl.    [Local] 

Grose. 

3.  The  Lnurinc  mate,  castrated  at  such  an  age  that 
he  never  enins  the  full  size  of  a  bull. 

STAG'-HEK-TLE,  n.  A  lamellicorn,  coleopterous  in- 
sect of  tlie  family  Lucanidie. 

STAGE,  n.  [Fr.  ftage,  a  story,  a  degree  ;  Arm.  estaich ; 
Sax.  stigan,  to  go,  to  ascend  ;  Dan.  stiger,  to  step  up, 
to  asci^nd  ;  Sw.  stiga,  lo  step  ;  stcg,  a  step  ;  siege,  a 
ladder  ;  D.  stygen,  to  mount,  G.  stf.igcn.] 

1.  Properly,  one  degree  of  elevation  ;  a  step,  floor, 
or  story.  Chaucer, 

2.  A  floor  or  platform  of  any  kind  elevated  above 
the  ground  or  common  surface,  as  for  an  exhibition 
of  something  to  public  view ;  as,  a  stage  fur  a  moun- 
tebank ;  a  stage  for  speakers  in  public  ;  a  stage  for 
mechanics.  Seamen  use  floating  stages^  and  stages 
suspended  by  the  side  of  a  ship,  for  calking  and  re- 
pairing. 

3.  'I'he  floor  on  which  theatrical  performances  ar« 
exhibited,  as  distinct  from  the  pit,  &.c.     Hence, 


STA 

4.  'I'he  theater ;  the  place  of  sceulc  entertain- 
ments. 

Kni^u,  tqubw,  ukI  iteodi,  mtut  entvr  on  the  atage.     Pop*. 

5.  Theatrical  representations.  It  is  contended 
that  the  stage  is  a  school  of  morality.  Let  it  be  in- 
quired, where  is  the  person  whom  the  stage  has  re- 
formed ?  • 

0.  A  place  where  any  thing  is  publicly  exhibited. 

Wh^n  wc  are  Iwiti,  wc  cry  that  we  arw  coioe 

To  Uiis  gKAi  itaga  of  (o»\*.  Sfiok, 

7.  Place  of  action  or  performance ;  as,  the  stage  of 
life. 

8.  A  place  of  rest  on  a  journey,  or  where  a  relay 
of  horses  is  taken.  When  we  arrive  at  the  next 
stage,  we  will  take  some  refreshment.     Hence, 

9.  The  distance  between  two  places  of  rest  on  a 
road  ;  as,  a  stage  of  fifteen  miles. 

10.  A  single  step;  degree  of  advance ;  degree  of 
prupression,  either  in  increase  or  decrease,  in  rising 
or  falling,  or  in  any  change  of  state  ;  as,  the  several 
stages  of  a  war;  the  stages  of  civilization  or  im- 
provement ;  stages  of  growth  in  an  animal  or  plant ; 
stages  of  a  disease,  of  decline,  or  recovery  ;  the  sev- 
eral stages  of  human  life. 

11.  [Instead  of  Staoe-Coach  or  Staoe-VVaook.] 
A  coach  or  other  carriage  running  regularly  from  one 
place  to  another,  for  the  conveyance  of  passengers. 


I  went  In  llip  six-penny  alaga. 
A  parcel  sciil  by  tbo  stage. 


Coiejjer. 
[American  usage.] 

STAGE,  V.  U     To  exhibit  publicly.     [J^'ot  in  use.] 

Shak. 

STAGE'-ee^ACII,  n,  [stage  and  coach.]  A  coach 
that  runs  by  stages  ;  or  a  coach  that  runs  regularly 
every  day  or  on  stated  days,  for  the  conveyance  of 
passengers.  Addison. 

STaGE'LY,/!,  Pertiining  to  a  stage;  becoming  the 
theater.     [Little  used.]  Taylor. 

STAGE'-PLAY,  n.  [stage  and  play.]  Theatrical  en- 
tertainment. Drydea. 

STAGE'-PLAY-ER,  n.  An  actor  on  the  stage;  one 
whose  occupation  is  to  represent  chanicters  on  the 
stage.     Garrick  was  a  celebrated  stage-player. 

STAG'ER,  (staj'er,)  ti.     A  plaver.     [LiiUe  tued.] 

Q.  One  that  has  long  nried  on  the  stage  of  life ;  a 
practitioner  ;  a  perstm  of  cunning  ;  as,  an  old,  cun- 
ning stan-er;  an  experienced  stager;  a  stager  of  the 
wiser  sort.  Dryden. 

[I  do  not  recollect  to  have  ever  heard  this  word  used 
in  America.] 

STAG'ER-Y,  n.  Exhibition  on  the  stage.  [JVot  in 
use.  ]  Milton, 

STAG'-K-V/L,  n.    A  disease  in  horses.  J>icU 

STAG'GARD,  n.  [from  stag.]  A  stag  of  four  years 
of  age.  Ainswurth. 

STAG'GER,  v.  i.     [D.  staggeren.    Kiliaan.] 

1.  To  reel ;  to  vacillate  ;  to  move  to  one  side  and 
the  other  in  standing  or  walking;  not  to  stnnd  or 
walk  with  steadiness.  Boyle. 

Dwp  was  the  wound  ;  lie  tlaggered  witlt  tlie  Wow.     Dryden. 

2.  To  fait ;  to  cease  to  stand  firm ;  to  begin  to  give 
way. 

The  enemy  ttngger;  AilUson. 

3.  To  hesitate;  to  begin  to  doubt  and  waver  in 
purjrose ;  to  becoiuo  less  confident  or  determined. 

Shak. 

Ahnihnm  tlaggered  not  at  the  promUo  of  God  through  mUiGlief. 
—  Hum.  iv. 

STAG'GER,  r.t.    To  cause  to  reel.  Shak. 

2.  To  cause  to  doubl  and  waver  ;  lo  make  to  hesi- 
tate ;  to  make  less  steady  or  confident ;  lo  shock. 

Whorvcr  will  read  Uie  atory  uf  Uiiswar,  will  find  himi^lf  much 
gtaggered.  Hoieell. 

When  u  [<rincw  Tiiila  [ii  honor  ami  jualicc,  U  la  cnon^h  lo  Haggtr 
hU  people  in  Uicir  ullvgUncv.  L'Kslrange. 

STAG'G£R-£;D,  pp.     Made  to  reel}  made  to  doubt 

and  waver. 
STAG'GER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Causing  lo  reel,  to  waver, 

or  to  doubt;  reeling;  vacillating. 
STAG'GER-ING,  n.     The  act  of  reeling.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  The  cause  of  staggering. 
STAG'GER-ING-LY,  ado.     In  a  reeling  manner. 

2.  With  hesitation  or  doubt. 
STAG'GERS,  m.  pi.    A  disease  of  horses  and  othi^r  ani- 
mals, by  which  they  fall  down  suddenly  without 

sense  or  molinn  ;  apojilexy.  Farm.  Encye. 

2.  Madness  ;  wild,  irregular  conduct.  [J^otinuse.] 

Shak. 
STAG'GER-WORT,  n.     A  plant;  ragwort. 
STAG'ING,  w.    A  structure  of  posts  and  boards  for 

supiiort,  as  fur  building. 
STAG'IR-ITE,  71.     An  appellation  given  to  Arir^totle, 

from  the  place  of  his  birth,  Stagira,  in  Macedonia. 
STAG'NAN-CY,  n.     [See  Staokant.]     The  slate  of 

being  without  motion,  flow,  or  circulation,  as  in  a 

flrtid. 
STAG'NANT,  a.      [L.  stagnans,  from  stagno,  to  he 

without  a  flowing  motion.  It.  stagnare.      Uu.  W. 

tagu,  to  stop.] 

1.  Not  flowing;    not    running   in  a  eurrent   or 

stream  ;  as,  a  stagnant  lake  or  pond  ;  stagnant  blood 

in  the  veins. 


TONE,  BULL,  tJNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUa.  — G  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CU  as  SH;  TU  as  in  TIII.S. 


13.5 


1073 


STA 


;  stiti ;  not  agitated  ;  as,  wnter  quiet 
tVoiHlward. 


ft.  Motionless 
and  tUgnnU. 

Tb«  1)00017  tlumbrr  of  the  ttagnant  aoul.  Johnson, 

3.  Not  active ;  dull ;  not  brUk  j  as,  business  is 
sta<rnaHt. 

STAG'XANT-LY,  adv.  In  a  still,  motionless,  inact- 
ive manner. 

STAG'NATE,  e.  i.  [L.  staipto^  sta-ptuin  ;  IL  stag- 
nare,]  « 

1.  To  cease  to  flow;  to  be  fc<iiionIes3 ;  ns,  blood 
tta^Ttiites  in  the  veins  of  an  animal ;  air  sta^aatc^  in 
a  close  room. 

2.  To  cease  to  move ;  not  to  be  agitated.  Water 
that  mta^HoUi  in  a  pond  or  roservuir  soon  becomes 
foul. 

3.  To  cease  to  be  brisk  or  active  ;  to  become  dull ; 
B8,  commerce  */air-iw(e,v;  business  stagnates, 

8T.\G-NA'TI0N,  n.  The  cessation  of  rtowin^t  or  cir- 
ciilali<m  of  a  tiuUl ;  or  the  state  of  beinc  without 
llow  or  circulation  ;  the  siixKa  of  being  niutioiites.<4 ; 
BS,  the  gta^nation  of  the  bliKXJ  ;  the  sta^uation  of 
wattir  or  air;  the  stag-natiiiH  of  vaponjt.        .'idilison. 

2.  I'he  cessation  of  action  or  uf  brisk  action  \  the 
state  of  beins  dull ;  as,  the  sUtg^Rttiion  of  business. 

STAG'-WOKM,  (-wurm,)  a.   An  insect  that  is  trouble- 
some to  deer. 
STAID,  preu    and  pp,   of    Stat  ;    »   wriltcn    for 

STA.TKD. 

3.  a.  [fhun  staifj  to  stop.]  Sober;  prave  ;  steady  ; 
composed;  regular;  nut  wild,  volatile,  flighty,  or 
fanciful ;  as,  staid  wisdom. 

To  nde  out  «nih  tiaid  ^ictes.  Afi/lott. 

STAID'NESS,  n.  Sobriety  ;  gravity  j  eUadiuess  i 
ngularity  ;  the  opposite  of  Wildkess. 

If  be  aonielicrurs  appwn  too  ^j,  yl  a  M-UU  gnoeMntm  of 
youth  iiec4>mpaa'K»  hi*  u>-ntiiigs,  ihuu^b  tbe  ttaidnan  and 
aobfin;  of  affs  be  wiiniinj.  Drydsn. 

STAIN,  (stane,)  r.  £.  [W.  ystaeninw^  to  spread  over, 
to  stain  ;  ystaenu^  to  cuvcr  with  tin  ;  ystaen^  that  is 
spread  out,  or  that  is  sprinkled,  a  xtain^  tia,  L.  itanr- 
nuM ;  (ant,  a  spread,  a  sprinkle,  a  layer;  taenu^  to 
spread,  expand,  sprinkle,  or  be  scattered.  This  co- 
incides in  elements  with  Gr.  rnvta.  The  French 
teiiuirtj  Sp.  Un'tr^  It.  tingrrty  Port,  tmffir^  to  stain,  are 
from  the  L.  tingOy  Gr.  rc)  y  oj^  Sax.  dea^an,  Kng.  dye  ; 
a  word  funnea  by  difierent  elements.  Stain  seems 
to  be  from  the  Welsh,  and  if  tacn  is  not  a  contracted 
word,  it  has  no  connection  with  the  FY.  teindrr.] 

1.  To  discolor  by  the  application  of  foreijcn  mat- 
ter ;  to  make  fuiil ;  to  spot  ;  as,  to  stain  the  hand 
with  dye  ;  to  stiin  clothes  with  ve::ctaLle  juice;  lo 
aUiH  paper  ;  armor  Gained  will)  bItKMl. 

2.  To  dye  i  to  tinge  with  a  diderent  color ;  as,  to 
stain  cloth. 

3.  To  impress  with  ficurcs,  in  colors  difl^erent 
from  the  iround ;  as,  to  ^taiH  pap'-r  fnr  lian^inf;^. 

4.  To  Uot ;  losoil;  to  s)N^t  with  pii>lt  «r  infamy; 
to  tarnish  j  to  bring  reproach  on ;  as,  to  stain  the 
character. 

Of  booor  tcM,  of  buioeenep,  of  fek^  of  piiHlj, 

Our  wonted  oowmcntt  bow  aoBc^l  and  Mtainid.  Mi2lon. 

STAIN,  n.  A  spot ;  discoloration  from  foreign  mat- 
ter;  as,  a  stain  on  a  garment  or  cloth. 

3.  A  natural  spot  of  a  colur  different  from  the 
ground. 

Swift  troulB,  diTpnified  with  cfinuon  ttaina.  Popt. 

3.  Taint  of  guilt ;  tarnish ;  disgrace ;  reproach  ; 
as,  the  stain  of  sin. 

Nor  tlmth  iUelf  enn  wbollr  wash  their  ttoifu.  Drydtn, 

Our  opiuioQ  ia,  I  hope,  witlioul  Kiijr  Ueniuli  ur  Oain  of  h-r  ay. 

Hooker. 

A.  Cause  of  reproach  ;  shame. 

\he  pruue  and  yd.  the  alaxn  nf  all 

STAIN'JCD,  pp.  or  a.  Discolored;  spotted;  dyed; 
(lotted  ;  tarnished. 

Stained  gla.ts ;  glass  colored  or  stained  by  certain 
mt-tillic  pigments  fused  into  its  substance  ;  often 
used  for  making  durable  pictures  in  windows. 

Ure. 
STA  IN'ER,  K.    One  who  stains,  blots,  or  tarnishes. 

9.  A  dyer. 
STAIN'ING,  p^     Discoloring;  spotting;  tarnishing; 

dyeing. 
STAINLESS,  a.     Free  from  stains  or  spots.  Sidney. 
2.  Free  from  the  reproach  of  guilt  j  free  from  sin. 

Shak. 
STAIR,*.     [D.steiger;  Sax.gtager;  from  Sax.  jttiganj 
D.  and  G.  xteigen^  Gotli.  sieigan^  to  stt-p,  to  go ;  Dan. 
^ger^  to  rise,  to  step  up ;   Sw,  steg,  a  step ;    Ir. 
statgkre.     See  Stage.] 

1.  A  step  ;  a  stone  or  a  frame  of  boards  or  ptanks 
by  which  a  person  rises  one  step.  A  stair,  to  mike 
the  ascent  easy,  should  not  exceed  six  or  seven 
Inches  in  elevation.  When  the  riser  is  eisht,  nine, 
or  ten  inches  in  breadth,  the  ascent  by-  stairs  is 
laborious. 

2.  Stairs,  in  the  jttural :  a  series  of  steps  by  which 

fersons    ascend   to  a  higher    room  in  a  building. 
Stair,  in  thid  sense,  is  not  in  use.] 
Fiiirht  vf  stairs,  may  signify  the  stairs  which  make 
the  whole  ascent  of  a  story;  or  in  winding  suirs. 


STA 

the  phnisc  may  signify  tbe  stairs  from  thu  floor  to  a 
torn,  or  frotn  one  turn  to  another. 
STAIR'€ASE,  n.  [stair  and  ca*?.]  The  part  of  a 
building  which  coutaius  ttie  stuirs.  i^taircu^es  are 
straight  or  winding,  Tbe  straight  are  called  Fliers, 
or  Direct  FLtEas.  Winding  st:urs,  culh-d  Sfiral, 
or  Cockle,  are  square^  ctrcuMr,  ur  dliplical. 


STAIR'-ROD,  n.  The  name  of  metallic  rods  for  hold- 
ing a  stuir-carpct  lo  its  place. 

STAITH,  n.  The  line  of  rails  forming  the  extremity 
of  a  railway,  and  genorally  occurring  next  to  naviga- 
ble waters,  beinc  laid  on  plulfurins  fur  discharging 
coals,  &c.,  into  vessels.  Buchanan. 

2.  A  repository  and  marl  for  coiOs.     [Local.] 

STAKE,  n.  [Sax.  utac ;  D.  staak  ;  Sw.  stake  ;  Ir.  utac  ; 
It,  jiteeevne,  a  sLiko;  stecca,  a  stick  ;  steccare^  to 
fi-nce  with  slakes  ;  Sp.  f^taca,  a  slake,  n  stick.  This 
coincides  with  stick,  noun  and  verb,  with  stock,  stage, 
&.C.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  shoot,  to  thruiit,  hence, 
lo  set,  or  lix.l 

1.  A  small  piece  of  wood  or  timber,  sharpened  at 
one  end  and  set  in  the  ground,  or  prciuired  for  setting, 
as  a  support  to  something.  Thus  stakes  are  used  to 
support  vines,  to  sup[>ort  fences,  ht'dges,  and  the 
like.  A  stake  is  not  to  be  confounded  withapo^ft, 
which  is  a  largt-r  piece  of  timber. 

2.  A  piece  of  long,  rough  wood. 

A  sharpened  9taJn  itruug  Oryas  found.  Drydtn. 

3.  A  palisade,  or  something  resembling  it. 

Milton. 

4.  The  piece  of  timber  to  which  a  martyr  is  fast- 
ened when  he  is  to  be  burnt.  Hence,  to  perish  at 
the  stake,  is  to  die  a  martyr,  or  to  die  in  torment. 
Hence, 

5.  Figuratively,  martyrdom.  The  stake  was  pre- 
pared for  those  who  wt- re  convicted  of  heresy. 

6.  That  which  is  pledged  or  wagered  ;  that  which 
is  set,  throirn  dtnon,  or  laid,  lo  abide  •the  issue  of  a 
contest,  to  be  gained  by  victory  or  lost  by  defeat. 

7.  The  slate  of  being  laid  or  pledged  as  a  wager. 
His  honor  is  at  stake. 

6.  A  small  anvil  to  straighten  cold  work,  or  to  cut 
and  punch  upon.  JHozon. 

STAKE,  r.  L  To  fasten,  supi>ort,  or  defend  with 
stokes  ;  as,  lo  stake  vines  or  plants. 

2.  To  mark  the  limits  by  stakes;  with  rut;  as,  to 
stakeout  land;  lo  stake  out  a  new  n>ad,or  the  ground 
for  a  canaL 

3.  To  wager;  to  pledge;  to  put  at  hazard  u|ion 
tbe  issue  of  compeliliuu,  or  upon  a  future  contin- 
gency. 

ru  Btakt  JOB  limb  thai  near  the  fouatala  plajra.  Popt. 

4.  To  point  or  sharpen  stakes.  [Jk'ot  used  in 
.^mrrTCU.] 

.V  To  pierce  with  a  stake.  Sprctator. 

STAK'/:D,  (stakl,)  pp.  Fastened  or  supiwricd  by 
slakes;  set  or  marked  with  slakes;  wagered;  put 
at  hazard. 

STAKE'-IIEAD,  (-bed,)  n.  In  rope-making,  a  stake 
witii  wooden  pins  in  the  upper  side  to  keep  the 
strands  apait. 

STAKE'[IOLU-ER,  n.  One  with  whom  the  bets  are 
deposited  when  a  wager  is  laid. 

STAK'ING,  ppr.    Sup[Kirting  with  stakes;   marking 
with  stakes  ;  wagering;  putting  at  haxard. 
2.  Sharpening;  pointing. 

STA-LAC'Tie,  I   a.    [from  stnlactite.'\    Pertaining 

STA-LA€'Tie-AL,  i  to  stalactite ;  resembling  an 
icicle  ;  stalactitic.  Kincaru 

STA-LAC'Tl-FORM,        i  a.      Like    stalactite;   re- 

STAL-Ae-TIT'I-FORM,  j       sembling  an  icicle. 

PMUips. 

STA-LAe'TTTE,  n.  [Gr.  s-aXoKms,  raXaKrn,  from 
S-aXa^fo,  lo  drop,  from  s'a^at",  L.  stillo.'] 

A  pendent  cone  or  cylinder  of  carbonate  of  lime, 
attached,  like  an  icicle,  to  th*  roof  or  side  of  a  cav- 
ern, produced  by  the  i>ercoIation  through  the  rock 
above  of  water  holding  carbonate  of  lime  in  solution. 
Any  mineral  of  similar  form  is  also  called  a  Stalac- 
tite. Dana. 

STALr-AG-TIT'ie,  a.  Having  the  form  of  an  icicle; 
having  the  characters  of  a  stalactite.  Dana. 

STA-LAG'MTTE,  n.  [L.  stalagriiium,  a  drop;  Gr. 
raA'ij  itoi,  supra.] 

A  deposit  of  earthy  or  calcareous  matter,  made  by 
water  dropping  on  the  floors  of  cavt-rns. 

Encifc.     iVoodward. 

STAL-AG-MIT'ie,  a.    Having  the  form  of  stalagmite. 

STAL-AU-MIT'ie-AL-LY,  ado.  In  the  form  or  man- 
ner of  stalagmite.  Buckland. 

STAL'DER,  n.  A  Wooden  frame  to  set  casks  on. 
[Ao*  used  in  the  United  State^!.] 

STALE,  a.  [I  do  not  find  this  word  in  the  other  Teu- 
tonic dialects.  It  is  prob;il>ly  from  the  root  of  «(iU, 
G.  stellen,  to  set,  and  equivalent  to  stagnant.] 

1.  Vapid  or  tasteless  from  age  ;  having  lost  its  life, 
spirit,  and  flavor,  from  being  lung  kept ;  as,  stale 
beer. 

2.  Having  lost  the  life  or  graces  of  youth  ;  worn 
out ;  decayed  ;  as,  a  stale  virgin.  Spectator. 


STA 

3,  Worn  out  by  use  ;  trite ;  common  ;  haviiic  lost 
its  novelty  and  power  of  pleasing ;  as,  a  stale  re- 
mark. 
STALE,  n.    [Trobably  that  which  Is  set;  G  stc'Ucn. 
See  Stalu] 

1.  Soinetliing  set  or  nfll-red  to  view  as  an  nllure- 
munl  to  draw  others  to  any  ptaco  or  purpose;  a  de- 
coy ;  a  stool-fowl.  * 

Siill,  M  bo  went,  he  cr.ifty  ttatea  dkl  lay.  Sptnier. 

A  rtTcVjiiite  u(  kimUiVst  i»  Ihc  uulrcrul  stilt  to  all  Him-  uruj^cu. 
'  - 1  IhtH 


[In  this  spw.'je  obsolete.) 
a.  A  prostitute.     [Obs.] 
"   " [Oh-] 


Oov.  nfth*  Ivngue. 

Shak. 

3.  Old  vapid  beer." 

4.  A  long  handle;  tis,  the  ^alcofa.  rake.  [Sax. 
gte.l,  stele;  D.  steel;  G.  stiel.]  JHurtimer. 

5.  A  word  applied  to  the  king  in  chess  when  stalled 
or  sot ;  that  is,  when  so  situated  that  he  ran  not  ho 
moved  witlioiit  going  into  check,  by  which  the  game 
is  ended.  Bacon. 

ST.\LE,  V.  t.     To  make  vapid  or  useless  j  to  destroy 
the  life,  beauty,  or  use  of;  to  wear  out. 


Ag-!  can  noi  wiihT  hcr,  nor  cuMoin  ilale 
llcr  mlinite  vnricty. 


^tak. 


STALE,  V.  i.     [G.  stallen  ;  Dan.  staller;  Sw.  stalta.] 
To  make  water ;  lo  discharge  urine ;  as  horses 

and  cattle. 
STALE,  n.     Urine ;  used  of  horses  and  cattle. 
STALE'LY,  ado.    Of  old  ;  of  a  long  time.     [Obs.] 

B.  Junson. 
STALE'MATE,  n.    In  the  game  of  chess^  the  position 

of  the  king,  when,  though  not  in  checit,  ht;  can  not 

move  without  being  placed  in  check.  JJoijle. 

STALE'NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  stale;  vapid- 

ness-;  Ihe  state  of  having   lost  the   life   ttr  flavor; 

oldne«JS  ;  as,  the  slalenei^s  of  beer  or  other  Iii)U(trs; 

the  staleness  of  provisions.  Bacon.    JlddLton. 

2.  The  state  of  being  worn  out ;  triteness  ;  com- 
monness ;  as,  the  staleness  of  an  observation. 
STALK,  (stawk,)  n.     [Sw.  stielk;   I),  steel;  G.  stiel, 

a  hanille,and  a  stalk  or  stem  ;  Sax.  sUe.lg,^  column  ; 

Gr,  reAitos;  from  the  root  of  stall  and  G.  stdlen,  to 

set.] 

1.  The  stem  or  main  axis  of  a  plant.  Thus  we 
speak  of  a  stalk  of  wheat,  rye.  or  ouls,  the  stalks  of 
mai/.e  or  hemp.  Tbe  stalk  aenoies  that  which  is 
set,  the  fljLed  part  of  a  plant,  its  support;  or  it  is 
a  shoot. 

2.  The  pedicle  of  a  flower,  or  the  peduncle  that 
sup[)orts  the  fritcliflcation  of  a  plant. 

3.  The  slem  of  a  quill.  Grew. 
STALK,  (stawk,)  v.  L     [Sax.  st4£lcan.'\ 

I.  To  walk  with  high  and  proud  steps;  usually 
implying  the  affectation  of  dignity,  and  hence  tbe 
word  usually  expresses  dislike.  The  jwets,  how- 
ever, use  the  word  to  express  dignity  of  step. 

Willi  manly  mi^ii  lir  ttalked  uloiig  th*i  f  round.  Itryden. 

Tln'ii  tialking  ihroiigli  ilic  tlci-p 
Ho  fonls  [he  uc':dn.  Adrliton. 

Q.  It  is  used  with  some  insinuation  of  contempt  or 

abhorrence.  Johnson. 

Bcrimti 
Slaika  clos^  U'hiiid  her,  like  a  witch'i  fiend, 
Pf-wiinff  to  be  einploycil.  Dryden. 

'Til  nut  to  aUUk  uloiiL  iind  draw  frcah  air 
From  lime  to  lime.  AihUton. 

3.  To  walk  behind  a  stalking  horse  or  behind  a 
cover. 

The  kin^  crept  under  the  shoulder  of  bis  led  hone,  oad  i.iid,  I 
must  slavt.  Bacon. 

STALK,  n.    A  high,  proud,  stalely  step,  or  walk. 

Spenaer. 
STALK'ED,-(stnwkt,)  a.     Having  a  stalks 
STALK'ER,  (stawk'cr,)  n.     One  who  walks  with  a 

proud  step  ;  also,  a  kind  of  fii^hing-net. 
STALK'ING,  ppr.  Walking  with  proud  or  lofty  steps. 
STALK'IXG-HORSE,  n.  A  horse,  real  or  factitious, 
behind  which  a  fowler  conceals  himself  from  the 
sight  of  the  game  which  he  is  aiming  to  kill ;  hence, 
a  mask  ;  a  pretense. 

Hypocrisy  is  the  (ieviTi  staUdng-horBe,  under  an  atWtaliou  of 
siinpiJcity  and  religioo.  L'Etlranga. 

STALK'LESS,  a.    Having  no  stalk. 

STALK'Y,(stawk'e,)a.  Hard  as  a  stalk  ;  resembling 
a'slaik.  Mortimer. 

STALL,  (ylawl,)  n.  [Sax.  stml,  stal,  stjiU,  a  place,  a 
seat,  or  station,  a  staide,  slate,  condition;  1).  shd; 
G.  stall,  a  stable,  a  stye;  Dan,  staid :  Sw.  slull ;  Fr. 
stalle  and  etal ;  It.  sfjttla;  W.ystal:  from  the  root  of 
G.  steUen,to  set,  that  is,  to  throw  down,  to  thrust 
down  ;  Sans,  stala.'n.  place.     See  Still.]  i 

1.  Primarily,  a  stand ;  a  station  ;   a  flxcd   spot ;    i 
hence,  the  stand  or  place  where  a  horse  or  an  ox  is 
kept  and  fed  ;  the  division  of  a  stable,  or  the  apart- 
ment for  one  horse  or  ox.     The  stable  contains  eight 
or  ten  italLi. 

2.  A  i'table  ;  a  place  for  cattle. 

At  I>L!it  be  found  el  itall  where  oxen  stood.  Dryden. 

3.  In  1  Kings  iv.  26,  stall  is  used  for  horse.  "  Sol- 
omon had  forty  thousand  stalls  of  horses  for  his  char- 
iots." In  9  Chrtin.  ix.  25,  stall  means  stable.  *'  Sotiv 
mon  had  four  thousand  stalls  for  horses  and  chari- 
ots."    'i'hcse  passages  are  reconciled  by  the  dcfmi- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREY.  — PL\E,  MARt.NE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. - 

1074 


STA 

tion  given  above;  Solomon  Imtl  lour  tiiou!<niuI  t'U- 
bltjs,  eacii  coutaiiiin-;  U-n  sUiUs ;  loriy  tlumsami  stalls. 

4.  A  bench,  form,  or  frame  of  shelves  in  the  open 
air,  where  any  lliing  is  exposed  to  sale.  It  is  curi- 
ous to  observe  the  sidlts  of  bot>ks  in  the  boulevards 
and  otliff  public  places  in  Paris. 

5.  A  small  house  or  shed  in  which  on  occupation 
is  carried  on  ;  ad,  a  butcher*s  stall.  Spender. 

U  is  partially  inclosed  at  the  back  and  sides. 

6.  The  seat  of  a  dignified  ctcr(;yinau  in  the  choir. 

Tbe  rftfnified  dcrjy,  out  of  humiliiv,  Imv  c^iIWl  thrir  thrfiii'>i 
by  llvi  UAiiie  uf  ttalis,     It'ruLubijr  a  iitisuliii  of  Ihc  rcusoii.] 
Warburton. 

STALL,  V.  t.  To  put  into  a  stable  ;  or  to  keep  in  a 
stable  ;  as,  to  stall  an  ox. 

Where  King  Latiaus  th^n  hi«  oxen  atalled.  Drydtn, 

9.  To  install ;  to  plnce  in  an  office  with  the  cns- 
tumary  formalities.     [For  this,  IrrsTALL  is  now  used.] 
3.  To  set ;  to  fix  ;  to  plunge  into  mire  so  as  not  to 
be  able  to  proceed  ;  as,  to  stall  horses  or  a  carriace. 

HalliwelL 
[This  phrase  I  have  heard  in  Virginia.    In  New 
Euglund,  set  is  used  in  a  like  sense.] 
STALL,  V.  i.    To  dwell ;  to  inhabit. 

We  coiilil  not  ttnU  togt;Uiffr  ut  the  world.  Shak. 

[Sot  in  iise.\ 

2.  To  kennel. 

3.  To  be  set,  as  in  mire. 

A.  To  be  tired  of  eatinp,  as  cattle. 

STALL'AGE,  (stawl'aje,)  n.    The  right  of  erecting 
stalls  in  fairs  ;  or  rent  paid  for  a  stall. 
2.  In  old  books,  laystall ;  dung  ;  comfwsi. 

STAL-La'TION,  n.    InsUllation.     [JSTot  tutd.'} 

CavendUK 

STALL' ED,  (stawld,)  pp.  or  a.  Put  or  kept  in  a  sta- 
bie. 

STALL'-FED,  ;»p.  or  a.  Fed  on  dry  fodder,  or  fat- 
tened in  a  ^^tall  or  slalile.     [See  Stall-Feed.] 

STALL'-FEED,  r.  f.  [staH  ami  ffe't.]  To  ft-ed  and 
fatten  in  n  stable  or  on  dry  fodder;  as,  to  fftall-feed 
an  ojt.  [This  word  is  used 'in  Am-rica  to  distinguish 
this  mofle  of  feeding  from  ^ra.-*^'feeJinfr.'\ 

STALL'-FEED-IXG,  ppr.  Feeding  and  fattening  in 
the  stable. 

STALL'-FEED-ING,  n.  The  act  of  feeding  cattle 
in  the  stable. 

STALL'ION,  (stal'yun,)  n.  [G.  Hensst;  V)nr\.  gtaU- 
hingst;  Ft.  etalon  ;  It.  Stallone:  from  stall,  or  its  root, 
as  we  now  use  stud  horge^  from  the  root  of  .*£««/, 
gtcad;  W.  ystal,  a  stall,  stock,  produce;  ysUiU,  to 
form  a  stock  ;  ystalwijn,  a  stallion.] 

A  stone  horse ;  a  seed  horse  ;  or  any  male  horse 
not  castrated,  whether  kept  for  mares  or  not.  Ac- 
cording to  the  Welsh,  the  word  signifies  a  slock 
horse,  a  horse  intended  for  raising  stock. 

STAl.L'-VV^RN,  in  Shakspeore,  Johnson  thinks  a 
mistake  for  Stalwart,  stoiiL 

Uii  tinJI-teorn  rimxI  ihc  chiinpion  itout  bestride.  Shak. 

[ThU  tBtird  is  not  in  use.l 

STAL'WART,     |  o.      [Scottish ;     Sax.     sUl-acorth, 

STAL'WORTH,  i      worth  taking.] 

"Brave;  bold;  strong;  redoubted;  daring ;  vehe- 
ment ;  violent. 

STA'MEN,  n. ;  pt.  Stamens  or  Stam'i-wa.  [L.  This 
word  belongs  to  the  root  of  sio,  stitbili-',  or  of  iftag-e.] 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  usually  in  the  plural,  the 
fixed,  firm  fiart  of  a  body,  which  supports  it  or  gives 
it  its  strength  and  solidity.  Thus  we  say,  the  bones 
are  the  stamina  of  animal  bodies  ;  the  ligneous  parts 
of  trees  are  the  stamina  which  ponslitute  tlieir 
strength.     Hence, 

2.  Whatever  constitutes  tlie  principal  strength  or 
inpport  of  any  thing:  as,  the  sUimina  of  a  cunslilu- 
tion  or  of  life  ;  the  stamina  of  a  state. 

3.  In  botantj,  an  organ  of  flowers  for  the  prepara- 
tion of  the  pollen  or  fecttndaling  dust.  It  consists 
of  the  filament  and  the  anther.  It  is  considered  as 
the  male  oraan  of  fructification.  Martin, 

STA'MEN-jED,  a.     Furnished  with  stamens. 
STa'MIN,  b.     a  slight  woolen  stuff.  Chaucer. 

STAM'I-NA,  n,,-  pi.  of  Stame-*. 
STAM'IN-AL,  a.    Pertaining  tn  stamens  or  stamina; 

cxjnsisting  in  stamens  or  stamina.  Mrd.  Rrpos. 

STAM'IN-ATE,  a.     Furnished  with  stamen^. 
STAMMN-S TE,  r.  (.     To  entlue  with  stamin^u 
' ;    3TA-.MI\'E-OUS,  a.     [L.  ftamineiuf.] 
I  1.  ronsisting  of  slam -ns. 

i  I  2.  Posses*»ing  stani'Mis.     StamiueituA  flower^   have 

no  con»l ;  Iht-y  waul  the  colored  l»'avt!>*  called  petals, 
and  consist  only  of  tiie  stylu  and  F>tHmina.     Linmtus 
I       calls  them  apctalotu ;  oiUcrSf  hnperf vet  or  i-rotnpfete. 

Mnrtijn. 
3.  Pertainin?  to  the  stamen,  or  attached  toil;  as, 
a  stami'ie^ua  neclarv,  /'«• 

8TAM-L\-IF'ER-OU8,  a.  [L.  gtamen  and  fero,  to 
bear.] 

A  staminiferntLs  flower  is  one  which  has  stamens 
without  a  pisiil.  A  Htaminifcrous  nectary  is  one  that 
has  stnmena  growing  on  il.  Marti/n. 

STAM'MEL,  n.     A  pile  rnd  color.  B.  .Imuifni. 

2.  A  kind  of  woolen  cloth.    [See  Stamin.]^ 

Cam.  on  Chancer. 
STAM'MER,  r.  i.     [Sax.  ffMmcr,  one  who  stammers; 


STA 

Gt)lh.    litumms,  starnmoring;  Sw.   stamma;  G.  stam- \ 
mdn ;    D.   slamfrrn;    l>ari.   ntavimer ;    from   the    root 
sta'ik  at  stent.     'I'he  primary  sense  is,  to  stop,  to  set, 
to  fix.     So  A(u/ffr  is  from  tile  root  of  stead,  stud.'] 

Literally,  to  stop  in  uttering  syllables  or  words;  to 
stutter  ;  to  hesiuilu  or  faltiT  in  speaking  :  and  hence, 
to  speak  with  stops  and  difticuliy.  Demosthenes  is 
said  to  have  sttimmcrrd  in  siniaking,  and  to  have 
overconw  tlio  diiliculty  by  persevering  ellbrts. 

STA.M'MI-R,  r.  t.  To  utter  or  pronounce  with  hesita- 
tion or  inipcrfoctly.  Beaum.  4'  ^'^ 

STAM'MKK-ER,  7*.  One  that  stutters  or  hesitates  in 
speaking. 

STA.M'MER-I\G,  ppr.     Stopping  or  hesitating  in  the 
Utti'ring  of  syna!)les  and  words  ;  stuttering. 
S.  a.     Apt  to  stammer. 

STA.M'.MER-ING.  n.  The  act  of  stopping  or  hesita- 
ting in  speaking  ;  impediment  in  speech  ;  articula- 
tion disturbed  bv  irregular  intermissions  or  snatches. 

STAM'MKR-l.NG-LY,  adu.  With  stops  or  hesitation 
in  speaking. 

STAMI',  r.  i.  [D.  stampen;  G.  stavipfen  ;  Dan.  stam- 
per; Sw.  stampa;  Fr.  estampcr ;  lU  stampare ;  Sp. 
estutapar.  I  know  not  which  is  the  radical  leiu^r,  m 
or;j.] 

In  a  general  sense,  to  strike;  to  beat;  to  press. 
Hence, 

1.  To  strike  or  beat  forcibly  with  the  bottom  of 
the  foot  or  by  thrusting  the  foot  downward;  as,  to 
stump  the  ground. 

He  frets,  Ke  fumo*,  he  «lan;»,  he  alampa  the  ground.    Dryiien. 
[In  this  sense,  the  popular  pronunciation  is  stomp.'] 

2.  To  impress  with  some  mark  or  figure;  as,  to 
stamp  a  plate  with  arms  or  initials. 

3.  To  impress;  to  ini|)rint ;  to  fix  deeply;  as,  to 
stamp  virtuous  principles  on  the  hcarL  [Sec  Em- 
stamp.] 

4.  To  fix  a  mark  by  impressing  it ;  as,  a  notion  of 
the  Deity  stamped  on  the  mind. 

Gixi  h.u  etnmped  no  ori^nal  characler»  ou  our  minds,  whf  rein 
we  may  k<u1  hi*  b^ing.  Locke. 

5.  To  make  by  impressing  a  mark  ;  as,  to  stamp 
pieces  of  stiver. 

6.  To  coin  ;  to  mint ;  to  form.  Skak, 

7.  To  cut  out  into  various  forms  with  a  stamp. 

8.  To  crush  by  the  downward  action  of  a  kind  of 
pestle,  as  ore  in  a  stamping-mill. 

STAMP,  V.  i.    Tj  strike  the  foot  forcibly  downward. 

Btii  »uru,  exclaims,  and  tiatnpa,  and  ravM,  ond  die*.  Denni*. 
STAMP,".     Any  instrument  for  making  impressions 
on  other  bodies. 

'Ti«  gold  so  pure,     • 
It  cnii  not  bear  ihc  atamp  williuui  uUoy.  Dryden. 

2.  A  mark  imprinted  ;  an  impression. 

Thnt  rjcnil  niiiie  pvi-s  ornametit  and  rrrncp, 

And,  liku  liis  stamp,  mAk-.-a  lu«i:sl  idl-uU  puu.  /Jrytfcn. 

3.  That  which  is  marked  ;  a  thing  stamped. 

Hungiiij  K  guidon  tlamp  about  (h'>ir  m^ks.  Shak. 

4.  A  picture  cut  in  wood  or  metal,  or  made  by  im- 
pression ;  a  cut ;  a  plate. 

At  Vi;iiic<!  [b'^y  put  out  very  curioni  <(<imp»  of  thni^rcral  edifices 
which  are  moat  Lunous  for  Uicir  btauiy  and  magiiifiwiict-. 
Adiiiaon. 

5.  A  mark  set  upon  things  chargeable  with  duty  to 
governrneut,  as  eviilencn  that  the  duly  is  paid.  VVe 
see  such  stamps  on  English  newspapers. 

G.  An  instrument  for  cutting  ont  materials  (as  pa- 
per, leather,  &c.)  into  various  forms  by  a  downward 
pressure. 

7.  A  chnrartp-  of  reputation,  gnotl  or  bad,  fixed  on 
any  thing.  These  persons  have  the  stamp  of  im- 
piety. The  Scriptures  bear  the  stamp  of  a  divine 
origin. 

8.  Authority ;  current  value  derived  from  sufl^rage 
or  attestation. 

Ot  ih"  »»ine  tUtmp  ia  that  which  la  obtnidnl  on  n«,  th-tl  an 
■duniaiit  •iiaiK-iHla  llie  atlnciion  of  thfl  lodfitone.     Broien. 

9.  Make  ;  casi ;  form  ;  character  ;  as  a  man  of  the 
tame  stamp,  or  of  a  diflVrent  fttamp.  Addison. 

10.  In  meintlur^,  a  kind  of  pestle  raised  by  water 
or  steam  p<iwiT,  for  beating  ores  to  powder  ;  any 
Ihina  like  a  jH-stle  used  for  pounding  or  beating. 

STAMP'-ACT,  n.  An  act  of  the  British  parliament, 
imposing  a  duly  on  all  paper,  vfllum,  and  parchment 
used  in  her  AmLTi''an  colonies,  and  declaring  nil 
writings  on  unstamiHjd  mnteriuls  to  be  null  and  void. 
'J'his  act  roused  a  general  opposition  in  the  colonies, 
and  was  one  rnuse  of  the  revolution. 

STAMP'-HO-TY,  n.  [stump  and  duty.]  A  duty  or 
tax  imposed  on  pnp'-rantl  parchment,  the  evidence  of 
the  pa\  tu'-nt  of  which  is  a  stamp. 

STAMP'KH,  (!«tampt,)  pp.  or  a.  Impressed  with  a 
m;irk  or  fim're;  coined;  imprjnted  ;  deeply  fixed. 

STAM-PkDE',  n.  In  the  IVcutTn  Sfritts,  a  smlden 
fright  seizing  upon  large  bodies  of  cattle  or  burses  in 
droves  yr  incatnpments  on  the  prairies,  and  leading 
tliF-m  to  run  for  many  miles,  until  they  often  sink 
down  or  die  under  their  terrors.  Kendall. 

STA  MP'ER,  n.  An  instrument  for  pounding  or  stamp- 
ing. 

STAMP'ING,ppr.  Impressing  with  a  mark  or  figure; 
coining ;  imprinting. 


STA 

STAMP'ING-MILIi,  n.  An  engine  consisting  of  pes- 
tles, moved  by  water  or  steam  power,  for  breaking 
or  bruising  ore. 

STAN,  as  a  termination,  is  said  to  have  expressed  the 
superlative  degree;  as  in  JiUuLttan,  most  noble; 
Vunstan,  the  highest.  But  qu.  Sto/t,  in  Saxon,  is 
stone. 

STANCH,  p.  f.  [Fr.  etajtchcr;  Arm.  stan^m;  Sp.  and 
Port,  estancar,  to  stop,  to  stanch,  to  be  overtired  ;  It. 
stancare,  to  weary  ;  Sp.  and  Port,  estancia,  a  stay  or 
dwelling  for  a  time,  an  abode,  and  a  stanza;  Sp. 
estanco,  a  stop ;  hence,  Fr  etang^  a  pond,  and  Eng. 
toJiA.] 

\\\  a  general  aensc,  to  stop;  to  set  or  fix;  but  ap- 
plied only  to  the  blood  ;  to  stop  the  flowing  of  blood. 
Cold  applications  to  the  neck  will  often  stanch  tho 
bleeding  of  the  no^e.  Bacon. 

STANCH,  V.  u    To  stop,  as  blood  ;  to  cease  to  flow. 
linmedial«b'  the  Usiic  of  bcr  biwod  atancJied.  —  Luke  tiU. 

STANCH,  a.  [This  is  the  same  word  as  the  forego- 
ing, tiie  primary  sense  of  whicii  is  to  set;  hence  llie 
sense  of  firnincs.s.] 

1.  Sound;  tiriii ;  strong  and  tight;  as,  a  stanch 
ship. 

2.  Firm  in  principle  ;  sti-ady  ;  constant  and  zeal- 
ous; heariy  ;  as,  a  stanch  churchman;  a  standi  re- 
publican; a  stanch  friend  or  aiihcrent. 

lu  poliiica  1  h'-ar  you're  ttaneh.  Prior. 

3.  Strong  ;  nut  to  be  broken.  Shak, 

4.  Firm  ;  close. 

Tbia  il  to  be  kept  alancft.  Locke. 

A  stanch  hound,  is  one  that  follows  the  scentclose^ 
ly  without  error  or  remissness. 

STANCH'-ED,  (stancht,)  ;»;/.  Stopped  .or  restrained 
from  flowing. 

STANCH'ER,  iu  He  or  that  which  stops  the  flowing 
of  blond. 

STANCH'ING,  ppr.     Stopping  the  flowing  of  blood. 

STAN'CHION,  (stan'shun,)  n.  [Fr.  etan^om  Arm. 
5£a»fo«Ru  and  staTic«nni,  to  prop.    See  Stanch.] 

A  prop  or  support ;  a  piece  of  timber  in  the  form  of 
a  stake  or  post,  used  fur  a  support.  In  skip-building ^ 
stanchions  of  wood  or  iron  are  of  ditTerent  forms, 
and  are  used  to  support  the  deck,  the  quarter-rails, 
the  nettings,  awnings,  and  the  like.        Mar.  Diet, 

STANCU'LESS,  a.  That  can  not  be  sianched  or 
stopfH'd.  Shak. 

STANCH'NESS,  n.  Soundness;  firmness  in  princi- 
ple ;  closeness  of  adherence. 

STAND,  V.  I.  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Stood.  [Sax.  standanj 
Goth,  standan.  This  verb,  if  from  the  root  of  G. 
stehea,  D.  staaen,  Dan.  staaer,  Sw.  sta.  Sans,  stxi,  L- 
sto,  is  a  derivative  from  the  noun,  which  is  formed 
from  the  participle  of  the  original  verb.  In  this  case, 
the  noun  shuuld  properly  precede  the  verb.  It  may 
be  here  remarked,  that  if  stan  is  the  radical  word, 
stand  and  L.  sfu  can  not  be  from  the  same  stock. 
But  stand  in  the  pret.  is  stood,  and  slo  forms  steti. 
This  induces  a  suspicion  that  stan  is  not  the  root  of 
stand,  but  ihat  n  is  casual.  1  am  inclined,  however, 
to  believe  these  words  to  be  from  dilfereni  roots.  The 
Russ.  stoyn,  to  stand,  is  the  L.  sto,  but  it  signifies  also 
to  be,  to  oxi.xt,  being  the  substantive  verb.  So  in  It. 
sf^re,  Sp.  and  Port,  estar.] 

I.  To  be  upon  the  feet,  as  an  animal  ;  not  to  alt, 
kneel,  or  lie. 

'i'he  aUwlution  tu  be  pronounced  by  the  prie»l  alone,  atnnding. 
Cam.  Prayer. 
And  thfl  kiiur  tuniM  his  f;icc  nlwut  nnd  bli-wed  idl  th-?  coDgreja- 

tjou  of  I<ir.ii;i  ;  and  all  the  congregation  ol  lirael  tload.~ 

I  King.  viii. 

5.  To  be  erect,  supported  by  the  roots,  as  n  tree  or 
other  plant.  Noiwilhstanding  the  violence  of  the 
wind,  the  tree  yet  stands. 

3.  To  be  nn  its  foundation  ;  not  to  be  overthrown 
or  demolished  ;  as,  an  old  cattle  is  yei  standing. 

4.  To  be  placed  or  situated  ;  to  have  a  certain  po- 
sition or  htcation.  Paris  stands  on  the  Seine.  Lon- 
don stands  on  the  Thames. 

5.  To  remain  upright,  in  a  moral  sense ;  not  to 
fall. 

To  etand  or  fall, 
Free  in  thy  own  arbitnuucnt  ii  lica.  Milton. 

6.  To  become  erect. 

Mute  and  ama?^d,  my  hair  wiih  h'>rrof  stood.  Dryten. 

7.  To  Stop ;  to  halt ;  not  to  proceed. 

!  ch^rp"  thoc,  stand. 
And  l.n  ih.v  n^ne.  Drylen. 

8.  To  atop  ;  to  he  at  n  stationary  point. 

S.iy,  at  whAt  part  nf  nivlun?  will  they  atanrl  7  Pope. 

9.  To  be  in  a  slate  of  fixedness;  hence,  to  con- 
tinue; to  endure.  Our  constitution  has  stood  more 
than  fifty  years.     It  is  hopsd  it  will  stand  for  ages. 

Coinmariwcidths  by  virlu'  ever  etaod.  Drydtn. 

10.  To  l>e  fixed  or  steady;  not  to  vacillate.  Ilia 
mind  stands  unmoved. 

II.  To  he  in  or  to  nmintain  a  posture  of  resisinnce 
or  defense.  Approach  with  cliarged  bayonets;  the 
enemy  will  not  stand. 

Tlie  kinp  griiritcd  ih^  Jew*  to  etand  for  their  life.  —  Eslh.  TJiU 


TONE,  BULL,  tINITE.  — AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS — C  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CU  as  SH ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


1075 


STA 


STA 


12.  To  be  ptnced  with  rcRnrd  to  i»nl«T  or  rank. 
Note  the  leHer  tlint  ."tun'ls  first  in  onlcr.  Gen.  Wash- 
ingtoD  stood  highest  in  public  f^stimntion.  Chris- 
liaii  charity  Mauds  first  in  the  rank  of  gracious  all'cc- 
tions. 

13.  To  be  tn  any  particular  state  ;  to  be,  emphat- 
ically eipressed,  that  is>  to  be  fixed  orpct ;  the  prima- 
ry .lense  of  the  substautice  verb.  How  di>e3  the  value 
trf  wheat  stand  7  Uod  Handjf  in  no  nt-ed  of  our  ser- 
vices, but  w«  always  Maxd  in  need  of  bta  aid  and 
mercy. 

AcwtnpIWi  what  fom  dgoM  fomhov  j 

I  $tittd  naagtted.  OryiUn. 

U.  To  continue  uncbanfied  or  valid  j  not  to  fail  or 
become  void. 

No  cgcHlUiorw  of  ear  pr«oe  out  t^md,  flat. 

My  locrav  uill  I  b-rp  far  btro,  mad  iqj  ooverauit  dull  »tand  fiwt 
with  ttiia.  —  Ph.  Ixixix. 

15.  To  consist  j  to  have  its  being  and  essence. 

SttcriOcM— «bichaloedoal7iniDe«U«ud  drinks.  — Ucb.  iz. 

16.  To  bave  a  place. 

TbM  exeeOMi  nan,  who  tteei  not  aa  Hm  MltuitBLg«.enHnd 
before,  proiofceJ  men  rf  «11  ""        '"" 


17.  To  be  In  any  state.    Let  us  see  how  our  matters 


Ax  iMap  nov  tttrnd  vith  vm.  Otlamg, 

18.  To  be  in  a  particular  respect  or  relation  ;  as,  to 
tUud  i^dfather  to  one.  We  oupht  to  act  according 
to  tbe  relation  we  stand  in  toxvnrd  each  other. 

19.  To  be,  with  regard  to  stale  of  mind. 

Siai^  in  ave,  and  tin  not.  —  Pa.  it. 

90.  To  succeed  ;  to  maintain  one*s  ground  ;  not  to 
foil ;  to  be  acquitted  ;  to  be  safe. 

Rcaden  by  wboae  Judgment  I  wovld  atatvi  at  (tSL    Sptelaior. 

SI.  To  bold  a  course  at  sea  ;  as,  to  atand  from  tbe 
abore  ;  to  stand  for  tbe  harbor. 

pTQRt  thr  mine  pftitt  </  b»Teo  bk  ornvj  MMdt.  Drydtn. 

S3l  To  bave  a  direction. 

The  vuid  ^  not  R»B7  ««Mri  to  the  metal,  vbM  (heed  onder  k. 

23.  To  offer  ODe*a  atHf  as  a  candidate. 

He  mocd  ID  be  etccted  aoe  «f  the  prauon  of  ibe  veinrdty, 

Amitdtrtom. 

SK.  To  |dac«  one*a  self;  to  be  i^aced. 

I  elaari  brtweea  Ibe  Ltwd  and  70a  U  tint  time.  —  DeoL  T. 
85.  To  stagnate ;  not  to  flow. 

Or  the  Uul  w»ter  of  PonpttMi  elBMlk  Drydtn. 

96.  To  be  satisfied  or  conrinoed. 

Tboocti  Pmc  be  a  KCtm  iiel,  e*d  iiHirfae  Ind7  flo  bi>  ^rHe*« 

37.  To  make  delay.    I  can  not  tUmd  to  examine 
eTery  particular. 
3d.  To  persist ;  to  persevere. 

Never  atv^  n  e  Be  vben  tboa  ut  Mcand.  Thylar, 

S9.  To  adhere ;  to  abide. 

Dop^'wulil  Murf  to  tbe  »««d.  DiuatL 

30.  To  be  permanent ;  to  endure ;  not  to  vanish  or 
fade  ;  as,  the  color  will  standi 

Ta  stmnd  fry ;  to  be  near  ;  tn  be  a  spectator  ;  to  be 
preeenL  !  OMd  fry  when  the  operation  was  per- 
formed. This  phrase  generally  implies  that  the  per- 
son is  inactive,  or  takes  no  port  in  what  is  done.  In 
stamen's  UtnguagSy  to  stand  by  is  to  attend  and  l>e 
ready.     Stand  hy  luc  halliards. 

3.  To  be  aside ;  to  be  placed  aside  with  disre- 
ganl. 

In  tbe  net:,  time,  m  let  th?  comnunds  stonf  fty  rf'gf'VtMl. 
Decay  qf  Piet^. 

3.  To  maintain  ;  to  defend  ;  to  support ;  not  to 
deaexL  I  will  stand  hy  my  friend  to  the  last.  Let 
ns  stand  fry  our  country.  "  To  stand  by  the  Arun- 
delian  marbles,"  in  Pope,  is  to  defend  or  support 
tbeir  |>enuineness. 

4.  To  rest  on  for  support ;  to  be  supported. 

Tbii  rep) J  (londMh  bj  eoojectore.  WUtg\f>». 

To  stamd  for ;  to  offer  one's  self  as  a  candidate. 

How  menr  ••«■<,/>»  COOMitAipef — T1in«.  Shak. 

5.  To  side  with ;  to  snpport ;  to  maintain,  or  to 

nfevs  or  allempc  to  maintain.     We  all  stand  for 
idom,  far  our  rtehts  or  claims. 
3.  To  be  in  the  place  of;  to  be  the  substitute  or 
pppreaentative  of.    A  cipht-r  at  the  left  hand  of  a 
flgnre  stamds  far  nothing. 

1  «9  net  treafale  myKl^  wbotter  tlKae  names  ttutd  for  tb"  nme 
ttiktf ,  or  really  indode  one  uKXbor.  Locke. 

A.  Tn  MMMnt's  laMgnage,  to  direct  the  course 
toward. 

To  litand  from :  to  direct  the  course  from. 

To  stand  one  in ;  to  cost.  The  coat  stands  him  ta 
twenty  duUars. 

To  stand  in,  or  stand  in  for,  in  seamen's  langiutge^ 
is  to  direct  a  course  toward  land  or  a  harbor. 

To  stand  off;  to  keep  at  a  distance.  Dryden. 

3.  Not  to  comply.  Shak. 

3.  To  keep  at  a  distance  in  friendship  or  social 
intercourse  ;  to  forbear  intimacy. 

We  tta.nd  qflitym  on  scquninUnc^  with  God.  Atter^ury. 


4.  To  appear  prominent ;  to  have  relief. 

Picture  ift  bcil  wlicn  it  atah>ielh  q/J',  na  il  it  Vcre  carrcii. 

Wotton. 

To  stand  efft  or  off  from,  in  seamen's  loAguage,  is 
to  direct  the  course  m>m  laud. 

To  stand  off  and  on,  is  to  remain  near  a  coast  by 
sailing  toward  land  :ind  then  from  it. 

TV  stand  on ;  to  continue  on  the  same  tnck  or 
course.  .  Tvttcn. 

To  stand  out ;  to  project ;  to  be  prominent. 
Tttinr  cjra  ttand  out  with  fikinon.  —  Pa.  IxxiiL 

Q.  To  persist  in  opiR»sJiion  or  resistance ;  not  to 
yield  or  couiply  j  not  to  give  way  or  recede. 

Ill»af>lrit  tacoine  in, 
That  ao  stood  out  ivgAtitat  ttic  lioly  clmreb.  Shai. 

3.  ^Vith  seameHf  to  direct  Uie  course  from  land  itr  a 
harbor. 

To  stand  to  ;  to  ply  ;  to  urge  efforts  ;  to  persevere. 

Starvi  to  7oiir  tnckle«,  mntrv,  tind  atrrtch  jour  oara.    Dtyden. 

2.  To  remain  fixed  in  a  purpose  or  opinion. 

1  will  aland  tO  it,  that  'Jii*  ia  )i»  aenao.  Sliliin£fieel. 

3.  To  abide  by  ;  to  adhere  ;  as  to  a  contract,  a^iser- 
tion,  promise^  &.C. ;  as,  to  stand  to  an  award ;  to  stand 
to  one*8  word. 

4.  Not  to  yield;  not  to  fiy ;  to  maintain  the 
grxiund. 

Thfir  Mm  and  Tortuna  were  put  la  aafi-tj,  whether  tlicy  ttooet  to 

it  or  niD  awaj.  liacon. 

To  stand  to  sea  .'  to  direct  the  course  from  land. 
To  stand  under;  to  undergo:  to  sustain.       Shak. 
To  stand  up ;  to  rise  from  silting  j  to  be  ou  the 
feet 

2.  To  arise  m  onler  to  gain  notice. 

A^inat  whom,  wb'-n  the  aecuaira  atoorf  up,  th'-y  brought  no 
aocuaaiicu  of  audi  i)iing«  aa  I  aupiwat^.  —  Acta  xxv. 

3.  To  make  a  party. 

^\'bcn  we  tlood  up  about  tlto  eom. 

7%  stand  up  for ;  to  defend  ;  to  justify  ;  tn  support, 
or  attempt  to  support ;  as,  to  statid  up  for  the  uduiin- 
istralion. 

Tit  stand  mptm  {  to  concern  ;  to  interest.  Does  it 
not  sleiuf  i^P^  them  to  examine  the  grounds  of  their 
opinion ?v This  phrase  is,  1  twlieve,  obsolete;  but 
we  say,  it  stands  us  in  kandj  that  is,  it  ia  our  concern, 
it  is  for  our  interest. 

2.  To  value  ;  to  pride. 

We  bifhlj  ertoem  and  eland  much  upon  our  birth.  Ray, 


SKak. 


3.  Tn  insist ;  as,  to  stand  upon  security.        Shak. 

To  stand  with;  to  be  consistent.  7'he  faithful 
servants  of  God  will  receive  what  they  pray  for,  so 
far  as  stands  leitA  his  purposes  and  glory. 

It  eluvta  Mtifc  naaoa  Uwt  Ifaey  aboiild  be  rewaricd  in>rrtllr. 

TV  stand  togttkery  Is  used,  hut  the  last  two  phrases 
are  not  in  very  general  use,  and  are  perhaps  growing 
obsolete. 

To  aand  afainst ;  to  oppose  ;  to  resist 

To  stand  ^st ;  to  be  fixed  ;  to  be  unshaken  or  im- 
movable. 

TV  stand  in  hand;  to  be  important  to  one's  inter- 
est ;  to  he  necessary  or  advantageous.  It  stands  us 
tH  Aand  to  be  on  good  terms  with  our  neighbors. 

TV  Mand  fre ;   to  receive   the  fire   of  an   enemy 
without  giving  way. 
STAND,  ».  u    To  endure ;  to  sustain  j  to  bear.    I  can 
not  utand  the  cold  or  the  beat. 

3.  To  endure ;  to  resist  without  yielding  or  re- 
ceding. 


So  bad  I  ataod  the  aboek  of  angry  bU. 
He  etood  Uic  Turioua  foe. 


Pope. 


3.  To  await ;  to  suffer;  to  abide  by. 

Bal  hlmdiabnnd  the  le^one  — 
And  «Ufld  the  Judgmeol  ul  a  Huiiiah  aeunle.  Addison. 

To  stand  one's  ground  :  to  keep  the  ground  or  sta- 
tion one  baa  taken  ;  to  mainUin  one's  position  ;  in  a 
Kteral  or  figurative  sense ;  as,  an  army  stands  Us 
ground,  when  it  is  not  compelled  to  retreat.  A  man 
stands  his  ground  in  an  arpument,  when  he  is  able  to 
maintain  it,  or  is  not  refuted. 

To  stand  it;  to  bear;  to  be  able  to  endure  trials  ; 
or  to  maintain  one's  ground  or  state  ;  a  popular 
phrase. 

To  stand  Jire;  to  receive  the  fire  of  arms  from  an 
enemy  without  giving  way.   . 

TV  stand  trial,  is  to  sustain  the  trial  or  examination 
of  a  cause  ;  not  to  give  up  without  trial. 
STAND,  n.    [Sans,  stana,  a  place,  a  mansion,  state, 

&.C.] 

1.  A  stop ;  a  halt ;  as,  to  make  a  stand;  to  come 
tea  standi  eitlier  in  walking  or  in  any  progressive 
business.  * 

Tbe  borae  made  a  ektnd,  when  be  ctiargcd  them  nnd  rout^ 
ibem.  Clarendon. 

3.  A  station ;  a  place  or  post  where  one  stands; 
or  a  place  convenient  for  persons  to  remain  for  any 
purpose.  The  sellers  of  fruit  have  their  several 
stands  in  the  market. 

1  took  my  wtartd  upon  an  eminence.  9pectaU>r. 


STA 

3.  An  erection,  or  raised  station  for  spectators,  aa 
at  a  horse-race.  Willis. 

4.  Uiink  ;  post ;  station. 

t'allH T,  ainc-  your  fi>rtutie  dtil  attain 

Su  lil^h  a  etand,  1  iiH-.tU  not  to  (tcac«.-nd.  Daniel. 

[In  lieu  of  this,  STAPfomu  is  now  used.  He  is  a 
man  of  high  standing  in  his  own  country.] 

5.  The  act  of  opposing. 

\Vp  have  eoir>c  oH" 
T.iVr>  Romana ;  nrltlier  foullatt  in  our  elande, 
Niir  cow.iPlly  i«  iriirc.  Shti. 

6.  The  highest  point ;  or  the  ultimate  point  of  pro- 
gression, where  a  stop  is  made,  nnd  regresnive  mo- 
tion commences.  The  j>opnlalion  of  the  world  will 
not  conte  lu  a  stand,  while  the  means  of  stibsislence 
can  be  obtained.  Tht-  prosiwrity  of  the  Roman  em- 
pire came  to  a  stand  in  the  reign  of  Augustus  ;  ader 
which  it  declined. 

Vice  ia  al  *iand,  ami  at  tlw  higlipat  flow.  Dryden. 

7.  A  young  treej^isually  reserved  when  the  other 
trees  are  cut.     [RnirU.th.] 

8.  A  small  table  ;  as,  a  candle-rfanrf;  or  any  frame 
on  which  vessels  nnd  utensils  may  be  laid. 

9.  In  commerce,  a  weight  of  from  two  hundred 
ami  a  half  to  three  hiiniired  of  pilch.  Encyc. 

10.  Soiniibing  on  which  a  thing  rests  or  is  laid  ; 
as,  a  hryy-stiuitl. 

11.  The  place  where  a  witness  stands  to  testify  in 
court. 

Stand  of  arms ;  in  miUtan/  qffair.f,  a  musket  with 
its  usual  appendages,  as  a  bayonet,  carlriiige-Iiox, 
Sec.  Mars/inJI. 

To  be  at  a  stand;  to  stop  on  account  of  some  dmibt 
or  dilhcully;  hence,  to  be  perpb-xed  ;  to  be  em- 
barrassed ;  to  hesitiite  what  to  determine,  or  what 
to  do. 
STAND'ARD,  n.  [It.  stendardo  ;  Fr.  etendard;  Sp.  es- 
tamlarte!  \).  standof^^rd;  G.  standarte ;  stand  and  ard, 
sort,  kind.] 

1.  An  ensign  of  war  ;  a  staff  with  a  flag  or  colors'. 
The  troops  repair  t*i  their  standard.  The  royal 
standard  of  Great  Ilritain  is  a  Hag.  in  which  the  im- 
perial ensigns  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Irclatid 
are  (ptartered  with  the  armorial  bearings  of  Han- 
over. 

His  armira,  in  Ihf  following  day, 
On  those  (itir  pUiina  tlnir  staivlariU  pruml  dUplay.     Fairfax, 

2.  That  which  is  established  by  sovereign  power 
as  a  rule  or  measure  by  which  others  i^re  to  be  ad- 
justed. Thus  the  Winchester  bushel  was  Ibriiierly 
the  suindard  of  measures  in  Great  Uritain,  anil  has 
been  adopted  in  the  United  .States  as  their  standard. 
So  of  weights  and  of  lineal  measure. 

3.  That  which  is  established  as  a  rule  or  model, 
by  the  authority  of  public  opinion,  or  by  respectilile 
opinions,  or  by  custom  or  general  consent ;  as,  wri- 
tings whicl)  are  admitted  to  be  the  .--tamlard  of  style 
and  taste.  Homer's  Hind  is  the  standard  of  heroic 
poetry.  Demosthenes  and  Cicero  are  the  standards 
of  oratory.  Of  modern  eloquence,  we  have  an  ex- 
cellent standard  in  the  sijetiches  of  Lord  Chatham. 
Addison's  writings  furnish  a  good  standard  of  pure, 
chaste,  and  elegant  English  style,  it  is  not  an  easy 
thing  to  erect  a  standard  of  taste. 

4.  In  coinage,  the  proportion  of  weight  of  fine 
metal  and  alloy  established  by  authority.  The  coins 
of  England,  and  of  the  United  States,  are  of  nearly 
the  same  standard. 

By  the  preacnt  standard  of  the  coinage,  siitty-lwo  ahillinjra  ia 
cuinetl  out  of  unc  pound  w.-ight  of  sUvcr.  ^r^u^noL 

5.  A  Standing  tree  or  stem  ;  a  tree  not  supported  or 
attached  to  a  wall. 

Plant  fniit  of  nil  aorta  and  atarxdard,  mural,  or  ahruba  which  loao 
tix'ir  lc;if.  _  Evelyn, 

6.  In  carpentry^  an  upright  support,  as  the  poles  of 
a  scaffold.  Gloss.  ofArchit. 

7.  In  ship~buiUling„  an  inverted  knee  placed  upon 
the  deck  instead  of  beneath  it,  with  its  vertical 
branch  turned  upward  from  that  which  lies  horizon- 
tally. Mar.  Diet. 

q'.  In  botany,  the  upper  petal  or  banner  of  a  papil- 
ionaceous cor(»l.  Jlurtyn. 
STAND'ARD-BKAR'ER,  it.     [standard  and  bear.] 
An  otficer  of  an  army,  company,  or  troop,   that 
bears  a  standard  ;  an  ensign  of  infantry,  or  a  cornet 
of  horse. 
STANI)'-€ROP,  n.     A  plant.                      JilnswoHh. 
STAND'EL,  n.    A  tree  of  long  standing.    [JS7.(  used-l 

Howell. 
STAND'ER,  n.     One  who  stands. 

2.  A  tree  that  lias  stood  long.     {Xot  used.'] 

Jiseham. 
STAND'ER-B?,  n.     One  that  stands  near;  one  that 
is  present ;  a  mere  spectator.         Hooker.    Addison. 
[We  now  more  generally  irse  By-Stander.] 
STAXD'ER-GRXSH,  n.     A  plant  Ainsworth, 

STAXD'ING,  ppr.     Being  on   the   feet;  being   erect 
[See  Stand.] 

2.  Moving  m  a  certain  direction  to  or  from  an  ob- 
ject 

3.  a.  Settled  ;  established,  either  by  law  or  by 
custom,  &.C. ;  continually  existing;  permanent;  not 
temporary  ;  as,  a  standing  xir\v\y.     Money  is  the  stund- 


FaTE,  far,  fall,  WH^T METE,  PREY.  — HNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTB,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 

1076  ^ 


STA 

in^  measTiTe  of  the  value  of  all  other  commodities. 
Legislative  bodies  have  certain  stamliHs^  rules  of  pro- 
cpeding.  Courts  of  law  arc,  or  ought  to  be,  g»»v- 
emed  by  stundttirT  rules.  There  are  standing  ruU's  of 
pleading.  The  gospel  furnishes  us  with  standing 
rules  of  morality.  Tlie  Jews,  by  their  dispersion  and 
their  pri'sent  condition,  are  a  .ttamliatr  evidence  of 
tl»e  truth  of  revelation  and  of  the  prediction  of  Mi>- 
ses.  Many  fa^^hionable  vices  and  follies  ought  to  be 
the  stantling^  objects  of  ridicule. 

4.  Lasting;  not  transitory;  not  liable  to  fade  or 
vanish  ;  as,  a.  standing  color. 

5.  Stagnant;  not  flowing;  as,  irfan(/in«' water. 

6.  Fixed  ;  not  movable ;  as,  a  sUmdiag  bed  ;  dis- 
tinguished from  a  £r«ct/e-bed.  Shak. 

7.  Kemaining  erect;  not  cut  down;  as,  standing 
com. 

Standing  riggings  of  a  ship.  This  consists  nf  the 
cordage  or  ropes  which  sustain  the  masts  and  remain 
fixed  in  their  pot^ition.  Such  are  the  shrouds  and 
stays.  [See  Rigging.] 
STA\D'I\G,  71.  Continuance;  duration  or  exist- 
ence; as,  a  custom  of  long  standing. 

2.  Possession  of  an  office,  character,  or  place  ;  as, 
a  patron  or  offici-r  of  long  standing. 

3.  Station  ;  place  to  stand  in. 

I  will  provide  you  with  a.  good  ulanditig  lo  aee  hia  entry.  Bacon. 

4.  Power  to  stand. 

I  siiik  in  doep  mire,  where  there  b  no  standing.  —  P«.  Ixix. 

5.  Rank  ;  condition  in  society ;  as,  a  man  of  good 
standing,  or  of  high  standing,  among  his  friends. 

Standing  off";  sailing  from  the  land. 
Standing  on :  sailing  to  land. 

[Irving  uses  the  nouns  standings  off  and  standings 
on.) 
STAND'-POIN'Tln.  A  fixed  pt>int  or  station  ;  a  basis 
or  fundamental  principle;  a  position  t'rom  which 
things  are  viewed.  [From  the  Oerlnan.] 
STAND'ISH,  n.  [stand  and  dish.]  A  case  for  pen 
and  ink. 

I  b«iii^sth  to  Dean  Swill  my  large  lil^er  ttandUh.  Svi/t, 

STAXD'-STILL,  n.     A  standing  without  moving  for- 
ward. BlaekiOoodL 
STaXE,  n.     [Sax.  stan  ] 

A  ^tune.     [fjoeal.]     [See  Stone.] 
ST.'iNG,  n.    [Sax.  sLxng,  steng,  a  pule  or  stick  ;  Dan. 
stang  ;   G.  stange  ;  Sw.  stang  :  It.  stanga,  a  bar  ;  W. 
ystang,  a  pole  or  perch ;  allied  to  sting  and  stanchion  ; 
from  shooting.] 

1.  A  pole,  rod,  or  perch ;  a  measure  of  land.  [JVbe 
tn  ».<f.]  StDift. 

a.  A  long  bar ;  a  pole  ;  a  shaft. 
To  ride   the  stang,  is  to  be  carried  on  a  pole  on 
men's  shoulders,  in  derision.     [Lor,ai.]  Tadd, 

STA.N'G,  p.  £.     To  shoot  with  p;tin.     [Local.]       Orose. 
8TAN'H0PE,7I.  a  light,  iwo-whecled  carnage,  with- 
out a  top,  so  called  from  Lord  Stanhope,  for  whom  it 
was  contrived.  Encyc.  o/Dom.  Econ. 

STA\K,  o.     Weak ;  worn  out,     [JVot  in  use,] 

Spenser. 
STANK,  r.  i.     To  sigh.     [JVot  used.] 
S'I'AXK,  old  pret.  of  Stikk.    Sti;nk  is  now  used. 
STA.NK,  n.     [W.  y.^tanc.     See  Stanch.] 
A  dam  or  mound  to  stop  water.     [Local.] 

miliweU. 
STAN'\A-Ry,  a.     [from   L.  ^Cannum,  tin;    Ir.^tan; 
VV.  ystaen.    See  Tis.j 
Relating  to  the  tin  works  j  as,  gtannary  courts. 
SUickstontt 
STAN'NA-RY,  n.    A  tin  mine.  HaiL 

STA.N'.VATB,  n.     [L.  stannum,  tin.] 

A  i*nlt  formed  of  stannic  acid  united  with  a  base. 
STAN'.VEL,  (n.    The  kestn  1,  a  species  of  hawk; 
STAX'VEL,  \      called  also  Sto.-*e-G*i.l  and  VViso- 

IIoTER.     [LoeaL]  Kd.  F.ncye. 

STA.N'N'ie,  a.     [L.  stannum^  tin.]     Pertaining  to  tin  ; 
prorur*'d  from  tin  ;  as,  the  stannic  arid.        Lacvi-iier. 
STANNIC  ACID,  n.     The  deuiiixyd  4.f  tin,  which 
performs  the  functions  of  an  acid,  uniting  with  bases, 
and  ft»rininc  sall-i  called  Stasnatei. 
STAN-NIF'ER-OL'S,  a.    [L.  stannttm  and  fero.]    Con- 
taining or  affording  tin.  Urr. 
STAN'ZA,   n.      (It.   stanza^  an   abode  or  lodginc,  a 
ct-inza,  that  is,  a  stop ;  Sp.  and  Port,  cstancia^  from 
Cftanear,  to  stop  ;  Fr.  stance.     See  Stanch.] 

I.  In  porfrr/,  a  number  i>f  lines  or  versf)' connected 
with  each  other,  and  ending  in  a  full  point  nr  pause  ; 
n  part  of  a  poem,  ordinarily  containing  every  varia- 
tion of  measure  in  that  p<iem.  A  stanza  may  ccm- 
tnin  versos  of  a  diflbrent  b-ngth  or  number  of  aylla- 
blirs,  and  a  ditTerent  number  of  verses  ;  or  it  may 
consist  of  verses  of  equal  length.  Stnn/.as  are  said 
to  have  been  first  introduced  from  the  Italian  into 
French  poetry  about  the  year  15S0,  and  thence  they 
were  introduced  into  England.  The  Vl^^^^)nN  of  the 
Psalms  present  examples  of  various  kinds  of  stan- 
zas. 

llonc^  eonflnea  himiclf  to  one  lort  of  vcrae  or  tUtnxa  In  rvery 
ode.  Dryden. 

a".  In  architecture^  an  apartment  or  division  in  a 
building. 
STAN  ZA'IC,  a.     Consisting  in  9tin74is. 


STA 

STAPH'V-LINE,(8tar-,)  a.  [Gr.ra^i'X^,  a  bunch  of 
grapes.]  In  mineralogy^  having  the  form  of  a  bunch 
»if  grapes  ;  botryoidaC  Shepard. 

STAPH-Y-LO'MA,  n.  [Gr.  (rraAT>>i,  a  grape,  and 
oj/i(i,  a  termination  in  nosology  denoting  external 
protuberance?.] 

The  name  of  a  disease  of  the  eye,  characterized 
by  enlargement  of  the  eyeball,  protuberance  of  the 
cornea,  and  dimness  or  entire  abolition  of  sighL 
Nosologists  reckon  three  varieties  of  this  disease: 
I,  with  a  preternatural  quantity  of  some  one  or 
more  of  the  humors,  the  pupil  being  transparent, 
sometimes  called  UvoBOPHTHALMrA;  2,  withanetTu- 
siun  of  pus,  the  pupil  being  cloudy,  sometimes  called 
Onyx  ;  and  3,  with  a  rupture  of  the  iris,  and  its  pro- 
trusion against  the  cornea,  constituting  a  grape-like 
tumor,  the  sight  being  destroyed,  sometimes  called 
IlypopRiuM.  J.M.  Qood. 

STAPH-Y-LOR'A-PriY,  (staf-e-lor'a-fe,)  n.  [Gr. 
r<i0uAr/  and  ^a^*/,  a  suture,  from  ^utttoj.] 

A  surgical  suture  of  tiie  palate,  for  the  purpose  of 
uniting  the  edges  of  a  fissure. 

STA'PLE,  (sta'pl,)  Tu  [Sax.  stapel,  stapul,  a  slake; 
D.  stapd,  a  pile,  stocks,  staple  ;  stapelen,  to  pile  ;  G. 
stapel,  a  stake,  a  pile  or  heap,  a  staple,  stocks,  a 
mart ;  Sw.  stapel;  Dan.  sUibel,  a  staple  ;  stabler,  to 
pile;  stabbe,  a  block  or  lug;  stab,  a  staff.  We  see 
this  word  is  from  the  root  of  staff.  The  primarj' 
sense  of  the  root  is,  to  set,  to  fix.  Staple  is  that 
which  is  fixed,  or  a  fixed  place,  or  it  is  a  pits  or 
store.] 

1.  A  settled  marl  or  market ;  on  emporium.  In 
England,  formerly,  the  king's  A(ap/c  was  established 
in  certain  ports  or  towns,  and  certain  goods  could 
not  be  exported,  wiilioiit  being  first  hrouglit  to  these 
ports,  to  be  rated  and  charged  with  the  duty  payable 
tt)  the  king  or  public.  'I'he  principal  commodities  on 
which  customs  were  levied,  were  v>ool,  skins,  and 
If-athcr,  and  these  were  originally  the  staple  commod- 
ities. Hence,  the  words  staple  cmnmodities  came  in 
time  to  signify  the  principal  commodities  produced 
by  a  country  for  cxiiorUiiion  or  use.  Thus,  cotton  is 
the  staple  commodity  of  Soutli  Carolina,  Georgia,  and 
other  Stmihern  States  of  America.  Wheat  is  the  sta- 
ple of  Pennsylvania  and  New  York. 

2.  A  city  or  town  where  merchants  agree  to  carry 
certain  commodities. 

3.  A  principal  commodity  or  production  of  a  coun- 
try or  districL 

4.  I'tie  thread  or  pile  of  wool,  cotton,  or  flax. 
Thus  we  say,  this  is  wool  of  a  coarse  staple,  or  fine 
staple.  In  America,  cotton  is  of  a  sliort  staple,  long 
staple,  fine  Maple,  &.c.  The  cotton  of  siiort  staple  is 
raised  on  the  upland ;  the  sea-island  cotton  is  of  a 
fine,  long  staple. 

5.  Figuraticclyy  the  material  or  substance  of  a 
tiling;  as,  the  staple  of  a  literary  production. 

6.  [W.  y.itirfwL]  A  loop  of  iron,  or  a  bar  or  wire 
bent  and  formed  with  two  points,  to  be  driven  into 
Wood,  to  hold  a  hook,  pin,  ice.  Pope. 

Staple  of  land;  the  paiticular  nature  and  quality  of 
land. 
STA'PLE,  o.    Settled;  established  in  commerce;  as, 
a  staple  trade. 

2.  According  to  the  laws  of  commerce  ;  marketa- 
ble ;  fit  to  be  sold.     [J^ot  much  used.]  Sis^fl. 

3.  Chief;  principal ;  regularly  produced  or  made 
for  market ;  as,  staple  ciunmodities. 

[  This  is  note  the  most  general  acceptation  of  the 
word.] 

STA'PLER,  n.     A  dealer;  as,  a  wool  stapler. 

STAR,ti.  [Sax.  steorra;  Dan.  and  Sw.  sticma;  G. 
stern  ;  D.  star  ;  Arm.  and  Corn,  steren ;  Basque,  zar~ 
ra;  Gr.  atrTrjj) ;  Sans,  Card, *  llengat,  ^tara  ;  Pehlavi, 
setaram  ;  Pers.  sttareh  or  stara  ;  VV.  seren.] 

1.  An  apparently  small,  luminous  body  in  the 
heavens,  that  shines  in  the  night,  or  when  its  light  is 
not  obscured  by  cloudti,  or  lost  in  the  brighter  efl'ul- 
gencu  uf  the  sun.  Stars  are  fixeit  or  planetary.  TJie 
fixed  stars  are  known  by  their  perpetual  twinkling, 
and  by  their  being  always  in  the  same  positiim  in  rela- 
tion to  each  other.  The  planet-s,  or  wandering  stars, 
do  not  twinkle,  and  they  revolve  about  the  sun.  The 
fixed  stars  are  roui^id^-rrd  by  astronomers  to  be  suns, 
and  their  imuienrte  nurnbcrs  exhibit  the  astonishing 
extent  of  creatiDii  and  uf  divine  power. 

2.  The  pole-titar.  A  bright  rtar  in  the  tail  of  Ursa 
Minor,  ro  called  from  its  being  very  near  Uie  north 
pole.     [.4  particular  application,  not  in  use.]       Shak. 

3.  In  astrology',  a  configuration  of  the  planets,  sup- 
posed to  influence  fortune.  Hence  the  expression, 
•'  You  may  thank  yimr  stars  for  such  and  such  an 
event" 

A  pair  of  «bir-cro«ar-d  lorcra.  Shak. 

4.  The  figure  of  a  star ;  a  radiated  mark  in  writ- 
ing or  printing  ;  an  asterisk  ;  thus  *  ;  used  as  a  ref- 
erence to  a  note  in  the  margin,  or  to  fill  a  blank,  ii> 
writing  or  printing,  where  letters  are  omitted. 

5.  In  Scripture,  Christ  la  called  the  bright  and  morn- 
ing star,  the  star  that  ushers  in  the  light  of  an  eter- 
nal day  to  hia  peopli;.     Hetj.  xxii. 

Ministers  arc  al.^o  called  stars  in  Chn'sV.t  right  hand, 
as,  being  supimrtod  and  directed  by  Christ,  they  con- 


STA 

vey  light  and  knowledge  to  the  followers  of  ChrtBt. 

Jiec.  i. 

The  twelve  stars  which  form  the  crown  of  the 
church,  are  the  twelve  apo^^tles.     Rev.  xii. 

C.  A  peri^on  of  brilliant  and  attractive  qualities 
ou  some  public  occasion ;  a  tliealricol  perform- 
er, Sec. 

7.  I'he  figure  of  a  star ;  a  badge  of  rank ;  as,  stars 
and  garters. 

8.  A  distinguisbcd  and  brilliant  theatrical  per- 
former. 

Star  of  Bethlehem ;  a  flower  and  bulbous  plant  of 
the  genus  Ornithogalum.  There  is  also  the  star  of 
Alexandria,  and  of  Naples,  and  of  Coin^tantinqplc,  of 
the  same  genua.  Cye.     Lee. 

STAR,  V.  t.  To  set  or  adorn  with  stars,  or  bright,  ra- 
diating bodies ;  to  bespangle  ;  as,  a  rube  starred  with 
gems. 

STAR'-AP-PLE,  (-ap'pl,)  n.  The  popular  name  of 
several  species  of  ChrysophyUum,  evergreen  trees 
whoso  fruit  is  esculent.  Chrysophylluni  Cainito  is 
the  most  important  Bj>ccies.  They  grow  in  inter- 
tropical climates. 

STAR'-CIlAM-liER,  n.  Formerly,  a  court  of  crim- 
inal jurisdiction  in  England,  wiiirh  exercised  exten- 
sive powers  during  the  reigns  of  Henry  VIII.  and  his 
successors.  This  court  was  aboHshed  by  stjit.  IQ 
Charles  I.     See  BlackMone,  B.  iv.  ch.  xix. 

STAR'-CROWN-Z^D,  a.    Crowned  with  stars. 

STAK'-KN-CtR'CLKD,  a.    Encircled  with  stars. 

STAR'-FISH,  K.  [star  and  Jhh.]  A  marino  animal ; 
the  sea-star  or  Asterias,  a  genus  of  pedicellate  ech- 
inoderma  or  zoophytes,  so  named  because  their  body 
is  divided  into  rays,  generally  five  in  number,  in  the 
center  of  which  and  below  Id  the  mouth,  which  is 
the  only  orifice  of  the  alimentary  canal.  They  are 
covered  with  a  coriaceous  skin,  armed  with  points 
and  spines,  and  pierced  with  numerous  small  holes, 
arranged  in  regular  series,  through  which  pjiss  mem- 
branaceous tcntacula  or  feelers,  terminated  each  by  a 
little  di.^k  or  cup,  by  means  of  which  they  execute 
their  progressive  motions.  Cuvicr. 

STAR'-FI<OW-ER,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Orni- 
thogalum. Cyc. 
2.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Stellaria.  Lee. 

STAR'-FoRT,  n.  A  fort  surrounded  on  the  exterior 
with  projecting  angles;  hence  the  name. 

STAR'-GAZER,  n.  [star  and  gazer.]  One  who  gazes 
at  Uie  stars  ;  a  term  of  contempt  for  an  astrologer, 
sometimes  used  ludicrously  for  an  astronomer. 

STAR'-GAZ-ING,n.  The  act  or  practice  of  observing 
tjie  stjirs  with  attention-;  astrology.  Swift. 

STAR'-GRASS,  n.  [star  and  grass.]  Starry  duck 
meat,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Callitriche,  and  one  also 
of  the  genus  Aletris.  Lee. 

STAR'-IIAVVK,  n.    A  species  of  hawk  so  called. 

Jiinsworth. 

STAR'-HT'A-CINTH,  n.  A  bulbous  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Scilla. 

S'rAR'-JEL-LY,n.  A  plant,  the  Tremella,  one  of  the 
Fungi ;  also,  star-shoot,  a  gelatinous  subslance  which 
is  also  a  Tremella. 

STAK'-LED,  a.     Guided  by  the  stars. 

STAU'-LIKE,  a.  [star  and  like,]  Resembling  a  star  i 
stellated  ;  radiated  like  u  star ;  as,  starlike  flowers. 

Jilorlimcr. 
S.  Bright;  illustrious. 

The  hnvinir  turm>il  many  to  rigliteouanesa  shall  coufcr  ti  tmrlikt 
and  limiiorUkl  brlglttueu.  Boyle. 

STAR'-PAV-JSD,  a.  [star  and  paved.]  Studded  with 
stars. 

The  road  of  heaven,  itar-paved.  Milton, 

STAR'-PROOF,  a.    [star  and  proof,]    Impervious  to 

the  light  of  the  stars  ;  as,  a  star-proof  elm.      Milton, 
STAR'-Rr..\D,  n.      [star  arnX  read.]     Doctrine  of  the 

stars;  nslronfmiy,     f ^Vot  i«  iwcj  Spenser. 

STAR'-ROOF-CD,  (-rooft,)  a.  Roofed  with  stars. 
STAR'-SIIOOT,  71.  [star  and  shoot,]  A  gelatinous 
substance  often  fnund  in  wet  meaduws,nnd  formerly 
by  some  supposed  tube  (he  extinguished  residuum  of 
a  shooting  star.  It  is,  however,  not  of  meteoric,  hut 
of  vegetable  origin;  being  a  fungus  of  the  genus 
Tremella- 

1  have  Bpcn  n  good  (luantity  of  that  Jrlly,  by  the  vulgnr  cnllfd  a. 
ttar-ahool,  a»  it  it  r<.iuuitiud  upoa  the  exiiitcttuii  ul  n  Tilling 
Btiir.  Bacon, 

STAR'-SPAN"GLED,  (-spang-gld,)  a.  Spangled  with 
stars.  F..  Kverctt, 

STAR'-STONE,  n.  A  variety  of  sapphire,  which,  in 
a  certain  direction,  presetits  a  reflection  of  light  in 
the  form  of  a  star.  Brande. 

STAR'-THIS-TLE,  (this'l,)  n.  An  annual  plant  of 
the  genus  Centaurca. 

STAR'-VVORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Aster.  The 
species  are  shrubby  or  herbaceous,  and  their  flowers 
resemble  small  stars^  Loudon. 

I'he  yelloiD  startoort  is  of  the  genus  Inula  or 
Elecampane. 

STAR'nOARD,  n.  [Sax,  steor-board;  G.  steucrbort,  as 
if  from  sleucr,  the  rudiler  or  helm  ;  D.  stuur-burd,j\9 
as  if  from  staur,  helm  ;  Sw.  and  ])an.  styr-bord.  But 
in  Fr.  stribord,  Sp.  estribor.  Arm.  stnjbuuri  or  stri- 
bourh,  are  said  to  bo   contracted   from   dczter-bord. 


TONE,  BUU^,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— C  aa  K;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


STA 

right-side.    Star-bord  is  from  ifew-JVorrf,  tlie  tiller  be- 
iiif;  oil  t)ie  ri^ht  band  of  the  steersniiin.] 

The  rinhi  hnnd  side  of  a  ship  or  bojil,  wliPii  a  spt^c- 
tator  siaiiiU  with  his  lace  toward  Uie  iiead,  steiii,  or 
pr»»vv. 

STAR'BOARD,  a.  Pcrtaininstotbe  rijrht-hand  side  of 
a  ship;  being  or  lying  on  the  right  side  ;  ii.s,  the  5tar- 
6oar(i  shroudit ;  starftynrrf  quarter  ;  starbvard  Uxck.  In 
frfamannhip^  starboard,  MlUrcil  by  the  master  of  ashi|>, 
is  an  order  to  the  hehnsman  to  put  the  helm  to  the 
starboard  sidn.  -Var.  />icl. 

STXRCH,  M.  [Sax.  steare,  ri?id,  stiff;  G.  starke, 
strength,  starch,  start,  strong;  D.  strrk,  D:\n.stark, 
8\v.  s(ark,  strong;.    See  Stabi:  and  Steeb.] 

A  substance  used  to  stitleii  linen  and  other  cloth. 
It  is  the  farina  or  fecnia  of  \-arions  vegetables,  a  sub- 
stance which  is  a  white  solid  with  no  smell,  and 
with  very  little  taste,  and  whicli,  when  squeezed  be- 
twivn  the  fingers,  gives  a  veo'  peculiar  sound.  It  is 
insoluble  in  cold  water,  but  with  boitin;*  water  it 
forms  a  jelly  very  nearly  tran^parenu  Iodine  forms, 
with  b-tnrchja  blue  c«>mpound,  and  hence  is  the  best 
test  of  its  presence.  Starch  forms  the  great-'iit  pi»r- 
tion  of  all  farinaceous  sfibstances,  particularly  of 
wheat  flour,  and  it  is  the  chi*'f  ingredient  of  bread. 

STARCH,  a.    Stiff;  precise;  rigid.  KiUingheck. 

STARCH,  r.  /.    To  stiffen  with  starch.  Gaa. 

STARCH'£D,  (sUlrcht,)   pp.  or  a.      Stiffened    with 
starch. 
•2.  a.    Stiff;  precise;  formal.  Swift. 

STXRCH'JSD-NESS,  n.  Stiffness  in  manners;  fiy- 
tnality.  AdH'usoiu 

STARCH'ER,n.  One  who  starches,  or  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  starch.  Johnson. 

eTARCH'-HY'A-CINTH,  n  A  plant,  the  Muscari 
racemosum,  of  the  same  naiuml  ordir  with  the  hy- 
acinth, and  named  fnim  the  smell  of  the  tlower.  It 
is  a  native  of  Britain,  and  a  garden  [ilant  in  the 
United  Stales.  Loudon. 

STXRCH'ING,  ppr.    Stiffening  with  stircb, 

STARCU'LY,  *iij.  With  stiffness  of  manner;  for- 
ma 1 1  v. 

STARCU'XESS,  «.  Stiffness  of  manner;  preclse- 
ness. 

STARCirV,  0.  Consisting  of  surch  ;  resembling 
Ftnrch  ;  stiff;  precise 

STARi:,  n,     [Sax.  ster;  G.  staKr;  Sw.  rtor*,] 
A  bird,  the  starling,  or  Sturnus. 

STARE,  r.  i.  [8a». Marian  j  Dan.  stirrrr :  Sw.  stirra ; 
G.  ttmmm  .*  D.  ttmartm.  In  Sw.  stirra  ut  fiusren  is  to 
spread  oae^  fingen.  The  sense,  then,  is,  to  open, 
or  extend,  and  it  seems  to  b^  closely  allied  lo  G.  FtarTj 
stiff,  and  to  ftortA,  stem^  which  imply  straining,  ten- 
sion.] 

1.  To  gar* ;  to  look  witli  fixed  eyes  wide  open ; 
to  fasten  an  earne-;t  look  on  sikme  objert.  Staring 
is  produced  by  wondvr,  surprise,  stupidity,  horr.T, 
(bight,  and  sometimes  by  eagerness  to  hoar  or  learn 
something,  aonelimes  by  impudence.  We  say,  he 
atared  witti  astonishment 

Look  not  hig,  nor  atert,  nor  (nt.  Stiak. 

S.  To  stand  otit ;  to  be  prominent 

Tftkr  off  itll  the  ttaring  itriiwa  and  ji;^  in  the  h^<^.      [Not 
umtd.\  Mortimer. 

7>>  start  in  the  face ;  to  be  before  the  eyes,  or  un- 
deniably evident 

Tbe  law  gftirec  them  iu  the  dee,  while  they  arc  breaking  it. 

Locke. 

STXRE,  n.    A  fixed  look  with  eyes  wide  open. 

I>ryden. 
STAR'ER,  K.     One  who  stares  or  gazes. 
STaR'IA'G,  ppr.  or  a.    Gazing ;  looking  with  fixed 

eves. 
STAR'ING-LY,  flrfp.    Gazinglv. 
BTARK,  s.     [Sai.«(rrc,5f^arc;D.jrtrt-i.*G.*terfc,  stiff, 

Mrong ;  formed  on  the  root  of  the  G.  starr,  stiff,  rigid, 

Eng.  steer ;  from  strainin^j  strttching.    See  Starch 

and  Steer.] 
1.  Stiff;  strong;  ragged. 

Many  I,  noMmwji  tin  «flrrt  mad  ttilT 

Utuln'  tbe  faoo&  of  rkuntioir  enemies.  Stutk, 

TIk  north  JB  col  K)  «inr4  u)<l  colli.     (06».)  B.  Jonton. 

%  Deep ;  full ;  profound  j  absolute. 

Connier  th<^  xtirlr  srcurilj 

Tbe  commcowcdth  M  to  dov.    (06a.]  B,  Janton. 

3.  Mere  ;  gross  ;  absolate. 

He  pronounces  tbe  du^oo  rtiHt  oonarrnse.  Colder. 

STXRK,  adr.  Wholly  ;  entirely  ;  absolutely  ;  as,  stark 
mad  ;  stark  blind  ;  stark  naked.  These  are  the  prin- 
cipal applications  of  this  word  now  in  use.  7'he 
word  is  in  popular  use,  but  not  an  elegant  word  in 
any  of  iis  application?. 

STARK'LY,  fliic.    Stiffly ;  stronirly.     [Obs.}     Shak. 

STAR'LESS,  a.  Having  no  stars  visible,  or  no  star- 
light ;  as,  a  gtarUss  night  JiliUon.     Dryden. 

STA R'LIGHT,  (-lite,)  n.  [star  and  U-Tht,]  The  light 
proceeding  from  the  ^ars. 

Kor  wnXk  by  noon. 
Or  giliterinj  gtarUght,  without  th^  a  aweeL  Mi'Jon. 

STXR'LIGHT,  C-liTe,)  a.  Lighted  by  the  stars,  or  by 
the  stars  only  ;  as,  a  starlight  evening.        JDryden, 


'is.     LXot  in  use.] 

'AR'RY,  a.    [from  rfar.]    Abounding  with  etars ; 


STA 

STXR'IJNG,  n.     [Sax.  stArr:  Sw.  *Mre.] 

1.  A  binl  of  Ihe  genus  Siurnus,  Linn.,  also  called 
Stare.  'I'he  Auiericun  siarlini;  is  better  known  by 
the  name  of  Me\pow-Lark.  Ptabody. 

3.  A  name  given  to  piles  driven  round  the  piers  of 
a  bridge  for  defensi;  and  supiH'rt. 

STAR'OST,  M.  In  Pulatid,  a  nobleman  who  possessed 
n  sianwiy. 

STAR'OS-TY,  a.  In  Poland,  a  name  given  to  castles 
and  domains  conferred  on  noblemen  for  life  by  the 
crown.  Brande, 

STAR'RKD,  (stftrd,)  pp.  or  o.     [fVom  star.]     Adorned 
or  studded  witli  etars  ;  us,  the  starred  queen  of  Ethi- 
opia. JiJilton, 
"H.  Influonccd  in  fortune  by  the  stirs. 

My  third  Cdmrort 
S^arr»d  moat  uitluckily.  Sftai. 

STAR'RIXG,  ppr.  or  o.    Adorning  with  stara. 

Shining;  bright;  sparkling;  as,  starring  com- 
ets. 

STA 
adurned  witli  'stars. 

Above  U»e  clouiU,  bbove  the  tUrry  aty.  Pope. 

2.  Consisting  of  stars  ;  stellar  ;  slellary  ;  proceed- 
ing from  tho  stars  ;  as,  starry  light ;  starry  flame. 

Spenser.     I^ryden. 

3.  Shining  like  stars;  resembling  stars;  ns,  stiimj 
nvcfi.  Shak. 

START,  p.  i.  [D.  storten,  tn  pour,  to  spill,  to  fall,  to 
rush,  to  tumble  ;  Sw.  stUrta,  to  roll  upon  the  head,  to 
pilch  hfadiony  ;  qu.  G.  stiirirn.  In  Sax.  .fteort  is  a 
tail,  that  is,  a  shoot  or  projection;  hcnco  tlie  prom- 
ontory so  called  in  lievonshire.  'i'he  word  seems 
to  be  a  derivative  from  the  root  of  star,  atrer.  Tbe 
primary  sense  is,  to  shoot,  to  dart  suddenly,  or  to 
eprinp.] 

1.  To  move  suddenly,  as  if  by  a  twitch  ;  as,  to  start 
in  steep,  or  by  a  sudden  spasm. 

3.  To  move  suddinly,  as  by  an  involuntary  shrink- 
ing fruRi  sudden  fear  or  alann. 

I  tiart  aa  frotn  aome  dt^ajrul  drpam.  Z>rffden. 

3.  To  move  witli  sudden  quickness,  as  with  a 
spring  or  leap. 

A  apLrit  fit  to  atari  into  nn  empiref 

Aud  looik  the  world  lo  Uw.  fhyden. 

4.  To  Bhrink ;  to  wince. 

But  if  he  alsrt, 
It  b  die  Scsh  of  a  corrupted  hcun.  S?iak. 

5.  To  move  suddenly  aside ;  to  deviate  ;  generally 
with  fromt  out  of,  or  aside. 

The  old  ilnidgiiig  sun,  from  h'lB  lonj  ti^xton  way, 

Btinll  M  thy  roto;  atsri  nml  ir.ui;uiiii<  the  (hy.  Cfitiey. 

Kevp  yuur  aoid  to  tbe  wurk  whfu  m«dy  to  atari  naide.     H'ntta. 

6.  To  set  out ;  to  commence  a  race,  as  from  a  bar- 
rier or  goal.    The  horses  started  at  the  word  ''  go." 

At  onc«  tbcy  atari,  udvaiidng  in  k  line.  Diyden. 

7.  To  sit  out;  to  commence  a  journey  or  enter- 
prise.   The  public  coaches  start  at  six  o'clock. 

Wlwn  two  aUirt  iulo  the  world  togieUier.  Collier. 

To  start  up ;  to  rise  suddenly,  as  from  a  seat   or 
couch ;  or  to  come  suddenly  Into  notice  or  impor- 
tance, 
STA  RT,  V.  t    To  alarm ;  to  disturb  suddenly ;  to  star- 
tle ;  to  rouse. 

Upon  mnlidous  brnTery  dost  tbou  come 

To  etarl  my  quiet  ?  Simk. 

2.  To  rouse  suddenly  from  concealment ;  to  cause 
to  flee  or  fly;  as,  to  start  a  hare  or  a  woodcock  ;  to 
start  game.  Pope. 

3.  To  bring  into  motion  ;  to  produce  suddenly  to 
view  or  notice. 

Btutua  will  ttart  a  aprit  as  aoon  m  Ces-ir,  ShaJc. 

Tbe  prcwnl  occasion  haa  atarled  the  dispute  among  ua.    Lesley. 

So  we  say,  to  start  a  question,  to  start  an  objection ; 
that  is,  to  suggest  or  propose  anew. 

4.  To  invent  or  discover ;  to  bring  within  pursuit. 

Seofiinl   men  a^ree  in  tlie  pursuit  or  every  pleasure  thev  can 
#»rL  Temple. 

5.  To  move  suddenly  from  its  place  ;  to  dislocate; 
as,  to  start  a  bone. 

One  ttarUd  the  end  of  the  clavicle  from  the  alfTnum.   M^eeman. 

6.  To  empty,  as  liquor  from  a  cask  ;  to  pour  out ; 
as,  to  start  wine  into  another  cask.  Mar.  Diet. 

START,  n.    A  sudden  m<jtioii  of  the  body  ;  a  sudden 
twitch  ;  a  spastic  affection  ;  as,  a  start  in  sleep. 
3.  A  sudden  motion  from  alarm. 

The  frig+il  awakened  Arctte  wiih  a  atari.  Dn/den, 

3.  A  sudden  rousing  to  action ;  a  spring ;  excite- 
ment 

Now  fear  1  thia  will  give  it  a'jirt  a^in.  ShaJc. 

4.  Sally;  sudden  motion  or  effusion;  a  bursting 
forth  ;  as,  starts  of  fancy. 

To  check  the  atarta  and  aaJIiea  of  the  soul.  Ad^aon. 

5.  Sudden  fit;  sudden  motion  followed  by  inter- 
mission. 

For  ahe  did  spoak  in  etnrU  diatnicteflly.  Slmk. 

Nature  iloca  uothiiig  by  ttarls  and  leaps,  or  In  a  hmrr. 

L^  Estrange. 


STA 

6.  A  quick  spring  ;  a  darting  ;  a  shout ;  a  push ;  as, 
lo  give  a  start. 

Boili  Ciww  tlin  fciriog  to  give  a  quickor  atarL  Bacon. 

7.  First  motion  from  a  place ;  act  of  setting  out 

The  afnrl  of  lint  p^Tfonnnnce  is  all.  Bacon. 

You  stAnd  like  ^rryboiuids  in  Itie  slipa, 

SirtUnliig  upou  Ctic  alurl.  Shak. 

To  get  tfia start;  to  begin  before  another;  to  gain 
the  Bovantage  in  a  similar  undertaking. 

Oet  the  atari  of  tlie  majestic  world.  Shak. 

^he  niiglit  bave  IwrsakeD  liini,  il'  he  had  not  got  tit*  atari  ul'  tier. 

Oryden. 

START,  n,    A  projection  ;  a  push  ;  a  horn  ;  a  tail.    In 

the  hitter  aen^e  it  occurs  in  the  name  of  tlie  bird  rod- 

start..     Hence,  the  start,  in  Devonshire. 
STAKT'El),  pp.    Suddenly  roused  ur  alarmed  ;  poured 

out,  as  a  liquid  ;  discovered  ;  proposed  ;  prtwiuced  to 

view. 
START'ER,  n.  One  that  starU;  one  that  shrinks  from 

his  purpose.  Uudibras. 

2.  One  that  suddenly  moves  or  suggests  a  question 
or  an  objei-iion. 

3.  A  dog  that  rouses  game.  Dclany. 
START'FUL,  a.     Apt  to  start ;  skittish. 
START'FyL-NESS,  n.     Aptness  to  start 
S'J'ART'lNG,   ppr.      Moving  suddenly  ;   shrinking  ; 

rousing  ;  commencing,  ns  a  journey,  &c 
STAR'I''ING,  ji.    'J'he  act  of  moving  suddenly. 
STARTTNG-lloLE,  «.   A  Iwnhole  ;  evasion.  .fl/ar(m. 
S'J'AKT'INO-hY,  adv.     Hy  sudden  fits  or  starts.  Siiak. 
START'ING-I'OST,   v.      [start  and  post]      A  i>ost, 

stake,  barrier,  or  place,  from  which  competitors  in  a 

race  siuri,  or  begin  the  race. 
START'll^H,  a.     Apt  to  start ;  skittish  ;  shy. 
START'LE,miin'l,)».  J,   [dim.  of  A7«rt]   To  shrink  ; 

to  move  suddenly,  tw  be  excited,  oh  feeling  a  sudden 

alarm. 

Why  Bhrinks  (he  soiil 
Back  on  hcrecir,  and  atarUea  at  dcsirucLioa  i  Addison. 

START'LE,  V.  t.  To  impress  with  fear;  to  excite  by 
sudden  alarm,  surprise,  or  apprehension  ;  lo  shock  ; 
lo  alarm ;  to  fright  We  were  startled  at  the  cry  of 
distress.  Any  great  and  unexpected  event  is  apt  lo 
startle  us. 

Thii  suppusiiion  that  angels  awnime  bodies,  need  not  atarfe  ua. 

l.ocke. 
2.  To  deter;  to  cause  to  deviate.     [Little  used.] 
Clarenilon. 
STXRT'IiE,  n.    A  sudden  motion  or  shock  occasioned 
by  an  unex|>fcted  alarm,  surprise,  or  apprehension  of 
danger  ;  sudden  impression  of  terror. 

Aller  hfiving  recovered  from  my  li«l  atorl/e,  I  waa  w.-l!  pl.\i»:d 
with  Uw  acciilent.  Sjiectnlor. 

START'LKD,  pp.  Suddenly  moved  or  shocked  by  an 
impression  of  fear  or  surprise. 

START'LING,  ppr.  ct  a.  Suddenly  impressing  with 
fear  or  surprise. 

START'L!NG-LY,  adv.     In  a  startling  manner. 

START'-UP,  n,  [start  ain\  vp.]  One  that  comes  sud- 
denly into  notice.  [JV«t  u^cd.  We  use  Upstart.]  Shale. 
2.  A  kind  of  high  shoe.  Hall. 

STAKT'-tJP,  a.  Suddenly  coming  into  notice.  [JVot 
«-"«/■]  fVarhnrtutt. 

STARV  A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  starving  or  state  of 
being  starved. 

STARVE,  V.  i.  [Sax.  stearfan,  to  perish  witli  hunger 
or  cold  ;  G.  sterben,  lo  die,  cither  by  disease  or  hun- 
ger, or  by  a  wound  ;  D.  stcrvcn,  to  die.  Q.ti.  is  this 
from  the  root  of  Dan.  tarv,  Sw.  tarf^  necessity, 
want  ?  ] 

1.  To  perish  ;  to  be  destroyed.  Fairfax. 
[In  tJiis  general  sense,  obsolete.] 

2.  To  perish  or  die  with  cold;  as,  to  steT-oc  with 
cold. 

[This  sense  is  retained  in  England,  but  not  in  the 
United  States.] 

3.  To  perish  with  hunger. 

[  This  sejise  is  retained  in  England  and  the  United 
States.] 

4.  To  suffer  extreme  hunger  or  want;  to  be  very 
indigent. 

Sometimes  virtue  atarrea,  while  vice  Is  fed.  Pope. 

STARVE,  V.  t.  To  kill  with  hunger.  Maliciously  to 
starve  a  man  is,  in  law,  murder. 

2.  To  distress  or  subline  by  famine  ;  as,  to  starve 
a  garrison  into  a  surrender. 

3.  To  destroy  hy  wanl ;  as,  to  stame  plants  by  the 
want  of  nutriment 

4.  To   kill  with   cold.     [JVat  in  use  in  the   United 
States.] 

From  boila  of  ratflng  fire,  lo  ataroe  in  ice 

Their  Boft  ethereal  warmth.  RlUton. 

5.  To  deprive  of  force  or  vigor. 

The  powers  of  iheir  miiida  are  ataroed  by  disuse.      [Umintal,] 

Locke. 

STARV  j:D,  pp.  or  a.    Killed  with  hunger;  subdped 

by  hunger;  rendered  poor  by  want. 

9.  Killed  bv  cold.     [JVot  in  use  in  the  United  States.] 
STARVE'LING,    (siarv'ling,)     a.       IIungr>' ;    lean; 

pining  with  want  Philips. 

STARVE'LING,  (stiirv'ling,)  71,     An  animal  or  plant 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — METE,  PREY.  — TINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  W^OLF,  BQ^K.- 


107d 


STA 

that  is  mado  thin,  lean,  and  we^itc  through  want  of 

nTilriiiient. 

Aiitl  thy  poor  ttarveUng  bountifully  f^?d.  Donne. 

STXRV'IXG,  ppr,  or  a.  Perishing  with  hunger  ;  kill- 
ing with  hnnser ;  rendering  lean  and  poor  by  want 
of  nonrisliment. 

9.  I'tTishing  with  cold  ;  killing  with  cold.  [Eng-- 
ti<k.] 

Sr.iTJ'RO  R.ITI-0'JVE  VOLUJ^niSy  C-ra-she- 
6'nc-,;  f  L.l     The  will  stands  for  reason. 

STA'TA-IIY,  a,  [from  state.]  Fixed  ;  setUed.  [JVot 
in  uxe.]  Brown. 

STATE,  B.  [L.  status^  from  stOy  to  stand,  to  be  fixed  ; 
It.  citato  ;  Sp.  e.ttado ;  Ft.  et&t.  Hence  G.  ntdt,  fixed  ; 
statt^  place,  aliode,  stead  ;  stoat,  stale  ;  stadL,  a  town 
or  city  i  D.  iftaat^  condition,  statu  ;  stad,  a  city,  Dan. 
and  Sw.  stad ;  Sans,  stiiialia,  tu  stand  ;  Pers.  isiailen, 
id.     State  19  fixedness  or  standing.] 

1.  Condition  i  the  circumstances  of  a  being  or 
Ihinst  at  any  given  lime.  These  circnnistances  may 
bL-  hitcrnal,  ronsiitutional,  or  peculiar  to  the  being,  or 
they  may  have  relation  to  other  beings.  We  ?ay, 
the  btwly  is  in  a  sound  state,  or  it  is  in  a  weak  state  ; 
or  it  has  just  recovered  from  a  feeble  state.  The 
staS-r  of  h'xa  health  is  gotxl.  The  state  of  his  mind  is 
favorable  for  study.  So  we  say,  the  state  of  public 
atfair^  calls  for  lite  exercise  of  talents  and  wisdom. 
In  regard  to  foreign  nations,  our  alfairs  are  in  a  good 
atate^     So  we  say,  single  state,  aud  married  state. 

Dixlart*  iLc  piat  and  prc**ii(  state  of  ihiiigx.  Dryden, 

2.  Modification  of  any  thing. 

Keep  ihc  ttata  oi  ilif?  qtie«tioti  m  your  eyo.  Boyle, 

3.  Crisis;  stationary  point;  hight ;  point  from 
which  the  next  movement  is  regression. 

Tumora  liav?  thsir  several  degrees  sui'l  limes,  a*  beginiiln*,  au^- 
meiU,  elate,  iinil  ilcclinaliun-     {Not  in  iue.\      Witeman. 

4.  Estate;  possession.     [06.%*.]     [See  Estate.] 

Danirl. 

5.  A  political  body,  or  body  politic;  the  whole 
body  of  people  united  under  one  government,  what- 
ever may  be  the  form  of  the  government, 

MuQtcipal  law  is  &  rule  of  conduct  prescribed  by  th"  nipi^me 
power  111  a  mte.  Blackttone. 

More  usually  the  word  signifies  a  pcditical  body 
governed  by  representatives  ;  a  commonwealth  ;  as, 
the  st'dea  of  Greece  ;  the  Suites  of  America. 

In  this  sense,  state  has  sometimes  more  immediate 
reference  to  the  government,  sonutimesto  the  peo- 
ple or  community.  Thui»,  when  we  say,  the  state 
has  made  provision  for  the  paupers,  the  word  has 
reference  to  the  governmentorlegislature  ;  but  when 
we  say,  the  stat£  is  taxed  to  support  paui^ers,  the 
word  refers  to  the  whole  people  or  community. 

6.  Any  body  of  men  united  by  profession,  or  con- 
Btilurina  a  community  of  a  particular  character  ;  as, 
the  civil  and  ecclesiastical  states  in  Great  liritain. 
But  these  are  sometimes  disiinguished  by  the  terms 
church,  and  state.  In  this  case,  iVa/e  signifies  llie  civil 
ctimmunity  or  government  only. 

7.  R:ink  ;  condition;  quality;  as,  the  state  of 
honor.  Sliak. 

8.  Pomp  ;  appearance  of  greatness. 

Dryden. 
Dryden. 

9.  Dignity  ;  grandeur. 
Slic  fitMruclrrl  him  huw  b«  Rhould  keep  eiau,  yei  with  «  modect 

acnac  of  hu  iiiUrurtuiiL-a.  Bacon. 

10.  A  seat  of  dignity. 

Tbii  cluir  •hull  be  my  aUxle.  Shak. 

11.  A  canopy  ;  b  covering  of  dignity. 


Ill  tkiU  [hf  monnrclia  roarch^-d. 

Wttere  Irnat  of  alale,  ihcru  moO,  of  lore  !■  ■hown. 


lib  hi^  throntr,  und'-r  eUne 
Of  riclKSl  ti-x(ufv  ijir-id.     \Un\i.tuai.\  Ml!lon. 

\%  A  person  of  high  rank.     [JWt  in  use.]  Latimer. 

13.  The  principal  persona  in  a  government. 

Flenapfl  highly  Ujum  uif-.Tnil  iiaUt.  Milton. 

14.  The  bodies  that  constitute  the  legislature  of  a 
country  ;  as,  the  stales  general. 

1.5.  Joined  with  another  word,  it  denotes  public,  or 
what  helongt  to  the  community  or  body  politic  j  as, 
jrf/it<  affairs  ;  state  jmlicy. 
STA  TK,  r.  (.    To  set ;  to  soltl**.     [See  Stated.] 

2.  To  express  the  particulars  <.f  any  thing  in  wri- 
line  ;  to  set  down  in  detail  or  in  grii!*s;  as,  t*i  state 
an  ncMitinl;  to  stale  debt  and  credit;  to  state  llie 
amount  due. 

3.  To  cxpr'^ss  the  partirtilars  of  nny  thing  verbal- 
ly;  to  represent  fully  in  words  ;  to  narrate  ;  to  r-cite. 
The  witnesses  tftatnl  all  the  circumstances  of  the 
tran'<artion.  Th'-y  are  enjoined  to  stMe  all  the  par- 
ticulars. It  is  the  busines-4  of  the  ndvorate  lo  ."(at/? 
th'-  whole  case,     l^-l  the  question  be  fairly  statrd. 

STAT'KI),  pp.    Expressed  or  represented;    told;  re 
cited. 

a.  n.    Settled;  established;  regular;  occurring  at 

regular  times;   not  occ:isional ;   us,  stated  hours  of 

bn«inp»s. 

3.  Fixed  ;  established  ;  as,  a  atnted  salary. 

BTAT'ED-f'Y,  ode.     Regularly  ;  at  certain  times  ;  not 

occosionaily.     It  is  one  of  the  dijitinguishing  marks 


STA 

tif  a  good  man,  that  he  staiedty  attends  public  wor- 
ship. 
STATE'LKSS,  a.     Without  pomp.  J.  Barlow. 

S'1'ATE'LI-Kli,  a.  comp.     iMore  \ui\y  or  majestic. 
STaTE'LI-NKSS,  n.     [from  stately.]     Grandeur;  lof- 
tiness of  mien  or  manner;   majestic  appearance  j 
dignity. 

For  etaletineet  and  maji'stjr,  what  ia  comparable  to  a  horan  i 

More. 

a.  Appearance  of  pride;  nfTected  dignity. 

Beaam.  4"  Fl. 
STATE'LY,<i.    Lofty;  dignified;  majestic;  as,state- 
ly  manners  ;  a  stately  gait. 

2.  Magnificent;  grand;  as,  a  stately  edifice;  a 
stately  dome  ;  a  stately  pyramid. 

3.  Elevated  in  sentiment.  Dryden. 
STATE'LY,  adi\  MajesticjiUy  ;  loftily.  Milton. 
STATE'MENT,   n.     'J  he  act  of  stilting,  reciting,  or 

presenting  verbally  or  on  paper. 

2.  A  series  of  facts  or  particulars  expressed  on  pa- 
per ;  as,  a  written  statement. 

3.  A  series  of  facts  verbally  recited  ;  recital  of  the 
circumstances  of  a  transaction)  as,  a  verbal  stata- 
mcnt. 

STATE'-MOX^GEH,  (-mung-ger,)  n.  [f/atc  and  mon- 
gpr.l  One  versed  in  politics,  or  one  that  dabbles  in 
state  affairs. 

STATE'-l'.\'PER,  TU  A  paper  relating  to  the  political 
interesLs  or  government  of  a  state.  Jan. 

STATE'-Pfirs'ON,  n.  A  public  prison  or  pehiten- 
tiar>'. 

STATE'-PRIS'ON-ER,  w.  One  in  confinement  for 
political  otFenses. 

STA'TElt,  n.      The   principal    gold   coin   of   ancient 
Greece.     It  varied  nuich  in  value,  but  was  usually 
worth  about  £1  3s.  sterling,  or  §51.     The  Attic  sil- 
ver tetradrnchm  was,  in  later  times,  called  stater. 
Smithes  Diet. 

STATE'-HOOM,  n.     [.--tate  and  room.]     A  magnificent 

roi)m  in  a  palace  or  great  house.  Johnson. 

2.  An  apartment  for  !i>dging  in  a  ship's  cabin. 

STATES,  lu  111.      Nobility.     [See  also   State.] 

Shak. 

STATES-GEN''ER-AL,  ti.  pi.  In  France,  before  the 
revolution,  the  assembly  of  the  three  orders  of  the 
kingdom,  viz.,  the  clergy,  the  nobility,  and  the  third 
estate,  or  commonalty.  In  Jfetherlands  and  Holland, 
the  legislative  body,  composed  of  two  chambers. 

P.  Cyc. 

STSTES'MAN, -,i.  [state  and  man.]  A  man  versed 
in  the  arts  of  government ;  usaalUj,  one  eminent  for 
political  abilities  ;  a  |>olitician. 

2.  A  small  landholder.     [A'orth  of  England.] 

Halliv-ell. 

3.  One  employed  in  public  affairs.    Pope.     Swift, 
STATES'MAN-LIKE,  fl.    Having  the  manner  or  wis- 
dom of  statesmen. 

STATES'MAN-SIIIP,  n.  The  qualifications  or  em- 
ployments of  a  statesman.  Churchill. 

STATES'VVOM-AN,  n.  A  woman  who  meddles  in 
public  alfairs  ;  in  contempt.  Addis^in. 

STATE'-TRI'AL,  h.  A  trial  of  persons  for  pohtical 
otfenses. 

STAT'ie,  j  a.    [See  Statics.]    Pertaining  to  bod- 

STAT'iC-AL,  \      ies  at  rest  or  in  equilibrium. 

Obnsted. 
S.  Resting;  acting  by  mere  weight;  as,  statical 
pressure. 

STAT'  leS,  n.  [Fr.  statique ;  It.  statica ;  L.  statice ;  Gr. 
arari'ii.] 

1.  That  branch  of  mechanics  which  treats  of  the 
forces  that  keep  bodies  at  rest  or  ia  equilibrium. 
Dijnamies  treats  of  bodies  in  motion. 

3.  In  medicine,  a  kind  of  epileptics,  or  persons 
seized  with  epilepsies.  Cyc. 

STAT'ING,  ppr.  Setting  forth  ;  expressing  in  particu- 
lar. 

STAT'ING,  II.  An  act  of  making  a  statement ;  a 
statemenl.  Taylor. 

STA'TIOX,  (-shun,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  atatio,  from  sto, 
stattLi !  It.  ittaziotie ;  Sp.  estacion,] 
1.  The  act  of  standing. 

Til'  ir  mnnner  wna  to  •t'vo«]  at  ynyr — on  which  their  meetlnj^a 
lor  Out  purpoa^  rrccivflii  Uic  immo  of  elatiotu.     [Obt.i 

Hooker. 
S.  A  state  of  rest. 

All  pmgmikiii  la  perionnod  by  dnwln^  on  or  Imp^IUii^  forward 
whut  woi  U^fure  in  ataliim,  or  a(  q<iit.-t,     [t^are.]    lirotvn. 

3.  The  spot  or  place  where  one  stands,  particularly 
where  a  person  habitually  stand*',  or  is  appointed  to 
remain  for  a  time  ;  aa,  the  stiation  of  a  sentinel.  Each 
detachment  of  troops  had  its  station. 

4.  Post  assigned  ;  office  ;  tiie  part  or  department  of 
public  duty  which  n  person  is  appointed  to  perform. 
'I'ho  chief  magistrate  orcupies  the  fir^^t  pr)Iitical  .sta- 
tion in  a  nation.  Other  officers  fill  subordinate  sta^ 
tions.  The  office  of  bishop  is  an  'ecclesiastical  sta- 
tion of  great  importance.  It  is  the  duty  of  the  exec- 
utive to  fill  all  civil  and  military  stations  with  men 
of  worth. 

5.  Situation  ;  position. 


STA 

V,.  Eiiiploymenl;  occupation;  business. 

By  api-Ddin^  the  Sntib>\th  fn^  Pi'iir^in^nt  and  rcII^tcHia  nxrrc!»*i. 
we  gjin  n<?w  HrengUi  iiiid  r<-*uhitiun  v>  ptrlonn  GoU'a  will 
in  ouraevcnil  ctotioria  the  wock  foLlowhtg.  I^eleon. 

7.  Character ;  slate. 

The  greiiter  part  hxvo  kept  their  elation.  ARUim. 

8.  Rank  ;  condition  of  life.  He  can  be  contented 
with  a  humble  station. 

9.  In  church,  histirry^  the  fast  of  the  fourth  and  sixth 
days  of  the  week,  VVeduesday  and  Friday,  in  mem- 
<iry  of  the  council  which  coudeiuned  Christ,  and  of 
his  passion. 

10.  ,'\mong  Reman  Catholics,  a  church  where  in- 
dulffeiices  are  to  be  had  on  certain  days.        Eneye. 

STA'TION,  V.  t.  To  place;  to  set ;  or  to  apiKfini  to 
the  occupation  of  a  post,  place,  or  ollicft ;  as,  to  sta- 
tion troops  on  the  right  or  left  of  an  army  ;  to  statioji 
a  sentinel  on  a  rampart ;  to  Mation  ships  on  the  coast 
of  Africa,  or  in  the  West  Indies;  to  £Ca£ti>n  a  man  at 
the  head  of  the  department  of  finance. 
STA'TIOjN,  \n.     A  resting-place  on  a  rail- 

STA'TIOX-HOUSE,  j  way,  at  which  a  halt  is  made 
to  receive  or  let  down  passengers  or  goods. 

Brande. 
STA'TION-At.,  (I,  Pertaining  to  a  station.  Eiteyc 
STA'TION-A-UV,  a.  Fixed;  not  moving,  progres- 
sive, or  regressive ;  not  appearing  to  move.  The  sun 
becomes  sfntionani  in  Cancer,  in  its  advance  into  the 
northern  signs.  The  court,  in  England,  which  was 
formerly  itinerary,  is  now  stationary. 

2.  Not  advancing, in  a  moral  sense:  not  improving; 
not  growing  wiser,  greater,  or  better;  not  becoming 
greater  or  more  excellent.  S.  S.  Smith. 

3.  Respecting  place. 

The  aarae  harmony  ami  stnltonary  constitution.  Drown, 

Stationary  enarine  ;  on  a  railway,  a  steam-engine  in 
a  fixed  position,  which  draws  a  load  by  a  rope  or 
other  means  of  communication  extended  along  the 
road. 

Stationary  fever;  a  fever  depending  on  peculiar 
seasons.  Cae. 

STA'TIUN-BILL,  n.  In  scamen^s  language,  a  list 
containing  ihe  ap|>ointed  posts  of  the  ship's  compa- 
ny, when  navigating  the  sjjip.  Mar.  Diet. 

STa'TION-ER,  m.  Originally,  a  bookseller,  from  bis 
occupying  a  stand  or  station  ;  but  at  present,  one  who 
sells  paper,  quills,  inkstands,  pencils,  and  other  fur- 
niture for  writing. 

STA'TION-ER-Y,  n.  The  articles  usually  sold  by  sta- 
tioners, as  paper,  ink,  quills,  &.c. 

STA'TION-ER-Y,  a.    Belonging  to  a  stationer. 

STA'TISM,7i.     Policy.  , 

STA'TIST,  n.  [from  state.]  A  statesman  ;  a  politi- 
cian ;  one  skilled  in  govenuncnt. 

Slntieti  indri'd, 
And  loTcrs  of  Uwir  country.     [Not  now  ueed.]  MUlon. 

STA-TIST'IO,         >  a.     [from   state  or  statist.]     Per- 

STA-TIST'1€-AL,  \  taming  to  the  state  of  society, 
the  condition  of  the  people,  tlieir  economy,  their 
property,  and  resources. 

STAT-IS-TI"CIAN,  (-ti^:h'nn,)  71.  A  person  who  is 
familiar  with  the  science  of  sUitistics. 

STA-TIST'ICS,  n.  A  collection  of  facts  respecting 
the  sUite  id*  society,  the  condition  of  the  people  in  a 
nation  or  country,  their  health,  longevity,  domestic 
economy,  nxU,  property,  and  political  strength,  the 
state  of  the  country,  &.c.  Sinc/air. 

2.  The  science  which  treats  of  these  subjects. 

STA'TIVK,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  fixed  camp. 

STAT'lT-A-RY,  71.  [It.  slatuaria:  Sp.  e^tatiiaria ;  from 
h.  stntuaniu,  from  siataa,  a  stntue  ;  statuo,  to  set.] 

1.  The  art  of  carving  statues  or  images,  as  repre- 
sentatives of  real  persons  or  things;  a  branch  of 
sculpture.  Temple. 

[In  this  sense  the  word  has  no  plural.] 

2.  [It,  statitario;  Sp.  estatuario.]  One  that  pro- 
fesses or  practices  the  art  of  carving  images  or  mak- 
ing statues. 

On  otlii^r  occuiona  the  etataariee  took  their  autiJKia  frnm  the 
poflB.  Addison. 

STAT'ITE,  (stat'yu,)  71.  [L.  statua;  statuo,  to  set ;  that 
which  is  set  or  fixed.] 

An  image;   a  soliii  substance  formed  by  carving 
into  the  likeness  of  a  whole  living  being  ;  as,  asfaiuc 
of  Ihrrciiles,  or  of  a  linn. 
STAT'IE,  V.  t,'    To  place,  as  a  statue;  to  form  a 

statuo  of.  Shak. 

STA-TO'MI-NATE,  v.  t.     [E.  statnmino.} 

To  prop  or  support.     [JV'ot  in  use.]         B.  .Tonson. 
STAT'URR,  (siai'yur.)  71.     [L.  and  It.  statura;  Sp.  es- 
iatnra  ;  Fr.  stature  ;  from  L.  statuo,  to  8i;t.] 

'I'he  natural  hight  of  an  animal  body.  It  is  more 
generally  used  of  the  human  body. 

Forf  ign  men  of  mighty  elatare  cams,  Vrydsn, 

STAT'I^R-i;i),  fl.  Arrived  at  full  stature.  [Litde 
used.]  Hall. 

STA'IT^S  QUO,  [t,.]  A  treaty  between  belligerents, 
which  leaves  each  party  in  staVi  quo  ante  bellum,  i.  e., 
in  the  state  in  which  it  was  before  the  war. 

Brande. 

STAT'lJ-TA-BI.E,  a.    [from  statuU.]    Made  or  intro- 


TO.NE,  BULL,  tINITE.— AN"CER,  VI"CIOU8 €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 


1070 


STA 

diiced  by  «tAtute  ;  pmcwilinc  from  an  act  of  ihc  legi»- 

laliirv  ;  as,  n  xtntutahle  [irtwisioii  or  remedy. 
2.  Made  or  being  in  conforniily  lo  suiiute  ;  a**,  stat- 

utablf  mcaKtires.  Jiddlson, 

STAT'V;-TA-BLY,  orfc    In  a  manner  agreenblu  to 

statu  te. 
STAT'VTE,  ».    [Fr.  statttt;  It.  stntuto ;  Sp.  e^'tatiito ; 

Im  statutum  r  fKiin  .ttatuo,  to  set] 

1.  An  net  of  ilie  Iigislature  of  !i  state,  th.it  exten.ls 
its  bindine  force  lo  nil  tlie  citiziMis  ur  subjects  of  ibat 
state,  AS  disitncnisbeil  from  an  act  which  extends 
only  loan  individunl  orcompriny  ;  an  act  of  the  legis- 
lature commnndin?  or  pmhibiiiiip  sonit'tJiing  ;  a  pos- 
itive law.  Staiutta  are  dtstinsui^hed  from  common 
lav.  The  Uiter  owes  its  binding  force  to  iJie  jtrinci 
plea  of  justice,  lo  lonB;  use,  and  liie  consent  of  a  oa- 
tion.    Thtf  former  owe  their  binding  force  lo  a  posi- 

'  live  command  or  declaration  of  the  supreme  power. 
SiaiMit  ia  commonly  applied  to  the  nct^  of  a  legis- 
lative body  coosistinr  of  representatives.    In  mon- 
srctaiesi  tli«  laws  ef  the  sovereign  are  called  edietSf 

2.  A  ^[H-cial  act  of  the  supreme  powcF,  of  a  pri- 
vate nature,  or  intended  to  operate  only  on  an  indi- 
vidual or  company. 

3.  The  act  of  a  corporation,  or  of  its  founder,  In- 
tended as  ft  |)en»aneut  rule  ur  law  ;  as,  the  statutes 
of  a  Tiniversiiy. 

STAT'CrC-MEU'CHANT,  «.  In  English  lair.abnnd 
of  record  ptirsuant  to  the  slat.  13  Edw.  I.,  acknowl- 
edged before  one  of  the  ct-'rks  of  the  stntules-nier- 
cbant  and  the  mayor  or  chief  warden  of  London,  or 
before  certain  (lervons  appointed  for  ttio  purpose  ;  on 
which,  if  not  paid  at  the  day,  an  execution  may  he 
awarded  against  tbe  body,  lauds,  and  goods  of  the 
obligor.  BJackstone. 

STAT'^Tf>-ST.^'PLE,  «.  A  bond  of  record  acknowl- 
edged before  the  mayor  of  tbe  staple,  by  virtue  of 
whicb  tJie  creditor  may  fiwtbwitli  have  execution 
against  the  body,  lands,  and  goods  of  the  debu>r,  on 
non-pavmenL  Biacknottf. 

8TAT'i;-TORV,  a.  F.nacted  by  statute;  depending 
on  statute  fur  its  ntithurity ;  as,  a  statutarj/  proviiiun. 

STAUNCH.     See  Sta.'«ch. 

STAI^'KO-LITF:,  >  n.    [Gr.  trrat-ocy,  a  cross,  and  A(- 

Sf  AU'RO-TIUE,  (     dif,  stone,  or  st6>i,  form.] 

"^he  graiintit  of  Werner,  or  grenatite  of  Jameson  ; 
a  miuerTil  crystal lixed  in  prisms, eitlier single  orinter- 
seclnig  each  other  at  nsht  angles.  Its  color  is  white 
or  gniy,  rtddi^th  »ir  bmwn.  It  is  oft'  n  ."•..,.  c.nie- 
times  iran-ilucint.     Its  form  and   it  ui- 

guish  it  fnim  the  gurnet-     It  is  cin:,  lly 

^    of  silica,  aluuimn,  and  oxyd  of  iron.    - -«- 

rsttfl  baa  al»o  been  applied  to  the  raiitenti  H.-trmo- 
tome.  one  of  the  Zeolites.  CUcceiatd.    Dwuu 

STAU'RO-T\'-POUS.  a.  [Gr.  flrdu,jot,  a  cnKs,  and 
Tv*^it  form.] 

la  MtaeroMjryt  baving  ha  macles  or  apota  in  tbe 
form  of  a  cross.  Moka. 

STi(VB,  a.  Uwn  staff;  Fr.  doure^  doanuM,  It  has 
tbe  first  WDiTH^f  a,  as  in  Asrc] 

1.  A  thin,  narrow  piece  of  litDher,  of  which  casks 
are  made.  Starest  make  a  considerable  article  of  ex- 
port from  N'ew  England  to  the  West  Indies. 

2.  A  SUIT;  a  metrical  portion  ;  a  p.-irt  of  a  psalm 
appoint!.^  to  be  song  in  churches. 

3.  In  Miuir,  the  five  horizonLil  and  parallel  lines, 
and  the  spaces  on  which  the  ntrtes  of  tunes  are  writ- 
ten or  printed  ;  tbe  stuffs  as  it  is  now  more  generally 
written. 

STAVE,  c.  t, ;  prtL  Stote  orPxATED  ;  pp.  id. 

1.  To  break  a  hole  in  ;  to  break  ;  to  burst ;  prima- 
ri/y,  to  Ibrust  through  with  a  sinff;  as,  to  gtare  a 
cask.  JUar.  Diet, 

S.  To  p09b,  as  with  a  staff;  with  off. 

Tbn  conJiida  of  k  mxwmat  tttam  hint  qf^Ut  a  dtHineo.    South. 

3.  To  delay ;  as,  to  jCou  off  the  execution  of  a 
project. 

4.  To  pour  out ;  to  suffer  to  be  lost  by  breaking 
the  cask. 

All  Ifae  viae  la  ib^  city  hu  brra  «ism4.  Scuuhf. 

5.  To  Ainiiah  with  staves  or  rundles,  [.Vot  m 
use.']  KnoUu. 

To  state  and  tail :  to  part  dogs  by  interposing  a 
staff  and  by  pulllnz  the  tail. 

STAVE,  F.  L    To  fight  with  staves.     [JVof  in  tute,] 

ffudibras, 

ST.WES,  (sti\-z  crsilrz,))».  An  r.1d  plural  of  Staff. 
Also,  the  regular  plural  of  State. 

ST.^W,  r.  C  To  be  fixed  or  scL  [JVot  ta  use,  or 
loiaL] 

STSY,  V.  i.:  p*rt.  Staid,  for  Stated.  [Ir.  stidam ; 
Sp.  tstaif,  a  stay  of  a  ship  ;  estada^  stay,  a  remaining ; 
estioTy  U\  titop  ;  Port.  taUuio^  abode ;  estae^j  stays  of  a 
ship  ;  estear^  to  stay,  to  prop  ;  W.  j.-rfa*/,  state  ;  yyta- 
tfa,  to  stay  or  remain  ;  Fr.  rtai,  etauer :  D.  stut,  'stut- 
Um,  This  word  seems  to  be  connected  with  state, 
and  if  so,  is  a  derivntive  from  the  root  of  L.  sto,  to 
stand.  But  from  the  onhosraphy  of  this  word  in 
the  Irish,  Spanish,  and  Purtumiese,  and  of  steti,  the 
preterit  of  eta,  in  Latin,  I  am  led  to  believe  the  ele- 
mentary word  was  stad  or  i^aL  The  sense  is,  to  set, 
stop,  or  hold.     It  is  to  be  observed  further,  that  stay 


STA 

may  be  easily  deduced  fh»n  the  O.  and  D.  sta^,  a 
slay  ,  «f.if-^r «■(■/,  stay-sail ;  \V.  ta^a,  to  wtop.] 

1.  To  remain  ;  to  continue  in  a  place  ;  to  abide  for 
any  indefinite  time.  Do  you  stay  here,  while  I  go  to 
the  next  house  ;  stau  here  a  week ;  wo  staid  at  the 
Hotel  .Vantnwrencij  in  Paris. 

£^i(/,  I  ct>nii»nn()  you ;  ttti/  aiirl  bi^ar  rne  finL  Dryden. 

3.  To  continue  in  a  st:ite. 

Tlv*  flAtnp*  aiiginei)t,  tu\>\  stay 

At  tlicJr  (ull  Ikt^Ul,  Uicii  lAii^^uiali  to  dfcny,  Dryden. 

3.  To  wait }  tu  attend  \  to  forbear  to  act. 

1  atBf  lor  Turniia.  Dryden. 

WoulU  jp*  Blaji  U/t  them  from  hnviji^f  hu»lxin>U  ?  —  RuUi  i. 

4.  To  stop  ;  to  stand  still. 

Sho  vuuM  cotiimAnd  tlw  boaty  suii  to  fftiy.  Sptnaer, 

5.  To  dwell. 

1  must  ttny  a  little  on  ono  utioQ,  £>ryrbn. 

6.  To  rest ;  to  rely ;  lo  confido  in  ;  to  trust. 

Brcaiwp  ff  ilr^pise  this  word,  auU  Uu«t  \a  opitrvuioa,  mid  flay 
ihfxvou.  —  I*.  XXX. 

ST.XV,  p.  t. ;  fret,  and  pp.  Staid,  for  Stated. 

1.  To  stop  ;  tutiold  Irom  proceeding;  to  withhold  ; 
to  restrain. 

All  ihftt  mnjr  *toy  the  mind  from  thiiiklnj^  thai  true  wliich  tlioy 

It-urtily  wish  were  fu!s>'.  Hooker. 

To  ttay  tticM  »u>ld«i)  ^itsts  nf  pnMiun.  Jiuiot, 

2.  To  delay ;  to  obstruct ;  to  hinder  from  pro- 
ceeding. 

Your  mliip*  (irp  9laid  at  Veniw.  ShaJt. 

I  wot  wiUiiig  to  stay  my  rcitdcr  od  an  argument  that  i>p|vared 
to  lie  to  be  n-i-w.  LmAs. 

3.  To  keep  from  dcpirture ;  as,  you  might  have 
gtaiJ  nie  here.  t>ryden» 

4.  To  stop  from  motion  or  falling ;  to  prop ;  lo  hold 
up;  to  stip;K>rt.  , 

Avnn  nuit  llur  «tay«f  np  Mi  ImimW.  — Ex.  stIL 

Kallowt  Nod  nrdt  ktt  Tineyanii  uachd  found 

To  «tfiy  Ihy  viites.  Dn/d*n. 

5.  To  support  from  sinking ;  to  sustain  with 
strength  ;  as,  to  take  a  luncheon  to  stay  the  stomach. 

STAY,  n.  Continuance  in  a  place ;  alfode  fur  a  time 
indefinite  ;  as,  you  make  a  short  stay  in  this  city. 

EiubrftCe  tlie  ben,  uid  hi*  etay  implore.  Walltr, 

S.  Staiid  i  stop ;  cessation  of  motion  or  progres- 
^on. 

AtTafn  of  Hate  aeemed  nithrr  to  Mand  at  a  »1a^.        Hayward. 

[Rut  in  this  sense  we  now  use  stand;  to  be  at  a 
stand.] 

3.  btop ;  obstruction  ;  hinderance  from  progress. 

Grieved  whh  e«eh  atep,  tormeulcd  with  each  «Jay.      Fhir/as. 

4.  Restraint  of  passion }  moderation  ;  caution  ; 
st£iadines8 ;  sobriety. 

With  pnHlrat  »*ot,  he  long  defdnrd 
The  nucta  conl«ntkNi.    \pbt.\  Philipt, 

5.  A  fixed  stata. 

Ala*  t  what  stay  b  ther?  in  human  aute  I  Dryden, 

6.  Prop;  support. 

Tree*  mm  aa  w  many  itayt  for  Utdr  vinea.  Adii'uon. 

My  only  atrcu^ih  &iul  «friv  /  M'UU/n. 

The  L<i>M  ia  my  stay. —  Pa.  xviii. 

The  stay  and  the  staff;  the  means  of  supporting  and 
preserving  life.     A-.  iti. 

7.  Sleadini'ss  (if  conduct.  Todd, 

8.  In  the  rigging  of  a  «A(;j,  a -largo,  strong  rope, 
employed  to  support  the  niant,  by  heing  extended 
from  its  upper  end  toward  the  stem  of  the  ship. 
The /ere-«(«y  reaches  from  the  fore-mast  head  toward 
the  bowfiprit  end  ;  tbe  maift-slay  extends  to  the  ship's 
stem  ;  the  mizzen-stay  is  stretched  t>i  a  collar  on  the 
main-mast,  above  the  quarter-deck,  &c.    Mar.  Diet. 

Stays,  in  seamanship^  implies  the  openiticm  of  going 
alhiut  or  changing  the  course  of  u  ship,  with  a 
shifting  of  the  sails. 

To  he  in  stays,  is  to  lie  with  the  head  to  the  wind, 
and  the  sails  so  arranged  as  lo  check  her  progress. 
To  miss  stays;  to  fail  in  the  attempt  to  go  about. 

Urande. 
STJtY'ED,  (stade,)  pp.  or  a.     Staid  ;   fixed  ;  settled; 

sober.     It  is  now  written  Staid,  which  see. 
STAV'/:D-LY,f5t5de'Ie,)a(/c.   Composedly;  gravely; 

moderiit'-Iv  ;  prudently  ;  S(»l)erly.     [Little  used.] 
STAY'-ED-\ESS,  (stade'ness,)  n.     Moderation  ;  grav- 
ity j  sobriety;  pnidence.     [Pee  Staidness.] 
2.  Solidity;  weight.     [  Ltttle  used.]  Cavxden. 

STAY'ER,  n.     One  that  stojw  or  restrains ;  one  who 

upholds  or  supports  ;  that  which  props. 
STAY'-LaCE,  n.'  a  lace  for  fastening  the  bodice  in 

female  dress.  Swift. 

STAY'LESS,  a.    Without  stop  or  delay.    [Little  use^.} 
STAY'-3IAK-ER,  n.  One  whose  occu[iation  is  to  make 

slays.  Spenser. 

STAYS,  ».  pi.  A  bodice  ;  a  kind  of  waistcoat  stiff- 
ened with  whalebone  or  other  thing,  worn  by  fe- 
males. Oay. 

2.  Stays,  of  a  ship.     [See  Stat.] 

3.  Station  ;  fixed  anchorage.  Sidney, 

4.  Any  support;  that  which  keeps  another  ex- 
tended. 

WeaTere,  alretch  your  ttayM  upon  the  weft.  Dryten. 


STE 

STAY'-SAIL,  71.  [stay  and  sail.]  Any  sail  extended 
on  a  Slav.  Mar.  Diet. 

STAY'-TACK  LE,  (-tak'l,)  n.  [stay  and  lachle.]  A 
large  tackle  attached  to  the  main-xtay  by  means  of  a 
pendant,  and  u^rd  tu  hoist  heavy  bodies,  as  boats, 
butts  of  water,  and  the  Jiko.  JIfar.  Diet. 

STEAD,  n.  [Goth,  stadst;  Sax.  and  Dan.  sled;  G. 
statt:  U.  stedc.     See  Stat.] 

1.  Place,  in  general. 

Fly  tItU  fiMrfu!  tlead,  ^^tuter. 

[In  this  sense  not  vsrd.] 

2.  Place  or  room  vvhicn  another  had  or  might  have, 
noting  substitution,  replacing,  or  filling  the  place  of 
another ;  as,  David  died,  and  Solomon  reigned  in  his 
stead. 

Gud  hmh  appolnl/'d  m-'  another  toed  In  tUad  at  Abel,  whom 
Cain  alfw.  —  Ucn.  If. 

3.  The  frame  on  which  a  bed  is  laid. 

Swallow  the  furt,  the  t>onIen,  and  the  tletut.  Dryden. 

[  But  we  never  nse  this  word  by  itself  in  this  sense. 
"^  e  always  use  Bedstead.] 

7\)  stand  in  stead ;  to  be  of  use  or  great  advantage. 

The  amalleat  act  or  charity  ahall  etatul  ua  in  gn-m  ttead. 

AtUtrbury. 
STEAD,  STED,  in  names  of  places  distant  from  a  river 
or  the  sea,  signifies  place,  as  above  ;  but  im  vames  of 
places  situated  on  a  river  or  harbor,  it  is  from  Sax. 
statfie,  border,  bank,  shore.  Both  words,  perliaps, 
are  from  one  root. 
STEAD,  (sted,)  r.  (,  To  help ;  to  support;  to  ass^ist ; 
as,  it  nothing  .steads  us.     [0A.«.]  SItak. 

2.  To  fill  the  place  of  another.     [Obs.'\         SItak. 
STEAD'FAST,   a.       [stead    and  fast.]       Fast    fixed  ; 
firm  ;  firmly  fixed  or  eiitablishcd  ;  as,  the  steadfimt 
globe  of  earth.  Spetiser. 

2.  Constant ;  firm ;  resolute ;  not  fickle  or  wav- 
ering. 

Abide  tUadfMt  to  thy  neighbor  In  tbe  time  of  bla  tzoub]«>. 
lliin  retin,  eteaifaat  in  the  Tnitb.  —  1  PeL  v. 

3.  Steady  :  ns,  steadfast  sight.  Dryden. 
STEAD'FAST-LY,  (sied'fast-le,)  ado.    Firmly;  with 

constancy  or  steadiness  of  mind. 

I  leYcalcd  ia  infnll[l>ty 
Wake. 


Steadfa^Uy  k-llcvo  tliut  wlmtover  God  I 


STEAD'FAST-NESS,  (sted'fast-,)  n.  Firmness  of 
standing  ;  fixedness  in  place. 

2.  Firmness  of  mind  or  purpose ;  fixedness  In 
principle  ;  constancy  ;  resolution  ;  as,  the  steadfast- 
ness of  faith.  He  adhered  to  his  opinions  with  stead- 
fistness. 

STEAD'I-LY,  (sted'de-le,)  ado.  With  firmness  of 
standing  or  [wsition  ;  without  tottering,  t^haking,  or 
leaning.  Ho  kept  his  arm  steadily  directed  to  the 
object. 

2.  Without  wavering,  inconstoncy,  or  irregularity  ; 
without  deviating.     He  steadily  pursues  his  studies. 

STEAD'I-NESS,  (sted'de-ness,)  n.  Firmness  of  stand- 
ing or  [HJsition  ;  a  state  of  being  not  tottering  or  easi- 
ly moved  or  shaken.  A  m^n  stands  with  steadiness  i 
he  walks  with  steadiness. 

2.  Firtnness  of  mind  or  purpose;  constancy;  res- 
olution. We  say,  a  man  has  steadiness  of  mind, 
steadiness  in  opinion,  steadiness  in  the  pursuit  of 
objects. 

3.  Consistent,  uniform  conduct. 

Steadiness  ia  a  point  of  prudence  aa  well  aa  of  cotim^, 

L'Butrange. 
STEAD'Y,  (stfd'de,)  a.     [Sax.  stedig.] 

1.  Finn  in  standing  or  [wsition  ;  fixed  j  not  totter- 
ing or  shaking  ;  applicable  to  any  object. 

2.  Ctuistant  in  mind,  purjjose,  or  pursuit  ;  not 
fickle,  changeable,  or  wavering;  not  easily  moved 
or  persuaded  to  niter  a  purpose  ;  as,  a  man  sleadij  in 
his  principles,  steady  in  his  purpose,  steady  in  the 
pursuit  of  an  objuct,  steady  in  his  applic;ition  to 
business. 

3.  Regular;  constant ;  undeviating  ;  uniform;  as, 
Xhe  steady  course  of  the  stin.  Steer  the  ship  a  steady 
course.     A  large  river  r\ix\*  with  a  steiuJy  stream. 

4.  Regular  ;  not  fluctuating;  as,  a  steady  breeze  of 
wind. 

STEAD'Y,  (Rted'de,)  r.  (.  To  hold  or  keep  from 
shaking,  reeling,  or  falling  ;  to  support  ;  to  make  or 
keep  firm.     Steady  my  hand. 

STEAK,  (stiike,)  ».  [Dun.  stceg,  steg,  a  piece  of  roast 
meal ;  steger,  to  roast  or  dress  by  the  fire,  lo  broil,  to 
fry;  Sw.  .rfct,  a  steak;  steka,  to  roast  or  broil ;  G. 
st^tck,  a  piece.] 

A  slice  of  beef,  pork,  venison,  &c.,  broiled  or  cut 
for  broiling. 

STKAL,tj.  r. ,-  ;«•«(.  Stolk  ;  pp.  Stolen,  Stole.  [Sax. 
stalan,  stelan ;  G.  stehlen  ;  1).  steelen;  Dan.  stieler; 
Sw.  sticda  ;  Ir.  tinUam  ;  probably  ft-oin  the  root  of  L. 
tollo,  to  take,  to  lirt.] 

1.  To  take  and  cany  away  feloniously,  as  the  per- 
sonal goods  of  another.  I'o  constitute  stealing  or 
theft,  the  taking  must  be  felonious,  that  is,  with  an 
intent  to  take  what  belongs  to  another,  and  without 
his  consent.  Blaekstone. 

Lf-t  him  thai  atofe,  sttal  no  more.  —  Eph.  iv. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  AVHAT.  — METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  CpQK,— 


STE 

%  To  withdraw  or  convey  without  notice,  or  clan- 
destinely. 

Thr;  could  iDKnu&te  uid  tieat  IhemaelTn  under  th«  sainr  b^ 
tubinMica.  Spetuer. 

X  To  ^n  or  win  by  address  or  gradual  and  Im- 
perceptible means. 

Tuietr  of  obJMU  has  a  teodracy  to  §leal  awaj  the  mind  Trom  iU 

steady  pursuit  of  an,T  aublect.  Waiu. 

So  Abaalom  atolt  the  hearu  a  the  men  o(  Israel.  —  3  Sam.  xr. 

STfiAL,  V.  u    To  withdraw  or  pass  privity  j  to  slip 
m,  along,  or  away,  unperceived. 

Fix.ed  of  mind  to  flj  all  eoiDpanr,  one  oifbt  ahe  ttole  away. 

Sidftev. 
From  wham  yoa  now  must  tual  and  take  do  leave.        Shai. 
A  aod  and  aolenin  breathing  aound 
Roae  like  a  ateam  of  ricb  distilled  peifuroea, 
And  »mU  upon  the  air.  MUton, 

3.  To  practice  theft ;  to  take  feloniously.  He  steals 
for  a  livelihood. 

Thou  shah  not  eUal.  ~-  Ex.  xx. 
STEAL,  n.    A  handle.     [See  Stble.] 
STfiAL'ER,  n.     One  that  steals  ;  a  thief. 
STfiAL'ING,  ppr.     Taking  the  goods  of  another  fe- 
loniously;  withdrawing  imperceptibly  ;  gaining  grad- 
ually. 
STEAL'I.XG-LY,  adv.     Slily  ;  privately,  or  by  an   in- 
visible motion.     [Little  iLied.1  Sidney. 
STEALTH,  (stelth,)  n.     The  act  of  stealing;  theft. 
The  owner  proTeih  thettealth  to  h-ive  bc«n  comnjiUrd  on  him  by 
•uch  an  outlaw.  ■^n*er. 

2.  The  thing  stolen  ;  as,  cabins  that  are  dens  to 
cover  stealtA.     [JVot  m  use.]  Ralegh. 

3.  Secret  act ;  clandestine  practice  ;  means  unper- 
ceived employed  to  gain  an  object ;  way  or  manner 
not  perceived  ;  used  in  a  good  or  bad  sense. 

Du  frood  by  tleaJtfi,  and  blush  to  find  it  £tme.  Pope. 

irch,  blii.d<-d  with  de*ire  of  wealth, 


With  sieel  invaO'-a  the  brother'a  life  by  a 


ilih. 


Pope. 


STEALTH'FUL,  tstelth'-,)  a.    Given  to  stealth. 

STEALTH'FyL-LY,  adc.     In  a  stealthfiil  manner. 

STEALTH'FfjL-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  slealthful. 

STEALTH'I 'LY,  ode.     By  stealth. 

STEALTH'Y,  (slelth'e,)  a.  Done  by  stealth  j  clan- 
destinely ;  unpercei%'ed. 

Now  withered  Muider,  with  his  ateaUhy  pace, 

Mo«ea  like  a  ghoU.  Shak. 

STEAM,  (steem,)  n.     [Sax.  sleam^  stem  ;  D.  stoom.] 

1.  The  vapor  of  water  ;  or  the  elastic,  aerifurm 
fluid  generated  by  heating  water  to  the  boiling  point. 
When  produced  under  the  common  atmospheric 
pressure,  its  elasticity  is  equivalent  to  the  pressure 
of  the  atmosphere,  and  it  is  called  Low  Steam  ;  but 
when  heated  in  a  conAncd  state,  its  elastic  force  is 
rapidly  augmented,  and  it  is  then  callc'd  High 
Steam.  On  tlie  application  of  cold,  steam  instantly 
returns  to  the  slate  uf  water,  and  thus  forms  a  stid- 
den  vacuum.  From  this  property,  and  from  the 
facility  with  which  an  elastic  force  is  generated  by 
means  of  steam,  this  constitutes  a  mechanical  agent 
at  once  the  most  powerful  and  the  most  iiinnageable, 
aa  is  seen  in  the  vast  and  multiplied  uses  of  the  steam 
engine. 

Steam  is  invisible,  and  is  to  be  distinguished  from 
the  cloud  or  mist  which  it  furois  in  the  air,  that 
being  water  in  a  minute  state  of  division,  resulting 
from  the  condensation  of  steam.  Olmsted. 

2.  In  popular  use^  the  mist  formed  by  condensed 
vapor. 

STEAM,  o.  t.  To  rise  or  pasa  oflTin  vapor  by  means 
of  beat ;  to  fume. 

L^t  thr  erudf  human  dnnc« 
In  br*ted  braaa,  aUaming  with  fire  intense.  Pkilipe. 

SL  To  Bend  off  visible  vapor. 

Ve  miata  that  rise  from  tteaming  lake.  MUlon. 

3.  To  pass  off  in  visible  vapor. 

The  diaa^ved  amber  —  (teamed  away  Into  thr  air.  BoyU. 

STEAM,  r.  L  To  exhale ;  to  evaporate.  {.Xot  much 
iued.\  Spenser, 

3.  To  expose  to  steam  ;  tn  apply  steam  to  for  soft- 
ening, dressing,  or  preparing  ;  as,  to  steam  cloth  ;  to 
ideam  potattjes  instead  of  boiling  them  ;  to  steam  food 
for  cattle. 

8TEAM'-nfl.\T,        I   n.     A  ve«!8el  propelled  through 

STEAM'-VES-SEL.  \       the  water  by  steam. 

STEAM'-BOIL-ER,  n.  A  boiler  for  steaming  food 
for  cattle.  *  Eucyc. 

STEAM'-6XR,  n.  A  locomotive  car  used  on  rail- 
road f*. 

STEAM'-GAR  RIAGE,  w,  A  carriage  upon  wheels 
movfd  by  steam  on  common  roads.  Brande. 

STftA.M'£D,pp.  Exposed  to  steam  i  cooked  or  dreised 
by  stream 

STfeAM'-EN-<5INE,  n.  An  engine  worked  bystenm. 
A  steam-engine  is  high-preaswrey  which  uses  high 
rteam,and  Unc-presaure  which  uses  low  steam.  [See 
Stkam  1 

STftAM'flft,  n.  A  vessel  propelled  by  steam  ;  a  steam- 
ship. 

ft.  A  vessel  in  which  articles  are  subjected  to  the 
action  of  steam,  as  in  washing  or  ctiukery. 

STEAM'-OUN,   n,      A  machine  or  contrivance  by 


STE 

which  balls,  or  other  projectiles,  may  be  driven  by 
the  force  of  steam. 

STkAM'ING,  ppr.  Exposing  to  steam;  cooking  or 
dressing  by  steam  ;  preparing  for  cattle  by  steam,  as 
roots. 

STkAM'-PACK-ET,  m.  a  packet  or  vessel  propelled 
hy  steam. 

STEAM'-PIPE,  n.  The  pipe  communicating  with 
the  upper  part  of  the  Iwilcr,  through  which  the 
steam  pa?«ses  in  its  way  to  the  cylinder. 

STeAM'-SHIP,  n.    A  ship  propelled  by  steam. 

STeAM'-TUG,  n.  A  steam-vessel  used  in  towing 
ships.  England. 

STkAM'-WHIS-TLE,  (-hwis-l,)n.  A  pipe  attached 
to  a  steam-engine  or  locomotive,  through  which 
steam  is  rapidly  discharged,  producing  a  loud,  shrill 
whistle,  wiiich  serves  as  a  warning  or  caution. 

STeAN,  (or  Stone,     {^^ot  in  use.}  \^Buchanan. 

STE-.AK'ie,  a.  Pertaming  to  stearin.  The  stearic 
acid  is  produced  by  the  action  of  alkalies  on  stearin. 

STE'AR-IN,  Ti.     [Gr.  r.Tia.)^  snet.l 

One  of  the  proximate  principleg  of  animal  fat,  as 
lard,  tallow,  fen.  The  various  kinds  of  animal  fat 
commonly  consist  of  two  substances  principally, 
viz.,  stearin  and  elain ;  of  which  the  former  is  solid 
and  tlie  latter  liquid.  In  particular  instances,  several 
other  different  and  distinct  proximate  principles  are 
found  in  animal  fats.  Olmsted. 

STe'A-TITE,  «.     [Gr.  rca.i,  s-firo?,  fat.] 

A  compact  rock  of  a  granular  texture  and  very 
soapy  fet;l,  presenting  grayish-green  and  brown 
shades.  It  is  a  variety  of  talc,  and  consists  of  silica 
and  magnesia.  It  forms  extensive  beds,  and  is  quar- 
ried for  fireplaces  and  fur  coarse  utensils.  Por- 
flxosE,  Lardstowe,  Soapsto:<e,  are  other  names  of 
the  ppecies. 

Another  allied  mineral  called  by  this  name,  and 
also  Saponite,  has  a  while  or  grayish  color,  impal- 
pable texture,  and  the  consistence  of  butter.  It  con- 
tains 13  to  18  per  cent,  of  water,  it  occurs  at  Lizard 
Point,  Cornwall,  and  elsewhere.  Dana. 

STE-A-TIT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  soapstone ;  of  the 
nature  of  steatite,  or  resembling  it. 

STE-AT'O-CELE,  Tt.  [Gr.  T^ap,  fat,  and  xr/Ajj,  a 
tumor.] 

A  tuif»or  of  the  scrotum,  containing  fat.         Cyc. 

STE-A-TO'MA,  Tt.  [Gr.]  A  lupia  or  wen,  i.  e., 
an  encysted  tumor,  containing  matter  like  suet. 

Coze. 

STE-A-T6'MA-T0US,  a.  Of  the  nature  of  a  ste- 
atoma.  Hosack. 

STED,  STED'FAST.    See  Stead. 

STEE,  n.     A  ladder.     [JVt*f  in  use.] 

STEED,  n.     [Sax.  stede.     Q,u.  stud,  a  stone-horse.] 
A  horse,  or  a  horse  for  state  or  war.    [This  word 
is  not  much  used  in  common  discourse.     It  is  used 
in  poetry  and  descriptive  prose,  and  is  elegant.] 
Sluul  are  our  men,  aod  wjurlike  are  our  ateeda.  WaU^. 

STEEK'AN,  n.  In  Holland,  a  wine  measure  of  about 
five  gallons.  Wihocke's  Diet. 

STEEL,  n.  [Sax.  sttjle  ;  D.  staal ;  G.  staJil ;  Dan.  staal ; 
Sw.  stal ;  probably  from  setting,  fixing,  hardness  ;  G. 
stellen.] 

I.  Iron  combined  with  a  small  but  definite  portion  of 
carbon.  It  is  callarl  in  chemistry  Cabbubet  of  Ibow. 
It  is  used  in  making  instruments,  and  particularly 
useful  as  the  material  of  edged  tools.  Dr.  Thomas 
Thomson  considers  that  stt-el  isi  most  probably  com- 
posed of  20  equivalents  of  iron  and  1  equivcdent  of 
carbon. 

Afler  n-Iax!ng,  tteal  strcn; ihena  the  aolida,  Arbulhftot. 

9.  FitruTatir'ely,  weapons  ;  particularly,  offensive 
weapons,  swords,  spears,  and  the  like. 

finvc  Mactt>^[h  with  hia  branilish<-d  eltel.  Shak, 

While  doulttiiiff  thus  ho  slooil, 
R>-cei«rd  the  tUel  btttheU  in  hia  brutltcr'a  bluod.  DrytUn. 

3.  Extreme  hardness  ;  as,  ht-ads  or  hearts  ofsteeL 
STEEL,   0.      Made  of  steel;   as,   a   steel   plate  or 

huekle. 
STEEL,  p.  ^    To  overlay,  point,  or  edge  with  steel ; 
as,  tu  steel  the  point  of  a  swurd  ;  to  steel  a  razor  ;  to 
steel  an  .ix. 
3.  To  make  hard  or  extremely  hard. 

O  (lot!  of  hilil'-a,  ilett  my  W)ldi'T»'  hearts.  SKak. 

Li"a  wt.-U  tUfied  with  wrlghtr  arguments.  ifhaJc. 

3.  To  make  hard  ;  to  make  insensible  or  obdurate  ; 
as,  to  strel  the  heart  against  pity  ;  to  steel  the  mind  or 
heart  against  reprtxjf  or  admoniiion. 

STEEL'-eLAI),  a.     Clad  or  armed  with  steel. 

STEEL'KD,  pp.  Pointed  or  edged  with  steel  j  hard- 
ened ;  made  insensible. 

STEEIAGIRT,  a.     Girded  with  steel.  Hemans. 

STEEL'-HEART-ED,  a.  Having  the  heart  hard  as 
steel. 

STEEL'LNRSS,  ti.     Utom  steeJv.]     Great  hardness. 

STEEL'ING,  ppr.  Pointing  or  edging  with  steel; 
hardening;  making  int*ensible  or  unfeeling. 

Ch.  Relig.  Appeal. 

STEEIAPLAT-ED,  a.     Plated  with  steel. 

STEEL'Y,  0.    Made  of  steel ;  consisting  of  steel. 

Shnk. 
Gay. 


Br.mch'-d  with  Ih**  ttetly  point  of  ClilTord'a  lanc«. 
Around  his  sho^  the  eUtly  spitrklei  flew. 


STE 

2.  Hard  ;  firm. 

That  she  would  unarm  hr-r  nobte  heart  of  that  akaly  mlstanae 
B;^dinat  the  awifl  blows  ol  love,  SUdnay, 

STEEL'YARD,  n.  [steel  and  yard.]  The  Roman 
balance  ;  an  instrument  for  wei';hiiig  bodies,  u»*ually 
consisting  of  a  rod  or  bur  marked  with  notches. 
designating  the  number  of  pound;)  and  ounces,  and 
a  weight  which  is  movable  along  this  bar,  and 
which  Is  made  to  balance  the  weight  of  the  body  by 
being  removed  at  a  proper  distance  fmm  the  fulcrum. 
The  principle  of  the  steelyard  is  that  of  the  lever; 
where  an  equilibrium  is  produced,  when  the  products 
of  the  weights  on  opposite  sides  into  their  respective 
distances  from  the  fulcnim,  are  equal  to  one  an- 
other. Hence  a  less  weight  is  made  to  indicate  a 
greater,  by  being  removed  to  a  greater  distance  from 
the  fulcrum.  Sometimes  the  purpose  is  effected  by 
means  of  a  coiled  spiral  spring. 

STEEN,  (  n.      A   vessel  of  clay  or  stone.      [J^vt  in 

STEAN,  i      use.] 

STEEN'ING,   I  n.     In  architecture,  the  brick  or  stone 

STkAN'ING,  S      wall,  or  lining  of  a  wall.   Brande. 

STEEX'KTRK,  (-kurk,)  n.  A  cant  term  fur  a  neck- 
cUtth.     [J^ut  now  in  use,] 

SI'EEP,  a,     [Sax.  strap  ;  allied  to  stoop  and  dip.] 

Making  a  large  angle  with  the  plane  of  the  hori- 
zon ;  ascending  or  descending  with  great  inclina- 
tion ;  precipitous  ;  as,  a  steep  hill  or  mountain  ;  a 
steep  roof;  a  steqj  ascent ;  a  steep  declivity. 

STEEP,  II.     A  precipitous  place,  hill^  mountain,  rock, 
or  ascent ;  any  elevated  object  which  slopes  with  a 
large  angle  to  the  plane  of  tlie  hi>rizon  \  a  precipice. 
We  had  on  ench  side  rocks  and  mountaiiu  broken  Into  a  thou- 
sand irreguUr  ateept  und  precicio-a.  Addiaon. 

STEEP,  F.  t.  [Probably  formed  on  the  root  of  dip.] 
To  soak  in  a  liquid  ;  to  macerate  ;  to  imbue  ;  to  keep 
any  thing  in  a  liquid  till  it  has  thoroughly  imbibed 
it,  or  till  the  liquor  has  extracted  the  essential  quali- 
ties of  the  substance.  I'hus  cluth  is  steeped  in  lye  or 
other  liquid  in  bleaching  or  dyeing.  Itut  plants  and 
drugs  are  steeped  in   v%ater,  wine,  and  the  like,  for 

*  the  puriwseoftincturing  the  liquid  with  their  qualities. 

STEEP,  n.   Something  that  is  steeped  or  used  in  steep- 
ing ;  a  fertilizing  liquid  for  liastening  the  germina- 
9.  A  runnet-bag,     [Local.]  [tion  of  seeds. 

STEEP'£D,  (steept,)  pp.  Soaked  ;  macerated  ;  im- 
bued. 

STEEP'ER,  n.  A  vessel,  vat,  or  cistern  in  which 
things  are  steeped.  Edwards,  ff.  Indies. 

STEEP'I-i\E.SS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
steep.  Howell. 

STEEP'ING,  ppr.    Soaking;  macerating. 

STEE'PLE,  (stee'pl,)  n.     [Sax.  strpel,  atypel] 

A  turret  (if  a  church,  ending  in  a  point;  a  spire. 
It  differs  from  a  tower,  which  usually  ends  in  a 
square  form,  though  the  name  is  sometimes  givm  to 
a  tower.  Tlie  bell  of  a  church  is  usually  kung  in 
the  steeple. 

They,  far  from  ateeplea  and  thi.-ic  sticrcd  aound.  Drylen. 

STEE'PLE-CIIASE,  n,  A  race  between  a  number  of 
horsemen,  to  see  which  can  firnt  reiich  some  distant 
object  (as  a  church  steeple)  in  a  straight  course,  or 
one  marked  out  within  narrow  limits. 

STEE'PL/;D,  (stee'pid,)  a.  Furnished  with  a  stee- 
ple ;  adorned  with  steeples  or  lowers.  Fairfax. 

STEE'PLI-:-HOUSE,7i.     A  church.     [JV^«  in  use.\ 

STEEP'LY,  adv.  With  steepness  ;  with  precipitous 
declivity. 

STEEP'NESS,  71.  The  state  of  being  steep;  precipi- 
tous declivity  ;  as,  the  steepness  of  a  hill,  a  bank,  or 
a  roof  Bacon, 

STEEP' Y,  a.  Having  a  steep  or  precipitous  declivity  j 
as,  sterpy  crags  ;  a  poetical  word. 

No  mure,  my  ^o:iIa,  shall  1  behuld  you  climb 

I'ho  iteepy  cliif*.  Drydan. 

STEER,  n.     [Sax.  steor,  styrt ;  D.  stier.] 

A  young  male  of  the  ox  kinil  or  common  ox.  It 
is  rendered  in  Dutch,  a  bull  ;  but  in  the  United 
States,  this  name  is  generally  given  to  a  castrated 
taurine  male  from  two  to  four  years  old. 

With  sotenm  pomp  thr>n  sncriliccd  a  ttaer.  Dryden. 

STEER,  V.  t.  [Pax.  steoran,  to  steer,  to  correct  or 
chide,  to  discipline  ;  G.  steucm,  to  hinder,  restrain, 
repress,  to  curb,  to  steer,  to  pilot,  to  aid,  help,  sup- 
port. The  verb  is  cimnected  with,  or  deriveti  frtim, 
steuer,  B  niddcr,  a  helm,  aid,  help,  subsidy,  impost, 
tax,  contribution.  D.  stieren,  to  steer,  to  send,  and 
stuur,  a  helm  ;  stuuren,  to  sleer,  to  send  ;  Dan.  styrrr, 
to  govern,  direct,  manage,  steer,  restrain,  moderate, 
curb,  stem,  hinder;  stijre,  a  helm,  rudder,  or  tiller; 
styr,  moderation,  a  tax  or  assessment ;  Sw.  styra,  to 
steer,  to  restrain;  styrr,  a  rudder  or  helm;  Arm. 
slur,  id. ;  Ir.sliuram.  We  see  the  radical  sense  is,  to 
strain,  variously  applied,  and  this  coincides  with  the 
rotjt  of  sttireh  and  stark;  stiffness  being  from  stretch- 
ing-] 

1.  Tn  direct ;  tti  govern  ;  partieularhj,  fo  direct  and 
govern  the  course  of  a  ship  by  the  movements  of  the 
helm.    Hence, 

Q.  To  direct  ;  to  guide  ;  to  show  the  way  or 
course  to. 


That  with  a  staff  his  feeble  atepa  did  ateer. 


Spenaar. 


TONE,  BJjLL,  IGNITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS C  aa  K ;  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  CH  aa  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


136 


loei 


STE 

STEER,  r.  i.  To  direct  and  govern  ft  ship  or  other 
vessel  in  its  course.  Formerly  seamen  steered  by  tlie 
stars  ;  they  now  steer  by  the  compass. 

A  thlp  — whvn  the  wind 
Veen  ofi,  u  oft  w  stttrt  uad  abifU  her  aut.  MUUm. 

S.  To  be  directed  and  governed ;  as,  a  ship  steers 
with  ease. 

3.  To  conduct  one's  self;  to  take  or  pursue  a 
course  or  way. 
STEER,  n.    A  rudder  or  helm.    [JVot  in  ust.] 
STEER'AGE,  «.    The  act  or  practice  of  directing  and 
governing  in  a  course  j  ox,  the  steerage  of  a  ship. 

Addison. 
[In  this  senstf  I  believe  the  word  is  note  little  used.\ 
S.  In  seamen\t  lanffuaee^  the  eflbrl  of  a  lietin,  or  its 
effect  on  the  ship  ;  or  the  peculiar  manner  in  which 
an  individual  ship  is  adected  by  the  belui. 

Mar.  Diet, 

3.  In  a  *kipj  an  apartment  forward  of  the  great 
cabin,  from  which  it  is  sei^inrattd  by  a  bulk-head  or 
partition,  or  an  apartment  tn  the  fore  part  of  a  ship 
for  an  inferior  chiss  of  passenf^ers.  In  ships  of  war 
il  serves  as  a  baJl  or  antechamber  to  the  great  cibin. 

Mar.  DicL 

4.  The  part  of  a  ship  where  the  tiller  traverses. 

iujicyc 

5.  Direction ;  regulation. 

He  Uwi  baUt  the  stetruft  of  mj  coune.     [IaVIU  umi.]     Shak. 

G.  Regulation  or  management. 

You  nme  ihp  honor  of  ihc  prerago. 

Prowl  \a  ftitcDd  you  al  the  titeragt.  Sv\fX. 

7.  That  by  which  a  course  is  directed. 

Here  be  huii;  oo  htgti, 
Tbe  tUerage  of  lib  wiu^.  DryUn. 

[Steerage^  in  the  general  sense  of  direction  or  man- 
agement, is  in  popular  use,  but  by  no  means  an  ele- 
gant word.  It  is  said,  a  young  man,  when  he  sets 
out  in  life,  makes  bad  steeraffe ;  but  no  pood  writer 
would  introduce  the  word  into  elegant  writing.] 

STEER'AGE-WAV.  ».  In  seamcn^s  tan^uagt^  that 
degree  of  progressive  movement  of  a  ship,  whicb 
renders  her  governable  by  the  helm. 

STEER'ED,  pp.  Directed  and  governed  in  a  course  ; 
guided  :  conducted. 

STEER'ER,  M.,  One  that  Meen}  a  pilot.  {LittU 
nsedA 

STEER'IXG,  ppr.  Directing  and  governing  in  a 
tourse,  as  a  ship;  guiding;  conducting. 

STEER'ING,  «.  The  act  or  art  of  directing  and  gov- 
erning ^  ship  or  other  vessel  in  her  course  ;  the  act 
of  guiding  or  managing. 

STEER'ING-WHEEL,  a.  The  wheel  by  which  tJie 
rudder  of  a  ship  is  turned  and  the  ship  is  st/-ered. 

STEER'LESS,  a.  Having  no  steer  or  rudder.  [Aol 
ta  «<'.]  Ooieer. 

SH'EERS'MAN,  n.  [«e«r  and  max.]  One  that  i^teera ; 
tile  h:  Imsman  of  a  shipu  Mar.  Diet. 

STEERS' M.aTE,  a.  {Heer  ^nA  maU.I  One  who  steers; 
a  pilot.     [.W  ui  iLfp.]  MUtmL. 

STEEVE,  r.  i.  To  make  an  angle  with  the  horizon, 
or  Willi  the  line  of  a  ve^ssel's  keel ;  applied  to  tJu  bo»- 
gprit.  ToUen. 

STEEV'ING,  a-  In  seamen's  Unguagty  the  angle  of 
elevation  which  a  ship's  bowsprit  makes  with  the 
horizon.  Mar.  Diet. 

STEG,  a.     [Ice.  lieg^e.^ 

A  gander.     [iMcai.^  ffaUiwetL 

STEG-A-NOG'KA-PHrST,  n.     [Gr.  trrcya^^^i,  secret, 
and  j-^.t^'oi,  to  write.] 
One  whu  practices  the  art  of  writing  in  cipher. 

BuUey. 

STEG-A-.\OG'RA-PHY,  n.  [Supra.]  The  art  of  wri- 
ting in  ciphers,  or  characters  which  are  not  intelligi- 
ble except  to  tlie  persons  who  correspond  with  each 
other.  Bailey. 

STEG'A.\-0-PODS,  a.  pL  [Gr.  artyavjSy  covered, 
and  a-  IS,  fi<ot.] 

A  family  of  swimming  birds  with  the  four  toes 
connected  bv  the  same  web. 

€TEG-.\OT'ie,  a.     [Gr.  ffrty*- .-rirr-j.] 

Tending  to  render  costive,  or  to  diminish  excre- 
tions  or  discharges  generally. 

STEC-XOT'ie,  n.  A  medicine  which  tends  to  pro- 
duce custivi;ness  ;  one  th.it  diminishfs  excretions  or 
discliarsrs  Ecnerally. 

STElN'HEIL-rrE,  a.  A  blue  mineral;  aiarietyof 
iolite.  CUavelaad. 

STe'LA,  a.     [Gr.  crj,\n.] 

In  ttrrkitecture,  a  small  column  without  base  or 
capit.ol. 

STELE,  n.     A  slate  or  handle ;  a  stalk.     [Obs.] 

STEL'E-eiilTE,  n.  A  fine  kind  ofstorax,  in  larger 
pieces  than  the  calamite.  Cyc. 

STEL'EN'E,  o.    [Gr.  orriXrjt  a  column.] 
Columnar. 

STEL'LAR,      J  a.     [It  stellare ;  L.  sUUaris.  from  sUl- 

STEL'LA-RY,  \      h)  n  star.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  stars;  astral;  as,  sUlUr  virtue; 
sullar  figure.  MitUnt,     OlanvUU, 

2.  Srarry  ;  full  of  stars  ;  set  with  stars  :  as,  sttlla- 
ry  region?. 

STEL'LATE,      )         r,         „        , 
STEL'L.\-TED,    "^     L**  stcllatus.] 


STE 

1.  Resembling  a  strir  ;  radiated. 
3.  In  6o£<i»i/,  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  star;  a  term 
used  tchen  several  narrvw,  acute  parts  are  in  opposition 
round  a  eommon  axis.  Lindteu, 

STEL-LA'TIOX,  a.     [I^  stella,  a  star.] 

Radiation  of  light.     [JVu/  m  use.) 
STEL'LKD.  (steld,)  a.     Starry.     [JVot  in  xise.]     Shak. 
STEL-LER'I-DAN,  n.    A  name  of  that  family  of  echi- 
noderins  of  which  the  asterias  or  star-fish  is  the  type. 

Brande. 
STEL-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [h.  sttlla,  a  star,  and  /ero,  to 
produce.] 

Having  or  abounding  with  stars. 
STEL'LI-FORM,  a.     [h.  stcUa,  star,  and  form.] 

Like  a  star  ;  radiated. 
STEL'LI-F?,  p.  I,    To  turn  into  a  star.    [JSTot  in  use,] 
STELL'ION,  (stel'yun,)  n,     [L.  steilio.]      [Chaucer. 
A  newt.  JiiHincorOi. 

STELL'ION-ATE,  n.    [Fr.fftcWon^t,  a  cheating;  Low 
L.  stellionatu-s.] 

In  late^  the  crime  of  selling  a  thing  deceitfully  for 
what  it  IS  not;  as  to  sell  that  for  one's  own  which 
belongs  to  another.     [Aut  in  use.]  Bacon. 

STEL'UTE,  n.     [L.  stclla,  n  star.] 

1.  A  fossil  asterias,  or  star-fish.     [0*j.] 
3.  A  zeolitic  mineral  occurring  in  radiated  acicular 
crystals  or  fibers.  Dana. 

STEL'LU-LAR,  a.    Having  the  shape  of  little  stars. 

Humble. 
STEL'O-eHTTE,  n.    A  name  given  to  the  oaleocolta. 
STE  LOG'RA-PHY,  a.     [Gr.  ornXoypa<pta}  urijAos,  a 
pillar,  and  >  paiptOy  to  write.] 

The  art  of  writing  or  inscrijliing  characters  on  pil- 
lars, Staekkouse. 
STEM,  n.  [Sax.  strmn  ;  G.  stamm^  stock,  stem,  race  ; 
D.  and  Sw.  stam  ;  Dan.  stamTue  ;  Sans,  .ttamma.  The 
Latin  has  stemmay  in  ttie  sense  of  the  stock  of  a  fam- 
ily or  race.     The  primary  sense  is,  to  set,  to  fix.] 

1.  The  princi|)al  body  of  a  tree,  shrub,  or  plant,  of 
any  kind  ;  the  main  stock  ;  the  firm  part  which  sup- 
ports the  branches. 

AJler  thej  are  >ho(  tip  iWrty  fwrt  in  length,  they  spread  i\  wiy 

Urj[e  Wp,  hnriiig  no  \Mugh  or  twig  on  tht  MUm.    RaUgk. 
Tbe  lowering  *pnng.  with  t.iruih  rain, 
Beau  down  tbo  Nlvnder  aUm  and  Ixarded  ^rain.  Drydsn. 

2.  The  peduncle  of  the  fructification,  or  the  pedi- 
cle of  a  (lower  ;  that  which  supports  the  flower  or 
the  fruit  of  a  tdant ;  the  petiole,  or  leaf-stem. 

3.  The  stock  of  a  family  ;  a  race  or  generation  of 
[MVgenitors  ;  as,  a  noble  stem.  Milton. 

Vmn  well  their  iiiteage  and  tbcir  ancieal  tttm.  Ticket. 

4.  Progeny ;  branch  of  a  family. 


5.  In  a  shipy  a  circular  piece  of  timber  to  which  the 
two  sides  of  a  ship  are  united  at  the  fore  end.  The 
lower  end  of  it  is  scarfed  to  the  keel,  and  the  bow- 
sprit rests  upon  its  upper  end.     [D.  steven.] 

Mar.  Diet. 

6.  In  music,  the  short,  perpendicular  line  added  to 
the  body  of  a  note. 

From  stem  to  s/cm,  is  from  one  end  of  the  ship  to 
the  other,  or  through  the  whole  length. 
STEM,  r.  L    To  oppt»se,  or  resist,  as  a  current ;  or  to 
make  progress  against  a  curren^h  We  say,  the  ship 
was  not  able  with  all  her  sails  to  stem  the  tide. 

The;  aletn  ihe  fiood  with  their  erecied  breasu.  ZienJuim. 

2.  To  stop ;  to  check ;  as  a  streiuu  or  moving 
force. 

At  Icn^h  Enumtia,  that  great  Injured  name, 
Summed  the  wild  tom^nt  of  a  barfoaroua  age, 
And  diMre  thoae  hoi;  VandalaoQ'  the  atage.  Pope. 

STEM'-€LASP-ING,  a.  Embracing  the  stem  with  its 
base  ;  amplexicaul ;  as  a  leaf  or  petiole.      Martyn. 

STEM'-LkAF,  n.     A  leaf  growing  from  the  stem, 

STEM'LE.SS,  a.     Having  no  stem.  [Martyn. 

STEM'Mi^D,p;j.     Op|K>sed,  as  a  current ;  stopped, 

STEM'MIXG,  ppr.     Opposing,  as  a  stream  ;  slopping. 

STEM'PLE,  (steni'pl,)  n.  Iri  minings  a  cross-bar  of 
wood  in  a  shaft.  Encyc. 

STENCH,  n,     [Sax,  stenc,  steneg.    Bee  Stuck.] 

An  ill  smell ;  offensive  odor.  Bacon. 

STENCH,  V.  U  To  cause  to  emit  a  hateful  smell.  [JVot 

in  ^tsfA  MirtimfT. 

2.  To  stanch  ;  to  stop.     [JVot  in  use.]        Jiarrey. 

STENCH'V,  a.  Having  an  offensive  smell.  [J^ot  in 
w.--e.J  Dyer. 

STEN'CIL,  n.  A  piece  of  thin  leather  or  oil  cloth, 
used  in  painting  on  walls,  to  imitate  paper.  The 
pattern  is  cut  out  of  the  leather,  &c,,  wliich  is  then 
laid  flat  on  the  wall,  and  the  color  brushed  over  it, 

Buchanan. 

STE.VCIL,  p.  t.  To  paint  or  color  in  figures  with 
stencils.  Encyc. 

2.  To  paint  by  having  the  pallem  cut  out  of  a  thin 
material,  and  applied  to  the  surface  to  be  painted  ; 
the  brush  being  applied  to  the  stencil  permits  the  in- 
terstices alone  to  be  painted. 

STEN-E-O-SAU'RL'S,  n.  [Gr.  arcyog,  narrow,  strait, 
and  cavpa,  a  lizard.] 

A  genus  of  saurians,  whose  fossil  remains  only  are 
found. 


STE 

STE-NOG'RA-PHER,  n.  [Gr.  arci'vi,  close,  narrow, 
and  ypatp'f}^  to  write,] 

One  who  is  skUlud  in  tbe  art  of  short-band  wri- 
ting. 
STKN-O-GRAPH'ie,         \a.    [Supra.I    Pertaining  to 
STEN  0-GRAPH'ie-AL,  |    the  art  of  writing  in  short- 
hand ;  expressing  in  characters  or  short-hand. 
STE-NOG'RA-PHY,  n,     [Supra.J    The  art  of  writing 
in  short-hand,  by  using  abbreviations  or  characters 
for  whole  words.  Encyc. 

STENT,  n.     An  allotted  portion  ;  same  as  Stint. 

HaUiweil. 
[  Used  in  various  dialects  in  Englandy  and  still  heard 
in  America.] 
STEN'TOR,  n,     [Gr.  ILrevTtap.] 

A  herald,  in  Ifomer,  having  a  very  loud  voice; 
hence,  any  person  having  a  powerful  voice, 
STEN-TO'RIAN,  u.  [from  Sicntor.]    Extremely  loud  ; 
as,  a  stentorian  voice. 

2.  Able  to  utter  a  very  loud  sound  ;  as,  stentorian 
lungs. 

STEN-TO-RO  PHON'ie,  a,    [From  Ste^itor^  a  herald 
in  Homer,  whose  voice  was  as  loud  as  that  of  fillLy 
other  men,  and  Gr.  i&tjcij,  voice.] 
Speaking  or  sounding  very  loud. 

Of  ihia  atenlorophovic  horn  of  Alexander  there  li  a  fiornTe  pre- 
aervod  in  the  Vatican.  Derham. 

STEP,  V.  i,  [Sax.  stappun,  steppan ;  D.  stappeti ;  Gr. 
OTetiiu).  Qu.  Russ.  stopa,  the  foot.  The  sense  is,  to 
set,  as  the  font,  or  more  probably  to  open  or  part,  to 
stretch  or  extend.] 

1.  To  move  the  foot ;  to  advance  or  recede  by  a 
movement  of  the  foot  or  feet;  as,  to  step  forward,  or 
to  step  backward. 

9,  To  go  i  to  walk  a  little  distance  ;  as,  to  step  to 
one  of  the  neighbors. 

3,  To  walk  gravely,  slowly,  or  resolutely. 

Home  the  Hwnin  retrials, 
HU  flock  before  him  supping  to  the  fold.  Thomson. 

To  step  forth  :  to  move  or  come  forth,       Cowley. 

To  step  aside  :  to  walk  to  a  little  distance  ;  to  retire 
from  company. 

To  step  in,  or  into ;  to  walk  or  advance  into  a  place 
or  state  ;  or  to  advance  suddenly  in.    .John  v. 

2.  To  enter  for  a  short  time.  1  just  stepped  into 
the  house. 

3.  To  obtain  possession  without  trouble  ;  to  enter 
upon  suddenly  ;  as,  to  step  into  an  esUite. 

To  step  back;  to  move  mentally  ;  to  carry  the  miud 
back. 

Thpy  arc  tlepping  almost  tlircc  thuiunnd  jroan  back  into  the 
rcmuLeiit  nnliqaity.  Pope. 

STEP,  V.  t.     To  set,  as  the  foot. 

2.  To  fix  the  foot  of  a  mast  in  its  step  ;  to  erect. 

Totten. 
STEP,  n.    [Sax.  stj'p:  D.  stap;  G.  jtu/cy  W.  tap,  a 
ledge  ;  tapiaw,  to  form  a  step  or  ledge.] 

1.  A  pace  ;  an  advance  or  movement  made  by  one 
removal  of  tlie  foot, 

2.  One  remove  in  ascending  or  descending;  a 
stair. 

The  breadth  of  every  lin^le  at^p  or  atair  should  be  nptcr  li^aa 
Ihuii  one  foot.  Wotton. 

3.  The  space  passed  by  the  foot  in  wolking  or  run- 
ning. The  step  of  one  foot  is  generally  about  three 
feet ;  it  may  be  more  or  less. 

4.  A  small  space  or  distance.  Let  us  go  to  the  gar- 
dens ;  it  is  but  a  step. 

5.  The  distance  between  the  feet  in  walking  or 
running. 

6.  Grodation  ;  degree.  We  advance  in  improve- 
ment titep  by  stev,  or  by  steps. 

7.  Progressii  h  ;  act  of  advancing. 

To  derive  two  of  three  gi^neral  principle*  of  motion  from  phe- 
nomena, and  aflerward  It'll  us  how  the  properti'i  and  nctioni 
of  all  corporeal  things  follow  Irum  those  manifeat  principk-a, 
would  Ije  n  great  »Up  in  philosophy.  Nemlon. 

8.  Footstep;  printor  impression  of  the  foot ;  track. 

Dryden. 

9.  Gait ;  manner  of  walking.  The  approach  of  a 
man  is  often  known  by  his  step. 

10.  Proceeding  ;  measure  ;  action. 

*The  rfpuiatiun  of  a  man  depends  on  the  first  itept  he  makes  in 
the  world.  Pope. 

11.  The  round  of  a  ladder. 

12.  Stepsy  in  the  plural ;  walk  ;  passage. 
Conduct  my  »tep»  to  find  the  fata!  tree 

In  tlii8de<;p  forest.     «  Dryden, 

13.  The  bottom  support  on  which  the  lower  end 
of  a  mast,  or  of  an  upright  shaft  or  wheel,  resLs, 

Hutdeman. 

STEP  [Sax.  steopy  from  sttpan,  to  deprive]  is  prefixed 
to  certain  words  to  express  a  relation  by  marriage. 
Home  Tooke  s'lpposes  step,  in  step-father,  to  be  a 
corrupt  spelling  fo(  sted-father,  a  father  instead  of  the 
true  father.  Ceilain  it  is  that,  in  Danish,  sted  is  tbe 
word  used  instead  of  step. 

STEP'-BROTH-ER,  (-bruth-er,)  n.  A  brother-in-law, 
or  by  marriage. 

STEP'-CHILD,  n.  [step  and  child.]  A  son-in-law  or 
daughter-in-law,  (a  child  deprived  of  its  parent.) 

STEP'-UAME,  71.  A  mother  by  marriage,  (the  mother 
of  an  orphan  or  one  deprived.) 


Fate,  FiR,  FiVLL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRgY PINE,  MARlfNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.— 

~     1083  ~ 


n.     [L.  stercus,  dung.] 


8TE 

STEP'-DAUGH-TER,  (-<l:uv-ter,)  n.  A  daughter  by 
marrinse",  (nn  orpimn  daughter.) 

STEP'-FX  TIIER,  h.  A  fiUtKT-in-law  ;  a  father  by 
marriape  only  ;  (the  fnlher  of  an  orphan.) 

STEP'-MOTH  ER,  (-mnth-er,)  n.  A  mother  by  mar- 
riage only  ;  a,  mother-in-law  ;  (the  mother  of  an  or- 
phan.) 

STEP'-.SIS-TER,  H.  A  sister-in-law,  or  by  marriage, 
(an  orphan  sister.) 

8tEP'-S0N,  (sun,)*.  A  aon-ln-law  ;  an  orphan  son. 
[In  the  foregoing  explication  of  step,  I  have  fol- 
lowed Lye.  The  D.  and  G.  write  *(i>/,  and  the 
Swedes  styf^  before  the  name  ;  a  word  which  does 
not  appear  to  be  connected  with  any  verb  signifying 
to  bereave.  And  the  word  is  not  without  some  diffi- 
culties. 1  have  given  the  ejcplanaiion  which  appears 
to  he  most  probably  correct.  If  the  radical  sense  of 
sUp,  a  pace,  is  to  part  or  open,  the  word  coincides 
with  Sax.  stepan,  to  deprive,  and  in  the  compounds 
above,  gtfp  may  Imply  removal  or  distance.] 

aTEPPE,  (step,)  n.  The  Russian  name  given  to  the 
vast  plains  of  Asia,  corresponding  to  the  prairies  in 
North  America.  Brantle, 

[This  sense  of  the  Russian  word  is  naturally 
deducible  from  Sax.  stepan,  to  deprive.     See  Step.] 

STEP'PED,  (stept,)  pp.  Set;  placed;  erected;  fixed 
in  its  step,  as  a  mast. 

STEP'PING,  ppr,  Movini?,  or  advancing  by  a  move- 
ment of  the  foot  or  feet;  placing;  fixing  or  erect- 
ing, as  a  mast. 

STEP'PIXG,  n.  The  act  of  walking  or  running  by 
sleps- 

STKP'PING-SToNE,  n.  A  stone  to  raise  the  feet 
above  the  dirt  and  mud  in  walking.  Sioifi. 

2.  Hence,  a  means  of  progress  or  further  advance- 
ment. SmarL 

STEP'-STOXE,  n.  A  stone  laid  before  a  door  as  a 
Mair  to  rise  on  in  entering  the  house. 

STER,  in  eompoaition,  is  from  the  Sax.  steora,  a  di- 
rector. (See  Steer.)  It  seems  primarily  to  have  sig- 
nified chief,  principal,  or  director,  as  in  the  L.  min- 
igter,  chief  servant ;  but  in  other  words,  as  in  spinster^ 
we  do  not  recognize  the  sense  of  chief,  but  merely 
that  of  a  person  who  carries  on  the  business  of  spin- 
ning. 

STER-eO-RX'CEOUS,  (-shus,)a.  [h.stercorevjjSter- 
corosas,  from  stn-cus,  dung.] 

Pertaining  to  dung,  or  partaking  of  its  nature. 

ArbvthnoU 

STER-eO-RA'RI-AN, 

STER'eO-RA-\IST, 

In  eecle^iaxtical  history,  a  nickname  used  in  the 
fifth  and  sixth  centuries,  and  denoting  one  who  held 
that  the  consecrated  elements  in  the  eucharisl  un- 
dergo the  process  of  digestion,  so  that  the  divine 
body,  if  rnnttjrially  prest-nt,  must  be  changed  into 
Ih''  fi'cal  substance.  .Murdock. 

STER'CO  RA-RY,  n.  A  place  properly  secured  from 
the  weather  for  containing  dung. 

STER-€0-RA'TION',  n.     [L.  stercoratio.] 

The  art  of  manuring  with  dung.     Bacon,     Ray. 

STEK-e6'RI-A\-ISM,  n.  In  church  history,  the  doc- 
trj^ne  that  the  host  is  liable  to  digestion. 

STeRE,  n.  In  the  aeic  French  .tt/stem  of  measures^  the 
uuJt  fur  solid  measure,  equal  to  a  cubic  metrr. 

Lunifr. 

f^TE-RE  O-GRAPH'IC,  >  a.     [from  stfreographt/.] 

STE-RE-O  GRAPH'ie-AL,  t       Made  or  done  accord- 
ing to  the  rules  of   stereogniphy ;   delineated   on   a 
plane  ;  a<<,  a  stcreographie  chart  of  the  earth. 
Sterf-osraphic  projection.     See  Projectioi*. 

STE-RE-O-GRAPH^ie-AULY,  adv.  By  delineation 
on  a  plane. 

STE-RB-OG'RA-PHY,  m  [Gr.  ripcos^  firm,  and 
J  p.i^di,  to  write.] 

liie  art  of  delineating  the  forms  of  solid  bodies 
on  a  plane;  a  branch  of  solid  geometry  which  shows 
the  construction  of  all  solids  which  are  regularly  de- 
fined. Kncyc, 

STE-RE-OM'E-TER,  n.     [Gr.  trrcpeoi^  solid,  and  per- 

pi'V.] 

An  instrument  for  determining  the  specific  gravity 

of  liquid  bodies,  porous  bodies,  and  powders,  as  well 

an  solids.  Encyc.  Brit, 

8TE-RE-0-MET'Rie-AL,   a.     [See   Stereomktrt.] 

Pertaining  to  or  performed  by  stereometry. 
8TE-RE-OM'E-TRY,  »i.     [Gr.  rectos,  firm,  fixed,  and 

p  rof.ui,  to  measure.] 
The   art  of  measuring  solid    bodies,  and    finding 

their  solid  contents.  Harris. 

STE-RE-O-TOM'ie-AL,   a.      Pertaining    to    or    per- 

fi>rmed  by  stereotomy. 
BTE-RB-OT'O-MY,  n.    [Gr.  j-^proy,  fixed,  and  Tcpvuyy 

to  cut.] 

The  Hcicnce  or  art  of   cutting  solids  into  certain 

figures  or  sections,  as  arches,  &.c.  F.ncyc. 

8TE'RE-0-T?PE,  n.     [Gr.  repcfi,  fixed,  and   rurruf, 

type,  form.] 

1.  lAteraUy,  a  fixed  metal  type  ;  hence,  a  plate  of 

fixed   or  solid   metallic    types   for    printing    books. 

Thus,  we  say,  a   b<K)k    is    printed  on  stereotypf^  or 

in  Mtertotijpe.     In    the    latter   use,  the  word    seems 

mlher   to    signify  the  workmanship   or  manner  of 

prinUPK,  than  the  plate. 


STE 

2.  The  art  of  making  plates  of  fixed  metallic  types, 

or  of  executing  work  on  such  plates, 
STfi'RE-O-TtPE,   a.      Pertaining  to  fixed   metallic 

types. 
2.  Done  on  fixed  metallic  types,  or  plates  of  fixed 

tj'pes  ;   as,  stereotype  work  ;  stereotype  printing  ;    a 

stereotifpe  copy  of  the  Bible. 
STk'RE-O-TTPE,  v.  u     To  make  fixed  metallic  types 

or   plates   of   type   metal,   corresponding  with    the 

words  and  letters  of  a  hook ;  to  compose  a  book  in 

fixed  types;    as,  to  stereoti/pe  the  New  Testament} 

certain  societies  have  stereotyped  the  Bible. 
STK'RE-0-TTP-/n3,  (-tlpt,)  pp.  or  a.    Formed  on  fixed 

metallic  types,  or  plates  of  fixed  types. 
2.  a.    Formed  in  a  fixed,  unchangeable  manner; 

aSj  stereotyped  opinions. 
STk'RE-O-TYP-ER,  n.     One  who  makes  stereotype. 
STe'RE-O-T^P-ING,  ppr.     Making  stereotype  plates 

for  any  work ;   or  impressing  copies  on  stereotype 

plates. 
srE-RE-O-TY-POG'RA-PHER,    n.       A    stereotype 

printer. 
STE-RE-O-TY-POG'RA-PIIY,  n.    The  art  or  practice 

of  printing  on  stereotype.  Entick. 

STER'ILE,  (ster'il,)  a.     [L.  sterilU ;  It.  and  Fr.  stc'riU  ; 

Sp.  csteril,] 

1.  Barren;  unfruitful;  not  fertile;  producing  little 
or  no  crop  ;  as,  sterile  land  ;  a  sterile  desert ;  a  sterile 
year.  Bacon. 

2.  Barren  ;  producing  no  young.  More, 

3.  Barren  of  ideas  ;  destitute  of  sentiment ;  as,  a 
sterile  production  or  author. 

Sterile  fiower,  in  botany,  is  a  term  given  by  Tourne- 
fort  to  the  male  flower,  or  that  which  bears  only 
stamens.  Martyn. 

STE  RIL'I-TY,  n.  [L.  sterUUas;  Fr.  sterUitii  Ix. 
sterilitd.^ 

1.  Barrenness;  unproductiveness  ;  nnfruitfulness  ; 
the  quality  or  state  of  producing  little  or  nothing; 
as,  the  sterility  of  land  or  soil.  Bacon. 

2.  Barrenness;  nnfruitfulness;  the  state  of  not 
producing  young;  as  of  animals. 

3.  Barrenness  of  ideas  or  sentiments,  as  in  writ- 
ings. 

4.  Want  of  fertility  or  the  power  of  pioducing 
sentiment ;  as,  the  sterility  of  an  author  or  of  his 
mind. 

STER'IL-IZE,r.  (.  To  make  barren  ;  to  impoverish, 
as  land  ;  to  exhaust  of  fertility  ;  as,  to  sterilize  soil 
or  land.     [Little  used.]         _^  Woodward. 

2.  To  deprive  of  fecundity,  or  the  power  of  pro- 
ducing young.  [Little  used.] 
STER'LET,  n.  A  fish  of  the  Caspian  and  of  the 
rivers  in  Russia,  the  Acipenser  ruthcnus  of  Lin- 
nieus,  highly  esteemed  for  its  flavor,  and  from 
whose  roe  is  made  the  finest  caviare. 

Tooke.     Coie. 
STER'LING,  a.     [Probably  from  EasterUn^,  once  the 
popular  name  of  German  traders  in  England,  whose 
money   was   of  the   purest  quality.     Camden.']     An 
epithet  by  which  English  money  of  account  is  dis- 
tinguished ;  as,  a  pound  sterling  ;  a  shilling  sterling  ; 
a  penny  sterling.     It  is  not  now  applied  to  the  coins 
of  England  ;  but  sterling  cost,  sterling  value  are  used. 
2.  Genuine;    pure;   of   excellent  quality;    as,   a 
work  of  sterling  merit;  a  man   of  sterling   wit   or 
good  sense. 
STER'LING,  n.     English  money. 

And  Romivn  wrKhh  in  Fln^IUh  tterling  view.  Arbuthnot, 

[In  this  use,  sterling  may  signify  English  coins.] 

2.  Standard  ;  rale.     [Little  used  in  either  sense.] 

STERN,  a.      [Sax.   stymj    stern;    G.  starr,   staring; 

stUrrigf  stubborn.     (See    Stare,    Starch,    Stark, 

with  which  this  word  is  probably  connected.)    Gr. 

S-epcoi-] 

1.  Severe  ;  austere  ;  fixed  with  an  aspect  of  sever- 
ity and  authority  ;  as,  a  stem  look  ;  a  stern  counte- 
nance ;  astern  frown. 

I  wotild  uuUtare  the  aUrnett  ^yr»  that  look.  Shak. 

2.  Severe  of  mannrr  ;  rigid;  harsh;  cruel. 

Sum  nm  imon,  nnii  .-u  luicld  tuird.  Dryden, 

Antbition  stiuuld  be  maJe  of  »Umer  atufT.  Shak. 

3.  Hard  ;  afflictive. 

If  wolvea  hftd  n(  (hy  gntr  howW  thai  «tem  lime.  <S7taJt. 

4.  Rigidly  steadfast ;  immovable. 

stern  tlrti'o  b  llie  growth  of  few  Bulb.  Hamilton, 

STERN,  II.  [Sax.  steor  and  em,  place  ;  the  steer-place^ 
that  is,  helm-place.] 

1.  The  hind  part  of  a  ship  or  other  vessel,  or  of  a 
boat ;  the  part  oppiisite  to  the  stem  or  prow.  This 
part  of  a  fhip  is  terminated  hy  the  taflercl  above,  and 
by  the  couiiters  below.  Mar.  Diet, 

2.  Post  of  management ;  direction. 

Anil  all  al  chic^lijit  ttern  of  pullic  wcul.  Sftak. 

[JVot  in  use.     We  now  say,  to  sit  at  the  helm.] 
.i.  The  hinder  part  of  any  thing.    [A*o(  elegant,] 

Spenser. 
By  the  stem,  is  a  phrase  which  denotes  timt  a  ship 
Is  more  deeply  Uidvn  abaft  than  forward. 
STERN'A^E,  n.     Steerage  or  stern.  Sliak.      ] 


STE 

STER'NAL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  sternum  or  breast- 
bone. Ilumlile, 
STERN'BERG-ITE,  n.     [from  Count  Casper  Stem- 

berg.] 

A  foliated  ore  of  silver,  consisting  of  silver,  iron, 
and  sulphur.  Dana. 

STERN'- BOARD,  n.  [stem  and  board.]  In  seamen's 
language,  the  backward  motion  of  a  vessel ;  henr^, 
a  loss  of  way  in  making  a  tack.  To  make  a  stem- 
board,  is  when,  by  a  current  or  other  cause,  a  vessel 
has  fallen  back  fruin  the  point  she  had  gained  in  the 
last  tack.  Mar.  Diet. 

STERN'-CHASE,       }  n.     [stem  and  chase.]     A  can- 

STERN'-CHAS-ER,  \  non  placed  in  a  ship's  stern, 
pointing  backward,  and  intended  to  annoy  a  ship 
that  is  in  pursuit  of  her.  Mar.  Diet. 

A  stern  chase  sometimes  denotes  one-  far  behind  or 
long  continued. 

STEIIN'£D,  a.  In  compounds,  having  a  stern  of  a 
particular   shape;   as,   square-^erHe*/;    pUik-stemed^ 

STERN'ER,  n.     [Sax.  steoran,  to  steer.]  [fcc 

A  director.     [JVot  ia  use.]  Clarke. 

STERN'-FXST,  n.  [stem  and  fast.]  A  rope  used  to 
confine  the  stern  of  a  ship  or  other  vessel. 

STERN'-FRaME,  71.  [stem  and  frame.]  The  sev- 
eral pieces  of  timber  which  form  the  stern  of  a  ship. 

Mar.  Diet. 

STERN'LY,  adv.  [See  Sterx.]  In  a  stern  manner  ; 
with  an  austere  or  stmi  countenance;  with  an  air 
of  autlmrity. 

Slemly  hr  pronounced 
The  risid  i.iu-rdiaion.  MUton. 

STERN' Most,  a.  [stem  and  moH.]  Farthest  in  the 
rear  ;  furthest  astern  ;  as,  the  sternTnostshi\)  in  a  con- 
voy. Mar.  Diet. 

STERN'NESS,  «.  Severity  of  look  ;  a  look  of  aus- 
terity, rigor,  or  severe  authority  ;  as,  the  .sternness  of 
one's  presence.  Shak. 

2.  Severity  or  harshness  of  manner;  rigor. 

I  hare  #tomn««  in  my  soul  enough 
To  hear  ol  suldicr'a  work.  Drydtrt. 

STER'NON,  n.  [Gr.]  The  breast-bone.  But  Ster- 
num is  chiefly  or  wholly  used. 
STERN'-PORT, «.  [stern  and  poH,]  A  port  or  open- 
ing in  the  stern  of  a  ship.  Mar.  Diet, 
STERN'-PoST,7i.  [stern  and  post.]  A  straight  piece 
of  timber,  erected  on  the  extremity  of  the  keel  to 
support  the  rudder  and  terminate  the  ship  behind. 

Mar.  Diet. 
STERN'-SHEETS,   n.  pL     [stem  and   sheet.]     That 
part  of  a  boat  which  is   between  the  stern  and  the 
aftmo.«t  seat  of  the  rowers;  usually  furnished  with 
seats  fur  passengers.  Mar.  DicL 

STER'NUM,  7t.  [Gr.  ^-Epvor ;  from  fixing;  setting. 
See  Starch,  Stark.] 

The  breast-bone  ;  the   bone  which  forms  the  front 
of  the  human  chest  from  the  neck  to  the  ttomach. 
STER-NU-TA'TION,  b.     [L.  sternutatio.] 

The  act  of  sneezing.  Qiuncy. 

STER-NO'TA-TIVE,  o.     [L.  stcmuo,  tp  sneeze.] 

Having  the  quality  of  provoking  to  sneeze. 
STER-NO'TA-TO-RV,  a.     [Fr.  stemutatoire,  from  I,. 
steruua,  to  sneeze.] 

Having  the  quality  of  exciting  to  sneeze. 
STER-NO'TA-TO-IIY,«.     A  substance  that  provokes 

sneezing. 
STER.N'-WaY,  n.     [stern  and  way.]     The  movement 
of  a  ship  backward,  or  with  her  stern  foremost. 

Mar.  Diet. 
STER-aUIL'I-NOUS,  a.     [L.  stcrquiUnium^  a  dung- 
Pertaining  to  a  dunghill ;  mean  ;  dirty  ;  paltry. 
STER-TO'RI-OUa,  i  „      r,      .^„ ,  [liotctll. 

STER'TO-ROtrs,     j  **•     L'"  ««^^-J 

Snoring.    The  lost  is  the  term  almost  invariab) 
used. 
STER'VEN,  to  starve,  is  not  in  rise.  Spenser. 

STETII'O-SeOPK,  «.  [Gr.  arcOost  tJie  breast,  and 
oK'TTeui,  to  examine.] 

A  simple  cylinder  of  some  fine-grained,  light  wood, 
as  cedar  or  maple,  perforated  longitudinally  in  the 
middle,  with  one  extremity  funnel-shaped  and  fur- 
nished with  a  conical  plug;  the  other  with  a  com- 
paratively large  orbicular  ivory  plate  fastened  by  a 
screw.  This  instrument  is  used  for  distinguishing 
sounds  within  tlie  thorax,  and  other  cavities  of  the 
body,  the  funnel-shaped  extremity,  either  with  or 
without  the  plug,  being  placed  upon  the  body,  and 
the  ivory  plate  u*  the  ear  of  the  listener.  It  is  mere- 
ly a  sub.-^iitute  for  the  direct  application  of  the  ear, 
in  cases  in  wliich  this  would  be  forbidden  by  d<,ii- 
cacy. 

Stethoscope  is  an  ill-chosen  term,  since  its  applica- 
tion is  not  c«mfinedto  the  breast,  and  the  termination 
scope  does  not  well  express  its  use.     Plionophorus  or 
sound-conductor,  would  be  preferable. 
STETH-O-SeOP'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  stethoscope. 
STkVE,  D.  (.    [from  the  root  of  stow.]     To  slow,  aa 

cr>tton  or  wool  in  a  e^hip's  hold.     [LocaL\ 
STk'VE-DORE,  n.    One  whose  occupation  is  to  lood 

or  unload  vessels  in  iHirt.  JVeio  York. 

STk'VJ';N,  n.     [Sax.  stefnian,  to  call.] 

An  outcry  ;  a  ioud  call ;  a  clamor.     [JVb(  in  use.] 

Spender. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNI'l'E.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  aa  K;  6  as  J ;  8  as  Z;  CH  aa  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1083 


STI 

8TEVV,  (stfl,)  c.  t.  [Ft.  rtticer,  to  slewj  rtitpe,  a 
stove ;  lu  stt^fart,  to  stew  ;  stt^f*^  a  stove ;  ^t^/a, 
wnry.  surfeited ;  Sp.  exf  i(/a,  a  ttova ;  tst^fk^  atuff 
quillefl;  cjiti^«r,  to  quilt  and  to  stew;  D.  «(0^,  a 
BtoTe ;  tt00v*»,  to  stew ;  Dan.  etm*.,  a  room,  (see 
Stow,)  and  atmmnm,  a  stove ;  Sw.  8tt\fvaf  to  slew 
and  to  stow.] 

t.  To  seeUie  or  i;ently  boil ;  to  boil  slowly  in  a 
moderate  manner,  or  with  a  simmering  btuit :  as.  to 
MUw  meal ;  to  steio  apjiles  j  tu  steio  prunes.       Skak, 
a.  To  boil  in  heat. 
STEWi  (sta,)  r.  i.    To  be  seethed  in  a  slow,  gentle 

manner,  or  in  heat  and  moisture. 
STEW,  (stfi.)  n.     A  hot-house  ;  a.  bagnio. 

The  LoFdfaun  weiv  inhihJtrd  by  Cjrnu  to  hm  uijr  umm,  «if1  gtve 
tteinKln*  lo  bubs  ami  »I*<m.  AbboL 

3.  A  broUid  ;  a  bouse  of  prostitution  ;  but  gener- 
ally or  alwa>'8  used  in  the  plural,  Stkws. 

3.  A  fvoetitute.  [JVW  ia  mm.]        [Baam,     South. 

4.  (See  Stow.)  A  store  pond  ;  a  small  pond  w^bere 
fish  are  kept  fhr  the  table.     [JVW  u*td.] 

5.  Meat  stewed  ;  as,  a  Mew  of  piteons. 

6.  Connision,  as  wh^n  the  air  is  full  of  du«t.  [D. 
sCuirot,  to  raise  a  dust ;  allied  to  sUw,  and  proving 
tbat  the  primary  sense  of  sine  \-a  to  drive  or  agitato, 
to  stir  or  excite.]     [^vt  in  use  or  tormL]  Orose, 

STEWARD,  (siQ'-,)  a.  [Sax.  *tiward.  H'ard  is  a 
keeper  ;  but  the  meaning  of  the  first  syllable  is  not 
evident.  It  is  [m>baMy  a  conlmciion  uf  G.  stube,  a 
lo.  m,  Eng.  st0ip,  Sax.  #eoie,  place,  or  sUd,  place,  or 
of  Dan.  j<9K  a  cup.  The  stciotird  was,  then,  origi- 
nally a  cbamberlain  or  a  butler.] 

1.  A  man  employeil  in  great  families  to  manage 
the  domestic  cuncerns.  siiperiulend  the  other  ser- 
vants, otUect  the  rents  or  income,  keep  accounts,  &.C. 

SL  A  fiscal  a^ent  of  certain  Uxlies  ;  as,  tlie  st^oard 
of  a  congregation  in  the  Meihtvli^t  church,  &c 

3.  Ad  ofiictrr  of  state  ;  as,  lord  high  tUward ;  $U»- 
mrd  of  the  household,  i^r.  EnffUnd. 

4.  In  eoUertJy  an  officer  who  provides  food  fur  the 
students,  and  superintends  the  kitchen. 

&  In  >aswt»,  one  who  has  the  charge  of  distribu- 
ting Inod  and  drink,  or  of  nratting  on  the  officers, 
paaaengcrs,  &C. 

6.  Id  Scrqrtvrs  and  tkeolo^^  a  minister  of  Christ, 
whose  duty  is  to  duipen^  the  pmvTsions  of  the  goa- 
pel,  to  preach  its  doctrines  and  admJnisKer  Us  wdl- 


h  b  Rvind  Is  ttuMrdf,  tlMt  «  am  bs  fenri  hkbAd,  — 1 
Cor.  W. 

STEWARD,  (sta'-,)  r.  f.    To  manage  as  a  ateward. 

LVot  in  ujte.]  FiUtfr. 

STEWARDESS,  a.    A  female  who  waits  on  ladies 

in  steamboats,  &.C, 
8TEWARD-LV,  ad^    With  Iho  earn  of  »  steward. 

[  LittU  use  L 1  TWAsr. 

STEWARD-SHIP,  a.    Tlw  office  of  a  steward. 

CWoiay. 
STEWART-RV,  a*    An  overseer  or  superintendont. 


STEWED,  fp.  or  o.    Gently  boiled  ;  boiled  in  heaL 
STEWING,  ppr.     B4>iIinK  in  a  moderate  heaL 
STEWING,  n.    The  act  of  seething  slowly. 
STEWISM,  a.     Suiting  a  bmlliel.  UalL 

STEWPAN,  a.     A  pan  in  which  things  are  stewed. 
STHEN'ir,  a.     [Gr.  trOc^uiA 

In  M«(/u:ijic,  attended  with  n  preiernatuml  and  mor- 
bid increase  of  vital  energ>-,  and  strength  of  action 
in  the  heart  and  aileries  ;  phlogistic. 
STIB'I-AL,  a.     [L.  Mihimm^  antimony.] 

Uke  or  having  the  qualities  of  antimony  ;  antimo- 

DV,.. 

S*'    H-I-.^'RI-AN,  s.     [from  U  jfiAiam.] 

A  violent  man.  ffkits. 

[Am  imnroper  word^  and  not  in  use.'] 

BTIB'I-A-TEO,  a.    Impregnated  with  antimony. 

STIB'I-UM,  a.     [L.]     Antimony 

STie'A-DOS,  a.     A  planL  JfbweortJL 

STI€H,  (stik,)  a.     [Gr.  trrtx^t.] 

1.  In  foeirfy  a  verse,  of  whatever  measure  or 
number  of  feeL 

{Stitk  is  used  in  nnmbering  tbe  books  of  Scrip- 
XxanA 

2.  In  mrai  affairs,  an  order  or  rank  of  trees. 

[In  New  England,  as  much  land  as  lies  between 
double  furrows,  is  called  sticky  or  a  land.] 

STI€M'0-MAN-CY,  (stik'o-inan-se,)  a.  [Gr.  anx'^i 
and  ;i-irTriii.l 

Divination  by  lines  or  passage*  of  books  taken  at 
haxard.  Bnmde. 

STI€B-OM'E-TRT.  a.  [Gr.  <mx''ff, « line  of  a  book , 
and  iitrpoVf  meajture.] 

An  account  of  the  magnitude  or  length  <»f  books, 
as  ascertained  by  the  number  of  lines  which  they 
contain.  Munfock. 

STICIl'WORT,     I    ,  _^  .  .   J  ».      A   gmssy-looking 

STITCH'WOrV,  i  C-'rort*)  {  ptent  of  the  genus 
Stellaria.  •.  Loudon, 

STICK,  a.  [Sax.  stUca-.  G.  gUckm;  D.  ttoki  Dan. 
stikkt ;  Sw.  tUike,  otieka ;  It.  steeea.  This  word  is 
connected  with  the  verb  to  «fic*,  with  stodt,  stack, 
and  other  words  having  the  like  elements.    The  pri- 


STI 

mary  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  thrust,  to  shoot,  and  to 
set ;  Fr.  tijrf,  a  stalk.] 

1.  The  small  shoot  or  branch  of  a  tree  or  shrub, 
cut  olf ;  a  rod  ;  also,  a  stalfj  as,  to  strike  one  with  a 
stick. 

2.  Any  stem  of  a  tree,  of  ony  size,  cut  for  fuel  or 
timber.  It  is  applied  in  America  to  any  long  and 
slender  piece  of  timber,  round  or  square,  from  the 
smallest  sice  to  the  largest,  used  in  the  frames  of 
buildings  ;  as,  a  stick  of  timber  for  a  post,  a  beam,  or 
a  raAer. 

3.  Many  instniraents,  long  and  slender,  are  called 
tlick*;  as,  the  cuu)[Hxsing  stick  of  printers, 

4.  A  thrujtt  Willi  a  pointed  instrument  that  pene- 
trates a  body  ;  a  sttb. 

Stick  qf  eelt :  the  number  of  twenty-five  eels, 
HailitocU.    A  bind  conuins  ten  stieks.  Kncye. 

STICK,  e.t;  prcL  and  jtp.  Stuck.  [Sax.  stican,  sti- 
cian;  G.  sUtcJuttty  to  sting  or  prick,  and  strckm,  to 
stick,  to  adhere  ;  D.  stecken^  to  prick  or  st.ih  ;  stikkm, 
to  stitch  ;  Dan.  stikker^  to  sling,  to  prick  ;  Sw,  sticka  ; 
Gr.  (rriCf.',  ariyiiui  \V ,- yMiirato :  Ir.  stfackam.  If 
formed  on  tlie  efeoients  D^,  TV,  this  familv  of  words 
coincides  in  elements  witli  tack,  attack,  atuicA.] 

1.  To  pierce ;  to  stab  ;  to  cause  to  enter,  as  a 
pointed  instrument;  hence,  to  kill  by  piercing ;  as, 
Co  Miek  a  beast  in  slaughter,  [ji  common  use  <(f  the 
•sortLj 

2.  To  llinist  in  ;  to  fasten  or  cause  to  remain  by 
piercing  ;  a^,  to  stuk  a  pia  on  the  sleeve. 

Tbr  pcjnu  of  ipeiu*  are  atuck  within  the  •hlelJ.  Dtyden. 

3.  To  fasten ;  lo  attach  by  causing  to  adhere 
to  the  surface  ;  as^  to  stick  on  a  patch  or  plaster  j  to 
sCieX-  on  a  thing  with  paste  or  glue. 

4.  To  set ;  to  fix  in  ;  as,  to  stick  card  teeth. 

5.  To  set  with  something  pointed;  as,  to  stick 
cards. 

6.  To  fix  on  a  pointed  instrument ;  as,  to  stick  an 
apple  on  a  fork. 

To  stick  out ;  to  project,  or  cause  to  be  prominent. 
STICK,  p.  L     To  adhere ;  lo  hold  to  by  cleaving  to 
the  surface,  as  by  tenacity  or  attraction  ;  as,  glue 
sticks  to  the  fingers ;   paste  sticks  lo  the  wall,  and 
causes  paper  to  sCicit 

I  will  okUM  the  %ah  of  Uijr  liren  to  ttidk  to  Uijr  acaiea.  —  Etck. 
uix. 

9.  To  be  united  ;  to  be  Inseparable ;  to  cling  fast 
lo,  as  aoiDething  reproachful. 


If  on  «oar  fiune  our  sex  r  blot  baa  thnnm, 
Twill  ever  »6ek,  Utroogk  n 


B  of  your  own.  Young. 

3.  To  rest  with  the  memory  ;  to  abide.       Bacon. 

4.  To  stop  ;  to  be  impeded  by  adhesion  or  obstruc- 
tion ;  as,  the  carriage  sti^Jis  in  the  mire. 

&  To  stop  ;  to  be  arrested  in  a  course. 

Mv  Altering  lon^ue 
Afeiv  at  tbe  auund.  Smith. 

6.  To  stop  ;  to  hesitate.  He  sticks  at  no  difficulty  ; 
be  sticks  at  tbe  commission  of  no  crime  ;  he  sticks  at 
nothing. 

7.  To  adhere ;  to  remain  ;  to  resist  eflTorts  to  re- 
move. 

I  had  moat  n«r(l  of  bifttiag,  and  unea 

Stuck  in  my  throaL  Shak. 

8.  To  cause  difiicultiea  or  scruples ;  to  cause  to 
hesitate. 

1'hia  i>  ibc  difficulty  ihnt  atUkt  with  the  moat  n^aaoaabla.    Staifl. 

9.  To  be  stopped  or  hindered  from  proceeding ;  as, 
a  bill  passed  tbe  senate,  but  stuck  in  the  bouse  of  rep- 
resentatives. 

Thry  TK-rtT  doutxcd  the  eommona,  but  bcud  all  rfudt  In  the 
lorit'  bou«.  Clarendon. 

10.  To  be  embarmsscd  or  puzzled. 

They  will  »&ck  lonj  at  part  of  a  demonat  ration,  for   want    of 
p^reeiving  the  connection  betwMn  two  ideal.  L/odct. 

11.  To  adhere  closely  in  friendship  and  affection. 

There  b  a  fricad  tbat  w&ckelh  cisaer  than  a  brother.  —  Ptot. 
xviij. 

To  stick  to  ;  lo  adhere  closely  ;  to  be  constant ;  lo 
be  firm  ;  lo  be  persevering  ;  as,  lo  stick  to  a  party  or 
cause. 

The  kdrantagc  wQl  be  on  our  aide,  if  we  $dck  to  iu  ef»-ntifilt, 

Addison, 

To  stidt  bp ;  to  adhere  closely  ;  to  be  constant ;  to 
be  firm  in  8upportin>!. 

We  are  jour  only  friends ;  afidfc  6y  xu,  and  we  will  tSck  fcy  jrou, 

Dapenant, 
2.  To  be  troublesome  by  adhering. 
I  am  catiified  lo  trifle  awnjr  m;  time,  rather  tfaiui  let  it  sUdc  by  me. 

Pupt. 

To  stick  vpon;  to  dwell  upon  ;  not  lo  forsake. 

If  the  mailer  be  knotty,  the  mind  must  stop  and  buckle  to  it,  and 
Mid[  upon  it  wiib  Ubor  and  thought.     [Nat  tteganl.] 

Lodct. 

To  stick  out ;  to  project ;  lo  be  prominent 

Uis  tones  \h-\t  were  nol  aeeo,  ititk  out.  — Job  xxziii, 
STICK'I-NESS,  n.      [from  stick.]     The   quality  of  a 

thing  which  makes  it  adhere  to  a  plane  surface  ;  od- 

hesiveness  ;  visconsnefis  ;    glutinuunness  j    tenacity; 

as,  the  stickiness  of  glue  or  paste. 
STICK'-LAC,  a.    Lac  in  its  natural  state,  incmsting 

small  twigs. 


STI 

STICK'LE,  fstik'l,)  V.  i.    [from  ihe  practice  of  prlze- 
fighlera,  who  pliiced  seconds  with  stuff's  or  sticks,  lo 
interpose  occasionally.    Jjhnsun.] 
1.  To  take  imrt  with  one  side  or  other. 

Fortune,  as  she  wont,  lum'>d  Ackle, 

Aiul  for  the  foe  began  lo  gdckta.  Hudibrat. 

S.  To  contend;  to  contest;  to  altercate.  Let  the 
parties  stickle  each  for  his  favorite  doctrine. 

3.  To  trim ;  to  play  fast  and  loose ;  to  pass  from 
one  side  to  the  other.  Drudai. 

STICK'LE,  V.  L    To  arbitrate.     [JVbt  in  use.] 

Drayton. 
STICK'LB-BACK,  n.    The  popular  name  of  ceruin 
small  fishes,  of  the  genus  Gasterosteus.     They  have 
their  English  name  from  the  spines  which  arm  their 
back,  ventral  fins,  and  other  parts. 

Jardine's  JiTaL  lib. 
STICK'LER,  R.     A  sidesman  to  fern-ens;  a  second  to 
a  duelist ;  one  who  stands  to  Judge  a  combat. 

BoailiuB,  itie  Judpf,  appointed  adckltrt  and  trumpets  whom  Uie 
olhrn  should  ooey.  Sidnty. 

S.  An  obstinate  contender  about  anything;  as,  a 
stickler  for  the  church  or  for  liberty. 

The  Wry  or  high  churehelprgy  werv  the  rrvateat  «dofc/er>  a^ioit 
Ute  exoriutant  proeenliuga  of  Kin^  Jtimcs.  Sii^X 

3.  Formerly,  an  ofiicer  who  rut  wood  for  the  pri- 
ory of  Ederoso,  within  the  king's  piirks  of  Claren- 
don. Cowel. 
STICK'LING,   ppr.     Trimming;    contending    obsti- 
nately or  eagerly. 
STICK'Y,  a.     Having  the  quality  of  adhering  to  a  sur- 
face ;     adhesive;     gluey;    viscous;    viscid;    gluti- 
nous ;  tcnaciiHis.    Gums  and  resins  are  stijcJty  sub- 
STID'DY,  n.     [Ice.  stedia,]                                 [stances. 
An  anvil ;  also,  a  smith's  shop.    [  Variou.9  dialects.] 

IJalliwell. 
STIFF,  a.     [Sax.  st^f;  G.  steif;  D.  and  Sw.  stfjf:  Dan. 
stiv  ;  allieti   to  L.  stipo,  stabUis,  Eng.  staple,  Gr.  art- 
^f)')5,  artfU'iM,  aTCi0ii}.] 

1.  Nut  wisily  bent ;  not  flexible  or  pliant ;  not  flac- 
cid ;  rigid  ;  applicable  to  any  subi<tatice ;  as,  stiff  wood  ; 
stiff  paper  ;  cloth  stiff  with  starch  ;  a  limb  st\ff  with 
frost, 

TbfT,  riling  on  sli^ pinions,  lower 
The  mid  aerial  sky.  Milkm, 

S.  Not  liquid  or  fluid  ;  thick  and  tenacious  ;  inspis- 
sated ;  not  soil  nor  hard.  Thus  melted  metals  grow 
stiff  as  they  cool ;  they  are  stiff  before  they  are  bard. 
The  paste  is  too  stif,  or  nol  stiff  enough. 

3.  Strong  ;  violent  ;  impfUuons  in  motion  ;  as  in 
seamen^s  language,  a  stiff  gale  or  breeze. 

4.  Hardy  ;  stubborn  ;  not  easily  subdued. 

How  at\^  is  my  vile  sense  I  Shak, 

5.  Obstinate  J  pertinacious;  firm  in  perseverance 
or  resistance. 

It  is  a  shiim?  to  stand  t^  in  a  fooIiNh  nrgiimeat.  Tliylor. 

A  wnr  fnaiips  ;  thr  Crrtnn*  own  th'jir  cause, 

Sdf\a  dr.-(':nd  their  hospitable  laws.  Dryden, 

6.  Harsh  ;  formal ;  con;»traincd  ;  not  natural  and 
easy  ;  as,  a  stiff  ioxmn\  style. 

7.  Formal  in  manner  ;  constrained  ;  affected  ; 
starched  ;  not  easy  or  natural ;  as,  sti^T  behavior. 

The  French  are  open,  familiar,  and  talkative  ;  ihe  Iinllnns  t^ff, 
ceremonious,  and  reserved.  AildiMon. 

8.  Strongly  maintained,  or  asserted  with  good  evi- 
dence. 

This  is  laynnws.  Shak. 

9.  In  seamen's  lanffua<rc,  a  stiff  vessel  is  one  thai 
will  bear  a  press  of  i^anvas  without  careening  much. 

TotUH. 
STIFF'iJN,  (stirn,)  v.  t.     [Ht\x.  stijian ;  Sw.   stijfna; 
D.   styven;   G.  stiffen ',    Dan.  stivner,   to  stiffen,  to 
starch.] 

1.  To  make  stiff';  to  make  less  pliant  or  flexible; 
as,  to  stiffen  cloth  with  starch. 

ile  atijfened  liii  neck  and  harttf-ned  his  heart  from  turning  to  the 

l<or<l  Guil  of  Israrl.  —  2  Chron.  xxxvi. 
Stiffen  ttie  sinews;  summon  up  the  blood.  Sbek, 

2.  To  make  torpid  ;  as,  stiffening  grief.     Dryden. 

3.  I'o  inspissate  ;  to  make  more  thick  or  viscous ; 
as,  to  stiffen  pa^te. 

STIFF'iJN,  (.siifn,,  v,  i.    To  become  stiff";  lo  become 
more  rigid  or  less  flexible. 

Like  biialles  rose  my  sli^ninf  hair.  DryUn. 

3.  To  become  more  thick,  or  less  soft ;  to  be  in- 
spissated ;  to  approach  lo  hardness;  as,  mcttcd  sub- 
stances stiffen  as  Ihcy  cool. 

The  tender  aoil  then  a^fftning  by  degrees.  Dryden. 

3.  To  become  less  susceptible  of  impression;  lo 
become  less  tender  or  yielding  ;  to  grow  more  ob^iti- 
nate. 

Some  souli,  we  eef, 
Orow  hard  and  Mt^ffen  with  adTcrsity.  Oryden. 

STIFF'EN-£D,  pp.  or  a.     Made  stifl"  or  less  pliant. 
STIFF' /:N-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Making  or  becoming  less 

pliable,  or  more  thick,  or  more  ob>*linale. 
STIFF'£.\-ING,  ?i.     Something  that  is  used   to  make 

a  substance  more  stiff"  or  less  soft. 
STIFF'-HEART'ED,  (-hirt'ed,)  a.     [stiff  and  Arart.] 

Obstinate;  slubbom ;  contumacious. 

They  are  impuUonl  children  and  t^ff-htartsd,  — Eiek.  H. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT MeTE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  W^QLF,  BQQK.- 


STI 

STtFF'LY,  adv.  Firmly  ;  strongly;  as,  the  boughs  of 
a  tree  .--(i^.v  upheld.  Bacon. 

2.  Rigidly  ;  obstiiialely  ;  with  stubbornness.  The 
doctrine  of  the  infaJlibility  of  the  Roman  Catliolic 
church  is  stiffiy  maintained  by  its  adherents. 

STIFF'-NECK-£D,  (-neki,)  a.  [stiff  a.nd  neck.]  Stub- 
fa  <rn  ;  inflexibly  obstinate ;  cunlumacious ;  as,  a 
stiff-neckrd  people  ;  stiff-necked  pridf.  Denhanu 

STIFF'NESS,  n.  Rigidness  ;  want  of  pUablcness  or 
flexibility;  the  firm  texture  or  stale  of  a  substance 
wirich  renders  it  difficult  to  bend  it ;  as,  the  stiffness 
of  iron  or  wood ;  the  stiffness  of  a  frozen  limb. 

Bacon. 
2   Thickness;  spissitude  ;  a  state  between  softness 
and  hnrdness ;  as,  the  st^/fh'-*-'' of  sirup,  pa^te,  or  starch. 

3.  Torpidness  ;  inaptitude  to  motion. 

An  icy  H\ffntMa 
Beaumb*  my  blood.  DtiAam. 

4.  Tension  ;  as,  the  stiffness  of  a  cord.     Dryden. 

5.  Obstinacy  ;  stubbornness ;  contumaciousness. 

Th^  Ti<y^  uf  old  a^  hnre  th*  Stinnett  of  h  too.  South. 

Sdffntf  of  mind  ta  aiA  trom  vuiereiice  U)  U-uLh,  but  ■ubntission 
to  prejudice.  l/ockt. 

6.  Fonnality  of  manner ;  constraibt;  affected  pre- 
cision. 

All  thti  rcligwo  wax  eaatlj  upon  bim,  without  a^fi£tt  and  con- 
•traint.  .^Itrbury, 


7.  Rigorousness ;  harshness. 

E'lt  Bpruk  no  word  to  her  of  lh»*e  •y.A  Rights, 
Which  ber  Coo  cooMaol  i&ffneta  doJi  cotutinin. 


Spenttr. 


8.  Affected  or  constrained  manner  of  expression 
or  writing  ;  want  of  natural  simplicity  and  ea)>e  ;  as, 
stiffness  of  Style. 
STT'FLE,  (sti'fl,)  V.  U  [The  French  eiouffer,  to  stifle, 
is  nearly  allied  to  etoffe^  En^.  stuff,  h.  stupa.  But 
stijle  seems  to  be  more  nearly  allied  to  1j.  utipo,  nnd 
Eng.  sUff^nd  stop;  all,  however,  of  one  family.  Uu. 
Gr.  r>(pu>.] 

1.  To  suffocate  ;  to  stop  the  breath  or  action  of  the 
lungs  by  crowding  something  into  the  windpipe,  or 
by  infusing  a  substance  into  the  lungs,  or  by  other 
means  ;  to  choke  ;  as,  to  stifie  one  with  smoke  ur  dust. 

2.  To  stop  ;  as,  to  stijle  the  breath  ;  to  stijle  respira- 
tion. 

3.  To  oppress  ;  to  stop  the  breath  temporarily  ;  as, 
to  stijle  one  with  kisses  ;  to  be  stifled  in  a  close  room 
or  with  bad  air. 

4.  To  extinguish  ;  to  deaden  ;  to  qupnch ;  as,  to 
Mtifie  flame  ;  to  stijle  a  fire  by  smoke  or  by  ashes. 

5.  To  suppress;  to  hintWr  from  ti^nspiring  or 
spreading  ;  as,  to  stijle  a  report. 

6.  Toextinguish  ;  to  check  or  restrain  and  destroy  ; 
to  suppress  ;  as,  to  stijle  a  civil  war  in  its  birth. 

^ddijion. 

7.  To  suppress  or  repress  ;  to  conci'al ;  to  withhold 
from  escaping  or  manifestation  ;  as,  to  stijle  passion  ; 
lo  stijle  grief;  to  stijle  resentment. 

8.  To  suppress ;  to  destroy ;  aa,  to  stijle  convic- 
tions. 

STI'FLE,  n.  The  joint  of  a  horse  next  to  the  but- 
tock, and  corresponding  to  the  knee  in  man  ;  callt;d 
also  the  Stifle  JoirfT- 

2.  A  disease  in  the  knee-pan  of  a  horse  or  other 
animal.  Cjfc. 

STI'FLED,  pp.  or  a.    Suffocated  ;  suppressed. 
STT'FLING,  ppr.    Suffocating  ;  suppressing. 
STIGII,  n.     SeeSTT. 

STIG'MA,  «.  [L-,  from  Gr.  r'x/^fli  from  r'^w»  to 
prirk  or  stick.] 

1.  A  brand  ;  a  mark  made  with  a  burning  iron. 

S.  Any  mark  of  infamy  ;  any  reproachful  omduct 
which  stains  the  purity  or  darkens  the  luster  of  rep- 
utation. 

3.  In  botanifj  the  top  of  the  pistil,  which  always 
has  a  pecuhar  structure  different  from  that  of  the 
style,  and  is  moist  and  pubuscent,  tAdttain  and  burst 
the  pollen  or  prolific  powder.  Martun. 

STIG-MA'RI-A,n.  A  fossil  coal  plant,  having  a  targe 
dome  shaped  trunk  or  stem.  Buckland. 

STIG'MA-TA,  a.  pt  The  apertures  in  the  bodies  of 
insects  communicating  with  the  trachea;  or  air- 
vessels  :  the  spiracles.  E»cye. 

2.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  marks  said  to  have 
been  snpernaturally  impressed  U[K»n  the  bodies  of 
crtain  persons,  in  imitation  of  the  wounds  nn  the 
crucified  body  of  Christ  The  stiipnala  of  Si.  Fran- 
cis were  much  blazoned  bv  his  f<tllowt  rs.    Mo^hetm 

STIG-MAT'ie.         la.     Marked    with   a  sligma,  or 
8TIG-MAT'ie-AL,  (      with  something  reproachful  lo 

chararter.  Shak, 

2.  Impressing  with  infamy  or  reproach. 
STtG-.MAT'ie,  n-     A  noU)rious  profligate,  or  criminal 

who  has  been  branded.     [Little  usrd.] 

2.  One  who  bears  about  him  the  marks  of  infamy 
or  punishment.     [Little  used."]  Butlokar. 

3.  One  on  whom  nature  has  set  a  mark  of  deform- 
ity.    [Little  used.)  Sltak. 

8TIG-MAT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    With  ft  mark  of  infamy 

or  deformity. 
BTIG'MA-TtZE,  r.  (.     [Fr.  stisrmatiser.] 

I.  To   mark  with  a  bra?id,  t«  a   lifrral  sense;  nay 

tbe  ancienLs  stifnnatiied  their  slaves  and  soldiers. 


STI 

2.  To  set  a  mark  of  disgrace  on  ;  to  disgrace  with 
some  note  of  reproach  or  infamy. 

To  find  Tiriui-  extuII'Ml  and  »icr  ttigmatitfd.  Additon. 

Sour  ('t)ihuuakU  ntRct  to  »ti{finadza  ihi?  (iitf at  and  niomt  «lf giuit 

aiitlion,  anci:^ut  and  muderii,  a«  dongciuua  to  religion. 

JCddiaon, 

STIG'MA-TTZ-TCD,  pp.     Marked  with  disgrace. 
STIG'MA-TTZ-ING,  ppr.     Branding  with  infamy. 
STIG'O-NO-MAN-CY,  n.     [Gr.  artyuVf  from  ffrt^w, 

to  mark  with  points,  ttavrtta.] 

Divination  by  writing  on  the  bark  of  a  tree.     .^sh. 
STT'LAR,  0.     [from  stile.]     Pertaining  to  the  style  of 

a  dial. 

Draw  a  line  fbr  the  ttUar  line.  Moron. 

STIL'BITE,  n.     [Gr.  riX/?M,  to  shine.] 

A  mineral  of  the  zeolite  family,  occurring  in  white 
or  yellowish^  semi-pellucid,  rectangular  crystals, 
pearly  and  highly  foliated  in  one  direction  ;  also  in 
sheaf-like  aggregations  and  foliated  ma.-Jfies.  It  con- 
sists of  silica,  RJumiiia,  and  lime,  with  17  or  18  per 
cenL  of  water.  Most  commonly  found  in  amygda- 
loid with  other  zeolitic  minerals  Dana. 
STILE,  n.  rrhis  is  another  spelling  of  Stvle.  See 
Style  and  SriLt-.] 
A  pin  set  on  the  face  of  a  dial  to  form  a  shadow. 

Erect  the  atile  perppn'liculnrljr  orer  the  (ub-slitnr  liin*,  bo  as  lo 
rnftke  an  angle  with  the  dial-plane  cqiiai  to  the  elev.tiioii  of 
the  pole  of  your  plac«.  Moxan. 

STTLE,  n.  [Sax.  stigely  a  step,  ladder,  from  sti^an,  to 
step,  to  walk,  to  ascend  ;  G.  ste/tel ;  Dan.  stett,  from 
stiger,  to  rise,  to  step  up  ;  Sw.  steg,  a  step,  stiga^  to 
step.     See  Stair.J 

A  step  or  set  of  steps  for  ascending  and  descend 
ing,  in  passing  a  fence  or  wall.  Swijt 

In  architecture^  llie  upright  piece  in  framing  or 
paneling.  Brande. 

STI-LET'TO,  B.  [It,  dim.  from  stilo ;  Fr.  stylet.  See 
Style.] 

1.  A  small  dagger  with  a  round,  pointed  blade. 

2.  A  pointed  instrument  for  making  eyelet  holes  in 
working  muslin. 

STI-LET''l  O,  r  t     To  stab  or  pierce  with  a  stiletto. 

Bacon. 

STI-LET'T<5-JED,  pp.  or  a.  Stabbed  or  pricked  with 
a  stiletto.  Chesterjield. 

STILL,  0.  U  [Sax.  stillan;  G.  and  D.  stillen  :  Dan. 
stiller  ;  Sw.  siUlaj  to  stilly  to  quiet  or  appease,  that  is, 
to  set,  to  repress;  coinciding  with  G.  steUen,  to  put, 
set,  place,  Gr.  j-tAAo*,  to  send,  and  with  stule^  stool, 
staJL] 

1.  To  stop,  as  motion  or  agitation  ;  to  check  or  re- 
strain ;  to  make  quiet ;  as,  to  still  the  raging  sea. 

2.  To  slop,  as  noise  ;  to  silence. 

With  his  naine  the  mothers  «li.'I  their  Labes.  Shai. 

3.  To  appease  ;  to  calm  ;  to  quiet ;  as  tumult,  agi- 
tation or  excitement ;  as^  to  still  the  passions. 

STILL,  a.  Silent ;  uttermg  no  sound  ;  applicable  to 
animals  or  to  Otings.  The  company  or  the  man  is 
still ;  the  air  is  stM:  the  sea  is  stiU. 

2.  Q-uiet ;  calm  -,  not  disturbed  by  noise  ;  as,  a  still 
evening. 

3.  Motiomess  ;  as,  to  stand  still;  to  lie  or  sit  stilt. 

4.  Quiet ;  calm  \  not  agitated  ;  as,  a  still  atmos- 
pherB. 

STILL,  It.    Calm  ;  silence  ;  freedom  from  noise  ;  as, 

the  still  of  midnight     [A  poetic  wurd.]  Shak. 

STILL,  ado.    To  this  time  ;  till  now. 

It  hath  been  ancienily  reported,  Mid  ia  $6U  received.     Bacon. 

[Still  here  denotes  thii  tune ;  set  or  fixed. 

2.  Nevertheless;  notwithstanding. 

The  dr/sir*  of  fame  belraj^  an  anil>iiious  man  into  indi'cencies  that 
It-sjen  hi*  n-p'it.iIion  ;  he  is  MtUl  afiaid  lest  anjr  of  his  aciions 
■F)uii|<l  tie  throun  away  in  private.  Adtliaon. 

[Still  here  signifies  »rt,  giren,  and  refers  to  the 
whole  of  the  first  clause  of  the  sentence.  The  de- 
sire of  fame  betrays  nn  ambitious  man  intu  indecen- 
cies that  lessen  his  reputation  ;  that  fact  being  given 
or  set,  ur  nottcithstanding,  he  is  afraid,  ice] 

3.  It  precedes  or  accompanies  words  denoting  in- 
crease of  degree  ;  as,  a  still  further  advancement  of 
prices  may  be  expected. 

4.  Always;  ever;  continually. 

Trade  bcji-ta  trnde,  and  people  go  ifnich  whore  many  people 
h'lve  alrrndy  gotir  ;  so  tTicii  run  aliU  to  a  crowd  tn  the 
•tr-TU,  itiouirK  only  lo  sor.  T^mjtte. 

The  frwDr  ttiit  you  nninr,  you  wound  the  more.  Popa. 

h.  After  that ;  after  what  is  stated. 

\n  lt»e  primitive  church,  it>ch  M  hy  fear  wrre  compIWI  to  sacrifice 
lo  Mnnge  gods,  after  n-pcnted,  and  lw?pt  atill  the  office  ol 
preafliing  the  gospel.  tfVkUgi/ie. 

6.  In  continuation. 

And,  Hire  the  watchful  minuin  to  the  hour, 

StiU  and  anon  clicered  up  the  hfavy  lime.  Shak. 

STILL,  n.     [L.  stillo^  to  drop.     See  Distill.] 

A  vessel,  boiler,  or  copper,  used  in  the  distillation  of 

liquors  ;  as,  vapor  ascending  out  of  the  still,  ^neton. 

[The  word  is  used  in  a  more  general  sense  for  the 

vessel  and  apparatus.    A  still  house  is  also  called  a 

still.] 

STILL,  r.  t.     [h.stillo.] 

To  expel  spirit  from  liquor  by  heat,  and  condense 
it  in  a  refrigeratory  ;  to  distill.     [See  Distill.] 


STI 

STILL,  r.t.     To  drop.     [J^ot  in  use.]     [Sec  Diitill.] 
STIL-LA-TI"TlOUS,  (-tish^us,)  a.     [L.  stUlatUius.] 

Falling  in  drops  ;  drawn  by  a  stilt. 
STIL'LA-TO-RV,  n.     An  a^lembic  ;  a  vessel  for  dis- 
tillation.    [Little  u.^edf  or  not  at  all.]  Baenn. 

2.  A  laboratory;  a  place  or  room  in  which  distil- 
lation is  perfonned.     [Little  used.]     Wotten.    More. 
STlLL'BORN,a.     [.?iiH  and  itfrn.]     Dead  at  the  birth; 
as,  a  still-bom  child. 
2.  Abortive  ;  as,  a  stilUbom  poem.  Swijt. 

STILL'BURN,  r.  t.  [stiU  and  bum.]  To  burn  in  the 
process  of  distillation  ;  as,  to  stillburn  brandy. 

SmulletU 
STILL' ED,  pp.     [See  Still,  the  verb.]     Calmed  ;  ap- 
peased ;  quieted;  silenced. 
STILL'ER,  n.     One  who  stills  or  quiets. 
STIL'LI-CIDE,  n.     [L.  stillicidium  ;  stiUay  a  drop,  and 
eatloy  to  fall.] 

A  continual  falling  or  succession  of  drops.  [A'ot 
much  used.]  Bacon, 

STTL-LI-CID'LOCS,  a.    Falling  in  drops.     Brown. 
STILL'ING,  ppr.     Calming;  silencing;  quieting. 
STILL'ING,  n.    The  act  of  calming;    silencing  or 
quieting. 
2.  A  stand  for  casks.     [JVot  used  in  jSmerica.] 
STILL'-LIFE,  n.     In  painting,  a  picture  of  dead  game, 
vegetables,  and  other  things  destitute  of  life. 

J\Iason, 
2.  Dead    animals  or  paintings    representing    the 
d  end.  Oray. 

STILL'NESS,  n.  Freedom  from  noise  or  motion  ; 
calmness  ;  quiet ;  silence  ;  as,  the  stdXness  of  the 
night,  the  air,  or  the  sea. 

2.  Freedom  from  agitation  or  excitement ;  as,  the 
atiUness  of  the  passions. 

3.  Habitual  silence  ;  taciturnity. 

I'ne  gravity  and  tUllntsa  of  your  youth 

The  world  hiith  noted.  Shak. 

STILL'-ROOM,  n.     An  apartment  for  distilling. 

STILL'-STAND,  n.  Absence  of  motion.  [Little 
used.  ] 

STILL'Y,  a.     Still ;  quiet ;  calm.  More. 

iAn  old  word,  tuied  ckiejly  in  poetry.] 
.L'Y,  adv.    Silently;  without  noise. 
2.  Calinlv  ;  quietly;  without  tumult 
STILP-NO-SID'E-RITE,  71.    [Gr.  ariXnvos,  shining, 
and  rii'^np''i,  iron.] 

An  ore  of  iron,  called  also  Pitchy  Iro:»  Ore, 
occurring  massive,  in  curving  concretions,  with  a 
splendent  resinous  luster.  It  is  a  hydrated  peroxyd 
of  iron.  Dana. 

STILT,  n.     [Gr.  stehr;  D.  stelt,  steltcn  :  Dan.  stylter.] 
A  stilt  is  a  piece  of  wood,  often  with  a  shoulder, 
to  raise  the  foot  above  the  ground  in  walking.     Boys 
sometimes  use  stilts  for  raising  their  feet  above  the 
mud  in  walking,  but  they  are  rarely  seen. 

Men  must  not  walk  upon  tlUts.  L'Eitrange. 

STILT,  r.  t.     To  raise  on  stilts  ;  lo  elevate.    Young. 

2.  To  raise  by  unnatural  means. 
STILT'-BIRD,  n.     A  long-legged    bird  ;  particularly 

applied  to  a  bird  called  the  Lono-LEaoED  Plover,  of 

the  genus  Ilimantopus,  Brande. 

STILT'ED,  pp.     Raised  on  stills. 

2.  Unreasonably  elevated. 
STILT'ING,  ppr.     Raising  on  stilt;*. 
STIME,  n.     A  glimpse.     [J^orth  of  England.] 
STIM'lJ-LANT,  a.     [L.  stimulans.]  [IlalUweU. 

In    medicine,   producing    a    quickly-diffused    and 

transient  increase   of  vital  energy  and  strength  of 

action  in  the  heart  and  arteries. 
STIM'lJ-LANT,  n.     In  medicine,  an  article  which  prcv- 

duces  a  quickly-diffused  and  transient  increase  of 

vital  energy  aiul  strength  of  action  in  the  heart  and 

arterial  system. 
STIM'i;-LATE,  V.  t.     [L.  stimulo,  to  prick,  to  goud,  to 

excite  ;  stiwulu.-',  a  goad.] 

1.  Literallif,  lo  prick  or  goad.     Hence, 

2.  To  excite,  rouse,  or  animate,  to  action  or  more 
vigorous  exertion  by  some  pungent  motive  or  by  per- 
suasion .  as,  lo  stimulate  one  by  the  hope  of  reward, 
or  by  the  prospect  of  glury. 

3.  In  medicine,  to  produce  a  quickly-diffused  and 
transient  increase  of  vital  energy  and  strength  of 
action  in  the  heart  nnd  arteries. 

STLM'l^-LA-TED,  pp.  Goaded;  roused  or  excited  to 
more  vigorous  exertion. 

STIM'IJ-LA-TING,  ppr.  or  a.  Goading;  exciting  to 
more  vigorous  exertion. 

STIM-IJ-LA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  goading  or  ex- 
citing. 

2.  In  medicine,  a  quickly-diffused  and  transient  in- 
crease of  vital  energy  and  strength  of  action  in  the 
heart  and  arteries. 

STIM'U-LA-TIVE,  o.  Having  the  quality  of  stimu- 
lating. 

STIM'l^-LA-TIVE,  n.  That  which  stimulates  ;  that 
which  rouses  into  more  vigorous  action. 

STIM'l|-LA-TOR,  n.     One  that  stimulates. 

STIM'(T-LUS,  n.  [L.  This  word  may  be  formed  on 
the  root  of  Hem,  a  shrmt] 

1.  Litn-ally,  a  goad  ;  hence,  something  that  rouses 
the  mind  or  spirits  ;  as,  the  hope  of  gain  is  a  power- 
ful stimulus  to  labor  antl  action. 


TCXE,  BULL,  TJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOIJ8.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  ffl  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


1085 


STI 

3.  In  mr^u-iite,  Uiat  wtiich  produces  a  quickly-dif- 
fused or  transient  iDvca!tc  of  vital  energy  and 
stren|:th  of  nction  in  the  circulating  system. 

STING,  r.  C. ;  prtU  and  pf.  Sti-nq.  SxArto  is  obsolete* 
[Gtrth.  stig^cte>an;  8ax. '^Ein^aa,  styngan,  to  rush  or 
thnist,  hence  to  sting  ;  G.  stecMejty  to  stick,  to  sling ; 
stackel,  a  prick,  givid,  sting  ;  D.  steckm^  steckd;  Dan. 
stikker,  to  stick,  to  sting  :  ^tinjr,  a  thrustt,  a  stitch,  a 
Sling;  Sw.  sticka.  The  Dutch  lias  steng^y  a  pole  or 
perch ;  Sw.  gtang,  id. ;  and  stanga,  to  push  with  the 
boma,  to  gore.  \Ve  see  that  sting  is  stick  altered  in 
orliia«niphy  and  pninunciation.] 

1.  To  pierce  with  the  s I larp- pointed  instrument 
wiUi  which  certain  animal>i  are  furnished,  such  as 
bees,  wasps,  scorpions,  and  the  like.  Bet-s  will  sel- 
dom Mug  persona  unless  they  are  first  provoked. 

Q.  To  pain  acutely ;  as,  the  conscience  is  siung 
with  remorse. 

Oawln  •dfifV  the  bnva.  Pop*. 

STINQ,  m.  [Sax.  tthkg,  Mtimeg  i  Ice.  ttamng,  a  spear ; 
VV.  p^mmg ;  D.  ffmgt «  pole  or  perch ;  Sw.  sfaji^ ;  lU 
sWtg*^  a  bar.    These  word«  are  all  of  one  family.] 

1.  A  sharp-pointed  weapon  or  instrument  with 
which  certain  animals  are  armed  by  nature  for  their 
defense,  and  which  they  thrust  from  the  hinder  part 
of  the  body,  to  pierce  any  animni  that  annoys  or  pro- 
vokes them.  In  most  ini^tances,  this  instninient  is 
a  tube,  through  which  a  poiiconous  mattt^r  is  dis- 
charp>d,  whirh  inflames  the  flesh,  and,  in  some  in- 
Mances,  proves  fatal  to  life. 

^  The  thrust  of  a  sting  into  the  flesh.  The  sting 
of  most  insects  priHluces  acute  pain. 

X  Any  thing  that  gives  acute  pain.  Thus  we 
apeak  of  the  stings  of  remorse  j  tlie  stings  of  re- 
proach. 

4.  The  point  in  the  last  vorse  ;  as,  the  sting  of  an 
epigram.  Dn/drm. 

5.  That  which  pvee  the  principal  pain  or  consti- 
tutes the  principal  terror. 

Ttte  ttimg  of  dnih  to  ^.  —  1  Cor.  xt. 

STIXG'ER,  n.  That  which  stings,  vexes,  or  gives 
acute  pain. 

8TIN'CI-LY,  mdv,  [fh>m  stimgf.]  With  mean  cov- 
etousncss;  in  a  niggardly  manner 

STIN'Cl-2irESS,  K.  [from  sciiiry.]  Extreme  avarice ; 
mean  covetousness ;  niegardliness. 

STING'IXG  LY,  a^r.    With  stinging. 

8 TIVrLESS,  n.    [from  sting.]    Having  no  sting. 

SrrN'GO,  a.  [from  the  sharpness  of  the  taste.]  Old 
beer,     [jf  tmnt  lo^nL]  Addison. 

STTN'CY,  «.  [(Vom  straitness ;  W.  p^sng^  something 
strait ;  fstangn^  to  stniiCen,  to  limiL] 

Extremely  close  and  coveton<  -neanly  avaricious  ; 
niggardly  ;  narrow-liearted  ;  as  a  stingy  churl  [ji 
w^rd  M  poputar  k#s,  kut  loWy  ^md  net  adM\3s\btt\nxo  el- 
tfrnrnt  arritotf.] 

SIMNK,  e.  i. .-  prtt.  Stamk  or  Stvkk.  [Sax.  sUstemm  ;  G. 
and  D.  stinkem;  Dum.  stinker  i  Sw.  sUnka.] 
To  emit  a  strong,  offensive  smt-II.  Locks, 

STINK,  «.     A  strong,  offen:«tve  smtll.  Drydem. 

STINK'ARD,  m.    a  mean,  strnking,  paltry  fellow. 
9:  A  mephilic.  burrowine  quadruped,  the  Mydtau 
mitktp*  o(  Cuvier,  about  Id  inches  in  lencth,  found 
in  Java  and  Sumatra.  C.  It,  SmiU. 

STINK'ER,  a.  Something  intended  to  ofl't-nd  by  the 
smell.  Harvey. 

STINK'IXG,  ppr^  or  a.  Emitting  a  strong,  offensive 
smell. 

STINK'IXG-LY,  adv.    With  an  offensive  smell. 

Shak. 

STIXK'-POT,  n.  An  erirthen  jar.rharged  with  pow- 
der, grenades,  and  other  materials  of  an  offensive 
and  suffocating  smell ;  sometimes  used  in  boarding 
an  enemv's  vessel.  Mar.  Diet. 

STIXK'-STONE,  n.  Swine-stone,  a  variety  of  car- 
bonate of  lime,  which  emits  a  fetid  odor  on  being 
struck.  Dana. 

STINT,  r.  t.  [Sax.  stintan,  to  stint,  or  stunt;  Ice. 
stmnta  :  Gr.  ^if  s,  narrow.] 

1.  To  restrain  within  certain  limits  ;  to  bound  ;  to 
confine  :  to  limit;  as,  to  stint  the  body  in  growth  ; 
to  stiMi  the  mind  in  knowledge  ;  to  stint  a  person  in 
his  meals. 

Nuure  wmfIjt  rtinla  oar  apprtilie.  Drydsn, 

9.  To  assign  a  certain  task  in  tabor,  which  being 
performed,  the  person  is  excused  from  further  labor 
for  the  day,  or  for  a  certain  time ;  a  cammon^  popular 
use  of  tke  Uford  m  Amenra. 

STINT,  n,  A  small,  grallatory  bird,  the  Tringa  cin- 
clus. 

STINT,  K.     Limit ;  bound  ;  restraint  Drfden. 

2.  Quantity  assigned ;  proportion  allotted.  The 
workmen  have  their  stint. 

Onr  tdnt  of  woe 
bcwmnon.  Stuik. 

STINT'ANCE,  ».    Restraint;  stoppage.    [J^-ot  ustd, 

or  loeaL] 
STINT'ED,  ^.  or  a.    Restrained  to  a  certain  limit  or 

quantity  :  limited. 
STINT'ED-NESS,  m.     State  of  being  stinted. 
STINT'ER,  n.     He  or  that  which  stints 


STI 

STINT^ING,  ppr.    Restraining  within  certain  limits; 

as«>igii{ng  n  certain  quantity  to  ;  limiting. 
STIPE,  n.     [I.,  stipes  ;  Gr.  rrrrn-of,  a  stako.] 

In  botant/,  the  base  of  a  frond  ;  or  aspecies  of  stem 
passing  into  leaves,  or  not  distinct  from  the  leaf. 
The  stem  of  a  fungus  is  also  called  stipe.  The  w<>rd 
is  also  used  for  the  tilanient  or  slender  stalk  which 
supports  the  pappus,  and  counects  it  with  the  seed. 

Jlfurtyn. 
STT'PEND,  a.   [h. stipendium ;  stips^ti  pieceof  money, 
and  pendo,  to  pay.] 

Settled  pay  or  compensation  for  services,  whether 
daily  or  monthly  wages  ;  or  an  annual  salary. 
STI'PEND,  r.  L     To  pay  by  settled  wages.     Shelton. 
STI-PEND'I-A-RY,  a.     [L.  stipendiarim.] 

Receiving  wages  or  salary;  performing  services 
for  a  stated  price  or  compensation. 

UU  mai  itipendiary  prcUie  e*n>e  vitii  (roop*  of  cril-nppoiiited 
honrirKn  not  buf  full.  KnoUe§. 

STT-PEND'I-A-RY,  n.  [Supra.]  One  who  performs 
services  for  a  settled  compensation,  either  by  the 
day,  month,  or  year. 

If  thou  krt  Income 
A  tynutt's  vile  itipendia'-y.  Glover. 

STIP'I-TATE,  o.  [See  Stipb.]  In  botany,  support- 
ed by  a  stipe  ;  elevated  on  a  stipe  ;  as  pappus. 

Martfjn. 

STIP'PLE,  (stip'pl,)  r.  t.  To  engrave  by  means  of 
dots,  in  distinction  from  engraving  in  lines.     Todd. 

STIP'PLKD,  pp.     Formed  or  executed  with  dots. 

STIP'PLING,  ppr.     Forming  or  executing  with  dots. 

STIP'PLING,  n.  In  tngraring  anA  miniature  painting, 
a  mode  of  execution  which  produces  the  effect  by  a 
succession  of  dots  or  small  points  instead  of  lines. 

Jocelyn. 

STFP^Tie.     See  Sttftic. 

STIP'U  L\    i 

STIP'ULE  *  [  "'     [^*''P»tt*t  astraw  or  stubble.] 
In  botany^  an  appendage  at  the  base  of  petioles. 
Stipules  are  in  pairs,  or  solitary  ;  they  are  lateral, 
extrafoliaceous,  intrafoliaceous,  Sec.  Martyn. 

A  leafy  appendage  to  the  proper  leaves,  or  to  their 
footstalks  ;  commonly  situated  at  the  base  of  the  lat- 
ter, in  pairs.  Smith. 

STIP-i;-LA'CEOUS,  J  a.     [from    L.  stipula.  stipularis. 

STIP'U-LAR,  i      See  Stipula.J 

1.  Resembling  stipules  ;  consisting  of  stipules. 
3.  Growing  on  stipules,  or  close  to  them  ;  as,  atip- 
uUrgtands.  Martyn.     I^e, 

STIP'U-LATE,  r.  i,  [L.  stipulor,  from  stipes,  or  from 
the  primary  sense  of  the  root,  as  in  siipo,  to  crowd  ; 
whence  the  seoae  of  agreement,  binding,  making 
fast.] 

1.  To  make  an  agreement  or  covenant  with  any 
person  or  company  to  do  or  forbear  any  thing;  to 
contract;  to  settle  terms;  as,  certain  princes  stipu- 
lated to  assist  each  other  in  resisting  the  armies  of 
France.  Great  Britain  and  the  United  Suites  stipu- 
Utelo  oppose  and  restrain  the  African  slave  trade. 
A  has  stipulated  to  build  a  bridge  within  a  given 
time.  B  has  stipulated  not  to  annoy  or  interdict  our 
trade. 

3.  To  bargain.  A  has  stipulated  to  deliver  me  his 
horte  for  fifty  guineas. 

STIP'U-LATE,  a.  [from  stipula.]  Having  stipules 
on  it :  a-*,  a  stipulau  stalk. 

STIP'IT-LA-TED,  pp.  or  o.  Agreed  ;  contracted  ; 
covenanted.  It  was  stipulated  that  Great  Britain 
should  retain  Gibraltar. 

STIP'Ii-LA-TlNG,  ppr.  Agreeing  ;  contracting  ;  bar- 
gaining. 

STIP-r-LA'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  stipuJatio.] 

1.  The  art  of  ajireeing  and  covenanting;  a  con- 
tracting or  bargiiining. 

2.  An  agreement  or  covenant  made  by  one  person 
with  another  for  tlie  performance  or  forbearance  of 
some  act ;  a  contract  or  bargain  ;  as,  the  stipulatioTis 
of  the  allied  powers  to  furnish  each  bis  contingL-nl  of 
troops. 

3.  In  botany,tlie  situation  and  structure  of  the  stip- 
ules, Martyn. 

STIP't^-LA-TOR,  a.    One  who  stipulates,  contracts, 

or  covenants. 
STIP'ULE,  tt.    See  Stipula. 
STIP'IJL-KD,  a.    Furnished  with  stipules  or  leafy 

appendages.  Smith. 

STIR,  (stur,)  o.  (.     [Sax.  v^tirian,  slyrian  ;    D.  stooren  ; 

G.  stUren,  to   stir,   to   disturb  ;  W.  ystwriaw.     I'his 

word  gives  storm  ;  Ice.  stir,  war.J 

1.  To  move  ;  to  change  place  ui  any  manner. 

My  fool  I  hati  never  yet  in  five  days  been  able  to  ttir.    Templa. 

2.  To  agitate  ;  to  bring  into  debate. 

Sbr  not  queationa  uf  Jiirisdictioa.  Bacon, 

3.  To  incite  to  action  ;  to  instigate;  to  prompt. 

An  Ate  stirring  him  to  blood  atid  iirife.  Shnk. 

4.  To  excite  ;  lo  raise  ;  to  put  into  motion. 

And  for  her  take  lome  mutiny  will  aCir.  Dryden. 

To  stir  up :  to  incite;  to  animate;  to  instigate  by 
inflaming  passions;  as,  lo  sUr  up  a  nation  lo  rebel- 
lion. 

Tbe  wonU  of  JiiHti*  wen  good,  and  Kbie   (o  s&r  tbeni  up  to 
Tivlor.  -—  2  Mncc 


STI 

2.  To  excite  ;  to  put  into  action  ;  to  begin  ;  as,  to 
ttir  up  a  mutiny  or  insurrection  ;  to  stir  up  strife. 

3.  To  quicken  ;  to  enliven  ;  to  make  more  lively 
or  vigorous  ;  as,  to  stir  up  the  mind. 

4.  To  disturb;  as,  lo  stir  up  the  sediment  of 
liquor. 

STIR,  (star,)  ».  u  To  move  one»8  self.  Ho  is  not  able 
to  stir, 

9.  To  go  or  be  carried  in  any  manner.  Ho  is  not 
able  to  stir  from  home,  or  to  stir  abroad. 

3.  To  be  in  motion  ;  not  to  be  stilL  He  is  contin- 
ually stilling. 

4.  To  become  the  object  of  notice  or  conversation. 

Tbey  &iicy  ihey  h«»e  a  rigbl  to  talk  ftwiy  upon  e^eij  tiling  that 
«tir«  or  appeiin.  WaUs. 

5.  To  rise  in  the  morning.     [Colloquial]       Shak. 
STI  R,  (slu  r, )  «.     [  W.  ystior.  J 

1.  Agitation;  tumult;  Dustle ;  noise  or  various 
moventents. 

Why  Rtl  lh«e  wordi,  tlmdan>or,  and  tbia  «ir?         Dtnlutm. 
Coiiaiilor,  after  m  much  ttir  about  ih«  genua  and  ■pc-ci'.'s,  how 
frw  words  h»»o  ycl  aeuled  dcrfinitloiia.  Locke, 

S.  Public  disturbance  or  commotion;  tumultuous 
disorder;  seditious  uproar. 

Beinj^  mlrertiaird  of  tome  ttir  miaod  by  hU  unnatural  Hjoa  in 
hnglaad,  he  departed  trum  Irclaud,  wiihuui  a  blow. 

Daeiea. 

3.  Agitation  of  thoughts  ;  conflicting  passions. 

Shak. 
STIR'A-BOUT,  (stur'-,)  n.     A  Yorkshire  dish  formed 
of  oatmeal  boiled  in  water  to  a  certain  consistency. 

Malvne. 
STIR'I-A-TED,  a,     [L.  5(iria,vn"  icicle.] 

Adorned  with  pendants  like  icicles. 
STIR'I-OUS,<i.     [Hupra.]     Resembling  icicles,    [^ot 

much  used.]  Brawn. 

STIRK,  (sturk,)  n.    A  young  ox  or  heifer.    [Ucai.] 
STIR'LESS,  a.     Still  without  stirring. 
STIKP.  (sturp,)  n.     [L.  stirps,] 

Stock;  race;  family.     [J>fi>t  English,]        Bat^n. 
STIR'R-^D,  pp.     Moved;  agitated  ;  put  in  action. 
STIR'RER,  n.    One  who  is  in  motion. 

2.  One  who  puts  in  motion. 

3.  A  riser  in  the  morning.  Shak, 

4.  \n  inciter  or  exciter  ;  an  instigator. 

5.  A  stirrer  up ;  an  exciter  ;  an  instigator. 
STIR'RINGjppr.    Moving;  agitating;  putting  in  mo- 
tion. 

2.  a.  Active  ;  active  in  business  ;  habitually  em- 
ployed in  some  kind  of  business ;  accustomed  to  a 
busy  life. 

STIK'RING,  n.  [Supra.]  The  act  of  moving  or  put- 
ting in  motion. 

STIR'RUP,  (slur'rup,)  ti.  [Sax.  stige-rapa,  step-rope  ; 
sti^an,  to  step,  or  ascend,  and  rap,  rope  ;  G.  steig-Mi- 
gel,  step-bow,  or  nu»uriiing-bow  ;  D.  styg-beugcl ;  Sw. 
steg'bUgel;  Dan.  stigbUJle.  The  first  stirrups  appear 
to  nave  been  ropes.] 

1.  A  kind  of  ring,  or  bending  piece  of  metal,  hori- 
zontal on  one  side  for  receiving  the  foot  of  the  rider, 
and  attached  to  a  strap  which  is  fjistened  to  the  sad- 
dle ;  used  to  assist  persons  in  mounting  a  horse,  and 
to  enable  them  to  sit  steadily  in  riding,  as  well  as  to 
relieve  them  by  supporting  a  part  of  the  weight  of 
the  iKMly. 

2.  Among  seamen,  a  rope  secured  to  a  yard,  with  a 
thimble  in  its  lower  end,  for  reeving  a  foot-rope. 

Tutten. 

STlR'RUP-eUP,  n.  A  parting  cup  taken  on  horse- 
back. Scott. 

STIR'RUP-LEATII-ER,  (stur'rup-leth-er,)  n.  A  simp 
that  supports  a  stirrup. 

STITCH,  D.  t,  [G.  sticken  :  D.  stikken  ;  Dan.  stikker  ; 
Sw.  sticka.     This  is  another  form  of  slick.] 

1.  To  sew  with  a  back  puncture  of  the  needle,  so 
as  to  double  the  thread  ;  as,  to  stitch  a  wristband  ;  to 
sew  or  unite  t^ellier  ;  as,  to  stitch  the  leaves  of  a 
book  and  form  a  pamphlet. 

2.  To  form  land  into  ridges.  JVew  England. 
To  stitch  up  ;  to  mend  or  unite  with  a  needle  and 

thread  ;  as,  to  stitch  up  a  rent ;  to  stitch  up  an  artery. 

H'iseman. 
STITCH,  V.  i.    To  practice  stitching. 
STITCH,  71.     A  single  pass  of  a  needle  m  sewing. 

2.  A  single  turn  of^  the  thread  round  a  needle  in 
knitting  ;  a  link  of  yarn  ;  as,  to  let  down  a  stttch;  to 
take  up  a  stitch, 

3.  A  land  ;  the  space  between  two  double  furrows 
in  plowed  ground.  IlalUweU. 

4.  A  local,  sharp  pain ;  an  acute  lancinating  pain, 
like  the  piercing  of  a  needle ;  as,  a  stitch  in  the  side. 

STITCn'£D,  (sticht,)  pp.  or  a.  Sewed  wiih  a  back 
puncture  of  the  needle  ;  sewed  together. 

STITCH'EI.,  71.     A  kind  of  hairy  wool.     [Local.] 

STITCH'ER,  n.     One  that  stitches. 

STITCH'ER-Y,  71.     Needlework;  in  contempt.      Shak. 

STITC|l'-FALL-£\,  o.  Fallen,  as  a  stitch  in  knitting. 
[JVot  in.  use.]  Dryden 

STITCH'ING,  ppr.  Sewing  in  a  particular  manner ; 
uniting  with  a  needle  and  thread. 

STITCH'ING,  71.     The  act  of  stitching. 

2.  Work  done  by  sewing  in  a  particular  manner. 

3.  The  forming  of  land  into  ridges  or  divisions. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— MeTE,  PREY — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  B<?gK.- 
1086 


STO 

STITCH'WORT,  n.    A  plant,  chamomile.    jJin.'^worth. 
9.  A  grassy-louking  plant,  of  tlie  genus  Stellaria. 

Loudon. 
STITH,  a.     [Sax.]     Strong  ;  riRid.     [JVot  in  use.] 
STITH'Y,  n.     [Supra.     Ice.  steditu] 

1.  An  anvil.     [LoeaL]  Shak. 

2.  A  disease  in  oxen. 

STITH'Y-  V,  t.    To  forge  on  an  anvil.    [Local} 

HalttwelL 

STPFH'Y-ING,  jtpr.     Forging  on  an  anvil. 

STIVE,  v.U  [See  Stuff  and  Stew.]  To  stuff  up 
c)o.4e.     [JiTot  in  use,]  Sandys. 

2.  To  make  hot,  sultry,  and  close.     [A*ot  in  use.] 

STI' VER,  n.     [Sw.  stifcer  ;  D.  stuiver.]         [  Wotton. 
A  Dutch  com  and  money  of  account,  of  the  value 
of  two  cents,  or  about  one  penny  sterling. 

ST6AK,  V.  t.  To  stop;  to  choke j  in  aeamen''s  lan- 
srnaire. 

ST6AT^  n.  An  animal,  the  ermine.  This  animal  is 
called  stoat  when  of  a  reddish  color,  and  ermine  when 
white,  as  in  winter.  It  is  a  digitigrade,  carnivorous 
mamma),  the  Putorius  Erminea.  Ed.  Encye. 

STO'€AH,  n.  [Ir.  and  Erse.]  An  attendant;  a  wal- 
let hov.     {J^ot  English,  nor  used.]  Spenser. 

STOe-CSDE',  I  n.     [It.  stoceato,  a  thrust,  from  stocco, 

STOC^GA'DO,  \  a  stock  or  race,  a  rapier  or  long- 
sword  ;  Sp.  estocoiia  :  Fr.  estocade.  This  gives  the 
sense  of  thrusL  But  we  give  the  word  another  Kig- 
nijicatlon,  from  stock,  a  post,  or  fixed  piece  of  timber. 
The  It.  sUtce^  and  Eng.  stock  are  the  same  word.] 

1.  A  stab  ;  a  thrust  with  a  rapier.  Shak. 

2.  A  fence  or  barrier  made  with  stakes  or  posts 
planted  in  the  earth ;  a  slight  fortification.  [See 
Stoc-kadeJ 

STOeCADE'  r.  (.    To  fortify  with  sharpened  posts. 
STOe-CAD'ED,  pp.     Fortified  with  posts. 
STOeeAD'ING,  ppr.     Fortifying  with  posts. 
STO-€HAS'Tie,  (sto-kas'tik,)  a.     [Gr.  /Tro\a7r(*os.] 
Conjectural ;  able  to  conjecture.     [JVol  in  use.] 

Brown. 
STOCK,  B.     [Sax.  stoc,  a  place,  the  stem  of  a  tree  ;  G. 

stock,  a  stem,  a  staff,  a  stick,  a  block  ;  D.  and  Dan. 

ftok,  id.  ;  Sw.  stock ;  Fr.  estoc ;  It.  stocco.    This  word 

coincidtra  with  stake,  stick,  staJck;  that  which  \3  set  or 

fixed.] 

1.  The  stem  or  main  body  of  a  tree  or  other  plant ; 
the  fixed,  strong,  firm  part ;  the  origin  and  support  of 
the  branches.    Job  xiv. 

2.  The  stem  in  which  a  grafl  is  inserted,  and  which 
is  its  support. 

The  cion  OTemileth  ihe  •toct  quite.  Baatn, 

3.  A  post ;  something  fixed,  solid,  and  senseless. 
Wbeo  k11  our  fathers  worahip'.-d  sUxkt  uid  done*.        Milton. 

4.  A  person  very  stupid,  dull,  and  senseless. 

L«t'a  b-  no  aloic*,  nor  no  ttockt.  Shak. 

5.  The  part  of  a  tool  for  boring  wood  with  a  crank 
whose  end  rests  against  the  breast  of  the  workman. 

OfciU. 

6.  The  wood  in  which  the  barrel  of  a  musket  or 
other  firearm  is  fixed. 

7.  A  thrust  with  a  rapier.     [H'ot  in  use.] 
6.  A  cravat  or  band  for  the  neck. 

9.  A  cover  for  the  leg.     [Ofta.]     [Now  Stockiwo.] 

10.  The  original  progenitor;  also,  the  race  or  line 
of  a  family  ;  the  progenitors  of  a  family  and  their  di- 
rect descendants  ;  lineage  ;  family.  From  what  stock 
did  he  spring? 

Thy  mother  wa«  no  podd^M,  nor  thy  tloek 
Frrim  Drtrdanm.  Dtnham. 

Men  mid   bnihrra,  children  of  the  atodc  of  Abraham. — AcU 
ziii. 

11.  A  fund  ;  capital ;  the  money  or  goods  employed 
in  trade,  manufacttires,  insurance,  banking,  ice. ;  as, 
the  Htoek  of  a  banking  company  ;  the  slock  employed 
in  the  manufacture  of  cotton,  in  making  insurance, 
and  the  like.     Stock  may  be  individual  ur  joint. 

12.  Money  lent  to  government,  or  property  in  a 
public  debt ;  a  share  or  shares  of  a  national  or  other 
public  dt-bt,  or  in  a  company  debt.  The  United 
Statcii  borrow  of  the  bank  or  of  individuals,  and  st-ll 
Btnck  bearing  an  interest  of  five,  six,  or  seven  per 
c<>nt.  British  stocks  are  the  objects  of  perpetual  spec- 
ulation. 

13.  .^upply  provided  ;  store.  Every  one  may  be 
charitable  out  of  his  own  stock.  So  we  say,  a  stock 
of  honor,  a  stock  of  fame. 

Aild  to  that  ttodt  which  Jiwily  we  boitow.  Dryden. 

H.  In  agrieulturf,  the  domestic  animals  or  beats 
belonging  to  the  owner  of  a  farm  ;  as,  a  stock  rtf  cat- 
tle or  of  sheep.  It  i^  also  used  for  the  crop  or  other 
property  belonging  to  the  farm.  Eneyc 

15.  Living  beatitf*  shipped  to  a  foreign  country  ;  as, 
a  brig  Hailed  yesterday  with  stock  on  deck.  The  cat- 
tle are  called  alno  lire  stock.  .America. 

Ifi,  In  the  West  Indies,  the  slaves  of  a  plantaiion. 

17.  Stocks,  pt.;  ft  machine  consisting  of  two  pieces 
of  timber,  in  Which  the  legs  of  criminals  are  con- 
fined by  way  of  punishment. 

18.  The  frame  or  timbers 
while  building. 

19.  The  stork  of  an  anchor  is  the  piece  of  timber 
Into  which  the  uhank  is  inserted.  JUar.  Diet. 


r  on  which  a  ship  rests 


STO 

20.  In  book-keeping,  the  owner  or  owners  of  the 
liooks.  Encyc. 

STOCK,  V.  t.  To  store  ;  to  supply  ;  to  fill ;  as,  tu  stock 
the  mind  with  ideas.  Asia  and  Europe  are  well 
stocked  with  inhabitants. 

2.  To  lay  up  in  store ;  as,  he  stocks  what  he  can 
not  use.  Johnson. 

3.  To  put  in  the  stocks.     [Little  used.]  Shak. 
A.  To  pack  ;  to  put  into  a  p;ick  ;  as,  to  stock  cards. 

5.  To  supply  with  domestic  animals  ;  as,  to  stock  a 
farm.  ' 

6.  To  supply  with  seed  ;  as,  to  stock  land  with 
clover  or  hcrdsgrasg.  American  Farmers. 

7.  To  suffer  cows  to  retain  their  milk  for  twenty- 
four  hours  or  more  previous  to  sale. 

To  stock  up ;  to  extirpate  ;  to  dig  up. 

Edaards^s  fV.  Indies. 
STOCK-ADE',  n.     [See  Stoccade.]     In  fortification, 

a  sharpened  post  or  stake  set  in  the  earth. 
2.  A  line  of  posts  or  stakes  set  in  the  earth  as  a 

fence  or  barrier. 
STOCK-S  DE',  t?.  (.  To  surrou  nd  or  fortify  with  sharp- 
ened poHts  fixed  in  ttie  ground. 
STOCK-AD'ED,  pp.     Fortified  with  stockades. 
STOCK-AD'ING,    ppr.      Fortifying   with    sharpened 

posis  or  stakes. 
STOCK'-BROK-ER,  n.    [stack  and  broker.]     A  broker 

who  deals   in   the  purchase  and  sale  of  stocks  or 

shares  in  the  public  ftinds. 
STOCK'-DOVE,  (-duv,)  n.      [i=tork  and  dove.]     Tfte 

wild  pigeon  of  Europe,  (Columba  cenas,)  long  con- 
sidered as  the  stock  of  the  domcrflic  pigeon,  but  now 

regarded  as  a  distinct  species.  Ed.  Encyc. 

STOCK'-FISH,  n.     [stock  and  Jish.]     Cod  dried  hard 

and  without  salt. 
STOCK-GIL'LY-FLOVV-ER,  n.     A  plant,  a  species 

of  (?heiranthua ;    sometimes   written    Stock   Jclt 

Flower.  Encyc.     Fam.  of  Plants. 

STOCK'llOLD-ER,  n.     [.itock  and  hold.]     One  who  is 

a  proprietor  of  stock  in  the  public  funds,  or  in  the 

funds  of  a  bank  or  other  company. 
STOCK'ING,  n.     [t'rom  stock:  Ir.stoca;  supposed  by 

Johnson  to  he  a  corruption  ofstocken,  plural  o(  stock. 

But  qu.] 
A  garment  made  to  cover  the  fiwt  and  leg. 
STOCK'ING,  V.  t.     To  dress  in  stockings.     Dryden. 
STOCK'ISH,   a.       Hard  i    stupid  ;    blockish.      [LiUle 

used.]  Shak. 

STOCK'^OB-BER,   n.      [stock  and  job.]     One  who 

speculates  in  the  public  funds  for  gain;  one  whose 

occupation  is  to  buy  and  sell  stocks. 
STOCK'-JOB-BING,  n.    The  act  or  art  of  dealing  in 

the  public  funds.  Encyc. 

STOCK'-LOCK,  n.     [stock  and  lock.]     A  lock  fixed  in 

a  wooden  case  or  frame.  Buchanan. 

STOCKS.     See  under  Stock. 
STOCK'-STILL,  a.     [stock  and  siiU,]     Still  as  a  fixed 

post ;  perfectly  still. 

Our  preftch''n  iiand  ttoek'ttill  in  the  pulpiu  Anon. 

STOCK'Y,  a.  [from  stock.]  Thick  and  firm  ;  stout, 
A  stocky  person  is  one  rather  thick  than  tall  or  cor- 
pulent ;  one  whase  bones  are  covered  well  with  fiesh, 
but  without  a  prominent  belly. 

STO'ie,  n.  [_Gr.  rf'"Kos,from  5-'ia,n  porch  in  .Athens, 
where  the  philosopher  Zeno  tauglii.] 

A  disciple  of  the  philosopher  Zeno,  who  founded 
a  sect.  He  taught  that  men  should  be  free  frnn)  {)as- 
sion,  unmoved  by  joy  or  grief,  and  submit  without 
complaint  to  the  tinavuldabte  necessity  by  which  all 
thiiig!4arc  governed.  Enjield. 

STfi'lC,         I  fl.    Pertaining  to  the  Stoics  or  to  their 

STO'IC-AL,  \      doctrines. 

2.  .N'ot  affected  by  passion  ;  unfeeling;  manifest- 
ing indifference  to  pleasure  or  pain. 

STO'IC-AL-LY,  ode.  In  the  manner  of  the  Stoics; 
without  apparent  feeling  or  sensibdity  >  with  indif- 
ference to  pleasure  or  p:iin.  Chestrrjield, 

STO'lC-.AL-iN'ESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  stoical ;  in 
differeiit-e  to  pleasure  or  pjin. 

ST6'I-C1SM,  n.  The  opinions  and  maxims  of  the 
Stoics, 

2.  A  real  or  pretended  indifference  to  pleasure  or 
pain  ;  insensibility. 

STOKE  [Sax.  Mocce,  stoc,  place]  is  the  same  word  as 
Stock,  differently  applied.  It  is  found  in  many  Eng- 
lish names  of  towns. 

STO'KER,  n.  One  who  looks  after  the  fire  of  a  brew- 
house,  or  i.f  a  steam-engine.  Oreen. 

STO'LA,  n.     [Gr.  (rr-Af?-] 

Along  garnu-nt,  descending  to  the  ankles,  worn 
by  Roman  women. 

SToLE,  pre/,  of  Hteki- 

STOLE,  n.     [L.  and  It.  stola:  Sp.  estola.j 

1.  In  thf.  tloman'^Batholic  church,  a  lon^j  and  narrow 
scarf,  with  fringed  extremities,  worn  by  a  priest 
around  the  neck,  and  crossed  over  the  breast  in  front. 

Hook. 

2.  [L.  stolo.]  A  sucker ;  a  shoot  from  the  root  of  a 
plant,  by  which  some  plants  may  be  propagated, 
[Written  also  Stool.] 

Groom  of  the  stole  ;  the  first  lord  of  the  bed-cham- 
ber, in  the  household  of  the  king  of  England. 

BraTtde. 


STO 

STOL'£N,   (stern,)  pp.  or  a.       [from  stealj  which 

see.j 

Stolen  wntPn  are  awert,  —  Pro*,  ix. 

STOL'ID,  a.  [L.  stolidus;  from  the  root  of  stiUfttaUj 
to  net.] 

Dull ;  foolish  ;  stupid.     [JVol  used.] 
STO-LIU'I-TY,  71.    [Supra.]     Dullness  of  intellect; 

stupiditv.     [Litite  used.]  Bentley. 

STO'LON,  n,     [I>.  stolo.] 

In  botany,  a  runner  or  shoot  proceeding  horizon- 
tallv  fmm  a  plant,  as  in  the  strawberry. 
STOiv-O-MF'ER-OUS,  a.      [L.  stolo,n  sucker,  and 
fern,  to  pntduce.] 

Producing  suckers;  putting  forth  suckers;  as,  a 

stnloniffrous  stem.  JUartipi. 

STO'MA,  V.  I  [Gr.]     In  Aotanv,  oval  spaces  be- 

STOM'A-TA,  Ti.  pi.  \  Iween  the  sides  of  cells  open- 
ing into  inter-cellular  cavities  in  the  subjacent  tissue, 
and  bordered  by  a  rim.  Lindley. 

STO-MAe'A-CE,  n.  [Gr.  uT■'^La  and  Mvoj.]  A  fetor 
of  breath,  arising  from  ulcerated  gums.       Brande, 

STOM'ACII,  (stum'akJ  n.  [L.  stomaehus ;  Sp.  eslo- 
masro  ;  It.  stomacho  ;  Fr.  estomae.] 

1.  In  animal  bodies,  a  membraneous  receptacle,  the 
principal  organ  of  digestion,  in  which  food  is  pre- 
pared for  entering  into  the  several  parts  of  the  body 
for  its  nourishment. 

2.  Appetite  ;  the  desire  of  food  caused  by  hunger  ; 
as,  a  good  stomach  for  roast  beef. 

[A  popular  use  of  the  word.] 

ii.  Inclination  ;  liking.  Bacon. 


He  which  hnth  no  stomach  to  this  flghl. 
Let  him  depart. 


Skak. 


4.  Anger;  violence  of  temper. 

Stem  wns  hia  look,  and  full  of  stomach  Tain.  Spenser. 

5.  Sullenness  ;  resentment ;  willful  obstinacy ; 
stubbornness. 

Thissonorcrjingproceedin^  from  pride,  obatinaey,  and«tortMuA, 
the  will,  wtu-re  the  hult  lit»,  miul  Lc  beaL  Lock*. 

6.  Pride ;  haughtiness. 

He  waa  a  mnn 
or  nn  unboimdetl  $tot7iaeh,  ever  ranking 
Hiritaclf  with  prine^a.  Shak, 

J^ote. —  This  word,  in  all  the  foregoing  senses  ex- 
cept the  first,  is  nearly  obsolete  or  inelegant. 
STOM'ACH,  (stum'ak,)  r.  f.     [L.  stomachor.] 

1.  To  resent ;  to  remember  with  anger. 

The  lion  began  to  abow  hii  teeth,  and  to  rtomack  the  nfTront. 
L'Etlrangt. 

TTtis  sense  is  not  used  in  America,  as  far  as  my  ob- 
servatioti  extends.  In  America,  at  least  in  AVu  Eng- 
land, the  nense  is, 

2.  To  brook;  to  bear  without  open  resentment  or 
without  opposition.     [JV«(  elegant.] 

STOM'ACII,  V.  t.    To  be  angry.     [^Tot  in  use.] 

Hooker. 

STOM'A€II-AL,  a.     [Fr.  stomacal.] 

('ordial ;  helping  the  stomach.  Cotgrave. 

STOM'Aeil-i^U,  o.     Filled  with  resentment.     Shak. 

STOM'A-CHER,  n.  An  ornament  or  support  to  the 
breast,  worn  by  females.     Is.  iii.  Skak. 

STOM'ACII-FJJL,  (stum'ak-,) a.  Willfully  obstinate; 
stubborn  ;  perverse  ;  as,  a  atamachfal  boy. 

L*  Estrange. 

STOM'AeH-FIJL-NESS,  n.  Stubbornness;  sullen- 
ness ;  perverse  obstinacy. 

STO-MACiriC,         ia.    Pertaining  to  the  stomach; 

STO-.MA€fl'ie-AL,  i      as,  stomachic  vessels.    Harvey. 
2.  Strengthening  to  the  stomach  ;  exciting  the  ac- 
tion of  the  stomach.  Coze. 

STO-MACH'IG,  (sto-mak'ik,)  n.  A  medicine  that 
Fitrengthens  tlie  stomach  and  excites  its  action. 

STOM'ACH  L\G,  ppr.  Brooking;  bearing  without 
0(wu  nrsenlment. 

STOM'ACH  IXG,  m.     Resentment.     [JVot  in  use.] 

STOM'A€H-LESS,  (stum'ak-,)  a.  Being  without  a 
stomach  or  appetite.  HalL 

STOM'AeH-OUS,  c.  Stout;  sullen;  obstinate.  [J^ot 
in  u-^e.]  Spenser. 

STOM'ACH-PtJMP,  TI.  A  small  pnmp  or  syringe  with 
a  flexible  tube,  for  drawing  liquids  from  the  stom- 
ach, or  for  injecling  them  into  it. 

STO.M'ACII-Y,  a.     Obstinate;  sullen.        Jennings. 

STO'MA-POD,  n.  [Gr.  ur«/ni,  a  mouth,  and  jt^vs,  a 
foot.] 

One  of  an  order  of  crustaceons  animals,  including 
the  sfjuilla,  in  \vhirh  several  of  the  organs  of  the 
mouth  have  the  form  of  feel.  Dana. 

STOMP;  a  vtilgar  pronunciation  of  Stamp,  which 
see. 

STOND,  n.  [for  Stand.]  A  stop  ;  a  post ;  a  station. 
[ObsA     [See  Stand.] 

STONE,  n,  [Sax.  stan  ;  Goth,  staina  ;  G.  stein  ;  D.  and 
Ban.  steen;  ir-w.  sten;  Dalmatian,  sztina;  Croatian, 
stine.  This  word  may  be  a  derivative  from  the  root 
of  stand,  or  it  may  belong  to  some  root  in  Class  Dn. 
The  primary  sense  is,  to  set,  to  fix  ;  Gr.  s"c*"'s«] 

1.  A  mass  of  concreted,  earthy,  or  mineral  matter. 
In  popular  language,  very  large  masses  of  stone  are 
called  rocks;  small  masses  are  called  stones;  and  the 
finer  kinds,  gravel  or  sand,  or  grains  of  sand.  Stone 
is  of  great  and  extensive  use  m  the  construction  of 


TONE,  BJJLL,  TINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8.  — €  u  K;  d  u  J;  ■  as  Z ;  CH  as  8H ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1087 


STO 

butltllngs  of  &!I  kinds,  for  walls,  fences,  piera,  nbul- 
inents.  arches,  munuments,  sculpture,  and  the  like. 

When  we  speak  of  the  suNstiuice  gemmlly,  we 
use  stone  in  the  sin^nilar;  a;*,  a  house  or  wall  of 
««9ii«.  But  when  we  speak  of  purticulnr,  separate 
masse!),  we  say,  a  stone^  or  the  stones* 

S.  A  gem  ;  a  precious  stone.  ^ 

lafHimable  Monc*,  uunlued  }c-wets.  Skak. 

3.  Any  thing  made  of  stone  ;  a  mirror.         SMak. 

4.  A  calculous  concretion  in  the  kidneys  or  blad- 
der; the  disease  arising  fmiu  a  ciUculus. 

5.  A  testicle. 

&  The  nut  of  a  drupe  or  stone  fniit ;  or  the  hard 
coverinR  inclosing  the  kernel,  and  itself  inclosed  by 
the  pulpy  pericarp.  Martyn. 

7.  In  Grf4U  BrUMAj  the  weight  of  fourteen  pounds. 
[8,  I-^J,  14,  or  16.] 

[A*4*l  usfd  in  CA«  U»Utd  StattSf  except  im  re/erehce  to 
tk*  riUern  qfkorsea  \»  race«.] 

8.  A  iDOBUment  erected  to  preserve  the  memory  of 
the  dead. 

Sbould  aotne  rrlf  nU"«a  vj9 
Gluwe  on  the  «lDfM  when  our  cold  reScM  Ii«.  Pop*. 

9.  It  is  used  to  express  torpidness  and  insensibil- 
ity i  as,  a  heart  of  atom*. 

I  hav«  iwt  jet  forpH  rajwl/  to  fton*.  Pop*. 

10.  Stone  is  prefixed  to  some  wwds  to  qtialify  their 
nenification.  Thus  stone-tiend  is  {lerfectly  dead,  as 
lifeless  as  a  stone  ;  stonestili^  still  as  a  stone,  per- 
fectly still :  stoHe-bliMd.  blind  as  a  stone,  perfectly 
blind. 

TV  leave  x*  jCmu  wtiurued ;  a  proverbial  expres- 
sion which  signifies  to  do  every  thing  thnt  can  be 
done ;  to  use  all  pivcticaUe  means  to  effect  an  ob- 
ject. 

JUttorie  stones;  stones  which  fall  from  the  atmos- 
phere, u  after  the  dif^ilosion  of  a  meteor. 

PkiUoopker^s  sUme  :  a  pretended  substance  thit  was 
formeHy  nippoaed  to  have  the  property  of  turning 
any  other  substance  into  gold. 
STONE,  0.    Made  of  stone,  or  like  stone ;  u,  a  «toiie 

jue. 
S']'6\E,  V.  L    rSu.  st^nmtu] 

1.  To  pelt,  beat,  or  kill  with  stones; 

lad  iber  ttemtA  Steuben,  aSbufoa  Ood,  miA  mjinf,  hold  Jem, 

3.  To  harden. 

0  perjured  womao,  tbM  doM  slaw  mj  heut.    [Lil^  UMd.] 

3.  To  ffve  from  stones  ;  as,  to  stone  misins. 

4.  To  wall  or  face  with  stones ;  to  line  or  fortify 
with  stones  ;  as,  tn  stone  a  well ;  to  Home  a  cellar. 

STOXG'-BLIXO,  «.  r^tns  and  bUnd.]  Blind  as  a 
stone  ;  perfectlv  blina. 

STOXE'-BOE-ER,  «.  An  animal  that  borM  stones  ; 
applied  to  certain  bivalve  raolluski  which  form  holes 
in  HKks.  Ktrbg, 

STONE'-BOW,  n.  [stone  and  frow.]  A  cross-byw  for 
shooting  stones. 

STOXE'-BREAK,  n.  [stone  and  brtok;  U  $9x\f- 
m^it.1 

A  plant.  AinsrtPttTtk. 

STO.NE'-OHAT,  )  it.     [rfim*  and   duttter.]      A 

STONE'-CHAT-TER,  \  small  bird  of  the  eastern 
continent,  the  Saxicota  nibicola  of  Bechstein,  (Mota- 
eilla  nibicola,  Linn.)  It  i:*  allied  to  the  English 
rohin  redbreast,  and  its  nt^e  often  resembles  the 
knocking  together  of  two  stones. 

Jofline.     Kd.  £jicyc> 

gTOVE'-C^AL,  K.     Hard  coal ;  mineral  coal. 

ST6XE'-€RSY,  n.     A  distemper  in  hawks. 

STOXE'-eROP,  m.     [Sax.  sUn-crop.} 

1.  A  sort  of  tree,  Mortimer. 

2.  A  low,  succulent  plant  of  the  genus  Scdum, 
growing  on  rocks  and  dr>-,  arid  piTices;  wall-pepper. 
The  stone-crop  tree  or  shrubby  grass  wort  is  of  the 
cntH  Chenopodtum.      '  Loudon.    Lee. 

ST6\E'-eUR-LEW,  n.  A  lar<re  specie  of  the  plover 
fimily,  CEdicnemns  crepitans  of  Tf  mminck.  It  fre- 
quents stonv  places,  and  is  aliio  colled  Thick  kxeed 
PLortrn  nr  llt'tTAKD,  and  THtcs-K^tcE.      Jardine, 

STO.N'E'-eUT-TER,  n.  [stone  and  cut.]  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  hew  stones.  Shrift. 

STOXE'-eCT-TIXG,  n.  The  business  of  hewing 
stones  fi*r  walls,  steps,  c«mice«,  monuments,  &c. 

STOXE'-EAT-ER,  n.  An  aniinnl  ibat  e«is  rtune  ; 
applied  to  certain  bivalve  moMu»ks  which  form  holes 
in  rocks.  Kirby. 

STOX'£D,  pp.  Pelted  or  kill«*d  with  stones  j  freed 
from  atones  ;  walled  with  si»mes. 

STOXE'-DEAD,  (-ded,)  a.     A?  liftlesg  as  a  stone. 

STOXE'-F.AT-ER,  m.     An  animnl  that  eaU  stone. 

STOXE'-FEEN,  a.     [stone  and  fern,']     A  plant. 

AinsKortk, 

STOXE'-FLY.  a.     [stone  and  JC(?.]     An  insect. 

Jiimneortk. 

STOXE'-FROIT,  a.  [stone  and  fmit.}  Fruits  whose 
eeeds  are  covered  with  a  hard  shell  enveloped  in  the 
pulp,  as  peaches,  cherries,  plums,  &.c. ;  a  drupe. 

Boyle, 

STOXE'-HiVWK,  n.  [stone  and  hmek.}  A  kind  of 
hawk.  '  '  JSins:v)orth. 


STO 

STOXE'-HEXRT-ED,  \  a.     [.^tone  and  HraHA     Hard 
STOX'V-HEXKT-ED,  I       hearted;    cruel;    pitiless; 

unfeeline.  Skak. 

STON'E'HEXCiE,  n.     An  assemblage  of  upright  and 

horizontal  Ptones  on  Salisbury  Plain,  Knghiiid  ;  gen- 

enilly  supjwscd  to  be  the  remains  of  an  ancient  I)ru- 

idicjil  temple.  p.  Cwr. 

STOXE'-HORSE,  n.      [stone  and   horseA      A    hurse 

not  castrated.  Mortimer, 

STOXE'-HOUSE,  n.      [stone  and  house.]      A  house 

built  of  stone. 
STOXE'-PABS-LEY,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Bubon. 

Fam.  of  Plants. 
STOXE'-PIT,  n.      [stone  and  pit.]     A  pit  or  quarry 

where  Htones  are  dug.  IVoodu-uril. 

STOXE'-PITCII,  a.     [jtone  and  piUh.']     Hard,  inspis- 
sated pitch.  Baron. 
STOXE'-PLOV-ER,  (-pluv-cr,)  n.     [stone  and  plover.] 

A  bird.  Ainsworth. 

STflX'ER,  n.    One  who  beats  or  kills  with  sU)nes  ; 

one  who  walls  with  stones. 
ST^XE'»'-exsT,        *H.     [stone  and  cast  or  throw.] 
ST^XE'S'-THROW,  (     Tfie  distance  which  a  stone 

m;iv  be  thrown  by  the  hand. 
STOXE'S'-MICK  LE,  a.     A  bird.  Ainsworth. 

STOXE'-SaUAR-ER,  n.     [stone   and    square.]      One 

who  forms  stones  into  squares.     1  Kings  v. 
8T6XE'-STILL,a.    [stone  nnd  slUL]    Still  as  a  stone ; 

perf-ctly  still  or  motionless. 
S'jOXE'-WALL,  71.    [stone  and  waU.]    A  wall  built 

of  stones. 
STO.XE'-VVARE,  n.    A  species  of  potter's  ware  of  a 

coarse  kind,  elazed  and  baked. 
STOXE'-WEED,  n.     A  troublesome  weed,  of  the 

genus  Liihosi>ermum,  having  spear-shaped  flowers 

with  yellowish  or  milk-white  corols.  Farm.  Kncye. 
STOXE'-WOHK,  (-wurk,)  n.     Work  or  wall  consist- 

injr  of  Eioiie  ;  mason's  work  of  stone.      Mirrtimer, 
STOX'I-XESS,    ».      [from   stony.]      The    quality    of 

abounding  with  stones;  as,  the  atoniness  of  ground 

renders  it  difficult  to  till. 
2.  Hardness  of  heart.  Hammond. 

STO.X'ING,  ppr.    Pelting  with  stones  j  walling  with 

stones. 
STOX'V,  a.     [D.  sUenig ;  G.  steinig ;  Sw.  steneg.] 

1.  Made  or  stone  ;  as,  a  stony  tower,  Shak. 

2.  Consisting  of  stone  ;  as,  a  stony  cave.  Milton. 

3.  Full  of  stones;  abounding  with  stones;  as, 
ghmy  ground. 

4.  Petrifying ;  as,  the  stony  dart  of  senseless  cold. 

Spenser, 

5.  Hard  ;  cruel ;  unrelenting ;  ottilesa ;  as,  a  stony 
heart.  Milton, 

6.  Insensible;  obdurate;  perverse;  morally  hard. 
ST^N'Y-IIEXKT-ED,  a.     Hard-hearted.  Scott. 
STOOf),  pret.  of  Stand. 

dTiX>K,  n.     [Scotch  ;  W.  ystwc,  a  shock  of  grain.] 
A  small  collectian  of  sheaves  set  up  in  the  field. 
[In  England,  a  stook  is  twelve  sheaves.] 

STO9K,  r.  (.  To  set  up  sheaves  of  grain  in  stooks. 
[Li'eol.] 

STpOK'IXfi,  n.  The  act  of  setting  up  sheaves  of 
gram  in  stooks  or  shocks. 

STOOL,  n.  [Sax.  stol^  Goth,  stots^  a  seat,  a  throne  ; 
G.  stuklj  a  stool,  a  stock,  a  pew,  a  chair,  the  see  of  a 
bishop;  D.  and  Dan.  st-ul^  id.;  Sw.  stot:  W.  ystal. 
This  coincides  with  stall  and  still.  A  stool  is  that 
which  is  set,  or  a  seat ;  Russ.  prestol,  a  throne.] 

1.  A  seat  without  a  back  ;  a  little  form  consisting 
of  a  board  with  three  or  four  legs,  intended  as  a  seat 
for  one  person.  fVaits. 

2.  The  seat  used  in  evacuating  the  contents  of  the 
bowels ;  hence,  nn  evacuation  ;  a  discharge  from 
the  bowels. 

3.  [L.  stole.]  The  root  or  stem  of  a  tree  or  plant 
cut  on  near  the  ground,  from  which  shoots  springup. 

Brande. 

Stool  of  repentance ;  in  Scotland,  an  elevated  seat  in 

the  church,  on  which  persons  sit,  as  a  punishment 

for  fornication  and  adultery;  the  ctitty-stool,  which 

see.  Johnson. 

STOOL,  r.  L     In  agriculture,  to  ramify  ;  to  tiller,  &a 

crain  ;  to  shoot  out  suckers. 
SyOOL'-BALL,   n.      [stool  and   ball]       A    play    in 

which  brill's  are  driven  from  stool  to  stool.      Prior. 
STOOM,  p.  t    To  put  bags  of  herbs  or  other  ingredi- 
ents into  wine,  to  prevent  fermentation.     [LocaL] 

Chambers, 
STOOP,  V.  i.     [Sax.  stupian  ;  D.  stuipen.] 

1.  To  bend  the  body  downward  and  forward;  as, 
to  sU>op  to  pick  up  a  book. 

2.  To  bend  or  lean  forxvard  ;  to  incline  forward  in 
standing  or  walking.  We  often  see  men  stoop  in 
standing  or  walking,  either  from  habit  or  from  age. 

3.  Tu  yield  ;  to  submit ;  to  bend  by  compulsion  ; 
as,  Carthage  at  length  stooped  to  Rome.       Liryden, 

4.  To  descend  from  rank  or  dignity;  to  conde- 
scend. In  modern  days,  attention  to  agriculture  is 
not  called  stooping,  in  men  of  property. 

Wlierr  rrvn  of  ffrmi  wealiti  aloop  to  husbandry,  it  mutliplictb 
richea  exc^cUngly.  Baeon. 

5.  To  yield  ;  to  be  inferior. 

Tbe«e  are  art*,  my  princ, 
In  which  our  Zxma  doea  not  tloop  to  Rome.  Additon. 


STO 

6.  To  come  down  on  prey,  as  a  hawk. 

Tl»e  birl  ol  Jo»e  Mtooptd  from  hia  airy  lour, 

Two  birJa  of  gay*^  pluioe  ti.;tore  him  dro»e.  MUton. 

7.  To  alight  from  the  wing. 

And  ilenp  with  cloainff  piuiuiM  from  above.  Drydsn. 

6.  To  sink  to  a  lower  place. 

Cowering  low 
With  Uandiriimntts,  each  bird  »tocii«d  on  hb  wiu^ .      IdUton, 

STOOP,  r.  t.  To  cause  to  incline  downward  ;  to  sink  j 
as,  to  stoop  a  cask  of  liquor. 
2.  To  cuu:*e  to  submit.     [Little  used.] 

STOOP,  n.  The  act  of  bending  the  body  forward  ;  in- 
clination forward. 

2.  Dt-scent  from  dignity  or  superiority ;  condescen- 
sion. 

Cnji  any  loyal  ■ub)r«t  nee 
Willi  pfttience  audi  a  ttoop  from  aovtroigiity  I  Drj/dsn. 

3.  Fall  of  a  bird  on  his  prey. 
STOOP,  n.     [D.  stoep,  a  step.] 

The  steps  of  a  door.     In  JWir  England,  a  stoop 
has  a  balustrade  and  seats  on  the  sides. 
STOOP,  n.      [Sax.   stoppa;    D.   stoop,   a   measure   of 
alHXit  two  quarts  ;  Sw.  stop,  a  measure  of  about  three 
pints.] 

1.  A  vessel  of  liquor ;  a  flagon  ;  as,  a  stoop  of  wine 
or  ale.  Denham,     King.     Shak. 

2.  A  post  fixed  in  the  earth.  [Local.] 
STOOP'ED,  (sloopl,)  pp.  Caused  to  leon. 
STOOP'ER,  n.     One  that  bends  the  body  forward. 

S/trrwood. 

STOOP'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Bending  the  body  lorward  ; 
yielding;  submitting;  condescending;  inclining. 

STOOP'I\G-LY,  adv.  With  a  bending  of  the  body 
forward. 

STOOR,  V.  i.  To  rise  in  clouds,  as  dust  or  smoke; 
from  the  Welsh  ysttor,  a  stir.     [Local.]      HaUiwell. 

STOOT'ER,  n.  A  small  silver  coin  in  Holland,  value 
2  1-2  stivers.  p.  Cye. 

STOP,  V.  t.  JD.  stoppen ;  G.  stopfen,  to  stop,  to  check, 
to  p(we,  to  fill,  to  cram,  to  stuff,  to  quilt,  to  darn,  to 
mend  ;  Dan.  stopper,  to  stop,  to  puzzle,  to  darn,  to 
cram,  to  stuff;  Sw.  stoppa,  to  stop,  to  st^ff;  It.  stop- 
pare,  to  slop  with  tow ;  stoppa,  tow,  L.  stupa ;  Sp. 
estopa,  tow  ;  e^tofa,  quilled  sluti';  estofar,  to  quilt,  lo 
steu)  meat  with  wine,  spice,  or  vinegar ;  Port. 
estofa,  stuff;  estofar^  lo  quilt,  to  stuff;  Fr.  etoupe, 
tow  ;  etouper,  to  stop  with  tow  ;  etoufft-r,  to  choke, 
to  st{Jie,  (see  Stifle  ;)  L.  slupa,  tow  ;  stipo,  to  stuff, 
lo  crowd,  and  stapev,  to  be  siupcfied,  whence  stupid^ 
stupor,  (that  is,  to  stop,  or  a  stop  :)  Ir.  iiopam,  to  stop, 
10  shut.  The  primary  sense  is  either  to  cease  to 
u  ove,  or  to  stuff,  to  press,  to  thrust  in,  to  cram  ;  prob- 
auly  the  latter.] 

1.  To  close ;  as  nn  aperture,  by  filling  or  by  ob- 
stmcting  ;  as,  to  stop  a  vent ;  to  stop  the  ears  ;  to  stop 
wells  of  water.    2  Kings  iii. 

2.  To  obstruct ;  to  render  impassable ;  as,  to  stt^  a 
way,  road,  or  passage. 

3.  To  hinder;  to  impede;  to  arrest  progress;  as, 
to  stop  a  passenger  in  the  road  ;  to  slop  the  course  of 
a  stream. 

4.  To  restrain  ;  to  hinder;  to  suspend  ;  as,  to  stop 
the  execution  of  a  decree. 

5.  To  repress  ;  to  suppress ;  to  restrain  ;  as,  to  stop 
the  progress  of  vice. 

6.  To  hinder  ;  lo  check  ;  as, to  stop  the  approaches 
of  old  age  or  infirmity. 

7.  To  hinder  from  taction  or  practice. 

Whose  disposition,  all  ihe  world  well  know^ 

Will  nut  be  rubbed  nor  sUtpped.  Shak. 

8.  To  put  an  end  to  any  motion  or  action  ;  to  in- 
tercept ;  as,  lo  stop  the  breath  ;  to  stop  proceedings. 

9.  To  regulate  the  sounds  of  musical  strings  ;  as, 
to  stop  a  string.  Bacon, 

10.  In  seamanship,  to  make  fast. 

11.  To  point ;  as  a  written  composition.  [JV*u(  ta 
use.] 

STOP,  V.  i.    To  cease  to  go  forward. 

Some  atning*  commotion 
la  in  hb  brain  ;  Itr  bitca  hia  lip,  anil  atiirta  ; 
Stopt  on  a  sudden,  luolca  upon  the  groui)d.  Shak. 

2.  To  cease  from  any  motion  or  course  of  action. 
When  you  are  accustomed  to  a  course  of  vice,  it  is 
very  diflicult  to  stop. 

The  best  time  to  (top  la  at  the  beginning'.  Lteley. 

STOP,  n.  Cessation  of  progressive  motion  ;  as,  to 
make  a  stop.  L* Estrange. 

2.  Hinderance  of  progress;  obstruction;  act  of 
stopping. 

Occiili  quHtitiea  put  a  »lop  to  the  Emprovcmeut  of  Dattiral  {dd* 
loaoptiy.  JVeuton. 

3.  Repression  ;  hinderance  of  operation  or  action. 

It  ia  a  frreal  acep  toward  the  muteiy  of  our  desirea,  to  gi^e  thia 
ttop  to  ihem.  Lock*. 

4.  Interruption. 

These  9topi  of  thine  fright  me  the  more.  Shak. 

5.  Prohibition  of  sale;  as,  the  stop  of  wine  and 
sail.  Temple. 

6.  That  which  obstructs  ;  obstacle;  impcdinienl. 

A  fmal  »Io«  Ira»^r»^d  thi^ir  hc&dlonj  coura>?.  Darnel. 

So  melaikcholy  a  proapect  ahould  Inapiiv  ua  with  zcftl  to  oppose 
aome  itop  tu  tlie  nsingf  torrent.  Rogert. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRgY.— tINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


STO 


STO 


7.  The  instrument  by  which  the  sounds  of  wind 
music  are  regulated ;  as,  the  stops  of  a  flute  or  au 
oritan. 

&  Regulation  of  musical  chords  by  tlie  fingers. 

In  ihe  atop*  of  lute^  the  bigbrr  Owy  ro,  the  Icm  ai«wnce  li 
betwvcQ  Mm  freu.  liacwu 

9.  Tbe  act  of  applying  the  stops  In  music. 

Tbe  otgaa-*ouDii  &  tune  aurrlvet  the  atop.  Danul. 

10.  A  point  or  mark  in  writing,  intended  to  dis- 
tinguish the  sentences,  parts  of  a  sentence,  or 
clauses,  and  to  show  the  proper  pauses  in  reading. 
The  stops  generally  used  are  the  cotnnm,  semicolon, 
colon,  and  period.  To  these  may  be  added  the 
marks  of  interrogation  and  exclamalion. 

STOP'-eOCK,  n.  [stop  and  cock.]  A  pi[>e  for  letting 
out  a  fluid,  stopped  by  a  turning-cock.  Orew. 

STOP'-GAP,  n,  [stop  and  gap.]  A  temporary  expe- 
dient.    [JVot  used.] 

STOP'LESS,  a.    Not  to  be  stopped.    [J^ol  in  use.] 

Daoenant. 

ST0P'PA6E,  «,  The  act  of  stopping  or  arresting 
progress  or  motion  ;  or  the  state  of  being  stopped  ;  as, 
the  stoppage  of  the  circulation  of  the  blood  ;  the  stop- 
pAse  of  commerce. 

STOP'PED,  (stopt,)  pp.  Closed  ;  obstructed  \  hin- 
dered from  proceeding  ;  impeded  ;  interce[»ted. 

STOP'PER,  «.  One  who  slops,  closes,  shuts,  or  hin- 
ders ;  that  which  stops  or  obstructs  j  that  which 
closes  or  fills  a  vent  or  hole  in  a  vessel. 

2.  In  stamen's  languafre,  a  short  piece  of  rope  used 
for  making  someihine  fast,  as  the  anchor  or  cables. 
Stoppers  are  also  used  to  prevent  the  running  rigging 
from  coming  up  whiUt  the  men  are  belaying  it. 

STOP'PER,  r.  L    To  close  or  secure  with  a  stopper. 

8T0P'PER-£:D,  pp.  or  a.  Closed  or  secured  with  a 
stopper  ;  as,  a  stoppered  retort.  llenry^ 

STOP'PER-ING,  ppT.     Closing  with  a  stopper. 

STOP'PING.  ppr.  Closing;  shutting  i  obstructing; 
hindering  from  proceeding  ;  ceasing  to  go  or  move  ; 
putting  an  end  to  ;  regulating  the  sounds  of. 

STOP'PLE,  (stnp'i.l,)  n.     [Sw.  stopp.] 

That  which  stops  or  closes  tlie  mouth  of  a  vessel  j 
as,  a  glass  stopple ;  a  cork  stopple, 

STOR'ACE,  «.  (from  store,]  The  act  of  depositing 
in  a  store  or  warehouse  for  safe  keeping  ;  or  the  safe 
keeping  of  goods  in  a  warehouse. 

2.  The  price  charged  or  paid  for  keeping  goods  m 
a  store.  _ 

STO'RAX,  II.  [The  English  corruption  of  L.  styrax, 
Gr.  uri'oaf  ] 

A  fragrant  resin  exuding  from  Styrax  oflicinalis, 
(Linn.,)  in  the  form  of  small,  reddisli  glubules,  but 


3.  To  reposit  in  a  store  or  warehouse  for  preserva- 
tion ;  to  warehouse  ;  as,  to  store  goods,         Bocotu 
STOd'El),  pp.     Furnished  ;  supplied. 
2.  Laid  up  in  store  ;  warehoused. 
STORE'HOUSE,  n.      [store  and  house.]     A  building 
for  keeping  grain  or  goods  of  any  kind  ;  a  magazine ; 
a  repository ;  a  warehouse. 

JoMph  opened  all  Uie  «tor«Aou«M  wjtl  to\<\  lo  the  EgyplUui.  — 
lii-ll.  zli. 

2.  A  repository. 

The  ScritiCure  of  Gtxl  is  a  ttorthottat  abounding  wltli  IneetiiM- 
l)l«  nvaaoret  of  wisdom  and  kiiowlolge.  Hooker. 

3.  A  great  mass  reposited.     [JVot  in  use.]    Spenser. 
STCRE'-KEEP-ER,  n.     [store  and  keeper.]      A  man 

who  has  the  care  of  a  store. 
PToR'ER,  n.     One  who  lays  up  or  forms  a  store. 
SToRE'-ROOM,  n.     Room  in  a  storehouse  or  reposi- 
tory ;  a  room  in  which  articles  are  stored. 
STORES,  «.  pi'     Military  and  naval  stores  are  arms, 
ammunition,  provisions,  clothing.  Sec. 

2.  Ill  commercial  navigation,  the  supplies  of  differ- 
ent articles  provided  for  tlie  subsistence  and  accom- 
modation of  the  ship's  crew  and  passengers. 

McCuUoch. 
STOR'f^E,  n.     [Gr.]    Parental  atfection  ;  tender  love ; 
that  strong,  instinctive  affection  which  animals  have 
for  their  young. 
STO'RI-AL,   a.      [from   story,]     Historical.     [J^'ot  in 
1  Cfiaucer. 

RI-£D,  (sto'rid,)  pp.  or  a.     [from  story.]     Fur- 


adorned  with  historical  paint- 


use. 
STO' 
nished  with  stories 
inga. 

Some  greedy  minioo,  or  tmperiwn  wife, 

*i'hc  trophic^  arches,  storied  halls,  iiirjule.  Pope. 

2.  Related  or  referred  to  in  story ;  told  or  recited 
in  history. 
A  relator  of  stories;  a  historian.  [Jvot 


usually  brought  to  market  in  large,  flat  masses,  of  a 
reddis'i-brown  color,  soft  and  unctuous  to  the  Uiuch, 
but  pliable  and  brittle.  Like  other  resins,  it  is  solu- 
blf  in  alcohol,  and  insWuble  in  water.  When  dis- 
tilled with  alcohol  or  water,  it  scarcely  affords  any 
oil.    In  medicine  it  is  used  as  an  expectorant. 

Liquid  storaz  is  a  fragrant,  bitterish,  honey-like 
■ubstance,  which  exudes  from  various  plants,  differ- 
ing from  storai.  It  is  used  in  medicine  as  an  eipec- 
UiranL 
STORE,  n.  [W.  ystor,  that  forms  a  bulk,  a  store  ;  Sax. 
stor;  Dan.  stor;  8w.  id.,  great,  ample,  spacious, 
main  ;  Ir.  stor,  storas ;  Heb.  Oh.  Eth.  and  Ar.  i»H, 
attar.     Class  Sr,  No.  30.] 

1.  A  large  number ;  as,  a  store  of  years,    [  Obs.\ 

Ihyden. 

2.  A  large  quantity  ;  great  plenty  ;  abundance ;  as, 
a  store  of  wheat  or  provisions.  Bacon. 

3.  A  stock  provided  ;  a  large  quantity  for  supply ; 
ample  abundance.  The  trt.op3  have  great  /tores  of 
provisions  and  ammunition  ;  tlie  sliips  have  stores 
for  a  long  voyage. 

[This  is  the  present  usual  acceptation  of  the  word, 
and  in  this  sense,  the  phiral,  Stobhv  is  commonly 
used.  When  applied  to  a  single  article  of  supply 
it  is  still  fwmetimes  used  in  the  singular  ;  as,  a  go(;d 
store  of  wine  or  of  bread.] 

4.  Quantity  accumulated;  fund;  abundance;  as, 
wtores  of  knowledge. 

5.  A  storehouse;  a  magazine:  a  warehouse.  Noth- 
ing can  be  more  convenient  than  the  stores  on  Cen- 
tral Wharf  in  Boston. 

6.  In  tJtt  United  StaUs,  shops  for  the  sale  of  goods 
of  any  kind,  by  wholesale  or  reuil,  are  often  culled 
stores.  ,.        , 

In  sttrre:   in  a  state  of  accumulation,  :n  a  Uteral 

semse  :  hence,  in  a  slate  of  preparation  f'lr  supply  ;  in 

a  state  of  readmess.     Happiness  is  laid  up  tn  store 

for  the  righteous  ;  misery  ia  in  store  for  the  wicked. 

[See  also  Stobei.I 

STORE,  a.     Hoarded;  laid  upj  as,  store  treasure. 

fJVot  t«  use,]  , 

STORE,  V.  u    To  furnish  ;  tn  supply  ;  to  replenish. 

Wi*^  Pt.»io  mid  ih^  world  wiih  (tw*n  w«  ttortd.        Denham. 
Her  mind  wiUi  thnuMod  vinun*  ttortd.  Prior. 

2.  To  stock  against  a  future  time;  as,  a  garrison 
well  stored  with  provisions, 

Om  baring  ttorad  m  pond  of  tour  mtct  with  carp,  tench,  mnd 


HaU. 


STO'RI-EK, 
in  use.] 

STO'RLFT,  V.  t.  To  form  or  tell  stories.  [JVot  m 
vse.]  Ch.  Relig.  Appeal. 

STOR'ING,  ppr.     Laying  up  in  a  store  or  warehouse. 

STORK,  71.     [Sax.  store  :  Dan.  Sw.  stork.] 

A  large  bird  with  a  long,  straight,  conical  bill,  al- 
lied to  the  heron.  There  are  several  siiecies,  which  be- 
long to  the  genus  Ciconia  of  Brisson,  ( Ardea,  Linn.) 
The  stork  is  famed  for  its  great  affection  toward  its 
young  ;  and  the  various  species  render  imporLmt  ser- 
vices to  man  in  clearing  away  noxious  animals  and 
filth.  /•  CVc  . 

STORK'S' -BILL,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Pelargoni- 
um, which  see.  Loudon. 

STORM,  n.  [Sax.  storm  :  D.  Dan.  and  Sw.  storm  ;  G. 
Sturm  ;  W.  y^starm  ;  D.  stooren,  to  disturb  ;  W.  ysttc- 
riaiB,  Eng.  to  stir.  In  Italian,  stormo  is  a  fight,  com- 
bat, a  b»nd,  or  troop  ;  stormire^  to  make  a  noise  ;  stor- 
meggiare,  u,  throng  together,  to  ring  the  alarm  bell. 
The  Italian  seems  to  he  from  Latin  turma.  The  pri- 
mary sense  of  storm  ie,  a  rushing,  raging  or  violent 
agitation.] 

1.  The-violent  action  of  one  or  more  of  the  meteor- 
ological elements,  wind,  rain,  snow,  hail,  or  thunder 
and  lightning.  According  tn  the  etymology,  Ihe  proper 
sense  of  the  word  is,  rushing,  violence.  It  has,  pri- 
marily, no  reference  lo  a  fall  of  rain  or  snow.  But, 
as  a  violent  wind  is  often  attended  with  rain  or  snow, 
the  word  storm  has  come  to  be  used  for  a  fail  of  rain 
or  snow  without  wind. 

O;  beat  ihoK  ttorms,  and  P>\\  llic  seas  in  Tain.  Pop*. 

2.  A  violent  assault  on  a  fortified  place  ;  a  furious 
attempt  of  lrof)ps  to  enter  and  take  a  fortified  place 
by  scaling  the  walls,  forcing  the  gates,  and  Ihe  like. 

•'  Dnjden. 

3.  Violent  civil  or  political  commotion  ;  sedition  ; 
insurrection;  also,  clamor;  tumuli;  disturbance  of 
the  peace. 

1  will  Uir  up  ia  EnjrUiMl  Bume  black  storms.  Sltak. 

H«r  litter 
Begun  to  icald  Bnd  r»kc  up  such  a  itorm.  Sfiak. 

4.  Affliction  ;  calamity  ;  distress  ;  adversity. 

A  bn»w  man  •trugjUog  wiUi  the  atornii  of  fat?.  Pope.  . 

5.  Violence ;  vehemence  ;  tumultuous  force. 

Hooker.  ^ 
STORM,  r.  U     To  assault;  to  attack  and  attempt  to 
take  by  scaling  Ihe  walls,  forcing  gates  or  breaclies, 
and  the  like  ;  as,  to  storm  a  fortified  town. 
STORM,  D.  t.    To  raise  a  tempi-sL  Spenser. 

2.  To  blow  with  violence ;  impersonally ;  as,  it 
storvtM. 

3.  To  rage ,  to  be  in  a  violent  agitation  of  passion  ; 
to  fumo.     The  muster  storms. 

STORM'-BkAT,  a.     [storm  and  heat.]     Beaten  or  im- 
paired by  storms.  Spenser. 

8T0RM'*;D,;»p.    ABsaulled  by  vi(dence. 

STORM'FUL,  a.     Abounding  with  storms. 

STORM'FpL-NESS,  n.     Abundance  of  storms. 

Coleridge. 

STORM'I-NESS,  n.    Tempestuousness  ;  the  etate  of 
being  agitated  by  violent  winds, 

STORM'ING,  ppr.      Attacking   with   violent    force; 
raging. 

STORM'-MEX'A-CING,  a.    Threatening  a  storm. 

STOUM'-PET'REL,  n.      A  name  of  certain   small. 


STO 

black  sea-birds,  often  seen,  during  storms,  flying 
swiftly,  or  seeming  to  run  upon  the  waves.  Tbey 
constitute  the  genus  Thalassidroma  of  Vigors,  a  sub- 
division of  the  Linntean  genus  Procellaria. 

J^utialL     P.  Cyc 

STOR.M'-PRE-SAG'ING,  a.     Presaging  a  storm. 

Hemans 

STORM'-SSIL,  n.  A  coarse  or  strong  sail  used  in 
gales  of  wind.  Olynn. 

STORM '-TOSS-£D,  (-tost,)  a.  Tossed  by  storms  or 
high  winds. 

3TORM'-VEX-£D,(-vext,)a.  Harassed  with  storms. 

Coleridge. 

STORM'Y,  a.  Tempestuous;  agitated  with  furious 
winds;  boisterous;  as,  a  stormy  season;  a  stormy 
day  or  week. 

2.  Proceeding  from  violent  agitation  or  ftiry  ;  as,  a 
stormw  sound;  *(or>wj/ shocks.  Addison. 

3.  Viident  i  p.*issionate.     [  UmuntaL] 
STORTH'ING,  (siori'ing,)  n.     [Dan,  stor,  great,  and 

tin^,  court.] 

The  parliament  of  Nofway,  elected  once  in  three 
years. 
STO'RY,  n.     rSax.  stor,  ster ;  It.  storia;  h.historia; 
Gr.  ioTopia.] 

1.  A  verbal  narration  or  recital  of  a  series  of  facta 
or  incidents.  We  observe  in  children  a  strong  pas- 
sion for  hearing  stories. 

2.  A  written  narrative  of  a  series  of  facts  or  events. 
There  is  probably  on  record  no  story  mote  interesting 
than  that  of  Joseph,  in  Genesis. 

3.  History  ;  a  written  narrative  or  account  of  past 
transactions,  whether  relating  to  nations  or  individ- 
uals. 

The  four  great  moiiarcbies  make  the  subject  of  ancient  gtory. 

Ttinple, 

4.  Petty  tale  ;  relation  of  a  single  incident,  or  of 
trifling  incidents.  Addison. 

5.  .\  trifling  tale  ;  a  fiction  ;  a  fable  ;  as,  the  story 
of  a  fairy.  In  jwpular  usage,  story  is  sometimes  a 
softer  term  for  a  lie. 

6.  A  loft  ;  a  fioi)r  ;  or  a  set  of  rooms  on  the  same 
floor  or  level.  A  story  comprehends  the  distance 
from  one  floor  to  another  ;  as,  u  story  of  nine  or  ten 
feet  elevation.  Hence,  each  floor  terminating  the 
space  is  called  a  story;  as,  a  house  of  one  story,  of 
two  stories,  of  five  stories.  The  farm-houses  in  New 
England  have  usually  two  stories;  the  houses  in 
Paris  have  usually  five  stories,  a  few  have  more; 
those  in  London  four.  But,  in  the  United  States,  the 
floor  next  the  grniind  is  the  first  vrfon/;  in  France  and 
England,  the  first  floor  or  story  is  the  second  firom 
the  ground. 

7.  A  falsehood.     [  Various  dialects.]        HaJUvseU. 
STO'RY,  V.  t.    To  tell  in  historical  relation  ;  to  nar- 
rate. 

How  worthv  he  Is,  I  will  leiiv(>  to  appear  hereafter,  rather  than 

sfory  him  in  his  own  hearing.  ^''•"'' 

It  is  itoned  of  tlie  bru».-n  colossus  I 

c>iljits  high. 
[This  verb  is  ehirfly  used  in  the  passive  participle.] 
2.  To  range  under  one  another.     [Little  iL<!ed.] 

Bentley. 
STO'RV-ING.  ppr.     Telling  in  historical  relation. 
STO'RY-POST,  «.     A  vertical  post  used  to  support  a 

floor  or  superincumbent  wall. 
8T0'RY-TELL-ER,  n.    [story  and   tell]    One  who 
tells  stories  ;  a  narmtor  of  a  series  of  incidents  ;  as, 
an  amusing  story-teller. 

2.  A  historian  ;  in  contempt.  Swift 

3.  One  who  tells  fictitious  stories. 
STOT,  n,     [Sax.  stoue,  a  poor  horse,] 

1.  A  horse.     [JVot  in  luc.]  Chaucer. 

2.  A  young  bullock  or  steer,     [Scottish  ] 

W.  Scott, 

STOTE.     See  Stoat. 
STOUND,  ».  t.     [Ice.  stunde.] 

1.  To  be  in  pain  or  sorrow.     [JVot  in  use.] 

2.  Stunned.     [JVot  in  use.]     [See  Astound.] 
STOUND,  n.    Sorrrow ;  grief.    [JVot  in  «.«.] 

Spenser. 

2.  A  shooting  pain,     [JVot  in  use.]  Spender. 

3.  Noise.     [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

4.  Astonishment ;  amazement.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Gay. 

5.  Hour;  time;  aeason.  [Dan.  stund.]  [JVot  in 
use.]  ,    ^''V* 

6.  A  vessel  to  put  small  beer  in.    [Local.] 
JlalliwelL 

STOUP,  (stoop,)  n.    A  flagon  ;  a  vesael  or  iTieasure  for 

liqili.ls.     [ScwttisA,]  Jamieson, 

STOUR,  n.     [Sax.  styrian,  to  stir.] 

A  battle  or  tumult.     [Obs.]  Spenser 

[Stnur  signifies  a  river  ;  as  in  Sturbridge.] 
STOUT,  a.     [D.  stout,  bold,  stout,  stooten,  to  push; 
Dan.  stJOder,  lo  ipish  ;  studser,  to  strut.    The  primary 
■ense  is,  lo  shoot  forward,  or  to  swell.] 

1.  Strong ;  lusly, 
A  ilauter  diampion  never  handled  sword.  Sha^. 

2.  Bold  1  intrepid  ;  valiant ;  brave. 


Shak. 

1  Rhotles,  that  it  wfts  seventy 
WUkina. 


3.  I-nrge  ;  bulky.     [A  popular  use  nf  the  word.] 


TONE,  BJJLL,  ITNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-€  on  K ;  C  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


137 


lOSO 


STR 

4.  Proud  }  resolute  ;  obstiuato. 

TtM  lopia  Kit  lUnd  to  cteu  Uieir  CMue, 
M(Mt  rMotuiel;  «Jiwl. 


DankU 
Drydet 


Sy>ifi. 


S.  Strong ;  firm ;  as,  a  aOnU  vessel. 
STOTT,  II.     A  cant  name  for  utruniE  beer. 

STOUT'-MAUE,  i  *•     Having  a  stiwi  frame. 

STOUT'-HEART-ED,  a.    Having  a  stout  heart. 

SeotL 
STOUT'LY,  adc.     Lustily;  boldly  j  obetinalely.     He 


stoHtJm  defended  bimself! 
STOL'f'NESS 


;  bulk. 


Ptrt-nglh  , 

3.  Iloldnfs^;  fortitude.  Latham. 

3.  Obstinacy  ;  stubbt^mness.  SMak, 

STOVE,  n.  iSaJC.  stefa  ;  Svr.  tt^fca  t  D.  sUnft  lU  j«k- 
/u .-  ;^p.  fstu/a,  a  warm,  close  room,  a  bath,  a  room 
wbere  pilch  and  tir  are  heated  ;  tst^fkr,  to  atew 
meal,  and  ta  quilt ;  Fr.  eturt ;  G.  fcarfatitte,  a  bafnio, 
or  hothouse ;  stube,  a  rooia ;  atukat-^m,  a  stove  } 
Dnn.  «for«r,  to  slew  ;  stu*^  a  room ;  stiu-ovn^  a  atove. 
Thb,  primarily,  ia  merely  a  room,  a  place.  See 
Stow.T 

1.  A  hothouse ;  a  house  or  room  artificially  wanned 
Bacon.     fVoodwanL 

&  A  small  box  with  an  iron  pan,  used  for  holding 
coals  to  wurm  the  feeu  It  is  a  bitil  pmctice  for  young 
pefaona  to  accustom  themselves  to  sit  with  a  warm 
siMM  noder  the  feeL 

3.  Aa  iron  Utx,  cylinder,  or  fireplace,  in  which  fire 
is  made  to  warm  an  a^mrtmeut.  Stuves  for  thin  pur- 
pose are  ^^(  variiHia  form^i. 

4.  .\n  iron  box  with  various  apartments  in  it  for 
cooking ;  a  culinary  utensil,  of  various  forms. 

STCVG,  D.  c  To  keep  warm  in  a  house  or  room  by 
artificial  beat ;  as,  to  stuve  orange  trees  and  myrtles. 

5.  To  heat  as  in  a  stove  ;  as,  to  stov»  feathers. 

STOVE,  nrrf.  of  Stats. 

STO'VER,  n.  {A  contraction  of  estattr.]  Fodder 
for  cattle  ;  prtmarily^  foddt-r  from  threshed  grain  ; 
but  in  \cw  EngUiid,  any  kind  of  fodder  &om  the 
barn  or  stack. 

STOV'LNU,  ppr.  Keeping  warm  by  the  heat  of  a 
stove,  or  by  artificial  Iteot ;  heating,  as  in  a  stove. 

STOW,  r.  L  [Sax.  sto»,  a  place,  a  fixed  place  or  man- 
sion ;  G.  «fa««ji,  D.  sttuontj  Dan.  sfHeer,  to  !«tiiw,  to 
place;  Sp.  and  Port.  t.»tivar^  id.,  coinciding  with  L. 
j6ptf,  to  crowd,  to  ttngi  Sp,  aictva,  a  rammer ;  L. 
stiM,  the  handle  of  a  plow.  Tba  senae  Is,  to  set  or 
throw  down,  from  the  mure  feaeral  aenaa  <^  throw- 
ing, driving.] 

1.  To  place  ;  to  put  in  a  suitable  place  or  position ; 
as,  to  Mom  ba^,  bales,  or  casks  ia  a  ship's  hold  ;  to 
sU'te  bny  in  a  mow  ;  to  j(«t0  sheaves.  The  word  has 
reft-rencr  to  the  placing  of  many  Ihfogs,  or  of  one 
tiling;  nniong  many,  or  of  a  maaa  of  tilings. 

2.  To  lay  up;  to  repooic 

5ln0,  in  aaiMs,  signifies  place,  as  in  Amtois. 

Tk  tiam  tk»  htU  ^  m  vmadi  lo  stow  or  anange  ar- 
ticles in  Um  boM.  Tvuen. 
STOWaCE,  «.  The  art  (tr  opf^mtinn  of  placing  In  a 
suitalde  position  ;  or  the  suiLible  di^tpusition  of  sev- 
eral things  together.  The  »uieagr  of  a  ship**  cargo 
to  advantage,  requires  no  little  skUL  It  is  of  great 
consequence  to  ntake  good  tiCeiaa^ 

iT^kis  u  tlu  yrimeipat  UMetf  Uu  tB»rd.) 
Room  fur  the  reception  of  things  to  be  reposited. 

lu  rvf^  r«MH  Oten  'a  ttotMft  (at  ItnirwrMe  irranirct.  Aiidiaon. 

3.  The  slate  of  being  laid  up.  I  itm  curious  lo 
bave  the  plate  and  jewels  in  safe  stoicairt, 

4.  MiHiey  paid  for  stowing  goods.     [LittU  used.] 
STOW'£D,  (i-iftde,)  pf.    Placed  in  due  position  or  or- 
der; reposited. 

STOWING,  ppr.    Placing  in  due  position;  disposing 

in  gooil  order. 
STRA'BISM,  I  m.       [I*   MtrabUmuJ^   from    straba^ 

STRA-BIS'MUS,  {      strabo,  a  squint-eyed  person.] 
A  n«m-coincidf  lie  of  ihe  uptic  axes  uf  the  eyes 

upon  an  object,-  '     a  permanent  lenifth- 

eoing  of  one  of  :  :  cic*  of  the  b^dl  of  the 

^e,  and  a  [icrmu.  ng  (.f  Ils  anta;:onist. 

A  squinting;  the  act  or  li.a>ii  of  looking  asquint 
STRAD'DLE,  r.  L     [from  the  root  of  »tridg ;  Sax. 

jtreias,  to  scatter.] 
To  pan  the  legs  wide  ;  to  stand  or  walk  with  the 

legs  far  apart. 
STRAD'DLE,  r.  L    To  place  one  leg  on  one  side  and 

the  other  on  the  other  of  any  thing  ,  as,  to  straddle  a 

fence  or  a  horse. 
STRAD'DLING,  ppr.     Standing  or  walkine  wiih  the 

legs  far  apart ;  {facing  one  leg  on  one  side  and  the 

other  on  the  other. 
STRAGGLE,  (stragn,)  r.  u     [This  word  seems  to  be 

formed  on  the  root  of  stray.    In  Snx.  stra->fan  is  to 

strew,  to  spread  ;  D.  strfkkn,  to  stretch ;  G.  strrichca^ 

to  pass    to  migrate;  W.  trdglaw.Ao  turn,  revolve, 

wander.]  • 

1.  To  wander  from  the  direct  course  or  wav  i  lo 

rove.    W  hen  troops  are  on  the  man;h.  let  not  the 

men  straggu, 

a.  To  wander  at  large  without  any  certain  direc- 
tion or  object ;  to  ramble. 


Tbe  wolf  »pied  a  ttraggOng  kiJ. 


L' Ettrange, 


STR 

3.  To  exuberate  ;  to  shoot  too  far  in  growth. 
Prune  the  straggUng  branches  of  the  hedge. 

Moriimer. 
A.  To  be  dispersed;   to  be  apart  fVom  the  main 
body. 

Tbejr  CKine  between  ScjUa  snd  Chaijbdia  uid  the  vfroff /in^ 
rock*.  RaitgK. 

STRAO'GLER,  «.  A  wanderer;  a  rover;  one  that 
depjirts  from  the  direct  or  proper  course ;  one  that 
rambles  without  any  settled  direction.  Swift 

2.  A  vagabond  ;  a  wandering,  shiftless  fellow. 

3.  Something  that  shoots  beyond  the  rest,  or  too 
far. 

4.  Something  that  stands  by  itself. 
STRAO'OI^ING,   ppr.  or  a.      Wandering;    roving; 

rambljnu  ;  being  in  a  sei>am(e  position. 

STRAML'STEI.N.  n.  [G  straht,  a  beam  or  gleam, 
and  strin,  stone.j 

Another  name  of  actinollte.  Urf. 

STRAIGHT,  rsirite,)  a.  [L.  stricttis^  firom  a(ringo ; 
Sax.  stirnc ;  formed  from  the  root  of  reach,  stretch, 
right,  I*,  rectus,  G.  recht,  Fr.  droit.  It.  stretto,  in 
which  the  palatal  letter  is  lost ;  but  the  S|i:inish  re- 
tiins  it  in  estrechv,  e.-itrechar.  It  is  lost  in  Ihe  Port. 
e..*treito.  It  Is  customary  to  write  straight  for  direct 
or  right,  and  strait  for  narrow,  but  this  is  a  practice 
wholly  nrbitrar)',  both  being  the  same  word.  Strait 
we  use  in  the  sense  in  which  it  is  used  in  the  south 
of  Eun.>pc.  Both  senses  proceed  ft-om  stretching^ 
straining.] 

1.  Right,  in  a  mathematical  sense;  direct;  pass- 
ing from  one  point  to  another  by  the  nearest  course  ; 
not  deviating  or  crooked;  as,  a  straight  line;  a 
straight  course;  a  straight  piece  of  limber. 

2.  Narrow;  close;  tight;  as,  a  straight  garment. 
[See  Strait,  as  it  is  generally  written.] 

3.  Upright ;  according  with  Justice  and  rectitude  ; 
not  deviating  from  truth  or  fairness. 

STRAIGHT,  (strate,)  adt>.  Immediately  ;  directly;  in 
the  shortest  time. 

1  know  Ihy  £«nrroua  Ipmper  well  j 
F!mg  bill  Ui'  AppmntiiM  or  dUhoiior  on  it, 
II  ttraigkt  Ltkn  fire,  aud  mounU  Into  &  blasp.  Adiuon. 

STRAIGHT'-EDGE,  m,  A  small  board  or  piece  of 
meLil  h.iving  one  edge  perfectly  straight ;  used  to 
ascertain  wbrllier  a  surfbce  is  perfectly  plain. 

STRAlGIIT'tW,  (siral'n,)  p.  U  To  make  straight ;  to 
reduce  (Vom  a  crooked  lo  a  straight  form.     Hooker. 

2.  To  make  narruw,  tense,  or  close  ;  to  tighten. 

3.  To  reduce  to  dilficulites  or  distress. 
STRAIGHT'£N-£D,  pp.     Made  straight;  made  nar- 
row. 

STJtAIGHT'r.V-ER,  n.  He  or  that  which  straight- 
ens. 

STRAIGHT'ZX-I.VG,  ppr.  Making  straight  or  nar- 
row. 

STRAIGHT'FORTH,  adc.    Directly  ;  henreforth. 

8TRAIGHT-FUR'VVARD,a.  Proceeding  in  a  straight 
course  ;  ni>t  deviating. 

STRAI(;HT-F0R'\VARD-NESS,  n.  Direction  in  a 
stniichi  course  ;  undeviating  rectitude. 

STKAIGHT'LT.V-ED,  a.     Having  straight  lines. 

STRAIGHT'LV,  adc.    In  a  right  line;  not  crookedly 
2.  TithHv  ;  closely. 

STRAIGirj'NESS,  «.  The  quality  or  state  of  being 
Btraighl ;  rectitude.  Sacon. 

2.  Narrowness  ;  tension  ;  tightness. 

STR  A IG  HT'-PIG  (IT,  (slrite'pUe,)  a.  Literani/, 
straight-fixed  ;  erect.  Shak. 

STRAIGHT' WAY,  adv.  [straight  and  way.]  Imme- 
diately ;  without  loss  of  time  ;  without  delay. 

H«  look  the  dnnu^t  by  iHe  hand,  «tiit  uid  to  her,  Taliih*  cuini. 
And  ttraighttaajf  lh«  dnmwl  uotc.  —  Rlark  r. 

[Str^iohtwats  is  obsolete.] 

STRAIKS,  ».  pi.  Strong  plates  of  iron  on  the  circum- 
ference of  a  cannon  wheel,  over  the  Joints  of  the 
fellies. 

STRAIN,  r.  t  [Fr.  etrrindre  :  It.  gtrignere  ;  Sp.  es- 
trentr :  L.  strtngo.  This  word  retiins  its  original 
signification,  to  stretch.  Strain  is  the  L.  stringo^  as 
straight  is  atrietus,  in  difi\;rent  dialects.] 

1.  To  stretch  ;  lo  draw  with  force  ;  to  extend  with 
great  effort ;  as,  to  strain  a  rope  ;  lo  strain  the 
shrouds  of  a  ship;  to  strain  the  cords  of  an  instru- 
ment. 

2.  To  cause  to  draw  with  force,  or  with  excess  of 
exertion  ;  to  injure  by  pressing  with  too  much  ef- 
fort. He  strained  his  horses  or  his  oxen  by  overload- 
ing them. 

3.  To  stretch  violently  or  by  violent  exertion  ;  as, 
lo  strain  the  arm  or  the  muscles. 

4.  To  put  to  the  utmost  strength.  Men  in  desper- 
ate caries  will  strain  themselves  for  relief. 

5.  To  press  or  cause  to  y>ass  through  some  porous 
substance  ;  to  purify  or  separate  from  extraneous 
matter  by  filtration;  to  filter;  as,  to  strain  milk. 
Water  may  be  strained  through  sand. 

Bacon.     Jlrbuihnot. 

6.  To  sprain  ;  to  injure  by  drawing  or  stretching, 

Pmil"!  d'-cay^!  altoni  may  track, 

Strain  itie'iT  ncdn  with  iookln^  buck.  St^fX, 

7.  To  make  tighter  ;  to  cause  lo  bind  closer. 

To  ttrain  hu  fetters  wiih  a  iliicier  care.  Drydsn. 


STR 

6.  To  force ;  to  constrain ;  to  make  uneasy  or  un- 
natural 

HIa  mirth  h  forced  and  Uralned,  DttJuun. 
STRAIN,  V.  i.     To  make  violent  effiirts. 

To  build  hia  rortiinc  I  wtll  ttrain  a  lita«.  Shak. 

Slraiiting  with  too  wcuk  :i  wing.  Pop*. 

2.  To  be  filtered.  Water  straining  tlirough  sand 
iM'comeB  pure. 
STRAIN,  n.  A  violent  effort ;  a  stretching  or  exertion 
of  the  limbs  or  muscles;  the  force  exerted  on  any 
material  tending  lo  disarrange  or  destroy  the  cohe- 
sion of  its  parts. 

2.  An  injury  by  excessive  exertion,  drawing  or 
stretching.  Orew, 

3.  Style  ;  continued  manner  of  speaking  or  wri- 
ting ;  as,  the  genius  and  strain  of  the  book  of  Pruv- 
erlw.  TUhtson. 

So  we  say,  poetic  strains^  lofty  strains. 

4.  Soug ;  note ;  sound  ^  or  a  particular  part  of  a 
tune. 

Their  heavenly  horpa  a  lower  f  train  began.  Z>ryden. 

5.  Turn  ;  tendency  ;  inborn  disposition. 

Bccauae  heretica  hare  a  ttrain  of  madaeia,  be  applied  h'-r  with 
•oiiit<  corporal  cliustiaciikenti.  Jlayward. 

G.  Manner  of  speech  or  action. 

Soch  Ukc  too  hl^h  a  ttrain  at  firat.  Suam, 

7.  Race ;  generation  ;  descent. 

He  la  of  a  noble  ttrain.     [Not  in  um.]  .^Ao*. 

8.  Hereditary  disposition. 

lulempemnoe  and  luat  bm-d  diaonaca,  which,  prop-ifatKl,  ipotl 
the  ttrain  of  a  mition.     [Not  in  utt.]  TUolaoN. 

9.  Rank;  character.     [JVo(  tn  use.]  Drydtju 
STRAIN'A-BLE,  a.    Capable  of  being  strained.  [AVt 

M  iw?.1  Baeim. 

STRAIN'£D,  pp.  or  a.     Stretched;  Tiolently  exerts 

ed  ;  tillered. 
STRAIN'ER,  n.  That  through  which  anyliquid  passes 

for  purificatitui ;  an  iiiHtrument  for  titration. 
STRAUN'ING,  ppr.    Stretching;    exerting  with  vio- 
lence; making  great  efforts;  filtering. 
STRAIN'ING,  n.    The  act  of  stretching;  tAe  act  of 

filtering ;  filtration. 
STRAINT,  n.    A  violent  stretching  or  tension.     [JVot 

»n  «*?■]  Spenser. 

STRAIT,   (strale,)  o.       [See   Straight.]      Korrow ; 

close ;  not  broad. 

Strait  ia  the  gnte,  and  narrow  la  the  way  that  Icadeth  lo  life,  and 
few  Uwre  be  thai  find  it.  —  M«U.  vii. 

2.  Close  ;  intimate ;  as,  a  stratt  degree  of  favor. 

Sidney. 

3.  Strict ;  rigorous. 

Hn  now,  fonooth,  lakei  on  him  lo  reform 

Some  certain  edicu,  and  aunie  ttrait  dccjraea.  S9\ak. 

4.  Difficult;  distressful. 

5.  Straight ;  not  crooked^ 

STRAIT,  n.  [See  Straight.]  A  narrow  pass  or 
passage,  either  in  a  mountain  or  in  the  ocean,  be- 
tween continents  or  other  portions  of  land  ;  as,  the 
straits  of  Gibraltar;  the  straits  of  Magellan;  the 
straiti  of  Dover.  [In  this  sense,  the  plural  is  more  gen- 
erally used  than  the  singular,  and  often  without  any  ap- 
parent reason  or  propriety.] 

2.  Distress;  difficulty;  distressing  necessity;  for- 
merly written  Stbeight.  [Used  either  in  the  singvr 
iar  or  plural.] 

Let  no  man,  who  owna  a  Providence,  become  despomte  under 
any  dlumity  or  ttrait  whnUo<?ver,  ^oulli. 

Uly«*a  made  uae  of  the  preienae  of  natural  Infirmity  lo  Cuneea) 
the  afraid  he  waa  in  at  thnt  time  in  hia  ihoug'hu.    Broomt. 

STRAIT,  V.  U    To  put  to  difficulties.    [JVot  in  use.] 
STRAIT'£N,  (sirat'n,)  v.  t.    To  make  narrow. 

In  narrow  circuit,  tlrailentd  by  a  foe.  MUton. 

2.  To  contract ;  to  confine  ;  as,  to  straiten  the  Brit- 
ish commerce.  Addison. 

3.  To  moke  tense  or  tight ;  as,  lo  straiten  a  cord. 

Ihiiieiad, 
A.  To  distress;  to  perplex ;  lo  press  with  poverty 

or  other  necessity ;  as,  a  man  straiiened  in  his  cir- 

cumsunces. 
5.  To  press  by  want  of  sufficient  rooni. 

WalPrt,  whpo  ttraiuntd,  aa  at  the  fulls  of  biidgei,  glv  a  roar- 
ing nowo.  Bacon. 

STRAIT' /:N-.ED,  pp.      Made    narrow;    contracted; 

perplexed. 
STRAIT'-HAND-ED,  o.     [stTtdt  and   hand.]     Parei- 

monious;  sparing;  nigcardly.     [J^ot  much  used.] 
STRAIT'-IIAND'ED-NESS,  n.     Niggartlliness  ;    par- 

Fimonv.  HaU. 

STRAIT'-LaC-J?:D,  (laste,)  a.     Griped  with  stays. 
We  ha»c  few  well-aluiped  Ih'^t  are  tlrcut-laced.  Lock*. 

9.  Stiff;  constrained.     Hence, 
3.  Rigid  in  opinion;  strict. 
STRAIT'LY,  adr.     Narrowly  ;  closely. 

2.  Strictly  ;  rigorously.  [For  this,  Strictlv  la  now 
used.] 

3.  Closely  ;  intimately. 

STRAIT'NE-SS,  n.  Narrowness  ;  as,  the  straitness  of 
a  place  ;  straitness  of  mind  ;  atraitness  of  circum- 
stances. Bacon. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH>T — M£TE.  PKgY.— PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


1090 


STR 

2.  Stririness  j  rigor  ;  as,  the  straitness  of  a  man's 
proceedings,  s/iaJc. 

3.  Distress;  difficult)-;  pressure  from  necessity  of 
any  kind,  particul;iily  (Vom  (>oviTty. 

4.  Want;  scarcity  ;  or  raiiiur  narrowness j  as,  the 
^  straitnejs  of  tiie  coiiveiiiences  of  life.  Locke, 

8TRAlT'-VVAIST-eOAT,  J  «.     An  apparatus  to  con- 
STRaIT'-JACK-ET,  j      fine  the  limbs  of  a  dis- 

tracted person. 
STRAKE,  pret,  of  Stbikk.     [Obs.J     [See  Strike.! 
STRAKE,  7,.     [Sp^straca.]  ' 

1.  A  stre:\k.  [Not  used,  unless  in  reference  to  the 
range  of  planks  m  a  ship's  side.]     [See  Stheae.] 

2.  A  narrow  board.     f-A'ui  used.] 

3.  The  iron  band  ofa  wheel.  [Tn  the  United 
Stales,  this  is  ca!U-d  a  band,  or  the  tire  of  a  wheel.j 

STRAM,  p.  I.      [Dan.  gtrammrr,  tn  stretch,  to  spread.] 
To  spread  out  the  limbs;  to  sprawl.     [Local  and 
vutffar.] 
STRAM'ASII,  V.  f..    [It.  stramatzare.] 

To  strike,  beat,  or  bang;  to  break;  to  destroy. 
J  Local  and  rulirar.]  n'roae. 

STRA-MIN'E-OUS,  a.     [h,  8traminev.s^  from  rframen, 
straw.] 

1.  Strawy;  consisting  of  straw.  Robinson, 

2.  Chalfy  ;  like  straw  ;  light.  Burton, 
STRA-MO'Xr-UM,  )   n.       The    thorn-apple.    Datura 
8TRAM'0-XY,         j      Slramoniuni,  whose  seeds  and 

leaves  are  used  in  medicine. 
STRAND,  n.      [S:u.   strand;    G.  D.   Dan.  and  Sw. 
strand.  1 

1.  The  shore  or  beach  of  tlie  sea  or  ocean,  or  of  a 
large  lake,  and  perhaps  of  a  navigable  river.  It  is 
never  used  of  the  bank  of  a  small  rivt-r  or  pond.  The 
Dutch  on  the  Hudson  apply  it  to  a  landing-place  ;  as, 
the  strand  at  Kingston. 

2.  One  of  the  twists  or  parts  of  which  a  rope  is 
composed.     [Russ.  struna^  a  cord  or  string.] 

JHar.  DicU 
STRAND,  r.  i.    To  drive  or  run  aground  on  a  shore 
or  strand,  as  a  ship. 
2.  To  break  one  of  the  strands  of  a  rope. 

Mar.  Diet, 
STRAND,  r.  i.    To  drift  or  be  Oriven  on  shore  ;  to  run 

aground  ;  as,  a  ship  strands  at  high  water. 
STRAND'ED,  pp,   or  a.     Run  ashore. 

a.  Having  a  strand  broken. 
STRAND'1\G,  ppr.      Running  ashore;    breaking  a 

strand. 
STRANG,  a.  Strong.  [JVorlh  of  England.]  HallivelL 
STRANGE,  a,  [Fr,  rtrange;  It.  strano^  strange,  for- 
eign, pate,  wan,  rude,  unpohte  ;  stranare,  to  alien- 
ate, to  remove,  to  abuse  ;  straniare,  to  separate  ;  Sp, 
ejtraAo^  foreign,  extraneous,  rare,  wild  ;  L.  extraneus  ; 
W.  estronaiz^  strange  ;  esiraten,  a  stranger.  The  pri- 
mary- sense  of  the  root  (ran,  is  to  depart,  to  proceed  , 
W.  tra'cn,  over ;  traie^  an  advance  or  distance.] 

1.  Foreign;  belonging  to  another  country. 

I  do  noi  cant'mn  thr*  kiMWIifljrr-  of  strange  and  diven  lonrup*. 
[Tku  «n*e  u  neaHy  <Atafete.]  Atdiam. 

2.  Not  domestic  ;  belonging  to  others. 

So  ih",  ImpaUrnl  Iwr  own  TauIu  to  lee, 

Turin  from  heT*-lj;  and  in  ttrange  thinp  dclighu.       Daviea. 
INtarljfobtoUU.] 

3.  New  ;  not  before  known,  heard,  or  seen.  The 
former  custom  wai  familiar  ;  Uie  latter  was  strange 
to  them.     Ilcncp, 

4.  Wonderful;  causing  surprise;  exciting  ctirio«~ 
ity.  It  is  strani^e  that  men  will  not  reccivp  improve- 
ment, when  It  ts  ffhown  to  be  improvement. 

S*H»>J  ax  iMipth,  "Hong  I  might  percel»B 

SlrftHgt  4j|/^r.iUi>n  tu  i>i->.  Milton. 

5.  Odd  i  unusual ;  irregular;  not  according  to  the 
common  way. 

IWt  itrang^  and  pwrWu  Shak. 

6.  Remote.     [LiUle  Ksed.]  Shak, 

7.  Uncommon  ;  tinusual. 


STR 


STR 


1  thtf  Uw  »f  God  at  that  ttmngt  rule. 
TkiaUQu. 


Thia  mad-  D^vid  tu  adm 

a  Unacquainted. 

The;  w-re  now  at  a  ff»g^,  luokinj  Orangt  al  one  anothrr. 

Bacon. 

9.  Strange  it  sometimes  uttered  by  way  of  excla- 
mation. 

ArwMfV  /  what  exiKnnra  ahmild  thoa  pmerve  ihe  waow 
High  oil  ih«  Alf*,  or  in  d-f-p  citct  b.low.  WalUr. 

This  is  an  elliptical  expresaion  for  U.  vrntrange. 
A  etran-re  sail ;  among  se^imenj  an   unknown  ves- 
sel. 
STRANGE,  B.  t.    To  alienate;  to  estrange.     [JVot  in 

It*/-.) 

STRANGE,  •.i.    To  wonder ;  to  be  astonished.   yVot 

•«  «"'.]  Olativ.ilU. 

2.  To  he  («8tnineed  or  alienated.     [Au(  in  use.} 

STKANGE'-LQQK-ING,  a.     Having  an  odd  or  unu- 

snui  look. 
STRANG  E'LYjflrfp.    With  some  relation  to  foreign- 
ers.    \Obs.]  Shak, 

2.  VVonderfuIIy  ;  in  a  manner  or  degree  to  excite 
surprise  or  wonder. 

How  tfrangtly  nctif-  an*  Ih*  aria  of  p*fteR  !  rhyUn. 

It  would  strangely  dfflighi  jou  to  aoe  wlUl  what  spirit  rtc  con- 


STRANGE'NESS,  n.    Foreignness;  the  state  of  be- 
longing to  another  country. 

If  I  will  oixy  lh(?  g(«i>ol,  no  distance  of  placff,  no  tb-angenet»  of 
country,  can  make  any  man  a  mranger  to  me.  i>>ral. 

2.  Distance  in  behavior ;  reserve  ;  coldnesn  :  for- 
bidding manner. 

Will  you  not  observe 
The  ttrangeneat  of  his  ajlcn^  countcnaiico  t  Skat. 

3.  Remoteness  from  common  manners  or  notions  ; 
uncouthness. 

Mf-n  worthier  thun  himself 
Here  tend  the  savage  ttrangtn^tt  he  puti  on.  Shak. 

4.  Alienation  of  "mind:  estrangement;  mutual 
dislike. 

This  might  seem  a  means  to  continue  a  ttrangentat  between  the 
two  nntjoiis.  Bacon 

[This  seiise  is  obsolete  or  little  used.] 

5.  Wonderfulncss;  the  power  of  exciting  surprise 
and  wonder ;  uncommonness  that  raises  wonder  by 
novelty. 

This  raised  (freater  tumult*  in  the  hearts  of  men,  than  the 
slrangeneai  and  seeminj  unreasonably neas  of  all  the  former 
arncU-*.  South. 

STRAN'GER,  n.     [Fr.  etranfftr.] 

1.  A  foreigner ;  one  who  belongs  to  another  coun- 
try. Paris  and  London  are  visited  by  strangers  from 
all  the  countries  of  Europe. 

2.  One  of  another  town,  city,  state,  or  province,  in 
the  same  country.  The  Commencements  in  Amer- 
ican colleges  are  frequented  by  multitudes  of  «fran- 
gcrs  from  the  neighboring  towns  and  states. 

3.  One  unknown.  The  gentleman  is  a  stranger 
to  me. 

4.  One  unacquainted. 

My  child  is  yet  a  ttranger  to  the  woriil.  SkaJc. 

I  was  iio  ttranger  to  the  original.  Dryden. 

5.  A  guest ;  a  visitor.  Milton. 

6.  One  not  admitted  to  any  communication  or  fel- 
lowship. 

Melons  on  beds  of  Ice  arc  taught  to  bear, 

And  ilrang&Tf  to  the  sun  yvt  ripen  here,  GranvUle. 

7.  In  laiff,  one  not  privy  or  party  to  an  act, 
STRaN'GER,  v.  t.     To  estrange;  to  alienate.     [JVot 

in  use.]  Shak. 

STRAN^'GLE,  (strang'gl,)  v.  t.  [Fr.  etrangltr;  It. 
strangolare :  L.  strangvlo.] 

1.  To  choke  ;  to  suffocate  ;  to  destroy  life  by  stop- 
ping respiration. 

Our  Saxon  ancestors  compelled  the  adulteress  to  ttranele  her- 
■eW-  Ayiije. 

2.  To  suppress ;  to  hinder  from  birth  or  appear- 
ance, siuik. 

STRAN"GLE-A-BLE,  (strang'gl-a-bl,)  a.  That  may 
he  strangled.  Cheslcrjield, 

STRAN"GL1;D,  pp.  or  a.  Choked  ;  suffocated  ;  sup- 
pressed 

STRAN"GLER,  n.     One  who  strangles. 

STRAN^GLES,  (-glz,)  n.  Swellings  in  a  horse's 
throat. 

STRAN"GLING,  pjw.  Choking;  suffocating;  sup- 
pressing. 

STRAN'^GLING,  fu  The  act  of  destroying  life  by 
stopping  respiration. 

STRAN"GU-LA-TED,  (slrang'gu-15-tcd,)  a.  In  «*r- 
gery^  having  the  circulation  stopped  in  any  part  by 
compression.  A  h<rnia  is  said  to  be  strangulaUd^ 
when  it  is  so  compressed  as  to  obstruct  the  circula- 
tion in  the  part,  and  cause  dangerous  symptoms. 

Cye, 

STRAN"GU-LA'TION,  «.  [Fr.,  from  L.  strangu- 
latio.]^ 

X.  The  act  of  strangling;  the  art  of  destroying 
life   by   stopping  respiration ;    suffocation. 

ffiseman, 
9.  That  kind  of  suffocation  which  is  common  to 
Women  in  hysterics  ;  also,  the  compression  of  the  in- 
testines in  hernia,  so  as  to  suspend  the  circulation  in 
the  part.  Cyc 

STRAN-GC'RI-OUS,  a.  Laboring  under  strangury; 
of  the  nature  of  strangury;  denoting  the  jKiin  of 
strangury.  Cheyne, 

STRAN"GU-RY,  n,  [L.  gtranipiria  ;  Gt.arpayyuupia; 
^'^P"y(j  *  drop,  and  "I'Mor,  urine.] 

A  painful  and  »<t)tlai)tiou8  discharge  of  urine. 

STRAP,  n.  [D.  strap,  a  rope  or  halter ;  Dan.  and  Sw. 
strap;  &ax.strifppi  L.  strupu.'t.  Strap  and  strop  ap- 
p<'ar  to  be  fmm  strippinjr^  and  perhaps  stripe  also  ;  all 
having  resemblance  to  a  «rri/i  of  bark  peeled  from  a 
tree.] 

1.  A  long,  narrow  slip  of  clulh  or  leather,  of  vari- 
ous furms  and  ftir  various  uses;  as,  the  strap  of  a 
shoe  or  boot;  straps  for  fastirning  tnmks  or  other 
baggage,  for  stretching  limbs  In  surgery,  &.c. 

2.  A  piece  of  Icallier  prepared  for  sharpening  a 
razor ;  a  strop. 

3.  In  botany,  the  flat  part  of  the  c(»rr>llct  in  ligulale 
floreU;  also,  the  leaf  exclusive  of  lis  sheath  in  some 
grnsses.  Martyn. 

4.  An  iron  plate  for  connecting  two  or  more  lim- 
bers, into  which  it  is  scmwed  by  bolts.  GmlL 

5.  A  piece  of  rope  formed  into  a  circle,  used  to  re- 
lain  a  block  in  its  position.  Totten. 


STRAP,  V.  t.    To  beat  or  chastise  with  a  strap. 

2.  To  fasten  or  bind  witJi  a  strap. 

3.  To  ryb  on  a  stnip  fur  sharjicning,  as  a  razor. 
STRAP-PA'DO,  n.     [It.  strappata^  a  pull,  strappado: 

strappare^  to  pull.] 

A  military  piniKhment  formerly  practiced.  It  con- 
sisted in  drawing  an  offender  to  the  top  of  a  beam, 
and  letting  him  fall,  by  which  means  a  hmb  was 
sometimes  dislocated.  Shak 

STRAP-I'A'DO,  V.  t.     To  torture.  MiUim. 

STRAP'P£D,  (strapt,)  pp.  Drawn  or  rubbed  on  a 
strap  ;  beaten  with  a  strap  ;  fastened  with  a  strap. 

STRAP'PING,  ppr.     Drawing  on  a  strap,  as  a  razor. 
2. -Binding  with  a  strap. 
3.  a.  Tall  ;  lusty  ;  as,  a  strapping  fellow. 

STRAP'-SIUP->:D,  (-shipt,)  a.  Shaped  like  a  strap. 
In  botany,  ligulale. 

STR  ASS,  n.  A  colorless  glass,  which  is  the  base  of  all 
artificial  gems,  and  consists  chiefly  of  silex,  [wtash, 
borax,  and  oxyd  of  lead.  Vre. 

STRa'TA,  n.  p/.  [SeeSTBATDM.]  Beds;  layers;  as, 
strata  of  sand,  clay,  or  coal. 

STRAT'AGEM,  n.  [L.  stratagema:  Fr.  stratagcme; 
ll.  stratagcmtna  ;  Gt.  arparrjynp^t  from  orpar/jvcw, 
to  lead  an  army.] 

1.  An  artifice,  particularly  in  war;  a  plan  or 
scheme  for  deceiving  an  enemy.  Shak. 

2.  Any  artifice  ;  a  trick  by  which  some  advantage 
is  intended  to  be  obtained. 

Thoiie  oft  arr  tirntagems  wWch  errors  seem.  Popt. 

STRAT-.\-GEM'IC-AL,  a.  Containing  stratagem  or 
artifice.     [Little  used.] 

STRAT'E-GUS,  n.     [dr.  aToarvyos.] 

An  Ajhenian  general  officer.  Miiford, 

STRA-Tic'GlC,  [a.     Pertaining  to  stralein' ;   ef- 

STRA-TK'Gie-AL,  i      fccted  by  artifice. 

STRAT'E-GIST,  n.  One  skilled  in  strategy  or  the 
science  of  directing  great  militar>-  movements. 

STRAT'E-GY,  n.  Generalship;  the  science  of  mili- 
tary command,  or  the  science  of  directing  great  mil- 
itary movements. 

STRATH,  n,  [W.ystradi^  A  valley  of  considerable 
size,  through  which  a  river  runs.    [Scottish.] 

«™,^  . «,  Jamieson. 

STRATH'SPEY,  n.    A  lively  dance  of  the  Scotch. 

STRAT-I-FI-CA'TION,  n.  [from  stratify.]  The 
process  by  which  substances  in  the  earth  have  been 
formed  into  strata  or  layers. 

2.  The  state  of  being  formed  into  layers  in  the 
earth. 

3.  The  act  of  laying  in  strata, 
STRAT'I-Fr-£D,  (fide,)  pp.  or  o.    Formed   into  a 

layer,  as  a  terrene  substance  ;  arranged  in  strata  or 

layers. 
STRAT'I-FORM,  a.     In  the  form  of  strata,    Phillips. 
STRAT'I-Ft,  V.  U     [Fr.  stratijier,  from  L.  .stratum.] 

1.  To  form  into  a  layer,  as  substances  in  the  earth. 
Thus  clay,  sand,  and  other  species  of  earth,  are  often 
found  stratified. 

2.  To  lay  in  strata. 

STRAT'I-FV-ING,  ppr.      Arranging  in   a  layer,  as 

terrene  substatices. 
STRAT-I-GKAPH'ie-AL,  a.     Belonging  to  stnKog- 

i"nphy.  Sedgwick. 

STRAT-I-GRAPU'I€-AL-LY,  adv.    In  a  straiigraph- 

ical  manner.  Sedgwick. 

STRA-TOC'RA-CY,  n.    [Gr.  crrparof,  an  army,  and 

KiJiiret.t,  to  hold.] 
A  military  government;  government  by  military 

chiefs  and  an  armv.  Oathrie. 

STRA-TOG'RA-PIIY,  n.    [Gr.  crparoi,  an  army,  and 

J  p(i^{j,  to  describe.] 
Description  of  armies,  or  what  belongs  to  an  army. 
STRA-TON'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  an  army. 
STRA-TOT'ie,  a.     Warlike  ;  military. 
STRA'TUM,  n. ;  pi.  8tbati;ms  or  Strata.     The  latter 

is  mt>st  common.     [L.,  from  stemo,  to  spread  or  lay ; 

Sax.  streone.] 

1.  In  gCijlugy  and  mineralogy,  a  layer;  any  species 
of  earth,  sand,  coal,  and  the  like,  arranged  in  a  flat 
form,  distinct  from  the  adjacent  matter.  The  thick- 
er strata  are  called  Beds  ;  and  these  beds  are  some- 
times stratified. 

2.  A  bed  or  layer  artificially  made. 
STRA'TUS,  n.     [L.,  from  stcmo^  lo  spread  or  lay.] 

In  meteorology,  a  name  given  to  one  of  the  four  fun- 
damental clouds,  from  its  being  spread  over  the  face 
of  the  sky,  either  uniformly  or  in  horizontal  layers. 

Olmsted, 
STRAUGIIT.  pp.  for  Stretched.     [Obs.]    Chaucer. 
STRAW,  n.   [oax.  streow,  straw,  ann  a  stratum  or  bed  ; 
G.  etroh ;  D.  stroo ;  Dan.  straac ;  Sw.  stra ;  Ij.  stra- 
mentum,  from  sterna,  stravi,  Hratum.     See  Strew.] 

1.  'i'he  stalk  or  stem  of  certain  species  of  gram, 
pulse,  &c.,  chiefly  of  wheal,  rye^  oats,  barley,  buck- 
wheat, and  peas.  When  used  of  single  stalks,  it  ad- 
mits of  a  phiral.  Straws,  Slrairs  may  show  which 
way  the  wind  blows.  We  say  of  grain  while  grow- 
ing, Ihe  straw  is  large,  or  it  is  rusty. 

2.  A  mass  of  the  stalks  of  certain  species  of  grain 
when  cut,  and  afl<^r  being  thraHlied  ;  as,  a  bundle  or 
a  load  of  straw.  In  this  sense,  the  word  admits  not 
the  phiral  number. 


TONE.  BULL,  UNITE. -AN^'GER.  Vi"CI0U3.-C  aa  K;  fl  iw  J;  B  as  Z;  Cll  as  SII ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


lODI 


STU 


STR 


3.  Any  thing  prorerbially  worthless.  I  care  not  a 
stnuo  fur  the  play  ;  1  will  not  abate  a  strait. 

Ilttdibras. 

STRAW,  p.  L  To  spread  or  scatter.  [See  ^trcw  and 
Stbow.1 

STRAWBER-RY,  n.  [straw  and  berry,  Sax.  stmiD- 
beruA 

A  plant  and  its  fruit  of  the  genus  Fmpiris.  Straw- 
berries are  of  vnrions  kinds,  all  delirious  fruit- 

STRAW'RER-RY-TREE,  n.  An  cver|m>en  shrub  of 
Ihepenus  Arbutus  j  the  fruit  is  of  a  fleshy  suhstanc*, 
like  a  sinwberrv.  ^'''*     -?''''""• 

STRAW-BUILT,  (-biU,)  a.  Conslnictcd  of  straw  ; 
as,'the  suburbs  nf  a  stmv-^uiU  citadel.  MtUon. 

STRAW-eOL-OR,  -kul  lur,)  n.  The  color  of  dry 
straw  ;  a  beautiful  yellowish  color, 

8TRA\V'-C0L-OR-£D,  (kul-Uird,)  «.  Of  a  light 
veliitw,  the  color  of  dry  straw. 

STRAVV'-€ROU'\-ED,  a.     «'over«l  with  stiBW. 

STRAVV'-€UT-TER,  m.  An  instrument  to  cut  «lniw 
for  fodder. 

STRAW'-DRXIN',  «.     A  drain  dllrd  with  simw. 

STRAVV'-HAT,»i.     .\  hat  made  of  braided  straw. 

STRAW'-RO0F-£D,  (-rooft,)  a.  Having  a  roof  of 
rtni'w.  Hemans. 

STRAVV'-STCFF-^D,  (-stuft,)  «.  Stuffod  with 
straw.  HalL 

STR,\\V'-\VORM,  (-wumi,)  a.  [jrtnrw  and  wormJ] 
A  worm  bred  in  olmw. 

STR.WV'V,  a.     Made  of  straw  ;  consisting  of  straw. 

BoyU, 
a.  Like  straw  ;  light. 

STRAY,  r.  i.  [The  elements  of  this  word  are  not 
certainly  known.  If  they  are  Strg^  the  word  coin- 
cides with  Sax.  sfre^a,  strewn,  to  scatter,  to  spread, 
Ibe  L.  rfrori,  Eng.  to  stromt  *tr«r,  or  rfrnw,  also  with 
G.  streiehcny  to  wander,  to  strike ;  both  probably 
from  the  root  of  reoM,  stretck.  Possibly  stray  is 
from  the  It.  ."(rariare,  fnim  L.  rxtr^  and  via,  I  am 
inclined,  however,  to  refer  it  to  a  Teutonic  origin. 
See  SraAGGLx.] 

1.  To  ^vander,  as  from  a  direct  course  ;  to  deviate 
or  go  out  of  the  way.  We  say,  to  stray  from  the 
path  or  n>ad  into  the  forest  or  wood. 

a.  To  wander  from  company,  or  from  the  proper 
limits ;  as,  a  sheep  ttrv^M  from  the  flock  \  a  borse 
«Cnry«  from  an  inclosurv. 

3,  To  rove ;  to  wander  from  the  path  of  duty  or 
rectitude  ;  to  err ;  to  deviate. 

We  K^*«  tmd  and  tUv^ad,  Cam.  Pnu/tr. 

4.  To  wander ;  to  rove  at  lar^ ;  to  play  free  and 
uncon/ined. 

r^  Ihr  ftfld  fslit  o'er  all  her  fcrauttn  Mray,  ^ 

Bnuto  o«bcr  Upaod  fai  hrrbMom  pUj.  Pop*. 

Sl  To  wander  \  to  run  a  serpentine  course. 

Wbm  Thanm  among  Utr  waatoo  YaSiej*  Mtmf.     DuAaa^ 

STRAY,  r.  U    To  mislead.     [A'lt  in  «#e.1  SAofc. 

STRAY,  H.  Any  domei«tic  animal  that  has  left  an  in- 
closure  or  its  pro|»er  place  and  company,  and  wan- 
ders at  kirge  or  is  lost.  The  laws  provide  that  strays 
shall  be  taken  up,  impounded,  and  advertidcd. 

Becia;  Un  vaadu  about,  I  look  Ura  op  far  a  atntf,    Dryden. 

9.  The  act  of  wandering.    {LixxU  Kfed.]       Shak. 

STRAY'ER,  M.     A  wanderer. 

STRAY'IXG,  ppr.  Wandering;  roving;  departing 
from  the  direct  course,  from  the  proper  inclosure,  or 
from  the  path  of  duty. 

STRAY  I NG,  n.     The  act  of  wandering  away. 

STREAK,  (sireekO  n.  [Sax.  strica,  a  line,  direction, 
course  ',  striean,  to  go  ;  stric,  a  stroke,  a  plajzue,  and 
strte^  a  stretch  ;  G.  streieK,  a  stroke  or  stripe,  and 
atriAy  id. ;  D.  struk^  a  course  ;  Dan.  strtg^  a  stroke 
or  line ;  «(rtUe,  a  cord ;  strijg^  a  stroke,  a  tract,  a 
row  ;  Sw.  strak ;  If.  strioc  These  have  all  the  same 
eleoients,  and  the'  L.  stria  is  probably  a  contraction 
of  the  snme  word  ;  Sp.  tmca.  without  a  prefix.] 

1.  A  liiHt  or  long  mark,  of  a  di0ercni  color  from 
the  ground ;  a  stripe. 

What  mem  Ifaoae  colored  ttrtakt  in  b-a?pn  t  Afi/ton. 

&  In  ■  jAijp,  a  uniform  range  of  planks  on  the  side 
or  botiom,  reaching  from  the  stem  to  the  su-m. 

Mar.  Diet 
[Sometimes  pronounced  ttrnke."] 
jL  In  mimermlogifj  the  color  and  appearance  which 
the  surface  c^  a  mmeral  presents  when  scratched. 

Dttjuu 
STR£AK,  V.  L     To  form  streaks  or  stripes  in ;  to 
■tripe ;  to  variegate  whh  lines  of  a  different  color, 
or  of  different  colors. 

A  mn>  atlminhlr  ttrtak»d  and  dmppkad  with  whkr  an'l  Unek. 
Now  atrtakai  and  ghnrinywiih  ibf  mosninc  red.  Prior, 

2.  To  Stretch.     [JVV  eUsramL]  HaUiwOL 
STRBAK,  r.  i.    To  run  swiftly.     ITence,  perhaps,  the 

vulgar  expression,  to  4itrtak  u,  L  e.,  to  stretch  it,  for 

run  swiftly. 
8TRkAK'/:D,    (streekt     or    streek'ed,)     pp.    or    a. 

Marked   or  variegated   with   stripes  of  a  different 
STRgAK'ING,  pjrr.     Making  streaks  in.  [color. 

STReAK'Y,  «.     Having  stripes;  striped:  variegated 

with  lines  of  a  different  color. 


STRfcAM,  n,  [Sax.  strtam;  G.  strom  ;  D.  stroom; 
Dan.  str&mi  Sw.  strifm;  W.  ystrym;  Ir.  sreamh  or 
sreav.  If  «  is  radical,  this  word  belongs  to  Class 
Rm.] 

1.  A  current  of  water  or  other  fluid  ;  a  liquid  sub- 
stance flowing  in  a  line  or  course,  either  on  the 
earth,  as  a  river  or  brook,  or  from  a  vessel  or  other 
reservoir  or  fountain.     Hence, 

2.  A  river,  brook,  or  rivulet. 

3.  A  current  of  water  in  the  ocean  ;  as,  the  Gulf 
Stream. 

4.  A  current  of  melted  metal  or  other  substance ; 
as,  a  stream  of  lead  or  iron  flowing  from  a  furnace ; 
a  strtmm  of  lava  from  a  volcanot 

5.  Any  thing  issuing  from  a  source  and  moving 
with  a  continued  succession  of  ports  ;  as,  a  stre4im  of 
words ;  a  stream  of  sand. 

A  ftTMtn  of  br»rfioenoe.  Aorrftury. 

6.  A  continued  current  or  course  ;  as,  a  stream  of 
weather.     [A~ot  used.]  Ralfgh, 

The  atrtam  of  hia  life.  Shak. 

7.  A  current  of  air  or  gas,  or  of  light. 

8.  Current;  drift;  as  of  opinions  or  manners.  It 
is  difficult  to  op|)Osc  the  stream  of  public  opinion. 

9.  Water. 

STREAM,  r.  u  To  flow  ;  to  move  or  run  in  a  con- 
tinuous current.     Blood  streams  from  a  vein. 

Bi-ntnih  ihe  bsnki  whew  nirn  itrtam,  Milton. 

9.  To  emit ;  to  pour  out  in  abundance.  Hia  eyes 
streamed  with  tears. 

3.  To  issue  with  continuance,  not  by  flts. 

Prom  opening  ^iet  my  itrtaming  gloriea  ahioe.  Ptfpt. 

4.  To  issue  or  shoot  in  streaks ;  as,  light  strtaming 
from  the  east. 

5.  To  extend  ;  to  stretch  In  a  long  line  ;  as,  a  flag 
streaming  in  the  wind. 

STRflAM,  V.  U  To  mark  with  colors  or  embroidwy 
in  long  tracts. 

Th*  hfraltl**  miiDtlF  b  »Iream«rf  with  gold.  Bacon. 

STREAM'ER,  a.  An  ensign  or  flag;  a  pennon  ex- 
tended or  flowing  in  Uie  wind  ;  a  poetic  use  if  the 


Brave  Riq»rt  rn>m  afor  appear*, 
WbOM  vavfaf  ttrmmmt  Uie  glnd  general  ktiowt.     Drydtn. 

3.  A  luminous  beam  or  column,  sometimes  called 
turttrai  streamer;  one  of  the  forms  of  the  Aurora  Bo- 
real is. 
STREAM'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Flowing;   running  in  a 
current. 

12.  Emitting;  pouring  out  in  abundance  ;  as,5trMm- 
t)v  eyes. 
3.  Flowing;  floating  loosely  ;  as  a  flag. 
STRftAM'LET,  n.    A  small  Htream;  a  rivulet;  a  rill. 

Thomson, 
STREAM'-TIN,  m.     Particles  or  masses  of  tin-ore 

fmind  in  alluvial  ground.  Brandt, 

STRkAM'Y,  a.    Abounding  with  running  water. 

Areadia, 
nowrrr  g^tmmy  now,  aduK  aod  dr;, 
Dtnied  ibc  gwidcm  wiu-r.  Prior. 

S.  Flowing  with  a  current  or  streak. 

Uk  Dodtfing  helm  noiu  a  ttrmuity  ray,  Pop§, 

STREAM'-WORKS,  n.  pL  Among  Cornish  miners^ 
alluvial  deposits  of  tin-ore,  usually  worked  in  the 
open  air.  Ure. 

STREEK,  V.  L     [Sax.  streecan,  to  stretch.] 

To  lay  out,  as  a  dead  body,     [^ot  in  use.] 

Brands, 

STREET,  n.  [Sax.  str<rte,  streU ;  G.  strasse ;  D. 
straat ;  Sw.  strdt ;  Dan.  strade ;  Ir.  sraid  i  W.  ystryd ; 
It,  strada ;  Sp,  estrada ;  L.  stralumy  from  stratus^ 
strewed  or  spread.     See  Stkew.] 

1.  Properly^  a  paved  way  or  road  ;  but  in  usage, 
any  way  or  road  in  a  city,  chiejly  a  main  way,  in 
distinction  from  a  lane  or  alley. 

2.  Among  the  people  of  JVeto  Englandy  any  public 
highway. 

3.  Streets^  pL ;  any  public  way,  road,  oi  place. 
Thai  there  be  no  complaining  in  our  sIrceU. —  Pt.  cxlir. 

STREET'-WALK-ER,  (-wawk-,)  n.  {street  and  walk.] 
A  common  prostitute  that  offers  herself  to  sale  in  the 
streets. 

STREKT'-WARD,  n.  [street  and  ward.]  Formerly, 
an  officer  wfib  had  the  care  of  the  streets.      CovneL 

STRglGHT,  (strate,)  iu  A  narrow.  [Obs.]  [See 
Strait.1 

STRAIGHT,  adp.     Strictly.     [Ohs.]     [See  Strait.] 

STREL'ITZ,  «.  [Uuss.]  A  soldier  of  the  ancient 
Muscovite  militia.  Brande, 

STReNE,  n.     Race  ;  offspring.     [Obs.]         Chaucer. 

STRENGTH,  n.  [Sal.  strength^  from  sireng,  strong. 
See  Strosc] 

I.  That  property  or  quality  of  an  animal  body  by 
which  it  is  enabled  to  move  itself  or  other  bodies. 
We  say,  a  sick  man  has  not  strength  to  walk,  or  to 
raise  his  head  or  his  arm.  We  say,  a  man  has 
strength  to  lift  a  weight,  or  to  draw  it.  This  quality 
is  called  also  Power  and  Force,  But  force  is  also 
used  to  denote  the  effect  of  strength  exerted,  or  the 
quantity  of  motion.     Strength,  in  this  sense,  is  posi> 


STR 

tive,  or  the  i»ower  of  producing  positive  motion  or 
action,  and  Is  opposed  to  WEAKrrEss. 

2.  Firmness  ;  solidity  or  toughness;  the  quality  of 
bodies  by  which  they  sustain  the  application  offeree 
without  breaking  or  yielding.  1  bus  we  speak  of 
the  strength  of  a  bone,  the  strength  of  a  beam,  the 
strength  of  a  wall,  tlie  strength  of  a  rope.  In  this 
sense,  strength  is  a  passive  quality,  and  is  opposed  to 

WeaK.NES*  or  FRANGimLtTV. 

3.  Power  or  vigor  of  any  kind. 

Tliis  act 
Shall  cnxti  Ihe  itrtngth  tit  Sabtn.  Milton. 

Strength  there  muai  be  eitiier  ol  iore  or  war.  Holyiny. 

4.  Power  of  resisting  attacks;  fastness;  as,  the 
strength  of  a  castio  or  fort. 

5.  Sup[H)rt;  that  which  supports;  that  which  sup- 
plies strength ;  security. 

God  is  our  refuge  and  itrtngth,  —  Pi.  zlH. 

6.  Power  of  mind  ;  intellectual  force  ;  the  power  of 
any  faculty  ;  as,  strength  of  memory  ;  strength  of  rea- 
son ;  strength  of  judgment. 

7.  Fpirit ;  animation. 

Melhiiiks  I  feel  new  §lrtngth  within  me  riae.  MUton. 

8.  Force  of  writing ;  vigor ;  nervous  diction.  The 
strength  of  words,  of  style,  of  expression,  and  the 
like,  consists  in  the  full  and  forcible  exhibition  of 
ideas,  by  which  a  sensible  or  deep  impression  is 
made  on  Ihe  mind  of  a  hearer  or  reader.  It  is  dis- 
tinguislied  from  Softness  or  Sweetkb3s.  Strength 
of  language  enforces  an  argument,  produces  convic- 
tion, or  excites  wonder  or  other  strong  emotion  ;  soft- 
ness and  sweetness  give  pleasure. 

And  praise  the  timy  vigor  of  a  line. 

Where  Dcnhtim's  ttrtngth  and  W  aller'i  Bweetnew  join.    Poju. 

9.  Vividness  ;  as,  strength  of  colors  or  coloring. 

10.  Spirit ;  the  quality  of  any  liquor  which  has  the 
power  of  affecting  the  taste,  or  of  producing  sensible 
effects  on  other  bodies  ;  as,  the  strengthof  wine  or 
spirit ;  the  strength  of  an  acid. 

11.  The  virtue  or  spirit  of  any  vegetable,  or  of  its 
juices  or  qualities. 

\'2.  Legal  or  moral  force;  validity;  the  quality  of 
binding,  uniting,  or  securing  ;  as,  the  strength  of  so- 
cial or  legal  obligations  ;  the  strength  of  law  ;  the 
strength  of  public  opinion  or  custom. 

13.  Vigor  ;  natural  force  ;  as,  the  strength  of  natu- 
ral affection. 

14.  1'tiat  which  supports  }  confidence. 

The  iilli'*>,  after  a  (iicceMfut  atimmerp  are  too  apt,  upon  the 
ttrength  of  il,  to  neglect  pnipamiion  for  Ihc  entnin*  cam- 
pai  g  n .  AiUiuon. 

15.  Amount  of  force,  military  or  naval ;  an  army 
or  navy  ;  number  of  troops  or  ships  well  appointed. 
What  is  the  strength  of  the  enemy  by  land,  or  by 
sea  t 

16.  Soundness  ;  force  ;  the  quality  that  convinces, 
'  persuades,  or  commands  assent ;  as,the  e-(rc»i,'iAof  an 

argument  or  of  reasoning;  the  strength  of  evidence. 

17.  Vehemence  ;  force  proceeding  from  motion, 
and  proportioned  to  it ;  as,  the  strength  of  wind,  or  a 
current  of  water. 

18.  Decree  of  brightness  or  vividness  ;  as,  the 
strength  of  light. 

19.  Fortification  ;  fortress  ;  as,  an  inaccessible 
strength.     [JVot  in  use.]  JUilton, 

20.  Support;  maintenance  of  power. 

What  they  boded  would  be  a  niiwhief  to  us,  you  ar?  providing 
ahnll  be  one  of  our  principal  atrengtht.  [Not  iM«d.]     Sprat. 

STRENGTH,  r.  f.     To  strengthen.     [J^ot  in  vse.] 
STRENGTII'£N,  fstreupth'n,)  v.  U    To  make  strong 
or  stronger  ;  to  add  strength  to,  either  physical,  legal, 
or  moral ;  as,  to  strengthen  a  limb  ;  to  strengthen  an 
obligation. 

2.  To  confirm;  lo  establish  ;  as,  to  strengthen  au- 
thority. 

3.  To  animate  ;  to  encourage  ;  to  flx  in  resolution. 

r?e  JoihuB 
DeiiL   iii. 

4.  To  cause  to  increase  in  power  or  security. 

Let  noble  Warwick,  Cobham,  and  the  rrrt, 

With  powerful  policy  tirengUitn  lhcm»clTea.  Shot. 

STRENGTH'£N,  v.  i.    To  prow  strong  or  stronger. 

The  dia^as*"  that  •hall  destroy  at  Irnfth, 

Grows  with  his  gruwih,  niid  slrengmeni  with  hia  ■tJt;ngih. 

Pope. 
STRENGTH'EN-ED,  pp.     Made  strong  or  stronger; 

confirmed. 
STRENGTU'EN-ER,     n.        That    which     increases 
strength,  physical  or  moral. 

2.  In  medicine^  something  which,  taken   into  the 
system,  increases  vital  energy  and  strength  of  ac- 
tion. 
STRENGTH'iCN-ING,  irpr.  or  a.   Increafiing  strength, 

physical  or  moral ;  confirming  ;  animating. 
STRENGTH'LESS,  a.    Wanting  strength;  destitute 
of  power. 
2.  Wanting  spirit.     [Little  tised.]  Boyle, 

STREN'U-OUS,  (8tren'yu-U8,)  a.  [L.  strenniui ;  It. 
strenuo;  W.  tren,  force,  also,  impetuous.  The  sense 
is,  pressinc,  straining,  or  rushing  forward.] 

1.  Eagerly  pressing  or  urgent ;   zealous ;  ardent ; 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRBY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NCTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  UpQK.- 
1092 


STR 

as,  a  strenuoiLs  advocate  for  national  rights  ;  a  stren- 
uous opposer  of  African  slaver}'. 

2.  Uold  and  active  ;  valiant,  intrepid,  and  ardent  j 
aa,  a  strenuous  defender  of  his  country. 
STREN'U-OUS-LY,  adv.    With  eager  and  pressing 
zeal ;  ardently. 

2.  Boldly;  vigorously  j  actively. 
STREN'U-OUS-NESS,  n.      Eagerness;  earnestness; 

active  zeal ;  ardor  in  pursuit  of  an  object,  or  in  oppo- 
sition to  a  measure. 
STREP'ENT,  a.     fL.  strepais^  strcpo.] 

Noisy;  loud.    \Liitlt  used.'\  Shenstone, 

STREP'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  strcj>o.] 

Loud  ;  boisterous.     [LiUle  wied.] 
STRESS,  n.     [VV.  trais^  force,  violence,  oppression  ; 
trei.-t.taK,  to  force  or  drive;    Ir.  treise,  force;  Arm. 
(ref  ifn,  a  twist ;  trozeia,  troueial.  to  tnissj  Fr.  trotus- 
ser.     Hence,  distress,  trestle^  Acc] 

I.  Force  ;  urgency ;  pressure  ;  importance  ;  tliat 
which  bears  with  most  weight ;  as,  tJie  strcjis  of  a  le- 
gal question.  Consider  how  much  stress  is  laid  on 
the  eiercise  of  charity  in  the  New  Testament. 

Thia,  on  which  the  grcal  Mtrett  of  the  btuiiH^M  ilependi.    LoeJce, 

9.  Force,  or  violence  ;  as,  stress  of  weather. 

3.  Force  ;  violence  ;  strain. 

Thourh  the  faculii*^  of  lh«  mind  are  improred  by  eseixae,  jet 
toe;  must  not  be  put  to  a  ttrttt  beyond  their  strength. 

STRESS,  r.  f.  To  press  ;  to  urge ;  to  distress  ;  to  put 
to  difficulties.     [Little  used,]  Spenser. 

STRETCH,  c.  L  [Sax.  streccan;  D.  strekken:  G.  streck- 
en. ;  Dan.  strekker  ;  Sw.  strdeka ;  probably  formed  on 
Ibe  root  of  reachy  right,  L.  rf^o,  &.C.] 

1.  To  draw  out  to  greater  length  j  to  extend  in  a 
line ;  as,  lo  streuh  a  cord  or  a  rope. 

2.  To  extend  in  breadth  ;  as,  to  stretch  cloth. 

3.  To  spread  ;  to  expand  ;  as,  to  stretch  the  wings. 

4.  To  reach  ;  to  extend. 

Strttch  thine  band  to  tbe  poor.  —  Ecdua. 

5.  To  spread ;  to  display ;  as,  to  stretch  forth  the 
heavens.  TiUetson. 

6.  To  draw  or  pull  out  in  length  ,  to  strain  ;  aa,  to 
ttretck  a  tendon  or  muscle. 

7.  To  make  tense  ;  to  strain. 

So  the  ttretdud  eonl  the  ahacklnl  dancer  trie*.  SmiA. 

8.  To  extend  mentally  ;  as,  to  stretch  the  mind  or 
thoughts. 

9.  To  exaggerate  ;  to  extend  too  far ;  as,  to  stretch 
the  truth  ;  to  stretch  one's  credit. 

STRETCH,  V.  i.  To  be  extended;  to  be  drawn  out 
in  length  or  in  breadth,  or  both.  A  wet  hempen  cord 
or  cloth  contracts  ;  in  drying,  it  stretches, 

2.  To  be  extended  ;  to  spread  ;  as,  a  lake  stretches 
over  a  hundred  miles  of  earth.  Lake  Erie  stretches 
from  Niagara  nearly  to  Huron.     Hence, 

3.  To  stretch  to,  is  to  reach. 

4.  To  be  extended,  or  to  bear  extension,  without 
breaking,  as  elastic  substances. 

Th«  mn«r  mcmbmne — becauae  it  would  itrttch  and  yMd,  n- 
mained  unbroken.  BoyU. 

5.  To  strain  beyond  the  tnith  ;  to  exapgcrate.  A 
man  who  is  apt  to  stretch  has  less  credit  than  others. 

6.  In  navigation,  to  sail ;  to  direct  a  course.  It  is 
often  understood  to  signify  to  sail  under  a  great  spread 
of  canvas  close  hauled.  In  this  it  dlfTersfrom  Si  and, 
which  implies  no  press  of  sail.  We  were  standing  to 
the  cast,  when  we  saw  a  ship  stretching  to  the  south- 
ward. 

7.  To  make  viiJent  efforts  in  running. 
STRETCH,  n.     Extension  in  length  or  in  breadth; 

reach  ;  as,  a  great  etretcK  of  wings.  Ray. 

%  Effort;  struggle;  strain. 

Tboae  ptit  lawfitl  authority  upon  tbe  ttretdi  to  the  nbiivr  of  power, 
ui»lfr  color  of  prrri>g»irre.  L.'E*trange, 

3.  Force  of  body  ;  straining. 

By  tfrrtcA  of  arms  the  diaiant  «hore  to  gida.  Dryttn. 

4.  Utmost  extent  of  meaning. 

duolaiiuna,  in  their  utmoM  alrelcA,  can  t^'tff  do  merr  than  (hat 
Injtber  lay  under  t^vire  a^ouiei  of  iniad.  AUtrbury. 

5.  Utmost  rcaciT  of  power. 

This  b  (be  utmo«t  ttreteh  thitt  nature  can.  OranmtU. 

6.  In  sailing,  a  tack  ;  tbe  reach  or  exU-nt  of  prog- 
resi  on  one  tack.  Mar.  DicL 

7.  Course;  direction;  as,  the  stretch  of  seams  of 
coal.  Kinran. 

STRETCH'iErD,   (strecht,)  pp.   or  a.     Drawn  out  in 

length  ;  extended  ;  exerted  to  the  utmost. 
STKETCH'ER,  n.     He  or  that  which  stretrhes.     , 

2.  A  brick  or  stone  laid  with  its  longer  face  in  the 
•urface  of  the  wall.  GtciU. 

3.  A  piece  of  timber  in  building. 

4.  A  narrow  piece  of  plank  placed  across  a  boat 
for  the  rowers  to  set  their  feet  against. 

Mar.  DicL 
STRETCiriNG,  ppr.  Drawing  ont  in  length  ;  ex- 
tending ;  spreading;  exerting  force. 
BTREW,  (strQ  or  stro,)  v.  t.  [Goth,  straiean  ;  Sax. 
ftreateian,  streoirian  ;  G.  streuen  ;  D.  strwoyen  ;  [)an. 
strifer ;  Sw.  Hrif :  contracted  from  stragan,  which  is 
retained  in  the  Saxon.     The  l^tin  has  stemo,  straui  t 


STR 

the  latter  is  our  strtiB,  strain.  Tliis  verb  is  wrilteu 
stravDy  streiD,  or  straw;  straw  is  nearly  obsolete,  and 
strow  is  obsolescent.     Strew  is  generally  used.] 

1.  To  scatter  ;  to  spread  by  scattering  ;  always  ap- 
plied to  dry  substances  separable  into  parts  or  parti- 
cles ;  as,  to  strew  seed  in  beds  ;  to  strew  sand  on  or 
over  a  floor ;  to  strew  flowers  over  a  grave. 

2.  To  spread  by  being  scattered  over. 

The  anow  which  do?a  the  top  of  Pinilus  »lrtw.  ^)«nstr, 

U  thiue  alone  the  txd  that  tlrttet  tbe  plain  t  Pop*. 

3.  To  scatter  loosely. 

And  itr^iMd  hla  mangled  limha  about  the  field.  Drydtn. 

STREW'£D,  (Btrude,)  pp.    Scattered  ;  spread  by  scat- 
tering ;  as,  (Kind  strewed  on  paper. 

2.  Covered  or  sprinkled  with  something  scattered  ; 
as,  a  tloor  strewed  with  sand. 
STREWING,  ppr.     Scattering  ;  spreading  over. 
STREWING,  n.    The  act  of  scattering  or  spreading 
over. 
2.  Any  thing  fit  to  be  strewed.  Shak. 

STREWMENT,  ru    Any  thing  scattered  in  decora- 
tion.    [JVot  used.]  Shak. 
STRI'iE,  n.  pi.    [L.    See  Streak.]     In  natural  history, 
small  channels  or  thread-like  lines  in  the  shells  of 
cockles  and  in  other  substances.        ^ 

2.  The  fillets  between  the  flutes  of  columns,  pilas- 
ters, &C.  Oloss.  of  Archit, 
STRI'ATE,      \   a.     Formed    with    small    channels ; 
STRI'A-TED,  \       channeled. 

2.  In  natural  hittory,  streaked  ;  marked  or  scored 
with  superficial  or  very  slender  lines  ;  marked  with 
fine  parallel  lines.  Martyn.     Smith, 

Striated  fracture^  m  mineralogy,  consists  of  long, 
narrow,  separable  parts,  laid  on  or  beside  each  other. 

Kincan. 
STRI-A'TION,   n.      The  state  of   being  striated   or 

marked  with  fine  parallel  lines. 
STRT'A-TURE,  m     See  Striatiow.  Woodward. 

STRICK,  n.     [Gr.  ro'(»  L.  strix,  a  screech-owl.] 

A  bird  of  ill  omen.     [JVo£  in  use.]  Spenser. 

STRICK'£N,  pp.   of  Striice.    Struck;  smitten;  as, 
the  stricken  deer.     [See  Strike.]  Spenser. 

2.  Advanced  ;  worn  ;  far  gone. 
Abraham  waa  old  and  well  ttricken  in  age.  —  Gen.  ixxir. 

[Ob*.]  • 

STRICK'LE,  (strik'l,)  it.    A  strike  ;  an  instrument  to 

strike  grain  to  a  level  with  the  measure.     [In  the 

United  States  the  word  Stkike  is  used.] 

2.  An  instn'uient  far  whetting  scythes. 

STRICT,  a.     [L.   sirictttSj    from    string o  i   Sax.  str<Bc. 


STRICT,  tt.     [L.   strictu 
See  Stbai-i.T 

1.  Strained  ;  drawn 


close;  tight ;  as,  a  strict  era- 
brace;  a  ,'f(nc(  ligature.  .Arbiithnot.     Dnjden. 

2.  Tense ;  not  relaxed  ;  as,  a  .strict  or  lax  fiber. 

Arbnthnot, 

3.  Exact ;  accurate  ;  rigorously  nice  ;  as,  to  keep 
strict  watth.  Observe  the  strictest  rules  of  virtue 
and  decorum. 

4.  Severe;  rigorous;  governed  or  governing  by 
exact  rules  ;  observing  exact  roles  ;  as,  the  father  is 
very  strict  in  observing  the  Sabbath.  The  master  is 
very  strict  with  his  apprentices. 

5.  Rigorous  ;  uot  mild  ur  indulgent  ;  as,  «tricC 
laws. 

f).  Confined;   limited;   not  with  latitude;  as,  to 
understand  words  in  a  strict  sense. 
STRICT'LV,  o<ip.     Closely;  tightly. 

2.  Exactly;  with  nice  accuracy;  aa,  patriotism, 
strictlii  so  called,  is  a  noble  virtue. 

3.  Positively.  He  commanded  his  son  strictly  to 
proceed  no  further. 

4.  Rigorously  ;  severely  ;  without  remission  or  in- 
dulgence. 


STRICT'NESS,  «.    Closeness;  tightness}  opposed  to 
Laxitt. 

2.  Exactness  in  the  observance  of  rules,  laws, 
rites,  and  the  like  ;  rigorous  accuracy  ;  nice  regu- 
larity or  precision. 

I  eo«M  not  ffrant  (oo  much  or  distnwt  too  litd",  to  men  that  pre- 
trndrd  lingular  pirty  awl  ^li^ua  ttriclnttt.    K.  CharUs. 

3.  Rigor ;  severity. 

Th'^e  cofnmiMinnen  prr>cerdrd  with  inch  ttrictntMM  and  BeTcrHy 
aa  did  much  obactire  the  kind's  rncrey.  Bacon. 

STRICT'tiRE,    (Ftrikl'yur,)    n.      [L.  strictura.     See 
Strike  and  Stroke,  which  unite  with  L.  stringo.] 

1.  A  stroke  ;  a  ginnce  \  a  touch.  Hale. 

2.  A  touch  of  criticism  ;  critical  remark  ;  censure. 

1   h4*e  E>»*'n  my»-lf  ihe  liUrty  of  thf-te  a(ricli<r««    hy  way  of 
rrflecuon  on  e*iTy  poMiti^t-.  Ifatnrnond, 

3.  A  drawing;  a  spastic  or  other  morbid  contrac- 
tion of  any  passage  of  the  body,  Jirbiuhnot. 

STRIDE,  71.     [Sax.  stride,  a  step  ;  gestridan,  to  stride  ; 
be-stridan,  to  bestride  ;  probably  formed    on   the  root 
of  L.  gradior,  Shemitic  m-y^  hi  Syr.  to  go,  Ch.  to 
spread,  Sax.  stredan,  id.] 
A  long  step. 


Iler  Twice  thcAtrlcally  loud, 
And  Riaaculine  hT  atride. 


Strii/l. 


STRIDE,  V. 

STUtDDErf. 


i.,'   pret.   Strid,    Stbode  ;   pp.    Strid, 


STR 

1.  To  walk  with  long  steps. 

M:\ra  in  the  miildle  of  the  ihininf  tMeld 

la  gTJTcd,  and  MtrvUu  ixlonf  llie  Md.  Drydsn, 

9.  To  straddle. 
STRIDE,  V.  L    To  pass  over  at  a  step 

See  him  ttrxd* 

Vall-^ys  wide.  Ari>uihrutU 

STRID'ING,  ppr.    Walking  with  long  steps  ;  passing 

over  at  a  step. 
STRI'DOR,  n.    [L.]    A  harsh,  creaking  noise,  or  a 

crack.  Dryden. 

STRID'lJ-LOUS,  a.    \U  stridulus.] 

Making  a  small,  harsh  sound,  or  a  creaking. 

Brown. 
STRIFE,  71.     [Norm,  estrif.    See  Sthite.] 

1.  Exertion  or  contention  for  superiority;  contest 
of  emulation,  either  by  intellectual  or  physical  ef- 
forts. Strife  may  be  carried  on  between  students  or 
between  mechanics. 

Doting  about  <]ueitioni  and  ttrifew  of  wordi.  —  I  Tim.  tI. 

Thua  foUa  conli?nded  — noble  itrife  — 

Who  most  BJiould  ca«  the  want*  of  life.  Qtngrevt. 

2.  Contention  in  anger  or  enmity  ;  contest ;  strug- 
gle for  victory  ;  quarrel  or  war. 

I  and  my  people  were  at  great  atr\fe  with  the  children  of  Ammon 

—  Judge*  xii. 
Th«ie  vuwi,  thus  granted,  ralaed  a  9tr\fe  above, 
Betwixt  the  god  of  war  and  queen  of  lore.  Dryden. 

3.  Opposition  ;  contrariety  ;  contrast. 


4.  The  agitation  produced  by  different  qualities; 
as,  the  strife  of  acid  and  alkali.     [Little  useii.] 

Johnson* 
STRIFE'FJJIj,  a.    Contentious;  discordant. 

The  ape  waa  ttri/e/ul  and  ambitlou), 

And  tbe  fox  guileful  and  mott  coveiuua.  Spen»tr, 

STRlG'IL,  n.  [L.]  Among  the  ancients,  an  instru- 
ment of  metal,  ivory,  or  horn,  used  for  scraping  the 
skin  at  the  bath.  Smithes  Diet, 

STRIG'MENT,  Jt.     [L.  strigmentum,  from  .stringo.] 
Scraping ;  that  which  is  scraped  off*.    [JVvt  in  u.*«.] 

Brown* 

STRrGOUs','i   "•     [^-  stHgo.-nis,frota  strigo.] 

In  botany,  a  Btrigous  leaf  is  one  set  with  stiff 
lanceolate  bristles.  Martyn. 

STRIKE,  t7.  £.;  pret.  Struck  ;  pp.  Struck  and  Strick- 
en ;  but  struck  is  in  the  most  common  use.  Strook 
is  wholly  obsolete.  [Sax.  astrican,  to  strike,  D. 
strykrn,  to  strike,  and  to  stroke,  to  smooth,  to  anoint 
or  nil)  over,  to  slide  ;  G.  streichen,  to  pass,  move,  or 
ramble,  to  depart,  to  touch,  to  strokCy  to  glide  or 
glance  over,  to  lower  or  strike,  as  sails,  to  curry,  (L. 
stringo,  strigil,)  to  sweep  together,  to  spread,  as  a 
plaster,  to  play  on  a  violin,  to  card,  as  wool,  to  strike 
or  whip,  as  with  a  rod  ;  stretch,  strich,  a  stroke, 
stripe,  or  lash,  Eng.  .itreak:  Dan.  streg,  a  stroke; 
stryger,  to  rub,  to  stroke,  to  5(7^-1!,  to  trim,  to  iron,  or 
smooth,  to  strike,  as  sails,  to  whip,  to  play  on  a  violin, 
to  glide  along,  to  plane  ;  Sw.  stnika,  id.  We  see 
that  strike,  stroke,  and  streak,  and  the  h.  stringo, 
whence  strain,  strict,  stricture,  &.C.,  are  all  radically 
one  word.  Strong  is  of  the  same  family.  Hence 
we  see  the  sense  is,  to  rub,  to  scrape  ;  but  it  includes 
often  the  sense  of  thrusting.  It  is  to  touch  or  graze 
with  a  sweeping  or  stroke.  Hence  our  sense  of 
striking  a  measure  of  grain,  and  strike,  strickle,  and 
a  stroke  of  the  pencil  in  painting.  Hence  the  use  of 
stricken,  applied  to  age,  worn  with  age,  as  in  the  L. 
strigo,  the  same  word  differently  applied.  Hence 
also  we  see  the  propriety  of  the  use  of  stricture,  ap- 
plied to  criticism.  It  seems  to  be  formed  on  the  r«rt 
of  rake  and  stretch.] 

1.  To  touch  or  hit  with  some  force,  either  with  the 
hand  or  an  instrument ;  to  give  a  Idow  to,  either  with 
the  open  hand,  the  fist,  a  stick,  chib,  or  whip,  or 
with  a  pointed  instrument,  or  with  a  ball  or  an 
arrow  discharged.  An  arrow  struck  the  shield;  a 
ball  strikes  a  ship  between  wind  and  water. 

He  at  Philijipi  kepi 
Hii  iword  e'en  like  a  danc/-r,  while  1  alruck 
The  lean  and  wrinkled  Caouiia.  Shak. 

2.  To  dash  ;  to  throw  with  a  quick  motion. 

Th«T  shall  take  of  the  blood,  and  ttrikt  it  on  the  two  alde-poita. 
'Ex.  xii. 

3.  To  stamp;  to  impress;  to  com;  as,  to  strikt 
coin  at  the  mint;  to  strike  dollars  or  sovereigns, 
or  copper  coin. 

4.  'I'o  thrust  in  ;  to  cause  to  enter  or  penetrate; 
as,  a  tree  strikes  its  root  dee[i. 

5.  To  punish  ;  to  afllict ;  as  Smite  is  also  used. 

To  putiiMh  ihir  Just  i>  not  g^>od,  nor  lo  tlrike  princes  for  equity.  — 
Prow,  xvii, 

6.  To  cause  to  sound  ;  to  notify  by  sound  ;  as,  the 
clock  strikes  twelve  ;  the  drums  strike  up  a  march. 

Shak,     Knolle.^. 

7.  In  seamanship,  to  lower;  to  let  down;  as,  to 
strike  sail ;  to  strike  a  flag  or  ensign  ;  to  strike  a  yard 
or  a  top-mast  in  a  gale  ;  [thai  is,  to  run  or  slip  down.] 

Mar.  DicL 

8.  To  impress  strongly ;  to  affect  sensibly  with 


TONE,  B;;LL,  IJNITE AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS €  as  K;  O  as  J;  a  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


STR 

atron^  emotion ;  as,  to  strike  the  mind  with  Rur- 
prise;  to  strike  witb  wonder,  alnnn,  dread,  or  hor- 
ror. 

Nte  vorin  of  ui  abikt  and  lurpriae  ua  moat  «u  ifao  Rr*(  tItw. 

wllMr6ury. 
Tber«  plwwB  m  bMiutics,  hen  m  womlvrt  arritv.  i'opt. 

9.  To  make  and  ratify  :  as,  to  .«(riA;«  a  bnrcain,  L. 
/ix4iis  fcrirt.  Till*  expression  probably  arose  from 
the  practice  of  the  pnitien  striking  a  victim  when 
tbey  concluded  a  bargain. 

10,  To  produce  by  a  sudden  action. 

Shr  slritu  a  utiirenuJ  pe-icc  lUrwugh  •»•»  aiiJ  Und.     AWlOfi, 

U.  To  affect  in  some  particular  manner  by  a  sud- 
den impression  or  impulse ;  as,  the  pinn  proposed 
strike*  me  favorably  ;  to  strike  one  dead  ;  to  strik* 
one  blind;  to rirutc  one  dumb.  Skak.     Drf^em, 

I'i.  To  l''vel  a  meaimre  of  frain,  sail,  or  tb«  like, 
by  scraping  off  with  a  straight  instrument  what  is 
above  the  level  of  the  lop^ 

13.  To  lade  into  a  cooler.       Rditards,  W.  Indies. 

\\.  To  be  advanced  or  worn  with  a^ ;  lueW  in  tk* 
pmrticifd*  i  as,  be  wu  <cptcAm  Ut  ytax^i  or  age ;  well 
amek  in  years.  Skak. 

IS.  To  niD  on  ;  to  ground ;  as  a  sbipt. 

TV  strike  mf  ;  to  cause  to  sound  ;  to  begin  to  beat 
fiMte  mp  Ihff  druua.  S&oJk. 

9:  To  begin  to  sing  of  play ;  as,  to  strike  up  a 
tune. 

TV  strike  ^;  to  enwe  from  an  account  \  to  deduct ; 
as,  lo  strike  off  the  interest  of  a  dibl. 

3.  To  impress  ;  to  print ;  as,  to^iriU^atbouaand 
copies  of  a  book. 

3.  To  aeparate  by  a  blow  or  any  sudden  action  ; 
as,  to  strike  off  a  man's  head  with  a  cimeter;  to 
strike  off  what  is  sujiertluous  or  corrupt. 

TV  strike  oid ;  lo  produce  by  collision  ;  to  force  out } 
as,  lo  itrike  out  sparks  with  5t«el. 

5:  To  bloc  out ;  lo  efface ;  to  erase. 

To  nnbo*SM  h  M  necrwary  m  to  ttrik*  ««C.  Ayw. 

3.  To  form  something  new  by  a  qjiick  effort ;  lo 
devise ;  to  invent ;  lo  cuDliIre  ;  as,  to  strik*  ttU  a 
new  plan  of  finance. 
8TRilw£,  r.  i.    To  make  a  quick  blow  or  tbrasL 

k  pleM^O  the  kinf 
To  wtrike  at  ma  ofoo  h»  mkooiwlrKdiHi.  Shak, 

2.  To  hit;  lo  collide;  to  dasb  against;  to  clash; 
as,  a  hammer  strikes  against  tbe  bell  of  a  dork. 

3.  To  sound  by  percussion ;  to  be  struck.  The 
clock  strikts. 

^  To  make  an  attack. 

A  poar  MrtfeO  tttta* 
It  tky  frcal  pegj,  £Xek. 

5.  To  bit ;  to  touch ;  to  act  on  bjr  appatse. 

Bbdar  Ighl  fexn  smikini  m  h,  and  lu  eoloca  rmsJak.     Leeks, 

&  To  wond  whb  Uowa. 

Whitat  Mf  mimp  (Sd  ■ennd,  or  drum  ttnuk  np.  Skak. 

7.  To  run  npon  ;  to  be  stranded.  Tbe  diip  strmek 
at  twelve,  and  remained  fast. 

6.  To  pass  with  a  quick  or  strong  effect ;  to  dart ; 
lo  penetrate. 

Nov  and  tb-n  a  bwn  of  vit  or  pairfoB  wo^kts  thnw^  the 
ebacttriqr  of  tbe  poera.  Dryden. 

SL  To  lower  a  flag  or  colors  in  token  of  respect, 
or  to  signify  a  surrender  of  the  ship  to  an  enemy. 

10.  To  break  forth ;  as,  to  strike  into  reputation. 
IXot  U  use.] 

To  strike  i« ;  to  enter  suddenly ;  also,  to  recede 
from  tbe  surface,  as  an  eruption  ;  to  disappear. 

TV  strike  im  icitk  ;  to  conform  lo ;  to  suit  itself  to  ; 
to  join  with  at  once.  Soutk. 

To  strike  out :  to  wander ;  to  make  a  sudden  ex- 
cursion ;  as,  to  strike  oat  into  an  irregular  course  of 
life.  CoUier, 

TV  strike ;  among  vorkmem  in  nunM/acfortu,  in 
EmgUitd^  is  to  quit  work  in  a  body,  or  by  combina- 
ijon,  in  order  to  compel  iJicir  employers  lo  raise  their 
waees, 
STRIKE,  n.  An  instrument  with  a  straight  edge  for 
leveling  a  measure  of  grain,  salt,  and  Ibe  like,  for 
scraping  off  what  is  abuve  tbe  level  of  the  top. 

.^mericM. 

2.  Abasbel:  fonr  pecks.     [fj>caL]  Tusser. 

3.  A  measure  of  four  bushels  or  half  a  quarter. 
[lioe^A  Encffc. 

4.  Toe  act  of  combinin{>  and  demanding  higher 
wages  for  work.     [MotUm  Enfflisk.'^ 

5.  In  j^M^rtry,  the  direction  in  which  the  edge  of  a 
stntnm  ap|>ears  at  the  surface. 

Strike  uf  Jlai :  a  handAil  thai  may  be  hackled  at 

nnce.      [LoraL] 

STKIKtl'-BLOCK,   a.     [strike  and   black.]     A  plane 
shorter  than  a  jointer,  used  for  shooting  a  short  joinL 

Moj^n. 
STRIK'Ea,   a.      One   that   strikes,  or   ibat  which 
strikes. 
3-   In  Scripturfy  a  quarrelsome  man.     T***.  i- 
STRIK'I.N'G,  ppr.     Hitting  with  a  blow  ;    impressing; 
imprinting;    punishing;     lowering,  as  sails,  or  a 
mast,  &.C. 
a.  a.    Afffctmg  with  strong  emotions  ^  surprising; 


STR 

forcible  ;  impressive  ;  fts,  a  striking  representation  or 

image. 
3.  Strong  ;   exact ;   adapted  to  make  impression ; 

ns,  a  fttrikina  resemblance  of  features. 
STRIK'IX<^LV',  atir.     In  suih  a  manner  as  to  affbct 

or  surprise  ;  forcibly  ;  strongly  ;  impressively. 
STKIK'l.\a-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  affecting  or 

surprising. 
STRING,  n.     j^ax.  string;    D.  and  Dan.  strenp;  G. 

Strang;  also  Dan.  strikke;  G.  strick;  connected  with 

strongs   L.   stringo,   from  drawing,  stretching  ;    Ir. 

trang.  a  string  ;  srrattgaim,  to  draw.] 

1.  A  small  ropi<,  line,  ur  cord,  or  a  slender  strip  of 
leather  or  other  like  substance,  used  for  fastening  or 
tying  things. 

3.  A  ribbon. 

Round  Onnotid's  knoe  thou  lynt  thv  tnjratte  ttring.        Prior. 

3.  A  thread  on  which  any  thing  is  filed  ;  and 
bence,  a  line  of  thiugs ;  as,  a  string  of  shells  or 
beads.  Ji*ldison. 

4.  The  cord  of  a  musical  instrument,  as  of  a  harp- 
sichord, harp,  ur  violin ;  as,  an  instrument  of  ten 
strings.  Scripture. 

&  A  fiber,  as  of  a  plant 

DuctAT^cd  puttetb  fortb  a  Utile  ttrinf  into  tbe  water,  from  the 
buliom.  Bacon. 

6.  A  nerve  or  tendon  of  an  animal  body. 

The  ttring  of  hia  tongue  vu  loosed.  —  Marit  tO. 
[This  is  not  a  tecknicat  teord.l 

7.  The  line  or  cord  of  a  bow. 

H«  twanga  the  quircring  airing'.  Pope. 

8.  A  series  of  things  connected  or  following  in 
succession;  any  concatenation  of  things  ;  ^ByO.  string 
of  arguments  ;  a  sirinj^  v(  propositions. 

9.  In  skip-building,  the  highest  rungc  of  planks  in 
a  ship's  ceiling,  or  that  between  the  gunwale  and  the 
upper  edge  of  the  upper  deck  ports.        Mar.  DicL 

10.  The  tough  substance  that  unites  the  two  parts 
of  Ibe  pericarp  of  leguminous  plants  ;  as,  the  strings 
af  beuia. 

n.  Among  Cornish  niner.ty  tlio   name  of    small, 
filamentous  ramifications  of  a  metallic  vein.    Ure. 
To  have  tioo  strings  Ut  tke  bow ;  lu  have  two  expedi- 
ents for  executing  a  project  or  gaining  a  piirpo.se  ;    to 
have  a  double  advantage,  or  to  have  two  views.    [In 
tke  Utter  sense,  unuttuU.] 
STRING,  v.  Li  pret.  and  pp.  Strdhq.    To  furnish 
with  strings. 

Uaa  not  wiac  natuir  etnuif  the  lega  and  teH  t  Oa^. 

2.  To  put  in  tune  a  stringed  instrument. 

For  hen  the  Mum  »  oft  b«r  harp  has  strung,  AddUon, 

3.  To  file  ;  to  put  on  a  line ;  as,  to  string  beads  or 
pe^s.  Spectator. 

4  To  make  tense ;  to  strengthen. 

Toil  *itMf  the  nerv«  aitd  puriAed  tbe  bk»d.  Drydem. 

5.  To  deprive  of  strings  ;  as,  to  string  beans. 
STRI.VG'-BoARn,  n.     A  board  with  its  face  next  the 

well-hote,  in  a  wi>oden  staircase,  which  receives  tbe 
end  of  the  steps.  Brandt. 

STRI.NG'-COURSE,  n.  A  projecting,  horizontal 
band  or  line  of  moldings  in  a  buihiing. 

Gloss.  ofArchit 
STRING'f^,  a.     Having  strings ;  as,  a  stringed  in- 
strument. 
3.  Produced  by  strings  ;  as,  stringed  noise. 

Milton. 
STRIN'OEN'T,  a.    Binding  strongly;  nrgent. 
STRING'HALT,  it.      [rfrin^  and  hah.]      A  sudden 
twitching  of  the  hinder  leg  of  a  horse,  or  an  Invol- 
untary or  convulsive  motion  of  the  mtiscles  that  ex- 
tend or  bend  the  hough.  Far.  Diet, 

[This  word,  in  some  of  the  United  Stales,  ia  cor- 
rupted into  Springhalt.] 
STRING'l-NESS,  n.     The  state  of  being  Btringy. 
STRING'ING,  ppr.     Ftirnishing  with  strings  \  putting 
in  tune;  filing;  making  tense;  ilepriving  of  strings. 
STRING'LKSS,  a.     Having  no  strings. 

His  tongue  is  now  a  atringUMt  Loauninv^nL  Shak. 

STRIXG'-PI£CE,  n.     A  piece  of  limber  In  bridges. 

STRING' Y,  0.  Consisting  of  strings  or  small  threads; 
fibrotis  ;  filamentous  ;  as,  a  stringy  root.         Oreio, 

2.  Ropy  ;  viscid  ;  gluey  ;  thai  may  be  drawn  into 
a  thread. 

STRIP,  V.  t.  [G.  streifen,  to  strip,  to  fiay,  to  Ftripw  or 
streak,  to  graze  uptin,  to  swerve,  ramble,  or  stroll ; 
D.  streepen^  to  stripe,  to  reprimand  ;  Dan.  striher^  to 
stripe  or  streak,  and  stripper,  to  strip,  to  skin  or  flay, 
to  ramble  ;  Sax.  bestjypan.  Some  of  the  senses  of 
these  verbs  seem  to  be  derived  from  the  noun  stripe, 
which  is  probably  from  stripping.  Regularly,  this 
verb  should  be  referred  lo  the  root  of  rip,  L.  rapio." 

1.  To  pull  or  tear  off,  as  a  covering  ;  as,  to  strip 
the  skin  from  a  beast ;  lo  strip  the  bark  from  a  tree  ; 
to  strip  the  clothes  from  a  man's  back. 

2.  To  deprive  of  a  covering ;  lo  skin  ;  lo  peel ;  as, 
to  strip  a  beant  of  his  skin  ;  lo  strip  a  tree  of  its 
bark  ;  to  strip  a  man  of  his  clothes. 

3.  To  deprive  ;  to  bereave  ;  to  make  destitute  ; 
lo  strip  a  man  of  his  possessions. 

4.  To  divest;  as,  to  strip  one  of  his   rights  and 


STR 

privileges.     Lei  us  strip  this  subject  of  all  its  adven- 
titious glare. 

5.  To  rob  ;  to  plunder  ;  as,  robbers  i^rrp  a  house. 

6.  To  bereave  ;  to  deprive  ;  to  impoverish  ;  as,  a 
man  ittripped  of  his  fortune. 

7.  To  deprive  ;  to  make  bare  by  cutting,  grazing, 
or  other  means;  as,  cattle  atrip  tbe  ground  of  its 
herbage. 

8.  To  pull  off  husks  ;  to  husk  ;  as,  lo  strip  maize, 
or  the  ears  of  mal/.e.  Jimcrica. 

9.  To  press  out  the  last  milk  at  a  milking. 

IlalliwrU. 

10.  To  unrig  ;  as,  to  stri^  a  ship.  Locke. 

11.  To  pare  off  the  surface  of  land  in  slri|>8,  and 
turn  over  Ihe  strips  uiKin  the  adjoinitig  i<urface. 

To  .ttrip  off;  to  pull  or  take  off;  as,  to  strip  off  a. 
covering  ;  to  strip  offn  mask  or  disguise. 

2,  Tu  cast  off.     [JV«f  in  use,]  Shak. 

3.  To  separate  from  something  connected.  [JVot 
in  tute.] 

[We  may  observe  the  primary  sense  of  this  word 
is  to  peel  or  skin,  hence  to  pull  off  in  a  long,  narrow 
piece  ;  hence  stripe..'] 
STRIP,  n.     [G.  strey,  a  stripe,  a  streak;  D.  «ereep,  a 
stroke,  a  line,  a  stripe  ;  Dan.  strihe.] 

1.  A  narrow  piece,  comparatively  long  ;  as,  a  strip 
of  cloth. 

2.  Waste,  I'ji  a  le^al  spttxe  ;  destruction  of  fences, 
buildings,  timber,  &.c     [Norm.  Cistrippe.] 

Ma.isachusctts. 
STRIPE,  n.   [See  Strip.    It  is  probable  that  this  word 
is  taken  from  stripping.] 

1.  A  line,  or  long,  narrow  division  of  any  thing,  of 
a  different  color  from  the  ground  ;  as,  a  stripe  of  red 
on  a  green  ground  ;  hence,  any  linear  variation  of 
color.  Baron. 

2.  A  strip,  or  long,  narrow  piece  attached  to  some- 
thing of  a  different  color;  as,  a  long  stripe  sewed 
upon  a  garment, 

3.  The  wale,  or  long,  narrow  mark  discolored  by  a 
lash  or  rod. 

4.  A  stroke  made  with  a  lash,  whip,  rod,  strap,  or 
scourge. 

Forty  itripei  mny  he  giwc  hitn,  and  not  exwod.  —  Deut.  xxt. 

[A  blow  with  a  club  is  not  a  stripr.] 

5.  Atltiction ;  punishment;  sufferings. 

By  hi*  tlripe*  we  are  h'^aled.  —  la.  liii. 
STRIPE,  r.  t.     To  make  stripes  ;  to  form  with  lines  of 
different  colore* ;  to  variegate  with  ptrlpea 
2.  To  strike;  to  lash.     [Little  tised.] 
STRIP' KD,  (slripl,)  pp.    Formed  with  lines  of  dlfffer- 
ent  Colors. 
2.  a.     Having  stripes  of  different  colors. 
STRTP'ING,  ppr.     Forming  with  str![>c8. 
STRIP'LING,  n.     [from  strip,.itripe;  primarily, a  tall, 
slender  youth,  one  that  shoots  «p  suddenly.] 
•  A  youth  in  the  state  of  adolescence,  or  just  pass- 
ing from  boyhood  to  manhood  ;  a  lad. 

And  the  king  aald,  Inquire  thou  whoae  aon  tlic  stripling  li.  —  1 
Sam.  XviiL 

STRIP'P£D,  (rtript,)  pp.  Pulled  or  torn  off;  peeled  ; 
skinned  ;  deprived  :  divested  ;  made  naked  ;  Im- 
poverished ;  husked,  as  maize. 

STRIP'PER,  n.     One  that  strips. 

STRIP'PING,  ppr.  Pulling  off;  peeling;  skinning; 
flaying;  depriving;  divesting;  husking. 

STRIP'PINGe,  n.  pi.  The  last  milk  drawn  from  a 
cow  at  a  milking.     JlalliweU.     [yarinu.-*  dialects.] 

JVeiD  Enirland. 

STRIVE,  r.  t. ;  pret.  Steove  ;  pp.  Stbi  vErf.  [G.  stre- 
ben  i  D.  streeven  ;  Sw.  strdfra;  Dan,  strcebcr;  formed 
pL-rhaps  on  the  Heb.  3ii.  This  word  coincides  in  el- 
eincnU  with  drive,  and  the  primary  seniie  is  nearly 
the  same.     See  Rival.] 

1.  To  make  efforts  ;  to  use  exertions  ;  to  endeavor 
with  earnestness  ;  lo  labor  hard  ;  applicable  to  exer- 
tions of  body  or  mind.  A  workman  strines  to  per- 
form his  task  before  another;  a  student  strives  to 
excel  his  fellows  in  improvement. 

Wat  it  for  thia  that  ht»  nmbllion  tlrove 

To  etju^l  Ceaar  finrt,  and  nftpr  Jove?  Coieley, 

Slrive  with  mc  in  your  priy«r«  to  God  for  me.  —  Rom.  x*. 
Strive  to  f  nier  in  at  tlie  atniH  gale.  —  Ijuke  xiii. 

2.  To  contend  ;  to  contest;  to  struggle  in  opposi- 
tion to  another  ;  to  be  in  contention  or  dispute  ;  fol- 
lowed hy  against  or  with  before  the  perstm  or  thing 
opposed  ;  as,  strive  against  temptation  ;  strive  for  the 
truth. 

My  apirit  ahall  not  Klwnya  rtriee  with  m&n.  — Gen.  vl. 

3.  To  oppose  by  contrariety  of  qualities. 
Now  privitie  pity  strove  with  puljlic  hate, 

R'.aaun  with  ntgo,  and  •^logiience  witti  fate.  Derham. 

4.  To  vie ;  to  be  comparable  to ;  to  emulate ;  to 
contend  in  excellence. 

Not  that  tweet  profe 
Of  Daphne  hy  Oronfa,  and  the  itiapired 
CaaUtlian  apring,  mi^l  witb  thia  puuUiae 
Of  Edr;n  alrioe.  Miiton. 

STRIV'ER,  n.  One  that  strives  or  contends ;  one 
who  makes  efforts  of  body  or  mind. 

STRIVING, ppr.  Making  efforts;  exerting  the  pow- 
ers of  body  or  mind  with  earnestness  ;  contending. 


I, 


FaTE,  far,  r.\\A^  WHAT.  — METE,  PREV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BQOK.- 


STR 

STRIVING,  n.    The  act  of  making  efforts }  contest 
coDtenUon. 

Avoid  footiah  quntions,  nnd  gmealo^n,  mod  cor.tentk^tu,  utd 
ttrisinft  about  the  Uw.  —  TiL  u.. 

STRIVING-LY,  adv.  WHh  earnest  efforts;  with 
Btnipgles. 

STRIX,  n.  [L.,  an  owl.]  A  channel  in  a  fluted  col- 
umn or  pillar. 

STROAM,  r.  t.    To  wander  about  idly  and  vacantly, 

STROB'IL,  n,     [L.  ttrobUus.] 

In  botany^  an  ament,  the   carpels  of  which  are 
scale-like,  and  spread  open  and   boar  naked  seeds 
sometimes  the  scaler  are  thin,  with  little  cohesion  , 
but  they  are  often  woody,  and  cohere  into  a  single 
tuberculated  mass.    Example,  the  fruit  of  the  pines. 

Lindlev, 

STRO-BIL'I-FORM,  a.     [L.  strobUtu  and /or/ua,"su 
pra.] 
Shaped  like  a  strobil. 

STRO'€AL, )  n.     An  instrument  used  by  glass-makers 

STRO'KAL, )  to  empty  the  metal  from  one  pot  to 
another.  Encyc. 

STROKE,),      a  r--.t     t 

STR9QK;  i  ^'^^  Struck.     [  Obs.] 

stroke'  n.  [from  strike.]  A  blow  ;  the  striking  of 
one  body  ngainst  another ;  applicable  to  a  club  or  to 
any  heavy  body,  or  to  a  rod,  whip,  or  lajik.  A  piece  of 
timber  falling  may  kill  a  man  by  its  stroke  i  a  man, 
when  whipped,  can  hardly  fail  to  flinch  or  wince  at 
every  stroke 

The  oare  were  •il»er, 
Which  to  the  dine  of  lluius  kept  ttroka.  Stutk, 

3.  A  hostile  blow  or  attack. 

He  enlPTed  and  woo  tbe  whole  kingdom  of  Niiple*  without 
•tiiJdiig  a  itmke.  Bacori. 

3.  A  sudden  attack  of  disease  or  affliction  ;  calam- 
ity. 

At  this  one  rtroks  the  man  looked  dead  in  law.  JIarU. 

4.  Fatal  attick  ;  as,  the  stroke  of  death. 

5.  The  souod  of  the  clock. 

What  ia't  o'clock  f 
Upon  the  itroJce  of  four.  Shai. 

6.  The  touch  of  a  pencil. 

0,  InMinff  as  thoae  colon  may  tbe^  ahine, 

Free  aa  uij  tlrokt,  jpl  faulikn  a«  thy  line.  Pope. 

SodM  pnxu  of  m;  work  bare  beea  tvighteneil  bjr  the  itroxes  of 
yoiiz  lordship's  pencil.  MUdUtan. 

7.  A  touch;   a  masterly  effort;  as,  the  boldest 
brakes  of  poetry.  Drydcn, 

He  will  gire  ooe  of  the  finishing  ttrokei  to  iL  AtUiuon. 

8.  An  effort  suddenly  or  unexpectedly  produced. 

9.  Power  ;  efficacy. 

He  baa  a  gr-at  stroke  with  lh«  reader,  when  he  condemns  any 
of  my  poems,  to  muke  Uie  world  bafc  a  beititr  ophiion  of 
Ihem.  DrydtH. 

[Ibetiece  this  sense  is  obsoleie.'] 

10.  Series  of  operations ;  as,  lo  carry  on  a  great 
stroke  in  business.     [A  common  lue  of  the  teard.] 

1 1.  A  dash  in  writing  or  printing ;  a  line ;  a  touch 
of  the  pen  ;  as,  a  \\z\T-8troke. 

12.  In  seameH*3  laitfruase^  the  sweep  of  an  oar  in 
roxving ;  as,  to  row  with  a  long  stroke. 

STROKE,  o.  (.  [Sax.  stracan  ;  Sw.  stryka;  Riisa.  stro- 
gayujAtrufrayu,  lo  plane.    See  SmiKE  and  Stbict.] 

1.  To  rub  gently  with  the  hand,  by  way  of  express- 
ing kindness  or  tenderness  ;  to  soothe. 


He  drie>l  the  falling  drops,  and,  ;rl  more  kind. 
He  Uroied  her  ch«rki. 


Dryiitn, 

Oay. 


2.  To  rub  gently  In  one  direction. 

3.  To  make  smooth. 
STROK'ED,  (strokt,)  pp.     Rubbed   gently  with  the 

hand. 

STROK'ER,  n.  One  who  strokes  ;  one  who  pretends 
to  cure  by  stroking. 

STROKES'MAN,  n.  In  roici/i^,  the  man  who  rows 
the  altmost  oar,  and  whose  stroke  is  to  be  fallowed 
by  the  rest.  Tulten. 

STROK'ING,  ppr.     Rubbing  gently  with  the  hand. 

STROLL,  r.  i.     [Formed  probably  on  troil^  roll.] 

To  rove ;  to  wander  on  foot ;  to  ramble  idly  or  leis- 
urely. 

Thcae  mothen  ttroU  to  beg  sustenance  for  theii  helpksa  infants. 

S>e\fU 

STROLL,  n.  A  wandering  on  f^ot;  a  walking  idly 
and  leisurely. 

SI'ROLL'ER,  H.  One  who  strolls  ;  a  vagatw^nd  ;  a 
vagrant.  i^wifl. 

STKOLL'IXO,  ppr.     Roving  idly  ;  rambling  on  iiA>i. 

STKO-MAT'ie,  a,     [Gr.  orptuM-i.] 

MiscelJHneous  ;  composed  of  differenl  kinds. 

STRO.M'BITE,  n,  A  petrified  shell,  of  the  genus 
HtnimbiiJi.     [pb"-]  Jameson. 

STROM-BU'IH-FORM,  a.  In  ffcoheif,  formed  lihe  a 
top, 

STROM'ntTS,  n.  [L.]  A  genus  of  marine  gastropo- 
tiuttf*  molluska,  having  Uie  external  border  or  lip  dila- 
U'd  into  a  wing.  Cuvier. 

STROM 'EV-ER-rTE,  n.     [from  M.  Stnmeyer.] 

A  iiteelgray  ore  of  silver,  consisting  of  sulphur,  sil- 
ver, and  copper.  Dana. 

6TROND,  n.  The  bearh.  [Aoi  much  used.]  [See 
Stkand.] 


STR 

STROXG,  a.  [Sax.  strong,  strong,  or  strcng ;  from  the 
latter  is  formed  strength;  G.  strenge ;  D.  and  Dan. 
streng ;  Sw.  strdng,  strict,  severe,  rigid.  As  n  is  cas- 
ual in  this  word,  the  original  orthography  was  strag, 
streg,  or  strog,  coinciding  with  tt.  strictus,  stringo. 
The  sense  of  the  radical  word  is,  to  stretch,  stram, 
draw,  and  probably  from  the  root  of  stretch  and  reach. 
We  observe  in  all  the  kindred  dialects  on  the  con- 
tinent the  sense  of  the  word  is  somewhat  different 
from  that  of  the  English.  The  Russ.  strogei,  strict, 
rigid,  severe,  retains  the  original  orthography  with- 
out N.] 

1.  Having  physical  active  power,  or  great  physical 
power;  having  the  power  of  exerting  great  bodily 
force  ;  vigorous.  A  patient  is  recovering  from  sick- 
ness, but  is  uut  yet  strong  enough  to  walk.  A  strong 
man  will  lift  twice  his  own  weight. 

Thm  oiir  oxen  may  be  tjron^  to  labor.  —  Pi.  cxiir. 

Orw-s  tlie  tlroit-s  lo  greaU-T  itretigih  must  yield.  Drydtn. 

2.  Havuig  physical  passive  power ;  having  ability 
to  bear  or  endure;  firm;  solid;  as,  a  constitution 
strong  enough  to  bear  the  fatigues  of  a  campaign. 

3.  Well  fortified;  able  to  sustain  attacks;  not 
easily  subdued  or  taken  ;  as,  a  strong  fortress  or 
town. 

4.  Having  great  military  or  naval  force  ;  powerful ; 
ns,  a  strong  army  or  fleet ;  a  strong  nation  ;  a  nation 
strong  at  sea. 

5.  Having  great  wealth,  means,  or  resources  ;  as, 
a  strong  house  or  company  of  merchants. 

G.  Ahjving  with  rapidity  ;  violent ;  forcible  ;  impet- 
uous ;  as,  a  strong  current  of  water  or  wind  ;  the 
wind  was 5(ro«^ from  the  north-east;  we  hada^ifroH^ 
tide  against  us. 

7.  Hale;  sound;  robust;  as,  a  iiron^  constitution. 

e.  Powerful ;  forcible  ;  cogent :  adapted  to  make  a 
deep  or  effectual  impression  on  the  mind  or  imagina- 
tion ;  as,  a  strong  argument ;  strong  reasons  ;  strong 
evidence ;  a  strong  example  or  instance.  He  used 
strong  language. 

9.  .\rdeut ;  eager  ;  zealous ;  earnestly  engaged  i  as, 
a  strong  {lartisan  ;  a  strong  whig  or  tory. 

ller  mother,  crer  ftmng  ngainst  that  match.  Shak. 

10.  Having  virtues  of  great  efficacy  ;  or  having  a 
particular  quality  in  a  great  degree ;  as,  a  strong 
powder  or  tincture ;  a  strong  decoction  ;  strong  tea ; 
strong  coffee. 

11.  Full  of  spirit;  intoxicating;  as,  strong  liquors. 

12.  Affecting  the  sight  forcibly  ;  as,  strong  colors. 

13.  Affecting  the  taste  forcibly  ;  as,  the  strong  fla- 
vor of  onions. 

H.  Affecting  the  smell  powerfully ;  as,  a  strong 
Bcent. 

1&.  Not  of  easy  digestion ;  solid ;  as,  strong  meat. 
Jieb.  V. 

16.  Well  established  ;  firm  ;  not  easily  overthrown 
or  altered  ;  as,  a  custom  grown  strong  by  time. 

17.  Violent;  vehement;  earnest. 

Who,  in  the  days  of  his  flfsh,  when  he  offered  up  prayers  with 
atrong  crying  and  U-iirs.  —  Htb.  v. 

16.  Able  ;  furnished  with  abilities. 

I  was  ttrongtr  In  prophecy  than  in  criticism.        Dryden. 

19.  Having  great  force  of  mind,  of  intellect,  or  of 
any  faculty  ;  ns,  a  man  o^ strong  powers  of  mind  ;  a 
man  of  a  strong  mind  or  intellect ;  a  man  of  strong 
memory,  Judgment,  or  imnginiilion. 

20.  Having  great  force ;  comprising  much  in  few 
words. 


IJke  her  sweet  roice  is  thy  harmonioiu  song, 
As  high,  as  sweet,  as  enay,  atKi  as  ttrong. 


Smith. 


Ql.  Bright;  glaring;  vivid;  as,  a  «fro)i^  light. 
22.  Powerful  lo  the  extent  of  force  nanted  ;  as,  an 
army  t>-n  Ihousiind  strong. 
STRONG'-COL  OR-f:U,  a.     Having  strong  colors. 
HTI{0\"GKK,  (winuig'gtK,)  a.  {  eomp.  of  Sthoho.  Hav- 
ing Mion:  Kircngtti. 
STRO.N'GEST,  (strong'gest,)  fl.;  auperl  of  Stro  wo. 

Having  iiit^t  strength. 
STRO.\(;'-FIS'l-EIJ,  0.    [strong  and  fist]    Having  a 

iitrong  hand  ;  muttcular.  Arbuthaot, 

STRONG'-HANU,  n.     {strong  and  hand,]     Violence  ; 
furce  ;  power. 

It  was  their  meaning  lo  tnk«  what  they  needed  by  wtrong-hand. 

Jialtgh. 


l^'tit  proprrht  a  e.mnpound  vord.] 
iTRO.\(;'-HA.\l>-EI>,  o.      Ha 


STRO.\(;'-Ha.\I>-EI>,  o.  Having  strong  hands,  or 
havine  miinv  hands,  fttr  the  execution  of  a  work. 

STRUNG'HOLD,  n.  [strong  nnd  hold.]  A  fatttness  ; 
a  fort  ;  a  fortified  place  ;  a  place  of  security. 

STRONG'LV,  adv.  With  strength  ;  with  great  force 
or  power  ;  furcilily  ;  a  tnord  nf  txlensicr  application. 

2.  Firmly  ;  in  a  manner  to  rtjuist  attack  ;  as,  a  town 
Btronely  fortified. 

3.  Vehemently;  forcibly;  eagerly.  The  evils  of 
this  measure  were  strongly  represented  to  the  gov- 
ernment. 

STRU.NG'-MTND-ED,  a.     Having  a  vigorous  mind. 

Scott, 
STRONG'-^ET,  a.     [strong  and  stL]     Firmly  set  or 

rompiici'd.  Sw\p.. 

STRONG'-VOIC.£D,  (strong 'voist,)  a.     Having  great 

strength  of  voice.  ScotL 


STR 

STRO.\G'-WA-TER,  n.  [strong  and  icater,]  Dis- 
tilled or  ardent  spirits.     [Ao(  in  iise.]  Bacon, 

STRON'TIAN,  (  H.     [from  Strontian,  in  Argyleahire, 

STRON'TIA,     i      where  it  was  first  found.] 

An  earth  which,  when  pure  and  dry,  is  perfectly 
while,  and  resembles  baryta  in  many  cf  its  proper- 
ties. It  ia  a  comptiund  of  oxygen  and  a  base  to 
which  is  given  the  name  of  strojitium,  in  the  propor- 
tion of  8  of  ihe  former  to  44  of  the  latter.       Davv. 

STRON'TIAN,    i         »  ^  ■  .      .       . 

STRON-TIT'ie  1  "*     ""^^"""g  to  strontian. 

STRON'TIAN-rTE,  n.  Carbonate  of  strontian,  a 
mineral  that  occurs  massive,  fibrous,  stellated,  and 
crystallized  in  the  form  of  a  modified  rhombic  prism. 

Phillips. 
Prismatic  baryte,  a  species  of  heavy  spar.     Ure, 

STROiN-TI'TKS,  n.    Strontium,  which  see. 

STRON'TIUM,  71.    The  base  of  strontian.       Davy. 

STROOK,  for  Stbuck.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

STROP,  n.  A  strap.  [See  Strap  ]  This  orthography 
is  particularly  used  for  a  strip  of  leather  used  for 
Bhar|)ening  razors,  and  giving  them  a  fine,  smooth 
edge  ;  a  razor-strop.     But  Stbap  is  preferable. 

2.  [Sp.  esirovo.]  A  piece  of  rojxi  spliced  into  a 
circular  wreath,  and  put  round  a  block  for  hanging 
it-  Mar.  Diet. 

STROP.  V.  U  To  draw  over  a  strop  with  a  view  to 
sharpen.  Qardnrr. 

STRO'PHE,  Ti.  [Fr.  strophe:  II.  strofa^  stro/c ;  Gr. 
aTf}i>ipr},  a  turn,  from  arpiifK,},  to  turn.] 

In  the  ancient  theater,  that  part  of  a  song  or  dance 
around  the  altar  which  was  performed  by  turning 
from  the  right  to  the  lefl.  It  was  succeeded  by  the 
antistrophe,  in  a  contrary  direction,  ilence,  in  an- 
cient lyric  poetry,  the  former  of  IwcAtanzaa  was 
called  the  strophe,  and  the  latter  the  antistrophe.  To 
these  an  epode  was  sometimes  added. 

STRo'PHI-O-LATE,       )   «.      [L.  stropkium,   a    gar- 

STROTHI-0-LA-TED,   \       land.] 

Furnished  with  a  garland,  or  that  which  resembles 
a  garland.  Smith. 

STROUT,  T,  i.  (For  Strut.]  To  swell ;  to  puff  out. 
rjVV)f  m  use.]  Bacon, 

STROVE,  pret.  of  Stritb. 

STRoW  is  only  a  different  orthography  of  Strrw. 
rSee  Strew.] 

SI  ROWL,  f<»r  Stboix,  is  not  in  use.     [See  Stroll.] 

STROY,  for  Destrot,  is  not  in  use.     [See  DEsTRor.] 

STRUCK,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Strike,     [^ee  Sibike.1 

STRU€K'£N,  the  old  pp.  of  Strike,  is  ohsolele. 

STRUe'TlTR-AL,  (suukt'yur-a!,)  a.  Pertaining  to 
structure.  Marshall  Hall. 

STRUe'Tl^RE,  (strukt'yur,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  structura, 
from  struo,  (for  strugOy)  to  set  or  lay  ;  It.  struttura.] 

1.  Act  of  building  ;  practice  of  erecting  buildings. 

ilia  son  huilila  on,  nnd  never  is  content 
Till  tlie  liiat  liirttuDg  is  in  tlruclure  anient.  Drydtn, 

[linrely  ustd.\ 

2.  Manner  of  building;  form;  make;  construc- 
tion ;  as,  the  want  of  insight  into  the  structure  and 
constitution  of  the  terraqueous  globe.      Woodward. 

3.  Manner  of  organization  of  animals  and  vegeta- 
bles, &.C. 

4.  A  building  of  any  kind,  but  chiefly  a  building 
of  si^e  size  or  of  magnificence  ;  an  edifice.  The 
iron  bridge  over  the  Seine,  in  Paris,  is  a  beautiful 
structure. 

Th^re  stnn'ls  a  Mtruclure  of  majestic  fmme.  Pope, 

5.  In  mineralogy,  the  particular  arrangement  of  the 
integrant  particles  or  molecules  of  a  mineral. 

Brongniart. 
STRPDE   ) 
^'TRODE*  [  "*     ^  8**^1^  of  breeding  marcs.     Bailey. 

STRUG'GLE,  (strug'gl,)  v.  i.  [This  word  may  be 
formed  on  the  n,»ot  of  stretch,  rights  Sec,  which  sig- 
nifies to  strain  ;  or  more  directly  on  the  same  el- 
ements in  L.  ruga,  to  wrinkle,  and  Eu^.  wriggle.  In 
W.  ystreiglaw  is  to  turn.] 

1.  Properly,  to  strive,  or  to  make  efforts  with  a 
twisting,  or  with  contortions  of  the  body.     Hence, 

2.  To  use  great  efforts  ;  to  labor  hard  ;  to  strive  ; 
to  contend  ;  as,  to  struggle  to  save  life  .  to  struggle 
with  the  waves;  to  struggle  against  the  stream;  to 
struggle  with  adversity. 

3.  To  labor  in  pain  or  anguish  ;  to  be  in  agony  ;  to 
labor  in  any  kind  of  difliculty  or  distress. 

Tis  wiailom  lo  beware, 
And  britt^r  shttn  the  bait  ttutn  Mlruggte  in  Uie  snare.     Dryden, 

STRUG'GLE,  n.     Great   labor ;    fi)rcible  effort  to  ob 
tain  an  object,  or  to  avoid  an  evil ;  properly^  a  vio 
lent  effort  with  contortitms  of  the  body. 
2.  Contest ;  contention  ;   strife. 

Au  honest  man  might  look  upon  tlie  itniggtt  with  indiHerence. 

A'iititon. ' 

X  Agony;  contortions  of  extreme  dislress. 
STRUtJ'GLER,  m.    One  who  struggles,  strives,  or  con 

tcnils. 
STRIJG'GLING,    ppr.   or  «.     Making   great   efforts; 

using  violent  exertions  ;  nff(?cted  with  cttnlortions. 
STRUG'GLING,  71.     The  act  of  striving  ;  vehement 

or  eiirnest  effort. 
STRO'MA,  n.     [L.]     Scrofula  ;  the  king's  evil ;  aspe- 

cific,  morbid   condition,  considered   by  many  as  a 


TONE.  BBLL,  tJNITB.-AN"GER,  Vl"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  6  »■  J ;  B  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


STU 

pnculiar  •««  of  in  flam  mat  ton,  niunifested,  in  very 
many  cases,  by  an  indolent  t-nlargcnient,  which  some- 
times iiippitnite^^,  but  slowly  and  imperfecUy^  and 
htals  with  ditticutty. 

STRO'MOL'S,  o.    Scroflilous  ;  having  struma. 

STRUM'PET,  M.     [Ir,  *triA™/,  striopuch.] 
A  prostitute. 

STRUM'PKT,  a.     Like  n  stnimpfl :  false  ;  inconstant. 

Shot. 

STRCM'PET,  0.  t     To  debauch.  Skmk. 

STRUNG,  jwtL  of  Stri:«o. 

STRUT,  V.  i.     [G.  strotien ;  Dan.  ,*■«?(«■.] 

1.  To  walk  with  a  lofty,  proud  gait  anil  erect  bead  ; 
to  w^alk  with  affttcted  dicnity. 

DoM  he  uU  hokl  U|)  hia  bejul  utd  atrul  in  fais  (ok  I         Shak. 

Q.  To  swell  i  to  protuberate. 

The  tHMu  oavM  atntO^  wkh  Ukc  nle.  Drudt*. 

[Sot  UMd,\ 

STRUT,  ».    A  tony,  proud  Btep  or  walk  with  the  bead 
erect;  alfectation  of  dignity  in  walking. 

2.  In  arcJattttwrtytk  piece  of  timber  ubliqiiely  placed 
from  a  king  or  queen  poet  to  suppurt  a  ral^t-r,  some- 
times called  a  Brace.  Brandt, 

STRC'THI-OUS.  a.    [L.  ttrutkia.]    Portainmg  to  or 
like  the  tistrich  ;  belonging  lo  the  ostrich  tribe. 

STRUT'TER,  a.     One  who  struts.  Swift 

STRUT'TLNG,  ppr.     Walking  with  a  lofty  gait  and 
erect  bead. 

STRUT'TiXG,  a.    The  act  of  walking  with  a  proud 
rait. 

STRUT'TIXG-LY,  adc.    With  a  proud,  lofty  step ; 
bnastingly. 

STRVeH'NI-A,     )  m.       [Gr.   irTov\voi,   an    ancient 

STRYeH'NI-NA,S      Greek  name  for  several  pliuiu, 

STRYeH'XI.N'E,  )  most  of  which  wen-  narciHiC!*. 
A  vegetable  alkaluid,  the  sole  active  principle 
of  Str>'chno8  Tieuti,  the  most  active  of  tlie  Java 
[Alison:),  and  one  of  the  active  principles  of 
Strycbnos  Ignatii,  Str.  Nuz-vomica,  Str.  Colubrina. 
etc  This  alkaloid  has  an  intensely  bitter  tastr,  leav- 
ing an  impression  in  the  mouth  simitar  to  that  from 
certain  metallic  salts.  It  is  a  moet  valuable  medi 
cine,  much  used  at  the  preaent  day. 

STUB,  n.  rSax.  Ma  t  Dan.  sCuA  f  6w.  tttMe,  ■  stock 
or  stem  ;  L.  stiyu :  from  setting,  fixing.  Bee  Stop.] 
1.  The  stamp  of  a  tree  ;  that  part  of  the  stem  of  a 
tree  which  remains  fixed  in  the  earth  when  the  tree 
i»  cut  down.  [Stmby  in  the  United  States,  I  believe, 
b  never  used  for  the  seaaip  <^  a  berbaceotis  plant.} 
a.  A  loc ',  a  block.    [AM  ia  use}  Jm^ni: 

STUB,  «.  I.    To  grab  np  by  the  rooCs ;  to  extirpate  ; 
as,  Co  Jtei  op  edible  rooU.  Ortw. 

S.  To  strike  tba  toes  Kg^>>'*  *  stump,  stone,  or  oth- 
er fixed  object.  /iho  Bmgiand. 

STtTB'BED,  a.    Short  and  thick  like  something  trun- 
cated ;  blunt ;  obtuse.     [8w.  ntuMig.] 

3.  M.irdy  ;  not  nice  or  delicate.  Serkelev. 
STUB'BED-NEAS,  a.     Bluntneas;  obtuseness. 
STUB'BING,  fpr.    Grubbing  up  bj  the  nxila ;  extir- 

poiing. 
STUB'BLE,  (stub'bl,)  a.    [D.  and   G.  slapptt;  8w. 
stH^i  :  Im.  jCfpM/o.     It  is  a  diminutive  of  stt^.] 

The  stumps  of  wheat,  r>'e.  barley,  oau,  or  buck- 
wheat, left  in  the  grouDd  ;  the  part  of  the  sdtlk  left 
by  the  scythe  or  sickle. 

After  the  fim  crop  \teS,thfy  plov  In  the  ttuUU.    Mortmtr. 

STCB'BLE-GOOSE.a.     [stubble  zad  ffoose.l  A  goose 

fed  among  stubble.  Chaucer. 

STUB'BLE-RAKE,  n.      A  rake  with  long  teeth  for 

rnkmg  tosether  stubble. 
STUB'BORN,  a.     [This  word  is  doubtless  formed  on 

the  ro»«  o(  stub  or  st\f,  and   denotes   fixed,   firm. 

Chaucer  wrii^a  it  stibbomef  e038.    But  the  origin  of 

the  tatter  s}'nable  is  not  obvious.] 
I.  Unreasonably    obstinate;    inflexibly    fixed    in 

opinion  ;  not  to  be  moved  or  persuaded  by  reasons ; 

iofiexible;    as,  a  Mubb«rm  son  j  ■  M^bbom  mind  or 

aiKiI. 

Thf  qnera  ti  otMdnate  — 

SbMarm  to  joKke.  ftet. 

9.  Persevering;  persisting;  steady ;  constant;  as, 
sfjtUtfm  attention.  Lociu, 

3.  Stiff;  not  flexible  ;  as,  a  Mubborn  bow. 

CkapmoM. 

T&ke  ft-pUm  af  vtwUont  (uk.  .     Drydtn. 

4.  Hardy  ;  firm  ;  enduring  without  complaint ;  as, 
M»bborm  Stoics.  Swift 

5.  Harsh  ;  rough  ;  rugged.     [UttU  used.'] 

6.  Refractory  ;  not  easily  melted  or  worked  ;  as,  a 
ttuhbarH  ore  or  metal. 

7.  Refractory-  ;  obstinately  resisting  command,  the 
gnad,  or  the  whip  ;  aa,  a  jImMots  ass  or  horse. 

STUB'BOR\-LY,  adv.    Obstinately  i  inflexibty  j  con- 

Tiimaciouslv. 
STUB'B0RX-\E?3,  «.     Perverse   and   unreasonable 

obstinat  y  \  inflexibility  ;  contumacy. 

AMAtonmcM  ud  etMitMte  dinlKdinne  mm.  be  nudemd  with 
falowm.  -     - 


5*.  Stiffness  ;  want  of  pliancy. 
3.  Refractoriness,  as  of  ores. 
STUB'BV,  (I.     [(torn  stub.)     Abounding  with  stubs. 


STU 

S.  Short  and  thick  ;  short  and  strong ;  as,  stubby 
bristles.  Orew. 

STUB'-NAIL,  K.  {stub  and  nail]  A  nail  broken  off; 
a  short,  thick  nail, 

STUe'CO,  n.  [IL  id.:  Fr.  stucj  Sp.  estuco;  allied 
probably  to  «ti»,  stuck.'] 

I.  A  general  name  for  plaster  of  nny  kind  used  as 
a  coating  for  watt^  ;  particularly^  a  line  plaster,  com- 
posed of  lime  or  g>-)ktuni,  witli  sand  and  pounded 
marble,  used  fur  internal  decorations,  Slc. 
a.  Work  made  of  stucco. 

STUe'eo,  r.  U  To  plaster;  to  overlay  with  fine 
plaster. 

STU€'efl-KD,(-k6de.)pp.  or  a.    Overlaid  with  stucco. 

STU€'€0-EH,  n.     One  versed  in  stucco  W(irk. 

STUeeU-LXG,  ppr.     Plastering  with  stucco. 

STUCK,  prH.  and  pp.  of  Stick. 

Stu€k  o'er  with  UUm,  and  hang  round  wiUi  ■Iriiifs.        Pope. 

STUCK,  n,     A  thrust.     [.Vot  in  use.]  Shak. 

STUCK'LE,  (stuk'l.)  B.  [frnm  sto,<k.]  A  number  of 
Bhea%'e9  set  together  in  llie  field.  [Sc^UwA.]  [JVot  in 
H.te  ta  the  L^nited  States.] 

STUIJ,  n.  [Sax.  rtorf,  stiida;  Ice.  stod;  D.  stut;  Sw. 
stiid;  G.  stxitze,  a  stay  or  prop  ;  sHitzm,  to  butt  at,  to 
gore  ;  Dan.  stUdrr^  to  push,  to  thrust,  G.  ^f^^jfen.  The 
sense  of  the  root  is,  to  set,  to  thrust.  It  coincides 
with  stead,  place,  Ir.  stadam,  to  stay  or  stand,  stid^  a 
pn.p.l 

1.  In  huddintr,  a  small  piece  of  timber  or  Jitist  in- 
serted in  the  sills  and  beams,  between  the  posts,  lo 
support  the  beauts  orutlier  m:iin  timbers.  The  boards 
on  the  outside,  and  tliu  laths  on  the  inside,  ofabuild- 
ing,  are  atsu  nailed  to  the  studs. 

*i  A    nail   with   a  large   Iiead,   inserted  in  work 
chiefly  for  ornament ;  an  ornamental  knob 
A  Ml  iif  Mraw,  and  ivy  huds, 

Willi  Coral  cli»i»  and  biiiIi*t  ftudt.  Baiegh. 

CriitUi  aitd  tnyrrliiira  c>i[«,  iruiUiucd  wiih  grina 
Aim]  mtttds  ut  pcnrt.  MiUon, 

3.  A  collection  of  breeding  horses  and  mares ;  or 
the  place  where  tliey  are  kept. 

In  the  §tiut*  iJ"  IrrrUnd,  when?  cure  ii  LiVen,  we  •«  hotw«  bred 
of  rxcrlknt  •hnf^,  vi[(or,  and  firv.  TempU. 

4.  An  ornamental  button  for  a  shirt  bosom,  Slc 
STUD,  r.  L    To  adorn  with  shining  studs  or  knobs. 

Their  honr*  shikll  be  trtpped, 
Their  hanicei  M^Msi  mXL  wUfa  gold  uid  jieart.  Shak. 

3.  To  set  with  detached  ornaments  or  prominent 
objects. 
STUD'DED,  pp.    Adorned  with  studs. 

2.  Set  with  detached  ornaments. 

l*be  etopinr  Mr*  •nA  aummiti  of  our  biUa,  and  the  ezlenairo 
liaint  UMl  einlch  befon  our  *iew.  an  tludHed  wUh  aub-  , 
fi>ti«l,  neat,  »nd  eommodiota  dwdlinp  e(  frrwmpn, 

Bp.Ht)barL 

STITD'DING,  ppr.  Setting  or  adorning  with  studs  or 
shining  knobs. 

STUD'DI.NG-^AIL,  a.  In  navigation^  a  sail  that  is 
art  beyond  the  skirts  of  the  principal  sails.  The 
studding-sails  are  set  only  when  the  wind  is  mod- 
ente  and  steady.  They  appear  like  wings  upon  the 
yard-arms.  Mar.  Diet.     ToUrn. 

STO'DE.N'T,  a.     [V.  studena,  stu^teo.     See  Studv.] 

1.  A  person  encaged  in  study  ;  one  who  is  devo- 
ted to  learning,  eitiier  In  a  seminary  or  in  private  ; 
a  scholar  ;  ax,  the  students  of  an  academy,  of  a  col- 
lege or  university  ;  a  medical  studeTtt ;  a  law  student. 

2.  A  man  devoted  to  books  ;  a  bookish  man  ;  as,  a 
hard  student ;  a  close  student, 

Ke«p  M.  eiiaestet  from  dice,  &ad  r  good  ttudtnt  from  hi*  bookB. 

Shak. 

3.  One  who  studies  or  examines;  as,  a  student  of 
nature's  works. 

STC'DKNT-^HIP,  n.    The  state  of  being  a  student. 

STUD'-HORSE,  n.  [Sax.  stod-horsi  Ijovr  L.  st^tta. 
rittsi  Chaucer,  stoU] 

A  breeding  horw ;  a  horse  kept  for  propagating  his 
kind. 

STUD'I-KD,  (stud'did,)  pp.  [from  study.]  Read ; 
closely  exammcd  j  read  with  diligence  and  atten- 
tion ;  well  considered.  The  book  has  been  studied. 
The  subject  has  been  u*ell  studied. 

2.  a.  Learned  ;  well  versed  in  any  branch  of 
learning  ;  qualified  by  study  ;  as,  a  man  well  studied 
in  geometr>',  or  in  law,  or  medical  science.  Bacon. 

3.  Premeditated. 

4.  Having  a  particular  inclination.     [A'ut  in  use.] 

Shak. 
STUD'I-ED-LY,  fstud'did-Ie,)  adv.    Premeditatedly. 
STUD'I-ER,  n.     [from  study.]     One  who  studies;  a 
studenL 

Upsiux  wata  r  freal  ttudUr  in  the  stoical  philosophj.     T'illoUon. 

STO'DI-O,  n.  [It.]  The  work-shop  of  a  sculptor  ; 
sometimes,  though  less  properly,  applied  to  the  work- 
shop of  a  painter.  Jocelyn. 

STO'DI-OUS,  a.     [Fr.  studieux;  L.  studiosus.] 

1.  Given  to  books  or  to  learning;  devoted  to  the 
acquisition  of  knowledge  from  books  ;  as,  a  studious 
schitlar. 

2.  Contemplative;  given  to  thought,  or  to  the  ex- 
amination of  subjects  by  contemplation. 

3.  Diligent ;   eager  to   discover  something,   or  to 


STU 

eflect  some  object ;  as,  be  studious  to  please ;  studi- 
ou.t  to  And  new  friends  and  allies.  7\fJiel. 

4.  Attentive  to;  careful;  with  qf. 

DiviiK-a  niuii  become  ttudioua  nf  [ilotu  tod  retMnble  Kniiquiix. 

5.  Planned  with  study  ;  deliberate. 

For  (be  Trigid  vltlainj  of  <fu(fiou«  lewdn^n,  for  the  cKlm  maligoU; 
of  UUSred  tiupict^,  wlittt  Ekpulugjr  c&u  be  luveuted  ? 

6.  Favorable  to  study  ;  suitable  for  thought  and 
contemplation  ;  as,  the  studious  shade. 

L«M  my  dup  feet  nf»er  fail 

To  wiilk  the  >ludiou«  cluiMcr  pnle.  Milton. 

\The    latter  signification   is  foreedf  and  not  much 
used.  1 
STO'UI-OUS-LY,  orfr.    With  study;  with  close  at- 
tention to  bfKiks. 

2.  With  diligent  contemplation.  Dryden. 

3.  Diligently  ;   with  zeal  and  earnestness. 

.^ttirbury. 
A.  Carefully  ;  attentively. 

STC'DI-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  habit  or  practice  of 
study  ;  addictediiess  to  books.  Men  of  sprightly 
imagination  are  nt)t  generally  the  must  remarkable 
for  stiidi/tusness. 

STUD'Y,  a.  [Fr.  ^tutle;  L.  stndium,  from  stndeo,  to 
study,  that  is,  to  set  the  IhoughtH  or  mind.  (S(-e  As- 
■  iDuous.)  Studeo  19  connected  With  the  English 
study  stead.] 

1.  Literally,  a  setting  of  the  mind  or  thoughts  upon 
a  subject;  hence,  application  of  mind  to  books,  to 
arts  or  science,  t»r  to  any  subject,  for  the  purjiose  of 
learning  what  is  not  before  known. 

Httrntiiond  gi-iieroJIy  spL'nt  thirteen  houn  of  t)ie  day  la  ttudy. 

fill. 
Sludj/  givoa  atrcngth  tu  the  niiiid ;  coiiversivtlun,  grace.  TemyU. 

2.  Attention  ;  meditation  ;  contrivance. 

Jiui  inrii  the^  ■'vriM'd,  and  all  their  xhMfy  Ik-nt 

To  worship  Ijod  aright,  ajid  kuow  hii  wurlu.  ARlton. 

3.  Any  particular  branch  of  learning  that  is  stud- 
ied. Let  your  studies  be  directed  by  some  learned 
and  judicious  friend. 

4.  Subjecl  of  attention. 

The  Holy  Scripiuref,  especially  the  New  TeaLimeut,  are  ber 
daily  itmiy.  Ltaa. 

5.  A  building  or  an  apartment  devoted  to  study 
or  to  literary  employ  menl.      Clarendon.     Lhyden. 

6.  Deep  cogitation  ;    perplexity.     [Little  used.] 

Bacon. 

7.  In  paitttinff  and  sculpture,  a  work  undertaken 
for  improvement  in  the  art,  and  usually  leA  incom- 
plete. 

STUD'Y,  V.  i.     [h.  studeo.] 

1.  To  fix  the  mind  closely  upon  a  subject ;  to 
muse  ;  to  dwell  upon  in  thought. 

I  found  a  moml  l^rst,  aud  then  §tudied  for  a  f;ible.  Si^ft. 

2.  To  apply  the  mind  to  books.  He  studies  eight 
hours  in  the  day. 

3.  To  endeavor  diligently. 

That  ye   tludy  to   be  quiet  and   do  your  own  buniuess.  —  1 
TbeM.  iv. 

STUD'Y,  c.  (.  To  apply  the  mind  to;  to  read  and 
examine  for  the  pur|K)sc  of  learning  and  understand- 
ing; as,  to  stu4y  law  or  theology ;  to  stitdy  lan- 
guages. 

3.  To  consider  attentively ;  to  examine  closely. 
Study  the  works  of  nature. 

Study  thy««^If ;  what  rwnk  or  whut  degree 

Thy  wi*;  Creator  hna  ordained  for  Ibee.  DrytUn. 

3.  To  form  or  arrange  by  previous  thought ;  to  con 

over ;    or  to  commit  to  memory ;    as,  to   study  a 

speech. 
STUD'Y-INO,  ppr.    Applying  the  mind  to;  reading 

and  examining  closely. 
STO'FA,  n.     [It.,  a  stove.]     A  jet  of  steam  issuing 

from  a  fissure  in  the  earth. 
STUFF,  n.     [D.  sfo/,  stoffe ;  G.  stoff;  Dan.  stSv ;  Sw. 

stoft ;   Goth,  stubyiis  ;   It.  stoffa  ;    Sp.  csto/a,  quilted 

stuff;    tstofarj   to  quilt,   to  stew.     See   Stuve   and 

Stew.] 

1.  A  mass  of  matter,  indefinitely  ;  or  a  collection 
of  substances ;  as  a  heap  of  dust,  of  chips,  or  of 
dross. 

2.  The  matter  of  which  any  thing  is  formed  ;  ma- 
terials. The  cari»enter  and  jt»iner  speak  of  the  stuff 
with  which  they  build  ;  mechanics  pride  themselves 
on  having  their  wares  made  of  good  stuff. 

Time  i»  the  atu^  which  life  b  made  of.  Franklin. 

Deeradiiig  proi^  i-xplairii  hi«  mfanitip  ill, 
And  •hows  the  ttuff,  and  not  Ihn  workman'ii  ikill.  Rotcominon. 
C'^ar  luilh  wept; 
Amtiiion  Bboiild  be  mode  of  Ui-mer  rtuff.  Shak, 

3.  Furniture;  goods;  domestic  vessels  in  general. 

He  took  bwrv  locka,  iind  guve  away  llie  king'*  »tuff.     [Naarly 
obioltte.]  Jiayioard. 

4.  That  which  fills  any  thing. 

Clennae  the  itiiSed  boaom  of  that  periloua  stuf 

i'hat  weigh!  upon  ibc  heart.  Shak. 

5.  Essence;  elemental  part;    as,  the  5fi^  of  the 

conscience. 

6.  A  medicine.     ['^u/»'ar.]_  Shak. 


FATE,  FAR,  FJ^LL,  WHAT.^METE,  PRgY.— FIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK.- 


STU 

7.  Cloth  ;  fabrics  of  the  loom  ;  as,  eilk  stuffs ; 
woolen  stuffs.  In  this  sense  Die  word  has  a  plunil. 
Stuff*  comprehends  all  cloths,  but  it  signifies  particu- 
larly woolen  cloth  of  slight  texture  for  linings. 

Encye. 

8.  Matter  or  thing  ;  particularly^  that  which  is 
trifling  or  worthless ;  a  very  extensive  use  of  the 
word.  Flattery  is  fulsome  st^ffi  poor  poetry  is  mis- 
erable a^ff. 

vAnr^T  would  Indite 
Such  wofkil  ituff^A  I  or  Slia>i\vell  wiil«.  Ihyden. 

9.  Among  se-amen^  a  melted  mass  of  turpentine, 
tallow,  &.C.,  with  which  the  masts,  sides,  and  bot- 
tom of  a  ship  are  smeared.  Mar.  Diet. 

STUFF,  r.  £.    'J'o  fill ;  as,  to  stuff  zl  bedtick. 

2.  To  fill  very  full ;  to  crowd. 
Tbis  cmok  drew  hazel  bough*  adown, 

Anil  ttufftd  h?r  aproii  wiJe  wilti  iiuti  lo  brown.  Gay. 

3.  To  thrust  in  ;  to  crowd  ;  to  press. 

Put  roces  iuto  \  gl^n  wiUi  a  uarrow  muuih,  ttuffng  them  elose 
together.  Haatn, 

4.  To  fill  by  being  put  into  any  thing. 

With  inward  armi  the  dire  machine  ihey  load, 

Ant!  iron  bowcU  ttuf  tUe  diurk  abode,  DrytUn. 

5.  To  swell  or  cause  to  bulge  out  by  putting  some- 
thing in. 

Stuff  me  out  with  stnw.  Shai. 

6.  To  fill  with  something  improper. 

For  Ihoe  I  dim  these  eyes,  and  tUiff  ttiia  head 

With  nil  luch  reading  as  was  never  read.  Pop: 

7.  To  obstruct,  as  any  of  the  organs. 

I'm  Hufftd,  counn  ;  I  G\Q  not  amell.  ShaJt. 

8.  To  fill  meat  with  seasoning  ;  as,  to  stuff  &  teg  of 
TeaJ. 

9.  To  fill  the  shin  of  a  dead  animal  for  presenting 
and  preserving  his  form ;  as,  to  stuff  a  bird  or  a 
lion's  skin. 

10.  To  form  by  filling. 

An  Eaateni  kinf  put  a  indge  to  death  for  an  iniquitoua  aenlraee, 
aiid  ordered  his  hi«ie  to  be  ituffed  into  a  ciuhion,  acd  placed 
upon  the  tr\bunaj,  Sw\ft. 

-STUFF,  17.  i.    To  feed  gluUonoutly. 

Taught  barmleM  man  to  cram  and  ttuff,  Svift. 

8TUFF'£D,  (stuft,)  pp.    or    a.      Filled ;    crowded ; 

crammed. 
eTUFF'ING,;»pr.     Filling;  crowding. 
STUFF'ING,  Ti.    That  which  is  used  for  filling  any 

thing;  as,  the  stuffing  of  a  saddle  or  cushion. 
2.  Seasoning  for    meat;   that  which   is  put  into 

meat  to  give  it  a  higher  relish. 
8TCKE,  for  Stucco.     [A'^ot  in  use.] 
STULM,  n.     A  shaft  to  draw  water  out  of  a  mine. 

liailey. 
STULP,  n.     A  post     [Local]  IfaUiuielL 

STUL'Tr-FI-£D,  (-fide,)  pp.     Made  foolish. 
STUL'TI-FV,  c.  L     [L.  stultuSf  foolish,  and  facio^  to 

makej 

1.  To  make  foolish  ;  to  make  one  a  fool.    Burke. 

2.  In  laiD,  to  allege  or  prove  to  be  insane,  for 
avoiding  some  act.  Blackstone. 

8TUL'TI-F?-[NG,  pjtr.    Making  foolish. 
STUlr-TIL'O-QUENCE,  n.     [L.  stuUas^  foolish,  and 
toqufntia^  a  t&lking.] 

Foolish  talk  ;  a  babbling.  Diet. 

STUI^TIL'0-aUy,  n.     [L.  stuUHoquiumy  supra.] 

Foolish  talk;  silly  discourse-,  babbling.     Taylor. 
STUM,  n.    [O.  stom,  stum^  dumb  ;  G.  «tumm,  Dan.  and 
Sw.  ^ttm,  dumb,  mute.] 

1.  Must ;  wine  unfermented.  Addison. 

2.  New  wine  used  to  raise  fermentation  in  dt-ad  or 
vapid  wines.  B.  Jonson. 

3.  Wine  revived  by  new  fermentation.    Hudibras. 
STUM,  r.  U    To  renew  wine  by  mixing  must  with  it, 

and  raising  a  new  fermentation. 

We  atum  our  wines  to  renew  their  apirita.  Flayer. 

2.  To  fume  a  cask  of  liquor  with  burning  briin- 
ptone.     [Local.] 
STUM'BLE,  ».  u     [Ice.  *ft/mro.    This  word   is  proba- 
bly from  a  root  that  signifies  to  stop  or  to  strike,  and 
may  be  allied  to  stammer.] 

1.  To  trip  in  walkinp  or  moving  in  any  way  upon 
the  legs  ;  to  strike  the  foot  so  ag  to  fall,  or  to  endan- 
ger a  fall ;  applied  to  any  animal,  A  man  may  stum- 
bUj  as  well  as  a  horse. 

Tbe  waj  of  the  wicked  is  as  darkaev ;  they  know  not  at  what 
Ibej  HumilM.  —  Pruv.  jv. 

S.  To  err ;  to  slide  into  a  crime  or  an  error. 

Isvelh  Ills  brothT,  abidetb  in  the  li^ht,  and  there  la  no 
-^"  ol  ttumbling  in  him.  —  1  John  ii. 


3.  To  strike  upon  without  design;  to  fall  on  ;  to 
light  on  by  chance.  Men  often  stumble  upon  valua- 
ble discoveries. 

Ovid  atMobUd  by  some  InadTcrtence  opoD  Uvia  la  a  hath. 

Dryden. 

STUM'BLB,  V.  t.    To  obstruct  In  progress;  to  cause 
to  trip  or  stop. 

2.  To  confound  ;  to  puzzle ;  to  put  to  a  nonplus  ; 
to  perplex. 

Oae  thlnf  more  <tutn&/<*  me  in  the  very  buadation  oT  thb  hy- 
poilMk.  Lodct. 


STU 

STUM'BLE,  n.    A  trip  in  walking  or  running. 
2.  A  blunder  ;  a  failure 

One  Humble  ia  cnougli  to  deface  the  character  of  an  honorable 
life.  L'Httrangt. 

STUM'BLED,  pp.     Obstructed  ;  puzzled. 
STUM'Bi.ER,  tu    One  that  stumbles  or  makesablun- 

der.  Herbert. 

STUM'BLING,  jjpr.  or  a.     Tripping;   erring  j   puz- 
zling. 
STUM'BLIXG-BLOCK, ;  n.     [stumble,   and  block  or 
STUM'BLIXG-STONE,  i       stone.]      Any    cause    of 
stumbling  ;  that  which  causes  to  err. 

We  preach  Christ  crucified,  to  the  Jews  a  ttumbiing-block,  and 

to  the  Greeks  fuolishneu.  —  t  Cor.  i. 
This  »tumbUng-tloru  we  hope  to  talie  away.  BarntL 

STUM'BLI\G-LV,  adv.     In  a  stumbling  manner. 
STUM'.MiCD,  istumd,)pp.     Renewed  by  mixing  must 

with  it,  and  raising  a  new  fermentation. 
STUMP,  n.     ttfw.  and  Dan.  stump  ;  Dan.  stumper^  Sw. 

stympa^  to  mutilate  ;  D.  stomp,  a  stump,  and  blunt ; 

G.  stumpf.] 

1.  The  stub  of  a  tree  ;  the  part  of  a  tree  remaining 
intheeurtli  after  the  tree  is  cut  down,  or  the  part 
of  any  plant  left  in  the  earth  by  the  scythe  or  sickle. 

2.  The  part  of  a  limb  or  other  body  remaining  af- 
ter a  part  is  amputated  or  destroyed  ;  as,  the  stump 
of  a  li'g,  of  a  finger,  or  a  tooth.       Drydeii.     Sa^ft. 

3.  Stumps,  pi. ;  legs  ;  as,  to  stir  one's  stumps. 

Halliwell. 
To  take  the  stump,  or  to  stump  it,  denotes,  in  the 
Western  States,  to  make  public  addre.*;.ses  for  elec- 
tioneering purposes  J    a   phrase    derived    from    the 
speaker's  originally  mounting  the  stump  of  a  tree 
in  making  his  address. 
STUMP,  v.t.    To  strike  any  thing  fixed  and  hard 
with  the  toe.     [yutgar.] 
9.  To  challenge,     [ymgar.] 
STUMP'jED,  (stiimpt,)  pp.    Struck  hard  with  the  toe. 

2.  Challenged. 
STU.MP'-OR'A-TOR,  »i.     A  man  who  harangues  the 
populace  from  the  stump  of  a  tree,  or  other  elevation. 

America. 
STUMP'-OR'A-TO-RY,n.     An  electioneering  speech 

from  a  slump,  or  other  elevation.  America. 

STUMP'Y,  a.     Full  of  stumps. 

2.  Hard;  strong.     [Little  used.]  Mortimer. 

3.  Short  and  thick  ;  stubby.     [Little  used.] 

Todd, 
STUN,  r,  t.     [Sax.  stuiuan  ;  Fr.  etonner.   The  primary 
sense  is,  to  strike  or  to  stop,  to  blunt,  to  stupefy.] 

1.  To  make  senseless  or  dizzy  with  a  blow  on  the 
head  ;  as,  to  be  stunned  by  a  fall,  or  by  a  falling  tim- 
ber. 

OiH)  hung  a  pole-nx  at  his  saddle-txiw, 

And  one  a  heavy  muce  to  atun  the  foe.  Drydtn, 

2.  To  overpower  the  sense  of  hearing  ;  to  bluntor 
stupefy  the  organs  of  hearing.  To  prevent  being 
stunned^  cannoneers  sometimes  fill  their  ears  with 

W(X)1. 

3.  To  confound  or  make  dizzy  by  loud  and 
mingled  sound. 

A  univeriftl  hubbub  wild 
or  ttunning  sounila  and  voices  all  confuaed.  MUlon. 

STUNG,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Stiho. 

STUNK,  prei.  of  Stine. 

STUN'NKD,  (stund,)  pp.  Having  the  sense  of  hear- 
ing overpowered  ;  confounded  with  noise. 

STUN'NLNG,  ppr.  or  a.  Overpowering  the  organs  of 
hearing;  confounding  with  noise. 

STUNT,  c.  t.  [Ice.  stunta;  Sax.  stintan,  to  stint; 
«(««(,  fuidish,  stupid.    See  Stint.] 

To  hinder  from  growth  ;  applied  to  animals  and 
plants ;  as,  to  stunt  a  child  ;  to  stunt  a  plant. 

Arbuthnot.      Pope.      Swift. 

STUNT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Hindered  from  growth  or  in- 
crease. 
STUNT' ED-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  stunted. 

Cheyne. 
STUNT'ING,  ppr.      Hindering  from  growth  or  in- 
crease. 
STCPE,  «.     f  L.  Jrtupa,  tow  ;  probably  allied  to  stuff.] 
Cloth  or  flax  dipped  in  warm  medicamenisnnd  ap- 
plied to  a  hurt  or  sore  ;  fomentation  ;  sweating  bath. 
Wiseman.     Coze, 
STCPE,  r.  (.    To  foment.  Wiseman, 

HTPPE,  II.     A  stupid  person.     [J^ot  in  use.] 
STU-PE-FAC'TION,n.  [U.  stupefaeio i  «(«peo,  whence 
Mtupidus,  and  facio.     See  Stop.] 

1.  The  act  of  rendering  stupid. 

2.  A  stupid  or  sensrless  state  ;  insensibility ;  dull- 
ness ;  torjKir;  stupidity. 

Ri'sistance  of  tho  dicinies  of  conscience  brings  a  harireM  aod 
atuptjaaion  upon  it.  •Vottfi. 

STU-PE-FAe'TIVE,  a.  Causing  insensibility  ;  d.-ad- 
ening  or  blunting  the  sense  of  feeling  or  understand- 
ing. 

STO'PE-FI-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Made  dull  or  stupid;  hav- 
ing the  (MTception  or  understanding  blunted. 

BTO'PE-FI-ER,  71.  [from  stupefy.)  That  which 
causes  dullness  or  stupidity. 

STO'PE-FV,  «.  (.     [Fr.  stupeficr  ;  L.  stupefacio.] 

1.  I'o  make  stupid  ;  to  make  dull ;  to  blunt  the 
faculty  of  perception  or  nnderstanding;  to  deprive 


STY 

of  sensibility.    It  is  a  great  sin  to  attempt  to  stttptify 
the  conscience. 

The  fumes  of  passion  Intoxicate  hi*  discerning  faculties,  as  the 
fumes  of  drink  ttuptfy  Uie  linun.  AwtA. 

2.  To  deprive  of  material  motion. 


STO'PE-FV-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Rendered  extremely  dull 
or  insensible, 

[It  would  be  convenient  to  write  Stupifaction, 
Stupifactite,  and  place  these  words  after  Stupid- 
KEss  as  indicative  of  their  meaning.] 

STU-PE.N'DOUS,  a.  [Low  L.  stupendus,  from  stvpeo^ 
to  astonish.] 

T^teera//)/,  striking  dumb  by  its  magnitude;  hence, 
astonii^hing  ;  wonderful;  amazing;  particularly,  of 
astonishing  magnitude  or  elevation  ;  as,a  stupendous 
pile  ;  a  stupendous  edifice  ;  a  stupendous  mountain  ;  a 
stupendous  bridge.  Milton.     Dryden, 

STU-PEN'DOUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  excite  as- 
tonishment. 

STU-PEN'DOUS-NESS,  n.  The  quality  or  state  of 
being  stupendous  or  astonishing. 

STC'PID,  a.  [Fr.  stupide  ;  h.  stuptdus,  from  stupeo,  to 
be  stupefied,  properly  to  slop.     See  Stop.] 

1.  Very  dull;  insensible;  senseless;  wanting  in 
understanding;  heavy;  sluggish. 

O  that  men  should  be  so  tluptd  grown, 

As  to  forsake  ihi;  living  God.  Milton. 

With  wild  surprise, 
A  moment  ttujnd,  motionless  he  stood.  Thomson. 

2.  Dull ;  heavy  ;  formed  without  skill  or  genius. 

Observe  what  load*  of  ttupid  rhymes 

Oppress  us  iu  corrupted  tiiites,  Sv^fU 

STU-PID'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  stupiditi  ;  L.  stuptdUas.] 

Extreme  dullness  of  perception  or  understanding ; 
insensibility  ;  sluggishness.  Dryden. 

STOTID-LY,  ac/y.  With  extreme  dullness  ;  with  sus- 
pension or  inactivity  of  understanding;  sottislity ; 
absurdly;  without  the  exercise  of  reason  or  judg- 
ment. Milton.    Dryden. 

STO'PID-NESS,  n.    Stupidity. 

STC'POR,  n.  [U]  Great  diminution  or  suspension 
of  sensibility  ;  suppression  of  sense  ;  numbness;  as, 
the  stupor  of  a  limb.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  Intellectual  sensibility  ;  moral  stupidity  ;  heed- 
lessness or  inattention  to  one's  interests. 

STO'PR.^TE,  V.  f.     [L.  stupro.] 
To  ravish  ;  to  debauch. 

STU-PRa'TION,  n.  Rape ;  violation  of  chastity  by 
force. 

STUR'DI-LY,  aiir.  [from  sturdy.]  Hardily  ;  stoutly ; 
lustily. 

STUR'DI-NESS,  n.    [from  5furf/j/.]   Stoutness  ;  hardi- 
ness ;  as,  the  sturdiness  of  a  schi.>ot-buy.         Locke. 
2.  Brutal  strength. 

STUR'DY,  o.  [G.  s^rrig,  connected  with  storren,  a 
stub.] 

1.  tiardy;  stout;  foolishly  obstinate;  implying 
coarseness  or  rudeness. 

This  must  be  done,  and  I  would  fiiln  see 

Mortal  so  tturdy  n»  to  giuiiaay.  Ifudihraa. 

A  tturdy,  hiirdiued  sinner  advances  to  tliP  utmost  piich  of  iin- 
piciy  with  less  rclucUuicc  Ihim  be  took  the  first  strp. 

Alterbury. 

2.  Strong;  forcible;  lusty;  as,  a  sturdy  lout. 

Sidney. 

3.  Violent;  laid  on  with  strength;  as,  sturdy 
strokes.  Spenser. 

4.  Stiff;  stout;  strong;  ^s,  m  sturdy  onk. 

He  was  not  of  a  delicate  contexture,  his  limba  ntthcr  $tunfy  than 
d.iiiiiy.  H-'otlon. 

STUR'DY,  n.  A  disease  in  sheep,  marked  by  dull- 
ness and  stupor.  Cyc. 
STUR'GEON,  (stur'jun,)n.  [Fr.  esturgeon;  Sp.  estu- 
rion;  It.  storione;  Low  L.  sturio  ;  D.  steiir  ;  G.  stiSr  } 
Sw.  star;  the  stirrer,  one  that  turns  up  the  mud; 
G.  stUren.] 

A  large  cartilaginous  fis^h  of  the  genus  Acipenscr. 
Several  species  are  found  in  Nin'hern  Europe,  in  the 
Black  and  Caspian  Seas  and  their  tributaries,  the 
lakes  of  North  America,  Slc.  Its  flesh  is  valued  for 
food.  Caviare  is  prepared  from  the  roe,  and  isin- 
glass from  the  air-bladder.  F.neyc.  Am.  P.  Cyc. 
STU-RI-C'NI-AN,  n.    One  of  a  family  of  cartilaginous 

fishes,  of  which  the  sturgeon  is  the  type. 
STURK,  n.     [Sax.  styre.] 

A  young  ox  or  heifer.     [ScoffiVA.] 
STUT'TER,  V.  i,     [D.  stoUeren;  G.  stottem;  that  is, 
to  stop.     Stut  is  not  used.] 
To  stammer ;  to  hesitate  in  uttering  words. 

Bacon. 
STUT'TER,  n.    The  act  of  stuttering.  Smart. 

STUT'TER-ER,  n.    A  stammerer. 
STUT'TER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Stammering;  speaking 

with  hesitation. 
STUT'TER-ING,  n.    The  act  of  stammering. 
STUT'TER-LNG-LY,  adv.     Willi  stammering 
ST?,  n.     [Sax.  stige.] 

1.  A  pen  or  inclosure  for  swine. 
2l  A  place  of  bestial  debauchery. 

To  roll  with  pleasure  In  a  senjual  »ty.  MUton. 

3.  An  inflamed  tumor  on  the  edge  of  the  eyolitl. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  liNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  8  a»  2 ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


139 


iaQ7 


STY 

STV«  e.  U    To  shut  up  in  a  stv.  SMak, 

STY,  r.  i.     [Sax.  stiiran  ;  (3oth.  steig^lt^.^ 

To  8oar ;  lo  odcend.    [JW  in  use.]    [See  Stirrcp.] 

Sptnser. 
STYC  A,  m.    A  Sazon  copper  co!n  of  tbe  lowest  value. 

LaJU. 
STYfi'l-AN,  a.     [L.  S(y/iiw,  Sryj.] 

Pertaining  to  Styx,  labltMl  hy  the  ancientii  to  be  a 
riTer  of  hell  over  which  tlie  shades  of  the  dead 
paMed,  or  Ibe  region  of  the  dead  j  hence,  helli^ ;  In- 
ftemaL 

Al  that  K>  •ucMcD  Uue,  Um)  5!^ri<ui  Unonf 
Bent  tbdr  wprct. 

STT'ING,  ppr.    Shutting  up  in  a  «y. 
STY-LA-GAIi-MA'l€,  o.  or  lu    [Gr.  <rrwXo$  and  flyoX- 

A  u?rm,  in  arckiUerurt^  denoting  figures  which  per- 
form the  office  of  rolumus. 
STTLE,  n.  [L.  stylus;  D.  and  G.  ttyt;  It.  stile;  8p. 
tstilo  ;  FV.  »tif/e  or  *tUf  ;  Gr.  rfA'>f>  a  column,  a  pen, 
or  bodkin  ;  from  the  root  of  the  Teutonic  tteUen^  to 
set  or  place.] 

I.  Manner  of  writing  with  regard  to  lan^^age,  or 
the  choice  and  arrangement  of  wurds  ;  as,  a  harsh 
ttfU ;  a  dfy  «ty[< ;  a  tumid  or  bombastic  style ;  a  loose 
HfU ;  a  terw  stwle ;  a  laconic  or  verbose  shfle ;  a  flow- 
ing «tjrle ;  a  lofty  «ty^ :  an  elegant  .rtyle ,-  an  episto- 
lanr  t^*.  The  character  of  «fy/<  depends  chiefly  on 
a  happy  selection  and  anrnogement  wf  words. 

Proper  wonh  in  proper  plMei  tmkt  the  true  ileSnilion  of  atyl*. 

Tet  Irt  totnc  loid  but  own  the  hftpc?  Knn, 

Bow  the  wit  bcigliuni  and  tbe  eiyu  reftne*  1  Popt. 

9;  Manner  of  speakinK  appropriate  to  particular 
characters ;  or,  In  general,  the  character  of  the  lan- 
guage used. 

So  clyte  b  h^ld  for  hwe,  wher*  lo»r  wfU 
Aoooniiag  W  the  umikI  alffit  of  deUiCAtKMio. 

So  we  aay,  a  person  addreaaea  another  in  a  stifle 
of  haughtiness.  In  a  «ty2e  of  rebuke. 

3.  A  characieriscic  or  pectiUar  mode  of  execution 
In  tbe  fine  arts. 

Tbe  oRuneaiakl  titdt  iln  mmtwm  tu  own  pecuUu  metH. 

lUynokU. 

4.  A  portictilar  character  of  music ;  as,  a  grave 

5.  Title  i  app^ladoD ;  aa,  the  ttgU  of  m^iesty. 

PiofitkHM  hrv  our  pnrer. 
Whether  the  t^t  of  Tbaa  plMe  thee  man.  Pop$, 

6.  Course  of  writing.     [.Vot  ta  use.]         Drjfdau 

7.  Style  of  courts  \B  properly  the  pmctice  observed 
by  any  court  in  it«  way  of  proct^eding.  Jtyiigk. 

8.  Id  pcpulsr  km,  mannt'r ;  form;  as,  tlie  enter- 
tainment was  prepared  in  excellent  ^U. 

9.  A  pointed  iiutrament  furnierly  used  iu  writing 
on  tables  of  wax  ;  an  in^truinrnt  of  surgery. 

10.  Something  with  a  iiharp  point,  as  a  graver;  the 
pin  of  a  dial ;  written  alt^o  Sritc 

II.  In  (4>teiiy,  the  middle  portion  of  tha  pistil, 
connecting  the  8ti;:ma  with  the  eerm ;  sometimes 
called  the  Shaft.  Tl>e  fttfUs  of  plants  are  capillary, 
fililbnn,  cyliudric,  subulnie,  or  cliivate.        Mmrtyn, 

12.  In  chronoloffii,  a  nitnie  of  reckoning  time,  with 
reaard  to  the  Julian  and  (Gregorian  cnlfndnr.  Style  is 
Old  or  AVir.  The  Old  Style  follows  the  Julian  man- 
ner of  computing  the  months  and  days,  or  the  calen- 
dar aa  esublished  by  Julius  Cei^r,  in  which  every 
fourth  year  consists  of  31)0  days,  and  the  other  years 
of  365  days.  This  is  somi'th'ing  more  than  11  min- 
utes in  a  year  loo  much.  Pope  Gregory  XIII.  re- 
formed the  calendar  by  retrenching  10  days  in  Octo- 
ber, 15&},  in  order  Ui  brin;;  back  the  vernal  equinox 
to  the  same  d.ty  as  at  the  time  of  the  council  of 
Nice,  A.  D.  325;  this  rfurmation  was  ad<»pU-d  by 
act  of  parliament  in  Grr-at  Britain  in  1751,  by  which 
act  II  days  in  Septemb'T,  175"J,  were  retrenched, 
and  the  third  day  was  reckoned  the  fourteenth.  Thit; 
mode  of  reckoning  is  called  AVv  Style,  according 
to  which  every  lear  divisible  by  4,  unless  it  is 
divisible  by  100,  iVithuut  bt^ing  divi-tible  by  400,  has 
366  days,  and  any  otht^  year  'JC^  days. 

P.  Cye,     Ed.  Eneyc 

ST'fLE,  r.  U  To  call ;  to  name  ;  to  denominate  ;  to 
give  a  title  to  in  addressing.  The  emperor  of  Rus- 
sia is  stwlfd  auti>crat ;  the  king  of  Great  Britain  is 
a*vled  defender  of  the  faith. 

ST^L'ED,  ypp.    Named;  denominated:  called. 

STT'LET,  R.  [froto  *tyU,\  A  small  poniard  or  dag- 
ger.  Encyc. 

STT'LI-FORM,  a.  [styl»-  and  farm.}  Like  a  style, 
pin,  or  pen. 

STYL'IXG,  fpr.     Calling;  denomtnatin|^ 

STTL'ISH,  a.  Being  in  fashionable  form,  (H*  in  high 
^y\e._\ColloquiaL  ] 

ST?'LITE,  «.    [Gr.  ri^os,  a  coltHnn,] 

In  ecclesiastical  kistoryy  tbe  Stylitcs  were  a  sect  of 
solitaries,  who  stood  motionless  on  columns  or  pil- 
lars ftr  the  exercise  of  their  patience. 

STY'LO-BATE,  n.  [Gr.  rAcs,  a  pillar,  and  0a<Tts, 
base.]  In  architecture,  the  uninterrupted  or  con- 
tinuous base  below  a  range  of  columns.      Brande, 

STT-LO-BA'TION,  n.    The  pedestal  of  a  column. 

STY-LO-GRAPH'ie,  a.     Ptrtaining  lo  or  used  in 


SUB 

stylography  :  us,  st\/U>graphic  eards,  cards  which  may 

be  written  upon  with  o  stylo. 

Stylo iiraphie  pencil ;  a  pencil  or  style  for  this  kind  of 

writing. 
STT-LOG'RA-PIIY,  n.    A  mode  of  writing  or  tracing 

lines  by  means  of  a  style  or  pointed  instrument  on 

cards  or  tablets. 
STY'LOID,  a.     [L.  styUu  and  Gr.  ciSos.] 

Having  some  resemblance  to  a  style  or  pen;  as, 

the  styUid  process  of  the  temporal  bone.        Eneyc 
STYP'Tie,  a.     [Fr.  Hyotique  ;  L.  stypticus;  Gr.  rwT- 

TiKOi;  from  the  root  of  L.  stipo,  Eng.  stop.] 

Astringent;  that  produces  contraction  ;  that  stops 

bleeding;  having  the  quality  of  restraining  hemor- 
rhage. 
STYP'TIG,  n.    A  medicine  which  has  an  astringent 

quality.     Styptics  are  mere  astringents. 
STYP-TIC'l-TY,  C-lis'ele,)  a.    The  quality  of  as- 

tringency. 
STY'UAX,  n.    [Gr.  rrrvna^,  the  resin  now  c^Ued  in 

English  Storax  ;  also  tlie  sharp  iron  at  the  lower 

eml  of  a  spear.J 

The  name  of  A  genus  of  plants,  which  is  typical 

of  the  natural  order  Siytarete,  ana  to  which  it  gives 

name.      Sprengel   recognizes   and   describes   seven 

species  of  the  genus  Styrax.  two  of  which  furnish 

articles  of  the  materia  meaica,  viz.,  S.  oflicinalis, 

iLinnieus,)  growing  in  Syria,  Palestine,  Greece, 
Vloponnesus,  and  the  Levant  generally,  wliicli 
furnishes  Storax ;  and  S.  Benzoin,  (Dryander,) 
growing  in  Sumatra,  Borneo,  Java,  and  Siam,  which 
furnishes  Benzo'in.  TxiUy. 

STYTH'V,r.  t.    To  forge  on  an  anvil.    [SeeSxiTHT.] 

STYX,  n,  [L.  ;  Gr.  Zn.^.]  In  artcient  mytholofry^  the 
principal  river  of  the  lower  world,  which  was  lo  be 
crossed  in  passing  to  the  regions  of  the  dead.  The 
divinity  of  the  river,  who  dwelt  tn  a  rock  palace, 
was  alsi.>  called  Sttx. 

SO-.^-BIL'I-TY,  n.  Liability  to  be  sued  ;  the  state  of 
being  subject  by  law  to  civil  process.  Judge  Story, 

SO'A-BLE,  a.  [fr.in  sue.]  That  may  be  Ried  ;  sub- 
ject by  law  to  be  colled  to  answer  in  couiL 

SUXDE,  for  Persuade,  is  not  in  use.     lJmdg$  SUry. 

SUXCE,  for  .AasuAGE,  is  not  in  use. 

SCANT,   a.      [Fr.   suicantf   from  suivre^   to  follow  ; 
Norm.  suanuS] 
Even  ;  uniform  ;  spread  equally  over  the  surface. 


[A'np  EmgUmdj  hut  local.] 
UA'SI-B'"  -  ■  ■ 


SUA'SI-BLE,  (swa'se-bl,)  a.     [L.  suadeo.] 

That  may  be  persuaded  or  easily  persuaded. 
SUA'SION,  (swi'zbun,)  n.    The  act  of  persuading. 

[See  Persuade.] 
SUA'SIVE,  (swa'siv,)  a.    [L.  suadto.] 

Having  power  to  persuade.  South. 

SUA'SIVE-LY,  adv.      In  a  manner  tending  to  per- 
suade. 
SU  J'SO-RY,  (swa'so-re,)  a.     [L.  suasorius.] 

Tending  to  persuade;  having  the  quality  of  con- 
vincing and  drawing  by  argument  or  reason. 

Jiopkins, 
SUAV'I-FI-ED,  pp.    Rendered  afl^able. 
SU.WM-FY,  (swav'e-f),)  c.  (.     [L.  suavis,  sweet.] 

To  make  aflable. 
SUAV'I-FY-ING,  ppr.     Making  atfable. 
SUA-VIL'O-aUV,  s.     [L.  suucis  and  loquor.] 

Sweetness  of  speech. 
SUjiyi-TER  IJVMO'DO,  [L.]  Agreeably  or  kind- 
ly in  manner. 
SUAVa-TY,  (swav'e-te,)  n.      ["L.  suavitas  i  Fr.  sua- 
vity:    It.  soavitd;     Sp.   suavidad ;    from    L.   tuavisy 
sweet.] 

1.  Sweetness,  in  a  literal  sense.     [JVof  tn  use.] 

Brown. 

2.  Sweetness,  in  a  figurative  sense  ;  that  which  is 
to  the  mind  what  sweetness  is  to  the  tongue  \  agree- 
ahleness;  softness ;  Heasantness ;  as,  suavity  of 
manners;  suaciiy  of  language,  conversation,  or  ad- 
dress. 

SUB  ;  a  Latin  preposition,  denoting  urtder  or  below, 
used  in  English  as  a  prefix,  to  express  a  subordinate 
dt-gree,  or  imperfect  state  of  a  quality.  Before  / 
and  p  it  is  changed  into  those  letters,  as  in  su^r 
and  suppose  ;  and  before  tr,  into  that  tetter,  as  in  sum- 
mott. 

SUB-ACID,  a.  [sub  and  acid.]  Moderately  acid  or 
sour  ;  as,  a  subacid  juice.  Jirbuthnot, 

SL'B-.VC'ID,  n.    A  substance  moderately  acid. 

SUB-ACRID,  a.  {sub  and  acrid.]  Moderately  sharp, 
pungtrnt,  or  acrid.  Floyer. 

SUB-AGT',  V.  L      [L.  subactus,  subago;  sith  and  a^o.] 
To  reduce ;  to  subdue.     [JVo(  tn  use.]        Bacon. 

SUB-ACTION,  ju  The  act  of  reducing  to  any  state, 
as  of  mixing  two  bodies  completely,  or  of  beating 
them  to  a  powder.  Bacon. 

SUB-A-€uTE',  a.     Acute  in  a  moderate  degree. 

8UB-A-E'RI-AL,  a.  [sub  and  aifrial.]  Beneath  the 
sky,  or  in  the  open  air  \  opposed  lo  Submarine  ;  as, 
D  subaifrial  volcano.  Dana, 

6UB-AG-I-TA'TI0N,  n.     [L,  subasiiatio.] 

Carnal  knowledge.  CA.  ReUg.  .Appeal. 

SC'BAH,  n.     In  India,  a  province  or  viceroyship. 

SO'BAH-DAR,  n.  In  Indian  a  viceroy,  or  the  govern- 
or of  a  province  ;  also,  a  native  of  Ind  ia,  who  ranks 
as  captain  in  the  European  companies. 


SUB 

SO'BXH  SHIP,  n.    The  jurisdiction  of  a  subahdar. 

SUB-i^L'TERN,  a.  [Fr.  subalteme;  L.  s:ub  and  al- 
ttmas.] 

Inferior  ;  subordinate  ;  that  in  different  respects  Is 
both  su[>erior  and  inft-rior ;  as,  a  subaltern  officer.  It 
is  used  chiefly  of  military  officers. 

SUB-AL'TERN,  n.  A  subordinate  officer  in  an  army 
or  military  body.  It  is  applied  to  officers  below  tbe 
rank  of  captain. 

SUB-AL-TEK.N'ATE,  a.  [Supra.]  Succes-sive  ;  suc- 
ceeding by  turns.  Hooker. 

SUB-AL-TERN-A'TION,  n.    State  of  inferiority  or 
subjection. 
2.  Act  of  succeeding  by  course. 

SUB-AN"GU-LAR,  a.     Slightly  angular. 

SUB-AP'EN-NINE,  fl.  Under  or  at  the  foot  of  the 
Aptatnine  mountains. 

2.  In  <:eutugTi.a  lerm  applied  to  a  series  of  tcrtiar} 
strata  of  the  older  pliocene  period.  LyeU. 

SUU-A-UUAT'I€,  )         ,1        ,.      A  .1 

SUB-X'QUE-OUS.  i  !^     t^-  *"*  »"**  '^"'''  ^"'*^^-] 
Being  under  water,  or  beneath  the  surface  of  w( 
tcr.  Darwin. 

SUB-AR-RA'TION,  n.     [Ix)W  L.  subarrare.] 

The  ancient  custom  of  betrothing.  Wheatly. 

SUB-AS'TRAL,  a.     [sub   and   astral]     Beneath   tl 
stars  or  heavens;  terrestrial.  Warburton. 

SUB-AS-THIN'GENT,  a.  Astringent  in  a  small  d*- 
cree. 

SUB-AU-DI"TION,  (-aw-dish'un,)  n.  [L.  subauditw  ( 
sub  and  audio,  to  hear.] 

The  act  of  understanding  something  not  ex- 
pressed. Richardson. 

SUB-AX'IL-LA-RY,  a.  [L.  mh  and  azWa,  the  orm- 
pit.l 

Placed  under  the  axil  or  angle  formed  by  the  branch 
of  a  plant  witli  the  8tem,or  by  aleaf  withlhe  branch. 

Darwin. 

SUB'-B.^SE,  71.  In  miwic,  the  deepest  pedal  stop,  or 
the  lowest  notes  of  on  organ. 

SUB-BkA'DLE.  (-bS'd!,)  n.  {sub  and  beadle.]  An 
inferior  or  under  l>eadle. 

SUB-BRIG-A-DIP.R',  n.  An  officer  in  the  horse 
guards,  who  ranks  as  cornet.  Encyc. 

SUB-eAR'BU-RET-ED,  a.  Consisting  of  a  greater 
number  of  equivalents  of  the  base  than  of  the 
carbon. 

SUB-CAR-TI-LAG'IN-OUS,  a.  Partially  cartUagin- 
ous. 

SUB-CAU'DAL,  a.     Beneath  the  tail. 

SUB-Cti-LES'TIAL,  (les'chul,)  a.  Being  beneath 
the  heavens  ;  as,  sub-cele^^tial  glories.         GlanvUle, 

SUB-CEN'TRAL,  a.     Being  under  the  center.     Say. 

SUB-CHAiNT'ER,  n.  [sub  aud  fhanter.]  An  under- 
chanter ;  a  deputy  of  the  precentor  of  a  cathedral. 

Juhttgon. 

SUB-€LA'VI-AN,  a.     [L.  sub  and  etavis,  a  key.] 

Situated  under  the  clavicle  or  collar-bone  ;  as,  the 
subclavian  arteries. 

SUB-COM  MIT'TEE,  n.  [sub  tind  committte.]  An 
under  committee  ;  n  part  or  division  of  a  committee. 

SUB-eOM-PRESS'£D,  (-presl',)  a.  Not  fully  com- 
pressed. 

SUB-CON-FORM'A-BLE,  a.     Partially  conformable. 

SUB-eON'ie-AL,  a.     Conical  in  a  shght  degree. 

SUB-eON-STEULA'TION,  n.  A  subordinate  con- 
stellation. Brown. 

SUB-CON'TRAGT,  ru  A  contract  under  a  previous 
contract. 

SUB-eON-TRAGT'ED,  a.  [sub  and  contracted.] 
Contracted  after  a  foriner  contract.  Shnk. 

SUB-CON'TRA-RY,  a.  [sub  ond  contrary.]  Contra- 
ry in  an  inferior  degree.  In  geometry,  a  term  applied 
to  a  section  of  an  oblique  cone  on  a  circular  base  by 
a  plane  not  parallel  to  the  base,  but  inclined  to  the 
axis,  so  that  the  section  is  a  circle.  Brande. 

SUB-CORD'ATE,  a.     [L.  sub  and  cor^  tile  heart.] 
In  shat>e  somewhat  like  a  heart.  Martyn, 

SUB-GOS'TAL,  a.     [L.  sub  and  casta,  a  rib.] 

The  subcostal  muscles  are  the  internal,  mtercostal 
muscles.  fVinsldw.     Ci/c, 

SUB-€RYS'TAL-LINE,  a.     Imperfectly  crystallized. 

Biiffon. 

SUB-€U-TA'NE:-0US,  a.      [sub  and    cutaneous ;    L. 
cutis,  skin.] 
Situated  under  the  skin. 

SUB-GU-TICIJ-LAR,  a.     [L.  sub  and  cuticula,  cuti- 
cle.] 
Being  under  the  cuticle  or  scarf-skin.      Danein. 

SUB-CYLIN'DRICAL,  o.     Imperfectly  cylindrical. 

SUB-DgA'CON,  n.  [sub  and  deacon.]  An  under  dea- 
con ;  a  deacon's  servant,  m  the  Roman  Cat#iolic 
church.  JiyliS^. 

SUB-DfiA'eONRY,      |  n.     The   order  and  office  of 

SUB-DRA'eON-SHIP,  j  subdeacon  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  church. 

SUB-DKAN',  n.  [svh  and  dean.]  An  under  dean  ;  a 
dean's  substitute  or  vicegerent.  Ayliffe. 

SUB-DEAN'ER-Y,  n.  The  office  and  rank  of  sub- 
dean. 

SUB  DECTI-PLE,  a.     [L.  sub  and  decuplus.] 

Containing  one  part  of  ten.  Johnson. 

SUB-DENT'ED,  a.  [sub  and  dent.]  Indented  be- 
neath Encyc. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PRgY.  — PINE.  MARXNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


?oy6 


SUB 

8UB-DE-PO»'[T,  n.      That   which   is  deposited  be- 
neath something  else.  Schovlcmft 
SUB-DER  r-SO'RI-OUS,  a,     [L.  sub  and  deriior.] 
Ridiculing  with  moderation  or  delicacy.     {Jyot  in 
use.]  More. 
SUB-DI-LA'TED,  a.    Partially  dilated. 
SUB-DI-TI"TIOUS,  (-de-tish'us,)  a.     [L.  subditUius^ 
from  9ubdo^  to  substittite.] 

Put  secretly  in  the  place  of  something  else.     [Lit- 
tie  useii.] 
SUB-DI-VER.S'I-Fr-£D,  pp.     Diversified  again. 
SUB  DI-VERS'I-F?,  v    t.     [sub  and   dwergify.^    To 
diversify  again  what  is  already  diversified.      [Little 
used,  1  iJale. 

8UB-D1-VERS'I-FV-I.\G,  ppr.       Diversifying  again 

what  is  already  diversified. 
SUB-DI-VIUE  ,  p.  (.     [.*uft  and  divide.]     To  divide  a 
part  uf  a  thing  into  more  parts  ;  to  part  into  smaller 
divisions. 

In  the  Twe  o(  ei^ht  In  tone>,  are  too  hnlf  tones ;  ao  u  if  yon 
divide  tlte  tones  equ.tlly,  tli«  ei?hl  is  but  wcren  wIioIr  and 
Fq>iM  iiot^s  ;  ai)d  a  you  subdivide  ihmt  into  hnlf  nout,  as  in 
tlie  stop*  of  a  lute,  it  mukes  the  ntimber  ihirtceii.  Bacon. 
The  T)n>g>-nip«  of  Cham  and  Japhet  swarmed  Into  coloiiitu,  and 
tnuae  colonic*  were  stibdioiiUd  into  mau*  others,     thydxn. 

SUB-DI-VTDE',  V.  t.    To  be  subdivided. 

SUB-DI-VID'ED^  pp.  Divided  again,  or  into  smaller 
parts. 

SUB-DIVID'ING,  ppr.  Dividing  into  smaller  parts 
that  which  is  already  divided. 

SUB-Dt-VtS'I-BLE,  a.     Susceptible  of  subdivision. 

SUB-DI-VI"SlO\,  (-de-vizh'un,)  n.  The  act  of  sub- 
dividing or  separating  a  part  into  smaller  partis. 

fVatts. 
2.  The  part  of  a  thing  made  by  subdividing;  the 
part  of  a  larger  part. 

In  the  decima!  labJ*,  llie  «u&iteu»>ij  of  the  cubit,  aa  ■pan,  palm, 
and  digit,  arc  deduced  from  ili«  ahorter  cubit.     Arbuthnot. 

SUB'DO-LOUS,  o.  [1m  subdolus;  sub  and  dolus,  de- 
ceit.] 

Sly;  crafty;  cunning;  artful;  deceitful.  [Little 
used.] 

SUB-DOM'I-NANT,  n.  In  munc,  the  fourth  note 
above  the  tonic,  being  under  the  dominant, 

SUB-DO'A-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  subdued.     Ward. 

SUB-DO' AL,m.     [from  subdue.]     The  act  of  subduing. 

IVarburton, 

SUB-DOCE',  /  V.  t.      [L.   subdueo  ,•   sub   and  dueo,  lo 

SUB-DUer,  (      draw.] 

1.  To  withdraw  ;  to  take  away. 

Of  from  my  aide  auttducUng,  took  perhapt 

More  than  enou^it.  Miibm, 

2.  To  subtract  by  arithmetical  operation. 

If,  out  of  that  infinite  mullitude  of  anlesedeol  graerationa,  we 
■hoold  tubducl  ten.  Halt, 

8UB-DCC'£D,  (-dust',)  pp.  Withdrawn;  taken 
Bwav. 

SUB-DOC'ING,  ppr.  Withdrawing;  Hubtraciing  by 
arithmetical  operation. 

SUB-DUe'TION,  n.     The  act  of  taking  away  or 

withdrawing.  Hale. 

9.  Arithmetical  subtraction.  Hale. 

SUB-DOE',  (sub-di',)  o.  L  (Thlsiaacompound  word, 
and  the  latter  component  part  ia  contracted  from 
tome  word  in  Clafls  Db  or  Dg] 

1.  To  conquer  by  force  or  the  exertion  of  superior 
power,  and  brinu  into  permanent  subjection  ;  to  re- 
duce under  dominion.  Thus,  Cesar  subdued  the 
Gauls;  Ausustus  sabdaed  E^ypl ;  the  Englif^h  sub- 
dued Canarla.  Suliduing  Implies  eonguest  or  pun- 
qui.^hirt<r;  but  it  Iniphe.'*,  also,  more  permanence  of 
mihjeclion  to  the  conquering  power  than  either  of 
tbeae  wurds. 

I  will  aiiMu«  all  thine  enemiea.  — 1  Cliron.  x*u, 
i  To  oppress  ;  to  crush  ;  tn  sink  ;  to  overpower  so 
as  to  disable  from  further  resistance. 


NoUiio|r  C4iiild  have  Mubdved  nature 

To  aiich  a  lown>«^  but  hia  unkind  datigbten. 

If  aiiifht  were  worthy  to  tubdu* 

The  Mul  uf  man. 


ShaJt. 
Mliltm. 

n.  To  tame  ;  to  break  by  conquering  a  refractory 
temper  or  evil  p:isslons  ;  to  render  submissive  ;  nn, 
to  subdue  a  stubborn  child. 

4.  To  conquer  ;  lo  reduce  to  mildness;  as,  to  «u&- 
duf  the  tfinpt-r  or  passions. 

5.  To  overcome  by  persuasion  or  other  mild  means  ; 
»s,  to  subdue.  oppuHition  by  argument  or  entreaties. 

ti.  To  overcome  ;  to  conquer  ;  to  captivate  ;  aa  by 
charms. 

7.  'I'o  soften  ;  to  melt ;  to  reduce  to  tendcmcu  ; 
as.  to  subdue  ferocity  by  tears. 

8.  To  overcome ;  lo  overjwwer  and  dertroy  the 
force  of;  as,  medicines  jritArfue  a  fever. 

9.  To  make  mellow;  to  break,  as  land  ;  also,  to 
di'strriv,  as  weeds. 

BVHiy&EUypp.  or  a.    Conquered  and  reduced  to  sub- 
jection ;  oppreijsed  ;  crushed  ;  tamed  ;  softened. 
BUK-DCE'.MENT,  n.     Conquest.  Shak. 

HUB-DO'ER,  n.     One  who  conquers  and  bririps  into 
subjtfction  ;  a  lamer.  Spenser. 

2.  That  which  subdues  or  destroys  the  force  of. 
.^rbttf-hnot, 
8UB-D0'ING,  ppr.  or  o.     Vanquishing  and   reducing 


SUB 

to  subjection;   crushing;  destroying   the  power  of 
resistance  ;  softening. 

SUB'DU-PLE,  a.    [L.  sub  and  duplust  double.] 

Containing  one  part  of  two.  frilkins. 

SUB-DO'PLreATE,  a.  [sub  and  duplicate.]  Having 
the  ratio  of  the  square  roots.  Cyc. 

SUB-E-LON"GATE,  a.     Not  fully  elongated. 

SUB-E'UUAL,  «.     Nearly  equal.  Martyit. 

SC'BER-ATE,  n.     [L.  suber,  cork.] 

A  salt  formed  by  Uie  suberic  acid  in  combination 
with  a  base.  Chemistry, 

SO'BER-ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  cork,  or  extracted  from 
it ;  as,  suberic  acid.  Chemistry. 

SO'BR-RIN,  n.     [L.  suber,  the  cork-tree.] 

The  cellular  tiscue  of  the  thick,  spongy  epidermis 
of  Quercus  Suber,  (Linnieus,)  freed  from  the  ordi- 
nary contents  of  itscells.  It  constitutes  about  seven 
tenths  of  common  ct^rk.  It  is  not  quite  certain  that 
it  is  a  distinct  individual  vegetable  proximate  princi- 
ple, since  hitherto  it  has  been  but  imperfectly  exam- 
ined. If  it  is  not,  it  should  not  have  the  name  of 
such  a  principle.  It  is  certainly  not  an  alkaloid,  and 
at  all  events,  should  not  have  a  name  having  the 
form  appropriated  to  distinguii^h  that  class  of  com- 
pounds. TuUy. 

SUB'ER-OSE,  a.     [L.  sub  and  erosus,  gnawed.] 

In  botany,  having  the  appearance  of  being  gnawed  ; 
appearing  as  if  a  little  eaten  or  gnawed.      Martyn. 

SC'BER-OUS,  a.     [from  L.  suber,  cork.] 
Corky  ;  soft  and  elastic. 

SUB-FUSe',  a.     [L.  subfiLicus  ;  sub  nndfiiscus.] 
Duskish  ;  moderately  dark  ;  brownish  ;  tawny. 

Taller. 

SUB-GE-LAT'IN-OUS,  a.     Imperfectly  gelatinous. 

SUB-GE-NER'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  subgenus. 

SUB-Ge'NUS,  n.  A  subdivision  of  a  genua,  compre- 
hending one  or  more  species. 

SUB-GL0-B6SE',  a.     Not  quite  globose. 

SUB-GLOB'lI-LAR,a.  Having  a  form  approaching  to 
globular.  Say. 

SUB-GLU-MX'CEOUS,  (-glu-ma'shus,)  a.  Somewhat 
glumaceous.  Lindley. 

SUB-GRAN'Q-LAR,  a.    Somewhat  granular. 

SUB-HAS-TA'TION,  n.  [L.  sub  hasta,  under  the 
spear.J 

A  public  sale  or  auction,  so  called  from  the  Roman 
practice.  Burnet. 

SUB-HORN-BLEND'ie,  a.  Applied  to  rocks  contain- 
ing disseminated  honiblcnde.  PercivaVs  Ocol. 

SUB-H?-DRO-8UL'PHU-RET,  n.  A  compound  of 
sulphureted  hydrogen  with  a  less  number  of  equiva- 
lents of  the  base  than  of  the  sulphureted  hvdrogen. 

SUB-IN-DI-CA'TION,  n.     [L.  sub  and  indic'o.] 

The  act  of  indicating  by  signs.  Barrow. 

SUB-iN-DOCE',  V.  U    To  insinuate  ;  to  offer  indirectly. 
Sir  £.  Dering. 

SUB-IN-FEU-DA'TION,  n.    [sub  and  infeudatioiu   See 

FZUD.] 

1.  In  laWy  the  act  of  enfeoffing  by  a  tenant  or 
feoffee,  who  holds  lands  of  the  crown  ;  the  act  of  a 
greater  baron,  who  grants  land  or  a  smaller  manor 
to  an  inferior  person.  By  34  Edward  III.  alt  subin- 
feudation.s  previous  to  the  reign  of  King  Edward  I. 
were  confirmed.  Biackstone. 

2.  Under  tenancy. 

The  widow  ia  immediate  tenant  to  the  heir,  b/  a  kind  of  *izbtn- 
/eudation  or  under  tenancy.  Biacktloru. 

8UB-L\-GRES'SI0N,  (-in-gresh'un.)  n.  [L.  sub  and 
ingressus,  ] 

Secret  entrance,     [^"oe  in  use,]  Boyle, 

SUB-I-TA'NB-Ors,  a.     [L.  subitaneus."] 

Suddeti ;  hasty. 
8UB'I-TA-NY,  a.     Sudden.     [J^otinuse.] 
StVBI-TO^  fit.]     In  music,  quick. 
SUB-JA'CENT,  a.    [h.  siibjacens ;  *«ft  and  jmm,  tolie.] 

1.  Lying  under  or  below. 

2.  Being  in  a  lower  situation,  though  not  directly 
beneath.  A  man  placed  on  a  hill  surveys  the  subja- 
cent plain. 

SUB'JEGT,  a.  [L.  suhjeetus,  from  snbjieio:  sub  and 
jacio,  to  ttirow,  Uiat  is,  to  drive  or  force ;  It.  sugget- 
to ;  Sp.  sajf^to.] 

1.  Placed  or  situate  under. 

The  eaiiem  towpf, 
WhoBe  hlyht  comroanda,  aa  aubjtct,  all  Uie  rale, 
To  aoo  Um  fighU  Shak. 

2.  Being  under  the  power  and  dominion  of  anoth- 
er ;  as,  Jamaica  is  subject  to  Great  Britain. 

Eaau  waa  ne»i;r  tubjtct  to  Jacob.  Locfte. 

3.  Exposed;  liable  from  extraneous  causes;  eis,  a 
country  subject  to  extreme  heal  or  cold. 

4.  Liable  from  inherent  causes  ;  prone  ;  disposed. 

All  human  tliinga  are  fubject  to  deca/.  Drydtn, 

5.  Obedient.     Tit.  iii.     Col.  )i. 

SUB'JECT,  n.  [L.  subjeetua  ;  Fr.  sujct ;  It.  su^rffetto.] 
I.  One  that  owes  aflegiance  to  a  sovereign,  and  is 
governed  by  his  laws.  The  natives  of  Great  Britain 
are  subjects  of  the  British  government.  The  natives 
of  the  United  States,  and  nalurnlized  foreigners,  are 
subject's  of  the  federal  government.  Men  in  free 
governments  are  subjecis  as  well  as  citizens;  as  citi- 


SUB 

zens,  they  enjoy  rights  and  franchises ;  as  subjecU^ 
they  are  bound  lo  obey  the  laws. 

The  tubjtct  muat  oU>^  hia  prince,  becauae  God  commuida  tt^  and 
human  tawa  require  il.  S>a\fl. 

2.  That  on  which  any  mental  operation  is  per- 
formed ;  that  which  is  treated  or  handled  ;  as,  a  fufr- 
ject  of  discussion  before  the  legislature  ;  a  subject  of 
negotiation. 

This  Mubjecl  for  heroic  aon^  pleoaed  m«,  MlUort, 

3.  In  loffic,  the  subject  of  a  proposition  is  that  con- 
cerning which  any  thing  is  amrmed  or  denied. 

fVatts. 

4.  That  on  which  any  physical  operation  or  experi- 
ment is  performed  ;  as  in  mesmerism,  ice. 

5.  Thai  in  which  any  thing  inheres  or  exists. 

Anger  ia  certainly  a  kind  of  baaoneaa,  aa  it  appeara  wcit  In  the 
weaknuaa  uf  Ihoae  tubJecU  in  whom  it  reigna.  Bacon. 

6.  The  person  wlio  is  treated  of;  the  hero  of  a 

piece. 

Authora  of  biography  aro  apt  to  be  prejttdieed  la  faror  of  ihefr    I 
tubjecl.  Afutdlelon. 

7.  In  grammar^  the  nominative  case  lo  a  verb  pas- 
sive. 

8.  In  music,  the  principal  melody  or  theme  of  a 
movement. 

9.  In  the  fine  arts,  that  which  it  is  the  object  and 
aim  of  the  artist  to  ex])rcss.  Brande. 

10.  In  anatomy^  a  dead  body  for  the  purposes  of 
dissection. 

SUB-JECT',  r.  (.  To  bring  under  the  power  or  do- 
minion of.  Alexander  «ufrjpc£ed  a  great  part  of  the 
civilized  world  to  his  dominion. 

Pirmneaa  of  mind  that  iubjecU  every  gratification  of  aenae  to  the 
rule  of  right  rc:ison.  MiddUtan, 

2.  To  put  Under  or  within  the  power  of. 

In  one  short  *iew  mbfecied  to  our  eye, 

Goda,  emperora,  heruea,  aagea,  Ljeautiea,  lie.  Pope. 

3.  To  enslave  ;  to  make  obQoxious. 

He  \»  the  most  mbjecUd,  tbe  moat  enalaved,  who  ia  ao  in  faia 
underataudiiig.  Locke. 

4.  To  expose;  to  make  liable.  Credulity  ^u&jecC« 
a.  person  to  impositions. 

5.  To  submit ;  lo  make  accountable. 

God  ia  not  boimd  to  tubjeci  hia  waya  of  opcratioo  to  the  acrutinj 
of  our  Uiirughla.  Locke. 

6.  To  make  subservient. 

Subjected  to  hia  service  angel  winga.  MUton, 

7.  To  cause  to  undergo  ;  as,  to  subject  a  substance 
to  a  white  heat ;  to  subject  it  to  a  rigid  test. 

SUB-JECT'ED,  pp.  Reduced  lo  the  dominion  of 
another  ;  enslaved  ;  exposed  ;  submitted  ;  made  to 
undergo. 

SUB-JECT'ING,  ppr.  Reducing  to  submission;  en- 
slaving; exposing;  subuiitting  ;  causing  to  undergo. 

SUB-JEC'TION,  n.  The  act  of  subduing  ;  the  act  of 
vanquishing  and  bringing  under  the  dominion  of 
anttther. 


2.  The  state  of  being  under  the  power,  control, 
and  governmeiil  of  antdher.  The  safety  of  life,  lib- 
erty, and  property,  depends  on  our  *M/ycc(ion  to  the 
laws.  The  isles  of  the  West  Indies  are  held  in  sub- 
jection to  the  powers  of  Europe.  Our  appetites  and 
passions  should  be  in  subjection  to  our  reason,  and 
our  will  should  be  in  entire  subjection  to  the  laws  of 
God. 

SUB-JECT'IVE,  a.  An  epithet  applied  to  those  inter- 
nal slates  of  thought  or  feeling  of  which  the  mind  is 
the  subject;  opposed  to  Objective,  which  is  applied 
to  things  considered  as  separate  from  the  mind,  and 
as  objects  of  its  attention.  Thus,  subjective  truth  or 
reality  is  that  which  is  verified  hy  consciousness  ; 
objective  truth  or  reality  is  that  which  results  from 
the  nature  and  relations  of  things.  A  subjective  mo- 
tive is  an  internal  feeling  or  propensity  ;  an  objective 
motive  is  something  external  to  the  mind,  which  is 
suited  to  awaken  desire.  Subjective  views  are  those 
which  are  produced  or  modified  by  internal  feeling  ; 
objective  views  are  those  which  are  governed  by  ex- 
ternal objects.  That  which  is  subjective  in  one  rela- 
tion may  be  objective  in  another.  Thus,  subjective 
states  of  mind,  when  recalled  and  dwelt  on  f-^r  the 
purpose  of  inspection  or  analysis,  become  objective. 
Eneye.  Jimer. 

SUB-JECT'IVE  LY,  ado.    In  relation  to  the  subject. 

Pearson, 

SUBJECT'IVE-NESa,  n.    State  of  being  subjective. 

SUB-JECT-IV'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  subject- 
ive. 

SUB'JECT-MAT'TER,  n.  The  matter  op  thought 
presented  for  consideration  in  some  statement  or 
discussion.  Bl.arkstone. 

SUB-JOIN',  V.  t,     [sub  and  join  ;  L.  mbjungo  ] 

To  add  at  the  end  ;  to  atld  after  something  else  has 
been  said  or  written ;  as,  to  subjoin  an  argument  or 
reason. 

[  /( is  never  used  in  a  literal  physical  sense,  to  express 
thejoiving  of  viaterial  thing.t.] 

3X]R-S0lN'KD,pp.  OT  a.  Added  after  something  else 
said  or  written. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  Vr'CI0US.~€  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


SUB 


SUB 


BUBJOIN'ING,  j»pr.  Adding  after  someUiing  else 
said  or  written. 

SUB  JCDI-CEy  [U]    Before  the  judge ;  not  decided. 

SUB'JU-GATE,  r.  U  [Ft.  subjuguer;  h.  subjugPi  an* 
and  i*^t  to  yoke.    See  Yoke.1 

To  subdue  and  bring  under  ine  yoke  of  power  or 
dominion  ;  to  conqut;r  by  force,  and  compel  to  sub- 
mil  to  Ute  government  or  absolute  control  of  another 

ile  tubjupUad  m  king,  »ml  cfclhrd  him  his  rnmal,  Baktr. 

[Subju^eUe  differs  from  .tubjKt  only  in  implying  a 
rfdiicuun  to  a  more  tyrannical  or  arbitrary  away  ;  but 
tlit-y  are  often  used  as  synonymous.] 
SUU'JU-GA  TED,  pjK  or  a.     Roduced  to  the  absolute 

conln>l  of  anulher.  ... 

SUB'JU-GA-'J'I.VG,  ppr.     Conquering  and  bringing 

tindt-r  the  nb^ilute  power  of  another. 
SUB-Jlf-GA'TION,n.    The  act  of  subduing  and  bring- 
ing uDtter  ihe  power  or  absolute  cunirol  of  another. 
SrH-JU.\e'T10N,  a.    The  act  of  subjoining,  or  state 

iif  being  subjoined.  Clarke. 

SL'B-JUNe' riVE,a.  [L-  suhjunetivus ;  Fr.  svijonetif; 
It.  sot^iumio.    See  Suajoi:*.] 

t.  Subjoined  or  added  to  something  before  said  or 
written. 

a.  In  jfrflranur,  designating  a  form  of  verba  which 
follow  (4her  verbs*  or  words  expressing  condition, 
hyp('ihe>ts,  orcootingenry  ;  as,  "  Veni  ut  me  ri^toew," 
rcame  that  vou  may  see  me  ;"  Si  feeerint  aequuin/* 
If  they  should  do  what  is  just. 

3.  Su^/wNcrire  is  often  used  as  a  noun  denoting  the 
mibjunctive  mode. 
SUB-KING' DO -M,  a,    A  subordinate  kingdom. 

iTtrfry. 
SUB'LA-NATE,  a.     VL.  sub  and  lana^  wool.} 
In  botan^^  ihimewnat  wo<>lty. 

Pertaining  to  the  Sublapsarians,  or  to  their  opinions. 
Murdoch, 

Sl'B-LAP-SA'EI-AN,  n.  An  Infnilapsarian  ;  one  of 
that  class  of  Calvinista  who  consider  the  decree  of 
election  as  contemplating  the  apostasy  as  past,  and 
the  elect  as  being  in  a  fallen  and  guilty  9tate.  The 
doctrine  of  their  antagonists,  the  Supralapsarians, 
wa«,  that  the  decree  of  election  contemplated  the 
elect  as  to  be  created,  and  to  apostatize  with  the  rest 
of  the  race,  and  then  to  be  rescued  and  saved  by 
divine  grace.  The  SuMapauians  eonridered  the  elec- 
tion of  gntc«  as  a  remedtf  for  an  txutimf  nil ;  while 
the  SupnUapsariana  viewed  it  as  a  part  of  God*a  orig- 
inal purpose  in  regard  to  men.  Munhek. 

SUB-LA 'TION.  a,     [L.  subUtic.] 

Tlie  act  of  taking  or  carrying  away.      Bp.  HalL 

BUB-LET',  r.  L  [sub  and  leL]  To  underlet;  to 
lease,  as  a  lesse«  to  another  person.     [  OmnsmaL] 

SUB-LE-VA'TIOX,  a.     [U  fmbUrc] 
The  act  of  raising  on  high. 

srB-LI-BRA'RI-A.\,  «,     An  under  librarinn. 

St*B-LIEC-TEN'A.NT,  (IS-ien'ant  or  -lef  len'ant,)  a. 
An  offirer  in  the  rt.yal  regiment  of  artillcr\-  and  fusil- 
errs,  in  which  are  no  cnsignii,  and  who  i»  the  same 
as  st^und  lieutenant.  RngUnd, 

SCB-LI-GA'TION,  a.     [L.  srthligo;  sub  and  ligo,  to 
bind.] 
The  act  of  binding  underneath. 

SUB-LTM'A-BLE,  a.  [from  sublime,]  That  may  be 
sublimated  ;  capable  of  being  raised  by  heat  into  va- 
por, and  again  condensed  by  cold. 

SUB-LTM'A  BLE-NES3,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
sublimable. 

8UB'H->LATE,  p.  U     [from  suhUme.]    To  bring  a  solid 
substance,  as  camphor  or  sulphur,  into  the  state  of 
vapor  by  heat,  which,  on  ciwding,  returns  again  to 
the  »«>lid  state.     [See  Scblimatioji.] 
3.  To  refine  and  exalt ;  to  highten  ;  to  elevate. 

AfMl  m  hi«  uuoo*  roir,  wo  ruK  tttry  Mill  ifaHr  rHn, 

la  w»nfe  •mttoae  vrifc^  i«t  sudta  k  cuKtmaXoi  mtuq.    DryUn. 

SUB'LI-MATEL  a.  The  product  of  a  sublimation. 
Onrvmv  tubiimaU  U  the  protoektorid  ^  mercurf,  a 
valuable  medicine,  which,  in  excearive  doees^  pro- 
duces pcHsooous  effects,  like  every  other  medicine. 

Btua  nbiimaU  is  z  preimraiion  of  mercury  with 
flowers  of  salpbur  and  sal  ammoniacum ;  used  in 

SUp'LI-MATE,  o.  Bror.ghl  into  a  stale  of  vapor  by 
hf*at,  and  asain  condensed,  as  solid  substances. 

SUB'LI-MA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Brought  into  a  stale  of 
vapf*  bv  heat,  a^  a  solid  substance  ;  refined. 

SUB'H-SH-TING,  ppr.  Converting  into  the  state  of 
vapor  by  heal,  and  condensing,  as  solid  substances, 

SUB-LI-MA'TIO.V,  n.  The  opemtion  of  bringing  a 
solid  substance  into  the  state  of  vapor  by  heat,  and 
condensing  it  a^ain  into  a  solid  by  cold.  Sublima- 
tion bears  the  same  nl.itton  to  a  solid  that  distillation 
does  to  a  liquid.  Both  pmcesses  p^irify  the  sub- 
stances to  which  they  are  severally  applied,  by  sep- 
arating them  from  the  fixed  and  grosser  matters  with 
which  they  are  connected. 

2.  Exaltation  ;  elevation  ;  act  of  hightening  or  im- 
proving. ^ 

Relipoa,  the  periecaoa,  refiocment,  utd  tvbUModon  of  monlity. 

SoitA. 


SUB-LIME',  a.     [h.subUmig;  Fr,  It. and  Bp,  sublime.) 

1.  High  in  place  ;  exalted  aloft. 

Subiim»  on  tbrae  a  lowrt  of  tteel  b  rauvd.  Drydtn. 

S.  High  in  excellence  i  exalted  by  naturs;  ele- 
vated. 

Ctui  it  be  IhAt  Miili  twAUKM 
R^tum  lo  vuit  our  leircitml  dbne  t  Drydtn, 

3.  High  in  st>*l6  or  sentiment ;  lofty  ;  grand. 

Emj  io  ityle  Ihy  woit,  in  mum  avblinu.  Prior. 

4.  Elevated  by  joy  ;  as,  sublime  with  expectation. 

5.  Lofty  of  mien  ;  elevated  in  manner.  [Milton. 
Hit  fair  Urjro  front  and  eje  tiMiim  declared 

AbMlute  nile.  Milton. 

8UB-LI.ME', ».  A  grand  or  lofty  style  j  a  style  that 
expresses  lofty  conceptions. 

The  tublima  ri*^  from  ihe  oobfcncM  of  thoiirtta,  ibf  ma^nifl- 
criior  of  wurd*,  or  the  hanDonioua  and  lively  (um  oT  tho 
phnwe.  AdtUaon. 

ffUB-LIME',  V.  U    To  sublimate,  which  see. 

S!.  To  raise  on  high.  Denbam. 

3.  To  exalt ;  to  highten  ;  to  improve. 

The  tun  — 
Which  rK>t  alone  [ho  K>nthern  wit  iubiim4$. 
But  riproa  apihti  ia  c«iU  norths ro  cUntes.  Pop*. 

SUB-LIME',  r.  i.  To  he  brought  or  changed  into  a 
state  of  vapor  by  heat,  and  then  condensed  by  cold, 
as  a  solid  substance. 

ParuclM  of  antimony  which  will  not  tubiim*  alono.     StwUm. 

SUB-LIM'£D,  pp.    Brought  into  a  state  of  vapor  by 

heat,  and,  when  cooled,  changed  to  a  solid  sUte. 
SUB-LLME'LY,  adv.     With  elevated  conceptions  ;  lof- 
tily ;  as,  to  express  one's  self  JuAhmefy. 
In  Enclnh  Uj>.  and  all  mhiimtlx/  ^al. 
Thy  ifomer  channa  with  all  hi*  ancn-ni  heal.  Pamea. 

SUB-LI  ME' NESS,  a.    Loftiness  of  style  or  sentiment ; 

sublimity. 
8UB-LI.M-I-FI-eA'TI0N,  a.    [L.  sublimis  and  facto.) 

The  act  of  making  sublime.  QUpin. 

SUB-LIM'IXG,;)pr.     Sublimating;  exallinjf. 
SUB-LIM'I-TY,  n.     fFr.  sHblimiU;  L.  subltmitOM.) 
\.  Elevation  of  place ;  lofty  hight. 

2.  Hight  in  excellence ;  loftiness  of  nature  or 
character ;  moral  ,:randeur  j  as,  God^s  incomprehen- 
sible MubUiMtff.  Ralegh. 

3.  An  elevated  feeling,  consisting  of  a  union  of 
astonishment  and  awe,  at  the  contemplation  of  great 
scenes  and  objects,  or  of  exalted  exceNence. 

4.  In  onuoty  and  compontion,  lofty  conceptions,  or 
sach  conceptions  expressed  in  corresponding  lan- 
guage ;  loftiness  of  sentiment  or  style. 

Mlhon**  diuinfuahiag  exceUeocc  Ilea  in   the  auUimt^  of  hia 


8UB-UN-E-A'TI0N,  a.     [L.  sub  and  liuea.) 

Mark  of  a  line  or  tinea  under  a  word  in  a  sentence. 
LeU  to  Abp.  Usher. 
8UB-LIN"GUAL,(-ling'gwal,)  a.    [L.  sub  and  lingua^ 
the  tongue.] 

Situated  under  the  tongue;  as,  the  sublingual 
glands.  Coz^. 

SUB-LC'NAR,      I  a.      [Fr.  sublunaire;  L.  sub  and 
SUB'LU-NA-RY,  1      tuna,  the  nn«in.] 

Literallgy  beneath  the  moon  ;  but  sublunary^  which 
is  the  word  chiefly  used,  denotes  merely  terrestrial, 
earthly,  pertaining  to  this  world. 

All  ihingv  tublunary  are  aubjea  to  chanffl.  Dryden. 

SUB'LU-NA-RY,  n.     Any  worldly  thing.     Ftitham, 
SUB-LUX-A'TION,  n.     [nib  and  luzation.) 

In  surgery.nn  incomplete  dislocation. 
SUB-MA-KXi\E',(-ma-reen',)a.     [L.  swAand  marinus^ 
from  mare^  the  sea.] 

Being,  acting,  or  growing,  under  water  in  the  sea ; 
as,  submarine  navigators  ;  submarine  plants. 
SUB-MAX'IL-LA-RY,  o.      [L.  sub  and   maxilla^  the 
jaw-bone.] 

Situatea  under  tlie  jaw.  Med.  Repos. 

The  submaxillary  glands  are  two  salivary  glands, 
situated,  one  on  either  side,  immediately  within  the 
angle  of  the  lower  jaw.  Wistar.' 

SUB-Mf,'DI-AL,  o,     Lyingunder  the  middle.   Buffim. 
SUIt-ME'DI-AN,  a.     Lying  under  or  below  the  mid- 
dle of  a  btwiy. 
SUB-M£'DI-ANT,  n.    In  musicy  the  sixth   note,  or 
middle  note  between  the  octave  and  subduminant. 

Busby, 
SUB-MERGE',  (sub-merj',)  r.  U     [L.  submergoj  sub 
and  mergo,  to  plunge.] 

2.  To  put  under  water  ;  lo  plunge. 

3.  To  cover  or  overflow  with  water;  to  drown. 

So  half  my  EgTpl  waa  submerged.  Sia*. 

SUB-MERGE',  (sub-merj',)  r.  i.     To  plunge  under 

water,  as  swallows. 
9UB-MERG'£D,  pp.     Put  under  water;  overflowed, 
SUU-MERG'ENCE,  n.    The  act  of  submerging ;  the 

rtate  of  beine  submerged.  LyelL 

SUB-MERG'ING,  ppr.     Putting  under  water;  over- 
flowing. 
SUB-MERSE',  )    ^     [T^mbm^susl 

SUB-MERS'£D,  (sub-mersl',)  i  "*    L^- »«*»»«»•«'.] 
Being  or  growing  under  water,  as  the  leaves  of 
aquatic  plants. 


SUB 

SUB-MER'SION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  submersus.] 

1.  The  act  of  putting  under  water  or  causing  to  be 

overflowed  ;  as,  the  submersion  of  an  isle  or  tract  of 

land.  ^a**.   ^ 

a.  The  act  of  plunging  under  water;  the  act  of 

drowning. 

SUB-MIN'IS-TER,        (  r.  (.      [L,   subministroi    sub 

SUB-MIN'IS-TRATE,  \       and  ministro.] 

To  supply  ;  to  afford.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Hale, 

SUB-MIN'IS-TER,  v.i.     To  subserve  ;  to  be  useful  ta 

Our  paaalona—  cukmniatrr  to  the  beat  and  wont  of  puqwaea. 
L' htlrangt. 

[JVotinuse.]     [See  MintsTEaand  ADMirtisxan.] 
SUB-MIN'IS-TRANT,  a.     Subservient  i    serving  in 

subordination.     [JVof  in  use]  Bacon. 

SUB-MIN-IS.TBA^TION,  n.    Tho  act  of  furnishing 

or  supplying.     [J^ot  in  iwe.]  }VoUon, 

SUB-MISS',  a.     [Ia.  submLssus^  submitto.] 

Submissive  ;  numble  ;  obsequious.  MUtOJL 

[Rarely  used,  and  in  puetry  only.] 
SUB-MIS'SION,  (-misb'un,)  n.     [L.  submissio,  from 
rubmitto  ;  Fr.  soumission  :  It.  sommessione.] 

1.  The  act  of  submitting  ;  the  act  of  yielding  lo 
power  or  authority  ;  surrender  of  Ihe  person  and 
power  to  the  control  or  government  of  another. 

Subinittion,  dauphia  t   'ti«  a  nwre  French  wonl  i 

Wc  Biiffitfh  warritfra  wot  not  what  it  meani.  Shaks, 

2.  Acknowledgment  of  inferiority  or  dependence ; 
humble  or  suppliant  behavior. 

In  all  Mubmiation  and  humility, 

York  doth  preaent  hin»eir  unto  your  hijhnew.  iSTui*. 

3.  Acknowledgment  of  a  fault ;  confession  of  error. 

Be  not  aa  extreme  in  wubmistion  ai  in  offcnao.  Shak. 

4.  Obedience  ;  compliance  with  the  commands  or 
laws  of  a  superior.  Submission  of  children  lo  their 
parents  is  an  indispensable  duty. 

5.  Resignation  ;  a  yielding  of  one's  will  to  the  win 
or  appointment  of  a  superior  without  murmuring. 
Entire  and  cheerful  submission  lo  the  will  of  God  is 
a  Christian  duty  of  prime  excellence. 

SUB-MlSS'lVE,(i.  Yielding  lo  the  will  or  power  of 
another  ;  obedient. 

2.  Humble;  ncknowtedgingone'a  inferiority;  tes- 
tifying one's  submission. 

Her  al  hit  f(Ti,  tubmufioe  in  diitrraa, 

He  thuiwiih  pcacrfu!  worvla  tiprui«d.  ARlWn. 

SUB-MISS'IVE-LY,  ado.  With  submission;  with 
acknowledgment  of  inferiority  ;  humbly. 

The  joddeaa. 
Soft  In  her  tone,  *ubTni$noely  repilea.  Dryden. 

SUB-MISS'IVE-NESS,  n,     A  submissive  temper  or 

disposition. 

2.  Humbleness;  acknowledgment  of  inferiority. 

3.  Confession  of  faulL 

Frailty  geta  pardon  by  tvbmi$ni>tn*tt.  Herbtrt. 

SUB-MISS'LY,  orfo.  Humbly  ;  wilh  submission.  [Lit- 
Ue  used.]  Taylor. 

SUB-MISS'NESS,  n.  Humbleness;  obedience.  [Lit- 
tle use4.]  Burton. 

SUB-MlT^,  V.  L  [L.  submitto  ;  suby  under,  and  mitto, 
lo  send  ;  Ft.  soumettre;  It.  soinmetlrrt;  Sp.  ^umeter.J 

1.  To  lei  down  ;  to  cause  to  sink  or  lower, 
SomcUmeB  the  bill  tubmita  iiaelf  a  while.  Drydtn. 

[Thit  use  of  the  vsord  is  nearly  or  wholly  obsolete.) 

2.  To  yield,  resign,  or  surrender  to  Ihe  power,  will, 
or  authority  of  another ;  wiUi  the  reciprocal  pronoun. 

Return  to  thy  miatreii,  and  aubmil  thyttlf  uniier  her  hand.  — 
(ien.  xvi. 

Wivea,  aubtnit  yotirttlveM  to  your  own  huibanda Eph.  T. 

Submit  youraetott  to  every  ordinance  of  man.  —  1  Pel.  ii. 

3.  To  refer;  lo  leave  or  commit  to  the  discretion 
or  judgment  of  another  ;  as,  to  submit  a  controversy 
to  arbitrators  ;  to  submit  n  question  to  the  court. 

SUB-MIT',  r.  i.  To  surrender  ;  to  yield  one's  person 
to  the  power  of  another;  lo  give  up  resistance. 
The  enemy  submitted. 

The  reToUed  pro*inc*«  prraently  aiibmitud.  MiddUlon. 

2.  To  yield  one's  opinion  to  the  opinion  or  au- 
thority of  another.  On  hearing  the  opinion  of  the 
court,  the  counsel  submitted  without  furthur  argu- 
tnenU  ,  ^     .        , 

3.  To  bo  subject;  to  acquiesce  in  lh«  authority  of 
another 

To  thT  h^isband  a  will 
Thine  Bhall  aubmiC.  Afi/Ion. 

4.  To  be  Bubmisaive  ;  to  yield  without  murmuring. 

-  lo  aubmil  to  pain,  diagrac«,  and  CTen 
Bogtra. 

SUB-MlT'TED,pp.  Surrendered;  resigned  ;  yielded  ; 
referred, 

SUB-MIT'TER,  n.     One  who  submits. 

SUB-MIT'TING,  ppr.  Surrendering;  resigning; 
yielding  ;  referring  to  another  for  decision. 

SUB-MON'ISH,  V.  U     [L.  svbmoneo.] 
To  suggest ;  to  prompt. 

SUB-MO-NI"TION,  (nish'un,)  n.     Suggestion. 

Granger. 

SUB-MUL'TI-PLE.  ».  [See  Multiflt.]  A  num- 
ber or  quantity  which  is  contained  in  another  an  ex- 
act number  of  times,  or  is  an  aliquot  part  of  it 


FATE,  FAR,  FA^L,  \\TIAT.— METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


1100 


SUB 

Thus  7  is  the  submultiple  of  56^  being  contained  in  it 
eigtit  times.     The  word  is  used  as  an  adjective  also  ; 
aa,  a  submuUiple  number  ;  submultiple  ratio.       Cyc 
SL'B-\XR-eOT'ie,  a.     Moderately  narcotic  Barton. 
SUB-NAS'CENT,  a.     [L.  sub  and  nascor.] 

Growitig  underneath. 
SUB-NEGT',  r.  (-     [L.  subneeto.] 

To  tie,  buckle,  or  fasten  beneath.    [M}t  in  use.] 

Pope. 
8UB-NOR'MAL,  n.     [L.  sub  and  norma,  a  rule.] 

In  gtometry^  that  part  of  the  axis  of  a  curve  line 
which  ia  intercepted  between  the  ordinate  and  the 
normal.  Brande. 

SUB-NCDE',  a.     [L.  sub  and  nudu.^^  nafeed.] 

In  botany^  almost  naked  or  bare  of  leaves.      Lee. 
SUB-OB^eORE'LY,   adv.     Somewhat  obscurely  or 

darkly.  Donne, 

SUB-0€-CIP'I-TAL,  a.    Beingunderthe occiput ;  as, 

the  suboccipital  nerves.  Parr. 

SUB-Oe'TAVE,     >   a.     FL.  sub  and  oetavus,  or  octu- 
SUB-Oe'TU-PLE,  i       pie.] 

Containing  one  part  of  eight. 

UnUcins.     ArbuihnoL 
SUB-0€'tJ-LAR,  a,     [L.  juftand  oculits.] 

Being  under  the  eye.  Barrow. 

SUB-OR-Bie'U-LAR,     \  a.      [L.  sub   and   orbieula- 
SUB-OR-Bie'l^-LATE,  \       tu.^.} 

Almost  orbiculate  or  orbicular;  nearly  circular. 

Martyn.     Say. 

SUB-OR'DIN-A-Cy,  n.     [See   Pubobdinate.]      The 

state  of  being  subordinate  or  subject  to  control ;  as, 

to  bring  the  imagination   to  act  in  subordinacy  to 

reason.  Spectator. 

2.  Series  of  subordination.    [Little  used.] 

Temple. 
SUB-OR'DIN-AN-CY,  n,     [J^ot  in  use.}     See  Subor- 

niSACY. 

8UB-OR'DIN-ATE,  o.  [L.  sub  and  ordinatuSy  from 
orifo,  order.] 

1.  Inferior  in  order,  in  nature,  in  dignity,  in  pow- 
er, importance,  tec. ;  as,  subordinate  officers. 

It  wiM  tubariiinaU,  not  fiwJaTcd,  to  th«  undrnlaniliiig.    South. 

S.  Descending  in  a  regular  series. 

The  wvemi  kinds  and  ntbon&naie  apcciea  or  each  nre  enulj 
(listiiiguuhed.  Wooduxird. 

SUB-OR'niN-ATE,  n.  One  who  stands  in  order  or 
rank  below  another.  Milton. 

SUB-OR'DIN-ATE.u.f.  To  place  in  an  order  or  rank 
below  something  else  ;  to  make  or  consider  as  of  less 
value  or  importance  ;  as,  to  subordinatr.  one  creature 
to  another  ;  to  ^ufrwrf/aia^etempciral  tu  f:piritu:il  things. 

3.  To  make  subject;  as,  to  tfuAcrt/inafe  the  passions 
to  reason.  Scott. 

SUB-OR'DI.V-A-TED,  pp.    Placed  in  an  Inferior  rank  ; 

consub'rr'd  as  of  inferior  importance;  subjected. 
Si:B-OR'DIN-ATE-LY,adD.     In  a  lower  rank  or  of 
inft-riur  importance. 
3.  In  a  scries  regularly  descending. 

Decay  of  Piety. 
SUB-OR-Dr\-A'TION,  n.     [Fr.     See  SubordikateO 
The  state  of  being  inferior  to  an<ither ;  inferiority  of 
rank  or  dignity. 

2.  A  series  regularly  descending. 

NiiLiinl  CRatum  liaviii^  k  locil  ^vbordinrUion.  Holiday, 

3.  Place  of  rank  amtmg  inferiors. 

Pcnroii  who  in  th^ir  fvral  »ul>orilittatioTU  would  bs  elMgt6  to 
ToUow  the  exmnple  ul  ih'-ir  •npvrriitr*.  Su{/1. 

4.  Subjection  ;  state  of  being  under  control  or  gov- 
emroenL 

The  man  i^oriom  militar;  luhi'^vrn^nta  wottld  he  a  c.-i1«initf  and 
>  ciirv,  if  piireliMX^t  nt  (be  cxpenae  of  baUU  ot  Mubordina. 
Cion  nad  love  of  onler.  J.  EvarU. 

CSunoRDiifATCNESB  IS  not  used.] 
SUBORN',  V.  L  [Fr.  subornn- ;  It.  aubnmare;  Sp. 
subomar ;  L.  subomo;  sub  and  orno.  The  sense  of 
onto,  in  this  word,  and  the  primnrj*  sense,  is^  to  put 
on,  to  furnish.  Hence,  subomo^  to  furnish  privately, 
that  is,  to  bribe.] 

1.  In  'air,  to  procure  a  person  to  take  such  a  false 
oath  as  constitutes  perjury.  Blackstone. 

2.  To  procure  privately,  or  by  collusion. 

Or  cIm  thon  nit  tttborrud  afrainit  hi*  honor.  Shak, 

3.  To  procure  by  indirect  means. 

Thoae  who  by  deapair  fuborn  their  d^atb.  Dryitn. 

SUB-OR-NA'TION,  ».     [Fr.]      In  /aw,  the  crime  of 

procuring  a  person  to  lake  such  a  false  oath  as  con- 

slittitcs  perjury.  Blackstone. 

2.  The  crime  of  procuring  one  to  do  a  criminal  or 

bad  action.  Skak.     Swift, 

SUB  ORN'£D,  pp.     Procured  to  take  a  false  oath,  or 

to  do  a  had  action, 
suit  ORN'ER,  «,    One  who  procnres  another  to  take 

a  fnl-te  riath,  or  to  do  a  bad  action. 
SUB'OKN'ING,  ppr.     Pn*curtng  one  to  Uke  a  false 

oaib,  or  to  do  a  criminal  action. 
SUB-0'VAL,  a.  Somewhat  oval. 
SUR-fl'VATE,  a.     [L.  sub  and  ovatus^  from  ovum,  an 

egg.l 

Almost  ovate  ;  nearly  in  thf»  fi>rm  of  an  egg,  but 

having  the  inferior  extremity  broadest.       Marlyn. 


SUB 

SUB-PCE'N  \   I  n*   [L-  sub  and  pana,  pain,  penalty.] 
A  writ  commanding  the  attendance  in  court  of  the 
person  on  whom  it  is  served,  as  witnesses,  &,c. 
SUB-PR'NA,   \v.t.  Toserve  with  a  writ  of  subpenaj 
SUB-PCE'NA,  \     to  command  attendance  in  court  by 

a  legal  xvrit. 
SUB-Pf.'NA-ED,  pp.    Served  with  a  writ  of  subpena. 
SUB-Pe'NA-ING,  ppr.     Commanding  attendance  in 

court  by  a  legal  writ. 
SUB-PER-PEN-DICq-LAR,  n.     [sub  and  perpendicvtr 
lar.] 

A  subnormal,  which  see. 
SUB-PET'I-O-LATE,  a.     {sub  and  petiole.] 

In  botany,  having  a  very  short  petiole.      Martyn, 
SUB-POR-PHY-RIT'ie,  a.     Allied  to  porphyritic,  but 
containing  smaller  and  less  distinctly  marked  points 
or  crystals.  PercivaPs  Geol. 

SUB-PRI'OR,  n,  [sub  and  prior.]  The  vicegerent  of 
a  prior;  a  claustral  olUccr  who  assists  the  prior. 

South,     Cyc. 
SUB-PUR'CHA-SER,  tu    A  purchaser  who  buys  from 

a  purchaser. 
SUB-aUAD'RATE,  a.     Nearly  square.  Say. 

SUB-QUAD'RU-PLE,  a.  [sub  n»d  quadruple,]  Con- 
taining one  part  of  four^  as,  subquadruple  proportion. 

fVdkins. 
SUB-aUIN'aUE-FID,  o.     t*«a  and  qvinquejid.]     Al- 
most quinquefid.  Lee. 
SUB-aUIN'TU-PLE,  a.     [sub  and  quintuple.]     Con- 
taining one  part  of  five  ;  as,  subquintuple  proportion. 

IVUkins. 
SUB-RA'M6SE,  la.      [L.  sub   and  ramosus^  full  of 
SUB-RA'MOUS,  \      branches.] 

In  botany,  having  few  branches.  Lee. 

SUB-RECTOR,  n.     [sub  and  rector.]     A  rector's  dep- 
uty or  substitute.  Walton. 
SUB-REP'TION,  n.     [L.  subreptio,  from   subrepoy  to 
creep  under.] 

Tile  act  of  obtaining  a  favor  by  surprise  or  unfair 
representation,  that  is,  by  suppression  or  fraudulent 
concealment  of  facts.  Diet. 

SUB-REP-Tl"TIOUS,  (-tish'us,)  \  a.    [L.  surreptUius. 
SUB^REP'TIVE,  i      supra.] 

Falsely  crept  in  ;  fraudulently  obtained.    [See  Sub- 

REPTITIOUS.] 

SUB-REP-TI"TIOUS-LY,  adv.  By  falsehood ;  by 
stealth.  Sherwood. 

SUB'RO-GATE,r.«.     [L.  subrogo.] 

To  put  in  the  place  of  another.  [JVof  in  use.]  [See 
SubhooatkJ 

SUB-RO-GA'TlON,n.  In  the  civil  law,  the  substitut- 
ing (pf  one  person  in  the  place  of  another,  and  giving 
hint  his  rights.  Encyc. 

SUB  RO'SjI,  [h.]  Literally,  under  the  rose.  Secret- 
ly ;  privately  ;  in  a  manner  that  forbids  disclosure; 
the  rose  being,  among  the  ancients,  the  symbol  of  se- 
crecy, and  hung  up  at  enlertatnnieuts  as  a  token  that 
nothing  there  said  was  to  be  divulged.  Booth, 

SUB-ROTUND'  a.     [L.  sub  and  rvtundus^  round.] 
Almost  rnund  ;  almost  orbicular.  Lee. 

SUB-SAL-INE',  a.     Moderately  saline  or  salt.     Eneyc. 

SUB'SALT,  n.     A  salt  having  an  excess  of  the  base. 

SUB-SANNA'TION,  n.     [L.  subsanno.] 

Derision ;  scorn.  '  More. 

SUB-SCAP'U-LAR,  a.     [L.  sub  and  scapula.] 

The  subscapular  artery  is  the  large  branch  of  the 
axillarj'  artery,  which  rises  near  the  lowest  margin 
of  the  scapula.  Cyc 

SUB-SCRTB'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  subscribed. 

SUB-SeniBE',  r.  t.     [h.  subscribe  i  sub  and  scrtbo,  lo 
write  ;  Fr.  souserire  ;  It.  soserieere  ;  Sp.  subscribir.] 
Literally,  to  write  underneath.     Hence, 

1.  To  sign  with  one*s  own  hand  ;  to  give  consent 
to  something  written,  or  to  hind  one's  self  by  writing 
one's  name  beneath  ;  as,  jKirties  subscribe  a  covenant 
or  mntract ;  a  man  subscribes  a  bond  or  articles  of 
agreement. 

2.  To  attest  by  writing  one's  name  beneath  ;  as, 
o(Iici-n!  mtbiicribe  their  official  acts  :  and  secretaries 
and  clerks  subscribe  copies  of  records. 

3.  To  promise  to  give,  by  writing  one's  name  ;  as, 
each  man  mth.fcribed  ten  dollars,  ur  ten  sliillings. 

4.  To  submit.     [JVot  in  u.ir,]  Shak. 
SUB-SCKIBE',  V.  u    To  promise  to  give  a  certain  sum 

by  setting  one's  name  to  a  paper.  TJie  jtaper  was  of- 
fered, and  many  subscribed, 
3.  To  assent ;  as,  I  could  not  subscribe  to  bis  opinion. 
SUB-yeRIB'f:D,  pp.  Having  a  name  or  names  writ- 
ten underneath.  The  petition  is  subscribed  by  two 
thousand  persons. 

2.  Promised  by  writing  the  name  and  sum.     A 
large  sum  is  subseribrd, 
SUB-SCRIB'ER,  n.     One  who  subscribes;   one  who 
contributes  lo  an  undertaking  by  subscribing. 

2.  One  who  enters  his  name  for  a  paper,  book, 
map,  and  the  like. 
SUB-SCRTB'ING,  ppr.     Writing  one's  name  under- 
neatti ;  assenting  to  or  attesting  by  writing  the  name 
btmeath  ;  entering  one's  name  as  a  purchaser. 
SUB'.SCKIPT,  n.     Any  thing  underwritten.  Bentley. 
SUB  SCRIP'TION,  n.     [I.,  subscrxptio.] 

\.  Any  thing,  particularly  a  paper,  with  names 
subHcribed. 


SUB 

2.  The  act  of  subscribinir,  or  writing  erne's  nam^ 
undernertth  ;  name  subscribed  ;  signature. 

3.  Consent  or  attestation  given  by  underwriting 
the  name. 

4.  The  act  of  contributing  to  any  undertaking. 

5.  Sum  subscribed;  amount  of  sums  subscribed. 
We  si»eak  of  an  individual  subscription,  or  of  the 
whole  subscription  to  a  fund. 

6.  Submission;  obedience.     [JVoC  tn  U9«.] 
SUB-SECTION,  n.     [L.  sub  and  sectio.] 

The  part  or  division  of  a  section  ;  a  subdivision  ; 
the  section  of  a  section.  Z>icu 

SUB-SECy-TIVE,  a.     [L.  subsequor^  subseeutus.] 

Following  in  a  train  or  succession.     [Little  U!<ed.] 
SUB-SE.M'I-TOXE,  ti.     In  miuie,  tlie  leading  unte,  or 

sharp  seventh,  of  any  key.  Brande. 

SUB-SEP''i'U-PLE,  a.     [L.  sub  and  septuplus.] 

Containing  one  of  seven  parts.  fVilkins. 

SUB'SE-aUENCE,  n.     [L.  subsequor,  suisequcns  ,•  *tt6 
and  sequor,  to  follow.] 
A  following  ;  a  state  of  coming  after  something. 

Grew. 
SUB'S.Fv-aUENT,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.*wi«?«CTis,  supra.] 

1.  Following  in  time  ;  coming  or  being  after  some- 
thing else  at  any  time,  indefinitiHy  ;  as,  sub^eqtunt 
events ;  subsequent  ages  or  years  ;  a  period  long  sub- 
sequent to  the  foundation  of  Rome. 

2.  Following  in  the  order  of  place  or  succession  ; 
succeeding  ;  as,  a  subsequent  clause  in  a  treaty.  What 
is  obscure  in  a  passage  may  be  illustrated  by  subse- 
queiit  Words. 

SUB'SE-aUENT-LY,  orfc.  At  a  later  time;  in  time 
after  something  else.  Nothing  was  done  at  the  first 
meeting ;  what  was  subsequently  transacted,  I  do  not 
know. 

9-  After  something  else  in  order.    These  difficul- 
ties will  be  subsequently  explained. 
SUB-SERVE',  (sub-serv',)  v.  U      [L.  suhservio;   sub 
and  servio,  to  serve.] 

To  serve  in  subordination  ;  to  serve  instnimental- 
1y.  In  most  engines,  we  make  the  laws  of  matter 
subserve  the  purposes  of  art. 

Not  mnde  to  rule. 
But  [o  mbterv€  where  wUiioia  bean  cuiiimand.  MiUon. 

SUB-SERVED,  pp.    Served  in  subordination. 
SUB-?ERV'I-ENCE,    i  lu    Instrumental  use  ;  use  or 
SUB-SERV'I-EN-C  Y,  \    operation  that  promotes  some 
purpose. 

The  body,  wherein  appcara  much  fitneu,  use,  and  tubierwncy 
'■•  ''-finit>^  riiiictiotiB,  BtiUleu 


There  ii  a  rr^uUr  flut>or(linatii)Q  and  tubtervieney  nmong  all  the 
pjrta  lo  l>i;npticial  cuds.  CH^ne. 

SUB-SERV'I-ENT,  a.     [L.  subserviens.] 

1.  Useful  as  an  instrument  to  promote  a  purpose  ; 
serving  to  promote  some  end. 

Uaininoiid  had  nn  incredible  dexterity,  leiircely  CTcr  readinf  any 
thinr  which  he  did  nui  make  sidMereienl  in  one  kind  or 
•Ahtt.  Pell. 

2.  Subordinate;  acting  as  a  subordinate  instru- 
ment. These  are  the  creatures  of  God,  subordinate 
to  him,  and  subserviatt  to  his  will. 

Tbcic  miiki  of  creature*  are  tubaerviettt  one  to  Another,      /fny. 

SU  B-SER V'l-ENT-LY,  ado.  In  a  subservient  man  ner. 

SUB-SERVING,   ppr.      Serving    in    subordination ; 
serving  instnimentally. 

SUB-SES'SILE,  (-ses'sil,)  a.     [L.  sub  and  sessilis.] 
In  botany,  almost  sessile,   having  very  short  foot- 
stalks. Martyn.     Lee. 

SUB-SEX'TU-PLE,  a.     [L.  sub  and  se^titplus.] 

Containing  one  part  in  six.  fViikins. 

SUB-SIDE',  V.  i.     [L.  subside  ;  sub  and  sido,  to  settle. 
See  Set.] 

1.  To  smk  or  fall  to  the  bottom  ;  lo  settle  ;  as  lees. 

2.  To  fait  into  a  state  of  quiet ;  to  cease  to  rage  ; 
to  be  calmed  ;  to  become  tranquil.  Let  the  passions 
sttbside.  The  tumults  of  war  will  subside.  Christ 
commandetl,  and  the  storm  subsided. 

3.  'J'o  tend  downward  ;  to  sink  ;  as,  a  subsiding 
hill.     The  land  subsides  irrto  a  plain. 

4.  To  abate  ;  to  be  reduced. 


SUB-SI'DENCE,   i  n.    The  act  or  process  of  sinking 
SUBSI'DEN-CY,  \       or  falling,   as   in   the    Ices    of 

liquors. 
2.  The  act  of  sinking  or  gradually  descending,  as 

ground.  Burnet, 

SUB-SID'I-A-RY,  a.     [Fr.  subsidiaire  ;  L.  subsidiarius. 

See  SuBsior.j 

1.  Aiding;  assistant;  furnishing  help.  Subsidiary 
troops  are  troops  of  one  nation  hired  by  another  foi 
military  service. 

2.  Furnishing  additional  supplies  ;  as,  a  subsidiary 
stream. 

SUB-SID'I-A-RY,  n.  An  assistan:  ,  an  auxiliary  ;  he 
or  timt  which  contributes  aid  or  additional  supplies. 

Stephenjt. 

SUB'SI-DTZE,  V.  L  [from  subsidy.]  To  furnish  with 
a  subsidy  ;  tu  purchase  the  assistance  of  another  by 
the  payment  of  a  subsidy  to  him.  Great  Britain 
subsiiliifA  some  of  the  German  powers  in  the  lato 
war  with  France. 


L-. 


TONE,  n|;LI,,  tINITE.  — AN'T.ER,  VI"CIOUS G  us  K  ;  0  M  J  i  8  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 

__ 


SUB 

SUB'SI-DIZ-En,    m.      Engaged  as  an  auxiliary  by 

mean^i  «.f  a  subsidy. 
SLTB'SI-DIZ-ING,  ppr     Purchasing  the  assistance  of 

by  subsidies. 
SUB'SI-DY,  «.     [Fr.  subside;  L.  subsidinmy  ftom  sub- 

sidoy  literally,  to  be  or  sit  under  or  by.] 

1.  Aid  in  money  ;  supply  given  ;  a  tax  ;  something 
furnished  fur  aid,  as  by  the  t>^ople  to  their  prince; 
as,  the  subsidies  granted  formerly  to  the  kings  of 
England. 

Subsidies  were  a  tax,  not  immediately  on  property, 
but  on  persons  in  respect  of  iheir  reputed  estates,  af- 
ter the  nominal  rate  of  4s,  the  pound  fi>r  lands,  and 
3s.  Stl.  for  goods.  Btackstone, 

2.  A  sum  of  money  paid  by  one  prince  or  nation 
to  another,  to  purchase  the  service  of  auxiliary 
troops,  or  the  aid  of  such  foreign  prince  in  a  war 
against  an  enemy.  Thus,  Great  Britain  paid  sub- 
mits to  Austria  and  Prussia,  to  engage  them  to  re- 
sist the  progress  of  the  French. 

SUB-SIGN',  (sQb-slne',)  r.  c     [L.  subsigno  ;  sub  and 
«Ui(o,  to  sign.l 
To  sign  under;  to  write  beneath.     [LittU-  used.] 

Camden. 

S1TB-S!G-XA'TI0N,  a.    The  act  of  writing  the  name 

under  something  for  attestation.     l^lMtie  used.] 
SUB  S/-A£JV'rf-0,  C-fiho-o,)    [L.]  In  silence  or  ae- 

crecy. 
SUB-SIST',  e.  u      [Fr.   subsister;    It,  sussistert;  Sp. 
subsistir ;  I^  subsist* ;  sub  and  sistv ;  to  stand,  to  be 
flxedj 

1.  To  be  ;  to  have  existence  ;  appliccbU  to  nuUteror 
S^iriL 

3.  To  continue ;  to  retain  the  present  state. 

I^riB  w«  tuhtitt,  but  pOMible  to  Bwrnre.  Millon. 

3.  To  live ;  to  be  maintained  with  food  and  clolh- 
in^  How  many  of  the  human  race  subsist  on  the 
labors  of  others  !  How  many  armies  have  subsiattd 
on  plunder ! 

■4.  To   inhere ;   to  have  existence  by  means  of 
something  else  i    as,  qualities  that  subsist   in  sub- 
stances. 
8UB-SIST',  r.  t.    To  feed  ;  to   mamtain  ;   to  support 
with   provisions.     The  king  subsisted  his  ln>a|M  on 
provisions  plundered  from  the  enemy. 
SUB-SIST'ENCE,   in.      [Fr.  subsistence;    It.  nunr- 
SUB-SIST'E\-CV. !      tenuu] 

I.  Real  being;  as,  a  chain  of  dUTering  subsist- 
eneies,  OUmvilU. 

Not  o^  «h*  ihtafi  Uil  mMmms,  banks  wnj  immgn  wm 


SUB 


9.  Coni[HC«it|)roTWoM;iii«ai»flf«ippoctiiiglife. 

Uii  TKcfor  eouM  obI*  pwpnw  w  Mwmlf  >  coMfartaWf  mbnM- 
mot  (Ma  of  ibe  ptoMsr  </ bit  pioriMS.  AMit^n. 

3.  That  which  rapplies  the  means  of  living ;  as 
money,  pay  or  wages. 

4.  Inherence  in  something  else ;  as,  the  subsistence 
of  qtinlities  in  bodies. 

SUB-SIST'ENT, «.    lU  subsistfujt,] 

1.  Hanng  real  being  ;  as,  a  subsistent  spirit. 

Broitn. 

2.  Inherent;  as,  qualities  subsistent  in  matter. 

Beulley. 

SUB'SOIL,  II.     [sub  and  soiL]     The  bed  or  stratum  of 

earth  which  lies  between  the  surface  soil  and  the 

base  on  which  they  rest.  Cue. 

SUB-SPe'C!£9,  (-spe'shez,)  a.   [sub  and  spedes.]     A 

subordinate  species ;  a  division  of  a  species. 

Thomson. 
SUBSTANCE,  n.     [Fr. ;  It.  sustanza;  Sp.  substanda ; 
Lh  substantic,  sMbfio  ;  sub  and  sto,  tu  stand.] 

1.  In  a  general  sease^  bein^  ;  sonietliingexisting  by 
it^lf ;  that  which  realty  is  or  exists  -,  fqually  applica- 
bU  t»  mtalUr  or  spirtL  Thus,  the  soul  of  man  is 
called  an  immaterial  subjttamce^  a  cogitative  sub- 
s<*acf,  a  substance  endued  with  IhoughU  We  say, 
■  stone  is  a  hard  substoMee ;  tallow  is  a  soft  sub- 
sr<Mc«. 

2.  That  which  sapporta  accidents. 

TlMt  which  Mbitea  bf  tadr  is  nlM  tuUmma ;  Hat  wUeb 
■whwrti  ia  mad  bj  aaudKr  h  cUkd  u  nods  or  manner  of 
bctnf.  IVte*. 

3.  The  essential  part ;  the  main  or  material  part. 
In  this  epitome  we  have  the  substrnmce  of  the  whole 
book. 

TUB  Motion  k  tfae  suae  in  subatamcs  with  tbe  L«tin.     Buriwt. 

L  Sometliing  real,  not  imaginary ;  something  sol- 
id, not  empty. 

Bone  tirtae  did  kh  atXiam  guUe, 

And  he  the  sitbsmmet,  not  tb'kppnnace,  choae.         Dryden. 

&.  Body ;  corporeal  nature  or  matter. 

Tte  qodkiea  of  pbou  ue  more  VKriotM  tkui  (hoap  </  iininMl 
W*Hiiljil.  Arltuthnol. 

6.  Goods;  estate;  means  of  living.  3ob*»  substance 
was  seven  thousand  sheep,  three  thousand  camels, 

We  ue  —  exhauninf  our  mbtiana,  but  not  for  cur  own  Inleirrt. 

SUB-STAN 'TIAL,    (-shal,)    a.      Belonging   to    sub- 
stance; real;  actually  existing. 

If  tliis  aibrwt  w»uld  haT*^  hb  ctnnc«  lo  be  a  teal  and  rubttaittial 
agtnt,  be  b  more  aiupiil  than  the  rulpir.  BtrUUy. 


If  happinfM  be  a  «ufr*laruiai  good. 
'Die  »ub*tan^ai  oniiuiieiiu  orvirtue. 


2.  Real;  solid;  true;  not  seeming  or  imaginary. 

Z-'Ettmngt. 

3.  Corporeal ;  material. 

Tbe  rainbow  appears  like  a  tmbtiandal  areh  In  the  akr.     Watts. 

4.  Having  substance;  strong;  stout;  solid;  as, 
gubstanti^  cloth  ;  a  substantiai  fence  or  gate. 

5.  PoMessed  of  goods  or  estate  ;  responsitite  ;  mod- 
erately wealthy  ;  as,  a  substantial  freeholder  or  farm- 
er ;  a  substantial  citizen.  Addison. 

SUB-STAN-TIAL'I-TY,  n.     The  state  of  real  exist- 
ence. 
2.  Corporeity ;  materiality. 

Th«  anut  ia  a  atmngrr  to  luch  gnm  aubftoNliaJiv.     OtamiUt, 

SUB-STAN'TTAL-IZE,e.  (.    To  realize. 

SUB-PTAN'TIAL-rZ-£D,pp.     Made  real  or  solid. 

SUB-STAN'TIAL-IZ-ING,  ppr.  Making  real  in  sub- 
stance. 

SUB-STAN'TIAL-LY,  orfo.  In  the  manner  of  a  sub- 
stance ;  with  reality  of  existence. 

lu  hint  bk  Father  ibooe,  avbatantioUy  cxpTthaed.  MUlon. 

2.  Strongly;  solidly.  Clarendon. 

3.  Truly  ;  solidly  ;  really. 

The  laiTi  of  ihb  feli^ion  would  male©  men,  if  they  would  tniif 
otawnre  them,  fuSttantially  religious  (ownnl  God.chantr  and 
leinpermle.  'filiouon. 

4.  In  substance  ;  in  the  main  ;  essentially.  This 
answer  is  substantially  the  same  as  that  before 
given. 

5.  With  competent  goods  or  estate. 
SUB-STAN'TIAL-NESS,  n.    The  slate  of  being  sub- 

Btantial. 

2.  Firmness  ;  strength  ;  power  cf  holding  or  last- 
ing ;  as,  the  substantiatness  of  a  wall  or  coluiim. 

H^otton. 
8rB-STAN'TIAT.S,  a.  pt.  Essential  parts.  Aytijfe. 
SUB-STAN''1'IATE,  r.  t.     To  make  to  exist,     ^yli^ 

2.  To  establish  by  proi^  or  competent  evidence  ; 
to  verify  ;  to  make  good  ;  as,  to  substantiate  a  charge 
or  allegation  ;  to  substantiaU  a  declaration. 

Canning.    Adams.     Dexter.     Ch.  Obs. 
SUB'STAN-TIVE,  a.     Betokening  existence  ;  as,  Uie 
raA«t«)ttrr«  verb.  ArbuthnoL 

S.  Solid  ;  depending  on  itself.    [J^Tot  in  use] 

Bacon. 
Substantite  color;    one   which   communicates  its 
color  without  the  intervention  of  a  mordant  or  base  ; 
oftposed  to  adjeetive  color. 
SUB'STAN-TlVE,  n.     In  ^ranunar^  a  noun  or  name  ; 
the  part  of  speech  which  expresses  something  that 
extsu,  either  material  or  immaterial.    'I'hus  man, 
botae,  city,  goodness,  excellence,  are    substantives. 
[Better  called  name^  L.  nomeny  or  even  noun,  a  cor- 
ruption of  nomen,] 
8UB'STAN-TIVE-Ly,  arfr.     In  substance;    essen- 
tially. 

3.  In  grammar^  as  a  name  or  noun.  An  adjective 
or  pronoun  may  be  used  substantively. 

SIJB'STILE,  b.     See  Subittlk. 

SUB'STI-TUTE,  c.  t.     [Fr.  substUuer ;  It  sustitaire; 
Sp.  substituir  ;  L.  substUuo:  sub  and  statuo^  to  set.] 
To  put  in  the  jtlnce  of  another. 

Some  iew  »er«ea  arc  ln»erted  or  MubtdUiCed  In  tbe  room  of  othpia. 

Cungnce. 

SUB'STI-TUTE,  a.  One  person  put  in  the  place  of 
another  to  answer  the  same  [mrpose.  A  person  may 
be  a  substitute  with  full  powers  to  act  for  another  in 
an  office.  Representatives  in  legislation  are  the  sub- 
stitutcji  of  their  constituents.  Tlie  orthodox  creed  of 
Christians  is  that  Christ  died  as  the  substitute  of  sin- 
ners. 

a.  One  thing  put  in  the  place  of  another.  If  you 
have  not  one  medicine,  use  aniHlier  as  its  substitute 

SUB'8TI-TU-TED,  pp.     Put  in  the  place  of  another. 

SUB'STI-TU-TING,  ppr.  Putting  in  the  place  of 
another. 

SUB-STI-TC'TIOX,  n.  The  act  of  putting  one  per- 
son or  thing  in  the  place  of  another  to  supply  its 
place;  as,  tbe  substitution  of  an  agt^nt,  attorney, or 
representative,  to  act  for  one  in  his  absence  ;  the  sub~ 
sUtuUoH  of  bank  notes  for  gold  and  silver,  as  a  circu- 
lating niediuu). 

2.  In  gramnua-y  syllepsis,  or  the  use  of  one  word 
for  another. 

SUB-STI-TC'TION-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  substitution. 

SUB-STRACT',  r.  U     [L.  subtrahOy  subtractum.] 
To  subtract 

^'ute. — fuBsTRACT  was  formerly  used  in  analogy 
with  Abstract.  But  in  modern  usage,  it  is  written 
according  to  the  Latin,  Sdbtbact.  [See  this  word 
and  its  derivatives.] 

8UB-STK ACTION,  n.  In  law,  the  withdrawing  or 
withholding  of  some  right  Thus  the  substradion  of 
conjugal  rights,  is  when  either  the  husband  or  wife 
withdraws  from  the  other  and  lives  separate.  The 
substraction  of  a  legacy  is  the  withholding  or  detain- 
ing of  it  from  the  legatee  by  the  executor.  In  like 
manner,  the  withholding  of  any  service,  rent,  duty, 
or  custom,  is  a  substractiony  for  which  the  law  gives  a 
remedv.  Blackstone. 

SUB'STRZTE,  a.  That  which  lies  beneath  ;  a  sub- 
stratum. Oood. 


SUB 

SUB'STR.:^TE.  a.     Iliiving  very  n\\^\\\.  furrows. 
SUIt-STRA'TUM,n. ,-  pi.  Substrata.     [L,  substratusy 
spread  under  ;  sub  and  strmoj] 

1.  That  which  is  laid  or  spread  under  ;  a  layer  of 
earth  lying  under  another.  In  a^icuJture,  the  sub- 
soil. Cyc. 

2.  In  metaphysics tihc  matter  or  substance  supposed 
to  furnish  the  biutis  in  which  the  perceptible  qualities 
inhere. 

SUBSTRUCTION,  n.     [L.  substruaio  ] 

Under  building.  Wotlon. 

SUB-STRU€T'ljRE,  n.    [L.  sub  and  structure.] 
An  under  structure  ;  a  foundation. 

SUB-ST^'LAR,  o.  Substylar  line ;  the  substyle,  which 
see. 

SUB'STYLE,  n.  [sub  and  style.]  In  rfta/in^,  a  right 
line,  on  which  the  style  or  gnomon  iif  n  dial  is  erect- 
ed, being  the  common  section  of  the  face  of  the  dial 
and  a  plane  perpendicular  to  it  passing  through  the 
"lyle.  Huttofu 

SUB-SUL'PHATE,  n.  A  sulphate  with  an  excess  of 
the  base.  Thomson. 

SUB-SUL'TIVE,     \a.      [from    L.   subsultus,   a   leap, 

SUB-SUL''J'0-RV,  i      from  subsulto  ;  sub  and  salio.] 
Bounding:  leaping;  moving  by  sudden  leaps  or 
starts,  or  by  twitches. 

SUB-SUL.'TO-RI-LY,  adv.  In  a  bounding  manner; 
by  leaps,  starts,  or  twitches.  Bacon. 

SUn-SUL'TUS,  n.  [L.]  .  In  medicine,  a  starting, 
twitching,  or  convulsive  motion;  us,  subsultus  ten- 
dinum.  Coze. 

SUB-SOME',  V.  L     [L.  sub  and  sumo.] 

To  assume  as  a  position  by  consequence.  [JVot 
used.]  HammoniL 

SUB-TAN 'GENT,  n.  In  seomctry,  the  part  of  the 
axis  conl:iiiRMl  betwwn  the  ordmute  and  tangent 
dr;iwn  tu  the  same  pr>int  in  a  curve. 

SUB-TEND',  F.  r.     [L  sub  and  tendo,  to  stretch.] 

To  extend  under,  or  be  opposite  to  ;  as,  the  line  of 
a  triangle  whirh  subtends  the  right  angle;  the  chord 
which  sabtenils  an  arch. 

SUB  TEND'EI),  pp.     Extended  under. 

SUB-TEND'ING,  ppr.     Extending  under. 

SUB-TE.NSE',  (sub-tens',)  h.     [L.  sub  and  tensus.} 
The  chord  of  an  arc. 

SUB-TEP'ID.  a.     [L.  sub  and  tepidus,  warm.] 
Very  moueratcly  warm. 

SUB'TER,  a  l^itin  preposition,  signifies  under. 

SUB-TE-Rf:TE',  a.     Somewhat  terete  or  taper. 

SUB-TER'FLU-ENT,  ;  a.      [L.   subUrfiuens,  subter- 

SUB-TER'FLU-OUS,  i      Jluo.] 
Running  under  or  beneath. 

SUB'TER-FUGE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  subtcr  and  fugioy 
to  flee.] 

Literally,  that  to  which  a  pi'rson  resorts  for  escape 
or  concealment ;  hence,  a  shift ;  an  evasion  ;  an  ar- 
tifice employed  to  escape  censure  or  the  force  of  an 
argument,  or  to  Justify  opinions  or  conduct 

Atlect  not  little  ihifU 
■rjuineiil. 

9UB'TER-RANE,  n.  [Infra.]  A  cave  or  room  under 
ground.  Bniant. 

SUH-TER-RA'NFv-AN,    i  a.     [L.   subter,   under,  and 

SUB-TER-RA'NE-OUS,  j  terra,  earth  ;  Fr.  souter- 
rain  ;  It  sollrrTanco.] 

Being  or  lying  under  the  surface  of  the  earth  ;  sit- 
uated witliin  the  earth  or  under  ground  ;  as,  subter- 
ranean springs  ;  a  subterraneous  passage. 

[Si:nTERi)ANEAL  aud  SuBTERRANv  afc  oot  in  use.] 

SUB-TER-RAN'I-TY,  tu  A  place  under  ground. 
[JVot  in  use.]  .  Brown. 

SUB'TEIt-RA-NY,n.  What  lies  under  ground.  [J^ot 
in  use.]  Bacon. 

SUB"I'ER-RENE,  a.     Subterraneous.  Taylor. 

SUB'TIlE.o.  [Ft. subtil;  L.subtUiji;  U.soUUe.  This 
Word,  except  in  the  first  two  senses,  is  now  gener- 
ally pronounced  sat'ti.] 

1.  Thin  ;  not  dense  or  gross  ;  as,  subtile  air ;  sub- 
tile vapor ;  a  subtile  medium. 

2.  Nice;  line;  delicate. 

I  do  distinguish  plain 
Each  aubtUe  line  ot  ber  inunurtnl  face.  Damea. 

3.  Acute;  piercing;  as,  .suiti/e  pain.  Prior. 

4.  Sly;  artful;  cunning;  cmlty  ;  insinuating;  as, 
a  subtile  person  ;  a  subtile  adversary. 

5.  Planned  by  art ;  deceitful  ;  as, a  subtile  scheme. 

6.  Deceitful  ;  treacherous.  Shak, 

7.  Refined  ;  fine  ;  acute  ;  as,  a  subtile,  argument 
SUB'TILE-LY,  adv.    Thinly  ;  not  densely. 

2.  Finely  ;  not  grosijly  or  thickly. 
The  op>u]iH>s(  bodies,  il  <u6tii«/y divided' 

par*;..!. 

3.  Artfully  ;  cunningly  ;  craftily  ;  aa,  a  scheme 
tnibfilehj  contrived. 

SUB'TILE-NESS,n.  Thinness;  rareness;  as, the  s«6- 
tileness  of  air. 

2.  Fineness ;  acuteness ;  as,  the  subtilencss  of  an 
argument 

3.  Cunning  ;  artfulness  ;  as,  the  subtUeness  of  a  foe. 
SUB-TIL'I-aTE,  v.  u    To  make  thin.    [J^ot  in  use] 

Harrey. 
SUB-TIL-T-A'TION.  n.    The  act  of  making  thin  or 
rare.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Boyle. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT — MeTE,  PRfiY,  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.- 

1102  ^ 


SUB 

SL'B-TIL'I-TY,  Ji.    Fineness,  Smellie. 

SUB-TIL-I-Za'TION,  k.  [from  suUaize.]  The  act 
of  mnking  subtile,  tine,  or  thin.  In  tJte  laboratory, 
the  openition  of  making  so  volatile  as  to  rise  in 
steam  or  va^Hir.  Cheyne. 

2.  Ketinenient ;  extreme  acuteness. 
SCB'TIU-IZK,  V.  t.     [Fr.  subtUiser^  from  L,  subtilis,] 

1.  To  make  tliin  or  fine ;  to  make  less  gros^  or 
eoarso.  Ckeyne. 

3.  To  refine  ;  to  spin  into  niceties  ;  as,  to  subliliit 
arguments. 

SUB'TIL-IZE,  ».  i.  To  refine  in  argument ;  to  make 
vcr>'  nice  distinctions. 

la  whatever  manner  ihe  papist  inis;ht  $uh6iize.  Milner, 

SUB'T1L-IZ-£D,  pp.     Made  tliin  or  fine. 
SVH'TlL-tZiyiG,  ppr.  Milking  thin  or  fine  ;  refining. 
SUB'TIL-TV,  B.     [Fr.  subtUite  ;   L.  subtditas.] 

1.  TiiinuKss  ;  fineness  ;  exility  ;  in  a  pkysical  sense  ; 
as,  the  subtUty  of  air  or  light ;  the  subtilty  of  sounds. 

Bacon.     Qrew. 

2.  Refinement ;  extreme  acutencss. 

Intetligible  Jiscounei  are  spoiled  by  loo  much  tubtUly  In  nice 
divisions,  Lockt, 

3.  Slyness  in  desis^n  ;  cunning;  artifice.  [This 
wont,  except  in  the  first  sense,  is  now  generally 
prnnoiinced  s^'ti.] 

SUB'TLE,  (sut'tl,)  a.    [See  Subtile.]    Sly  in  design  ; 
artful:  cunning;  insinuating;  applted  to  persons  i  as, 
a  subtle  foe. 
2.  Cunningly  devised  ;  as,  a  subtle  stratagem. 
SUB'TI.E-TY,  (sut'tl-te.)    See  Subtilty. 
SUB'TLY,  (sut'ile,)  adv.     Shiy  ;  artfully  ;  cunningly. 
'Fbou  «>c«  Itow  Biibtly  to  detain  tbee  I  devise.  MUlon. 

2.  Nicely  ;  delicately. 

Id  the  nice  tee,  wh;ic  ien«e  w  «ubi!y  Cnie  I  Pope. 

SUB-TO\'f€,  {  n.    The  semitone  or  note  next 

SUB-SEM'I-To-Vt:,  i  below  the  tonic;  the  leading 
note  of  the  scale. 

SUB-TRACT',  V.  t.  [L.  suhtraho^  subtractus  ;  sub  and 
(raAfl,  to  draw.] 

To  withdraw  or  take  a  part  from  the  rest ;  to  de- 
duct.    Subtrati  5  from  9,  and  the  remainder  is  4. 

SUB-TRACT'ED,  pp.  Withdrawn  from  the  rest  ; 
deducted. 

SUB-TRAeT'ER,  n.     He  that  subtracts. 

2.  The  number  to  be  taken  from  a  larger  number. 
IXut  iw«/.i     [See  Subtrahend.] 

SuB-TRAeT'IXG,  ppr.     Withdrawing  from  the  rest ; 

SUB-TRAe'TION,n.     [L.  subtractio.]  [deducting. 

1,  The  act  or  operation  of  taking  a  part  from  the 
reaL 

2.  In  aritAmrtic,  the  taking  of  a  lesser  number  or 
quantity  from  a  greater  of  the  same  kind  or  denom- 
inaiiun ;  an  operation  by  which  is  found  the  diiTer- 
ence  between  two  sum^. 

SUIt-TRACT'IVE,  fl.  Tending  or  having  power  to 
subtract. 

SUB-TRA-UEND',  n.  In  arithmetic,  the  sum  or  num- 
ber to  be  subtracted  nr  taken  from  another, 

SUIJ-TRAN'S-LO'CENT,  a.     Imperfectly  translucent. 

SUB-TKA.VS-PaR'E.NT,  a.     Imperfectly  transparent, 

SUB-TRI'FID,  a.     Slightly  Irifid.  Martyn. 

SUB-TRIP'LE,  (-trip'I,)  a.  [sub  and  triple.]  Con- 
taining a  third  or  one  part  of  three,  IVilkias. 

SUB-TRIP'LieATE,  a.  A  term  applied  to  ratio,  in- 
dicating the  ratio  of  the  cube  roots.    Ji.  D.  Stanley. 

SUB-TO'TOR,  n,      [sub  and  tutor,]     An  under  tutor. 

SUB'IT-LATE,  a.  [1*  subuta,  an  awl.]  In  natural 
history^  awl-nhapea  ;  linear  ;  very  narrow,  and  taper- 
ing gradually  to  a  fine  point  from  a  broadish^ase. 

Lindley. 

SUB-UN-UA'TION,  n.    [L.  sub  and  undo.] 

Flood :  deluge.  Huloet. 

SUB-U.\"GLIAL,  (-ung'gwal,)a.   [L.*ti6and  un^w.] 
Under  the  nail. 

SUB'URB,  It.  «•        t  [h.  suburbium;   sub  and  urbsy  a 

SUB'URUS,    n.  pl.\      city.] 

1.  A  building  without  the  walls  of  a  city,  but  near 
them  i  or,  more  gmeraUy,  the  parts  that  lie  without 
the  walls,  but  in  the  vicinity  t>f  a  city.  The  word 
may  signify  buildings,  streets,  or  territory.  We  say, 
a  huu!*e  slanils  in  the  suburbs :  a  garden  is  situated 
in  tlie  suburbs  of  London  or  Paris. 

2.  The  confines  ;  the  out  part. 

The  tuburb  ot  (heir  Mnv-buitt  ciudeU  MUton. 

IuEIum'i^aLJ"-    [!-«*»-'«""•    SeeSu.u....] 

Inhabiting  or  being  in  the  suburbs  of  a  city. 
SUB'UKB-/:n,  a.     Bordering  on  a  suburb  ;  having  a 
Ntlburb  on  iff  out  part.  Carew. 

Being  in  the  suburbs  ;  an  epithet  applied  to  the 
provinces  of  Italy  which  comjxjsed  the  ancient  dio- 
cese of  Rome.  Barrow. 
SUB-VA-RI'E-TV,  n.  -  [sub  and  variety.]     A  subordi- 
nate variety,  or  division  of  a  variety.    Mintralogy. 
[Such  a  distinction  is  not  now  made.  Dana.] 
8T:B-VEN-TA'NE-0US,  o.      [L.   suhcenianma ;    sub 
and  vmtiu.] 

Add  la  ;  windy.     [Bad,  and  not  in  use.]      Brown, 


sue 

SUB-VEN'TION,  n.     [L.  subvenio.] 

1.  The  net  of  coming  under. 

2.  The  act  of  coming  to  relief;  support ;  aid. 
[Liltle  Hstd.]  Spenser. 

SUB-VERSE%  (aub-vers',)tj.  u  To  subvert,  [J^ot  in 
use.]  Spenser. 

SUB-VER'SION,  C-shun,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  subversio. 
See  Subvert.] 

Entire  overthrow ;  an  overthrow  of  the  founda- 
tion ;  utter  ruin  ;  as,  the  subversion  of  a  government 
or  state  ;  the  subversion  of  despotic  power  ;  the  sub- 
versioH  of  the  constitution  or  laws  ;  the  subcersioaoi 
an  empire. 

SUB-VERS'IVE,  a.  Tending  to  subvert;  having  a 
tendfucy  to  overthrow  and  ruin.  Every  immorality 
is  subversive  of  private  happiness.  Public  corruption 
of  murals  is  subversive  of  public  happiness. 

SUB-VERT',  V.  t.  [L.  suboerlo;  sub  and  veHo,  to 
turn  ;  Fr.  and   Sp.  subvertir;  IL  sovvertere.] 

1.  To  overthrow  from  the  foundation;  to  over- 
turn ;  to  ruin  utterly.  The  northern  nations  of  Eu- 
rope subverted  the  Roman  empire.  He  is  the  worst 
enemy  of  man,  who  endeavors  to  subvert  the  Chris- 
tian religion.  The  elevation  of  corrupt  men  to  of- 
fice will  slowly,  but  surely,  subvert  a  republican  gov- 
erninenL 

This  would  ntbMrt  the  principlea  of  all  knowled^,        Locke. 

2.  To  corrupt ;  to  confound  ;  to  pervert  the  mind, 
and  turn  it  from  the  truth.    2  Tim.  ii. 

SUB-VERT'ED,  pp.      Overtlirown;  overturned  j  en- 

tirelv  destroyed. 
SUB-VERT'ER,  n.     One  who  subverts;    an  over- 

thrttvver. 
SUB-VERT'I-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  subverted. 
SUB-VERT'ING,  ppr.     Overthrowing;    entirely  de- 
stroying. 
SUB-WORK'ER,  (-wurk'er,)*.     [sub  und  worker.]    A 

subordinate  worker  or  helper.  South, 

SUC-CE-DA'NE-OUS,  a.     [L.  suceedaneus;   sub  and 

cedo.] 
Supplying  the  place  of  something  else;  being  or 

employed  as  a  substitute.  Boyle. 

SUe-CE-UA'NE-U.M,   n.      [Supra.]      That   which  is 

used  for  something  else  ;  a  substitute.     fVarburton. 
SUG-CEED',  r.  L     Succedc  is   the   more   analogical 

spelling,  as  in  concede^  rece^te.     [Fr.  succeder  f  It.  .^c- 

cedere :  »^p.  suceder ;  L.  succedo ;  sub  and  cedo,  to  give 

way,  to  pass.] 

1.  To  follow  in  order ;  to  take  the  place  which  an- 
other has  led  :  as,  the  king's  eldest  son  succeeds  his 
fatheron  the  throne.  John  Aiiama  succeeded  General 
Washington  in  the  presidency  of  the  United  States. 
Lewis  XVIII.  of  France  has  lately  deceased,  and  is 
succeeded  by  bis  brother  Charles  X. 

2.  To  follow  }  to  come  after ;  to  be  subsequent  or 
consequent. 

Tho*e  dcB(ni£live  efTecU  tuaxedsd  (he  cuno.  Brovrt, 

3.  To  prosper;  to  make  successful.  [Rare.] 

Succeed  my  wUh,  and  vxond  m>  deuga.  Dryden, 

SU€^CEED',  r.  U    To  follow  in  order. 

Not  another  Comfort  like  to  tbi« 

Succeide  in  utikiiowu  bte.     *  ShaJc. 

2.  To  come  in  Ihe  place  of  one  that  has  died  or 
quitted  the  place,  or  of  that  which  has  preceded. 
Day  succeeds  to  night,  and  night  to  day. 

E>i)oy  till  I  relure 
Short  pleunm ;  for  long  woei  ire  to  tueceed.  Mi!lon. 

Reteixgt  lucceede  to  luve,  Rod  ngv  U>  ghct.  Oryden, 

3.  To  obtain  the  object  desired  ;  to  accomplish 
what  is  attempted  or  intended  ;  to  have  a  prospf^rous 
termination.  'I'he  enemy  attempted  to  lake  the  fort 
by  st^irm,  but  did  not  uucceed.  The  assault  was  vio- 
lent, but  the  attempt  did  not  succeed. 

It  U  almoM  ImpoMiUe  far  poeU  to  eucceed  without  ambttinn. 

Drydgn. 

4.  To  terminate  witli  advantage  ;  to  have  a  good 
effect. 

codeavor^  tmiution  In  the  Shepherd's  Kalendu- ;  but 
nefober  will  it  eu^eed  in  Eu; liah.  Dryden, 


5.  To  go  under  cover. 

Or  will  70U  to  the  cooler  cave  succeed  7 
\Nol  much  »eed.\ 


Dryden, 


SUC-CEED'ED,  pp.    Followed  In  order;  prospered; 

attendc-d  with  success. 
SUe-CEED'ER.  n.     One  that  follows  or  cornea  in  the 

place  of  another  ;  a  successor.       [But  the  latter  word 

is  genrrally  H.*n/.] 
SUC-CEEU'ING,  ppr.  or  o.     Following  in  order  ;  sub- 

MK)uent;  coming  after;  as,  in   all   succeeding  ages. 

He  attended  to  the  business  in  every  *it£ce«iin^  stage 

of  itM  progress. 

2.  Taking  the  place  of  another  who  has  quitted 
the  place,  or  is  dead  ;  as,  ■  son  succeeding  his  father  ; 
an  utlicer  succeeding  his  predecessor. 

3.  Giving  success  ;  prospering. 
SUeCEED'ING,  n.    The  act  or  state  of  prospering 

or  having  succeae.    There  is  a  good  prospect  of  his 

succeeding. 
SU€^CEN'TOR,  n.  A  person  who  sings  the  base  in  a 

concert. 
SU€J-CESS',  n.  [Fr.  s\ucAs  ;  L.  stuseessus,  from  svccedo.] 


.    sue 

1.  The  favomble  or  pros[H?rous  termination  of  any 
thing  attempttd  ;  a  ti-nninatiun  which  answers  the 
purpate  intended  ;  properly  in  a  good  senscj  but  qflen 
in  a  bad  sense. 

Or  teach  wkh  ntore  eucctf  her  •ou 

The  vices  ot  the  Ume  to  •hun.  WaUer. 

Every  n-aBon&Ue  man  c-in  nut   but  wlch  me  euenee  in  thlt 

atiempU  'JVloleon. 

Be  not  didcuuragrd,  in  k  tauduhle  undntaUD^i  at  the  ill  eueeeee 

ol  ll»e  fir»t  laii-mpl.  Anon. 

MiIilarr<uccHie«,  above  all  others,  elevate  the  mluda  of  a  people, 

AUerbury. 

2.  Succession,     [JVo(  in  use.]  Spenser. 
J^ote. — Success,  without  an  epithet,  generally  means 

a  proftperoiis  issue. 

SUe-CESS'FyL,  o.  Terminating  in  accomplishing 
what  is  wished  or  intended  ;  having  the  desired  ef- 
fect ;  hence,  in  a  good  sense,  prosperous  ;  fi»rlunate  ; 
happy;  as,  a  succes.^al  application  of  medicine;  a 
succes.^ul  experiment  in  chemistry  or  in  agriculture  ; 
a  successful  enterprise. 

2.  In  a  bad  sense  ;  as,  a  succes^ul  attempt  to  sub- 
vert the  constitution. 

SUe-CESS'FUL-LY,  ado.  With  a  favorable  termina- 
tion of  what  is  attempted  ;  prosperously  ;  favoralily. 

A  reformation  euccett/ully  carried  on.  Sf-M^ft. 

SU€-CES3'F5JL-NESS,   n.      Prosperous   conclusion  ; 

favorable  event ;  success.  Hammond. 

SUe-CES'SION,   C-sesh'un,)   n.      [Fr.,  from   L.  suc- 

cessio.] 

1.  A  following  of  things  in  order;  consecution  ; 
series  of  things  fullowing  one  another,  either  in  time 
or  place.  Thus  we  speak  of  a  \succesitioit  of  events 
in  chronology,  a  succession  of  kings  or  bishops,  and 
a  succession  of  words  or  sentences. 

2.  The  act  of  succeeding  t>r  coming  in  the  place  of 
another;  as,  this  happened  atler  the  succession  of 
that  prince  to  the  throne.  So  we  speak  of  the  succes- 
sion of  heirs  to  the  estates  of  their  ancestors,  or  collat- 
eral succession. 

3.  Lineage  ;  an  order  or  series  of  descendants. 

A  lonjr  Mucce*sion  utuit  ensue.  Milton. 

4.  The  power  or  right  of  coming  to  the  inheritance 
of  ancestors.    He  holds  the  property  by  the  title  of 

succession. 

What  people  U  to  void  of  common  tenie, 

To  vote  eucceaaion  from  a  native  prince.  Dryden. 

5.  In  jHusie^  the  successive  notes  in  melody,  in 
distinction  from  the  successive  chords  of  hannony, 
called  progression. 

j9posto{ical  succession,  in  theology,  is  the  regular 
and  uninterrupted  transmission  of  ministerial  au- 
thority, by  a  succession  of  bishops  from  the  apostles 
to  any  subsequent  period.  Nook. 

Succession  0/ crops,  in  agriculture,  is  more  generally 
called  rotation. 

SUC-CKS'SION-AL,  a.  Noting  a  regular  order  or 
succession. 

SUe-CES'SION-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  successional  man- 
ner. 

SU€-CESS'IVE,  a,     [Fr.  successif;  It.  suecessivo.] 

1.  FoHowing  in  order  or  uninterrupted  course,  as 
a  series  of  persons  or  things,  and  either  in  time  or 
place  ;  as,  the  successive  revolutions  of  years  or  ages  ; 
the  successive  kings  of  Egypt.  The  author  holds 
this  strain  of  declamation  through  seven  successtce 
pages  or  chapters. 

Send  tlie  lucceatioe  ill*  through  ages  down.  Prior. 

2.  Inherited  by  succession  ;  as,  a  successive  title  ;  a 
sitccessive  empire.     [Little  used.]        Shak,     Ralegh. 

SUC-CESS'IVE-LV,  ado.  In  a  series  or  order,  one 
fullowing  another.  He  left  thre6  sons,  who  all 
reigned  successively. 

The  whitenesa  a',  length  chiuigr-d  eueeeeeioely  into  blue,  Indi^, 
aud  violet.  Newion. 

SUe-CESS'IVE^-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  suc- 
cessive. Hale, 

SUe-CESS'LESS,  a.     Having  no  success;  unprosper- 

ous;  unfortunate;  failing  to  accomplish  what  was 
intended. 


SueceiMlete  all  her  ioft  carraaei  prove. 

Best  tenipei«d  iieel  tueetteUae  proved  In  field. 


Pope. 
Pkiltpa, 


SUC-CESS'LESS-NESS,  n.  Unprosperous  conclu- 
sion. Boyle. 

SUeCESS'OR,  n.  [L.]  One  that  succeeds  or  fol- 
lows ;  one  that  takes  the  place  which  another  lias 
left,  and  sustains  the  like  part  or  character  ;  correla- 
tive to  pREDECEsson  ;  as,  the  successor  of  a  deceased 
king;  the  successor  of  a  president  or  governor;  a 
man's  son  and  successor. 

A  g\(l  to  a  corporation,  either  nf  landa  or  of  chattel!,  without 
nuioifig  their  attcceaaora,  ve«U  an  absolute  pron<-rt.v  tn  tliein 
BO  long  as  Uic  coqKiruiion  siibfiaU.  Blackalone. 

SUeCID't^-OUS,  a.     [L.  suecidutis;  sub  and  eado.\ 

Ready  to  fall ;  falling.     [Little  used.] 
SUeCIF'ER-OUS,  a,     [L,  suecus,  juice,  and  fcrOy  to 
bear,] 

Producing  or  conveying  sap. 
SU€'CI-NATE,  n.     [from  L.  sueeinurn,  amber.] 

A  salt  formed  by  the  succinic  acid  and  a  base. 
SU€'CI-NA-TED,  a.     Combined  with  the  acid  of  am- 
ber. 


TONE,  ByLL,  liNITE.— AN"GER,  YI"CIOUa  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  na  In  THIS. 


1103 


sue 

SUe-CIN'eT',  a.     [L.  gueeinetus!  sub  and  cw^,  to 

surround.] 

1.  Tucked  up;   firded  upj   drawn  up  to  permit 

tbe  lefs  to  be  flree. 

Hh  hkbit  tt  for  apwd  ntcdmcL      [Lim*  utd.]  tJUbm, 

9.  Comprewed   into  a  nnrronr  cotnpasj  ;   short  ; 

brief;  conci^ie ;  as.  a  succinct  account  of  tbe  proceed- 

lafrs  of  the  council. 

Let  kU  7oiir  ^wecopu  be  tuetima  aod  dear.  RotommoH. 

SUe-CIN€T'LY,  adv.     Briefly ;  concisely.     The  facts 

were  sHceinctlv  st.ited. 
SUCM:;|\CT  NUsa,  n.     Brevity;    conciseness;    as, 

the  succinctness  of  a  narrxlion. 
SUe-CIN'ie,  0.     Pertaining  to  amber;  drawn  Hrom 

amber ;  as,  the  succinic  arid. 
SUe'CI-NTTE,  n.     [L.  succinum,  amber.] 

A  mineral  of  an  amber  culur,  considemi  M  a  Tmrl- 

ely  of  gameL    It  frequenlly  occurs  in  (lobular  or 

granular  masses,  about  the  size  of  a  pea. 


SUe'CI-XOU3.  0.    PerUining  to  amber. 

SUe'€OR,   r.    t,      [Fr.   secourir ;    U.   soceorrtrt;   Sp. 

ntorrtr  ;  L.  suscurro;  sub  and  cyrro,  to  run.] 

LiteraUp,  to  run  to,  or  run  to  support;  hence,  to 

help  or  relieve  when  in  difficulty,  want,  or  distress ; 

to  assist  and  deliver  from  suflTcring;  as,  to  succor  a 

besieged  city  ;  to  sueciir  prisoners. 

Be  b  abl«  to  aitceor  them  that  an  tempted.  —  Heh.  U. 
SUe'eOR,  a.      Aid  ;  help;   assistance;  partieuhrljf, 
assistance  that  relieves  and  delivers  from  difficulty, 
want,  or  dtstteaa. 

MrMher 
Flylof  for  nteeor  to  fak  nmnt  Banfater.  Shak, 

fL  The  person  or  thing  that  brings  relief.  The 
city,  when  (vessed,  received  succors  from  an  unex- 
pected quarter. 

The  mi^ty  xuorar  which  made  glad  the  fee.  Diydtw. 

SUe'COR-£D,  pp.     Assisted  ;  relieved. 
SUCeOR-ER,  a.    He  that  affords  relief;  a  helper  ;  a 

deliverer. 
SUCCOR-rXG,  ppr.    Assisting;  relieving. 
SU€'eOR-LE3S,  a.    Destitute  of  btip  or  relief. 

Thomson. 
SU€'CO-RY,  a.     A   plant  of  the   genus  Cichoriom, 
commonly  called  Cuiccoar  or  Wild  E^tptTK. 

P.  cy. 

SUe'€0-TASII,  a.  In  ^mfriea,  green  maize  and 
bean«  boiled  together.  The  di«h,  as  well  as  the  name, 
is  borrowed  (hun  the  native  Indians. 

SUe'eU-B.\,    >         fT       1      .1      I    1 

SUCeU-BUS,  I  *•    [^-•^"dc-Ao.] 

A  pretended  kind  of  deaion.  JIftr.  forMaf. 

SUCeU-LENCE.   I  a.      [Sea    ScccoutirT.l      Juici- 

SU€'eU-LE.\-CV,  i  neas  ;  as,  the  sneculnes  of  a 
peach. 

SUC'CtJ-LEXT,  a.  [Fr. ;  L.  smcemUmtms,  fVom  sacau, 
juke.] 

Full  of  juice  :  Juicy.  SmceuUut  plants  are  5uch  as 
have  a  juicy  and  soft  stem,  as  distinguishrd  fntm 
such  as  are  ligneous,  bard,  and  dry.  Thus  the 
gniiises  are  succulent  herbs,  as  are  peas,  beans,  and 
tlie  like. 

SU€'€U-LEXT-LY,  «fc.    Juicily 

SU€-6UMB',  e.  i.  [L.  succumbcfsub  and  cvm&o,  ctiio, 
to  lie  down.] 

1.  To  yield  ;  to  submit ;  as,  to  succumb  to  a  foreign 
power. 

2.  To  yield  ;  to  sink  tinresistingly  ;  as,  to  succumb 
under  calamities. 

8r€-€UMB'lNG,  ppr.  Yielding;  submitting;  sinking. 
8Ue-eCS-SA'TION,  n.     [U  succusso^  to  shake.] 
1.  A  trot  or  trutting.  Brown. 

S.  A  shaking;  succussion. 
SU€>-€US'SIO\,  C-kush'tin,)  «.     [L.  suecussio^  from 
auctutm^  to  jihake  ;  sub  and  fuo.*^.] 

1.  Tbe  act  of  sitaking  ;  a  shake. 

2.  In  mediciue,  an  ague  ;  a  sb.-tkine. 

SUCH,  a.  [It  is  possible  that  this  word  may  be  a  con- 
traction of  Sax.  stpHc^  swylc^  G.  solek,  D.  zotk.  More 
probably  it  is  the  Russ.  sUze,  sUicVj  our  vulgar  sicky, 
or  the  old  Scotch  sicA,     Q,ii.  Lat.  sic.] 

1.  Of  that  kind  ;  of  the  like  kind.  VVe  never  saw 
suck  a  day ;  we  have  never  had  suck  a  time  as  the 
present. 

It  has  as  before  the  thing  to  which  it  relates.  Give 
your  children  suck  precepts  as  tend  to  make  them 
wiser  and  better. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  definitive  adjective  a 
never  precedes  suck,  but  is  placed  betweon  it  and  the 
noun  to  which  it  refers  ;  ad,  suck  a  man  ;  suck  an 
honor. 

3.  Tbe  same  that  This  wa.^  the  state  of  the  king- 
dom at  such  time  as  the  enemy  landerd. 

3.  The  same  as  what  has  been  mentioned. 
That  ihon  an  happr,  owe  to  God  ; 

Thja  Lhou  rominnan  «udi,  owe  to  ihraelf.  AKton. 

4.  Referring  to  what  has  been  specified.  I  have 
commanded  my  servant  to  be  at  suck  a  place. 

5.  Suck  and  sueh^  is  used  in  reference  to  a  person 
or  place  of  a  certain  kind. 

Tlie  nrr-tei^  authoritj  majr  pqacC  a  law,  commaDdiag  *ueft  and 
«imA  an  action.  South. 


SUD 

SUCK,  V.  t.     [Sax.   sucaa^  suceon  :  G,  saugrn  ;  I),  zui- 

«m :  Sw.suffa;  Dnn.  suer^  contracted;  Ir.saffham; 
/.  sugaw ;  L.  sugo  ;  Fr.  *Ticer ;  It.  succiare^  succk*- 
are;  Sp.  and  Port,  saear,  to  draw  out.] 

1.  To  draw  with  the  mouth ;  to  draw  out,  as  a 
liquid  fh>m  a  cask,  or  milk  from  the  breast ;  to  draw 
into  the  mouth.  To  suck  is  to  exhaust  the  air  of  the 
mouth  or  of  a  tube  ;  the  tluid  then  ru.thes  into  the 
mouth  or  tube  by  means  of  the  pressure  of  tho  sur- 
nuinding  air. 

2.  To  draw  milk  from  with  the  mouth  ;  as,  the 
young  of  an  animal  sucks  the  mother  or  dam,  or  the 
breast. 

3.  To  draw  into  the  mouth  ;  to  tmbibo  ;  as,  to  suck 
In  air  ;  to  suek  the  juice  of  plants 

4.  To  draw  or  drain. 


OU  ooeao  ntct«d  ihnuifh  the  porous  glirfie. 


TAomvon. 


5.  To  draw  in,  as  a  whirlpool ;  to  absorb. 

Drydcn. 

6.  To  inhale. 

To  suck  in  i  to  draw  into  tbe  mouth ;  to  imbibe  ;  to 
absorb. 

To  suck  out !  to  draw  out  wHh  the  mouth ;  to  empty 
by  suction. 

To  suck  up ;  to  draw  Into  the  mouth. 
SUCK,  r.  t.    To  draw  by  exhausting  the  air,  as  with 
the  mouth,  or  with  a  tube. 

3.  To  draw  the  breast ;  as,  a  child,  or  the  young 
of  an  animal,  is  first  nourished  by  suckinff. 
3.  To  draw  in  ;  to  imbibe.  Bacon. 

SUCK,  n.    The  act  of  drawing  with  the  mouth. 

Boyle. 

2.  Milk  drawn  from  the  breast  by  the  mouth. 

Skak. 
SUCK'EP,  (sukt,)  pp.    Drawn  with  the  mouth,  or 

with  an  instrument  that  exhausts  the  air ;  imbibed  ; 

absorbed. 
SUCK'ER,  m.     He  or  that  which  draws  with  the 

mouth. 

3.  The  embolus  or  piston  of  a  pump.  Boyle. 
X  A  pipe  through  which  any  thing  is  drawn. 

PhUips. 

4.  The  shoot  of  a  plant  from  the  roots  or  lower 
part  of  the  stem  ;  so  called,  perhaps,  from  its  draw- 
ing its  Qourisbment  from  the  rtH>t  or  stem. 

5.  A  fish  of  the  family  Cyclopterida;,  one  of  which 
is  called  the  LuMr-SfcKiaor  Luur- Fish,  which  see. 
Also,  the  reniora,  which  see. 

6.  A  fresh  water  fish  of  the  carp  fhmily,  and  genua 
CalQStoraus.  Stortrr^s  Mass,  Re^rrL 

7.  A  cant  name  for  an  inhabitant  of  Illinois.  [/.  8, 
SUCK'ER,  r.  L    To  strip  off  shooU ;    to  deprive  of 

suckers ;  as,  to  sucker  maize. 
SUCK'ET,  n,    A  sweetmeat  for  the  mouth. 

Cleaveland. 
SUCK'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Drawing  with  the  mouth  or 

with  an  instrument:  Imbibing;  absorbing. 
SUCK'ING-BOT'TLE,  n.     A  bottle  to  be  filled  with 
milk,  for  infants  to  suck  instead  of  lite  pap.   Locke. 
srCKMXG-PUMP,  n.     See  Suctiox-Pump. 
SUCK'LE,  (suk'I,)  n.     A  teat.     [JVot  in  u.te.] 
SUCK'LE,  F.  t.    ^o  give  suck  to ;  to  nurse  at  the 
breast.    Romulus  and  Remus  are  fabled  to  have  been 
suckled  by  a  wolf. 
SUCK'LK'D,  (suk'Id.)  pp.     Nursed  at  the  breast. 
SUCK'LING,  ppr.     Nursing  at  the  breast. 
SUCK'LIXG,  R.    A  young  child  or  animal  nursed  at 
the  breast.     Ps.  v'm. 
9.  A  sort  of  white  clover.  Cyc 

SUCTION,  (suk'shun,)  n,    [Fr.]    The  act  of  suck- 
ing or  drawing  into  the  mouth,  as  fluids. 

Boyle.     Arhuthnot. 
3.  The  act  of  drawing,  as  fluids  into  a  pipe  or 
other  thing. 
SUCTION-PUMP,  n.    The  common  pump,  in  which 
the  water  is  raised  into  the  barrel  by  atmospheric 
pressure. 
SUe-TO'RI-AL,  a.     Adapted   for  sucking  ;  that  live 
by   sucking;  as,  the  humming-birds  are  suctorial 
birds.  Suiainson, 

3.  Capable  of  adhering  by  suction  ;  ^x&^ihe  sartarial 
fishes.  P.  Cyc. 

SUC-TO'RI-AN,  n.     A  name  of  cartilaginous  fishes 
with  a  mouth  adapted  for  suction,  as  the  lamprey. 

Brande. 
SUC-TO'RI-OUS,  a.     Suctorial.     [Rare.] 
SCDAK,  n.     A  fish,  a  species  of  Perca.  Tooke, 

SD'DA-RV,  n.     [Lb  sudarium,  from  sudo^  to  sweaL] 
A  napkin  or  handkerchief.    [JVot  in  use.] 

fficlif. 
SU-DA'TIOX,  K.     [L.  sudaiio.] 

A  sweating. 
SO'DA-TO-RY,   n.      [L.   sudatorium,   from    sudo^   to 
sweat.] 

A  hot-house  ;  a  sweating-bath.  Herbert. 

SCDA-TO-RY,  a.     Sweating. 

SUD'DEN,  a.     [Sax.  soden;  Fr.  soudain  ;  Norm,  soub- 
dain  ;  L.  subitaneus.] 

1.  Happening  without  previous  notice  ;  coming  un- 
expectedly, or  without  the  common  preparatives. 

Aud  vudden  fear  troubleth  Ihee.  — Job  xiii. 
For  when  ihey  •hall  •ay.  Peace  and  lafety,  then  »wld£n  deatnic 
lion  Cometh  upon  them.  —  1  Theai.  t. 


SUF 

3.  Hasty;  violent;  rash;  precipitate;  passionate. 
rjVtit  111  tcif.]  Shak. 

SUD'DEN,  n.  An  unexpected  tKcurrence;  surprise 
[JVot  in  use.] 

On  a  sudden  ;  sooner  than  was  expected  ;  without 
the  usual  preparatives. 

■low  art  thou  lg«t,  how  on  a  audtltn  loit  I  AJilJon. 

{Of  a  sudden^  is  not  usual,  and  is  less  elegant.] 
SUD'DEN-LY,  fli/».    In  an  unexpected  manner;  un- 
expectedly; hastily;  without  preparation. 

Therefore  bia  caUmity  ■hall  come  tuddeiiiy.  —  Pnr.  vi. 

2.  Without  premeditation. 
SUD'DEN-NESS,  n.     Stale  of  being  sudden  ;  a  com- 
ing or  happening  without  previous  notice.     The  sud- 
denness of  the  event  precluded  preparation. 

SU-DOR-IF'ie,  a.  [Ft.  audor\fupie  f  L.  jrt«/or,  sweat, 
and/acjo,  to  make.] 

Causing  sweat ;  as,  sudori^  herbs.  Bacon. 

SU-DOR-IF'IC,  a.     A  medicine  that  produces  sweat. 

Ccxe. 
SO'DOR-OUS,  a.     [L.  sudor,  sweat] 

Consisting  of  sweat.  Broutn. 

SO'DRA,   n.      [Often  spelt  Soodbah.]      The  lowest 

of  the  four  great  castes  among  the  Hmdoos. 
SUDS,  «.  sing.    [Q,u.  W.  sui,  moisture,  or  its  connec- 
tion, seethe,  sodilen.] 
Water  iniprognat<:d  with  soap. 
To  be  in  the  suds  ;  to  be  in  turmoil  or  dilBculty  ;  a 
familiar  phrase. 
SOE,  (su,)  o.  t.     [Fr.  suivre,  to  follow,  I*,  sequor.    See 
Skek  and  Essay.] 

1.  To  seek  justice  or  right  from  one  by  legal  pro- 
cess ;  to  institute  process  in  law  against  one ;  to  pros- 
ecute in  a  civil  action  for  the  recovery  of  a  real  or 
supptised  right ;  as,  to  sue  one  for  debt ;  to  sue  one 
for  damages  in  trespass.     Alatt.  v. 

3.  To  gain  by  legal  process. 

3.  To  clean  the  beak,  as  a  hawk ;  a  term  of  fal- 
conry. 

To  sue  out ;  to  petition  for  and  take  out ;  or  to  op- 
ply  for  and  obtain  ;  as,  to  sue  out  a  writ  in  chancery  ; 
to  sue  out  a  pardon  for  a  criminal. 
SOE,  V.  i.    To  prosecute  ;  to  make  legal  claim  ;  to  seek 
for  in  law  ;  as,  to  sue  for  damages. 

2.  To  seek  by  request :  to  apply  for ;  to  petition  ; 
to  entreat. 

By  advene  dniiiiy  conttrained  to  tu4 

For  couiikI  au(l  i«drc«a,  be  *ue<  to  you.  Pope. 

3.  To  make  interest  for;  to  demand. 

Cesar  enme  to  Rome  lo  rue  for  the  <louble  honor  of  a  iHumph 
mad  the  cunauUhip.  Middieion. 

StJ'ED,  (sade,)  pp.    Prosecuted  ;  sought  in  law. 
SO'ET,  n.     [W.  stcyv  and  sieyved,  a  surface,  coating, 

suet,  yest,  &c.] 
The  fat  of  an  animal,  particularly  the  harder  and 

less  fusible  about  the  kidneys  and  luins. 

TViseman. 
SCET-Y,  a.    Consisting  of  suet,  or  resembling  it ;  as, 

a  suetv  substance.  Sharp. 

SUF'FEH,  r.  L     [h.  suffero  ;  sub.  under,  and  fcro,  to 

bear;  as  we  say,  lo  undergo;  Ft.  souffrir;  It.  soffe- 

rirei  Sp.  svfrir.     See  Bear.] 

1.  To  feel  or  bear  what  is  painful,  disagreeable, 
or  distressing,  either  to  the  body  or  mind  ;  to  un- 
dergo. We  suffer  pain  of  body  ;  we  suffer  grief  of 
mind.  The  criminal  jujfera  punishment ;  the  sinner 
suffers  the  pangs  of  conscience  in  this  life,  and  is 
condemned  to  suffer  the  wratl)  of  an  offended  God. 
We  often  suffer  wrong  ;  we  suffer  abuse ;  we  suffer 
injustice. 

2.  To  endure  ;  to  support ;  to  sustain  ;  not  to  sink 
under. 

D»r  Bpirit  and  Btrenph  entin*, 
Strongly  to  ntffer  and  support  our  pains.  MilUm. 

3.  To  allow;  to  permit;  not  to  forbid  or  hinder. 
Will  you  suffer  yourself  to  be  insulted  ? 

I  tnffwr  Ih^m  to  enter  and  pooeat.  AJillon. 

Thou  •halt  in  any  wiae  n^biike  tby  neighbor,  &ad  not  mffer  lin 
upon  hiin.  —  Ler.  xix, 

4.  To  undergo  ;  to  be  aflected  by.  Substances 
suffer  an  entire  change  by  the  action  of  fire,  or  by 
entering  into  new  combinations. 

5.  To  sustain ;  to  be  affected  by  ;  as,  to  suffer  loss 
or  damage. 

SUF'FER,  c.  t.  To  feel  or  undergo  pain  of  body  or 
mind  ;  to  bear  what  is  inconvenient.  We  suffi-r  with 
pain,  sickness,  or  sorrow  ;  we  suffer  with  anxiety  ; 
we  suffer  by  evils  past,  and  by  anticipating  others  to 
come ;  we  suffer  from  fear  and  from  disappointed 
hopes. 

2.  To  undergo,  as  punishment. 

The  Talher  wa«  firat  condemrnni  to  luffer  on  a  day  apjx)int>vl ,  find 
the  ton  afterward,  the  day  following,  Clarendoa. 

3.  To  be  injured;  to  sustain  loss  or  damage.  A 
building  suffers  for  want  of  seasonable  repairs.  It 
is  just  that  we  should  suffer  for  neglect  of  duty. 

Public  busincn  tufen  by  prlrale  InlirTnitiei.  TempU. 

SUF'FER-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  tolerated  or  per 
mitted  ;  allowable. 
2.  That  may  be  endured  or  borne.  Wotton. 

SUF'FER-A-BLE-NESS,  n.     Tolerable ness.     ScotL 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRfiY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


SUF 

SUF'FER-A-ULY,  adv.  Tolerably  j  so  aa  to  be  en- 
dured. Addisoru 

SUF'FER-ANCE,  n.  Tbe  bearing  of  pain;  endur- 
ance; pain  endured;  misery. 

Kr  muit  not  onir  ^^i 
But  thy  unkindims  ■hull  the  death  ilrau-  out 
To  lingering  tujferanct.  Shak, 

2.  Patience  ;  moderation  ;  a  bearing  witli  patience. 

But  liMty  heat  lempcTing  with  tuferance  wise.  Spenter. 

3.  Toleration  ;  permission  ;  allowance ;  negative 
conisent  by  not  forbidding  or  biudering. 

In  proce»  of  time,  tometimos  by  tuferanct,  BOmrtim'^  by  special 
ieuve  uiJ  bror,  thuy  erected  tu  ibeniaclves  onitoTi>>9. 

Hooker. 
In  their  beginning',  they  (ira  weak  und  wnn. 
But  auoa  thiuugh  suj'eranet  grow  to  ft-arfu!  end.        Spenser. 

j3n  estate  at  sufferance,  in  lam,  is  where  a  person 
comes  into  possession  of  land  by  lawful  title,  but 
keeps  it  after  the  title  ceases,  without  positive  leave 
of  the  owner.  BlacJistone. 

SUF'FER-£D,  pp.  Borne;  undergone;  permitted; 
a  Mewed. 

SUF  FER-ER,  n.  One  who  endures  or  undergoes 
pain,  either  of  body  or  mind  ;  one  who  sustains  in- 
convenience or  loss  ;  as,  sufferers  by  poverty  or  sick- 
ness ;  men  are  sufferers  by  fire  or  losses  at  sea  ;  they 
are  sufferers  by  the  ravages  of  an  enemy  ;  still  more 
are  they  sufferers  by  their  own  vices  and  follies. 
9.  One  tliat  permits  or  allows. 

SUF'FER-ING,  ppr.  or  o.  Bearing;  undergoing  pain, 
inrnnvenieiice,  or  damage  ;  permitting;  allowing. 

BUF'FER-ING,  n.  The  bearing  of  pain,  inconven- 
ience, or  loss  ;  pain  endured  ;  distress,  loss,  or  injury 
incurred  ;  as,  sufferings  by  pain  or  sorrow  ;  sufferings 
by  want  or  by  wrongtu 

SUF'FER-IXG-LY,  adv.    With  Buffering  or  pain. 

SUF-FICE',  (suf-flze',)  v.  i.  [Ft.  suffire ;  L.  sufficio; 
suk  and  facio.] 

To  be  enough  or  sufficient:  to  be  equal  to  the  end 
proposed. 

To  recount  almighty  works, 
What  word*  or  tongue  of  •erj.ph  con  tujiaf  Millon, 

SUF-FICE',  (suf-f  ize',)  v.  L  To  satisfy  ;  to  content ; 
to  be  equal  to  the  wants  or  demands  of. 

Let  il  '^fi^  ilwe ;  "iwAlt  no   more   to   me  of  tlii«  maUer.  — 

Deut.  iii.  • 

I^rd,  show   MM  the  Father,  and   it  tuJiceOi  ua.  —  John  xiv. 

Ruth  a. 

2.  To  afford  ;  to  supply. 

The  power  appealed,  with  wind  tujiccd  the  sail.        Dryden. 
[Not  in  uM-l 

SUF-FIC'£D,  (suf-f  izd',)  pp.  Satisfied  ;  adequately 
supplied. 

SnF-FI"CIE\-CY,  (-fish'en-se,)  ti.  The  state  of  be- 
ing adequate  to  the  end  proposed. 

Hit  BuMciency  is  such,  Ihnt  be  bestowi  and  possenes,  bis  plenty 
being  unvxbaushnl.  Boylt, 

2.  Clualification  for  any  purpose. 

I  un  not  «o  coiiMent  of  my  own  gufficiency  lu  not  wiltingty  tB 
admit  llie  cuunscl  of  oiEien.  K.  Charkt, 

3.  Competence ;  adequate  substance  or  means. 

An  elegant  •uJSrUnq/,  content.  Thornton. 

4.  Supply  equal  to  wants ;  ample  stock  or  fund. 

Waits, 

5.  Ability  ;  adequate  power. 

Our  mffiaetuy  i«  from  God.  —2  Cor.  \\\. 

6.  Conceit ;   self-confidence.      [See  SKLr-Sum- 

SUF  FF'CIENT,  (-fish'eni,)  a.     [L.  suffciens.'] 

1.  Enough;  equal  to  the  end  pro[Mwed  ;  adequate 
to  wants  ;  competent ;  as,  provinion  sufficient  for  the 
family  ;  water  sufficient  for  the  voyage  ;  an  army  suf~ 
ficient  lo  defend  the  country. 

My  graee  ti  wttffUi«nl  for  Ukw.  —  2  Cor.  xll. 

2.  0-iialifted  ;  competent;  possessing  adequate  tal- 
ents or  accomplishments ;  as,  a  man  sufficient  for  an 
office.  SAoA. 

3.  Fit;  able;  of  competent  power  or  ability. 

Who  S»  euffieieyti  for  Uie^  things  ?  —  3  Cor.  U. 

SirF-FI"CIENT-Ly,  (-fish'enl-Iy,)  ado.  To  a  mif- 
ficient  degree  ;  enough  ;  to  a  degree  that  answers  the 
purpose,  or  gives  coni«--nl ;  as,  we  are  ««/ffc«:n(Zi/ sup- 
plied with  food  and  clothing  ;  a  man  sufficientiy  qual- 
ified for  the  di)«charge  of  his  official  duties. 
PUF-FIi:'lNG,fsuf-fiz'jng,)  ppr.     Supplying  what  is 

ni>eded  ;  satisfying. 
SUF  FI'SANCE,  n.    [Fr.]    Sufficiency  ;  plenty.  {^Tot 

in  utf.]  Spenser. 

SUF'FIX,  n.  rU  suffUusi  auffigo;  sub  and /^'-o,  to 
fix.] 

A  letter  or  syllable  added  or  annexed  to  the  end  of 
a  word.  ParkkursL     M,  StuarL 

SUFFIX',  V.  L    To  add  or  annex  a  letter  or  syllable 

to  a  word. 
SrF-FIX'£rD,  (-Alt',)  pp.  Added  to  the  end  of  a  word, 
SUF-FIX'ING,  mn*.     Adding  lo  the  end.  of  a  word. 
,   SUF-FL.A.M'1-NaTE,  r.  L     [L.  sjifflamm,  a  stop.] 
I  1    To  retard  the  motion  of  a  carriage  by  prevont- 

I       ing  one  or  mare  of  its  wheels  from  revolving,  either 
I      by  a  chain  or  otherwise. 
I  2.  To  atop ;  to  impede.    [Jfot  in  use.]     Barrow. 


SUG 

SUF-FLaTE',  v.  t.     [L.  sufflu  ;  sub  and  yio,  to  blow.] 
To  blow  up  ;  to  inliate.     [Little  used.]       Bailey. 

SUF-FLA'TION,  ii.     [L.  suffatio.] 

The  act  of  blowing  up  or  inlluting.  Coles. 

SUF'FO-C.^TE,  V.  t.  [Fr.  suffogueri  It.  svffogare; 
Sp.  svfocar ;  L.  suffoco  ;  sub  and  focus,  or  its  root.] 

1.  To  choke  or  kill  by  stopping  respiration.  Res- 
piration may  be  Btopi>ed  by  the  interception  of  air,  as 
m  hanging  and  stningling,  or  by  the  introduction  of 
snioke,  dust,  or  niepliitic  air  into  the  lungs.  Men 
may  be  suffocated  by  the  halter ;  or  men  may  be  suf- 
focated in  smoke  or  in  carbonic  acid  gas,  as  in  mines 
and  wells. 

And  let  not  hemp  hii  windpipe  suffocate.  Shak. 

2.  To  stifle  ;  to  destroy ;  to  extinguish  ;  as,  to  suffo- 
cate fire  or  live  coals. 

A  swelling  diacontent  is  apt  to  suffocate   luid  stnuigle  wiihoul 
passage.  Collier. 

SUF'FO-€ATE,  a.     Suffocated.  S/iak. ' 

SUF'FO-C.A-TED,  pp.     Choked  ;  stifled.    - 

SUF'FO-€a-TING,  ppr.  or  a.    Choking  ;  stifling. 

SUF'FO-CA-TING-LV,  aiio.  So  as  to  suffocate;  as, 
suff'ocatittirly  hot. 

SUP-FO-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  choking  or  sti- 
fling; a  stopping  of  respiration,  either  by  intercept- 
ing the  passage  of  air  to  and  from  the  lungs,  or  by 
inhaling  smoke,  dust,  or  air  that  is  not  respirable. 

2.  The  act  of  stifling,  destroying,  or  extinguish- 
ing. 

SUF'FO-eA-TIVE,  a.  Tending  or  able  to  choke  or 
stifle  ;  as,  suffocative  catarrhs.  Arbuthnot. 

SUF-FOS'SION,  (.suf-fosh'un,)  n.  [L.  suff'ossio  i  sub 
and  fodio,  to  dig.] 

A  digging  under  ;  an  undermining.      Bp.  Hall. 

SUF'FRA-GAN,  a.  [Fr.  suff^agant^  It.  suffragiineo; 
L.  suffragans^  assisting  ;  suffmgor,  to  vote  for,  lo  fa- 
vor.] 

Assisting ;  as,  a  suffragan  bishop. 

SUF'FRA-GAN,  n.  A  bishop  considered  as  an  assist- 
ant to  his  metropolitan-,  or,  rather,  an  assistant  bish- 
op. By  26  Henry  VIII.  suffragans  are  to  be  denom- 
inated from  some  principal  place  in  the  diocese  of 
ilie  prelate  whom  tiiey  are  to  assist.      Bp.  Barluw, 

SUF'FRA-GANT,  n.  An  assistant;  a  favorer;  one 
who  concurs  with.     {Obs.'\  Taylor. 

SUF'FRA-GATE,  r.  f.     fL.  suffragor.] 

To  vote  with.     [J^ot  in  use.\  Hale. 

SUF'FRA-GA-TOR,  n.  [L.]  One  who  assists  or  fa 
vors  by  his  vote.  Bp,  of  Chester. 

SUF'FRAGE,  n.  [L.  svffragium;  Fr.  suffrage;  Sax. 
friBgnan,  to  ask,  G.  fragenJ] 

1.  A  vote  ;  a  voice  given  in  deciding  a  controvert- 
ed question,  or  in  the  choice  of  a  man  for  an  office  or 
tnzst.  Nothing  can  be  more  grateful  to  a  good  man, 
than  to  be  elevated  to  office  by  the  unbiased  suf- 
frages of  free,  enlightened  citizens. 

Lactantiui  and  St.  Austin  confirm  by  their  9%i^ragea  th«  obw.'r- 
viiUon  miule  by  heatltcn  write™.  AUarbury. 

2.  United  voice  of  persons  in  public  prayer. 

3.  Aid  ;  assistance  ;  a  iMtinism.     [JVct  in  use.] 
SUF-FRAG'IN-OUS,  a,     [L.  suffrago,  the  pastern  or 

bough.] 

Pertaining  to  the  knee-joint  of  a  beast.     Brown. 
SUF-FRU-TES'CE.N'T,  a.     Moderately  frutescent. 
SUF-FRC'l'I  e5SE,  a.      [L.  suh  and  fruticosus;  fru- 
tex,  a  shrub.] 

In  botany,  under-shrubby,  or  part  shrubby  ;  perma- 
nent or  woody  at  the  base,  but  the  yearly  branches 
decaying ;  as  sage,  thyme,  hyssop,  &.c. 

Martyn.     Cyc. 
SUF-FO'MI-GATE,  v.  t.     [L.  suffumigo.] 

To  apply  fumes  or  smoke  to  the  parts  of  tho  body, 
as  in  medicine. 
SUF-FO'Ml  GA-TING»yiir     Applying  fumes  lo  the 

parts  of  the  body. 
SUF-PU-MI-GA'TION,   n.     Fumigation  ;   tho  opera- 
tion of  smoking  any  thing,  or  ratlier  of  applying 
ftiinoR  to  the  parts  of  the  body. 

2.  A  term  applied  to  all  medicines  thai  are  re- 
ceived in  the  form  of  fumes.  Cyc. 
SUF-FO'.MIGE,  B.     A  medical  fume.             Harvey. 
8UF-FCSE',  (suf-fuzc',)  V.  t,      [L.  suffusuSy  siiffundo  i 
sub  and  fundo,  to  pour,] 

To  overspread,  as  with  a  fluid  or  tincture;  as, 
eyes  suffused  with  tears ;  cheeks  suffused  with 
blushes. 

When  purple  light  shall  next  •i(^u««  the  aklet.  Pope. 

SUF-FOS'£D,  (suf-fQzd',)  pp.    Overspread,  as  with  a 

fluid  or  with  color. 
SUF-FOS'ING,  ppr.    Overspreading,  as  with  a  fluid 

or  tincture. 
SUF-FC'SION,  (-zhun,)  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  s^ffusio.'] 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  overspreading,  as  with 
a  fluid  or  with  a  color. 

2.  The  state  of  being  suffUscd  or  spread  over. 

To  thnw?  lh:it  bare  th«  Jiiundice  or  like  eufftuion  of  eyei,  object* 
appear  of  thAt  color,  Ray. 

3.  That  which  is  suffused  or  spread  over. 
SUG,  n.     [L.  sugo,  lo  suck.] 

A  kind  of  worm.  Walton. 

SJJG'AR,   (shug'ar,)  n.     [Fr.  sucre;  Arm.   sucr:  Sp. 
aiuear ;    It.  zucckero  }    G.  zucker ,'    D.  suiker ;    Dan. 


SUG 

eokkcr^  sukker ;    Sw.  sockcr ;  W.  eugyr;    Ir.nacraf 

o  a    J 
L.   saccltarum  ;    Gr.   aaKX*ipov ;    Pers.   Ar.  j  ^— -i.^ 

sukkar;  Sans,  sckarkara;  Slavonic,  -eokar.     It  is  also 
ill  the  Syr.  and  Elh.] 

1.  A  well-known  substance  manufactured  chiefly 
from  Uie  sugar-cane,  Sacchartim  officinarum  ;  but  in 
the  United  Stales,  groat  quantities  of  this  article  are 
made  from  the  sugar  maple  ;  and  in  France,  from 
the  beet.  The  saccharine  liquor  is  concentrated  by 
boiling,  which  expels  the  water;  lime  is  added  to 
neutralize  the  acid  thai  is  usually  present ;  the  gross- 
er impurities  riseto  the  surface,  and  are  separated  in 
the  form  of  scum ;  and  finally,  as  the  liquor  cools, 
the  sugar  separates  from  the  molasses  in  grains.  The 
sirup  or  molasses  is  drained  off,  leaving  the  BUgar  in 
tlie  state  known  in  commerce  by  the  name  of  raw  or 
muscifoado  sugar.  This  was  formerly  purified  by 
means  of  clay,  or  more  extensively  by  bullocks' 
blood,  which,  forming  a  coagulum,  mveloj>ed  the 
impurities.  This  process  is  now  more  usually  jjer- 
furmed  by  means  of  animal  charcoal  or  bone  black, 
and  by  steam.  Thtis  clarifled,  it  takes  the  names  of 
lump,  loaf,  refned^  Slc,  according  to  the  different  de- 
grees of  purification.  Sugar  is  a  proximate  element 
of  the  vegetable  kingdom,  and  is  found  in  most  ripe 
fruits,  and  many  farinaceous  roots.  By  fermenta- 
tion, sui:ar  is  converted  into  alcohol,  and  hence  forms 
the  basis  of  those  substances  which  are  used  for 
making  intoxicating  liquors,  as  molasses,  grapes,  ap- 
ples, malt,  &c. 

Tlie  ultimate  elements  of  sugar  are  oxygen,  carbon, 
and  hydrogen.  Of  all  vegetable  principles,  it  is 
considered  by  Dr.  Rush  as  tiie  most  wholesome  and 
nutritious.  P.  Cyc.     Sitliman. 

9.  An  old  chemical  term;  as,  the  sugar  of  lead, 
(acettite  of  lead,)  so  called  because  it  has  a  close  re- 
semblance lo  sucar  in  appearance,  and  tastes  sweet. 

TuUy. 
S?jG'AR,  (shug'ar,)  v.  L      To   impregnate,  season, 
cover,  sprinkle,  or  mix  with  sugar.  Crashaw. 

fi.  To  sweeten. 
But  flattery  Btill  in  sugared  worda  bolraya.  Denham. 

SJJG'AU-BAK'ER,  «.    One  who  makes  loaf-sugar. 

Johnson's  Idler. 
SyO'AR-CAN'DY,   n.      [su^ar  and  candy.]      Sugar 

clarified  and  concreted  or  ci  'stallized. 
SI;G'AR-€ANE,  n.     [sugar  a  )d  cane.]     The  cane  or 

plant  frtmi  whose  juice  sugar  is  obtained;  Succha- 

rum  officinarum. 
S|)g'AR-ED,  (shug'ard,)  pp.  or  i.    Sweetened. 
SiJCJ'AU-HOUSEjW.    A  building. in  which  sugar  is 

refined. 
SIJG'AK-KET'TLE,  7i.     A    kettle  used    in    boiling 

'down  the  sap  or  juice  from  which  sugar  is  made. 
syG'AR-LESS,  a.     Free  from  sugar. 
SIJG'AR-L^AF,  n.     A  conical  mass  of  refined  sugar. 
StjG'AK-MA'PLE,  i  n.     A  ipecies  of  maple,  the  Acer 
sfjG'AR-TREE,^     \      saccharinum,  from  whose  sap 

sugar  is  made  6y  boiling. 
SJJG'AR-MIIjL,  ti.    a  machine  for  pressing  out  the 

juice  of  the  sugar-cane. 
sfiG'AR-MITE, «.     [sugar  and  mite.] 

Tho  Lepisma  saccharina  is  an  apterous  or  wing- 
less insect,  covered  with  silvery  scales.      Ed.  Kncyc. 
SJJG'AR-PLUM,  n.     Isugar  and  plum.]     A  species  of 

sweetmeat  in  small  balls. 
SJJG'AR-Y,  (shiig'ar-e,)  a.     Tinctured  or  sweetened 

with  sugar  ;  sweet ;  tasting  like  sugar. 

2.  Fond  of  sugar,  or  of  sweet  things,  Todd, 

3.  Containing  sugar.  Ask. 

4.  Like  sugar.  Aah. 
SU-GES'CICNT,  a.    [L.  sugcns,  sucking.] 

~  ■    ■  ■  ■  Palcy. 

suggero,  suggestus  ; 
sub  and  gero;  U.  suggcrire;  Fr.  suggerer.] 

1.  To  hint;  to  intimate  or  mention  in  the  fir^^t  in- 
stance ;  as.  to  suggest  a  new  mode  ttf  cultivation  ;  to 
suggest  a  different  scheme  or  measure  ;  to  suggest  a 
new  idea. 

2.  To  offer  to  the  mind  or  thoughts. 

Some  ideas  are  suggealed  to  the  mind  by  all  the  way«  of  ncnxx- 
lion  and  reflation.  Locke. 

3.  To  seduce  ;  to  draw  lo  ill  by  insinuation. 

Kiiowini^  ihnt  tender  youth  is  aoon  euggealed.  Shak. 

[Not  in  use.] 

4.  To  inform  secretly. 

Wc  must  luggcgl  the  pcopi'-.       [Not  in  U»e.\ 

SUO-GEST'ED,  pp.    Hinted  ;  intimated. 

SUG-GEST'ER,  71.     One  that  suggests. 

SUG-GEST'ING,  ppr.     Hinting;  intimating. 

SUG-GES'TIDN,  (sug-jest'yun,)  n.  [Fr. ;  from  sug- 
gest.] A  hint ;  a  first  intimation,  proposal,  or  men- 
tion. The  measure  was  adopted  at  Ihe  suggestion 
of  an  eminent  philosopher. 

2.  Presentation  of  an  idea  to  the  mind  ;  as,  the 
suggestions  of  fancy  or  imagination  ;  the  suggestions 
of  conscience. 

3.  Insinuation  ;  secret  notification  or  Incitement. 

Shak. 

4.  In  law,  information  without  oath. 


Relating  lo  sucking. 
SUG-GEST',  (sug-jest^,)  V.  t.    [I-.,  s 
sub  and  gero  ;  U.  suggerire  ;  Fr.  i 


SfiaJt. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.— AN"GER,  Vr'CIOUS — €  as  K ;  6  as  J  ;  8  as  Z  ;  OH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


139 


1J05 


SUI 


SIJG  Oli:ST'IVEf  «.    Containing  a  hint  or  intimaiion. 

Parker. 


SUG'GIL,  r.  C     [L.  suffiUo.] 

To  tleAime.    [Abf  tifi  use,] 

SUO'OIL-ATE,  o.  t.    [L-sug, 

To  beat  livid  or  black  and  blue."    [JVbt  in  use,] 

f^isemaiL. 
SITG  GIL-X'TION,  n.      A  livid  or  black  and    blue 

mark ;  a  blow  ;  a  bruise.    [.Vut  in  ust.] 
80-I-CI'DAL,  a.    Partaking  of  the  crime  of  suicide. 
80-l-CrDAL-LY,  ot/u.     In  a  suicidiU  manner. 
SC'I-CTOE,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  suiddium  ;  s$  and  e^o, 
to  slay.] 

1.  Self-murdei' ;  the  act  of  desiirnedly  destroying 
one^  own  life.  To  constitute  suicide,  the  person 
must  be  of  yean  of  discretion  and  of  sound  mind. 

BlacksUiite. 
3.  One  Kuilty  of  self-murder  ;  a  feto  de  sa. 
Sd-CX-DlS>f,  m.    State  of  self-murdering. 
Sr'I  CI?M,  f>r  St'iciDB,  is  not  in  use. 
SC'T  (iE.VER-ISy  [U]    Of  itd  own  or  peculiar  kind  j 

singular. 
8t'II^LAtit,(8a'il-meOik    [Fr.amtifle^] 

Pmin  of  filth.    [Ohs,]  IToWm, 

SP'IXG,  ppr.  of  Sua.    Prosecuting. 
SO'ING,  K.     (Fr.  ««-,  to  sweat,  L.  suJa,) 

The  process  of  soaking  through  any  tiling.  [JVot 
M  K*e.]  Bacon. 

8CIT,  (sQie,)  n.  [Norm,  -iuit  or  su^;  Fr.suiu,  from 
suirre^  to  follow,  fVom  L.  sequor.  (See  Sxek.)  In 
l^w  Latin^  secta  Is  from  the  same  source.] 

LUtroUify  a  following ;  and  so  used  in  the  old  Bng- 
Ush  statutes. 

1.  Conserution  ;  succession  ;  series  ;  regular  order  ; 
u,  the  same  kind  and  suit  of  weather.  [A't/t  now  so 
etppUed.]  Bacon. 

9.  A  aet;  a  number  of  things  used  together,  and 
in  a  degree  necessary  to  be  united,  tn  order  to  an- 
swer tbe  purpose  ;  as,  a  suit  of  curtains  ;  a  suit  of 
armor  ;  aometimes  with  less  dependence  of  the  par- 
ticular parts  on  each  other,  but  still  united  in  use; 
as,  a  suit  of  clmhe-s ;  a  sait  of  apartments. 

3.  A  set  of  the  same  kind  or  stamp ;  as,  a  sail  of 
cards. 

4.  Retinue ;  a  company  or  number  of  attendants 
or  followers ;  aUendance ;  train  ;  as,  a  nobU-m.in  and 
bit  suit.  [This  is  sometimes  pronounced  as  a  French 
word,  siteti;  but  in  all  it«  senses,  this  is  the  same 
WOTd,  and  the  atTecLition  of  making  it  (Vench  in  one 
nse  and  English  in  nr  iher,  is  improper,  not  to  say 
ridiculous.  The  Fre  ch  orthr^nphy  Suits  is  re- 
jected very  properly  I    Jameson.] 

5.  A  petition  ;  a  si  king  for  aumetbiog  by  petition 
or  application. 

Mnarahst  Mte  0iiil  U>  ibre.  ~  Job  xL 

B.  BoUcltatloii  of  a  woman  in  marriage ;  courtship. 

SAak, 

7.  la  las,  an  action  or  process  for  tbe  recovery  of 
a  right  or  claim  ;  legal  appltcation  to  a  court  for 
Jiwtlee  i  prosecution  ftf  right  before  any  tribunal ;  as, 
a  cMI  SMC  i'  a  criminai  not .-  a  suU  in  chancery. 

fa  Enghad.  iha  teverU  mdit,  or  mnedul  butrunwnu  ei  Jiutim, 
«•  dWoniriiad  taMa  thive  Unds,  wUooi  penoBkl,  irml,  ukI 
-' — '  Aocirionf. 


8.  Pumtt ;  i>rosecutIon  ;  chnse.    Sprayer.     Cye. 

Suit  and  strvice ;  in  feudal  lair,  the  duty  of  feuda- 
tories to  attend  the  courts  of  their  lords  or  superiors 
in  time  of  peace,  and  in  war  to  fttllow  tbem  and  per- 
form military  service.  BlarkMone. 

To  hrin^  ^uit;  a  phrase  in  law,  denoting  litemlty 
to  bring  secta,  followers  or  witnesses  to  prove  the 
plaintiff*9  demand.  The  phra^  is  antiquated,  or 
rather  it  has  changed  its  signification  ;  for  t<>  bring  a 
mitt  DOW,  is  to  institute  an  nction. 

Out  a/  suits;  having  no  corre-ipondence.      Shak. 

SuU-c^veaant,  in  Iomi,  is  a  covenant  to  sue  at  a  cer- 
tain court.  Bailey. 

Smil-ctfuH  f  in  late,  the  court  in  which  tenants  owe 
attendance  to  their  lord.  BaiUv. 

SOIT,  r.  C  To  fit ;  to  adapt;  to  make  proper.  Suit 
the  action  to  the  word.  Suit  the  gestures  to  the  pa»- 
aiOD  to  be  expfeosed.    Suit  the  style  to  the  subject. 

a.  To  become ;  to  be  fitted  to. 

in  mdm  Ui  cklh  iha  pniK  gf  niling  well.  Oryden. 

Bmw  bw  aeto  to  Ikrt  Hfattm  depee 

WUea  «rik  a  Hag*  o(  |ietr  kwI  tnee.  Prior. 

3.  Todreai;  loclotha. 

Sodh  «  BehiriMi  va«  mf  hro&ta  too ; 

So  wmC  h*  mdyd  lo  tw  vmtrty  Unxib.  Shak. 

4.  To  please ;  to  make  content.  He  Is  well  suited 
with  his  place. 

BDIT,  r.  t.  To  agree  ;  to  accord  ;  aa,  to  suit  vitJt ;  to 
nix  ta.    Pity  jvtls  wilA  a  noble  nature.        Vryden, 

0H«  ne  BM  aa  oOm 

Tb*t  smm  iriA  rae  m  m.  AdrRnm. 

The  fimct  kacif  was  wmtmg  to  Idi  esn.  DryUn. 

[The  use  of  leifJk  after  suit  is  now  most  frequent.] 

SCIT'A-BLE,  (sat'a-bl,)  a.     Fitting  ;  according  with  ; 

agreeable  to ;  proper  ;  becoming ;  as,  omtiments  *wit- 

lUtle  to  one's  character  and  station ;  language  suitable 

to  the  subject. 

2.  Adequate.     We  can  not  make  suitable  returns 
for  divine  mercies. 
8CIT'A-BLE  NESS,  n.     Fitness;  propriety;  agreea- 


SUL 

bicnoss  ;  a  state  of  being  adapted  or  aocommo<latcd. 
Consider  the  laws,  and  UieiriruiUi&^cne5jr  to  our  moral 
slate. 

SOIT'.\-BLY,  adv.  Filly  ;  agreeably  ;  with  propriety. 
Let  words  be  suitably  applied. 

SUITE,  (sweet,)  «.  [Fr.]  Itotinue.  [See  Suit,  a.  No.  4.] 

SOIT'EU,  yp.     Fitted  ;  adapted  ;  pleased. 

80rr'I.\G,p;>r.  Filling;  according  with ;  becoming; 
pleasing. 

SOIT'OR, «.  One  that  sues  or  prosecutes  a  demand 
of  right  in  taw  ;  as  a  p!aintitf,petitit)ner,  or  appellant. 
3.  One  who  attends  a  court,  wlutlier  pinintifl*,  de- 
fendant, petitioner,  appellant,  witness,  juror,  ami  the 
like.  These,  in  legoi  phraseology,  oro  all  included 
in  the  word  suitors. 

3.  A  petitioner  ;  an  applicant 

She  hath  been  a  tuHor  to  nte  Tor  her  bmttker.  ShaJc, 

4.  One  who  solicits  a  woman  in  marriage  ;  a  woo- 
,  er ;  a  lover. 

SCIT'RESS,  n.    A  female  supplicant.  Rowe. 

In  natural  Af^ory,  furrowed  ;  grooved  ;  scored  with 
deep,  broad  channels  longitudinally ;  as,  a  sutcated 
stem.  Martyn. 

SULK,  p.  t.  [Sax.  soleen.]  To  be  silently  sullen  ;  to 
bo  morose  or  obstinate.     [  Obs.] 

SULK'I-LY,  rtrfp.    Sullenly;  morosely,     fron  Chest. 

SULK'I-NESS,  n,  [from  sulky.]  Siillenness;  sour- 
ness ;  moroseness. 

SULKS,  K.  pL  To  be  m  the  suUiSj  is  to  be  sulky  or  dis- 
contented and  sullen. 

SULK'Y,  a.     (Sax.  solcrn^  8lugpi«b.] 

Sullen  ;^our  ;  heavy  ;  obstinate  ;  morose. 

Whilo  (bow  anlrMh  remala  in  their  todoauna,  tber  are  tulky. 

A:  He». 

SULK'Y,  a.  A  two-wheeled  carriage  f»r  a  single  person. 

SULI>,  n.     [Sax.  suUt,]     A  plow.     [Obs.]     JiinsiPortA. 

SUL'LAtiE,  a.  [See  Suluaui:.]  A  dmm  of  filth,  or 
filth  collected  from  the  street  or  highvviiv.  Cyc 

SUL'LE.X,  a.  [Perhaps,  set,  fixed,  and  allied  to  silent^ 
stilly  tc] 

I.  Gloomily  angry  and  silent ;  cross ;  sour ;  affect- 
ed with  UI  humor. 

And  sullen  I  Tonook  th*  imperfect  ftuU 

SL  Mischievous ;  malignant. 

Such  $utkn  planet!  u  mj  tnrth  dU  shina. 

3.  Obstinate ;  intractable. 

Things  are  aa  tuUsn  at  v«  are. 

4.  Gloomy  ;  dark  ;  dismaL 

"Why  an  ttifaw  tff  Sxet)  to  the  luIUn  earth  ? 

Ntcfat  wttti  bBTMrften  winca. 

No  caecffal  tamw  tim  BuOsn  region  bwwa. 

5.  Heavy  ;  dull ;  sorrowfUL 

B^  thou  ibe  trumpet  oT  our  wrath, 

AnJ  9tiUsn  pRiage  of  your  owo  oecay.  Shak, 

SUL'LEN-LY,  adt>.    Gloomily ;  malignantly  ;  Intract- 
ably ;  with  moroseness.  Dryden. 
SUL'LEN-NESS,  «.    Ill  nature  with  silence;  silent 
moroseneos ;  gloomioess ;  malignity  ;  intractablcness. 
JiftUon.      Temple. 
StJL'LENS,  n.  pi.     A  morose  temper ;  gloominess. 

[JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

SUL'LI-AGB,  n,     [Fr.  souillaffe.] 
Foulness;  filth.     [JVut  in  use.] 
SUL'LI-£D,  (sui'lid,)  pp.     Soiled  ;  tarnished  ;  stained. 
8UL'LY,r.  t.     [Fr.  souiUer;  from  the  root  of  soil,  G. 
a^ile.] 
1.  To  soil ;  to  dirt ;  to  spot;  to  tarnish. 

Aad  uatuea  iuili*d  jret  with  aaciileeious  amoke.       Rotcommon, 

S.  To  tarnish  ;  to  darken. 

Let  Uiere  be  no  apota  to  suUy  the  brightoeas  or  thla  »o\''mnHy. 

AUerbury. 

3.  To  stain  ;  to  tarnish  ;  as  the  purity  of  reputa- 
tion ;  as,  virtues  suUied  by  slander ;  character  sullied 
bv  infamous  vices. 
SUL'LY,  F.  t.    To  be  soiled  or  tarnished. 

Silverinff  vi\l  tuUy  and  canker  more  than  Riding.         Bacon. 

SUL'LY,  s.    Soil;  tarnish;  spot. 

A  DoM^  and  triumphnnt  merit  breoJu  through  little  apota  and 
tuilU*  on  hu  reputation.  Sptetalor. 

SUL'LY-I\G,  ppr.    Soiling;  tarnishing;  staining. 

SUL'PHATE,  Tt.  [from  sulphur.]  A  salt  formed  by 
sulphuric  acid  in  combination  with  any  base;  as, 
sulphatf  of  lime.  Lavoisier. 

SUL'PIIITE,  R,  [from  sulphur.]  A  salt  formed  by  a 
combination  of  sulphurous  acta  with  a  base. 

Lavoisier. 

SUUPnO-CT-AN'ie  acid,  n.  A  compound  of  sul- 
phur, carbon,  hvdntgen,  and  nitrogen. 

SUL-PHO-NAPH-THAL'ie  ACID,  n.  A  compound 
of  sulphuric  acid  and  naphthaline. 

SUL'PIIO-SSALT,  )  n.     A  double  sulphuret,  or  a  salt 

SUL'PIIO-S^L,  {  containing  sulphur  in  both  the 
acid  and  the  base,  Dana. 

SUL-PHO-VIN'ie  ACID,  n.  An  acid  formed  by  the 
action  of  sulphuric  acid  upon  alcohol;  cenothionic 
acid.  Brande. 

SUL'PHUR,  71.  [L.,  whence  Fr.  soufre;  It.  zolfo;  Sp. 
azvfre  ;  Port,  enxofre  ;  D.  solfcr.] 


Prior. 


On/den. 


Shak. 

Milton. 

Poi-. 


SUM 

A  simple  mineral  substnnce,  of  a  yellow  color, 
brittle,  insoluble  in  water,  but  fusible  by  heat.  It  is 
called  also  Urimjtqme,  that  is,  ham-stone,  from  its 
great  combustibility.  It  burns  with  a  blue  name  and 
a  peculiar  sulfocating  odor.  Sulphur  native  or  pris- 
matic is  of  two  kinds,  coramnn  and  vulcmiic.  It  is 
an  acidifying  and  basifying  principle. 

J^ieholson.     Ure. 
SUL'PHU-RATE,  a.     [L.  sulphuratas.] 

Belonging  to  sulphur;  of  the  color  of  sulphur. 
[Little  used7]  More. 

SULTHU-RaTE,  v.  L     To  combine  with  sulphur. 

[Obs.] 

SUL'PHU-RA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Combined  or  impreg- 
nated with  sulphur;  as,  sulphuraled  hydrogen  gas. 
[  Ob.H.]  Lavoisier. 

SUL'PHUrRA-TING,  ppr.    Combiniag  or  impregna- 


ting with  sulphur.    [Obs.] 

sui^phu-ra'tion,  I    •*• 


.'n.    The  subjecting  of  a  thing  to 
the  action  of  sulphur,  especially  of  sulphurous  gas. 

Vre. 
SUL-PHO'RE-OUS,  a.    Consisting  of  sulphur  ;  hav- 
ing the  qualities  of  sulphur  or  brimstone;  impregna- 
ted with  sulphur. 

Uer  snujcea  initied,  tuiphureout  waters  drink.  Pope, 

SUI-/-PH0'RB-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  sulphureous  man- 
ner. 

SUL-PHO'RE-OUS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  sul- 
phureous. 

SUL'PHU-RET,  »r.  A  combination  of  sulphur  with  a 
base  ;  as,  a  sulphuret  of  potassium. 

Lavoisier.     Hooper. 

SUL'PHU  RET-ED,  o.  Applied  to  bodies  having  sul- 
phur in  combination. 

Sulphureteti  hydrogen  is  a  colorless  f^is,  With  the  fet- 
id odor  of  rotten  eggs,  composed  of  one  equivalent 
of  sulphur  and  one  of  hydrogen ;  also  called  hydro- 
sulphuric  acitL 

SUL-PIlC'Rie,  a.  Pertaining  to  sulphur ;  more  strictly, 
designating  an  acid  formed  by  one  equivalent  of  sul- 
phur combined  with  three  equivalents  of  oxygen  ;  as, 
sulphuric  acid,  formerly  called  vitriolic  acul,  or  oil  of 
vitriol,  Chnnistry. 

Sulphuric  ether;  common  ether.     [See  ExHEn.] 

SUL'PHUIt-OtlH,  a.  Like  sulphur ;  containing  sul- 
phur ;  Eiltjo,  desipnating  an  acid  formed  by  one  e([uiv- 
oleut  of  sulphur  coinbint^d  with  two  equivalents  ol 
oxvKt'n.     This  is  called  sulphttrous  acid. 

SUL'PHUR-VVORT,  n.  An  umbelliferous  herb,  hog's 
fennel,  of  the  genus  Peiiccdanum. 

SUL'PHUR-Y,  a.  Partaking  of  sulphur;  having  the 
qualities  of  sulphur. 

SUL'TA.N,  n.     [tin.  Ch.  Syr.  and  Heb.  vhv,  to  nile.] 
An  appellation  given  lo  the  emperor  of  the  Turks, 
denoting  ruler  or  commander.    I'he  title  is  sometimes 
given  to  other  Mohammedan  sovereigns. 

SUL-TA'NA,       j  n.    The  queen  of  a  sultan  ;  the  em- 

SUL'TAN-ESS,  (      press  of  the  Turks.     Cleaveland. 

SUL'TAN-FLOW-ER,  n.  A  plant ;  a  species  of  Cen- 
taurea. 

SUL'TAN-RY,  iu  An  eastern  empire;  the  dominions 
of  a  sullan.  Bacon. 

SUL'TAN-SIIIP,  71.    The  office  or  state  of  a  sultan. 

SUL'TRI-NESS,  n.  [from  suUry.]  The  state  of  be- 
ing sultry  ;  heat  with  a  moist  or  close  air. 

SUL'TRY,  a.  [G  sehicMl,  sultry  ;  Sax,  swolath,  steolc, 
heat,  G.  schwille.     See  Swelter.] 

1.  Very  hot,  burning,  and  oppressive;  as,  Libya's 
sultry  deserts.  .Addison. 

2.  Very  hot  and  moist,  or  hot,  close,  Btajiiianl,  and 
unelaslic  ;  as  air  or  the  atmosphere.  A  sultry  air  is 
usually  enfiiebling  and  oppressive  to  the  human  body. 

Such  n9,  bom  hcncRlh  the  biimtu°f  sk; 

And  tulliy  lun,  bclwixt  the  tropics  tie.  Drydtn, 

SUM,  n.  [Fr.  somme  ,*  G.  summe  ;  D,  som  ;  Dan,  sum; 
Sw.  and  L.  summa,  a  sum  ;  Sax.  somedyl^.  simtd,  to- 
gether ;  Sax.  somnian,  to  assemble.  These  wonis 
may  be  from  the  root  of  Ch.  did,  som,  Syr.  ^210,  Heb. 
Die,  shorn,  to  set  or  place.] 

1.  The  apsregnte  of  two  or  more  numbers,  mapni- 
tudes,  quantities,  or  particulars  ;  the  amount  or  whole 
of  any  number  of  individuals  or  particulars  added. 
The  sum  of  5  and  7  is  12. 


Ttike  ilie  Mum  of  aJI  the  congn-gution.  —  Num.  I. 

[Sum  is  now  applied  more  generally  to  numbers, 
and  number  to  ptirfions.] 

2.  A  quantity  of  money  or  currency  ;  any  amount 
Indefinitely.  I  sent  him  a  sum  of  money,  a  small 
sum,  or  a  large  sum.  I  received  a  large  sum  in  bunk 
notes. 

3.  Compendium  ;  abridgment ;  the  amount ;  the 
substance.  This  is  the  sum  of  all  the  evidence  in  tbe 
cose.  This  is  the  sum  and  substance  of  all  his  objec- 
tions.    The  sum  of  all  I  have  said  is  this. 

The  phrase  in  sum  is  obsolete,  or  nearly  so. 
In  turn,  the  g;o«pcl,  considfrM  as  n  law,  preocribet  erery  vlilue 
to  our  cudduci,  and  torlitta  every  un.  Rogtn, 

4.  Hight ;  completion. 

Thu»  hnve  I  told  ihee  nil  my  rtate,  and  brooght 

Mj  story  to  the  aum  of  earthly  blisa.  MUton. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — M£TE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  IM?QK.- 


SUM 

SUM^  V.  U  To  add  particulars  into  one  whole  ;  to  col- 
lect two  or  inure  purticular  numbers  into  one  num- 
ber ;  to  cast  up  ;  usually  followed  by  up^  but  it  is  su- 
perfluous. Custom  enables  a  man  to  sum  up  a  long 
column  of  figures  with  surph^iug  facility  and  cor- 
re<.:tues3. 

Tbe  hour  Joch  nither  turn  up  the  momenta,  (baa  divide  th?  Aa.y. 

Bacon. 

S.  To  bring  or  collect  into  a  small  compass  ;  to  com- 
prise in  a  few  words ;  to  condense.  He  summed  up 
liis  arguments,  at  the  close  of  his  speech,  with  great 
force  and  efiect. 

"  Go  lo  the  ant,  Ihou  •lugjard,"  in  few  words,  rum«  up  (be 
morel  of  Uits  fable.  i^'Eutmngt, 

3.  In  falconry,  to  have  feathers  full  grown. 

WUh  prtnperoaa  wing  full  tummed.     [Unttauai.]         Milton. 
SC'MAC,      \  ,„h,-,'mik  -i  «   S^^'  sumach;  G.iiL  ,-  D.su- 

oL#^w  sumak.] 

1.  A  plant  or  shrub  of  the  genus  Rhus,  of  many 
species,  some  of  which  are  used  in  tanning,  some  in 
dyeing,  and  some  in  medicine. 

2.  The  powdered  leaves,  peduncles,  and  young 
branches,  of  certain  S{>ecie3  of  the  sumac  plunt,  used 
in  tanning  and  dveing.  Ure, 

SU.^4*1,ESS,  o.  Not  to  be  computed;  of  which  tHfc 
amount  can  not  be  ascertained. 

Tbc  fUfnIcM  treaauic  of  exhauXcd  miim.  Pope. 

SUM'MA-RI-LY,  adv.     [from  summary.]     In  a  sum- 
mary manner;  briefly;  concisely  ;  in  a  narrow  com- 
pass or  in  few  words.    The  Lord's  Prayer  teaches  us 
summarilif  the  things  we  are  to  ask  for. 
2.  In  a  short  way  or  method. 

When  tbe  p&nim  prodvd  #umT7wri/y,  and  ib'^y  chcwse  Uie  ordi- 
IUU7  W&7  ot  pr>xt.-edlQg,  (be  cause  is  laoiic  pl-.-iiary. 

8UM'MA-RY,  a.  [Fr.  sommaire;  from  ffitm,  or  L. 
summa.] 

Reduced  into  a  narrow  compass,  or  into  few 
words;  short;  brief;  concise-,  com[>cndious  ;  as,  a 
summary  statement  of  aruuments  or  objections  ;  a 
summary  proceeding  or  process. 

SUM'iMA-RY,  It.  Au  abridged  account ;  nn  abstract, 
abridgment,  or  compendium,  containing  the  sum  or 
substance  of  a  fuller  account ;  as,  the  comprehen- 
sive summary  of  our  duty  lo  God  iu  the  first  table  of 
the  law. 

SUM-MA'TION,  *    The  act  of  forming  a  sum  or  to- 
tal amount 
2.  An  aggregate. 

SUM'M£D,  (sumd,)pp.  [from  sum.]  Collected  into 
a  total  nmount ;  fully  grown,  as  feathers. 

SUM'MER,  n.     One  who  casts  up  an  account. 

•  Sherwood. 

SUM'MER,  n.  [Sax.  sumer,  sumor;  G.  and  Dan.  som- 
mrr;  D.  zomer  ;  Sw.  sommar  ;  Ir.  samh^  the  sun,  and 
summer,  and  samhradk,  summer.] 

With  us,  the  season  of  the  year  comprehended  in 
tfae  months  June,  July,  and  August;  during  which 
time,  the  sun,  being  north  of  the  equator,  I'hines 
more  directly  upon  this  i>art  of  the  earth,  which,  to- 
gether with  the  increased  length  of  the  days,  renders 
this  the  hottest  period  of  the  year.  In  latitudes 
south  of  the  equator,  just  the  opposite  takes  place, 
or  it  is  summer  there  when  it  is  winter  here. 

The  entire  year  is  also  sometimes  divided  into 
summer  and  winirr,  the  former  signifying  the  warui- 
er^nd  the  latter  the  colder,  (mrt  of  the  year. 
This  word  is  stimctimes  used  as  an  adjective. 
Indian  summer  i  in  the  United  Stalts,  a  |>eriod  of 
warm  weather  late  in  autumn,  when,  it  is  said,  the 
Indiiins  go  huntuig  to  supply  themselves  with  the 
flfsh  of  wild  animals  for  provisions  in  the  winter. 

BUM'MER,  V.  i.  To  pass  tbe  summer  or  warm 
season. 

The  fowls  sball  aummer  upon  (bpm.  — 1>.  zriii. 

SUM'MER,  V.  u  To  keep  or  carry  through  the  sum- 
mer. Shak. 

SUM'MER,  n.  [Fr.  *ommicr,  a  hair  quilt,  the  sound- 
board of  an  organ,  the  winter  and  head  of  a  printer's 
press,  a  large  beam,  and  a  sumpter-horse  ;  \V.  an- 
mar,  that  which  supports  or  keeps  together,  a  sum- 
mer. From  the  latter  explanation,  we  may  infer 
that  summer  is  from  tlie  rotit  of  sum.] 

1.  A  large  stone,  the  first  that  is  laid  over  columns 
and  pilasters,  beginning  to  make  a  cross  vault ;  or  a 
Htone  laid  over  a  column,  and  hollowed  to  receive 
the  first  haunce  of  a  platband.  Cyc. 

2.  A  large  limber  supported  on  two  strong  piers  or 
posts,  serving  as  a  lintel  to  a  door  or  window,  &.c. 

Bramie. 

3.  A  large  timber  or  beam  laid  as  a  central  floor 
timber,  inserted  into  the  girderi^,  and  receiving  the 
ends  of  the  joists  and  supporting  them.  This  tim- 
br-r  is  seen  in  old  buildings  in  America  and  in 
France.  In  America,  it  is  wholly  laid  aside.  It  is 
called  in  England  HvuhtEn-Ttiaz. 

8rM'MER-€0LT,  n.  The  undulating  state  of  the 
air  near  the  surface  of  the  ground  when  healed. 
[A*o£  lued  in  Jimerica.] 


SUM 

SUM'MER-CY'PRESS,  n.  An  annual  plant  of  the 
genus  Kochia.  Loudon. 

SUM'MER-FAL'LOW,  n.  [See  Fallow.]  A  fallow 
made  during  the  warm  months,  to  kill  weeds. 

Gardner. 

SUM'MER-FAL'LoW,  v.  U  To  plow  and  work  re- 
peatedly in  summer,  to  prepare  for  wheat  or  other 
crop. 

SUM'MER-HOUSE,  n.  A  house  or  apartment  in  a 
garden  to  be  used  in  summer.  Pope.     Watts. 

2.  A  house  for  summer's  residence. 

SUM'MER-SET,  n.     [Corruption  of  Fr.  aouifresauL] 
A  leap  in  which  the  heels  are  thrown  over  the 
head,  and  the  person  lights  on  his  feet. 

Hadibras.      Walton. 

SUM'MER-WHfiAT,  n.     Spring  wheat. 

SUM'MING,  ppr.  of  Sum.     Adding  together. 

SU.M'MIST,  iu  One  that  forms  an  abridgment.  {Lit- 
tle u.ffdj  Dering. 

SUM'MIT,  Ti.     [L.  summitas,  from  summus,  highest.] 

1.  The  top;  the  highest  point;  as,  the  jrummtf  of  a 
mountain. 

2.  The  highest  point  or  degree  ;  utmost  elevation. 
The  general  arrived  lo  the  summit  of  human  fame. 

3.  In  conchvlagy^  the  most  elevated  part  of  the 
shell,  in  which  the  hinge  is  placed.  Humble. 

Summit  level;  the  highest  level  of  a  canal  or  rail- 
road, &c.,  in  surmounting  an  ascent. 
SUM'MIT-LESe,  a.     Having  no  summit.     2L  Taylor. 
SUM'iMIT-Y,  n.    The  hight  or  top  of  any  thing. 

Swift. 
2.  The  utmost  degree  ;  perfection.  HallitceU. 

SUM'MON,r.  C  [L.  submoneo;  sub  and  moneo  ;  Fr, 
sommer.     See  Aomomish.I 

1.  To  call,  cite,  or  notify,  by  authority  to  appear 
at  a  place  specified,  ot  to  attend  in  person  to  some 
public  duty,  or  both  ;  as,  to  summon  a  jury  ;  to  sum- 
vujji  witnesses. 

The  parliameul  b  aummoned  by  ihe  king's  writ  or  letter. 

Btadtatone. 
Nor  trumpets  tumirwn  him  to  war.  Dry<!en. 

2.  To  give  notice  to  a  person  to  appear  in  court 
and  defend. 

3.  To  call  or  command. 

LoTc,  duly,  safety,  mummon  ua  awny.  Pojte. 

4.  To  call  up;  to  excite  into  action  or  exertion; 
with  up.     Summon  up  all  your  strength  or  courage. 

Stillcu  the  eirien-s,  Mtur.mon  up  the  bloixL  ShaM. 

SirM'MON-KD,  pp.  A'lmonished  or  warned  by  au- 
thority to  a|>)H^:ir  or  attend  to  something;  called  or 
cited  by  authority. 

SU.M'MOM-ER,  rt.  One  who  summons  or  cites  bf  au- 
thority. In  England,  the  sheritfs  messenger,  em- 
ployed to  warn  persons  to  appear  in  court. 

SUM'MON-ING,  ppr.  Citing  by  authority  to  appear 
or  attend  to  something. 

SUM'M<JNS,  n.  With  a  plural  termination,  but  used 
in  the  sinfiular  number ;  as,  a  summons  is  prepared. 
[L.  submoyicas.] 

1.  A  call  by  authority  or  the  command  of  a  supe- 
rior to  appear  at  a  place  named,  or  to  attend  to  some 
public  duty. 

This  aummona  h"  prsolvert  not  to  disobey.  Fill, 

llf.  sent  to  summon  the  sediiioiisand  tootl'cr  pardon  ;  but  neither 
aummona  iilt  panlon  wiu  rc'garded.  Maytoard. 

2.  In  law.  a  warning  or  citation  to  appear  in  court ; 
or  a  written  liolification  signed  by  the  proper  olficer, 
to  be  served  on  a  person,  warning  him  to  appear  in 
court  at  n  day  specified,  to  answer  to  the  demand  of 
the  pinintiir. 

SUM'MU.V  BO'JVUM,  [L.]     The  chief  good. 
SU-.MOOM',  n.     A  pestilential  wind  of  Persia.     [See 

Simoom.] 
SUMP,  n.     In  metalluTiry,  a  round  pit  of  stone,  lined 

with  ctny,  for  receiving  the  metal  on  its  first  fusion. 

[Rare.]  Ray. 

2.  A  pond  of  water  reserved  for  salt-works. 

3.  In  mininfT,  a  pit  sunk  below  the  levels  of  the 
mine,  to  circulate  air,  &c.     [Rare.]  Carr. 

SUMPH,  71.     A  dunce.     [ScoHwA.]  John  Wilson. 

SU.MP'TER,  n.     [Fr.  sommirr;  It.  somaro.] 

A  horse  that  carries  clothes  or  furniture  ;  a  bag- 
gace-horse  ;  usually  called  a  Pach-IIorse.      Shak, 

SU.MP'TIOX,  (sunip'shun,)  «.     [L.  sumOj  sumptuji.] 
A  taking.     [JVut  in  use.]  Taylor. 

SUMPT'I]-A-RY,  fl.  [L.  sumptaarius,  from  sumplus, 
expense  ;  Fr.  somptuaire.] 

Relating  to  expense.  Sumptuary  laws  or  regula- 
tions arc  such  as  restrain  or  limit  the  expenses  of 
citizens  in  apparel,  fuod,  furniture,  &,c.  Sumptuary 
laws  are  abridgments  of  liberty,  and  of  very  difficult 
e.vecution.  'J'hey  can  be  juislificd  only  on  the  ground 
of  extreme  necessity. 

SUMPT-tJ-OS'I-TY,  n.  [from  sumptuous.]  Expen- 
aiveneps;  costliness.     [Ay(  in  use.]  Ralegh. 

SUMPT'lJ-OUS,  a.  [Xm  sumptuosus ;  It.  suntuoso ; 
from  aumptus,  cost,  exirense.] 

Cosily  i  expensive  ;  hence,  splendid  ;  magnifi- 
cent ;  as,  a  sumptuous  bouse  or  table ;  sumptuous 
apparel. 

We  are  too  magnificent  and  cumpfiMW*  in  our  tabl<>a  nnd  attend- 
aiiec.  AOerbury. 


SUN 

SUMPT'I2-0US-LY,  orfo.     Expensively;  splendidly; 

with  gniat  magnificence.  Bacon.     SwiJL 

SUMPT'U-OUS-NErtS,n.   Costliness;  expensivenesi. 

1  will  not  dill  out  with  tbosc  who  can  reconcile  eumpluousnaaa 
and  charity.  BoyU. 

2.  Splendor;  magnificence. 
SUN,  n.     [Sax.  sunva  ;  Goth,  sunno  ;  G.  soune  ;  D.  ion  ; 
Sans,    sunuh.      The   Danii^h   has    s^ntlag,   Sund^iy, 
Sclav,  some.     Qu.  W.  (aii,  Ir.  teine^  fire,  and  shan, 
in  Bethshan.] 

1.  I'he  splendid  orh  or  luminary  which,  b<;ing  in 
or  near  the  center  of  our  system  of  worhls,  gives 
light  and  heat  loall  the  planeu.  The  light  of  the  sun 
constitutes  the  day,  and  the  darkness  which  proceeds 
from  its  absence,  or  the  shade  of  the  earth,  consti- 
tutes the  night.    Ps.  cxxxvi. 

2.  In  popular  usaee,  a  sunny  place  ;  a  place  where 
the  beams  uf  the  sun  fall ;  as,  to  stand  in  the  sun 
that  is,  to  stand  where  the  direct  rays  of  tJie  sun  fall 

3.  Any  thing  eminently  splendid  or  luminous  , 
that  which  is  the  chief  source  of  light  or  honor.  The 
native  Indians  of  America  complain  that  the  sun  of 
their  glory  is  seL 

I  will  never  consent  to  put  out  tbe 
U^riiy. 

4.  In  Scripture,  Christ  Is  called  the  sun  of  rigliteous 
ness,  as  the  source  of  light,  animation,  and  comfort 
to  his  disciples. 

5.  The  luminary  or  orb  which  constitutes  the  cen- 
ter of  any  system  of  worlds.  The  fixed  stars  are 
supiHised  to  be  suns  in  their  respective  systems. 

Under  Uie  sua  ;  in  the  world  ;  on  earth ;  a  proverbial 
expression. 

There  b  no  new  thing  umler  th*  tun.  —  Ccclea.  I. 

SUN,  V.  t.  To  expose  to  the  sun's  rays  ;  lo  warm  or 
dry  in  the  light  of  the  sun;  to  insolate;  as,  to  sun 
cloth ;  to  sun  grain. 

Then  to  aun  thyself  in  open  air,  Dtyden, 

SUN'BeAM,  n.  [sun  and  beam.]  A  ray  of  the  suu 
Truth  written  with  a  sunbeam^  is  truth  made  obvi- 
ously plain. 

Gliding  through  the  even  on  a  aunbeam.  Milton. 

SUN'-UeAT,  a.     [sun  and  beat.]    Struck  by  the  sun's 

rays  ;  shone  brightly  on.  Dryden. 

SUN'-BRIGHT,  (-hrlte,)  a.  [sun  and  brigU.]  Bright 
as  the  sun  ;  like  the  sun  in  brightness;  as,  a  sun- 
bright  shield  ;  a  sun-bright  chariot. 

Spenser.    Milton 

How  nnd  which  way  1  may  bestow  mysvlf 

To  be  regarded  In  h'-r  aun-brigkt  fye.  Stuii 

SUN'-BURN,  V.  U    To  discolor  or  scorch  by  the  sun 

Qauden. 

SUN'-BURNED,  a.  [*Hn  and  burnt.]  Discolored  by 
the  heat  or  rays  of  the  sun ;  tanned ;  darkened  in 
hue  ;  as,  a  sun-bumt  skin. 

r&Vn-bumi  and  swarthy  though  she  be.  Dryden, 

3.  Scorched  by  the  sun's  rays  ;  as,  a  sun-burnt  soil. 

SUN'-BURN-ING,  n,  f,fun  and  bumtntr.]  The  burn- 
ing or  tan  occasioned  oy  the  rays  of  tiie  sun  on  the 
skin.  Boyle. 

SUN'-CLAD,  a.  [sun  and  clad.]  Clad  in  radiance  or 
brightness. 

SUN'-DART,  n.     A  ray  of  the  sun.  Jlemans. 

SUN'DAY,  n.  [^ax.  sunna-dttg  i  G.  sonntag  ;  D.  zon- 
dag ;  Dan.  sbndag;  Sw.  sondag;  so  called  because 
this  day  was  anciently  dedicated  to  the  sun,  or  to  its 
worship.1 

The  Cnristian  Sabbath  ;  the  first  day  of  the  week, 
a  day  consecrated  to  rest  from  secular  employments, 
and  lo  religious  worship.  It  is  called  also  the  LnRo'i 
Day.  Many  pious  persons,  however,  discard  the 
use  of  Sunday,  and  call  the  day  the  Sabbath.  [See 
Sabbatm.] 

SUN'DAY,  a.  Belonging  to  the  Lord's  day,  or  Chris- 
tian Sabbath. 

SUN'DAY-SCHOOL,  n.  A  school  for  the  religious 
instruction  of  children  and  youth  on  the  Lord's  day. 

SUN'DER,  V.  L  [Sax.  sundrian,  ayndrian;  G.  «otu 
dern ;  Dan.  s&ndery  torn  in  pieces ;  Sw.  sUndra,  lo  di- 
vide.] 

1,  To  part;  lo  separate;  to  divide  ;  to  disunite  In 
almost  any  manner,  either  by  rending,  cutting,  or 
breaking  ;  as,  lo  sunder  a  rope  or  cord  ;  to  sunder  a 
limb  or  joint ;  to  sunder  friends,  or  the  ties  of  friend- 
ship. The  executioner  sumlcrs  the  head  from  the 
body  at  a  stroke.  A  mountain  may  be  sundered  by 
on  earthquake. 


Bring  me  lightning,  give  me  thunder; 
Juve  miiy  kv,l,  but  ueVr  stiall  autvUr, 


Olanvillt. 

9.  To  expose  to  the  sun.     [Provincial  in  England.] 
SUN'DER,  n.     In  sunder  ;  in  two. 

He  cultetb  the  spear  in  aunder,  —  Pi.  xItI. 

SUN'DKR-ED,  pp.  or  a.    Separated  ;  divided  j  parted. 

SUN'DER-ING,  pnr.     Parting;  separating. 

SUiN'-DEW,  (sun'da,)  n.  [sun  and  dew.]  A  plant  of 
the  genus  Drosera.  Lee. 

SUN'-DI-AL,  n.  [nun  nnd  dial.]  An  instniment  to 
show  the  lime  ofday,  by  means  of  the  shadow  of  a 
gnomon  or  style  on  a  phite.  Locke. 

SUN'-DOG,  n.    A  luminous  spot  occasionally  seen  a 


TONE,  BULL,  t^NITE.  — AN'^GER,  VI"CIOUS €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z';  CH  tus  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


IIU7 


SUP 

few  degrees  fhun  the  sun,  supptraed  to  be  formed  by 
the  intersect  ion  of  two  or  more  lmU>es.  Sometimes 
the  spot  appears  wbeu  the  haloes  themselves  are  in- 
visible. Otin^-Ud. 

SU.N"DO\VN\ii.     Sunset;  sunseUing. 

SUN'-DRI-fib.  (-dride,)  a.  [sun  and  dry.]  Dried  in 
the  rays  of  the  son. 

SUN'DRY,  c     [Sax.  sunder,  separate,] 

Several ;  divers  ;  more  than  one  or  two. 
[This  word,  like  sereral,  is  indefinite  ;  but  it  usu- 
ally si^ifies  a  small  number,  sometimes  many.] 

1  fwre  compoaed  aundry  coll<-cU.  SiiuniUr$on. 

Sundry  ioe%  Uw  ruf»l  realm  lunourML  Dn/4an. 

SUN'FISH,  n.  [sun  and  fish,\  A  large,  soft-finned 
sea-fish  of  tlieorder  Pluctognathi,  and  genus  Orthag- 
oriscur*.  (!upptt«ed  to  be  so  named  from  its  nearly  cir- 
cular form  and  shining  surface.  These  fifties  ltx>lc 
moru  like  the  dissevered  head  of  a  fi^h,  than  the  en- 
tire animal,  Jardine's  JVaL  Lib, 

3.  In  Ue  United  States,  a  smalt,  fresh-water  lish,  of 

the  perrh  fnmily,  belongine  to  the  genus  Pomotis  ; 

also  railed  Pomd  Pbrch.      Kncyc  Am.     D.  //.  Storer. 

3.  A   sfiecied  of   shark,   Setachus    maximus,   the 

bajtking  shark.  Jardint^s  J^aL  Lib. 

SUN'FLOW-ER,  «.  [sun  and  fiiyvrr.]  A  plant  of 
tbe  genus  ntli.inUms;  so  called  from  the  form  and 
color  of  its  liower,  or  from  \ls  habit  of  turning  to  Uie 
sun.  The  bastard  sun^^L'trrr  is  of  the  genus  Heteni- 
UiD  J  tbe  4wmf  tmnjlotefr  is  of  the  genus  Rudbeckia, 
and  anotiber  cm  the  genus  Tctragonotheca ;  the  liate 
npylMMT  is  of  tbe  genus  Cistus,      Fam.  nf  Plants. 

SUNO,  jrrrc  and  pp.  of  Smo. 

While  u  hit  burp  dhrlne  Amphioo  runf .  Pope. 

SUN'-GILTj  a.    Gilded  by  the  rays  of  the  sun. 

Johnson, 
SUXK,  preL  and  pp.  of  Si:(K. 

Or  tii«eed  by  bojw,  or  $unk  by  ore.  Prior. 

SVSK'ES,  a.  Sunk  j  lying  on  the  bottom  of  a  river 
or  other  water. 

SUN'LGSS,  m.  [sun  and  Uss.}  Destitute  of  the  sun 
or  its  rays  \  shaded.  Thomson. 

PUX'LIGHT,  (-lite,)  n.    The  light  of  the  sun. 

SCN'UKE,  0.    [ima  and  lik£.]     Resembling  the  sun. 

Cheune. 

SU^^'LIT,  a.    Lighted  by  the  sun.  Tudd. 

9T7X^\£^,  pp.    Exposed  to  tbe  sun's  ny&. 

SUN-M'AU,  n.  A  name  of  lb«  sect  of  Sunnftes, 
which  see. 

SUN'NING,  ppr.  Exposing  to  the  sun's  rays  ;  warm- 
ing in  the  light  of  the  sun. 

SUN'MTES,  n.  pi.  The  orthodox  Mohammedans 
who  receive  tbe  Sanna  fa  collection  of  traditions)  as 
of  equal  importance  with  the  Koran,      farjrc.  Am. 

SUN'NV,  a.    [from  sun,]    Like  the  sun  ;  bright. 

SptHssr. 
3.  Proceeding  from  the  sun ;  as,  naan/  beams. 

■  Spenser. 

3.  Exposed  to  the  rays  of  the  snn  ;  warmed  by  the 
direct  rays  of  the  sun  ;  as,  the  #Mitii|i  side  of  a  hill 
or  building.  ~ 

Bw  hlonmhiy  moontein*,  moA  ber  tunny  tbont,        AdJi»on. 

4.  Colond  by  tbe  sun. 

Hfr  nmmrlnein 
Htuif  on  hcT  (esnpln  like  >  gwdeo  fieecA.  S^ak, 

SUN'-PLANT,  n.     A  plant  cultivated  in  India  and 

Sumatra,  Crotularia  jtincea,  from  whose  fibers  are 

made  small  ropes  and  twine. 
SITN'PROOF,  a.     [sun  and  protf.]    Impervious  to  tbe 

ravs  nf  the  sun.  PeeU. 

SU.V'RTSE,        I  n.     [-ntn  and  rwr.]     The  fim  appear- 
SUN'RIS  I\G,  j      ance  of  the  sun  above  the  horizon 

in  the  nioniin^  ;  or,  more  ^rneralfy,  the  time  of  such 

appearance,  whether  in  fair  or  cloudy  weather, 
a.  The  easL  Ralegh. 

StTN'-SCORCflED,  (skorchl,)  a.     Scorched  by  the 

s«n.  Coleriilrre. 

PITN'SET,  )  %.     [gun  and  set.]     The  descent  of 

SUN'SET-TING,  \     Uie  sun  below  the  horizon ;   or 

tbe  time  when  the  sun  sets;  evening. 

Rale.irh.     Dryden, 
SUN'SinXE,  n.     [sun  and  shine.]     The  light  of  the 

san,  or  the  i^ce  where  it  shines  ;  the  direct  rays  of 

the  sun,  or  the  place  where  they  fall. 

3ut  all  xmuhine,  ai  wtKO  bb  beans  at  oooa 

CuIfuinAte  firom  the  equator.  Miiion. 

2.  A  place  warmed  and  iDuminated  \  warmth  ;  il- 
lumination. 


Tbe  man  thai  dta  witMn  a  mooaith'*  heart. 
AmJ  tipeoa  in  the  tunthina  of  bia  (avor. 


Shak. 


SUN'SHIN'E,  i  a.    Bright  with  the  rays  of  the  sun  ; 
8UN'8HIN-Y,  (     clear,  wann,  or  pleasant  j.  as,  a  jim- 
shiny  day  ;  sunshiny  weather.  Boylt. 

2.  Bright  like  the  sun. 

Plaabiag  faeania  of  thai  tunthiny  ihietd.  ^tenaer. 

SUN'-STROKE,  n.    A  stroke  of  the  sun,  or  his  heaL 

SVO  JtPRE,  [L.]     In  one's  own  righL 

80*0  MAR'TE^  [L.J  By  his  own  strength  or  exer- 
tion. 

SUP,  «.  L  [Sax.  sapan  ;  D.  xuipat ;  Fr.  souper.  See 
Sour  and  ^ir.] 


SUP 

To  take  into  the  mouth  with  the  lips,  as  a  liquid  \ 
to  take  or  drink  by  a  littlu  at  a  time  j  to  sip. 

Th-'n-ni  tup 
E:vlm  mn!  neclur  in  ray  cup.  CraahatB. 

SUP,  V.  u    To  eat  the  evening  meal. 

When  they  hod  aupped,  ihfy  brought  ToUaa  In.  Taint. 

SUP,  e.  t.    To  treat  with  supjKr. 

Sup  them  well.     [Not  in  u»«.]  Shak. 

SUP,  II.  A  small  moitthful,  as  of  liquor  or  broth;  a 
little  taken  with  the  lips;  a  sip. 

Tom  Thumb  got  a  liitlc  aup.  Dmyton. 

SO'PER,  a  Latin  preposition,  [Gr.  {'jtcp,]  signifies 
abope,  over,  excess.     It  is  much  used  in  composition. 

SO'PER-A-ULE,  a.  [L.  superabilisy  from  sup»rOf  to 
overcome-] 

That  may  be  overcome  or  conquered.    These  are 
ftupcrable  ditficutties. 

SOTER-A-BLE-iNESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  con- 
querable or  surmountable. 

SO'i'KR-A-BLY,  tulv.     So  as  may  be  overcome. 

SU-PER-A-BOUND',  r.  i.  [super  and  abound.]  To 
be  very  abundant  or  exuberant ;  to  be  more  than 
sufficient.    The  country  supcrabounds  with  corn. 

SU-PEB-A-BOUND'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Abounding  be- 
yond want  or  necessity ;  abundant  to  excess  or  a 
great  degree. 

SU-PER-A-BUND'ANCE,  n.  More  than  enough  ;  ex- 
cessive abundance  ;  as,  a  superabundanet  of  the  pro- 
ductions of  the  earth.  fVoodward. 

SU-PER-A-BUNU'A.NT.  a.  Abounding  to  excess  ; 
being  more  than  is  sumcient ;  as,  superabundant  zeal. 

Swift. 

SU-PER-A-BUNDMNT-LY,  ado.  More  than  suffi- 
cientlv.  Cheyne. 

SU-PER-A-CID'lJ-LX-TED,  a.     [super  and  acidulated.] 
Acidulated  to  excess. 

SU-PER-ADD',  r.  t.    [^ptr  and  add.]    To  add  over 
and  above  ;  to  add  to  what  has  been  added. 
2.  To  add  or  annex  something  extrinsic 

The  BtTPiiitli  of  a  liwi«j  cr»-atiirp,  in  thote  exteruni  motiona,  ia 
■oiiM-tmug-  diaiiua  from,  nnu  auperaddad  to,  iu  natural 
ST»»iV-  WUkina. 

SU-PER-ADD'ED,  pp.     Added  over  and  above, 
SU-PER-ADD'ING,  ppr.     Adding  over   and  above; 

adding  something  extrinsic 
SU-PER-AD-D1"TI0X,  (ad-dish'un,)  n.    [super  and 
adJitioH.]     The  act  of  adding  to  something,  or  of 
adding  something  extraneous.  More. 

2.  That  which  is  added. 

TiiiiSuperadU&on  ta  tkothing  but  &t.  ArbuAnoL 

SU^ER-AD-Vk'NI-ENT,  a.  [L.  superadvniieng.] 
Coming  upon;  coming  to  the  increase  or  assistance 
of  something. 

When  a  auu)  Hm  done  Imvely  by  tbe  auperadctnient  aa«latance 
of  hia  Ood.  Mora. 

2.  Coming  unexpectedly.  [TTtis  teord  is  little  used.] 

8U-PER-AN-6EL'ie,  a.  [super  and  auffelie.]  Supe- 
rior in  nature  or  rank  to  the  angels.  One  class  of 
Unitarians  believe  Christ  to  be  a  superangdic  being. 

SU-PER-.\N'NU-ATE,  c.  £.  [L.  super  and  annua,  a 
year,] 

To  impair  or  disqualify  by  old  age  and  infirmity; 
as,  a  superannuated  magistrate.  SwifL 

SU-PER-AN'NU-ATE,  v.  i.  To  last  beyond  the  year. 
[JiTot  in  use.]  Bacon. 

SU-PER-AN'NU-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.    Impaired  or  dis- 
qualilied  by  old  age. 
2.  Having  passed  the  regular  term  of  service. 

SU-PER-AN-NU-A'TION,  n.  The  stale  of  being  too 
old  for  office  or  business,  or  of  being  disqualified  by 
old  age. 

SU-PERB',  a.  [Ft.  superbe;  L.  superbuSf  proud,  from 
super.] 

1.  Grand;   magnificent;  a^,  a  superb  edifice;  a 
superb  colonnade. 

2.  Rich  i  elegant ;  as,  superb  furniture  or  decora- 
tions. 

3.  Showy  ;  pompous  ;  as,  a  superb  exhibition. 

4.  Rich  ;  splendid  ;  as,  a  superb  entertainment. 

5.  August ;  stately. 

SU-PERB'LY,  adv.     In  a  magnificent    or  splendid 

manner  ;  richly ;  elegantly. 
SU-PER-CAR'GO,  n.     [super  nnd  cargo.]     An  officer 

or  person  in  a  merchant's  ship,  whose  business  is  to 

manage  the  sales  and  superintend  all  the  commercial 

Concerns  of  the  voyage. 
SU-PER-CE-LES'TIAL,  (-lest'yal,)  a.     [super   and 

cdestiaL]    Situated  above  the  firmament  or  great 

vault  of  heaven. 

Trans,  Pausanias.     Ralegh.      WoodiBord. 
SU-PER-CHARGE',  v.  L     In  heraldry,   to   place  one 

bearing  on  another. 
SU-PER^'HARG'ED,pp.    Borne  upon  another. 
SU-PER-CHARG'ING,  ppr.    Placing  one  bearing  on 

another. 
SU-PER-CIL'IA-RY,   a.     [L.    super  and   cilium,  the 

eyebrow.] 

Situated  or  being  above  the  eyebrow.      Asiat.  Res. 
The  superciliary  arch,  is  the  bony  superior  arch  of 

the  orbiL  Cyc. 

SU-PER-CTl.'I-OUS,a.    [I..  svpercUiosus.    See  above.] 


SUP 

1.  Lofty  with  pride;  haughty;  dictatorial;  over- 
bearing ;  as,  a  suprrcilious  otTicer. 

2.  Alaiiitesiing  liuugtitines^,  or  proceeding  from  it ; 
ovt-rbuaring ;  us,  a  supercilious  air;  supercilious  be- 
havior. 

SU-PER-CIL'I-OUS-LY,  adv.  Haughtily;  dogmat- 
ically ;  with  an  air  of  contempt.  Clarendon. 

8U-PER-CIL'I-OUS-NESS,n.  Haughtiness  ;  an  over- 
bearing temjwr  or  manner. 

SU-PER-eON-CEP'TION,  n.  [super  and  coneepUon.] 
A  conception  al\er  a  former  concei)tion.        Broum. 

SU-PER-eON'SE-aUENCE,  71.      [super    and   cons&- 

Juence.]     Remote  consequence.     [JVo(  used.]  Brown. 
-PER-CRES'CENCE,  n.     [L.  super  and  cre^cens.] 
'i'hut  which  grows  upon  another  growing  thing. 

Brown, 
SU-PER-CRES'CENt,    a,      [Supra.]      Growing   on 

some  other  growing  thing.  Johnson. 

SU-PER-DOM'IN-ANT,  n.    In  music,  the  sixth  of  the 

key,  in  the  descending  scale. 
SU-PKR-EM'I-NENCE,    /         ry  ^  t 

SU-PKR-EM'I-NEN-CV-,  j  "*     t^*  ^P^''  ^"^  ^mmw.] 
Eminence   superior  to  what  ia  common  ;  distin- 
guislied  eminence  ;  as,  the  superemineiice  of  Cicero  as 
an  orator;    the  supereminence  of   Dr.  Johnson  as  a 
writer,  or  of  Lord  Chatham  as  a  statesman. 
SU-PER-EM'I-NENT,  a.     Eminent  in  a  superior  de- 
gree ;  surpassing  others   in  excellence  ;  as,  a  super- 
eminent  divine  ;  the  supereminent  glory  of  Christ. 
8U-PER-EM'I-NENT-LY,arf«.    In  a  superior  degree 

of  excellence  ;  with  unusual  distinction. 
SU-PER-ER'0-GANT,  a.    Supererogatory,  which  see. 

Stackhoiue. 
SU-PER-ER'0-GATE,  v.  i.    [L.  super  and  crogatio, 
erogo.] 

To  do  more  than  duty  requires.  Aristotle's  follow- 
ers have  supcrerogated  in  observance.     [Liale  use4.] 

OlanvUle.. 
SU-PER-ER-O-GA'TION,  n.    [Supra.]    Performance 
of  more  than  duty  requijes. 

Tliere  b  no  luch  thing  aa  work*  of  supererogation.    T^llotaon. 
Works  of  supererogation}    in    tAe  Roman    Catholic 
church,  those  good  deeds  supposed  to  have  been  per- 
formed by  saints,  over  and  above  what  is  required 
for  their  own  salvation.  Hook. 

SU-PER-E-ROG'A-TIVE,  a.     Supererogatory.     [JVot 

much  used.]  StaffortL 

SU-PER-E  ROG'A-TO  RY,  a.  Performed  to  an  ex- 
tent not  enjoined  or  not  required  by  duty  ;  as,  super- 
erogatory services.  Howell, 
SU-PER-ES-SEN'TtAL,  (-sen'shal,)  a.  [super  and 
essential.]  Essential  above  others,  or  above  the  con- 
stitution of  a  thing.  Pausanias,  Trans. 
SU-PER-EX-ALT',  (-egz-,)  v.   t.      [super  and  czalt.] 

To  exalt  to  a  superior  degree.  Barrow. 

SU-PER-EX-ALT-A'TION,  n.     [super  and  eiattatiou,] 

Elevation  above  the  common  degree.  Holiday. 

SU-PER-EX-ALT 'ED,  pp.     Exalted  to  a  superior  de- 
gree. 
SU-PER-EX-ALT'ING,  ppr.    Exalting  to  a  superior 

degree. 
SU-PER-EX'CEL-LENCE,  n.     [super  and  excellence.] 

Superior  excellence. 
SU-PER-EX'CEL-LENT,  a.    Excellent  in  an  uncom- 
mon degree  ;  very  excellent.  Decay  of  Piety. 
SU-PER-EX-CRES'CENCE,  n.      [mper  and    excres- 
cence.]    Somcttiing  superfluously  growing. 

fViseman, 
SU-PER-FE-€UN"D'I-TY,   n.     [^prr   and  fccunditij.] 
Superabundant  fecundity  or  miiltiplicatjun  of  the 
species.  ■  Paley. 

SU-PER-Fii'TATE,  v.  i.     [L.  mipcr  and/trftw.] 
To  conceive  after  a  prior  conception. 

The  ftjiriale  ia  said  to  euper/etate.  Grew, 

SU-PER-FE-TA'TION,  n.  A  second  conception  after 
a  prior  one,  and  before  the  birth  of  the  first,  by  which 
two  fetuses  are  growing  at  once  in  the  same  womb. 

How  el. 
SO'PER-FETE,  o.  i     To  superfetate.     [LiUle  used.] 

Howell. 
SC'PER-FeTE,  ».  t.     To  conceive  after  a  former  con- 
ception.    [Little  used.]  Howell. 
SO'PER-FICE,  (su'per-fi3,)  n.     Superficies  ;  surface. 

[Little  used.]     [See  Superficies.] 
SU-PER-FI"CIAL,  (-fish'al,)  a.     [It.  svpcrficialc ;  Sp. 
superjtcial;  Fr.  svperficicl;  from  superjicics.] 

1.  Being  on  the  surface  ;  not  penetrating  the  sub- 
stance of  a  thing;  as,  a  superficial  color;  a  superfi- 
cial covering. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  surface  or  exterior  part;  as, 
superficial  measure  or  contents. 

3.  Shallow  ;  contrived  to  cover  something. 

This  auperfinal  tale 
!•  but  a  preface  tu  her  woriby  prtuse.  ShaA. 

4.  Shallow;  not  deep  or  profound;  reaching  or 
comprehending  only  what  is  obvious  or  apparent  ; 
as,  a  superficial  scholar ;  superficial  knowledge. 

Dryden. 
SU-PER-FI"CI-AL'I-TY,    (-fish-c^il'e-te,)    n.     The 
quality  of  being  superficial.     [JVut  much  used.] 

Brown. 
SU-PER-FI"CI AL-LY,  adv.    On  the  surface  only ;  as, 
a  substance  superficially  tinged  with  a  color. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WB^T MeTE,  PRfiY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


110b 


SUP 


SJ.  On  the  surface  or  exterior  part  only  ;  without 
penetrating  tlie  substance  or  essence  ;  as,  to  survey 
things  superficially.  Milton. 

3.  Without  going  deep  or  searching  things  to  the 
bottom  ;  slightly.     He  reasons  superJiciaUy. 

I  hare  laid  down  mtperfidaU^  my  present  IhougliU.     Dryden. 

SU-PER-FI"CIAL-NESS,  f-fish'al-ness,)  n.  Shallow- 
ness ;  position  on  the  surface. 

2.  Slight  knowledge;  shallowness  of  observation 
or  learning  ;  show  without  substance. 

SU-PER-FI"CIeS,  (su-per-fish'uz,)  n.  [L.,  from  su- 
per, upon,  ^ndfacies,  face.] 

The  surface  ;  the  exterior  part  of  a  thing.  A  su- 
perficies consists  of  length  and  breadth  ;  as,  the  su- 
perficies of  a  plate  or  of  a  sphere.  Superficies  is 
rt-ctilinear,  curvilinear,  plane,  convex,  or  concave. 

SCTKR-KT.N'E,  a.  [super  and  fine.]  Very  fine  or 
most  fine;  surpassing  others  in  fineness;  rs,  super- 
fine clotli.  The  word  is  chiefly  used  of  cloth,  but 
sometimes  of  liquors;  as,  superfine  wine  or  cider; 
and  of  other  things,  as  sapCT-jf/ie  wire,  superfine  flour. 

SU-PER'FLU-ENCE,  7i.     [L.  super  and  Jlno,  to  flow.l 
Superfluity  ;  more  than  is  necessary.     [Little  used.] 
Ham  mond. 

SU-PER-FLC'I-TANCE,  n.  [L.  super  and  Jluito,  to 
float.] 

The  act  of  floating  above  or  on  the  surface.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Brown. 

SU-PER-FLCl-TANT,  a.  Floating  above  or  on  tiie 
surface.     [Little  u^erf.j  Brown. 

SU-PER-FLO'I-TY,  Ti.  [Fr.  superfiaitd  ;  It.  supcrfiu- 
itd  ;  L.  superfiuitas  ,-  super  and  fluo,  to  flow.] 

1.  Superabundance  ;  a  greater  quantity  than  is 
wanted  ;  as,  a  superfluity  of  water  or  provisions. 

2.  Something  that  is  beyond  what  is  wanted  ; 
something  rendered  unnecessary  by  its  abundance. 
Among  the  superfluities  of  life  we  seldom  number 
tlie  abundance  of  money. 

SU-PER'FLU-OUS,  a.  [L.  superfluus^  overflowing 
super  and  fluo,  to  flow.] 

1.  More  than  is  wanted  ;  rendered  unnecessary  by 
BUperalmndance  ;  as,  a  superfluous  supply  of  corn. 

2.  More  than  sufficient;  unnecessary;  useless; 
as,  a  composition  abounding  with  superfluous  words. 
Stt;>er/t«oiw  epithets  rather  enfeeble  than  strengthen 
description.  If  what  has  been  said  will  not  con- 
vince, it  would  be  supirflnous  to  say  more. 

S'perflaous  interval,  in  music^  is  one  that  exceeds  a 
true  di.itimic  interval  by  a  semitone  minor.       Cyc. 

Superfluous  poly^ramy,  (P<4ygamia  superflua ;)  a 
kind  o(  inflorL'scence  or  comp(Hind  tlower,  in  which 
the  florets  of  the  disk  are  hermaphrodite  and  fertile, 
and  those  of  the  ray,  though  female  or  pirililift-rous 
only,  are  also  fertile  ;  designating  the  second  order 
of  the  class  Syngenesia  of  Linnains.  Jifartyn. 

Superfluous  sound,  or  tone,  is  one  which  contains  a 
gemiiiine  minor  more  than  a  tone.  Cye. 

8U-PER'FLU-OUS-LV,  at/c.    With  excess  ;  in  a  de- 
gree beyond  what  is  necessary. 
SU-PER'FLU-OUS-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  ra- 
pt rfl  no  us  or  beyond  what  is  wanted. 
SO'PER-FLUX,  Ti.     [L.  super  and  fluxus.] 

Tljat  which  is  more  than  is  wanted.     [Little  used.] 

Shak. 
SU-PER-FO-LI-A'TION,    n.     [super    and    foliation.] 

Excess  of  filiation,     [/fotused.]  Brown. 

SU-PER-HO'MAN,  a.     [super and  human.]     Above  or 

beyond  what  is  human;  divine, 
8U-PER-IM-PE.\U'1NG,  ppr.     Hanging  over;  threat- 
ening from  above. 
SU-PER-IM-P5SE',(su-pcr-im-poze',)  r.  (.  [super  und 
impose.  ] 

To  lay  or  impose  on  something  else;  as, a  stratum 
of  earth  superimposed  on  a  diflerent  stratum. 

Kirvan. 
SU-PER-IM-P6S'£D,  pp.  or  o.     Laid   or  imposed  on 

Bometh  i  ne.  Humboldt. 

SU-PER-IM-POS'ING,  ppr.       Laying  on   something 

8U-PER-IM-PO-«t"TION,  (-im-po-zish'un,)  n.    The 
act  of  laying,  or  the  state  of  being  placed,  on  some- 
thing else.  Kirwaru 
SU-PER-IM-PREG-Ni'TION,  *.     [super  and  impreg- 
nation.] 

The  act  of  impregnating  upon  a  prior  impregna- 
tion ;  impregnation  when  previously  impreguaiud. 

CoTe. 
SU-PER-IN-€UM'BEXT,  a.     [super  and  incumbent.] 

Lyin?  or  resting  on  something  else. 
8U-PER-LN-D0CE',    o.    (.       [super  and    induce.]     To 
bring  in  or  upon  as  an  addition  to  something  ;  as, to 
superinduce  a  virtue  or  quality  upon  a  person  not  be- 
fore possessing  it. 

hong  eiiitom  of  nnmng  tuperinducei  upon  tha  »ouJ  new  aiid 
abaurd  dear  •.  South. 

SU-PER-LV-DOC'ED,  (in-dust',)  pp.  era.  Induced  or 
brought  upon  something. 

SU-PER-IN-UOC'ING,  ppr.  Inducing  on  something 
elfp. 

SU-PER-IN-DUC'TION,  n.  The  act  of  superinduc- 
ing. 

Th«  tupMriftuction  of  ill  habiu  qufcklj  deduxB  the  first  nidt 
draitghi  q(  •unite.  ^''"■''' 


SUP 

SU-PKK-IX-FOSE',  V.  U    To  infuse  over. 

SU-PEKIN-JEC'TION,  n.  [super  and  injectiojij  An 
injection  succrediiig  another.  ZJict. 

SU-PER-IN-SPECT',  r.  U  [^pcr.  and  inspect]  To 
oversee  ;  to  superintend  by  mspection.    [GttU  used.] 

SU  PER-IN-STi-TO'TlON,  n.  [super  and  insUtu- 
tion.]  One  institution  upon  another;  as  when  A 
is  instituted  and  admitted  to  a  benefice  upon  a  title, 
and  a  is  instituted  and  admitted  upon  a  presentation 
of  another.  Bailey. 

SU-PER-L\-TEL-LEeT'TI-AL,  a.  [super and  vUellect- 
ual.] 

Being  above  intellect.  Pausanias^  TVans. 

SU-PER-IN-TEND',  r.  t.  [.tuper  and  intend.]  Tohave 
or  exercise  the  charge  and  oversight  of;  to  oversee 
with  the  power  of  direction  ;  to  take  care  of  with 
authority  ;  as,  an  oflicer  superintends  the  building  of 
a  ship  or  the  construction  of  a  fort.  God  exercises  a 
superintending  care  over  all  his  creatures. 

SU-PER-L\-TEND'EL>,  pp.     Overseen  ;  taken  careof- 

SU-PER-IN-TEND'ENCE,   )  n.    The  act  of  superin- 

SU-PER-[N-TEMJ'BN-CY,  i  tending ;  care  and 
oversight  fur  the  purpose  of  direction,  and  with 
authority  to  direct. 

SU-PER-IN-TENU'ENT,  n.  One  who  has  the  over- 
sight and  change  of  something,  witli  the  power  of 
direction  ;  as,  the  superintendent  of  an  aluis-liouse  or 
work-house  ;  the  superintendent  of  public  works  ;  the 
superintendent  of  customs  or  finance. 

2.  An  ecclesiastical  superior  in  some  Protestant 
churches. 

SU-PER-IN-TEND'ER,  n.    A  superintendent 

Wkewell. 

SU-PER-I\-TEND'ING,  ppr.  or  o.  Overseeing  with 
the  authority  to  direct  what  shall  be  done  and  how 
it  »hall  he  done. 

SU-Pi5'RI-OR,  a.  [Sp.  and  L.  from  super,  above ;  Fr. 
supcrieur;  It.  superiore.] 

1.  Higher ;  upper  ;  more  elevated  in  place  ;  as,  the 
superior  limb  of  the  sun  ;  the  superior  part  of  an  im- 
age. JVeiPfon. 

2.  Higher  in  rank  or  office ;  more  exalted  in  digni- 
ty ;  as,  a  superior  officer  ;  a  superior  degree  of  nobil- 
ity- 

3.  Higher  or  greater  m  excellence ;  surpassmg 
others  in  the  greatness,  goodness,  or  value  of  any 
quality  ;  as,  a  man  of  superior  merit,  of  superior  bra- 
very, of  superior  talents  or  understanding,  of  supe- 
rior accomplishments. 

4.  Being  beyond  the  power  or  influence  of ;  too 
great  or  firm  to  be  subdued  or  affected  by  ;  as,  a  man 
superior  to  revenge. 

There  ia  not  on  earth  &  tpccUcle  more  worth;  tb&o  a  great  man 
gxtperiar  to  hit  suflenngs.  Spectator. 

5.  In  botany,  a  superior  flower  has  the  receptacle  of 
the  flower  above  the  germ  ;  a  superior  germ  is  in- 
cluded within  the  corol.  Martyn. 

SU-Pk'RI-UR,  n.  One  who  is  more  advanced  in  age. 
Old  [wrsons  or  elders  are  the  superiors  of  the  young. 

2.  One  who  is  more  elevated  in  rank  or  office. 

3.  One  who  surpasses  others  in  dignity,  excellence, 
or  qualities  of  any  kind.  As  a  writer  of  pure  Eng- 
lish, Addis<in  has  no  superior. 

4.  The  chief  of  a  monastery,  convent,  or  abbey. 
SU-PE-RI-OR'I-TV,  71.     Preeminence;  the  quality  of 

being  more  advanced  or  higher,  greater  or  more  ex- 
cellent than  another  in  any  respect ;  as,  superiority 
of  age,  of  rank  or  dignity,  of  attainments  or  excel- 
lence, 'i'ho  superiority  of  tiUicTs  in  fortune  and  rank, 
is  more  readily  acknowledged  thvin  superiority  of  un- 


SU-PER-O.v  YD,  n.     [super  and  oryd.]    An  oxyd  con- 
taining more  equivalents  of  oxygen  than  of  the  base 
with  which  it  is  combined  ;  a  hyperoxyd. 
8U-PER-LA'TlO.\,  n.     ^L.  supcrtatio.] 

Exaltation  of  any  thing  beyond  truth  or  propriety. 
"    ■      e  not  used.]  B.  Jonson. 


[I  beiirr 
U-PER' 


LA-TlVE,a.     [Fr.  superlat^f ;  tt.  superlativus ; 


super  and  latio,  lattts,firo.] 

1.  Highest  in  degree;  most  eminent;  surpassing 
aM  other  :  as,  a  man  of  superlative  wisdom  or  pru- 
dence, of  superlative  worth  ;  a  woman  of  superlative 
beauty. 

2.  Supreme  ;  as,  the  superlative  glory  of  the  divine 
character. 

3.  In  ^ammar,  expressing  the  highest  or  utmost 
degree  ;  as,  the  superlative  degree  of  comparison. 

8U-PER'LA-TIVE,  n.  In  grammar,  the  superlative 
degree  of  adjectives  and  adverbs,  which  is  formed 
by  the  termination  est,  as  mcane-it,  highest^  bravest ; 
or  by  the  use  of  most,  as  most  high,  most  brave ;  or 
by  least,  as  least  amiable  ;  also  a  word  in  the  super- 
lative degree. 

SU-PER'LA-TIVE-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  expressing 
the  utmost  degree. 

I  ihajl  not  ipcak  tupm-latioely  of  them.  Bacon. 

9.  In  the  highest  or  utmool  degree.    Tiberins  was 
superlatively  wicked  ;  Clodius  was  superlatively  prof- 
ligate. 
SUPER'T,A-TIVE-NES3,  n.     The  state  of  being  in 

the  hrghf'st  dfgree. 
8U-PKR-L0'NAR,      )  a.      [L.    svpcr   and    luna,  the 
8U-PER  LO'NA-UY,        moon.] 


SUP 

Being  atwve  the  moon  ;  not  sublunary,  or  of  this 

world. 

The  head  that  turna  at  auperlunar  thirty,  Pop€. 

SU-PER-Me'DI-AL,  a.     Lying  or  being  above  the 

middle.  Buffim. 

SU-FER-MGLE'eULE,  n.  A  compounded  molecule, 
or  combination  of  two  molecules  of  different  sub- 
stances. Prout. 

SU-PER-MUN'DANE,  a.  [super  and  mundane.]  Be- 
ing above  the  world.  Paus.  Trans. 

SU-PER-NACU-LUM,  n.  [L.  super  and  G.  nagel^  a 
nail.] 

Good  liquor,  of  WDico  noi,  enough  is  left  to  wet 
one's  nail.  Orose. 

SU-PER'NAL,  a.     [L.  supemus,  super.] 

1.  Being  in  ahigner  place  or  region  ;  locally  higher  ; 
as,  the  supernal  orbs  ;  supernal  regions.        Ralegh. 

2.  Relating  to  things  abov«;  celestial;  heavenly; 
as,  supernal  grace. 

Not  by  the  suiTt^ringx  of  tupemnl  pow^r.  Milton. 

SU-PER-NA'TANT,  o.  fL-  supernManSy  supernato; 
super  and  nalo,  to  swim.] 

Swimming  above;  floating  on  the  surface;  as,  oil 
sjtpernatant  on  water.  Boyle. 

SU-PER-N  A-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  floating  on  the 
surface  of  a  fluid.  Bacon.    ■ 

SU-PER-NAT'U-RAL,  a.  [super  and  natural.]  Be- 
ing beyond  or  exceeding  the  powers  or  laws  of 
nature  ;  miraculous.  A  supernatural  event  is  one 
which  is  not  produced  according  to  the  ordinary  or 
established  laws  of  natural  things.  Thus,  if  iron  lias 
more  specific  gravity  than  water,  it  will  sink  in  that 
fluid ;  and  the  floating  of  iron  on  water  nmst  be  a 
supernatural  event.  Now,  no  human  being  can  alter 
a  law  of  nature  ;  the  floating  of  iron  on  water,  there- 
fore, must  be  caused  by  divine  power  specially  ex- 
erted lo  suspend,  in  this  instance,  a  law  of  nature. 
Hence,  supernatural  events  or  miracles  can  be  pro- 
duced only  by  the  immediate  agency  of  divine 
power. 
SU-PER-NAT'U-RAL-ISM, )  n.  The  state  of  being 
SU-PRA-NAT'U-RAL-ISM,  j  supernatural.  Carlyle. 
2.  The  doctrine  of  a  divine  and  supernatural 
agency  in  the  production  of  the  miracles  and  revela- 
tions recorded  in  the  Bible,  and  in  the  grace  which 
renews  and  sanctifies  men  ;  in  opposition  to  the 
dtictrine  which  denies  the  operation  of  any  other 
than  physical  or  natural  causes  in  these  several 
things.  Murdock. 

SU-PER-NAT'lI-RAI^IST,  n.      One  who  holds  the 

principles  of  sii|>t'rnaturalism. 
SU-PER-NAT'lJ-RAL-LY,  adv.     In    a    manner    ex- 
ceeding the   established   course  or  laws  of  nature. 
The  prophets  must  have  been  suptmaturally  taught 
or   enlightened,  for  their  predictions  were   beyond 
human  foreknowledge. 
SU-PER-NAT'lJ-RAL-NESS,  n.    The  state  or  quality 
of  being    beyond   the   power  or  ordinary   laws  of 
nature. 
SU-PER-NO'MER-A-RY,  o.     [Fr.  supemumeraire ;  L. 
super  and  numerus,  number.] 

1.  Exceeding  the  number  staled  or  prescribed  ;  as, 
a  supernumerary  officer  in  a  regiment;  a  supernumer- 
ary canon  in  the  church. 

2.  Exceeding  a  necessary,  a  usual,  or  a  round  num- 
ber ;  as,  super nuvierary  addresses  ;  supernumerary 
expense.  Addison.     Fell. 

SU-PER-NC'MER-A-RY,  n.  A  person  or  thing  be- 
yond the  number  stated,  or  beyond  what  is  neces- 
sary or  usual.  On  the  reduction  of  the  regiments, 
several  supernumeraries  were  to  be  provided  for. 

SU-PER-PAR-Tie'lJ-LAR,  o.  [super  and  particular.] 
Noting  a  ratio  when  the  excess  of  the  greater  terra 
over  the  less  is  a  unit ;  as,  the  ratio  of  1  to  2,  or  of  3 
to  4.     [J^otinuse.]  Hutton. 

SU-PER-PAR'TIENT,  (p^r'shent,)  a.  [L.  super  and 
partio.]  Noting  a  ratio  when  the  excess  of  the 
greater  term  over  the  less  is  more  than  a  unit;  as, 
that  of  3  to  5,  or  of  7  to  10.     \j^vt  in  use.]     Hutton. 

SO'PER-PLANT,  n.  [super  and  plantJ]  A  plant 
growing  on  another  plant;  as  the  misletoe.  [JVot 
used,  ]  Bacon. 

[We  now  use  Parasite  and  Epiphtte.] 

SCPER-PLUP.    See  Subplus. 

SC'PER-PLUS-AGE,  n.  [I.,  super  and  plus.]  That 
which  is  more  than  enough  ;  excess.  Fell. 

[We  now  use  Subi-lusaoe,  which  see.] 

SU-PER-PON'DER-ATE,t?.  (.    [L.  super  and  pondero.] 
To  weigh  over  and  above.     [J^ut  used.]        Diet. 

SU-PER-POSE',  (8u-per-p67.e',)  r.  L  [L.  superand  Fr. 
poser,  to  lay.] 

To  lay  upon,  as  one  kind  of  rock  on  another. 

SU-PER-POS'£l),K'*  pr  «•  Laid  or  being  upi.n  snlne- 
thing.  Humboldt. 

SU-PER-POS'ING,  ppr.     Placing  upon  something. 

SU-PER-PO-Sl"T10N,  (-po-zish'un,)  n-  [super  and 
position.]  A  placing  above  ;  a  lying  or  being  situated 
above  or  upon  sometliing;  as,  the  sitperjwsition  of 
rocks.  Humboldt. 

2.  That  which  is  situated  above  or  ui>on  some 
thing  else. 

SC'PER-PRAISE,  (sa'per-pru/.e,)  v.  i.  To  praise  to 
excess.  Shak. 


TONE,  B^LL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS C  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

iioo" 


SUP 

SU-PER-rRO-POR'TIO.N,  n.  [ntper  and  proportion.] 
Overplus  of  proportion.  Digby. 

SU-P1:R-PUR-i;A'TION,  n.  [super  and  pursntion.] 
More  pureation  than  is  suHicienL  iVistmnn. 

8U-PER-RE-FLEe'T!ON,  %.  [super  and  reJUction.] 
The  reflection  of  an  image  reflected.  Bacon, 

SU-PEK-RE-WARD',  p.  t.    To  reward  to  excess. 

Baanu 

SU-PER-ROY'AL,a.  [^;»erand  royal,}  Largerthan 
royal ;  denoting  the  largest  species  of  printing  paper. 

SU-PER-SA'U-EN-CY,  n.     [L.  super  and  salio^  lo 
leap.] 
The  act  of  leaping  on  any  thing.    [Little  u*ed,\ 

Broicn. 

SU-PER-SA'LI-ENT, «.    Leaping  upon. 

SO'PER-S^LT,  m.  In  eJhcmutnr.  a  mlC  wttb  a  pealor 
number  of  equiralenti  of  acid  than  bue.  Tbo 
htrnmaUAs  and  fuaZemonJaU  ^potmsta  are  titptrscUs. 

80-PER-SAT'lI-R.lTE,  ».  t     [L.  super  and  satutv.] 
To  add  to  bt^yond  saturatiun. 

SU-PER-SAT'lJ-Ri-TBD,  pp.  or  «.  More  than  sat- 
urated. 

SU-PER-SAT'U-RA-TING,  ppr.  Uore  than  satura- 
ting ;  filling  to  excess. 

8U-PBR-SAT-II-RA'TI0N,  ».  The  operation  of  add- 
ing bejrond  satuiatioa,  or  tlie  state  of  being  thus 
supersaturated.  Fourcroy. 

8U-PER-S€RIBE',  v.  L  [L.  super  and  scribo,  to 
write.] 

To  write  or  engrave  on  the  top,  outside,  ot  sur- 
face ;  or  to  write  the  name  or  nddrtss  of  one  on  the 
outside  or  cover ;  as,  to  superscribe  a  letter. 

SU-PER-SCRTB'ED,  pp.    Inscribed  on  the  outside. 

8U-PER-S€RIB'IXGjppr.  Inscribing,  writing,  or  en- 
eraving  on  the  outride,  or  on  the  top. 

8U-PER-SeRIP'TION,  ».     The  act  of  superscribing. 
S:  That  which  U  written  or  engraved  on  the  out- 
side, or  above  eometbiDg  else.  If'aUer. 

Tlko«Mptraer^tfMiofU>Kcu«ak>n«MWiiUMt  over,  Tbe  King 
of  ifae  Jew*. —  Muk  xv.    Luke  zxiii. 

3.  An  impression  of  letters  on  coins.    JUtL  xxiL 

rSbakspeare  nses  SuPCRscairr.] 
Sn-PER-SE€'Q-LAR, «.     [«vfMr  and  MOtlsr.]    Being 

above  the  world  or  secular  tblnga. 
SU-PER«£DE', «.  L    [  L.  superaedm  j  «iip«r  and  seise, 
tosiu] 

1.  Literattif^  to  set  above  ;  bence,to  make  void,  In- 
effic.iciwis,  or  useless,  by  superior  power,  or  by  com- 
ing in  the  place  of;  to  set  aside ;  to  render  unneces- 
sary ;  to  suspend.  The  use  of  artillery  in  making 
breaches  In  walla,  baa  supnseded  the  use  of  the  bat- 
tering-ram. Thn  eObct  of  pualoa  is  to  superseds  the 
workinga  of  lenaon.  Sousk. 

HB<hbglB»affBwdlhrtBMniiyi«iJi  lh»  kn— a  hw»  of  iwu- 


!L  To  come  or  be  i^aced  in  the  room  of;  b^nce,  to 
displace  or  render  unnecessary ;  as,  an  officer  is 
superseded  bv  the  appointment  of  auutber  person. 

SUPER-SSfDE-jiS,  m.  [K]  In  /«»,  a  writ  of  super- 
sedntSf  is  a  writ  or  command  to  fuipend  the  powers 
of  an  officer  in  certain  cases,  (»r  lu  stay  proceedings. 
This  writ  docs  not  de^ttroy  the  power  of  an  offictT, 
for  it  may  b«  rtsvived  by  another  writ  culled  a  proce- 
dmdo.  BlacJijftone, 

8U-PER-SED'f:D,  pp.  Made  void  ;  rendered  tinuec- 
essar>' or  inefficacious;  displaced  ^  suspended. 

eU-PER-SeO'ING,  ppr.  Coming  in  theplaceof ;  set- 
ting aside  ;  rendering  useless  ;  displacing;  suspend- 
ing. 

SU-PE^-3ED'ITTiE,  n.  The  act  of  superseding  ;  as, 
the  supersedure  of  trial  by  jury.     [Alnr.] 

Hamilton^  Fed. 

8tT-PER-SEN'SI-BLE,  a.  Beyond  the  reach  of  the 
senses;  above  the  natural  powers  of  perception. 

MurdscJu 

SUPER  SENS'U-AL.  a.     Above  the  senses. 

8U-PER-SERV'1CE-A-BLE,  a.  [rmper  and  service- 
aMc] 

Over  officious;  doing  more  than  is  required  or 
desired.     [Jfat  in  use.]  SJtak. 

SU  PER-SES'SIO\,  C-sesh'un,)  n.  The  act  of  super- 
sedine. 

8U-PER-STI"TION,  (-utish'un,)  a.  [Fr.,  from  L. 
smperstitis,  smpersts ;  super  and  sta,  to  stand.] 

1.  Bicessive  exactoeaa  or  rigor  in  religious  opin- 
kma  or  practice ;  extreme  and  unnecessary  scruples 
in  the  observanc4i  of  religious  riles  not  commanded, 
or  of  points  of  minor  importance  ;  excess  or  extrav- 
acance  in  religion  ;  the  doing  of  things  not  required 
by  God,  or  ab^ining  from  things  not  forbidden  ;  m 
the  belief  of  what  is  absurd,  or  belief  without  evi- 
dence. Brmon. 


>  hu  wftwee  to  God,  to  ie&«kR),  ot  to  brings 
Mtperior  to  mao.  EiKyc. 

S.  False  religion  ;  false  wnrship. 
3.  Rite  or  practice  proceedins  mrni  excess  of  scru- 
ples in  religion.    In  this  sense,  it  admits  of  a  plural. 

TboT  ih*  injih 
With  npgrttitiont  and  traditxMU  uinU  AfUftm. 

4-  Excessive  nicely  ;  scrupulous  exactness. 

5.  Belief  in  the  direct  agency  of  superior  powers 
in  certain  extraordinary  or  singular  events,  or  in 
omens  and  prognostics. 


SUP 

8U-PER-STI"TION-IST,  n.  One  addicted  to  super- 
stilinn.  More. 

8U-PER-STl"TIOUS,  (-^tiah'us,)  a.  [Fr.  supcrsti- 
tieux .-  L.  superstiiiosns.] 

1.  Over  scrupulous  and  rigid  in  religious  obser- 
vances ;  addicted  to  superstition  ;  fiiM  of  idle  fancies 
and  scruples  In  regard  to  religion;  as,  superstitious 
people. 

SL  Proceeding  from  superstition ;  manifesting  su- 
perstition ;  as,  superstiti4fus  rites ;  suparstitimis  obser- 
vances, 

3.  Over  exact ;  scnipulous  beyond  need. 

SuperstitUms  use;  in  /atp,  the  use  of  land  for  a  reli- 
gious purpose,  or  by  a  religious  corporation. 
8U-PER-STI"T10US-LY,  adv.      In  a  superstitious 
manner;  with  excessive  regard  to  unconimnnded 
rites  or  unessential  opinions  and  forms  in  religion. 

Bacon. 

2.  With  too  much  care ;  with  excessive  exactness 
or  scruple. 

3.  With  extreme  credulity  in  regard  to  the  agency 
of  superior  beings  in  extraordinary  events. 

SU-rER-STI"TlOUS-NESS, ».     Superstition. 

SU-PER-STRAIN',  r.  r.  [super  and  sfram.]  To  over- 
strain or  stretch.     [I^ittle  used.]  Bacon. 

SU-PER-STRAIN'£D,;)p.    Overstrafned  or  stretched. 

SU-PER-STRA'TUM,  «.  [super  and  stratum.]  A 
stratum  or  layer  above  another,  or  resting  on  some- 
thing else.  Jlsiat.  Res. 

SU-PER-STRUeT',  v.  L     [L.  superstruoi  super  and 
struOf  to  lay.] 
To  build  upon ;  to  erect 

Thii  ii  the  only  proper  bAiu  on  which  lo  tuperstract  flr«l  itiiio- 
cenct  aiMl  then  virtue.     [Littit  ut*d.]        />rcay  o/  Piety. 

SU-PER-STRUCT'ED.  pp.     Built  upon. 
8U-PER-.<rRUeT'ING,ppr.     Building  upon. 
SU-PER-STRU€'TION,  n.      An  edifice  erected   on 
Bomething. 


SU-PER-STRUCT'IVE,  a.  Built  or  erected  on  some- 
thing else.  Hammond, 

SU-PER-STRUGT'IJRE,  n.  Any  structure  or  edifice 
built  on  somf^thing  else  ;  particularly^  the  building 
raised  on  a  foundation.  Tliis  word  is  used  to  distin- 
guish what  is  erected  on  a  wall  or  foundation  from 
the  foundation  itself. 

2.  Any  thing  erected  on  a  foundation  or  basis.  In 
education,  we  begin  with  teaching  langtiagcs  as  the 
foundation,  and  proceed  to  erect  on  that  foundation 
the  super  iruc'ure  of  science. 

SU-PER-.«UB-STAN'TIAL,  a.  Isuper  and  suhstan- 
tiaL]  More  than  substantial ;  bcmg  more  than  sub- 
stance. Cyc. 

SU-PER5UL'PHATE,  n.  Sulphate  with  a  greater 
number  of  equivalents  of  acid  than  base. 

8U-PER-SUL'PHU-RET-EI),  a.  Consisting  of  a 
greater  number  of  equivalents  of  sulphur  timn  of 
the  base  with  which  tiie  sulphur  is  combined,  .^ikiiu 

8U-PER  TERRENE',  o.  [super  and  terrene]  Being 
above  ground,  or  above  the  earth.  HiU. 

SU-PERTKR-RE3'TRI-AL,  a.  Being  above  the 
earth,  or  above  what  belongs  to  the  earth. 

BuckminstJir. 

SU-PER-TON'ie,  ».  In  music,  the  note  next  above 
the  key-note.  Busby. 

SU-PER-TRAG'ie-AL,  a.     Tragical  to  excess. 

fVarton. 

SU-PER-VA-eA'NE-OUS,  a,  [L.  supervaeaneus ;  su- 
per and  raco,  to  make  void.] 

Su{>erfiuou8;  unnecessary;  needless;  serving  no 
purpose.  HoweU, 

SU-PER-VA-flA'NE-GUS-LY,  adv.    Needlessly. 

8U-PEE^VA-eA'NE-OUS-NESS,  n.     Needlessncss. 
_  Bailey. 

SU-PER-VeNE',  c.  i.  [L.  supervenio;  super  and  ve- 
nio.] 

1.  To  come  upon  as  something  extraneous. 

Such  &  muciiitl  gT«Tii3iion  cnn  aevct  tupervene  to  mAlter,  uhIrm 
imprascd  bj  di»me  power.  BtnUej/. 

2.  To  come  upon  ;  to  happen  to. 
SU-PER-Ve'NI-ENT,    a.     Coming  upon    aa  some- 
thing additional  or  extraneous 

That  bn»i»ch  of  belier  wm  ia  him  auperoeTuera  to  Christian 
pnictjcc.  Jlam  mo  nd . 

Divorces  can  be  gnuited,  a  menta  et  ton,  ooly  for  supei^eTtient 
cauaco.  Z.  t'iia/L 

8U-PER-VEN'TI0N,  n.     The  act  of  supervening. 

.SU-PER-VI'SAL,   (su-per-vl'zal,)         >  n.     [from  su- 

SU-PER-VI"SION,   (su-per-vizh'un,)  (  pervise.]  The 
act  of  overseeing  ;  inspection  ;  superintendence. 
Tooke.     Walsh, 

SU- PER- VISE',  (su-per-vlze',)  tu  Inspection.  [M'ot 
n^filA  Shak, 

SU-PER-VTSE',  v.L  [L. *t/pffrand  visus,rfideo,  to  see.] 
To  oversee  fur  direction  ;  to  superintend  ;  to  in- 
spect ;  as,  to  supervise  the  press  for  correction. 

SU-PER-VTS'KD.  (-vizd',)  pp.     Inspected. 

SU-PER-VTS'ING,  ppr.  Overseeing;  inspecting;  BU- 
perinteiidine. 

SU-PER- VISOR,  n.  An  overseer;  an  inspector;  a 
superintendent ;  as,  the  supervisor  of  a  pamphlet. 

£>ryden* 


SUP 

SU-PEK-VI'30-RY,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  having  su- 

perviHiun. 
SUi'ER-VIVE',  ft  L     [h.  super  and  eiro,  to  live.] 
To  live  beyond  ;  to  outlive.     The  soul  will  super- 
vice   all   the    revolutions  of   nature.     [LiUle  used.] 
[See  Survive.] 
8U-PI-NA'TION. ».     [Usuptno.] 

1.  The  act  of  lying,  or  state  of  being  laid,  with  the 
face  upward.. 

S.  llio  act  of  turning  the  palm  of  the  hand  up- 
ward. Latorenee^s  Led. 
8U-PI-NA'TOR,  n.    In  anatavty,  a  muscle  that  turns 

the  palm  of  the  hand  upward. 
SU-PIXE',  a.     [L.  supinus.} 

1.  Lying  on  the  back,  or  with  the  face  upward; 
opiwsed  to  Pro  HE. 

2.  Leaning  backward,  or  inclining  with  exposure 
to  the  sun. 

if  the  tIdo 
On  riaing^  ground  be  placed  on  hillH  Mujnne.  Dryden. 

3.  Negligent;  heedless;  indolent;  thoughtless; 
inattentive. 

He  becrtme  piwillanimoni  and  «upitM,  nod  openly  ei  posed  to  noj 

triiiptJiUiiii .  Wooditnrd. 

These  men  sutltT  bj  their  avjAnt  credulitjr.  K.  Charlet. 

SO'PINE,  n.     [L.  supinum.] 

In  fframmar,  a  name  of  certain  forms  or  modifica- 
tion.-<  of  the  Latin  verb  ending  in  um  and  u. 
SU-PIM-yLY,  atlv.     With  the  face  upward. 

2.  Carelessly;  indolently;  drowsily;  in  a  heed- 
less, thouglitl"S3  Btate. 

Who  on  beds  of  ilo  MujAnely  tie.  Sandys, 

SU-PINE'NESS,  71.    A  lying  with  the  face  upward. 
Q.  Indolence;   drowsiness;    heedlcssnesij.     Many 
of  the  evils  of  life  are  owing  to  our  own  supineness. 
SU-PIN'I-TV,  for  SupiNESEus,  is  not  used. 
SUP'PAGE,  n.     [from  sup.]    What  may  be  supped  ; 

pottage.     rM»(  m  use.]  Hooker. 

8UP-PAL-PA'TION,  n.     [L.  suppalpor}  sub  and  paU 
por,  to  stroke.] 

The  act  of  enticing  by  soft  words.    [JVbt  used.] 

Hak 
SUP-PAR- A-SI-Ti'TION,  n.     [L.  supparasitor ;  sub 
and  parasite.] 

The  act  of  flattering  merely  to  gain  favor.  [JVot 
in  vse.\^  HalL 

SUP-PAR' A-SITE,  V.  u    To  flatter ;  to  cajole. 

Dr.  Clarke. 
SUP-PAWN'.     SeeSEPAWiv, 
SUP'PiiD,  (supt,)  pp.     Having   taken    the  evening 

meal. 
8UP-PE-DA'NE-OU8,  a.     [h.  sub  and  pes,  the  foot.] 
Being  under  the  feet.  Brovm. 

SUP-PED'I-TATE,  v.  t.     [L.  suppedUo.] 

To  supply.     [JVot  usetC]  Hammond. 

SUP-PED-I-TA'TION,  n.     [L.  svppeditatio.] 

Supply;  aid  afforded.     [Little  useil.]  Bacon. 

SUP'PER,  n.     [Fr.  souper.    See  Sup.] 

The  evening   meal.     People  who  dine  late  eat  no 
supper.    The  dinner  of  fajjhionable  people  would  be 
the  siipjier  of  rustics. 
SUP'PER-LESS,  a.     Wanting  supper;  being  without 

supper  ;  as,  to  go  supperlcss  to  bed.  Spectator. 

SUP-PLANT',  r.   L     [Fr.   sujtplanter ;   L.  suppUrOo; 
sub  and  planta,  the  bottom  of  the  foot.] 

1.  To  trip  up  the  heels. 

Suppiatiud  down  he  fell.  MilUm. 

2.  To  remove  or  displace  by  stratagem ;  or  to  dis- 
place and  take  the  place  of;  as,  a  rival  supplants 
another  in  the  affections  of  his  mistress,  or  in  the 
favor  of  his  prince. 

Suspecting  ihnl  the  courtier  hod  tupplanted  the  fHend.     Fill. 

3.  To  overthrow  ;  to  undermine. 
SUP-PLANT-A'TION,  n.     The  act  of  supplanting. 
SUP-PLANT'ED,;»p.    Tripped  up  ;  displaced. 
SUP-PLANT'ER,  n.     One  that  supplants. 
SUP-PLANT'ING,ppr.    Tripping  up  the  heels;  dis- 
placing by  artifice. 

SUP'PLE,  (sup'pl.)   a.      [Fr.  souple;   Ann.  soublat, 
soubleiny  to  bend.] 

1.  Pliant ;  flexible  ;  easily  bent ;  as,  supple  joints; 
supple  fingers.  Bacon.     Temple. 

2.  Yielding;  compliant;  not  obstinate. 

If  punishment  makes  not  the  wiU  aupple,  it  hardens  the  oflender. 

I^ocke. 

3.  Bending  to  the  humor  of  others;  flattering; 
fawning.  Addison. 

4.  Tiiat  makes  pliant ;  as,  supple  government. 

Shak. 
SUP'PLE,  (aup'pl,)  V    t.    To  make,  soft  and   pliant ; 
to  render  flexible  ;  as,  to  supple  leather. 
2.  To  make  compliant. 


SUP'PLE,  tj.  u  To  become  soft  and  pliant;  as, stones 
suppled  into  softness.  Oryden. 

SUP'PL£1>,  ^sup'pid,)  pp.  Made  soft  and  pliant; 
made  compliant. 

SUP'PLE-LY,  (sup'pl-Ie,)  adv.  Softly  ;  pliantly  ;  mild- 
ly. _,  Cotgrane. 

SUP'PLic-MENT,  71,  [Fr.,  from  L.  suppleinentam, 
avpplco  i  sub  and  plco,  to  fill.] 


F5TE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRfiY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 

iHo  — — 


SUP 

1.  Literalltj,  a  supply  ;  hence,  on  addition  to  <iny 
thing,  hy  which  its  defects  are  suppHcd,  and  it  is 
made  more  full  and  complete.  Tlu'_word  is  particu- 
larly used  uf  an  addition  to  a  houk  or  pu|>c<r. 

3.  Store;  supply.     [J'l/'ot  in  use.]  Chapmim, 

3.  In  trigonometry,  the  quantity  by  which  an  arc 
or  an  luigle  fails  snort  of  180do};rees,  or  a  semicircle. 
SUP'PLE-MENT,  V.  L    To  add  something  to  a  wri- 
ting, &LC. 
SL'P-PLe-MENT'AL,       )  a.  Additional  ;ad(Iedtosup- 
SUP-Pl.E-ME\T'A-ttY,  \      ply  what  is  wanted  j  as,  a 

supplemental  law  or  bill. 
SLTP'PLE-MENT-ING,  ppr.    Adding  a  supplement. 

Chalmers^ 
SUP'PLE-NESS,  (sup'pl-ness,)  n,    [from  supple.]    Pli- 
ancy ;  ptiableness;  tiexibilityj   the  quality  of  being 
easily  bent ;  as,  tiie  supptene.^s  of  the  joints. 

2.  Readiness  of  compliance;  the  quality  of  easily 
yieldins  ;  facility  ;  as,  the  suppleness  of  the  will,  Locke. 

sup'pLi-TivEf  *  I  «•   [*■'''*"*  ^-  ''""PP^'"' '"  ^m<iy-] 

Supplying  deticiencies  ;  as,  a  suppletory  oath. 

Bliicfi.--tt}ne. 
SUP'PLe:  TO-RY,  n.    That  which  ia  to  supply  what 

is  wanted.  Hammond. 

SUP-PLI'AL,  n.    The  act  of  supplying.     [JVot  u.^ed.} 

tVarlrurtoiu 
SUP-PLI'ANCE,  n.     Continuance.     [JVot  in  me.] 

Shak. 
SUP'PLI-ANT,  a.    [Fr.,  from  supplier^  to  entreat,  con- 
tracted from  L.  suppUco,  to  supplicate ;  sub  and  plicOy 
to  fold.     See  Comply  and  Apply.] 

1,  Entreating;  beseeching  ;  supplicating;  asking 
earnestly  and  submissively. 

Tlie  rich  grow  tuppliani,  and  ihc  poor  ^ow  proud.    Dryden. 

2.  Manifesting  entreaty  ;  expressive  of  humble  sup- 
plication. 

To  bow  and  iiw  for  gnce  with  tuppUant  Icnee.  MUton. 

SUP'PLI-ANT,  n.  A  humble  petitioner;  one  who  en- 
treats submissively. 

fipore  Ihia  life,  and  hear  thy  tuppliant'i  prayer.  DryUn. 

SUP'PL!-ANT-LY,  ado.    In  a  suppliant  or  submissive 

manner. 
SUP'PLI-CANT,  a.     [L.  suppUcans.] 

Entreating  ;  a^iking  submissively.  Bp.  BuQ. 

SUP'PLI-CANT,  n.  One  that  entreats;  a  petitioner 
who  asks  earnestly  and  submissively. 

The  wiap-  auppOcant  lefl  the  cTcnt  lo  God.  Rogera. 

SUP'PLI-CA'r,  n.  In  the  Enirlisk  universities^  a  peti- 
tion ;  particularly^  a  written  application  with  a  certif- 
icate that  the  requisite  conditions  have  been  complied 
with. 
SUP'PLI-CATE,  V.  U  [L.  supplicoi  sub  and  plico.  See 
Suppliant.] 

I.  To  entreat  fur  ;  to  seek  by  earnest  prayer ;  as, 
to  supplicate  blessings  on  Christian  efibrta  to  spread 
the  goMpel. 

S.  To  address  in  prayer  ;  as,  to  supplicate  the  throne 
of  grace. 
BUP'PLI-eXTE,  p.  i.    To  entreat ;  to  beseech  ;  to  im- 
plore; to  petition  with  earnes^tness  and  submission. 
A  man  caa  not  bruuk  (o  tuppUcau  or  bt-g.  Bacon, 

SUP'PLI-€A-TIiVO,  ppr.  or  a.  Entreating;  imploring. 
9UPTLI-€A-TINrr-LY,  adiy.  By  way  of  supplication. 
BUP-PLUCA'TIOiV,  n.     [Ft.,  from  U  supplicatio.] 

1.  Entreaty ;  humble  and  earnest  prayer  in  wor- 
ship. In  all  tn\T supplications  to  the  Father  of  mercies, 
let  us  remember  a  world  lying  in  ignorance  and  wick- 
edness. 

2.  Petition  ;  earnest  request. 

3.  In  Roman  antufuity^  a  religious  solemnity  ob- 
served in  cons4-quence  t>f  some  military  success,  and 
also  in  times  of  distress  and  danger,  to  avert  the  an- 
gfr  of  the  gods.  Smith's  Diet, 

SUP'PLI-€A-TO-RY,  a.  Containing  supplication  ; 
humble  ;  submissive.  Johnson. 

SVV  PLVED,pp.  [from  supply.]  Fully  furnished; 
havinc  a  sumcienrv. 

aiTP-PLl'Efl,  n.     He  that  supplies. 

SUP-PLIES',  ».  f  pi.  of  SrppiT.  Things  supplied  in 
Bufflcicncy.  In  England,  moneys  granted  by  parlia- 
ment fur  public  expf-nditure. 

8UP-PLY',  V.  t.  [L.  suppleo  ;  sub  and  pteo,  disused, 
to  fill  ;  Fr.  suppUer;  Sp.  svplir:  It.  supplire.'] 

1.  To  till  up, as  any  deficiency  happens;^tn  furnish 
what  is  wanted  ;  to  afford  or  furnish  a  fiuffioiency  ; 
as,  to  supply  the  poor  with  bread  and  clothing;  to 
supply  the  daily  wants  of  nature  ;  to  supply  the  navy 
with  masts  and  spars  ;  to  supply  the  tn:at^iiry  with 
money.    The  city  ia  well  supplied  with  water. 

I  wnntni  nothing  fotiine  could  tuppty.  Dryden. 

2.  To  serve  instead  of. 

Buntltif;  ahipi  the  b;iniihcd  tun  lupply.  Wallur, 

3.  To  givr> ;  to  bring  or  furnish. 

Nwirer  car^  tuppliet 
Sigha  U>  my  brwul,  and  ■orruw  lu  hi/  eyea.  Prior. 

4.  To  fill  vacant  room. 

Th'!  tun  WM  »<;t.  timi  Vraprt,  to  supply 

Hla  alMTDt  tienma,  hiul  lighted  up  tlje  aiy,  Orydan. 

5.  To  (ill ;  as,  to  supply  a  vacancy. 


SUP 

6.  /n  irencral,  to  furnish  ;  10  give  or  afford  what  is 
wanted. 

Moilprti  infidelity  tupj>Uta  no  inch  motirea.  Hob.  Hall. 

SUP-PLY',  n.     Sufficiency  of  things  for  use  or  want. 

The  poor  have  a  dally  supply  of  food  ;  the  army  has 

ample  svpplics  of  provisions  and  munitiups  of  war. 

Cu.-^toms,  taxes,  and  excise  constitute  the  supplies  of 

revenue. 
SUP-PLY'ING,  ppr.    Yielding  or  furnishing  what  is 

wanted  ;  affording  a  sufficiency. 
SUP-PLY'JVIEiNT,  n.     A  furnishing.     [JV'ot  in  use.] 

Shak 
SUP-P6RT',  V.  U     [Fr.  supporter;  IL  sopportare;  L. 

supporto;  sub  and  porto^  to  carry.} 

1.  To  bear  ;  to  sustain ;  to  uphold  ;  as,  a  prop  or 
pillar  jup/^orts  a  structure;  an  abutment  stt/>ports  an 
arch  ;  the  stem  of  a  tree  supports  the  branches.  Ev- 
ery edilice  must  have  a  foundation  to  support  it ;  a 
rojie  or  cord  supports  a  weight. 

2.  To  endure  without  being  overcome  ;  as,  to  fvp- 
port  pain,  distress,  or  misfortunes. 

Thb  fioTce  demeanor  and  hii  inaolcnca 

1'he  patience  of  a  god  could  not  aupporL  Dryden. 

3.  To  bear ;  to  endure ;  as,  to  support  fatigues  or 
hardships  ;  to  support  violent  exertions.  The  eye 
will  not  support  the  light  of  the  sun's  disk. 

4.  To  sustain  ;  to  keep  from  fainting  or  sinking ; 
OS,  to  support  the  courage  or  spirits. 

o.  To  sustain  ;  lo  act  or  represent  well ;  as,  to  sup- 
port the  character  of  King  Lear  ;  to  support  the  part 
ass  i  fined. 

6.  To  bear;  to  supply  funds  for  or  the  means  of 
continuing;  as,  to  support  the  annual  expenses  of 
government. 

7.  To  sustain  ;  to  carry  on  ;  as,  to  support  a  war  or 
a  contest ;  to  sujtport  an  argument  or  debate. 

8.  To  maintain  with  provisions  and  tlie  necessary 
means  of  living  ;  as,  to  support  a  family  ;.to  support 
a  son  in  college  ;  to  support  the  ministers  of  the  gos- 
pel. 

9.  To  maintain  ;  to  sustain  ;  to  keep  from  failing  ; 
as,  to  support  life  ;  to  support  the  strength  by  nour- 
ishment. 

10.  To  sustain  without  change  or  dissolution ;  as, 
clay  supports  an  intense  heat. 

11.  To  bear  ;  to  keep  from  sinking  ;  as,  water  sup- 
ports ships  and  other  bodies  ;  air  supports  a  balloon. 

19.  To  bear  without  being  exhausted  ;  to  be  able 
to  pay  ;  as,  to  support  taxes  or  contributions. 

13.  To  sustain  ;  to  maintain  ;  as,  to  support  a  good 
character. 

H.  To  maintain  ;  to  verify  ;  to  make  good  ;  to  sul>- 
gtantiate.  The  testimony  is  not  sufficient  to  support 
the  charges;  the  evidence  will  not  support  the  state- 
ments or  allegations  ;  the  impeachment  is  well  sup~ 
ported  by  evidence. 

15.  To  uphold  by  aid  or  countenance;  as,  to  sup- 
port a  friend  or  a  party. 

16.  To  vindicate  ;  to  maintain  ;  to  defend  success- 
fully ;  as,  to  be  able  to  support  one's  own  cause. 

17.  To  act  as  one's  aid  or  attendant  on  some  pub- 
lic occasion,  by  sitting  or  walking  at  his  side  ;  as, 
Mr.  O'Connell  left  the  prison,  supported  by  his  two 
sons.  England, 

SUP-PORT',  n.    The  act  or  operation  of  upholding  or 
sustaining. 

2.  That  which  upholds,  sustains,  or  keeps  from 
falling;  as  a  prop,  a  pillar,  a  foundation  of  any  kind. 

3.  That  which  maintains  life  ;  as,  food  is  the  sup- 
port of  life,  of  the  body,  of  strength.  Oxygen,  or  vi- 
tal air,  has  been  supposed  to  be  the  support  of  respi- 
ration and  of  heat  itt  the  blood. 

4.  Maintenance  ;  subsistence;  as,  an  income  suf!i- 
cient  for  the  support  of  a  family ;  or  revenue  for 
the  support  of  the  army'  and  navy. 

5.  Maintenance  ;  an  upholding  ;  continuance  in 
any  state,  or  preservation  from  falling,  sinking,  or 
failing;  as,  taxes  necessary  for  the  support  of  public 
credit ;  a  revenue  for  the  support  of  government. 

6.  In  generalylhf^  maintenance  or  sustaining  of  any 
thing,  without  suffering  it  to  fail,  decline,  or  lan- 
guish ;  as,  the  support  of  health,  spirits,  strength,  or 
courage  ;  the  support  <if  reputation,  credit,  &c. 

7.  That  which  upholds  or  relieves ;  aid  ;  help ;  suc- 
cor; nsststanre. 

SUP-PORT' A-BLE,  a.    [Fr.]    That  may  be  upheld  or 
sustained. 

2.  That  may  be  borne  or  endured  ;  as,  the  pain  is 
supportable y  or  not  supportable.  Patience  renders  evils 
supportable. 

3.  Tolerable  ;  that  may  he  borne  without  resistance 
or  punishment ;  as,  such  insults  are  not  sujtportable. 

4.  That  can  be  maintained;  as,  the  cause  or  opin- 
ion is  supportable, 

SUP-PORT' A-BLE-NEBS,  n.    Tlie  state  of  being  tol- 
«  erable.  Hammond. 

SUP-PORT' A-BLY,  adv.     In  a  supportable  manner. 
SUP-PORT'ANCE,  n.     Maintenance  ;  support.     [JVo( 

in  use.] 
SUP-PORT-A'TION,  n.   Maintenance  j  support   [JVot 

in  ui»e.] 
SUP-PORT'ED,  pp.    nome  ;  endured  ;  upheld  ;  nuiin 

tainnd  ;  subsisted  ;  sustained  ;  carried  on. 


SUP 

SUP-PORT'ER,  n.    One  that  supiwrts  or  maintains. 
S.  That  which  supports  or  upholds  ;  a  prop,  a  pil- 
lar, &c. 

The  tockcla  and  gupjtorlera  of  flowen  oN  flared.        Bacon. 

3.  Asustalner;  a  comforter. 

The  aaints  have  a  compnaiuii  and  aupporUr  In  all  Ibcir  mia^riea. 

4.  Amaintainer;  a  defender. 

Worthy  aupporUra  of  ouch  a  reigning  Impiety.  iS'oul^. 

5.  One  who  maintains  or  helps  to  carry  on;  aa, 
the  supporters  of  a  war. 

6.  An  advocate  ;  a  defender;  a  vindicator  ;  as,  the 
supporters  of  religion,  morality,  justice,  &lc. 

7.  An  adherent ;  one  who  takes  part ;  as,  the  sup- 
porter of  a  party  or  faction. 

8.  One  who  sits  by  or  walks  with  another,  on 
some  public  occasion,  as  an  aid  or  attendant. 

9.  lu  ship-buitding,  a  knee  placed  under  the  cat- 
head. 

10.  Supporters,  in  heraldry,  are  figures  of  beasts 
that  appear  to  support  the  arms.  Johnson. 

SUP-PORT'FJJL,  a.  Abounding  with  support.  [JVo« 
used. ) 

SUP-PORT'ING,  ppr.  Bearing  ;  enduring  ;  uphold- 
ing ;  sustaining  ;  maiutuiuing  ;  subsisting  ;  vindi- 
cating. 

SUP-PORT'LESS,  a.     Having  no  support. 

Battle  of  Frogs  and  Mice. 

SUP-PORT^MENT,  n.    Supjwrt.     [JVotiHu.se.] 

mitton. 

SUP-POS'A-BLE,  a.  [from  suppose.]  That  may  be 
supposed  ;  that  may  be  imagined  to  exist.  1'hut  is 
not  a  supposablc  case. 

9UP-P0S'AL,  TJ.  [from  suppose.]  Position  without 
proof  ;  the  imaginmg  of  something  to  exist;  suppo- 
sition. 

Interest  with  a  Jow  never  proceeds  but  upon  auppotal,  at  lenst, 
of  a.  fitm  and  aufiicieiit  buttoin.     [0&«.]  South. 

SUP-POSE',  (sup-poze',)  v.  t.  [Fr.  supposer ;  L.  sup- 
podtus,  suppono  i  It.  supporre;  Sp.  suponer ;  sub  and 
pono,  to  puL] 

1.  To  lay  down  or  state  as  a  proposition  or  fact 
that  may  exist  or  be  true,  though  not  known  or  be- 
lieved to  be  true  or  to  exist ;  or  to  imagine  or  admit 
to  exist,  for  the  .sake  of  argument  or  illm^tration. 
Let  us  suppose  the  earth  to  be  the  center  of  the  sys- 
tem, what  would  be  the  consequence .' 


When  we  have  ns  grent 
pouihiy,  wujtpoaing 


tlut  a  thing  la,  aa  we  could 
r,  we  ouglit  not  to  doubt  of  iu 
TUlotson. 


9.  To  imagine ;  to  believe  ;  to  receive  as  tnie. 

Let  not  my  lord  suppoie  that  they  have  alain  all  the  youn^  men, 
Uie  king"!  Boim  ;  for  Amnon  only  ta  dead.  — 2  Siun.  xiii. 

3.  To  imagine;  to  think. 

I  luppoie, 
If  our  propoeala  once  aguin  were  heaid.  Milton. 

4.  To  require  to  exist  or  be  true.  The  existence  of 
things  supposes  the  existence  of  a  cause  of  the 
things. 

Oue  falgeliood  tuppoaea  another,  and  renders  all  you  say  aua- 
pected.  Pemale  Q,\iixole. 

5.  To  put  one  thing  by  fraud  in  the  place  of  an- 
other,    l/^ot  in  use.] 

SUP-POSE',  n.    Supposition  ;  position  without  proof. 

Fit  lo  be  trusted  on  a  bnro  auppoia 

'I'ltat  she  is  huiicsl.     [Not  in  use.]  Dryden. 

SUP-POS'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Laid  down  or  imagined  as 
true;  imagined  ;  believed  ;  received  as  true. 

SUP-POS'ER,  n.     One  who  supj^ses.  Shak. 

SUP-POS'ING,  pjtr.  Laying  down  or  imagining  to 
exist  or  be  true  ;  slating  as  a  case  that  may  be  ;  im- 
agining; receiving  as  true. 

SUP-PO-Sl"TION,  (-jH>-zish'un,)  n.  The  act  of  lay- 
ing down,  imagining,  or  admitting  as  true  or  exist- 
ing, what  is  known  not  lo  be  true,  or  what  is  not 
proved. 

2.  The  position  of  something  known  not  to  be 
true  or  not  proved  ;  hypothesis. 

Tills  is  only  an  iiifullibility  upon  auppoaition,  that  if  a  thing  !» 
Uue,  it  is  inipoasible  to  be  fnlae.  TiUotaon, 

3.  Imagination  ;  belief  without  full  evidence. 

4.  In  musicy  the  use  of  two  successive  notes  of 
equal  length,  one  of  which,  being  a  discord,  supposes 
the  other  a  concord.  - 

SUP-PO-SI"TION-AL,  a.     llypothetical.  South. 

SUP-POS-I-TI"TrOUS,  (-po7.c,-tish'Us,)  a.  [L.  sup- 
potntitittSy  from  supposituji,  suppoiio.] 

Put  by  trick  in  the  place  or  character  belonging  to 
another;  not  genuine;  as,  a  supposititious  child;  a 
supposititioiui  writing.  .Addison. 

SUP-POS-I-TI"TIOlIS-LY,  (-tiah'us-,)  adv.  Ilypo- 
theticallv  ;  by  supposition. 

SUP-P0S-I-TI"T10Uri-NESS,  (-tish'us-,)  n.  The 
state  of  beittg  Rupposititious. 

SUP-POS'I-TIVE,  a.  Supposed;  including  or  imply- 
ing supposition.  Chillingworlh. 

SUP-POS'I-TIVE,  n.  [Supra,]  A  word  denoting  or 
implving  supposition.  Harriet. 

SUP-POS'I-TIVE-LY,  o^B.  With,  by,  or  upon  sup- 
position, Hammond. 

SUP-POS'I-TO-RY,  n.     [Fr.  suppositoire.'] 

In  medicine,  a  pill  or  bolus  introduced  into  ths  rec- 


TONE,  BJJLL,  tINITB.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  w  K ;  0  as  J  ;   »  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 

uir 


SUP 

turn  Id  procure  stools  wben  clysters  cannot  b«  ndmin- 
iMtared.  Parr. 

8UP-PEESS',  K.  f,  [L.  sufpressHs^  supprimo  ;  sub  and 
premtj^io  presa.] 

1.  To  overpower  and  cnish;  to  subdue;  to  do- 
Btroy  ;  nny  to  suppress  a  rebellion  ;  to  suppress  a  mu- 
tiny or  riot ;  to  suppress  opposition. 

E»ifrT  r^hrlliorj,  wlifii  it  'm  gvpprtttd,  makes  ibe  mljpct  wMkcr, 
<LtMl  Uie  jorcninieui  ■(^ullp^r.  />»«•#. 

S.  To  keep  in  ;  to  restrain  from  ntterance  or  vent ; 
as,  to  supprtss  the  voice  ;  to  suppress  siglis. 

3.  To  retain  iviihoul  disclosure ;  lo  conceal;  not 
to  tell  or  reveal ;  as,  lo  suppress  evidence. 

8ba  ntppr€9M»  tbe  n&iiie,  uid  Um  kwps  bim  la  &  plrxnns  •»•- 
peuap.  Brooms. 

4.  To  retain  without  communication  or  makinf; 
public  ;  as,  to  suppress  a  letter  ;  to  suppress  a  manu- 
script. 

5.  To  stifle;  to  stop;  to  binder  from  circulation  ; 
as,  lo  tupprtss  a  report. 

6.  To  stop;  to  restrmin  ;  to  obstruct  from  dis- 
cbar^tfs ;  as,  lo  sitppret*  a  diarrhea,  a  hemorrhage, 
and  the  like. 

SUP-PRESS'iCD,  f-prest'O  pp.  or  a.  Cmshed  ;  de- 
sinn'fd  ;  rrtainea  ;  coBcealed  ;  stopped  ;  obstructed. 

SUl'-PRESS'ING,  ppr.  Subduing;  destroying;  re- 
laining  cloisely  ;  concealing;  hindering  from  disclo- 
sure or  publication  ;  obstructing. 

SUP-PRE5'SI0N,  (BUp-presh'un,)  n  [Fr.,  from  L. 
smpprtssio.] 

1.  Tlie  act  of  suppressing,  crushing,  or  destroy- 
ing ;  as,  the  supyrtasion  of  a  riot,  insurrection,  or  tu- 
mulL 

2.  The  act  of  retaining  from  utientnce,  vent,  or 
disclosure  ;  concealment :  as,  the  suppressiom  of  truth, 
of  reports,  of  evidence,  and  the  like. 

3.  Tbe  retaining  of  any  thing  from  public  notice  ; 
as.  tbe  SKpprtrsiaK  of  a  letter  or  any  writing. 

4.  The  stoppage,  obstruction,  or  morbid  retention 
of  discbaraes  ;  as,  the  supprtjmsm  of  urine,  of  diar- 
rhea, or  other  discharge. 

5.  In  0Tmmmar  or  eompesitw*^  omission ;  as,  the 
tnpprestwu  of  a  word. 

8UP-PRE1S:^'IV£,  s.  Tending  to  suppren;  subduing ; 

concenting.  SewanL 

BU P-PRES^^'OR,  a.     One  that  sitppresses ;  one  Uiat 
subdues  ;  one  that  prevents  utterance,  disclusure,  or 
coiiiniunicatiun. 
8U  P'  PU-R ATE,  r.  I     [L.  rupmtro ;  tmb  and  pusy  puris  ; 
Fr.  suppurtr ;  IL  suppmrare,] 

To  feseimie  pus ;  as,  a  boil  or  abscess  ntppat- 
rates, 
SUP'PC-RATC,  tt.  L    To  cause  to  suppuniie. 

^rkmtkiwL 
[In  tMis  sense,  uxmsumI.] 
SUP^PIT-RA-TING,  ppr.    Generating  pus. 
SLT-PC-RATION,  a.     [Fr.,  fn>m  L.  suppunUi*.] 
1.  The  process  of  producing  purulent  matter,  or  of 
fbnnlng  pus,  as  in  a  wound  or  abscess  ;  one  of  the 
natural  lermiaatioDS  of  phlefmunous  indainmniion. 
Cve.     CoopfT.      IFuenum. 
5.  Tbe  matter  produced  liv  suppumlion. 
SUP'PU-RA-TIVE.  fl.     [Fr.  'suppuratif.] 

Tendmg  to  suppurate  ;  promoting  suppuration. 
SLT'Pr-RA-TIVE,    a.      A   medicine  that  promotes 

siipptiration. 
SUP-PU-TA'TION,  n.     [L.  supputatio^  supputo  ;  mi 
and  putoy  to  think.] 

Reckoning  ;  acconnt ;  computation.  Holder. 

8UP-P0TE',  r.  U     [L.  supputo,  supra.] 

To  reckon  ;  to  compute.     (^Vut  la  use.] 
8C'PR.\;  a  Latin  preposition,  signifying  a&ore,  orer, 

or  bffomd, 
SU-PRA-AX'Il^LA-RY.  a.      [supra    and    tuH]      In 
hotojt^y  growiiie  ahttve  the  axil ;  inserted  above  the 
axit ;  as  a  peduncle.     [See  SrraAroLiACEotJs.J 

SU-PRA-CIL'LA-RY,  «.  [U  supra  and  ci/mrn,  eye- 
brow.] 

Situated  above  the  eyebrow.  Ure, 

Sr-PRA-€RF.-TA'tEOUS,  t   -    .    „  .  |  «.     [L.  supra, 

SU-PER^eRE-TA'CEOUS,  J  t-sn»8,;  |  or«j»er,and 
crtfo-J 

In  rnl»tf,  applied  to  rocks  which  lie  above  tbe 
chalk. 

STJ-PRA-DE-€OM'POr\D,  a.  [supra  and  deam- 
p^mmd.] 

More  than  decompound  ;  thrice  compound.  A 
supm-deeomp^umd  Unf,  is  wben  a  petiole  divided  sev- 
eral times,  connects  many  leaflets  ;  each  part  form- 
ing a  decompound  leaf.  Martyiu 

SL'-PR  A-FO-LI-A'CEOUS,  (shus,)  a.  [L.  supra  and 
folium,  a  leaf.] 

In  boUmy,  inserted  into  the  stem  above  the  leaf,  or 
peiiole,  or  axil,  as  a  peduncle  or  Ilowtr.      Martyn. 

SU-PRA-LAP-SA'RI-A.N,(   o.     ^U  supra  and  Upsus^ 

SU-PRA-LAP'SA-RY,        ]       fall.] 

Pertaining  to  tbe  £upralapsarians,  or  to  their  opin- 
ions. Murdoch. 

SU-PRA-LAP-Pi'RT-AN.  n.  One  of  that  class  of 
Calvinists,  who  believed  that  God's  decree  of  elec- 
tion was  a  part  of  his  original  plan,  according  to 
which  he  determined  lo  create  men,  and  that  they 


SUR 

should  apostatize,  and  that  ho  would  then  save  a 

pari  of  tliem  by  a  Redeemer,     [^oe  Sublaf) arian.] 

MuriUtck. 
8U-PRA-SIUN'DANE,  a.     [L.  supra  and  munduSy  the 

world.] 
Being  or  situated  above  the  world  or  above  our 

system.   » 
SU-PRA-NAT'l|-RAL-ISM,  n.    The  same  as  Supeb- 

naturalism,  which  see.  Murdock. 

SU-PRA-NAT'U-RAL-ItiT,  n.    The  same  as  Supkr- 

katuralist,  which  see. 
SU-PRA-ORB'IT-AL,  a.    [supra  and  orbit.]     Being 

above  the  orbit  of  the  eye. 
SU-PRA-RE'XAL,  a.     [L.  supra  and  ren,  renes,  the 

kidneys.] 
Situated  above  the  kidneys. 
SU-PRA-ftieAP'U-LA-RY,  o.    [I*  supra  and  seapuU] 

Being  above  the  scapula. 
8U-PRA-VUL'GAR,  a.     [supra  and  ru/^jr^.]     Being 

above  the  vulgar  or  common  people.  Collier. 

8U-PREM'A-CY,  n.     [See  Si'pbemb.I     State  of  being 

supreme  or  in  the  highest  station  or  power;  highest 

authority  or  power  ;  as,  the  suprrmaty  uf  the  king  of 

Great  Britu  n  ;  or  Ute  supremacy  uf  (uirlianient. 

The  vwurpixi  pop-er  of  the  pope  b^'mg  dMtroj*^,  the  crown  wm 
reuored  wh  tupremae^  over  apixituul  incti  «n<l  c*u>cs, 
Biackttone. 
Oath  of  supremacy  i  in  Qreat  Briiain^ViXi  oath  which 
Bckni>wled{:e9  the  supremacy  of  the  king  in  spiritual 
aflairs,  and  renounces  or  abjures  the  supremacy  of 
the  pope  in  ecclesiastical  or  temporal  atfairs. 

Brande. 
SU-PREME',  a.    [L.  auprcmus^  from  supra;  Fr.  *tt- 
prime.] 

1.  Highest  in  authority  ;  holding  the  highest  place 
in  government  or  power.  In  the  United  States,  the 
congress  is  supreme  in  regulating  commerce,  and  in 
making  war  and  peace.  The  )Kirlinnient  uf  Great 
Britain  is  supreme  in  legislation  ;  but  the  king  is  su- 
prrme  in  the  administration  of  the  government.  In 
the  unitte'se.fGod  only  is  the  supreme  ruler  and  judge. 
His  commands  ore  supreme,  and  binding  on  all  his 
creatures. 

9.  Highest,  greatest,  or  most  excellent ;  as,  supreme 
love;  wttprtme  glory  ;  supreme  degree. 

3.  It  is  sometimes  used  in  a  bad  sense  ;  as,  supreme 
folly  or  baseness,  folly  or  baseness  carried  to  the  ut- 
most extent. 

[ji  bad  use  of  the  word.} 
8U  PREME'LY,  adv.    With  the  highest  authority. 
He  rules  supremely. 

2.  In  the  highest  degree;  to  the  utmost  extent; 
as,  supremely  blest.  Pope. 

SUR,  a  prefix,  from  the  French,  contracted  from  L. 

*mter,  xvpnt,  signifies  over^  abuve,  beyond,  upon, 
8UB-AD-DI"TIO.V,  (-ad-diah'un,)  «.    [Fr.  sur,  on  or 

upon,  and  addition.] 
Something  added  to  the  name.    [Atit  used.] 

Shak. 
SO'RAL,ii.     [L.sura.] 

Being  in  or  pertaining  to  the  calf  of  the  leg  ;  as, 

the  sural  artery.  Wiseman. 

80'RANCE,  for  Assurance,  is  not  used.  Sliak. 

SUR'BASE,  a.     [sur  and   base^]     A  cornice  or  series 

of  moldings  on  the  top  of  the  base  of  a  pedestal, 

podium,  ic.  Francis. 

SUR'HAS-iJD,  (sur'biste,)   a.     Having   a  surliase,  or 

molding  above  the  base. 
8UR-Ba9E'MENT,  n.     The  trait  of  any  arch  or  vault 

which  de.scribes  a  portion  of  an  ellipse.        Rimes. 
SUR-BATE',  r.  U     [It.  subaitere ;  either  1,.  sub  and 

battere,  or  sotea,  sole,  and  battere,  to  beat  tJie  sole  or 

boof.j 

1.  To  bruise  or  batter  the  feet  by  travel. 

CbAlky  Und  rurbaUt  and  Mpoi\B  oxeo'a  feet.  Mortimfcr. 

3.  To  harass  ;  to  fatigue.  Clarendon. 
SUR-BAT'£D,  pp.     Bruised  in  the  feet ;   harassed  ; 

fatigued. 

SUR-BAT'ING,  ppr.    Rniising  the  feet  of ;  fatigued. 

STR-BEAT'or  SUR-BET',for  Surbate,  is  noliu  use. 

SUR-BED',  r.  L  [sur  and  betl.]  To  set  edgewise,  as 
a  stone  ;  that  is,  in  a  position  dificrent  frum  that 
which  it  had  in  the  quarry.  Plot 

SI;R  IJED'DEI),  pp.     Set  edgewise. 

SUR-BED'DLNG,  ppr.     Setting  edgewise. 

SUR-CkASE',  r.  i.      [Fr.  sur  and  cesser,  to  cease.] 
J.  To  cease  ;  to  stop  ;  to  be  at  an  end.      Donne. 

2.  To  leave  off;  to  practice  no  lunger ;  to  refrain 
finally. 

So  pnijned  he,  whilst  an  anil's  roice  from  hi^ 

Baat  him  surcetuc  to  imponune  the  sky.  Harls, 

[This  word   is   entirely  useless,  being    precisely 

synonymous  with  Cease,  and  it  is  nearly  obsolete.] 

SUR-CeASE',  r.  £.     To  stop;   to  cause  to  cease. 

ro65.i 

SURX'eASE',  n.    Cessation;  stop.     [Obs.] 

SUR-CH.'iRGE',r.  (.    [Fr.  siirchargcr;  sur  and  charf^e.] 

1.  To  overload  ;  to  overburden  ;  as,  to  surcharge  a 

beast  or  a  ship  ;  to  surcharge  a  cannon. 

Your  head  inclined,  n»  hidiiir  grief  from  view, 
Droopa  like  a  ruac  tarcharged  with  moriitug  dew. 


2.  In  law,  to  overstock  : 


Dryden. 

to  put  more  cattle  into  a 


SUR 

common  than  the  ixursnn  has  a  right  to  do,  or  mure 
than  the  herbage  will  sustain.  Bt^iekstone, 

SUR-CllARGK',  «.  An  excessive  load  or  burden  ;  a 
IiMul  greater  than  can  be  well  borne.  Bacon. 

SUR-CHXRG'Kl),  pp.     Overloaded  ;  overstocked. 

SUR-CIIARG'ER,  n.  One  tliat  overloads  or  over- 
stocks. 

SUR-CHARG'ING,  ppr.  Overloading;  burdening  to 
excess  ;  overstocjjiiig  with  cattle  or  beasts. 

SUK'CIN"GLE,  (-sing-gl,)  n.  [Fr.  sur,  upon,  and  L. 
eingulum,  a  belt.] 

1.  A  bell,  band,  or  girth,  which  passes  over  a  sad- 
dle, or  over  any  thing  laid  on  a  horse's  back,  lo  bind 
it  fast. 

2.  The  girdle  of  a  cassock  by  which  it  is  fastened 
round  the  waist.  Marod. 

8UR'Cl\"GLA"I>,fl.    Girt;  bound  with  a  surcingle. 
SUR'CLE,  (KurTiI,)  n,     [L,  surculus.] 

A  little  shoot;  a  twig  ;  a  sucker. 
SUR'COAT,  a.     [Fr.  sur  and  Eug.  coat.] 

A  short  coat  worn  over  the  other  clothes. 

Camden. 
SUR'CREW,   (sur'krQ,)   n.     [sur  and   crew.]     Addi- 
tional crew  or  collection.     fAVf  in  use.]        Wottun. 
SUR'CU-LATE.  F.  f.     [U  surculo.] 

To  prune.     (A"«( in  use.] 
SUR-€U-LA'TION,  «.    The  act  of  pruning.    {Kot  in 

«•»*.]  Brown. 

SURD,  a.     [L.  surdus^  deaf] 

1.  Deaf;  not  liaving  the  sense  of  hearing.  [Kot 
ttsed.] 

2.  Unheard.     [J^ot  used.] 

3.  Designating  a  quantity  which  can  not  be  ex- 
pressed in  rational  numbers. 

SURD,  Tt.  In  algebra,  a  quantity  which  can  not  be  ex- 
pressed by  rational  numbers.  Thus  the  square  rt>ot 
of  2  is  a  surd. 

SURD'I-TY,  n.    Deafness.     [J^'ot  used.] 

SURD'-NUM-BER,  n,  A  number  that  is  incommen- 
surate with  unity. 

SORE,  (share,)  a.  [Fr.  *ftr,  seur ;  Arm.  swr;  Norm. 
SCOT,  seur.  In  G.  zicur  signifies  indeed,  to  be  sure,  it 
is  true  ;  which  leads  me  to  suspect  sure  to  be  con- 
tracted from  tlie  root  of  sever,  in  L.  assecero,  and  to 
be  connected  with  swear,  and  perhaps  with  L. 
verus  ;  s  being  tlio  remains  of  a  prefix.  But  sure 
may  be  a  coiUraction  of  L.  securus.] 

1.  Certain;  unfailing;  infallible. 

The  tesciinoiiy  of  the  Loni  U  sure.  —  Pi.  xut. 

We  have  also  a  mure  sure  word  of  pruphecy.  — 2  Pet.  I. 

2.  Certainly  knowing;  or  having  full  confidence. 

Wc  are  #urfl  that  tbe  lud^ineiit  of  God  is  according  to  truth,  — 

Rom.  ii.  '      *  * 

Now  we  are  tun  that  thou  knuwest  all  thinjfs,  —  Juho  x»i. 

3.  Certain  ;  safe  ;  firm  ;  permanent. 

Thy  kiiiploro  shiOl  be  aure  to  ihee.  — Dan.  Ir, 

4.  Firm;  stable;  steady;  not  liable  to  failure,  loss, 
or  change  ;  as,  a  sure  covenant.  2  Sam.  xxiii.  JtTeh. 
ix.    Is.  xxviii. 

The  Lord  will  main  my  lord  a  eure  home.  —  1  Sam.  xxv. 
So  we  say,  to  stand  sure,  lo  be  sure  of  foot. 

5.  Certain  of  obtaining  or  of  retaining  ;  as,  to  be 
sure  of  game  ;  to  bo  sure  of  success  ;  to  be  sure  of 
life  or  health. 

6.  Strong;  secure;  not  liable  to  be  broken  or  dis- 
turbed. 

Go  your  way,  make  it  as  »ure  as  ye  can.  —  Mall,  xzvll. 

7.  Certain  ;  not  liable  to  failure.  The  income  is  sure. 
To  be  sure,  or  be  sure  ;  certainly.    Shall  you  go.' 

be  sure  I  shall. 

To  make  sure  ;  to  make  certiin  ;  to  secure  so  that 
there  can  be  no  failure  of  the  puriwse  or  object. 

Make  lure  of  Cato.  Additon, 

A  peaco  can  not  fail,  provideil  we  mnJce  ture  of  Spain.     Temjilt. 

Give  all  diligence  10  make  your  culling  and  elecuun  ture. — 2 
Pet.  L 

SORE,  adv.    Certainly ;  without  duubt ;  doubtless. 

Sure  the  queen  would  wish  him  alill  unknown.  Smith. 

[Hut  in  this  sense,  Surelt  is  more  generally  used.] 
SCRE'FOQT-ED,  a.     [.lure  and  fout.]     Not  liable  to 

stumble  or  fall ;  iis,  a  surrfouted  horse. 
SORE'IjY,  flrfw.     Certainly;   infallibly;   undoubtedly. 
In  the  (lay  ihmi  cat»t  ititjrcof,  thou  shall  gure!y  die.  —  Grn.  ii. 
Uu  that  created  Bomelhiug  uul  ut'uuthiug,  aureli/ctin  miw<  grout 
tliingfl  out  of  small.  Huuth. 

2.  Firmly  ;  without  danger  of  falling. 
He  thai  wnlkcch  uprightly  walketh  lurely.  —  Prov,  x. 
SCRE'NESS,  (shure'-,)  n.     Certainty. 

For  more  tureneet  lie  repeats  iU     {IMtU  tueif.]     Woodioard. 
SCRE'TI-SHIP,  (shure'te-,)  n.     [from   surely.]     The 
state  of  being  surety  ;  the  obligation  of  a  person  to 
answer  for  another,  and  inrik^  good  any  debt  or  loss 
which  may  occur  from  another's  delinquency 
He  ihai  haieth  turetiaidp  ii  ture. —  Prov.  iL 
SORE'TY,  (shure'te,)  n.     [Fr.  surety.] 
1.  Certainty  ;  indubitableness. 


2.  Securly  ;  safety. 

Yet  for  tbe  more  aurety  they  looked  round  about. 


Sidney. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARKNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 


1112 


SUR 

3.  Foundation  of  stability  ;  support. 

Wa  our  Btate 
Hold,  u  <roa  yoim,  while  our  obcdimu  hold* ; 
On  other  turwty  none.  MUton, 

4.  Evidence  ;  ratification  ;  confirmation. 

Sh«  catl<^  llie  iiinU  to  titrtty, 
That  ftbe  would  nr'ver  put  it  fruni  her  finj^i^r, 
L'nleOT  Ae  g^ve  il  to  juurM-if.  ShaJc. 

5.  Security  against  loss  or  damage  ;  security  for 
poymL>nL 

Ther*"  rrmnini  iinp.ii<I 
A  hundred  thoucitnil  moir,  in  •urcty  of  the  which 
One  part  at  Aquiiaiii  u  buunil  lu  ui.  Shak, 

6.  In  laWf  one  that  is  bound  with  and  for  another ; 
one  who  enters  into  a  bond  or  recognizance  to  an- 
swer for  another's  appearance  in  court,  or  for  his 
payment  of  a  debt,  or  for  the  performance  of  some 
act,  and  who,  in  case  of  the  principal  d^-btor's  fail- 
ure, is  compellable  to  pay  the  dtrbt  or  damages;  a 
bondsman ;  a  bail. 

Hr  that  i»  ntretff  for  a  slmnETT  gliMI  smirt  fir  ii.  —  Prnv,  xi. 
Thy  •erYant  beume  turcty  fur  tlie  Ud  U>  my  f.tih»T.  — Gen.  uliv. 

7.  In  Scripture,  Christ  is  called  *'ihe  surety  of  a 
better  testament."  /Tefr.  vii.  22.  Me  undertook  to 
make  atonement  for  the  sins  of  men,  and  thus  pre- 
pare the  way  to  deliver  them  from  the  punishment  to 
which  they  had  rendered  themselves  liable. 

8.  A  hostage. 

SURF,  ru    The  swell  of  the  sea  which  breaks  upon 
the  shore,  or  upon  sand-banks  or  rocks. 

^far.   DicU 

2.  In  agrieulture^  the  bottom  or  conduit  of  a  drain. 
ILoeat.] 
SUR'FACE,  n.     [Fr.  sur,  upon,  and  face.'] 

1.  The  exterior  part  of  any  thing  that  has  length 
and  breadth  ;  one  of  the  limits  that  terminates  a  sol- 
id ;  the  supertictes ;  outside  ;  as,  the  surface  of  the 
earth  ;  the  surface  of  the  sea  ;  the  surface  of  a  di- 
amond ;  the  surface  of  the  body  ;  tht*  surface  of  a 
cylinder  ;  an  even  or  an  uneven  surface  i  a  smooth 
or  rongh  surface ;  a  spherical  surface^ 

J^etDton.     Pope. 

2.  In  geometry,  a  magnitude  that  has  length  and 
breadth  without  thickness.  Euclid. 

SUR'FEIT,  (sur'fit,)  r.  u    [Fr.  jur,  over,  and  /ut«, 
fait^  to  do,  L.  facio.] 

1:  To  feed  with  meat  or  drink,  so  as  to  oppress 
the  stomach  and  derange  the  funrtions  of  the  sys- 
tem ;  to  overfeed  and  produce  sickness  or  uneasi- 
nest. 

2.  To  cloy  ;  to  fill  to  satiety  and  disgust.  He  sur- 
feits US  with  his  eulogies. 

SUR'FEIT,  t».  L    To  be  fed  till  the  system  is  oppressed 
and  sickness  or  uneasiness  ensues. 


SUR'FEIT,*.    Fullness  and  oppression  of  the  system, 
occasioned  by  excessive  eating  and  drinking.    He 
has  not  recovered  from  a  surfeit, 
%  Excess  in  eating  and  drinking. 

Now  comes  the  uck  hour  that  hii  aur/eit  m&de.  Shai, 

SUR'FEIT-ED,  pp.  Scircharged  and  oppressed  with 
eating  and  drinking  to  excess;  cloyed. 

SUR'F£IT-ER,  n.    One  who  riots  ;  a  glutton. 

Shak. 

BUR'FEIT-ING,  ppr.  Oppressing  the  system  by  ex- 
cessive eating  and  drinking;  cloying;  loading  or 
filling  to  disgust. 

SUR'FEIT-ING,  ii.  The  act  of  feeding  to  excess; 
gliittonv.    Luke  xxi. 

SUR'FEIT-WA-TER,  lu  [surfcU  and  ica/er.J  Wa- 
ter for  the  cure  of  surfeits.  Uitke. 

SURtiE,  n.     [Lu  aurgo,  to  rise  ;  Sans,  surgo^  bight.] 

1.  A  large  wave  or  billow  ;  a  great,  rolling  swell  of 
water, 

[It  is  not  applied  to  small  waves,  and  is  ehiefLy  used  in 
poetry  and  eloquence,'] 

He  Hie*  «!ofl,  and,  wilh  imp'tnoui  twir, 

Pureucs  the  foaming  lurgti  to  the  ahore.  Dryfftn, 

2.  In  shijh-buiiding,  the  tapered  part  in  front  of  the 
whelps,  between  the  chocks  of  a  capstan,  on-which 
the  messenger  maysurgr",  Ci/e. 

SURGE,  V.  t.  To  let  go  a  portion  of  a  rope  suddenly. 
Surge  the  messenger.  Jdar.  Diet. 

6UR6E,  V.  i.  To  swell;  to  rise  high  and  roll;  as 
waves. 

The  mrging  wat«n  like  a  mountain  rue.  Sptnttr, 

2.  To  slip  bark  ;  as,  the  cable  surges. 

SURCE'LESS,  (snrj'less,)  a.  Free  from  surges; 
■mrK>th ;    calm. 

BUR'CEON,  (sur'jun,)  n,  [Contracted  from  chimr- 
geon.] 

One  whose  profession  or  occupation  is*  to  cure  dis- 
eases or  injuries  of  the  body  by  manual  nperntion. 
In  a  more  general  sense,  one  whose  rK'cujiatlun  is  to 
cure  external  diseases,  whether  by  manual  operation^ 
or  by  medicines  externally  or  internally. 

8UU'GEON-CV,  n.  The  office  or  employment  of  a 
surgeon  in  the  naval  or  niilitary  service. 

SUR'GER-Y.  n.  Prapfrhj,  the  act  of  healing  by  man- 
ual  operation;  or  that'hranch  of  medical  science 
which  treats  of  manual  operations  for  the  healing  of 


8UR     

diseases  or  injuries  of  the  body.  In  a  more  general 
sense,  the  act  or  art  of  healing  external  diseases  by 
manual  operation,  or  by  niedichies  ;  or  that  branch 
of  medical  science  which  has  for  its  principal  object 
the  cure  of  external  injuries.  Cooper. 

SUR'GIC-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  surgeons  orsurgery; 
done  bv  means  of  surgery. 

SUR'GING,  ppr.  or  a.  Swelling  and  rolling,  as  bil- 
lows. 

Surging  wares  a^Inat  a  toIKl  rock.  MUton. 

SUR'GV,  o.  Rising  in  surges  or  billows;  full  of 
surges  ;  as,  the  surgy  main.  Pope. 

SC'R[-€ATE,  n.  A  carnivorous  African  quadruped, 
allied  to  the  ichneumon,  and  belonging  to  the  sub- 
genus Ryzxua.  It  is  sumewhut  smaller  than  the  do- 
mestic cat.  C  If.  Smith. 

SUR'LI-LY,  ado.  [from  surly.]  In  a  suriy,  morose 
manner. 

SUR'LI-NESS,  n.  Gloomy  morose ness ;  crabbed  ill 
nature  ;  as,  the  surliness  of  a  dog. 

SUR'LIXG,  iu     A  sour,  morose  fellow.     [JVoi  in  use.] 

Cajndcn. 

SUR'LOIN,  n.     See  Siblois. 

SUR'LY,  a.  [W.  jwr,  suriy,  snariing';  sicri,  surli- 
ness, sullenness.     Uu.  its  alliance  with  sour.] 

1.  Gloomily  morose;  crabbed;  snarling;  sternly 
sour  ;  rough  ;  cross  and  rude ;  as,  a  surly  grixxim  ;  a 
surly  dog. 

That  rurly  ipirit,  molanclioly.  Shak. 

2.  Rough;  dark;  tempestuous. 

Now  tofteued  Into  Joy  the  surly  itorm.  Thomson. 

eUR-MISS'AL,  n.    Surmise.     [JVot  in  use.] 
SUR-MZSE',   (sur-mize',)   v.  L      [Norm,   surmysj   al- 
leged ;  surmitter,  to  surmise,  to  accuse,  to  suggest; 
Fr.  sur  and  mettre,  to  put.] 

To  suspect;  to  imagine  without  certain  knowl- 
edge; to  entertain  thoughts  that  something  does  or 
will  exist,  but  upon  slight  evidence. 

It  wafted  nParer  yet,  and  Uwn  ahi?  knew 

That  what  bclbre  aiie  but  tumiUed,  was  tnie,  Dryrfen. 

This  dwng-«  was  not  wrought  \<y  altering  iho  form  nr  poitiuon  of 
thf  earth,  iis  was  turmised  by  a  vtry  learned  nttm,  but  by 
dissoiving  it.  Woodteard. 

SUR-MTSE',  7t.  Suspicion  ;  the  thought  or  imagina- 
tion that  something  may  be,  of  which,  however, 
there  ia  no  certain  or  strong  evidence;  as,  the  *«r- 
mises  of  jealousy  or  of  envy. 

Wb  double  honor  gain 
From  his  turmite  prut'ed  false.  Milton. 

No  man  uuglit  to  be  eliare^t-d  with  principles  be  disowns,  unless 
bis  pnifiices  coalmdict  his  prolcssions ;  not  upon  small  sur- 
mises. SieifL 

pp.    Suspected  ;    imagined  upon  slight 
One  who  surmises. 


Suspecting ;    imagining  upon 


SUR-MTS'ED, 

evidence. 
SUR-MTS'ER,  n. 
SUR-MTS'ING,    ppr. 

slight  evidence. 
SUR-MIS'ING,  n.    The  act  of  suspecting;  surmise; 

as,  evil  surmisings.     I  Tim.  vi. 
SUR-MOUNT',  V.  U     [Fr.  sumiojiter;  sur  and  monter, 

to  ascend.] 

1.  To  rise  above. 

The   nioiint:kins  of  Olympus,  Atho,  and  Atloa,  surmount  all 
winds  and  clouds.  Jiaiegh, 

2.  To  conquer  ;  to  overcome  ;  as,  to  surmount  dif- 
ficulties or  obstacles. 

3.  To  surpass  ;  to  exceed. 

What  turmounU  the  reach 
Of  human  sense.  Millon. 

SUR-MOUNT'A-BLE,  a.  That  may  be  overcome ; 
superable. 

SURMOUNT' A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  slate  of  being 
pumiounlable. 

SUR-MOUNT'ED,  pp.  Overcome;  conquered;  sur- 
passed. 

2,  a.  In  arehitecturf^  used  to  denote  an  arch  or 
dome,  which  rises  higher  than  •»  semicircle. 

3.  In  heraldry^  a  term  used  Wiit  n  one  figure  is  laid 
over  another.  Brands. 

SUR-MOIINT'ER,  n.     One  that  surmounts. 

SUR-MOUNT'ING,  ppr.  Rising  above ;  overcoming  ; 
surpassing. 

SUR-MUL'LET,  n.  A  fish  of  the  genus  MuMus,  (M. 
barbalua,)  remarkable  for  llie  brilliaiiry  of  its  colors, 
and  for  the  changes  which  tluy  undergo  as  the  fish 
expires.  The  name  is  also  applied  to  other  species 
of  the  genus,  which  belongs  to  the  perch  family. 
F.d.  Encyc.     Jardinc*s  JVat.  Lib. 

SUR'MU-I.OT,  n.  [Fr.]  A  name  given  by  BufTon  to 
the  brown  or  Nor^vay  rat.  f^  Encyc 

SUR'NAME,  n.  [Ft.  siirnom  ;  U.  soprannome;  Sp.  so- 
brenoialn'e  ;  L.  super  and  nomrn.] 

1.  An  additional  name  ;  a  name  orappollation  add- 
ed to  the  baptismal  or  Christian  name,  and  which 
brcomes  a  fautily  name.  Surnamtrs,  with  us,  origin- 
ally designated  occupation,  estate,  place  of  residence, 
or  some  particular  thing  or  event  that  related  to  the 
person.  Thus,  William  Rufus,  or  red;  Edmund  Iron- 
sides ;  Robert  Smith,  or  the  stnitk  ;  William  Turner. 

2.  An  appellation  added  to  the  original  name. 

My  lumatru  Coriulanua,  Shak. 

SUR-NAME',  V.  L     [Fr.  sumommer.] 


SUR 

To  name  or  coll  by  an  appellation  added  to  the 
original  name. 

AuotliT  shall  stibacribn  wtih  bis  hand  lo  the  L<onl,  and  rurnonw 

himself  by  the  ii»me  of  Israel.  —Is.  xli<r. 
And  Sintoii  he  turtamtd  Ptdor.  —  Mark  iii. 

SUR-NAM'£:d,  pp.  Called  by  a  name  added  to  tlie 
Christian  or  original  name. 

SUR-NAM'ING,  ppr.  Naming  by  an  appellation  add- 
ed to  the  original  name. 

SUR-OX'YD,  H.  [sur  and  ozyd.]  An  oxyd  containing 
a  greater  number  of  equivalents  of  oxygen  than  of 
the  base  with  which  it  is  combined.  [French.]  [JVot 
used.] 

SUR-OX'YD-ATE,  v.  L  To  form  a  suroxyd.  [Act 
usetl.] 

SUR-PASS',  c.  (.  [Fr.  surpaaser;  sur  and  passer y  to 
pass  beyond.] 

To  exceed  ;  to  excel  ;  to  go  beyond  in  any  thing 
good  or  bad.  Homer  surpasses  modern  poets  in  sub- 
limity. Pope  surpasses  most  other  [Kiets  in  smooth- 
ness of  versification.  Achilles  surpassed  the  other 
Greeks  in  slrength  and  courage,  Clodius  surpassed 
all  men  in  the  profligacy  of  his  life.  Perhaps  no  man 
ever  surpassed  Washington  in  genuine  patriotism 
and  integrity  of  life. 

SUR-PASS'A-ULE,  a.     That  may  be  exceeded.     Diet. 

SUR-PASS'A'D,  (-plst',)  pp.     Exceeded  ;  ex..ellcd. 

SUR-PASS'I\G,p;?r.     Exceedmg  ;  going  beyond. 

2.  a.  Excellent  in  an  eminent  degree  ;  exceeding 
others. 

O  ihou,  that  wllh  aurpassing  glory  crowned.  Millon. 

SUR-PXSS'ING-LY,  ade.  In  a  very  excellent  man- 
ner, or  in  a  degree  surpassing  others. 

SUR-PXSS'ING-NE.SS.  n.    The  state  of  surpassing. 

SUR'PLICE,  (sur'plis,)  n.  [Fr.  surpUs ;  Sp.  sobrepel- 
liz  ;  L.  super  pelUcium,  above  the  robe  of  fur.] 

A  white  garment  worn  over  their  other  dress  by 
the  clergy  of  the  Roman  Catholic,  Episcopal,  and 
certain  other  churches,  in  some  of  their  ministra- 
tions. 

SUR'PLIC-/-D,  (sur'plist,)  a.    Wearing  a  surplice. 

MaUH. 

SUR'PLICE-FEES,  n.  ph  [surplice  and  fees.]  Fees 
paid  to  the  English  clergy  for  occasional  duties. 

fVarton. 

SUR'PLUS,  n,     [Fr.  sur  and  plas^  L.  id,,  more.] 

1.  Overplus  ;  that  which  remains  when  use  is  sat- 
isfied ;  excess  beyond  what  is  pre.<cribpd  or  wanted. 
In  the  United  States,  the  surplus  of  wheat  and  rye 
not  required  for  consumption  or  exportation  is  dis- 
tilled. 

2.  In  law,  the  residuum  of  an  estate  after  the  debts 
and  legacies  are  paid. 

SUR'PLUS-AGE,  n.  Surplus  ;  as,  surplusage  of  grain 
or  goods  beyond  what  is  wantfd. 

2.  In  laiD,  something  in  the  pleadings  or  proceed- 
ings not  necessary  or  relevant  to  the  case,  and  which 
may  be  rejected. 

3.  In  accounts,  a  greater  disbursement  than  the 
charge  of  the  accountant  aniountelh  t(p.  Rees. 

SUR-PRIS'AL,  (sur-prlz'al,)  n.  [See  Subpucse.]  The 
act  of  surprising,  or  coining  ufwn  suddenly  and  un- 
expertedly  ;  or  the  state  of  being  taken  unawares. 

SUR-PKISE',  (sur-prl/.e',)  i*.  t.  [Fr.,from  surjjrendre; 
sur  and  prendre,  to  take  ;  It.  sorpresa,  sorprendere  ;  Sp. 
sorpresa,  sorprehcndcr ;  h.  super,  supra,  and  prendoy 
to  take.] 

1.  To  come  or  fall  upon  suddenly  and  unexpected- 
ly ;  to  take  unawares. 

The  castle  of  MacduB'  I  will  aurprite.  Shak. 

Who  c^n  spook 
ThB  mingled  passions  thai  aurprisad  bis  h^art  f       TTtomton. 

2.  To  strike  with  wonder  or  astonishment  by  some- 
thing sudden,  unexpected,  or  remarkable,  either  in 
conduct,  words,  or  story,  or  by  the  appearance  of 
something  unusual.  Thus  we  are  surj>rised  at  des- 
perate acts  of  heroism,  or  at  the  narration  of  won- 
derful events,  or  at  the  sight  of  things  of  uncommon 
magnitude  or  curious  striictiire. 

3.  To  confuse  ;  to  throw  the  mind  into  disorder  by 
something  suddenly  prcsenlt-d  to  the  view  or  to  the 
mind. 

up  hf  starts,  dlscoi-erwi  and  eurpised.  MUton. 

SUR  PRISE',  n.    The  act  of  coming  upon  unawares, 
or  of  taking  suddenly  and  without  preparation.    The 
fort  was  taken  bv  s^njirise. 
9,  The  state  of  being  taken  unexpectedly. 

3.  An  emotion  excited  by  something  happening 
suddenly  and  unexpectedly,  as  something  novel  told 
or  presented  to  view.  Nothing  could  exceed  his  sur- 
prise at  the  narratitm  of  these  adventures.  It  ex- 
presses less  than  Wonder  and  Astonishmext. 

4.  A  dish  wilh  nothing  in  it.    [JVot  in  use.]     King. 
SUR-PRIS'AT),  pp.    Come  upon  or  taken  unawares  , 

struck  with  something  nnvel  or  unexpected. 

SUR-PRIS'ING,  ppr.  Falling  on  or  taking  suddenly 
or  unawares;  striking  with  something  novel ;  taking 
by  a  sudden  or  uncxfierted  attack. 

2.  a.  Exciting  surprise;  extraordinary;  of  a  na- 
ture to  excite  wonder  and  astonishment ;  as,  surpris- 
ing bravery  ;  surprising  patience  ;  a  surprising  escape 
from  danger. 

SUR-PRIS'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  manner  or  degree  that 


TONE,  BJJLL,  TINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS C  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  811 ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


140 


1113 


SUR 

excites  surprise.     He  exerted  himself  surprisinglif  to 

savi-  the  life  uf  his  coin^ianion. 
Sl-R-PRTS'ING  NESS,  ».     Stale  of  beinR  surprising. 
SCR'iiUKU-KY.  H.      [sur  and    Norm.  Fr.  cuider^  to 

Uiiiik.     Uii.  S[».  miliar^  to  heed.     See  Heed.] 
Overwceuiug  pride  ;  arrogance.    [J^'ut  in  ««.] 

BURRE-RfT',  r.  L  [sur  and  rebut.)  In  le^  pUmd- 
infSy  to  repiv,  as  a  plaintitrto  a  defendnnt^s  rebutter. 

8UR-RE-Brt'TER,  n.  The  plaintilf's  reply  in  plead- 
ing to  a  defendant's  rebutter.  BlacksUrM. 

SUR-REJOIN',r.i.  fyur  and  r^-joiVl  JnteffolpUad- 
i*gSj  to  reply,  as  a  ptaiutilT  to  a  delendant's  rejoin- 
der. 

SUR-RE-JOIN'DER,  n.  The  answer  of  a  plaintiff  to 
a  defendant's  rejoinder. 

SUR-REN*'DER,  v.  L  [Fr.se  mdre,  to  yield-  Smt- 
render  ia  probably  «  corruption  of  se  rendrt,] 

1.  To  yield  to  the  power  of  another ;  to  give  or 
deliver  up  possession  upim  compulsion  or  demand  ; 
as,  to  surrtAdcr  one's  person  to  an  enemy,  or  to  com- 
missiuners  of  bankrupt ;  to  surreitder  a  fort  or  a  sbip. 

iTo  surrender  up  is  not  eleganL] 
.  To  yield  ;  to  give  up  ;  to  resign  in  favor  of  an- 
other; aa,  to  aurrtuder  9t  right  or  privilege;  to  jut- 
rtndir  m  placa  or  an  office. 

3.  To  give  up ;  to  resign  ;  as,  to  surrender  the 
breath. 

4.  In  Idir,  to  yield  an  estate,  as  a  tenant,  into  the 
hands  of  ttie  lord  fur  such  purposes  as  are  expressed 
in  tbe  acL  BUcksUme. 

5.  To  yit-ld  to  any  influence,  passion,  or  power ; 
as,  to  surrender  one's  self  to  grief,  to  despair,  to  in- 
dolence, or  to  sleep. 

SUR-REN'UER,  r.  i.  To  yield  ;  to  give  up  one's  silf 
into  the  p»iwer  of  another.  The  enemy,  seeing  no 
way  of  escap«",  surrmdertd  at  the  first  summons. 

SUR-REN'DER.  w.  The  act  of  yielding  or  resign- 
ing one's  person,  or  the  possession  of  something, 
into  the  power  of  aiwcber;  as,  the  smnruder  of  a 
castle  to  an  enemy  ;  tbe  surrtMder  of  a  right,  or  o^ 
claitDS. 
9:  A  yielding  or  giving  upL 

3.  In  '«e,  Uw  yielding  of  aa  e«Cat«  by  a  tenant  lo 
tbe  lord,  tat  mtch  purpoMs  aa  are  expressed  by  the 
tenant  in  the  act.  BUtJbdone, 

6UR-REX'DER-£D,r^  Yielded  or  deliverod  lo  the 
power  of  another  ;  given  up;  resigned. 

8UR-RE.\-DER-EE',  «.  In  loiff,  a  perwm  to  wboat 
the   lord   grants  surrendered   land  ;   the  eestmf  fu« 

8UR-a£N'DER-IXG,ppr.    Yielding  or  giving  up  to 

the  pitwer  c^  another ;  resigning. 
SU&REX'DER-OE,  n.    The  tenant  who  surrender! 
'  ■  of  his  lord. 

,  (be  locd  ukr*  notice  of  lb* 
BiadtMtmtM, 

StTR-REN'DRY,  a.    A  surrender. 

[SoaaxKDKa  b  the  raoat  elegant  and  best  autbor- 

8DR-B£Pa*fOX,  a.  [U  jwriptes,  mm^  f  mft  aad 
r^e,  to  creep,] 

A  coming  unperceived  ;  a  stealing  upon  insensibly. 

[tJatt  u.ted.] 
SUR-REP-Ti'TIOUS,  (-tish'us,)  a.     [U  surreptUius, 
aupra.] 

Done  by  stealth,  or  without  proper  authority  ;  made 
or  introduced  fraudulently  ,  as,  a  surreptitious  passage 
in  a  manuscript. 

MimtrrnlUioua  ones  Impi 
ft  Pub&sktr  <)J  thMtksd. 

SUR-REP-TI"TIOUS-LY,  (lish'us-Ie,)  ade.  By 
M.-^nlth  ;  without  authority  ;  fmudutently. 

SUR'KO-OATE,  a.  ( l*  fum»g(a.us^  surrovxt^  suhrogo ; 
ruh  and  rej?w,  lo  propose.  Rogo^  to  ask'or  propose, 
sifnifies  primarily  to  reach,  put,  or  thniat  forward  ; 
and  ru^rofo  is  to  put  or  set  in  the  place  of  another.] 
In  a  gememl  stnst,  a  deputy  ;  a  delegate ;  a  sub- 
stitute;  parlieuUrlify  in  E*gUmd^  the  deputy  of  an 
ecdesinsiical  judge,  most  commonly  of  a  bi'«ihop  or 
bis  rhaacvllor.  In  smu  ^Us  Umiud  Stmus^  an  offi- 
cer who  preaidea  over  the  piubale  of  wilts  and  testa- 
ment^, and  the  settlement  of  eatatei. 

StJR'RO-OATE,  c.  (.  To  put  in  the  place  of  another. 
[L>u!t  usedA 

81JR-RO-GA'TIO\,  «.  The  act  of  wibstiiuting  one 
person  in  tite  place  uf  amiiher.     [iMtU  used.] 

BDR-ROU.ND',  r.  u     [sur  and  ntwnd^  Fr.  rond,] 

I.  To  encompass;  to  environ;  lo  inclose  on  all 
sides;  a«,  to  ^.trrouxd  a  city.  They  surrtntnded  a 
body  of  the  L-ne.ny. 

a.  To  lie  or  be  on  all  sides  of;  as,  a  wall  or  ditch 
surrffund*  lie  city. 

SUR-ROL'XU'ED,  pp.  Encompassed:  inclosed;  be- 
set. 

SDR-ROUND'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Encompassing  ;  inclos- 
ing; lying  on  all  aides  of. 

SUR-ROrN"j'I\G,  n.     An  encompassing. 

SCR-SOL'iD,  n.  [mr  and  *olid,  or  surdesoUd.]  In 
mUhnnaties,  the  fifih  power  of  a  number ;  or  the 
product  of  the  fourth  multipiicition  of  a  number 
coiMdercd  as  the  root.  Th-is  3X3  =9,  the  squnre 
of  3,  and  9X3  =  *27,  the  third  power  or  cube,  and 


JL  toetKt  oopT  at  ib«  DuttcUi),  th«  n 

rcndrivd  tf^iem»rj.  LtOsr  to  2 


SUR 

27x3=81,  the  fourth    power,  and   81x3  =  243, 
which  is  the  sursoitd  of  3. 
8UR-SOL'ID,  a.     Denoting  the  fiRh  power. 

Sursotid  pro^ltm,  is  that  whirli  can  not  be  resolved 
but  by  curves  of  a  higher  kind  than  the  conic  sec- 
tions. Jiees. 
SUR-TOUT',  n.     [Fr.  sur-tout,  over  all.] 

A  man's  coat  to  be  worn  over  his  other  garments. 
SUR'TUK-BRANU,  n.     Fibrous  brown  coal  or  bitu- 
minous wood  ;  8o  called  in  Iceland.  Ure. 
SC//i-r£/L'Z^A*C£,(sur-vil'yan«,))i.  [Fr.]  Watch; 

inspection. 
SUR-.V6NE',  w.  t.     [Fr.  survenir;  sur  and  reair,  lo 
conte.] 

To  supervene  ;  to  come  as  an  addition  ;  as,  a  sup- 
puration that  surcrttes  Icthnrgies.     [Littlt  used.] 

Harvey 
SUR-VfiY',  (sur-va',)  v.  L     [Norm,  sun^eer^  aurveoir; 
sur  and    Fr.  eotr,  to  see  or  look,  contracted  from  L. 
video^  cidrre.] 

I.  To  ins|>ect  or  take  a  view  of;  to  view  with  at- 
tention, as  from  a  high  pince;  as,  to  stand  on  a  hill, 
and  surrey  the  surrounding  country.  It  denotes 
mora  particular  and  dulibt-ratc  attention  than  Look 
orSsE. 
9.  To  view  with  a  scrutinizing  eye ;  to  examine. 

W  Uh  ftuch  ftlwivd  looki, 
AIJ  pdkle  ftod  ipeecblMi,  lie  curp^yvti  me  ruutul.  IhydsH. 

3.  To  examine  with  reference  to  condition,  situa- 
tion, and  value;  as,  to  stin^ey  a  building  to  deter- 
mine its  value  and  eximsure  to  loss  by  fire. 

4.  To  measure,  as  land  ;  or  to  ascertain  the  con- 
tents of  land  by  lines  and  angles. 

5.  To  examine  or  ascertain  the  position  and  dis- 
tances of  objects  on  the  shore  of  the  st>a,  the  depth 
of  water,  nature  of  iliu  bottom,  and  whatever  may 
be  necessary'  to  facilitate  the  navigation  of  the  waters 
and  rvnder  the  entrance  into  harbors,  sounds,  and  riv- 
ers easy  and  safe.  Thus  officers  are  employed  to 
sureev  the  roast  and  make  charts  of  the  same. 

6.  To  examine  and  ascertain,  as  the  boundaries 
and  myaltit-s  of  a  manor,  the  tenure  of  the  tenants, 
and  the  rent  and  \*alue  of  the  same. 

7.  To  examine  and  ascertain,  as  the  state  of  agri- 
culture. 

SUR' VSY,  (sur'vaj  a.  [Formerly  accented  on  the  lost 
syUable.] 

1.  An  attentive  view ;  a  look  or  looking  with  care. 
Ue  took  a  surcey  of  the  whole  landscape. 

Under  hk  protM)  aur»ty  the  ciljr  lk-«.  DtrAam. 

S.  A  particular  view ;  an  examination  of  all  the 
parts  or  particulars  of  a  thing,  with  a  design  to  as- 
certain the  condititm,  quantity,  or  quality  ;  as,  a  sur- 
vey of  the  stores,  provisions,  or  munitions  of  a  ship. 
So  also  a  survey  of  roads  and  bridijes  is  made  by 
pn^r  officers  ;  a  .«iirTrjr  of  btiildings  is  intended  to 
■acertain  their  condition,  value,  and  exposure  to  fire. 
A  asrrey  of  a  harbor,  sound,  or  coast,  comprehends 
aa  examination  of  the  distance  and  bL-aring  uf  points 
of  land.  Isles,  sboaH,  depth  of  water,  course  of 
cbanikels,  &c  A  survey  of  agriculture  includes  a 
view  of  the  state  of  pnti>erly,  buildings,  fences, 
modes  of  cultivation,  crops,  gardens,  orchards, 
woods,  live  b-tock,  &.c.  And  in  general,  survey  de- 
notes a  particular  view  and  examination  of  any 
thing. 

3.  The  act  by  which  the  quantity  of  a  piece  of 
land  is  ascertained  ;  also,  the  paper  containing  a 
statement  of  the  courses,  distances,  and  quantity  of 
land.  Bouvier. 

A.  In  Ou  Viewed  States,  a  district  for  the  collection 
of  tbe  customs,  under  the  inspection  and  authority 
of  a  particular  officer. 

Trigonometrical  survey  ;  a  survey  on  a  large  scale 
by  means  of  a  series  i;f  triangles,  as  for  making  a 
geometrical  map  of  a  country,  or  for  measuring  an 
arc  of  the  terrestrial  meridian.  Brande. 

SUR-VgY'AL,  R.     Survey  ;  a  viewing. 

SUR-VBY'i;0,  (sur-vide',)  pp.  Viewed  with  atten- 
tion :  examined  ;  measured. 

SUR-VBV'IXG,  (sur-va'ing,)  ppr.  Viewing  with  at- 
tention ;  examining  pnrticularlv  ;  measuring. 

8UR-VBY'ING,n.  That  branch  of  mathematics  which 
teacht^s  the  art  of  measuring  land;  the  act  or  busi- 
ness nf  measuring  land. 

SUR-VBY'OR,  (sur-va'ur,)  n.  An  overseer;  one 
placed  to  superintend  others.  Shalt. 

9.  One  that  views  and  examines  for  the  purpose 
of  ascertaining  the  condition,  quantity,  or  quality  of 
any  thing  ;  as,  a  surveyor  of  highways;  surveyors  of 
ordnance. 

3.  One  that  measures  land. 

4.  In  the  customs,  a  gauger ;  an  officer  who  ascer- 
tains the  contents  or  casks,  and  the  quantity  of 
liquors  subject  to  duty  ;  ti\so,  in  the  United  States, 
an  officer  who  ascertains  the  weight  and  quantity  of 
goods  subject  to  drily. 

SUR-VBV'0R-6EN'ER-AL,  n.  A  principal  survey- 
or; as,  the  surteyor-acneral  of  the  kiuR's  manors,  or 
of  woods  and  pnrl^  in  Ent;land.  In  tAe  United 
States,  the  chief  surveyor  of  lands  ;  as,  the  surveyor' 
general  of  the  United  State's,  or  of  a  particular  State. 

SUR-VfiY'OR-SHIP,  n.     'i  he  office  of  a  surveyor. 


sus 

SUR-VIEW,  (sur-va*.)  v.  L  To  survey.  [AVi  in 
use,]  Spetiser. 

SUR-VIEW, «.     Survey.     [J^otimue,] 

SUR- VISE',  V.  U     [Fr.  sur  and  viser.} 

To  look  over.     [JV«(  in  use.]  B.  Jonson. 

SUR-VTV'.\L,  «.  [Sec  Survive.]  A  living  beyond 
the  life  of  another  person,  thing,  or  event ;  an  out- 
living. 

SUR-VIV'ANCE, ».    Survivorship.     [LUtU  used.] 

Ha  me. 

SUR- VIVE',  T.  t,  [Fr.  survivre;  svr  and  vitre^  to 
live;   ll.  soprapvicere  ;  &p.  sobrevirir ;  li.  auperrivo.] 

1.  To  outlive;  to  live  beyond  the  life  of  another ; 
as,  the  wife  survives  her  husband  ;  or  a  husband 
survives  his  wife. 

2.  To  outlive  any  thing  else  ;  to  live  beyond  any 
event.  Who  would  wish  to  survive  the  ruin  of  his 
country  ?  Many  men  survive  their  usefulness  or  the 
regular  exercise  of  their  reason. 

SURVIVE',  p.  i.     To  remain  alive. 

Try  plraiure, 
Which,  when  no  other  cnciiij  •umivM, 
Still  coiKjucra  all  ihe  contjucrora.  Dtnham. 

SUR-VTV'EN-CY,  a.    A  surviving;  survivorship. 
SUR-VIV'ER,  Tu    One  that  outlives  anutiier.    [See 

Survivor.] 
SUR-VIV'L\G,  ppr.     Outliving;   living  beyond   the 

life  of  another,  or  beyond  the  lime  of  some  event. 

3.  a.  Remaining  alive ;  yet  living;  as,  surviving 
friends  or  relatives. 

SUR-VIV'OR,  n.    One  who  outlives  another. 

a.  In  law,  the  longer  liver  of  two  joint  tenants,  or 
of  any  two  iK'rsons  who  have  a  joint  interest  in  any 
thing.  Btackstone. 

SURVIVOR-SHIP,?!.  The  state  of  outliving  another. 
3.  In  law,  the  right  of  a  joint  tenant,  or  other  |K>r- 
son  who  has  a  joint  interetit  in  an  estate,  to  tiike  the 
whole  estate  upon  the  death  of  the  other.  VV'htn 
lliLTe  are  u»ore  than  two  joint  tenants,  the  whole 
estate  remains  to  the  last  survivor  by  right  of  survi- 
rorghip.  BlacLftone. 

SUS-CEP-TI-BIL'I-TY,  «.  [from  susecptibte.]  The 
quality  of  admitting  or  receiving  either  something 
additional  or  some  change,  affection,  or  passion  ;  as, 
tlie  suseeplthility  of  color  in  a  body  ;  susceptibility  of 
culture  or  refinement ;  susceptibiiity  of  love  or  desire, 
or  of  impresKiniis. 

SUS-CEP'TI-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  suseipioj  to  take  ; 
sub  and  capio.] 

1.  Cupnole  of  admitting  any  thing  additiounl,  or 
any  change,  atTection,  or  influence  ;  as,  a  Inidy  sus- 
ceptible  of  color  or  of  alteration  ;  a  body  suiiceptible 
of  pain  ;  a  heart  susceptible  of  love  or  of  impression. 

2.  Tender  ;  capable  of  impression  ;  iinprestiible. 
The  minds  of  children  are  more  ^u^vcf/^tiMc  than  those 
of  persons  more  advanced  in  life. 

3.  Having  nice  sensibility  ;  as,  a  man  of  a  suscep- 
tible heart. 

SUS-CEP'TI-DLE-NESS,  n.  Susceptibility,  which 
see. 

SUS-CEP'TI-BLY,  lulv.     In  a  susceptible  manner. 

SUS-CEP'TION,  n.  The  act  of  liikiug.  [But  Utile 
usrA.]  Ji>jliffe. 

SUS-CEP'TIVE,  a.  Capable  of  admitting  ;  rtadily 
adnutting.    Our  natures  are  susceptive  of  errors. 

iVattf. 

SUS-CEP-TIV'I-TY,  n.  Capacity  of  admiltinK.  [Lit- 
tle used.]  Wutla.iton. 

SUS-CEP'TOR,  a.  [L.]  One  who  undertakes;  a 
godfather. 

SUS-CIP'I-EN-CY,  n.    Reception  ;  admission. 

SUS-CIP'I-ENT,  a.     Receiving  ;  admitting. 

SUS-CIP'I-E\T,  n.  One  who  takes  or  admits;  one 
that  receives.  Bp.  Taylor. 

SUS'CI-TaTE,  v.  U     [Fr.  susciter ;  L.  suscito  ;  sub  and 
eito.] 
To  rouse  ;  to  excite  ;  to  call  into  life  and  action. 

SUS'CI-TA-TED,  p/i.     Rous(;d  ;  excited.        [Brown. 

SUS'CI-TA-TING,  ppr.  Exciting;  calling  into  life 
and  action. 

SUS-CI-TA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  raising  or  exciting. 

Pearson. 

SUS'LIK,  n.  A  spotted  animal,  of  the  marmot  kind. 
A  quadruppd  of  the  genus  Arctomys,  of  a  yellowish- 
brown  color,  with  small,  white  spots  ;  the  earless 
marmot.  Ed.  Kncyc. 

SUS-PECT',  V.  t.  [L.  suspectus,  suspicio ;  sub  and  spe- 
cio,  to  see  or  view.] 

1.  To  mistrust ;  to  imagine  or  have  a  slight  opin- 
ion thiit  something  exists,  but  without  proof,  and 
often  upon  weak  evidt-nce  or  no  evidence  at  all.  We 
suspect  not  only  from  fear,  jealousy,  or  apprebension 
of  evil,  but,  in  modern  usage,  we  suspect  tilings 
which  give  us  no  apprehension. 

Moihin;  m«km  a  man  tutpecl  much,  more  than  to  know  little. 

Bacon, 
From  hnr  h-iiid  I  could  tutpect  m>  ill.  MUlan. 

S.  To  imneine  to  be  guilty,  but  upon  slight  evi- 
donee  or  without  proof.  When  a  theft  is  commiltcd, 
we  are  apt' to  suspect  «  person  who  is  known  to  liave 
been  guilty  of  stealin*;;  but  we  olten  suspect  a  portion 
who  is  innocent  of  the  crime. 

3.  To  hold  to  be  uncertain  ;  to  doubt ;  to  mistrust; 
as,  to  suspect  the  truth  of  a  stoiy. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— Bl^TE,  PREY.— PLNE,  MAItiXE.  BIRa  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BgQK.- 


sus 

4.  To  hold  to  be  doubtful.  The  veracity  of  a  his- 
torian, and  tlie  impaniality  of  a  judge,  should  not 
be  Suspected. 

5.  'I  n  conjecture.  Philosophy  of  Rhetoric 
SUS-PE€T',  B,  t.    To  imagine  guilt. 

If  I  »uap9ct  without  cauap,  why,  Uien,  let  me  be  X""'' jesL  Shak. 
SUS-PEeT',  a.    Doubtful.     [Atft  much  used.] 

OlanvUle. 
SUS-PE€T'.  Ji.  Suspicion.  [Obs.]  Bacon.  S/utk. 
SUS-PE€T'A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  suspected.     [Lit- 

tle  x.'-'-'/.l 
SUS-PECT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Imat;ined  without  proof; 

mistrusted, 
SUS-PECT'ED-LY,  adv.    So  as  to  excite  Buspicion  j 

so  as  to  be  suspected. 
SUS-PK€T'ED-.NESS,  n.     State  of  being  suspected  or 

duubted.  Rvbiiuson, 

SUS-PEGT'ER,  n.    One  who  suspects. 
SUS-PEe'J'FJJL,  a.     Apt  to  suspect  or  mistrust. 

BaiU'if. 
SUS-PF.GTTNG,  ppr.     Iinacining  without  evideuce  j 

mi-tifii^tinp  upon  slight  grounds. 
srfc-PEeT'LESS,  a.    Not  suspecting ;  having  no  sus- 
picion. Herbert. 
a.   Not  suspected  ;  not  mistrusted.  Beaum. 
SUS-PEND',  v.L     [Fr.  suspendre  ;  It.  sospendere  :  Sji. 

suspendrr ;  h,  suspendo  :  sub  and  pmdo,  to  hang.] 

1.  To  hang  ;  to  attach  to  something  above ;  as,  to 
ttutpfud  a  ball  by  a  thread  ;  to  .-uLspend  the  body  by  a 
cord  or  by  htKiks  ;  a  needle  suspended  by  a  lodestone. 

2.  To  make  to  depend  on.  God  UMh  suspended  \he 
promise  of  eternal  life  on  the  condition  of  faith  and 
obedience. 

3.  To  iuterrupt ;  to  intermit ;  to  cause  to  cease  for 
a  time. 

The  ^iinM  nor  fie:ht§  oar  flici ;  th''tr  fate  ao  nesr 
At  otic«  tutpenda  thrir  cuure^  and  iheir  f««r. 

4.  To  stay  ;  to  delay 
for  a  time. 


Detiham. 

to  binder  from  proceeding 


St*4pend  yoor  Indignation  a^nM  my  tirother.  Shak, 

I  gus^KniJ  itfif  dooin.  Atillon, 

5.  To  hold  in  a  state  undetermined  ;  as,  to  srtspend 
one's  choice  or  opinion.  Locke. 

6.  To  debar  from  any  privilege,  from  the  execution 
of  an  office,  or  from  the  enjoyment  of  income. 

Good  m''n  ihuuM  nol  be  turncwUd  Trvm  the  erercis?  of  tlietr 
iniriistr)-  and  di!pri»ed  of  tlicir  livelihood,  for  cer*'moiiitt 
which  orv  acknowledgi^  indiift-reiil.  Sanderton, 

1.  To  cause  to  cease  for  a  time  from  operation  or 
effect  ;  a^,  tn  suspend  the  habeaa  corpus  act. 
SUS-PEND'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Hung  up  ;  made  to  depend 
on  ;  caused  to  cease  for  a  time  ;  delayed  ;  held  unde- 
termined ;  prevented  from  executing  an  office  or  en- 


jovine  a  ri:.'ht. 
SUS-PEND'ER,  n. 


SUS-PEND'ER,  n.    One  that  suspends. 

2.  Suspender^^  pi. ;  straps  worn  for  holding  up  pan- 
taloons, Sec. ;  braces. 

SUS-PEND'IXG,  ppr.  Hanging  up;  making  to  de- 
pend on  ;  intermitting  ;  causing  to  cease  for  a  time  ; 
holding  undetermined  ',  debarring  from  action  or 
right. 

8U.S-PENSE',^sus-pen3',)  n.    [L.  itu..tprti.fjis.] 

1.  A  Rtaicnf  uncertainly  ;  inu^.'terminntion  ;  indecis- 
ion. A  man^s  mind  i^  in  gu-^ense  when  it  is  balan- 
cing the  weight  of  different  argiiment^^  or  considera- 
tions, or  when  it  is  uncertain  respecting  facts  un- 
known, or  events  not  in  his  t>wn  {xiwer. 

Ten  d^ya  the  prophet  in  autptna*  irnaHined.  Dmham. 

3.  Stop  ;  cessation  for  a  time. 

A  cm]  auspentt  from  ptcAiurr  ur  ffoin  pattu  Pope. 

li.  In  hWy  sii8pensi(m  ;  a  temporar>'  cessation  of  a 
manN  riiiht ;  as  when  the  rent  or  other  profits  of 
l:in>l  rea.ue  by  unity  of  |HHjsession  of  land  and  rent. 

SUS-PENSE',  a.     Held  from  proct:eding.  [LtttU  uned.] 

Milton. 

aUS-PENS-r-BIL'I-TV,  n.  The  capacity  of  being 
■tixp'-nded,  or  sustained  from  sinking;  as,  the  sus- 
prrifihitirif  lif  indunili'd  rlav  in  waUT.  Ktrv^n. 

SU:^PENS'I-RLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  suspended, or 
held  from  smking. 

SUS-PEN'SION,  (-shun,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  sunpensia. 
See  SuiPKifD.] 

1.  The  art  of  hanpins  up,  or  of  causing  to  hang  by 
being  attached  to  something  above. 

2.  The  act  i>f  making  to  depend  on  any  thing  for 
existence  or  taking  place  ;  as,  the  giLsyeasion  of  pay- 
mi-nt  on  the  perfornianre  of  a  condition. 

3.  The  act  of  delaying  ;  di*lay  ;  as,  the  su.fprnsion 
of  a  criminal's  execution,  calletl  n  recite  or  reprieve. 

4.  Art  of  withholding  or  balancing  the  jnd|^ment ; 
forbearance  of  determination  ;  as,  the  sv-tpenjiion  of 
opinion,  of  jndement,  of  decision,  or  determination. 
Suspension  cf  judgment  often  proceeds  from  doubt  or 
ignorance  of  facts. 

5.  Temporary  cessation  ;  iniemiption  ;  intermis- 
•ion  ;  as,  the  nspensivn  of  labor  or  of  study ;  the 
mupenntni  of  pain. 

6.  Temitorary  privation  of  powers,  authority,  or 
lightu,  mtually  intended  as  a  censure  or  punishment ; 
an,  the  su-fprnsion  of  an  ecclesiastic  or  minir;ter  for 
aome  fault.  This  may  be  merely  a  tm-tpension  of  his 
office,  or  it  may  be  both  of  his  office  and  his  income. 


sus 

A  military  or  naval  officer's  suspetuiion  takes  place 
when  he  is  arrested. 

7.  Prevention  or  interruption  of  operation  ;  as,  the 
suspension  of  the  habeas  corpus  act. 

8.  In  rhetoric,  a  keeping  of  the  hearer  in  doubt  and 
In  attentive  expectation  of  what  is  to  follow,  or  what 
is  to  be  the  inference  or  conclusion  from  the  argu- 
ments or  observations. 

9.  In  Scots  law  J  a  stiy  or  postponement  of  execution 
of  a  sentence  condemnatorj',  by  means  of  letters  of 
suspension  granted  on  application  to  the  lord  ordi- 
nary. Cye. 

10.  In  meckanieSf  points  of  su-'^pcnsion  In  a  balance 
are  the  points  in  the  axis  or  beam  where  the  weights 
are  applied,  or  from  which  they  are  suspended. 

Jlutton. 

11.  In  miwic,  every  sound  of  a  chord  to  a  given 
base,  which  is  continued  to  another  base,  is  a  sus- 
pension. Ctjc. 

Suspension  of  arms ;  in  ?car,  a  short  truce  or  cessa- 
tion of  operations  agreed  on  by  the  commanders  of 
the  contending  parties,  as  for  burying  the  dead,  mak- 
ing proposals  for  surrender  or  for  peace,  &.c.      Cyc. 

SUS-PEN'SION-BRIDGE,  n.  A  bridge  supported  by 
chains  or  ropes,  which  pass  over  high  piers  or  col- 
umns at  each  end,  and  are  secured  below.  Buchanan. 

SUS-PENS'IVE,  o.     Doubtful,  Beaum.  4-  FL 

SUS-PE.NS'OR,  n.  In  surgery^  a  bandage  to  suspend 
the  scrotum. 

SUS-PENS'O-RY,  a.  That  suspends ;  suspending  j  aa, 
a  suspensory  muscle. 

SUS-PE\S'0-RY,  n.  That  which  suspends,  or  holds 
up  ;  a  truss. 

SUS'PI-€A-BLE,  a.     [L.  suspie.or.'] 

That  may  be  suspected  ;  liable  to  suspicion.  [JVbC 
tn  use."]  More. 

SUS-PI"CION,  (sus-pish'un,)  ji.  [Fr.,  from  L.  suspicio. 
See  Suspect.] 

The  act  of  suspecting  ;  the  imagination  of  the  ex- 
istence of  something  without  proof,  or  upon  very 
slight  evidence,  or  upon  no  evidence  at  all.  Suspicion 
often  proceeds  from  the  apprehension  of  evil ;  it  is 
the  offspring  or  companion  of  jealousy. 

Sutpicuyru  amon^  thought*  are  like   baU  among  binis  ;    the; 
ercr  By  by  twilight.  Bacon. 

SUS-Pr'CIOUS,  (sus-pish'us,)  a.     [L.  su.'^iciosus.] 

1.  Inclined  to  suspect;  apt  to  imagine  witliout 
proof. 

Nature  llsrlf,  after  li  has  done  an  Injury,  will  ever  be  sutptciaua, 
and  no  m^xn  can  luvc  the  person  he  wufiaeU.  Soutit, 

2.  Indicating  suspicion  or  fear. 

We  hare  a  tuspicious,  frarful,  constraine<l  countenance.    SwifL 

3.  Liable  to  suspicion  ;  adapted  to  mise  suspicion  ; 
giving  reason  to  imagine  ill ;  as,  an  author  of  suspi- 
cious innovations.  Hooker. 

\  spy  a  b|:tck,  «u</ndau<,  threatening  cloud.  Shak. 

4.  Entertaining  suspicion  ;  given  to  suspicion. 

Many  mischieTona  inif^cta  are  dwily  at  work  to  make   men  of 
merit  Muapiciout  of  each  oilier.  Popt. 

SUS-PI"CIOUS-LY,  adv.    With  suspicion. 

a.  So  as  to  excite  suspicion.  Sidney. 

8US-PI"CIOUS-NESS,7t,  The  (]uality  of  being  liable 
to  suspicion,  or  liable  to  he  suspected  ;  as,  the  suspi- 
ciousness of  a  man's  appearance,  of  his  weapons,  or 
of  hra  actions. 

5.  The  quality  or  state  of  being  apt  to  suspect;  as, 
the  suspiciousness  of  a  man's  temper  or  mind. 

8lTS-Pt'RAL,  n.    [L.  suspiro^   to  breathe;  sub  and 

tpiro.'] 
1.  A  breathing-hole  ;  a  vent  or  ventiducL    Rees. 
S.  A  spring  of  water  passing  under  ground  toward 

a  cistern  or  conduit.     [Local.]  Bees. 

SUS-PI-RA'TION,  n.     [L.  suspiratio^  suspiro,  to  sigh  ; 

sub  and  spiro,  to  breathe.] 

The  act  of  sighing  or  fetching  a  long  and  deep 

hreaih  ;  a  sigh.  More. 

SUHUPIRE',  V.  i,     [Supra.]     To  sigh  ;  to  fetch  a  long, 

deep  breath  ;  to  breathe,     [Little  used.]  Shnk. 

SU8.PIR'£D,pp.  ora.     Wished  for;  desired,     [^rotin 

use.] 
SU8-TAIN',  V.  t.    [L.  sustineo ;  sub  and  trneo,  to  hold 

under;  Fc  souteniri  It.  sostenere;  Sp.  sostener,  sus- 

Untar.] 

1.  To  hear ;  to  uphold  ;  to  support ;  as,  a  founda- 
tion sustains  the  superstructure;  pillars  sustain  an 
edifice  ;  a  beast  sustains  a  load. 

2.  To  hold  ;  to  keep  from  falling;  as,  a  rope  sus- 
tains a  weight. 

3.  To  support ;  to  keep  from  sinking  in  despond- 
ence. The  hope  of  a  better  life  sustains  the  afflicted 
amidst  all  their  aorrov.'s. 

4.  To  maintain;  to  keep  alive;  to  support;  to 
Bubsift ;  as,  provisions  to  sustain  a  family  or  an  army. 

5.  To  support  in  any  condition  by  aid  ;  to  assist  or 
relieve. 

[Da  KM  who  leek  the  lyrant  to  tusUan.  Dryden. 

6.  To  bear ;  to  endure  without  failing  or  yielding. 
The  mind  stands  collected,  and  sustains  the  shock. 

Shrttl  Turniia  then  auch  cndlf^aa  toil  •iwtoin  9  Drydan. 

7.  To  aufler;  to  bear;  to  undergo. 

Yon  ahull  *u»tain  more  new  dligmeei.  Shak. 


SWA 

6.  To  maintain  ;  to  support;  not  to  dixmiss  or 
abate.  Notwithstanding  the  plea  in  bar  or  in  abate- 
mtjnt,  the  court  sustained  the  action  or  suit. 

9.  'i'o  maintJtin  as  a  sufficient  ground.  The  testi- 
mony or  the  evidence  ia  not  sufficient  to  sustain  the 
action,  the  accusation,  the  charges,  or  the  impeach- 
ment. 

10.  fn  music,  to  continue,  as  the  sound  of  notes 
through  their  whole  length.  Busby. 

SUS-TAIN',  n.    That  which  upholds.     [JVct  in  use.] 

MiltOTU 
SUS-TAIX'A-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  sustained  or 

maintained.     The  action  is  not  sustainable. 
SU.S-TAK\"i;D,  p;;.     Borne;   upheld;    maintained; 

supported  ;  subrjisted  ;  suffered. 
SUS-T.^IN'ER,  n.    He  or  that  which  sustains,  np- 

hotds,  or  suffers. 
SUS-TAIN'IMG,    ppr.  or  a.       Bearing;    upholding; 

maintaining;  suffering;  subsisting, 
SUS-TAIN'MENT,  w.    The  act  of  sustaining;   sup- 

port. 
SUS-TAL'Tre,  a.     [Gr.  avoTaXriKoq,] 

Mournful ;  affechng ;  an  epitljet  given  to  a  species 
of  music  by  the  Greeks.  Busby. 

SUS'TE-NAXCE,  n.     [Norm.  Fr. ;  from  sustain.] 

1.  Support;  maintenance;  subsistence;  as,  the 
sustenance  of  the  body  ;  the  sustenance  of  life. 

S.  That  wliich  supports  life  ;  food  ;  victuals ;  pro- 
visions.    This  city  has  ample  sustenance. 
SUS-TEN'TA-CLE,  n.     [U  sustentaculum.] 

Sup|H»rt.     [JVot  in  use.}  More. 

SUS-TEN-TA'TION,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  sustentatio^ 
sustento,] 

1.  Support;  preservation  from  falling.        Boyle, 

2.  Use  of  food.  Broicn. 

3.  Maintenance  ;  support  of  life.  Bacon, 
SU-SUR-Ra'TION,  n.       [L.    susurratio ;   susurro^  to 

whisper.] 

A  whispering  ;  a  soft  murmur. 

Su'TILE,  (sQ'til,)  a.     [L.  sutdis,  from  mo,  to  sew.J 
Done  by  stitching.     [JVot  in  use.]  Boswdt, 

SUT'liER,  n.  [D.  zoeielaar,  as  if  from  loet,  sweet. 
But  in  German,  suddknch  is  a  paltry  victuater,  as  if 
from  sudeln,  to  soil ;  sudler^  a  dirty  fellow.  In  Dan- 
ish, surfc'AocA  is  a  pastry-cook,  from  the  same  root; 
sudler,  to  soil.  The  Danish  may  be  the  original  sig- 
nification.] 

A  person  who  follows  an  army,  and  sells  to  the 
troops  provisions  and  liquors. 

SUT'LING,  a.  Belonging  to  sutlers;  engaged  in  the 
occupation  of  a  sutler.  TatUr, 

SUT-TEE',  n.  In  the  Sanscrit^  or  sacred  lan/^uags  t^f 
the  Hindoos^  a  female  deity. 

2.  A  widow  who  immolates  herself  on  the  funeral 
pile  of  her  husband. 

3.  The  sacrifice  of  burning  a  widow  on  the  funeral 
pile  of  her  husband. 

SUT-TEE'ISM,  n.    The  practice  of  self-immolation 

among  widows  in  Ilindostan. 
SUT'TLE,  (siu'tl,)  a.    Suttte  weight,  in  commerce,  is  the 
weight  when  tlie  tare  has  been  deducted,  and  tret  is 
yet  to  be  allowed.]  McCuUoch. 

80T'UR-AL,  a.     [L  .tutura,  a  seam.] 
Relating  to  a  suture  or  seam. 

In  botany,  the  dehiscence  of  a  pericarp  is  siUural, 
when  it  takes  place  at  a  suture. 
StJT'yR-A-TED,a.  Stilclied;  sewed  or  knit  together. 

Smith. 
SCT'URE,   (sut'yure,)  n.     [I*,   sutura^   from  *uo,  to 
Be  W.J 

1.  Litrralhj,  a  sewing;  hence,  the  uniting  of  the 
parts  of  a  wound  by  stitching.  Coze. 

2.  The  seam  or  joint  which  unites  the  bones  of 
the  skull ;  or  tlie  peculiar  articulation  or  connection 
of  those  bones  ;  as,  the  coronal  suture ;  the  sagittal 
suture. 

3.  In  botany,  the  line  or  seam  formed  by  the  union 
of  two  margins  in  any  part  of  a  plant. 

SCT'liR-£D,  o.  Having  sutures;  knit  or  united  to- 
gether. 

SCUM  €UVq.UE  TRI-BWTOy  (-kl'kwe-,)  [L.] 
Give  everv  one  his  due. 

St5'ZE-RAl"N-Ty,  n.  [Fr.  BiLteraintUf  from  suieraim, 
a  lord  paramount.] 

Paramount  authority  or  command.         Enfantin. 

SWAB,  (swob, )  n,  \p^x.  siocbban,  to  sweep;  formed 
perhaps  on  the  root  of  wipe,  as  G.  sckwcbcn,  to  wave 
or  soar,  is  on  that  of  iraoc,  and  D.  iwccpen^  on  that  of 
whip.] 

1,  A  mop  for  cleaning  floors;  on  board  of  ships,  a 
large  mop  or  bunch  of  old  rope  yarn,  used  to  clean 
the  deck  anil  cabin. 

2.  A  bit  of  sponge  fastened  to  a  handle  for  cleans- 
ing the  mouth  of  the  sick,  or  for  giving  them  nour- 
ishment. Miner. 

SW^B,  r.  U  [Supra.]  To  clean  with  a  mop  ;  to  wipe 
when  wet  or  after  washing  ;  as,  to  swab  the  deck  of 
a  ship. 

SWAIi'BKD,  (swobd,)pp.    Cleaned  with  a  mop. 

SWAB'BER,  n.     [D.  iwabber.] 

One  that  uses  a  swab  to  clean  a  fltwr  or  deck  ;  on 
hoard  of  ships  of  war,  an  inferior  officer,  whose  busi- 
ness is  to  see  that  the  ship  is  kept  clean. 

SWAB'BING,  ppr.    Cleaning  with  a  mop. 


TONE,  BI;LL,  1;NITE.— AN"GER,  VI"C10US,  — €  as  K;  0  as  J;  «  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

1 1 1.^ 


SWA 

SW^Df  n.     A  ptMl,  OS  uf  tk^anii  or  peas.     [LocaL] 

2.  A  short,  fat  person.     [  Ohs.]  B.  Jonson. 

3.  In  .\*rir  England^  a  lump,  mass,  or  bunch  ;  also, 
a  crowd.     [  VidgarA 

SWAD'DLE,  (swiHrJl,)  v,  U  [SaT.  swathe^  swHhel,  a 
borJt-r,  Oinge,  or  band;  btjtwethanj  to  swathe;  D. 
tie€udt  G.  sckwaden^  a  suiath.] 

I.  To  swathe  ;  to  bind,  as  with  a  bandage  ;  to  bind 
light  with  clothes ;  used  generally  of  infants  ;  as,  to 
s»ttddte  a  child. 

Tbej  tMOdUM  nw  In  nv  aifht-cawn. 

a.  To  beat ;  to  cudgel.     [Lote,  and  not  in  use.  ] 

Hudikras. 
SW^O'DLE,  n.    Clothes  bound  tight  round  the  body. 

Th'-y  [Hit  ine  in  IwJ  wi  »1J  ray  awtiddUt.  AdiU*an, 

SWAD'DLcED,  pp.    Swathed  ;  bound  in  tiiihl  clothes. 
SWAU'DLIN'O,   ppr.      Swathing;    binding   in   tight 

cUiibes. 
SVV^D'DUXG-BAND,     (  m.     A  band  or  froth  wrnp- 
SWAD'DLING-eLOTH, }       ped    ivund    an    infant. 

I.ttke  iL 
SWAG,  r.  i.    [Qu.  Sax.  n^on,  to  fall;  Ice.  sweipa; 

Sw.  secT :  Dan.  *</.,  feeble  ;  JDao.  scttkker^  to  weafceo. 

See  U'kak.] 
To  sink  down  by  its  weipht ;  to  lean.         Grew. 
S\VAG'-BEI^LI-£D,  (bel-hd,)  a.     Having  a   r'r«m»- 

nent,  overhansing  belly,  Skak, 

S\VA<^E,  r.  L    [Probably  allied  to  swagani  vtck;  from 

falling  or  thruwing  down.] 
To  ease  ;  to  soften  ;  to  mitigate. 

AplwrndalMra  pover  to  #ipa|v 
Tb^  tuinon  oT  a  irouhled  miiKL.  Milton. 

[See  A"«su40E,  which  is  the  word  now  used.] 
SWAOE,  n.     Among  workmen  in  sheet  iron,  a  tool  used 

for  making  moldings  upon  sheet  iron. 
SvVaGE,  f.  L    To  use  a  swage  ;  to  fa:^hion  a  piece  of 
ron  by  drawing  it  into  a  groove  or  mold,  having  the 
TMjijired  shape,  Haldeman. 

SW  AG'GER,  r.  i.     [Pax.  siettj^n,  to  sound  or  raUle.] 
To  bluster ;  to  bully  ;  to  boast  or  brag  noisily  ;  to 
be  tumultuonsly  proud. 

^rfrwAnoL 


\Vh«t  ■  pIfMun  h  te  tn  gtmxggwr  Kt  thr  hsr  I 
To  be  grmt  h  aa  W  Mwaggrr  u  our  foounm. 


SWAG'GER-ER,  a.    A  blusterer;  a  bully  ;  a  boastful, 

noisy  fellow.  Skak. 

SWa6'GEK-IXG,  ppr.  or  c  Blustering;  boasting 
noisily. 

SU'AG'GING,  ppr.    Sinking  or  inclining. 

SWAG'GY,  a.  [from  jrtca/.]  Sinking}  banging,  or 
leaning  by  its  weight.  Brvmrn. 

SU'.XIN'i  ■.  [,SaK.  swein^  sitan^  a  boy,  a  youth,  a  ser- 
vant, a  herd^^iaan  ;  Sw.  svent  a  boy ;  Dan.  gvntd ; 
tee.  greim.'} 

1.  A  young  man.  Spenstr, 

2.  A  country  servant  employed  in  husbandry. 

3.  A  pastoral  youth.  [Skdfc. 
Bkai  tmmiMM  I  vboM  nympbi  bi  every  frace  end.        Popt, 

ill  is  used  cbieHy  hi  tba  senw,  and  in  poetr)'.] 
IN'ISH,  «.     Rustic  Milton. 

SWAIX'MATF.,  )  a.     [*«^iji  and  ware,  meeting.]     In 

SWf.INMoTE,  >      £«o-i««ii,  a  court  held  before  the 

S\VA.\'I-M0TE,  )  venlerors  of  the  forest  as  judges, 
by  the  steward  of  the  court_,  thrice  ever>-  year  ;  the 
swains  or  freeholders  withrn  the  forest  composing 
the  jury.  Its  principal  jurisdiction  i;^  to  inquire  into 
the  oppressions  and  grievances  comniitled  by  the 
officers  of  ibe  foresL  It  receives  and  tries  also  pre- 
sentments certified  from  the  court  of  attachments 
against  offenses  in  vert  and  vents.m.  This  cmtrt  is 
incident  to  a  forest,  as  a  court  of  piepoudre  is  to  a 
fair.  Blackstone-. 

SWaIP,  p.  t.  To  walk  proudly.  [Used  ta  the  north  of 
En^and  for  Sweep.] 

SWALE,  n.     [Probably  from  ro/f.]     .\  local  word  in 
Ji^  BaigUnd^  signifying  an  interval  or  vale  ;  a  tract 
of  low  tend. 
9.  In  England,  a  fhade.  Cue 

SWALE,  r,  I    To  waste.     [See  Sweai-] 

SWALE,  r.  t.  To  drrss  a  bog  for  bacon,  by  singeing 
or  bi;rning  off  his  hair.    [LoealA  Cyc 

SWAL'LET,  II.  [See  Well.]  Among  the  tin- 
mtners,  water  brea&ing  in  upon  the  miners  at  their 
work.  BcdUy. 

SW.\L'LOW,  Nwonc,)  n.  [Sax.  swalewe  ;  D.  zwa- 
btw  ;  G.  stJtuHube  .-  Dan.  srale  ;  Sw.  srala.] 

A  bird  of  the  genus  Ilirundo,  of  many  species, 
among  which  are  the  bam  swallow  and  the  martin! 
Swatiov*  have  great  powers  of  flight,  and  feed  mostly 
on  winged  insects,  which  they  seize  while  flying. 
They  have  the  tail  forked. 

SWAL'LOW-FISH,  a,  A  sea  fish  of  the  genus 
Trigia,  called  in  Cornwall  Tvb-Fhh  ;  remarkable 
for  the  size  of  its  gill-fins.  It  is  called  also  the  Sir- 
PHtRi^vB  GuB?(ARD.  CV:* 

SWAL'LOW-TAIL,  n.  In  joinery  and  carpentry, 
the  same  as  Dote-Ta.u 

SWAL'LOW-TaIL,  n.     A  species  of  willow.  Bacon. 

SWAL'LCiW-TAIUED,  a.     Dove-tailed,  which  see. 

SW^L'LOW-WORT,  C-wurt,)  a.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  .-Vsclepias  or  Cynanchum.  It  grows  in  the 
southern  part  of  Europe,  and   is  said  to  have  been 


SWA 

successfully  used  as  a  medicine,  chielly  in  dropsical 
cases.  Cyc. 

The  JIfrican  swallowioort  is  of  the  genus  Stapelia. 

Lee. 
SWAL'LOW,r.  (.    [Sax.  tntslgan,  swilgan,  to  swallow, 
to  swill ;  D.  zwelgen ;  Sw.  avdtja,  to  swallow  ;  svatg, 
the  throat ;  Dan.  ^vielger.     Uu.  the  Fr.  avaler,  with 
a  prefix,  and  the  root  of  falU] 

I.  To  take  into  the  stomach  ;  to  receive  through 
the  gullet  or  esophagu^s  into  the  stomach  ;  as,  to  swal- 
low food  or  drink.  Food  should  be  well  chewed  be- 
fore it  is  swaUowed. 

^  To  absorb;  to  draw  and  sink  Into  an  abyss  or 
gulf;  to  ingulf;  usually  followed  by  up.  The  Mael- 
strom off  tiie  coast  of  Norway,  it  is  said,  will  swal- 
low up  a  ship. 

Ill  bog*  ttea!ioi»*d  up  ftnd  lost.  Milton, 

Ttiir  e^ttlt  apeuoil  and  twUlovtd  th«m  up.  —  Num.  xvi. 

3.  To  receive  or  embrace,  as  opinions  or  belief, 
without  examination  or  scruple  ;  to  receive  implicitly. 

Locke. 
A.  To  engross  ;  to  appropriate. 

Homer —  hu  fwaUoiMd  up  tbs  booor  of  tbow  who  ■uccreded 
hiiB.  Pcft. 

5.  To  occupy  ;  to  employ. 

Thf  tire*?««ary  prorisiuii  o(  life  <imiUo(m  the  prcate*  part  of  their 
timo.  Lock*. 

6.  To  seize  and  waste. 
Comiption  ttpaUoved  what  the  libenl  hand 

Of  buuuij  •cattcred.  T^smson. 

1.  To  engross  ;  to  engage  completely. 

The  pnemt  und  the  prophet  have  erred   through  strong  drink  ; 
they  are  attaUoavi  up  of  wine.  —  U.  zzvid. 

8.  To  exhaust ;  to  consume.    His  expenses  swi^Iow 
vp  all  his  income. 
SWAL'LOW,   «.      The    gullet   or   esophagus;   the 
throat. 

2.  Voracity.  South. 

3.  .\s  much  as  is  swallowed  at  once. 
SWAL'LOW-ED,  vp.    Taken  into  the  stomach  ;  ab- 
sorbed ;    received     without    scruple  j     engrossed  ; 
wasted  ;  exhausted. 

SWAL'LOW-ER,  n.  One  who  swallows ;  also,  a 
gluUon.  Toiler. 

SWAL'LOW-ING,  ppr.  Taking  into  the  stomach  ; 
a  barbing ;  ingulfing;  receiving  implicitly;  engross- 
ing; wasting;  exhausting. 

S\VaL'L6W-ING,  n.  The  act  of  taking  into  the 
stoniacJi  or  of  absorbing ;  the  act  of  receiving  im- 
plicitly ;  the  act  of  engrossing. 

SW'AM,  pre/,  of  Swim. 

SWA.MP,  (!)%vomp,}  n.  [Sax.  swam,  a  fungus  or  muab- 
roitm ;  Goth,  swtaimg,  a  sponge  ;  G.  schwamm.  D. 
zKWiii,  Dan.  «ecim  ,*  Sw.  id,,  a  !!|K>nge,  a  fungus.]^ 

Spongy  land;  low  ground  filled  with  water;  soft, 
wet  ground.  In  A*e<D  England,  I  believe  this  word 
is  never  applied  to  marsh,  or  the  boggy  land  made 
by  the  overliowing  of  salt  water,  but  always  to  low, 
soft  ground  in  the  inttTior  country ;  wet  and  spongy 
land,  but  not  usually  covered  with  water.  This  is 
the  tnie  meaning  of  the  word.  Swamps  are  often 
mowed.  In  England,  the  word  is  explained  in  books 
hv  bogg>'  land,  moras^^y  or  marshy  ground, 

SW'aMP,  (swomp,)  r  e.     To  plunge,  whelm,  or  sink 
in  a  swamp ;  hence,  to  overset  or  sink  and  be  lost  in 
water. 
2.  To  plunge  into  inextricable  difllcultieB. 

SWAMP'£D,  (swompt,)  pp.  Overwhelmed;  plunged 
into  difficiilties. 

SWAMP'ING,  ppr.  Overwhelming;  plunging  into 
inextricable  difficulties.  Quart.  Rev. 

SWA.MP'-CRE,  n.  In  mineralogy,  an  ore  of  iron 
found  in  swamps  and  morasses ;  bog  ore,  or  bog  iron 
ore.  Cyc 

SWj\MP'Y,  a.  Consisting  of  swamp  ;  like  a  swamp; 
low,  wet,  and  spongy  ;  as,  swampy  land. 

SWAN,  (swon,)  n.  [Sax.  swan  ;  D.  zwaan ;  G.  sckwan ; 
Dan.  sraae;  Sw.  svan.  Qu.  tran,  white,  with  a  pre- 
fix.] 

A  large,  aquatic  fowl  of  the  genus  Cygnus,  ap- 
parently intermediate  between  ducks  and  geese. 
Swans  have  the  neck  very  long,  plumage  close, 
thick,  soft,  and  light  They  are  remarkable  for 
grace  and  elegance  upon  the  water.  The  adults  of 
the  common  species  are  white,  but  an  Australian 
species  is  black.  J^ultall.     P.  Cyc 

SWAXG,  n.  A  piece  of  low  land  or  green  sward, 
liable  to  be  covered  with  water.  [Local  in  Eng- 
land.] 

SWAN»S'-DOVVN,  n.  A  fine,  soft,  thick  cloth  of 
wool  mixed  with  silk  or  cuiton. 

Eneyc.  of  Dom.  Econ, 

SWAN'SKIN,  n.  [swan  and  skin.]  A  species  of  flan- 
nel of  a  soft  texture,  thick  and  w'arm. 

SWAP,  (swop,)  adv.  [Q,u.  sweep.]  Hastily  ;  at  a 
enatch.     [j5  low  word,  and  local] 

SW^AP,  (swop,)  V.  L  To  exchange;  to  barter;  to 
swap.  [See  Swop.]  [TAts  word  is  not  elegant,  but 
common  tn  colloquial  language  in  ■America.] 

SWAP,  n.    A  blow  ;  a  stroke.  Beaum^  if  Ft 

SWAPE,  n.      [Qu.  sweep.]     A  pole   supported    by  a 


SWA 

fulcrum,  on  which  it  turns,  used  for  raising  water 

from  a  welt,  fur  churning,  &.c.  Ewerbank. 

[This  Builey  spells  Swipe,  and  in  New  England 

it  IS  pronounced  sweep,  as  in  writ-sweep.] 
SWAP'PKD,  (swopt,)  pp.    Exchanged;  bartered. 
SWAP'PLNG,  vpr.     Exchanging. 
SWARD,  n.     [hax.  sweard;    Dan.  svwr;    D.  twoord; 

G.  sehwarte,  rind,  skin  j  W.  gweryd.,  an  excretion, 

sward,  moss.] 

1.  The  skin  of  bacon.    \lMcal.] 

2.  The  grassy  surface  of  land  ;  turf;  that  part  of 
the  soil  which  is  filled  with  the  roots  of  grass,  form- 
ing a  kind  of  mat.  When  covered  with  green  grass, 
it  is  called  GasEif-SwASo. 

SWARD,  V.  t.  To  produce  sward  ;  to  cover  with 
sward.  Mortimer. 

SWARD'-eUT-TER,  n.  An  instrument  for  cutting 
swiird  across  the  ridges. 

SWARD'ED,  a.    Covered  with  sward.  Drake. 

SWARD'Y,  a.  Covered  with  sward  or  grass;  as, 
swardy  land. 

SWARE,  old  pret.  of  Swear.     [We  now  use  Swobe.] 

SWARE,        in.     A  copper  coin  and  money  of  ac- 

SCHWARE,  I  count  in  Bremen,  vahie  one  fifth  of  a 
groat,  and  72  groats  make  a  thaler,  (rix  dollar.)  It  is 
therefore  worth  nearly  ^  farthing  sterling,  or  \  cent. 

Mc  (Julloch. 

SWARM,  ?t.  [Sax.  swearm  ;  G.  schwarm  ;  D.  zwcrm  ; 
Van.sverm;  Sw,  jcttrm.  This  seems  to  be  formed 
on  the  root  of  warm.  The  Sp.  hrrvir,  to  boil,  to 
swarm,  is  the  L.  ferveo,  and  boiling  is  very  ex- 
pressive of  the  motions  of  a  swarm  of  bees.  See 
the  verb.] 

L  In  a  general  tense,  a  large  number  or  body  of 
small  animals  or  insects,  particularly  when  in  mo- 
tion ;  but  appropriately,  a  great  number  of  honey 
bees  which  emigrate  from  a  hive  at  once,  and  seek 
new  lodgings  under  the  direction  of  a  queen  ;  or  a 
like  body  of  bees  united  and  settled  permanently  in  a 
hive.  The  bees  that  leave  n  hive  in  spring,  are 
the  young  bees  produced  in  the  year  preceding. 
Ezod.  viii.     Judges  xiv. 

2.  A  swarm  or  multitude ;  particularly,  a  multi- 
tude of  people  in  motion.  Swarms  of  northern  na- 
tions overran  the  south  of  Europe  in  the  fifth  cen- 
tury. 

JVote.  —  The  application  of  this  word  to  inanimate 
things,  as  swarms  of  advantages,  by  Shak.«pcare,and 
swarms  of  themes,  by  Young,  is  not  legitimate,  for 
the  essence  of  the  word  is  motion. ' 
SWARM,  V.  i.  [Sax.  swearmiani  D.  zwrrmen ;  G. 
schicdnnen  ;  Dan.  srermer  i  Sw.  svdrma,  to  swarm,  to 
rove,  to  wander,  to  swerve.] 

L  To  collect  and  depart  from  a  hive  by  flight  in  a 
body,  as  bees.  Bees  swarm  in  warm,  clear  days  in 
sunmier. 

3,  To  appear  or  collect  in  a  crowd  ;  to  run ;  to 
throng  together  ;  to  congregate  in  a  multitude. 

In  crowds  around  the  twarming  people  Join.  Dryden, 

3.  To  be  crowded  ;  to  be  thronged  with  a  multi- 
tude of  animals  in  motion.  The  forests  in  America 
often  sicarm  with  wild  pigeons.  The  northern  seas 
in  .spring  swarm  with  herrings. 

Evcr^r  plnce  twarmi  with  soldiers.  Spenter. 

[Such  phrases  as  "  life  swarms  with  ills,"  "  those 
days  stcarmed  with  fubles,"  are  not  legitimate,  or 
wholly  obsolete.    Brown,     Young.] 

4.  To  breed  multitudes.  Milton, 
f).  To  climb,  as  a  tree,  by  embracing  it  with  the 

arms  and  legs,  and  scrambling. 

At  the  top  wns  placed  a  piece  of  money,  ns  a  priie  for  thoae  who 
could  twanix  up  and  i*cii<.'  it.  Coxc'm  Rumm. 

J^ote.  —  This,  by  the  common  people  in  New  Eng- 
land, ia  pronounced  squirm  or  sqaurm,  and  it  is  evi- 
dently formed  on  worm,  indicating  that  worm  and 
warm,  on  which  swarm  and  squirm  are  formed,  are 
radically  the  same  word.  The  primary  sense  is,  to 
bend,  wind,  twist,  as  a  worm  or  a  swarm  of  bees. 
It  may  bo  formed  on  the  root  of  r«r,  vary.] 

SWARM,  r.  L    To  crowd  or  throng.     [JVot  t«  use.] 

SWARM'^D,  pp.  of  Swarm. 

SWARM'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  from  Swarm.  [See  the 
verb.] 

SWART,      I  a.     [Sax.  swart,  sweaH ;  Sw.  irvart ;  Dan. 

SWARTH,  \      svarte;  G.schwan;  D.  iwarL] 

1.  Being  of  a  dark  hue ;  moderately  black ; 
tawny. 

A  nation  atran^  wUh  visage  twart.  Spenter. 

[I  believe  Swart  and  Swarth  are  never  used  in 
the  United  States,  certainly  not  in  Mew  England. 
SwARTHv  is  a  common  word.] 

2.  Gloomy  ;  malignant.      [Jvbt  in  use.]      Milton. 
SWART,  V.  t.    To  make  tawny.  Brown. 
SWARTH,    (  n.     An  apparition  of  a  person  about  to 
SWXlRTH,  i      die.  Orose. 

[JVot  iised  in  JVVio  England.] 
SWARTH'1-LY,  adv.    [from  swarthy.]    Duskily  ;  with 

a  tawny  hue. 
SWARTH'I-NESS,  n.    Tawnineaa  ;  a  dusky  or  dark 

complexion. 
SWARTil'Y,  o.     [See  Swart.]     Being  of  a  dark  hue 

or  dusty  complexion  ;   tawny.     In  warm   climates, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII^T — METE,  PREY PL\E,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK-- 

1116  ' 


SWA 

the  complexion  of  men  is  universally  stcarUtif  or 
black.  The  Moors,  Spaniards,  and  Italtun:a,'are 
more  sicartAy  than  the  French,  Germans,  and  Eng- 
lu^h. 

Their  twarthy  hosts  would  *i&rk«n  all  our  pluini.        Additon. 
2.  Black  ;  as,  the  svarthy  African. 
SWART'[-NESS,  n.     A  lawnv  color.         Sherwood. 
SWART'ISH,  a.    Somewhat  dark  or  tawny. 
SVV'ART'Y,  a.     Swarthy  ;  tawnv.  Burton. 

SWARVE,  r.  u     To  swerve.    {jVot  in  iwc] 

Spenser. 
SW^Sn,  (swoah,)  n.   An  oval  figure,  whose  moldings 
are  oblique  to  the  axis  of  the  work.  Jdoxon. 

[Ji  cant  teoriL     Johnson.] 
SWASH,  (swosh,)  H.    A  blustering  noise ;  a  vaporing. 
[AuE  IN  ic*^,  or  vulgar.] 

2.  Impulse  of  water  (lowing  with  violence.  In 
the  Southern  States  of  America,  ^tra^A  or  ^pos/t  is  a 
name  given  to  a  narrow  sound  or  channel  of  water 
lying  within  a  sand-bank,  or  between  that  and  the 
shore.  Many  such  are  found  on  the  shores  of  the 
Carolina^. 
SWASH,  p.  L     [D.  zwetsen,  to  boastj 

To  blujitcr ;  to  make  a  great  noise ;  to  vapor  or 
brag.     [J\rot  in  use.]  Shak. 

"' '  ""        'a.     Soil,  like  fruit  too  ripe.     [Lncal.] 

Pegge. 
CK-LER,   ft.    A  sword-player ;  a  bully 
or  bracfnidocio.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Jklilton, 

SWASH'ER,  n.  One  who  makes  a  blustering  show 
of  valor  or  force  of  arms.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shak, 

SW ATE.  i  ***  *•    '^°  sweat.     [  Obs.]  Chaucer. 

SWATCH,  M.     A  swath.     [JVot  in  use.]  Tusser. 

SWATH,  (swawth,)  n.  [Sax.  stcaVu,  a  track,  a  border 
or  ("ringe,  a  band  ;  D.  iioaa/t :  G.  stjitoaden.] 

1.  A  line  of  grass  or  grain  cut  and  thrown  together 
by  the  scythe  in  mowing  or  cnidling. 

2.  The  whole  breadth  or  sweep  of  a  scythe  in 
mowing  or  cradling  ;  as,  a  wide  swath.     Farmers. 

3.  A  band  or  fillet.  They  wrapped  me  in  a  hun- 
dred yards  of  swaOt.  Guardian. 

SWATHE,  r.  U     To  bind  with  a  band,  bandage,  or 
rollers  ;  as,  to  swathe  a  child. 
2.  To  bind  or  wrap. 

Tbnr  chitiir^n  %n  never  twaihtd  or  bound  about  with  nnr  thin^ 
wbco  first  bom.  Abbot. 

SWATHE,  «.    A  bandage. 

SWATH'KD,  pp.     Bound  with  a  bandage  or  rollers, 

SWATH'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Binding  or  wrapping. 

SWA  V,  r.  U  [D.  zwaaijen,  to  turn,  to  wield,  to  swing, 
to  ?way.  This  word  is  probably  formed  on  the  root 
of  vaeigh,  wave.  Sax.  wiBgy  y>eg,  and  steag^  and  proba- 
bly swing  is  written  for  swig,  and  is  of  the  same  fam- 
ily ;  Ice.  stteigia;  Sw.  sviga.] 

1.  To  move  or  wave  ;  to  wield  with  the  hand  ;  as, 
to  sway  the  scepter. 

2.  To  bias  ;  to  cause  to  lean  or  incline  to  one  side. 
Let  not  temporal  advantages  sway  you  from  the  line 
of  duty.  The  king  was  swayed  by  his  council  from 
the  course  he  intended  to  pursue. 

Aa  bowli  nm  tr«^  by  trin^  made 

Of)  piirpoae  falae,  aud  to  tie  neoyed.  Hudibraa. 

3.  To  rule;  to  govern  ;  to  influence  or  direct  by 
power  and  authority,  or  by  moral  force. 

This  w<«B  the  noe 
Ta  ftMiy  (h?  world,  and  l\nd  ajid  sea  subdue.  Dryden, 

fibe  could  aot  *i«ay  h  r  hcuae.  HhaJt. 

Take  h'^d  Irit  pnwion  tteay 
1*hT  liidpn'fK  to  do  aughl  -vhlch  ebe  free  will 
Wo<Ud  nil  admit.  Milton. 

SWAY,  v.i.  To  be  drawn  to  one  side  by  weight  j  to 
lean.    A  wall  sways  to  the  west. 

The  balance  svays  on  our  part.  AtoMi. 

[This  sense  seems  to  indicate  that  this  word  and 
twag  are  radically  one.] 

2.  To  have  weight  or  influence. 

The  eiample  of  sundry  chureh'-»  —  duth  tway  much.     Hooktr. 

3.  To  bear  rule  ;  to  govern. 

Haast  tbou  »waytd  as  kin^  should  do.  Shak, 

4.  In  seamen^s  language,  to  hoist,  particularly  ap- 
plied to  the  lower  yards  and  to  the  topmast  yards, 
&£. 

SWAY,  n.    The  swing  or  sweep  of  a  weapon. 

To  strike  with  hii^  two-handed  away,  Milton. 

2.  Any  thing  moving  with  bulk  and  power. 

A/f  not  ro-j  mnvd  wh>m  all  the  stsoy  of  eartb 

Shakes  like  a  ihing  uiifinn  I  Shak. 

3.  Preponderation  ;  turn  or  cast  of  balance. 

Exp>-n 

Whin  to  adrance,  or  stand,  or  tarn  (he  sway  of  batde.    MVton, 

4.  Power  exerted  In  governing;  rule;  dominion; 
rontnd. 

Wh'n  rice  prrvnils,  and  impious  men  bear  'vny* 

The  post  u(  hunoi  Is  a  priraie  slntivn.  Additon. 

5.  Influence  ;  weight  or  authority  that  inclines  to 
one  side  ;  as,  the  sieay  of  desires.  All  the  world  is 
■uhjert  to  the  sway  of  fashion. 

6.  A  switch  used  by  ihatchers  to  bind  their  work. 

IfaHiweU. 


SWE 

S\VAV'£D,  (swSde,)  pp.  Wielded  ;  inclined  to  one 
side;  ruled;  governed;  influenced;  biased. 

SWAY'ING,  ppr.  Wielding;  causing  to  lean;  bias- 
ing; ruling. 

SWAY'ING,  n.  Swaying  of  the  back,  among  bfostt,  is 
a  kind  of  lumbago,  caused  by  a  fall  or  by  being  over- 
loaded, c^c. 

SWkAL,  t?.  i.  [Sax.  swelan^  sometimes  written 
Swale.  In  .Smerica^  it  is  jironounced  as  written, 
sweat  or  sweet,] 

1.  To  melt  and  nin  down,  as  the  tallow  of  a  can- 
dle ;  to  waste  away  without  feeding  the  flame. 

2.  To  blaze  away.     [See  also  Swale.] 
SWeAL'ING,  ppr.     Melting  and  wattling  away. 
SWEAR,    (sware,)    r.    i.  ,■    preL    Swore,    (formerly 

SwARE ;)  pp.  SwoRw.  [Sax.  swerian,  swerigan ; 
Goth,  swaran  :  D.  tweeren;  G.  schwSren;  S\v.  svdria^ 
to  swear,  and  svara^  to  answer  ;  Dan.  svierger,  to 
swear^  and  svarer,  to  answer.  The  latter  seems 
to  be  from  svarrer,  to  turn,  Eng.  veer.  Swear  seems 
to  be  allied  to  aver  and  the  L.  assevero.  and  to  belong 
to  the  root  IVr.] 

1.  To  affirm  or  utter  a  solemn  declaration,  with  an 
appeal  to  God  for  the  truth  of  what  is  affirmed. 

Ye  shidl  not  ti^ear  by  my  name  fAlsely.  —  LeT,  lix. 
But  I  say  to  yuu,  SiMar  not  at  ail.  —  Matt.  t. 

2.  To  promise  upon  oath. 

Jacob  said,  Stoear  to  me  this  day ;   and  lie  steors  to  him, 

3.  To  give  evidence  on  oath  ;  as,  to  swear  to  the 
truth  of  a  statement.  He  swore  that  the  prisoner 
was  not  present  at  the  riot. 

4.  To  be  profane  ;  to  pmctice  profaneness.  Cer- 
tain classes  of  men  are  accustomed  to  swear.  For 
men  to  swear  is  sinful,  disreputable,  and  odious  ;  but 
fur  females  or  ladies  to  swear  appears  more  abomina- 
ble and  scandalous. 

SWEAR,  B.  t.  To  utter  or  atTirm  with  a  solemn  ap. 
peal  to  G")d  for  the  truth  of  the  declaration  ;  as,  to 
swear  on  oath. 

[This  seems  to  have  been  the  primitive  use  of 
swear  ;  that  is,  to  affirm.] 

2.  To  put  to  an  oath  ;  to  cause  to  lake  an  oath  ; 
as,  to  swear  witni;sses  in  court ;  to  swear  a  jury  ;  the 
witness  hus  been  sworn;  the  judges  are  ymorn  into 
office. 

3.  To  declare  or  charge  upon  oath ;  as,  to  swear 
treason  against  a  man. 

4.  To  obtest  by  an  oath. 

Now,  by  Apollo,  king,  thou  »u-«ir'#i  thy  ffods  in  rain.    Shak. 
To  steear  the  peace  against  one  ;  to  make  oath  that 
one  is  under  the  actual  fear  of  death  or  bodily  harm 
from  the  ix^raon  ;  in  which  case  the  person  must  find 
sureties  of  the  peace. 
SWEAR'ER,  n.      One  who   swears  ;   one  who  calls 
God  to  witness  for  the  truth  of  his  declaration. 
2.  A  profane  person. 

Th'.n  the  liars  nnd  swearerM  arc  fools.  Skak. 

SWEAR'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Affirming  upon  oath  ;  utter- 
ing a  declaration,  with  an  appeal  to  God  for  the  truth 
of  it 
2.  Pniting  upon  oath  ;  causing  to  swear. 
SWEAR'ING,  n.    The  act  or  iiractice  of  afl^rming  on 
oath.     Swearing  in  court  is  lawful. 

2.  Profaneness.  All  swearing  not  required  by 
some  law,  or  in  conformity  with  law,  is  criminal. 
False  swearing,  or  perjury,  is  a  crime   of  a  deep 


SWE 


SWEAT,  (swet,)  n.  [Snx.  swat ;  D.  zweet ;  G.ackweisa; 
Dan.  sveed  :  Sw.  svett ;  L.  sudor,] 

1.  The  fluid  or  sensible  moisture  which  is  excreted 
from  the  skin  of  an  animal. 

Ill  Ihr  aiMoZ  of  thy  fac«  shalt  thou  eat  bread.  —  Oen.  ItL 

2.  Labor  ;  toil  ;  drudgery.  J^ilton. 

3.  Moisture  evacuated  from  any  substance  ;  aa, 
the  sweat  of  hny  i>r  grain  in  a  mow  orsLick. 

SWEA'I',  (swet,)  V.  i.:  prrt.  and  pp.  Sweat  or  Sweat- 
ed. SwuT  is  obsolete.  [Hax.  tcuuetan;  Sw.  xvetta  ,■ 
Dan.  soetder ;  D.  iweetcn  ;  G.  sckwitien ;  L.  sudo  ;  Fr. 
jiier.l 

1.  To  excrete  sensible  moisture  from  the  skin. 
iliirses  siceat ;  oxen  sweat  little  or  not  at  all. 

2.  To  toil ;  to  labor  ;  to  drudge. 

Hf'd  ha»e  the  poets  aatat.  Waller. 

3.  To  emit  moisture,  as  green  plants  in  a  heap. 
SWEAT,  (swet,)  v.  t.    To  emit  or  suffer  to  flow  from 

the  pores  ;  to  exude. 

For  him  the  rich  Arabia  ttoeaU  ht^r  ^ims.  Dryden. 

2.  To  cause  to  excrete  moisture  from  the  skin. 
His  phytiicians  attempted  to  sweat  him  by  the  most 
(K>werful  Hudorifics. 

SWEAT'ER,  71.     One  that  causes  to  sweat. 

SWEAT'l-LY,  (swet'e-le,)  adv.  So  as  to  be  moist 
with  sweat. 

SWEAT'l-XESS,  (swet'e-ness,)  n.  The  state  of  being 
sweat)-  or  moist  with  sweat. 

SWEAT'ING,  (swel'ing,)  ppr.     Excreting   moisture 
from  the  skin  ;  throwing  out  moisture  ;  exuding. 
2.  Carisitig  to  emit  moisture  from  the  skin. 

SWEAT'ING-BATH,  n.  A  sudatory  ;  a  bath  for  pro- 
ducing sensible  sweat;  a  hyjmcaust  or  stove.   Cijc. 


SWKAT'LNG-HOl'SE,  n,  A  house  for  sweating  per- 
sons in  sjekiiess.  Qfff 

SWEAT'L\G-T-RO\,  Cswet'lng-I-urn,)  n.  A  kind" of 
knife  or  a  piece  of  a  scythe,  used  to  scrape  off  sweat 
from  horses.  (tyg 

SWEAT'ING-ROOM,  n.  A  room  for  sweating  per- 
sons. 

2.  In  rural  economy,  a  room  for  sweating  cheese 
and  carr>ingort^  the  superfluous  juices.  Cve. 

8WEAT'L\G-SICK'\ESS,  v,  A  febrile  epidemic 
disease  which  prevailed  in  some  countries  of  Eiirr)pe, 
but  particularly  in  England,  in  the  I5ih  and  16ih 
centuries.  Its  first  ap|)carance  waji  in  the  army  of 
the  carl  of  Richmond,  afterward  Henry  VM.,  on 
his  landing  at  Milford  Haven,  in  1485.  The  Invasion 
of  the  disease  was  sudden,  and  usually  marked  by  a 
local  affi-ction  producing  the  sensation  of  intense 
heal,  afterward  dimising  itself  over  the  whole  body, 
and  immediately  followed  by  profuse  sweating, 
which  continued  through  the  whole  course  of  the 
disease,  or  till  death,  which  oilen  happened  in  a  few 
hours.  Cyc 

SWEAT'Y,  (swet'e,)  a.  Moist  with  sweat ;  as,  a 
sweaty  skin  ;  a  sweaty  garment. 

2.  Consisting  of  sweat. 

No  noisy  whiffs  or  aveaty  streams.  Swi/t. 

3.  Laborious  ;  toilsome  ;  as,  the  sweaty  forge. 

SWkDE,  n,    A  native  of  Sweden. 

2.  A  Swedish  turnip. 
SWE-DE\-BOR'Gl-AN,  n.    A  follower  of  Emanuel 

Swedenborg,  who  claimed  to  have  habitual  inter- 
course with  the  world  of  spirits,  and  to  have  received 
divine  instructions  from  on  high.  He  denied  the 
doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  and  maintained  that  Jesus 
Christ  alone  is  God.  He  taught  the  doctrine  of  cor- 
respondences, i.  e.,  that  there  is  a  spiritual  meaning  of 
the  Scriptures  lying  back  of  the  literal  one,  which 
constitutes  the  only  true  meaning.         Encifc.  Am, 

SWE-DEX-B0R'GI-A.\-1SM,  n.  The  doctrines  of 
the  Sweden borgians. 

SWkD'ISH,  a.     Pertaining  to  Sweden. 

SWeD'ISH-TUR'NIP,  r.  The  Brassica  cnmpestrii 
or  ruta  baga,  a  hard  sort  of  turnip,  of  two  kinds,  ttie 
white  and  the  yellow.    The  latter  is  most  valued. 

Cyc. 

SWEEP,  V.  i. ;  prrt.  and  pp.  Swept.  [Sax.  swapan^ 
sweopan.  It  seems  to  be  allied  to  swab,  and  may  be 
formed  on  the  n)ot  of  wipe.     G.  schweifen.] 

1.  To  brush  or  rub  over  with  a  brush,  broom,  or 
besom,  for  removing  loose  dirt ;  to  clean  by  brush- 
ing ;  as,  t0  5ir«/»  a  chimney  or  a  floor.  When  we 
say,  to  sweep  a  room,  we  mean  to  sweep  the  floor  of 
tlie  room  ;  and  to  sweep  the  house,  is  to  sweep  the 
floors  of  the  house. 

9.  To  carry  with  a  long,  swinging,  or  dragging 
motion  ;  to  carry  with  pomp. 

And  like  a  peacock,  rwep  along  hts  (ail.  Shak. 

3.  To  drive  or  carry  alongoroff  by  a  long,  brushing 
stroke  or  force,  or  by  flowing  on  the  earth.  Thus 
the  wind  sweeps  the  snow  from  the  tops  of  the  hilts; 
a  river  siBeri>s  away  a  dam,  timber,  or  rubbish  ;  a 
flood  sweeps  away  a  bridge  or  a  house.     Hence, 

4.  To  drive,  destroy,  or  carry  off  many  at  a  stroke, 
or  with  celerity  and  violence  ;  as,  a  pestilence 
sweeps  off  multitudes  in  a  few  days.  The  conflagra- 
tion swept  away  whole  streets  of  houses. 

1  liare  already  aioept  the  st.-ikes.  Dryden, 

5-  To  rub  over. 

Their  long-  df^sccndtn^  tmlo, 
With  nibies  ed^d  and  sapphires,  atotpt  the  plain.        Dryden. 

6.  To  strike  with  a  long  stroke. 

Wake  inifj  »oice  each  silent  atting, 

And  Mwrep  the  sounding  iyn.  Pope. 

7.  To  draw  or  drag  over  ;  as,  to  jrtpc*^!  the  bottom 
of  a  river  with  a  net,  or  with  tlie  bight  of  a  rope,  to 
hook  an  anchor.  Mar.  Diet. 

SWEEP,  V.  1.  To  pass  with  swiftness  and  violence, 
as  something  broad,  or  bru-ihing  the  surf;ice  of  any 
thing  ;  as,  a  sweeping  rain  ;  a  sweeping  flood.  A  fowl 
that  flies  near  the  surface  of  land  or  water,  is  said  to 
sweep  along  near  the  surface. 

2.  To  pass  over  or  brush  along  with  celerity  and 
force  ;  as,  the  wind  sweeps  along  the  plain. 

3.  To  pass  with  pomp ;  as,  a  person  sweeps  aloDf 
with  a  trail. 

Bhe  awtepa  it  through  the  court  with  troops  of  ladies.      Shak. 

4.  To  move  with  a  long  reach  ;  as,  a  sioeeping 
stroke.  Dryden. 

SWEEP,  n.    The  act  of  sweeping. 

2.  The  compass  of  a  stroke  ;  as,  a  long  sweep. 

3.  The  compass  of  any  turning  body  or  motion; 
as,  the  sweep  of  a  door. 

4.  The  compass  of  any  thing  flowing  or  brushing  ; 
as,  the  flood  carried  away  every  thing  within  its 
sweep. 

5.  Violent  and  general  destruction ;  aa,  the  sweep 
of  an  epidemic  dise.ase.  QraunL 

6.  Direction  of  any  motion  not  rectUinttar;  as,  the 
sweep  of  a  compass. 

7.  The  mold  of  a  ship  when  she  begins  to  compass 
in,  at  the  rung  htjads  ;  also,  any  part  of  a  ship  shaped 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  G  as  J  ;   S  as  Z;   CH  as  911 ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


SWE 

hy  Um  aegment  of  «  circle ;  as,  a  Hootsweqt ;  a  back- 
,  fcc 


8.  Among  n^ners  <ifmetaU^  the  almond-furnace. 

9.  Among  ^fanrn,  a  n;ini(9  given  to  large  onrti,  used 
in  small  vessels,  to  impt:!  tlu-m  during  a  calm,  or  to 
increase  their  speed  during  a  chase,  &.C,       Totten. 

10.  The  pole  or  piece  of  limber  moved  on  a  ful- 
crum or  poA^  used  to  raise  and  lower  a  bucket  in  a 
well  for  drawing  water ;  written  by  Bailey,  Swirx, 
ftnd  in  Yorkshire,  England,  Swaps. 

11.  A  chimney  sweeper. 

5irn*p  of  the  tiller ;  a  ciicular  frame  on  which  the 

tiller  tniverses  in  large  ships. 
PWKEP'ER.  ».     One  that  sweeps 
SWEEP'ING,  p;»r.  or  a.     Bnishingorer ;  rubbing  with 

a  broom  ru*  besom  ;  cleaning  with  a  broom  or  besom  ; 

briHhins  nions;  p;issi)tg  over ;  dragging  over. 
SWEEP'IN'G-LV,  adc.     \^y  sweeping. 
SWEEP'LN'tSS,  H.  fL    Things  collected  by  sweeping  ; 

rubbish.    The  siteejtaigs  of  streets  are  often  used  as 

manure.  

SWEEP'-XET,  m.    [*ir«*yand  net.]    A  large  net  for 

dmwine  over  a  large  compass. 
SWEEPSTAKE,  n.    [flMep  and  jtefce.]     A  ronn  that 

win»s  all ;  usnnlly  SwEirsTAaEs.  SJink, 

SWEEPSTAKES,  «.  pL     The  whole  money  or  other 

thinsrs  Maked  or  won  at  a  horse-race, 
SWEKP'-W.\SI1-ER,  a.     The   person  who  extracts 

from  the  sweepings,  potsherds,  ^c,  of  refineries  of 

gold  and  silver,  the    small  residuum  of   precious 

metal.  Ure. 

SWEEP'T,  «.    PassTng  with  speed  and  riolenco  over 

a  great  compass  at  once. 

The  tvukctm  bead  befoR  Oteli  Mieaepf  ■wty.  Dryten. 

S.  Siniuing. 

3.  Wavy. 
SWEET,  a.    [Sax.  smelt  t  D.  to€t;  O.  s*>ssi  Sw.  gUti 
Dan.  aiid ;  ^na.  Mwmd.    On.  L.  susvit,] 

1.  Agreeable  or  grvtefkil  to  the  taste  ;  aa,  sugar  or 
honey  is  nsecC 

3.  Pleasing  to  the  smell ;  fnifrvBt ;  as,  a  staaef 
rose  ;  swett  odor :  gwwt€  incensa.    £z.  xxvi. 

3.  Pleasing  to  the  ear ;  soft ;  melodiotts ;  taarmo- 
Bkais ;  as,  the  svrtt  notes  of  a  flul£  or  an  organ ; 
smesi  music  ;  a  svrH  voice. 

4.  Pleasing  to  the  eye  ;  beautiful ;  as,  a  wwert  face ; 
m  Mmewt  color  or  conpfexion ;  a  twttt  fonn.      Skalu 

5.  Preak ;  not  nk ;  aa,  mttt  water. 

6.  Not  sour :  as,  ascsc  fhilla ;  swssl  onans. 

7.  UUd;  soft;  gentle. 


Cum  Iboa  feind  tke  mm(  tnBnmM  of  PWkda  t  —  Job  uxvfil. 

8.  Mild  ;  soft ;  kind  ;  obliging ;  as,  nPMt  manners. 

9.  Grateful ;  pleasing. 

S^mM  iatfTdwaf*  of  biO  mmI  vvOpr.  MBamt, 

lOi  Making  aoA  or  excellent  roasic ;  aa,  a  sweet 
singer. 
11.  Not   stale;   as,  swttt   batter;    the    bread    is 


12.  Not  turned  ;  not  sour ;  as,  jnerrt  milk. 

IX  Not   putrescent  or  puuid  i   as,  the  meat    Is 


SWEET,  n.    Something  pleamng  or  grateful  to  the 
mind  ;  as,  the  swrets  o(  duroestic  life. 

A  Bale  Mbkt  ntegled  In  our  cop,  k«.<Ts  no  rrlidt  of  ihe  fvett, 

Lockt. 

%  A  aWM*  anbetance ;  ^«r(ini/aWy,  any  vegetable 
Juice  which  is  added  to  wines  to  improve  them. 

Encyc 
3.  A  perfume.  Prior,     Dri/den. 

A.  A  word  of  endearroenL 

5.  SwMU,  pL;  home-made  wines,  mead,  metheg- 
lin,  &c.  McC*U»<k.  Also,  cane  juice,  molasses, 
or  other  sweet  vegetable  sukitance. 

EdiMnLn,  Wf*t  rndUs. 

SWEET'  AP-PLE,  a,     [sweet  and  ajrple.]     The  Anona 

sqiiamn^ii.  or  sweet-snp,  which  see.  Let, 

SWEET'-EBEAD,(bred,)it.     [*«•<«■/ nnd  ftrttuf.]    The 

pancrens  of  a  calf;  the  pancreas  of  any  anim.il. 
SWEET'-r.RI-ER,  a.     [sweet  and  britr,]     A  shrubby 
plant  of  the  genus  Rosa,  cultivated  for  its  fmgrant 
sm*"!!. 
SWEET'-BROOM,  a.     [sweet  and  brtumL]     A  plant. 

^insworth, 

SWEET-''.'IC'E-LY,  «.     A  plant  of  the  genus  Scan- 

dix  :  a'.d  another  of  the  genus  Odmorrhiza. 
BWEEl'-'JIS'TUS,  a.     An  evergreen  shnib,  the  Cis- 

las.  .ViLton. 

SWEET'-€ORN,  a.    A  variety  of  the  maize,  of  a 

sweet  taste. 
dWEET'i^X,  (sweftt'n,)  r.  U    To  make  sweet ;  as,  to 
swttten  tea  or  cofl'ee. 

3.  To  make  pleistng  or  grateful  to  the  mind ;  as, 
to  swerten  life;  to  swteten  friend-^hip. 

3.  To  make  ibild  or  kind ;  as,  to  siDuten  the 
temper. 

4.  To  make  ten  painfUl :  as,  to  sweeten  the  cares 
of  life. 

5.  To  increase  agreeable  qualities;  as,  to  sweeten 
the  joys  or  plezsures  of  life. 

fi.  To  softer  ;  to  make  delicate. 

Coovgfio  liM  madr  hb  name  immortal  by  ihr  *um^  he  hu 
gives  ID  bs  llgura,  u>d  bjr  tnetUntng  bia  It^hu  and  ahuks. 
Dryden. 


SWE 

7.  To  m.ike   pure  and   salubrious  by   det^troying 

noxious  matter ;  as,  to  sweeten  rooms  or  aparlutenls 

that  have  bt-en  infocted  ;  to  swrcten  the  air. 
6.  To   make  w.irm   and   fertile  ;   as,  to  dry  and 

sweeten  soils. 
9.  To  restore  to  purity  ;  as,  to  jnoeef en  water,  butter, 

or  meat. 
SWEET'£N,  (aweet'n,)  ».  i.    To  become  sweet. 

Baeon, 
SWEET'EN-ED,  pp,  or  a.     Made  sweet,   mild,  or 

grateful. 
SWEET'£N-ER,  n.     He  or  that  which  sweetens  ;  he 

that  pnllintes  ;  that  which  modemles  acrimony. 
SWEt'T'A'N'-ING,  pyr.     Making  sweet  or  grateful. 
SWEET'EXI.NG,  tu     The  act  of  making  sweet ;  that 

which  sweetens.  ^sli, 

SWEET'-FLAO,  n.    An  aromatic  plant  of  the  genus 

Aconis. 
SWEET'-GU.M,  «.    A  tree  of  the  genus  Liquidam- 

bnr. 
SWEET'HEXRT,  n.     A  lover  or  mistress.         SAo*. 
SWEET'ING,  n,     A  sweet  apple.  Jtscharn. 

12.  A  word  of  endearment.  ShaJc 

SWEET'ISH,  0.    Somewhat  sweet  or  grateful  to  the 

taste.  Enciic 

SWEET'ISH-NESS,  a.     The  quality  of  being  sweet- 

i.-«h.  Berkeley, 

SWEET'-JOHXS.  (-jonz,)  a.     A  plant,  a  species  of 

Dinnthns  or  pink. 
SWEET'LV,  ado.    In  a  sweet  manner;  gratefully; 

agreeably. 

He  «i»Htfy  temp^ml  awe.  Drydtn. 

No  poet  Vtr  #tfWt/y  amig;, 

Unleaa  be  vu,  like  Pitisbua,  jouiig.  Swift. 

SWEET-MA  R'JO-R AM,  a.  A  very  fragrant  plant  of 
the  genus  Orieanuin. 

SWEET-MAUD'LIN,  a.  A  species  of  Achillea,  al- 
lied to  milloil.  Loudon. 

SWEET'MEAT,  a.  [sweet  and  meaL'\  Fruit  pre- 
served with  sugar;  as  peaches,  pears,  melons,  nuts, 
orange  peel,  and  the  like. 

SWEET'NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being  sweet,  in 
any  of  its  seniles  ;  as  gratefulness  to  the  taste,  or  to 
the  smell ;  Ongrance ;  agrei-nbleness  to  the  ear,  mel- 
ody ;  as,  sweetness  of  the  voice ;  sweetness  of  elocu- 
tion. MidtUeton, 

SL  Agreeableneas  of  manners  ;  softness  ;  mildness  ; 
obliging  civility  ;  as,  fireetness  of  behavior. 

3.  SoAness;  mildness^  amiablcness ;  as^  siceetness 
of  ifiiiper. 

SWEET'-PkA,  »t.  A  pea  cultivated  for  ornament,  an 
annual  leguminous  plant,  of  the  genus  Lathyrus. 

Cye. 

SWEET-PO-TA'TO,  a.  A  plant  and  the  esculent 
part  of  its  root,  the  Convolvulus  Datatns,  n  native 
of  both  Indies  and  of  China.  It  is  the  potato  of 
Shnkspeare  and  coieniponiry  writers.  Louilon. 

SWEE  T'-ROCiT,  fl.     The  liquorice,  or  Glycyrrhiza. 

SWEET'-RUSII,  n.  Another  naiite  of  the  sweet-Hag, 
a  (tpeeies  of  Aconis. 

SWEET'-SCENT-ED,  a.  [sweet  and  scenL]  Having 
a  sweet  smell ;  fraernnL 

SWEET'-^.MELL-ING,  a,  [sweet  and  smell.}  Hav- 
ine  a  swet't  smell ;  fragranL 

SWEET'-SOP,  B.  An  evergreen  shnibortree,  Anona 
squamosa,  allied  to  the  custard  apple.  It  grows  in 
the  West  Indies,  and  hears  a  greenish  fruit,  sweet 
and  imlpy,  covered  with  scales  like  a  pine-apple. 

P.  Cye. 

SWEET-SUL'TAN,  ».  An  annual  flowering  plant, 
Centauren  moschata. 

SWEET'-TEM'PER  .ED,  a.  Having  a  sweet  dispo- 
sition. 

SWEET'-TOX-KD,  a.     Having  a  sweet  sound. 

SWEET'-WEED,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Capraria, 
and  another  of  the  genus  Scoparia. 

SWEET-WII/LIAM,  «.  The  name  of  several  si)e- 
cies  of  pink,  of  the  genus  Dianthus.  Cye. 

The  Dianthus  Barbatus,  a  species  of  pink  of 
many  varieties.  Eneye.     I^e. 

SWEET-WIL'LOW,  n.  A  plant,  the  Myrfca  gale,  or 
Dutch  mvrtle.  Lee, 

SWEET'-'WQQD,  a.    A  plant,  a  species  of  Laurus. 

Lee. 

SWEET'WORT,  a.    Any  plant  of  a  sweet  taste. 

SWELL,  V.  i.  ;  pret.  Swelled  :  pp.  Swelled.  Swol- 
LEX  is  nearly  obsolete.  [Sax.  sicdlan;  1).  zwe.llen; 
G.  achwellen  ;  Dan.  svaller;  Sw.  sralla.  Qu.  is  it  not 
from  the  verb  to  well,  or  its  root?] 

1.  To  grow  larger;  to  dilate  or  extend  the  exterior 
surface  or  dimensions,  hy  matter  aiided  to  the  inte- 
rior part,  or  by  expansion  of  the  inclosed  substance. 
Thus,  the  legs  swell  in  dropsy  ;  a  bruised  part  swells ; 
a  tumor  swells  ;  a  bladder  swells  by  inflation. 

2.  To  increase  in  size  or  extent  hy  any  addition  ; 
as,  a  river  swells,  and  overflows  its  banks. 

3.  To  rise  or  be  driven  into  waves  or  billows.  In 
a  tempest,  the  ocean  swells  into  waves  mountain 
high. 

4.  To  be  pufl^ed  up  or  bloated ;  as,  to  swell  with 
pride. 

5.  To  be  bloated  with  anger;  to  be  exasperated. 
He  swells  with  rage. 

6.  To  be  inflated  ;  to  belly ;  as,  swelling  sails. 


SWE 

7.  To  be  turgid  or  bombatnlic ;  as,  swelling  words  ; 
a  swelling  style.  Roscommon. 

8.  To  protubcrate;  to  bulge  out;  as,  a  cask  awtlla 
in  the  middle. 

9.  To  be  elated  ;  to  rise  into  arrogance. 

Yuur  equal  miml  yet  iwelit  not  into  MHie.  Dryden. 

10.  To  grow  more  violent;  as, a  moderate  passion 
may  swell  to  fury. 

11.  To  grow  upon  the  view  ;  to  become  larger. 

And  inonnrclw  to  beliold  ch(>  twetling  ■erne,  Hhak. 

12.  To  become  larger  in  amount.  Many  little 
debts  adfled,  tneell  to  a  great  amount. 

13.  I'o  become  louder;  as,  a  sound  gradually 
sicellm  as  it  approaches. 

14.  To  strut  i  to  look  big. 

Siotiling  lilcp  A  itirkrj-cock.  Shak. 

15.  To  rise  in  altitude  ;  as,  land  swelLt  into  hills. 
SWELL,  V.  t.  To  increase  the  size,  bulk,  or  dimen- 
sions <if  ;  to  cause  to  rise,  dilate,  or  increase.  Rains 
and  dissolving  snow  swell  the  rivers  in  sprifig,  and 
cause  floods.  Jordan  is  swelled  by  the  snows  of 
Mount  Libauu!i. 

2.  To  aggravate  ;  to  hightcn. 

Il  a  low  eUb  with  the  accuacr,  wlien  auch  peccfttliHo-B  ure  ptil  to 
tvitU  tilt-  ehnr^.  Alttrbury. 

3.  To  raise  to  arrogance  ;  ns,  to  be  swelled  with 
pride  or  haughtiness. 

4.  To  enlarge.  These  sums  steell  the  amount  of 
taxes  to  a  fearful  size.  These  victories  served  to 
swell  the  fame  of  the  commamler, 

5.  In  musie,  to  augment,  as  the  sound  of  a  note. 
SWELL,  H.     Extension  of  bulk.  Shak. 

2.  Increase,  ns  of  sound  ;  as,  the  sirrll  of  a  note, 
or  the  iucrt;ase  and  diniinnlion  of  sound,  crescendo 
and  diminumdo^  in  one  continut^d  note. 

3.  A  gradual  ascent  or  eh-vation  of  land  ;  aa,  an 
extensive  plain  abounding  with  little  swells. 

4.  A  Wiive  or  billow  ;  more  ^enerally^  a  succession 
of  large  waves  ;  as,  a  heavy  swell  sets  into  the  har- 
btir.  Swell  is  also  used  to  denote  the  waves  or  fluc- 
tnntion  of  the  sea  alltr  a  storm,  and  the  waves  that 
roll  in  and  break  upon  the  shore. 

5.  In  ail  orrran,  a  certain  nuuibfr  of  pipes  inclosed 
in  a  box,  which,  l>eing  uncovered,  produce  a  .iirell  of 
sound.  Bti^hf, 

SWELL'ED,  p;j.  or  a.  Enlarged  in  bulk;  inflated; 
tunu'tied, 

SWELL'LNG,  jtpr.    Growing  or  enlarging  In    its  di- 
men^^ious ;   growing  tumid;    inflating;    growing  or 
making  louder. 
2.  Tumid  ;  turgid  ;  as  style  or  language. 

SWELL'lNCi,  n.  A  tumor  or  any  morbid  enlarge- 
ment of  the  natural  size ;  as,  a  swelling  on  the  hand 
or  leg. 

2.  Protuberance;  prominence. 

The  ■ii|VTrf)ci^a  nf  aoch  i>LtU-a  are  not  even,  but  hare  mrtny  carfr 
lit^  And  »UK!ting».  ^eaUm, 

3.  A  rising  or  enlargement  by  passion  ;  as,  the 
sipelUnir.^  of  anger,  grief,  or  pride.  Tatler. 

SWEI.T,  for  Swelled,  is  not  in  use.  Spenser, 

SW  ELT,  V.  i.       [Sax.  sweltan  ;  Goth,  eieiltttn  ;  ga-swd- 

tan^  to  perish,  to  die  ;  properly,  to  f»il,  toswoon.    Q.U. 

is  not  this  funned  on  the  root  of  wilt  ?] 

To  faint ;  to  swoon.     [  Ohs.]  Chaucer. 

SWELT,  V.  t.     To  overpower,  as  with  heat ;  to  cause 

to  fnint.     [Ob.i.]     [We  now  use  Swelter.]      flatU 
SWRLT'ER,  r.  i.     [from  swelu]    To  be  overcome  and 

f;iini  with  licjit ;  to  be  ready  to  perish  with  heat. 
SWELT'ER,  V.  L     To  oppress  with  heat.       Bcntley. 
SWELT'EU-ED,  pp.     Opprfssed  with  heal. 
SWELT'ER-IXG,  pjrr.     Fainting  or  languishing  with 

heat ;  oppressing  with  heat. 
SWEI-.T'RY,  a.      Sufl'ocating  with   heat;    oppressive 

wiih  heat;  8Ultr>'.     [See  StjLXRT,  wliich  is  probably 

a  contraction  of  Sweltby.] 
SWEPT,  prct.  and  pp.  of  Sweep. 
SWERD,  for  SwARo,  is  not  in  use. 
SWERVE,  (swerv,)  v.  i.      [D.  zwercen^  Xc  swerve,  to 

rove.     In  i>ense  it  coincides  with  the  verb  to  sicarm^ 

and  in  German  it  is  rendered  schwdrmen.     It  seems 

to  be  formed  on  warp,  and  all  may  spring  from  the 

root  of  veer.     See  Vart.] 

1.  To  wander  ;  to  rove.  Sidney. 

The  ixerving  vinca  on  the  UU  clina  prevnil.  Dryden. 

9.  To  wander  from  any  line  prescribed,  or  fn  m  a 
rule  of  duty  ;  to  depart  from  what  is  e^itablished  by 
law,  duty,  or  custom  ;  to  deviate. 

I  iioerw  nn\  from  thy  commandmtnta.  Com.  Prayer. 

Th^y  tioerve  fiMin  Ih^-  alria  ieiter  of  tllP  law.  ClaTendan. 

Mitii?    who,   Uirough  the   conUgion    of  evil    example,   tatrve 
excevdingtv  trum  ihe  rules  o)  iticir  hot;  religiou.  AlUrbury, 

3.  To  bend  ;  to  incline.  Milton. 

4.  To  climb  or  move  forward  by  winding  or  turn- 
ing. 

Thp  tree  wa«  high  ; 
Tet  nimbljr  up  from  bou^li  to  boii^h  I  lurerved,  Dryden, 

[This  use  of  the  word  coincides  with  that  of  Swarh, 
which  see.] 
SWERVING,  ppr.      Roving;  wandering;    deviating 
from  any  rule  or  standard;  inclining;  climbing   or 
moving  by  winding  and  turning. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT— MeTE,  PREy.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 

1113 


SWI 

SWERV'IMG,  ».  The  act  of  wandering  ;  deviation 
from  fiiiy  rule,  law,  ddty,  or  sliiuding. 

SWk'VEN,  Tt.    A  dream.  mdif. 

SWIFT,  a,  [ Snx.  swift,  from  stcifan,  to  turn,  to  rove, 
to  wander,  to  whirl  round;  D.  ztceet'cn,  to  rove,  to 
hover,  to  fluctuate;  Van.sva^ver;  8w.  spdfiia ;  G. 
gdtKeoeit,  to  wave,  soar,  or  hover.  The  latter  appear 
to  be  formed  on  the  root  of  loave.  See  Swivel  and 
Waft.] 

1.  Moving  a  great  distance,  or  over  a  lar^e  apace 
in  a  short  time;  moving  with  celerity  or  velocity  ; 
fleet ;  rapid  ;  <iuick  ;  speedy.  We  say,  swifl  winds, 
a  steift  stream,  sicifl  lightnings,  susifl  motion,  steift  as 
thought,  a  fowl  swift  of  wing,  a  man  ^ncift  of  foot. 
Swi/t  ia  applicable  to  any  kind  of  motion. 

2.  Ready  ;  prompt. 

Let  evpry  man  be  tiet/l  to  he&r,  slow  to  speiik,  »Iow  lo  wruUi.  — 

3.  Hpe«dy  ;  that  comes  without  delay. 

Tlirir  ihult  br  f.\lar  lenchirre  wiiong  you,  who  shall  privily  bnn^ 
in  tlnjiin^ltlT-  hf-resir*,  e»en  Jciiyin^  llic  LaifiI  iIiai  huugtil 
tltrm,  aud  bruig  upoo  tbeiiisclvt!*  tioi/l  destruciion.  —  2 
Pet.  ii. 

SWIFT,  H.    The  current  of  a  stream.      [Little  used,] 

S.  In  domestic  affairs^  a  reel  or  turning  instrument 
for  winding  yarn.  [T'his  is  a  setue  directly  from  tiu 
Saxon  rerA.J 

3.  A  bird,  a  species  of  swallow,  so  called  from  the 
rapidity  of  its  (light.  Derham. 

4.  The  common  newt  or  eft,  a  species  of  lizard. 

Cyc. 

SWIFT'ER,  n.  In  a  ship^  a  rope  used  to  contiue  the 
bars  tjf  the  capstan  in  their  sockets,  while  men  are 
turning  it ;  aLso,  a  rope  used  to  encircle  a  boiit  longi- 
tudinally, to  strengthen  and  defend  her  siiles  fri»m 
the  impulse  of  other  boais.  Swifters,  also,  are  two 
shrouds  fixed  on  the  starboard  and  larboard  sides  of 
the  lower  ma.'^ts,  above  all  the  other  shrouds,  to  give 
the  ma:its  additional  security 

SWIFT'ER,  F.  (.     To  stretch,  as  shrouds  by  tackles. 

SWIFT-  KR,  a.    \comp.  of  Saift.]     More  switl. 

SWIFT'EST,  a.     U>ip.  of  Swift.]     Most  swill. 

SWIFT'-FQQT.fl.     Nimble. 

SWIFT'-HEEL-ilD,  a.     Swift-foot;  rapid. 

SWIFT'LY,  adv.  Fleetly;  rapidly;  with  celeiity ; 
with  quick  motion  or  vdi>city. 

SWIFT'NESS,  R.  Speed  ;  nipid  motion  ;  quickness  ; 
celerity  ;  velocity  ;  rapidity.  Stciftnes.f  is  a  word  of 
gt'iirral  import,  applicable  to  every  kind  of  motion, 
and  to  every  thing  that  moves ;  as,  the  swiflae^s  of  a 
bird  ;  the  nioiftnass  of  a  stream  ;  sirifine^s  of  descent 
in  a  failing  biidy ;  swiftneiis  of  thought,  &.C. 

SWIO,  r.  (.  or  i.     [Ice.  sviijjra.     Qu.  siiek.} 

To  drink  by  large  draughts  ;  to  suck  greedily. 

Orote* 

SWIG,  ji.    A  large  draught.     [Vulgar.] 

2.  In  aeamen^s  language^  a  pulley  with  ropes  which 
are  nttt  parallel. 

SWIG,  r.  L     [Sax.  awigan,  to  stupefy.] 

I'o  cafitrate,  as  a  nim,  by  binding  the  testicles 
tight  with  a  string,  so  that  they  mortify  and  slough 
off.     [I^aU.]  Cyc 

SWILL,  c.  t.     [Sax.  swelgan,  s^eylgan^  to  swallow.] 
1.  I'o  drink  grossly  or  greedily;  as,  to  swiU  down 
great  quantilie.H  of  liquors.  jSrbuthnot. 

3.  To  wash  ;  to  drench.  Shak. 
3.  To  inebriate  ;  to  swell  with  fullness. 

I  ft)>Aul<l  be  linth 
To  meri  th«  nidiinrM  nnil  tiffiiied  insulciice 
or  wkch  Ute  wnuailen.  MUton, 

SWILL, r.i.    To  he  intoxicated.     [OPs.]     TVhaUly. 
SWILL,  n.    liarge  draughts  of  liquor  ;  or  drink  taken 

in  excessive  quantities. 
3.  'J'he   wash  or   mixture  of   liquid    substances, 

given  to  swino  ;  called  in  some  pl.ices  Swillino». 
SWILL'£D(  pp.      Swallowed  grossly  in  large  quan- 
tities. 
SWILL'ER,  n.    One  who  drinks  voraciously. 
SWILL'LNG,  ppr.     Swallowiug  excessive  quantitiea 

of  liquor*. 
SWILL'INGS,  n.  pL    Swill. 
SWI.M,  r.  i. ;   prrl.  Swam;    pp.  Swum.     [Sat.  svjim- 

man  ;  D.  iw«m;n^n,  to  swim  ;  zirymcn,  to  swoon  ;  G. 

Mchteemmen^schvtimmen;  Dau.  scualer^  svo miner ;  8w. 

trima,  to  swi>on.] 

1.  'J'o  float ;  to  be  supported  on  water  or  other  flu- 
id ;  xnA.  to  sink.  Most  species  of  wood  will  gvim  in 
water.  Any  subfrtanre  will  sicim,  whot^e  specific 
gravity  is  less  than  that  of  the  tluid  in  which  it  is 
nu  merged. 

2.  To  move  propressively  in  water  by  means  of  the 
inoti(»n  of  the  hands  and  feet,  or  of  fin;;.  In  Paris, 
boys  are  taught  to  twim  by  int^tructurs  ap|>oinled  for 
that  purpose.     /./.  xxv. 

l^np  III  wirh  ine  iitlo  ttiU  nnjry  flood, 

Aci'f  ttoitn  U)  yi>n'l';r  poitit.  Shot. 

3.  To  float ;  to  bo  twrne  along  by  a  current.  In 
all  states  there  are  men  who  will  sioim  with  the  tide 
of  popular  opinion. 

4.  To  glide  along  with  a  smooth  motion,  or  with  a 
waving  motion. 

Kbe  with  pr-nt^  uud  olid  -nmming  g:ilt.  Shnk. 

A  boTerinf  mul  cninr  tuHmming  o'l-r  tiii  mght,  Dryden. 


SWI 

5.  To  be  dizzy  or  vertiginous;  to  have  a  waving 
motion  of  Uio  head,  or  a  sensation  of  that  kind,  or  a 
reeling  of  the  body.  The  head  tfirwn*  when  we  walk 
on  high. 

6.  To  be  floated  ;  lo  be  overflowed  or  drenched ; 
as,  the  earth  awims  in  rain.  Spectator. 

Suililen  Ih*"  diichfs  iweli,  iho  mcailowi  aanm.  Thomtim. 

AU  the  iii^it  I  tn-ike  itiy  bed  to  »mm ;  1  water  my  cuucli  with 
my  If  tin,  —  H».  »i. 

7.  To  overflow  ;  to  abound  ;  to  have  abundance. 

They  now  ttcim  In  Joy.  Milton. 

SWIM,  u.  (.  To  pass  or  move  on;  as,  to  swim  a 
stream.    Deer  are  known  to  sioim  rivers  and  sounds. 

Suiiictiniet  hethou^i  to  «wim  the  stonny  ronin.  Dryden. 

2.  To  immerse  in  water  that  the  lighter  parts  may 
swim  ;  Jis,  to  awim  wheat  for  seed.  Eneyc 

SWIMM,  ».  The  bladder  of  fishes,  by  which  they  are 
said  to  be  supported  in  water,  Orew. 

SWIM'MER,  n.     One  that  swims. 

2.  A  protuberance  on  the  leg  of  a  horse. 

Far.  Diet 

3.  An  order  of  birds  that  swim  are  called  swim- 
mers.   They  are  webfooted,  as  the  duck  and  goose. 

SWIM'MING,  ppr.  or  a.  Floating  on  a  fluid  ;  moving 
on  a  fluid  ;  having  a  waving  or  reeling  motion  ; 
overflowing;  abounding. 

SWI.M'MING,  71.  The  art  or  art  of  moving  on  the 
water  by  means  of  the  limbs  j  a  floating. 

2.  Dizziness. 

SWIM'MING-LY,  adv.  Smoothly;  without  obstruct 
tion  ;  with  great  success.     [JVut  elegant.] 

SWIN'DLE,  (swin'dl,)  r.  L     [I),  zwendeleyi.] 

'i'o  cheat  and  defraud  grtissly,  or  witi,  deliberate 
artifice  ;  as,  to  swindle  a  man  out  of  his  property. 

SWIN'DLf:D,pp.     Grossly  cheated  and  defrauded. 

SWIN'DLER,  lu     [G.  schwindlcr.] 

A  cheat;  a  rogue;  one  who  defrauds  grossly,  or 
one  who  makes  a  practice  of  defrauding  olhurs  by 
imposition  or  deliberate  artifice. 

SWIN'DLING,/ipr.  or  a.     Cheating;  defrauding. 

SWIN'DLING,  n.     The  act  of  defrauding  ;  knavery. 

SWINE,  «.  sing,  and  pL  (Sax.  swin  ;  Sw.  and  Dan. 
svin;  D.  iicyn;  G.sdtvtcin  ;  L.  suinus.  It  is  found  in 
the  Fr.  marsouiny  a  porpoise  ;  L.  mare,  the  sea,  and 
siriiie  :  the  seahog ;  Port,  suinoy  [lerlaining  to  swine  ; 
Polish,  jfi^iHia  ,'  Hoheniian,  dwt/i£.'  Corn.  .^irt/Kto.] 

A  hog  ;  a  pachydermatous  mammal  of  the  gcntts 
Sus,  which  furnishes  uian  with  a  large  portion  of  his 
most  nourishing  food.  The  tat  or  lard  of  this  animal 
enters  into  various  dishes  in  cookery.  The  swine  is 
a  heavy,  stupid  animal,  and  delights  to  wallow  iu  the 
mire. 

SWINE'-BREAD,  (-bred,)  n.    A  kind  of  plant,  truffle. 

Bailey. 

SWINE'  PA'^F    ^ 

SWI\F'-eO\T  I  "•    A  hog-sty  j  a  pen  for  swine. 

SWIXE'-eKCE' )     [^"f"'-] 

SWINE'-GRASS,  a-    A  plant,  knotgrass.    Ainsworth. 

SWINE'IIERD,  ji.  [siDine  and  herd.]  A  keeper  of 
swine.  Tu^ser, 

SWIN'E'-OAT,  71.  [swine  and  oat.]  A  kind  of  oats, 
cultivated  for  the  use  of  pigs,  as  in  Cornwall  ;  the 
Avena  nuria  of  botanists.  Cyc. 

SWINE'-PIPE,  n.  [swine  and  pipe.]  A  species  of 
thrush,  the  red-wing.  Ed,  Encyc. 

SWINE'-POX,  n.  A  variety  of  the  chicken-jraXjWith 
acuminated  vesicles  containing  a  watery  fluid;  the 
water-pox.  Oood. 

SWIXE'S'-GRESS,  n.  A  species  of  cress,  of  the 
genus  Cornnopus  or  Cochlearia. 

SWINE'-STONE,  n.  [svpine  and  *fo7ic.]  A  name 
given  to  those  kinds  of  limesttme  which,  when  rub- 
bed, emit  a  fetid  odor,  resembling  that  of  naphtha 
combined  with  sulphuretcd  hydrogen  ;  also  called 
Stinkstone.  Cyc 

SWT-\E'-STV,  71.     A  sty  or  pen  for  swine. 

SWI.N'E'-THIS-TLE,  (-this'l,)  n.  A  plant,  the  sow- 
thistle.  C(/c 

SWI.NG,  D.  i. ;  prrt.  and  pp.  Swuno.  [G.  schwingen^ 
to  swing,  to  brandish,  to  beat  with  a  swiugle-stafl*; 
D.  iwingelen,  to  ImniI  ;  Sw.  svinga:  Dan.  avinger,  to 
swing,  to  brandisti,to  soar.  It  seems  that  this  is  the 
Sax,  airingan^  to  beat,  strike,  flagellate,  wlience  to 
swingle  flax.  Swing  seems  to  he  formed  on  the  root 
of  ica«'.] 

L  Tu  move  to  and  fro,  as  a  body  suspended  in  the 
air;  to  wave  ;  to  vibrate. 

I  Ui-d  if  a  pemliilum  would  §w\ng  fiutcr,  or  continue  twinging 
loiij^r  in  our  receiver,  it  exliiiiutc<l.  BoyU. 

S.  To  practice  swinging;  as,  a  man  swings  for 
health  or  pleasure. 

3.  To  move  or  float ;  also,  tu  turn  round  an  an- 
chor ;  as,  a  ship  swings  with  tiie  tide.     J\Iiir.  Diet, 

4.  To  be  hanged.  D.  Webster. 
SWI.N'G,  V,  t.     To  make  to  play  loosely  ;  to  cause  to 

wave  or  vibrate  ;  as  a  body  suspended  in  the  air. 

2.  To  whirl  round  in  the  air. 

Swing  Ihec  In  air,  then  dub  Uiee  down.  MUlon, 

3.  'I'o  wave  ;  to  move  to  and  fro  ;  as,  a  man 
swings  his  arms  when  he  walks. 

lie  tvingt  hii  tMU,  and  awiRly  tiini*  tiiin  round.  Dryden. 

4.  To  brandish  ;  to  flourish. 


SWI 

SWING,  71.    A  waving  or  vibratory  motion ;  oscilla-  I 
tion  ;  as,  the  .twiug  of  a  peridiilum- 

2.  Motion  from  one  side  to  the  other.  A  haughty 
man  struts  or  walks  with  a  awing. 

3.  A  line,  cord,  or  other  thmg  suspended  and 
hanging  hnise ;  aUo,  au  apparatus  suspended  for 
persons  to  swing  in. 

4.  Influence  or  power  of  a  body  put  in  motion. 

The  nm  tiint  baui^n  down  tb^  wall, 

Fur  Uie  ^:tit  tmng  and  nideiieM  of  hla  pabe.  Shak. 

5.  Free  course  j  unrestrained  liberty  or  license. 

T^ike  lliy  »u>ing.  Drydet. 

To  prfreiit  any  thln^  wlttcb  may  prore  an  obitoele  m  il.c  full 
Kioiixg  of  bii  2>'iiiui.  Burkt. 

6.  The  sweep  or  compass  of  a  moving  body. 

7.  Unrestrained  tendency  ;  as,  the  prevailing  swing 
of  corrupt  nature;  tlie  swing  of  prni)ensities. 

Sftulh.     OlanriUe. 
SWIXG'-BRIDGE,  JI.     [seeing  and  hrulge.]     A  bridge 

that  inay  be  moved  by  swinging;  used  on  canals. 
SWINGE,  (swinj,)  v.  f,     [Sax.  swingan^  supra.] 

1.  To  beat  soundly;  to  whip;  to  basUiiude  ;  to 
chastise;  to  punisli. 

You  twinged  nie  for  my  lo»e.  Stuik, 

And  twinget  S\'»  own  vict-*  in  hi*  son.  Dryden. 

2.  To  move  as  a  l:isU.     [JVot  in  tisc]  Mdton. 

fT/tis  verb  i.f  obsolescent  and  vulgar.] 
NGE,  (swiuj,)  H.     A  sway  ;  a  swmg;  the  sweep 
of  any  thmg  in  motion.     [JVot  in  use.]  Waller. 

SWINGE'-BUCK-LEU,  (swinj'buck-ler,)  n.  A  bully  ; 
one  who  pretends  tu  feats  of  arms.     [JsTut  in  use.] 

ShA. 

SWIN"G/^L,(swing'g!,)n.  That  part  of  a  flail  which 
falls  on  the  grain  iu  threshing.     [Various  dialects.] 

HaUiwell. 

SWING'ER,  Ti.     One  who  swings  ;  one  who  hurls. 

SWING'ING,  ppr.ora.  [from  *ujirt^.]  Waving;  vi- 
brating; brandishing. 

SWING'ING,  H.  The  act  of  swinging;  an  exerci8#> 
for  healih  or  pleasure. 

SWING'ING,  ppr.  of  SwiNOE.     Beating  soundly. 
2.  a.     Huge;  very  large,     [f^utgar.] 

SWING'ING-LY,  a</B.    Vastly-  hugely.     [Vulgar.] 

SWIN"GLE,  (swing'gl,)  v.  u     [from  awing.]     'fo  dan 
gle  ;  to  wave  hanging. 
2.  To  swing  tor  pleasure.     [A'of  m  use.] 

SWIN"GLE,  (swing'gl,)  v.  t.  [Sax.  swingan,  to  beat. 
See  Swing.] 

To  beat ;  to  clean  flax  by  beating  it  with  a  wooden 
instrument  resembling  a  large  knife,  and  called  in 
New  England  a  Swinoli.no-Knife.  Flax  is  first 
broke  and  then  swingled. 

SWIN"GLE,  71,  In  wire-works,  a  w^ooden  spoke 
fixed  to  the  barrel  that  draws  the  wire ;  also,  a 
crank.  Cyc 

SWIN"GLKD  (swing'gld,)  pp.  Beat  and  cleaned  by 
a  swingling-knife.  • 

SWIN"GLE-TRKE,  n.  A  whiffie-tree  or  whipple- 
tree.     [See  SincLE-TnEE.] 

SWI  X"t;  LING,   ppr.     Beatmg  and  cb-aning,  as  flax. 

SVV1N"GL1NG-KNIFE,  )   ti.     A  wooden  instrument 

SWiN"GLE,  i       like  a  large  knife,  about 

two  feet  long,  with  one  thin  edge,  used  for  cleaning 
flax  of  the  shives. 

SWIN"GLING-TOW,  n.  The  coarse  part  of  flax, 
separated  from  the  finer  by  swingling  and  hatch- 
eling. 

PWING'-PLOW,      }  n.     A  plow  without   a  fore- 

SWING'-PLOUGH,  i       wlieel  under  the  beam. 

Gardner. 

SWING'-TREE,  71.  [s7Bing  and  tree.]  The  bar  of  a 
carriage  to  which  the  traces  are  fastened.  In  Jlmer- 
ic(i,  it  is  often  or  generally  called  the  Wmiffle-Trek, 
or  vVhipplk-Thee. 

SWING'-WHEEL,  n.  [swing  xk^A  wheel]  In  a  time- 
piece, the  wheel  which  drives  the  iR-'miulum.  In  a 
watch  or  balance  clock,  it  is  called  the  Crown- 
wheel. Cyc. 

SWIN'ISH,  a.  [from  siDine.]  Befitting  swine;  like 
swine;  gross;  hoggish;  brutal;  as,  a  Aioini^-A  drunk- 
ard or  sot ;  stoinish  glutttmy. 

SWIN'ISII-LY,  adv.     In  a  swinish  manner. 

SWINK,  V.  i.     [Sax.  awincau.] 

1"o  labor  ;  to  toil  ;  to  drudge.      [Oi^.]       Spenser. 

SWINK,  r.  (.     To  overlabor.     [Obs.]  Milton. 

SWINK,  7t.     Labor  ;  toil ;  drutlgery.     [Obs.]    Spenser, 

SWINK'ER,  n.     A  laborer  ;  a  plowman.     [OA5.] 

Chaucer. 

SW^PR,  71.     A  swape  or  sweep,  which  sec. 

SWIP'PER,  a.     [Sax.  stripan,  to  move  quick.] 
Nimble;  quick.     [J^ot  i»  use.] 

SWISS,  71.    A  native  of  Switzerland  or  Swisserland. 
2.  'J'lie  language  of  Switzerland, 

SWITCH,  n.     [Sw.  .fvege.) 

I.  A  small,  flexible  twig  or  rod. 


2.  On  railways^  a  movable  part  of  the  rail  for 
transferring  a  car  from  one  track  to  another. 

SWITCH,  V.  t.  I'o  strike  with  a  small  twig  or  rod  ; 
to  beat ;  to  Itxfh.  Chapman. 

SWITCH, p.  i.  To  walk  with  a  jerk.  [Obsolete  or  lo- 
cal.] 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— C  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  iu  in  THIS. 


swo 

SWU'OH'EL,  n.  A  beverage  made  of  iiiutaiMcs  nnd 
wnter.  A>«)  England. 

SWIV'KL,  (swiv'l.)  n.  [from  Sax.  sv^fan^  to  turn  or 
wbirl  ruund  ;  or  frum  the  root  uf  tcA^«,  which  see. 
In  D.  wrifetm  is  to  palter,  to  waver,  to  whitlle.] 

1.  Ji  rini;  which  turnu  upon  a  eitapio  ;  or  a  strong 
link  flf  in>n  iij^d  in  mooring  ships,  and  which  per- 
Viti  Uw  bridles  to  be  turned  rouna  ;  any  ring  or  sta- 
ple that  turnit.  Mar.  Diet, 

8.  A  small  cannon  or  piece  of  artillerj',  carrying  a 
shot  of  half  a  pound,  fixed  in  a  swivel  ur  in  a  socket 
on  the  top  of  a  ship'a  side,  stern,  or  bow,  or  in  her 
tops,  in  iiuch  a  manner  as  to  be  turned  in  any  direc- 
tion. JUttr.  Diet.     Brandt. 

6\VI\*'£L,  (swiv'l,)  e.  t.  To  turn  on  a  staple,  pin,  or 
pivot. 

SWir'fl^HOQK,  n.  A  book  that  turns  in  the  end 
of  an  iron  block  strap,  for  the  ready  taking  the  turns 
out  of  a  tackle.  Cyc 

SWOB,  a.     A  mop.     [See  Swab.]  * 

8W01),  r.  L    To  clean  04-  wipe  with  a  swob.    [Se« 

SWA..1 

SWOB'BRR,  ».    One  who  swaba  or  deana  with  a 

mop.     [^^  SwABREa.J  • 

a.  SimMctj  ;  four  privileged  cards,  only  used  Inci- 
dentally in  betting  at  the  game  of  whist.         &M>iJi. 

SWOIX'fN,  \  ff.  of  SwKto.;  irregular  and  obsolescent 

8W0L.N,  \  The  regular  participle,  Swatxco,  is 
to  l>e  preferred. 

SWO.M,  old  pret.  of  8wiii,  ii  obsolete.  We  now  use 
SwL'M  and  Swam. 

SWOON,  K,  L    [Sue.  aswunan.     Qu.  wamty  vain,  eoa- 

Tro  fkiot ;  to  sink  into  a  fainting  fit,  in  which  there 
ia  an  apparent  su^^pension  of  the  vital  functions  and 
nwntal  powers. 

Th0  iBMt  la  ytmn  CMOOfwd  Ant  aw^jr  Ibr  pain.  Drydtn. 

He  mtmmd  muly  to  jm^ow  aw^  in  ttw  nirpriM  of  Joy.     7Wi«r. 

SWOON,  «.    A  fainting  fit ;  lipothymy  ;  syncope. 

SWOON'lNrt,  ppr.     Painline  away. 
SWOON'ING,  H.     The  act  of  fainting ;  syncope. 

HdU. 
SWOOr,  V.  L    [This  U  probably  from  swefp^  or  the 
same  root.} 

I.  To  fall  on  at  once  and  seize ;  to  catch  while  on 
tbe  wing ;  as,  a  bawk  j»»oft  a  chicken ;  a   kite 
noMpf  up  a  mouse. 
SL  To  setae  j  to  calcb  up ;  to  take  with  a  sweep. 
r?I(iiiri7/£. 

3.  To  pass  with  violence.     [AV*  in  mm.}    ZTraytsn. 

SWOOP,  V.  i.    To  pan  with  pomp.  Drat/tom. 

SWOOP,  m.  A  falling  on  and  seizing,  as  of  a  rapa- 
cious fowl  cm  his  prey. 

Tbe  Mft?  Ml  —  uid  rwriod  nwnj  «  wboto  tJUrr  of  cuba  lU  ■ 
»«oej>.  £>'£rtra<V«. 

SWOP,  e.  (.    To  exchange;   to  barter;   to  give  one 

comiDodity  fc»  another. 
[8ee  dw*r.]     This  is  a  cotnmoa  word,  but  not  In 

elegant  use. 
8W6itD,  (swOrd  er  sOn),)  m.    [Sax.  nwrW,  rwturdt  G. 

tckwert;  D.  tw^ard;  Ikuu  we^rd  :  8w.  frttn'.] 

1.  An  olTcrn^ive  weapon  worn  at  the  side,  and 
used  by  hand  eitlier  fur  thrusting  or  cutting. 

2.  #i/iirattre/jr,  dt^struction  by  war. 

t  wBI  fari»f  A  awonl  upou  jpoii.  —  l^v.  rx*f.    I*.  )L 

3.  Vengeance  or  justice. 

Bh*  Qnita  the  budtnce,  *iid  rw^tm  the  raortf.  Drydan. 

A,  Emblem  of  authority  and  power. 

Tliercler — beanCh  notlteMMint  in  Tala.  —  Run.  sO. 

5.  War ;  dissension. 

I  came  n«  to  Kod  pMCt,  but  «  tword.  —  MaU.  i. 

6.  Emblem  of  triumph  and  protection. 

Tbe  ImtI  — tb^«Menf  ot  Uiy  excellrnce.  —  Dmt.  zzxffl. 

BW*ORD'-BEAR-ER.  ■.  [«vrrf  and  ftear.]  An  officer 
tji  the  city  nf  Lundon,  who  carries  a  sword  as  an 
enitilf  m  v4  Justice  before  tbe  lord  mayor  when  he 
goes  abroad. 

SW^RD'-BGLT,  «.  [noord  and  ML]  A  belt  by 
which  a  iword  is  suspended  and  Iwime  by  the  side. 

SWf^RD'-ULXDE.  m.  {g^rd  and  blade.]  The  blade 
or  ciiuins  part  of  a  sword. 

SWfJKD'F.n,  «.     Girdrd  with  a  sword.  Maton. 

SWCRD'ER,  a.     A  soldier  i  a  cut-throat.  {J^ot  utusc] 

Shak. 

SWORiy-rTGHT.C-ftt**.)"-  r*MwdandjCy*x.]  Fenc- 
inc;  a  c*>mbat  or  trial  of.sktll  with  sword.^ 

BWARD'PISIl,  M.  [sKord  and  fisk,  |  A  genus  of  fish- 
es, called,  in  ichthyologj-,  Xiphias  ;  so  nnmed  from 
tiie  nose,  snout,  or  upper  jaw,  which  is  shaped  like 
a  f>wurd.  C?e. 

SWORD'-GRASS,  a.     [g^ord  and  ^m««.]     A  krnd  of 
sedge  gUtder  \  tbe  sweet  rush,  a  Kpecies  of  Acorus. 
Aimstevrtk.     Cjfc 

SWORD'-KXOT,  (not,)  a.  {^ord  and  knot.]  A 
ribbon  tied  tu  the  hilt  of  a  sword.  Pope, 

SWf^RD'-LAW,  a.  [nconf  and  fa».]  Violence  ;  gov- 
ernment by  furce.  MUIoh. 

SW^RD'LESS,  a.     Destitute  of  a  sword. 

8WCR0'-MA\,  H.  [sword  and  naa.]  A  soldier;  a 
fighting  man.  SAak. 


SYL 

SWOKO'-I'LAY-ER,  ».  [ntvrd  and  plaurr.]  A  fen- 
cer; a  gladialor;  one  who  exhibits  lus  skill  in  the 
use  of  the  sword.  ItakewilL 

SVVORn'-i^HAP.f;n,  (shapt,)  a.  [sword  ond  thapf.] 
Eiisifurm  ;  shaped  like  a  sword  ;  as,  a  gword-^haped 
leaf.  Martyn. 

SWORE,  preU  of  SwEiS. 

SWORN,  pp,  or  a.  from  Swkar.  The  officers  of  rov- 
eniment  are  stevm  to  a  faithfUl  discharge  of  their 
duly. 

Sieom/riendg  is  a  phrase  equivalent  to  determined, 
cloiie  ur  lirui  friends. 


1  urn  «iM>m  brotbrr,  nreet. 
To  grim  iiMcMity. 


Shot. 


Sitem  ememiei  are  determined  or  irreconcilable  en- 
emies. 
SWOUXD,  r.  i.     To  swoon,     [^rot  in  use]        Shak. 
SWUM,  pr€t.  and  m>.  of  Swim. 
SWUNG,  prtu  and  pp.  of  Swing. 

SIB^*i*     t^*"*]     Related  by  blood.     [Oftj.] 

Syd'A-RITE,  M.     [from  SybarU,  an  ancient  Italian 
town.] 
A  person  devoted  to  luxury  and  pleasure. 

SYB-ARIT'I€,  i  a.     [From  SybariLr,  inhabitants 

8YB-A-R1T'I€-AL,  \     ofSybaris,  in  Italy,  who  were 
provt^rbially  voluptuous.] 
Luxurious;  wanton.  Bo.  IfalL 

8Y€'A-Mr\E.     See  Stcamohk. 

SVC'A-MORE,  «.  [Gr.  (ru*u^ivoy,  cvKOftopoi^  from 
evK  'i,  a  dg,  and  ft-tfjoi.] 

A  species  of  fig-tree.  The  name  ia  also  incorrectly 
given  to  the  .\cer  pseudo-plataiius,  a  species  of  ma- 
ple. Cyc.     Lee, 

The  xycomore,  (falsely  so  called,]  or  plane-tree  of 
North  America,  is  the  Plataniis  occidentulis  ol^  Lin- 
nvus,  cominonly  called  Buttow-Wood,  or  Cottow- 
Tbbb. 

SYC'A-MORE-MOTH,  n.  A  large  and  beautiful  moth, 
or  night-butterlly,  so  called  l>ecause  its  caterpillar 
feeds  on  the  leaves  of  the  cycnmore.  Cue 

8V-CEE',  I  n.     In  China,  silver  in  the  form 

SV-CEE'-SIL'VER,  (  of  small  half  globes,  bearing 
the  stamp  of  the  office  that  issues  it,  and  used  as  a 
currency,  yineenl.     Brande. 

SYC'TTE,  n.     [Gr.  ffi«oj,  a  fig.] 

Fig-stune ;  a  name  which  some  authors  give  to 
niMJules  of  flint  or  pebbles  which  resemble  a  fig.  [J^ot 
used.]  Cyc. 

SY-CO'MA,  m.     [Gr.  cvkop   ^  fig.] 
A  tumor  shaped  like  n  ng. 

SYC'O-PIIAN-CY,  n.  [Infra.]  Originally,  informa- 
tion of  the  clandestine  ex|H>rtation  of  figs :  hence, 
mean  talc-bearing  ;  obsequious  flatter)' ;  servility. 

SYCO-PHANT,*.  [Gr.  trvKo^avri} ;  try^tfj,  a  fig,  and 
^aiyu,  to  discover.] 

Originaity,  an  informer  against  those  who  stole 
figs  or  exported  them  contrary  to  law,  ^c  Hence,  in  ' 
time  it  came  to  signify  a  talc-bearer  or  informer,  in 
general ;  hence,  a  parasite ;  a  moan  flatterer  i  espe- 
cially, a  flatterer  of  princes  and  great  men  ;  hence, 
a  deceiver  ;  an  impostor.  Its  most  general  use  is  in 
the  sense  of  an  obsequious  flatterer  01  para-site. 

Kncye.     Patterns  Antiq. 

SYCOPHANT,  \v.U     To  play  the  sycophant; 

SYf'OPHANT-IZE,  (  to  flatter  meanly  and  ofii- 
ciouslv  ;  to  inform  or  tell  tales  for  gaining  favur. 

SYC-O-tHAN T'le,  a.  Tal«-bearing  ;  more  generally, 
obstfitiiouNly  flattering;  p.arasitic;  courting  favor  by 
mean  adnlaiion. 

2.  Sycophantic  plants,  or  parasites,  are  such  as  ad- 
here tu  oilier  plants,  and  depend  on  them  fur  sup- 
pf)rt. 

SYe'O-PHA.VT-RY,  n.  Mean  and  officious  tale-bear- 
ing or  adulation.  Barrow. 

SY-CO'SI.S,  a.  .\  tubercular  eruption  upon  tbe  scalp, 
or  bearded  part  of  the  face. 

SYD-NE'AN,    j  a.    Denoting  a  species  of  white  earth 

SYD-Nk'IAN,  \  brought  from  Sidney  Cove,  in  South 
Wales.  KtTtean, 

SY'EN-ri'E,  a.  A  compound  granular  rock  comjKtsed 
of  quartz,  hornblende,  and  feldspar,  of  a  grayish 
color ;  so  called  because  there  are  many  ancient 
mnnumentii  consisting  of  this  rock,  brought  from 
Syene,  in  Upper  Epypt.  It  differs  from  granite  only 
in  containing  hornblende  instead  of  mica. 

Lunier.     Dana. 

STKE,  n.  A  small  brook  or  rill  in  low  ground.  [Lo- 
cal.] 

SVLr-LAB'IC,         |o.     [from  syllable.]     Pertaining  to 

SYL-LAB'ie-AL,  i  a  syllable  or  syllaliles ;  as,  *yi- 
tab'C  ticct-nt. 

Q.  Consisting  of  a  syllable  or  syllables ;  a^,  a  syl- 
labie  augmenL 

SYL-LAB'ie-AL-LY,  adr.     In  a  syllabic  manner. 

8YL-LAB-l-eA'riO.\,  n.  Tbe  act  of  forming  sylla- 
bles; the  act  or  method  of  dividing  words  into  sylla- 
bles. A.th. 

SYL'LA-BLE,  n.  [[..  syVaba  ;  Gr.  avXXafin^  from 
0fAA(i^/^iii'u,  tu  comprehend  ;  ovv  and  Xaji/iavt*},  to 
tahe.] 

1.  A  letter,  or  a  combination  of  letters,  uttered  to- 
gether, or  at  a  single  effurt  or  impulse  of  the  voice. 


SYM 

A  vowel  may  form  a  sj  1l:ible  by  itself,  as  a,  the  de- 
finitive, or  in  amen;  e  in  even;  a  in  ocer,  and  the 
like.  A  syllable  iii:iy  also  be  funned  uf  a  vowel  and 
one  constmant,  as  in  gu^  do,  in,  o£;  or  a  Kyllalile  muy 
be  formed  by  a  vowel  with  two  articulations,  one 
preceding,  the  other  following  it,  as  in  can,  but,  tun; 
or  a  syllable  may  conxist  of  a  combination  of  conso- 
naiit.1,  with  one  vowel  or  diphthong,  as  strong, short, 
camp,  roier. 

A  sylhible  sometimes  forms  a  word,  and  ia  then 
significant,  an  in  go,  run,  write,  sun,  moon.  In  uthf^r 
caseH  a  syllable  \s  merely  n  jmrt  of  a  word,  iiiiJ  by 
itself  is  nttt  significant.  Thus  ac,  in  active,  has  uu 
signification. 

At  least  one  vowel,  or  open  sound,  is  essential  to 
the  formation  of  a  sylhible  ;  hence  in  evt-ry  word 
there  must  be  as  many  syllables  as  there  are  single 
vowel:*,  or  single  vowcU  and  diphthongs.  A  word 
is  callfd  according  to  the  number  of  syllables  it  cuii- 
tains,  vi7.. :  — 

Monosyllable ;  n  word  of  one  syllable. 
Ditsyllahle ;  a  word  of  two  RyllablL-s. 
THiiyUable:  a  word  uf  three  sylbibles. 
Polysyllable  :  a  word  of  many  syllables. 
2.  A  small  part  of  a  sentence  or  disiicourse  ;  some- 
thing very  concise.    This  account  contains  not  a  syl- 
lable of  truth. 

Brron*  u  *yUabJ«  ot  the  low  of  Gtxl  waa  wriitcn.  IIotAer. 

SYL'LA-DLE,  r.  t.    To   utter;    to  articulate.     [JVyt 

used.  ]  Milton. 

SYL'LA-HUB,  n.     A  compound  drink  made  of  wine 

and  niijk  ;  a  different  orthography  of  SiLL&uun. 
SVL'LA-BUS,  n.     [L.,  from  the  same  source  as  sylla- 
ble.] 

An  abfitmct ;  a  compendium  containing  the  heads 
of  a  diKconrse,  Sec. 
SYL-LEP'SIS,  n.     [Gr.  (Tt-XAjjt^ff.     See  Syllahlz.] 

1.  In  grammar,  a  figure  by  which  we  conceive  llie 
sense  of  words  otherwise  than  the  words  inuwrt, 
and  construe  Ihetn  according  to  the  intention  of  the 
auihur  ;  otherwise  called  Siikstitutioi*. 

2.  The  ngreement  of  a  verb  or  adjective,  not  with 
the  word  m-xt  to  it,  but  with  some  other  word  in  the 
senienre,  to  which  a  preference  is  given  ;  as,  rer  et 
reginn  brati.  Andrews  4-  Stoddard. 

SYL'LO  GISM,  n.     [L.  syllogismusi  Gr.  aiXXoytopoa 
(TUf,  with,  and  Acjoj,  to  speak  ;  Aoji^o/jui,  to  think.] 
A  form  of  reasoning,  or  argument,  consisting  of 
three  propositions,  of  whtrh  the  two  first  tire  called 
lh(^  premuies,  and  Ihi:  last  the  cancluMon.     In  this  ar- 
gument, the  conclusion  necessarily  fullows  from  the 
premises  ;  so  that  if  the  two  first  protiositiuns  are 
true,  the  conclusion  must  be  true,  and  the  argument 
amounts  to  demonstration.     Thu^  : 
A  plant  has  not  the  power  of  locomotion  ; 
An  oak  is  a  plant ; 

Therefore  an  oak  has  nctt  the  power  of  locomotion. 
These  pro|)ositions  are  denominated  the  major,  the 
minor,  and  the  conclusioji. 
SYL-LO  GlS'Tie,  I  a.    Pertaining  to  a  syllogism; 

8YL-LO-GlS'Tie-AL,  i  consisting  of  a  syllogism, 
or  of  the  form  of  reasoning  by  syllogisms  j  as,  sylio- 
gistie  arcumt-nts  or  reasoning. 
SYL-LO-GlS'Tie-AL-LV,  adv.  In  the  form  of  a  syl- 
logism  ;  by  mean.s  of  syllogisms;  as,  to  reason  or 
prove  svllogiHicallu. 
SYL-LO"GI-Za'TION,  n.    A  reasoning  by  syllogisms. 

Harris. 
SYL'LO-GIZE,  r.  t.    To  reason  by  syllogisms. 

Men  hnve  einleaTOird  to  Irach   boy*  to  ryllogitt,  or  to  fmma 
KffTitdienu  &nd  rcfuii-  thi-iii,  v.  iiliout  real  kiiL>wlud^.   WaOa. 

SYI/LO  GTZ-ER,  n.    One  who  reasons  by  syllogisma, 
SYL'LO-GIZ-ING,  ppr.     Reasoning  by  syllogi.sms. 
SYLPH,  (silf,)  71.     [Fr.  sylpkide;  Gr.  ot'k'Pq,  a  moth,  a 
beetle.] 

An  imaginary  being  inhabiting  the  air, 
SYLPII'IIJ,  n.     [Fr.  mjlphide.]  [TcuipU,    Pope. 

A  diminutive  of  Sylph. 
SYLPH'-UKE  a.     Resembling  a  sylph. 
SYL'VA,  n.     [L.,  a  wood  or  fore.'ft.]     In  poHry,  a  po- 
etical piece  composed  in  a  Htart,  or  kind  of  transport. 

2.  A  collection  of  [wetical  pieces  of  various  kinds. 

Cyc. 

3.  A  work  containing  a  botanical  description  uf  the 
forest  trees  of  any  region  or  country  ;  as  Michauz's 
Sylva  Americana. 

4.  The  furest  trees  themselves  of  any  region  or 
country. 

SYL'VAN.     See  Silva:*. 

SYL' VAN,  n.  A  fablud  deity  of  the  wood  ;  a  satyr; 
a  faun  ;  stimetimes,  perhaps,  a  rustic. 

Her  privalp  orchanli,  wuMetj  on  every  aide, 

7'u  Inwl'-H  tylvanM  all  ncci-u  deiiicj.  Popt. 

SYL'VAN-ITE,  n.  Native  tellurium,  a  metallic  sub- 
stance discovered  in  Transylvania.         Diet.     Ure. 

SYL'VATE,  a.  A  compound  of  sylvic  acid  with  a 
base. 

SYL'Vie  ACID,  n.  A  cr>stalliz.ible  substance  ob- 
tained from  colophony,  or  common  rosin,  by  the  ac- 
tion of  alcohol.  Cooley.     Oraham. 

SVM'BAL.     SeeCTMBAU 

SYM'BOL,  n.  [L.  symbolum;  Gr.  (Tvpj3o\uv  ;  avv^  with, 
and  fJ-iXk'-^,  to  throw  ;  avfj0aXX'.>,  to  compare."] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— BIeTE,  PRfiY.  — PTNE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BpQK.— 


SYM 

1.  Tbe  sign  or  reprtsentation  of  any  moml  thing 
by  tlie  iraai;es  or  pro|>erties  of  natural  Uiings.  Thus 
Uie  lion  is  tfae  symbol  of  courage  ;  tlit.  lauib  is  the 
tymbol  of  niet^kness  or  patience.  Symbols  are  of  va- 
rious kinds  ;  as  types,  enigmas,  parables,  fables,  al- 
legories, eiiihlems,  hieroglyphics,  Slc.  Kneyc 

3.  An  emblem  ur  repreijcniatiou  of  something  else. 
Thus  in  the  euchari:^t  the  hR'ad  and  wine  are  called 
symbols  of  the  body  and  blood  of  Clirist. 

3.  A  letter  or  character  which  is  significant.  The 
Chinese  letters  are  mf*st  of  them  symbols.  The  sym- 
bols in  algebra  are  arb]Irar>'. 

4.  In  medals,  a  certain  mark  or  figure  representing 
a  being  or  tiling  ;  as  a  trident  is  the  symbol  of  Mep- 
tune,  the  peacock  of  Juno,  Slc. 

5.  Among  Christians,  an  abstract  or  compendium  ; 
the  creed,  or  a  sumniar>'  of  the  articles  of  religion. 

Baker. 

6.  Lotj  sentence  of  adjudication.    [JVot  in  use.] 

TayluT. 

SYM-BOL'IC,         )  a.     Representative  ;  exhibiting  or 

SYM-BOL'ie-AL,  \      expressing   by   resemblance   or 

signs  ;  as,  the  figure  of  an  eye  is  symbolical  uf  sight 

and  knowledge.     The  ancients  had  their  symbolical 

mysteries. 

The  rvcnttn^nt  b  &  reprfs'-ntation  of  ClirUt'a  doalh,   by  ancli 
symbolical  aciiuos  aa  he  appoitilfd.  Taylor, 

Symbolical  philosophy  is  the  pliilosophy  expressed 
by  hieroglvphics. 
SYM-BOL'ie-AL-LY,  adv.     By  representation  or  re- 
Bemhhmce  of  properties  ;  by  signs  ;  typically.    Cour- 
age is  symboliceUly  represented  bv  a  lion. 
PYM-BOL'ieS,  a.    The  science  of  creeds. 
SYM'BOL-ISM,  n.    Among  chemists,  consent  of  parts. 

Eucyc. 
SYM-BOl^I-ZA'TIOX,  n.     [See   Stmholizk.]     The 
act  of  symbolizing;  resemblance  in  properties. 

BrotDiu 
SYM'BOIr-TZE,  r.  t.     [Fr.  ^ymboliser.] 

1.  To  have  a  resemblance  of  qualities  or  proper- 
ties. 

The  pleasing'  at  color  rymbolixeth  vilh  the  plrMinr  of  a  sin^e 

tone  (o  Ute  «aj ;  but  tbc  picasiiig  or  oiuer  doth  smnbolixa 

w  ith  hAnnooy .  &icun. 

Th?y  txiih  Mt/mbQlixe  in  ihU,  th-u  ih^y  lore  to  look  upon  th-jm- 

•rrlvfs  tlifuugh  uiulliplyiiif  gUs»?s.  JJoietU. 

3.  To  agree ;  to  bold  the  same  faith  or  religious  be- 
lief. 

The  b^lie^en  rn  pnu-odeA  imraclot  hnre  alw^yt  prvvloiisty  >ym- 
bolized  wiih  ibe  perfurmen  of  liwrm.  G.  S.  I-hber. 

SYM'BOL-IZE,  r.  u    To  make  to  agree  in  properties. 

2.  To  make  representative  of  something. 

Sum*  gymboUre  the  aaine  fmm  the  mjstery  of  its  colon,  Broan. 

PYM'BOL-TZ-KD,  pp.     Made  to  agree  in  properties. 

SYM'l!01/-IZ-L\G,  ppr.  Representing  by  some  prop- 
erties in  common ;  making  to  agree  or  resemble  in 
properties. 

SYM-BOL'O-GY,  n.     [Gr.  nv^/JoXov  and  Xoyoi.] 
The  art  of  expressing  by  symbols. 

SYM'ME-TRAL,  a,  [from  symmetry.]  Cominensura- 
Itle.  Alurc. 

SY.Vf-MK'TRI-AN,  ^s.     [from  mjmmetry.}     One  emi- 

SYM'ME-TRIST,  S  neutly  studious  of  prnportron 
or  symmetry  of  parts.  Sidney,     ffotton. 

SYM-MET'RIC-AL,  a.  [from  .ti/mmetry.]  Proportion- 
al in  Its  parts  -,  having  its  pitrls  in  due  pmportion  as 
to  dimen'^ions  ;  as,  a  symmetrical  body  nr  building. 

Q.  In  botany,  tluwcni  are  symmetrical  when  the  seg- 
ments of  tlie  calyx,  the  [letats,  and  the  stainejis,  are 
regular,  equal,  and  alike.  -   LimUey. 

Symmetrical  solids  i  a  name  given  by  Legendre  to 
solidii  which,  though  equal  and  similar,  can  not  be 
bruught  to  coinride  with  each  other,  or  to  urciipy  the 
same  p  rtion  of  space.  A  man's  two  hands  atfurd 
an  exiirnple  of  svmmetrical  solids.  Brande. 

SYM-MET'Rie-AL-LY,  ode.  With  duo  proportion  of 
parts. 

SYM-MET'RIC-AL-NESS,  n.  State  or  quality  of  be- 
ing symmetrical. 

SY.M'ME-TRTZE,  r.  U  To  make  proportional  in  its 
parts  ;  to  reduce  Ui  symmetry.  Burke. 

SYM'ME-TRTZ  /:r),  pp.     .Made  proportional. 

BVM'MhVTRIZ-lN'G,  ppr.    Reducing  to  symmetry. 

SYM'ME-TRY,  n,  [Gr.  at-^iuroia:  e^y^  with,  to- 
gether, and  jfErpii',  measure  ;  /i£r>i£u,  to  measure; 
Fr.  symeJrie :  It.  and  8p.  simelria.} 

A  due  proportion  of  the  several  parts  of  a  body  to 
each  other;  adaptation  of  the  dimensions  of  the  sev- 
eral parts  of  a  thing  to  each  other ;  or  the  union  iind 
conformity  of  the  members  of  a  work  to  the  whide. 
Symmetry  arises  from  the  proportion,  which  the 
Greeks  call  aiialajrv,  which  is  the  relation  of  con- 
formity of  nil  the  parts  to  a  certain  measure  ;  as,  the 
symmetry  of  a  building  or  an  animal  body.         Cj/c. 

Uniform  symmetry,  in  architecture.,  is  where  the 
■ame  ordonnance  reigns  throughout  th«  whole. 

Hespe^tioe  symmetry  is  where  only  the  opposite 
■ides  are  equal  to  each  other.  Cyc. 

8YM  PA-THKT'ie,         j  a.      [Fr.  sympatliique.     See 

SYMPA-THET'IC-AL,  i      SviarATHy.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  sympathy. 

3.  Having  common  fetUing  with  another;  suscep- 
tible of  being  affected  by  fet-lings  like  those  of  an- 


SYM 

Other,  or  of  feelings  in  cuiisequence  of  wljat  o/iother 
feds  ;  as,  a  sympathetic  heart. 

3.  In  medicine,  the  term  sympathetic  is  applied  to 
symptoms  and  atfi-ctions  which  occur  in  i»art3  more 
or  iesa  remote  from  the  primary  scat  of  disease,  and 
are  occasioned  by  some  nervous  connection  of  the 
parts.  A  disease  which  is  immediniely  preceded  and 
Occasioned  by  another  disease  is  sometimes  said  to 
be  sympathetic,  in  contradistinction  from  idiopitthic, 
which  is  applied  to  a  di-sea-se  not  preceded  or  occa- 
sioned by  any  other  ;  but,  in  thi:*  ca^jc,  the  term  symp- 
tomatic  is  n»t  only  more  iipprojiriate,  but  mure  com- 
monly employed. 

4.  Auioiig  uicA/mw^t,  an  epithet  applied  to  a  kind 
ofp<)wder,  possessed  of  the  wonderluj,  propt-rty  that, 
if  spread  on  a  cloth  dipjicd  in  Hie  blood  of  a  wound, 
the  wound  will  be  healed,  ihuugli  the  patient  is  at  a 
distance.     1'his  opinitm  is  discarded  us  charlatanry. 

This  epithet  is  given  also  to  a  species  of  ink  or 
liquor,  with  which  a  persdn  may  write  letters  which 
are  not  visible  till  something  else  is  applied.    [See 


Ink.] 

5.  In  < 


anatomy,  the  term  sijmpathetic  is  applied  to 
that  system  of  tierves  which  takes  its  origin  from  the 
semilunar  ganglion  in  the  centre  of  the  epigastrium, 
and  is  sent  to  the  whole  nutritive  system,  and  also  to 
the  organs  of  rtrproducliun. 

SYM-PA-THET'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  With  sympathy  or 
common  fceliiig  ;  in  consctnience  of  sympathy  ;  by 
coinmunicntiuii  from  something  else. 

SYM'PA-THIZE,  v.  i.     [Fr.  sympathiser.     See  Svmpa- 


TH 


1.  Tol 


I  have  a  common  feeling,  as  of  bodily  pleasure 
or  pain. 

Tbe  mind  will  sympathize  so  much  with  thi?  ang^ituh  and  debility 
of  thf  body,  tliat  it  will  Le  too  Uiairacted  lo  lix  itself  in  medi- 
Litiori.  Budiimnattr, 

2.  To  feel  in  consequence  of  what  another  feels  j 
to  be  atfecteri  by  feelings  similar  to  those  of  another, 
in  consequence  of  knowing  the  person  to  be  thus  af- 
fected. VVe  sympathize  witli  our  friends  in  distress; 
we  feel  some  pain  when  we  see  them  pained,  or 
when  we  are  informed  of  their  distresses,  even  at  a 
disUince. 

It  is  generally  and  properly  used  of  suffc'ring  or 
pain,  and  not  of  pleasure  or  joy.  It  may  be  some- 
times used  with  greater  latitude. 

3.  To  agree  ;  to  fit.     [JVot  in  Hse.l  Drtiden. 
SYM'PA-TinZ-I\G,  ppr.  or  a.     Keeling  mutually,  or 

in  CDUsequenct  of  what  another  feuls  ;  tender ;  com- 
pas;;ionnle. 
SYM'PA-THY,   n.     [Gr.  avp-raOcia;  avp-rraOcoj;  tnv, 
with,  and  TraOoi,  p;iHsion.] 

1.  Fellow-feeling;  the  quality  of  being  affected  by 
the  aifectinn  of  antither,  with  feelings  wtrresfhmdent 
in  kind,  if  not  in  decree.  We  feel  sipnpathy  for  an- 
other when  we  see  him  in  distress,  or  when  we  are 
informed  of  his  distresses.  This  sympathy  is  a  corre- 
spondent feeling  of  pain  or /egret. 

Symjnthy  is  produced  Ihrougli  iho  medium  of  orpinic  impres- 
■iiiii.  Chijnnan. 

1  raluc  myself  upoa  sympathy;  I  tiatu  and  desptK  invaoir  for 
tuvy,  Kamea, 

2.  An  agreement  of  affections  or  inclinations,  or  a 
conformity  of  natural  temperament,  whicii  makes 
two  perstins  pleased  willi  each  other.  Encyc. 

1'oii.icli  awnci.iliiiiia  mny  tx^  attributi-d  nio»toftlie  vym/xilA ice  and 
untijviilii'-a  of  uiir  iiatuiv.  Anon. 

3.  In  medicine,  n.  correspondence  of  various  parts  of 
the  body  in  i>)milar  sensations  or  atfections  ;  or  an 
nfTeciinn  of  the  w  hole  body,  or  some  part  of  it,  in 
consequence  of  nn  injury  or  disease  of  another  part, 
or  of  a  liHral  atfection.  I'lnis  a  contusion  on  tlie 
head  will  produce  nausea  and  vomiting.  This  is 
said  lo  be  by  sympathy,  or  consent  of  parts.       Cyc. 

4.  In  natural  history,  a  proptmsiun  of  inanimate 
things  to  unite,  or  to  act  on  each  other.  Thus  we 
say,  there  is  a  sympathy  between  the  lodestonc  and 
iron.  Cyc. 

BYM-PHCNF-OUS,  a.  [from  symphony.]  Agreeing 
in  sound  ;  accordant;  harmonious. 

SoumU 
Sympftcnloua  of  ten  tliousand  harp«.  MUlon. 

SYM'PnO-NIST,  n.  A  composer  of  symphonies  or 
instrumental  music. 

SYM'PHO-NY,  (sim'fo-ne,)  n.  [L.  symphonia;  Fr. 
symphanit  ;  Gr.  ovp<^'ovta  ;  aw,  with,  and  ip^vri, 
voice.] 

I.  A  consonance  or  harmony  of  sounds,  agreeable 
to  the  car,  whether  the  sounds  are  vocal  or  instru- 
mental, or  both. 

Til'-  tritmp^li  ■'Jiind, 
And  wuilike  symphony  ia  heard  around.  Dryden. 

9.  A  musical  instrument  mentioned  by  French 
writers. 

3.  A  musical  composition  for  a  full  band  of  instru- 
ments;  formerly  synonymous  with  Ovkhtuke. 

P.  Cyc. 

4.  Also,  a  term  applied  to  the  instrumental  intro- 
ductions, terminations,  &,c.,  of  vocal  com]K>sitions. 

P.  Cyc. 
SYM'PHY-SIS,  n.    [Gr.  oy^0v«if ;  aw,  together,  and 
0j>(i),  to  grow.] 


SYN 

1.  In  anatomy,  the  union  of  bones  by  cartilage  ;  a 
connection  of  bones  without  a  movable  joint. 

C'V.     Cyc. 

2.  In  surrrery,  a  coalescence  of  a  n:i'  ■:.<• ; 
also,  the  fir:»t  intention  of  cure  in  a  w 

SYM-PI-E-SOM'E-TER,  n.     [Gr.  avy.    ,  la- 

prcss,  and  p--Ti)Qv.] 

An  instrument  employed,  like  the  barometer,  for 
measuring  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere.  A  cot 
uuHi  of  oil  supplies  tliu  place  of  the  mercurial  col- 
umn in  the  barometer,  while  hydrogen  gas  occupies 
the  place  of  the  Torricellian  vacuum.  The  instru- 
ment, for  certain  purjKJses,  is  preferred  to  the  liarom- 
eter,  being  smaller  and  more  portable,  and  not  liable 
to  derangement  by  the  motions  uf  a  ship  at  sea. 

Ohststcd. 
SYM'PLO  €E,  n.     [Gr.  a^^ii-r^uKr,.] 

In  grammar,  the  repetition  of  a  word  at  the  begin- 
ning and  anolliur  at  the  end  of  successive  clauses. 
SYM-P5'SI-AC,  a.     [Gr.  ffu^rr  ^ota,  a  drinking  togeth- 
er ;  aw,  together,  and  t:iv->,  t(}  drink.] 

Pertaining  to  ciuii  potation  a  and  merry-making; 
happening  where  company  is  drinking  together  ;  as, 
sytnpasiac  meetings.  ^   Broan. 


Sympoeiac  dispiiiiiiloiia.     [Not  much  used.] 


ArbuUinot. 


SYM-PO'Sl-A€,  n.  A  conference  or  conversation  of 
philosophers  ;it  a  banquet.  Plutarch, 

SY.M-P6'SI-AR€iI,  H.     [Gr.  avunoantv  and  apxoj.] 
Ill  nnciriit  Greece,  the  master  of  a  feast. 

SYM-PO'Sl-UM,  n.  [Supra.]  A  drinking  together; 
u  merry  feast.  Warton. 

SYiMP'TOM,  71.  [Fr.  symptome  ;  Gr.  uvpTTTt^pa,  a  fall- 
ing, or  accident,  from  aw,  with,  and  TiiTrrof,  to  fall.] 
J.  Properly,  something  that  happens  in  concurrence 
with  another  thing,  as  an  attendant.  Hence,  in  wicti- 
icinCy  any  affection  which  acciunpanies  disease;  a 
perceptible  change  in  the  body  or  its  functions  which 
indicates  disease.  The  causes  of  disease  often  lie 
beyond  our  siglit,  but  we  learn  the  nature  of  theoi 
by  the  symptoms.  Particular  symptoms  which  more 
uniformly  arcoiniKinv  a  morbid  state  of  the  body,  and 
are  "tiaracteristic  ol'  it,  are  called  paLhogiwmontc  or 
diaffiiosLu  symptoms. 

2.  A  sign  or  token  ;  that  which  indicates  the  ex- 
istence of  something  else  ;  as,  op«.>n  murmurs  of  the 
people  are  a  symptom  of  disaffectioti  lo  law  or  gov- 
ernment. 

SYMP-TO-MAT'ie,         )  a.   Pertaining  to  symptoms  ; 

SYMP-TO-MAT'I€-AL,  (  hajqK'ninp  in  concurrence 
with  something;  indicating  the  existence  of  some- 
thing else. 

2.  In  medicine,  a  symptomatic  disease  is  one  which 
proceeds  from  some  prior  disorder  itl  some  part  of 
the  body.  Thus  a  symptomatic  fever  may  proceed 
from  local  injury  or  local  intlammation.  It  is  op- 
posed to  Idiopathic.  Kncyc.      Core. 

3.  According  to  symptoms  ;  as,  a  symptomaltcal 
classification  of  diseases. 

SYMP-TO-MAT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  By  means  of  symp- 
toms :  in  the  niilure  of  symptoms.  tVtscman. 

SYMP-TO-MA-TOL'0-GY,  n.  [Gr.  avpnTiopa  and 
)^"y'i>  discourse.] 

The  doctrineof  symptoms;  that  part  of  the  science 
of  medicine  which  treats  of  the  symptoms  of  dis- 
eases. C"rr. 

SYN-iER'E-SrS,  (sin-er'c-sis,)  n.  [Gr.  aw  and  ui- 
piM.] 

In  grammar,  a  figure  by  which  two  vowels  that 
are  ordinarily  separated  are  drawn  together  into  one 
syllable;  the  opposite  of  Di^inEsis. 

SYN-A-GOG'ie-AL,  a,  [from  synaffoffue.]  Pertain- 
ing to  a  synagogue.  Diet, 

SYN'A-GOGUE,  (sin'a-gog,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  Gr.  ovva- 
yuiyv  ;  ow,  together,  and  ayu,  to  drive  ;  properly,  an 
assembly.] 

J.  A  congregation  or  assembly  of  Jews  met  for  the 
purpose  of  worship,  or  the  perfoxiuance  of  religious 
rites. 

2.  The  hmtse  appropriated  to  the  religious  worship 
of  the  Jews. 

3.  The  court  of  the  seventy  elders  among  the 
Jews,  called  the  Great  Stnaoooue,  or  Sanhedrim. 

Cyc. 
S\'N-A-LF:'PHA,  n.     [Gr.  avvayoupv.] 

In  grammar,  a  contraction  of  syllables  by  suppress- 
ing some  vowel  or  diphthong  at  the  end  of  a  word, 
before  another  vowel  or  diphthong;  as,  ilV  ego,  for 
iUe  ego. 
SYN-AL-I.AG-MAT'IC,  a.     [Gr.  nw  and  aWaeaio.] 
An  epithet  applied,  in  -the  civil  law,  to  a  contract 
which  imposes  reciprocal  obligations  upon  the  par- 
ties. Bouvier. 
SYN'AR-eilY,  n.     [Gr.  awapxia.] 

Joint  rule  or  sovereignty.  Stackhovse. 

SYN-XR-TIIRO'SIS,  lu  [Gr.  avy,  with,  and  aoVpotOt 
to  articulate.] 

Union  of  bones  without  motion  ;  close  union  ;  as 
in  sutures,  symphysis,  and  the  like.  Core. 

SY-NAX'lfi,  w.  [Gr.,  from  avvayu),  to  congregate; 
iriii'  anil  a)  cii.j 

A  congregation  ;  also,  a  term  formerly  used  for  the 
Lord's  supper.  Saxon  Lams. 

SYN-€ARP'OUS,  a.    [Gr.  aw  and  /^upiruf,  IVuit.] 


TONE,  Bf/Lh,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  aa  K ;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH ;  TH  a«  in  THIS 


141 


1121 


SYN 

In  h-itan»,  hnvmg  the  ciir|H  I.4  xf  nrom|«iiimI  fruit 
completely  united ;  as  iu  t)i«  apple  and  punr. 

UwUry, 

aYN-€AT-E-GO-RE-MAT'I€,  h.    [Gr.  «»■  and  jcor»^ 

""    "      a  word  which  can  not  be  used  as  n  term 


Iw  HiH^  as  an  adverb  or  prepi^sltion. 
BYN4^ON-DR0'SlS,n.    [Gr.  aw  and  X'>»'<^P«J»  ^ar- 

tflarc.] 
The  connection  of  bones  by  means  of  carttSogo  or 

ftisUe.  l¥ittmnu 

SYN'CHRO-NAL,  a.    fGr.   ffi-i ,  with,  and  xfMifoij 

time.] 

Hap{>eninK  at  the  same  time  ;  simtiltaneoiifl. 
8YN'€HRO-XAL,  «-    [Supra.]     That  which  happens 

at  the  same  time  with  something  else,  or  pertains  to 

the  same  time.  Morr, 

8YN-€HRO\'ie-AL,  a.    [See  Stschrowism.J    llap- 

penins  at  the  xnme  time  ;  »imiiltaneou«.       Boyle, 
SVN'eilRO-NISM,  It.     [Or.  crrj ,  with,  and  x/'orof, 

time.] 

1.  ConcarreneQ  of  two  or  more  event;*  in  time  ; 
sunulianeiiiMiieML  Itate, 

9.  Tb»  tabuliir  arranirement  of  ht!iior>'  nccording 
to  datc^cotemporary  persons  or  things  bcint:  brought 
together.  Brande. 

6Y\  €HRO  Nf-ZA'TION,  n.  The  concurrence  of 
r\  rt  to  time. 

SVN  i:^  r.  i.    [Supra.]    To  agire  f n  time ; 

t>'  Ills.  RMn»on. 

BVjN  t.  uKti-AL'l'S,  a.  Hai^ning  at  the  same  time  ; 
siroii)tnneuii<i.  ArbuOmeL 

SYNeURO-NOUS-LYjado.  [Supra.]  At  the  same 
lime. 

8YN'€HY-SIS,  m.    [Gr.  cw  and  vt.<.>.] 

Confusion  ;  derangement ;  confusion  of  words  In 
a  sentence  ;  derangentent  of  humors  in  the  eye. 

8Y.\-eLI'\AI>,  a.    [Gr.  cvyKXivu,]    Inciined  down- 
ward from  opposite  direciionft,  so  as  to  meet  in  a 
common  point  or  line;  oppoiwd  to  Anticlitial. 
Stftuiinai  rui/ey ,-  a  valley  formed  by  such  a  dip. 

JDOM. 

SY.V'CO-PITE,  r.  L  [See  Stscopb.]  To  contract, 
as  ft  word,  by  taking  <Mie  or  more  letters  or  syllables 
IhMB  the  middle. 

JL  In  mtuic,  to  prfdooK  a  note  begfun  00  the  unac- 
cented part  of  a  bar,  to  the  accented  part  of  ilie  next 
bar  ;  or  to  mn  nect  the  last  note  of  a  bar  with  lh<*  li  rsi 
of  the  fullotving ;  or  to  end  a  note  of  one  pan,  in  the 
niiddle  nf  a  note  uf  another  prut. 

SYXeO  P.\-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Conincted  by  the  luw  of 
a  kttiT  rr'>ni  the  middle  of  the  word. 

2.  loverti'd,  as  the  measure  in  music 

SY\  eO-rA-TI\6,  pfr.    Contracting  b)-  the  loss  of  a 

letter  in  the  middle  of  a  word. 
SYN-eO-PA'TI0.\'»  R.    The  contraetion  of  a  word 

S'  taking  a  letter,  letters,  or  a  syllable  from  the  mid- 
e. 

2.  In  music,  an  intemiption  of  the  regular  meas- 
ure i  an  inversion  of  the  urdtr  o{  notes;  a  prolong- 
ing of  a  note  begun  on  the  unaccented  part  of  a  bar, 
to  the  accented  part  of  the  next  bar;  al;^)^  a  term 
used  when  a  note  of  one  port  at  the  beginning  of  a 
measure  or  Imlf  measure  ends  in  the  middle  of  a  note 
of  another  p.tn,  and  is  followed  by  two  or  more 
longer  notes  bcfun-annther  short  noteoccurs,  of  equal 
length  with  the  fir^t  note,  to  make  the  number  even. 
Encyc.  Brande, 
SYX'CO-PE,  a.  [Gr.  ffuj-cos-fi,  troux  ffvj^onrw,*  aw 
and  Koirrr.',  to  cut  off.] 

1.  Id  mKtfic,  the  same  as  St:«copatios  ;  the  di- 
TisicMi  cf  a  note  introduced  when  two  or  more  notes 
of  one  part  answer  to  a  single  nule  of  another. 

2.  In  grammoTj  an  elision  or  retrenchment  of  one 
or  more  ItfUcrs  or  a  syllable  from  the  middle  of  a 
word.  * 

3.  In  nie</iciiiff  a  fainting  or  swooning;  a  diminu- 
tion or  tniemiption  of  the  motion  of  the  heart,  and 
of  respiration,  accompanied  with  a  .«U5pensinn  of  the 
action  of  the  brain  and  a  temporary  loss  of  sensa- 
tion, volition,  and  other  facutiit-s.  Cyc 

SYN'eO-PiST,  n.    One  who  contracts  words. 

SYN*  CO-PIZE,  V.  L    To  contract  by  the  omi^on  of  a 

letter  or  syllable. 
SYN'CUE-TISM.  a.    [Gr.  s-vyKor,mi.\ 

Attempted  union  of  principles  or  parties  IrrecoD- 

cilably  a£  variance  with  eacb  other.  Murdeek. 

Be  a  ploUiRfa  cuimI  t^Mtn^tm,  mjxA  aUempling'  tbe  trcooeile- 
ment  oTChriH  aod  Be&al.  foxier. 

SYN'CRE-TIST,  a.  An  appeHation  given  to  George 
Calixtus  and  other  Germans  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury-, who  sought  to  mitigate  tl\e  ai:perities  of  the 
Pr  lestant  sects  toward  each  other  and  toward  the 
Roman  Catholics,  and  thus  occasioned  a  long  and 
violent  controvcrsj-  in  the  Lutheran  church. 

Murdoch. 
SYN-CRE-TIST'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  tbe  Syncre- 

tists. 
SYN-DAC'TYL,  n.    [Gr.  cw  aiid  Jacrt,Aof.]    Any 
perching  bird  which  has  the  external  and  middle 
toes  united  as  far  as  the  second  joint.  Brande. 

8YN-DAe-TYL'ie,      \a.      Having  the    characteris- 
SYN-DAC'TYL-OUS,  \     tics  of  the  sj-ndaciyls. 

PoTtingtoiu 


SYN 

t?YN-«KS..MO'.*^IS,  w.  [)Jr.  ffMf^fr/i.if.]  The  union 
of  one  hotie  with  another  by  ligaments.       Brande. 

SYN'DIC,  a.  [Ij.  itjfndicus ;  Ur.  cvv^urof;  tr i*,  with, 
and  fiitt}.  Justice.] 

An  ollicer  of  government,  invested  with  difTi-rent 
powers  in  difterciit  cmiiitries;  also,  one  cliosen  to 
transact  business  for  othi-rs  ;  as  in  France,  syndics 
are  appointed  t)y  the  creditors  of  a  banknipt  to  man- 
age the  property.  In  Geneva,  the  syndic  is  the  chief 
magistrate.  Alniost  all  the  companies  in  Paris,  the 
university,  &,c.,  have  their  .^ryni/iM.  Tlie  university 
of  Cambridge  has  its  nyndict^  who  are  rhasen  from 
ttic  itenati*  to  transact  s)tecial  business,  as  the  regu- 
lation of  f«-es,  forming  of  laws,  &c. 

Cam.  Calendar. 

SYN'nie  ATE,  «,  A  council,  or  body  of  syndics  ;  a 
brinrti  of  government.  Burnet. 

SViN'DIC-ATE,  V.  t.    'i'o  judge,  or  to  censure. 

SVN'DRO-ME,!*.    [Gr.svi'Jpo/ifi,  a  running  together.] 

1.  Citncurrence.  Olanrille. 

2.  In  mn/iriNo,  the  concourse  or  combination  of 
svnuirnms  in  a  disease.  Cyc 

SVN-ECno  CHE.n.    [Gr.  cwcrioxn!  avftind  ikLxo- 

paty  to  take." 

In  rkuorte,  a  figure  or  trope  oy  whicn  tno  whole 

of  a  thing  is  put  for  a  part,  or  a  part  for  the  whole  ; 

as  the  genus  for  the  sjtecics,  or  the  species  for  the 

genus,  &.C.  Cyc 

SV.V-Ee-DOeH'rC-AL,  a.     Expressed    by  synecdo- 

Che  ;  iruptving  a  synecdoche.  Bvyle. 

SYN-EC-DCeH'ie-AL-LY,  adP.      According  to  the 

synecdochical  mode  of  speaking.  tcarson. 

SYN-K'eill-A,  a.     [Gr.  uvvtxi^.] 

A  disease  of  the  eye,  in  which  the  iris  adheres  to 

tbe  cornea  or  to  the  capsule  of  the  crjstalline  lens. 

Brande. 
SYN-EC-PHO-Ne'SIS.   n.      [Gr.    ewtK-ptovriati.]     A 

contraction  of  two  syllables  into  one.  Jlfo-ion. 

8YiN'E-PY,  n.     (Gr,  oM-crrm,  union  of  sounds.] 

The  inierjuncUott  oS  words  in  uttering  the  clauses 

of  sentences.  SiaarL 

8YN-ER-<;ET'I€,  o.    [Gr.  ffuwpyi^nifo?.] 

I'ooperaling.  Dean  Tucker. 

SYX'ER-GIST,  n.     [Gr.  om-mya^niiat.] 

In  lAc  LaUteran  cAurcA,  one  who  hold  tliat  divine 

grace  required  a  curre^iiondent  action  of  the  will  to 

mnke  it  eifcctunl.  Brande. 

SY.N'-F.R-t:;lST'ie,  a.     CoBperatlng.      Dean  Tucker. 
SYN-GE-Xic'SiA,  a.     [Gr.   aw,  with,  and   jcwffiy, 

generation,  origin.] 
In  botany,  a  clasa  of  planti  \\  linse  sLimens  are 

united  in  a  cylindrical  form  by  tJie  nnthers. 
SY.\  Gf>N£'SI.\X,    to.   Pertaming  to  tJie  class  Syn- 
SYX-G  EX  f:'^IOUS,  (      genesia. 
SY>"GR APH,  ».     [Gr.  ffi-^  and  yfia'pri.] 

A  writing  signed  by  both  parties  tu  a  contract  or 

bond. 
SYN-I-Zk'SIS,  b.    [Gr.]    An  obliteration  of  the  pupil 

of  the  eve  ;  a  closed  pupil.  Brande. 

SYX-NEI>-R6'8I8,  m.    [Gr.  aw  and  wnpoi-,  a  nerve.] 
la  axoloiiiy,  the  connection  of  parts  by  means  of 

ligaments,  as  in  the  movable  joints.     Coze.     Parr. 
SYX'O-CHA,  n.     [Gr.]     A  simple  continuous  phlogis- 
tic fever,  not  becoming  atonic  or  asUienic   in   its 

course  and  progress. 
SYX'O-CnUS,  n.     [Gr.]     A  simple  continuous  fever, 

commonly  s.-iid  to  be  pldogisiic  in  its  early  stage,  and 

atonic  or  xsthenic  in  its  progress. 
SYX'OD,  n.   [Gr.auiodus,a  convention  ;  aw  and  oioi, 

way.] 

1.  in  church  hutory,  a  council  or  meeting  of  eccle- 
sia-stics,  to  consult  on  matters  of  religion.  Synods 
are  of  four  kinds:  1.  Qeneral,  or  ecumenical,  which 
are  con»i>osed  of  bishops  from  different  nations.  2. 
AWioflo/,  in  w*hich  the  bishops  of  one  nation  only 
meet,  to  determine  points  of  doctrine  or  discipline. 
2.  Provmctal,  in  which  the  bishops  of  one  province 
only  meet.  This  is  called  a  Co.n  vocation.  4.  Dio- 
cesan. 

Among  PrtsbyteHans^  a  synod  is  composed  of  sev- 
eral adjoming  presbyteries.  'J'he  members  are  the 
ministers  and  a  rulinj;  elder  from  each  piiritih. 

2.  A  meeting,  convention,  or  council ;  as,  a  syiwd 
of  gods. 

3.  In  astronomy^  a  conjunction  of  two  or  more 
planets  or  stars  in  tlie  same  optical  place  of  the 
heavens.     [Jfot  used.j  Enc^c. 

SYX'OD-AL,  n.  JSnemitlyy  a  pecuniary  rent  paid  to 
the  bishop  or  archdeacon,  at  the  time  of  his  Easter 
visitation,  by  every  parish  prjestj  a  procuration. 

Encye. 
Synodalt  ttre  due  or  common  rifht  to  llie  Liihop  only.     Gihaon. 

Q.  Constitutions  made  in  provincial  or  diocesan 
synods  are  sometimes  called  synodah.  Encyc 

SYX'OD-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  occasioned  by  a 
synod.  Fuller. 

SYN'-OD'ie,         )  a.     Pertaining  to  a  synod  ;  transact- 

SYX-OD'IC-AL,  S  ed  in  a  synod  ;  as,  synodical  pro- 
ceedings or  forms  ;  a  synodical  epistle.  SlillingjUet. 
2.  Pertaining  to  the  period  in  which  two  heavenly 
bodies  pass  from  one  conjunction  to  anotlier ;  as,  a 
mmodical  month.     [See  Month.]  Olmsted. 

SYis'-OD'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  By  liie  authority  of  a  syn- 
od. Sanderson. 


SYN 

HYN-OM'0-SY,  n.  [Gr.  <nivw/iuff«i ,"  trvi',  with,  and 
oftvvnt^  to  swear.] 

Sworn  Inrolhernood ;  a  society  in  ancient  Greece 
nearly  resembling  a  modern  political  club. 

JttHford. 
SYX-ON'Y-MAL-LY,arfr.   Synonymously.  Spdman. 
SYN'O-NYM,  a.    [Gr.  avvoivvpoi  i  avvy  with,  and  w- 
u/j(i,  name.] 

A  noun,  or  other  word,  having  tho  same  significa- 
tion as  another,  is  its  synonym.  Two  words  contain- 
ing the  same  iaea  are  synomj»is. 

He  boa  exIricoUH)  tJic  tynonynu  uf  Torrner  aulhora. 

Oase't  R\u». 

8YN-0N'Y-MA,  w.  pi.  Words  having  the  same  sig- 
nification.    But  Synonyms  is  a  regular  English  word. 

PYX-ON' Y-M A I^  a.     Svnonymous.     [JVor  in  use.] 

SYN-OX'Y-MIST,  n.  One  who  collects  and  explains 
synonymous  words. 

2.  Among  bataniyfjit  a  person  who  collects  the  dif- 
ferent names  or  synonyms  of  plants,  and  reduce;* 
inem  to  one  another.  Cyc 

SYN-OX'Y-MTZE,  r.  L  To  express  the  same  meaning 
in  diffrrejit  words.  Camden. 

SYX-0X'Y-MTZ-A:D,  pp.  Expressed  in  different  words 

SYN-OX'Y-MIZ-ING,  ppr.  Expressing  the  same  thing 
in  different  words. 

SYN-OX'Y-MOUS,  a.  Expressing  the  same  thing; 
conveying  the  some  idea.  We  rarely  find  two  words 
precisely  synonymous.  Wiiuc-and  billow  are  sometimes 
synonytnousy  but  not  always.  Wtien  we  speak  of  the 
large  rolling  swell  of  the  sea,  we  may  call  it  a  wave 
or  a  billow;  but  wlien  we  speak  of  the  small  swell  of 
a  piind,  we  may  call  it  a  loavc,  but  wo  may  not  call 
it  a  billow. 

SYN-ON'Y-MOUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  synonymous  man- 
ner; in  the  same  sense;  with  tho  same  meaning. 
Two  words  may  be  used  synonymously  in  some  cases, 
and  not  in  others. 

SYX-OX'Y-MY,  n.  The  quality  of  expressing  the 
same  meaning  by  different  words. 

2.  In  rhetoric,  a  figure  by  which  synonymous 
words  are  used  to  aniplify  a  discourse. 

SYN-OP'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  awoipis  ;  aw,  with,  and  oipis, 
view.] 

A  general  view,  or  a  collection  of  things  or  parts 
so  arranged  as  l(t  exhibit  the  whole  or  the  principal 
parts  in  a  general  view. 

SYX-OP'TIC,  i  a.      Affording  a   general  view  of 

SYX-OP'TIC-AL,  (  the  whole,  or  of  the  principal 
parts  of  a  thing  ;  a»4,  a  synoptic  tabic.        BucUand. 

SYN-OP'Tie-AL-LY,  arfi?.  In  such  a  manner  as  to 
present  a  general  view  in  a  short  coiiipa^ss. 

S\X-0'VI-A,  M.  In  anatomyyUw  tliiid  secreted  into 
the  cavities  of  joints,  for  the  purpose  uf  lubrir;iting 
them.  Cijc. 

SYX-0'VI-AL,  a.  [Supra.]  Pertaining  to  synovia  ; 
secreting  a  lubricating  fluid  ;  as,  the  synovial  mem- 
brane ;  syvoviid  gland.  Csjr.. 

SYN-TAC'Tie,  I  a.     [See  Syntax.]     Pertaining 

SY\-TA€'T1€-AL,  \     to  syntax,  or  the  construction 
of  sentences. 
2.  According  to  the  rules  of  syntax  or  construction. 

Enafc. 

SYN-TAC'TIC-AL-LY,  adv.  la  conformity  to  syn- 
tax. 

SYN'TAX.        )  n.     [L.  syntaxis;   Gr.  avvralu;  cw, 

SYX-TAX'IS,  S      together,  and  t/iccto,  to  put.] 

1.  In  gramjnar,  the  construction  of  sentences ;  the 
due  nrntngemenl  of  words  in  sentences,  according  to 
established  usage.  Syntax  includes  concord  and 
rcgimt^n,  'or  the  agreement  and  government  of 
words.  Words,  in  every  language,  have  certain 
connections  and  rotations,  as  verbs  and  adjectives 
with  nouns,  which  relations  must  be  observed  in  the 
formation  of  sentences.  A  gross  violation  of  the 
niles  of  syntax  is  a  solecism. 

2.  Connected  system  or  order;  union  of  things. 
[JVot  ill  jisc]  Olanville- 

8YX-TE-Re'SIS,  n.    [Gr.  aw  and  tjj/mw.] 

Remorse  of  conscience.  Bp.  Ward. 

SYN-TE-RET'ie,  a.     Preserving  health. 
SVX-TET'ie,  a.     Wasting  with  consumption. 
SYX-TEX'IS,  n.     [Gr.]    A  deep  consumption. 
SVX'TilE-SIS,  n.     [Gr.  a^^vdcaii  ;  aw,  and  Ttdi}pi,io 
put  or  set.] 

1.  Composition,  or  the  putting  of  two  or  more 
things  together,  as  in  compound  medicines.      Cyc. 

2.  In  logic,  comjKjsititm,  or  that  process  of  reason- 
ing in  which  we  advance  by  a  regular  chain  from 
principles  before  established  or  astfiimed,  and  proiw- 
sitions  already  proved,  till  we  arrive  at  the  conclu- 
sion. SyTitJiesis  is  the  opposite  of  analysis  or  resolu- 
tion.  Encyc. 

a.  In  surgery,  the  operation  by  which  divided 
parts  are  reunited.  Cyc. 

4.  In  cheviistry,  the  uniting  of  elements  into  a 
compound  ;  the  opposite  of  analysis,  which  is  the 
separation  of  a  compound  into  its  constituent  parts 
That  water  is  com[>osed  of  oxygen  and  hydrogen,  is 
proved  both  by  analysis  and  synthesis. 
SYX-TMET'ie,  I  a.    Pertaining  to  synthesis;  con- 

SYX-TIIET'IG-AL,  (  sisting  in  synthesis  or  compo- 
sition ;  as,  the  synthetic  method  of  reasoning,  as  op- 
posed to  the  analytical. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII.\T.  — METE,  Pa£Y.  — PINE,  MARtXE,  BIRD,  — XOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  EppK.  - 


TAB 

SYN-THET'ie-AL-LY,  a</c.  By  synthesis;  by  com- 
posiiion. 

SYN'TIIE-TIZE,  r.  U  To  unite  in  regular  structure. 
[Ao£  much  usedS] 

SYN'TO-MY,  n.     [Gr.  trwrofna.] 
Brevity  ;  conriseness. 

SYN-TO.Vie,  a.     [Gr.  evv,  with,  and  rot- oc,  lone] 
In  music,  sharp  ;  intense.  Ruu~-isrJia. 

SYPiri-LlS,  (sife-lis,)  tu  [A  term  coined  by  Fmcas- 
torius,  and  introduced  into  nosuio^y  by  Sauvnges. 
Its  etymology  is  unknown.)  A  disease  character- 
ized by  ulcers  of  a  peculiar  character  on  the  genitals, 
succeeded  by  inguinal  buboes.  So  far,  the  disease 
is  local.  The  indications  of  a  constitutional  affec- 
tion are  ulcers  in  the  throat,  copper- colored  eruptions 
on  the  skin,  paina  in  the  bones,  node.^t,  &c.  This 
malady  is  exclusively  contagious. 

SYPlM-LIT'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  syphilid. 

SS'PHOX,  n,     [Gr.  ci<pwv.] 

A  tube  or  pipe.    More  correctly  Sivhon,  which  see. 

S?'RE\.    See  Siben. 

SYR'I-AC.  n.  The  language  of  Syria,  especially  the 
ancient  language  of  that  country.' 

SYR'I-AG,  a.  [from  Syria.]  Pertaining  to  Syria,  or 
its  language  ;  as,  the  Syriac  version  of  the  Penta- 
teuch ;  Syriac  Bible. 

PVU'I-A-'CISM,  n.     A  Syrian  idiom.  Mittotu 

SVR'I-AN,  fl.     Pertaining  to  Syria. 

SYR'I-A\-ISM,  n.  A  Syrian  idiom,  or  a  peculiarity 
in  the  Syrian  language.  Palcy. 

SVK'I-ASM,  71.     The  same  aa  Stbiamsm. 

fVarburtoiu     Stuart. 

SY-RIN"GA,  TU     [Gr.  avpt\l,  "vpfj-yus,  a  pipe.] 
A  (^enus  of  plants,  the  lilac. 

BYR'INGE,  (sir'inj,)  n.  [Supra.]  An  instniment 
for  injecting  liquids  into  animal  bodies,  into  wounds, 
&.C. ;  or  an  instrument  in  the  form  of  a  pump,  serv- 
ing to  draw  in  any  fluid,  and  then  tu  expel  it  with 
force. 

SYR'INGE,  v.  U  To  inject  by  means  of  a  pipe  or 
syringe  J  to  wash  and  cleanse  by  injections  from  a 
Byringe. 


TAB 

SYR'IN6-£.'U,  yp.    Injected  by  means  of  a  pipe  or 

syringe. 

SY-RL\"GO-DEN'DROX,  h.    [Gr.  cvpiyl,  a  pipe  or 
tube,  and  Jfi'iJ.oui',  tree.] 

A  fossil  plant ;  applied  to  many  species  of  sigilla- 
ria,  from  the  parallel,  pipe-sha{>ed  flutings  that  ex- 
tend from  the  top  to  the  bottonk  of  tlieir  trunks. 

BacklatuL 

SYR-IN-GOT'O-MY,  n.      [Gr.  avpty^,  a  pipe,  and 
rcufu,  to  cut.] 

The  operation  of  cutting  for  the  fistula.  Cije. 

SYR'MA,  (sur'nia,)  n.     [Gr.]     A  long  dress,  reaching 
to  the  floor,  worn  by  tragic  actors. 

9YRT,  (surt,)  n.     [L.  syrtis,]     A  quicksand  ;  a  bog. 

Younff. 

SYR'TIS,  n.     [L.]     A  quicksand.     [JVot  EiKrUsh.] 

SYR'tJP.     See  Sirup.  iMiUon. 

SYS-SAR-CG'SrS,  n,     [Gr.]     The  junction  of  bonca 
by  intervening  nniscles.  Brande. 

SYS'TA-.'^IS,  71,     [Gr.  trvOTaaig.] 

The  consistence  of  a  tliiug  ;  constitution.  [LiUle 
y*'*;/.]  Burke. 

SYS'TEM.n.     [FT.systdme;  lj.8ystema;  Gr.  cruarrifia; 
cvi/  and  tarnjn,  to  set.J 

1.  An  as(«;niblage  ol  things  adjusted  into  a  regular 
whole  ;  or  a  whole  plan  or  scheme  consisting  of 
m:uiy  parts  connected  in  such  a  manner  as  to  create 
a  chain  of  mutual  dependtincies  ;  or  a  regular  union 
of  principles  or  parts  forming  une  entire  thing.  Thus 
we  say,  a  system  of  Ii'gic,  a  system  of  philosophy,  a 
sy.ftem  of  governmL-nt,  a  system  of  principles,  the 
solar  syntcm,  the  Copyrnican  system,  a  si/stem  of  di- 
vinity, a  system  of  law,  a  system  of  morality,  a  sys- 
tem of  husbandry,  a  system  of  botany  or  of  chemistry. 
9.  Regular  method  or  order. 

3.  In  music,  an  interval  compounded,  or  supposed 
to  be  compounded,  of  several  lesser  intervals,  as  the 
fifth,  octave,  Ate,  the  elements  of  which  are  called 
diastems.  Busby. 

SYS-TEM-AT'ie,  )  a.   Pertaining  to  system  ;  con- 

SYS-TEM-AT'I€-AI.,  i      sisting  in  system  ;  method- 
ical ;  formed  with  regular  connection  and  adaptation 


T. 


TIS  the  twentieth  letter  of  the  English  alphabet,  and 
a  close  consonant.  It  represents  a  close  joining  of 
the  end  of  the  tongue  to  the  root  of  the  upper  ttieth, 
as  may  be  perceived  by  the  syllable  at,  ct,  of,  u(,  in 
attempting  topronounce  which,  the  voice  is  com- 
pletely interce[>tt?d.  It  is  therffure  ntimbt-rpd  among 
the  mutes,  or  close  articulations,  and  it  dirT.-rs  from 
d  chiefly  in  its  closeness  j  for  in  pronouncing  ad,  ed, 
we  perceive  the  voice  is  not  so  suddtjiily  and  entirely 
intercepted,  as  in  pronouncing  oi  and  ct.  r,  by  itself, 
has  one  sound  only,  as  in  take,  turn,  bat,  bolt,  smite, 
bitter.  So  we  are  accustomed  to  speak  ;  but  in  real- 
ity, t  can  be  hardly  said  to  have  any  sound  at  all.  Us 
use,  like  that  of  all  mute  articulations,  in  to  modify 
the  manner  of  uttering  the  vocal  sound  which  pre- 
cedes or  follows  it. 

When  t  is  followed  by  h,  as  in  think  and  that,  the 
combination  really  forms  a  distinct  sound,  for  which 
we  have  no  single  character.  This  combination  has 
two  sounds  in  English  j  aspirated,  as  in  think,  and 
vocal,  as  in  that. 

The  letters  (i,  before  a  vowel,  and  unaccented, 
usually  pass  into  the  sound  o( sh,  as  in  natiouj  motion, 
partial,  substantiate  i  which  are  pronounced  naihon, 
moshon,  parskal,  substaashate.  In  this  case,  (  loses 
entirely  its  proper  sound  or  use,  and  l>cing  blcndt^d 
with  the  subsequent  letter,  a  new  sound  results  from 
the  combination,  which  is  in  fact  a  simple  sound. 
In  a  few  words,  the  combination  ti  has  the  sound  of 
the  English  cA,  as  in  Christian,  mixtion,  rjuestion, 

T  Is  convertible  with  d.  Thus  the  Germans  write 
tag,  where  we  write  day,  and  "■«(,  for  (roofi.  It  is 
also  convertible  with  s  and  z,  for  the  Germans  write 
teasser,  for  ipoter^  and  zaAm,  for  tame. 

T.,  as  on  abbreviation,  stands  for  theologia ;  as,  S. 
T.  D.,  sanctB  theologite  doctor,  doctor  of  divinity. 
In  ancient  monuments  and  wriliuirs,  T.  is  an  ahbrevia- 
lure,  which  stand*i  for  Titus,  Titias,  or  TuUius. 

Aa  a  numeral,  T,  among  the  Latins,  stood  fur  ICO, 
and  with  a  dash  over  the  top,  T,  for  1GO,000.  Encyc 

In  music,  T  is  the  initial  of  tenor,  vocal  and  in- 
strumental ;  of  tacet,  for  silence,  as  adagio  tacet, 
when  ft  i>erson  is  to  rest  during  the  whole  movement. 
Id  concertos  and  symphonies,  it  is  the  initial  of  tutti, 
the  whole  band,  afler  a  solo  it  sometimes  stands 
for  tr.  or  triUo,  a  shake. 
TAB,  n.  The  latchet  of  a  shoe  fofitened  with  a  string 
cr  otherwise.     [LocoL'}  Forby. 

3.  The  end  of  a  'ac©;  a  tag.  Forby. 

3.  A  cup.     I  U^'ju  ] 


TAB'ARD,  Ti.  [W.  tahar,  from  thb,  a  spread  or  sur- 
face ;  It.  taharra.'l 

A  sort  of  tunic  or  mantle  formerly  worn,  covering 
the  body  before  and  behind,  and  reaching  below  the 
loins,  butopen  at  the  sides,  from  the  shoulders  down- 
ward ;  a  hi-raUl's  coat.  Brande. 

TAH'ARD-ER,  n.     One  who  wears  a  tabard. 

TABA-RET,  n.  A  stout,  satin-striped  sHk,  used  for 
furniture. 

TAB-A-SIIERR',?;.  A  Persian  word  signifying  a  con- 
cretion found  in  the  joints  of  the  banibuo,  which  has 
been  found  to  be  pure  silex.  It  Is  highly  valued  in 
the  East  Indies  as  a  medicine,  for  the  cure  of  bilious 
votniliiips,  bliKuly  flux,  piles,  &c.    Encyc.     Tlwmson. 

TAB'BI-A'D,  (lab'bid.)  pp.  or  a.  Watered  ;  made 
wavy. 

TAB'BI-NET,  n.     A  more  delicate  kind  of  tabby, 

TAB'BY,  a.  [See  the  noun.]  Brinded ;  brindled; 
diversified  in  cidor  ;  as,  a  tabhy  cat.  Jiddison. 

TAB'BY,  n.  VFr.  tabis ;  It.  Sp.  and  Port,  tahi ;  Dan. 
tabin  ;  D.  tabbyn  ;  G.  UibtR  ;  Arm.  Uf/tas,  taffeta.  Q.U. 
Fr.  tacelrr,  to  spot.] 

1.  A  kind  of  waved  silk,  usually  watered.  It  is 
manufactured  like  taffeui,  but  is  thicker  and 
stronger.  The  watering  is  given  to  it  by  the  calen- 
der. Cyc. 

2.  A  mixture  of  lime  with  shells,  gravel,  or  stones 
in  equal  pro[>ortions,  with  an  equal  proportion  of 
water,  forming  a  mass,  which,  when  dry,  becomes 
as  hard  as  rock.  This  is  used  in  Morocco  instead  of 
bricks  for  the  walls  of  buildings.  It  was  used  for- 
m-rly  in  Georgia,  U.  S.  Spalding. 

TAB'BY,  r.  f.  To  water  or  cause  to  look  wavy  ;  as, 
to  tabby  silk,  mohair,  ribbon,  &c.  This  is  done  by  a 
calender  wiihout  water.  Cyc 

TAB'BY-ING,  n.  The  passing  of  stuffs  under  a  cal- 
ender to  give  them  a  wavy  apjieantnce. 

TAB-K-FAe'TIO.\,  ».  [L.  tabeo,  to  waste,  nndfaeio, 
to  make.     See  T^beft.] 

A  wasting  away  ;  a  gradual  losing  of  flesh  by  dis- 
ease. 

TAB'E-FY,  r.  i    [Ileb.  and  Ch.  3Ki,  to  pine  ;  or  Ar. 

'        *..T   tabba,   to   bo  wfAikened,  to   perish.      Class 
Db.l 

'lo  consume;  to  waste  gradually;  to  lose  flesh. 
[Little  used.'\  Harvey. 

TA-HELL'ION,  (-bfcl'yun,)  n.  A  secretary  or  notary 
under  the  Roman  empire,  or  in  France  during  the 
old  monarchy,  t  Brande. 


TAB 

or  subordination  of  |>arts  to  each  other,  and  to  the 
design  of  the  whole  ;  as,  a  systematic  arrangement  o/ 

plants  or  animals  ;  a  systematic  course  of  study. 

3.  Proceeding  accord  ing  to  system  or  regular  meth- 
od ;  as,  a  systematic  writer. 

SYS-TEM-AT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  the  form  of  a  sys- 
tem ;  methodically.  Boyle. 

SYS'TEM-A-TIST,  n.  One  who  forms  a  system,  or 
reduces  to  system. 

BYS'TEM-A-TIZE,  (  v.  L   [Ststemize  would  be  pref- 

SYS'TEM'IZE,  \      erable,  as  it  is  the  more  simple 

form.]     To  reduce  to  system  or  regular  method  j  as, 
to  systemize  plants  or  fossils. 

SYS'tEM-ATIZ-£D,>  pp.     Reduced   to  system  or 

SYS'TEM-IZ-/;D,         i      method. 

SYS'TEM-A-TIZ-ER,  \  n.     One  who  reduces  things 

SYS'TEM-IZ-ER,         j      to  system. 

SYS'TEM-A-TIZ-ING,  I  ppr.    Reducing  to  system  or 

SYS'TEM-IZ-ING,  i      due  method. 

SYS-TEM-I-ZA'TION,n.  [from  systemiie.'i  Tlieact 
or^operalion  of  systemizlng ;  tiie  reduction  of  things 
to  system  or  regular  method. 

SYS'TEM-MaK-ER,  71.     One  who  forms  a  system. 

SYS'TE.M-MOi\"GER,  (-mung'ger,)  n.  One  given  to 
the  forming  of  systems.  Chesterfield. 

SYS'TO-LE,  ».  [Gr.  (ni(7To>,n,  IVom  cucnAAoj,  to 
contract ;  aw  and  (tteAXc-i,  to  send.] 

1.  In  grammar,  the  shortening  of  a  long  syllabic. 
3.  In  anatomy,  the  contraction  of  the  tit^art  and 
arteries,  for  expelling  the  blood,  and  carrying  on  the 
circulation.     [See  Diastole.] 

SYS-TOL'ie,  a.     Pertaining  lo  systole  or  contraction. 

SYS'TVLE,n.  [Gr.  avvj  withortogeilier.and  crrvXyf, 
a  column.] 

In  architecture,  the  manner  of  placing  columns, 
where  the  space  between  the  two  shalXs  consists  of 
two  diameters  or  four  modules.  OwUt. 

SYTHE.  n.     See  Scythe. 

SYZ'Y-GY,  n.     [Gr.  avi^vyta  f  aw  and  i^vyno,  to  join.] 
A  common  name  for  the  period  both  of  new  and 
full  moon,  when  the  sun,  the  moon,  and  the  earth, 
are  in  one  line  Olmsted. 


TAR'ERD.     See  Tabard 

TAB'ER-NA-CLE,  ti.     [h.  tabcmaculum,  a  tent,  from 

tabcrna,  a  etiop  or  shed,  from  tabula,  a  board;   or 

rather  from  its  root.     See  Table.] 

1.  A  tent.    JVum.  xxiv.    AtatL  xvli. 

9.  A  temporary  habitation.  Milton. 

3.  Among  tJie  Jews,  a  movable  building,  so  con- 
trived as  to  be  taken  to  pieces  with  ease  and  recon- 
structed, for  the  convenience  of  being  carried  during 
the  wanderings  of  the  Israelites  in  the  wilderness. 
It  was  of  a  rectangular  figure,  thirty  cubits  long,  ten 
broad,  and  ten  high.  The  interior  was  divided  into 
two  rooms  by  n  vail  or  curtain,  and  it  was  covered 
with  four  different  spreads  or  carpets.  Cruden. 

It  is  al?o  applied  to  the  temple.     Ps.  xv. 

4.  A  place  of  worship  ;  a  sacred  place.   Addison. 

5.  Our  natural  body.    2  Cor.  v.    2  Fct.  i. 

6.  God's  gracious  presence,  or  the  tokens  of  it. 
Rev.  xxi. 

7.  An  ornamented  erection  or  representation  of  an 
edifice  placed  on  Roman  Catliulic  altiu's  as  a  recepta- 
cle of  the  consecrated  vessels. 

(heilt.     Oloss.  of  Arehit. 
TAB'ER-NA-CLE,  v.  i.     To  dwell  ;  to  reside  for  a 
time  ',  to  be  housed  ;  a*  we  say,  Christ  tabernacled  in 
the  flush. 
TAB-ER-NA€'U-LAR,  o.     Latticed.  Wartoiu 

TA'BeS,  n.  [L.]  a  dysthetic  or  cachectic  disease, 
characteri7.ed  by  a  gradually  progressive  emaciation 
of  the  whole  body,  accompanied  with  languor,  de- 
pressed spirits,  and,  for  the  most  part,  imperfect  oi 
obscure  hectic,  without  any  topical  affection  of  any 
of  the  viscera  of  the  head,  chest,  or  belly.  Tabe« 
and  consumption  are  different  diseases. 
TA-BET'ie,  a.  Tabid  ;  affected  with  tabes, 
TAB'ID,  a.  [Fr.  tabide;  L.  tabidus,  from  tafteo,  lo 
waste.] 

Wasted  by  disease 

In  tabid  persona,  milk  U  the  beat  r(;alo^iti^  e.  ArbutArtot. 

TAB'ID-NESS,  n.     Stale  of  being  wasted  by  disease 
TAB'I-TUDE,  71.    fl-.  tabiiudo.]    The  state  of  one  af- 
fected with  tabes. 
TAB'LA-TfJRE,n.     [from  Mft?c.]     Painting  on  walls 
and  ceilings  ;  a  single  piece  comprehcnaei  in  one 
view,  and  formed  according  to  one  design. 

Johnson.     Lord  Shaftesbury. 

2.  In  music,  the  expression  of  sounds  or  notes  of 
composition  by  letters  of  the  alphabet  or  ciphers,  or 
otiier  characters  not  used  in  modern  music  In  a 
stricter  tienae,  the  manner  of  writing  a  piece  for  the 


TONE   ByLL.  UNITE — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K  ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH;  TH  as  in  TIII9. 


TAB 

lute,  theorbo,  giiitar,  t>.tsc  viol,  or  the  like  ;  which  is 
done  by  writing  on  stvcml  ^tanillel  liiit-s  (each  of 
which  represents  a  string  of  the  instnimont)  certain 
letters  of  the  alphnbei,  referring  to  the  fnt:<  on  the 
Deck  of  the  iustrunient,  each  letter  directing  how 
•oine  mate  is  to  be  sounded.  Cyc 

3.  In  anatomy,  a  division  or  ptirting  of  the  skull 
into  two  taMes.  Cyc 

TA'BLE,  Ji.  [Ft.,  from  L.  tabula:  tt.  taoctn;  Sp. 
fa*/u;  W,  tarell,  a  Hat  mass,  a  titblet,  a  slice,  a 
spread  ;  tAb^  (dr,  a  spread,  an  extended  surface  ; 
tariuj  to  throw,  to  pmject ;  tavuy  to  spnad  or  over- 
spr^id  ;  Sax.  tafi^  a  die,  a  tablc-mnn  ;  D.  r^ri,  a 
bottfd,  a  table,  whence  in  8hip9,  taffrrel ;  G.  and  Sw. 
tafety  a  board  or  table  >  Rus:^.  id. ;  Fr.  toifMu,  a  pic- 
ture.] 

1.  A  flat  surface  of  some  extent,  or  a  thUis  that 
ha:^  a  ttat  surface  ;  n^,  a  table  of  marble. 

2.  An  article  of  furniture,  consi^tinx  usually  of  a 
frame  with  a  surface  of  hoards  or  of  marble,  sup- 
pnrt'-d  by  Ifip,  and  u^d  for  a  great  variety  of^ptir- 
poses,  03  for  holding  dishes  i>f  meal,  for  writing  on, 

The  nrni[:ii  tbe  miU  spirmd.  Pojm. 

3.  Fare  or  entertaiament  of  pforisions ;  as,  he 
keeps  a  good  tahU. 

4.  The  persoiu  sittinc  at  table  or  partaking  of 
eoteitainment. 

I%ink  U  tbs  femml  Jbj  of  dM  wbok  taU«.  Shmk. 

5.  A  tablet ;  a  surface  on  which  any  thing  is  writ- 
ten or  traced.  The  ten  commandments  were  written 
OD  two  toAlej  of  stone.     Ezod.  xixii. 

Wrioen  —  oo<  on  ladUt  of  stone,  but  oo  Acafaljr  tatUt  of  tbs  hewt. 
—  i  Cot.  iiL 

6.  A  picture,  or  something  that  exbiblta  a  riew  of 
any  thing  on  a  flat  surface, 

SftiM  AnttMBj  fau  ■  tahU  Ihkl  huig*  n^to  Ua  ftom  «  poor 


7.  Among  Ckristutms^  the  table,  or  Lord*s  table. 
Is  the  sacrament,  or  holy  communion  of  the  Lord^s 
8up(>er. 

8.  The  altar  of  bumt-offering.    MaL  L 

9.  In  arthttreturtj  a  smooth,  aimple  member  or  or- 
munenl  of  various  forms,  roost  usually  in  that  of  a 
long  square. 

10.  In  ptrspfrtipe,  a  plain  surface,  rappnaed  to  be 
transparent  and  perpendicular  to  the  borison.    It  is 

called  also  PKRSPECTtrK  Pli.!«b.  C«c 

U.  in  snotoiay,  a  diviiUon  of  the  cranium  or  skull. 
Tne  cniniura  is  composed  of  two  tables  or  laniins, 
with  a  cellular  «tractUFe  b^wven  them,  called  the 
wttitUmtiioM  or  rfiptta.  Cyc,      H^LHar. 

V2.  In  tJu  gU*M  mmu^fkehtr^y  a  circular  sheet  of  fin- 
tshed  ^lass,  usually  about  fiwr  feet  in  diameter,  each 
weieihmg  from  ten  to  eleven  inmnds.  Twelve  of 
these  are  called  a  suit  or  crate  of  ffias^. 

13.  in  tittrmtmre^  an  indei ;  a  collection  of  heads 
or  principal  matters  contained  in  a  book,  with  ref- 
erence to  the  pages  where  each  may  be  found  ;  as,  a 
table  of  contents.  If'att.*. 

M.  \  synopsis ;  many  particulars  brought  into  one 
Tiew.  B.  Jvmon. 

13.  The  palm  of  the  hand. 

Mistrr-w  of  a  funt  miU 

HAXh  DOC  hMnf7  nor  hUe.  B.  Jonnn. 

l!j.  Draughts^  small  pieces  of  wood  shifted  on 
sqimres. 

We  are  Id  ihe  vorid  like  ram  T^^ying  ^  tables,  Tn^ior. 

17.  In  matkrmatir-'^,  tables  are  systems  of  numbers 
cak'ulaii'd  lu  be  ready  fv>r  expediting  upemtions  ;  as, 
a  CoMe  of  logarithms  ;  a  multiplication  table. 

18l  jffjtr0iunmcaf  table*,  are  compvitations  of  the 
moCioas/ places,  and  other  phenomena  of  the  plan- 
ets, both  primaiy  and  ;wcnndary.  C^c, 

19.  In  dt^mi^trif,  a  list  or  caialoene  of  suhstanc(^s 
or  Ihpjr  prupertie:*  ;  as,  a  tattle  of  tcnown  arirls ;  a 
taUe  of  acidifiable  bases  :  a  tuhle  of  binary  combtna- 
thiae  i  a  teMt  of  specific  gravities.  Ouwuier, 

90l  [tt  /pamarai,  any  ^ries  of  numbers  formed  on 
Mathematical  or  other  correct  principles. 

3L  A  division  of  the  ten  commandments  ;  as,  the 
fins  and  second  tables.  The  first  table  comprehends 
onr  more  immediate  duties  to  God  ;  the  second  table 
our  more  immediate  duties  to  each  other. 

22.  Among  japdtrs,  a  table  diamond  or  other  pre- 
cious stone,  is  one  whose  upper  surface  is  quite  Hat, 
and  the  sides  only  cut  in  angles.  Cyc 

33.  A  list  or  catalogue  ;  as,  a  table  of  stars. 

Raised  table;  in  sculpture^  an  embo^^smcnt  in  a 
fVonlispiece  for  an  inscription  or  other  onian^cnt, 
supposed  to  be  the  abacus  of  Vitnirius.  Ctic. 

Round  table.  Knights  of  Ihe  round  table  iire  a 
milttar>'  order,  in-titiiu-d  bv  Arthur,  the  first  king  of 
the  Britons,  A.  D.  516.     [See  Rorso  Table.] 

Tioelee  tables ;  the  laws  of  Ihe  Rumans,  so  called, 
probably,  because  eniraved  on  so  many  tables. 

To  tttra  the  tables;  tu  cJtinge  the  condition  or  for- 
tune ot  contending  parties  :  a  metaphorical  expres- 
sion taken  from  the  vicissitudes  of  fortune  in  gnnitng. 

Drydea. 

TV  #fre«  tables ;  to  provide  for  the  p.->or  j  or  to  dia- 


TAB 

tribute  provisions  fur.  thuir  wants.  Acta  vi.  [dee 
Tables.] 

TA'BLE,  r.  C  To  board  ;  to  diet  or  live  at  the  table 
of  an(.M.her.     NebuchadiieKzar  U^led  with  the  beasts. 

South, 

TA'nLE,  e.  t.  To  form  into  a  table  or  catalogue;  as, 
to  uUtle  fines.  In  Hngland,  the  chirngniphcr  tables 
the  fines  of  ever>'  county,  and  fixes  a  copy  in  some 
open  place  of  the  court.  Cyc. 

2.  To  board  j  to  supply  with  food. 

3.  To  let  one  piece  of  limber  into  another  by  alter- 
nate scores  or  projections  from  the  middle. 

4.  In  the  Preifbuterian  cAurcA,  to  enter  upon  the 
dockrt  ;  as,  to  table  charges  against  some  oni'. 

TAB'LEAU,  (tab'16,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  picture  ;  a  striking 
and  vivid  represeittation, 

TAS'Ly-iux  ypyAJrrs,  (tab'ia  vCv^ing,)    [Fr.i 

Living  pictures ;  an  aiuiisement  in  which  groups  of 
persons,  in  proper  dresses,  in  a  darkened  ro<im,  rep- 
resent some  interesting  scene,  usually  one  described 
by  authors. 

TA'BLE-BED,  tu  [tabU  and  bed.]  A  bed  in  the  form 
of  a  table. 

TA'BLE-BEER,  n.  [table  and  berr.]  Beer  for  the 
t:ibte,  or  for  common  use  ;  small  beer. 

TA'BLE-BELL,  n.  A  small  bell  to  be  used  at  table 
for  calling  ser\'anls. 

TA'BLE-B(^K,  «,  [table  and  book,]  A  book  on 
which  auy  Uiuig  is  traced  or  written  without  ink  ; 
tablets. 

Pu[  into  four  labU-book  whu-lertT  you  Ju<l^  worthy,    Drydtn. 

TA'BLE-€LOTH,  n.     [table  and   eloth.l     A  cloth  f..r 

covering  a  table,  particularly  for  spreading  on  a  table 

bcfttre  the  dishes  iire  set  for  meals. 
TA'BLE    D'HOTE,   (iibl-dot,)    [Fr.]        A   common 

table  for  guests  at  a  French  hotel ;  an  ordinary. 
TA'BL/':D,  pp.     Formed  into-a  table. 
TA'BLE-LAXD,  «.     Elevated  fiat  land. 
TA'BLE-M.\N,   n,      [tabU    and    man.]      A    man    at 

draughts  ;  a  piece  of  wood.  Bacon. 

TA'BLER,  a.    One  who  boards.  Ainswurtk. 

TA'BLES,  (t^'blz,)  n.  pL      Au  old  game  resembting 

backgamnmn.  Giffurd, 

TA'BLE-SPAR,  a.     The  same  aa  Tabular  Si-ar, 

which  see. 
TAB'LET,  n.    A  small  table  or  flat  surface. 

±  Something  flat  on  which  to  write,  paint,  draw, 

or  engrave 

The  pObivd  nurfate  and  the  laUet  tna.  Prior. 

3.  A  medicine  in  a  square  form.  Tiablets  of  arse 
nic  were  formvily  worn  as  a  preservative  against  the 
league.  Baain, 

4.  A  solid  kind  of  electuary  or  confccti<Mi,  made 
of  dry  ingreitienls,  usually  with  sugar,  and  formed 
into  little  dat  squares  j  called  also  Lqzenoe  and 
TsocHK.  Cyc 

TA'BLE-TALK,  (tawk,)  b.  [table  and  talk.]  Con- 
versation at  table  or  at  ntcals. 

T.^'BLI.NG,  ppr,  Ilunrding ;  forming  into  a  table 
letttne  one  timber  into  aiiotlier  by  scores. 

TA'Bl.INO,  n.  A  forming  into  tables;  a  setting  down 
in  order. 

2.  1'lie  letting  of  one  timber  into  another  hy  alter 
nato  scores  or  prt>jecttons,  as  in  shipbuilding.  Ci/c. 

3.  Ill  sail-maki/ig,  a  broad  hem  made  on  the  skirts 
of  sails  by  turning  over  the  edge  uf  the  canvas,  and 
sewing  ii  down.  Cye. 

TABOO',  n.  In  the  itles  of  the  Pacific,  a  word"  de- 
noting prohibition  or  religious  interdict,  which  is  of 
great  force  among  tlte  inhabitants. 

TA-BOO',  c.  L  To  forbid,  or  to  forbid  the  use  of;  to 
interdict  approach  or  use;  as,  to  taboo  the  ground 
set  apart  as  a  sanctuary  for  criminals.  Tabooed 
ground  is  held  sacred  and  inviolable. 

TA'BOR,  a.  [VV.  tabtcrz;  It.  tabar ;  Old  Fr.  tabour. 
This,  in  some  languages,  is  written  tambour  and  tim- 
brel. The  atabrd  of  the  ^=p:ltliards  is  probably  uf  tbe 
same  ffmily.  It  is  probably  named  from  striking, 
beating  ;  Eng.  (£^,  Gr.  rurrdj,  Syr.  '-^^  ?\  ?    tabaly  Ar. 

j^aIs  tabaa.     Class  Db,  No.  28.] 

A  small  drum  used  as  an  accompaniment  to  a  pipe 
or  fife.  Cyc. 

TA'BOR,  V.  I    To  strike  lightly  and  frequently. 

Her  maitli  shftll  \md  her  nm  with  (he  voice  o(  dove*,  taboring 
iipui)  Uie'u  tjKOMi:  —  Niiliuin  ii. 

9.  To  play  on  a  tabor  or  little  drum. 
TA'UOR-ER,  a.     One  who  beats  the  tabor.        Skak. 
TAB'0-RET,n,  [from  tabor.]  A  small  tabor.  Spectator. 

T\B'0-RIN*^'  I  ""     t^*"*  '^<*""«''  ''"'o™  tabor.] 

A  tabar  ;  a  small,  shallow  drum.  Shak. 

TA'BOR-ITE,  n.  A  nam^iven  to  certain  Bohemian 
n;f(irmers  who  suffered  persecution  in  the  15ih  cen- 
tury, named  from  Tahor,  a  hill  or  f'lrtrpss  where  they 
encamped  during  a  part  of  their  struggles.    Brande. 

TAB'OC-RET,  n.  [Fr.]  A  convex  seal  without  arms 
or  back,  made  of  gilt  wood,  cushioned  and  stuffed, 
covered  with  silk  cloth,  and  ornamented  with  silk 
lace,  fringe,  tassels,  Slc. 


TAC 

TAB'RCUE,  rt.     A  laborer.     [Ob.^.]  Speiu^er. 

TAB'RET,  ;l     [See  Tahoh  ]     A  tubor.     1  Sam.  xviii. 
TAB  U-LAR,  a.     f  L.  tabularis  fVom  (aiuto,  table.] 

1.  In  the  form  of  a  table  ;  having  a  fiat  or  square 
surface. 

2.  Having  the  form  of  Iiunints  or  plates. 

3.  Set  down  in  tables  ;  as,  a  tabidar  list  of  sub- 
eta  ncea. 

4.  Set  in  squares.  Johnson, 
Tabular  crystal  i  one  In  which  the  prism  is  very 

short.  Phillips. 

Tabular  spar;  a  mineral  consisting  of  silica  and 
lime,  occurring  in  rather  brittle,  biminated  masses, 
the  surface  of  tliehimime  having  a  fifirous  and  pearly 
appearance.  It  is  usually  white  ur  bluish-white.  It 
is  the  schaulstein  of  Werner.  Dana. 

TAIJM^-LATE,  v.  t.    To  reduce  to  tables  or  synopHos. 
2.  To  shai>e  with  a  flat  surfiico.  Johtuton. 

TAB'li-LA-TEU,  ;i^.  or  a.  Having  a  flat  or  square 
flat  surface  ;  as,  a  tabulated  dianmrid.  Grew, 

TA€^A-MA-iIA'eA,  j  n.     The  popular  name  of  Icica 

T.Ae'A-M.\-HAC,  j  Tacamahaca,  a  tree  of  South 
Anjerica ;  also  of  Caluphylluui  Tacamahaca,  a  tree 
of  Madagascar  and  the  Isle  of  Uourtum  ;  and  ac- 
cording to  the  younger  Michaux,  (but  probably  hy 
mistake,)  of  Pupulus  balsamift^ra,  a  tree  of  North 
America. 

2.  There  are  two  sorts  of  re.*in  which  bear  this 
nnme,  one  of  them  t:aid  to  be  the  produce  of  Cuio- 
phyllum  Tacnuiahaca  above  mentioned ;  and  the 
other  of  Elaphrium  tnmentosurn,  sonietiuies  called 
Fagara  octandra,  a  tree  of  the  island  of  Cura^oa,  and 
other  islands  in  its  neighborhood. 

TA'CE,  [from  L.  tacea.]  A  term  used  in  Italian  music, 
directing  to  be  silent. 

TA'CET,  [L.]  in  musicy\9  used  when  a  vtpcal  or  in- 
strumental jiart  is  to  be  silent  during  a  whole  move- 
nient,  Cf/c. 

TACH,      )  71.     [See  Tack.]     Something  used  for'tak- 

TACUE,  (  ing  hold  or  holding  ;  a  catch  ;  a  loop  ;  a 
button.  It  is  found  in  Scripture,  but  1  believe  is  not 
now  used  in  discourse  or  writing.    Kiod,  x.xvi. 

TA-eilOM'E-TER,  n.  [Gr.  Tax<Hy  speed,  and  pir- 
pov.] 

All  instrument  employed  for  measuring  the  veloci- 
ty of  machines,  by  means  of  Ihe  depression  occasioned 
in  a  column  of  fluid  by  the  centrifugal  furce,  which 
causes  the  fluid  in  the  cistern  (with  which  the  grad- 
uated column  is  connected)  to  sink  in  the  center 
mure  and  more  with  every  increase  of  velocity. 
Thus  the  graduated  column  falls  on  tlic  scale  as  the 
velocity  is  augmented,  and  rises  as  the  velocity  ia 
diminished.  Olmstctt, 

TAeil-Y-DRO'MI-AN,  n.  [Gr.  raxi'f  anJ  S,wnos, 
BWifl  course.] 

One  of  a  family  of  wading  birds,  allied  to  the 
{Covers  ;  also,  one  of  a  tribe  of  saurian  reptiles. 

Brande. 

TACII-Y-GRAPII'ie,         )  a.    Writlen  in  ehort  hand. 

TACH-Y-GKAPll'ie-AL,  \  GUddon. 

TA-CHVG'RA-PUy,  a.  [Gr.  rax^s^  rjiiick,  and  j /jo^cj, 
to  write.] 
The  art  or  practice  of  quick  writing. 

now   use  Stenography  and   Short  IlAno 


[We   no\ 

M'ritino.] 


TACIT,  (tas'it,)  a.  [Fr.  iacite  ;  h.  taettuSf  from  taceo^ 
to  be  silent,  that  is,  to  stop,  or  to  close.  See  'J'ack.J 
Silent ;  implied,  but  not  expressed.  Tacit  consent 
is  consent  by  silence,  or  not  interposing  an  objection. 
Bo  we  say,  a  tacit  agreement  or  covenant  of  men  to 
live  under  a  particular  government,  when  no  objec- 
tion or  opposition  is  made ;  a  tacit  surrender  of  a 
part  of  our  natural  rights  ;  a  tacit  reproach,  &.c. 
TAC'IT-LY,  a/ic.     Silently;  by  implication;  without 

words  ;  as,  he  tacitly  assented. 
TAC'i-TURN,  a.     [L.  taeUumus.] 

Habitually  silent ;  not  free  to  converse  ;  not  apt  to 
talk  or  speak.  Smollett. 

TAC-i-TURN'I-TV,  n.  [Fr.  iacitumiti,  from  L.  tadr 
turnitas,  from  taeeo,  to  be  silent.] 

Habitual  silence  or  reserve  in  speaking. 
Too  gn»l  loquacity  and  too  grcm  tadtitrnily  by  fit*. 

ArbuAnot. 

TAC'I-TURN-LY,  adv.  Silently ;  without  conversa- 
tion. 

TACK,  n.  (.  [Gr.  racrff&j,  to  set,  place,  ordain,  the 
root  of  which  was  Tayoj,  as  appt-ars  from  its  de- 
rivatives, raycii,  raj/i'i.  Hence,  Fr.  attach'V,  It. 
attaeeare,  Sp.  atac^r,  W.  togu,  to  stop,  Sp.  taco,  a 
stopper.  (See  Attach.)  Tlie  primary  sense  is  prob- 
ably tu  thrust  or  send.] 

1.  To  fasten  ;  to  attach.  In  the  solemn  or  grave 
style,  this  word  now  appears  ludicrous  ;  as,  to  get  a 
commendam  tacked  lo  their  sees.  SieifL 

And  tack  the  center  to  the  sphere.  HtrbtrU 

2.  To  unite  by  stitching  together  ;  as,  to  tack  to- 
gether the  sheets  of  a  book  ;  lo  tack  one  piece  of 
cloth  to  another.  [In  the  familiar  styte^  this  word  is  m 
good  u.*e.] 

3.  To  fasten  slightly  by  nails ;  as,  to  tack  on  a 
TACK,  i  ^  rp,  -  .'-,  [board  or  shingle. 
TACHE,  !'»•     ['"r.  WcAc]  '  e 

A  spoL     [JVof  used.]  ' 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREY — PI.VE,  MARt.NE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WyLF,  BQQK.— 


TAG 


TACK,  n.     [Ir.  taca;  Arm.  tach.] 

1.  A  smalt  nail. 

2.  A  rope  used  to  confine  the  foremost  lower  cor- 
ners of  the  courses  and  stny-sails,  when  the  wind 
crosses  the  ship'3  course  obliquely  ;  also,  a  rope  em- 
ployed to  pull  the  lower  corner  of  a  studding-sail  to 
the  boom.     Hence, 

a  The  part  of  a  sail  to  which  the  tack  is  usually 
fastened  ;  the  foremost  lower  corner  of  the  courses. 

■  Hence, 

4.  The  couFM  of  a  ship  in  regard  to  the  pa-sition  of 
her  sails ;  as,  the  starboard  tack,  or  larboard  Uick  ;  the 
former  when  she  is  close-hauled  with  the  wind  on 
her  starboanl,  the  latter  when  close-hauled  with 
the  wind  on  her  larboard.  .Mar.  Diet. 

To  kold  tack  :  to  last  or  hold  out  Tu-sser. 

Tack  of  a  fla^:  a  line  spliced  into  the  eye  at  the 
bottom  of  the  tabling,  for  securing  the  flag  to  the 
iinlliards. 

TACK,  r.  i.  To  change  the  course  of  a  ship  by  shift- 
ing the  lacks  and  position  of  the  sails  from  one  side 
t(.  the  other.  -^^far.  Diet. 

TACK,  n.  In  rural  ecoTwmy.,  a  shelf  on  which. cheese 
id  dried.     {Local.} 

Tack  of  land  ;  the  term  of  a  lease.     [Local] 

TACK'ER,  n.     One  wiio  tacks  or  makes  an  addition. 

TACK'ET,  n.     A  small  nnil.  Barret. 

TACK'ING,  ppr.     Changing  a  ship's  course. 

TACK'I.NG,  n.  In  /ate,  a  union  of  securities  given  at 
different  times,  all  of  which  must  be  redeemed  be- 
fore an  intermediate  purchaser  can  interpose  his 
claim.  Boucier. 

TACK'LE,  (tak'l,)  b.  [D.  ta}:d,  a  pulley  and  tackle  ; 
takden,  to  He ;  G.  takel,  takeln ;  Sw.  tackd^  tackla  ; 
Dan.  takkd,  takler ;  W.  taclu,  to  put  in  order,  to  dross, 
deck,  set  right;  taelau^  tackling;  accoulerments  ; 
tacyt,  a  tool.  This  seems  to  belong  to  the  family  of 
t4ick,  Gr.  raffooi.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  put  ou,  or 
to  set  or  to  put  in  order.] 

1.  A  machine  for  raising  or  lowering  heavy 
weights,  consisting  of  a  rope  and  blocks  called  a 
puUef.  -^f^'  ■^**:'' 

2.  Instruments  of  action  ;  weajjons. 

She  to  her  lackie  fell.  ifwiihrM, 

3.  An  arrow.  Chaucer. 

4.  The  rigging  and  apparatus  of  a  ship. 
Tackle-faU  ;  the  rope,  or  rather  the  end  of  the  rope 

of  a  pulley,  which  falls  and  by  which  it  is  pulled. 

Grtiund'trtckU  ;  anchors,  cables,  &c. 

Oun-tacktei  the  instruments  for  hauling  cannon  in 
or  out. 

Tack-taekle  ;  a  small  tackle  to  pull  down  the  tacks 
of  the  principal  sails.  Mar.  Diet 

TACK'LE,  (tak'l,)  r.  (,  To  harness  ;  as,  to  t/ickle  a 
horse  into  a  gig,  sleigh,  coach,  or  wagon,  [j3  legiti- 
mate and  common  itse  of  the  word  in  jimrrica.] 

2.  To  seize ;  to  lay  hold  of;  as,  a  wrestler  tackles 
his  antagonist  ;  a  dog  tackles  the  game.  This  is  a 
common  popular  use  of  the  word  in  New  England, 
though  not  elegant.  But  it  retains  the  primitive 
idea,  to  put  on,  to  fall  or  throw  on.     [^ee  Attack.] 

3.  To  supply  with  tackle.  Beaum.  if  Fl. 
TACK'L^D,  (tak'ld,)  pp.  or  a.     Harnessed  ;  seized. 

2.  Made  of  ropes  tacked  together. 

My  man  iliall 
Erinp  thee  cordi,  made  like  ■  taekied  suir.  Shak. 

TACKXING,  ppr.    Harnessing;  putting  on  harness  ; 

aeiring  ;  falling  on. 
TACK'I.ING,  n.    Furniture  of  the  masta  and  yards  of 

ft  Rbip,  as  cordage,  sails,  &c. 

2.  Instruments  of  action  :  as,  fishing  taekli»e. 

WaUon. 

3.  Harness;  the  instruments  of  drawing  a  car- 
riage. 

TACKS'MAN,  n.  One  who  holds  a  lack  or  lease  of 
land  from  another  ;  a  tenant  or  lessee.     [Local.] 

TACT,  n.  [L.  Irtrtiw,  from  Umgo^  (for  tago,)  to  touch  ; 
Fr;  tact :  lU  tatta  ;  Sp.  lacto.] 

1.  Tonrh  :  feeling  ;  formerly,  the  stroke  in  beating 
lime  in  music.    [Dan,  tti^A 

2.  Peculiar  skill  or  faculty  ;  nice  perception  or 
ilisrernmenU  •*""•  f^^^- 

TACTIC,         I  a.     [?ee  Tactics-I     Pertainuig  to  the 

TAC'Tie-AL,  1  art  of  military  and  naval  disposi- 
tions for  batile,  evolutions,  ice. 

TAe-TI"CIAN,  (-lish'an,)  a.     One  versed  in  tactics. 

TACTICS,  II.  [Gr.  ra«Ti*ws,  from  raaato,  rarrcj.to 
set,  to  appoint;  raliij  order;  Fr.  tactique.  See 
TaceO 

1.  The  science  and  art  of  disposing  muitary  and 
naval  forces  in  order  for  battle,  and  pi-rforminp  mili- 
tary and  naval  evolutions.  In  the  mist  extensive 
BPnse,  tactics,  ta  gramle  tactiqve  of  the  French,  com- 
prehends every  thing  that  rt-hites  to  the  order,  forma- 
tion, and  disposition  of  armies,  their  encampments, 
itc. 

2.  The  art  of  Inventing  and  making  machines  for 
throwing  darts,  arrows,  stones,  and  other  missile 
weapons.  ^pc. 

TACTILE,  (-til.)n.  [Fr.  tactile,  from  L.  tactHis,  from 
taneo,  to  touch.] 

Tangible  ;  sufceptible  of  touch  ;  that  may  be  felt 
ftg,  tactile  sweets  ;  tactile  qualities.  Hah. 


TAI 

TAC-TIL'I-TY,  n.  Taugibleuesa ;  perceptibility  of 
touch. 

TACTION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  I*  tactio,  tangOj  to  touch.] 
The  act  of  touching  ;  touch. 

TACT'LESS,  a.     Destitute  of  tact.  Ec  Rev. 

T.ACT'U-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  touch;  consisting  in 
or  derived  from  touch.  Chalmers. 

TA-DOR'NA.  n.     [Sp.  tadomo.l 

The  sheldrake.  Cyc. 

TAD'POLE,  n.     [Sax.  Mdc,toad,  with  ^oia,  coinciding 

/  with  L.  pullu.^,  young.] 

A  frog  in  its'  first  litate  from  the  spawn ;  a  por- 
wiggle. 

T^'DI-UM,  n.     [L.]     Tedium,  which  see. 

Tiedium  vtta  ;  weariness  of  life  ;  a  mental  disorder. 

TAEL,  (tile,)  H.  In  China,  a  denomination  of  money 
worth  nearly  seven  shillings  sterling,  or  about  a  dol- 
lar and  a  half;  aluo,  a  weight  of  one  ounce  and  a 
third.  McCuUocli. 

TA'f.'N,  (tane.)    The  poetical  contraction  of  Take:*. 

TAF'EL-8PATH,  n.     [G.]     Tabular  spar,  which  see. 

TAFPRML^'  I  "      t^*  ^"^'''"^^^  *'^""'  '''■^''^'  ^^^'^'^-^ 
The  upp(!r  part  of  a  ship's  stern,  which  is  flat  like 
a  table  on  the  top,  and  sonietiiues  ornamented  with 
carved  work,  Mar.  DicL     Cyc. 

TAF'FE-TA,  (n.     [Fr.   tafctaa ;    taffetas;  Sp.  tafetam 

TAF'FE-TY,  (      It.  taffcfla  :  D.  tuf;  G.  tuffet.) 

A  hue,  smooth  stuff  of  silk,  having  usually  a  re- 
markable wavy  luster^  imparted  by  pressure  and 
heat  with  the  application  of  an  acidulous  fluid,  to 
produce. the  effect  called  wateriu'r, 

Encyc.  of  Dom.  Fxon. 

TAF'I-A,  n.  A  variety  of  rum,  so  called  by  the 
French.  Ure. 

TAG,  n.  [Pw.  tag;r,  n  point  or  prickle  ;  Ice.  tatr ;  Dan. 
taiTfrer,  takker.  The  primary  sense  is  probably  a 
sluwt,  coinciding  with  the  first  syllable  of  L.  digitus, 
(see  Toe  ;)  or  the  sense  is  from  putting  on,  as  in 
tackh.  In  Goth.  Uxga  is  hair,  the  hair  of  the  head, 
tint  which  is  shot  out,  or  that  which  is  thick.  The 
lattiT  sense  would  show  its  alliance  to  the  W.  iagu, 
to  choke.] 

L  .\  metillic  point  put  to  the  end  of  a  string. 

2.  Something  mean  and  paltry  ;  tlie  rabble.  [Vul- 
gar.\ 

T(ig-TVig  people  tiid  not  clap  him.  Shak, 

Will  you  beuc« 
B.*fi>re  the  lag  rftitrn  ?  Shak. 

3.  A  young  fhecp  of  the  first  year.    [LocaW^ 

HalhwelL 

TAG,  r.  U    To  fit  with  a  point ;  as,  to  tag  lace. 

2.  To  fit  one  thing  to  another ;  to  append  to. 
His  courteous  hoal 

7hff«  fTery  tetilence  with  some  fawning  word.  Zhyien. 

3.  To  ji.in  or  fasten.  Srcift. 
To  tag  after  one;  to  follow  closely,  as  it  were  an 

appendage. 

TAG,  «.  A  play  in  which  the  person  gains  who  tags, 
that  is,  touches  another.  'J'his  was  a  common  sport 
among  boys  in  Connecticut  formerly,  and  it  may  be 
still.  The  word  is  inserted  here  for  the  sake  of  the 
evidence  it  affords  of  the  afllnity  of  languages,  and 
of  the  original  orthoBTuphy  of  the  L.  tango,  to  touch, 
which  was  tago.  Tina  vulgar  tag  is  the  same  word  ; 
the  primitive  word  retained  by  the  common  people. 
It  is  used  also  us  a  verb,  to  tag.     [See  Touch.] 

TAG'GKD,  pp.  or  a.     Fitted  with  a  point  appended  to. 

TAG'GING,  ppr.  Fitting  with  a  point;  fitting  one 
thing  to  another. 

TAGL'LA,  (tnI'y'A,)  n-  [!'■]  In  mechanics,  a  particu- 
lar c«niibination  of  pulleys,  Bramle. 

TAGL-I.\-eO'TIAN,(ial-ya-k5'8han,)a.  [from  Tagli- 
acoxii,  a  Venetian  surgeon.] 

Rhinopla'ftic  ;  applied  to  the  surgical  operation  for 
renturing  the  nose, 

TAG'RAG,  n.  or  fl,  A  term  applied  to  the  lowest  class 
of  people.     [Low.]  Shak. 

TAG'-SORE,  n.     A  disease  under  the  tail  of  a  sheep. 

Cyc. 

TAG'TXIL,  n.  [tag  and  tail.]  A  worm  which  h-is  its 
tail  of  another  color.  Walton. 

TAIL,  (tile.)  71,     [Sax.  tagl ;  Ic^;.  tagl ;  dim.  of  tag, 
shoot,  or  from  Goth,  taga^  hair.] 

1.  The  part  of  an  animal  which  terminates  its  body 
behind.  In  many  <iuadru|>cds,  the  tail  is  a  shoot  or 
priijeclion  covered  with  hjir,  hanging  loose  from  the 
extremity  of  the  vertebra?.  In  birds,  the  tail  consists 
of  feather?,  or  is  covered  with  them,  which  serve  to 
assist  in  the  directi(m  of  their  flight.  In  fishes,  the 
tail  is  formed  ustuilly  by  a  gradual  sloping  of  the 
body,  ending  in  a  fin.  The  tail  of  a  fish  may  assist 
the  nnimiil  in  steering,  but  its  principal  use  is  to  pro- 
pel the  fish  forward.     It  is  the  instrument  of  swim- 

2.  The  lower  |wirt,  noting  inferiority.  [ming. 
Th-r  Lonl  will  mitke  lliee  U.e  brud,  and  not  Ihe  lail.  —  DtM. 


TAI 

7.  Horse's  tail,  among  the  Tartars  and  Chinese,  is 
an  ensign  or  flag ;  among  L'le  Turks,  a  standard  borne 
before  the  grand  vizier,  bashaws,  and  the  sangiacs 
For  this  purjwse  it  isUitted  to  a  half-pike  with  a  gold 
button,  and  is  called  Toug.  There  are  bashaws  o( 
one,  two,  and  three  tails.  Cyc. 

8.  In  heraldry,  the  tail  of  a  hart. 

9.  In  mmficj  the  part  of  a  note  running  upward  or 
downward. 

10.  The  extremity  or  last  end;  as,  the  taii  of  a  storm. 
Tail  of  a  comet ;  aluminous  train  extending  from 

the  nucleus  or  body  often  to  a  great  distance,  and 
usually  in  a  direction  opposite  to  the  sua.       Olmsted, 

To  turn  tail  is  to  run  away  ;  to  flee. 

Tail  of  a  lock,  on  a  canal,  the  lower  end,  or  en- 
trance into  the  lower  pond. 
TAIL,  n.  [Fr.  taUler,  Sp.  talUr,  It,  tagliare,  Port,  tal- 
hur,  Ir.  tallam,  to  cut  off;  W.  toll,  to  curtail,  to  sepa- 
rate, to  (leal  out,  fVom  tawl,  a  sending  or  throwing,  a 
cast  or  throw,  a  separation,  diminution,  interruption. 
This  is  from  the  same  root  as  deal.  Class  Dl,  No.  15. 
See  Deal.] 

In  law,  an  estate  in  tail  is  a  limited  fee  ;  an  estate 
limited  to  certain  heirs,  and  from  which  the  other 
heirs  are  precluded.  Estates  tail  are  general  tir  spe- 
cial i  general,  where  lands  and  tenements  are  given 
to  one,  and  to  the  heirs  of  his  body  begotten  ;  special, 
where  the  gift  is  restrained  to  certain  heirs  of  the 
donee's  body,  as  to  his  heirs  by  a  particular  woman 
named.     [See  Entatl.]  Blackstone. 

TAIL,  c.  f.     To  pull  by  the  tail.  liadibm.^. 

To  tail  in;  in  architecture,  to  fasten  by  one  of  the 
ends  into  a  wall,  as  a  timber.  Brands. 

TAVLUAOE,  i  »•    [Fr.  ,.UUr,  to  cut  off.] 

Literally,  a  share  :  bence,  a  tax  or  toll.     [  Obs.] 
Black-itone. 

TAIL'KD  a.     Having  a  tail.  Orew. 

TAIL'INOS,  n.  pL  [from  tail.]  The  lighter  parts  of 
grain  blown  to  one  end  of  the  heap  in  winnowing. 
[Local.]  Cyc. 

TAILLE,  (tale,)  n.  The  fee  which  is  opi>osite  to  fee- 
simple,  because  it  is  so  minced  or  pared  that  it  is  not 
in  his  free  power  to  be  disptwed  of  who  owns  it  ; 
but  it  is,  by  the  first  giver,  cut  or  divided  from  all 
other,  and  tied  to  the  issue  of  the  donee.       Cotcel. 

TAIL'LESS,  a.     Having  no  tail.  Lawrence. 

TaI'LOR,  n.  [Fr.  tailleur  ;  from  taUler,  to  cut,  It  ta- 
gliare, Ir.  tallam.] 

One  whose  occupation  is  to  cut  out  and  make 
men's  garments. 

TAI'LOR,  V.  I.    To  practice  making  men's  clothes. 

Green. 

TAI'L0U-ES3,  n.    A  female  who  makes  garments  for 


The  business  of  a  tailor. 

A  piece  at  the  end,  as  of  a  series 


3.  Any  thing  hanging  lone  ;  a  catkin.      Harrey. 

4.  The  hinder  part  of  any  thing.  Butler. 
.5.  In  anatomy,  \\\ai  tendon  of  a  muscle  which  is 

fixed  to  the  movable  part.  Cyc. 

6.  In  botany,  the  tail  of  a  seed  is  a  downy  or  feath- 
ery appendage  to  certain  seeds,  formed  of  the  perma- 
nent i.liPiigaled  Htyle.  Cyc 


men. 

TAI'LOR-ING,  n. 

TAIL'-PlECE,  n. 
of  engravitigs. 

2.  In  a  violin,  a  piece  of  ebony  attached  to  the  end 
of  the  instrument,  to  which  the  strings  are  fastened. 

Cyc. 

TAIL'-RACE,  n.    The  strefim  of  water  which  runs 
from  the  mill  after  it  has  been  applied  to  produce  the  - 
motion  of  the  wheel. 

TAIL'ZIE,  Tj.  In  Scottish  fflw,  an  entailment  or  deed 
whereby  the  legal  course  of  succession  in  cut  off,  and 
an  arbitrary  one  substituted.  Brande. 

TAINT,  r.  U  [Fr.  tcindrc,  to  dye  oi  stain  ;  L.  tingo; 
Gr.  reyyw,  to  dye,  literally,  to  dip,  primarily,  to 
thrust,  the  sense  of  L.  tango;  and  n  not  being  rarl- 
ical,  the  real  word  is  tego  or  tago,  coinciding  with 
Eng.  ducki  hence  its  sense  in  exUnguo.  See  Dye, 
Attaint,  and  Tinok.] 

1.  To  imbue  or  impregnate,  as  with  some  extra- 
neous matter  which  alters  the  sensible  qualities  of 
the  substance. 

2.  More  generally,  to  impregnate  with  something 
odious,  noxious,  or  [joisonous  ;  as,  putrid  substances 
taint  the  air. 

3.  To  infect ;  to  poison.  The  breath  of  consump- 
tive lungs  is  said  to  taini  sound  lungs.         Harvey. 

4.  To  corrupt,  as  by  incipient  putrefaction  ;  as, 
tainteil  meat. 

5.  To  stain  ;  to  sully  ;  to  tarnish.  Shak. 

6.  To  corrupt,  as  blood  ;  to  attaint.  [JVot  in  iw&j 
[See  Attaint.]" 

TAINT,  V.  i.  To  be  infected  or  corrupted  ;  to  be 
touched  with  somclliing  corrupting. 

I  CRD  not  mini  with  feu-.  Shak. 

2.  To  he  affected  with  incipient  putrefaction.  Meat 
soon  tainU  in  warm  weather. 

TAINT,  n.    Tincture;  slain. 

*  2.  Infection  ;  corruptiem  ;  depravation.  Keep  chil- 
dren from  the  taint  of  low  and  vicious  company. 

3.  A  stain  ;  a  spot ;  a  blemish  on  reputation.  Shak, 

4.  An  insect ;  a  kind  of  spider.  Brown. 
TAINT'ED,  p}}.  or  a.     Impregnated  with  somolhing 

noxious,  disagreeable  to  the  senses,  or  poisonous, 

infected  ;  corrupted  ;  stained. 
TAINT'-FREE,  a.     [taint  and  fi-ee.]     Free  from  taini 

or  guilt.  Heath. 

TAINT'ING,  ppr.    Impregnating  with  something  foul 

or  poisonous  ;  infecting;  corrupting;  staining. 


TCNE,  Bk'LL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8.— C  asK;  GasJ;  SasZ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


1125 


TAK 

TAINT^LESS,  a.    Free  from  taint  or  infection  ;  pure. 

TAINT'LESS-LY,  adv.    Without  tainL 

TAI\T't;RE.  II.     [L.  tinctura.] 

Taint  i  tinge ;  defilement ;  stain  ;  spot.  [JVot  much 
used,]  Shak. 

TA-JA'en,    )n.    The  peccary  or  Mexican  hoe;  the 

TA^AS'SU,  (  Dicotylfd  lorqiiaius,  a  pachx  Jerma- 
tous  mammal  inhabiting  the  eastern  siJe  uf  SouUi 
America. 

TAKE,  r.  L  ;  prrU  Took  ;  pp.  TAXsrt.  [Sax.  tmemmy  to 
(oAf,  &nd  to  teach :  also,  tkic-iany  lo  t:ike,  as  ftx)d  ;  Sw. 
taga;  Dun.  ta^er;  Ice.  taka:  Gr.  ^txv^'at  i  1*.  docao. 
This  word  srcms  to  be  allied  lo  tAU*,  for  we  say,  I 
think  a  Uiing  to  be  so,  or  I  take  it  to  be  so.  It  seems 
also  to  be  allied  to  Sax.l«e/«x,  to  draw,  to  tug^  L. 
duco ;  for  we  say,  to  tmke  a  likeness,  and  to  draw  a 
likeness.  We  use  tckimg  also  fur  engaging,  altract- 
inf.  We  say,  a  child  tfJies  to  his  mother  or  nurse, 
and  a  man  takes  to  drink  -,  which  seem  to  include 
^ttiirkr'g  and  holding.  We  observe  that  take  and 
tmek  are  radically  the  same  word.] 

X.  In  a  gaurml  sense,  tn  gel  hold  or  gain  possession 
of  a  thing  in  almost  any  manner,  either  by  receiving 
it  wlien  offered,  or  by  using  exertion  to  obtain  it. 
Thke  differs  from  shte^  as  it  does  not  always  iniply 
baste,  force,  or  violence.  Il  more  generally  denotes 
to  gain  or  receive  into  possession  in  a  pc-nceable  man- 
ner, either  paS'-^ively  or  by  active  exertions.  Thus, 
3.  To  receive  what  is  olTereU. 

Then  I  loot  th«  cup  at  U)<-  I<onl'a  huid.  —  Jcr.  xxv. 

3.  To  lay  hold  of  j  to  get  into  one's  power  for  keep- 
ing. 

No  man  «hnll  lokt  th*  DcUter  or  Ur  opper  milUtooe  to  plwige.  — 
DeuL  XXIV. 

4.  To  receive  with  a  certain  affection  of  mind,  lie 
tckes  it  in  good  part  ;  or  he  utJUs  it  ver)-  ill. 

&.  To  catch  by  stirprise  or  artifice  ;  lo  circumvent. 

M«a  in  dirir  tooat^,  ua^uaLnlrd  boun  ihrj  nAv  j 

Not  (lul  H^tamltrM  ur  vac,  Uit  oilien  wftak.  Papa. 

6.  To  seize ;  to  make  prisoner.  The  troops  en- 
tered, slew  and  took  three  hundred  janixariea.   . 

KneUaa, 
TVa  iMa  wm  Mfcni  tir  tlie  ivws.  —  Acts  xxdi. 

7.  To  captivate  with  pleasure ;  to  engage  the  aflec- 
tions  i  to  delight. 

NnUm-  )M  hex  lak*  the*  with  tvr  iTHkl*.  —  Pror.  rL 
Oeofntvgtuft  warn  w  mtn  wHb  tfaw  pnMpMt,  UmI  be  IhuI  no 
pUkcsK.  H-'ate. 

8.  To  get  Into  c»ie*8  power  by  engines  or  nets ;  lo 
entrap  ;  to  inanare  ;  as,  to  take  foxes  with  traps ;  to 
takt  fishes  with  nets,  or  witli  h<x<k  and  line. 

9.  To  understand  in  a  (lartirulnr  sense  j  to  receive 
as  meaning.    1  cdt«  jour  meaning. 

Yon  Mfa  nw  rigta.  Baeam. 

Qmritr,  taknt  in  te  lugv«t  rxlrni.  b  ooihbf  eh*  bat  Urn  mo* 
cen  love  to  Oud  UM  oar  an^Otur.  Waka. 

10.  To  exact  and  receire. 

Thkt  BO  anay  of  1^  vt  iaavmae.  —  L«*.  xxr. 

11.  To  employ;  to  occupy.  The  pntdent  man 
always  tmkts  time  for  deliberation,  btrfore  he  passes 
judgment. 

12.  To  agree  to ;  to  close  in  with ;  lo  comply  with. 

1  Ink  thee  ki  thj  word.  Rotet. 

13.  To  form  and  adopt ;  as,  to  take  a  resolution. 

ClarfmloH, 

14.  To  catch  ;  to  embrace ;  to  seize  ;  as,  to  take 
one  by  the  hand  ;  to  take  in  the  arin^ 

1&  To  admit ;  to  receive  as  an  impression  ;  to  suf- 
fer ^  as,  to  Utk*  a  fonu  or  shape. 

Trt  tkj  moM  tUf  b  pUaat  to  eonmuuitl ; 

Ncnr  tatettenekL  Drydm. 

16.  To  obtain  by  active  exenlon ;  as,  to  take  re- 
venge or  satisfaction  fur  an  injury. 

17.  To  receive ;  to  receive  into  the  mind. 

Thtj  took  kaoirtedgv  of  tbeto  ikAt  tbsj  had  twn  vUb  Jmim.  — 

Atu'rr. 
It  Bfyiuwl  bi  hb  bee  lb«t  be  loot  gnat  oontcolment  In  Udi  oar 


18.  To  swallow,  as  meat  or  drink ;  as,  to  take 
food  ;  to  take  a  f,l3ss  nf  wine. 

19.  To  swallow,  as  mt;dicine  ;  as,  to  take  pills  ;  to 
tai;<  stimulants. 

20.  To  choose;  to  elect.  Take  which  yon  please. 
But  the  sen«e  of  cAjtoWh*,  in  this  phrase,  is  dr^rived 
from  the  connection  uf  take  wUh  pleajc  Bo  we  say, 
taJU  your  choice. 

ai.  To  copy. 

Besotj  aione  emiM  farautj  taie  to  ri^I.  Dryden. 

99.  To  foalen  on ;  lo  seize.  The  (Vtjst  has  t^tat 
the  com ;  the  worms  have  taken  the  vines. 

Wbrmomt  be  lakttk  Mm,  be  teunb  him,  sod  be  fbvneth.  — 
M&rkix. 

93.  To  accept ;  not  to  refuse.  He  offered  me  a 
fee,  bot  I  would  not  take  it. 

Te  ■hati  lake  do  aatii&ctlon  far  the  Hfe  of  a  moideicr.  —  Num. 
xx.xr. 

94.  To  adopt. 

1  will  take  you  to  me  far  a  people.  —  Ex.  vi. 


TAK 


25.  To  admit. 

Let  not  a  whIow  be  laktn  into  the  nuiitber  under  threcacore.  — 
1  Tim.  r. 

26.  To  receive,  as  any  temper  or  disposition  of 
mind;  as,  to  take  sliauie  to  uuo*s  selfj  to  take  de- 
light ;  to  take  pride  or  pleasure. 

'27.  To  endure  ;  to  bear  without  resentment ;  or  lo 
submit  to  without  aitenipting  to  obtain  satisfaction. 
Uu  will  take  an  affront  from  no  man.  Can  not  you 
tdtea^Bst? 

38.  To  draw  ;  to  deduce. 

V  ftrm  beliefora  Tutu; 
a  good  hie,  U.-caiu<.- 
Iiuiiaj  h^ppUii-n  uiU  niiacr;,  TVUttaon. 

99.  To  assume  ;  as,  I  take  the  liberty  to  say. 

Zjocke. 

30.  To  allow  ;  to  admit ;  to  receive  as  true,  or  not 
disputed  ;  as,  to  take  a  thing  fur  granted. 

Dl.  To  suppose ;  to  receive  in  thought;  to  enter- 
tain in  opinion  ;  to  understand.  This  I  take  ft>  be 
the  man*8  motive. 

lie  took  th-it  fur  virtue  and  «ff.*«tioa  which  waa  aolhinj:  but  vice 
in  dis^iiiw*.  i^iith. 

You'd  duuix  hb  aex,  and  take  turn  for  a  glil.  7btf . 

32.  To  seize  J  to  invade;  as,  to  be  tdJten  with  a 
fever. 

33.  To  have  recourse  lo ;  as,  the  sparrow  takes  a 
b^jih  ;  the  cat  takes  a  tree.  [In  this  stnse,  we  usu- 
ally sav,  Uie  bird  takes  to  a  bush,  the  squirrel  Uikes  to 
a  treo.1 

34.  To  receive  into  the  mind. 

Tboae  do  best  who  lruk«  maieml  hi»U  to  be  Judged  by  hiatory. 

toct4. 

35.  To  hire  ;  to  rent ;  to  obtain  possession  on 
lease  ;  as,  to  take  a  huu.<c  or  farm  fur  a  year. 

3tt.  To  admit  in  copulation. 

37.  To  draw  ;  to  copy  ;  to  paint  a  likeness ;  as,  a 
likene>48  taken  by  Reynolds. 

3S.  Tu  conquer  and  cause  to  surrender ;  to  gain 
poest-s^ion  of  by  force  or  capitulation  ;  as,  to  toJbe  an 
army,  a  city,  or  a  ship. 

39.  I'o  be  discovered  or  detected.  He  was  taken 
in  the  very  act. 

40.  To  require  or  be  necessary.  It  takes  so  much 
cloth  to  make  a  coat. 

To  take  aieay ;  to  deprive  of ;  lo  bereave  ;  as,  a  bill 
fbr  taking  away  the  voltes  of  bishops. 

hy  ywxt  own  Uw  1  lakt  joar  life  OMOy.  Dryden, 

9.  To  remove  ;  as,  to  take  away  the  consciousness 
of  pleasure.  Locke, 

To  takB  cere ;  to  be  careful ;  to  be  solicitous  for. 

Doth  (tod  tote  nir-e  for  oxni  ?  —  1  Cor.  ix, 

9.  To  be  cautious  or  vigilnnL  Tda  care  not  to 
expose  your  ht-itlih. 

TV  t^e  care  of:  i»  ?iiijerinlend  or  oversee  ;  to  have 
the  charge  of  keeping'  uf  securing. 

To  take  a  course  i  to  resort  to  ;  to  have  recourse  to 
nieaaures. 

Tbe  riolenee  of  atonntng  b  the  mwrMwhkh  Qod  b  forced  to 
tot*  for  Um9  dcaiiwjrlnf  of  uiiuen.  Uammvnd. 

To  take  one^s  o»h  course ;  tn  act  one*s  pleasure  ;  to 
pursue  the  measures  of  one's  own  choice. 

To  take  down  ;  lo  reduce;  to  bring  lower;  to  de- 
press ;  us,  Ui  take  down  pride,  cr  the  proud. 

2.  To  swallow  ;  as,  to  take  down  a  potion. 

3.  To  pull  down  ;  to  pull  to  pieces ;  as,  to  take 
dotrn  a  house  or  a  scalfold. 

4.  'I'o  write  ;  a:^,  to  take  down  a  man's  words  at  the 
time  lie  utters  them. 

7'o  take  from  :  to  deprive  of. 

1  wtil  iinlie  tbce,  aiid  lake  ihiiie  heail  from  ihcc.  —  1  Sam.  xvii. 

2.  I'u  deduct ;  to  subtract ;  as,  to  take  one  number 
from  another. 

3.  To  detmcl ;  to  derogate.  Dryden. 
To  take  heed :  to  bi;  careful  or  cautious. 

Dakt  h£4d  wh.\t  doont  a^oinat  jounetf  jou  ^ire.         Dryden. 

To  take  heed  to  ;  to  attend  to  with  care.  Take  heed 
to  thy  ways. 

To  take  hold ;  to  seize  ;  to  fi  x  on. 

To  take  ni ;  to  inclose  ;  to  fence.  Martimer. 

2.  To  encompass  or  embrace;  lo  comprise;  to 
comprehend. 

3.  To  draw  into  a  smaller  compass  ;  to  contract ; 
to  bniil  or  furl ;  as,  to  take  in  sail. 

4.  To  cheat ;  to  circumvent ;  to  gull ;  lo  deceive. 
[A''or  elfganL] 

5.  To  admit :  lo  receive  ;  as,  a  vessel  will  take  in 
more  water ;  the  landlord  said  he  could  taJce  in  no 
more  lodgers. 

6.  To  win  by  conquest,     [JVof  in  ime.]        Fdton. 

7.  To  receive  into  iJie  mind  or  understanding. 

Some  bright  gf-niua  can  lake  in  a  long  Iraiu  of  propo&iiiuits. 

Watts. 

To  take  in  hand:  tu  undertake  ;  to  attempt  to  exe- 
cute any  thing.     Luke  i. 

To  lake  notice  ;  to  observe ;  or  lo  observe  with  par- 
ticular attention. 

2.  To  show  by  some  act  that  observation  is  made ; 
to  make  remark  upon.  lie  beard  what  was  said, 
but  took  no  notice  of  it. 


TAK 

To  take  oath;  to  swear  with  solemnity,  or  in  a  ju- 
dicial manner. 

To  ttike  qff;  to  remove,  in  various  ways ;  to  re- 
move from  the  top  of  any  tiling;  as,  tu  take  qff  h 
load  ;  to  take  q^ one's  hat,  &.c. 

2.  To  cut  ofl  ;  as,  to  take  off  the  head  or  a  limb. 

3.  To  destroy  ;  as,  to  take  off  life. 

4.  I'o  remove ;  to  invalidate ;  as,  to  take  off  the 
force  of  an  argument. 

5.  To  withdraw  ;  to  call  or  draw  away. 

Keep  rup>i^  ideas  fTom  taking  (ff  tlie  miad  from  Ila  prpaenl 
piirsuu.  Locke. 

6.  To  swallow  ;  as,  to  taJie  off  a  glass  of  wine. 

7.  To  purchase ;  to  take  from  in  trade. 

The  SpaDiarda  having  no  commoditica  that  we  will  biJte  qf. 

Locke. 
a  To  copy. 

THte  qf  alt  tlielr  modcU  in  wood.  Addison, 

9.  To  imitate  ;  to  mimic. 

10.  To  lind  place  for;  as,  more  scholars  than  pre- 
ferments can  take  off. 

To  take  off  from ;  to  lessen  ;  to  remove  in  part. 
This  takes  off  from  the  deformity  of  vice. 

To  take  order  leUh ;  to  check.     [JVof  much  ustd.'\ 

Baeon. 

To  take  out;  to  remove  from  within  a  place;  to 
separate;  tu  deduct. 

2.  To  draw  out ;  lo  remove  ;  to  clear  or  cleanse 
from  ;  as,  to  take  out  a  stain  or  spot  frum  cluih;  to 
take,  otit  an  unpleasant  taste  from  wine. 

To  take  part;  tu  share.     Take  part  in  uur  rejoicing. 

To  takcpart  with;  to  unite  with  ;  to  join  with. 

To  utke  place;  to  happen;  to  come,  or  cume  to 
pass. 

2.  Tu  have  effect ;  to  prevail. 

Wliere  amui  take  place,  all  oUier  plena  are  vain.  Dryden, 

To  take  effect ;  tu  have  the  Intended  effect  j  lo  be 
efficacious. 

To  take  root ;  to  live  and  grow,  as  a  plant. 

2.  To  be  established,  as  principles. 
To  take  vp  ;  to  lift  ;  lo  raise. 

2.  To  buy  or  borrow  ;  as,  to  take  up  goods  to  a  large 
amount ;  to  take  up  money  at  the  bank. 

3.  To  begin  ;  as,  to  take  up  a  lamentation.  Ezek. 
xix. 

4.  In  surgery,  lo  fasten  with  a  ligature. 

5.  To  engross;  lo  employ;  lo  engage  the  atten- 
tion ;  as,  to  take  up  the  time. 

C  To  have  final  recourse  to. 

Amobiua  aaaerta  that  men  of  the  flaest  parts  look  up  their  r^il  iu 
the  Ctariau.in  religion.  Adtiuon. 

7.  To  seize  ;  to  catch  ;  lo  arrest ;  as;  to  take  up  a 
thief;  to  take  up  vagabonds. 

8.  To  admit. 

The  aocieubs  took  up  ezpoiimenta  upon  crediL  Bacon. 

9.  To  answer  by  reproof;  to  reprimand. 

One  of  hu  rclaliona  took  him  up  roundly.  L'Eetrange, 

10.  To  begin  where  another  left  off. 

Soon  as  the  eteninp  ahsdfs  prevail, 

The  moon  takea  up  the  wuudroua  tale.  ^ddiaon. 

11.  To  occupy  ;  to  fill ;  as,  lo  take  up  a  great  deal 
of  room. 

12.  To  assume;  to  carry  on  or  manage  for  another; 
as,  to  take  up  the  quarrels  of  our  neighbors. 

13.  Tu  comprise  ;  to  include. 

The  noble  poem  of  Pidemon  aod  Arcite  loites  up  seven  yeoas, 

Dtydsn. 

14.  To  adopt;  to  assume;  as,  to  take  up  current 
opinions. 

They  take  up  uur  old  trade  of  conquering.  Zhydstt, 

15.  To  collect ;  to  exact  a  tax.  KnoUes. 

16.  To  pay  and  receive ;  as,  to  take  up  a  note  at 
the  bank.  Johnson's  Reports. 

To  take  up  arms ; )   lo  begin  war;  to  begin  resist- 

To  take  arms ;       \       ance  by  force. 

7'w  take  up  tlie  gauntlet.     See  GAnNTLET, 

To  take  thejicld:  in  military  language,  to  encamp; 
to  commence  the  operations  of  a  cam[)aign. 

*  Campbell's  Military  Diet. 

To  talii^  upon  ;  to  assume  ;  tu  undertake.  Hu  lakes 
upon  himself  tu  assert  that  the  fact  is  capable  of 
proof. 

2.  To  appropriate  to  ;  to  admit  to  be  imputed  to  ; 
as,  to  take  upon  one's  self  a  punishment. 

To  take  side ;  to  join  one  of  two  differing  parties  ; 
lo  rake  an  interest  in  one  party. 

To  Uike  to  heart ;  to  be  sensibly  affected  by  ;  lo  feel 
any  thing  sensibly. 

To  take  advantage  of;  to  catch  by  surprise ;  or  to 
make  use  of  a  favorable  state  of  things,  to  the  prej- 
udice uf  another. 

To  take  the  advantage  of;  to  use  any  advantage 
offered. 

To  take  air;  tu  be  divulged  or  made  public;  to  be 
discto^sed  ;  as  a  secret. 

To  talie  the  air;  to  expose  one's  self  to  the  open 
air. 

To  take  a  course;  to  begin  a  certain  direction  or 
way  of  proceeding. 

To  take  leave ;  lo  bid  adieu  or  farewell. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT MeTE,  PR£Y.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE.  WQLF,  BpQK.— 


TAL 

To  take  bretttA;  to  rest;  to  be  recruited  or  re- 
freshed. 

To  take  aim ;  to  direct  the  eye  or  a  weapon  to  a 
particular  object. 

To  ta/ie  along  i  to  carr)*,  lead,  or  CDnvpy. 

To  take  a  loay  ;  to  begin  a  particular  course  or  di- 
rection. 
TAKE,  r.  t.  To  move  or  direct  the  course  ;  to  resort 
to,  or  to  attach  one's  self;  to  betake  one's  self.  The 
fojt,  being  hard  pressed,  took  to  the  hedge.  My  friend 
Jias  left  his  music,  and  takeji  to  books. 

Tbt  ilfltuEiou,  tahng  to  tiU  breast,  wasted  Iiis  luiifa.    Bacon, 

9.  To  please;  to  gain  reception.  The  play  will 
not  takCj  unless  it  is  set  off  with  proper  scenes. 

EUch  wtl  may  praise  H  Ujt  his  own  deiir  siiltf, 

Ai>«i  hint  he  whi  k,  if  the  thing  shoolJ  lake.  Additon, 

3.  To  have  the  intended  or  natural  effect. 

In  impn-nuuni  fmta  mioil  to  mimi,  the  impression  taketh. 

Bacon, 

4.  To  catch  ;  to  fix,  or  be  fixed.  He  was  inocu- 
lated, but  ttie  infection  did  not  take. 

Whfii  flame  laieth  and  openeth,  it  givirth  n  noise.         Bacon. 

To  take  after ;  to  learn  to  follow  ;  to  copy  ;  to  imi- 
tate ;  as,  he  takes  after  a  good  pattern. 

2.  To  resemble  ;  as,  the  son  take^  after  his  father. 

To  take  in  with  ;  to  resort  to.  Bacon. 

To  take  for;  to  mistake  j  to  suppose  or  think  one 
thing  to  be  another. 

The  lord  of  the  land  look  us  /or  spi^s.  —  Gen.  rlii. 
To  take  on  ;  to  be  violently  affected  ;  as,  the  child 
takes  on  at  a  great  rate. 
2.  To  claim,  as  a  character 

1  take  not  on  roe  here  as  a  physician.  Shak. 

To  take  to ;  to  apply  to ;  to  be  fond  of:  to  l)econie 
attached  to  3  as,  to  take  to  books  j  to  take  to  evil 
practices. 

2.  To  resort  to  ;  to  betake  to. 

Men  of  learning,  who  take  to  business,  dlMh-ir^e  it  pener.illy  with 
greater  honesty  than  men  of  the  world,  AtkUaon. 

To  take  vp  :  to  stop. 

Binner*  M  last  tai*  up  and  settle  in  a  contetnpt  of  a}l  r^'lidon. 
[.Vol  in  u»e.\  TUioUon 

2.  To  reform.     [JVct  in  use.]  Locke, 

To  take  vp  with  ;  to  be  contented  to  receive  ;  to  re- 
ceive without  opposition ;  as,  to  take  up  with  plain 
fare. 

In  alfnin  which  msy  hi»e  an  extensir^  influenw  on  our  fuiurc 
h^ppinpsa,  we  shuuM  not  late  up  vUJi  prubnbililii^s.     H'lUU. 

a  To  ludge  ;  lo  dwell.     [JVo(  in  it**.]  South. 

To  take  with ;  lo  please.     The  proposal  takes  well 
with  him. 
TAK'JCN,  (tik'n,)  pp.  of  Tare.    Received;  caught; 

apprehended  ;  captivated,  &,c. 
TAK'KIt,  n.    One  that  lakes  or  receives;  one  who 
catches  or  apprehends. 

2.  One  that  subdues  and  causes  to  surrender ;  as, 
the  takrr  of  captives  or  of  a  city. 
TAK'ING,  ;i/^r.      Receiving;    catching;   gelling  poa- 
se!<9ion  ;  apprehending. 
2.  a.     Alluring;  ntiractin?. 
TAK'ING,  n.    The  net  ttf  fining  possession  ;  a  seiz- 
ing ;  seizure  ;  apprehension. 
2.  Agitation;  disire^s  of  mind. 

What  a  talciiit  wna  L«  in,  when  yo<it  hustund  asked  what  was 
In  the  biMliei  1  l^iak, 

TAK'ING-LY",  ado.    Id  a  taking  or  attrnctive  manner. 

iteaum.  ^  Ft. 

TAK'ING-NESS,  n.    The  qnahty  of  pleasing.    Taylor. 

TAL'A-POIiV,  I   lu     In   Stam  and   Burmah,   a  name 

TEL'A-POIN,  \  given,  by  some  Rurf>pt.-an  nations, 
lo  a  priest.     Also,  a  species  of  monkey. 

TAL'IKJT,   n.      A  sort  of  dog,  noted  for  liis  quick 
scent  and  eager  pursuit  of  game.    [Tlie  ficure  of  a  d(»g 
la  said  to  be  borne  in  the  nnns  of  ttte  Talbot  family.] 
Cyc.    Johnson. 

TALC,  «.  [G.  talk,  isinglass  ;  talrr,  tnllow  ;  Sw.  t^ilk, 
talgy  id. ;  Dan.  talg,  tal^,  tallow,  and  talk^  talirsteen, 
tallow-sione  ;  D.  tutk,  tullow  ;  Port,  and  Sp.  taleo.] 

A  maffne-sian  mineral,  consiMting  of  broad,  flat, 
smooth  lumins  or  pliiirs,  unctuous  u»  the  touch,  of  a 
shinms  luster,  tran^^lurent,  and  often  transparent. 
By  the  action  of  fire,  the  himins  open  a  little,  the 
fragment  swells,  and  the  extremities  are  with  diffi- 
ciiliy  fu.*ed  into  a  white  enamct.  When  rubbed 
with  resin,  talc  nr^uirea  positive  electricity.  Its 
prevailing  colors  are  white,  appk--green,  and  yellow. 
Cijc.    Klrwan. 

TALCK'ITE,  n.  A  species  of  talc  of  "a  loose  form; 
nacrite. 

TAI.CTjHE,  i   a.     Talcky  ;  pertaining  to  or  composed 

TALCorrn,  j     ofuiic. 

TALCK'Y,  a.    Like  talc  ;  consisting  of  talc ;  as,  a 
talcky  feel  ;  a  talcky  substance. 
2.  Containing  talc. 

TAI-.E,  B  [See  Teix.]  A  story  ;  a  narrative  ;  the 
rehfar^hl  of  a  stTies  of  events  or  adventures,  com- 
monly some  tritling  incidents  ;  or  a  fictitious  narra- 
tive -,  as,  the  tate  of  a  tub ;  Marmontol's  UdcJi ;  idle 
taUd.     Luke  xxiv, 

W-  spend  'jwr  yi>nn  as  a  laU  thai  Is  told.  —  Pa.  Jtc. 


TAL 

2.  Oral  relaliun.  Shak. 

3.  Reckoning,  account  set  down.    Exed.v. 

In  packing',  thi-y  Iteep  a  just  tale  of  Uie  number.  Cbrrw. 

4.  Number  reckoned. 

The  igimrtrii  who  meacurc  by  taU,  not  by  weight.      Hooker. 

5.  A  telling  ;  information;  disclosure  of  any  thing 
secreL 

BinJa  are  aptcst  Vy  their  roiM  to  tell  taU»  what  Ihey  find. 

Bacon. 

6.  In  ?aw,  a  count  or  declaration.  [Tale,  in  this 
sense,  is  obsolete.] 

7.  In  commerce^  a  weight  for  gold  and  silver  in 
China  and  other  parts  of  the  East  Indies  ;  also,  a 
money  of  account.  In  China,  each  tale  is  10  maces 
=  100  candareens  =  1000  ca.sli.  Cyc. 

TALE,  V.  i.     To  tell  stories.     [  Obs,]  Oower. 

TALE'itEAR-ER,  n.  [tale  and  bear.']  A  person  who 
officiou.sly  tells  tales;  one  who  impotiinenlly  com- 
mimicates  intelligence  or  anecdotes,  and  makes  mis- 
chief in  .society  by  his  officiousness. 

Where  ttH're  is  no  talebeartr,  the  strife  ceas^lh.  —  Pro».  xxri. 

TALE'BEAR-ING,  a.  OtUciou.sly  communicating  in- 
formation. 

TALE'BESIt-lNG,  n.  The  act  of  informing  officious- 
ly ;  communication  of  secrets  maliciously. 

TALE'FJJL,  a.     Aboundiiic  witli  stories.    Thom-fon. 

TAL'ENT,  n.  [I^.  talcntum ;  Gr.  raXnifrov,  from  ra- 
A(i(j,  to  bear,  allied  to  L.  tollo.  The  word  is  said  to 
have  originally  signified  a  balance  or  scales.] 

1.  Among  the  ancient  GrecL-i,  a  weight  and  de- 
noinimition  of  money  etiual  to  60  mime  or  6000 
draclimre.  The  Attic  talent,  as  a  weiglit,  was  nearly 
equal  to  57  lbs.  avoirdupois;  as  a  denomination  of 
silver  money,  £'243  15  s.  sterling,  or  more  than 
$1100.  SmiUi's  DicL 

2.  Among  tke  Hcbreios,  a  weight  and  dt'uomi- 
nation  of  money  equivalent  to  3000  slu-kel!*. 
As  a  weight,  therefore,  it  was  equal  to  about  933 
lbs.  avoirdupois  ;'  as  a  nenominaiiun  of  silver,  it  has 
been  variously  esiimatPil  at  from  £3-10  to  jE39'j  ster- 
ling, or  from  about  $lo[)0  to  $1800.  The  highest 
value  is  that  given  b}  the  latest  authorities. 

.^rbiuhnut,     P,  Cyc.     Httssey. 

3.  Faculty;  natural  gift  or  endowment;  a  meta- 
phorical application  of  the  woril,  said  to  be  borrowed 
from  the  scriptural  parable  of  the  talents.    Matt.  xxv. 

He  is  chii'fly  lo  be  cotiaMcreil  in  his  three  duR'reut  laienls,  as  a 
critic,  a  sati'^ist,  mid  a  wriltr  ol  odes.  Dryden. 

4.  Eminent  abilities  ;  superior  geniu'<;  as.be  is  a 
man  of  talntts, 

[Talent,  in  the  singular,  is  sometimea  used  in  a 
like  sense.] 

5.  Particular  faculty ;  skill.  He  has  a  taleta  at 
drawing. 

6.  (Sp.  talante,  manner  of  performing  any  thing, 
will,  disposition.]     Quality  ;  disposition.        Siri^ft. 

TAL'EXT-EI),  a.  Furnished  with  talents  ;  possessing 
skill  or  talents.  Ch,  Spectator. 

(This  word  is  formed  like  a  participle,  but  without 
a  verb,  like  BianTEo,  Torreted,  Taroeteu.] 

TA'LkS,  ti.  pL     fL.  talis,  pi.  foMf.] 

In  law,  tales  ae  circum.-<tantibus,  spectators  in  court, 
from  whom  the  sheriff  is  to  select  men  to  supply  any 
defect  of  jurors  who  are  impanneled,  bul  who  may 
not  appear,  or  may  be  challenged, 

TALES'MAN,  n.  A  person  Buinmoned  to  act  as  a 
juror  from  among  the  by-stnnders  at  court.  Such 
persons  %vi;re  called,  in  law,  tales  de  circumstantibtu, 

Bottcicr. 

TALE'TELL-ER,  n.     One  who  tells  tales  or  stories. 

Quardian. 

TA'Lt-ON,  n.     Law  of  retaliation.  Scott, 

TA  LI-0'JV/S,  LEX  TJi-LI'O'.YfS,  [L.]  In  law,  the 
law  of  retiiliatiun.     [.St;e  RETALrATE.] 

TAL'I-PED,  n.    [L.  talus,  an  ankle,  and  pes,  a  foot.] 
The  disease  called  club-foot ;  also,  a  person  affect- 
ed with  this  disease. 

TAL'IS-MAX,  «.  [Gr.  r£\iatta,  tribute,  or  rrXecpoi, 
accomplishment,  both  from  reXio),  to  terminate.  A 
term  introduced  into  ntudiclne  by  Apotlonius  of  Ly- 
dana.     Sprancrl.] 

1.  A  magical  figure  cut  or  engraved  under  certain 
superstitious  observanct^s  of  the  coufiguratiim  of  the 
heavens,  to  which  wonderful  effects  aro  ascribed  ; 
or  it  Is  the  seal,  figure,  character,  or  image,  of  a 
heavenly  sign,  constellation,  or  planet,  engraven  on  , 
a  sympathetic  stone,  or  on  a  metal  correspijnding  to 
the  star,  in  order  to  receive  its  influence.  The  talis- 
mans of  the  Hamothracians  were  pieces  of  iron, 
formed  into  images  and  set  in  rings,  &,c.  They  were 
held  to  be  pret^ervatives  against  diseases  and  all  kinds 
of  evils.  Ctjc. 

Talismans  are  of  three  kinds,  astronomical,  magical, 
and  mixed.    Hence, 

2.  Something  that  produces  extraordinary  effects; 
as,  a  talisman  to  destroy  diseases.  Swift. 

TAL-IS-MAN'IG,  a.  Magical;  having  the  properties 
of  a  talisman,  or  preservative  against  evils  by  secret 
influence.  Jiddison, 

TALK,  Ctawk,)o.  t.  [Dan.  tolker;  Sw.  tolka,  to  inter- 
pret, translate,  cxplam  ;  D.  toUrn,  id.  ;  Rmss.  fo/Aujru, 
id.    This  is  probably  the  same  word  differently  ap- 


TAT, 

plied.  The  word  is  formed  from  tell.  See  Tell, 
for  the  Danish  and  Swedish.] 

1.  To  converse  familiarly  ;  to  speak,  as  in  familiar 
discourse,  when  two  or  more  jwrsons  interchange 
thoughts. 

1  will  buy  with  you,  sell  with  yon,  talk  wiUi  you  ;  but  I  wilt  not 
eat  with  you.  Sluik. 

In  £Bop*s  tlnw 

When  all  things  talitit,  nnd  talked  in  rhvin«.  TrvmbutL 

I  will  come  down  and  taik  with  tlice.  —  Num.  xl. 

Did  nut  our  Iv-iirts  burn  within  us,  while  ive  talked  wiUi  us  by  the 
wiiy  !  —  Luke  xxiv. 

9.  To  prate  ;  to  speak  impertinently.        MUton. 

3.  To  talk  <if;  to  relate;  to  tell ;  to  give  account. 
Authors  talk  of  the  wonderful  remains  of  Palmyra. 

'I'lie  nitiunil  historifs  of  Switi^riand  ta!k  much  0/  the  f-ill  of 

th'-v  rucks,  anil  thi-  gnM  dmn^gn  done.  Addison, 

Su  *!i;dl  I  laik  o/lhy  wuiidruus  works.  —  Ps.  cxii. 

4.  To  8|)eak  ;  to  reason  ;  to  confer. 

Let  ine  talk  wiih  Ui<^  of  tityjudgments.  —  Jnr.  xii. 
To  talk  to ;  in  familiar  lan^iiatre,  to  advise  or  ex- 
hort ;  or  to  reprove  gently.  I  will  talk  to  my  son 
respecting  his  ctmduri. 
TALK,  (lawk,)  ».  Familiar  converse;  mutual  dis- 
course ;  thaf  which  is  uttered  by  one  persim  in  fa- 
miliar conversation,  or  the  mutual  converse  of  two 
or  more. 

Should  a  man  full  of  taVe  be  juatifle<1 1  —Job  xU 

In  vnnotis  taik  Ih'  in&eructive  hours  they  pnsscd.  Pop*. 

2.  Report ;  rumor. 

I  hiMtr  ii  talk  up  antl  down  of  raising  monsy.  Locke, 

3.  Subject  of  discourse.  This  noble  achievement 
is  the  talk  of  the  whole  town. 

4.  Among  the  Indians  ofJViirth  .America,  a  public 
conference,  as  respecting  peace  or  war,  negotiation, 
and  the  like  ;  or  an  official  verbal  communication 
made  from  them  to  another  nation  or  its  agents,  or 
made  to  them  by  the  same. 

TALK,  a  mineral.     [See  Talc.] 

TALK'A-TIVE,  (tawk'a-tiv,)a.  Given  to  much  talk- 
ing ;  full  of  prate;  loquacious;  garrulous.  One  of 
the  faults  of  old  age  is  to  be  talkative. 

TALK'A-TIVE-LY,  ado.    In  a  talkative  manner. 

TALK'A-TIVE-NESS,  (tJiwk'a-tiv-ness,)  n.  Lo- 
quacity ;  garrulity  ;  the  practice  or  habit  of  speaking 
much  in  conversation.  SwifL 

TALK'ER,  (tavvk'er,)  ».     One  who  t^lks  ;  also,  a  lo- 
quacious person,  male  or  female  ;  a  prattler.   Shak. 
2.  A  boaster.  Taylor. 

TALK'IXG,  (tawk'ing,)  ppr.  Conversing;  speaking 
in  familiar  conversation.    Matt.  xvii. 

2.  a.  Given  to  talking;  loquacious;  as,  talking 
age.  Ooldsmith. 

TALK'ING,  (t'Lwk'ing,)  n.  The  act  of  conversing 
Vaniiliarlv  ;  as,  foolish  talking.     Eph.  v. 

TALL,  (taVl,)a.  [W.  tal;  talhu,  to  grow  tall.  The 
primary  sense  is,  to  stretch  or  extend  ;  W.  tcllu,  to 
stretcli ;  Sp.  talla,  raised  work,  also  stature  ;  talle, 
eha|)e,  size  ;  tallo,  a  shoot  or  sprout ;  taitado,  tall, 
slender;  tulon,  the  heel,  thai  is,  a  shoot;  Port,  tato, 

a  stalk;  taltuto,  stalky;  Ar.  jlls  taula,  to  be  long, 

to  spread,  to  be  crtended,  to  defer  or  delay,  that  is, 
to  draw  out  in  lime,  Eng.  dally.  Class  Dl,  No.  20  ; 
allied,  probably,  to  L.  toUo,  Gr.  rcAAu.  In  Sw.  tall 
Is  a  pine-tree.] 

1.  High  in  stature ;  long  and  comparatively  slen- 
der ;  applied  to  a  |^»crson,  or  to  a  standing  tree,  mast, 
or  polo.  Tall  always  refers  to  something  erect,  and 
of  wliich  tlie  diameter  is  small  in  proportion  to  the 
hight.  We  say,  a  tall  man  or  woman,  a  tail  boy  for 
his  age  ;  a  tall  tree,  a  tall  pole,  a  tall  mast;  bul  we 
never  say,  a  taU  house  or  a  tall  mountain.  The  ap- 
plication'of  the  word  to  a  palace  or  its  shadow,  in 
Waller,  is  now  impntper. 

Dark  ah^idows  cait,  and  lu  his  p.ilnc^  Ia2l.  Waller. 

2.  Sturdy;  lusty;  bold.     [Unusual,]  Sfiak. 

TAL'i'l  \GE  i  "•  t^'"'  '"''''"■»  *"  ^"*  ^^-  ^°^  Tail.] 
.Anciently,  a  certain  rate  or  tax  paid  by  barons, 
kniuhts,  and  inferior  tenants,  toward  tJie  public  ex- 
ptmses.  When  it  was  paid  out  of  knight's  fees,  it 
was  called  Scutaoe;  When  by  cities  and  burghs, 
Talliaoe;  when  upon  lands  not  held  by  military 
tenure,  Hidage.  Blackatvne, 

TAL'LAGE,  c.  t.     To  lay  an  impost,  Bp.  EUis. 

TAL'LI-£D,  (tal'lid,)  pp.  Scored  with  correspondent 
notches;  titled  ;  suited. 

TAL'LI-ER,  n.    One  wlio  keeps  tally.  Pope. 

TALL'NESS,  n.     Hight  of  stature.     [See  Tall.] 

TAL'LO\V,n.    [Hmu  taslg ;  D.talk;  G.  and  Sw.taV'* 

Eth.  fHA A  talal,  to  be  fat ;  Ar.  j^  ^olla,  to  be 

moist.     Class  Dl,  No.  21.] 

A  sorj  of  animal  fat,  particularly  that  which  is  ob- 
tained from  animals  of  the  sheep  and  ox  kinds. 
We  speak  of  the  tallow  of  an  ox  or  cow,  or  of  sheep. 
This  substance  grows  chiefly  about  the  kidney.<<,  and 
on  the  intestines.  The  fat  of  swine  we  never  call 
talloic,  but  lard.     I  sec,  in  Eti^li^h  books  mention  is 


TCNE,  BULL,  TJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUa— €  as  K ;  C  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  aa  SH ;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


TAL 

ni.\de  of  the  tallow  of  hogs,  (see  Ctidopf^ia,  article 
Taltute;)  hut  in  America  t  never  heard  the  word 
thus-  npplied.  It  may  he  applied  to  tlm  fat  of  gunts 
and  deer.  The  fat  of  bears  we  call  benPs  grea^ie. 
Tallow  is  applied  to  various  uses,  but  chiefly  to  the 
maniif:icuire  uf  candles. 

TAL'l.^W,  r.  L    To  grease  or  smear  with  tallow. 

3.  To  fatten  ;  to  cause  to  have  a  lurge  quantity  of 
tallow  ;  »s,  to  tallotc  sheep.  f'armrrs, 

TAL'L^^W-eA.N'DLE,  n.     A  candle  made  of  tallow. 

TAL'LOW-CHXND'LER,  n.  [CJtandler  is  penenilly 
supposed  to  be  from  the  Fr.  chandelier^  and  the  word 
to  signify  tallotc-candltr^  a  maker  of  candles ;  fur  in 
Fr.  cMandeiirr  is  a  tallow-chandler.  See  'yoa.i-CHANO- 

LXR.] 

One  whose  occupation  is  to  make,  or  to  make  and 
sell,  tallow  candles. 
TAL'LOW-ED,  pp.    Greasod  or  smeared  with  tallow. 

0.  Made  fat ;  filled  with  tallow. 
TAL'LCW-EK,  n.    An  animal  dispt^ed  to  form  tallow 

internally.  Cye, 

TA1.'L0\V-FAC-£D,  (-faste,)  a.  Haviog  a  sickly 
complexion  ;  pale.  ButUmu 

TAL'LOW-IXG,  ppr.    Greasing  with  tallow. 

a.  Causing  to  gather  Lillow  ;  «  term  in  airrieulturt. 

TAL'LO\V-L\G,  n.  The  act, practice,  or  art,  of  caus- 
ing animals  to  gather  tallnw  ;  or  the  property  in  ani- 
mals of  formiuf;  tolluw  internally  ;  a  term  ia  agricul- 
t«rf,  Cyc 

T.\L'LOW-ISH,  d.  Having  the  properties  or  nature 
of  tallow. 

TAL' LOW-TREE,  n.  The  Ptillingia  sfbifera,  a  tree 
of  China  and  other  parts.  It  takt-s  this  name  from 
its  proitucing  a  substance  like  tallow,  and  which  is 
applied  to  the  same  purt>iise3.  The  Vnteria  Indica, 
a  tree  of  Hindostan,  affords  a  substance,  in  its  gen- 
eral properties,  intermediate  beiweeo  wax  and  taU 
low,  and  called  Piskt  Tali-ow.  P.  C^ 

TAL'LOW-V,  a.  Greasy;  having  the  qualities  of 
talUiw. 

TAL'LY,  tu  [Fr.  taiUer^  Port.  toMor,  Pp.  taller^  to 
cut.    See  Tail.] 

1.  A  piece  of  wood  on  which  notches  or  scores  are 
cut,  as  the  marks  of  niimtK-r.  In  purchasing  and 
•elling,  it  is  ciistumar>-  for  traders  to  have  two  sticks, 
or  one  stick  clefl  into  two  parts,  and  to  mark  with  a 
■core  or  notch,  on  each,  the  numt>er  of  quantity  of 
goods  delivered;  the  seller  keeping  one  stick,  and 
the  purchaser  the  other.  Before  the  ui^e  of  writing, 
this,  or  s«>melhing  like  it,  was  the  only  method  v{ 
keeping accoimts,  and  firUiM  are  received  as  evidence 
in  courts  of  justice.  In  the  English  exchequer  are 
UdUet  fXf  loans,  one  part  being  kept  in  the  exchequer, 
tSe  ocber  bemg  given  to  the  creditor  in  lieu  of  an 
oHtgalion  for  money'lent  to  government.  CjfC 

S.  One  thing  inad<{  to  suit  another. 

Thtj  wtn  bvaed  iht  mlSet  tar  mch  otbn.  Ihydut. 

TAL'LY,  *.  L  To  scor«  with  correspondent  notches  ; 
to  fit ;  to  suit ;  to  make  to  correspond. 

Tliry  an  not  wo  veQ  fctffitrf  to  the  pmeeti  JanciDt«.        Pop». 

S.  Iq  ttammtsMpt  to  pull  aft  the  sheets  or  lower 
comers  of  tbe  main  and  fore-sail. 
TAL'LY,  V.  t.    To  be  fitted  ;  to  suit ;  to  correspond. 

1  AMnd  ptwn  of  tSe*  that  exMtlj  taUitd  wixh  the  ctuiittet. 

Addison. 
TAL'LY,  ado.     Stoutly  ;  with  spirit.     [Obs.] 

Beaum.  ^  Fl 
TAL'LY-HO  ;  the  huntsman's  cry  to  his  liounds. 

Booth. 
T.4L'LY-I.\G,  ;)pr.    Fitting  to  each  other  ;  making  to 
correspond. 
S.  Agreeing:  corresponding. 
3.  Hauling  aA  the  corners  of  the  main  and  fore- 
sail. Mar.  Diet. 
TAL'LY-MAX,  h.     [telly  and  man.]     One  who  sells 
for  weekly  payment.  DicL 

2.  One  who  keeps  the  tally,  or  marks  the  sticks, 
TAL'LY-SHOP,  n.     A  shop  at  which  goods  or  articlm 

are  sold  to  customers  who  agree  to  pay  for  them  by 
certain  weekly  or  moutlily  installments. 

McCaUoch. 

TAL'MDD,  n.    fCh.,  from  ^sV  lamad,  to  teach.] 

Tbe  body  of  the  Hebrew  laws,  traditions,  and  ei- 
^anations,  or  the  bottk  that  contains  them.  The 
Talmud  contains  the  laws,  and  a  compilation  of  ex- 
positinns  of  duties  impostrd  on  the  people,  either  in 
Scripture,  by  tradition,  or  by  authority  of  their  doc- 
tors, or  by  custom.  It  consists  of  two  parts,  the 
Mifchna  and  the  Ormara  ,-  the  former  being  the 
wriueit  law,  and  the  latter  a  collection  of  iratjitions 
and  comments  of  Jewish  doctors.  Eneyc 

TAL-MUD'ie,         (   o-      Pertaining  to  the  Talmud  ; 

TAL-MUD'I(^AL,  (  contained  in  the  Talmud  ;  aa, 
Talmudic  fables.  Enfield. 

TAL'MrTr>-I?T,  n.    One  versed  in  the  Talmud. 

TAI^MUD-IST'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Talmud; 
resembling  the  Talmud. 

TAL'ON,  n.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  Uilen^  the  heel,  that  is,  a 
shoot  or  protuberance.     See  Taio-I 

1.  The  claw  of  a  fowl.  Baeon. 

2.  In  arehitecture^  a  kind  of  molding,  concave  at 
tbe  bottom  and  convex  at  the  top.     When  the  con- 


TAM 

cave  part  is  at  the  top,  it  is  culled  an  itwerted  ttdon. 

It  is  usually  called  by   workmen  an  o^ee,  or   O  <?, 

and  by  authors  an  upright  or  inverted  cyiaatium. 

Oye. 
TAL'PA,  n.    [L.]    In  loHlogy  and  surgtryj  a  mule, 

which  see. 
TA'LUS,  »u    [L.taliw,  the  ankle.] 

1.  In  aMatomi/f  the  astragalus,  or  that  bone  of  the 
foot  which  is  articulated  to  the  leg. 

^  In  architecture,  a  slope  ;  the  inclination  of  any 
work. 

3.  In  fortification,  the  slope  of  a  work,  as  a  bastion, 
rampart,  or  parapet. 

4.  In  ffeologi/t  ^  sloping  heap  of  broken  rucks  and 
stones  at  the  fiut  of  any  cliff.  LyelL 

TAM'A-BLE,  a.  [from  tame.]  That  may  be  tamed  ; 
capable  of  being  reclaimed  from  wiUtness  ur  savage 
ferociousness;  that  may  be  subdued. 

TAM'A-BLE-NESi?,  a.    The  quality  of  being  tamable. 

TAM'A-UACK,  n.  The  American  larch ;  hackiua- 
Utck. 

TAM'A-RI\,  M.  The  name  of  several  species  of  small 
South  Anierimn  monkeys,  of  tlie  genus  Midas,  with 
lung,  squirrel-like  tails.  Jardine. 

T.AM'.VttlXO,  «.  [Sp.  tamarindo ;  Port.  pi.  ttimarin- 
dos  i  It.  titmarino,  tamarindi ;  Fr.  tamarin  i  said  to  be 
a  compound  of  lan,  the  palm-tree,  and  indus  or  isd, 
the  root  of  /ndia.] 

A  tree  of  the  genus  Tamarindus,  which  yields  the 
fhiit  called  Tamarinds.  Two  species  are  recognized, 
one  of  which  is  a  native  of  the  East  Indies,  and  of 
Arabia  ami  Egypt ;  the  otiier  a  native  of  the  West 
Indies  and  of  South  America.  It  is  cultivated  in 
both  the  Indies  for  the  sake  of  its  shade,  and  for  its 
cooling,  cniteful  acid  fruit,  the  pulp  of  which,  dried 
either  ahme  or  with  salt,  or  mixed  with  boiled  sugar, 
is  imported  into  northern  C4>untries.  The  stem  of 
the  tree  is  lofty,  large,  and  crowned  with  wide- 
spreading  branches;  the  flowers  are  in  simple  clus- 
ters, terminating  the  short  lateral  branches. 

P.  Ctje. 

TAM' A-RI.VDS,  n.  pi.  The  preserved  seed-pods  of  the 
tamarind,  which  abound  with  an  acid  pulp.     Cr/c 

TAM'A-RISK,  n.  A  tree  or  vithih  of  the  genus  Tam- 
arix,  of  several  species.  Ci/r. 

T.^.M'BAC,  a.    .\n  alloy  of  copper.    [See  Tomba*-.] 

Bachaitati. 

2.  Agallochum  or  aloes-wood.  [See  Aoallochum.] 

Booth. 
TAM'ROCR,  ».      [Sp,  and  Port,  tambor,  a  drum  ;   It, 
tamhuro.     The  m  w  probably  casual.     See  Tabor.] 

I.  .\  sitiall  drum,  used  by  the  Uiscayans  as  an  ac- 
com|Hiniment  to  the  flageolet.  Cyc. 

3.  In  architecture^  a  term  applied  to  the  va.se  or 
naked  ground  of  the  Corinthian  and  Composite  ca[>- 
itals,  which  bears  some  resemblance  to  a  drum  ; 
also,  the  wall  of  a  circular  temple  surrounded  with 
columns  ;  also,  the  circular  vertical  part  above  or  bo- 
low  a  cupola.  Gitilt. 

3.  A  lobby  or  vestibule,  inclosed  with  folding 
doors,  to  break  the  current  of  wind  from  without, 
as  at  the  entrance  of  a  church,  banking-house,  &.c 

Prancis. 

A.  A  round  course  of  stones,  sevend  of  which 
form  tbe  shall  of  a  pillar,  not  so  high  as  a  di- 
ameter. 

5.  In  the  arts,  a  species  of  embroidery  in  which 
threads  of  gold  and  silver  are  worked  in  leaves, 
flowers,  &.C. ;  also,  a  frame  resembling  a  drum,  on 
which  it  is  worked.  HeberL 

TAM'BOUR,  r.  f.    To  embroider  with  a  tambour. 
T.\.>I-BOUR-XNE',  n.     [Fr.  tam&ouriay  from  tambour^ 
tabor  ;  Sp.  tamborii.     See  Tabor.] 

1.  A  small  drum.  At  present,  it  is  a  shallow  drum 
with  only  one  skin,  played  on  with  tlie  hand,  and 
having  bells  at  the  sides. 

2.  A  lively  French  dance,  formerly  in  vogue  in 
operas.  Cyc. 

TAME,  a.  [Sax.  tatm  Dan.  and  D.  tarn;  8w.  torn, 
tamd  ;  G.  lahm.    See  the  verb.] 

1.  That  has  lost  its  native  wililness  and  shyness  ; 
mild  ;  accustomed  to  man  j  domestic  ;  as,  &  tame 
deer;  a  tame  bird. 

2.  Crushed  ;  subdued  ;  depressed  ;  spiritless. 
And  you,  tame  klarei  of  ihe  laborious  plow.  Hotcommon. 

3.  Spiritless  ;  unanimated  ;  as,  a  tame  poem.  [JVot 
decant,  nor  in  iL$e.] 

TAME, r. f.  [Sax.  tamian,  gctemian  ;  Goth,  ga-tamyam 
Dan.  tammer ;  Sw,  tamia;  D.  tammen  ;  G.  lahmen  ; 
L.  dome;  Gr.  ianaw;  Fr.  domptcr ;  Sp.  and  Port. 
domar  i  It.  domare}  Ch.  and  Heb.  S'^i,  to  be  silent, 

dumb;  or  .-Ir.  jn-tA^^^  katliama,  to  restrain,  to  stop, 

shut,  silence,  subdue,  tame.     See  Class  Dm,  No.  3, 
25,  and  No.  23,  24.] 

1.  To  reclaim  ;  to  reduce  from  a  wild  to  a  domes- 
tic state ;  to  make  gentle  and  familiar ;  as,  to  tame  a 
wild  beast 

2.  To  civilize;  as,  to  (ame  the  ferocious  inhabitants 
of  the  forest. 

3.  To  subdue  ;  to  conquer ;  to  depress  ;  as,  to  tame 
tbe  pride  or  passions  of  youth. 


TAN 

4.  To  subdue i  to  repress;  as  wildncss  or  licen- 
tiousness. 

Th«  toDgue  con  110  nutn  (ame.  — Jamon  iU. 
TAM'KD,  pp.  or  a.     Reclaimed  from  wildness  j  doinei»- 

ticated  ;  made  gentle  ;  subdued. 
TAME'LESS,  a.    Wild  ;  untamed  ;  untamable.     [JVut 

much  used.]  Hail. 

TAME'LY,    adv.       With     unresisting    submission  ; 

meanly  ;  servilely  ;  without  manifesting  spirit;  as, 

to   submit  tamely  to   oppression  ,   to    beiir  reproach 

tamelu. 
TAME'NESS,  n,     Tbe  quality  of  being  tame  or  gen- 
tle ;  a  state  of  domestication. 
2.  Unresisting  submission  ;  meanness  in  bearing 

insults  or  injuries;  want  of  spirit.  Rotters. 

TAM'EIt,  w.    One  that  tames  or  subdues;  one  that 

reclaims  from  wildncss.  Pope. 

TAM'ING,  ppr.     Reclaiming  from  a  wild  state  ;  civil- 

i/.ing  ;  subduing. 
TAM'lNE,  (  M.    A  strainer  or  bolter  of  hair. 
TAM'MY,   \  Cotffrave. 

2.  The  same  as  Tamh. 
TAM'IS,  ji.    A  worsted  cloth  used  for  the  purpose  of 

straining  sauces.  Encyc.  of  Dom.  Ecvn. 

TAM'KIN,  H.     A  stopper.     [See  Tampion.] 
T.AMP,  r,  (.    To  fill  up  a  liole  bored  in  a  rock  for 

blasting. 
TA.M'PER,  V.  i.     To  meddle;  to  be  busy  ;  to  try  little 

expcrinienis  ;  as,  to  tamper  with  a  disease. 

2.  To  meddle  ;  to  have  to  do  with  without  fitness 
or  necessity, 

'Til  dangerous  ta-mpertng  with  u  muse.  Roscommon, 

3.  To  deal ;  to  practice  secretly. 

Oih'Ti  Uimpered 
Por  FleelwooU,  Deaborougli,  and  Lnintiert.  Hudibrtu, 

TAM'PER-ING,  ppr.    Meddling;  dealing;  practicing 

secretly. 
TAM'PER-ING,  n.    The  act  of  meddling  or  practicing 

secretly. 
TAMP'ING,  n.     [Allied  probably  to  tame,  dam,  .item, 
stamp,  Slc] 

Tlie  filling  up  of  a  hole  in  a  rock  for  the  purpose 
of  blasting  ;  eiIso,  the  matter  used  in  tlnis  filling  np, 

TOM'PI-On'  !  "*     t'^'^"  '"'"i'""  »'  Arm.  tapo7i.] 

The  stopper  of  a  cannon  or  other  piece  of  ord- 
nance, consisting  of  a  cylinder  of  wood.  Mar.  Diet. 

TAM'POE,  n.  A  fruit  of  tJie  East  Indies,  somewhat 
resembling  an  apple.  It  is  eaten  by  the  natives,  and 
called  sometimes  Manooustan,  though  a  ditTerent 
fruit,  and  less  agreeable  to  the  taste.  Ci/r, 

TAM'TAM,  n.  A  large,  flat  drum  used  bytlioHin- 
do'S. 

TAN,  r.  (.  [Fr.  tanner,  to  tan  ;  tanne.,  a  little  black 
spot  on  the  lace  ;  It.  tane,  tawny  color.  Gregoire,  in 
his  Annoric  dictionary,  suggests  that  this  may  be 
from  tan  or  dan,  which,  in  Leon,  signifies  an  oak. 
But  this  is  very  doubtful.  In  Ir.  tionus  signifies  a 
tan-house,  and  tiotuionaim  is  to  drop  or  distil.  Spot- 
ting is  ol'ten  from  sprinkling,  and  t/yrino'  from  dip- 
ping. In  Gaelic,  dean  is  cidor.  It  seems  to  be  allied 
to  tawny,  and  perhaps  to  dun.] 

1.  In  the  arts,  to  convert  animal  skins  into  leather 
by  steeping  them  in  an  infusion  of  oak  or  some  other 
bark,  by  which  they  are  impregnated  with  tannin  or 
tannic  aciil,  an  astringent  substance  which  exists  in 
several  sjiecies  of  bark,  and  thus  rendered  firm,  du- 
rable, and,  in  some  degree,  impervious  to  water. 

2,  To  make  brown  ;  to  inibrown  by  exposure  to 
the  rays  of  the  sun  ;  as,  to  taa  the  skin. 

TAN,  n.  The  bark  of  the  oak,  &c.,  bruised  and  broken 
by  a  mill  for  tanning  hides.  It  bears  this  name  be- 
fore and  after  it  has  been  used.  Tan,  after  being 
used  in  tanning,  is  used  in  gardening  for  making 
hotbeds  ;  and  it  is  also  made  into  cakes  and  used  aa 
fuel. 

TAN'A-GER,  n.  The  name  of  certain  American 
birds  allied  to  the  finches  and  sparrows, 

Swainson. 

TAN'-BED.  n.  [tan  and  bed.]  In  gardening,  a  bed 
made  of  tan  ;  a  bark  bed. 

TAN'-HOUSE,  n.  [tan  and  house.]  A  building  in 
which  tanner's  bark  is  stored. 

TAN'-PIT,  n,  [uin  and  pit.]  \  bark  pit ;  a  vat  In 
which  hides  are  laid  in  tan. 

TAN'-SPUD,  ji.  [tan  and  spud.]  An  instrument  for 
peeling  the  bark  from  oak  and  other  trees.     [Local.] 

TAN'-STOVE,  JI.  [tan  and  stove.]  A  hothouse  witii 
a  bark  bed. 

TAN'-VA'i',  n.  [tan  and  vat.]  A  vat  in  which  bides 
are  steeped  in  liquor  with  tan. 

TAN'-YARD,  n.  An  inclosure  where  the  tanning  of 
leather  is  carried  on. 

TAN'DE.M.  [Horseman's  Latin.]  Horses  are  har- 
nessed tandem,  when  they  are  placed  single,  one  be- 
fore another.  But  tandem  properly  refers  to  time,  and 
not  to  length  of  line. 

TANG,  n.  [Gr.  rayyn,  rancor;  rayyos,  rancid;  It 
tanfo.] 

1.  A  strong  taste  ;  particularly,  a.  tnsle  of  something 
extraneous  to  the  thing  itself;  as,  wine  or  cider  has 
a  tang  of  the  cask.  Locke. 

2.  Relish  ;  taste.     [J^ot  elegant.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD,  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQpK — 


1123 


TAN 

3.  Something  that  leaves  a  sting  or  pain  behind. 

She  Lml  a  toog^iG  wllh  a  tan;.  SAdJt. 

4.  Sound  ;  tone.     [JVot  in  vse.]  Holder. 
TANG,  V.  i.    To  rinp;  with.    [JV'oe  in  use.]         SKak. 


[This  may  be  allied  to  dtnV,  donfr.] 


TAN'GEN-CV,  n,    A  contactor  touching. 

TAX'GENT,  n.  [Fr.  Umgentc;  L.  Uaigais^  touching. 
See  Touch.] 

In  ff-fwnrtry,  a  right  line  which  touches  a  curve, 
but  which,  when  produced,  does  not  cut  it.  In  (nV- 
onometry^  the  tangent  uf  an  arc  is'a  right  line  touch- 
ing thti  arc  at  one  extremity,  and  terminated  by  a 
secant  parsing  through  the  other  extremity. 

TAN-OEN'TIAL,  a,  Tamrential  force ;  a  force  which 
acts  so  ns  to  give  a  tendency  to  a  revolving  body  to 
Ily  off  In  A  tangent  to  Its  orbit.  Olmsted. 

TAN-<3EN'TI^VL-Ly,  adv.  In  the  direction  of  a  tan- 
gent- Olfjuted. 

TAN-GT-niL'I-TY/     \n.    [from  tangible.)    Thequal- 

"I'AN'Ol-liLE-.VESS,  \  ity  of  being  perceptible  to 
the  touch  or  aenee  of  feeling. 

TA.N'CI-BLE,  a.     [from  L.  Umgo,  to  touch.] 

1.  Perceptible  by  the  touch  ;  tactile. 

2.  That  may  be  possessed  or  realized. 
TAN'GI-DLV,  a/io.     Perceptibly  to  the  toucJi. 
TAN"GLE,  (tang'gl,)  v.  (.     fThlB  word,  if  n  is  casual, 

seems  to  bo  allied  to  the  vV.  tag-Uj  to  choke,  Goth. 

tog-a,  hair ;  from  crowding  together.  In  Ar.  L^^ 
da-raa.  signifles  to  involve.] 

I.  To  implicate  ;  to  unite  or  knit  together  con- 
fusedly ;  to  inter^vcave  or  interlock,  as  threads,  so 
as  to  make  It  ditBcult  to  ravel  the  knot. 

9.  To  Insnare  ;  to  entrap;  as,  to  be  tangled  in  tlie 
folds  of  dire  necessity.  JlilUm. 

ThngUd  In  amoroua  nciB.  AlUlon. 

3.  To  embroil ;  to  embarrass. 

Whrn  my  •impl^  wtTiltnosa  atntys, 

Thngltd  in  fuTLkldcu  ways.  Criukaw, 

[EtiTAROLE,  the  compound,  ia  the  more  elegant 
word.]^ 

TAN/'GLE,  t>.  i.  To  be  entangled  or  united  con- 
fused'y. 

TAN"OLE,  (tang'gl,)  n.  A  knot  of  threods  or  other 
things  united  confusedly,  or  so  interwoven  as  not  to 
bo  easily  diseugegod ;  as,  hair  or  yam  in  tcnglc'i. 

JUUUm. 

9.  A  kind  of  sea-weed. 

TA\"GLKU,  pp.  or  a.     United  conAisedly. 

TA.\"(.;iJNO,  ppr.     Uniting  without  order. 

TA.\"GLL\G-LY,  ode.     In  a  tangling  manner. 

TAN'~HOUSE,n.  A  building  in  which  unncr's  bark 
Is  plored, 

TAN'I  J=T,  71.  [Gaelic,  tanavite.  a  lord,  the  govornor  of 
a  country  ;  in  Ireland^  the  heir  appart^nt  of  a  princo  ; 
probably  from  fan,  a  reeion  or  territory,  or  from  tlie 
Gr.  f'ui'fliTTf??,  a  lord,  which  Is  from  Swafjat,  tti  be 
powerful  or  able,  the  root  of  the  Gaelic  duinc^  a  man. 
But  both  may  be  of  one  family,  the  root  tan,  ioi,  Gr. 
Tf(i".',  L.  Icaeo.  W,  tannu.  to  etretch,  strain,  or 
hold.] 

Among  the  descendants  of  the-  CelU  in  Ireland,  a 
lord,  or  the  proprietor  of  a  tract  of  land  ;  a  governor 
or  captain.  This  office  or  rank  was  elective,  and 
often  obtained  by  purchase  or  brlber>-.  Vacics. 

TAN'IrtT-RV,  n,  [Gaelic,  tanaisteaehiL]  In  Ireland,  a 
tenure  of  lands  hy  which  the  prnprir-ior  had  only  a 
life  estate,  and  to  this  he  wad  admitted  by  election. 
The  primitive  intention  set^ms  to  have  been  that  the 
inheritance  should  descend  to  the  oldest  or  mo^t 
worthy  of  the  blood  and  name  of  the  deceased. 
This  wa«,  In  reality,  giving  It  to  the  strongest,  and 
the  practice  often  occasioned  bloody  wars  in  famiUcs. 
Daoieit.     Cye. 

TA\K,  n,      [Fr.  etanir,  a  pond;    Sp.  etiUnipie;  I'ort. 
Uinaut ;  8anfl.  tan/rKi ;  Japan,  tangs.    This  seems  to 
be  from  the  root  of  stanch,  to  stop,  to  bold.] 
A  large  basin  or  cistern  ;  a  ret»urvolr  of  water. 

Dtydm. 

TANK'ARD,  n.  [It.  taneaird  ;  Gaelic,  tancard  ;  tank 
and  ard.] 

A  large  vesst^I  for  liquors,  or  a  drinking  vessel, 
with  a  cover. 

MaHui  WFij  th"  flwf  who  dnuk  oot  of  a  Mrcr  tankcrri,  nUrr  the 
nunnt-r  of  Hnccbui.  ArbuOirmt. 

TAXK'ARP-TUR-NTP,  n.  A  sort  of  turnip  that 
stands  hiirh  above  the  ground.  Cije. 

TAiN'LlNff,  n.  One  tanned  or  scorched  by  the  heat 
of  the  snn. 

TAN'NATE,  n.  A  compoiind  of  tannic  acid  nnd  a 
ba.4e.  Bramte. 

TAN'NKD,  (tand,)  pp.  or  a.     [frvtn  tan.]     Converted 
into  l.-athfT.     [Scfi  TAt*.] 
3.  Darkened  by  the  rays  of  the  sun. 

TAN'NER,  n.  One  whose  occupation  i«  to  tin  hides, 
or  convert  thom  into  leather  by  the  use  of  tJiri, 

TAN'NER-Y, ».  The  house  and  apparatus  for  tan- 
ning. 

TAN'NI€  ACID,  n.  The  principle  of  nstrlngency  hi 
vegetables,  as,  for  example,  the  bark  of  the  oak, 
chestnut,  and  gall-nutn.  It  Is  the  substance  used  to 
change  raw  hidt.-s  into  leather. 


TAP 

TAN'N[-EU,  n.  Ono  of  the  popular  names  of  the 
Arum  csculentum,  an  esculent  root.  Mease. 

TAN'NIN,  n.  The  name  formerly  applied  to  the  tan- 
nic acid,  before  its  acid  character  was  known  and 
understood. 

TAN'NING,  ppr.    Converting  raw  liides  into  leather. 

TAN'NINO,  n.  The  practice,  operation,  and  art  of 
converting  the  raw  hides  of  oulmals  into  leather  by 
the  um  of  tan. 

TAN'REC,     171.    The  popular  name  of  the  several 

TEN'REC,     >     ei)ocie8   of  the   insectivorous    mam- 

TEN'DRAe,  )  moliau  genus  Centenes,  of  which 
there  are  throe  species.  They  are  small  quadrupeds, 
inhabiting  Madaga-^car  and  the  Itsle  of  France. 

TAN'SY,  71.  [Fr.  tanaisic ;  It.  nnd  Sp.  tanaccio :  L. 
tanaeetum.  Q,u.  Gr.  aOavaata.  immortality.  This 
is  doubtful,  and  mthcr  Improbutilo.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Tanaeetum,  of  many  species. 
It  is  extremely  bitter  to  Ilk)  taste,  and  used  for  mo- 
diclnal  and  culinary  purposes.  Cye. 

TANT,  Ti.  A  small  spider  with  two  eyiw  and  eight 
long  legs,  and  of  an  elegant  scarlet  color.  C^c. 

TANTA-LISM,  7i.  [See  Tantalize.]  The  punish- 
ment of  Tantalus;  a  teasing  or  tormenting  by  the 
hope  or  near  approach  of  good  which  Is  not  attaina- 
ble. 

Ia  not  BucJi  a  provision  liko  tatUaHam  (o  thia  people  i   J,  Quincy. 
TAN'TA-LITE,  n.     Another  name    for  the  mineral 
called  CoLUMniTs,  which  is  found  in  New  England 
and  in  Europe. 
TAN-TA-LI-ZA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  tantalizing. 
TAN'TA-I^IZE,  r.  U     [from    Tantalus.]     To  tease  or 
torment  by  piosonting  some  good  to  the  view  and 
exciting  desire,  but  continually  frustrating  the  ex- 
pectations by  keeping  that  goiHi  out  of  reach  ;   to 
teoiio  ;  to  torment. 

Thy  min  (h-Bhr-e,  nt  Btrifa 
Wiiltlii  (lioinselri;^,  liave  tantalixed  lUy  life.  Drydet*. 

TAN'TA-LIZ-ED,  tjp.     Teased  or  tormented  by  the 

disappointment  of  the  hope  of  good; 
TAN'TA-LTZ-ER,  n.     One  that  tantalizes. 
TAN'TA-LTZ-ING,  p}tr.  or  a.     Teasing  or  tormenting 

by  presenting  to  tlic  view  some  unattainable  good. 
TAN'TA-Lr/.-ING-LY,  ode.     Wy  tantalizing. 
TAN'TA-LUM,n.    A  name  onceucied  for  Columbium, 

the  met:illic  basis  of  Iho  mineral  called  Taktalite 

or  CiiLUMRITE. 

TAN'TA-LUS,7i.    [L.,  fromGr.]    In  fdbuXouahisttn^. 

a  Lydlan  king  who  was  condemned  to  be  plnnfjed 

in  water,  with  choice  fruits  hanging  over  Iiim,  witli- 

out  the  power  of  reaching  tliem  to  satisfy  bis  hunger 

or  his  thirst. 
TAN'TA-IilOUNT,  a.      [L.    taittm^  so    much,  and 

amount.] 

Equal  ;  equivalent  In  value  or  signification  ;  as,  a 

sum  tantamount  to  all  our  expenses.   6iluncc  is  some- 

times  tantamount  to  consent. 
TA\'TIV-Y,  adv.     [Said   to   be   from  the  note  of  a 

hunting-horn  ;  L.  tanta  ri.] 

To  ride  tantivy,  is  to  ride  witli  groat  fi\^oefi.  Johnson. 
TANT'LING,  n.      [See  T.vNTALi7.ii.l      One    seized 

with  tlie  hojio  of  pleasure  unattainable.  Shak. 

TAP,  r.  (,     [Fr.  taper;  Ann.  ta;m,  tapein  ;  Dan.  tapper, 

to  throb  ;  Gr.  rurrft),  rvwf.     See  Class  Db,  No.  28.] 
To  strike  with  sonietliing  sniull,  or  to  strike  a  very 

gentle  blow  ;  to  touch  gently  ;  af,   to  tap  ono  with 

the  hand  ;  to  Uip  one  on  the  shoulder  with  a  cane. 
TAP,  r.  t.    'I'o  strike  a  gentle  blow.    Uc  tapped  at  the 

door. 
TAP,  V,  (.     [Sax.  Urjtpan  ;  Sw.  tappa ;  Dan.  tapjier  ;  D. 

tamen  ;  G.  lajffvn.] 

1.  To  pierce  or  broach  a  cnnk,  nnd  insert  a  tap. 

2.  To  open  a  cask  and  draw  liquor.         Jiddison. 

3.  To  pierce  for  letting  out  fluid  ;  as,  to  tap  a  tu- 
mor ;  to  tap  a  dropsical  iKTs'on.  SJuirp. 

4.  To  box,  or  boro  Into;  as,  to  i<^  a  maple-tree  to 
obtain  the  sap  ft»r  making  su^ar.  Mease. 

TAP,  n.  A  gentle  blow  ;  a  slight  blow  with  a  small 
tiling. 

8!»L-  gl*r«  tv?r  rlg-ht-lwti<l  woinAn  a  mp  on  th^  alioiiMpr. 

Addison. 

2.  A  Spile  or  pipe  for  drawing  liquor  from  a  cask. 
[Dut  In  Bp.  tapar  Is  to  stop,  and  a  lap  may  be  a 
stopper.    In  this  case,  the  verb  to  tap  should  follow 
the  noiin.l 
TAPE,  n.     [Pax.  to'ppc.] 

A  narrow  flllft  nr  band  ;  a  narrow  piece  of  woven 
work,  used  for  strings  and  the  like;  as,  curtains  tied 
with  tape.  Pope. 

TAPE'LTNE,Ti.    A  painted  tape,  marked  with  inches, 
&.C.,  and  Inclosed  in  a  ca<u;,  usud  by  engineers,  &.c., 
In  meaiiuring. 
TA'PKR,  n.     [Sax.  taper,  tupur.     Gu.  It.  doppiorc,  a 
torch,  W.  tampyr.] 

.\  small  wax  candle  ;  a  small  lighted  wax  candle, 
or  a  small  light. 

Utt  mn  a  tnper  iii  my  study,  Ludiis.  Shak. 

TXTER,  a.  [Supposed  to  be  (Vom  the  form  of  a  ta- 
per.] 

Regularly  narrowed  toward  the  point ;  l>ectiming 
small  toward  one  end;  conical;  pyramldical ;  as, 
taper  fingers.  DrydJen. 


TAR 


TA'PEU,  V.  i.  To  diminish  or  become  gradually 
smaller  toward  ono  end  ;  o^,  a  sugar  loaf  tapers  to- 
ward a  point. 

TA'PEK,  r.  t.    To  make  gra^lually  smallerin  diameter. 

TA'PER-ING,  itpr.     Making  gradually  smaller. 

2.  a.  Becoming  regularly  smaller  fn  diameter  to- 
ward ono  end;  gradually  diminislihig  toward  a  point. 

TA'PER-ING-LY,  ado.    In  a  lajKJring  manner. 

TA'PER-NE.SB,  n.    The  stale  of  being  taper. 

TAPa;S-TUI-£D,  pp.    Ornamented  with  tapestry. 

TAP'K9-TRY,  n.  [Fr.  tapin,  a  carpet;  tapisacrie, 
hanging?),  tapestrj*;  L.  ea;)c*,  tapestry  ;  Fr.  «s  tapir^ 
to  crunch,  to  lie  flat ;  Sp.  tapit,  tapestry,  and  a  grass- 
plot  ;  It.  tappetj,  a  carpet ;  tappeiicria,  Utpestry  ;  Arm. 
tapifz,  a  carpet ;  tajngziry,  tajwstry.  Uu.  from  weav- 
ing or  spreading.] 

A  kind  of  woven  hangings  of  wool  and  silk,  oflen 
enriched  v/iih  gold  and  silver,  representing  ngures 
of  men,  animals,  landfcapcs,  &c.  Tlio  most  cele<- 
brated  were  the  Gobelitis,  so  called  from  a  manufac- 
turer in  Paris.  Cue. 

TAP'ES-TRY.  V.  t.    To  adorn  with  tapestry, 

TAP'ET,  n.    [Supra.]    Worked  or  flgurtni  stuff. 

Spenser. 

TAP'E-TI,  Ctap'e-tfi,)  ti.  An  animal  of  the  hare  kind  ; 
the  Lcpus  Ilrasilieiuis,  a  ^odcut  mammal  iuliabiting 
S*)nth  America. 

TAPE'-WOllM,  (wurm,)  n.  [tape  and  viorm.]  A 
worm  bred  in  tlie  human  inletitines.  The  popular 
namo  of  various  worms  infesting  the  alimentary 
canal  of  dillLTent  animals.  They  are  parenchyma- 
tous entozoa,  of  the  tenioid  family.  The  broad  tape- 
worm is  the  Itothriacephalus  latue ;  the  common 
tape-worm  is  the  Tu;niu  Solium.  Roth  of  Uiese  in- 
fest the  human  ('jteriea,  and  are  destroyed  by  the  oil 
of  turpentine  in  catliartic  doses. 

TAP'-HOUHK,  71.  [tap  and  house.]  A  house  where 
liquors  are  retailed. 

TAP-I-O'CA,  Tu  The  popular  name  of  the  fecula  ob- 
tained liy  scraping  nnd  washing  the  roots  of  the  cas- 
sava or  cassada  plaiiU  the  Manihot  Cannabina  of  the 
intertropical  parts  of  America.  It  is  made  into  a 
kind  of  bread.  It  was  an  imptirtant  article  of  food 
among  the  Caribs  when  thev  were  first  discovered  by 
Europeans.     They  called  it'YucA. 

TA'PIR,  n.  The  name  of  two  quadrupeds,  which 
conNtitute  a  genus  of  pachydermatous  mammals,  the 
one  inhabiting  South  America  genemlly,  and  the 
other  Sumatra.  Those  animals  are  allied  to  the  rhi- 
noceros, but  are  much  smaller,  and  likewise  to  the 
hog. 

TA'PIS,  n.  [Fr.]  Tapestry  ;  formerly  the  cover  of  a 
council-table.  Upon  the  tapis  ;  under  consideration, 
or  nn  the  table. 

TAP'PEU,  (tapl,)  w».    Broached  ;  o(>ened. 

TAP'PING,pyw.  Broaching ;  oijening forthe discharge 
of  a  fluid. 

TAP'-R00T,7J.  [tan  and  root.]  The  root  of  a  plant, 
which  ponetmtes  the  earth  directly  downward  to  a 
couHidernble  depth  without  dividing.  Loudon. 

TAP'STER,  n.  Ono  whose  business  is  to  draw  ale  or 
other  liquor.  SicifU 

TAR,  77.  [Pax.  tare,  tyr,  tyrtea  ;  D.  tcer ;  G.  Uteer;  Sw. 
tiara;  Dan.  Here;  Gaelic,  (mrr.  In  D.  tecrcn  signi- 
fies to  sm<^ar  with  tar  or  pitch,  and  to  pine,  waste, 
consume,  digest,  prey,  subsist,  feast :  nnd  tcer  la  ten- 
der, as  well  as  tar.  The  D.  tccren  is  the  G.  leArcn, 
Dan.  ta-rer,  Sw.  titra,  to  fret,  gnaw,  consume  ;  Eng. 
tare,  in  commerce.  Tar^  then,  is  from  flowing,  or 
from  wasting,  perhaps  in  combustion.] 

1.  A  thick,  imjiure,  resinous  nulratance,  of  a  dark 
brown  or  black  color,  obtained  from  pine  and  fir- 
trees,  by  burning  the  wood  with  a  close,  smothering 
heat.  I^ncye,     Cijc, 

Tar  inspissaf/'d  is  called  Pitch,  and  is  much  used 
in  ships  and  cordage.  Cge. 

2.  A  sailor;  so  called  from  his  tarred  clothes, 
Jtlineral  txr  ;  a  soft,  native  bitumen. 

TAR,  V.  t.     To  smear  with  tar ;  as,  to  tur  ropee. 

9.  [i^ax.tiran,tifrian.]  To  stimulate  ;  to  provoke. 
[JSTut  tn  use.]  Shak. 

TAR'.A-NIS,  n.  A  Celtic  divinity,  regarded  as  the 
evil  principle,  but  confounded  by  the  Romans  with 
Jupiter.  Brande. 

TA-RAN'TU-LA,  n.  See  Tahzhtula,  which  is  the 
miist  correct  orthograpliy. 

TAR-DA'TION,  n.     [L.  tardo.     See  Tardy.] 

The  act  of  retjirdmg  or  delaying.  [JiTotuscd.]  [We 
use,  far  this,  Rztabuatiun.J 

TAR'DI-GRADE,  )  a.      [L.    tardiirradtts ;    tardus, 

TAR'DI-GR.t-DOUS,  \      slow,  and  gradus,  step.] 
Slow-paced  ;  moving  or  stepping  slowly. 

Brown. 

TXR'DI-GRADE,  n.  The  tardigrades  are  a  section  of 
edentate  mammals  or  qiiadruoeda,  including  the 
Bradypus  or  sloth,  nnd  BO  named  from  the  stownosa 
of  tlK'ir  motions  on  the  ground. 

TAR'DI-LY,  adv.  [from  iardy.]  Slowly  ;  with  slow 
price  or  motion.  Shak. 

TAR'DI-NESS,  n.  [from  tardy.]  Blowneae,  or  the 
slownet*s  of  motion  or  pace. 

9.  Unwillingness;  reluctance  manifested  by  slow- 
ness. 

3.  Lateness  ;  as,  the  tardinaas  of  wltneseea  or  Ju- 


TtfNE,  BULL,  TJNrrE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS C  ea  Kj  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


143"" 


\\W 


rJl 


TAR 


TAR 


Tte  tor^  pfaum  in  our  coUl  orehsnb  plaoed. 

Yarn  Bwj  Om^  ceMon  bim  for  being  lan^  In  Ui  p 


rora  In  attendance  ;  the  tardiness  of  students  Jn  at- 
tending prayers  or  recitation. 
TXR'Dl-TY,  N,     [U  tardUcu.] 

Slowness:  tardiness.    [Aut  usrd.] 

TXR'DO,  [ILJ    In  mufu;,  denotin"  a.  slow  movemcnU 

TAR'DV,  a.     rPr.  larcfi;";  Sp.  and   It.  tardo^  from  L. 

tortftu  ;  from  \v.  taruiw^  to  strike  against,  to  stop,  to 

stay,  to  tarry,  whence  target ;  tar,  a  shock  ;  tares, 

that  ^ves  a  shock,  a  clap  of  thunder;  tarattUy  to 

tliunder.    We  see  the  word  is  a  derivative  from  a 

nx)t  signifying  to  strike,  to  dash,  to  dash  against, 

hence,  to  retard  or  atop.] 

1.  Slow ;  with  a  slow  pace  or  motion. 

„^  And  check  tbe  Mnly  QigU  of  doM. 

ft.  Late ;  dilatory ;  not  being  in  seaion. 

■  mjriBrnu. 
ArimlJutoL 
a.  Slow ;  implying  reluctancA. 

nr%  ID  venfeMWr,  ukd  vUh  ueicj  bcmn.  PHor. 

4.  In  efilUfeSf  late  in  attendance  on  r  public  exor- 
cise. 

5.  Unwary.    [AW  in  uw.!  Hudiiraa. 

6.  Criminal.   TJVoC  ut  lue.]  CuUur. 
TXR'DV,e.i.     [Ft.  tordcr.l 

To  delav.    rV«>t »»  iw*] 
TAR'DY-G'2IT'ED,a.   [tardy and fwL]   Slow^iaced  ; 
liaving  n  ilow  step  or  pace. 

Th>  wellwr  hem 
CUdea  tbo  ttrdy>fidlirf  mora.  Cl\fton. 

TARE,  M.  [I  know  not  tlie  Migin  of  Ihii  word.  See 
the  neil  word.] 

1.  A  weed  tnnt  grows  among  corn;  alleged  by 
modem  naturalists  to  be  the  Loliuin  temulentum,  or 
DvneL  Locke, 

Oedftn  to  oi  the  puatito  of  tb«  ttrr«  of  the  field.  —  Matt.  xlii. 
9.  Tiire  is  the  popular  name  of  Vicia  sativa,  and 
also  of  most  of  the  species  of  Ervum,  botli  genera 
being  leguminoee  plants. 

3.  In  mgrieuttMret  a  plant  of  the  vetch  kind,  of 
whkb  there  are  two  sorts,  the  vvrpU-jU/wtrtA  spring 
or  summer  Ure,  and  the  purpl^Jlawend  wiU  or  winter 
tare.    It  is  much  cultivated  .n  England  for  fodder. 

Cwc. 
TARE,  «.     [Fr.  id. ;  It.  and  Sp.  tarn ;  D.  terro;  IL  M- 
rar*,  to  abate;  I>an.  Cn-er,  to  waste,  Sw.  tdra,  D. 
iMraa,  G.  xeAm.] 

In  commerce,  deficiency  in  the  weight  or  quantity 
of  goods  by  reason  of  the  weight  oftiie  cask,  bng,  or 
otbor  thing  containing  the  comuiodtty,  and  which  is 
weighed  with  it ;  hence,  the  allowance  or  abatement 
of  a  certain  weight  or  quantity  from  the  weight  or 
quantity  of  a  commodity  sold  in  a  cask,  chest,  bag, 
or  the  tike,  which  the  seller  makes  to  the  buyer  on 
account  of  the  weight  of  such  cask,  chest,  or  bag  ; 
or  the  abatement  may  be  on  the  price  of  tJie  com- 
modity »old.  Whfu  the  tare  is  deducted,  the  re- 
mainder is  called  the  net  or  neat  weight. 
TARE,  r.  L    To  ascertain  or  mark  tbe  amount  of  tare. 

Laws  of  Petm. 
TARE,  eld  prtL  of  Tkib.    We  now  use  Tore. 
TAR'£D,«0.   Having  the  tore  ascertained  and  marked. 

TA  RPlV'T^r9l\1     1 

TA-R\X'tJsm'  !  "•  E^  torottuBMw,  from  faroOnm.] 
A  fabulous  disease  supposed  to  be  produced  by  tbe 
bite  of  a  certain  spider,  the  Lycosa  Tarcntula,  and 
considert-d  to  be  incapable  of  cure  except  by  protract- 
ed dancing  to  appropriate  music.  On  some  subjects 
the  bite  of  the  tarentuta  prmluces  no  eifect ;  and  on 
others  it  is  about  equal  to  the  sting  of  a  wasp. 

TA-REN'TU-LuA,  \  n.     [L.  diminutive  of  Tarmtum, 

TA-RAX'TU-LA,  \  now  Taranto^  in  the  kingdom 
of  Naples.] 

A  species  of  spider,  or  citiprade  pulmonary  arach- 
nid, tbe  Lycosa  Tarentuta.  Its  bito  sometimes  pro- 
duces a  irilliug  elTect,  about  equal  to  the  sting  of  a 
wasp. 

TXRGE.  for  Taboit,  is  obsolete.  Spenser. 

TXR'GET,  a.  fSai.  targ,  targa ;  Fr.  tar/re ;  It.  tarjra  ; 
W.  targtdf  from  tarawj  to  strike,  whence  tariaii,  a 
striking  s^nst,  or  collision,  a  stopping,  a  staying,  a 
tarryinff  t  tariaw,  to  strike  agninst,  to  stop,  to  tarry. 
We  see  that  targrt  is  that  which  stops  ;  hence,  a  de- 
fense ;  and  from  the  root  of  tarry  and  tardy.] 

1.  A  shield  or  buckirr  of  a  small  kind,  used  as  a 
defensive  weapon  in  war. 

2.  A  mark  for  the  tirtillery  to  Ore  at  in  their  prac- 
tice. 

TXR'GET-ED,  a.    Furnished  or  armed  with  a  tnrgeL 

Gaudtn. 
TXR-GET-EER',  n.    One  armed  with  a  tirgeL 

Chapman. 
TXR'GUM,  n.     [Ch.  DiJ-\n,  targ-um.  Interpretation.] 
A  translation  or  paraphrase  of  the  sacrod  Scrip- 
tures in  the  Chaldee  language  or  dialect.     Of  these, 
the  Tor^ma  of  Jonathan,  and  that  of  Onkelos,  are 
held  in  most  esteem  by  the  Je\vs. 
TXR'GUM-IST,  n.    The  writer  of  a  Targum. 

Pai^urgt. 

TAR'IFF,  a.  [Fr.  tarif:  It.  tmi/fa ;  Sp.  Tarifa,  a  town 
in  Spain,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Straits  of  Gibraltar, 
where  duties  were  formerly  collected.  Hence  tbe 
proper  spelling  would  be  Tabip.] 


1.  Froperli/t  a  list  or  table  of  goods  witti  the  duties 
or  customs  to  be  paid  for  the  same,  either  on  imiJor- 
tation  or  cxpttrtatiou,  whether  such  duties  ore  im- 
posed by  the  government  of  a  country,  or  agreed  on 
by  the  princes  or  puverninerits  of  two  countries  hold- 
ing commerce  with  each  other. 

2.  A  li^t  or  table  of  duties  or  customs  to  be  paid 
on  gmids  Innjorted  or  exiwrted. 

TAR'IFF,  r.  L    To  make  a  list  of  duties  on  goods. 

TAR'IN,  n.  [Ft.]  A  Euroi>ean  bird,  of  the  gross- 
beak  kind,  kept  in  cages  fur  its  beauty  and  fine 
notea.  Cye. 

TAU'IN'G,  ppr.  AKortaining  or  marking  the  tunount 
of  tare. 

TXJIN,  n.    [Ice.  turn.] 

1.  A  take.  IlaUiwell 

S.  A  hog  ;  a  mar!*h  ;  a  fen.  Ray, 

TXR'MSII,  r.  L     [Fr.  ffrnir,  temiaaant.} 

1.  To  sutly  ;  to  siiil  by  an  alteration  induced  by  the 
air,  or  by  dtist,  and  the  like;  to  diminish  or  destroy 
luster;  as,  to  (ornt.'-'A  a  metal ;  to  ttirninh  gilding  j  to 
tamiih  the  brightness  or  beauty  of  color. 

2.  To  diminish  or  destroy  the  purity  of;  as,  to 
tamiih  reputation  or  honor. 

TXR'NISIl,  V.  i.  To  lose  luster  ;  to  become  dull  j  bb, 
polished  substances  or  gilding  wilf  torni^A  in  the 
counMJ  of  time.     Metals  tarnish  by  oxydation. 

TXR'NI3H-£D,  (flr'ntsht,)  pp.  or  a.  Sullied  ;  having 
lost  its  brightness  by  oxydation,  or  by  some  altera- 
tion induced  by  exposure  to  air,  dust,  and  the  like. 

Guld  and  tilver,  when  larruahtd,  resume  tbcir  bri^litiiea  hj 
•rttittf  ihein  over  certnii*  lye».  Copprr  ami  p;-wtiT,  &«., 
lsmt^«d,  recover  their  Imtcr  with  iripoli  aud  poUutK-a. 

TAR'NISU-ING,  ppr.    Sullying;  losing  brightness. 

TA'RO,  n.  A  plant  of  tlie  genus  Arum,  having  leaves 
like  a  water-lily,  and  large,  thick,  oblong  roots, 
which,  when  t>aked,  ore  used  as  food  in  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  J^udon, 

TAR-PA U'LTN,  n.  [from  tar.]  A  piece  of  canvas 
covered  with  tar,  or  a  composition,  to  render  it 
water-proof,  used  for  covering  the  hatches  of  a  ship, 
hammocks,  boats,  &c. 

2.  A  name  given  to  hats  covered  with  painted  or 
tarred  cloth,  worn  by  sailors.  Tuttcn, 

3.  A  sailor  ;  nt  eontrmpt,  Dennis. 
TAR'QUIN-ISH,  a.    Like  Tarquin,  a  king  of  I!omo  ; 

protnl  :  haughty.  ^nart.  Jieo. 

TAR'RACE.     SceTRAis. 
TAR'R.A-GON,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Artemisia, 

^.■\.  dracunculus,)  celebrated  for  perfuming  vmcgar 

m  France.  Ed,  Encye.    Mease, 

TAR'R.\S,  a.    Sec  Tbass. 

TXRRE,  V.  (.    To  stimulate  or  set  on.  Shak, 

TAR'RKD,  (tird,)  pp.  or  a.    Smeared  with  tar. 
TAR'RI-AN'CE,  n.    [from  tflrry.]    A  tarrying ;  delay  ; 

lateness.    [A'of  in  use.} 
TAK'Rl-ED,  (tar'rid,)pj».  Wailed  for  ;  sUid  ;  delayed. 
TAR'RI-ER,  n.     A  dog.     [See  Terrieh.] 

2.  [from  tarry.]     One  who  tarries  or  delays. 
l^^Tarricr,  in  a  poet   conternjwriry  with  Shaks- 

peare,  appears  with  a  marginal  explanation,  as  being 
an  unusual  word.*' 

West.  Rev.  No.  27,  p.  8fi.  —  £.  IL  Barker.] 
TAR'RING,  ppr.    Smearing  with  tar.  Shak, 

TAR'ROCK,  n.  A  sea-fowl,  of  the  gull  kind,  tlie  La- 
rus  iridactylus.  It  is  of  the  size  of  the  common 
pigeon,  and  is  remarkable  for  having  no  bind  toe, 
but  in  lieu  of  it  a  small  protubcrnnce.  Cyc. 

The  tarrock  is  now  ctmsidered  the  young  of  the 
kiitiwake  gull,  Larus  rissa.  Jardine. 

TAR'RY,  V.  i.  [\X.  tariaw,  to  strike  against  any  thing, 
to  stop,  to  stay,  to  tarry  ;  Ir.  and  Gaelic,  tairigim.  It 
is  of  the  same  family  as  tardy  and  UzrgeL  The  pri- 
mary sense  is,  to  thrust,  or  drive,  hence,  to  strike 
Bt;ai'nst,  to  stop  ;  W.  tarw,  h.  taurus,  a  bull,  is  from 
the  same  root.] 
1,  To  stay  ;  to  abide ;  to  continue  ;  to  lodge. 

Tbrry  all  night  and  wuh  jour  foeu  —Geo.  xix, 

S.  To  stay  behind.    Exod.  xii. 

3.  To  stay  in  expectation  j  to  wait. 

Tbrry  je  here  for  U3,  till  u-e  coine  rtg-Aia  to  yoa. —  Ex.  %xW. 

4.  To  delay  ;  to  put  off  going  or  coming ;  to  defer. 

Come  down  tu  mc,  tarry  not.  —  Gen.  zlv. 

5.  To  remain  ;  to  stay. 

II*;  Uiat  tt-llcth  lies  shall  nut  tarry  In  mj  ei^ht.  —  Pt.  d. 

TAR'RY,  V.  L    To  wait  for. 


I  can  not  tarry  ilinncr.     [Not  in  uM.] 


Shot. 


TAR'RY,  n.     Ptay  ;  stop  ;  delay.     [OA^.l     Rich.  Diet. 

TAR'RY,  a.     [from  tar.]     Consisting  of  tar,  or  like 
tar.  More. 

TAR'RY-ING,  ppr.    Staving  ;  delaying. 

TAR'RY-ING,  n.     Delay.     Ps.  xi. 
[This  word  i*  in  respectable  use.] 

TAR'SAL,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  tarsus. 

TAR8E,  n.     [Fr. ;  Gr.  raoaoi.] 

The  tarsus,  which  see.  Brands. 

TXR'SEL,  7i.    A  male  hawk.    [See  Tercei,.]    Skak. 

TXR'SI,  7u  pL    The  feet  in  insects,  which  are  articu- 
lated, and  formed  of  Qve  or  a  less  number  of  joints. 

TAR'SUS,  n.     [Gr.  Tafjaas  ;  Fr.  tarse.] 


TAS 

That  part  of  the  foot  to  which  the  teg  is  articula- 
ted, tbo  front  of  which  is  called  Uie  IifSTsr.     Cyc. 
TAKT,    0.      [Sax.   teart}    D.    Uiartig,    See  the    next 
word.] 

1.  Acid  i  8bar|)  to  tbe  taste ;  acidulous ;  as,  a  tart 
apple. 

2.  Sharp;  keen;  severe;  as,  a  tart  reply;  tart 
language  ;  a  tart  rebuke. 

TART,  n.  [D.  taart;  Sw.  taH;  Fr.  taHe;  It.  torta; 
G.turte  ;  Sp.  tarta.  The  Italian  and  German  orthog- 
raphy soems  to  connect  this  word  with  torto,  h.  tortus^ 
twisted  ;  and  this  may  be  tbe  primary  sense  of  faW, 
acid,  sharp,  and  hence  this  noun,  sometliing  acid  or 
made  of  acid  fruit.     But  qu.] 

A  s[>ecies  of  pio  or  pastry,  consisting  of  fVuit 
baked  on  paste. 
TAR'TAN,  n.     Woolen  cloth,  checkered  or  cross- 
barred  with  threads  of  various  colors.    [Scottish.] 
Jamieson''s  Diet, 
A  checkered  worsted  stuff,  ciilftd  Tarta«  or  Plaid, 
is  made  in  various  parts  of  England. 

Kncye.  of  Dom.  Econ. 
TXR'TAN,  n.     [Sp.  and  It.  tartana.] 

A  snjail  cooKiing  vessel  with  one  mast  and  a  bow- 
sprit, and  the  principal  sail,  which  is  very  large,  ex- 
tended by  a  lati^ei)-yard.  Mar.  Diet, 
TAR'TAR,  n.     [Fr.   tartre }    Sp.   tartaro ;   from   (art, 
acid.] 

1.  An  acid  concrete  salt,  deposited  from  wines 
completely  fermented,  and  adhering  to  tlie  sides  of 
the  casks  in  the  form  of  a  bard  crust.  It  is  white  or 
red,  the  white  being  most  esteemed.  In  its  crude 
state,  under  the  name  of  argal  or  argol^  it  is  much 
used  OS  a  flux  in  the  assaying  of  ores. 

JSTicholson.     Cye. 
The  tartar  of  wine  ia  a  bitartrate  of  potassa,  J.  e., 
common  cruam  of  tartar. 

2.  A  popular  name  for  the  concretion  which  often 
incrusts  the  teeth,  consisting  of  salivary  mucus,  ani- 
mal matter,  and  phosphate  of  lime.  Brandc. 

3.  A  person  of  a  keen,  irritable  temper. 

4.  A  native  of  Tiirtary. 

To  catch  a  Tartar ;  to  lay  hold  of  or  encounter  a 
person  who  proves  too  strong  for  the  assailant. 

TXK'TAR,  n.     [L.  Tartarus.] 

Ib'tl.     [Ao(  in  use.]  Shak. 

TAR-T.5'RE-AN,     )  a.     Hellish ;  pertaining  to  Turta- 

TAR-Ta'RE-OUS,  (      rus.  MiUun. 

TAR'TAR  E-MET'ie,  it.  A  double  salt,  consisting 
of  tjirtaric  acitl  in  combination  with  potasi^a  and 
proioxyd  of  antimony.  Brande. 

TAU-Ta'RE-OUS,  a.  Consisting  of  tartar;  resem- 
bling tirtar,  or  partaking  of  its  properties.      Ch-eto. 

TX  H  TAIi'l^  1 

TAR-TVIIEAN  i  "*    Pertaining  to  Tartary  in  Asia. 

Tartaric  acid;  the  acid  of  tartar. 
TAR'TA-RIN,  «.     [from  tartar.]      Fixed  vegetable 

alkali  or  potassa. 
TAR'TA-RI-NA-TED,  a.    Combined  with  taitarin. 
TAR'TAR-IZE,  r.  (.     To  impregnate  with  tartar;  to 

refine  by  means  of  the  salt  of  tartar.  Cye. 

TAR'TAR-IZ-£D,pp.oro.    Impregnated  with  tartar; 

refined  by  tartar. 
TXR'TAR-IZ-LN'G,  ppr.     Impregnating  with  tartar; 

refining  t)y  means  of  the  salt  of  tartar. 
TXR'TAR-OUS,  a.     Containing  tartar;  consiating  of 

Uirlar,  or  partaking  of  its  qujdities. 
TAR'TA-RUM,  n.     A   preparation   of   tortar,   called 

PETHiFrED  Tartar.  Cye. 

TXR'TA-RUS,  n.     [Gr.  rapra/ios.] 

'J'he  nameof  tiie  infernal  regions,  over  which  Pluto 

or  Ihtdes  ruled. 
TART'ISil,  a.     [from  tart]     Somewhat  tart 
TART'LY,  adv.     Sharply;  with  acidity. 

2.  Sharply  ;  with  i>oignancy ;  severely ;  as,  to 
reply  or  rebuke  tartly, 

3.  With  sourness  of  aspect.  5ftaJt. 
TXRT'NE.SS,  n.     Acidity  ;  sharpness  to  the  taste ;  as, 

the  tartness  of  wine  or  fruit. 
2.  Sharpness  of  language  or  manner;  poignancy; 

keenness  ;  severity  ;  as,  the  tartness  of  rebuke. 
TXR'TRATE,  v.    Jfrom   tartar.]     A   salt   formed  by 

the  combination  of  tartaric  acid  with  a  base  ;  as,  tar- 
trate of  potassa  ;  tartrate  of  soila. 
TAR-'J'RO-VIN'ie  ACID,  n.     An  acid  composed  of 

tartaric  acid  in  combination  with  the  elements  of 

ellujr.  Brandc. 

TXR-TUFFE',  n.     [Fr.   tartnfe..]     A  nickname  from 

the  French  for  a  liypocrttieat  devotee,  derived  from 

the  name  of  the  hero  in  Moli6ro*s  celebrated  comedy. 

Brande. 
TXR-TUFF'ISU,  a.     [Fr.  tartnffe,  a  hypocrite.] 

Precise;  tiypocrilical.     [A'of  i/i  it»c.]  Strrne. 

TAR'-WA-TER,  n.     [tar  and  water.]     A  cold  infusion 

of  tar  in  water,  useu  as  a  medicine.  Cyc, 

TASK,  n.     [Fr.  tache;  W.  tas^,  a  bond,  a  pledge,  that 

which    is    settled  or   agreed   to  be    done,  a  job,  a 

task ;  Gaelic  and  Ir.  taig,  task,  and  tasgaire,  a  slave  ; 

It.  tassa.     7'he  sense  is,  that  which  is  set  or  fixed, 

from  throwing  or  ijtitting  on.] 

1.  IJiisiness  imposed   hy  another,  often  a  definite 

quantity  or  amount  of  labor.     Each  man  has  his  task. 

When  he  has  performed  bis  task,  his  time  is  his  own. 

Exod,  V. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRgY.  — PI\E,  MARI.VE,  BIRD-  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  B(?<?K.. 

ilad 


TAS 

3.  Business;  employment. 

His  meuul  powers  were  t-qual  to  greatei  ta*k».        AtUrbury. 

3.  Burdensome  eroploymetiL 

To  take  to  task  ;  to  reprove  ;  to  reprimand  ;  as,  to 
take  one  to  task  for  idleness.  Addison. 

TASK,  r.  t.  [W.  tasiru,  to  bind,  to  rate,  to  task,  to 
Bpring,  start,  leap  back,  to  urge.] 

1.  To  impose  a  task  ;  to  assign  to  one  a  definite 
amount  of  business  or  labor. 

S.  To  burden  witli  some  employracnt;  to  require 
to  perform. 

Tlif^re  latk  \hf  maids,  and  exerdse  the  loom.  DiytUn. 

TASK'£D,  (Oskt,)  pp.  Required  to  perform  8om&- 
tbing. 

TASK'ER,  iu    One  that  imposes  a  task 

TASK'LNG,  ppr.  Imposing  a  task  on  j  requiring  to 
perform. 

TASK'MAS-TER,  n.  [task  and  master.}  One  who 
imposes  a  task,  or  burdens  with  labor.  Sinful  pro- 
pensities and  appetites  are  men's  most  unrelenting 
taskmasters.  They  condemn  us  to  unceasing  drudg- 
ery, and  reward  ua  with  pain,  remorse,  and  poverty. 
Next  to  our  sinful  propensities,  fashion  is  the  most 
oppressive  taskmaster, 

a.  One  whose  office  ta  to  assign  tasks  to  others. 
Kxod.  i.  iii. 

TAS'SEL,  II.  [W.  tasel,  a  sash,  a  bandage,  a  tVinge,  a 
tassel ;  tasiaw,  to  tie  ;  tas,  tliat  binds  or  hems  in  ;  It. 
tasseilo,  the  collar  of  a  cloak.] 

1.  A  sort  of  pendent  ornament,  attached  to  the 
eorners  of  cushions,  to  curtains,  and  tJie  like,  ending 
in  loose  threads. 

3.  A  small  ribbon  of  eilk  Bewed  to  a  book,  to  bo 
put  between  the  leaves.  Cyc. 

3.  In  building,  tassels  are  the  pieces  of  boards  that 
lie  und^r  the  mantel-tree. 

4.  A  bur.     [See  Teasel.] 

5.  A  male  hawk  ;  pro{)crly  tertolf  IL  tenuolo.  [See 
Tkbceu] 

TA3'SEL-CD,  a.    Furnished  or  adorned  with  tassils  ; 

as,  the  tassded  horn.  Milton. 

TAS'SES,  n.  pi.     Armor  for  the  thighs  ;  appondases 

to  the  ancient  corslet,  conaisting  of  skirts  of  iron  that 

covered   the   thighs.      They   were    fastened   to  the 

cuirass  with  hooks. 
TAt*T'A-BLE,  a.     [from  taste.]    That  may  be  tasted  ; 

8avor>-  ;  relishing. 
TASTE,  t).  £.     [Fr.  t&ter,  to  feel;  It.  tastare ;  Norm. 

taster  J  to  toticn,  to  try  ;  G.  and  D.  tasten  ;  Dan.taaser. 

The  Dutch  has  toetscn,  to  touch,  to  try,  to  test ;  Dan. 

taster  and^  to  attack  or  assault.    This  shows  that  the 

primary  sense  is  to  thrust  or  drive  ;  allied  perhaps  to 

da.*k  i  hence,  to  strike,  to  touch,  to  bring  one  thing  in 

contact  with  another.] 
1.  To  perceive  by  means  of  the  tongue ;  to  have  a 

certain  sensation  in  consequence  of  something  ap- 

Elied   to  the  tongue,  the  organ  of  taste  ;  as,  to  taste 
read  ;  to  tastr.  wine  ;  to  taste  a  sweet  or  an  acid. 
9.  To  try  the  relish  of  by  the  perception  of  tlie 
organs  of  taste. 

3.  To  try  by  eating  a  little  ;  or  to  ent  a  little. 

Bt-cuiwe  1  Uuted  a  lUtle  of  thii  bouc;.  —  1  Siun.  sir. 

4.  To  e-ssay  first.  Lh-tjden. 

5.  To  have  pleasure  from.  Careto, 

6.  To  experience  ;  to  fuel ;  to  underga 


7.  To  relish  intellectually ;  to  enjoy. 

Thou,  Adam,  wUt  fcuW  do  );>lnuure.  MUson, 

8.  To  experience  by  shedding,  as  blood. 

When  CofninwIiM  hnil  oav  tatted  huiiuin  biood,  he  bcctmA  Inca. 
pable  of  pity  or  n-niorio.  Gibbon, 

TASTE,  V.  i.  To  try  by  the  mouth  ;  to  eat  or  drink  ; 
or  to  ent  or  drink  a  little  only  ;  as,  to  taste  of  each 
kind  of  wine. 

2.  To  have  a  smack  ;  to  excite  a  particular  sensa- 
tion, by  which  the  quality  or  flavor  is  distinguished  ; 
as,  butter  tastes  of  garlic  ;  api'lea  boiled  iu  a  brass 
kettle,  sometimes  ta.^'te  of  brass. 

3.  To  di!<tinguish  inti-llectually. 

Schulfir«,  when  5001I  w?nK  ileactibinf, 

C*ll  it  Aurinf  ana  imbibing.  SuAfl. 

4.  To  try  the  relish  of  any  thing.  Taste  of  the 
fruits  ;  taste  for  yourself. 

6.  To  be  tinctured  ;  to  have  a  particular  quality  or 
character. 

Kvfrr  hllr,  nic,  kd'I  WMik>n  reaaon 

Hbnll,  to  the  kiiif ,  !att»  cf  iliui  nciion.  Shak. 

6.  To  experience  ;  to  have  perception  of. 

The  mdluit  i»b»t  fcute  of  tlealli  but  oiico.  Shak. 

7.  To  take  to  be  enjoyed. 

Of  DUure'a  bouatj  rorn  (orbuTo  to  ta»U.  WalUr. 

8  To  enjoy  sparingly. 

For  Kg«  biit  taaUa  of  pl'-tuvim,  youlh  devoim.  /Tryfm. 

9.  To  have  the  exptTience  or  enjoyment  of. 

Thej  who  hnve  tailed  of  the  beareiily  fUt,  Mid  the  good  word 
of  (jod.  —  Ueb.  ri. 

TASTE,  H,    The  act  of  tasting  ;  gustation.    MUton. 
3.  A  particular  sensation  excited  in  an  animal  by 


TAT 

the  application  of  a  substance  to  the  tongue,  the 
proper  organ  ;  as,  the  taste  of  an  orange  or  an  ap- 
ple ;  a  bitter  taste;  an  acid  taste;  a  sweet  taste 

3.  The  sense  by  which  we  perceive  the  relish  of  a 
thing.  This  sense  appears  to  reside  in  the  tongue 
or  its  papillae.  Men  have  a  great  variety  of  tastes. 
In  the  induenza  of  1790,  the  taste^  for  some  days, 
was  entirely  extinguished. 

4.  Intellectual  relish;  as,  he  had  no  ea^«  of  true 
glory.  ^         Addison, 

I  hare  no  IcwM     « 
Of  j}o|i\i1ar  applause.  l^yden, 

J^Tote.  —  In  tills  use,  the  word  Is  now  followed  hy 
fur.  '*  Ho  had  no  taste  for  glory."  When  followed 
by  of,  the  sense  is  ambiguous,  or  rather  it  denotes 
experience,  trial. 

5.  Judgment;  discernment;  nice  perception,  or 
the  power  of  perceiving  and  relishing  excellence  in 
human  performances  ;  the  faculty  of  discerning 
beauty,  order,  congruity,  proportion,  symmetry,  or 
whatever  constitutes  excellence,  particularly  in  the 
fine  arts  and  belles  lettres.  Taste  is  not  wholly  the 
gift  of  nature,  nor  wholly  the  effect  of  art  It  de- 
pends much  on  culture.  We  say,  a  good  taste^  or  a 
fine  taste,  Gerard. 

6.  Style ;  manner,  with  respect  to  what  is  pleas- 
ing; as,  a  poem  or  music  comjtosed  in  good  taste. 

Cyc 

7.  Essay;  trial;  experiment.  [J^otinuse.]  Skkk. 

8.  A  smalt  jrartiun  given  as  a  specimen. 

9.  A  bit ;  o  little  piece  tasted  or  eaten. 

10.  A  kind  of  narrow  ribbon. 

TAST'ED,  pp.    Perceived  by  tho  organs  of  taate ;  ex- 
perienced. 

TASTE'F^L,  a.    Having  a  high  relish;  savory;  as, 
tasteful  herbs.  Pope. 

9.  Having  good  taste. 

TASTE'FJJL-LY,  adv.     With  good  taste. 

TaSTE'FUL-NESS,  n.    The  sUito  of  being  tastcflil. 

TaSTE'I-ESS,  a.    Having  no  taste  j  insipid ;  as,  taste- 
less fruit. 

2.  Having  no  power  of  giving  pleaauro ;  as,  taste- 
less amusements. 

3.  Having  no  power  to  perceive  taste.    [ATnf  used.] 

4.  Having  no  intellectual  gust.  [Little  used.] 
TASTE'LES.S-LY,  ado.  In  a  tasteless  manner. 
TASTE'LESS-NESS,  n.    Want  of  taste  or  relish  ;  In- 

sipiilnees  ;  as,  the  tastelcssness  of  fruit. 

2.  Want  of  jKjrception  of  taste.    [J^ot  in  use.] 

3.  Want  of  intellectual  relish.  [JV«(  in  use.] 
TAST'ER,  n.     One  who  tastes. 

2.  One  who  first  tastes  food  or  liquor. 

Thy  tulor  be  thy  fcwMr,  e'er  thou  eat.  fhyUn. 

3.  A  dmra-cup.  Ainsworth. 
TAST'I-I.Y,  adv.     With  good  taste. 
TAST'iNG,  ppr.     Perceiving  by  the  tongue. 

2.  Trying;  expt^riencing  ;  enjoying  or  suffering. 
TAST'ING,  n.    'i'he  act  of  perceiving  by  the  tongue. 
2.  The  sense  by  which  we  perceive  or  distinguish 
savors  ;  or  the  perception  of  external  objects  through 
the  instrumentality  of  the  tongue  or  organs  of  taste. 
TAS'TO  SO'LO,  [It.]  in  mttsic,  denotes  tliat  the  pas- 
sage should  be  performed  witti  no  other  chords  than 
unisons  and  octaves. 
TAST'Y,  a.     Having  a  good  taste,  or  nice  perception 
of  excellence  ;  applied  to  persons;  as,  a  tasty  lady. 

2.  Being  in  conformity  to  the  principles  of  good 
taste  ;  elegant ;  as,  tasty  furniture;  a  tasty  dress. 
TAT'TA,  n.    In  Ijulia,  a  bamboo  frame  or  trellis  over 
which  water  is  sulfered  to  trickle,  with  a  view  of 
cooling  the  air  as  it  enters  the  windows  or  doors. 
TAT'TER,  V.  L     rCiu.  Sax.  totaran;  compounded  of 
taran,  to  tear,  ana  the  prefix  to,  or  D.  tod^  Scot,  dud^ 
a  rag.] 
To  rond  or  tear  into  rags.    [JVot  used  except  in  the 

partir.iple.  ] 

TAT'TEit,  71.    A  rag,  or  a  part  torn  and  hanging  to 
the  thing  ;  chiefly  used  in  the  plural,  Tattkbb. 

TAT-TER-DE-MAL'ION,  (de-mal'yun,)   n.    A  rag- 
ged fflluw.  JJ' Kstrange. 

TAT'TER-i:i>,  pp.  or  a.     Rent;  torn;  hanging  in 
rags  ;  as,  a  tattered  garment. 

Wh^re  wavM  tho  tattered  enai^t  of  Ra^-faJr.  Pope. 

TAT'TLE,  (tat'tl,)  v.  i.     [D.  tatercn;  It.  tattamcllarc.] 

1.  'I'o  prate  ;  to  talk  idly ;  to  uso  many  words  with 
little  meaning. 

KwuM  it  by  the  taUiing  quAlKy  of  a(fe,  which  is  alwarp  narr*- 
tirc,  Dn/den, 

5.  To  tell  tales;  to  communicate  secrets;  as,  a 

tattlin'T  girl. 
TAT'TLE,  n.    Prate  ;  Idle  talk  or  chat  j  trifling  talk. 

They  told  the  bitUt  of  tho  day.  Svf\rL 

TAT'TLER,  n.    One  who  tattles  j  an  Idle  talker ;  one 

that  tells  tales. 
TAT'TLER-Y,  n.     Idle  talk  or  chat. 
TAT'TLING,  ppr.    Talking  idly  ;  telling  tales. 

2.  a.    Given  to  idle  tilk  ;  apt  to  tell  tales. 
TAT'TLING-LY,  adv.    In  a  tattling,  telltale  manner. 
TAT-TOO',  n.     [If  this  word  was  originally  tapt^o  or 

tapto,  it  is  from  the  Fr.  tapntrr,  to  beat ;  tajwtez  (oiw, 
beat,  all  of  you  ;  from  taper,  Gr.  T-turr^i,  Eng.  tap.] 
A  beat  of  drum  at  night,  giving  notice  to  soldiers 


TAU 

to  retreat,  or  to  repair  to  their  quarters  in  garrison, 
or  to  their  tents  in  camp.  Cyc, 

TAT-TOO',  v.L  In  the  South  Sea  isles,  to  prick  the 
skin,  and  stain  the  punctured  spots  with  a  colored 
fluid  or  substance,  forming  lines  and  figures  ■upon 
tlio  body  In  some  isles,  the  inhabitants  tattoo  the 
face,  in  others,  only  the  body.  Tho  same  practice 
exists  among  other  rude  nations. 

Barrow.    Makeniie, 

TAT-TOO',  n.  Figures  on  the  body,  made  by  punc- 
tures and  stains  in  lines  and  figures. 

TAT-TOO'JCD,(tat-tood',);;p.ora.  Marked  by  stained 
lines  and  figures  on  the  body. 

TAT-TOO'ING,  ppr.  Marking  with  various  figures 
by  stained  lines. 

TAT-TOO'ING,  n.  The  operation  or  practice  of  prick- 
ing the  skin  and  staining  the  punctured  spots  with  a 
colored  substance,  so  as  to  form  lines  and  figures  on 
the  body.  P.  Cyc 

TAUGHT,  (tawt,)  a.  [from  the  root  of  ti^Ai.]  Tight ; 
stretched  ;  not  slack.  Totten. 

TAUGHT,  (tawt,)  preL  and  pp.  of  Tsach.  [L,  doc- 
tus.] 

Experience  taiLgkt  him  wisdom.  He  baa  been 
tautrftt  in  the  school  of  experience, 

TAUNT,  a.  Among  seamen,  a.  term  signifying  very 
high  or  tall,  as  the  masts  of  a  ship.  ToUtJU 

TAUNT,  (tint,)  v.  L     [Uu.  Fr.  fuuMr,  to  rebuke  or 

o  -     ,,    ^ 

chide  ;  W.  tantiaw,  to  stretch  ;  or  Pers.    "  4\aj\»j 
tauanidan,  to  pierce  with  words.]  *-*     "^^ 

1.  To  reproach  with  severe  or  insulting  words  ;  to 
revile  ;  to  upbraid. 

When  1  bad  at  my  plcaaure  fexunMci  ber.  Ehak, 

2.  To  exprobrate  ;  to  censure. 

Rail  thou  In  FulHa'a  phraac,  and  laun{  07  ixulta.  Skak. 

TAUNT,  a.  Upbraiding  words  ;  bittor  or  sarcastic  re- 
proach ;  insulting  invective. 

With  KotTa  and  Ki^rns,  aod  contitmcUoiifl  ftutntt.  Stak. 

With  sacril'igiiiua  fuurU  luid  iiiipiuua  jcal.  iVior, 

TAUNT'ED,  pp.  Upbraided  with  sarcastic  or  sovoro 
words. 

TAUNT'ER,  n.  One  who  taunts,  reproaches,  or  up- 
braids, with  sarcastic  or  censorious  reflections. 

TAUNT'ING,  ppr.  ox  a.  Treating  with  severe  reflec- 
tions ;  upbraiding. 

TAUNT'ING-LY,  adv.  With  bitter  and  sarc-istie 
words  ;  insultingly  ;  scofliugly. 

TAU-RI-eORN'OUS,o.  [L.  taanw,  a  bull,  and  eornu, 
iiorn.]  « 

Having  horns  like  a  bull.  Broron. 

TiVU'RI-FORM,  fl.    [L.  taunts,  a  bull,  and  form.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  bull.  Fabcr. 

TAU'RIXE,  a.     [L.  teunw,  a  bull.] 

1.  Relating  to  a  bull. 

2.  Relating  to  the  Taurus  Urus,  tho  species  to 
%vhich  the  common  bull,  or  ox,  and  cow  belong, 
and  for  which  lliero  is  no  peculiar  name  In  £ng- 
li^th. 

TAU'RO-COL,  n.    A  gluey  substance  made  from  A 

bull's  hide. 
TAU'RUS,  n.     [L.  ;  W.  tone] 

1.  The  Bull ;  oneof  the  twelve  signsof  the  zndlae, 
and  the  second  In  order,  or  that  next  to  Aries. 

2.  The  Linntean  naino  of  the  species  to  which  the 
common  bull,  or  ox,  and  cow  belong,  and  for  which 
there  is  no  )>eculiar  name  in  English. 

TAUT.  a.     'I'ighl.     [See  Taught.]  Totten. 

T^U'TO-eilRONE,  n.     [Gr.  rdvra  and  xpovof,] 

A  curve  line  of  such  property  that  a  heavy  body 
descending  along  It  by  the  action  of  gravity  will  al- 
ways arrive  at  the  lowest  point  In  the  same  tirao, 
wherever  in  the  curve  it  may  begin  to  fall.  Brande. 

TAU-TOG',  n.  A  fish  found  on  the  coast  of  New 
lEngland,(Labrus  Amcricanus,)  valued  for  food  ;  also 
called  BLACKt>-i9H.  St&rcr's  Mass.  Bep. 

TAU'TO-LTTE,  n.  A  velvet-black  mineral  occurring 
in  volcanic,  fcldspathic  rocks. 

TAU-TO-LOG'I€,         )  a.    [See  Taittologt.]      Ro- 

TAU-TO-LOG'ie-AL,  j  peating  the  same  thing  ; 
Having  the  same  signification;  as,  a  tantological  ex- 
pression or  phrase. 

Tautological  echo ;  an  echo  that  repeats  tho  same 
sound  or  syllable  many  times. 

TAU-TOT/O  GIST,  n.  One  who  uses  diflTerent  words 
or  phrases,  in  succession,  to  express  the  same  sense. 

T^U-TOL'O  GIZE,  V.  i.  To  repeat  the  same  thing 
in  ditferont  words, 

TAU-TOL'O-GOUS,  a.    Tautological.    DicighU 

TAU-TOL'0-GY,  n.  [Gr.  ravTo^oyia;  ravTa^  the 
same,  and  ^wyoj,  word  or  expression.] 

A  repetition  of  the  same  meaning  in  different 
words ;  needless  repetition  of  a  thing  in  different 
words  or  phrases  ;  or  a  representation  of  any  thing 
as  the  cause,  condition,  or  consequence  of  itself,  as 
In  tlie  following  lines,  Cyc 

The  dawn  ii  orcrcaat,  the  moralny  lowen, 

And  heavily  Id  clotitla  hrin^  on  iba  day.  Additon. 


TAU-TO-PHON'le-AL, 

sound. 


Repeating    the    same 


TONE,  BULL,  tINlTE.  — AW'GER,  VI"CIOU8 €  as  K  j  Q  *»  3 ;  B  na  Z;  CH  a.  8H ;  TH  an  In  THIS. 


TAX 

TAU-TOPH'0~NY,  (law-tofo-ne^ ».  [Qr.  Tdvra,the 
same,  and  •^'•tyn.,  voice.] 

Ki^petttiuii  of  the  eamd  sound. 

TAV'EKN', )».  \Fr.  tarcme ;  W.  tavam;  L.  taberaa  ; 
taif  Uitf  root  01  table,  a  bi>nnl,  and  ?<u.  (p™,  placo.] 

A  houae  lic^naed  lu  soil  liquors  in  small  quantities, 
to  be  drank  un  the  spot.  In  some  of  the  United 
Slates,  Uiverti  \s  synonymous  with  ran  or  Ap*W,  and 
denotes  a  house  Ibr  the  entertainment  of  ImveU'ra, 
u  well  as  for  tbe  sale  of  liquori;,  licen.-«ed  for  that 
purpose. 

TAV'ERN-ER,  )  n.     One  who  keeps  n  tavern. 

TAVERN-KEEPER,  (  In  Vie  United  Stat^j,  one 
who  is  licensed  to  9tll  liquors  to  be  drank  in  his 
house,  and  to  entertain  travelers  and  lodgers,  to- 
gether with  the  borsea  or  oien  composing  their 
kMuiu  Tiaeenura  are  by  law  to  be  provided  with 
suitable  beds  for  their  guests,  and  with  fudUer  for 
horses  and  cattle.  Lmts  of  Omn. 

TAVERN-HAUNTER,  n.  [tavrrn  and*aim(.j  One 
who  frequents  taverns  ;  one  who  spends  his  time 
and  substance  in  tippling  in  taverns. 

TAVERN-ING,  «.    A  feasting  at  taverns.         ffalL 

TAV'ERN-M.-V.V,  n.    [tactrn  and  num.]    The  keeper 
of  a  tavern.    [JVbt  in  hm.] 
S.  A  tippler. 

T^W,  V.  u    [Sax.  tewioN ;  D.  tomoM.    In  Sul  teagm 

o  ^ 

has  the  like  signification.     In  Persic,     *.  Ju*lJ 
loudoa,  is  to  scrape  and  curry  hides.]        *^     'Z- 

To  dress  white  leather ;  to  drees  and  prepare  skins 
In  white,  as  the  skins  of  sheep,  l.imb<4,  ^oiits,  and 
kids,  for  gloves  and  the  like,  by  imbuing  them  with 
alum,  salt,  and  other  matters.  Cyc 

T^W. m.  A  marble  to  be  played  with;  a  gnme  at 
marUee.  Stoifi. 

TjVWDRI-LY,  adv.    In  a  tawdry  manner. 

T^WDRI-NESS, «.  [from  tnvdnj.]  Tinsel  in  dress ; 
excessive  finery ;  ostentatious  finery  without  ele- 
gance. 


tskmemytmaa  wmkm  s 


«  ourMtAiI  fa; 


T^WDRy,  a.  Very  fine  and  showy  in  edorfl,  witb- 
oat  taste  or  elegance ;  having  an  excess  of  showy 
cmaments  without  grace  ;  as,  a  tatodrf  dress  j  low- 
diry  featben  i  tataJry  eoUna. 

Bs  nil  froa  morak^  to  night  ftt  caeaotd  I 


T^WDRT,  m.    A  slight  omamsnt  Dra^tm, 

T^WJCD,  (tawd,)  |>p.  or  a.  Dressed  and  made  white, 
Ds  leather. 

TAW'ER,  n.    A  dresse^of  white  leather. 

T,\WEK-¥',  n.  A  place  where  skins  are  tawed  or 
dyed  with  alnm.  Mamndtr. 

T^W'ING,  jipr.    Dressing,  as  white  leather. 

TAW'ING,  «.  Tbe  ait  and  opention  of  preparing 
skins,  and  forminK  them  into  while  leather,  by  im~ 
btting  them  with  alum,  salt,  and  other  matters. 

Brande. 

TAW'NI-NESS,  n.    Tbe  quality  of  being  tawny. 

T^W'NV,  a.     [Fr.  f.iiiii^,  from  tmiffA-,  to  tan.] 

Of  a  yellowish-dark  color,  like  thine:*  tanned,  or 
persons  who  are  sunburnt ;  as.  a  tattay  Moor  or  S^xui- 
lani  J  the  tawng  sons  of  Nuroldia  ;  tbe  tavmv  Hon. 
JIddison.     JUiUoR. 

TAX,  «.  rPr.  tare ;  Sp.  Uisa ;  It.  (oam  ;  (Vom  L.  tmo, 
to  tax.  If  from  Uie  Gr.  i-nfiy,  r«trffr.f,  the  root  was 
to^,  tbe  sense  of  which  was  to  set,  to  thrust  on. 
But  this  is  doubtful.     It  may  be  allied  to  task.] 

1.  A  rate  or  £um  of  money  assessed  on  the  person 
or  property  of  a  citizen  by  government,  for  the  use 
of  the  nation  or  state.  Tbzet,  in  ftee  governments, 
arc  Qsually  laid  upon  the  property  of  citizens  accord- 
ing to  their  income,  or  the  value  of  their  estates. 
7^  ia  a  term  of  general  import,  including  aJmoet 
every  species  of  imposition  on  persons  or  property 
for  supfJying  the  public  treasury,  as  tolls,  tribute, 
subsidy,  excise,  impost,  or  customs.  But  more  gen- 
erally, tmz  is  limited  to  the  sum  laid  upon  polls, 
lands,  bouses,  hordes,  cattle,  professions,  and  occu- 
pations. 8o  we  speak  of  a  land  lor,  a  window  tax, 
a  (ox  on  carriages,  &c.    Taxes  are  anHuat  or  pcnet- 

9.  A  sum  imposed  on  the  persons  and  property  of 
citizens  to  defray  tbe  expenses  of  a  corporation,  so- 
ciety, parish,  or  company ;  as,  a  city  tor,  a  county 
tax,  a  parish  tax,  and  tbe  like.  So  a  private  associa- 
tion may  lay  a  fox  on  its  members  for  the  use  of  the 
association. 

3.  That  which  is  imposed  ;  a  burden.  Tbe  atten- 
tion that  he  gives  to  public  business  is  a  heavy  tax 
on  his  time. 

4.  Charge  ;  censure.  Oarendtm. 

5.  Ta»k. 

TAX,  r.  (.     [L.  taxo  ;  Fr.  iaxer :  It.  tassare.'] 

1.  To  lay,  impose,  or  assess  upon  citizens  a  certain 
sum  of  money  or  amount  of  property,  to  be  raid  to 
tbe  pubhc  treasur>-,  or  to  the  treasury  of  a  corpora- 
tion or  company,  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  gov- 
erameDt  or  corporation,  &c 

We  STC  mem  bearSj  bred  \yy  out  UleoM^  prLfc,  utd  foflT,  thui 
wp  are  tared  by  goremmmt.  Pramklut, 


TEA 

9.  To  load  with  a  burden  or  burdens. 

The  Domtor—  new  tatm  okh  lUth  bcTwd  tfao  otrHoua  bounds 
of  ptoboUnv.  J.  Sjiariu. 

3.  To  nsscfis,  fix,  or  determine  judicially,  as  the 
nmouut  of  cost  on  actions  In  court ;  as,  tbe  court  tax^ 
es  bills  of  cost. 

4.  To  charce ;  to  censure  ;  to  accuse  ;  usually  fol- 
lowed by  KUM  ,■  a.",  to  taz  a  man  tcitk  pride.  lie  was 
Utxad  incA  presumption. 

Mcn'i  Tirluc*  I  Iwrg  oofoiaondod  u  tiwlj  u  I  bare  (BJMd  tliHr 
eriro«.  Dryrien. 

[To  toz  ^  a  crime,  is  not  in  uae,  nor  to  tax  for. 
Both  are  now  improper.] 
TAX-.\-llIL'I-TY,  II,  Tfio  etate  of  being  tixable. 
TAX' A-DLE,  a.  That  may  bo  taxed ;  liable  by  law  to 
the  ORAcsdment  of  taxeit  ;  ad,  tazahlt  estate.  By  tlie 
laws  of  some  States,  piklls  are  not  UxxahU  after  tlie  age 
of  sevonly. 

9.  That  may  be  legally  charged  by  a  court  against 
the  plaintitf  or  defendant  in  a  suit ;  as,  tai^xbU  co^ts. 
TAX'A-BLE-NESS,  ».    The  state  of  being  taxable. 
TAX'A-BLY,  otfo.    In  a  taxable  manner. 
TAX-A'TION,  a.    [Fr.,  from  U  toMho.] 

1.  A  taxing  ;  the  act  of  laying  a  tax,  or  of  impos- 
ing taxes  on  the  subjturUt  of  a  sCite,  by  government, 
or  on  the  members  of  a  corpomtion  or  company  by 
the  proper  authority.  Tax4iUo%  is  probably  the  most 
difilcult  subject  of  leginlntion. 
9.  Tax;  sum  impoeed.     \IaU.U  ustd.] 

KedoOT'titcb  l&raaofU  dklrxtkci.  DantA. 

3.  Chnrgo  ;  accusation.     [Link  u«e<i.1  Shak. 

4.  I'he  act  of  taxing  or  assessing  a  bill  of  cost. 
TAX'£D,  (lakst,)  n'-  or  a.      Rated  ;   asBessed  ;  ac- 
cused. 

TAX'ER,  «.    One  who  taxes. 

9.  In  Cambridge^  England,  the  name  of  two  officers 

chosen  yearly  to  see  the  tnie  gauge  of  weights  and 

measures  observed.     [See  Taxoh.]  Cyc 

TAX'I-AR€H,  n.    [Gr,  rafiapxis  i  raf'r,  order,  and 

apvos.  Chief.] 
An  Athenian  military  officer  commanding  a  tixis 

or  battalion.  JdUford. 

TAX'l-€0RN8,  ».  d/.    [L.  lanw  and  comtu] 

A  family  of  eolet>ptcrous  insects  whose  antennm 

are  laraest  at  tbe  apex.  Cumrr. 

TAX-I-DER'iMie,  a.    Belonfring  to  the  art  of  preparing 

and  preservlne  the  skins  of  animals. 
TAX'I-OER-MrST,  «.    A  person  skilled  In  preparing 

and  preserving  the  skins  of  animal:*,  so  as  to  repre- 
sent their  nalunil  appearance. 
TAX'l-DER-MY,  n.    [Gr.   rufij,  order,  and  6epua, 

skin.] 
The  art  of  preparing  and  preserving  the  sklna  of 

animals,  for  cabinets,  so  as  to  represent  their  natural 

appearance. 
TAX'ING,  ppr.    Imposing  a  tax;  assessing,  as  a  bill 

of  cost :  accusing. 
TAX'ING,  a.     The  act  of  laying  a  tax:  taxation. 

Luke  ii. 
TAX-ON'0-MY,  «.   [Gr.  raftf,  order,  and  vo^ioc.law.] 

1.  That  department  of  natural  hinory  which  treats 
of  tbe  laws  and  principles  of  closfdflcation. 

2.  Tbe  laws  or  principles  themselves  of  classifica- 
tion. 

TAX'OR,  n.  In  Ik*  vnivrrsiUf  of  Cambridge,  England, 
an  officer  appointed  to  regulate  the  assize  of  bread, 
the  true  gauge  of  weitjhts,  &c.  Cam.  Cat. 

TEA,  (toe,)  n.  [Chinese,  teha.  or  tJui.  Grosicr.  Hum. 
takai ;  Sp.  **,■  It.  «• ;  Fr.  tM.] 

1.  The  leaves  of  the  tea-tree  as  dried  and  import- 
ed. There  are  several  kinds  of  tea  ;  as  imperial  toa, 
hyson  and  young  hyson,  called  gre*ii  teas  ;  souchong 
and  bohen,  called  black  teas,  &c. 

2.  A  decoction  or  infusion  of  tea-leaves  in  boiling 
water.     Tea  is  a  refreshing  beverage. 

3.  Any  infVision  or  decoction  of  vegetables  j  as, 
ease  tea  i  chamomile  tea,  &.c. 

TEA,  e.  ».    To  take  or  drink  tea.  HalUwell, 

[  VarioHS  dialects  of  Englarul.  ] 

TEA'-BOAHD,  n.  [tea  and  board.]  A  board  to  put 
tea  furniture  on. 

TEA'-€AN-IS-TER,  n.  [tea  and  caniiiter,]  A  canis- 
ter or  borin  which  tea  is  kept. 

TEA'-€UP,  a.  [tea  and  cup.]  A  small  cup  In  which 
tea  is  drank. 

TEA'-DRAL-ER,  h.    A  merchant  who  sella  tens. 

TEA'-DRINK-ER,  n.  ■  [tea  and  drinker.]  One  who 
drinks  much  tea. 

TEA'-PLANT,  n.    The  tea-shnib,  Camellia  Thea. 

TEA'-POT,  n.  [tea  and  pou]  A  vessel  with  a  spout 
in  which  lea  is  made,  and  from  which  it  ia  poured 
into  toa-cups. 

TEA'-Sj'VU-CER,  n.  [tea  and  Mucer.]  A  smaU  sau- 
cer in  which  a  tea-cup  is  aeL 

TEA'-SPOON%  n.  [tea  and  spoon.]  A  small  spoon 
used  in  drinking  tea  and  coffee. 

TEA'-TA-BLE,  a.  [tea  and  table.]  A  table  on  which 
tea-fumiture  is  set,  or  at  which  tea  Is  drank. 

TfiA'-TKEE,  a.  [tea  and  tree.]  The  shrub  or  plant, 
Camellia  Thea,  that  produces  the  leaves  which  are 
imported  and  called  tea.  It  is  a  native  of  China, 
Japan,  and  Tonquin,  but  has  recently  been  intro- 
duced into  South  America.  Enej/e. 


TEA 

TRA'-URN,  n.  A  vessel  in  the  form  of  a  vase,  for 
supplying  lioated  wator  for  tea. 

jEweyc  of  Dom.  Econ. 

TEACH,  (tooch,)  e.  (. ;  pret.  and  ;»p.  Tauoht.  [Hax. 
Uuan,  to  teach,  and  to  take ;  L.  doeeo ;  Jr.  dcachtaim, 
to  teach,  to  dictate  ;  Gaelic,  deaehdam,  which  seems 
to  bo  tbe  L.  dico,  dicta,  and  both  tlietie  and  the  Gr. 
dcuoj,  to  show,  may  bo  of  one  family  ;  all  implying 
sending,  passing,  communicating,  or  rattier  leuding, 
dmwing.] 

1.  To  mstruct;  to  inform;  to  communicate  to  an- 
other the  knuwlcdgo  of  that  of  which  lie  was  before 
ignorant 

llo  will  IsotA  oi  of  bW  vaTB,  nod  iro  wUt  walk  la  hb  ptOtu.— 

U.  h. 
LonJ,  l«:ie&   ua  to  yn.j,  u  John   ul*o  tomght  bU  dljeiple« 

Luko  U. 

9.   To    doliror   any    doctrine,  art,  principles,  or 
words  for  Instruction.    One  sect  of  ancient  p^i!o*o- 
phors  taught  the  doctrines  of  stoicism,  another  those 
.  of  opicureouism. 

lo  ruin  ttky  wonhip  me,  teaming  tor  doclrinoa  the  comm&iicl- 
mcnta  of  moo.  —  Matt.  xt. 

3.  To  tell ;  to  give  intelligence.  Ttmetr. 

4.  To  instruct,  or  to  practice  the  business  of  an  in- 
structor ;  to  uso  or  follow  tlio  employment  of  a  pre- 
ceptor ;  OS,  a  man  teaehe^i  Bchool  fur  a  livelihood. 

5.  To  show ;  to  exhibit  so  as  to  iinpretis  on  the 
mind. 

ir  •ome  men  teac&  wtekod  lUnga,  fl  muit  ba  Uui  oihen  mtiy 
ptoctloe  then).  £bu(A. 

6.  To  accustom ;  to  make  familiar. 

Tbpj  hare  taught  tbeir  tongue  to  tpotdi  lloa.  —  Jer.  tx. 

7.  To  inform  or  admonish;  to  givo  previous  no- 
tice to. 

Por  he  taught  hla  dladplca,  an<I  eold.  —  Mark  Ix. 

8.  To  suggest  to  the  mind. 

For  Iho  Iloly  Spirit  ■hftll  toarJi  you  lu  llwt  lame  hour  wh;»t  ye 
oiiglA  lu  Kvy.  —  Ltiika  xd. 

9.  To  signify  or  give  notice. 

Ilo  l0acfi«tS  with  hU  fUigon.  —  Prov.  rl. 

10.  To  counsel  and  direct.    Hab.  Ii. 

TEACn,  r.  i.  To  practice  giving  instruction;  to  per- 
form tl)o  business  of  a  preceptor. 


TEACH,  a.     [Ir.  and  Gaelic,  traghamj  to  heat.] 
In  sugar  works,  the  last  boiler. 

Edwards,   W.  Ind. 
TEACH' A-BLE.  (teech'n-bl,)  a.     That  may  be  taught ; 
apt  to  leam  ;  also,  readily  receiving  instruction  j  do- 
cile. 

We  ou^ht  (o  brbi^  onr  mnids  rrm,  unliased,  and  (eocViAte,  to 
kurn  ciur  ivllfion  from  ibe  word  ol  Uod.  Watlt, 

TEACirA-BLE-NES8,  a.  The  quality  of  being  ca- 
pohle  of  receiving  instruction  ;  more  generally,  a  will- 
ingness or  readlnesa  to  be  informed  and  instructed  ; 
docility  ;  aptness  to  learn. 

TEACII'ER,  n.    One  who  teaches  or  Instmcts. 

2.  An  instructor  ;  a  preceptor  ;  a  tutor  ;  one  whose 
business  or  occupation  is  to  instnict  others. 

3.  One  who  instructs  others  in  religion  j  a  preach- 
er ;  a  minister  of  the  gospel. 

Tho  teacKera  In  r11  the  cburely?*  lummbled  IbomaeiTCB.    Ralegh. 

4.  One  who  preaches  without  regular  ordination. 

TEACri'ING,  ppr.     Instnicllng  ;  Informing. 
TEACH'ING,  n.    The  act  or  business  of  instructing. 

5.  Instruction. 

TEACH'LESS,  a.    Unteachable  ;  IndocUe.    SkcUcy. 

^Ide;!"-     fL-t-rAz.] 

A  torch  ;  a  flambeau.     [JWrf  <n  use.]         Spenser. 

TEAGUE,  (teog,)  a.    An  Irishman  ;  tn  contempt. 

Johnson. 

TEAK,  )  n,     A  tree  of  the  East  Indies,  which  ftir- 

TEEK,  t  nishes  an  abundance  of  ship  timber.  It  is 
the  Icctonia  grandis. 

TEAL,(teel,)  n.     [D.talinff.] 

A  web'footod  water-iowl,  nearly  allied  lo  the 
common  duck,  but  smaller.  The  common  tea!  is 
thfi  lioschas  (Anas,  Linn.)  crecca.  Swainson. 

TEAM,  (teem,)  n.  [Sax.  (Ann,  offspring,  progeny, 
race  of  descendants,  hence  a  suit  or  long  series  ;  ty- 
man,  to  teem,  to  bear,  to  bring  forth,  also  to  call,  to 
summon.  The  primary  sonae  is  to  shoot  out  or  ex- 
tend.] 

I.  Two  or  more  horses,  oxen,  or  other  boasts  har- 
nessed together  to  the  same  vehicle  for  drawing,  as 
to  a  coach,  chariot,  wagon,  cart,  sled,  sleiph,  and 
the  like.  It  has  been  a  great  question  whether 
teams  of  horses  or  oxen  are  most  advantageously  em- 
plnyod  in  agriculture.  In  land  free  from  stones  and 
E^tumpe,  and  of  easy  tillace,  It  is  generally  agreed 
that  horses  are  preferable  for  teams. 
3.  Any  number  pas&ing  In  a  line  ;  a  long  line. 

LIko  fc  Ioti^  Uam  of  ■now;  BWaDs  oa  iAgh.  Drydan, 

I  This  is  the  primary  sense,  but  is  rarely  use^] 
TEAM'BTER,  a.    [team  and  star,]    One  who  drives  a 
team. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PKBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE.  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.~ 


TEA 

Tf.AM'-\VORK,  (leein'wurk,)  n.  [team  and  loork.] 
Work  done  by  a  team,  as  distiiiguislied  from  per- 
sonal labor.  JVeio  Enjrland. 

Tear,  (tecr,)  n.  [Gaelic,  dear,  dcur ;  Gotll.  taffr, 
contracted  in  Sax.  tear;  G.  zdAre  ;  Pw.  tan  Dan. 
tcArti  W.  daiffyr;  Gr.  Saxfiv ;  from  flowing  or  pour- 
ing forth ;  Ar.  Ou  tauka,  to  burst  forth,  as  tears, 


\       or  Oi*  trotioita,  to  drop  or  distil.    Sue  Class  Dg, 

1       No.  16,  24,  48,  G3.] 

'  1.  Tears  are  the  limpid  fluid  secreted  by  the  Incry- 

mal  gland,   and  appc-arins  in  the  eyes,  or  Mowing 

1       from  tliem.     A  tear,  in  the  sin^ilar,  is  a  drop  or  a 

j  email  quantity  of  thtit  fluid.  Tears  are  excited  by 
passions,    particularly  by  grief.      This  fluid  ia  also 

[       called  forth  by  any  injurj-done  to  the  eye.    It  serves 

i  to  moisten  the  cornea  and  preserve  its  transparency, 
nnd  to  remove  any  dust  ur  tino  sub:^tance  that  enters 

'       the  eye  and  gives  iKiin. 

i  9.  Something  in  the  form  of  a  transparent  drop  of 

)       fluid  matter. 

I  TEaR,  (tire,)  v.  t. ;  prct.  Tore  ;  pp.  Torn  ;  old  preL 
Tahe,  obs.  [Sax.  taran^  to  tear  ;  tiran,  djran,  tyrian, 
tyri^an,  to  fret,  gnaw,  provoke  ;  Riiss.  deru,  to  tear. 
In  Sw.  tdra  is  to  fret,  consume,  waste ;  Dun.  ttsrer. 
Id. ;  D.  terren,  G.  lehren,  id.  These  are  probably  the 
same  word  varied  in  signification,  and  they  coincide 
with  L.  tero,  Gr.  teioo).  In  W.  tori^  Arm.  torri. 
Corn,  tcrki,  is  to  break;  Ch.  and  Syr.  J?*^n,  to  tear, 
to  rend.     Class  Dr,  No.  43,  51.] 

1.  To  separate  by  violence  or  pulling ;  to  rend  ;  to 
lacerate  ;  as,  to  tear  cloth  ;  to  t^ar  a  garment ;  to  tear 
Uie  skin  or  flesh.  We  use  (ear  and  rip  in  different 
senses.  To  tear  is  to  rend  or  separate  the  texture  of 
cloth  ;  to  rip  is  to  open  a  seam^  to  separate  parts 
sewed  together. 

2.  To  wound  ;  to  lacerate. 

Tfae  women  beat  UkIi  breuts,  tbcir  chocks  thej  tear.       ShaJt, 

3.  To  rend  ;  to  break  ;  to  form  fissures  by  any  vio- 
lence ;  as,  torrents  tear  the  ground.  I>njUen. 

4.  To  divide  by  violent  measures;  to  shatter;  to 
rend ;  as,  a  stale  or  government  torn  by  factions. 

Locke, 

5.  To  pull  with  violence  ;  as,  to  tear  the  hair. 

J>rydeiu 

6.  To  remove  by  violence  j  to  break  up. 

Or  oa  roug^h  leas  rrorn  tbcir  fouodatlon  lorn.  Dryden. 

7.  To  make  a  violent  rent 

In  the  midstj  a  tearing  groan  did  break 

The  Diune  of  Aaton;.  SJiak. 

To  tear  from ;  to  separate  and  toke  away  by  force  ; 
as,  an  iaie  torn  from  its  possessor. 

Thft  hand  of  UVo 
Ha»  torn  tbo«/rom  mo.  AdSiMn. 

To  tear  off;  to  pull  off  by  violence  ;  to  strip. 
T**)  teta-  t»ui ;  to  pull  or  draw  out  by  violence ;  as, 
to  tear  out  tlie  eyes. 

To  tear  up ;  to  rip  up  ;  to  remove  from  a  flxed  state 
by  violence ;  as,  to  tear  vp  a  floor ;  to  tear  vp  tlie 
foundations  of  government  or  order. 
TEAR,  (tare,)  v.  i.  To  rave  ;  to  rage;  to  rant ;  to 
move  and  act  with  turbulent  violence ;  a.s  a  mad 
bull.  V  Estranire, 

TEAR,  (tare,)  a.     A  rent;  a  fissure.     [Little  i««i.J 
TEAR'F.R,  n.    One  who  tears  or  rcnd^  any  thing. 

2.  One  that  rages  or  raves  with  violi-nce. 
TEAR'-FALL-ING,  (teer'fawl-,)  a,     [Uar  nnd  falL] 

Shedding  t«ars  ;  tender ;  as,  tear-faUing  pity. 

Sfutk. 
TEAR'-FILL-ED,  (teer'fild,)  a.    Filled  with  tears. 

FroAcr. 
TEAR'FUL,  (teer'-,)  «-     t'™'"  a^'l  /"^O     Abounding 
with  tears;    weeping;   8he<ldtng  toard;  as,  tearful 
eyes.  Shak. 

TEAR'ING,(tare'-,)ppr.    [from  teflr,  to  rond.]     Rend- 
ing: piilhng  apnrt ;  taccrattng  ;  violent;  raging. 
TEAR'LEB.^,  (teer'-,)  a.    Shedding  no  tears  ;  without 

tears  ;  nnfeelmg.  Sandys. 

Tii.ASE,  (teez*-,)  V.  t     [Sax.  tafon,  to  pull  or  tear.] 
1    To  comb  or  card,  as  wool  or  flax. 

3.  To  scratch,  as  cloth  in  dressing,  for  the  purpose 
o|  raising  a  nap. 

3.  To  vex  with  ftnportunity  or  impf-rtinence ;  to 
harass,  annoy,  disturb,  or  irritate,  by  pptty  reijuests, 
or  by  jests  and  raillery.  Parents  are  often  teased  by 
their  children  into  unreasonable  compliances. 

My  frvotU  teaaa  nve  about  biin,  brcauae  be  b^a  oo  estate. 

ijiecwtor. 
TEAS'ED,  ftoexd,)  pp.     Carded. 

2.  Vexed  ;  irritated  ;  annoyed. 
TEA'S^3>,  (tee'zl,)  ti.     [Sax.  t^W.] 

1.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Dipsacn<<,  one  kind  of 
which  bears  a  large  bur,  which  ia  used  for  raising  a 
nap  on  woolen  cloth.    Hence, 
9.  The  bur  of  the  plant 
TEA'Si^Ij.  r.  L    To  cut  and  gather  teasels. 
T£A'S£L^ER,  n.    One  who  uses  the  teasel  for  raising 
a  nap  on  cloth.  Kelham. 


TED 

TkA'$/;L-1NG,  ppr.     Gathering  teasels;  as  a  Jtoun, 

the  cutting  and  gathering  of  teasels. 
Tf.AS'ER,  (teezVr,)  «.     One  that  teases  or  vexes. 
TicAS'lN'G,  7/pr.     Combing;  carding;   scratching  for 

the  purpose  of  raising  a  nap ;  vexing  with  iuiitor- 

lunily. 
TkAT,  I   n.     [Sax.  tit,  titt^ns  it  is  usually  pronounced 
TIT,      ]       to  this   day;    G.  zitie;   D.   tcti  W.  tttk; 

Com.  titt ;   Ir.  did;  Bastjue,  tUia;   Gaelic,  did;  Fr. 

teton,  breast,  It.  tetta  ;  Tort,  and  Sp.  teta  ;  Gr.  rirdos. 

It  coincides  with  tvoth,  teetAj  in  elements,  and  radi 

cal  sense,  which  is  a  shoot.] 

The  pnijecting  part  of  the  female  breast ;  the  dug 

of  a  beast ;  the  pap  of  a  woman  ;   the   nipple.     It 

eonsistfl  of  an  elastic  erectile  substance,  embracing 

the  lactiferous  ducts,  which  terminate  on  its  surface, 

nnd  thus  serves  to  convey  milk  to  the  young  of  ani- 

n>als. 
TkATIIE,  n.    The  soil,  manure,  or  fertility,  left  on 

lands  by  feeding  them.     [Local.] 
TkATHE,  v.  U    To  feed  and  enrich  by  live  stock. 

[Local..] 
TicA'ZLE,  n.     Teasel,  which  see.  P.  Cye. 

TECll'I-lA',  adv.   [from  techy,  so  written  for  Touchy.J 

Peevishly  ;  fretfully  ;  frowardly. 
TECH'I-NESS,  rt.    Peevishness;  fretfulness. 

Bp.  Hall. 
TECII'NIC,  j   a.    [L.  tcchnieus  ;  Gr.  Tf\n»fos,from 

TECH'NIC-AL,  j       rcxvr],  art,  artifice,  from  tcvxw, 

to   fabricate,  make,   or    prepare.     This    word    and 

Tiiaaut  have  the  same  elements.] 

1.  Pertiuning  to  art  or  the  arts.  A  technical  word 
Is  a  word  that  belongs  properly  or  exclusively  to  an 
art ;  as  the  verb  to  smelt  belongs  to  metallurgy.  So 
we  say,  technical  phrases,  technical  language.  Every 
artificer  has  his  technical  terms. 

3.  Belonging  to  a  particular  profession  ;  as,  the 
words  of  an  indictment  must  be  technicoL 

BlackstonCy  Index. 

It  la  of  the  ulnwst  importance  clearly  to  imtkntand  tlie  techni- 
eaJ.  lemu  used  hy  the  Euatern  tlifologiiiia.         Prof.  Le€. 

TEeil'Nie-AL-LY, orfc.  In  a  technical  manner;  ac- 
cording to  the  signification  of  terms  of  art  or  tlie 
professions. 

TECirNie-AL-NESS,  )   n.    The  quality  or  state  of 

TE€II-Nie-AL'I-TY,  j  being  technical  or  peculiar 
to  tlie  arts.  Forster. 

TECH'NieS,  TI.  The  doctrine  of  arts  in  general; 
such  hranrhes  of  learning  as  resjiect  the  arts. 

TE€H-NO-LO<S'r€^AL,  a.  [See  Te- hnology.]  Per- 
taining to  technology.  Beddoes.     Tooke. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  arts  ;  as,  tccfinohffical  institutes. 

Journ.  of  Science. 
TEen-NOL'OGlST,n.    One  who  discourses  or  treats 

of  arts,  or  of  the  terms  of  art 
TE€H-NOL'O-0;V,  n.    [Gr.  rcxi'Vt  art,  and  \oyoi, 

word  or  discourse.] 

1.  A  description  of  arts  ;  or  a  treatise  on  the  arts. 

2.  An  explanation  of  the  terms  of  the  arts. 

Crabbe. 

TECH'Y,  fl.  [So  written  for  TorcHT.]  Peevish  ;  fret- 
ful ;  irritable,     [More  correctly  Tou<  hv.]        Shak. 

TKC-TMIRANCII'I-ATE,  a.  or  n.  [L.  tego,  tectum, 
and  In-rmekur.] 

A  term  denoting  an  order  of  gastropodous  mol- 
lusks,  having  the  brunrhiie  or  gills  covered  more  or 
less  by  the  mantle,  which  almost  always  contains  in 
its  thickness  a  small  shell.  Cuvier. 

TEC-'I'ON'ie,  a.     [Gr.   r£<r(jn«wj,   from   rtu\c.>,  to 
fabricate.] 
Perttiiiing  to  buililing.  Bailnf. 

TEC'TRI-CKS,  71.  pi.  [from  T..  trim^  tectum.]  The 
fcatheri*  of  a  bird  which  cov^rr  the  (|uilt  fciitliers  and 
other  parts  of  the  wing  ;  the  coverts.  Brande. 

TED,  V.  t.  [W.  tid  and  tiz,  (it-tA,)  a  spread  ;  tedu,  to 
distend.] 

Among  farmers,  to  spread  ;  to  turn  new  mowed 
grass  from  the  swath,  and  scatter  it  for  drying.  [Lo- 
cal,] Mortimer.     Milton. 

TEUTtED,  pp.  or  a.  Spread  from  the  swath;  as, 
trdded  crass.  Milton. 

TEU'I>ER,  n.  fW.  tid,  a  chain;  Ir.  tead,  uidin ; 
Gaelic,  tead,  teidin,  teud,  a  chain,  cord,  or  rope  ;  Sw. 
Under  ;  probably  fntm  extending.     See  Ted.] 

1.  Ar(t|)e  orrhain  by  which  an  animal  is  tied  that 
ho  may  feed  tm  the  ground  to  the  extent  of  the  rope 
and  no  further.  Hence  the  popular  saying,  a  person 
has  gone  to  the  length  of  his  tedder. 

2.  That  by  which  one  is  restrained.  Child. 
TED'DER,  r.  f.     To  tie  with  a  tedder;  to  permit  to 

feed  to  the  length  of  a  rope  or  chain. 
2.  To  restrain  to  certain  limits. 

TED'OKR-A'D,  pp.  Tied  with  a  tedder ;  restrained  to 
certain  limits. 

TF:i)'r)ING,  ppr.    Spreading  from  the  swath. 

TE  DE'UM,n.  [L.]  A  hymn  to  be  sung  in  churches 
or  on  occasions  of  joy  ;  so  called  from  the  first  words, 
"  7'fi  Drum  laudamu.i,"  thee,  God,  we  praise. 

TS'DI-OUS,  a.  [Sp.  nnd  It.  tedioso,  from  tedio,  L. 
ta-dium;  probably  connected  with  W.  ted,  tedder, 
from  the  sense  of  drawing  out.] 

1.  Wearisome ;  tiresome  fnmi  continuance,  pro- 
lixity, or  fllownesfl  which  causes  prolixity.    We  say, 


TEI 

a  man  is  tedious  in  relating  a  slury  ;  a  minister  is 
tedious  in  hiu  sermon.     Vv'c  say  .ilso,  a  discourse  is 
tedious,  when  it  wearies  by  its  length  or  dullness 
2.  Slow  ;  as,  a  teHious  course.  Harte, 

Tk'DI-OUS-IjY,  adv.    In  such  u  manner  as  to  weary. 

Te'DI-OUS-NESS,  n.  ^Veart»omc^css  by  length  of 
continuance  or  by  prolixity  ;  as,  the  tediousiiese  of  an 
oration  or  argument 

2.  Prolixity;   length.  ShaJt. 

3.  Tiresomeness;  tjuality  of  wearying;  as,  the 
tedinusness  of  delay, 

4.  Slowness  that  wearies. 
Te'DI-UM,  n.     [L.  Utdium.] 

Irksomeness  ;  wearisomeness.  Cowper. 

Tk'DI-UM-STRICK-A;N,  a.  Suuck  with  irksomc- 
ness.  Ed.  Rev. 

TEEM,  V.  i.  [Sax.  iyman,  to  bring  forth,  to  bear; 
team.,  ofl^spring  ;  also,  tyman,  teaman,  to  call,  to  sum- 
mon ;  I),  tennon,  to  whino,to  cant,  that  is,  to  throw.] 

1.  To  bring  forth,  ;is  young. 

ir  &ho  mint  Item, 
Create  hoi  child  of  «piccn.  ShaJt. 

2.  To  be  pregnant ;    to  conceive ;   to   engender 

young. 

Teeming  buiU  and  cheerful  grwna  appear.  /Jry^n. 

3.  To  be  full ;  to  be  charged  ;  as  a  breeding  ani- 
mal; to  be  prolific.    Every  head  tecma  with  politics. 

.Addison. 

4.  To  bring  forth  ;  to  produce,  particulariy  in  abun- 
dance. The  earth  teems  with  fruits  ;  the  sea  teems 
with  fishes. 

TEEM,  V.  (.    To  produce  ;  to  bring  forth. 

Wliat'fl  Itif  newest  sriuff 
f^-icb  imtiutt,'  tetmt  u  new  otke.  SKak. 

[T'Ats  trarisitive  sense  is  not  common.] 
2.  To  pour.     [JVot  in  use.]  Swift 

TEEM'ER,  Tt.     One  that  brings  forth  young. 
TEEM'FJ;l,  a.     Pregnant ;  prolific. 

2.  Hnmful.  A'msworth. 

TEEM'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Producing  young;  fruitful; 

prolific. 
TKEM'LESS,  a.    Not  fruitful  or  prolific  j  barren;  as, 

the  teemless  earth.  Dryden. 

TEEN,  71     [Infra.]    Grief;  sorrow.     [Wo(  in  itsc] 

SpeiisGr. 
TEEN,  r.  t     [SaxTffOTWB,  t>jnan,  to  irritate.] 

To  excite  ;  to  provoke.     [JVo(  in  iise..] 
TEENS,  n.  pi,     [from  teen,  ton.]     The  years  of  one's 
age  having  the  terminatiun  teen.    These  years  begin 
with  tkirteeny  and  end  with  nineteen.     Miss  is  in  her 
teens, 
TEE'TER,  V.  i.  or  v.  U     To  ride  on  the  ends  of  a  bal- 
anced  plank,  &c.,  as  children  do  for  sport     [This 
word,  which  is  common  in  America,  is  the  same  as 
Titer,  a  provincial  word  in  England.    See  HoUo- 
way,] 
TEE'ni,  71. ;  pi.  of  TooTH,  which  see 

In  the  teeth ;  directly  ;  in  direct  opposition  ;  in 
front. 

Nor  atrive  with  nil  the  lirmpeat  in  my  teeth.  Pope. 

TEETH,  V.  i.     [from  the  noun.]    To  breed  teeth. 

TEETU'ING,  ;»;|jr.  Breeding  teeth;  undergoing  den- 
tition. 

TEETH'ING,  w.  The  operation  or  process  of  the  first 
growth  of  teeth,  or  the  process  l>y  which  they  make 
llieir  wav  through  the  gums,  calloi  Dentition. 

TEE-To'TAL-ER.  ti.  One  pledged  to  entire  absti- 
nence from  all  intoxicating  drinks  ;  a  cant  word 
formed  in  England,  t"n)m  the  initial  letter  of  temper- 
ance nnd  the  adjective  total.  Hence,  Teetotalism 
and  Teetotal. 

TEE-TO'TUM,  71.  A  child's  toy  somewhat  resem- 
bling a  top,  and  twirled  by  the  fingers.       Dickens, 

TEG'MEN,  71.  ,pf.  Teo'mi-n*.  [L.J  A  tegument  or 
cov(!ring.  Brande, 

TEG'U-LAR,  a.  [L.  tegvUiy  a  tile,  from  teffo^  to  cover 
or  make  close.] 

Pertaining  to  a  tile  ;  resembling  a  tile  ;  consisting 
of  tiles. 

TEG'lJ-LAR-LY,  adv.  In  the  manner  of  tiles  on  a 
roof.  Kincan. 

TEG'U-MENT,  n.  [L.  tcgumentum,  from  tego^  to 
cover.] 

A  cover  or  covering  ;  seldom  used  except  in  refer- 
ence to  the  covering  of  a  living  body.     [See  Inteo- 

TEG-(i-MENT'A-RY,  a.     Pertaining  to  teguments,  or 

consisting  of  teguments. 
TE-HEE'  ;  a  sound  made  in  laughing. 
TE-HEE',  V.  i.    To  laugh.     [A  cant  icori] 

The  liine-trce,  otherwise  called  the  LitfDEif. 

TEINDS,  71.  pi.     In  Scotland,  tithes. 

TEIN'O-Seol'E.n.  [Gr.  riii/w  nnd  triroirot.]  An  In- 
Rtrument  called  nl8o  the  Prism  Telescope,  formed 
by  combininft  prisms  so  that  the  chromatic  aberra- 
tion of  the  light  is  corrected,  and  the  linear  dimen- 
sions of  objects  Been  through  tliem  increased  or 
diminished.  Brande. 

TUINT,  (tint,)  71.     [Pr.  Icint,  from  Uindre,  h.  tingo,  to 
dye.] 
Color;  tinge.    [SeeTiHT.] 


TONE,  BlJLl,,  UNITE AN"GEn,  VI"CI0U8 C  M  K;  0  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII;  Til  as  in  THIS. 

1133 


TEL 


TEL 


TEM 


TEL-A-MO'NSS,  ".  pt.  [L.,  Gr.]  Figures  of  men 
supporting  entablatures,  as  caryatides  of  wonieu. 

TEL'A-RY,  a.    [L.  toio,  a  webj 
1.  Pertaining  to  a  web. 

S.  Spinning  webs;  as,  a  (•(ory  spider.  [IJOU 
mstd.]  Brown, 

TEL'E-GRAPH,  (tel'e-graf,)  n.  [Gr.  r^^c,  at  a  difl- 
tance,  and  ypof^d),  to  write.] 

A  machine  for  ctnnmnnicating  intclli|?cnce  fhim  a 
dletance  by  various  siiinals  or  movinienu  previously 
agreed  on  ;  which  signals  repn^sent  letters,  wiwd.^, 
or  ideas  which  can  be  transmitted  from  one  statioii 
to  another,  as  far  as  the  sipnnis  can  be  seen.  This 
tnnchtne  was  inrenied  by  the  French  ubi>ut  the  year 
1793  or  1794,  and  is  now  adoptid  by  other  nations. 

Cyc 
Eli€tr»'m<tfmetie  Ulfsrraph :  an  instrument  or  ap- 
puratus  for  communicntinp  words  or  language  to  a 
distance  by  the  use  of  eleciricily.     [Sets  EuccTao- 
Magnetic  Tklegrami.] 

TEL'E-GRAPH,  r.  L  To  convoy  or  announce  by  td- 
CRraph. 

TEUE-GRAPH'I€,  o.  Pert.iin(ng  to  the  telegraph ; 
made  by  a  telegrajih ;  aa,  teieffrupkic  movcmouu  or 
■igaals  ;  uiegmfluc  art. 

&  Communicatad  by  m  telegraph;  as,  teUgm^ue 
IntelKeence. 

TEL-E  r.RAPIT'ie-AL-LY,  oJr.     Bv  llie  telepmph. 

TEL-EG'RA-PHV,  n.  The  art  or  practice  of  curamu- 
nicatinc  init-llicence  by  a  telegraph. 

TE  LE-O-LOO'IC-AL,  «.    Pertaining  to  teleology. 

TE-LE-OL'O-GY.  it.    [Gr.  rtAoj,  end,  and  >j>os,  dis- 
course.] 
The  science  of  the  final  causes  of  things. 

TB-LE-0-3^U'RUS,  ».  [Gr.  wAfios,  perfect,  com- 
plete, and  aavna^  a  tizani.J 

A  genus  of  fossil  saunans,  with  long  and  narrow 
snoata.  St.  I/Uaire, 

[Sometimes  written  Telsosacr.] 

TEL-E-PHON'ie,  a.    [Gr.  rrjXe  and  ^atvn.] 

Far  souniling  ;  thai  propels  sound  a  great  distance. 

TRL'E  ;?€OPE,  a.  fFr.,  from  Gr.  rcAo^, end,  or  ri|A«, 
at  a  distance,  probablv  the  latter,  and  ujcoirca),  to  sue ; 
lu  and  Spk  ulmeopio.] 

An  i^ical  instrument  employed  in  viewing  distant 
objects,  as  the  heavenly  bodies.  It  assists  the  »ye 
chiffly  in  two  ways;  nrrt,  by  enlarging  the  visual 
ani^le'ti rider  which  a  distant  object  Is  seen,  and  thus 
raagnifyiuff  that  object ;  and  secondly,  by  culloriing 
and  rimveyinf:  to  the  eye  a  larger  beam  of  liphi  (Itan 
would  enter  the  naked  organ,  and  thus  ri-nderinf; 
Ejects  distinct  and  visible  which  would  otherwise 
be  indlstUKt  or  invisible.  Its  essential  parts  are  the 
0tjMt'gi**9t  or  concave  mirror,  which  collects  the 
beam  of  light,  aud  fomts  an  image  of  the  object,  and 
the  aife-gUssy  which  is  a  microscope,  by  which  iho 
image  ts  magnified. 

Bipieti»g  uitMop*  {  a  telescope  in  which  the  image 
is  formed  by  a  concave  speculum,  instead  of  sa  o«- 
Ject-glaas. 

R^ructhif  tdtstoya ;  a  telescope  in  which  the  im- 
age is  formed  by  an  object-glass. 

OalUM*  tdsM^e ;  a  refracting  telescope  in  which 
the  eye-glass  is  a  concave  instead  of  a  convex  lens. 
This  was  the  construction  originally  adopted  by  Gal- 
ileo, the  inventor  of  the  instrument. 

Omrtrrian  telescope;  a  rt-tlecting  telescope  of  the 
form  invented  by  James  Gregory,  of  Edinburgh,  in 
which  two  concave  mirrow  are  combined.  It  has, 
for  the  most  port,  given  place  to  the  Herschelian  tel- 
escope. 

Btrgekelian  tetcscope ;  a  reflecting  telescope  of  the 
form  invented  by  ^ir  William  llerschel,  in  which 
only  one  speculum  is  t-mployed.  by  mt-ans  of  which 
an  image  of  the  object  is  tunned  m  ar  one  side  of  the 
open  end  of  tlie  tube,  and  to  this  tJie  eye-glass  is  ap- 
plied directly. 

AWrtoRum  teUsc^e;  a  reflecting  telescope  of  the 
form  invented  by  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  in  which,  by 
means  of  a  plane  mirror,  the  image  is  reflected  to  the 
eye  through  one  side  of  the  tube,  where  it  is  viewed 
I^  the  eye-glass;.  (AauAed. 

TEL'E-S€OPE-^HELL,  «.  In  etmcholo^j^n.  species 
of  Turbo  with  plane,  striated,  and  numcrvus  spires. 

TEL-E-tieOP'ie,  \  o.     Pertaining  to  a  tele«cope  ; 

TELr-E-SeOP'ie-AL,  i  performed  by  a  telescope  ; 
as,  a  uXmcopic  view. 

%  Seen  or  dtscoverable  only  by  a  telescope;  as, 
te^MCopic  stars. 

TEL-E^S€OP'ie-AULY,  adv.    By  the  telescope. 

TE-LK'»rA,  a.    Sapphire.  Ur*. 

TEL'ESM,  n.  [Ar.]  A  kind  of  amulet  or  magical 
charm.  Oregory. 

TEL-ES-MAT'ie,         )  a.     Pertaining   to   telesma  j 

TEL-E?-MAT'IC-AI^i      magical.  Ort^ory. 

Tfi-LES'TICH,  fte-les'tik,)  a.  [Gr.  «Xo$,  end,  and 
oTi\os,  a  verse.] 

A  poem  in  which  the  final  letters  of  the  lines 
make  a  name.  Poa*.  Trant.     B.  Janson. 

TEL'ie,  a.  [Gr.  teAoj,  end. j  Denotingr  the  final  end 
or  purpose.  Thus  I'la,  otwc,  &;c.,  when  tran^ated 
*•  in  order  that,"  are  said  to  be  tdic,  as  distinEruished 
firom  their  ednsiic  use,  when  they  denote  '*  so  that." 

Oibbs. 


TELL,  r.  t. :  preU  and  pp.  Told.  [Sax.  ielUin :  G.  rah- 
len  i  D.  tetlen,  to  count,  number,  or  tell ;  Dan.  taller^ 
to  count;  uter,  to  talk,  speak,  reason  ;  Sw.  ttila^  to 
speak,  to  talk  i  tal,  uUk,  discourso,  speech,  number  ; 
Uiui.  talcy  Ice.  taUi^  id.  Tlio  primary  scnso  is,  to  throw 

or  drive,  L.  t«Iutn,  Ar.  ^  d«lta.    Class  Dl,  No.  6. 

So  L.  appeUo  and  pealy  L.  pello,  Gr.  /JaXXro.] 

I.  'IV  utter;  to  exprftss  iu  words;  to  communicate 
to  others. 

I  will  not  ent  till  I  b&To  told  my  oiraixl. — Gvn.  xxir. 

3.  To  relate  ;  to  narrate  ;  to  rehearse  particulars  ; 
OS,  to  UU  a  story.     Oen.  xxxvii. 

jIqi)  not  A  man  sppean  lu  teli  their  fete.  Poju. 

3.  To  teach  ;  to  inform  ;  to  make  known  ;  to  show 
by  words.     TVii  us  the  way. 

Wh7  dklst  Ukhi  oot  Irtt  me  that  ibe  vu  th^  wife  t  —  Gen.  xil. 

4.  To  discover ;  to  disclose  ;  to  betray. 

Tbrj  will  (cU  k  10  the  Inhabitaati  of  thb  Und.  —Num.  xir. 

5.  To  count ;  to  number. 

Look  now  toward  beareo,  aod  l*fi  the  ttan.-~Q«ii.  xt. 

6.  To  relate  In  confession ;  to  confess  or  acknowl- 
edge. 

7WII  me  DOW  what  'bou  bail  done.  —  Joiiu  T&. 

7.  To  publish. 

7VU  it  not  In  Oath.  ~  9  Sam.  t. 

6.  To  unfold ;   to  interpret ;  to   explain.     Ezek, 
xxiv. 

9.  To  make  excuses. 

Tuah,  never  tell  mc.     [Not  alegtuU.}  S^uk. 

10.  To  make  known. 


11.  To  discover;  to  find;  to  discxirn.  The  colors 
are  so  blended  that  Pcan  not  uU  where  one  cods  and 
the  other  begins. 

To  tell  offt  to  count ;  to  divide.  IT.  Scotu 

Telly  though  equivalent,  in  some  respects,  to  sprak 
and  «ay,  ha.s  not  always  the  same  application.  We 
say,  to  tdl  this,  that,  or  what,  to  tell  a  story,  to  tell  a 
word,  to  tdl  truth  or  falsehood,  to  tcU  a  numl>or,  to 
(cZf  the  reason:^,  to  ttU  somctliing  or  nothing ;  but  we 
never  say,  to  tclt  a  speech,  discourse,  or  oration,  or  to 
ull  an  argument  or  a  lesson.  It  is  much  used  in  com- 
mands. TrU  me  the  whole  slory  ;  teii  me  all  you 
know,  or  all  that  was  said.  Tell  has  fk'cqucntly  the 
sense  of  marrtUe,  which  aptok  and  say  have  not. 
TELL,  o.  I.    To  give  an  account ;  to  make  report. 

Thai  I  may  pnbtWi  with  tfae  Tutoe  of  thitnksglvut^,  and  ItU  of  all 
U17  wondroua  woria.  —  I^  xxri. 

3.  To  uke  effect ;  as,  every  shot  f«tb. 

3.  To  produce  some  eflect ;  as,  every  expression 

To  tell  of,  I  to  inform.    You  must  not  disobey^  I 
To  tell  oni\      will  Ull  o/you  if  you  do. 
I'his  is  a  common  po|miar  use  of  the  word.    To 
tell  on,  is  quite  vulgar,  as  well  as  iinproiter. 
TKLL'EK,  n.     One  that  telln,  relates,  or  communi- 
cates, the  knowledge  of  something. 

2.  One  who  numi>ers. 

3.  In  the  eichetjucr  of  Knirland,  Wiore  are  four  offi- 
cers called  tcllrrs,  whose  business  is  to  receive  all 
moneys  due  to  the  crown,  and  throw  down  a  bill 
through  a  pipe  into  the  tally-court,  where  it  is  re- 
ceived by  the  auditor's  clerks,  who  write  the  words 
of  the  bill  on  a  tally,  and  deliver  it  to  be  entered  by 
the  clerk  of  the  pell.  The  tally  is  then  split  by  the 
two  deputy  idiamberlains,  who  have  their  seals,  and 
while  the  senior  deputy  reads  the  one  part,  the  junior 
examines  the  olherwith  the  oUicr  two  clerks.    Cije. 

[This  word  is  supfiosed  to  be  from  tally,  being  in 
ancient  records  written  Talxier.] 

4.  An  oihcer  of  a  bank,  who  reseivcs  and  pays 
money  on  checks. 

TELL'EE-SHIP,  n.  The  office  or  employment  of  a 
teller. 

TEL-LI'\A,  n.  A  genus  of  bivalve  mollusks,  having 
fihells  rather  thin  and  delicate. 

TELL'ING,  ppr.  Uttering;  relating;  disclosing; 
counting. 

TEI^'Ll-NlTE,  n.  [from  teUina^  a  genus  of  testaceous 
animals.] 

A  petrified  or  fossil  bivalve  shell  of  the  genus  Tel- 
lina.     [  ObnA  Kincan. 

TELL'-TALE,  a.    Telling  tales  ;  babbling.       Shalt. 

TELL'-TALE.Ti.  [tdl  aud  taU.]  One  who  officious- 
ly communicates  information  of  the  private  concerns 
of  individuals;  one  who  tells  that  which  prudence 
should  suppress,  and  which,  if  told,  often  does  mis- 
chief among  neighbors.  Milton,     Hhak. 

2.  A  movable  pi&ce  of  ivory  or  lead  on  a  chamber 
organ,  that  gives  notice  when  the  wind  is  exhausted. 

Busby, 

3.  In  seamanship,  a  small  piece  of  wood,  traversing 
in  a  groove  across  the  front  of  the  poop  deck,  and 
which,  by  communicating  with  a  small  barrel  on  the 
axis  of  the  steering-wheel,  indicates  the  position  or 
situation  of  the  helm.  Mar.  Diet. 


TEL'LU-RAL,a.     [L.  tfi/iu.} 

Pertaining  to  the  earth. 
TEL'LU-RATE,  n.    A  comi>ound  of  telluric  acid  and 

a  base, 
TEIVLU-RET  ED,  a.    Tetluretrd  hydrogen  Is  hydro- 
gen combined  with  tellurium  In  a  gaseous  form. 

Ure. 
Tcllureted  hijdrorren  is  an  old  name  for  an  acid, 
comjwsed  of  hydrogen  and  tellurium,  in  which  the 
former  is  the  base  and  the  latter  the  acidifying  prin- 

TE/!-LC'Rre.  a.     [L.  tellu.-^,  the  earth.] 

PcrtJiinrng  to  tlie  earth  or  proceeding  from  the 
eartli ,  a'*,  a  di»ea.>ie  of  telluric  origin. 

TEL-LC'UIG  ACID,  71.  An  acid  composed  of  one 
equivalent  uf  tellurium,  and  three  of  oxygen. 

TF.L-LC'Rl-OX,  n.  Mi  instrument  for  showing  tJio 
operation  of  the  causes  which  pnwiuce  the  succession 
of  day  and  uight,  and  the  changes  of  the  seasons. 

Francis. 

TEL'LU-RITE,  n,  A  compound  of  tellurous  acid 
nnil  a  base. 

TEL-LO'RI-UM,  a.  A  metal  discovered  by  aiiiller  in 
1782,  Combined  with  gold  and  silver  in  Uie  ores,  and 
received  from  the  Bannat  of  Temeswar.  The  ores 
are  denominated  natitye,  graphic,  yellow,  and  black. 
The  native  tellurium  is  of  a  color  between  tin  and 
silver,  and  sometimes  inclines  to  a  steel  gray.  The 
graphic  tellurium  is  steel  gray,  but  sometimes  while, 
yellow,  or  lead  gray.  These  ores  ore  found  massive 
or  crystallized.  Cyc 

TEL'Lir-ROUS  ACaD,n.  An  acid  composed  of  one 
equivalent  of  tellurium  and  three  of  oxygen. 

TEM-E-RA'RI-OU3,a.  [Fr.temcrairei  L.  temerarius ; 
from  the  rotit  of  time,  tempest,  which  see.  The  seuse 
is,  rushing  or  advancing  forward.] 

1.  Rash;  headstrong;  unreasonably  adventurous  ; 
despising  danger  ;  as,  temerarious  folly.    L'Kstranee. 

2.  Careless ;  heedless  ;  done  at  random ;  us,  llie 
temerarious  lash  of  an  unguidod  pea.  Ray. 

[  Tkiit  wora  xs  not  much  used,] 
TEM-E-RA'RI-OUS-LY,  adv.    ■Rashly;  with  excess 

of  boldness.  Swift. 

TK-MER'I-TY,  n.    [L.  temeritaa;  properly,  a  rushing 

forward.    See  Time.] 

1.  Rashness;  unreasonable  contempt  of  danger  j 
as,  the  temerity  of  a  commander  in  war. 

2.  Extreme  boldness. 

The  fi^iin^  are  bold  even  to  temeriUf.  Coalej/. 

TEM'IN,  n.  A  money  of  account  in  Algiers,  equiva- 
lent to  2  carubes,  or  29  aspers,  about  3  cents,  or  lid. 
sterling.  E/l.  Encyc. 

TEM'PER,  r.  (.  [L.  tempero,  to  mix,  or  moderate  ;  It. 
temperare ;  Sp.  templar,  to  temper,  to  soHen,  or  mod- 
erate, to  anneal,  as  glass,  to  tune  an  instrument,  to 
trim  sails  to  the  #ind ;  Fr.  tempcrery  to  temptT,  allay, 
or  abate;  W.  tymperu,  to  temper,  to  mollify;  tym, 
s|)ace  ;  tymp,  enlargement,  birth,  season.  The  latter 
unites  this  word  with  time.  The  sense  of  this  word 
is  probably  from  making  seasonable  or  timely ;  hence, 
to  make  suitable.] 

1.  To  mix  so  that  one  part  qualifies  the  other ;  to 
bring  to  a  moderate  state  ;  as,  to  temper  justice  with 
mercy.  Milton. 

2.  To  compound  ;  to  form  by  mixture  ;  to  qualify, 
as  by  an  ingredient ;  or,  in  general,  to  mix,  unite,  or 
combine  two  or  more  things,  so  as  to  reduce  the  ex- 
cess of  the  qualities  of  either,  and  bring  the  whole  to 
the  desired  consistence  or  state. 

Thou  ahall  make  it  a  perfume,  n  confiMJtlon  after  Iho  Rit  of  the 
apothccai;,  tempered  logclher,  pure  and  holy.  — Ex.  xxx. 

3.  To  unite  in  due  proportion  ;  to  render  symmet- 
rical ;  to  adjust,  as  parts  to  each  other. 

God  hadi  tempered  the  body  together, —  t  Cor.  xU. 

4.  To  accommodate  ;  to  modify. 

Tby  atuteoaoce,  Krr'mg  to  the  appetite  of  tbo  eater,  tempered 
ftaelf  to  every  mao^a  liking.  Wiedam. 

5.  To  soften  ;  to  mollify  ;  to  assuage  ;  to  soothe  ; 
to  calm  ;  to  reduce  any  violence  or  excess. 

Solon  —  labored  to  temper  »hc  warlike  couragea  of  th©  Athenians 
with  «weel  ddighta  of  learning.  Spenaer. 

•  Woman  I   nature  mode  the« 

To  tamper  man  ;  we  bad  been  brutes  without  you.        Otway. 

6.  To  form  to  a  proper  degree  of  hardness  ;  as,  to 
temper  iron  or  steel. 

The  tempered  mctnU  ctoeh,  nnd  yield  n  sliver  sound.    Dryden. 

7.  To  govern.    [.4  I^eUinism.}    [JVo£  in  use.] 

Spenser. 

8.  In  miistc,  to  modify  or  amend  a  false  or  imper- 
fect concord  by  transferring  to  it  a  part  of  the  beauty 
of  a  perfect  one,  that  is,  by  dividing  the  tones. 

Cye. 
TE.>r'PER,  n.    Due  mixture  of  different  qualities  ;  or 
the  state  of  any  compotmd  substance  which  results 
f^om  the  mixture  of  various  ingredients;  as,  the 
temper  of  mortar. 

2.  Constitution  of  body.  [In  this  sense  we  more 
generally  use  TEMPKaAMENT.l 

3.  Disposition  of  mind  ;  the  constitution  of  the 
mind,  particularly  with  regard  to  the  passions  and 
affections;  as,  a  calm  (em/>cr;  a  hasty  temper;  a  fret- 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT METE,  PR^Y.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLF,  BpQK.— 


1134 


TEM 

All  temper.     77iu  is  applicable  to  beasts  as  vdl  tu  to 
man. 

Rementber  with  what  tnild 
And  gneioMM  ttmptr  he  U-ili  hcariJ  umi  Judged.  MUlon, 

4.  Calmness  of  mind  :  moderation. 


TEM 


TEM 


Re8b>Te  jourKlvn  to  jo»i  teinpert,  f&then. 
To  fall  wiUi  dignity,  wi\h  Uinper  riso. 


Jbruon. 
Pope, 

5.  Heat  of  mind  or  passion ;  irritation.  The  boy 
showed  a  great  deal  of  temper  when  I  reproved  him. 

So  we  say,  a  man  of  violent  temper,  when  we 
speak  of  his  irritability.  [This  use  of  the  word  is 
common,  though  a  deviation  from  its  origi}ial  and  genu- 
ine meaning.] 

6.  The  state  of  a  metal,  particularly  as  to  its  hard- 
ness ;  as,  the  temper  of  iron  or  stet.-!.  Sharp. 

7.  Middle  course  ;  mean,  or  medium.  Swi/L 
•6.  In  sugar  iDorks,  w luxe  lime  or  other  substance 

stirred  into  a  clarifier  filled  with  cane-juice,  to  neu- 
tralize the  superabundant  acid.    Edwards^  W.  Indies. 
TE-M'PEU-A-MENT,  n.      [Fr.,  from  L.  temperament 
tu.m.'\ 

1.  Constitution ;  state  with  respect  to  the  predom- 
inance of  any  quality  j  as,  tlio  temperament  of  the 
body. 

BodicB  are  denomlrmted  hot  and  cold,  In  proportnn  to  the  pre«- 
eiil  lemperametU  of  UkU  part  of  our  bodj  lo  which  they  are 
applied.  L»ck€. 

S.  Medium  ;  due  mixture  of  different  qualities. 

The  commwi  law —  bu reduced  the  kiu^om  to  iu  just  state  nod 
temperament.  Hale. 

3.  In  music^  temperament  is  an  operation  which,  by 
means  of  a  slight  alteration  in  the  intervals,  causes 
the  difference  between  two  contiguous  sounds  to  dis- 
appear, and  makes  each  of  them  appear  identical  with 
the  other.  Roussena. 

Temperament  is  the  accommodation  or  adjustment 
of  the  imperfect  sounds,  by  transferring  a  part  of  tlieir 
defects  lo  the  more  pt;rfect  ones,  to  remedy  in  part 
the  false  intervals  of  instruments  of  fixed  sounds,  as 
the  organ,  harpsichord,  pianoforte,  &^c.         Busby. 

The  hanbncM  ot  a  givea  conconl  increaacs  with  the  tempemmcnt. 
Prof.  i-\sh^. 

TEM-PER-A-MENT'AL,    o.      Constitutional.      [JVoi 
m>uh  used,]  Brovm. 

TEM'PER-ANCE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  temperantia,  from 
tempera.] 

1.  Mo<Ieration  ;  particularly,  habitual  moderation 
in  regard  to  the  indulgence  of  the  natural  appetites 
and  pa.«sions  ;  restrained  or  moderate  indulgence ; 
H.'j,  temperance  in  eating  and  drinking  ;  temperance  in 
the  indulgence  of  joy  or  mirth.  Temperance  in  eat- 
ing and  drinking  is  opposed  to  gluttony  and  drunken- 
ness, and  in-other  indulgences  to  excess. 

9.  Patience  ;  calmness ;  sedateness  j  moderation  of 
passion. 


He  cnlmed  hii  wrath  wilh  gCMjdly  temperance. 


Spenecr. 


TEMTKR-ATE,  a.    [L.  temperatus.] 

1.  Moderate  ;  not  excessive  ;  as,  temperate  heat ;  a 
(em/<frii(c  climate  ;  temperate  mr.  Bacon. 

S.  Moderate  in  the  indulgence  of  the  appetites  and 
passions  ;  as,  temperate  in  eating  and  drinking  j  tem- 
perate in  pleasures  ;  temperate  in  sptiech. 

Be  tobcr  liDd  umperale,  and  you  will  he  healthy,      FntJcIin. 

3.  Cool ;  calm  ;  not  marked  wilh  passion  ;  not  vi- 
olent ;  as,  a  temperate  discourse  or  address ;  temperate 
language. 

4.  Proceeding  from  temperance ;  ns^temperate  fi\ec\u 

Pope. 

5.  Free  from  ardeitt  passion. 

She  m  DOl  hi>l,  but  leinperale  ai  tbs  mom.  ShaJt. 

Temperate  tone ;  the  spare  on  the  earth  between 
the  tropics  and  the  polar  circles,  where  the  heat  is 
IrsH  than  in  the  tropics,  and  the  c<*ld  leas  than  in  tlio 
polar  circles. 
TEM'PER  ATE-LY,  adv.  Moderately;  without  ox- 
ct^ss  or  extravacance. 

2.  Calmly  ;  without  violence  of  passion  ;  aa,  to  re- 
prove one  temperately. 

3.  With  moderate  fo  ce. 

Winda  that  temperately  blow.  Addison. 

TEM'PER-ATE-NESS,  n.   Moderation  ;  frvedum  ftom 
excess  ;  as,  tlie  temperate  ess  of  tho  weallu:r  or  of  a 
climate. 
2.  Calmness;  coolness  of  mind.  Daniel. 

TKM'PER-A-TIVE,  a.     Having  tho  power  or  quality 

fif  lt_*tnperinir. 
TEM'PER-A-TIIRE,  n.     [Fr,  from  L.  temperafura.] 
1.  In  phtjsic9,  tlie  state  of  a  body  with  ngard  lo 
heat  or  cold,  as  indicated  by  the  th'^rmomeler ;  or 
the  di.'gree  of  free  caloric  which  a  body  possesses, 
whi-n  compared  with  oihf;r  hr)dies.     VVh(jn  a  body 
applied  to  another  expands  that  body,  wo  say  it  is  of 
a  higher  temperature,  Ihr.t  is,  it  possesses  more  free 
caloric.      When  It  contracts  another  body,  it  is  said 
lo  be  of  a  lotrrr  temperature.     Thus  we  speak  of  the 
temperature  of  air,  of  water,  of  a.  climate,  &c. ;  two 
countries  of  the  same  temperature. 
2,  Constitution ;  state  ;  degree  of  any  quality. 
MeoMiT  dapeod*  upon  Uie  cuoBkL  ne«  and  temperature  of  tb« 
bnuD.  Watts. 


3.  Moderation;  freedom  from  immoderate  passions. 

In  that  proud  port,  which  h<;r«o  goodly  ifraeelb, 

Most  pwdly  Uir.jifriUure  yyu  m.Ly  deacry.  Spenser. 

TEM'PER-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Duly  mixed  or  modified  ;  re- 
duced to  a  proper  state  ;  softened  ;  allayed  ;  hardened. 

2.  AdjusUui  by  musical  temperanient- 

3.  a.  Disposed  ;  as,  a  w oil-tempered,  good-tempered, 
or  hnd-tempered  man. 

TEM'PER-I.VG,  ppr.  Mixing  and  qualifying;  quali- 
fying by  mixture;  softening;  niollifying ;  reducing 
to  a  stale  of  moderation  ;  hardening. 

TE.M'PEST,  u.  [Fr.  UmpHe;  L.  tanpestas ;  Pp.  (em- 
pestiul  i  It,  tempcsta ;  from  L.  tempiu,  timo,  season. 
The  primary  sense  of  tempus,  time,  is  a  falling,  or 
that  which  fallti,  conies,  or  happens,  from  some  verb 
which  signifies  to  fall  or  come  suddenly,  or  mther, 
to  drive,  to  rusli.  Time  is,  proixrly,  a  coming,  a  acii- 
sou,  that  which  presents  itself,  or  is  presenU  The 
sense  of  tempest  is  from  the  sense  of  rushing  or  driv- 
ing.   See  Temeritv  and  Txmekabioi;s.] 

1.  An  extensive  current  of  wind,  rushing  with 
great  velocity  and  violence,  and  commonly  attended 
with  rain,  hail,  or  snow;  a  storm  of  extreme  vio- 
lence. We  usually  apply  the  word  to  a  violent 
storm  of  considtraide  dunaion  ;  but  we  say  also  of  a 
tornado,  it  blew  a  tanpe^t.  'J'ho  currents  of  wind 
are  named,  according  to  their  respective  degrees  of 
force  or  rapidity,  a  breeze,  a  gale^  a  storm,  a  tempest,  a 
hurricaTie:  but  gale  is  also  used  as  synonymous  with 
storm,  and  storm  with  tcmpcxt.  Gust  is  usually  ap- 
plied to  a  sudden  blast  of  short  dumlion. 

We,  cauf^iit  in  a  fiery  tempegl,  aliall  be  hurled 

Ej.ch  on  hJB  rock  irai'isfixod.  AiUton. 

2.  A  violent  tumult  or  commotion;  as,  a  popular 
or  political  tempest  i  the  tempest  of  war. 

3.  Perturbation  ;  violent  agitation  ;  as,  a  tempest  of 
the  passions. 

TEM'PEST,  V.  U    To  disturb  as  by  a  tempest    [Little 

used.]  Milton. 

TEM'PEST,  V.  i     [Fr.  tcmpester.]     To  storm.  Sandys. 

2.  To  pour  a  tempest  on.  B,  Jonson. 

TEM'PEST-Bi:A'l'-£N,  a.  [tempest  and  beat.]  Beaten 

or  shattered  with  storms.  Druden. 

TEM  PESTTVE,  a.     Seasonable. 
TEM-PEST-IV'I-TY,  n.     [L.  tempestivus.] 

Seasnnableness.     [JVof  in  use,]  Brmim. 

TEM'PEST-TOST,  a.     [tempest  and  tost.]     Tossed  or 

driven  about  by  tempests.  Sltak. 

TEM-PEST'U-OUS,   (lem-pest'yu-U3,)  a.      [Sp.   tern. 

pestuoso  ;  It.  tcmpestoso  ;  Fr.  tern p^tueux.] 

1.  Very  stormy  ;  turbulent ;  rough  with  wind  ;  as, 
tcmpe.'-taous  weather  ;  a  tempestuous  night. 

2.  mowing  with  violence;  as,  a  tempestuous witu]. 
TEM-PEST'lI-OUS-LY,  adv.     With  great  violence  of 

wind  or  great  commotion  ;  turbulontly.        Milton. 

TEM-PEST'q-OCS-NESS,«.  Siorminess  ;  the  slate 
of  being  tempestuous  or  disturbed  by  violent  winds; 
as,  the  tempe^tuousness  of  the  winter  or  of  weather. 

TEM'PLAR,  n.  [from  the  Temple,  a  liouso  near  ihfi 
Thames,  which  originally  belonged  to  tho  Knights 
Templars.  Tlio  latter  took  their  di-nomination  from 
an  apartment  of  the  palace  of  Baldwin  II.,  in  Jeru- 
salem, near  the  temple.} 

1.  A  student  of  the  law.  Pope. 

2.  Tcmplart,  Knights  of  the  Temple;  a  religious  mil- 
ilary  order,  first  established  ni  Jt-rusalcm  in  favor  of 
pilgrims  traveling  to  ihe  Holy  Land.  The  order 
originated  witli  soma  iiorsou'^  wlio,  in  1118,  dt^voted 
themselves  to  the  service  of  God,  proinisii.g  to  live 
in  porfMnual  cha-iiity,  obedience,  and  poverty,  after 
the  manner  of  canons,  in  \'i^>'^,  this  order  was 
confirmed  in  the  council  of  Troyi-s,  and  subjected  lo 
a  rule  of  disci|ilinc.  It  flourished,  became  immensely 
rich,  and  its  members  became  so  insolent  and  vicious, 
thai  the  order  was  suppressed  by  the  council  of  Vi- 
enne,  in  1312.  Cyc. 

TE.M'PEATE,  n.     See  Temflet. 

TEM'PI^E,  (tem'pl,)  v.  [Fr. ;  L.  templum;  It.  tempio ; 
Sp.  tempUi ;  W.  f^/ni//,  temple,  that  is  extended,  a 
seat;  temlu-,  to  form  a  seat,  expanse,  or  temple; 
Gaelic,  trampal.] 

1.  A  public  edifice  erected  in  honor  of  some  deity. 
Among ;>a^an.<t,  a  building  erected  to  some  protended 
dcily,  and  in  which  the  people  assembled  to  wor- 
ship. Originally,  iL-inples  were  open  places,  as  the 
Stonehcnge  in  Englanil.  .  In  Rome,  some  of  the 
temples  were  open,  and  railed  sacella;  others  were 
roofed,  and  called  a:des.  The  most  celebrated  of  the 
ancient  pagan  temples  were  that  of  Belus  in  Baby- 
Ion,  that  of  Vulcan  at  M<.mphis,  that  of  Jupiter  at 
Thebes,  that  of  Diana  at  Ephesus,  that  of  Apollo  in 
Miletus,  that  of  Jupiter  Olynipius  in  Athens,  and 
that  of  Apollo  at  Delphi.  The  most  celebrated  and 
magnificent  temple  erected  lo  the  true  God,  was 
that  built  by  Solomon  in  Jorusalmi,  which  is  often 
called,  by  way  of  eminence,  the  temple. 

In  Scripture^  the  tabern:v:le  Is  sometimes  called  by 
this  name.     1  Sam.  i.— iil. 

2.  A  church  ;  an  edifice  erected  among  Christians 
as  a  place  of  public  worship. 

Can  hfl,  wh(>ai!  lifc  b  a  perpetual  inwilt  to  the  aulhorily  of  God, 
filter  with  any  pU-narire  a  lrfn/>fa  conaccmtcd  Indcvptiou  ana 
aniictifi'  d  hy  prayer?  UiicknunaUr. 


3.  A  place  in  which  the  divine  presence  specially 
resides;  the  church  as  a  colk-clive  bixly.    Eph.  ii. 

4.  In  England^  the  Temple  consists  of  two  inns  of 
court,  thus  called  because  anciently  the  dwellings  of 
the  Knights  Templars.  Tlicy  are  culled  tlie  iNNes 
and  the  Middlk  Temple. 

TEM'PLE,  n.  [L.  tempus,  tempora.  The  primary 
sense  of  tho  root  of  this  word  is  lo  fall.  See 
Time.] 

1.  Literally,  the  fall  of  the  head  ;  the  part  where 
the  head  slopes  from  the  top. 

2.  In  aiiatomv,  the  anterior  and  lateral  part  of  the 
head,  where  the  skull  is  covered  by  the  temiMJial 
muscles.  Cvc. 

TEM'PLE,  v.  t.  To  build  a  temple  for;  to  appropriate 
a  temple  to.     [Little  used.]  FdUiam, 

TEM'PL£D,  a.  Furnished  with  a  temple ;  inclosed 
in  a  temple. 

TEM'PLET,  m.  In  masonry,  a  mold  used  by  brick- 
layers and  masons  in  cutting  or  setting  out  thcii 
work. 

2.  A  mold  used  by  mill-wrights  for  shaping  tho 
teeth  of  wlieels. 

3.  A  short  piece  of  timber  under  a  girder  or  other 
beam.  Brande. 

TEM'PO,n.     [It.]     In  TRM.w,  tnne.  Brande. 

0   TFJ\FPO  RA,   O  MO'RE:S,  [L.]     O  the  times,  O 

the  manners. 
TEM'PO-RAE,  a.     [Fr.  temporel;  from  L.  temporalis^ 
from  tempiis,  time.] 

I.  PeKaiuing  to  this  life,  or  this  world,  or  the  body 
only  ;  secular  ;  as,  Umporal  concerns  ;  temporal  af- 
fairs. In  this  sense,  it  is  opjK>sed  lo  Spirituau 
Let  not  temporal  affairs  or  employments  divert  the 
mind  from  spiritual  concerns,  which  are  far  more 
imiwrtant. 

In  this  sense  also  it  is  opposed  to  Ecclxsiasti- 
CAL;  a!*,  temporal  power,  that  is,  secular,  civil,  or  |>o- 
litical  [wwer  ;  temporal  courts,  those  which  take 
cognizance  of  civil  suits,  l^cmporal  jiirii^dictiou  is 
that  which  regards  civil  and  political  aliairj^, 

9.  Measured  or  limited  by  time,  or  by  this  life  or 
this  state  of  things;  having  limited  existence;  op- 
posed to  Etehnal. 

The  thin^a  which  arc  socn  arc  temporal,  but  the  thlu^which  are 
not  tccn  an;  eternal.  —  'i  Cor,  iv. 

3.  In  grammar,  the  temporal  augment  is  the  short 
initial  vowel  of  a  verb,  lengthened,  in  certain  teuses, 
into  the  corresponding  long  (uie. 

4.  [Ft.  temporal.]  Pertaining  to  the  temple  or  tem- 
ples of  the  head  ;  as,  tlie  temporal  bone ;  a  temporal 
artery  or  vein  ;  temporal  muscle. 

TEM-PO-RAL'I-TIES,  )  71.  pi.     Secular  possessions  ; 

TEM'PO-RALS,  \      revenues  of  an  ecclesiastic 

proceeding    from     lands,    tenement.^,    or    Iny-ft-ea, 
tillies,  and  the  like.  It  is  opposed  to  Spiritualities. 

Bacon. 

TEM'PO-RAL-LY,  adv.  With  respect  lo  time  or  this 
life  only.  South, 

TEM'PO-RAI^XESS,  n.    Worldliness.    [JVot  used.] 

TEM'PC)-RAL-TY,  n.      The   lailv.     [Little  used.] 
2.  Secular  possessions.     [See  I'emporalities.] 

TEM-PD-Ra'NE-OUS,  a.    Temporary.     [Little  use^l.] 

TEM'PO-RA-RI-LY,  aJp.  For  a  time  only;  not  per- 
petually. 

TEM'PO-RA-RI-NESS,  n.  [from  temporary.]  The 
state  of  being  temporary  ;  opposed  to  Perpetuity. 

TEM'P(J-RA-RY,  a.     [L.  tempururius.] 

Lasting  for  a  lime  only  ;  existing  or  rontinuing 
for  a  limited  time  ;  as,  the  patient  has  ublained  tem- 
porary relief.  There  is  a  temporary  cessation  ttf  hos- 
tilities. There  is  a  temporary  supply  of  provisions. 
In  limes  of  great  danger,  Rome  appointed  a  tempo- 
rary dictator. 

TE.M-rO-RLZA'TION.  n.    The  art  of  temporizing. 

TEM'PO-RIZE,  0.  i.  [Fr.  tctnporiser ;  from  L.  tempus^ 
lime.l 

1.  To  comply  with  the  time  or  occasion  ;  to 
humor  or  yield  to  the  current  of  opinion  or  lo  cir- 
cumstances ;  a  conduct  that  often  indicates  obsequious- 
ness. 

Tlipy  mi«rht  Ihcir  grievance  inwanily  complain, 

But  outwardly  they  needs  niu»t  temporize.  Daniel. 

2.  To  delay  ;  lo  procrastinate. 
Well,  you  will  temporize  with  the  houra.   [TMlIe  uteil.]   Shak. 

3.  To  comply.     [JV'ot  in  tise.]  Sfiak. 
TEM'PO-RIZ-ER,  n.     One  who  yields  to  the  time,  or 

complies  with  the  prevailing  opinions,  fashions,  or 
occasions  ;  a  trimmer.  Shnk. 

TEM'PO-RiZ-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Complying  wilh  Iho 
time,  or  with  the  prevailing  humors  and  opinions  of 
men  ;  time-serving. 

TEM'PO-RIZ-ING,  n,  A  yielding  to  the  time;  a  com- 
plying  with  tho  prevailing  opinions,  fashions,  or  oc- 
casions. lloUand. 

TEM'PO-RIZ-ING-LY,  ado.  In  a  temporizing  man- 
ner. 

TEMPT,  V.  U  [Arm.  tempti;  L.  tento;  Fr.  tenUr;  It. 
tentare ;  Sp.  tentar.  It  is  from  the  rw>t  of  L.  tenro, 
Gr.  Tid-o),  and  Ihe  primary  sense  is,  to  strain,  urge, 
pressj 

1.  -To  incite  or  solicit  to  an  evil  act ;  to  entice  lo 
something  wrong  by  presenting  arguments  that  are 


TONE,  PyLL,  UNITE.- AN"GER,  VI"CIOUa,-€  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  B  as  Z ;  CII  as  SII ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


TEN 

plausible  ur  convincing,  or  by  the  nd*er  of  some 
pleasure  or  apiKtrent  advantage  as  the  inducement. 

My  L&tly  Kinj  ttmptt  him  to  ihi*  hanli  ^ktiviniiy.  Suik. 

bvcf7  itiAit  b  ttrnpimt,  vbMi  be  b  dr&wo  kwojr  by  hi*  own  l\»t 
and  rulioed.  —  Juam  L 

2.  To  provoke ;  to  incite. 

TVin^  not  Ute  bfuw  and  oocdj  to  dnpnlr.  .Dryilfn. 

3.  To  solicit ;  to  draw  ;  witJunU  the  notitm  ^  eviL 

SliU  Ua  atrengih  ooncealnl, 
Which  ttmpud  our  meiupt,  »nJ  *ro>ijfht  i>ur  l-i!i.        JtfiJIoii. 

4.  To  try  ;  to  venture  on  ;  to  attempt. 

Ek  Irare  bo  giren  lo  VTi»;rt  th«  iM-lh-r  Uy.  Drydm, 

5.  In  &ript«r«,  to  try  ;  to  prove ;  to  put  to  trial  for 
pnmr. 

CkK)  dkl  irNipC  Afanlnm.— Gen.  xxR. 

Yc  bIwU  twl  •HN/tf  tbr  l<on)  yourUwi. — T>ouL  tL 

TEMPT' A-BLK,  m.     Liable  to  lie  tt'mpled.        Swift. 
TEMPT  A'TIO.V,  n.     Tlw  ar4  of  tc-mptinjc ;  riiiice- 

nit'iit  lo  evil  by  arpumt-iit:^,  by  tlatu-ry,  ur  by  tiio 

oOisr  of  some  nsU  or  apparent  good. 

Wkea  tW  dffrD  ted  endrd  all  the  MmyiaAtn^  bit  deputed  from 
bim  for  a  muoo.  —  l^ufar  ir. 

S.  Boliritallon  of  the  pcissiom;  enticements  to  evil 
proceeding  from  tbe  prospect  of  pleasure  or  advan- 
tage. 

3.  The  state  of  being  tempted  or  enticed  to  evil. 
When  by  human  weakness  you  arc  led  into  Uinjita- 
tuH,  resort  to  prayer  for  relief. 

4.  Triat 

Lead  n  aot  into  tgmpladon.  tard't  Prnj/er, 

5.  That  which  is  presented  lo  the  oiind  as  an  in- 
ducement to  eviL 

D.tre  la  be  grfAt  without  a  yuUty  crown ; 

Vk'M'  it,  niul  Uy  Ute  hciftil  amiplUtON  down.  Dryde^%, 

6.  In  colUquial  languAgt,  an  alluremeot  to  any 
thins  indiift-rent,  or  even  good. 

TKMPT-A'TION-LESS,  o.    Having  no  temptation  or 

mutive.     [tutlt  usnL] 
1  KMPT'ED,  pp.    Enticed  to  evil ;  provoked  ;  tried. 
TEMPT'BR,  »     One  that  solicits  or  entices  lo  evjL 

Tbe«  wbo  an  beat  b>  do  «kk«dty  will  never  want  wwKptm  to 
«r|p  tbcm  on.  TUuOon. 

3.  The  ereat  adversary  of  man  ;  the  drvil.  M^U'vf. 
TEMPT'INCJ,  ppr.     Emicing  to  evil ;  tr>ing. 

^  a.    Ad.iptt*d  to  entice  or  alltire  ;  attractive ;  as, 

tempting  pleasures. 
TEMPTaXG-LY,  oJr.    In  a  manner  to  entice  to  evil  \ 

so  as  to  allure. 
TEMPT'IXG-NESS,  n,    Tlie  state  of  being  templing. 
TEMPT'RESS,  n.     A  female  who  entices. 
TEM:?E,  K.     A  sieve.      [VViiUL-n  also    TaK«    and 

Tkmp*e.1 
TEMSE'-BREAD,  (tems'hred,)      i  «.      [Fr.  tamisfr, 
TEMS'fTD-BKEAl).  (leinsC'bredJ  {        iL       Umuors, 

tamigiart^  to  sift ;   Ft,   tamisy  It.  tamiso,  tAmigu,  a 

sieve.] 
Bread  made  of  floor  better  sifted  than  common 

flour,     [fkitoui  not  vhere  tkis  word  ig  usetL]  JvkMMn, 

TEM'IC-LEN-C?,  i  *■  t^  '«««'"»'««*] 

Intoxicatiun ;  inebriation ;  dronkonnesa.  f JVM 
used.] 

TEM'i;-LEXT,  0.     [U  temuleiOus.] 
Intoxicated.     [Avt  in  ■.■»?.] 

TEM'li-LENT-lVE,  a.  Drunken;  in  a  slate  of  ine 
briation.     [J^ot  in  u-te.] 

TEX,  a,  [Sax.  tgn ;  D,  tien:  G.  ifJm:  Dan.  tU;  Sw. 
tia.  I  suppose  this  word  to  be  contracted  from  the 
Gothic  tiguns,  ten,  fron  tig,  ten.  If  sti,  this  is  the 
Greek  ^£«a,  I*,  decern^  \V.  degy  Gaelic,  deichy  Fr.  «/ix, 
IL  duel,  Sp.  diez,\ 

1.  Twice  five  \  nine  and  one. 

Wub  twice  Un  aaS  I  croaasd  the  Phryfioa  S^a.  Dryixn. 

2.  It  ts  a  kind  of  proverbial  numl>er. 

Tbezo^i  a  prood  modceiy  ta  m^rit, 

Avn«>  la  bcfXtaf I  and  traulved  to  paj 

Tnt  tioMB  Ibe  fift  il  aaka.  ZVydn*. 

The  meaning  in  Uus  aae  la,  a  great  deal  more, 
indefinitely. 
TEX'A'BLE,  a.    [Fr.,  ttom  L.  Iau0,  to  hold.    Bee 
Tksant.] 

That  may  be  held,  mainlined,  or  defended  a^inst 
an  a^tsailant,  or  against  attempts  to  Uike  it;  a-;,  a 
Unable  fortress.  The  works  were  not  deemed  tena- 
nt. The  ground  taken  in  the  arguui^iit  is  not 
tenable, 

TEX-A-BOyi^TY  ^'  \  "*  '^***  "^^^  ''*'  **^'""  tt-nable. 
TEX'ACE,  ji.    In'atAwf,  the  stale  of  holding  the  first 

and  third  best  cards.  Smart. 

TE-XA'CIOL'S,    (te-na'shus,)    a.      [L.    tmax,    from 

t£neo,  to  hold  ;  Fr.  tenaee.] 

1.  Holding  fast,  or  inclined  lo  hold  fait ;  inclined 
to  retain  what  is  m  posserssionj  as,  int-n  trnucious  of 
their  just  rights.  Slen  are  usually  tenacious  of  Uieir 
opinions,  as  well  as  of  their  property. 

Locke.     ArbuVinot. 

2.  Retentive;  apt  to  retain  long  what  is  com- 
mitted to  it ;  as,  a  tenacioiL^  memory,  Locke. 

3.  Adhesive;  apt  lo  adhere  lo  another  substance; 


TEN 

as  oily,  glutiinms,  or  viscous  mailer.     Few  sub- 
stances are  so  tenaeioua  as  tur. 

4.  Xifpardlv  :  chwe-flsted.  Jiinftetorth. 

TE-NA'CIOUS-LY,  ai/c.  With  a  disposition  to  hold 
itOBi  what  )s  possessed. 

2.  Adhesively. 

3.  Obstinately  ;  with  firm  adherence. 
TE-XA'CIOUS-NESS,  n.     The   quality  of  holding 

fust;  unwillingness  to  quit,  resign,  ur  let  go;  as,  u 
man*s  trHaeiou-mcss  of  his  ri);hts  or  upiniunsi. 

3.  Adhei^ivene^ss  ;  stickiness  ;  oa,  the  tenadousncas 
of  clay  or  glue. 
3.  Relentivenesa  ;  afl,  the  (m(ictp«,»Mes5  of  memory. 

TF^NAC'I-TY,  (to-nas'o-le,)  »t.  [Fr.  ttnacUi ;  L. 
tmanta.^y  from  ttneoy  to  holU.j 

1.  Adhesiveness;  thtit  quality  of  bodies  which 
makes  (hem  stick  or  adhere  to  uttiers  ;  glutiiiousness  ; 
stickiness  ;  a*,  the  tenacity  of  oils,  of  glue,  of  l:ir,  of 
starch,  and  the  like. 

a.  That  quality  of  bodies  which  keeps  them  from 
piirtin:;  without  considerable  force  ;  cohesivcness ; 
the  ellbct  of  attraction  ;  opposed  lo  Buittlencss  or 
Fbaoilitv.  Cue. 

TE-XAC'l^-LUM,  n.  [L.]  A  surgical  instrument  by 
which  the  mouths  of  bleeding  arteries  are  6t;i2cd  and 
drawn  out. 

TEX'.\-CY,  n.    Tenaciousness.     [A*©!  in  usej 

Barrov. 

TE-NAILLE'  iu  [Fr.  tenaillcy  from  trair,  L.  tc/Wd,  lo 
hold.] 

lufortyfieation^  a  rtmpnrl  raised  In  the  main  ditch, 
in  fnmt  of  the  curtain,  Ih-iween  two  bitstions,  having 
two  faces  parallel  to  tiiose  of  the  bastions,  and  ofleii 
n  third  face,  which  form*  a  curtain.  P.  Oje. 

TE-XAIL'LOX,  (te-niil'yun,)  n.  In  foriiji cation,  te- 
naillons  nre  works  constructed  on  each  Hide  of  the 
ravelins,  like  Uie  lunels,  to  increase  the  strength  of 
the  ravelins,  procure  additional  ground  beyond  the 
ditch,  or  coverxhe  shoulders  of  the  bastions. 

P.  Cye, 

TEN'AN-CY,  n.  [Sp.  temeiuia;  Fr.  tnuuUi  L.  t^ 
nens.] 

In  faw,  a  holding  or  possession  of  lands  or  tene- 
ments; tenure  ;  as,  tennney  in  fce-sitiiple  ;  tenmicy  in 
tnil ;  tenancy  by  the  courtesy  ;  tenancy  at  will.  Teji- 
aney  in  conimon  happens  where  there  is  a  unity  of 
pO!*se3»ion  merely.  Blackstane, 

TEX'AXT,  n.  [Fr.  tenant,  ftxim  Unir,  to  hold;  L. 
Uneo;  Gr.  reiv(.f,  to  strain,  stretch,  extend  ;  \V.  tan- 
RK,  to  stretch  ;  (yiiu,  to  pull ;  tyn.  a  stretch  ;  ten, 
drawn  ;  It.  (ctictt,  Sp.  tener,  to  hold.] 

1.  A  person  holding  land  or  other  real  estate  undor 
another,  either  by  grant,  lease,  or  at  will ;  one  who 
has  lite  occupntiun  or  temporary  [Hif^sessiou  of  lands 
or  tenements,  whose  title  is  in  another  ;  as,  a  tenant 
in  tail  -,  tenant  in  common  ;  tenant  by  the  courtesy  ; 
temamt  in  narcenery  ;  tauaU  for  life  ;  tenant  at  wilt ; 
tenant  in  dower. 

S.  One  who  has  posaesaion  of  any  place ;  a  dwell 
er. 

Tlie  happy  Itnant  of  joat  abode.  Owley. 

Tenant  in  capitey  or  tenant  in  ehief,  by  the  laws  of 
England,  is  one  who  holds  immediaielv  of  the  king. 
Accordinp  to  the  feudnl  system,  all  laiiSs  in  England 
are  cunsidered  ns  held  immediiitcly  or  mediately  of 
the  king,  who  is  styled  lord  paramount.  Huch  ten- 
ants, however,  are  cunsidered  as  having  the  fee 
of  the  lands  and  permanent  possession. 

Blacksione. 
TEX'AXT,  r.  u    To  hold  or  possess  as  a  tenant. 

sir  Rii^'a  eatate  U  UinanUd  hj  peiaotu  who  havo  ai'rvod  bim 
or  tiU  anc.'*u>n.  AtUuon. 

TEX'AXT-A-BLE,  a.  Fit  lo  be  rented  ;  in  a  stato  of 
repair  suitable  for  a  tenant. 

TEX'AXT-EI),  pp.     Held  by  a  tenant. 

TE.N'A.\T-IXG,  pitr.     Iluldinc  ass  a  tenant. 

TEX'AX'^T-LESS,  a.  Having  no  tenant;  unoccu- 
pied ;  a«,  a  tenanUe^s  mansion.  Thodcy. 

TE.N'AXT-RY,  n-  The  biMly  of  tenants ;  as,  the 
taiantry  of  a  manor  or  a  kingdom.  Pali^j, 

2.  Tennnry.     [J^'ot  in  use.]  Ridley. 
TEX'AXT-SAW.    See  Teno:<-Saw, 

TEXCII,  n.     '{Ft.  tmcke;  Hp.  tenca;  L.  tiw.a.'] 

A  European  fresh-water  fish,  of  the  carj)  family, 
Tery  tenacious  of  life. 
TEXD,  r.  U     [Conlractod  from  attend,  L.  attnulo  ;  ad 
and  tendoy  to  stretch,  W,  tannn     Attention  denotes  a 
straining  of  the  mind.] 

1.  To  watch  ;  to  guards  lo  accompany  as  an  as- 
sistant or  protector. 

jtrHl  flaming  ttiintsUrs  to  watch  and  lend 

'1  h'.ir  eajtuiy  charge.  Millon. 

There  b  a  plciaxiv  lu  that  ■iinpliciiy,  in  bttiuIJing  princes  Und- 
ing  their  fiixk*.  Pope. 

9.  To  hold  and  Like  care  of;  ni>,  tu  tend  a  child. 

3.  To  be  attentive  lo. 


U:ijiic1ted  of  I.inib  or  kiJ  iliat  lend  iheir  plity. 


Milton. 


4.  To  tend  a  vessel,  is  lo  cause  her  lo  Hwinw,  at 
single  anchor,  .so  as  not  to  foul  the  cable  round  the 
stock  or  flukes  of  the  anchor.  Totten. 

TEXD,  I),  i.     [L.  tendo  ;  Fr.  Undrt     It  tenders ;  formed 
on  L.  teneo,  Gr.  t^ii-w,  Sans,  tan.] 


TEN 

1.  To  move  in  a  certain  direction. 

tiaring  orerbeord  two  gcntlcnien  ttmUng  toward  thai  alfht. 

Wouon. 
Ilero  Dankiiua  waa  horn,  and  hilhcr  tends.  ZtryiUn. 

2.  To  be  directed  to  any  end  or  purpose  ;  to  aim 
at ;  to  have  or  give  a  leaning. 

Tbo  Inws  or  uur  rvligloQ  t»nd  to  tho  tuilrenai  happlnew  of 
mnntdnil.  IWoUon. 

3.  To  contribute.  Our  iwtiUons,  if  granted,  might 
tend  lo  our  destruction.  Hammond. 

A.  [For  Attkno.]  To  attend;  to  wait  as  utteud- 
ants  or  servants. 

He  UndM  upon  my  fiuhcr.    [Cb/to^idof.]  ShaJc. 

5.  To  attend  as  something  inseparable.  [JV*oC  in 
%$e.\  Shnk, 

6.  To  wail ;  to  expect.     {.Kot  in  ufc.'j  Shak. 
TEXD'AXCE,  n.    Attendance  ;  slate  of  expectation. 

a.  Persons  attending.  Shak. 

3.  Act  of  waiting  ;  attendance.  Skak. 

4.  Cure  ;  act  of  tending.  MtUon. 
[This  word  is  entirely  obsolete  In  all  its  senses. 

We  now  use  .Attemdakcb.] 
TEXD'ED,  p;».    Attended;  taken  caroof;  nursed  ;  us 

an  infant  or  a  sick  iterson. 
TEND'EN-CY,  n.     [f^rom  tend  ;  L.  tendena,  tending.] 
Drift;  direction  or  course  toward   any  place,  ol>- 
ject,  effect,  or  result.     Read  such  books  only  ns  have 
a  good  moral  tendency.    Mitd  language  has  a  tciuleney 
to  allay  irritation. 

Writing  of  ihJB  kiiiil,  If  ooii<Uict«<l  wilh  candor,  hiivB  a  mora 
piirticulftr  tendency  lo  th';  ^oud  of  ilicir  cuuittry.    Addison. 

TEXD'ER,  n.    [from  tend,]    One  that  attends  or  takes 
care  of;  a  nurse. 

2.  A  small  vessel  employed  to  attend  a  larger  one, 
for  supplying  her  with  provisions  and  other  stores, 
or  to  convey  Intelligence,  and  the  like.   Mar.  Did, 

3.  On  railroads,  a  car  which  attends  on  locomo- 
tives, to  supply  the  fuel. 

4.  t  Fr.  tendre,  lo  reach.]  In  laic,  an  offer,  either 
of  money  lo  pay  a  debt,  or  of  service  to  be  performed, 
in  order  to  save  a  penalty  or  forfeiture,  which  would 
be  incurred  hy  non-payment  or  non-perfornianeo  ; 
as,  Uie  tender  of  rent  due,  or  of  the  amount  of  a  note 
or  bond  with  interest.  To  constitute  »  legal  tender, 
such  money  must  be  offered  as  the  law  prescribes  ; 
the  alter  of  bank  notes  is  not  a  legal  tender.  Bo  also 
the  tender  must  be  at  the  time  an<l  place  whore  the 
rent  ur  debt  ought  to  be  paid,  and  it  must  bo  to  the 
full  amount  due. 

There  is  also  a  tender  of  issue  in  pleadings,  n  tenr- 
der  of  an  oath,  &.c. 

5.  Any  offer  for  acceptance.  The  gentleman  made 
rae  a  tender  of  his  servicen. 

6.  The  thing  offered.  This  money  is  not  a  legal 
tender. 

7.  Regard;  kind  concern.     [J^ot  in  use,]     Shak. 
TEXD'ER,  V.  t.     [Ft.  tendrc,  to  reach  or  stretch  out; 

L.  tendo.] 

1.  To  offer  in  words;  or  to  exhibit  or  present  for 
acceptance. 

All  coiitlitiona,  nil  mincli,  tender  down 

Their  ••.-rvicc  to  Lord  Tiniou.  Shak. 

2.  To  hold  ;  to  esteem. 

Tender  yountelf  more  d«trly.     [Not  fc»  mm.]  Shak. 

3.  To  offer  in  payment  or  satisfaction  (»f  a  demand, 
for  sdving  a  penalty  or  forfeiture;  as,  to  tCTt^cr  the 
amount  of  rent  or  debt. 

TEN'DER,  a.     [Fr.  lendre ;  It.  tenero  f  Port.  tSnro  ;  Ir. 
and  Gaiilic,  tin;  W.  tyner}  L.  tcner ;  allied  probably 

to  Vtin,  h.  tenuis,  W.  tsnau;  At.    *,^*  wadana,  to 

be  soft  or  thin.     Class  Dn,  No-  12,  and  seu  No. 
25.J 

J.  Soft;  easily  impres'sed,  broken,  bruised,  or  In- 
jured; not  firiu  or  hard;  as,  tender  plants;  tender 
tlesh  ;  tender  grapes.    L>eut.  xxxii.     Cant.  ii. 

2.  Very  sensible  to  impression  and  pain ;  easily 
pained. 

Our  hodle«  arc  not  naturally  mora  tender  than  our  fno^. 

L'Eftrange. 

3.  Delicate  ;  effeminate  ;  not  hardy,  or  able  to  en- 
dure hardship. 

The  tender  anil  dullcal^  woman  among  you.  —  Deut.  xzTiil. 

4.  Weak  ;  feeble  ;  as,  tender  n^^e,     Oen.  xxxili. 
5    Young  and  carefully  educated.     Prov,  iv, 

6.  Susceptible  of  the  softer  passions,  as  love,  cnm- 
passif)n,  kindness  ;  compa^tsionate  ;  pitiful ;  easily 
aff>:cied  by  the  distresses  of  another,  or  anxious  for 
another's  good  ;  as,  the  tender  kindness  of  tlie  church  ; 
a  Under  heart. 

7.  Com[)assinnate ;  easily  excited  lo  pity,  forgive- 
ness, or  favor. 

The  Lord  U  pillftil,  and  of  tender  mercy.  —  J&moa  t.     Loio  i. 

8.  Exciting  kind  concern. 

I  love  Val'mtlne  j 
Ilk  lift  '■  as  ter«Ur  to  me  as  hia  soul.  Shak. 

9.  Expressive  of  the  softer  passions,  as,  a  tender 
strain. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WII.^T.  —  M£TE,  PREV PIXE,  MA^NE,  niED.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVQLP*,  BQQK.. 


TEN 

10    Careful   to  save   inviolate,  or  not   to   injure  3 
with  ^.     Be  Under  of  your  neighbor's  reputation. 
The  d«il   ftuibgritj  (hould  be  UiuUr  of  Uic  huuor  of  (jod  and 

r^li^on.  JMlotaon. 

11.  Gentle;  mild;  unwilling  to  pain. 
You,  thai  an-  to  fender  o'er  bu  fciUic*, 
Wilt  never  do  him  good  Shak. 

19.  Apt  to  give  pain  ;  as,  that  ia  a  tender  suhject ; 
things  that  are  tender  and  unploasing.  Bacon. 

13.  Adapted  to  excite  feeiing  or  sympathy  ;  pathet- 
ic ;  as,  tender  expressions  ;  tender  expostulations. 
TEND'ER-ED,  pp.     Offered  for  acceptance. 
TEN'DER-HEXRT'ED,  (-hirt'ed,)    u.      [tender  and 
heart,^     Having  great  sensibility  ;  susceptible  of  im- 
pressions or  influence. 

When  Rehoboam  wa«  joun^  nnd  Under-htarltd,  and  could  nol 
widutaiid  (hem.  —  SChron.  xiu. 

9.  Very  susceptible  of  the  softer  passions  of  love, 
pity,  or  kindness. 

Bo  je  kiiid  one  to  another,  and  Under-hearied.  —  Eph.  iv. 

TEN'DER-HEART'ED-LV,  ado.  With  tender  affec- 
tion. 

TE\'DER-HEXRT'ED-NES3,  n.  Susceptibility  of 
the  softer  passions, 

TEN'DER-HEFT-ED,  a.    Having  great  tenderness. 

Shak. 

TEND'ER-IN'G,  ppr.    Offering  for  acceptance. 

TEN'DER-LING,  n.     A  fondling;   one  made  tender 
by  too  much  kindness. 
2.  The  fir^l  horns  of  a  deer. 

TEiN'DER-LOIN,  n.  A  lender  part  of  flesh  in  the 
hind  quarter  of  beef,  the  Psoas  muscle. 

TEN'DER-LY,  adc.  With  tenderness  ;  mildly  ;  gen- 
tly J  softly  J  in  a  manner  not  to  injure  or  give  pain. 

Brutuj  tenderly  rrprove*.  Pope. 

9.  Kindly  ;  with  pity  or  affection. 

TEN'DER-MOUTH-^D,  o.     Havmg  a  tender  mouth. 

TEN'DER-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  tender  or 
easily  broken,  bruised,  or  injured  ;  softness  j  brittle- 
ness  ;  as,  the  tenderness  of  a  thread  ;  the  tenderness  of 
flesh. 

2.  The  st-ite  of  being  easily  hurt;  soreness;  as, 
the  tenderness  of  flesh  when  bruised  or  inflamed. 

3.  Susceptibility  of  the  softer  passions  ;  sensibility. 

Well  we  know  youi  tendsmese  cif  heart.  Shak. 

4.  Kind  attention  ;  anxiety  for  the  good  of  another, 
or  to  save  him  from  pain.  Bacon. 

5.  Scrupulousness  ;  caution  ;  extreme  care  or  con- 
cern not  to  give  or  to  commit  offense  ;  as,  tenderness 
of  conscience.  South. 

6.  Cautious  care  to  preserve,  or  not  to  injure  ;  as, 
a  tenderness  of  reputation.  Oov.  of  the  Tongue. 

7.  Softness  of  expression  ;  pathos. 
TEND'ERS,  n.  pi.     Proposals  for  performing  a  service. 
TESD'tSG,  ppr.     Having  a  certain  direction:  taking 
TEND'ING,  n.    The  act  of  attending.  [care  o£ 
TE.NU'ING,   n.      In   seamen's  lanirua^e^   a  swinging 

round  or  movement  of  a  ship  upon  her  anchor. 
TEN'DIX-OUS,  a.     [Fr.  tendineux  ;  It.  tendinoao ;  from 
L.  tendiaesj  tendon.-^,  from  tendo^  to  stretch,] 

1.  Pertaming  to  a  tendon;  partaking  of  the  nature 
of  tendons. 

2.  Full  of  tendons;  sinewy;  as,  nervous  and  ten- 
dinous parts.  Wiseman. 

TEND'MEXT,  Ji.     Attendance  ;  care.     [Ofc*.]      HaU. 
TEN'DOX,  n.     [L.  Undoi  Gr.  tcvuv  ;  from  rtivw,  L. 
tenro,  tendo."] 

In  anatomy^  a  htrd,  insensible  cord  or  bundle  of 

fibers,  by  which  a  muscle  is  attached  to  a  bone. 

TGN'DRAC,  1  n.    The  popular  name  of  three  inaee- 

TEN'REG,     >     tivurous  mammals,  of  the  genus  Cen- 

TAN'REG,     )     tpnes.     They  are  smalt  quadrupeds, 

found  in  Mada^'n^car  and  the  Isle  of  Fntnce. 
TEN'DRIL,  71.     [Fr.  Undron.  from  tmir^  to  hold.] 

A  fliifurm,  spiral  shoot  of  a  plant  that  winds  round 
another  body  for  the  purpose  of  support.  Tendrih, 
or  claspers,  are  given  to  plants  that  have  weak  stalks. 

Ray. 
They  are  also  given  to  creeping  vines  which  re- 
quire support  on  the  earth. 

A  tendril,  in  most  cases,  is  a  peculiar  modification 
of  a  petiole  ;  though  sometimes  it  is  a  inodiflratiun 
of  some  part  of  the  inflorescence,  as  in  the  vine. 

Lindley. 
TEN'DRIL,  (L    Clasping;  climbing;  as  a  tendril. 

Dper. 
TEND'RY,  n.    Proposal  to  acceptance  ;  tender. 

HeyUn. 
TEND'SOME,  (ten'siim,)  a.    Requiring  much  attend- 
ance ;  as,  a  t.endsome  child. 
TEN'E-BROtJS,     )  a.      [L.  tenehrosus,  from  tenebra. 
TE-Nfi'BRI-OUa.  \      darkness.] 

Dark  ;  gloomy.  Tcung. 

TEN'Fv-BROUSNESS,  )         n«,w„^        «i 
TF\-F-BROS'l-TY        t        Uarkness;  gloom. 
TEN'E-MENT,  ji.     [Fr. ;   Low  L.  tenementumy  from 
Cffitra,  to  hold.] 

1.  In  common  acceptation^  a  house ;  a  btilldtng  for  a 
babitstion  ;  or  an  a{)artment  in  a  building,  used  by 
one  family. 

2.  A  house  or  landi  defending  on  a  manor;  or  a 
fee  fcrm  depending  on  a  superior.  Cye. 


TEN 

3.  In  law,  any  species  of  perniant-nt  pniperty  that 
may  be  held,  as  lands,  houses,  ru-nls,  commons,  an  of- 
fice, an  advowson,  a  franchise,  a  right  of  ci>mmon,a 
peerage,  &c.   These  are  called /rcc  or  fraiik  tenements. 

The  ihiny  h«?ld  la  a  tenement,  &t:ii  the  poascaaor  of  it  n  terwint,  and 
die  manner  of  pocaeuiou  ia  CA\]t»i  tenure.  Bladcatone. 

TEN-E-ME.\T'AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  tenanted  lands; 
that  is  or  may  hu  held  by  tenants. 

T^neTtiental  landa  they  distributed  among  their  tenant!. 

BlackMione, 

TEN-E-MENT'A-RY,  a.  That  is  or  may  be  leased  ; 
held  l)v  tenants.  Spelman, 

TE-NER'I-TY,  n.    Tenderness.     [JVo(  in  use.] 

TE-NES'MUS,  M.  [L. ;  literally,  a  straining  or  stretch- 
ing-] 

An  urgent,  distressing,  and  almost  painful  sensa- 
tion, as  if  a  discharge  from  the  intestines  nmst  take 
place  immediately  ;  always  referred  to  tlte  lower  ex- 
tremity of  the  rectum. 

TEN'ET,  n,     [L.  tenet,  he  holds.] 

Any  opinion,  principle,  dogma,  or  doctrine,  which 
a  person  believes  or  maintains  as  true  ;  as,  the  tenets 
of  Pluto  or  of  Cicero.  The  tenrts  of  Christians  are 
adopted  from  the  Scriptures  ;  but  different  interpre- 
tationta  give  rise  to  a  great  diversity  of  tenets. 

TEN'FOLD,  a.     [ten  and  fold.]     Ten  times  more. 

■    Fire  kindled  into  len/ald  rage,  Milton, 

Tk'NI-OID,  a.  A  term  applit-d  to  a  family  of  pnren- 
chymatoua  entozoa,  comprising  wliat  are  commonly 
called  Tapewobus. 

TEN'NAN'T-TTE,  n.  [frum  Smithson  Tennant.-]  A 
blackish,  lead-gray  ore  of  copper,  from  Coi;nwall, 
consisting  of  copper,  iron,  arsenic,  and  sulphur. 

Dana. 

TEN'NIS,  n.  [If  this  word  is  from  L.  fenw,  Fr.  tenir, 
it  mii^t  be  fnim  the  sense  of  holding  on,  continuing 
to  keep  in  motion.] 

A  play  in  which  a  ball  is  driven  continually  or 
kept  in  motion  by  rackets. 

TEN'NIS,  r.  L     To  drive  a  ball.  Spen.^er. 

TEN'NIS-eOURT,  n.  A  place  or  court  for  playing 
the  game  of  tennis.  Rich.  Diet. 

TEN'NIS-f:D,  (ti-n'nist,)  pp.     Driven,  as  a  ball. 

TEN'NIS-ING,  p;>r.     Driving,  as  a  ball. 

TEN'ON,  n.     [Fr.,  from  tenir,  L.  tenco,  to  hold.] 

In  building  and  cabinet  jcork,  the  end  of  a  piece 
of  timber,  which  is  reduced  in  its  dimensions  so 
as  to  be  fitted  into  a  mortise  for  insertion,  or  in- 
serted, for  fastening  two  pieces  of  timber  together. 
The  form  of  a  tenon  is  various,  as  square,  dove- 
tailed, &.C. 

TEN'ON-SAW,  M.  A  saw  with  a  brass  or  stetl  back, 
for  cutting'tenons.  OicilL 

TEN'OR,  n.  [L.  tenor,  from  tcnco,  to  hold  ;  that  is,  a 
holding  on  in  a  continued  course;  Fr.  teneur ;  It. 
tenore;  Sp.  tenor.] 

1.  Continued  run  or  currency;  whole  course  or 
strain.  We  understand  a  speaker's  intention  or 
views  from  the  tenor  of  his  conversation  :  that  Is, 
from  tho  geneml  course  of  his  ideas,  or  general  pur- 
port of  his  speech. 

Doci  not  the  whole  tenor  of  the  divine  law  poaitivcl;  require 
humility  and  ineekrrCH  to  all  men  t  Sprat. 

2.  Stamp;  character.  The  conversation  was  of 
the  same  tenor  as  that  of  the  preceding  day. 

Ttiii  BUCceM  would  look  like  chance,  if  it  were  oot  peiwfial  and 
alwnyt  of  the  lame  tenor.  Dryden, 

3.  Sense  contained  ;  purport  ;  substance  ;  general 
course  or  drift  ;  as,  close  attention  to  the  tenor  of  the 
discourse.  VVarmnts  are  to  be  executed  according 
to  ttaeir  form  and  tenor.  Locke. 

Bill  me  tear  the  hnnd, 
When  it  is  paid  according  to  the  tenor.  Shak, 

4.  [Fr.  tenor.]  In  music,  the  most  common  nat- 
ural pitch  of  a  man's  voice  in  sinking,  or  the  higher 
of  the  two  kinds  of  voices  usually  belonging  to  adult 
males  ;  hence,  the  tiart  of  a  tune  adapted  to  this 
voice,  the  second  of  tlie  four  parts  in  the  scale  of 
sounas,  reckoning  from  the  base  ;  and  originally  the 
air,  to  which  the  other  parts  were  auxiliary. 

5.  The  persons  who  sing  the  trnor,  or  the  instru- 
ment that  plays  it. 

TE-NOT'O-MY,  n.  [Gr.  rcptov  and  rnpt,.]  In  mir- 
fferuj  the  division  or  the  act  of  dividing  a  tendon. 

TEN'KEC,  n.  The  name  of  three  small  insectiv- 
orous quadrupeds,  of  the  genus  Centenes,  allied  to 
the  hedgehog,  and  found  in  Madagascar  and  the  Isle 
of  France.     [Also  written  Tanrkc  and  TE.tDHAC.l 

TENSE,  (tens,)  a.  [U  fc/wuS,  from  tcndo,  to  stretch.] 
Stretched;  strained  to  stiffness;  rigid  ;  not  lax; 
as,  a  tense  fiber. 

For  th"-  five  pa»afr.>  of  the  lound  into  the  car.  It  ta  reqniiite  that 
Ute  lympanoni  lie  lenea.  Holder, 

TENSE,  (tense,)  n.  [Corrupted  from  Fr.  temps,  L. 
tempiLi.] 

In  grammar,  time,  or  a  particular  form  of  a  verb, 
or  a  combination  of  words,  used  to  express  the  time 
of  action,  or  of  that  which  is  affirmed  ;  or  tense  is 
an  inflection  of  verbs,  by  which  they  are  made  to 
signify  or  distinguish  the  time  of  actions  or  events. 

The  primary  simple  tenses  are  three  —  those  which 
express  time  past,  preseiU,  and  future;    but  these 


TEN 


admit  of  modifications,  which  differ  in  different  lan- 
guages. The  English  language  is  rich  in  Unses,  be- 
yond anv  other  language  in  Europe. 

TENSE'LY,  aJt;.     With  tension. 

TENSE'NESS,  (tcns'ness,)  n.  The  state  of  beinf 
tense  or  stretched  to  stiffness  ;  alifl^ess  ;  opposed  to 
L-iXNEBB  ;  as,  the  tenseness  of  a  string  or  fiber  ;  tense- 
ness of  the  skin.  Sharp. 

TENS-I-BIL'I-TY,  v.    The  state  that  admits  tension. 

TENS'I-BLE,  a.     Capable  of  being  extended. 

^  Bacon, 

TENS'ILE,  (ten'sil,)  a.    Capable  of  extension. 

TEN'SION,  (icn'shun,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  tensio,  tendo.) 

1.  The  act  of  stretching  or  straining;  as,  Ihe  t<n- 
sion  of  the  muscles. 

2.  Tlie  state  of  being  stretched  or  strained  to  stiflT- 
ness  ;  or  the  slate  of  being  bent  or  strained  ;  as,  dif- 
ferent degrees  of  tension  in  chords  give  different 
sounds  ;  the  greater  the  tension,  the  more  acute  the 
sound. 

3.  The  stretching  or  decree  of  stretching  to  which 
a  wire,  cord,  piece  of  tmiber,  &.c.,  is  strained  by 
drawing  it  in  the  direction  of  its  length;  strain. 

4.  Distention.  [Owilt. 
TENS'!  VE,  a.    Giving  the  sensation  of  tension,  stiff- 
ness, or  contraction  ;  as,  a  tensive  pain.        Flover. 

TEN'SOME.    See  Tend8ome. 

TENS'OR,  n.    In  anatomy,  a  muscle  that  extends  or 

stretches  a  part. 
TEN'SI;re  ;  the  same  as  Te:tsioit,  and  not  used. 

TENT,  ju  [W.  tent,  from  fen,  tyn,  stretched  ;  Pr 
tente  ;  Sp.  ticnda ;  L.  tentorium,  from  tntdo,  to 
stretch.] 

1.  .\  pavilion  or  portable  lodge  consisting  of  can- 
vas or  other  coarse  cli^th,  stretched  and  sustained  by 
poles  ;  used  for  sheltering  persons  from  the  weather, 
particHlarltf  soldiers  in  camp.  The  wandering  Arabs 
and  Tartars  lodge  in  tenti.  The  Israelites  lodged  in 
tents  forty  years,  while  they  were  in  the  dest^rt. 

2.  In  surgery,  a  roll  of  lint  or  linen,  used  to  dilate 
an  opening  in  the  llesh,  or  to  prevent  the  healing  of 
an  opening  from  which  matter  or  other  fluid  is  dis- 
charged. Cyc. 

TENT,  7i.     [Sp.  tinto,  deep  colored,  from  L.  tinetus.] 
A  kind  of  wine   of  a  deep  red   color,  chiefly  from 
Galicia  or  Malaga  in  Spain. 
TENT,  V.  i.    To  lodge  as  in  a  tent ;  to  tabernacle. 

Shak. 
TENT,  V.  (.    To  probe  ;  to  search  as  with  a  tent ;  as, 
to  tent  a  wound. 

I'll  Unt  him  to  the  quick.  Shak. 

9.  To  keep  open  with  a  tent.  Wbeman. 

TENT'-BEU,  H.  A  high-post  bedstead,  having  cur- 
tains in  an  arched  form  above. 

Encyc.  of  Dom.  Kcon, 
TEN'TA-eLE,       )         ,      .m    ,     ,    .    ,       ■    , 
TE\-T*\€'U  LA    (  "*  P       L^cch.  L.  tcntacula.] 

A  filiform  process  or  organ,  simple  or  branched, 
on  tlie  bodies  of  various  animals  of  the  Linnaean 
class  Vermes,  and  of  Cuvier's  Mollusca,  Annelida, 
Echinoderinata,  Actinia,  Mediisre,  Polypi,  iScc,  either 
an  organ  of  feeling,  prt-hension,  or  motion,  some- 
times round  the  mouth,  sometimes  on  other  parts  of 
the  bodv. 
TEN-TAC'lJ-LAR,  a.     Pertaining  to  tentacles. 
TEN-TAC'lJ-LA-TED,  a.     Having  tentacles. 
TEN-TA-€U-LIF'EU-OUS,  a.      [L.   tealaculum  and 
fero,  to  bear,] 

Producing  tcntacula  or  tenticles.  Kirhy, 

TENT'AGE,  n.     An  encampmenL     [UnusuoL] 

Drayton. 
TEN-TA'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  tentatio  ;  t'ento,  to 
try.J 

Trial ;  temptation.     {Little  used.]  Brown. 

TENT'A-TIVK,  a.     [Fr.j     Trying  ;  essaying. 
TENT'A-'J'IVE,  n.     An  essay  ;  trial.  Berkeley. 

TENT'ED,  a.     Covered  or  furnished  with  tents,  as 
Soldiers, 
a.  Covered  with  tents  ;  as,  a  tented  field. 
TENT'ER,  n.     fL.  tendo,  tentas,  to  stretch.] 

A  machine  for  stretching  cloth,  by  means  of  hooks, 
called  TEifTEB-HooKS.  Hehert. 

To  be  on  the  tenters ;  to  be  on  the  stretch  ;  to  be  in 
distress,  uneasiness,  or  suspense.  Hudibras. 

TENT'ER,  V.  t.    To  hang  or  stretch  on  tenters. 
TENT'ER,  V.  i.    To  admit  extension.  {Bacon. 

Woolen  cloths  will  Unler,  Baetm, 

TEXT'ER-ED,  jm.    Stretched  or  hung  on  tenters. 

TENT'ER-GROUND,  n.  Ground  on  which  tenters 
uto  erected. 

TENT'ER-HpOK,  n.  A  sharp,  hooked  nail,  used  in 
stretching  cloth  on  the  frame  called  Tenter. 

TE.VT'ER-ING,  ppr.  Stretching  or  hanging  on  tent- 
ers. 

TENTH,  a.  [from  ten.]  The  ordinal  of  ten ;  the 
first  after  the  ninth. 

TENTH,  n.     The  tenth  part, 

2.  Tithe  ;  the  tenth  {Art  of  annual  produce  or  in- 
crease. The  tenth  of  income  is  payable  to  the  clergy 
in  England,  as  it  was  to  the  priests  among  the  Isra- 
elites. 

3.  In  music,  the  octave  of  the  third ;  an  interval 


TONE,  Bt'LL,  UNITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  asK;  flasJ;  SasZ;  CHasSH;  THaain  THia 


143 


1137 


TER 


TER 


compreh ending  nine  conjoint  degrees,  or  ten  sounds, 
dijiionically  divided.  Bitsbj/. 

TENTH'LY,  adv.    In  the  tenth  place. 
TE.\-TlG'iN-OUS,  a.    [L.  taUiffOy  a  stretching.] 

SltlT;  iftretched.    [.V*<  m  use,]  Diet- 

TEXT'IXG,  ppr.     Probing;   keeping   open  with  a 

tent. 
TENT'O-RY,  ■.    rU  tenUfrium.] 

The  awning  of  a  tenu  ,  Evetj/n. 

TEXT'WORT,  C-wuilO  n.    [taU  aod  wort.]    A  plant 

of  the  senua  Asidenium. 
TEN'Q-XTE,  V.  U     [L.  tenuo.] 

To  make  liiin. 
TEN'U-.\-TED,  pp.    Made  thin- 
TEN'U-A-TING,  ppr.    Making  thin. 
TEN-^-I-FO'LI-OUS,  a.    1 L.  l«nii*  and  /olum.] 

[laving  thin  or  narrow  leaves. 
TE-NO'I-OUS,   a.      Ea«    or   subiUe ;    opposed    to 

Desse. 
TE.N-U-1-ROS'TERa,  n,  pL    [L.  t^uis  and  rostram.] 
A  tribe  of  inaeasorial  or  pcrchine  birds,  including 
those  which  have  a  long  and  slendt-r  bilL    Brrnule. 
TEN-t3-l-R0STRAL,  a.      Thin-bdled ;    npplied    to 
birds  with  a  slender  bill,  as  the  humming  birds. 

StMinson, 
TE-NO'I-TY,  n.    rPr.  UKuUi ;  L.  tcnniUs,  from  tnwtf, 
thin.    See  Thik.J 

L  Tbinnesa ;  gnuiUness  in  diameter  ;  exility  ;  tliin- 
ness.  apiUied  to  a  broad  substance,  and  slendeniess, 
api^ied  to  one  that  is  long  ;  as^  the  tettuitf  of  paper 
or  of  a  leaf  i  the  tenuUif  of  a  hair  or  filament. 

2.  Rarity  ;  rareness ;  thinness  ;  as  of  a  fluid ;  as, 
the  tenuity  of  the  air  in  the  higher  regions  of  the  at- 
mosphere ;  the  tfmuitf  of  the  blood.  Bac^rm. 

a  Poverty.    [.Vot  la  ii*e.l  K.  Charies. 

TEX'i:-OU3,  c    [L.  tenwU] 

1.  Thin;  small ;  minute.  Broicn, 

a.  Rare. 
TEN'IJRE,  (ictt'j-ar,)  n.    [Fr  ,  (Vom  tenir^  L.  teneo,  to 
hold.] 

1.  A  holding.  In  En^Ush  Zav.the  mannerof  hold- 
ing lands  ana  tenemcnLs  of  a  superior.  All  the 
species  of  ancient  tenures  mnv  be  reduced  to  four, 
three  of  which  subsist  to  this  day.  I.  Tenure  by 
kn^ht  service,  which  was  the  most  honorable. 
This  is  now  abolished.  2.  Tenure  in  ftee  socage,  or 
by  a  certain  and  detenninale  service,  which  h  either 
fireeand  honorable,  or  villein  and  base.  3.  Tenure 
by  copy  of  court  titll,  or  cep>  hold  tenure.  4.  Tenure 
In  ancient  demain.  There  was  also  tenure  in 
ftiuikalmoign,  or  frte  alms.  The  tenure  In  free  and 
eooUboD  aocac*  has  absorbed  most  of  the  others. 

Btaekstame. 

In  tbe  United  States,  alraoK  all  lands  an  held  in 
fbe-simple ;  not  of  a  supenur,  btit  the  whole  right 
and  title  to  tbe  pnipertv  bein?  vr'^ted  in  the  owner. 

Tenure  in  general,  then,  is  iJie  particular  manner 
of  holding  real  estate,  ns  by  exclusive  iiilc  or  owner- 
ship,  by  fee-simple,  by  feo-L-ul,  by  courtesy,  in 
dower,  by  copyhold,  by  lease,  at  will,  &c. 

S.  The  consideration,  condition,  or  service  which 
tbe  occupier  of  land  gives  tu  hts  lord  or  superior  for 
th«  use  of  his  land. 

3.  Manner  of  holding  in  general.  In  absolute 
govemmenis,  men  hold  their  rights  by  a  precari- 
ous tenure 

TE-O-CAL'LE,  n.    LUtrallv,  d  J'a  house  ;  a  pymroid 

fur  the  worship  of  llir-  pAa  nmoug  the  Mexicans  and 

other  aborigines  of  .^mericn-  Hambohit. 

TEP-E-FA€'T10N,  ».    [L.  trpefacio;  (epidii^,  warm, 

ond/ocid,  to  moke.]^ 
The  act  or  operation  of  warming,  making  tepid  or 

moderately  warm. 
TEP'E-FI-ED,  (-fide,)  pp.    Made  moderately  warm. 
TEP'E-FT,  c.  (.     [U.  tepifacio.] 

To  make  moderately  warm.  OoUgmith. 

TEP'E-FT,  V.L    To  become  moderately  warm. 
TEPH'RA-MAN-CY,  (tafmnian-se,)  ».    [Gr.  re^f^pa 

and  fiatfTCta.] 
Divinatkni  ny  tbe  ashes  on  which  the  victim  had 

been  consumed  In  sacrifice.  Smart. 

TEPID,  a.     rU  tepiAw,  from  tepeo,  to  be  warmj 

Russ.  Isp^ra.] 
Modetalely  warn ;  lokewarm;  as,  a  t^id  bath  ; 

tepid  rays ;  t^id  vapors. 

Tapid  mhteral  waters^  are  such  as  have  less  sensible 

cold  than  common  water.  Cye* 

TEFID-NES9, )  a.     Moderate  warmth  ;    lukewarm- 
TE^PID'I-TX,   I      ness.  RambUr. 

T^'POR,  a.    [L.]    Gentle  heat ;  moderate  warmth. 

^rbutknot. 
TER'APH,  (teKaf,)  a.     [Heb.]     Supposed  by  some  to 

be  on  idol ;  by  others,  to  be  a  charm  or  amulet. 

Sirmrt, 

TER'A-PHIM,  TU  pi,     [Heb.]     Household  deiUes  or 

images. 
TER-A-TOL'0-OY,  n,     [Gr.  repis,  a  prodigy,  and 

Xtfi  OS,  discourse,] 

1.  That  part  ofphysiology  which  treats  of  malfor- 
mations and  monstruHities. 

2.  Bombast  in  language;  affectation  of  sublimity. 
tJVot  used.]  Bailey. 

TERCE,   (ters,)   a.      [Sp.  Urciai    Fr.   tiers,  tierce,  a 
third.] 


A  cask  whose  contents  are  43  gallons,  the  third  of 
ft  pipe  or  butt.] 
TER'CEL,  n,    [Pr.  tj«r«,  Uiirdj   so  named  fur  bis 
snialliiess.1 
The  male  of  the  common  falcon,  Falco  pere^iniia. 

Ed.  Encyc 
The  name  taxel  is  also  given  to  the  male  of  every 
species  of  falcon  or  hawk,  when  he  has  no  other  in- 
dividual designation.  Booth. 
TERCE'-MA-JOR,  n.    A  sequence  of  the  three  best 

cards. 
TER'CINE,  (ter'sin,)  n.     [L  tcrtiMs.] 

In  bofany^  the  outer  cout  of  tbe  nucleus  of  the 
ovule  of  a  plant.  Lindley. 

TER'E-BI.\Tn,n.     [Tt.  t^ebinthe i  Gr.  reptfin'Ovs.] 
The  turpentine  tree.  Spensrr. 

TER-E-UIN'TIIIN-ATE,  a.     Terebinthine  ;  impreg- 
nated with  the  qualities  of  turpentine.        Ram.^av. 
TEll-E-niN'TIUNE,    (thin,)    o.      [L.    terebinthinus^ 
from  terebinOiina,  turpentine.] 

Pertaining  tn  tur[>entine  ;  consisting  of  turpentine, 
or  iKirtnkiiig  of  its  qualities. 
TEH'E-URATE,  r.  L     [l^  trrebro,  tero.] 

To  bore ;  to  perforate  with  a  gimlet.    [Little  used.] 

Drrkam. 
TER'E-BRA-TING,  ppr.  or  «.     Boring;    perforating; 
applied   to  moUusks,  which  form  boles  in   rocks, 
Wi>od,  &.C  '        Humble. 

TER-E-BRS'TION,  n.     The  act  of  boring.     [LiuU 

used^  Bacon. 

TER-E-BRAT'lJ-LA,  n.  A  genus  of  bivalve  niollusks, 
of  the  class  Brachiopoda,  in  which  one  of  the  valves 
is  perforated  for  tbe  transmissinn  of  a  sort  of  tendi- 
nous ligament,  by  which  the  animal  fixes  itself  to 
submarine  bodies.  P.  Cue. 

TER-E-BRAT'l^-LrrE,  n.    Fossil  terebratula,  a  kind 

of  shell.     [Obs.] 
TER'E-DI.VE,  (-din,)  n.    [See  TKasoo.]    A  borer  j 

the  teredo. 
TE-REDO,  a.     [L.,  ft-om  ttro,  tn  wear.] 

A  genus  of  acephalous  testnct-ous  molhisks   that 
bore  and  penetrate  the   bottom  of  shi|is,  and  other 
submersed  wood. 
TER  RTF.',  o.    [  L.  teres.] 

Cylindrical  and  tapering ;  columnar ;  as  some 
stems  (if  plants.  JUartyn. 

tcr:ckmInVate, i °-   II- '"■?"-'"«•] 

Thrice  double  ;  as,  a  Urgeminatt  leaf.      Martyn. 
TERGKM'IN-OU?,  a.    [Supra.]    Threefold. 
TER  OIF'E-ROU:?,  o.      [L.  ter^um,  the  back,  and 
fero,  to  bear.] 

Ttrgifhwu pUxntSy  are  such  as  bear  thetr  seeds  on 
the  back  of  tJieir  leaver,  as  ferns.  Cyc 

TER'GI-VER-S.ATE,  (ler'je-vcr-siite,)  r.  i  [h.  ter- 
^am,  the  back,  and  rrrt.y^  tn  turn.] 

Tu  shill ;  to  practice  evasion.     {Little  lued.] 

Bailey. 
TER-GI-VER-SITION,  n.    A  shifting  j  shift  j  sub- 
terfuge i  evasion. 

Wriiinj  U  u  be  prefrrrf^  l>-forc  Tcrtml  confoTSDCeB,  m  bcln^ 
more  free  (rata  pusiou  autl  !ergioermi:ion.      BrttnihaU. 

%  Change;  fickleness  of  conduct. 

The  cotoTwl,  ftfler  «U  bia  Uri^vertaJion,  ImI  hit  life  in  th"  kfng'a 
■crrice.  _  Clarendon, 

TER'GUM,  «.    JL.,  the  back.]    In  entomology^  the 

upper  surface  of  the  abdomen.  Brande. 

TERM,   n.     [Gr.    rtofia;    Fr.   terme ;  It.   termtHe;  Sp. 

termino;  L.  terminus^  a  limit  or  boundary  ;  W.  terc, 

tervyu,  from  tero,  extreme.] 

1.  A  limit;  a  bound  or  boundary;  the  extremity 

of  any  thing;  that  which  limits  its  extent. 

Corruption  b  n  rcciprooU  to  grneraiioii,  and  Uiey  two  (ire  as 
niUure's  two  temu  or  LounJanos.  Bacon. 

Q.  The  time  for  which  any  thing  lasts ;  any  limited 
time  ;  as,  tlie  term  of  five  years  ;  the  term  of  life. 

3.  In  geometnjf  a  point,  line,  or  superficies,  that 
limits.  A  line  is  the  term  of  a  superficies,  and  a  su- 
perficies is  the  term  of  a  solid. 

4.  In  lauij  the  limitation  of  an  estate;  or  rather 
the  whole  lime  or  duration  of  an  estate  ;  as,  a  lease 
for  the  term  of  life,  for  the  term  of  three  lives,  for  the 
term  of  twenty-one  years. 

5.  In  law,  the  time  in  which  a  court  is  held  or  open 
for  the  trial  of  causes.  In  England  there  are  four 
terms  in  tlic  year;  Hilary  term,  from  January  23d  to 
Ffcbniary  liJth ;  Easter  tfrni,  from  Wednesday, 
fortnight  after  Easter,  to  the  Monday  next  after 
Asceiision-day  ;  Trinity  ftrm,  from  Friday  next  after 
Trinity  Sunday  to  tlie  Wednesday  furtnipht  after; 
and  Michaelmas  term,  from  November  6th  to  the 
28ih.  These  terms  are  observed  by  the  courts  of 
King*s  Bench,  the  Common  Pleas  and  Exchequer, 
but  not  b>'^he  parliament,  the  chancery,  or  by  inferior 
courts.  The  rest  of  the  year  is  called  vacation.  In 
the  United  States,  the  terms  to  be  observed  by  the 
tribunals  of  justice,  are  prescribed  by  the  statutes  of 
congress  and  of  the  several  States. 

6.  In  universities  and  ccllfrrrs,  the  time  during 
which  inslniciion  is  regularly  given  to  students,  who 
are  obliged  by  the  statutes  and  laws  of  the  institution 
to  attend  to  tbe  recitations,  lectures,  and  other  exer- 
cises. 


TER 

7.  In  grammar,  a  word  or  expression ;  that  which 
fixes  or  determines  ideas. 

la  pdniing,  tlf  |freat<-Bt  beautiec  cut  not  be  alwa^a  npn-wcd 
for  wniit  uf  lerma.  DryiUn. 

8.  In  the  artf^  A  word  or  expression  that  denotes 
someihint;  peculiar  to  an  art ;  as,  a  technical  term. 

9.  Ill  logic,  a  ^yllufiisni  embraces  three  terms,  the 
major,  the  minor,  and  the  middle.  The  predicate  of 
the  conclusion  is  called  the  major  term,  because  It  is 
the  most  general,  and  the  subject  of  the  conclusion  is 
called  the  minor  term,  because  it  is  leas  general. 
These  are  called  the  extremes ;  and  the  third  term, 
introduced  as  a  common  niesisure  between  them,  is 
called  the  mean  or  middle  term.  Thus  in  the  follow- 
ing syllopi.sni :  — 

Every  vegetable  is  combustible  j 

Evi^ry  tree  is  a  vegetable  ; 

Therefore  every  tree  is  combustible  ; 
Combu.'-iiblr  is  the  predicate  of  the  conclusion,  or  the 
majur  term  ;  ecery  tree  is  the  minor  term  ;  vegetable 
is  the  middle  term.  Hedge^s  Logic. 

10.  In  archiircture,  a  kind  of  pillar  or  column, 
adorned  on  the  top  with  the  figure  of  a  head,  either 
of  a  man,  woman,  or  satyr.  The  pillar  part  fre- 
quently tapers  downward,  or  is  narrowest  at  the  bnse. 
Terms  rudely  carved  \vere  used  for  landmarks  or 
boundaries.  P.  Cyc.     Owilt. 

11.  Among  the  aneientSy  terms,  termini  jniliaresj 
were  the  heads  of  certain  divinities  placed  on  square 
landmarks  of  stone,  tu  mark  the  several  stadia  on 
roads.  These  were  dedicated  to  Mercury,  who  was 
supposed  to  preside  over  highways.  Cyr. 

l-i.  In  algebra,  a  member  of  a  compound  quantity  ; 
as,  a,  in  a  -|-  b  ;  or  ab,  in  ab  -j-  cd.  I^ay. 

13.  Among  jiAj/mciuhs,  the  monthly  uterine  secre- 
tion of  females  is  called  term*.  Bailnj. 

14.  In  contracts,  terms,  in  the  plural,  are  condi- 
tions ;  propositions  stated  or  promisL-s  made,  which, 
when  assented  to  or  accepted  by  another,  settle  the 
contr.ict  and  bind  the  p^trties.  A  engages  to  build  a 
house  for  B  for  a  specific  sura  of  money,  in  a  given 
time  ;  these  are  his  terms.  When  B  promises  to 
give  to  A  that  sum  for  building  the  house,  he  has 
agreed  to  the  terms  ;  the  contract  is  completed  and 
binding  ujHm  both  parties. 

IWms  of  proportiitn  ;  in  mathematics,  the  four  mem- 
bers of  which  it  is  composed. 

To  make  terms ;  to  come  to  an  agreement. 

To  came  to  terms ;  to  agree  ;  to  eome  to  an  agree- 
ment. 

To  bring  to  terms;  to  reduce  to  Submission  or  to 
conditions. 
TERM,  V.  U    To  name  ;  to  call;  to  denominate. 

Mi'i)  term  wli.it  ia  bnjtoiid  the  limiu  of  the  universe  imnginmry 
sp.iGB.  Locke. 

TER'MA-GAN-CY,  Ji.  [from  terma^anL]  Turbu- 
lence; tumultuousness  ;  as,  a  violent  terma^ncij  of 
temper.  Baker. 

TER'MAGANT,  fl.  [In  Snx.  tir  or  tyr  is  a  deity, 
Mars  or  Mercury,  and  a  prince  or  lord.  As  a  prefix, 
it  nticments  the  sense  of  words,  and  is  equivalent  to 
chief  or  very  great.  The  Sax.  magan,  Eng.  may,  is  a 
verb  denoting  to  be  able,  to  prevail ;  from  the  sense 
of  stmining,  striving,  or  driving.  Qu.  the  root  tifsfir.] 
Tumultuous;  turbulent;  boisterous  or  furious; 
quarrelsome ;  scolding. 

Thfl  cM^Bt  win  a  termagant,   imperious,   protligTiI,  proflijnte 
wench.  Arbuthnol. 

TER'MA-GANT,  n.  A  boisterous,  brawling,  turbu- 
lent woman.  It  seems  in  Shak.=peare  to  have  been 
used  of  men.  In  ancient  farces  and  puppet-shows, 
Termagant  was  a  vociferous,  tumultuous  deity. 

She  threw  his  periwig  into  the  fire.   "Well,"  aaid  he,  "thou  art 

a  brave  termagant."  Tluler. 

The  aprilcs  of  ftcry  termaganta  in  Bamc.  Pop*. 

TER'MA-GANT-LY,  adv.  In  a  turbulent  or  scolding 
manner. 

TERM'J:D,  pp.     Called;  denominated. 

TERM'ER,  n.    One  who  travels  to  attend  a  court  term. 

Spenser. 
9.  One  who  has  an  estate  for  a  term  of  years  or 
for  life. 

TER'MilS,  n. ;  pL  Teh'mi-tes.  [Gr.  repjia,  the  end, 
because  this  insect  destroys  every  thing  it  attacks.] 

A  neuropterous  insect,  commonly  called  White 
Ant.  It  is  mostly  found  within  the  tropics.  It  de- 
stroys every  thing  it  attacks.  It  wHI  reduce  a  house 
of  wood  to  a  mere  shell  in  a  very  short  lime. 

TERM'-FEE,  n.  Among  lawyers,  a  fee  or  certain 
sum  charged  to  a  suitor  for  each  term  his  cause  is  in 
court. 

TERM'IN-A-BLE,  a.  [from  term.]  That  m.iy  be 
bounded  ;  liuiitable.  Diet. 

TERM'IN-A-BLENESS.n.  The  state  of  being  ter- 
minable. 

TERM'IN-AL,  a.  [from  L.  terminus.]  In  botany^ 
growing  at  the  end  of  a  branch  or  Ptem ;  termina- 
ting ;  a.s,fi  terminal  scape,  flower,  or  spike    Jilarttjn. 

2.  Forming  the  end  or  extremity ;  as,  a  terminal 
cdije. 

TER-M[N-A'LI-A,Ti.pI.  [L.]  Annual  festivals  hold 
by  the  Romans  in  February  in  honor  of  Terminus, 
the  god  of  boundaries.  Brande. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WIDiT-  — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  M.\R1NE,  BIRD N6TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. — 

lT38  ~ 


TER 

TERM'IN-ATE,  r.  £.  [Ft.  terminer ;  L.  termino  i  Sp. 
terminar  ;  It.  terminare  ,  from  L.  terminus,  W.  tfrvyn.] 

1.  To  bound  ;  to  limit ;  to  set  the  extreme  point  or 
Bide  of  a  thing  ;  as,  to  terminate  a  surface  by  a  line. 

3.  To  end  ;  to  put  an  end  to ;  as,  to  terminate  a 
controversy. 
TERM'I.\-ATE,r.i.  To  be  limited  ;  to  end  ;  to  come 
to  the  furthest  point  in  space  ;  as,  a  line  terminates 
at  the  equator  ;  the  torrid  zone  terminates  at  the 
tropics. 

2.  To  end;  to  close;  to  come  to  a  limit  in  lime. 
The  session  of  congress,  every  second  year,  must 
ierminaU  on  the  third  of  March. 

Tbe  wiwloni  of  this  worid,  iti  deai^u  and  efficAcy,  terminate  on 
this  side  beaTen.  South. 

TERM'IN-A-TED,  pp.    Limited  ;  bounded  ;  ended. 
TERM'IN-A-TING»  ppr,  or  a.     Limiting;   ending; 

conchiding. 
TERM-rN-X'TION,  n.    The  act  of  limiting  or  setting 

bounds  ;  the  act  of  ending  or  concluding. 

3.  Bound  ;  limit  in  apace  or  extent ;  ns,  the  tC7-mi~ 
nation  of  a  line. 

3.  End  in  time  or  existence  ;  aa,  the  termination  of 
the  year  or  of  life  ;  the  lermin^ion  of  happiness. 

4.  In  grammar,  the  end  or  ending  of  a  word  ;  the 
syllable  or  letter  that  ends  a  word.  \Vonls  have 
ditferent  terminations  to  express  number,  time,  and 

5.  End  ;  conclusion ;  result.  [sex. 

6.  I>ast  purpose.  White. 

7.  Word  ;  term.    [Kot  in  use.}  Skak. 
TER>MX-A'TIO\-AL,  a.     Pt  rtaining  to,  or  forming, 

the  end  or  concluding  svllalde.  Walker. 

TERM'I.\-A-TIVE,  o.     directing  termination. 

Bp.  Rust. 

TERM'IN-A-TIVE-LY,  adv.  Absolutely  ;  so  as  not 
to  respect  any  thing  else.  Taylor. 

TERM'IN-A-TOR,  n.  In  astranomij,  the  dividing  line 
between  the  enlightened  and  the  unenlightened  part 
of  the  moon.  Olmsted. 

TERM'IN-ER,  n.  A  determining;  as,  in  oyer  and 
terminer. 

TERMING,  ppr.    Calling;  denominating. 

TERM'IN-IST,  n.  In  cccUna-itical  Ai-fori/,  one  of  a 
class  of  theologians  who  nrainlain  that  God  has  fixed 
a  certain  term  fur  the  probation  of  individual  per- 
sons, during  which  [icriod,  and  no  longer,  they  have 
the  offer  of  erace.  Murdoch. 

TCRJl-ox-oL'iTy.i  "•   ["'•  """""  """  ^■■^"'•] 

1.  The  doctrine  of  terms  ;  a  treatise  on  terms. 

2.  In  natural  history,  that  branch  of  the  science 
which  explains  all  theterms  used  in  the  description 
of  natuni  objects.  FA.  Kncye. 

TER-ML\'THUS,n.     [Gr.  TtpiiivOng,  a  pine  nut.] 

In  medicine,  a  sort  of  carbuncle,  spreading  in  the 
shape,  and  assuming  the  figure  and  blackish  green 
color  o(  the  fruit  of  iXvcpine,  called  Pine-Nut. 

Good. 
TER'.MIX-USjB.f  pL  Termini.    [L.]    A  boundary  ; 
a  column  ;  the  extreme  point  at  either  end  of  a  rail- 
road, &c.     Among  the  Romans,  the  deity  that  pre- 
sided over  boundaries. 
TER'MITE,    -n.;   pi.    Termites.      The    white    ant, 

Tn-mes. 
TERM'LESS,  a.    Unlimited;  boundless;  as,  termless 

jttys.  Jialeffk. 

TERM'LY,  a.    Occurring  every  term;   as,  a  termly 

fee.  Bacon. 

TERM'LY,  orfp.    Tenn  by  term,  every  term;  as,  a 

fee  trrmhj  given.  Bacon. 

TERM-<3N-OL'0-<5r,  n  [Gr.  repfim't  s  term,  and 
A")   u] 

This  is  a  more  correct  word  than  Tcrminologt, 
and  is  preferred  by  the  best  authors. 
TERM 'OR,  n.    One  who  has  an  estate  for  a  term  of 
I       years  or  life  ;  spell  also  Tebmeb.  Blackilone. 

I   TERN,  71.     [L.  sterna.] 

A  common  name  of  certain  long-winc^d  aquatic 
fowls  of  the  genus  Sterna,  of  Linna-us,  closely  nllit-d 
to  th«  gulls;  as  the  great  or  common  tern,  or  sea- 
Bwallow,  (S.  Hirundo,)  the  black  tern,  the  lesser 
t(?rn, or  hooded  tern,&c.  The  brown  tern,  or  brown 
gull,  is  considered  as  the  young  of  the  pewit  gull  or 
sea  crow,  (Lams  ridibundua.)  before  molting. 

Ed,  Eneye. 
TERN.  a.     [L.  temus.] 

Threefold  ;  consisting  of  three. 
Tern  If-cves  ;  in  threes,  or  tliree  by  three ;  express- 
ing the  number  of  leaves  in  each  whorl  or  set. 

Tern  peduncles ;  three  growing  together  from  the 
same  axil. 

Tern  flowers ;  growing  three  and  three  together. 

Jtlartyn. 
TERN'A  RV,  a.     [L.  ternarius,  of  throe.! 

Proceeding  by  threes  ;  consisting  of  three.  The 
trmary  number,  in  antiquity,  was  esteemed  a  sym- 
bol of  perfection, and  held  in  great  veneration.  Cyc. 

TER'NLO\/i"*     {l^^temarius.ternio.] 

The  number  three.  Bolder. 

TEBN'ATE,  a.     [L-  temvs,  temi.'] 

Id  botinu,  a  ternatc  le;if  is  one  that  hna  three  leaf- 
leu  on  a 'petiole,  as  in  trcfyil,  strawberry,  bramble, 


TER 

&.C.     There  are  leaves  al:^o  Alternate  and  triternatey 
having  three  ternate  or  three  biternate  leaflets. 

jMartyn, 
These  leaves  must  not  be  confounded  with  folia 
tenia,  which  are  leaves  that  grow  three  together  in  a 
whori,  on  a  stem  or  branch.    These  are,  however, 
more  correctly  called  Verticillate-tersatb.  Cyc. 

Ternate  bat ;  a  species  of  bat  of  a  large  kind,  found 
in  the  isle  Ternate,  and  other  East  India  isles.    [See 
Vamptre.J 
TERP-SICH-O-Rft'AN,  a.    Relating  to  Terpsichore, 

the  muse  who  presided  over  dancing. 
TER'RACE,  H.      [Fr.  terrasse;    It.  terrazzo;  Sp.  ter- 
rado  i  from  L.  terra,  the  earth.] 

1.  A  raised  level  space  or  platform  of  earth,  sup- 
ported on  one  or  more  sides  by  a  wall  or  bank  of 
turf,  &.C.,  used  cither  for  cultivation  or  for  a  prome- 
nade. 

2.  A  balcony  or  open  gallery.  Johnson. 

3.  The  flat  roof  of  a  house.  All  the  buildings  of 
the  Oriental  nations  are  covered  with  (crracc5,  where 
people  walk  or  sleep. 

TER'RACE,  V.  U    To  form  into  a  terrace. 

2.  To  open  to  the  air  and  light.  Wottcn. 

TER'RAC-ED,  (ter'raste,)  pp.  or  a.  Formed  into  a 
terrace;  having  a  terrace.  Thomson. 

TER'RAC-ING,  ppr.  Forming  into  a  terrace  ;  open- 
ing to  the  air. 

TER'RA  €OT'T.a,  n.  [It.]  Literally,  baked  clay  ;  a 
name  given  to  statues,  architectural  decorations, 
figures,  vases,  &c.,  modeled  or  cast  in  a  paste  made 
of  pipe  or  potter^s  clay  and  a  fine  colorless  sand. 

Branile. 

TER-RA-€UL'TtIR-AL,  a.  Denoting  tillage  of  the 
earth. 

TER-RA-€UL'TITRE,  n.     [L.  terra  and  cidtura.] 
Cultivation  of  the  earth. 

TER'R..^  FIL'T-US,n.  [L.]  Ftwmer?)/,  one  appointed 
to  write  a  satirical  Latin  poem  at  the  public  acts  in 
the  university  of  Oxford  ;  not  unlike  the  prevaricator 
at  Canibridce,  England. 

TER'RA  FIR' MA,  n.    [L.]    Firm  or  solid  earth. 

TER'RA  IJV-€00'jYI-TA,  n.  [L.]  An  unknown 
region. 

TER'RA  JA-POJ^I-€A,  n.  [L.]  The  same  as  Ca- 
techu, a  substance  obtained  from  the  juice  of  a  spe- 
cies of  acacia.  It  was  formerly  supposed  to  be  a 
kind  of  earth  from  Japan  ;  hence  the  name. 

TER'RA  LEM'J^'J-A,  n.  [L.]  A  species  of  red, 
bolary  earth. 

TER'RA-PIN,  fi.  A  name  given  to  a  species  of  tide- 
water lortoise. 

TER  RA  POJ^-DE-RO'SA^n.  [L.]  Barytes  or  heavy 
spar.  Ure. 

TER-RA'aUE-OUS,  a.  [L.  terra,  earth,  and  aqua, 
water  ;  W.  tir.  Sans,  dara,  earth.] 

Consisting  of  land  and  water,  as  the  globe  or  earth. 
This  epithet  is  given  to  the  earth  in  regard  to  the 
surface,  of  which  more  than  tJireo  fifths  consist  of 
water,  and  the  remainder  of  earth  or  solid  materials. 

TER'RAR,  71.    A  register  of  lands.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Cowcl. 

TER'RAS,  71.     9eo  Trass. 

TER'RA  ST-EJ>r'JVA,n.  [It.]  A  brown  bole  or  ochre 
from  Sienna,  in  Italy,  used  as  a  pigmimt. 

TBRRE'-BLOE,  (tare'hlu,)  n.  [Fr.  tore,  earth,  and 
blue.] 

A  kind  of  earth.  Woodward. 

TfiRRE'-MOTE,  (taru'moto,)  n.  [L.  terra,  earth,  and 
motus,  motion.] 

An  earthquake.      [JVut  in  use,]  Ookct. 

TfiRRE'-PLglN,  (tare'plane.)  [Fr.  terre,  earth,  and 
plein,  fulll  - 

In  fortification,  the  top,  platform,  or  horizontal 
surface  of  a  rampart,  on  which  the  cannon  are 
placed . 

TBRRE-TEN'.ANT,  »         rpr   t^r^,^^^«t^ 

TER-TEN'ANT,        \  '*'     L^r.  terre^ant] 

One  who  has  the  actual  possession  of  land  j  the 
occupant. 

TERRE'-VfiRTE,  (tire'varte,)  ?i.  [Fr.  terre,  earth, 
and  verd,  rertc,  green.] 

A  species  of  olive-green  earth,  used  by  painters, 
containing  oxyd  of  iron,  silica,  iwtash,  and  water, 
with  other  variable  ingredients. 

TER-REEN',  b.     [Fr.  terrine,  from  L.  terra,  earth.] 
An  earthen  or  p«>rcelain  vessel  for  table  furniture, 
used  often  for  containing  soup.    A  similar  vessel  of 
metal. 

TER'REL,  n.  [from  terra.]  Little  earth,  a  magnet 
of  a  just  spherical  figure,  and  so  placed  Ihat  its 
poles,  equator,  &,c.,  correnpond  exactly  to  those  of 
the  world. 

TER-RkNE',  a.  [L.  tcrrenus,  from  terra,  W.  tiTy 
earthj 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  earth  ;  earthy  ;  as,  terrene  sub- 
stance. 

2.  Earthly ;  terrestrial. 

God  set  Njfon?  hira  a  mortAl  «inl  iininortal  life,  «.  aalur*  wkslial 
utd  Uttwm,  Ralegh. 

TER'RE-OUS,  a.    [L.  terreusy  from  terra,  earth.] 

Earthy;  con$t«ting  of  earth;  as,  terrcous  sub- 
stances ;  terrcous  particles.  Brown. 


TER 

TER-RES'TRI-AL,  o.  [L.  Urrestris,  from  terra,  the 
earth.] 

1.  Periaining  to  the  earth  ;  existing  on  the  earth; 
as,  terrestrial  animals  ;  bodies  terrestrial.     1  Cor.  xv. 

2.  Consisting  of  earth  ;  as,  the  terrestrial  globe. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  world,  or  to  the  present  state ; 
sublunary.  Death  puts  an  end  to  all  terrestrial 
scenes. 

TER-RES'TRt-AL-LY,  adv.  After  an  earthly  man- 
ner. More. 

TER-RES'TRI-O  US,  a.     Earthy.     [LitUe  used.] 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  earth  ;  being  or  Jiving  on  the 
earth ;  terrestrial.  Browru 

TER'RI-BLE.  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  terrOais,  from  terreo, 
to  frighten.] 

1.  Frightful ;  adapted  to  excite  terror;  dreadful; 
formidable. 

Pnitif  nt  ill  poacc,  and  terrih!t  in  war.  Prior, 

Tlie  torm  of  the  image  WM  Urrihlt.  —  Dan.  I. 

2.  Adapted  to  impress  dread,  terror,  or  solemn  awe 

and  reverence. 

Th<f  ).or<t  thy  God  is  Among  jrou,  k  might;  God  and  ItrrtU*.  — 

Dfut.  rit. 
Let  ihem  praiic  Ihy  ifr'Rt  And  lerribls  name,  for  H  is  holy,  — 

Pk.  xcix. 
He  lia(l)  ituiie  fur  Uie«  Ufie   grvat  aod  ttrrOde  Ihiagt,  which 

thine  eye*  have  Men.  —  Deut.  x. 

3.  ado.  Severely  ;  very ;  so  as  to  give  pain ;  ai, 
terrible  cold  ;  a  eolloiptial  phrase. 

TER'RI-BLE-NEljS,  n.  Dreadfulness ;  formidable- 
ness  ;  the  quality  or  state  cf  being  terrible  ;  as,  the 
terribleness  of  a  sight. 

TER'IU-BLY,  ade.    Dreadfully  ;  in  a  manner  to  excite 

terror  or  fright. 

When  he  nriwMh  lo  shake  Urribiy  the  eanlu  — 1».  lU 

2.  Violently ;  very  greatly. 

Th«  poor  man  squalled  terribly,  Sw^/l. 

TER'RI-ER,  n.     [Fr.,  from  terra,  earth.] 

1.  A  dog  or  little  lioiind,  that  creeps  into  the 
ground  after  animals  that  burrow.  Dryden. 

2.  A  lodge  or  hole  where  certain  animals,  as 
foxes,  rabbits,  badgers,  and  the  like,  secure  them- 
selves. Cyc 

3.  Originally,  a  collection  of  acknowledgments  of 
the  vassals  or  tenants  of  a  lordship,  containing  tl>e 
rents  and  services  they  owed  to  the  lord,  &c. ;  at 
present,  a  book  or  roll  in  which  the  lands  of  private 
persons  or  corporations  are  described  by  their  site, 
boundaries,  niunber  of  acres,  &.c.  Cyc. 

4.  A  wimble,  auger,  or  borer.    [L.  tero.] 

Atnsiporilt, 
TER-RIF'ie,  a.     [L.  terrificus  from  terreo,  (error,  and 
facia.] 

Dreadful;  causing  terror;  adapted  to  excite  great 
fear  or  dread  ;  as,  a  terrific  form  ;  terrific  sight. 
TER'RI-FI-£D,  pp.  or  a.     Frightened  ;  affrighted. 
TER'RI-F?,  V.  t.     [L.  terror  and  faeio,  to  make.] 
To  frighten  ;  to  alarm  or  shock  with  fear. 
Th'-y  wort-  UrriJIed  nnd  affrighted.  —  Luke  xxW. 
Whvn  v  Bliiill  hi-ar  of  wan  iind  com  mo  lions,  be  not  terrified.  — 
Luke  xx\.     Job  vii. 

TER'RI-F?-IN<1,  ppr.  or  a.    Frightening ;  nflrighting. 
TER-RIG'EN-OUS,  a.     [L.  terrigena,  one  born  of  the 

earth  ;  terra  and  ginnori 

Enrth-horn  ;  produced  by  the  earth. 
TER-RI-TO'RI-AL,  a.      [from  territory.]     Pertaining 

to  territory  or  land  ;  as,  territorial  limits  ;  tcrritori^ 

jurisdiction.  Tooke. 

2.  Limited  to  a  certain  district.     Rights  may  be 

personal  or  territorial. 
TERRl-TO'RI-AL-LV,  a(io.    In  regard  to  territory; 

bv  means  of  territory.  E.  Everett. 

TE^'Rl-TO-RI-£D,  o.     Possessed  of  territory.  ScJden. 
TER'RI-TO-RY,  71.     [Fr.  tfrritotrc  ;  IL  and  Sp.  (crri- 

torio  ;  L.  terrilorium,  from  terra,  earth.] 

1.  The  extent  or  compass  of  land  within  the 
bounds,  or  belonging  to  tlie  jurisdiction,  of  any  state, 
city,  or  other  body. 

T-in^r  not  in  my  terriioritt,  Skak. 

Thpy  errclM  a  Iiqobc  w  ithin  their  own  terrUory.       Hayward. 
Aru  and  ncicncei  took  their  riae  and  ftouriBhed  only  in  those  mall 
terriiorie$  where  the  people  were  free.  Sv^fL 

2.  A  tract  of  land  belonging  to,  or  under  the  do- 
minion of,  a  prince  or  slate,  lying  at  a  distance  from 
the  parent  country  or  from  the  seat  of  government  ; 
as,  ihe  territories  of  the  East  India  Company  ;  Ihe 
territories  of  Ihc  United  Slates  ;  the  territory  of  Mich- 
igan ;  North-west  territory.  These  districts  of  coun- 
tr>-,  when  received  into  the  Union  and  acknowledged 
to  be  States,  loao  the  appellation  of  territory. 

Constitution  of  the  United  States. 
TER'ROR,  71.     [L.  terror,  from  terreo,  to  frighten  ;  Fr. 
terreur :  It.  tcrrore.]  .      ,  .  ^ 

1.  Extreme  fear;  violent  dread;  fright;  fear  that 
agitates  the  body  and  mind. 

The  aword  without  and  terror  within.  —  Dent.  xxsU. 

The  terrort  of  God  do  ael  IbemtelTM  in  amy  «g«n»l  loa 

Ama7«  nud  terror  seized  the  relm!  hoi*.  MUton. 

2.  That  which  may  excite  dread ;  the  cause  of  ex- 
treme fear. 

Riilera  arc  not  a  terror  to  good  worka,  but  to  the  e»Q-  —  Ronu 
terrore  of  the  Nfle.  Prior. 


TONE,  BJjLL,  liNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  asKjOaaJjeasZ;  CH  aa  SH ;  TU  aa  in  THIS. 


ii3d 


TES 

3.  In  Scripturf^ihe  t«tid<)en  judgiuenta  of  God  are 
called  temfrs.     Ps,  Ixxiii. 

4.  The  threatentngs  of  wicked  men,  or  evil  appre- 
bended  fmoi  tbem.    1  Pet  iii. 

5.  Awful  majesty,  calculated  to  unpross  fear.  3 
Cw.  V. 

6.  Death  is  emphatically  styled  the  kinj  of  tor- 

Rmgn  nf  tfrrar  i  in  FWneh  history,  that  period 
during  the  n-voUition  when  t-xeciiiions  were  must 
numeruus,  nnd  the  people  were  kept  in  the  prentest 
fear  hy  their  nilers.  This  extended  from  October, 
1793,  to  Jiilv,  17VI.  BrttHde, 

TER'ROR-ia'M,  H.  A  state  of  being  terrifii-'d,  or  a 
state  impressing  terror.  Jefftraon. 

T£R'ROR-IST,  n,  A  name  given  to  the  agents  and 
partisans  of  the  revolutionor}-  tribunal  during  the 
reicn  of  terror  in  France.  Brande. 

TER'ROR-LESS.  «.     Free  from  terror. 

TER'ROR-SMIT'TEN,  a.    Smitten  with  terror, 

Ottrridffe, 

TER'KOR-STRUCK,  «.    Stricken  with  terror. 

TSB8E,  (ters,)  a.    [L.  eernL<,  fmni  terfo^  to  wipe.] 
Cleanly  written  ;  neat ;  elegant  without  pompous- 
neas ;  as,  Ursa  language  ;  a  terse  style. 
•  Di(r«rd,  Trt  to-w,  poetioJ,  tbou^  pLua.  Barta, 

TERSE'LY,  (lera'IyO  «A^    NeaUy. 

TERSE'XESS,  (tcre'iiess,)  n.  Neatness  of  style  j 
sraottthness  itf  langtiage.  tt'arton. 

TER-SUL'PHU-RET,  «.  A  sulphuret  containing 
three  equivalents  of  sulphur. 

TER-TEN'ANT,  n.    [Fr.  terre  and  tenoMt.] 
The  occupant  of  land. 

TER'TL\L,  a.  A  term  applied  to  the  quills  growing 
oo  the  lost  or  innermost  joint  of  a  bird's  wing. 

SttainsoH. 

TER'TIALS,  C-sbalzO  "•  pt<  In  omithotoffy,  the  quills 
or  lar^e  feathers  which  grow  near  the  junction  of  the 
wing  wi[h  the  body. 

TER'TIAN,  a.    [L.  tertioiMu,  from  tertius^  third.] 
Occurring  eTery  other  day  ;  as,  a  tertimu  fever. 

TER'TIAN,  n.  A  disease  or  fever  whose  paniiyrau 
lelum  every  other  day ;  an  intemnttent  whose  par- 
oxysms occur  alter  intervals  of  a  tittle  less  than 
Ihcty-eigbt  hours.  Cye,     Coie. 

St,  A  measure  of  64  gallons,  tlie  third  part  of  a  tun. 

ro»5.i 

TER'TlA-RY,  «.    Third  ;  of  the  third  formation. 

TVrfMiry  f»rmation  ;  in  gfvta^,  a  series  of  strata, 
more  recent  than  the  chnik,ron:$rsting  of  sandstones, 
Ctej  bajs,  limestones,  nni)  frt-quently  rontainini:  nu- 
narmu  fossils,  a  few  of  which  are  identical  with  ex- 
isting species.  It  has  been  divided  into  Eocarti, 
MtocaiflB,  and  Pliockiik,  which  see.  Dana. 

TGK'TUTE,  (ter'shate.)  v.  L  [U  txrtiust  third; 
IcrCis,  to  do  every  third  day.] 

1.  To  do  any  thing  the  third  time.  Jekiuam. 
S.  To  examine  the  thickness  of  the  metal  at  the 

muzzle  of  a  gun ;  or,  in  general,  to  examine  the 
thickness  to  ascertain  the  strength  of  ordnance. 

T'ERTU-TED,  pp.    Done  the  third  time. 

TER'TIUM  quID,  [L.]     A  third  something. 

TER'2Ji  /ir.tfA  C»ert'»a  rC'ma,)  a-  [lu]  LiUrallf^ 
a  peculiar  and  complicated  system  of  versification, 
borrowed  by  the  early  Italian  poets  from  the  Trouba- 
dours. Brande. 

TER-ZETTO^  (lert-set'to,)  a.  [lu]  In  m^sie^  a 
composition  in  three  parts.  Bramde. 

TBS'SEL-AR,  a.     Formed  In  squares. 

TES'^EI^ATE,  v.L    [  U  tes^eia,  a  little  square  stone.] 
To  form  into   squares  or  checkers ;  to  lay  with 
checkered  work. 

TES'8EI^A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Checkered  ;  formed  In 
little  squares  or  mosaic  work  ;  as,  a  tesselaUd  pave- 
ment. 

3.  In  hctBMjiy  spotted  like  a  cbes^-hoard  ;  a«,  a  t«#- 
»riett4  lenf.  .Vartjm. 

TES'?EIrA-TIXG,  ppr.     Forming  in  liule  s^junres. 

TES  SEUA'TION,  n.  Mosaic  work,  or  the  (ip -ration 
of  making  it.  JVrswfA,  Italy. 

res' SE-iLS,  II.  ;pLTE99iR-«.  [Gr.]  A  six-sided  die, 
like  modern  dice,  used  nmon«  the  Romans  as  n  to- 
ken, and  in  architecture  in  laying  tesselated  work. 

Bnmdt* 

TES-SE-RA'ie,  a.    TL.  f«nv«,  a  sqaare  thing.1 

Diversified  by  squares  ;  tesselated.  .OVcyns, 

TES'SE-RAL,  a.     Pertaining  to  or  containing  tessene. 

2.  In  cryAaUegraphify  a  term  af^ic4  to  crystals 
having  equal  axes,  like  the  cube. 

TES'SL'-LAR,  a.  Related  to  the  cube,  or  having 
equal  axes,  like  the  cube. 

TEST,  «.  [L.  torfa,  an  earthen  pot :  It.  tegta  or  U^o ; 
Yt.  Ul] 

1.  In  vuiaHmrgy^  a  large  cupel,  or  a  vessel  in 
the  nature  of  a  cupel,  formed  of  wood  ashes  and 
finely  powdered  brick  dust,  in  which  meuls  are 
melted  for  trial  and  refinement.  Cije. 

a.  Trial ;  Lxaminaiion  by  the  cupel ;  hence,  any 
critical  trial  and  examination. 

Tliy  Tinw,  prince,  hu  •lood  (h«  lert  oT  fonune 

Like  pure«  g^ld.  Afcfiws. 

X  M'  ans  of  trial. 

Ea(h  Utt  anl  crerr  li**il  tier  OMMe  wU]  hew.  Dryitn. 


TES 

4.  That  with  which  any  thing  is  compared  for 
proof  of  its  genuineness  ;  a  standard. 

Life,  tun/',  nnil  bpKutj'  mint  to  kII  hniviTt, 

Al  oac>-  Uir  •ouic«,  Uiu  end  ttiid  tut  ul'  art.  Pope. 

5.  Discriminative  cliaracteristfc ;  standard. 

Our  tort  ?xduih-«  jour  tribe  from  bertcfiL  Drydgn. 

6.  Judgment ;  distinction. 

Who  would  rxc^l,  when  frw  an  make,  r  tort 

Brtwixt  iiidilfirvtit  writing  kikJ  iIw  Ix-jii  ?  Drydtn. 

7.  In  cAewisfry,  a  substance  employed  to  detect  any 
unknown  constituent  of  a  compound,  by  causing  it 
to  exhibit  some  known  property.  Thus  amrnonin  is 
a  te.-it  of  ropijer,  because  it  mrikes  n  blue  color  with 
that  metal,  by  whicti  a  minute  quantity  of  it  can  be 
discovered  wbtn  in  combination  with  other  sub- 
stances. OlmMed. 

TEST,  ji.  [L.  lAstis,  B  witness,  properly  one  that  af- 
firm*.] 

In  En^and,  an  oath  and  declaration  ncainst  tran- 
siibstnntialion,  which  all  otTicers,  civil  and  military, 
were  formeriy  obli^fd  to  take  within  six  monihs  after 
their  admission.  Tliey  were  obIi»;ed  also  to  reci;ive 
the  sncranieni,  arcording  to  the  usage  of  the  Church 
of  Enctand.  These  requit^itions  were  made  by  stal. 
Si5  diaries  II.,  which  is  called  the  U^t  act.  The  re- 
ceiving of  the  sncrauient  is  now  dispensed  wiih,  and 
a  declaration  substituted,  by  a  law  passed  in  IS'is. 
Brandt,     Blackntone. 

TEST,  P.  (.  To  compare  with  a  standard  ;  to  try  j  to 
prove  the  truth  or  gt'nuineness  of  any  tiling  by  ex- 
periment or  by  some  fixed  principle  or  standard  ;  as, 
to  (e*(  the  s»mndncss  of  a  principle  ;  to  test  the  valid- 
ity of  on  nrgunient. 

The  inie  WH.J  of  uiting  iu  chAncter,  Is  to  luppow  ii  [ih^  iTrtem] 
will  \je  nrr»>-vvnxl  In.  Edin,  R»ou%a. 

Exffticne*  i»  ihc  tumt  aUutdAid  by  which  to  to«r  tlu-  n>nl  teiid- 
Fiic;  of  the  fxuUug  conatlCutton.     Wtuhington't  Addrtt». 

To  tort  U)i»  pmilaa.  Hanuiton,  Ittp. 

Ill  ordT  to  to«(  the  eomctoMi  of  thia  tyttem.    Aftnma't  Ltd. 

Tbi*  f  xp^ient  baa  been  alreuljr  Intotf.  Waith,  Jim. 

3.  To  attest  and  date  ;  as,  a  writing  tested  on  such 
a  day. 

3.  In  metallurgry,  to  refine  gold  or  silver  by  means 
of  lead,  in  a  trst,  by  the  vitrification,  scorificatton, 
&c.,  of  all  extraneous  matter. 
TES'TA,  ».    [L.]    The  shelly  covering  of  t<;!>taceous 
animals.  Humble. 

2.  In  botantt,  the  integuments  of  a  seed.  lAudlcy. 
TEST'A-BLE,*a.     [L.  teftor.    See  Tbstamknt.I 

That  mriy  be  devised  or  given  bv  will.  Blaeistene. 
TES-TA'l'EA,       >«.^    Shelled animaU.    [Sco.Tas- 
TES-TA'CEA.VS,  j      XAcaoci.] 
TES-TA-CE-OG'RA  PHY.    See  Te*t*ckoloov. 
TES-TA-CE-OL'O-CY,  «.    [h.  testacea^  or  c&rfo,  and 
Gr.  Xoyai,] 

The  science  of  testaceous  roollusks,  or  of  those 
soft  and  simple  animals  which  have  a  testaceous 
covering;  conehology. 

[Words  thus  formed  of  two  languages  are  rather 
anomaloiH.] 
TES-TA'CEOCP,  (-ti'shoc,)  a.  [L.  testacetu,  from 
teMiL,  a  shell.  The  primary-  sense  of  tegta,  teMis,  tes- 
ter, &.C.,  is,  to  thnist  or  drive  ;  hence  the  sense  of 
hardness,  comivictness,  in  testa  and  testis ;  and  hence 
the  sense  of  atte-^t^  contest,  detest,  testator,  testament, 
all  implying  a  sending,  driving,  &.C.1 

Pertaining  to  shells  ;  consisting  or  a  hard  shell,  or 
having  a  hard,  continuous  shell.  Testacer/us  animals 
are  such  as  have  a  strong,  thick,  entire  shell,  as  oys- 
ters and  clams ;  and  are  thus  distinguished  from 
cnuCoMou^  uRiniuIa-,  wbase  shells  are  more  thin  and 
soft,  and  consitit  of  several  pieces  jointed,  as  lobsters. 
Testaoeous  medicines,  are  uU  preparations  of  shells 
and  like  substances,  as  the  powders  of  crab's  claws, 
peari,  &.C  Cyc.     Enaje. 

TE.ST'A-ME\T,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  testamentum,  from 
tester,  to  make  a  will,] 

1.  A  solemn,  authentic  instrument  in  writing,  by 
which  a  person  declares  his  will  as  to  the  disposal  of 
his  estate  and  effects  after  his  death.  This  is  other- 
wise called  a  Wilu  A  testammt,  to  be  valid,  must 
be  made  when  the  testator  is  of  sound  mind,  and  it 
must  he  subscribed,  witnessed,  and  published  in  such 
manner  as  the  law  prescribes. 

A  man  in  certain  cases  may  make  a  valid  will  by 
words  only,  and  such  will  is  called  NuTcm-ATiTE. 

Blackstone. 

2.  The  name  of  each  general  division  of  the  ca- 
nonical books  of  the  sacred  bcripfjres;  as,  the  Old 
Te.^tament  ;  the  New  TestamenL  The  name  is 
equivalent  to  CovEif.^wx,  and  in  our  use  of  it,  we 
apply  it  to  the  books  which  conttin  the  old  and  new 
dispensations  —  ttiat  of  Sloses,  and  that  of  Jesus 
t^hrist. 

TEST-A-MENT'A-RY,  o.  Pertaining  to  a  wQl  or  to 
wills  ;  as,  testamentary  causes  In  law. 

2.  Bequeathed  by  will ;  given  by  testament ;  as, 
testamentary  charities.  .Stterbury. 

3.  Done  by  testament  or  will. 

Testamentary  guardian  of  a  minor,  is  one  appointed 
by  the  deed  or  will  of  a  father,  until  the  child  be- 
comes of  age. 
TEST-A-MENT-A'TION,  n.     The  act  or  power  of 
giving  by  will.    [Little  me4.]  Bmrke. 


TES 

TEST'ATE,  a.     [L.  iestatua.-] 

Having  made  and  left  a  will ;  as,  a  person  la  said 
to  die  tettiite. 

TEST-A'TION,  a.    [L.  testaUo.] 

A  witnessing  or  witness.  Bp.  Hall. 

TEST-A'TOR,  n.  [L.j  A  man  who  makes  and 
leaves  a  will  or  testament  at  death. 

TEST-A'TRIX,  n.  A  woman  who  makes  and  leaves 
a  will  nt  death. 

TEST'ED,  pp.    Tried  or  approved  by  a  test 

Shak.     ParkhuraU 

TES'TER,  n.     [Fr.  tHe,  head.] 

Tlie  to|i  covering  of  a  t>ed,  consisting  of  some 
spt'cies  of  clotb,  supported  by  the  bedsteai 

TEH'TER,  )  n.      An  old  coin,  of  the  value  of  about 

TES'TOrV,  I  sixpence  sterling,  originally  eighteen 
pence,  thi>n  ninepence.  Toone. 

TES'TERN,  n.    A  sixpence  ;  a  tester. 

TES'TKRN,  r.  u    To  present  with  a  sixpence.  [06s.] 

TES'Tl-eLE,  (tes'te-kl,)  n.  TL.  testicxdus  ;  literally,  a 
hard  nmss,  like  testa,  a  Khelf.] 

The  testicles  are  the  glands  which  secrete  the  sem- 
inal tliiid  in  ninles. 

TES-Tie'l^-LATE,  a.  In  ftofany,  shaped  like  a  tes- 
ticle. />«. 

TEST-I-FI-GA'TION,  n.    [L.  test\fir4aio.    See  Tbs- 

TJFT.] 

The  act  of  testifying  or  giving  testimony  or  evi- 
dence i  as,  a  direct  ttstijication  of  our  homage  to  God. 

South. 

TEST'I-FI-CA-TOR,  n.  One  who  gives  witness  oi 
evidence. 

TEPT'I-FI-ED,  (-nde,)pp.  [from  testifv.]  Given  in 
evidence;  witnessed  ;  published  ;  made  known. 

TEST'I-FI-ER,n.  [from  testify.]  One  who  testifies  ; 
one  who  gives  testimony  or  bears  witness  to  prove 
any  thine. 

TEST'l-F?,  r.  t.  [L.  testijicor ;  festw  and  facio;  It. 
test'\ficare ;  Sp.  test\fiear,'\ 

1.  To  make  a  solemn  declaration,  verbal  or  writ- 
ten, to  establish  some  fact ;  to  give  testimony  for 
the  pur|>i>.-;e  of  communicating  to  others  a  knowledge 
of  something  not  known  to  them. 

Jnus  r)i->>dpd  not  that  any  ahould  tortf/y  of  man,  for  be  biew 
wbat  wna  in  miin.  —  John  ii. 

2.  In  judicial  proceedings,  to  make  a  solemn  dec- 
laration under  oath,  for  tlie  purpose  of  establishing 
or  making  proof  of  some  fact  to  a  court ;  to  give  tes- 
timony in  a  cause  depending  before  a  tribunal. 

One  witncu  ahiUl  not  UiH/jf  agoJnat  &af  peaoD  to  cauae  turn  to 
die. —  Num.  xxxr. 

3.  To  declare  a  charge  against  one. 

0  Utju:\,  I  will  tetlify  %gaia»l  Iheo.  — Fi.  1. 

4.  To  protest;  to  declare  against 

1  teMtiJkd  a^iiiat  them  in  the  day  wherein  they  aold  prcriaiooa.  -> 

Neh.  xili. 

TEST'I-FY,  V.  t.  To  affirm  or  declare  solemnly,  for 
the  purpose  of  establishing  a  fact. 

\Vk  ip^iilt  tliAt  we  do  know,  xud  tort^/y  that  we  bare  aeen.— 
Jolin  Ui. 

2.  In  law,  to  affirm  or  declare  under  oath  before  a 

tribunal,  for  the  purpose  of  proving  some  fact. 

3.  To  bear  witness  to ;  to  support  the  truth  of  by 
testimony. 

To  tetti/y  the  ffosprl  of  Ihc  graw  of  God.      Acta  xx. 

4.  To  publish  and  declare  freely. 

3Vlt/yinf  both  to  thn  Jfwa,  and  also  to  the  Greeks,  r^ppntance 
toward  God  and  faith  toward  our  lx>id  Jeaua  Cbriat.  —  AeU 
icx. 

TEST'I-F?ING,  jrpr.  Affirming  solemnly  or  under 
oath,  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  fact|  giving 
testimony:  bearing  witness  ;  declaring. 

TE.ST'I-L Y,  adv.  [from  testy.]  Fretfully ;  peevishly ; 
with  petulance. 

TEST-I-MO'M-AL,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  testimonium.] 
A  writing  or  certificate  in  favor  of  one's  character 
or  good  conduct  Testimonials  are  required  on  many 
occasions.  A  person  must  have  teUimonials  of  his 
learning  and  good  conduct  before  he  can  obtain  li- 
cense to  jtrench.  Te.stimoninli  are  to  be  signed  by 
persons  of  known  respectability  of  character. 

TEST-I-MO'NI-AL,  a.  Relating  to  or  containing  tes- 
timony. 

TEST'I-MO-NY,  n.     [L.  testimomxim.] 

1.  A  solemn  declaratitm  or  affirmation  made  for 
the  purpose  of  establishing  or  proving  some  fact 
Such  affirmation,  in  judicial  proceedings,  mav  be 
verbal  or  written,  hut  must  be  under  oath.  7Vj.«»mo- 
nif  diff'ers  from  evidence;  testimony  is  the  declaration 
of  a  witness,  and  evidence  is  the  effect  of  that  decla- 
ration on  the  mind,  or  the  degree  of  light  which  it 
afibrds. 

2  Ailirmatlon  ;  declaration.  These  doctrines  are 
supported  by  the  uniform  testimony  of  the  fathers. 
The  belief  of  pa^t  facts  must  depend  on  the  evi- 
dence of  human  leMimony,  or  the  testimony  of  histo- 

3.  Open  attestation  ;  profession.  [rians. 

Thou,  for  the  Uttimony  of  truth,  hoat  borne 

Univeraal  piprofich.  MUlon, 

4.  Witness  ;  evidence  ;  proof  of  some  fact. 

fihakr  off  tlie  duet  under  your  feet,  fur  a  toattmony  agrumit  tb^ni. 
Marli  »L 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— M£TE,  PRfiY.— FINE,  MARINE,  BIRD— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.— 


TET 

5.  In  Scripf»re,  the  two  tables  of  the  law. 

Thou  Anil  put  lata  the  ark  tbc  Utdmony  which  I  itail  pv9  tbce. 
Ex.  XXV. 

6.  The  book  of  the  law. 

He  broupht  forth  the  king't  k>u  —  *nd  gxro  blm  the  teadmony.  — 
2  Kmgi  XL 

7.  The  gospel,  which  testifies  of  Christ,  and  de- 
clarea  the  will  of  God     1  Cor.  u.    2  7Hm,  i. 

8.  The  ark.    Exod,  xvi. 

9.  The  word  of  God  ;  the  Scriptures. 

Th*  Uttimom/  of  the  Lord  b  aiire,  making  w»e  the  liinple. — 
P«.  xix. 

10.  The  laws  or  precepts  of  God.  "  I  love  thy  tes- 
fimoniM."     *'  I  have  kept  thy  testimonies."      Psalms. 

11.  That  which  is  equi  alent  to  a  declaration  ; 
manifestation. 

Bacriticir*  were  appointed  by  God  [ur  a  testimony  of  his  h-itred  of 
aln.  CiaTke. 

I'X  Evidence  suggested  to  the  mind  ;  as,  the  testi- 
mony of  conscience.    2  Cor,  i. 
13.  Attestation;  confirmation. 
TEST'I-MO-NY,  v.  U     To  witness.     [JV*o(  in  use.'] 

Shak, 
TEST'I-NEPS,  n.    [from  testtj.]    Fretfulness  ;  peevish- 
ness ;  petulance. 

Ttttineat  ia  a  ditpocidoa  or  aptneu  to  be  ungrj,  Locke. 

TEST'ING,  ppr.  ffrom  ttsL]  Trying  for  proof  j  prov- 
ing by  a  standard  or  by  experiment. 

A  plxD  for  lefdng  alkalies.  Urt. 

TESTTNG,  B.    The  act  of  trying  for  proof. 

2.  In  mftallurgy^  the  operation  of  refining  large 
quantities  of  gold  or  silver  by  means  of  lead,  in  the 
vessel  called  a  te^t.  In  this  process,  the  extraneous 
matter  is  vitrified,  scorified,  or  made  to  change  its 
form,  and  .he  metal  lefl  pure.  This  operation  is  per- 
formed in  the  manner  of  cupellation.  Cyc. 

TES-TOOX',  n.  A  silver  coin  in  Italy  and  Portugal. 
The  Roman  testoon  is  worth  Is.  3d.  sterling,  or  29 
cents  ;  the  Portuguese,  6d,,  or  about  11  cents.    Kelly. 

TEST'-PA-PER,  n.  A  paper  impregnated  with  a 
chemical  reagent,  as  litmus,  &c.  Parke, 

TES^TO'DI-NAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  tortoise,  or  re- 
semMing  it.  Fleming. 

TES^TO'DI-NATE,      )  ^      rr    #.-».,j„  i 

TES-TO'DI-NA-TED,  i  '^     L^  testudo.] 

Shaped  like  the  back  of  a  tortoise  ;  roofed  \  arched ; 
vaulted. 

TES-TU-DIN'E-OUS,  a.  Resembling  the  shell  of  a 
tortoise. 

TES-TO'DO,  n.  [L-]  A  tortoise.  Among  Vie  Ro- 
mans, a  cover  or  screen  which  a  bi»dy  of  troops 
formed  with  their  shields  or  targets,  by  holding  them 
over  their  beads  when  standing  close  to  each  other. 
This  cover  resembled  the  back  of  a  tortoise,  and 
served  to  shelter  the  men  from  darts,  stones,  and 
other  missiles.  A  similar  defense  was  sometimes 
formed  of  boards  and  moved  on  wheels. 

2.  In  medieiney  a  broad,  soft  tumor  b^-tween  the 
skull  and  the  skin,  called  also  Talp*  or  Mole,  as  re- 
sembling the  subterraneous  windings  of  the  tortoise 
or  inolc.  C'tc. 

TEST'Y,  a.  [from  Fr.  teste,  tfte,  the  head,  or  from 
the  same  root.] 

Fretful,  peevish;  petulant;  easily  irritated.  Pyr- 
rhus  cured  his  lest^  courtiers  with  a  kick. 

Muat  I  •■jtid  and  crouch  under  jour  le*ly  humor  ?  Shak. 

TE-TAN'I€,  a.     Pertaining  to  or  denoting  tetanus. 

TET'A-NUrt,  n.     [Gr.  reriFos,  stretched.]    [P.  Cye. 
A  disease    chamct'Tized   by   paroxycms   of  ionic 
spasms  in  the  muscI«-9  of  voluntary  motion,  produ- 
cing incurvation  of  the  body. 

TE-TAR'TO-PRIi«-MAT'ie,fl.[Gr.rfTanrof,  fourth.] 
One  fourth  prismatic ;  applied  to  oblique  rhombic 
9risms.  Moks. 

TE-TAUG',  n.  The  name  of  a  fi«h  on  the  coast  tif  New 
Enc'Und  :  called  also  Black  Fish,     {^ee  Tautoo.] 

TKTCM'I-NESS,  (   See  Techi:»e99,  Tjecht.      [Cor- 

TETCII'Y,  )      nipted  from  touchy,  totickiness.] 

TBTE,  (tate,)  n.  [Fr.,  head.]  False  liair ;  a  kind  of 
wig  f)r  cap  of  false  hair. 

TFTE'-Jf-TETFJ,  (tate'a-tate',)  n.  [Fr.]  Head  to 
head  ;  private  conversation  ;  in  private. 

TETFJ-DF^POJSTT',  (tite  de-pone',)  n.  rPi"]  A 
work  thrown  up  at  the  entrance  of  a  bridge,  for  cov- 
ering the  communication  across  a  river. 

CampbrWs  Mil.  Dirt. 

TETM'KR,  w.  [See  Teddeh.]  A  rope  or  chain  by 
which  a  beast  is  confined  fur  feeding  within  certain 
limits. 

TETH'ER,  V.  t.  To  confine,  as  a  beast,  with  a  rope 
or  chain,  for  feeding  within  certain  limits. 

[U  would  be  well  to  write  this  word  uniformly 
Teddes.] 

TETH'ER-^D.pp.    Confined  with  a  rope. 

TE-TH?'DAN«,  71.  pi.     [Gr.  ri9.?.] 

An  order  of  acephalous  mofhiscan  animals,  cov- 
ered by  a  tunic,  and  not  by  a  shell. 

Tft'THYS,  n.  [Gr.]  A  gelatinoiw  animal  of  the  nu- 
dibranchinte  gnstmpod  tribe,  having  an  envelope  or 
mantle  that  extends  above  and  beyond  the  head, 
fringed  or  undulat'-d  at  the  margin.  Klrby. 


TET 

TET'RA-CHORD,  tu  [Or.  Tcrrapa,  four,  and  x^P^lt 
a  chord.] 

In  ancient  music,  a  dtatessaron  ;  a  series  of  four 
sounds,  of  which  the  extremes,  or  first  and  last,  con- 
stituted a  fourth.  These  extremes  were  immutable; 
the  two  middle  sounds  were  changeable.  Cyc 

TET'RAD,  «.     [Gr.  rcrpat,  the  number  four.] 

The  number  four  ;  a  collection  of  four  things. 
TET-RA-DA€'TYL,  n.     [Gr.]     An  animal  having 

four  toes.  Kirby. 

TET-RA-DAC'TYL-OUS,  a.    [Gr.  rirpa  and  6aKrv- 
Aij;.] 
Having  four  toes. 
TET-RA-DI-A-PA'«ON,  «.     [Gr.  rerpa,  four,  and  dia- 
pason.] 

Quadruple  diapason  or  octave  ;  a  musical  chord, 
otherwise  called  a  Quadbuple  Eighth  or  Twentt- 
N[:«TH.  Cyc. 

TET'RA-DRACHM,   (-dram,)   )   n.      [Gr.  rtrpa  and 
TET-RA-DRA€H'MA,  \       Spaxiir,.} 

In  ancient  coinage,  a  silver  coin  worth  four  drach- 
mas. The  Attic  tetradrachm  was  equal  to  33.  3d. 
sterling,  or  75  cents.  Smitk^s  Diet. 

TET-RA-DY-NA'MI-A,  n.  [Gr.  rerpa  and  Svi^apts, 
power,  strength.] 

In  botany,  a  class  of  plants  having  six  stamens, 
four  of  which  are  longer  than  the  others. 
TET-RA-DY-NA'iMl-AN,  J  a.      Having   six    stamens, 
TET-RA-DYN"A-MOUS,  \      four  of  which  are  uni- 

forcnlv  lonc'r  than  the  others. 
TET'RA-GON,  ti.     [Gr.  Tcrpaytovos  ,■  rerpa,  for  rf<r- 
trancs,  four,  and  yuyvia,  an  angle.] 

i.  In  geometry,  a  plane  figure  liaving  four  angles  ; 
a  quadrangle  ;  as  a  square,  a  rhombus,  &:c. 

2.  In  astroloiry,  an  aspect  of  two  planets  with  re- 
gard to  the  earth,  when  they  are  distant  from  each 
other  ninety  degrees,  or  the  fourth  of  a  circle. 

Htttton. 
TE-TRAG'OX-AL,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  tetragon  ;  hav- 
ing four  angles  or  sides.     Thus  a  square,  a  parallelo- 
gram, a  rhombus,  and  a  trapezium,  are  tetragonal 
figures. 

2.  In  botany^  having  prominent  longitudinal  an- 
gles, as  a  stem.  Martyn. 
TET'RA-GO-MSM,  n.     The  quadrature  of  the  circle. 

[JAiae  used.]  Cyc. 

TET-RA-GRAM'MA-TON,  n.  [Gr.  rsrpa  and  >pa/£- 
pa.] 

Among  several  ancient  nations,  the  name  of  the 
mystic  number /our,  which  was  often  symbolized  to 
represent  the  Deity,  whose  name  was  expressed  by 
four  letters.  Brande, 

TET-RA  GYN'I-A,B.  [Gr.  rerpa,  four,  and  >ii»');,  a 
female.] 

In  botany,  an  order  of  monoclinous  or  hermaphro- 
dite plants  having  four  styles.  Linnaus. 
TET-RA  GYN'[-AN, )  a.     Being  monoclinous  or  her- 
TE-TRAG'YN-OUS,  ]        maphrodile,    and      having 

four  styles. 
TET-RAilE'DRAL,  a,    [See  Tetrahedhok.J     Hav- 
ing four  equal  triangles,  Bailey. 
2.   In  bnfanv,  liaving  four  sides.                    .Vartun, 
TET-RA-IlE'ORON,  n.     [Gr.   r£r/,a,  four,  and  tSpi^ 
side] 

In  geometry,  a  solid  figure  comprehended  under 
four  equilateral  and  equal  triangb*s;or  one  cif  the 
five  rpgirlar  Platonic  bodies  of  that  figure.  Cyc. 

TET-RA-HEX-A-Hk'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  rcrpj^  four,  and 
kerahedral.  1 

In  erystallographtj,  exhibiting  four  ranges  of  faces, 
one    above    another,    each    rango    containing   six 
faces. 
TET-RA-HEX-A-HE'DRON,  n.    [Gr.  Tsrpa,  four,  l^, 
six,  and  u'^im,  face.] 

A  solid  bounded  liy  twenty-four  equal  faces,  four 
corres[iondi»rg  to  each  face  of  the  cube.  Dana, 

TB-TRAL'O-OY,  i».    [Gr.  T(Tna  and  Xoym,] 

A  collection  of  four  dramatic  pieces,  of  which 
three  were  tragedies  and  one  a  satiric  piece,  repre- 
sented on  the  same  occasion  at  Athens. 

Smitk*»  Diet. 
TE-TRAM'E-TER,  n.     [Gr.  rtrpa^  four,  and  perpov, 
measure.] 

In  ancient  poetry,  a  verse  consisting  of  four  meas- 
ures, i.   e.,  in  iambic,  trochaic,  and  anapestic  verse, 
of  eight  feet ;  in  oilier  kinds  of  verse,  of  four  feet. 
LiddeU  4"  Scott. 
TF^TRAN'DRI-A,  «.     [Gr.  rcrpa,  four,  and  avnPt  a 
male.] 

In  botany,  n  class  of  monoclinous  or  hermaphrodite 
plants  haviiic  ibtir  stamens.  Linnmus. 

TE-TRAN'I>KI-A\,  i  fl.     Being  nirmoclinous  or  her- 
TE-TRAN'DROUS,  i      maphrf«Jite,  and  having  four 

stamens. 
TETRA'O-NID,  a.  or  n.     A  term  denoting  a  bird  be- 
longing to  the  tribe  of  which  the   tt-trao  is  the  type  ; 
as  the  grouse,  partridge,  quail,  &c. 
TET-RA-PET'^AL-OUS,  a.      [Gr.    rcrpa,   four,    and 
niraXoi',  leaf.] 

In  botany,  containing  four  distinct  petals  or  flower 
leaves  ;  as,  a  tetrapctdlmis  corol.  Jitartyn. 

TET-RA-PHXR'MA-eON,  n.  [Gr.]  A  combination 
of  wax,  reuin,  lard,  and  pitch,  composing  an  oint- 
ment. Brande, 


TEX  1 

TE-TRAPH'YL-LOU8,    a.      [Gr.   rcrpa,  four,  and 

^vW-v,  leaf.] 

In  botany,  having  fouT  leaves;  consisting  of  ft»ur 
distinct  leaves  or  leaflets.  Mariyn. 

TET'RA-PLA,  n.  [Gr.  Tcrpa,  or  rieroapn,  and 
arrXoi'}.] 

A  Bible  consisting  of  four  different  versions  ar- 
ranged in  four  columns,  as  by  Origen.  Brande, 
TE-'1"RAP'TER-ANS,  ju  pL    Insects  which  have  four 

wings.  Brande. 

TE  TRAP'TER-OUa,  a.     Having  four  wings. 
TET'RAP-TOTE,  n.     [Gr.  rcrpuy  four,  and  nrwcif, 
case.] 

In  grammar,  a  noun  that  has  four  cases  only  ;  as, 
L,  axttis,  &.C. 
TE'TRARGH,  71.    [Gr.  rtrpapxii  !  TcrpOy  four,  and 
apxii  rule.] 

A  Roman  governor  of  the  fourih  part  of  a  prov- 
ince ;  a  subordinate  prince.  In  time,  this  word 
came  to  denote  any  petty  king  or  sovereign. 
TE-TRAR€H'ATK,  n.  The  fourth  part  of  a  province 
under  a  Roman  tctrarch  ;  or  the  omce  or  jurisdiction 
of  a  letrarch. 
TE-TRAReH'I€-AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  tetrarchy. 

Herbert. 
TET'RARCH-Y  n.    The  same  as  Tetrarchate. 
TET-RA-SPAS'TON,  n.     [Gr.  rerpuy  four,  and  airau, 
to  pull.] 
A  machine  in  which  four  pulleys  act  together. 

Brande, 
TET-RA-SPERM'OUS,   a.      [Gr.   rtr/ja,    four,    and 
ow€pp<i,  seed.] 

In  botany,  having  four  seeds.  Martyn. 

A  tetra.'^permous  plant,  is  one  which  produces  four 
seeds  in  each  flower,  as  the  rough-leaved  or  verticil- 
late  plants.  Martyn, 
TE-TRAS'TI€H,   (te-tras'tik,)  n.     [Gr.   r^rpaTiX'Hi 
TZTpa,  four,  and  r'Xos*  verse.] 

A  stanza,  epigram,  or  poem,  consisting  of  four 
verses.  Pope. 

TET'RA-STTLE,  n.  [Gr.  rirpa^  four,  and  ruAoj, 
column.] 

In  ancient  architecture,  fk  building  with  four  columns 
in  front.  Brande. 

TET-RA-SYL-LAB'IC,         Jo.      Consisting  of   four 
TET-RA-SYI^LAB'ie-AL,  \      syllables.  Cyc 

TET-RA-SYL'LA-BLE,  n.      [Gr.    rerpa,    four,   and 
irvX>a/ir,  syllable.] 
A  word  consisting  of  four  syllables. 
TET'Rie,  ) 

TET'Rie-AL,     S  0.     [L.  tetricus.] 
TET'RI€-OUS,  ) 

Froward ;  perverse;  harsh;  sour;  rugged.  [JVot 
in  use,]  Knotles. 

TET'Rie-AL-NESS,  ti.     Frowardness  ;  perverseness. 

[JVut  used.] 
TE-TRIC'I-TY,  (te  tris'e-te,)  n.    Crabbedness;    per- 
verseness.    [Jifot  in  use.] 
TET'TER,  n.     [Sax.  tctcr,  tctr;  allied  perhaps  to  L. 
tiidlo.] 

1.  In  medicine,  a  vague  name  of  several  cutaneous 
diseases. 

2.  In  farriery,  a  cutanf'ous  disease  of  animals, 
which  spreads  on  the  body  in  diflerent  directions, 
and  occasitms  a  troublesome  itching.  Cyc 

TET'TER,  V.  t.  To  affect  with  the  disease  called 
Tetters. 

TET'TISH,  a.     [Uu.  Fr.  tSte,  head.] 
Captious;  testv.     [JVof  in  ilsc.1 

TEf'-TOX'ie,  a.  '  Pertaining  to  the  Teutons,  a  people 
of  Germany,  or  to  their  language  ;  as  a  noun,  the 
language  of  the  Teutons,  the  parent  of  the  German, 
Dutch,  and  Anglo-Saxon  or  native  English. 

Teutonic  order;  a  military  religious orderof  knights, 
established  toward  tlte  close  of  the  twelfth  century, 
in  imitation  of  the  'I'einplars  and  Hospitalers.  It 
was  composed  chiefly  of  Teutons  or  Germans,  who 
marched  to  the  Holy  Land  in  the  crusades,  and  was 
established  in  that  country  for  charitable  purposes. 
ft  increased  in  num]>ers  and  strent;th  till  it  became 
master  of  all  Prussia,  Livonia,  and  Pumernnia.  Cyc 

TEW,  (tu,)  o,  ^     To  work  ;  to  soften.     [JVot  in  use.] 
[See  Taw.) 
2.  To  work  ;  to  pull  or  tease  ;  among  seamen. 

TEW,   (tu,)  71.     [probably   low.]      Materials  for  any 

thing.     [JVot  in  use]  Skinner. 

9.  An  iron  chain.     [JVot  in  use.]  ^insmortk. 

TEW'EL,  (tu'el,)  ti.     [Fr.  tuyau.] 

A  pipe  or  funnel,  as  for  smoke ;  an  iron  pipe  in 
a  forge  to  receive  the  pipe  of  a  bellows.        Moxon, 

TEW'TAW,  (tii'law,)  r.  (.  To  beat ;  to  break.  [JVW 
in  use.]'    [See  Tew.]  Mortimer. 

TEXT,  71.  [Fr.  tezte;  L.  tcztus,  woven;  It.  testo. 
See  Texture.] 

L  A  discourse  or  composition  on  which  a  note  or 
commentary  is  written.  Thus  we  s|)eak  of  the  text 
or  original  of  the  Scripture,  in  relation  to  the  com- 
ments upon  it.  Infinite  pains  have  been  taken  to 
ascertain  and  establish  the  genuine  original  text. 

2.  A  verse  or  passage  of  Scripture  which  a  preach- 
er selects  as  the  subject  of  a  discourse. 

IIow  oil,  wh'-n  PhuI  hr»«  aerrcd  ub  with  a  Uxt, 

Uiia  Kpictclii*,  Pl.Aio,  Tully  prenclied  I  Cottptr. 

3.  Any   particular   passage   of  Scripture,  used  as 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE.-^AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS C  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 

TuT 


Jf 


ir "E^ 

I  authority  in  argumnnt  for  proof  of  a  doctrine.  In 
inutlern  st^nnoQs,  texts  of  Scripture  are  not  as  fre- 
quently cited  R3  they  were  formerly. 

■».  lu  ancimt  law  autAorSy  the  four  GospelE,  by  way 
of  eminence.  Cyc 

TE.XT,  r.  L    To  write,  as  a  text.    [JV*y(  much  usrtL] 

Beaum.  ^  Fl. 
TEXT'-BpOK,  n.      In   vnher/iities    and    collegra^    a 
clnsjiic  author  written  with  wide  sfiaccs  between  the 
lines^  to  give  room  for  the  obser\aIions  or  interpreta- 
tion dictated  bv  the  master  or  rei:ent.  Cyc. 

2.  A  book  "coniaiiiing  the  leading  principles  or 
vno^X  impitrtnni  points  of  a  science  or  branch  of 
Je:imin)t,  arranged  in  order  for  the  use  of  students. 
TEXT'-IIAN'D,  n.  \  large  hand  in  writing  j  »o 
CAlli'd  because  it  wa^  the  practice  to  write  the  text 
of  n  book  in  a  large  hand,  and  tlie  notes  iu  a  smaller 
hand. 
TEXT'ILE,  (lekst'il.l  a.     [L.  KxtOw.] 

Woven,  or  capable  of  being  woven. 
TEXT'ILE,  (ickrt'il.)  ■.    That  which  li  or  maybe 

woven.  AoMM.     WUkinM. 

TEXT'-M.\N,  M.    A  man  ready  in  the  quotation  of 

t^xts.  SauMdtnen. 

TEX-TO'RI-AL, «.    [L.fMtor.] 

Pertaining  to  weaving. 
TEXT'RINE,  (tekst'rin,)  a.    Pertaininc  to  weaving  ; 

as,  the  Uxtrine  art.  Dfrhanu 

TEXT'^-.\L,  (t4!kst'yu-a)>}  «.    Contained  in  the  text. 

MUtoK. 

2.  Serving  for  texts.  Bp,  HalL 
TEXT'  IC- A  U-  L  V,  ode.    In  the  text  or  body  of  a  wwk  ; 

in  accordance  with  the  text. 
TEXT'i;-AL  IfJT,  ) 

TEXT'i;-A-RIST,Jii.    [Ft.  ttzUairty  tmm  UxUA 
TEXT'U-A-KY,      ) 

•  1.  One  who  is  well  versed  in  the  Scriptures,  and 

can  readily  quote  texts. 

3,  One  who  adheres  to  the  text. 
T£XT'U-A-aV,  a.    Textual  ^  conuined  !n  the  texL 

Brown. 
3.  S«'r\-inff  as  a  text  \  authoritative.         OlamviU^ 
TEXTm;-IST,  r.     One    ready  in  the  quotation    of 

texts. 
TSXT'l^RE,  (tekat'yurO  a.    [L.  Usttum^Uxbu^tvsta 
Cezv,  to  weave.] 

1.  The  act  orw*eaving. 

SL  A  web  ;  that  which  is  woven. 

OdiefB,  far  oo  tbe  fgnrntj  dale, 
lV4rlMiaUelnfwww««t«.  TftMUoa. 

3.  The  disposition  or  connection  of  threads,  fila- 
ments, or  other  slender  bodies  interwoven ;  aa,  the 
Uxt^rt  of  cloth  or  of  a  fpJder*s  wrb. 

4.  T^e  disposition  of  the  several  parts  of  any  body 
in  connection  with  each  other;  or  the  manner  in 
which  the  ronstituent  parts  are  united  ;  a^,  the  c«z- 
tere  of  earthy  i^iub^iances  or  fossils;  the  (ertiire  of  a 
plant  j  the  textmr*  of  paper,  of  a  bat  or  skin  j  a  loose 
Icrtxre ;  or  a  close,  coinivict  tezturt, 

5.  In  anatomy.    Bee  Ti»»t'B. 
TH.\CK,  for  Thatch,  is  local.    [See  Thatch.] 
THA'LER,  «.     [L.  thslermsSi 

The  Gennan  spelling  of  DoLLAa. 
THA'Ll'A,  a.     [<>r.]     In   wythola^^  the  mnro  who 
presided  over  pastoral  and  comic  |>oetr\-,  and  who 
was  regarded  a?  the  patroness  of  agriculture. 
THAL'I-DAN,  «.     [Gr.  HaAi.i,  bloom.] 

That  group  of  segregnte  naked  acf  plialous  mollus- 
cans,  of  which  the  genus  Tti;ilia  is  the  t>pe.    They 
have  a  small  crest  or  vertical  fin  near  tiie  posterior 
extremity  of  the  back. 
TUALLITE,  iu    [Gr.  ^aXUi^  a  green  twig.] 

A  varietv  of  ejudote, 
THAM'MUZ,  H.     The   tenth  month   of  the  Jewish 
civil  year,  containing  39  days,  and  answering  to  a 
part  of  June  and  a  part  of  July. 

Q.  The  name  of  a  deity  among  the  Phoenicians. 
THAN,  adr.  or  conj.     [Sax.   tkanne  ;    Goth,  than;  D. 
doM.     This  word  signifies  also  Men,  both  in  English 
and   Dutch.     The  Germans  express  the  sense  by 
•li.as.j 

This  word  is  placed  after  some  comparative  adjec> 
tive  or  adverb,  to  express  coni^>arison  between  what 
precedes  and  what  fullows.  Thus  Elijah  said,  I  am 
not  better  tJuin  my  fathers ;  wisdom  is  bfUer  than 
strength  ;  Israel  loved  Jo^ieph  more  than  all  his  chil- 
dren ;  all  nations  are  counted  le^s  than  nothittg  ;  I 
who  am  less  than  the  Ica^t  of  all  saints ;  the  last 
error  shall  be  worse  than  tlie  first ;  he  that  denies  Uie 
fiutb  is  worse  than  an  infidel. 

Atteria«re,  or  an  equivalent  termination,  the  fol- 
lowing word  implies  Uss,  or  worne;  after  iMf,  or  an 
equivalent  termination,  it  implies  mort  or  better. 
THANE,  n.  [Sax.  thegu,  (A«^k,  a  mint<4ter  or  servant ; 
thetrnian,  thenian,  to  ser^'e ;  D.  and  G.  dienen^  to 
serve  ;  Sw.  tina^  to  serve  ;  timarey  a  servant ;  Dan. 
tiener,  to  serve;  tiener,  a  servant.  If  ff  is  radical, 
this  word  belongs  to  Class  Dg ;  if  not,  to  Class  Dn. 
Na  lO.J  6 ,  , 

The  thanes  in  England  were  formerly  persons  of 
Bome  dignity;  of  these  there  were  two  orders,  the 
king's  thanes,  who  aitended  the  Saxon  and  Danish 
kings  in  their  court-s,  and  held  lands  immediately  of 


THA 

them,  and  the  ordinar)-  thanes,  who  were  lords  of 
manon,  and  who  had  a  itarticnlar  jurisdirti(m  within 
their  limits.  After  the  Conquest,  this  title  was  dis- 
U!:ed,  and  baron  took  its  place. 

THANE'DOM,  n.  The  property  or  Jurisdiction  of  a 
Ihanr. 

TIUN'K'-LANDS,  n.  pi     Lands  granted  to  thanes. 

THANE'SHIP,  B.  The  state  or  dignity  of  a  thane; 
or  his  seignior}'. 

THANK,  p.  t.  (Snx.  thancian  :  G.  and  D.  danken  ,-  Ice. 
thacka ;  Sw.  tacka ;  Dan.  takker.  We  see  by  the 
Gothic  dialects  that  n  is  not  radical.  To  a-scertnin 
the  primary  sense,  let  us  attend  to  its  compoiindit ; 
G.  aifioaAm,  (which  in  English  would  he  off-thitnky) 
to  dismiss,  discharge,  discard,  send  away,  put  off,  to' 
disband  or  break,  as  an  oflicer ;  reniankeny  to  owe  or 
be  indebted  ;  D.  afdanken,  to  cashier  or  discharge. 
These  senses  imply  a  sending.  Hence,  thank  is 
|M\)bably  from  the  sense  of  giving,  that  is,  a  render 
or  return.] 

1.  To  express  gratitude  for  a  favor ;  to  make  ac- 
knowledgments to  one  for  kindness  bestowed. 

We  HIT  bounrt  u>  thank  God  nlwny*  for  »ou.  —  2  Thew.  i. 
Jodb  bovni  btiiiHlf  ftod  thanked  the  kiii;.  — 'i  Sain,  xlv, 

3.  It  is  used  ironically. 

Wcijh  the  d*n(rr  with  the  douhtfiil  bliu, 

Jtiid  ihank  younelf,  if  tkUfht  ■houM  TUI  amlag.  Dryien. 

THANK,  n.  J  Generally  in  the  plural.   [Sax.  (A.i7W  ,• 

THANKS,  ».  pL  S      t^nelic,  tainc] 

Expression  of  gratitude  ;  an  acknowledgment 
made  to  express  a  sense  of  favor  or  kindness  re- 
ceived Gratitude  is  the  feeling  or  sentiment  ex- 
cited by  kindness  ;  thanks  are  the  expression  of  that 
sentiment.    Luke  vi. 

ThankM  be  u  God  who  fiveth  us  ihe  Ttdoiy.  —  I  Cor.  zr. 

TkoMia  be  to  God  ftr  hk  uiisrynkable  gift.  —  8  Cor.  U. 

He  took  bread  and  gn*^?  thattkt  tu  God.  —  Acti  xzvii. 

THANK'SD,  (thankt.)  jrp.  Having  received  expres- 
sions of  gratitude. 

TUANK'FJIL,  a.     [Sax.  thanrfull:  Gaelic,  taincal] 
Gmtfful ;  impressfd  with  u  sense  of  kindness  re- 
ceived, and  rea!dy  to  acknowledge  it.    The  Lord's 

vBuppar  i«  to  be  celebrated  with  a  thankfid  remem- 
brance of  his  saflferings  and  death. 

Be  thankftd  iinlo  him  and  blt^s  hi*  n.-une.  —  P».  e. 

THANK'nj  L-LY^  orfr.  With  a  gratefbl  acnse  of  favor 
or  kindness  received. 

If  jou  have  1iv»l,  loka  than^uZ7y  (he  paiC  DrytUn. 

THANK'FJJL-NESS,  n.      Expression    of  gratitude  j 
acknowledgment  of  a  favttr. 
3.  Gratitude ;  a  lively  sense  of  good  received. 

The  c4cl»»tian  of  tbrae  htdr  inTStTK*  beiii;  ended,  retip*  with 
aU  AtM^^iliMM  of  beut  fur  hdviog  been  adiuittnl  to  that 
hnvvnlj  fsMt.  Taylor. 

THANK'INOffpr.  EUpressing  gratitude  for  good  re- 
ceived. 

THANK'LESS,  a.  UntbankAil ;  ungrateful  j  not  ac- 
knowledging favora. 

That  she  n\»j  tM 
How  •h:«rp^r  th^n  a  arrpeut'i  tooUi  it  b 
To  hire  a  lKardtUs$  child.  Shak. 

SL  Not  ohLilning  thanks,  or  not  likely  to  gain 

thanks  ;  as,  a  thankless  office.  Wotton. 

THANK'LESS-LY,  adv.    WitJi  ingratitude ;  unthank- 

fiillv. 
THANK'LESS-NESS,  «.    Ingratitude;  failure  to  ac 

knowledpe  a  kindness.  Dunne. 

THANK'-OF-FER-ING,  n.     [fAnnArand  offering.]     An 

offering  made  in  acknowledgment  of  mercy,    fratts. 
THANKS-GIVE',   (thanks-giv',)   ».   t.      [thanks    and 

fij'f.]    To  celebrate  or  distinguish  by  solemn  rites. 

[Aof  in  iL^e.]  Jlltde. 

THANKS-GIV'ER,  n.     One  who  gives  thanks  or  ac- 

knowledees  a  kindness.  Barrow. 

THANKS-GIVING,  ppr.    Renderins  thanks  for  good 

received. 
THANKS-GIVING,  ji.    The  act  of  rendering  thanks 

or  expressing  gratitude  for  favors  or  mercies. 

Every  crealure  of  God  b  ^t>od,  and  nothing  lo  be  refused,  If 
rMeived  wiih  thanktgimng.  —  1  Tiro.  iv. 

S.  A  public  celebration  of  divine  goodness  ;  also, 
a  day  set  apart  for  religious  services,  r<pecially  to  ac- 
knowledge the  goodness  of  Gnd,  eilher  in  any  re- 
markable deliverance  from  calamities  or  danger,  or 
in  the  ordinary  dispensation  of  his  bounties.  The 
practice  of  appointing  an  annual  thanltsgiving  origi- 
nated in  New- England. 

THANK'WOR'THI-NESS,  (-wur'tlie-ness,)  n.  The 
state  of  beiiiK  Iliankworthy. 

THANK'WOR-THV,  (-wnr'the,)a.  [thank  and  wor~ 
rAw.l     Deserving  thanks  ;  meritorious.     I  Pet.  ii. 

THAftM,  n.     [Sax.  aearm  :  G.  and  D.  damu] 
Intestines  twisted  into  a  cord.     [Local.] 

TH.\T,  on  adjcctiee,  pronoun,  or  substitute.  [Sax.  thoit, 
that ;  Goth,  thata ;  D.  dot :  G.  das ;  Dan.  dct ;  Sw.  det. 
Qu.  Gr.  rnuToj.  This  word  is  called  in  Saxon  and 
German  an  article,  for  it  sometimes  signifies  tht.  It 
is  called  also  in  Saxon  a  pronoun,  equivalent  to  trf, 
ufu'/,  in  Latin.  In  Swedish  and  Danitih,  it  is  called 
a  pronoun  of  the  neuter  gender.  But  these  distinc- 
tions are  groundless  and  of  no  use.  It  is  probably 
from  the  sense  of  selling.] 


THA 

1.  That  is  a  word  used  as  a  definitive  adjective, 
pointing  to  a  certain  person  or  thing  before  men- 
tioned, or  sup|>osed  to  be  understood.  Here  is  tJiat 
book  we  have  been  seeking  this  hour;  here  goes 
that  man  we  were  talking  of. 

It  ihrvU  be  morv  tolerable  for  Sodom  and  Gomorrah  In  t)ie  day  of 
JiiilgTnciit,  than  for  thai  cii;,  —  Mnlt.  x. 

2.  That  is  used  definitively,  to  designate  a  specific 
thing  or  person  emphatically. 

The  woman  wai  inaile  whate  from  that  hour,  —  MatL  Jx. 

In  those  cases,  that  is  an  adjective.  In  the  two 
first  examples,  fAe  may  be  substituted  for  it.  Here  is 
the  book  we  have  been  seeking ;  here  goes  the  man 
we  were  talking  of.  But  in  other  cases,  the  can 
not  supply  its  place,  and  Utai  may  be  considered  ai 
more  emphatically  definitive  than  the. 

3.  7'Aaf  is  used  as  the  represeiitalive  of  a  noun, 
either  a  person  or  a  thing.  In  this  use,  it  is  oAcn  a 
pronoun  and  a  relative.  When  it  refers  to  persons, 
it  is  equivalent  to  who,  and  when  it  refers  to  a  tbin^, 
it  is  equivalent  to  which.  In  this  use,  it  represents 
eitlier  the  singular  number  or  the  plural. 

He  that  reproveth  a  BConicr  j^ttrth  to  liiniK-lf  ■h.tnH>,  —  Pror.  ir. 
Tbuy  Ihul  hute  me  without  a  cauae  are  itiore  Lhon  the  h.iira  of  my 

h,.rtd.— P..  Uiii. 
A  Jud^infiu  ihfU  ia  equal  and  impartial  must  Incline  to  tlif  irreater 


They  ahuU  father  out  of  hij  kln^om  ail  things  that  oUt-ud. - 
■"  It.  aiil. 


nrol>aUliti' 
y  ahuL'  -  ■ 
Milt. 

4.  That  is  also  the  representative  of  a  sentence  or 
part  of  a  sentence,  and  often  of  a  series  of  sentences. 
In  this  case,  that  is  not  strictly  a  pronoun,  a  word 
standing  for  a  noun,  but  is,  so  to  siHiak,  a  pro-sen- 
V'ltce,  the  substitute  fur  a  sentence,  to  save  the  repe- 
tition of  it. 

And  when  Mosea  heard  ihat,  lie  waa  contenL  —  Lev.  x. 

TTiat  here  stands  for  the  ^hole  of  what  Aaron  had 
said,  or  the  whole  of  the  preceding  verse. 

I  will  know  your  btisin^aa,  thai  I  will.  Shak, 

Yc  defraud,  and  that  your  bn.-Uircn.  —  1  Cor.  »1. 

That,  sometimes,  in  this  use,  precedes  tlio  sen- 
tenoe  or  clause  to  which  it  refers. 

That  he  far  from  thee,  to  do  nher  th!a  manner,  to  ttay  th»  ri^ht- 
eout  with  Ota  vncktd.  — Ueu.  xviii. 

That  here  represents  the  clause  in  Italics. 

5.  T'Aof  sometimes  is  the  substitute  for  an  adjec- 
tive. Vou  allege  that  the  man  is  ijinocenti  that  ho 
is  not. 

6.  That,  in  the  following  use,  has  been  called  u 
conjunction.  I  heard  that  the  Greeks  had  defeated 
the  Turks.  But  in  this  case,  that  has  the  same 
character  as  In  No.  4.  It  Is  the  representative  of  the 
part  of  the  sentence  which  follows,  as  may  be  seen 
by  inverting  the  order  of  the  clauses.  The  Greeks 
had  defeated  the  Turks  ;  I  heard  that.  It  is  not 
that  I  love  you  less.  That  here  refers  to  the  latter 
clause  of  the  sentence,  as  a  kind  of  demonstrative. 

7.  TAaf  was  formerly  used  for  fAat  whick^  like 
irAot. 

We  ipenh  lAa(  we  do  know,  and  tealiry  Ihat  we  haro  aecn.  — 
John  iii. 

[This  use  is  no  longer  held  legitimate.} 
H.  That  is  used  in  opposition  to  this,  or  by  way  of 
distinction. 

If  the  Ijord  will,  we  shall  lire,  and  do  this  or  that.  —  James  it. 

9.  When  this  and  that  refer  to  foregoing  words, 
thisf  like  the  Latin  hie  and  Fr.  cpct,  refers  to  the  lat- 
ter, and  tA(U  lo  the  former.  It  is  the  same  with  these 
and  those. 

Sire, 
eaire; 
^rw^ly  that,  tin  objrcl  would  devour, 
Thia  loste  the  hooey,  nnd  not  wound  the  flower.        Pope, 

10.  That  sometimes  introduces  an  explanation  of 
something  going  before.  "Religion  consists  in  liv- 
ing up  to  those  principles  ;  that  is,  in  acting  in  con- 
formity to  them."  Here,  that  refers  to  the  whole 
first  clause  of  the  sentence, 

11.  "Things  are  preached,  not  in  that  they  are 
taught,  but  in  that  they  are  published."  Here,  that 
reffrs  to  the  words  which  follow  it. 

So  when  that  begins  a  sentence,  "  That  we  may 
fully  understand  the  suttject,  It^t  us  consider  the  fol- 
lowing propositions."  That  denotes  purpose,  or  rath- 
er introduces  the  clause  expressing  purpose,  as  will 
appear  by  restoring  the  sentence  to  its  natural  order. 
"  Let  118  consider  the  fullowing  propositions,  that  [for 
the  purpose  expressed  in  the  following  clause]  we 
may  fully  understand  the  subject."  "Attend  that 
you  may  receive  instnictioti."  Here,  also,  fAat  ex- 
presses purpose  elliptically  :  "  Attend  for  the  purpose 
thai  you  may  receive  instruction  i "  tA^iif  referring  to  , 
the  last  member. 

This  elliptical  use  of  that  i«  very  frequent ;  the 
preposition  for  being  understood.  "  A  man  travels 
£Afl«  he  may  regain  his  health."  He  travels  for  Viat 
purpose,  he  may  regain  his  health.  The  French 
ot^en  retains  the  preiwsition  in  such  cases;  pour 
que.  "  Do  all  things  without  murmuring?*  and  dis- 
putings,  that  ye  may  be  blameless  and  harmless." 
Phil.  ii.  14.  Do  all  things  without  murmuriiigs, /or 
that  purpose,  lo  that  cITtjci,  ye  may  be  blauieless. 


Sf!f-love  and  reason  lo  one  end  napir 
Pam  iliPir  avcrsjun,  pleasure  thoir  uea 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRgY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BpQK.- 


THE 

in  that ;  a  phmse  denoting  confieqiience,  cnuHe, 
or  reasun ;  thai  referring  to  iho  fullowing  sentence. 
Heb.  V.  7. 

THATCn,  n.  [Sai.  thae,  connectftl  with  tha-mn,  the- 
ean^  to  cover  ;  L.  tego^  Eng.  deck;  G.  dach^  a  roof;  D. 
dak;  Svf.  tak;  Dan.  tagy  Uekke:  Gaelic,  tughr.,  tni^ke. 
The  primary  sense  is,  to  put  on,  to  spreail  over,  or 
make  close.] 

Straw  or  other  substance  used  to  cover  the  roofa 
of  buildings,  or  stacks  of  hay  or  grain,  for  securing 
them  from  rain,  &c. 

THATCH,  r.  (.  To  cover  with  straw,  reeds,  or  some 
similar  substance  ;  as,  to  Viatch  a  house,  or  a  stable, 
or  a  stack  of  grain. 

TIIATCH'£D,  (thacht,)  pp.  or  a.  Covered  with  straw 
or  thatch. 

THATCH'ER,  n.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  thatch 
houses. 

THATCHTNG,  ppr.     Covering  with  straw  or  thatch. 

THATCHTXG,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  covering  build- 
ings with  thatch,  so  as  to  keep  out  water  ;  tlie  mate- 
rial used  for  this  purpose. 

TUAU'MA-TROPE,  n.     [Gr.  Sav/ia  and  roun-os.] 

An  optical  toy  or  instrument  for  showing  the  dura- 
lion  of  an  impression  of  light  upon  the  eye  after  the 
luminous  object  is  withdrawn.  Thus  the  rapid  rev- 
olution of  a  card  having  a  chariot  represented  on  one 
side,  and  a  charioteer  on  the  other,  causes  the  two 
figures  to  appear  together,  the  charioteer  driving  the 
ch:iriot.  Olmsted. 

THAU-MA-TUR'Gie,         (  a.    [See  Thaumatubgt.] 

THAU-MA-TUR'Gie-AL,  i      Exciting  wonder. 

Burton. 

THAU'MA-TirR-6lST,  n.  One  who  deals  in  won- 
ders, or  believes  in  them. 

THAU-MA-TUR'GUS,  n.     [Gr.  Savfia  and  fpynr.] 
A  miracle-worker.     A  title  given  by  the  Roman 
Catholics  to  some  of  their  saints.  Buchanan. 

THAU'MA-TUR-GY,  n.    [Gr.  3uif/ia,  a  wonder,  and 
cpv-.t',  work.] 
The  act  of  performing  something  wonderful. 

IVarUm. 

TH^W,  F.  i.  [Sax.  tkawan ;  G.  thauen  :  D.  dooyen  ; 
Dan.  tSer  :  Sw.  tda  ;  Gr.  j-j?*-^.     Class  Dg.] 

1,  To  melt,  dissolve,  or  become  fluid,  as  ice  or 
snow, 

[It  is  remarkable  that  this  word  is  used  only  of 
thmgs  that  conpenl  hy  frosL  We  never  say,  to  ^laio 
metal  of  any  kind.] 

2.  To  become  so  warm  as  to  melt  ice  and  snow ; 
Msed  of  weather. 

THAW,  V.  t.  To  melt ;  to  dissolve  j  as  ice,  snow, 
hail,  or  frozen  earth. 

THAW,  n.  The  melting  of  ice  or  snow  ;  the  resolu- 
tion of  ice  into  the  state  of  a  fluid  ;  liquefaction  by 
heal  of  any  thing  congealed  hy  frost. 

TIlAWKf),  (tliawd,)  pp.     Melted,  as  ice  or  snow. 

THAWING,  pfir.  Dissolving;  resolving  into  a  fluid; 
lifiiiefyinE  ;  as  any  Ihin:*  frozen. 

THE,  an  adjective,  or  dejiaitiec  adjective.  [Sax.  the ;  D. 
de.     Uii.  Ch.  Ht.] 

1.  This  adji'Ctive  is  used  as  a  definitive,  that  is, 
before  nouns  which  are  specific,  or  understood  ;  or  it 
is  used  to  limit  their  signification  to  a  specific  thing 
or  thing!*,  or  to  describe  them  ;  as,  the  laws  of  the 
twelve  tables.  The  independent  tribunals  of  justice 
in  our  country  are  tJte  security  iS  private  rights,  and 
tAe  best  bulwark  against  arbitrary  power.  The  sun 
is  Vie  source  of  light  and  hcaL 

This  h^  call!  the  prraching  of  xhn  crow.  AtTiaon. 

2.  The  is  also  used  rhetorically  before  a  noun  in 
the  singular  number,  to  denote  a  species  hy  way  of 
distinction;  a  single  thing  representing  the  whole. 
The  fig-tree  putieth  forth  her  green  figs  ;  the  almond- 
tree  shall  flourish;  the  grasshopper  shall  be  a  bur- 
den. 

3.  In  poetry^  the  sometimes  loses  the  final  vowel 
before  another  vowel. 


TTie  adorning  th'-p  wilh  «o  much  trt, 
li  buC  u  b.\rb^r<jui  akUI. 


Cowley. 


A.  TAc  is  used  before  adjectives  in  the  comfiarative 
and  superlative  degree.  The  Ioniser  we  continue  in 
sin,  the  more  difficnlt  it  is  to  reform.  The  most  utren- 
uoua  exerti'-ns  will  be  used  to  emancipate  Greece. 
The  most  we  can  do  is  to  submit ;  Vie  best  we  can  do  ; 
the  tcorst  that  can  happen. 
THE-AN'URI€,  a.  [Gr.  Qcosj  God,  and  avnp^  a 
man.] 

Designating  the  union  of  divine  and  human  opera- 
tion in  Christ,  or  the  joint  agency  of  the  divine  and 
human  nature.  Murdock, 

THE-AN'THRO-PI«M,  n.    [Gr.  Gjoj  and  .ivHfi'oir'ii.'] 

A  state  of  being  Goid  and  man.  Colcridire. 

THE'AR-€HY,  n.     [Gr.  Ufof,  God,  and  npv),  rule.] 
Government  by  God  ;  more  commonly  called  The- 
ocBACT.  Ch,  Hel.  j^ppeal. 

THK'A-TER,  \  n.     [Fr.  theatre  ;  U  theatrum  :  Gr.  <rca- 
THB'A-TRE,  (      r,o*>»',  from  Renown,  to  see.] 

1.  Among  the  ancienU,  an  edifice  in  which  specta- 
cles or  shows  were  exhibited  for  the  amusement  of 
spectators. 

2.  In  modern  times,  a  house  for  the  exhibition  of 
dramatic  performances,  as  tragL-dits,  comedies,  and 


THE 

farces;  a  jjlnyhouse,  comprehending  the  stage,  the 
pit,  the  boxes,  galleries,  and  orchester. 

3.  Among  the  Italians,  an  assemblage  of  buildings 
which,  by  a  happy  disposition  and  elevation,  repre- 
sents an  agreeable  scene  to  tlio  eye.  Cyc. 

4.  A  place  rising  by  steps  or  gradations,  like  the 
seals  of  a  theater. 

lade.  ft  wofxlr  thtaler 

Mitlon. 

5.  A  place  of  action  or  exhibition  ;  as,  the  theater 
of  the  world. 

6.  A  building  for  the  exhibition  of  scholastic  exer- 
cises, as  at  Oxford,  or  for  other  exhibitions. 

7.  In  medical  institutioiu,  a  room  with  circular 
seats,  and  a  table  in  the  centre  turning  on  a  pivot, 
foi  anatomical  demonstrations,  Cyc. 

THk'A-TINS,  n.  pi.  An  order  of  Italian  monks,  es- 
tablished, in  15iJ4,  expressly  to  opi>ose  the  Reforma- 

•  tion,  and  to  raise  the  tone  of  piety  among  Roman 
Catholics.  They  hold  no  projKrty,  nor  do  they  beg, 
hiit  depend  on  what  Providence  sends.  Their  chief 
employment  is  preaching  and  giving  religious  in- 
piruction.  At  one  time,  lliey  attempted  missions  to 
Tartary  and  Georgia,  in  .Asia,  but  soon  abandoned 
them.  Their  name,  Thcatiiis,  is  derived  from  Tht- 
ate,  or  Chicti,  a  city  of  Naples,  the  archbishop  of 
which  was  a  principal  founder  of  the  order.  But 
they  bore  various  names ;  as  Rcmilar  Clerks  of  the 
Community,  Pauline  Jitonks,  .Apostolic  Clerks,  and  i2eo-- 
tdar  Clerks  of  the  Divine  Providence.  The  order  never 
flourished  much  out  of  Italy.  Mardock. 

TIlK'A-TRAL,a.  Belonging  to  a  theater.  [J^ot  in.u^e.] 

THE-AT'RI€,         la.     Pertaining  to  a  theater,  or  to 

THE-AT'Rie-AL, )  scenic  representations  ,■  resem- 
bling the  manner  of  dramatic  performers  ;  as,  theat- 
rical dress  ;  theatrical  performances  ;  theatrical  ges- 
tures. 

TnE-AT'Rie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  ihe  manner  of  actors 
on  the  stage  ;  in  a  manner  suiting  the  stage. 

TIIE-AT'Rie-ALS,  n.  pi.     Dramatic  performances. 

tEIave^'  I  "'   ^  "^^  ***"  ^''^  ^"^^  ^'^^^'    [^^'^•i 

THk'B.\N-YeAR,  n.    In  ancient  chronology,  the  Egyp- 

tian  year  of  3t')5  days  and  6  iiours.  Bryant, 

THe'CA,  n.    [L.,  from  Gr.  OnKi-] 

A  sheath  or  case.  — 

THe'CA-PHORE,  n.  [Gr.  ^rjiit  a  case  or  cover,  and 
^oo£(.i,  to  bear  or  carry.] 

In  botany,  the  pedicel  or  stipe  of  an  ovary,  when 
it  has  one,  called  also  GY.toi'HORE,BA9iGTNiUM,  and 
PoDOGr?Jic'M.  Lindley. 

THE'eO-DONTS,  n.  p/.     [Gr.  ^r,Kn  and  .^.Joij.] 

A  tribe  of  extinct  saurians,  having  the  teeth  im- 
planted in  sockets.  Owen. 
THEE,  pron.;  obj.  ease  of  Thou.     [Contracted   from 
Sax.  thee;   Cimb.  thig ;    Francic,  thee;   Goth,  thuli. 
See  Thod.] 
THEE,  F.  i.     [Goth.  Viihan:  Sox.  thean.] 

To  thrive  ;  to  prosper.     [Obs.]  Chaucer. 

THEFT,  71.     [Sax.  tkitfthe.     See  Thief.] 

1.  The  act  of  steahng.  In  law,  the  private,  unlaw- 
ful, felonious  taking  of  another  ;)erson's  goods  or 
movables,  with  an  intent  to  steal  them.  To  consti- 
tute theft,  the  taking  muijt  be  in  private,  or  without 
the  owner's  knowledge  ;  and  it  must  he  unlawful  or 
felonious,  that  is,  it  must  be  with  a  design  to  deprive 
the  owner  of  his  property  privately  and  against  his 
will.  Theft  dingers  from  robbery,  as  the  laUt-r  is  a 
violent  taking  from  the  i>crson,  and  of  course  not 
private. 

2.  The  thing  stolen.     Erod  ixil 
THEFT'-BoTE,  ft.     [theft  and  Sax.  bote,  compensa- 
tion.] 

In  law,  the  receiving  of  a  man's  goods  again  from 
a  thief  i  or  a  compensation  for  Ihem,  by  way  of  com- 
position, and  to  prevent  the  prosecution  of  the  thief. 
This  in  England  subjects  a  person  to  a  heavy  fine,  as 
by  this  means  the  punishment  of  the  criminal  is  pre- 
vented. 

THk'I-FORM,  a.     Having  the  form  of  tea. 

THe'IN,  71.  A  principle  obtained  from  tea.  It  is 
identical  with  Cakfeik,  which  see. 

THEIR,  (thJire,)  a.  pron.     [Sax.  hiura  ;  Ice.  fAeirra.J 
I.  Their  has  the  sense  of  a  pronominal  adjective, 
denoting  o/ Mem,  or  the  possession  of  two  or  more; 
as,  their  voices  ;  their  garments ;  their  houses ;  their 
land  ;  their  country. 

a.  Theirs  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  the  adjective 
and  the  noun  to  which  it  refers,  and  in  this  case,  it 
may  be  the  nominative  to  a  verb.  "  Our  land  is 
the  most  extensive,  but  theirs  is  the  best  cultivated." 
Here  theira  stands  as  the  representative  of  their  land, 
and  is  the  nominative  to  is. 

DerOiam. 

In  this  use,  theira  is  not  in  the  possessive  case,  for 
then  there  would  be  a  dnuble  possessive. 
THe'ISM,  11.     [from  Gr.  ^vi,  God.] 

The  belief  or  acknowledgment  of  the  existence  of 
a  God,  as  opposed  to  Atheism.  Theism  differs  from 
deism,  for  although  deism  iniplies  a  belief  in  the  ex- 
istence of  a  God,  yet  it  signifies,  in  modern  usage,  a 
denial  of  revelation,  which  thrism  does  not. 


THE 

THE'IST,  n.  One  who  believes  in  the  existence  of  a 
God. 

THE-IST'I€,         )  a.    Pertaining  to  theism,  or  to  a 

THE-I.ST'ie-AL,  i  Iheist ;  according  to  the  doctrine 
of  theisls. 

THEM,  pron.,  the  objective  ease  of  Thet,  and  of  both 
genders.  [In  our  mother  tongue,  them  is  an  ad- 
jective, answering  to  the,  in  the  dative  and  ablative 
■  cases  of  both  numbers.  The  common  people  con- 
tinue to  use  it  in  the  plural  number  as  an  adjective, 
for  they  say,  bring  Vum  burses,  or  them  horses  are  to 
be  ltd  to  water.] 

Go  yn  to  ihtm  ttiat  •ell,  &Dd  buy  for  jounelTffa. —  Matt.  xzt. 
Tjiei]  thiill  the  kine  uj  to  thtm  un  his  ri^t  baiul,  Come,  y« 
UcMttl  of  my  I'Vb'fr.  —  Matt.  xxt. 

THEME,  n.  [L.  thema;  Gr.  %pa,  from  riOijpt,  to  set 
or  place.] 

1.  A  subject  or  topic  on  which  a  person  writes  or 
speaks.  Ihe  preacher  takes  a  text  for  the  theme  of 
his  discourse. 

Wh^n  R  tal'lifr  waa  tbe  thtme,  my  nune 

Wit>  Qot  Tilt  uS.  Shak. 

S.  A  short  dissertation  composed  by  a  student. 

Mitton. 

3.  In  grammar,  a  radical  verb,  or  tpe  verb  in  ita 

primarj'  absolute  stale,  not  modified  oy  inflections  ; 
as,  the  infinitive  mode  in  English.  But  a  large  pw- 
tion  of  the  words  called  themes  in  Greek,  are  not  the 
radical  words,  but  are  themselves  derivative  foruis 
of  the  verb.    'Phe  fact  is  tiie  same  in  other  languages. 

4.  In  music,  a  series  of  notes  selected  as  the  text 
or  subject  of  a  new  composition. 

THe'MIS,  71.  [Gr.]  In  the  mythology  of  the  Greeks, 
the  goddess  of  law. 

THEM-SELVES',  a  compound  of  (A«m  and  selves,  and 
added  to  they  by  way  ot  emphasis  or  pointed  distinc- 
tion. Thus  we  say,  Viey  themselves  have  done  the 
mischief;  they  can  not  blame  others.  In  this  case, 
themselves  is  in  the  nominative  case,  and  may  be  con- 
sidered as  an  emphatical  pronoun. 

In  some  cases,  themselves  is  used  without  they,  and 
stands  as  the  only  nominative  to  the  following  verb. 
Themselves  have  done  the  mischief. 

This  word  is  used  also  in  the  objective  case  after  a 
verb  or  pr<'|>osition.    Things  in  themselves  innocent, 
may,  under  certain  circum^stauces,  cease  to  be  so. 
They  oj^n  to  Oiemstloet  ul  leiigib  tlie  v/ny.  Milton, 

THEN,  adv.  [Goth,  thanne  ;  Sax.  thanne;  G,  dannj 
D.  dan.    See  Thence.] 

1.  At  that  time,  referring  to  a  time  specified,  either 
past  or  future. 

And  ihi^  CanaaniW  wna  then  in  th«  l&oU.  —  Gea,  siL 

That  is,  when  Abram  migrated  and  came  into 

Canaan. 

Nuw  1  know  in  part,  but  l/i«n  •twUl  I  know  even  ai  I  am  known. 
I  Cor.  xii. 

2.  Afterward  ;  soon  afterward  or  immediately. 
First  be  reconciled  to  thy  brother,  and  (/i«*  come  and  offer  thy 

gift. —  M;ni.  V, 

3.  In  that  case  ;  in  consequence.     QaX.  iii.    Job  iiL 

If  all  tliu  br  BO,  Oien  mM\  has  a  natural  freedom.  Lock*. 

4.  Therefore  ;  for  this  reason. 

Now,  then,  be  all  thy  weighty  carei  away.  IhydMn. 

5.  At  another  time  ;  as,  now  and  then,  at  one  time 
and  another.  Milton. 

6.  That  lime. 

Till  then  who  knew 
The  forw  ol  tbo«i  dire  arm*  i  Mitlon, 

Then  Is  often  used  elhptically  for  the  tjim  existing; 
as,  the  then  adniinislration.  Burke. 

THENCE,  (thc-ns,)  adv.  [Sax.  thanan,  thanon;  G. 
dannen;  from  than,  d(iM7i,  then,  supra.  Then  signi- 
fies, properly,  place,  or  set  time,  from  setting,  and 
thence  is  derived  from  it.  Bo  the  Germans  say,  von 
dannen,  from  thence.] 

1.  From  that  place. 

When  you  dejxixl  thence,  thxke  off  the  du«t  of  your  feet. — 

Mark  vi. 
It  is  more  usual,  though  not  necessary,  to  use /rem 
before  thence. 

Then  will  I  »f  nd  and  fL.-tch  thec/rwn  thenct Gen.  xxtB. 

2.  From  that  lime. 

There  ahall  be  no  more  lAence  an  infant  of  days.  —  la.  Ixr. 

3.  For  that  reason. 


Not  (o  Bit  iilli;  wilh  so  jrrr^t  a  gift 
t'lelesa,  anil  thence  ridiculcui  oiiout  him. 


Milton. 


THENCE'FORTH,   (Ihens'forth,)  adv.      [Vience   and 
forth.]     From  Ihat  lime. 

ir  the  lalt  huth  tost  Its  laTOT,  it  to  thtTtc^orlh  good  for  DOthiof. 
—  Man.  r. 

This  is  also  preceded  by  ^om,  though  not  from  any 
necessity. 

And  from  thenceforth  Pilate  •onjhl  to  releaae  him.  —  Joho  xlx. 
THENCE-FOR'VVARD,  adv.     [thcTtee  and  forward.] 

From  that  lime  onward.  Kettlewell. 

THENCE  FROM',   adv.     [thence  and  from,]      From 

thai  place.     [.V«(  in  use.] 


Smith. 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS — €  a»  Kj  6  as  J  j  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


THE 

THE-O-BUO'MA,  ».     [Gr.  Bioi  and  ffpwtta.) 

1.  Thtt  name  uf  a  genus  of  pKtiitf  produclnc  the 
cacao  or  choc«>l:iU!  uuL 
a.  A  8ui>eriur  preparation  of  the  caeao.or  cocoa. 

Loiuian, 
TIIR-0-€HRIST'[e,  <u    [Gr.  Qsus  and  X/"*^«(0 

Aiinintmg  bv  Gud. 
TIIE-Oe^RA  CV,  H.     [Fr.  aeocracu  ;  It.  Uocraiia ;  Sp. 
tMcrucia  ;  Gr.  Qeos^  God,  and  Kpuroj,  power  j  «f*u- 
rrw,  lo  hold.] 

Guverniiient  of  a  state  bv  the  immediate  direction 
of  Givd  ;  or  Che  state  thus  governed.     Of  this  species 
the  Israelites  furnish   an  iihistriuus  example.    The 
tAfocrtu-v  lasted  till  the  time  of  8nul. 
Tiie'0-€RA-SY,  n.     [Gr.  O^oi  and  xfiaoti,  mixture.! 
hi  aneicHt  pHUos0ph^,  un  intimate  union  of  the  soul 
with  Ood  in  contemplation. 
THB-O-CRAT'ie,  (  a.    Pertaining  lo  a  theocracy  ; 

TliE-O-CRAT'ie-Al.,  t  administered  by  the  imme- 
diate direction  of  Gotl ;  as,  the  the^cratietd  state  of 
the  Isnuliles.  The  government  of  the  Israelites 
wiis  t^eacratic-. 
TUB-OU'I-C'V,  n.  [Fr.  Vktodicie^  from  Gr.  Gfos,  God, 
and  ^ivii.  justice.] 

A  vindication  of  the  justice  of  God  in  regard  to 
the  natural  and  moral  evil  that  exists  uuder  bis  guv- 
rrnment.  Leibnitu 

TliE-OD'O-LITE,  ».    [Ou.  Gr.  ^iu>^  to  run,  and  Jo- 
Aix^c,  long.] 

A  surveyor's  compasfl  furnished  with  a  small  tele- 
scope for  the  more  accurate  measurement  mS  angles. 

OlmaUd. 
THE-OG'O-NIST,  «,    A  writer  on  theogony. 
THE-OG'O-NY,    «.     [Fr.    theoiroHie ;   Gr.    ^ioyuvtaj 
6*0$,  God,  and  yovn,  or  ynon  u,  to  be  born.] 

In  «yU<rf«fy,  the  generation  of  the  gods  ;  or  that 
brBDch  of  heathen  theology  which  tnugrit  the  gene- 
alogy of  their  deities.  Hesiiid  comiHwed  a  poem 
concerning  that  theogony,  or  the  creation  of  the 
world  and  the  descent  o(  the  gods. 
THE-OL'O-GAS-TER,  ■•  A  kind  of  quact  In  divin- 
ity ;  as,  a  quack  in  medicine  is  called  Mkdicasteh. 

burton. 

THE  O-LO'OI-AN,  «.    [See  Thsoloot.]    A  divme  ; 

a  person  well  veived  in  tUeologj-,  ix  a  profraaor  of 

divinity.  Miiun. 

THE-0-L06'l€,        (a.    [See Thcoloot.]    Perlaio- 

THE-0-LOCI€J-AL,  (     i»g  to  divinity,  orine  science 

of  God  and  of  divine  things ;  as,  a  tJuvhfie^  trea 

tise;  cAMfofiM/ criticism.  Siri^     Cfc, 

THE-0-L06*IC-AL-LY,  adv.     According  to  the  prin 

ctple*  of  thvoloffy. 
TIIE-0L'0-6IST,  «.    A  divine;  one  studious  in  the 
science  of  divinity,  or  one  wcU  versed  in  that  sci- 
ence. 
TBfi-OL'0-6IZE,  e.  L    To  render  thedopcal. 

fi.  V.  i.    To  frame  a  system  of  Uieoloey.    [Iatti« 

THB-OL'O-tiTZ-lCD,  pp.    Rendered  tbeologicaL 
TUB-OiyO-CIZ-ER,  a.    A  divine,  or  a  professor  of 

theolofry.     [  Cum-iuiL]  Boylt. 

THB-0L'0-6IZ-ING,  ppr.     Rendering  theohigical. 
THE'O-LOGrE,  H^Bi)  f^.r  Thkologist,  is  n..t  in  use. 
THE-OL'0-6y,  a.     [Fr.  theolagie;  It    and    &\i.  teoio- 
£tm;  Gr.  3-euAoj^iii  ,*  t^->(,God,nnd  Ao}-0(,  discourse.] 
Divinity  ;  the  science  of  God  and  divine  things  ; 
or  the  science  which  l-aches  the  existence,  charac- 
ter, and  attributes  of  God,  his  laws  nnd  government, 
the  doctrines  we  are  lo  believe,  and  the  duties  we 
are  to  practice.    TheoJogj-  consists  uf  two  branrbes, 
natural  and  rtrealed.    A'vtiira/  theology  is  the  knowl- 
edge we  have  of  God  from  his  works,  by  the  light  of 
nature  and  reason.    Revealed  theolory  \»  that  which 
Is  lo  be  learned  only  from  revelation. 

Marat  tkedogif  teaches  us  the  divine  laws  relating 
to  our  manners  and  actions,  that  is,  our  moral  duties. 
J^MCulsCtrc  tkiotogis  teaches  or  explains  the  doc- 
trinea  oT  rdificm,  as  objects  of  faith. 

StluiastU  theology  is  that  which  proceeds  by  rea- 
soning, or  which  derives  the  knowledge  of  several 
divine  things  from  certain  ejitablished  principles  of 
faith.  TJioUvK.     CVc 

THE-OM'A  CHIST,  (kist,)  n.    [Gr.  Ot^s,  God,  and 
^ax",  combat.] 
One  who  fights  against  tbe  gods.  BaiUf. 

THE-OM'A-eHY,  n,    [Supra.]    A  fighting  agoinst  the 
gods,  as  the  battle  of  the  giants  with  the  gods. 
3.  Opposition  to  the  divine  will. 
THE'O-MAX-CY,  n.     [Gr.  6  oj  and  nayrtta.] 

A  kind  of  divination  drawn  from  the  responses  of 
oracles  among  heathen  nations. 
THE-O-PA-THET'ie,  a.    Pertaining  to  iheopathy. 

Hartlei/. 
THE-GP'A-TUY,  n.    [Gr.  Ofos,  God,  and  ra&oj,  pas- 
sion.] 

Sympathy  with  the  divine  nature  ;  like  feelings  to 
those  of  God.  Hartley. 

THE-OPH'A-NY,  n.    [Gr.  Ofos  and  ^atvo/iai,  to  ap- 
pear.] 

A  manif^tation  of  God  to  man  by  actual  appear- 
ance. 
THE-O-PHI-LAN'THRO-PIST,  a.    [Gr.  Ojos  and  0i- 

AflFflpaMT'S.] 


THE 

A  title  as^tiuu-d  by  some  persons  in  Fmncu  during 
the  revolution.     Their  object  was  to  establish  reason 
in  the  plic**  of  Christianity. 
THE-OP-NEOST'ie,  a.    [Gr.  Oioi  and  rKfwir-Kcof.J 

Given  by  the  inspu^lion  of  the  Spirit  of  God. 
THE'OP-NECST-Y,  n.    Divine  inspiration  ;  the  mys- 
terious power  which  the  divine  Spirit  exercises  in 
making  men  to  know  and  communicate  the  truth. 

Oaunsrn. 
THE-OR'BO,  a.     [It.  tiorha:  Fr.  tuorbe,  or  teorbe.] 

A  musical  instrument  made  like  a  large  hue,  but 
with  two  heads,  to  ench  of  which  snmeof  thcftrings 
were  attached.  It  was  also  called  the  .\rchlute, 
and  was  used  chiefly,  if  not  only,  as  an  accompani- 
ment to  the  voice.    It  has  long  fallen  into  disuse. 

P.  Cyc. 
THfi'0-REM,  -n.     [Fr.  thwreme;  Sp.  and  lu  Uorema; 
Gr.  ^fuoi^a,  ft-om  SnoftM,  to  see.] 

1.  In  matJtematies,  a  theorem  \a  a  proposition  to  be 
proved  by  a  chain  of  reasoning.  A  tkeurem  is  some- 
thing to  be  proved ;  a  problem  is  somethinjj;  to  be 
done.  Dau. 

a.  In  algebra  or  analysis,  it  is  sometimes  Uf*ed  to 
denote  a  rule,  particularly  when  that  rule  is  ex- 
pressed by  symbols.  Cyc. 

A  univerftal  theorem  extends  to  any  quantity  with- 
out restriction. 

A  particular  theorem  extends  only  to  a  particular 
quantity. 

A  negative  theorem  expresses  the  impossibility  of 
any  assertion. 

THE-0-RE-.MAT'ie,         )  a.     Pertaining   to   a  theo- 

THE-0-RE-.MAT'I€-AL,  >     rem  ;  comprised  in  a  ihe- 

THE-O-REM'ie,  )     rem  ;  consisting  of  theo- 

rems i  as,  thi-oremie  truth.  Orew, 

THE-O-RET'ie,         ia.    [Gr.  ^cwprjrwof.   SeeTHE- 

THE.O-RET'I€-AL,  \      cry.] 

Pertaining  to  theory  ;  depending  on  theory  or  spec- 
ulation ;  speculative  ;  terminating  in  theory  or  sjiec- 
uiation  ;  not  pmciical ;  a:s,  theoretical  learning;  theo- 
retic sciences.  The  sciences  are  divided  into  theoret- 
itoL  as  theohig}-,  philoisophy,  and  the  like,  and  prae- 
ticaly  as  medicine  and  law. 

THE-0-RET'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  or  by  theory ;  in 
speculation  ;  speculitively  ;  not  pmctically.  Some 
things  appear  to  be  theoreticaUtj  true  which  are  found 
to  be  practically  false. 

THE'O-Rie,  a.    Speculation.  Shak. 

TUE-OR'ie,  fl.    Pertaining  to  the  theorica. 

2.  Theoretic.     [  Obs.]  Smt/JkV  Diet. 
T!IE-OR'I-eA,  It.  pL     [Gr.  Sn^oiKfts.] 

A  term  applied  to  the  public  moneys  expended  at 
Athens  on  festivals,  sacrifices,  and  public  entertain- 
ments, particularly  theatrical  performances,  and  in 
largesses  among  the  people.  Smithes  Diet, 

THE-OR'ie-AULY,  arfr.  Speculatively.  [J\'ot  used.] 
TIIR'O-RISI'  I  n.  One  who  forms  theories;  one 
THE'0-RT2-ER, )      given  to  theory  and  speculation. 

The  fTfalMt  AtorUu  ivxit  |:tTr>n  the  prcfcit^uM  to  such  K  sx>w- 
rminem  u  '.hAt  of  thia  kiuplom,  Adduon. 

TIIfi'O-RrZE,  e.  i.  To  form  a  theory  or  theories  ;  to 
speculate  ;  as,  to  theorize  on  tbe  existence  of  phlogis- 
ton. 

THft'O-RIZ-ER,  n.     A  theorist. 

TIlF/O-RIZ-ING,  ppr.    Forming  a  theonr. 

THE'O-RY,  n.  [Fr.  thenrie  ;  It.  teoria ;  C  theoria ;  Gr. 
S-c'-jpiu,  from  ^Loipcui,  to  see  or  contemplate.] 

1.  Spt-culatitm  ;  a  doctrine,  or  sclieme  of  things, 
which  terminates  in  speculation  or  contemplation, 
without  a  view  to  practice.  It  is  here  taken  in  an 
unfavurable  sense,  as  implying  something  visionary. 

2.  An  exposition  of  the  general  principles  of  any 
science  ;  as,  the  theory  of  music. 

3.  The  science  distinguished  from  the  art ;  as,  the 
theory  nnd  pmrtice  of  medicine. 

•1.  The  philosophical  explanation  of  phenomena, 
either  physical  or  mural ;  as,  Lavoisier's  theory  of 
combustion  ;  Smith's  theory  of  moral  sentiments. 

Theory  is  distinguished  from  kijpothesis  thus:  a 
theory  is  founded  on  inferences  drawn  from  princi- 
ples which  have  been  established  on  independent 
evidence  ;  a  hypothesis  is  a  proposition  assumed  to 
account  for  certain  phenomena,  and  has  no  other  ev- 
idence of  its  truth  than  that  it  affurds  a  satisfactory 
explniiation  of  those  phenomena.  Olriu-^ud. 

THE-O-SOPH'IC,         (  a.    Pertaining  to  iheosophy. 
THE-0-POPH'I€-AL,  (  Murdoc':. 

TIIE-OS'O-PHIS.M,  n.     [Gr.  0co(,  Cod,  and  aoiptafia, 
comment;  io<^ov',  wise.] 
Theosophv,  or  a  process  of  it.  J^urdoeiu 

THE-OS'O-PillST,  n.    One  addicted  to  theosophy. 

Murdoch. 
THE-OS'0-PHTZE,  r.  i.    To  practice  theosophy. 

Mardock. 
THE-OS'O-PHY,  a.    [Gr.  0cof,  God,  and  ffo^ia,  wis- 
dom.] 

Supposed  intercourse  with  God  and  superior  spirits, 
and  consequent  attainment  of  superhuman  knowl- 
edge, by  physical  processes  ;  as  by  the  theurgic  oper- 
ations of  some  ancient  Platonists,or  by  the  chemical 
processes  of  the  German  tire  philosophers.  Murdoch. 
THER-A-PEfJ'Tie,  a.  [Gr.  ;?f/ia,T£uriAos,  from  ^ipa- 
niv".  to  nurse,  serve,  or  cure.] 
Curative  ;  that  pertains  to  the  healing  art  \  that  is 


THE 

concerned  in  discovering  and  applying  remedies  for 
diseases. 

Mfiliciii^  ii  Jmily  dtatriliutrd  itila  prophytticlic,  or  Ui^  an  of  pro- 

WalU. 

THER-A-PEO'TieS,  n.  That  part  of  medicine  which 
re-0|>ects  the  discovery  and  application  of  remedies 
for  diseases.  Therapeutics  teaches  the  use  of  diet 
and  of  medicines.  Oyc. 

2.  A  religious  sect  described  by  Philo.  They  were 
devotees  to  their  religious  tenets. 

THERE,  (thare,)   ado.      [Sax.  Vuzr  ;   Goth,  thar ;   D. 
daar;  Sw.  t/dr ;  Dan.  cl«r.     This  word  was  formerly 
used  as  a  pronoun,  as  well  as  an  adverb  of  place. 
•  Thus,  in  Saxon,  thtsrto  was  to  Aim,  to  her^  or  to  *£.] 
1.  In  that  place. 

The  Lord  God  pl;vut«Ki  r  garden  eMlward  In  Eden,  and  then  h« 
put  llii?  iiiaii  wlioni  he  linil  lunnod.  —  Ucn.  ii. 

S.  It  is  sometimes  opposed  to  IlaaK  i  there  denoting 
the  place  most  distant. 

Dnikneu  Vttr*  nii^t  well  veam  twifi^l  h«r».  Milloii. 

3.  Here  and  there ;  in  one  place  and  another ;  as, 
here  a  little,  and  there  a  little. 

4.  It  is  sometimes  used  by  way  of  exclamation, 
calling  the  attention  to  something  distant ;  as,  there, 
there!  see  there!  k>ok  there! 

5.  There  is  used  to  begin  sentences,  or  before  a 
verb;  sometimes  pertiueiiily,  and  sometimes  with- 
out siguilication  ;  but  its  use  is  so  hrmly  established 
that  it  can  not  be  dispensed  with. 

Wherever  ihert  w  sense  or  perccpUun,  Uiere  sonie  Idea  U  lutunllf 
pruductd.  Locke- 

TTurt  hare  bivn  that  hRTcdcHrered  themselve*  from  thfir  itts  bjr 
Iheir  good  funune  or  virtue.  Suckling. 

And  there  cnine  n  voice  frum  heaven,  saying,  Thuu  nit  my 
tx;l.rvwl  Sou.  —  Murlt  i. 

6.  In  composition,  there  has  the  sense  of  a  pronoun, 
as  in  Saxon  ;  as  thereby,  which  signifies  by  that. 

THBKE-A-BOUT',     (  comp.      [there  and  about.     The 
THERE-A-ItOCrTS',  j      latter  is  less  proper,  but  most 
coumionly  used.] 

1.  Near  that  place.  Shak. 

2.  Nearly  ;  near  that  number,  degree,  or  quantity ; 
as,  ten  men,  or  thereabouts. 

3.  Concerning  that.     [JVot  mvch  used.]     Lvkexxiv. 
THgRE-AFT'EK,  cwmp.     [/Acre  and  qfler.     Sixx.  thttr- 

aflrr,  after  that.] 

1.  According  to  that ;  accordingly. 

Whrn  you  cnn  dr.iw  ihe  head  indifferently  well,  prnpoilion  the 
body  thereafter.  Peadifim. 

2.  After  that.  Spenser. 
TUBRE-AT',  eomp.     [there  and  at.]     At  that  place. 

Wide  is  the  gale,  and  broad  is  the  way,  that  leadeih  l»  deBtnio- 
lion,  and  immy  (here  be  which  go  in  thereat,  —  Mall.  viL 

S.  At  that;  at  that  thing  or  event;  on  that  ac- 
count. 

Every  error  is  a  stain  to  the  t)eauly  of  nature  ;  fur  which  cause  It 
blu»hrnh  thereat.  Hooker. 


By  that ;  by  that 


THBRE-BV,  comp,     [there  and  hy.] 
means  ;  in  consequence  of  that. 

Acqii:\iiit  now  tiiytelf  with  him,  and  be  at  peace;  thereby  good 
■hall  come  unto  thoe.  —  Job  xxii. 

THEREFOR',  comp.    [there  and  for.]    For  that,  or 

this,  or  it. 
THERE'FORE,  (tfier'fore  or  thare'fore,!  comp.     [there 

and  for..]    For  that  j  for  that  or  this  reason,  referring 

to  something  previously  stated. 

1  have  married  a  wif^,  and  therefore  1  can  not  come.  —  LuJte  xtr. 

2.  Consequently. 

He  blushes  ;  therefore  he  I*  guilty.  Spectator. 

3.  In  return  or  recompense  for  this  or  that. 

Whulsh^ll  we  have,  therefore!  —  MatL  xix. 

THEREFROM',  comp,    [there  and  ft(m.]    From  this 
or  that. 

Turn  not  aside  iherefrom  to  the  right  hand  or  to  tbe  left.  —  Josh. 

THEREIN',  eowp.     [thtre  and  in.]    In  that  or  this 
place,  time,  or  thing. 

Bring  forth  abundantly  Jn  the  earth  and  multiply  therein.— 

Uea.  ix. 
Ye  sh;ill  keep  the  Sitbbalh  —  whosoever  doeth  aoy  work  tAerciti 

—  ihai  soul  »tia.ll  be  cut  off.  —  Kx.  xixi. 
Therein  our  letltrs  do  not  well  agree,  Shak, 

THEREINTO',  comp.     [there  and  into.]     Into  that 

Bacon. 
THEREOF',  comp.    [there  and  of]    Of  that  or  this 

In  the  day  thoti  eatest  thereof,  thou  ahult  surely  die. .—  Gen.  ii. 
THEREON',  comp.     [there  and  on.]     On  that  or  this 

Then  the  king  said,  Hang  him  thereon.  —  Esther  vii. 

THERE-OUT',  comp.    [there  and  ouL]     Out  of  that  or 

this.     Lee,  ii. 
THERETO  ,         )  comp.    [there  and  (o,  or  unto.]   To 
THERE-UN-TO',  i       that  or  this.  ■ 

Add  the  fifth  part  thereto.  —  IjCV.  v. 

THERE-UN'DER,  comp.     [there  and  under]    Under 

that  or  this.  Ralegh. 

THERE-UP-ON',  ccrnip.     [there  and  vpon.]    Upon  that 
or  this. 

Tt>e  remnant  of  the  bouse  of  Judah,  they  shall  feed  ihereupoii. 
Zepb.  il. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  \VH.\T.  — METE,  PRfiY.— PLVE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BQQK — 


THE 

2.  In  consequence  of  ttiuL 

He  hoprs  to  fimi  ymi  ffmv.-inl. 
And  Atraupon  W-  cciiiis  you  tliM  ^ooJ  ntw».  Shak. 

3.  Immediately. 

THERE-WHILE',  co/np.  [there  and  while.]  At  the 
Willie  time.     [Obs.]  Widif. 

TIIERE-WITH',  comp.  [there  and  with.]  With  that 
or  this. 


THBRE-Wmi-AL',  comj).  [(Aere  and  withal.]  Over 
and  above. 

2.  At  the  same  time. 

3.  Witli  that.     [Tkl^  word  is  obsoU'e.] 

TThe  foret'uing  compounds  of  there  with  the  prep- 
ositions are  for  the  most  part  deemed  inelegant  and 
obsuUte.  Some  of  iheni,  however,  are  in  good  use, 
and  particniarlv  in  the  law  style.] 

THERF'-BREAb,  (therfbred,)  /u     [Sax.  tharf,  theorf, 
unfermented.l 
JJnleavened  bread.     [J\''nt  in  use.]  WicUf. 

THE'RI-AC,       I   n.     [L.  theriaca.Gr,  ^npiaKri.  trea- 

TUE-RrA-CA,  i       cle.]  '^         ' 

A  name  given  by  the  anctenta  to  various  compo- 
sitions esteemed  efficacious  against  the  effects  of 
poison,  but  allerward  restrained  chiefly  to  what  has 
been  called  Theriaca  Awdbomachi,  or  Vemce 
Tbeacle,  which  is  a  compound  of  sixty-four  drugs, 
prepared,  pulverized,  and  reduced  by  raean^  of  lioney 
to  an  electuary.  Cj/c 

THR'RI-AC,        )  a.    Pertaining  to  theriac  ;  medici- 

THE-RrAC-AL,  \       nal.  Bacon. 

THER'M.VL,  a.  [L.  Vierma:,  warm  hatha ;  Gr.  ^cp^ui, 
from  5f/>w,  to  warm.] 

Pertaining  to  heat;  warm  ;  a  term  applied  chiefly 
to  warm  springs  ;  as,  Vicrmal  waters. 

TIIER'MI-DOR,  n.  [Gr.  ^£,j^i(,  warm.]  The  name 
of  the  llth  month  of  the  French  republican  year, 
commencing  Julv  19,  and  ending  August  17. 

THER'MO-E-LEe-TRIC'I-TV,  n.  [Gr.  <rip(i^^  and 
eltetricity.]     Electricity  developed  by  lieaU     Lycll. 

THER'MO-GE.V,  n.  [Gr.  ^ci'iiij  heat,  and  yivoi, 
yttoiiaif  to  generate.] 

The  elementary  matter  of  heat ;  caloric ;  a  term 
applied  chiefly  to  warm  sprhigs.  Good, 

THER'MO-LAMP,n.  [Gr.  c£^/<t;f,  warm,  f^om  St/i/iij, 
beat,  and  lamp.] 

An  instrument  fur  furnishing  light  by  moans  of 
inflammable  gas.  MeJ.  Rrpos. 

THER-MOM'ETER,  «.  [Gr.  5£,n">s,  wann,  from 
3£///jfi,  heat,  and  titrpov^  measure.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  heat;  founded  on 
Ihe  property  whirh  heat  possesses  of  expanding  all 
bodies,  the  rate  or  quantity  of  expansion  being  sup- 
posed proportional  to  the  degree  of  heat  apfilied,  and 
hence  indicating  that  degree.  The  thermometer  in- 
dicates only  the  sensible  heat  of  bodi'^'s,  and  gives  ns 
no  inlormation  respecting  tlie  quantity  of  latent  heat, 
ur  of  combined  heat,  which  tl)o.ee  bodies  may  con- 
tain.    [See  also  Differemtial  Thermoheteh.J 

Olmjited. 

TlfER  MO-MET'RIC-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  Uier- 
mometer  ;  ««,  the  thermometrical  scale  or  lube. 

2.  Made  by  a  thermometer ;  as,  thermometrical  ob- 
servations. 

TIIER-MO-MET'Rie-AL-LV,  adv.  By  means  of  a 
thermometer. 

THER'MO-SeOPE,  n.  [Gr.5ff);iij,  heat,  and  cmntu, 
to  see.] 

An  instniment  contrived  by  Count  Rumford  for 
me:i!<iiring  minute  dilferences  of  temperature.  As 
modifled  by  Professor  Leslie,  it  wae  afterward  called 

the  DlFFEREITIAL  THERMOMETER.  OllHStcd. 

THER-MO-SeOP'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Iheruio- 
ticope. 

TnER'MO-PTAT,n.  [Gr.^jp/zosand  tVrr,;!!.]  A  self- 
acting  physical  apparatus  for  regulating  temperature, 
by  ttw  unequal  expansion  otf  diflferent  metals  by 
heat,  Urt. 

THER-MO-STAT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  ihermo- 
«tat,  Urf. 

THER-MO-TEN'SION,  n.  [Gr.  5:/)/r)(,  hot,  and  L. 
fenjno,  a  stretching.] 

LiteraUu^  a  stretching  by  heat.  This  word  is  ap- 
plied by  Professor  Johnson  to  a  process  of  increasing 
the  direct  cohesion  of  wrought  iron.  It  consiHs  in 
heating  the  metal  to  a  determinate  tern pcr.it u re, 
generally  from  500  to  f>00  degrees  Fahrenheit,  and  in 
that  slate  giving  to  it,  by  appropriate  machinery,  a 
mechanical  strain  or  tension  in  the  direction  inwhich 
the  strength  is  afterward  to  be  exerted.  The  degree 
of  tensile  force  applied  is  determined  beforehand  by 
trials  on  the  same  quality  of  metal  at  ordinary  at- 
mospheric temperature,  to  ascertain  what  force 
would,  in  that  case,  have  been  suflicient  to  break  the 
piece  which  is  to  be  submitted  to  thermotension.  If 
thifi  process  should  succeed,  it  may  be  of  great  use 
in  giving  strength  to  chain  cables. 

THkSE,  (theez,)  pron. ;  pi.  of  This  ;  used  as  nn  adjec- 
tive or  substitute.  7%''«e  is  opposed  to  (Ao.sc,  as  thui 
iatiithatt  and  when  two  persons  or  things,  or  col- 
lections of  things,  are   named,  these  refers   to   the 


Tin 

things  or  persons  which  are  neareit  in  place  or  or- 
der, or  w  hich  are  last  mentioned. 

Soiar  pl.icr  llm  bli»«  in  nction,  Bome  in  pa*?  ; 

77tO«  cjU  it  jjli;;n(ure,  mid  conU.-iitint:iit  the»€.  Pope. 

Here  these  is  a  substitute  for  Oiese  perxonx^  and  for 
the  persons  last  mentioned,  who  place  their  bliss  in 
ensc. 
THk'SIS,  n.     [Ij.  thesis;  Gr.  Seaig^  a  position,  from 
TiOrini,  to  set.] 

1.  A  position  or  proposition  which  a  person  ad- 
vances and  ofl^ers  to  tnaintain,  or  which  is  actually 
maintained  by  argument ;  a  theme  ;  a  subject ;  par- 
ticularly, a  subject  or  proposition  for  a  school  or  uni- 
versity exercise,  or  the  ext-rcise  itself. 

2.  In  loyic,  every  proposition  may  bo  divided  into 
thesis  and  hypotfiesis.  Thesis  contains  the  thing  af- 
firmed or  denied,  and  hypothesis  the  conditions  of 
the  affirmation  or  negation.  Cyc. 

3.  In  music,  the  unaccented  or  unpercussed  part  of 
the  measure,  which  the  Greeks  expressed  by  the 
downward  beat. 

THES'MO-THeTE,  Tt.     [Gr.   Scc/i.Ocrf??.]     A  hiw- 
gii'er;  a  legislator;  one  of  the  six  inferior  archons 

THES'Pr-AN,  a.     [from  Thespis.]  [at  Athens. 

A  term  applied  to  tragic  acting. 

THK'TA,  n.     [Gr.  f).] 

The  unlucky  letter  of  the  Greek  alphabet,  so  called 
from  being  used  by  the  judges  in  passing  condemna- 
tion on  a  prisoner,  it  being  the  first  letter  of  the  Greek 
O-itfOToc,  death. 

THET'ie-AL,  a.     [from  Gr.  ^ztiko^.     Bee  Thesis.] 
Laid  down.  Mure. 

THE-lTR'Gie,  I  a.     [from   theurg-y.]     Pertaining 

THE-UR'Gie-AL,  (       to  theurgy. 

Theiir^ic  hi/mns ;  songs  of  incantation. 

THe'UR-GIST,  n.     One  who  pretends  to  or  is  addicted 
to  theurgv.  Halbjicell. 

THe'UR-GY,  n.       [Gr.   ^eovpyia;    Gtos,   God,   and 
£f>yot',  work.] 

Anion"  (Ac  Egyptian  PlatonistSy  an  imaginary 
science  and  art.  As  a  science^  it  was  supposed  to 
have  been  revealed  to  men  by  the  gods  themselves 
in  very  ancient  times,  and  to  have  been  handed 
down  traditionally  by  the  priests.  As  an  art,  it  was 
the  ability,  by  means  of  certain  acts,  habits,  words, 
and  symbols,  of  moving  the  gods  to  impart  to  us 
Secrets  which  surpass  ilie  powers  of  reason,  to  lay 
0[>en  to  us  the  future,  and  to  render  themselves 
visible.  See  JamblicKus  de  Myatcriis  Egypt,  I.  c. 
2<i— 29.  Murdoch. 

THEW,  (tha,)  n.     [Sax.  iheaw  ;  Gr.  e9,/s.] 

1.  Manner;  custom  j  habit;  form  of  behavior. 
[Aot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

2.  Muscle  or  strength.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 
THEW'£D,  (thGde,)a.  Accustomed  j  educated.    [J^ot 

in  u^c.]  Spenser. 

THBV,  (tha,)  pron.  pi. ;  objective  case,  Them.     [Sax. 
ViiBge  :  GotI).  thai,  thaim.] 

1.  The  men,  the  wMmon,  the  animals,  the  things. 
It  is  never  used  adjeclively,  but  always  as  a  pronoun 
referring  to  persona,  or  as  a  substitute  referring  to 
things. 

They  and  their  fath'Ti  have  Irnnigrpwed  a^inct  mff.  —  EaV.  ii. 
They  nf  Italy  mIiiW  you.  —  HcU  xiii. 

ElfM'.-il  nre  Ihey  which  (la  hmigur  and  thint  allcr  rightcouBDcu. 
—  Matt.  V. 

2.  It  is  used  indefinitely,  ns  onr  ancestors  used 
man,  and  as  the  French  use  on.  They  say,  (ph  rfif,) 
that  is,  it  is  said  by  persons  indefinitely. 

THI'ULE,  n.     A  slice;  a  skimmer;  a  spatula.     [JWt 

in  use,  or  toeal.]  .^itufworth. 

THICK,  a.     fSax.  tAic,  thicea:  C.  dick,  dicht:  D.  dik, 

digt ;   Sw.  tiock  i   Dan.  tyk  and   digt,   thick,  tight; 

Gael,  and  Ir.  tittjsh;  W.  tew,  contracted.     See  Class 

Dg,  No.  3,  8.  10,  is,  36,  57.      The  sense  is  probably 

taken  from  ariving,  forcing  together,  or  pressing.] 

1.  Dense  ;  not  tliin  ;  as,  thick  vapors ;  a  tJiick  fog. 

S.  Inspissated  ;  as,  the  paint  is  too  thick. 

3.  Turbid;  muddy;  feculent;  not  clear;  as,  the 
water  of  a  river  is  thick  after  a  rain. 

4.  Noting  the  diameter  of  a  body;  as,  a  piece  of 
timber  seven  inches  thick. 

My   Utile   flnprr  iliidl  be  tiiieker  than   my  Tather's  Iplni.  — T 
Kii>p  zii. 

5.  Having  more  depth  or  extent  from  one  surface 
^  to  Us  o[>po4ite  than  usual;  as,  a  thick  plank;  thick 

cloth  ;  thick  paper. 

6.  Close  ;  crowded  with  trees  or  other  objects  ;  as, 
a  thick  forest  or  wood  ;  thick  grass  ;  thick  corn. 

The  pwjple  w*re  gntlieirii  thick  injeilicr.  Lockt. 

7.  Frequent ;  following  each  other  in  quick  suc- 
cession.    The  shot  flew  thick  as  hail. 

WoOon. 
Drydrn. 

8.  Set  with  things  close  to  each  other ;  not  easily 
pervious. 

Black  wuUteforeat,  ihUk  wltlibeech  k  Mood,  Dryden. 

9.  Not  having  due  di.itinction  of  syllables  or  good 
articulation  ;  as,  a  thick  utterance.  He  sjieaks  too 
thick. 

10.  Dull;  somewhat  deaf ;  as,  (Airft  of  hearing. 

11.  Intimate.     [Various  diiUectf.] 


FuTore  CAmo  lAicJt  upon  him. 

Not  ttiicktr  biLlvwi  beat  Uif  Lityan  matn. 


THi 

THICK,  n.    The  thickest  part,  or  the  time  when  any 

thing  is  thickeent. 

In  tlu!  Uiick  uf  the  du&t  and  ■inolte  he  prcacutly  entered  hit  mee. 

K»oiUu, 
2.  A  thicket.     [JWt  in  use,]  Drayton. 

Thick  and  thin ;  whatever  is  in  the  way. 

Ttirou^h  thick  and  thin  tlie  followed  him.  HudibmM. 

THICK,  ade.     Frequently  ;  fast. 

1  lutar  Ihc  UHmpling  or  thick  ix^lag  fe«t.  Dryien. 

2.  Closely;  as,  a  plat  of  ground  thick  sown. 

■fiTorris. 

3.  To  a  great  depth,  or  to  a  thicker  depth  than 
usual;  as,  a  bed  covered  thick  with  tan;  land  cov- 
ered thick  with  manure. 

Thick  and  threefold;  in  quick  succession,  or  in 
great  number);.     [JVVf  in  u.*e.]  IJ Estrange. 

THICK,  V.  i.     To  become  thick  or  dense.  ~[J<'ot  used.] 

Spenser. 
THICK'EN,  (thik'n,)  v.  t.     [Sax.  t/iUctan.] 

1.  To  make  tiiick  or  dense. 

9.  To  make  close ;  to  fill  up  interstices ;  as,  to 
thicken  cloth. 

3.  To  make  concrete  ;  to  inspissate  ;  as,  to  thicken 
paint,  mortar,  or  a  liquid. 

4.  To  strengthen  ;  to  confirm. 

And  lliiB  may  help  to  thicken  oibcr  proof*.     {Not  uted.]     Shak. 

5.  To  make  frequent,  or  more  frequent;  as,  to 
thicken  blows. 

G.  To  make  close,  or  more  close;  to  make  more 
ntuiicrous  ;  as,  to  thicken  the  ranks. 
THlCK'/:.\,  (thik'n,)  v.  i.     To  become  thick  or  more 
thick  ;  to  become  dense  ;  as,  the  fog  thickens. 

2.  To  become  dark  or  obscure. 


Thy  luster  Ihicken* 
When  he  ihiocA  by. 


SKai. 


3.  To  concrete  ;  to  be  consolidated  ;  as,  the  juices 
of  plants  thicken  into  wood. 

4.  To  lie  inspi.ssated  ;  as,  vegetable  juices  thicken 
as  the  more  volatile  parts  arc  evaporated. 

5.  To  become  close,  or  more  close  or  numerous. 
The  prc»  of  peoplij  thickent  lo  the  court.  Dryden. 

6.  To  become  quick  and  animated. 

The  cciiibai  diicken:  AddUan. 

7.  To  become  more  numerous;  to  press  ;  to  be 
crowded.  Proofs  of  the  fact  thicken  upon  us  at 
even*  step. 

THICk'K.V-fiD,  (thik'nd,)  pp.  or  a.     Made  dense,  or 

more  dense ;   made  mure  close  or  Compact ;    made 

more  frequent  ;  inspissated. 
THICK'ioN  ING,  ppr.    Making  dense,  or  more  dense, 

more  close,  or  more  frequent ;  inspissating. 
THICK'A'N-ING,  71.    Something  put  into  a  liquid  or 

mass  to'  make  it  more  thick. 
TIIICK'ER,  a.  comp.     More  thick. 
TlilfK'KST,  a.  snperl.     Most  thick. 
THICK'ET,   n.      A   wood   or  collection   of   trees   or 

shrubs  closely  sot;  as,  a  ram  caught  in  a^£/ti^;Act. 

Gfit.  xxii. 
THICK'HEAD-ED,(-hed-,)a.    Having  a  thick  skull; 

dull  ;  Stupid. 
THICK'IPH,  a.     Somewhat  thick. 
THICK'LY,  adL\     Deeply  ;  to  a  gteat  depth.    Boyle. 

2.  Closely  ;  compactly. 

3.  In  quick  succession. 

THICK'NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  thick  ;  dense- 
ness  ;    densUy  ;    as,  the   thickness  of  fog,  vapor,  or 

cloud  :i. 

2.  The  slate  of  being  concrete  or  inspissated  ; 
consistence  ;  spissitude  ;  as,  the  thickness  of  paint  or 
mortar ;  the  thickness  of  honey  ;  the  thickness  of  the 
blood. 

3.  The  extent  of  a  body  from  side  to  side,  or  from 
surface  to  surface  ;  as,  the  tltickness  of  a  tree  ;  the 
thickness  of  a  board  ;  the  thickness  of  the  hand  ;  Ihe 
thickness  of  a  layer  of  earth. 

4.  Closeness  of  the  parts  ;  the  state  of  being 
crowded  or  near  ;  as,  the  thickness  of  trees  in  a  for- 
et^t ;  the  thickness  of  a  wood. 

5.  The  state  of  being  close,  dense,  or  impervious; 
as,  the  thickness  of  sluides.  Addison, 

6.  Dullness  of  the  sense  of  hearing  ;  want  of 
quickness  or  acuteness  ;  us,  thickness  of  hearing. 

Siei/t. 
THICK'SET,  n.     [thick  and  set.]     Close  planted  ;  as, 
a  thicksrt  wot)d.  Ih-yden, 

9.  Having  a  short,  thick  body. 
THICK'SKLV,  T(.     [thick  and  skin.]     A  coarse,  pmss 

person:  a  blockhead.  Entick. 

TIIICK'8KULL,  n.     [thick  and  skull]    Dullness;  or 

a  dull  person  ;  a  blockhead.  Entick. 

THICK'SKULL-£I>,  a.     Dull ;  heavy  ;  stupid  ;  slow 

to  learn. 
TIIICK'SPRUNG,  0.     [thick  and  sprang.]     Spnmg  up 

close  together.  Entick.     Siiak. 

THIEF,  (theef,)  n. :  pi.  Thieves.     [Sax.  iheof;  Sw. 
tiuf,  D.  dicf;  G.  dieh  ;  Goth,  thiubs  i  Dan.  tyv.] 
A  person  guilty  of  theft. 

1.  One  who  secretly,  unlawfully,  and  fcloniotisly 
takes  the  goods  or  personal  property  of  another. 
The  (AiV/ takes  the  property  of  another  privately; 
the  robbt^r  by  open  force.  Blackstons, 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GEB,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  O  as  J ;  »  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


u=- 


114 


1145 


THI 

9.  One  wImi  takes  the  property  of  another  wrong- 
(UUy,  eJtIier  secretly  or  by  viulcnce.    Job  xxx. 

A  on'aia  mui  w«it  down  from  Joruulcm  to  Jericho,  Ri>d  frU 
mMonft  Ikint;  who  Krippr-d  liim  oi  his  nuncul.  —  Luke  k. 

3.  OlM  who  seduces  by  false  doctrine.    John  x. 

4   One  wtao  makes  it  his  business  to  cheat  and  de- 
Oaud  ;  as,  n  den  of  thieves.    Matt.  xxi. 

5.  An  excrescence  or  waster  iu  the  snuff  of  a  can- 
dle. May. 
THIEF'-CATCH-ER,  n.  [thitf  and  ecUh.]  One 
who  catches  thieves,  or  whom  business  is  to  detect 
thieves  and  brine  litem  to  justice. 
THIEF'-L£AD-ER,  »•  [tJurf  and  Umd.]  One  who 
leads,  or  takes  or  leads  away  a  thief.     [Mot  muck 

USfJ.] 

THIEF'-TAK-ER,  m.  [UiV  and  taker,]  One  whose 
business  is  to  find  aud  take  tlueves,  and  bring  iheni 
to  justice. 

THIEVE,  (thJve,)  r.  i.     To  steal ;  to  practice  tbeO. 

THIEV'ERV,  n.     The  practice  of  stealing;   theft. 
[See  Thki^.] 
Anoof  like  SputsM^  Aintrjf  wm  k  pmctke  inareUy  food 


S.  That  whkh  la  atoleii.  Skak, 

TBIfiV'ISH,  a.     Given  to  stealing;  addicted  to  tjie 
pnctka  of  theft  ;  as,  a  (Aisvw*  boy. 

Or  vUfa  «  base  uid  hokuwom  nr(»d  enforoe 

A  tUnuk  IMif  oo  the  oooboo  n»d.  Shak. 

9.  Secret ;  sly ;  acting  by  stealth ;  as,  flUswh  mtn- 
utea.  Shak. 

3.  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  theft  ;  as,  a  tkuvisk 
practice. 
ThIeVISH-LY,  adv.     In  a  thievish  manner ;    by 

theft. 
THIEV'ISH-NESS,  a.    The  disposition  to  steal. 

2.  The  practice  or  habit  of  stealing. 
THIGH,  rthi,}  R.     [Sax.  tkejrk,  tJuo,  or  tkeoh  :  D.  dye  ; 
6.  duk^ein^  thick-bone.    The  Genuau  explains  the 
word  ;  tki^k  is  tkiek.] 

That  put  of  men,  qoadnipeds,  and  fowl.4,  which 
is  between  (Im  leg  and  the  trunk.    As  the  word  sig- 
nifies, it  is  the  thkkpart  of  the  lower  limbs. 
THTGH'-BONE^ii.    The  bone  of  the  thigh. 


THILK,  ^r«iL    Vsax.aUe.] 
The  same.    [06^.] 


Spenser. 


THILE^  a.    [Sax.  tkU  or  tkUL] 

The  sban  of  a  cart,  gig,  or  other  carriage.  The 
thQIs  are  the  two  pieces  of  limber  extending  from 
the  body  of  the  carnage  on  each  side  of  the  last 
horse,  by  which  the  caniafD  Is  sapported  in  a  hori- 
montal  position. 

THILL'CR,  >  m.     The  horse  which  goes  be- 

THILL'-HOSSE.  {  tweea  the  thills  or  shafts,  and 
supports  them.    In  a  tsosi,  the  last  horse. 

Cfa    Shsk, 

THIM'BLE,  (thlmX)  "^  [I  k«>w  not  the  origin  or 
primary  sense  of  this  word.  Possibly  it  may  be 
from  thumb.    In  Gaelic,  lemekeai  is  m  cover.] 

I.  A  kind  of  cap  or  cover  for  the  finger,  oamUty 
made  of  mctot,  u.4(.-d  by  tailors  and  seamslreases  for 
driving  the  needle  through  cloth. 

3.  In  sea  loMfuafe^  an  iron  ring  with  a  hollow  or 
groove  round  its  whcde  circumference,  to  receive  the 
rope  which  is  spliced  about  it ;  used  to  keep  the  eye 
of  the  rope  from  being  chaft-d.  Touen. 

THIM'BLE-RIG,  n.  A  sleight  of  hand  Uick  played 
with  three  small  cups,  shaped  like  tbiinbles,  and  a 
small  balL 

THTME.    SeeTHTiia. 

THIX,  a.  [Sax.  Uisjt,  tAyoa ;  G.  dUnn  ,*  D.  dun  ;  Sw. 
tuiut;  Dan.  tfudi  W.  teMOu,  teneu  ;  L.  Unuu;  Gaelic, 
Uaadk;  Russ.  tamkm,  Uu.  Gr.  arev^ij  narrow.  It 
appears  to  be  connected  with  W.  teu,  tan^  stretched, 

extended,  Gr.  wtcw.    Qu.   Ar.  /.i*  leaioaa.     In 

sense  it  b  allied  to  Syr.  Heb.  Ch.  and  Elh.  jop,  but  I 
know  not  whether  the  first  consonant  of  this  word 
is  a  prefix.    See  Class  Dn,  No.  13,  25.] 

1.  Having  Iiitle  thickne^  or  extent  from  one  sur- 
face to  the  opposite  ;  as,  a  thin  plate  of  meud  ;  tAin 
paper ;  a  thim  board  ;  a  thim  covering. 

2.  Rare  ;  not  dense  ;  allied  to  fluids  or  soft  mix- 
tures ;  as,  tkiM  blood  ;  tkim  milk ;  thim  air. 

la  iine  dK7  when  the  wr  b  jnoic  l&iji.  Bacon, 

3.  Not  close  :  not  crowded  ;  not  filling  the  space  ; 
not  having  the  individuals  that  compose  the  thing  in 
a  close  or  compact  slate  ;  as,  the  trees  of  a  forest  are 
cAta  ;  the  com  or  grass  is  tAta.  A  tAta  audience  in 
church  is  not  uncommon.  Important  legislative 
business  should  not  be  transacted  in  a  thi*  bouse. 

4.  Not  full  or  well  grown. 

B«Tea  Ai»  fus.  — Gcb.  xQ. 

5.  Slim  ;  small ;  dender  ;Jean.  A  person  becomes 
thin  by  disease.     Some  animals  are  naturally  thin. 

6.  Exile  ;  small ;  fine ;  not  fuIL 

Thin,  ba\\<jw  loand*,  and  bttneoUblc  Kxeuni.  2>ryden, 

7.  Not  thick  or  close  ;  of  a  loose  texture  ;  not  im- 
pervious to  the  sight ;  as,  a  CAin  vail. 

8.  Not  crowded  or  well  stocked  ;  not  abounding. 

Ftmn  is  Ttrry  Inrgip,  but  titreroejy  thin  of  people. 


THI 

9.  Slight ;  not  sufiicient  for  a  covering  ;  as,  a  tAm 
disguise. 
TIII.N,  adv.    Not  thickly  or  closely;  in  a  scattered 
state  i  as,  seed  sown  thin. 

Bpkio  to  Ain  town  of  prople.  Bacon. 

THIN,  P.  t.     [Sax.   thinnian;    Russ.   tonyu;    L.   tenuo. 
See  Atti;:tu»tk.] 

1.  To  make  thin  ;  to  make  rare  or  less  thick ;  to 
attenuate  ;  as,  to  tAui  the  blood. 

2.  To  make  less  close,  crowded,  or  numerous  ;  as, 
to  tAia  the  ranks  of  an  enemy  ;  to  thin  the  trues  or 
shrubs  of  a  thicket. 

3.  To  Httsnunte  ;  to  rarefy ;  to  make  less  dense ; 
as,  to  thin  the  air;  to  thin  the  vapors. 

THIN'-OUT,  r.  i.     In  fr^oio^,  strata  are  said  to  thin 

out  when  they  gradually  diiiiiuish  in  thickness  until 

they  disappear.  Brandt. 

TH1N'-SKI.\-N£D,  fl.    Having  a  thin  skin;  hence, 

unduly  sensitive. 
TlUSEyVnmominal  adj.     [Goth,  thring^  theina;    Sax. 

tAia ;    G.   dein ;  Fr.  tieu ;  probably  contracted  from 

thiffen.     See  Thou.] 
Thy;   belonging  to  thee;  relating  to  thee;  being 

the  proi»orly  of  tjiee.    It  was  foruierly  used  for  (Ay, 

before  a  vowel. 


Tl»a  tliau  maycwt  eat  grapee  tb;  fill,  at  iMnt  a 

DeuL  xxii. 


1  pleoiuro.  - 


But  iu  common  usage,  tky  is  now  used  before  a 
vowel  in  all  cases. 

The  principal  use  of  tAine  now  is  when  a  verb  Is 
inrcritosej  between  this  word  and  the  noun  to  which 
it  refers.  I  will  not  take  any  thing  that  is  Viine. 
Thine  is  the  kingdom,  and  the  power,  and  the 
glory. 

Iri  the  following  passage,  CAtiw  Is  used  as  a  substi- 
tute fur  tAy  righteousness. 

I  will  malM  meotioa  of  Ay  rightsousness,  evni  of  llUna  odIt.  — 

In  some  cases  it  Is  preceded  by  ihe>  sign  of  the 
possessive  case,  like  nouns,*and  is  then  also  to  be 
considered  as  a  substitute. 

U  uir  qf  thine  be  djivea  out  to  (he  uttnoet  parta  of  beareo.  — 
Deut.  xzz. 

It  is  to  be  observed  that  tAinr,  like  tA»«,  Isused  only 
iu  the  solemn  style.  In  familiar  and  ctimmon  lan- 
guage, yosr  and  your;;  are  always  used  in  the  singular 
number  as  well  as  the  plural. 
THING,  m.  [Sax.  things  a  thing,  a  cause  ;  for  his 
thimgom^  for  nis  cause  or  sake  ;  aUo,  things  and  ge^ 
tkimgf  a  meeting,  council,  or  convention  ;  thingan, 
tkimgiojL,  to  liold  a  meeting,  to  plead,  to  supplicate  ; 
thimgere,  an  intercessor  ;  thingvng,  intercession  ;  G. 
dingf  a  thing,  a  court;  Jin^rn,  t»  go  to  law,  to  hire 
or  hsggle  ;  Dingstag^  Tuesday,  {thin;r^s  day  ;)  beding, 
condition,  clause ;  dedingen^  to  agree,  to  bargain  or 
contract,  to  cheapen  ;  D.  liin/,  thing,  business;  Jin- 
f-ea,  to  plead,  to  attempt,  to  cheapen  ;  dingbank^  the 
bar ;  dingdagen^  sessiun-days ;  tUnger^  atngstery  a 
I^eader ;  dimgiaal,  plea ;  Dingsdag^  Tuesday  ;  beding, 
condition,  agreement ;  bedtHgen^  io  condition;  Sw. 
ting,  thing,  cause,  aUo  a  court,  assizes;  (in^a,  to 
liire,  bargain,  or  agree  ;  Vtun.  ting^  a  thing,  ntTair, 
business,  case,  a  court  of  justice  ;  tinffer,  to  strike  up 
a  bargain,  to  haggle;  tingbog,  records  of  a  court, 
(thing-book:)  tingdag^  the  court  day,  the  assizes; 
tinghold^  jurisdiction  ;  tingmand,  jurors,  jury,  (thing- 
men;)  tinggag,  s  cause  or  suit  at  law,  (thing- 
sake.)  The  primary  sense  of  thing,  is  that  which 
comes,  falls,  or  happens,  tike  enent,  ft-om  L. 
etenio.  The  primary-  sense  of  the  root,  which  is  tig 
or  thig^  is  to  press,  urge,  drive,  or  strain,  and  hence 
its  application  to  courts,  or  suits  at  law;  a  seeking 
of  right.  We  otwerve  that  Dingsday,  Dingdag,  in 
some  of  the  dialects,  signifies  Tue.iday,  and  this  from 
the  circumstance  that  that  day  of  the  week  was,  as  it 
■1)11  is  in  some  states,  the  day  of  opening  courts ; 
that  is,  litigation  day^  or  suitors^  day^  a  day  of  striv- 
ing for  justice;  or  perhaps  combat  »/oy,  the  day  of 
trial  by  battle.  This  leads  to  the  unfolding  of  anoth- 
er fact.  Among  our  ancestors,  Tig^  or  7^*^,  was  the 
■  name  of  the  deity  of  combat  and  war,  the  Teutonic 
Mars ;  that  is,  strife,  con)t>at  deified.  This  word  was 
contracted  into  tivo  or  (u,  and  hence  Tiioes-dag  or 
Tues-dag,  Tuesday,  the  day  consecrated  to  Tiig^  the 
g(.>d  of  war.  But  it  seems  this  is  merely  the  day  of 
commencing  court  and  trial ;  litigation  day.  This 
7'ti>,  the  god  of  «'ar,  is  strife,  and  this  leads  us  to  the 
rot)tof /Airt,?,  which  is,  lodrive,  urge,  strive.  Sores, 
in  Latin,  is  connected  with  rnt^,  accused.  For  words 
of  like  signification,  see  Sake  and  Calse.] 

1.  An  event  or  action  ;  that  which  happens  or  falls 
out,  or  that  which  is  dune,  told,  or  proposed.  This 
is  the  general  signification  of  the  word  in  the  Scrip- 
tures ;  as,  after  tliese  things^  that  is,  events. 

Awl  the  thing  wtu  rerjr  rrievoiu  in  Abraham's  tight,  became  of 


bis 


-Gei 


TbM    Laban  and  Bethuel  anrwereil  and  said,  The  thing  pro- 

cecdrth  from  the  Lorrt.  —  Cmn.  xii». 
lod  Jacob  aaid,  AV.  theae  things  ar«  ae&inat  me.  —  i3^n.  xIU. 
I  will  tell  you  by  wh.it  auihutity  I  do  the*;  Aingt. —  Matt.  xxf. 
Theae  Oiingt  Kiid  EauL-u  when  he  saw  hia  glory.  —  John  xii, 
Iu  learning  French,  dtooae  such  booka  aa  will  tench  von  thingi 

ai  weU  aa  l.in^uage.  Jay  to  Lutltpage. 


THI 

S.  Any  Hiibstiince  ;  that  which  is  created  ;  any 
particular  article  ur  comniiMlity. 

He  aciit  after  lliia  ninniicr ;  Inn  uairu  Udvn  witli  tbe  good  ttdngt 

ot  K(^iH.  —  Uen.  JilJi. 
Tlicy  took  ilie  Oiingt  wliich  Mitah  luut  made.  —  Judges  xtIH, 

3.  An  animal ;  as,  every  living  thing;  every  creep- 
ing thing.     Gnu  i. 

yThis  application  of  the  word  is  improper^  but  common 
in  popular  and  vulgar  language] 

4.  A  portion  or  part ;  somcthmg. 

Wick«l  men  who  uiidcraUnd  any  thing  of  wlBiI<m).     TVlotSon. 

5.  In  conteuipl. 

I  liave  a  thing  in  prow.  Sui/l. 

6.  Used  of  persons  in  contempt  or  disparagement. 

Bee,  aona,  what  things  yuu  aje.  Shak. 

The  poor  thing  li^hr^d.  Additon, 

I'll  be  thia  abject  Uiing  do  more.  OranwilU. 

7.  Used  in  a  sense  of  honor. 

1  see  thee  hen. 
Thou  noble  thin;  /  Shah. 

8.  Things, pL;  clothes.     [CvllaguiaJ.] 

Walter  ScotL 
THINK,  r.  I  ;  pret.  and  pp.  Thought,  (lliaut.) 
[Hax.  tAiNcan,  thcncan  ;  Goth.  Ihagkyan  i  Sw.  tycka 
and  tiBnka;  Dan,  tykker  and  tu-aker;  U.  denketi,  to 
think,  and  gedagt,  lliotit^ht ;  G.  denken,  to  think,  and 
geddchtniss,  remembrance  ;  gedanke,  thought ;  wot-A- 
drMjtcn,  to  ponder  or  meditate;  Gr.  JfMfw  (  Syr.  and 
Ch.  p^l ;  allied  to  L.  duco.  We  observe  n  is  casual, 
and  omitted  in  tlie  participle  thouglu.  The  seiise 
seems  to  be,  to  set  in  the  mind,  or  to  draw  out,  as  in 
meditatiuii.     Class  Dg.  No.  9.j 

1.  To  have  the  iiiinu  occupied  on  some  subject;  to 
have  ideas,  or  to  revolve  ideas  in  the  mind. 

For  thnt  I  am 
I  know,  because  1  think,  r>rydtn. 

Tbeso  are  not  matters  lo  be  sllghUy  thought  on.         TitloUon. 

Q.  To  judge;  to  conclude  ;  to  hold  asasettled  opin- 
ion. I  t/itii/c  it  will  rain  to-morrow.  I  think  it  not 
best  to  proceed  on  our  journey. 

Let  th?m  marry  to  whom  they  Q-i¥ik  best.  —  Num.  xxxvt. 

3.  To  intend. 

Tlion  ihoHght'tt  to  h'-Ip  me.  Shak. 

I  tliought  to  promole  Uioe  unto  great  honor.  — Num.  xxi». 

4.  To  imagine  ;  to  suppose  ;  to  fancy. 

Kduiunil,  1  think,  is  gone 
In  piiy  of  hii  iniwry,  to  dupatch 

His  'nifrhled  llfn.  SOak. 

Let  hi.'ii  Uial  thinketh   lie  standclh,  take  heed  lest  be  fall.  — 1 
Cor.  X. 

5.  To  muse;  to  meditate. 

While  Prl*T  Utought  on  Uie  Tbion.  —  Acts  x. 

Think  much,  speak  litUe.  Dryd&tt. 

6.  To  reflect ;  to  recollect  or  call  lo  mind. 

And  when  Peter  thought  thorcun,  he  W'-pt.  —  Mark  xi^^ . 

7.  To  consider;  to  delibemte.  T'AinA  how  this 
thing  could  happen. 

He  thought  within  hinmelf,  saying,  What  ahalt  1  du  f  —  Luke  xii. 

8.  To  presume. 

TViink  not  to  sny  within  yourseWca,  We  have  Abraham  to  oit 
father.  —  Mdtt.  ili. 

9.  To  believe  ;  to  esteem. 

To  think  on  or  upon  :  lo  muse  on  ;  to  meditate  on. 

If  there  bo  any  rirliie,  if  there  be  any  praiac,  think  an  these 
things.  —  Fhil.  i». 

2.  To  light  on  by  meditation.  He  has  just  thought 
on  an  expedient  that  will  answer  the  pur|>ose. 

3.  To  remember  with  favor. 

Tliink  upon  me,  my  God,  for  good,  —  Neh.  v. 

To  think  of;  to  have  ideas  come  into  the  mind. 
He  thoug/u  of  what  you  told  him.  I  would  have 
sent  the  books,  but  I  did  not  think  of  it. 

To  think  well  of;  to  hold  in  esteem  ;  to  esteem. 
THINK,  V.  t    To  ctmceive  ;  to  imagine. 

Charily  thinketh  no  evil.  —  I  Cor.  xiii, 

2.  To  believe  ;  to  consider;  to  esteem. 

Nor  think  superfluous  others'  aid.  Milton. 

3.  To  seem  or  appear,  as  in  the  phrases,  me  think- 
eth or  methinks,  and  methought  These  are  genuine 
Saxon  phr-vses,  equivalent  lo  it  seems  to  me,  it  seemed 
to  me.  In  these  expressions,  me  is  actually  in  Die 
dative  case  ;  almost  the  only  instance  remaining  in 
the  language.  Sax.  "  genoh  thuht,"  satis  t^isum  cef, 
it  appeared  enough  or  sufficient ;  "  me  thincth,"  mthi 
ridrfur,  it  seems  to  me  ;  I  perceive. 

To  think  much  ;  to  grudge. 

He  Oiought  nut  much  to  clothe  bis  enemies.  MtUon. 

To  think  much  of;  to  hold  in  high  esteem. 
To  think  scorn  :  to  disdain.     Kith.  iii. 
THINK'ER,  n.      One   who  thinks;   but  ehitfiy^  one 
who  thinks  in   a  particular  manner  ;   as,  a  close 
thinker  ;  a  deep  thinker ;  a  coherent  thinker. 

Locke.   ■  Sioift. 
THINK'ING,  ppr.     Having  ideas;  supposing;  judg- 
ing; imngijiing;  intending;  meditating. 

2.  a.  Having  the  faculty  of  thought ;  cogitative  ; 
capable  of  a  regular  train  of  ideas.  Man  is  a  think- 
ing being. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  W(?LF,  BpQK.- 


THI 

THINKING^  n.    Imagination  ;  cogiution  j  judgment. 

I  heani  «  bird  to  ting, 
WbOM  moiic,  to  my  Ainking,  plea«d  the  kiug.  SKak. 

THrNK'ING-LY,  adc.     By  thought. 
THIN'LY,  adv.     [from  (Am.]      In   a  loose,  scattered 

manner ;  not  thickly  ;  as,  ground  thinly  planted  with 

trees  ;  a  country  thinly  inhabited. 
TII[\'X£D,  pp.     Made  thin  ;  made  rare  or  less  thick. 
THKN'NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  thin  ;  smallness 

of  extent  from  one  side  or  surface  to  the  opposite  ; 

as,  the  thinness  of  ice  j  the  thinness  of  a  plate ;  the 

thinness  of  the  skin. 

2.  Tenuity ;  rareness ;  as,  the  thinness  of  air  or 
other  fluid. 

3.  A  state  approaching  to  fluidity,  or  even  fluidity ; 
opposed  to  SpissiTUDK  j  as,  the  titinness  of  honey,  of 
whitewash,  or  of  paint. 

4.  Exility  ;  as,  the  thinness  of  a  point. 

5.  Rareness ;  a  scattered  state ;  paucity ;  as,  the 
thinness  of  trees  in  a  forest ;  the  thinness  of  inhabit- 
ants. 

THIX'NING,  ppr.    Making  thin,  rare,  or  less  thick: 

attenuating. 
THIRD,  (thurd,)  a.     [Sax.  thridda  ;  Goth,  thridya  ;  G. 
dritte;  D.  derde;  Sw.  and  Dan.  tredie;  Fr.  tiers;  h. 
tmius;  Gt.  rotroi;  W.  trydtj.] 

The  first  after  the  second  ;  the  ordinal  of  three. 
The  third  hour  in  the  day,  among  the  ancients,  was 
nine  o'clock  in  the  morning. 

Third  estcUe,  in  the  British  nation^  is  the  commons ; 
or,  in  the  legislature^  the  house  of  commons. 

Third  ort/fr,'among  the  Roman  CaUtolics,  is  a  sort 
of  religious  order  attached  to  the  Franciscans,  Car- 
melites, &.C,  composed  of  associates,  not  bound  by 
vows,  but  conforming,  to  a  certain  extent,  to  the 
general  designs  of  the  order.  Brande. 

Third  pointy  or  tierce  point.;  in  architecture,  the  point 
of  section  in  the  vertex  of  an  equilateral  triangle. 

Cyc. 

TTiird  ratgy  in  navies.  A  third-rate  ship  carries 
from  64  to  80  guns. 

Third  sounds  in  musir.    See  the  noun  THrao. 
THIRD,  (thurd,)  n.    The  third  part  of  any  thing.     A 
man  tikes  land  and  tills  it  fur  one  third  of  the  prod- 
uce, the  owner  taking  two  thirds. 

2.  The  sixtieth  part  of  a  second  of  time. 

3.  In  musicj  an  interval  containing  three  diatonic 
sounds  ;  the  major,  composed  of  two  tones,  called  by 
the  Greeks  Ditoke,  and  the  minor,  called  Heuidi- 
TonB,  conaiirting  of  a  tone  and  a  half. 

_  RoHsaeau.     Bttsba. 

THIRD'-BOR-OtJGH,  (thurd 'burro,)  n.  [lAiVd  and 
borough.] 

An  under  constable.  Johnsoju 

THIRD'INGS,  n.  pi.  The  third  part  of  the  corn  nr 
grain  growing  on  the  eround,  at  the  tenant's  death, 
due  to  the  lord  for  a  heriot,  within  the  manor  of  Tur- 
fat  in  Herefordshire.  Cwc 

THIRD'LY,  adv.     In  the  third  place.  Bacon. 

THIRDS,  (thurdz,)  n.  pi.  The  third  part  of  the  estate 
of  a  deceased  husband,  which,  by  law,  the  widow 
is  entitled  to  enjoy  during  her  life.    JVeio  Encland. 

THIRL,  (thurl,)  v.  L     [Sax.  t}iirlian.] 

To  bore;  to  perforate.  It  is  now  written  Dbiix 
and  Thrii-l.     [See  these  words,  and  see  Nostril.] 

THIRL' AGE,  fthurl'aje,)  n.  In  English  castoins,  the 
right  which  theownerof  a  mill  possesses,  by  contract 
or  law,  to  compel  the  tenants  of  a  certain  district  to 
bring  all  (heir  grain  to  his  mill  for  grinding.      Cyc. 

THIR.ST,  (ihtirst,)  n,  [Sax.  thurst,  Viyrst;  G.  durst; 
I>.  dorst :  Sw.  tHrst :  Dan.  tlSrst^  from  «r.  drj- ;  tifr- 
rer^  to  dry,  D.  d*rrm,  L.  torreo,  Sw.  toria.J  . 

1.  A  painful  sensation  of  the  throat  or  fauces,  oc- 
casioned by  the  want  of  drink. 

When^forr  ii  it  thai  ibou  hnM  broueht  tti  om  of  E^pt,  to  kill  oa, 
ami  ourcbilJren,  uid  our  c.iul'',  wiih  thirmi?— E«.  x»u. 

2.  A  vehement  desire  of  drink.    Ps.  civ. 

3.  A  want  and  eager  desire  after  any  thing. 

Tliirti  of  worldly  gt>oU,  fhirftu. 

Tkirtl  of  kaomleage.  MiUon. 

TTiirtl  of  pnim^.  GranvilU. 

7TUr#l  aJW  happinew.  Cheynt. 

But  for  is  now  more  generally  used  after  thirst ; 
as,  a  thirst  for  worldly  honors  ;  a  thirst  for  praise. 

4.  Dryness ;  drought. 

The  r»pi(l  eiirr^^nt,  through  Trln* 
Of  poroui  rnrth  wiili  kindly  Mrtl  updrawD, 
Ro»r  a  fr^ih  fouutttin.  Milton. 

TinUST,  (thurst,)  V.  i.  [Sax.  thyrstan;  D.  dorsten; 
G.  dursten  ;  Sw.  0rsta  ;  0an.  USrster.] 

1.  To  experience  aj^lnfiil  sensation  of  the  throat 
or  fauces,  for  want  ofdrink. 

The  p<^ple  ihirtted  there  for  WBl^r.  —  Ex.  xv'ii. 

2.  To  have  a  vehement  desire  for  any  thing. 

My  toul  ihiraUth  for  the  lining  God.  —  Pi.  xlii. 

THIRST,  V.  U     To  want  to  drink  ;  as,  to  thtrat  blood. 

[JSTot  English.]  Prior. 

TftlRS  PER,  B.    One  who  thirsts. 
THIRST'I-LY,  ado.    In  a  thirsty  manner. 
THIRST'I-NESS,  n.     [from   thirsty.]      The  state  of 

being  thirsty  ;  thirst.  Wotton. 

TMIRST'ING,  vpr.    Feeling  pain  for  want  of  drink  : 

having  ea^er  aeaire. 


THI 


THO 


THIRST'Y,  a.     [from  thirst]     Feeting  a  painful  sen- 
sation of  the  throat  or  fauces,  for  want  of  drink. 

Gire  me  a  little  watrr,  for  I  n,m  ihirttt/.  —  Jadgit  \w. 
I  WM  Oiirtly,  and  ye  ea»e  me  nu  drink.  — NLlU.  xtt. 

2.  Very  dry  ;  having  no  moisture  ;  parched. 

The  Vurtty  land  shall  becoiE'S  iprtnga  of  water.  —  U.  xxxw. 

3.  Having  a  vehement  desire  of  any  thing  :  as,  in 
blood -MtV^fy.     Is.  xliv.  Ixv. 

TUIR'TEEN,  (thur'leen,)  a.     [Sax.  thrtoUyne;  thru 

and  ten  ,■  Sw.  tretton ;  G.  dmjzehn  ;  D.  derUen.] 
Ten  and  three  ;  as,  thirteen  times, 
THIR'TEENTH,   (Ihur'teenth,)   a.      [Supra.]       The 

third  after  the  tenth  ;  the  ordinal  of  tiiirteen  ;  as, 

the  thirtcntth  day  of  the  month. 
THIR'TEEXTH,  (thur'teenth,)  n.    In  music,  an  inter- 
val forming  the  octave  of  the  sixth,  or  sixth  of  the 

octave.  Busby 

THIR'TI-ETH,  (thur'te-eth,)  o.      [from  thirty;  Sax. 

Vtritiigiitha.] 
The  t<.'nth  threefold  ;  the  ordinal  of  thirty  :  as,  the 

thirtieth  day  of  the  month. 
THIR'TY,  (thur'te,)  a.     [Sax.  thrittig ;   G.  dreissig ; 

D.  dertig.]  *  * 

Thrice  ten  ;  ten  three  times  repeated  ;  or  twenty 

and  ten.     The  month  of  June  consists  of  (Airty  days  ; 

Joseph  was  thirty  years  old  when  he  stood  before 

Pharaoh. 
THIS,    definitive   adjective,   or  stibstituU  ;    pi.    These. 

[Sax.  this;  Dan.  pi.  disse;  Sw.  dessa,  desse;  G.  das, 

dessen  ;  D.  deeze,  dit] 

1.  This  is  a  definitive,  or  definitive  adjective,  de- 
noting something  that  is  present  or  near  in  place  or 
time,  or  something  just  mentioned.  Is  this  your 
younger  brother?  What  trespass  is  this  which  ye 
have  committed.' 

Who  did  «in,  thia  man  or  his  pnrenU,  thai  he  wiu  bom  btiod  ?  — 

John  ix. 
When  ihey  heard  IhU,  they  wtn  pricked  to  the  heart.  —  Ac'a  a. 
In  the  latter  passage,  this  is  a  substitute  for  what 
had  preceded,  viz.,  the  discourse  of  Peter  just  deliv- 
ered.    In  like  manner,  tAi^ often  represents  a  word,  a 
sentence,  or  clause,  or  a  series  of  sentences  or  events. 
In  some  cases,  it  refers  to  what  is  future,  or  to  be 
immediately  related. 

But  know  this,  that  If  the  good  man  of  the  house  had  known  in 
what  w«tch  the  thief  woidd  come,  he  would  hare  watched, 
and  would  not  have  iutfered  his  hoos-;  to  be  broken  up.  — 
Mull.  xxiv.  "^ 

Here  thu)  refers  to  the  whole  subsequent  member 
of  the  sentence. 

2.  By  this,  is  used  elliptically  for  by  this  time;  as, 
by  this  the  mail  lias  arrived. 

3.  This  is  used  witJi  words  denoting  time  past ;  as, 
I  have  taken  no  snnfl'fortAw  month  ;  and  often  with 
plural  words.     I  have  not  wept  this  forty  years. 

In  this  case,  this,  in  the  singular,  refers  to  the 
whole  term  of  time  or  period ;   this  period  of  forty 

4.  This  is  opposed  to  that.  [years. 

Thu  way  aiid  ihal  the  wurtring  anili  they  l»-nd.  Pope. 

A  IxMly  of  lAi*  or  that  denomination  ii  produced.  Boyle. 

This  and  that,  in  this  use,  denote  diflerence  indef- 
initely. 

5.  When  this  and  that  refer  to  difl[(>rent  things  be- 
fore expressed,  (Aw  referi  to  the  thing  last  men- 
tioned, and  that  to  the  thing  first  mentioned.  fSee 
Thesk.J  •■ 

Their  Judprnent  in  Ait  we  tmj  not,  and  in  that  we  ne«^  not, 
follow.  Booker. 

6.  It  is  sometimes  opposed  to  other, 

Comidrr  the  nr'nmfnU  which  (he  author  had  to  write  thu,  or  to 
deaign  the  olKtr,  befonr  you  arraign  hiiii.  OrytUn. 

THIS'TLE,  (this'I,)  n.  [Sax.  thistel ;  G.  and  D.  distel: 
Sw.  tist^l] 

The  common  name  of  numerous  prickly  plants  of 
the  class  Syngf^nesia,  and  sevenil  genera  ;  as  the 
common  corn  thistle,  or  Canada  thistle;  the  spear 
thisite  ;  the  milk  thistle,  of  the  genus  Carduus ;  the 
blessed  thistle,  of  the  genus  Centaurea ;  the  globe 
thistle,  of  the  genus  Echinops;  the  cotton  thistle,  of 
the  genus  Onointrdon  ;  and  Die  sow  thistle,  of 
the  genus  Sonchus.  The  name  is  also  given  to  other 
prickly  plants  not  of  the  class  Syngenesia;  as  the 
fuller's  thistle  or  teasel,  of  thw  genus  Dipsacus,  and 
the  melon  thistle,  and  torch  thistle,  of  the  genus 
Melocactus.  Lee.     Bigelovs. 

One  species  of  thistle  (Carduus  arvensis)  grows 
in  fields  among  grain,  and  is  extremely  trouhIe.some 
to  farmers.  It  is  called  in  America  the  Car ada  This- 
tle, as  it  first  appeared  in  Canada,  where  it  was  prob- 
ably intriMiiiced  from  France,  as  it  abotmds  in  Nor- 
mandy, and  also  in  England.  A  larger  species  in 
America  (Carduus  lanceolatus)  is  indigenous,  but 
it  spreads  slowly,  and  gives  no  trouble. 

Thorni  aUo  and  thiaVe$  thrill  it  bring  fmh  to  thee.  —Gen.  lU. 

The  thistle  is  the  national  emblem  of  Scotland. 

THIS'TLY,  (this'ly,)  a.     Overgrown   with   thistles: 

as,  tki»tli/  ground. 
THI-PH'ER,  adv.     [Sax.  thider,  thydtr.] 
1.  To  that  place  ;  opposed  to  Hither. 

Thi«cily  ia  near;  0,  let  me  eacape  tAitA#r.  — G^n.  x\x. 
Vi  h-re  1  am,  thither  ye  can  not  come.  —  John  vii. 


2.  To  that  end  or  point. 

Hither  and  thUher ;  to  this  place  and  to  that :  one 
way  and  another. 
THITH'ER-TO,  ado.     To  that  point ;  so  far.     [JVot  in 

use.] 
THITII'ER-WARD,  adv. 
ward  that  place. 


[thither  and  ward.}     To- 


They  «ha!l  aak  tlie  way  to  2ion,  with  their  face*  AWmrward.  — 

TIIO  ;  a  contraction  of  Though.    [See  Thol-oh.] 

2.  Tho,  for  Sax.  thonne,  then.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

THOLE,  n.    [Sax.  thol;  Ir.  and  Gaelic,  dula,  a  pin  or 

1.  A  pin  inserted  into  the  gunwale  of  a  boat,  to 
keep  the  oar  in  tiie  row-lock,  when  used  in  rowing. 

3.  The  pm  or  handle  of  a  scythe-snath. 
THOLE,  V.  L     [Sax.  tholian;   Goth.  tAulan;   G.  and 

D.  duldcn  ;  Sw.  tUla:  L.  tuUo^  tolero.] 
To  bear;  to  endure  ;  to  undergo.     [Obs.] 

THOLE,  V.  i.     [Supra.]     To  wait.     \ Local.] 
THOLE,  n.     [h.  tholus.]  ^  ^ 

Th*^  roof  of  a  temple.     [JVot  used,  or  local.] 
THOL'O-BATE,  n.     [Gr.  SoXo;  ami  0at,'o^,0a(Tts.] 
The  substructure  on  which  a  dome  or  cupola  rests; 
a  term  proposed  by  Mr.  Ilosking.     Gloss.  ofAr-chit. 
^V.^f^]^^^-'  \  "•     ^  "^'"^  Siven  in   Etirope  to  the 
I  MO  -MI  IE,      j      ancient  church  of  Christians  estab- 
lished on  the  Malabar  coast  of  India,  and  thought  to 
have  been  originally  founded  by  St.  Thomas. 

THO'MA-ISM,  j  n.   The  doctrine  of  St.  Thomas  Aqui- 
THo'ftUSM,      j     nns  with  respect  to  predestination 

and  grace. 
TIlo'MIST,  n.    A  follower  of  Thomas  Aquinas,  in 

opposition  to  the  Scotists. 
THOM'SON-ITE,Clom'sun-,)n.    [Ufym  Thomson.]     A 

mineral  of  the  xeolite  fatnily,  occurring  generally  in 

masses  of  a  radiated  structure,  and  glassy  or  vitreous 

luster.     It  consists  of  silica,  alumina,  and  lime,  with 

some  soda,  and  14  per  cenL  of  water. 
The  mineral  Comptonite  ts  identical  witli  this  spe- 

<^'^^'  Dana. 

THONG,  71.     [^:vx.  thwang.] 

A  strap  of  leather,  used  for  fastening  any  thing. 

And  nails  for  loosened  aprnirs,  and  thonge  for  shiclde,  proride. 

Dryden. 

THOR,  n.  In  Scandinavian  mythology,  the  son  of  Odin 
and  Freya,  and  the  deity  that  presided  over  all  mis- 
chievous spirits  in  the  elements.  This  deity  was 
considered  the  gnil  of  thunder.  From  his  name, 
Thor,  we  have  Thursday,  and  from  his  attribute  aa 
god  of  thunder,  the  Germans  have  their  Donnerstag. 
[See  Thursday.]  Brande. 

THO-RAC'ie,  (tho-rns'ik,)  a.    [L.  thorax,  the  breast.] 
Pertaining  to  the  thorax  or  breast ;  as,  the  thoracic 
arteries.  Coze. 

The  -thoracic  duct,  is  the  trunk  of  the  absorbent 
vessels.  It  runs  up  along  the  spine  from  the  recep- 
tacle of  the  chyle  to  the  left  subclavian  vein,  in 
which  it  terminates.  Cyc.     Parr. 

THO-RAC'ieS,  n.  pi.  In  ichthyology,  an  order  of  bony 
fishes,  respiring  by  means  of  gills  only,  the  character 
of  which  is,  that  the  brttnchia  are  ossiculated,  and 
the  ventral  fins  are  placed  underneath  the  thorax,  or 
beneath  the  pectoral  fins.  Linnams.     Ci/c 

THO'RAL,  a.     [L.  torus.] 

Pertaining  to  a  bed.  Ayliffe. 

THO'RAX,  n.  [L.]  In  anatomy,  that  part  of  the 
human  skeleton  which  consists  of  the  bones  of  the 
chest ;  also,  the  cavity  of  the  chest.  Cyc. 

2.  In  entomology,  ihB  second  segment  of  insects; 
that  part  of  the  body  between  the  head  and  the  ab- 
domen. 

3.  A  breastplate,  cuirass,  or  corselet. 
THO'RI-A,     )  rt.    A  white,earthy substance, obtained 
THO-RI'NA,  (      by  nerzelius,  in  1899,  from  the  min- 
eral called  thorite.     It  is  an  oxyd  of  thorium. 

THO'RTTE,  n.  A  massive  and  compact  mineral, 
found  in  Norway,  and  resembling  gadolinite.  It  con- 
tains 58  per  cent,  of  the  rare  earth  thoria,  combined 
with  silica.  Dana, 

THO'RMJM,     \n.    The  metallic  ba.se  of  thoria.    It 

THO  RI'NUM,  j     is  of  a  grayish  color. 

THORN,  n.  [Sax.  thorn;  O.  dnrn;  D.  doom;  Dan. 
tome ;  Slav,  tern  ;  Goth,  thavmus ;  W.  draeju  Q,u. 
is  not  the  latter  contracted  from  the  Gaelic  dreag- 
hum  ?] 

1.  A  tree  or  shnib  armed  with  spines,  or  sharp,  lig- 
neous shoots  ;  as,  the  black  thorn,  while  thorn,  haw- 
thorn,  buckrAom,  &c.  The  word  ts  sometimes  in- 
correctly applied  to  n  bush  with  prickles;  as,  a  rose 
on  a  thorn. 

2.  A  sharp,  ligneous,  or  woody  shoot  from  the  stem 
of  a  tree  or  shrub  ;  a  sharp  process  from  the  woody 
part  of  a  plant;  a  spine.  Thorn  differs  from 
prickle;  the  latter  being  applied  to  the  sharp  points 
issuing  frnm  the  bark  of  a  plant,  and  not  attached  to 
the  wood,  as  in  the  rose  and  bramble.  Hut,  in  com- 
mon usage,  tAflrn  is  applied  to  the  prickle  of  the  rose, 
and,  in  fact,  the  two  words  are  used  promiscuously. 


TONE,  B|;i.I.,  t;NITE._AN"OER,  VI"CIOUS.-€  .s  K  ;  0  a.  J ;  «  aa  Z ;  CH  m  SH ;  'f  H  as  in  THIS. 


1147 


THO 

3.  Any  Uiiti?  truublesoRiP.  Su  I^ul  ItadatA^m  in 
the  flesh.    'J  Cor.  irii.    .Wm.  xxxiii. 

4.  In  Scripture^  great  ditGculiies  and  impedimenta. 

I  will  hc\\ef  up  ihj  WSJ  with  Aoms,  —  Hm.  U. 

5.  WorliUy  care* ;  things  wliich  prevent  the  growth 
of  etKHl  {irinri|iles.    Matt.  xiii. 

THOR\'-AP-PLE,C-a(>-|il,)'i.  [thorn  and  appU.]  An 
annual  plant  of  the  genua  Datura ;  a  popular  name 
of  Uie  Datura  tjtnmiouiuni  and  Datura  Taiula. 

TIIORX'BACK,  n.  [thorn  and  Ao**.]  A  ash  of  the 
ray  kind,  which  has  prickles  on  iu  back.  Cyc, 

THORN'-BJJSH,  n.     A  shrub  that  produces  thorns. 

THORN'UL'T,  «.     A  fish,  a  burt  or  turbot. 

jtuisteortk. 

THORN'-IIEIXSE,  «.  Ithtnn  and  htdft,]  A  hedge 
or  fence  consisting  itf  thioii. 

THORN'LESS,a.  Destitute  of  thorns;  ns.ntkomtw 
till  nib  or  tree.  Mahlcnbrrg. 

THORX'-SET,  0.    Pet  with  thorns. 

THORN'Y,  a.  t'ull  of  thtMTis  or  spines  ;  roucb  with 
thorns  ;  an,  a  tk*»-my  wood  ;  a  tA«niy  troe ;  a  thorny 
diadem  or  crown.  Drydem.     RaUfrh. 

3.  TVoublesome  ;   vexatious  ;   harassing  ;  i>erirfex- 
iDg  ;  as,  thomjf  care  ;  the  thorny  path  of  vice. 
3.  Sharp;  pricking;  vexatious;  as,  thorny  points. 

Shak. 
THORX'Y  REST'-HAR-ROW,  w.  A  plant  Cite. 
THOR.V'Y-TRk'FOIL,  a.     A  prickly  planl  of  the 

genus  Fagonia.  Lre. 

THOR'OUGH,  (thur'ro.)  a.  [Sax.  thurk;  G.  dttrth; 
D.  door.  In  these  laiieuagei),  the  word  is  a  preposi- 
tion ;  but  as  a  preposition,  we  write  it  through.  (See 
this  word.)  It  is  evidently  from  the  root  of  doory 
which  signifies  a  passage,  and  the  radix  of  the  word 
signifies  to  pass.] 

1.  LiUraUy^  paasing  thraagfa  or  to  the  end  ;  hence, 
complete  ;  perfect ;  as,  a  tkt^omgh  reformation  ;  thor- 
ough work  ;  a  tJunmgk  traaalalor ;  a  thorough  poeL 

DrfdeH. 
fU  Passing  through ;  as,  tk^rougk  li^ts  in  a  house. 

Bacon. 
TIIOR'OUGH,  (tbur'roO  prrp.    From  side  to  side,  or 
ftom  end  to  end. 
9.  Bv'  means  of.  [A'ot  now  ustd.]   [See  THsotrnn.] 
THOR'OUGU,  (thur'ro,)  a.    An  Inler-furrow  between 

two  ridges.  Cye* 

TBOR'OUtiU-BASE,  (ihur'ro-base,)  a.  [thorough 
and  h^e,'^ 

In  mustcy  an  accompaniment  to  a  continued  base 
by  figures.     [See  U*>e,  u..  So.  U.] 
TllOR'Ot'GU-BRCO,    (thur'ro-bre<i,)  a.      ItMortmgh 
and  krtd,] 

1.  In  horaamMxshif,  bred  from  the  best  blood,  as 
horses, 
a.  Completely  bred  or  accomplished. 
TBOR'fiUGU-FARE,(thur'ro-fare,)  a.    [tiamgkAtui 
/art,] 

1.  A  passage  through  ;  a  pa^^sage  from  one  street 
or  opening  to  another;  an  unt^istructcd  way. 

2.  Power  of  nasiting.  .^Uton, 
THOR'OUGU-GOING.tt.    Going  allli-ngths. 

Irving. 

TlIOR'OUGn-LlGHT-ED,(thur'ro-m-ed,)«.  A  term 
applied  to  a  room  which  has  windows  on  opposite 
sides.  (iitilt, 

THOR'OCGH-LY,  (thur'ro-le,)  adr.  Ftilly  ;  Autirety  : 
completely  ;  as,  a  room  thoroui^hly  swept ;  a  business 
thoroughly  performed.  Let  tlie  matter  be  Ihoroitgkty 
sifted ;  let  every  part  of  the  work  be  th^jroughhf  fin- 
ished. 

THOR'OUGH-NESS,  (thur'ro-ness,)  m.  Complete- 
ness ;  p»*rfeclnes3  Slixwf, 

THOR'OUGH-PAC-ED,  (thnr'ro-pasie,)  a.  [thoroH:rk 
and  pactd.']  Perfect  in  what  is  undertaken;  com- 
plete ;  going  all  lengths  ;  as,  a  thcrough-paud  tor>'  or 
whig.  Swifi. 

TH0R'0L'GH-5PED,  (thnr'ro-sped,)  a.  [th/>raugk  and 
sprd.]     Fully  accomplished;  tlioruush- paced.     Swift 

THOR'OCGU-STITCIJ,  (thur'ro-slich.)  oJc.  [thor- 
ouffh  and  stitch.]  Fully ;  completely ;  going  the 
whole  length  of  any  business.     [.VuC  eieganL] 

L*  E-ttrangt, 

THOR'OUGfl-WAXj  (thur'ro^wax,)  n.  {thorou^fh  and 
roz.]  An  umbellilerous  plant  of  tlie  genus  fiupleu- 
rtim.  Ltt, 

THOR'OUGFI-WORT,  (ihnr'ro-wnrt,)  a.  The  popn- 
lar  name  of  a  plant,  the  Eupatoriiim  perfoliatum, 
also  called  BorcasET,  a  native  of  Xorth  America.  It 
is  medicinal. 

THORP,  Sax.  Morye;  D.  dorp;  G.  dorf:  Sw.  and  Dan. 
torp:  W.  trtv;  Gaelic,  Ir.  trtahk :  L.  tribus.  The 
word  in  Welsh  signifies,  a  dwellinz-place,  a  home- 
stead, a  hnralet,  a  town.  When  applied  to  a  single 
house,  it  answers  lo  the  Sax.  ham^  a  house,  whence 
hamltt  and  home.  In  the  Teutonic  dialects,  it  denotes 
a  village.  The  primar>'  sense  is,  probably,  a  house, 
a  habitation,  from  fixedness  ;  hence,  a  hamlet,  a  vil- 
lage, a  tribe;  as  in  rude  ages  the  dwt-lling  of  the 
b^a  of  a  family  was  soon  surrounded  by  Uie 
bouses  of  his  children  and  Uesct-ndants.  In  our 
language,  it  occurs  now  only  in  names  of  places 
and  persons. 


THO 

7H6$K,  pron.  t  pl.WC  That  ;  as,  thoge  men  ;  those  tem- 
ples. When  fA«.^  and  tJtejfe  are  used  in  ruference  to 
two  things  or  collections  iif  things,  those  refers  lo  the 
first- mentioned,  as  the^te  does  to  tlio  loitt-mentiuiied. 
[See  Thksi:,  and  the  example  there  given.] 

THOTIl,  H.  ."Xniong  Vir  ancitnt  K^yptians^  tne  god  of 
eliKtuence,  and  supi>oscd  to  be  tne  inventor  of  wri- 
ting and  philosophy.  Ho  corresponded  to  the  Mer- 
rurv  of  ihe  Ronuius. 

THOU,  pron.;  in  the  obj.  Thee.  [Sax.  thu  ;  G.  Sw. 
and  Dan.  du  :  L.  Fr.  It.  Sp.  Port,  and  Russ.  tu ;  Sans. 
tuam.  'I'he  nominative  case  is  probably  contracted, 
fitr  in  the  oblique  cases  it  is  in  Sw.  and  Dan.  dig^  In 
Guih.  (AuJt,  Sax.  thee.  So  in  Hindoo,  ta  in  the  nmn- 
in;itive  makes  iu  the  dative  tuko  ;  Gipsy,  tu^  tuke. 
In  Russ.  the  verb  is  tukayu,  to  thuu.] 

The  second  personal  pronoun,  in  the  singular 
number;  the  pronoun  which  is  used  iu  addressing 
persons  in  the  solemn  style. 

An  ikov  he  Ihnt  khouUl  conw  i  —  Mutt.  zl. 

1  will  (sAi  no  evil,  for  Aou  art  wiUi  me.  —  Pi.  zxiii. 

T^oH  is  used  only  in  the  solemn  style,  unless  in 
very  familiar  language  and  by  the  Uuakers. 
THOU,  r.  I.     To  treat  with  familiarity. 

if  ihou  Aoaast  tarn  ■omc  ttiri&L',  it  ahiill  nut  be  Kinln.      Shak. 

THOU,  r.  C     To  use  thou  and  thee  in  discourse. 

THOUGH,  (IhO,)  r.  i.  [Sax.  theah  ;  Goth,  thauh ;  G. 
dock  :  Sw.  dock;  D.  anii  Dun.  dog.  This  is  the  im- 
perative of  a  verb;  Ir.  daighim^  to  give,  D.  dokken.] 

1.  Grant ;  admit  ;  allow.  *'  If  thy  brother  be 
wnxen  poor,  thou  shatt  relieve  him  ;  yea,  though  he 
bo  a  stranger."  Orant  or  admit  the  fact  tliat  he  is  a 
stranger,  yet  thou  shalt  relieve  him.    Leo.  x^v. 

Though  he  slxjr  rac,  J(^t  will  I  tnist  in  him.  —  Job  xiii. 
That  is,  grant  or  admit  that  he  shall  slay  me,  yet 
Witt  I  trust  in  him. 

T^oMfft  hanti  |utu  in  butd,  Um  wUbiI  khAll  not  be  unpuimbed. 
—  Pru*.  XI. 

That  is,  admit  the  fact  that  the  wicked  unite  their 
stn-ngth,  yet  this  will  not  save  tlicni  from  punish- 
ment. 

Not  that  1  ta  aSnn,  Otough  bo  H  anem.  Milton. 

That  is,  grani  that  it  seems  so,  yet  I  do  not  so  af- 
firm. 

2.  Used  with  OS. 

Ill  the  vine  wm  ihrre  branches,  kdiJ  it  wu  tu  Aougk  it  budded. 
Uen.  xl. 

So  we  use  as  if;  it  was  as^f  \X  tiudded  ;  and  ^  is 
|^f^  Rive.  The  appearance  was  like  the  real  fact,  if 
adn)ilted  or  true. 

3.  It  is  used  in  familiar  language,  at  the  end  of  a 
sentence. 

A  good  catwe  woald  do  well  Aaugh,  Drydmn. 

This  is  generally  or  always  elliptical,  referring  to 
some  expression  preceding  or  undcmtood. 

4.  It  is  compounded  with  alt  in  Although,  which 
see. 

THOUGHT,  (thawt,)  prrt.  and  pp.  of  Thi!»k. 
THOUGHT,  (thawt,)  a.     [Primarily  the  passive  parti- 
ciple of  think,  supra  ;  Sax.  fkeaht.] 

1.  Propcr/p,  that  which  tht)  mind  thinks.  Tlioiight 
is  either  the  act  or  operation  of  the  minti,  when  ot- 
tending  to  a  particular  subject  or  thing,  or  it  is  the 
idea  consequent  on  that  operation.  We  say  a  man's 
thoughts  are  employed  on  government,  on  religion, 
on  trade  or  arts  ;  or  his  thoughts  are  eniiiloyed  on  his 
dress  or  his  means  of  living.  By  this  we  mean  that 
the  mind  is  directed  to  that  particular  subject  or  ob- 
ject ;  that  is,  according  to  the  literal  imjxirt  of  the 
verb  tAiMJt,  the  mind,  the  intellectual  part  of  man,  is 
*rf  upon  such  an  object,  it  holds  it  in  view  or  con- 
templation, or  it  extends  to  it,  it  stretches  to  it. 

TtiotigKl  c*D  QOt  be  miperadJed  to  mntUT,  fto  ■«  in  any  vntn  to 
n^tder  it  troe  that  hikiici  coo  become  co^iLUive,    Ditigkl. 

2.  Idea ;  conception.  I  wish  toconx'ey  my  t/iouj-Ats 
to  another  person.  I  employ  words  that  express  my 
thoughts,  so  that  he  may  have  the  same  ideas ;  in  this 
case,  our  thoujrkts  will  be  alike. 

3.  Fancy;  conceit;  something  framed  by  the  im- 
agination. 

UtoughU  come  crowtWng  in  to  (art  upon  m*?,  that  my  OTily  diffi- 
culi;r  ii  to  choose  or  rejrct.  Dryiian, 

A.  Reflection  ;  particular  consideration. 

Why  do  you  keep  nlon-, 
Cwng'  those  ffioii^'cU  which  ihocIU  Iwfc  died 
Wi'Ji  ihem  ihey  think  do  ?  ShaJk. 

5.  Opinion  ;  judgment. 

Thus  Brtb«l  spoke,  who  always  tpr-aka  his  thought:        Pops. 

6.  Meditation  ;  serious  consideniUon. 

Priie,  of  nil  others  ihr  most  dangerous  fault, 

Proceeds  from  wsnt  of  sriue  or  w»nt  of  thoughL    RoKommon. 

7.  Design ;  purpose. 

All  ih-ir  Ihougku  are  against  me  for  evU.  —  Ps.  \ri.    xxxiii. 
3<:z.  xxix. 

8.  Bilent  contemplation.  Sfuik. 

9.  Solicitude;  care;  concern. 

Hawis  was  put  in  trotiM'^,  and  dii-d  with  thought  snd  ang-oisb 
b>;fore  hia  busineas  came  [o  an  end.  Bacon. 


THR 

10.  Inward  ruasoning }  the  workings  of  con- 
science. 

Their  thoughts  (he  mennwhilo  accuuii^  or  else  excuslnjf  ooc 
another.  —  Koiii.  ii. 

11.  A  small  degree  or  quantity  ;  as,  a  thought  long- 
er ;  a  thought  hotter.  [A«l  in  iixe.J     Hooker.    Sidney. 

To    take   thought ;   to   bo  solicitous    or   anxious. 
Matt.  Vt, 
THOUGHT'FJJL,  a.     Full  of  thought ;  contemplative; 
employed  iu  meditation  ;  as,  a  man  of  thoughtful 
mind. 

2.  Attentive  ;  careful  ;  having  the  mind  directed 
to  an  object ;  as,  thoughtful  of  gain.  Phdips. 

3.  Prunioting  serious  tliuugtit;  favorable  to  musing 
or  medriation. 

War,  horril  wat,  your  Aoughl/ul  walks  luvadca.  Popa, 

A.  Anxious  ;  solicitous. 

Around  bor  crowd  dialriist,  and  doubt,  and  fear, 

And  thou^fn/ul  fi>a'»ig!it,  and  torniealinj  caro.  Prior. 

THOUGHTT^UL-LY,  adv.    With  thought  or  consid- 
eration ;  with  solicitude. 
THOUGHT'FyUXESS,  n.    Deep  meditation. 

Bla^morc. 

2.  Serious  attention  to  spiritual  concerns. 

3.  Anxiety  ;  solicitude. 
THOUGH'i''LESS,  a.    Heedless  ;  careless ;  negligent. 

ThmghUtia  of  the  future.  Rogers. 

2.  Gay  ;  dissipated. 

3.  Stupid  ;  dull. 

Tkoughtlet*  i\i  monarch  oaks  tint  rhnde  the  plalu.       Dryden. 

THOUGHT' LE8S-LY,  adv.  Without  thought;  care- 
lesslv  ;  stupidly.  Oarth. 

THOl)GHT'LKtSS-NESS,  a.  Want  of  thought;  heed- 
lessness; carelessness;  inattention. 

THOUGHT'-tflCK,  a.  [thought  and  sick.]  Uneasy 
witli  reflection.  Shak. 

THOU'SANI),  a.  [SaT.  thusend;  Goth,  thu.-iund ;  G. 
tauscnd  i  D.  duizend;  i^w.  tusejid  ;  Dan.  tu^i/it/.J 

1.  Denoting  ihe  number  of  ten  hundred. 

2.  Prorerbialtyf  denoting  a  great  number  indefi- 
nitely. It  is  a  t/wusand  cliauces  to  one  that  you  suc- 
ceed. 

THOU'SAND,  rt.     The  number  of  ten  hundred. 

A  IhouMand  shidl  U\\  at  thy  side,  mid  teu  Ihoutand  at  ihy  riartit 
b:vnd.-P..   ad. 

Tlioiisand  is  sometimes  used  phtraUij,  without  the 
pluml  termination,  as  in  tlic  passage  above,  ten  thou~ 
sand:  but  it  often  takes  the  plural  termination.  In 
former  times,  how  many  tftousaads  perished  hy  fam- 
ine ! 

THOU'SAND-FOLD,  a.     Multiplied  bv  a  thou.iand. 

THOU'SANUTH,  a.  The  ordinal  ol  thousand:  as,  the 
thotisandlh  part  of  a  thing  ;  also,  procerbially,  very 
numerous. 

THOU'SANDTH,  n.  The  thousandth  part  of  any 
tiling ;  as,  two  thousandths  of  a  tax. 

TH6WL.     See  Thole. 

THRACK,  c.  L    To  load  or  burden.    [J^ot  in  use.] 

South, 

THRALL,  n.  [Sax.  tkraU,  r  slave  or  servant;  Dan. 
trtti]  Hw.trdl;  Icc.trocl;  li.traili  Gaelic,  (rai/^j 

1.  A  slave. 

2.  Slavery.     [Obs.] 

THRALL,  V.  t.     To  enslave.    [Obs.]    [Enthrall  is  in 

use.] 
TilRALL'DOM,  (thrawl'dum,)  n.     fDan.  trtpldom.] 
Slavery;    bondage;    a   state   of  servitude.     The 

Greeks  lived  in  thralldom  under  the  Turks   nearly 

four  hundred  years. 

He  shrtli  rul",  and  she  in  thrtUldom  live.  Drydtn. 

[This  word  U  in  good  use.] 

THRAL'LESS,  a.     Having  no  thralls. 

THRa'MTE,  n.     [Gr.  d/mi'irf??.] 

The  uppermost  of  the  three  classes  of  rowers  in 
an  Athenian  trireme.  Brande. 

THRAFTLE,  (thrap'pl,)  n.  The  windpipe  of  an  an- 
imal.    rjVot  an  English  tcorrL]  ScotL 

THRASH,  c.  (.  [Sax.  thar.fcan,  or  thersran ;  G.  drea- 
ehen;  D.  dorschen ;  Sw.  Ir^ska;  Ice.  iherekia.  It  is 
written  Thbash  or  Thresh.  The  common  pronun- 
ciation is  thrajih.] 

1.  To  beat  out  grain  from  the  husk  with  a  flail ; 
as,  to  thrash  whral,  rye,  or  oats. 

2.  To  beat  Indian  corn  off  from  the  cob  or  spike  ; 
as,  to  thrash  maize. 

3.  To  beat  soundly  with  a  stick  or  whip ;  lo  drub. 

Shak. 
THR.^SH,  r.  i.     To  practice  thrashing;   to   perform 
the  business  of  thrashing;  as,  a  man  who  thrashes 
well. 
2.  To  labor  ;  to  drudge 

I  rather  would  be  Mevins.  Uimsk  for  rtiynnes, 

^Jke  his,  the  scorn  auci  scandal  of  the  tunes.  Dryden. 

THRASH'ED,  (thrasht,)  pp*    Beaten  out  of  the  husk 
or  off  the  ear.    . 
2,  Freed  from  the  grain  by  beating. 
THRASII'ER,  n.     One  who  thrashes  grain. 

2.  The  fox-shark  or  sea-fox,  AlojHas  Vulpea,  a 
large  species  of  shnrk. 

3.  Brown  thrashrr ;  nn  American  singing-bird  of 
the  thrusiih  family,  Tnrdua  rufus  ;  the  brown  thrush. 


FATE,  FAR.  FALL,  WHAT.— MkTE,  PREY.  — TLNE,  MARI.XK,  liTRI).— .N6TE.  DOVE.  MOVE.  WOLF,  nQQK.- 


Thi-y  woiiIJ  not  Otread  the  g^l-^. 

Hca*y  traiiiiij  stiips  —  ihrenJing  the  Bo«p1io 


THR 

TIIRAyil'lNG,  ppr.  Beaiing  out  of  the  linak  or  off 
the  car ;  heating  sountHv  with  a  stick  or  wliip. 

THRAJJH'I.XG,  n.  The  act  of  beating  out  grain  with 
a  tiail  :  a  sound  druhhing. 

TIIRASH'ING-FLOOR,  n.  [thrash  and  Jhor.]  A 
floor  or  area  on  which  grain  is  beaten  out.  Dryden. 

TIIRAPH'ING-MA-CHINE',C  shetn',)H.  [(Ara^A  and 
machine.']  A  machine  or  apparatus  for  separating 
Rrain  from  the  straw.  Braiuie. 

THRA-SON'ie-AL,  a.  [from  Tkraso,  a  boaster  in  old 
Cuutedy.] 

1.  Bnastine;  given  to  bragging. 

2.  Boastful ;  implying  ostentations  display.      Shak. 
THRA-S0N'1€-AL-LY,  adv.     Boastfully.    JoknsoH. 
THRAVE,  n.     [Sat.  draf,  a  drove.] 

A  drove  ;  a  herd.     [JVot  in  iLsr.J 
TIIRAVE,  n.     [W  Jrcca,  twenty-four  ;  lircy,  a  bundle 
or  tiej 
.  1.  The  number  of  two  dozen. 

2.  Twenty-four  (in  some  places,  twelve)  sheaves 
nf  wheat.     [JVor/A  of  England.]  Halliwell. 

TIIRCAD,  (thred,)  n.  [Sax.  thred,  thrad ;  D.  draad ; 
S\v.  trad;  Dan.  traad;  probably  from  drawing.] 

1.  A  very  small  twist  of  flax,  wool,  cotton,  silk, 
or  other  fibrous  substance,  drawn  out  to  considera- 
ble length. 

2.  The  filament  of  a  flower.  Botany. 

3.  The  filament  of  any  fibrous  substance,  as  of 
bark. 

4.  A  fine  filament  or  line  of  gold  or  silver. 

5.  ■^ir-threadji ;  the  fine,  wliiie  filaments  which 
are  seen  floating  in  the  air  in  summer,  the  produc- 
tion of  spiders. 

6.  Something  continued  in  a  long  course  or  tenor ; 
as,  the  thread  of  a  discourse.  Bumct. 

7.  The  prominent  spiral  part  of  a  screw. 
THREAD,  (thred,)  r.  (.    To  pass  a  thread  through  the 

eye  ;  as,  to  thread  a  needle. 

2.  To  pass  or  pierce  through,  as  a  narrow  way  or 
channel. 

Shak. 
Milford. 

TIIREAD'BiRE,  a.  [tkreM  and  bare.]  Worn  to 
the  naked  thread  ;  having  the  nap  worn  off;  as,  a 
thrcudbare  coat  -^threadbare  clothes. 

Spenser.     lyryden. 
a.  Worn  out;  trite;  hackneyed  ;  used  till  it  has 
Io.st  its  novelty  or  interest ;  as,  a  threadbare  suhject ; 
f^lf  topics  and  tArrvK/dare  quotations.  SwifL 

THREAD'BARE-NESS,  n.  The  stale  of  being  thread- 
bare or  trite. 
TMREAD'£.\,  (thred'n,)  a.     Made  of  thread  ;   as, 

threadtn  sails.     [Little  used.]  Skak. 

THREAD'-SHAP-£D,  (thred'shapt,)a.   In  botany,  fili- 

f  >rm. 
THREAD'Y,  (thred'e,)  a.    Like  thread  or  filaments; 
8lendi;r.  Qran^rr. 

y.  <?ontaining  thread.  Dyer. 

THREAP,  r.  f.     [Sax,  Vireapian,  or  rather  threa<ran.] 

To  chide,  contend,  or  argue.     [Local.]     Jiin.'^worth, 
THREAT,  (thret,)  n,     [Sax.  threat.    Sue  the  verb.] 
A  menace  ;  denunciation  of  ill ;  declaration  of  an 
intention   or  determination  to  inflict    punishment, 
loss,  or  pain  on  another. 

TVre  k  no  trrror,  C-wiiis,  In  your  Oirsnla.  Shak. 

THREAT,  (thret,)  v.  L  To  threaten,  which  see. 
Threat  is  usud  only  in  poetry.  l>njden. 

THREAT'£.V,  (threi'n,)  v.  U  [Sax.  threatian,  from 
Ihrtct.  But  threat  appears  to  be  conlracteil  from 
lArea^fln,  which  is  written  al*o  (Arraif  ian;  I),  rf/ri- 
gen;  G.  drohen;  Dan.  trctt«r,  to  chide,  to  scold,  dis- 
pute, wrangle."] 

1.  To  declare  the  purpose  of  inflicting  punish- 
ment, pain,  or  other  evil  on  another,  for  some  sin  or 
offense  ;  to  menace.  God  threatens  the  finntly  im- 
penitent with  everlasting  banishment  from  hix  pres- 
ence, 

2.  To  menace;  to  terrify  or  attempt  to  terrify  by 
menaces  ;  as  for  extorting  money.  To  send  tbreat- 
eninff  letters  is  a  punishable  offense. 

3.  To  charge  or  enjoin  with  menace,  or  with  im- 
plied rebuke  ;  or  to  charge  strictly. 

Let  ui  ■Irtiily  VirtnUn  th'-in,  (h.U  Uicy  •pcik  hcno-fonh  to  no 
man  in  ttiii  n:vmc.  —  Acu  it. 

4.  To  menace  by  action  ;  to  present  the  appearance 
of  coming  evil;  as,  rolling  billows  tArru£en  to  over- 
whelm us. 

5.  To  exhibit  the  appearance  of  something  evil  or 
napleasant  approaching;  as,  the  cloud.'4  threatcK  us 
with  rain  or  a  storm. 

THREAT'^N-ED,    (thret'nd,)   pp.  or  a.      Menaced 

with  evil. 
THKEAT'£N-ER,  (ihret'n-er.)  n.  One  that  threatens. 

Jililtun. 
THREAT'EX-ING,  (thrct'n-ing,);fpr.    Menacing;  de- 
nouncing evil. 

2.  a.  Indicating  a  threat  or  menace ;  as,  a  threat- 
ening look. 

3.  Indicating  something  impending  ;  ns,  the  weath- 
er is  threatening ;  the  clouds  have  a  tJtrentcning  as- 

THREAT'fiN-I.VG,  (thret'n-tng,)  n.  The  act  of  men 
acing;  a  menace;  a  denunciation  of  evil,  or  decia- 


THR 

ration  of  a  purpose  to  inflict  evil  on  a  person  or 
country,  usually  for  sins  and  offenses.  The  proph- 
ets are  filled  with  God's  Ihreatenings  against  the  re- 
bellious Jews,    jfcta  iv. 

THREAT'£N-I\G-LY,  (thret'n-ing-le,)  adv.  With  a 
threat  or  menace;  in  a  threatening  manner.   Shak. 

THKEAT'FiJL,  (thret'ful,)  a.  Full  of  threats  ;  hav- 
ing a  menacing  appearance  ;  minacious.     Spenser. 

THREE,  a.  [Sax.  threo,  thri,  thry,  and  thri^ ;  Sw. 
and  Dan.  ire;  G.  drei;  D.  drie;  Fr.  trois ;  It.  tre; 
Sp.  and  L.  tres;  Gael,  and  W.  trii  Gipsy,  tre;  Gr. 
Tfirij;  Sans,  trcja^  tri.  I  know  not  the  last  radical, 
nor  the  primary  sense  of  three.  Owen,  in  his  Welsh 
Dictionary,  suggests  that  it  signifies  Jized,  finn.  But 
see  Extricate  and  Thick.  It  i«  probably  contracted 
from  tkrig.] 

1.  Two  and  one 

I  o'SxT  ihec  three  lliinga.  — 3  Sam.  xxlv. 

2.  It  is  often   used,  like  other  adjectives,  without 
the  noun  to  which  it  refers.  ^ 

Atiiahai  —  atioincil  not  unto  the  first  thret.  —  SSa.m,  xxiii. 

3.  Proverbially,  a  smull  number. 

Away,  thou  lAre*-hichcil  foul,  Shak. 

[I  belUoe  obtoleu.] 

THREE'-€AP'SCL-ED,  a.  Tricapsular ;  having  three 
capsules. 

THREE'-CELL-ED,  a.  Trilocular ;  having  three 
cells. 

THREE'-€LEFT,  a.    Trifid  ;  being  thrice  clefl, 

THREE'-€OR-NER-ED,  a.    [three  and  corner.]    Hav- 
ing three  corners  or  angles  ;  as,  a  three-eomrred  hat. 
2.  In  botany,  having  three  prominent,  longitudinal 
ancles,  as  a  stem.  jiiartyn, 

THRRE'-EDG-ED,  (-ejd,)  a.     H.ivinp  three  edges. 

THREE'-FLOW-ER-ED,a.  [three  ami  Jlower.]  Bear- 
ing three  flowers  together.  Marlyn. 

THREE'FOLD,  u,  [three  and  fold.]  Three-double; 
consisting  of  three  ;  or  thrice  repeated  ;  as,  tkr-erfold 
justice.  Ralegh. 

A  threefold  cord  Ib  not  quickly  broken.  —  Ecclcs.  ir, 

THREE'-GRAIN-£:D,  a.  Tricoccous;  having  three 
kernels. 

THREE'-LeAF-ED,  f-Iecft,)  fl-  [three  and  leaf]  Con- 
sisting of  three  distinct  leaflets.  jifartyn 

TIIREE'-LOB-ED,  a.  [three  and  lobe.]  A  thrre-lobed 
leaf  is  one  that  is  divided  to  the  middle  into  three 
parts,  standing  wide  from  each  other,  and  having 
convex  margins.  Jilartyn. 

THREE'-NERV-ED,  a.  [three  and  nerve.]  A  three- 
nerved  leaf  has  three  distinct  vessels  or  nerves  run 
ning  lonf^itudinaltv  without  brandling.        Marti/n. 

THREE'-PXRT-ED,  a.  [three  and  parted.'i  Tripar- 
tite. A  tfiree-parted  Irqf  is  divided  into  three  parts 
down  to  the  base,  but  not  entirely  separate. 

Martyn. 

THREE'PEXCE,  (thrip'ense,)  n.  [three  and  pence.] 
A  small  silver  coin  of  three  limes  the  value  of  a 
penny.  Shak. 

THREE'PEN-NV,  (thrip'en-ne,)  a.  Worth  three 
p«nceonly;  mean. 

THREE'-PET-AL-ED,  a.  [three  and  petal.]  Tripet- 
alous  ;  consisting  of  three  distinct  petals  ;  as  a  corol. 

Sotany. 

THREE'-PTI-E,  tu  [(Arrc  and  pile.]  An  old  name 
for  CfKtd  velvrt.  Shak. 

THREE'-PIL-ED,  a.    Set  with  a  thick  pile.    [Obs.] 

Shak. 

TUREE'-PLV,  a.     [three  nntX  Fr.  p/i>r,  L,  plico.] 

Threefold  ;  consisting  of  three  thicknesses,  as  cloth 
or  carpeting. 

THREE'-POI.VT-ED,  a.  Triruspidate  ;  having  three 
lengihened  points  ending  in  a  bristle.* 

THREE'-RIB-BEI),  a.     Having  three  ribs. 

THREE'SeORE,  a.  [three  and  score.]  Thrice 
twenty  ;  sixty  ;  as,  threescore  years. 

THREE'-SEEU-ED.  a.  [three  and  seed.]  Having 
three  seedH  ;  as,  a  Ihrccf  ceded  capsule.  Botany. 

TIIREE'->!ID-ED,  (1.  [three  And  side.]  Having  three 
plane  sides;  as,  a  three-sided  stem,  leaf,  petiole, 
[K'duncle,  sca|>e,  or  pericar)).  Mirtyn. 

THREE'-VALV-f:i),  a.  [three  and  valve.]  Trival- 
vular;  consisting  of  three  valves;  opening  with 
three  valves  ;  as,  a  Uiree-valced  pericarp. 

THRkNE,  n.     [Gr,  ^i>nv"iA  L^'*-    -Wartyn, 

L:i mentation.     [A'oi  used,] 

THRB-NET'ie,  a.    Sorrowful;  mournful.         Skak. 

THREN'O-DY,  n.  [Gr.  -J/jiji-i-f, lamentation,  and  wdrji 
ode.] 

A  song  of  lamentation.  Herbert. 

THRESH,  r.  U  To  thrash.  [See  THBAiH.]  The 
latter  Is  the  popular  pronunciation,  but  the  word  is 
written  Thhasm  or  THREtH,  hidifferently.  [See  the 
derivation  and  definitions  under  Thhash.] 

THRESH'ER,  n.     A  thrasher,  which  see. 

THRESH'OLD,n.  [i^ax.thrterseirald ;  G.  tMir.-^chodle  ; 
Sw.  trUskel ;  Ice.  throfmlldiir.  The  Saxon  and  Swedish 
words  seem  by  theirorthography  to  be  connected  with 
thrash,  t/iresh,  and  the  last  syljahle  to  be  irald,  wood  ; 
but  the  German  word  is  obviously  compounded  of 
thitr,  door,  and  sehict-Ue,  sill ;  door  sill.] 

1.  'i'ho   door-sill ;    the   plank,   stoiio,   or  piece    of 
timber  which  lies  at  the  bottom  or  under  a  door,  par- 


TUR 

ticuluriy  of  a  dwelling-house,  church,  temple,  or  the 
like  ;  hence,  entranct; ;  gate  ;  door. 

2.  Entrance  ;  the  place  or  point  of  entering  or  be- 
ginning. He  is  now  at  the  threshold  of  bis.  argu- 
ment. 

Mftny  men  that  Mumble  n(  the  ihrtikcld.  Sftak. 

THREW,  (lhru,);jrcf.  of  Thkow. 

THRTCE,  adv.  [from  three;  perhaps  three  and  L. 
vice  :  or  a  change  of  Fr.  tiers,] 

1.  Three  limes. 

B-:rore  the  cock  crow,  thou  ihalt  deny  me  thrice.  —  Matt.  xxvi. 

2.  Sometimes  used  by  way  of  amplification  ;  very. 

Thrice  noble  lonl,  Icl  me  eiitr^tt  of  you 

I'o  panJon  inc.  SJtak. 

THRICE'-FA-VOR-ED,  a.  Favored  Uirice  ;  highly 
favored.  frving. 

TIIRID,  V.  t.  [W.  trdiiaw,  to  penetrate;  treidiaw,  to 
course,  to  range.] 

To  slide  through  a  narrow  passage  ;  to  slip,  shoot, 
or  run  through,  as  a  needle,  bodkin,  or  tlic  like. 

Sonic  Ihrid  the  mazy  ringk't*  of  bcr  hair.  Pope, 

THRID'DED,  pp.     Slid  through. 

THRID'DING,  ppr.  Sliding  through;  causing  to  pass 
through. 

THRIFT,  n.  [from  thrive.]  Frugality;  good  hus- 
bandry; economical  management  in  regard  to  prop- 
erty. 

The  reri —  willlnff  to  fall  to  thrift,  prove  rcry  good  husbnmla. 

Speneer. 

2.  Prosperity  ;  success  and  advance  in  the  acqui- 
sition of  property  ;  increase  of  worldly  goods ;  gain. 

I  h.ivc  a.  minil  prf^•ag';s  me  •uch  thri/t.  Shak. 

3.  Vigorous  growth,  as  of  a  plant. 

4.  Ill  botany,  n  name  ofsevenil  species  of  flowering 
plants  of  the  genera  Statice  and  Armeria.    Loudon. 

TIIRIFT'I-LY,  adv.     Frugally  ;  with  parsimony. 

2.  With  increase  of  worldly  g(H>ds. 
THRIFT'I-NESS,   n.      Frugality;    good   husbandry; 
as, /Ar</iijicjf»  to  save ;  tfirijlines»  in  preserving  one's 
own.  fVotton.     Spenser. 

2.  Prosperity  in  business  ;  increase  of  property. 
THRIFT'LESS,  a.      Having    no    frugality    or    good 
management ;  profuse  ;  extravagant ;  not  thriving. 
^  Shtik. 

THRIFT'LESS-LY,  adv.     Without  thriving  ;  extrav- 

agantlv. 
THRIFT'LESS-NESS,  n.    A  state  of  being  thriftless. 
THRIFT'V,  a.     Frugal  ;  sparing  ;  using  economy  and 
good  management  of  property. 

I  am  glaii  he  hai  so  much  youth  and  rigot  left,  of  which  h**  htu 
not  bcL-n  thrifty.  Sioi/l. 

2.  More  generally,  thriving  by   industry  and  fru- 
gality ;    prosperous    in    the   acquisition   of  worldly 
goods  ;  increasing  in  wealth  ;  as,  a  thrifty  farmer  or  <  . 
mechanic. 

3.  Tliriving;  growing  rapidly  or  vigorously;  oa  a 
plant. 

4.  Well  husbanded. 

1  have  fire  himdred  crowns, 
The  thrifty  liin;  I  »;ivud  \iadn  your  fuUier.  Shak. 

THRILL,  n.     [See  the  verb.]     A  drill. 

2.  A  warbhng.     [See  Tin ll.] 

3.  A  breathing  place  or  hole.  Herbert. 

4.  A  thrilling  sensation  ;  as,  a  thrill  of  horror. 
THRILL,  r.e.     {Sax.  thyrlian,  thirlian;    D.  drillen,  to 

drill,  t»  bore;  trillen,  to  shiver,  pant,  quaver;  G. 
drilisny  to  drill ;  triller,  a  shake  ;  triUcm,  to  trUl ;  Dan. 
driller,  to  bore,  to  drill;  trilder,  Sw.  (ri/ia,  to  roll; 
Dan.  trille,  a  trill ;  W-  troUato,  to  troll  or  roll ;  all 
prohably  of  one  family,  from  the  root  of  roU.  See 
Drill.] 

1.  To  bore;  to  drill;  to  perforate  by  turning  a 
gimlet  or  other  similar  instrument. 

But  in  the  literal  sense.  Drill  is  now  chiefly  or 
wholly  used.  Spenser  used  it  literally  in  the  clause 
"  with  thrilling  point  of  iron  brand." 

2.  To  pierce  ;  to  penetrate  ;  as  something  sharp. 

Thn  cruel  word  h^r  lender  heart  ao  thrilled, 

Thai  •udilen  cold  ilid  run  ihruiigh  every  vein.  Sjyemer. 

A  Bervant  tlint  hH  bn-d,  thrilled  with  rciiioree.  Shak. 

THRILL,  V.  i.  To  pierce  ;  to  penetrate  ;  as  something 
sharp;  particularly,  to  cause  a  tingling  sensation 
that  runs  through  the  system  with  a  slight  shivering; 
as,  a  sharp  sound  thrills  through  the  whole  frame. 

./Iddii^on, 
A  feint,  cold  fear  thriUe  through  my  veins.  Shak. 

2.  To  feel  a  sharp,  shivering  sensation  running 
through  the  body. 

To  seek  jwwl  safety  out 
Iq  vaults  and  priauna;  and  to  thrill  and  shake.  Shak. 

THRILL'ED,(thrild,)pp.     Penetrated  ;  pierced. 

THRILL'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Perforating  ;  drilling. 

9.  Piercing  ;  penetrating  ;  having  the  quality  ol 
penetrating  ;  passing  with  a  tingling,  shivering  sen- 
sation. 

3.  Feeling  a  tingling,  shivering  sensation  running 
through  the  system. 

THRILL'ING-LY,  adv.     With  thrilling  sensations. 
THRILL'ING-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  thrill- 
ing. 


TONE.  BULL.  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS,— €  as  K :  O  as  J :  S  as  Z :  CH  as  SH :  TH  as  in  THIS. 


THR 

TilRILL'lNGS,  R.  pL    TbriUing  Bensalioiis. 
TURING,  r.  U    To  pre«s,  cruwd,  or  ihrung.    [JV«( 

i«*«/0  Chaucer. 

THRIPS,  Ik    [h.  i  Gr.]    A  smolt  spotted  fly. 

Harris.  Ilerrick. 
THRIS'SA,  K.  A  flsb  of  the  shnd  and  herring  kind, 
whose  flesh  is  considered  as  hvmg  sometimes  poison- 
ous. It  is  found  in  the  waters  of  intertropicol 
Amt-rica,  India,  &c. 
THRIVE,  p.  L;  preU  Thrived;  pp.  Thritkd,Thrit- 
En.  [Dan.  trives,  to  thrive,  Co  increase  ;  Sw.  tr\fca3. 
It  may  belong  to  the  family  of  trip^  to  hasten,  or  to 
that  of  i/rrp<r.] 

1.  To  pnwper  by  industry,  economy,  and  good 
management  of  property  ;  to  increase^  in  goods  and 
estate.  A  farmer  tkriceg  by  |ood  busbandn'.  When 
the  body  of  laboring  man  tkrvM^  we  pronounce  the 
state  prosperous. 

DUifooe  and  hiunilliy  ii  Ihe  w«j  to  lAWa*  in  the  richn  of  dM 
BwlaalUKliDf ,  as  well  u  la  foUL  WattM. 

%  To  proBpN'  In  any  business ;  to  have  increase  or 
success. 

O  eon,  why  A  we  hnv,  CMb  oibiT  Tfewtef 

Mtjr,  white  S«un,  our  fiwt  aufaor,  tkrian  7  Mten. 

They  bj  vien  ihrtM.  Sktnd^. 

3.  To  grow;  to  increase  in  bulk  or  st.iture ;  to 
flourish.  Young  cattle  tMri»»  In  rich  pastures;  and 
trees  thrire  in  a  gotxt  soiL 

4.  To  grow  ;  to  advance  ;  to  increase  or  advance 
In  anv  thing  valuable. 

THRlV'ER,  n.    One  that  prospers  in  the  acquisition 
of  property, 

THRIVING,  ppr.     Prospering  in  worldly  goods. 

Sl  o.  Being  prosperous  or  successful ;  advancing 
in  wealth  ;  increasing ;  growing ;  as,  a  thriving  me- 
chanic ;  a  thririnfr  trader. 

THRIV'I\G-LY,  adv.     In  a  prosperous  way. 

TUKIVIXG-NESS,  >  It.      Prosperity;    growth;    Jn- 

THRIV'ING,  \      crease.  Vtcay  mf  Piety. 

THRC  ;  a  contraction  of  THRoron.     [Ao(  now  ■««£.] 

THROAT,  (thrSteJ  n.     [Sax.  Uknrfs,  tkr«Ui  D.ttrwtt; 

Rus^.  trrud.] 

L  Tlie  anterior  p.irt  of  the  neck  of  an  animal,  in 
which  are  the  gullet  and  windpipe,  or  the  passages 
for  the  food  and  breath. 

In  »eAaa«.  the  fauces;  all  that  hollow  nr  cavity 
hi  tbe  part  of  the  mouth  which  may  be  seen  when 
tbe  mouth  is  wide  open.  Cyc. 

2.  Tlie  tkroat  of  a  chimney  is  the  part  between  the 
gathering,  or  portion  of  the  funnel  which  contracts 
in  ftscendmg,  and  the  flue.  OiriH. 

3.  In  jMMmV  Umguafr,  that  end  of  a  galf  which 
is  next  the  mast;  lUso,  tbe  rounded  anpular  pi>tnt 
where  tbe  arai  of  an  anchbr  b  Joined  to  the  shank. 

Totten. 
'        4.  In  shi^uiidinf,  the  inside  of  the  knee-timber  at 

the  middle  or  turns  of  the  arm:*. 

Tlmrt  imi/y  ;  brails  attached  to  tbe  galT  close  to 

the  BKUL 

Tkr4M  hmWrndM  are  tboae  that  iTUse  the  throat  of 

Ihe  gaff.  .Mar.  Diet. 

THROAT,  r.  t.    To  mow  beans  in  a  direction  against 

tlieir  hendinz.     [LtKoL]  0«. 

THROAT'-LATCH,  n,    A  strap  of  a  bridle,  halter, 

&,f„  passinc  under  a  horse*s  throat. 
THR6AT'-PIPE,  n.    [throat  and  pipe.]    The  wind- 

pi|>e.  weasand,  or  trachea. 
THROAT'WORT,  (throte'wurt,)  a.     [throat  and  wort.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Camiwnula,  a  perennial  weed 

common   in    pasture-ground  j    also,  a   plant  of   the 

genus  Trachelium.  CWc     Lee. 

THRO.\T'Y,  a.    Guttural.  HoiceU, 

THROB,  c.  i.     [Perhaps  allied  to  drive  and  to  drub ;  at 

least  its  elements  and  signidcation  coincide ;  Gr. 

To  beat,  as  the  heart  or  pulse,  with  more  than 
usual  force  or  rapidity  ;  to  beat  in  consequence  of 
acitation  ;  to  palpitate.  The  heart  throbs  with  joy, 
desire,  or  fear ;  the  violent  action  of  Uie  heart  is  per- 
ceivtfd  by  a  throbbimg  pulse. 

My  bout  ItreU  lo  know  mm  Hiag.  Shai. 

We  apply  the  word  also  to  tbe  breast. 

Iltn  nM7  bi»  bead  lire  oa  1117  ArxMing  breuL  £%ak. 

THROB,  n.  A  beat  ot  strong  pulsation  ;  a  violent 
beating  of  the  heart  and  arteries  ;  a  palpitation. 

Thou  talkV  Hke  oae  wtm  ctct  fett 

Th*  impntinM  Aro&>  sad  langiagt  of  r  aoul 

Tbu  paott  •ad  rautE*  sfler  dtuuit  ^ood.  Adi&ton. 

THROB'BING,  ppr.  or  a.  Beating  with  unusual  force, 
as  the  heart  and  pulse  ;  palpititing. 

THROB'BIXG  n.  The  act  of  beating  with  unusaal 
fnrce,  as  the  heart  and  pulse  ;  palpitation. 

TnROD'D£N,  V.  i.  To  grow  ;  to  thrive,  f  JVW  in  use, 
cr  locaL]  Orose. 

THROE,  (thrfi,)  n.  [Sax.  throttian,  to  suffer,  to  ago- 
nize ;  but  this  is  the  same  word  as  throip,  and  the 
sense  is  to  strain,  as  in  twisting,  to  struggle.] 

Extreme  pain;  violent  pang;  anguish;  agonv. 
It  is  particularly  ap^ied  to  the  angul'th  of  travail  in 
childbirth,  or  parturition. 

My  throtg  cajTte  thicker,  ind  my  crir«  incirMed.  DryUn. 


THR 

THROE,  t".  i.  To  ugonizo;  to  struggle  in  extreme 
pitin. 

THROE,  r.  t.    To  put  in  agony.  Shak. 

THROM'llL'.s,  „.  [Gr.  ^../i/^y.]  A  small  tumor 
whii-h  someitines  ensues  from  the  escape  of  blocid 
into  the  cellular  membrane  in  the  operation  of  bleed- 
ing. Brands, 

THRONE,  »,     [L.  thronusi  Gr.  ^(invt^;  Fr.  trone.] 

1.  A  royal  seat;  a  chair  of  state.  The  throne  Is 
sometimes  an  eleeant  chair  richly  ornamented  with 
sculpture  and  gilding,  rai^sed  a  step  above  the  lloor, 
and  covered  with  a  canopy. 

2.  Tbe  seat  of  a  bishop.  Ayl\ffv, 

3.  In  Scripture^  sovereign  power  and  dignity. 

OntT  hi  the  *ro»#  wdl  !  be  prratPr  than  thou.  —  Gen.  xli. 
Thy  throne,  O  God,  i*  fon;»er.  — Pi.  x|v. 

4.  Angels.     Col,  \. 

5.  The  place  where  God  peculiarly  manifests  his 
power  and  glory. 

1  he  h-^avci,  b  myjhront,  i»nd  the  mrth  (■  my  fooWooI.  — 1».  ( j*i. 

THRONE,  e.  t,  To  place  on  a  royal  seat;  to  en- 
throne. 

2.  To  place  in  an  elevated  position;  to  give  an 
elevated  place  to ;  to  exalL 


THR 


True  Imngf  of  the  F«Uwr,  whelhT  Oirrtntd 
\n  the  buaom  of  btiss  &tid  li^hl  of  light. 


Milum. 


THRON'£D,  pp.  Placed  on  u  royal  seat,  or  on  an 
elevated  seat;  exalted. 

THRONE'LESS,  a.     Having  no  throne. 

THRONG,  n.  [Sax.  thrang  i  Ir.  drongi  G.  and  D. 
drang.    See  the  verb.1 

1,  A  crowd ;  a  multitride  of  persona  or  of  living 
beings  pressing  or  pressed   into  a  close  body  or  as- 
semblage ;  as,  a  throng  of  peuple  at  a  playlumse. 
a.  A  great  multitude;  as,  the  heavenly  throng. 

THRONG,  e.  i.  [Sax.  thringan  ;  D.  dringen ;  G.  drdn- 
gen;  Dun,  tramger  ;  Svv.  trdnga.  If  n  is  not  ridiciil, 
this  word  coincides  with  Svv.  tryka^  Dan.  trykker,  to 
iwess,  to  print.     Class  Rg.] 

To  crowd  together ;  to  press  Into  a  close  body,  as 
a  multitude  of  persons  ;  to  come  in  multitudes. 

I  ha-ro  wea 
The  dumb  nien  Aronf  10  •ce  him.  SJiak. 

THRONG,  p.  L  To  crowd  or  press,  as  persons ;  to 
cypress  or  annoy  with  a  crowd  of  living  beings. 

Much  people  (Wlowed  blm,  and  throngtd  him.  —  Mark  y. 

THRONG'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Crowded  or  pressed. by  a 
multitude  of  persons. 

THRONG'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Crowding  together  j  press- 
inc  with  a  multitude  of  pen«<)ns. 

THRO.\G'I.\0,  a.     Tbe  act  of  crowding  together. 

THRONG'LY.arfp.  In  crowds.    [JVW  m  «,*f.]   More. 

THRON'ING,  ppr.  Placing  on  a  royal  seat ;  enthron- 
ing. 

THROP'PLE,  (throp'plO  n.  The  windpipe  of  a  horse. 
[Locat.]  Cye. 

TBROS'TLE. (thros'l,)  ».    [Sax.  thorMle ;  G.  droaseZ.] 
A  bird  of  the  thrush  kind,  Menila  musica,  (Tardus 
musicun,  Linntcus  ;)  also  called  S.ing  Thrush.     It  is 
found  in  nil  the  riHintries  of  Europe.  Jardine.  P.  Out:. 

THROS'TLE,  (thros'l,)  n.  A  machine  for  spinning, 
which  makes  the  wool  smooth  and  wir^-. 

Eitcyc.  of  Dom.  Keon. 

THROS'TLIXG, «.  A  disease  o(  cattle  of  Ihe  ox  kind, 
occasioned  by  a  swelling  under  their  throats,  which, 
unless  rliecked,  will  chube  them.  Cyc 

THROT'TLE,  (throt'tl,)  n,  [from  ViroaU]  The  wind- 
pipe or  trachea.  Brown. 

THROT'TLE,  r.  i.     To  choke;   to  suffocate;  or  to 

obstruct  so  as  to  endanger  suffocation.         Dnjdcn. 

a.  To  breathe  hard,  as  when  nearly  suffocated. 

THROT'TLE*r.  L  To  utter  with  breaks  and  inter- 
ruptions, as  a  person  half  suffocated. 

ThroUk  (heir  practiced  accenti  in  their  fe«i».  Shak. 

THROT'TLf:n,  (throt'tld,)  pp.  Uttered  with  breaks 
and  interruptions. 

2.  Chiikcd;  suffocated. 
THROT'TLING,  ppr.     Choking  ;  suffocating. 
THROUGH,  (thro.),)  prep.     [Sax.  thurh  ;  D.  door;  G. 

doTch ;  W.  trwy  or  (rrP,  whence  trwyavs,  to  pervade  ; 
Ir.  trfoghdham,  Gaelic,  trcaghaim^  to  pierce  or  btire.] 

I.  From  end  to  end,  or  from  side  to  side;  from 
one  surface  or  limit  to  the  opposite  ;  as,  to  bore 
through  a  piece  of  timber,  or  through  a  board  ;  a  ball 
passes  through  the  side  of  a  ship. 

a.  Noting  passage ;  as,  to  pass  through  a  gate  or 
avenue. 

Thmugh  the  patnt  of  Irory  he  ditmiaaed 

llu  T«iidiii  olispring.  Drydfn. 

3.  By  transmission,  noting  the  means  of  convey- 
ance. 

n>rough  thne  hitiida  this  Bci^Dce  hu  paswd  with  gi«at  applauae. 

Teinpit. 
Mwerial  thin^  are  prf■*^nted  onlj  titrougk  the  aenara.     Chn/ne. 

4.  By  means  of;  by  the  agency  of;  noting  instru- 
mentality. This  signification  is  a  derivative  of  the 
last. 

TTirough  the  tc^nt  of  water  it  will  burt.  —  Job  rW. 
Some  through  ambition,  or  through  thirat  of  gold, 
Ha»e  alum  tlteir  broibera,  and  ihcir  couniry  Bold.  Druden. 

Sanctify  them  through  thy  Irutli.  — John  x»ii, 
Thejhrtof  God  is  eternal  UTe  through  Jcaua  Chriat  our  Lord.  — 
Rom.  *i. 


5.  Over  the  whole  surface  or  extent;  aa,  to  ride 
through  the  countr)'. 

Thtlr  tongue  wnlkeih  llirough  the  eixrth.  —  Pa.  Ixslll. 
G.  Noting  passage  among  or  in  the  midst  of ;  as,  to 
move  through  water,  as  a  fish  ;  to  run  through  a 
thicket,  as  a  deer 
THROUGH,  (throo,)  adv.    From  one  end  or  side  to 
the  other  ;  as,  to  pierce  a  thing  through. 

2.  From  beginning  to  end ;  as,  to  read  a  letter 
through. 

3.  To  the  end;  to  the  ultimate  purpose;  as,  to 
carry  a  project  through. 

To  carry  through  ;  to  complete  ;  to  accomplish. 
Toffo  through  ,  to  prosecute  a  sclieme  to  the  end. 
2.  To  undergo;  to  sustain  ;  as, to  go  tJtrough  hard- 
ships. 
THROUGH' -BRED  should  be  Thoropgh-bred. 
THROUGH'-LIGHT-ED      should      be      Thubouoh- 

LIOHTEO.       [JVot   used.] 

THROUGH'LY,  (throo^Ie,)  ado.  Completely;  fully: 
wholly.  Bacon. 

2.  Without  reserve  ;  sincerely.  TiUotson. 

[For  this  Thorouohlt  is  now  used.] 

THROUGH-OUT',  (throo-out',)  prep.  Ithrough  and 
out.] 

Unite  through  ;  in  every  part ;  from  one  extremity 
to  the  other.  This  is  the  practice  throughout  Ireland. 
A  genenil  opinion  prevails  throughout  England. 
Throughout  the  whole  course  of  his  life,  lie  avuitled 
everv  species  of  vice. 

THRdUGH-OUT',  (throo-out',)  adv.  In  every  part. 
The  cloth  was  of  a  piece  throughout, 

THROUGH'-PAC-£:D,(lhroo'paste.)  [,\'otused.]  See 
THOBouaH-pACED.  JUare. 

THROVE,  oldpret.  of  THnivE. 

THROW,  (thro,)  r.  L;  preL  Threw;  pp.  Thhowp*. 
[Sax.  thrawam  perhaps  D.  draaijeii.  to  turn,  wind, 
twist,  whirl ;  G.  drehcn  ;  W.  troi.  The  Saxon  word 
signifies  to  twist,  to  turn,  to  curl,  throw,  and  to  re- 
vulve.  It  is  contracted,  and  probably  coincides  in 
elements  with  Gr.  rp^xw,  to  run,  for  this  was  applied 
primarily  to  wheels,  as  we  .;ee  by  its  derivatives, 
Tpo\->if  a  wheel,  r.o^.\(A'»y,  a  top,  L.  trochilus.] 

1.  Properly,  to  hurl ;  to  whirl ;  to  fling  or  cast  in 
a  windinu  direction.  • 

2.  To  tfing  or  cast  in  any  manner ;  to  propel ;  to 
send  ;  to  drive  to  a  distance  from  the  hand  or  from 
an  engine.  Thus  we  throw  stones  or  dust  with  the 
hand  :  a  cannon  throws  a  ball ;  a  bomb  throuis  a  shelL 
The  Roman  balisirt  thrra  various  weapons.  A  fire- 
eimine  throwj  water  to  extinguish  flames. 

3.  To  wind  ;  as,  to  throw  silk. 

4.  To  turn  ;  as,  to  throw  balls  in  a  lathe.  [JVof  in 
general  use,] 

5.  To  venture  at  dice. 

Set  leaa  tlnn  thou  IhroiMtt.  Shai. 

6.  To  cast ;  to  divest  or  strip  one's  self  of;  to  put 
off;  ns,  a  st-rpenl  throws  his  skin.  Shak, 

7.  To  cast ;  to  send. 

I  h^Te  throan 
A  bmirc  defiiince  in  King  Mf.arj'*  teeth.  Shak. 

8.  To  put  on  ;  to  spread  carelessly. 

O'er  hia  fair  limbs  a  flowery  veal  he  Ihreio.  Pope. 

9.  To  overturn ;  to  prostrate  in  wrestling ;  as,  a 
man  throws  his  antagonist. 

10.  To  cast ;  to  drive  by  violence;  as,  a  vessel  or 
sailors  thrown  upon  a  rock. 

To  throw  away  ;  to  lose  by  neglect  or  folly  ;  to 
spend  in  vain;  as,  to  throw  away  time;  to  throw 
away  money. 

2.  To  bestow  without  a  compensation. 

3.  To  reject ;  as,  to  Uirow  away  a  good  book,  or  a 
good  ort'er.  Taylor. 

To  throw  by ;  to  lay  aside  or  neglect  as  useless  ;  as, 
to  thr  w  by  a  garment. 

To  Uirow  down  ;  to  subvert ;  to  overthrow  ;  to  de- 
stroy ;  as,  to  throw  down  a  fence  or  wall. 

2.  To  bring  down  from  a  high  station;  to  depress. 

SpeclaJor, 

To  throw  in  ;  to  inject. 

2.  To  put  in  ;  to  deposit  with  others  ;  also,  to  give 
up  or  relinquish. 

7\>  throw  off;  to  expel ;  to  clear  from  ;  as,  to  throw 
affix  disease. 

2.  To  reject ;  to  discard  ;  as,  to  throw  off  all  sense 
of  shame  \  to  throw  off  a  dependent. 

To  throiB  on  ;  to  cast  on  ;  to  load. 

To  throw  out;  to  cast  out;  to  reject  or  discard  ;  to 
expel.  Swift. 

2.  To  utter  carelessly  ;  to  speak ;  as,  to  throw  out 
insinuations  or  observations. 

3.  To  exert ;  to  bring  forth  into  act. 

She  throtog  out  thrilling  eh rieka.  Sj^enaer. 

4.  To  distance;  to  leave  behind.  jiddison. 

5.  To  exclude  ;  to  reject.  The  bill  was  thrown  out 
on  the  second  reading. 

To  throw  up  ;  to  resign  ;  as,  to  throio  vp  a  commis- 
sion. 

2.  To  resign  angrily. 

B.-id  gnm'-a  s\r^  throien  up  too  aoon.  flwiibrat. 

3.  To  discharge  from  the  stomach.        Jfrbuthnot. 
To  throw  one's  self  down  ;  to  lie  down. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^iT — MeTE,  PRgY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


1150 


THR 

To  throiB  ont^a  self  om  lo  resign  one's  self  to  the 
favor,  clemency,  or  susiaiiiing  power  of  anollier  ;  to 
repose.  Taylor. 

To  throw  silk,  js  to  twist  sin^U^  into  a  cortj  in  a 
direction  contmry  to   that   in  which  the  singles  of 
which  it  ia  composed  are  twisted. 
THROW,  V.  i.    To  perform  the  act  of  throwing. 
2.  To  cast  dice. 

To  thrvuf  about;  to  cast  about ;  to  try  expedients. 
[JVot  much  used.]  Spenser. 

THRfiVV,  H.  The  act  of  hurling  or  flinging  ;  a  cast ;  a 
driving  ur  propelling  from  the  hand  or  from  an 
engine. 

He  beavH  a  tfoitp,  and,  rinn^  to  the  Ihrote, 

He  Kul  U  in  a  wturlwind  at  Uic  foe,  Addison, 

2.  A  cast  of  dice  ;  and  the  manner  in  which  dice 
fall  when  cast ;  as,  a  good  throir.  None  hut  a  fool 
hazards  all  upon  one  throw. 

3.  The  distance  which  a  missile  is  or  may  be 
thrown  ;  as,  a  stone's  throw. 

4.  A  stroke  ;  a  blow. 

Nor  sliicld  defend  the  thunder  of  bia  (Atoim.  Spenter. 

5.  Effort ;  violent  sally. 

YiKiT  youth  admires 
Thi^  throus  and  ■w«!Iii)g«  cif  ti  Ki>in»n  euiil.  Addison. 

6.  The  agony  of  travail.     [See  Thhoe.] 

7.  A  turner's  lathe.     \  Local.] 

THROWER,  M.    One  that  throws;  0ne  that  twists 

or  throws  silk  ;  a  throwster. 
THROVV'rNG,ppr.     Casting:  hurting;  flinging. 
THROWN,  pp.  of  Thbow.    Castj   hurled;  wound  or 

twisted. 
THROWN'-SILK,  n.    Silk  consisting  of  two  or  more 

singles  twisted  together  like  a  rope,  in  a  direction 

contrary  to  that  in  which  tlie  singles   of  which  it  is 

composed  are  twisted.  JilcCulUtch. 

THROWSTER,  n.     One  that  twists  or  winds  silk. 
THRUM,  n.      [Ice.  thrawn;  G.  tnimm  ;  D.  drom,  the 

end  of  a  thing;  Gr.  3,oiJji/ia,  a  fragment ;    ^pvirroiy 

to  break.] 

1.  The  ends  of  weavers'  threads. 

2.  Any  coarse  yam.  Bacon. 

3.  Thi-ums;  among  gardeners,  the  threadlike,  in- 
ternal busUy  ports  of  flowers  ;  the  stamens. 

THRUM.  V.  i.     [D,  from,  a  drum.] 

To  play  coarsely  on  an  instrument  with  the  fingers. 

Dryden, 
THRUM,  p.  L     To  weave;   to  knot;    lo  twist;    to 
fringe.  CaveitdUh. 

2.  Among  seamen^  to  insert  short  pieces  of  rope 
yarn  or  spun  yarn  in  a  sail  or  mat.  Did, 

THRUM'MING, /jpr.    Playing  coarsely  on  an  instru- 
ment. 
2.  Weaving;  knotting;  twisting. 
THRUSH,  n.      [Sax.  thri^a  G.  drossel;  W.  tresglen ; 
8w.  trast.] 

1.  A  dentirostral  singing  bird  of  various  species,  as 
the  missel-thrush,  (Merula  viscivora  of  Selby, 
I'urdus  viijcivunis  of  Linnsus,)  the  song-thrush  or 
throstle,  (Menila  muslca  or  Turdus  musicus,)  the 
brown  thrush  or  thrasher,  (Turdus  rufus,)  &,c. 
Thrushes  are  nearly  omnivorous,  nro  found  In  every 
quarter  of  the  world,  and  some  of  them  are  remark- 
able fur  the  meloily  of  their  notes.  Jardine.    P.  Cue. 

2.  fftn.  thrust.]  An  alFection  of  the  intlnmmatory 
and  sup|)uratini:  kind,  in  the  feet  of  the  horse  and 
some  other  animals.    In  the  liorse  it  is  in  the  frog. 

Ctjc. 

3.  In  mnlicinCi  (L-  apktha^)  minute  ukers  in  the 
month  and  fiuices.  Coze.    Arbuthnoi. 

A  disease  chanicterized  by  roundish  eriinrilar 
vestcli:fi  of  a  pearl  color,  aflecting  the  lips  and  mouth, 
and  sometimes  the  whttle  aliraentary  canal,  itrmina- 
ting  in  ctird-like  sloughs  ;  occasionally  occurring  in 
successive  crops.  Good, 

TnRUdT,p.£.  fprrt.andpp.THBUST.  ['L.irudo^trusum^ 

trunto;  Ch.  T»10;   Ar.  i  y^  tarada.     Class  Rd,  No. 
63.]  >^ 

1.  To  push  or  drive  with  force  ;  as,  to  thru.tt  any 
thing  with  the  hand  or  foot,  or  with  an  instrumeut. 

Ni-iibiT  ahAlI  one  thrust  another.  —  Jot-1  ij.    John  xx. 

2.  To  drive  ;  to  force  ;  to  impel. 

To  thrwit  away  or  from ;  to  push  away  ;  to  reject 
.^r.tM  vii. 

To  thrust  in  i  to  push  or  drive  in. 

TJirust  in  Ihf  sickle  aiid  reap,  —  Rev.  xiv. 

To  thnud  an  ;  to  impel  ;  to  urge.  Shak. 

To  thru.it  off;  to  push  away. 

To  tkrtut  through  ;  to  pierce  ;  to  stab.  JVam.  xxv. 
9  Bam.  xviii. 

To  throat  out;  to  drive  out  or  away;  to  expel. 
Ejod.  xu. 

To  thnurt  one's  self;  to  obtnide  ;  to  intrude;  to 
enter  where  one  is  not  invited  or  not  welc(«me.  Locke. 

To  thrust  together  ;  to  compress. 
THRUST,  r.   i.      To  make  a  push  ;  lo  attack   with  a 
pointed  weapon ;  as,  a  fencer  tJtrusts  at  his  antago- 
nist. 

S.  To  enter  by  pushing  ;  to  squeeze  in. 

And  thrust  betwmn  my  foiher  and  the  goA.  Drydtn. 


TIIIJ 

'X  To  inlrtide.  Rince. 

4.  To  push  forward  ;  to  come  with  force ;  to  prc-sa 
on. 

YoiiiijT,  oM,  thrust  llicro 
In  iniglitj'  cuiicoume.  Chapman. 

THRUST,  n.  A  violent  push  or  driving,  as  with  a 
pointed  weapon,  or  with  the  hand  or  foot,  or  with 
any  instrument ;  a  word  much  used  in  fencing. 

Poliica  Pyirliui  with  hti  l;tnc«  punuca, 

Acid  ufli-n  reachca,  and  bi«  thrusts  Kiiewt.  Dryden. 

5.  Attack ;  assault. 

There  ia  one  thrvsl  at  your  pure,  pretended  mfichanism.  Mora. 
In  architecture^  a  horizontal,  outward   pressure,  as 
of  an  arch  against  its  abutntentS|  orof  mtlers  against 
the  walls  which  support  them.  Brande. 

J^'ote.  Push  and  shove  do  not  exactly  express  the 
sense  of  thrust.  The  two  former  imply  the  applica- 
tion of  force  by  one  body  already  in  contact  with  the 
body  to  bo  impelled.  Thrust,  on  the  contrary,  often 
implies  tlie  impulse  or  application  of  force  by  a 
moving  body,  a  body  in  motion  before  it  reaches  the 
body  to  be  impelled.  This  distinction  does  not  ex- 
tend to  evfiry  case. 

THRUST'ER,  ji.     One  who  thrnsts  orstabs. 

THRUST'ING,  pjtr.  Pushing  with  force;  driving; 
impelling;  pressing. 

THRUfciT'ING,  n.     The  act  of  pushing  with  force. 
2.  In  dairies,  the  act  of  squeezing  curd  with  the 
hand,  to  fxpel  the  whey.     [Local.]  Cyc. 

THRUST'INGS,  n.  pL  In  eheese^making,  the  white 
whey,  or  that  which  is  last  pressed  out  of  the  curd 
by  the  hand,  and  of  which  butter  is  sometimes  made. 

Cyc. 
[  The  application  of  this  word  to  cheese-making  is^  I 
believe,  entirely  unknincn  in  jVru'  Eni>land.] 

THRUST'ING-SCREW,  (-skru,)  n.  A  screw  for 
pressing  curd  in  cheese-niiiking.     [Local.] 

THRUS'TLE,  n.     The  thrush.     [See  Throstle.] 

TI1R?'FAL-L0W,  v.  (.  [thrice  and  fallow.]  To 
give  the  tliird  plowing  in  summer.  Tusser. 

THUG,  n.     [Hindoo,  thuirna^  to  deceive.] 

One  of  an  association  of  rubbers  and  murderers  in 
India. 

THCLe,  n.  The  name  given,  in  early  history,  to  the 
northernmost  part  of  the  habitable  world,  as  Norway, 
or,  more  probably,  Iceland ;  hence  the  Latin  phrase 
ultima  thule. 

THO'LITE,  n.  A  variety  of  cpidote,  of  a  peach-blos- 
som color,  found  in  Norway.  f/rs. 

THU.MB,  (Ihum,)  «.  [Sax.  thuma;  G.  datimen;  D. 
duivi :  Dan.  tomme:  Sw.  tumme.] 

Tlie  short,  thick  finger  of  tlie  human  band,  or  the 
corres[>oiiditig  member  of  other  animals. 

[The  preferable  orthography  would  be  Thlm.] 

THUMB,  (thum,)  v.  U     To  handle  awkwardly;   to 
play  with  the  fingers  ;  as,  to  Uiumb  over  a  tune. 
2.  To  soil  with  the  fingers, 

THUMB   (thum,)  v.  u     To  play  on  with  the  fingers. 

TIIUMlV-llANl),  n.  [thutnh  and  baud.]  A  twist  of 
any  thing  as  liiick  as  the  thumb.  JHortitner. 

TUVMli'F.D,  (llmmd,)  a.     Having  thumbs. 

THUMB'ED,  pp.  Handled  awkwartily;  soiled  with 
the  fingers. 

THUMH'ING,  ppr.    Soiling  with  the  fingers. 

THUMB'KI.V,  i  n.     An  instrument  of  torture  for 

THUMB'-^CREW,  \      compressing  the  thumb. 

THUMIl'-RING,  n.  A  ring  worn  on  the  thumb,  ShtiJc. 

THUMB'-STALL,  n.  [thumb  rind  stain  A  kind  of 
thiml)lo  or  ferule  of  irim,  horn,  or  leather,  for  pro- 
tecting the  thumb  in  making  sails,  &c.  Cyc 

TIIUM'EK-STONE,  n.  The  same  mineral  with  Axi- 
NiTE,  which  see.  Dana. 

THU.M'MIM,  n.  pi.  A  Hebrew  word  denoting  perfec- 
tions, 'i'lie  Urin  ami  Thummim  were  worn  in  the 
breastplate  of  the  high-priest;  but  what  they  were, 
hn-->  nt'Ver  iK-en  satisfactorily  ascertained, 

THUMP,  n.     [a.  thombo.] 

A  heavy  blow  given  with  any  thing  that  is  thick, 
as  with  a  club,  or  the  fist,  ur  with  a  heavy  hammer, 
or  with  the  breech  at  a  gun. 

I'he  watcliinan  cave  ao  rreat  a  thump  at  my  door,  that  1  awaked 
at  iIk  knocE.  JiUler. 

THUMP,  r.  e.    To  strike  or  beat  with  something  thick 

or  heavy.  Sktik. 

THUMP,  V.  u    To  strike  or  fall  on  with  a  heavy  blow. 

A  watchman  at  n'igUl  thumps  with  hii  pole.  Sie{/1. 

THUMP'ED,  (thumpt,)  pp.  Struck  with  something 
heavy. 

TIMJMP'ER,  n.    The  person  or  thing  Iliat  thumps. 

THUMP'ING,  jrpr.  Striking  or  beating  with  some- 
thing thick  or  blunt. 

2.  a.     Heavy. 

3.  Vulgarlyy  stout ;  fat ;  large. 
THU.\'DER,  «.     [Sax.  thnndrr ,  Omnor ;  G.  donner;  D. 

donder  ;  Sw.  diinder  ;  Dan.  dundren;  L.  tonitrUy  from 

tono,  to  sound  ;  Pr.  tonnerre;  It.  tuono;  Pers.    .iXxj 
thondor,  or  thundur.]  -^ 

1.  The  sound  which  follows  a  flash  of  lightning  ; 
the  report  of  a  discharge  of  atmospheric  electricity. 
Thunder  is  caused  by  the  sudden  separation  and 


THU 

reunion  of  the    air  through  which  the    lightning 
passes.  Olmsted. 

[ThundtT  is  not  Uglitnin^^  but  the  eflT;ct  of  it.  See 
Johnson's  Dictit>iiary,  under  THuwoEa.] 

There  wen;  lAurufera  nnd  li^htiiingi.  —  Kx.  xix. 

2.  Thunder  \n  used  tot  lightning,  or  for  B.t}ntnder~ 
bolt,  either  originally  through  ignorance,  or  by  way 
of  metaphor,  or  because  the  lightning  and  thunder 
are  closely  united. 

The  revrngirip  gmin 
'Gaintt  parricldct  all  the  ihuruler  L>;iid.  Shak. 

3.  Any  loud  noise  ;  as,  the  thunder  of  cannon. 

Sona  of  thundsr.  —  Mark  iii. 

4.  Denunciation  published  ;  as,  tlie  thunders  of  the 
Vatican. 

THUN'DER,  V.  i.    To  sound,  rattle,  or  roar,  as  as  ex- 
plosion of  electricity. 

Cnnat  thou  thunder  wllh  a  Toic«  like  him  ?  —  Job  zl. 

2.  To  make  a  loud  noise,  particularly  a  heavy 
sound  of  some  continuance. 

III!  diradful  Toice  no  mon 
Would  thunder  in  my  eon.  Milton. 

3.  To  rattle,  or  give  a  heavy,  rattling  sound. 

And  rul^the  Oiundtring  cliuriot  o'er  the  ground.   /.  TYumbttll, 

THUN'DER,  V.  (.    To  emit  with  noise  and  terror. 

O racial  •evcre 
Were  d:\ily  thundered  in  our  goiR'ntl't  ear.  Dryden, 

2.  To  publish  any  denunciation  or  threat. 

An  archilcnccii),  as  being  o,  prelate,  may  thunder  out  an  ecclesi- 
astical C'liaiire.  Ayi\ft. 

TnUN'DER-BLAST'ED,a.  Blasted  by  thunder.  ScotU 
THUN'DER-BoLT,  n.  [thunder  :\nk\  bolt.]  A  shaft 
of  lightning  ;  a  brilliant  stream  of  the  electrical  fiuid, 
passing  from  one  part  of  the  heavens  to  anotlier, 
and  particularly  from  the  clouds  to  the  earth.  Ps. 
Ixxviii. 

2.  Figuratively,  a  daring  or  irresistible  hero ;  as, 
the  Scipios,  those  thunderbolts  of  xvar.         Dryden. 

3.  Fuhninntion  ;  ecclcsiasticaJ  denunciation. 

He  ai-vrrt'ly  thruntsiia  luch  with  the  thunderbolt  ot  excommtmi- 
cstion.  JlaJcetBiil. 

4.  Tn  mineralogy,  thunder-stone.  Spectator. 
THUN'DER-BURST,  n.  A  burst  of  thunder,  Hcmam. 
THUN'DER-CLAP,  n.     [thunder  SinA  clap.]     A  burst 

of  thunder;  sudden  report  of  an  explosion  of  elec- 
tricity. 

Whrn  suddenly  the  thunder-elap  wai  heard.  Dryden. 

THUN'DER-CLOUD,  n.      [thunder  and   cloud.]      A 

cloud  that  produces  linhtning  and  thunder. 
THUN'DER-ER,7i.  He  that  Uiiitiders,  IValler.  Dryden. 
THUN'DER-HOUSE,  n.     An  instrument  for  illustra- 
ting the  manner  in  which  buildings  receive  damage 
by  lightning.  Cyc. 

TIIUN'DER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Making  the  noise  of  an 
electrical  explositm  ;  uttering  a  loud  sound  ;  fulmina- 
ting dennnci.'Uions. 
THUN'UER-ING,  n.    The  report  of  an  electrical  ex- 
plosion ;  thunder. 

Entrcut  the  Lord  that  there  be  no  more  mighty  thujtderings  and 
hiiil.  —  Kx.ix. 

THUN'DER-OUS,  o.     Producing  thunder. 

How  he  lipforc  ihu  thunderous  tJirone  doth  lie.  Milton. 

[Little  ustil.] 

THUN'DER-SHOW-ER,n.     [thunder  aad  shower.}  A 

shower  accompanied  with  tlmndcr. 
THUN'DER-STONE,  n.    A  stone,  otherwise  called 

BnoNTiA.  Cue. 

THUN'DER-PTORM,  n.  [thunder  and  storm.]  A 
storm  accompanied  with  lightning  and  thunder. 
Thunder-clouds  are  often  driven  by  violent  winds. 
In  America,  the  violence  of  the  wind  at  the  com- 
mencement is  sometimes  equal  to  that  of  a  hurri- 
cane, and  at  this  time  the  explosions  of  electricity 
are  the  most  terrible.  This  violence  of  the  wind 
si-ldom  continues  longer  than  a  few  minutes,  and 
after  tliis  subsides,  tlie  rain  continues,  but  the  peals 
of  thunder  are  less  frequent.  These  violent  showers 
sometimes  continue  for  hours;  more  generally,  they 
are  of  shorter  duration. 
THUN'DEK-STKIKE,  v.  t.  [thunder  and  strike.]  To 
strike,  blast,  or  injure,  by  lightning.  Sidney. 

[Little  tv^exl  in  its  literal  sense.] 

2,  To  astonish,  or  strike  dumb,  as  with  something 

[Little  ufied,  eieejit  in  the  participle.]  [terrible. 

THUN'DER-STRUCK,  pp.  or  a.  A.^tonishcd  ;  amazed  ; 

struck  dumb  by  something  surprising  or  terrible  iiud- 

denly  presenttid  to  the  mind  or  view. 

[  This  is  a  word  in  common  use.] 

THUN'DER- Y,  a.  Accompanied  with  thunder.  [Littlt 

used.] 
THO'RI-BLE,  n.     [h.  thuribulum,  from  thus,  thuriSy 
frankincense.] 

A  censer  of  metal,  usually  in  the  form  of  a  vase, 
with  a  cover  perforated  to  allow  the  fumes  of  the 
burning  incense  lo  escape.  Oloss.  ofArchit.   Cowel. 
THU-RIF'ER-QUS,  a.     [L.  ihurifer;  thus  and /cro,  to 
bear.] 
Producing  or  bearing  frankincense. 
THU-RI-FI-CA'TION,  n.    [U  (Am,  lAum,  and /ocw, 
to  make.] 


TCNE.  BpLL,  IJNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUB.  — €  aa  K;  6  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  8H  j  TH  aa  in  THIS. 
-  ^  ^^  1151 


■^s 


THY 

'The  act  of  fuming  with  incense i  or,  the  act  of 
burninR  incense.  StUluigfieeL 

THURL,  A.  A  short  communication  between  adits  in 
mines.  Brandc 

TnUKS'DAY,  B.  [Dan.  Torsdag,  thnt  \s  Thi>r*s  ilai/, 
the  day  coosecmted  to  TTior^  the  god  of  thunder,  an- 
awerinc  to  the  Jove  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  L. 
diesJoris;  lu  Otovedi:  S|>.  Juevt^;  Kr.  Jeudi,  So  in 
G.  douncrsta^y  D'donderdag^  thuuUcr-Jay.  Tills  Tkor 
is  from  the  root  of  W.  lonut,  thunder;  tamw^  to 
strike,  hit,  or  produce  a  shock  ;  Gaelic  and  Ir.  toirn^ 
a  great  noiae ;  tointeos,  thunder.  The  root  of  the 
word  si^ifies,  to  driye,  to  ru«h,  to  strike.  In  Sw. 
tkSrdou  u  thunder.] 

The  fifth  day  ijf  the  week. 

THUS,  n.     [Gr.  0IU,  to  sacrifice.] 

Ttw  resin  of  the  spruce  fir,  so  called  (Vom  its  use. 

THUS,  «^.     [Sax.  duLs  ;  D.  d«.] 

1.  10  this  or  that  manner  >  oa  this  wise ;  as,  thus 
saitb  the  I^ont ;  tbe  Pharisee  prayed  tfau. 

Tfttt*  did  Noak,  uoonDBf  le  tH  that  Ood  cwmMndwl  htm.  — 

S.  To  this  degree  or  extant ;  as,  tkiu  wise ;  tku» 
peaceaMe.  Jiatyday. 

Tkmt  (vsttoO,  tut»  J^  ihrbouoda.  MiUen, 

3.  In  the  phrase  tkms  mucky  it  seems  to  be  an  ad- 

&cthne,  equivalent  to  tku  muek. 
WACK.  r,  I.  [Qu.  Sai.  tkaeaan,  to  feel  or  stroke 
ligbtly.  It  does  not  well  accord  with  this  verb.  The 
word  tvit  is  the  S.ix.  gthttitan^  or  othteitun,  a  com- 
pound of  «U,  or  ttk.  to,  or  at,  and  wiran.  In  like 
manner,  UiBocifc  may  be  formed  from  our  vulgar  irAiu-i;, 

which  Is  precisely  the  Elh.  ®T0  troiw.  Ar. 

woJboa,  to  strike.] 

Tu  strike  with  something  flat  or  heavy  ;  to  bang ; 
to  beat  or  thrash.  jlrbnthmoL 

THWACK,  a.    A  heavy  blow  with  something  flat  or 

heavy.  Addison, 

THWACK'ING,  ppr.    Striking  with  a  heavy  blow. 

TUWAITE,  m.    A  fish  ;  a  species  of  the  shod.    [See 

Tw*iTB.]  Cye. 

a.  A  plain  parcel  of  ground,  cleared  of  wood  and 
slumps,  inclosed  and  converted  to  tillage.    [/.Mai] 
THWART,  (tbwoft,)  a.     [D.  dwars :  Dan.  toer,  twrt, 
toen;  8w.  tvttrs,  (verf ;  probably  a  compound  of  Sax. 
Mkj  otk,  to,  and  the  root  of  vter^  L.  rrrto,  ccraua.} 
Transverse ;  being  across  something  else. 

Moved  eoBtruy  with  Oumri  tM^iMm,  MfiUam. 

TinV^RT,  (ihwort,)  e.  L  To  cross}  to  be,  lie,  or 
cone  acroes  the  direction  of  something. 

SvAu 

la  vdemm  inmrit  the  wigU. 

%  To  cross,  as  a  purpose ;  to  oppose ;  lo  contra- 
Tene;  hence,  to  frustrate  or  dcfeaL  We  say,  to 
fJmmri  a  porpoee,  design,  or  inclination  ;  or  to  tkwan 
a  person.  * 

ir  miifciit  HsWw  Ind  aol  *iii  lil  aw.  Asfr. 

TVb  pfopoMk  of  th»  OM  BM«r  tkmmrUd  dte  IPcnnadBiia  of  the 
«ber.  *  Sb^tk, 

THW^T,  V.  k.    To  be  in  opposition. 

a  peaoomioa  timt  AxU  tktamrt  «t  kit  wiib  iheme  iatenal  oncl«s. 
{Unitntai  and  u»pr«p€r.] 

THW.\RT,  M.  The  seat  or  bench  of  a  boat  on  which 
the  rowers  sit,  placed  athwart  the  boat.        ToUen, 

THW.\RT'ED,  pp.     Crossed  ;  opposed  ;  frnstrnted. 

THWART'ER,  n,  A  disease  in  sheep,  indicated  by 
shakin?,  trembling,  or  convulsive  motions.       Cyc 

THWART'IXG,  jipr.  Crossing;  contravening;  de- 
feating. 

TH  WART'ING,  a.    The  act  of  crossing  or  fnistrating. 

TIIWART'I\G-LY,  adv.  In  a  cross  direction  j  in  op- 
poefition. 

THWART'XEPP,  a.    Untowardness;  perverseness. 

THWART'-SHIPS.arfc.    Across  the  ship.    Mar.  Did. 

THWtTE,  c.  t.     [Sax.  thvitcM.] 
'  Tn  cut  or  clip  with  a  knife.     [l^>eaL]      Chauctr. 

THWIT'TLE,  (thwit'U,)  v.  L  To  whittle.  [See 
Whi  TTLrJ  Chaucer. 

THT,  a.  [Contracted  from  tJUse,  or  fmm  st*me  other 
derivative  of  thou.  It  is  probable  that  the  pronoun 
was  originally  tkig,  tkuff,  or  Uajk,  and  the  adjective 
tki^tn.     See  Tnoc] 

7>y  is  the  adjective  of  tkcu,  or  a  pronominal  ad- 
jective, signifying,  of  thee,  or,  belonging  to  thee,  like 
taa^,  in  Latin.  It  is  used  in  the  solemn  and  grave 
style. 

TbMc  Kn  Ay  trtola,  P^rrat  cf  good.  Milton. 

TH?'INE-WOQD,  n.  A  precious  w^od,  mentioned 
JUt.  xviii.,  probably  the  wood  of  Callitris  quadri- 
valvis,  formerly  called  Thuja,  or  Thyia  articulatay 
known  to  the  Romans  by  a  n;ime  signifying  Citro?*- 
WooD.  This  tree  is  a  native  of  Barbary,  allied  to 
the  pines,  and  is  thought  to  produce  the  sattdarae  of 
commerce.  Kitto.    P.  Cye. 

TH5ME,  (usually  pronounced,  irregularly,  flme,)  n. 
[Fr.  tkyn  :  L.  thymus  ;  Gr.  3"t  //oj.l 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Thymus.  The  garden  thyme 
is  a  warm,  pungent  aromatic,  much  used  to  give  a 
relish  to  seasonings  and  soups. 

THT'MUS,  a.     [Gr.  dv^os-] 


TIC  - 

In  attato'ny,  a  glanitulnr  body,  divided  into  lobes, 
situated  behind  the  sternum  in  the  duplicuture  of 
the  niedinstinum.  It  is  largest  in  ilu- fi-tiia,  diiriiii- 
islu's  alter  biitti,  and  in  adults  olten  entirely  disap- 

(M'ars.  It  has  no  excretory  duct,  and  Its  uso  is  un- 
known. In  calves  it  is  called  Swelthkead;  but 
the  term  sweetbread  is  also  applied  to  the  ptincreany  a 
very  different  organ.  Hooper.     }Viitar.     Parr. 

TIIY^M  Y,  (tl'me.)  a.  Abounding  with  Ihymo  ;  fragrant. 

TIIY'ROIU,  a.  [Gr.  ^voeoi,  a  shield,  and  £t^<.«,funn.] 
Resembling  a  shield  ;  applied  to  one  of  the  carti- 
lages of  tile  lar>-nx,  so  called   from  its  figure,  to  u 
gland  situated  near  that  cartilage,  and  to  the  arteries 
and  veins  of  the  gland.  Ciic. 

The  thyroid  earitinve  constitutes  the  anterior,  su- 
perior, and  largest  p:irl  of  the  lant'nx,  and  is  sonic- 
times  populariy  called  Adam's  Apple.  Hooper. 

The  tkwrQtd  glxnl  is  situated  on  the  sides  and 
front  of  the  lower  [lart  of  the  lar>nx,  and  the  upiwr 
part  of  the  tracbeii.  It  is  copiuuidy  supplied  with 
bitlbd,  but  is  not  known  to  furnish  any  secretion. 
It  is  the  seat  of  the  bronchocele,  or  goiter. 

Hooper.     Parr. 

THYRSE,  (thurs,)  (a.      [L.  thyrsm  ;    Gr.   5up- 

TUYR'SU.S,  iihur'sus,)  S      »"{.] 

In  iotaMtr,a  species  (if  inflorescence  ;  n  panicle,  very 
compact,  with  the  lower  branches  shorter  than  those 
of  the  middle,  as  in  the  lilac.  Lindlry. 

THYR'SOID,  (thur-,)  o.  Having  somewhat  the  form 
of  a  tlivrse  or  thyrsus. 

THYR'S'Ue,  (thur-,)  a.  [Gr.  Bvpao?.]  A  staff  en- 
twined with  ivy,  which  formed  part  of  the  accoutre- 
ment of  a  Uacihanal,  or  performer  in  the  orgies  of 
Bacchus.  Brandt, 

TliVS-AN-l;'RA.N»,  n.  pi.  [Gr.  ^voavovpoi^  having 
a  long,  bushy  I^iil.} 

An  order  of  apterous  insects,  supported  by  six  feel, 
that  undergo  no  nieianiorphosis,  and  have  in  addition 
(»articular  organs  of  motion,  either  on  the  sides  or  at 
the  extremity  of  the  abdomen.  Cuvier. 

THY-SELF',  prvH.  [thy  and  self.]  A  pronoun  ufed 
after  tkouj  to  exprc:>s  distinction  with  emphasis. 
*'  T^Aoa  thyself  sh.ili  go  ;  '*  that  is,  thou  shalt  go,  and 
no  other.     It  is  sometimes  iisc'd  without  thou,  and  in 

.  the  nominative  as  well  us  objcctiv*,-  case. 

TI-A'RA,  s.  [Fr.tiare;  U  Sp.  and  It.  tiara;  Gr.  na- 
pa  j  Sax.  tyr.    See  Syr.  y^j^  cAodur,  Class  Dr,  No. 

15,  and  Hob.  nop  atar.  No.  34.  From  the  former 
probably  the  Latins  h  id  their  cidarU,  and  tiara  from 
the  latter  ;  the  same  word  with  different  prefixes.! 

1.  An  ornament  or  article  of  dress  with  which 
the  ancient  Persians  covered  their  heads  ;  a  kind  of 
turban.  As  different  authors  describe  it,  it  must 
have  been  of  different  furuts.  Tho  kings  of  Persia 
alone  had  a  right  to  wear  it  straight  or  erect :  the 
lords  and  priests  wore  it  depressed,  or  turned  down 
ou  the  fori-  ^ide^  Xenophon  says  tho  tiara  wa-s  en- 
oompasscd  with  the  diadem,  at  least  in  ceremonials. 

Cyc. 
9.  An  ornament  worn  by  the  Jewish  high  priest. 
Ez9d.  xxviii. 

3.  Tho  p(^*8  triple  crown.  The  ttara  and  keys 
are  the  badges  of  tlie  |»npal  dignity  ;  the  tiara  of  his 
civil  rank,  and  the  keys  of  his  jurisdiction.  It  was 
formerly  a  round,  high  cap.  It  wns  afterward  en- 
compassed with  a  crown,  then  with  a  second  and  a 
third.  Cyc. 

TI-A'RA-ED,  (ll-a'rnd,)  a.     Adorned  with  a  tiani. 

TIU'I-A,  n.  [L.]  The  shin-bone;  the  larger  of  the 
two  bones  which  form  the  second  segment  of  the 
leg.  Brande. 

TIU'I-AL,  a.  [L.  tibia^  a  flute,  and  the  large  bone  of 
the  leg.] 

1.  Pertaining  lo  the  large  bone  of  tiie  leg  ;  as,  the 
tibial  arter\'  ;  tibiot  nerve.  JUed.  Re.pos. 

2.  Pt^rtaining  to  a  pl))e  or  flute. 
TIB'i:-RO,  n.     A  fish  of  the  shark  kind. 

Ti€  bOn-L0U-Rt:UX',  n,     [Ft.]     A  p-iinfnl  afT-c- 
tion  of  a  nerve,  coming  on  in  sudden  attacks,  usually 
in  the  head. 
TICE,  for  E:<TicE.     [M'ot  in  use.]  Braum.  Sf  Fl. 

TICH'OR-RHIXE,  a.    [Gr.  rctxof  and  piv.] 

A  fossil  rhinoceros,  with  a  middle,  vertical,  bony 
septum  or  wall  supporting  the  nose.  Brande. 

TICK,  n.  [In  Gaelic,  doi<rh  is  trust.  But  I  suspect 
tick  to  signify  a  cut,  a  notch,  \V.  ttcc,  from  the  man- 
ner of  keeping  accounts  among  unlt^ttered  men.  See 
Dock  and  Ticket.] 

Credit  J  tnist ;  as,  to  buy  upon  tick,  L»ckt. 

TICK,  a.     [Fr.  Uque;  G.  zecke  :  It.  zece^.] 

A  little  insect,  of  a  livid  color  and  globose-ovate 
form,  that  infests  sheep,  dogs,  goats,  cows,  &c.,  a 
species  of  Acarus.  Cyc. 

TICK,  n.  [D.  teek,  tvk ;  probably  from  covering,  L. 
tegOy  £ng.  to  deck  ,-  Russ.  ttk,  tent-cloth.] 

The  cover  or  case  of  a  bed,  which  contains  the 
feathers,  woo!,  or  other  material. 
TICK,  r.  i.     [from  tick,  credit.]     To  run  upon  score. 
2.  To  trust,  Jlrbuthiiot. 

TICK,  r.  i.  [D.  tikkeju  It  coincides  in  elements  with 
L.  tango,  tago.] 

To  beat ;  to  pat ;  or  to  make  a  small  noise  by  beat- 
ing or  otherwise  ;  as  a  watch. 


TID 

TICK'-HEAN,  n.  A  small  bean  employed  in  feeding 
liorses  and  other  aiiiiuuls.  C;e. 

TICK'EN,  II.    Cloth  for  bed-ticks,  or  cases  for  beds. 

TICK'KT,  w.  [Fr.  etiquette;  W.  toajn^  a  fhort  piece 
or  slip,  a  ticket,  from  tociaw,  to  curtail,  to  clip,  to 
dock.  U'e  have  dock  and  docket  from  the  same  root. 
It  denotes  a  piece  or  slip  of  papi-r.] 

1.  A  piece  of  papier  or  a  card  which  gives  the 
holder  a  right  of  admission  to  some  place ;  as,  a  ticket 
for  tlio  playhoU!«e,  or  for  other  exhibitiitn. 

2.  A  piece  of  paper  or  writing  acknowledging 
some  debt,  or  a  certificate  that  something  is  due  to 
the  holder.  Spenser. 

3.  A  piece  of  paper  bearing  some  number  in  a  lot- 
tery, which  entitles  the  owner  to  receive  such  prize 
as  may  be  drawn  against  that  number.  When  it 
draws  no  prize,  it  is  said  to  draw  a  blank,  and  the 
holder  tins  nothing  to  receive. 

TICK'ET,  V.  t.    To  distinguish  hy  a  ticket.     BeiUley, 

TICK'ET-ED,pp.     Distinguished  hy  a  ticket. 

TICK'ET-I.XG,  ppr.     Distinguishing  by  a  tickeU 

TICK'ET-P6UT'ER,  n.  A  licensed  porter  wearing  a 
ticket,  by  which  he  may  be  identified.    [£»^/a/u/.j 

DuJcens. 

TICK'ING,  p;)r.    Beating;  patting. 
2.  Trusting;  scoring. 

TICK'ING,  a.  A  closely-woven  cloth  used  to  contain 
the  feathers  or  other  materials  of  beds. 

TICK'LE,  (tik'l,)  f.  (.  [dim.  of  iouWt;  parh a p<»  direct- 
ly from  tick,  to  pat,  or  it  is  the  L.  titiUo,  corrupted.] 

1.  To  touch  lightly,  and  cause  a  peculiar  thrilling 
sensation,  which  can  not  be  described.  A  slight  sen- 
satign  of  this  kind  may  give  pleasure,  but  when  vio- 
lent it  is  insufferable. 

2.  To  please  hy  slight  gratification.  A  glass  of 
wine  may  tickle  the  palate. 

Such  B  na.lurs 
T^ickltd  wiih  £04m1  succeu.  Shak. 

TICK'LE,  (tikn,)  r.  i.    To  feel  titillaUon. 

He  with  wcret  }oy  therefore 
DiJ  ticklt  iiiwunliy  in  every  vciii.  Spenser. 

TICK'LE,  a.  Tottering  ;  wavering,  or  liable  lo  waver 
and  fa^at  the  slightest  touch  ;  unstable  ;  easily  over- 
throw iiT 

Tliy  UfAii  •tandi  «>  tickle  ou  thy  ihoulden,  ihnt  «  milkmaid,  H"  in 
luTt*,  mAy  lien  it  uir.  Sluik. 

Tbi"  staf  of  Normandy 
Slanda  ou  &  tickle  point.  S9uik. 

[This  word  is  wholly  obsolete,  at  least  in  New 
England.     Ticklish  is  the  word  used.] 
TICK'LE-NESS,  n.     Unsteadiness.     [J^Tot  in  use.] 

Cluiucer 
TICK'LER,  n.     One  that  tickles  or  pleasea. 
TICK'LING,  ppr.     Affetting  with  tilillation.' 
TICK'LING,  n.    The  act  of  affecting  with  tittllation. 
TICK'LISH,  a.     Sensible   to  slight  touches ;    easily 
tickled.     The  bottom  of  the  fool  is  very  ticklish,  as 
are  the  sides  ;  the  palm  of  the  hand,  burdened  by 
use,  is  not  ticklish. 

2.  Tottering;  standing  so  as  to  be  liable  to  totter 
and  fall  at  the  slightest  touch;  unfixed  j  easily 
moved  or  affected. 


Ireland  wu  n  Hcklieh  aod  uniettlod  ■tfitc. 


Bacon. 


3.  DitHcult ;   nice ;  critic^) ;  as,  these  Rr^ficklish 
times.  ^aift. 

TICK'LISII-LY,  adt^.     In  a  ticklish  manner. 
'J'ICK'LISH-NES3,  n.    The  state  or  quality  of  being 
ticklisli  or  very  sensible. 
9.  The  state  of  being  tottering  or  liable  to  fall. 
3.  Criticalness  of  condition  or  state. 
TICK'SEED,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Corispermum. 
The  tickseed  sunflower  is  of  the  genus  Coreopsis. 

Loudon. 
TICK'-TACK,  rt.    A  game  at  tables.    [See  Tnica- 

TBACK.] 

TID,  a.     [Sax.  ladder.] 
Tender;  soft;  nice. 

TID'AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  tides  ;  periodically  rising 
and  falling,  or  flowing  and  ebbing  ;  as,  fidal  waters. 
Modem  Kngti.-ih. 

TID'BIT,  M.    [tid  ond  bit.]    A  delicate  or  tender  piece 
of  any  thing  eatable. 

T  r  f  J '  n  I  F  ) 

TID'DFr'  t  "*  *■    '^^  "*®  ^^^  tenderness ;  to  fondle. 

TID'DLfib,  pp.    Fondled. 

TIDE,  71.  [Sax.  tidtin,  to  happen  ;  tid,  time,  season, 
opportimity,  an  hour  ;  G.  zeit ;  D.  tyd  ;  Sw.  and  Dan. 
tid.  This  word  is  from  a  root  that  signifies  to  come, 
tn  happen,  or  to  fall  or  rush,  as  in  betide  ;  correspond- 
ing in  sense  with  time,  season,  hour,  opportunity. 
Tid,  time,  is  the  fall,  the  occasion,  the  event.  Its 
original  meaning  is  entirely  obsolete,  except  in  com- 
position, as  in  Shrovetide,  Whitsuntide  ] 
1.  Time ;  season. 


Which,  at  the  Appointed  tids, 

Kach  one  did  make  his  bride. 

[Thie  tente  ia  obeoUte.] 


Speneer, 


9.  The  alternate  rising  and  falling  of  the  waters  of 
the  ocean,  and  of  bays,  rivers,  &c.,  connected  there- 
with. The  ti<le  ebbs  and  flows  twice  in  a  little  more 
than  twenty-four  hours.  It  is  occasioned  hy  the  at- 
traction of  the  sun  and  moon,  (the  influence  of  the 


FATE,  FAR,  FiVLL,  WH/^T.— METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQOK.— 


TIE 

hitter  being  three  times  that  of  the  former,}  acting 
unequally  on  the  waters  in  different  parts  of  Uie 
earth,  thus  disturbing  their  equilibrium. 

Olmsted. 

We  commonly  distinguish  the  flow  or  rising  of  tlie 
water  by  the  name  of  Fi-ooo  Tide,  and  the  reflux 
by  that  of  Ebb  Tide. 

[See,  also,  Sprikc-Tide  and  Neap-Tide.1 

3.  Siroam ;  course ;  current ;  as,  the  tide  of  the 
times. 

Time't  UDgeDtl«  Sd*.  Byron, 

4.  Favorable  course. 

Th^re  is  a  d'lfc  in  the  aCTain  of  men, 

Which,  ukeu  at  the  flood,  leads  on  to  fbrluua  Shak. 

5.  Violent  confluence.     [AVit  in  use,]  Bacoiu 

6.  Among  miners,  the  period  of  twelve  hours. 

Cyc 

7.  Current ;  flow  of  blood. 

Aod  life's  red  tide  runs  t^Aing  frora  Ih^  wotui'f. 

BaUU  of  F\ogi  aixd  Mic*. 

TTDE,  tj.  t.    To  drive  with  the  stream.  Uryden. 

TIDE,  r.  i.  To  work  in  or  out  uf  a  river  or  harbor  by 
favor  of  the  tide,  and  anchor  when  it  becomes  ad- 
verse. Tuttfn, 

TIDE'-GATE,  n.  A  gate  through  which  water  passes 
into  a  basin  when  the  tide  flows,  and  which  is  shut, 
to  retain  the  water  from  flowing  back  at  the  ebb. 

2.  Among  seamen,  a  place  where  the  tide  runs  with 
great  velocity.  Totten. 

TIDE'-CAUGE,  n.  A  contrivance  for  registering  the 
state  of  the  tide  continuously  at  every  Instant  of 
time.  BraHdc 

TIDE'LESS,  a.    Having  no  tide. 

TIDE'-MILL,  n.  [tide  and  mm.]  A  mill  that  is 
moved  by  tide-water ;  also,  a  mill  for  clearing 
lands  from  tide-water. 

TIDES'-MAN,n.  An  officer  who  remains  on  board  of 
R  merchant's  ship  till  the  goods  are  landed,  to  pre- 
vent the  evasion  of  the  duties. 

TIDE'-WaIT-ER,  n.  [tide  and  waiter.'^  An  officer 
who  watches  the  landing  of  goods,  to  secure  tlie 
payment  of  duties. 

TIDE'-WaY,  n.  [tide  and  way.]  The  channel  iu 
which  the  tide  sets.  Mar.  Vict. 

TT'DI-ED,  (ti'did,)pp.    Made  tidy. 

TI'UI-LY,  ode.  [from  tidy.]  Neatly  j  with  neat  sim- 
plicity ;  as,  a  female  tidily  dressed. 

TI'DI-NESS,  n.  Neatness  without  richness  or  ele- 
gance J  neat  simplicity  ;  as,  the  tidiness  of  dress. 

2.  Neatness  ;  as,  the  tidiness  of  rooms. 
TT'DI.N'G  LESS,  a.     Having  no  tidings. 
TT'DI.XGS,  n.  j^.     [8w.  tidning ;  Dan.  (irfenrfe,  news. 

It  is  the  participle  of  Sax.  tidaa^  to  happt-n,  or  some 
other  Verb  connected  with  tide,  and  denotes  coming, 
or  that  which  arrives.] 

News;  advice;  information;  intelligence;  ac- 
count of  what  has  taken  place,  and  was  not  before 
known. 

I  sbaJl  make  m;  mulrr  rl^d  with  ihf  m  tidings.  ShaJe. 

Bebuld,  1  bring  yun  pood  Hdingt  of  great  juy,  which  shall  be  to 
all  people.  —  Luke  ii. 

TI'DY,  a.  [from  tidf,  time,  season ;  Dan.  and  Sw. 
tidig,  seasonable.] 

1.  In  its  primary  sense,  seasonable;  favorable; 
being  in  proper  time ;  as,  weathfsr  fair  and  tidy. 

7'iuser. 
S.  Neat ;  dressed  with  neat  simplicity;  as,  a  tidy 
lass;  the  children  are  tidy;  their  dress  is  tidy;  that 
is,  primarilijt  proper  for  the  time  or  occasion. 

3.  Neat ;  being  in  good  order.  The  apartments 
are  well  furnished  and  tidy. 

TI'DY,  V.  t.    To  make  neat ;  to  put  in  good  order. 
TI'DY-ING,  pnr.    Making  tidy. 

TIE,    /  V.  t.     [Sax.  tian,  for  tigan,  to  bind  ;  tig,  tige^  a 
T?E,  i      tie,  a  purse.     The  primar>'  sense  is  to  strain, 

and  hence  its  alliance  to  tug,  to  draw,  Sw.  tiga,  L. 

taceo,  to  be  silent.    The  Gr.  Sf't  may  be  the  same 

word.    On  account  of  the  participle  tying,  it  might 

be  well  to  write  the  verb  tye.] 
1.  To  bind ;  to  fasten  with  a  band  or  cord  and 

knot. 

My  son,  keep  thy  (ather'i  commandments—'  Uad  them  eonUoa. 
ally  upon  thine  beul,  and  tU  them  aix>ut  thy  neck, — 
ProT,  Ti. 

S.  To  fold  and  make  fast;  a«,  to  tie  a  knot. 

3.  To  knit ;  to  complicate. 
W«  do  not  lie  this  kuoi  with  a 

4.  To  fasten ;  to  hold ;  to  unite  so  as  not  to  be 
easily  parted. 

la  bood  of  Tirtaous  love  logelhet  bsd,  Fairfax. 

5.  TooMige;  to  constrain;  to  restrain  ;  toconline. 
People,  in  their  jealousy,  may  tie  the  bands  of  their 
ministers  and  public  agents,  so  as  to  prevent  them 
from  doing  good. 

Not  tied  to  rulM  of  policy,  you  find 

Bf  venge  lea  sweet  th.iii  a  iorgivliig  mind.  Drydan. 

6.  In  mu:sxc,  to  unite  notes  by  a  crofs  line,  or  by  a 
curve  line  drawn  over  them. 

To  tie  up ;  (o  confine  ;  to  restrain  :  to  hinder  from 
motion  or  action  ;  as,  to  tie  up  the  tongue  ;  to  tie  up 
the  hands.  Addison. 


TIG 

To  tie  down  s  la  fasten  so  as  to  prevent  from  rising. 

2.  To  rcstr:un  ;  to  confine  ;  to  hinder  fiOm  action. 
TIE,  n.     A  kni'l;  fastening. 

3.  Bond  ;  obhgation,  moral  or  legal ;  as,  the  sacred 
ties  of  friendship  or  ot*^  duty  ;  the  tieji  of  allegiance. 

3.  A  knot  <jf  hair.  Young. 

4.  In  architectnre,  a  piece  of  timber  or  metal  for 
binding  two  bodies  together. 

5.  Iq  music,  a  character  to  connect  syncopated 
notes. 

6.  An  equality  in  numbers,  as  of  votes,  &c.,  which 
prevents  either  party  from  being  victorious, 

TIE'-BeAJI,  71,  The  beam  winch  connects  the  bot- 
tom of  a  pair  of  principal  rafters,  and  prevents  them 
from  thrusting  out  the  wall.  Owilt. 

TI'£D,    //,-i„\ipp-     Bound;   fasted  with  a  knot; 

TY'£D,  I ''""*'».' I  confined;  restrained;  united,  as 
notes, 

TIER,  (teer,)  n.  [Heb.  -MO  tur.  Class  Dr,  No.  24. 
Sec  Tire.] 

A  row  ;  a  rank  ;  particuhrly  when  two  or  more 
rows  are  placed  one  above  another ;  a^s  a  tier  of  seats 
in  a  church  or  theater.  Thus,  in  ships  of  war,  the 
range  of  guns  on  one  deck  and  one  side  of  a  ship 
is  called  a  tier.  Those  on  the  lower  deck  are  called 
the  lower  tier,  and  those  atwve,  the  middle  or  upper 
tiers.  Ships  with  three  tiera  of  guns  are  three- 
deckers. 

The  tiers  of  a  cable  ore  the  ranges  of  fakes  or 
windings  of  a  cable,  laid  one  within  another  when 
coiled. 

Tier,  in  organs,  is  a  rank  or  range  of  pipes  in  the 
front  of  the  instrument,  or  in  the  interior,  when  the 
compound  stops  have  several  ranks  of  pipes.    Cyc. 

TIERCE,  (ters  or  teers,)  n.     [Fr.,  from  tiers,  Ihirtl.J 

1.  A  ca::jk  whose  content  is  one  third  of  a  pipe, 
that  is,  forty  gallons  ;  or  it  may  be  the  measure. 

2.  In  Ireland,  a  weight  by  which  provisions  are 
sold.  The  tierce  of  beef  for  tlie  navy  is  304  lb.,  and 
for  India,  33ti  lb. 

3.  In  music,  a  third. 

4.  In  gaming,  a  sequence  of  three  cards  of  the 
same  color, 

5.  A  thrust  in  fencing. 

6.  In  heraldry,  a  field  divided  into  three  parts. 
TIER'CEL,         }  n.     liY  falconry,  a  name  givt-n  to  tjie 
TIERCE'LET,  \      male  hawk,  as  being  a  third  part 

less  than  the  female.  Cyc. 

TIER'CET,  (teer'set,)  n.     [from  tierce.]     In  poetry,  a 

triplet ;  three  lines,  or  three  lines  rhyming. 
TIERS'-E-TAT',(leerz'&'lA',)n.     [Fr.]     In  France, 

the  third  branch,  or  commonalty,  answering  to  the 

commons  in  Great  Britain  ;  [literally,  the  third  estate.] 
TIFF,  n.     [Qu.  tipple,  tope.] 

1.  Liquor;  or  rather  a  small  draught  of  liquor. 
[  Vulgar.)  Pkdips.     Halliwell 

2.  A  pet  or  fit  of  peevishness  ;  a  slight  altercation. 

Jokiison. 
[/  know  not  where  this  word  is  used  in  the  Uttier 
serise.] 
TIFF,  r.  t.    To  be  in  a  pet     [Z,«in.]  Johnson. 

TIFF,  V.  t.     To  dress.     [JVot  in  use.] 
TIF'FA-NY,  n.     [According  to  the  Italian  and  Spnn- 
ish  dictionaries,  this  word  is  to  be  referred  to  Tat- 

FETA.] 

A  species  of  gau!:e  or  very  thin  silk. 

TIFFE-DI->-MER',n.  A  species  uf  sea-plnnl,  so  called 
by  Count  Miirsigli,from  its  resemblance  tti  the  heads 
of  the  Typha  palustris,  or  cat'a  tail.  It  has  a  smooth 
surface  and  a-velvety  look.  It  grows  tu  two  feet  in 
hight,  and  is  elegantly  brnnched.  It  grows  on 
rocks  and  stones,  and  when  firitt  taken  out  of  the 
sea,  is  full  of  a  yeilow,  viscous  water;  but  when 
this  is  pressed  out,  and  the  substance  is  dried,  it  be- 
comes of  a  dusky-brown  color.  Cyc. 

TIF'FIN,  n.  A  word  introduced  from  India,  denoting 
a  lunch  or  slight  repast  between  breakfast  and  din- 
ner. MaUoiOt     Blackwood. 

TIG,  n.    A  play.    [See  Tao.I 

TIGE,  fteej,)  n.  [Fr.,  a  st;ilk.]  The  shaft  of  a  col- 
umn from  the  astragal  to  the  capital,  Badetj. 

TT'GER,  n.  [Fr.  tigre  ;  It.  tigro  :  L.  tigris  ;  said  to  be 
from  vj  gir,  a  dart  ;  whence  Vin  tiger.] 

1.  A  fierce  and  rapacious  animal  of  the  genus  Fe- 
lls, (^.  (r^LsO  one  of  the  largest  and  most  terrible 
of  the  genus,  inhabiting  Asia.  American  tiger  is  a 
name  sometimes  given  to  the  jaguar,  (Felis  jaguar.) 

3.  A  servant  in  livery,  who  rides  with  his  master 
or  mistress. 

TI'GER-€AT,  n.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the 
lesser  striped  and  spotted  feline  quadrupeds,  not  in- 
cluding the  tigers,  leopards,  and  iMinlhens.    P.  Cyc. 

TI'GEE-FpQ  TED,  a.     Hastening  to  devour ;  furious. 

Entick. 

TI'GER  ISn,  a.     Like  a  tiger. 

TI'GER'S-FOQT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genua  Ipomcea 
or  Convt>lvviluH.  Lee. 

TI'GER-SHELL,  n.  [tiger  nnA  shell]  A  name  given 
to  a  red  shell  with  large  white  spots.  In  the  Lin- 
nsBon  system,  the  tiger-shell  is  a  species  of  Cyprfea. 

Cyc. 

Tinil,  (tl,)  n.     In  Kent,  a  close  or  Inclosure. 

TIGHT,  (tite,)a.  [G.  dicht;  D.  Sw.  and  Dan.  digt; 
allied  to  thick  and  tie,  antl  to  Sw.  tiga,  to  bo  silent. 


TIL 

L.  taeeo  {  that  is,  close,  cloaely  compressed ;  Buss 
tugei,  stifl".     See  Tack.] 

1.  Close  ;  compact ;  nut  loose  or  open  ;  having  the 
joints  so  close  that  no  fluid  can  enter  or  escape  ;  dcC 
leaky  ;  as,  a  tight  shij),  or  a  tight  cask. 

2.  Close  ;  nut  admitting  much  air  j  as,  a  tight 
room. 

3.  Sitting  close  to  the  body;  as,  a  tight  coat  or 
other  pnrment. 

4.  Close  ;  not  having  holes  or  crevices;  not  looee; 
applied  to  many  vessels,  &.c. 

5.  Close ;  hard ;  as,  a  tight  bargain,  [/n  common 
use  in  America.] 

6.  Close;  parsimonious;  saving;  as,  a  man  tight 
in  his  dealings.     [In  comjnon  use  in  America.] 

7.  Clos^y  dressed  ;  not  ragged. 

I'll  apin  ■.nd  csnl,  and  ke«p  our  childreo  tight.  Oay, 

8.  Hardy  ;  adroit,  Shak. 

9.  Not  slack  or  li>os6  ;  applied  to  a  rope  extended 
or  streii  hed  out,  7V«uen. 

A"(/(r.  —  This   is   the    taut  or  taught    of  seamen, 

applied  to  a  rope  stretched.    The  primory  sense  in, 

strained. 
TrGin''i;N,  (tn'n.)  v.t.  To  draw  tighter  j  to  straiten; 

to  make  more  close  in  any  manner. 
TIGHT'i;N-£D,  pp.  or    a.      Drawn  tighter ;    strait- 

ened. 
TIGHT'£N-ING,  ppr.      Drawing    tighter;    making 

more  close  in  any  manner. 
TIG  HT'ER,  Tl.  A  ribbon  or  string  used  to  draw  clothes 

closer.     [JVut  used.] 
2.  a.  More  tight, 
TIGHT'LY,  adv.     Closely;  compactly. 

2.  Neatlv  ;  adroitly. 
TIGHT'NESS,  n.     Closeness  of  joints  ;  compactness; 

straitness. 

2.  Negtness,  as  in  dress. 

3.  Parsimoniousness  ;  closeness  in  dealing. 
TI'GRESS,  n.    [from  tiger.]    The  female  of  the  tiger. 
TI'GRINE,  Ctl'gTin,)  a.     Like  a  tiger. 
TI'GRISH,  a.     Resembling  a  tiger.  Sidney, 
TIKE,  n.     A  Uck.     [See  Tick.] 

TIKE,  n,  [Celtic,  tutk,  tiac,  a  plowman  ;  Arm.  It«c,  a 
housekeeper.] 

1.  A  countryman  or  clown. 

2.  A  dog.  Shak. 
TIL'BU-RY,  B.    A  kind  of  gig  or  two-wheeled  car- 
riage, without  a  top  or  cover.  Scutt. 

TILE,  n.  [SiiX.  tigel;  I),  tegel  or  tichgel;  G.  liegelt 
Dan.  and  Sw.  tegel ;  L.  tegula ;  IL  tegola ;  Sp.  teja, 
contracted.  This  word  is  undoubtedly  from  the 
root  of  L.  tego,  to  cover,  Enp.  to  deck.] 

1.  A  plate  or  piece  of  baked  clay,  used  for  cover- 
ing  tiie  ruofs  of  buildings. 

The  pins  for  fiutenlng  tiiei  iire  iniide  of  oak  or  fir.        Moxon. 

2.  In  metallurgy,  a  small,  flat  piece  of  dried  earth 
or  eartlienwnre,  used  to  cover  vessels  in  which  met- 
als arc  fused. 

3.  A  piece  of  baked  clay  used  in  drains. 
TILE,  V.  t.    To  cover  with  tiles  ;  as,  to  tiU  a  house. 

2.  To  cover,  as  tiles. 


The  muscb,  sinew,  »nd  vniu, 

Which  tile  tliiti  houMt,  will  come  agaia. 


Donna. 


TTh'EX),  pp.  or  a.     Covered  with  tiles. 

TILE'-EARTH,  (-erth,)  n.  A  species  of  strong, 
clayey  earth  ;  stifl'  and  stubborn  land.     [Local.] 

Cyc. 

TILE'-ORE,  n.  A  variety  of  octahedral  red  ci>ppcr 
ore.  Ure. 

TIL'ER,  n.  A  man  whose  occupation  is  to  cover 
buildini^s  with  tiles.  Bacon. 

TTL'ING,  ppr.    Covering  with  tiles. 

TIL'ING,  n.     A  roof  covered  with  tiles.    Luke  v. 
2.  Tiles  in  general. 

TILL,  11.    A  vetch  ;  a  tare.     [Lacat.] 

TILL,  n.     A  money-box  in  a  shop  ;  a  drawer. 

TILL,  prep,  or  adv.  [Sax.  til,  tille;  Sw.  and  Dan.  tHj 
Sax.  atdian,  to  reach  or  ctime  to.  This  word  in  Sw. 
and  Dan.,  as  in  Scottish,  signifies  to  or  at,  and  is 
the  principal  word  used  where  we  use  to.  The  pri- 
mary sense  of  the  verb  is  expressed  in  the  Sa\on.] 

1.  To  the  time  or  time  of.  I  did  nut  see  the  man 
till  the  last  time  he  came  ;  I  waited  for  him  idl  four 
o'cU>ck  ;  I  will  wail  till  next  week. 

Till  now;  to  the  present  time.  I  never  heard  of 
the  fact  till  now. 

Till  then ;  to  that  time.  I  never  heard  of  the  fact 
till  then. 

2.  It  is  used  before  verbs  and  sentences  in  a  like 
sense,  denoting  t*>  the  time  specified  in  the  sentence 
or  clause  following.    I  will  wait  till  you  arrive. 

He  Bnid  to  them,  Occnpy  iili  1  come.  —  Luke  xiz. 

Ccrtiin  Jews  —  Uountl  thi-ir.wrlvii   under  a  cunr,    Kiylng  that 

th'-y  would  neither  cat  iior  drink  till  Uiuy  had  killed  Paul.— 

AciB  xxiii. 
Mcditute  eu  long  (Ui  you  mtJtc  «ome  act  of  prayer  to  God. 

7ktyIor. 

J^otc  —  In  this  use,  till  is  not  a  conjunction;  it 
does  not  connect  sentences  like  anrf,  or  like  or.  It 
neither  denotes  union  nor  separation,  nor  an  alterna- 
tive. It  has  always  the  same  office,  except  that  it 
precedes  a  single  word  or  a  single  sentence  ;  the 
time  to  wiiich  it  refers  being  in  one  case  expressed 


TONE,  BJ;LL,  IGNITE,— AN"GER,  VI"CI0US €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  ffi  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


145 


1153 


TIL 


TIM 


TIM 


by  a  single  word,  as  st>ip,  or  (Acn,  or  (imc,  with  (Aw, 
or  tMatj  &c.>  and  in  the  other  by  a  verb  with  its  ad- 
juncts i  as,  occupy  tiU  fcvmty  tli'at  is,  to  I  come.  In 
the  latter  use,  fiU  is  a  pre[»osition  precfding  a  sen- 
tfnce,  like  a^ainsty  in  the  phrase,  afruin,it  I  conir. 
TILL,  c.  f.  [Sax.  tUUin,  tiligan,  ta  work,  to  toi7,  to 
cultivate,  to  prepare  ;  W.  teluy  to  strain.  In  G.  bes- 
telicn,  from  stttlm,  to  set,  to  put  in  order,  has  the 
■eose  of  hllmjf,  cultivating.  These  words  are  duubt- 
less  of  one  family.] 

L  To  labor;  to  cultimte ;  to  plow  and  prepare 
for  seed,  and  to  dress  rru[u<.  This  word  includes 
not  onJy  plowing,  but  harrowing,  and  whatever  is 
done  to  prepare  pound  fur  a  crop,  and  to  keep  it  (ne 
from  WMdi.  * 

Tbe  Lord  Qod  Mnt  him  (bitb  ftom  Um  rartW  of  EJen,  to  tiU  the 
(roaDd  tnm  whnm  bo  wma  Uken.  —  0<ra>  ai. 


8.  In  tA«  matt  gaunl  mmm^  to  till  may  Include  ev- 
ery apeciee  of  husbandry,  and  Xhii  tnay  be  iu  sense 
in  Scripture. 

TILL'A-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  tilled  ;  arable  ;  fit 
for  the  plow.  Carew. 

TILL'AOE,  a.  The  opemtion,  i»ract!ce,  or  art  of  pre- 
paring land  for  seed,  and  keeping  the  gmtmd  free 
nom  weedf  which  might  impede  the  growth  of  crops. 
Tillage  includes  manuring,  plowing,  harrowing,  and 
rolling  land,  or  whatever  la  done  to  bring  it  to  a 
proper  state  to  receive  Uie  seed,  and  the  operations  of 
plowing,  banowing,  and  hoeing  tha  ground,  to  de- 
stroy weedi  and  Ittosen  the  soil  after  it  is  planted; 
culture;  a  principal  branch  of  agriculture.  Tillage 
of  the  earth  is  the  principal,  as  it  was  the  first,  oc- 
cupation of  man,  and  no  employment  is  more  huiior- 

TILL'ED,  (tild,)  pp.  Cultivated  ;  prepared  for  seed 
and  kept  clean. 

TILL'ER,  a.  One  who  tills  ;  a  husbandman  ;  a  culti- 
vator ;  a  plowman. 

S.  The  bar  or  lever  employed  to  torn  the  rudder  of 
a  riiip. 

3.  A  small  drawer  ;  a  till. 

4.  Among  /onurs,  the  shoot  of  a  plant,  springing 
from  tbe  ruot  or  bottum  of  the  original  stalk  ;  also, 
the  sprout  or  young  tree  that  qmngs  fiom  the  root  or 


&  A  yonng  timber  tree.    [IjuiL] 

TtLl/ER,  V.  I.  To  put  furth  new  (rhoota  from  the 
root,  or  round  the  bottom  of  Uie  original  statk  ;  as, 
we  say,  wheat  otiyetilUra;  it  jipreads  by  ulUring. 
The  common  orthography  is  Ttixan.  Bir  Joseph 
Hanks  writes  it  Tillow. 

TILL'ER-IXG,  ppr.  Sending  out  new  shoots  round 
tlie  bottom  of  the  oriirtnal  stem. 

TILL'ER-IXO,  a,  Tho  act  of  sending  forth  young 
■h(K>ts  from  the  root,  or  around  tbe  bottom,  of  the 
orisinal  sulk. 

TUX'KR-RoPE,  a.  The  rope  which  firms  a  commu- 
nic.-ition  between  the  fore  cud  of  the  tiller  and  the 
whi-t^L  Mar.  DieL 

TILL'LVG,  ppr.    Cnltivating. 

TILL'IXG,  a.  The  operation  of  cultit-ating  land ;  cul- 
ture. 

TILL'MAN,  w.  A  man  who  tills  the  earth:  a  hus- 
bmdman.     [  Obs.]  Tttssrr. 

TILL'Y-FAL-LY,  t  cdr.  or  a.     A  word  formerly  used 

TILL'Y-VAL-LY,  \  when  any  thing  said  was  re- 
jected as  triflins  or  impertinent.     [  06^.1 

TIL'MUS,!!,    [Gr.  TiAAv.] 

Picking  of  the  bed-clothes,  or  floccillation  ;  a  symp- 
tom of  the  fatal  termination  of  some  disorders. 

Srande. 

TILT,  «.  [Sax.  teU;  Dan.  f«tt,  Ice.  tialdf  W.  tcU,  to 
stretch  over.J 

1.  A  tent ;  a  covering  over  head.  Denkam. 

2.  The  cloth  covering  of  a  cart  or  wagon. 

3.  The  cover  of  a  boat ;  a  small  canopy  or  awning 
of  canvas  or  other  cloth,  extended  over  the  su-rn- 
sheets  of  a  boat.  Mar.  Diet. 

TILT,  r.  e.    To  cover  with  a  cloth  or  awning. 

TILT,  m.  [See  the  verb.]  A  thrust ;  as,  a  tilt  with  a 
Unce.  Jiddisan. 

&.  Arasi'ff,  a  military  exercise  on  horseoack,  in 
which  the  combaLints  attacked  each  other  with 
Imces ;  as,  tUU  and  tournaments. 

3.  A  large  hammer ;  a  tilt-hammer ;  used  in  iron 
mannliutaFes. 

4.  Inclination  forward  ;  as,  the  ciZf  of  a  cask  ;  or  a 
cask  is  a-tilu 

TILT,  B.  L  [Sax.  teo/tiox,  to  le;in,  to  incline,  to  nod  ; 
Dan.  ^idcr.  to  pour  out,  to  decanL  In  D.  ulien  sig- 
nifies to  lift,  L.  toUo.  This  is  probably  a  derivative 
verb,! 

1.  To  incline ;  to  raise  one  end,  as  of  a  cask,  for 
di.«chargin^  liquor  ;  as,  to  (iZr  a  barrel. 

2.  To  pomt  or  thrust,  as  a  lance. 

Sona  a^iMi  fcuJ^re  tilt  Mia  fxtaX  lanee.  FJ^t^. 

3.  To  hammer  or  forge  with  a  tilt-hammer  or  tilt ; 
as,  to  tik  steel  to  render  it  more  ductile.  Cyc 

4   To  cover  wiih  a  tilt. 
TILT,  r.  i.    To  run,  or  ride,  and  thrust  with  a  lance  ; 
to  practice  the  military  game  or  exercise  of  thrisling 
at  each  other  on  horseback.  MtUotu 


3.  To  fight  with  rapiers. 

Sft  uixla  o«it  anj  Siiing  oni^  at  oUurr'a  bmjrt.  Shak. 

3.  To  rush,  as  In  combat.  Collier. 

4.  To  play  unsteadily  ;  to  ride,  float,  and  toss. 

Tbe  iecK  iwift  6i:ing  oVr  tbe  mirga  Sew.  Pope. 

5.  To  lean  ;  to  fall,  as  on  one  side. 

Tbe  trunk  of  Uie  body  b  lc«pi  from  tUling  furw&rd  by  titr  muacl<ra 
of  ihfl  bodr.  Qnv. 

TILT'-BOAT,  n.  A  boat  covered  with  canvas  or 
t.ther  cloth. 

TILT'ED,   pp.     Inclined  j  made  to  stoop;  covered 
with  cloth  or  awning. 
S2.  ilummei;ed  ;  pnpared  by  beating,  as  steel. 

TILT'ER,  n.  One  wlio  tilts  ;  one  who  uses  the  exer- 
cise of  pushing  a  lanco  on  horseback  :  one  who 
fights. 

Let  me  done  to  nuitcb  year  61itr.  OranMlt. 

2.  One  who  hammers  with  a  till. 
TILTH,  n.     [Sax.  tUth  ;  from  till.] 

1.  The  st;Ke  of  being  tilled  or  prepared  for  a  crop. 
We  sai,  land  is  in  good  tiith,  when  it  is  manured, 
plowed,  broken,  nnd  mellowtd,  for  receiving  the 
seed.  We  say,  also,  ground  is  in  bad  tilth.  When 
we  say,  land  is  m  ttlth^  we  mean,  in  good  condition 
fur  the  seed  ;  not  in  tilth,  in  n  bad  condition. 

2.  That  which  is  tilled;  tillage  ground.  [ JVbf  w 
use.] 

TILT^-HAM-MER,  a.  [tilt  and  kammtr.]  A  heavy 
hammer,  used  iu  iron-works,  which  is  lifted  by  a 
wheel. 

TILT'IXG,  ppr.  Inclining;  causing  to  stoop  or  lean  ; 
using  the  gameof  thrusting  with  the  lance,  on  horse- 
back ;  also,  hammering  with  a  tilt-hammer. 

TILT'ING,  n.  Tho  prucess  by  which  blister-steel  Is 
rendered  ductile.  This  is  done  by  beating  wiili  the 
tilt-hammer.  Buckanan. 

TIM'BAL,  «.    A  keWle-drum.    [See  Tymbau] 

TIM'BER,  n.  [Pax.  (imier,  wood,  a  tree,  structure; 
Cimirtan,  to  bmhl,  to  edify,  in  amoral  senile;  Goth, 
limfrryan,  to  construct  ;  &w.  fimraer,  wood  fit  for 
building;  timra^  to  build,  to  frame;  Dan,  tUmmer, 
timber ,  tifmrer,  to  build  ;  D.  (tmmrr,  an  apartment ; 
fimfr^a  crest ;  limmrrfn,  to  build  ;  timmerkout,  lim- 
ber; G.  zimmerj  an  apartment ;  limmem,  to  sqtiaro, 
fit,  fabricate  ;  zimmrrhoh,  timber.  If  m  is  radical, 
Which  is  probable,  this  word  coincides  with  Gr.  <'t- 
/!(.>,  L.  domuit,  a  house,  and  Gr.  ^(/m;,  the  body.  The 
jwimary  sense  is,  probably,  to  set,  lay,  or  found.] 

1.  That  sf»rt  of  wo<kI  which  is  projier  for  buildings 
or  for  Uk)U,  utennils,  furniture,  carriages,  fences, 
ships,  and  the  like.  We  apply  the  word  to  stand- 
ing trees  which  are  suitable  for  tbe  uses  above  men- 
tioned ;  as,  a  forvst  contains  excellent  timbrr;  or  to 
the  beams,  raftersj  scantling,  boards,  planks,  &,c., 
hewed  or  sawed  from  such  trees.  Of  all  the  spe- 
cies of  trees  usefiil  as  timbery  in  our  climate,  tlie 
while  oak,  and  the  white  pine,  hold  llie  first  place 
in  importance. 

SS.  The  body  or  stem  of  a  tree.  Shak. 

3.  The  materials  ;  in  irony. 

Buch  dvpocUIoiu —  are  the  fiileat  6mbtT  to  maka  polides  oT. 

Bacon. 

4.  A  single  piece  or  squared  slick  of  wood  for 
building,  or  already  framed. 

Many  of  tbe  Ambert  were  decayed.  Coxt't  Switz. 

5.  In  skips,  n  fimfter  is  a  rib  or  curving  piece  of 
wood,  branching  outward  from  the  keel  in  a  vertical 
direction.  One  tiitUier  is  composed  of  several  pieces 
united  in  one  frame.  Mar,  Vict, 

Timber,  or  timmer,  of  furs,  as  of  martens,  ermines, 
sables,  and  the  like,  denotes  forty  skins  ;  of  other 
skins,  one  hundred  and  twenty. 

Laics  of  Ed.  Confessor. 
Tim^rrs  of  ermine,  in  heraldry,  denote  the  ranks  or 
rows  of  ermine  in  nulilemtn's  coats. 
TIM'BER,  r.  L    To  furnish  with  timber      [See  Tim- 
bered.] 
TIM'BER,  e.  u    To  light  on  a  tree.    [Abt  in  use.} 

L"*  Elstrange. 

2.  In  fbletmrjf,  to  make  a  nest.  Cyc. 
TIM'BER-£D,  pp.  or  a.     Furnished  with  timber  ;  as, 

a  weW-timbered  house.     In  tfie  United  States^  we  say, 
land  is  well  timbered^  when  it  is  covered  with  good 
limber-trees. 
2.  Built ;  formed  ;  contrived.     [ZtU/e  used."] 

Wotton. 

TIM'BER-HEAD,  (hcd,)  n.  [drnJerand  head,]  In 
shipsj  the  top  end  of  a  timber,  rising  above  the  gun- 
wale, and  serving  for  belaying  ropes,  &c. ;  otherwise 
callf-d  Kevei^Head.  Mar.  Diet, 

TIM'BER-IXG,  ppr.     Furnishing  with  timber. 

TIM'BER^SOW,  n,     A  worm  in  wood.  Bacon, 

TI.M'BER-TREE,  n.  [timber  and  tree.]  A  tree  suita- 
ble for  timber. 

TIM'BER-WORK,  (-wurk,)  n.  [timber  and  work.] 
Work  formed  of  wood. 

TIMBER-YARD,  n.  {timber  and  yard.]  A  yard  or 
place  where  timber  is  deposited. 

TIM^BRE,  (tim'ber,)  n.     [D.  timber.] 

A  crest  on  a  coat  of  arms.  It  ought  to  be  written 
Timber. 

TIM'BREL,   n.     [Sp.  tamboril,  a  tabor  or  drum  ;  It. 


tamburo;  Fr.  tambourin,  tambour;  Ir.  tiompan  j  L. 
tympanum;  Gr.  ri'^Tufwf.  'J'liis  is  probably  the  same 
as  tabor,  or  from  the  same  ri>ot ;  m  being  casual.  It 
is  from  beating  ;  Or.  rinrrd).] 

An  iifstnimeut  of  music  ;  a  kind  of  drum,  tabor, 
or  tabret,  wliich  has  been  in  use  from  the  highest 
antiquity. 

Aud  Mirfam  took  k  timbrtl  hi  her  lund  —  knd  nil  the  womeo 
went  out  ofier  ber  with  tiTnbnit  and  wiUi  dunces.  — £x,  xr. 

TIM'BREL-£D,  a.    6ung  to  Uie  sound  of  the  timbrel. 

Milton. 
TTME,  n.  [Sax.  linij  tima,  time  in  general ;  Dan.  time, 
Sw.  timme,  an  hour  ;  L.  tempus ;  It.  and  Port,  tempo ; 
ep.  tiempo ;  Fr.  temps,  time  in  general ;  all  fVom  the 
root  of  the  Sw.  tima,  to  happen,  to  come,  to  befall ; 
but  the  root,  ii)  some  of  its  itpplicatioiis,  must  h:ive 
signified,  to  rush  with  violence.  Hence  the  sense  of 
temples,  L.  ternpora,  the  falls  of  the  hend,  also  tempest, 
&c.  (See  Temi'est.)  Time  is  primarily  equivalent  to 
season  ;  to  the  Gr.  wpii,  in  its  original  sense,  opportu- 
nity^  of-eanion,  a  fall,  an  event,  that  which  comes.] 

1.  A  pariicnlar  portion  or  part  of  duration,  wheth- 
er past,  present,  or  future.  The  time  was  j  the  time 
has  been ;  the  tifue  is  ;  Lite  tinU  will  bo. 

Lost  time  fa  nover  foiiml  n^n.  PranJcUtu 

God,  vho,  At  Hutulry  tiint-«  and  m  dirrra  mantien.  apaJie  iu  lim* 
(xul  un  o  the  foiliL'ra  by  tbe  proptifU.  —  Hob.  C 

S.  A  proper  time ;  a  season. 

There  U  n  time  to  erery  pnrpMC.  —  Eccle«,  iii. 
The  tima  ol  Rgt  wcu  uol  yec  —  Mark  xi. 

3.  Duration. 


Tlie  equal  and  uiiUbnn  fiuz  of  time  doei  not  affect  our  • 


Cj/c. 


Time  is  absolute  or  relative ;  absolute  time  is  con- 
sidered without  any  relation  to  bodies  or  their  mo- 
tions. Relative  time  is  the  sensible  measure  of  any 
portion  of  duration,  by  means  of  motion.  Thus,  the 
diurnal  revolution  of  the  sun  measures  a  space  of 
lime  or  duration.     Hence, 

4.  A  space  or  measured  portion  of  duration.  We 
were  in  Paris  two  months,  and  all  that  time  enjoyed 
good  health. 

5.  Life  or  durativin  in  reference  to  occupation.  One 
man  spends  his  titne  in  idleness;  another  devotes  all 
his  time  to  u^icful  purposes. 

Bolk'vc  me,  y( 
religiun,  to 

6.  Age;  a  part  of  duration  distinct  from  other 
parts;  as,  iincieut  times i  modern  times.  The  Span- 
ish Armada  was  defeated  in  the  Ume  of  Uueen  EJiz- 
abeth. 

7.  Hour  of  travail. 

She  was  «-itliin  one  month  of  her  Ume.  Clarendon. 

8-  Repetition ;  repealed  performance,  or  mention 
with  reference  to  repetition.  The  physician  visits 
his  patient  three  times  in  a  day. 

9.  Repetition  ;  duulilin;;:  addition  of  a  number  to 
itself;  as,  to  double  clolti  four  times ;  four  times  four 
amount  to  sixteen. 

10.  Measure  of  sounds  in  music;  as,  common 
time,  and  treble  time.     In  .concerts,  it  is  all  impor- 

.  lant  that  the  perfonners  keep  time,  or  exact  time. 

11.  The  state  of  things  at  a  particnlsir  period;  as 
when  we  say,  good  times,  or  bad  times,  hard  times^ 
dull  times  for  trade,  &c.  In  this  sense,  tbe  plural  is 
generally  used. 

19.  The  present  life  ,  as,  in  time  or  eternity, 

13.  In  grammar,  tense. 

In  time;  in  good  season;  sufficiently  early.  He 
arrived  in  time  to  see  the  exhiliition. 

2.  A  considerable  space  of  duration  ;  process  or 
continuation  of  duration.  You  must  wail  patient- 
ly ;  you  will  in  time  recover  your  health  and  strength. 

Jj(  times;  at  distinct  intervals  of  duration.  JSt 
times  he  reads  ;  at  other  times  he  rides. 

The  Spiri;  begnn  to  move  him  at  &mei.  — Judges  xili. 

Time  enough  ;  In  season  ;  early  enough. 

Stanley,  at  Boaworth  field,  caine  time  enough  to  aaTeiiii  life. 

Bacotu 

To  lose  time;  to  delay. 

2.  To  go  too  sloW  ;  as,  a  watch  or  clock  loses  time. 

.Apparent  time  ;  in  a^itronomy^  true  solar  time,  regu- 
lated hy  the  apparent  motions  of  the  sun. 

Mean  time ;  a  mean  or  average  of  apparent  time. 
It  is  indicated  by  a  clock  which  moves  with  entire 
exactness. 

Sidereal  time,  is  that  which  is  shown  by  the  ap- 
parent diurnal  revolutions  of  the  stars. 

.SsfTonomicaX  time  of  day,  is  the  time  past  mean  noon 
of  that  day,  and  is  reckoned  on  to  twenly-four  hours 
in  mean  time.  Brande. 

TIME,  V.  t.  To  adapt  to  the  time  or  occasion ;  to 
bring,  begin,  or  perform  at  the  proper  season  or  time  ; 
OS,  the  measure  is  waW-timed,  or  ill-timed.  No  small 
parti-f  political  wisdom  consists  in  knowing  how  to 
time  propositions  and  measures. 

Mercy  U  gaoii,  but  kings  mUliike  ila  timing.  Dryden. 

2.  To  regulate  as  to  time  ;  as,  he  timed  the  stroke. 

jSddiion. 
3  To  measure  ;  as  in  music  or  harmony.    Shak. 
TTM'£D,  pp.     Adapted  to  the  season  or  occasion. 


FiTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PREY.— PINE,  M.\R1[NE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.— 


.^' 


TIN 

TTME'FyL,  a.    Seasonable ;  timely  j  sufficiently  early. 

'.Vyf  much  usfd.]  Ralegh, 

TTME'-HON-OR-JED,  (-on'urd,)  a.     Honored  for  a 

long  time. 
TIME'IST,  m.    In  musie^  a  perfonner  who  keeps  good 

time.  Busby. 

2.  One  who  conforms  with  the  times  j  a  time- 

sfr\'er.     [OftsJ^ 
TIME'-KEEP-Ek,  n.     [time   and  keqier.]     A  clock, 

watch,  or  other  chronometer. 
TIME'-KILL-LXG,  a.     Adapted  to  kill  time. 
TI.ME'LESd,  a.    Unseasonable  ;  done  at  an  improper 

time. 


Nor  fita  \l  to  prolong  tV  beareDl;  feaat 
Tlmeltia.     [Not  uaed.] 


Pop*. 


Q.  Untimely ;  immature ;  done  or  suffered  before 
the  proper  time ;  as,  a  timeless  grave.  [Obs.]    Shak. 

TTME'LESS-LY,  adv.     Unseasonably.  MUton. 

TIME'Lr-NES9,  n.  [from  timely,]  Seasonableness  ; 
a  being  in  good  time. 

TIME'LY,  a.     Seasonable;  being  in  good  time  ;  suf- 
ficiently early.    The  defendant  had  time'.ij  notice  of 
this  motion. 
Q.  Keeping  time  or  measure.     [JVotused.]  Spenser. 

TIME'LY,  adv.    Early  ;  soon  ;  in  good  season. 

7hne!y  atlvissd,  the  coming'  evil  shun.  Prior. 

TIME'OUS-LY,  a.    Seasonably)  in  good  time. 

IVatts. 

TIME'-PIECE,  n.  [time  and  piece."]  A  clock,  watch, 
or  other  instrument  to  measure  or  show  the  progress 
of  time  ;  a  chronometer. 

TI5IE'-PLeAS-ER,  n.  [fime  and  please.!  One  who 
complies  with  the  prevailingopinians,  whatever  they 
mav  be.  Shak. 

TIME'-SAJV€-TI0N-£D,  a.    Sanctioned  by  long  use. 

Channing, 

TIME'-v«rORN-ER,  n.    One  who  scorns  time. 

TIME'-SERV-ER,  ti.  [time  and  serve.]  One  who 
adnpts  his  opinions  and  manners  to  the  times  ;  one 
who  obsequiously  complies  with  the  ruling  power. 

Hall. 

TIME'-3ERV-ING,  a.  Obsequiously  complying  with 
the  humors  of  men  in  power. 

TTME'-SERV-ING,  n.  An  obsequious  compliance 
with  the  humors  of  mpn  in  power,  which  implies  a 
gurrender  of  one*s  independence,  and  sometimes  of 
one's  integrity. 

TIME'-U'SST-ING,  a.    Wasting  time. 

TI.ME'-WORN,  a.     tmpairud  by  lime.  Irving. 

TIM 'ID,  a.  [Fr.  timide;  L.  timidas,  from  timeo,  to 
fear ;  Gaelic,  tim,  time,  fear ;  Sp.  tcmblar,  to  shake 
with  fear  ;  temer,  to  fear.  The  sense  is,  probably,  to 
shake,  or  to  fail,  fall,  recede,  or  shrink.] 

Fearful:  wanting  courage  to  meet  danger;  tim- 
orous ;  not  bold. 

Poor  b  the  triumph  o'er  the  dnwl  hare.  TTumuon. 

TI-MID'I-TY,  n.     [Ft.' tinidit^  ;  L.  timiditas.] 

Fearfulness  ;  want  of  courage  or  boldness  to  face 
danger;  timorousness  ;  habitual  cotv.irdice.  Timid- 
ily  in  one  person  may  be  a  good  trait  of  character, 
while  in  another  it  is  a  deep  rt-proach. 

TIM'ID-IA',  adv.  In  a  tiiuid  manner  j  weakly  ;  with- 
out conrase. 

TIM'ID-XEyS,  n.     Timidity. 

TIM'ING,  ppr.    Adapting  to  the  season  or  occasion. 

TTM'IST.     See  Timeist. 

TI-.MOe'RA-CY,  n.  [Gr.  Tiprj,  honor,  worth,  and 
«par£c..,  to  hold.] 

Government  by  men  of  property,  who  are  pos- 
sessed of  a  certain  income.        OilUes^s  AristotU. 

TIM-O-NEER',  n.     [Fr.  timon ;  L.  temo.] 

A  helmsman.  Jtfar.  Diet, 

TIM'OR-OUS,  o-  [li.  timoroso  i  from  L.  Eiffwr.  See 
Timid.] 

1.  Fearful  of  darvger ;  timid ;  destitute  of  cour- 
age ;  as,  a  timorous  female. 

2.  Indicating  fear  ;  full  of  scruples  ;  as,  timorous 
doubts  ;  iitiionnis  beliefs.  Brotm.     Prior. 

TrM'QR-OUS-LY,  adv.  Fearfully;  timidly;  without 
boldness  ;  with  much  fear. 

Let  ilMLinl  •ouls  be  dmorously  win.  Philip*. 

TlM'OR-OUS-NESSjH.  Fearfulnesa ;  timidity  ;  want 
of  coumne.  Sicift. 

TIM'O-TUY  grass, n.  A  valuable  grass,  the  Pliloum 
pratense,  or  cat's-taD  grass,  much  prizf^d  in  America 
for  fmlder.  Farm.  F.ncyc. 

TI'MOUS,  o.  [from  time.]  Early  ;  timely.  U^ot  in 
use.}  Bacon. 

TI'M0U3-LY,  ado.    In  good  season.    [JVot  in  use.) 
Ch.  Relifr.  Appeal. 

TIN,  B.  [Sax.  (in;  'O.tin;  G.  ztnn;  Sw.tenn;  Dan. 
titL,  pewter,  and  tinblik,  tin,  that  is,  tin-plate;  It. 
gtan  t  W.  yytaen^  that  is,  ppread  or  is  sprinkled  over,  a 
stain,  and  tin  ;  Com.  staen  ;  Arm.  stean  ;  Fr.  etain; 
L.  stannum  :  Sp.  estano ;  Port,  estanho ;  It,  starrno. 
Tlie  latter  signifies  tin,  pewter,  and  a  pond,  L. 
gtajrnum.] 

\.  A  white  metnl,  with  a  sliglit  tinge  of  yellow. 
It  issoft,  non-elastic,  vcrj'  malleable,  and  when  a  bar 
of  it  U  bent  near  the  ear,  di^itingui.shed  by  a  crack- 
ling sound  called  the  cr^of  tin.  It  u  used  for  culina- 
ry vessels,  being  for  this  purpose  usually  combined 


TIN 

with  lead,  forming  pevster;  and,  alloyed  with  small 
pruptirtiuns  of  antim  ^ny,  copper,  and  bismuth,  is 
formed  into  vari<jus  wares  resembling  silver,  under 
the  names  of  block-tin,  brntannia.  Sec.  Equal  parts  of 
tin  and  lead  compose  soder.  Tin,  united  with  copper 
in  dilferent  proportions  forms  bronze^  bell-metal,  and 
specidum-metal.  Tinfoil  coated  with  quicksilver  forms 
the  reflecting  surface  of  glass  mirrors. 

Olmsted.     Ure. 
2.  Thin  plates  of  iron  covered  with  tin. 

TIN,  r.  U    To  cover  with  tin,  or  overlay  with  tinfoil. 

TINCALj  n.  A  name  of  crude  borax,  as  it  is  im- 
ported from  the  East  Indies,  in  yellow,  greasy  crys- 
tals. Ure. 

TIN'CHEL,  n.  A  circle  of  sportsmen,  who,  by  sur- 
rounding an  extensive  space,  and  gradually  closing 
in,  bring  a  numbar  of  deer  and  game  within  a  nar- 
row compass.  Walter  Scott. 

TINt'T,  r.  U     [L.  tinrro,  tiaetus.] 

To  stain  or  color;  to  imbue.     [Obs.] 

TINCT,  ji.     Stain  ;  color. 

[Obsolete..     We  now  use  Tinoe  and  Tincture.] 

TIN€-TO'RI-AL,  a.  Tinctorial  malter  is  coloring 
matter.  Ure. 

TING'TURE,  (tinkt'yur,)  n.  [L.tinctura;  FT-teinture. 
See  TixoE.] 

1.  The  fini;r  and  more  volatile  parts  of  a  substance, 
separated  by  a  solvent ;  or  an  extract  of  a  part  of  the 
substance  of  a  boily,  communicated  to  the  solvent. 
Hence, 

2.  In  mprficiTir,  a  spirittious  solution  of  such  of  the 
proximate  principles  of  vegetables  and  animals  as  are 
soluble  in  pure  alcohol,  or  proof-spirit;  spirit  con- 
taining medicinal  substances  in  solution. 

Cyc.     Coze. 

3.  A  tinge  or  shade  of  color  ;  as,  a  tincture  of 
red. 

4.  Slight  taste  superadded  to  any  substance  ;  as,  a 
tincture  of  oninge-peci. 

5.  Slight  quality  added  to  any  thing;  as,  a  tincture 
of  French  manners. 

AH  raannffre  take  a  B'nrturB  from  oar  own.  Pope. 

G.  In  heraldry,  a  term  applied  to  metals,  colors, 
and  furs.  Brande. 

TIN'€'T1TRE,  e.  t.  To  tinge;  to  communicate  a 
slight  foreign  color  to ;  to  impregnate  with  sorae  ex- 
traneous matter. 

A  liule  tdack  p&lnt  will  dneture  and  BpoQ  twenty  gsy  colore. 

WaUs. 

2.  To  imbue  the  mind  ;  to  communicate  a  portion 
of  any   thing  foreign  ;    as,  a  mind  tinctured   with 
skepticism. 
TINe'Ti;R-f:D,  rtinkt'yurd,)  pp.     Tinged ;  slightly 

impregnated  with  something  foreign. 
TINe'TlJR-ING,  ppr.     Tinging;   imbuing;  impreg- 
nating with  a  foreign  substance. 
TIND,   V.  U     [Sax.   tendaa,   tijnan,   to  kindle;    Goth. 
tandyan  t  Sw.  tdnda  ;  Dun.  trnder ;  Eng.  tine  ;  tinder, 
G.  z under ;    probably  allied  to  Ir.  and  Gaelic,  (einc, 
fire,  W.  Corn,  and  Arm.  tan ;  and  perhaps  our  word 
sun  is  of  the  same  family.] 
To  kindle.    [Obs.]    But  hence, 
TIN'DER,  «.     [Sax.  tpndre.] 

Something  very  inllanimabto,  used  for  kindling 
fire  from  a  spark,  as  fiC(>rched  linen.  Sicijl. 

TIN'DER-BOX,   «.      [tinder  uud    box.]       A    box   in 

which  tinder  is  kept.  Attcrbun/. 

TIN'UER-UKE,  a.     [tinder  and   like.]     Like  tinder; 

very  infiamniable.  S/iak. 

TINE,  V.  t.     [Sax.  tynan.] 

To  kindle  ;  to  set  on  tire.    [Obs.]    [See  Tind.] 

Spenser, 
TINE,  V.  t    [Sax.  tytian  ;  L.  tet,ec.] 

To  shut  or  inclose  ;  to  fill.     [JVi;(  in  use,  or  local.] 
TINE,  n.     [Sax.  tinder;    Ice.   tindr;   probably  the  L. 
dcoM,  G.  laAny  W.  daut,  a  tooth  ;  at  any  rate,  it  is  a 
fihnut^ 

1.  The  l*x>th  or  spike  of  afork  ;  a  prong;  also,  the 
tooth  of  a  harrow  or  drag. 

2.  Trouble  ;  distress.     [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 
TINE,  V.  i.     [Sax.  tynan,  from  teine,  tan,  fire,  supra.] 

To  rage  ;  to  smart ;  to  fight.     [  Obs.]         Spenser. 
TIS'F.D,  a.     Furnished  with  tines;  as,  a  ItiTec-tined 

fork. 

TINE'MAN,  n.    Anciently,  nn  officer  of  the  forest  in 

Englawl,  who  had  the  nocturnal  care  of  vert  and 

veniflon.  Cijc. 

TI'NET,  n.     [tine,  to  shut,  supra.]     In   old  writers, 

bnishwood   and  thorns   fur  making    and   repairing 

h(;dge8.  Cyc 

TIN'-FOIL,  n.     [tin  and  h.  folium,  a  leaf.] 

Tin  reduced  to  a  thin  leaf. 
TING,  M,     A  sharp  sound. 

[Jfot  in  vte.      Children  use  Di:*o,  Dowo.]     [See 

Tl  NGLE.] 

TING,  V,  t.    To  sound  or  ring.     [JVot  in  use.] 
TINGE,  r.   t.     [L.   tingo;    Gr.   rcyyto,   Bax.   deagan ; 
Eng.  to  dye ;  O.  (unAen,  to  dip  ;    Fr.  teindre,  to  stain. 

See  Dye.  Ar.  ^Us  taielta,  to  perisli,  to  die,  to  tinge. 
Class  Dg,  No.  40.    Bee  also  No.  8,  and  19.    Tinging 


TIN 

is  from  dipping.  The  primary  sense  of  the  verb  Is 
to  plunge,  or  tu  throw  down,  to  thrust,  and  intransi- 
tively to  fall ;  hence  we  see  the  words  to  die,  that  is, 
to  fall  or  perish,  and  to  dye,  or  color,  may  be  from  one 
root.] 

To  imbue  or  impregnate  with  suiiething  foreign  ; 
to  communicate  the  qualities  of  one  substance,  in 
some  degree,  to  another,  either  by  mixture,  or  by 
adding  them  to  the  surface  ;  as,  to  tinge  a  blue 
color  with  red  ;  an  infusion  tinged  with  a  yellow 
color  by  saffron  ;  to  Ungt  a  decocticm  with  a  bitter 
taste.    The  Jaundice  tinges  the  eyes  with  yellow. 

The  virtues  of  Sir  Roger,  u  veil  u  hu  iuiperJectiona,  are  dngtd 
with  extrava^tica.  Addlaon. 

TINCE,  n.  Color;  dye;  taste;  or  rather  a  slight 
degree  of  some  color,  taste,  or  something  foreign, 
infused  into  another  subsUmce  or  mixture,  or  added 
to  it;  tincture;  as,  a  red  color  that  has  a  tinge  of 
blue  ;  n  dish  of  food  that  has  a  tinge  of  orange-peel 
in  its  taste. 

TING'jyu,  (tinjd,)pp.  Imbued  or  impregnated  with 
a  small  portion  of  something  foreign. 

TING'ENT,  a.    Having  the  power  to  tinge. 

As  fur  [he  white  p^rt,  it  npnenrf^d  much  Icu  enriched  with  the 
dngeiU  piupcriy.     [Lime  used.]  .  BoyU, 

TING'ING,   ppr.      Imbuing   or   impregnating   with 

something  foreign. 
TIN'-GL.\SH,  n.     Uismuth,  which  see. 
TIN"GLE,  (ting'gl,)  v.  i.     [W.  Uncial^  iineian,  or  (tTir 

ciaw,  to  tink,  tt»  tinkle,  or  tingle,  to  ring,  to  draw, 

or  drain  the  last  drop.     Uu,  D.  tintelen,  Fr.  tinier,  L. 

HnnioA 

1.  To  feel  a  kind  of  thrilling  sound. 


2.  To  feet  a  sharp,  thrilling  pain. 

The  pale  boy  •onaior  yet  dngUng  Btantla.  Pope. 

3.  To  have  a  thrilling  sensation,  or  a  sharp,  slight, 
penetrating  sensation. 

They  suck  pollution  through  their  tingling  reins.  Tidcet. 

TIN"GLING,  ppr.    Having  a  thrilling  sensation. 
TIN"GLING,  (ting'gUng,)  n.    A  thrilling  sensation. 
TINK,  V.  i.     [W.  tiiiciaw,  supra.] 

To  make   a  sharp,  shrill  noise;  to  tinkle.     [The 
latter  is  generally  usaL] 
TLNK'ER,  TU     [W.  lincerz,  the  ringer,  from  tinciaw,  to 
ring.] 
A  mender  of  brass  kettles,  pans,  and  the  like. 
TINK'ER^ING,  n.     The  act   or   employment  of  a 

tinker. 
TINK'ER-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  tinker. 

HackengilL 
TINK'LE,  (tink'l,)  o.  i.    [W.  tincial,  supra,  under 
tingle.] 

1.  To  make  small,  quick,  sharp  sounds,  as  by 
striking  on  metal ;  to  clink. 

And   h;ive  not  charity,  1  nm  become  as  sounding  bra«t,  or  a. 

tinkling  cyiiiUtl.  —  1  Cor.  xiii.     Is.  iii. 
The  Bpri]rhli.v  hone 
Moves  to  the  rnusic  of  lus  UnkUng  bells.  Dodsley. 

The  inomeiu  tha  money  dnklaa  In  the  chesi,  the  loul  inouiiis  cut 

of  purgfttory.  Tttxel  in  MUnsr, 

2.  To  hear  a  small,  sharp  sound. 

And  his  cars  linkUd,  and  his  color  tied.  Dryden. 

TINK'LE,  V   t.    To  cause  to  clink  or  make  sltarp, 

quick  sounds. 
TINK'LER,  n.     A  tinker.     [JVorth  of  England.] 
TlNK'LlNG,p;n*.  or  a.     Making  a  small,  quick,  sharp 

noise. 
TINK'LING,  Tl.    A  small,  quick,  sharp  sound. 

Mttkiiig  a  titJcling  with  their  (eot.  — Is.  iii. 

TIN'MAN,  n.    [tin  and  man.]    A  manufacturer  of  tin 

vessels  ;  a  dealer  in  tin  ware.  Prior. 

TIN'-MINE,  n.    [tin  and  mijte.]    A  mine  where  tin  is 

obtained, 
TI\'N/;i>,  (tind,)  pp.  or  o.    Covered  with  tin. 
TIX'NER,  7t.     [from  tin.]     One  who  works  in  the  tin 

mines.  Bacon. 

Tl\'.M-ENT,  a.     Emitting  a  clear  sound.     [Obs.] 
TIN'NING,  ppr.     [from  tin.]    Covering  with  tin  or 

tinfoil. 
TIN'NING,  n.    The  act,  art,  or  practice  of  covering 

or  lining  any  thing  with  melted  tin,  or  with  tinfoil, 

as  kitchen  utensils,  locks,  bits,  fcc. 
2.  The  covering  or  lining  thus  put  on. 
TIN'NY,  a.    Abounding  with  tin.  Drayton, 

TIN'-PEN-NY,  n.     [tin   nnd  penny.]     A  customary 

duty  in  England,  formerly  paid  to  tithingmen. 

Bailey. 
TIN'-Pl-^TR,  n.  Thin  sheet-iron  coated  with  tin. 
TIN-P5-RI'TkS,    Tt.      A    native   sulphurct   of  tin, 

usually  containing  some  copper,  and  sometimes  iron. 

Buchanan. 
TIN'-STONE,  n.     A  native  oxyd  of  tin,  found  in 

Cornwall.  Buchanan. 

TIN'SEL,  n.     [Fr.  Hineelte,  a  spark.] 

1.  Something  very  shining  and  gaudy  ;  something 

supcrficiiiliy  shining  nnd  showy,  or  having  a  false 

luHler,  and  more  gay  tlian  valuable. 

Who  cnn  diKcrn  Itie  a'nwl  from  ih".  fold  ?  Dry^en. 

If  the  man  will  too  curiously  cxnmiiie  the  superficial  dnwel  a:ood, 


he  undeceives  himself  to  his  cosu 


Nori 


TONE,  BULL,  tiNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 

"  n55~ 


TIP 


TIS 


SL  A  kind  of  shining  cluth.  Fuirfaz, 

3.  A  kind  uf  tace. 
TIN'SEL,  a.     Gaudy  ;  sbowy  to  excess  ^   specious ; 

superlicial. 
TIM'SEL,  o.  i.    To  adorn  with  somethins  pliltcring 
and  showy,  without  much  value  \  to  niaku  gaudy. 

Sfao,  amstimi  o'er  io  robe*  of  vftrying  hav.  Pop*. 

TIN'SEL-ED,  pp.    Decorated  wiih  gaudy  omaraenta. 
TlN'SELr-INGjjJpr.     Adorning  witlj  luisel  or  tiuperfi- 

ctal  lusler. 
TINT,*.    [It.  tintai  Fr.  Uint ;  from  L.  twrfiw,  tixffo. 
SeeTiNGK.] 

A  dye ;  a  color,  or  rather  a  alight  coloring  or 
tincture  distinct  from  the  ground  or  principal  color; 
as,  tvii  with  a  blue  tinty  or  tint  uf  blue.  In  painting, 
tiat*  are  the  colors  considered  as  more  or  less  bright, 
deep,  or  thin,  by  the  due  use  and  intennixiure  of 
which  a  picture  receives  its  shades,  softneiu,  and 
Taiieiy. 

Or  MiJMd  tn  bmrtran  HM  the  cotorad  miu*.  Pop«. 

Their  vignr  Mcfcefu,  uhl  littir  tmU  decline.  HarU. 

TINT,  V.  L    To  tinge  j  to  give  a  alight  coloring  to. 

Smvrd. 

TW-TA-MAR',  a.  [Fr.  tiMUmarm  L.  timutus  and 
JVors.    ^tk.] 

A  hideous  or  confused  noise.    [AM  ia  «»«.] 

TINT'ED,ff.    Tinged. 

TIN'T'I.XG,  ppr.    Giving  ft  slishl  coloring  to. 

TINTING,  n,     A  forming  ultmis, 

TIN-TlN-NAB'ti-LA-RY,  o,  [L.  tiMiajutbulum,  9.  lit- 
tle bell.] 

Having  or  making  the  sound  of  a  belL 

TIN'-WOUM,  (-wumi,)  n.  [Urn  and  leorm.]  An  in- 
sect, Baileif. 

TIN'Y,  a.  [from  the  root  of  fAin,  which  sec.]  Very 
small ;  little  j  puny.  [A  vord  used  bg  chiUrtn^  oiui 
m  burUtjus.] 

Wlieo  tel  I  vn  •  little  Hm^  boy.  5Aai. 

TIP,  n.  [D.  tip,  a  different  ortbogrnphy  of  topi  O. 
ufftl ;  that  is,  a  shoot  or  extension  to  a  pouiL    Uu. 

Eth.    /  iL  eAyfr«,  the  nipple,] 

1.  The  end ;  the  point  or  extremity  of  any  thing 
small ;  as,  the  tip  of  the  fincier ;  the  tip  of  a  sffear  j 
the  tip  of  the  tongue  ;  the  tip  of  the  ear, 

jfiMissm.    ^«p«. 
a.  One  part  of  the  |day  at  ninepna.         Dr^/dtn. 

3.  In  ftsteay,  an  anlber.  Wttkenug, 

TIP,  V.  t.  To  form  a  point  with  fomelhing  :  to  cover 
the  tip,  Vo^  or  end  j  as,  to  dp  any  thing  with  gold  or 
gflver. 

Wii>  II  ■  II  il  1 1 II  fcfi*  wilh  hwi  head. 

Iter  I 


fi.  [For  Tap.]    To  strike  slightly,  or  with  the  end 
of  any  thing  small ;  to  tap. 

A  ibM  ngne  ^p*  ne  t7  tbe  eftaw.  Sm^fL 

3.  To  lower  one  end,  or  to  throw  upon  the  end  ; 
as,  to  tip  a  cart  for  di^harging  a  load.  AVv  Urngtand. 
Tottptkt  vinki  to  direct  a  wink,  or  to  wink  to  an- 
other for  notice.  Pope, 
TIP,  r.  i.    In  the  phrase,  to  tip  (^T,  thai  is,  to  fall  head- 
long; hence,  to  die. 
T IPT£D,  j  ^     Having  the  end  covered. 

TIP'PET,  a.    [Sax.  6rpprt.    Il  seems  to  be  formed 

from  tappt^  tape.] 
A  narrow  garment  or  covering  for  the  neck,  worn 

by  females.    It  is  now  made  of  fur,  though  formerly 

of  some  kind  of  cjoth.  Bacon. 

TIP'PING,  ppr.    Covering  the  end  or  tip. 

3.  In   mmsicy  a  distinct  articulation   given  to  the 

flute,  by  strikmg  the  tongue  against  the  roof  of  the 

mouth. 
TIP'PLE,   (Up'pl,)   B.  i.     [Qu,  D.   mipni ;   Fr.  toper. 

This  wora  and  tept  are  probably  of  one  family,  and 

I  Fuspect  them  to  be  from  the  root  of  dip.      See 

Dri:*k.] 

To  drink  spiritous  or  strong  liquors  habitually  ;  to 

indulge  in  the  frequent  and   improper  use  of  spirit- 

ous  liquors.     When  a  man  begins  to  tipple,  let  his 

creditors  secure  their  debts. 
TIP'PLE,  e.  L    To  drink,  as  strong  liquon,  in  luxury 

or  eicess.  . 

ISmrlf  tar  Mivlng  dn^n 
A  pMtod,  aIk«(S  ooim  eau,  umI  ippUa  rebuke.  Drydat. 

TTP'FLE,  a.    Drink ;  lifjuor  taken  in  tippling. 

L'Ejtrange, 

TIP'PLED,  (tip'pid,)  pp.    Drank  in  excess. 

3.  a.     Intoxicated^  inebriated.  JOryden. 

TXP'PLER,  a.  One  who  habitually  indulges  in  the 
excessive  use  of  spiritous  liquors.  It  often  signifies 
a  person  who  habitually  drinks  strong  liquors,  with- 
out absolute  drunkenne.^s. 

TIP'PLING,  ppr.  Indulging  in  the  hahitual  use  of 
strong  or  spiritous  Itquur^ 

TIP'PLLNG,  n.  The  habitual  practice  of  drinking 
strong  or  spiritous  liquors  ;  a  drinking  to  excess. 

TIP'PLIXG-HOUSE,  n.  [tipple  and  kouse.]  A  house 
in  which  liquors  are  sold  iii  drams  or  small  quanti- 
ties, and  where  men  are  acctistomed  to  spend  their 
time  and  money  in  excest^ive  drinking. 


who 


TIP'SILY,  adv.    In  a  tipsy  manner. 
TlP'S'l*Af*I'\  ».      [tip  and  ;itaff.]      An  officer 

bears  a  Htair  tipped  with  metal;  a  constable. 
3.  A  ^tatf  tipi)ed  with  metal.  Bacon. 

TIP'SY,  a.      [from  tipple.'^     Fuddled;   overpowered 

with  strung  drink  i  intoxicated. 
TIP'TOE,  B.    [tip  and  toe,]    The  end  of  the  toe. 

Upoo  hia  tiplot*  sulkrtli  ntu-l/  hy.  Spennr. 

To  be  or  to  stand  a  tiptoe  ;  to  be  awake  or  olive  to 
any  thing ;  to  be  roused  ;  as,  to  bt  «  tiptoe  with  ex- 
pectation. 
TIP'TOP,  n.    The  highest  or  utmost  degree. 
TIP'IJ-LA-RY,  a.     [U  Opuh.] 

Pertaining  to  insects  of  the  genua  Tipula  or  crane 
fly.  Humboldt. 

TI-RADE',  n,  fit,  (*r«ea ;  Fr.  tiradt,  a  train  or  scries, 
from  fjrcr,  to  uraw.] 

I.  farmerl}/,  in  French  music^  the  filling  of  an  in- 
terval bv  the  intermcdinio  diatonic  notes.  Cyc, 

S.  In  modem  usages  a  strain  or  flight  i  a  scries  of 
Tiolcnt  declamation. 

Hew  he  drliTi-ra  n  violent  tirtulf  ftnlnat  »U  pcr»on»  who  jiroreM 
to  know  Kuy  \hiog  nbuiti  aii^l*.  Uuart.  Itrvuut. 

TI-RJirL'LEUIiy(te-TiVy\xT.)  n.    A  French  Bkimiish- 

ing  soldier,  often  put  iu  front  of  the  line,  to  nnuuy 

the  enemy.  Smart, 

TIRE,  II,     [Heb.  "^H)  tur,  a  row  or  series.     See  Class 

Dr,  No.  24,  34,  35,  38,  and  No.  15.] 

1.  A  tier  ;  a  row  or  rank.     This  is  the  same  word 
as  TiEH,  difTt-rently  written.'   [See  Tikb  and  Tour.] 
3.  Ahead-dress;  something  that  fcucoinpassos  the 
head.     [See  Tiara.]    £idl.  xxiv.    /;;.  iii. 

On  b«T  heftd  ahe  wore  a  lif*  of  ^kl.  Spenter. 

3.  Furniture ;  apparatus ;  as,  the  tire  of  war. 

Philips. 

4.  Attire,    [See  Attir«.] 

5.  A  band  or  hoop  of  iron,  used  to  bind  the  fi-tlios 
of  wheels,  to  secure  them  from  wearing  and  brt-ak- 
ing;  as,  cart-tire  ,■  wapon-(irc.  This  tire,  however, 
is  Mtnu'times  formed  of  different  pieces,  and  not  one 
entire  hoop. 

TIRE,  r.  t.  To  adorn;  to  attire;  to  dress;  aa  the 
head.     [0*5.1     [See  Attire. ]     2  Kings  ix. 

TIRE,  r.  r,  [.>ax.  trorian,  atcorian^  geleorian^  to  fail. 
In  D.  t*<Tcii  signifies  to  far,  to  pine,  to  waste  or  con- 
sume, to  digest;  Gr.  rci/ioi ;  L.  ttro.  In  Ir.  and 
Gaelic,  tor,  toros,  tuirse,  is  weariness  ;  tuirsighim^  to 
weary,  to  tire.] 

1.  To  weary  ;  to  fatigue  ;  to  exhaust  the  strength 
by  i»}\\  or  labor ;  as,  to  tire  a  horse  or  an  ox.  A  long 
day's  work  in  summer  will  tire  the  laborer. 

jywd  wiib  toil,  kU  bopn  of  wkitty  puC  Drydtn, 

%  To  weary  ;  to  fatigue  ;  to  exhaust  the  power  of 
attending,  or  to  exhaust  patience  with  dullness  or  te- 
diousness.  A  dull  advocate  may  tire  the  court  and 
jur>',  and  injure  his  cause. 

7*0  Urt  out ;  to  weary  or  fatigue  to  excess ;  to  har- 
ass. TukeL    , 

TtRE,  r.  t.  To  ?>ecome  weary;  to  be  fatigued;  to 
have  tlie  strength  fail  ;  to  have  the  patienceexhaust- 
ed.     A  feeble  body  «oon  tire-n  with  hard  labor. 

TTR'KO,  pp.  or  a.     Wearied  ;  fiitigued. 

TIR'BU-NESS,  n.  The  slate  of  being  wearied  ;  weari- 
ness. JIakncill. 

TIRE'SOME,  (tlre'sum,)  a.  Wearisome;  fatiguing; 
exhausting  the  strength  ;  as,  a  tiresotne  day's  work  ; 
a  tire^^ome  journey. 

2.  Tedious;  exhausting  the  patience;  as,  a  tire- 
some discourse.  The  de^tes  in  congress  are  said  to 
be  sometimes  very  tiresome. 

TTRE'SOME-NESS,  n.  The  act  or  quality  of  tiringor 
exhausting  sirengtli  or  patience;  weariaomenesis ; 
tediousnese ;  as,  the  ttregomeness  of  work,  or  of  a 
dull  ftpeaker. 

TXRE'\vOM-AN,  n.  [tire  and  ttoman.']  A  woman 
wht^e  occupation  is  to  make  head-dresses.   Locke. 

TIR'ING,  ppr.  Wear>ing ;  faliguing ;  exhausting 
strenslli  or  patience. 

TIR'I.NG-HOUSE,  j  n.     The  room    or  place  where 

TIR'ING-ROOM,    \     players  dress  fur  the  stage. 

Shak. 

TT-RO'NI-AN,  a.  Tironian  notes;  the  shorthand  of 
Roman  antiquity.  .  Brande. 

TIR'R1T,R.    Terror;  affright.  Shak. 

TIR'WIT,  n,  A  grallatory  bird,  the  Tringa  Vanellus, 
as  large  as  a  pigeon,  of  a  brunze-black,  with  a  long 
and  slender  crest.  It  arrives  in  Europe  in  the  spring, 
builds  its  nest  in  the  fields  and  meadows,  and  de- 
parts in  the  autumn.  Its  eggs  are  esteemed  a  great 
delicacy.     It  is  found  also  in  Asia  and  Africa. 

N.  D.  The  lapwing  is  called  Teewit  in  Scotland, 
(Ed.  Encye.)  and  is  the  same  bird. 

'TIS,  a  contraction  of  it  if. 

T1S'1€,  (  a.     [For  Phthisic,  Phthisical.}     Con- 

TIS'IC-AL,  j     sumptive. 

TIS'I€,  n.     [Supra.]     Consumption  ;  morbid  waste. 

TIS'RI,  (liz'ri,)  n.  The  first  Hebrew  month  of  the 
civil  year,  and  the  seventh  of  the  ecclesiastical ;  an- 
swering to  a  part  of  our  September  and  a  part  of  Oc- 
tober. 

TIS'SUE,  (tish'yu,)  n.  [Fr.  twju,  woven  ;  Cu5flr,  to 
lay  the  gmundwork  of  lace,  to  weave.] 


TIT 

1.  Cloth  intcm'ovcn  with  gold  of  silver,  or  with 
figured  colors. 

A  rvbe  of  tiiiut,  stiff  wllh  goidca  wire.  Ihyden. 

9.  In  anatomy^  texture  or  organization  of  parts. 
The  peculiar,  intimate  structure  of  a  part  is  called  its 
tissue.  A  part  of  a  fibrous  structure  is  called  a 
fibrous  tissue.  The  organs  of  the  body  ore  made  up 
of  simpler  elements,  some  generally  diffused  through 
the  body,  and  others  [K'culiar  to  particular  organs. 
These  simpler  structures  are  called  the  tis:iues  of  the 
body ;  as,  the  cellular  tissue,  the  mucous  tissue^  &c. 
The  cellular  tissue  is  the  cellular  membrane. 

BichaL     Cyc, 

3.  A  connected  series  ;  as,  the  whole  story  Is  a  tis- 
sue of  forgeries  or  of  falsehood. 

THssue  paper ;  very  thin,  gauze-like  paper,  such  as 
il  used  to  protect  engravings  in  books. 
TIS'SUE,  (tish'yu,)  r.  u    To  form  tissue;  to  inter- 
weave ;  to  variegate. 

The  cbATlot  was  coYered  with  cic'th  of  gold  duued  upon  blue. 

Bacon. 

TIS'SU-£D,  (tish'yudc,)  pp.  Interwoven  ;  formed  with 
variegated  work. 

TiS'SU-lNG,{tish'yu-ing,)  ppr.  Interweaving;  form- 
ing with  variegated  work. 

TIT,  ».  A  small  horse,  in  coiitcmpt ;  a  woman,  in  coa- 
cempt;  a  small  bird  ;  a  titmouse  or  tomtiu 

TI-TAN-IT'ie  i  °*    I*ertaining  to  titanium. 

TI-TAN-1F'ER-0U8,  a.     [titanium  and  L.  fero.] 

Containing  or  alTording  titanium  ;  as,  titan\ferous 
pyrites.  Clcavcland, 

TI'TAN-ITE,  n.  The  same  mineral  with  sphene, 
which  see.  Dana. 

TI-TA'NI-UM,  n.  In  mineraIoinf,n  metal  discovered 
by  Gregor,  in  1791,  in  Cornwall,  England.  It  is  of  a 
deep-blue  color.  Il  occurs  in  different  states  of  oxy- 
dation  or  intermixture,  in  various  parts  of  the  world. 
The  ores  of  this  metal  are  called  menachanite^  from 
Menachan^  in  Cornwall,  where  it  wjis  originally 
found;  iserine,  from  the  River  /scr,  in  Silesia;  ni- 
grine^  from  its  black  color;  sphene^  rutUe,  and  octaher- 
drite, 

TIT'HIT,  n.     A  tender  piece.     [See  Tidbit,] 

TITll'A-BLE,  a.    Subject  to  the  payment  of  tithes. 

Swift. 

TITHE,  tt.  [Sax.  trotha,  probably  contracted  from 
teogetha,  as  the  verb  is  tctghthian^  to  decimate.  See 
Ten.] 

The  tenth  part  of  any  thing ;  but  approprintdy,  the 
tenth  part  of  the  increase  annually  arising  from  the 
profits  of  land  and  stock,  allotted  to  the  clergy  for 
their  support.  Tithes  are  personal,  predial^  or  mixed ; 
pergonal^  when  accruing  from  labor,  art,  trade,  and 
navigation  ;  predial,  when  issuing  from  the  earth,  as 
hay,  wood,  and  fruit ;  and  mixed,  when  accruing 
from  beasts  which  are  fed  from  the  ground. 

Blaekstone. 

TITHE,  r.  t.  To  levy  a  tenth  part  on ;  to  tax  to  the 
amount  of  a  tenth. 

When  ihou  huM  made  nn  end  of  dthing  all  the  UUiei  of  thiae 

incirose.  —  Dtnt.  jxvi. 
Ye  tUht  miut  and  nic.  —  Lukn  xi. 

TITHE,  V.  i.    To  pay  tithes.  Tusser. 

TTTH'BD,  (tllhd,)  pp.    Taxed  a  tenth. 

TmiE'-FREE,  a.  Exempt  from  the  payment  of 
tithes. 

TITHE'-PAY-ING,  a.  Paying  tithes;  subjected  to 
pay  tithes.  i^VonWin, 

TITH'ER,  n.    One  who  collects  tithes. 

TITH'ING,  ppr.  Levying  a  tax  on  to  the  amount  of 
a  tenth. 

TITH'ING,  71.  A  decennary;  a  number  or  company 
of  ten  householders  who,  dwelling  near  each  other, 
were  sureties  or  free  pledges  to  the  king  for  the  good 
behavior  of  each  other.  The  institution  of  tithings 
in  Enciand  is  ascribed  to  Alfred.  Blackstone. 

TrfH'lNG-MAN,  n.  [tithing  and  -man.]  The  chief 
man  of  a  tithing;  a  hcadborough ;  one  elected  to 
preside  over  the  tithing,  Blackstone. 

2.  A  peace  officer;  an  under  constable. 

3.  In  JVeir  EngUmk,  a  parish  officer  annually  elect- 
ed to  preserve  good  order  in  the  church  during  divine 
service,  and  to  make  complaint  of  any  disorderly 
conduct. 

TI-THON'ie,  a.     [Qg.  Tieojir;?,] 

Pertaining  to  or  denoting  those  rays  of  light  which 
produce  chemical  effects. 
TITH-O-NIC'I-TY,^.   A  name  given  to  that  property 
of  light  by  which  it  produces  chemical  effects;  sup- 
posed by  some  to  be  a  distinct,  imponderable  agent. 

Draper. 
TITH'Y-MAL,  n.     [Fr.  tithymale;  Gr.  riOvpaXoiy  from 
Ttrdo^,  the  breast.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Euphorbia. 
TIT'lL-LATE,  v.  i.     [L.  tUiUo.] 
To  tickle. 

The  piin^nl  gralna  of  titillating  dust.  Pope. 

TTT'IL-LA-TING,  ppr.  or  a.     Tickling. 
TIT-IL-LA'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  titilUitio.] 

1.  The  act  of  tickling  ;  or  the  slate  of  being  tick- 
led. Bacon.    Jirbuthnot. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOOK. 


I 


TO 

2.  Any  alight  pleasure. 
Th~  proUiicu  of  LhoK  tiiiiUitiont  that  nacb  no  higlier  thim  tfae 
Kn*n-  GianoiUt. 

TIT'LXRK,  n  {tU  and  tark.]  A  small  bird,  a  spe- 
cies of  Alauda,  or  lark. 

TI'TLE,  (li'U,)  n.  [L.  titulus;  It.  fi7o/o.  This  may 
belong  to  thefamily  of  Gr.  nOriiiif  to  set  oj  putj  Sax. 
titkian,  to  give.] 

1.  An  inscription  put  over  any  thing  as  a  name  by 
which  it  is  known. 

2.  The  inscription  in  the  beginning  of  a  book,  con- 
taining the  subject  of  the  work,  and  sometimes  the 
author's  name. 

3.  In  the  civU  and  canon  taiosj  a  chapter  or  division 
of  a  book. 

4.  An  appellation  of  dignitj',  distinction,  or  pre- 
eminence given  to  persons  J  as  duke,  marquis,  and 
liie  like.  Cyc, 

5.  A  name  ;  an  appellation. 

Ill  wonhj  I  Bttch  title  shouM  belong 

To  mc  traiLSgreasor.  Milton, 

6.  Right ;  or  that  which  constitutes  a  just  cause  of 
exclusive  possession  ;  that  which  is  the  foundation 
of  ownership  ;  as,  a  good  title  to  an  estate;  or  an 
unperfect  tide.  The  lowest  degree  of  title  Is  naked 
possession,  then  comes  the  right  of  possession,  and 
lastly  the  right  of  property,  all  which  united  com- 
plete the  tiile.  BlackMone. 

Hul  possession  \a  not  essential  to  a  eompKle  title. 
A  title  to  personai  properly  may  be  acquired  by  oc- 
cupancy.   A  claim  is  not  a  title. 

7.  The  instrument  which  is  evidence  of  a  right. 

8.  In  tA«  canon  late,  that  by  which  a  beneficiary 
holds  a  beneSce,  I'his  is  true  and  valid  or  cohrable. 
A  valid  title  gives  a  right  to  the  benefice.  A  colora- 
ble title  appears  to  be  valid,  but  is  not.  Cye. 

9.  In  ancient  eliurcK  rec-ordj*,  a  church  to  which  a 
priest  was  ordained,  and  where  he  was  to  reside. 

Cowel. 
TT'TLE,  IJ.  (.    To  name  ;  to  call ;  to  entitle.      Milton. 
TI'TI^D,  ("'tltJ,)  PP'    Called  j  named. 

3.  a.     Having  a  title. 
TrTLE-LESS,  a.    Not  having  a  title  or  name.    [Aot 

in  «>■<•.]  Shak. 

TI'TLE-PAGE,  n.     [fille  and  paj-c]     The  page  of  a 

bonk  which  contains  its  title. 
TI'TUN'G,  ppr.     Calling;  denominating;  entitling. 
TIT'MOUSE,  n. ;  pi.  Titmicb.  [tit,  small,  and  mouse.] 
A  small   bird   of  the   genus   Parus,  of  Linnfcus. 
There  are  numerous  species,  which  feed  on  insects, 
seeds,  &.C.    Their  notes  are  shrill  and  wild. 

r>ryden,     Jardine. 
TIT'TER,  V.  L    To  laugh  with  the  tongue  striking 
against  the  root  of  the  upper  teeth;  to  laugh  with 
resimint.  Pope. 

TIT'TER,  n.    A  restrained  laugh. 

2.  A  weed. 
TIT  TER-IXG,  n.    Restrained  laughter. 
TIT'TLE,  (tit'tl,)  n.     [from  Ut,  smidl.]     A  small  par- 
ticle    a  mini:te  part ;  a  jot ;  an  iota. 
TIT'TLE-TAT'TLE,  iu     [tatOe  doubled.]     Idle,  tri- 
fling talk  ;  em[>fy  prattle.  Prior 
2.  An  idle,  trifling  talker.*    [/^.•'s  prnpcr.l 
TIT'TLE-TAT'TLE,  v.  i.    To  talk  idly ;  to  prate. 

Siihry. 
TIT'TLE-TAT'TUNG,  ju    The  act  of  pialJiig  tdly. 
TIT'U-BATE,w.i.     [L.  titubo.] 

To  stumble. 
TIT-TfBA'TION,  n.    TL,  tUubn,  to  stumble.] 

The  act  of  sttiinMing. 
TIT'U-LAR,  tt.     f  Fr.  titidairf. :  from  L.  titvla*.) 

1.  Exi-^ting  in  title  or  nniiiflr/nly  ;  nominal;  having 
orcoiiferringthe  tilietmly  ;  as,  a  (ituZdrking  or  prince. 

2.  Having  the  title  to  an  office  or  dignity  without 
discharging  the  duties  of  iu 

Both  Vaicritu  and  AuUm  wen  titular  buhopa.  Aylifa. 

TIT'IJ-LAR,      I  n.    A  person  invested  with  a  title,  in 

TIT'lt-LA-RV,  (  virtue  of  which  he  holds  an  office 
or  benefice,  whether  he  perforins  the  duties  of  it  or 
not,  Cyc. 

TIT-U-LAR'I-TY,  n.    The  slate  of  being  titular. 

TIT'U-LAR-LY,  adv.    Nominally  ;  by  title  only. 

TIT'I^-LA-RY,  a.     Consisting  in  a  title.  Bacon, 

"■i.  Pertaining  to  a  title.  Bacon. 

TIV'ER,  71.  A  kind  of  ocher  which  is  used  in  mark- 
inc  sheep  in  some  parts  of  England.     [Local.]     Cyc 

TIV'ER,  V.  u  To  m^rk  sheep  wiih  tiver,  in  differtnt 
wavs  and  for  different  purposes.     [Local.] 

TIV'ER-I\G,ppr,     Marking  with  liver.     \Ucal.] 

TIV'ER-IiNG,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  marking  with 
tiver.     [Local.]  Cye. 

TIV'Y,  adv.  [See  Tawtitt.]  With  great  speed  ;  a 
huntsman's  word  or  sound.  X>niden, 

T.ME'SIS,  n.  [Gr.]  A  figure  by  which  a  conipound 
word  is  BPparated,  by  the  intervention  of  one  or 
more  words  ;  as  qua  meo  canque  animo^  for  giuecunque 
meo  animo. 

TO,  prep.  [Sax.  to ;  D.  te,  or  toe :  G.  :w ;  Ir.  and  Gaelic, 
do  i  Corn.  tho.  This  ia  probably  a  contracted  word, 
but  from  what  verb  it  is  not  easy  to  ascertain.  The 
flense  is  obvious  ;  it  denotes  passing,  moving  toward. 
Ths  pronunciation  is  to  or  too,  and  this  depends 
much  on  its  application  or  its  emphasis.] 


TO 

1.  Noting  motion  toward  a  place  ;  opposed  to 
From,  or  plac«  d  after  annihtr  word  expressing  mo- 
lion  tnwartL     He  is  going  to  church. 

2.  Noting  motion  toward  a  state  or  condition.  He 
is  going  to  a  trade  ;  he  is  rising  to  wealth  and  honor. 

3.  Noting  accord  or  adaptation  ;  as,  an  occupation 
suited  to  his  taste  ;  she  has  a  husband  to  her  mind. 

4.  Noting  address  or  compellation,  or  the  direction 
of  a  discourse.  These  remarks  were  addressed  to  a 
large  audience. 


To  you,  my  noble  lord  of  Wcatmordand ; 
'  I  pledge  your  grace. 


Shak. 


5.  Noting  attention  or  application. 

Go,  iKickle  to  the  l.iw.  Dn/dtn. 

MediUile  on  thc«  thinga ;   gire  tbyidf  wholly  (o  Uicin.  —  1 
Tim.  It. 

6.  Noting  addition. 

Adit  to  your  f.iith  vin w.  —  2  Pirt.  I. 

Wisdom  he  hna,  and  to  Iiis  wUdom,  courage.  DenJiam. 

7.  Noting  opposition.    They  engaged  hand  to  hand. 

8.  Noting  amount,  rising  to  Tliey  met  us  to  tlie 
number  of  three  hundred. 

9.  Noting  proportion  ;  as,  three  is  to  nine  as  nine 
is  to  twenty  seven.  It  is  ten  to  one  that  you  will 
oftend  by  your  officiousness. 

10.  Noting  possession  or  appropriation.  We  have 
a  good  seat;  let  us  keep  it  to  ourselves. 

11.  Noting  perception  ;  as,  a  substance  sweet  to 
the  taste  ;  an  event  painful  to  the  mind. 

12.  Noting  the  subject  of  an  affirmation. 

I  have  a  king'a  oaih  to  th?  conlrary.  ShaJc. 

13.  Noting  the  subject  of  remark  ;  as,  I  shall  speak 
to  one  point  only.  Lord  Chatham. 

14.  In  comparison  of. 

All  th.it  ihcy  did  wm  piety  to  this.  B.  Jonton. 

15.  As  far  as. 

Few  of  the  EKjuunaux  can  count  to  ten.  Quart.  Reotcw. 

16.  Noting  intention. 

Marlu  and  poinu  out  each  mnn  of  us  to  slaughter.    B.  Joruon. 
[In  this  sense,  For  is  now  used.] 

17.  After  an  adjective,  noting  the  object  j  as,  deaf 
to  the  cries  of  distress  ;  alive  to  tho  sufferings  of  the 
poor.  He  was  attentive  to  the  company,  or  to  the 
discourse. 

18.  Noting  obligation  ;  as,  duty  to  God,  and  to  our 
parents. 

19-  Noting  enmity  ;  as,  a  dislike  to  spiritous 
liquors. 

20.  Toward  ;  as,  she  stretched  her  arms  to  heaven. 

Dryflen. 

21.  Noting  effect  or  end.  The  prince  was  flattered 
to  his  ruin.  He  engaged  in  a  war  to  his  cost.  Vio- 
lent factions  exist  to  the  prejudice  of  the  state. 

Numb  n  were  crowded  to  di-'ath.  Clartndon. 

22.  TV,  as  a  sign  of  the  infinitive,  precedes  the 
radical  verb.  Somotinies  it  is  used  instead  of  the 
ancient  form,/(jr  to,  noting  purpose.  David  in  his 
lifetime  inu-ndcd  to  build  a  temple.  The  legisla- 
ture assembles  annually  to  make  and  amend  laws. 
The  cuurt  will  sit  in  February  to  try  some  important 
causes. 

23.  IE  precedes  the  radical  verb  after  adjectives, 
noting  the  object;  as,  ready  to  go  ;  prompt  to  obey; 
quick  to  liear,  but  slow  to  censure. 

24.  It  precedes  the  radical  verb,  noting  the  object. 
The  (Iclny  of  our  hopes  teaches  us  to  mortiry  our  drsirr-s. 

Smailridg9. 

25.  It  precedes  the  radical  verb,  noting  conse- 
quence. 

1  h«Te  done  my  utmost  to  lead  tny  VA  so  pleasiinily  as  to  forget 
my  mUfortunes.  Pojte. 

26.  It  notes  extent,  degree,  or  end.  lie  languishes 
to  death,  even  to  death.  I'.'ie  water  rises  to  the 
hight  of  twenty  feet.  The  line  extends  from  one 
end  to  tho  other. 

27.  After  the  substantive  verb,  and  with  the  radi- 
cal verb,  it  denotes  futurity.  The  construction,  wo 
are  to  meet  at  ten  o'clock,  every  man  at  death  is  to 
receive  the  reward  of  his  deeds,  ia  a  |)articular  form 
of  expressing  future  time. 

28.  After  havfy  it  dt-notes  duty  or  necessity.  I 
have  a  debt  to  pay  on  Saturday. 

29.  To~rlatj,  to-niff/it,  to-morrow,  are  peculiar  phrases 
derived  from  our  ancestors.  To,  in  tlie  two  first,  has 
the  sense  or  force  of  t/tis;  this  day,  this  night.  In 
the  lafit,  it  is  equivalent  to  in  or  on;  in  or  on  the 
morrow.  The  words  may  be  considered  as  com- 
pounds, to-day,  to-nif;ht,  to-morroto,  and  usually  as 
adverbs.  Dut  sometimes  they  are  used  as  nouns; 
as,  today  is  ours.  Coieley. 

7t  a/idfro :  backward  and  forward.  In  this  phrase, 
to  is  adverbial. 

To  the  face  ;  in  presence  of  j  not  In  tho  absence  of. 

I  wilhiloo-I  him /net  to/ore.  —Gal.  ii. 

Tb-moTTOw,  tO-morroi»,  rhi!  to-nuirroxiy', 

Creeps  in  this  petty  psLcefroin  day  to  day.  Shak. 

J'tate.  —  In  the  foregoing  explanation  of  to,  it  is  to 
be  considered  that  the  definition  given  is  not  always 
the  sense  of  to  by  itself,  hut  the  sense  rather  of  the 
word  preceding  it,  or  connected  with  it,  or  of  to  in 


TOC 

connection  with  othei-  words.  In  general,  to  is  used 
in  the  sense  of  moving  toward  a  place,  or  to^vard  an 
object,  or  it  expresses  direction  toward  a  place,  end, 
object,  or  purpose. 

To  is  often  used  adverbially  to  modify  the  sense  of 
verbs  ;  as,  to  come  to  .  to  heave  to.  'I'he  sense  of  sucta 
phrases  is  explained  under  Ihe  verbs  respectively. 

In  popular  phrases  like  the  following,  "  I  will  not 
come  ;  you  shall  to  or  fot»,"  a  genuine  Saxon  phrase, 
to  denotes  moreover,  besides,  L.  insuper, 

TOAD,  n.     [Sax.  tade,  tadige.] 

A  pnddoc;  a  batrachian  reptile,  of  the  genus  Bufo, 
a  small,  clumsy  animal,  the  body  warty  and  thick, 
perfectly  harmless,  and  indeed  it  is  said  to  be  useful 
in  gardens  by  feeding  on  noxious  insects. 

TOAD'-EAT-ER,  n.  A  vulgar  name  given  to  afawn- 
ine, obsequious  parasite;  a  mean  sycophant. 

ToAD'-FISII,  n.  [toad  and >*A.]  A  fish  of  the  genus 
Datrachus,  allied  to  the  fishing  frog  or  angler. 

StoTer*s  Mass.  Rfp. 

TOAD'-FLAX,  n.  [toad  and  fiax.]  A  plant,  the 
Liiiaria  vulgaris  or  calves'  snout. 

TOAD'iSH,  (I.     Like  a  toad.     [JVof  used.l     Stafford. 

TCAD'-STONE,  n.  [toad  and  stone.]  In  minerulorry^ 
a  variety  of  trai>-rock,  of  a  brownish-groy  rotor. 
The  toad-stone  of  Derbyshire  is  generally  a  dark- 
brown  basaltic  amygdaloid,  composed  of  basalt  and 
grei;n  earth,  and  d^ntaining  oblong  cavities  filled  with 
calcareous  spar.  Cye. 

TOAD'-S'lOOL,  r?.  [toad  and  stool.]  A  mushroom, 
a  plant  wliich  commonly  grows  in  moist  and  rich 
grntind.^. 

T^AD'Y,  n.     A  toad-eater.     [Vulgar.']         W.  Scott, 

ToAt^T,  V.  U  [Pp.  and  Port,  toittar,  to  toast  or  roast. 
Uu.  are  these  from  the  L.  tostas  1  ] 

1.  To  dry  and  scorch  by  the  heat  of  a  fire ;  as,  to 
toast  bread  or  cheese. 

[/(  is  chiijly  limited  in  its  applieation  to  these  two 
article.'^.] 

2.  To  warm  thoroughly;  as,  to  toast  the  feet 
[JVo(  much  tised.] 

3.  To  name  when  a  health  Is  drank ;  to  drink  to 
the  health  in  honor  of;  as,  to  foaHa  lady.  Addison 
writes  "  to  toast  the  health  ; "  a  form  of  expression, 
I  believe,  not  now  used. 

TGAST,  n.  Bread  dried  and  scorched  by  the  fire  ;  or 
such  bread  dipin-d  in  melted  butter,  or  in  some 
liquor.  Dry  ton.<t  is  bread  scorched,  or  it  is  scorched 
bread  with  butter  spread  upon  it.  Soft  toast  is  made 
by  immersing  toasted  bread  in  melted  butler,  and 
called  dipped  toast. 

2.  A  female  whose  health  is  drank  iu  honor  or  re- 
spect. 


The  wise  mnn's  pns^ion,  and  the  rain  man's  toast. 


Pop*. 


3.  He  or  that  whicli  is  named  in  honor  in  drinking. 

TOAST'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Scorched  by  heat;  named  in 
drinking  the  health. 

TOAST'EU,  Tt.     One  who  toasts. 

2.  An  instrument  for  toasting  bread  or  cheese. 

TOAST'ING,  ppr.  Scorching  by  fire  ;  drinking  to  the 
honor  of. 

TO-BACeO,  n.  [Perhaps  from  Tabaco,  a  province  of- 
Yucatan,  in  Spanish  America,  where  it  was  first 
found  by  the  Spaniards,  But  this  account  of  its 
origin  is  very  doubtful.  Las  Casas  says  that  in  the 
first  voyage  of  Columbus  the  Spaniards  saw  in  Cuba 
many  persons  smoking  dry  herbs  or  leaves  rolled  up 
in  tubes  called  tabacos.  Charlevoix,  in  his  History 
of  St.  Dominique,  says  that  the  instrument  used  in 
smoking  was  called  tabaco.] 

A  plant,  a  native  of  America,  of  the  genus  Nico- 
tiana,  much  used  for  smoking,  and  chewing,  and  in 
snuff.  As  a  medicine,  it  is  narcotic,  emetic,  and 
cathartic  ;  and  it  possesses  two  additional  powers  at 
least,  if  not  more.  Tobacco  has  a  strong  disagree- 
able smell,  and  an  acrid  taste.  When  first  ut:ed,  it 
sometimes  occasions  vomiting,  &c. ;  but  the  pnicticc 
of  using  it  in  any  form  soon  conquers  distaste,  and 
forms  a  relish  for  it  that  ia  strong  and  almost  un- 
c<»nquerable. 

TO-BACeO-NINO,  a.     Smoking  tobacco.   Bp.  IMU 

TO-BAC'CO-NIST,  n.  A  dealer  in  tobacco;  also,  a 
manufacturer  of  tobacco. 

TO-BAC'CO-PTl'E,  n.  [tobacco  and  pipe]  A  pipe 
used  fur  smoking  tobacco,  oft(?n  made  ol  clay  and 
b.iked,  Bometitnes  of  other  material. 

TO-BAC'eO-ril'E  CLaY,  n.  A  species  of  day  used 
in  making  tobacco  pipes  ;  called  also  Ciuolite. 

TO-BAC'CO-I'IPE  FISH,  n.  A  name  of  the  Syng- 
nathus  Acus,  of  Linnfeus  ;  called  also  Nkkdle-Fesh. 

Cyc. 

TO-BAC'CO-STOP'PER,  n.  An  instrument  for  press- 
ing down  the  tobacco  as  it  is  smoked  in  a  pipe 

TO'BINE,  (-bin,)  n.  A  stout  twilled  silk,  used  for 
dresses;  it  much  resemliles  tho  Florentine. 

TO€-€A'TJi,  n.    [ii.]    In  music,  a  prelude. 

TOCK'AY,  n.  A  species  of  geeks  or  spotted  lizard  in 
India.  Cyc 

TO-eOL'0-6y,  n.     [Gr.  rojfo?,  and  \oyos.] 

The  science  of  obstetrics  or  midwifery  ;  or  that 
department  of  medicine  which  treats  of  parturition. 

TOe'SIN,n.  [Fr. ;  Armoric,  toc^,  a  stroke,  from  the 
root  of  tmtch,  and  monn  or  seing,  sound.] 


TONE,  BJTLL,  tJNITF^  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS C  as  K  ;  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  HH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1157 


TOl 


TOL 


An  atarm  bell,  or  tiie  ringins  of  a  bell  for  the  pur- 
pos*  of  ahirni. 
TOD,  N.    [Ill  Gaelic,  tod  ]s  a  clodf  a  mass.] 

1.  A  bU9ti ;  a  thick  abnib.     [Ofr;«]  Spen.^n' 

3.  A  quaotily  of  wool  of  twenty-eigbt  pounds,  or 
two  stone. 

3.  A  fox.  R  JoMson, 

TOD.  p.  L    To  weigh  i  to  produce  a  totl.    [A*p(  in 

use,')  Shak. 

TO-  DAT',  K.    [to  and  day.]    The  present  day, 
TOD'DLE,  (lod'dl,)  v.  i.    To  walk  wiUi  short  stfpa, 

as  a  child.  IfaUiir-flL 

TOD'DY,  «,  A  juice  drawn  from  various  kindsof  the 
palm  tn  tlio  East  Indies  j  or  a  spiritous  liquor  pre- 
pared from  iL 

a.  A  uiixlure  of  spirit  and  water  sweetened. 
TotU^  differs  from  grc^  in  having  a  less  proportion 
of  spirit,  and  in  being  sweetened. 
TO'DY,  a.  The  popular  name  of  an  uiseclirorous 
genus  of  passerine  birds  of  America,  somewhat  re- 
sembling the  king-fishcts.  , 
TOE,  (15.)  n.  [3«x.  ta;  G.  tdu;  Sw.  ta;  Dan.  Utae; 
Pr.  d»igt  Uu  pied;  L.  di^tms,  Tae  is  contracted 
from  t»gt  the  primary  word  on  which  L.  di^tiu  is 
for»i«d,  coinciding  with  du/,  and  signifying  a  shoot. 
Class  Dg.] 

1.  One  t<f  the  small  members  which  form  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  fool,  corresponding  to  a  finger  on  the 
band.  The  toes,  in  their  f«rm  and  structure,  resem- 
ble the  fineers,  but  are  shorter. 

9.  The  fitre  part  of  the  houf  uf  a  horse,  and  of 
other  hoofed  animals. 

3.  The  member  of  a  beast's  foot  correspondiog  to 
the  toe  in  man. 
T6'£D,  (tode,)  a.    In  compoundj^  having  toes  ;  as,  nar- 

rx>W'toed:  thick-tofd;  ilender-tord.  Ifacheock. 

TO-FORE',  prrp.  or  adr.    [Sax.  toforaii :  to  and  /.*«.] 

Bef.ire;  formerly.     [O**.]  Siuik. 

TOFT,  II.     [Pri)bablv  from  the  root  of  (n/t' 

1.  A  prove  of  trees.  *         Q«. 

2.  [Dan.  toJU  or  t^nU.]  In  Uob  hooUs^  a  place 
where  a  messuage  has  stood,  but  is  dixaved. 

TO'FUS,  K,    SeeTcr*.  [C^rei.     Cye. 

TO'GATEO,  *   a.       [L.    togu,   a   gown  ;    logmUst 

TO'G/.D,  gowned.] 

Gownel  \  dressed  iu  a  gown  \  wearlnfi  a  gown ; 
W,  toged  consuls.  Skak, 

TO'OA  ri-RFUS^  [L.]  The  manly  gown.  This 
was  assiitiitfd  by  Roman  hoys  about  the  time  of  com- 
pleting ihpir  ftHirtoenth  year.  Smitk^s  Diet, 

TO-GETH'ER,  odr.     [f'ax.  ta^mtir*:  to  and  tTtMer.) 

1.  In  ccmp<xny.    We  walked  togtUur  to  the  wood. 

2.  Id  or  into  union. 

The  kiag  )w»ed  bosauiiv  and  polcj  tofctiktr.  Bacon, 

3.  In  tbo  same  place ;  as,  to  live  togttktr  in  one 
boaae. 

4.  In  the  same  time  ;  u,  lo  live  Ugttker  in  the 
•ame  age. 

5.  In  oonceft ;  as,  the  allies  made  war  upon  France 
UgtOm-, 

6.  Into  Junction  or  a  state  of  nnion  ;  as,  to  sew, 
knit,  pin,  or  fasten  two  things  tagetXer ;  to  mix 
things  tuffther, 

TagetJur  leUM  ;  in  union  with  ;  in  company  or  mix- 
ture with. 

Tftke  the  tml  tofirikcr  laiA  the  food.  Drydgn. 

TOG'GfX,  m.  A  amall  wooden  pin  tapering  toward 
both  ends.  Mar,  Diet. 

TOG'GER-T,  M.  [L.  to/a.]  Clothes;  garments. 
{Sp&rtive  or  hn».'\ 

ToG'GI,E-JO!Nt,  a-  An  elbow  or  knee-joint,  con- 
sisting of  two  bars  so  connected  that  they  may  be 
brought  into  a  straight  line. 

TOIL,  r.  i.  [Sai.  bv^a,  tioUn,  to  strire,  rtmin,  urge, 
to.i»epare,  to  heal,  to  toi/,  and  tUian,  tUigan^  to  pre- 
pare or  provide,  to  hU,  to  toiJ,  to  mtudy  or  be  solicit- 
ous ;  Russ.  dialaipu  The  primary'  sense  is  exprt^ssed 
in  the  daxon,  to  strain,  to  urge.    CInsa  DL] 

To  labor ;  to  work  ;  to  exert  strvoL'th  with  pain 
and  fatigue  of  body  or  mind,  /wirficuidrfyof  the  body, 
with  efforts  of  eome  continuance  or  duration. 

TOIL,  r.  L    ToUfU  •at  .■  to  labor ;  to  work  ouU 

Toiitd  out  mj  oivoouth  pnange.  Afifton. 

9.  To  wmy  ;  lo  overlabor ;  aa,  totlei  with  works 
•  of  war.     rJV©(  in  use,  nor  proper.']  Shak. 

TOIL,  a.  Labor  with  pain  and  fatigue ;  labor  that 
oppresses  the  body  or  mind.  Toil  may  be  the  labor 
of  tlie  field,  or  the'workshop.  or  of  the  camp.  What 
tfftCf  men  endure  for  the  acquisition  of  wealth,  power, 
and  honor!  Om,  v. 
TOIL,  n.  [Fr.  toiU^,  snare,  trap  ;  Ir.  dul,  a  snare  or 
gin  :  L.  feia,  a  web  ;  from  spreading,  extending,  or 
laying.] 

A  net  or  snare  j  any  thread,  web,  or  string  spread 
for  taking  prey 
TOIL'ER,  71,    One  who  toils,  or  labors  with  pain. 
TOIL'ET,  a,    [Fr.  toilette,  from  toile,  cloth.] 

1.  A  covering  or  cloth  of  linen,  silk,  or  tapestry, 

Sread  over  a  table  in  a  chamber  or  dressing-room. 
!nce, 

2.  A  dres?ine-table.  Pftpe. 

3.  Mode  of  dressing  ;  as,  her  tmlei  is  perfecL 


To  make  one^s  toiUt;  to  adjust  one's  dress  with 

care. 
TOMJ-NETTE',  a.      ^Fr.]      A   cloth,   the  weft  of 

which  is  of  wook-n  yarn,  and  the  warp  of  cotton 

and  silk.     It  is  used  fur  waistcoats. 

Kneifc.  qf  Dom.  Econ. 
TOIL'INO,  ppr.     Laboring  with  pain. 
TOIL'LKSpf,  a.     Free  from  toil. 
TOIL't^OME,  a.      Laborious;    wearisome;   attended 

with  fatigue  and  pain  ;  as,  toUaome  work  j  a  toiUotJU 

task. 

What  eMit  be  loilnma  In  thcw  pleajant  wnlka  t  Hilton. 

S.  Producing  toil ;  as,  a  toib^Tme  day  or  journey. 

TOIL'SOME-LY,  ado.    In  a  toilsome  manner. 

TOIL'SOME-NESS,  n.  Laboriousuuss  ;  wearisome- 
ness. 

T01*E,  (toiz,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  fathom  or  long  measure  in 
Fraure,  containing  six  Frc'iich  foei,  or  about  six  and 
a  half  English  feet.     It  is  equal  to  two  nietera. 

.  EJin.  Efteye^    JiJcCidlock. 

TO-KXY',  a.  A  kind  of  wine  produc^'d  at  Tukny  in 
Hungary,  made  of  while  grape.".  It  is  distinguished 
from  other  wines  by  its  aromatic  taste.  It  is  not 
good  till  it  is  about  three  years  uIJ,  aud  it  continues 
to  improve  as  long  as  it  is  kept. 

TO'KKX,  (tS'kn,)  n.  [Sax.  taen,  tacen;  Goth,  taikns  i 
D.  terkrn;  Dan.  tegu  ;  Sw,  tccku :  G.  zeichen.  This 
may  be  the  satne  word  as  the  L.  sifptuttit  diah-cticatly 
varied,  or  from  the  same  r.idix  ;  Gr.  ?l(;^Kt'v^ll.] 

I.  A  sign  ;  something  intended  lo  represent  or  in- 
dicate aniithertliJng  or  an  event.  Thus  the  rainbow 
is  a  token  of  God^s  covenant  e.-<tablished  with  Nonh. 
The  blmid  of  the  paschnt  Iamb,  sprinkled  on  the 
doors  of  Uie  Hebrews,  was  a  token  to  the  destmying 
angel  of  God*s  will  that  he  should  paw  by  those 
houses.     OcH,  ix.    Ezod,  xii. 

Show  me  s  token  (or  good.  —  Pb.  Ixxxri. 
Si.    A  mark.      In  pestilential   diseases,   tokens   are 
livid  s)Ktfs  upon  tho  bitdy,  which  indicate   Uie  ap- 
proach of  death.  Cye. 

3.  A  memorial  of  friendsliip ;  somrthins  by  which 
the  friendship  of  another  [lersun  is  to  be  kept  in  mind. 

Shak. 

4.  In  cflinazf^j  tokens  were  coins  struck  in  the 
reign  <»f  Elizabeth  tn  tlio  cities  of  Bristol,  Oxford, 
and  Worcester,  and  also  by  private  persons,  which 
were  put  into  circulation,  and  u{>on  being  returned, 
the  issuer  gave  the  value  of  tliem  in  current  money. 

Cue. 

5.  In  printing,  ten  quires  of  paper  ;  an  extra  quire 
Is  usually  added  to  every  other  token,  when  counted 
out  for  the  press. 

TO'KJEX,  V.  L    To  make  known.     [A*o(  in  «.«.] 

Shak. 
TO'K£N-ED.  a.  Being  mirked  with  spots.  Shak. 
TO'K£N-ING,  ppr.    Making  known  j  marking  with 

spots. 
TOL,  ».  f.    [L.  tollo,] 

To  take  away ;  a  law  term.    [Seo  Ton-]     Cyc. 
TO'LA,  a.    In  /'udiit,  a  weight  for  gold  and  sdver,  but 

different  in  'iilTcrent  places. 
TOL'-BOOTll.    See  Toll-Booth. 
TOLD,  pret.  and  pp,  of  Tell. 

Who  told  Ibre  Out  thou  wart  nnkf^l  f  —  G-^n.  iii, 
Tboo  tiul  n»nelt«l  me,  »n<\  ioid  iite  li<^.  —  JudgM  rvl. 
Sb«ep  «.rul  oxen  that  couM  itut  be  told.  —  I  Kiiip  viii, 

TOLE,  e.  L    [I  know  not  from  what  source  we  have 

this  word  ;  but  it  coincides  with  the  Ar.  \i  daWa, 

to  draw.    The  Ethiopic  has    1  llvU  toJwa,  toZoo,  to 

fiJlow,  and  A  I  i  ivi)  ataloo.  to  cause  to  follow.     It 
is  a  legitimate  word,  and  in  good  use.] 

To  draw  or  cause  to  follow  by  presenting  some- 
thing pleasing  or  desirable  to  view  ;  to  allure  by 
some  bait.  Thus  onr  farmers  tole  sheep  and  make 
them  follow,  by  holding  to  them  a  measure  of  corn 
or  some  portion  of  fi»dder.  In  JWte  England,  it  is 
applied  only  to  the  alluring  of  beasts.  Locke  has 
applied  it  to  men. 

TOL'/CD.  pp.     Drawn  ;  allured  ;  induced  to  follow. 

TO-Lil^DO,  n.  A  sword  of  the  finest  temper;  so 
called  from  Toledo^  in  Spain,  once  famous  for  its 
swords.  B.  Jonson. 

TOL'ER-A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  tolerabilis.  See 
Tolerate.] 

1.  That  may  be  borne  or  endured  ;  supportable, 
either  physically  or  mentally.  'I'he  cold  in  Canada 
is  severe,  but  tolerable.  The  insults  and  indignities 
of  our  enemies  are  not  tolerable. 

It  *ha!I  be  more  tolerablt  for  the  land  of  Sodom  find  Gotnornib  in 
(he  day  of  judgment,  than  for  tli.il  city.  —  Malt.  x. 

2.  Moderately  good  or  agreeable ;  not  contempti- 
ble ;  not  very  excellent  or  pleasing,  but  such  as  can 
be  borne  or  received  without  disi,'UBl,  resentment,  or 
opposition  ;  as,  a  loUroble  translation  ;  a  tolerablt  en- 
tertainment ;  a  tolerable  administration.  Swift. 

TOL'ER-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  tolera- 
ble. 

TOL'ER-A-BLV,  adv.  Supportably;  in  a  manner  to 
be  endured. 


TOL 

2.  Moderately  well  ;  passably ;  not  perfectly  ;  as,  a 
canstiliitltm  tolerably  flrni.    The  advocate  speaks  tol- 
erably  well. 
TOL'ER-ANCE,   n.      [L.  toterantiay  from   toterOj  to 
bear.] 

The  power  or  capacity  of  enduring ;  or  the  act  of 
enduring. 

Dioff"ne«,  one  frorty  momlny,  c&me  lo  the  market-place,  chak- 
mg,  lo  show  hia  toUranca.  Bacon. 

[Little  used.      But  iNTOLsaAifci  Is  in   common 

ILSC.1 

TOL'ER-.\NT^  a.     Enduring;   indulgent;   fiivorlng 

toleration. 
TOL'ER  ATE,  f.  (.     [Fr.  tolerer ;  L.  tolero^  from  tollo, 
to  lift ;  Ch. '?''"',  to  lift  or  raise.    Class  DI,  No.  3,  and 
see  No.  6,  7,  18,  20,  28,  3S.] 

To  suffer  to  be  or  to  be  done  without  prohibition 
or  hinderance  ;  to  allow  or  permit  negatively,  by  not 
preventing;  not  to  restrain  ;  as,  lo  tolerate  opinions 
or  practices.  The  Protestant  religion  (s  tolerated  in 
France,  and  the  Romish  in  Great  Britain. 

t'ryiiig  ihoiild  not  be  lolerated  in  cliiMren.  Locke. 

Tho  Uw  of  love  toUralet  no  vice,  iind  patronint every  virtue. 

(J.  Spring. 

TOL'ER  .X-TED,  pp.  Suffered;  allowed;  not  pro- 
hibited or  restrained. 

TOL'ER-A-TING,  j>pr.  Enduring  ;  sufl'ering  to  be  or 
to  be  done;  allowing;  not  restraining. 

TOL-EU-A'TION,  ji,     [U  t^lcrotio.] 

The  act  of  tolerating  ;  the  allowanceof  that  which 
is  not  wholly  approved  ;  appropriatehj,  the  allowance 
of  religious  opinions  and  uiocIps  of  worship  in  a 
state,  when  contrary  to  or  dilfereiit  from  those  of  tho 
established  church  or  belief.  Toleration  implies  a 
right  in  the  sovereign  to  control  men  in  their  opin- 
ions and  worship,  or  it  implies  the  actual  exercise  of 
power  in  such  control.  Where  no  power  exists,  or 
none  is  assumeil,  to  establish  a  creca  and  a  mode  of 
worship,  there  can  be  no  toleration,  in  the  strict  sense 
of  the  word,  for  one  religious  denomination  has  as 
good  a  right  as  another  to  the  free  enjoyment  of  ila 
creed  and  worship. 

T51.'l.\G,p»r.    Drawing  away;  inducing  to  f<»llow. 

TOLL,  n,  [Sax.  toll;  D.  tol:  Sw.  tuU :  Dan.  told;  G. 
totl ;  W.  toll,  a  fraction,  a  loll ;  toli  and  tuliato,  to  cur- 
tail, to  diminish,  lo  lake  away,  to  spare  or  save,  to 
deal  out,  from  tatol,  a  throw,  a  casting  off,  a  separa- 
tion, a  cutting  off;  tolli,  from  toll,  lo  subtract,  tittake 
toll;  Gr.  TcXfif,  toll,  custom,  and  end,  exit,  from  cut- 
ting off;  Fr.  tailler, to  cut  off,  (see  Tail;)  Ir.  deilim, 
to  separate  ;  daU,  a  share,  Eng.  dole;  diolam,  to  sell, 
to  exchange,  to  pay  toll.  This  is  from  the  root  of 
deal.     See  Dkal,  Sax.  bcd,rlnn.     Class  Dl,  No.  12.] 

1.  A  lax  paid  for  some  liberty  or  privilege,  partic- 
ularly for  the  privilege  of  passing  over  a  bridge  or  on 
a  highway,  or  for  that  of  vending  goods  in  a  fair, 
market,  or  the  like. 

2.  A  liberty  to  buy  and  sell  within  the  bounds  of  a 
manor.  Cye. 

3.  A  portion  of  grain  taken  by  a  miller  as  a  com- 
pensation for  grinding. 

TOLL,  v.  i.     To  pay  toll  or  tallage.  Shah. 

2.  To  take  loll,  as  by  a  miller.  Tusser. 

TOLL,  V.  I,     [W,  tol,  tola,  a  loud  sound,  a  din  ;  Pers. 


O 


*X>^Lj  talidan,  to  sound,  to  ring.    We  seo  that 

W.  taicl,  supra,  is  a  throw  or  cast,  a  driving,  and 
this  is  the  radical  sense  of  Souhd.] 

To  sound  or  ring,  as  a  bell,  with  strokes  uniformly 
repeated  at  intervals,  as  at  funerals,  or  in- calling  as- 
semblies, or  to  announce  the  death  of  a  person. 

Now  link  in  sorrows  with  a  tolling  bell,  Pop§. 

TOLL,  V.  t.  [Supra.]  To  cause  a  bell  to  sound  with 
strokes,  slowly  and  uniformly  repealed,  as  for  sum- 
moning public  bodies  or  religious  congregalions  to 
their  meetings,  or  for  announcing  the  death  of  a  per- 
son, or  lo  give  solemnity  to  a  funeral.  Tolling  la  a 
different  Ihing  from  ringing. 

TOLL,  r.  f.     [L.  tollo.] 

1.  To  take  away ;  to  vacate ;  lo  annul ;  a  law 
term. 

2.  To  draw.     [Bee  Tole.I   .  Bacon. 
TOLI-,  tt,    A  particular  sounding  of  a  bell.    [See  the 

verb.] 
TOLL'-BXR,  n.    [jolt  and  bar.]     A  bar  or  beam  .used 
for  stopping  boats  on  a  canal  at  the  toll-house,  or  on 
a  road  for  stopping  passengers. 
TOLL'-BOOTH,  n.     [toH  and  booth.]'    A  place  where 
goods  are  weighed  to  ascertain  the  duties  or  toll. 
9.  A  prison.  Jliiuncorth. 

TOLL^-BOOTH,  e.  t.    To  imprison  in  a  toll-booth. 

Corbet, 
TOLL'-BRIDCE,  n,    A  bridge  where  toll  is  paid  for 

passing  it. 
TOLL'ER,  n.    One  who  collects  taxes;  atoll-gatherer. 

Barret. 
2.  One  who  tolls  a  bell. 
TOLL'-DISn.  n.    A  dish  for  measuring  toll  in  mills. 
TOLL'-GaTE.  n.     A  gate  where  toll  is  taken. 
TOLL'-GA'fll-ER-ER,  n.     The  man  who  takes  toll. 
TOI'L'-UO  USE,  n.    A  house  or  shed  placed  by  a  road 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  —  M ETE,  PRgY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

a5s 


TON 

near  a  toIl-g:iU>,  or  at  the  end  of  a  toI]-brid(;;e,  or  by  a 
canal,  where  the  man  who  takL^s  the  loll  reaiaius. 
TOLI.'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.     Causing  to  sound  in  a  slow, 
grave  manner. 

2.  Taking  away  ;  removing 

3.  Sounding,  as  a  bell. 
TOLT,  n.     [L.  toUii,  toUo.] 

In-  En^ish  courts,  the  preteptof  a  sherilT,  by  which 
a  writ  of  right  is  removed  from  the  court  barun  into 
the  county  court.  BtacL^tone. 

TO-LC  BAL'SAM,  n.  A  resin,  or  oleo-rtsiii,  pro- 
duced by  a  tree  of  South  America,  the  Myrospermum 
toluiferiim.  It  is  said  to  have  been  firsi  brouKhtfrom 
n  place  called  Tolu.    In  medicitte^  it  is  called  Balsam 

TOL-U-Ta'TION,  n.     [U  tolato.]  [of  Tula, 

A  pacing  or  ambling.     {■N'ot  used.] 

Brown,     Hudibras. 

TOM'A-HAWK,  n.     An  Indian  hatchet. 

TOM'A-HAWK,  v.  t.  To  cut  or  kill  with  a  hatchet 
called  a  ioiinbawk. 

TOM 'A- HAWK-SI),  (bawkt)  yp.  Smitten  or  killed 
with  a  tomahawk. 

TOM'A-HAWK-ING,  ppr.  Striking  or  killing  with  a 
tomahawk. 

TO-MA'TOorTO-M.K'TO,  n.  .  A  plant  and  its  fruit, 
the  Lycopersicum  esculentum  of  late  botanists,  and 
the  Sulanum  lycopersicum  of  the  older  ones.  It  is 
called  sometimes  the  Lote-Apple. 

TOMB,  (toom,)  ».  [Fr.  tombe,  tombeau  ;  W.  ttnn,  tojrtfin, 
ttorn,  tujmp,  a  mound,  a  heap  ;  Ir.  tuomai  Sp.  tujnba; 
h.  tumitlus,  a  heap  or  hillock;  tujiteo,  to  swell;  Gr. 
rvfilioi.  Class  I)m.  This  name  was  civert  to  a 
place  for  the  dead  by  men  who  raised  a  heap  of  earth 
over  the  dead.] 

1.  A  grave  ;  a  pit  in  which  the  dead  body  of  a  hu- 
man being  is  deposited. 

Aa  oae  (i«aiJ  Ui  Ute  boitore  of  s  tomh.  SuA. 

2.  A  house  or  vault  formed  wholly  or  partly  in  the 
earth,  with  walls  anti  a  roof  for  the  reception  of  tlie 
dead. 

3.  A  monument  erected  to  preserve  the  memory  of 
the  dt-ad. 

TOMB,  r.  (.    To  bury ;  to  inter.     [See  Eittomb.] 

TOM'BAC,  n.  An  alloy  of  copper  and  zinc,  or  a  spe- 
cies of  brass,  with  an  excess  of  zinc.  When  arsenic 
is  addr'd,  it  is  white  Unnhac  Brande. 

TOMB'£[),  (loomd,)  a.    Deposited  in  a  tomb. 

TOMB'LEr^S,  (toom'less,)  a.  Uestituie  of  a  tomb  or 
Pfpulrhral  monument. 

TOMB'XOlt-RY,  n.     A  Shetland  bird,  the  puffin. 

TOM'BOY,  n.  [Tom,  Thomas,  and  boij.)  A  rude, 
boisterous   boy  ;    also,   in   sarcasm,  a  romping  girl. 

TOMB'STO-N'E,  (toom'-,)  n.  [tomb  and  stone,]  A 
8bme  erected  over  a  grrave,  to  presen'e  the  memory 
of  the  deceased  ;  a  monument. 

TOM'eOD,  H.  A  small  American  fish  of  the  cod  kind, 
aboMt  ten  or  twelve  inches  lung.  Storrr. 

TOME,  Tu  [Fr.,  from  G.  rj^-^s,  a  piece  or  siectiun, 
from  Ti/(i'Q>,Io  cut  off.] 

A  book  ;  as  many  writings  as  are  bound  in  a  vol- 
ume, forming  the  part  of  a  larger  work.  It  may  be 
applied  to  a  eingle  volume. 

Tft  XtPV  Trt^P'     ) 

TO-MEN'TOLS  '     ""     ^^'  ''""'^'"'"*  down.] 

In  botany,  downy  ;  nappy  ;  cottony  ;  or  flocky  ; 
covered  with  hairs  so  close  as  scarcely  to  be  discern- 
ible, or  with  a  whitish  down,  like  wool ;  as,  a  tomeit- 
t«iL!i  -st'^m  or  leaf.  Martyn.    Lee. 

TOM'FOOL,  n.     A  great  fool ;  a  triflcr. 

TOM-FOOL'ER-Y,  n.     FntJish  trifling.        Ee.  Rev. 

TOM'-NOI>-DY,  n.     A  sea-bird,  the  puffin.    Booth. 

TO-MOR'ROW,  n.  [to  and  morrotc.]  The  day  after 
the  present. 

One  to-day  ia  worth  two  to-morroio».  Ffankltn. 

TOM'PI-ON,  n.     [Fr.  tampon,  a  stopplej 

1.  The  stopper  of  a  cannon.     [See  T*mpiow.] 

2.  'i"he  iron  bottom  to  which  grape-shot  are  fixed. 
TOM'RIG,  n.     A  rude,  wild,  wanton  girl.     Dtnnia. 
TOM'TIT,  n.     A  little  bird,  the  titmouse. 
TO.M'TOM,  n.     Same  as  Tamtam,  a  large,  flat  drum, 

usf^d  by  the  Hindoos. 

TON,  the  termination  of  names  of  places,  is  (own,  a 
bill  or  fortress.     [See  Towx.] 

TON,  B.    [Fr.]    TTie  prevailing  fashion. 

TON,  (tun,)  n.  [Sai.  (unaa;  Fr.  tonne;  Sp.  tondy  a. 
cask,  a  tun  or  butt ) 

The  weight  of  iwentv  hundred  gross,  or  9340 
pounds.  In  sfime  of  the  tJnited  States  the  ton  is  es- 
timated at  9000  pounds.  Theorihogmpby  Tu;*  would 
be  preferable,  as  more  accordant  with  tlu'derivntion. 
The  word  is  from  the  Saxon  tunnaj  a  ca^k,  and  the 
penw  of  weight  is  taken  from  that  of  a  cask  or  butt. 

TONE,  n.  [Fr.  ton;  Sp.  tono  ,-  It.  (iwrno;  Sw.  and  G. 
roil ;  D.  toon  ;  Dan.  tone  ;  L.  Untiu  ;  Gr.  royoi^  sound  ; 
L.  tcno.  Gr.  Tovouij  to  sound,  from  the  root  of  rcivt.), 
to  strain  or  stretch.  The  L.  «o«iw  ia  probably  the 
same  word  in  a  diff*?rcnt  dialect.] 

1.  Sound,  or  a  modification  of  sonnd  ;  anyim|HiIse 
or  vibnition  of  the  air  which  is  perceptible  by  the 
ear ;  as,  a  low  tone,  high  tone,  or  loud  tone  t  a  grave 
tone  ;  an  acute  tone ;  n  sweet  tone ;  a  harish  tone. 

2.  Accent;  or  rather,  a  particular  intlection  of  the 


TON 

voice,  adapted  to  expretts  emotion  or  pas^on ;   a 
rhetorical  sense  qf  the  icord^  E.  Porter, 

Enj^r  hi*  tont,  .■uiil  unleiit  were  bw  oyM.  t>ry<kn. 

3.  A  whining  sound  ;  a  whine;  a  kind  of  mourn- 
ful strain  of  voice  \  as,  children  often  read  with  a 
tone. 

4.  An  affected  sound  in  speaking. 

5.  In  music,  an  interval  of  sound  ;  as,  the  differ- 
ence between  the  fifth  or  diapentc  and  fourth  or  di- 
atessaron,  is  a  tone.  Of  tones  there  are  two  kinds, 
major  and  minor.  The  tone  major  is  in  the  ratio  of 
8  to  9,  which  results  from  ttio  difference  between  the 
fourth  and  fifth.  The  tone  minor  ia  as  9  to  10,  re- 
sulting from  the  difference  between  the  minor  third 
and  the  fourth.  Cyc. 

6.  Tlic  to7te  of  an  instrument,  is  its  peculiar 
sound  with  regard  to  softness,  evenness,  and  the 
like.  Cyc. 

7.  In  medicine,  thbi  state  of  a  body,  in  which  the 
animal  functions  are  healthy  and  per.*brmcd  with  due 
vigor  Tvne,  in  its  primary  signification,  is  tension, 
and  tension  is  the  primary  signification  of  strength. 
Hence  ito  application  to  the  natural  healthy  state  of 
animal  organs.  Tone,  therefore,  in  medicine,  is  the 
strength  and  activity  of  the  organs,  from  which  pro- 
ceed healtliy  function!*.  So  we  say,  the  body  is  in  a 
sound  statif,  the  health  is  sound  or  Jinn. 

8.  In  painting;  the  harmonious  relation  of  the  col- 
ors of  K  picture  in  light  and  shade.  The  term  ia 
often  used  to  qualify,  or  as  synonymous  with,  Depth, 
RICHWE83,  and  Splendob,  in  pictures.  It  has  also 
more  recently  been  used  to  denote  the  characteristic 
expression  of  a  picture,  as  distinguished  by  its  color. 
In  musical  science  the  word  Ket  performs  a  similar 
office.  Jocelyn. 

TONE,  u.  (.    To  utter  with  an  affected  tone. 
2.  To  tune.     [See  Tune.] 

TON'iTD,  a.  Having  a  tone  j  used  in  composition  j  as, 
higli-tonc/i .-  sweet-(ync</. 

ToXF/LESS,  a.     Having  no  tone  ;  unmusical.    Bntick. 

TONE'-SYL-LA-BLE,  n.     An  accented  syllable. 

M.  Stuart. 

TONG,  (tung,)  n.  [See  Tonrs.]  The  catch  of  a 
buckle.     [A'ot  used.]     [See  Tongue.]  Spenser. 

TONGS,  B.  pL  [Sax.  tan^;  Dan.  and  D.tang;  G. 
lantre:  Sw,  tan ^ ;  Ice.  tuttng ;  Gaelic,  (contra*.  This 
eeeins  by  its  orthography  to  be  the  same  word  as 
ton^e,  tansies,  and  to  signilV  projections,  shoots.] 

An  instrument  of  met.il,  consisting  of  two  parts  or 
long  shafts  joined  at  one  end  ;  used  for  handling 
things,  particularly  fire  or  heated  metals.  We  say, 
a  pair  of  toni(s,  a  smith's  tongs. 

TONGUE,  (tune,)  ['^■'ix.  tun<r,  tun/ra  :  Goih.  tug^o  ; 
8w.  tunga  ,•  Dan.  titn^e  ;  D.  tvng  ;  G.  lunge  ;  Ir.  and 
Gaelic,  teanga;  Ant.  li.  lingua.  We  see  by  the 
Gothic,  that  n  is  not  radical ;  the  word  belongs  to 
Class  Dg.  Itsigniliesa  shoot  or  extension,  like  L. 
digitus  and  dug.  Tuno  would  be  the  preferable 
orllmgraphy,  in  accordance  with  the  etymologj'.] 

1.  In  man,  one  of  the  instruments  of  taste,  and 
also  one  of  the  instruments  of  speech  ;  and  in  other 
animals  one  of  the  instruments  ctf  taste.  It  is  also 
an  instruuient  of  d.'nliitition.  In  some  animals,  the 
lonu'iie  is  u^ed  for  drawing  the  food  into  the  mouth, 
as  in  aniuials  of  the  bovine  genus,  &c.  Other  nni~ 
uials  lap  tlieir  drink,  as  dogs. 

The  tongue  is  covered  with  membranes,  and  the 
outer  oru^  is  full  of  papjihe  of  a  pyramidical  figure, 
undfr  which  lies  a  thin,  soft,  reticular  coat,  perfor- 
ated with  innumorabte  holes,  nnd  always  lined  with 
a  thick  and  white  or  yellowish  mucus.  Cye. 

2.  Speech  j  discourse ;  sometimes,  fluency  of 
Bpeecli. 

Much  tongut  and  much  Jutljmcnt  acldom  jfo  top'lhT. 

L'Ettrange, 

3.  The  power  of  articulate  utterance;  speech. 

FurroU  imiULin;  hurnaii  tongue.  Dryden. 

4.  Speech,  as  well  or  ill  used  ;  mode  of  speaking. 

K«rp  a  pxwl  ton/iM  in  thy  h'ad.  Shak. 

Th«'  tongua  of  the  wbe  i>  hoaJth.  — Prof.  xU. 

.5.  A  language  ;  the  whole  sum  of  words  used  by  a 
particular  nalitm.  The  English  tongue^  within  two 
hundred  years,  will  probably  be  sp<iken  by  two  or 
<hree  hundred  millions  of  people  in  North  America. 

t).  Speech  ;  Words  or  declarations  only  ;  opposed  to 
Thoughts  or  Actions. 

LicC  tit  not  Iuv«  in  won],  Q<:ithcr  !n  tongue,  but  in  deed  tuid  io 
Uuth. —  I  John  iii. 

7.  A  nation,  as  distinguished  by  their  language. 

I  will  pithcr  all  natluni  bikI  tonguta.. —  !■.  Ixvi. 

8.  A  point ;  a  projection ;  as,  the  tongv*  of  a 
buckle  or  of  a  balance. 

9.  A  projection  on  the  side  of  a  board  which  fits 
into  a  groove. 

10.  A  point,  or  long,  narrow  strip  of  land,  project- 
ing from  the  nuiin  into  a  si.-a  or  a  lake. 

11.  The  taper  part  of  anything;  in  the  ricRingof 
n  ship,  ft  short  piece  of  rope  spliced  into  the  upper 
part  of  standing  backstays,  &c.,  to  the  siz.e  of  the 
martt-hrad. 

To  hold  thf.  tnngne;  to  be  silent.  Addvion. 


TOO 

TONGUE,  (tung,)  v.  t.     To  chide  ;  to  Mold. 

How  migbt  »hc  tongua  mr.  SkaJc. 

TONGUE,  (tung.)  o.  L    T.  talk  ;  to  prate.        Shak. 
TONGU'£D,  (tungd,)  a.    Having  a  tongue. 

Tongvtd  like  the  nig-ht-crow.  Dormt. 

TONGUK'-GRXFT'ING,  cuing'-,)  n.  A  mode  of  grafts 
ing  by-tnserting  the  end  of  a  cion  in  a  particular 
manner. 
TONGUE'LESS,  (tung'-,)  a.    Having  no  tongue. 
3.  Speechless ;  as,  a  tongueless  block.  ShaJu 

3.  Unnamed  ;  not  spoken  of. 

On«  good  (kcil  tiying  tongtuUia.     [Not  uted,]  SKaJc. 

TONGUE'-PAD,  (tung-,)  n.  A  great  talker.  [Aot  in 
use.]  Tatlcr. 

TONGUE'-SHAP-ED,  ftung'-shapt.)  a.  In  botany,  a 
tongue-shaped  leaf,  is  linear  and  fleshy,  blunt  at  the 
end,  convex  underneath,  and  having  usually  a  car- 
tilaginous border.  Martyn, 

TO\GUE'-TTE,  (tung'tT,)  o.  t.  [tongue  and  tie.]  To 
deprive  of  speech  or  the  power  of  speecli,  or  of  dis- 
tinrt  articulrition.  Goodman. 

T0NGUE'-TI£D,  (tung'tido,)    a.     destitute   of  the 
power  of  distinct  articulation  j   having  an  impedi- 
ment in  the  speech.  Holder. 
2.  Unable  to  speak  freely,  from  whatever  cause. 

Love  nnd  lorigue-ded  simplicity.  J^hai. 

TON'ie,  a.     [from  Gr.  T',voi,  L.  tonus.     See  Tone.] 

1.  Literalltj,  increasing  tension  ;  hence,  increasj^ng 
strength  ;  as,  tonic  power. 

2.  In  medicine,  increasing  strength,  or  the  tone  of 
the  nnimiil  system  ;  obviating  the  effects  of  debility, 
and  restoring  healthy  functions. 

3.  Relating  to  tones  or  sounds. 

4.  Extended.     [JVot  in  use.]  Browne. 

Tonic  spasm,  in  medicine,  is  a  steady  and  continu- 
ous spastic  contraction  enduring  fur  a  comparatively 
long  time.  It  is  opposed  to  a  clonic  spasm,  in 
which  the  muscular  fibers  contract  and  relax  alter- 
nately in  very  quick  succession,  producing  the 
appearance  of  agitation.  In  tonic  spasms,  however, 
there  is  always  alternate  contraction  and  relaxation. 
The  spasms  of  tetanus  are  tonic. 

TON'I€,  n,  A  medicine  Uiat  increases  the  strength 
and  gives  vigor  of  action  to  the  system. 

2.  In  music,  the  kry-note  or  principal  sound  which 
genemles  all  the  rest.     [Fr.  tonigue.]  Cyc 

3.  In  mit-ic,  a  certain  degree  of  tension,  or  the 
pound  produced  by  a  vocal  string  in  a  given  degree 
of  ti-nsion. 

TON'KA-ltEAN,       in.     The  fruit  of  the  Dipteris 
TON'OUIN-IilcAN,  i      odorata,   a  shrubby   plant  of 

Guiiiiia.     It  has  a  pectiliarly  agreeable  smell,  and  is 

employed  in  the  scenting  of  snuff.  Buchanan, 

TO-NIGHT',  n.     [to  nnd  night.]     The  present  night, 

or  ilie  nieht  after  the  present  day. 
TON'NAt^E,  ftun'-,)  «.     [from  tern.]    The  weight  of 

goods  carried  in  a  boat  or  ship. 

2.  Tlie  cubical  content  or  burthen  of  a  ship  in 
tuns  ;  or  the  amount  of  weight  which  she  may  carry. 

3.  A  duty  or  impost  on  ships,  estimated  per  tun  ; 
or  a  duty,  toll,  or  rate  payable  on  goods  per  tun, 
transported  on  canals, 

TON'SIL,  ».  [L.  tovsillcp.  This  word  seems  to  be 
formed  from  tonsus,  tondeo,  to  clip.] 

Ii]  anatumy,  a  glandular  body  in  the  throat  or 
fauces.  The  tonsils  are  called  also,  from  their  shape, 
amygdalte,  and,  in  jjopular  language,  almonds.  The 
tonsils  have  several  excretory  duels  opening  into  the 
mouth.  Ct/e.     U.ioper, 

TON'Sir.E,  C-fil,)  a.    That  may  be  clipped.   Mason. 

TON-SO'RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  barber  or  to  shar- 
ing. 

TON'SURE,  (tnn'shQre,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  tonsura, 
from  tonsus,  shaved  ;  tondeo,  to  clip  or  shave.] 

1.  The  act  of  clipping  the  hair,  or  of  shaving  the 
crown  of  the  iiead  ;  or  tlie  state  of  being  sliorn. 

.Addison. 

2.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  tonsure  is  the  first 
ceremony  used  for  devoting  a  person  to  the  service 
of  God  and  the  church  ;  the  first  degree  of  the  cleri- 
cate,  given  by  a  bishop,  who  cuts  off  a  part  of  his 
hair  with  prayers  and  benedictions.  Hence  tonsure 
is  used  to  denote  entrance  or  admission  into  holy 
orders.  Cye. 

3.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  the  corona  or 
crown  which  priests  wear  as  a  mark  of  their  order 
and  of  their  rank  in  the  church.  Cye. 

TON-TtNE',  (ton-teen')  «.  [Fr.  tontine;  said  to  be 
from  its  inventor,  Tonti,  an  Italian.] 

An  annuity  or  survivorship;  or  a  loan  raised  on 
life-annuities,  with  tlie  benefit  of  survivorship.  Thus 
an  annuity  is  shRred  among  a  number,  on  the  prin- 
ciple that  the  share  of  each,  at  his  death,  ia  enjoyed 
by  the  survivors,  until  at  last  the  whole  goes  to  the 
last  survivor,  or  to  the  last  two  or  three,  nccording  to 
the  terms  on  which  the  money  is  advanced. 

TO'NY,  n.     A  simpleton.     [Ludieroua.]  Ihyden. 

TOO,  adv.     [Sax.  to.] 

1  Over  ;  more  than  enough  ;  noting  excess  ;  as.  a 
thing  is  too  icnz,  too  short,  or  too  wide;  too  high; 
too  many  ;  too  much. 

Hia  will  roo  NlroTij  to  b-.'rul,  too  proml  ta  I«un.  Ooalty. 


TONE,  Byi.L,  IINITE.— AN"GER,  V!"CIOUS.  — «  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1159 


TOO 

SL  Likewise ;  also ;  tn  Bdditkm. 

A  coiutier  umI  k  patiiot  loo. 

Lrt  Omw  tjn  ibst  «l»v 
Tbe  djLhac  crii»«.  b^faoU  the  Teog«uK«  few. 


Pojm. 


3.  7Tm>,  to*),  repealed,  denotes  excess  emphatically  ; 
but  this  repetition  is  not  in  respectable  use. 

[The  original  applicatiun  of  {«,  now  too,  iieems  to 
have  been  tu  a  word  signifying  a  gmtl  quantity  j  as, 
speaking  or  giving!  to  much  ;   that  is,  to  a  great 
amount     To  was  tltus  used  by  old  authon.] 
TQpK,  rreC  of  Txaa. 

Enoch  wu  Bot,  (brOodfewtUni.  — Oao.  ▼. 

TOOL,  m.  rSax.  uL  Qu.  Fr.  outiL  In  old  Law 
I^tia,  we  find  attile,  attiUo,  stores,  tools,  implements. 
Qu.  artilUry,  by  corraption.] 

1.  An  instrument  of  manual  opemtion,  particu- 
lariy  such  as  are  used  bv  farmers :iiu1  mechanics  ;  as, 
the'toob  of  a  Joiner,  smhb,  or  «h«t-tnnker. 

2.  A  person  used  as  an  Insirumcnt  by  another  per 
•on ;  a  Kwrd  of  r^roofA.  Men  of  intrigue  always 
have  their  toc4»,  by  whose  agency  they  accomplish 
their  purposes. 

TOOL,  r.  /.    To  shape  with  a  tool.  Kntick. 

TOOL'ING,  w.    Wurkmani^ip  performed  wflh  a  tool. 

TOOM,  a.     Empty.     [.Vot  in  usf.]  mdif. 

TOON'-WQQD,  ".  A  wood  of  a  reddish-brown  col- 
or, employed  in  India  fur  cabinet-work.  It  is  the 
Cedrela  Toona  c^  botanists:  P.  C^t. 

TOOT,  c.  i.  [Sax.  tstiam^  to  aboot,  to  project;  D. 
taeteii,  to  blow  the  hor»  ;  ta^-k^m^  a  bugl»-horn ;  G. 
dnten ;  Sw.  tiuia.  This  word  corresponds  in  ele- 
roents  with  Gr.  rtQimi  and  W.  ^odli,  to  put,  set,  lay, 
give ;  L.  do^  dtdi.  The  Saxon  expresses  the  primary 
aensej 
L  To  stand  out  or  be  prcnninent.    [J^ot  in  use,] 

&.  To  make  a  particular  noise  with  the  toneue,  ar- 
ticulating with  the  root  of  the  upper  leetb,  at  the  be~ 
ginning  and  end  nf  tbe  sound  ;  also,  to  sound  a  horn 
in  a  particular  manner. 

Tbk  wri»r  abdold  ■mrmr  a.  teoimg  hotn.  B6m*lL 

3.  To  peep ;  lo  look  narrowly.  [JVM  in  ntt,  sad 
proS(Mf  a  mistaken  intewT^rftati^m.'}  ^emssr. 

TOOT.  V.  L    To  sound  ;  as,  to  toot  the  horn. 

TOOT'ER,  m.    One  who  plays  upon  a  pipe  or  bom. 

B,  Janjon, 

TOOTH,  m. ;  ft  Tibtr.  [Sax.  tcth,  pi.  trtk.  It  cor- 
respimds  with  \V.  did  and  t^tA,  a  teal,  Gaelic,  did^ 
dctttf,  and  with  tact,  supra  \  signifying  a  shuoL  If  r 
Is  not  radical  in  the  L.  dau,  Gr.  i>Jut(,  oJo»ra$,  this 
ts  the  same  word.] 

1.  A  bony  sitb<!tance  growing  out  of  the  Jaws  of 
animal-^,  and  serving  as  the  instrument  nf  ui.isticn- 
tion.  The  teei\  are  also  very  UJ^efuI  in  x«si^tng  per- 
sons in  tire  nut-rance  of  word>-,  and  when  wtll- 
formed  and  sound,  they  are  ornarni-ntal.  The  leeih 
of  animals  dilt'er  in  shaiw,  being  ciL-siined  fur  ditfir- 
ent  otftces.  The  front  teeth,  in  men  and  quadru- 
peds, are  called  ineisorsj  or  indfiv*.  or  cutting  t*ctJi; 
next  to  these  are  the  pointed  tiseth,  called  lojttsry,  en- 
nine,  or  doff  teetK  :  and  on  the  sidea  of  the  jaws  are 
the  molar  tetlA  or  irrinders, 

2.  Taste ;  palate. 

Tbne  uc  dm  di*hea  for  thj  jAlntr  tooA.  Dryden. 

3.  A  tine;  a  prong;  something  pointed  and  re- 
sembling an  animal  lo^tth  ;  ns,  the  tootk  of  a  rakf,  a 
comb,  a  card,  a  harrow,  a  saw,  or  of  a  wheel.  The 
teeth  ef  a  wheel  are  sometimes  called  Coot,  and  nre 
destined  to  catch  corresponding  parts  of  oilier 
wheels 

ToctM  and  maU ;  [by  biting  and  scratching,]  with 
one**  ntnost  power ;  by  all  possible  means. 

TV  a«  U«tk  i  in  open  opposition ;  directly  to  one's 
&ce. 

Tint  I  rimO  B**,  sod  kfl  Un  to  kU  Istdu  Stak, 

TV  emM  m  tka  tutk  t  to  retort  reproachfully  ;  to  in- 
sult to  the  &ce.  Hunker. 

In  tpke  of  tkt  tettk;  In  defiance  of  opposition  ;  in 
opposition  to  every  eflurt.  Skak. 

To  skvw  tkt  ttetk  i  to  threaten. 

When  tbe  Lav  Mow*  Ur  ttctft,  bat  dun  not  Me.       Young. 

rOOTH,  V.  L  To  furnish  with  teeth  ;  as,  lo  tootk  a 
rake. 

2.  To  indent;  to  cut  into  teeth;  to  jag;  as,  to 
toetk  a  saw. 

3.  To  lock  into  each  other.  Mozan. 
TOOTH'AeHE,  (loolh'ike,)  a.  [tootk  and  ocAa]  Pain 

in  the  l^eth. 

TOOTH'a€ME-TREE,  m.  An  evergreen  shrub  of 
tbe  senus  Xanihntytum.  Lfe. 

TOOTH'-DRA\V-ER,  ».  [toot*  and  drair.]  One 
whose  business  is  to  extract  teeth  with  instruments 

fFiseman. 

TOOTH'-DRAW-ING,  m.  The  act  of  extracting  a 
tooth  :  the  practice  of  extracUne  teeth. 

TOOTH'JCD,  (loothi,)  pp.  or  a.  Having  teeth  or  jags. 
In  botany,  drniaie  ;  having  projecting  points,  remote 
from  each  other,  about  the  edge.    Martyn,     SmUA. 

TOOTH'EDGE,(-€J,)«.  Itootinnd  edjrc]  The  sensa- 
tion excited  by  grating  lounds,  and  by  the  Umch  of 
certain  substances.  Daricin. 


TOP 

Tinglinp  uneasiness,  almost  ammmting  lo  pain,  in 
the  tteth,  iruin  ^tridulous sounds,  vellicntiun,  or  acid 
or  acrid  substances.  Oood. 

TOOTM'Fl,  I'l  a.     Palatable.     [A'VK  in  use.] 
TOOTH'LESS.  a.     Having  no  teeth.  Dri/den, 

TOOTII'LKT-ED,  a.  In  botany,  denticulate  ;  liaving 
very  small  teeth  or  projt-ctiug  points  ;  as  a  leaf. 

Martyn. 
TOOTH'PICK,         )  M.    [tooth  and  pick.)    An  instru- 
TOOTil'PlCK-ER,  S     mem  for  cleaning  the  teeth  of 

substances  lodged  between  them.  SAoJb. 

TOOTHSOME,  (tooUi'sum,)  a.    Palatable;  graleftil 

to  tile  taste.  Carne. 

TOOTH'SOME-NESS,  n.  Pleasantness  to  the  taste. 
TOOTH'WORT,  (looih'wurt,)  n.  A  plant  whose 
roots  resemble  human  teetli,  such  as  the  Lnthnea 
sqitanmria,  various  species  of  Dentaria,  the  Oorol- 
lorrhiza  innata,  &.c.  This  name  is  also  given  to  the 
lead-wort,  of  the  genus  Plumbago,  from  its  toothed 
corol.  Cyc, 

TOOTH'Y,  fl.    Toothed  ;  having  teeth.  CrozalL 

TOOT'iNG,  pjtr.    Sounding  in  a  particular  manner,  as 

a  horn. 
TOP.  «.    [Sax.  top:  D.  and  Dan.  top;  Sw.  topp;  W. 
tob  oTtop;  u>piaw^  to  top,  to  form  a  crest.] 

I.  Tile  highest  part  of  anything;  the  upper  end, 
ed(!o,  or  extremity  ;  as,  the  tap  of  n  tree  ;  the  top  of 
a  spire  :  the  top  of  a  house  ;  the  top  of  a  mountain. 

S.  Surface  ;  upper  side  ;  as,  the  top  of  the  Bround. 

3.  The  highest  place;  as,  the  tffp  of  preferment. 

Locke.     Swift. 

4.  The  highest  person  ;  the  chief.  Skak* 

5.  The  utmost  degree. 

Tbp  lop  or  mj  Ambition  ts  toeontribule  tn  th&t  wortt.       Pope. 
If  ^oti  Kiuiti  the  lop  of  your  d«rin*«  in  tunc.  Pope. 

6.  The  higheiit  rank.  Each  boy  strives  to  be  at 
the  top  of  his  class,  or  at  the  top  of  the  school. 

7.  The  crown  or  upper  surface  of  the  head.    Shak. 

8.  Tbe  hair  on  the  crown  of  the  bead ;  the  five- 
lock.  Shak. 

9.  The  head  of  a  planU  Watts, 

10.  {G.  ttrpf.]  An  inverted  conoid  which  children 
|day  with  by  whirling  it  on  its  point.  One  sort  has 
its  nKrfiun  continued  by  means  uf  a  whip.       Shak, 

II.  In  ship~bu>ldinff,  a  sort  of  ptaifonn,  surround- 
ing the  head  of  the  lower  mast,  and  pmjecting  on  all 
sides.  It  server  to  extend  the  shrouds,  by  which 
means  tliey  more  elTectiially  supfwrt  the  mast ;  and, 
in  ships  of  war,  the  top  furnishes  a  convenient 
stand  fur  swivels  and  small  arms  to  annoy  the  ene- 
my. Cye. 

TOP'-.\R-MOR,  H.  In  ships,  a  railiug  on  the  top,  sup- 
ported bv  ^anchions  and  equipped  witli  netting. 

TOP'-DLOCK,  a.  In  ships,  a  block  hung  to  an  eye- 
bolt  in  the  cap,  tised  in  swaying  and  lowering  the 
tup-ma>iL 

TOP'-t-'IIAIN',  fl.  In  skips,  a  chain  to  sling  the  lower 
yards  in  time  of  action,  to  prevent  their  falling, 
when  the  ropes  by  which  ttiey  ore  hung  are  shot 
away. 

T0P'-€LOTH,  n.  In  ships,  a  piece  of  canvas  used 
lo  Cover  the  hammocks  which  are  lashed  to  the  tup 
in  action. 

TOP'-DRAIN'ING,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  drain- 
ine  the  surface  of  land. 

TOP'-DRESS-ING,  n.  Adressing  of  mamue  laid  on 
the  surface  of  land.  Cgc. 

TOP'F^L,  a.    [top  and  full]    Full  to  the  brim. 

TOP-GAL'LANT,  a.     [See  Top-Sail.]  [  fVatts. 

2.  Highest  J  elevated;  splendid;  as,  n  top-gallanl 
spark.  LTMranfre, 

TOP'-HE.W-Y,  (top'hev-e,)  a.  [top  and  heavy.] 
Having  the  top  or  upper  part  too  heavy  for  the  lower. 

fVotton. 

TOP'-KNOT,  (not,)  n.  [top  unA  knot.]  A  knot  worn 
by  females  on  the  top  of  the  bead. 

TOP'LESS,  0.    Having  no  top ;  as,  a  topless  hight. 

Chapman, 

TOP'MAN,  V.    [top  and  man,]    The  man  who  stands 
above  in  sawing. 
2.  In  ships^  a  man  standing  in  the  top. 

TOP'MXST,  n.  In  ships,  the  second  mast,  or  that 
which  is  next  above  the  lower  masL  Above  that  is 
the  top-frallant-mast. 

TOP'MOST,  a.  [top  and  most.]  Highest;  upper- 
most ;  as,  the  topmost  clili';  the  topmost  branch  of  a 
tree.  Dryden.     .^ildtson. 

TOP'-PROUD.  a.  [top  and  proud!]  Proud  to  the 
hiahesi  degree.  Shak, 

TOP'-RfiPE,  n.    A  rope  to  sway  up  a  topmast,  &.c, 

TOP'-SAIL,  a.  A  sail  extended  across  the  top-mast, 
above  which  is  the  top-gallant- sail. 

TOP'-SH.XP-ED,  (shapt.)  a.  In  botany,  turbinate, 
i.  e.,  inversely  conical,  with  a  contractiun  toward  tbe 
point. 

TOP'-SOIL-ING,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  lalting  off  the 
top-soil  of  land,  before  a  canal  is  begun. 

TOP'-STONE,  n.  A  stone  that  is  placed  on  the  top, 
or  which  forms  the  top. 

TOP'-TACK-LE,  (tak'l,)  n.  A  large  tackle  hooked 
to  the  lower  end  of  the  top  maat  top-rope  and  to  the 
deck.  Mar.  Diet. 

TOP,  r.  i.  To  rise  aloft ;  to  be  eminent ;  as,  lofty 
ridges  and  topping  mountains.  Verham. 


TOP 

S.  To  predominate ;   as,  topping  passions  ;  topping 
uneasiness. 
3.  To  excel ;  to  rise  above  others. 

But  write  Ih;  bctt  and  top.  Drydtm. 

TOP,  V,  L,    To  cover  on  the  top ;  to  tip ;  to  cap. 

A  mount 
or  (tjabutrr,  topptd  with  ^Idcn  spinst.  MiUon. 

Mouuuiiw  lopped  wiib  tnow.  WtUlrr. 

3.  Tu  rise  above. 


A  gourd— Climbing  \rf  tbe  bongfaa  twiiwd  about  th^m,  tm  h 

tapped  uid  covered  tbe  Uee.  L'Ettrange. 

Trapping  kU  odKra  in  bouUnf.  S/ioh. 

3.  To  outgo;  to  surpass. 

4.  To  crop ;  to  take  ulf  the  top  or  upper  part. 

Top  your  roac-trwi  a  Uitle  with  your  kiiUs  near  a  leaf-bud. 

So  in  America  we  say,  to  top  com,  that  is,  maize, 
by  cutting  otT  the  stalk  just  above  the  ear. 

5.  To  rise  to  the  top  of;  as,  he  topped  the  hill.. 

Denham. 

6.  To  perform  eminently.     [JVot  in  use.^ 
TO'PAN,  n.     A  name  of  the  horned  Indian' rhinoceros 

bird,  the  Buceros  rhinoceros,  of  the  Passerine  ordet 

Cyc. 
TCPXRCH,  n.      [Gr*.  roirog,  a  place,  and  apxoSi  a 
chief.] 
The  principal  man  in  a  place  or  country. 
Ta'PARCH-Y,  n.     A  little  state,  consisting  of  a  few 
cities  or  towns  ;  a  petty  country  governed  by  a  to- 
(Kirch.    Judea  was  formerly  divided  into  ten  toparcK- 
ies. 
TO'PAZ,  Ji.     [Gr.  rmialiov,] 

A  mineral,  said  to  be  so  called  from  Topazes,  a 
small  isle  in  the  Arabic  Gulf,  where  the  Romans  ob- 
tained a  stone  which  they  called  by  this  name,  but 
which  is  the  chrystdite  of  the  moderns.  Topaz  is 
one  of  the  gems.  It  occurs  in  rhombic  prisms,  and 
is  generally  of  a  yellowish  color  and  pellucid  ;  but 
is  also  met  with  colorless,  ^d  of  greenish,  bluish, 
or  brownish  shades,  and  sometimes  massive  and 
opaque.  It  contiists  of  silica,  alumina,  and  fluoric 
ftcid.  Dana. 

TO-PAZ'O-LITE,  n.    A  variety  of  precious  garnet,  of 
a  topaz  yellow  color,  or  an  olive  green, 

Ure.     Cleav  eland. 
T^PE,  n.     A  fish  of  the  shark   family,  and  genus  Ga- 
leus,  resembling  the  dog-fish  in  its  general  aspi'ct. 
Jardine^s  JVaL  Lib. 
S.  In  Hindostan,  a  grove  or  clump  of  trees. 

Makom. 
TOPE,  r.  i.     [Fr.  toper.     Qu.  dip.] 

To  drink  hard ;  to  drink  strong  or  spiritoua  li- 
quors to  excess. 

If  jrou  tojit  in  form,  and  treat.  Dryden. 

TO'PER,  n.    One  who  drinks  to  excess  ;  a  drunkard  ; 
a  sot. 

TOP'ET,  n.     A  small  bird,  the  crested  titmouse. 

N.  B.  —  The  crested  titmouse  of  Latham,  Parus 
bicolur,  is  the  tonpet  titmouse  of  Pennant. 

Kd.  Rncyc. 

TOPH,        I  n.    [from  the  Latin  tophxis.]    A  kind  of 

TOPHTN,  (     sandstone. 

TO-PIU'CEOUS,  (to-fa'shus,)  a.      Gritty:    sandy; 
roujih  :  stony.  Arbnthnot. 

TO'PHET,  (ta'fet,)  m.      [Heb.  nsn  tophet^  from  sn, 
toph,  a  drum.] 

Hell ;  so  called  from  a  place  east  of  Jerusalem, 
where  children  were  bunit  to  Moloch,  and  where 
drums  were  used  to  drown  their  cries. 

TOP'I-A-RY,  a.     [L.  topiarius,  ornamented.] 

Shaped  by  cutting;  as,  topiary  work,  which  con- 
sists in  giving  all  kinds  of  fanciful  forms  to  arbors 
and  thickets,  trees  and  hedges.  Prancis. 

TOP'ie,   71.      [Gr.   Tovoi,   place;   L.   topicus^  topica; 
Suns,  topu.] 

1.  Any  subject  of  discourse  or  argument.  The 
Scriptures  furnish  an  unlimited  number  of  topics  for 
the  preacher,  and  topics  infinitely  interesting. 

2.  In  rhetoric,  a  probable  argument  drawn  from 
the  several  circumstances  and  places  of  a  fact. 
Aristotle  wrote  a  book  of  topics.  Cicero  defines 
topics  to  be  the  art  of  finding  arguments.       Cyc 

-3.  Principle  of  persuasion. 

Coutuinacioua  penoiu  wbum  oo  topics  cau  work  upon. 

\raHnt, 
4.  In  medicine,  an  external  remedy ;  a  remedy  to 
be  applied  outwardly  to  a  particular  part  of  the  body, 
as  a  plaster,  a  poultice,  a  blister,  and  the  like. 

Cyc 
TOP'ie,  >  fl.      [Supra.]      Pertaining  to  a   place ; 

TOP'I€-AL,  \      limited  ;  local ;  as,  a  topical  remedy. 
2,  Pertaining  to  a  topic  or  subject  of  discourse,  or 
to  a  general  head. 
TOP'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    Locally;  with  limitation  to  a 
part. 

2.  With  application  to  a  particular  part ;  as,  a  rem- 
edy topirtillu  ap;)lied. 
T0-P0G'RA'-P1II:r,  n.      [See  Topoqrapht.]      One 
who  describes  a  particular  place,  town,  city,  or  tract 
of  land. 
TOP-O-GRAril'ie,  )  fl.    Pertaining  to  topogra- 

T0P-0-GRAPH'I€-AL,  ]    -  phy  ;    descriptive    of    a 
place. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MAR:rNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK 

1160  ~  ^ 


TOR 


TOR 


TOR 


TOP-U-GRAPH'ie-AL-LY,  ado.    In  tbe  manner  of 

topograiihv. 
TO-l'OG'RA-PHY.n.    [Gr.  rofffff,  place,  and  yoaf&tj, 
deacnirtion.]  /'    r  <» 

The  description  of  a  particular  place,  city,  town, 
manor,  parish,  or  tract  of  Iiind.    It  is  of  more  lim- 
ited application  than  Choroorapht. 
JJJP^£i>.  (topt,)  t  pp.  or  a.      Covered   on  the   top  ; 
TOFT,  j       capped  j    surpassed ;    cropped  ; 

havinp  the  top  cut  off. 
TOP'PING,  ppr.     Covering  the  top;  capping:  sur- 
passing; cropping;  lopping. 
2-  «-  f'ine ;  gallant.  Johnson. 

[But  Joknson's  d^nition  is  probably  incorrect.] 
3.  Proud;  assuming  superiority.  [This  is  the 
sense  in  which  the  common  people  of  JWio  En  idand  use 
the  word,  and  I  bdieve  the  truB  sense ;  but  it  is  not  ele- 
ffant.] 
TOP'PiNG,  n.  In  seamen's  lanimaire^  the  act  of  pull- 
ing one  extremity  of  a  yard  higher  than  the  other. 

TOP'PING-LIFT,  71.  A  larce,  strong  tackle 'Vm- 
ployed  to  suspend  or  top  the  outer  end  of  a  gaff,  or 
of  the  bourn  of  a  main-sail,  in  a  brig  or  schooner. 

Mar.  Diet. 

TOP'PING-LY,  adv.  Proudly  ;  with  airs  of  disdain. 
[JVot  an  elegant  loordy  nor  imich  used.] 

TOP'PLE,  (top'pl,)  V.  t.  [from  top.]  To  fall  for- 
ward ;  to  pitch  or  tumble  down. 

Thoujjh  castles  loppU  on  tlicir  warders*  heatlo.  Shak. 

[This  word  is  used  chiefitj  of  children  when  beginning 
to  ittilk.'] 

TOP'PLING,  ppr.    Falling  forward. 

TOP'SY-TUR'VY,a(/«.  In  an  inverted  posture;  with 
the  top  or  head  downward ;  as,  to  turn  a  carriage 
tipsihturvy.  South. 

TOQVE,aok,)  In.     [Fr.,   a    cap.]    A  kind   of 

TO-aUfiT',  (to-kS',)  i  bonnet  or  head-dress  for 
women. 

Ton,  n.     [Sax.  tor  ;  L.  turris.] 

A  tower  i  a  turret ;  also,  a  high,  pointed  hill ;  used 
in  names. 

TORCH,  n,  [It.  torcia;  Sp.  antoreha;  Fr.  torche  ;'D. 
tvorts ;  probably  a  twist ;  It.  turciare^  to  twist,  Sp. 
torcSr,  VV.  forfi,  L.  torqiieo,  tortus.] 

A  light  or  lumiuary  formed  of  some  combustible 
substance,  as  of  resinous  wood;  a  large  candle  or 
flambeau. 

They  light  the  nuptial  torch.  Milton. 

TORCir-BEAR-ER,  n.    [torch  ^d  bear.]    One  whose 

office  is  to  carr>'  a  torch.  Sidney. 

TORCII'ER,  re.    One  that  gives  light.    [J^ot  in  use.] 

Shak. 
TORCn'-LTGHT,  C-llle,)  ti.    [torch  and  light.}    The 
light  of  a  torch  or  of  torches. 

2.  A  light  kindled  to  supply  the  want  of  the  snn. 

Bacon. 
TORCH'-THIS-TLE,  (-this-l,)  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Cereus.  i^yr. 

The  common  name  of  a  genus  of  the  order  Cacta- 
ceaj,  called  cereus,  from  cera,  wax,  from  the  resem- 
blance of  the  steins  to  a  wax  candle,  Trrch-thistle 
is  fri<m  the  prickly  stenis  used  by  tiie  Indians  for 
torches.  Cue. 

TORCHnVORT,  (-wurt,)  n.     A  plant.  More. 

TORE,  pret.  of  Tear.     He  tore  his  robe. 
TORE,  n.     tPe'*'"P*'  ff^n*  ^^or;  VV.  (oW,  to  break.] 
The  dead  gra«8  tint  remains  on  mowing  land  in 
winter  aod  spring.    [Used  in  J^ew  England'.] 

Mortimer. 
TORE,  n.     [L.  torus.] 

In  archuecture^  a  large,  round  molding  on  the 
base  of  a  column  ;  a  ti»rus,  Gto.is.  of  Ardiit. 

TO  REU-MA-TOG'RA-PflY,  n.  [Gr.  rrip£t),/a,  sculp- 
ture, and  yfi'ifp^t  description.] 

A  description  of  ancient  sculptures  and  basso- 
relievos.  Cifc. 
T0-REU-.MA-TOL'0-6Y,  n,    [Gr.  Touvna,  sculpture, 
and  \<>}  nj.] 
Thf?  art  or  description  of  sculpture  and  bas-relief. 
TO-REC'Tie,  a.     [(Jr.  too  wro(,  polished.] 

lu  sculpture^  highly  finir^hed  or  polished;  applied 
properly  to  figures  in  hard  wood^  ioory,  ^-r.  Brandr. 
TOR'iMENT,  n.  [Fr.  tourmenf,  L.  tormeiUum ;  It. 
and  Sp.  tormento ;  probably  from  the  root  of  L.  tcr- 
ipieOf  torn,  Eiig.  tour ,-  that  is,  from  twisting,  strain- 
ing.] 

I.  Extreme  pain  ;  anguish  ;  the  utmost  degree  of 
misery,  either  of  body  or  mind. 

The  more  I  see 
F1cn«iiTr  aTxxit  me,  to  much  I  (eni 

Tamunt  vriitiiu  ine.  Milton. 

l^al  thf-y  kIbu  coioe  into  thi«  place  o(  torment.  —  Luk<;  x^i. 
It«v.  ix.  Til. 

S.  That  which  gives  pain,  vexation,  or  misery. 

They  brought  t into  liiiri  all  iickjXMjpIc  that  were  token  wiUi  tltrcra 
diseii»;B  anil  lornuiUf. —  fll.m.  "iv. 

3.  An  engine  for  casting  stones.  Elyot. 
TOR-MENT',r.  I.  To  put  to  extreme  pain  or  anguish  ; 

to  intltrt  excruciating  pain  and  misery,  either  of  body 
or  mind. 

Art  Uioii  come  hliliw  to  torment  im  beftm*  tlietime?  —  MiU.  Fiii. 
H*  dMil  tie  UrrmerUed  wiih  lire  an<i  bdinKlf  ne.  —  Ror.  xiv. 


2.  To  pain  ;  to  distress. 

LoH,  my  ierrniit  lir-th  at  Iwme  nek  of  the  palsy,  rrictoiuly  lor- 
metiltd.  —  Mull.  viii.  t~  j,a 

3.  'i'o  tease  ;  to  vex  ;  to  harass  j  an,  to  be  Un-meiUed 
with  importunities,  or  with  petty  annoyances. 

4.  To  put  into  great  agitation. 

Th"y,  soaring  on  main  wing, 
TarmemedoiW  tlus  air.     {UnuBual.]  MUlon. 

TOR-MENT'ED,  pp.  Pained  to  extremity;  teased; 
harassed. 

TOR'MEN-TIL,  n.     [Fr.  tormentUU:  It,  tormmtiUa.] 

The  scptfoil,  Potontilla  Tormentilla.     The  root  is 

used  in  medicine  as  a  powerful  astringent,  and  for 

alleviating  gripes  or  tormina   in   cases  of  diarrhea, 

whence  its  name.  Cyc. 

TOR-MENT'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Paining  to  an  extreme 
degree;  inflicting  severe  distress  and  anguish  :  teas- 
ing ;  vexing. 

TOR-MENT'ING,  n.  In  agricuUure^iin  imperfect  sort 
of  horse-hoeing.  Cr/c 

TOR-MENT'ING-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  tending  to 
produce  distress  or  anguish. 

TOR-MENT'OR,  >  n.     He  or  that  which   torments; 

TOR-MENT'ER,  (  one  who  inflicts  penal  anguish 
or  tortures.  Milton.     Dryden. 

2.  In  agriculture^  an  inftniment  for  reducing  a  stiff 
soil,  resembling  a  harrow,  but  running  upon  wheels. 

„_„  ,  Hchert. 

ToRN,  pp.  or  a.    [from  tear.] 

Ntiilier  shall  ye  er»t  any  flcah  that  is  lorn  by  the  boajta  in  the 
fi<.Iil.  — Ejt.  xxii. 

TOR-XA'DO,  n.  [from  the  root  of  (Mm;  that  is,  a 
whirling  wind.  The  Sp.  and  Port,  toruada  is  a  re- 
turn.] 

A  violem  gust  of  wind,  or  a  tempest,  distinguished 
by  a  xvliirling  motion.  TornadoLtJ  of  this  kind  hap- 
pen aftor  extreme  heat,  and  somelimes,  in  the  United 
States,  rend  up  fences  and  trees,  and  in  a  few  in- 
stances have  overthrown  houses  and  torn  them  to 
pieces.  Tornadoes  are  usually  accompanied  with 
severe  thunder,  lightning,  and  torrents  of  rain  ;  but 
they  are  of  short  duration,  and  narrow  in  breadth. 

TO'ROUS,  !  '^    [^-  ^o^osiis-] 

In  froicTi!/,  prtjtnborant;  swelling  in  knobs,  like  the 
veinsjind  muscles  j  as,  a  toroiis  pericarp.    Martijn. 
TOR-PE'DO,  fi.     [L.,  from  lorpeo,  to  bo  numb.] 

1.  The  cramp  tish  or  electric  ray.  This  name 
designates  a  genusof  fishes  of  several  species,  \vhich 
are  commonly  confounded  with  each  other.  These 
fishes  are  usually  taken  in  forty  fathoms  water,  on 
the  coast  of  Franco  and  England,  and  in  the  Medi- 
terranean. A  touch  of  them  occasi*uis  a  numbness 
in  the  limb,  accompanied  with  an  intfescribable  and 
Kiinful  sensation,  and  is  really  an  electric  shock. 
VVhen  dead,  they  lose  the  power  of  producing  this 
sensation.  Cyc. 

2.  An  engine  invented  for  the  purpose  of  destroy- 
ing ships  by  blowing  them  up. 

TOR'PENT,  a.     [L.  torpens,  torpco.] 

Benumbed  ;  torpid  ;  having  no  motion  or  activity  ; 
incapable  of  motion. 

A  frail  and  lorpenl  memory.'  Eoetyn. 

TOR'PENT,  n.  In  medicine,  tliai  which  diminishes 
the  exertion  of  the  irritative  motions.  Dnrwiru 

TOR-PES'CENCE,  n.  A  slate  of  insensibility  ;  tor- 
pid ness  ;  numbness;  stupidity. 

TOR-PES'CENT,  a.     [L.  tori>escens.] 

Reconiing  torpid  or  numb.  Shmstone. 

TOR'PID,  a.  [L.  torpidus,  torpco  ;  perhaps  W.  tvrp,  a 
lump.l 

1.  Having  lost  motion  or  the  power  of  exertion  and 
feeling  ;  numb  ;  as,  a  torpid  limb. 

WiLliout  iK-at  all  things  would  be  torjiid.  Ray. 

9.  Dull;  stupid;  sluggish;  inactive.  Tlie  mind, 
ns  well  as  the  body,  becomes  torpid  hy  indolence. 
Impenitent  sinners  remain  in  a  edate  of  torpid  se- 
ctirity.  Barrington, 

TOR  PID'I-TY,  n.    Torpidness. 

Tf*R'PII)-LY,  adv.     In  a  dull,  inactive  manner. 

TOR'PIO-N'ESS,  \   n.      The    slate  of   being    torpfd  ; 

TOR'PI-TUDE,   j  numbness.      Torpidness    may 

amount  to  total  insensibility  or  loss  of  sensation. 

2.  Dullness;  inactivity;  eluggifihne-ss ;  stupidity. 
TOR'PI-FI-£D,  (-flde,);;p.     Rendered  torpid. 
TOR'PI-F?,  r.  f.    To  make  torpid. 
TOR'PI-FY-L\G,  p!n:     Rendering  torpid. 
TOR'POR,  n.     [it.]     Numbness  ;    inactivity  ;    loss  of 

inoiinn,  or  of  the  power  of  motnin.  Toriwr  may 
amount  to  a  total  loss  of  sensation,  t»r  complete  in- 
sensibility. It  maf ,  however,  be  applied  to  the  state 
of  a  living  body  which  has  not  lost  all  power  of 
feehng  and  motion. 

9.  Dullness  ;  laziness  ;  sluggishness  ;  stupidity. 
TOR-rO-RIF'ie,  a.     [L.  torpor  and/«cio.] 

Tt  nding  to  jimdiice  torpur. 
TOR-RK-FAe'TlON,  «.       [Fr.,   from   K   torrrfaeio  i 
torridiis  Q.n<\  fueio.] 

1.  The  op*jration  of  drying  by  a  fire. 

9.  In  metallurgy,  iho  operation  of  roasting  ores. 

3.  In  pharmacy,  tiie  drying  or  roasting  of  drugs  on 
a  meialiine  plate,  placed  over  or  before  coals  of  fire, 


till  they  become  friable  to  the  fingers,  or  till  some 
other  desired  effect  is  produced.  Cye. 

T0R'RE.FI->:D,  (fide,)  jtp.  or  a.  Dried;  roasted ; 
scorched.  Torrtjied  earth,  in  agriculture,  la  that 
which  has  undergone  the  action  of  fire.  Cye, 

T0K'RE-F7,  V.  t.  [L.  Um-ffacio;  L.  torridua,  torreo, 
and  ficia  ;  Fr.  torr^ficr.] 

1.  To  dry  by  a  fire.  Brown. 

2.  In  metaliurgy,  to  roast  or  scorch,  as  metallic  ores. 

3.  In  pharmacy,  to  dry  or  parch,  as  drugs,  on  a 
metalline  plate  till  they  are  friable,  or  are  reduced  to 
any  slate  desired. 

TOR'RE-Ft-ING,  ppr.  Drying  by  a  fire;  roasting; 
parching. 

TOR'RENT,  n.  [L.  torrens.  This  is  the  particiide  of 
torreo,  to  parch.  Cut  tiie  sense  of  the  word  torrent 
allies  it  to  the  \V.  tori,  to  break,  and  the  Eng.  tear. 
They  are  all  of  one  family,  tienoting  violent  ac- 
tion.] 

1.  A  violent  rushing  stream  of  water  or  other 
fluid  ;  a  stream  suddenly  raistd  and  running  rapidly, 
as  down  a  precipice  ;  as,  a  torrent  of  lava. 

2.  A  violent  or  rapid  stream;  a  strong  current; 
as,  a  tiirrent  of  vices  and  follies;  a  torrent  of  cor- 
ruption. 

_  Emainns,  that  grvnt,  [tiJuTi-d  name, 

Stemnu^d  the  wJld  torrejit  ul  a  UitiKiroua  age.  Pope. 

TOR'RENT,  a.  Rolling  or  rushing  in  a  rapid  stream  j 
as,  waves  of  torrent  fire. 

TOR-RI-CEL'LI-AN,  o.  Pertaining  to  Torricelli,  nn 
Italian  philosopher  and  mathematician,  who  discov- 
ered tlie  true  principle  on  which  the  barometer  Is 
constructed. 

Torricellian  tube,  is  a  glass  tube  thirty  or  more 
inches  in  length,  open  at  one  end,  and  hermetically 
sealed  at  the  other,  such  as  is  used  in  the  barom- 
eter. 

Tirrricetlian  vacuum  ;  a  vacuum  produced  by  filling 
witli  mercury  a  tube  hermetically  closed  at  one  end, 
and,  after  immersing  Itie  cther'end  in  a  vessel  of 
mercury,  allowing  the  inclosed  mercury  to  descend 
till  it  is  counter  balanced  by  tlie  weight  of  an  equal 
column  of  ttic  atinusphero,  as  in  the  baronu^ter. 

Jlutton. 

TOR'RID,  a.     [L.  torridus,  from  torreo,  to  roast.] 

1.  Parched  ;  dried  with  heat ;  as,  a  torrid  plain  or 
desert. 

2.  Violently  hot ;  burning  or  parching  ;  as,  a  torrid 
heat.  Miltoiu 

Torrid  zone;  in  geography,  that  space  or  broad 
belt  of  the  earth  included  between  the  tropics,  over 
which  the  sun  is  vertical  at  some  period  every  year, 
and  where  the  heat  is  always  great. 

TOR'RID-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  very  hot  or 
parclied. 

TORSE,  Ti      [Fr.  torse ;  L.  tortus.] 
In  heraldry,  a  wreath. 

TOR'SEL,n.  [Supra.]  Any  thing  in  a  twisted  form; 
as,  torsels  for  mantel-trees.  Moxon. 

TOR'PION,  w.     [L.  torsio,  from  torqueo,  to  twist.] 
The  act  of  turning  or  twisting. 
Torsion  balance,  an  instrument  for  estimating  very 
minute  forces  by  the  motion  of  an  index  attached  to 
the  ends  of  two  fine  wires  or  threads,  which  twist 
around  each  other.  Olmsted. 

TOR'SO,  71.  [It.]  The  trunk  of  a  statue,  mutilated 
of  head  and  limos  ;  as,  the  torso  of  Hercules. 

TORT,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  tortus,  twisted,  from  torreo. 
The  primary  sense  is,  to  turn  or  strain ;  hence,  to 
twist.] 

1.  In  law,  any  wrong  or  injury.  Torts  are  inju- 
ries done  to  the  person  or  proptirty  of  another,  as 
trespass,  assault  and  battery,  defamation,  and  the 
like.  Blackstone. 

2.  Mischief;  calamity.  Speiiser. 
[Eieept  in  the  legal  sense  above  explained,  it  is  ob- 
solete.] 

TOR'TEAU,  (tor'to,)  n.     In  heraldry,  a  red  roundel.  — 

E.  If.  Barker. 
TORT'ILE,  (tort'il,)  a.     [L.  tortilis.] 

Twisted;  wreathed;  coiled.  In  botamj,  coiled 
like  a  rope  ;  as,  a  tortile  awn.  Martyn. 

TOR'TION,  (tor'shun.)  n.     [L.  tortus.] 

Torment;  pain.     [JVot  i«  iwc]  Bacon. 

TOR'TIOUS,  (tor'shus,)  a.  [from  tort.]  Injurious; 
done  by  wrong. 

2.  In  law,  implying  tort,  or  injury  for  which  the 
law  gives  damages. 
TORT'lVE,  a.     [L.  toHus.] 

Twisted  ;  wreathed.  Shak. 

TOR'TOISE,  (tor'tis,)  n.     [from  L.  tortus^  twisted.] 

1.  An  animal  of  the  order  Testudinata,  or  Chelo 
nia,  covered  with  a  shell  or  crust. 

2.  In  fAcwii/i/ari/arf,  a  defense  used  by  the  ancients, 
formed  by  the  troops  arranging  themselves  in  close 
order  and  placing  their  bucklers  over  their  heads, 
making  a  cover  resembling  a  tortoise-shell. 

TOR'Tt)LSE-SIIELL,  n.  [tortoise  and  shdl]  The 
shell,  or  horny  scutes  or  plates  of  tho  tortoise,  used 
in  inlaying  and  in  various  manufactures  ;  varticu- 
larhj,  the  shell  of  a  species  of  sea  turtle,  the  hawk's 
hill  turtle,  Chelone  inibricala.  Brande. 

TORT-IJ-OSE',  a.    Wreathed  ;  twisted  ;  winding. 

I^udon. 


TC.NE,  BJ;LL,  IGNITE..— AN"GEa,  VI"CIOUfci €  as  K  j  6  as  J;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  aa  SH ;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


146 


1161 


TOS 

TORT-II-OS'I-TY,  n.    [from  tortuous,]    The  stale  of 
beiog  twisted  or  wreathed;  wreath;  flexure. 

Brown. 
TORT'lJ-OUS.  a.     [L.  tortnosus ;  Fr.  tortutuz,] 

1.  Twisted;  wreathed;  winding;  as,  a  tortuous 
train  ;  a  tortuoiu  leaf  or  corul,  in  botany. 

Miltoju    Martyn, 

2.  Tortious.     [Abe  used.]     [See  Toarioua.] 

Spenstr. 
TORT'TT-OITS-LY,  adv.    In  a  winding  manner. 
TORT'U-OUS-NESS,  n.     The  state  of  being  twisted. 
TORT'URE,  (tort'yiir,)  n.     [Fr.  ttrtHre  ;  It.  and  Sfi. 
tortuni;  from   L.  tort^^  torqueo^  to  twist,  W.  torf » ; 
probaUy  from  the  root  of  turn.    See  Toua.] 

I.  Extreme  pain ;  anguish  of  body  or  mind  \  pang ; 
•{ony ;  tormepL 

ijA»Mij  wpuM  ot  nekinf  torlurt.  JUUlM 

9.  Severe  pain  inflicted  judicially,  either  as  a  pun- 
ishment for  a  crime,  or  for  the  purpose  of  extorting 
aconfe'tsion  from  an  accused  person.  Torture  may 
be,  and  \^^  indicted  in  n  variety  of  ways,  as  by  water 
or  by  lire,  or  by  the  biMtt  or  thtimbkin.  But  tlie  most 
nsiial  nK>de  is  by  the  rack  or  wheel.  Palty.  Cyc. 
TORT'i;:RE,  r,  t.    To  pain  to  extremity  ;  to  torment. 

3.  To  punish  with  torture  ;  to  put  to  the  rack ;  as, 
to  ti>rture  an  accused  person.  ^ 

3.  Tu  vex  ;  to  harass.  Mdison. 

4.  Tu  keep  on  the  stretch,  as  a  bow.    [^ot  in  use.] 

Bae  n. 
TORT'I^R-ED,  (tort'yurd,)  pp.  Tormented  ;  stretched 

on  the  wheel ;  harassed. 
TOHT'lTR-ER,  a.    One  who  torments;  a  lormentcr. 

BacoH. 
TORT'I^R-INGjjjjw.     Tormenting;  stretching  on  tlie 

rack ;  Texing. 
TORT'yR-ING-LY,  adv.    So  as  to  torture  or  tormenU 

BrAum.  If  FL 
TORT'^R-OUS,  o.     Tormenting.     [J<fotinu*€.] 

More. 
TOR-U-L6SE',  «.   In  hotamy^  cylindrical,  with  several 

swells  and  conti  act  ions. 
lyyRDS,  n.     [L.]     In   artkiieeturt^  a  large   molding 
tued  in  the  bases  of  columns.    Its  profile  is  semicir- 
eular.  Brande. 

9;.  In  ftoteny,  the  receptacle,  or  put  of  the  flower 
on  which  the  carpels  are  seated.  UmdUif,  . 

TOR'VI-TV,  n.     [L.  t/frvdas  ;  from  twisting,  supra.] 

Sourness  or  severity  of  countenance. 
TOR'VOUS,  «.    [L.  toreus,  from  the  rocrt  of  tonpuo^ 
lolwiaL] 
Sour  of  aspect ;  stem ;  of  a  severe  conntenance. 

Derkam. 
TO^RT,  m.     [Said  to  be  an  Irish  word,  denoting  a  rob- 
ber; perhaps  from  f<n>,  a  bu«h,  as  the  Irish  banditti 
lived  in  the  miHintains  or  among  trees.] 

The  name  given  to  an  adherent  to  the  ancient  con- 
stitutioa  of  England  and  (o  the  ecclesiastical  hierar- 
chy.  The  loriea  form  a  pai^  which  are  charged  with 
■uppoffting  more  arbitrary  principles  in  government 
than  the  whigs,  their  opponents. 

In  America,  during  the  revolution,  those  who  op> 
posed  the  war,  and  mvored  the  claims  of  Great  Brit- 
ain, Were  called  tories. 
TO'RY,  a.     Peruining  to  the  tones. 
TO'RY-ISM,  n.    The  principles  of  the  tories. 
TQ8K,  V.  L    To  tease  wool.     [A'ot  in  uje,  or  toeeL] 
TOSS,e.  L;  prvCand  ^.  Tosssd  or  Tost.  iW.t^uzM, 
to  toss,  to  Jerfc.    On.  G.  gtossen,  to  thrust.] 

1.  To  throw  with  the  hand  ;  particularly,  to  throw 
with  the  palm  of  the  hand  upward,  or  to  throw  up- 
ward ;  as,  to  toss  a  ball. 

2.  To  throw  with  violence.  Shak. 

3.  To  lilt  or  throw  up  with  a  sudden  or  violent 
motion  ;  as,  to  toss  the  head  ;  or  to  toss  up  the  head. 

He  feWMif  bii  um  tdeA.  Addison. 

4.  To  cause  to  rise  and  fall ;  as,  to  be  tossed  on  the 


W«  bdng  escee&igly  is— J  vhh  a  lempraL  —  Act*  xxvii. 
&  To  more  one  way  and  the  other.  Prov.  xxL 
t,  Toacicale;  to  make  lestleas. 

Calm  t»gfa>a  etie», 
Aed  Ml  ti  pMM,  DOW  tost  tad  uutiuleiU.  MUten, 

7.  To  keep  In  play ;  to  tumble  over  ;  as,  to  spend 
fimr  years  In  Itssatg  the  rules  of  grammar.  JSsekam. 
T*  toss  tA«  oarsy  in  a  frmC,  is  to  throw  them  with 
their  blades  up,  in  a  perpendicular  direction,  as  a  sa- 
lute. 
TOSS,  r.  i.  To  fling  ;  to  roll  and  tumble  ;  to  writhe ; 
lo  be  in  violent  commotion. 

To  loM  «ik1  fiiof ,  sod  to  b»  letfSnB,  only  frcM  und  mngrs  our 
Via,  TSUotaon. 

Sl  To  be  tossed.  Shak. 

T»  toss  upj  is  lo  throw  a  coin  into  the  air,  and  wa- 
ger on  what  side  it  will  fall.  Brampston. 
TOSS,  n.    A  throwing  upward  or  with  a  jerk  ;  the  act 
of  tossing  ;  as.  the  toss  of  a  ball. 

2.  A  throwing  up  of  the  head  ;  a  particular  man- 
ner of  raising  the  head  with  a  jerk.  It  is  much  ap- 
plied lo  horses,  and  may  be  applied  to  an  affected 
manner  of  raising  the  head  in  men. 
TOSS'£D,  rtost,)  pp.  Thrawn  upward  suddenly  or 
with  a  jerk  ;  made  to  rise  and  fall  suddenly. 


TOU 

TOS'SEL.     See  Tabskl. 

TOSS'ER,  n.     One  who  tosses, 

TOSS'ING,  ppr.  Throwing  upward  with  a  jerk;  rais- 
ing suddenly  ;  as  the  head. 

TOSS'ING,  a.  The  act  of  throwing  upward  ;  a  rising 
and  falling  suddenly  ;  a  rolling  and  tumbling. 

Diru  woa  the  tossing,  dorp  Uw  gro^as.  MUton. 

TOSS'POT,  K,     [toss  and  poU]    A  toper;  one  habit- 
ually given  to  strong  drink.  _ 
TOST,  preU  and  pp,  of  Toss. 

In  B  troubled  sea  of  panioD  tosL  AKlton. 

TO'TAL,  a.     [Fr. ;  L.  totalis^  totus ;  W.  (»(.] 

1.  Whole;  full  ;  complete;   as,  total  darknof^s  ;  a 
total  departure  from  the  evidence  ;  a  total  toHs  ;  the 
total  sum  or  amount. 
ft.  Whole ;  not  divided. 

Mrvlf  the  Umt  erimt.  Millon. 

TO'TAL,  *u  The  whole  ;  the  whole  sum  or  nmonnt. 
1'hese  sums  added  make  the  grand  total  of  ftvc  mil- 
lions. 

TaTAL'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  totalUi.] 

The  whole  sum  ;  whole  quantitv  or  amounL 

TO'TAL-LY,  adv.  Wholly;  entirely;  fully;  com- 
pletely ;  as,  to  be  totally  exhausted ;  all  hope  totally 
failed  ;  he  wns  totally  absorbed  in  thought. 

TO'TAL-NESS,  n,     Entireness. 

TOTE,  r.  L     To  carry  or  bear. 

[A  word  used  in  slaveholding  countries;  said  to 
have  been  introduced  by  the  blacks.  This  word  is 
said  also  to  be  the  same  as  Tolt,  which  see,  the  / 
being  omitted.  It  is  most  used  in  the  Southern  and 
Middle  United  States,  is  occasionally  heard  in  New 
England,  and  is  said  also  to  be  used  in  England.] 

TOTE,  a.     [h.  totus.] 

The  entire  body,  or  nil ;  as,  (he  whole  tote.  [Ilal- 
litpell  itays  stdl  tu  use.]     [CoUoquiaL] 

TOT'ED,  pp.     Carried  or  home. 

T'OTII'F.R  ;  a  vulgar  pronunciation  of  the  other. 

TOT'l-DEM  FER'BIS,  [L.]  In  so  many  words;  in 
the  ver>'  words. 

TO'  Tl-£g  ^l/O'  TIES,  (tO'she-eez-k  wO'shfr-eoz,) 
[L.]    As  oden  OS  one,  so  often  the  oilier. 

TO' TO  C(E'Z.O,  (-eee'Io,)  [L.I     By  the  whole  hemi- 
sphere ;  as  opposite  as  possible. 
/ft  totoy  [L.J     In  the  whole. 

TOT'TER,  c.  C    [This  may  be  allied  to  tUUr.] 

1.  To  shake  so  as  to  threaten  a  fall ;  to  vacillate  ; 
as,  an  old  man  totters  with  age;  a  chiltl  totters  when 
be  begins  to  walk. 

3.  To  shake ;  to  reel ;  to  lean. 

As  ft  bowiog  wftU  ilwdl  ye  be,  ftod  s»  ■.  toOsrinf  fence.  —  Pi. 

Uii. 
Troj  nods  fnm  Itlgh,  and  lotUrs  to  ber  Ekll.  Drydsn. 

TOT'TER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Shaking,  as  threatening  a 
fall:  vacillating:  reeling;  inrlinin<;. 

TOT'TER-ING-LY,  adv.     In  a  tottertng  manner. 

TOT'TER- Y,  i  a.     Shaking  ;  tremliling  '  r  vacillating, 

TOT'TY,  !  as  if  about  to  fall ;  r.isteady.  [J\'ot 
ta  use.] 

[Spenser  wrote  Tottlk,  as  the  common  people  of 
New  England  still  pronounce  it.] 

TOU'GAN,  a.  A  bird  of  tropical  Amerira,  of  several 
B|)ecies,  belonging  to  the  genus  Uaniiihastos,  remark- 
able for  Ihe  large  size  of  its  hill.  The  (eel  of  tou- 
cans, like  those  of  parrots,  are  formed  for  grasping. 

P.  Cye. 

2.  A  small  modem  constellation  of  the  southern 
ht'misphere,  Hutton. 

TOUCH,  (luch,)  e.  t  [Fr.  tovchrr:  Arm.  touicAa,  tou- 
cAnn,  or  toucJtein  ;  Goth,  tckan^  allekan ;  G.  ticken ;  1>. 
tekkett;  Sp.  and  Port,  tocar ;  Xi.toccare;  Gr.  Si).t.tf  L. 
ran^0,  originally  lafl-o,  (our  vulgar  tait ;)  pret.  f^fiwi, 
pp.  taetujs.  The  sense  is,  to  thrui^t  or  strike.  Class 
Dg.  It  appears  by  the  laws  of  Niima  Pompilius, 
that,  in  his  davs,  this  word  was  written  without  ti. 
*'  Pellei  aram  Junonis  ne  ta<rito  "] 

1.  To  come  in  contact  with  ;  to  hit  or  strike 
against. 

He  toiicftirf  (he  hollow  of  hi*  thigh.—  Gen.  xxxil.     Matt.  \x. 
Kctber  drew  near  and  touched  ihe  lop  of  the  wcpter.  —  Eslh.  r. 

2.  To  perceive  by  the  sense  of  feeling. 

Notbing-  but  body  can  be  touched  or  touch.  Creech. 

3.  To  come  to ;  to  reach  ;  to  attain  to. 

The  god  Tindtcdre  doomed  ihem  never  nnore, 

Ah,  mea  unblctd  I  to  touch  ibal  nutaJ  shore.  Pope. 

4.  To  try,  as  gold  with  a  stone. 

Wherein  1  mean  to  touch  your  luve  indeed.  Shak. 

5.  To  relate  to;  to  concern. 

The  quami  loudieth  none  but  thee  alone.  Shok. 

[This  sense  is  now  nearly  obsolete.] 

6.  To  handle  slightly.  Brown. 
1.  To  meddle  with.    I  have  not  touched  the  books. 

8.  ToaffecL 

What  of  iWi?*?! 
Hath  Umdied  my  Bense,  flat  at-emi  to  Oiis.  MUSon, 

9.  To  move  ;  to  soften  ;  to  melt. 

Ttic  tender  are  wu  touched  with  what  he  said.  Addison. 

10.  To  mark  or  delineate  slrghtly. 

The  Inies,  though  touched  but  faintif.  Pope. 


TOU 

11.  To  infect;  as,  men  touched  witb  pestilent  dis- 
eases.    [Little  used.)  Bacon. 

12.  To  make  an  impression  on. 

Its  face  muit  be  — ao  hard  that  the  file  wOl  not  (oucA  h.  Afckvon. 

13.  To  strike,  as  an  instrument  of  music ;  to 
play  on. 

Thej  touched  th«-ir  ffolden  hnrpa.  MUton. 

14.  To  influence  by  impulse  ;  to  impel  forcibly. 

_  No  tl-'cree  of  mine, 

Aft/Ion. 

15.  To  treat  slightly.  In  his  discourse,  he  barely 
touched  upon  the  subject  deemed  the  most  interest- 
ing. 

IG.  To  afllict  or  distress.     Qen.  xxvi. 

To  touch  up;  to  repair;  or  to  improve  by  slight 
touches  or  riuendations,  .Addison. 

To  touch  the  wind;  in  seamen's  language,  is  to  keep 
the  Khip  as  near  the  wind  as  possible. 
TOUCH,  (tuch,;  (?.  r.    To  be  in  contact  with  ;  X^^  bo  in 
a  state  of  junction,  so  that   no  space  is  between. 
Two  spheres  touch  only  at  points.  Johnson, 

2.  To  fasten  on  ;  to  take  effect  on. 

Strong  waU'ra  will  touch  upon  gold,  tliat  will  not  touch  lUrer. 

Bacon. 

3.  To  treat  of  slightly  in  discourse.         Jiddiion. 

4.  Among  seamen,  the  sails  are  said  to  touch  when 
they  riVe  braced  so  sharp,  or  so  near  the  wind,  that 
tiiey  bfgiri  to  shake.  Totiea. 

To  touch  at  ,■  lo  come  or  go  to,  without  stay.  The 
flhip  touched  at  Lisbon. 

The  next  day  we  touched  at  Bidon.  — Acta  xxtU. 

To  touch  OH  or  upon;  to  mention  slightly. 

If  the  tiiitiquarii's  hare  touched  upon  it,  they  have  immediately 
quilted  it.  Addison, 

9.  In  the  sense  of  touch  aL     [Little  used.] 
TOUCH,   (tuch,)  «.      Contact;    the  hitting  of  two 
bodies  ;  the  junction  of  two  bodies  at  the  surface,  so 
that  there  is  no  space  between  them.    The  mimosa 
shrinks  ut  the  slightest  touch. 

2.  The  sense  of  feeling  or  common  sensation,  one 
of  the  five  senses.  We  say,  a  thing  is  cold  or  warm 
to  the  touch  i  silk  is  soft  to  the  touch. 

The  BjiiJcr'fl  touch,  how  extjuisllely  fine  I  Pope. 

3.  The  act  of  toucliing.  The  (oucA  of  cold  water 
made  him  shrink. 

4.  The  slate  of  being  touclied. 

!iy  baud 

Shak. 

5.  Examination  by  a  stone.  Shak, 

6.  Test ;  that  by  which  any  thing  is  examined. 

Equity,  the  true  touch  of  aU  lawa.  Carta. 

7.  Proof;  tried  qualities. 

My  friendi  of  noble  touch.  SSudt, 

8.  Single  act  of  a  pencil  on  a  pictura 

Nevpr  givp  the  least  touch  with  your  pencil,  till  you  hare  well 
exaroitietl  your  design,  Drydsn, 

9.  Feature ;  lineament. 

Of  many  fiu;ea,  ryes,  and  honrti, 

To  have  the  touches  ilt^-arest  prized.  Sh/zk, 

10.  Act  of  the  hand  on  a  musical  instrument. 

Soft  ■lillrteEB  nnd  the  ni^ht 
Become  Uie  touches  of  sweet  baniioiiy.  Sfiak. 

11.  Power  of  exciting  the  affections. 

Not  nlone 
The  death  of  FiilvL-v,  with  more  ur^>nt  touches 
Do  itrotigly  ipeak  t'  ui.  Shak. 

13.  Something  of  passion  or  affection. 

He  both  mnke«  iiiiorceuion  to  (iixl  for  sinnera,  And  exerciaei 
(li^minioii  over  all  men,  with  a  true,  mitural,  and  sensible 
touch  of  mercy.  Hooker. 

13.  Particular  application  of  any  thing  to  a  person. 

Spcecli  of  touch  toward  otliera  should  be  ■pnriiig'ty  used.  [Obe.] 

Bacon. 

14.  A  Stroke  ;  as,  a  foucA  of  raillery  ;  a  satiric  to»cA. 

.Addison. 

15.  Animadversion  ;  censure;  reproof. 

I  never  l>uro  any  touch  of  conscience  with  ffreatcr  regret. 

K.  Charles. 

16.  Exact  performance  of  agreement. 

1  ke.  p  touch  with  rny  promise.     [06<.]  Mors. 

17.  A  small  quantity  intermixed. 

M.tdaiti,  i  have  a  touch  of  your  consci-'nce.  Shak. 

IS.  A  hint;  suggestion;  slight  notice. 

A  smult  touch  will  pot  him  in  mind  of  them.  Aicon. 

19.  A  cant  word  for  a  slight  essay. 

Print  my  preface  in  stich  form  a*,  In  the  bookselWs  phraap,  will 
make  a  sixpoiiny  touch.     \Sot  in  u«.]  Sa>\/1. 

20.  In  mwjfic,  the  resi-stance  of  the  keys  of  an  in- 
strument to  Uie  fingers;  as,  a  heavy  touch  or  light 
toucfi. 

21.  In  music,  an  organ  is  said  to  have  a  good  touch 
or  slop,  when  the  keys  close  well. 

22.  In  skip~btiildin^,  touch  is  the  broadest  part  of  a 
plank  worked  top  and  hutt ;  or  the  middle  of  a  plank 
worked  anchor-stock  fashion  ;  also,  the  angles  of  the 
stern  timbers  at  the  counters.  Cyc 


F^TE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MfiTE,  PREY.  — PTN'E,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BQQK.— 


TOU 

TOOCH'A-BLE,(tuch'a-t)I0  a.  That  may  be  touched  ; 

tangible. 
T'iUCH'HOLE,    (tuch'hole,)    n.      [touch    and    hole.] 

The  vent  of  a  cannon  or  other  ajMicics  of  firearms, 

by  which  fire  in  communicated  to  the  powder  of  the 

charRe.     It  is  now  called  the  Veht. 
TOUCH'I-LY,    (tuch'e-le,)   adv.       With    irritation  ; 

peevishly. 
TOUCH'I-NESS,    (tuch'e-ness,)    n.      [from    touchy.] 

Peevishness  i  irritability  ;   irascibility. 

K.   CharUs. 
TOUCH'ING,  (tuch'ing,)   ppr.     Coming  in  contact 

with;  hitting;  striking;   afiecting. 

2.  Concerning;  relating  to;  with  respect  to. 

Now,  u  loudUng  Uungs  offered  to  idols,  —  I  Cur.  viii. 

3.  a.     AfTeeting  ;  moving;  patlietic 
TOUCH'ING,   (tuch'ing,)   n.      Touch;  the  sense  of 

feeling. 

TOUCH'IXG-I.Y,  (tuch'ing-le,)  adv.    In  a  manner  to 
move  the  passions;  feelinglv.  Garth, 

TOUCH'-ME-NOT,  n.     A  plant  of  the  peniis  Impa- 
tieus,  and  another  of  the  ^enus  Moniordica. 

TOUCH'-NEE-DLE,  (tucfa'nee-dl,)  ;i.    [touch  and  nee- 
die.] 

ToucA^^ncedles  are  small  bars  of  gold  and  cilver, 
some  of  w*hich  are  pure,  and  others  alloyed  with 
various  definite  proportions  of  copperj  prepared  for 
trj'ing  gold  and  silver  by  the  touchstone,  by  compar- 
ison with  the  mark  they  leave  upon  it. 

TOLTCH'STONE,  (tuch'stone,)  n.     [touch  and  stonr.] 

1.  A  variety  of  estremely  compact  silicious  schist, 
almost  as  close  as  tlint,  used  for  ascertaining  the 
purity  of  gold  and  silver  by  ttie  streak  impressed  on 
the  stone;  also  called  Ltdia!*  Stone. 

2.  Any  test  or  criterion  by  which  the  qualities  of  a 
thing  are  tried  ;  as,  money,  the  toucAjftonc  of  common 
honesty.  L*  Estrange. 

Irigh  touchstone,  is  the  basalt,  the  stone  which 

composes  the  Giant's  Causeway. 
TOUCH'WQQD,  (tuch'wwd)   n.     [touch  and  wood.] 

Decayed   wood,  used  like  a  match  for  taking  fire 

from  a  spark.  IlowelL 

TOlJCH'Y,(tuch'e,)n.    [Vulgarly Techt.]     Peevish; 

irritable  ;  irascible  ;  apt  to  take  fire.     [JVot  eie^rant.] 

.^rbuthnot. 
TOUGH,  (tuf,)  0.     [Sax.  toA ,-  D.  tatd ;  G.  idhc.     Uu. 

tight,  thick.] 

1.  Having  the  quality  of  flexibility  without  brittle- 
ness;  yielding  to  force  without  breaking.  The  liga- 
ments of  animals  and  India  rubber  are  remarkably 
tough.  Tough  timber,  like  young  ash,  is  the  most 
proper  for  the  shafts  and  springs  of  a  carriage. 

2.  Firm;  strong;  not  easily  broken;  able  to  en- 
dure hardship  ;  as,  an  animal  of  a  tough  frame. 

Dryden. 

3.  Not  easily  separated  ;  viscous  ;  clammy  ;  tena- 
cious ;  ropy  ;  as,  tough  phlegm. 

4.  Stiff;  not  flexible. 

TOUGH'£N,  (tuf'n,)  r.  ».     To  grow  tough. 

Mortimer. 
TOUGH'EX,  (tuf'n,)  ».  t.    To  make  lough. 
TO(JCH'EN-£D,  pp.     Made  or  become  tough. 
TOt'GH'EN-I.NG,  ppr.     Making  tough. 
TOUGH'ISH,  (tuf 'irth,)  a.     Tough  in  a  slight  degree. 
TOUGH'LY,  (tuf'le,)  adv.    In  a  tough  manner. 
TOUGH'NESS,  (tuf 'ness,)  n.    The  quality  of  a  suh- 
atance   which   renders   it   in   some  de;;reo   flexible, 
without  britlleness  or  liability  to  fracture  ;  flexibility 
with  a  fiim  adhesion  of  parts  j  as,  the  toughness  of 
steel.  Dryden. 

3.  Viscosity;    tenacity;    clamminess;    glutinous- 
ness  ;  as,  the  toughness  of  mucus. 
3.  Firmness;  strength  of  coustitutioD  or  texture. 

Shak. 
TOU-PEE',  i   f.^  .=,  s   S  "•     [f'"'-  toupet,  from  teuffe^ 
TOU-PfiT',  i  t'oo-P*  'J   I       a  tuji,  or  iu  root.] 
A  little  tuft ;  a  carl  or  artificial  lock  of  hair. 
TOUR,  (toor,)  «,    [Fr.  toar,  a   turn;   D.  toer;   Heb. 

■iin,  Ar.  jlj  taura,  to  go  round.    Class  Dr,  Na  38.] 

1.  Literally,  a  going  round  ;  hence,  a  journey  in  a 
circuit ;  as,  the  tour  of  Europe ;  the  tour  of  France 
or  England. 

2.  A  turn  ;  a  revolution  ;  as,  the  tcur*  of  the  heav- 
enly bodies.     [JVof  now  in  u^e.] 

3.  A  turn ;  as,  a  tour  of  duty;  a  military  use  of 
the  word. 

4.  A  tress  or  circular  border  of  hair  on  the  head, 
worn  sometimes  by  both  sexes.  Cijc. 

5.  A  lower.     [JV^e  in  use.] 
TOUR-BIL'LION,  (toor-bil'yon,)  n.    An  ornamental 

firework,  peculiar  for  turning  round,  when  in  the  air, 
BO  as  to  present  the  appearance  of  a  scroti  of  fire. 

Francis. 
TOUR'IST,  (toor'iat,)  it.    One  who  makes  a  tour,  or 

performs  a  journey  in  a  circuit. 
t6uR*MA-LIN,  >  n.     [Probably  a  corruption  of  Toua- 
TUR'MA-LIN,     \      nAMA.L,aname  given  to  this  stone 
in  Ceylon.] 

A  mineral  occurring  usually  in  black  three-sided 
or  six-sided  priRms,  terminated  by  thrcu-sidc-d  pyra- 
mids.    It  also  presents  brown,  blue,  green,  and  red 


TOW 

colors.  The  blue  has  been  called  Iivoicolite  ;  the  red, 
BuBcLLiTE.  Both  the  green  and  red  varieties  are  high- 
ly esteemed  in  jewelry,  when  clear  and  of  a  targe 
size.  The  black  tourmalin  was  formerly  called 
Schorl. 

Crystals  of  tourmalin,  when  heated,  are  remarka- 
ble for  exhibiting  electric  polarity.  Dana. 

TOURN,  71.  The  sherifl^s  turn  or  court ;  also,  a  spin- 
ning-wheel.    [J^ut  ^^merican.] 

TOURN'A-MENT,  (turn'a-ment,)  n.  [from  Fr.  tour- 
ner,  to  turn.] 

A  mock-fight  or  military  sport,  in  which  quite  a 
number  of  combatants  were  engaged  as  an  exhibition 
of  their  address  and  bravery.  It  differed  from  the 
joust,  which  was  a  trial  of  skill  between  one  man 
and  another. 

TOURN'I-aUET,  (lurn'e-ket,)  n.  [Fr.]  A  surgical 
instrument  or  bandage  which  is  straitened  or  re- 
laxed with  a  screw,  and  used  to  check  heuiorrhages. 

Cyc. 

TOURN'EY,  (turn'e,)  n.    A  tournament.     [Supra.] 

TOURN'EY,  (turn'e,)  v.  i.  To  tilt;  to  perform 
tuuniaments.  Spenser. 

TOUH-J^OIS',  (toor-nwa'j)  n.  A  lirre  tounwis  was  a 
French  money  of  account  worth  20  sous,  or  a  franc. 
It  was  thus  called  in  distinction  from  the  Paris  livre, 
whicll  contained  25  sous.  Diet,  de  VAcad. 

TOUR^rVRE',n.     [Fr.]     Turn ;  contour. 

TOUSE,  n.     A  pulling  ;  a  disturbance.        HaUiwcU. 

TOUSE,  (touz,)  V.  U     [G.  zausen,  to  pull.] 

To  pull ;  to  haul ;  to  tear.     [Hence  Towser.] 
A«  a  bear,  wbom  hungry  cura  ha*e  touted.  Spenaer. 

TOU'SLE, )  „„„„  V  \v.t.     The  same  as  Touse  ;  to 
TOU'SiCL,  i^***"^''^  i       put  into  disorder;    to  tum- 
ble; to  tangle.     [Used  by  the  common  people  of  J^ew 
Engtand,] 
TOUT,  r.  I.  •To  toot,  which  see. 

2.  To  ply  or  seek  for  customers.  Hence,  a  totder 
is  one  who  touts  for  an  inn.     [F'arions  Dialects.] 

SmarL     HaUitoell. 
TOW,  p.  t,     [Sax.  teognn,  teon  ;   Fr.  touer ;   G.  Ziehen, 
to  pull ;  zug,  a  pulling,  a  tug  ;   L.  duco.    See  Class 
Dg.  No.  G-3,  64.] 

To  drag,  as  a  boat  or  ship,  through  the  water  by 
means  of  a  rope.  Tutting  is  performed  by  another 
boat  or  ship,  or  by  men  on  shore,  or  by  horses.  Boats 
on  canals  are  usually  towed  by  horses. 
TOW,  Tt.  [Sax.  toiD  i  Fr.  etoupe ;  L.  stupa ;  IL  stoppa ; 
Sp.  estopa.     It  coincides  with  stuff.] 

The  coarse  and  broken  part  of  flax  or  hemp,  sepa- 
rated from  the  finer  part  by  the  hatchel  or  swingle. 
TOW'AGE,  n.     [from  tow,  the  verb.]     The  actof  tow- 
ing. 

2.  The  price  paid  for  towing.  Walsh. 

TO'W.ARI),  (to'ard,)  prrp.  [Sax.  toward ;  to  and  ward, 
loeard  ;  L.  versus,  verto.] 

1.  In  the  direction  to 

He  Be(  his  face  toiMird  ihe  wilderness,  —  Num.  xxtv. 

2.  With  direction  to;  in  a  moral  sense;  with  re- 
spect to }  regarding. 

Ilu  p^e  shall  be  e»ll  loioard  his  brother. —  Deit.  xxriiL 

Ik-reji)  do  I  exercise  mvself  lo  have  tilways  r  consdencc  void  of 

olTrnsc!  toaard  God  and  toward  men.  —  Acts  xxiv. 
He&riiig  of  thj  love  and  faith  which  thou  hntt  lotoard  tho  Lord 

Ji-iiis  Christ,  and  taieard  nil  aalDis.  — Philemon  6. 

3.  With  ideal  tendency  to. 


4.  Nearly. 

I  nm  toiaard  nine  Tesn  older  since  I  left  jov.  Si^/t. 

TO'WARD,  adv.     Near;  at  hand  ;  in  a  stjite  of  prepa- 
ration. 
TO'WABD,  a.    Ready  to  do  or  leam  ;  not  froward  ; 

apt ;  as,  a  toward  youth. 
yy  WAKD-LI-NESS,  n.     [from  towardly.]    Readiness 
to  do  or  learn  ;  aptness  ;  docility. 

The  benittj  and  toii>ardan*»$  of  ibese  children  moved  her  breth- 
ren to  enfy.  Ralegh. 

TO'WARD-LY,  o.    Ready  to  do  or  leam;  apt;  do- 
cile; tractable  ;  compliant  with  duty.  Bacon. 
TO'WARD-NESS,  n.    Docility  ;  lowardliness. 

South. 

TOW'-BOAT,  n.  A  boat  which  is  towed,  or  drawn 
by  a  tow-line. 

TOWEL,  n.  [Fr.  fount//*;  Gaelic,  (uftaiW  ;  Jt.  tova- 
fflia ;  Port,  toaiha  ;  Arm.  touadhon  ;  Sp.  toballa,  tobaja, 
toaja,  or  toatU.  In  Italian,  tho  word  signifies  a  table- 
cloth.] 

A  cloth  used  for  wiping  the  hands,  and  for  other 
thing*. 

TOW'EL-ING,'  n.     Cloth  for  towels. 

TOWER,  TU  [Sax.  tor,  tirre;  Ir.  for;  Fr.  and  Arm. 
tour ;  Sp.  It.  and  Port,  torre  ;  W.  twr,  a  heap  or  pile  ; 
Corn.  id. ;  G.  thurm  ;  D.  torm ;  L.  turns ;  Gr.  rvpaif  ; 
H.;b.  niiO.     Class  Dr,  No.  24.] 

1.  A  building,  either  round  or  square,  raised  to  a 
considerable  elevation,  and  consistihg  of^  several  sto- 
ries. When  towers  are  erected  with  other  buildings, 
as  thjy  usually  are,  they  rise  above  the  main  edifice. 
They  are  generally  flat  on  the  top,  thus  differing  from 
steeples  or  spires  ;  and  hence  the  tower  of  a  church  is 
that  part  which  contains  the  bells.    Before  the  in- 


TOW 

vention  of  guns,  places  were  fortified  with  towers, 
and  attacked  with  niuvable  towers  mounted  on 
wheels,  which  placed  the  besiegers  on  a  level  wUh 
the  walls.  CjfC 

2.  A  citadel ;  a  fortress.    Ps.  IxL 

3.  A  high  head-dress.  Budihras, 

4.  High  flight;  elevation.  Johnson 
Tower  bastion;  in  foriijicution,  a  small  tower  in  the 

form  of  a  bastion,  with  rooms  or  cells  underneath 
for  men  and  guns.  Cyc 

Tower  of  London  ;  a  collection  of  buildings  in  the 
eastern  part  of  London,  formerly  containing  a  state- 
prison,  and  now  used  as  an  arsenal  and  repository  of 
various  objects  of  public  interest.  P.  Cyc. 

Round  tower.     Set-  Rot;?(D  Tower. 
TOWER,  tj.  i.    To  rise  and  fly  high ;  to  soar ;  to  be 
lofty. 

Sublime  thoughU,  which  toictr  aborc  the  clouils.  Locks, 

TOWER-ED,  a.    Adorned  or  defended  by  towers. 

MiiUm. 
TOWERING,  ppr.    Rising  aloft ;   mounting  high ; 
soaring. 

2.  a.    Very  high  ;  elevated  ;  as,  a  (peering' height. 
TOWER-MUS-TAKD,  n.     [tt^wcr  and  mttstard.]     An 

annual  plant  of  the  genus  Turritis,  whose  leaves 
and  seeds  give  the  stem  a  pyramidal  form.     Loudon. 

TO  WEIt-Y,  a.  Having  towers ;  adorned  or  defended 
by  towers  ;  as,  towery  cities.  Pope, 

TOWING,  ppr.     Drawing  on  water,  as  a  boat. 

TOW-LINE, «.  [tow  and  line.]  A  small  hawser, 
used  to  tow  a  ship,  &.c. 

TOW-PXTH,         J  n.    A  path  used  by  menorhorsea 

TOWING-PATH,  \      that  tow  boats. 
To  wit ;  to  know  ;  namely. 

TOWN,  n.  [Sax.  fun  ;  W.  din,  dinas,  a  fortified  hill,  a 
fort;  Gaelic,  dun;  Sax.  dun,  dune,  a  hill,  whence 
dovms.  The  Sax.  fun  signifies  an  inclosure,  a  gar- 
den, a  village,  a  town,  and  tynan  is  to  shut,  to  make 
iixsi ;  G.  zaun,  a  hedge  ;  D.  tun,  a  garden.  If  the 
original  word  signified  a  hill,  the  sense  is  a  mass  or 
collection.  But  probably  the  original  word  signified 
fortified,  and  the  nide  fortifications  of  uncivilized 
men  were  formed  with  hedges  and  stakes;  hence 
also  a  garden.  (SceGARocn  and  Tun.)  Sax. /eao- 
tane,  a  garden,  that  is,  leek-town,  an  inclosure  for 
leeks,  that  is,  plants.  This  shows  that  the  primary 
sense  of  town  is  an  inclosure  for  defense.] 

1,  Originally,  a  walled  or  fortified  place  ;  a  collec- 
tion of  houses  inclosed  with  walls,  hedges,  or  pick- 
ets for  safety.  Raliab's  house  was  on  the  toton  wall. 
Josh  ii. 

A  toion  that  hath  piles  nnd  ban.  —  1  S.im.  xxiH. 
2    Any  collection  of  houses  larger  than  a  village. 
In  this  use  the  word  is  very  indefinite,  and  a  foam 
may  consist  of  twenty  houses  or  of  twenty  thou- 
sand. 

3.  In  England,  any  numl>er  of  houses  to  which  be- 
longs a  regular  market,  and  which  is  not  a  city  or 
the  see  of  a  bishop.  Johnson. 

A  town,  in  modem  times,  is  generally  without 
walls,  which  is  the  circumstance  that  usually  distin- 
guishes it  from  a  city.  Cyc, 

In  the  United  States,  the  circumstance  that  distin- 
guishes a  town  from  a  city,  is,  generally,  that  a  city 
is  incorporated  with  special  privileges,  and  a  town  is 
not.     But  a  city  is  often  called  a  town. 

4.  The  inhabitants  of  a  town.  The  town  voted  to 
Bend  two  representatives  to  the  legislature,  or  they 
voted  to  lay  a  tax  for  repairing  the  highways.  [JVew 
England.]  Chapman. 

5.  In  popular  u-iage,  in  America,^  township;  the 
whole  territory  within  certain  limits. 

6.  In  England,  \Ue  court  end  of  London.     Pope. 

7.  The  inhabitants  of  the  metropolis.  Pope. 

8.  The  metropolis.  The  gentleman  lives  in  town 
in  winter  ;  in  summer,  he  lives  in  the  country.  The 
same  form  of  expression  is  used  in  regard  to  other 
populous  to^vns. 

TOWN'-CLERK,  n.  [town  and  derk.]  An  officer 
who  keeps  the  records  of  a  town,  and  enters  all  its 
official  proceedings. 

TO  WN-CRrER,  n.  [(own  and  cry.]  A  public  crier ; 
one  who  makes  proclamation.  Shak. 

TOWN'-HALL,  n.  A  public  room  or  building  for 
tmnsarting  the  business  of  a  town. 

TOWN'-HOUSE,  n.  [unen  and  house.]  The  house 
where  the  public  business  of  the  town  is  transacted 
by  the  inhabitants,  in  legal  meeting. 

JWto  England. 
2.  A  house  in  town ;  in  opposition  to  a  bouse  In 
the  country. 

TOWN'ISH,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  inhabitants  of  a 
town  ;   like  the  town. 

TOWN'LESS,  a.    Having  no  town.  HowelL 

TOWN'SHIP,  n.  The  district  or  territory  of  a  town. 
In  JVew  England,  the  States  are  divided  into  town- 
ships of  five,  six,  seven,  or  perhaps  ten  miles  square, 
and  the  inhabitants  of  such  townships  are  invested 
with  certain  powers  for  regulating  their  own  affairs, 
such  as  repairing  roads,  providing  for  the  jwor,  &c. 

TOWNS'MAN,  n.     [town  and  man.]     An   inhabitant 
of  a  place  ;  or  one  of  the  same  town  with  another. 
2.  A  selectman  ;  an  oflicer  of  the  town  in  New 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CU  aa  8H;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


UST 


TRA 


TRA 


England,  who  asstsu  in  nianaging  the  attain  of  Die 

town,    [sec  PiLEtTsiis.] 
TOWN'-TALK,  (tawkj)  n.    The  common  talB  or  a 

place,  or  the  subject  of  common  coiivel^alion. 
TOW-EOPE,  m.    [tmc  and  rope.]    Any  roue  uned  In 

towiOK  ahlps  or  boats.  .»'<"•■  J^^ 

TOW«'ER,  a.    [fVooi  louM.]    The  name  of  a  dog. 
TOX'I-CAL, «.    [Gr.  rojitw.] 

Poisonous.    [Litt2«  lued.]  . 

TOX-leO-LOOae-AL,  o.    Pertaining  to  toxicology. 
TOX-I-eO-LOG'ie-AL-LV,  orfc.     In  a  toxicological 

TOX-ieOL'O-filST,  «.    One  who  treats  of  poisons. 

TOX-I-eOL'O-GY,  «.  [Gr.  rufitoi,  perlainuig  to  an 
arrow;  and  as  armws  wore  ft«iueiilly  poisoned, 
bence,  a  ftiian;  and  Xiff,  a  treatise.] 

That  branch  of  medicine  which  treats  or  the  mor- 
bid and  deleterious  effects  of  excessive  and  inordi- 
nate doaes  and  qttantilie*  of  medicines,  commonly 

TOX'O-DON,  «.  [Gr.  rojoi-,  a  bow,  and  oievi,  a 
U)oth.l 

A  gigantic,  pachydermatooa  quadruped,  now  ex- 
tinct, baTinx  le«tb  bent  like  a  bow.  Bramde. 
TOX-OPII'I-LTTE,  m.     [Gr.  roftfy,  a  bow  or  an  ar- 
row, and  i^tXoSf  a  loverJj 
A  lover  of  arcbery.  SmarL 
TOY,  n.    fUu.  D.  tool,  tire,  ornament.] 
1   A  playihing  for  cbilaren ;  a  bawble. 
3.  A  trifltj  j  a  tbtng  fur  amusement,  but  of  no  real 
Talue. 

3.  An  article  of  trade  of  little  value. 

They  exehxnge  gcAii  md  peul  for  toga.  ilMoC 

4.  Matter  of  no  importance. 

Narli(btaDdUle  toyvmyDDeanuLr  nilnlj  tvell.     Drvyton, 

5.  Folly  i  trifling  pnictke  ;  ailly  opinion. 

fi.  Amorous  dalliance ;  piny  ;  sport.  MUtam. 

7.  An  old  story ;  a  silly  talo.  Shak, 

8.  Slight  representation  ;  as,  the  f«f  of  novelty. 

Hooker, 

9.  Wild  fancy  ;  odd  coQcelt.  Skak. 
TOY,  r.  u    [Dan-  tSver,  Sw.  «tA«,  to  stay,  to  tarry,  to 

dally.    Thu  seems  to  be  tbe  true  origin  or  C»y,  supra.] 
To  dally  amorously ;  to  trifle ;  to  play. 

TOY,  T.  u    To  treat  foolishly.    [JVirt  used,]  Drrwr, 

TOY'ER,  n.  One  who  toys  \  one  who  is  ftUl  of  tri- 
lling tricks. 

TOY'FUL,  a.    Full  of  trifling  play.  Donnt. 

TOY'ING,  jFpr.    Dallying;  trifling. 

TOY'IffH,  a.    Trifling  ;  wanton.  OeWey- 

TOY'ISII-.NESS,  n.  Di5pQsition  to  dalliance  or  tri- 
fling. 

TOV'MAN,  K.  ftof  and  ««».]  One  that  deals  in 
lovs. 

TOY'SEIOP,n.  \ta$  and  aftdp.]  A  shop  where  toys 
are  sold. 

TOZE,  e.  t.     To  pull  by  viotonce.    [Bee  Tocsa.] 

TRA'BC-A,  K.  [L]  In  JZaawa  Jkutory«  a  robe  worn 
by  kings,  consuls,  and  augurs. 

TRA-BE-X'TIGN,  a.    [L.  Irafrj,  a  beam.] 
In  artkiuUMrty  the  mime  as  Extablatubb- 

TRiCB,  a.  [Fr.  id. ;  It.  traccia  ;  Sp.  troie  ;  L.  frociiw, 
tracto*    8ee  Tbacx,  and  the  verb  Tbace.] 

1.  A  mark  left  by  any  thing  passing  ;  a  footstep ;  a 
track ;  a  vestige ;  as,  the  trace  uf  a  carriage  or  sled  ; 
tbe  trace  of  a  man  or  of  a  (leer. 

2.  Remains ;  a  mark,  impression,  or  visible  Ap- 
pearance of  any  thing  left  when  the  thing  itself  no 
longer  exists.  We  are  told  that  there  are  no  traces 
of  ancient  Babylon  now  to  be  seen. 


Tfae  «l»d]r  rmpirv  iten  Rttin  so  frnoa 
or  wax  or  bloM,  but  id  tbe  ajrlTui  duae. 


Popt. 


TR2CE,  ».    [Fr.  (trosH  ,*  or  W.  (res.    See  TaBsTt.x.] 

Traces,  in  a  karmesM^  are  the  straps,  chains,  or 
la^ea  by  which  a  carnage  or  slei^  is  drawn  by 
hoisea.  ILocaltjf,  these  are  called  Tuoi ;  Sax.  teo/mt, 
to  draw.] 
TRACE,  V.  L  [Fr.  traerr ;  It.  traceinre;  8p.tratare; 
It.  traciOj  from  traho^  Eng.  to  droWf  to  dni;?^.] 

1.  To  mark  out ;  to  draw  or  dclmeate  with  marks  ; 
as,  to  trace  a  figure  with  a  pencil ;  to  trace  the  outline 
of  any  thing. 

S:  To  follow  by  some  mark  that  has  been  left  by 
something  which  has  preceded ;  to  follow  by  foot- 
steps or  tracks. 

Too  nv  traa  Ac  dd«fe  ^oito  roond  Cfas  ^obe.         BttmeL 
fbd  t^  power  to  ttvci  Iha  wayBi 

or  UffaMI  >gta>k  miton. 

Z,  To  follow  with  exactneaa. 

Tbtf  KnUe  |Bih  Iboa  oeUy  doM  dec&ie, 

Of  tratitig  ward  bj  wotd,  ukI  Doe  fagr  hoe.  DttOuim. 

4.  To  walk  over: 

Wc  do  Imem  Ou>  wTtej  up  uid  duvn.  SKak. 

TRACE' ABLE,  a.    That  may  be  traced. 

Drummandm 

TRACE' A-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  tracea- 
ble. 

TRACE' A-BLY,  otto.    In  a  traceable  manner. 

TRA'C£D,  (trast,)  pp.     Marked  out ;  delineated  j  fol- 
lowed. 

TRA'CER,  n.    One  ihnt  traces  or  follows  by  marks. 

TRA'CER-Y,  n.    In  OoUiic  arcAirecfure,  an  ornamental 


divergency  of  the  mullions,  inthe  head  of  a  window,  I 
into  arolK'fl,  curves,  and  (lowing  lines, enriched  with 
foliations  i  also,  the  subdivisions  of  groined  vaults, 
&c.  OwitL 

TRA'CHE-A,  (Ira'ke-a,)  n.  [Low  L,,  from  Gr  roa- 
XW(,  nmgh.J 

In  anatomy,  the  windpipe. 

TRA'CIIE-^,  a.  pU  The  spiral  vessels  of  leaves  and 
insects. 

TRA'eUB-AL,  0.  Pertaining  to  the  trachea  or  wind- 
pipe ;  as,  the  tracheal  arterj-.  Core. 

TRA-CMEL'I-POD,  n.  [Gr.  TpaxtXost  the  neck,  and 
iTovi,  toot,] 

A  univalve  raollusk  with  a  spiral  shell,  having  the 
foot  proceed'mg  from  or  joined  to  the  neck. 

TRA-€HEL-IPO-D0US,  a.  Having  the  fmit  united 
with  the  neck  ;  having  the  characters  of  a  trachet- 
ipod. 

TRA'CIIE-O-CELE,  n.     [traekea  and  JcijXr?,  n  tumor.] 
An  enlargement  of  the  thyroid  gland  ;  bronchocolo 
or  goiter.  Ci/c. 

TEi-€HE-OT'0-MY,  n.    [trachea  and  rcttvca,  to  cuU] 
In  surgery^  the  operation  of  making  an  opening 
into  the  windpipe.  Cyc. 

TRA'CHTTE,  (iri'kne,)  n.     [Gr.  roax^'i,  rough.] 
A  nearly  compact,  ftlilsimtliic,  volcanic  rock,  break- 
ing with  a  rough  surface,  nnJ  often  containing  crys- 
tals of  gloFsy  feldspar,  witli  sometimes  hornblende 
and  mica.  Dana. 

TRA-CHYT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  trachyte,  or  consist- 
ing of  it. 

TRA'CING,  ppr.  [from  trace,]  Marking  out ;  draw- 
ing in  lines  ;  following  by  marks  or  ftK>tstep9. 

TraoKg  /inM,  in  a  ship,  are  lines  passing  through  a 
block  or  thimble,  and  used  to  hoist  a  thing  higher. 

TRA'CING,  a.    Course  ;  regular  track  or  path. 

Daviej. 

TRACK,  n.  [It.  tracciat^p,  traza;  Fr.  (rac(».  (See 
Tback.)  yVacft  is  properly  a  mark  made  by  draw- 
ing, not  by  stepping  j  the  latter  is  a  derivative 
sense.} 

1.  A  mark  left  by  soraelhing  that  hns  passed  along ; 
as,  the  track  of  a  ship,  a  wake  ;  the  track  of  a  me- 
teor ;  the  frocV  of  a  sled  or  sleigh. 

2.  A  mark  or  impression  left  by  the  foot,  either  of 
roan  or  beast.  Savages  are  said  to  bo  wonderfully 
sagacious  in  flnding  the  tracks  of  men  in  the  foresL 

3.  A  road  ;  a  beaten  path. 

B^holil  Toni'tala  tiW  Kune  traek  pttrsue.  Dryttn. 

4.  Course  ;  way  ;  as,  the  track  of  a  comet. 
TRACK,  r.  U    To  follow  when  guided  by  a  trace,  or 

by  the  footsteps,  or  marks  of  tlic  feet ;  as,  to  track  a 
deer  in  tbe  snow. 

2.  To  tow ;  to  draw  a  vessel  by  a  line  reaching 
from  her  to  the  shora, 

TRACK' AGE,  n.    A  drawing  or  towing,  as  of  a  boat. 

TRACK' £D,(tnikt,)  pp.     Followed  by  the  footsteps. 

TR.\CK'I\G,  ppr.  Following  by  the  impression  of 
the  loel ;  drawing  a  twiat ;  tawing. 

TRACK'LEtfS,  a.  Having  no  track;  marked  by  no 
footsteps  ;  untnuiden  ;  n.i,  a  trackless  desert. 

TRACK'LEir*S-LY,  attv.    So  as  to  leave  no  track. 

TRACK' LESS-NE.SS,  n.  The  state  of  being  without 
a  track. 

TRACK'-ROAD,  n.  [track  and  road.]  A  towing- 
path.  Cyc- 

TRACK'-SeOUT,  n.     [track  and  D.  schuit,  boat.] 
A  boat  or  vessel  employed  on  the  canals  in  Hol- 
land, usually  drawn  by  a  horse.  See  Thbckschutt.] 

Q/c. 

TRACT,  n.  [L.  tractus;  It,  tratto ;  Fr.  fraft,  from  L. 
tniAo,  Fr.  trairey  to  draw.] 

1.  Something  drawn  out  or  extended. 

2.  A  region,  or  quantity  of  land  or  water,  of  in- 
definite eitenU  We^niay  apply  tract  to  the  sandy 
and  barren  deserts  of  Syria  and  Arabia,  or  to  the  nar- 
row vales  of  Italy  and  Sardinia.  We  say,  n  rich  tract 
of  land  in  Connecticut  or  Ohio,  a  stony  tract,  or  a 
mountainous  tracL  We  apply  tract  to  a  single  farm, 
or  to  a  townsjiip  or  state. 

3.  A  treatise;  a  written  discourse  or  dissertation 
of  indefinite  length,  but  generally  not  of  great  extent. 

4.  In  hantiiijr,  the  trace  or  footing  of  a  wild  beast. 

Cijc. 

5.  Treatment ;  exposition.    [JVot  in  use.]    Shak. 

6.  Track.     [J^'ot  in  use.] 

7.  Continuity  or  extensicm  of  any  thing  ;  as,  a 
tract  of  speech.     [JV*j(  much  used.] 

8.  Continued  or  protracted  duration ;  length;  ex- 
tent ;  as,  a  long  tract,  of  time.  Milton. 

TRACT,  V.  L  To  trace  out ;  to  draw  out  [JVot  in 
use.] 

TRAeT-A-BIL'I-TY,ii,  [from  tractable.]  The  qual- 
ity or  state  of  being  tractable  or  docile ;  docility  ; 
iractableness.  Beddoea. 

TRACT'A-BLE,  a.  [L.  tractahilis,  from  tracto,  to 
handle  or  lead  ;  Fr.  traitable;  It  trattabUe.] 

1.  That  may  be  easily  led,  taught,  or  managed ; 
docile  ;  manageable  ;  governable  ;  as,  tractable  chil- 
dren :  a  tractable  learner.  Locke. 

2.  Palpable ;  such  as  may  be  handled ;  as,  tractable 
measures.  Holder. 

TRACT' A-BLE-NESS,  n.     The  state  or  quality  of 


TRA 

being  imctable  or  manageable;    docility;   as,  iho 

trartnblcne-t.1  of  children.  Locke, 

TKACr'A-ULY,  adv     In  a  tractable  manner;  with 

ready  compliance. 
TRAC'T-A'RI-AN,  n.   A  term  applied  to  the  writers  of 

fho  Oxford  Tracts  in  favor  of  Puseyism,  which  sec. 
TRACT'ATE,  n.     [L.  tracratiw.] 

A  treatise  ;  a  tract.    [J^Tot  now  in  use.] 

Brown.    Hale. 
TRACT-A'TION,  n.     [L.  tractatio.] 

Treatment  or  handling  of  a.subject ;  discussion. 
Up.  Hail. 
TRACT-A'TRIX,  n.    In  geometry,  a  curve  line. 
TRACT'lLE,  (trakt'il,)  a.     [h.  tractus.] 

Capable  of  being  drawn  out  in  length  ;  ductile. 

BoJle»  are  traclUs  or  iiitractile.  Bacon. 

TR.\€T-IL'I-TY,  n.    The  quality  of  being  tractile; 

duclilitv.  Derkam. 

TRAC'TiON,  (-shun,)  ti.     [L.  tractus,  traJu/.] 

1.  The  act  of  drawing,  or  state  of  being  drawn; 
as,  the  traction  of  a  nmsclo.  Holder. 

2.  Attraction  ;  a  drawing  toward.  Cue, 
TRAe-TI"TIOUS,  (Ush'us,)  a.    Treating  of;  han- 
dling. 

TRACT'OR,  n.  That  which  draws,  or  is  used  for 
drawing.  Joum.  of  Science. 

The  metallic  tractors  of  Perkins  were  two  small, 
pointed  bars  of  brass  and  steel,  which,  being  drawn 
over  diseased  parts  of  the  body,  were  supposed  to 
give  relief  through  the  agency  of  electricity  or  mag- 
netism. 

TRACT'O-RY, )         ,,    .    .    , 

TRACT'RIX,    i"-     [^•''■^H 

A  curve  whose  tangent  is  always  equal  to  a  given 
line, 

TRADE,  n,  [Sp.  and  Port,  trato;  tratar,  to  handle,  to 
trade;  It.  tratto,  trattare ;  from  L.  tracto,  to  handle, 
use,  treoL  The  Fr.  traitc^  (raitfr,  are  the  same 
words.] 

1.  The  act  or  business  of  exchanging  commodities 
by  barter  ;  or  the  business  of  buying  and  selling  for 
money;  commerce;  traffic;  barter.  Trade  coni[)re- 
hcnds  every  species  of  exchange,  or  dealing,  eiiber 
in  the  produce  of  land,  in  manufactures,  in  bills,  or 
money.  It  is,  however,  chiefly  used  to  denote  the 
barter  or  purchase  and  tiAle  of  goods,  wares,  and 
merchandise,  either  by  wholesale  or  retail.  Trade  is 
citlier  foreign  or  domestic,  or  inland.  Foreijj-n  trade 
consists  in  the  exportation  and  importation  of  goods, 
or  the  exchange  of  the  conimodKies  of  dilforent 
countries.  Domestic  or  home  trade  is  the  exchange 
or  buying  and  selling  of  goods  within  a  country. 
Trade  is  also  by  the  wholesale,  that  is,  by  the  pack- 
age or  in  large  quantities,  or  it  is  by  retail,  or  in 
small  parcels.  The  carrying  trade  is  that  of  trans- 
porting commodities  from  one  country  to  another  by 
water. 

9.  The  business  which  a  person  has  learned,  and 
which  he  carries  on,  for  procuring  subsistence,  or  for 
profit;  occupation;  jiarticularly,  mechanical  employ- 
ment ;  distinguished  from  the  liberal  arts  and  learned 
professions,  and  from  agriculture.  Thus  wc  speak 
of  the  trade  of  a  smith,  of  a  carpenter,  or  mason  ;  but 
we  never  say,  the  trade  of  a  farmer,  or  of  a  lawyer, 
or  physician. 

a.  Business  pursued;  occupation;  in  contempt:  as, 
piracy  Is  tiieir  trade. 

IIunliDg  tliclr  iport,  aac]  plundering  wiu  their  trade.    Drj/den. 

4.  Instruments  of  any  occupation. 

The  shephTtl  bcu* 
Hb  house  and  household  gouda,  hU  trade  of  war,        Dryden. 

5.  Employment  not  manual ;  habitual  exercise. 

Bacon, 

6.  Custom;  habit;  standing  practice. 

TUy  Bia  '•  nol  occidenlal,  but  a  trade,  Shak. 

7.  Men  engaged  in  the  same  occupation.  Thus 
booksellers  speak  of  the  customs  of  the  trade. 

8.  T'Ac  (radas,-  the  trade-winds. 

TRADE,  V.  i.  To  barter,  or  to  buy  and  sell ;  to  deal  in 
the  exchange,  purchase,  or  sale  of  goods,  wares,  and 
merchandise,  or  any  thing  else  ;  to  traffic  ;  to  carry 
on  commerce  as  a  business.  Thus,  American  mer- 
chants trade  with  the  English  at  London  and  at  Liv- 
erpool ;  they  trade  with  the  French  at  Havre  and 
Bordeaux,  and  they  trade  with  Canada.  The  coun- 
try shopkeepers  trade  with  London  merchants.  Our 
banks  are  permitted  to  trade  in  bills  of  exchange. 

2.  To  buy  and  sell  or  exchange  property,  in  a  sin- 
gle instance.  Thus  we  say,  a  man  treats  with  an- 
other for  his  farm,  but  can  not  trade  with  him.  A 
traded  with  B  for  a  horse,  or  a  number  of  fheep. 

3.  To  act  merely  for  money. 

How  did  you  dnre 
To  trad£  and  iraffic  with  MacbelhF  Shak. 

4.  To  have  a  trade-wind. 


TRADE,  p.  (.    To  sell  or  exchange  in  commerce. 

Th?y  traded  the  persons  of  men.  —  Ezck.  xxvii, 

[This,  I  apprehend,  must  be  a  mistake  ;  at  least, 
it  IS  nol  to  be  vindicated  as  a  legitimate  use  of  the' 
verb.] 


FATE,  FAR.  FALL,  WH^T.-METE,  PRBY.-PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.-NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


ll(>4 


TRA 

TRAD'ED,  a.     Versed  ;  practiced.     [JVo(  m  use.) 

Skak. 
TRADE'FJJL,  a.    Commercial ;  busy  in  traffic. 

Spenser. 

TRSD'ER,  n.     One  enpagpd  in  trade  or  commerce  ;  a 

dealer  in  biiyirie  and  selling  or  barter;  as,  a  trader 

to  the  E:Lst  Indies;  a  trader  \o  Canada;  a  country 

trader. 

TRADE'-SJLE,  iu    An  auction  by  and  for  bookscU- 

CTS. 

TRaDES'FCLK,  n.    People  employed  in  trade.-  [J^'ot 

in  M.«.]  Swift, 

TRaDES'MAX,  n.  [trade  and  man.']  A  Bjiopkeeper. 
A  merchant  is  culled  a  trader^  but  not  a  tradesman. 

Johnson.' 
[In  America,  a  shopkeeper  is  usually  called  a  r:- 
taUerJl 

TRADES'WOM-AN,  b,  A  woman  who  trades  or  is 
skilled  in  trade. 

TRADE'-WIND,  n.  [trade  and  wind.']  A  name  given 
to  winds  in  the  torrid  zone,  and  often  a  little  beyond 
it,  which  blow  from  the  same  ijuarter  throughout  the 
year,  unle.^s  when  afferted  by  local  causes.  Their 
genera!  direction  is  from  N.  E.  to  P.  W.  on  the  north 
side  of  the  equator,  and  from  S.  E.  to  N.  W.  on  the 
south  side  of  the  equator,  Olmsted, 

TRAD'ING,  ppr.  Tnifficking  ;  exchanging  commod- 
ities by  barter,  or  buying  and  selling  them. 

2.  a.  Carrying  on  commerce  ;  as,  a  trading  com- 
pany. 

TRAD'ING,  Tu  The  act  or  business  of  carrj-ing  on 
ronmierce. 

TRA-Or'TION,  (-dish'un,)n-  [Fr.,  from  L.  (raJifio, 
ftom  trailo,  to  dt'liver.] 

1.  Delivery ;  the  act  of  delivering  into  the  liands 
of  another. 

A  docrt  Uke»  elfeet  only  from  the  tradi^n  or  delivery,* 

liUidiBtone. 
The  Kile  of  r  movniilc  b  compli-ied  by  Bimplc  (rodition.      Cyc. 

2.  The  delivery  of  opinions,  doctrines,  practices, 
riles,  and  customs,  from  father  to  son,  or  from  an- 
cestors to  posterity  ;  the  transmission  of  any  opin- 
ions or  practice  from  forefathers  to  descendants  by 
oral  communication,  without  written  memorials. 
Thus,  chJIdrL-n  derive  their  vernacular  language 
chiefly  from  tradition,  .Must  of  our  eai1y  notions  are 
received  by  tradition  from  our  parents. 

3.  That  which  is  handed  down  from  age  to  age  by 
oral  communication.  I'he  Jews  pay  great  repard  to 
tmdition  in  matters  of  religion,  as  do  the  lioman 
Catholics.  Protestants  reject  tlie  authority  of  tra- 
dition in  sacred  things,  and  rely  only  on  the  written 
word.     Traditions  may  be  good  or  bad,  true  or  false. 

Stuid  Aut,  uid  >iold  the  trnditioiis  which  ye  have  been  taught, 
whPth'^rby  worl  or  our  e-()i»t|e.  —  3  Tiies*.  ij. 

Why  do  y«  ftl«o  imn«Kr''M  the  coRimaodrQcnC  of  God  by  your 
traditionM  J  — Mail  xr. 

TRA-ni"TION-AK,      ^  .  ,•  i  ^.»  \  (   «•        Delivered 

TRA-1)I"TI0N-A-RY,  ( t'"'^"  ""•>  \      orally  from  fa- 
ther to  son  ;  communicated  from  ancestors  to  descend- 
ants by  word  only  ;  transmitted  from  age  u>  ago  with- 
out writing;  as,  traditional  opinions;  traditional  evi- 
dence; tile  traditional  ex|)ositions  of  the  Scri])tures. 
The  rcTfrin  of  (be  Tolmiid,  ti  collcciion  of  Jpwi»h  tmililionary 
iolcqwIutiotiB,  are  unrivuiod  hi  the  regions  at  nl«iir-!ity. 
B^Kktninaur. 
2.  Observant  of  tradition.     [J^ot  used.] 

TRA-DI"TION-AL-LY,  (-dish^un-,)  adv.  By  trans- 
mission from  father  to  son,  or  from  age  to  age ;  as, 
an  opinion  or  doctrine  traditionally  derived  from  the 
apostles  is  of  no  authority, 

TRA-DI"TION-A-RI-LY,  (disU'un-,)  adv.  By  tradi- 
tion. Dwight, 

TRA-DI"TION-A-RY,  (  diEh'un-,)Tu  .\mon^  the  Jews, 
one  who  acknowled^tts  the  authority  of  traditions, 
and  explains  the  Scriptures  by  them.  The  word  is 
used  in  oppfisition  to  Caibite,  one  who  denies  the 
authoriiv  of  traditions. 

TRA-Dl"tlO.\-i:R,    (,,,i,h'„n   li"-    One  who  ad- 

TRA-D1"TI0N-IST,  i  t"^"  """^J  j  hercs  to  tmdi- 
tion. Ortgory. 

TRADT-TTVE.'o.     [Fr.,  from  L.  tradv,] 

Transmitted  or  transmirisihle  from  father  to  son, 
or  from  age  to  age,  by  oral  communication. 

8u;)poM  we  on  ihingi  troHitioe  divid?.  Dryden, 

TRAD'I-TOR,  K.  [U]  A  deliverer  ;  a  name  of  in- 
famy given  to  Christiiins  who  delivered  the  Scrip- 
tures or  the  goods  of  the  church  to  tljeir  persecutors, 
to  save  their  lives.  Jlilner. 

TRA-DOCE',  r.  t.  [I*,  tratluco;  trans,  over,  and  i/uco, 
to  lead  ;  Fr.  trailuire  ;  It.  trailurre.] 

1.  To  represent  as  blumablo  ;  to  condemn. 

The  br«l  ■ImUprti  thnt  9aWn  hath,  is  by  traducing  the  fwrm  and 
ninniKT  of  the  derout  pfuy«n  of  God'ii  church.     Hooker, 

2.  To  calumniate;  to  vilify  ;  to  defame;  willfully 
to  misrepresent. 

As  lonff  NS  taea  sre  nwlkloua  Mid  deigning,  th''y  will  be  tra. 

d'lcing.  Cfou.  o/  the  Tongut, 

lie  hiul  the  bascoesa  to  traduct  me  tn  UbcL  Itryden. 

3.  To  propagate  ;  to  continue  by  deriving  one  from 
another. 

Protn  thf'se  only  the  race  of  prripcl  nnitnnls  was  propagrUod  nnd 
tnutuctd  over  the  esrtb.     {Not  in  uit.\  Halt. 


TRA 

TRA-DtJC'JiD,  (tra-dust',)  ;j/j.     Misrepresented  ;  ca- 
luniniat^'d. 

TRA-UuCE'MENT,  n.     Misrepresentation  ;  ill-found- 
ed censure  ;  defamation;  calumny.     [Little  vuted.] 

Shaft. 

TRA-DO'CENT,  a.     Slandering;  slanderous. 

Entick. 

TRA-DOC'ER,  n.     One  that  traduces  ;  a  slanderer;  a 
calunmiator. 

TRA-OU'CI-HLR,  a.     That  may  be  orully  derived  or 
propagated.     [Little  used.]  Hale. 

TRA-OOC'I\(J,  pj^r.     Slandering;  defaming;  caluni- 
niaiinz. 

TRA-UOC'ING-LY,  &de.     Slanderously;   by  way  of 
def'iination.  • 

TRA-DUCT',  V.  t.     [L.  traductus,  traduco.] 

To  derive.     [JVut  lued.]  Futherby. 

TRA-DUe'TION,  «.     [L.  traduetio.] 

1.  Derivation  from  one  of  the  same  kind  ;  propaga- 
tion. 

If  by  traduction  came  thy  mind, 

Our  wonder  is  Uie  less  to  find 

A  soul  so  cliarmiitg  from  a  stock  so  good.  Dryd^n, 

■2.  Tradition;  transmission  from  one  to  another; 
as,  traditional  communication  and  tradiution  of  truth. 
[Little  used.]  Hale. 

ii.  Conveyance  ;  transportation  ;  act  of  transfer- 
ring; as,  the  tradactiun  of  animals  from  Europe  to 
America  by  shipping.  21ale. 

4.  Transition.  Bacon. 
TRA-DUCT'I  VE,  a.   Derivable  ;  that  may  be  deduced. 

tVarburtoii. 
TRAF'Fie,  Ti.     [Fr.  trqfic;    Ft.  trajfico ;  Sp.  trafufro  ; 
a  compound  of  L.  tramt,  Celtic  tra^  andfucio,  or  some 
other  verb  of  tlie  like  elements.] 

1.  Trade  ;  commerce,  either  liy  barter  or  by  buy- 
ing and  selling.  This  word,  like  Trade,  compre- 
hends every  species  of  dealing  in  the  exchange  or 
passing  of  RtMids  or  merchandise  from  hand  to  hand 
for  an  equivalent,  unless  the  business  of  retailing 
■may  be  excepted.  It  signifies  appropriately  foreign 
trade,  but  is  not  limited  to  tiiat. 

My  father, 
A  mcn^nt  of  great  traJlie  through  tlte  world.  Shak. 

9.  Commodities  for  market,  Oajj. 

TRAF'FIC,  V.  i.     [,Fr.    trqfiqucr;    It.   trafficarei    Sp. 
traficar  or  trafagarT] 

1.  .To  trade  ;  to  pass  goods  and  commodities  from 
one  person  to  another  for  an  equivalent  in  goods  or 
money  ;  to  ha'tcr  ;  to  buy  and  sell  wares  ;  to  carrj' 
on  commerce.  The  English  and  Americans  tra^c 
with  iill  tlie  world.     Qen.  xlii. 

2.  To  trade  meanly  or  mercenarilv.  Shak. 
TRAF'FIC,  V.  t.     To  exchange  in  traffic. 
TRAF'Fie-A-ULE,  a.     Marketnhle.     [JVy(  in  use.] 

Bp.  Hall. 
TRAF'FICK-JSD,    (traf'fikt,)'  pp.       Exchanged    in 

traffic. 
TRAF'FICK-ER,  n.     One  who  carries  on  commerce  ; 

a  trader  ;  a  merchant.     Is.  viii.  Shah. 

TRAF'FICK-ING,  ppr.     Trading;  bartering;  buying 

and  ^ieliing  poods,  wares,  nnd  commodities. 
TRAF'FIC-LEHS,  a.    Destitute  of  trade. 
TKAG'A-CANTH,  TI.     [L.  trngacanUium  ;   Gr.  rpaya- 

Kai'Oat  Tpiiyoi,  a  goat,  and  UKavthi,  thorn.] 

1.  Goat's  thorn  ;  a  plant  of  the  geiuia  Astragalus, 
of  several  fij)ecies,  growing  in  Syria,  Candia,  &e., 
almost  all  of  which  were  included  hy  Linnicus  in  the 
tragacanthas,  and  all  of  which  produce  the  gum 
tragacauth. 

2.  A  gum  obtained  from  the  goat*3  thorn.  It 
comes  in  small,  contorted  pieces,  resembling  worms. 
It  is  of  dilferent  colors;  thnt  which  is  white,  clear, 
smooth,  and  vermicular,  is  the  best  It  is  somewhat 
soft  to  the  t<iuch,  but  only  imperfectly  soluble.  It  is 
sonening,  and  used  in  coughs  and  catarrtis. 

J>richolson.     Cyc, 
TRA-CE'DI-AN,  n.     [L.  tragadas.     See  Tragedy.] 

1.  A  writer  of  tragedy.  StdUngfieet. 

2.  J^ore.  generally,  an  actor  of  tragedy.      Dnjdcn. 
TRaG'E-DY.  n.     [Fr.  tragedie;    It.  and  i^p.  tragedia  ; 

Gr.  Tpitywet'i;  said  to  bo  comiKwed  of  rpayo^^  a 
goat,  and  onWj,  a  song,  because  oriRinally  it  consisted 
in  n  hymn  sung  in  honor  of  Bacchus  by  a  chorus 
of  mi'isic,  with  dancc:^  and  the  sacrifice  of  a 
goat.] 

1.  A  dramatic  jKK-m  representing  some  signal  ac- 
tion performed  by  illustritms  persona,  and  generally 
Iiaving  a  fatal  issue,  iflscbylua  is  culled  the  father 
of  tragedy. 

All  our  trageeUei  are  of  kings  and  princes.  7\iylor. 

5.  A  fatal  and  mournful  event ;  any  event  in 
which  human  lives  are  lost  by  human  violence, 
more  particularly  by  unauthorized  violence. 

TRAG'IC,  ia.     [L.    tragicus ;    Ft.  tragique ;   It. 

TRAO'l€>AL,  \      tragico.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  tragedy  ;  of  the  nature  or  charac- 
ter of  tragedy  ;  as,  a  tragic  poem;  a  tragic  play  or 
representation.  Shak. 

2.  Fatal  to  life  ;  mournful  ;  sorrowful ;  calamitous  ; 
as,  the  tragic  scenes  of  ilayti ;  the  tragic  horrors  of 
Scio  and  Missilunghi ;  the  tragical  fate  of  the 
Greeks. 


TRA 

3.  Mournful ;  expressive  of  tragedy,  the  lose  of 
life,  or  of  sorrow. 

I  now  must  ch&ii|{«  tlmse  itolaa  (o  tragic.  MUlon. 

TRAG'1€VAL-LY,  adv.  In  a  tragical  manner;  with 
fatal  issue  ;  ni<jurnfully ;  sorrowfully.  Tlie  play 
ends  tragicallii. 

TRA6'iC-AL-NESS,    it.       Fatality;    moumfuIneM ; 

sadness. 

We  moralize  the  fiiblc  in  the  IragicaineM  of  th<"  eT«it. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

TRAO-I-COM'E-DY,  n.  [Fr.  tragi-comedie }  tragedy 
and  comedij.] 

A  kind  of  dramatic  piece  reprpscntlng  some  action 
passed  among  eminent  [»ersons,  the  event  of  which 
is  not  unhappy,  in  which  serious  and  comic  scenes 
are  blended  ;  a  species  of  cijni[Kisitiun  not  now  used, 
or  held  in  little  estimation.  Cyc. 

TRAG-l-COM'ie,         i  a.     Pertaining  to  tragi-eome- 

TRAG-I-COM'ie-AL,  i  dy  ;  partaking  of  a  mixture 
of  grave  and  comic  scenes. 

TRAO-I-CO.M'IC-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  tragi-comical 
manner. 

TRAIL,  (trile,)  v.  t.  [VV.  rhcl,  a  flagging,  n  trailing  ; 
rhelyw,  a  trail ;  Sp,  traillar,  to  level  the  ground  ;  (rat- 
lla,  a  leash,  packthread,  an  instrument  for  leveling 
the  ground  ;  VV.  traU,  a  draxving  over,  a  trail,  a  turn, 
as  if  fnun  traigyi,  a  turn  or  revolution  ;  treilliaiOy  to 
turn,  to  roll,  to  tmvcrse,  to  dredge  ;  Gaelic,  triallam, 
to  go,  to  walk,  (qu.  travel;)  Port.  traUio,  u  fishing 
not,  as  if  from  drawing,  L.  traJio ;  I).  treiUen,  to  draw, 
to  tow  ;  Norm,  traitler,  to  search  for.  The  Welsh 
seems  to  accord  with  troll:  the  others  appear  to  be 
formed  on  drag,  L.  traho.     Qu.] 

1.  To  hunt  by  the  track.  [See  the  Norman, 
supra.] 

a.  'I  o  draw  along  the  ground.     TraU  your  pikes. 

And  bun?  his  \\cm\,  and  trailed  his  legs  nioiig.  Dryden, 
Th'-y  siiall  nut  trail  me  llirough  the  streeCa 

I.ihc  a  wild  ben»(.  MUton. 

TUaI  lung  Itehiiid  he  trtat$  bis  pompous  robe.  Popt, 

3.  To  lower  ;  as,  to  trail  arms. 

4.  In  .America,  to  tread  down  grass  by  walking 
through  ;  to  lay  flat ;  as,  to  trail  grass. 

TRAIL,  (trile,)'r.  i.    To  bo  drawn  out  in  length. 

When  his  brother  saw  ihu  red  blood  (rati.  S^penter. 

TRAIL,  n.    Track  followed  by  the  hunter;  scent  left 

on  the  ground  hy  the  animal  pursued. 

How  chcTfjlIy  on  the  fidse  trail  tiny  cry  J  Shak. 

2.  Any  thing  drawn  to  length;  as,  the  trail  of  a 
meteor  ;  a  trail  of  smoke.  Dryden. 

When  lightning  siioots  in  glittering  traila  along.  Root. 

3.  Any  thing  drawn  behind  in  long  undulations; 
a  train. 

And  drew  bcliind  a  rsdiant  trail  of  hair.  Pope. 

A.  The  entrails  of  a  fowl;  applied  sometimes  to 
those  of  sheep,  SmvUctt. 

Trail-hoards,  in  ghip-buUding,  a  term  for  the  carved 
work  between  the  cheeks  of  the  head,  at  the  heel  of 
the  figure.  Cye. 

TRAIL'A'I),  pp.  or  a.  Hunted  by  the  tracks  ;  laid  flat; 
drawn  along  on  the  grotind  ;  brouglit  to  a  lower  po- 
sition ;  as,  trailed  arms. 
TRAlIi'ING,  jf/fT.  or  a.  Hunting  by  the  track  ;  draw- 
ing on  tlio  ground;  treading  down;  laying  flat; 
bringing  to  a  lower  position ;  drawing  out  in 
length. 

Since  thn  flames  pursurd  the  ti-ailing  smok^.  Dryden. 

Swift  men  of  foot,  whoso  btoad-s(;t  Uicks  ibcir  traUing  hair  did 
hide.  Chapman. 

TRAIN,  V.  t.  [Fr.  trainer;  It,  trainare,  tranare,  to 
draw  or  drag  ;  Sp.  iraina,  a  train  of  gunpowder.  Qm. 
drain  i  or  is  it  a  contracted  word,  from  L,  traAo,  to 
draw  T] 

1.  To  draw  along. 

In  holtuw  cube  ha  (nwMd 
His  devtlisti  etiginery.  MUtnn, 

2.  To  draw;  to  entice;  to  allure. 

If  buttwilTc  French 
Wen-  there  in  arms,  ih^y  woultl  lie  as  a  eall 
To  train  ten  tbuusund  Knglisb  to  thdr  side  Shak. 

3.  To  draw  by  artifice  or  stratagem. 

O,  train  me  not,  sweet  mermaid,  witli  thy  nolf ,  Sliak. 

4.  To  draw  from  act  to  act  by  persuasion  or  prom- 
ise. 

We  dpi  train  him  on.  Shak. 

5.  To  exercise  ;  to  discipline  ;  to  tench  and  form  by 
practice ;  as,  to  train  the  militia  to  the  manual  exer- 
cise ;  to  train  soldiers  to  the  use  of  arms  and  to 
tactics.  Abram  armed  his  trained  servants.  Qen. 
xiv. 

The  wajTior  horse  here  bre<l  he's  taught  to  train.        Dryden, 

6.  To  break,  tamo,  and  accustom  to  draw,  as 
oxen. 

7.  In  gardening,  to  lead  or  direct  and  fonn  to  a 
wall  or  espalier;  to  form  to  a  proper  sliape  by 
growth,  lojiping,  or  pruning  ;  as,  to  train  young 
trees. 

8.  In  minings  to  trace  a  lode  or  any  mineral  ap- 
pearance to  its  head. 

To  train  a  gun,  is  to  point  it  at  some  object  either 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  as  K ;  0  aa  J ;  S  ns  Z  ;  CH  as  SU ;  Tfl  as  in  THIS. 

Tl65" 


TRA 

fi>rwar(t  or  else  abaft  the  beam,  i.  e.,  not  diivcUy  on 
the  sule.  ToCten. 

Tif  train  or  train  itf  ;  to  educnle  ;  to  teach  ;  to  form 
by  instniction  or  practice  ;  to  bring  up. 

TVoui  ttjt  \  child  in  Uw  waj  bo  thould  go,  and  when  he  to  old 

be  will  not  drpait  fivin  it.  —  Fniv.  xiii. 
Tfaa  fint  ChriMiuw  were,  by  gxv^t   t)«nUhi|w,  vwMd  up  for 

Ctoiy.  IMiotaon. 

TRAIN,  M.    Artifice  ;  stralageni  of  enticement. 


?<ow  to  Rij  chaniM, 
And  to  my  wUjr  trotiw. 


9.  Something  drawn  along  behind,  the  end  of  a 
gown,  &.C.  ;  ns,  the  train  of  a  p^M  n  or  robe. 

3.  The  after  part  of  a  gun  carriage.  l^otUn. 

4.  Tb«  tail  of  a  bird. 

Tttr  intiM  urm  ifaar  (Dctit,  ud  ttwM  dwb  bodk^  Hk* t^nid* 
dor  of  K  ifaip.  Aqh 

!k  A  retinue }  a  number  of  followers  or  attend- 
ants. 

My  bvm  >iv  mm  of  choice  uH  r*rM(  putt.  JSkat. 

Tbe  kiBf^  dkuftMcr  w«h  &  lorHy  frwn.  itrfdlinw. 

6.  A  aerie« ;  a  consecution  or  succession  of  con- 
nected things. 

Km*  now  MRMn  ROd  dnw  Uwlr  burald  fraiii.  MI/Idm, 

OUmt  tnttiM  irquire  «  Itom  uf*  idnia  piaced  in  ocder.      LtdU. 
Tbe  fnrin  oT  fib  our  love  would  dnw  behind  k.  44ciEMii. 

7.  PrtKess  ;  regular  method  ;  course.  Things  are 
now  in  u  tram  for  scttlemenU 

If  (hinn  WPR  oooe  in  this  traiM  — our  dutj  woumI  lak«  mcrt  la 
owMtm.  &i<f^ 

8.  A  company  in  order  \  a  procesition. 

Pxii^M  of  sura,  but  ill  (h«  frtnn  of  nlffaL  Miiton. 

9.  The  number  of  beatd  which  «  watch  makes  in 
any  certain  time.  Cjrr, 

10.  A  line  of  gunpowder,  laid  to  lead  fire  to  a 
charge,  or  to  a  qunntiiy  intended  for  execution. 

U.  A  continuous  line  of  cars  on  a  railroad. 

TVmm  ^artiUrr^;  any  number  of  cannon,  mor- 
tars, frc,  with  the  attendant)*  and  carriagrs  which 
follow  them  into  the  field.         CmmpbrtPs  MiL  Di^L 
TRAIN'A-BLE,    a.     That  may   be  trained.      [LiuU 

TRAI.N'-BAND,  ■.  [frata  hnd  baud,]  A  band  or 
compan>  of  militia.  TVoid-Atwi-r,  in  Ihe  plural :  mili- 
tia ;  !io  called  biM-au.xe  tniinrd  to  military  exercises. 

TRAIN'-BEAR  KR,  w.  [tram  and  brurrr.)  Gnu  who 
Imlds  op  a  tram.  • 

TRAiN'fP,  pp.  or  a.  Drnnii  ;  allured  ;  educated  ; 
fortiied  by  insitrurtiun. 

TRAIN'ER,  a.    One  who  traiits  up  ;  an  instructor. 

Jlsk. 
3.  One  who  trains  or  prepares  men,  hor$e»,  &.C., 
for  athletic  exercises, 

TK.II.\'I.\G,  ppr.  Drawing;  alluring;  educating; 
tearhinp  and  forming  by  practice. 

TRAINING.  ■.  The  act  or  procAss  of  dimwinf  or  ed- 
ucating ;  education. 

3.  The  art  of  preparing  men  for  athletic  exerctses, 
or  horses  for  the  race. 

3.  The  disciplining  of  tnx>pa. 

4.  In  trartirning,  the  o|H>rntion  or  art  of  fatmlng 
young  trees  to  a  wnll  or  es|>alier,  or  of  caui^ing  them 
to  grow  in  a  ^hape  suitable  for  that  end.  Cy€, 

TRAI\'-OII>,  a.     [train  and  oil.]     The  oil  procured 

from  the  blubber  or  fat  of  whales  by  boiling.  Cye. 
TRaIN'-ROAD,  a.      {train   and   rond.]     In  minr^,  a 

sliglit  railway  for  sm.itl  wagt^ns.  Cyc. 

TRAIX'-TACK-LE,  n.    A  tackle  hooked  to  the  train 

of  a  gun,  to  hold  it  to  its  place.  TotUn, 

TRAIN'Y,  a.    Belonging  to  train-oil.    [.Vbt  in  itf«.] 

Oavi. 
TRAIPSE-  (trapse,)  r.  i.    To  walk  sluUishly  or  care- 

le^v.     [.4  Im>  iMrK^I  Popf. 

TRAIT,  (trate,)  a.     [Fr.  (nit,  from  (roirs,  to  draw; 

I^  tr«etiut.     See  Tract  and  Tskat.] 


1.  A  stroke  ;  a  touch. 

By  tU*  an^  Irwit,  Honer  HMkn  aa  e 


ilnl  difi«ivDCe  towvcn 
Broom*. 


the  HUa  utd  Od: 

9.  A  line  ;  a  fmtnre  ;  as,  a  Crsit  of  character. 
TRAI'TOR,  a.     [FV.  fntti-s  ;  Arm.  trtitre^  trfyUn- ;  Sp. 
trmidar ;  from  L.  traditor ;  tradoy  to  deliver.] 

1.  One  who  \iolates  his  allegiance  and  betrays  his 
country ;  one  guiity  of  treasim  ;  one  who,  in  breach 
of  trust,  delivers  his  countrj-  to  its  enemy,  or  any 
fort  or  place  intrusted  to  bis  defense,  or  who  surren- 
ders an  array  or  body  of  troops  to  the  enemy,  unless 
when  vanquished  ;  or  one  who  lakes  arms  and  lev- 
ies war  against  bis  ctmntry  ;  or  one  who  aids  an  en- 
emy in  conquering  his  counirj*.     [See  TasASos.] 

i  One  who  betniTs  his  trust. 
TRAI'TOR-LY,  a.    Treacherous.     [JVot  in  ajr,] 
I'RArTOR-OL'S,  a.     Guilty  of  treason  ;  treacherous  ; 

perfidious  ;  faithless  ;  ad,  a  traitorous  officer  or  mb- 

jecL 

2.  Consisting  in  treason  ;  partaking  of  treason  ; 
implying  breach  of  allegiance  j  as,  a  traitorous 
scheme"  or  conspiracy. 

TRAI'TOR-OUS-LY,  orfp.    In  violation  of  allegiance 
and  trust  i  treacherously  ;  perfidiously. 

Tb<7  had  pvUorxnuhf  eodeaTond  to  •ubrwt   U*e  fuwlMncntal 
l*wi.  Clarendon. 


TRA 

TRAI'TOR  OUS-NESS,  «.      Treachery;   the  quality 

of  being  tn-nsoiiable.  ScotU 

TRAI'TREtfS,  n.    A  female  who  betrays  her  country 

or  her  trust.  Dryden. 

TRA-JEGT',  V.  t.  [L.  trajectus,  trajicio;  trans  and 
jacio^  to  throw.] 

To  throw  or  cast  through ;  as,  to  trajed  the  sun's 
light  through  three  or  more  crofis  prisms.    JVeictun. 
TRAJ'EGT,  a.     A  ferry  ;  a  passage,  or  place  for  pa^»8- 

ing  witter  with  boats.  Shak, 

TR.\-JEeT'lNG,  ppr.     Casting  through. 
TRA-JEC'TION,  (tra-jck'shun,)  n.    The  act  of  cast- 
ing or  darting  thnmgh.  Boyle. 
a.  Transportation.                         ^ 
3.  Kinissiou.                                                    Brotcn. 
TRA-JECT'O  RY,  n.     The  curve  which  a  body  de- 
scribes in  space,  ns  a  planet  or  comet  in  iis  orbit,  or 
a  stone  thrown  upward  oblii{uely  in  the  air. 

Brand f. 
TRA-LA'TION,  n.     [from  L.  translatio.] 

A  change  in  the  use  of  a  word,  or  the  Ufie  of  a 
word  in  a  less  proper  but  more  significant  sense. 

Bp.  ItalL 
TRAL-A-TI"TIOLlS,  (tral-a-tish'us,)  a.    [L.  traiwia- 
tiu,  transfrro.] 

Aletapliorical ;  not  literal.  • 

TRAL.-A-TI"TIOUS-LY,  (trnl-a-tish'us-le,)  adv.  Mel^ 

aphoricallv  ;  not  in  a  literal  sense.  Holder. 

TRA-LIN'E-ATE,  v.  t.     [  L.  trans  and  imca,  line.] 
To  deviate  from  any  direction.     [JVot  in  usr.] 

Dryden. 
TRA-LP'CENT,  a,    [L.  tralueetui  trans  and  luceo.] 
Transparent  ;  clear.  Davies. 

TRAM,  n.    A  name  given  to  coal  wagons  in  some 

parts  of  England,  especiiilly  at  Newcastle. 
TR.AM'-WAY,  I  lu'  A  road  laid  with  narrow  tmcka 
TRAM'-Rf^Al),  \  of  slono,  wood,  or  iron,  for  tram^, 
or  wagons.  The  irtm  tram-rail  has  a  flange  on  the 
side,  to  prevent  wagons  from  running  off  the  track, 
thus  diflering  from  the  edffe-T&i\  of  our  common  raiT- 
roads.  Brandt. 

TRAM'.MEl.,  n.  [Ft.  tramail^  a  drag-net;  tra  and 
mail.  In  Sp.  traha  is  a  fetter,  Fr.  eatrares.  This 
seems  to  he  a  diifereni  word.] 

1.  A  kind  of  lung  net  for  catching  birds  or 
fishes. 

The  trmmmtt  diflVn  ooC  much  hfom  tlio  abapo  of  tbe  buiit| 

Cortw. 

3.  A  kind  of  shackles  used  for  regulating  tbe  mo- 
tiims  of  a  honte  and  making  him  amble. 

3.  An  iron  ho«ik,  of  various  forms  and  sizes,  used 
for  banging  kettles  and  other  vessels  over  the  fire. 

4.  In  mieJkanie*.  a  Joiner's  instrument  for  drawing 
ovals  upon  bonrtis*  One  part  consists  of  a  cross 
with  two  griX)ves  at  right  angles  to  enrh  other;  the 
other  is  a  beam  carrying  two  pins  which  slide  in 
those  grooves,  and  also  tiie  describing  pencil. 

Brantle, 
TR.\>I'MEL,  r.  U     [Sp.  trabar^  to  join,  to  seize,  to 
shackle.     Uu.] 

1.  To  catch  ;  to  intercept.  S/iak. 

2.  To  confine  ;  to  hamper  ;  to  shackle. 
TRAM'MEL-£1),  pp.     Caught;  confined;  shackled. 

2.  In  thf  manrge^  a  horse  is  said  to  be  tntiiinieled. 
when  he  has  blazes  or  wtiite  marks  on  the  fore  ana 
hind  foot  of  one  side,  Cyc. 

TRAM'31EL-[NG,  ppr.  Catching;  confining  ;  shack- 
ling. 

TRA-MON'TANE,  a.  One  living  beyond  the  moun- 
tain ;  a  fitninger. 

TRA-MON'TANE,  o.  [\X.  tramontana  ;  tra,  L.  trans^ 
beyond,  and  moa.*i,  muutitnin.] 

IMeraUy,  lying  or  beiitg  t>eyond  the  mountain  ; 
foreign ;  l>arbarous.  The  Italians  sometimes  use 
this  epithet  for  ultranwntaite^and  apply  it  to  the  coun- 
tries north  of  the  Al|>s,  a^  Fntnce  and  Germany,  and 
particularly  to  their  ecclesiastics,  jurists,  painters, 
&.C. ;  and  a  nurlh  wind  is  called  a  tramontane  wind. 
The  French  lawyers  call  certain  Italian  canonists 
tramontane  or  ultramontane  doctors  ;  considering  them 
as  favoring  too  much  the  court  of  Rome.  [Kee  Vl.- 
TRAMONTAKK.l  Braudc.     Cyc. 

TRAMP,  r.  U     [Sw.  trampa.] 
To  tread. 

TRAMP,  r.  i.    To  travel ;  to  wander  or  stroll. 

TRAMP'ER,  a.    A  stroller  ;  a  vagrant  or  vagabond. 

TR.\M'PLE,  (tram'p',)  "■  t.  [G.  trampein,  trarapen  ; 
Dan.  tramper;  Sw.  trampa.  if  in  is  casual,  as  I  sup- 
pose, these  words  are  the  D.  trappen^  lo  tread  ;  trap:, 
a  step.] 

1.  To  tread  under  foot ;  e.'tpecially,  to^read  upon 
with  pride,  coqtempt,  triumph,  or  scorn. 

Neithn-  caat  ye  your  pearia  bi,inn  swine,  lad  Ihcy  trampU  ib'^m 
sodnr  ihrii  feeL  —  McU.  *ii. 

2.  To  tread  down  ;  to  prostrate  by  treading  ;  as,  to 
trample  grass. 

3.  To  treat  with  pride,  contempt,  and  insult. 
TRAM'PLE,  r.  t.     To  tread  in  contempt. 

Diogvofa  trampUd  od  Pluto's  pride  with  rreat^r  of  his  own. 
Gov.  of\h€  7brt£u«. 

2.  To  I  read  with  force  and  rapidity.         Dryden. 

TRA.M'PLi-;,  n.     The  act  of  treading  under  foot  with 

contempt.  MUton. 


TRA 

TKAM'PLKD,  pp.     Trod  on  ;  trodden  under  foot. 

TRAM'PLER,  a.  One  that  tramples;  one  that  treads 
down. 

TRAM'PLING,  ppr.  Treading  under  foot;  prostrat- 
ing bv  treading  ;  treading  with  contempt  and  insult. 

TRAM-POOSE',  V.  L  [Sou  Trampi.s.J  To  walk  with 
labor,  or  heavily. 

TRAM-POOS'ING,  pur.    Traveling  heavily. 

TKA-NA'TION,  «.     [l.  traao.] 

T)ie  act  of  passing  over  by  swimming.  [JVot  in 
use.] 

TRANCE,  n,  [  Fr.  transc  ;  supposed  to  be  f^-oin  the  L. 
transituSf  a  (Kissing  over  ;  tranjieo^  to  pass  oVer  ;  trans 
and  eo.  'I'he  L.  trans  seems  to  be  the  W  tra.  It. 
tra  and  fro.*,  Sp.  tras,  and  Fr.  tres,  very  ;  so  that  it 
may  be  inferred  that  n  is  not  radical.] 

1.  An  ecstasy  ;  a  state  in  which  the  soul  seems  to 
have  (Hissed  out  of  the  body  into  celestial  regions,  or 
to  be  rapt  into  visions. 

My  Roll!  was  nvish'-d  qiiltr  na  In  n  tranct.  Sptnter, 

Wtiili'  tli'^jr  citadp  rrady,  lie  fell  inU)  a  Ironoa,  atxl  taw  htavea 
o^icHfU.  —  Acta  X. 

2.  In  medieinfy  catalepsy,  i.  e.,  total  suspension  of 
mental  p<iwcr  and  voluntary  motion ;  pulsation  and 
breathing  continuing  ;  muscles  flexible  ;  body  yield- 
ing to  and  retaining  any  given  position  not  Incom- 
patible with  the  hiws  of  gravitation.  7'rance,  or 
catalcp.tyy  differs  from  ecstasy  in  the  circunistniico 
that  in  the  latter  tlie  muscles  arc  rigid,  and  the  body 
erect  and  indexible.  Oood, 

TRANCED,  (iriLust,}  a.    Lying  in  a  trance. 

And  there  1  left  hitn  trarumd.  Shak. 

TRAN'GRAM,  n.    An  odd  thing  intricately  contrived. 

Jirbut/tnot. 
[It  is  said  to  be  a  cant  Morrf,  and  is  not  used.] 

TRAN'NEL,  used  by  Moxon,  is  a  mistake  for  Tbee- 
NAiL,  jminounced  by  ship-builders  trun'nd. 

TRAN'QUIL,  (trank'wil,)  a.  [Fr.  tranquille;  L.  tranr 
quiUus.] 

Quiet ;  calm  ;  undisturbed  ;  peaceful ;  not  agitated. 
The  atmosphere  is  tranquil.  Tlie  state  is  tranquil.  A 
franfut/ retirement  is  desirable;  but  a  tranquil  mind 
is  essential  to  happiness. 

TRAN-QUIL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  tranquiliz- 
ing,  or  state  of  being  tmnfpiilized.  JVewman. 

TRAN'UUIL-TZE,  (trank'wiMze,)  b.  t  To  quiet;  to 
allay  when  agitated  ;  to  compose  ;  to  make  calm  anjl 
peaceful ;  ns,  to  tranquilize  a  state  disturbed  by  fac- 
tions  or  civil  commotions  ;  to  tranquilize  the  mind. 

TRAN'aUIUIZ-JED,  (Irank'wil-Izd,)  pp.  Quieted; 
calmed  ;  composed. 

TRAN'UUIL-IZ-ER,  n.  A  kind  of  chair,  in  which  a 
niving  maniac  may  he  so  fixed  as  to  be  motionless. 
It  is  used  for  the  production  of  tranquillity,  in  a  par- 
oxysm of  raving. 

TRAN'QUIL-IZ-INGjppr.  or  o.  Quieting;  compos- 
ing. 

TRAN'QtriL-IZ-ING-LY,  adv.    So  as  to  tranquilize. 

TRAN-UUIL'LI-TY,  n.     [L.  tranquiUitas.] 

Quietness  ;  a  calm  state  ;  freedom  from  disturb- 
ance or  njiitaiion.  We  speak  of  the  tranquillity  of 
public  affairs,  of  the  state,  of  the  world,  the  tranquil' 
lity  of  a  retired  life,  the  tranquillity  of  mind  proceed- 
ing from  conscious  rectitude. 

TRAN'QUlLf-LY,  adv.     Quietly  ;  peacefully. 

TRAN'QUII^NESS,  n.     Quietness;  peacefulness. 

TRJiJVi^^  a  Latin  preposition,  used  in  English  as  a 
prefix,  signifies  odct,  beyond^  as  in  transalpine,  be- 
yond the  Alps.  Hence,  in  a  moral  sense,  it  denotes  a 
complete  change  ;  as,  to  transform  j  also, /rom  one  to 
another  ;  as,  to  transfer. 

TRANS-ACT',  v.  L  [L.  transactus^  trajisigo ;  trans 
and  ago,  to  act  or  drive  through.] 

To  do;  to  perform;  to  manage;  as,  to  transact 
commercial  business.  We  transact  business  in  per- 
son or  by  an  agcnL 

TRANS-ACT',  v.  i.  To  conduct  matters ;  to  treat ;  to 
manage.  South. 

TRANS-ACT'ED,  pp.     Done;  perfom\ed  ;  managed. 

TRANS-ACT'ING,  ppr.     Managing;  performing. 

TRANS-ACTION,  n.  The  doing  or  performing  of 
any  business;  tnanagement  of  any  afiair. 

2.  That  which  is  done  ;  an  affair.  We  are  not  to 
expect  in  history  a  minute  detail  of  every  transaction. 

3.  In  the  civil  law,  an  adjustment  of  a  dispute 
between  parties  by  mutual  agreement. 

TRANS-ACTOR,  n.    One  who  performs  or  conducU 

any  business.  Derham. 

TRANS-AL'PINE,  (-al'pln,)  a.  fL.  franj*,  beyond, 
and  jilpine,  of  Ihe  AI|)h.1 

Lying  or  being  beyond  the  Alps  in  regard  to  Rome, 
tlmt  is,  on  the  nonli  or  west  of  the  Alps  ;  as,  Trans- 
alpine Gaul  ;  opposed  to  CiSALPinB. 
TRANS-AN'I-MA TE,  v.  t     [trans  and  animate.]    To 
animate  by  tbe  conveyance  of  a  soul  to  another  body. 

Kinff. 
TRANS-AN'I-MA-TED,  pp.      Animated  by  the  con- 
veyance of  the  soul  from  one  body  to  another. 
TRANS-AN-I-MA'TION,  n.     [L.  trans  and  anima.] 
Conveyance  of  the  soul  from  one  body  to  another ; 
transmigration.  Brojon. 

[  T/ie  latter  ig  the  tcord  generally  used.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE.  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 


TRA 


TRA 


TRANS-AT-tuVNTie,  a. 

jSU4intic.] 

Lying  or  being  beyond  the  Ailaiuic.  When 
used  by  a  person  in  Euroi)e  or  Africa,  tranaatlaiuic 
signifies  being  in  America;  when  by  a  person  in 
Anierica,  it  denotes  being  or  lying  in  Europe  or  Afri- 
ca. We  apply  it  chiefly  to  something  in  Europe. 
TRANS-CEND',  (tmns-scnd',)  v.  t.  [L.  tratJceado ; 
trans  and  scandOy  to  climb.] 

1.  To  rise  above;  to  surmount;   as,  liglits  in  the 
Tieavens  tratiscending  the  region  of  the  clouds. 

2.  To  pass  over  ;  to  go  beyond. 


TRA 


-    I(  ia  St  dAogcroui  opinion  to  luch  bopes  m  thoU  trantcend  thc-Ir 
Imiita.  Bacon, 

3.  To  surpass ;  to  outgo ;  to  excel ;  to  exceed. 
How  much  her  worth  tratucendtd  ajl  her  kiinl.  Dryden. 

TRANS-CEND',  ».  i.    To  climb.     [jVotimtse.] 

Brown. 
TRANS-CEND'ED,  pp.     Overpassed;  surpassed  :  ex- 
ceeded. 
TRANS-CEXD'EXCE,   \    n.       Superior    excellence  : 
TUAXS-CEND'EN-CV, !        supereininence. 

2.  Elevation  above  truth  :  exaggeration.    Boom, 
TRANH-CEND'ENT,  a.     [L.  traiiscciulens.] 

1.  Very  excellent ;  superior  or  supreme  in  excel- 
lence ;  surpassing  others;  aa,  traiisccndeiU  woiih  ■. 
tratigcendent  valor. 

Clothed  with  transctrtdent  brightiio«^.  MUton, 

2.  In  the  Kantian  philosophy,  transcending  or  going 
beyond  Ihe  bounds  of  bumrin  knowledge  ;  applied  to 
J«5c/c.*.*  or  illiLsorij  lnwwUdge.  Murdoch, 

TRANS-CE\U-E\T'AL,  a.     Supereminent ;  surpass- 
ing others;  as,  traJVicemiental  being  or  qualities. 

Orew. 
2.  In  the  Kantian  philosophy^  pertaining  to  that  ' 
which  can  be  determined  a  priori  in  regard  to  the 
fundamental  principles  of  all  human  knowledge. 
What  is  (ranfreHrfen/a/,  therefore,  transcends  empiri- 
cism; but  it  dws  not  transcend  all  human  knowl- 
edge, or  become  transcendenL  Murdoch, 

Transcendental  quantity ;  in  algebra^  a  quantity 
which  can  not  be  represented  by  an  algebraic  expres- 
sion of  a  finite  number  of  terms. 

Transcendental  equation ;  an  equation  into  which  a 
transcendentil  quantity  enters. 

Transeejtdetttat  curve ;  a  curve  defined  by  a  trans- 
cendental equation.  Bmnde. 
TRANS-CEND-EXT'AI^ISM,  n.  In  the  Kantian 
philosophy,  the  transcending  or  going  beyond  empiri- 
cism, and  ascertaining  a  priori  the  fundamental  prin- 
ciples of  human  knowledge.  But,  as  Scheilinc  and 
Higel  claimed  to  have  discovered  the  absolute  iden- 
tity of  the  objective  and  subjective  in  human  knowl- 
edge, or  of  things  and  human  conceptions  of  them, 
the  Kantian  distinction  between  transcendent  and 
transcendental  ideas  can  have  no  place  in  their  philoso- 
phy. And  hence,  with  them,  transcendentalism 
chums  to  have  a  true  knowledge  of  all  things,  mate- 
rial and  immiiterial,  human  and  divine,  so  far  as  the 
mind  is  capable  of  knowing  them.  And  in  this  sense 
the  word  transcendentalism  is  now  most  us.-d. 

Murdoek, 
The  word  is  also  sometimes  used  for  that  wiiich  is 
vague  find  ilEusive  in  philosophy. 
TRAXS-CEND-ENT'AI^IST,  n.     One    who  believes 

in  transcendentalism. 
TRANS-CEND-ENT'AL-LY,  adr>.      In  a  transcend- 
ental manner. 
TRANS-CEND'EXT-LY,    adv.       Very    excellently; 
supereminently;  by  way  of  eminence. 


[L.  trans,  beyond,    and  I  TRAN-SCRIP'TION,  (tran-skrip'shun.)  n,   [Fr.]  The 
act  of  copying.     Corruptions  creep  into  books  by  re- 
pealed transcriptions, 
TRAN-seuiPT/lVE  LY,  adv.    In  manner  of  a  copy. 

TRANS-GUR',  c.  i.  [L.  transcurro;  trans  and  curro, 
to  run  J 

o.T.^x^i'iU?'"'''*^^'"*"*"'™-     [kittle  used.1    Bacon, 
TRANS-eUR'RENCE,    n.       A     roving    hither    and 

thither. 
TRANA-eUR'SION,  (trans-kur'shun,)    n.      [Supra.] 
A  rambling   or   nimble  ;  a  passage  beyond   certain 
limits  ;  extraordinary  deviation  ;  as,  the  transcursion 
of  a  comet,  jii^g^ 

I  am  to  make  oftfn  trajiscursioru  into  the  iicighborin"  fim-Bi*  oa 

I  puM  aioiijj.  "Howeli. 

[Excursion   has  in  a  great  measure  superseded 
this  word.] 
TRANS-DU€'TrON,  n.     [h,  trans  and  dueo.l 

The  act  of  conveving  over.  Entiek, 

TRXNSE   n.     Ecstasy.     [See  Tbance.] 
TRA.\S-EL-E-MENT-A'^'ION,   n.      [trans   and    ele- 
ment.] 

The  change  of  the  elements  of  one  body  into  those 
of  another,  as  of  the  bread  and  wine  into  the  actual 
body  and  bJood  of  Ciirist ;  transubsianliation. 

TRAX'SEPT,  n,  [L.  trans  and  septum.]  The  trans- 1 
verse  portion  of  a  cruciform  church,  being  one  of  the 
arms  projecting  each  way  on  the  side  of  the  stem  of 
the  cross.  Gwilt. 

TRAN-SEX'ION,  (-sek'shun,)  n.     Change  of  sex. 

TRANS-FER',  c.  (.  [L.  transfero;  trans  and  fero,  to 
carry.] 

1.  1  o  convey  from  one  place  or  person  to  another  ; 
to  transport  or  remove  to  another  place  or  person  ; 
as,  to  transfer  ihc  laws  of  one  country  to  another. 
The  seat  of  government  was  transferred  from  New 
York  to  Albany,  We  say,  a  war  is  tran.'ferred  from 
France  to  Germany.  Pain,  or  the  seat  of  disease  in 
the  body,  is  often  transferred  from  one  part  to  an- 
other. 


The  taw  of  Chrwtianily  I 
(lie  word  of  inith. 


einlnenlly  and  ImnMeemttntlt/  ctIW 
SoutA. 


TRA\J^CEND'ENT-NESa,  n.    Superior  or  unusual 
excellence. 

TRANS-CEXD'ING,  ppr.     Rising  above;  surmount- 
ins  ;  surpassing. 

TRA\H'€0-LXTE,  r.    (.       [U    trans    and    eolo,    to 
strain.] 

To  strain  ;  to  cause  to  pass  through  a  sieve  or  col- 
ander, f/arrry. 

TRANS'eO-LA-TING,    ppr.      Straining  through    a 
sieve. 

T^AN-SeRIBE',  p.  L     [L.  transeribo  ;  trans,  over,  and 
seriboy  to  write,] 

To  copy  ;  to  write  ovorngain  or  in  the  same  words; 
to  write  a  copy  of  any  tlnng;  as,  to  transcribe  Livy 
or  Tacitus  ;  to  transcribe  a  letter. 

TRAN-seRin'KD,  pp.     Copied. 

TRAN-H€Rin'ER,   n.      A    copier;    one   who   writes 
from  a  copy.  .Addison, 

TRAN-SeRlB'ING,ppr.    Writing  from  a  copy  ;  writ- 
ing n  copy. 

TRAN'.seRIPT,  n.     [L.  transcript-urn.] 

1,  A  copy  ;  a  writing  made  from  and  ncrnrding  to 
an  original ;  a  writing  or  compfaition  consisting  of 
the  same  words  with  the  origiimi. 

The  decalogue  of  Moac*  wu  hm  it  IranMcript,  not  an  ori^nal. 

South. 

3.  A  copy  of  any  kind. 

The  Romui  leunlog  wu  a  (raruenpf  of  the  Greviao. 

aianwiUe. 


2,  To  make  over  ;  to  pass  ;  to  convey,  as  a  right, 
from  one  person  to  another;  to  sell ;  to  give.  The 
title  to  land  is  tran.'ferred  hy  deed.  The  property  of  a 
bill  of  exchange  may  be  transferred  by  indorsement- 
Stocks  are  transferred  by  assignment,  or  enteringthe 
same  under  the  name  of  the  purchaser  in  the  proper 
books. 
TRANS'FER,  n.  The  removal  or  conveyance  of  a 
thing  from  one  place  or  person  to  another. 

2.  The  ronvcyance  of  right,  title,  or  property,  ci- 
ther real  or  personal,  from  one  person  to  another,  ei- 
ther bv  sale,  bv  gift,  or  otherwise, 
TRANtf-FER'A-ltLE,  a.     1'hat  may  be  transferred 
conveyed  from  one  place  or  person  to  another, 

2.  Negotiable,  as  a  note,  bill  of  exchange,  or  other 
evidence  of  property,  that  may  be  conveyed  from  one 
person  to  ant)thcr  by  indorsehient  or  other  writing. 
The  slocks   of  the   public,   and   of  companies,  are 
transferable. 
TRAN'r^-FKR'RjED,  pp.      Conveyed  from  one  to  an- 
other. 
TRANS-FER-REE',  ji.    Tlie  person  to  whom  a  trans- 
fer IS  made.  Hamilton. 
TRANS-FER'RRNCE,  ti.     Act  of  transferring. 
TRANS-FER'RER,  n.     One  who  makes  a  truusfer  or 

C(mveynnce. 
TRANS-FER'RINO,  ppr.  Removing  from  one  place 
or  person  to  another;  conveying  to  another,  as  a 
right. 
TRANS-FIG-II-RA'TTOX,  „.  [Fr.  See  Transpio- 
URE.]  A  changy  of  form  ;  particularly,  the  sufiernat- 
ural  change  in  the  personal  appearance  of  our  Savior 
on  the  mount.     See  MatL  xvii. 

2.  A  feast  held  hy  the  Roman  Catholic  church  on 
the  Cth  of  August,  in  commemoration  of  tlie  miracu- 
lous change  above  mentioned.  Q/c 
TRAN.S-FlG'tiRE,  (lig'yur,)  r.  t.      {lutrans  and  > 
gura;  Fr.  transfigurer.] 

To  transform  ;  to  change  Ihe  outward  form  or  ap- 
pearance. 

And  wa*  tranajlgurtd  before  thein.  —  Mntt.  xvil. 

TRA.VS-FIG'UR.^D,  pp.    Changed  in  form. 
TRAN.S-FIG'UR-ING,  ppr.     Transforming  ;  changing 

the  external  form 
TRANS-FIX',u.  (.     [L.  tran^us,  traiu^go;  truTuand 

To  pierce  through,  as  with  a  pointed  weapon  ;  as, 
to  transfix  one  with  a  dart  or  S|)ear.  Dryden. 

TRANS-FIX'7i:i),  (-fikst',)  pp.   Pierced  through. 

TRA\S-FIX'ING,ryr.    Pierc 
ed  weapon. 

TRANS'FO  RATE,  ».  t     [L.  trtm^oro.] 
To  bore  throuiih. 

TRANS'FO-Ra-TKD,  pp.     Pierced  ;  perforated, 

TRA.\S'rO-RA-TI.\G,  ppr.     Boring  through. 

TRAiNS-FORM- 

1.  To  change  the  form  of;  to  change  the  shape  or 
appearance ;  to  melnmtfnihose ;  as,  a  caterpillar 
transformed  into  a  bulterfiy. 

2.  To  change    one    substance    into  another;    to 


transmute.       The  alchemisu  sought    to  traiteform 
lead  into  gold.  ^^ 

3.  In  theology,  to  change  the  natural  disposition 
and  temper  of  man  from  a  state  of  enmity  to  God 
and  his  law  rnlo  the  image  of  God,  or  into  a  dispo- 
Bition  and  temper  conformed  to  the  will  of  God. 

Be  ye  trantformed  by  the  renowing  of  your  mind.  —  Hum.  xii, 

4.  In  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  to  change  the  ele- 
ments, bread  and  wine,  into  the  flesh  and  blood  of 
Christ 

5.  Among  the  mystics,  to  change  the  contemplative 
soul  into  a  divine  substance,  by  which  it  is  lost  or 
swallowed  up  in  the  divine  nature. 

6.  In  nlgebra,  to  change  an  equation  into  another 
of  a  dilferL-ril  form,  without  destr4>ytng  the  equality 
of  its  incmberH  ;  to  change  into  another  form  with- 
out altering  the  value. 

TRANS-FOR.M',  v,  i.    To  be  clianged  in  form  :  to  be 
metamorphosed. 

HU  hair  Iransfomu  lo  down.  Ad/&ton. 

TRANS-FORM-A'TION,  n.    The  net  ornperation  ot 
changing  the  form  or  external  apf>eanince. 

2.  MetJimt.rphosis  ;  change  of  form  in  insects ;  as 
from  a  caterpillar  to  a  butterfly. 

3.  Transmutation  ;  the  change  of  one  metal  into 
anotlKT,  as  of  copper  or  tin  into  gold. 

4.  The  change  of  the  soul  into  a  divine  substance, 
a.-*  aiiiiirig  the  mystics. 

5.  Transuh.staiitiiition. 

6.  In  theology,  a  change  of  heart  in  man,  by  which 
his  disposition  and  temper  are  cimformed  to  the  di- 
vme  image;  a  change  from  enmity  to  holiness  and 
love. 


n.     [L.  trans  and  fretum,  a 


,  ppr.    Piercing  throligh  with  a  point- 


L.  trans  and 


7.  In  algebra,  the  change  of  an  equation  into  one 
of  a  dilfi-rent  form,  without  destroying  the  equality  of 
its  members ;  a  change  into  another  form  without  al- 
termg  the  v.-ilue.  ^.  z>.  Stanley, 

TRANS-FORM'A-TIVE,  a.  Having  power  or  a  tend- 
ency to  transform.  Dacies 

TRANS-FGRM'/JD.pp.  Changed  in  form  or  exter- 
nal appearance ;  metamorphosed;  transmuted ;  re- 
newed. 

TRANH-rOR>I'ING,  ;)pr.  Changing  the  form  or  ex- 
ternal appearance ;  metamorphosing;  transmuting: 
renewing. 

2.  a.  Em-cting,  or  able  to  effect,  a  change  of  form 
or  state  ;  as,  the  transforming  power  of  true  relicion. 

TRANS-FUglGHT',  (trans-frute',)  v,  i.  'J'o  pass  over 
the  sea.     [.Yot  in  use.]  fVatrrland, 

TRANS-FRE-TS'TION, 
strait.] 

The  jiassing  over  a  strait  or  narrow  sea.  [UuU 
»'■'''■'/•]  Davies. 

TRA  iVS-FUND',  p.  t.     [L.  transfnndo.] 

To  pnur  i'roni  one  vessel  into  another.    fJVot  used.] 

TRANS-FUND'ED,  pp.     Transfused. 

'I'RAXS  FIJND'IXG,  ppr.     Transfusing.       Barrow, 

TRAXS-FUSE',  (trans-fuze',)  v.  t.  [L.  transfusns, 
trtnt.-fiiiido  :  trans  and  fundo.] 

1.  'I'o  pour,  as  liquor,  out  of  one  vessel  into  an- 
otiicr. 

2.  To  transfer,  as  blood,  from  one  animal  to  an- 
other. 

3.  To  cause  to  pass  from  one  to  another  ;  to  cause 
to  be  instilled  or  imbibed  ;  as,  to  transfuse  a  spirit  of 
pjitriotism  from  one  to  another;  U>  transfuse  a  love 
of  letters. 

trans-fos'/:d,  pp. 

anollirr 
TRANH-FO'SI-BLE, 

transfused,  &,c. 
TRAN.S-FCS'IXG,  ppr. 

another;  transferring. 
TRAXH-FC'SIOX,   (trans-fu'zhwi,)  n.      The  act  of 

[Ktiiring,  as  liquor,  out  of  one   vess<jl   into  another. 

In  chemistry  and  pharmacy,  transfusions  of  liquors 

are  frequent.  Q^c. 

2.  The  act  or  operation  of  transferring  the  hlood  of 

one  animal  into  the  vascular  system  of  another  by 

means  of  a  tube.  Cyc. 

TRAXS-(;RE8.S',  v.  t.    [Fr.  tran^^gresscr  ;  L.  transgree- 

sus,  trans gredior  ;  trans  and  snulittr,  to  pass.] 

1.  'J'o  pass  over  or  beyimd  any  limit;  to  surpass. 

Dryden. 

2.  In  amoral  sense,  to  overpass  any  rule  prescribed 
as  the  limit  of  (hity  ;  to  break  or  violate  a  law,  civil  or 
moral.  'J'o  transgress  a  divine  law,  is  sin.  Legis- 
lators should  not  transgress  laws  of  their  own 
making. 

TRAX.S-GRESS',  v.  i.  To  offend  by  violating  a  law  ; 
to  sin.     1  Chrnn.  ii. 

TRAXS-GRESS'iCD,  (trans- grest',)  pp.  Overpassed; 
violated.  — 

TRAXS-GRESSTXG,  ppr.  Passing  beyond  j  surpass- 
ing; violating;  sinning. 

TRAXH-GRES'SIOX,  (-gresh'un,)  n.  [Fr.]  The  act 
of  passing  over  or  beyimd  any  law  or  rule  of  moral 
duty  ;  the  violation  of  a  law  or  known  principle  of 
rectitude  ;  breach  of  command. 

He  moorned  tiPe:\iiiKr  of  thn  trnnsgreanon  of  them  lh*t  had  been 

CArrit'd  awny.  —  Kim  i. 
Forgive  ihy  people  all  ih'-ir  IrantgreMtiona,  —  I  Kingi  riii. 

2.  Fault;  offense:  crime.  Shak, 


Poured   from  one  vessel  into 

(-fd'ze-bl,)    a.      That   may  be 
Boyle. 
Pouringoutof  one  vessel  into 


TCNE,  BljLL.  tjNlTE— AtV'OER,  VI"CI()US— C  M  K ;  0  m  J  j  «  as  Z ;  CU  m  S«  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


TRA 


TRA 


TRANSi-GRES'SION-AL,  (-greah'un-aJ,)  a.  Thai  vi- 
ttlatc^  a  law  ur  rule  of  duty. 

TKANS-GRblSS'lVE,  a.  Faulty;  culpable;  apt  to 
iranst:rt«9.  "    Broien, 

TRANS-r,RESS'IVE-LY,  adv.     Bv  transgres^^mR. 

TRA.N^MJRESS'OR,  n.  One  who  breaks  a  biw  or  vi- 
olates a  roniinand  ;  one  who  violates  any  known  rule 
or  principle  of  rectitude  ;  a  sinner. 

The  w«J  of  tramagrtMorw  ft  hafvL  —  Pn»».  xBl- 

TRAN-SIIIP',  r.  t.    [fr«iw  and  sAip.]    To  convey  from 

one  ship  to  another  ;  a  a/mmercial  word. 
TRAiN-SIHP'MENT,  ».    The  act  of  transferring,  as 

eoods,  from  one  ship  to  aiioiJier. 
TRAN-tiHll"Pi;D,  (-shipl',)w».  Carried  from  one  ship 

to  another.  .       .  ... 

TRAN-^HIP'PING,  ppr.    Canjing  from  one  ship  to 

umdher. 
TRAN'SIENT,  (tnm'shent,)  «•    ['L.tnuuntnt^trmami 

tra»9  and  eo,\ 

I.  Passing  ;  not  stationary  ;  hence,  of  short  dura- 
tion ;  not  permanent;  not  laMing  or  durable.    How 

tnauieiA  are  Uie  pleasures  of  tltis  life  ! 

Mnauml  ths  lmjui#ni  woriiL  AflllM. 

a  Haflty  ;  momentao' ;  imperfect  j  aa,  a  tntwuat 
Tiew  of  a  landscape. 

TVwiMfai  f9r»vm ;  a  per^n  that  is  paj^tn;*  or  trnv- 
eling  through  a  place  \  one  wilttuut  a  settK-d  hiibila- 
lion.  JimrTiea. 

Tnutsiml  rffeet,  in  paintings  is  a  representiiiiMn  of 
appearuncvs  in  nature  produced  by  cauft-s  which  art- 
not  stalionar>-,  a.-*  the  shadows  cast  by  a  passing 
cloud.  The  term  Accidents  has  often  thf  sauu- 
sign  i  firaiittn.  Joeeltfu. 

TRAN'SIENT-LY,  (-shent-Oedr.  [Supnu]  In  pas- 
sage ;  for  a  short  time ;  not  with  continuance. 

I  lD«tdi  herf  but  trotuvntiy —  on  •wtie  frw  i>f  tham  tamnj  nih« 
of  toutuine  nuluiv,  WMCh  Aristotle  iltew  Inuii  llonm. 

Dryrttn. 

TRAN'SIENT-NES?,  (-shent-.)  n.    [Supra,]    Short- 
ness of  contfiiiiance  ;  spetidy  pa-ssnge- 
TRAN-SIL'I-ENCE,   (a.      [U  troMsUieng,    traH^itut  ; 
TRAN-SIL'I-EN-CV,  I      trauj  and  *aii#.l 

A  leap  from  thing  lo  thing.    [JVW  buka  wttA,] 

GHoHcdlt. 
TRAXS'IT,  a.    [L.  trmsitus^  from  (ra«j».] 

1.  A  pasaing ;  a  passing  over  or  tliruiigh  ;  convey- 
ance ;  as,  the  traiuit  of  gttods  tlirough  a  country. 

2.  The  passing  of  an  inferior  i^anct  ncn^is  the 
sun's  di*k.  I  witnessed  the  tratuU  of  Venus  over 
the  sun's  disk,  June  3,  1709.     When  a  smaller  b»wly 

behind  a  larger,  il  ia  said  to  ■uffoi  an  oeeulta- 


tinuance  ;  spceily  departure  or  evanescence.     Who 
is  not  convinced  of  the  traiunttmnc^s  of  all  sublunary 


3^  The  culmination  or  passage  of  a  beaventy  body 
over  the  meridian  of  a  place. 
TRANS'IT,  r.  t    To  pasa  over  the  disk  ofa  bmrenly 

body.  CVe. 

TRAXS'IT-nr'TY,  n.     A  duty  paid  on  goods  thai 

(lasa  thrnueh  a  counlrj*. 
TRANS'IT-EI),  pp.    Passed  over  the  disk  of  a  heav- 
enly b*>dy. 
TttAN-SI"TION,  (tran-siih'on,)  a.     [L.  tnasitio.] 
I.  Passage   from   one  place  or  state   to  another ; 
change ;  as,  the  transiiiuit  of  the  weather  from  hot 
to  cold.     Sudden  trmnsitions  are  sometimes  attended 
with  evil  effects. 

The  cpoti  M*  of  the  nm«  color  ihroiiffhoiil,  tVre  twitiif  an  im- 
iTipdialr  Iraiuitiim  front  vbite  to  Uotck.  WooditanL 

3.  In  rhftoric^  a  passing  from  one  subject  to  an- 
other. This  should  be  done  by  means  of  si>rae  con- 
nection in  the  parts  of  the  discourse,  so  as  to  appear 
natural  and  easy. 

Be  with  frniutlion  nrwt  new  BpMxh  rrvumn.  Mitton. 

i  In  siMte,  a  change  of  key  from  major  lo  minor. 
or  the  contra^ ;  or,  in  short,  a  change  from  any  one 
genus  or  key  to  another;  als«i,  the  softening  of  a  rti*- 
juncl  interval  by  the  introduction  of  inturmeilate 
sounds.  Cyc    Busbu. 

TVwuitiM  recks;  in  g^o^t  a  name  formerly  ap- 
plied ttfthe  lowest  uncrystallinc  stratified  rocIt<«,  sup- 
posed lo  contain  no  fossils,  and  so  called  bccauiie 
thought  to  have  been  fonned  whfn  the  world  was 
paanng  IVom  an  uninhabitable  to  a  habitable  state. 

Dana. 

rRAN-PI'TION-AL,  (-sizh'un-,)  a.     Containing  or 
denoting  iran^ition. 

TKANS'I-TIVE,  o.    Riving  the  power  of  pruwing. 

Baeoiu 
3.  In  flTomniar,  a  tranndct  vrrb  is  one  which  is  or 
may  be  followod  by  an  object ;  a  vtrb  expressiiic  an 
action  which  passes  from  the  agent  to  an  object,  from 
the  subject  which  dots  to  the  c*ject  on  which  it  is 
dent.  Thus,  "  Cicero  wrote  letters  to  .\tiicu8."  In 
this  sentence,  the  act  of  writing,  performi-d  by  Cice- 
ro, the  agent,  lerminatea  on  kUers,  the  object  All 
verbs  not  passive  may  be  arranged  in  two  cIorscs, 
trmsitivt  and  intransitive.  In  English,  this  divls^iun 
is  correct  and  complete. 

TRANS'l-TIVE-LY,  <uh.     In  a  tmn^ilive  manner. 

TRA.V:^'I-TIVE-\E83,  n.    State  of  being  tniiwitive. 

TRAXS'I-TO-RI-LY,  arfr.    [SeeTRASHTosT.]    With 
short  continuance. 

TRANS'I-TO  RI-XESS,  n.    A  pagsiiig  with  short  con- 


happiness? 
TR.A\S'l-TO-RY,  a.     [L.  transitor\us,\ 

I.  Passing  without  continuance  i  cunUnulngn  short 
time;  fleeting;  si>ecdily  vanishing, 

0  Lopl,  comtorl  wid  wccor  all  Uurni  who,  tii  Uii»  trafuilory  life, 

are  in  trcuUe.  Com.  Prayer. 

9.  In  late,  a  transitory  action  is  one  which  may  be 
brought  in  any  county,  as  actiims  for  debt,  detinue, 
Blander,  and  Uie  Uke.    It  is  opiKwed  to  local  action. 
Btackstoue,     Bouvier. 
TRANS-LXT'A-BLE,  a.     [from  transhitr.]     CajKible 
of  Iwing  translated  or  rendered  into  another  lan- 
guage. 
TRANS-LATE',  f.  t.     [L.  transUtxts^  from  transfero; 
trans,  over,  and  fcroy  to  bear ;  Sp.  traiiliidar ;  II.  tras- 

1.  To  bear,  carrv,  or  remove,  from  one  place  to 
another.  It  is  applied  to  ihe*removal  of  a  bishop 
from  one  see  to  another. 

The  W»hop  of  R.'chpBt/T,  when  tlw  kiiij  would  have  tmntlttUd 
biiii  U>  «  ixUet  U«tiot;ric,  relu»«ii.  Oamdta. 

2.  To  remove  or  convey  to  heaven,  as  a  human 
being,  without  death. 

Br  tihh  Biioch  wan  traiulaud,  Oiat  lie  »hoiiI.i  nol  ■«?  ii-aih.  — 
Hrb.  x<ri. 

3.  To  transfer;  to  convey  from  one  to  another.    9 

Saw.  iii.  ,    .      ^    . 

4.  To  cause  to  remove  from  one  part  of  the  body 
to  nnoiher  ;  as,  to  translate  a  disease. 

5.  To  change. 

Happy  It  your  grrtce. 
Th:tt  can  IraiutaU  lite  •iiiUMriiiiesa  of  (urtiine 
lulu  au  quiol  and  so  •weet  a  a.iylf.  Shak. 

6.  To  inteqiret;  to  render  into  another  language  ; 
tnex))re«s  the  sense  of  one  language  in  the  words  of 
another.  Tlie  Old  Testament  was  translatrd  into  the 
Grrvk  language  more  than  two  hundred  years  before 
Christ.  The  Scriptures  are  now  transUUeU  into  most 
of  the  languages  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

7.  To  explain. 
TRAXS-LAT'ED,  pp.    Conveyed  from  one  place  to 

another;  removed  lo  heaven  without  dying;  ren- 
dered into  another  language. 

TllANS-LAT'INO,  pyr.  Conveying  or  removing  from 
one  place  to  another;  ctniveymg  to  liL-aven  without 
dying  ;  interpreting  in  anotlier  language. 

TR.\NS-l.A'TlO\,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  translatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  removing  or  conveying  from  one 
place  lo  ant^her;  removal ;  as,  the  translation  of  a 
disease  from  the  foot  lo  the  breast. 

2.  The  removal  of  a  bishop  from  one  see  to  an- 
other. 

3.  The  it-moval  of  a  person  to  heaven  without 
aubjecting  him  to  death. 

4.  The  act  of  turning  into  another  language;  in- 
lerpreialion  ;  as,  the  traustation  of  Virgil  or  Homer. 

5.  That  which  is  produced  by  turning  into  another 
language  ;  a  version.  We  have  a  good  traiuilation  of 
the  Scriptures, 

TRANS-LA-TI"TIOUS,  (-tish'us,)  a.  Transposed  ; 
transported. 

TRA.NS-LA'TIVE,  a.     Taken  from  others. 

TRANS-LA'TOR,  n.  One  wlio  renders  into  another 
language  ;  one  who  expresses  the  sense  of  words  in 
one  languace  by  equivalent  words  in  nnottier. 

TRA.NS'LA-TO-RV,  a.  Transferring ;  serving  to  trans- 
\:ylti.  ArbutknoU 

TRANS-LA'TRESS,  n.     A  female  translator. 

TIIANS-LO-Ca'TION,  n.  [L.  trans  and  locatio^  loco.} 
Removal  of  things  reciprocally  to  each  otiier's 
places;  or  rather  substitution  of  one  Uiing  fur  an- 
other. 

There  happnipd  certain  francfoeationa  of  animal  «n<l  rrp-f  ible 
»ub«.iiic«»  it  Ihe  ddoge.  iVocliCard. 

TRANS-LC'CEX-CY,   j   n.      [!>.  traiviluccns ;    trans, 
TRANS- LO'CENCE,     )        through,     and    tuceo,    to 
shine.] 

1.  The  property  of  transmitting  rays  of  light  with- 
out permitting  objects  to  be  seen. 

2.  Tran-^piirency. 
TRANS-LC'CENT,  a.     Transmittin::  rnys  of  light 

wiihont  permitting  objecti  to  be  seen. 
2.  Transparent;  clear. 

R.plpni«hed  froQi  the  coo!,  Ironalucenl  tptiagn.  Pope. 

TRANS-LC'CENT-LY,  fltio     In  a  translucent  man- 
ner. 
TRANS-LC'CID,  a.     [L.  translucldus,  suprt.] 
Transparent;  clear.    [See  TKANSj-LctNT.l 

•  Bacon. 

TRANS-MA-RKXE',  (-ma-recn'O  a.  [L.  tran^narinns ; 
trans  and  marinus  :  mare^  sea.] 

lA'ing  or  being  beyond  the  sea.  Hcieell. 

TRASS-MEVV,  C-mu',)  c.  L  [Fr.  transmucr;  h,  trans- 
mnto.l 

To  transmute ;  to  transform  ;  to  mctttmoqihose. 
[JVot  in  K8e.\  Spetuer. 

TRANS' MI-GRANT,  a.     [See  TR\?»sMionATE.]     Mi- 
grating; passing  into  a"otlier  couniri--  or  stale  for 
residence,  or  into  another  form  or  body. 
TRANS'MI-GRANT,  ti.    One  who  migrates,  or  leaves 


TRA 

his  own  country  and  passes  into  another  for  settle- 
ment. BacoTL 
2.  One  who  posses  into  anolher  state  or  body. 
TRANS'AII-GRATE,  p.  i.     [L.  iraasmigro;  trans  and 
nuiTo,  to  migrate.] 

1.  To  migrate  ;  lo  pass  from  one  country  or  juris- 
diction to  another,  for  the  purpose  of  residing  in  it; 
as  nien  or  families.  Brotcn. 

2.  To  (inss  from  one  body  into  another. 

Their  souls  m^y  franontfrate  Into  each  oUior.  Howtll. 


TRANS'Ml-GRA-TING,  ppr.  Passing  from  one  coun- 
try, state,  or  body,  into  another. 

TRANS-MI-(;RA'TI0N,  n.  The  passing  of  men  from 
one  country  to  anotlier  for  the  purpose  of  residence, 
particularly  of  a  whole  people 

2.  The  passing  of  a  thing  into  another  state,  as  of 
one  substance  into  another.  Hooker. 

3.  The  passing  of  the  soul  into  anotlier  body,  ac- 
cording to  the  opinion  of  Pythagoras. 

TUANS'MI-GItJl-TOR,  n.     One  who  transmigrates. 

yjiu. 

TRANS-MI'GRA-TO-RY,a.    Passing  from  one  place, 

bodv,  or  state,  to  another.  Fabir. 

TRANS-MIS-SI-BIL'I-TY,  n.      [from    transmissible.l 

The  quality  of  being  transmissible. 
TRANS-MIS'SMILE,    a.       [See    Transmit.]      That 

may  be  transmitted  or  passed  from  one  In  another. 
Blnchitone.     Burke. 
2.  That  may  be  transmitted  through  a  transparent 

body. 
TRANS-MIS'SION,  (trans-mish'un,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  L. 

transmifsio.l 

1,  The  act  of  sending  from  one  place  or  person  to 
another;  as,  the  tr a a.f mission  of  leltP-Ts,  writings, 
papers,  news,  and  the  like,  from  one  country  lo  all- 
ot her  ;  or  the  tratisniissioH  of  rights,  titles,  or  privi- 
leges from  father  lo  son,  and  from  one  generation  to 
anotlier.  JVeiPton.     Bacon. 

2.  The  passing  fif  a  substance  through  any  body, 
as  of  light  through  glass. 

TRANS-MIS'SIVE,  a.  Transmitted;  derived  from 
one  to  another. 


Itaolf  a  ■tin.lt  wiUi  tranimiethe  li^ht 
EulivL-ns  worlds  denied  to  binnun  tight. 


Prior, 


TRANS-MIT',  «.  (.     [L.  transmitto  ;  trans  and  mitto,  to 
bend.] 

1.  To  send  from  one  person  or  place  to  another ; 
as,  to  transmit  a  letter  or  a  memorial ;  to  tran^iit 
di>^patches  ;  to  transmit  money  or  bills  of  exchange 
frum  one  city  or  country  to  another.  Light  is  trans- 
mitted from  the  sun  to  the  earth  ;  sound  is  tran^nitted 
by  means  of  vibrations  of  the  air.  Our  civil  and  re- 
ligious privileges  have  been  transmitted  lo  us  from 
our  ancestors  ;  and  it  is  our  duly  lo  transmit  them  to 
our  children. 

2.  Tu  suffer  to  pass  through  ;  as,  glass  transmits 
light ;  metals  transmit  electricitv. 

TR.VNS-MIT'TAL,  n.     Transmission.  Swift, 

TRANS-MIT'TEU,  pp.  or  a.     Sent  from  one  person  or 

pljic(;  to  another ;  caused  or  suffL-red  to  pass  tlirough. 
TKANS-.MIT'TER,  ti.     One  who  transmits. 
TltANS-MlT'TI-ilLE,  a.     That  may  be  transmitted. 
TKANS-.MIT'TING,  ]>pr.     Sending  from  one  person 

or  plac;e  to  another  ;  suffering  lo  pass  througli. 
TRANS-MU-TA-IJIL'l-TY,    n.      [See    Thansmutk.] 

Susceptibility  of  change  into  unoUicr  nature  or  sub- 

stance. 
TRANS-MC'TA-BLE,  a.     [from  transmute.]    Capable 

of  being  changed  into  a  different  substance,  or  into 

something  of  a  different  furrn  or  nature. 

I'hc  fltiiJs  itn<l  solids  of  au  anhiial  bod/  are  trammutabU  Into 
*  one  luioLlicr.  Arbtidinot. 

TRANS-MC'TA-BLY,  a//».    With  capacity  of  being 

changed  into  another  substance  or  nature. 
TR.ANS-MU-TA'TION,  n.     [L.  transmvtatio.] 

1.  The  change  of  any  thing  into  another  substance, 
or  into  something  of  a  different  nature.  For  a  long 
lime,  tiRj  (rattjTj(i/f«(ion  of  base  metals  into  gold  was 
deemed  practicable,  but  nature  proved  refractory, 
and  tile  alchemists  were  frustrat*;d. 

2.  In  geometry, the  change  or  reduction  of  one  figure 
or  bodv  into  another  of  the  same  area  or  solidity,  but 
of  a  different  form,  as  of  a  triangle  into  a  square. 

Brandy 

3.  The  change  of  colors,  as  in  the  case  of  a  decoc- 
tion of  the  nephritic  wood.  Cyr. 

4.  In  the  vegetable  economy,  the  change  of  a  plant 
into  another  form,  as  of  wheat  into  chess,  accordijig 
to  tlie  popular  opinion.     [See  Chess.] 

TRANS-MU-Ta'TION-IST,  71.    One  who  believes  In 

the  tninsmutation  of  metals.  Lyell. 

TRANS-MOTE',  v.  L    [L.  transmuioi  trans  and  mutOj 
lo  change.] 

To  change  from  one  nature  or  substance  into  an- 
other. Water  may  be  transmuted  into  ice,  and  ice 
into  water ;  the  juices  of  plants  are  transmuted  into 
solid  substances ;  but  human  skill  has  not  been  able 
lo  transmute  lead  or  copper  into  gold. 

A  hol»  consdi-nce  suhlnnatcs  pv^ry  thing;    it  trnnfmutcM  tba 
ctJwmuii  afliura  of  life  tjto  acu  of  solemn  wcnvliip  lo  fiod. 
J.  M.  Maton. 
The  eir?»es  of  pnrnits  and  the  blitndUhmeiiU  of  fri 'ti.ta  (roM- 
mu!e  u£  into  idula.  BuckminsUr. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRgY.— PISE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVpLF,  BOQK. 


1168 


TRA 

TRAXS-MCT'KD,  pp.     Cimiigt^d    into  aiiulhcr  sub- 

fitaiictj  or  ii;\ture, 
TKAXS-MCT'ER,  n.    One  Ihat  transmutes. 
TRANS-MOT'ING,  ppr.     Changing  or  irtuwforming 

into  another  nature  or  substance. 
TRAN'SOM,    n.       [L.    transenna,    from    tratiSy   over, 

across.] 

1.  A  beam  or  timber  extended  across  the  stem  post 
of  a  ship,  to  strengthen  the  art-|Kirt  and  give  it  due 
form.  Mar.  Diet. 

2.  In  architecture,  a  horizontal  miiUion  or  cross-bar 
in  a  window  ;  or  a  lintel  over  a  door  ;  the  vane  of  a 
cross-staff  Cue    Johnson. 

TRANS'PA-DANE,    o.      [L.  trans    and    PaUus,   the 
River  Po.] 
Being  beyond  the  River  Po.  Stephens. 

TRA.\S-PAR'EN-CY,  n.  [See  Tbajisparent.]  That 
state  or  property  of  a  body  by  which  it  suffers  rays  of 
liphl  to  pass  through  it,  so  that  objects  can  be  dis- 
tinctly seen  through  it ;  diupharK-ity.  This  is  a 
propt^rty  of  jilass,  water,  and  air,  which,  when  clear, 
admit  the  free  passage  of  liglit.  Transparency  is  op- 
posed to  C>PA(tUENE9S. 

2.  A  picture  prepared  on  very  thin  cloth,  and  with 
semi-transparent  materials,  to  be  exhibited  by  light 
passing  throueh  it  from  behind. 
TRANS-PAR'ENT,  o.     [Fr.  id. ;  L.  trans  and  pareo,to 
appear.] 

1.  Havingtheproperty  of  transmitting  rays  of  light, 
80  that  bodies  can  be  distinctly  seen  through  ;  pervi- 
ous to  light ;  diaphanous  ;  pellucid  ;  as,  trans^parmt 
glass  ;  a  trangptirent  diamond  ;  opposed  to  OpAquE. 

2.  Admitting  the  passage  of  tight ;  open  ;  porous  ; 
as,  a  trantparnit  veil,  Dnjden. 

TRANS-PaR'E.NT-LV,   adv.      Clearly  ;   so  as   to  be 

seen  through. 
TKANS-PaR'ENT-NESS,   b.     The  quality  of  being 

transparent ;  transparency. 
TRA\.S-PAS3',  f.  (.     \trans  and  pass.']     To  pass  over. 

[JVtft  in  u.'-^.]  Gregory. 

TRAN3-PASS',  r.  i.    To  pass  by  or  away.    [JVat  in 

u.ie.\  Dmiel. 

TRANS-Pie'U-OUS,  a.     [L.  trans  and  specio,  to  eee.J 
Transparent ;  pervious  to  the  sight. 

The  will'?,  traT\apicu.oii8  air.  Milton, 

TRANS-PIeRCE',  (-peers',)  v.  t.     [Fr.  transpereer.] 
To  pierce  througn  \  to  penetrate ;  to  permeate  j  to 
pass  through. 

Ffia  forceful  iprar  ihe  dele*  transpierced.  Dryden. 

TRAXS-PIkRC'JED,  (-peerst',)  pp.    Pierced  through  ; 

pt'ni'trated^, 
TRAXS-PIkRC'ING,    ppr.       Penetrating;     passing 

through. 
TRAXS-PTR'A-RLE,  a.     [Fr. ;  from  transpire.'] 

Capable  of  being  emitted  through  pores. 
TRANS-Pr-RA'TION,  n.     [Fr.;  from  transpire.] 

The  act  or  process  of  p.is8ing  off  through  the  excre- 

tones  of  the  skin  ;    cutineous  exhalation  ;  as,  the 

transpiration  of  obstructed  fluids.  Sharp. 

TRANS-PIRE',  B.  (.       [Fr.  transpirer;    L.  transpiro ; 

trans  and  .fpiro.] 
To  emit  through  the  excretories  of  the  skin  j  to 

send  off  in  vapor. 
TRANS-PTRE',  v.  i.    To  be  emilttd  through  the  ex- 

cretories  of  the  skin  ;  to  exhale  ;  to  pass  off  in  insen  - 

Rible  perspiration  ;  as,  fluids  transpire  from  the  human 

body. 

2.  To  escape  from  secrrcy ;  to  tecome  public. 
The  proceedings  of  the  council  have  not  yet  trans- 
pired. 

3.  To  happen  or  come  to  pass. 
TRANS*PTR'£D,  pp.    Emitted  through  the  excretorio 

of  the  skin  ;  exhaled. 
2.  Escaped  fmrn  secrecy. 
TRANS-PTR'I.NG,  pp-.    Exhaling;  pausing  off  in  in- 

sen'^ible  perj=piration     becoming  public. 
TRANS-PLACE',  v.  L    [trans  and  place.]  To  remove  ; 

lo  put  in  a  new  place. 

It  wu  tranwplaced  from  the  Ir>fl  «de  of  the  Taticaa  to  a  more 
eminent  p1»o?-     [LUtU  lutd.]  WtUnnt. 

TRANS-PLANT'  d.  (.  [Fr.  transplanter;  trans  and 
plant^l,.  ptanto.] 

1.  To  remove  and  plant  in  another  place ;  as,  to 
tranjmlant  trees. 

2.  To  remove  and  settle  or  establish  for  residence 
in  another  place  ;  as,  to  tranxplunt  inhabitants.  Sal- 
maneser  transplanted  the  Cuthites  to  Sam^vria* 

3.  To  remove.  Clarendon.     MUton. 
TRAN.S-PLA.\T  A'TION,  n.     The  act  of  transplant- 
ing ;  the  removal  of  a  plant  or  of  a  settled  inhabitant 
to  a  differont  place  for  growth  or  residence. 

2.  Removal ;   conveyance  fn>m  one    to   another. 
Formerly  men  believed  in  the  transplantation  of  dis- 
eases. Holier.     Cyc. 
TRANH-PLANT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Removed  and  planted 

or  settled  in  ariothL-r  place. 
TRANS-PLANT'ER,  n.    One  who  trnnsplanta. 

2.  A  machine  for  transplanting  trees. 
TRANS-PLANT'ING,  ppr.     Removing  and   ptantin| 

or  settling  in  another  place. 
TBAN-SPLEND'EN-CY,  n.     [L.  trans  and  splendens. 
8e«  SpLE^uoR.] 

Baperemincnt  splendor.  More. 


TRA 

TRAN-RPLENO'ENT,  o.  Resplendent  in  tl>e  highest 
degree. 

TRAN-SPLENU'Ex\T-LY,  adv.  With  eminent  splen- 
dor. More. 

TR.\NS-P5RT',  V.  U  [L.  transporto  ;  trans  and  portOy 
to  carry.] 

1.  To  carry  or  convey  from  one  place  to  another, 
either  by  means  of  beasts  or  vehicles  on  land,  or  by 
ships  on  water,  or  by  balloons  In  air;  as,  to  transport 
the  baggage  of  an  army ;  to  transport  goods  from  one 
country  to  another  ;  to  transport  troops  over  a  river. 

2.  To  carry  into  banishment,  as  a  criminal.  Crim- 
inals are  transported  as  a  punishment  for  their  crimes, 
which  often  atutmnts  to  banishment. 

3.  To  hurry  or  carry  away  by  violence  of  passion. 

Tliry  l.nif  li  .'!■  if  Imnsporled  with  loii.c  fit 

Of  paMiyii.  Miltan. 

4.  To  ravirtli  with  pleasure  ;  to  Iwar  away  the  soul 
in  ecstasy  ;  as,  to  be  transported  with  joy.     Milton. 

5.  To  remove  from  one  place  to  anuiher,  as  a  ship 
by  mean=  ()f  hawsers  and  anchors.  Mar.  Diet. 

TRANS'PORT,  H.  Transportation  ;  carriage  ;  con- 
veyance. 

The  Romans  itipnlnted  with  the  Carthagiiiiimi  lo  fimiish  (hem 
with  atiipn  for  tran«;)crl  unJ  war.  ArbuthnoL 

2.  A  ship  or  vessel  employed  for  transporting ;  par- 
ticularly for  carrying  soldiers,  warlike  stores,  or  pro- 
visions, from  one  place  to  another,  or  to  convey  con- 
victs to  the  place  of  their  destination. 

3.  Rapture  ;  ecstasy.  The  news  of  the  victory 
Wiis  received  with  transports  of  joy. 

4.  A  convict  transiwrted  or  sentenced  to  exile. 
TRANS-PORT' A-BLH,  a.    Tlial  umy  be  transported. 

Bcddoes. 

TRANS-PORT' ANCE,  n.  Conveyance.    [J^otinuse.] 

Shak. 

TRANS-POR-TA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  carrying  or 
conveying  from  one  place  to  another,  either  on 
beasts  or  in  vehicles,  by  land,  or  water,  or  in  air. 
Goods,  in  Asia,  are  transported  on  camels;  in  Europe 
and  America,  cither  on  beasts  or  on  carriages  or 
sleds.  But  transportation  by  water  is  the  great  means 
of  commercial  intercourse. 

2.  Banishment  for  felony. 

3.  Transmission  ;  conveyance.  Dryden. 
A.  Transport;  ecstasy.     [Little  used.]  South. 

5.  Removal  from  one  country  to  another  ;  as,  the 
transportation  of  plants. 

TRANS-PORTED,  pp.  Carried  ;  conveyed  ;  removed  ; 
ravished  with  delight. 

TRANS-PORT'ED-LY,  adv.     In  a  state  of  rapture. 

TRANS-PORT'ED-NESS,  n.     A  state  of  rapture, 

Bp.  Hall 

TRANS-PORT'ER,  n.  One  who  transports  or  re- 
moves. 

TRANS-PORT'ING,  ppr.  Ctmveying  or  carrying  from 
one  place  to  another;  removing;  banishing  fu>r  a 
crime. 

2.  a.  Ravishing  with  delight;  bearing  away  the 
son]  in  pleasure  ;  ecstatic  ;  as,  transporting  joy. 

TRANS-PORT'ING-LY,  fl</i).     Ravishingly. 

TRANS-PORT'MENT,  n.  Transportation  [LitUe 
used.]  Hall. 

TRANS-POS'AL,  (trans  pCz'al,)  n.  [from  transpose.] 
The  act  of  clianging  the  places  of  things,  and  ptit- 
ting  each  in  the  place  which  was  before  occupied  by 
the  other. 

TRANS-POSE',  (trans-pSze'j)  r.  t,  [Fr.  transposer; 
trans  and  poser,  to  puL] 

L  To  change  the  place  or  order  of  things  by  put- 
ting each  in  the  place  of  the  other }  as,  to  transpose 
letters,  words,  or  pro|>ositiona.  Locke. 

2.  To  put  out  of  place.  Shak. 

3.  In  algebra,  to  bring  any  term  of  on  equation 
from  one  side  over  to  the  other,  without  destroying 
the  equation.  Thus,  if  o  +  i:=«,  and  we  make  a=:c 
—  6,  then  b  is  said  to  be  transposed. 

4.  In   grammar,  to  change  the   natural  order  of 

5.  In  mnsie,  to  change  the  key.  [^words, 
TRANS-POS'£I>,   (trans-pozd'O  pp.      Being  changed 

in  place,  and  one  put  in  the  place  of  tiie  other. 
TRANS-PO»'ING,ppr.    Changing  the  place  of  things, 
and  pnitinu;  each  in  the  place  of  the  other. 

2.  Bringing  any  term  of  an  equation  from  one  side 
over  to  the  otlier. 

3.  Changing  the  natural  order  of  words. 
TRANS-P0-S1"'J10N,  (-zish'un,)  n.    [Fr.,  from  L. 

transpositio.] 

1.  A  changingof  the  places  of  things,  and  putting 
each  in  the  place  before  occupied  by  the  other;  as, 
the  tran^osition  of  words  in  a  sentence. 

2.  The  state  of  being  reciprocally  changed  in  place. 

Woodieard. 

3.  In  algebra,  the  bringing  of  any  term  of  an  equa- 
tion from  one  side  over  to  the  other,  without  destroy- 
ing the  equation. 

4.  In  grammar,  a  change  of  the  natural  order  of 
words  in  a  sentence.  The  Latin  and  Greek  lan- 
guages admit  transposition  witJiout  inconvenience  to 
a  much  gn-ater  extent  than  tlie  English. 

5.  In  music,  a  change  m  the  composition,  either  in 
the  transcript  or  the  performance,  by  which  the  whole 
is  removed  into  another  key.  Busby. 


TRA 


TKANS^PO-S1"T[ON-AL,  (-zish'un-al,)  a.  Pertain- 
iiii:  lo  transposition.  Pegge. 

TUANS-POS'LTIVE,  a.  Made  by  transposing;  con- 
si.siing  in  transposition. 

TRANS-SHAPE',  r.(.  [trans  K\iA  shape.]  To  change 
into  another  form. 

TRANS-SHAP'ED,  (sh apt',)  pp.    Transformed. 

TRANS-^'^HAP'ING,  ppr.     Tranriforming. 

TKANS-SIIIP',  r.  t.     See  Tkanihip. 

TRAN-SUB-STAN'TIATE,  t..  (.  [Fr.  tran^ubstaw- 
tirr  ;  trans  and  substance.] 

To  change  lo  another  substance  ;  as,  to  transub- 
stanstiate  the  sacramental  eleix^cnts,  bread  and  wine, 
into  the  flesh  and  bIo<»d  of  Christ,  according  to  the 
Roman  Catholic  doctrine. 

TRAN-SUB-HTAN'TU-TED,  pp.  Changed  to  an- 
other substance. 

TRAN-SUB-STAN'TU-TING,Kw.  Changing  to  an- 
other substance. 

TRAN-SUil-STAN-TI-A'TION,(-stan-Bhe-a'shun,)n. 
Change  of  substance. 

In  the  Roman  Catholic  theology,  the  supposed  con< 
version  of  the  bread  and  wine  m  the  eucharist  into 
the  body  and  blood  of  Christ.  Cy'e. 

TRAN-SUB-STAN'TIA-TOR,  n.  One  who  main- 
tains the  Roman  Catholic  doctrine  of  transubstantio- 
tion.  Barrow. 

TRAN-SU-DA'TION,  n.  [from  transude.]  The  act 
or  process  of  passing  off  through  the  pores  of  a  sub- 
aljince,  as  sweat  or  other  fluid.  Bovle. 

TRAN-SO'DATURY,  a.     Passing  by  transudation. 

TRAN-SOUE',  V.  i.     [L.  trans  and  sudo,  to  sweat.] 
To  pass  through  the  pores  or  interstices  of  texture, 
as  perspirable  matter  or  other  fluid  ;  as,  liquor  may 
transude_  thnnigh  leathi-r  or  through  wood. 

TRAN-SuD'iNG,  ppr.  Passing  through  the  pwea  of  a 
suhstance,  as  sweat  or  other  fluid. 

TRAN-SCME'.u.  L    [L.  transumo;  trans  and  sumo,  to 
take] 
To  take  from  one  lo  another.     [LUtle  used.] 

TRAN-SUMPT',  (-snmt',)  n.  A  copy  or  exemplifica- 
tion of  a  record.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Herbert. 

TRAN-SUMP'TION,  (-sum'shun,)  ?i.  The  act  of 
taking  from  one  place  to  another.     [Little  used.] 

South. 

TRAN-SUMPT'IVE,  a.    Taking  from  one  to  another. 

TRANS-VEC'TION,  n.     [L.  transvectio.] 
The  net  of  conveying  or  carrying  over. 

TRANS-VERS'AL,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  trans  and  ver- 
sus.] 
Running  or  lying  across  ;  as,  a  transversal  line. 

HaU. 

TRANS-VERS'AL,  n.  In  geometry,  a  straight  or 
curved  line  which  traverses  or  intt-rsects  any  system 
of  other  lines ;  as  a  hue  intersecting  the  three  sides 
of  a  triancle.  Brande. 

TRANS-VERS'AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  direction  crosswise. 

Wilkins, 

TRANS-VERSE',  (vers',)  a.  [U  transversus ;  trans 
and  versus,  verto.] 

1.  Lying  or  being  across  or  in  across  direction  ;  as, 
a  transverse  diameter  or  axis. 

2.  In  botany,  a  transverse  partition,  in  n  pericarp, 
is  at  right  angles  with  the  valves,  as  in  a  siltque. 

Martyn. 
TRANS' VERSE,  n.    The  longer  axis  of  an  ellipse. 
TRANS-VERSE',  (-vera',)  v.  t.    To  overturn.     [Little 

usrd.] 
TR  A  NS-VERS'ED   (-verst',)  pp.     Overturned. 
TRANS-VERSE'LY,  f-vers'le,)  adv.    lu  a  cross  di- 
rection ;  as,  to  cut  a  tiling  transversely. 

At  Stuiicbeiige,  the  stonta  lie  tramotTiely  upon  each  other. 

S^&agfieeU 

TRANS-VERS'ING,  ppr.    Overturning. 

TR.XN'TER,  n,  A  carrier.  [Various  dialects  in  Eng- 
land.] HullireelL 

TR.\P,n.  [PiiX.  trapp,  trepp;  Fr.  trape ;  It.  trapola; 
8p.  trampa.] 

1.  An  engine  that  shuts  suddenly  or  with  a  spring, 
used  for  taking  game  ;  as,  a  trap  for  foxes.  A  tt^p  is 
a  very  different  thing  from  a  snare;  though  the  lat- 
ter Word  may  he  used  In  a  figurative  sense  for  a  trap, 

2.  An  engine  for  catching  men.  [JVot  used  in  the 
United  States.] 

3.  An  ambush  ;  a  stratagem  ;  any  device  by  which 
men  or  other  animals  may  be  caught  unawares. 

Lei  ih'ir  tablo  be  inMle  a  »nnre  and  a  trap.  —Rom.  xl. 

4.  A  play  in  which  a  ball  is  thrown  up  into  the  air 
by  striking  the  end  of  a  balanced  stick  on  which  it 
re.sts,  and  is  then  struck  with  a  bat.  Strutt. 

TRAP,  n.  [Sw.  trajipa,  Dan.  trappe,  a  stair,  because 
the  rocks  of  this  class  often  occur  in  large,  tabular 
masses,  rising  one  above  anoilier,  like  steps.] 

A  heavy,  igneous  rock,  of  a  greenis^h-black  or  gray- 
ish color,  consisting  of  an  intimate  mixture  of  feld- 
spar and  hornblende.  When  the  hornblende  is  re- 
placed by  augite,  it  is  termed  Basalt  ;  and  when.  In 
addititm,  the  feldspar  ia  replaced  by  Labradorite,  the 
Tiick.  is  called  Dolerite.  Greemtoke  is  another 
name  for  the  rock.  Dana. 

TRAP,  r.  U    To  catch  in  a  trao ;  as,  to  trap  foxes  or 
beaver. 
2.  To  insnare  ;  to  take  by  stratagem. 

I  trapped  tlie  foe.  Z?ryiifi». 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"C10US.  — €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


147 


1169 


TRA 


TRa 


TRA 


3.  To  adorn ;  to  inn  with  ornaments.  [See 
TBArri.-<os.]     [TU  terb  is  tittU  used  in  thU  tiense.] 

Sprn.'-'cr. 
TRAP,  n.  k    To  sot  traps  for  gome ;  as,  ti>  trap  for 

beai-er. 
TRA-PAN',  o.  t     [Sax.  trtppam  ;  from  trap.] 

To  iDsnare;  to  catch  by  straiagom.  South. 

TRA-PAN'j  H.    A  enare ;  a  stratagem. 
TRA-PAN'NKR,  ».    One  who  insiiares. 
TRA-PAN'NING,  ppr,    Insnaring. 
TRAP'-DCOR.n.    ftrop  and  Jw  .J    A  door  In  a  floor, 

wbfch  shuts  close  tike  a  valve.  Rao, 

TRJPE,  r.  i.    To  traipw ;  to  walk  carelessly  and  slul- 

ti^hly.     [Abt  nucJi  vaed.] 
TRAPES,  n.    A  sUttern  ;  an  idle,  slutttsb  woman. 
TRA-Pft'ZI-AN,  s.    [See  TaAPsztuM.]     I»  crustat- 

tagr^kgt  haring  the  lateral  planes  composed  or  tra- 
peziums situated  in  two  ranges,  between  two  bases. 
TRA-PE'ZI-FORM,  a.    Having  the  form  cf  a  trape- 

Eium. 
TRA-Pii'ZI-UM,  n.:  tl,  Tnxrxzix   or  Trapsiiom*. 

[L.,  from  Gr.  jr^osi^roy,  a  little  table.] 
.1.  In  geomttry^  a  plane  figure  contiined  under 

four  right  lines,  of  which  both  the  opposite  jwirs  are 

not  parallel.  HtUivA. 

9.  In  aHOttumy,  a  bone  of  the  corpus. 
TRAP-E-ZO-HE'DRON,  m.    [Gr-  rpufffitav  and  iiV^. 

Bide.] 
A  solid  bounded  by  twenty-four  equal  and  similar 

trapeziums.  Cleavel^ind. 

TR.\P'B^ZOID,  n.     [Gr.  roaTrCu'c  and  €i6vi.) 

A  plane,  four-sided  tigure,  ba\ing  two  of  Hie  op 

pociite  sides  parallt"!  to  each  other.  Olmsted. 

TRAP-E-ZOID'AL,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  tnipe- 

xoid. 
a.  Having  the  surface  composed  of  twenty-four 

trapeziums,  all  equal  and  similar.  dfceeland. 

TRAPPE-AN^  a.    Pertaining  to  or  denoting  trap  or 

trap-rock. 
TR.\P'PED,  (trapt,)  pp.    Caught  in  a  trap ;  insnared. 
TRAP'PER,*.    [frumTB*p.]    One  who  seu  traps  to 

catch  beavers  and  other  wild  animals,  usually  for 

fur*.  Irving. 

TRAPTINO,  ppr.    Betting  traps  for  wild  animals ; 

it^  lUso  aa  a  ii«ini. 
TRAP'PINGa.  a.^    [from  (ngt.    The  nrimaiy  sense 

is,  that  which  is  set.  spread,  or  put  cm.] 
1.  Omameata  of  norse  fliniituro. 

OfKrfaMM  kod  Heed*, 
Bmtm  tad  Itamd  ttmpfiitgt.  JUBKm. 

S.  Oreajnents;  dress;  external  and  superficial 
decoratioiis. 

Tbeae  hat  tlw  friy^rfiV*  Hid  Ifa*  Mte  «r  vas. 
A&eaiuB  h  put  ot  tbe  b^ppinf  of  SaRy. 

TRAP'PI^T,  II.    One  of  a  very  strict  reti|rkM»  order 

foundp^  in  lUO,  in  the  valley  of  La  Trappe,  and  still 

existm;  in  N'ormandv. 
TRAP'POUS,  0.    [from  tnrp,  in  C-^ogy.    It  ought  to 

be  TsAPPT.] 
Pertaining  to  trap ;  resembling  trap,  or  partaking 

of  its  form  or  qualities.  Alrmm. 

TRAPS,  luvi.    Goods,  nirniture,  &c.  HaUitotU. 

TRAP'STICK,  a.     A  stick  used  by  boys  at  the  game 

of  trap :  hence,  a  slender  leg.  Jlddimk. 

TRAP'-TO-FA,  I  tu    A  kind  of  sandstone  made  up 
TRAP'-TUPF,  i     of  fragmunt^  and  earthy  materials 

from  trap-rocks.  JMro. 

TRASH,  n,     [In  G.  dr^is*  is  a  gland  ;  drustn,  dregs. 

In  Sw.  trasa  is  &  rag.    The  wurd  may  be  allied  to 

tAnuJt] 

1.  Any  waste  or  worthless  matter 

Wbo  Meak  tar  jMum,  itnli  frvtA.  Skok. 

S.  I/ippings  of  trees ;  bruised  canes,  &c.  In  the 
ffeit  Indies,  the  decayed  leaves  .ind  stems  of  canes 
are  called  jKcU-fnL^A  ;  the  bruised  or  macerated  rind 
of  cases  is  called  eoAe-trash ;  and  both  are  called 
trajtk.  Edwards,  Ifl  Indies. 

Z.  Fruit  or  other  matter  improper  for  ftxid,  but 
eaten  by  children,  dtc  It  is  used  [articnlarly  of  un 
fipe  fraita. 

4.  A  worthless  person,     [^'ot  proper.']  ShaJu 

5.  A  piece  of  leather  or  other  thing  fastened  to  a 
dog*s  neck,  to  retard  his  speed. 

TEA8H,  c.  t.    To  lop ;  to  crop.  TTarburton, 

2.  To  strip  of  leaves  ;  as,  to  trash  ratoons. 

BdtDords,  W.  Indies. 

3.  To  crush ;  to  bumble  ;  as,  to  trash  the  Jews. 

Simmoitd. 

4.  To  clog  ;  to  encumber;  to  hinder.  Shak. 
T^ASH,r.i.    To  follow  with  violence  and  trampling. 

Todd. 

TRASH' ED,  (trasht,)  pp.    Lopped  ;  stripped  of  leaves. 

TRASH'Y,  «.    Waste  ;  rejected  ;  worthless  ;  useless. 

Ihyden. 

TBASS, «  A  volcanic  earth  or  sand-rock  resembling 
poxzolana,  used  as  a  cement ;  or  a  coarse  sort  of 
plaster  or  mortar,  durable  in  water,  and  used  to  line 
cisterns  and  other  reservoirs  of  water.  The  Dutch 
trass  is  made  of  a  soft  rock-stone,  found  near  Col- 
len,  on  the  lower  part  of  the  Rhine.  It  is  burnt  like 
lime,  and  reduced  to  powder  in  mills.  It  is  of  a 
grayish  color.  Cyc. 


TRAO'LISM,  n.     A  stnmnu-ring.     [M>t  in  «.«.] 
TRAU-MAT'ie,  o.     [Gr.  rua,  ,ja,  a  wound.] 

1-  Pertaining  In  or  applied  to  wounds.  Coze. 

3.  Vuluerary  ;  adapted  tu  the  cure  of  wounds. 

Wiseman. 
TRAU-MAT'ie,  M.    A  medicine  useful  in  the  cure  of 

wound)). 
TRAVAIL,  (trav'il,)  »,  i.      [Fr.  travaiUtr;  W.  tra- 
vaeluy  to  toil  ;  a  compound  of  VV.  tra,  that  is,  (ras,  L. 
trans,  over,  beyond,  and  maet^  work,  Eng.  moil;  It. 
travagliare ;  Pp.  trabajar.J 
1.  To  labor  with  pain  ;  to  toil. 
9.  To  suAer  the  pangs  of  childbirth  j  to  bo  in  par- 
turition.    Gen.  XXXV. 
TRAVAIL,  V.  t     To  harass;   lo  tire;   as,  troubles 
sutlicient  to  travail  tlie  realm.     [A'ot  in  use.] 

Ilajfward. 
TRA  V.\IL,  m.    Labor  with  pain ;  severe  toil. 

As  ewvrj  thing  of  priop,  wo  doUi  tbia  require  travail.    [Oh».] 

Hookwr. 

C.  Parturition ;    as,   a   severe    travail ;   an    easy 

travaiL 
TRAVAIL-ED,  pp.     Harassed  ;  labored  in  childbirth. 
TRA  V'AIL-ING,  ppr.  or  a.    Laboring  with  toil ;  being 

in  parturition,    h.  xVii. 
TRAVE,    i  M.    rsp.  traba;  Fr.  mtraees.    See  Trah- 

TKAVIS,  i        MBL.] 

1.  A  wooden  frame  to  confine  a  horse  while  the 
finith  is  Mtting  his  shoes.  Thifi  is  not  u.-^ed  for 
horses  in  America,  but  a  similar  fraiue  is  used  for 
confining  oxen  for  shoeing. 

2.  \  beam  ;  a  lay  of  joists  ;  a  traverse.       Wood. 
TRAVEL,  p.  i.    [A  diOerent  orthography  and  applica- 
tion of  Travail.] 

1.  -To  walk  ;  to  go  or  march  on  foot ;  as,  to  travel 
from  London  to  Dover,  or  from  New  York  to  Phila- 
delphio.  So  we  say,  a  man  ordinarily  travels  three 
miles  AD  hour. 

[This  is  the  proper  sense  of  the  word,  which 
implies  taiL] 

2.  To  journey;  to  ride  to  a  distant  place  in  the 
same  country ;  as,  a  man  travels  fur  IiIh  health  ;  he 
Is  traveling  lo  Virginia.  A  man  traveled  from  Lon- 
don to  Edinburgh  in  five  dnys. 

3.  To  go  to  a  distant  co'untrj-,  or  lo  visit  foreign 
Btnlcfl  or  kingdoms,  either  by  sea  or  land.  It  is  cus- 
tomar>'  for  men  of  rank  and  property  to  trarrl  for 
inipn>vemcnl ;  Englishmen  travel  to  France  and 
Italy  ;  some  men  travel  fur  pleasure  or  curiosity  ;  oth- 
ers travel  to  extend  their  knowledge  of  natural 
history. 

4.  To  pass  ;  to  go ;  to  move.  News  travels  with 
npidlQ*. 

Time  t'Omts  io  dtTen  fum  whh  dtrer*  peiaoni.  iS%i>. 

5.  To  labor.     [See  Travail.] 

6.  To  move,  walk,  or  pass,  as  a  beast,  a  horse,  ox 
or  camel.  A  horse  travels  fifty  miles  in  a  dny ;  a 
camel,  twenty. 

TRAVEL,  r.  t.    To  pass  ;  lo  journey  over;  as,  to 
travel  the  whole  kingdom  of  England. 

I  travl  this  prvfuucd.  Milton. 

fi   To  force  to  jouniey. 

The  curporUions  —  rtaati  not  be  tranelad  ronh  from  thf^tr  fran- 
cbiM«.     \SqI  uaed.'l  Spenatr. 

TRAVEL,  n.    A  passing  on  foot ;  a  walking. 

2.  Journey  ;  a  passiug  or  riding  from  place  to 
lUace. 

Hu  trac^  coded  at  liia  country-SPal.  Dryden. 

3.  Travtl  or  frorr^;  a  journeying  to  a  distant 
country  or  countries.  The  gentleman  has  just  re- 
turned from  Iiis  travels. 

4.  The  dir^:inre  which  a  man  rides  in  the  perform- 
ance of  his  official  duties  ;  or  the  fee  paid  for  passing 
that  distance  ;  a«,  the  travel  of  the  sheritf  is  twenty 
miles  ;  or  that  of  a  representative  is  seventy  miles  ; 
bis  travel  is  a  dollar  for  every  twenty  miles. 

United  States. 

5.  Travels^  in  the  plural;  an  account  of  occur- 
rences and  obseri'aiions  made  during  a  journey ;  as, 
a  book  of  traveU  ;  the  title  of  a  book  that  relates  oc- 
currences in  traveling  ;  as,  travcU  in  Italy. 

6.  I.abor  ;  toil;  pHrturition.     [See  Travail.] 
TRAVEL-ED,  pp.    Gained  or  made  by  travel ;  as, 

£rarf/f«/ observations.     [Unusual.]         ^miri.  Rev. 
2.  a.  Having  made  journo'S-  Wotion, 

TRAVEL-ER,  n.    One  who  travels  in  any  way.  Job 
xxzi. 

2.  One  who  visits  foreign  countries. 

3.  In  shipSf  an  iron  ring  made  to  travel  on  a  rope 
or  boom.  Totten. 

TRAV'EL-ER*a  JOY,  n.     The  Clematis  vitalba.  a 
climbing  plrint  with  white  flowers.  Loudon. 

TRAVEL-ING,  ppr.     Walking;  going;    m.tking  a 
journey.    MatL  xxv. 

2.  a.  Pertaining  to  or  connected  with  travel;  as, 
a  traveling  companion,  expenses,  fees,  &c. 

TRAVEL-ING,  n.    A  passing  from  place  lo  place ; 
the  act  of  performintr  a  journey.  Ash. 

TRA  VEI^TAINT-ED,  a.     [travel  and  tainted.]     Har- 
assed ;  fatigued  with  travel.     [Jfot  in  use.]      Shak. 

TRAVERS,  a/fp.    [Fr.]    [See  Tbaterse.]     Across; 
athwart.     [JVot  used.]  Shak. 


TRA  VERS-A-BLE,  a.     [See  Tratehsb,  in  law.] 
That  may  be  traversed  or  denied ;  as,  a  traversable 
nllecnlion. 

TRAVERSE.tt</c.  [Fr.j  a  traverse.]  Athwart;  cross- 
wise. 

Tlte  riilff*^  of  the  fii'M  lay  traoerse.  Hayuard. 

TRAVERSE,  prep,    [Supra.]    Through ;  crosswise. 

Un  traotras 
Tbo  whule  baUulioD  Tiewa  thoir  onlcr  duo.     ILdUle  uted.] 

MlUn. 

TRAVERSE,  a.  [Fr.  traverse  ;  tra^  tras,  and  L.  ver- 
sus; transversus.] 

Lying  ucross;  being  In  a  direction  across  some- 
thing  else  ;  us,  paths  cut  with  traverse  trenches. 

Hayward. 
Oxk — tnnj  be  tnutrd  in  traptrtt  work  lur  Buinnwra.     WoUon. 

TRAVERSE,  n,  [Supra.]  Any  thing  laid  or  built 
across. 

There  is  r  trai>ar$t  plac-d  iu  tht:  luft  where  ibfl  rituth.     Bacon. 

9.  Something  that  thwarts,  crosses,  or  obstnicla  ; 
a  cross  uccidi'iiU  He  is  .saiisiicd  he  should  have  suc- 
ceeded, had  it  not  been  for  unlucky  traverses  not  in 
his  power. 

3.  In  fortification ^  a  trench  with  a  little  parapet  for 
protecting  men  on  the  Hank;  also,  a  wall  raised 
acrus!?  a  work.  Cyc. 

4.  In  architecture,  a  gallery  or  loft  of  communica- 
tion in  a  church  or  other  larRe  building.  Otcilt. 

5.  In  navigation,  traverse  sailing  is  the  mode  of 
computing  the  pliice  of  a  (;hip  by  reducing  several 
short  courses  made  by  sudden  shifts  or  turns,  to  one 
longer  course.  Olmsted. 

6.  In  latr,  a  denial  of  what  the  opposite  party  has 
advanced  in  any  stage  of  tlie  pleadings.  When  the 
traverse  or  denial  comes  from  the  defendant,  the 
issue  is  tendered  in  ttiia  manner,  "and  of  this  ho 
puts  himself  on  the  country."  When  the  trarrrse 
lies  on  the  pliiiiitiff,  he  prays  *' this  may  be  inquired 
of  by  the  country."  Blaekstone. 

The  technirnl  words  mtroducing  a  traverse,  arc 
ahsque  hoc^  without  this  ;  tliat  is,  without  this  which 
fullows. 

7.  A  turning  ;  a  trick. 

TRAVERSE,  r.  (.  To  cross  ;  lo  lay  in  a  cross  direc- 
tion. 

The  parts  bIiouM  be  oTien  traver§td  or  crosaed  bjr  the  flowing  of 
itic  fold*.  Dryden. 

2.  To  cross  by  way  of  opposition;  to  thwart;  to 
obstruct. 

ftog  ihongbt  to  (rowTM  UiU  oew  project.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  To  wander  over ;  to  cross  in  traveling ;  as,  to 
traverse  the  habitable  globe. 

What  K?a9  you  traveraed,  and  whftl  fields  you  fought.     Pope. 

4.  To  pass  over  and  view  ;  to  sur^-ey  carefully. 

Mj  purpoM  i>  to  troWTM  ihe  nature,  priaciplea,  aud  propertiM 
Ol'  tliia  dettstatilc  vice,  iaf^nitiiudo.  Huulh. 

5.  To  turn  and  point  in  any  direction  ;  as,  to  trav- 
erse a  cannon.  Cye. 

6.  To  plane  in  a  direction  across  the  grain  of  the 
wood  ;  0^,  to  traverse  a  bo;ird.  Cyc. 

7.  In  laro  plcadinffs,  to  deny  what  the  opposite 
party  has  alleged.  When  the  plaintiff  or  defendant 
advances  new  matter,  he  avers  it  to  be  true,  and 
travcrfie.'i  what  the  other  party  has  alliriiicd.  So  to 
travcr.i:e  an  indictment  or  an  office,  is  to  deny  it. 

To  traverse  a  yard,  in  sailing,  is  to  brace  it  aft. 

TRAVERSE,  v.  i.  In  /encin-r,  to  use  the  posture  or 
motions  of  opposition  or  counteraction. 

To  see  ihoe  fi^ht,  to  lee  thee  travarte.  Shak. 

3.  To  turn,  as  on  a  pivot ;  to  move  round  ;  to 
swivel.  The  needle  of  a  compass  trricer«e«  ;  if  it  does 
not  traverse  well,  it  is  an  unsafe  guide. 

3.  In  (tie  manege,  to  cut  the  thread  crosswise,  as  a 
horse  that  throws  his  croup  to  one  side  and  bis  head 
to  the  other.  Cyc. 

TRAVERSE-BOARD,  n.  {traverse  and  board.]  In 
a  ship,  a  small  hoard  to  be  hung  in  the  steerage,  and 
bored  full  of  holes  upon  lines,  showing  the  points  of 
compass  upon  it.  By  moving  a  peg  on  this,  the 
steersman  keeps  an  account  of  the  number  of  [;las.ses 
a  ship  is  steered  on  any  point.        Ciic.    Mar.  Diet. 

TRAVERS-ER,  n.  A  term  iu  law  fur  one  who  trav- 
erses or  npffoses  a  plea. 

TRAVERSE-Ta-BLE,  n.  {traverse  and  table.]  In 
navigatwn,  a  table  of  difference  of  latitude  and  de- 
parture. 

TRA  VERSING,  ppr.  Crossing  ;  passing  over ; 
thwarting;  turning:  denving. 

TRAVER-TIN,t(.  a  white  concretionary  limestone, 
usually  hard  and  semi-crystalline,  deposited  from 
the  water  of  springs  holding  lime  in  solution. 

,  LyeU. 

TRAVES-TI-£D,  (trav'es  tid,)  pp.  Disguised  by 
dress  ;  turned  into  ridicule. 

TRAVES-TY,  o.  [Infra.]  Having  an  unusual  dress ; 
disguised  by  dress  bo  as  to  be  ridiculous.  It  is  ap- 
plied to  a  book  or  composition  tmnslated  in  a  manner 
to  make  it  burlesque. 

TRAVES-TY,  n.  A  parody  ;  a  burlesque  translation 
of  a  work.     Travesty  may  be  intended  to  ridicule  ab- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MAR-TNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.- 


1170 


TRE 


TRE 


surdity,  or  to  convert  a  grave  performance  into  a 

humorous  one. 
TRAV'ES-TV,  r.  L     [Fr.  travestin  It.  travestire;  tra^ 
tra.tj  over,  and  Fr.  peslir,  v6tir,  to  clothe.] 

To  translate  into  such  language  as  to  render  ridic- 
ulous or  ludicrous. 

G.  BaitUta  Lalli  travtHimi  Virgil,  or  turned  him  Inio  lutian  bur- 
I'-aqiic  ver*o.  C^e,     Good't  Sacred  Idyl*. 

TRAV'ES-TY-IXG,  p/w.    Turning  into  ridicule. 

TRAWL'ER,  n,  A  fishing  vessel  which  trails  or 
drags  a  net  behind  it,     {E.ng.'] 

TRAY,  n.  [Sw.  traff^  Bax.  troir^  Dan.  tru^y  a  trough 
It  is  the  same  word  as  Trough,  differently  written  ; 
L.  lrua.\ 

A  small  trough  or  wooden  vessel,  sometimes 
scooped  out  of  a  piece  of  timber  and  made  hollow, 
used  for  making  bread  in,  chopping  meat,  and  other 
domestic  purposes. 

TRaV^-TRIP,  n.    A  kind  of  play.  Shah. 

TREACH'ER,  > 

TREACH'ET-0UR,>  (trcch-,)  n.     [Fr.  trkhcur.} 

TREACtl'OUR,         > 

A  tniilor.     \Ohs.\  Spenser. 

TREACH'ER-OUS,  (trech'er-us,)  a.  [See  Tbeach- 
ERv.]  Violating  allegiance  or  faith  pledged  ;  faith- 
less ;  traitorous  to  the  state  or  sovereign  ;  perfidious 
in  private  life  ;  betraying  a  trust.  A  man  m.-iy  be 
Ireaeherous  to  his  country,  or  tre^cJierous  to  his  friend, 
by  violating  his  cnsagcn'ients  or  his  faith  pledged. 

TREACH'ER-OUS-LV,  ftrech'er-us-ly.)  ado.  By 
violating  allegiance  or  faith  pledged  ;  by  betraying  a 
trust;  faithlessly;  perfidiously;  as,  to  surrender  a 
fort  Uj  an  enemy  treadierously  j  to  disclose  a  secret 
tre-acherously. 

You  treacheroutl}/  pncliccd  to  undo  me.  Otioojl- 

TREACH'ER-OUS-NESS,  (trech'er-us-nes,)  n. 
Breach  of  allegiance  or  of  faith  ;  faithlessness  ;  per- 
fidiousness. 

TREACy'ER-Y,(trech'er-e,)n.  [Fr.  (rw/imV,  a  cheat- 
ing ;  trUher,  to  cheat.  This  word  is  of  the  family  of 
trick,  intrigue,  intricate.] 

Violation  of  allegiance  or  of  faith  and  confidence. 
The  man  who  betrays  his  country  in  any  manner, 
violates  his  allegiance,  and  is  guilty  of  treachery. 
This  is  treason.  The  man  who  violates  his  faith 
pledged  to  his  friend,  or  betrays  a  trust  in  which  a 
promise  of  fidelity  is  implied,  is  guilty  of  treachery. 
The  disclosure  of  a  secret  committed  to  one  in  con- 
fidence, is  treachery*    This  is  perfidy. 

TReA'CLE,  (tre'kl,)  n.  [Fr.  theriaque;  It  teriaca; 
ep.  triaca:  L.  theriaca;  Gr.  Si]/ttti\^,  from  -Si/.o,  a 
wild  beast;  <^r]f}iaKa  tpaoftaKa.] 

1.  A  viscid,  un  cry  stall  izable  simp,  which  drams 
ftt>m  the  sugar-refiner's  molds,  somt-times  called  Su- 
flAB-Hou9E  MoLAssca.  Molasses  is  the  drainings  of 
crude  sugar.  The  word  treacle^  however,  is  often 
used  for  molasses. 

2.  A  saccharine  fluid,  consisting  of  the  inspissated 
juices  or  decoctions  of  certain  vegetables,  as  the  sap 
of  the  bircli,  «cvamore,  &.c.  Cye. 

3.  A  medicinal  compound  of  various  ingredients, 
r.'^ee  Thebiac.1 

TREA'eLE-MUS'TARD,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genua 
Thlapsi,  whoso  seeds  are  used  in  the  theriaca ; 
Mithridate  mustard.  ..^'j'. 

TREA'CLE-WA'TER,  n.  A  compound  cordial,  dis- 
tilled with  a  spiritous  menstruum  from  any  cordial 
and  sudorific  drugs  and  herbs,  with  a  mixture  of 
Venice  treacle.  ^^• 

TREAD,  (tred,)  r.  i. ;  pret.  Tbod  ;  pp.  Trod,  Trod- 
DE?f.  [Sax.  tr<edan,  trtdan  ;  Goth,  truiian :  D.  tred,  a 
step  ;  trectUity  to  tread  ;  G.  treten  ;  Dan.  tratder  ;  Sw. 
trada  i  Gaelic,  troidh,  the  foot ;  VV.  troe^,  the  foot ; 
troediatc,  to  use  the  foot,  to  tread.  It  coincides  in 
elements  with  L.  trudo.] 

1.  To  set  the  foot. 

WhTp'tT  you  tread,  ih-^  HiiAing  Aowptb  ahall  ri*e.         Pope. 
Fooii  rush  In  where  angela  fcir  to  tread,  Burks. 

2.  To  walk  or  go, 

E»cry  place  wlwreoa  the  >ole«  of  your  fee*  •hall  tread,  shall  \» 
jonr>.  —  Dtui-  xi. 

3.  To  walk  with  form  or  state. 

Ye  lh«l  stHlcly  tread,  or  lowly  crrep.  Milton, 

4.  To  copulate,  as  fowls.  Shak. 
To  tread  or  tread  on :  to  trample  ;  to  set  the  foot  on 

in  contempt. 

Thou  ihilt  tread  ujxm  their  Wgb  placet.  —  DeoL  xxxHl. 

TREAD,  (tred,)  r.  L    To  step  or  walk  on. 

ForWd  w  trtad  (he  prombcd  land  he  aaw.  Prior. 

2.  To  press  under  the  feet. 

3.  To  beat  or  press  with  the  fePt ;  as,  to  tread  a 
path  ;   to  tread  land  when  too  light ;   a  weW-trodden 


path. 

4.  To  walk  in  a  formal  or  stately  manner. 

He  tho'iflil  ah-  tro<l  iti-  ^ruiiud  wilh  gitalnr  frnce.     Drydtn. 

5.  To  cruyh   under  the  foot;  to  trample  in  con- 
tempt or  hatred,  or  to  subdue.     Ps.  xliv.  Ix. 

e.  To  ccmpresH,  as  a  fowl. 

To  tread  tJie  staee ;  to  act  as  a  stage-player  j  to  per- 
form a  part  in  a  drama.  


To  tread  or  tread  out;  to  press  out  with  the  feet ; 
to  press  out  wine  or  wlieat  j  as,  to  tread  out  grain 
with  cattle  or  hordes. 

They  tread  their  wiae-pre««i(;i  and  suffer  Ihtiwt.  — Job  jixIt. 
TREAD,  (tred,)  n.     A  step  or  stepping  ;  pressure  with 
the  foot;  as,  a  niinhle  tread ;  cautious  (r«i(/ ;  doubt- 
ful tread.  Miltoru     Dryden. 

a.  Way  ;  track  ;  path.     [T.ittle  used.]  AAoA. 

3.  The  act  of  copulation  in  birds. 

4.  Manner  of  stepping;  as,  a  horse  has  a  good 
tread. 

5.  In  architecture,  the  horizontal  part  of  a  step,  on 
which  the  fool  is  placed.  Brande, 

TREAD'ER,  (tred'er,)  n.    One  who  trends,    h.  xvi. 

TREAD'ING,  (trcd'ing,)  ppr.  Stepping;  pressing 
with  the  foot;  walking  on. 

TREAD'ING,  n.     Act  of  pressing  with  the  foot. 

TREAD'LE,  >   ,-„,„,„  -,   {  "•    The  part  of  a  loom  or 

TRED'DEE,  \    ^  »^    \      other  machine  which  is 

moved  by  the  tread  or  foot.  ^ 

2.  The  albuminous  cords  which  unite  the  yelk  of 
the  egg  to  the  white. 

TREAD'-MILL,  (tred'mill,)  n.  A  mill  worked  by  per- 
sons ireadiog  on  steps  upon  the  periphery  of  a  wide 
horizontal  wheel.  It  is  used  chietly  as  a  means  of 
prison  discipline. 

TReAGUE,  (treeg,)  a.  [Goth,  triggwa;  It.  tregaa; 
Ice.  trigdj  a  truce,  a  league.] 

A  truce.     [  Ob.t.]  Spenser. 

TReA'SON,  (tre'zn,)  It.  [Fr.  trahison;  Norm,  tra- 
Air,  to  draw  in,  to  betray,  to  commit  treason,  Fr. 
trahir^  L.  traho.     See  Dhaw  and  Drag.] 

Treason  is  the  highest  crime,  of  a  civil  nature,  of 
which  a  man  can  be  guilty.  Its  signification  is  dif- 
ferent in  different  countries.  In  general,  it  is  the  of- 
fense of  attempting  to  overthrow  the  government  of 
the  state  to  which  the  offender  owes  allegiance,  or  of 
betraying  the  state  into  the  handsof  a  foreign  power. 
In  monardties,  the  killing  of  the  king,  or  an  attempt  to 
lake  his  life,  is  treason.  In  England,  to  imagine  or 
compass  the  death  of  the  king,  or  of  the  prince,  or  of 
the  queen  consort,  or  of  the  heir  apparent  of  the 
crown,  is  high  treason;  as  are  many  other  offenses 
created  by  statute. 

In  the  United  States,  treason  is  confined  to  the  ac- 
tual levying  of  war  against  the  United  States,  or  in 
adhering  to  their  enemies,  giving  them'aid  and  com- 
fort. Constitution  of  Vic  United  States. 

Treason,  in  Great  Britain,  is  of  two  kinds,  high 
trea.ton  and  pait  treason.  High  treason  is  a  crime  that 
immediately  affects  the  king  or  state  ;  such  as  the  of- 
fenses just  enumerated.  Petit  treason  involves  a 
breach  of  fidelity,  but  affects  individuals.  Thus,  for 
a  wife  to  kill  her  husband,  a  servant  his  master  or 
lord,  or  an  ecclesiastic  his  lord  or  ordinary,  is  petit 
treason.  But  in  the  United  .States  this  crime  is  un- 
known ;  the  killing,  in  the  latter  cases,  being  mur- 
der only. 
TReA'SON-A-BLE,  (trS'zn-a-W,)  a.  Pertaming  to 
treason  ;  consisting  of  treason  ;  involving  the  crime 
of  treason,  or  partaking  of  its  guilt. 

Must  men's  hen<l8  h;ul  b«*pn  Intoxicated  with  imti^nri nations  of 
plots  and  tren»onab!e  pntOicos.  Clarendon. 

TReA'SON-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Quality  of  being  trea- 
sonable. 

TReA'SON-A-BLY,  adn.    In  a  treasonable  manner. 

TRkA'SON-OUS,  for  Trea9o:«ablk,  is  not  in  use. 

TREAS'URE,  (trezh'ur,)  n.  [Fr.  tresori  Sp.  and  It. 
tegauiv  ."  L.  thesaurus  ;  Gr.  ■5»jffau()"f.] 

1.  Wealth  accumulated  ;  particularly,  a  stock  or 
store  of  money  in  reserve.  Henry  VII.  was  frugal 
and  penurious,  and  collected  a  great  treasure  of  gold 
and  silver. 

2.  A  great  qtiantity  of  any  thing  collected  for  fu- 
ture use. 

We  have  treaguret  In  the  field,  of  wheat  and  of  barley,  and  of 
oil  auid  of  hotify.  —  Jet.  xli. 

3.  Something  very  much  valued.    Ps.  cxxxv. 

Ye  ■h;ill  be  a  preuliar  treagure  to  me.  —  Ex.  xix. 

4.  Great  abundance. 

In  whom  are  lUd  all  the  treaeurei  ot  wisdom  and  knowledge.  — 
Col.  iU 

TREAS'IJRE,  (trezh'ur,)  r.  (.  To  hoard;  to  collect 
and  reposit,  either  money  or  other  things,  fur  future 
use  ;  to  lay  up  ;  as,  to  treasure  gold  and  silver  ;  usu- 
ally with  up.  Sinners  are  said  to  treasure  up  wrath 
against  the  day  of  wrath.     Rom.  ii. 

TREAS'tJRE-CIT-Y,  (trezh'ur-sit-e,)  n.  A  city  for 
stores  and  iiKisazines.     llr.  i. 

TREAS'UR-ED,  (trezh'urd,)  pp.  Hoarded;  laid  up 
for  future  use. 

TREAS'I^RE-HOUSE,  (trezh'ur-hous,)  n.  A  house 
or  building  where  treasures  and  stores  are  kept. 

Taylor. 

TREAS'TJR-ER,  (trezh'ur-cr,)  n.  One  who  has  the 
care  of  a  treasure  or  treasury  ;  an  officer  who  re- 
ceives the  public  money  arising  from  taxes  and  du- 
ties, or  other  sources  of  revenue,  takes  charge  of  the 
same,  and  disburses  it  upon  orders  dniwn  by  the 
proper  authority.  Incorporated  companies  and  pri- 
vate societies  have  also  their  treasurers. 

In  England,  the  lord  high  treasurer  is  the  principal 


TRE ^^ 

officer  of  the  cr()wn,  under  whose  charge  ii  all  the 
na  onal  revenue. 

The  treasurer  of  the  household,  in  the  absence  of 
the  lord-steward,  has  power  with  the  controller  and 
other  officers  of  the  Green-cloth,  and  the  steward  of 
the  Marshalsea,  to  hear  and  determine  treasons,  fel- 
onies, and  other  crimes  coniraitted  withia  the  king's 
palace.  There  is  also  fie  treasurer  of  the  navy,  and 
the  treasurers  of  the  county.  Cyc. 

TREAS'UR-ER-SPir, ;  r.'»iii'7J-a/-8blp,)  n.  The  of- 
fice of  treasurer. 

TREAS'UR-ESS,  (:r«'Q'ar-CE»,)  n.  A  female  who 
has  charge  of  a  titasure.  Dering. 

TREAS'QKE-TROV^,  Ctre7.h'ur4r6ve,)  n.  {treasure 
and  Fr.  trouvi,  found.] 

Any  money,  bullion,  and  the  like,  found  in  the 
earth,  the  owner  of  which  is  not  known.  Eng.  Lavs. 

TREAS'UIUNG,  ppr.  Hoarding;  laying  up  for  fu- 
ture use'. 

TREAS'UR-Y,  (trezh'ur-e,)n.  A  place  or  building 
in  which  stores  of  wealth  are  reposited  ;  paHicxdarly, 
a  place  where  the  public  revenues  are  deposited  and 
kept,  and  where  money  is  disbursed  to  defray  the  ex- 
penses of  government. 

2.  A  bnildipg  appropriated  for  keeping  public  mon- 
ey. John  viii.  AUo  for  keeping  accounts  of  public 
money. 

3.  The  officer  or  officers  of  the  treasury  depart- 
ment. 

\.  A  repository  of  abundance.     Ps.  cxxxv. 
TREAT,  (treet,)  «.  f.      {Ft.  trailer  i    U.  trattare  ;    Sp. 
tratar  ;  L.  traeto  ;  Sax.  traktian.] 

1.  To  handle  ;  to  manage  ;  to  use.  Subjects  are 
usually  faitliful  or  treacherous,  according  as  they 
are  well  or  ill  treated.  To  treat  prisoners  ill,  is  the 
characteristic  of  barbarians.  Let  the  wife  of  your 
bosom  be  kindly  treated. 

2.  To  discourse  on.  This  author  treats  various 
subjects  of  momlity. 

3.  To  handle  in  a  particular  manner,  in  writing  or 
speaking  ;  as,  to  treat  a  subject  diffusely. 

4.  To  give  food  or  drink,  especially  the  latter,  as  a 
compliment  or  expression  of  regard  j  as,  to  treat  the 
whole  company. 

5.  To  negotiate ;  to  settle ;  as,  to  treat  a  peace. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Dryden. 

6.  To  manage  in  the  application  of  remedies ;  as, 
to  treat  a  disease  or  a  patient. 

7.  To  subject  to  the  action  of;  as,  lo  treat  a  sub- 
stance with  sulphuric  acid.  Ure. 

TREAT,  r.  t.      To  discourse  ;  to  handle  in  writing  or 
speaking  ;  to  make  discussions.    Cicero  treaUt  of  the 
nature  of  the  gods;  he  treaU  of  old  age  and  of  du- 
ties. 
2.  To  come  to  terms  of  accommodation 

will  the  emperor  treat  ?  Su>{fl. 


Inform  ua, 

3.  To  give  food  or  drink,  especially  the  latter,  as  a 
compliment  or  expression  of  regard. 

To  treat  with ;  to  negotiate ;  to  make  and  receive 

proposals  for  adjusting  differences.    Envoys  were 

appointed  to  treat  with  France,  but  without  success. 

TReAT,  n.    An  entertainment  given  as  an  expression 

of  regard  ;  as,  a  parting  treat,  Dryden. 

2.  Something  given  for  entertainment;  as,  a  rich 

3.  Emphatically,  a  rich  entertainment.  {treat, 
TREAT' A-BLE,  a.     Moderate  ;  not  violent. 

Tho  hpat«  or  the  colds  of  seasons  are  less  treaJahle  than  with  M. 
{Sot  in  u»e.\  TempU. 

TREAT' A-BLY,  adv.    flloderately.    {J^ot  in  use.] 

Hooker. 
TReAT'ED,  pp.      Handled;    managed;   used;   dla- 

cotirsed  on  ;  entertained. 
TReAT'ER,  n.    One  that  treats  ;  one  that  handles  or 

discourses  on  ;  one  that  enti;rtains. 
TReAT'ING,   pjtr.      Handling;   managing;   using; 

discoursing  on  ;  entertaining. 
TReAT'ISE,  (treet'is,)  n.     [L.  traetatus.] 

A  tract;  a  written  composition  on  a  particular 

subject,  in  which  the  principles  of  it  are  discussed 

or  explained.    A  treatise  is  of  an  indefinite  length  ; 

but  it  implies  more  form  and  method  than  an  essay, 

and  less  fullness  or  copiousness  than  a  system.    Cye. 
TReAT'IS-ER,  n.    One  who  writes  a  treatise.     {JVot 

,,..rrf.]  ,  ^«»'^- 

TReAT'MENT,  n.     [Fr.  traUement.]  . 

1.  Management;  manipulation;  manner  ot  mix- 
ing or  combining, of  decomposing,  and  the  like;  as, 
the  treatment  of  substances  in  chemical  experiments. 

2.  Usage  ;  manner  of  using  ;  good  or  bad  behavior 
toward. 

Accept  such  treatment  as  a  swain  affords  Pop*. 

3  Manner  of  applying  remedies  to  cure  ;  mode  or 
course  pursued  to  check  and  destroy  ;  as,  the  treats 
m«i(  of  a  disease.  .i.     »_    ^ 

4.  Manner  of  applying  remedies  to;  as,  the  treaXr 
went  of  a  patient. 
TREA'J''Y,  n.     [Fr.  traits  ;  It.  tratt^.]  ^       „    ,        , 

1.  Negotiation  ;  act  of  treating  for  tho  adjustment 
of  difterencea,  or  for  forming  an  agreement;  as,  a 
treaty  is  on  the  carpet. 

He  CMl  by  treaty  and  by  trains  ^^ 

Her  to  pefmuade.  Spen$er. 

2.  An  agreement,  league,  or  contract,  between  two 


TONE,  BULL,  qNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUB.  — C  as  K ;  G  aa  J  ;  Si 


!  Z;  CU  as  SH;  TI!  as  in  THIS. 


TRE 

or  nwrr  nations  or  soverviicns,  formally  signed  by 
commissioners  property  nuthorized,  and  solemnly 
nuifled  by  th9  aereral  itovertiigiis,  or  the  suproitie 
power  of  each  state.  Treaties  are  of  variouit  kinds  ; 
MS  tTMtirs  ft>r  regulating  commercial  ititercoiinie,  trea- 
tia  of  alliancA,  offensive  and  defensive,  treaties  fur 
birinK  troops,  trtatiea  of  pence,  &c 
3.  Entreatv.     [A'ot  in  m.*?.}  SktJc 

TR£AT'V-MAK-ING,  a.  Authorixed  to  make  or  form 
treaties.  TUe  treatf-making  power  is  lodged  in  the 
executive  covcrnmeiit.  In  monarrhies,  it  is  vested 
in  the  king  or  emperor;  in  the  United  States  of 
America,  it  is  vested  in  the  president,  by  and  with 
the  consent  of  the  senate. 

TREB'LK,  (trib'l,)  a.  [Ft.  tripte ;  L.  tripUx,  tripliu ; 
trest  three^  and  plexus^  fold.  This  should  be  written 
Trible.] 

I.  Threefold  ;  triple  ;  as,  a  lofty  tower  with  trcbU 
walls.  JOrWtn. 

fi,  lo  musiCj  acute  ;  sharp ;  as,  a  tr«N9  souna. 

X  That  plays  or  sines  the  highest  part  nr  most 

acute  sounds  ;  that  plays  or  sings  the  trtble  ;  as,  a 

treble  violin  «r  voice.  Cvc 

TREBl^E,  (iribi,)  m.    The  hieliost  of  the  fimr  princl- 

pal  purU  in  niuyic;  the  part  usinlly  siine  by  females. 

This  is  sum*' times  called  the   First  Trehle,  lo  dis- 

ttaituish  it  from  the  Second  Treble,  which  is  sun]! 

by  lower  f).Mii;»!e  voices. 
TKEB'LE,  (trib'l.)  v.  L    [L.  rn>/if»;  Pr.  tripler.] 

To   make   thrice   as   much  ;    to   make    threefold. 

Compound  interest  soon  trrblr.^  a  debL 
TREB'LE,  (trib'l,)  r.  i.    To  become  threefold.    A  debt 

at  com[.K»und  interest  soon  trfbteg  in  amount. 
TREBXE-NESS,  (lrib'1-nest,)  h.    The  sUite  of  being 

treble  ;  as,  the  trebirness  of  Umes.  Bifvm. 

TREB'LY,  (tnb'le,)  ade.     In  a  tlirfefold  niimbt.T  or 

quantity  ;  as,  a  good  deed  trtbly  recomi>ensed. 

TREB^U-CMET.*  (  "'    ^  cucking-stool ;  a  tumbrel. 

3.  A  kind  of  trap. 
TttBCMP-SCllfJYT^  a.     [D.,  track-boat.]     A  covered 
boat  for  guods  and  paMengers  on  ti>e  Dutch  and 
Flemish  canals.  Brand*. 

TREE,  n.  [Sax.  trM,  trtmo :  Dan.  tra :  Sw.  frd,  wood, 
and  tritdy  a  tree ;  Gr.  Spvi ;  Slav,  drevo :  Sans.  drwA, 
or  dnu,  Qu.  W.  Atr,  an  oak ;  8ant.  (am,  a  tree.  It 
is  »oC  easy  to  ascertain  (be  real  original  nrthocra- 
pby;  most  probably  it  waa  h  in  the  Swcdii,h  or 
Greek.] 

1.  A  plant  whose  stem  or  stock  is  woody,  branched. 
and  perennial,  and  above  a  certain  size.  Treen  ana 
»ltnibs  differ  only  in  size,  and  there  is  no  alvKilnte 
Ituitt  bet\ve«-n  them.  Wht-n  a  plant  of  the  above  de- 
•criptiun  is  more  than  eight  or  ten  feet  hicb,  and  not 
climbing,  ii  is  generally  called  a  tree.  When  it  is  less 
than  tbiH,  it  *»  called  tLakmh ;  but  there  are  many  ex- 
eeplioDs  to  this,  on  both  sides. 

Trrrs  are  of  rarious  kinds  ;  as  inic^nva«,  or  nut- 
bearing  irec<  ;  baetifervusj  nr  berry-baring;  €cmtfer~ 
piL',  or  conc-bi-artDg,  &.e.  Some  are  /om(-tres«,  and 
u:$eful  f«»r  limber  or  fuel ;  other*  nn'fntU-lref-St  »nd 
cultivated  in  enrdcns  and  orchards  j  others  are  used 
chiefly  fiv  .-^bade  and  ornament. 

^  Something  resembling  a  tree,  consisting  of  a 
stem  or  stalk  and  bnuicbes ;  as,  a  genealneiral  free. 

3.  I  n  jkijhiuUdi»gj^  pieces  of  timber  are  called  chtsa- 
trt*Sf  eross-trffSf  txZf-trte»f  trtssel-treti,  &.C 

4.  In  SeriptMrtj  a  ciuaa, 

JtmM,  wbcm  Uwj  titw  umI  tnnged  on  «  tree.  —  AetM  x. 

5.  Wood.     [Oh*.]  IVicJif. 
7*R£1E,  V.  C    To  drive  to  a  tree  ;  to  cause  to  ascend  a 

tree.     A  doc  trees  a  squirrel. 

TREE'-FROG,  a.     [tree  and  jVo/r-]  )  A  batrachian  rep- 

TREE'-TGAl),  a.  [tree  And  tvod.]  S  tile,  diir-ring 
from  proper  frugs  in  having  the  extrt-mMies  of  their 
toes  ezpeinded  inu*  a  roundi-d,  vi^4»is  surface,  that 
enables  them  to  adhere  to  bodies,  and  lo  climb  trees, 
where  they  remain  all  sniumrr,  living  npon  ins<.-cts. 
There  are  nuuierxiu-  species.  Their  generic  name  in 
natural  history  is  Hula. 

TREE'-GER  .MA.N'DER,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Tencrium.  Cyc 

TREE'LESS,  o.     Destitute  of  treea.  Byron. 

TREE'-L0C.**E:,  a.  [tree  and  louse.]  An  insect  of 
the  genus  Aphis. 

TREE-MOSS,  a.     A  species  of  lichen.  Cyc 

TSEEN,  a.    Wooden;  made  of  wood.    [Obs.] 

Candtiu 

TREEN,  a.    The  old  plural  of  TftEE.    [OA».l 

B.  Jonson, 

TREE'NXIL,(eoaBMii/y]fr«iU7Kiicei2tnin'nel,)a.  [tret 
and  nalL] 

A  lone,  wooden  pin,  used  in  fastening  the  plinka 
of  a  ship  to  the  timbers.  Mar.  VtcX. 

TREE'-OF-LIFE',  n.  An  evergreen  tree  of  Uie  ge- 
nus Thuja. 

TREE'-TOAD,  «.    [tree  and  toad.\    See  Tbee-Fboo. 

TRe'FOIL,  n.  [Ft.  tr^S^e;  L.  tr^foUum;  tres,  three, 
and  /o/tiuH,  leaf.] 

1.  The  common  name  for  many  species  of  Trifo- 
liura,  a  g**nus  of  plants  including  white  clover,  red 
clover,  &.C  ;  also,  a  plant  of  the  medic  and  lucem 


TRE 

kind,  the  Mediaigo  Lupulina,  or  nonesuch,  cultivat- 
ed for  fodder.  Cye. 

9.  In  artkitecturty  an  ornament  of  three  cusps  in  a 
circle,  rcsemblmg  three-leaved  clover.  Brandt. 

TREIL'LAOE,  (trel'lig,)  n.  [Fr.,  from  (r«/iw,  trel- 
lis.] 

In  ffardening-y&  sort  of  rail-work,  consisting  of  light 
posts  and  rails  fur  supporting  esiuliers,  and  some- 
times for  wall-trees.  Cyc, 

TREL'LIS,  n.     [Fr.  tmHis   grated  work.] 

A  structure  or  Oame  of  cross-barred  work,  or  lat- 
tice-work, used  for  various  purposes,  as  for  screens 
for  3U[iptirting  plants. 

TREL'LIS-£D,  (irel'list,)  a.  Having  a  trellis  or  trel- 
lises. Ilerbfrt. 

TRE-MjiJV'DO,  [It.]  Trembling;  applied,  in  music, 
to  a  general  shaking  of  the  whole  chord.     Brande. 

TREM'BLE,  (trem'bt,)  e.  i,  [Fr.  trrmbter  ;  L.  tremo  : 
Gr.  T0(, icj,-  IL  tremare:  Sp,  trcmer.] 

1.  To  shake  involuntarily,  as  with  fear,  cold,  or 
weakness  ;  to  quake ;  to  quiver ;  to  shiver  ;  to  t<hud- 

Friglited  Tarnu*  tnmUml  m  h«  ipoke.  Dryien. 

S.  To  shake  ;  tu  quiver  ;  to  totter. 

Sliiai's  gmjr  top  aluitt  trtmbi;  Miilon. 

3.  To  quaver;  lo  shake,  as  sounds  as  when  we 
say,  the  voice  trrmbit^. 
TREM'BLE-.ME.NT,  «.    In  Frentk  music^  a  trill  or 

shake. 
TREM'ni*ER,  a.     One  that  trembles, 
TREM'BLLNli,  ppr.  or  a.    Shaking,  as  with  fear,  cold, 

or  weakness;  quaking:  shivering. 
TREM'BLING,  h.     The  act  or  state  of  shaking  invol- 
untarily. 
TREM'Bl.IXG-LY,  adv.     So  as  to  shake  j  with  shiv- 
ering or  quaking. 

TmkbHngly  abe  atoud.  Shak. 

TREM'BLTXG-POP'LAR,  «.  The  aspentrec,  so 
called  ;  Populus  tremula. 

TRE-MEL'LA,  fu  A  fungus  of  a  gelatinous  consist- 
ence ;  the  name  of  a  genus  of  fungi  found  in  moist 
grounds. 

TRE-MEN'DOUS,  a.  [L.  trrniearfa*,  from  frcnw,  to 
tremble.] 

1.  Sucn  as  may  excite  fear  or  terror  j  tenible  ; 
dreadful.     Hence, 

a.  Violent ;  such  as  may  astonish  by  its  force  and 
violence  ;  as,  u  tremendous  wind  ;  a  tremendous 
shower  i  a  tremeadous  shock  or  fall ;  a  tremeHdous 
noise. 

TRE-ME\'DOUS-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  to  terrify  or 
astoni-'h  ;  wiih  great  violence. 

TRE-MEN'IK)US  NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
lieiue  trf-mcndous,  terrible,  or  violent. 

TREM'O-LITE,  a.  A  mineral,  so  called  from  Tremo- 
fo,  a  valley  in  the  Alps,  where  it  was  discovered.  It 
is  a  white  variety  of  hornblende,  in  long,  blade-like 
cn'stals,  and  coarsely  fibrous  masses.  Dana. 

TRfe'.MOR,  w.     [L.,  from  tremc.] 

An  involunlary  trembling  ;  a  shivering  or  shak- 
ing ;  a  quivering  or  vibmti>ry  motion  ;  as,  the  tremor 
of  a  person  who  is  weak,  infimi,  or  dd. 

H*-  Wl  iulo  a  Hnhr(.-r»jl  Utmor.  Harvey, 

TREM'tJ-LOUS,  o.  [L.trCTiiuiit»,  from  tremo^  to  trem- 
ble.] 

1.  Trembling ;  aflfected  with  fear  or  timidity  ;  as,  a 
trembling  Christian.  Detay  of  Fifty. 

2.  Shaking  ;  shivering  ;  quivering  ;  as,  a  trcmmous 
limb  ;  a  tremulous  motion  of  the  hand  or  the  lips  ;  the 
tremulous  leaf  of  the  poplar.         Hvlder.      Thomson. 

TRBM'U-LOUS-LY,  adv.     With  quivering  or  trepida 

tion. 
TREM'TT-LOUS-NESS,  n.     The  state  of  trembling  or 

quivering  ;  as,  the  tremahusness  of  an  aspen-leaf. 
TREX,  ».     A  fisfa-.ipear.  jHnsworth 

TRENCH,  r.  (.     [Fr.  traneker^  Ut  cut;  it.  trincea,  a 

trench  ;  trinciarey  to  cut ;  Sp.  trincar^  tnnchear  ;  Arm. 

troucka  :  W.  Ipjrf  w.j 

1.  To  cut  or  dig,  as  a  ditch,  a  channel  for  water, 
or  a  long  hollow  in  the  earth.  We  trench  land  for 
draining. 

[ThL-i  is  the  apjrrojrriate  sense,  of  the  word.] 

2.  To  fortify  by  cutting  a  ditch  and  raising  a  ram 
part  or  breastwork  of  earth  thrown  out  of  the 
ditrh. 

[In  this  sense,  ETfTREifCH  is  more  generally  used.] 

3.  To  furrow  ;  to  form  with  deej)  furrows  by  plow- 
ing. 

4.  To  cut  a  long  gash.     [JVoe  in  «.tc.]  ShaJu 
TRENCH,  r.  i.    To  encroach.     [See  EifXREKCH.] 
TRENCH,  n.     A  long,  narrow  cut  in  the  earth  ;  a 

ditch  ;  as,  a  trench  for  draining  land. 

2.  In /orii/fcution,  a  deep  ditch  cut  for  defense,  or 
to  interrupt  the  approach  of  an  enf-my.  The  wall  or 
breastwork  formed  by  the  earth  thrown  out  of  the 
ditch,  is  also  called  a  trench,  as  also  any  raised  work 
formed  with  bavins,  gabions,  wool-packs,  or  other 
solid  materials.  Hence  the  phrases,  to  mount  the 
trenehtSy  to  guard  the  trenekeSj  to  clear  the  trenches. 
&c. 

To  cpm  Vie  trcncJies ;  to  begin  to  dig,  or  to  form  the 
lines  of  approach. 


TRE 

TRENCH'ANT,  a.     [Fr.  tranehant.] 

Ctilting;  sharp.     [Little  used.]  Spnser. 

TRENCH'tD,  (trencht,)  pp.    Cut  into  long  hollows 

or  ditches  ;  furrowed  deep. 
TRENCH'ER,  n.     [Fr.  tranchoir.] 

1.  .\  wooden  plate.  Trenchers  were  In  use  among 
the  common  people  of  New  England  till  the  revolu- 
tion. 

2.  The  table.  ShaJL 

3.  Food  ;  pleasures  of  the  table. 

It  wQuM  b^  no  onlinur^  di-elrnaifin  thai  would  hrinir  aome  men 
to  ulnce  ihcir  aummum  bonum  upoa  ihelr  IrenaUri. 

SouA. 

TRENCH'ER-FL?,    n.      [trencher   and  fi^.]      One 
that  haunts  the  tables  of  others  ;  a  parasite. 

L' Estrange. 
TRENCH'ER-FRIEND,  (frend,)  n.      [trencher  and 
friend.]     One  who  frequents  the  tables  of  others;  a 
siKinger. 
TRENCH'ER-MAN,  »i.     [(rencAer  and  man.]     A  feed- 
er ;  n  great  eater.  Shak. 
2.  A  cook.     [Obs.] 
TRENCH'ER-MATE,  n.     [trmcAcr  and  maU.]     A  ta- 
ble companion  ;  a  parasite.                              Hooker. 
TKENCIi'lNG,  ppr.     Cutting  into  trenches  ;  digging; 

ditching. 
TRE.NCH'ING,  n.    The  preparation  of  soils  by  digging 
two  or  more  spades  deep,  and  exposing  the  i^oil. 

Gardner. 
TRENCH'-rLOW,       )   n.      [trench    and    plow.]      A 
TRENCil'-PLOUGH,  \       kind  of  plow  for  opening 
laud  to  a  greater  depth  than  that  of  common  fur- 
rows. Cyc. 
TRENCH'-rLOW,       \v.  L     [trench  and  plow.]     To 
TRENCH'-PLOIIGH,  (      plow  with  deep  furrows. 
TRENCH'-PLOW-INO,       in.    The  practice  or  op- 
TRENCH'-rLOUGH-LNG,  \        eration    of    plowing 
with  deep  furrows,  for  the  purpose  of  loosening  the 
laud  to  a  greater  d<-ptlt  than  usual.  Cyc. 
TREND,  V.  i.    [This  word  seems  to  be  allied  to  truri- 
dle  or  to  run.] 

To  run  ;  to  stretch ;  to  tend  ;  to  have  a  particular 
direction  ;  as,  the  shore  of  the  sea  trends  to  the 
south-west. 
TRI'^ND,  n.    Inclination  in  a  particular  direction  ;  as, 

the  (rend  of  a  coast.  Wilkes. 

TREND,  r.  t.     In  rural  economy,  to  free  wool  from  its 

fitth.     [Local,]  Cyc. 

TREND'ER,  n.    One  whose  business  Is  to  free  wool 

from  its  filth.     [Local.]  Cyc. 

TRENDING,  ppr.    Running;  lending. 

2.   (.'leaning  wool.     [Local,] 
TREND'ING,  n.     Inclination  ;  stretching. 

2.  The  oi>eration  of  freeing  wool  from  filth  of  va- 
rious kinds.  Cvc. 
TREN'DLE,  n.      [Sax.  ;    probably    connected    with 
trundle;    Sw.  trtndj  round;   that  is,  round,  with  a 
prefix.] 

Any  thing  round  used  in  turning  or  rolling  ;  a  little 
wheel. 
TREN'TAL,  n.     [Fr.  trente^  thirty;  contracted  from 
L.  trigivtn.  It.  trentti,] 

An  office  for  the  dead  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
service,  consisting  of  thirty  masses  rehearsed  for 
thirty  days  successively  after  the  party's  death. 

Cye. 
TREPAN',  n.     [Fr.  trepan  ;  It.  trapano  ;  Gr.  rpvira- 
voy,   from  TfiviriK.jy  to  bore  ;  Tp»"ra,  a  hole;  rpvto. 
Qu.  L.  tero,  terebra^  on  ttie  root  Rp.] 

In  surgery,  a  circular  saw  for    perforating   the 

skull.     It  resembles  a  wimble.  Cyc. 

TREPAN',  V.  t.     To  perforate  the  skull  and  take  out 

a  piece  ;  a  surgical  operation   for  relieving  the  brain 

from  pressure  or  irritation.  Cyc. 

TREPAN',  a  snare,  and  TRE-PAN',  to  insnare,  are 

from  trapy  and  written  Tbapan,  which  see, 
TRE-PAN'NA'D,  pp.     Having  the  skull  perforated. 
TRE-PAN'NER,  n.     One  who  trepans. 
TRE  PAN'NING,  ;>;«-.     Perforating  the  ekull  with  a 

trepan. 
TRE  PAN'NING,  n.     The  operation   of  making  an- 
opening  in  the  skull,  for  relieving  the  brain  from 
compression  or  irritation.  Cyc 

TRE-PIIINE'  or  TRE-PHtNE',  n.  [See  Tbepas] 
An  instrument  for  trepanning,  more  modern  than 
the  trepan.  It  is  a  circular  or  cylindrical  saw,  with 
a  handle  like  that  of  a  gimlet,  and  a  little  sharp  per- 
fnnitor,  called  the  center-pin.  P.  Cyc. 

TREPHINE',  V.  t.    To  perforate  with  a  trephine;  to 

trepan.  P.  Cyc. 

TRE-PIITN'£D,  (L-e  f^nd',)  Dp.    Trepanned. 
TREP'ID,  a.     [L.  tepiii^ts.]  ' 

Trembling;  qit&iin^.     [JViJf  ased.] 
TREP-l-DA''I'ION,  n.     f  L.  trtvi-iatio,  from  trrpido,  lo 
tremble  ;    Russ.   cicpeg,   a  ucmalir;^  ;   trepeschu,  to 
tremble.] 

1.  An  invoUintaiy  trembitug;  a  qu^lring  or  quiv- 
ering, particularly  from  (e^it  or  te.-ror  ;  nence,  a  slate 
of  terror.    The  men  were  in  great  trevidation. 

2.  A  trembling  of  tlie  limbs,  as  in  paralytic  afi!cc- 
tions. 

3.  In  the  old  astronomy,  a  libration  of  the  eighth 
sphere,  or  a  motion  which  the  Ptolemaic  system 


FaTE,  far,  FALL,  WIL\T.— MK»E,  PRfiV*.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NflTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  DOpK.- 


TRI 

ascribes  to  the  firmament,  to  account  for  the  changes 
and  motion  of  the  axis  of  the  world,  Hutton* 

4.^  Hurry  ;  confused  haste. 
TRES'PASS,  r.  L     [Norm,  trespasser;  tres,  L.  trans^ 
beyond,  and  passer,  to  pass.] 

1.  Literidlti,  to  pass  beyond;  hence,  primarily^  to 
pass  over  the  boundary  line  of  another's  land;  to 
enter  unlawfully  upon  the  land  of  another.  A  man 
may  trespass  by  walking  over  the  ground  of  another, 
and  the  law  gives  a  remedy  for  dainagwa  KUsUiined. 

2.  To  comqiit  any  offense,  or  to  do  any  art  lh:it  in- 
jures or  annoys  another  ;  to  violate  any  rule  of  recti- 
tude, to  tlie  injury  of  another. 

If  any  man  «h;vil  lrtsp<w  agiilii«t  h'w  n'-ifiibor,  iind  an  oMh  be 
l.kid  upon  him. —  I  Kings  viii.     See  Luke  xvit.  3  lotl  4. 

3.  In  a  moral  sense,  to  transcress  voluntarily  any 
divine  law  or  command  ;  to  violate  any  known  rule 
of  duty. 

lu  (he  time  of  hia  di«ea*e  did  he  tretp(u§  yet  more.  —  2  Chroo. 

■  xxviii. 
We  have  b^epeuied  against  our  God.  —  Ezra  i, 

4.  To  Intrude  ;  to  go  too  far ;  to  put  to  inconveni- 
ence by  demand  or  iutportunity  ;  as,  to  trespass  upon 
the  time  or  patience  of  another. 

TUES'PASS,  It.  In  law,  an  unlawful  act,  committed 
with  force  and  violence  (vi  ct  armi!i)  on  the  perscm, 
property,  or  relative  rights  of  another.     Blackstone. 

2.  Any  injury  or  offense  done  to  another. 

If  ye  furgive  not  men  thHr  tretpn»te»,  ncJiher  will  your  Father 
furgive  your  irt»pa«g«s.  —  Mail.  vi. 

3.  Any  voluntary  transgression  of  the  moral  law  ; 
any  violation  of  a  known  rule  of  duly  ;  sin.     CoU  ii. 

You  h:»ih  he  quicltcned,  who  were  dead  in  trespattea  and  biiu. 
—  Kph.  a. 

TRES'PASS-ER,  n.  One  who  commits  a  trespass  ; 
one  who  enters  upon  another's  land,  or  violates  his 
rights. 

3.  A  transgressor  of  the  moral  law  ;  an  offender ;  a 
Biniier. 

TRES'PASS-ING,  ppr.  Entering  another  man's  in- 
closure;  injuring  or  annoying  another;  violating  the 
divine  law  or  moral  duty. 

TRESS,  n.  fFr.  and  Dan.  tresse:  Sw.  tress,  a  lock  or 
weft  of  hair  ;  Dan.  trCAser,  Sw.  tressa,  Russ.  tresvijn, 
to  weave,  braid,  or  twist.  The  Sp.  has  trenza,  ana 
the  Port,  trauma,  a  tress.  The  French  tresse  may  pos- 
sibly be  from  the  It.  treecia,  but  probably  it  is  from 
some  dialect  of  the  north  of  Europe.] 
A  knot  or  curl  of  hair ;  a  ringlet. 

Fair  tresiet  man's  imp-rial  raec  iiisiiare.  Pope. 

TRESS'ED,  (trest,)  a.     Having  tresses. 

9.  Curled  ;  formed  into  ringlets.  Spcitser. 

TRESS'/:L,  n.    See  Trestle. 

TRE^S'rilE,  71.     In  heraldry,  a  kind  of  border. 

TRES'TLE,  (tres'l,)  n.  [Ft.  Iriteau,  for  trestcau  ;  W. 
trif,  a  trace,  a  chain,  a  stretch,  labttr ;  trcsiaic,  to 
labor,  that  is,  to  strain  ;  trestijl,  a  strainer,  a  trestle. 
This  rnot  occurs  in  stress  and  distress.] 

1.  The  frame  of  a  table.  [Q,u.  D.  driestal,  a  three- 
legged  stool.] 

2.  A  movable  form  for  supporting  any  thing. 

3.  In  briilges,  a  fnime  consisting  of  two  posts  with 
a  head  or  cross  beam  and  brnceK,  on  which  rest  the 
string-pieces.  [This  is  the  use  of  the  word  in  New 
England.  It  is  vulgarly  pronounced  trussel  or 
tnssL] 

TWstle -trees,  in  a  skip,  arc  two  strong  bars  of  tim- 
ber, fixed  horizontally  on  the  upposite  sides  of  the 
mast-head,  to  support  the  frame  of  the  top. 

Ti>tten. 
TRET,  n.     [Probably  from  L.  tritoji,  tero,  to  wear.] 
In  Miitmrrce,  an  allowance  to  purchasers,  for  waste 
or  refuse  matter,  of  4  pounds  on  every  104  pounds 
of  suttle  weight,  or  weight  after  the  laro  is  deducted. 

McCulloch. 
TRETH'hNGS,  n.  pi.     [VV.  trSth,  a  tax;    trUfia,  to 
lax.] 

Taxes ;   imposts.  Johnson. 

[I knoto  not  where  used.    It  is  unknown,  I beluoe,  in 
the  United  States.] 
TREV'ET,  n.     [three-feet;  tripod;  Fr.  trepied.'l 

A  stool  or  other  thing  that  is  supported  by  three 
Ices. 
TRBY,  arS,)  n.     [1^  tres,  Eng.  tJtree,  Ft.  trots.] 

A  three  at  cards  ;  a  card  of  three  spnts.       Shak. 
TRI,  a  prefix  in  words  of  Greek  and  Latin  origin,  sig- 
nifies three,  from  Gr.  Toeii. 
TRI'-'V-IILE,  a.    [from  try.]    That  may  be  tried  ;  that 
may  be  subjected  to  trial  or  test.  Boyle. 

2.  Thai  may  undergo  a  judicial  examination  ;  that 
may  property  come  under  the  cognizance  of  a  court. 
A  cause  may  be  triable  before  one  court,  which  is 
not  triable  in  another.  In  En^Uind,  testamentary 
cauHes  are  triable  in  the  ecclesia.'^tical  courts. 
TRT'A-BI-FVNESS,  b.  The  state  of  being  triable. 
TRI-A-eON-TAHft'DRAL,  a.  [Gr.  TinaKOKra,  thir- 
ty, and  i  ■->«,  side.] 

Having  thirty  sides.  In  mineralogy,  hounded  by 
thirty  rhombs.  Cleaceland. 

TRI'A  CON-TER,  n.     [Gr.  TptaKovrrtpra.] 

Iti  ancient  Oreece,  a  vessel  of  thirty  oars.    Jilifford. 
TRI'AD,  n.     [h.  trios,  from  tres,  three.] 
The  union  of  three;  three  united. 


TRI 

In  music,  the  common  chord,  consisting  of  a  note 
sounded  along  with  its  third  ami  fifth,  with  or  with- 
out the  octave.  Callcott.  Ed.  Encyc. 
TRI'AL,  n.  [from  try.]  Any  effort  or  exertion  of 
strength  for  the  purpose  of  a^^certaining  its  effect,  or 
what  can  be  done.  A  man  tries  to  lift  a  stone,  antJ 
on  trial  finds  he  is  not  able.  A  team  attempts  lo 
draw  a  load,  and  after  unsuccessful  trial,  the  attempt 
Is  relinquished. 

2.  Examination  by  a  test;  experiment;  as  in 
chemi?»lry  and  metallurgy. 

3.  Expeiimeni;  act  of  examining  by  experience. 
In  gardening  and  agriculture,  we  learn  by  trial  what 
land  will  produce ;  and  often  repeated  trials  are 
necessary. 

4.  Experience  ;  suffering  that  puts  strength,  pa- 
tience, or  faith  to  the  test ;  afflictions  or  tempta- 
tions that  exercise  and  prove  the  graces  or  virtues 
of  men. 

Other*  had  trial  of  crue!  mockingi  and  Ecourginga.  —  Heb.  xi. 

5.  In  law,  the  examination  of  a  cause  in  contro- 
versy between  parties,  before  a  proper  tribunal.  Tri- 
als are  civil  or  criminaL  Trial  in  civil  causes  may 
be  by  record  or  inspection  ;  it  may  be  by  witnesses 
and  jury,  or  by  the  court.  By  the  laws  of  England 
and  of  the  United  States,  trial  by  jury,  in  criminal 
cases,  is  held  sacred.  No  criminal  can  be  legally  de- 
prived of  that  privilege. 

6.  Temptation  ;  test  of  virtue. 

Every  *tatioii  la  expcaed  to  some  IrioZi,  Rogert. 

7.  State  of  being  tried.  S/iak. 
TRI-AL'I-TY,  n.     [from  three.]     Three  united  ;  state 

of  being  three.     [Little  used.]  J^harton. 

TRI-AN'DRI-A,  n.      [Gr.   rpets,  three,  and  avnp,  a 

male.] 
A  class  of  monoclinons  or  hermaphrodite  plants, 

having  three  distinct  and  equal  stamens. 

Linnaus. 
TRr-AX'DRI-AN,  (o.      Having    three    distinct    and 
TUI-AN'DROUS,  S       equal    stamens,  in    the  same 

flower  with  a  pistil  or  pistils. 
TRrAN"GLE,  (irl'ang-gl,)  n.     [Ft.,  from  L.  triangu- 

lum  ;  tres,  Iria,  three,  and  angulus,  a  corner.] 

1.  In  geometry,  a  figure  bounded  by  three  lines, 
and  containing  three  angles.  The  three  angles  of  a 
plane  triangle  are  equal  to  two  right  angles,  or  180", 
the  number  of  degrees  in  a  semicircle. 

If  the  three  lines  or  sides  of  a  triangle  are  all  right, 
it  is  a  plane  or  rectilinear  triangle. 

If  all  the  three  sides  are  equal,  it  is  an  equilater(U 
triangle. 

If  two  of  the  sides  only  are  equal,  it  is  an  isosceles 
or  equicrural  triangle. 

U  all  the  three  sides  are  unequal,  it  is  a  scalene  or 
acale-nous  triangle. 

If  one  of  the  angles  is  a  right  angle,  the  triangle 
is  rectangular. 

If  one  of  the  angles  is  obtuse,  the  triangle  is  called 
obtusangnlar  or  amhlijgonous. 

If  all  the  angles  are  acute,  the  triangle  is  acutan- 
gular  or  oxygonous. 

If  the  three  lines  of  a  triangle  are  all  curves,  the 
triangle  is  said  to  be  currilinear. 

If  some  of  the  sides  are  right  and  others  curve, 
Ihe  triangle  is  said  lo  be  mixt'dinear. 

If  the  sides  are  all  arcs  of  great  circles  of  the 
sphere,  the  triangle  is  said  to  be  spherical.  Cyc 

2.  An  instrument  of  jtercussion  in  music,  made  of 
a  rod  of  poliithed  steel,  bent  into  the  form  of  a  tri- 
aniile. 

3.  In  military  puninhment^i,  three  balherts  stuck  in 
the  ground  nnti  united  at  the  top,  to  which  soldiers 
are  bound  when  flogced. 

TUT'AN"GL£1),  a.     Having  three  angles. 

TRI-A.\"G(J-LAR,  a.     Having  three  angles. 

In  botitnif,  a  triangular  stem  has  three  prominent 
longitudinal  angles  ;  a  t^ia«i,'u/(Jr/c(^/■  has  three  prom- 
inent armies,  without  any  reference  to  their  measure- 
ment or  direction.  Martyn.     Smith. 

Triangular  numbers  ;  the  series  of  numbers  formed 
by  the  successive  sums  of  the  terms  of  an  arithmetic- 
al progression,  of  which  the  common  difference  is  1. 

Brande. 

TRI-AN"Gi;-LAR-LY,  adv.  After  the  form  of  a  tri- 
angle. Harris. 

TRr-AN"GU-LA'TION,  «,  The  use  of  a  series- of 
triangles  in  a  trigonometrical  survey  ;  or  the  series 
of  trianL'le:^  thus  used.  ^.  D.  Stanley. 

TRI'AIieH-V,  n.     [Gr.  rpm  and  aoxn.] 
GoVfrnment  by  three  persons. 

TRI-A'RI-AN,  a.     [L.  triarii.] 

Occupying  the  third  post  or  place.  Cowley. 

TRI'AS,  «-  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the  upper 
new  red  sandstone.  Lpell. 

TRT-AS'SIC,  a.     Pertaining  to  or  composed  of  trias. 

Tltl'HAL,  a.     Belonging  to  a  tribe. 

TUIHE,  n.  [W.  treo;  line],  trcabh;  ^nx.  thorpe,  D. 
dorp,  G.  dorfi  Sw.  and  Dan.  tnrj),  a  hamlet  or  vil- 
lage \  L.  tribits.  We  have  tribe  from  the  last.  In 
Welsl),  the  word  signifies  a  dwelling-place,  home- 
stead, hamlet,  or  town,  as  docs  the  Sax.  thorpe.  The 
Bax.  traj"  is  a  tent ;  Russ.  derevni,  an  estiite,  a  ham- 
let    From  the  sense  of  house,  the  word  came  tosig- 


TRI 

nify  a  family,  a  race  of  descendants  from  one  pri>- 
genilor,  who  originally  sealed  round  him  and  formed 
a  village.] 

1.  A  family,  race,  or  series  of  generations,  de- 
scending from  the  same  progenitor,  and  kept  dis- 
tinct, as  in  the  case  of  the  twelve  tribes  of  Iiirael,  de- 
scended from  the  twelve  sons  of  Jacob. 

2.  A  division,  class,  or  distinct  portion  of  people, 
from  whatever  cause  that  distinction  may  have  orig- 
inated. The  city  of  Athens  was  divided  into  U-n 
tribej!.  Rome  was  originally  divided  into  three 
tribes;  afterward  the  people  were  distributed  into 
thirty  tribes,  and  afterward  into  thirty-five. 

Roman  HisL 

3.  A  number  of  things  having  certain  characters 
or  rew.-mhlances  in  common  ;  as,  a  tribe  of  plants;  a 
tribe  of  animals 

Linneus  distributed  the  vegetable  kingdom  into 
three  tribes,  viz.,  Monocotyledonous,  Dicotyledonous. 
and  AcotyledonouB  plants,  and  these  he  subdivided 
into  gentes  or  nations,  Jifartifn. 

By  recent  naturalists,  (Wfrc  has  been  used  for  a  di- 
vision of  animals  or  vegetables,  intermediate  be- 
tween order  and  genus.  Ciivier  divides  his  orders 
inlo  faynilies,  nnd  his  families  into  trt6e.T,  including 
under  the  latter  one  or  more  genera.  Leach,  in  his 
arrangement  of  insects,  makes  his  tribes,  on  the  con- 
trary, the  primary  subdivisions  of  his  orders,  and  his 
families  subordinate  lo  them,  and  immediately  in- 
cluding the  genera.  Curicr.    Ed.  Encyc. 

Tribes  of  plants,  in  gardening,  are  such  as  are  re- 
lated to  each  other  by  some  natural  affiniiyor  resem- 
blance ;  as  by  their  duration,  the  annual,  biennial, 
and  perennial  tribes  ;  by  their  roots,  as  the  biUboua, 
tuberous,  and  Jibrous^ooted  tribes  ;  by  Ihe  loss  or  re- 
tention of  their  leaves,  as  the  deciduous  and  ever- 
green tribes  ;  by  their  fruits  and  seeds,  as  the  legu- 
minous, baeciferous,  coniferous, nv^iferotLSy:ini\  pomifer- 
otis  tribes,  &c.  Cyc, 

4.  A  division  ;  a  number  considered  collectively. 

5.  A  nation  of  savages  j  a  body  of  rude  people 
united  under  one  leader  or  government ;  as,  the 
tribes  of  the  six  nations ;  the  Seneca  tribe  in  Amer- 
ica. 

6.  A  number  of  jiersons  of  any  character  or  pro- 
fession ;  in  contempt;  as,  the  scribbhiig  trihe. 

Roscommon. 
TRIBE,  V.  u    TodisUibute  into  tribes  or  classes.  [AW 

mue%  used.]  Bp.  J^chvlson. 

TRIB'LET,      in,     A  goldsmith^s  tool    for  making 
TRIB'0-LI:T,  S      rings.  Ainsworth. 

TRI-BOM'E-TER,  n.    [Gr.  Tpi(3(D,Xo  rub  or  wear,  and 
piTp'<v,  measure.] 

An  instrument  to  ascertain  the  degree  of  iViction 
in  rubbing  surfaces.  Brande. 

TRI'BRACH,    n.      [Gr.    rpen,  three,  and  /JpaxfJ, 
short.] 

Ill  ancient  prosody,  a  poetic  foot  of  three  short  syl- 
lables, as  mtiti'tis. 
TRI-BRA€'TE-ATE,  0.     Having  three  bracts. 

Decandolte. 
TRIE-rj-LA'TION,  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  tHbulo,  to  thrash, 
to  beat.] 

Severe  aflliction  ;  distresses  of  life  ;  vexations.  In 
Scripture,  it  often  denotes  the  troubles  and  distresses 
which  proceed  from  persecution. 

WlK-n  tribulation  or  p^rsr^cutioii  nris^th  beuiiao  of  tha  word,  bjr 

and  Uy  h-  is  oflvndi'd.  —  M.tU.  xiii. 
In  the  world  ye  ihall  hare  tribulation. — John  x^i. 

TRT-BO'NAL,  n.     [Ij.  tribunal,  from  tribnnus,  a  trib- 
une, who  administered  justice.] 

1.  Properly,  the  seat  of  a  judge;  the  bench  on 
which  a  judge  and  his  associates  sit  for  administer- 
ing justice. 

2.  More  generally,  a  court  of  justice  ;  as,  the  house 
of  birds  in  England  is  the  highest  tribunal  in  the 
kingdom. 

3.  [Fr.  tribunel.]  In  France,  a  gallery  or  eminence 
in  a  church  or  other  place,  in  which  the  musical  per- 
formers are  jilaced  for  a  concert. 

TRIB'Q-NA-RV,  a.     [from    tribune.]     Pertaining  to 

tribunes. 
TRIB'UNE,  (trib'yune,)n.     fFr.  trihun;  L.  trihunm, 

from  tribus,  tribe  ;  Sp.  and  It.  tribuno.] 

1.  In  ancient  Rome,  an  officer  or  magistrate  chosen 
by  the  people,  to  protect  them  from  the  oppression  of 
the  )>atricinns  or  nobles,  and  to  defend  their  liberti^ 
against  any  attempts  that  might  be  made  upon 
them  by  the  senate  and  consuls.  These  magistral*^ 
were  at  first  two,  hut  their  number  was  increased 
ultimately  to  ten.  There  were  also  military  tribunes, 
offirers  of  the  army,  of  whom  there  were  from  four 
to  six  in  each  legion.  In  the  year  of  Rome  731,  the 
senate  transferred  the  authority  of  the  tribunes  to 
Augustus  and  his  successors.  There  were  also  other 
officers  called  tribunes  ;  as,  tribunes  of  the  treasury, 
&.0,  Cyc.     Smith's  Diet. 

2.  A  bench  or  elevated  place,  from  which  si>eechea 
were  delivered. 

3.  In  France,  a  pulpit  or  elevated  place  in  the* 
chamber  of  deputies,  wliere  a  speaker  stands  to 
ntldress  the  assembly. 

TRIB'UNE-SHIP,  i  n.    The  office  of  a  tribune. 
TRIB'U-NATE,      j  .addUoiu 


TONE,  BULL,  TiNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  C  as  J ;  8  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  Til  as  In  THIS. 


1173 


TRI 

TRin  r-XI"CIAN,  (trib-yu-nish'nn,)  j  «.     Pertaining 

TRIB-V-NT"TIAL,  (Iribyu-ulsh'nl,)  i  to  tribunes; 
as,  tribanician  powpr  or  aulhotity.  Mitldteton* 

*J.  Huitin^  .1  tribune. 

rRIKT-TA-RI-LY,  adv.     In  a  tributary  manner. 

I'RIB'T^-TA-RI-NESS,  «,  The  state  of  bting  Uibu- 
tiuv. 

TRIB'lJ-TA-RY,  a.  [(Vom  tribute.]  Paying  tribute  to 
aniithrr,  either  from  c»mpul:*ion,  as  an  acknowledg- 
ment of  8ubiiii!>$>i«n,  or  to  secure  protection,  or  for 
the  purpose  of  purchasing  peace.  The  republic  of 
Ragusa  is  tributary  to  the  grand  seignior.  Many  of 
the  powers  of  Europe  are  tributary  to  the  Borbary 
States. 

2.  Subject;  subordinate. 

H-,  to  {TMo  tm  iHkwiBnr  g°^  Uitkm. 

3.  Paid  in  tribute. 

No  t^ttetj  tunn  Umm  tHkutmy  Uys.  Cbwaiwm. 

4.  Yielding  supplies  of  any  thing.  The  Ohio  has 
many  large  irihHtarjf  streams,  and  is  itself  tributary 
to  the  Mississippi. 

TRIB'U-TA-RY,  m.  One  that  pnys  tribute  or  a  stited 
sura  to  a  conquering  |M>wer,  for  the  pitrtH>se  of  secur- 
ing peace  and  pmlection,  or  as  an  acknowledgnienl 
of  submission,  or  f(»r  the  purchase  of  security.  What 
B  reproach  to  nations,  that  they  should  be  the  tributa- 
ri*s  of  Algiers  I 

TRIB'I;TE,  (trib'yule,)  ».  [Fr.  tribut;  L.  tributimy 
fiuin  tribuo,  Ui  give,  bestow,  or  divide.] 

1.  An  annual  or  stated  sum  of  money  or  other 
valuable  thing,  paid  by  one  prince  or  nation  to  an- 
other, either  as  an  acknowledgment  of  subniis.-<ion, 
or  a:*  the  price  of  peace  and  protection,  or  by  "virtue 
of  some  treaty.  I'he  Romans  made  all  their  con- 
quered countries  pay  tribute,  as  do  the  Turks,  at  this 
day ;  and  in  some  cotintries  the  tribute  is  paid  in 
children.  Owe. 

5.  A  personal  contr^utMm ;  as,  a  tribiU*  of  re- 
0pecL 

a.  Something  given  or  contribntwd. 
TRIB'VTR,  r.  L     To  pav  as  tribute. 
TRIB'U-TF.n,  jtp.     Paid  a:*  tribute. 
TRIB'U-TIXG,  Fpr.    Paying  as  tribute. 
TRieAP'SU-LAR,  a.    [L.  trc*,  ihae,  tad  eapstJat  a 
linle  chest.] 

In  frtfteny,  three-capsuled  ;  having  three  capsules 
to  eacil  Hower.  Martyn. 

TRICE,  r.  L    To  haul  up  by  means  of  a  ri>pe.    ^ 
TRICE,*.    A  very  short  lime;  an  instant;  a  mo- 
ment. 

If  diej  {M  nrrer  wo  great  tpoil  at  MXf  ilia*,  ttajr  wmm  iIk  him 

in  «  tritt.  St*Mfr. 

A  tma  ttuVL  aaJK  Ui  tonatm  to  •  iHcs.  Y9*Mg. 

TRT-CEN*'M-AL,  a.    [L.  b-K«»i«,] 

Denoting  thirty  years,  or  what  pertains  to  that 
number. 

TRI-€HOT'O-M0US,  (trl-kot'o-rous,)  a.  [See  Tai- 
cHoToMT.]  Divided  into  three  parts,  or  divided  by 
lhre«><i ;  ft.%  a  trxcXotarMns  stem.  JUir^ii. 

TRI-€»OT'0-MY,  (irikot'o-me.)  a.  [Gr.  r^nxa, 
thrice,  .Tnd  rr^n  w,  to  cut  or  divide.] 

Division  int*)  three  parts.  Watis, 

TRieHRO-ISM,  a.     [Gr.  rocn  and  \po^  •.] 

The  quality  of  presenting  difierent  colors  in  three 
different  directions.  Dana, 

TRICK,  n.  [D.  trrk^  a  pull  or  drawing,  a  trick;  trfk- 
ketty  to  draw,  to  dmj;  :  brdrie^en,  to  cheat ;  driejreriy  to 
tack  or  baste  ;  G.  trie^rn^  to  drceive  ;  fru/,  brtruff, 
fraud,  trick  :  Dan.  trekke,  a  trick  ;  trfkker^  to  draw, 
to  entice ;  Fr.  tricker,  to  cheat ;  It.  treccare^  to  clieal ; 
treccOj  a  huckster  ;  treccicy  a  lock  of  hnrr,  from  fold- 
ing, invohing,  Gr.  5/n^  ;  ?p.  trica^  a  quibble ;  L.  tri- 
cor,  to  play  tricks,  to  trifle,  to  baffle.  We  sec  the 
same  rtMH  in  the  Low  I*,  intricoy  to  fold,  and  in  ti- 
triffte,  Triek  is  from  draicinffy  that  is,  a  drawing 
aside,  or  a  folding,  inter^veaving,  implication.] 

I.  An  artifice  or  stratagem  for  the  purp<tse  of  de- 
ception ;  a  fnuJful  contrivance  fur  an  evil  purpose, 
or  an  underhand  scheme  to  impc>se  upon  the  world  ; 
a  cheat  or  cheating.  We  hear  of  tncks  in  bargains, 
and  incfcf  of  state. 

Be  Mines  lo  me  for  co«Mri,  umI  I  abov  him  «  fHct.      Sotth. 
3.  A  dextroQs  artifice. 

Ob  (we  nke  Crick  JgpnMb  lltr  graeiml  fatB.  Popa. 

3.  Vicious  practice  ;  as,  the  trUk*  of  yonth. 

4.  The  sly  artifice  or  legerdemain  of  a  juggler;  as, 
the  fn'eti  of  a  merry-andrew. 

5.  A  parcel  of  cords  falling  to  a  winner  at  one 
turn. 

6.  .Ad  unexpected  event. 

Somr  trick  not  wonh  m  *gf-     [t^niuual.]  Shak. 

7.  A  particular  habit  or  manner ;  as,  he  has  a  trick 
of  dnimming  with  his  fingers,  or  a  friVi  of  fVowning. 

[  This  ro7-d  is  ta  umtmon  use  in  Jimenca,  and  by  no 
means  m/yor.] 

8.  Among  leamnt,  the  period  Fpent  by  a  (tailor  at 
the  helm.  Tottm. 

*  TRICK,  F.  U    To  deceive ;  to  impose  on  ;  to  defraud  ; 
to  cheat ;  as,  to  trick  another  in  the  snie  of  a  horse. 
TRICK,  r.  L,     [W.  treeiawy  to  furnish  or  harness,  to 
trick  out ;  tree,  an  implement,  harness,  gear,  from 


TRI 

rhiCy  a  breaking  forth,  properly  a  throwing  or  ex- 
tendmg.  This  may  be  a  varied  application  of  the 
foregoing  word.l 

;  to  decorate ;  to  set  off}  to  adorn  fantaa- 


To  dress 
tically. 

TVidk  h«r  off  in  air. 

It  is  often  followed  by  Kp,  ^y  or  out. 


Pf^. 


TRICK,  t>.  i.    To  live  by  deception  and  fraud. 

I>rydeit. 
TRICK'KD,  (trikt,)  pp.     Cheated  ;  deceived  ;  dressed. 
TRIOK'ER,       (  n.    One  who  tricks  j  a  deceiver  j  a 
TRICK'STER,  i      cheat. 
TRIOK'ER,  n-     A  trigger.     [See  Tbioger.] 
TRICK'ER-Y,  a.    The  art  of  dressing  up;  artificer 

Ktratiigeu).  Parr.  Hurkt. 

TRICK'ING,  pjw.      Deceiving;    cheating;    defraud- 
ing. 
3:  Dressing ;  decorating. 
TRICK'ING,  a-    Dress  ;  ornament.  Shak. 

TRICK'ISH,  a.    Artful  in  making  bargains  ;  given  to 

dt'cepiion  and  cheating  ;  knavish.  Pope. 

TRICK'ISJI-LV,  aJv.     Artfully  ;  knavishly. 
TUICK'ISH-NESS,  iu    The  slate  of  being  trickish  or 

dereilful. 
TRICK'LE,  (trik'l,)F.  i.  [Allied  perhaijs  to  Gr.  rpcxoy, 
to  nin,  and  a  diminutive.] 

To  rtow  in  a  small,  gentle  stream  ;  to  run  down  ; 
as,  tears  trickle  down  the  cheek ;  water  trickles  from 
tbe  eaves. 

Fui  be^e  (here  triekUd  wntOj  down 

A  gentle  Blioun.  S^mtter, 

TRICK'LING,  ppr.  Flowing  down  in  a  small,  gentle 
St  ream. 

TRICK'LI.XG,  n.  The  act  of  flowing  in  a  small,  gen- 
tle stream. 

U9  vokennl  bj  the  tridcHng  of  Ua  blood.  Wisemasi. 

TRICK'MENT,  n.    Decoration.    [JVot  used,] 

TRICK'SY,  a,  (from  trick.]  Pretty ;  brisk.  [JVot 
mueJt  usrti.]  Shak. 

TRICK'-TR.\CK,  n.  A  game  resembling  backgam- 
mon. 

TRICLl-NATE,  a.  [Gr.  rptit  threefold,  and  «X(i'a), 
to  incline.] 

In  minerahffy,  a  term  applied  to  crystals  in  which 
the  three  axes  are  all  obliquely  inclined  to  one  an- 
other, aK  in  the  oblique  rhombo'idal  prism.      Dana. 

TRI-CLlXI-A-RY,  0.  [L.  (ric/iaiorM,  from  trteiinium, 
a  couch  tn  recline  on  at  dinner.] 

Pertaining  to  a  couch  for  dining,  or  to  the  ancient 
mode  of  reclining  at  table. 

TRl-€U.VI-VMy  n.     [L.,  frc»m  treit  and  ethto,] 

Among  tMe  Romamty  a  couch  for  reclining  on  at 
meals,  usually  for  three   p*-rsons ;    also,  n  dining- 
room,  furnished  with  such  couches  on  three  sides. 
Smithes  Diet. 

TRr-€0€'€OUS,  a,  [L.  trej,  three,  and  eocetUt  a 
berry.] 

A  tricDCCous  or  three-grained  capsule  is  one 
which  is  swelling  out  in  three  protuberances  inter- 
nally divided  into  three  cells,  with  one  seed  in  each  ; 
as  in  Euphorbia.  Martyn. 

TRI'eOLr-OR,  n.  The  national  French  banner,  of 
three  colors,  blue,  white,  and  red,  adopted  at  the 
first  revolution. 

TRI'C0Ij-OR-/;D,  «.  Having  three  colors  ;  n  term  ap- 
plied to  the  present  flag  of  France. 

TRieOR-NrG'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  tres  and  eomu.] 
Having  three  horns. 

TRt-COR'PO-RAL,.  a.  [L.  trieorpor;  trej  and 
corpits.] 

Hnvinc  three  bodies.  Tudd. 

TRieUSP'ID,  a.  Having  three  points;  as,  the  tri- 
eugpid  valve,  i.  e.,  the  valve  of  the  right  ventricle  of 
the  heart.  Brande. 

TRieUSP'I-DATE,  a.  [L.  trw,  three,  and  citspis^  a 
point.] 

In  ftotany,  three-pointed  ;  ending  in  three  points; 
n.«,  a  trieti.tpidate  stamen. 

TRIDAG'TVLr-OUS,  a,  [Gr.  rpcij,  three, and  iaKTv- 
A».,  a  toe.] 

Having  three  toes. 

TRTDE,  a.  Among  hunters,  short  and  ready;  fleet; 
as,  a  tride  pace.  Bailey.     Cyc. 

TRI'DEXT,  K.  [Fr.,  from  L.  tridens ;  tresy  three,  and 
dcnsy  tooth.] 

In  mytkolosryy  a  kind  of  scepter  or  spear  with  three 
prongs,  which  the  fables  of  antiquity  put  into  the 
hinds  of  Neptune,  the  deity  of  the  ocean. 

TRI'DENT-ED   !  *^     Having  three  teeth  or  prongs. 
TRI-DENT'ATE,  a.     [L.  ires  and  dcnsy  tooth.] 

liivine  three  teeth,  Lee. 

TRT-DEXT'INE,  a.     [from  L.  TridrntMm.] 

Pertaining  to  Trent,  or  the  celebrated  council  held 

in  that  citv.  Encye.  jJtb. 

TRI-DI-A-PA'SON,  n.     [tri  and  diapason.]     In  mnsie, 

a  triple  octave  or  twenty-second.  Busby. 

TRt'DING.    See  TRiTHinc. 
TRI-DO-DE€-A-He'DRAL,  a,    [Gr.  rpcif,  three,  and 

dodecahedral,] 


TRI 

In  cryrffflHoiTTapAi/,  presenting  three  ranges  of  faces, 
one  above  another,  each  containing  twelve  faces. 
TRIO'U-AX,  a.     [U  triduiim:  tres  and  dieSy  day.] 

Lasting  three  days,  or  liappening  every  third  day. 
[LHUe  used,] 
TRI-EX'NI-AL,  o.     [Fr.  triennal;  L.  (wnnis,  tnenni- 
um  ;  tresy  three,  and  aiinusy  year.] 

1.  Continuing  three  years  ;  as,  triennial  parlia- 
ments. 

2.  Happening  every  iJiree  years  ;  as,  triennial  elec- 
tions. Triennial  elections  and  parliaments  were  es- 
tablished in  England  in  1C95;  but  these  were  discon- 
tinued in  1717,  and  septennial  elections  and  parlia- 
ments were  adopted,  which  still  continue. 

TRI-EX'XI  AL-LY,  ado.    Once  in  three  years, 
TRT'yJVSy  n.    [L.]    A  Roman  copiwr  coin,  equal  to 

one  third  of  the  as. 
TRl'ER,  n.     [from  try.]     One  who  tries;  one  who 

makes  expcrnnents ;  one  who  examines  any  thing 

by  a  test  or  standard. 

2.  One  who  tries  judicially ;  a  judge  who  tries  a 
person  or  cause.     [See  Triob.] 

3.  A  name  given  to  persons  appointed  according  to 
law,  to  try  whether  a  person  challenged  to  the  favor 
is  qualified  to  serve  on  a  jury.  Bouvier. 

4.  A  test ;  that  which  tries  or  approves.       SAoA. 
TRrERXRCH,  n.  [Gr.  roinpriSj  a  trireme,  and  apxos, 

a  chief.] 

In  ancient  Greece,  the  commander  of  a  trireme; 

particularly  at  jJlheHs,  one  who,  at  his  own  expense, 

equipped  the  vessel,  kept  it  in  repair,  and  procured 

the  crew.  Smith'.^  Diet. 

TRI'ER-ARCH-Y,  n.  The  office  or  duty  of  a  trierarch. 

iS'niiiAV  Diet. 
TRI-E-TER'ie-AL,  a.     [L.  trietcricus ;  tres,  three,  and 
Gr.  cT'ts,  year.] 

Triennial :  kept  or  occurring  once  in  three  years. 
[Little  itsetl.}  Gregory. 

TUl'FAL-hOW,  ».  (.     [L.  irea,  ttwee,  and  fallcw,] 
To  plow  land  the  third  time  before  sowing. 

Mortimer. 
TRI'FAL-L0W-£D,  pp.  Plowed  the  third  time  before 

stiwing. 
TRT  FAL-LOW-ING,  p^.     Plowing  the  third  time 

In-fore  sowing.  Jink. 

TRI-FA'KI-OUS,  a.    Arranged  In  tliree  rows. 

P.  Cyc. 
TRI'FID.  a,     [L.  tr\^us  ;  tres,  three,  and  fndo,  to 
dividf.J 

In  biitanpy  divided  half  way  into  three  jiiirts  by 
linear  sinuses  with  straight  margins  ;  three-cleft. 

Martyn. 
TRT-FIS'TU-LA-UY,  a,     [L.  tres  and  fistula,  a  pipe.] 

Having  tliree  pipes.  Brown. 

TRT'FI.E,  (irl'fl,)  a.      [It  coincides  with  Tbivial, 
which  see.] 

1.  A  thing  of  very  little  value  or  importance  ;  a 
word  applicable  to  any  Vang  and  every  tiunir  of  this 
dioraclcr. 

Drayton. 
Young. 

Shak. 


With  Biich  poor  fri/fct  pjnyine. 
Muuiviiu  niuke  ihe  year,  autl  triflet,  life. 

Trijlea 
Are  to  the  J*!a.lotu  conHrmatJon  stioiig. 


2.  A  dish  composed  of  alternate  layers  of  sweet 
meats  and  cake,  with  syllabub. 

3.  A  cake. 

TRI'FLE,  r.  i.  To  act  or  talk  without  seriousness, 
gravity,  weight,  or  dignity  ;  to  act  or  talk  with  lev 
ity. 

They  trijtt,  and  they  beat  the  air  about  nothing  which  toucheth  ua. 

Hooker. 

2.  To  indulge  in  light  amusements.  Law. 

To  trijle  with ;  to  mock  ;  to  play  the  fool  with ;  to 
treat  without  respect  or  seriousness. 

To  trifle  withy    i  to  spend  in  vanity  ;  to  waste  to  no 

Tu  trifle  away  ;\  good    purpose;    as,    to   trifle   with 

time,  or  to  tr\fle  away  time  ;  to  trifle  with  advantages. 

TRI'FLE,  r.  ^     To  make  of  no  importance.     [JVo£  in 

TRI'FLER,  71.    One  who  trifles  or  acta  with  levity. 

Bacon. 
TRI'FLING,  ppr.  or  a.    Acting  or  talking  with  levity, 
or  without  seriousness  or  being  in  earnest. 

2.  a.  Iteing  of  small  value  or  importance  ;  trivial ; 
as,  a  trifling  debt ;  a  trifling  affair. 
TRT'FLIXG,  n.    Employment  about  things  of  no  im- 

pftrtance. 
TRI'KLL\G-LY,  adv.     In  a  trifling  manner;  with 

levity  ;  without  seriousness  or  dignity.  Locke. 

TKI'FLIXG-NESS,  n.     Levity  of  manners  ;  lightness. 

Kntick. 
9.  Smallness  of  value  ;  emptiness;  vanity. 
TRT-FI.O'ROUS,  a.     [L.  treSy  three,  and  flos,  ftoris, 
flower.] 

Three-flowered  ;  bearing  three  flowers  ;  as,  a  tri- 
floroHft  peduncle.  Martyn. 

TRI-FO'LI-ATE,  o.     [L.  tres,  three,  and  folium,  leaf.] 

Having  three  leaves.  Harte. 

TRI-FO'LI-O-LATE,  a.     Having  three  folioles. 

Decandolle. 
TRI'FO-LY,  n.    Sweet  trefoil.     [See  Trefoil.] 

J\Iason. 
TRI-FO'RI-UM,  ji.    [L.]    The  gallery  or  open  space 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH/kT.— METE,  PRfiY  —PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.- 


1174 


TRI 

between  the  vaulting  and  tbe  roof  of  the  aislfs  of  a 
rhiirch.  OwilL 

TRI'FORM,  0,     [L.  tnformis:  tres  and  forma.] 

Having  a  tnple  fumt  or  shape;  as,  the  trifonn 
countenance  of  the  moon.  Milton. 

TRI-FUR'€A-TED,  a.  Having  three  branches  or 
forks. 

TR[G,  V.  t     [W.  tri^aw.    See  Trigger.]     To  fill ;  to 
stuff.     [A*o(  in  tu«?\ 
2.  To  stop,  as  a  wheel.  Bailey 

TRIG.  a.     Full ;  trim  ;  neat     [M)t  in  use.] 

TRIG'A-MOUS,  a,    [Gr.  r.icis  and  yd/ios,  marriage] 
In  botiinij,  having  three  sorts  of  tlowers  in  the  same 
head,  male,  female,  and  hermaphrodite.      Brande. 

TRIG'A-MY,  Tu  [Gr.  rpeis,  three,  and  ya^iosy  mar- 
riage.] 

State  of  being  married  three  times  ;  or  the  state  of 
having  three  husbands  or  three  wives  at  the  same 
time.  Herbert 

TRIG'GER,  Ti.  [W.  trigaw,  to  stop;  Dan.  (reAfter,  to 
draw  ;  trykker,  to  press  or  pinch  ;  or  trtj^irer,  to  make 
sure  ;  trug^  &w.  trygg^,  safe,  secure  ;  trycka,  to  press. 
This  is  the  Eng.  true,  or  from  the  same  root.] 

1.  A  catch  to  hold  the  wheel  of  a  carriage  on  a  de- 
clivity. 

2.  The  catch  of  a  musket  or  pistol ;  the  part  which, 
bping  pulled,  looses  the  lock  for  striking  fire. 

TRT-GIN'TALS,  n.  pi.     [L.  triginta.] 

Trentais.     [See  Tremtal.] 
TRIG'LVPH,  (irig'Iif,)  n.     [Gr.  rpets,  three,  and  y\v- 
<pn,  sculpture.] 

An  ornament  in  the  frieze  of  the  Doric  cohimn, 
repeated  at  equal  intervals.  Each  Iriglyph  consists 
of  two  entire  gutters  or  channels,  cut  to  a  right  an- 
gle, railed  giyphsj  and  separated  by  three  interstices, 
called  femnra.  Cijc. 

TRT-GLVPH're,         I  a.     Consisting  of  or  pertaining 
TRT-GLYPH'I€-AL,  S      to  triglyphs. 

2.  Containing  three   sets  of  characters  or  sculp- 
tures. Oliddvn. 
THI'GON,  n.     [Gr.  rpti?,  three,  and  >  wna,  angle.] 

1.  A  triangle  ;  a  term  used  in  astrology  for  a  divis- 
ion consisting  of  three  signs  ;  also,  trine,  an  aspect 
of  two  planets  distant  120  degrees  from  each  other. 

Hvtton. 

2.  A  kind  of  triangular  lyre  or  harp  used  among 
the  ancients. 

TRIG'O  NAL,     \  a.    Triangular;  having  three  angles 
TRIG'O-NOUa,  \      or  corners. 

2.  In  botany,  having  three  prominent  longitudinal 
angles.  JMartyn^ 

TRIG-O-NO-MET'Rie-AL,  a.      Pertaining  to  trigo- 
nometry ;  performed  by  or  according  to  the  rules  of 
trigiinomctry. 
TRIG-O-NO-MET'Rie-AI^LY,  adP.      According  to 
the  rules  or  principles  of  trigonometry. 

^siat  Bes, 
TRIG-O-NOM'E-TRY.  n.     [Gr.  rpiywcoj,  a  triangle, 
and  fter„fio,  to  measure.] 

The  measuring  of  triangles  ;  the  science  of  deter- 
mining the  sides  itnd  angles  of  triangles,  l»y  means 
of  certain  parts  which  are  given.  When  this  science 
is  applied  to  the  solution  of  plane  t^iangle^),  it  is 
callefl  plane  trigonometry  ;  when  its  application  is  to 
spbericjil  triangles,  it  is  called  spherical  trigonometry. 
TKIGRAM  MAT'ie,    a.      Containing  three   sets  of 

characters  or  letters.  Gluhltm. 

TRI-GRA.M'.MIC,  o.    [Gr.  tocis,  three,  and  >pH/i>i(i,  a 
letter.] 
Consisting  of  three  letters. 
TRI'GRAPH,  (-graf.)  n.     [rptta  and  ypa<*>n''\ 

A  name  given  to  three  letters  having  one  sound. 
TRI-GYN'I-A,  n.     [Gr.  rptij,  three,  and  yi-t;;,  a  fe- 
male.! 

In  botany^  an  order  of  plants  having  three  styles. 
TRt-GY.N'I-AN,    (    o.        In     botany^     having     three 
TRIG'Y.N  OCS,     (        styles. 
TRt-HK'DR.\L,  a.     [See  Trihedron.]     Having  three 

equal  sides  or  faces. 
TRMie'DRON,  n.     [Gr.  rofK,  three,  and  i^oa,  side.] 

A  fipnre  having  three  equal  sides. 
TRIJ'li-GOUS,  a.     [L.  (rf^,  three,  and  j^tgum^  yoke.] 
In  bolanyy  having  three  pairs  of  lealiets.     A  fryu- 
gous  leaf  is  a  pinnate  leaf  with  three  psiirs  of  leaflet'!. 

Martyn. 
TRT-LAT'ER-.AL,  o.    [Fr.,  from  L.  frM,  three,  and 
/ofu.^,  side.] 

Having  three  sides. 
TRT  LAT'ER-AL-LY,  adv.     With  three  sides. 
TRI-LLX"GUAL,  (ling'gwal,)  a.      [L.  trcs  and  lin- 
gua.] 

Consisting  of  three  languages  or  tongues. 
TRTLIT'EK-AL,  a.     [L.  tres,  throe,  and  Idera^  lel- 
U-r.] 

Consisting  of  three  letters  ;  as,  a  trilderal  root  or 
word. 
TRI-LIT'ER-AL,  n.    A  word  consisting  of  three  let- 
ter?". 
TRIL'I-THON,  n.     [Gr.  rpttf,  tliree,  and  AtOoj,  a 
•lone,] 

Three  stones  placed  together  like  door  posts  and  a 
lintel. 
TRILL,  n.     [It  triUo  :  Dan.  trilh ;  G.  triller  ;  W.  Ireil- 
[law,  to  turn,  to  roll.     But  the  latter  may  be  con- 


TRl 

tracted  from  treiglaw,  to  turn  ;  traill,  traigyl^  a  turn 
or  roll,  from  the  root  of  drato,  drair.  Trill  Coincides 
with  thirl  and  drill :  D.  drillen.     Qu.  reel.] 

A  quaver  ;  a  shake  of  the  voice  in  singing,  or  of 
the  sound  of  an  instrument     [See  Shake.] 
TRILL,  r.^     [\i.  trUlare.] 

To  utter  with  a  quavering  or  tremulousness  of 
voice ;  to  shake. 

The  sobcr^aiiited  longstreu  trilU  her  lay.  Thornton. 

TRILL,  V.  i.  To  flow  in  a  small  stream,  or  lu  drops 
rai>idly  succeeding  each  other  ;  to  trickle. 

And  now  Hn<l  then,  an  ample  tear  trilled  down 

Her  dcU&tte  clicek.  Stiak. 

2.  To  shake  or  quaver;  to  play  In  tremulous  vibra- 
tions of  sound. 

Tq  judge  of  trilling  notei  and  tripping  feet.  Dryden. 

TRILL'£D,  pp.  Shaken  ;  uttered  with  rapid  vibra- 
tions. 

TRILL'ING,  ppr.  Uttering  with  a  quavering  or 
shake. 

TRILL'ION,  (tril'yun,)  n.  [A  word  formed  arbitra- 
rily of  three.,  or  Gr.  rpiroj,  and  million,] 

According  to  the  English  notation,  the  product  of  a 
million  involved  to  the  third  power,  or  the  product 
of  n  million  multiplied  by  a  million,  and  that  product 
multiplied  by  a  milhon  ;  the  product  of  the  square  of 
a  million  multiplied  by  a  million.  Thus,  1,000,000 
X  1,000,000  =  1,000,000,000,000,  and  this  product 
multiplied  by  a  million  =  1,0  i0,000,000,000,000,000. 

According  to  the  French  notation,  the  number  ex- 
pressed by  a  unit  with  twelve  ciphers  annexed^ 
1,000,000,000,000. 

TRI-LO'RATE,  a.     [L.  tres  and  lohus.] 

Having  three  lobes.  Joum.  of  Science. 

TRI'LO-BITE,  71,  [Gr.  rpnj,  three,  and  Ao^os,  a 
lobe.] 

One  of  an  extinct  family  of  Crustacea,  found  in  the 
earliest  fiissiliferous  stnitii. 

TRT-LOe'U-LAR,  a.     [L.  tres  and  locus,  a  cell.] 

In  botany,  three-celled ;  having  tliree  cells  for 
seeds ;  as,  a  triloeular  capsule. 

TRIL'O-GY,  n.  [Gr.  rpeii  and  Xoyog.]  A  series  of 
three  dramas,  which,  although  each  of  them  is  in 
one  sense  complete,  yet  bear  a  mutual  relation,  and 
form  but  parts  of  one  historical  and  poetical  picture. 
Shakspcare's  Henry  VI.  is  an  example. 

TRT-LC'MI\-AR,     i  a.     [L.   tre^  and   lumeuj   light] 

Tia-LC'MLN-OUS,  i      Having  three  lights. 

TRIM,  a.  [Sax.  trum,  firm,  stable,  strong,  secure; 
tryman,  getnjmian,  to  make  firm,  to  strengthen,  to 
prepare,  to  <irder  or  dispose,  to  exhort,  persuade,  or 
aninmie.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  set,  to  strain,  or 
to  make  straight.] 

Firm;  compact;  tight;  snug;  being  in  good  or- 
der. We  say  of  a  ship,  she  is  trim,  or  trim-built ;  ev- 
ery thing  about  the  man  is  trim.  We  say  of  a  per- 
son, he  is  trim,  when  liis  l>ody  is  well-shaped  and 
firm  ;  and  we  say  his  dress  is  trim,  when  it  sits 
closely  to  his  body  and  appears  tight  and  snug;  and 
of  posture  we  say,  n  man  or  a  soldier  is  (Win,  when 
he  stands  erect.  It  is  particularly  applicable  to  sol- 
diers, and  in  Saxon,  truma  is  a  troop  or  body  of  sol- 
diers. 

TRIM,  p.  t  [Sax.  trumian,  trymian,  to  make  firm  or 
strong,  to  strengthen,  to  prepare,  to  put  in  order.] 

1.  In  a  general  sen.se,  to  make  right,  that  is,  to  put 
in  due  order  for  any  puri>ose. 

Tlie  hemiit  trimmtil  tiia  liille  fire.  Goldsmith. 

2.  To  dress  ;  to  put  the  body  in  a  proper  state. 

1  *M  tritmrud  ill  Julia'*  ^wii.  S!iak. 

3.  To  decorate  ;  to  invest  or  embellish  with  extra 
ornaments  ;  as,  to  trim  n  gown  with  lace.     Dryden. 

4.  To  clip,  as  the  liair  of  the  head  ;  also,  to  shave  ; 
that  is,  to  put  in  due  order. 

5.  To  lop,  as  superfiuous  branches ;  to  prune  ;  as, 
to  trim  trees.  Mortimer. 

^.  I'o  adjust  for  use  ;  as,  to  trim  a  lamp. 

7.  To  make  neat ;  to  adjust 

1  loorid  hiT  trimming  up  ibe  dithdeia 

Un  liLT  lirad  luutrcas.  Shak. 

8.  in  carpentry,  to  dress,  as  timber;  to  make 
smooth. 

9.  'J"o  adjust  (he  cargo  of  a  ship,  or  the  weipht  of 
persons  or  goods  in  a  boat,  so  eqitally  on  each  side  of 
the  ceiit4>r  and  at  each  end,  that  shu  shall  sit  well  on 
the  water  and  sail  well.  Thus  we  say,  to  trim  a  ship 
or  a  boat. 

10.  To  rebuke  ;  to  reprove  sharply  ;  a  popular  use 
of  the  word. 

11.  To  arrange  in  due  order  fur  sailing  ;  as,  \otrim 
the  sails. 

To  trim  in;  in  ear]>entry,to  fit,  as  a  piece  of  timber 
into  other  work.  Mozon. 

To  trim  up  ;  to  dress  ;  to  put  in  order. 
TRIM,  r.  i.     To  balance  ;  to  fluctuate  between  parties, 

so  n»  to  appear  to  favor  each.  South. 

TRIM,  TI.     Dress;  gear;  ornaments.  Dryden. 

2.  The  slate  of  a  ship  or  her  cargo,  ballast,  masts, 
&c.,  by  which  she  is  well  prepared  for  sailing. 

Trim  of  the  maats,  is  their  position  in  regard  to  the 
ship  and  to  each  other,  as  near  or  distant,  far  forward 
or  much  aft,  erect  or  raking.  Mar.  Diet. 


TRl 

7Vim  of  sails,  is  that  position  and  arrang'^ment 
which  is  best  adapted  to  imi>el  the  ship  forward. 

Jilar.  Diet. 

TRT-ilES'TER,  n.     [L.  tntaastris,  tres,  three,  and 
mensiti,  month.] 
A  term  or  period  of  three  months. 

Ger.  Universities. 

TRIM'E-TER,  n.  A  poetical  division  of  verse,  con- 
sisting of  three  measures.  Lawth. 

TRIM'E-TER,  )  a.    [Gr.  rpiueTpoi,  three  nieas- 

TRI-MET'Rie-AL,  \      ures.] 

Consisting  of  three  poetical  measures,  forming  an 
iambic  of  six  feet  Roscommon. 

TRT-MET'Rie,  o.  [Gr.  Tpif,  threefold,  and  pcrpov, 
measure.] 

In  mineralogy,  crystals  with  the  axes  of  three 
kinds,  the  three  being  unequal,  as  the  rectangular 
and  rhombic  prisms.  Dana, 

TRIM'LY,  ado.    Nicely  ;  neatly  ;  in  good  order. 

Spenser, 

TRIM'MJED,  (trimd,)  pp.  Put  in  good  order  ;  dressed  ; 
ornnmenled  ;  clipped  ;   shaved  ;  balanced  ;  rebuked. 

TRIM'MER,  n.     One  that  trims  ;  a  time-server. 

2.  A  small  beam,  into  which  are  framed  the  ends 
of  several  joists,  as  when  a  well-hoie  is  to  be  left  for 
stairs,  or  to  avoid  bringing  joists  nearchiinncys,  &c, 

Owilt. 

TRIM'MING,  p/>r.  Putting  in  due  order;  dressing; 
decorating  ;  pruning  ;  balancing ;  fluctuating  be- 
twe(;n    parties. 

TRIM'MING,  n.  Ornamental  appendages  to  a  gar- 
ment, as  lace,  ribbons,  and  the  like. 

TRIM'MING-LY,  ado.     In  a  trimming  manner. 

TRIM'NESS,  n.  Neatness:  snugnes3;the  state  of 
being  close  and  in  good  order. 

TRI'NAL,  a.     [L.  (rimw,  three.]     Threefold.   Milton. 

TRIXE,  a.  Threefold  ;  as,  trine  dimensions,  that  is, 
length,  breadth,  and  thickness. 

TRtNE,  n.  [Supm.]  In  astrology,\.he  aspect  of  plan- 
ets distant  from  each  other  120  degrees,  or  one  third 
of  the  zodiac.  Brande. 

TRINE,  V.  t.    To  put  in  the  aspect  of  a  trine. 

Zhyden 

TRTN'ED,  pp.    Put  in  the  aspect  of  a  trine. 

TRI-NERV'ATE,  a.     [L.  tres  and  nercus.] 

In  botany,  having  three  unbranched  vessels  extend- 
ing from  the  base  to  the  apex  of  the  leaf. 

TRT'NKRVE,      (  a.     In  botany,  a  trinerved  or  three- 

TRI'NERV-£D,  \  nerved  leaf,  has  three  unbranched 
vessels  extending  from  the  base  to  the  apex  or 
point  '    . 

TRL\"GLE,  (tring'gle,)  n.  [Fr.]  In  arckUectvre,  a 
little  square  member  or  ornament,  as  a  lisiel,  reglet, 
platband,  and  the  like,  but  particularly  a  little  mem- 
ber fixed  exactly  over  every  triglyph.  Cyc 

TRL^M-TA'RI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Trinity,  or 
to  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity. 

TRIN-I-Ta'RI-AN,  n.  One  who  believes  the  doctrine 
of  the  Trinity. 

2.  One  of  a  religious  order  who  made  it  their 
business  to  redeem  Christians  from  Turks  or  infi- 
dels. 

TRIN-LTA'RI-AN-ISiM,  n.  The  doctrine  of  Trinita- 
rians. 

TRIN'1-TY,  n.  [L.  trinitas;  tres  and  unus,  unitas, 
ouo,  unity.] 

In  Uieology,  the  union  of  three  persons  in  one  God- 
head, the  Father,  the  Son,  and  the  Holy  Spirit. 

In   ray  wlioli;  essity,  there   U   not  any  tJiing   like  an  objmJoD 
Bg^tiR  the  TrinUy.  Locke. 

TRIN'I-TY-HOUSE,  n.  An  institution  in  London 
for  the  promotion  of  commerce  and  navigation,  by 
licensing  pilots,  ordering  and  erecting  beacons,  &r. 

TRINK'ET,  n.  [If  h  is  casual,  this  is  from  W.treeiow, 
to  furnish.     See  Trick.] 

1.  A  small  oniament,  as  a  jewel,  a  ring,  and  the 
like.  Dryden.     Swift, 

2.  A  thing  of  little  value ;  tackle  ;  tools. 

Tujurr.  VBstrange, 
TRINK'ET  RY,  n.  Ornaments  nf  dress  ;  trinkets. 
TRINO'MI-AL,  a.     [L.  tres  and  nome».\ 

In  mathematics,  a  trinomial  quantity  is  a  quantity 
consisting  of  three  terms,  connected  by  the  signs  + 
or  —  .    Thus  z  -f-  y  -f-  t,  or  a  +  ft  —  c. 
TRI-NO'MI-AL,  n.      A  quantity  consisting  of  three 

terms. 
TRI'O,  n.    Three  united. 

2.  In  nmsic,  a  composition  in  three  parts ;  often 
pronounced  trS'o,  Brande. 

TRT-OB'0-LAR,      i  a.      [L.  triobolaris ;  tres  and  obo- 
TRI-OB'0-LA-RY,  \      /iw.l 

Of  the  value  of  three  oboli ;  mean  ;  worthless. 

Cheyne. 
TRI-OC-TA-HryDRAL,  a.     [/Wand  octahedral.]     In 
crystallography,  presenting  three  ranges  of  faces,  one 
abfive  rinothor,  e.arh  range  containing  eight  faces. 
TRT-Oe'TILE,  TI.     [L.  tres,  three,  and  octo,  eight] 
In  astrology,  an  aspect  of  two  planets  with  regard 
to  the  earth,  when  they  are  thn'e  octants  or  three 
eighths  of  a  circle,  that  is,  135  degrees,  distant  from   i 
each  other,  Untton. 

TRIN'I-TY-SUN'DAY,  n.  The  Sunday  next  afte» 
Whitsunday  ; 'so  called  from  the  feast  held  on  thai 
day  in  honor  of  the  Holy  Trinity. 


TCNE,  BJJLL,  liNlTE.  — AN"GER,  V1"CI0U8 €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  oa  in  THIS. 

"""""^  7175" 


TRl 

TRT'O  LET,  n.  A  slanwi  of  eiglit  lines,  in  which  the 
first  line  is  thrice  repeated.  Brandti. 

TRI'OR,  J  It,    [from  try.]    In  latpy  a  person  appointed 

TRI'KR,  \  by  the  court  to  exumine  whether  a  chal- 
lenge to  A  (Hknf)  of  jurors,  or  to  any  juror,  is  just. 
The  trior*  are  two  inditfereiU  persuni^.  Csc. 

TRIP,  c.  £.  JG.  trijrjieti* :  D,  tr'ipptn  :  Sw.  trippa  :  Dan. 
tripper ;  W .  tripiaic,  to  trip,  to  sHiuible  ;  from  rAip,  a 
skipping.    See  *1"«3  and  3-Mfl,  in  Castelt.] 

1.  To  supplant ;  to  cause  to  fall  by  striVing  the  feet 
suddenly  from  under  the  persfon  ;  usually  followed 
by  up ;  as,  to  trip  up  a  man  lu  wrtstJiiig  ;  to  trip  up 
tbe  heels.  Shak, 

2.  To  supplant ;  to  overthrow  by  depriving  of  sup- 
port. BrawUutU. 

3.  To  catcfa  ;  to  detecL  Shak. 

4.  To  loose  an  anchor  from  the  bottom  by  its  cable 
or  buoy-rope.  Mar.  Diet. 

TRTP,  r.  t.    To  stumble;  to  strike  the  fiK»t  against 
simiething,  so  as  to  lose  the  st^^p  and  come  near  to 
fall ;  or  to  stumble  and  fall. 
2.  To  err  i  to  fail  i  to  ntistake  ;  to  he  deficient. 


Tirsflpnwadi 


mtrip. 


TRIP,  V.  i.  [Ar.  %LfjlD  taribtt,  to  move  lightly;  al- 
lied perfaaps  to  Sw.  trappa,  Dan.  trappe,  G.  treppe^ 
Btair&J 

1.  To  run  or  step  lightly  ;  to  walk  with  a  light 
step. 

She  bounds  bjr  and  t-^ptd  ao  \\pA 

Thtj  luul  DM  time  to  ttVc  a  •teailT  mghU  Thyden. 

Tbua  itora  the  Uoa  tripe  the  ucmUms  doe.  Drydatu 

2.  To  take  a  voyage  or  journey- 

TRIP,  n.  A  stroke  or  caidi  by  which  a  wrestler  sup- 
plants bis  antagonists 

And  waubea  with  k  frrp  he*  fee  to  Toil.  DryitK. 

3.  A  stumble  by  the  losa  of  fooUiold,  or  a  striking 
of  the  foi^t  against  an  object 

3.  A  failure  ;  a  mi.^ake. 

Pi^ratieelyy  a  slight  error  arising  fVom  baste  or  in- 
consideration. 

EMh  Ketniaf  trip,  mm!  «Mh  tBgrc^vc  Mut.  Smrtt. 

4.  A  brief  Journey,  or  a  voyage ;  an  excursion  or 
Jaunt. 

I  look  t.  trip  lo  Loadoa  on  di*  death  at  tbe  quMo.         Po/m. 

5.  In  nsrifotioKt  a  sin^e  board  in  plying  to  wind- 
ward. Cyc 

6.  Among  farmersy  a  small  flock  of  sbeep,  or  a 
small  sliKk  ot"  them.    [Local]  Cifc. 

TRIP'AR-TITE,  a.  [Fr.»  from  L.  tripartUusi  tresy 
three,  and  pcrtitusy  divided  ;  pcrtior.] 

I.  DiviJed  into  thr«-e  portk.  In  boUtnp,  n.  tripartke 
leaf  is  one  which  is  divided  into  three  paits  down  to 
tbe  base,  but  ni't  wholly  separate.  Mariyn. 

S.  Having  tliree  corresponding  parts  or  copies  j  as, 

indentures  tripurtite, 

TRI-PAR-TI  "TION,  (lish'un,)  n.  A"  division  by 
three,  or  tbe  taking  of  a  third  part  of  any  nuntbcr  or 
quantity.  Cyc 

TRIPE,  n.  [  Fr.  id. ;  Sp.  tripa  ;  It.  trippa  ;  G.  tripp  ;  Russ. 
Irtbueha ;  W.  tripa,  from  rkip,  from  rA^'ft,  a  streak  or 
driblet.  In  ^p.  tripf,  Dnn.  trip,  is  shag,  plush.  This 
word  is  probably  from  tearing,  ripping,  like  strip.] 

I.  Properi^y  the  entrails;    but    in    common   usa^ty 
tbe  large  stomacb  of  ruminating  animals,  prepared 
for  food. 
B.  In  ludiertnu  hxn^avfy  the  belly.  JoAjmoiu 

TRIP'E-DAL,  a,     {Utrts  and  yes.] 
navinc  three  feet, 

TRTPE  -MAN.  n.     A  man  who  sells  tripe.         Swifl, 

TRI  PEN'N'AtE, »         ,1    ^         a  -. 

•ppjpiv-iv  AfF     (  I  ^  pfnna  or  ;itnna.J 

In  botany,  a  tripinnaie  leaf  is  a  species  of  suprade- 
compound  leaf,  wht^n  a  petiole  has  btpinnale  leaves 
ranffi'd  on  each  side  of  iu  Martun, 

TR!  PER'SO\-AL.  a.     [U  tr«<i  and  persona.] 

Cnnsistine  of  three  perstms.  Milton, 

TRI-PER-SOX-.U>'I-TV,  n.    The  state  of  existing  in 

three  persons  in  one  Godhead.  Mitlon, 

TRI-PET'AL-OUS,  a.  [Gr.  r^nj,  three,  and  rxraAoi-, 
leaf.] 

In  botany,  three-petaled  ;  having  three  petals  or 
flower  I'-avfp. 
TRIP'-IIAM-MER,  n.      A   large    hammer   used    in 

foreea. 
TRrPHAXE,  R.    [Gr.  roiis  and  ^aiyu.] 

A  mineral,  spodumene.  Ure. 

TRIPU'THOXG,  (triPthong,)  n.  [Gr  rpctf,  three, 
and  t^d  -J  1 7T,  sound.] 

A  coalition  t>f  three  vowels  In  one   compound 
sound,  or  in  one  syllable,  as  in  adieu,  eye. 
TRIPU-THON"GAL,  (trif  thong'salOo.  Pertainingto 

a  triphthong  ;  consi=~iing  of  a  triphthong. 
TRIPH'Y-LIXE,  (-lin,)  n.     [Gr.  roiSy  threefold,  and 
^vXrfy  family,  in  allusion    to   its  containing  three 
phosphates.] 

A  mineral  of  a  grayish-green  or  bluish  color,  con- 
sisting of  tbe  phosphates  of  iron,  manganese,  and 
lithia.  Dana. 


TRI 

THIPH'VL-LOUS,  a.    [Gr.  t/«<$,  three,  and  duAAu*-, 

leaf.] 

In  botany,  three-leaved  ;  having  three  leaves. 
TRIP'LE,  (trip'l.)  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  triplcxy  Iriplus ; 

tres  and  plieoy  to  fold.] 

1.  1'hreefold  ;  consisting  of  three  united  ;  as,  a 
triple  knot ;  a  triple  tie. 

B;  ihjr  triptt  ahape  u  ihou  ut  seen.  Drydtn. 

2.  Treble  ;  three  times  repeated.    [See  Treble.] 
T\iple  salt ;  in  chetaistry,  a  salt  in  which  two  bases 

are  combined  with  one  acid  ;  more  properly  regarded 
as  a  double  salt.  Brande. 

Triple  time,  in  musiCy  is  that  in  which  each  bnr  is 
divided  into  three  measures  or  equal  parts,  as  three 
minims,  three  crotchets,  three  quavers,  &c. 

TRIP'LE,  V.  U  To  treble;  to  make  threefold,  or 
thrice  as  much  or  as  many.  [Usually  written 
I^RUHLE.l  Lee. 

TRIP'LF^CROWN-ED,  a.    Having  three  crowns. 

TltlP'LEU,  (trip  Id,)  pp.     Made  threefold. 

TRIP'LE-HEAO-ED,  a.     Having  three  heads, 

TUiP'LET,  ».  [from  triple,]  Three  of  a  kind,  or 
Uiree  united. 

2.  In  poetry,  three  verses  rhyming  together. 

3.  In  music,  three  notes  sung  or  played  in  the  time 
of  two. 

TRIP'LI-CATE,  a,  [L.  triplicatu.*,  triplico  ;  tres  and 
plieo,  to  fold.] 

Made  thrice  as  much;  threefold. 
Triplicate  ratio  is  the  ratio  which  cubes  bear  to 
each  other.  Cyc. 

TRIP'LI-e.\TE,ii.  A  third  paper  or  thing  correspond- 
ing to  two  others  of  the  siune  kind. 

TRIP'LI-eATE-TERN'ATE,  a.  In  botany,  thrice 
teriiate.     The  same  as  Triteritatk,  which  see. 

TRIP-LI-CA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  trebling  or  making 
threef<»ld,  or  adding  three  together.  GlanvUlc. 

2.  In  the  cicil  Uxo,  the  same  as  surrejoinder  in 
common  law. 

THI-PLIC'I-TY,  (tri-plis'e-te,)  n.     [Fr.  tripUeiti  ;  from 
L.  tripler.] 
Treblenesa  ;  the  state  of  beinc  threefold.    fVatts, 

TRtP'LING,  a.     Making  threefold. 

TRIP'LITE,  It.  An  imperfectly  crystallized  mineral, 
of  a  very  dark-brown  color,  consisting  of  phosphoric 
acid  and  the  oxyds  uf  niangnncso  and  iron.     Dana. 

TRlP'LY-RIB-B£I),(-rihd,)  a.  [triple  and  rib.]  In 
botany,  having  a  p:iir  of  large  ribs  bmnching  olf  from 
the  main  one  above  the  base,  as  in  tbe  leaves  of 
many  species  of  sunflower.  Smith* 

TRIP'-MAD-AM,  n.     A  plant.  Murtijaer. 

TRI'POD,  «.  [L.  tripusy  tripodis ;  Gr.  rpurotj  ;  rpiii, 
three,  and  vi»vi,  foot.] 

A  bench,  sti>ol,  or  seat  supported  by  three  legs,  on 
which  the  priest  and  sibyls  in  ancient  times  were 
placed  to  render  oracles.  Drydcn.     Cyc. 

TRIP'O-LI,  (trip'i>-le,)  »,  In  mineralogyy  an  earthy 
8iih>itance  originally  brought  from  Tri[Hili,  used  in 
polishing  stones  and  metals.  It  has  a  dull,  argilla- 
ceous appearance,  but  is  not  compact.  It  has  a  fine, 
hard  erain,  but  does  not  sol^en  by  water,  or  mix 
with  iL  It  is  principally  silica,  and  has  been  found 
to  consist  almost  tvliolty  of  tJie  cast  shells  of  micro- 
scopic animalcules.  Dann.     Cyc. 


TRIP'O-LINE,  (-lin,)  a.     Pertaminp  to  tripoli. 
TRIPOS,  n.;  pL  r  ' 

see. 


TaiFosEs.      A  trijws  paper,  which 


2.  One  who  prepares  a  tripos  paper. 

TRT'POS  Pa'PER.  b.  At  the  university  of  Cambrid^ey 
England,  a  printed  list  of  the  successful  candidates  for 
mathematical  honors,  accomiKinied  by  a  piece  in 
Latin  verse.  There  are  two  of  these,  designed  to 
commemorate  the  two  Tripos  days.  The  first  con- 
tains the  names  of  the  wranglers  and  senior  op- 
times,  and  the  second  the  names  of  the  junior  op- 
times.  Tlie  word  tripos  is  supposed  to  refer  to  the 
three-legged  stool,  formerly  used  at  the  examinations 
fur  these  honors,  though  some  derive  it  from  the 
three  brackets  formerly  printed  on  the  back  of  the 
paper.  C.  jJ.  Bridled. 

Classical  tripo.i  examination;  the  final  university 
exiimmation  for  classical  honors,  optional  to  ail  who 
have  taken  the  mathematical  honors. 

C.  .3.  Brbted. 

TRIP'PKD,  (tript,)  pp.    [from  trip.]     Supplanted. 

TRIP'PER,  Ti.  One  who  trips  or  supplants  ;  one  that 
walks  niinblv. 

TRIP'PING,  ppr.    Supplanting;  stumbling  ;  falling  j 
gt<*pping  nimbly. 
2.  a.  ^lick;  nimble.  Milton. 

TRIP'PING,  B.    The  oct  of  tripping. 

2.  A  light  dance.  •  MUlon. 

3.  The  loosing  of  an  anchor  from  the  ground  by 
its  cable  or  buoy-rope. 

TRIP'PING-LY,  adv.  Nimbly  ;  with  a  light,  nimble, 
quick  step  \  with  agility. 

Sing-  and  diince  it  trijrping?y.  l^ak. 

Speak  li«  Bpeech  trippingly  on  the  longiie.  Skak. 

TRIP'SIS,  n.  [Gr.  rpixpiSy  friction,  the  act  of  rub- 
bine,  from  Tpt/3<jj,  to  rub.] 

The  process  of  nibbing  and  percussing  the  whole 
surface  of  the  body,  and,  at  the  same  lime,  flexing 
and  extending  the  limbs,  and  racking  the  joints,  in 


TRl 

connection  with  the  use  of  the  hot  Imlli,  which  is 
common  in  Egypt,  Turkey,  Greece,  and  Russia,  in 
modern  times,  and  which  was  practiced  by  the  an- 
cients. It  is  used  in  India  without  the  bath.  In 
modem  Greek,  it  is  called  tripsiinoiu  It  is  also  culled 
Phampooino. 
TRIP'TOTE,  n.  [Gr.  rpcn,  three,  and  Trrwatj,  case.] 
In  grummary  a  name  or  noun  having  three  cases 
only.  Clarke, 

TRI-PO'DI-A-RY.  o.     [L.  tripudium.] 

Pertaining  to  aancing  ;  performed  by  dancing. 

Brovin. 
TRI-PO'DI-ATE,  p.  i     [L.  tripudio.] 

To  dance.  Coekeram. 

TRT-PU-DI-A'TION.  n.    [L.  tripudioy  to  dance.] 

Act  of  dancing.  Johnson, 

TRT-QUE'TROUB,  a.  [L.  triqueirusy  from  IriqiLetra, 
a  triangle.] 

Three-sided  ;  having  three  phne  sidrs.      Encye. 
TRI-RA'DI-A-TED,  a.    [U  (re^  and  radiiis,] 

Having  three  rays. 
TRI'REME,  n.     [L.  trirnnis;  tres  and  reinus.] 

A  galley  or  vessel  with  three  benches  or  ranks  of 
oars  on  a  side.  Mitford. 

TRI-RHO.M-liOlD'AL,  a.    [tri  rxxiA  rhmnhoidal.}    Hav- 

inir  three  rhombic  faces  or  sides. 
TRT-SAe-RA-MENT-5'RI-AN,  it.      [L.  treSy  three, 
and  saerameiit.]^ 

Oiie  of  a  religious  sect  who  admit  of  three  sacra- 
ments and  no  more.  Cyc. 
TRIS-A'GI-ON,  n.      [Gr.  rpcis,  three,    and    u>iof, 
holy.] 

A  hymn  in  which  the  word  holy  is  repeated  three 
times.  Bull.     Cyc. 

TKI-PEeT',  V.  t.     [L.  tres,  three,  and  seco,  to  cut.] 
To  cut  or  divide  into  three  equal  parts.        Jillen. 
TRT-f=E€T'El),  pp.     Divided  into  three  equal  parts. 
TRT-SECT'lNGjP/n-.     Dividing  into  three  equal  parts. 
TRI-HEe'TION,  ?i.     [L.  tres  and  se^tioy  a  cutting.] 
The  division  of  a  thing  into  three  parts;  particu- 
larly, in  geometry,  the  division  of  un  angle  into  three 
equiil  jKirts.  Hutton. 

TRt-SEP'A-LOUS,  a.     In  botany,  having  three  sepals, 

or  small  bracts  of  a  calyx.  Decandolle. 

TRISO€-T.\-He'DRON,  »i.  [Gr.  rpi^,  three  limes, 
uKTbi,  eight,  and  i6fa,  face.] 

A  solid  bounded  by  twenty-four  equal  faces,  tiiree 
corrt-sponding  to  each  face  of  an  octahedron.    Dana. 

TRI-SpAS'T^ON  !  "*  t*^'"  '"''^'^  '^"^  flTao),  to  draw.] 
In  mechanics,  a  machine  with  three  pulleys  for 
raising  ureal  weights.  Brande. 

TRI-?^rf-:ilM'0US,  a.  [Gr.  rpcif,  three,  and  ffrrtp/ia, 
seed. J 

Three-seeded  ;  containing  three  seeds  j  as,  a  tri- 
spermous  capsule. 

TRIST^FUL,  i  **•    [L'''«'w.  sad.] 

Bad  ;  sttrrowful ;  gloomy.     [JVot  ujsed.]         Skak, 
TRIST'FJJL-LY,  adv.     Sadly. 
TRIS-TI"TIaTE,  f-tish'ate,)  v.  i.     [L.  tristitia.] 

To  make  sad.     [JVoi  used.]  Feltham, 

TRI'SULe,  71.     [L.  trisulcus.] 

Something  having  three  furrows.    [JVut  in  use.] 

Brown, 
TRT-SULC'ATE,  a.     Having  three  furrows. 
TRIS-YL-LAB'ie,         )  a.     [from  trinfllable.]     Per- 
TRIS-YL-LAB'ie-AL,  (     taining  to  a  trisyllable  ;  con- 
sisting of  three  syllables;  as,  a  tnsijllubic  word  or 
root. 
,  TRIS-YL'LA-BLE,  n,     [L.  tresy  three,  and  syllaha, 
syllable.] 
A  word  consisting  of  three  syllables. 
,  TRITE,  a.     [L.  tritus,  from  tero,  to  wear.] 

Worn  out;  common  ;  used  tilt  bo  common  as  to 
have  lost  its  novelty  and  interest ;  as,  a  tnte  remark  ; 
a  trite  subject.  Swift. 

TRTTE'LY,  adv.    In  a  common  manner. 
TRTTE'NESS,  n.     Commonness;   staleness ;    a  state 
of  being  worn  out;  as,  the  triteness  of  an  observa- 
tion or  a  subject. 
TRI-TEKN'ATE,  a.     [L.  tres,  three,  and  tematr..'] 

Three  times  ternale  ;  applied  to  a  petiole  which 
separates  into  three,  and  is  again  divided  at  each 
point  into  three,  and  on  each  of  these  nine  points 
bears  three  leaflets. 
TRI'THE-I.?M,  n.  [Fr.  tritheismci  Gr.  rpcis,  three, 
and  Ocof,  God.] 

^The  opinion  that  the  Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Spirit, 
are  three  beings  or  Gods.  Murdock. 

TRI'TIIE-IST,  71.  One  who  believes  that  the  three 
persons  in  the  Godhead  are  three  distinct  beings  or 
Gods.  Murdoch. 

TRT-THE-IST'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  tritheism. 
TRI'THE-ITE,  n.     A  tritheist. 

TRI'THING,  71.  [from  three.]  One  of  the  divisions 
of  the  county  of  York,  in  England,  which  is  divided 
into  three  parts.     It  is  now  called  Ridino. 

Blac^tone. 
TRIT'I€^AL, a.    [from(rit«.]    Trite;  common.   [JV\>t 


in  m^r..] 


TRIT'I<5-AL-NESS,  n.    Triteness.     [JVot  usfd.] 

IVaHon. 
TRI'TON,  n.     In  mythology,  a  fabled  sea  demi-god, 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.— 


TRl 

supposed  to  be  the  trumpeter  of  Neptnne.  He  is 
represented  by  poets  and  painters  as  half  man  and 
half  fish.  Cyc. 

2:  According  to  Linnteus,  a  genus  of  Motlusca 
coinprcheniliiig  only  one  species,  which  inliabits  the 
cavities  of  subninrine  rucks  in  Italy. 

3.  According  toCuvier,  a  genus  of  Batmchian  re[>- 
tiles,  or  aquatic  salamanders,  comprehending  numer- 
ous species. 

TEt'TONE,  n.     [L.  tres  and  tonus.] 

In  nttt^c,  a  false  concord,  or  dissonant  interval, 
consisting  of  three  tones,  or  of  two  tones  and  two 
semitones.  Cyc. 

TRI-TOX'YD,  n.     [Gr.  rntro^,  third,  and  oxyd.] 

In  chemistry^  a  non-acid  compound  of  one  equiva- 
lent of  a  base,  with  three  equivalents  of  oiygen. 

TRIT'IT-RA-BLE,  a.  [See  Triturate.]  Capable  of 
being  reduced  to  a  nne  powder  by  pounding,  rub- 
bing, or  grinding.  Brawn. 

TRlT'tJ-RATE,  r.  U  [L.  triZuro,  from  (ritjw,  tero,  to 
wear.] 

To  rub  or  grind  to  a  verj'  fine  powder,  and  prop- 
erly to  a  finer  powder  than  that  made  by  pulveriza- 
tion. 

TRIT'IT-Ra-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Reduced  to  a  very  fine 
powder. 

TRIT'q-RATING,  p/w.  Grinding  or  reducing  to  a 
very  fine  powder. 

TRIT-T^-RA'TION,  n.  The  act  of  reducing  to  a  fine 
powder  by  grinding. 

TRIT'URE,  lu    A  rubbing  or  grinding.    [JVi»(  ustd.'] 

Cheyne. 

TRT-TC'RI-UM,  n.  A  vessel  for  separating  liquors  of 
different  densities. 

TRI'CMPH,«.  [Ft.  triomphe ;  lUtrionfoi  Sp.  (riun/o  y 
L.  triumphus;  Gr.  ^pta^^ns.] 

I.  Among  the  ancient  Romans^  a  pompous  cere- 
mony performed  in  honor  of  a  victorious  general. 
He  was  allowed  to  enter  the  city  crowned  with  a 
wreath  of  laurel,  bearing  a  scepter  in  one  hand,  and 
a  branch  of  laurel  in  the  other,  riding  in  a  circular 
chariot,  of  a  peculiar  form,  drawn  by  four  horses.  He 
was  preceded  by  the  senate  and  magistrates,  musi- 
cians, the  spoils,  the  captives  in  fetters,  &c.,  and 
followed  by  his  army  on  foot  in  marching  order. 
The  procession  advanced  in  this  manner  to  the  Cap- 
itoltne  bill,  where  sacrifices  were  offered  and  the  vic- 
torious commander  entertained  with  a  public  feast. 
The  honor  of  a  triumph  was  granted  by  the  senate 
only  to  a  dictator,  consul,  or  pretor,  and  after  a  de- 
cisive victory  or  the  complete  subjugation  of  a  prov- 
ince. The  ovation  was  an  honor  inferior  to  a  triumph, 
nnd  lefts  imposing  in  its  ceremonies.     Smith's  DicL 

2.  State  of  being  victorious. 

Hrrculei  from  Spain 
Arrirf^  in  triumph,  from  Ger>'on  ■hiin.  Drydtn, 

3.  Victory ;  conquest. 

Tlie  rain  coquet('^a  the  trifiing  triumphM  boaat.  Logit, 

4.  Joy  or  exultation  for  success. 

Great  triumph  and  rejoicing  w*«  in  beaven.  Milton. 

5.  A  card  that  takes  all  others  j  now  written 
Trcmp,  which  see. 

TRI'UMPH,  V.  i.  To  celebrate  victory  with  pomp ;  to 
rejoice  for  victory. 

Bow  l«ng  aball  Che  wicked  triampKl  —  V;  xciv. 

2.  To  obtain  victory. 

Tb«re  Ox  ihy  fiith,  an*!  triutnph  o'er  U>e  world.  Koim, 

AUJpr<l  wilb  •Ian,  wc  ah;!)!  furevtr  lil 

TViumpiung  otct  dc»Ui.  AJilton. 

3.  To  insult  upon  an  advantage  gained. 

Lh  not  my  enrml^  triumjA  over  tix.  —  Pa.  xxv. 

Sorrow  on  all  ihe  p\ck  of  jau 

That  triumph  thu*  upoo  tiij  miaerj.  Shak, 

4.  To  be  prosperous  ;  to  flourish. 

Wher*  commerce  triutr.phcd  on  the  faroring  jr''*"".      TVumtuB. 

To  triumph  over;  to  succeed  in  overcoming  j  to 
■urmount ;  tlf>,  to  triumph  over  all  obstacles. 
TRI-UMPH'AL,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  triumphalis.] 

Pertaining  to  triumph  ;  used  in  a  triumph  ;  as,  a 
triutitpkai  crown  or  car  ;  a  triumphal  arch. 

Pope.  Sici/i. 
TRT-UMPH'.\I>,  n.  A  token  of  victor)-.  MUl^m. 
TRI-U.MPH'ANT,  a.     [L.  triamphans.] 

1,  Celebrating  victory  ^  as,  &  triumphant  chariot. 

South. 

5.  Rejoicing  as  for  victory. 

Siiccaaful  bryond  hop«  to  lead  tou  forth 

TViumphant  out  of  thii  infernal  pit.  MUton. 

3.  Victorious  ;  graced  with  conquest. 

Bo  *lv>ll  It  b<«  in  th<>  church  triumphanL  Perkin; 

Athena,  w*r'«  triumjihnnt  maid.  Pope. 

4.  Celebrating  victory  ;  expressing  joy  for  success  ; 
as,  a  triumphant  song. 

TRT-UMPH'ANT-LY,arfr.  In  a  triumphant  manner; 
with  the  joy  and  exultation  that  proceeds  from  vic- 
tory or  iucc«s9. 

Tbrouifh  armed  rank*  triumphanGy  ahe  drivci.        Qlanvillt. 

5.  Victoriously  ;  with  success 

TSiampharUly  tread  on  thy  ^untry'a  ruin.  Shak, 

3.  With  insolent  exultation.  So%ah. 


TRO 

TRt'UMPH-ER,n.    One  who  triumphs  ur  rejoices  for 
victory  ;  one  who  vanquishes. 
2.  One  who  was  honored  with  a  triumph  in  Rome. 

Peacham. 

TRrUMPIMXG, ppr.  Celtbrating  victor>' with  pomp; 
vanquishing  J  rejoicing  fur  victory  j  insulting  on  an 
advantage. 

TRI-UM'VIR,  71.;  p/.  TRiuM'viBiorTHlUM'riBs.  [L. 
(tm,  three,  aud  vir,  man.] 

One  of  three  men  united  In  office.  The  tri- 
umvirs (L.  triumviri)  of  Rome  were  three  men 
who  jointly  obtained  the  sovereign  power  in  Rome. 
The  first  of  these  were  Julius  Cesar,  Crossus,  and 
Pompey. 

TRI-UM'VI-RATE,  n.     A  coalition  of  three  men ; 
particularly,  the  union  of  three  men  who  obtained 
the  government  of  the  Roman  empire. 
2.  Governiiienl  by  three  men  in  coalition. 

TRI'IJNE,  (trryune,)  o.     [L.  tres  and  vnus.] 

Three  in  one  ;  an  epithet  applied  to  God,  to  express 
the  unity  of  the  Godhead  in  a  trinity  of  pc-rsons, 

Cyc. 

TUMI'NI-TV,  n.    Trinity. 

TRI-VALV'Q-LAR,  a.  Tliree-valved  ;  having  three 
valves. 

TRIV'ANT,  n.     A  truant.  ^urtan. 

TRIVERIJ'I-AL,  a.     [h.  triverbtum.] 

Triverbial  days,  in  the  Roman  calendar,  were  ju- 
ridical or  court  days,  days  allowed  to  the  pretor  fOT 
hearing  causes  ;  called  also  Dies  Fasti.  There  were 
only  twenty-eight  in  the  year.  Cyc. 

TRIVET,  n.     A  three-legged  stool.     [See  Tbevet.] 

TRIV'I-AL,  fl.  [Fr.,  from  L.  trivalLr,  probably  from 
the  Gr.  tiji0g},  L.  tero,triDi,  to  wear,  or  from  triviam, 
a  liighway.] 

1.  Trifling;  of  little  worth  or  importance;  in- 
considerable i  as,  a  trivial  subject ;  a  trivial  affair. 

Lh-ijden.     Pope. 

2.  Worthless  ;  vulgar.  Roseommoiu 
Trivial  name  ;  in  natural  history^  the  name  for  the 

species,  which  added  to  the  generic  najite  forms  the 
complete  dt.aiomi nation  uf  the  plant;  the  s{>ecific 
name.  Thus  in  Lathyrus  aphaca,  lathyrus  is  the 
generic  name,  and  aphaca  the  trivial  ors[>ecific  name, 
and  the  two  combined  furni  the  complete  denomina- 
tion of  the  plant.  Linna?iis  at  first  applied  the 
phrase  specijic  name  to  the  essential  character  of  tlie 
species,  now  called  the  specific  definition  or  difference; 
but  it  is  now  applied  solely  to  the  trivial  name. 

Jtlartyn.     Cyc, 
TRIV-I-AL'I-TY,  Ti.    Trivialness.     [JVot  much  used.'\ 
TRIV'I-AL-LY,  adv.    Commonly;  vulgarly. 

S.  Ijightly  ;    inconsiderably  ;   in  a  trilling  degree. 
TRIV'1-AL-NESS,  it.     Commonness. 

2.  Lightness;  unimprirtance. 

TRiy'I-UM^  71.  [L.]  The  three  arts  of  grammar, 
logic,  and  rlieturic.  So  the  guadrivium  was  the 
four  arts,  music,  arithmetic,  geometry,  astronomy. 
These  are  the  seven  liberal  sciences.  Brande. 

TROAT,  r.  i.     To  cry,  as  a  buck  in  rutting  time. 

DiU. 
TROAT,  n.     The  cry  of  a  buck  in  rutting  time. 
TRO'CAR,  n.     [Fr.  wn  trois  quart,  expressive  of  its 
triangular  point.] 

A  surgical  instrument  for  tapping  dropsical  persons 
and  the  like. 
TRO-eilA'ie,         ia.     [See  Trochee.]      In  poetry, 
TRO-€HA'ie-AL,  (      consisting  of  trochees;  as,  tro- 
chaic measure  or  verse. 
TRO-CIIAN'TER,  (kan'ter,)  n.     [Gr.  Tft-aayrrio.] 

In  anatomy,  the  trochanters  are  two  processes  of 
the  thigh-bone,  at  its  upper  end,  called  major  and  mi- 
nor, the  major  on  the  outside,  and  the  minor  on  the 
inside.  Coze.     Cyc 

TRO'CHk,  (Iro'ke,)  71.     [Gr.  roo\n,  a  wheel.] 

A  form  tif  medicine  in  a  circular  cake  or  tablet,  or 
a  stiff  paste  cut  into  pro)w-r  portions  and  dried.  It 
is  made  by  mixing  the  medicine  with  sugar  and  mu- 
cilage, and  i^  intended  to  be  gradually  dissolved  in 
the  tnouth  and  slowly  swallowed,  as  a  demulcent. 
TRO'eilEE,  (tro'kee,)  n.  [L.  trochcrusf  Gr.  rpuxau^, 
from  Ttux<^'] 

In  verae,  r  foot  of  two  syllables,  the  first  long  and 
the  second  shorL 
TRO-CHIL'IC,  a.    Having  power  to  draw  out  or  turn 

round. 
TRO-€MIL'ieS,  M.     [Or.  rpoxiAia,  from  rprx^^  >  L. 
troekilus.  1 
The  science  of  rotary  motion. 
TROCH'I-LUS,  i  71.     [L.  trochilus;  Gr.  rpox'Xof,  from 
TRO'CHIL,         \      Tosxt-y,  to  run.] 

1.  In  zoUlcff^j,  the  htimming-bird  or  honey-sucker, 
a  kind  of  beautiful  little  birds,  natives  of  America. 

Cyc. 
S.  In  arcAi/ccEure,  a  hollow  ring  round  a  column  ; 
called  also  Scotia,  and  by  workmen  the  Casemert. 

Cyc, 

3.  An  aquatic  bird,  a  swift  nmner,  with  long  legs, 
which  is  said  to  get  its  meat  out  of  the  crocodile's 
mouth.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

4.  A  name  given  to  the  golden-crowned  wren. 

Cyc. 
TRO'CHINGS,  (tr5'klngz,)n.pl.    The  small  branches 
on  the  top  of  a  deer's  head.  Cyc. 


TRO 


TRO'en[SCH,(tr6'ki9h,)7t.    [Gr  rpoxivKuf.] 
A  kind  of  ubiet  or  lozenge.    {See  Tboche.] 

Baeon. 
TROeil'LE-A,  ftrok'-,)  ti.    [L.,  a  pulley,  from  Gr. 
r^sxw,  to  run.] 

A  pulley-like  cartilage,  thiough  which  the  tendoD 
of  the  trochleary  muscle  passes.  Coze.    Parr. 

TRO€H'LE-A-RY.  a.     [from  L.  trochlea.] 

Pertaining  to  the  trochlea;  as,  the  (rocWeary  mus- 
cle, the  superior  oblique  muscle  of  the  eye  ;  the  troch- 
leary nerve,  the  pathetic  nerve,  which  goes  to  that 
muscle.  Parr. 

TRO'CHOID,  (trC'koid,)  ti.  [Gr.  rpoxof,  L.  tro<hutt 
from  TpEx^i  to  run,  and  ciS->i.'\ 

In  geometry,  the  curve  described  by  any  point  in  « 
wheel  rolling  straight  forward  on  a  level ;  a  cycloid.* 

Brajtde. 
TROD,  preu  of  Tread. 
TROD,  {  -  ™ 

TROD'DKX,  !  PP-  ^^  ^  "=*"• 
TR^DE,  old  prrt.  of  Tbead. 

TRODE,  n.     I'nad  ;  fiKJting.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

TROG'-LO-DY'J'E,  n.  [Gr.  rfJuyXn,  a  cavern,  and 
6vi->,  to  enler.] 

One  dwelling  in  a  subterraneous  cave  ;  applied  by 
the  ancients  to  certain  tribes  living  far  up  the  Nile. 
TROLL,  V.  t.     [G.  trollen ;  W.  trotiaw,  to  troll,  to  roll } 
troeUi,  to  turn,  wheel,  or  whirl  ;  troell^  a  wheel,  a 
reel ;  trol,  a  roller.     It  is  probably  formed  on  rolL] 

To  move  in  a  circular  direction  ;  to  roll ;  to  move 
volubly  ;  to  turn  ;  to  drive  about. 

They  li^arn  to  roll  the  eye,  aud  IroU  tlie  toajfue.  Anon. 

TROLL,  V.  i.  To  roll ;  to  run  about ;  as,  to  troll  in  a 
coach  and  six.  Sie^ 

2,  Among  anfflers,  to  fish,  as  for  pikes,  with  a  rod 
whose  line  runs  on  a  wheel  or  pulley.     Oay.     Cyc. 

TROLL' £D,  pp.    Rolled  ;  turned  about. 

TROLL'JNG,p;/r.  Rolling;  turning;  driving  about; 
fiiihing  with  a  rod  and  reel. 

TROL'LOP,  7u    [G.  trvllc  ;  from  troll,  strolling.] 

A  stroller ;  a  luiturer ;  a  woman  loosely  dressed  ;  ■ 
slattern.  Milton, 

TROL-LOP-EE',  b.  Formerly  a  loose  dress  for  fo- 
males.    [Ob.i,]  QoldsmiOu 

TROL'MY-DAMES,  n.     [Fr.  trou-madamt.] 

The  game  of  nine-holes.  Shak. 

TROM'BONE,  w.  [It.]  A  deep-toned  instrument  of 
the  trumpet  kind,  consisting  of  three  tubes  ;  the  first, 
to  which  the  mouth-piece  is  attached,  and  the  third, 
which  terminates  in  a  bell-shaped  orifice,  are  placed 
side  by  side  ;  the  middle  tube  is  doubled,  and  slides 
into  the  other  two  like  the  tube  of  a  telescope.  By 
the  Klide  of  the  tube  it  commands  every  semitone 
throughout  its  whole  compass,  and  surpasses  every 
other  instrument  in  admitting,  like  the  violin  or  the 
voice,  ttie  introduction  of  the  slide.       E.  T.  Fitch. 

TROMP,  7t.  fSeo  TncMPEx.]  A  blowing  machine 
formed  of  a  hollow  tree,  used  in  furnaces. 

TROiMP'IL,  M.     An  aperture  in  a  troiup. 

TRO'NA,  M.  A  native  sepi|uicarbonate  of  soda,  found 
on  the  banks  of  the  soda  lakes  of  Sukena,  in  Af- 
rica. Brande. 

TRO'NAGE,  n.  Formerly,  a  toll  or  duty  paid  for 
weighing  wool.  Cye. 

TRO-NA'TOR,  ti.  An  officer  in  London  whose  busi- 
ness was  to  weigh  wool. 

TRON'eO,  H.     [L.  (7-urtcu*.] 

A  term,  in  Italian  music,  directing  a  note  or  sound 
to  be  cut  short,  or  just  uttered  and  then  discontin- 
ued. Cyc 

TRONE,  n.  A  provincial  word,  in  some  parts  of  Eng^ 
land,  for  a  small  drain.  Cyc 

TRONES   I"-     A  steelyard,     [^orth  of  England.] 
TRON'-WBIGHT,  n.      A  weight   formerly  used   in 
Scotland.     A  pound  in  this  weight  varied  from  21  to 
28  ounces  avoirdupois.  Brande. 

TROOP,  71.  [Fr.  troupe ;  It.  truppa  ;  i^p.  and  Port,  (t^ 
pa;  Dan.  and  D.  trop  :  G.  trvpp;  Sw.  trojTp,  The 
Gaelic  trapan,  a  ImukIi  or  cluster,  is  probably  the 
same  word.  The  sense  is,  a  crowd,  or  a  moving 
crowd.] 

I.  A  collection  of  people  ;  a  company;  a  number; 
a  multitude.     Oen.  xlix.    2  Sam.  xxiiL    Has.  vii. 


Thni  which  ehould  nccompnnj  old  ape, 

Aa  tionor,  love,  otipdie nee,  troop*  ut  friends, 

I  muat  not  louk  to  ha*e.  Shak, 

2.  A  body  of  soldiers.  But,  applied  to  Infantry,  it 
is  now  used  in  the  plural,  troops :  and  this  word  signi- 
fies soldiers  in  general,  whether  more  or  less  numer- 
ous, including  infantry,  cavalry,  and  artillery.  We  ap- 
ply the  word  to  a  company,  a  regiment,  or  an  army. 
The  captain  ordered  his  troops  to  halt ;  the  colonel 
commanded  his  troops  to  wheel,  and  take  a  position 
on  the  flank  ;  the  general  ordered  his  troops  to  at- 
tack ;  the  troflps  of  France  amounted  to  400,000  men. 

3.  Troop,  in  the  singular;  a  small  body  or  company 
of  cavalry,  light  horse,  or  dragoons,  commanded  by 
a  captain. 

4.  A  company  of  stage-players.         Cozens  Russ. 
TROOP,  V.  i.     To  collect  in  numbers. 


Amiica,  at  the  call  of  trumpet, 
TVoop  to  their  atanitard. 


AfUAMk. 


TCNE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GEE,  VI"CIOU8 C  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  •  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH :  Til  as  in  THIS. 


\AH 


n77 


TRO 

S.  To  march  in  &  body. 

I  do  nut,  u  Kn  vn^mjr  lo  f*^, 

Trotf  iii  the  Utroop  oi  mUitur  UKn.  £%a^. 

3.  To  march  tn  basts  or  in  company. 

Skak,     Chaimam, 
TROOP* ER,  n.    A  priTate  or  soldier  In  a  body  of  caT- 

alry  ;  a  ht»rse-soWier. 
TROOP'ING,   pyr.      Moving  togcUier  in  a  crowd  , 

marching  in  a  bodv. 
TROPE,  «.    [L.  tropus;  Gr.  ro.»s^f,  from  rorTo;,  to 
turn  ;  W.  trovnj  a  turn,  a  tropici  tnfcAu,  to  tum.1 

In  rketarie,  a  word  or  expression  used  in  a  differ- 
ent sense  from  that  which  it  properly  signifies  ;  or  a 
word  changed  fn>m  its  original  signification  to  an- 
*other,  for  the  sake  of  giving  life  or  emphasis  to  an 
idea ;  as  when  we  call  a  stupid  fellow  an  uss,  or  a 
shrewd  man  a  fox. 

Tropes  are  chiefly  of  four  kinds ;  meta^un-^  meUm- 
ynqT)  sfm»edoeA$,  and  irony.  Some  authors  make  Jig^ 
urea  the  genns,  of  which  Crops  is  a  spedas ;  others 
make  them  dmbrent  things,  defining  trope  to  be  a 
change  of  sense,  and  fi^nrt  to  be  any  ornament,  ex- 
cept what  becomes  so  by  such  change. 
TROTHI,  a.  pt    [Gr.  rpu^o^,  one  who  feeds.] 

In  ntUimoleffj  the  parts  employed  in  feedfaig. 
TR&PHI-£D,  (irt'fid,)  a.    [from  tnpkg.]     Adorned 
with  tn^ies. 


The  tropkM  uebmt  staricO  luUk  iuvade. 


Pop*. 


TRO-PHO'XI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  Grecian  archi- 
tect Trophontus,  or  bis  cave,  or  Itis  architecture. 

DxigkU 

TROPH'O-SPERM,  n,  TGr.  rpo^.^s,  one  who  feeds,  a 
noTse,  and  arr.  (i.i,  seed.] 

In  boutny,  that  put  or  the  ovary  from  which  the 
ovules  arist'.  It  is  niOi:it  commonly  cnJIed  Placenta, 
sometimes  SpuRMAPHoaE,  and  sometimes  K^cErTA- 
CLr  of  the  seeds.  Liadtey. 

TRO'PIIV,  (trofr.)  B.  [L.  enmfm;  Gr.  rpjtatoy; 
Fr.  tropfUe  ;  Sp.  and  II  tr^eo.] 

1.  Among  the  ancimtJ',  a  pile  of  arms,  taken  from 
a  vanquished  enemy,  raised  on  the  field  of  battle  by 
the  conquerors,  often  placed  on  the  tninK  of  a  trt-e, 
fixed  on  an  elevation  -,  alio,  the  representation  of 
such  a  pile  in  marble,  on  medals,  and  the  like. 
Hence, 

fi.  Any  thing  taken  and  preserved  as  a  memorial 
of  vtctofy  ;  aa  arm^,  flags,  standards,  and  the  tike, 
taken  fhun  an  enemy. 

jtnmCMl  !b9  porta  hxmg  hdnrti,  dun,  and  apms, 

And  aptive  chutoM,  kxm.  aUekk,  Mid  bmn. 

And  bntnt  bnki  of  ahipa,  Ibe  SrvpUM  of  thdr  wsm,    DrydMH. 

X  In  mrdut»etmrey  an  onnunent  lepiesentlng  the 
Mem  of  a  tree,  charged  or  encompassed  with  arms 
and  military  weapons,  oflbnsive  and  defensive. 

4.  .^otnettiiii^  that  ts  evidence  of  victoiy  ;  roemo- 
r->  Present  every  bearer  to  Cbrbt  as  a 

tr 

TKC'  ^  CV,  (trftTp-roun-ne,)  a.    Aduti-paid 

in  EiiiUand  annually,  by  housekeepers,  toward  pro- 
viding harness,  druiiu,  colors,  &.c.,  for  the  militia. 

Cve, 

TROP'ie, «.  [Fr.  Uvfiqiu  t  L.  tropicus ;  (Vom  the  Gr. 
rpoTn,  a  turning  j  T>:f  tc.i,  to  turn.] 

1.  In  astronomy,  a  name  given  to  two  parallels  of 
latitude,  one  (the  tropic  of  Cancer)  being  23'  28' 
Hi  rth  of  the  equator,  and  the  tiher  (the  tropic  of 
Capricorn)  being  23*  28'  south  of  the  equator.  They 
mark  the  point  at  which  the  sun  turns  again  toward 
the  equator  from  its  utmost  declination  to  the  north 
or  south.  The  space  lying  between  the  tropics  is 
called  the  torrid  tone.  Olmsted. 

TROP'I&AL,  a.      Pertaining  to  the  tropics;    hciog 
within  the  tropics ;  as,  tropical  climates ;  jrcpKa/laii- 
tudes  ;  tropiaU  heat ;  Iropieal  winds. 
SL  Incident  to  thetn»pics ;  as,  tropical  di.^iensea. 
X  [from  trppe.]    Figurative;  rhetorically  changed 
fiom  Bs  proper  or  original  sense. 

TV  faandsriaa  ef  rII  papdJea  ts  aome  aoajogjr  or  ^tnffittMtr 
fctfgca  the  tnpieu  or  mUnaTe  put  of  the  pumUe  ukI  Uw 
tUoc'  "I*— t^ff  ij  ib  SouA. 

TVspteo/  wrttui^,  or  hurogbgpUc^  is  such  as  repre- 
sents a  thing  by  qualities  which  resemble  it. 

Warburton. 

TROP'ie-AI^LY,  arfe  In  a  tropical  or  figurative 
manner.  Ettfirid, 

TROP'ie-AL-YEAR,  n.  The  period  ocnipied  by 
the  sun  in  passing  from  one  tmpic,  or  one  equi- 
nox, to  the  other.  On  account  of  the  precession  of 
the  equinoxes,  it  is  SO  m.  20  s.  shorter  than  the  si- 
dereri!  year.  Olmsted. 

TROP'l€-BtRt),  c-b«rd,)  B.  An  aquatic  fowl  of  the 
genus  Phxtiin,  having  very  long  wings  and  two  long 
slender  tail-feathers,  found  in  or  near  the  torrid  zone. 

Ed.  Euaje. 

TROTIST,  n.  [from  trope.'l  One  who  explains  the 
Scriptures  by  tropes  and  figures  of  speech ;  one  who 
deals  in  tropes. 

TR0P-0-L06'ie-AL,  a.  [Fee  Tbopoloot.}  Varied 
by  tropes  i  changed  from  the  original  import  of  the 
words. 


TRO 

TRO-POL'O-GY,  It.     [Gr.  rporrosj  trope,  and  Aoj  of, 

discourse.] 
A  rhetorical  mode  of  speech,  including  tropes,  or 

change  from  tlio  original  import  of  the  word. 

Brown. 
TBOSS'ERS,  n.  pi.     Trowsers.      [AVt  lunl.]     [See 

Trow>kb9.J  Shak. 

TROT,  e.  t.     [Fr.  trotttr ;  G.  troUm^  to  trot,  to  tread  ; 

It.  trctUire  i  Sp.  and  Port,  trotan  allied  probably  to 

tread  and  to  «b^<.] 

1.  To  move  faster  than  in  walking,  as  a  horse  or 
other  quadriiped,  by  lifting  one  fore  foot  and  the 
bind  foot  of  the  opposite  side  at  the  same  time.  Cye, 

2.  To  walk  or  move  fast ;  or  to  run. 

Ufi  that  riara  l:il»  must  (rot  all  iln;,  and  wOI  aKirc^ly  overtake 
hit  busiacM  at  night.  fVartklin. 

TROT,*.  The  pace  of  a  horse  or  other  quadruped, 
when  he  lifts  one  fore  ftxit  and  the  hind  foot  of  the 
opposite  side  at  the  same  time.  This  pace  is  the 
same  as  that  of  a  walk,  but  more  rapid.  The  trot  ia 
of^en  a  jolting,  hard  motion;  but  in  some  hordes,  it  is 
as  easy  as  the  amble  or  pace,  and  ha^j  a  more  stately 
appearance. 
9.  An  old  woman  ;  in  contempL 

TROTH^n.  [Sax.  treotAe;  Uie  old  orthography  of 
truth.    Pee  Tai'TH.] 

1.  Belief;  faith;  fidelity  ;  as,  to  plight  one's  troth. 
[Oft*]  Shak. 

2.  Truth  i  verity  ;  voracitj' ;  as,  in  troth;  by  my 
troth.    [065.1 

TROTH'LESS,  a.    Faithless  ;  treacherous.    [Oft*.] 

Fairfax. 

TROTH'-PLTGIIT,  (-pllte,)  r.  (.  To  betroth  or  afli- 
anre.     [Oft.*.] 

TROTir-PLTl.lIT,  (-plIte,)o.  Betrothed  ;  espoused  ; 
affianced.     [  Oft.«J  Shak. 

TROTH'-PLir.tlT,  (-plltc,)  n.  The  act  of  betrothing 
or  pliphtinp  faith. 

TROTII'-PLIGHT-ED,  a.     Having  fidelity  pledged. 

TROT'TER,  n.    A  beast  that  trots,  or  that  usually 
trots. 
2.  A  sheep's  foot. 

TROT'TlNG,y»pr.  oro.  Moving  with  a  trot ;  walking 
f.isi.  or  rtinninc 

TRuU'BA-DOrR,  „,    [fmm  Fr.  trouver,  to  find.] 

One  of  a  school  of  p<H'ts  who  flourished  (Vom  the 
ell  vcnlli  to  the  latter  end  of  the  thirteenth  century  ; 
prinripjilly  al  Provence,  in  the  south  of  France,  and 
nUu  in  the  north  of  Italv.  Brandt. 

TROUIi'Lt,  (tnib'l,)  r.  i.  [Fr.  troubler;  IL  turbare; 
P|i.  nnd  Port,  turbar;  I*,  turbo ;  Gaelic,  treabhlaimj 
which  seems  to  be  connected  with  ^rwftAani,toplow, 
that  is,  lo  turn  or  to  stir,  W.  Torta,  L.  furftd,  a  crowd, 
and  perhaps  frora,  a  turn  ;  Gr.  rof rw.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  turn  or  to  stir,  to  whiri  about,  as  in  L. 
titrifto,  furftinu,  a  Whirlwind.  Uence  the  sense  of 
agitation,  disturbance.] 

1.  To  agitate ;  to  disturb  j  lo  put  iuto  conAised 
motion. 

God,  looking  forth,  kUI  Iroubit  nil  hia  hoil.  MUlon. 

Au  afig*l  wrat  dowQ  al  a  c-rtaiu  •cauuo  into  the  pool,  aiid 
ftnaw&lwl  thr  Vatrr.  —  SoUn  T. 

2.  To  disturb  ;  to  perplex, 

Ncrer  trouUc  jounelf  about  Uioae  rtulta  wbicfa  age  will  cure. 

Lockt. 

3.  To  afflict ;  to  grieve  ;  to  distress. 

Tho*?  that  iTQubit  me  rrjuiM  wh»ii  I  am  mored.  —  Pa.  xHl. 

4.  To  busy  ;  to  cause  to  be  much  engaged  or  anx- 
ious. 

Manhft,  thoa  art  careful,  aod  troabled  about  many  thtnga. — 
Luke  X. 

5   To  tease ;  to  vex  j  to  molest. 

The  boy  io  troubiet  tne, 
*Tb  put  FDauriiis'.  Shak. 

6.  To  give  occasion  for  labor  tn.  I  will  not  trouble 
you  to  deliver  the  tetter.  I  will  not  trouble  myself  in 
this  aflhir. 

7.  To  sue  for  a  debt.  He  wishes  not  lo  trouble  his 
debtors. 

TROUB'LE,  (irub'l,)  n.  Disturbance  of  mind  ;  agita- 
tion ;  commotion  of  spirits  ;  perpleiity  ;  a  word  of 
very  eztrnsive  applieatwn. 

2.  Affliction ;  calamity. 

lie  ahill  driirirr  tb'-e  in  ds  trouhiea.  —  Jub  ▼, 

Rcdt^m  [Ara«l,  0  God,  out  of  all  his  Iroublet.  —  Pa.  xzt. 

3.  Molestation;  inconvenience;  annoyance. 

Lest  the  fi?nd  aome  new  frpu6^  rxiae.  MUton, 

4.  Uneasiness;  vexation.  MUton. 

5.  Thai  which  gives  disturbance,  annoyance,  or 
ve-xntion  ;  that  which  afflicts. 

TROL-B'L£D,  (irub'ld,)  pp.  or  a.  Disturbed;  agi- 
tated; afflicted;  annoyed;  molested. 

TROUB'LER,  (trub'ler,)  n.  One  who  disturbs  ;  one 
who  afflicts  or  molests ;  a  disturber ;  as,  a  troubUr  of 
the  peace. 

The  rich  troublert  of  the  vorid'a  repoae.  Walla: 

TROITB'LE-SOME,  (trub'1-sum,)  a.     Giving  trouble  or 
disturbance;    molesting;   annoying;  vexatious.    In 
warm  climates,  insects  are  very  troublesome. 
%  Burdensome ;  tiresome  ;  wearisome. 

My  motlier  will  nerrr  be  troublaaome  to  me.  Popt. 


TRO 

3.  (living  inconvenience  to.  1  wish  not  to  be 
troublesome  as  a  gue»t. 

4.  Teasing  ;  importunate  ;  as,  a  troublesome  appli- 
cant. 

TROUB'T^E-POME-LY,  (lrub'1-sum-le,)  adv.  In  a 
uKintter  or  decree  to  give  trouble  ;  vexatiously. 

TROUB'LE-SOME  NEHS,  (truh'I-snm-nes,)  n.  Vexa- 
liiiusness;  the  quality  of  giving  trouble  or  of  molesl- 
ing.  Bacon, 

2.  irnseasonithle  intru.<<ion  ;  im|K)rtiintty. 
TROUB'LE-STATE,  »u    A  disturber  of  the  commu- 
nity.    \jX,>t  used.] 

TROllB'LlNG,  (trub'ling,)  ppr.     Disturbing;   agltat- 

ini: ;  motetiting  ;  nnnoying;  atfiirting. 
TROUB'LING,  (trub'ling,)  n.    The  act  of  disturbing 
or  putting  in  commotion.    John  v. 
a.  The  art  of  afflicting. 
TROUB'LOUS,  (trub'lus,)  a.    Agitated  j  tumultuous  j 
full  of  commotion. 

A  tnll  ahip  tnssed  In  Iroublout  teas.  Spenaer. 

9.  Full  of  trouble  or  disorder  ;  tumultuous ;  full  of 
affliction. 

Ttie  «trr«t  ahall  b»  built  ngaiii,  aiid  the  wall,  even  Eii  irou&tout 
times. —  Oati.  tx. 

TROUGH,  (trawf,)  [Sax.  trog ;  D,  and  G.  trogi  Dan. 
trug  ;  It.  truoiro.) 

I.  A  vessel  lioflow  longitudinally,  or  a  large  log  or 
piece  of  timber  excavated  longitudinally  on  the  upper 
side  ;  used  for  various  purposes. 

3.  A  tray.  [This  is  the  same  word  dialectieaUy 
altered.] 

3.  A  canoe  j  the  rude  boat  of  uncivilized  men. 

Jlbbol. 

4.  The  channel  that  conveys  water,  as  in  mills. 
Trough  of  the  sea;  the  space  between   two  high 

waves. 

TROUL,  for  Troll.     See  Troll. 

TROUNCE,  (trouns,)  e.  (.  [Ciu.  Fr.  (ronfOTi,  tron^on^ 
ncr.] 

Tn  ptmish,  or  to  bent  severely.     [A  low  loord.} 

TROL'NC'IXG,  ppr.     Beating  severely. 

TROU.NC'IJVG,  n.     A  severe  beating. 

TROUSE,  (trowz.)n.  [S^ee  Trowsers.]  A  kind  of 
trowwer*  worn  bv  children. 

TROU'SEK*,  h.  pU    See  Trowsers. 

TROUS-SBlAir,  (tro(»-sO',)  n.  [Fr.]  The  collective 
lighter  equi])ments  of  a  lady  when  about  to  be  mar- 
ried. 

TROUT,  n.  [Sax.  truhi  ;  Fr.  truite  i  It.  trota ;  D.  truU  ; 
L.  truUa  ;  Sp.  trucha.  Trout  is  contracted  from 
trocta.] 

A  name  applied  to  various  fresh-water  fishes  of  the 
genus  Salnio,  variegated  with  spots,  nnd  esteemed  as 
most  dflicaie  fi*od. 

TR0UT'-€0I^OR-i:D,  (-kni-lurd,)  a.  White  with 
spoLi  of  black,  bay,  or  sorrel  ;  as,  a  trout-colored 
hnr*e. 

TROUT'-FFSH-ING,  n.    The  fishing  for  t routs. 

TROUT'-STRkAM,  b.  a  stream  in  which  trout 
breed. 

TKO'VER,  n.  [Fr.  frouuer.  It.  (rocare,  to  find;  Sw. 
trd_ffa,  to  hit ;  Dan.  trfffer,  to  meet  with  ;  trtpf,  an  ac- 
cident ;  D.  and  G.  trefen,  to  meet,  to  hit.] 

Trover  is,  properly,  the  finding  of  any  thing. 
Hence, 

1,  In  lav,  the  gaining  possession  of  any  goods, 
whether  by  finding  or  by  other  means. 

2.  An  action  which  a  man  has  against  another 
who  has  found  or  obtained  possession  of  any  of  his 
goods,  and  who  refuses  to  deliver  them  on  demand. 
This  is  called  an  action  of  trover  and  conversiojt.  In 
this  case,  the  trover  or  finding  is  an  immaterial  fact ; 
but  the  plaintifT  must  prove  his  own  profierty,  nnd 
the  pofssession  and  conversion  of  the  goods  by  the 
defendant.  Black.-ttoae. 

TROVV,  r.  I.     [Sax.  treowian,  treowan,  to  believe,  to 

trust;   G.  trauetii    Sw.  tro  ;   Dan.  troer;  contracted 

from  trogoRy  and  coinciding  with  the  root  of  truth. 

See  True.] 

To  believe  ;  to  trust ;  to  think  or  suppose.    [Oft^.J 

Spenaer.     Hooker. 

TRf^W  is  used  in  the  imperntive,  as  a  word  of  intiuiry. 
What  mean«  the  fool,  irowl 

TROWEL,  n.  [Fr.  truelle;  L.  trulla;  D.  troffel  Qu. 
D.  and  G.  trrffm^  to  hit,  to  strike,  hence  to  put  on.] 

1.  A  mason's  tCKjI,  used  in  spreading  and  dressing 
mortar,  und  breaking  bricks  to  sliape  them. 

2.  A  gardener's  tool,  somewhat  like  a  trowel,  made 
of  iron  and  scooped ;  used  in  taking  up  plants,  and 
for  other  purposes.  Cyc. 

TR0W'EL-£D,  a.  Formed  with  a  trowel ;  as,  trow- 
eled stucco,  i.  e.,  stucco  laid  on  and  ready  for  the  re- 
ception of  paint. 

TROW'SERS,  n.  pi.  [Gaelic,  friiwan ;  Fr.  trousst,  a 
truss,  a  bundle;  W.  trws,  a  garment  that  covers; 
trouse,  dress;  trwsa^  a  truss,  a  packet;  triosiaw,  to 
dress  ;  Gaelic,  tnisam,  to  gird  or  truss  up.] 

A  loose  garment  worn  by  males,  extending  from 
the  waist  to  the  knee  or  to  the  ankle,  and  covering 
the  lower  limbs. 

TROY,  )  n.    [Said  to  have  been 

TROV'-WEIGIIT,  (-wiite,)  (  named  from  Troyes  in 
France,  where  it  was  first  adopted  in  Europe.    The 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHJ^T.  — METE,  PRfiY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 

lira 


TRU 

troy  ounce  13  supposed  to  have  been  brouiihl  from 
Cairo  during  the  crusades.  Siune  persons,  howevei, 
say  that  the  originul  nntne  was  tron.] 

The  weight  by  which  gold  ond  silver,  jewels, med- 
icines, &:c.,  nre  weighed.  In  ttiis  weight,  20  grains 
=:aticruple,  3scniples:=;adrani,8drains.=  an  ounce, 
and  1'2  ounces  =  one  pound.  In  weighing  gold,  sil- 
ver, &c.,  scruples  and  drams  are  not  usfd,  l>ut  the 
pennyweight^  which  is  04  grains,  is  employed  in  tlieir 
stead  ;  the  pennyweight  is  not  used  in  weighing 
medicines. 
TRO'AXT,  o.     [Fr.  tniand.] 

Idle;  wandering  from  business;  loitering;  as,  a 
truant  boy. 

While  truant  Jore,  tn  Infant  pride, 

Played  barefoot  on  Olympiii'  Biiie.  TrumbuU. 

TRC'.\NT,  n.     An  idler ;  an  idle  boy.  Dnjden. 

TRC'ANT,  u.  i.  To  idle  away  time;  to  loiter  or  be 
absent  from  employment.  Sltak. 

TRC'ANT-LY,  adv.     Like  a  truant;  in  idleness. 

TRt'ANT-SHIP,  n.  Idleness;  neglect  of  employ- 
ment. Ascham. 

TRUBS,  n.     An  herb.  Ainsworth. 

TRUB'TAIL,  n,    A  short, squat  woman.    [Obs.'] 

^tjtswurth. 

TRPCE,  n.  [Golh.  trigfrwa;  iLtrtgua;  Norm,  trewe: 
Ice.  trigd :  Cimbric,  trufftfi :  properly,  a  league  or 
pact,  from  the  rout  of  tricky  to  make  fast,  to  fold.  See 
True.] 

1.  In  tooTy  B  suspension  of  arms  by  agreement  of 
the  commanders ;  a  temporary  cessation  of  hostili- 
ties, either  for  negotiation  or  other  puriH>se. 

2.  Intermission  of  action,  pain,  or  contest;  tempo- 
rary cessation  j  short  quiet. 

Th'jre  he  may  find 
Truc£  to  tiia  rcatkw  (boiighu.  MLUm. 

TROCE'-BREAK-ER,  n.  [truce  and  breaker.]  One 
who  violates  a  truce,  covenant,  or  engagement.  2 
Tim.  iii. 

TRL'CH'MAN,  n.    An  interpreter.     [See  Dhaoomar.] 

TRQ-CI-DA'TION,  n.     [L.  trm:id,),lo  kill.] 
The  act  of  killing. 

TRUCK,  r.  i.  [Fr.  troquer;  Sp.  and  Port,  trocar;  al- 
lied probably  to  \V.  trwCf  L.  trochujj  a  round  thing, 
Eng.  truck  ;  Gr.  r.oo\';s,  rocxu).] 

To  exchange  commodities ;  to  barter.  Our  traders 
truck  with  the  Indians,  giving  thetn  whisky  and  trin- 
kets for  skins.     [  TYuck  is  now  vulgar.] 

TRUCK,  V.  L  To  exchange  ;  to  give  in  exchange  ;  to 
barter  ;  as,  to  truck  knives  for  gold  dusL    [Fulgar.] 

Stpifl. 

TRUCK,  n.  Permutation  ;  exchange  of  commodities ; 
barter. 

2.  A  small,  wooden  wheel,  not  bound  with  iron ; 
a  cylinder. 

3.  A  small  wheel ;  hence  trucks^  a  low  carriage  for 
cany-ing  goods,  stone,  &.C.,  either  on  common  roads 
or  on  railroads.  Indeed,  this  kind  of  carriage  is  often 
called  a  truck,  in  the  singular. 

4.  A  small,  wooden  cap,  at  the  summit  of  a  flag- 
staff* or  mast-head. 

Truck  sy-^em;  tfee  practice  of  paying  workmen  in 
pood«,  intitead  of  money.  McCulloch. 

TRUCK' AGE,  n.    The  practice  of  bartering  poods. 

jyiihan. 
THUCK'ER,  n.    One  who  traffics  by   exchange  of 

goods. 
TRUCK'IXG,  ppr.    Exchanging  goods  ;  bartering. 
TRUCK'LE,  (truk'I,)  n.     A  small  wheel  or  caster. 

Hadiltras. 
TRUCK'LE,  r.  L     [dim.  of  truck.]     To  yield  or  bend 
obsequiously  to  the  will  of  another;   to  submit;  to 
creep.     Small  ;<tates  must  tmckte  to  large  ones. 

Relipon  itKlf  u  furcMl  to  truckle  wSiti  worldly  pwliey.    fiorrit. 

TRUCK'LE-BED,  tu     [trueUe  and  bed.]     A  bed  that 

runs  on  wheels  and  may  be  pushed  under  another  ; 

a  trundle-bed. 

TRUCK'LING,ppr.  Yielding  obsequiously  to  the  will 

of  another. 
TRO'CU-LENCE,  n.  [L.  truatUntia,  from  (rtix,  fierce, 
savage.] 
L  Savageness  of  manners  ;  ferociousness. 
9.  Terrihlenesa  of  countenance. 
TRCeU-LENT,  a.     Fierce;  wivnge  ;  barbarouK  ;  a», 
the  trveuUni  inhabitants  of  Scytiiia.  Ruy. 

2.  Of  a  ferocious  aspecL 

3.  Cruel ;  destructive  ;  as,  a  truculent  plague. 

Hartrjf. 
TKC'€U-LENT-LY,  arfr.     Fiercely;  destructively. 
TRUDGE,  r.  i.    'J'o  travel  on  foot.    The  father  rode  ; 
the  ffon  trudged  on  behind. 
2.  To  travel  or  inarch  with  labor. 

And  tntdged  to  Rome  upon  rny  ncilwd  f«M.  Dryden. 

TRCE,  (tru,)  a.  [Sax.  treovj,  treowe^  faithful,  and,  as 
a  noun,  faith,  trust ;  Sw.  fro,  Dan.  troe;  G.  treu  ;  D. 
trouw,  trust,  loyalty,  fidelity,  fuith  ;  trouweny  to  mar- 
ry ;  Goth.  triffffu.i,  faithful ;  tri^rftira,  a  part  or  league, 
a  truce.  This  is  the  real  orthography,  coinciding  with 
Sw.  try^g,  Dan.  tryg,  safe,  secure,  and  \V.  trigiaw^ 
to  stay,  to  larrj-,  to  dwell,  that  is,  to  stop,  to  set.  The 
primary  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  make  close  and  fa^t, 
to  set,  or  to  stretch,  strain,  and  thus  make  straight 
and  close.] 


TRU 

1.  Conformable  to  fact ;  being  in  accordance  with 
<he  actual  state  of  things  ;  as,  a  true  relation  or  nar- 
ration ;  a  true  history.  A  declaration  is  true^  when 
it  states  the  facts.  In  this  sense,  true  is  opposed  to 
fahe. 

2.  Genuine;  pure;  real;  not  counterfeit,  adulter- 
ated, or  false  ;  as,  true  balsam  ;  the  true  bark  ;  true 
love  of  country ;  a  true  Christian. 

The  true  light  whicb  U^litcth  every  man  tb^it  cometh  into  the 
worU.  — Jolia  1. 

3.  Faithful ;  steady  in  adhering  to  friends,  to  prom- 
ises, to  a  prince,  or  to  the  state  ;  loyal ;  not  fal^e, 
fickle,  or  perfidious  ;  ns,  a  true  friend  ;  a  true  lover  ; 
a  man  true  to  his  king,  true  to  his  country,  true  to 
his  word  ;  a  husband  true  to  his  wife  ;  a  wife  true  to 
her  husband  ;  a  servant  true  to  his  master ;  an  officer 
true  to  his  charge. 

4.  P'ree  from  falsehood  ;  as,  a  true  witness, 

5.  Honest ;  not  fraudulent;  as,  good  men  and  true. 


If  Klof  Edwanl  be  u  Irti*  and  just. 


^ioJc. 


6.  Exact ;  right  to  precision  ;  conformable  to  a  rule 
or  pattern  ;  as,  a  true  copy ;  a  true  likeness  of  the 
original. 

7.  Straight :  right ;  as,  a  true  line  ;  the  true  course 
of  a  f^hip. 

8.  Nut  false  or  pretended  ;  real ;  as,  Christ  was  the 
tTve  Messiah. 

9.  Rightful;  as,  George  IV.  is  the  true  king  of 
England. 

TROE'-BILL,  n.  In  law,  these  words  are  indorsed 
OB  a  bill  of  indictment,  when  a  grand  jury  are  of 
opinion  tliat  there  is  sufficient  cause  fur  putting  the 
accused  on  trial.  Bouvier. 

TRt3E'-BLCE,  a.  An  epithet  applied  to  a  person  of 
inflexible  honesty  and  fidelity  ;  from  the  true  or  Cori- 
entry  blue,  formerly  celebrated  for  its  unchanging 
color.  Toone.     Ilalliwcll. 

TRCE'-BORN,  a.  [true  and  bom.]  Of  genuine  birtii ; 
having  a  right  by  birth  to  any  title  ;  as,  a  true-born 
Englishmati.  Sfiak. 

TRuE'-BRED,  a.  [frwo  and  bred.]  Of  a  genuine  or 
right  breed  ;  as,  a  true-bred  beast.  Drydcn. 

2.  Being  of  genuine  breeding  or  education  ;  as,  a 
truC'bred  gentlL'inan. 

TRC'E'-HEXRT'ED,  a.  [tnie  and  heart.]  Being  of  a 
faithful  heart ;  honest;  sincere;  not  faithless  or  de- 
ceitful ;  as,  a  true~hcartr-d  friend. 

TRCE'-HEART-ED-NESS,  n.  Fidelity  ;  loyalty ;  sin- 
cerity. 

TRCE'-LOVE,  (truHuv,)  n.    One  really  beloved, 
2.  A  plant,  the  herb  Paris. 

TRuE'-LOVE'KNOT,  (tru'luv'not,)  n.  [Qu.  is  not 
this  from  the  Dun.  troluver,  to  betroth,  to  promise  in 
marriage  ;  troe,  true,  and  Ivoer,  to  promise;  the  knot 
of  faithful  promise  or  engagement.] 

A  knot  composed  of  lines  united  with  many  invo- 
lutions ;  the  emblem  of  interwoven  affection  or  en- 
gagem'^nts. 

TKOE'NKSg,  n.     Faithfulness;  sincerity. 

2.  Reality  ;  genuineness. 

3.  Exactness  ;  as,  the  trueness  of  a  line. 
TRCE'PEN-NY,  n.      [true  and  penny.]      A  familiar 

phrase  for  an  honest  fellow.  Bacon. 

TROF'FLE,  (Iran,)  n.  [Fr.  triiffe;  Sp.  tmfa,  deceit, 
imposition,  and  truffles ;  and  if  this  vegetable  is 
named  from  its  growth  under  ground,  it  accords  with 
It.  trafare,  to  deceive.] 

A  subterraneous  vegetable  production,  a  kind  of 
mushroom,  of  a  fleshy,  fungous  structure  and  round- 
ish figure;  an  esculent  substance,  much  esteemed. 
It  is  of  the  genus  Tuber.  Cyc. 

TRCF'FLE-WOR.M,  (irQf'l-wurm,)n.  Aworm  found 
in  truffles,  the  larva  of  a  fly.  Cyc. 

TRUG,  n,  A  httd.  This  is  our  TBouf;H  and  Tb\t  ;  the 
original  pronunciation  being  retained  in  some  parts 
of  England.  'I'he  word  was  also  used  formerly  for  a 
measure  of  wheat,  as  much,  I  suppose,  as  was  car- 
ried in  a  trough  ;  tiiree  trugs  making  two  bushels. 

TRO'ISM,  n,  [from  true.]  An  undoubted  or  self- 
evident  truth. 

Triflinz  trvianu  clothfnl  In  ereftt,  swcllins  word*  of  Tanlty. 

J.  P.  Smith. 

TRULL,  71.    [W.  troliaw,  to  troll  or  roll,  whence  stroll ; 
or  truitmD,  to  drill.     Uu.  Gr.  //arpuAA;/.] 
A  low,  vagrant  strumpet. 
TRUL-LI-ZA'TION,  v.     fL.  truHisso.] 

The  laying  of  strata  of^  pia-ter  with  a  trowel. 
TRO'LY,  adc.    [from  true.]    In  fact ;  in  deed  ;  in  re- 
ality. 

2.  According  to  tnith ;  in  agreement  with  fact ; 
as,  to  see  things  truly;  the  facts  are  truly  repre- 
sented. 

3.  Sincerely;  honestly;  really;  faithfully,  as,  to 
be  truly  attached  to  a  lover ;  the  citizens  are  truly 
loyal  to  their  prince  or  their  country. 

4.  Exactly  ;  Justly  ;  as,  to  estimate  truly  the  weight 
of  evidence. 

TRUMP,  n.  [It.  trov^a;  Gaelic,  trompa.  See 
Trumpet.] 

L  A  trumpet ;  a  wind  instrument  of  music  ;  a  po- 
etical word  used  for  Trumpet.  It  is  seldom  used  in 
prose,  in  common  discourse,  but  is  used  in  Scripture, 


TRU 

where  it  seems  peculiarly  appropriate  to  the  grandeur 
of  the  subject. 

At  tlte  bst  trump  ;  tor  tin  trumpet  ihall  lound,  sod  the  deud 
shall  be  rawiril. — 1  Cor.  x».     1  TUf^w.  If, 

2.  [Contracted  from  triumph ;  It.  trumfo,  Fr.  tri- 
omphe.]  A  winning  card  ;  one  of  the  suit  of  cards 
which  takes  any  of  the  other  suits, 

3.  An  old  gan'ie  with  cards. 

To  put  to  the  trumps ;  |  to  reduce  to  the  last  expe- 
ToputonVutrumpm)     dient,  or  to  the  utmost 
exerlion  of  power. 
TRUMP,  V.  t.    To  take  with  a  trump  card. 

2.  To  obtrude ;  also,  to  deceive.  [Fr.  tromper.] 
{J^at  in  use.] 

To  trump  up ;  to  devise  ;  to  seek  and  collect  from 
every  quarter. 
TRUMP,  V.  i.    To  blow  a  trumpet.  fVicl^f. 

TRU.MF'AD,  (trumpl,)   pp.      Taken  with  a  trump 

card. 
TRUMP'ER-Y,  n.     [Fr.  tromperu.} 

1.  Falsehood;  empty  talk.  Ralegh. 

2.  Useless  matter ;  things  worn  out  and  cast  aside. 
[7V(w  is  the  sen!,e  ufthe  irord  in  .Vcic  England.] 

TRUMP'ET,  H.  [It.  tromba,  trornletta  ;  Sp.  trompa, 
trompcta;  Ft.  trotnpette  ;  Guflic,  trompa,  trompaid  ;  G. 
trampete  ;  1).  and  Sw.  tromptt ;  Dan.  trompette  ;  Arm. 
troiiipctt.  The  radical  letters  and  the  origin  are  not 
ascertained.] 

1.  A  wind  instrument  of  music,  used  chiefly  in 
war  and  military  exercises.  It  consists  of  a  long 
metallic  tul)e,  nearly  in  the  form  of  a  parabolic 
conoid,  with  a  bill-shaped  o|)ening  at  one  end  for  the 
emission  of  sound. 

The  trumpet* g  loud  clan^r 

ExciU's  UB  to  nima.  Dryden. 

2.  An  instrument  for  conveying  or  receiving  artic- 
ulate sounds  witli  increased  force,  called  in  the  for- 
mer case  a  Speaking  Trumpet,  and  in  the'Iatter  an 
Ear  Trumpet. 

3.  In  the  military  style,  a  trumpeter. 

He  wisely  dcsirod  that  a  tntmptt  might  be  Ibst  tent  for  n  pan, 

dareriUm. 

4.  One  who  praises  or  propagates  praise,  or  is  the 
instrument  of  propagating  it.  A  great  politician 
was  pleased  to  be  the  trumpet  of  his  praises. 

TRUMP'ET,  r.  (.  To  publish  by  sound  of  trumpet; 
also,  to  proclaim ;  as,  to  trumpet  good  tidings. 

They  ditl  nt.ihing  bm  publish  and  trumpet  all  the  reproaches  they 
could  dcf  iio  a^ainat  the  Iri»b.  Bacon, 

TRUMP'ET-CALL,  n.    A  call  at  the  sound  of  the 

truniiiet. 
TRU.MP'ET-ED,p;>.     Sounded  abroad  ;  proclaimed. 
TRUMP'ET-ER,  n.    One  who  sounds  a  trumpet. 

Ih-ydeTt, 

2.  One  who  proclaims,  publishes,  or  denounces. 

Thc-»p.  men  arc  guod  trumpetere.  Bacon. 

3.  A  bird,  a  variety  of  the  domestic  pigeon.  Also, 
a  bird  of  South  America,  the  agami,  of  the  genus 
Psophia,  about  the  size  of  the  domestic  fowl,  and 
somewhat  resembling  both  the  pheasants  and  the 
cranes  ;  so  called  from  its  uttering  a  hollow  noise, 
like  tlmt  of  a  trumpet.  It  is  sometimes  domesti- 
cated. P-  Cyc.     Ed.  Encyc^ 

TRU.MP'ET-FISn,  n.  A  sea-fish,  so  named  from  its 
tubular  muzzle,  the  Ccntriscus  scolopax,  called  also 
the  Sea  Smipe.  Jardine's  J^at.  Lib. 

TRUMP'ET-FLOW  ER,  n.  A  flower  of  the  genus 
Bignnnia,  another  of  ifie  genus  Tccoma,  and  another 
still  of  the  genu.s  Lonicera.  Cyc 

TRUMP'ET-IIO\'EY-SUCK-LE,  (-hun'ne-suk-l,)  n. 
A  twining  plant  of  the  genus  Caprifulium  or  Loni- 
cera, with  trumpet-shaped  flowers,  Loudon. 

TRU.MP'ET-ING,  ;>pr.  Blowing  the  trumpet;  pro- 
rtaimiug. 

TRUMP'ET-SHELL,  Tt.  The  name  of  a  genus  of 
univalvular  shells,  of  the  form  of  a  trumpet,  (Bucci- 
niim,  I.inn:pns.)  Cyc 

TRUMP'ET-TON'GU-^D,  (tungd,)  a.  Having  a 
tongue  vitcifercus  as  a  tnimpet.  SiuOc. 

TRUMP'ING,  ppr.    Taking  vvilli  a  trump  card. 

TRUMP'LTKE,  a.     Resembling  a  trumpet.  Chapman, 

TRUNCAL,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  trunk  or  body. 

TRU^'€'A'^E,  V.  t.     [L.  trunco,  to  cut  off;  VV.  tryfu^ 
Arm.  troucha  ;  coinciding  with  Fr.  tranclicr.] 
To  cut  off;  to  lop;  to  maim. 

TRUNCATE,  a.  In  botany,  appearing  as  if  cut  off  at 
the  tip;  ending  in  a  transverse  line;  as,  a  truncate 
leaf.  Martyn. 

TRUNCa-TED,  p]7.  or  a.  Cutoff;  cut  short  ;  maimed, 
A  truncated  cone  is  one  whose  vertex  Is  cut  off  by  a 
plane  parallel  to  its  base. 

2.  In  mineralogy,  replaced  by  a  plane  equally  in- 
clined to  the  adjoining  faces ;  as,  a  truncated  edge. 

Dana* 

TRUNCATING,  ppr.     Cutting  off. 

TRUN-€A'TION,  n.  The  act  of  lopping  or  cutting 
off. 

2.  A  state  of  being  truncated. 

3.  In  mineralogy,  the  replacement  of  an  edge  by  a 
plane  equally  inclined  to  the  adjoining  faces. 

Dana. 


TCNE,  BULL,  IZNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOU8.  — €  as  K ;  6  aa  1;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

1179 


TRU 


TRU 


TRL'N'CHKON,  (irun'stiun,)  n.  [Fr.  (ruHfon,  from  I 
trvnCj  truitk,  L.  trunciu.] 

1.  A  short  ^talT;  a  club  ;  a  cudgel. 

&.  A  baton,  or  military  staff  of  command. 

The  nftisb^'s  fr-u>«cA«on  nor  the  Judse'i  tobeu  Shak. 

3.  A  name  given  to  stout  stems  of  trees,  with  the 

bnnches  lopped  off,  to  produce  rapid  growth. 

Qardnnr. 
TRUX'CHEOX,  (trun'«hun,)  v.  U    To  beat  with  a 

truncheon  ;  lo  cudpel.  SAak. 

TRU.N^HEON-EER',  n.    A  person  armed   wiUi  a 

tninchoim. 
TRUN'DLE,  (tnin'dU  r.  L      [Sax.  trundle;  trtndl*^ 

any  round  body;  Dan.  and  Sw.  ft-iurf,  ruund;  \V. 

irdii,  a  circle,  a  roand,  a  throne ;  trfijit,  to  rim  j  from 

Ibe  root  of  rmndU,  round,] 
1.  To  n>ll,  as  on  little  wheels  ;  as,  a  bed  trumMes 

under  another. 

3.  To  ntll,  as  a  hoop. 
TRUN'DLE,  F.  (.     To  roll,  as  a  thing  on  little  wheela  j 

as,  to  trundle  a  bed  or  a  fiun  carriage. 
TRUN'DLE,  «.     A  rtMind  bo4ly  ;  a  liille  wheel,  or  a 

kind  of  li>w  cart  with  smtill  wootlen  wheels. 
TRUN'DLE-BK.D,  a.    A  b^d  that  is  moved  on  tnin> 

dies  ur  little  wheels  ;  called  also  TaucELs-BED. 
TRL'N'DLKD,  pp.     Rolled. 
TRUN'OLE-HEAD,  (trun'dl-hcd,)  a.      The   wheel 

that  turns  a  inill-stone. 
TRUN'DLE-TAIL,  a.     A  round  tail ;  a  dog  ao  called 

from  his  tail.  SMsk. 

TRUN'DLING,  jrpr.     Rolling,   as  a  thing  on   little 

wheels. 
TRUNK,  a.     [Fr.  trone;   It.  troTicone;  Fp.  tro»rj>;  L. 

trwKus^  from  trunco,  to  cut  off.     The  primitive  Celtic 

word  of  this  family  is  in   Fr.  traneher,  lu  (ri«ria«, 

8p.   trinear^  trituMar.     The  n   b   not  radical,  for  in 

Arm.  the  word  is  tmuAo,  \V.  tntfu.] 

1.  The  stem  or  body  of  a  Uee.  severed  from  its 
roots.  This  is  tbe  proper  sense  of  the  word ;  but, 
sarprisinfc  as  it  may  seem,  it  is  used  most  improper- 
ly to  signify  th«  stem  of  a  standing  tree  or  vegetable 
in  general.  MiUon^     Drydtm. 

fi.  The  body  of  an  animal  without  the  limbs. 

Skak, 

3.  TT)e  main  body  of  any  thing  ;  as,  the  trunk  of  a 
Tein  or  of  an  artery,  as  distinct  from  the  branches. 

4.  The  snout  or  proboscis  of  an  elephant ;  tbe  limb 
or  instntmenl  with  which  be  feed^  himself. 

5.  Tbe  proboscia  of  an  insecL     [  Obs.] 

6.  That  ■egment  of  the  body  of  an  msert  which 
ia  between  the  taemd  and  abdomen,  and  bears  the 
omnsof  motkm. 

r.  In  mrdUUttmre,  the  shaf\  of  a  c<^Hmn. 

8.  A  loog  tube  through  which  pellets  of  clay  are 
Mown.  Bajf. 

9.  A  box  or  cbetl  covered  with  skin,  for  contain- 
ing clothes,  ft,c. 

10.  A  wali^rcourae  mnde  of  planks,  and  generally 
to  conduct  the  water  from  the  race  to  the  water- 
wheeL 

Ftre-tTMuks;    in  jfre-^Ai^.*,  wooden  funnels  (Ued 
onder  tbe  shrouds,  to  convey  or  lead  the  flames  to 
tbe  masts  and  rigging. 
TRUNK,  r.  f.    To  lop  off;  to  cattail  i   to  truncate. 

iA"<»f  IA  use,]  Spemser. 

,UNK'/:D,(tninkt,)pp.    Cut  offj  curtoiled.    [O**.] 

2.  o.  Havmg  a  trunk.  Hovdl. 
TRUNK'-H03E,  a.     [trunk  and  Iwac.]    Large  breech- 
es form^Tly  worn.  Prior, 

TRUN'NIO.V,  (trun'y"n»)  »•     [f  r.  troT^on.'] 

The  trunnions  of  a  piece  of  i-irdnance  are  two 
knobs  which  project  from  the  opptisite  s'u\c%  of  a 
piece,  whtrther  gun,  mortar,  or  howitzer,  and  serve 
to  support  it  on  the  cheeks  of  the  carriage, 

.War.  Diet. 
TRUN'NION-PLATE,  a.    The  tT^n-ion-pIa'es  are  two 
plates  in  guns  having  traveling  carriages,  mortnrs, 
and  howitzers,  which  cover  the  upper  parts  of  the 
side-pieces,  and  go  under  the  trunnions.  C^c. 

TRUN'NION-RING,  n.    A  ring  on  a  cannon  next  be- 
fore the  trunnions. 
TRO'SION.  (tni'xhun,)  a.     [L.  trudo.] 

The  act  of  pushing  or  thru^ng.  Bentlf^. 

TRUSS,  m.  [Fr.  tr^uste;  Daiu  trossf^  a  cord  or  rope  ; 
Sw.  trots;  \\,  trmsoy  a  truss,  a  packet.  Stre  Tauw- 
asas.] 

1.  In  «  gmeral  anue,  a  bundle  ;  as.  a  tru,*s  of  hay 
Of  straw.  Aerastof  bay,  in  England,  is  half  a  hun- 
dred. A  truss  oC  itnw  is  of  different  weights  in  dif- 
ferent i^aces. 

9.  In  Murgenff  a  bandage  or  apparatus  used  in  caws 
of  hernia,  to  keep  up  the  reduced  parts  and  hinder 
further  protni^ion,  and  for  other  purposes.         Ci/e, 

3.  Among  ftoCoxutt,  a  tntss  or  bunch  is  a  tuA  of 
flowers  furrned  at  tbe  top  uf  the  main  stalk  or  stem 
of  certain  plants.  Cyc. 

4.  In  navigation^  the  rope  used  to  keep  the  center 
of  a  yard  to  the  mast.  Totten. 

h.  In  archittcture^  a  framed  assemblage  of  timbers 
for  fastening  or  binding  a  beam,  or  for  supporting  a 
nx^,  &•. 

6.  [See  TaouK.] 
TRUSS,  r.  L    To  bind  or  pack  close.  SKak. 


2.  To  skewer  ;  to  make  fust 

To  truss  up ;  to  strain  ;  to  make  close  or  tight. 

TRUSS'iCD,  (trust,)  pp.     Packed  or  bt>iind  closely. 

TRUSS'ING,  ppr.     Packing  or  binding  closely. 

TRUST,  B.  [Dan.  (rii.^ty  consolation  ;  tritstrr^  to  com- 
fort, that  ifi,  to  strengthen  ;  tnistrtistery  to  distrust,  to 
discourage  ;  Sw.  trUst,  confidence,  trust,  consolation  ; 
ttvxttt,  to  console;  TrtwrrO*f«,  to  distnisc,  to  despair. 
Tbe  Saxon  has  tn/wsiaa,  to  trust,  to  obligate.  Uu. 
Gr.  daucTbi.J 

1.  Confidence;  a  reliance  or  resting  of  the  mind 
on  the  integrity,  veracity,  justice,  fricttdsliip,  or  other 
Bound  principle  of  another  person. 

He  th.\t  puiicth  h»  InMt  in  the  Lord  tliall  be  Mfr.  —  Ptot.  zxix. 

2.  He  or  that  which  is  the  ground  of  confidence. 

O  Lord  God,  thou  kit  mj  trutl  (rom  ntj  youili.  —  P*.  IxkL 

3.  Charge  received  in  confidence. 

Rcvanl  tbi.-m  wrll.  If  ihej  Dtwcrre  tbrir  tnuU  Dtnham. 

A.  That  which  is  committed  to  one'a  care     Never 
violate  a  sacred  trust. 
&.  Confident  opinion  of  any  event. 

Hit  tru*r  WM  with  iti'  EtcrDAl  to  be  dmmcd 

EAjual  ill  nreugth.  MU$on. 

6.  Credit  given  without  oxamtnatioii ;  as,  to  take 
opinions  on  trust, 

7.  Credit  on  prt>mise  of  payment,  actual  or  im- 
plied ;  as,  to  take  or  purchase  giH)d!4  on  trust. 

8.  Sonu'lhing  committed  to  n  person's  care  for  use 
or  managt-mcnt,  and  for  which  nn  account  must  be 
rendered.  Every  man's  talunts  and  advnntiges  are 
a  tru.<t  committed  to  him  by  his  Maker,  and  for  the 
use  or  employment  of  which  he  is  accountable. 

9.  Confidence ;  special  reliance  on  supposed  hon- 
esty. 

10.  State  of  him  to  whom  something  is  intrusted. 
I  arrre  hini  tniljr,  Uiat  wtll  pat  me  in  trutu  Stak, 

11.  Care;  management.     1  Tim,  vi. 

la.  In  /aw,  an  estate,  devised  or  granted  In  confi- 
dence that  the  devisee  or  grantee  shall  convey  it,  or 
dispoee  of  the  profits,  at  the  will  or  for  the  benefit  of 
another ;  an  estate  held  fur  the  use  uf  another. 

Blackstone. 
TRUST,  e.  t.    To  place   confidence  in  ;    to  rely  on. 
We  can  not  tnuC  those  who  have  deceived  us. 

n*  tlut  trtwu  eri'ry  one  without  reserve,  will  at  tut  he  di-crived. 

ittunbUr, 

a.  To  believe ;  to  credit. 

TVutt  me,  joa  look  well.  Sliat. 

3.  To  commit  to  tbe  care  of.  in  confidence.  TYust 
your  Maker  with  youreelf  ana  all  your  concerns. 

4.  To  venture  confidently. 

Poetnl  t^  tbt<e,  to  fr-twt  ihee  tnm  mf  Mt,  Mtton. 

5.  To  give  credit  to;  to  sell  to  upon  credit,  or  in 
confidence  of  future  payment  The  merchants  and 
roanufbcturers  trust  their  customers  annually  with 
goods  to  the  value  of  millions. 


TRUST,  v.L  To  be  confident  of  something  present 
or  future. 

I  IriMf  Hi  comr  lo  jou,  and  iprak  fitce  to  ftce.  —  7  John  xH. 
We  triMt  we  tutve  a  good  coiiacicnee.  —  Uctj,  x  iii. 

2.  To  be  credulous  ;  to  be  won  to  confidence. 

Well,  you  mnjr  feat  too  ftir  — 
S.irpr  tiMD  b-ual  too  {jlI.  Shak. 

To  trust  in;  to  confide  in;  to  place  confidence  in; 
lo  rely  on  ;  a  um  frequent  in  the  Scriptures. 
TViMl  Ml  tbe  I^rd,  and  do  food.  —  Pa.  xxxrM. 
Thf-j  ahAll  be  grtMiy  ubanied  tbU  trual  in  grtren  Inujret,  — 
Im.  xlii. 

To  trust  t9 ;  to  depend  on  ;  to  have  confidence  in  ; 
to  rely  on. 

Tl*  men  of  Unel  —  (mrtrf  to  the  lien  in  waiu  —  Judges  xx. 

TRUST'ED,  pp.  Confided  in;  relied  on;  depended 
on  ;  applied  to  persons. 

2.  Sold  on  credit,  as  goods  or  property. 

3.  Delivtrred  in  confidence  to  the  care  of  another  ; 
ns,  letters  or  goods  trusted  to  a  carrier  or  bailee. 

TRUST-EE',  n.  A  person  to  whom  property  is  legally 
committed  in  trust,  to  be  applied  eilhtr  fur  the  ben- 
efit of  specified  individuals,  or  for  public  uses. 

TRl'ST'ER,  n.     One  who  trusts  or  gives  crediL 

TRLVT'Fl'L,  o.     Faithful, 

TRUST'FUL-LY,  adv.    In  a  trustful  manner. 

TRl  ;?T'FiL-NESS,  B.     Faithfulness. 

TRUST'I-LY,  adv.  [from  trusty.]  Faithfully  ;  hon- 
pi«tlv  ;  with  fidelity. 

TRUST'C-NESS,  tu  [from  fnwty.]  That  quality  of  a 
(lerwn  by  which  he  deserves  the  confidence  of  oth- 
ers :  fidelity;  faithfulness ;  honesty;  as,  the  trustt- 
ness  of  a  servant. 

TRUST'lNGjppr.  Confiding  in  ;  giving  credit;  rely- 
ing on. 

TRUST'ING-LY,  adv.  With  trust  or  implicit  confi- 
dence. 

TRUST'LESS,  a.    Not  worthy  of  trust ;  unfaithful. 

Sprruier. 

TRUST'LESS-NESS,  n.     Unworthiness  of  trust. 

TRU.sT'WOR-THI-NESS,  (-wur-the-nes,)  n.  Uuality 
of  being  trustworthy. 


TRY 

TRUST'WORTIIY,  a.  Worthy  of  trust  or  Confi- 
dence. 

TRUST'Y,  a.  That  may  be  safely  trusted  ;  that  Just- 
ly deserves  confidence  ;  At  to  be  confided  in  ;  as,  a 
trusty  servant.  Addismu 

S.  That  will  not  f^il;  strong;  firm;  as,  a  trusty 
sword.  Spenser. 

TROTH,  a.  [Sax.  fr«otr£&,  truth,  and  troth;  G.treu«; 
U.  getroitteheid^  fidelity,  frtmi  trouio,  trust,  faith, 
fidelity,  whence  trouirea,  to  marry.] 

I.  Conformity  to  fact  or  reality  ;  exact  accordance 
with  that  which  is,  or  has  been,  or  shall  be.  The 
truth  of  history  cnnsiitiites  its  whole  value.  We  re- 
ly on  the  truth  of  the  scriptural  prophecies. 

My  mouth  *ha1l  »^9\  truth.  —  Pmv.  viii, 

S«iictii/  them  ttirouxb  >li7  truth ;  thy  word  '» truth,  —  John  ztU. 

3.  True  state  of  fiicts  or  things.  The  duty  of  a 
court  of  Justice  is  to  discover  the  frufA.  Witnesses 
are  sworn  to  declare  the  truths  the  while  tru£A,  and 
nothing  but  fh''  truth. 

3.  Conformity  of  words  to  thoughts,  which  ia  called 
moral  truth. 

Shall  TVitth  fail  lo  keep  her  word  /  MUion. 

4.  Veracity  ;  purity  from  falsehood  ;  practice  of 
speaking  truth  ;  habitual  disposition  to  speak  truth  ; 
as  when  we  say,  a  man  ia  a  man  of  truth. 

5.  Correct  opinitm.  Harte. 

6.  Fidelity ;  constancy. 

The  thou^hu  of  past  pleaiura  and  truth, 

The  br«t  ul  all  bl>-uin^a  below.  i^onf . 

7.  Honesty  ;  virtue. 

It  mint  appear 
That  mttlice  bran  down  truth,  S/uik. 

8.  Exactness  ;  conformity  to  rule. 

Plows,  to  ^  tru'',  depend  much  on  tbe  truth  of  Uie  Iron  work. 
[iVoI  in  ute.)  Mortimer. 

9.  Real  fact  or  Just  principle;  real  state  of  things. 
There  are  innumerable  truths  with  which  we  are  not 
acquainted. 

10.  Sincerity. 

God  i>  n  apirit,  and  they  that  wonUp  him  muat  wonhip  him  in 
Bpirti  mid  in  truth.  —John  jr. 

II.  The  trtith  of  God  Is  his  veracity  and  faithful- 
ness.    Ps.  Ixxi. 

Or  hia  revealed  will. 

I  hare  walked  in  thy  truth.  —  Pn.  xxvl. 

13.  Jesus  Christ  is  called  the  truth.    John  xiv. 
13.  It  is  sometimes  used  by  way  of  concession. 

She  •akl,  TVuA,  Lonl ;  yet  tbe  i\oga  eat  of  tht  cnimU.  —  Matt. 

x». 
That  is,  it  is  a  truth ;  what  you  have  said  I  admit 
to  be  tnie. 
In  truth  ;  in  reality  ;  in  fact. 
Of  a  truth;  in  reality  ;  certainly. 
To  do  truthj  is  to  practice  what  God  commands. 
John  iii. 
TROTH'FUL,  a.     Full  of  truth.  Barringtan. 

TRC'TII'FyL-LY,  adv.     In  a  truthful  manner. 
TROTH'FJJL-NESS,  n.     The  state  of  being  true,  or 

the  truth. 
TRCTH'LESS,  a.    Wanting  truth  ;  wanting  reality 
9.   Faithless.  Puller. 

TROTH'LE.-SS-NESS,  n.   The  stnteof  being  truthless. 
TROTH'-SPeAK-ING,  a.     Uttering  truth. 
TRCTH'-TELL-ER,  n.     One  who  tells  the  tnith. 
TRU-TI-NA'TION,  rt.     [L.  trutinoj  a  balance  ;  truti- 
nor,  to  weigh.] 

The  act  of  weighing.     [JVot  used.]  Brortm. 

TRUT-TA'CEOUS,  (-shus,)  a.     [from  L.  truUa,  trout.] 
Pertaining  to  the  trout ;  as,  hsh  of  the  fruftaccous 
genus.  DicL  JV7rf.  JhsL 

TRY,  r.  t.  [This  word  i.s  from  the  root  of  Dan.  trekker^ 
to  draw,  or  trykkrr,  Sw.  trycka,  to  press,  to  urge  ; 
trarhta,  to  seek  or  strive  to  obtain  ;  D.  tragten^  to 
endeavor;  Dan.  tragter,  id.  The  primary  sense  of 
all  these  words  is,  to  strain,  to  use  efi^ort,  to  stretch 
forward.] 

Toexert  strength  ;  to  endeavor;  to  make  an  effort ; 
to  attempt.  Try  to  learn  ;  try  to  lift  a  weight.  The 
horses  tried  to  draw  the  load. 

\  These  phrases  give  the  true  sense.] 
TR7,  V.  U    To  examine  ;  to  make  experiment  on  ;  to 
prove  by  experiment. 

Come,  try  upon  youra-.lve*  what  you  h.-we  leen  me.        Shak. 

3.  To  experience  ;  to  have  knowledge  by  expe- 
rience oC 

Or  try  the  Ijibyan  heat,  or  Scythian  cold.  DryrUn. 

3.  To  prove  by  a  test ;  as,  to  try  weights  and 
measures  by  a  standard  ;  to  tr^  one's  opinions  by  the 
divine  oracles. 

4.  To  act  upon  as  a  test. 

The  fire  •even  limci  fried  thit.  Shak. 

5.  To  examine  judicially  by  witnesses  and  the 
principles  of  law  ;  as,  causes  tried  in  court. 

6-  To  essay  ;  to  attempt. 

Let  ui  trj/  adventuruua  work.  MUton, 

7.  To  purify ;  to  refine ;    as,  silver  seven  times 

tried. 

8.  To  search  carefully  into.     Ps.  xi. 


FATE.  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. 


TUB 

9.  To  use  as  means;  as,  to  try  remedies  fur  a 
disease. 

10.  To  strain  ;  as,  to  try  tlie  eyes  ;  the  literal  sense 
Hf  the  word. 

To  try  on}  to  put  on  a  garment  to  see  if  it  fits  the 
person. 

To  try  taUme^  Slc.^  is  to  melt  and  separate  it  from 
the  membranes. 

To  try  out ;  to  pursue  eflbrts  till  a  decision  is  ot>- 
tnined. 
TU?'GON,  n.     rCr.  rpvyCtv,  a  sort  of  fish.l 

The  name  oi  a  genus  of  fishes,  to  which  the  sting- 
mv  l>elong5. 
TR^'IXQ,  ppr.    Exerting  strength  ;  attempting. 

3.  Examining  by  searching  or  cumijarison  with  a 
test;  proving;  using;  straining,  &,c. 
3.  a.     Adapted  to  try,  or  put  to  severe  trial. 
TR?'-SAIL,  n.     A  sail  used  by  a  ship  in  a  storm; 

literally^  the  strain-sail, 
TUB,  n.     [D,  tobbt;  G.  luber :  Gaelic,  tuha^.'] 

\.  An  open  wooden  vessel  funned  with  staves, 
heading,  and  hoops  ;  used  for  various  domestic  pur- 
poses, us  for  washing,  for  making  cheese,  &lc. 

3.  A  state  of  salivation  ;  so  called  because  the 
patient  was  formerly  sweated  in  a  tub.    [JVut  in  useJ] 

Shak. 

3.  A  certain  quantity  ;  as,  a  tub  of  tea,  which  is 
60  pounds  ;  a  tub  of  camphor,  from  56  to  80  pounds  ; 
a  tub  of  vermilion,  from  300  to  400  pounds.     [LocaL] 

Cyc. 

4.  A  wooden  vessel  hi  which  vegetables  are 
planted,  for  the  sake  of  being  movable  and  set  in 
a  house  in  cotd  weather. 

5.  A  small  cask. 

TUB,  r.  (,     To  plant  or  set  in  a  tub. 

TUU'BER,  n.  In  Cffr7iicaZ/,  a  mining  instrument  called 
in  other  places  a  Beele,  I'he  man  who  uses  this 
t4Hjl  is  called  Tubber-Man  or  Beel-Mak.         Cyc. 

TUB'BIXG,  ppr.     Petting  in  a  tub, 

TUB' BY,  a.  [from  tu^.j  Wanting  elasticity  of  sound  ; 
a  term  in  music  PercivtU^ 

TCBE,  n.     [Fr.  tube:  L,  tubus.] 

1.  A  pipe  ;  a  siphon  ;  a  canal  or  conduit ;  a  hollow 
cylinder,  either  of  wtwd,  metal,  or  glass,  used  for 
the  conveyance  of  fluids,  and  fur  various  other  pur- 
poses. 

2.  A  vessel  of  animal  bodies  or  plants,  which  con- 
veys a  fluid  or  other  substance. 

3.  In  botany,  the  narrow,  hollnw  part  of  a  monopet- 
alous  curol,  by  which  it  is  fixed  to  the  receptacle. 

Martyn. 
A.  In  arUiUry,  an  instrument  of  tin,  used  in  quick 
firing.  Cyc. 

TGBE,  V.  L    To  furnish  with  a  tube;  as,  to  tube  a 

spring.  Jimm.  of  Science, 

TCB'f;n,  pp.    Furnished  with  a  tube. 
TCBE'FORM,  a.     In  the  form  of  a  lube. 
TCBER,  H.   [L.]    In  botany,  a  knob  in  roots  ;  a  fleshy, 
rounded   stem   or   root,  usually  containing  starchy 
matter,  as  the  potato  or  arrow-root. 

Jilartyn.     Loudon. 
TO'BER-€LE,  (tu'ber-kl,)  n.     [Fr.  tubercule,  from  L. 
tuberculum,  from  tuber,  a  huncli.] 

1.  A  pimple  j  a  small  push,  swelling,  or  tumor,  on 
animal  bodies.  In  cutaneous  diseases,  it  is  a  small, 
hard,  superficial  tumor,  circuni--<cribrd  and  perma* 
nent,  or  suppurating  partially.  A  scrofulous  or  stru- 
mous tubrrcie  is  a  tumor  containing  a  curdy  and 
oAen  a  little  ichorous  matter.        Bateman.     Tally. 

9.  A  little  knob,  like  a  pimple,  on  plants :  a  little 
knob  or  rough  point  on  the  leaves  of  some  lichens, 
supposed  to  be  the  fructification.  MaHyn. 

TU-HER'€U-LAR,     {   a.     Full  of  knobs  or  tubercles. 

TU-BER'€U-LOUS,  \  Fourcroy. 

2.  Affucted  with  tubercles.         Jvum.  of  Science. 
TU-BERf€U-LATE,a.     Having  small  knobs  or  tuber- 
cles, as  a  plant.  Lee. 

Tli-BEK-IF'ER-OUS,  a.    Producing  or  bearing  tubers. 

TCBE'ROSE  or  TC'BER-OSE,  b.  [A  corruption  of 
L.  tubrrofa,  knobby.]  A  plant  with  a  tuberous  root 
and  n  liliaceous  flower  ;  the  Folianthes  tuberoso. 

TU-BER-OS'I-TY,  n.  The  state  of  being  knobbed  or 
protiibemnL 

TU'BKR-OUS,  a,     [from  L.  tuber,  a  bunch.] 

Knobbed.  In  iotaRrr,consistingof  roundish, fleshy 
bodies,  or  tubers,  connected  into  a  bunch  by  inter- 
vening tlireads,  as  the  routs  of  [mlatoes.      Martyn. 

TUB'-FXST,  n.  An  old  mode  of  treatment  for  the 
venereal  disease,  by  sweating  in  a  close  place  or 
tub,  and  fainting.  Warburton  on  Sh/ik. 

TUB'-FIf?H,  n.  [tub  and  fsb.]  A  species  of  Trigla 
or  Gurnard,  sometimes  called  the  Flviro-Fibh. 

Cije, 

TO'BI  €ORN,  n.     [I*,  tubus  and  comu.] 

One  of  a  family  of  ruminant  animals  having  horns 
composed  of  a  homy  axis,  covered  with  a  horny 
sheath.  Brande, 

TC'B'ING,  ppr.     Furnishing  with  a  tube. 

TC'BI-PORE,  n.  [tube  and  pore.]  One  of  a  genus  of 
coral  Jioiiphytes ;  organ-pipe  coral.  The  coral  con- 
siKti*  of  a  cluster  of  small  tubes,  and  has  a  red  color. 

TO'BI-PO-RITE,  n.     A  fossil  tubiporo, 

TUB'-MAN,n.      In  the  exchequer ^  a  barrister  so  called. 

England. 


TUF 

TO'RU-LAR,  a.     [from  L.  tubus.] 

Having  the  form  of  a  tube  or  pipe  ;  consisting  of  a 
pipe ;  fistutar ;  as,  a  tubxdar  snout ;  a  tubvUar  calyx. 

Martyn. 
TO'BU-LA-TED, )  a.    Made  in  the  form  of  a  small 
TO'BU-LOUS,      j       tube.  Fife. 

2.  Furnished  with  a  small  tube;  as,  Vktubulaud 
retort. 
TC'BULE.  n.     [L.  tuhvlus.] 

A  small  pipe  or  fistular  oody.  Woodward, 

TC'BU-LI-FORM,  a.    Having  the  form  of  a  small 

tube.  Kirwan. 

TO'BU-LOUS,  a.     Longitudinally  hollow. 

2.  Containing  small  tubes  ;  comjwsed  wholly  of 
tubutous  florets  ;  as,  a  tubulous  compound  flower. 

3.  In  botany,  having  a  bell-shaped  border,  with 
Ave  reflex  segments,  rising  I'runi  a  tube ;  as,  a  tubu^ 
lous  floret.  Martyn. 

TUCH,  71.     A  kind  of  marble.  Herbert, 

TUCK,  n.     [GaeliCj  tuca  :  W.  fioca  ;  from  the  sense  of 

cutting  or  thrustnig,  and  the  root  of  dock.    The  It. 

iias  stocco,  and  the  Pr,  e^toc] 

1.  A  long,  narrow  sword  ;  a  rapier.        ffaUittfell. 

2.  A  kind  of  net.  Carem. 

3.  [from  the  verb  following.]  In  a  skipj  the  part 
where  the  ends  of  the  bottom  planks  are  collected 
under  the  stern.  Cyc. 

4.  A  horizontal  fold  made  in  the  garment,  to  ac- 
commodate it  to  the  height  of  a  gruwing  person. 

HaUMceU, 

5.  A  pull ;  B  lugging.    See  Tuo. 

TUCK,  r.  (.  [In  G.  lucken  signifies  to  stir,  to  stoop,  to 
shrug.  In  some  parts  of  England,  ttiis  verb  signifies 
to  full,  as  cloth  ;  Ir.  tucalavi.] 

1.  To  thrust  or  press  in  or  together;  to  fold  under  ; 
to  press  into  a  narrower  compass  ;  as,  to  tuck  up  a 
bed  ;  to  tuck  up  a  garment ;  to  tuck  in  tl)e  skirt  of 
any  thing.  .Addison, 

2.  To  inclose  by  pushing  close  around  ;  as,  to 
tuck  a  child  into  a  bed.  Locke. 

3.  To  full,  as  cloth.     [Local.] 

TUCK,  c.  t.  To  contract ;  to  draw  together.  [A*o*  tn 
use-]  Sharp. 

TUCK'A-IIOE,  n.  A  curious  vegetable  of  the  South- 
ern States  on  the  Atlantic,  growing  under  the  sur- 
face of  tlie  ground,  like  the  trutlle  of  Eiiru[>e.  Some- 
times called  Indian  Bread  or  Imdian  Loaf. 

Farm.  Encyc. 

TUCK' ED,  (tukt,)  pp.     Pressed  in  or  together. 

TUCK'ER,  R.  A  small  piece  of  linen  for  shading  the 
breast  of  women.  Addison. 

9.  A  fuller,  whence  the  name.     [Local.] 

TUCK'ET,  n.     fit.  tocato,  a  touch.] 

1.  A  slight  flourish  on  a  trumpet.  HaUiwell. 

2.  [It.  titcchetto.]     A  steak  ;  a  collop. 
TUCK^ET-SO-NAXCE,  n.    The  sound  of  the  tucket. 

Shak. 

TUCK'ING, /!pr.  Pressing  under  or  together;  fold- 
ing. 

TOE'FALL,  n.  A  building  with  a  sloping  roof  on  one 
side  onlv.  England. 

TOES'DAY,  (tuze'dy,)  n.  [Svi.Tisdas^  \)x\i\.  Tirs- 
dag ;  D.  Dingsdag ;  G.  Dingstag ;  Sax.  Tiieiesd<eg  or 
TuesdiBg,  from  Tig,  Tiig,  or  Tuiseo,  the  Mars  of  our 
ancestors,  the  deity  that  presided  over  couibats, 
strife,  and  litigation.  Hence  Tuesday  is  court  day, 
assize  day  ;  the  day  for  combat  or  commencing  liti- 
gation. See  Thi?ig.1 
The  third  day  of  tne  week. 

TC'FA,  j  »,     [It.   tufo,   ptirous   ground;  Fr.  (i^^,  soft 

TUFF,   \      gravel-stone  or  sandstone  ;  G.  to/.] 

1.  A  soft  or  porous  stone  furmed  by  depositions 
from  water,  usually  calcareous. 

2.  A  volcanic  sand-rock,  rather  friable,  formed  of 
agglutinated,  volcanic  earth  or  scoria;  also,a  similar 
rock  of  trap  or  basaltic  nmteriiil.  Dana. 

TU-FA'Cr.OUS,  (tu-fS'shus,)  a.  Pertaining  to  tufa; 
consisting  of  tufa,  or  reseuibling  it. 

TUFF,  M.     See  Tufa. 

TUF-FOON',  n,  [A  corruption  of  typhon.]  A  violent 
temjiest  or  tornado  with  thunder  and  lightning,  fre- 
quent in  the  Chinese  Sea  and  the  Gulf  of  Tonquin. 

TUFT,  n.  [W.taf;  Fr.  touJTe,  toupet  t  Sw.tofs;&p. 
tupe^  a  tuft ;  tupir,  to  press  together  ;  tupa,  satiety.] 

1.  A  collection  of  small  things  in  a  knot  or  bunch  ; 
as,  a  tujl  of  flowers  ;  a  tiift  of  feathers  ;  a  tuft  of 
grass  or  hair.  A  tuft  of  feathers  forms  the  crest  of  a 
bird.  Dnf'len.     Addison, 

2.  A  cluster;  a  clump;  as,  a  tuft  of  trees ;  a  tv/l 
of  olives.  Shak, 

3.  In  botany,  a  head  of  flowers,  each  elevated  on  a 
partial  stalk,  and  all  forming  together  a  dense,  round- 
ish mass.  The  word  is  sometimes  applied  to  other 
collections,  as  little  bundles  of  leaves,  hairs,  and  the 
like.  Cyc 

TUFT,  r.  L    To  separate  into  tufts. 

2.  To  adorn  with  tufls  or  wiih  a  tuft.     Thomson. 
TUF-TAF'FE-TA,  a.    A  villous  kind  «f  silk.    [JVo( 

in  use.] 
TUFT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Adorned  with  a  Hifl ;  as,  the 

tufted  duck  ;  growing  in  a  tuflor  cluster*  ;  as,  ntu/tcd 

gruve.  Milton.     Pope. 

TUFT'-HUNT-ER,  n,     A  cant  term  in  the  English 

universities  for  a  hanger-on  tn  noblemen  and  per- 


TUM 

sons  of  quality.  So  called  from  the  tuft  in  the  cupof 
the  latter.  UalliwtU. 

TUFT'ING,  ppr.  Separating  into  tufts ;  adorning  with 
tufts. 

TUFT'Y,  a.  Abounding  with  tufts  ;  growing  in  clus- 
ters ;  bushy.  Ttwmson. 

TUG,  It.  t  [Sax.  tcagan,  teon;  G.  liehen,  to  draw; 
zug,  a  ta^  ;  Fr.  touer ;  L.  dueo.     See  Tow,  to  drag.] 

1.  To  pull  or  draw  with  great  effort  ;  to  drag  along 
with  continued  exertion  ;  to  haul  along. 

T)tcr«  iwctit,  UK-rc  strain,  tug  iIk  loboriout  ou.    Honommtm, 

2.  To  pull ;  to  pluck. 

To  case  the  p«ln, 
HU  tuggtd  ^An  lufftred  with  a  ttraia.  HuiUhrat. 

TUG,  V.  i.     To  pull  with  great  efibrt ;  as,  to  tug  at  the 
oar ;  to  tug  against  the  stream. 
2.  To  labor ;  to  strive  ;  to  struggle. 
They  Iwiij  wrMtlRil  anil  Btrenuoiul/  tugged  for  their  libTly.  — 
\ThU  u  not  eleganL]  Hotoe. 

TUG,  Jl.      [G.  lUg.] 

1.  A  pull  with  the  utmost  efTort. 

At  the  tug  he  MU  — 
Vait  ritiio  come  alun^.  Drydtn. 

2.  A  sort  of  carriage,  used  in  some  parts  of  Eng- 
land fur  conveying  bavins  or  fagots  and  other  things. 

Cyc. 

3.  A  steam-vessel  used  to  low  ships  ;  a  steam-tug. 

4.  In  some  parts  of  J^'ew  England,  the  traces  of  a 
harness  are  called  tugs. 

TUG'GED,  pp.     Pulled  with  great  effort. 

TUG'GER,  n.  One  who  tugs  or  pulls  with  great  tt- 
fort. 

TUG'GING,  ppr.  Fulling  or  dragging  with  great  ex 
ertion ;  hauling. 

TUG'GING,  n.     Laborious  pulling. 

TUG'GING-LY,  adv.    With  laborious  pulling. 

Bailey, 

TU-I"TION,  (lu-ish'un,)  n.  fL.  tuitio,  from  tueor,  to 
see,  behold,  protect,  &c.  This  verti  is  probably  con- 
tracted from  lugo,  Ir.  tuighim.  If  so,  it  coincides 
with  the  Dan.  tugt,  education,  tuffter,  to  chastise,  D. 
tugt,  G.  %ucht.  In  this  case,  it  cuincitles  nearly  with 
L.  dueo,  to  Icai).] 

1.  Guardianslnp;  snperintendingcareovera young 
person  ;  the  particular  watch  and  care  of  a  tutor  or 
guardian  over  his  pupil  or  ward. 

2.  More  especially^  instruction  ;  the  act  or  business 
of  teaching  the  various  branches  of  leaniing.  We 
place  ourchildrr-n  under  the  precejrtors  of  acadeiTiies 
for  tuition.  [This  is  now  the  common  acceptation  of  the 
word.] 

3.  The  money  paid  for  instruction.  Tn  our  col- 
leges, the  tuition  is  from  thirty  to  forty  dollars  a  year. 

TU-t"TION-A-RY,  C-ish'un-,)  a.  Pertaining  to  tu- 
ition. 

TO'LIP,  n.  [Fr.  tulipe;  L.  tulipa;  It.  tulipano;  Sp. 
tulipani  D.  tttlp i  G.  tulpe;  Sw.  tulpan;  Dan.  tuli- 
pan.] 

A  bulbous  plant  and  n  flower  of  the  genus  Tulipa, 
of  a  great  variety  of  colors,  and  much  cultivated  for 
its  beauty. 

TC-LIP-O-MA'NI-A,  n.  A  violent  passion  for  the  ac- 
quisition or  cultivation  of  tulips.  P.  Cyc. 

TO'LIP-TREE,  n.  An  American  tree,  growing  to  a 
large  size,  and  bearing  flowers  resembling  the  tulip, 
the  Liriodendron  Tultpifera ;  also  called  Whitb- 
wooD,  Lee. 

TOLl-E,  n.    [Fr.]^  A  kind  of  silk  open  work  or  lace. 

TUL'LI-AN,  a.     Belonging  to  Tully  or  Cicero. 

TUM'BLK,  r.  i.  [Sax.  tumhian^  to  tumble,  to  dance; 
Sw.  tnmla,  to  fall,  to  tumble  ;  Dan.  tunder,  to  shake, 
to.«s,  reel,  tumble  ;  Fr.  tomber  ;  Sp.  tttmbar,  to  tumble^ 
roll,  keel,  as  a  ship,  to  throw  down  i  fum*(i,  a  (w/wft,  a 
vault,  a  tumble  or  fall  ;  L.  tumulus,  tnmuttus,  tumeo  ; 
It.  tomare,  to  f;ill ;  tombolare,  to  tumble  ;  W.  twmp,  a 
hillock  i  G.  taumeln,  to  reel.] 

1.  To  roll;  to  roll  nbtiut  by  turning  one  way  and 
the  other ;  as,  a  person  in  pain  tumbles  and  tosses. 

Shak. 

2.  To  fall ;  to  come  down  suddenly  ond  violently} 
as,  to  tumble  from  a  scaffold. 

3.  To  roll  down.  The  stone  of  Sisyphus  is  said  to 
have  tumbled  to  the  bottom,  as  soon  as  it  was  carried 
up  the  hill.  Addison. 

4.  To  play  niountebank  tricks  by  various  libra- 
tions  and  inuvernents  of  the  body.  Rowe. 

TUM'BLR,  r.  (.  To  turn  over;  to  turn  or  throw 
about  for  examination  or  searching  ;  sometimes  with 
over :  as,  to  tumble  over  books  or  papers  ;  to  tumble 
over  clothes.  [To  tumble  over  in  thought,  is  not  ele- 
gant.]^ 
2.  To  disturb  ;  to  rumple  ;  as,  yo  tumble  a  bed. 
To  tumble  out :  to  throw  <jr  roll  out ;  as,  to  tumble 
out  casks  from  a  store. 

To  tumble  down  ;  to  throw  down  oarelessty. 

Loekt. 
TUM'BI.E,  n.     A  fall.  L'E.Hrange 

TUM'BLKD,    pp.      Rolled ;     disturbed  ;     rumpled  , 

thrown   down. 
TUM'BLER,  n.    One  who  tumbles;  one  who  plays 
the  tricks  of  a  mountebank.  Pope. 

2.  A  large  drinking  glass. 

3.  A  variety  of  the  domestic  pigeon,  "o  called  from 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IGNITE AN"GER,  V:"CIOUS €  as  K  ;  0  aa  J  ;   S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


TUM 

his  practice  of  titnihlitif;  or  turning  over  in  flifcht.  It 
b  a  shurt4>o<lied  pii^eon,  of  a  plaiu  culur,  black,  blue, 
or  white.  Cifc. 

4.  A  !H^rt  of  doff,  so  called  fn>m  his  practice  of  tiiin- 
bling  before  he  attack^!  his  prPv.  Sttat. 

TUM'ULING,  ppr.     Rolling   about;  falling;  disiurb- 
inH;  rumi^ing. 

TumkttM^-komt^^  in  a  Mi>,  is  the  inclination  of  the 
top  sides  Inmi  a  perpendicular,  toward  the  center  of 
tbt)  ship  ;  or  the  part  of  a  ship  which  falls  inward 
above  the  extreme  brendth.  Cvc.     Mar.  DuL 

TUM'BLING,  n.    The  act  of  tumbling ;  the  perform- 
ances of  a  tumbler. 

TUAI'BLING-BA  Y,  a.    In  «  emul,  an  overfall  or  weir. 

Cft. 

Tf.M'BREL,  a.    [Fr.  tombenmm,  ftom  (MiWr.     See 

1.  A  duckin|E-«tool  fur  the  punishment  of  scolds. 
8.  A  rouph  cart ;  a  dung-cart.      TitAitr,     Tatlrr. 
3.  A  cart  or  carriafB  n  ith  two  wheels,  which  ac- 
companies troops  or  artillery,  for  conveying  the  tools 
of  pitmeers,  cartridges,  and  the  like. 
TUM'BRIL,  a.    A  r«)ntrtvance  of  the  basket  kind,  or 
a  kind  of  cage  of  osiers,  wdlows,  6cc.,  for  kce^iing 
hav  and  other  food  fur  sheep.  Cvc 

TU-SlK-FAC'TIO.N,  a.     [U  lum^/ario,  lo  make  tuiuid. 
See  Ti'MiD.] 

The  act  or  process  of  swelling  or  rising  into  a  tu- 
mor :  a  tumor;  a  swellinc 
TC'>IB-FI-i:;0,  (lu'me-fide,)  pp.  or  a.     [from  tumi/y.] 

Swelled  :  enlarged  ;  as,  a  tum^rd  joint.   H'tstMan, 
TT'ME-F?,  r.  t.    [L.  tuau/ttcio;  tumiduSy  (ametf,  and 

/acio.  ] 

To  swell,  or  cause  to  swell. 
TO'MK-FY,  r.  t    To  swell :  to  rise  in  a  tumor. 
TP'ME-F?-I*NG,  |jpr.    Swelling;  rising  in  a  tumor. 
TO'MID,  a.     [L.  tumidus,  fh>m  tumro,  to  swell.] 

1.  Being  swelled,  enlarged,  or  distended  i  as,  atit- 
wtid  leg  ;  tHmul  flesh. 

2.  Protuberant ;  rising  above  the  leveL 

So  high  »  bMved  dw  Ik«U  hJQs.  JUUimi. 

3.  SweUinf  in  aoand  or  senae ;  pompom ;  puffy  \ 
bombastic ;  falsely  Miblime ;  as,  a  tumid  expivsskm  ; 
a  fwairf  stvla.  AvHlfc 

T(yMII>-LV,  Wto.    In  a  swelling  form. 
TC'MID-NESS,  a,    A  swelling  or  swelled  stale. 
TO'MOa,  a.     [L.,  from  tumtv^  to  swell.] 

1.  In  sar^rry,  a  swelling  ;  a  morbid  enlargement 
of  any  part  of  the  body  ;  a  word  of  very  eompreJun- 
tioe  Mgu^/xmtum. 

The  morbid  enlargement  of  a  particular  part,  with- 
o^it  beine  caused  by  inAamroataoa.  Parr. 

Any  swelling  which  arisea  ftmn  tlw  grow'th  of 
dtstinVt  supfftluous  parts  or  subslaaees,  which  did 
not  mike  any  part  of  the  origtiuU  stnirtitre  of  the 
body,  or  from  a  morbid  increase  In  the  hulk  of  other 
parts,  which  naturally  and  always  existed  in  the  hu- 
man frame.  Cyc 

The  lenn  raifif^r  is  limited,  by  Abemelhy,  tu  such 
swellings  as  ari»>e  fn>m  new  pn>dnctit>ns,  and  in- 
chidea  only  the  s^rcamatauji  and  eiuifHed  tumors 

Parr. 

An  emeptied  tumtor  Is  one  which  is  formed  in  a 
membrane  called  a  cv-^,  connected  with  the  sur- 
rounding parts  by  the  neighbtthne  rellulnr  substance. 
There  are  also  fiitiy  tumors,  railed  lipomaftm.i  or  adi- 
poitf,  (adipo.ie  sarcoma,)  fonntHi  by  ;in  ncciimnlntion 
of  fat  in  a  limited  extent  of  the  cellular  subst-ince. 

Cyc 

2.  Affected  pomp;  bombist  in  Iangua*;e;  swelling 
words  or  expressions  ;  false  mngniticence  or  sublim- 
ity.    [LUtU  ujed.)  fVotton. 

TCMORfD,  a.     Distended  ;  swelled.  Junius. 

TC'MOR-OUS,  n.     Swelling;  protuberant.    fVotUin. 
2.  Vainly   pompo*u  ;  bombastic  ;   as  language  or 
stvlp.     'JUtUe  ustd.]  B.  JoiL*on. 

Tt'MP,  «r    [Infra.]     A  little  hillock, 
Tl'MP,  r.  t     [\V.  f««ff,  a  round  mass,  a  hillock  ;  U 
tumulus.     See  Tomb.] 

In  gardenin^^  to  form  a  mass  of  earth  or  a  hillock 

round  a  plant ;  as,  to  tump   teasel.     [This  Enslisli 

phrase  is  not  used  in  .\nierica,  but  it  answers  nvarly 

to  our  HiLU^G.     8eo  Hill.] 

TU>1P/:D,  (tunipt,)  pp.    Surrounded  with  a  hUlock 

of  earth. 
TUMP'IXG,  ppr.    Raising  a  mass  of  earth  ronnd  a 

pLint- 
TO'ML'-LAR,  a.     [L.  tumulus^  a  beapw] 

Consisting  in  a  heap;  formed  or  being  in  a  heap  or 
hillock.  PinkrrUm, 

;   TC'MU-L.^TE,  r.  i.     To  swell.     [AX  in  tut] 
TLT-MU-IXIS'I-TY,  a.     [Infra.]    HiUiness.    SaOef. 
TO'MU-LOCS,  a.     [L.  tajaaio***.] 

Full  of  hUls.  BaiUy, 

TO'MULT,  a.    [L.  tumtditig^  a  derivative,  frwn  lumeo, 
to  swell.] 

1.  The  commotion,  disturbance,  or  agitation  of  a 
multitude,  usually  accompanied  with  great  noise, 
uproar,  and  confusion  of  voices. 

What  mnuieth  tV  noiar  of  this  tumult?  — \  Sun.  it, 
TiU  in  tuuii  tumult  all  Lbe  Grrrka  *itMe.  Popt. 

2.  Violent  commotion  or  agitation,  with  confusion 
of  sounds  i  as,  the  tumidt  of  the  elements.  SpeOator. 


TUN 

3.  Agitation  ;  high  excitement ;  igegulnr  or  con- 
fused motion  :  as,  the  tumttU  of  the  spirits  or  pas- 
sions. 

4.  Bustle;  stir. 

TC'MULT,  p.  t.    To  make  a  tumult;  to  be  in  great 

commotion.  MiHon. 

TU-MULT'U-A-RI-LY,  adt>      [from  tumultuary.]     In 

a  lumiiltunrv  or  dis<wderly  manner. 
TU-MlTLT'i;-A-RI-NE8S,  n.     Disorderly  or  tumultu- 
ous conduct  ;  turbulence;  disposition  to  tumult. 

K.  Charles. 
TU-MITLT'IJ-A-RV,  o.    [Fr.  titTHultuairc  ,  from  L.  tu- 
mtUus.] 

1.  Disorderly' ;  promiscuous ;  confused  ;  as,  a  tu- 
mMlCuary  conflict.  K,  Charles. 

3.  Resfleas ;  agitated;  unquiet. 

MeD,  who  Dre  withwu  reli^oa,  live  always  in  a  lumttlluary  nnd 
RMlnt  Mate.  AUtrbury. 

TU-MULT'I^-ATE,  r,;.     [h.  tumultuo.} 

To  make  a  tumult.     [A'vt  used,]  Sonth. 

TU»MULT-lJ-A'TION,  R.  Commotion;  irregular  or 
disorderly  movement;  as,  Uie  (iu»u/£ita(«(^A  of  the 
ports  nf  a  fluid.  Boyle. 

TU-MULT'U-OUS,  (-mult'yu-U8,)    tu      [Fr.    tumul- 

tuMUX,] 

1.  Conducted  with  tumult  ;  disorderly  ;  as,  ata- 
nmltuous  conitict ;  a  tumuttuous  retreat. 

3.  Greatly  agitated  ;  Irregular ;  noisy  ;  confused  ; 
as,  a  tutnultuous  asaeuibly  or  meeting, 

3.  Agitated  ;  disturbed  ;  as,  a  latnuUuoiLs  breast. 

4.  Turbulent ;  violent ;  as,  a  tumuUuous  speech. 

5.  Full  of  tumult  and  disorder;  as,  a  tumultuous 
state  or  citv.  Sidney. 

TU-MULT'Q-OUS-LY,  a.lv.  In  a  disorderly  man- 
ner ;  by  a  disorderly  uiuUitude. 

TtJ-MULT'U-0U8-.\ESS,  n.  The  stale  of  being  tu- 
nmliuous  ;  disorder  ;  commotion. 

TC^MU-LUSy  n.  [L.]  An  artificial  hillock  raised 
over  those  w*ho  were  buried  in  ancient  tiroes. 
Hence  tomb. 

TUN,  tu  [Sax.  tuKRo,  ?w.  fuann,  n  cask  ;  Fr.  tonne, 
bHmeaut  Ir.  tvnna;  Ann,  touHtl ;  ii^p.  and  Port,  fune/, 
toiuWa  ;  G.  toHue ;  D.  ton ;  W.  fynrU,  a  barrel  or  tun. 
This  wi>rd  seems  to  be  from  the  rtxil  of  L.  (eneo,  to 
b'jld,Gr.  T-£i»"',  to  stretch,  W.  tyn,  stretched,  strained, 
tight,  tyaSw,  to  striin,  to  tighten  ;  and  this  seemb 
w£to  to  be  the  Sax,  tun,  a  toirn ;  for  tins  word  signi- 
fies atoo  a  garden,  evidently  IVom  inclosing,  and  a 
dnsa,  from  collecting  or  holding.] 

1.  In  a  genrrtd  semt,  a  large  cask  ;  an  oblong  ves- 
sel bulging  in  the  middle,  like  a  pipe  or  puncheon, 
nnd  girt  with  hoops. ' 

5.  A  certain  measure  for  liquids,  as  for  wine,  oil, 

3.  A  quantity  of  wine,  consUting  of  two  pipes  or 
four  hogsheads,  or  35'^  gallons.  In  different  coun- 
tries, the  tuH  differs  ih  quantity. 

4.  In  eotnmcrrf,  ttit^  wtiglit  of  twenty  hundred 
gni6S,  each  hundred  consisting  of  \\'2  lbs.  =!2340  lbs. 
Bnt  by  a  law  of  Connecticut,  passed  June^  1827, 
gross  weight  is  abolished,  nnd  a  tun  is  the  weight  of 
9000  lbs.  It  is  also  a  practice  in  New  York  to  sell  by 
SODO  lbs.  to  the  tun. 

Sb  A  certain  weight  by  which  the  burden  of  a  ship 
is  estimated  ;  as,  a  ship  of  three  hundred  tuns,  that 
is,  a  ship  that  will  carry  three  hundred  times  two 
thousand  weight.  Forty-two  cubic  feet  are  allowed 
to  a  tun. 

6.  A  certain  quantity  of  timber,  consisting  of  forty 
solid  feet,  if  round,  or  fifty-four  feet,  if  square. 

Cyc. 

7.  ProrrrbiaUy^  a  large  quantity.  Shak. 
^       e.  In  burlesqutf  a  drunkard.                        Dryden, 

9.  At  the  end  of  names,  tun^  ton,  or  don,  signifies 
town,  village,  or  hill. 
TUN,  r.  t.     To  put  into  casks.  Bacon.    Boyle, 

TCN'A-BLE,  a.     [from  tuTte.,]     Harmonious  j  musical. 
Aod  tuitaUt  aA  ajlran  pipe  or  tong,  BdUlon. 

Q.  That  may  be  put  in  tune. 
TCN'A-BLE-NESS,  n.     Harmony  ;  melodiousness. 
TCN'A-BLY,  adv.     Harmoniously  ;  musirallv. 
TUN'-BEL-L1-£D,  a.      [tun   and  belly.]      Having  a 

laree,  protuberant  belly.  Entick. 

TUN '-DISH,  n.     [(nil  and  dish.]     A  tunnel. 
TCNE,  a.     [Fr.  ton:  lu  titono ;  D.  toon;  W.  ton;  Ir. 

tona;  L.  tonus.     It  is  a  different  spelling  of  Tokb, 

which  sec.] 

1.  A  senes  of  mu«iical  notes,  in  some  particular 
measure,  and  consisting  of  a  single  series,  for  one 
voice  or  instniment,  the  effect  of  which  is  melody  ; 
or  a  union  of  two  or  more  series  or  parts  to  be  sung 
or  played  in  concert,  the  effect  of  which  is  harmony. 
Thus  we  soy,  a  merry  tune,  a  lively  tane,  a  grave 
tune,  a  p.-=:Llm  tune,  a  martial  lane. 

2.  Sound  ;  note.  Shak, 

3.  Harmony;  order;  concert  of  parts. 

A  contitiu^  parlLimeDt  I  Ihoiight  would  but  ke«p  (h?  eommoi^ 
weAl  in  lune.  K.  CharUt, 

4.  The  State  of  giving  the  proper  sounds  ;  as  when 
we  «ay,  a  harpsichord  is  in  tune;  that  is,  when  the 
several  chords  are  of  that  tension,  that  each  gives 
its  proper  sound,  and  the  sounds  of  all  are  at  due  in- 
tervals, both  of  tones  and  semitones. 


TUN 

5.  Proper  state  for  use  or  application  ;  right  dispo- 
sition ;  111  tt'Uiper  or  humor.  The  mind  is  not  in 
tune  for  mirth. 

A  ehil'l  will  lenm  thrt^  timea  as  hat  whfo  he  b  In  tun*,  aa  he 
will  wb'-n  he  ia  ilnng^cd  to  hia  Uak.  Lodce. 

TONE,  V.  t.  To  put  into  a  state  adapted  to  produce 
the  proper  sounds  ;  as,  to  tune  a  piano-forte;  to  tune 

a  violin. 

T^int  your  harpa.  Drydtn, 

2.  To  sing  with  melody  or  harmony. 

Fuuniaiiia,  ami  yc  that  warble  na  je  flow 
M'-loilioui  iDurmun,  wurliliug  (uru  hi*  praiae.  Milton. 

So  we  say  of  birds,  they  tune  their  notes  or  Inys. 

3.  To  put  into  a  state  pru|)er  for  any  purpose,  or 
adapted  to  produce  a  particular  effect.     [Little  u,^ed.] 

TONE,  V.  t.    Tu  form  one  sound  toanother.    [5Aa^     * 

While  tuning  to  (he  waters'  f^I, 

The  aniHJI  Innis  auiig  tu  her.  Drayton. 

2.  To  utter  inarticulate  harmony  with  the  voice. 
TON'J?D,  pp.    Uttered  melodiously  or  harmoniously  ; 

nut  in  order  to  produce  the  proiwr  sounds. 
TuNE'FJJL,  a.     Hiinnonious  ;   melodious;   niusjeal; 

ns,  tun^ul  notes  ;  tun^ul  birds,      JUilton,     Dryden. 
TCNE'FJJL-LY,  ik/o.     Harmoniously;  musically. 
TCNE'LESS,  a.     Unmusical;  unharmonious. 

2.  Not  employed  in  making  music  ;  as.  u  tuneless 
harp.  • 

TON'ER,  n.     One  who  tunes.  ShaJc. 

3.  One  whose  occupation  is  to  tune  musical  instru- 
ments. 

TUNO'STATE,  n.    A  salt  formed  of  lungstic  acid  and 

a  base, 
TUNG'STEN,  n.    [Sw.  and  Dan.  tung,  heavy,  and 

aten,  Hlnue.] 

1.  A  metal  discovered  by  D'EIhuyart,  in  1781,     It 

has  a    grayish-white  color,  and  considerable  luster. 

It  is  brittle,  nearly  as  hard  as  steel,  and  lees  fusible 

than  manfrancte.    Its  specific  gravity  is  near  J7.6. 

When  heated  to  redness  in  the  open  air,  it  takes  fire, 

and  Is  converted  into  tungstic  acid.    It  is  souietimcs 

called  WOLFRAMIUM. 

0.  An  obsolete  name  for  the  mineral  tungstate  of 
lime^ 

TUNG-STEN'I€,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  procured  from 
tungsten.     [Obs.] 

TUNCSTie  ACID,  w.  An  acid  composed  of  one 
equivalent  of  the  metal  tungsten,  and  three  equiva- 
lents of oxygen. 

TCNie,  a.     [¥T.tunique{  L.  tunica.     See  Towrr  and 

TtlN.] 

1.  An  undergarment  worn  by  both  seies  in  ancient 
Rome  and  the  Eiu^t,  reaching  to  or  below  the  knees. 

SmitJ-'s  Dirt. 

2.  In  the  Roman  Calholie.  church,  a  long  under  gar- 
ment worn  by  the  officiating  clergy.  Cyc. 

3.  In  anatomy,  xt  membrane  thai  covers  orconitKwes 
some  jmrt  or  organ  ;  as,  llie  tunics  or  coats  of  the 
ey*  ;  tiie  tunics  of  the  stomach,  or  the  membranous 
and  muscular  layers  which  compose  it.  Cyc 

4.  A  natural  covering;  au  integument;  as,  the 
tunic  of  a  set'd. 

TO'Nie-A-RY,  n.  [fh)m  tunic.]  An  animal  of  the 
niullufican  tribe,  enveloped  with  a  double  tunic. 

Kirby. 

TO'NI€-A-TEI>,  a.  In  botany,  covered  with  a  tunic, 
or  menibmiies  ;  coaled. 

A  tunicated  bulb,  is  one  composed  of  numerous  con- 
centric coats,  as  an  tmion.  Mirlyn. 

TO'NI-CLE,  (tu'no-kK)  n.  [from  tunic]  A  natural 
covering;  an  integument.  Ray,    Bentley. 

TON'ING,  ppr.  Uttering  harmoniously  or  melodi- 
ously ;  putting  in  due  order  for  making  the  proper 
sounds. 

TCN'ING-FORK,  n.  A  steel  instniment  consisting  of 
two  prongs  and  a  handle;  used  for  turfing  instru- 
ments. Bu^by. 

TON'ING-H.\M-MER,  iu  A  tool  for  tuning  instru 
rnents  of  music.  Busby. 

TUNK'ER,  n,     [G.  tnnkm,  to  dip.] 

The  Tunkers  are  a  religious  sect  in  Pennsylvania, 
of  German  origin,  resembling  the  English  Baptists. 

TUN'NAGE,  71.  [from  (wn.j  The  amount  of  tuns 
that  a  ship  will  carry;  the  content  or  burden  of  a 
ship.     A  ship  pays  duty  according  to  her  tunnage. 

2.  The  duty  charged  on  ships  according  to  their 
burden,  or  the  number  of  tuns  at  which  they  are 
rated.  U.  States*  Laws. 

3.  A  duty  laid  on  liquors  according  to  their  meas- 
ure. Cyc. 

4.  A  duty  paid  to  mariners  by  merchants  for  un- 
loJiding  their  ships,  afler  a  rate  by  the  tun.         Cyc. 

5.  The  whole  aruountof  shipping,  estimated  by  the 
tuns. 

TUN'NEL,  n.     [Fr.  Umnelle.] 

1.  A  vessel  with  a  broad  mouth  at  one  end,  and  a 
pipe  or  lube  at  the  other,  fur  conveying  liquor  into 
casks,  bottles,  &.c. 

2.  The  opening  of  a  chimney  for  the  passage  of 
smoke  ;  called  generally  a  Fun!*el. 

3.  An  artificial  arcli  or  passage  for  conducting 
canals  or  railroads  under  elevated  ground,  for  the 
formation  of  roads  under  rivers  or  canals,  and  the 
construction  of  sewers,  drains,  &.c.  Hebert. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.\T.  — MeTE,  PRgY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE;  WQLF,  BQQK.- 
_-  — _ 


TUR 

TUN'NEL,  V.  U  To  form  liku  a  tunnel ;  as,  to  tunnel 
fibrous  ptaiiis  into  nests.  Derhaau 

'J.  To  catch  in  a  net  called  a  tunnel-net. 

3.  To  form  with  net-work.  Derhmtu 

4.  To  iniike  an  opening  or  way  for  passage, 
Uiroueh  s  hilt,  or  iDouiilain,  or  under  a  river. 

TUN'NEL-£D,  pp.  Farmed  like  a  tunnel ;  penetrat- 
ed l>y  an  artificial  opening  for  a  passage. 

TUN'NEL-ING,  ppr.  Forming  like  a  tunnel;  pene- 
traiinp  by  a  subterraneous  passage. 

TUN'NEL-KILN,(-fcil,)  n.  A  lime-kiln  in  which  coal 
is  iTurnt,  as  distinguished  from  a  Flamk-Kiln,  in 
which  wood  or  pt-at  is  used.  Cyc. 

TUN'NEL-.\ET,  n.  A  net  with  a  wide  mouth  at  one 
end  and  narrow  at  the  other.  Cyc 

TUN'NEL-PIT,  n.  A  shaft  sunk  fYom  the  top  nf  the 
ground  to  the  level  of  an  intended  tunnel,  for  draw- 
ing up  the  earth  and  stones. 

TUX'NING,  ppr.     Putting  into  casks. 

TU.V'XY,  n.  [It.  tonno;  Ft.  thon;  G.  thunjisck  ;  L. 
ihynnus.] 

A  fish  of  the  genus  Thynnus,  of  the  mackerel  fami- 
ly. Its  form  is  similar  to  that  of  the  mackerel,  but 
much  larger,  rounder,  and  with  a  shorter  snout.  It 
is  one  of  the  largest  of  tislies,  tunnies  weighing  1000 
pounds  not  being  rare  in  the  Mediterranean.  The 
tunny  is  considered  excellent  food. 

TUP,  n.     A  ram.     [Local.]  [Jardine^s  JVaL  Lib. 

TUP,  V.  L     [Gr.  riiTTw.] 

i.  To  but,  as  a  ram.     [Local.] 
9.  To  cover,  as  a  ram.     [Local.] 

TO'PE-LO,  n.  A  North  American  tree  of  the  genus 
TV'yssa.  Some  of  the  species  are  called  Black-Gum, 
SouR-GrM,  Gcm-Tbee,  &,c.  Drayton.     Mease. 

TUP'-MAX,  71.     A  man  who  deals  in  tups.     [Local.] 

TUR'BA\,  n.  [Ar.]  A  head  dress  worn  by  the  Ori- 
eiitalia,  consisting  of  a  cap,  and  a  sash,  scarf,  or 
sh.iwl,  usually  of  cotton  or  linen,  artfully  wound 
about  the  cap,  and  sometimes  hanging  down  the 
neck.  Brandt. 

The  name  is  also  applied  to  a  head-dress  worn  by 
ladies. 

2.  In  unuholofry^  the  whole  set  of  wbtrla  of  a  shell. 

Cue. 

TUR'BAN-CROWN-£D,  a.    Crowned  with  a  turban. 

West  Rev. 

TUIl'BAN-£D,  a.  Wearing  a  turban  ;  as,  a  turhaned 
Turk.  Shak. 

TUR'BAX-SHELL,  n.  A  popular  name  given  to 
Echini,  or  sea-urchins,  when  deprived  of  their  spines, 
from  B4>me  resemblance  to  a  turban.  Dana. 

TUR'BAN-TOP,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Helvella  ;  a 
kind  of  fungus  or  mushroom.  Cue. 

TUR'BA-RY,  n.     ffrom  turf:  Latinized,  inrharial] 
\.  In  idic,  a  right  of  digging  turf  on  anotlier  man's 
land.     Common   of  tarbary,   is   the   liberty  which  a 
tenant  enjoys  of  digging  turf  on  the  lord's  waste. 
9.  The  place  where  iiirf  is  dug.  Coicrl. 

TUR'BID,  a.  [L.  turbidus,  from  turbo,  to  disturb, 
that  is,  to  stir,  to  turn.] 

Priyperly,  having  the  lees  disturbed  ;  but  in  a  more 
general  sense,  muddy  ;  foul  with  extraneous  matter; 
thick,  not  clear  ;  used  of  liquids  of  any  kind  :  uf^,  turbid 
water  J  turbid  wine.  Strt^ams  runiiuig  on  clay  gen- 
erally apiiear  to  be  turbid.  This  is  often  the  case 
with  the  River  .Stine. 

TTMt'BID-LV,  adr.  Proudly  ;  haughtily  ;  a  Utinism. 
[J^%t  \n  we.]  Young, 

Tr;R'«ID-NE3S,  n.     Muddiness  :  foulness. 

TUR-BILIVION,  (bil'yunO  n.     [Fr.  tourbUlon.] 

A  whirl  ;  a  vortox.  Spectator. 

TUR'RIN-ATE,      (a.     [L.  (urfrmflfus,  formed  like  a 

TUR'BIN-A-TED,  \      top,  from  turbo,  turben,  a  top.] 

1.  In  concholoffy,  spiral,  or  wreathed  conically  fmrn 
a  larger  base  to  a  kind  of  apex  ;  as,  turbinated  shelta. 

O/r. 
9.  In  botany,  shaped  like  a  top  or  cone  inverted  ; 
narrow  at  the  base,  and  broad   at  the  apex  ;  as,  a 
turbinated  perm,  nectary,  or  pericarp,  Lee. 

3,  Whtrlhig.    [LUtlevsrd.] 
TUR-BIX-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  spinning  or  whirl- 
in  ?,  as  a  Ion, 

TrR'BIN-ITE, )  «.     A  petrified  shell  of  the  genus 
TUR'BITE,        i      Turbo.  rOAso^/-.]     Cye.  ITirwan. 
TUR'BIT,  n.     A  variety  of  the  dt.mestic  pigeon,  re- 
markable for  its  short  beak  i    called  hy  the   Dutch 
kort-bfok,  short  beak.  djc     Ed,  Eneyc. 

2.  The  turboL  Cyc 
TUR'BITH,  n.    An  incorrect  spelling  of  Turpeth, 

which  see. 
TUR^BOT,  n.     [Fr]     A  flat-fish  of  the  genus  Rhom- 
bus of  Cuvier,  (Pleuron^;ctes,  Linn-,)  with  a  Unly 
nearly  circular.     I:  grows  to  the  weiglit  of  twenty  or 
thirty  pounds,  and  is  much  esteemed  hy  epicures. 
TUR'BU-LEN'CE,    /  n.     fi*ee  Turbulent.]     A    di»- 
TUR'BU-LEN-CY,  (      turbed  slate;   tumult;   confu- 
sion ;  as,  the  turbulence  of  the  limes ;  turbulence  in 
political  affairs.  Milton. 

9.  Disord^  or  tumult  of  the  passions ;  as,  turbu- 
fenceofmind.  Dnjden. 

3.  Agitation;  tumultuousness ;  as,  turbulence  of 
blood.  Swift 

4.  Disposition  to  resist  authority  ;  insubordination 
M,  the  turbulence  of  subjects. 


TUR 

TUR'BU-LEiXT,  a.  [L.  turbulaitujt,  from  turbo,  to  i 
disturb.] 

1.  Disturbed ;  agitated ;  tumultuous;  being  in 
violent  commotion ;  as,  the  turbulcTU  ocean. 

Ctilm  region  once, 
And  fill  of  praci»,  now  Uwsed  ajid  turbulent,  MUlon. 

The  turbuUitl  inirih  of  wine.  Dryd^n. 

2.  Re.stless ;  unquiet;  refractory;  disposed  to  io- 
subordinatiuu  and  disorder;  as,  turbulent  spirits. 

3.  Producing  commotion, 

Whuac  bcada  thai  turbaltnl  Ikiuor  filU  with  fume*.        Milton. 

TUR'nU-LEXT-LY.  orfr.  Tumultuously;  with  vio- 
lent agitation ;  with  refractoriness. 

TUR'CISM,  n.    The  religion  of  the  Turks. 

TU-REE\',  n.     [Fr.  terHne,] 
A  vessel  for  holding  soup, 

TURF,  n,  [Sax.  tyrf;  D.  turf;  G.  and  Sw.  tor/;  Fr. 
tourbe  i  Ir.  tarp,  a  clod.  The  word  seems  to  signify 
a  collection,  a  mass,  or  perhaps  an  excrescence.] 

1.  That  upper  stratuut  of  earth  and  vegetable 
mold,  which  is  filled  with  the  roots  of  grass  and 
other  small  plaut£i,  so  us  to  adhere  and  form  a  kind 
of  mat.     This  is  otherwise  called  Sward  and  Hod. 

2.  Peat ;  a  peculiar  kind  of  blackish,  fibrous,  veg- 
etablit,  earthy  substance,  used  as  fuel.] 

[Drydtn  and  Addison  wrote  Tuhfs,  in  the  plural. 
But  when  turf  or  peat  is  cut  into  small  pieces,  the 
practice  now  is  to  call  tliem  Turves.] 

3.  Race  ground  ;  or  horse-racing. 

The  hoDon  of  the  lur/are  tUI  our  own.  Coieper. 

TURF,  r.  (.     To  cover  with  turf  or  sod  ;  as,  to  turf  a 

bank  or  the  border  of  a  terrace. 
TURF'-€LAD,  a.     Covered  with  turf. 
TURF'-€OV-ER-£D,  n.     Covered  with  turf.      Tooke. 
TURF'-DRAIN,  n.     A  drain  filled  with  turf  or  peat. 

Cyc 
TURF'£D,  (turft,)  pp.    Covered  with  turf  or  green 

sod. 
TUV^V  K^i.a.     Made  of  turf;  covered  with  turf. 
TURF'-HEDGE,  n.    A  hedge  or  fence  formed  with 

turf  and  plants  of  different  kinds.  Cyc. 

TURF'-HOUSE,  ?i.     A  house  or  shed  formed  of  turf, 

common  in  the  northern  parts  of  Europe. 

Cyc.     Tooke. 
TURF'I-NESS.n.    [fromturfy.]    The  stale  of  abound- 

ing  with  turf,  or  oi^having  the  consistence  or  qualities 

of  lurf. 
TURF'IXG,  ppr.     Covering  with  turf. 
TURF'IN'G,  n.    The  operation  of  laying  down  turf,  or 

covering  wirli  turf. 
TURF'IN(;-I-RON,  n.     An  implement  for  paring  off 

turf. 
TURF'IXG-SPADE,  n.      An    instrument  for  under- 
rutting  turf,  when  marked  out  by  the  plow.     Ctjc 
TURF'-MOSS,  «.     A  tract  of  turfy,  mossy,  or  boggy 

land.  Cyc. 

TURF'-SPADE,  n.    A  spade  for  cutting  and  digging 

turf,  longer  and  narrower  than  the  common  spatle. 

Cyc. 
TURF'Y,  a.    Abounding  with  turf. 
2.  Having  the  qualities  of  turf. 
TUR'OENT,  a.     [U.  turfreris,  from  turgeo,  to  swell.] 
Swelling  ;    tumid  ;   rising   into  a  tumor  or  puny 

state ;  as,  when  the  humors  are  turgcnt. 

Oov.  of  the  Tongue. 

1.  The  act  of  swelling. 

2.  The  state  of  being  swelled.  Brown. 

3.  Empty  pnmpcusness ;  inflation:  bombast. 
TUR-OES'CENT,  a.     Swelling  ;  growing  big, 
TUH'GII),  a.     [L.  turgidus,  from  turireo,  to  swell.] 

1.  Swelled  ;  btoateil  ;  distended  beyond  its  nat- 
ural state  by  some  internal  agent  or  expansive  force. 

A  Madder  held  by  the  fire  gww  turbid.  Boyle. 

More  ffcnerally,  the  word  is  applied  to  an  enlarged 
part  of  the  body  ;  a.-*,  a  turgid  limb. 

2.  Swelling  in  style  or  language;  vainly  ostenta- 
tious; tumid;  pom[»ou8;  inflateil  ;  bombastic;  as,  a 
turifid  style  ;  a  turgid  manner  of  talking.       Watts. 

TUK-0II)'I-TY,  n,  Ktale  of  being  swelled;  tumid- 
ness. 

TUR'GID-LY,  arfc.    With  swelling  or  empty  pvnip. 

TUR'61J»-NESS,  n.  A  swelling  or  swelled  state  of  a 
thing;  distention  beyond  its  natural  state  by  some 
internal  furce  or  agent,  as  in  a  limb. 

2.  Pompousncss ;  inflated  manner  of  writing  or 
speaking  ;  bombast;  as,  the  turgidnesa  of  language 
or  style. 

TU-RI-O-NIF'ER-OUS,  a.  [L.  turio,  a  shoot,  and 
/tTH,  to  l>ear.] 

Producing  shoots.  Barton. 

TUR'KEY,n.  [As  this  fowl  was  .not  brought  from 
Turkey,  it  would  he  more  correct  to  write  the  name 
TuBKY,  as  it  is  written  in  the  Encycloitcdia  Britan- 
nicn.] 

A  large  gallinaceous  fowl,  the  Meleagris  gallopavo. 
It  is  a  native  of  Anierira,  and  its  flesh  furnishes 
most  delicious  food.  Wild  turkeys  abound  in  the 
forests  of  America,  and  domestic  turkeys  are  bred  in 
other  countries,  as  well  as  in  America.     There  is  an- 


TUR 

other  stHxios,  the  .Meleagris  ocellata,  found  about  tlie 
Bay  of  Honduras. 
TUR'KEY-BIjZ'Z.\RD,  n.  \n  America,  a  common 
spiTJes  of  vulture,  having  a  distant  resemblance  to  a 
turkey,  and  retntirkable  for  its  graceful  flight  in  the 
Jngber  regions  of  the  air.    It  is  the  Catbaries  nura, 

Ilri/deniari. 

TUR'KEY-RED,  n.  A  fine,  durable  red,  dyed  with 
madder  upon  calico  or  wixilen  cloth.  arande. 

TUK'KEY-BToiJE,  n.  Another  name  of  the  oil- 
stone, from  Turkey. 

TURK'ISH,  0.    Pertaining  to  the  Turks. 

TURK'ISH-LY,  adv.     In  the  manner  of  the  Turks. 

TUR-KOl*',  (koiz'  or-keez',)  n.  [Fr.  turquoiaa  from 
Turkey.]  , 

A  mineral,  called  also  Calaite,  brought  from  Per- 
sia, of  a  peculiar  bluish-green  color,  occurring  in  reni- 
form  masses,  with  a  botryoidul  surface.  It  is  suscepti- 
ble of  a  high  polisli,  and  is  used  in  jewelry,  and  when- 
highlv  colored  is  much  esteemed  as  a  gem.     Dana. 

TURK'S'-CAP,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Lilium  ;  and 
also  of  the  genus  Melocactus. 

TURK'S'-HEAU,  (-hed,)  n.     A  name  of  plants  of  the 

genera  Maniniillaria  and  Akelocactus. 
RK'S'-TUR-BAN,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Ra- 
nunculus. 
TUK'LU-PINS,  71.  pi.     In  French  ecclesiastical  hlitory, 
a  nickname  for  the  precursors  of   the  reformation, 
corresponding  to  Lollards,  &c.  Jirande, 

TURM,  71.     [L.  turma.] 

A  troop.     [J^ot  English.]  M'dton. 

TUR'MA-LIN,  n.     An  electric  stone.     [See  Tourma- 
lin,] 
TUR'MER-ie,  n.     [It.   tiLrtumaglio.    Thomson  says. 
Sans,  and  Pers.  zur,  yellow,  and  mirich,  pepper.] 

A  medicinal  root  brought  from  the  East  Indies, the 
Curcuma  longa.  It  is  e\lern;illy  grayish,  but  inter- 
nally of  a  deep,  lively  yellow  or  saffron  color.  It  has 
a  flight  aromatic  stnell,  and  a  bitterish,  slightly  acrid 
Ta^te.  It  is  used  for  dyeing,  and  as  a  medicine. 
This  name  is  somt^times  given  to  the  blood-ruot 
(Sauguinaria  Canadensis)  of  America,  and  also  to 
the  Hydrastis  Canadensis.  Cyc.     Bi^eloie. 

TUII-MOIL',  «.  [I  know  not  the  originof  this  word  ; 
but  it  is  probably  from  the  root  of  the  L.  tur6a,  tur- 
bo, turma,  or  of  (am.] 

Disturbance;  tumult ;  harassing  tabor;  trouble; 
molestation  by  tumult. 

Thi-Tf  I'll  rest,  as  afttr  much  turmoil 

A  bWanl  sou)  duth  in  Kb'sium.  Shak, 

TUR-MOIL',  c.  (.    To  harass  with  commotion. 

It  is  lier  falal  misfartitne —  to  bp  iiiiseruUj'  tossed  and  turmtriled 
witli  th«K  stuniis  <ii  dttllciktn.  Sptnsir. 

2.  To  disquiet ;  to  weary.  Milton. 

TUR-MOIL',  V.  i.  To  bo  disquieted  ;  to  he  in  com- 
mntion.  Milton. 

TUR-MOIL' £,'D,  pp.     Harassed  with  commotions. 

TURN,  r.  (.  [Sax.  lurnan,  tyrnan;  L.  tomo  ;  Gr. 
Tonvnot;  Yx.  Uiumcr ;  Arm.  turnein;  It.  torno,  a 
wheel,  \j.  turnwi ;  tomiare,  to  turn;  tornare,  to  re- 
turn ;  torneare,  tornire,  to  turn,  to  fence  round,  to 
tilt  ;  tomiamento,  tournament ;  Sp.  tomo,  tornear  i  G. 
tvmicr,  a  lilt;  Sw.  tornera,  to  run  tilt,  Dan.  tamerer ; 
W.  ticm,  turn,  from  tur,  a  turning  ;  Gaelic,  turna,  a 
spinning  wheel ;  turnoir,  a  turner.     This  is  probably 

a  derivative  verb  from  tiie  root  of  Ar.   .j^  daunit 

to  turn.    Class  Dr,  No.  3,  and  see  No.  15,  13,  18, 
38.] 

1.  To  cause  to  move  in  a  circular  course  ;  as,  to 
turn  a  wheel  ;  to  turyt  a  spindle  ;  to  turn  the  Iwdy, 

2.  To  change  or  shift  sides;  to  put  the  upper  side 
downward,  or  one  side  in  the  place  of  the  other.  It 
is  said  a  hen  turns  her  eggs  ofXen  when  sitting. 

3.  To  alter,  as  a  position. 

Enpfrt 
When  to  adTiuiM,  or  staod,  or  (urn  the  sway  of  b«tl«.   MUton. 

4.  To  cause  to  preponderate  ;  to  change  the  state 
of  a  balance  ;  ns,  to  turn  the  scale.  Dryden. 

5.  To  bring  the  inside  out ;  as,  to  turn  a  coat. 

G.  To  alter,  as  the  posture  of  the  body,  or  direction 
of  the  look. 

The  moii-irch  tumt  him  to  his  roy»I  guest.  Pope. 

7.  To  form  on  a  lathe  ;  to  make  round. 

8.  To  form  ;  to  shujie  ;  used  in  the  participle ;  as,  a 
body  finely  turned. 

His  limba  nuw  turned.  Pope. 

9.  To  change ;  to  transform  ;  as,  to  turn  evil  to 
good  ;  to  turn  goods  into  money. 

Imp;iti.iic-  lurfiB  an  ngue  into  &  ferer.  Thytor. 

I  pray  the",  turn  the  counsel  of  Ahiihophel  Into  foolishticss.  —  8 
tiiim.  xr, 

10.  To  metamorphose  ;  as,  to  turn  a  worm  into  a 
winged  insect. 

11.  To  alter  or  change,  as  color;  as,  to  turn  green 
to  blue. 

12.  To  change  or  alter  in  any  manner ;  to  vary. 

Slink, 

13.  To  translate  ;  as,  to  turn  Greek  into  English. 

W'ho  (urriB  k  Pcrsinn  tiii»?  for  ImlT  a  cmwn.  P(f». 


TONE.  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"OER,  VI"CI0U8 €  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  9  as  Z;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

—   ■  .-....-.  -  1183 


TUR 

14.  To  chatigo,  as  the  manner  of  writing;  as,  to 
Un*  pr\ta«  into  verse. 

15.  To  change,  as  frv»m  one  opinion  or  party  to  an- 
oCber  ;  as,  to  runt  one  fmm  a  torj'  to  a  whig  ;  to  turn 
a  Mohammedan  or  a  pAK^n  to  a  rhrt^tian. 

16.  To  change  in  refiard  to  inclinittiun  or  temper. 

T^tm  tb^  to  me,  mm<i  hare  mercjr  ou  me.  —  Ps.  xxv. 

17.  To  change  or  alter  from  one  purpose  or  e^et 
to  another. 

God  wUI  aukf  tbew  trrih  tha  oceMJoa  of  fTCatw  food,  by  turn- 
ing tbem  to  oar  adnuita(«.  TWotMM. 

18.  To  transfer. 

Tberefcre  ho  alew  him,  oad  kanwrf  the  kiogdora  to  David.  —  | 


TUR 


TUR 


19.  To  cause  to  naaseate  or  loathe ;  as,  to  Cmtm  tbe 
Mctmach. 
SIO.  To  make  giddy. 

Buten  prieats  fai  gfcldjr  clitfao  no, 
And  iMm  their  beodt  to  Iraiuie  the  nra.  Fopt. 

SU.  To  iDfotuate ;  to  make  mad,  wUd,  or  enthusi- 
astic ;  as,  to  turn  the  brain.  Jiitttisom, 

22.  To  change  direction  to  or  from  any  point ;  as, 
to  turn  the  eyes  to  the  heavens;  to  turn  the  eyes 
fh>m  a  distrusting  spectacle. 

93.  To  direct  by  a  change  to  a  certain  purpose  or 
object  i  to  direct,  as  the  inclinnlion,  thmigbts,  or 
mind.    I  have  tmmed  my  mind  to  the  subJecL 

My  thooghn  m  fiinurf  oa  peutm.  .AddiMw. 

M.  To  rerolve ;  to  agitate  in  the  mind. 

TWn  tbcMe  ideos  about  in  jour  mind.  ITaa*. 

95.  To  bend  from  a  perpendicular  direction  ;  as,  to 
tara  the  edge  of  an  instrument. 

96.  To  move  from  a  direct  course  or  straight  line  ; 
to  cause  to  deviate  ;  as,  tofHrn  a  burse  from  the  road, 
or  a  ship  from  her  course. 

S7.  To  apply  by  a  change  of  use. 

When  the  pUMge  b  open,  Uod  wB  be  tttrmd  moot  to  cnttle. 
««    «  T^MpU. 

98.  To  reTerw. 

The  Lord  thj  God  will  (Mm  thy  tu^rttj.  and  kv*  "rrpiwfm 
on  thee.  —  D.-«.  x%%. 

29.  To  keep  passing  and  changing  in  the  course  of 
trade  ;  as,  to  tem  money  or  stock  two  or  ibree  times 
in  the  year. 

30.  To  adapt  tbe  mind  ;  duejlf  in  tJu  partie^U, 

Be  wu  perfcctlj  w«i;  tumod  far  trmin, 

31.  To  moke  acid ;  to  sour ;  as,  to  turm  eider  or 
vine;  lolummilk. 

39l  To  persuade  to  renounce  an  opinion  ;  to  dis- 
nnide  from  a  purpose,  or  cause  to  change  sides. 
Tou  ean  not  turn  a  firm  tnan. 

TV  teni  msid* ;  to  avert. 

n  tmrm  «»ey  .*  to  dbmtss  fVom  service ;  to  ^ecwd  ; 
as,  to  turn  ammf  a  servant. 

9.  To  arerl ;  as,  to  turn  mraf  wmlb  or  evil. 

7>  turn  bM€k ;  to  return  ;  as,  to  turn  baek  goods  to 
tbe  seller.     [Littlf  ujfd.\  SkmJu 

To  turn  daitH  :  to  fold  or  double  down. 

To  turn  in ;  to  fold  or  double  ;  as,  to  tttra  m  the 
edge  of  cloth. 

TV  turn  of:  to  dismiss  contemptuously  ;  as,  to  turn 
(^  a  sycophant  or  para-tife. 

2.  To  give  over  ;  to  re»>lgn.  We  are  not  so  wholly 
tmrntd  ajtfrom  that  reversion. 

3.  To  divert  ;  to  deflect ;  as,  to  (urn  e^the  thoughts 
ftom  serious  subjects. 

To  be  turned  of:  to  be  advanced  beyond  ;  as,  to  fre 
turned  of  sixty-six. 

To  turn  out ;  to  drive  out ;  to  expel ;  as,  to  turn  a 
thauivomt  of  doors,  or  out  of  the  tiouse. 

2.  To  put  to  pasture,  as  cattle  or  horses. 

TV  turn  otrr ;  to  ctian^e  sides ;  to  roll  over. 

2.  To  transfer ;  as,  to  turn  over  business  to  another 
hand. 

3.  To  open  and  examine  one  leaf  after  another ; 
as,  to  turn  m-er  a  Concordance.  Swin. 

4.  To  uwrset. 

Ta  turn  to  ;  to  have  recotirse  to. 

BAtttiim't  tnMn  mnj  be  timni  to  oa  all  occadom.       Lock^. 

Ta  tmm  mpen ;  to  retort ;  to  throw  back  ;  as,  to 
term  the  arguments  of  an  opponent  upon  himwif. 

JiUeriury. 

To  turn  Ou  back ;  to  flee  ;  to  retreat.     £xod.  niiL 

TV  turn  tkt  hack  upon;  to  quit  with  contempt:  to 
forsake. 

TV  tum  the  die  or  dice ;  to  change  fortune. 
TURX,  r.  i.    To  move  round  ;  to  have  a  circular  mo- 
tion ;  ns,  a  wheel  tiinu  on  its  axiii ;  a  spindle  turns 
on  a  pivot ;  a  man  turm  on  his  heel. 

2.  To  be  directed. 

The  iinder«aodi.g  ftamj  biWmid  •«  tana;  nnd  n«Mto  on  to  own 
opetmnoaa.  Loekm. 

3.  To  show  regard  by  directing  the  look  toward 
any  thing, 


TW»,  nriefitj  inenartb,  fum  ihU  way 
Do  not  rtfitv  to  hear. 


4    To  move  tbe  body  round 
with  a  smile. 


i>pyd:nt. 

He  tKraed  to  me 


6.  To  deviate  ;  as,  to  tarn  from  the  roud  or  course. 

7.  To  aller;  to  be  changed  or  transformed;  as, 
wood  turns  to  stone  ;  water  furn^  to  ice  j  one  color 
turns  to  another. 

8.  To  become  by  change  ;  as,  the  ftir  of  certain 
animals  turns  in  winter. 

Cjfneia  from  grxy  turn  white.  Bamn. 

9.  To  change  aides.    A  man  in  a  fever  turns  otXvn. 

„  Swift. 

10.  To  change  opinions  or  parties;  as,  to  tum 
Christi:in  or  Mobaniuicdan. 

11.  To  change  tbe  mind  or  conduct. 

TWnfrom  th;  fierce  vraih.  —  Ex.  xxxL 

19.  To  Change  to  acid ;  as,  milk  turn*  suddenly 
during  a  thunder-storm. 

13.  To  be  brought  eventually  ;  to  result  or  termi- 
nate in.  This  Inide  has  not  turned  to  much  account 
or  advantage.  The  application  of  steam  turns  to 
good  account,  both  on  land  niid  water. 

M.  To  depend  on  for  decision.  The  question 
turns  on  a  single  fact  or  point. 

15.  I'o  become  giddy. 

I'll  look  nq  more, 
Lrat  my  br^iii  tum,  Shak. 

16.  To  change  a  course  of  life ;  to  repent.^ 

r  erll  waya,  fcr  why  will  ye  die  f  — 


5.  To  move ;  to  change  posture.    Let  your  body 
be  at  rest ;  do  not  turn  in  the  leasu 


TWn  ye,  rum  ^  from  joi 
Eatk.  xxxiu. 

17.  To  change  the  course  or  direction  ;  as,  the  tide 

turns. 

To  tum  about ;  to  move  the  face  to  another  quar- 
ter. 

TV  turn  atrui^ ;  to  deviate. 

2.  To  depart  from  ;  to  fors.ike. 
TV  tum  in  ;  to  bend  inward. 

a.  To  enter  for  lodgings  or  entertainment.  Qen. 
xix. 

3.  To  go  to  bed. 

TV  turn  off;  to  be  diverted';  to  deviate  fVom  a 
course.    The  road  turns  off  to  the  left 
TV  turs  on  or  upon  ;  to  reply  or  retort. 
3.  To  depend  on. 
TV  tum  out ;  to  move  from  its  place,  as  a  bone. 

2.  To  bend  outward  ;  lo  pmjecL 

3.  To  rise  from  btd  ;  also,  to  come  abroad ;  to 
prove  in  tbe  result. 

TV  turn  over;  to  tum  from  side  to  side;  to  roll ;  lo 
tumble. 

2.  To  change  sides  or  parties. 

To  turn  to  :  lo  be  dtrccttrd  ;  as,  the  needle  <Mrn«  to 
the  magnetic  pole. 

To  turn  under  ,■  to  bend  or  be  folded  downward. 

TV  tum  up;  u*  bend  or  be  doubled  upward. 
TURN,  a.     The  act  of  turning  ;  movement  or  motion 
in  a  circular  direction,  whether  horizontally,  verti- 
cally, or  otherwise ;  a  revolution ;  as,  the  (urn  of  a 
wbeeL 

2.  A  winding;  a  meandering  course;  a  bend  or 
bending  ;  as,  the  tum  of  a  river.  Addison. 

3.  A  walk  to  and  fro. 

I  will  uke  a  turn  In  yoiir  gnnli^n.  Ihyden, 

A.  Change  ;  alteration  ;  vicissitude  ;  as,  the  turns 
and  varieties  of  passions.  Huoker. 

Too  well  the  lurru  of  mortal  ch-incc  I  know.  Pope. 

5.  Successive  course. 

NobIen--a*  and  bounty  —  which  rinuca  had  their  turns  In  th*-  king '■ 
nature.  Bacun. 

6.  Manner  of  proceeding;  change  of  direction. 
This  alTair  may  take  a  different  turn  from  that  which 
we  expect. 

7.  Chance  ;  hap  ;  opportunity. 

Ztnj  one  h.\«  «  f^r  turn  to  be  m  ffrttxt  lu  he  plea«et.    ColHtr. 

8.  Occasion  ;  incidental  opportunity. 

An  oM  dog,  fsUing  from  his  ipwd,  wm  loaded  at  fyry  turn  with 
bSow  «o.l  reproftch-s.  L'Ettrange. 

9.  Time  at  which,  by  successive  vicissitudes,  any 
thing  is  to  be  bad  or  done.  They  take  each  other's 
turn. 

Bm  turn  wUl  come  to  Uugh  ml  you  agmln.  Dtnham, 

10.  Action  of  kindness  or  malice. 

Thanks  are  half  loM  wh'-o  good  turnt  src  deli^yi^d.     J^Wr/o*. 
Some  malicioua  n.itom  place  their  delight  in  di>ing'  ill  (umr 

L.'Etlrange. 

11.  Reigning  inclination  or  course.  Religion  is 
not  to  be  adapted  to  the  tum  and  f:ishion  of  the  age. 

19.  A  step  off  the  ladder  at  tbe  gillows.    Butler. 

13.  Convenience;  occasion;  purpose;  exigence; 
as,  this  will  not  serve  his  tarn. 

Clarendon.     Temple. 

14.  Form;  cast;  shape;  manner;  in  a  literal  or 
figurative  sense  ;  a«,  the  tum  of  thought ;  a  man  of 
■  sprightly  (urn  in  conversation. 

The  (um  of  hie  ihoughtu  and  expression  is  unhaTmonioiis. 

Female  Tirluea  are  of  a  domestic  tum.  Md^on, 

The  Roman  poits,  in  ih^r  description  of  a  beautiful  man,  often 
meniion  ihc  turn  of  his  neck  and  arms.  Addxaon. 

15.  Manner  of  arranging  words  in  a  sentence. 

16.  Change  ;  new  position  of  things.  Some  evil 
happens  at  every  turn  of  affairs. 


17.  Change  of  direction;  as,  tbe  tum  of  the  tide 
from  flot>d  to  ebh. 

18.  One  round  of  a  rope  tjr  cord. 

19.  in  mining,  a  pit  sunk  in  some  part  of  a  drift. 

Cyc. 

20.  Turn,  (tr  toum,\n  la le.  The  shcrilT's  turH  is  a 
court  of  record,  held  by  the  sheriff  twice  a  year  in 
every  hundred  witliin  his  county.  England, 

By  turns :  one  after  another ;  alternately.    They 
assist  each  other  bij  turns, 
2.  At  intervals. 

They  feel  fcy  turns  the  bittPr  change.  JW^ion. 

TV  take  turns;  to  take  each  other's  place  alter- 
nately. 

TCRN'-BENCn,  n.  [tum  and  bench.]  A  kind  of 
ir<m  lathe.  Moxon. 

TURN'-CAP,  n.  A  chimney-top  which  tuma  round 
with  the  wind.  Francis. 

TLTRN'eO.\T,  n.  [fun*  and  coat.]  One  who  forsakes 
his  party  or  principles,  Sliak- 


TURN'*;!),  pp.    Moved  in  a  circle  ;  changed. 

TURN'IiR,  n.  One  vvJiose  occupation  is  to  form 
things  with  a  lathe  ;  one  who  turns. 

TUR.N'ER-ITt:,  7).  A  mre  mineral,  occurring  in  small 
crystaU  of  a  yellowisb-bruwn  color,  externally  bril- 
liant and  translucent.  Phillips. 

It  somewhat  resembles  sphene  in  its  crystals,  btit 
dirtVrs  from  sphene  in  containing  alumina,  lime,  mag- 
nesia, and  u  little  iron,  but  no  titanium.         Dana. 

TURN'ER-Y,  n.     Tlie  art  of  forming  solid  substances 
into  cylindrical  or  other  forma  by  means  of  a  lathe. 
2.  Tilings  made  by  a  turner  or  in  the  latlie. 

TURN'I-VG,  ppr.  Moving  in  a  circle;  changing; 
winding. 

TURN'ING,  n.  A  winding;  a  bending  course;  flex- 
ure ;  meander. 

2.  Deviation  from  the  way  or  proper  course. 

3.  Turnery,  or  the  act  of  forming  solid  substances 
into  various  forms  by  means  of  a  lathe. 

TURN'ING-NESS,  n.  auulily  of  turning;  tergiver- 
sation.    [JVot  in  use,]  Sidntu. 

TURN'ING-POINT,  «.  The  point  which  decides  a 
case. 

TUR'NIP,  n.  [A  compound  of  tur^  round,  and  Sax. 
n<rpf,  L.  TtapHs,  a  turnip.  | 

The  common  name  of  two  bulbous  roots  or  plants, 
Drassica  rapa  and  Brassica  campestris,  distinct  spe- 
cies, biith  of  grijat  value  for  food. 

TUR.\'K£V,  n.  A  person  who  has  charge  of  the  keys 
of  a  prison,  for  opening  and  fastening  the  doors. 

TURN'OUT,  «.  [turn  and  out.]  The  act  of  coming 
forth  ;  a  quitting  of  employment. 

2.  The  place  in  a  railway  where  cars  turn  out  of 
the  way  ;  applied  also  lo  an  equipage. 

TURN'PIKE,  «.  [turn  and  pike.]  Strictly,  a  frame 
consisting  of  two  bars  crossing  each  other  at  right 
angles,  and  turning  on  a  post  or  pin,  to  hinder  the 
passage  of  beasts,  but  admitting  a  person  to  pass  bo- 
Ivveen  the  arms. 

2.  A  gate  set  across  a  road  to  stop  travelers  and 
carriages  till  toll  is  paid  for  keeping  the  road  in  re- 
pair. 

3.  A  turnpike  road. 

4.  In  military  affairs,  a  beam  filled  with  spikes  to 
ohslruft  passage.  Cyc, 

TURN'PIKE,  V.  t.  To  form,  as  a  road,  in  the  manner 
of  a  turnpike  road  ;  to  throw  the  path  of  a  road  into 
a  roiindi'd  form.  Med,  Repos.     Knowles. 

TURN'PIK-£0,  (pikt,)  pp.  Formed  in  the  manner 
of  a  turnpike-road. 

TURN'PIKE-ROAD,  n.  A  road  on  which  turnpikes 
or  toll-gates  are  established  by  law,  and  which  are 
made  and  kept  in  repair  by  the  toll  collected  from 
travelers  ttr  passengers  who  use  the  road.  Cyc. 

TURN'-SERV-ING,  n.  Jtum  and  s/xie.]  The  actor 
practice  of  serving  one*s  turn,  or  promoting  private 
interest.  Bacon. 

TURN'SICK,  a.     [turn  and  sick.]     Giddy,       Boom. 

TUR.N'SOLE,  n.     [turn  and  L.  sol,  the  sun.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Helioiropium,  so  named  be- 
cause ila  flower  is  supposed  to  turn  toward  the  sun  j 
the  heliotrope, 

TURN'SPIT,  «.  \tum  and  spU.]  A  person  who 
turns  a  spit. 

His  lordsh^)  b  his  ma^y't  btmtj^U  Burin. 

2.  A  variety  of  the  dog,  so  called  from  turning  the 
spit. 

TURN'STILE,  n.  [turn  and  stile.]  A  revolving 
frame  in  a  footpath.  Oay 

TURN'STfi.\E,n.  [tum  tin  A  stone.]  A  bird,  called  the 
Sea-Dottehel,  of  the  genua  Strepsilas,  (Tringa  mo- 
rinella,  Linn.,)  a  little  larger  than  an  English  black- 
bird. This  bird  takes  its  name  from  its  practice  of 
turning  up  small  stones  in  search  of  niollusks,  &c. 

P.  Cyc 

TURN'-TA-BLE,  n.  A  large  revolving  platform,  for 
turning  railroad  cars,  locomotives,  &c^  into  a  differ- 
ent direction.     It  is  alao  called  Tubs-Plate. 

Buchanan. 

TUR'PEX-TINE,  n.  [L.  terebinthina ;  Sp.  and  It.  tre- 
mentina ;  G.  ifrpeiUin.  1  know  not  the  origin  of  this 
word  ;  the  first  syllable  may  coincide  with  the  root 
of  tar.] 


F3TE,  FXR,  FALL,  WH»T.-M£TE,  PR^Y.-PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.- NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLP,  BQQK- 


1184 


TUT 

An  oleo-resinous  mibstance,  flowing  nnturally  or 
by  incision  from  several  species  of  trees,  as  from  the 
pine,  lurch,  fir,  pi.^tacia,  &c.  Cumniun  turpentine  i^ 
of  about  the  consistence  of  honey ;  but  there  are  sev- 
eml  iTirieiie^  Cyc. 

TUR'PEX-TTXE-TREE,  ju  A  tree  of  the  srenus  Pis- 
tacia,  a  native  of  the  eastern  continent,  which  yields 
turpentine,  and  produce?  not  only  its  proper  fruit,  but 
&  kind  of  homy  substance  which  grows  on  the  sur- 
face of  its  leaves.  This  is  an  excrescence,  the  effect 
of  the  punrture  of  an  insect,  and  is  produced  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  galls  of  other  plants.     P.  Cyc. 

TUR'PETI!,  Tu     [L,  turpetum  ;  Gr.  Tovo-iT.] 

The  name  of  the  root  of  Iprmioea  Turpcthum,  n 
plant  of  Ceylon,  Malabar,  and  New  Ilotland,  which 
has  a  cathartic  power.  It  is  sometimes  cjiiled  Vege- 
table TuEPETH,  to  distinguish  itfrom  Mi>EitAL  Tcii- 

PETK. 

TUR'PETFI-MIN'ER-AL,  n.  A  name  applied  to  the 
diprotosulphate  of  mercury,  a  salt  comiwsed  of  tvvo 
equivalents  of  the  protoxyd  of  mercury  and  one 
e<|uivalent  of  sulphuric  acid.     It  is  a  good  emetic. 

TUtt'PI-TUDE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  tarpUudo,  from  tur- 
pisy  foul,  base.l 

1.  Inherent  baseness  or  vileness  of  principle  in  the 
human  heart ;  extreme  depravity. 

2.  Baseness  or  vileness  uf  words  oractiona  ;  shame- 
ful wickedness.  South. 

TUR'REL,  ti.     A  tool  used  by  coopera.       Sherwood. 
TUR'RET,  n.     [h.  tiirris.] 

1.  A  little  tower;  a  small  eminence  or  spire  at- 
tached to  a  building  and  rising  above  it. 


Aud  lift  hfT  turreU  c 


r  lo  the  sky. 


Pope, 


2.  In  the  art  ofaary  movable  turrets,  used  formerly 
by  the  Romans,  were  buildings  of  a  square  form, 
consisting  of  ten  or  even  twenty  stories,  and  some- 
times one  hundred  and  twenty  cubits  liigh,  usually 
moved  on  wheels.  They  were  employed  in  ap- 
proaches to  a  fortified  place,  fur  carrying  soldiers, 
engines,  ladders,  casting-bridges,  and  other  necessa- 
rip«.  Smithes  Diet.     Cyc, 

TUR'RET-ED,  a.  Formed  like  a  tower ;  as,  n  turret- 
ed  lamp.  Bacun. 

9.  Furnished  with  turrets. 

TUR'RIL-ITE,  n.  A  fossil  hehmcinff  to  an  extinct 
genus  of  turrt'ted  chambered  sht;Ils,  allied  to  the  am- 
monites. LvcU, 

TUR'TLE,  (twr'tl,)  n.  [3ax.  id.;  Fr.  tourterdU;  L. 
turtur;  Gaelic,  tartuir;  It.  tortora,  tortnla^  torUfrella.A 

1.  A  pallinaceoua  bird,  tiie  Columba  Turtur,call>;a 
also  the  Turtle-Dove  and  Tubtle-Pjoeon.  It  is  a 
wild  apecie-s,  frequenting  the  thickest  parts  of  the 
woods,  and  its  note  is  plaintive  and  tender. 

Ed,  Encye. 

2.  The  name  sometimes  given  to  the  common  tor- 
toise. 

3.  The  name  given  to  the  large  sea-tortoise.     Cvc. 
TUR'TLE-DOVE,  (tur'tl-duv,)  ti.     A  sjK-cies  of  the 

genus  Coluntba,  celebrated  for  tho  constancy  of  its 
affection.     [See  Turtle.] 

TUR'TLE-SHELL,  n.  [turtle  and  skcU.]  A  shell,  a 
l»eaulifiil  species  of  Murex  ;  also,  tortoise-shell. 

TIJ^'CAN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Tuscanv  in  Italy  ;  an  ep- 
ithet given  to  one  of  the  orders  of  architecture,  tlie 
most  ancient  and  simple. 

TUS'CAN,  n.     An  inhabitant  of  Tuscany. 

TL'SH  ;  an  exclamation  indicating  check,  rebuke,  or 
contempt.     7V.vA,  task!  never  tell  me  Buch  a  story 

TUHH,  «.    [Sai.  tux.]  [as  that  I 

A  tooth. 

TUSK,  n.     [Sax.  tux.] 

The  long,  pointea  tooth  of  certain  rapaclons,  car- 
nivorous, or  tighting  animals ;  as,  the  tujkj  of  tlic 
boar. 

TUSK,  e.  i.    To  gnash  the  teeth,  as  a  boar.    [  Ob/i.] 

B.  Jonsnn. 

TUHK'fil),  (tuskt,)  i  a.  Furnished  with  tusks ;  as,  the 

TUSK'Y,  \      tv.tky  boar.  Dnjden. 

TUS'SLB,  (tiis'sl,)  n.  A  struggle;  a  conflict.  [Ful- 
ff/ir.l     [See  ToL'SE.] 

TUS'SUCK,  ( iu    A  tuft  of  grass  or  twigs-    [  Obn.] 

TIJS'SOCK,  \  Orew. 

TITT;  an  etclamatmn,  used  fur  checking  or  rebuking. 

TUT,  n.  An  imperial  ensign  of  a  golden  globe  with  a 
crf>ss  on  it. 

7W  bargain;  among  miners^  a  bargain  by  the 
lump.    [Qu.  h.  totus.]  Cyc. 

T0'TEL-A<5E,  n.  [from  L.  tiUcla,  protection,  from 
tufOTf  to  defend.] 

1.  Guardianiship ;  protection  ;  appHrd  to  the  person 
protecting;  a«,  the  king's  right  of  seigniory  and  tute- 
lage. Bacon. 

2.  Slate  of  being  under  a  guardian. 

TC'?i  LA-RY, !  "•    [^-  "'"'""■•'  ""'"'■1 

Having  the  guardianship  or  charge  of  protecting  a 
pcnwin  or  a  thing  ;  guardian;  protecting;  as,  fw/c/iiry 
penii ;  tutelary  goddnsses.  Temple,     Drydcn. 

Tu'TE-NAG,  n.    Chinese  copper,  an  alloy  of  copper, 
zinc,  and  nickel. 
a.  A  name  given,  in  India^  to  zinc  or  spelter. 

Brande. 
TO'TOR,  «,     [L.,  from  tacor,  to  defend  ;  Fr.  tutettr.] 


TWA 

1.  In  the  civil  law,  a  guardian  ;  one  wlio  has  the 
cbarf(e  of  a  child  or  pupil  and  his  estate. 

2.  One  who  has  the  care  of  instructing  another  in 
various  branches  or  in  any  branch  of  human  learn- 
ing. Some  gentlemen  employ  a  tutor  to  teacJi  in 
their  families,  others  to  attend  a  son  in  his  travels. 

3.  In  English  universities  and  college^^  an  otficer  or 
member  of  some  hall,  who  has  the  cTmrge  of  hearing 
the  lefisons  of  tlie  students,  and  otherwise  giving 
them  instruction  iu  the  sciences  and  various  branches 
of  learning. 

In  the  Jimerican  collc^^en^  tutors  are  graduates 
selecttul  by  the  trustees,  for  tlie  instruction  of  under- 
graduates of  the  Uiree  first  years.  They  arc  usually 
oflicers  of  the  insiit'ition,  who  have  a  share,  with 
the  president  and  professors,  in  the  government  of 
the  students. 
TO'TOR,  r.  U     To  te.ich  ;  to  instruct.  Shuk. 

2.  To  treat  wiUi  authority  or  severity.     Addison. 

3.  'J'o  correct. 

TC'TOK-ACK,  n.  In  the  civil  Una,  guardianship  ;  the 
charge  of  a  pupil  and  his  estate.  In  France,  tutorage 
docs  not  expire  till  the  pupil  is  twenty-five  years  of 
age. 

2.  The  authority  or  solemnity  of  a  tutor.  [Little 
•used.] 

TC'TOR-ED,  pp.     Instructed  ;  corrected  ;  disciplined. 

TO'TOR  ESS,  ;i.  A  female  tutor;  an  instructress  ;  a 
govenu'ss.  More. 

TU-TORI-AL,  a.  Belonging  to  or  exercised  by  a 
tutor  or  instructor. 

TO'TOR-ING,  ppr.  Teaching;  directing;  correct- 
ing. 

Tu'TOR-ING,  n.    The  act  of  instructing  ;  education. 

TO'TOR-SHIP,  n.    Office  of  a  tutor.  Hooker. 

2.  The  care  of  one  who  is  unable  to  take  care  of 
himself. 

TP'TRIX,  n.    A  female  guardian.  Smolhtt. 

TUT'SAN,  n.  A  plant,  park -leaves,  of  the  genus  Hy- 
pericum. Lee. 

TUTTt,  (tTot'te,)  n.     [It., a//;  L.  toti.] 

In  Italian  viunic,  a  direction  for  all  to  play  in  full 
concert. 

TUT'TY,  n.     [Tu  tuzia  ;  Low  h.  tutia,] 

An  impure  protoxyti  of  zinc,  collected  from  the 
chimneys  of  smelting  furnaces.  It  is  said,  also,  to 
have  been  found  native  in  Persix  Buchanan, 

TUZ,  71.  [au.  tmisc]  A  lock  or  tuft  of  hair.  [JVot  in 
u.te.  ]  Drydcn. 

TWAD'DLE,  (twod'dl,)  v,  I     [Sax.  tirtede.] 

To  prate  much  in  a  weak  and  silly  manner,  like 
one  whose  faculties  are  decayed. 

TAVAD'DLER,  v.  One  who  prates  in  a  weak  and 
silly  manner,  like  one  whose  faculties  are  decayed. 

TW^D'DIJNG,  }u  Silly  talk,  as  of  one  whose  facul- 
ties are  decayed. 

T\V/il)'D\%  n.  Idle  trifling;  insignificant  did- 
coursf. 

TWAIN,  a.   or  n.      [Sax.  twegen;  Sw.  tvenne ;  Dan. 
tvende,  for  tvegende.    Whether  two  is  contracted  from 
tJCfg,  IS  not  ufiparent,  but  wc  see  in  the  Danish  tvende 
till'  first  syllabic  oftwcTity ;  taen-tigy  two  tens.] 
Two. 

Wh'-ti  old  winter  iplits  the  rocka  in  tioain.  Dryden, 

[^''carly  obsolete  in  common  discourse^  but  used  in 
poetry  and  burlesque.] 

TWSITE,  n,  A  fi«h,  a  species  of  shad,  Alosa  finta, 
found  on  the  British  coast.  Yarrell. 

2.  In  old  writers^  wood  grubbed  up  and  converted 
into  arable  land.     [Local.]  Cyc. 

TWANG,  V.  i,  [D.  dwang,  Dan.  tvang,  Sw.  tvang,  G. 
iwangj  force,  compulsion  ;  G.  iwdngen,  zwingen,  D. 
dwingen^  Sw.  tvingay  Dan.  tvinger^  to  constrain.] 

To  sound  with  a  quick,  sharp  noise  ;  to  make  the 
sound  of  a  string  which  is  stretched  and  suddenly 
pulled  ;  as,  the  twanging  bows.  Philips. 

TWANG,  V.  t.  To  make  to  sound,  as  by  pulling  a 
tense  string  and  letting  it  go  suddenly.  Shak. 

Suund  dm  tough  iio/o,  nuJ  lioang  the  qgivcriag  atring.    Pope. 
TWANG,  n.     A  sharp,  quick  sound  ;  as,  the  twang  of 
a  bowstring  ;  a  (toanfof  the  nose.  Butler. 

9.  An  nrtected  modulation  of  the  voice ;  a  kind  of 
nasal  sound. 

!!■  tru  n  lieang  \n  liia  discourse.  Arbalhnot. 

TWANG'ING,  ppr.    Making  a  sharp  sound. 

S.  a.    ('ontemptihly  noisy.  Shalz. 

TWAN"GLE,  (twnng'gl,)  d.  i.     To  twang.       Sliak. 

TWANK  ;  a  corruption  of  Twako.  Mddison. 

TWAN'KAY,  n.    A  sort  of  green  tea.       McCuUoch. 

*TWAS  ;  a  contracli<m  of  It  wa?. 

TW^T'TLE,  (twot'tl,)  p.  (.  [G.  schwaticn^  with  a 
difl'crent  prefix.     See  Twitter.] 

To  prate;  to  talk  much  and  idly;  to  gabble;  1* 
chatt<r ;  as,  a  twatiUng  gossip.  L* Estrange. 

TW,^T'TLE,  V.  L  To  pet ;  to  make  much  of.  [Local.] 

Grose. 

TWAT'TLING,ppr.  or  a.  Prating;  gabbling;  chat- 
tering. 

TWAT'TLING,  n.    Tho  tict  of  prating  ;  idle  talk. 

TWAV,  for  TwAiK,  two.     [JVo(  in  we.]         Spenser. 

TWAY'-IUMDE,  (n.      [tway   and   blade]     A   plant, 

TW7'-BLAUE,  \  Listera  ovata,  growing  in  Brit- 
ain. 


TWI 

TWeAG,  i  V.  t.     [Sax.  twieeian,  to  twitch  ;  G.  iwicken  ; 
TWeAK,  \      D.   iwikken.      It   is   radically   the  same 

Word  as  Twitch,  and  of  the  same  signification.] 
To  twitch  ;  to  pinch  and  pull  wilti  a  sudden  jerk  ; 

as^to  twtag  or  tweak  the  nose.  Shak.     Swift. 

TWeAG,  n.    Distress;  a  pinching  condition.    [Xot 

in  use."*  Jirbulknot. 

TWEE'DLE,  (twC'dl,)u.  U    To  handle  lightly;  used 

of  awkward  fiddling.     [Uu.J  .Addison. 

TWEEL,  c.  u    To  weave  with  multiplied  leashes  in 

the  harness,  by  increasing  the  number  of  threads  in 

each  split  of  the  rccd,  and  the  number  of  treddles, 

&c. ;  to  twill.  Cyc. 

TWEER,  n.     [Fr.  tayau.] 

In  a  smelting  f urn  nee jthe  point  of  the  blast-pipe. 

It  is  sometimes  written  Twieb  or  Tuveb. 
TWEE'ZEU-CAHE,  ».    A  case  for  carrying  tweezers. 
'I'WEE'ZEKS,  n.  pi.     [This  seems  to  be  formed  on 

the  root  of  vise ^  an  instrument  for  pinching.] 
Nippers  ;  small  pincers  used  to  pluck  out  hairs. 
TWELFTH,  a.     [Sax.  twelfUi ;  Sw.  talJU ;  Dan.  tolvU; 

D.  twaalfdc;  G.  iwUlftc.] 

The  second  nftiT  the  tenth  ;  the  ordinal  of  twelve. 
TWELFTlI'-TIDE,n.   [twelfth  nuii  tide,]   The  twelfth 

day    nfter    Christmas,    or   Epiphany  ;    called,  also, 

Twklkth-Day;  so  twelfth-night  is  the  evening  of 

Epiphany.  Tuaser. 

TWELVE,  (twelv,)    a.     [Sax.  twclf:   D.  twaalf;   G. 

iw'dlf;  Sw.  totf;  Dan.  Uilo.    (iu.  two  left  after  ten.] 
The  sum  of  two  and  ten;  twice  six;  a  dozen. 

Tirelve  men  compose  a  petit  jury. 
TWELVE'MONTH,  (twelv'muntli,)  n.    [twelve  and 

month.]    A  year  which  consists  of  twelve  calendar 

months. 

I  shitl  liu^h  at  this  a  taaloemonlh  hence.  Shak. 

TWELVE'PENCE,  n.  [twelve  and  pence.]  A  shil- 
ling. 

TWELVE'PEN-NY,  0.  Sold  for  a  shilling;  worth  a 
shilling  ;  as,  a  twclvepenny  gallerj'.  Dryden. 

TWELVE'SCORE,  a.  [twelve  and  score.]  Twelve 
times  twenty  ;  two  hundred  and  forty.        Dryden. 

TWEN'TI-ETH,  a.      [Sax.    twciUigVia,   twentogotha. 
See  Twenty.] 
The  ordinal  of  twenty ;  as,  the  twentieth  year. 

Dryden. 

TWEN'TY,  a.  [Sax.  twcnti,  ticentig ;  comjiosed  of 
twendy  twenne,  (K?(eM,two,  and  Goth.  £r£',ten,Gr.  Jc/fu, 
L.  decern^  W.  deg.    See  Twain.] 

1.  Twice  ten  ;  as,  tiventy  men  ;  twenty  years. 

2.  Prot>cr6iflZ/y,  an  indefinite  number. 

Maximilian,  ujxin  tioenti/  rcepecU,  cuuld  nut  hare  txxn  *.hr:  man. 

Bacon. 

TWE\'TY-FOLD,  a.    Twenty  times  as  many. 
TWl'JilL,  n.    [two  and  bU.]    A  kind  of  mattock,  and 

a  haibert. 
TWICE,  adv.     [from  two.]    Two  times. 

He  fmice  c^aycxl  to  ciut  his  son  in  g^old.  Dryden. 

2.  Doubly  ;  as,  twice  the  sum.  He  is  twice  as  fortu- 
nate as  liis  neighbor. 

3.  Twice  is  used  in  composition;  as  in  twice-told, 
trmce-honxy  (yjics-planted,  (icjcc-conquered. 

TWID'LE,  for  Tweedlk.    See  Tweedle. 
TWT'FAL-LOW,   v.  t.     [twi,  two,  and  fallow.]    To 

plr)w  a  second  lime  lantf  that  is  fallowed. 
TWr'FAL-I-OW-£D,  pp.    Plowed  twice,  as  summer 

fnllnw. 
TWi'FAL-LOW-INO,  ]>pr.    Plowing  a  second  time. 
TWI'FAL-LOW-ING,  n.    The  operation  of  plowing 

a  second  tiuie,  as  fallow  land,  in  preparing  it  for 

seed. 
TWr'FOLD,  a.     Twofold.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

TWIG,  71.     [Sax.  eiffi;^;    I),  twyg;    Q.  zweig.     Qu.  L. 

vigeoj  with  a  prefix.] 
A  small  shoot  or  branch  of  a  tree  or  other  plant,  of 

no  definite  length  or  size. 

The  BrilouB  hn<I  boau  made  of  wUlow  tiffiga,  covered  on  the 
outside  with  hides.  RaUgh. 

TWIG'GEN,  a.     Made  of  twigs;  wicker.  Orew. 

TWIG'GY,  a.     Full  of  twigs;  abounding  with  shoots. 

Evelyn. 
TWl'LIGHT,  (lite,)  n,      [Sax.  tweon-ieoht,  doubtful 
light,  from  twcon^  tweogany  to  doubt,    from  twegen^ 
two.] 

1.  The  faint  light  which  Is  reflected  upon  the 
earth  after  sunset  and  before  sunrise;  crepuscuUr 
light.  In  latitudes  remote  from  the  equator,  the 
twilight  is  of  much  longer  duration  than  at  and  near 
the  equator. 

2.  Dubious  or  uncertain  view;  as,  the  twilight  of 
probabilitv.  Locke^ 

TWI'LIGliT,  fl.  Obscure;  imperfectly  illuminated; 
shaded. 

O'er  ihc  ttniiighl  grvce  and  diuky  «vm  Pope. 

2.  Seen  or  done  by  twilight.  JViltaru 

TWILL,  V.  t.    To  weave  m  ribs  or  ridges ;  to  quill. 

[See  auiLu] 
TWILL'£D,  pp.  or  a.    Woven  in  ribs  or  ridges. 
TWILT,  n.     A  quilt.     [Local.]  Grose. 

TWIN,  n.     [Sax.  twinnn,  to  twine  ;  from  two.] 

1.  Oneof  twoyoung  produced  at  a  birth  by  an  an- 
imal that  ordinarily  brings  but  one  ;  used  mostly  in 
the  plural,  twirts ;  applied  to  the  young  of  beasts,  as 
well  as  to  hun)nn  I)eing3. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VT'CIOUS €  aa  K;  6  aa  J;  8  as  Z;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

__ .  ^  ^^ 


TWI 

a.  The  TVtiu,  pL }  a  sign  of  the  zodiac ;  GpidIbI. 

TTtommm. 
3.  One  very  much  resembling  anolher. 
TWIN,  a.    Noting  one  of  two  burn  at  a  birth  }  as,  a 
Cvin  bmtber  or  sister. 

2.  Vt'r>'  much  resembling. 

3.  In  botany^  swelling  out  Into  two  protuberancee, 
as  an  anther  or  germ.  Martyu, 

4.  In  miiieraZtfjry,  a  term  applied  to  a  ciysul  cum- 
poaed  of  two  united  cr\-stalj<.  Vhho. 

TWIN  ,  r.  i.    To  be  born  at  the  same  birth.     Shak. 

9.  To  bring  two  at  once,  Tns^ier. 

3.  To  be  paired  ;  to  be  suited.  Sandy*. 

[This  verb  is  liide  used.] 

TWIN,  r.  £.    To  separate  into  two  parts.      Ckaueer. 

T^VIN'-BORN,  a.    IUdm  and  bom,]  Bornaltbasame 

birth. 
T^^^NE,  r.  t.    fSai.  tttinani  D.  tmpteuf  Sw.  tvuuui; 
Dan.  tviitdtr ;  from  two.] 

1.  To  twist ;  to  wind,  as  one  thread  orcord  around 
another,  or  as  any  flexible  substance  art>nnd  Another 
body  ;  as,  fine  tietiied  linen.    Exad.  xxxix. 

9.  To  unite  closely  ;  to  ding  to ;  to  embrace. 
3.  To  gird  ;  to  wrap  closely  about. 
Lrt  viwuha  of  tnumph  nev  my  twnptw  Utbm,  Pop». 

TWTNB,  P.  i.  To  nnite  closely  or  by  interposition  of 
parts. 

PrienJB  now  hit  vmm,  wtw  tmint  la  tore.  Shak. 

JL-To  wind ;  to  bend ;  to  make  turns. 

Aa  rimm,  ibougtt  \itej  bead  Mxd  twuu.  5w(^ 

3.  To  turn  round  ;  as,  her  spindles  twine. 

Chapman. 
TWINE,  n,  A  strong  thread  composed  of  two  or 
three  smaller  threads  or  strands  twisted  together, 
used  for  binding  small  parcels,  and  for  sewing  sails 
to  their  boll-rupes,  <tc  Twine  of  a  stronger  kind 
is  used  for  nets. 

2.  A  twist  i  a  conrolution ;  as  T}-phon*s  snaky 
tiriite.  Miiion, 

3.  Embrace  ;  act  ot  winding  round.         Philips. 
TWIN'ED,  pp.    Twisted ;  wound  round. 
TWINGE,  (twinj,)  v.   t.      [Sw,  tvinffa^  D.  dwinfrmy 

Dan.  tringa-j  G.  xtrin^ni,  to  constrain;  hut  th« 
sense  is  primarily  to  twitiM.  See  Twakg,  Twxak, 
Twitch.) 

1.  To  aflect  with  a  sharp,  suddea  pain ;  to  tor- 
ment with  pinching  or  sharp  paina. 

Tbc  pnat  tMta|W  the  Ik»  till  fa*  nadt  Um  taar  hbntHf,  mmi  m> 
be  m»abtn4  biio.  L'Sttrmge. 

a.  To  pinch ;  to  tweak;  to  puU  with  a  jerk  ;  as, 
to  twinfe  one  by  the  ears  and  nose.  Hmiibras. 

TWINGE,  (twinj,)  r.  i.  To  have  a  sudden,  sharp, 
local  pain,  like  a  twitch  ;  to  suffer  a  keen,  darting, 
or  shooting  pain  ;  a."),  the  side  ticxngta. 

[This  is  the  sense  in  which  this  word  is  generally 
osed  within  the  limits  of  my  acquaintance.] 

TWINGE, (twinj,)  n.  .A  sudden,  sharp  pain  ;  a  dart- 
ing, local  pain  of  momentary  contmuancej  as,  a 
t»mge  in  the  arm  or  aide. 

8.  A  sharp  rebofce  of  conscience. 

3.  A  pinch  ;  a  tweak  ;  as,  a  twingt  of  the  ear. 

TWING'TNG,  ppr.    Suffering  a  sharp,  local   pain  of 

short  continuance  ;  pinching  with  a  sudden  pull. 
TWING'ING,  n.    The  act  of  pinching  with  a  sudden 

tw-itch  ;  a  sudden,  sharp,  local  pain. 
TwlN'IN'G,  ppr.  or  a.    Twisting;  winding  round; 

aniting  closely  to  ;  embracing. 
%  In  botany^  ascending  spirally  around  a  branch, 

stem,  or  prop,  Martjpt, 

TWINK.    See  Twixklk. 
TWINK'LE,  (twink'l,)  v.  i.       [Pax.  tttincUan;  most 

probably  formed  from  trixA,  with  the  prefix  r(A,  cd, 

OT  «(4,  like  twit.] 
1.  To  sparkle  ;  to  flash  at  interrals  ;  to  shine  wiC*» 

a  tremulous,  intermitted  light,  or  with  a  broken, 

qnirering  lighL    The  fixed  stars  twimkU ;  the  planets 

do  not. 

Tbtae  eUn  do  not  btiniU,  vben  riewtd  Ihrongh  Wlttfoy  (bat 
hare  targe  apcitursa.  .V«i»:on. 

9.  To  open  and  shut  the  eye  by  turns ;  as,  the 
tmmklinf  OwL  VEsbitnge, 

3.  To  play  irregularly  j  as,  her  eyes  will  twinkle. 

Donne. 

TWINKXE,      )  n.    A  sparkling  ;  a  shining  with  in- 
TWINK'LING,  t     termined  light;  as,  the  twinkling 
of  the  stars. 

9.  A  motion  of  the  eye.  Dryden. 

3.  A  motion ;  an  Instant ;  the  tiros  of  a  wink. 

la  a  towgnt,  ia  tim  ttrntkHng  of  aa  ey*,  at  ifae  laat  (ramp  —  Uw 
deadduBbenl     "■  —         . -,       _ 


1  Cor.  XV, 

TWINKXING.  ppr.  or  a.    Sparkling. 
TWIN'-L.tKE-NE!?S,  n.    Near  resemblance. 
TWIN'LIXG,  n.     [from  twin.]     A  twin  Iamb.  Ttvufr. 
TWIN'NED,  a.     [from  twin.]     Produced  at  one  birth, 

like  twins;  united.  Miltcm. 

TWIN'NER,  n.    [from  twin.]    A  breeder  of  twins. 

TSisser. 

TWIN'TER,  «.    [two  and  winter.]    A  beast  two  win- 

ters  old.     [Xoeay  Orose. 

TWTRE,  e.  i.    To  take  short  flights ;  to  flutter ;  to 

quiver ;  to  twitter.     [.Vol  in  vse.]        Beaum.  ^-  FL 


TWI 

TWIRL,  (twurl,)  r.  t,  [D.  dwarUm :  G.  qiutrleni 
formed  on  whirL  The  German  coincides  with  our 
Tulgnr  quirb.] 

To  move  or  turn  round  with  rapidity;  to  whirl 
round. 

Some  taueht  whh  dextivue  tiAnil  u>  firirl  the  whceL    Dodstey. 

TWIRL,  e.  t.  To  revolve  with  velocity  ;  to  be  whirled 
round. 

TWIRL,  n.  A  rapid,  circular  motion  ;  quick  rotation. 
9.  Twist ;  convolution.  tVoodward, 

TWIRL'£D,  pp.     Whirled  round. 

TWIUL'iNG,  j^r.     Turning  with  velocity;  whirling. 

TWIST,  r,  e.  [Sax.  ^etwtstan  ;  U.  twisUn,  to  dispute, 
Sw.  tvifta;  Dan.  tvtster,  to  dispute,  to  litigate;  G. 
iwisty  a  dispute.  In  all  the  dialects  except  our^,  this 
word  is  used  figuratively,  but  it  is  remarkably  ex- 
pressive and  well  applied.] 

1.  To  unite  by  winding  one  thread,  strand,  or  oth- 
er flexible  substance  round  anotiier;  to  torni  by  con- 
volution, or  winding  separate  things  round  each  oth- 
er ;  as,  to  tictft  yarn  or  Uiread.  So  we  8;iy,  to  doubie 
and  twisL 

3.  To  form  into  a  thread  from  many  fine  filaments ; 
an,  to  lari^e  woo)  or  cotton. 

3.  To  contort ;  to  wnthe  ;  as,  to  twist  a  thing  Into 
a  sertwnline  form.  Pope. 

4.  To  wn^ihe  ;  to  wind  ;  to  encircle. 

I^lUn  vt  imulce  tinsted  uboul  wkh  wK&lha  o(  fUme,     BurnaL 

5.  To  form  ;  to  weave  ;  as,  to  tiptst  a  story.     Shak. 

6.  To  nnite  by  intcrtexture  of  parts ;  as,  to  twist 
bays  with  ivy.  H'aller. 

7.  To  unite;  to  enter  by  winding;  to  insinuate; 
as,  avarice  tunst^  itself  into  all  human  concerns. 

8.  To  ptervert ;  as,  to  twist  a  passage  in  an  author. 

9.  To  tuin  from  a  straiehi  line. 

TWIST,  v.i.  To  be  contorted  or  united  by  winding 
round  each  other.  Some  strands  will  twi^t  more  ea- 
sily than  others. 

TWIST,  n.  A  cord,  thread,  or  any  thing  flexible, 
formed  by  winding  strands  or  seftarate  things  round 
each  other. 

2.  A  cord  ;  a  string ;  a  single  cord. 

3.  A  contortion  ;  a  writhe.  Jtddison. 

4.  A  little  roll  of  tobacco. 

5.  Manner  of  tvvit^ling.  jirbuthno^ 

6.  A  twig.     [w\"'<  in  iL>r.] 

T^VIST'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Formed  bj'  winding  threads  or 
strands  ri»uud  each  other. 

TWIST'ER.  n.     One  that  twists. 

3.  The  instrument  of  twisting.  WaUis. 

TWIST'ING,  ppr.  Winding  different  strands  or 
threads  round  each  other;  forming  into  a  thread 
by  twisting. 

T>VIT,  r.  L  [Sax.  o(>irifan,  edwitan^  tFtwitan,  to  re- 
proach, to  upbriid  ;  a  compound  of  aif,  ortA,  ttr  p£A, 
and  witan.  The  latter  verb  signifies  to  know,  Enq. 
to  wit,  and  also  to  iitiptite,  to  ascribe,  to  prescribe  or 
appoint,  also  to  reproach ;  and  with  jfc,  a  different 
prefix,  f-eieiraa,  to  depart.  The  orieinal  verb  then 
signifies  to  set,  -tend,  or  throw.  We  have  in  this 
word  decisive  evidence  that  the  first  letter,/,  is  a  pre- 
fix, the  remains  of  trt\  i>r  oth,  a  word  that  probably 
coincides  with  tlie  L.  ad^  to;  and  iience  we  may 
fairly  infer  that  other  words,  in  which  t  precedes  ?p, 
are  also  compound.  That  s<tine  of  them  are  so,  ap- 
pears evident  from  other  circumstances.] 

To  reproach  :  to  upbraid  ;  as  for  some  previous  act. 
He  twitted  his  friend  of  fuldeliuod. 

Whh  ih'u  th'ae  icoffen  fifincrf  tlw  Christmns.  '/VlOUon. 

M^p  miikU  men  uf  tbeir  cnun,  wkhuut  twUling  thr-m  tur  what 
la  aniJB*.  L'Eitranga. 

TWITCH,  V.  t.     [Sai.  (wiccian.    See  Twang.] 

To  pull  with  a  sudden  jerk  ;  to  pluck  with  a  short, 
quick  motion;  to  snatch;  as,  to  twitch  one.  by  the 
sleeve  ;  to  twitch  a  thing  out  of  another's  hand  ;  to 
*witeh  off  clusters  of  grapes. 

TVv';TCII,  n,  A  pull  with  a  jerk;  a  short,  sudden, 
quick  pull ;  as,  a  twitch  by  the  sleeve. 

2.  A  sn^r*-  spastic  contraction  of  the  fibers  or  mus- 
cles ;  as,  a  twudi  in  the  side ;  convulsive  twitches. 

Sharp, 

TAVITCn'FD,  (twitcht,)  pp.    Pulled  with  a  jerk. 

TWITCH'ER,  n.    One  that  twitches. 

TWITCH'-CRASS,  n.  Couch-grass;  a  species  of 
grass  which  it  is  difficult  to  exterminate.  This  term 
is  applied  to  various  species  of  grass  that  are  difl^cult 
to  pull  out  of  the  ground.  But  qu.  is  not  tliis  word  a 
corniption  "f  Quitch-Ghass,  or  Qimch-Grass? 

TWrrCH'ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Pulling  with  a  jerk  ;  suffer- 
ine  short  spastic  contractions. 

TWITCH'ING.  w.  The  act  of  pulling  with  a  jerk; 
the  art  of  suflering  short  spasmodic  contractions. 

TWIT'TED,  pp.     Ui)braided. 

TWIT'TER,  f.  U  [D,  kwctiercn  ;  Dan.  quidrer  ;  Sw, 
quittra.] 

1.  To  make  a  succession  of  small,  tremulous,  in- 
termitted noises  ;  as,  the  swallow  tieiticrs.    Dryden. 

2.  To  have  a  slight  trembling  of  the  nerves. 

3.  To  make  the  sound  of  a  half-suppressed  laugh  ; 
to  litter. 

TWIT'TER,  tt.  [from  twit]  One  who  twits  or  re- 
proaches. 


TYM 

TWIT'TER-  n.     A  Kmalt,  intermitted  noise,  as  in 

half-suppressed  laughter ;  or  tlie  sound  of  a  swal 

low. 
a.  A  slight  trembling  of  the  nerves. 
TWIT'TER  ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Uttering  a  succession  of 

aniall,  interrupted  sounds,  as  in  a   half-suppressed 

laugh,  or  as  a  swallow. 
TWIT'TING, /jor.     Upbraiding;  reproaching. 
TVV1T''1ING-LV,  adv.     With  upbraiding.       Junius. 
TWIT'TLIi-TWAT'TLE,  (twit'tltwot'tl.)  n.  Tattle  ; 

gabbb?.     [  f-'ulffiir.]  V  Estrange. 

'TWIXT  ;  a  contraction  of  Bbtwixt,  used  in  poetry. 
TWO,  (too,)  a.     [Sax.  two  f  Goth,  hca,  ticai,  twos;  D. 

twee:  O.iwei;  Pw.  (t:«  ;    Ir.  and  Gaelic,  da  or   do; 

Russ.  fi,'a,  ttoe  ;  Slav,  dwa  ;  Sans,  dut,  dwaja  ;  Gipsy, 

duji    Hindoo,  Ch.  and   Pers.  du;  L.  duo;  Gr.  dvo  i 

It  due  :  Sp.  dos ;  Port,  dous  ;  Vt.  deux.] 

1.  One  and  one.    Two  similar  horses  uead  together 
are  called  a  span,  or  a  pair. 

2.  7'iro  is  UHed  in  composition  ; -as,  In  tteo-legged. 
Man  is  a  fwo-lrgged  animal. 

In  two ;  into  two  parts ;  as,  cut  in  two. 
TWO'-CAP-SOL-Eb,  (too'kap-suld,)  o.    Bicapsular; 

having  two  distinct  capsules. 
TWO'-CELI^KD,  a.    Bilocular  ;  having  two  cells. 
TWO'-CLEFT,  o.     Bifid  ;  divided  half  way  from  the 

border  to  the  base  into  two  segntents. 
TWO'-EDG-KD,  (too'ejd,)  a.     Having  two  edges,  or 

edges  on  both  sides  ;  as,  a  (wo-edged  sword. 
TW0'-FL()W-ER-£D,  a.    Bearing  two  tlowers  at  the 

end,  as  a  peduncle. 
TWO'KOLD,  a.    [two  and  fold.]    Two  of  the  same 

kind,  or  two  different  thmgs  existing  together;  as, 

twofold  nature  ;  a  twofold  sense  ;  a  twofold  argument. 
a.  Double  ;  as,  twofold  strength  or  desire. 

3.  In  6n«uni/,  two  and  two  logetlier,  growing  from 
the  same  place  ;  as,  twofold  leaves.  Martyn» 

TW^O'FOI^D,  adc.   Doubly  ;  in  a  double  degree.   JdatL 

xxiii. 
TWO'-FORK-ED.  (loo'forkt,)  a.  Dichotomous ;  divid- 

ed  into  two  parts  somowiiat  after  the  manner  of  a 

fork. 
TWO'-HAND-ED,  a.    Having  two  hands. 

2.  Used  with  both  hands  ;  as,  a  two-handed  sword. 

3.  An  epithet  used  us  equivalent  to  Laboe,  Stodt, 
and  Strono.  Milton. 

TW*0'-LS.\V-£D,  fl.  Diphyllous;  having  two  dis- 
tinct leaves. 

TVVO'-LOB-£D,  a.  Bilobate;  having  two  distinct 
lobes. 

TWO'-MXST-ED,  a.     Having  two  masts. 

TWO'-PAUT-ED,  a.  Bipartite;  divided  from  the 
border  to  the  base  into  two  distinct  pstrts. 

TWO'-PENCE.  n.     A  suiall  coin.  Shak. 

TWO'-PEN-NY,  a.     Of  the  value  of  two-pence. 

TWO'-PET-AL-KD,  a.  Dipetaloua  ;  having  two  per- 
ferily  distinct  petals. 

TVVO''-PLY,  (I.     [two  and  Fr.  plier,  L.  plico.] 

Douiile  ;  consisting  of  two  thicknesses,  as  cloth. 

TW0'-SEED-E1>,  a.  In  botany,  dispermous;  con- 
taining two  seeds,  as  a  fruit ;  having  two  seeds. 

Jilartijn. 

TWO'-TIP-PED,  (too'tipt,)  a.  Bilabiate;  divided  in 
Buch  a  manner  as  to  resemble  the  two  lips  when  the 
mouth  is  more  or  less  open. 

TWO'-TONGU-£D,  (too'tungd,)  a.  Double-tongued  ; 
deceitful.  Sandys. 

TWO'-VALV-£D,  a.  Bivalvular,  as  a  shell,  pod,  or 
glume. 

Tv-eilON'ie,  0.  Pertaining  to  Tycho  Brahe,  or  des- 
ignating his  system  of  astronomy.  U'ilberforr.e. 

TYE,  (ti,)  V.  L    [See  Tie,  the  more  usual  orthography, 
and  TviNG.] 
To  bind  or  fasten. 


TVE,  «.     A  knot.     rSee  Tie.] 

2.  A  bond;  an  obligation. 

Ey  the  »oft  (ye  Kud  Br\cred  name  of  friend.  Pop*. 

3.  In  ships,  a  runner  or  short,  thick  rope. 
TT'EK,  n.     One  who  ties  or  unites.  Fletcher. 
T?'GER.     See  Tiger. 

TY'lNG.ppr.     [See  Tie  and  Tye.]     Binding;  fasten- 
ing. 

[As  this  participle  must  be  written  with    y,  it 
might  be  well  to  write  the  verb  Tye.] 
TYKE,  n.    A  dog;  or  one  as  contemptible  as  a  dog, 

Shak. 
TYM'BAL.   n.     [Fr.   Vmhale;    Tt.   tabaUo  ;    Sp.  timial 
M  is  probably  not  radical.    It  is  from  beating,  Gr. 

ri'ffrf.'.] 

A  kind  of  kettle-driun. 

A  tyvtbal't  •otiiid  wen;  better  than  my  voicp.  Prior 

TVM'PAN,  TI.     [L.  tympanum.     See  Tymbal.] 

Among  printer.*,  a  frame  covered  with  parchment 
or  cloth,  on  which  the  blank  sheets  are  put,  in  order 
to  be  laid  on  the  form  to  be  impressed. 

TY.M-PAN-T'TES,  n.    In  medicine,  a  flatulent  disten- 
tion (if  the  belly  ;  tympany.  Cyc. 

TYM-PAN-IT'ie,  a.     Relating  to  tympany  or  tym- 
panites ;  iiffected  with  tvnipanv  or  tynipnnites. 

TYMTAN-IZE,  r.  i.     To" act  the  part  of  a  drummer. 

TYM'P.'VN-IZE,  V.  L    To  stretch,  as  a  skin  over  the 
head  of  a  drum. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL.  WH^T.  — METE,  PRfiY PINE.  MARINE,  BIRD — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BpQK.— 


u 

TYM'P.\X-IZ-ED,  pp.    Stretched,  as  a  ekin  over  the 

head  of  a  drum. 
TYM'PAN-IZ-IXG,  ppr.'   Stretching,  as  a  skin  over 

the  head  of  a  drum. 
TYM'PAN-UM,  n.     [L.]    The  drum  of  the  ear. 
3.  In  mechanics,  a  wheel  placed  round  an  axis. 

3.  The  area  of  a  pediment ;  also,  the  part  of  a  ped- 
estal cilled  the  TitUKK  or  Dt£.  Cyc. 

4.  The  panel  of  a  door. 

5.  A  tnan^ular  space  or  tahle  in  the  rornera  or 
sides  of  an  arch,  usually  enriched  with  ficures. 

TYM'PAN-Y,  71.     A  flatulent  distention  of  the  belly. 

fSee  Ttmpawites.I 
TYN'Y,  a.    Small.     [See  Tint.] 
T?PE,  n,     [Fr.  type;  L.  tmua ;   Gr.  rvTr^f,  from    tlie 

root  of  iap,  Gr.  rurrw,  to^eot,  strike,  impress.] 
I.    The  mark  of  something;    au  emblem;   that 

which  represents  something  el^e. 


Thy  emblem,  ^doas  quwn,  the  British  rcwe, 
TVpA  of  tweet  rule  anil  gcuUe  luajectj. 


Pribr. 


S.  A  sign  ;  a  symbol ;  a  figure  of  something  to 
come  ;  as,  Abraham's  sacritice  nnii  the  pstschal  lauib 
were  types  of  Clirist.  To  thia  word  is  opposed  An  ri- 
TTPE.    Christ,  in  this  case,  is  the  antitifpe. 

3.  A  model  or  form  of  a  letter  in  liietal,  or  other 
bard  material ;  used  in  printing. 

4.  In  medicine,  some  peculiarity  in  the  form  of  a 
disease. 

5.  In  natural  history,  that  which  combines  most 

Prominently  the  several  characteristics  of  a  group. 
'hu?,  a  particular  individual  may  be  the  type  of  a 
species  ;  a  species  the  type  of  a  genus  ;  a  genus  of  a 
family,  ice.  Dana, 

6.  A  stamp  or  mark.  Shak. 
TJPE,  r.  u    To  prefigure  ;  to  represent  by  a  model  or 

symbol  beforehand.     [Littie  used.]  White. 

TyPE'-MET-^L,  n.  A  compound  of  lead  and  anti- 
mony in  the  proportion  of  three  to  one ;  used  in 
making  types.  Turner. 

TY-PHe'AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Typhceus,  the  fabled 
Ifiant  with  a  hundred  heads. 

TT'PHOID,  a.     [typhus  and  Gr.  ci^oj,  form.] 

Resembling  tvphus  ;  weak  ;  low.  Say. 

TY'PHON,  n.  The  evil  genius  in  Egyptian  mythol- 
ogy. Brande. 

TYPHOON',  n.     [Gr.  rv^ojv.] 

The  name  given  to  a  violent  tornado  or  hurricane 
in  the  Chinese  seas.  Brande. 

TY'PHOUS,  a.    Relating  to  typhus. 

TY'PHLJS,  n,  [Gr.  tu^ow,  to  render  stupid,  to  burn 
with  a  smothered  fire,  and  with  more  smoke  than 
flame  ;  hence  ri^^  j{,  stupor  or  coma.] 

A  genus  of  simple,  continuous  fevers,  essentially 
attended  with  a  greater  or  less  degree  of  atony  or 
exhaustion,  throughout  their  whole  course,  and  from 
beginning  to  end.  A  pre ternat orally  weak  pulf*e 
always  attends  all  these  fever*.  They  arc  liable  to 
be  attended  with  roma  in  some  of  their  stages. 

TYP'ie,  jo.     Emblematic;  tigurative  ;  rcpresent- 

TYP'I€-AL,  t  ing  something  future  by  a  form,  mod- 
el, or  resemblance.    Abraham's  offering  of  his  only 


UBI 

son ,  Isaac,  was  typical  of  the  sacrifice  of  Christ.    The 
brazen  eer[H!nt  was  (j/picaiof  the  cross. 

2.  In  natural  history,  pertaining  to  or  constituting  a 
type. 

Typic  fever y\'s  one  that  is  regular  in  its  attacks; 
opposed  to  erratic  fexser.  Cye. 

TYP'I€-AL-LY,  a(/t'.     In  a  typical  manner;  by  way 

of  image,  symbol,  or  resemblance. 
TYP'ie-AL-XES£j,  Tt.     The  state  of  being  typical. 
TYP'l-F7- ED,  pp.     Represented  by  symbol  oremblom. 
TYP'I-FY,  V.  t.    To  represent  by  an  imaee,  n>rm, 
model,  or  resemblance.     The  washing  of  baptism 
typifies  the  cleansing  of  the  soul  from  sin  by  the  blood 
of  Christ.     Our  Savior  was  typified  by  the  goat  that 
was  slain.  Brown. 

TYP'I-FY-ING,  ppr.     Representing  by  model  or  em-* 
TYP'O-eOS-MY,  n.     [Gr.  irviros  and  Kutr^oi.]     [hiem. 
A  representation  of  the  world.     [AoimueA  used.] 

Camden. 
T5-P0G'RA-PHER,n.  [SeeTrpooRAPHY.]  A  printer. 

fVarton, 
TY-PO-GRAPH'IG,         )  a.      Pertaining  to  printing; 
TY-PO-GIlAPH'I€^AL,  \     as,  the  typographic  art.   ^ 

3.  Einblt'iiiatic. 
T5-PO-GllAPH'ie-AL-LY,aI/u.     By  means  of  types; 

after  the  manner  of  printers. 
3.  Eiiiblematicallv ;  figuratively. 
TY-POG'RA-PHY,  7(1     [Gr.  tujtos,  type*  and  ypa^w, 
to  write.] 

1.  The  art  of  printing,  or  tlie  operation  of  impress- 
ing letters  and  words  on  forms  of^  types. 
%  Emblematical  or  hieroglyphic  representation. 

Brotciu 
TYP'O-LITE,  n.     [Gr.  ruJT'jf,  form,  and  XiOoi,  stone.] 
In  natural  history,  a  stone  or  fossil  which  has  on  it 
impressions  or  figures  of  plants  and  animals.    Cyc. 
TY'RAN,  n.     A  tyrant.     [JVoi  in  use.]  Spenser. 

TYR'AN-NESS,  n.    [from  tyrant.]    A  female  tyrant. 

Spenser.     Jikenside. 
TY-RAN'Nie,  \   a.     [Fr.  tyranniquei    Gr.  rvpav- 

TY-RAN'Nie-AL,  \       viK'i.] 

Pertaining  to  a  tyrant;  suiting  a  tyrant;  arbitra- 
ry ;  unjustly  severe  in  government ;  imperious ; 
despotic  ;  cruel ;  a?,  a  tyrannical  prince  ;  a  tyrannical 
master;  tyrannical  government  or  power. 


Our  »«;U  a  more  lynmnis  power  aasiirw. 
Th'  opprcMor  ruled  lyranmc  where  he  ilum. 


Boteommon. 
Pupe. 


TV-R.\N'NI€-AL-LY,  adv.    With  unjust  exercise  of 

power ;  arbitrarily  ;  oppressively. 
TY-RAN'iNie.lIr-NESS,   n.    Tyrannical   disposition 

or  practice.  Ch.  Rclig.  JippeaL 

TV-R.AN'M-CTDE,  n.     [L.  tyrannus,  tyrant,  and  ceedo, 
to  kill."! 

1.  The  act  of  killing  a  tyrant. 
9.  One  who  kills  a  tyrant.  Hume. 

TYII'AN-NING,  ppr.  or  a.    Acting  as  a  tyrant     [JVof 

w.?w/.]  Spenser. 

TYK'AN-NIZE,  v.  t.     [Fr.  tyranniser.] 

To  act  the  tyrant ;  to  exercise  arbitrary  power  ;  to 
rule  with  unjust  and  oppressive  severity  ;  to  exercise 
power  over  others  not  permitted  by  law  or  required 


u. 


V 


IB  the  twbnty-first  letter  and  the  flflh  vowel  in 
the  English  alphabet.  Its  true  primary  sound,  in 
Anglo-Saxon,  was  the  sound  which  it  still  retains  in 
most  of  the  languages  of  Europe  ;  that  of  oo  in  cent, 
toot,  answering  to  the  French  ou  in  tour.  This 
sound  was  changed,  probably  under  the  Norman 
kings,  by  the  attempt  made  to  introduce  the  Norman 
French  language  into  common  use.  However  this 
fact  may  be,  the  first  or  long  and  proper  sound  of  u, 
in  English,  is  now  not  perfectly  simple,  and  it  can 
not  be  strictly  called  a  voieel.  The  sound  seems  to 
be  nearly  that  of  eu,  shortened  and  blendrd.  I'his 
aound,  however,  is  not  precisely  that  of  eu  or  yu, 
except  in  a  few  words,  as  in  unite,  ttniun,  uniform : 
the  sound  docs  not  begin  with  the  distinct  sound  of 
e,  nurend  in  the  distinct  sound  of  oo,  unless  when 
prolonged.  It  can  not  be  well  cxpre^.^ed  in  letters. 
This  sound  is  heard  in  the  unaffected  pronunciation 
of  annuity,  numrrat';,  brute,  mate,  difpiitc,  dukty  true, 
truth,  ruhj  prudence,  ojrporlunity,  iufumun, 

Some  modern  writers  make  a  distinction  between 
the  sound  of  u,  when  it  follows  r,  as  in  rude,  trutft, 
and  its  sound  when  it  follows  other  )ettt>rs,  as  in 
mute,  duJce  ;  making  the  former  sound  equivalent  to 
00  :  rood,  trooth ;  and  the  latter  a  diphthong  equiva- 
lent to  eu  or  ya.  This  is  a  mischievous  innovation, 
and  not  authorized  by  any  general  usage  either  in 
England  or  the  United  States.  The  dilTerence,  very 
nice  indeed,  between  the  sound  of  u  in  mute  and  in 
rude,  is  owing  entirely  to  the  articulation  which  pre- 
cedes that  It-tter.    For  example,  when  a  labial,  as  m 


or  p,  precedes  u,  we  enter  on  its  sound  with  the  lips 
closed,  and  in  opening  them  to  the  position  required 
for  uttering  «,  there  is  almost  necessarily  a  slight 
sound  of  e  formed  before  we  arrive  at  the  proper 
sound  of  u.  When  r  precedes  u,  the  mouth  is  open 
before  the  sound  of  u  is  commenced.  But  in  both 
cases,  u  is  to  be  considered  as  having  the  same  sound. 

In  some  words,  as  in  bull,  full,  pull,  the  sound  of  u 
is  that  of  the  Italian  u,  the  French  ou,  but  shortened. 
This  is  a  vowel. 

U  has  another  short  sound,  as  in  tun,  run,  sun^ 
turn,  rub.    This  also  is  a  vowel. 
tJ'BER-OU.S,  fl.     [I^  ubcr.) 

Fruitful;  copious.     [Little  used.] 
IJ'BER-TY,  71.     [L.  ubcrtas,  from  ubcr,  fruitful  or  co- 
pious.] 

Abundance  ;  fmitfulness.    [Little  used.] 

tllBrE^TY!"'"*'  \  "•    t^'  «^*'  ^**^"^-3 

'  The  state  of  being  in  a  place  ;  local  relation.  [JVbe 
much  used.]  Qlanviila. 

IJ'lU-dUIST,  (yQ'be-kwist,)  (  n.  In  church  his- 

t|-Bia-UI-TA'RI-AN,  (yu-bik'we-,)  (  tory,  the  Ubi- 
quists  wero  a  school  of  Lutbernn  divines,  so  called 
from  their  tenet  that  the  body  of  Christ  is  present  in 
the  eucharist,  in  virtue  of  his  omnipresence.  Brande. 

TJ-Bia'Ul-TA-RI-NESS,  (yu-bik'we-,)  n.  Existence 
every  where.     [Little  used.]  Fuller. 

y-Bia'UI-TA-RY,  (yu-bik'we-ter-re,)  a.    [L.  ubique, 
from  vbi,  where.] 
Existing  every  where,  or  in  all  place*.      Howell. 


UGL 

by  justice,  or  with  a  severity  not  necessary  to  the 
end^  of  justice  and  government.  A  prince  will  often 
tyrannize  over  his  subjects  ;  republican  legislatures 
sometimes  tyrannize  over  their  fellow-citizens  ; 
masters  sometimes  tyranniie  over  their  servants  or 
apprentices,  A  husband  may  not  tyranniie  over  bis 
wife  and  children. 

TYR'AN-NXZ-£D,  pp,     Buled  with   oppressive  Sft- 
verity. 

TYR'AN-MZ-ING,  ppr.    Exercising  arbitrary  power; 
ruling  with  unjust  severity. 

TYU'AN-NOU.S,  u.    Tyrannical ;  arbitrary  ;  unjustly 
severe  ;  despotic.  Sidney. 

TYR'ASHiY,  n.     [Fr.  tyrannic  ;  from  tyran.] 

1.  Arbitniry  or  despotic  exercise  of  power  j  the 
exercise  of  power  over  subjects  and  others  with  a 
rigor  not  authorized  bylaw  or  justice,  or  not  requisite 
for  the  purijoses  of  government..  Hence  tyranny  is 
often  synonymous  with  Crueltt  and  OppRKsaioif. 
9.  Cruel  government  or  ditjcipliue  ;  as,  the  tyrannif 
of  a  master. 

3.  Uliresisted  and  cruel  power. 

4.  Absolute  monarchy  cruelly  administered. 

5.  Severity;  rigor;  inclemency.  ShaJc. 
TY'RANT,   n.       [L.    tyrannus;    Gr.    rvpavvns.      The 

Welsh  has  tcyrn,  a  king  or  sovereign,  which  Owen 
says  is  compounded  of  te  fthat  spreads)  and  sym, 
imperious,  supreme,  from  ^yr,  a  driving.  Tlie  Gaelic 
has  tiar;m  and  tiirhrarna,  a  lord ,  prince,  or  ruler,  from 
ti}rh,  a  house;  indicating  that  tlie  word  originally 
signified  the  master  of  a  family  merely,  or  the  head 
of  a  clan.  There  is  some  uncertainty  as  to  the  real 
orifiin  of  the  word.  It  originally  signified  merely  a 
chief,  king,  or  prince  ] 

1.  A  monarch  or  other  ruler  or  master,  who  uses 
ptiwer  to  oppress  his  subjects;  a  person  who  exer- 
cises unlawful  authority,  or  lawful  authority  in  an 
unlawful  manner;  one  who  by  taxation,  Injustice, 
or  cruel  punishment,  or  the  demand  of  unreasonable 
services,  imposes  burdens  and  hardships  on  those 
under  his  control,  which  law  and  humanity  do  not 
authorize,  or  which  the  pur^foses  of  government  do 
not  require. 

2.  A  despotic  ruler ;  a  cruel  master  ;  an  oppressor, 

I^T»,  to  &  yii^Iding  heart,  u  a  king,  lo  a  rvuiiiti^  h^art,  U  a 
t>frant.  Sidney. 

TYRE.    See  TraE.  HakewilL 

TYRE,  V.  i.    To  prev  upon.    [See  Tire.] 
TYR'I-AN,  n.    A  native  of  Tyre. 
TYR'I-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  ancient  Tyre;. 

2.  Being  of  a  purple  color. 
TY'RO,  71.      [L.  tiro;  Sp.  tiron,  from  £irar,  to  draw, 
tug,  pull ;  Port,  tirar  ;  Fr.  tirer.    Hence  L.  tirocinium.] 

1.  A  beginner  in  learning  ;  a  novitiate  ;  one  who 
tugs  in  the  rudiniunls  of  any  branch  of  study. 
Hence, 

2.  A  person  imperfectly  acquainted  with  a  subjecL 
TYTHE.     See  Tithe. 

TYTH'ING.     Sec  Tithino. 

TZAR,  (zir,)?!.    The  emperor  of  Russia.   [See  Ciar.] 
TZAR-1'NA,  (zir-a'na,)  n.     The  empress  of  Russia. 
[See  CzABir^A.J 


l2-Bia'UI-TA-RY,(yu-bik'we-ter-re,)7i.  [SupraJ  One 
that  exists  every  where.  Hall. 

U-Bia'lTI-TOUS,  a.     Existing  or  being  every  where. 

Q-Bia'UI-TY,  (yu-bik'we-te,)  ti.  [L.  ubique^  every 
where.] 

Existence  in  all  places  or  every  where  at  the  same 
time  ;  omnipresence.  'J"he  ubiquity  of  God  is  not 
disputed  by  those  who  admit  his  existence. 

South. 

tPBl  SV*PRA,  [L.]  In  the  place  above  mentioned  ; 
noting  reference  to  some  passage  or  page  before 
named. 

U'DAL,(yu'dal,)n.     A  freehold  in  the  Shetland  Isles. 

tJ'DAL-ER,  7i.  A  freeholder  in  the  Shetland  Isles, 
without  feudal  dependencies.  Jamiesoru 

UD'UER,  n.  [Sax.  udcr ;  G.  exaeri  D.  uyeri  Gr. 
ovQap.] 

Tfie  breast  of  a  female ;  but  the  word  Is  applied 
chiefly  or  wholly  to  the  glandular  organ  of  female 
breast-i,  in  which  the  milk  is  secreted  and  retained 
for  the  nourishment  of  their  yount;,  commonly  called 
the  Bag,  in  cows  and  other  quadrupeds. 

UD'DER-£D,  a.     Furnished  with  udders.  Gay. 

U-DOM'E-TER,  n.     \G\.  ii(5a)p  and  utrpov.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  quantity  of 
water  which  falls  from  the  atmosphere ;  a  rain- 
pauge. 

UG'LI-LY,  adv.    In  an  ugly  manner  ;  with  deformity- 

UG'LI-NESS,  n,  [from  ugly.]  Total  want  of  beauty ; 
deformity  of  person ;  as,  old  age  and  ugliness. 

Dryden, 


TONE,  BJJLL,  tJNITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CI0US.  — €  aaK;  OaaJ;  SasZ;  CHaa  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

iTsT 


ULT 

ft.  Turpitude  of  mlndj   moral  de^ffavityj  loaihe- 


TMrdoQ 


iQ  ribaldn  nraM  be  odeorive  to  aoy  one 
mtka  U  u»  da,  pftrdgn  Uie  ugtinssa  oT 


wbo  doM  not.  Tor 
iu  cUtuitutinoca. 
Svulh. 


cut  or  gash  j  ha^yrf  ugly, 


UQ'LY,  «.    [W.  JUf,  a 
rough.    See  Hack.] 

Deformed;  oObnshre  to  ttie  sight;  contrary  to 
beauty  ;  hateAJ  j  as,  an  vgty  person  ;  an  tt^/y  »c«. 

O,  I  h*««  iwMtd  A  nl»nUe  nlglit. 

So  fuU  of  uf /y  i^hte,  of  gbaaUj  dieum.  ^o** 

q-KJISE',  «.  In  RutfiA,  a  proclamation  or  imperial 
order  published,  having  the  force  of  law.    Bmnde^ 

Xl'l^KK^^M.  pL  A  certain  de^cripiion  of  militia  among 
the  modem  Tartars  Joms. 

UL'CER,  a.    [Fr.  ui€trt;  It.  uUrrai  L.  ulcus  y  Gr.  cK- 

A  aore ;  a  solution  of  continuity  in  any  of  the  9oA 
parts  of  the  body,  either  open  to  the  anrface  or  to 
some  natural  cavliy,  and  attended  with  a  secretion 
of  pus  «■  some  kind  of  discharge.  Cooper. 

UL'CER-XTE,  r.  i.  To  be  formed  into  an  ulc«r  ;  to 
become  ulcerous. 

UL'CER-ATE,  r.  (.     [Pr.  nJeerer:  L.  utaro.] 

To  airect  witli  an  ulcer  or  with  ulcers.     Harvey. 

UL'CER-A-TEU.  pp.  or  a.    Alfected  with  ulcers. 

UL'CEK-A-TING,  ppr.  Turning  to  an  ulcer  ;  generat- 
ing ulcers. 

UL-CER-A'TION,  a.     FFr.,  from  L.  uleerctio.] 

].  The  process  of  funntng  into  au  ulcer  j  or  the 
process  of  becoming  ulcerous. 

3.  An  ulcer ;  a  morbid  sore  that  discharges  pus  or 
other  fluid.  .arhaknU. 

UL'CER-*:d,  a.     Having  become  an  ulcer.     TctmpU. 

UL'CER-OUS,  a.  Having  the  nature  or  character  of 
an  utc^r ;  discharging  purulent  or  other  matter. 

Harvey. 
a  Affected  with  an  ulcer  or  with  ulcers. 

UL'CER-OUS-LY,  adc.     In  an  ulcerous  manner. 

UI/OER-OUS-NESS,  a.    The  state  of  being  ulcerous. 

UL-eUS'eULE,  ».    [L.  vienMalaah  from  aZciu.] 
A  little  ulcer. 

I^-Lfi'MA,  a.  In  T^mrkefj^  corporation  composed  of 
the  hierarchy,  viz.,  the  unans.  or  miniaten  of  relig- 
ion, the  muttia,  or  doctor*  of  law,  and  the  cadia,  or 
administrators  of  justice. 

l^LE'-TREE.  a.  la  frotaajr,  a  tree  whose  milky  Juice 
yields  that  kind  of  daatic  gum  called  by  the  Mexi- 
cans Vu*.  Cye. 

13-LI6'IN-0US,  «.     [L.  mH^imasiu^  fhun  itHgo,  ooxi- 
ness.] 
Muddy  ;  oozy  ;  slimy.  WmAmtJ. 

XTL'hA&E,  a.  In  ormaMrcf,  the  wantage  of  casks  of 
liquor,  or  what  a  cask  wanta  of  being  AiU.       Cyc 

CI/Hie  .ACID,  a.    [L.  mJmujt,  an  elm.] 

A  vegetable  acid,  exuding  spontaneously  from  the 
etna,  the  chestnut,  the  oak,  and  various  other  trees. 
It  is  a  dark-brown  and  nearly  black  sulid,  insipid, 
inodorous,  and  very  sparingly  soluble  in  water  and 
alcohol.  It  constitutes  the  essential  ingredient  of 
peat,  dec.  It  appears  to  constitute  what  is  usually 
called  vegetMkU  ouDutrs.         TIl.  Thomson.     7^fm«r. 

UL'MINj  a.  An  exploded  name  of  uimic  acid,  applied 
before  its  aalifvingpowers  had  been  discovered. 

UL'N  A,  a.  [  LZI  The  larger  of  the  two  bones  of  the 
fore-arm,  which  forms  the  point  of  the  elbow. 

UL'NAGE.    See  Al!(ace,  Aunagk. 

UL'XAR^o.     [L.  ulna.] 

Pettaining  to  the  ulna  or  cubit ;  as,  tlie  ulnar 
nerve.  Cwx*. 

TJ-LO-DEX'DROX,  a.    [Gr.  ovXoi  and  itvcpov.) 

A  genus  of  trees  now  extinct,  and  found  only  in  a 
foasU  &tate. 

ULT.  -  Last;  a  contraction  tmm  Ultimo. 

UL-TftTlI-OR,  s.  [L.,  coninamiive.]  Further;  as, 
sb«ri«r  demands ;  ulUrior  propositions.  AVhat  uiu~ 
ri0r  measana  will  be  adopted  is  uncertain.  SmoUea. 
3.  In  ffoogrmpkyt  being  or  situated  beyond  or  on 
the  fUrtlwr  side  of  any  line  or  boundary ;  opposed  to 
CiTsatoa,  or  hither. 

UL'TI^A  RA'TI-0,  [L.]  The  last  reason  or  argu- 
ment. 

VVTUMA  RI'TI-0  RE'QU.V,  [L.]  The  last  rsa- 
■oo  of  kings  is  war,  force  of  arms. 

ULTI-MATE,  a.    [L.  uUimtis^  furthest.] 

I.  Farthest ;  most  remote ;  extreme.  We  have 
not  yet  arrived  at  the  ultimate  point  of  progression, 
ft.  Pinal  i  being  that  to  which  all  the  rest  is  di- 
rected, as  to  the  main  objecL  The  uUimaU  end  of 
our  actions  should  be  the  glory  of  Cod,  or  the  display 
of  his  exalted  excellence.  The  ultimate  end  and  aim 
of  men  is  to  be  bapp^,  and,  to  attain  to  this  end,  we 
must  yield  that  obedience  which  will  honor  the  law 
and  character  of  God. 

3.  Last  in  a  train  of  consequences ;  intended  in 
llie  last  resort. 

Muy  «Alofw  m^  to  pracBR  bnm  are  not  eoDdadn  to  lhi«  oar 
Mlbmalt  h&ppiiMM.  Aifdltnn, 

4.  Last;  terminating;  beingat the  furthest  point. 
««  ,  Darwin. 

5.  The  last  Into  which  a  substance  can  be  re- 
8(dved ,  constituenu  Darwin. 

Ultimate  analysis,  in  chemisfnj^  Is  the  resolution  of 


UMB 

a  substance  into  its  elements  ;  opposed  to  the  proxi- 
mate analysis. 

Ultimate  rxitio  ;  tlie  ratio  of  evanescent  quantities. 

UL'TI-MATE-LY,  adv.  FTnnlly  ;  at  last  ^  in  the  end 
or  last  consequence.  AtHiclions  ollen  lend  to  cor- 
rect immoral  habits,  and  uUimtUvly  prove  blessings. 

UL'TIMA  THtT'LE^  [L.J  The  utmost  slrelch  or 
boundary-,     [i^ee  Thulk.J 

UL-TI-.AlA'TUM,  n.  [L,]  In  diphmacv,  the  final 
propositions,  conditions,  or  terms,  uflered  as  the  ba- 
sis of  a  treaty  ;  the  most  favorable  terms  thai  a  nego- 
tiator can  offer,  and  the  rejection  of  which  usually 
puts  an  end  to  neguliation.  It  is  sometimes  used  in 
the  plural,  ultimata. 
-2.  Any  final  proposition  or  condition. 

UL-TIM'1-TV,  n.      The  last  stage  or  consequence. 

£  Little  usftL]  Bacon. 

/Tl-.MO,  n.     [L.  ultimo  mense.] 
The  la«l  mouth  preceding  the  present ;  as,  on  the 
first  ultimo. 

UL'TRA,  a.  [L.]  Beyond  ;  hence,  extreme  ;  as,  ul- 
tra  principles ;  used  also  to  denote  a  person  who  ad- 
ViKMitea  cxlreme  measures. 

UL'TRA-ISM,  n.  The  principles  of  men  who  advo- 
cate extreme  measures;  as  a  radical  retorin,  Ace.   "^ 

If.  J\Tnre. 

UL'TRA-IST,  n.  One  who  pushes  a  principle  or 
measure  to  extremes. 

UL-TRA-MA-Rt\E',  (reen',)  a.     [L.  uUra^  beyond, 
and  marinus^  marine.] 
Siiiiated  or  being  beyond  the  sea.        .$insv>orih. 

UL-TRA-MA-RINE',  a,  (Supra.]  A  beautiful  and 
dunible  sky-blue  ;  a  color  formed  of  the  mineral 
called  lapis  lazuli. 

According  to  Gmelin  of  Tubingen,  sutphuret  of 
sodium  is  the  coloring  principle  of  lapis  lazuli,  to 
which  tlie  cuhtr  of  ultmuiariue  is  owmg.  lie  has 
succeeded  in  preparing  artificial  ultramarine  b^  heat- 
ing sulphuret  of  sodium  with  a  mixture  of  siliric  acid 
and  alumina.  .4a.  de  CA. 

9l  Azure-stone. 

Ottromarine  asktsi  a  pigment  which  is  the  residu- 
um of  lapis  lazuli,  after  the  ultmmarino  has  been  ex- 
tracted. Their  appearance  is  that  of  the  ullmma- 
rine,  a  little  tinged  with  red,  and  diluted  with  white. 

Cue 

UL-TRA-MON'TANB,  a,  [Fi. ;  L.  ultra  and  tiionta- 
nus.] 

Being  beyond  the  mountains,  or  Alps,  in*  respect 
to  the  one  who  speaks.  This  term  was  first  applied, 
somewhat  contemptuously,  by  the  Italians,  to  the 
nations  north  of  the  Alps,  es[R'cialiy  Germany  and 
Prance,  their  painters,  jurists,  <.^c.  At  a  later  |>eriod, 
the  French  and  Germans  appliid  it  to  the  Italians. 
It  is  now  more  particularly  used  in  resjiect  to  religious 
matters  ;  and  ultramontane  diictrincs^  when  spoken  of 
north  of  the  Alps,  itenote  t)te  extreme  views  of  the 
pope*s  rights  and  supremacy  uioinlained  by  Bellar- 
min  and  oilier  Italian  writers,  DicL  de  l*j3ead, 

UL-TRA-MON'TAN'E,  a.  A  foreigner;  one  who  re- 
sides beyond  the  mountiins. 

UL-TRA-.MO\'TA-MSM,  a.  A  term  applied,  north 
of  the  Alps,  to  those  who  maintain  extreme  views  as 
to  the  pope's  snpremacv.  Encve.  Am. 

UL-TRA-MOX'TA-NIST,  n.  One  who  holds  to  ul- 
tramontanism. 

UL-TRA-MUN'DANE,  o.  [L.  ultra  and  munduSy 
world.] 

Being  beyond  the  world,  or  beyond  the  limits  of 
onr  system. 

UL-TRO'NE-OUS,  a.     [L.  ultra,  of  one's  own  ac- 
cord.] 
Spontaneous ;  voluntary.    [JVot  used.'] 

UL^U-LATE,  r.  i.    [L.  ululo^  to  howl.] 

To  howl,  as  a  dog  or  wolf.  Herbert 

UL-U-LA'TIO.\,  n.    A  howl,  as  of  the  wolf  or  dog. 

UM'BEL,  n.     [L.  umbella,  a  screen  or  fan.] 

In  botany,  a  particular  mode  of  inflorescence  or 
flowering,  which  consists  of  a  number  of  flnwer- 
stalks  or  rays,  nearly  equal  in  length,  spreading  from 
a  common  center,  tlieir  summits  forming  a  level,  con- 
vex, or  even  globose  surface,  more  rarely  a  concave 
one,  OS  in  the  carrot  It  is  simple  or  compound  ;  in 
the  latter,  each  peduncle  bears  another  liitle  umbel, 
umlwllet,  or  umbellule.  Ofc     Martyn. 

Utabel  is  sometimes  called  a  rundlc,  from  its  round- 
ness. 

UM'BEL-LAR,  a.  Pertaining  to  an  umbel ;  having 
the  form  of  an  umbel. 

UM'HEL-LATE,      i  a.    Bearing  umbels  ;   consisting 

UM'BEL-LA-TED,  (  of  an  umbel  ;  growing  on  an 
timbel ;  as,  umbellate  jrfants  or  flowers. 

UM'BEL-LET,    i  a.    A  litlie  or  partial  umbel. 

UM'BEI^LULE,  \  JilaHyn. 

UM-BEL'LI-FER,  n.     [L,  umbclla  and  fero.] 

In  botany.,  a  plant  producing  an  umbel.    Lindley. 

UM-BEL-LIF'EaOUS,  a.  [L.  umbtUa  and  fero,  to 
bear.] 

Troducing  the  inflorescence  calltd  an  urnhd;  bear- 
ing umbels  ;  as,  umbelliferous  plan's. 

UM'GER,  n.  In  mineralogy^  an  ocherous  ore  of  iron, 
of  a  brown,  yellowish,  or  blackish-brown  color,  so 
called  from  Ombria,  in  Italy,  where  it  was  first  ob- 
tained.   It  is  used  in  painting.    A  specimen  from 


UMP 

Cyprus  afforded,  of  a  hundred  parts,  48  parts  of  oxyd 
ot  iron,  SO  of  oxyd  of  manganese,  the  remainder  sl- 
lex,  alumina,  and  water.     *  Cye. 

Also,  a  variety  of  peat  or  brown  coal,  of  a  similar 
color,  and  used  fur  a  similar  purpose.  Brande. 

UM'BER,  n.  The  Scopus  umbrella,  a  bird  of  the  gral- 
lic  order  and  heron  family,  inhabiting  Africa. 

Swainson. 

UM'BER,  71.  A  fish  of  the  salmon  family,  called  the 
GHAYLtNd,  or  Thymallus  vulgaris,  a  fresh-water  fish 
of  a  fine  taste,  Cyc. 

UM'BEU,  V.  e.  To  color  with  umber;  to  shade  or 
darken.  Hhak, 

UM'UER-£D.  a.     [L.  wmftrfl,  a  shade.] 

1.  ii^haded  ;  clouded.  Slutk, 

2.  [from  umber.]     Painted  with  umber. 
UiM-BIL'ie,  a.    [Infra.]    The  navel ;  the  center. 

HrrbcrL 

UM-BIL'ie^AL,  I  "•     t^  ^mbUicus,  the  navel.] 

Pertaining  to  the  navel ;  as,  umbilical  vessels  ;  um- 
bilical region. 

Umbilical  points  ;  in  mathematics,  the  same  as  focL 
Umbilical  vesseLf^  in  regitablts,  are  the  small  ves- 
sels which  pass  from  ttic  heart  of  the  seed  into  the 
side  seed-lobes,  and  are  supiKised  to  imbibe  the  sac- 
charine, farinaceous,  or  oily  matter  which  is  to  su|>- 
port  the  new  vegetable  in  its  germipation  and  infant 
growth.  Cyc.     Darwin, 

UM-BIL'ie,  n.  In  eoncholo^ry,  a  conical  depression  at 
the  base  of  a  univalve  shell, 

UM-BlL'ie-ATE,      i  a.      Navel-shaped ;    formed    in 

UM-BIL'1€-A-TED,  j  the  middle  like  a  navel ;  as  a 
flower,  fruit,  or  leaf,  Jifarti/n,     Cyc. 

UM'BLES,  (um'blz,)»i.;>i.  [Fr.]  The  entrails  of  a  deer. 

UiM'BO,7i.  [L.]  The  boss  or  protuberant  part  of  a 
shield.  Cyc     SuKift. 

2.  In  eonchology,  the  point  of  a  bivalve  shell  im- 
mediately above  the  hinge. 

UM'BO-NATE,      J  a.     In  butanif,  having  a  boss  or  el- 

UM'BO-NA-TED,  j     evated  [kjIuI  in  the  middle. 

P.  Cye. 

UM'BRA,  n.  [L.]  A  shadow.  In  astronoiny,  a  term 
applied  to  the  dark  cone  projected  from  a  planet  or 
satellite,  on  the  side  opposite  to  the  sun.      Brande. 

UM-BRAC'U-LI-FORM,  a.  Having  the  form  of  an 
nmbniculum  or  arbor. 

UM'BR.^OE,  iu  [Fr.  omftra^e,from  ombre;  L.  umbray 
a  shade.  ] 

1.  A  shade  ;  a  screen  of  trees  ;  as,  the  umbrage  of 
woods.  Mdton* 

2.  Shadow ;  shade ;  slight  appearance. 

The  opinion  cnrrif^  no  thovr  of  truth  nor  vwkrage  of  r^nson  oo 
lU  ndfl.     iOba.]     ISoe  Shadow.}  Woodioard. 

3.  SuppicJon  of  injury;  offense  ;  resentment  The 

Court  of  France  took  umbrage  at  the  conduct  of 
Spain. 
UM-BRJS'GEGUS,  C-J»ia,)a-     [Er.  ombragtux:] 

1.  Shading;  forminga  shade  ;  as, umiroff^coustrees 
or  foliage.  Tkomsvn. 

2.  Shady  ;  shaded  ;  as,  an  umbrageous  grotto  or 
garden. 

Umbrageoua  ^rotx  snd  caret  of  cool  ivccu.  Milton. 

3.  Obscure,  Wotton, 
UM-BRA'GEOUS-LY,  fl'/p.  In  an  umbrageous  manner. 
UM-BRA'GEOUS-NErtS,  TU    Bhadiness;    as,  the  urn- 

brageousness  of  a  tree.  Ralegh. 

UM'BRATE,  V.  U     [L.  umbro,  to  shade.] 
To  shade  ;  to  shadoW.     {Little  nsedA 
UM'BRA-TED,  pp.    Shaded;  shadowed. 

Ch.  Relig.  Appeal. 

1.  Shadowy  ;  typical.  Barrow. 

2.  Keeping  in  the  shade  or  at  home.    B.  Joasoru 
UM'BRA-TILE,  (-til,)  a.     [L.  umbratUis.] 

1.  Being  in  the  shade.  Johnson* 

2.  Unreal;  unsubstantial.  B.  Jotuton, 

3.  Being  in  retirement;  secluded;  as,  an  umbra- 
tile  life.     [Little  used.]  Bacon. 

UM-BRA'TIOUS,  (-shus,)  a.  [See  Umrraoe.]  Sus- 
picions ;  apt  to  distrust ;  captious;  disposed  to  take 
umbrage.     [Little  uiied.]  Wotton. 

UM-RRP'L'  is  nearly  obsolete, 
UM-BREL'LA,  n.     [from  L.  umhrn,  shade.] 

A  shade,  screen,  or  guard,  carried  in  the  hand  for 
sheltering  the  person  from  the  rays  of  the  sun,  or 
from  rain  or  snow.  It  is  formed  of  silk,  cotton,  or 
other  cloth  extended  on  strips  of  whalebone,  or  other 
elastic  material,  inserted  in  or  fastened  to  a  rod  or 
stick.  [See  Pababol.] 
UM-BRIeRE',  (-breer'j)  n.    The  visor  of  a  helmet. 

Spensar. 
UM-BRIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L.  umbra  and  fero.} 

Casting  or  making  a  shade. 
TJM'BROSE,  a.     Shady. 
UM-BROS'I-TY,  k.     [L.  umhrosus.] 

Shadiness,     [Little  used.]  Brov^n. 

UM'PI-RA"6E,  n.  [from  umpire.']  The  power,  right, 
or  authority  of  an  umpire  to  decide. 

President's  Message,  Oct.  1803. 
2.  The  decision  of  an  umpire. 


F^TE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PBfiY PLNE,  MABIXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  HOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  B(X>K.— 


UNA 

UM'PIRE,  n.  [Norm,  impere;  L.  iinperiuiity  contracted 
as  in  empire,] 

1.  A  iwrsjn  to  whose  sole  decision  a  controversy 
or  que.-ition  between  parlies  is  reft-Treii.  Tims,  the 
emperor  of  Russia  w:is  consiitiitet!  umpire  between 
Great  Britain  and  the  United  States,  to  decide  tlic 
controversy  respecting  the  slaves  carried  from  the 
States  by  the  British  troops. 

2.  In  lata,  a  third  person  called  in  to  decide  a  con- 
troversy or  question  submitted  to  nrbitrators,  when 
ttte  arbitrators  do  not  agree  in  opinion.     Blackstone. 

UM'PIRE,  p.  L  To  arbitrate;  to  decide  as  umpire  j 
to  settle,  as  a  dispute.     [LittU  lued.]  Bacon. 

UN,  a  prefix  or  inseparable  preposition,  [Sax.  un  or  on, 
usually  urtj  G.  un,  D.  on,  Sans,  an ,]  is  the  same  word 
as  the  L.  i».  It  is  a  particle  of  negation,  giving  to 
words  to  which  it  is  prefixed  a  negative  significa- 
tion. We  use  un  or  in  indirrerently  for  this  purpose  ; 
and  the  tendency  of  moilern  usage  is  to  prefer  the 
use  of  in,  in  some  words,  wiiere  un  was  formerly 
used.  Un  admits  of  no  change  of  n  into  I,  ?»,  or  r,  as 
in  does,  in  iltuminate,  immense^  irresolute.  It  is  pre- 
fixed generally  to  adjectives  and  participles:,  and  al- 
most at  pleasure.  In  a  few  instances,  it  is  prefixed 
to  verbs,  as  in  unbend,  uMbind,  unharne-.-*s.  As  the 
compounds  formed  with  un  are  so  common  and  so 
well  known,  the  composition  is  not  noticed  under 
the  several  words.  For  the  etymologies,  see  the 
simple  words. 

U\-A-BA.\'DOX-ED,  a.     Not  abandoned. 

UN-A-BAS'ED, (-baste', )a.    Not  abased  ;  nothumbled. 

U.V-A-BASH'jED,  (-basht',)  a.  Not  abashed  ;  not  con- 
fused with  shame,  or  by  niodestv.  Pope. 

UN-A-BaT'ED,  a.  Not  abated;'  not  diminished  in 
strength  or  violence.     The  fL-ver  remains  unabated. 

UN-A-UAT'ING,  a.  Not  abating;  continuing  in  full 
force,  or  without  alleviation  or  diminution. 

UN-AB-BRe'VI-a-TED,  a.  Not  abbreviated  j  not 
shortened. 

tTN-A-BET'TED,  a.     Not  abetted  ;  not  aided. 

UN-A-BII>'ING,  o.     Not  abiding  or  permanent, 

UN-A-BiDTNG-LY,  ado.     Not  abidingly. 

UN-A-BID'ING-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  not  perma- 
nent. 

UN-A-BIL'I-TV,    I  n.    Want  of  ability.     LVot  used.] 

UN-a'BLE-NESS,  t      nVe  use  IsABiLixy.] 

UN-AB-JOR'£D,  a.  Not  abjured;  not  renounced  on 
oath. 

UN-A'BLE,  (-a'bl,)  a.  Notable;  not  having  sufficient 
strength  or  means;  impotent;  weak  in  jKiwer,  or 
poor  in  substance.  A  man  is  unable  to  rise  when 
sick;  he  is  itJWiW^  to  labor;  he  is  unable  to  support 
his  family  or  to  purchase  a  farm  ;  lie  is  unable  for  a 
particular  enterprise. 

2.  Not  having  adequate  knowledge  or  skill.  A  man 
ia  unable  to  paint  a  good  likeness  ;  he  is  unable  to 
conmiand  a  ship  or  an  army. 

UN-A-BOL'jyH-A-BLE,  a.  Not  abolishaide ;  that 
may  not  be  abolished,  annulled,  or  destroyed. 

J\Iilton. 

UN-A-BOL'ISn-£D,  (-a-bol'isht,)  a.  Nut  abolished  ; 
not  repealed  or  annulled  ;  remaining  in  force. 

Hooker. 

UN-AB-RaD'ED,  a.    Not  abraded  or  worn  by  friction. 

ManUU, 

UN-A-BRID(5'ED,  a.     Not  abridged  ;  not  shortened. 

UN-AB'RO-GA-TED,  a.  Not  abrogated;  not  an- 
nulled. 

UN-AB-«OLV'£D,  a.  Not  absolved;  not  acquitted 
or  fi>rgiven. 

UN-AB-80RB'A-BLE,  o.  Not  absorbable;  not  capa- 
ble of  being  absorbed.  Dary. 

UN-AB-HORB'KD,  a.     Not  absorbed  ;  not  imbibed. 

UN-A-UCS'ED,  (-a-buzd',)  a.     Not  abused.     [Davy. 

UN-Ae-t;EL'ER-A-TED,  a.  Not  accelerated ;  not 
hastened. 

UN-AC-CENT'ED,  a.  Not  accented  ;  having  no  ac- 
cent ;  as,  an  unaccented  syllable.  Ilolder. 

UN-AC-CEPT'A-BLE,  a.  NtA  acceptable  ;  not  pleas- 
ing; not  welcome;  not  such  as  will  he  received 
with  pleasure.  Clarendon. 

UN-Ae-CEPT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  not 
p)ea-«ing.  Collier. 

UN-AG-CEPT'A-BLY,  ado.  In  an  unwelcome  or  un- 
pleasing  manner. 

UN-AC-CEPT'ED,  a.  Not  accepted  or  received  ;  re- 
jected. Prior. 

UN-A€-CESS'I-fiLE,  a.    Inaccessible, 
f  Tkia  tattler  Word  is  -now  used.] 

UN-AC  CESS'I-BLE-NESS,   n.      State  of  not  being 
approachable  ;  inaccessibleness. 
[  The  latter  is  the  word  now  used.  ] 

U.V-Ae-CESS'I-BLV,  ode.  In  an  unaccessible  man- 
ner. 

UN-AC-€LT'MA-TED,  «.    Not  inured  to  the  climate. 

UN-Ae-€OM'MO-DA-TED,  a.      Not  accommodated  ; 

not  furnished  with  external  conveniences.      Shak, 

2.  Not  fitted  or  adapted.  Mitfi/rd. 

UN-Ae-€OM'MO-DA-riNG,  a.  Not  accommodating ; 
not  ready  to  oblige  ;  uncompliant. 

UN-Ae-eOM'PA-NI-ii:D,   (-kum'pa  nid,)   a.     Not  at- 
tended ;   having  no  attendants,  companions,  or  fol- 
lowers, llayward. 
%  Having  no  appendages. 


UNA 

UN-Ae-€OM'PLIPH-£D,  (-ak-kom'plisht,)  a.  Not  ac- 
couipli;died  ;  nut  finished  ;  incomplete.       Dryden. 

2.  Not  refined  in  manners  ;  not  furnished  with  el- 
egant literature  or  with  polish  of  m:»nn<;r8. 

UN-A€-eOM'PLISH-MENT,  n.  Want  of  accom- 
plishineut  or  execution.  Milton. 

UN-AC  eoRD'ANT,  a.  Not  accordant  or  iiarmo- 
nious. 

UN-Ae-€ORD'ING,  a.    Not  according  ;  not  agreeing. 

Fctirn. 

UN-Ae-COUNT-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  state  or  quali- 
ty of  not  being  accountable;  or  the  stale  of  being 
unaccountable  tor.  Swift. 

UN-Ae-€OUNT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  accounted  fur. 
Such  fully  is  itnacrottntable. 

2.  Not  explicable ;  not  to  be  solved  by  reason  or 
the  light  possessed ;  not  reducible  to  rule.  Tho 
union  of  soul  and  body  is  to  us  unaccountable.    Swift, 

3.  Not  subject  to  account  or  control ;  not  subject 
to  answer  ;  not  responsible. 

UN-Ae-euUNT'A-BL.E-NES3,  n.     Strangeness. 

9.   lrrfS|)oiisil)ility, 
UN-AG  COUNT' ABLY,  ada.      In  a  manner  not  to 

be  explained  ;  strangely.  Jiddisotu 

UN-AC-CRKIJ'IT-ED,  a.      Not   accredited  ;    not   re- 
ceived ;  not  authorized.    The  minister  or  the  consul 
remained  unaccredited, 
UN-ACeU-RATE,  a.     Inaccurate  ;  not  correct  or  ex- 
act. Boyle. 
[But  Inaccurate  is  now  used.] 
UN-ACeU-RATE-NESS,  «.     Want  of  correctness. 
[But  we  now  use   I.^&cc urate ness  or   Inaccu- 
racy.] 
UN-AC-CPS'iCD,  (-ak-ku7.d',)  a.    Not  accused ;  not 

charged  with  a  crime  or  fault. 
UN-AC-CUS'TOM-ED,  a.  Not  accustomed  ;  not  used; 
not  made  familiar ;  not  habituated  ;  as,  a  bullock  un- 
accuMomed  to  the  yoke.    Jer.  xxxi. 

2.  New  ;  not  usual ;  not  made  familiar ;  as,  unac- 
eustomed  air  ;  unaccustomed  ideas.  Watts. 

UN-A-CHIfiVA-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  he  done  or 

accomplished.  Farindon. 

UN-A-CIllEV'KD,   a.      Not  achieved;    not   accom- 
plished or  perfiirmed. 
UN-ACH'ING,  (-ak'ing,)  a.    Not  aching;  not  giving 

or  feeling  pain.  Shak. 

UN-AC-KNOWL'EDG-ED,  (-nol'ejd,)  a.  Nut  ac- 
knowledged ;  not  recognized  ;  us,  an  unacknowledged 
agent  or  consul. 

2.  Not  owned  ;   not  confessed  ;  not  avowed  ;  as, 
an  uHor.knoiclcd^ed  crime  or  fault. 
UN-AC-aUAlNT'.'VNCE,  h.     Want  of  acquaintance 
or  familiarity;    want  of  knowledge;   followed    by 
with  f  as,  an  utter  unacquaintanee  with  his  design. 

South. 
UN-AC-QUAINT'ED,  a.     Not  well  known  ;  unusual. 
Afiti  til'  unacquainted  li^hl  beg-.ui  lu  fear.     [Not  in  ute.] 

Sfeiiser. 

2.  Not  having  familiar  knowledge ;  fiUowed  by 
with. 

My  fun  cire  unacquainted 
Wuh  audi  IxjI.1  initli*.  Denham. 

UN-A€-aUAINT'ED-NE39,  71.    Want  of  acquaint- 
ance. Wkh<tt)n. 
UN-AC-aUTR'fD,  a.    Not  acquired  ;  not  gained. 
UN-AC-QUIT'TED,  a.    Not  acquitted;  nut  declared 

innocent. 
UN-ACT' ED,  a.    Not  acted  ;  not  performed  ;  not  exe- 
cuted. Hkak. 
UN-ACT'IVE,  rt.    Not  active  ;  not  brisk. 
I'We  now  use  Inactive.] 

2.  Having  no  employment. 

3.  Not  busy  ;  not  diligent;  idle. 

4.  Having  no  action  or  efficacy.     [See  Inactive.] 
UN-ACT' U-A-TED,  a.    Not  actuated  ;  not  moved. 

QlanoiUe. 

UN-A-DAPT'ED,  a.    Not  adapted  ;  not  suited. 

Mitfard, 

UN-A-DAPT'ED-NESS,  n.     Unsuitableness. 

UN-AD-DICT'ED,  a.  Not  addicted  ;  not  given  or  de- 
voted. 

UN-AD-DREPS'^D,  f-drest',)  a.    Not  addressed. 

UN-AI>-Hi5'SIVE,  a.     Not  adhesive, 

UN-AD-JUDG'£D,  a.  Not  adjudged;  not  judicially 
decided. 

UN-AD-JUST'ED,  a.  Not  adjusted  ;  not  settled  ;  not 
regulated  ;  as,  differences  unadjusted. 

2.  Not  settled ;  not  liquidated  ;  as,  unadjusted  ac- 
counts. 

IJN-AU-MIN'I?'-TER-jED,  a.     Not  administered. 

UN-AI)-MIR'/:i),  a.  N(tt  admired ;  nut  regarded  with 
great  iiir-Ttion  or  respect.  Pope. 

IIN-AM-MIR'1\G,  a.     Not  admiring. 

UN-AO-MON'ISH-ED,  (-mnn'isht,)  a.  Not  admon- 
ished ;  not  cautioned,  warned,  or  advised.    Milton. 

UN-A-UOPT'ED,  a.  Not  adopted ;  not  received  as 
one's  own. 

UX-A-DOR'ir;D,  a.    Not  adored  ;  not  worshiped. 

Milton. 

UNA-DOR N'^D,  a.  Not  adorned;  not  decorated; 
not  enibellished.  MUton. 

UN-A-nUL'TER-A-TED,  a.  Not  adulterated  ;  genu- 
ine; pure.  AddisoTt. 

UN-A-i>UL.'TER-OUS,  a.     Not  guiUy  of  adultery. 


UNA 

UN-A-DUL'TER-OUS-LY,  adv.  Without  being  guUty 
of  adulter)'. 

UN-AU-VEN'TUR-OUS,  a.  Not  adventurous  ;  not 
bold  or  rt'sohite.  .Milton. 

UN-AD-VT»'A-BI.E,  a.  Not  advisable;  not  to  be  rec- 
onuuend<-d  ;  not  exiK-dieut ;  not  prudent. 

UN-AD-VIS'A-BLY,  adc.  In  an  unadvisable  man- 
ner. 

UN-AD- VIS'ED,  C-vIzd',)  a.  Not  prudent;  not  dis- 
croeL  Shak, 

2.  Done  without  due  consideration;  rash;  as,  an 
unadctHcd  uicisure  or  proceeding.  S/tak. 

UN-.\D-VIS'EI)-Ly,  a(/c.  Impnidenlly  ;  indiscreetly; 
rashly  ;  without  due  consideration.  Hooker. 

UX-AI)-VT8'ED-NESS,  n.    Imprudence;  rashness. 

UN-A'ER-A-TED,  a.  Not  combined  with  carbonic 
acid. 

UN-AF'F.VBLE,  a.  Not  affable;  not  Uee  to  con- 
verse ;  reserved. 

UN-AF-FEC'I''ED,  a.  Not  affected;  plain;  natural; 
not  labored  or  artificial ;  simple  ;  as,  unaffected  ease 
and  grace. 

2.  Real;  not  hypocritical;  sincere;  as,  unaffected 
sorrow.  Onjden. 

3.  Not  moved  ;  not  having  the  heart  or  passions 
touched.  Men  often  remain  unaffected  under  all  the 
Bolenm  monitions  of  Providence. 

UN-AF-FECT'EU-LY,  adc.  Really;  in  sincerity; 
without  di^'guise  ;  without  attempting  to  produce 
false  appearances.     lie  was  unaffectedly  cheerful. 

Locke. 

UN-AF-FECT'ED-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  unaf- 
fected. 

UN-AF-FECT'I-BLE,  a.     That  can  not  be  affected. 

Cudworih. 

U.N-AF-FECT'ING,  a.  Not  pathetic  ;  not  adapted  to 
movi-  the  passmns. 

UN-AF  FEC'TION-ATE,  a.  Not  affectionate ;  want- 
ing aft'ertion. 

UN-AF-FIRM'/:n,  a.    Not  affirmed  ;  not  confirmed. 

UN-AF-FLICT'ED,  a.  Not  afilicted  ;  free  from 
trouble. 

UN-AP-FRTGIIT'ED,  (-frlt'ed,)  a.     Not  frightened. 

UN-AG'GRA-V.VTED,  a.     Not  aggravated. 

UN-AG'I-TA-TED,  a.    Not  agitated  ;  calm. 

UN-A-GREE'A-BLE,  a.     Not  consistent;  unsuitable. 

Mdton. 

UN-A-GREE'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Unsuitableness  ;  in- 
consistency with.  Decay  of  Piety. 

UN-A-GREE'A-BLY,  adv.  In  an  unagreeable  man- 
ner. 

UN-AlD'A-BLE, «.  Not  to  be  aided  or  assisted.  [JVot 
itaerf.  1 

UN-AIU'ED,  a.    Not  aided  ;  not  assisted.     Blackmore. 

UN-AIM'ING,  a.  Having  no  particular  aim  or  direc- 
tion. Qlanvdle. 

UN-AlR'ED,  a.     Not  aired. 

UNA-LA  R.\l'i;D,  a.  Not  alarmed;  not  disturbed 
witti  fi-ar.  Cotcper. 

UN-A-LARM'ING,  a.    Not  alarming. 

UN-AL'IEN-A-BLE,  (-al'yen-a-hl,)  a.  Not  alienable  ; 
that  can  not  be  alienated  ;  that  may  not  be  trans- 
ferred ;  as,  u7taUenable  rights.  Swiji. 

UNAL'IEN-A-BLY,  «(/b.  In  a  manner  that  admits 
of  no  alienation  ;  as,  property  unalienably  vested. 

UN-AL'IEN-ATE,  (-Sryen-ale,)  a.     Not  alienate. 

n,  Taylor. 

UN-AL'IEN-A-TED,  a.  Not  alienated;  not  traos- 
ferrt'd  ;  not  estranged. 

UN-AL-LAY'£D,  a.     Not  allayed ;  not  appeased  or 
quieted. 
2.  For  UNALLoreo.     [See  Unalloted.J 

UN-AL-L£'VI-A-TED,  a.  Not  alleviated;  not  miti- 
gated. 

UN-AL-LI'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  allied  or  con- 
nected in  amity,  Cheijne. 

UN-AL-LI'ED,  (-al-Iide',)  a.    Having  no  alliance  or 
connection,  either  by  nature,  marriage,  or  treaty ;  as, 
unallifd  families,  or  nations,  or  substances. 
2.  Having  no  powerful  relation. 

UN-AL-LOW'A-BLE,  a.     That  may  not  bo  allowed. 

UN-AL-LOW'KU,  o.    Not  allowed  ;  not  permitted. 

UN-AL-LOY'/:n,  a.  Not  alloyed  ;  not  reduced  by 
foreign  admixture  ;  as,  metals  unalloyed. 

I  eujoyod  unalloyed  saiiaf;u:tion  in  h'u  company.  Mitford. 

UN-AL-Lf  R'^^n,  a.     Not  allured  ;  not  enticed. 

UN-AL-LOR'ING,  a.     Not  alluring  ;  not  tempting. 

Mitford. 

UN-AL-T.tiR'ING-LY,  adv.     Not  alluringly. 

UN-ALMS'/OD,  (un-amzd',)  a.  Not  having  received 
alms.     [Bad,]  Pollok. 

UN-AL'TER-A-BLE,  a.  Not  alterable;  unchangea- 
ble": iinmntahle.  South. 

UN-AL'TER-A-BLE-NESS,  (  n.    Unchangeableness; 

UN-AL-TER-A-BIL'1-TY,     \     immutalolity. 

(Voodward. 

UN-AL'TER-A-BLY,  ado.  Unchangeably;  immuta- 
bly." 

UN-AL'TER-ED,  a.    Not  altered  or  changed. 

Dn/den, 

UN-AL'TER-ING,  a.    Not  altering.  fVucman. 

UN-A-MAZ'£D,  a.  Not  amazed  ;  free  from  nptonish- 
ment.  Milton, 


TCNT:,  BJJLI^  tJNITe.— AN"GER,  VI"CI0US e  as  K;  6  as  J  :  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


UNA 

CN-AM-BICU-OCS,  a.      Not   ambiguous  ;    not   of 
doubtful  uieanmg ;  plain;  clear;  certain. 

ChegUrJieid. 

LW.AM-RlG'U-OUd-LY,  uhi.     In  a   clear,  explicit 
niniihfr. 

UN-AM  BIG'U-OUS-NESS,  >  n.    Clearness:  eiplicit- 

UN-AM  BI-G(!i'l-Tr,  J      new. 

UN-AM-ltr'TIOUS,  (^lu-btoh'us,)  a.    Not  ambitioua  i 
five  I'a^in  aiabition. 

2.  N'ul  artVciinp  show  ;  not  showy  or  prominent ; 
as,  UHombitiou.'i  urnniiient»t. 

I/X-AM-IU"  riOL'S  LV,  atlp.     Not  ambitiously. 
UN-AM-lir'TlUL'S-NESS,  n.    Freetliim  fmm  ambi- 
tion. 
UN-A-ME'NA-BLE,  a.    Not  amrnnhle  or  responsible. 
CX-A-MEND'A-BLE,  a.    Not  capable  of  emendation. 

Pop*, 
UN-A-MEND'GD,  c    Not  amended ;  not  rectia^d. 

UN-;5'.MI-A-BLE,  a.  Not  nminble ;  not  concitiating 
love  ;  not  adnptctl  to  gain  affection.  Spectator. 

UN-A'MI-A-HLE-NES;i,  n.     Want  of  amiabliness. 

UN-A-MCS'£D,  (-rauzd',)  «.  Not  amused  ;  not  en- 
tertained. 

UN-A  MCS'IXG,  «.  Not  amusing  ;  not  affortling  en- 
tertainment. Rifscoe,    Mt^ford, 

UN-A-MCS'I.\G-LV,  ade.     Not  amusingly. 

UN-A-MC'SIVE,  a.    Not  atfonling  amnsemenL 

US-AN-A-LOG'ie-AL,  «.     N  t  nnalogtcal. 

UN-A-XAL'(>-GOL'S,  a.  Not  analogous ;  not  asreea- 
ble  to.  Dartcin, 

UN-AN'A-I.V^-KD,  a.  Not  analyzed ;  not  restOved 
into  simile  |Kirt«.  Boyls. 

UN-.\\eii'OR-£;D,  a.    Not  anchored  ;  not  moored. 

Pope. 

UN-A-NeL'ED,  a.  Not  having  received  extreme  unc- 
tion.    [SeeAiicLK.]  SAak, 

UN-AN'^Gi;-L.\R,  (-ang'gu-larO  a.  Having  no  an- 
gles. 

UN-AN'I-MAI^TZ-£D,  a.  Not  formed  into  animal 
matter.  ^ 

UN-AN'I-MA-TED,  a.  Not  animated }  not  poMcned 
of  life. 

3.  Not  enlivened  ;  not  having  spirit ;  dull. 
UN-AN'I-MA-TIXG,  a.  Nut  nnim.iiing  ;  dull. 
U-NA-NIM'I-TY,    Cyu-nn-nini'e-te,)  m.      [Fr.   m»mi- 

wuti  ;  L.  HNiu,  one,  and  ojiimuj,  mind.] 

Agreement  of  a  number  of  persons  in  opinion  or 

detennination  ;  a?,  tht-re  was  perft-ct  uHanimitif  nmong 

the  members  of  tlte  cotmcil. 
TJ-NAN'I-MOrs,  (yu-nan'e-mu90  a.     Being  of  one 

mind  ;  agreeing  in  opinion  ordeternilnatlon  ;  as,  the 

house  of  a^tsembly  was  hjiomuioiu  ;  the  membe^  of 

thf  cmincil  were  umajtimous. 
&  Pormeil  by  unanimity  :  a«,  a  mnmMimons  vote. 
q-NAN'I-MOUS-LY,  «te.    With  entire  agreement  of 

minds.  ^UttLtoH. 

IC-NAN'1-MOUS-NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  of  one 

mind. 
2.  Proeeeding  from  unanimity  \  as,  the  unanimous 

iWAj  of  a  vole. 
UN-AN-\E\L'ED,  a.    Not  annealed  j  not  tempered 

br  heat ;  xuddonly  cooled. 
uy-AN-NEX'i;D,  (-an-neksl',)  a.    Nd  annexed}  not 

joined. 
UN-AN-NI'HI-LA-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  annihi- 
lated. 
UN-AN  NOlTN'CED,C-announst',)a.  Not  announced 

or  proclaimed. 
UN-AN-NOY'in),  a.    Not  annoyed  or  incommoded. 
UN-.\-NOINT'El),  a.     Not  anointed. 

2.  Not  h.iving  received  extreme  unction.      SMak. 
WN-AX'SWER-A-BLE,  (-an'scr-a-bl,)  a.     Not  to  be 

satisfacionly  answered  ;  not  cajKible  of  refutation  j 

as,  an  MmaH.-nrrrcblr  argtimenl, 
UN-AN'?WER  A-BLE-NESi*,  n-    The  state  of  being 

nnan^wemble. 
UN-AN'SWER-A-BLY.  orfr.    In  a  manner  not  to  be 

answeird  ;  b"vond  refutniion.  SowfA. 

UN-AN'SWER-'£D,  a.    Nut  ansmered  ;  not  opposed 

by  a  replv.  Mittmu 

a.  Not  refuipd.  Hoaker, 

3.  Not  ?iiitnblv  retnmed.  2>rWea. 
tJN-AX-Tir!  PX-TED,  a.     Nut  anticipated. 
UN-.\NX'IOUS,  c-ank'shus,)  a.    Fr«>  from  anxiety. 
UX-A-PO€  RY-PHAL,  a.     Not  apocr>plial;    not  of 

doubtful  authorily.  MilUm. 

UN-AP-PALL'/D.  (-ap-pawW.)  a.  Not  appalled  ;  not 
daunted  ;  not  impre«:icd  with  fear. 

Wicb  cf%  end,  and  vittg?  tumppaUtd.  Smi^ 

UN-AP-PAR'EL-ED,  «.    Not  appareled;  not  clothed,  j 

Boom. 

UX-AP-PXR'EXT,  a.  Not  apparent;  obscure;  not 
visible.  MiUon. 

UN-AP-PEAL'A-BLE,  a.  Not  appealable  :  admitting 
no  app<^nl ;  that  can  not  be  ctfritd  to  a  higher  court 
by  app«>al  ;  a",  an  unappeatabte  cHXiw. 

UN-AP-PgAS'A  BLE,  o.  Not  to  be  appwised  or  paci- 
fied ;  a?,  an  unnppeiuabU  clamor. 

2.  Not^plricable  ;  as,  unappeasable  wrath. 

rN-AP-PEAS'AD,  (-ap-pJzdO  «-  Not  appeased  ;  not 
pacified.  Drudeiu 

UN-AP-PLAUD'ED,  a.     Not  applauded. 


UNA 

U.V-AP-PLAUD'ING,  a.     Not  applauding. 

UN-AP-PLAU'SIVK,  a.     Not  applauding. 

UN-.\P-PLt^A-BLE,  a.     Inapplicable.     [Ualt  used.] 

Milton. 

UN-.-\P'PLI-eA-BLE,  a.  Inapplicable;  that  can  not 
be  applied.     [We  now  use  iNAPPLiCAtiLE.'] 

UN-.\P-PLT'Ei),  «.  Not  applied;  not  used  according 
to  the  destination  ;  as,  unapplied  funds. 

UN-AP'I»0-»1TE;  C-ap'po-zit,)  a.  Not  appooito  ;  not 
suititble.  OeranL 

UN-AP  PRf.'CIA-BLE,  a.     Not  appreciable. 

UN-AP-PRE'CIA-TED,  a.  Not  duly  estimated  or  val- 
ued. 

UN-AP-PRE-HEND'ED,  a.     Not  apprehended  ;  not 
taken. 
a.  Not  understood.  Hooker, 

UN-AP-PRE-HEN'Sl-BLE,  o.  Not  capable  of  being 
understood.  Sntttk. 

UN-AP-PRE  IIEN'SI-BLE-NESS,  n.  Slate  of  being 
uiiapprt'Iiensible. 

UN-AP-PRE  IIEN'SIVE,  a.    Not  apprehensive;  not 
fearful  or  sus)>ectiug. 
a.  Not  intelligent ;  not  ready  of  conception.  South. 

UN-AP-PRE-HEN'SIVE-LY,  adv.  Not  apprehen- 
sively. 

UN-AP-PRE-HEN'SIVE-NESS,  n.  State  of  being 
unapprehfusive. 

UN-AP-PRIS'£U,  0.  Not  apprised  j  not  previously 
informed. 

UN-AP-PROACH'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  ap- 
proached ;  inaccessible. 

UN-AP-PROACH'A-BLE-NESS,  n.    In  access  ibleness. 

UN-AP-PR0ACII'.\-J1LY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  op- 
proachable. 

UN-AP-PRoACn'ED,  (-ap-prOcht',)  a.  Not  ap- 
•proachfd  ;  not  to  be  approached.  Milton. 

UN-AP-PRf>'PRI-ATE,  a.     Inappropriate. 

UN-AP-PR6'PRI-A-TED,  a.  Not  appropriated  ;  not 
applied  or  directed  to  be  applied  to  any  s)H-citic  ob- 
ject ;  as  money  or  funds.  JIamilion. 

2.  N(4  granted  or  given  to  any  person,  com|>any, 
or  corporation ;  as,  uMippropriated  lauds. 

B.  TrumbulL 
UN-AP-PROVEO,  f-ap  proovd',)  a.     Not  approved  ; 

noi  havinn  received  apprnlialion.  MiUon. 

UN-AP-PRCiV'lXG,  a.     N..t  approving. 
UNAPPROVINGLY,  o^/e.    With  disapprobation. 
UN-APT',  a.    Not  apt ;  ncA  ready  or  prupense. 

A  •oldicr,  unoftt  lo  weep,  Shak. 

S.  Dull ;  not  ready  to  learn. 

3.  Unlit;  not  qualiHtd  ;  not  disposed  ;  witli  to  be- 
fore a  verb,  and  for  before  a  noun  ;  as,  unapt  to  ad- 
mil  a  conference  with  reason.  Uooker. 

Unapt  far  ttobk,  vbc.  (piriiual  einploTtnent*.  7hy/or. 

4.  Improper;  unKuttabK.  Johnson. 
I^\-APT'LY,  ode.  Unfitly  ;  improperly.  Orao. 
UN-.\in*'NESS,  H.    Unfitness  ;  unsuitablcness. 

Spensfr. 

5.  Dullness  ;  want  of  quick  apprehension.   Sltak. 
3,  Unreadiness ;   distjualilicaiiun ;   want    of  pro- 

[>enstun.     I'he  mind,  by  eicess  of  exertion,  gets  an 
unaptness  to  vigorous  atlenipt^.  Locke. 

UN-XR'GU-JKD,  a.     Not  argued  ;  not  debated. 
3.  Not  disputed  ;  not  opposed  by  argument. 

Milton. 
3.  Not  censttred  ;  a  Latinisnu    [JVot  used.] 

B.  Jonson. 
UN-XRM',  V.  L    To  disarm;   to  strip  of  armor  or 

arms.     [JTot  used.]     [See  Disabm.]  Shak. 

UN-ARM'£D,  fl.  Notnavingon  arms  or  armor  ;  not 
equipped.  Man  y  born  unarmed ;  it  is  mean  to  attack 
even  an  enemy  unarmed. 

S.  Not  furnished  with   scales,  prickles,  or  other 
defense,'  a.«  animals  and  plants. 
UN-AR-RAlGN'i:D,  a.    Not  arraigned;  not  brought 

to  trial.  Daniel, 

UN-AR-RaNG'ED,  a.    Not  arranged  ;  not  disposed  in 

order. 
UN-AR-RAY'£D,  a.    Not  arrayed  ;  not  dressed. 

Ihyden. 
Q.  Not  disposed  in  order. 
UN-AR-RE^T'ED,  a.    Not  stopped  ;  not  apprehended. 
UX-AE  RI V'£D,  a.     Not  arrived.     [Ill  formed.] 

Young. 
UN-ART'ED,  a.    Ignorant  of  tiie  arts.    [JVo*  in  use.] 

iVaterhoust. 

UN-XRT'FIJL,  fl.    Not  artful ;  artless  ;  not  having 

cunning.  Dryden. 

2.  Wanting  skill.     [UVleused.]  Chepie. 

UN-XRT'FyL-LY,  adv.     Without  art ;  in  an  unartful 

manner.  Swift. 

[In  lieu  of  these  words,  Artless  and  Abtlesslt 
are  genTallv  usedj 
U.V-XR-Tt€'n-LX-TED,  a.     Not  articulated  or  dis- 

tincilv  pronounced.  Eneyc 

UN-An'-TI-Fr'ClAL,  (-ar-te-fish'al,)a.  Not  artificial ; 

not  formed  hv  art. 
UN-XU-Tl-Fr'ClAl^LY,  adv.     Not  with  art;  in  a 

manner  contrary  to  art  Derham. 

UN-AR'TIST-LTKE,  a.     Not  like  an  artist 
UN-AS-CEND'ED,  a.     Not  ascended. 
UN-AS-CEXD'1-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  ascended. 

Marshall, 


UNA 

UN-AS-CER-TAIN'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  ascer- 
tained, or  reduced  lo  a  certainty;  that  can  not  be 
certainly  known. 

The  trvuieca  urn  uncuctrkUnabl:  IVhaaUtn't  Rep. 

UN-AS-CER-TAIN'£D,o.  Not  reduced  to  a  certain- 
ty ;  not  certainly  known.  UamUiotu 

UN-A-SIIAM'KD,  fl.    Nut  ashamed 

UN-ASK' £0,  (un-3L8kt',)  a.     Not  asked  ;  unsolicited  ; 
as,  to  bestow  favors  unasked;  that  was  an  unasked 
favor. 
2.  Not  sought  by  entreaty  or  care. 

The  be«ni«i  com  euuMl 
From  farUi  uniuktd.  Drydin. 

UN-AS-PECT'IVE,  o.  Not  having  a  view  to.  FeUham. 
UN-AS'Pl-RA-TED,  a.     Having  no  aspirate.     Parr. 
UN-AS-PIR'ING,  o.    Not  aspiring;  not  ambitious. 

Rogers. 
UN-AS-PTR'ING-LY,  adv.    In  an  unaspiring  manner 
UN-AS-SAIL'A-BLE,  a.    Not  assailable  ;  that  can  not 

bo  assaulted.  Shak. 

UN-AS-SAIL'A-BLY,  adv.    So  as  to  be  unassailable. 
UN-AS-SAIL'ii:D,  o.    Not  assailed  ;  not  attacked  by 

violence. 

To  keep  my  life  mid  honor  uruusailed.  Milion. 

UN-A9-SAULT'ED,  a.    Not  assaulted  ;  not  attacked. 
UN-AS-SXY'/:D,  C-as-sade',)  a.    Not  essayed  ;  not  at- 
tempted.    [W'e  now  use  Unessated.] 

2.  Not  suiijected  to  assay  or  trial. 
UN-AS-SEM'BLi;U,  a.     Not  assembled  or  congre- 
gated. 

UN-AS-SERT'ED,  a.  Not  asserted ;  not  affirmed  ; 
not  viiulicalttd. 

UN-AS-SESS'£D,  (as-sest',)  a.  Not  assessed  ;  not 
rated. 

UN-AS-STGN'A-BLE,  a.     Not  assignable  ;  that  can 
not  be  transferred  by  assignment  or  indorsement. 
Jones.     Wheaton. 

UN-A3-SIGN'A-BLY,  adv.  In  an  unassignable  man- 
ner. 

UN-AS  STGN'CT),  f-sTnd',)  a.  Not  assigned  ;  not  de- 
clared ;  not  transferred. 

UN-AS-SIM'I-LA-TED,  a.  Not  assimilated  ;  not 
made  to  resemble. 

3.  In  physiology^  not  united  with,  and  actually 
made  a  part,  eitlieV  of  the  prr>per  fluids  or  solids  of 
the  bodv  ;  not  nnimnlized,  tts  food. 

UN-AS-SIM'I-I-A-TING,  a.    Not  assimilating. 

UN-A3-SIST'ED,  a.  Not  assisted;  not  aided  or 
helped  ;  as,  unassisted  reason.  Rogers. 

UN-AS-SIST'[XG,  a.    Giving  no  help.  Dryden. 

UN-AS-SO'CIA-TED,  a.  Not  associated  ,  not  united 
with  a  society. 

Q.  In  Connecticut^  not  united  with  an  ecclesiastical 
association  ;  as,  au  unassociatcd  church. 

UN-Art-SORT'ED,  a.  Not  assorted;  not  distributed 
into  sorts. 

UN-AS-SriAG'FD,  a.    Not  appeased. 

UN-AS-SCM'£I),  a.     Not  assumed. 

UN-AS-SOAl'ING,  a.  Not  assuming  ;  not  hold  or  for- 
ward ;  not  making  lofty  pretensions  ;  not  arrogant ; 
modest ;  as,  an  unassuming  youtli ;  unassuming  man- 
ners. 

UN-AS-SOR'£D,  (-ash-sliufd',)  a.  [See  Sure.]  Not 
assured;  not  conlident ;  as,  an  unassured  counte- 
nance. Olanville. 

2.  Not  to  be  trusted  ;  as,  an  unassured  foe. 

.Spenser. 

3.  Not  insured  against  loss ;  as,  goods  unassured. 
UN-A-T5N'A-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  apiwased  ;  not  to  be 

reconciled.  Milton. 

UN-A-T0N'/:D,  a.    Not  expiated. 

A  tirnUier't  tilood  yet  unaloned,  Povt. 

UN-AT-TACiI'£I),  (-tacht',)  a.  Not  attached ;  not  ar- 
rested, Junius, 

a.  Not  closely  adhering  ;  having  no  fixed  interest ; 
as,  unattached  to  any  parly. 
3.  Not  united  by  affection. 

UN-AT-TACK'A  BLE,  a.    Not  attackable. 

UN-AT-TACK'£D,  C-at-takt',)  a.  Not  attacked  ;  not 
assaulted. 

UN-AT-TAIN'A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  gained  or  ob- 
tained ;  as,  unattainable  good. 

UN-AT-TaIN'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
beyond  the  reach  of  power.  Locke, 

UN-AT-TAIX'A-BLY,  adv.  In  an  unattainable  man- 
ner. 

UN- AT-T A  IN'/;D,  a.    Not  attained  or  reached. 

UN-AT-TAIN'L\G,  a.    Not  attaining. 

UN-AT-TAIXT'ED,  c    Not  attainted  ;  not  corrupted. 

UN-AT-TEM'PER-£D,  a.     Not  tempered  by  mixture. 

UN-AT-TEMPT'ED,  a.  Not  attempted;  not  tried; 
not  essayed. 

Things  ujiatUmpted  jet  in  proK  or  rhyme.  lifiiton. 

UN-AT-TEXD'ED,  a.    Not  attended  ;  not  accompa- 
nied ;  having  no  retinue  or  attendance.       Milton. 
8.  For«akt'n.  Shak. 

3.  Not  medically  attended  ;  not  dressed  ;  as,  unat- 
tended wounds.  Mitford. 

UN-AT-TEND'ING,  a.  Not  attending  or  listening; 
not  being  attentive. 


Ill  !a  lost  thftt  praise 


\t  pra 
That  ii  aJdreased  to  unaaending  ean. 


MiUon. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


1190 


UNB 

UN-AT-TEN'TIVE,  a.  Not  regariling ;  iualientive.  I 
[Tlis  latter  word  w  nam  used.^ 

UN-AT-TEN'U-A-TEU,  a.     Not  attenuated. 

UN-AT-TEST'EU,  a.  Not  attested  ;  having  no  at- 
testation. Burrow. 

UN-AT  TIK'ED,  a.    Not  attired  ;  not  adorned. 

UN-AT-TRAGT'ED,  a.  Not  attracted  j  not  affected 
by  attraction. 

UN-AT-TRA€T'IVE,  a.    Not  attractive. 

IT-NAU',  n.  An  edentate  niamtnal,  the  Rradyptis  di- 
dactylus,  or  two-toed  sloth.  This  animal  is  larger 
by  one  half  than  a  cat;  is  of  a  uniform  grayish- 
brown  color,  sometimes  with  a  reddish  lint.  It  i« 
found  only  in  the  hot  parts  of  South  America. 

U\-AUD'IT-ED,  a.     Not  audited  vr  adjusted. 

UN-AUG-MENT'ED,o.  Not  augmented  or  increased  ; 
in  'grammoTy  having  no  augment,  or  additional  sylla- 
ble. Rickanhon. 

UN-AU-THEN'Tie,  0.  Not  authentic;  not  genuine 
or  true. 

UN-AU-THEN'Tie-A-TED,  a.  Not  authenticated  j 
not  made  certain  by  authority. 

UN-AU-THOR'I-TA-TIVE,  a.    Not  authoritative". 

Campbell, 

UN-AU-THOR'I-TA-TIVE-LY,  adv.  Without  au- 
thority. 

UN-AU'THOR  IZ-ED,  a.  Not  authorized  ;  not  war- 
ranted by  proper  authoritv  ;  not  duly  commissioned. 

UN-A-VAIL'A-BLE,  a.  Not  available;  not  having 
sufficient  power  to  produce  the  intended  effect ;  not 
effectual ;  vain  ;  useless.  Hooker. 

UN-A-VZ£L'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Inefficacy  ;  useless- 
ness.  Sandijs. 

UN-A-VAIL'A-BLY,  adc.  Without  availing  or  suc- 
cess. 

UN-A-VAIL'ING.  a.  Not  having  the  effect  desired  ; 
ineffectual ;  useless ;  vain  ;  as,  unavailing  efforts ; 
unavailing  prayers. 

UN-A-VaILMNG-LY,  adv.    Without  effect. 

UN-A-VENGE'A-BLE,  a.     Not  avengeable. 

UN-A-VE\G'£D,  tt.     Not  avenged  ;  not  having  ob- 
tained satisfaction  ;  as,  a  person  is  unavenged. 
3.  Not  punished  ;  as,  a  crime  is  unavemred. 

tJN-A  V'E-.\C-£D,  a.     Having  no  avenue,      PoUok, 

UN-A-VERT'ED,  a.    Not  averted  ;  not  turned  away 


tP^TA   yO'CE,  [L.l     With  one  voice:  unanimously. 

UN-A-VOID'A-BLE,         ""  

or  void.  Blackstone. 


That  can  not  be  made  null 


UNB 

UN-BAR',  V.  t.     To  remove  a  bar  or  bars  from;  to  un- 
fasten ;  loo|>en  ;  as,  to  unbar  a  gate. 

UN-BARR'/:D,  a.    Not  shaven.    [Jv'ot  in  use.]    Shak. 

UN-BARK'^JD,  (-birkt',)  a.    Stripped  of  its  bark. 

Baam. 
[We  now  use  Barked  in  the  same  sense.] 

UN-BAR'R£D,  (-bird',)  pp.    Having  its  bars  removed  ; 
unfastened. 

UN-BAR'RING,  jppr.     Removing  the  bars  from  ;  un- 
fastening. 

UN-BASH'FJJL,  a.    Not  bashful ;  bold  ;  impudent. 

Shak. 

UN-BASH'FJJL-LY,  adv.     Boldly  ;  impudently. 

UN-BAT'EU,  a     Not  repressed  ;   not   blunted.     [JV^( 
in  u.-'e/l 

UN-BATH'KD,  a.    Not  bathed  ;  not  wet.      Dryden. 

UN-BAT'TER-£D,  a.     Not  battered;  not  bruised  or 
injured  by  blows.  Shak. 

UN-BAY',  V.  t    To  open  ;  to  free  from  the  restraint  of 
mounds. 


9.  Not  avoidable  ;  not  to  be  shunned  ;  inevitable 
as,  unavoidable  evils. 
3.  Not  to  be  missed  in  ratiocination.  Locke. 

UN-A-VOID'A-BLE-NESS,   n.     The   state  of  beini 

unavoidable  ;  inevitableness.  Qianvillc. 

UN-A-VOID'A-BLY,  adv.     Inevitably;  in  a  manner 

that  prevents  failure  or  escape. 
UN-A-VOID'ED,  o.    Not  avoided  or  shunned. 

2.  Inevitable.     [JVot  legitimate.]  B.  Jonson. 

UN-A-VOW'£D,  a.   Not  avowed  ;  not  acknowledged  ; 

not  owned  ;  not  confessed. 
UN-A-WAK'£D,         >  a.    Not  awakened  ;  not  roused 
UN-A-WAK'£?J-£D,  (      from  sleep. 

2.  Not  roused  from  spiritual  slumber  or  stupidity. 

ScotL 
UN-A-WAK'EN-ING,  a.    Not  a^vakening. 
UN-A-WARE',  a.     Without  thought ;  inattentive. 

SicifL 
UN-A-WARE',    )    ado.      Suddenly;    unexpectedly; 
UN-A-WARESB', )        without    previous    preparation. 
The  evil  came  upon  us  unawares. 

2.  Without  premeditated  design.     He  killed  the 
man  unawares. 
Atunaicaru;  unexpectedly. 

Ilr  brr&ka  at  unauarea  upon  our  w^tlk*.  Dryden. 

UN-AW'£D,  o.  Not  awed ;  not  restrained  by  fear  j 
undaunted.  th-ijdnu 

UN-BACK' £D,  f-bakt',)  a.  Not  having  been  backed  ; 
a?,  an  unbacked  colt. 

2,  Not  tamed  ;  not  taught  to  bear  a  rider.     Shak. 

3.  Unstipported  ;  left  without  aid.  Daniel. 
UN-BAF'FL£D,  a.     Not  d^ft-aied  ;  not  confounded. 
UN-BAK'£D,  (bikt',}  a.     Not  baked. 
UN-BAL'ANC-£n,  (bal'anat.J  a.    Not  balanced  ;  not 

poised  ;  not  in  equi[)oise. 

IjCt  Earth  unbalaneed  from  her  orLlt  fly.  Pops. 

2.  Not  adjusted ;  not  settled  ;  not  brought  to  an 
eqtmlity  of  debt  and  credit;  as,  an  unbalanced  ac- 
count. 

3.  Not  restrained  by  equal  power;  as,  unbalanced 
parties.  J.  Adams. 

UN-BA[/LA9T,  v.  i.  To  free  from  ballast;  to  dis- 
charge the  ballast  from.  ToUen, 

UN-BAL'LA.ST-ED,  pp.     Freed  from  ballast. 

2.  a.  Not  furnished  with  ballast ;  not  kept  steady 
by  Imllast  or  by  weight;  unsteady;  as,  unballasted 
wits. 

"  Unballast  vessel,"  for  unballasted,  in  Addison,  is 
nn  unauthorized  phrase. 

UN-BA\'I>AG-£D,  a.     Not  bandaged. 

UN-BAND'ED,  a.  Stripped  of  a  band;  having  no 
band,  Shak. 

UN-BAN'NER-£D,  a.     Having  no  banner.      PvUok. 

UN-BAP-TIZ'£D,  o.     Not  baptized.  Hooker. 

UN-BAP-nZ'ING,  a.    Not  baptizing.  Coleridge. 


I  oii_?lit  to  unAtty  the  current  of  my  paMioni. 
lA'oI  m  use.] 


Norrit. 


UN-BEAR'A-BLE,  a.     Not  to  \ye  borne  or  endured. 

UN-Bi-:ARD'ED,  (un-bErd'ed,)  a.  Having  no  beard  ; 
beardless, 

UN-BEAR'ING,  a.     Bearing  or  producing  no  fruit. 

Dryden. 

UN-BeAT'£N,  a.  Not  beaten;  not  treated  with 
blovVs.  Corbet. 

a.  Untrod ;  not  beaten  by  the  feet ;  as,  unbeaten 
paths.  Roscommon. 

UN-BEAC'TE-OUS, )  ,  ,  ,,.     .         (Not    beautiful; 

UN-BEAO'TI-FSJL,  j  (""**  *°"'^*^*  i  having  no 
beauty.  Hammond. 

UN-BEAO'TE-OUS-LY,  ado.  In  an  unbcauteous 
manner. 

UN-BEAC'TI-FT  £D  a.     Not  beautified  m  adorned. 

UN-BEA0'TI-F[JL-LY,  adv.  In  an  unbcautiful  man- 
ner. 

UN-BE-eOME',  (be-kum',)  v.  U  Not  to  become;  not 
to  be  suitable  to  ;  to  misbecome.     \J^ot  used.] 

Sherlock. 

UN-BE-COM'ING,  (-kum'ing,)  a.  Unsuitable;  im- 
proper for  the  person  or  character;  indecent;  in- 
decorous. 

My  ffri''f  lets  unbecoming  speeches  fall.  Dryden, 

UN-BE-€0M'ING-LY,  ado.  In  an  unsuitable  man- 
ner; indecorously.  Barrow. 

UN-BE-COM'ING-NESS,  n.  Un suitableness  to  the 
person,  character,  or  circumstances;  impropriety; 
indecorousness.  Locke. 

UN-BED',  V.  t.     To  raise  or  rouse  from  bed. 

E'^Ib  unbed  themaclvci  nnd  siir  at  thfi  noise  of  thunder.  Watton. 

UN-BED'DED,p;7.    Raised  from  bed;  disturbed. 

UN-BED'DING,;.pr.    Raising  from  bed, 

UN-BE-FIT'TING,  a.  Not  befitting ;  unsuitable  ;  un- 
becoming. Swift. 

UN-BE-FRIEND'ED,  (-be-frend'ed,)  a.  Not  befriend- 
ed ;  not  supported  by  friends  ;  liaving  no  friendly 
aid.  Killingbeck. 

UN-BEGET',  D.  t     To  deprive  of  existence.    Dryden. 

UN-BF^GOT',  I  a.     Not  generated ;  eternal. 

UN-BE-GOT'T£N,  (  StdlingJUet^ 

2.  Not  yet  generated.  Shak. 

3.  Not  begotten  ;  not  generated.  South. 
UN-BE-GUILE',  v.  t.  To  undeceive  ;  to  free  from  the 

influence  of  deceit. 

Then  unbeguUe  thvcelf.  Dormt, 

UN-BE-GmL'£D,  pp.     Und.ceived. 
UN-BE-GUIL'ING,  mn-.    Undeceiving. 
UN-BE-GUN',  a.     Nut  begun.  Hooker. 

UN-BE-HELD',  a.   Not  beheld  ;  not  seen  ;  not  visible. 

Milton. 
UN-Bk'IXG,  a.  Not  e.Tii^ting.  [JVot  in  itse.]  Brown. 
UN-BE-LIiiF',  (-be-leef,)  n.     [Sax.  ungelcafa.] 

1.  Incrt-dulity  ;  the  withholding  of  belief;  as,  wn- 
ftcf(>/is  blijid.  Milton. 

%  Infidelity;  disbelief  of  divine  revelation. 

Hooker, 

3.  In  the  JWw  Testament,  disbelief  of  the  truth  of 
the  gospel,  rejection  of  Christ  as  the  Savior  of  men, 
and  of  the  doctrines  he  taught;  distrust  of  God's 
promises  and  faithfulness,  &.C.  Matt.  xHi.  Mark  xv\. 
Heb.  iii.     Rom.  iv. 

4.  Weak  faith.    Mark  ix. 
UN-B;i:-LIilVE',  F.  e.    To  discredit ;  not  to  believe  or 

trust.  fVotton. 

2.  Not  to  thmk  real  or  true.  Dryden. 
UN-BE-LIRV'£D,  pp.     Not  believed  ;  discredited. 
UN-BE-L[EV'F:R,  n.     An  incredulous  person;   one 

who  dues  not  believe. 

2.  An  infidel ;  one  who  discredits  revelation,  or 
the  mission,  character,  and  doctrines  of  Christ. 
2  Cor,  vi. 

UN-BE-L!eV'ING,  a.     Not  believing;  incredulous. 
2.  Infidel;   discrediting  divine  revelation,  or  the 
mission,  charaaer,  and  doctrines  of  Christ ;  as,  the 
vjtbelin-ing  iv.w^.     Acts  xiv,     Rrv.  X-TI. 

UN-BE-UkV'ING-LY,  ado.  In  an  unbtlieving  man- 
ner. 

UN-BE-LiaV'ING-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  unbeliev- 
ing. 


UNB 

UN-BE-LOV'£D,  (-hivd',)  a.     Nut  loved.      Dryden, 
UN-BE-M6AN'£D,  a.     Not  lamented.  PoUok. 

UN-BEM)',  c.  t.  To  froe  from  flexure ;  to  mak« 
straight ;  as,  to  unbend  a  bow.  Dryden. 

2.  To  relax  ;  to  remit  from  a  strain  or  from  exer- 
tion ;  to  set  at  ease  for  a  time  ;  as,  to  unbend  the 
mind  from  study  or  care,  DenAam. 

3.  To  relax  elTeuiinately. 

You  unbend  jrour  noble  iCirng^h.  ^lak. 

4.  In  seanuiiLikip,  to  take  the  sails  from  their  yards 
and  slays  ;  also,  to  cast  loose  a  cable  from  the  an- 
chors ;  also,  to  untie  one  rope  from  another. 

Brunde. 
UN-BEND'ING,  p;w.    Relaxing  from  any  strain;  re- 
mitting ;  taking  from  their  yards,  &,c.,  as  wails. 

2.  a.     Nut  suffering  flexure. 

3.  Unyielding;  resolute;  indexible  ;  appl  ltd  to  per- 
sons. 

4.  Unyielding;  in£!exible  ;  firm;  applied  to  things ; 
as,  unbending  truths.  J.  M.  Mason, 

5.  Uevoted  to  relaxation. 

I  hoiK.'  it  in!ty  pnUMtnii)  >oiif  lordaliip  nt  Ui  unbending  ho<ir. 

JioiM. 

UN-BEND'ING-LY,  adv.  Without  bending;  obsti- 
nately. 

UN-BEN'E-FIC-£D,  (ben'e-fist,)  a.  Not  enjoying  or 
having  a  benefice.  Dryden. 

UN-BEN-E-FI"CIAL,  (-fish'al,)  a.     Not  beneficial. 

UN-BEN'E-FIT-EI>,  a.     Not  having  received  benefit 

UN-BE-NEV'O-LENT,  a.    Not  benevolent ;  not  kind, 

Rogers. 

UN-BE-NEV'O-LENT-LY,  ado.  In  an  unbenevolent 
manner. 

UN-BE-NIGHT'ED,  (-nit'cd,)  a.  Never  visited  by 
darkness.  Milton. 

UN-BE-NIGN',  o.  NoH)enign  ;  not  favorable  or  pro- 
pitious ;  malignant.  Milton. 

UN-BENT',  pp.  of  Unbesd.  Relaxed;  remitted;  re- 
lieved from  strain  or  exertion.  Vrnluxm, 

2.  In  seamen's  language,  taken  from  the  yards: 
loosed  ;  as,  the  sails  are  unbent:  the  cable  is  unbent, 

3.  Not  strained  ;  unstrung  ;  as,  a  bow  unbenL 

4.  Not  crushed  ;  not  subdued  ;  as, the  stml  inunbent 
by  woes. 

UN-BE-aUiiATH'£D,  (-be-kweethd',)  o.  Not  be- 
queatiied  ;  not  given  bv  legacy. 

UN-BE-SEEM'ING,  a.  '  Unbecoming  ;  not  befitting  ; 
unsuitable. 

UN-BE-SEEM'ING-LY,  ado,  fn  an  unbecoming 
manner. 

UN-BE-SEEM'ING-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  unbe- 
seeming. 

UN-BESOUGHT',  (un-be-sawt',)  a.  Not  besought ; 
not  suuyht  by  petition  or  entreaty.  Milton. 

UN-BE-SFOK'£N,  a.  Not  besixiken,  or  ordered  be- 
forehand. 

UN-BE..STAR'R£D,  (stird',)  a.  Not  adorned  or  dis- 
tinguished by  stars.  Pollok. 

UN-BE-STOW'£D,  a.  Not  bestowed  ;  not  given  \ 
not  dis|M)sed  of. 

UN-BE-TRAY'£D,  a.    Not  betrayed.  DanieL 

UN-BE-Wa1L' ED,  a.    Not  bewailed  ;  not  lamented. 

Shak. 

UN-BE-WITCH',  V.  L    To  free  from  fascination. 

South. 

UN-BI'AS,  V.  t.    To  free  from  bias  or  prejudice. 

The  tniitt  service  a  privuie  man  enn  do  his  country,  is  to  unbta* 
hit  mind,  u  much  as  poi>sil>ie,  bc-ivve«n  the  rival  powcn. 

UN-BI'A3-£D,  (-bi'nst,)  pp.  Freed  from  prejudice  or 
bins. 

2.  a.  Free  from  any  undue  partiality  or  prejudice  ; 
impartial ;  as,  an  unbiased  mind  ;  unbiased  opinion  or 
decision. 

UN-BI'AS-£D-LY,  adv.  Without  prejudice ;  hnpar- 
tially. 

UN-BI'AS-£D-NESS,  n.  Freedom  from  bias  or  preju- 
dice. Bp.HalL 

UN-BID',  ;  a.    Not  bid  ;  not  commanded. 

UN-BID'D£N,  i  Milton. 

2.  Spontaneous ;  as,  thorns  shall  the  earth  produce 
unbid.  Milton. 

3.  Uninvited;  not  requested  to  attend;  as,  unbul 
den  guests.  Shak, 

UN-BIG'OT-ED,  a.     Free  from  bigotry.        AddLvon, 
UN-BIND',  V,  t.    To  untie ;  to  remove  a  band  fVom  : 

to  unfasten  ;    to  loose  ;    to  set  free   from   shackles 

(/n£in<i  your  fillets ;  unbind  the  prisoner's  arms;  un 

bind  the  load. 
UN-BIND'ING,  ppr.     Untying ;  setting  free, 
UN-BISH'OP,  r.  (,    To  deprive  of  episcopal  orders. 

Soulh, 
UN-BISH'OP-£D,  (-bish'opt,)  pp.    Deprived  of  epis 

copal  orders. 
UN-BIT',  a.     Not  bitten.  Young. 

UN-BIT',  V.  t.     In  seamanship,  to  remove  the  turns  of 

a  cable  from  off  the  bitts,  Tottcn. 

2.  To  unbridle. 
UN-BIT'TED,  ;iji.  Removed  from  the  bitts  ;  unbridled 
UN-BIT'TING,  ppr.     Unbridling  ;  removing  from  tiie 

bitts. 
UN-BLAM'A-BLE,  a.    Not  blamable  ;  not  culfmble  ; 

innocent.  Bacon, 


TONE,  BfJLL,  UNITK  — AN"GER,  VI"CI0U8.  — G  aa  K ;  O  as  J ;  B  as  Z";  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1101 


UNB 

ITN-Bl.AM'A-BLH^NESS,  «,    Stale  of  being  chiirgea- 

ble  with  nu  bliiiue  or  fuulu  More. 

UN-IU.AM'A-BLV,  aJr.  In  such  a  manner  as  lo  incur 

nu  binme.     1  Tkcsg*  ii. 
UN-BLAM'£D)  a.    Not  blamed  ;  free  from  censure. 

Pope, 
UN-BLAST'ED,  a.    Not  blasted  ;  not  made  to  witlier. 

Peacham, 
UN-BLeACH'£D,  (bleecbt',)  a.    Not  bleached  ;  not 

whitened. 
UN-BLEED'ING,  a.    Not  bleeding ;  not  suffering  loss 

of  blood.  ByroJU 

UN-BLEM'ISH-A-BLE,  a.       Not    cajable    of   being 

blemished.  JSHlton. 

UN-BLEM'ISH-A-BLY,  adv.     Without  being  blem- 

ishable. 
UN-BLEM'ISH-^D,  (-blem'iabi,)  a-    Not  blemished  ; 

not  stained ;  free  fruni  turi>itude  or  reproach ;  in  a 

morul  sfiLse  ;  as,  an  uiib!emiAfieii  reputation  or  life. 

2.  Free  fnun  deformity. 
UN-BLENCH'ED,  (blenchl',)  a.     Not  disgraced  ;  not 

uiiured  by  any  stain  or  soU  ;  air,  unbUiuJuU  majesty. 

^rll^on, 
UN-BLENCH'IXG,  a.     Ntrt  shrinlEing  or  flinching  ; 

firm. 
UN-BLEXD'ED,  a.    Not  blended  ;  not  mincled. 

OlaHcUle. 
UN-BLEST',  a.  Not  blest ;  excluded  (mm  beneilictiou. 

Bacon. 
9.  Wretched;  unhappy.  Prior. 

UN-BliGHT'ED,  a.    Not  blighted  ;  not  blasted. 

Cotrper. 
UN-BLTGHT'ED-LY,  adv.    Without  being  blighted. 
UN-BLTXD'EU.  a.     Not  bUnd->d. 
UN-BLOCK-AD'ED,  a.     Not  blockaded. 
UN-BLOOD'El),  a.     Not  stained  with  blood.     Shak. 
UN-BLOOD'Y,  0.     N*»t  staimnl  with  blood. 

9.  Not  slu'ddine  blood  ;  not  crui-I.  Ihydttu 

rN-BLOS'?OM-ING,  a.     Not  producing  blossoms. 

UN-BLOT'TED,  a.     Not  blotted.  {JUamh. 

UN-BLOU'N',  a.    Not  blown  ;  nt^  hariug  the  bud  ex- 

paniit^.  SkaJu 

S.  Not  extinguished.  More. 

3.  Not  inflated  with  wind.  Sandv^, 
0N-BLUNT'ED,  a.     Not  made  obtuse  or  dull  ;  not 

blunted.  Cotrtcf. 

UN-BLUSH'ING,a.  Not  blushing;  destitute  of  shame  ; 

impudent.  Tk^}m.^o^. 

UN-BLUSII'ING-LY,  adv.    In  an  impudent  manner. 
U\-Be)AST'ED,  a.     Not  boasted. 
UN-BOAST'PyL,   «.     Not   boosting;  nnassnming, 

modest.  TVuhmoh. 

UN-BOAST'F^'L-LY,  ado.    Without  being  boastfiiL 
UN-BUD'l-fD,  (-bod'id,)    a.      Having    no    material 

body  ;  incorporeal ;  as,  mn^ttdud  bpiriis.  WaiU, 

S.  Freed  from  the  body.  Sptumtn 

ITN-B0U.'£D,  a.    Not  boUed  ;  u,  wthnlU  lice. 

Bacon. 

UN-BOLT',  r.  L  To  remove  a  bolt  from  j  to  unfasten  ; 

lo  opfn  ;  a^,  to  %i^nAt  a  gate.  Skak. 

UN-BoLT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Freed  from  fastening  by 

bott3. 
S.  Unsifted ;  not  bolted ;  not  having  the  bran  or 

coarse  part  separated  by  a  bolter  ;  as,  unhvUeA  mral. 
TTN-BOLT'ING.  ppr.    Freeing  from  fastening  by  bolts. 
UN-BON'\ET-ED,  a.     Having  no  bonnet  on.    Shak. 
UX-BQOK'I^H,  a.     Not  addicted  to  books  or  reading. 

2,  N'ot  cultivated  bv  tnidilion.  SUak. 

UN-BOOT',  r.  t.    To  lake  off  boots  from. 
UN-BOOT'ED,  pp.     Slrii>ped  of  boots. 

,  2.  a.  Not  having  boots  on. 
UN-BOOT'ING,  ppr.    Taking  off  boots. 
I'N-BOIIN',  {  a.    [It  \s  accented  either  on  Die  first  or 
VN'BORX.  \      second  syllable.^ 

Not  bom  ;  not  brought  into  life  ;  future. 

Some  uMAorn  aarrow,  hp«  in  fortuD^'i  womb.  £Aot, 

The  vop*  b'  come  tlie  dkildivii  yei  unborn 

Sbiil  fm-l  this  d^r.  Skak. 

UN-BOR'ROW  £0,  a.  Not  borrowed  ;  genuine  j 
original;  native;  one's  own  ;  as,  unhomncfd  beau- 
tirs  ;  umbmrrotPfd  gtdd  ;  ustborrmced  excellence. 

UN-BO'SOM,  r.  L  To  di^Klose  freely  one's  secret 
opinions  or  feelings.  Milton. 

2.  To  re%'eal  in  confidence. 

UN-BO  SO M-£D,  pp.  Disclosed,  as  secrets  ;  revealed 
in  confidence. 

UN-B0'30.M-ING,  ppr.  Disclosing,  aa  secrets;  re- 
vealing in  contidence. 

UN-BOr^TO>I-£D,  a.  Having  no  bottom ;  bottom- 
less. 

The  daak,  unhtltttmtd,  infinite  abra.  MiUon. 

Sl  Having  no  solid  foundation.  Hammond. 

UN-BOUGHT',  (un-bawi',)  a.  Not  bought  i  obtained 
without  money  or  purchase. 

Tbe  vnbought  duntit^  of  the  poor.  Drt/dat. 

9.   Not  having  a  purchaser.  Locke. 

UN-BOUND',  a.  Not  bound  ;  loose ;  wanting  a  cover; 
as,  unbound  books. 

2.  Nut  bound  by  obligation  or  covenanL 

3.  pret.  of  UwBiSD. 

UN-BOUND'ED,  a.  Having  no  bound  or  limit;  un- 
limited in  extent ;  infinite  ;  interminable  ;  as,  ua- 
hounded  space  ;  unboundd  power. 


UNB 

2.  Having  no  check  or  control ;  unrestrained.   The 

young  man  has  unbttandtd  license  ;  his  extravagance 

18  unlfoiindrd. 
irN-BOUND'ED-LY.  adv.    Without  bounds  or  limits. 
UN-BOUi\D'ED-NESS,  n.    Freedom  from  bounds  or 

limit".  Chtyne. 

UN-BOUN'TE-OUS,  a.    Not  bounteous  ;  not  liberal. 

.Milton. 
UN-BOW,  V.  t    To  unbend.  Falter. 

UN-BOWEn,  a.     Not  bent.  Shak, 

UN-BOW  *:D,o.    Nut  arched. 
UN-BpW'EL,  r.  f.    To  deprive  of  the  entrails  ;  to  ex- 

enffrcte  ;  to  eviscerate.  Decay  lif  Piety. 

UN-nOWEL-KD,  pp.     Eviscented. 
UN-BOWEL-ING,  ftjtr.     Taking  out  the  bowels. 
UN-BRACE',  r.  £.    To  loose  ;  to  relax  ;  as,  to  unbrace 

a  dmm  ;  to  unbrace  the  arms  ;  to  unbrace  the  nerves. 
UN-BRACED,  (-bnlsl',)  pp.     Loosed;  relaxed. 
UN-BRACING,  ppr.     Loosing;  relaxing. 
UN-BRAID',  V.  t.    To  separate  the  strands  of  a  brai*t; 

to  dttienlangle. 
UN-BR.\lD'ED,pp.    Disentangled,  as  the  strands  of  a 

brnid. 
UN-BRaID'ING,  ppr.     Separating  the  strands  of  a 

bni'd. 
UN-BRXNCH'ZD,  (-brincht',)  o.    Not  ramified  ;  not 

shooting  into  branches. 
UN-BRXNCU'ING,  a.    Not  dividing  into  branches. 

OoldsmiUt. 
UN-BREAST',  (ua-brest',)  v.  u     To  disclose  or  lay 

open.  P.  Fleleher. 

UN-BREAST'ED,  pp.     Disclosed  ;  laid  open. 
UN-BREAST'ING.  ppr.     Disclosing. 
UN-BUkATII'A-BLE,  a.    Not  breathable  or  respira- 

ble. 
UN-BREATH'ED,  (-brJthd',)  a.  Not  exercised. 

0>ir  itnbrttUhtd  inei)ioik<a.  Shak. 

UN-BR£ATH'ING,  «.  Unanimated;  as,  unbrratkinff 
stones.  Sknk. 

UN-BRED',  a.  Not  well  bred  ;  not  polished  in  man- 
ners ;  ill-educated  ;  rude ;  as,  unbred  minds  ;  unbred 
servants.  Locke. 

a.  Not  Liught ;  as,  uj^red  to  spinning.    Dryden, 

UN-BREECH'El),  o.     Having  no  breeches.        Shak. 

UN-BREW'ED,  (brude',)  a.  Not  mixed;  pure  ;  gen- 
uine. Young: 

UN-BRIB'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  bribed. 

Feltham. 

UN-BniB'ED,  a.  Not  bribed  ;  not  corrupted  by  mon- 
ey ;  nut  unduly  induenced  by  money  or  gifU. 

l}ryde^t. 

UNBRIDG'ED,  a.  Not  furnished  or  crossed  by  a 
bride* :  n:«,  an  unhriii^td  stream. 

UX-BRI'DLE,  r.  U     To  free  from  the  bridle. 

UN-BRI'ULED,  pp.     Loosed  rVom  the  bridle. 

2.  a.     Unrestrained  ;  licentious ;  as,  unbridled  luat ; 
rnnhridled  boldness  ;  unbridled  passions. 

UN-BRIGHT'£N-£D,  a.     Not  brightened. 

IT.N-BROKE',     I  a.    Not  broken  ;  not  violated.    Pre- 

UN-BROK  £N, )      serve  your  vows  unbroken. 

2.  Not  weakened  ;  not  crushed  ;  not  subdued. 

How  bnm4  his  thouldcn  cpread,  by  nge  unbrvke.  Pope. 

3.  Not  lamed  ;  not  taught ;  not  accustomed  to  the 
saddle,  harness,  or  yoke  ;  as,  an  vnbruken  horse  or  ox. 

UN-BKOTH'ER-LY,  (-hrnih'er-le,)  a.  Not  becofning 
a  brother ;  not  suitiible  to  the  chamcter  and  relation 
of  a  br<»ther  ;  unkind. 

rUNHBOTHERLiKK  IS  not  used.] 

UN-BRCIS'ED,  (-bruzd',)a.  Not  bruised;  not  crushed 
or  hurt.  Shak. 

UN-BUCK'LE,  (-buk'l,)  v.  t.  To  loose  from  buckles  ; 
to  unfasten;  as,  to  unbuckle  a  shoe;  to  unbttcklc  a 
girdle  ;  to  unbuckle  a  helm.  Shak. 

UN-BUCK'L£D,  pp.  Loosed  from  buckles  ;  unfast- 
ened. 

UN-BUCK'LING,  ppr.  Loosing  from  buckles  ;  un- 
fastening. 

UN-BLULD',  r-bild',)  v.  (.  To  demolish  what  is  built; 
to  raze  ;  to  destroy.  Mdton. 

UN-BUILT',  C-biU',J  a.     Not  yet  built;  not  erectc-d. 

UN-BUOY'£D,  (-bwiiyd',)  a.   Not  buoyed  or  borne  up. 

UN-IU'R'DEN-SOME,  a.     Not  oppressive. 

UN-BUR'I-£D,  (un-ber'rid,)  u.  Not  buried:  not  in- 
terred. Dryden. 

UN-BURN'ED,  /  a.    Not  burned  ;  not  consumed  by 

UN-BURNT',     (      fire. 

2.  Not  injured  by  fire  ;  not  scorched. 

3.  Not  baked,  as  brick. 
UN-BTIR\'ING,  a.    Not  consuming  awny  by  fire. 
UN-IU'R'THEN,  jr.   L     To   rid   of  a  load;    to  free 
UN-BUR'DEX,     \     from  a  burden;  to  ease.     Shak. 

2.  To  throw  off.  Shalt. 

3.  To  relieve  the  mind  or  heart  by  disclosing  what 
lies  heavy  on  iL  Shak. 

U.\-BUR'TH-EN--ED, )  pp.  Freed  from  a  load  ;  thrown 

UX-BUR'D/:X-£D,      \      off;  eased;  relieved. 

UN-BURTHEN-ING,  \  ppr.     Freeing  from  a  load  or 

UN-BUR'D£N-ING,  j  burden  ;  relieving  from  what 
is  a  burden. 

UN-BUS'I-ED,  (un-biz'zid,)  a.  Not  busied  ;  not  em- 
ployed ;  idle.  Bp.  Rainbow. 

UN-RUS'I-NESS-LTKE,  a.    Not  business-like. 

UN-BUS'Y,  (un-biz'zy,)  a.     Not  busy. 


UNC 

UN-BUT'TON,  V.  t.  To  loose  from  being  fa-stciied  by 
buttons  ;  to  loose  bntt(»iis.  Shak. 

UN-BUT'TON-ED,  pp.    Loosed  from  buttons. 

Addison. 

UN-BITT'TON-ING,  ppr.    Loosing  from  buttons. 

UN-CAOE',  1).  t.    To  loose  fVom  a  cage. 

UN-€AG'ED,  pp.  Released  from  a  cage  or  from  con- 
finement. 

UN -e A L-CTN'£n,  a.    Not  calcined.    [See  Calcine.] 

Boyh. 

UN-UAL'eU-LA-TED,  o.  Not  subjected  to  calcula- 
tion. J.  Barlow. 

UiN-eAL'€U-LA-TING,  a.    Not  making  calculations. 

UN-CAL'eU-LA-TING-LY,  adv.  Witliout  calcula- 
tion. 

UN-CALL'£D,  (-kawtd',)  a.  Not  called  ;  not  sum- 
moned ;  not  invited.  Milton. 

Uncalled  fur ;   not  required ;   not  needed  or  de- 
manded. 

UN-CALM',  (kam',)  tJ.  (.  To  disturb.  [JVo(  in  um, 
and  an  ill  rcirrd.]  Dryden. 

UN^CA  LUM'Nl-A-TED,  a.  Not  calumniated  or  de- 
famed. 

UN-CAN'CEL-A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  can- 
celed. 

UNC AN'C EL-ED,  a.  Not  canceled;  not  erased; 
not  abrogated  or  annulled.  Dryden. 

UN-CAN'DID,  a.  Not  candid  ;  not  frank  or  sincere  ; 
not  fiiir  or  impartial. 

UN-CAN'DID-LY,  adv.    In  an  uncandid  manner. 

UN-CA-NON'ie-AL,  a.  Not  agreeable  to  the  canons  ; 
not  acknowledged  as  autlientic.  Barrouj. 

UN-CA-NON'ie-AL-LY,  oflv.  In  an  uncanonical 
manner. 

UN-CA-NON'IC-AL-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
uncanonical.  Lloyd. 

UN-CAN'UN-IZE,  v.  t.    To  deprive  of  canonical  au- 
thority. 
2.  To  reduce  from  the  rank  of  a  canon  or  jainU 

UN-CAN'O-I'l-ED,  a.     Not  covered  by  a  canopy. 

UN-CAN'VASS-ED,  (-kan'vast,)  h.     Not  canvassed. 

UN-CAP',  V.  t.     To  remove  a  cap  or  cover  ;  to  open. 

UN-CA'PA-BLE,a.  Incapable.  [The  latter  word  haa 
superseded  Uncapahle.] 

UN-CAPE',  r.  (.  Among  sportsmen^  to  let  loose,  or 
to  let  out  of  a  bag ;  as,  to  uncape  a  fox.  Shak. 

UN-CAP'PED,  (-knpt',)  ]ip.     Opened. 

UN-CAP'Tl-VA-TEO,  a.     Not  captivated.      Rambler. 

UN-CAU'ED/or,  (1.  Not  regimled  ;  not  heeded.  Hooker. 

UN-CA-RE.SS'ED,  (-ka-re.st',)  a.    Not  caressed. 

UN-C A  R'N ATE,  a.    Not  fleshly.  Brown. 

UN-CAR'PET-ED,  a.    Not  covered  with  a  carpet. 

UN-CASE',  r.  (.  To  disengage  from  a  covering;  to 
take  off  or  out. 

2.  To  flay  ;  to  strip.    ^  V F.strange. 

UN-CAS'JSD,  (-kaste',)  pp.  Stripped  of  a  covering  or 
case. 

UN-CAS'ING,  ppr.    Disengaging  from  a  cover. 

UN-CAS'TRA-TED,  a.     Not  castrated. 

UN-eAT'E-CHlS-ED,  (kal'e-klzd,)  a.  Not  cate- 
chised ;    untaught.  Milton. 

UN-CAUGHT',  (un-kawt',)  a.  Not  yet  caught  or 
taken.  Shak. 

UN-CAUS'KD,  n.  Having  no  precedent  cause;  ex- 
isting without  an  author. 

UN-CAU'TIOUS,  a.  Not  cautious  ;  not  wary  ;  heed- 
less.    [Incautious  is  now  generally  used.]    Dryden. 

UN-CkAS'ING,  a.  Not  ceasing;  not  intermittmg j 
continual. 

UN-CicAS'ING-LY,  adv.  Without  intermission  or 
cessation  ;  continually. 

UN-CeD'ED,  a.  Not  ceded;  not  granted  or  trans- 
ferred. 

UN-CEL'E-BRA-TED,  a.  Not  celebrated;  not  sol- 
emnized. Milton. 

UN-CE-LE3'TIAL,  (-leet'yal,)  a.    Not  heavenly. 

Feltltam. 

UN-CE-MENT'ED,  a.    Not  cemented. 

UN-CEN'SUR-A-BLE,  a.    Not  worthy  of  censure. 

DwiffhL 

UN-CEN'SIJR-A-BLY,  adv.  In  an  uncensurable  man- 
ner. 

UN-CEN'SIJR-ED,  a.    Not  censured;    exempt  from 

•  blame  or  reproach. 

Wlioee  right  it  is  unctmuTed  to  be  dull.  Pope. 

UN-CEN'TRIC-AL,  a.  Not  central ;  distant  from  the 
renter. 

UN-CER-E-MO'NI-AL,  a.    Not  ceremonial. 

UN-CER-E-MO'NI-OUS,  a.  Not  ceremonious;  not 
formal. 

UN-CER-E-M0'NI-OU9-LY,  adv.  Without  ceremony 
or  form. 

UN-CER'TAIN,  (-ser'tin,)  a.  Not  certain  ;  doubt- 
ful;  not  certainly  known.  It  is  vncci-tain  who  will 
be  the  next  president. 

2.  Doubtful ;  not  having  certain  knowledge. 

Mad,  witliout  tlii;  protection  of  a  Buperiwr  Bt;iiig  —  is  uncertain 
of  every  thing  thai  lie  h^ip^a  for.  TiUoiaon. 

3.  Not  sure  in  the  consequence. 

Or  wtiislling  aliags  dismisBed  th'  uricertain  stone.  Gay, 

4-  Not  sure  ;  not  exact. 

Soon  bent  hia  bow,  uitcertain  in  his  nim.  Dryden. 

5.  Unsettled  ;  irregular.  Hooker, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH/tT.  — METE,  PREY.  — PLVE,  MARINE,  BtRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQIJ",  BpOK.- 


11!);> 


UNC 


UNO 


UN-<'ER'TAIN-L.Y,  adr.      Not  surely  ;  ntit  certiiinly.  I 
9,  Not  confitlenUy.  [Dnjdea. 

Slajulards  that  cou  Qot  be  known  at  all,  or  but  imiwrf-ctly  find 
uncrrioinfy.  Locke. 

L'N-CER'TAIN-TY,  w.  Doubtfulness;  dubiousness  ; 
The  truth  is  not  ascertained;  the  latest  accounts 
have  not  removed  the  uneerta'mty. 

2.  Want  of  certainty  ;  want  of  precision  ;  as,  the 
uncerta\nt}f  of  the  signification  of  words. 

3.  Contingency. 

Stesdiutly  gnnkaz  the  grMteat  and  mo«t  tixppfTf  uiiarrtafnd««. 

SQUtii,. 

4.  Something  unknown. 

Our  Apphenl'j  cajc  a  every  man's  caae  llmt  quita  a  eertninty  for 
an  uncerfoirtJy.  L'Ettrang*. 

UN-CES'SANT,  a.    Continual;  incessant, 
[  The  lattfT  is  the  word  now  used.] 

ITN-CES'SA\T-LY,  adv.     Incessantly.     [Ohs.'] 

UN-CllAtN',  p.  t     To  free  from  chains  or  slavery. 

Prior. 

UN-CnAI\'£D,;ip.  Disengaged  from  chains, shackles, 
or  slavery. 

UN  CHaIN'ING,  p^.  Freeing  from  chains,  bonds, 
or  reJ^traint. 

UN-CH AI.'LENGE-A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  chal- 
1,-ngpd.  ScoU. 

UN-CHAL'LEN(5E-A-BLY,  adv.  So  as  to  be  unchal- 
lengeable. 

U.\-t,'IlA\GE'A-BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  change; 
immutable  ;  not  subject  to  variation.  God  is  an  un- 
thanfftable  being. 

UN-CHa\6E'A-BLE-NESS,  ru  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  subject  to  no  change;  immutability. 

Newton. 

UN-CHaNCE'A-BLY,  adv.  Without  change  ;  im- 
mutablv. 

UN-CIIaNG'KD,  a.     Not  changed  or  altered. 

J>ryden. 
9.  Not  alterable. 

UN-CIIaNG'ING,  fl.  Not  changing;  suffering  no  al- 
teration. 

UX-CHANG'IVG-T.Y,  adv.    Without  changing. 

UN-€HAR-A€-TEU-IS'Tie,  a.  Nut  characteristic; 
not  cxhibilins  a  character.  Oregonj. 

UN-€IIAR-Ae-TER-IS'Tie-AL-LY,  adv.  Not  in  a 
chararter'iBiic  manner. 

UNCHARGE',  r. «.  To  retract  an  accusation.  [JVot 
usttU] 

UN-CHXRG'ED,ff.     Not  charged;  not  loaded.  Shak. 

UN-CHAR'I-TA-BLE,  a.  Nut  charitable  ;  contrary 
to  charity,  or  the  universal  love  prescnbed  by  Chris- 
tianity ;  as,  uncharitable  opinions  or  zeal. 

UN-CHAR'I-TA-BLE  NESS,  n.  Want  of  charity.  If 
we  hate  our  enemies  we  sin;  we  are  guilty  of  un- 

chariiablfness. 

DN-CHAR'I-TA-BLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  contrary  to 

charity. 
UN-CHXRM',  V.  t.    To  release  from  some  charm,  fas- 
cination, or  secret  power.  Beaum. 
UN-CHARM'KD,  a.     Not  charmed  ;  not  fascinated. 
UN-CHARM'ING,  a.    Not  charming;  no  longer  able 

to  charm.  Dnjden. 

UN-CHART'ED,  a.    Not  described  or  delineated  ou  a 

chart. 
UN-CHART'ER-Cn,  o.    Having  no  charter. 
UN-CHAR'Y,  a.    Not  wary  ;  not  frugal.     [JVot  u.?ed,] 

Shak. 
UN-CHASTE',  a.     Not  chaste ;  not  continent ;  not 

pure ;  libidinous  ;  lewd.  Sidney.    Milton. 

UN-CHASTE'LY,  ado.    Incontinently ;  lewdly. 

MiUon. 
UN-CHAS-TTS'A-BLE,   a.      [See   Chastise.]     That 

can  net  be  chafitised.  Mitton. 

UN-CHA.S-TIS'£D,  a.    Not  chastised  ;  not  punished. 

3.  Not  corrected  ;  not  restrained. 
UN-CHA.S'TI-TY,  n.     Incontinence;  lewdness;  un- 
lawful indulgence  of  the  sexual  appetite. 

Woodicard. 
UN-CHf5AT'ED,  o.    Not  cheated. 
UN-CHECK'£D,  (-chekt',)  a.    Not  checked  ;  not  re- 
strained ;  not  hindered.  Milton. 
9,  Not  contradicted.  Shak. 
UN-CIiECK'ER-£D,  o.    Not  checkered  ;  not  diversi- 
fied. 
UN-<U!ERR'KD,  a.    Not  cheered. 
UN-CHEER'FUL,  o.     Not  cheerful ;  sad.  Shak. 
UN-CHEER'FOuLY,  ado.    In  an  uncbeerful  manner. 
UN-CHEER'FijL-NESS,  n.      Want  of  cheerfulness  ; 

sadness.  Spectator. 

UN-CHEER'Y,  a.  Dull ;  not  enlivening.  Sterne. 
UN-CHEVV'£D,  (-chude',)  a.  "Not  chewed  or  masti 

cated.  Dnjdetu 

UN-CHTD'ED,  b.    Not  chided  or  rebuked. 
UN-CHILD',  ».  t.    To  bereave  of  children.    [J^ot  w 

km]  Shak. 

UN  ClIIV'AlrROUS,  (-shiv'alms,)  a.    Not  accord- 
ing to  the  niles  of  chivalry. 
TTN  CHIV'AL-KOUS-LY,  adv.    Not  chivalrously. 
UN  eHOL'ER-IC,  0.     Not  choleric.  Carlvfle. 

UN-eHRIS'T£X-£I>.  a.     Not  baptized  and  named. 
UN-CHRISTIAN,  (krisfyan,)  a.     Contrary  to  the 
laws  of  Christianity;  as,  an  unchristian  reflection; 
wMkrittian  temper  or  conduct. 


9.  Nntevangi-tixcd  ;  not  converted  to  the  Christian 
faith  ;  infidel. 

UN-CHRl.S'TIAN,  r.(.  To  depriveof  the  constituent 
qualities  of  Christianity.  South. 

UN-€HR[S'T1A\-TZE,  v.  t.  To  turn  from  the  Chris- 
tian faith  ;  to  cause  to  degenerate  from  the  belief 
and  profession  of  ('hristianity.  Buskanan. 

UN-CHRIS' TIAN  IZ-ED,  pp.     Not  Christianized. 

UN-CHRIS'TIAN-LIKE,  a.     Not  like  a  Chri»^tian. 

UN-CHRIS'TIAN-LY,  fl.  Contrary  to  the  laws  of 
Christianity;  unbecoming  Christiana,  Milton* 

UN-€HRIS'TIANLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  contrary  to 
Christian  principlei*.  BedeU. 

UN-€IIRIS'TiAN-NESS,  n.  Contrariety  to  Chris- 
tianifv.  K.  Charlrs. 

UN-CFfRON'ieLED,  a.    Not  recorded  in  a  chronicle. 

UN-CHURCH',  V.  L  To  expel  from  a  church  ;  to  de- 
prive of  the  character  and  rights  of  a  church. 

Milner. 

UN-CnURCH'£D,  (-churcht',)  pp.    Expelled  from  a 


xhurch. 

UN-C 


CHURCH'ING,  ppr.    Expelling  from  a  church. 
UN'CIAL,  (un'shal,)  (k     [L.  uneialis.] 

Pertaining  to  or   denoting  letters  of  a  large  size, 
used  in  ancient  manuscripts. 
UN'CIAL,  n.     An  uncial  letter. 

UN'CI-EORM,  a.     Having  a  curved  or  hooked  form. 
UN'CI-NA'I'E,  a.     [L.  uncinatas,  from  uncus,  a  hotfk.] 

In  botany,  hooked  at  the  end.  Murtyn. 

UN-CItt'eU-LAR,  a.     Not  circular  or  spherical. 

Chandler. 
UN-ClR'eUM-ClS-£D,  a.     Nut  circumcised. 

Scriiitttre. 
UN-CIR-eUM-CI"SION,  (-sur-kum-sizh'un,)  n.     Ab- 
sence or  want  of  circumcision.  Hammond, 

9.  In  Scripture,  the  Gentiles  who  did  not  practice 
circumcision.     Rom.  iv.  9. 
UN-CIR'eU.M-S€IlilJ-£D,    a.      Not    circumscribed; 
not  bounded  ;  not  limited. 

Wbcre  t)ie  prince  it  undrcumicribed,  obodieiice  ought  to  be 
unliiiiited.  AiMiieon. 

UN-CIR'€UM-SPE€T,  a.    Not  circumspect ;  not  cau 
tious.  Ilayward. 

UN-ClR'eU5I-SPECT-LY,  adv.  Without  circum- 
spection. 

UN-CIR-CUM-STAN'TIAL,  a.  Not  important.  [JV*o£ 
m  use.]  Brown. 

UN-CIVIL,  0.  Not  civil;  not  complaisant ;  not  cour- 
teous in  manners  ;  applied  to  persons. 

9.  Not  polite;  rude;  applied  to  manners i  as,  un- 
civil behavior. 

UN-CIV-IL-I-ZA'TION,  tu  A  state  of  savageness; 
rude  state.  Diet. 

UN-CIV'IL-TZ-£D,  fl.  Not  reclaimed  from  savage 
life  ;  as,  tlie  uncivilized  inhabitants  of  Canada  or 
New  Zealand. 

9.  Coarse;  indecent;  as,  the  most  unciriZi:/^d  words 
in  our  language.     [JVo(  («  use]  Addison. 

UN-CIV'IL-LY,  ado.  Not  complaisantly  ;  not  courte- 
ously ;  rudely.  Brown. 

UN-CLAD',  a.     Not  clad  ;  not  clothed. 

UN-€LAlM'£D,a.  Not  claimed  ;  nut  demanded;  not 
called  for  ;  as,  unclaimed  dividends  of  a  bank. 

UN-eLAR'I-FI-£D,  a.  Not  purified  ;  not  fined  ;  not 
depurated  by  a  separation  of  feculent  or  foreign 
matter. 

UN-CLASP',  V.  L  To  loose  a  clasp  ;  to  open  what  is 
fastened  with  a  clasp  ;  as,  to  undatp  a  book.  Shak. 

UN-CLASP'ING,  ppr.     L<»o9ing  a  clasp. 

UN-CLAS'SIC,         (  a.     Not  classic  ;    not  according 

UN-CLAS'Sie-AL,  \      to  the  best  models  of  writing. 

2.  Not  (wrtaininglo  the  classic  writers  ;  as,  un- 
dassie  ground. 

UN-CLAS'SIC-AL-LY,  adv.      Not  according  to   the 

classics. 
UN'GLE,  (unk'I,)  n.     [Fr.  oncle;  contracted  from  L. 
ttvuneulu.t.] 

The  brother  of  one's  father  or  mother. 
UN-CLEAN',  a.     Not  clean  ;  foul;  dirty;  filthy. 

9,  In  the  Jewish  law,  ceremonially  impure  ;  not 
cleansed  by  ritual  practices.  J^um.  xix.  Lev.  xi. 
Rum.  xiv. 

3.  Foul  with  sin.    Jiatt.  x. 

Thai  holy  pl;u^  where  no  wnc?<on  lh!n»  ihall  enter.    Eager: 

4.  Not  in  covenant  with  God.    1  Cor.  vii. 

5.  Lewd  ;  unchaste. 

Adullery  of  the  heart,  consUlinff  of  iuordinate  and  undean 
ailcciiont.  Perktne. 

No  unettan  prnon— hath  any  inheritance  in  U»  kiiis.loin  of 
Chriat  aud  of  Ciod.  —  £ph.  *. 

UN-€LEAN'A-BLE,  a.     That  can  not  be  cleansed. 

Swifi. 
UN-CLEAN'LI-NESS,  (un-klen'le-ness.)  n.    Want  of 

cleanliness  ;  filthiness.  Clarendon. 

UN-€LEAN'LY,(un-klen'ly,)a.    Foul  j  filthy;  dirty. 

Skak. 
2.  Indecent;  unchaste;  obscene. 

It  w  a  pity  that  th***-  harmoilftin  wrilf  ra  have  Indulged  amr  thing 
uncltanJy  or  impure  (o  defile  Uieir  p:iper.  WaiU. 

UN-CLeAN'NESS,  7u  Foulness;  dirtiness;  filthi- 
ness. 

Be  not  tjoubleaonw  to  thyietT  or  lo  othen  by  undeannett. 

Taylor. 


UNC 

2.  Want  of  rlluul  or  ccreinoiiittl  piirity.    Ln.  vr. 

3.  Moral  impurity  ;  Uffilemfclit  by  sin  ;  sinfuluess. 

1  will  M»e  jou  Uom  nil  your  uMUnttnetg.  —  Vjrk,  vzxvi. 

4.  Lewdness ;  jncnntinonce.    Cot,  iii.    2  PeL  ii. 
UN-eLEANS'£U,  (klenzd',)  a.     Not  cleansnd  ;  not 

purifieil.  Boom. 

UN-CLEAVA  RLE,  o.    TImt  can  not  be  cleaved, 

split,  or  divided. 
UN-CLEW,  V.  I.    To  undo ;  to  unwind,  unfold,  01 

untie. 
UN-CLEWED, )jp.    Undone;  unwound,  or  untied. 
UN-CLLNCU',  V.  t.    To  ojien  tlie  closed  band  ;  as,  to 

unclinck  the  fist.  Oarlk. 

UN-CLLNCU'ED,  (-klincbt',)^!.    Opened;  unclosed. 
UN-CLIP'PKD,  (-klipt',)  a.    Not  clipped  ;  not  cut  ;  not 

diminished  or  shortened  by  clipping;  as,  uiuUyped 

money  ;  wuUpped  hair. 
UN-CLOG',  V.  t.    To  disencumber  of  dilBculties  and 

obstructions ;   to  free  from  encumbrances,  or  any 

thing  that  retards  motion. 
UN-CLOG'CEl),  (klued',)  pp.  or  a.    Disencumbered  ; 

set  free  from  oIi!.tructions, 
UN-CLOri'OlNO,  ppr.    Disencumbering. 
UN-CLOIS'TER,  t>.  (.    To  release  from  a  cloister  or 

frniii  confinement ;  to  set  at  liberty.  J^vrris. 

UNCLOLS' TEK-iD,  pp.     Released  from  a  cloister  or 

from  coiifineinent. 
UN-CLOIS'TEB-I.NG,  ppr.     Relciising  from  confine- 
ment. 
UN-ei.OK'ED,  (-klokt',)  a.    Not  covered  or  dispuised. 
UN-CLOSE',  V.  t.    To  open  ;  to  break  the  seal  of;  as, 

to  unclose  a  letter.  Pope. 

2.  To  disclose  ;  to  lay  open. 
UN-CLOS'ED,  (kloid',)  pp.    Opened. 

2.  c.    Not  separated  by  inclo^ures  ;  open. 
Ctarmdon. 

3.  Not  finished  ;  not  concluded.  Jdadistm. 

4.  Not  closed.;  not  sealed. 
UN-CLOS'lNf!,  wr.     Opening  ;  breaking  the  seal  of. 
UN-CLoTIIE',  II.  (.    To  strip  of  clothes;  to  make 

naked ;  to  divest. 

To  liave  .  distinct  knowledge  of  lUnffs,  we  mu.t  undolhe  them, 

Waiu. 

UN-€LOTII'£D,  pp.    Stripped  of  clothing  or  covering. 

Nut  for  that  we  woiilil  be  undotlitd,  but  clothed  upon.  — 2  (^r.T, 

5.  a.     Not  clothed  ;  wanting  clothes. 
UN-CLoTU'ED-Ly,  adv.     Without  clothing.  Bacon. 
UN-CLOTU'ING,  ppr.     Stripping  of  clothing, 

2.  n.     Act  of  taking  ofl'cktthes. 
UN-CLOUD',  r,  (.    To  unvail ;  to  clear  from  obscurity 

or  clouds. 
UN-CLOUD'ED,  a.    Not  cloudy;  free  from  clouds; 
clear  ;  as,  an  unclouded  sky. 
2.  Not  darkened  ;  not  obscured, 
U.\-CLOUD'ED-NEriS,  ti.      Freedom    from    clouds; 
clearness, 
2.  Freedom  from  obscurity  or  gloom.  Boyle. 

UN-CLC)UD'1NG,  ppr.    Clearing  from   clouds  or  ob- 
scurity. 
UNCLOUD'Y,  n.     Not   cloudy;   clear;   free    from 

clouds,  obscurity,  or  glf>oin,  Quy. 

UN-CLUTCH',  V.  t.     To  open  something  closely  shut, 
Unelutch  bUgtipingh.\ttd.  Decay  of  Pub/. 

UN-CO-AG'li-LA-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  coagu- 
lated, .  Ouoi 

UN-COAG'tJ-LA-TED,  a.  Not  coagulated  or  con- 
creted, . 

UN-COAT'ED,  o.  Not  coated ;  not  covered  with  a 
coat. 

UN-eOCK'ED,  (-kokt',)  a.    Not  cocked,  as  a  gun. 

2,  Not  made  into  c^ocks^  as  hay, 

3.  Not  set  up,  as  the  brim  of  a  hat. 
UN-COF'FIN-ED,  a.     Ni>t  furnished  with  a  coffin. 
UN-eO'GENT,(i.     Not  cogent  or  fi.rcible.      Baxter. 
UN-C01F',r.  (.    To  pnll  the  cap  off.  ArbuUinot. 
UNCOIF'A'D,  f-koift',)  a.     Not  wearing  a  coif, 
U,\-eOIL',  V.  t.    To  unwind  or  ojien,  as  the  turns  of 

a  rojie  or  other  line, 
UN-COIL' A:D,  pp.     OjK'Ued  ;  unwound. 
UN-COIL'ING,  yi)r.     Opening  ;  unwinding. 
UN-COIN'ED,  a.     Not  coined  ;  as,  uncoined  silver. 
UN-eOL-LECT'ED,  a.     Not  collected  ;  not  received  ; 

as,  uncollected  taxes  ;  debts  uncollecled. 
2.  Not  collected ;    not  recovered  from  confusion, 

distraction,  or  wandering  ;  as,  the  mind  yet  iincoJ- 

Ir.cU'd.  „  .    , 

UN-COL-LECT'ED-NESS,  n,    A  state  of  not  being 

collected.  „ .       ^   _ 

UN-eOL-LECT'I-BLE,  a.     Not  collectible :  that  can 

not  be  collected  or  levied,  or  paid  by  the  debtor;  as, 

uneollecUUe  V.\\es ;  uncoltectihle  iebls.  WoleoU. 

UN-COL'OR-ieD,  (-kul'lurd,)  a.     Not  colored  ;  not 

stained  or  tlyed.  Bacox. 

2.  Not  hiiiliteiied  in  description. 
UN-COMB'EI),  (kaind',)  a.   Not  combed  ;  not  dressed 

with  a  comb.  ^,       ,    lyryden. 

UN-CO.M-MN'A-BLE,  0.     Not  capable  of  combining 

or  of  being  combined,  ^9^i, 

UN-CO.M-DIN'A-BLY,   ttdn.      In    an    uncombinable 


manner,  .  .        ._ 

UN-COM-BIN'£D,  a.    Not  combined  ;  separate  ;  slB 

pie,  


TONE,  BULL,  TJNITE,-AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS,— €  M  K;  0  ««  J;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  to  THIS 


150 


11S)3 


UNC 

UN-eOME'U-NliSS,    f-kum'le  ncss,)    ». .  Want    of 

comelineu;  want  of  oeaulyor  urace  j  as,  vncumWi- 

tuss  of  person,  of  drrss,  or  behavior. 

iMcke.     Wntton. 
UN-€OME'LY,  (-kum'le,)  a.    Not  comely ;  warning 

grace ;  as,  an  unc^mdif  person  ;  uncwitlt^  dreass  ;  un- 

CMu^  manners. 
9.  Onseemly ;  unbecoming;  unsuitable. 
0N-€OM'FORT-A-BLE,  (-kum'fori-,)  o.     Affording 

no  comfort ;  gloomy. 

Chriumu—  the  mutt  uncotufonaUt  time  of  dw  jmT.   AdHton. 

S.  Giving  uneasinesi* ;  as,  an  uneainforlaiU  seat  or 
condition. 
UN-€0M'FORT-A-BLE-NE3S,  (~kam Yort-,)  n.  Want 
c^  comfort  or  cbeerfulnesa.  Taylor. 

2.  Uneasiness. 
UN-CO.M'FORT-A-BLY,  adv.     In  an  uncomfortable 

manner;  wilhout  comfort  or  cheerfulness  ;  in  an  un- 
easy state. 

UN-t'OM-MAND'ED,  a.  Not  comnmnded ;  not  re- 
quired by  precept,  order,  or  law ;  as,  uxeommtamUd 
austerities.  South, 

UN-e0M-.MEM'O-RA-T£D,  a.    Not  commemorated. 

£.  EreretL 

UN-€OM-MEND'A-BLE,  a.  Not  commendable;  not 
worthy  of  commendation  ;  illsudable.         FeltJtam, 

UN-60.M-MEND'£U,  a.  Not  praised  ;  not  commended. 

South. 

UN-€OM-MER'CIAU  (mer'shal,)  a.  Not  commer- 
cial ;  not  carr>'ing  on  commerce. 

UN-eOM-MERT^IAU-LY,  adc.  Not  according  to 
cnminerciiil  usage. 

UN-COM-MI»'ER-A-TED,  c  Not  commiserated  ;  not 
pitied. 

UN-ef)M-MIS'S10N-ED,  (-mish'und,)  a.  Not  com- 
missioned :  not  having  a  commission.  Tooke. 

UN-€OM-MlT'TED,  a.     Not  committed.  HammomL 

3.  Not  reff  rred  to  a  committee. 

3.  Not  pledged  by  any  thing  said  or  done. 
UNCOM'.MON,  a.     Not' common  ;   not  uMial ;  nae  ; 
as,  an  unfommon  season  ;   an  utuommon   degree  of 
cold  or  heal ;  uncommon  ruurage. 

2.  Nut  frequent ;  not  often  seen  or  known  j  as,  an 
wtc&maton  pratuctltm. 
UN-eOM'MO.VLY,  mdv.    Rarely ;  not  usually. 

%  To  an  uncommon  defree. 
CN-eO.M'MON-NES8,  «.      Raieness  of  occurrence  ; 
infrequency.     The  ■aow—BaiHH  of  a  thing  often 
renders  it  valuable. 
UN-eOU-M0'Nl-€A-TED,  «.      Not  communicated; 
not  disclosed  or  delivered  tn  others. 

S.  Not  imparted  to  or  from  another ;  as,  the  imcen- 
mwritatei  perfections  of  God. 
UN-eOU-MO'M-CA.TlNG,  a.    Not  making  commu- 


0N-€OM-MO'NI-€A-TIVE,  a.    .Not  communicative; 
not  tne  to  communicate  to  others  ;  reserved. 

UN-eOM-PA€T',  a.     Not  compact ;  nut  firm ;  not  of 
dome  texture  ;  loose.  JlddisviL, 

UN-€OM-PACT'£D,  a.    Not  compact ;  not  finn. 

JUbajeH. 

UN-€OM-PA€T'ED-LY,  a4h.    Not  eompactcdly. 

UN-eOM'PA-NI -ED,  (-kum'pa-nid,)  a.     Having   no 
com  panion.  Fair/ax, 

fU.'«*ccoiipA?iieD  is  mootly  used  ] 

UN-COM-PAN'ION-A-BLB;  o.     Not  companionable 
or  sociable. 

UN-COM-PAS'SIO.\-ATE,  (-pasih'un-,)  a.     Not  com- 
passionate ;  having  no  pity.  ShaJc. 

UN-€OM-PAS'SIO.\-Er),  (-pash'und.)  a.     Not  pitied. 

UN-€OM-PEL'LA-BLE,   a.      Not  compellable;    ihut 
can  not  be  forced  or  compelled.  Feltham. 

UN-CO.M  PELL'ED.fl.     Not  forced;  free  from  com- 
pulsion. Pope. 

UN-COM-PEN'SA-TED,  a.    Not  compensated  ;  unre- 
warded. 

UN-eOM-PLAIN'ING,     s.      Not    complaining;    not 
murmuring  ;  not  disposed  to  murmur. 

UN-eOM-PLAIN'ING-LY,  adt.    Without  complain- 
ing. 

DN-€OMPLJIN'ING-NESS,  n.    An  oncomplainini 
•taut. 

UK-€OM'PLAl-«AJJT,    a.      Not   complaisant;    not 
civil ;  not  courTeoua,  Lockf. 

UN-eOM'PLAl-»AXT-LV,  adc.    Uncivilly  ;  discour- 
leoiislv.  

nS-eOM-PLETE',  J.      Not  complete  ;   not  ftnislied  ; 
not  perfect.     [But  Incomplete  is  chiefly  used.] 

UN-eO.M-PLET'ED,  a.    Not  finu«hed  ;  not  completed. 

UN-eO-MPLI-CA-TED,  o.     Not  complicated  ;  simpler 

UN-€OMPLI-ME.\T'.\-BY,  o.     Not  complimentary. 

UN-€O.M-PL?  ING,  a.     Not  complying  ;  not  yielding 
to  request  or  command  ;  unbending. 

UN-eCM-POS'/;!),  a.     Not  composed. 

UN-eOM-POUND'ED,    a.      Not    compounded;    not 
mixed. 

BudncM  m;  te  ncksoMl  Ibt  pnpntj  of  .U  uiteompmtnini 

OUIiCT.  Stvtaix. 

S.  Simple  ;  not  intricate.  Hammond. 

CN-eOM-POUNT)'ED-LV,  adr>.    Without  being  com- 
pounded. 

UN-€O.M-POUNT)"ED-NESS,  a.     Freedom  from  mix- 
ture ;  simplicity  pf  substance.  HammmuL 


UN-COM-PRE-UEN'SIVE,  a.    Not  comprehensive, 
ii.  lTn:ible  to  comprehend.  South, 

ITN-eO.M  PRESS'EU,  (-koni-prest',)  a.  Not  com- 
pressed ;  free  from  compression.  Boyle, 

UN-eOM'PRO-Mia-I-\G,  a.  Not  admitting  of  com- 
promise; not  agreeing  to  terms;  not  yitlding. 

RecUio. 

UN-CON-CEAL'A-BLE,  a.    Not  concealable. 

UN-eON-CEAL'£D,  a.     Not  concealed. 

UN-€ON-CElV'A-HLE,  a.      Not  to  be  conceived  or 
understood  ;  that  can  not  be  comprehended.  Locke. 
[Htit  Inconckivadle  is  chiefly  used.] 

UN-eON'-CEl  V'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  slate  or  qual- 
)t>'  of  being  inconceivable.     [Lutle  used.]      Loeke. 

UH-eON-C£I  V'ED,  tt.    Not  thought ;  not  imagined. 

Cree<Ji, 

UN-€ON-CERN',  n.  Want  of  concern  ;  absence  of 
anxiety  ;  freedom  from  solicitude.  Swrfl, 

UN-eON-CEUN'ED,  a.  Not  concerned  ;  not  anxious  j 
feeling  no  solicitude.  He  is  uHeonetmed  at  what  has 
hapiMrned.     He  is  unconcern^  about  ot/or  the  futu^e. 

lUpFj  morul*,  uneonetmtd  /or  mors.  Drydtn. 

[It  has  at  sometimes  before  a  past  event,  but  about 
or  for  is  more  generally  used  before  a  past  or  future 
event.] 

3.  Having  no  interest  in.     He  is  uiuoncemed  in  the 
events  of  the  dav. 
UN-eON-UERN'fiD-LY,flA),    Without  interest  or  af- 
fection ;  without  anxiety. 

And  uncoitcemedty  enM  hU  ejcf  BTOUnd.  Drydtn. 

UN-CON-CERN'ED-NESS,  n.  Freedom  ftom  concern 
or  anxiety.  South. 

UN-eON-CERN'ING,  a.  Not  interesting  ;  not  affect- 
ing ;  not  belonging  to  one.     [JVut  used.]     .Addison. 

UN-€ON-CERN'MENT,  a.  The  state  of  having  no 
share.     [JVot  used,]  Sovlh. 

UN-eON-CERT'ED,  a.    Not  concerted. 

UN-eON-CIL'I-A-TED,  a.     Not  reconciled. 

UN-eON-CIL'I-A-TING,  o.  Not  conciliating  ;  not 
adapted  or  disposed  to  gain  favor,  or  to  reconcilia- 
tion. 

UN-eON-CIL'I-A-TO-RY,  a.  Not  tending  to  concili- 
ate. Jefferson. 

UN-eON-€LOD'I-BLE,  a.  Not  determinable.  [J^ot 
used.]  More. 

UN-CON-€L0D'ING,   {a.     Not  decisive;   not  infer- 

UN-CON-eLt?D'ENT.  J  ring  a  plain  or  certain  con- 
clusion or  consequence.     [LittU  used.] 

^  Hale.    Locke. 

[In  the  place  of  these,  Iiiconclciitb  is  generally 
used.] 

UN-€ON-eLCD'ING-NESS,  n.  auality  of  being  in- 
conclusive.    rjW)(  KM^I  Boyle, 

l7N-eON.€L0^IVB,  a.    NoC  decisive.     Hammond. 
[But  I.-vcoNCLuaiTB  is  now  used-] 

UN-eON-eOCT'ED,  a.    Not  concocted  ;  not  digested. 

Brown. 

UN-eON-DE>IN'£D.  (kon-demd'.)  a.  Not  con- 
demned ;  not  judged  guilty. 

X  ntui  Uul  b  a  Roman  aud  uneonifraitwL  —  Actt  xxH. 

^  Not  disapproved  ;  not  pronounced  criminal ;  as, 
a  practice  vet  uncondemned.  Locke. 

UN-CON-DENS'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  con 
densed. 

UN-eON-DENS'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  A  state  of  being 
incapable  of  condensation. 

UN-€ON-DENS'£D,  (kon-dcnst',)  a.  Not  con- 
densed. 

UN-CO.N-DF'TION-AL,  (kon-dish'un-,)  a.  Abso- 
lute ;  unreserved  ;  not  limited  by  any  conditions. 
We  are  retpiired  to  m.ike  an  unconditional  surrender 
of  oursL-lves  to  our  Maker.  The  king  demanded  an 
unconditional  submission. 

O,  mm  not,  I^ord,  an  «l«oliit«  (!mit«, 

Or  Dind  ih7  •eitleoc«  uncondilionai.  Dryden. 

UN-€ON-DI"TION-AI,-l.Y,    arfr.       Without    condi- 
tions ;  without  terms  of  limitation  ;  without  reserva- 
tion.     The  troops  did  not  surrender  unconditionally ^ 
but  by  capitulation. 
UN-€ON-DCC'ING,  a.     Not  leading  to.         PhUlips. 
UN-eON-DUeT'ED,  a.    Not  led ;  not  guided. 

Barrow. 
UN-eON-FESS'ED,  (-kon-fest',)  a.     Not  confessed  ; 

not  acknowledged. 
UN-€ON-FE.'^S'ING,  a.     Not  making  confession. 
UN-eON-FT.V'A-BLE,  (-kon-fin'a  bl,)  a.    Unbound- 
ed.    fjVot  used.]  SfuUc 
2.  That  can  not  be  confined  or  restrained. 

Thomson, 
UX-€ON-nN'ED,  a.     Not  confined;  free  from  re- 
Ktniint :  free  from  control.  Pope. 

2.  Having  no  limits;  illimitable;  unbounded. 

Spectator. 
UN-eON-FTN'ED-LY,  adv.    Without  confinement  or 

limitation.  Barrotr. 

U.\-eON-FIRM'£D,  C-kon-furmd',)  a.  Not  fortified 
by  resolution  ;  weak  ;  raw  ;  as,  troops  uncovjinned 
by  experience. 

2.  Not  confirmed  ;  not  strengthened  by  additional 
testimony. 

Hti  whsm  unconjirmed.  Miitan, 

3.  Not  confirmed  according  to  the  church  ritual. 


UNC 

UN-CON  FORM',  a.    Unlike;  dissimilar;  not  analo- 

gttus.     [JVot  in  use.]  Milton. 

UN-fON-FORM'A-BLE,    a.      Not    consistent ;    not 
agreeable  ;  not  conforming. 


S.  In  geology,  not  lying  in  a  parallel  position,  as 
strata.  Mantell. 

UN-€ON-FORM'A-BLY,  adv.  In  an  unconformable 
manner. 

UN-eON-FORM'I-TY,  n.  Incongruity;  inconsisten- 
cy :  want  of  conformity.  South. 

UN-eON-FOnND'ED,  a.     Not  confounded. 

UN-€ON-FOUND'EU-LY,  adv.  Without  being  con- 
founded. 

UN-eON-F0S'£D,  a.    Free  from  confusion  or  disor- 
der. Locke. 
2.  Not  embarrassed. 

UN-€ON-FCa'ED-LY,  adv.  Without  confusion  or 
disorder.  Locke, 

UN-eON-FOT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  confutable  ;  not  to  be 
refuted  or  overthrown  ;  that  can  not  be  disproved  or 
convicted  of  error  ;  as,  an  unconfutable  argument. 

Sprat. 

UN-eON-GEAL'A-BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  being 
congealed. 

UN-eON-GfiAL'ED,  o.  Not  frozen  ;  not  congealed  ; 
not  concreted.  Brown. 

UaX-eON-CK'NI-AL,  a.     Not  congenial. 

UN-eON'JU-GAL,  a.  Not  suitable  to  matrimonial 
faith  ;  not  befitting  a  wife  or  husband.  Milton. 

UN-€ON-JU'NC'TlVE,  a.  That  can  not  be  joined. 
[LiUle  used.]  Milton. 

UN-eON-NECT'ED,  a.  Not  connected  ;  not  united  ; 
separate. 

2.  Not  coherent ;  not  joined  by  proper  transitions 
or  de|>endence  of  parts  ;  loose;  vague;  desultory; 
as,  an  unconnected  aisconrse. 

UN-GON-NTVING,  a.  Not  conniving  ;  not  overlook- 
ing or  winking  at.  Milton. 

UN-€ON'UUER-A-BLE,  a.  Not  conquerable;  invin- 
cible ;  that  can  nut  be  vanquished  or  defeated  ;  tliat 
can  not  be  overcome  in  contest ;  as,  an  uiuonquera- 
ble  foe. 

2.  That  can  not  be  subdued  and  brought  under 
control  ;  an,  unconquerable  passions  or  temper. 

UN-eON'aUER-A-BLY,  adv.  Invincibly  ;  insupera- 
bly ;  as,  fi>e3  unconquerably  strong.  Pope. 

UN-eO.\'aUKR-i:D,  (konk'erd,)  a.    Not  vanquished 
or  defeated. 
2.  Unsubdued;  not  brought  under  control. 
:i.  Invincible;  insuperable.  Sidney. 

UN-C0\-SCI-Ei\'T10US,  (-kon-sbe-en'shus,)  a.  Not 
conscientious  ;  not  regulated  or  limited  by  conscience. 

Kent. 

UN-€ON'SCION-A-BLE,  a.  Unreasonable  ;  exceed- 
ing the  limits  of  any  reasonable  claim  or  expecta- 
tion ;  as,  an  unconscionable  request  or  demand. 

L^  i^-trange. 

2.  Forming  unreasonable  expectations.  You  can 
not  be  so  unconscionable  as  to  expect  this  sacrifice  on 
my  part. 

3.  Enormous ;  vast ;  as,  unconscionable  size  or 
strides.     [JVot  elegant.] 

4.  Not  guided  or  influenced  by  conscience. 

South. 

UN-eON'SCION-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Unreasonable- 
ness of  hope  or  claim. 

UN-eON'SCION-A-BLY,  adv.  Unreasonably  :  in  a 
manner  or  degree  that  conscience  and  reason  do  not 
justify.  Hadibras. 

UN-€ON'SCIOUS,  a.  Not  conscious;  having  no 
mental  perception  ;  as,  unconscimia  causes. 

Blackmore. 
2.  Not  conscious  ;  not  knowing;  not  perceiving; 
OS,  unconscious  of  guilt  or  error, 

UN-€ON'.SC10US-LY,  adv.  Without  perception  ; 
without  knowledge. 

U.\-€0\'SC10US-NESS,  n.  Want  of  perception  ; 
want  of  k[iowl(:dge. 

UN-eON'SB-GRATE,  v.  t.  To  render  not  sarred  ;  to 
desecrate.     [J^vt  ufied.]  South. 

UN-eON't^E-GRA-TED,  a.  Not  consecrated  ;  not  set 
apart  for  a  sacred  use  by  religious  ceremonies ;  not 
dedicated  or  devoted;  as,  a  temple  uncunsec  rated ; 
unconsecrated  bread. 

UN-eON'tfE-eRA-TED-NESS,  n.  A  state  of  being 
unconsecrau^d. 

UN-GON-SENT'ED  to.  Not  consented  to  ;  not  yield- 
ed ;  not  agreed  to.  Wake, 

UN-eON-SENT'lNG,  a.  Not  consenting;  not  yield- 
ing consent. 

UN-GON-SID'ER-£D,  a.  Not  considered  ;  not  at- 
tended to.  Skak. 

UN-eON-SID'ER-ING,  a.    Not  considering. 

UN-GON-S0L'£D,  a.    Not  consoled  ;  not  comforted. 

UN-€ON-SOL'I-DA-TED,  a.  Not  consolidated  or 
made  solid. 

UN-eON-SOL'ING,  a.  Not  consoling  ;  affording  no 
comfort.  Buckminsler. 

UN-€ON'SO-NANT,  a.  Not  consonant ;  not  consist- 
ent;  incongruous;  unfit.  Hooker. 

UN-eON-SPI€'U-OUS,  o.  Not  open  to  the  view  ;  not 
conspicuous. 


FiTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^lT.  — METE.  PRfiY.  — PIN'E,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.  - 


UNC 

UN-eON-SPIR'ING-NESS,  n.  Absence  of  plot  or 
conspiracy,     [^n  iU-form^  aord,  and  not  used.] 

Boyle, 

UN-€ON'STANT,  a.  Not  constant;  not  steady  or 
faithful ;  fickle  ;  changeable.  Shak, 

[IrrcoxsTAKT  is  now  used.] 

U.\-€ON-STI-T0'TION-AL,  a.  Not  agreeable  to  the 
constitution  ;  not  authorized  by  the  constitution  ; 
contrary  to  the  principles  of  the  constitution.  It  is 
not  unconstitutional  for  the  king  of  Great  Britain  to 
declare  war  without  the  consent  of  parliament ;  but 
for  the  president  of  the  United  States  to  declare  war, 
without  an  act  of  congress  autliorizing  it,  would  be 
K  ncon^ittitionaL 

U\-€OX-STI-TU-TrON-AL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of 
being  unauthorized  by  the  constitution^  or  contrary 
to  its  provisions  or  principles.  The  Pupreme  Court 
has  power  to  decide  upon  the  unconstUutionality  of  a 
law. 

U\-eON-STI-T0'TION-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner 
not  warranted  by  or  contrary  to  the  constitution. 

UN-eON-STRAlN'£D,  a.     Free  from  constraint ;  act- 
ing voluntarily  ;  voluntary.  Dryden. 
2.  Not  proceeding  from  constraint,  as  actions, 

UN-eON-STRAlN'ED-Ly,  adv.  Without  force  or 
constraint ;  freely  ;  spontaneously  ;  voluntarily. 

South. 

UN-€OX-STRaIXT',  n.  Freedom  from  constraint; 
ease.  Felton. 

UN-eON-SlTLT'ED,  a.    Not  asked  or  consulted^ 

UN-eON-SULT'ING,  a.  Taking  no  advice  ;  rash  ; 
imprudent  Sidney. 

UN-€ON-SCM'ED,  a.  Not  consumed;  not  wasted, 
exj»ended,  or  dissipated  ;  not  destroyed.       MUlon. 

UN-eON-SUM'MATE,  a.    Not  consummated. 

I>ryden. 

UN-eON-TEMN'ED,  (-temd',)  a.     Not  despised. 

UN-eON-TEM'PLA-TED,  a.     Not  contemplated. 

UN-eON-TEND'ED,  a.     Not  disputed.  I>ryden. 

Uncontended for i  not  contended  for;  not  urged 
for. 

UN-eON-TEND'ING,  a.  Not  contending  ;  not  con- 
testtn<; ;  not  disputing. 

UN-eON-TENT'ED,  a.  Not  contented;  not  satis- 
fied. Dryden. 

UN-eOX-TENT'ING-NESS,  n.  Want  of  power  to 
s-itisfy.     [JSTnt  in  use,)  Biyyle. 

UN-CON-TEST'A-BLE,  a.  Indisputable  ;  not  to  be 
controverted.  [Iwcotttestable  ia  the  word  now 
used.] 

UN-eON-TEST'ED,  a.     Not  contested  ;  not  disputed. 
2.  Evident  ;  plain.  Blacktnore. 

UN-eON-TRA-DI€T'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be 
contradicted.  Fitch. 

UN-€ON-TRA-DieT'ED,  a.  Not  contradicted  ;  not 
denied.  Pearson. 

UN-€ON 'TRITE,  a.    Not  contrite  ;  not  penitent. 

Hammond. 

U\-€ON-TRIV'£D,  a.  Not  contrived;  not  formed 
by  design.  Dwiekt. 

UN-€ON-TRrV'ING,  a.  Not  contriving;  Improvident. 

QoldsinUh. 

UN-eON-TROLL'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  con- 
tmlled  ;  ungovernable  ;  that  can  not  be  restrained ; 
as,  an  uncontrollable  temper  ;   nncontrolUible  subjects. 

2.  That  can  not  be  resisted  or  diverted;  as,  un- 
eontrollable  events. 

3.  Indisputable;  irrefragable;  ^a,tinMn£ontroUabU 
maxim  ;  the  king's  uncontrollable  title  to  the  English 
throne. 

UN-eON-TROLL'A-BLY,  adv.  Without  power  of 
opposition. 

a.  In  a  manner  or  degree  that  admits  of  no  re- 
gtralnt  or  resistance  ;  a^,  a  stream  uncontrollably  vio- 
lent. 

UN-€ON-TR0LL'f:D,  a.  Not  governed  ;  not  sub- 
jected to  a  superior  power  or  authority ;  not  re- 
strained. 

2.  Not  resisted  ;  unopposed.  Dryden. 

3.  Not  convinced  ;  not  refuted.     [Unusual.] 

HayvDord, 
ITN-€ON-TROLL'ED-LY,   adv.     Without  control  or 
restraint ;  without  effectual  opposititm. 

Decay  of  Piety. 
UN-eON'TRO- VERT-ED,    a.       Not    disputed  ;    not 
contested;  not  liable  to  be  called  in  question. 

OlanvUle. 
UN-€ON-VERS'A-BLE,  a.    Not  free  in  conversation  ; 
not  social ;  reserved. 
2.  Not  suited  to  conversation.  Rogers. 

UN-€ON'VER-SANT,  o.     Not  conversant;   not  fa- 
miliarly acquainted  with.  Mitford, 
UN-€ON- VERT^ED,  a.     Not  converted  ;  not  changed 
in  opinion  ;  not  turned  from  one  faith  to  another. 

2.  Not  persuaded  of  the  truth  of  the  Christian  re- 
ligion ;  as,  unconverted  pagans.     Addison.     Hooker. 

3.  Not  renewed  ;  not  regenerated  ;  not  having  the 
natural  enmity  of  the  heart  subdued,  and  a  principle 
of  grace  implanted.  Baxter. 

A.  Not  turned  or  changed  from  one  form  to  an- 
other. 
UN-€ON-VERT'I-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  convert- 
ed or  changed  in  form.    Lead  is  unconvertible  into 
silver. 


UNC 

UN-eON-VIN'CED,  (kon-vinst',)  a.  Not  convinced  ; 
not  persuaded.  Locke, 

UN-€ON-VlN'CING,  a.     Not  sufficient  to  convince. 

UN-eON-VULS'£D,  (-kon-vulst',)  a.    Not  convulsed. 

UN-CORD',  B.  (.  To  loose  from  cords;  to  unfasten 
or  unbind ;  as,  to  uncord  a  bed  ;  to  uncord  a  pack- 
age. 

UN-CORD'ED,  pp.    Loosed  from  cords  ;  unbound. 

UN-CORD'I-AL,  o.    Not  cordial ;  not  hearty. 

UN-CORD'ING,  ppr.     Unfastening  ;  unbinding. 

UN-CORK',  V.  L  To  draw  the  cork  from ;  as,  to  uti- 
cork  a  bottle. 

UN-CORK'£D,  (-korkt',)  pp.  Not  having  the  cork 
drawn. 

UN-CORKTNG,  ppr.    Drawing  the  cork  from. 

UN-eOR'O-NET-ED,  a.  Not  honored  with  a  coronet 
or  title.  PoUok. 

UN-eOR'PlJ-LENT,  a.    Not  corpulent ;  not  fleshy. 

Polhk. 

UN-COR-RECT'ED,  «.  Not  corrected  ;  not  revised; 
not  rendered  exact ;  as,  an  uncorrected  copy  of  a 
writing. 

2.  Not  reformed;  not  amended;  as,  lifa  or  man- 
ners uncorrected. 

UN-COR'RI-GI-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  corrected  ; 
depraved  bey(md  correction. 

[For  this,  I"»coRRiniRLE  is  now  used.] 

UN-CO R-ROB'O-RA-T ED,  a.     Not  confirmed. 

UN-CORRUPT',  a.  Not  corrupt ;  not  depraved  ;  not 
perverted;  not  tainted  with  wickedness;  not  influ- 
enced by  iniquitous  interest ;  as,  an  uncorrupt  judg- 
ment :  uncorrupt  manners.  Hooker. 

UN-COR-RUPT'ED,  a.  Nut  corrupted  ;  not  vitiated  ; 
not  depraved  ;  as,  the  dictates  of  uncorrupted  reason  ; 
uncomiptfd  records.  Dryden.     Locke. 

UN-COR-RUPT'ED-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  uncor- 
rupted. Milton. 

UN-COR-RUPT'I-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  cor- 
rupted. 

[But  IncoRBUPTiBLE  Is  the  wofd  now  used.] 

UN-COR-RUPT'LY,  adv.     With   integrity  ;  honestly. 
Oh.  Rdig:  Appeal. 

UN-€OR-RUPT'NESS,  tu  Integrity  ;  uprightness. 
Tit.  ii. 

UN-eOUN'SEL-A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  advised  ;  not 
consistent  with  good  advice  or  prudence. 

Clarendon. 

UN-CO  UN' SEL-ED,  a.  Not  having  counsel  or  ad- 
vice. Burke. 

UN-COUNT' A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  counted  ; 
innumenible.  Ralejrft. 

UN-COUNT'ED,  a.  Not  counted  ;  not  numbered.  Shak. 

UN-COUN'TE-NANC.£D,  (-koun'te-nanst,)  a.  Not 
encoumged. 

UN-COUN-TER-ACT'ED,  a.  Not  counteracted  ;  not 
effectually  opposed.  JV.  W.  Tarjlor. 

UN-C0UN''TER-FEIT,  a.  Not  counterfeit ;  not  spu- 
rious ;  genuine;  as,  H7tcoMn(fr/ei(  zeal.  Sprat. 

UN-C0UN'TER-FE1T-EI),  a.     Not  counterfeited. 

UN-COUN-TER-MAND'ED,  o.     Not  countermanded. 

UN-COUP'LE,  (un-kup'pl,)  c.  t.  To  loose  dogs  from 
their  couples ;  to  set  loose  ;  to  disjoin. 

Shak.     Dryden. 

UN-COUP'LED,  (un-kup'p!d,)  pp.  Disjoined;  set 
free. 

UN-COUP'LING,  (un-kup'pling,)  ppr.  Disuniting; 
setting  free. 

UN-COURT' E-OUS,  a.  Uncivil ;  unpolite  ;  not  kind 
and  complaisant.  Sidney. 

UN-COURT'E-OUS-LY,  adv.     Uncivilly;  unpolitelv. 

UN-COURT'E-OUS-NESSjU.  Incivility  ;  disobliging 
treatment. 

UN-COURT'LI-NESt',  n.  Unsuitablcness  of  man- 
ners to  a  court;  inelegance;  as,  uncourtliness  of 
manners  or  phrases.  Addison. 

UN-COURT'LY,  o.  Inelegant  in  manners;  not  be- 
coming a  court ;  not  refined  ;  not  polite ;  as,  uncourt- 
ly  behavior  or  language.  Swift 

2.  Not  courteous  or  civil ;  as,  an  uncourtly  speech. 

3.  Not  versed  in  the  manners  of  a  court. 
UN-COUTH',  (-koolh',)  a.     [Sax.  uncuth,  unknown.] 

Odd  ;  strange  ;  unusual  ;  not  rendered  pleasing  by 
familiarity  ;  as,  an  uncoutJt  phrase  or  expression  ;  uti- 
eonth  manners  ;  uncouth  dress. 

UN-COUTH'-LQQK-ING,  a.    Having  uncouth  looks. 

Irvinff. 

UN-€OUTH'I*Y,  adv.     Oddly;  strangely.     Dryden. 

UN-COUTH'NESS,  (-km.Ih'ness,)  n.  Oddness  ; 
strangeness  ;  want  of  agreeableness  derived  from 
familiarity  ;  as,  the  uncoutkne.ts  of  a  word  or  of  dress. 

UN-COV'E-NANT-ED,  a.  Not  promised  by  cove- 
nant ;  not  resting  on  a  covenant  or  promise. 

&  JtliUer. 

UN-eOV'ER,  fun-kuv'cr,)  p.  t.  To  divest  of  a  cov- 
er ;  to  remove  any  covering  from  ;  a  word  vf  general 
use. 

2.  To  deprive  of  clothes  ;  to  strip  ;  to  make  naked. 

Shak. 

3.  To  unroof,  as  a  building. 

4.  To  take  off  the  hat  or  cap  ;  to  bare  the  head. 

5.  To  strip  of  a  vail,  or  of  any  thing  that  conceals ; 
to  lay  open  ;  to  disclose  to  view. 

UN-COVER -ED,  (-kuv'erd,)pp.  Divested  of  a  cov- 
ering or  clothing  ;  laid  open  to  view  ;  made  bare. 


UNC 

UNCOV'ER-ING,  ppr.      Divesting  of  a  cover  or  of 
clothes  ;  stripping  of  a  vail ;  laying  open  to  view. 

UN-COWL',  r.  (.     To  deprive  of  a  cowl. 

UN-COW  L'ED,  pp.    Deprived  of  a  cowl. 

UN-CRAMP'i^D,  (krampt',)  a.     Not  cramped;  not 
confined  or  fettered ;  free  from  constraint. 

Ed.  Rev. 

UN-CRE-ATE',  v.  t.     To  annihilate ;  to  deprive  of 
existence. 

Who  cia  unereaU  tbee,  thou  Bh&lt  kaow.  ASilton. 

UN-CRE-AT'ED,  pp.    Reduced  to  nothing;  deprived 
of  existence. 

2.  a.  Not  yet  created  ;  as,  misery  uncreaUd. 

Milton, 

3.  Not  produced  by  creation.    God  is  an  untreated 
being.  Locke, 

UN-CRR-AT'ING,  ppr.    Depriving  of  existence. 
UN-CRED'I-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  believed  ;  not  entitled 

to  credit.     [For  this,  Incredibi.e  is  used.] 
UN-CRED'IT-A-BLE,  a.    Not  in  good  credit  or  repu- 
tation ;  not  reputable,  Hammond, 
2.  Not  for  the  credit  or  reputation.  Mitford. 
UN-CRED'IT-A-BLE-NESS,  n.    Want  of  reputation. 
Decay  of  Piety. 
2.  The  quality  of  being  disreputable. 
UN-CREDTT-ED,  a.     Nut  believed.  Warner, 
UN-CRIT'IC-AL,  a.     Nut  critical. 

2.  T*.'i\  according  to  the  just  rules  of  criticism. 

M.  Stuart, 
UN-ChlT'lC-AI^LY,  adv.    Not  critically. 
UN-CROP'P£D,  (kropi',)  a.    Not  cropped;  not  gath- 
ered. Milton, 
UN-CROSS'SD,  (-krost'j)  a.    Not  crossed  ;  not  can- 
celed. 
9.  Not  thwarted  ;  not  opposed. 
UN-CUOWD'ED,  a.    Not  crowded  ;  not  compressed; 

not  straitened  for  want  of  room. 
UN-CROWN',  I).  (.    To  deprive  of  a  crown;  to  de- 
throne. 
2.  To  pull  off  the  crown.  Dryden. 

UN-CROWN'AD,  pp.    Deprived  of  a  crown. 

2.  a.  Not  crowned  ;  having  no  crown. 
UN-CROWN'ING,  ppr.    Depriving  of  a  crown. 
UN-CRU8H'i:D,  (-krusht',)  a.    Not  crushed. 
UN-CRYS'TAL-LTNE,  a.    Not  crystalline  ;  not  hav- 
ing the  character  of  a  crystal;  not  presenting  a  dis- 
tinct crystalline  texture.  Dana, 
UN-CRYS'TAL-LIZ-A-BLE,  o.     Not  suscepUble  of 

crvstallization.  Ure, 

UN-CRYS'TAL-LIZ-£D,  a.     Not  crystallized. 
UNCTION,  n.     [Fr.  oneiion ;  L.  uncfw,  from  ungo^  to 
anoint.] 

1.  The  act  of  anointing.  Hooker, 

2.  Unguent;  ointment.     [Unusual.]         Dryden. 

3.  The  act  of  anointing  medically  ;  as,  mercurial 
unction.  Arbuthnot. 

4.  Any  thing  softening  or  lenitive.  Sliak. 

5.  That  fervor  and  tenderness  of  address  which 
excites  piety  and  devotion.  Johnson. 

6.  Richness  of  gracious  affections. 

7.  Divine  or  sanctifying  grace.     1  John  \. 
Extreme  unction ;  the  rite  of  anointing  in  the  last 

hours  ;  or  the  application  of  sacred  oil  to  the  head, 
the  liands,  and  the  feet,  of  a  dying  person. 

Encyc.  Am, 
UNCT-IJ-OS'I-TY,  n,    Oiliness ;  fatness ;  the  quality 

of  being  greasy.  Brown. 

UNCT'lJ-OUS,  a.     Fat ;  oily  ;  greasy. 

Milton^    Dryden, 
2.  Having  a  resemblance  to  oil;  as,  the  uTicfuoiff 
feel  of  a  stone. 
UNCT'U-OUS-NESS,  tt.    Fatness;  oiliness. 

2.  The  quality  of  resembling  oil. 
UN-CULL  £D,  a.     Not  gathered. 

2.  Not  separated  ;  not  selected. 
UN-CUL'PA-BLE,  a.    Not  blamable  ;  not  faulty. 

Hooker. 
UN-CULT',  a.     [un  and  L.  eultus.l    Uncultivated; 

rude  ;  illiterate.     fJVyi  in  use.]     Ch.  Relig.  Appeal, 
UN-CUL'TI-VA-BLE,  a.    Not  capable  of  being  tUIed 

or  cultivated. 
UN-CUL'TI-VA-TED,  a.     Not  cultivated  ;  not  tilled  ; 
not  used  in  tillace  ;  as.  an  uncultivated  tract  of  land. 
2.  Not  instructed  ;  not  civilized  ;  Hide  ;  rough  in 
manners  ;  as,  an  uncultivated  nation  or  age. 

Locke.     Roscommon. 
UN-€UL'TI-VA-TED-NESS,   n.      An    uncultivated 

slate. 
UN-CUM'BER-ED,  a*     Not  burdened;   not  embar- 
rassed. Dryden. 
UN-COR'A-BLE,  a.    Incurable.     [The  latter  ij  mostly 

used.] 
UN-CCR'A-BLY,  adv.     Incurably. 
UN-CURB' A-BLE,  a.     That  can  not  be  curbed  or 

checked.     [JVot  in  use,]  Shak. 

UN-€URB'£I>,  a.     Not  curbed  ;  not  restrained  ;  licen- 
tious. Shak. 
UN-CURL',  V.  t.    To  loose  from  ringlets. 

I'hc  lion  uncurl$  liii  tmgTj  mane.  Dryden. 

UN-CURL',  V.  I.    To  fall  fVom  a  curled  state,  as  ring- 
lets :  to  become  straight.  Shak. 
UN-CURL'£D,  pp.     Loosed  from  ringlets. 
2.  a.  Not  curled  ;  not  formed  into  ringlets. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CiOUS.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  Cfl  as  SH ;  TH  as  Jn  THIS. 


119o 


UND 

I'N-^TRI.'I.N'G,  pfr.    Loosini;  front  ringlets. 

UN-et'R'KENT,  a.  Not  current ;  not  poising  in  cnni- 
mon  p.'ivmeut;  ns,  uncur^ent  coin  or  notes.     SJuik. 

UN-ei'KSE',  (un-kurs',)  e.  t  To  free  from  any  ol»- 
rmtion.    [ji't/t  ustd.]  SAak, 

l'\-ri'Kt>'ED,  I  a.    Not  cursed  ;  not  execrated. 

rX-eUltST',     j  K.  Cior/M. 

r.\  t'l'K-TAIL'ED,  a.     Not  curtailed  ;  not  shortened. 

U.\  el'R'T.\IN,  B.  I.  To  remove  a  curtain  or  cover- 
iniE  from. 

UN-QUS'TOM-A-Rl-LT,  aJu.  la  an  unusual  man- 
ner. 

USei'STOM-.VRI-NESS,  «.  Slate  of  being  not 
cri.'itoniar}'. 

UN-CUS'TOM-.\-KV,  a.    Not  customary ;  not  usual. 

VxigU. 

UN-CUS'TOM-£D,  a.  Not  subjected  to  cusloms  or 
duty.  ■***■ 

S.  Thai  baa  not  paid  duty,  or  been«taargcd  with 
customa,  SmoUett. 

U.N-eUT',  «.    Not  cut ;  a.^  tr«a  naoit  IfaUer. 

UN-DAM',  c.  L  To  free  froiu  a  dam,  mound,  or  ob- 
struction. Drydeiu 

rN'D.\M'.\C-£D,  a.  Not  damaged  ;  not  made  worse  ; 
sa.yndamafftJ  goods. 

UN-D.\M'.VI£D,  ^  Freed  from  a  dam,  mound,  or 
obstruction. 

U.N'-D.\.MP'£D,  (-dampt',)  a.  Not  damped ;  not  do- 
pressed. 

UN-DAN'CER-OUS,  a.     Not  danferous.     Tluminm. 

UN-DJIRK'£.\-ED,  a.     Not  darkened  or  obscured. 

CN'DA-TED,  a.     [I..  u»rfar«.<:  uniia,  a  wave.] 

Waved ;  rising  and  failing  iu  waves  toward  the 
margin,  as  a  leaf.  Lrt, 

UN-DAT'ED,  o.     Not  d.ltcd  ;  having  no  date. 

UN-DAU.\I".\BLE,  a.     Not  to  be  daunted.    Harmar. 

UN-D.IL'.NT'KD,  o.  Not  daunted;  not  subdued  or 
depressed  bv  fcv ;  intrepid.  DryUn^ 

IT.N-DxrXT'ED-LY,  oJr.     Boldly  ;  intrepidly.  SoalL 

UN-DAU.VT  El>-.\ESS,  a.  Boidnessi  fearlesa  brav- 
ery :  intrepidity.  Pop*. 

UN-D,\\VN'1.NG,  a.  Not  yet  dawning;  not  grvwing 
light";  not  opening  with  brightness.  Cwwper. 

DN-DA/'ZLCD,  (-daz'zld,)  a.  Not  dazzled  ;  DM 
oonfust^d  by  splendor.  MiUon.    Bojfit. 

UN-DE.\F',  (-dccf '  ar  -dcf ',)  j>.  t  To  free  Crom  Oeaf- 
nesa.     rA*ot  in  Mje.] 

D.N-DE-nxR'R£D,  (-Urd',)«.    Not  dstoned. 

DN-DE-BA:i'£D,  (-baste',)  a.  Not  debased  ;  not  adul- 
terated. Skat. 

UN-DE-B,\UCII'ED.  (-bawcht',1  a.  Not  debauched  ; 
not  rntru'pted  ;  pure.  Drt/dtiu 

UN-OECA-GO.V,  a.  [L.  n^scia^  eleTan,  and  Gr. 
ytjvta,  angle.] 

.\  firire  of  ekven  angles,  and  consequently  of 
el.,      "     ■ 

UN  '.  a.    Not  decayed;  nut  impaired  by 

a.:  .  being  in  full  strength.       DrwJtM, 

tJN-L'r.  t.  A  \    i\U,  a.      Not   decaying;    not   sliffering 
diminution  or  decline. 
3.  Inimorlnl  ;  a4,  the  va<l«cayia;  joys  of  heaven. 

UN-DR-CeiTFIJL,  a.     Not  deceitful. 

UN-l)E-CErV'.\  BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  deceived ; 
not  siibjert  to  deception.  Holder. 

UN-DE-CeIVE',  r.  L  To  free  from  deception,  cheat, 
Ikliacy,  or  miittake,  whether  caused  by  others  or  by 
ourselves.  If  we  rely  on  our  own  works  for  salva- 
tion, the  Scriptures  may  undretire  us. 

CN-DE-CeIV'£D,  pp.     Disabused  of  cheat,  decep- 
tion, or  fallacy. 
2.  Not  deceived  ;  not  misled  or  imposed  on. 

UN-DE-CE1V'1.\G,  ppr.  Freeing  from  deception  or 
fallacy. 

UN-DE'CEN-A-RT,  a.     [L.  xndma,  eleven.] 

Eleventh  ;  occurring  once  in  every  period  of  eleven 
yeara.  Prts.  Stiles. 

CN-D£'CEN-CY,  a.  Unbecnmingness ;  indecency. 
[Th*  latur  lattrd  is  *vw  lued,'] 

t7N-De'CB.\T,  a.  Not  decent ;  indecent.  [  TU  Utur 
tf  fJte  wri  v,W.] 

UN-DE'CENT-LY,  adc.  Indecently.  [7»«  iatlcr  i> 
tlu  Vitrd  H.«eiL] 

UN-DE-rEP'TlVE,a.    Not  deceptive. 

CN-DE-CID'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  decided. 

Styiuh. 

UN-DE-CID'ED,  a.  Not  decided  ;  not  determined  ; 
not  settled.  Hooktr, 

UN-DE-CtD'ED-LT,  aiir.  In  an  undecided  man- 
ner. 

nN-DE-CI'PHER-.\-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  deci- 
phered. 

UN-DE-CI'PHER-A-BLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  deci- 
pherable. 

UN-DE-CI'PHER-£D,  a.  Not  deciphered  or  ex- 
plained. 

UN-DB^CI'PIVE,  o.  Not  decisive  ;  not  conclusive  ; 
not  determining  the  controversy  or  contest. 

GtcnnilU. 

UN-DfiCK',  r.  (.     To  divest  of  omamenU.         Shak. 

UN-DECK' £D,  (-dekt',)  pp.    Deprived  of  ornaments. 
2.  a.  Not  decked  ;  not  adorned.  Milton. 

UN-DE-€LA  R'KD,  o.     Not  declared  :  not  avowed. 

UN-DE-eLIN'.\-BI.E,  a.    That  can  not  be  declined. 
2.  Not  to  be  avoided.  HacktU. 


UND 

IJiNDK  eLTVi-'D,   A       Not  deviallng  ;    not  turned 

I'min  thi-  riKht  way.  '  Sandys. 

•i.  Nut  varied  in  torminatiun  ;  as,  a  noun  undo- 

eiineit. 
UN-DK-€LTN'ING,  a.     Not  declininir. 
UN-DK  eOM-rOS'A-BLE,  o.     Not  udmitting  decom- 

pcisiiion  ;  thai  can  not  be  (iecom[H)»t*d.     Chemijitry, 
UN-DE-eOM-P0»'£D,  a.     Not  decomposed  ;  not  sep- 

nniti'd  ;  Bs  constituent  particles.  Chemistry. 

UN-DE-COM-POUND'ED,  a.    Not  decompounded. 

Diinj. 
UN-nE€'0-RA-TED,  o.    Not  odorned  j   not  cmbel- 

lUbed  i  plain. 

To  iMTe  Um  ch&rmcter  of  Chriat  HudMomlad,  to  malro  H*  owa 
iinpiTMion.  Butkmiruler. 

UN-DED'ieA-TED,  «.     Not  dedicated j  not  conse- 
crated. 
2.  Not  Inscribed  to  a  patron. 
UN-DEED'£U,  a.    Not  signalized  by  nny  great  nction. 

Shak. 
2.  Not  transfL-rred  by  deed ;    as,  undeedcd  land. 
[LomL] 
UN-DE-FXCE'A-BLE.  a.    That  can  not  be  defaced. 
UN-DE-FAC'/-:i>,   (-faste'j)  a.      Not   deprived  of  its 

form  ;  imi  disficurid  ;  as,  an  undefacfti  staiuo. 
UN-DE-FAC'ED-XKSS,  «.     .State  of  bring  niidefaccd. 
UN-DE-FkA»'I-BLE,  a.     Not  def<-asihIo. 

[But  iNoErcAsinLj  xa  cbietly  used.] 
UN-DE  FEND'ED,  a.    Not  defended  j  not  protected. 

2.  Not  vindic;itcd. 

3.  Open  to  assault ,   being  without  works  of  de- 
fense. 

UN-DE-FEND'IN'G,  a.     Not  making  defense. 
UN-DE-FI'KD,  (fide' 0  a.     Not  set  at  defiance;   not 

cballt-nged.  Spenser. 

UN-DE-FIL'i:D,  a.     Not  defiled  ;    not  polluted  ;   not 

vitiated.  Milton. 

UN-DE-FTN'A-BLE,  a.     Not  definable;   not  capable 

of  being  described  or  limited ;  as,  the  utulrjinabte 

bounils  of  space.  Ctrew. 

fi.  That  can  not  be  described  by  interpretation  or 

definition. 

Simpli;  ideas  nre  undeJtnabU.  Lodct. 

UN-DE-FIN' A-BLE-NESS,  «.  The  quality  or  state 
of  being  undefinable.  E.  T.  FileJt, 

UN-nB-FrN'f:D,  o.    Not  defined  ;   not  described  by 
definition  or  explanation. 
2.  Not  biiviiiB  its  limits  described. 

DN-DE-FLOUK'/CD,  s.    Not  debauched ;  not  vitiated. 

JUtltotu 

UN-DE-FORM'f:D,  a.  'Not  deformed  ;  not  disfigured. 

UN-l>E-FRAlTn'EO,  a.     Not  defrauded.  [Pope. 

UN-I>E  FltXV  KI),  a.    Not  defmyed  ;  not  paid. 

ON-DE-tiRADED,  «.    Not  degraded. 

UN-I)K'I-FT-i:D,  pp.    Reduced' from  the  state  of  deily. 

UN-Dk'I-FV,  r.  t.    To  reduce  from  the  state  of  deily. 

.^dduoTU 

UN-DF^I.-XY'KP,  (-de-lade'O  a.     Not  delayed. 

UN-DE-I.AY'IN«,  a.     Not  making  delay. 

UN-I>EL'E-GA-TED,  a.  Not  delegated  ;  not  deputed  ; 
not  granted  ;  as,  umidegated  authority  ;  undelegated 
powers. 

UN-»E-I,IB'ER-ATE,  a.     Not  deliberate. 

UN-UE  LIB'ER-A-TED,  a.  Not  carefully  considered  ; 
as,  an  unddiberaUd  measure.     [JV*o(  correct.] 

CUirendan, 

UN  DE-LIB'ER-ATE-NESS,  n.  Want  of  delibera- 
tion. 

UN-DE-LIB'ER-A-TING,  «.  Not  deliberating  ;  not 
hesitating;  hasty;  prompt. 

UN-DE-LtGHT'ED,  a.  Not  delighted  ;  not  well 
plea.«ed.  Miltvn, 

UN-DE-LIGHT'FJJL,  a.  Not  giving  delight  or  great 
pleasure.  Clarendon. 

UN-DE-LIGHT'FpL-LY,  adv.  Without  giving  de- 
light. 

UN-DE-LI V'ER-i:D,o.  Not  delivered;  not  commu- 
nicated. 

UN-DF--LOD'ED,  a.    Not  deluded  or  deceived. 

UN-DF^LC'SIVE,  o.     Not  delti.sive. 

UN-DE-LO'SIVE-LY,  adv.     Net  delusively. 

UN-DE-LO'SIVE-NESS,  ti.  Stale  of  being  not  delu- 
sive. 

UN-DE-MXND'ED,  a.     Not  demanded  ;  not  required. 

UN-DE-MOL'ISH-£D,  (de-mol'isht,)  a.     Not  demol- 
ished ;  not  pulled  down.  SwifL 
2.   Not  destroyed. 

UN-DE-MOX'STRA-BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  fuller 
cvidt-nce.  Hooker. 

2.  Not  capable  of  demonstration. 

U\-DE-MON'STR.A-BLY,  adv.  ^Vithout  proving  by 
demonstration. 

UN-DE-MON'STRa-TED,  o.  Not  proved  by  demon- 
stration. Ckatmers. 

UN- DE-NT  A -RLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  denied  ;  as, 
undeniable  evidence.  ^ 

UN-DE-NI'A-BLY,  adv.  So  plainly  as  to  admit  no 
contradiction  or  denial.  Dryden. 

UX-OF.-PEND'TNG,  a.     Not  dependenL  Milton. 

UN-DE-PLOR'-ED,  a.     Not  lamented.  Dryden. 

UN-DE-P^S'A*BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  deposed 
from  office.  Milton. 

U\-DE-PRAV'jED,  a.    Not  corrupted  ;  not  vitiated. 


UND 

UN-DEP'UE  €A-TED,  a.     Not  deprecated. 

UN-DE  PKF;'C1A-TED,  «.  Not  depreciated  ;  not  low- 
ered in  v:ihie.  tVal^h. 

UN-DE-PRIV'^D,  a.  Not  denrived  ;  not  divested  of 
by  ttiithorily  ;  not  8trip|K*d  of^  any  possession. 

UN'DER,  prep.  [(Jolll.  utidar;  t^nx.  under;  D.  onder; 
G.  untert  probably  couiiwundcd  of  on  and  nether;  on 
the  nether  side.] 

i.  Bt-neatli ;  billow  ;  so  as  to  have  something  over 
or  above.  He  stood  under  a  tree  ;  the  carriage  Is  un- 
der cover.  We  may  see  thiiifrs  under  water ;  we  have 
a  cellar  vjtder  the  whole  house. 

2.  In  a  stale  of  pupilage  or  subjection  to ;  as,  a 
youth  undrr  a  tutor  ;  a  ward  under  Vl  guardian  ;  colo- 
nies under  the  British  government. 

1  lUso  am  It  man  under  Kutliorii/,  twving  BOldJcn  under  me.  — 
MiiCt.  viii. 

3.  In  a  less  degree  than.  The  effect  of  medicine 
is  sometimes  unt/rr  and  someliuies  above  or  over  its 
natural  strength.  Hooker. 

4.  For  less  than.  lie  would  not  sell  the  horse  un- 
drr forty  iKHinds. 

5.  Less  than  ;  below.  There  are  parishes  In  Eng- 
land under  forty  pounds  a  year. 

C.  With  the  pretense  of;  with  the  cover  orpreteit 
of.  He  does  this  under  the  name  of  love.  This  ar- 
gument is  not  to  be  evaded  u/uicr some  plausible  dis- 
tinction. 

7.  With  less  than. 

Severtvl  youii?  men  could  never  Icjitc  iho  pulpit  under  half  a 
dozen  oiiKU-iu.  Sto\ft, 

8.  In  a  degree,  state,  or  rank  inferior  to. 

It  wa>  too  eT(H>(  an  honor  lor  any  mnn  under  a  duke.    Additon. 

9.  In  a  state  of  being  loaded  ;  in  a  stale  of  bearing 
or  being  burdened  ;  as,  to  travel  uTider  a  heavy  loadj 
to  live  under  extreme  oppression. 

10.  In  a  state  of  oppression  or  subjection  to;  the 
state  in  which  a  person  is  considered  as  bearing  or 
having  any  thing  laid  upon  him  ;  as,  to  have  forti- 
tude under  the  evils  of  life  ;  to  have  patience  ujider 
pain,  or  under  misfortunes  ;  to  behave  like  a  Christ- 
ian  under  reproaches  and  injuries. 

11.  In  a  state  of  liability  or  obligation.  No  man 
shall  trespass  but  under  the  pains  and  penalties  of 
the  law.  .Attend  to  the  condition  under  which  you 
enter  upon  your  office.  We  are  under  the  necessity 
of  obeying  the  laws.  Nuns  are  under  vows  of  chas- 
tity. We  all  lie  under  Uie  curse  of  the  law  until  re- 
deemed liy  Christ. 

12.  In  the  stale  of  bearing  and  being  known  by; 
08,  men  trading  under  the  firm  of  Wright  &  Co. 

13.  In  the  state  of ;  in  the  enjoyment  or  possession 
of.     We  live  under  the  gospfl  disjiensation. 

14.  During  the  lime  of.  The  American  revolution 
commenced  under  the  administration  of  Lord  North. 

15.  Not  having  reached  or  arrived  to  ;  below.  He 
left  three  sons  under  age. 

Ifi.  Represented  by;  in  the  form  of.  Morpheus  is 
represented  under  the  figure  of  a  boy  asleep.  [But 
morph,  in  Elhiopic,  signifies  cessation,  rest.] 

17.  In  the  slate  of  protection  or  defense.  Under 
favor  of  the  prince,  our  author  was  promoted.  The 
eni^my  landed  under  cover  of  their  batteries. 

18.  As  bearing  a  particular  character. 

The  diilte  may  be  raculioued  under  the  double  capadly  of  a  port 
und  a  divine.  f^elton. 

19.  Being  contained  or  comprehended  in. 

Undtr  (hb  head  may  be  m«ntioucd  the  cootesta  between  the  popes 
and  [he  secular  princo.  Lealey. 

90.  Attested  by  ;  signed  by.  Here  is  a  deed  under 
his  band  and  seal. 

Ue  baa  led  us  evttlerice  under  hii  own  hand.  Locke. 

21.  In  a  State  of  being  handled,  treated,  or  dis- 
cussed, or  of  being  the  subjert  of.  The  bill  is  now 
under  tliscussion.  We  shall  have  the  subject  under 
consideration  next  week. 

22.  In  subordination  to.  Under  God,  this  is  our 
only  safety. 

^.  In  subjection  or  bondage  to  ;  ruled  or  influ- 
enced by  ;  in  a  moral  sen.-<e-i  within  the  dominion  of. 
Thi'y  are  all  under  lin.  —  Rom.  iU. 

Under  a  siff?tature  ;  bearing,  as  a  name  or  title. 

Under  the  lee;  to  the  leeward  ;  as,  under  the  lee  of 
the  land.  Tottcn. 

Under  way i  in  eeamen^s  language^  moving;  in  a 
condition  to  make  progniss. 

To  keep  under ;  to  hold  in  subjection  or  control ;  to 
restrain. 

I  keep  under  my  body.  —  1  Cor.  ix. 
UN'DER,  a.     Lower  in  degree  ;  subject  5  subordinate  ; 
as,  an  under  officer  ;  under  sheriff. 

Under  is  much  used  in  composition.    For  the  et- 
ymologies, see  tile  principal  words. 
UN-DER-A€'TION,  n.    Subordinate  action;    action 
not  essential  to  the  main  story. 

The  lc*al  episod<^j  or  underacHona — are  parts  neceswiry  lo  the 
main  design.  Vryden. 

UNDER  A'GENT,  n.     A  subordinate  agenL     South. 
UN-DE-RANG'ED,  a.    Not  deranged. 
UNDER-REAR',  r.  (.    To  support  j  to  endure. 


Shak. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL.  WHAT.  — METE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


UND 

2.  To  line  ;  to  guard  ;  as,  cloth  of  gold  underbome 
with  blue  tinsel.     [Obs.\  ShaJc. 

UX-DRR-BEaR'ER,  n.     In  funeral,  one  who  sus- 

Ih'.ua  ihe  corpse. 
CN-DEK-BIU',  r,  L    To  bid  or  offer  less  than  anoth- 
er, as  in   auctions,    when  a  contract  or  service   is 
set  up  to  the  lowest  bidder. 
UiV-HKR-BlU'DING,  ppr.     Bidding  less  than  another. 
*  'N-DER-BCRNE',  pp.    Supported. 
V  V-DER-BOUGHT',(-bawt',)pp.  Bought  at  less  than 

^  thing  is  worth. 
U\'DER-BRED,  a.     Of  inferior  breeding  or  manners. 
UN'OSR-URUSH,   n.    Shmbs   and    small   trees  in  a 

wood  r-T  forest,  growing  under  large  trees. 
UN-DER-PU^',  V.  t.     To  buy  at  less  than  a  tiling  is 

worth.     [JVIX  used.]  Bcaunu  ^  Fl. 

UN-DER-CHAM'BER-LAIN,  n.     A  deputy  chamber- 
lain of  the  exchequer. 
UX'DER-eLAY,  n.    A  stratum  of  clay  lying  beneath 

other  strata.  LyelU 

UN'DER-CLERK,  n.    A  clerk  subordinate  to  the  prin- 
cipal clerk. 
UN'DER-eROFT,  ti.     A  vault  under  the  choir  or 
chancel  of  a  church ;  also,  a  vault  or  secret  walk 
under  ground.  Ballokar. 

UN-DER-€UR'REXT,  n.   A  current  below  the  surface 
of  the  wuier,  frequently  contrary  to  that  on  the  sur- 
face. Totten. 
UN-DER-DITCII',  r.  t.      To  form  a   deep  ditch  or 

trench  to  drain  the  surface  of  land. 
UN-DER-DO',  ».  t.    To  act  below  one's  abilities. 

£.  Jonson. 
2:  To  do  less  than  is  requisite.  Orete, 

UN-DER-DOXE',  pp.     Done  less  than  is  requisite. 
UN'DER-DOSE   R.     A  quantity  less  than  a  dose. 
UN-DER-D6SE',  V.  t.    To  take  small  doses.      Cheyne. 
UxN'DER-DRSIN,  n.    A  drain  or  trench  below  Uie  sur- 
face of  the  ground. 
U.N'-DER-DRAIX',  p.  (.     To  drain   by  cutting  a  deep 

chnnnel  below  the  surface. 
UN-DKR-DRaIN'£D,  pp.    Drained  by  cutting  a  deep 

channel  helnw  the  surface. 
UN-DER-FAe'TION,  n.     A  subordinate  faction. 
UN-DEll-FARM'ER,  n.     A  subordinate  farmer. 
UN'DER-FBL-LoW,  n.    A  mean,  sorry  wretch. 

Sidiinj. 
UX-DER-FrLL'ING,  n.    The  lower  part  of  a  building. 

fVotton. 
UN-DER-FONG',  v.  t,     [Sax. /an^a/i,  to  seize.] 

To  take  in  hand.     [Obs.}  Spenser. 

UNDER  FOOT',  aJr.     Beneath.  Milton. 

UN-DER-FOQT',  a.      Low  i  base;    abject;    trodden 

down.  Milton. 

UN-DER-FUR'NISII,  v.  U    To  supply  with  less  than 

enough.  Collier. 

UN-DER-FUR'NISH-£D,  (-fur'nisht,)  pp.    Supplied 

with  less  (ban  enough. 
UN-DEK-FUR'MSII-ING,    ppr.       Furnishing   with 

li-8:j  tlinn  enough. 
U.V-DER-FUR'RoVV,  adv.     In  airrieulture,  to  sov  un- 
derfarr<nc,  is  to  plow  in  seed.     This  phrase  is  applied 
to  other  operations,  in  wliich  something  is  covered 
by  the  furrow-slice. 
UN-DER-GIRD',  (gurd'Oo.  U     [See  Gird.}    To  bind 

below  ;  to  gird  ninnd  the  bottom.     Acts  xxvii. 
UN-DER-GIRD'ING,  ppr.     Binding   below;    girding 

round  the  bottom. 
U\-DER-G0',  p.  U  To  suffer;  to  endure  something 
burdensome  or  painful  to  the  body  or  the  mind  ;  as, 
to  undergo  toil  and  fatigue  ;  to  undcrvo  pnin  ;  to  un- 
dergo gnef  or  anxiety  ;  to  undergo  the  operation  of 
amputation. 

a.  To  pass  through.  Bread  in  the  stomach  undtr- 
gora  the  process  of  digestion  ;  it  undergoes  a  ra:iterial 
alteration. 

3.  To  sustain  without  fainting,  yielding,  or  sink- 
ing.   Can  you  undergo  the  operation  ttr  the  fatigue  i 
i.  To  be  the  bearer  of;  to  possess. 

Virt.i^i  - 
Aa  infin'tie  na  man  may  undergo.    [Not  in  u«<.]  Shak. 

5.  To  support;  to  hazard. 

I  bave  moTcd  certain  Romani 

To  undiTgo  with  me  an  entcrpriae.    [Obt.]  Shak. 

6.  To  be  subject  to. 

Cliivtia  uivtergntt  my  challeny.     [06*.]  SJiak. 

UN-DER-Gf^'I\G,  ppr.    Suffering;  enduring. 

UN-DER-GONE',  (un-der-gawn',)  pp.  Borne;  suf- 
fered ;  sustained ;  endured.  Who  can  tell  how 
many  evilB  and  pains  he  has  undergone? 

U.V-DER-GRAD'IJ-ATE,  n.  A  student  or  member  of 
a  university  or  college,  who  has  not  taken  his  first 
degree. 

UN-DER-GRAD'TJ-ATE-SHIP,  n.  The  state  nf  being 
nn  undergmduate.  tife  of  Palnj. 

UNDER-GROUND',  n.  A  place  or  space  beneath  the 
8urf!u:e  of  the  ground.  SJiak. 

UN'DERGROUND,  a.  Being  below  the  surface  of 
the  ground  ;  a»,  an  underground  story  or  apartment. 

UN-DER-GROUND',  udp.  Beneath  tlie  surface  of  the 
earth. 

UN'DER-GROWTH,  n.  That  which  grows  under 
treed ;  shrubs  or  small  trees  growing  among  large 
ones.  Milton. 


UND 

UN'DER-HANO,  odi).     By  secret  means;    in  a  clan- 
destine milliner.  Hooker. 
2.  By  fraud  ;  by  fraudulent  means.          Dryden. 
UN'DER-HAND,   a.      Secret;    clandestine;    usually 
implying  meanness  or  fraud,  or  both.     He  obtained 
lite  place  by  underhand  practices. 
UN-DER-1!AND'ED,  a.     Underhand;  clandestine. 
[This  is  the  word  in  more  general  use  in  the  United 
State,9.] 
UN-DER-riAND'ED-LY,  ado.  Secretly  ;  clandestinely. 
UN-DER-HEW,  v.   L    To    hew   a   piece  of  timber 
which  should  be  square,  in  such  a  manner  that  it 
appears   to  contain  a  greater  number  of  cubic  feet 
than  it  really  does.                                     Haldeman. 
UN-DE-RTV'KD,  a.     Not  derived  ;  not  borrowed  ;  not 

received  from  a  foreign  source. 
UN-DEU-KEEP'ER,  n.    A  subordinate  keeper. 

Gray. 
UN-DER-LJ'BOR-ER,  n.    A  subordinate  workman. 

IVilkins. 
UN-DER-LAID',  pp.  or  a.     [from   underlayA     Having 
something  lying  or  laid  beneath;  as,  sauti  untZcWau/ 
with  clay. 
UN-DER-LA y,  V.  t.    To  lay  beneath ;  to  support  by 

something  laid  under. 
UN-DER-LAY'ING,  ppr.    Laying  beneath;  support- 
ing by  laying  something  under. 
UN'DE'R-LEAF,  n.     A  sort  of  apple  good  for  rider. 
Cyc.     Mortimer. 
UN-DER-LET',  v.  L    To  let  below  the  value. 

Smollett. 
S.  To  let  or  lease,  as  a  lessee  or  tenant;  to  let 
under  a  lease. 

It  is  K  mnlt'^r  of  much  importance  —  that  the  lenant  ahouM  hare 
power  to  UTvUrUl  his  t&rnm.  Cyc. 

UN-DER-LET'TER,  n.    A  tenant  who  leases. 

UN-DER-LET'TING,  ppr.  Letting  or  leasing  under 
a  lease,  or  by  a  lessee. 

UN-DER-LET'TING,  n.    The  act  or  pracUce  of  let- 
ting lands  by  lessees  or  tenants. 
[Thia  is  called  also  SuBLEXTiwa.] 

UN-DER-LTE',  v.  i.     To  lie  beneath. 

UNDERLINE',  v.  t.  To  mark  with  a  line  below  the 
words;  sometimes  called  Scoring. 

2.  To  influence  secretly.     [JVot  used.]       fVotton. 
UN-DER-LIN'£D,  pp.      Marked  with  a  line  under- 
neath. 

UN'DER-LING,   n.     .^n  inferior  person  or  agent ;  a  ' 

m'!an,sorrv  fellow.  Milton. 

UN-I>ER-LIX'ING,  ppr.     Marking  with  a  line  below. 
UN'DER-LOCK,  n.    A  lock  of  wool    hanging  under 

the  belly  of  a  sheep,  Cyc. 

UN-DER-MAST'ED,  a.    Dennting  vessels  which  have 

masts  under  the  usual  dimensions.  l^otten. 

UN-DER-.MXS'TER,  n.     A  master  subordinate  to  the 

principal  master.  Lowth, 

UN'DER-MkAL,  71.    A  repast  before  dinner. 

B.  Jonson. 
UN-DER-MINE',  v.  t     To  sap  ;  to  excavate  the  earth 

beneath,  for  the   purpose  of  suffering  to  fall,  or  of 

blowing  up;  ns,  to  undermine  a  wall. 
9.  To  excavate  the  earth  beneatli.     Rapid  streams 

often  undermine  their  banks  and  the  Ircea  growing 

upon  them. 

3.  To  remove  the  foundation  or  support  of  any 
thing  by  clandestine  means ;  as,  to  undermine  reputa- 
tion ;  to  undermiyte  the  constitution  of  the  State. 

He  ahotiM  Ix  warned  who  are  like  to  unlermint  him.     Locke. 

UN-DER-MTN'£D,  pp.  Sapped  ;  having  the  founda- 
tion, removed. 

UN-DER-MIN'ER,  n.  One  that  saps,  or  excavates  the 
eartii  beneath  any  thing. 

2.  One  that  cIiindestinKly  removes  the  foundation 
or  support ;  one  that  secretly  overthrows ;  as,  an  ua- 
denniner  of  the  church. 

UN-DER-.MIN'LNG,  ppr.  Sapping  ;  digging  away  the 
earth  beneath  ;  clandestinely  removing  the  supports 
of. 

UN'DER-MCST,  a.    Lowest  in  place  beneath  others. 
2.  Lowest  in  state  or  condition. 

The  p\Tty  ihal  la  undermotU  Addison. 

UN'DERN,  TI.  [Sax.]  The  third  hour  of  the  day,  or 
nine  o'clock.     [JVot  in  use.]  Chaucer, 

UN-DER-Nr;.\Tll',    adv.      [under   and    neatA.      See 
Nether.] 
Beneath  ;  below  ;  in  a  lower  place. 

Or  aullf  n  mole  that  ntnnetb  tirvltrnealh.  MllUin, 

T be  iliitc  dill  not  lie  flat  upon  it,  but  left  a  free  paasnc*  under- 
neath. Addison. 

UN-DER-NfiATH', prep.    Under;  beneath. 

t/ndemealh  this  atone  doth  lie 

Aa  much  beauty  aa  could  tite.  B.  Jonson. 

UN-DER-OF'FLCER,  n.     A  subordinate  officer. 
UN-DE-ROG'A-TO-RY,  a.     Not  derog.-itory.     Boyle, 
UN'DER-PART,  n.     A  subordinate  part.       Dryden. 
UN-DER-PET'TLCOAT,  ti.     A  petticoat  worn  under 

a  Phirt  or  another  petticoat.  Sputator. 

UN-DER-PLN',  c.  L     To  lay  stones  under  the  sills  of 

a  building,  on  which  It  is  to  rest. 
2.  To  support   by  some   solid   foundation;    or  to  i 

place  something  underneath  for  support.  I 


UND 

UN-DER-PIN'N^D,  ('pind',)pp    Supported  by  stones 

(jr  a  foundation. 
UN-DER-PL\^MNG,  ppr.     Placing  stones  under  the 

sills  for  support. 
UN-DER-PIN'NING,  ti.     The  act  of  laying  stones 

under  sills. 
2.  7'he  stones  on  which  a  building  immediately 

rests. 
UN'DER-PLOT,  n.     A   series   of  events  in   a   play. 

proceeding    collaterally  with    the   main  story,   anu 

subservient  to  it.  Dryden, 

2.  A  clandestine  scheme. 
UN-DER-PRAISE',  r.  L    To  praise  below  desert. 

Dniden. 
UN-DER-PRIZE',  v.  fc     To  value  at  less  than  the 

worth  ;  to  undervalue.  Shak. 

UN-DER-PRT/'KD,  pp.     Undervalued. 
UN-Di:R-PRIZ'rNG,ppr.     Undervaluing. 
UNDER  PROP',  V.  U     To  support ;  to  uphold. 

And  underprop  the  he»fc.     !*nt  bean  the  crowo.  /Tmlon. 

UN-DER-PRO-P0R'Tiv>N-£D,  a.     Having  too  little 

proportion. 

Scanty  and  un/ltrpropor^ntd  returns  of  cfvilHy.  OoUier, 

UN-DER-PROP'P£D,  (propl',)  pp.    Supported ;   up- 
held. 
2.  a.     Having  props  underneath.  Baxter. 

UN-UER-PyLL'ER,  «.  An  inferior  puller.  [JVo(  i* 
u.s-e.]  Collier. 

UN-DER-R.aTE',  v.  t.  To  rate  too  low;  to  rate  be- 
low the  value  ;  to  undervalue.  Buck. 

UN'DER-RATE,  n.  A  price  less  than  the  worth  ;  as, 
to  sell  a  thing  at  an  undi-rrate. 

UN-DER-RaT'ED,  pp.     Rated  too  low;  undervalued. 

UNDER-RUN',  tJ.  (.  To  pass  under  in  a  boat ;  as,  to 
underrun  a  cable.  Totten. 

To  underrun  a  tackle  i  to  separate  Its  parts  and  put 
them  in  order.  Mar.  Diet. 

UN-DER-SAT'^-RA-TED,  a.  Not  fully  saturated  ;  a 
chemical  term. 

UN-DEK-SaV,  v.  t.  To  say  by  way  of  derogation  or 
contradiction.     [J^ot  in  jt-fc]  Spenser. 

UN-DEK-SCoRE',  v.  U     To  draw  a  mark  under. 

UN-DER-SedR'£D,  pp.     Marked  underneath. 

UN-DER-Sf'OR'ING,  ppr.     Marking  underneath. 

UN-DER-SEC'RE-TA-RV,  n.  A  secretary  subordi- 
nate to  the  principal  secretary.  Bacon, 

UN-DER-PELL',  v.  t.  To  sell  the  same  articles  at  a 
lower  price  than  another. 

UN-DER-?^ELL'ING,  ppr.     Selling  at  a  lower  price. 

UN-DER-SERV'ANT,  n.     An  inferior  servant. 

UN-DER-SET',  r.  L     To  prop  ;  to  support.      Bacon, 

UN'DEIUSET,  n.  A  current  of  water  below  the 
surface.  Mar.  Diet. 

UN-DER-SET'TEa,  n.  A  prop;  a  pedestal ;  a  sup- 
port.    1  Kintrsvu. 

UN-DER-SET'TING,  ppr.     Propping;  supporting. 

UN-DER-SET'TI  NG,  n.   The  lower  part ;  the  pedestal. 

Wotton. 

UN-DER-SHER'IFF,  n.     A  sheriff's  deputy. 

UN-DER-SUER'IFF-RY,  n.  The  office  of  an  under- 
nheritr.     [ JVo/  in  lue.] 

UN'DER-SIIOT,  a.  Moved  by  water  passing  under 
the  wheel;  opiwsed  to  Otehshot  ;  as,  an  undershot 
mill  or  mill-wheel. 

UN'DER-SHRUB,  n.     A  low  shrub,  permanent  and 
woody  at  tlie  base,  but  tlio  branches  decaying  yearly. 
Barton.     Martyn, 

UN-DER-STGN',  r.  (.  To  write  one's  name  at  the 
foot  or  end  of  a  letter  or  any  legal  instrimienL 

UN-DER-SIGN'J^D,  pp.  Written  or  subscribed  at  the 
bottom  or  end  of  a  writing. 

UN-DER-PrGN'/:U,  n.     One  who  undersigns. 

(IN-DER-^JGN'ING,  ppr.     Subscribing. 

UN-DElt-SIZ'JiD,  a.  Being  of  a  size  less  than  com- 
mon. 

UN'DER-SOIL,  n.    Soil  beneath  the  surface  ;  subsoil. 

AsiaU  Rev. 

UNDER-SOLD',  pp.    Sold  at  a  lower  price. 

UN'DER-SONG,  ti.     Chorus  ;  burden  of  a  song. 

Menrtlcns  ah»II  suslnln  hia  undersong.  Dryden, 

UN-DER-SPAR'RED.     See  U.vdermasted. 

UN-DER-H'I'AND',  r.  (. ;    prct.  and  pp.  Understood. 
[under  and  stand.  The  sense  is,  to  support  or  hold  in 
mind  J 
L  To  have  just  and  adequate  ideas  of;  to  com- 

£rehcnd  ;  to  know  ;  as,  to  understund  a  problem  in 
iiclid  ;  to  understand  a  proposition  or  a  declaration. 

2.  To  have  the  same  ideas  as  the  person  who 
speaks,  or  the  ideas  which  a  person  intends  to  com- 
municate. 1  understood  the  preacher  ;  the  court  per- 
fectly iinderiftand  the  advocate  or  his  argument. 

3.  To  receive  or  have  the  ideas  expressed  or  in- 
tended to  be  conveyed  in  a  writing  or  book  ;  to  know 
the  meaning.  It  is  important  that  we  should  under- 
stand the  sacred  oracles. 

4.  7'o  know  the  meaning  of  signs,  or  of  any  thing 
intended  to  convey  ideas  ;  as,  to  understand  a  nod, 
a  wink,  or  a  motion. 

5.  To  suppose  to  mean. 

The  moat  Icumed  interpn^tem  understood  the  vrvrds  of  ain,  and 
tioi  o(  Atx-l.  Loace. 

6.  To  know  by  experience.  Milton. 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE. -AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K ;  O  as  J ;  ffl  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH ;  TU  as  in  THIS. 


UND 

7.  To  Iroow  by  instinct. 

AuM»oiM  lulent,  well  undtrMtaod.  JtfUbm. 

e.  To  interprrt,  at  least  mentally.       SnllinsrJUa. 
9l  Tj  know  another's  meaning.  JUUton, 

10.  To  bold  in  npinion  with  conviction.    JUiltetu 

11.  To  mean  without  expressing. 

War  iSen,  war, 
OpMl  or  ^tmitntood,  nitut  bv  retolvcd.  AfiUoM. 

13.  To  know  what  is  not  expresaod.         MUtcm. 

1  bciaf  them  to  ivorl** 
rtoa  ftM  Ihetr  nuna,  wd  p^  Um  tahjr 
Wkh  low  mMestkMi :  iiJtrttwrf  ilw  mbw 
Of  ash.  MShom, 

13.  To  team  ;  to  be  informed.     I  under.sUmd  that 
confrress  have  passed  the  bill. 
U.\-DER-STA\D',  b.  i.    To  have  the  u»e  of  the  intel- 
lectuaJ  faculties  j  to  tw  au  intelUgenl  and  conacioua 
bvinK. 

AH  IDT  aoiil  ba 
ImpaiadhMl  fai  yvt,  in  whom  klono 


I 

S.  To  be  infonned  by  another ;  to  learn. 

I  uKUratood  of  Um  VTil  that  Eliubib  dU.  —  Krh.  xuL 

UN-DER-^TAND'A-BLEfO.  That  can  be  understood. 

i^^ot  mueM  ust<d.]  CJuUingxiorik. 

;.DER  STAND'ER,  «.     One  who  nndersunda  or 
knows  by  experience.     [LitUe  lued.]   Bmum,  ^  F% 
VS-DEK-STASU'lSGyppr.    Comprehendinit ;  appre- 
hending the  ideas  or  ae«ise  of  anoltter,  or  of  a  writ- 
ins  i  Iraming  or  beinjt  informed. 

3.  «.  Knowing  ;  skillful.  He  is  an  underatOMdinff 
man. 
UN-DER-STAND'ING,  *.  The  faculty  of  the  human 
mind  by  which  it  apprehends  the  real  state  of  things 
presenied  to  it,  or  by  which  it  receivas  or  compre- 
hends the  ideas  which  others  express  and  intend  to 
communicate.  The  understanding  la  t^led  also  the 
inUiUctw^  faculty*  It  is  the  faculty  by  means  of 
which  we  obtain  a  great  part  of  our  knowledge. 
Luiu  xxiv.    ^E^  L 

Br  Hwte-««nfiNjr,  I  ofmrn  that  bcnhv  wbentf  «« tu"  ttuMtA 
to  apfirih—d  lta«  afc^M*  of  knowwdf*,  fLO«— li  or  ptulkii- 
Ura,  otaist  or  prrseal,  aad  lo  )«%"  ^  dKJr  tnnfa  or  Uk- 
bosil,  gaoA  at  rrO.  ITaO*. 

Tbm  is  «  •ofrii  b  irmi,  and  Ifce  lno|4mtlaa  tf  tho  Alnufti^ 
|tmk  bba  mmdarttHt>dmg.~~SA  xxzil. 

&  Knowledge ;  exact  compretaensiiHi. 

Riglht  umdarwmmSmg  ooosiMi  in  Uw  pncFruoa  Jttkt^UHe  or 
[«otMt4o  f  wfignt  Off  dioafnaineol  or  idens,  ladn. 

3.  InteUifenca  brtween  two  or  mora  wnoae; 
ogreemenl  of  minds ;  union  ol'senilmesta.  T^ore  ie 
a  good  tutdenUmdiMf  between  the  minlMer  mad  lus 
pmple. 
UN-DER-STAXD'ING-LY,  adv.  IntellirMj;  with 
full  knii»led^e  or  cttmprehen?iion  of  a  que^ion  or 
subject  i  as.  to  vote  upon  a  <}aestiua  mtultrstmmdiugig ; 
to  act  or  judge  mmdmrnndrng^/. 

ba  ■cgtocted.bMfceui  mthatmdammtMmglf 


Tte 


Sx^md. 


UN-DER-6TATB',  v.  t.    To  state  or  represent  less 

•tronfly  than  the  truth  will  bear. 
tTN-DER-STOQIV,  prH.  and  pp.  of  UirDcasTAicD. 
UN'OER-;iTR.\P  PER,  n.     A  peUy  fellow;  an  infe- 
rior agenL  Swfi/t 
UN-DER-STRS'TUM,  ».    Eubsoil ;  the  bed  or  layer 

nf  enrth  on  which  tlie  mold  or  soil  re^ts.  Cyc 

UN-l>ER-STRoKE',  r.  L    To  underline.  Siotft. 

UN-DER-TAK'A-BLE,«.    That  may  be  andertaken. 

J-Vot  in  *sf,]  ChiUingrtorih. 

0N-DER-TaKE',  p.  t;   prfL  UwDiaTooK;   pp.   Uk- 
DVRTiKE!*.     [sWer  and  take.'] 

I.  To  enf^Kfte  in  ;  to  entrr  upon  ;  to  mkc  in  hind  ; 
to  bcfin  to  perform.  When  I  vndrrtnok  this  work,  1 
bad  a  very  inadequate  knowledge  of  the  extent  of 
my  labors. 

9.  To  covenant  or  contract  to  perform  or  execute. 
A  man  mmderijJus  to  erect  a  house,  or  to  make  a  mile 
of  canal,  when  be  liters  into  stipulations  for  that 
purpose. 

X  To  attempt ;  as,  when  a  man  uMderiakea  what 
be  can  not  perfurra. 
4.  To  aasuBw  a  chamcter.     [Jfa  U  use.]    Skak. 
&  To  engafO  with  ;  to  attack. 

ToBT  kuHiMB  ■honid  do.  maderlmka  eren  eanmu^oo  foa  offpiid. 
[NMwkM.]  Shak. 

&  To  have  tbe  cbar^  of. 

WLo  uitdtriait*  yoM  ta  joat  en  I. 

UK-DER-TAKE',  r.  i. 
bnsinesi  or  province. 

0  Locd,  I  am  opfwcd  ;  mtdertaka  brine.  —Is.  xxxriU. 

3.  To  venture  :  to  hazard.    They  dare  not  under- 
lafce. 
31  To  promise ;  lo  be  bound. 

1  dare  umUrlett  Qtrj  vUl  not  lew  tbeir  labor.         Woodward. 

To  undertake  for ;  to  be  bound  ;  to  become  surety 
Ibr. 
UN-DER-TAK'i:\,  pp.  of  UiroERTiKx.     The  work 

was  uTxdrriaken  nt  bis  own  expense. 
UN-DER-TaK'ER,  m.      One   who  underLikea ;  one 
who  engages  in  any  project  or  business. 

Clarendon. 


[A'o(  tM  UM.I  SSak, 

To  take  upon  or  assume  any 


UND 

2.  One  who  stipulates  or  covenants  to  jwrfonn  any 
work  f«iranothL*r.  Swifl. 

3.  One  who  mnnages  funerals.  Younff. 
UN-DER-TAK'INt:,  p;>r.      Engngtn^   <n  ;    taking    in 

hand  i  beginning  to  perform  ;  stipuliiting  to  exe- 
cute. 

UN-UER-TAK'IXG,  n.  Any  business,  work,  or  proj- 
ect which  a  person  engages  in,  or  attempts  lo  per- 
form; an  enterprise.  The  canal,  or  the  making  of 
tbe  canal,  from  the  Hudson  to  L:ike  Eric,  a  distance 
of  almost  four  hundred  miles,  was  the  greatest  un- 
dtrtakiHff  of  the  kind  in  modern  times.  The  attempt 
to  find  a  navigable  pa:$sage  to  the  Pncitic  round 
Nonh  America,  is  a  hazardous  undertuktngy  and 
proliahly  u!4elesfl  to  navigation. 

UA-UEK-TEN'ANT,  n.  The  tenant  of  a  tenant; 
one  who  holds  lands  or  tenements  of  a  tenant. 

UN'DER-TTME,  n.  Undern  tide  ;  the  lime  nHer  din- 
ner, or  in  the  evening.     [ JVot  in  Mse.]  Spenser. 

UN-ltER-TOQK',  prcf.  of  UNDKnxAKE. 

UN'DEK-TOVV,  n.  [under  and  tow.]  A  current  of 
water  below,  in  a  ditTercnt  direction  from  that  on 
ti)e  surface. 

UN-DER-TREAS'tTR-ER,  (un  der-trezh'ur-er.)  n.  A 
subordinnte  treasurer. 

UN-DER-VAL-lT-A'TtON,  n.  The  act  of  valuing  be- 
low the  real  worth  ;  rate  not  equal  to  the  worth. 

UN-DER-VAL'CE,  r,  t.  To  \-alue,  rale,  or  estimate 
below  the  real  worth. 

2.  To  esteem  lightly  ;  to  treat  as  of  little  worth. 

Id  compiuiaon  of  (lie  ilwcharge  of  my  duUi's,  I  undervatuad  all 
ckai^ia  of  audjonly,  Autrbury. 

3.  To  despise ;  to  hold  in  mean  estimation. 

I  wnc«  no[  thia  with  th«  kaat  iiiteution  to  undenaiue  the  other 
pana  of  poetry.  Drydtn. 

UN-DER-VAL'TJE,  it.  IjOW  rate  or  price  ;  a  price 
less  than   the  real  worth.  Hamilton. 

UN-DER-VAL'U-£D,  pp.  Estimated  at  less  than  the 
real  worth  :  slif^hted  ;  despised. 

UN-DER-VAL'U-ER,  a.     One  who  esteems  lichtly. 

WuUon. 

UN-DER-VAL'lJ-ING,  ppr.  EMi?mting  at  lew  than 
the  real  worth  ;  slighting  ;  de&pising. 

UN-DER-WEXT',  prtt.  of  UMDsaoo.  He  undeneent 
severe  tri:tls. 

UN'PER-WpQD,  n.  Small  trees  that  grow  among 
large  trees  ;  coppice.  Mortimer. 

UN'UER-WORK,  (un'dor-wurk,)  n.  Subordinate 
work  ;    (>eity  alfairs.  Jiddison. 

UN-DER-WORK',  (un-der-wurk',)  v.  t.  To  destroy 
by  clandestine  measures.  Skak. 

52.  To  work  or  labor  upon  less  than  \a  sufficient  or 
proper.  Dryden, 

3.  To  work  at  a  less  price  than  others  in  ttie  like 
employment ;  as,  one  mason  may  undtrwurk  anoth- 
er ;  a  shoemaker  cau  not  undenturk  a  joiner. 

UN'DER-WORK-ER,  w.  One  who  underworks;  or 
a  subordinate  workman. 

CN-DER-WORK'LNO,  ppr.  Destroying  clandestine- 
ly ;  working  at  less  price  than  others  in  the  like  em- 
ployment. 

Ui\-DER-\VORK'MAN,  n.     A  nubonlinote  workman. 

UNDERWRITE',  (rite',)  c.  L  [See  Wbite.J  To 
write  under  something  else. 

The  ehaa^  1  bavc  nude,  1  ha*a  here  undtrmitUn. 

Sattndtrton, 

2.  To  subscribe.  We,  whose  names  are  undenerit- 
tm,  agree  to  pay  the  sums  expressed  against  our  re- 
spective names. 

3.  To  subscribe  one*9  name  for  insiimnce  ;  to  set 
one's  name  to  a  policy  of  insurance,  for  the  puriwse 
of  hecoming  answerable  fur  loss  or  damage,  for  a 
certain  premium  per  cent.  Individuals  vndenorite 
policies  of  insurance,  as  well  aa  companies. 

Tbe  broker  who  procui*-a  Iniuraiic^.  oupht  not,  by  undervrnting 
the  polky,  lo  deprive  tbe  pani':^  uf  hia  utibiuaetl  it-stitiiony. 
MarthtUl, 

U.V-DER -WRITE',  c.  i.    To  practice  insuring. 

UX'DER -WRIT-ER,  n.  One  who  insure^i ;  an  in- 
surer ;  so  called  because  he  underwrites  his  name  to 
tlie  conditions  of  tlio  policy. 

UX-DER-WRlT'iNG,   ppr.      Writing    under    some- 
thing. 
2,  Subscribing  a  policy  ;  insuring. 

UN'DER-WRIT-IN'G,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  in- 
suring shi{is,  coods,  houses,  &c. 

UX-DER-WR1T'T£X,  pp.  Written  under  j  sub- 
scr)h*?d. 

UN-DE-SCEXD'I-BLE,  a.  Not  descendible;  not  ca- 
p.ih1e  of  descendinc  to  heirs. 

UN-DE-SeRIB'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  de- 
scribed. 

UN-DE-.S€RTB'£D,  a.     Not  described.  Hooker. 

U\-DE-S€RI£D',  a.  Not  descried ;  not  discovered  ; 
not  seen.  WolUtgion. 

UN-DE-SERV'£D,  a.    Not  deserved  ;  not  merited. 

Sidney. 

UN  DE-SERV'ED-LY,  adv.  Without  desert,  either 
good  or  evil.  Milton.     Dryden. 

UN-DE-SERV'ED-NESS,  n.     Want  of  being  worthy. 

JiTewUm. 

UN  DB^SERV'ER,  n.    One  of  no  merit  SAaA. 


r-ATE-NESS,  n.    Uncertainty ;  un- 


UND 

UNDESERVING,  a.  Not  deserving;  not  having 
merit.  Gud  continually  supplies  the  wants  of  his 
undesein^in^  creatures. 

2.  Not  meriting,  with  of;  as,  a  man  undeserving  qf 
happiness,  or  o/ punishment.  Sidtiey.     Pope. 

UN-DE-SERV'ING  LY,  adv.  Without  meriting  any 
particular  udvanlafte  or  harm,  Milton, 

UN-DES'IG-NA-TED,  a.     Not  designated.     fVarton. 

UN-DE-SIGN'£D,  {-slnd',)a.  Not  designed  ;  not  in- 
tended ;  not  proceeding  from  purpose;  as,  to  do  au 
undesigned  injury. 

UN-DE-tilGN'ED-LY,  adc.  Without  design  or  Inten- 
tion. 

UN-UE-i^TGN'ED-NESS,  n.  Freedom  from  design  or 
set  purpose.  Paley. 

UN-1>E-!?IGN'ING,  a.     Not  acting  with  set  purpose. 
2.  Sincere;  upright;  artless  ^  having  no  artful  or 
fraudulent  puri>ose.     It  is  base  to  practice  on  und6- 
si/rninp  minds. 

UN-UE-»IR'A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  desired  ;  not  to  be 
wished  ;  not  pleasing.  Milton. 

UN-DE-STII'/;D,  a.     Not  desired,  or  not  solicited. 

UN-DE-SIR'ING,  o.    Not  desiring;  not  wishing. 

Dryden. 

UN-DE  STR'OUS,  a.     Not  desirous. 

UN-DE-SPAIR'ING,  a.    Not  yielding  to  despair. 

Vyer. 

UN-DE5PO I  L'ED,  a.    Not  despoiled. 

UN-DES'TIN-/:1),  a.     Not  destined. 

UN-UE-STROY'A-BLE,  a.  Indestructible.  [Aot  in 
Wi-e.l  Boyle. 

UN-DE-STROY'£D,  o.  Not  destroyed  ;  not  wasted  ; 
not  ruined.  Locke. 

UN-DE-TACH'£D,  (un-de-tacht',)  o.  Not  detached  ; 
not  separated. 

UN-DE  TECT'ED,  a.  Not  detected  ;  not  discovered  ; 
not  laid  open.  R.  O.  Harrier. 

UN  DE-TEUM'IN-A-BLE,  c.  That  can  not  be  deter- 
mined or  decided.  Locke. 

UN-DE-TEKSI'IN-ATE,  a.  Not  determinate;  not 
settled  or  certain.  [But  InoETKRMiNATi:  is  now 
generally  used.] 

UN-DE-TERM'IN-. 
settled  »li\lc. 

UN-DE-TERM-IN-A'TION,  n.  Indecision;  uncer- 
tainty of  mind.  [See  Indetebhination^  which  is 
chiefly  used.] 

UN-DE-TERAf'IN-j;D,  a.     Not  determined  ;  not  set- 
tled ;  not  decided.  Locke. 
2.  Not  limited ;   not  deflncd ;   indeterminate. 

Hnlc 

UN-DE-TER'RED,  a.  Not  deterred  ;  not  restrained 
by  fear  or  obstacles.  Milfurd, 

UN-DE-TEST'ING,o,    Not  detesting;  not  nldiorring. 

7'Ao?n.*on, 

UN-DE-VEL'OP-£D,  (-de-vel'opt,)  o.  Not  opened  or 
unfolded. 

UN-Dk'VI-A-TING,  a.  Not  deviating;  not  depart- 
ing from  the  way,  or  from  a  rule,  principle,  or  pur- 
pose ;  steady;  regular;  as,  an  undeviating  course  of 
virtue.  Panoplist. 

2.  Not  erring  ;  not  wandering ;  not  crooked. 

Covjper. 

UN-De'VI-A-TING-LY,  ado.  Without  wandering; 
steadily;  regularly. 

UN-Dft'Vl-OUS,  a.     Not  devious. 

UN-Dk'VI  OrS-LY,  adv.     Not  deviously. 

UN-DE-VfiT'ED,  a.     Not  devoted.  Clarendon, 

UN-DE-V0UR'£D,  a.     Not  devoured. 

UN-DE-VOUT',  a.  Not  devout;  having  no  devo- 
tion. 

UN-DEX'TROUS,  a.     Not  dextrous  ;  clumsy. 

UN-i)I'A-DKM-£D   a.     Not  adorned  with  a  diadem. 

UN-DI-APIl'A-NOUS,  a.  Not  transparent;  not  pel- 
lucid. Boyle. 

UN-DID',  prff.  of  Undo. 

UN-DIF-KOS'ED,  (-dif-fuz'ed,)  a.    Not  diffused. 

UN-DlG'E-NOUSj  (-dij'e-nus,)  a.  [L.  unda^  wave, 
and  Gr.  ytvo^y  kmd.] 

Generated  bv  water.  Kincan. 

UN-DI-GEST'ED,  a.  Not  digested  ;  not  subdued  by 
the  stomach  ;  crude.  Jirbutknot, 

UN-DIGIIT',  (-dite',)  v.  t.    To  put  off.     [ Obs.] 

Spenser. 

UN-DIG'NI-FI-jED,  (-fide,)  a.  Not  dignified  ;  com- 
mon ;  mean.  Swift. 

UN  DI-MIN'ISH-A-BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  diniinu- 
tiun.  Scott. 

UN-Dr-MIN'ISH-A-BLY,arfr.  So  as  not  lo  be  dimin- 
ishable. 

UN-DI-MIN'ISH-£D,  C-de-min'isht,)  a.  Not  dimin- 
ished ;  not  lessened;  unimpaired.  Milton.  Dryden. 

UN-DI-MIN'ISH-ING,  a.  Not  diminishing;  not  be- 
coming less. 

UN-DIM'M£D,  0.     Not  made  dim;   not  obscured. 

JiUen. 

UN-DINE',  B.  [L.  unda."]  A  name  given  by  the 
Cabalists  to  a  class  of  spirits  residing  in  the  waters. 

Brande. 

UN-DINT'ED,  (L     Not  impressed  by  a  blow.     Shak. 

UN-DIP-LO-.MAT'ie,  a.  Not  according  lo  the  rules 
of  diplomatic  bodies. 

UN.DIP'r£D,  (-dipt',)  a.    Not  dipped  ;  not  plunged. 

IJryden, 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T M£TE,  PRgY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQpK.- 

__ 


UND 

UN-liI-RECT'ED,  o.    Not  directed;  not  guided  ;  left 

wiltuMit  dircclitm. 
2.  Not  addressed  ;    not  superscribed  ;  as  a  letter. 

UN-DIS-AP-rOINT'ED,  a.    Not  disapiwinted. 

Elphinstone, 

UN-DIS-BAND'ED,  o.     Not  disbanded. 

UN-DIS-CERN'£D,  (-diz-zenid',)  a.  Not  discerned  ; 
not  seen  ;  not  observed  ;  not  descried  ;  not  discov^  ' 
ered  ;  iizj,  truths  undiscemed.  Brown. 

UN-DISCERN' ED-LY,  (-diz-zern'ed-Ie,)  ado.  In 
such  a  manner  as  not  to  be  discovered  or  seen. 

Boyle. 

UN-DIS-CERN'I-BLE,  (-diz-zern'o-bl,)  a.  That  can 
not  be  discerned,  seen,  or  discovered  ;  invisible  ;  as, 
undiscernible  otajrctfl  or  distinctions.  Rogers. 

UN-DIS  CERN'I-BLE-NESa,  (diz-zern'-,)  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  undiscernible. 

UN-D!SCERN'I-BLY,  ade.  In  a  way  not  to  be  dis- 
covered or  seen  ;  invisibly  ;  imperceptibly.     South. 

UX-UIS-CERN'LNG,  (-diz-zerii'-,)  a.  Not  discerning  ; 
not  making  just  distinctions;  wanting  judgment  or 
the  power  of  discrimination. 

UN-DIS  CERN'ING,  n.     Want  of  discernment. 

Spectator. 

UN-DIS-CHARG'ED,  a.     Not  discharged. 

UN-DIS'CI-PLIN-£D,  a.  Not  disciplined  ;  not  duly 
exercised  and  taught ;  not  subdued  to  regularity  and 
order  ;  raw  ;  as,  undisciplined  troops ;  undisciplined 
valor.  Madison. 

2:  Not    instructed  ;    untaught ;    as,    undisciplined 
minds. 

UN-DIS-GLOSE',  (un-dis-kl6ze',)  v.  «.  Not  to  dis- 
cover.    [Ji  bad  word.]  Daniel. 

UN-DItf-GLOS'ED,  a.     Not  disclosed  ;  not  revealed, 

UN-Die-eOL'OR-£D,  (dis-kul'lurd,)  a.  Not  dis- 
colored. 

UN-DI.S-eON-CERT'ED,  a.     Not  disconcerted. 

UN-DIS-eORD'ANT,  a.    Not  discordant. 

UN-DIseORD'ING,  a.  Not  disagreeing  ;  not  jarring 
in  music;  harmonious;  as,  undiscording  voices. 

Mdlon. 

UN-DI3-€0UR'AG -ED,  a.     Not  disheartened. 

UN-DI3-eOV'ER-A-BLE,  (-kuv'er-,)  a.  That  can  not 
be  discovered  or  found  out ;  as,  undiscoverable  prin- 
ciples. 

UN-DIS-€OV'ER-A-BLY,  ado.  In  a  manner  not  to 
be  discovered. 

UN-DIS-eOV^ER-£D,  ('-kuv'erd,)a.  Not  discovered  ; 
not  seen  ;  not  descried.  Drydea. 

trN-DIS-€RED'I  TED,  a.    Not  discredited. 

fVarbnrton. 

UN-DIS-GREET',  a.     Not  discreet  ;    not  prudent  or 

t Instead  of  this,  Ikdiscbeet  is  used.]  [wise. 

HS-€REET'LY,  adv.     Indiscreetly.      [See  In- 

DUL'REETLY.j 

UN  DIS-e'RI^I'IN-.^-TING,  a.     Not  discriminating. 

UN-DIS-€L'SS'/:D,  (-dis-kust',)  a.  Not  discussed; 
not  argued  or  d^-bated.  />«  Ponceau. 

UN-Dlri-GRAC'£D,  (-dis- grist',)  a.  Not  disgraced  or 
dishonored. 

UN-DIS-GL'IS'A-BLE,  a.     That  can  not  be  disguised. 

UN-D1S-GUI»'£D,    (-gizd'j)   a.       [See    Gvisk.]     Not 

disguised  ;  Dot  covered  with  a  mask,  or  with  a  false 

appearance.  Dryden. 

2.  Opi^n  ;  frank  ;  candid  ;  plain  ;  artless.  Rogers. 

UN-Dl!S-HEXRT'£N-£D,  a.     N(H  discouraged. 

UN-DlS-HON'OR-£D,  f-diz-on'urd,)a.  [See  llowoa.] 
Not  dishonored  ;  not  disgraced.  Sfiak. 

UN-I)IS-MaV'£D,  (made',)  a.  Not  dismayed  ;  not 
disheartened  by  ft^ar ;  not  discouraged  ;  as,  troops  u«- 
di.imayrd. 

UN-DiS-O-BLl0'I\G,  a.     Inoffensive.     [Little  u.ted.] 

Broion. 

UN-DIS-OR'DER-ED,  a.  Not  disordered;  not  dis- 
turVd. 

UN-ni3-PENS'£D,  (*diB-pens-t\)  a.    Not  dispensed. 
2.  Not  fr-'cd  from  obligation. 

UN-DIS-PENri'ING,  a.  Not  allowing  to  be  dispensed 
with.  MUion. 

UN-DIS-PERS'ED,  (-dis-perst',)  a.  Not  dispersed  ; 
not  scattered.  Boyle. 

UX-DIS-PLAY'£D,  o.     Not  displayed;  not  unfolded. 

UN-DIS.PO»'£D,  (-dis-pozd',)  a.    Not  disposed. 

Undisposed  of;   not  disposed   of;   not   bestowed; 
not  parted  with;  as,  employments  undisposed  of. 

Swift. 

UN-DI.S-POS'ED-NESa,  n.  Indisposition  ;  disincli- 
nation. 

UN-DIB'PU-TA-BLE,  a.     Not  disputable. 

[But  the  word  now  used  is  IrfonpuTABLE.) 

UN-UIS'PU-TA-BLE  NESS,  tu  A  slate  of  not  being 
disputable. 

UN-DLS-POT'ED,  a.  Not  disputed;  not  contested; 
not  called  in  question ;  as,  an  undisputed  title  ;  un- 
disputed truth.  Drydfn. 

UN-DI.S-UUrET-ED,  a.  Not  disquieted  ;  not  dis- 
turbed. 7'imke. 

UN-UIS-SEM'BLKD,  a.  Not  dissembled  ;  open  ;  un- 
disguised ;  unfeigned  ■,  as,  undismembled  friendship 
or  piety.  ff'artvn.     Jittcrbury. 

UN-DIS-SEM'BLING,  a.  Not  dissembling;  not  ex- 
hibiting a  false  appearance  ;  not  false.        Thomson, 

UN-DIS'SI-PA-TEU,  a.   Notdis-sipated  ;  not  scattered. 

Boyle. 


UND 

UN-DIS  SOLV'A-HLR,  a.  [Seo  Dissoltb.)  'I'll at  i 
can  not  be  dissolved  or  melieti.  Orccahill. 

a.  That  may  not  bu  loosened  or  broken  ,  as,  the  un- 
dissolpable  ties  of  friendship. 

UN-DIS-SOLV'£D,  a.    Not  dissolved  ;  not  melted. 

Coieper, 

UN-DrS-SOLV'ING,a.  Not  dissolving;  not  melting; 
as,  the  undissolving  ice  of  the  Alps. 

UN-DIS-TE.MTER-£D,  a.    Not  diseased  ;  IVee  from 
malady. 
9.  Free  from  perturbation.  Temple. 

UN-DIS-TEND'ED,  0.     Not  distended  ;  not  enlarged. 

UN-DIS  TILL'KD,  a.     Not  distilled. 

UN-DIS-TIN"GIIISH-A-BLE,  (ting'gwish-a-bl,)  a. 
That  can  not  be  distinguished  by  the  eye;  not  to  be 
distinctly  seen.  Shak. 

2.  Not  to  be  known  or  distinguished  by  the  intel- 
lect, by  any  peculiar  property.  Locke. 

UN-DIS-TIN"GUISH-A-HL.Y,  adv.  Without  distinc- 
tion ;  so  as  net  to  be  known  from  each  other,  or  to  be 
separately  seen.  ^  Barrow. 

UN-OIS-TiN"GUIsn-£0,  (-dis-ting'gwisht,)  a.  Not 
distinguished  ;  not  so  marked  as  to  be  distinctly 
known  from  each  other. 

Undistinguuhed  sreila  of  good  and  ill.  Dryden. 

2.  Not  separately  seen  or  descried.  Dryden. 

3.  Not  plainly  discerned.  Swift. 

4.  Having  no  intervenient  space.  Sliak, 

5.  Not  marked  by  any  particuhir  property. 

Denhanu 

6.  Not  treated  with  any  particular  respect. 

Pope. 

7.  Not  distinguished  by  any  particular  eminence. 
UN-DI.S-TIN"GUISH-ING,  a.     Making  no  difference ; 

not  discriminating  ;  as,  undistinguisking  favor. 

Undistinguiehing  itistribiilion  of  good  anil  evil.  AdtUson, 

UN-DIS-TORT'ED,  a.     Not  distorted  ;  not  [wrverted. 

More. 

UN-DIS-TRAeT'ED,  a.  Not  perplexed  by  contra- 
riety or  confusion  of  thoughts,  desires,  or  concerns. 

Boyle. 

UN-D1S-TRA€T'ED-LY,  adv.  Without  disturbance 
from  contrariety  of  thoughts  or  multiplicity  of  con- 
cerns. Baijle. 

UN-DIS-TRAGT'ED-NESS,  ti.  Freedom  from  dis- 
turbance  or  interruplit^n  from  contrariety  or  multi- 
plicity of  thoughts  and  concerns.  Boyle. 

UN-DIS-TRIB'li-TED,<i.    Not  distributed  or  allotted. 

UN-DIS-TUUB'£D,  a.  Free  from  interruption  ;  not 
molested  or  hindered ;  as,  undisturbed  with  com- 
pany or  noise. 

2.  Free  from  perturbation  of  mind;  calm;  tran- 
quil; placid;  serene;  nut  agitated.  To  be  undis- 
turbed by  danger,  by  perplexities,  by  injuries  re- 
ceived, is  a  most  desirable  object. 

3.  Not  agitated  ;  not  stirred  ;  not  moved  ;  as,  the 
surface  of  water  vndisturbed.  Dryden. 

UN-DIS-TURB'ED-LV,  a(/(j.     Calmly;  peacefully. 

Lodie. 

UN-DIS-TURB'ED-NESS,  n.  Calmness;  tranquil- 
lity ;  freedom  from  molestation  or  agitation. 

UN-'DIS-TURB'ING,  a.     Not  disturbing. 

UN-D1-VERS'I-FI-£D,  a.  Not  diversified;  not  va- 
ried ;  uniform.  Roscoe. 

UN  DI-VERT'ED,a.    Not  diverted  ;  not  turned  aside. 
2.  Not  nniur^d  ;  not  entertained  or  pleased. 

UN-UI-VID'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  divided  ;  not 
separable  ;  as,  au  untlicidablc  sclmic.  Shak. 

UN-DI-VID'EL),  a.     Nut  divided  ;    not  separated  or 
disunited;   unbroken;   whole;  as,  undivided  atten- 
tion or  affections. 
a.  In  bi'tttiiy,  not  lobed,  cb'ft,  or  branched.     Cyc. 

UN-DI-VIU'EI)-LY,  adc.    J^o  as  not  to  bo  parted. 

Feltkam. 

UN-DI-VoRC'£D,  (-de-v6rst',)  a.     Not  divorced. 

Yoitn^. 

UN-DI-VULC£D,  a.  Not  divulged  ;  not  revealed  or 
disclosed  ;  secret.  Belknap.     Robertson. 

UN-DO',  r.  f. ;  pret.  UsDiD  ;  pp.  Undone.  Tu  reverse 
what  has  been  done  ;  to  annul  ;  to  bring  to  naught 
any  transaction.  We  can  undo  many  kinds  of  work  ; 
but  we  can  not  undo  crimes,  errors,  or  faults. 


2.  To  loose  ;  to  open  ;  to  take  to  pieces  ;  to  un- 
ravel ;  to  unQisten  ;  to  untie  ;  as,  to  undo  a  knot. 

fViiUer. 

3.  To  ruin;  to  bring  to  poverty;  to  inipovfrish. 
Many  are  undone  by  unavoidabb;  losses ;  but  more 
undo  themsvlves  by  vices  and  dissipation,  or  by  in- 
dolence. 

4.  To  niin,  in  a  moral  sense  ;  to  bring  to  everlast- 
ing destructitm  and  misery. 

.'3.  To  ruin  in  reputation. 

UN-UOCK',  V.  U  To  take  out  of  dock  ;  as,  to  undack 
a  ship.  F.ncyc. 

UN-UO'ER,  n.  One  who  undoes  or  brings  destruc- 
tion ;  one  who  reverses  what  has  been  done ;  one 
who  ruins  the  reputation  of  another. 

UN-UO'I.\G,  ppr.  Reversing  what  has  been  done; 
ruining. 

UN-1)0'1NG,  TI.  The  reversal  of  what  has  been  done. 
2.  Ruin  ;  destruction.  Hooker. 


UND 

UN  no-MES'TlC,  o.     Not  domestic. 
LN-DO-MES'TIC-A-TEIJ,  a.     Nut  domesticated  ;  not 
accustomed  to  a  family  life.  Chalmerg, 

2.  Not  lamed. 
UN-DONE',  (un-dun',) pp.    Reversed;  annulled. 

2.  Ruined  ;  destroyed. 

Wb^n  llll^  ItgiiUtiire  is  coirupled,  the  people  are  utidon*. 

J.  Adams, 

3.  a.  Not  done  ;  not  performed  ;  not  executed. 
We  are  apt  to  leave  undone  what  we  ought  to  do. 

UN-DOUBT'ED,  (un-dout'ed,)  a.  Not  doubted  ;  not 
called  in  question;  indubitable;  indisputable;  as, 
undonhted  \)rin>(  \  undoubted  U\lt\\.  MiiUm. 

UN-UOUBT'ED  LY,  (un-dout'edly,)  ado.  Without 
doubt;  without  question  ;  indubitably.      Tillvtnun. 

UN-DOUBT'FyL,  (un-dout'ful,)  a.  Not  doubtful; 
not  ambiguous  ;  plain  ;  evident.  Shak. 

UN-DOUUT'ING,  (uu-dout'ing,)  a.  Not  doubting; 
not  hesitating  respecting  facts;  not  fluctuating  in 
uncertainty  ;  as,  an  undoubtiag  believer ;  an  undoabt- 
ing  faith.  Hammond. 

UN-UOUIiT'ING-LY,  adv.    Without  doubting. 

UN-DRAIN'£D,  a.  Not  drained;  not  freed  from 
water. 

UN-DRA-MAT'ie,         \  a.     Not  dramatic  ;   not   ac- 

UN-DRA-MAT'ie-AL,  \  cording  to  the  rules  of  the 
drama,  or  not  suited  to  the  drama.  Young. 

UN-DRAP'£D,  (-drapt',)  a.   Not  covered  with  drapery. 

UN-DKAWN',  a.  Nut  drawn;  not  pulled  by  an  ex- 
ternal force.  MdUnu 

2.  Not  allured  by  motives  or  persuasion. 

3.  Not  taken  from  the  box  ;  as,  an  undrawn  ticket 
UN-DREAD'ED,  (un-dred'ed,)  a.     Not  dreaded  ;  not 

feared.  Milton. 

UN-DUEAD'ING,  o.     Not  dreading  ;  fearless. 
UN-DRfiAM'£D,  a.     Not  dreamed  ;  not  thought  of. 

Shak. 
UN-DRESS',  V.  L    To  divest  of  clothes ;  to  strip. 

.Addison. 
2.  To  divest  of  ornaments,  or  the  attire  of  osten 
tation  ;  to  disrobe.  Prior. 

UN'DRESS,  n.     A  loose,  negligent  dress.      Dryden. 

2.  Among  soldiers^  dress  worn  wiien  not  on  duty, 
UN-DRES3'£D,  (un  drest',)  pp.     Divested  of  drew 
disrobed. 

2.  a.  Not  dres.'icd  ;  not  attired. 

3.  Not  prepared  ;  as,  meat  undressed. 

4.  Not  pruned  ;  not  trimmed  ;  not  put  in  order; 
as,  an  undressed  vineyard. 

UN-DRI'£D,  (-drido',)  a.  Not  dried  ;  wet ;  moist ;  aa, 
undricd  cloth. 

2.  Not  dried ;  green  ;  as,  undried  hay  ;  u-ndrUd 
hops.  Mortimer, 

UN-DRILI/£D,  a.     Not  drilled. 
UN-DRli\K'A-BLE,  a.     Not  drinkable. 
UN-I)R1V'£N,  a.     Not  driven;  not  impelled.  Dryden. 
UN-DROOP'ING,  a.     Not  drooping  ;  not  sinking  ;  not 

despairing.  Thomson. 

UN-DROSS'Y,  a.     Free  from  dross  or  recrement. 

Pope. 
UN-DROWN'£D,  a.    Not  drowned.  Shak. 

UN-DO 'BI-TA-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  doubted;  unques- 
tionable. 

tltut  the  word  now  used  is  Indubitable.I 
tCE',  a.     Not  due  ;  not  yet  deniandable  by  right; 
as,  a  debt,  note,  or  bond  undue. 

2.  Nut  right;  not  legal;  improper;  as,  an  ujtdue 
proceeding. 

3.  Not  agreeable  to  a  rule  or  standard,  or  to  duty  ; 
not  propurtiuned  ;  excessive  ;  as,  an  undue  regard  to 
the  extL-rnals  of  religion  ;  an  undue  attachment  to 
furms  ;  nn  undue  rigor  in  the  execution  of  law. 

UN-DOKE',  V.  t.     To  deprive  of  duked(.m.       Swifl. 
UN'DU-LA-RY,  a.     [L.  undula,  a  little  wave.] 

Playing  like  waves;  waving.  Brown. 

UN'DU-L.^TE,      j  a.     Wavy  ;  waved  obtusely  up  and 
UN'DU-IiA-TED,  j      down,  near  the  margin,  as  a  leaf 

or  corol.  Lee.     Smith. 

UN'DU-LATE,  r.  t.  [L.  undula^  a  little  wave;  unia, 
a  wave  ;  Low  1j.  undulo.] 

To  move  back  and  forth,  or  up  and  down,  as 
waves ;  to  cause  to  vibrate. 

firenth  vocalized,  ihni  U,  ribmteil  Kiid  vndulaUd.         Holder. 

UN'DU-LATE,  c.  i.    To  vibnite  ;  to  move  back  and 

forth  ;  to  wave  ;  as,  undulating  air.  Pope. 

UN'DU-LA-TING,  ppr.     Waving  ;  vibrating. 
2.  a.     Waw  ;  rising  and  falling. 

UN'DU-LA-TING-LY,  adv.     In  the  form  of  waves. 

UN-DU-LA'TION,  n.  [from  undulate.]  A  waving 
motion  or  vibration  ;  as,  the  unduiati^na  of  a  fluid, 
of  water,  or  air;  the  undulations  of  sound.  The 
undulations  of  a  fluid  are  propagated  in  concentric 
circles. 

2.  In  medicine,  a  particular  uneasy  sensation  of  an 
undnlatory  motion  in  the  heart.  Cyc. 

3.  In  music,  a  rattling  or  jarrtng  of  sounds,  as 
when  discordant  notes  are  sounded  together.  It  is 
called  also  Beat.  Cye. 

4.  In  surgery,  a  certain  motion  of  the  matter  of  an 
abscess  when  pressed,  which  indicates  its  fitness  for 
opening.  Cye, 

UN'DU-LA-TO-RY,  a.  [from  undulatt.]  Moving  In 
the  manner  of  waves ;  or  resembling  the  motion  of 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  m  J;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 
.  1190" 


UNE 

wavoa,  whirh  »^!'  -- «ir(:\vctl  »nd  fiilt.  We 

sp^'ak  of  the  .'  uon  df  wiittT,  of  air,  or 

oUicr  Auiit,  nni{  '  'n/ motion  of  nir  is8ti)>- 

po.«eil  to  bt"  the  cau>e  ol'  sotiiuls.  This  is  soiiictiiiit's 
callttl  vt^nOary ;  but  uiutuUUorif  seouis  to  be  most 
correct. 

Uiuiuiatorjf  theory:  in  optics^  the  theurj-  that  the 
pboDomena  of  light  arc  priKhiccd  by  the  undulations 
oT  an  independent  niLMlitim,  set  in  motion  by  the  lu- 
minous body  ;  oppojted  to  Uie  Utfory  of  fmaiialiffiw, 
accordine  to  which  lipht  \n  a  matirial  fluid  of  ex- 
treme subtilty.  According  to  the  former  theor)-,  the 
fluid  is  only  the  uiedinni  of  li^hl,  as  air  is  the  mo- 
dium  of  sound,  and  the  'un\iTvss}un  t^  conveyed  from 
the  radiant  to  the  eye  by  succe^^sive  undulations  of 
this  medium ;  according  to  the  latter,  the  miction  is 
fimidy  that  of  a  chain  of  particles  moving  in  right 
lines.  Oimsted. 

DN-DUUL',  r.  f.  To  remove  dulluess  or  obscurity  ;  to 
clear  ;  to  purify.     FAIrf  uMtt.)  IThittock. 

CN-DO'LY,  aJt.     Not  accordini;  to  duty  or  propriety. 
S.  N'ot   in  proper  propurtioni    exceuively.      llis 
strength  was  undiUy  eierled. 

UN-DCR'A-BLE,  a.  NiX  durable  ;  not  lastinR.  [JVW 
im  use,]  ^rmwav. 

UN-DUsT',  c.  t.    To  free  from  dusL     [Mtt  in  twe.] 

MouHiajimf, 

UN-DC'TE-OUS,  «.  Not  performing  duty  to  parents 
and  9U{MTiors  ;  not  obedient ;  as,  an  unduUous  child, 
apprentice,  or  servant.  Dryden. 

0N-l»C'TI-FI,L,  a.  Not  obedient;  not  performing 
duty  ;  ft.«,  an  undutiful  son  or  subject.         TUIotsen. 

UN-DC'TI-FL'I^LY,  adr.  Not  according  to  duly  ;  in 
a  dist>bedterit  manner.  ZhyUn. 

UN-D0'TI-FJ;L-.NESS,  ».  want  of  respect,  viola- 
tion of  duty  ;  disobedience  ;  as,  the  undtUifuincss  of 
rhildR*n  or  sulij.?ct*. 

UN-PY'lNO,o.    Notdying;  not  perishing. 

2.  Not  subjt-d  to  deatli ;  immortal ;  as,  the  UMJyiKf 
KHiU  o(  men. 

UN-E.ARN'£D,  (-cnid\) «.  Not  merited  by  Ubor  or 
services. 

Ropfaf  Bnvva  «Q|  Wm 
TV  •K|!^led  ftuito,  mad  gjrr  ilwe  fenttd  mtmrmd.      mOpa, 

UN-EARTrf',  (un-«rth',)  r.  t    To  drive  fhim    the 

earth ;  to  uncover. 
UN-EARTirA-U.  (-enht'O  «•      Driven  from    a  den, 

cavern,  or  burrow.  Tkomuan. 

UN-F.ARTH'LV,  (-«rth1e,) «.    Not  teirestriai    Shak. 
UN-fuAS't-LV,  a^».    With  anaaaiaesa  or  pain. 

He  nnm  mw— rfy  OMkr  Ibe  bnnfaft.  L'Ettrttnft. 

9.  WtthdifBotlMri  »ot  readily.  Bo  fir. 

UN-&AS'I-NESS,  R.  A  moderate  degree  of  painj 
resdessneas  ;  want  of  eaae ;  disquiet. 

9.  Unquictnesa  of  mind  ;  roodermie  aazleCy  vr  pcr- 
turtetiOB ;  diaqntrtude. 

3.  "Hiai  whicb  makes  aneMy  or  girea  trouble ; 
nigMdaeai ;  as,  the  mnfmmrit  of  the  road.  [  U»»- 
mmLI  AnnMC 

CN-fi  AS'T,  a.  Feeliogiiome  degree  of  pain ;  restless ; 
dMarbed  ;  unqoiec    The  patient  is  vuMstf, 

9.  Giring  some  pain  ;  as,  an  uKeasf  ganneut. 

3.  Disturbed  in  mind  ;  soinew  h:it  anxious  ;  un- 
quiet. He  is  uHCAsy  respecting  the  success  of  his 
project. 

Tbe  K>ul,  vnta*y  mad  eonincd  fnm  bome, 

BMtt  Asd  ezpUMiea  in  »  Ula  to  cooib  Pop€. 

A.  Constraining  ;  cramping  ;  as,  vjuoity  rules. 

5.  Constrained  ;  etiflTj  not  greeefbl ;  not  easy  ;  as, 
an  muAf^  deportment.  Locke. 

6.  Giving  some  pain  to  others  ;  disagreeable  ;  un- 
pleasing. 

iMtKR  Akkra    bim   tmetuy  ta  thoar   wbo 


7.  Diaealt. 

TUn|i — w  ..Mil  to  bt  mMiftnrlf  aaderKooJ.    [\otlnutt.] 

BofU. 

TTN-fiAT'A-BLE,  t.    Not  emuble  j  not  fil  to  be  eaten. 

Muter. 
VSSAT'ISi,  m.    Not  eaten  ;  not  devoured. 

Clarendon. 
UN-e.ATII',  ih.    [ok  >nd  Su.  imtk,  easy.] 

1.  N'ot  eaji:y.    [AM  in  me.]  Skai. 

2.  Beneath  ;  below.    [AVt  i»  km.]    [See  Nkitber 
and  Bexcath.]  Spenser. 

trS-EBB'INO.  a.     N'nt  ebbing. 

nX-EeirO-ING.  (.ek'n^inf,)  a.    Not  echoing. 

UN-E-eLIPS'i:D,  (-tlipst',)  a.  Not  eclipsed  ;  not  ob- 
scured. 

UN-E-eO-XOM'ie  AL,  o.    Not  economical.   Qu.  Rre. 

UX-ED'I-FT-I.\G,  a.  Not  edifying;  not  improving 
lo  the  mind.  JJtterburm. 

DN-ED'I-F?.IVG-LV,  ad*.  Not  in  an  edifying  man- 
ner. 

UN-EDT-eX-TED,  «.     Not  educated  ;  illiterate. 

UN-EFFa'C£D,  (fisu:',)  a.  Not  effaced  ;  not  oblit- 
enued.  Ctante. 

UN-EF-FECT'ED,  a.     Nul  efTecled  or  performed. 

ON-EF-FEeT'i;-AL,  a.  Ineffectual.  ITU  lalUr  U 
Uu  leord  now  used,] 

nN-E-LAB'OR-.\TE,  «.  Finished  with  little  labor  or 
studj'. 


UNE 

UN  R-l.AH'Tie,  a.  Not  elastic  ;  not  having  thf)  proji- 
erty  of  re<H>veriiig  its  original  sLite,  when  l>enl  or 
forced  out  of  its  form. 

IT\-E-LA.S-'I'1C'1-TV,  n.     State  of  being  unelaslic. 

ITN-K-LA'I"KD,  a.     Not  elated  ;  not  puffed  u|». 

UN-KL'UOW-i;D,  a.  Not  attended  by  any  at  the  el- 
bow. Pope, 

UN-F.-LECT'ED,  a.  Not  elected  ;  not  chosen  ;  not 
preferred.  Shak. 

UN-EL'E-GANT,  a.     Not  elegant.     [J^otused,]     [See 

UN-KL'I-(jI-tfLE,  a.  Not  proper  to  be  chosen  ;  ineli- 
pilile.     f  The  latter  is  tha  toord  now  %tsed.) 

UN-E-MAN'CI-PA-TED,  a.  Not  emancipated  or  lib- 
erated from  slavery-. 

UN-EM  BALM 'A'lVtf-     Not  embalmed. 

UN-EM-BAR'KASS-f;i),  (-rast,)  a.  Not  embarrnsfled  ; 
not  perplexed  in  mind  ;  not  confused.  The  speaker 
appeared  uttrnibarrtisied, 

9.  Free  from  pecuniary  difticuUiesorencumbranccs. 
He  or  llis  profK-rly  ir;  itnembarras.-ied. 

3.  Free  from  )>erplexing  connection  ;  as,  the  ques- 
tion comes  iK-fore  tlie  court  unembarrassed  with  irrel- 
evant matter. 

UN  E.M-BOD'I-ED,  a.  Free  from  a  corporeal  body  ; 
as,  unembodied  spirits,  I'MiutU 

2.  Not  embodied  ;  not  collected  into  a  body ;  as, 
mtrmbodirtl  niilttia.  '  SmoUett. 

UN-EM-I1R(  >II>'ER-£D,  a.    Not  embroidered.    Jish. 

UN  E-V-PIlAT'ie,  a.     Having  no  emphasis. 

UN-EM-PllAT'ie-AL-LY,  a^.  Without  energy  or 
emphasis. 

UN-EM-PLOY'£D,  a.  Not  employed  ;  not  occupied  ; 
not  busy  ;  at  leisure  ;  not  engaged.  Addisoju 

S.  Not  being  in  use  ;  as,  unemployed  capital  or 
money. 

UN-EM-POW'ER-ED,  o.  Not  empowered  or  author- 
ized. 

UN-EMP'TI-A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  bo  emptied ;  inex- 
haustible.    [JVbC  in  lue.]  Hooker. 

UN-EM'U-LA-TING,  a.  Not  emulating ;  not  striving 
to  excel.  Huffhead. 

UN-EN-CHANT'ED,  a.  Not  enchanted ;  that  can 
not  be  enchanted.  MiUon. 

UN-EN  COIXT'ER-ED,  a.     Not  encountered. 

UN  EN-CUM'UER,  r.  u    To  free  from  encumbrance. 

UN-E.\'-eUM'UER-£l>,  pp.    Disengaged  from  encum- 
brance. 
9.  a.    Not  encumbered  ;  not  burdened. 

UN-EN-DEAR'1:D,  a.  Not  ottended  with  endear- 
ment Mdton, 

UN-EN-DEAV'OR-ING,  Mev'-,)  c  Making  no  effort. 

UN-END'EO,  a.     Not  ended.  Bentiuim. 

UN-END'INC,  a.     Not  ending.  JV.  A.  Ret. 

UN-EN-IK)VV'KI),  a.  Not  endowed  ;  not  furnished  j 
not  investid  ;  a.<t,  a  man  unendoieed  with  virtues. 

2.  Not  furnished  with  funds;  as,  an  unendowed 
eiMlege  or  hoapitJil. 

UN-EN-DOK'A-DLE,  a.  Not  to  be  endured  ;  intoler- 
able. 

UN-EN-DOR'A-BLY,  ade.     So  as  not  to  be  endured. 

l^'-EN-DOR'ING,  a.  Not  lasting  ;  of  tcmi>orary  du- 
ration. JheigfU. 

UN-E-NERVA-TED,  a.  Not  enervated  or  weak- 
ened. Beattie. 

UN-K\-FEE'III.ED,  a      Not  enfeebled. 

UX-EN-GAG'KI),  a.  Not  enEagcd;  not  bound  by  cov- 
enant or  promiiie  ;  free  from  oblit;ation  to  a  particu- 
lar piTson  ;  as,  a  lady  is  n/icnx^ajTerf. 

2.  Free  from  attachment  that  binds ;  as,  her  affec- 
tions are  unen^a^ed. 

3.  Unemployed  ;  unoccupied  ;  not  busy. 

4-  Not  appropriated  ;  as,  unfifajfcrf  revenues.  [We 
generally  say,  unappropriated  revenue  or  money.] 

UN-EN-GAG'ING,  a.  Not  adapted  to  engage  or  win 
the  attention  or  affections  ;  not  inviting. 

UN-EN"GLItfH,  C-ing'gli8h,J  a.     Not  English. 

WeaU  Rev. 

UN-EN-JOV'JED,  a.  Not  enjoyed  j  not  obtained  ;  not 
pftsseesed.  Dnidn. 

UN-EN-JOY'ING,  a.     Not  using;  having  no  frtiition. 

Crerk. 

UN-EN-LXRG'JED,  a.    Not  enlarged  ;  narrow. 

IVatts. 

UN-EN-LIGnT'EN-ED,(IIt'nd,)fl.  Not  enlightened; 
not  illuminated.  .Htltrbury. 

UN-EN-LTV'£N  £0,  a.    Not  enlivened.        Moore 

UN-EN-.^LAV'ED,  a.     Not  enslaved  ;  free.     AddUon. 

UN-EN  TAN"GLE,  (tanjt'gl,)  ».  U  To  free  from 
romplication  or  perplexity  ;  to  dii^entangle.     Donne. 

UN-EN'-TAN"GL£D,  pp.     Disentangled. 

2.  a.  Nut  entangled  ;  not  complicated ;  not  per- 
plexed. 

UN-EN'TER-PRIS-ING,  a.  Not  enterprising  j  not 
Bdvt-iitiirous. 

UN-EN'TER-PRTS-ING-LY,  adv.  Without  enterprise. 

UN-EN-TER-T.AlN'ING,  a.  Not  entertaining  or 
amusine  ;  pivinc  no  delight.  Pope. 

UN-EN-TER-TAIN'ING-LY,  adv.  Witliout  enter- 
tainment. 

UN-EN-TER-TaIN'ING-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of 
beine  iinentertainini:  or  dull. 

UN-EN-THRALL'£D,  a.  Not  enslaved  ;  not  reduced 
to  thrallJom. 


UNE 

UN  EN  TOMB'ED,  (4oomd',)a.  Not  buried  ;  not  in- 
terrrd.  Drt/den. 

UN-EN-TO-MO-LOG'IC-AL,  a.    Not  entomological. 

Kirby. 

UN-E-NO'MER-A-TED,  a.  Not  numbered  i  not  in- 
cluded among  enumerated  articles. 

UN-EN'VI-A-BLE,  o.     Not  enviable.  Byron. 

UN-EN' V1-£D,  a.  Not  envied;  exempt  from  ttie  envy 
of  others. 

UN  EN'VI-OUS,  o.    Not  envious  ;  free  from  envy. 

UN-EN'VY-ING,  a.     Not  envying.  Ed.  Rev. 

UN-E-PIS'€0-PAL,  a.     Not  episcopal.  Ed.  Rev. 

UN-EP'1-TAPH  .EU,  t-e-tai\,)  a.    Having  no  epitaph. 

Potlok. 

UN-£'QUA-BI,E,  a.  Different  from  itself;  different 
at  different  times;  nut  uniform;  diverse;  as,  une- 
quable motions  ;  unequable  months  or  seasons. 

UN-K'UUAL,  a.     [U  inaijualis.]  [Bentlejf. 

1.  Not  equal;  not  even;  not  of  the  same  size, 
length,  breadth,  quantity,  Sec. ;  as,  men  of  unequat 
stature  ;  liuuses  of  unetjual  dimensions. 

)i.  Not  equal  in  strength,  talents,  acquirements, 
Slc.  ;  inferior. 

3.  Not  equal  in  age  or  station  ;  inferior. 

4.  iiisuDicient ;  inadequate.  His  strength  Is  une- 
qual to  the  task. 

5.  Partial;  unjust;  not  furnishing  equivalents  to 
the  different  parties;  as,  an  unequal  peace;  an  une- 

6.  Disproportioned  ;  ill-matched.         [qual  bargain. 

Agptinit  utteqtioi  armi  to  fi^ht  in  pain.  Milton. 

7.  Nut  regular;  not  uniform;  os,  unequal  pulsa- 
tions, Dryden. 

8.  In  botany^  not  having  the  two  sides  symmetri- 
cal. Lindlry. 

UN-K'QUAL-A-BLE,  a.     Not  to  be  equaled.     Buyle. 

UN-E'UUAU-£D,  a.  Not  to  be  equaled  ;  uniKiral- 
leled  ;  unrivaled  ;  in  a  good  or  bad  sense ;  as,  uhc- 
qualed  excellence  ;  unequaled  ingratitude  or  baseness. 

UN-K'UUAL-LY,  adv.  Not  equally  ;  in  different  de- 
grees ;  in  disproportion  to  each  other. 

2.  Nut  with  like  sentiments,  temper,  or  religious 
opinions  or  habits.    2  Cor.  vi. 

UN-K'UUAL-NESS,  a.  State  of  being  unequal;  in- 
equality. Yciiiple. 

UN-E-UtJIP'P£D,  C-kwipt^)  a.     Not  equipped. 

UN-EU'UI-TA-BLE,  (-ek'we-ta-bl,)  a.  Not  equita- 
ble ;  nut  just. 

2,  Not  impartial.  [lNE(iUiTABi.E  is  generally 
used.] 

UN-E-tiUIVO-CAL,  a.  Not  equivocal;  nut  doubt- 
ful; clear;  evident;  as,  wncffMicora/ evidence. 

2.  Not  ambiguous;  not  ot  doubtful  signification  ; 
not  admitting  different  interpretations;  m^  unequivo- 
cal words  or  expressions. 

UN-E-UUI  V'0-€AL-LY,  ado.  Without  doubt ;  with- 
out ritoiu  to  doubt ;  plainly  ;  with  full  evidence. 

UN-E-aUIV'0-€AL-NEaS,  n.  State  of  being  un- 
eijuivocal. 

UN-E-RAD'I-CA-BLE,a.  That  can  not  be  eradicated. 

jSUen. 

UN-E-RAD'ieA-TED,  a.  Not  eradicated  ;  not  ex- 
terminated. "* 

UN-ER'HA-BLE,  a.    Incapable  of  erring;  infallible. 

Sheldon. 

UN-ER'RA-BLE-NESS,  n.    Incapacity  of  error. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

UN-ERR'ING,  a.  Committing  no  mistake  ;  incapable 
of  error  ;  as,  the  unerring  wisdom  of  God. 

2.  Incapable  of  failure  ;  certain.  He  takes  unerr- 
in<r  aim. 

UN-EUR'ING-LY,  adv.    Without  mistake.    OlanviUe. 

UN-ES-CHEW'A-BLE,  a.  Unavoidable.  [J^ot  in 
W5C.1  Carew. 

UN-ES-eUTCH'EON-£D,  (-kuch'und,)  a.  Not  hav- 
ing a  coat  of  arms  or  ensign.  IVordsworth. 

UN-E3-PI'£D,  (-es-pide',)  o.  Not  espied;  not  dis- 
covered ;  not  seen.  Dryden. 

UN-ES-SA  Y'£D,  a.    Not  essayed  ;  unattempted. 

MiltoTU 

UN-ES-SEN'TIAL,  (-shal,)  a.  Not  essential ;  not 
ab.solutely  necessary  ;  not  of  prime  importance. 

2.  Not  constituting  the  essence. 

3.  Void  of  real  being  ;  as,  unessential  night. 

JttUton. 
UN-ES-SEN'TIAL,  n.      Something  not  constituting 
essence,  or  not  of  absolute   necessity.     Forms  are 
among  the  une.'isfntiatj  of  religion. 
UN-ES-.^EN'TIAL,-LY,  adv.    Not  essentially. 
UN-ES-TAB'LISH,  v.  t.    To  unfix  ;  to  deprive  of  es- 
tablishment.    [Little  used.}  ,  Milton. 
UN-ES-TAB'USH-£D,a.    Not  established  ;  not  per- 
manently fixed. 
UN-£C-€UA-RIST'I€-AL,  a.    Not  eucharistical. 

Ec.  Rev. 
UN-E-VAN-GEL'ie-AL,  a.    Not  orthodox;    not  ac- 
cording to  the  gospel.  Milner. 
UN-E-VAN'GEL-IX-ED,  a.    Not  evangelized. 
UN-E-VAP'O-RA-TED,  a.    Not  evaporated. 

Coleridge. 
UN-E'V£N,  (un-e'vn,)  a.     Not  even  ;  not  level ;    as, 
an  uneven  road  or  way  ;  uneven  ground.      Addison. 
2.  Not  equal ;  not  of  equal  length. 

HebiTW  veiwr  coniiaU  of  uneven  feet.  PtoAam. 


FATE,  F*R,  FALL,  WHAT METE,  PEBY PI.NE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLP,  BQ9K.- 

1200  '        ~  ■      '~ 


UNE 

3.  Not  uniform  ;  as,  nn  uneven  temper. 

Unrrm   number ;  a,   number   not   divisible  by  two 

wiihoiit  a  remainder;  an  odd  number. 

UN-E'V£\-LY,  adu.    In  an  uneven  manner. 

UN-i£'V£N-NE!SS,  n.     Surface   not   level ;  inequality 

of  surface  ;  as,  the  unevenness  of  ground  or  of  roads. 

Ray. 

2.  Turbulence;  change;  want  of  uniformity;  a 
the  uneveniiMs  of  King  Edward*s  reign.    lUnusual.) 

JlaU, 

3.  Want  of  uniformity  ;  as,  unevenness  of  temper. 

4.  Want  of  smoothnesa 
UN-E-VENT'F^L,  a.     Not  eventful.  Southey, 
UN-EV'I-TA-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  escaped  ;  unavoida- 
ble.    fThe  word  now  used  is  Ihetitable-I 

lTN-E-VOLV'£D,pp.     Not  evolved. 

UN-EX-AeT',  C-egz-O  a.  Not  exact.  [See  Inexact, 
which  is  pcnarnlly  used.] 

UN-EX-AGT'ED,  (-egz-,)  a.  Not  exacted ;  not  taken 
by  force.  Dryden. 

UN-EX-AG'GER-A-TED,  a.    Not  exaggerated. 

Buckminster. 

UN-EX-A6'GER-J-TING,  a.  Not  enlarging  in  de- 
scription. 

UN-EX-AM'IN-A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  examined  or  in- 
quired into.  JilUlvn, 

UN-EX-AM'IN-ED,  o.  Not  examined  ;  not  interro- 
gated strictly  ;  a.s  a  witness. 

2.  Not  inquired  into;  not  investigated  ;  as  a  ques- 
tion. 

3.  Not  discussed  ;  not  debated. 
UN-EX-.\M'IN-ING,  a.    Not  examining  ;  not  given  to 

examination.  JlUen. 

UN-EX-AM'PLED,  (-egz-,)  a.  Having  no  example  or 
Bimilar  case  ;  having  no  precedent}  unprecedented; 
unparalleled  ;  as,  the  unexampled  love  and  sufferings 
of  our  Savior. 

UN-EX-CEPT'ED,  o.     Not  excepted.  Chalmers. 

UN-EX-CEP'TIUN-A-BLE,  a.  Not  liable  to  any  ex- 
ception or  objection;  unobjectionable;  as,  unexcep- 
tionable conduct ;  unexceptionable  testimony. 

aN-EX-CEP'TION-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  glate  or  qual- 
ity of  beine  unexeeptiontible.  JiUrc. 

UN-EX-CEP'TION-A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  lia- 
ble to  DO  objection  J  as,  u  point  unczceptionably 
proved. 

UX-EX-CIS'ED,  (-ek*^Izd',)  c  Nut  cliarged  with  the 
duty  of  excise. 

(JN-EX-CIT'ED,  a.     Not  excited  ;  not  rouwd.  Brown. 

UN-EX-eLfD'ED,  a.    Not  excluded.     Word^^rorth. 

trX-EX-eLf'SIVE,  a.     Not  exclusive.         Ed.  Rev. 

UN-EX-eoC'I-TA-BLE,  a.     Not  to  be  found  out. 

iA*o(  in  itjr.]  Rah(rh. 

r-EX-€OM-M0'NI  e.\-TED,  a.    Not   excommuni- 
cated. Scott. 
tlN-EXeCS'A-BLE,  a.  Not  excusable.   [We  now  uso 

IsEXcrBAnLc.l 
UN-EX-eC8'A-BLE-NESS,     n.        Incxcusableness, 

%vhich   see. 
UN-EX'E-eij-TED,  fl.     Not  performed;    not  done; 

as,  a  task,  business,  or  project  unexecuted. 

2.  Not  signed  or  sealed  ;  not  having  the  proper  at- 
testations or  forms  that  give  validity  ;  as,  a  contract 

or  deed  unexecuted. 
UN-EX'EM-PLA-RY,  C-cgz'-,)a-  Not  exemplary  ;  not 

accordmg  to  example.  Swift. 

UN-EX-EM'PLI-FI-EU,(-egz-em'pIe-fldc,)a.  Notei- 

emplifiod  ;  not  illustrated  by  example.  Boyle, 

UN-EX  EMPT',  (egz-,)  a.    Not  exempt ;  not  free  by 

privilece.  Milton. 

UN-EX' ER-CIS  ED,  a.  Not  exercised  ;  not  practiced  ; 

not  disciplined  ;  not  experienced.  Dryden. 

UN  EX-ERT'ED,  (-egz-,)  o.    Not  called  into  action; 

not  exerted.  Brown. 

UN-EX-HAUST'ED,  (egz-,)  a.     Not  exhausted  ;  not 

drained  to  the  bottom,  or  to  the  last  article.  Addison. 
9.  Not  sp<^nt ;  as,  unexhau-Hed  patienc  or  strength. 
UN-EX-IST'ENT,  (-egz-,^  a.    Not  existing.  BroKti. 
UN-EX-rST'!\G,  (-egz-,)  a.     Not  existing.     Brown. 
UN-EX'OR-ClS-£D,  a.    Not  exorcised  ;  not  cast  out 

by  exorcism. 
UN-EX-PA  N  D'ED,  a.    Not  expanded  ;  not  spread  out. 

Blaekmore. 
UN-EX-PECT-A'TION,  n.    Wam  of  foresight.    [JVot 

in  u.ie.]  Bp.  IJnU. 

UN-EX-FECT'ED,  a.     Not  expected  ;  not  looked  for  ; 

sudden  :  not  provided  against.  Hooker. 

UN-EX-PECT'ED-LV,  adv.    At  a  time  or  in  a  man- 
ner not  expected  or  looked  for  ;  suddenly. 
UN-EX-PE€T'ED-NE3S,   h.    The  quality   of  being 

unexpected,  or  of  coming  suddenly  and  by  surprise. 

Waft.i.  K 
UN  EX-PE€'TO-RA-TING,  a.     Not  expectorating; 

not  discharging  from  the  lungs, 
UN-EX-P£'DI-ENT,  a.     Not  expedient.     [But  Imex- 

PEDiEKT  is  the  word  now  used.] 
UN-EX-PEND'ED,  a.     Not  expended  ;  not  laid  out. 

There  is  an  unexpended  balance  of  the  appropriation. 
UN-EX-PENS'IVE,  a.    Not  expensive  j  not  costly. 

Milton. 
UN-EX-PE'RI-ENC-ED,    (-eka-pe're-enst,)    a.      Not 

experienced ;  not  versed  ;  not  acquainted  by  trial  or 

practice.  Dryden. 

2.  Untried  ;  applied  to  things.     lUnusual.]    Cheyne. 


UNF 

UN-EX-PER-I-MEXT'AL,  o.    Not  experimental. 

Ed.  Rev. 
UN-EX-PERT',  a.    Wanting  skUl ;  not  ready  or  dex- 
trous in  perforniiince.  Prior. 
UN-EX-PERT'LY.  adv.     Inexpertly  ;  without  skill. 
UN-EX-PIH'ED,  a.     Not  expired  ;  not  ended. 
UN-EX-PLAIN'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  explained. 

Med.  Repos. 
UN-EX-PLAIN'ED,  a.     Not  explained;    not  inter- 
preted ;  not  illustrated. 
UN-EX-PLOU'£D,  a.    Not  explored  ;  not  searched  or 
examined  liy  the  eye  ;  unknown. 
2.  Not  examined  intellectually. 
UN-EX-PLO'SIVE,  fl.     Not  expluhivo. 
UN-EX-POllT'ED,  a.    Not  exported  or  sent  abroad. 
UN-EX-P0S'£J1),  a.   Not  laid  open  to  view  ;  concealed. 

R.  O.  Harper. 
2.  Not  laid  open  to  censure. 
UN-EX-POUND'ED,  a.      Not   expounded  ;    not  ex- 
plained. 
UN-EX-PRESS'ED,  (  eks-prest',)  a.    Not  expressed  ; 

not  mentioned  or  named  ;  not  exhibited. 
UN-EX-PRESS'I-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  expressed, 

[But  IxEXpREssrBLE  is  the  word  now  used.] 
UN-EX-PRESS'I-BLY,    adv.       Inexpressibly,       [The 

latter  is  most  used.) 
UN-EX-PREriS'IVE,  a.     Nut  having  the  power  of  ex- 
pressing. 
9.  Inexpressible  ;  unutterable.  Shak. 

UN-EX-PRESS'IVE-LY,  ade.    Inexpressibly;  unut- 

terablv. 
UN-EX-PUNG'ED,  a.    Not  expunged. 
UN-EX-TEND'ED,    a.       Occupying     no     assignable 
space ;  having  no  dimensions  j  as,  a  iipiritual,  an  un- 
extende.d  substance.  I.ockr. 

UN-EX-TINCT',    a.      Not   extinct ;   not    being    de 

stroved  ;  nnt  having  perish'^d. 
UN  EX-TIN"GUiSH-A-BLE,    f-ek:?-ting'gwish-,)    a. 
Thiit  can  not  be  extingiiished ;  unquenchable;  as. 
uneitinguishabte  fire, 

2.  TJiat  can  not  be  annihilated  or  repressed  ;  as, 
nn  vrtfxtin^ishable  thirst  for  knowledge.     [But  I.t 
ExTtNGuisHAiiLE  is  uiore  generally  used.] 
UN-EX-TIN"GUISII-A-BLY,  adv.    In  a  manner  or 

degree  that  precludes  extinction.  Ji/hn-wn. 

UN-EX-TIN"GUISII-ED,  (eks-ting'gwisht,)  a.    Not 

cxtingttiahed;  not  quenchod  ,  not  entirely  repressed, 

X>rydcn. 
UN-EX-TIR'P.\-TED,  a.    Not  extirpated  ;  not  rooted 

nut. 
UN-EX-TfJRT'En,  a.    Not  exu.rted  ;  not  wrested. 
UN-EX-TRAeT'El),  a.    N<tt  extracted  or  drawn  out. 
UN-FAD'EI),  a.     Not  faded;    not    having    lost   its 
strength  of  color. 
2-  Unwithercd,  as  a  plant.  Dryden. 

UN-FAD'ING,  a.    Not  liable  to  lose  strength  or  fresh- 
ness of  coloring. 
2.  Not  liable  to  wither  ;  as,  unfadinir  laurels.  Pope. 
UN-FAD'I\G-LY,  adv.     In  an  unfitdiug  niiinner. 
UN-FAD'ING-NE6S,n.    The  state  or  quality  of  being 

unfolding.  Jfatt. 

UN-FaIL'A-BLE,  a.   That  can  not  fail.   [J\rot  in  use.} 

Hall. 
UN-FAIL'A-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  quality  of  being  un- 

faihtble.     [jVot  in  u.^e.]  Hall. 

UN-FaILTNG,  a.  Not  liable  tn  fiiil ;  not  capable  of 
being  exhausted  ;  as,  an  unfaiittitr  spring;  uiifaiUnjr 
sources  nf  supply. 

S.  That  does  not  fiil ;  certain ;  as,  an  Mijfailittjr 
promise. 
UN-FAIL'rNG-LY,  fl*.     Without  fnilnre. 
UN-FAIL'ING-NES5,  M.    Tiie  state  of  behig  unfail- 
ing. Hall. 
UN-FAINT'ING,a.    Not  fJiinting;  not  sinking;  not 

fniling  under  toil.  Sandys. 

UN-FAIR',  a.  Not  honest ;  not  impartial ;  disingenu- 
ous ;  using  trick  or  artifice  ;  as,  an  unfair  dealer. 

2.  Not  honest ;  not  just ;   not  equal ;  as,  unfair 
practire^. 

3.  Pmceeding  from  trick  or  dishonesty;  as,  unfair 
advantages. 

UN  rAIR'I.Y,atir.   Not  in  a  just  or  equitable  manner. 

Par  n  ell.  ~ 
UN-FAIIl'NESH,  n.    Dishonest  or  djsingenuuus  con- 
duct or  pnictice ;  use  of  trick  or  artifice  ;  applied  to 
pcrsottM.     He  is  noted  for  iiis  uvfatrne-ss  in  dealing. 

2.  Injiisiice  ;  want  of  equitablcncss ;  as,  tlie  un- 
fairness of  a  proceeding. 
UN-FAITH'FVJL,   a.       Not    observant  of   i)romi3es, 
vows,  allegiance,  or  duty;  violating  trust  or  confi- 
dence;  treacherous;    i>erfidious ;   as,   an   unfaithful 
subject ;  an  unfaithful  husband  or  wife  ;  an  unfmthful 
servant ;  an  unfaithful  bailee  or  agent. 
2.  Not  i»erforming  the  proper  duty. 
My  fcf  t  ihrougli  wine  uri/ailli/ul  lo  their  weight.  Pope. 

3    Impious  ;  Infidel.  Milton. 

4.  Negligent  of  duty  ;  aa,  an  unfaithful  workman. 
UN-FAITII'FJJI^LY,  adv.     In  violation  of  promises, 

vows,  or  duty  ;  treacherously;  perfidiously.   Bacon. 

2.  Negligently;  imperfectly;  as  j  work  unfaithfully 

done. 

UN-FAITH'FUUNESS,  n.     Neglect  or  violation  of 

vows,  promises,  allegiance,  or  other  duty  ;  breach  of 


UNF 

C(mfidence  or  trust  reposed  ;  perfidiouaness  ;  treach- 
ery ;  as,  the  unfaithfulness  of  a  subject  to  his  prince 
or  the  state  ;  the  unfaitbfulnesM  of  a  husband  to  bis 
wife,  or  of  a  wife  to  her  husband  ;  the  unfaithfulness 
of  an  agent,  servant,  or  ofllcer. 

UN-FAL'iGA-TED,  a.  Not  curtailed  ;  having  no  de- 
ductions. Swift. 

UN-FA  LL'EN,  a.     Not  fallen.  Young. 

UN-FAL'LOW-ED,  a.    Not  fallowed.  PhUivs. 

UN-FA L'TER-ING,  a.  Not  faltering;  not  faUiug ; 
not  liesitating. 

UN-FAL'TER-ING-LY,  ado.  Without  faltering ;  un- 
besiL-itingly. 

UN-FA-5lfL'IAR,  a.  Not  accustomed  ;  not  common  ; 
not  rendered  agreeable  by  frequent  use.       tVartan. 

UN-FA-MIL-IAtt'I-TY,  «.    Want  of  familiarity. 

Johnaon. 

UN-FA-MIL'IAR-LY,  adv.    Not  familiarly. 

UN-FAS'CIN-A-TED,  a.    Nut  fascinated. 

UN-FAS'CIN-A-TING,  a.     Not  fascinating. 

UN-FASH'ION-.\-BLE,  a.  Not  fa.'.hionable  ;  not  ac- 
cording to  the  prevailing  mode  ;  as,  vnfcukionable 
dress  or  language. 

2.  Not  regulating  dress  or  manners  according  to 
the  reigning  custom  ;  as,  an  unfashionable  man. 

UN-FASU'I0N-A-BLE-NE8S,  n.  Neglect  of  the  pre- 
vailing mode  ;  deviation  from  reigning  custom. 

laeke. 

UN-FASH'ION-A-BLY,  udc.  N«.t  according  to  Uie 
fashion  ;  as,  to  be  unfashiunaUly  dressed. 

UN-FASH'ION-£D,  a.  Nut  modified  by  art ;  amor- 
phous ;  shapeless  ;  not  iiaving  a  regular  form  ;  as,  a 
lifeless  lump  unfiishioned.  Dryden.     Qood. 

UN-FAST',  fl.     Not  safe  ;  not  secure. 

UN-FAST'A'N,  <-fJu*'n,)  r.  ^  To  loose  ;  to  unfix  ;  to 
unbind  ;  to  untie. 

UN  FXST'EN-£D,  p;».    Loosed;  untied;  unfixed. 

UN-FA.ST'ING,  a.    Not  fa^^ting. 

UN-FXTHER-AD,  fl.    Fatherless.  Shak, 

UN-FA 'TUER-LY,  a.  Net  becojning  a  father  ;  un- 
kind. Cuieper. 

UN-FATH'OM-A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  sounded 
by  a  line  ;  as,  an  unfaUimnable  lake,     _,       Addison. 

2.  So  de*;p  or  remote  that  the  limit  or  extimt  can 
not  be  found,  'i'lie  designs  (tf  Providence  arc  olieo 
unfathnmiible. 

UN-FATH'OM-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  stale  of  being 
un  fathomable.  J^orris. 

UN-FATH't)M-A-BLY,  adi\  So  as  not  to  be  capable 
of  being  sounded.  Thomson, 

UN-FATll'OM-^D,  a.  Not  sounded;  not  to  be 
sounded.  Dryden. 

UN-FA-TiGU'ED,  (fa-teegd',)  a.  Not  wearied;  not 
tired.  Philips. 

UN-FAUL'TY,  a.    Free  from  fault ;  innocent. 

Milton, 

UN-FA'VOR-A-BLE,  a.  Not  favorable  ;  not  propi- 
tious ;  not  disjtosed  or  adapted  to  countenance  or 
support.  We  fcmnd  the  minister's  opinion  unfavora- 
ble to  our  project.  The  committee  made  a  report  un- 
favorable to  the  petitioner. 

2.  Not  propitious  ;  not  adapted  to  promote  any  ob- 
ject ;  as,  weather  unfavorable  for  harvest. 

3.  Not  kind  ;  not  obliging. 

4.  Discouraging  ;  as,  unfavorable  prospects. 
UN-FA'VOR-A-BLE-NEflS,  n.  Unpropitiousness  ;  un- 

kindn*;ss;  want  of  disposition  to  countenance  or 
promote. 

UN-FA' VOR-A-BLY,  adv.  Unpropitiously  ;  unkindly  ; 
so  as  not  to  countenance,  support,  or  promote ;  in  a 
matm(>r  to  discourage. 

UN-FA' VOR-ED,  a.    Not  favored  ;  not  assisted. 

Ooldsmith. 

UN-F|5AR'£D,  a.  ■  Not  aflrighted  ;  not  daunted. 

B.  Jimson. 
9.  Not  feared  ;  not  dreaded.  Milton. 

UNFKvVR'FJJI*,  a.    Not  fearful ;  courageous. 

rN-FP,.\R'ING,  a.     Not  fearing.  Montgomery, 

UN-FP.AR'ING-LY,  adv.     Without  fear.    Coleridge, 

UN-FP.AS'I-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  done  ;  imprac- 
ticable. 

UN-FEATn'ER-£D,  a.  Having  no  feathers;  un- 
fledjrerl ;  impluinous;  naked  of  feathers.     Dryden. 

UN-FkAT'UU-/:!),  a.  U'iiutlng  regular  features ;  de- 
formed. 

Viiia^  rojigh, 
nrformcO,  tti^'eaUrtd.  Dryden. 

UN-FED',  tt.     Not  fed  ;  nnt  supplied  with  food. 

Spenser. 

UN-FEED',  fl.     Not  feed  ;  not  retained  by  a  fee. 
2.  Unpaid  ;  as,  ;m  unfced  lawyer.  Skak. 

UN-FEEL'ING,  fl.    Insensible  ;  void  of  sensibility. 
2.  Cruel  ;  hard. 

UN-FEEL'ING-LY,  adv.  In  an  unfeeling  or  cruel 
manner. 

UN-FEEL'ING-NESS,  n.  Insensibility  ;  hardness  of 
heai  t ;  cruelty-  Darwin. 

UN-FEIGN'£D,  (-fand',)  a.  Not  feigned  ;  not  coun- 
terfeit ;  not  hypocritical  ;  real  ;  sincere  ;  as,  itn- 
feigned  piety  to  God  ;  unfeiirned  love  to  man. 

UN-FEIGN'ED-LY,  adv.  VVithout  hyiwcrisy  ;  really ; 
sincerely, 

Ilu  mrdonetb  aJl  tltcm  that  truly  rcpeot,  ■.nd  unfeigntdl^  beUm ' 
Ilia  holy  eoapel.  Com.  •*— — 


TONE,  BULL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  at  K ;  6  as  J  ;  8  as  Z;  CH  as  SU ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


151 


1301 


UNF 

UN-FE-LIC'I-TA-TING.  «.     Not  producing  felicity. 

f  Un  iwiiaL  ]  J,  Lathrop. 

UN-FEL'LO\V-£D,  a.    Not  matched. 
UN-FELT',  a.    Not  felt ;  not  perceived.        Dryden, 
UN-FEM'I-NIXE,  a.    Not  friiiiiiine  j  not  according  to 

the  female  character  or  manners.  Roberts. 

UN-FENCE',  (fens',)  c.  L    To  strip  of  fence  ;  to  re- 
move a  fence  from.  SouUU 
UN-FENC'£D,  (-fenst',)  pp.    Deprived  of  a  fonca. 
3.  a.     Not  fenced  ;  not  inclosed  ;  defenseless ;  as, 
a  tract  of  land  unfeacfd. 
UN-FER-MENT'EU,  a.    Not  fermented;  not  having 
undereoue  the  process  of  fermentation  ;  as  liquor. 
2.  Not  leavened  ;  as  bread. 
UN-FER'TILE,   (fer^ti!,)   a.     Not  fertile;    not  rich; 
not  having  the  quaJities  necessaxy  tu  the  production 
of  good  crops. 
9.  Barren;  tinfWitAil ;  banj  waste, 
a  Not  prolific 

[This  word  is  not  olMolete,  but  IxriRTiLR  is  much 
used  instead  of  it.1 
UN-F£R'TILE-NEdS,  a.    State  of  being  unfertile. 

Johnson. 
UN-FETTER,  r.  t     To  loose  ftom  fetters ;  to  un- 
chain ;  to  unshackle. 

2.  To  free  from  restraint ;  to  set  at  liberty  ;  as,  to 
itnfettfT  the  mind. 

UN-FET'TER-£D,   pp.      Unchained  ;    unshackled  ; 

freed  from  restraint. 
S.  0.    Not  restrained. 
UN-FET'TER-ING,  ppr.     Unchaining;  setting  ftee 

from  restraint. 
UN-FIG'I^R  £0,  a.     Representing  no  animal  form. 

WoUon. 
UN-FIL'IAL,  (-fil'yal,)  a.    Unsuitable  to  a  son  or 

child  ;  undutiful ;  not  becoming  a  child.  Skak. 

UN-FIL'IAL-l^Y,  adt.    In  a  manner  unbecoming  a 

child. 
UN-FILL'£D,  «.    Not  filled  ;  not  ftiUy  supplied. 

UX-FILM'£D,  a.    Not  covered  with  a  film. 

Brit.  Spf, 
UN-FIN'ISH-£D,  (un-lln'isht,)  a.    Not  finUhed  ;  not 
complete  ;  not  brought  to  an  end  ;  imperfect ;  want- 
lii(  Um  Int  hand  or  tuuch  j  as,  an  unjUishtid  bouse  ; 
•o  «Mn«*«rf  painiini;.  l>ryden, 

UN-FTR'£D,  a.    Not  fired  ;  not  inflamed. 
UN-FIRM',  a.    [See  FiaM.]    Not  firm ;  weak ;  fee- 
ble ;  infirm. 

Ji'cU.  -~  When  we  speak  of  the  weakneaa  of  the 
human  frame,  we  use  I^vfibm.    Wbea  we  speok  of 
the  weakness  of  uher  things,  as  a  bridge,  wall,  and 
the  like,  we  say,  it  is  Uifriaii. 
S.  Not  stable ;  not  well  fixed. 

WkhfcMiovfrm.  Dryieit. 

rN-FTRM'NE:.SS,  a.    A  weak  sUte  ;  instability. 
UN-FIT',  a.    Not  fit ;  improper  ;  unsuitable.     JCttPH. 

3.  Unqualttied  ;  as,  a  man  mi^  for  an  office. 
UN-FIT',  r.  t     To  disable  ;  to  make  unsuitable  ;  to 

deprive  of  the  strength,  skill,  or  proper  qualities  for 
any  thins.    Sickness  umjiu  a  man  for  labor. 

^  To  disqualify  ;  to  deprive  of  the  moral  or  men- 
tal qualities  necessary  for  any  thing.  Sin  vi^^  us 
for  the  society  of  holy  beings. 

UN-FIT'LY,  adr.     Ni»t  pro(»erly  ;  unsuitably. 

UN-FIT'NESS,  «.  Want  of  suitable  powers  or  quali- 
fications, physical  or  nioml ;  as,  the  yn^fitness  of  a 
sick  man  for  labor,  or  of  an  ig:nurant  man  fur  office  ; 
the  uaJUne^s  of  sinners  fur  the  enjoyment  of  heaven. 

2.  Want  of  propriet>'  or  adaptation  to  character  or 
place  ;  Oft,  un^ntss  of  behavior  or  of  dress. 

UN-FIT'TED,  pp.  Rendered  unsuitable;  disquali- 
fied. 

UN-FIT'TIXG,  ppr.  Rendering  unsuitable;  disqual- 
ifying. 

3.  a.    Improper;  unberominp. 

UN-FIX',  r.  L    To  loosen  from  any  fastening;  to  de- 
Uch  from  any  tiling  that  holds ;  to  unsettle  ;  to  un- 
liinge  ;  as.  to  ki^  the  mind  or  affections. 
3.  To  make  fiuid  ;  to  dissolve. 

Nor  eui  lh»  riuog  auo 
Vnjtx  Iheix  fiotU.  IhyiUm. 

US-nX'EO^  (-fikst',)  pp.    Unsettled  ;  loosened. 

fi.  a.  Wandering  ;  erratic  ;  inconstant ;  having  no 
settled  habitaiion. 

3.  Having  no  settled  view  or  object  of  pursuiL 
UN-FIX'ED-NES;?,  r.    The  slate  of  being  unsetlled. 
UN-FIX'ING,  j/pr.     Un.'Vitltnp  ;  loosenin;;. 
UN-FL.\G'GING,  a.      Nut  dogging;   not  drooping; 

mainiainine  strength  or  spirit.  South. 

UN-FLAT' TER- in),  a.     Not  flattered.  Yaung. 

UN-FLAT'TER-ING.fl.  Not  flattering;  not  graiifv- 
ing  with  o^isequious  behavior  ;  not  coloring  the  truth 
to  please, 

2.  Not    affording  a   favorable    prospect ;    as,    the 
weather  is  nnftattfrina-. 
UN-FLAT'TER-ING-LV,  adv.    Without  flattery. 
UN-FLAW'£D,  (-flavvd',)  a.     Having  no  flaw. 
UN-FLEDG'iJO,  a.     Not  yet  furnished  with  fealliers  : 
implumous  ;  as,  an  ujijledtred  bird. 
2.  Young;  not  having  attained  to  full  growth. 

Skak. 
UN-PLESH'£D,  (-flesht',)  a.    Not  fleshed  ;  not  sea- 


UNF 

soned  to  blood  ;  raw  ;  as,  an  unfleshed  bound  ;  iin- 

Jleshrd  v;ilor.  Shak. 

UN-FMNl'iriNG,  a.    Not  flinching;  not  shrinking; 

deternt  i  ned.  JiUeH. 

UN-FLIT'TING,  o.     Not  flitting.  E.  Iroing. 

UN-FK(^W'ER-ING,  o.    Ni.t  flowering.    Montgomery. 
UN-F01L'£D,  a.    Not  vanquished ;  not  defeated. 

Temple. 
UN-FOLD',  V.  U    To  open  folds ;  to  expand  ;  to  spread 

out. 

2.  To  open  any  thing  covered  or  close  j  to  lay  open 
to  view  or  cuntemptation  ;  tu  disclose  ;  to  reveal ;  as, 
tu  ui^fold  one's  designs;  to  u^fuld  the  principles  of  a 
science. 

3.  To  declare  ;  to  tell ;  to  disclose. 

Unfold  tbo  pamoo  of  my  lore.  Shak, 

4.  To  ilisplay  ;  as,  to  unfold  the  works  of  creation. 

5.  To  release  from  a  fold  or  pen ;  as,  to  unfvld 
sheen.  Shak» 

UN-FoLD'ED,  pp.  Opened  ;  expanded  ;  revealed  ; 
displayed  ;  released  from  a  fold. 

UN-FOLD'ING,  ppr.  Opening;  expanding;  disclos- 
ing  ;  displaying:;  releasing  from  a  fulil. 

UN-FOI.D'ir^G,  n.  The  act  of  expanding,  displaying, 
or  disclosing:  disclosure. 

UN-FOL'L0W-£D,  a.     Not  followed.  Scott. 

UN-FOOL',  V.  ^     To  restore  from  folly.     [JVot  m  use.] 

UN-FOR-HEXR'ING,  a.     Not  forbearing. 

UN-FOU-nil)',  a.     Not  forbid  ;  not  prohibited  ; 

UN-FOR-BlD'D£N,  \      applied  to  persons.      Milton. 
2.  Allowed  ;  permitted  ;  legal ;  applied  to  things. 

UN-FOR-BID'D£N-NESS,  n.  The  stale  of  being 
unforbidden.     [JVot  in  use.]  Boyle. 

UN-Ff)RC'£D,  (-forst'O  a.      Not  forced  ;    nut  com- 
pelled ;   nut  constrained.  Dryden. 
2.  Not  urged  or  impelled.  Donne. 
X  Not  feigned  ;    not  bightened  ;  natural ;  as,  un- 
forced passions;  unforced  expressions  of  joy. 

4.  Not  violent ;  easy ;  gradual ;  as,  an  easy  and 
w^forcrd  ascent  Denkam. 

5.  Easy  ;  natural ;  as,  an  unforced  posture. 
DN-FOR'CI-BLE,  a.    Wanting  force  or  strength  ;  as, 

an  nnfordkle  expression.  Hooker. 

UN-FORD' A-BLE,  a.  Not  fordable  ;  that  can  not  be 
forded,  or  passed  by  wading ;  aa,  an  unfordahle 
river.  Whitaker. 

UN-FORE-BOP'ING,  a.    Giving  no  omens.      Pope. 

UN-FORE-KNOWN',  a.  Not  previously  known  or 
foreseen.  MiUon. 

UN-FORF^EE'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  foreseen. 
[^  bad  wordy  and  not  in  use.]  South. 

UN-FORE-SEEN',  «.    N.-t  foreseen  ;  not  foreknown. 

JOryden, 

UN-FORE-PEE'ING,  a.    Not  foreseeing.         Soutk. 

UN-FORE'SKIN-N£D,  a.    Circumcised.    [Bad.] 

UN-FORE-TOLIV,  a.     Not  predicted.  [MiUon. 

UN-FORE-WARN'£D,  a.  [See  Wasij.]  Not  pre- 
viously fvariuMl  or  admonished. 

UN-FOiVFEIT-ED,  o.    Not  forfeited,  Rogers. 

UN-FOi:-GET'FUL,  a.     Nut  forgetful.  misan. 

UN-Ft>R-GIV'£N'  a.     Not  forgiven  ;  not  pardoned. 

UN-FOR-GIV'L\G,  a.  Not  forpiving,  not  disposed  to 
overlook  or  pardon  offenses  ;  implucnble.     Dryden. 

UN-FORGOT',  )  a.      Not   ii»rgot ;    not    lost    to 

UN-FOR-GOT'T£N,  \      memory.  Knolies. 

2.  Not  overlooked  ;  not  neglected. 

UN-FOR.M',  r.  u  To  destroy  ;  to  unmake  ;  to  decom- 
pose or  resolve  into  parts.  Oood. 

UN-FORM'AL,  a.     Not  formal.  Bladcwood. 

UN-FORM'£D,  pp.  Decomposed  or  resolved  into 
parts. 

2.  0.  Not  molded  into  regular  shape ;  as,  unformed 
matter.  Spectator. 

UN-FOR-9AK'£N,  a.  Not  forsaken;  not  deserted; 
not  entirely  neglected. 

UN-FOR'Tl-FI-£D,  (-fide,)  a.  Not  fortified ;  not  se- 
cured from  altack  by  walls  or  mounds.  Pope. 

2,  Not  guarded  ;  hot  strengthened  against  tempta- 
tions or  trials ;  weak  ;  exposed  ;  defenseless  ;  as,  an 
unfortified  mind. 

3.  Wanting  securities  or  means  of  defense. 

Collier. 

UN-FOR'TtJ-NATE,  a.  Not  successful ;  not  pros- 
perous ;  as,  an  unfortunate  adventure  ;  an  unfortunate 
voyage;  unfortunate  attempts;  an  unfortunate  man; 
an  unfortunate  commander  ;  unfortunate  business. 

UN-FOR'TU-NATE-LV,  adr.  Without  success;  un- 
successfully ;  unhappily.  The  scheme  unfortunauly 
miscarried. 

UN-FOR'TU-NATE-NESS,  n.  HI  luck  ;  ill  fortune  ; 
failure  of  success.  Sidney. 

UN-FOS'Sri^IZ  £D,  a.     Not  fossilized. 

UN-FOS'TER-£D,  a.     Not  fostered  ;  not  nourished. 
2.  Not  countenanced  by  favor  ;  not  patronized. 

UN-FOUGHT',  (fawt',)  a.     Not  fought.       KnoUes. 

UN-FOUL' £D,  c.  Not  fouled;  not  polluted;  not 
soiled  ;  not  corrupted  ;  pure.  Young. 

UN-FOUND',  a.     Not  found  ;  not  met  with. 

Dryden. 

UN-FOUM>'ED,  a.  Not  founded  ;  not  built  or  estab- 
lished. 

2.  Having  no  foundation;  vain;  idle;  as,  un- 
founded  expectations. 


UNG 

UN-FOUND'ED-LY,  adv.  In  an  idle  or  unfounded 
manner. 

UN-FRA'GRANT,  a.    Not  fragrant. 

UN-FRAM'A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  framed  or  molded. 
[•V«(  in  use,]  Hooker. 

UN-FRAM'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  not  be- 
ing framahle.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Sanderson, 

UN-FRaM'£D,  a.    Not  framed;  not  fitted  for  erec- 
tion ;  as,  unframed  timber. 
2.  Not  formed ;  not  constructed  ;  not  fashioned. 

Dryden. 

UNFRA-TER'NAL,  a.    Not  brotherly. 

UN-FRA-TER'NAI^LY,  adv.  In  an  unbrotberly 
manner. 

UN-FREE',  a.     Not  free ;    as,  ut^free  peasants.   Tooke. 

UN-FRE'UUEN-CY,  n.  The  stale  of  being  unfre- 
quent.  Cowper. 

UN-FRE'aUENT,  o.  Not  frequent ;  not  common  ; 
not  happening  often  ;  infrequent.  Brown. 

UN-FRE-aUENT',  v.  L  To  cease  to  frequent.  [JVU 
in  use.)  Philips. 

UN-FRE-aUENT'ED,  a.  Rarely  visited  ;  seldom  r^ 
sorted  to  by  human  beings  ;  as,  an  uj^fret/uented  place 
or  forest.  Addison. 

UN-FRE'aUENT-LY,  adv.    Not  often  ;  seldom. 

Brown. 

UN-FRI'A-BLE,  a.    Not  easily  crumbled.       Paley. 

UN-FRIEND',  n.     One  not  a  friend.     [Bad.]     Scott. 

UN-FRIEND'KD,  fun-frend'ed,)  a.  Wanting  friends; 
not  countenanced  or  Bup|K>rted.  Hhak, 

UN-FRIENU'LI-NKSS,  (-frend'lc-nessO  n.  Want  of 
kindness;  disfavor.  Boyle. 

UN-FRIEND'LY,  a.  Not  friendly  ;  not  kind  or  be- 
nevolent;  as,  an  «n/rienrf/v  neighbor. 

2.  Not  favorable  ;  not  adapted  to  promote  or  sup- 
port any  object ;  as,  weather  unfriendly  to  health. 

UN-FRIEND'SHIP,  it.    State  of  being  unfriendly. 

Scott. 

UN-FROCK',  tJ.  t.    To  divest  Hurd, 

UN-FROCK'£D,  (frokt',)  pp.    Divested  of  a  gown. 

UN  FRuZ'£N,  o.    Not  frozen  ;  not  congealed.  Boyle. 

UN-FRu'GAL,  a.  Not  frugal ;  not  saving  or  econom- 
ical. 

UN-FRCIT'FyL,  a.  Not  producing  fruit;  barren; 
as,  an  uT\fruHfal  tree. 

2.  Not  producing  ufl^-:pring;  not  prolific;  barren; 
as,  an  unfruitful  female. 

3.  Not  producing  good  effects  or  works  ;  as,  an  un- 
fruitful life. 

4.  Unproductive;    not  fertile;    as,  an  uitfruitful 
soil. 

UN-FRCIT'FUI^LY,  adv.    Without  producing  fruit. 

UN-FR0IT'FJ}L-NESS,  71.  Barrenness;  infecundi 
ty  ;  unproductiveness;  applied  t^  persons  or  things. 

UN-FRUS''JRA-BLE,  a.     That  can  not  be  frustrated. 

Etlwards. 

UN-FIJL-FILL'£D,  a.  Not  fulfilled ;  not  accom- 
plished ;   as,  a  prophecy  or  prediction  unfulfilled. 

UN-FOM'£D,  a.    Not  fumigated. 

2.  Not  exhaling  smoke  ;  not  burnt.  Milton. 

UN-FUND'ED,  a.  Not  funded;  having  no  permanent 
funds  for  the  payment  of  its  interest ;  as,  on  unfunded 
debt.  Hamilton. 

UN-FURL',  V.  t  To  loose  and  unfold  ;  to  expand  ;  to 
open  or  siircnd  ;  as,  to  unfurl  sails. 

UN-I'Uin/Al),  pp.     Uiif<.ldfri  ;  expanded. 

UN-FURI/INGi  j)pr.     Unfolding  ;  spreading. 

UN-FUR'NISH,  V.  t.    To  strip  of  furniture;  to  di- 
vest ;  to  strip. 
2.  To  leave  naked.  Sha3u 

UN-FUR'NItf  H-ED,  f-fur'nieht.)  pp.  Stripped  of  fur- 
niture ;  degarnisheu. 

UN-FUR'NISH-KD,  (-fnr'nishl,)  a.  Not  furnished  ; 
not  supplied  with  furniture  ;  as,  an  unfurnished  room 
or  house. 

2.  Unsupplied  with  necessaries  or  ornaments. 

3.  Empty;  not  supplied. 
UN-FrS'£l),  a.     Not  fuzed  ;  not  melted. 
UN-FC#'i-ULE,   a.      Infusible.      [2'Ae  laUer  word  is 

generally  used.] 

UN-GaIN'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  gained.  [Lit- 
tle used.j  Pierce. 

UN-GAIN'FJJL,  a.    Unprofitable;  not  producing  gain. 

Haa. 

UN-GAIN'FUL-LY,  adv.     Unprufitably. 

UN-GAIN'Li-NESS,  n.    Clumsiness;  awkwardness. 

UN-GAIN'LY,  a.     [Sax.  ungn^gne.] 

Not  expert  or  dextrous;  clumsy;  awkward;  un- 
couth ;  as,  an  ungainly  strut  in  walking.        Swift. 
y[  believe  U.NOAir*  is  not  used.] 
AL'LANT  or  UN-GALLANT',  a.  Not  gallant. 
[See  Gallaptt.]  Ed.  Rev. 

UN-GAL'LANT-LY    or    UN-GAL  LANT'LY, 
Not  gallantly. 

UN-GALL'£D,  a.     Unhurt;  not  galled.  Shak. 

UN-GXR'LAND-ED,a.    Not  crowned  with  a  garland. 

Mrs.  Butlrr. 

UN-GXR'NISH-£D,  (-gUr'nisht,)  a.  Not  garni:>lH;d  or 
furnished:  unadorned. 

UN-GAR'RI-S0N-£D,  a.  Not  garrisoned;  not  fur- 
nished with  troops  for  defense. 

UN-GAR'TER-£D,  o.     Being  without  garters.  Shak. 

UN-GATH'ER-£D,  a.  Not  gathered;  not  cropped; 
nut  picked.  Dryden. 


adv. 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LL,  WH^T METE,  PRBY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK 

1202  .  - 


UNO 

UN-GEAR',  r,  u    To  unharness  ;  to  sltip  of  gear. 

UN-Gf:AR'i:D,  pp.     Unharnessed. 

UX-GEAR'ING,  ppr.    Stripping  of  harness  or  gear. 

UX-dEN'ER-A-TED,  a.  Havlhg  no  beginning;  un- 
begotlen.  Ralegh.. 

UN-6EN'ER-A-TIVE,  a.  Not  capable  of  begt'tting  a 
child  ;  as,  "  a  motion  that's  un^enerative,*^  i.  e.,  a 
mere  puppet,  incapable  of  generation.  Shak. 

UN-6EN'ER-0US,  a.  Not  of  a  noble  mind  ;  not  lib- 
eral;  applied  to  persons  i  as,  an  ungenerous  man  or 
prince. 

2.  Not  noble  j  not  liberal ;  applied  to  things  ;  as,  an 
ungenerous  act.  Pope. 

3.  Dishonorable  -,  ignominious. 


The  TJclor  ne*cr  will  iinpoae  on  Cato 
Ungenxroua  temu. 


Addison. 


UN-6EN'ER-0US-LY,  adv.  Unkindly  ;  dishonora- 
bly. 

UN-jGk'NI-AL,  a.  Not  favorable  to  nature  or  to  nat- 
ural growth  ;  as,  ungenial  air ;  ungenial  soils. 

Sullen  seas  thai  washed  th'  ungenial  pole.  Thomson. 

UN-GENTEEL',  o.  Not  genteel;  used  of  persons , 
not  consistent  with  polite  manners  or  good  breed- 
ing; used  of  manners. 

UN-<5EN-TEEL'LY,  ode.  Uncivilly;  not  with  good 
manners. 

UN-GEN'TLE,  a.     Not  gentle  ;  harsh  ;  rude.     Shak. 

UN-GEN'TLE-MAN-LIKE,a.    Not  like  a  gentleman. 

Chestcr^eUL 

UN-GEN'TLE-MAN-LI-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  b»- 
ing  ungentlemanlike.  Quart.  Ree. 

UN-GEN'TLE-MAN-LY,  a.  Not  becoming  a  gentle- 
man. 

UN-GEN'TLE-NESS,  n.    Want  of  gentleness  ;  harsh- 
ness ;  severity  ;  rudeness.  Tusser. 
2.  Unkindness  ;  incivility.  Shak. 

UN-GEN'TLY,  adv.  Harshly  ;  with  severity  ;  rude- 
ly. Shak. 

UN-GE-0-MET'Rl€-AL,  a.  Not  agreeable  to  the 
rules  of  Eenmclry.  Chei/ne. 

CN-GIFT'EDj  a.  Not  gifted  ;  not  endowed  with  pe- 
culiar faculties.  jSrbuthnoL 

UN^ILT'^^'  i  '^-    ^°^  S'lt ;  not  overlaid  with  gold. 

UN-GILD'ING,  a.     Not  gilding. 

UN-GIRD',  (-gurd',)  r.  (.     [See  Gird.]  Toloosefrom 

a  girdle  or  band  ;  to  unbind.     Qen.  xxiv. 
UN-GtRD'ED,  pp.    Looked  from  a  girth  or  band. 
UN-GIRD'ING,  ppr.    Loosing  from  a  girdle  or  band. 
UN-CIRT',  C-gurt',)  pp.    Unbound, 

a.  a.     I_,oosely  dressed.  WaUer. 

UN-GIV'i^N,  a.     Not  given  or  bestowed. 
UN-GIVING,  a.     Not  brineing  gifts.  Dnjden. 

UN-GLAD'DBN-ED,  a.     Not  gladdened. 
UN-GLAZE',  o.  (.    To  strip  of  glass  ;  to  remove  the 

glass  from  windows. 
UN-GLAZ'SD,  a.     Destitute  of  glass;  not  furnished 

with  glass  ;  as,  the  windows  are  unglaied ;  the  house 

is  yet  unglaied. 

2.  Wanting  glass  windows. 

3.  Not  covered  with  vitreous  matter  ;  as,  unglaied 
potter's  ware. 

UN-GLAZ'ING,  ppr.     Depriving  of  glass  in  windows. 

UN-GL0'RI-FI-/:D,  C-flde,)  a.  Not  glorified  ;  not 
honored  wilh  praise  or  adoration. 

UN-GLO'RI-FV,  r.  t.     To  dfprive  of  glory.     JVatt^. 

UN-GLO'RI-OUS,  a.  Not  glorious;  bringing  no  glory 
or  honor.  J.  LatJirop. 

UN-GLOVE',  C-gluv',)  V.  t.  To  take  off  the  cloves. 
[JVot  in  use.]  Reaum.  ^  FL 

UN-GLOVED,  o.     Without  glove  or  gloves.  Baron. 

UN-GLOE',  V.  t.  To  separate  any  thing  that  is  fjlued 
or  cemented.  Sw\ft. 

UN-GLCED,  pp.     Loosed  from  glue  or  cement. 

UN-GLC'ING,  ppr.     Separating  what  is  cemented. 

UN-GOAD'ED,  a.     Not  goaded  Coleridge, 

UN-GOD',  ».  L     To  divest  of  divinity.  Dryden. 

UN-GOD'LI-LY,<k/p.    Impiously  ;  wickedly. 

Oop.  of  the  Tongue- 

UN-GOD'I-INESS,  w.  Impiety;  wirkt-rtness  ;  disre- 
gard of  God  and  his  command^,  and  neglect  of  his 
worship ;  or  any  positive  act  of  disobedience  or  ir- 
reverence. 

The  wmlb  of  GotI  u  rereakd  from  heann  Rgain»t  all  ungodli- 
ness. —  Rom.  i. 

UN-GOD'LY,  a.  Wicked  ;  impious  ;  neglecting  the 
fear  and  wonhip  of  God,  or  violating  biij  commands. 
1  Pet.  iv. 

2.  Sinful;  contrary  to  the  divine  commands;  as, 
un trof/hj  (ipeda.     Jude  IV.  ^ 

3.  Polluted  by  wickedness;  aSy&n  ungodly  dny. 

Sh'ik. 
UN-G0R'£D,  a.     Not  gored;   not  wounded  with  a 
horn. 
•3.  Nut  wounded. 
UN-G(jUG'AT>,  a.    Not  gorged ;  not  filled  ;  not  sated. 

I}ryden. 
UN-GOT',  )         »T  »      .     J 

UN-GOT'TEN,  (  "'    ^°^  gained. 

2.  Not  bf-entten.  Shak. 

UN-C;OVERN-A-BLE,  (guv'em-,)  a.  That  can  not 
be  governed  ;  that  can  not  be  ruled  or  restrained. 


UNO 

2.  Licentious ;  wild ;  unbridled  ;  as,  ungovernable 
passions  Atterbtiry. 

UN-GO VERN-A-BLY,adu.  So  as  not  to  be  governed 
or  restrained.  Qoldsmith. 

UN-GOV'ERN-ED,  a.    Not  being  governed. 

-2.  Not  subjected  to  laws  or  principles;  not  re- 
strained or  regulated;  unbridled;  licentious;  as, 
ungoverned  appetite  ;  ungovemed  jtassions. 

UN-GOWN',  r.  u  To  strip  of  a  gown,  as  a  clergy- 
man. 

UN-GOWN'£D,  a.  Not  having  or  not  wearing  a 
gown.  Poltok. 

UN-GOWN'ING,  ppr.    Depriving  of  a  gown. 

UN-GRACED,  f-grist',)  a.     Not  graced.  ScotL 

UN-GRACE'FlJl.,  a.  Not  graceful ;  not  marked  with 
ease  and  dignity  ;  wanting  beauty  and  elegance  ;  as, 
ungraceful  manners.  Without  politeness,  learning 
is  ungracrful.  Locke.     Addison. 

UN-GRACE'FJJL-LY,  ado  Awkwardly  ;  inele- 
gantly. 

UN-GRACE'FIJL-NESS,  n.  Want  of  gracefulness; 
want  of  ease  and  dignity  ;  want  of  elegance  ;  awk- 
wardness ;  as,  un  gracefulness  of  manners. 

UN-GRA'CIOUS,  a.    Wicked  ;  odious  ;  hateful. 

Shak.     £>njden. 

2.  Offensive  ;  unpleasing  ;  ns,  mtgracwus  manners. 

3.  Unacceptable  ;  not  well  received  ;  not  favored. 

Any  thlnp  of  grace  toward  the  Irish  rebels  waa  as  ungracwits  at 
Ozfoni  aa  at  Loinlon.  ClartTidon. 

UN-GRA'CIOUS-LY,  ade.  With  disfavor.  The  pro- 
posal was  received  ungraciously. 

2.  Not  in  a  pleasing  manner. 
UN-GUAM-MAT'ie-AL,  a.     Not  according  to  the  es- 
tablished and  correct  rules  of  grammar. 

UN-GRAM-MAT'ie-AL-LY,  ado.    In  a  manner  con- 
trary to  the  rules  of  grammar. 
UN-GRANT'ED,  a.     Not  granted  ;  not  bestowed  ;  not 
transferred  by  deed  or  gift  ;  as,  ungranted  lands. 

U.  Stalest.     Hamilton. 
5.  Not  granted  ;  not  yielded  ;  not  conceded  in  ar- 
gument. 
UN-GRATE',  o.    Not  agreeable ;  ungrateful.    [JVo(  in 

ttsc]  Taylor.     Swift. 

UN-GRATE'FJJL,  a.  Not  grateful ;  not  feeling  thank- 
ful for  favors, 

9.  Not  making  returns,  or  making  ill  returns  for 
kindness.  South. 

3.  Alaking  no  returns  for  culture  ;  as,  an  ungrate- 
ful soil. 

4.  Unpleasing ;  unacceptable.  Harsh  sounds  are 
ungrateful  to  the  ear. 

UN-GRATE'F!:jL-LY,  adv.    With  ingratitude.    Wake. 

2.  Unpleasi'ngly  ;  unacceptably. 
UN-GRATE'FI.J[*-NESS,  iu      Ingratitude;    want  of 
due  feelings  of  kindness  for  favors  received  ;  ill  re- 
turn for  good. 
2.  Disagreeableness  ;  unpleasing  qualitv. 
UN-GRAT'I-Fr-ED,  (fide,)  a.     Not   gratified  ;    not 
compensated. 

2.  Not  pleased. 

3.  Not  indulged  ;  as,  ungratifed  appetite. 
UN-GR.^  VE'LV,  adv.    Withuut  gravity  or  seriousness. 
UN-GRE-GA'RI-OUS,  a.     Not  gregarious.         Good. 
UN-GROAN'ING,  a.     N()t  groaning.  Byron. 
UN-GROUND'ED,  a.     Having  no  fecundation  or  sup- 
port ;  as,  ungrounded  hopes  or  confidence. 

UN-GROUND'ED-LY,  ado.  Without  ground  or  sup- 
port ;  without  reason.  Ray. 

UN-GROUND'ED-NESS,  n.  Want  of  foundation  or 
support.  Steele, 

UN-GRUDG'ED,  a.     Not  crudged.  Dwig.'it. 

UN-GRUDG'ING,  a.     Not  grudging  ;  freely  giving. 

UN-GRUDG'ING-LY,  adv.  Without  ill  will ;  heartily  j 
clicerfully  ;  as,  to  bestow  charity  ungrudgingly. 

UN"GUAL,  (ung'gwal,)  a.     [L.  uno-uw.] 

A  term  applied  to  such  huncs  of  the  feet  as  have 
attached  to  them  a  nail,  claw,  or  hoof.        Humble. 

UN-GUXRD'EP,  a.     Not  guarded  ;  not  watched. 

2.  Not  defended  ;  having  no  guard. 

3.  Careless;  negligent;  not  attentive  to  danger; 
not  cautious  ;  as,  to  be  unguarded  in  conversation. 

4.  Negligently  said  or  done;  not  done  or  spoken 
with  caution  ;  as,  an  unguarded  expression  or  action. 

UN-GUARD'ED-LY,  adv.  Without  watchful  atten- 
tion to  danger;  without  caution;  carelessly;  as,  to 
spt-ak  or  promine  unguardedly, 

UN'GUENT,  (un'gwetit,)  n.  [L.  unguentwm^  from 
uHffo,  to  anoint.] 

Ointment ;  a  soft  composition  used  as  a  topical 
remedy,  as  for  sores,  burns,  and  the  like.  An  un- 
guent is  stiffer  than  a  liniment,  but  softer  than  a  ce- 
rate. Cyc. 

UN-GUENT'OUS,    )  a.    Like  unguent,  or  partaking 

UN'GUEN-TA-RY,  \      of  its  qualities. 

UN-GUESS'iJD,  C-gest',)  a.  [See  Guest.]  Not  ob- 
tained by  guess  or  conjecture.  Spenser. 

UN-GUEST'LIKE,  a.  [See  Guest.]  Not  becoming 
a  guest.  Milton, 

UN"GUie-AL,  (ung'gwik-al,)  a.  [L.  unguis,  a  claw.] 
Pertaining  to  a  claw  ;  like  a  claw.  Jilantell. 

UN-GUie'Q-LAR,  a.     FL.  unguis,  the  nail.] 

In  botany,  the  length  of  the  human  naits,  or  half 
an  inch.  Lee,    Martyn. 


UNH 

UN-GUI€'U-LATE,      J         ~  '.  !        ~ 

UN-GUie'U-LA-TED,  i  ''•    i^  unguis,  a  elaw.] 

1.  Clawed  ;  having  claws.  Encyc 

2.  Irl  botany,  clawed  ;  having  a  narrow  base;  at 
the  petal  in  a  polypetaluus  corol.  MaHyn. 

UN-GUID'ED,  a.    Not  guided  ;  not  led  or  conducted. 

2,  Not  regulated. 
UN-GUID'ED  LY,  ado.    Without  a  guide. 
UN"GUI-FORM,  a.    Shaped  hke  claws. 
UN-GUILT'I-LY,  ado.     Without  guilu 
UN-GUILT'Y,  (un-gilt'y,J  a.    Not  guilty  ;  not  stained 

with  crime  ;  innocent.  Spenser. 

UN'GUIN-OUS,  (un'gwin-us,)  a.     VL.  ungmnosus.'\ 
Oily  ;  unctuous  ;  consisting  of  fat  or  oil,  or  resem- 
bling it.  Foster^  J^'orth.  Voyages. 
UN"GU-LA,  Tt.    |^L.,ahoof.]     In  ^fometrv,  a  section 
or  part  of  a  cylinder,  cone,  or  other  solid  of  revolu- 
tion, cut  ofl'  by  a  plane  oblique  to  the  base. 

Brande. 
UN"GU-LATE,  a.    Shaped  like  a  hoof. 
UN-HAIJ'IT-A-ULE,  a.     [Fr,  inliabitable  ;  Ij.inhabitab- 
ilis,  inhabito.] 

That  can  not  be  inhabited  by  human  beings;  un- 
inhabitable. 

iThe  latter  word  Ls  generally  used.] 
lA-lJIT'U-A-TED,  a     Not  habituated;  not  ac- 
customed. Tooke. 
UN-HACK'£D,  (-hakt',)  a.    Not  hacked;    not  cut, 

notched,  or  mangled.  Shak, 

UN-HACK'NEY-£D,  a.    Not  hackneyed;  not  much 

used  or  practiced. 
UN-HALE',  a.    Unsound  ;  not  entire  ;  not  healthy 
UN-HAL'LOW,  r,  (.     To  profane  ;  to  desecrate. 

The  vanily  unkalhios  lh»  virtue.  L'Estrangt. 

UN-HAL'LOW-£D,  pp      Profaned  ;  deprived  of  iti 
sacred  chanicter. 
2.  a.  Profane  ;  unholy  ;  impure  ;  wicked. 

Milton.     Dryden. 
In  the  cause  of  trtilli,  no  uiJialloteed  violcoce  —  it  Hthcr  o'-cca- 
•arjr  or  admiaaiUc.  E.  D.  Griffin. 

UN-HAL'LOW-ING,  ppr.     Profaning;  desecrating. 

UN-HAND',  V.  t.     To  loose  from  the  hand  ;  to  let  go. 

Shak. 

UN-HAND'ED,  pp.    Loosed  from  the  band  ;  let  go. 

UN-HAND'I-LY,  adv.     Awkwardly  ;  clumsily. 

UN-HAND'I-NESS,  v.  Want  of  dexterity;  clumsi- 
ness. 

UN-HAND'L£D,  a.  Not  handled;  not  treated;  not 
touched.  Shak. 

UN-HAND'SOME,  (-han'sum,)  o.  Ungraceful;  not 
beautiful. 

1  can  not  adinil  that  there  li  anj  thin;  unhandsome  or  irrcgfular 
ill  the  glubc.  Woodioard. 

2.  Unfair  ;  illiberal ;  disingenuous. 

3,  Uncivil ;  unpolite. 
UN-HAND'SOME-LY,  adv.      IneleganUy  ;  ungrace- 
fully. 

2.  Illiberally ;  unfairly. 

3.  Uncivilly  ;  nn  politely. 
UN-HAND'SOAIE-NESS,  «.    Want  of  beauty  and  el- 
egance. 

2.  Unfairness;  distngenuousness. 

3.  Incivility, 

UN-HAND'Y,  a.  Not  dextrous;  not  skillful;  not 
ready  in  the  use  of  the  hands ;  awkward  ;  as,  a  per- 
son unhandy  at  his  work. 

2.  Not  convenient;   as,  an  unhandy  posture   fcv 
writing. 
UN-HANG',  V,  t.    To  divest  or  strip  of  hangings,  as  a 
room. 
2.  To  take  from  the  hinges  ;  as,  to  unhang  a  gate. 
UN-HANG'ED,  >   a.     Not  hung  or  hanged  ;  not  pun- 
UN-HUNG',  ished  by  hanging.  Shak. 

UN-HAP',  n.     Ill  luck  ;   misfortune.     [JSTot  in  tise.] 

Sidney. 
UN-HAP'PI-ED,  a.     Made  unhappy.     [JVot  in  use.] 

Shak. 
UN-IIAP'PI-LY,  oi/p.    Unfortunately;  miserably;  ca- 
lamitously. MUton. 
UN-HAP'PI-NESS,n.  Misfortune;  ill  luck.   Burnet. 

2.  Infelicity;  misery. 

It  la  our  grc!\L  UTihappiness,  wh^n  any  calamhici  fall  upon  ui, 
that  wc  are  uneasy  and  diMatUtieil.  WaJu, 

[Out  it  usually  expresses  less  than  Misbrt  or 
Wretchedness.] 

3.  Mischievous  prank.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 
UN-HAP'PY,   a.      Unfortunate;    unlucky.      He   has 

been  unhappy  in  his  choice  of  a  partner.     Affairs 
have  taken  an  unhappy  turn. 

2.  Not  happy  ;  in  a  degree  miserable  or  wretched. 
She  is  unhappy  in  her  marriage.  Children  some- 
times render  their  parents  unhappy. 

3.  Evil ;  calamitous ;  marked  by  infelicity  ;  as,  an 
unhappy  day. 

This  unhappy  morn.  Milton. 

4.  Mischievous  ;  irregular.  Shak, 
UN-HAR'ASS-ED,  (-har'ast,)  a.    Not  harassed  ;  not 

vexed  or  troubled.  TrvmbuU. 

UN-HAR'IJOR,  V,  t.     To  drive  fVom  harbor  or  shelter. 
UN-HXR'BOR-£D,  o.     Not  sheltered,  or  affording  no 

shelter.  Milton. 

UN-HAR'BOR-ING,  a.     Not  harboring.  ScoU. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IINITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  M  K;  G  aa  J;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

1203" 


UNH 

UN-HS.UD'E\  ED,  (hiJrtJ'nd,)  a.      Not  hardened; 
not  Indurated  ;  as  metal. 
3.  Not  hardened  ;  not  made  obdurate ;  aa  the  heart. 

Skak, 
UN-HXRIVY,  a.    Not  hirdy ;  (feeble  i  not  able  to  en- 
dure fatigue. 
a.  Not  baring  fortitude:  not  bold  j  timorous. 

MiUcn. 
UN-HARM'£D,  a.    Unhurt ;  uninjured;  unimpaired. 

Lockt, 
UN-UARM'FJJL,  0.    Not  doing  barm  ;  barmleu  ;  In 
noxicws. 

Tbctnaelvw  tiiUani\/'tfJ,  kc  tbcm  Ut*  uohanuml.         Dry^ik. 

UN-HAR-MO'NI-OUS,  a.      Not  having  symiwtry  or 

cougruity ;  disproponionote.  MUt»n. 

2.  Discordant ;  unmusical  ]  jarring  ;  as  sounds. 

L'N-HAR-MO'M-OUS-LY,  ai2e.  Witb  jarring;  di»- 
eonlanUy. 

UN-H&R'NESS,  9.  t.    To  atrip  of  bamets ;  to  loose 
from  tatruMB  or  gear. 
9.  To  disarm ;  to  dive«t  of  oimcu-. 

IJN-UAK'N£S8-£D,  (b&r'neet,)  pp.  Stripped  of  har- 
ness; dtvestefl  of  armor. 

UN-HAR'NESS-IXG»  ypr.    Slrinpiug  off  baracsa  or 

US-HATCU'£D.  (-hachl'O  a.  Not  hatched  ;  not  hav- 
ing left  ibe  egg. 

2.  Not  matured  and  brought  to  light;   not  dis- 
cloMtd. 

UN-HAZ'ARD-ED,  a.  Not  hazarded  ;  not  put  in  dan- 
ger: not  expoeed  to  loss  ;  not  adventured.    MUt»n, 

UN-HAZ'ARIM3US,  a.    Not  hazardous.  CoUrid^t, 

UN-H£AD',  (-hed'O  r.  L  To  tolce  out  the  head  of; 
as,  to  unkrad  a  cask. 

UN-HE.MyED,  (-hcd'ed,)  pp.  Having  the  head  taken 
out. 

UN-HBAD'LVO.r-faed'-,}  ppr.    Taking  oat  the  bead  of. 

UN-H£ALTH'PtL,  (-belth'O  «.  Not  beallhAtI ;  in- 
jurious to  Jwalib  ;  iDwlubrious  ;  unwbolesome  ; 
noxious ;  as.  an  ■uukMU^  cUnM*  or  air. 

S:  Aboanding  witb  skkiwM  or  diaeue ;  aickly ; 
as,  an  imAf  *'*Ln>f  season. 

CN41£ALTn'F],l^LY,  crfs.  In  an  nnhealibnil  man 
•er. 

UN-BEALTH'FL'L-NESS,  (helth'-O  c     Unwbole- 
BoowDeas;  insambrioasneas ;  noxiousnoM  to  health. 
S.  The  state  of  beiug  sickly  ;  as,  th«  mmkt&Wtfml- 
mets  of  the  autumn. 

UN-HEALTH'I-LY,  ^-lieUh'-,)  arfr.  In  an  anwbole- 
some  or  unsound  manner.  MiUoH^ 

UN-HEALTH  i-NK.<S,  {-hcllh'-,)  h.  Want  of  health ; 
taabitoal  weakness  or  indisposition ;  ofpUtd  to  per- 

%  UDSoandness ;  want  of  vigor ;  as^  the  mJUaJM- 
MMs  of  trees  or  other  plants. 

3.  Unfavorablenesa  to  health ;  as,  the  unMealUuMest 
of  a  dimate. 

UN<H£ALTU'Y,  (heltb'e,)  s.  Wanting  health  ; 
wanting  a  twund  and  vigorcHis  state  of  body; 
habitually    weak   or  indis{M0ed;   as,  an  uiJuitUkf 

9.  Unsoand ;  wanting  vigor  of  growth ;  as,  an  im- 
AsaUbrplanL 

3.  Sickly  ;    abonnding  with  disease ;  as,  an  tut- 
keaitkif  season  or  cit>'. 

4.  Insalubrious;  unwholesome;  adapted  to  gen- 
erate diseases;  as,  an  itjUraJfAy  climate  or  countr>'. 

5.  Morbid  ;  not  indicatine  health. 
UN-HEARI>',  (herd',)  a.    Not  beard  ;  not  perceived 

by  the  ear.  JUikan. 

9.  Not  admitted  to  audience. 

Wfaat  puip  1  feel,  ODpiU«d  vid  toAaerd  I  Drydtn. 

3.  Not  knoivn  in  fame  ;  not  celebrated. 

Nor  «u  hit  ouae  ■oUasrrf.  Milian. 

A.  Unheard  of;  obscure ;  not  known  by  fame. 

Vmkear4  cf;  sew  :  unprecedented.  SitifL 

UX~HEXRT',  V.  L     To  discourage;  to  depress;  to 

dishearten.    {Jk'ot  m  lue.]  fiftdJt. 

UN-U£AT'ED,  a.    Not  heated ;  not  made  boL 

BoyU. 
im-HEAV'JCN-LY,  (-bev'n-Ie,)  a.    Not  heavenly. 
UIV-BEDC'IID,  a.    Not  hedged  ;  not  surrounded  by  a 


UN-GUBEiyED,  a.      Not  heeded ;  disregarded  ;  neg- 
lected: 

IV  vorid^  gnst  victor  pnaed  im&Mrfirf  bj.  Ptf*. 

UN-BEEIVEO-LY,  adv.    Without  being  noticed. 

B]fron. 
UN-H£ED'F|*L,  a.    Not  cautious  ;  inattentive ;  car»- 

iesa.  Beatim, 

UN-HEED'FyL-LY,  adr.    Not  heedfully. 
UN>HEED'1NG,  a.     Not  heeding;   careless;   negli- 
gent- Zhyden. 
UN-HEED'ING-LY,  adv.    Without  giving  heed. 
UN-HEED'Y,  a.    Precipitate  ;  sudden.  ^uuer. 
UN-B£L£',  r.  t    To  uncover.    [Act  fa  use.] 

Speiuer. 
UM-HELM',  r.  U     To  deprive  of  a  helm  or  guide. 

ScotL 


UNH 

UN-HELM'ED,  pp.    Deprived  of  a  helm. 

"i.  a.     Having  no  helm.  PoUok, 

UN-HELM'ET,  r.  L     To  deprive  of  a  helmet,    Scott. 

UN-HELM'ET-ED,  pp.     Deprived  or  deatitute  of  a 
helmet. 

UN-HELM'IXG,  ppr.    Depriving  of  a  helm. 

UN-HELP'iTD,  C-helpl',)  a.    Unassisted;  liavmg  no 
aid  or  nuxiliarj';  unsupported.  Dnjdrn. 

UN-HELPFl'L,  a.     Afturding  no  aid.  ShaJc. 

UN-IIELP'F|^L-LY, flrfr.     in  an  unhelpful  manner. 

UN-HE  RO'I€,  a.     Not  heroic  ;  not  brave.         Pope. 

U.\-HE?'I-TA-TING,  a.     Not  hesitatinR ;  not  remain- 
ing in  doubt ;  prompt ;  ready.  £ciec  Bevirw. 

U-\-UES'I-T.K-TI\(J-LY,  adc.    Without  hesitation  or 
doubL 

UN-HEWN',  (bane',)  a.    Not  hewn;  rouph. 

UN-inUE'BOUND,  a.      Not   hidebound;  capacious. 

{JSTot  it'rrf.l  Mi.'ton, 

UN-IUN'DER-ED,  a.    Not  hindered;  not  opiwsed  ; 

cxi'rtine  iiscif  freclv.  «.  Clarke. 

UN-HI\GE',    (un-hinj',)    v.  f.     To    take  Horn    the 

binges ;  as,  to  iibA»b^  a  door. 

2.  To  displace  ;  to  unfix  by  violence.  BJuckmore. 

3.  To  iinflx  ;  to  loosen  ;  to  render  unstable  or 
wavering  ;  as,  to  unAinffe  the  mind  ;  to  unjtinge  opin- 
ions. 

UN-HINdi'f:Dj»p.     LooRed  from  a  hinpo  or  fastening. 

U.V-HLN'GE'MENT,  n.    The  act  of  unhinging  or  state 
of  being  unhinged.     (Unusyal.]  Cfudmers. 

UN-[I1\G'1NG,  ppr.     Loosening  from  a  hinge  or  fast- 
ening. 

UN-HIR'ED,  o.    Not  hired. 

UN-HIS-TOR'ie-AI^  a.     Not  historical.  Park. 

UN-HIVE',  t*.  t    To  drive  from  o  hive. 

S.  To  deprive  of  habit.*itiuu  or  shelter,  as  a  crowd. 

UN-HIV'£D,  pp.     Driven  from  the  hive  or  shelter. 

JVVw/. 

UX-HfiARD',  r.  t.    To  steal  from  a  hoard  ;  to  scatter. 

UN-HO.\RD'ED,  pp.     Htoien  from  a  hoard  ;  scattertid. 

UN-HOARD'IXG,  ppr.     Scailerinp. 

UN-HOM.J-I.Y,  attr.    In  an  unholy  manner. 

UN-H6'LI-XESS,  n.     Want  of  holiness;  an  unsanc- 
tiflt^d  state  of  the  heart. 

2.  Impiety;  wickedness;  profaneness.    RaUgk. 
UN-IIO'LY,  0.    Not  holy ;  not  renewed  and  sanctified. 

1\m.  iii. 

Q.  Pn>fnne ;  not  hallowed  -,  not  consecrated  ;  com- 
mon.   Heb.  X. 

3.  Impious  ;  wicked. 

4.  Not  ceremonially  purified.     l.fv.  i. 
UX-HON'EST,   C-on'est,)  a.      [See  Hokest,]      Dia- 

bone^t ;  d  i^honorable.     [  O&s.l  Jischam, 

UN-IION'OR-£D.  (-on'iml,)  a.     [See  Hobor.]     Not 
honored ;  not  regarded  with  veneration ;  not  cele- 
brated. Dn/dem, 
UN-HQQK',  r.  U    To  loose  from  a  book. 

R'£D,  (  hnokt',)  pp.    Loosed  from  a  hook. 
P',  V.  t.     I'o  strip  of  hoops.  Addison. 

P'KD,  (ho-^pt'O  pp.    .Stripped  of  hoops. 
"  ED,  (-h<jpt',)  a.    Not  hoped  for  ;  not  so  prob- 
able as  to  excite  ho[)e. 

With  unhopMt  Kuce ta.  Dryitn. 

Diduipedfor ;  unhoped,  as  above. 
L^-HOPE'FJJL,  a.    Such  as  leaves  no  room  to  hope- 

Boyle. 
UX-H^PE'FCL-LY,  adv.  In  an  unhopeful  manner. 
UN-HORX'£D,  a.     Having  no  horns.  'J'ooke. 

UX-HORSE',  C-liors',)  r.  (.    To  throw  from  a  horse  ; 

to  cause  to  dismounL  Shak. 

UN-HORS'£D,  (-horsl'O  pp.    Thrown  from  a  horse. 

Dry  den. 
UN-HORS'ING,  ppr.    Throwing  from  a  horse;   dis- 
mounting. 
UN-HOS'PI-TA-BLE,  a.    Not  kind  to  strangers. 

[But  Inhospitable  is  the  word  now  used.] 
UN-HOS'TILE,  (-hos'lil,)  o.    Not  belonging  tn  n  pub- 
lic enemy.  Philipg. 
UN-HOUSE',  (houz',)  v.  U    To  drive  from  the  house 
or  habitation  ;  to  dislodge.  Mdion. 
2.  To  deprive  of  shelter. 
UN-HOU»'£D,  C-houzd',)  pp.     Driven  from  a  house 
or  habitation.  Shak. 

2.  a.    Wanting  a  house ;  homeless.  Shak. 

3.  Having  no  settled  habitation.  Skak. 

4.  Destitute  of  shelter  or  cover.  Cattle  in  severe 
weather  should  not  be  left  unhoused, 

UN-HOUS'EL-£D,  a.    Not  having  received  the  sacra- 
ment, Shak. 
UN-HOUS'IXG,  ppr.    Driving  from  a  habitation. 
UN-HC'MAN,  a.    Inhuman. 

iBut  IrtHL'Mi:*  is  the  word  now  used.] 
IC'.MAN-IZE,  ».  t.    To  render  inhuman  or  bar- 
barous. J.  Bcrlow. 
UX-HUM'BLED,    a.      Not    bumbled;    not    affected 
with  shame  or  confusion  ;  not  contrite  in  spirit. 

MUtxm. 

5.  In  theology,  not  having  the  will  and  the  natural 
enmity  of  the  heart  to  God  and  his  law  subdued. 

UN-rtUXG'   a.    Not  hanged. 
UN-HUNT'ED,  a.    Not  hunted. 
UN-HURT',  a.     Not  hurt;   not  harmed;    free  from 
wound  or  injurj-.  Drydau 


UNI 

UN-HURT'FUL,a.  Not  hurtful ;  harmless ;  innoxious. 

Skak. 
UN-HURT'FUL-LY,  adv.  Without  harm  ;  harmlessly. 
UN-HUS'BAND-ED,  o.     Deprived  of   support;   neg- 
lected. Browne. 
S.  Not  managed  with  frugality. 
UN-HUSK'£D,  (huskt',)  a.     Not  being  stripijed  of 

husks. 
t^-NI-AX'AL,  a.     Having  but  one  axis. 
lJ-NI-€AP'SU-LAJl,  a.    [L.  unug^  one,  and  eapsida, 
chest.] 

Having  one  capsule  to  each  flower.  Martyn, 

IJ'NI  €ORN,  n,  \\j.  unicornis ;  u»u«,  one,  and  comu, 
horn.] 

1.  An  animal  with  one  horn;  the  monoceros. 
This  nnme  is  ol^en  applied  to  llie  rhinoceros. 

9.  The  unicorn,  in  heraldry,  is  the  fabulous  unicorn, 
repritsented  with  the  figure  of  a  horse  and  a  single 
born  istiuiiig  from  its  fon-hend.  Brandt. 

3.  The  sea  unicorn,  called  narwaly  is  of  tlte  whnle 
kind,  and  is  remarkable  for  a  horn  growing  out  at 
his  nose,  Cyc. 

4.  A  bird.  Grete. 
FossU  unicorn,  or  fossil  ««icomV  hvm  ;  a  substance 

formerly  of  great  repute  in  medicine,  a  terrene  crus- 
taceoufi  spar,  named  from  having  been  supposed  to 
be  the  bone  or  horn  of  the  uniconi.         Bees.    Cyc. 

l^'XI-COKN-HOOT,  71.  A  popular  name  of  two  plants, 
viz.  (Jhama'lirium  Carolinianum.  to  which  lliis  name 
was  first  applied,  and  Aletris  farinosa,  to  which  it 
has  l>ei'n  subsequently  applied  ;  both  used  in  niedicine. 

U-Nl-CORN'OUS,  a.     Having  only  one  horn.    Brotcn, 

U\-I-Dk'AL,  o.     Not  ideal  ;  real.  Johnson. 

li-Nl-FA"CI.^L,  a.  Having  *ut  one  front  surface  ; 
thus,  Hiiine  foliaceous  corals  are  unifacialj  the  polyp- 
mouths  liiMug  confined  to  one  surface.  Dana. 

l^-Nl-FLr>'KOUS,  a.  [L.  «jiii5,  one,  ■AnHfios^  flower.] 
Bearing  one  flower  only  ;  as,  a  unifioroua  peduncle. 

Martyn. 

TJ'NI-FORM,  0.  [Ij.  un\formi8',  untiSf  one,  and/omw, 
form.] 

1.  Having  always  the  same  form  or  manner;  not 
variable.  Thus  we  say,  the  dress  of  the  Asiatics  is 
uniform,  or  has  been  vn^urm  ftom  early  ages.  So  we 
say,  it  is  the  duty  t)f  a  Christian  to  observe  a  vnif^rrm 
course  of  piety  and  religion. 

2.  Coneistent  with  itself;  not  difl^ercnt;  as,  one's 
opinions  on  a  particular  subject  have  been  uniform. 

3.  Of  the  same  form  with  others;  consonant; 
agreeing  with  each  other  ;  conforming  to  one  rule  or 
mode. 

How  fur  churchci  an  bouiid  to  be  uniform  in  Uirlr  cerPRionle*  £• 
doutKfd.  Jiooker. 

4.  Having  the  same  degree  or  state ;  as,  uniform 
temperature. 

Uniform  motion ;  the  motion  of  a  body  is  uniform 
when  it  passes  over  equal  spaces  in  equal  times. 

Ohn^ted^ 
Un^onn  natter,  is  that  which  ia  all  of  the  same 
kind  and  texture.  Cyc. 

IJ'NI-FORM,  n.  A  dress  of  the  same  kind,  by  which 
persons  are  purposely  assimilated  who  belong  to  the 
same  body,  whether  military,  naval,  or  any  ether. 
We  say,  the  uniform  of  a  company  of  militia,  the  uni- 
/onnofthe  artillery  or  niatross  companies,  the  uni- 
form <if  a  regiment,  &c.  This  dress  is  called  a  uni- 
form, because  it  is  alike  among  all  those  composing 
the  class  or  body. 

IJ-XI-FOR.M-I-TA'RI-AN,  n.  A  term  applied  to  theo- 
rists in  geology,  who  believe  that  existing  causes,  act- 
ing in  the  same  manner  as  at  the  present  time,  are 
suthcient  to  account  for  all  geological  changes.  Dana,. 

IT-NI-FORM'I-TY,  n.  Resemblance  to  itself  at  all 
times;  even  tenor;  as,  the  uni^brmity  of  design  in  a 
poem. 

5.  Consistency  ;  sameness  ;  as,  the  uniformiiy  of  a 
man's  opinions.  « 

3.  Conformity  to  a  pattern  or  rule;  resemblance, 
consonance,  or  agreement ;  as  the  uniformiiy  of  dif- 
ferent churches  in  ceremonies  or  rites. 

4.  Similitude  between  the  parts  of  a  whole  ;  as, 
the  uniformity  of  sides  in  a  regular  figure.  Beauty  is 
said  to  consist  in  uniformity  with  variety.  Cyc. 

5.  Continued  or  unvaried  sameness  or  likeness. 
.^ct  of  uniformity ;  in  EntrUindj  the  act  of  parliament 

by  which  the  form  of  public  prayers,  admini«*.-ation 
of  .'^cranients,  and  other  rites,  is  |rt«r«;rmea  to  be  ob- 
served in  all  the  churches.  1  Eiiz.  and  13  and  14 
Car.  II. 

IJ'XI-FORM-LY,  adv.     With    even   tenor;    without 
variation  ;  as,  a  temper  uniformly  mild. 
Q,  Without  diversity  of  one  from  another. 

tJ-NI-GEN'I-TliRE,  n.      [L.  unigenitusi    unua    and 
genilus.l 
I'he  state  of  being  the  only  begotten. 

t;-NlG'E-NOUS,  a.     [L.  unigena.] 

Of  one  kind  ;  of  the  same  genus.  Kirwan. 

l^-NI-LA'BI-ATE,  a.  In  botany,  having  one  lip  only, 
as  a  corol.  Slartyn.     Asiat.  Res. 

l^-NI-LAT'ER-AL,  a.     [L.  uniLs,  one,  and  latua,  side.] 

1.  Be,ng  on  one  side  or  party  only.     {Unusiiai.'\ 

2.  Having  one  side. 

A  unilaternl  raceme,  is  when  the  flowers  prow  only 
on  on.e  side  of  the  commnn  peduncle.  Mariyn. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH4.T.— METE,  PRfiY PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 

1204 


UNI 

U-NI-LIT'ER-AL,  a.  [L.  «nus,  one,  and  Uleray 
letter.  J 

Consisting  of  one  letter  only. 

UN-IL-LO'MIN-A-TED,  a.    Not  Illuminated  ;  not  en- 
lightened i  dark. 
i.  Ignorant. 

UN-EL-LOM'IN-ED,  a.     Not  illumined. 

UN-IL-LUS'TRa-TED,  0.  Not  illustrated  ;  not  made 
plain.  Good. 

UX-IL-LUS'TRA-TIVE,  a.     Not  illiistralive. 

lI-NI-LOe'U-LAR,  (yu-ne-lok'yu-lar,)  a,  [L.  uiiiw, 
one,  and  loculas,  cell.J 

Having  one  cell  or  chamber  only  ;  aa,  a  unilocular 
pericarp  or  shell. 

U.N-IM-AG'IN-A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  imasinc-d  ;  not 
tc»  be  conceived.  TUht.ion, 

UN-IM-AG'IN-A-BLY,  adv.  To  a  degree  not  to  be 
imagined.  Boyle. 

UN-I.M-AG'IN-A-TIVE,  a.     Not  imaginative. 

IVordsworth. 

UN-IM-ACIX-ED,  a.    Not  imagined  ;  not  conceived. 

UN-IM-BIT'TER-£D,  a.  Not  iiubittered  j  not  aggra- 
vated. RoAcoe. 

UN-IM-BO'/JD,  a.  Not  imbued  ;  not  tinctured.  Drake. 

UN-IM'I-TA-BLE,  a.     That  can  not  be  imitated. 
[But  the  word  now  used  is  Inimitable.] 

UN-IM'I-TA-TED,  a.     Not  imitated.  Johnson. 

UN-IM-MOR'TAL,  a.    Not  immortal  i  perishable. 

^  Milton. 

UN-IM-PAIR'A-BLE,  a.  Not  liable  to  waste  or  dimi- 
nution. Hiikewitl. 

UN-IM-P.^IR'jED,  a.  Not  impaired  ;  not  diminished  ; 
not  enfeebled  by  time  or  injury  ;  as,  an  unimpaired 
contititution. 

UN-I.M-P.^S'SION-ATE,  a.     Not  impassionate. 

UN-IM-PAS'SION-ATE-NESS,  n.  A  smie  of  being 
nn  impassionate. 

ITN-I.M-PAS'SI0N-£D,  a.  Not  endowed  with  pas- 
sions. Thomson. 

2.  Free  from  passion  j  calm ;  not  violent ;  as,  an 
unimpassioned  address. 

UN  IM-PitACirA-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  im- 
peaclied  ;  that  can  not  be  accused  ;  free  from  stain, 
guilt,  or  fault;  aa,  an  unimpeachable  reputation. 

2.  That  can  not  be  called  in  question  ;  as,  an  m7i- 
impfachable  claim  or  testimony. 

UN-IM-PeACH'A-BLV,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  im- 
peachable. 

UN-IM-PeACH'ED,  C-'m-peecht',)  a.  Not  impeached  ; 
not  charged  or  accused  ;  fair  -,  as,  an  unimpeadied 
character. 

2.  Not  called   in  question ;    as,  testimony   unim- 
peached. 

UX  IM-PeD'£D,  o.    Not  impeded  ;  not  hindered. 

Rawle. 

l7>-iM'PLl-€A-TED,  a.  Not  implicated;  not  in- 
volved. Miiford. 

UN-IM-PLT'£D,  C-im-plTde',)  a.  Not  implied  ;  not  in- 
cluded bv  fair  inference.  Madixon. 

UN-IM-PL6R'£D,  a.    Not  implored  ;  not  solicited. 

■Milton. 

UN-IM-PORT'ANCE,  n.    Want  of  importance. 

Dwii'ht. 

UN-IM-PORT'ANT,  a.     Not  imporUnt;  not  if  great 
momenL 
2.  Not  aoRiiming  air)  of  dignity.  Pope. 

UN-IM-PORT'ANT-Ey,  adv.  Without  weight  or 
import'uice. 

UX-i.M-POR-TCN'JCD,  a.  Not  importuned  ;  not  soli- 
cited. 

UN-IM-POS'I.\G,  a.    Not  imposing  j  not  commanding 
resjiect, 
2.  Not  enjoining  as  obligatory  j  voluntary. 

Thomson. 

T;N-IM-PREG'NA-TED,  a.     Not  impregnated. 

IJN-IM-PRE.'JS'I-BLE,  o.     Not  impressible. 

UN-I.M-PRE.SS'IV'E,  a.  Not  impressive;  not  forci- 
ble }  not  adapted  to  affect  or  awaken  the  passions. 

Beddors. 

UN-IM-PRESS'IVE-LY,  adr.  Unforcibly  ;  witlumt 
impression. 

UN-IM-PKIS'ON-ED,  a.    Not  confined  in  prison. 

UN  IM-PRr>'PRI-A-TED,  a.     Not  impropriated. 

UN-IM-PROV'A-BLE,  (-im  proov'a-bl,)  a.  Not  capa. 
bic  of  impriivement,  melioration,  or  advancement  to 
a  better  condition.  Rambler. 

2.  Incapable  of  being  cultivated  or  tilled.    Wolcott. 

UN-IM-PR0V'A-BLE-NE9S,n.  The  quality  of  being 
not  improvp.ble.  Hammond. 

UN-IM-PROV'A-BLY,  adv.  Without  being  improva- 
ble. 

UN-IM-PROV'ED,  (-im-proovd',)  a.  Not  improved; 
not  made  better  or  wiser;  not  advanced  in  knowl- 
edge, manners,  or  eiccllrncc. 

Rawle.     Pope.     Olnnrille, 

2.  Not  used   for  a  vabiable  piir|>nse.     How  many 
advantages  unimproved  Jiave  we  to  regret ! 

Jis.  Research.  1.  X. 

3.  Not  used  ;  not  employed.    Hamilton.  Ramaay. 

4.  Not  titled  ;  not  cultivated  ;  as,  unimproced  land 
or  soil  i  unimpriwed  lots  of  ground. 

Lawii  of  Penn.     Franklin.     Ramsay. 

5.  Unccn^nred  ;   not  disappr<»ved.      [This  seiTse, 
from  the  L.  xmprobo^  is  entirely  obsolete.] 


UNI 

UN'-I.M-PKOV'ING,  a.    Not  iiujiruvingi  not  tendini! 

to  ailviince  or  instruct.  Jit/irtsort 

UN-lM-rCT'A-Bl.E,  a.     Not  imputable  or  chargea- 

hle  to. 
TI-NI-MUS'€U-LAR,  a.      Having  one   muscle   only, 

and  one  muscular  impression,  aa  a  bivalve  motlus- 

can.  Kirby. 

UN-IN-exR'NATE,  a.    Not  incarnate. 
UN-IN-CENS'£D,  (-sensl',)  a.   Not  incensed  or  angry. 

UN-IN-CIT'ED,  a.     Not  incited.  WurdsKOTlh. 

UN-IN-CLfiS'f.l),  a.     Not  inclosed. 

UN-l\-ei)R'PO-RS-TED,  n.     Not  incorporated. 

UN-IN-eREAS'A-DLE,  a.  Admitting  no  increase. 
(JVo(  ill  use.]  BayU. 

UN-lN-eREAS'£D,  {-kreest',)  a.     Not  increased. 

A*. 

UN-IN-eU.M'BER  £0,  a.  Not  encumbered  ;  not  bur- 
dened. 

2.  Free  from  any  temporary  estate  or  interest,  or 
from  mortgage,  or  otljer  charge  or  debt ;  as,  an  es- 
tate unrncumberFfl  with  dower. 

U.\-I.\-DEBT'ED,  f-det'-.)  a.     Not  indebted. 

3.  \<pt  borrowed.     [Uiiu:fual,'\  Young. 
UN-IN-DIF'FER-ENT,  a.     Not  indifferent ;  not  unbi- 
ased ;  partial^  leaning  to  one  party               Hooker. 

UN-IN  DORS'£D,  a.  Not  indorsed;  not  assigned; 
-as,  an  vnindorscd  note  or  bill. 

U.\-I.\-DOf:'KD,  (-duste',)  a.    Not  induced 

U.VIN-DUS'TRI-OUS,  a.  Not  industrious  ;  not  dili- 
gent in  labor,  study,  or  other  pursuiL 

Decay  of  Piety. 

UN-FN-DUS'TRf-OUS-LY,  adv.    Without  industry. 

UN-IN-FE€T'ED,  a.    Not  infected  ;  not  contaminated 
or  alfected  by  foul,  infectious  air. 
2.  Not  corrupted. 

UN-IN  FEe'TIOUS,  a.  Not  infectious;  not  f»ul ; 
not  capable  of  communicating  disease. 

UN-IN-FEST'En,  a.     Not  infested. 

U-\-IN-FLAM'£U,  a.    Not  inliamcd  ;  not  set  on  fire. 

Bacon. 
2.  Not  highly  provoked. 

UN-tN-FEA.M'MA-BLE,  a.  Not  inflammable  ;  not 
capiible  of  being  set  on  fire.  Boyle. 

UN-lN'FLU-ENC-i5D,  (-in'flu-cnst,)  a.  Not  influ- 
enced ;  not  persuaded  or  moved  by  others,  or  by  for- 
eign considerations  ;  not  biased  ;  acting  freely. 

2.  Not  proceeding  from  influence,  bias,  or  preju- 
dice ;  as,  uHiiifluettced  conduct  or  actions. 

IIN-IN-FI.U-EN'TIAL,  a.     Not  having  influence. 

UN-IN-FOR.M'£D,  a.    Not  informed  ;  not  in.^tructed  ; 

untaught.  Milton. 

2.  Unanimated  ;  not  enlivened.  Spectator. 

UN-IN-FOR.M'ING,  a.  Not  furnishing  information  ; 
uniristructive.  Mitford. 

lr.\-IN-(il.;N'IOUS,  a.    Not  ingenious  ;  dull.  Burks. 

UN-IN-0ir;N'IOUS-l,Y,  adv.     Without  ingenuity. 

UN-IN-CiEN'ti-OUS,  a.  Not  ingenuous;  not'frank 
or  candid;  disingenuous.  Decay  of  Piety. 

UN-IN-GEN'IT-OIJS-LY,  adv.     Not  ingenuously. 

UN-IN-OEN'Q-OUS-NE.SS,  n.  Want  of  ijigcnuous- 
ness. 

UN-IN-HAB'lT-A-Bl.E,  a.  Not  inhabitable  ;  that  in 
which  men  can  not  live ;  unfit  to  be  the  residence  of 
men.  Baletr/i. 

UN-IN-H  AB'IT-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
uninhabitable. 

UN1N-HAB'1T-El),ii.  Not  inhabited  by  men  ;  hav- 
ing no  inhahitatits.  SwifU 

UN-IN-I"TIATE,  (-ish'ate,)  )         k-  ,.■.-.  j 

UN-INJ"TIA-TEI),  (^.ish'a  ted,)  j  "•    ^-^  Initiated. 

UN-I.V'JUR-f;D,  a.  Not  injured  ;  not  hurt ;  suffering 
no  harm.  MUton. 

UN-IN-JP'RI-OL'S,  o.    Not  injurious. 

UN-IN-dUIR'ING,  0.  Not  inquiring  or  disposed  to 
inquire. 

UN-IN-QUIS'I-TIVE,  o.  Not  inquisitive;  not  curi- 
ims  to  search  and  inquire.  Warton. 

UN-IN-St'RIB'£D,  a.  Not  inscribed;  having  no  in- 
scription. Pope. 

UN-IN-SriR'£D,  (1.  Not  having  received  any  super- 
natural instruction  or  illutninalion.  Locke. 

UN-INSPIR'rr  El),  a.     Not  inspirited. 

UN-I.\'STI-TU-TED,  a.   Not  instituted.    WiUicrspoon. 

UN-IN-STRUeT'ED,  a.  Not  instructed  or  taught ; 
not  educated. 

2.  Not  directed  by  superior  authority  ;  not  fur- 
nished with  instruclions. 

ITN-IN-STRUCT'ING,  a.     Not  instructing. 

U.\  IN-STRUeT'lVE,  a.  Not  instructive;  not  con- 
ferring improvement.  Addison. 

UNI.N-STRUeT'IVE-LY,  adv.     Not  instructively. 

UN-1.\'SU-LA-TED,  a.  Not  insuLlted  ;  not  being 
separated  or  detached  from  every  thing  else.     Ure. 

UN-IN  SUI.T'EU,  a.     Not  insulted. 

UN-IN-.SOR'£I),  (shurd',)  a.  [See  Sunt.]  Not  in- 
sured ;  not  assured  against  loss. 

UN-IN-TEL-LECT'lI-AL,  a.     Not  intellectual. 

Good. 

UN-IN-TEL-LEeT'lJ-AL-LY,  adv.  Not  intellectually. 

UN-IN-TEL'LI-GENT,  a.  Not  having  reason  or  con- 
sciousness ;   not  possessing  under^^tanding. 

Bentley. 
2.  Not  knowing  ;  not  skillful ;  dufl.  Locke. 


UNI 

UN-IN-TEL'l>I-6ENT.Ly,ado.    Not  inttlligi^nrry. 

UN-IN-TEI^LI-6l-BIL'I-TY,«,  Tbequaliiy  cf  b^.ng 
not  intelligible.  Burtwt 

UN-/N-TEL'LI  Gl-BKE,  a.  Not  intelligible;  that 
CHU  not  be  iinderstnud.  Swtfl 

UN-IN-TEL'LI-61-Bl.E-NESS,  n.  State  of  being 
unintelligible. 

UN-IN-TEL'L1-6I-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  not  to  be 
understood. 

UN-IN-TEND'ED,  a.    Not  intended  ;  not  designed. 

Locke, 

UNJN-TEN'TION-AL,  a.  Not  intentional;  not  de- 
signed ;  done  or  liai(|X?ning  •vithoul  design.  Bmile. 

UN-IN  TEN'TION-AL-LYjOt/o.  Without  design  or 
purpose. 

U.N-IN'TER-EST-ED,  a.  Not  interet^ted  ;  n<.|  having 
any  interest  or  proi>erty  in ;  having  nothing  at 
stake  ;  as,  to  be  uninteresUd  in  any  business  or  r«- 
luniity. 

2.  Not  having  the  mind  or  the  passinns  engaged  ; 
as,  to  be  unintermtrd  in  a  discoursH;  or  nnmition. 

UN-IN'TER-EST-INO,  a.  Not  capable  of  exciting  an 
interest,  ur  of  engaging  the  mind  or  passions;  as, 
an  uniiiterestinir  story  or  poem. 

UN-IN'TER-EST-ING-LY,  ado.  So  as  not  to  excite 
interest. 

UN-IN-TER-MIS'SION,  (-mish'un,)  a.  Defect  or 
failure  of  intermission,  Harker. 

UN-IN-TER  MIT'TED,  a.  Not  inlermitted  ;  not  ia- 
ternipted  ;  not  suspended  for  a  time  ;  continued. 

HiiU. 

UN-IN-TER-MIT'TED-LY,  orfr.  Without  being  in- 
termitted. 

UN-IN-TER-MrT'TING,  a.  Not  Intermitting;  not 
ceasing  ftir  a  lime  ;  continuing. 

UN-IN-TER-MIT'TING-LY,  adv.  Without  cessation  ; 
continually.  Mitfurd. 

UN-IN-TEK-MIX'in),a.  Not  intermixed  ;  not  mingled. 

UN4N'TER-P0-L5-TE1),  a.  Not  interpolated  .  "ot 
inserted  at  u  time  subsequent  to  th;^  original  writing. 

UN-IN-TER'PRET-ED,  a.  Not  explained  or  inter- 
preted. 

UN-IN-TER'RKD,  a.    Not  buried.  PoUok. 

UN-IN-TER-RUPT'ED,  a.  Not  inlrmipted  ;  not 
broken.  .aUdimn. 

2.  Not  disturbed  by  intrusion  or  avocation. 

UN-IN-TER-RUPT'ED-LY,  adv.  Without  interrtip- 
tion  ;  without  disturbance. 

UN-IN-TOX'l-eA-TING,a,    Not  intoxicating. 

UN-IN-TREi\Cli'£D,  (-in-trenchl',}  a.  Not  in- 
trenched ;  not  defended  bv  intretichments.     Pnpe. 

UN-IN'TRI-€A-TED,  a.  Not  peri>lextd  ;  not  obsi;ure 
or  intriciite.     [Awt  in  use.]  Hammond. 

UN-IN-TR0-DCC'£:D,  C-in-tro-dQste',)  a.  Not  intro- 
duced ;  not  properly  conducted;  obtrusive.   Young. 

UN-IN-CU'£:D,  a.  Not  inured;  not  hardened  by  use 
or  practice.  Philips. 

UN-IN-VAIVED,  a.     Not  invaded. 

UN-IN-VE\T'ED,  a.     Not  invenU-d  ;  not  found  out. 

Ui\-[N~VE.NT'IVE,  a.     Not  inventive.  [MiUon, 

UX-IN-VEXT'IVE-LY,  adv.     Not  inventively. 

UN-IN-VEST'ED,  a.     Not  invested  ;  not  clothed. 

Diei^ht. 
2.  Not  converted  into  some  sjwcies  of  property  less 
fleeting  than  money  j  as,  money  uninvested. 

Hamilton. 

UN-IN-VES'TI-GA-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  inves- 
tigated or  st^arched  out  Ray. 

UX-IN-VEH'TI-GA-TED,  a.    Not  investigated. 

UNIN-VES'TI-GA-TIVE,  a.  Not  adapted  or  given 
to  investigation. 

UN-IN-VII>'I-OUS,  a.     Not  invidious. 

UN-IN- VIT'ED.  a.  Not  invited  ;  not  requested  ;  not 
solicited.  Philivft. 

UN-IN-VIT'ING,  a.    Not  inviting.  Stewart. 

UN-IN- VOK'i^D,  (-in-vokt',)  a.     Not  invoked. 

Ij'Ni-O,  n.  [L.]  A  genus  of  fresh-wiiter  bivalves, 
cunitnonly  called  Fbesh-Water  Clams.         liana, 

IJN'iON,  (yuu'yun,)  n.  [Fr.  union}  lu  unione ;  h. 
VRio,  to  unite,  from  unus^  one.] 

1.  The  act  of  joining  two  or  more  things  into  one, 
and  thus  fnrming  a  comitound  b.idy  or  a  mixture  ;  or 
the  junction  or  coalition  of  tilings  thus  nufted. 
Union  differs  from  connection,  as  it  implies  the 
bodies  to  be  in  contact,  without  an  intervening 
body  ;  whereas  things  may  be  connected  by  the  inter- 
vention of  a  third  body,  as  by  a  cord  or  chain. 

One  kingxluin,  Jo;  &rid  union  wilh'jiU  end.  MUton, 

2.  Concord  ;  agreement  and  ctuijunction  of  mind, 
will,  affections,  or  interest.  Happy  is  the  family 
where  perfect  union  subsists  between  all  its  mem- 
bers. 

3.  The  junction  or  united  existence  of  spirit  and 
matter;  as,  the  union  of  soul  and  body. 

4.  Among  painter.^,  a  symmetry  and  agreement 
between  the  several  parts  of  a  pninting.  Cije. 

5.  In  architecture^  harmony  between  the  colors  in 
the  materials  of  a  building.  Cyc. 

6.  In  ecclesiastical  affairs.,  the  combining  or  C4>nsoIi- 
dating  of  two  or  more  churches  into  one.  This  can 
not  be  done  without  the  consent  of  the  bishop,  the 
patron,  and  the  incumbent.  Union  is  hy  accession ^ 
when  the  united  benefice  becomes  an  acces^sory  of 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  ClI  as  SH  j  Til  as  in  THIS. 

1206" 


UNI 


UNI 


the  principal ;  by  em^fiuun,  where  the  two  tittM  are 
suppressra,  and  a  new  one  rn^fitfd,  inchutiiiK  both  ; 
•nd  by  eauality,  where  the  two  titles  subsist,  but  are 
equal  and  independent.  Cyc 

7.  8Utes  united.  ThuH  the  United  Stales  of 
Amerloi  are  sometiniei  called  the  Union. 

MarsktUL     IlamtUon. 
6.  A  pearl.    [I^  viiiV}    [JVoC  in  ust.] 
9.  In  Vujiag  of  the  United  States,  a  square  portion 
at  the  upper  left-hand  comer,  in  which  tlie  stars  are 
nnited  on  a  blue  gruund,  denoting  the  union  of  the 
States.  ToUf*. 

Th«  British  flag  has  a  similar  unimy  coniiHwed  of 
the  three  crosses  of  St.  Geortre,  St.  Andrew,  and  SL 
Pauick,  denoting  the  union  of  the  three  kingdoms. 

OlifHn. 

Union  dowmtemrd ;  a  signal  of  distress  at  sen  made 

by  reversinic  the  flafC>  or  luminc  its  union  domnwari. 

Oniony  <.kr  act  of  unian  ;  tlie  art  by  which  Scotland 

was  united  to  Kn^land,  or  by  which  the  two  klng- 

donw  were  incoriiurated  intn  one,  in  1707. 

Lefi^atioe  maim  ;  tile  uniuD  of  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  in  1800. 

Union  fry  tJuJirst  mtcatwa  f  in  smrgay,  the  process 
by  wbkb  the  opposite  surfaces  of  recent  wounds, 
wbeK  ibey  are  kept  in  contact  with  each  other,  grow 
lug^ber  and  unite  without  suppuration  ;  tlie  result 
of  a  wonderful  selfhealiug  power  in  living  bodiea. 

Cyc. 
t;  XIP'.A-ROUS,  a.     [L.  mjuu,  one,  and  jt^rioy   to 
bear.] 
Producing  one  at  a  birth.  Brown 

lJ-Niai.'E',  (yu-neek',)  o.     [Fr.]     Sole;   uacqualed ; 

single  in  its  kind  or  excellence. 
I^-SICIITE'LY,  d'/r.     In  a  unique  manner. 
iJ-Nl-RA'DI-A-TED,  a.     Havinc  one  ray.        Rmetfc 
L'N'-IR'Rl-TA-TED,  a.     Not  irritated  ;  not  freUed. 

9.  Noi  provoked  or  angered. 
UN-IR'R1-T.\-TI.\G,  a.    iNul  irritating  or  freUing. 
2.  Not  provoking. 

a  Not  fxcitini!.  Beddoes. 

UN-IR'HI  TA  TIXG-LY,  orfr.    So  as  not  to  Irritote. 
l;-XI-i*fi'KI-ATK,  a.     Having  a  single  line  or  aeries. 
Ij-XI-SE'Rl-ATB-LY,  o//r.     In  single  hue  or  series. 
U-M-SEX'IC-AI^  o.     In  botany,  having  one  sex  only. 
iJ'NI-i^N,  a.     [l»-  unujy  one.  and  tonus,  sound.] 

1.  In  muMc,  an  accordance  or  coincidence  of 
aonnd^  proceeding  Prom  an  equality  In  the  number 
of  vibntrious  made  in  a  pivrn  lime  by  a  sonorous 
bo4ly.  If  two  rhords  of  the  same  matter  have  etjual 
length,  thickness,  and  len-ion,  they  are  said  to  be  in 
MHLtun,  and  their  «<ninds  will  be  in  unisfn.  Sounds 
of  ver}' dilfrent  qualities  and  force  maybe  in  itiii- 
mra :  as  the  sound  of  a  bell  may  be  in  unison  with  a 
snnndofa  flut.^  C^airfoa  then  con:*i!*ts  in  sameness 
of  degree,  or  similarity  in  resp.-cl  to  gravity  or  arute- 
ness,  and  is  ap^ilicable  to  any  sound,  whether  of  in- 
■truments  or  uf  the  human  organs,  &c. 
a.  A  single,  unvaried  note.  P»pe. 

/*  unison ;  in  agreement :  in  harmony. 
TJ'NI-SON,  a.    Sounding  alone. 

Sounds  iiiKnaixfd  with  voiae, 
Chont  or  um»on.  Anon. 

Q-KIS'O-NANCE,  n.    Accordance  of  sounds. 

Wb&t  cMMCitutn  unwononcv   h  Uf  MiuoJitr  of  th^  number  of 
TitmiMNii  of  aoiiOTuuj  bolies,  to  two  cqail  Iitii'v.     Cye. 

TJ-NIS'O-NANT.  a.      Being  in  unison;    having  the 

same  degree  of  gravity  or  acuteness. 
tJ-XTjJ'o  NOUS,  a.     Being  in  unison.  Busby. 

li'NIT,  [yG'ntl,)  a.     [L.  «««.»,  one  ;  uniias,  unity.) 
1.  One  ;  a  word  which  denotes  a  single  thing  or 
person  ;  tbe  least  whole  number. 

t/miiM  uc  ito  inland  pMtt  of  an;  Utrgt  aumt^rr.  Waot. 

a.  In  nii/Aemattcs,  any  known  determinate  quantity, 
by  the  constant  repetition  of  which,  any  other  quan- 
tity of  the  same  kind  i»  measured.    [See  Uhitt.] 

OlMsted. 
tl-NI-TA'RI-AN,  a.     [L.  vnittu,  unuf.] 

One  who  denies  the  d<Ktrine  of  tbe  trinity,  and 

aacribes  divinity  to  God  the  Father  only.    Tbe  Arian 

aad  Socinhtn  an  both  comprehended  in  the  term 

UnHmrioM, 

TJ-NI-TA'RI-AN,  o.    Pertaining  to  Unitarians. 

IJ-NI-TA'RI-A.V-ISM,*.   The  doctrines  of  UniUrians, 

fvho  deny  tbe  divinity  of  (.'hrift. 
tl-NTTE',  e.  t.     [L.  «««,  unfits ;  Fr.  and  Sp.  unir ;  It. 
ipirrej 

1.  To  put  together  or  join  two  or  more  thin{:s, 
wbicb  make  one  comprMind  or  mixture.  Thus  we 
wniU  tbe  parts  of  a  building  to  make  one  structure. 
Tbe  kingdoms  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland 
mmitedt  fo«n  one  empire.  So  we  units  spirit  and 
water  and  other  liquors.  We  unite  strands  to  make 
a  rope.  The  Slates  of  North  America,  united,  form 
one  nation. 

2.  To  join ;  to  connect  in  a  near  relation  or  alli- 
ance ;  as,  to  uniu  famittea  by  marriage  ;  to  uniu 
nations  by  treaty. 

3.  To  make  to  agree  or  be  uniform  ;  as,  to  tntite  a 
kingdom  in  one  form  of  worship;  to  unite  men  in 
opinions.  Clarendon. 

4.  To  cause  to  adhere  ;  as,  to  unite  bricks  or  stones 
by  cement. 


5.  To  join  in  interest  or  fellowship.     Gm.  xlir. 

6.  To  lie i  to  splice;  as,  to  unite  two  cords  or 
ropes. 

7.  To  join  in  affection ;  to  moke  near  ;  as,  to  unite 
hearts  in  love. 

r  £7ai(«  is  followed  bv  to  or  toUh.  To  unite  to.  Is  to 
join.  Qen.  xWx.  vi.  To  unite  wtl*,  is  to  associate  ; 
but  the  distinction  Is  not  always  obvious  or  impor- 

To  uaif<  the  heart;  to  cause  all  its  powers  and  affec- 
tions to  join  with  order  and  delight  in  the  same  ab- 
jerls.  P^.  Ixxxvi. 
tJ-NTTE',  e.  i.  To  join  in  an  act ;  to  concur  ;  to  act 
in  concert.  All  parties  uniud  in  petitioning  for  a 
repeat  of  the  law. 

2.  To  ctiulesce ;  to  be  cemented  or  consolidated  ; 
to  cotnbine ;  as,  bodies  utiite  by  nttracliou  or  af- 
finity. 

a.  To  grow  together,  as  the  pMts  of  a  wound. 


Tbe  apur  of  a  jounr  cock,  gnfled  into  the  comb,  will  unit*  nnd 


grow 


Dutuunet. 


4.  To  coalesce,  as  sounds. 

5.  To  be  mixed.     Oil  and  water  will  not  unite. 
IJ-NTT'ED,  pp.  or  a.      Joined  ;    made  to  agree  ; 

niented  ;  mixed  ;  attached  by  growth. 

United  BrftJiren  ;  a  religious  community  commonly 
called  .Vumrinns. 

United  fiowers,  are  such  as  have  the  stamens  and 
pistils  in  the  same  flower.  Cyc. 

U-JOT'ED-LY,  adv.    With  union  or  joint  efforts. 

U-NTT'EB,  n.     The  person  or  thiuR  that  unites. 

Q-NTT'ING,  ppr.  Joining  ;  causing  to  agree  ;  consoli- 
dating; coalescing;  groiving  together. 

y-NI"TION,  (yu-nish'un,)  n.  Junction  ;  act  of  unit- 
ing,    f  JV"o'  in  use."]  Wiseman. 

li'NI-TIVE,  a.  Having  the  power  of  uniting.  (^Ao( 
us9d.'\  J^oms. 

lI'NIT-JAK,a.  A  small,  insulated  Leyden  jar,  placed 
between  the  electrical  tnarhine  and  a  larger  jar  or 
battery,  so  as  to  announce,  by  its  repeated  dis- 
charges, the  number  of  them  which  have  passed 
into  the  larger  jar.  Brands. 

IJ'Nl-TY,  (yii'ne-ie,)  a,     [L.  unitas.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  one  ;  oneness.  Unity  may 
consist  of  a  simple  substance  or  existing  being,  a.s  the 
Boul ;  Imt  usually  it  consists  in  a  close  junction  of 
particles  or  parts,  constituting  a  body  detached  from 
other  bodies.  Unity  is  a  thing  undivided  itself,  but 
sepamle  from  every  other  thing.     School  Philosophy. 

2.  Concord  ;  conjunction  ;  as,  a  unity  of  prtxifs. 

Shak. 

3.  Agreement ;  uniformity  ;  as,  unity  of  doctrine  ; 
unity  of  worship  in  a  church.  Huoker. 

4.  In  Ckri^tian  tkeaiogy^  oneness  of  sentiment,  af- 
fection, or  behavior. 

How  p^wrt  and  h<nr  pleaaant  H  h  for  brrthn>n  lo  dwell  to^Uier 
ia  uiilft  I  —  Pa.  cxxxlii. 

5.  In  mathnnatksy  the  abstract  expression  for  any 
unit  whattoever.  The  nrimher  1  ia  unity  when  it 
is  not  applied  to  any  particular  object;  but  a  url(, 
when  rt  is  w»  applied.'  Olmsted, 

t  In  ;iortry,ihe  principle  by  which  a  uniform  tenor 
of  story  and  propriety  of  representation  is  preserved. 
In  the  Greek  drama,  the  three  unities  required  were 
those  ofocfion,  of  (imf,  and  of  place;  in  other  words, 
that  there  should  be  but  one  main  plot ;  that  the 
time  supposed  should  not  exceed  twenty-four  hours  ; 
and  that  the  place  of  the  action  before  the  spectators 
should  be  one  and  the  same  lhrouf;hout  the  piece, 

7.  In  music,  such  a  combination  of  parts  as  to  con- 
stitute a  whole,  nr  a  kind  of  symmetry  of  stylo  and 
character.  Rousseau. 

8.  In  laip,  the  properties  of  a  joint  estate  are  de- 
rived front  its  unity,  whirh  is  fourfold  ;  unity  of  in- 
terf.st,  unity  of  title,  unity  of  time,  and  unity  of  pos- 
ses.<ion  ;  in  other  words,  joint-tenants  have  one  and 
the  same  interest,  accniing  by  one  and  the  same  con- 
veyance, commencing  at  the  same  time,  and  held 
t^'one  and  the  same  undivided  possession. 

Blaekstove. 

9.  In  taw,  wnity  of  posiression  is  a  joint  possession 
of  two  rights  by  several  titles,  as  when  a  man  has  a 
lease  of  land  upon  a  certain  rent,  and  afterward  buys 

lie.  This  is  a  unity  ofpossei-^iony  by  which 


the  fee-simple, 

the  lca?e  is  extingiiished. 

Unity  fif  faith  is  an  equal  belief  of  the  same  truths 
of  God,  and  possession  of  the  grace  of  faith  in  like 
form  and  degree.  Bruum. 

Unity  of  spirit  is  the  oneness  which  subsists  be- 
tween "Christ  and  his  saints,  by  which  the  same  spirit 
dwells  in  both,  and  both  have  the  same  disposition 
and  aims  ;  and  it  is  the  oneness  of  Christians  among 
themselves,  united  under  the  same  head,  having  the 
same  spirit  dwelling  in  them,  and  possessing  the 
same  graces,  faith,  love,  hope,  &.c.  Brousn. 

tT'NI-VALVE,  a.     yL.  unus,  one,  and  raZrtE.] 
Having  one  valve  only   as  a  shell  or  pericarp. 

tl'NI-VALVE,  n.  A  shell  having  one  valve  only; 
a  mo!lu?k  whose  shell  ia  composed  of  a  single  piece. 
The  vniraleies  form  one  of  the  three  divisions  into 
which  .shells  are  usually  divided.  Linn^us. 

IJ-NI'VALV'1]-LAR,  a.  Having  one  valve  only  ;  as, 
a  unitalvular  pericarp  or  shell.  Jilartyn.     Cyc. 


UNJ   ■ 

IJ-NI-VERS'AL,  a.     [L.  univrr.talis;  unus  and  versor.) 
1.  AH  i  extending  to  or  comprehending  the  whole 
number,  quantity,  or  space  ;  as,  universal  ruin  ;  utii- 
versal  good  j  universal  benevolence. 

The  unioerwal  cnuM 
AcU  not  by  partial,  but  by  gcucnd  lawa.  Po;>a. 

a.  Total ;  whole. 

yrom  harmony,  from  hentenly  bannony, 

Thii  umotrtai  frame  begxii,  Dr^/dtn. 

3.  Comprising  all  the  particulars  ;  as,  universal 
kinds.  Davies. 

4.  In  botany,  a  universal  umbel  is  a  primary  or  gen- 
eral umbel ;  the  first  or  largest  set  of  rays  in  a  com- 
pound umbel;  opposed  to  partiaL  A  universal  in- 
volucre is  not  unfrequently  placed  at  the  foot  of  a 
universal  umbel.  Martya, 

Universal  dial  is  a  dial  by  which  the  hour  may  be 
found  by  the  sun  in  any  part  of  the  worid,  or  under 
any  elevation  of  the  jiole. 

Universal  joint ;  a  contrivance  employed  to  give 
motion  obliquely  to  certain  instruments,  as  the  tele- 
scope. Two  universal  joints  are  so  combined  as  to 
give  motion  separately,  m  directions  at  right  angles 
to  each  other,  e.  g.,  one  horizontally  and  the  other 
vertically  ;  but,  when  both  act  together,  the  motion 
is  oblique  between  the  two  separate  directions.  It 
usually  consists  of  two  arms  terminating  in  semicir- 
cles, connected  by  pins  or  shafts  at  right  angles  to 
each  other.  Olmsted. 

Universal  proposition;  one  in  which  the  subject  is 
taken  in  its  widest  extent,  and  the  predicate  applies 
to  every  thing  which  llie  subject  can  denote. 

Whately. 
tJ-NI-VERS'AL,  n.  [See  the  adjective.]  In  iooic,  a 
universal  \s  complex  oxincomplez.  A  complex  universal 
is  either  a  universal  proposition,  as  "  every  whole  is 
greater  than  its  parts,"  or  whatever  raises  a  mani- 
fold conception  in  the  mind,  as  the  definition  of  a 
reasonable  animal. 

An  incomplex  universal  Is  what  produces  one  con- 
c<'ption  only  in  the  mind,  and  is  a  simple  thing  re- 
specting many  ;  as  human  nature,  which  relates  to 
every  individual  in  which  it  is  found.  Cyc. 

2.  The  whole;  the  general  system  of  the  universe. 
[JVot  in  iu:e.] 
q-NI-VERS'AL-ISM,  71.  In  tAeo/ogT/,  the  doctrine  or 
belief  that  all  men  will  be  saved  or  made  happy  m  a 
future  life. 
IJ-NI-VERS'AL-IST,  n.  One  who  holds  the  doctrine 
that  all  men  wilt  be  saved. 

2.  One  who  affects  to  understand  all  particulars. 
r  Obj^.]  Bentiey. 

TJ-NI-VER-SAL'I-Ty,  n.  The  state  of  extending  to 
the  whole  ;  as,  the  universality  of  a  proposition  ;  the 
universality  of  sin  ;  the  universality  of  the  deluge. 

Woodward. 
IJ-NI-VERS'AL-IZE,*.  t.    To  make  universal. 

Coleridge. 
IT-NI-VER8'AL-IZ-£D,  pp.    Rendered  universal. 

More. 
IJ-NI-VERS'AL-TZ-ING,  ppr.    Rendering  universal. 

Howe. 
Q-NI-VERS'AI*-LY,   adv.     With    extension   lo  the 
whole  ;  in  a  manner  to  comprehend  all ;  without  ex- 
ception.    Air  is  a  fluid  universally  diffused.    God's 
laws  are  universally  binding  on  his  creatures. 
IJ-NI-VERS'AL-NESa,  Ti.     Universality. 

JVo/e.  —  Umvebsal  and  its  derivatives  are  used  in 
common  discourse  for  General.  This  kind  of  uni- 
versality is  by  the  schoolmen  called  moral,  as  admit- 
ting of  some  exceptions,  in  distinction  from  meta- 
physie-al,  which  precludes  all  exceptions. 
U'NI-VERSE,  71.     [Fr.  univers;  L.  universitas.] 

The  collective  name  of  heaven  and  earth  and  all 
that  belongs  to  them  ;  the  whole  system  of  created 
things  ;  the  to  nav  of  the  Greeks,  and  the  mundus  of 
the  Latins. 
tJ-NI-VERS'I-TY,  7U  An  assemblage  of  colleges  es- 
tablished in  any  place,  with  professors  for  instructing 
students  in  the  sciences  and  other  branches  of  learn- 
ing, and  where  degrees  are  conferred,  A  university 
is  properiy  ft  universal  school,  in  which  are  Uiught 
all  branches  of  learning,  or  the  four  faculties  of  the- 
ology, medicine,  law,  and  the  sciences  and  arts. 

Cue. 
IJ-NIV'0-€AL,  a.    [L.  uniis,  one,  and  vox,  word.] 

1.  Having  one  meaning  only.  A  univocal  word  is 
opiK>sed  to  an  equivocal,  which  has  two  or  more  sig- 
nifications. Watts. 

2.  Having  unison  of  sounds,  as  the  octave  in  mu- 
sic and  its  replicates.  Roxisscau. 

3.  Certain  ;  regular;  pursuing  always  one  tenor. 
[Liale  used.]  Brown. 

i;-NIV'0-eAL-LY,  adv.    In  one  term  ;  in  one  sense. 

How  M  iln  umpooaily  distingabhcti  into  Tenial  and  mortal,  if  the 
reaul  be.  nut  aia  f  Bais, 

2.  In  one  tenor.     [LUtle  used.]  Ray. 

lJ-NIV-O-€A'TI0N,   n.      Agreement  of  name  and 

meaning.  Cyc, 
UN-JAR'RING,  a.     Not  discordant 
UN-JEAL'OU9,  (-jel'us,)  a.    Not  mistrusting. 

UN-JOIN' JiD,  a.    Not  joined.  Hooker. 

UN-XUNT',  V.  t.     To  disjoint.  Fuller. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRgY.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- 


aofT 


UNL 


UNL 


UN-JOINT'ED,  pp.    Disjointed  ;  separated.    MUUm. 
a.  o.  Having  no  joint  or  articulation ;  as,  an  uit- 
winlei  stem.  BoUiny. 

UN-JO V'OUS,  a.    Not  Joyous;  not  gay  or  cheerful. 

H5"^RX1°'^^-I'^'  '^''-     Uncheerfully  ;  not  jovoSy. 

UN-JUDG'£D,(-Jujd',)o.  Notjudged;  not  judicially 
determined.  Prior. 

UN-JUST',  a.  Not  just ;  acting  contrary  to  the  stand- 
ard of  right  established  by  the  divine  law  ;  not  equi- 
table ;  as,  an  unjust  man. 

2.  Contrary  to  Justice  and  right ;  wrongful ;  as,  an 
unjust  sentence  ;  an  unjust  demand  :  an  uniiut  accu- 
sation. "^ 

UN-JUST'I-FI-A-BLE,  a.  Not  justiSable ;  that  can 
not  be  proved  to  be  right ;  not  to  be  vindicated  or 
defended  ;  as,  an  uiijustifubU  motion  or  action. 

UN-JUST'r-FI-A-BLE-NESS,  n.    The  qu1liu''o?'not 

,,J'",';Sj,''ftiflable.  Clarendon. 

L.M-JL&r'I-FI-.\-BLY,  aiiit.  In  a  manner  that  can 
not  be  justified  or  vindicated. 

UN-JUST'I-FI-£D,  C-f  Ide,)  a.  Not  justified  or  vindi- 
cated. 

iTw  M  rSnvP'^''''"''''-  •'■•  -"^  Mi^on. 

U-"«-JUSZ  LY,  adv.  In  an  unjust  manner:  wrone- 
fully. 

UNK'ED,  )  for   Uncouth.     Odd;    strange.      Wot  in 
U>K'ID,   i      use.] 

UN-KE.M'.MED,  (  a.    Uncombed  ;  unpolished. 
UN-KE.\1(>T',      i  ""      Spenser. 

[Obsolfti  except  in  poetry.] 
UN-KE.\'NEL,  V.  t.    To  drive  from  his  hole;  as,  to 
unkennel  a  fox.  S/iok. 

2.  To  rouse  from  secrecy  or  retreat  Siaki 

3.  To  release  from  a  kennel. 
UN-KEN'NEL-£D,  pp.    Driven  or  let  loose  from  con- 
finement, as  a  foi  or  dog. 

UN-KENT',  a.     [un  and  ken,  to  know.]    Unknown. 

f  06*^  Spenser 

UN-KEPT',  D.  Not  kept ;  not  retained  ;  not  preserved. 

2.  Not  observed  ;  not  obeyed  ;  as  a  command. 

UN-KER'CHIEF-ED,  (-ker'chift,)  a.  Not  havhiTon 
a  kerchief. 

UN-KERN'EL-ED,  o.    nestiliite  of  a  kernel.     PntM. 

UN-KI.\D',  a.    Not  kind  ;  not  benevolent ;  not  favor- 
able :  not  obliging.  siiak. 
9.  Unnatural.                                             Soenxer 

UN-KT.\D'LI-NESS  n.    Unfavnrableness. 

UN-KIND'LY,  a.  Unnatural ;  contrary  to  nature  ;  as, 
in'inknidly  crime.  Spenser. 

2.  Unfavorable  ;  malignant ;  as,  an  unkindly  fog. 

UN-KT.\D'LY,  aih.    Without  kindness ;  without  af- 
fection ;  as,  to  treat  one  unkindly. 
2.  In  a  manner  contrary  to  nature  ;  unnaturally. 

All  works  of  nature, 
Atorliire,  monttruiM,  or  unkindly  mired.  Millon 

UN-KIND'NESS,  n.    Want  of  kindness ;  want  of  nat- 
ural  affection  ;  want  of  good  will. 
2.   Discibliging  treatment ;  disfavor. 
UN-KI.Vi;',  V.  I.    To  deprive  of  royalty.  Shak. 

UN-KI\G'LIKE,  (  a.     Unbecoming  a  king;  not  no- 

USKISA'ED,  C-kist',)  a.    Not  kissed.  Shak. 

UNK'LE.     See  Umcle. 

UN-K.\ELL'£D  (-neld' )  o.    Unt<illed.  B,n-on. 

UN-KMGHT'LY  a.    Unbecoming  a  knight,  sidneti. 
UN-KNIT',  (-nit',)  v.  u    To  separate  threads  that  are 
knit ;  to  open  ;  to  loose  work  tliat  u  knit  or  knotted. 

2.  To  open.  gkak 

UN-KNOT'jf-not',)  r.  I.  To  free  from  knots  ;  to  untie. 
U.\-KNOT''l'ED,  »».     Freed  from  knots  ;  untied. 
UN-KNOW,  i-aa',)  r.  (.    To  cease  to  know      [AiPl  in 


UNL 


iwe.1 


UN-KNOW .\-nLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  known.  If'aUa. 
UN-KNOWING,  0.     Not  knowing;    ignorant;  with 

Unknomng  of  ilfceiL  Pop*. 

UN-KNOW'ING-LY.ado.  Ignorantly ,  without  knowl- 
_  =,''.S«™,'Jf»ie"-  Addison. 

UN-KNOWN',  a.     Not  knoivii.     The  author  of  the 
invention  is  unknoion. 

2.  Greater  than  is  imagined.  Bacon. 

3.  Not  having  had  cohabitation.  Shak. 

4.  Not  having  conmiuniration.  AddUon. 
UN-LA'BOR-£D,  a.     Not  produced  by  labor  ;  as,  un- 
labored harvests.  Drydm. 

2.  Not  cultivated  by  labor  ;  not  tilled.  Blackmirre. 

3.  Hpontaneous;   voluntary;   that  offers  without 
enort ;  natural. 

And  from  tbe  liieme  urtiabortd  beaiiUes  rioe.  TWctt. 

4.  Easy;  natural;  not  stifl';  as,  an  na/ajorei  style. 

UN-LA-BO'RI-OUS,  a.    Not  laborious  ;  not  difficult' to 
"e  done.  Milton. 

UN-LA-BO'RI-OUS-LY,  adv.     Without  labor. 

UN-LACE',  V.  t.    To  loose  from  lacing  or  fiistening  by 
a  cord  or  strings  passed  through  loops  and  holes  ;  as, 
to  unlace  a  helmet  or  a  garment 
2.  To  loose  a  woman's  dress. 


3.  To  divest  of  ornaments.  Shak. 

4.  In  sea  lanjsuage,  to  loose  and  take  off  a  bonnet 
from  a  sail,  or  to  cast  off  any  lacing  in  any  part  of 

.tI!"?  ■,'««'"?  of  a  vessel.  Totten. 

UN-LSC'£D,  (-laste',)  pp.    Loosed  from  lacing  ;  un- 
fastened. 

UN-LAC'ING,  ppr.    Loosing  from  lacing  or  fastening. 

(jN-LACK'EY-£D,  (-lak'id,)   a.      Unattended  by  a 

,  '?';''5>'-    ,  Cowper. 

UN-LADE',  D. «.    To  unload  ;  to  take  out  tlie  cargo 
of;  n^  to  unlade  a  ship. 

2.  To  unload ;  to  remove,  as  a  load  or  burden. 
Acts  xxi, 

UN-LA  l)'£N,  pp.  of  Lade.    Unloaded. 

HS'i'-,'?'"'''''  '''"■•    Removing  the  cargo  from  a  ship. 

UN-La'DY-LIKK,  a.    Not  ladylike. 

UN-LAID',  a.     Nut  placed  ;  not  fixed.  Hooker. 

2.  Nut  allayed;  not  pacified  ;  not  suppressed. 

MUton. 

3.  Not  laid  out,  as  a  corpse.  B.  Jonson. 
UN-LA-.MENT'EU,  a.    Not  lamented  ;  whose  loss  is 

not  deplored. 

Thus  uniamenttd  pus  the  proud  away.  Pope. 

UN-LANCH'£D,  a.    Not  lanched. 

UN-LAP',  0.  t.     To  unfold. 

UN-LAPPfED,  (-lapt',)  pp.     Unfolding. 

UN-LAP'PING,;,pr.     Unfolding. 

UN-LXRD'ED,  a.    Not  iiiterinixed  or  inserted  for  im- 

Prowment.  ChesUrfield. 

UN-LATCH',  V.  u     To  open  or  loose  by  lifting  the 

latch. 
UN-L.^TCII'ING,  ppr.    Opening  or  loosing  by  lifting 

the  latch. 
UN-LXUNCH'ED,  (-^lncht',^  a.     Not  launched. 
UN-LAU'REL-JCD,  a.     Nut  crowned  with  laurel ;  not 

honored.  Byron. 

UN-LAVISH,  a.     Not    lavish;     not    profuse;    not 

wasteful. 
UN-LA V'ISH-BD,  (-lav'isht,)  a.    Not  lavished;  not 

spent  wastefuliy.  / 

UN-LAW,  V.  u    To  deprive  of  the  authority  of  law. 

UN  LA VV'FJJL,  a.     Not   lawful ;     contrary  to  law  ; 

illegal  ;  not  permitted  by  law.  Drydcn. 

UiiUiicfut  assembly  ;  in  lam,  the  meeting  of  threeor 

more  persons  with  intent  mutually  to  assist  each 

other  in  the  execution  of  some  enterprise  of  a  private 

nature  with  ftirce  and  violence.  Boucier. 

UN-LAWF[jL-LY,  adi>.    In  violation  of  law  or  right  • 

'"fe"lly.  Taylor. 

2.  lUegitini.'Ueiy;  not  in  wedlock  ;  as,  a  child  iin- 

lairfalhi  born.  Addi'on. 

UN-LA WFfJL-NESh?,  ji.      Illegality;  contrariety  to 

'aw.  South. 

2.  Illegitiinacy, 
UN-LAWLIKK,  a.     Not  lawlike. 
UN-LeACH'£D,  (-leecht',)  a.    Not  leached;  as,  un- 

Icached  ashes. 
UN-LEARN',  {-lern'  )  r.  U     To  furgr^t  or  lose  what 

has  been  learned.    It  is  most  important  to  us  all  to 

unlearn  the  errors  of  our  early  education. 

1  Imd  IcnriicJ  notliiiig  right;  I  iiad  to  unltnm  everything. 

Luther  in  Milner. 

UN-LEARN'£D,  (pp.  pron.  un-lernd',  and  a.  un-lern'- 
ed,)  pp.    Forgotten. 
2.  a.  Not  Icnrued ',    ignorant;    illiterate;    not  in- 


Dryden. 
Milton, 
unlearned 

Sliak. 
Brown. 


1  not 


stnicted. 

3.  Not  gained  by  study  ;  not  known. 

4.  Not   suitable   to  a  learned  man ; 
verses. 

UN-LEARN'ED-LY,  ado.     Ignorantly. 

UN-LEARN'EU-NESS,  n.     Want  of  learning  ;  illiter- 
ateness.  Sylcester. 

UN-LLARN'ING,   ppr.      Forgetting  what   one    has 
learned. 

UN-LEA  V'£.\-En,  (-lev'nd,)  a.    Not  leavened 
raised  by  leaven,  barm,  or  yeast.    Exod.  xii. 

UN-I,ne'TliR-£D,  a.     Not  taught  by  lecture.    Younsr. 

tJN-LED',  a.    Not  led  or  coniluctod. 

UN-LElS'tJR-£D,  (-leezh'urd  or -le/.h'urd,)  a.    Not 
having  leisure.     [JVot  in  use]  Milton. 

UN-LE.N'T',  a.     Not  lent. 

UN-LESS',  conj.  [Sax.  onlesan,  to  loose  or  release.] 
Except ;  that  is,  remove  or  dismiss  the  fact  or 
thing  stated  in  the  sentence  or  clause  which  follows. 
''  We  can  ntil  thrive  unless  we  are  industrious  and 
frugal."  The  sense  will  be  more  obvious  with  the 
clauses  of  the  sentence  Inverted.  Unless  [remove 
this  fact,  suppose  it  not  to  exist]  we  are  industrious 
and  frugal,  we  can  not  thrive.  Unless,  then,  answers 
for  a  negation.  If  we  arc  not  industrious,  we  can 
not  thrive. 

U.\-LESS'EN-£D,  a.    Not  diminished. 

UN-LES'SON-JED,  a.    Not  taught;  not  instructed. 

UN-LET'TER-ED,  a.    Unlearned  ;   untaught ;   igno- 
rant. Dniden 
UN-LET'TER,£D-NESS,  n.     Want  of  learning. 

UN-LEV'EL-£D,  a.    Not  leveled  ;  not  laid  even. 

UN-LI-BID'IN-OUg,  a.    Not  libidinous;  not  lustful. 

Milton. 


UN-LI'CENS-£D,  (-li'senst,)  a.  Not  licensed  ;  not 
having  permission  by  authority ;  as,  an  unlicaued 
innkeeper. 

The  Tending  of  anient  apiritB,  hj  placet  liceowd  or  unUeenttd, 
!•  a  tremendoni  ctil.  ^,  Beedter. 

UN-LICK'£D,  (likt',)  a.     Shap.!less;  not  formed  to 

smoothness  ;  as,  an  unlicked  bear  whelp.  Shak. 

UN-LIGHT'ED,  a.    Not  lighted  ;  not  illuminated. 

2.  Not  kindled  or  set  on  fire. 
UN-LIGHT'HO.ME,  (-llte'sum,)  a.      Dark  ;    gloomy  ; 

wanting  light.  Milton. 

UN-LIKE',  a.      Dissimilar;   having  no  resemblance. 

Never  were  two  men  more  unlike.    The  cases  are 

entirely  unlike.  * 

2.  Improbable;  unlikely.  Bacon. 

UN-LIKB'LIHQOD,  i  n.     Improbabnilv. 
UN-LIKE'LI-NfirfS,   j  ^uth.     Locke. 

UN-LIKE'LY,  a.     Improbable;   such  as  cannot  be 

reasonably  expected  ;   as,  an  unlikely   evenL     The 

thing  you  mention  is  very  unlikely. 

2.  Not  promising  success.    He  employs  very  u-n- 
likely  means  to  effect  his  object. 

UN-LIKE'LY,  ado.    Improbably.  Addison. 

UN-LIKE'NES.S,  K,    Want  of  resemblance;  dissimil- 

""''»•  Dryden. 

UN-LIM'BER,    a.      Not    limber;    not    flexible;    not 

yielding. 
UN-LLM'KRR,  r.  f.     In   military  lanf^aoe,  to  lake  off 

the  limbers  ;  as,  to  unlimber  the  guns. 
UN-LI.M'l!ER-/:i),  pp.     Freed  from  the  limbers. 
UN-LIM'BEK-ING,  ppr.     Taking  off  the  limbers. 
UN-LI.M'IT-A-IILE,  a.     Adinilling  no  hmita;  bound- 
[\Ve  now  use  iLLiMiTaBLc]  [less. 

UN-LI M'lT-ED,  a.    Not  limited  ;  having  no  bounds ; 

bounilless.  Boyle. 

9.  Undefined  ;  indefinite  ;  not  bounded  by  proper 

exceptions;  as,  unlimited  terms. 

3.  Unconfined  ;  not  restrained. 
ABcriljrt  not  tn  Goil  Boch  an  unliiniud  exercise  of  menry  aa  may 

diilcoy  hu  J.ulice.  fiogera. 

Unlimited  problem,  is  one  which  is  capable  of  an 
infinite  number  of  solutions.  Cue 

UN-LI.M'IT-ED-LY,  nWo.    Without  bounds. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

UN-LI.M'IT-ED-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  biing  bound- 
less, or  of  being  undefined.  Johnson. 

UN-LI\'E-AL,  a.  Not  in  a  line  ;  not  coming  in  the 
order  of  succession.  Shak. 

UN-LINK',  V.  u  To  separate  links  ;  to  loose  ;  to  un- 
fasten ;  to  untwist.  Shak 

UN-Lia'UI-DA-TED,  (-lik'we-du  ted,)  a.     Not  litji'ii- 

dated  ;  not  settled ;   not  having  the  exact  amount 

ascertained;    as,  an  unliquidated  debt;   unliijuidaled 

accounts.  Hamilton. 

2.  Unpaid  ;  unadjusted.  Whcaton. 

UN-LKl'UI-Fr-£D,  (-lik'we-flde,)  a.  Unmelted  ;  not 
dissolved.  Addison. 

UN-Lltt'UOR-/cn,  (lik'urd,)  a.  Not  moistened  ;  not 
smeared  with  liquor  ;  not  filled  with  liquor. 

Bp.  HaU.     Milton 

UN-LIS'TBN-ING,  a.  Not  listening  ;  not  hearing  ; 
nut  regarding.  Tkomion. 

UN-LI  VE'LI-N ESS,  n.     Want  of  life ;  duUuess. 

UN-LI  VE'LY,  0.     Not  lively  ;  dull.  [Milton. 

UN-LOAD',  V.  t.  To  take  the  load  from  ;  to  discharge 
of  a  load  or  cargs  ;  as,  to  unload  a  ship ;  to  unload  a 
cart. 

2.  To  disburden  ;  as,  to  unload  a  beast. 

3.  To  disburden;  to  relieve  from  any  thing  oner- 
ous or  troublesome.  Shak. 

UN-LOAD'EU,  pp.  Freed  from  a  load  or  cargo  ;  dis- 
burdened. 

UN-LoAD'ING,  ppr.  Freeing  from  a  load  or  cargo  ; 
disburdening;  relieving  of  a  burden. 

UN-LO'Ca-TED,  a.  Not  placed  ;  not  fixed  in  a 
place. 

9.  In'Amerieo,  nnlocated  lands  are  such  new  or 
wild  lands  as  have  nut  been  surveyed,  appropriated, 
or  designated  by  marks,  limits,  or  boundaries,  to 
some  individual,  company,  or  corporation. 

UN-LOCK',  T.  t.    To  unfasten  what  is  locked;  as,  to 
unlock  a  door  or  a  chest. 
2.  To  open,  in  general ;  to  lay  open. 

Unlock  your  epringa,  and  open  all  your  iltades.  Pope, 

UN-LOCK'LD,  (lokt',)  pp.     Opened. 
9.  a.     Not  locked  ;  not  made  I'liat. 
Unlooked  for ;  not  expected  :  not  foreseen.  Bacon, 
UN-LOOSE',  (un-loos',)  r.  (.     To  loose. 

Shaki    John  i.  97. 

[This  word    is  unnecessary,  the  idea  being  ex- 

presseil  by  Loose.] 

UN-LOOSE',   (un-loos',)  v.  i.    To  fall   in  pieces  ;  to 

lose  all  connectitui  or  union.    [See  above.]      Collier. 

UN-LOS'A  liLE,  a.    That  can  not  lie  lost.    f.Vot  in 

"»'«.]  Bogle. 

UN-LOV'£D,  (-liivd',)  a.     Not  loved.  Sidney. 

UN-LOVE'LI-NESS,  n.  Want  uf  loveliness;  una- 
miableness ;  want  of  the  qualities  which  attract 
love.  Siilney. 

UiN-LOVE'LY,  (-luv'le,)  a.  Nut  lovely  ;  nut  amia- 
ble ;  dttstitute  of  the  qualities  wliicli  attract  love,  or 
possessing  qualities  that  excite  dislike 


TONE,  BKLL,  IjNlTE.-AN"GEB,  VI"CIOU8— C  «a  K ;  6  as  J ;  g  a.  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  a.  In  THIS. 


1207 


UNM 

UX-LOV'tXO   a.     Not  lovins;  not  tWnd.  Skak. 

UN-l*OV'IN»;-LY,  Hi/p.     In  «n  unlovins  miinner. 
UN-I.C'BRl-CA 'lED,  a.     Noi  liihric.iled. 
CN-LCCK'I-LV,  aid.     Unfortunuloly ;  by  ill  rortiine. 

Jtdiii  ■ion. 
r\-I.UCK'l-NESS,  «,     Unfortunateness  ;  ill  fonune. 

2-  MisfhievousiK-ss.  [^lidisoH. 

L'N-LUCK'Y,  «.  Unfortunate ;  not  succe^ful ;  as, 
an  mnUcku  man. 

2.  rnfo'rtiiiKite;  not  rtrsnilins  in  siicceas  ;  as,  an 
nmlickfi  ndventuixs    nn  u/iUc&ti  throw  of  dice  ;   an 

(This  word  is  usually  applied  to  incidents  In  whtcli 
auccti:*^  df  ptndtf  on  sina'*^  events,  to  games  of  haz- 
ard, &c..  rather  tli.ilf  tu  tliinss  which  depend  on  a 
Itrtii  stTies  of  ev.nl3,  or  on  the  ordinary  course  of 
pntviilence.  Hence  we  say,  a  man  is  untucky  in 
play  or  in  a  loiiery  ;  but  not  Fhat  a  farmer  is  uHlueltf 
in  iitd  litisbniidry.'or  a  ctoiiniaiider  uMlucki/  in  the  rt^ 
suit  of  »  cnaipaign.] 

3.  l^ n happy  ;  lui^rable;  subject  to  frequent  mis- 
forlU  nes.  Spea-ifr. 

4.  Slightly  mischievous;  mischievously  wagui^hj 
as,  an  umUcktf  boy  ;  an  unlurkif  wa){. 

5.  lU-omeiied  ;  innuspicious. .  * 

Hsunl  nw  not  with  Umi  unJudty  face.  Ihyitn. 

UX-LUS'TKOUS,  a.    Wanting  luster;  not  shining. 

Shak. 
tJN-LrS'TROUS-I.V,  adr.    With  want  of  luster. 
UN-LrsT'Y,  a.     Xi>t  lusty  ;  not  stout  ;  weak. 
UX-LOTE',   r.  (.    To  se|virale   things   cemented  or 

luted  ;  to  tiike  the  Inte  or  cl.iy  from. 
UN-LCT'Kl),  j-p.     Seprirnted,  a^  Itited  vessels. 
ITN-LCT'l-NO,  ppr.     Separating,  as  luted  vessels. 
UN-Ll'X  r'RI-OI^S,  o.     \<»t  luxurious. 
L'.\-.MAO'bi\V-£D.  «.     Not  maddened. 
L'X-MaUE',  pp.     Deprived  of  its  form  or  qualities. 

tf^ooflieard. 

2.  a.     XoC  made  ;  not  yet  formed.  Spetiser. 

3.  Omitt<*d  to  he  ruad**.  Blackmorf. 
DN-M.VG-NET'ie,  a.    Not  having  magottic  proper- 
ties. CacaUo. 

UX-M;(ID'£X-LY,  o.     Not  becoming  a  maiden.  Ifall. 

UX-MA1M'£D,  a.  Not  maimed  ;  not  disabled  in  any 
limb;  stMind  :  entire.  Popr, 

UX-.MAIX-TA{N'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  main- 
tained or  supported.  Storp. 

CX-MJIK'A-BUE,  a.  Not  po»iblc  lo  be  made.  [LU- 
tie  ms€d.]  Orrw. 

UN-MAKE',  V.  L  To  destroy  the  form  and  qualities 
wbicii  constitute  a  tiling  what  it  u. 

God  doa  mat  amkm  ac  ■«•»!»  cMnci  (o  ttf  txpmamntlM. 


9.  To  deprive  of  qualities  before  possessed. 

CX-MAK'INii,  ppr,  Oestruying  the  peculiar  proper- 
ties of  a  thine. 

UX-.MA-LI  "Ciors,  (lish'us,)  a.    Not  malicious. 

ITN-MAL-LE-V-BIL'I-TY,  a.  The  quality  orstateof 
being  unmitllealde. 

UX-MAL'LE-A-BLE,o.  Xot  malleahle  ;  notcnpnWeof 
being  hammered  into  a  plate,  or  of  being  extended  by 
beating. 

UN-MA.X',  V.  L  To  deprive  of  the  constitutional 
qualities  of  a  human  being,  a<<  rea^^in,  ice.     Sovtk. 

2.  To  deprive  of  men  :  x'^,  to  unman  a  ship. 

3.  To  eiiiaffcuUte  ;  tu  deprive  of  virility. 

4.  To  deprive  of  ilie  courage  and  fortitude  of  a 
man  ;  to  break  or  reduce  into  irresolution;  to  dis- 
hearten ;  to  deject.  Difden,     Pope* 

5.  To  di^[>eople  ;  ft«,  towns  unmojuud.     O^ldsmitk. 
UN-MA.\'AtiB-.\'BLG,  a.    Not  manageable  ;  n(«  ea- 
sily reatrained,  governed,  or  directed  ;  not  controll- 
■bitt. 

9;  NoC  easily  wielded.  Locke. 

IJN-MAN'.\CE-A-BLY,  o^D.    So  as  not  to  be  man- 
ageable. 
UN-MAX'A-G/H),  a.    Not  broken  by  horsenianship. 

Tuvlor. 
S,  Not  tntored  ;  not  educated.  Felton. 

CJN-MAX'LTKEt  \  a.    Not  becoming  a  human  l>eing. 
DN->LAX'LY,      I  CoUier. 

S,  Unsuitable  to  a  man  ;  eff<;minate. 

Vnmamlif  vaitolli  and  tewIerBM*  of  \<m.  AdS;won, 

3.  Not  worthy  of  a  nobl«  mind ;  ignoble ;  base ; 

ungenerous ;  cowardly. 
TJX-.MAX'Ll-XESS,  n.    State  of  being  unmnnly. 
UN-MAX'N£D,  pp.     Deprived  of  tlic  qualities  of  a 

man. 
UN-MAX'XER-ED,  a.     Cncivil ;  nide.      J?.  Jon40iu 
UN-MAX'XER-Li-XESS,   «.      Want  of   ga.»d    man- 
ners ;  breach  of  civility  ;  rudeness  of  bcrhavior. 

Ueke, 
UN-MAX'XER-LY,  o.      Ill-bred  ;    not  having    gmid 

aaanners ;    rude    in    behavior;    as,  an    unmaitneTiy 

youth. 
S.  Xot  according  to  good  manners ;  as,  an  wrsism- 

lier/»  jest.  Swift. 

UN-MA  \'XKR-LY,  adv.     Uneivi!|y.  Shak. 

UX-MAX'XLNtl,  ppr.      Depriving' of   the  powers  or 

qualities  of  i  man. 
UN-.MAX'TL£D,  a.    Not  covered  or  furnished  with  a 

mantle. 


UNM 

UN-MAX-t:  rAC'TQR-KD,  a.     Not  manufactured  ; 
not  wroriEhi  into  the  pn>i>er  form  for  u«te. 

UX-MA-XOR'£D,  a.    Not  manured  ;  not  enriched  by 
mnnure. 
a.  UncnUivRted.  Sptmatr. 

UN-MXRK*£D,  (.-mirkt',)a.   Not  marked  ;  having  no 
mark. 
SI.  Unobserved  ;  not  regarded  ;  undistinguished. 

Pope, 

UN-MXR'RED,  a.      Not  marred  j   not  injured;   not 
sjMiik-d  ;  nt-rf  obstructed. 

U.N-MAR'Rl-A-BLE,  tu     Not  marriageable.     [LitUe 
usrc/.l  Mil  ton, 

UX-MAR'RIAGE-A-BLE,  (-mar'rij-a-bl,)  c.    Not  fit 
to  be  married. 

UX-MAK'K1A«5E-A-BLE-NESS,  a.  The  slate  orcon- 
(lition  of  not  beini;  fit  to  he  married. 

l'X-.MAR'RI-^D,(-ninr'rid,id.  *Nol  married  ;  having 
no  husbiind  or  no  wife.  Bacon. 

rX-MAR'RY,  c.  t.    To  divorce.  MUlon. 

ITX-MXR'SHAL.-£D,  a.      Not   disposed  or  arranged 
in  due  order. 

UX-MAS'€U-LATE,  r.  (.    To  emasculate.     Fallt-r. 

UX-MAS'eU-LL\E,  (-lin,)  a.    Not  masculine  or  man- 
ly ;  feeble;  etfeniinale.  Milton, 

UX-MAS'eU-LJNE-LY,    adv.      In   an    unmasculine 
manner. 

UX-MASK',  f.  e.    To  strip  of  a  mask  or  of  any  dis- 
guise ;  to  lay  open  what  is  concealed.  Roscommon. 

UX-MXSK',  V.  i.     To  put  olf  a  nnuik. 

UX-MASK'£D,  (-miskl',)  pp.    Stripped  of  a  mask  or 
disguise. 
2.  a.     Open  ;  exposed  to  view.  Dryden. 

UX-MXSK'iX'G,  ppr.    Stripping   off  a  mask   or  dis- 
guise. 

UN-.MAS'TER-A-RLE,  fl.    That  can  not  bo  mastered 
ur  subdued.     {JsTol  in  use,']  BroKti. 

UX-MXS'TER-a:D,  1.    Xot  subdued;  not  conquered. 
2.  Not  conquerable. 

He  mn  not  hi*  unmaattrtd  gtief  auMMhi.  Dtyden. 

UX-.MAS'TI-€A-BLE,    a.       Not    capable    of    being 
chewed. 

UX-MA  rCH'A-BLE,  a.     That  cnn  norbe  nmlched  ; 
that  can  nut  be  cqiiali^>d  ;  unparallel.-d.         Ifonkrr. 

U.X-.MATCH'KD,   (-matcht',)   a.     Matchless;  having 
no  match  or  equal.  Dryden. 

UX-Mi:AXMNG,  a.    Having  no  meaning  or  significa- 
tion ;  as,  unmeaning  words. 

S:  Not  expressive ;  not  indicating  Intelligence}  as, 
an  mnmenning  face. 

Tbrre  pri-lir  utt  Ujzon«d  on  th*  unTneatang  l)r"w.    Trumbull. 
UX-.Mr.AX'ING-LY,  adc.     Without  significance. 
UX-M£.\X'IXG-XESS,  h.     Want  of  ineaniuu. 

Dr.  Campbtll. 
UX-MEANT',  (un-menl',)  a.      Not  meant ;  not  in- 
tended. Dryden. 
UX-MKAS'HR.A-BLE,  (mezh'ur-a-bl,)  a.    That  can 
not  be  measured  ;  unbounded  ;  boumlless.      Swift. 
[For  tliiw,  iMMEtsi'RABLE  IS  generally  us**d.] 
UX-MEA8'1;R-A-BL.Y,  ode.     Beyond  ail  measure. 

Howell. 
UX-MEAS'UR-ED,  a.     Not  measured  ;   plentiful  be- 
yond measure.  Milton. 
2.  Immense;  infinite;  aa^  ujimeasurcd  fumce. 

Blackmorc. 
UX-ME-€HAX'ie-AL,  a.     Xot  mechanical  ;  not  ac- 
cording to  the  laws  or  principles  of  mechanics. 
UX-ME-eMAN'I€-.AL-LY,a(ir.     Notaccurdmg  to  the 

liivvs  of  mechanics. 
UX-ME€II'AX-IZ  £D,  tu    Not  formed  by  design,  art, 

or  skill.  Foley. 

UX-.MED'DLED   WITH;    not    meddled   with;    not 

lotichcd  ;  not  altered.  Carcio. 

UX-MED'DLIXG,  a.     Not  meddling;  not  interfering 
with  the  concerns  of  otliers  ;  not  officious. 

Chesterfield. 
UX-MED'DLIXGLY,  adv.     Without  meddling. 
UX-MED'DI.ING-NESS,  n.     Forbearance  of  interpo- 
sition.    [A«f  in  »«.]  Ilnll. 
UN-MED'l-TA-TED,a.    Not  meditated  ;  not  prepared 

by  pr(*vious  thought.  Milton. 

UX-MEET',  a.    Not  fit;  not  proper;  not  worthy  or 

suitable.  Milton.     Prior, 

UX-MEET'LY,  adv.     Not  fitly;    not  properly;   not 

siiitaMv.  Spenser. 

UX-MEET'XESg,  n.    Unfitness;  unsuitableness. 

Milton. 
UX-MEL'LOW-ED,  o.      Not    mellowed;    not  fully 

matured.  Sliai:. 

UX-ME-LO'DI-OUS,  a.      Not  melodious;    wanting 

meUrflv  ;  harsh.  RerberL 

UX-ME^LO'DI-OUS-LY,  adc.    Without  melody. 
UX-ME-L6'DI-OUS-XESS,  n.    Slate  of  being  desti- 
tute of  mel'Kly. 
U-V-MELT'EUJ  a.     Undissolved  ;   not  melted. 

Waller. 
2-  Not  softened. 
UX-M  ELT'ED-NESS,  n.    State  of  being  unmelted. 
UX-MEM'BER,  v.  U    To  deprive  of  membership  in  a 

chnrrh. 
UX-.MEM'BER-£D,  pp.     Deprived  of  membership. 
UN-.MEX'A-C£D,  (nien'asl,)  o.     Xot  threatened. 
•  Byron. 


UNM 

L'X-ME.\'A-CIN(!,  o.    Not  llireaUning. 

UN'-ME.N"AOI\G-LV,  iK/r.     VVilhoul  iiicnncing. 

UN-MENTION-A-ULE,  o.    Nul  to  1)0  mentioned. 

tic.  Rev. 
2.  n.     An  a  iioun^  n  garment  not  to  be  named. 

UN-MEN'TION-ED,  0.     Not  mentioned  ;  not  named. 

Chrenditm. 

UiV-MER'eAN-TILE.  (-til,)  «.  Not  according  to  the 
cuiitom^  and  rules  ol  conintorce. 

UN-.>IER'CE-.\A-RY,  a.    Not  mercenary;  not  hired 

U.N'-MEll'CllANT-A-llLE,  a.  Not  merclmntable ; 
not  of  a  quality  lU  for  the  market. 

UN-MER'CI-FIJL,  a.  Not  merciful ;  cruel  ;  inhuman 
to  such  heinga  na  are  in  one's  power ;  not  diii|)osed 
to  spnre  or  forgive  Rojrers. 

2.  Unconscionable  }  exorbitant ;  as,  unmerciful  tle- 
mnndH.  Pope. 

UN-MER'CI-FUL-LY,  adv.  Without  mercy  or  ten- 
dernciis ;  cruelly-  Addison. 

UN  MER'CI-FUL-NESS,  M.  W.int  of  mercy  ;  want 
of  tenderness  and  compassion  toward  those  who  are 
in  one's  power;  cruelty  in  the  exercise  of  power  or 
pimishment.  Tatilor. 

UN-.\IER'1T-.A-DLE,  a.  Having  no  merit  or  desert. 
[JV^ot  in  use.]  Skak. 

UN-MER'IT-ED,  o.  Not  merited  ;  not  deserved  ;  ob- 
tained without  service  or  e<tuivalent ;  as,  unmerited 
promotion. 

2.  Not   deserved;    cruel;    unjust;    aa^   unmerited 
sufleriugs  or  injuries. 

UN-MER'fT-ED  LY,  ailc.     Not  deservedly. 

U.N-MEK'lT-ED-A'ESgl,  n.    State  of  being  unmerited 

Boiile. 

UN-MET',  a.     Not  met.  B.  Jirnion. 

UN-ME-TAL'Lie,  a.  Not  metallic;  not  having  the 
pro|)erties  of  metal  ;  not  belonging  to  metals.  Encyc. 

UN-MET-A-rHYS'ie-AL,  a.  Not  metaphysical  ;  liot 
[tertaining  to  metaphysics, 

UN-METH'OD-IZ  AD,  a.     Not  methodized. 

H.  Tmilor. 

UN-MIGHT'Y,  (mite'-,)  a.  Not  mighty ;  not  pow- 
erful. 

UN-.MTIiD',  a.     Not  mild  ;  harsh  ;  severe  ;  fierce. 

UN-.MTL1)'LY,  a,l<!.     Not  mildly  ;  harshly. 

UN-MILD'NESS,  w.     Want  of  mildness ;  harshnesfl. 

Milieu. 

UN-MIL'I-TA-RY,  a.  Not  according  to  military  rules 
or  custom.". 

U.\-MILK'i.'D,  (-milkt',)  a.    Not  milked.  Pope. 

UN-MILL' £D,  a.  Not  milled  ;  nut  indented  or  grained  ; 
as,  unmiUed  coin. 

U.\-.MI.ND'ED,n.    Not  minded  ;  not  heeded.  Jtfifton. 

UN-.MI.VD'FJIL,  a.  Not  mindful;  not  heedful;  not 
attentive  ;  regardless  ;  as,  unmintifut  of  laws  ;  un- 
mindful  of  health  or  of  dutv.  MUton. 

UN-JII.ND'FIJLLY,  adp.    Carelessly;  heedlessly. 

U.N'-MI.ND'FJjL-NESS,  n.  Heedlessness;  inatten- 
tion ;  carelessness. 

UN-MLN"GLE,  (-ming'gl,)  v.  t.  To  separate  things 
mixed.  Bacon. 

UN-.Mr.N"GLE-A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  mixed. 
U^ot  in  usr.]  Boyle. 

UN-MI.\"GLA'D,  (ming'gld,)  a.  Not  mingled;  not 
ndxed  ;  pure.  Pope. 

'2.  Pure  ;  not  vitiated  or  alloyed  by  foreign  admix- 
ture ;  as,  unrtiinffled  }oy. 

U.V-.MIN-IS-Te'RI-AL,  a.     Not  ministerial. 

UN-MIN-IS-T£'RI-AL-LY,  adv.  Unsuitably  to  a 
minister. 

UN-Jll-RA€'U-LOUS,  a.    Not  miraculous. 

UN-Ml-RAe'lJ-LOUS-LY,  adi'.     Without  a  miracle. 

UN-MTR'Y,  a.  Not  miry  ;  not  muddy  ;  not  foul  with 
dirt.  Oay. 

UN-MISS'£I),  (-mist',)a.  .Not  missed;  not  perceived 
to  be  gone  or  lost.  Oray. 

UN-.VUS-TaK'A-BLE,  d.  That  can  not  be  mi6t.iken. 
[ LiJUe  u-ted.]  Cheyne. 

UN-MIS-TaK'£.V,  0.    Not  mistaken  ;  sure. 

rintmbult. 

U.\-5iIS-TRUST'ING,  a.  Not  mistrusting  ;  not  sus- 
pecting ;  unsuspicious. 

UN-.MIT'I-GA-BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  being  miti- 
gated, softened,  or  les-sened.  Shali. 

UN-MIT' I-Ga-TEU,  a.  Not  mitigated  ;  not  lessened  ; 
not  softened  in  severity  or  harshnes.-*.  Sltah. 

U.N-MIX'i-^D,  1  a.    Not  mixed;   not  mingled;  pure; 

UN-MIXT',    (       unadulterated ;    unvitiated   by    for- 
eign admixture.  Bacon. 
2.  Pure;  unalloyed;  as,  wnmirerf  pleasure. 

UN-.M0AN'/:D,  o.     Not  lamented.  Shak. 

UN-MOD'IFI-A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  modified 
or  altered  in  form  ;  that  can  not  be  reduced  to  a 
more  acceptable  or  desired  form. 

UN-MOD'I-Fl-iiU,  (-fide,)  a.  Not  modified  ;  not 
altered  in  form  ;  not  qualified  in  meaning. 

U.V-.\I0D'IS1I,  a.  Not  modish  ;  nut  according  to  cus- 
tom. Pope. 

U.\-MOD't:-LA-TED,  a.     Not  modulated.      SheUj/. 

UN-MOIS'i'',  a.    Not  moist;  not  humid;  dry. 

Philipn. 

UN-M0IST'£N-£D,  «.    Not  made  moist  or  humid. 

Botjle. 

UN-.MfSLD',      )  t.  t.    To  change  the  form  ;  to  reduce 

UN-MOULD',  j      from  any  form. 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT METE,  PRSY PINE,  MAMNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF.  BQQK.— 


1208 


UNN 

UN-MOi.D'El>,  ji;*.    IS'ot  clianfied  in  form. 

2.  a.     Not  molded  ;  not  elmped  or  funned. 
UN-M6LD'ER-1NG,  a.     Not  cruiubliug  or  wasting 

awiiy.  Bryant. 

UN-MO-LEST'ED,  a.     Not  molested  j  not  disturbed  ; 

free  from  disturbance.  Fope. 

UN-MON'KY-JtU,  (-mun'nid,)  a.     Not  havinp  money. 
UN-.MO-NOP'O-LIZE,  a.      To    recover  from    being 

moiiiipulized.     [.Vo(  in  use,]  Milton* 

UN-.MO-NOP'0-LIZ-£D,  v.  L     Not  monopolized. 
UN-MOOH',  r.  (.     In  sea  language,  to  bring  to  the  state 

of  riding  with  a  single  anclior,  af^cr  Laving  been 

moored  by  two  or  more  cables.  Cyc. 

2.  To  loose  from  anchorage.  Pupe, 

UN-MOO  R'  £D,    pp.       Loosed    from    anchorage,    or 

brought  to  ride  with  a  single  anchor. 
UN-MOQR'ING,  ppr.      Loosing  from  anchorage,  or 

bringing  to  ride  with  a  single  anchor. 
UN-MOR'AL-IZ-£D,  a.     Untutored  by  morality  ;  not 

conformed  to  good  morals.  JVorris. 

UN-.MORT'GAG-£D,    ( -mor'gajd,)    a.       [See  Mobt- 

OAGE.]     Not  mortgaged  ,  nut  pledged. 

Jiildisotu     Dryden. 
UN-MOR'TI-FI-ED,  a.     Not  mortified  ;   not  shamed 

2.  Not  subdued  by  sorrow  ;  as,  unmortified  sin. 
UN-MOTH'ER-LY,  a.     Not  becoming  a  mother. 
UN-MOULD'.    To  change  the  form.     [See  Unmold.] 
UN-MOU\T'ED,  Q.     Sot  mounted.     UamounUd  dra- 
goons are  such  as  have  not  horses. 
UN-MOURN'£D,  a.     Not  lamented.  Rogers. 

UN-MOV'A-BLE,  (-moov'a-bl,)  a.     That  can  not  be 

moved  or  shaken  ;  tinn  ;  fixed.  Locke. 

[Immovable  is  more  generally  used.] 
UN-MOV'A-BLV,  a<ir.     Unalterably.  Ellis 

UN-MOV'£D,  (-moovd'j)  a.     Not  moved  ;  not  trans 

ferred  from  one  place  to  another.  Locke. 

2.  Not  changed  in  purpose;  unshaken  j  firm 

Milton. 

3.  Not  affected  ;  not  having  the  passions  excited  ; 
not  touched  or  impressed.  Pope. 

4.  Not  altered  by  passion  or  emotion.      Dnjdeiu 
UX-MOVEO-LY,  adv.     Without  being  moved. 
UN-MOV'ING,  a.     Having  no  motion.  Cheyne. 

2.  Not  exciting  emotion  ;  having  no  power  to  af- 
fect the  pjissions. 
UN-MUF'FLE,  (muf'fi,)  r.  (.    To  take  a  covering 
from  the  face.  Miiton. 

2,  To  remove  the  muffling  of  a  drum. 
UN-MUF'FL£D,  pp.     Uncovered. 
UN-NIUF'FLING,  ppr.     Removing  a  covering. 
UN-MUR'.MUR-£D,  a.    Not  murmured  at. 

Beaum.  Sf  FL 
UN-MUR'MUR-IXG,  a.     Not  murmuring;  not  com- 

Slaining  ;  as,  unmurmuring  patience. 
-.MUR'MUR-ING-LY,  fl(/r.     Uncomplainingly. 
UN-MCSIC-AL,  a.     Not  nmsical ;  not  harmonious  or 
meli>dious. 
2.  Harsh  ;  not  pleasing  to  the  ear.        B.  Jonson. 
UN-MT'Sie-AL-LY,  adv.     Without  harmony  ;  harsh- 
UN-MO'SING,  a.     Not  musing.  [ly. 

UN-MO'SL\G-LY,  adv.     In  an  unmusing  manner. 
UN-MO'TI-LA-TED,  a.     Not  mutilated  ;  not  deprived 

of  a  member  or  P^irt  j.  entire. 
UN-MUZ'ZLK,  V.  U    I'o  loose  from  a  muzzle.      Shak. 
UN-MUZ'ZL£b,  pp.     Loosed  from  a  muzzle. 
UN-NAM'£D,  a.    Not  named;  not  mentioned.        ^ 

Milton. 
UN-NA'TION-AL,  (-ni'shun- or -nash'un-,)  a.     Not 

national. 
UN-NA'TIVE,  o.    Not  native  ;  not  natural ;  forced. 

Thomson. 
UN-NAT'U-RAL,  a.    Contrary  to  the  laws  of  nature  ; 
contrary  to  the  natural  feelings.  VEstrange. 

2.  Acting  without  the  atteclions  of  our  common 
nature  ;  as,  an  unnatural  father  or  son. 

3.  Not  in  conformity  to  nature  ;  not  agreeable  to 
the  real  state  of  {K-rsons  or  things  ;  nut  representing 
nature;  as,  affectetl  and  unno/uraHhoughls  ;  unnat- 
ural images  or  descriptions. 

UN-NAT' i;-RAL-IZE,  r.  (.  Todivest  of  natural  feel- 
in  g».  Hale3. 

UN-NAT'IT-RAHZ-£D,  pp.  Divested  of  natural 
feelings. 

2.  a.  Not  naturalized ;  not  made  a  citizen  by  au- 
thoritv. 

UN-NA'T'II-R.\L-LY,  ailv.  In  opposition  to  natural 
feelings  and  sentiments.  Tillvtson. 

UN-NAT'U-RAt.-NLSS,  a.     Contrariety  to  nature. 

Sidney. 

UN-NAV'I-GA-BLE,  a.    Not  navigable. 

[But  IrtKAvioAiiLE  is  more  generally  used.] 

UN-NAV'I-GA-TEU,  a.  Not  navigated;  not  passed 
ovt-T  in  ships  ortrther  vessels.  Cook^s  Voyage.-^. 

UN-NEC'ES-SA-RI-LY,  adv.  Without  necessity ; 
needlessly.  liuoker. 

UN-NEC'ES-SA-RI-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  being  un- 
necessary ;  necdlesancas. 

UN-NECES-SA-RY,  a.  Not  necessary ;  needless; 
not  required  by  the  circumstances  of  the  case  ;  use- 
less; as,  unnec£^«(iry  labor  or  care  ;  unnec«^^arr/ rigor. 

L>ryden. 

im-NE-CES'SI-TA-TED,  a.  Nol  required  by  neces- 
■tty  Eton. 

UN-NEED'ED,  a.    Not  needed. 


UNO 

UN-NEEU'FJJL,  a.    Nut  needful ;  not  wanted  ;  need- 
less. Milton. 
UN-NEED'FIJL-Ly,  adv.    Not  needfully. 
UN-NglGH'HOR-LY,  (-na'bor-le,)  a.    Not  suitable  to 
the  duties  of  a  HL-iglibor;  not  hecoming  persons  liv- 
ing near  (jacli  other  ;  not  kind  aritl  friendly. 
UN-NeiGH'nuR-LY,  adc.    In  a  manner  not  suitable 
to  a  neighbor;  in  a  manner  contrary  to  the  kindness 
and  friendsliip  whicJi  should  subsist  among  neigh- 
bors. Sltak. 
UN-NERVATE,  0.     Not  strong;  feeble.  [JSTot  in  use,] 

Broome. 
UN-NERVE',  (un-nerv',)  v.  t.    To  deprive  of  nerve, 
force,  or  strength;  to  weaken;  to  enfeeble;  as,  to 
unnerve  \\\e  arm.  .Addison. 

UN-NEUV'£D,  pp.     Deprived  of  strength         Shuk. 

2.  a.     Weak  ;  feeble. 
UN-NERVING,  ;;;»r.     Depriving  of  strength. 
UN-NETH',        ;  odp.  Scarcely  ;  hardly.    lObs..    .See 
UN-NkTHES',  \      Uneath.]  Spenser. 

UN-NEO'TRAL,a.     Not  neutral ;  not  uninterested. 
UN-NO'BLE,  a.     Not  noble;  ignoble;  mean.     Sfuik. 
UN-NOT'ED,  a.     Not  noted  ;  notobserved  ;  not  heed- 
ed ;  not  regarded.  Pope. 
2.  Not  honored. 
UN-NC'TIC-£D,C-nS'list,)  a.     Notobserved;  not  re- 
garded. 

2.  Not  treated  with  the  usual  marks  of  respect ; 
not  kindly  and  hospitably  entertained. 
UN-NO'TIC-ING,  «      Not  takhig  notice. 
UN-NUM'BER-£I),a.     Not  numbered  ;  innumerable; 

indefinitely  numerous.  Prior. 

UN-NUR'T^R-£I),  a.     Not  nurtured  ;  not  educated. 
UN-NU-TRI"T10US,   (-irish'us,)   a.      Not  affording 

nourishment. 
UN-0-BEV'£D,  C-o-bade',)  a.     Not  obeyed.    Milton. 
U\-0-BgY'ING,  a.     Not  yielding  obedience. 
UN-OB-JECT'ED,  a.    Not  objected  ;  not  charged  as  a 

fault  or  error.  J9tlerburu. 

UN-OB-JEe'TION-A-BLE,  a.  Not  liable  to  ol.jcc- 
tion  ;  that  need  not  be  condemned  as  faulty,  false, 
or  improper.  Stephens. 

UN-OU-JEe'TION-A-BLY,  adv.     In  a  manner  not  li- 
able to  objection. 
UN-0-BLTG'£D,  a.     Not  obliged. 
UN-O-BLIG'ING,  a.      Not  belonging  or  disposed  to 

oblige. 
UN-OB-LIT'ER-A-TED,  a.      Not    obliterated    or  ef- 
faced. 
UN-OB-NGX'IOUS,  a.    Not  liable;    nol  exposed  to 

harm.  M'dlon. 

UN-OB-NOX'IOUS-LV,  adv.      In    an    unobnosious 

manner. 
UN-OB-SeOR'£D,  a.    Not  obscured  j  not  darkened. 

Milton. 
UN-OB-SK'CIUI-OUS,  a.      Not  obsequious;  not  ser- 

vilelv  submissive. 
UN-OB-SK'aUI-OUS-LY,  adv.    Not  with  servile  sut^- 

missivcness. 
UN-OB-SK'aUI-OUS-NESS,  n.    Want  of  servile  aub- 

missiveness  or  compliance  ;  incompliance. 
U.VOK-SERVA-BLE,  a.      That   is  not  observable; 

not  discoverable.  Boyle. 

UN-OB-SERVANCE,  n.     Want  of  observation  ;    in- 
attention ;  regardlessneas.  Whitlock. 
UN-OU-SERVANT,  a.    Not  observant;    not  atten- 
tive ;  heedless.                                                    Olanville. 
2.  Not  obs(;(|uions. 
UN-OB-SER  VANT-LY,  adv.     Not  observantly. 
UN-OB-SERV£D,  a.    Not   observed  ;    not   noticed  ; 

not  sf.'rn  ;  not  regarded  ;  not  heeded.  Bacon. 

UN-OB-SRRVEI)-LY,  adv.    Without  being  observed. 
UN-OBSERVING,  a.     Not  observing;    inattentive; 

heedless.  Drjfden. 

UX-OB-SERVING-LY,  (Mi».     Inattentively. 
UN-OH-STRUCT'ED,  a.     Not  obstructed;  not  filled 
with   impediments  ;    as,  an   unobstructed  stream  or 
channel. 
2.  Nol  hindered  ;  nol  stopped.  Blackmort. 

UN-OB-tfTRUCT'ED-LY,  ado.      Without    being  ob- 
structed. 
UN-OB-STRUCT'IVE,  a.    Not  presenting  any  obsta- 
cle. Blackmore. 
UN-OB-STRU€T'IVE-LY,   adv.     Without   obstruc- 
tion. 
UN-OB-STRU^T'IVE-NESS,  n.    Slate  of  being  not 

obslnictivp. 
UN-OB-TAIN' A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  obtained  ; 

not  within  reach  or  power. 
UN-OIS-TAIN'A-BLE-NESS,  ti.    Slate  of  being  un 

obtainable. 
UN-OB-TaIN'£D,  a.    Not  obtained  ;  not  gained  ;  not 

acquired.  Hooker. 

UN-OB-TR0'81VE,  a.     Not  obtrusive  ;  nol  forward  ; 

modest.  Young. 

UN-OB-TRC'SIVE-LY,  adv.     Modestly. 
UN-OB-TRO'SIVE-NESS,  m.    State  of  being  unob- 
trusive. 
UN-OB'VI-OUS,  a.     Not  obvious;  not  readily  occur 

ring  to  the  view  or  the  understanding.  Boyle. 

UN-Oe'€U-PI-£D.  a.  Not  occupied  ;  not  possessed  ; 
as,  unoccupied  land. 

2.  Nol  engaged  in  business;  being  at  leisure.  The 
man  is  unoccupied 


UNP 

3.  Noteiniitoycd  nrtakenup;  tm.  lime  unoccupied. 
UN-OF-FEND'EI),    a.      Not   offended;    nut    having 

taken  oflV-n-w-. 
UN-OF-FIiNU  ING,  a.    Not  offending;    not  giving 

2.  Not  siiming  ;  free  from  sin  or  fault.       [offense. 

3.  Harmless  ;  innocent. 
UN-OF-FENS'IVE,  a.    Not  offensive;  giving  no  of- 
fense ;  harmless. 

[For  this,  Ivo>'»'E[t9ivB  is  more  generally  used.] 

UN-OF'FER-£I),  a.  Not  offered  ;  nut  proposed  to  ac- 
ceptance. Clarendon. 

UN-OF-FI"CIAL,  (fish'al,)  a.  Not  official  ;  not  per- 
taining to  office. 

2.  Not  proceeding  from  tlie  proper  officer  or  from 
due  authoritv  ;  a-J,  unojficiul  news  or  notice. 

UN-OF-FI"CrAL-LY,  at/r.  Not  officially  ;  not  in  the 
course  of  official  duty.  The  man  was  unofficially  in- 
formed by  the  sliorifl'  or  conmiander. 

UN-OF-FI"CIOUS,(-fish'us,)a.  Not  officious;  not 
forward  or  intermeddling. 

UN-OF-FI"CIOUS-LY,  adv.    Not  officiously. 

UN-OF-F1"CIOCS-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  not  being 
officious. 

UN-OFT'£N,  (-offn,)  adv.     Rarely.     [J^ot  u.ted.] 

UN-OIL',  V.  t.    To  free  from  oil.  Dryden. 

UN-OIL' £D,  pp.     Freed  from  oil. 
2.  a.     Not  oiled;  free  from  oil. 

UN-0'I'f:N-£n,  (-6'pnd,)  a.  Not  opened  ;  remaining 
far^t,  close,  shut,  or  sealed.  Chesterjield, 

UN-0'P^:xV-ING,  a.     Not  opening.  Pope. 

UN-OP'ER-A-TIVE,  a.  Not  operative  ;  producing  no 
effect.  Soutk. 

[But  I:voi'Eii\TivE  is  generally  used.] 

UN-O-PEU'eU-LA-TED,  a.  Having  no  cover  or 
operciihmi. 

UN-OP-PoS'£D,  fl.  Not  opposed;  not  resisted;  not 
met:tjng  with  any  obslrucliou  ;  as,  an  army  or  stream 
unoppoard.  Dryden. 

UN-OP-PRESS'£n,  r-op-prest',)  a.  Not  oppressed; 
not  undulv  bitrdeneu. 

UN-OP-PRESy'IVE,  a.     Not  oppressive. 

UN-OR'DER-£D,  a.    Not  ordered. 

UX-OR'DElt-LY,  a.  Not  orderly  ;  disordered  ;  irreg- 
ular. 

[bisoRDERLv  is  more  generally  used.]     Sanderson. 

UN-OR'DI-NA-RY,  a.  Not  ordinary;  not  common. 
[JWt  in  use.]  Locke. 

UN-OR'GAX-IZ-£D,  a.  Not  organized;  not  having 
organic  structure  or  vessels  for  the  preparation,  se- 
cretion, and  di>tributiun  of  nourisJnucnt,  &lc.  Met- 
als are' unwr^dHiiet/  bodies. 

[1'tiis  word  is  in  use,  but  Inoroakized  io  also 

used.] 
UN-O-RI-EXT'AL,  a.     Not  oriental.  Byron. 

UN-O-RJG'IN-AL,  a.     Not  original  ;  derived. 

2.   Havii'.t!  no  birth  ;  ungenerated.  Milton. 

UN-0-RlG'IN-A-TED,  a.    Not  originated;  having  no 

birth  or  creation. 

UuJ  it  uiidvrived,  unoriginaltd,  and  ■e!r-e}:i«ti;nt.      Stephent. 

UN-OR-NA-MENT'AL,  a.    Not  ornamenUil.     fVest 
UN-OR'NA-MENT-ED,    a.      Not  ornamented ;    not 

adorned  ;  plain.  Coventry. 

UN-OR'THO-DOX,  a.    Not  orthodox  ;  not  holding  the 

genuine  dnclrines  of  the  Scriitltues.    Decay  of  Piety. 
UN-OR'THO-DOX-LY,  adv.     Not  orthodoxly. 
UN-OS-TEN-TA'TIOUS,  a.     Not  ostentoiious  ;   not 

boastful  ;  not  making  show  and  parade  ;  modest. 

2.  Not  glaring  ;  nol  showy  ;  as,  unostentatious  col- 
oring. 
UN-OS-TEX-TA'TIOUS-LY,    adv.     Without  show, 

parade,  or  ostentation. 
UN-OS-TEN-'J*A'TIOU3-NESS,  n.      Slate  of  being 

free  from  ostentation. 
UN-6W'£D,  (-ode',)  a.     Not  owed  ;  not  due. 
UN-oVVN'£D,  a.    Not  owned  ;    having  no  known 

owner  ;  n.it  claimed. 
2.  Not  avowed  ;  not  acknowledged  as  one's  own; 

not  admitted  as  done  by  one's  self. 
UN-OX'Y-Da-TED,         1 

UN-OX'Y-DIZ-£l>,  \a.    Nut  having  oxygen  In 

UN-OX'Y-OEN-A-TED,  f     combination. 

un-ox'Y-<';en-iz-£D,  J 

UN-PA-CIF'IG,  a.   Not  pacific  ;  not  disposed  to  peace; 

not  of  a  i>eaceable  disposition.  Warton, 

UN-PA-CIF'IC-AL-LY,  adv.    Not  pacifically. 
UN-PAC'I-FL£D,  (-pas'e-flde,)  a.     Nut  pacified  ;  not 

appeased  ;  not  calmed.  Brovfne. 

UN-PACK',  V.  t.    To  open,  as  things  packed  ;  as,  to 
unpack  goods, 
y.  To  disburden.     [IMlle  used.]  Shak. 

UN-PACK'£1),  (pakt',)  pp.     Opened,  as  goods. 

2.  a.     Not  packed  ;  not  coht-cled  by  unlawful  arti- 
fices :  as.  an  unpackctl  jury.  Hudibras. 
UN  PACK'ING,  ppr.     Opening,  as  a  package. 
UN-PAID',  a.     Not  paid  ;  not  discharged  ;  as  a  debt, 

Milton. 
2.  Not  having  received  his  due;  as,  unpaid  work- 
men. Pope. 
Unpaid  for;  not  paid  for  ;  taken  on  credit. 
UN-PaIN'£D,  a.     Not  pained  ;  suffiTing  no  pain. 

Milton. 
UN-PilN'FUL,  a*    Not  painftil ;  giving  no  pain. 

Lock». 


TONE,  BJJLL,  liNITE.— AN"GER,  VVCIOUS €  as  K ;  0  as  J  ;  S  aa  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


152 


1309 


UNP 

UN-PAlX'FlLrl.Y,  adr.     WitKout  pain. 
UN-P-^IXT'Kll,  a.  Nol  painu^j. 

UN-PAL' A-TAULE,  a.  Nut  iKllatable  ;  disgusline  to 
■  tHe  taste.  CMitr. 

3.  Sat  mcb  ns  to  be  relUbed  ;  disaereeabu- ;  as,  an 

MnpalatiMe  laW.  Orutien. 

U.N-PAI.'A-T.VBLV,  «*.    So  as  not  to  b«  reliihud. 
UN-PAI.L'KD.  o.     Nol  deadened. 
UN-P.\.N'0-PLI-i;D,    (pan'o-plid,)    a.      Destitute  of 

paiiopiv  or  complete  amior.  PoUok. 

UN-P.\R"'A-niSE,  c.  t.    To  deprive  of  happineas  like 

that  of  paradise  ;  to  render  unhappy.  Yattnff, 

UN-P.-lR'.l  GO.\-£D,  a.     Uucquaicd  ;  unmaldled. 

Shak. 
UN-P.\R'AL-1.EL-ED,    a.      Having    no    parallel    or 

equal  i  unequaled  ;  unmatched  jSddisan 

Tbe  unporaUeied  prrtrvrrauM  ol  dw  annlM  of  tba  Unitml 
Sub-s.  uiiiicr  ereiy  suliiMinf  and  diaootiraj^vmenl.  W9m  tilde 
slwil  ot  a  minde.  WaslUngton. 

DN-P.IR'DON-A-BLE,  «.  Not  to  be  forsiven  ;  that 
can  not  be  pardooed  or  remitted  ;  as,  an  u»pardonM- 
Ue  sin.  Rogers, 

UN-PAK'DON-A-BLT,  adn.    Beyond  forgiveneis. 

^ttfrhury, 

DN-PXR'DON-ED,  a.    Nol  pardoned  ;  not  fursivcn  ; 

as,  unpardoned  offenses.  Rutrcrs, 

2.  N'ot  having  received  a  legal  pardon.    The  con- 

vici  returned  u*pardeKed. 
rX-PXR'DON-IXG,  o.    Not  forgiving;  not  disposed 

to  pardon.  Z>i*ydea. 

UX-PXR-LI.\-ME.\T'A-RH,y,  ait!.     Not  according 

to  the  rules  of  parliament. 
rX-PXR-LIA-.MEXT'A-RI-NES8,  ».    Contrariety  to 

the  rules,  usages,  or  constitution  of  parliament. 

Ciarmdan. 
irX-PXR-LIA-.VEXT'A-RV,a.  Contrarjto  the  usages 

or  rules  of  proceeding  in  parliament. 
2.  Contrary  to  the  rules  or  usages  of  legislative 

bodies. 
UXPXHT'ED,  a.    Not  parted  ;  not  divided  ;  not  scp- 

arafed.  Prior. 

UN-PXR'TI.\L,  a.    Not  partial.    [AU  ia  a>r.]     [See 

Ux"pXR'Tl.\L-LY,  oA..     Fairly ;  impartially.    [AW 

nN-TXR-TIC'I-PA-TED,  a.  Not  participated  or  shared. 

Altm. 

UN-PXR-TIC'I-P.i-TlXG,  a.    Not  pnrticlpatins- 

UN-PXSS'A-BLE,  a.  Not  admitting  persona  to  paM  ; 
imposaable;  as,  ajt^assaMs  roads,  rivera,  cr  moun- 
tains. 

riMrAstAsi.a  is  more  generally  ased.] 
S.  Nol  current ;    not   received    in  eoinnioil    pay- 
ments ;  as,  unfm-tscbU  notes  or  coins. 

[Instead  of  this,  Ukcubbe.'vt  and   Not  CtraaxaT 
are  now  used.] 

U.X-PAS'SIOX-.\TE,      )  a.      Calm  ;    fVee  firom  p»- 

UN-PAS'SIO.\-X-TED,  (      sion  ;  impartial. 

[Instead  of  these  words,  Dispaisioxate  la  now 
osed.] 

UN-PAS'SION-ATE-LY,  ade.  Without  panioll  ; 
calml)-.  jr.  Clurla. 

[For  this,  Disr*ssio!«jiTKLT  is  now  used.] 

UN-P.\S'SION-BD,  a.    Not  excited  by  passion  ;  calm. 

UN-PXS'TOR-AL,  a.  Not  pastoral ;  not  suitjible  to 
pastoral  manners.  Warton. 

UN-PAT' E.NT-ED,  a.    X'ot  granted  hv  patent.  Crone*. 

UN-P.XTH'£D,  (-pithd',)  a.  Unmarked  by  passage  ; 
not  trMden.  SAajfc. 

2.  -N'ot  being  beaten   into  a   patli ;    as,  vxpatktd 
snow. 

CN-PA-THET'ie,  a.  Not  pathetic;  not  adapted  to 
move  the  paftsions  or  excite  emotion.  Warion. 

UX-P.\-TIIET'ie-AL-LV,  odv.  Without  moving  the 
passions  or  exciting  emotion. 

UX-P.\-TRI-OT'ie,         )  .     v^  ,^.H„,?, 

UN-PA  TRl-OT'ie-AL,  i  ""     ^"^  patnotic. 

UN-P.*-TRI-OT'ie-Al^LY,  adr.     Not  patriotically. 

UN-PAT'ROX-IZ-iai,  a.  Not  having  a  patron  ;  not 
supported  by  friends.  JokM*o%, 

UN-PATTERN-ia),  a.    Having  no  equaL 

Biamm.  ^  FL 

DN-PXV'jnj,  a,    Nol  paved  ;  not  covered  with  stone. 

UN-PA WN'£D,  o.     Not  pawned  ;  not  pledged.   Pope. 

UN-PXY',  r.  (.     To  undo.     [.W  is  use.]  Shak. 

2.  Not  to  pay  or  compensate,     [AM  ased^] 

UN-PAY'IXG,  a.    Neglecting  paymenL 

UN-PaY'I.\G-LY,  adv.     I'nprufilably. 

UN-P£.\CE'.\-BLE,  a.    Not  peaceable  ;  qnarrelaome. 

Hammomd. 

UN-PeACE'.\-BLE-NESS,  n.  Unqtiietneas  :  quarrel- 
someness. Parker. 

UN-PEACE' ABLY,  a*.     Unq-jietly. 

UN-PEACE'FyL,  a.  Not  pacidc  or  peaceful;  un- 
quiet. OimUy. 

UN-PEACE'rUULY,  ode.    No«  peacefullj-. 

UN-PEACE'FIJUXESS,  n.    Disquiet;  inquietude. 

UN-PED'I-GREED,  a.  Not  distinguished  by  a  pedi- 
gree. PoUak. 

UN-PEG',  T.  I.    To  loose  from  pegs  ;  to  open. 
9.  To  pull  out  the  peg  from. 

UN-PEG'GKD,  pp.    Loosed  from  pegs  ;  opened. 

UN-PELT'ED,  a.  Not  pelted ;  not  assailed  with 
stones. 


UNP 

UN-PEN',  r.  U     To  let  out  or  suffor  to  escape  by 
breaking  a  dam  or  o[)eniug  a  pen. 

If  k  m»a  unjwiw  imoUier'a  waUT.  BladtatoM, 

UN-PR'NAXj,  a.    Not  penal ;  not  subject  to  a  penalty. 

Clarendon. 
UN-PEN'E-TRA-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  penetrated. 

tliut  Impbhetraklc  is  chietly  used. J 
■EN'E-TRX-TED,  a.    Not  entered  or  pierced 

UN-FKX'I-TEXT,  tt.     Not  penitent. 

riiiii  lMrc:«tTENT  is  the  word  now  used.] 

UN  PKX'XKD,  fp.    Unfastened  ;  let  out. 

UX-PKX'NIXii,  ppr.    Suffering  to  escape  ;  unlocking. 

lIX-rE.\'t=IO.N-£D,  a.    Not  pensioned  ;  nol  rewarded 
by  a  pension  ;  as,  an  unpen;iwni:d  soldier. 

3.  Not  kept  iu  pay ;  not  held  in  dejiendenee  by  a 
pen-:|on.  Pope. 

UN-PeO'PLE,  (-pe'pl,)  r.  (.    To  depri\-e  of  inhabit- 
ants ;  to  depopulate  ;  to  dispeople.     .M'dton.     Dryden. 

UN-PEO'PL£D,  (pc'pld,)  pp.    Deiwpulalcd  ;  dispeo- 
pled. 

UN-PEO'PLINO,  (-pa'pling,)  ppr.    Depopulating. 

UN-PER-CEIV'A-BLE,  a.    Nol  to  be  perceived  ;  not 
perceptible. 

UN-PER-CEIV'A-BLY,  ado.    In  a  manner  nol  to  be 
perceived. 

U.N-PER-CEIV'ED,  a.    Not  perceived;  not  heeded  ; 
not  observed  ;  nol  noticed.  .MiUi>n. 

UN-PER-CEIV'ED-LY,  ade.     So  as  not  to  lie  per- 
ceived. Boyle. 

UNPER'FECT,  a.     Not  perfect ;  not  complete. 
[Rut  the  word  no\v  used  is  Imperfect.] 

UN-PER'FECT-ED,    a.      Not    perfected  ;    not    com- 
pleted, JTammond. 

UX-PER'FEeT-XESS,  n.    Want  of  perfeclness  ;  in- 
completeness.     [lUPBBPECTIVESS  and  ImPERKECTIUI* 

are  now  used.J 
U.V  PER'Ftl-RX-TED,  a.    Not  perforated;  not  pene- 

triled  bv  openings. 
U.N-PER-'FOR.M'£D,  a.     Not  performed  ;   nol  done  ; 

not  executed  ;  as,  the  business  remains  unperformed. 
3.  Not  fulfilled  ;  as,  an  unperformed  promise. 

Tatitor. 
UN-PER-FORM'LVG,  a.     Not  performing ;   not  dis- 

cbareme  ils  office.  Drydm. 

UN-l'ER'ISH-A-BLE,  a.    Not  perishable  ;  nol  subject 

to  decav.     [Tile  word  now  used  is  1ui-ebishabi.r.] 
U\-PER'1SH-A-1!LV,  adr.     ImiK-rishably. 
UN-PER'ISH-ING,  a.     Not  perishing;  durable. 
UN-PER'I8II-IXG-LY,  adr.    Nol  perishiiigly. 
UN-PEH'J  UR-fiD,  a.    Free  from  the  crime  of  perjury. 

Dryden. 
UN-PER'.MA-XE.\T,a.    Not  permanent ;  ml  durable. 
UN-PER.,M1T'TEI),  a.    Not  permitted.         Soutkey. 
UN-PER-l'LEX',  e.  L    To  free  from  perplexity. 

Donne, 
UN-PER-PLEX'ED,  (-per-plekst',)  a.    Not  perplexed  ; 

not  harnsaed  ;  not  embarrassed. 
2.  Free  from  pt^rplexily  or  complication  ;  simple. 
UX-PER'SE-eO-TEI),  a.    Free  from  persecution. 
UN-PER-SPIR'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  perspired, 

or  emitted  through  the  pores  of  the  skin.   Jlrbutiingt. 
UN-PER-SL'AD'A-BLE,   a.      That   can    nol    be    per- 
suaded, or  Influenced  by  motives  urged.       Siflney. 
UX-rF.R-TURB'ED,  a.     Not  disturbed.  Scott. 

UX-PK.RlS'f;H,  o.     Notrr-ad. 
U.V-PElt-VERT'ED,  n.     Not  perverted  ;  not  wrested 

or  turned  to  a  wrong  sense  or  use. 
UN-PET'BI-FI-£D,  (pcl're-nde,)  a.    Nol  petrified  ; 

nol  converted  into  stone. 
t\\-PHIL-»\X-TnROP'IC,  a.    Not  philanthropic. 
UX-PHIL-O-SOPH'ie,  jo.     Nol  according  to  the 

UN-PHIL-O-SOPH'IC-AL,  (      rules  or  principles  of 

sound  philosophy ;   contrary  to  philosophy  or  right 

reason.  AVirfo/i. 

UN-PHIL-O-SOPH'ie-AI^LY,    ado.      In  a    manner 

contrary  to  the  principles  of  sound  philosophy  or 

rigtit  reason.  Stiuth. 

UN-PHlL-O-SOPH'ie-AL-NESS,    n.       Incongruity 

Willi  pliilosophv.  J^orris. 

UN-PHI-LOS'O-PHIZE,  T.  I.    To  degrade  from  the 

cliumcter  of  a  pliilosopher.  Pope. 

U.\-PHI-LOS'0-PHIZ-i!D,  pp.  or  a.    Degraded  from 

Uie  rank  of  a  philosopher. 
2.  Not  sophisticated  or  perverted  by  philosophy ; 

Rs,  unpkilo-iopkized  revelation.  Oood. 

UN-PHRE-NO-LOG'ie-AL,    a.      Nol    pertaining    to 

phrenology. 
UN-PllYS'ICK-ED,  (fij'ikt,)  a.     Nol  influenced  by 

medicine  ;  nol  pliysicked.  [J\rot  used.]  IlouielL 
UX-Pie-TrR-E.SaUE',  (-esk',)  a.  Not  picturesque. 
UN-PlERCE'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  nol  be  pierced. 

Souihey. 
UN-PIEEC'J!D,  f-peersl',)  a.  Nol  pcnclrated.  Oay. 
UN-PIL'L.\R  £1),  a.    Deprived  of  pillars;  as,  an  aa- 

Siliared  temple.  Pope. 

-PIL'LOW-£D,  a.     Having  no  pillow  ;  having  the 
head  not  supported.  Milton. 

UN-PI'LOT-ED,  n.     Not  steered  by  a  pilot. 
UN-FIX',  V.  t.    To  loose  from  pins  ;  to  unfasten  what 
is  held  together  by  pins  ;  as,  to  unpin  a  frock  ;  to  an- 
pin  the  frame  of  a  building. 
UN-PI.XK'iD,  (-pinkt',)  a.    Not  pinked  ;  not  marked 
or  set  with  eyelet  lioles.  Shah. 


UNP 

.     A __^_^ 

IIN-PIN'\a:1),  p/>.     Loospfi  from  pinp. 
UN-PIN'NING,  ppr.     Unfastening  what  is  held  to- 

pi*ther  by  (lins. 
UN-IMT'I-A-BLY,  adv.    So  ns  not  to  be  pitied. 
UN-PIT'I-£D,  (-pit'iti,)  a.    Not  pitied  ;   not  compas- 
sionated -y  not  regarded  with  syinpatlietic  sorrow. 
Lh-ydeiu     Pope. 
UN-PIT'I-FJJL,  a.    Having  no  pity;  not  merciful. 

DacUs. 
Q.  Not  exciting  pilv. 
UN-!'IT'I-FJ;L-LY,    adv.      Unmercifully  ;     without 

mercy.  Shak. 

UN-PIT'Y-ING,  a.    Having  no  pity ;  showing  no  cora- 

piissiun.  OraHoille. 

UN-PLA'€A-BLE,  a.    Not  to  be  appeased. 

[Imi'i.acaiile  in  the  Avord  now  utsed.] 
UX-PLA'CKD,  (plaste',)  o.     Having  no  office  or  em- 
ployment under  tlie  government.  Pope. 

Q.  UndetL-rniined  ns  to  place;  mty  unplaced  kings, 
whose  position  in  ttie  series  uf  Kg^ptian  kings  is  un- 
determined. Oliddon. 
U.\-PLS<3U'£D,  (-plagd'Oo.     Not  plagued  ;  not  har- 
assed ;  not  tormented.  Shak. 
UN-PLANT'ED,  a.     Not  planted;    of  spontaneous 

prowth.  Waller. 

UN-PLXS'TER-£D,  a.     Not  plastered. 
UN-PLAUS'MJLE,  «.    Not  plausible  ;   not  having  a 
fair  appearance  ;  as,  arguments  nol  unplauxible. 

Jililton. 
UN-PLAUS-I-RJ^Y,  adv.     Not  with  a  fair  appearance. 

Swift. 
UN-PLAU'SrVE,  a.     Not  approving;    not  applaud- 
ing. 
UN-PLeAD'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  pleaded. 

South, 
UN-PLEA!R'ANT,  (un-plez'ant.)  a.      Not  pleasant; 

not  affording  pleasure  ;  disagreeable.  Hooker. 

UN-PLEAS'AXT-LY,    (un-plez'nnt-ly,)    ado.      In   a 

niainuT  not  pleasing;  uneasily.  Pope. 

UN-PLEAS'ANT-NESS,  (un-plez'ant-ness,)  n.  Dis- 
acroeableness ;  the  state  or  quality  of  not  giving 
pleasure.  Hooker. 

UN-PLRAS'£D,  o.    Not  pleased  ;  displeased. 

I>/yden. 
UN-PL^AS'ING,  fl.    Offensive;  di?<eusting. 

Milton.     Dryden. 
UN-PLRAS'ING-LY,  ado.    In  a  manner  to  displease. 
UN-PLkAS'ING-NESS,    n.      Want  of  qualities    to 

please.  Milton. 

UN-Pt^AS'lJR-A-BLE,  a.    Not  pleasurable. 

ColcTHd^e, 
UN-PLED^'ED,  a.    Not  pledged  ;  not  mortgaged. 
U\-PIJ'A-BLE,  a.     Not  pliable;  not  easily  bent. 
UN-PLI'A  BLY,  ado.     In  an  unpliable  manner. 
UN-PLI' ANT,  a.     Not  pliant ;  not  easily  bent ;  stiff. 

fVotton. 
2.  Not  readily  yielding  the  will  ;  not  complianL 
UN-PLI'ANT-LY,  mto.     Not  pliantly  ;  stilfly. 

U\  Pl'oimi-FD   i  ***     ^''^  plowed.  Mortimer. 

UN-PLUMB',  (-plum',)  a.    Not  perpendicular. 

Burke. 
UN-PLOME',  r.  L    To  strip  of  plumes  or  feathers  ;  to 

decrade.  Qlanville. 

UN-I^LPM'ED,  pp.ora.     Deprived  of  plumes;  desti- 
■'tute  nf  phimos. 

UN-PLUN'DER-£D,  a.     Not  plundered  or  stripped. 
UN-PO-ET'I€,         (  a.    Not  jwetical ;  not  having  the 
UN-PO-ET're-AL,  \      beauties  of  verse. 

9.  Not  becoming  a  poet.  Corbet. 

UN-PO-ET'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  In  a  manner  not  com- 
porting with  the  nature  of  poetry. 

2.  In  a  manner  unbecominc  a  poet. 
UN-POINT'ED,  a.    Having  no  point  or  sting. 

B.  Jonson. 
Q.  Not  having  marks  by  which  to  distinguish  sen- 
tences, members,  and  clauses  in  writing. 

3.  Not  having  the  vowel  points  or  marks;  as,  an 
unpointed  manuscript  in  Hebrew  or  Arabic. 

M.  Stuart. 
UN-POia'£D,  (poizd',)  o.    Not  poised  ;  not  balanced. 

Thomson. 
UN-POIS'ON,  V.  L    To  remove  or  expel  poison. 

South. 
UN-PO'LAR-IZ-£D,  a.    Not  polarized  ;  not  having 

polarity. 
UN  POL'I-CI-i?D,  (-poKe-sid,)  a.    Not  having  civil 

polity,  or  a  regular  form  of  government. 
UN-P6L'ISH-£D,   (-pol'isht,)   a.    Not  polished;  not 
made  smooth  or  bright  by  attrition.        StUUngJleet. 

2.  Not   refined  in  manners ;    uncivilized ;   rude ; 
plain.  Dryden. 

UN-PO-LTTE',  a.    Not  refined  in  manners ;  not  ele 
ganu 

9.  Not   civil;    not  courteous;  rude.     [See  Impo- 
lite.] 
UN-PO-LITE'LY,  ado.    In  an  uncivil  or  rude  man- 
ner. 
UN-PO-LTTE'NESS,  ti.     Want  of  refinement  in  man- 
ners ;  rudeness. 
9.  Incivility  ;  want  of  courtesy. 
UN-POI/I-TIC,  a.     Impolitic.     [The  latter  is  used.] 
UN-POLL' /:D,  a.    Not  registered  as  a  voter. 

2.  Unplundered  ;  not  stripped.  Fanshate. 


FITE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT  —METE,  PREY FVsE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQIL- 


'I2T5 


UNP 

UN-POL-LCT'ED,  a.     Nol  polluted  j  not  defiled  ;  not 

corru  \iletU 
UN-POP'Q-LAR,  a.      Not  popular;  not  Iiaving  the 

public  favor  ;  as,  an  unpopular  niagislrnte. 
2.  Not  pleasing  the  people  ;  as,  an  unpopular  law. 
UN-POP-IT-LAR'I-TV,  n.    Tlie  slate  of  not  enjoying 

the  public  favor,  or  of  not  pleasing  the  people. 
UN-POP'IT-LAR-LY,  adv.    Not  popularly. 
UN-PGRT'A-BLE,  a.     Not  to  be  carritd.       Ralegh. 
UN-P0R'TION-£D,  a.  Notcndowedor  furnished  with 

a  portion  or  fortune ;  as,  an  unportioned  daughter. 
UX-POUT'TJ-OUS,  a.     Having  no  ports.  Burke. 

UN-POS-SESS'£D,  (-pos-sesl',)  a.      Not   possessed  ; 

not  Iield  ;  not  occupied.  Miitou. 

UN-POS-PEc^S'ING,  a.     Having  no  possessions.  Shah. 
UN-POS'SI-BLE,  a.     Not  possible.     [Obs.} 

tThe  word  now  used  is  Impossiblk-J 
'O'TA-HLE,  a.     Not  drinkable. 
UN-POV\' 'DER-£D,  a.     Not  sprinkled  with  powder. 
UN-PRAC'TI-CA-BLE,  a.     Not   feasible;    that   can 
not  be  performed. 

tThe  word  now  used  is  Impbacticahle.] 
'RAe^'IC-ED,  C-prak'tist,)o.     Not  having  been 
taught  by  practice  ;  not  skilled  ;  not  having  experi- 
ence ;  raw;  unskillful.  Skak. 
2.  Not  known  ;  not  familiar  by  use.     [JV"w(  iLsed.'[ 

Prior. 

UN-PRAIS'JED,  (-prazd'j)  a.  Not  praised  ;  not  cele- 
brated. Milton,     Dnjden. 

UN-PReACH'ING,  a.  Not  preaching;  as,  unpreaeh- 
in  tr  prelates.  H.  More. 

UN->KE-€A'RI-OUS,  a.  Not  dependent  on  another  ; 
not  uncertain.  Btackmore. 

UN-PRE-CeD'ED,  a.     Not  preceded. 

UN-PREC'E-DENT-ED,  a.  Having  no  precedent  or 
example  ;  not  preceded  by  a  like  case  ;  not  having 
the  authority  of  prior  example.  Swift 

UN-PRCC'E-DENT-ED-LY,  adv.   Without  precedent. 

UN-PRE-CTSE',  a.     Not  precise  ;  not  exact.     IVarton. 

UN-PRE-DES'TIN-JEH),  a.  Not  previously  determined 
or  destined.  Milton. 

UN-PRE-DICT',  c.  U    To  retract  prediction.  Milton. 

UN-PRE-FER'R£D,  (-ferd',)  a.  Not  preferred  ;  not 
advanced.  CoUier. 

UN-PREG'NANT,  a.    Not  pregnant. 

2.  Not  prolific;  not  quick  of  wit.  Sfiak. 

0N-PRE  JO'DI-CATE,  a.  Not  prepossessed  b^settled 
opinions.     [Little  u.ied.]  Taylor. 

UN-PREJ'tT-DIC-ED,  (-prcd'ju-dist,)  a.  Not  preju- 
diced ;  free  from  undue  bias  or  pre{>ossession ;  not 
preoccupied  by  opinion  ;  impartial;  a£,  an  vnprefu- 
diced  mind.  Addison. 

2.  Not  warped  by  prejudice;  as,  an  unprejudiced 
judgment. 

UN-PREJMJ.DIC-£D-NE8S,  n.  State  of  being  un- 
prejudiced. Clarke. 

UN-PRE-LAT'ie-AL,  a.     Unsuitable  to  a  prelate. 

ClarendoTU 

UN-PRE-LAT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.  Unlike  or  unsuitably 
to  a  prrlnte. 

UN-PRE-MEDT-TATE,     \  a.    Not  previously  medi- 

UX-PRE-MED'I-Ta-'J'ED,  )  tated  or  prepared  in  the 
mind. 

2.  Not  previously  purposed  or  intended  ;  not  done 
by  rie-iipn. 

UN-PRE-MED'I-TA-TED  LY,  adv.  Without  pre- 
meditation. 

U.\'-PKf^*>0'€U-PI -ED,  a.    Not  preoccupied. 

UN-PRE-PAR'ED,  a.  Not  prepared  ;  not  ready  ;  not 
fitted  or  furnished  by  previous  measures.      Milton. 

2.  \iit  prepared,  by  holiness  of  life,  for  the  event 
of  death  and  a  happv  imniortalitv.  Roscommon. 

UN-PRK  PAR'ED-EV,  adv.     Without  preparation. 

UN-PRE-P.\R'EU-NESS,  n.  Slate  of  being  unpre- 
pareil. 

UN-PKE  POS-SES.S'£D,  (pos  scst',)  a.  Not  prepos- 
sessed ;  not  biased  by  previous  opinions  ;  not  partial. 

South. 

UN-PRE-POS-SESS'ING,  a.  Not  having  a  winning 
appearance. 

UN-PRE  SERV'A-BI.E,  a.  That  can  not  be  pro- 
served. 

UN-PRESS'£D,  (prest',)  a.    Not  pressed. 

Shak.     Tiekel. 
2,  Not  enforced.  Clarendon. 

UN-PRE-BOM'ING,  a.     Not  too  confident  or  b-jid. 

UN-PRE-»UMPT'U-OU.S,  a.  [See  Presume.]  Not 
presumptuous;  not  rash  ;  modest;  submissive. 

Cou>per. 

UN-PRE-SUMPT'U-OU3-LY,  adc.  Without  pre- 
sutnplion. 

UN-PRE-TEND'ING,  a.  Not  claiming  distinction  ; 
modest.  Pope. 

UN-PR  E-TEND'ING-LY,  adv.     Without  pretensiou. 

UN-PRE^ VAIL'ING,  a.     Being  of  no  force  ;  vain. 

Shak. 

UN-PREV'A-I,ENT,  a.     Not  prevalent. 

Ui\-PRE-VENT'A-BLE,  a.     Not  preventable. 

UN-PRE- VENT'ED,  o.  Not  prevented  ;  not  hindered. 

Shak. 
2.  Not  preceded  by  any  thing.     [Obs.]      Milton. 

UN  PRIEST',  V.  u  To  deprive  of  the  orders  of  a 
priest.  Mtlton. 

UN-PRIEt*T'LY,  a.    Unsuitable  to  a  priest.      Bale. 


UNP 

UN-PKINOE',  (nn-prins',)  v.  t.  To  deprive  of  princi- 
pality or  sovereignty.  Swift. 

UN-PRINCE'LY,  run-prins'ly,)  a.  Unbecoming  a 
prince  ;  not  resembling  a  prince.  K.  Charles. 

UN-PRIN'OI-PLi-;!),!!.  Not  having  settled  principles  j 
as,  sotils  u»inrincipkd  in  virtue.  Milton. 

2.  Having  no  good  moral  principles ;  destitute  of 
virtue;  not  restrained  by  conscience;  profligate. 

UN-PRIN'Cr-PL£D-NESP,  n.     Want  of  principle. 

UN-PRINT'ED,  a.    Not  printed,  as  a  literary  work. 

Pope. 
2.  Not  stamped  with  figures  ;  white ;  as,  unprinted 
cotton. 

UN-PRI$'ON-ED,  (priz'nd,)  a.  Set  free  from  con- 
finement. Donne. 

UN-PRIV'I-LEG-/:D,  a  Not  privileged;  not  enjoy- 
ing a  particular  immunity.  Jefferifon. 

UN-PRIZ'A-BLE,  a.     Not  valued  ;  not  of  estimation. 

UN-PRTZ'/:D,  a.     Not  valued.  Shak. 

UN-PRO-eLA(M'£D,  a.  Not  proclaimed;  not  noti- 
fied by  public  declaration.  Milton. 

UN-PR0-DU€'1'1VE,  a.     Not  productive  ;  barren 

Burke. 

2.  More  "■ffn^TW/y,  not  producing  large  croiw ;  not 
making  profitable  returns  for  labor  ;  as,  unprodiictive 
land. 

3.  Not  profitable  ;  not  producing  profit  or  interest; 
as  capital ;  as,  unproductive  funds  or  stock. 

4.  Not  efficient ;  not  producing  any  elfect. 
UN-PRO-DUe'TIVE-LY,  adv.      Barrenly;    without 

profit. 

UNPRO-DUC'TIVE-NEPS,  n.  The  state  of  being 
unproductive,  as  land,  stock,  capital,  labor,  &c. 

UN-PRO-FaN'£D,  a.     Not  profaned  ;  not  violated. 

Ih-yden. 

UN-PRO-FESS'£T),  (pro-fest',)  a.     Not  professed. 

UN-PRO-FES'SION-AL,  (-fesh'un-al,)  a.     Not   per- 
taining to  one's  profession.  Beddoes. 
9.  Not  belonging  to  a  profession. 

UN-PRO-FES'SION-AL-LY,  adv.  In  opposition  to 
professional  practice. 

UN-PRO-FI"CIEN-CY,  (-fiflh'en-se,)  w.  Want  of 
proficiency  or  improvement.  Halt 

UN-PROF'iT-A-BLE,  a.  Bringing  no  profit ;  produc- 
ing no  gain  beyond  the  labor,  expenses,  and  interest 
of  capital ;  as,  unprofitable  land  ;  unprofitable  stock  ; 
unprofitable  employment. 

2.  Producing  no  improvement  or  advantage  ;  use- 
less ;  serving  no  purpose  j  as,  an  unprofitable  life ; 
unprofitable  study.     Job  XV. 

3.  Nut  useft:l  to  others. 

4.  Misimproving  talents ;  bringing  no  glory  to 
God  ;  as,  an  unprofitable  servant.     MatL  xxv. 

UN-PROF'IT-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  of  pro- 
ducing no  profit  or  good  ;  uselessness  ;  inutility. 

Adiiison. 

UN-PROF'IT-A-BF.V,  adv.  Without  profit ;  without 
clear  gain  ;  as,  capital  unprofitably  employed. 

2.  Without  any  good  effect  or  advantage;  to  no 
good  pur|wse.  Addison. 

UN-PROF'IT-EI),  a.    Not  having  profit  or  gain.  Shak, 

UN-PRO-GRESS'lVE,  a.     Not  advancing. 

UN-PRO-HIB'IT-ED,  a.  Not  prohibited  ;  not  forbid  ; 
lavvfuL 

UN-PRO  J  ECT'ED,  a.    Not  planned  ;  not  projected. 

South. 

UN-PRO-LIF'ie,  a.    Not  prolific;   barren;  not  pro- 
ducing young  nr  fruit.  Hale. 
2.  Not  prodiiriiig  in  abundance. 

UN-PRoM'1-NENT,  a.     Not  prominent. 

U.N'-PROM'IS-JKD,  (prom'ist,)  a.  Not  promised  or 
engiiBt'd. 

UN-PROMTS-ING,  a.  Not  promising;  not  affording 
a  favorable  prospect  of  success,  of  excellence,  of 
profit,  &,c.  ;  as,  an  unpromising  youth  ;  an  unprom- 
ising season. 

UN-PRO .MPT'ED,  a.     Not  prompted  ;  not  dictated. 
2.  Not  excited  or  instigated. 

UN-PRO-NOUNCE'A-BLE,  (un-pro-nouni'a-bl,)  a. 
That  can  not  be  pronttunced.  Walker. 

UN-PRO-NoUNC'£D,  (iiro-nounst',)  a.  Not  pro- 
nounced ;  not  uttered.  Milton. 

UN-PROP',  V.  i.  To  remove  a  prop  from  ;  to  deprive 
of  suptKirt. 

UN-PROP'ER,  a.     Not  fit  or  propnr.     [Obs.] 

tlMpR'^Pcn  IS  the  word  now  used.] 
ROP'ER-LY,  adv.    Unfitly.     [Obs.]     [See  Im- 

PROPEHLV.J 

ITN  PRO  PHET'ie,  I  a.     Not  foreseeing  or  not 

UN-PRO-PHET'I€-AL,  (       predicting  future  events. 

UN-PROPU'ET-LIKE,  a.     Not  like  a  prophet. 

UN-PItO-Pl"TIOUS,  (-pish'us,)  a.  Not  propitious  ; 
not  favorable  ;  notdis|H>scd  to  promote;  inauspicious. 

Pope. 

UN-PRO-PI"TIOUS-LY,  adv.  Unfavorably  ;  un- 
kindly. 

U\-PR(->-Pr'TIOUS-NESS,  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  unpropitious. 

UN-PR0-P6R'TI0N-A-BLE,  a.  Wanting  due  pro- 
portion. 

UN-PRO-POR'TION-A-BLY,  adv.  Not  in  due  pro- 
portion. 

UN-PRO-PrjR'TION-ATE,  a.  Wanting  proportion  ; 
disproportionate  ;  unfit. 


UNQ 

U.\-PRO-P0R'TION-£D,  o.  Not  proponioned  ;  not 
suitable.  Sfuik. 

UN-PRO-P0S'£D,  a.     Not  proposed  ;  not  offered. 

DrydetL, 

UN-PROP'P£D,  f-propt',)  a.  Not  propped ;  not  sup- 
ported or  upiield.  Milton. 

UN-PROS'E-L?-TED,  o.    Not  made  a  converL 

W.  Scott. 

UN-PROS'PER-0U8,a.  Not  pro.'^pcroua;  not  attended 
with  success  ;  utifortunate.  Pope, 

UN-PROS'PER-OU8-LY,  adv.  Unsuccessfully:  un- 
fitrtunately.  Taylor. 

UN-PROri'PER-OUS-NESS,  n.  Want  of  success; 
failure  of  the  desired  result.  Jlammond. 

UN-PROS'Tl-TU-'I'ED,  a.  Not  prostituted ;  not  de- 
based. 

UN-PRO-TEeT'ED,  a.    Notfrotected  ;  not  defended. 

Jlooker. 
2.  Not  countenanced  ;  not  supported. 

UN-PRO-TECT'ED-LY,  adv.  Without  being  pro- 
tected. 

UN-PRO-TECT'ING,  a.  Not  protecting  ;  not  defends 
iiig. 

UN-PRO-TRACT'ED,  a.  Not  protracted  ;  not  drawn 
out  in  length. 

UN-PRO V'£D,(-proovd',)  a.  Not  proved;  not  known 
by  trial.  Spenser. 

2.  Not  established  as  true  by  argument,  demon- 
stnition,  or  evidence. 

UN-PRO- VIDE',  V.  L  Tounfumish  ;  to  divest  or  strip 
of  qualifications.  Southern. 

UN-PRO-VTD'ED,  pp.     Divested  of  qualifications. 
2.  a.     Not  provided  ;  unfurnished ;  unsupplied. 

Ih-yden. 

UN-PRO V'l-DENT,  a.     Improvident.     [Obs.] 

UN-PKO-VI"SION-£D,  (-pro-vizh'und,^  a.  Not  fur- 
nished with  pnivisions.  Polhk. 

UN-PRO-V0K'/;U,  (-pro-vokl',)  o.  Not  provoked  ; 
not  hicited  ;  applied  to  persons. 

2.  Not  proceeding  from  provocation  or  just  cause; 
as,  an  unprovoked  attack.  Addison. 

UN-PRO-VOK'ING,  a.  Giving  no  provocation  or 
offense.  Fleetwood. 

UN-PRO- VOK'ING-LY,  adv.  Without  giving  provo- 
cation. 

UN-PRU-DEN'TIAL,  a.     Imprudent.     [JV«(  used:] 

Mdton. 

UN-PRCN'/;D,  a.    Not  pruned  ;  not  lopped.     Shak. 

UN-PUB'LIC,  a.  Not  public;  private;  not  generally 
seen  or  known.  Taylor. 

UN-PUB'LISH-ED,  (pub'lisbt,)  a.  Not  made  public ; 
seciet ;  private.  Shak. 

2.  Not  published  ;  as  a  manuscript  or  book.  Pope. 

UN-PUN€'TU-AL,  (-punki'yu-alO  a.  Not  punctual; 
not  exact  in  time.  Pope. 

BN:pUNe;TO:AL'NlIs.,  \  "•    W."'  of  punctuality 

UN-PUNC'TU-AL-LY,  tdv.    Not  punctually. 

UN-PUIse'TU-J-TED,  a.  Not  puiictuatcil  ;  not 
pointed.  Busby. 

UN-PUN'ISII-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  not  be  punished. 

Mdtxin. 

UN-PUN'ISH-JED,  (-pun'isht,)  a.  Not  punisheJ  ;  suf- 
fered to  pass  without  punishment  or  with  impunity  j 
as.  a  IhXiii  unvu nUshed ;  an  unpnitUhed  crime.  DryiUru 

UN-PUN'ISH-ING,  9.     Not  punishing. 

UN-PUR'CH  AS-ABLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  bousht, 

Adams. 

UN-PUR'cnAS-£D,  (-pur'chast,)  a.  Not  purchased  ; 
not  boU|:ht.  Denliam. 

UN-PCHE',  a.    Not  pure  ;  impure.    [Obs.']     [See  Ik- 

PUBE.l 

UNPURG'ED,  a.     Not  purged  ;  unpurified.     Milton. 
UN-PU'Rl-FF-iD,  (fide,)  a.     Not  puriSed  ;  not  freed 
from  recrement  or  foul  matter. 
2.  Not  cleansed  from  sin  ;  unsanctlfied. 

Decay  of  Piety. 
UN-PUR'POS-ED,  (-pur'pust,)  a.    Not  intended  ;  not 

dcsi)!iied.  Shak. 

UN-PURS'£D,  (purst',)  a.    Robbed  of  a  purse. 

Pollok. 
UN-PUR-SO'£D,  a.    Not  pursued  ;  not  followed ;  not 

pnisecuted.  JtfiUon. 

UN-PO'TRE-FI-£D,  a.    Not  putrefied  ;  not  corrupted. 

Bacon. 
UN-aUAFF'£D,  (kwaft',)  a.  Not  quaffed ;  not  drank. 

Btfron. 
UN-aUSlL'ING,  a.    Not  failing  ;  not  sinking  ;  firm. 
UN-UUAK'ING,  a.    Not  shaking  or  trembline. 

mhon. 
VNdXJ  Ah'lFIF.n,  (-kwol'e-flde,)  o.    Not  qualified  ; 
not  fit;  not  having  the  requisite  talents,  abilities,  or 
accomplishments.  Swi/t. 

2.  Not  having  taken  the  requisite  oath  or  oaths. 

3.  Not  modified  or  restricted  by  conditions  or  ex- 
ceptions ;  as,  unqttalified  praise. 

UN-mJAL'l-FI-/;D-i.Y,  adv.    In  a  manner  bo  as  not 

to  he  qualified. 
UN-aUAr.'I-FI-£D-NESS,  B.    Condition  of  being  un- 

qunlitled. 
UN-ttU.\L'I-F7,  V.  U    To  divest  of  qualifications. 
[But  instead  of  this,  DmjOALirr  is  now  used.l 
UN-aU^L'I-FS-ING,  Tpr.     Divesting  of  qualiflea- 

tions. 


TONE,  BULL,  tJNITE.  —  AN"GEB,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K ;  0  u  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  Til  as  in  Tllia 

lair 


DNR 

UX-QrAL'I-TI  £D.  (kwole-lul.)  a.    Deprived  t»f  th« 

usual  turiilties.     [.V^**  in  ^w^]  SAak. 

UN-aU.\R'REL-A-BLE,  a.     That  can  not  be    im- 

puened.     [^"ht  in  usf.]  Brotrn. 

UN-QUKEN',  V.  (.    To  divest  ofthe  diffnity  of  queen. 

S-iak, 
UN-Ut'ELL'A-BLE,  «.    That  can  not  be  quelled 
UN-aUELL'SD,  a.    Not  qucllod  ;  not  subdued. 

Tiiomson. 
CX-QUF.N'CII'A-nLE,  a.    That  can  not  >  cintncht-d  ; 

Ihni  will  never  be  extinguished  ;    inextiuguishablu. 

Matt.  i)i.     Luke  tii. 
UN-QUENCH' .\-BLE-NESS,  m.    TUe  state  or  qualit>- 

of  being  incxtinEuishable,  ISaksieUi, 

UN-Ut'ENCirA-BLY,  orfr.    lo  8  manner  or  degree 

so  as  not  to  be  quenched. 
UN-aUE.\Cil'£U,  C-Kf^ncbt',)  a.    Not  extinguished. 

UN-aUES  TION-A-ni-E,  a.  Not  lo  be  questioned; 
not  ttt  be  doubled  ;  indubitable  ;  cf  rtain  ;  a^,  umquts- 
tionabU  evidence  or  truth  ;  itm^MeAtiCfuible  counige. 

UX-aUES'TIOX-A-BLY,  orfe.     Without  doubt ;  in- 
dubitably. Sprat. 
UN-QUESTION-iTD,  a.    Not  called  in  question  ^  not 
douU*^ 

S.  Nut  intt  rrogated  ;  having  no  questions  asked  ; 
not  examined.  Drydn, 

3.  Indtsprifible  ;  not  lo  be  opposed        B.  Jon^on. 
UN-aUE:>'riON-I.\(;,  o     Not  calling  in  question; 

not  doobt-ng;  uiiheii^itaiing.  J.  .V.  Mason* 

UN-tlUICK',  «.     Not  quick;  slow. 

a.  Not  alive  ;  niotioulcss.    {JOa  in  »«f.]    Danitl. 
UN-ariCK'*:N-i:D,  a.     Not  a'niniated;  not  niaiured 

to  vimlilv  ;  as,  unauickrmfd  progenv.        BlaeksUmf, 
UN-tiUI'ET,  d.      NiA  quiet;    not  "calm   or  irauquU  ; 
restless ;  unea:?y  ;  us,  an  unquiet  person  ;  an  ituf  utex 
mind. 

%  Ajritat^d  ;  disturbed  by  continual  motion;  li, 
the  MitfHM<  ocean. 
3.  l^n-atisfied  ;  re.^tlcs«.  Pm^ 

UN-QUX'ET,  e.  f.    Tu  disquiet.    [.VM  w  iue.1 

HtrberL 
UN-aiTET-LY.  ad^.    In  an  unquiet  rtate  ;  withoDl 

rest ;  in  an  aeitat'-d  rtalt*.  Shak. 

UN-aUI'ET-NESiii,  ■.  Want  of  qnletj  want  of 
Iraoquiility ;  restlessness;  uneasiness. 

Ta^^r,     D*mkawu 
3.  Want  of  pt?ace ;  u  of  a  nation.  Spcmser. 

3.  Turhulfnce;  dhyjiositiun  to  make  trouble  or  ex- 
cite diMitrluinre.  Drydtm. 
UN-Qd'E-TUUE,  a.    rn:^asine3s  ,  rcstlessnes*. 
[Ofc*.] 
[Fur  this,  DisqriETfDK  and  Ixqiitn-DE  are  used.] 
VN-KArKED,  (-rakt'O  a.    Not  nclstd  i  nU  poured 
".  ■■■         Ut-s. 

-/■n,  tt.    Not  rlevat«d  or  ntieed.     CuUridg^, 
IN    ;     V  .'.D,  (-rikt'O  a.     Not  raked;  as,  land  aa- 
rtUitJ. 
SL  Not  raked  together ;  not  faked  up ;  as  fire. 

SJuk. 
UN-RXNfi'KD,  a.     Not  ranged  ;  not  reduced  to  order. 
UN-KAN'SACK-£D,  (-ran'sakl,)  a.    Not  ransacked  ; 
not  scarchoii. 
2.  N-  I  pillaged.  KaoUes. 

UN-RAN'.«OM-£0,  a.  Nt*  ransomed;  nnt  liberated 
from  cat^ivity  ur  bondage  by  payment  for  liberty. 

Pope* 
UN-RASH%  «.    Not  rash  ;  not  prc^amptunna. 

Clar«ndnn, 
UN-RA  V'AG-ZD,  a.    Not  wasted  or  d  -stroyed.  BurU, 
UN-RAV'£l4.  r.  t.    To  dis-tiLmgls ;  to  disengage  or 
separate  threads  tlial  are  kuit. 

2.  To  free;  to  clear  from    complicatkm  or  diffi- 
culty. Addi^n. 

X  To  separate  connected  or  united  parts ;  to  throw 
into  disorder. 

Nsdm  bU  mamd^.  DryUn. 

A.  To  unfold,  as  the  plot  or  intrigue  of  a  play. 

Pope 

UN'RAV'£L,  V.  i.  To  be  nnfulded ;  to  be  disen- 
tangled. 

UN-RAV'£L-.\-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  disenUn- 
cled. 

UN-RAV'£1.-/:D,  pp.     Unf..!ded;  diaentansted 

UN-RAV'/:L-ING,  p^.  Disentangling;  uofUdiug; 
clearing  rri.>m  ditftcultv. 

UN-RAV'iTI^MENT,  a.  The  developmerl  of  the 
plot  in  a  ptay.  MicktL 

UN-RaZOR-KD,  s.    Unshaven.  -Yi'ton. 

UN-RrACU'£0,  (-reecbt',)  a.  Not  reached  ;  not  at- 
tained U*  Drytlen. 

VS-&       ^  ,  (-red',)  a.     Nol  read  ;   nnt  rectiM ;  not 

peni»«d  Hooker.     Dn/deti. 

2.  Untaught ;  not  learned  in  book?.  Di^dtn. 

UXREAD'.VBLE,  a.  Not  legible ;  that  can  not  be 
read. 

UN-READ'I-LY,  (rcd'e-le,)  adv.  Not  promptlv  ;  not 
cheerfully.  Mdfard, 

UN-READ'I-NESS,  (red'e-ness,)  s.    Want  of  readi- 
ness ;  want  of  promptness  or  dexterity.       Hooker. 
2.  Want  of  preparation.  Ta^or. 

UN-READ'Y,  (red'e,)  a.  Not  ready  ;  not  prepared  ; 
not  nv  shak. 


UNR 

S.  Not  promiU  ;  not  quick  Brown. 

3.  Awkward  ;  ungainly.  Bacon, 

UN-Rft'AL,  a.    Not  real ;  uot  substantial ;  having  ap- 

[>earance  only.  JUUton.     Shak. 

UN-RE-AL'l-tY,  a.  Want  of  reality  orreal  existence. 

Kearii.      \ 
UN-RE'ALrTZ-ING,  a.     Not  realizing;   not  making; 

real._ 
U.N'-RicAP'ED,  (-recpt'O  a.      Not   reaped  ;   as,  un- 

reaprd  wheat ;  an  unrcajted  fluid. 
UN-Rr-A'WON,  (rC'/.n,)  n.     Want  of  reason. 
UN-Rii.\'SON-.\-BLE,  a.     Not  HgreeaWe  to  reason. 

/looker. 

2.  Exceeding  the  bounds  of  reason  ;  clutming  or 
insisting  on  more  than  is  lit ;  as,  an  unreojioiiabU  de- 
maud. 

3.  Immoderate  ;  exorbitant ;  as,  an  unreasonable 
love  of  life  or  of  money. 

4.  Irrational.     Hn  this  sense,  see  iBRATinrt.iL.] 
UN.R£A'S0.\-A-BLE-NES.S,  n.     Inconsisttmcy  with 

reason  ;  a-*,  tlie  nureasonablrni'iis  of  sinners. 

2.  Exorbitance;  (>xcessof  demand,  claim,  passion, 
nnd  the  like  ;  as,  the  UHrfo^onablrHess  of  a  proposal. 
UN-REA'SON-A-ULY,  adv.    In  a  manner  contrary  to 
reason. 
2.  Excpssivelv  ;  immoderately  ;  more  than  enough. 
UN-RftA'»ON-Kb,  a.     Not  reasoned.  Burke. 

2.  Not  derived  from  reRi<onii)g.  Chnlmers. 

UN-Rl5A'»C>N-lXG,  a.     Nut  reasoning;  not  having 

reasoning  faculties.  Kperett, 

UN-REAVE',  p.  L  [See  Reave,  U.-^bceve,  and 
Rateu]    'io  unwind;  to  disentangle  ;  to  loose. 

Spenser. 
2.  Nol  to  rive  ;  not  to  tear  asunder  ;  not  to  unroof. 
[.Viitin  Hjte.]  Half. 

I^N-RE-BaT'ED,  a.     Not  blunted,  Itakewilt. 

UN-RE-UPK'A-BLE,  a.     Not  deserving  rebuke;  not 

obnoxious  to  cniture.     1  7'tni.  vi. 
UX-REMICK'A-BLY,  aWr.     Not  rcbukablv. 
UN-RE-BCK'/;n,  (bukt' )  o.     Not  rebuked. 
r.X-RF,  GANT'ED,  a.     .Not  retracted. 
UN-RE-t'KlV'AD,  a.    Not  received;  not  taken;  as, 
sacraments  uitrecrired. 

2.  Not  come  into  [wssession  ;  as,  a  letter  unreeeired. 

3.  Not  adopted  ;  not  embraced  ;  as,  opinions  unre- 
eeired. 

UN-RECK'OX-£D,a     Not  reckoned  or  enumerated, 

Bp.  Gardiner. 

UN-RE-CLAIM'A-BLE,a.  That  can  nut  be  reclaimed, 
refurmed,  or  domeiitirated. 

UN-RE-€LAlM'A-BLV,a</o.  So  as  not  to  be  reclaim- 
aide. 

UX-RE-CLAIM'/,T1,  o.  Not  n'claimed  ;  not  brought 
to  a  domestic  st;Lte  ;  not  tamed  ;  as,  a  wild  beast  un- 
rectaimtd. 

2.  Not  refonned  ;  not  called  back  from  vice  to  vir- 
tue, Rogers. 

UN-RE-CLAIM'IXG,  a.    Not  reclaiming. 

UX-RE-ei.IN'IXG,  a.    .N(tt  reclining  or  resting. 

UN-RE-t"OG'XI  ZA-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  recog- 
nised.    [.See  RrCi>o:iiXA.RLX.1  Co{erid^t, 

UX-RE€-OG-NIZ-£D,  a  Not  acknowledged  or 
known. 

UN-REe'OM-PEN3-ED,  (rek'om-penst,)  a.  Not  rec- 
ompensed ;  not  rewarded. 

UN-REeoX-CIL'A  BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  recon- 
ciled ;  that  can  nut  be  made  consistent  with  ;  as, 
two  unreconcilable  propositions. 

[In  this  sense,  Irreconcil&rle  is  generally  used,] 

2.  Xot  reconcilable;  nut  capable  of  being  ap- 
peased ;  implacable  Shtdu 

3.  That  can  nt»t  be  pprsunded  lo  lay  aside  enmity 
or  opposition,  and  to  become  friendly  or  favorable  ; 
as,  ■unrecitncdabU  neighbors.  [Irreconcilable  is 
cenemlly  used.] 

UN-RE*>-0.\-ClL'.\-BLY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  be  recon- 
cilable. 

UN-RECOX-CIL-ED,  c  Not  reconcUed ;  not  made 
consistent. 

2.  Not  appeased  ;  not  having  become  favorable. 

3.  In  a  tket/lorrieal  sen^e^  not  having  laid  aside  op- 
position and  enmity  to  Gttd  ;  not  having  made  peace 
with  God  through  faith  in  ChrisU 

UN-RF^eORD'ED,  a.  Not  recorded  ;  not  registered  ; 
as,  an  unrreorded  deed  or  lease. 

2.  Xot  kept  in  retiiembrance  by  public  monuments  ; 
not  recorded  in  tbe  rolls  of  fame.  Pupr. 

UN-RE-COUNT'ED,  a.      Not   recounted;    nol   told; 

not  related  or  recited.  Shak. 

UN-RE-eOV'ER-.\-BLE,  (kuv'er-a-bl,)  a.    That  can 

not  be  recovered  ;  past  recovery.  Felthata. 

2.  That  can  not  be  regained. 

UX-RE-eOV'ER-£D,  a.    JVot  recovered  ;  not  recalled 

into  possession  ;  not  refined,  rhayion. 

2,  Not  restored  to  Iieukli. 

UX-RE-€RCIT'A-BLE,fl.    That  can  not  be  recruited. 

2.  Incapable  of  recruiting.    [Bad^  and  not  -ased.] 

Miltoiu 
UX  REC'TI-FI-ED,  a.    Not  rectified  ;   not  corrected 

or  set  ri2ht. 
UN-RE  eUM'BEXT,  a.    Not  reclining  or  reposing. 
UX-RE~€CR'IXG,  a.    That  can  not  be  cured.     {JsTot 

in  use-l  Shak. 

UX-RE-€UR'RING,  a.    Not  recurring. 


UNR 

UX-U1M)EEM'.\-BLE,    a.      That    can    not   be   re- 
deemed. 
UN-RE-OEEM'^n,  o.     Not  redeemed  ;  not  ransomed. 
2.  Xtit  jiaid  ;  not  recalled  into  the  treasury  or  hank 

by  pnyineiit  of  Ihe  value  in  money;  as,  unredeemed 

biliri,  notes,  or  stock. 
UN-RE-1>RESS'/.;U,  (-drest',)a.    Not  redressed  ;  not 

relievetl  from  injustice;  applied  to  persons. 
2.  Nut  removed  ;    not   reformed  ;    as,   unredressed 

evils. 
UN-RE-DOC't'D,  (-duste',)  a.    Not  reduced  ;  not  le». 

sened  in  size,  nuanliiy,  or  nmotjnU 
UN-RE-UO'CI-BLE,  a.    Not  capable  of  reduction. 

.^.ih. 
UN-RE-DG'CI-BLE-NESS,  n.     The  quality  of  not 

boitic  cnpaliiti  of  reduction.  Soutit. 

UXREEL'/CU,  a.    Not  reeled,  or  wound  on  a  reel, 

friitn  ciwtmns. 
UX-KEEVE',  (un-reev',)  u.  (.    To  withdraw  or  take 

out  a  rope  fioni  a  block,  thimble,  &,c.     [£?ee  Ua- 

rcaveJ 
UX-RE-FTN'/;D,  a.    Not  refined;  not  purified  ;  as, 

unnjitted  sucar. 
2.  Not  refined  or  polished  in  manners. 
UN-RE-FORM'A-IILE,  o.    Nol  capable  of  being  put 

into  a  new  fttrm.  Hammond. 

2.  That  can  not  be  reformed  or  amended. 

Cowper. 
UX-RE-F0RM'/;D,  rt.     Not  reformed;  not  reclaimed 

from  vice;  as,  an  unrefunned  yitinh, 

2.  Not  amended  ;    not  corfcctcd  ;   as,  unr^ormed 
manners;  unr(/ormed  vices. 

3.  Nol  reduced  lo  truth  and  regularity;  not  freed 
from  error  ;  as,  an  unr^ormed  calendar.        Holder, 

UN-KE-FRACT'ED,  a       Nol   refracted,  as  rays  of 

light. 
UX-RE-FRESn'/:D,  (-re-fresht',)  a.    Not  refreshed; 

nnt  H'lieved  from  fatigue  ;  not  cheered. 
UN-RE-FRE?*H'F1'L,  a.     Xot  adapted  to  refresh. 
UX-RE-FKESII'IXG,  o.     Xot  refreshing;   not  invig- 

ornling  ;  not  cooling;  not  relieving  from  depression 

or  toil.  Brtldocs. 

UN-RE  FCS'IXG,  a.    Not  rejecting;  not  declining  to 

ncce'pt. 
UX-RK  FCT'ED,  a.    Not  proved  to  be  false. 
UX-RE-GARD'EI),   a.      Nut   regarded;    not  heeded; 

ni>l  noticed  ;  neglected  ;  slighted.     Driiden.    StD^fL 
UN-RE-GARD'FJJL,  a.    Not  giving  attention;  heed- 
less ;  neglicenl. 
UX-RE-GAUD'FJJL-LY,  adc.     Not  regnrdfully. 
UN-RE-GEX'ER-A-CY,  n.    Stale  of  being  unregener- 

ate  or  unnuiewed  in  heart,  HammowU 

U.\-RE-GEN'ER-ATE,  a.  Nol  regenerated;  not  re- 
newed in  heart ;  remaining  at  enmity  with  God. 

Stephe7i.t. 
UN-RE-GEX-ER-.^'TIOX,  n.     Want  of  regeneration. 

//.  Martyn, 
UN-RE6'IS-TER-/:D,fl.  Not  registered  ;  not  recorded. 

Shak. 
UX-RE-GRET'TEO,  a.     Not  Inmcnted. 
UX-REG'li-LA-TED,  o.    Not  regulated  ;  not  reduced 

lo  onler.  Mdner. 

UX-RE-HEARS'J^D,(un-re-hersl',)  a.    Not  recited  or 

rei>eatod,a9  words. 
UX-RBIX'A;D,  fun-rand',)  a.    Nol  restrained  by  the 

bridle;  unchecked.  MilioTU 

UX-RE-JOIC'ING,  a,    Unjoyous  ;  gloomy  ;  sad. 

Thomson. 
UX-RE-JOIC'ING-LY,  adv.  Unjovously  ;  gloomily. 
U.\-RE-LAT'£D,  a,     Xot  related  "by  blood  or  afiinity. 

2.  Having  no  connection  with. 
UX-REL'A-TIVE,   a.       Xot   relative;    nol    relating; 

having  no  relation  lo.  Chestcrjield. 

[Ikrelative  is  more  generally  used.] 
UX-KEL'A-TIVE-I.Y.arfc.    Without  relation  to.  ILU- 

ile  iised.'\  Bulinffbi-oke, 

UX-RE-LAX'ING,  a.     Not  slackening;  nol  abating 

in  severity  or  attention. 
UN-RE-LAX'fXG-EY.  ado.    Without  relaxation. 
UX-RE-LEXT'IXG,   a.      Not   relenting;    having    no 

pity  ;  hard  ;  cruel ;  as,  an  vnrelcniin^r  heart. 

2.  Xot  yielding  to  pity  ;  as,  unrelenting  cniclty. 

3.  Xot  yielding  to  circumstances  ;  inflexibly  rigid  ; 
as,  an  unrflentinir  rule.  Paley. 

UN-RE-LEXT'IXG-LY,  adv.     Without  relenting. 

UX-RE-LIkV'.V-BLE,  a.  Admitting  no  relief  or  suc- 
cor. Boyle. 

UX-RE-LlEV'i:D,  (re-Ieevd',)  a.  Nol  relieved  ;  not 
eased  or  delivered  from  pain. 

2.  Xot  succored  ;  not  delivered  from  confinement 
or  distress  ;  as,  a  garrison  unrelieved. 

3.  Xot  released  froiri  duty ;  as,  an  unrelieved  senti- 
nel. 

UN-RE-UG'IOUS,  a.    Not  religions. 

UX-RE-LUCT'AXT,  a.     Not  unwilling. 

U.X-RE-LUGT'ANT-LY,  adv.     Wiltinglv.         Scott. 

UX-RE-MXRK'A-BLE,a.    Nol  remarkable ;  not  wor- 
thy of  particular  notice. 
2.  Xot  capable  of  being  observed.  Digby. 

UN-RE-MARK' ABLY,  ado.     Xot  remarkably. 

UX-RE-MaRK'/;D,  (re-markt',)  a.  Not  remarked  ; 
unobserved.  Mrlmnth. 

UN  RE-Mk'DI-.A-RLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  cured  ; 
admitting  no  remedy.  Sidney. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE.  MARINE.  BIRD,  — NOTE,  DOVE.  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.- 


UNR 

UN-RE-Mf.'DI-A-BLY,  adv.    Without  romeily. 
UN-RE.M'E-DI-£D,  a.     Not  cured  ;  iiol  runiedletl. 

Milton. 
UJJ-RF.-MEM'CER-£D,  a.    Not  remembered  ;  not  re- 

latned  in  the  mind  j  not  recollected.  IVuttoiu 

UN-RE-.MEM'BER-ING,  a.     Having  no  memory  or 

recollection.  Drytten. 

UNRE-ME.M'BRANCE,  n.     Forgetfulness  ;.  uant  of 

reinenihrance.    [.\*w(  in  use."]  IVaUs. 

IJN-RE-MIXD'ED,  a.     Not  put  in  mind. 
UN-RE-Mll'TED,  a.     Not  remitted  ;  not  forgiven  ; 

tt3,  punishment  unremitted, 
2.  Not  having  a  temporary  rela.tatlon ;  as,  ijain 

unremitted. 
X  Not  relaxed  ;  not  abated. 
UN-RE-MIT'TING,  a.     Not  abating;    not  relaxing 

for  a  time ;  incessant ;   continued  j   as,   unremilting 

exertions. 
UN"-RE-»1IT'TING-LT,  adv.    Without  abatement  or 

ce.s5alion.  Fhmintr. 

UN-RE-MIT'TING-XESS,  71.     State   of  being  uiire- 

mitting. 
UN-RE-.MOV'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  removed  ; 

fixed.  Shak. 

UN-RE  SIOV'.A-BLE-NESS,»i.    The  state  or  quality 

of  being  fixed  and  not  capable  of  being  removed. 

Hall. 
UN-RE-.MOV'A-BLY,  ado.     In  a  manner  that  admits 

of  no  removal.  Shak. 

UN-RE-.MOV'ED,  a.     Not  removed  ;  not  taken  anay. 
2.  Not  capable  of  being  removed. 

Like  Allu  Hnremooed.  MUton. 

trN-RE-NEVV'i!D,  a.    Not  made  anew ;  as,  the  lease 

is  unrenewed. 
*2.  Not  regenerated ;  not  born  of  the  Spirit }  as,  a 

heart  unreneteed. 
UN-RE-NOWN'KD,  0.    Not  celebrated  or  eminent. 
UN-RE-PAir>',ii.     Not  repaid;  nut  compensated  ;  not 

recompensed  ;  as,  a  kindness  unrepaid.      Jvhnson, 
UN-RE  I'AlR'ED,  a.     Not  repaired  or  mended. 
UN-RE-PeAL'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  repealed. 
LfN-RE-PEAL'J5D,  a.    Not  rcjiealcd  ;  not  revoked  or 

abrogated  ;  remaining  in  force. 
U.N-RE-1'EAT'ED,  a.     Not  repeated. 
(iN-RE-Pi:AT'ING,  <i.    Not  repeating. 
U.\-U E-PE.NT'ANCE,n.    Stale  of  being  impenitent. 

iLitllf  used.]  If'artan. 

L'.N-RE-PE.VT'ANT,  (  o.      Not  repenting;  not  peni- 
UN-RE-PENT'ING,   )     tent ;  not  contrite  for  sin. 

Drydrn. 
UN-RE-PENT'ED,  a.  Not  repented  of.  Hunker. 
L'N-RB-PENT'ING-LY,  nrfc.  Without  repentance. 
L'N-RE-Pt.>i'lNG,  a.      Not  repining  ;    not   peevishly 

murmuring  or  complaining.  Roice. 

UX-RE-PIN'ING-LY,  adu.      Without    peevish   com- 
plaints. 
UN-RE^PLEN'rSH-£D,   (plenMsht,)  a.     Not  replen- 
ished ;  not  filled  ;  not  adequately  supplied.    Boyle. 
LTN-RE-PORT'ED,  a.     Not  reported. 
IJN-RE-POS'BD,  a.    Not  reposed. 
U.N-REP-RE  SE.\'I''ED,  a.    Not  represented ;  having 

no  one  to  act  in  (»ne's  stead. 
UN-RE-PRESS'AU,  (prest',)  a.      Not  crushed;   nol 

subdued. 
UN-RE-PRESST-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  bo  repressed. 
UN-RE-PRIkV'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  reprieved 

or  respited  from  death. 
UN-RE  PRIEV'KI),  a.    Not  reprieved  ;  not  respited. 
UN-RE-PROACIl' ABLE,  a.    Not  deserving  reproach. 
UN-RE-PRoACH'A-BLE-NESS,   n.    State  of  being 

unreproachable. 
UN-RE-PROACH'A-BLY,  adv.    So  aa  not  to  be  re- 

proachable. 
UN-RE-PRoACH'BD,  (re-pr5chl',)  a.  Not  upbraided ; 

not  repro.aclietI. 
L'N-RE-PRaACH'IN'G,  a.    Not  reproaching. 
UN-RE  PROVABLE,   0.      Not    deserving    reproof; 

that  can  not  be  justly  censured.    Col.  1. 
UN-RE-PROV'£D,  a.    Not  reproved  ;  not  censured. 

Sandys. 
9.  Not  liable  to  reproof  or  blame.  Milton. 

UN-RE-Pt;G'NAXT,n.    Not  repugnant ;  nntoppositc. 
UN-REP'U-TA-BLE,  a.     Not  reputable.       [Hooker. 

[For  this.  Disreputable  is  generally  used.] 
UN-REP'U-TA-BLV,  adv.     Disreputably. 
UN-RE-UilEST'ED,  a.    Not  requested  ;  nol  asked. 

Knolles, 
UN-RE-QUIR'KD,  a.  Not  demanded  ;  not  needed. 
UN-KE-aUIT'A-BLE,  a.     Not  to  be  retaliated. 

Boyle. 
UN-RE-QUtT'ED,!!.   Not  requited  ;  not  rccompi^nsed. 
UN-RES'€U-£D,  a.     Not  rescued  ;  not  delivered. 

PolUit. 
UN-RE-SENT'ED,  a.     Not  resented  ;   not  regarded 

with  anger.  Rogers, 

UN-RE-WENT'INO,  a.     Not  regarding  ivith  anger. 
UN-RE-SERVE',  (re-zcrv',)  n.     Absence  of  reserve  ; 

frankness;  freedom  of  communication.       fVarton. 
UN-RE-«ERV'£D,  a.     Not  reserved  ;    not  retained 

when  a  part  is  granted. 
2.  Not  limited  ;  not  withheld  in  part ;  full;  entire; 

84,  unreserved  obedience  to  God's  commands. 

Rogers. 


UNR 

3.  OiK-n  ;  frank  J  concealinc  or  withholding  noth- 
ing; fret; ;  as,  an  unreserved  disclosure  of  facts. 
UN-KE-SERV'ED-LY,  orfu.     Without  limitation  or 
reservation.  Boyle. 

2.  With  open  disclosure  ;  frankly ;    without  con- 
ccahnent.  Pope. 

UN-RE-SKRV'ED-NESa,  n.     Frankness  ;  openness  ; 
freedom  of  coinuiunication  ;  unliinitedness. 

Boyle.     Pope. 
UN-RE  SIGX'ED,  a.     Not  given  up  j  not  surrendered. 

2.  Not  siibinissive  to  GckI's  will. 
UN-RE-SIST'ED,  (-re-zist'edOa.    [See  Resist.]    Not 
resisted  ;  nut  opiKtsed,  Bentley. 

2.  Resistless ;  such  as  can  not  be  successfully  op- 
posed. Pope. 
UN-RE-SIST'I-HLE,  a.     Irresistible.               Temple. 
UN-RE-$It>'r'I\G,  a.     Not  making  resistance  ;  yield- 
ing to  physicjil  force  or  to  persuasion.          Dnjdtn. 
2.  Submissive;  humble.                     BuckminsUr. 
UN-RE-SIST'ING-LV,  adv.     Without  resisUince. 

Randolph. 
UN-RE-SOLV'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  solved  or 

resolved.  South. 

UN-UE-SOLV'^D,  a.     Not  resolved  j  not  determined. 

Skak. 
9.  NtJt  solved  ;  not  cleared.  Locke, 

UN-RE-SOLV'ED-NESS,  n.     State  of  being  undeter- 
mined ;  irresohitittn, 
UN-RE-SOLV'ING,  a.   Not  resolving ;  undetermined. 

Dry  den. 
UN-RE-SPEGT'A-BLE,  a.      Not  respectable.     [JVot 

K.ff(/.]  Malone. 

UN-UE-SPEeT'ED,  a.     Not  respected;  not  regarded 

with  respect.  Shttk. 

UN-RE-Si-ECT'IVE,  a.      Inattentive ;   taking    little 

notice.     [JVot  in  use.]  Shak. 

UN-RE-FPTR'A-CLE,  a.    That  con  not  be  breathed. 
UN-RES'PIT-ED,  a.     Not  respited, 

9.  Admitting  no  pause  or  intermission.     Jlliltov. 
UN-RE-SPONS'I-i{LE,a.  Not  answerable  ;  not  liable. 
9.  Not  able  to  answer  ;  not  having  the  property  to 
respond. 

tlitREspoNsiRLE  is  also  used  in  the  like  sense.] 
lE-SPONS'IVE,  a.     Not  responsive. 
UN-REST',   7u       Unquietness  j    uneasiness.       [Little 

used.!  Speitser.      fVotton. 

UN-REST'ED,  a.    Not  rested  ;  not  laid  on  fur  support. 

E.  Erving, 
UN-REST'ING,  a.    Not  resting;  continually  in  mo- 
tion. Byron. 
UN-REST' I NG-LY,  adv.     Without  rest. 
UN-RE-SToR'-KD,  a.    Not  restored  j  not  having  re- 
covered health. 

2.  Not  restored  to  a  former  place,  to  favor,  or  to  a 
former  condition. 
UN-RE-STRAIN'A-BLE,  a.      That  can   not  be  re- 
strained. Darwin. 
UN-RE-STRATN'KD,   a.      Not   restrained-,    not  con- 
trolled ;  not  confined  ;  not  hindered.  Dnjden. 

2.  Licentious  ;  loose.  Shak. 

3.  Not  limited  j  as,  an  unrestrained  power;  unre- 
strainrd  truth. 

UN-KE-STRSINT',  n.     Freedom  from  restraint. 
UN-RE-STRICT'ED,  a.     Not  restricted;  nut  limited 

or  confined.  Smollett, 

UN-RE-TRAeT'ED,  a.    Not  retracted  ;  not  recalled. 

Collier. 
UN-RE-TR  ACTTLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  withdrawn. 
UN-RK-TURN'/.n,  a.     Not  returned. 
UN-RE-ViCAL'fiDjO.     Not  revealed  ;  not  discovered  ; 

nol  disclosed.  Pope. 

UN-RF.-V£AL'ED-NESS,  n.     State  of  being  unre- 

veali-d.  Baxter. 

UN-RE-VENG'£D,  a.    Not  revenged ;  as,  an  injury 

unrevetiffcd. 

2.  Not  vindicated  by  just  punishment. 

Scipio's  cltoat  wiUka  unreotnged.  Addison. 

UN-RE-VENGE'F^JL,  (-re-vcnj'-,)  a.     Not  disposed 

to  revcug'-.  I/acket. 

UN-RE-VENOsEFpI^LY,  adr.     Without  revenge. 
UN-REV'E-NO-ED,  (rev'e-nude,)  a.     Not  furnished 

with  n  revenue.  Pollok. 

UN-RE-Vf.R'AD,  a.     Not  revered. 
UN-REV'ER-EN-C£D,  (rev'er-enst,)  a.     Not  rever- 

enrfd. 
UN-REV'ER-ENn,  a.    Not  reverend. 

2.  Disrespectful  ;    irreverent ;    as,  an   unreverend 

tongue.  Shak, 

UN-REV'ER-ENT,  a.     Irreverent. 

[  The  latter  m  chirftt  ujted.] 
UN-llEV'ER-ENT-LV,  adv.     Irreverently,  which  see. 
UN-RE-VEltS'£D,  (re-vefyf,)  a.     Not  reversed  ;  not 

annulled  by  a  counter  decision;  as,  a  judgment  or 

decree  vnrererKnL 
UN  RE-VERT'EI),  a.   Not  reversed  ;  not  turned  back. 
UN-RE- Vla'£D,  0.     Not  revised  ;  not  reviewed  ;  not 

corrected. 
UN-RE-VIV'£D,  a.     Not  revived  ;   not  recalled  into 

life  or  force. 
UN-RE-VOK'£D,  (re-vokt',)  a.      Not  revoked ;  not 

recalte<i ;  not  annulled.  Milton. 

UN-RE-WARD'EU,a.     Not  rewarded;  not  compen- 
sated. Pope. 


UNR 

UN  RE-WARIVING,  a.    Not  recompensing. 
UN-RllE-'rbK'rC-AL,(-re-tor'ik-al,)a.  Not  rhetorical. 
UN-RHE-TOR'ie-AL-LY,  adv.    Not  in  a  rhetorical 

manner. 
UN-Rni?M'/:D,  o.    Not  put  into  rhyme.      Kd,  lUv. 
UN-RI1)'»AN,  a.     Not  ridden. 
UN-RID'DLE,  o.  (,     To  solve  or  explain;  as,  to  un- 

riddle  an  enigma  or  mystery. 
2.  To  explain. 

And  wli*tre  you  cRn'l  unriddlt,  Irsm  to  tmal.         PamtH. 

UN-RrD'DLf;D,;)p.     Explained  ;  interpreted. 
UN-Ill  D'DLEK,  n.    One  wlio  explains  an  enigma. 
UN-RID'DLING,  ppr.    Solving  ;  explaining. 
UN-RI-DI€'!:-LOUS,  a.     Not  ridiculous. 
UN-RI'FLjED.o.   Not  rifled  ;  not  robbed  ;  not  stripped 

Hume. 
UN-RIG',  V.  L    To  strip  of  both  standing  and  running 

rigging  ;  as,  to  unrig  a  ship.  Tuttm. 

UN-RlG'0/;i),pp.     Stripped  of  rigging. 
UN-RIG'GI\G,  ppr.    Stripping  of  rigging. 
UN-RIGIIT',  n.     NU  right;  wrong.    '{Obs.} 
UN-RIG  HT'EOUS,  (un-ri'chus,)  a.    [Sax.  unriAiicw; 

that  is,  not  right-wise.] 

1.  Not  righteous  ;  not  just;  not  conformed  in  heart 
and  life  to  the  divine  law  ;  evil ;  wicked  ;  used  of 
persona, 

2.  Unjust ;  contrar>'  to  law  and  equity  ;  as,  an  «n- 
righteoun  decree  or  sentence. 

UN-RiGHT'EOUS-LY,  (un-rl'chua-ly,)  ado.  Un- 
justly; wickedly;  sinfully.  Dryden. 

UN-RIGHT'EOUS-NESS,  (un-rVcbus-ness,)  n.  In- 
justice ;  a  violation  of  the  divine  law,  or  of  the  plain 
principles  of  justice  and  equity;  wickedness.  Un- 
righteousness may  consist  of  a  single  unjust  act,  but 
more  generally,  when  applied  to  persons,  it  denotes 
an  habitual  course  of  wickedness.  Rom.  j.  vi.  2 
Cor.  vi. 


Every  u^nigTcssion  of  the  law  is  unrighteoutnett. 


Hail. 


UN-RIGHT'FUL,  a.     Not  rightful ;  not  just.     Shak. 
UN-RTGIITTl'L-LY,  adv.     Wrongfully. 
UX-RIGIIT'FJJL-NESS,  ti.    Slateof  being  unrightful. 
UN-RING',  r.  U     To  deprive  of  a  ring  or  of  rings. 

Hadibras. 
UN-RING'ING,  ppr.  Depriving  of  a  ring  or  rings. 
UN-RI'OT-ED,  a.     Free  from  rioting,     [^ot  used.] 

Jilay, 
UN-RIP',  V.  t.     To  rip.  Bacon. 

[This   word   is   unnecessary,   the  idea   bemg  ex- 
pressed by  Rip.] 
UN-RIPE',  a.     Not  rij»e  ;  not  matrire  ;  not  brought  to 
a  state  of  perfection  ;  as,  unripe  fruit.  ,  Shak, 

2.  Not  seasonable  ;  not  yet  proper. 

He  fixed  his  uuHpe  vcitjeanM  to  ilefer.  Dryden, 

3.  Not   prepared ;    not  completed  ;    as,  an  unripe 
£clieme. 

4.  Too  early  ;  as,   the   unripe  death   of  Dorilaui, 
r  C7»w.sua/.]  Sidney, 

UN-R1P'£N-£D,  a.     Not  ripened  ;  not  matured. 

.Addison, 
UN-RTPE'NESS,  n.    Want  of  ripeness  ;  immaturity; 

as,  ilu!  unripeness  of  fruit  or  of  a  project. 
UX-RlS'y':N,  (-riz'n,)  a.     Not  risen.  JVeele, 

UN-RI'VAL-£U,  a.     Having  no  rival;   having  no 

com  pet  itor.  Pope. 

2.  Having  no  equal ;  peerless. 
UN-RIV'E'I',  V.  t.    To  loose  from  rivets  ;  to  unfasten. 

Hale. 
l.^N-RI  VET-ED,  ;>p.   Loosed  from  rivets  ;  unfastened. 
UN-RIV'ET-ING,  ppr.      Unfastening ;    loosing   from 

rivets. 
UN-ROBE',  V.  t.    To  strip  of  a  robe  ;  to  undress  ;  to 

disrobe.  Young, 

UN-ROR'KD,  pp.     Undressed  ;  disrobed. 
UN-RolVING,  ^pr.     Divesting  of  robes;  undressing. 
UN-ROIL'>JI>,  a.    Not  rendered  turbid  ;  nol  disturbed 

in  mind. 
UN-RoLL',  r.  (.  To  open  what  is  rolled  or  convolved  ; 

as,  to  unroll  cloth. 
2    To  display.  Dryden, 

UN-Rf>LI//'-n,  pp.     Opened,  as  a  roll ;  displayed. 
UN-R6lL'ING,  ppr.     Opening,  as  a  roll;  displaying 
UN-Ro'M  AN-IZ-i-.D,  a.  Not  subjected  to  Roman  arms 

or  customs.  Whttaker. 

2.  Not  subjected  to  the  principles  or  usages  of  the 

Roman  Catholic  church. 
UN-RO-MAN'Tie,  a.    Not  romantic  ;  not  fanciful. 

Swijt. 

TTN-RO-MAN'Tie-AL-LY,  adv.     Not  romantically. 

UN-ROOF',  V,  t.  To  strip  off  the  roof  or  covering  of  a 
house. 

UN-R00F'/:D,  C-rooft',)  pp.   Stripped  of  the  roof. 

U\-ROOF'I\G,  ppr.     ^'tripping  of  the  roof. 

UN-KOOST'ED,  a.     Driven  from  the  roost.       Shak. 

UN-ROOT',  r.  (.  To  tear  up  by  the  roots;  to  extir- 
pate ;  to  eradicate  ;  as,  to  unroot  an  oak.     Dryden, 

UN-ROOT',  11.  i.     To  be  torn  up  by  the  roots. 

UN-ROOT'ED,  pp.     Extirpated  ;  torn  up  by  the  roots 

UN-ROOT'ING,  ppr.  Tearing  up  by  the  roots  ;  extir 
pat  in  g. 

UN-ROUGII',  (un-ruir,)  a.  Not  rough;  unbearded; 
euiooth.  Shak. 

U.N-ROUND'ED,  a.     Not  made  round.  Donne. 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

1S13 


UNS 

U\-ROUT'ED»  o.  Noi  routed;  ni>l  Ibrown  inUi  di»- 
urdt-r.  Beanm, 

|TN-ROY'AL,  a.     Nol  rovnl ;  unprincelv.        SiJurit. 

UX-ROY'Al^LY,  a.  Not  like  a  kiu^  ;  'not  becoming 
a  kine.  R.  Putter. 

UN-RUtTI-E,  (-niffl,)  r.  C  To  cease  fmm  being 
niffled  or  agitated  ;  tu  subside  to  snioothness. 

Jlddi'on. 

UN-RUF'FL£D,  a.    Calm  ;  tranquil ;  not  aeilated. 

Cfthn  and  it^ntfttd  u  a  aumnic-rS  aea.  XMuom. 

%  Sol  disturbed ;  not  agitated ;  as,  an  imrt^fi$d 
temper. 

UN-ROL'£D,  a.  Not  niled  ;  not  governed  ;  not  di- 
rected by  siipi'riur  power  or  auihorUv.         Sp««j»(rr. 

UN-RO'Li-NESS,  J.  [from  uHruh!]  Disregard  of 
restraint ;  licentiousness  ;  turbulence  ;  as,  the  utnt- 
Utuats  of  men,  or  of  their  passions. 

SL  The  disposition  of  a  beast  to  break  over  fences 
and  wander  from  an  inclosure  j  the  practice  of  break- 
ing or  leaping  over  fences. 

UN-RC'LY,  a.  Disregarding  restraint;  licentious; 
dlspoi^ed  to  violate  laiivs  ;  turbulent;  ungovernable; 
as,  an  unrulf  youth. 

The  longiie  can  do  isan  Ume  ;  U  li  ui  vnruiy  rvil.  —  June*  ir. 

3.  Accustomed  to  break  over  fences  and  escape 
ftum  iudosuras;  apt  to  break  or  leap  fences ;  as,  ao 
vtrubf  ox. 

Tbe  owner  of  itw  mmtSf  ox  baM  t  tarn  of  monrr,  «•  *  tirD 
pnultjr  for  ihr  nuMom  of  hk  life.  5.  E.  Dwi^L 

UN-RO'MI-NA-TED,  a.  Nol  well  chewed  ;  nol  well 
digested.  Bolittffbroke- 

UN-RUM'PLE,  r.  t  To  free  from  rumples  ;  to  spread 
or  I.1V  even.  AddUon. 

UN-RUM'PLKD,  pp.     Freed  from  nmiples. 

U.V-f'AB'BATn-LiKE,  o.  Not  according  to  usage  on 
the  Sabbath. 

UN-SAD'D£N,  (un-sad'n,)  p.  t.  To  relieve  from  sad- 
ness. Wkitlock. 

UN-RAD'DKN-ED.  ^.    Relieved  ftom  sftdnem. 

rN-SAD'D£\-IXG,  ppr.    Relieving  from  sadnesa.     ^ 

UN.SAD'DLE,  (-«ad'dl,)  r.  u  To  strip  of  a  saddle; 
to  lake  the  s:iildli>  from  ;  as,  to  Mn.taddU  a  horse. 

UN-SAD'DLE1>,  pp.    Divested  of  the  saddle. 
S.  a.    Not  saddled  ;  not  having  a  saddle  on. 

UN-SXFE',  a.    Not  safe;  not  free  from  dancer;  ei- 
posed  to  harm  or  destruction.        JiitUan,     Dryden. 
2.  Hazardous  ;  as,  an  mut^e  adventure. 

UN-3XFE'LY,«rfr,  Not  safely  ;  not  without  danger  ; 
in  a  stale  expowMl  to  loea,  barm,  or  de;>fniciion. 

UX-9XFE'XESS,  a.    SUte  of  being  unsafe.     WaiiK. 

UN-^FE'TY,  a.  Stale  of  being  unsafe  ;  expomirelo 
danger.  Bacon. 

UN-^AID',  run-^ed',}  ff.vxit.  Not  said  ;  not  spoken ; 
not  uttered.  Diyd**, 

UN-SXIVT'.  r.  r.    To  deprive  of  saintship,    Soutk. 

UN-^AINT'ED,  M.    Not  sainted. 

UN-SSIN'T'LY,..    Not  like  a  saint. 

UN-8XL'A-BLE,  a.  Not  salable;  not  in  demand; 
not  meettne  a  ready  sale  ;  as,  M».iilaht9  goods. 

UN-i^ALTXD,  «.  Not  salted  ;  not  pickled  ;  IVesh  ; 
as,  i.nsalt0d  meaL 

UN-SA-LOT'ED.  a.     Not  saluted  ;  not  greeted, 

UN-SiAN€-TI.FI-€a'T10N,  n.  A  sUle  of  being  un- 
sanctified. 

UN-SAN€'TI-FI-ED,  (fide,)  a.    Nut  sanctified  ;  un- 
holy. Tkodey. 
a.  Not  consecrated. 

UN-SANC'TION-KD,  o.  Not  sanctioned;  not  rati- 
fied :  not  a|ipn^ved  ;  nnt  aulhorized.  WiiUh. 

UN-SAX'DAL-£D.  a.     Nol  wearinc  sandals. 

UN-SaT'ED,  a.    Not  sated  ;  nut  satisfied  or  satiated. 

ShrjLttone. 

CN-PX'TIA-BLE,  o.    That  can  not  be  satisfied. 
[But  IntATtASLB  is  eenerallv  used.] 

tJN-PS'TIATE,  fl.     Not  satisfied.     [Obs.]        Mare. 


ri:tsiTTATB  is  the  word  now  used.l 
V-5>A'TIA-TIXG,  a.     X<^  satiating. 


UN-SA'TIA-TIXG,  a.     X<^  satiating.  Ta£ker, 

UN-PAT'I\G,  a.     Not  Miing  or  filling. 

lTN-9AT-IS-FA€'TIOX.  n,     Wssatisfaction.     Brown. 

UN-^AT-IS-FA€'TO-RI-LY,  adv.  So  as  not  to  give 
sailsfartion. 

UN-S.\T-I9^FA€'TO-RI-XESJ5,  n.  The  quality  or 
state  of  not  being  satisfactory  ;  failure  to  give  satia- 
fartion.  Boule. 

UN-SAT-IP-rA€'TO-RY,  a.  Not  giving  satisfaction  ; 
not  convincine  the  mind. 

3.  Not  giving  content;  as,  an  auiMti^^K/ory  com- 
pensation. 

UN-SATIS-FI-A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  sati«6ed. 

Taylor. 

UN-SAT'IS-FT-rD,  o.  Not  satisfied  ;  not  having 
enoneh  :  not  filled  ;  not  gratified  to  the  full ;  as,  lot- 
gatuified  appetites  or  desires. 

2.  Not  content :  nol  pleased  ;  as,  to  be  ummtij^fied 
with  the  choice  of  an  officer  ;  to  be  unsati^ed  with 
tbe  wages  or  compensation  allowed. 

3.  Not  settled  in  opinion  ;  not  restine  in  confidence 
of  the  truth  of  any  thing ;  as,  to  be  unsatisfied  as  to 
tbe  freedom  of  the  will. 

4.  Not  convinced  or  fully  persuaded.  The  judges 
appeared  to  be  unsatisfied  with  the  evidence. 


UNS 

5.  Not  fully  paid. 

An  rxKuuon  r«lun>ed  untali^/kd.   Dofgttt,  Wk»alon't  R*p. 

U\-SATMS-FI-A:DNESS.  «.  The  state  of  being  not 
satisfied  or  contenL 

UX-.SAT'IS.F^-ING,  a.  Not  affording  full  gratifica- 
tion of  apiH'tite  or  desire  ;  not  giving  content ;  not 
convincinc  the  mind.  Jiddisim. 

UN-SAT'IS-r?-L\G-NESS,  n.  Incapability  of  prati- 
Iving  to  Ihe  fill.  Bp.  Taylor. 

U:}-SAT'U.-RA-TED,  a.  Not  saturated  ;  mu  8iip|)lted 
to  the  full.  Chnnistrii. 

UN-SAV'£D,  a.    Not  saved  ;  not  Iiaving  eternal  life. 

PiMok. 

UX-SA'VOR-I-LY,  ode.    So  as  to  displease  or  disgust. 

Jifitton. 

UN-SA'VOR-I-NF*SS.  n.    A  bod  taste  or  smell. 

Joknxon. 

UN-SA'VOR-Y.a.   Tasteless  ;  having  no  taste.  Jobvl 

2.  Having  a  bad  taste  or  smell.    Milton.     Broien. 

3.  Unpleasing  ;  disgusting.  Hooker.     Shak, 
TN-SAY',  r.  r. ;  prft^  and  pp.  Uksiid.    To  recant  or 

recall  what  has  been  said  ;  to  retract;  to  deny  some- 
thing declared. 

Saj,  niid  uruay,  fet^,  flatter,  or  nbjiire.  MUtOfi. 

UX-SGA'LY,  ft.    Not  scaly  ;  bnving  no  scales.     Gay. 

UN-SCAN'NA'D,  a.    Nol  measured  ;  not  computed. 

Shak. 

UN-SeXR'EP,  a.     Not  scared  ;  nnt  fritililenrd  nwav. 

UN-P€AR'R£D,  a.    Not  marked  with  scars  or  wounds. 

UX-SGATirKI),  (-skalhl',)  a.     Uninjured.      [Shak. 

UN-!?eAT'TKR-£U,  a.  Not  scattered  ;  not  disi>er«ed  ; 
not  thrown  into  confusion. 

UN-SCEPn'ER-ED,  a.  Having  no  scepter  or  royal 
authriritv  ;  not  crowned  as  king. 

UN-^enOL'AR-LY,  (-skol'ar-le,)  a.  Not  suitable  lo 
a  ficholar.  Axiat.  Res. 

UN-St-IIO-LAS'Tie,  a.  Not  bred  to  literature  ;  as, 
unscholwttie  statesmen.  Locke. 

2.  Nttt  schola-itic. 

UN-SeHOOL'£D,  a.  Not  taught;  not  educated  ;  il- 
literate. Hooker. 

UN-SCr-EX-TIF'l€,  a.  Nol  scientific;  not  according 
to  the  rules  or  principles  of  science. 

2.  Nol  versed  in  science.  Mantell. 
UN-SCT-EN-T1F'I€-AL-LY.  fldc.    In  a  manner  con- 
trary to  the  nilei  or  principles  of  science. 

UX-3CIX'TII^LA-TIXU,  a.  Not  sparkling  ;  nol 
emitting  »-'p'trks.  J.  Barhv. 

UN-PeoReH'iCD,  C-skorcbl',)  a.  Nol  scorched;  not 
affected  by  fire.  Shak. 

UN-Se6'Ri-FI-£D,  a.  Not  scorified  ;  not  converted 
into  dross. 

UN-S€orR'£D,  a.  Not  scoured  ;  not  cleaned  by  rub- 
hine  ;  as,  loucoMrCfi  armor.  ShaM. 

UN-S€RATCH'KD,  (-skracht',)  a.  Not  scratched; 
not  toni.  Shak. 

ITN-S€REEN'£D,  a.  Not  screened  ;  not  covered  ;  not 
sheltered  ;  not  pnHected  ;  nol  silked.  Boyle. 

UX-SCREW,  (skra',)  r.  U  To  draw  the  screws 
fn»m  ;  to  loiwe  from  screws  ;  to  unf;uiiten.     Burnet, 

UxV-tiCRFAV'KI),  pp.     Loosed  from  screws. 

UN-:^eRE\V'IXG,  ppr.     Drawing  the  screws  from. 

UX-SCRlP'l'UR-AL,  a.  Nnt  agreeable  to  the  Scrip- 
tures ;  not  wnrranted  hy  the  authority  of  the  word  of 
God  ;  as,  rin  unscriptural  doctrine. 

UN-SGRIP'TIJR-AI^LY,  adc  In  a  manner  not  ac- 
cording with  the  Scriptures. 

UN-SeROTU-LOUS,  a.  Not  scrupulous  ;  having  no 
scruples.  MUford. 

UN-SCRCPU-LOUS-LY,  adv.  In  an  unscrupulous 
m.tnner. 

UX-?eR0'PU-LOUS-NESS,  n.  Want  of  scrupulous- 
ness. Mti/ord. 

UX-S€RC'TA-BLE.     See  I^scbutarle. 

UN-SeCLP'TIR-KD,  pp.     Not  engraved. 

UN-S€UTCH'EOX-£D,  (-skuch'und,)  o.  Not  hon- 
ored with  a  coat  of  arms.  PoUok. 

UN-SeAL',  b.  L  To  break  or  remove  the  seal  of;  to 
open  what  is  sealed  ;  as,  to  unseal  a  letter. 

UN-SJEAL'£D,  pp.     Opened,  as  something  sealed. 

3.  a.    Not  sealed  ;    having  no  seal,  or  tfic  seat 
broken.  Shak. 

L'X-SeAL'ING,  ppr.    Breaking  the  seal  of;  opening. 
L'X-^RAM',  r.  (.     To  rip;  to  cut  open.  Shak. 

UX-SkAM'£D,  pp.     Ripped;  cut  open. 
UN-SEARCH'A-BLE,  (-serch'a-blOa.    Tliat  can  not 

be  searched  or  explored  ;  inscrutable;  hidden;  mya- 

terioua. 

The  couDwti  of  God  aro  to  ua  untearchable,  Rogers. 

UN-SEARCH'A-BLE-NESS,  (-serch'a-bl-ness,)  n.  The 
quality-  or  slate  of  being  unsearchable,  or  beyond  the 
power  of  ni«n  to  explore.  Bramhall. 

irN-SEARCH'A-BLY,(-serch'a-bIy,)arfc.  In  a  man- 
ner so  as  not  to  be  explored. 

UN-PEARCH'A'D,  (-sercht',)  a.  Not  searched  ;  not 
explored  ;  not  critically  examined. 

UN  SEARCH'IaXG,  a.  Nnt  searching;  not  penetrat- 
ine._ 

UX-SeAR'/TD,  a.     Not  seared  ;  not  hardened.  PoUok. 

UN-SeA'SOX-.VBLE,  C-sg'zn-a-bl,)  a.  Not  seasona- 
ble ;  not  being  in  the  proper  season  or  time.  He 
called  at  an  unseasonable  hour.  I 


UNS 

S.  Not  suited  to  the  time  or  occasion  ;  unfit;  un- 
timely ;  ill-timed  ;  as,  unseasonable  advice  ;  an  unsea. 
sonable  digression. 

3.  Late  ;  being  beyond  the  usual  time.  He  came 
homu  at  nn  unse.asoimble  time  of  night. 

4.  Nol  ngreeahle  to  the  time  of  the  year;  as,  an 
unseasonable  frost.  'J'he  frosts  of  1816,  in  June,  July, 
and  August,  in  New  Engtiuid,  were  considered  un- 
seasoiiable,  as  thev  were  unusual. 

UN-SkA'SON-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  [Supra.]  The  qual- 
ity  or  state  of  being  unseasonable,  iU~limed,  or  out 
of  the  usual  time. 

UN-SKA'S ON-A-BLV,arfp.  Not  seasonably;  not  in 
due  time,  or  not  in  the  usual  time;  nut  in  the  time 
best  ndnpted  to  success.  Dnfden.    ArbuthnoL 

UN-Pi?.A'SOX-KD,  (-sE'znd,)  a.  Not  seasoned;  not 
exhausted  of  the  natural  juices,  and  hardened  for 
use  ;  as,  unseasoned  wood,  boards,  timber,  &c. 

2.  Not  inured ;  nol  accustomed  ;  n<<t  filled  to  en- 
dure any  thing  by  use  or  habit ;  as,  men  unseasoned 
to  tropical  climates  are  exposed  to  fevers. 

3.  Unformed  ;  not  qualified  by  use  or  experience; 
as,  an  unseasoned  courtier.  Sludi. 

A.  Not  sailed  ;  not  sprinkled,  filled,  or  impregnated 
with  any  thing  to  give  relish  ;  as,  unseasoned  meat. 

5.  Unseasonable.  [JV«(  in  use.]  Shak. 
UN-SRAT',  r.  L  To-lhrow  from  the  seat.  Cowper. 
UN-SeAT'ED,  pp.     Thrown  from  the  seat. 

2.  a.     Nnt  seated  ;  having  no  seat  or  bottom. 

3.  Not  settled  with  inhabitants ;  as,  unseated  lands. 
fWe-usuatly  say  Unsetti-eo.']  [ffulcott. 

UN-SRAT'ING,  p;>r.    'I'lirowing  from  a  seat. 
UN-Sf:A'\VOR-THI-NESS,  n.     The  state  of  being 

unable  to  sustain  the  ordinary  violence  of  the  sea  in 

a  tempest.  Kent. 

UN-SeA'WOR-THY,  a.    Not  fit  for  a  voyage ;  not 

able  to  sustain  the  violence  of  the  sea ;  as,  the  ship 

is  unseawortkv- 
UX-SEC'OND-ED,  a.     Not  seconded;  not  supported. 

The  muliou  was  unsecondcd  ,-  the  attempt  was  unsec- 

onded. 
a.  Not  exemplified  a  second  time.    [JVot  in  use.] 

Broicn. 
UN-S£'eRET,  a.    Not  secret ;  not  close :  not  trusty. 

Sliak. 
UX-SP.'GRET,  r.  (.    To  disclose;  to  divulge.     [JVot 

used.l  Bacon. 

UN-SECTA'RI-AN,  a.     Nnt  sectarian  ;  not  intended 

or  adapted  to  promote  a  sect.  Buckkam. 

UN-SE€'1T-LAR,  a.     Not  worldly. 
UN-SECU-LAR-IZE,  v.  t.     To  detach  from  secular  , 

Ihiniis;  lo  alienate  from  the  world.  CU.  Obs, 

UN-l?E-eORE',  a.    Not  secure;  not  safe. 

fltul  lysrci'RE  is  generally  used.] 
UN-PE-CCR'/JD,  a.    Not  secured. 
UX-SED'EX-TA-RY,  a.   Not  accustomed  to  sit  much. 

IVordsworth. 
UN-.SE-DCC'£D,  r-dust',)  a.  Not  seduced  ;  not  drawn 

or  persuaded  to  deviate  from  the  p.iUi  t»f  duly. 

Milton. 
UN-SEED'ED,  a.    Not  seeded  ;  not  sown. 

Ask.     Cowper. 
UN-SEE'IXG,  a.    Wanting  the  power  of  vision  ;  not 

seeing.  Shak. 

UX-SREM',  p.  t.     Not  to  seem.     [J^otinuse.]     Shak. 
UN-SEEM'LLNESS,  n.     U  n  cornel  i  ness  ;   indecency; 

indecorum  ;  impropriety.  Hooker. 

UX-SEEM'LY,  a.     Not  fit  or  becoming;  uncomely; 

unbecoming ;  indcccnL 

My  ton*,  let  your  unteemly  discord  Cfiat^.  Dryden. 

UN-SEEM'LY,  ado.    Indecently  ;  unbecomincly. 

Philips, 
UN-SEEX',  a.    Not  seen  ;  nnt  discovered.     Milton. 
9.  Invi.-iihle  ;  not  discoverable ;  as,  the  t/n^fCK  God. 
3.  Unskilled  ;  inexperienced,     yyot  in  use.] 

Cliirmdon. 
UN-SeT7'£D,  a.    Not  seized  ;  not  apprehended. 
2.  Nnt  possessed  ;  not  taken  into  possession. 
UX-SEI/DOM,  adv.     Not  seldom.  [Dryden. 

UN-RE-LECT'ED,  a.    Not  selected  ;  nnt  separated  by 

choice. 
UN-PE-LKCT'ING,  a.     Nnt  selecting. 
UN-SELF'ISH,  a.    Not  selfish;  not  unduly  attached 

to  one's  own  interest.  '  Spectator. 

UX-PELF'ISH-LY,  adv.     Without  selfishness. 
UX-SEXS'KD,  (-senst'j)  a.   Wimting  a  distinct  mean- 
ing; without  a  certain  signification.  Puller. 
UN-HEXS'LBLE,  a.     Nol  sen.sihle. 
[But  I?fSEN5ini.E  is  now  used.] 
UN-PE\S'^-AL-TZ-£D,  a.     Not  sensualized. 
UN-PEXT%  a.     Not  sent;  not  dispatched  ;  not  trans- 
milted. 

Unsent  for;  not  called  or  invited  to  attend. 
UN-PEN'TIENT,  (-sen'shent,)  a.     Not  sentient. 
UN-SEN'TI-NEL-£D,  a.     Without  a  sentinel. 

Ed.  Rev. 
UN-PEP' A-RA-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  parted. 

[Hut  Inseparable  is  nnw  used.] 
UX-PEP'A-RA-TED,  a.     Nnt  separated  or  parted. 
UN-PEP'UL-CHER  .ED,  (  a.     Having  no  grave;   un- 
UN-SEP'Ur.-€HRED,       j      buried.  Chapmaiu 

UX-PEP'UL-TUR-ii;D,  a.     Unburied. 
UN-PERV'/CD,  'a.     Not  served. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— MfiTE,  PREY FINE.  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE.  DOVE.  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK.— 


UNS 

UN-SKRV'TCE-A-HLE,  a.  Not  st'rviceable ;  not 
bringing  advantage,  use,  pmfit,  or  convenience; 
uselc-5s  ;  as,  an  vn^nrvkeablc  utensil  or  panneni ;  an 
unsf^rric ruble  trad  of  liuid  ;  vnatrciceable  muskets. 

UN-8ERV'I(;E-A-BLE-NESS,  w.  The  quality  or 
state  of  being  useless;  unfitness  for  use. 

Sanderson. 

UN-SERVrCE-A-BLY,  adv.  WiUiout  use  ;  without 
advantage.  JVoodward. 

UN-SET',  a.     Not  set ;  not  placed.  Hooker. 

2.  Not  Slink  below  the  horizon. 

tJN-SET'TLE,  tj.  t.  To  unfit ;  to  move  or  loosen 
from  a  fixed  slate  ;  to  unhinge  ;  to  make  uncertain 
or  fluctuating ;  as,  to  unsettle  ductrines  and  opin- 
ions. 

2.  To  move  from  a  place.  VEstrange, 

3.  To  overthrow.  Fleetwood. 
TTN-SET'TLEj  D.  t.  To  become  unfixed.  Shak. 
IJN-BET'TLA'D,  pp.    Unfixed  ;   unhinged  ;  rendered 

fluctuating. 

2.  a.    Not  settled  ;  not  fixed  ;  not  determined  ;  as 
doctrines,  questions,  opinions,  and  tlie  like. 

3.  Not  establislied.  Dryden, 
A.  Not  regular  ;  unequal ;  changeable ;  as,  an  un- 

setllcd  season  j  unsettled  weather.  Bentiey. 

5.  Not  having  a  legal  settleaicnt  in  a  town  or  par- 
ish. 

6.  Having  no  fixed  place  of  abode.  Hooker. 

7.  Not  having  deposited  its  fecal  matter;  turbid; 
as,  unsettled  liquor. 

8.  Having  no  inhabitants  ;  not  occupied  by  perma- 
nent inhabitants  ;  as,  unsealed  lands  in  America. 

Belknap.     Hamilton. 
UN-SET'TLED-NESS,  n.      The  state  'of  being  un- 
fixed, unsettled,  or  undetermined. 
3.  Irresdiutiun  ;  fluctuation  of  mind  or  opinions. 

3.  Uncertainty. 

4.  Want  of  fixedness  ;  fluctuation.  South. 
UN-SET'TLE-.MENT,  n.      Unsettled  state ;    irreso- 

hitlon.  Barrow. 

UN-PET'TLING,  ppr      Unfixing;  removing  from  a 

settled  state. 
UN-SE-VkRE',  a.     Not  severe.  PoUok. 

UN-SEV'ER-£D,  o.    Not  severed ;  not  parted  ;  not 

divided.  Shak. 

UN-SEX',  r.  t.    To  deprive  of  the  sex,  or  to  make 

otherwise  than  the  sex  commonly  is.  Shak. 

UN-SEX'£I>,  C-seksi',)  pp.    Made  otherwise  than  the 

sex  rommonlv  is. 
UN-SHACK'Lfe,  (-shak'l,)  t;.  (.    To  unfetter  :  to  loose 

from    bonds ;    to  set   free  from  restraint ;  as,  to  un- 

fhaekle  the  hands  ;  to  unshackle  the  mind. 
UN-SHACK'L£D,  pp.     Loosed  from  shackles  or  re- 

stmint. 
UN-SHACK'LING,  ppr      Liberating   from  bonds  or 

restraint. 
UN-SHAD'ED,  a.    Not  shaded;  not  overspread  with 

shade  or  darkness.  Boyle. 

2.  Not  clouded  ;  not  having  shades  in  coloring. 

UN-PHAn'nW-£D,  a.    Not  clouded;  not  darkened. 

UN-SHA'DY,  a.     Not  sbadv. 

UN-SMAK'A  BLE,fl.    That  can  not  be  shaken.    [JVy( 

in  use.)  Shak. 

UN-SHAK'fT»,  for  Unshake:*,  is  not  in  use.     Shale 
UN-SHAK'EN,  a.    Nut  shaken;    not  agitated;    not 

moved  :  firm  ;  fixed. 

2.  Not  moved  in  re^nolution  ;  firm;  steady. 

3.  Not  subject  to  concussion. 
UN-SHA.M'£D,  a.     Not  shamed;  not  ashamed  ;  not 

abashed.  Dryden, 

UN-SH.:iME'FA-Ci:D,  (-faste,)a.  Wanting  mudes- 
tv  ;  impudetrt. 

UN-SHAME'FA-Ci:D-NES3,  n.  Want  of  modesty  ; 
impudence.  Chalmers. 

UN-SHAP'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  shaped.  Good. 

UN  SHAPE',  r.  (.  To  throw  out  of  furm  or  into  di*i- 
ordcr ;  to  confound;  to  derange.    [Little  used.'\ 

Shak. 

UN-SHAP'EN,  a.    Misshapen;  deformed;  ugly- 

Addison. 

UN-SHAR'ED,  a.  Not  shared  ;  not  partaken  or  en- 
Joyed  in  C4Mnmun  ;  as,  unshared  bliss.  Milton. 

UN-SHAVED,  a.     Not  shaved.  Tooke. 

UN-SHP.ATHE',  r.  (.  To  draw  from  the  sheaUi  or 
scabbard. 


Unahtaffu  ibe  t*ord. 


Shak. 


7*0  unsheathe  the  sword ;  to  make  war 

UN-SHRATH'ED,  pp.    Drawn  from  the  sheath. 

UN-SllEATll'ING,   ppr.      Drawing  from   the  scab- 
bard. 

UN-SHED',  a.     Not  shed;  not  spilt ;  as, blood  unshed. 

Milton. 

UN-PHEET'En,  a.     Not  furnished  with  sheets. 

UN-SIIEL'TER-ED,a.     Notsheltered  ;  not  screened  ; 
nut  defended  from  danger  or  annoyance. 

Decay  of  Piety. 

UN-SHEL'TER  ING,  a.     Not  protecting ;  not  defend- 
ing fr'trn  danger  or  annoyance. 

UN-SMKXT',  0.     Not  spoiled  ;  not  disgraced. 

UNSIIIkLD'ED,  a.     Not  defended  by  a  shield;  not 
protectrd  ;  exposed.  Dryden. 

UN-SHI  FT'ING,  ft.    Not  changing  place,  pfisition,  or 
expedients.  E,  Erving. 


UNS 

UN-SHIP',  p.  L  To  tjikc  out  of  a  bhip  or  other  water 
craft  i  as.  to  unship  g(»ods. 

2.  To  remove  from  the  place  where  it  is  fixed  or 
fitted  ;  as,  to  unship  an  our ;  to  unship  capstan  barn  ; 
to  unship  the  tiller.  Mar.  Diet. 

UN-SHIP'PED,  (-8hipt',)pp.      Removed  from  a  ship 
or  from  its  place. 
2.  Destitute  uf  a  ship, 

UN-SHIR  T'ED,  a.     Not  covered  with  a  shirt. 

UN-SIHV'ER-ED,  a.     Not  shivered  or  spliL 

UN-SHIV'ER-ING,  a.     Not  shivering. 

U\-SHIV'ER-ING  LY,  ot/«.    Without  shivering. 

UN-SHIV'ER-ING-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  unshiv- 
ering. 

UN-SHOCK' ED,  (-shokt',)  a.  Not  shocked  ;  not  dis- 
gusted ;  not  astonished.  Ticket 

UN-SHOD',  a.    Not  shod  ;  having  no  shoes. 

Clarendon. 

UN-SHOQK',  a.     Not  shaken  ;  not  agitated.     Pttpc. 

UN-SHoRN',a.  Not  shorn ;  not  sheared ;  not  clipped; 
as,  unshorn  lucks.  Milton. 

UN-SHOT',  a.     Not  hit  by  shot.  Waller. 

2.  Not  shut ;  nut  ilistharged. 

UN-SHOUT',  V.  t.    To  retract  a  shout.     [J'Tot  in  use.] 

Shale. 

UN-SHOW'ER-ED,  a.  Not  watered  or  sprinkled  by 
showers  ;  as,  unsliowered  grass.  Milton. 

UN-SHRIN'ED,  a.     Not  deposited  in  a  shrine. 

Southey. 

UN-SHRINK'ING,  a.  Not  shrinking  ;  not  withdraw- 
ing from  danger  or  toil ;  not  recoiling  ;  as,  unshrink- 
ing firtnness. 

UN-SimiNK'ING-LY,  a./r.    Without  shrinking. 

UN-SHRIV'EN,  a.     Not  shriven. 

UN-SHROUD'ED,  a.     Not  shrouded  or  covered. 

UN-SHROUD'ING,  a.     Nut  shrouding. 

UN-SHRUNK',  a.     Not  shrunk  ;  not  contracted. 

UN-SHUN'NA-IJLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  shunned; 
inevitable.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Skak. 

UN  SHUN'NED,  a.     Nut  shunned  ;  not  avoided. 

UN-SHUT',  a.     Not  shut ;  open;  unclosed. 

UN-SIFT'ED,  a.  Not  sifted;  nv>t  separated  by  a 
sieve.  May. 

2,  Not  crilicallv  examined  ;  untried. 

UN-SiGHT'UN-SEEN'ja  vulgar  phr.ise.  denoting  un- 
seeing unseen,  or  unseen  repented  ;  as,  to  buy  a  thing 
unsi!jht  unseen,  that  is,  witliuut  seeing  it.     Hudibras. 

UN-SIGH'ING,  (-si'ing,)  a.     Not  si^iliing.        Byron. 

UN-STGHT'ED,  (-sll'ed,)  a.  Not  seen;  invisible. 
[Obs.]  Sitak. 

UN-SIGHT'LI-NESS,  n.  Disagreeablepess  to  the 
sight;  deformity;  ugliness.  Wiicman. 

UN-SIGHT'LY,  (-sit'le,)  a.  Disagreeable  to  (he  eye; 
ugly  ;  defMraiod.  Milton. 

UN-SIG'NAL-IZ-ED,  a.  Not  signalized  or  distin- 
guished. 

UN-SIG-NIF'I-CANT,  a.  Having  no  meaning.  [Obs.] 
[See  iMsiortirtcANT.j 

UN-SIG'NI-FI-£D,  a.  Not  made  known  by  words  or 
signs. 

UN-SIL'VER-ED,  a.  Not  covered  with  quicksilver  ; 
as,  im  vnsilvercd  mirror.  l/re. 

UN  Si  N-CeRE',  a.    Not  sincere  ;  hypocritical.    [See 

2.  Not  genuine;  adulterated.  Boyle. 

3.  Not  sound  ;  not  solid. 

[Obsolete  in  tlie  two  last  significations,  and  for  the 
first,  LtsixcKHK  is  generally  used.] 

UN-SIN-CER'I-TY,  n.  Insincerity ;  cheat  [JVol 
used.]     [See  Iwais   Ei'irr.] 

UN-SIN'EW,  r.  t.     To  deprive  of  strength.    Dryden. 

UN-SIN'EW-ED,  pp.  or  a.  Deprived  of  strength  or 
force  ;  weak  ;  uefveless.  Shak. 

UN-SIX'EW-ING,  ppr.  Depriving  of  strength;  en- 
feebling. 

UN-SIN'FfJL,  a-     Not  sinful. 

UN-SI.N'FU'I.rNESS,  n.     State  of  being  unsinful. 

UN-SING'ED,  (-siiij*!'))  <*•    NtJt  singed  ;  not  scorched. 

Brown. 

UN-SIN  'GLED,  a.     Nut  singled ;  not  separated. 

Dryden. 

UN-SI\K'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  sunk. 

UN-SINK'ING,  a.     Not  sinking;  not  failing. 

UN-SlN'NIN(i,  a.  Ctimmitting  no  sin  ;  impeccable; 
untainted  with  sin  ;  as,  unsmning  obedience. 

Rogers. 

UN-SIS'TER-LY,  adv.  or  a.     Not  like  a  sister. 

UN-SIZ'A-BLE,  a.  Not  being  of  the  pro[>er  size, 
maL'niiude,  or  hulk.  Smollett. 

UN-SIZ'ED,  a.  Not  sized  or  stiffened  ;  as,  unsized 
paper. 

UN-SKILL'ET»,  a.    Wanting  skill ;  destitute  of  readi- 
ness or  (lexlerily  in  perfurinance.  Pnpe. 
2.  Destitute  (if  pmctical  knowledge.          Dryden. 

UN-SKILL'F[JU  a.  Nut  skillful;  wanting  the 
knowledge  and  dexterity  which  are  acquired  by  ob- 
servation, use,  and  experience  ;  as,  an  unskillful  sur- 
geon ;  an  unskillful  mechanic  ;  an  unskillful  logician. 

UN-SKILL'Fgi^LY,  adv.  Without  skill,  knowledge, 
or  dexterity  ;  clumsily.  Shak. 

UN-SKI LL'Fljr^NESS,  n.  Want  of  art  or  knowl- 
edije  ;  want  of  that  readiness  in  action  or  execution, 
which  id  acquired  by  use,  experience,  and  observa- 
tion. Taylar. 


UNS 

UN-SLACK'ED,  (un-slaki',)  a.    Not  saturated  with 

water  ;  as,  unstacked  lime. 
UN-SLACK'EN-ED,  a.    Not  slackened. 
UN-SLAIN',  a.     Not  slain  ;  not  killed.  Dryden 

UN-SLAK'ED,  (slakt',)  a.    Not  hiaked  ;  unquenched  ; 

as,  unslakrd  thirst. 
UN-SLEEP'ING,  a.    Not  sleeping  ;  ever  wakeful. 

MilUnu 
UN-SLEPT',  a.     Not  slept. 
UN-SLlNG',  V.  t.     In  seamen's  language,  to  take  off 

tfie  slings  of  a  yard,  a  cask,  &c. ;  to  release  from  the 

slings.  Totten, 

UN-SLIP'FING,  a.    Not  slipping  ;  not  liable  to  slip. 

UN-SL^W',  a.     Not  slow.     [Xot  in  use.] 

UN-SLUM'HER-I.\G,  a.  Never  sleeping  or  slumber- 
ing ,   always  watching  or  vigilant.  T/wdey. 

UN-SLU.M'iiER-ING-LY,  ado.     Without  slunibering. 

UxV-SMIUOH'ED,  (-smurcht',)  a.  Not  stained;  not 
soiled  or  blacked.  Shak. 

UN-SMIRK'ING,  a.     Not  smirking.         Chesterfield. 

UN-SMciK'ED,  (smokt',)  a.     Nut  smoked  ;  not  dried 
in  smoke. 
2.  Not  used  in  smoking,  as  a  pipe.  Swift 

UN-SMOO'f  U',  a.    Not  smooth  ;  not  even  ;  rough. 

MUtvn. 

UN-SMOOTH'ED,  a.     Not  made  smooth.  ScotL 

UN-So'BER,  a.    Nut  sober.     [J\'ot  used.] 

UN-So'CIABLE,  a.  Not  suitable  to  society;  not 
having  the  qualities  which  are  proper  for  society, 
and  which  render  it  agreeable;  as,  an  unsociable 
temper. 

2.  Not  apt  to  converse ;  not  free  in  conversation ; 
reserved. 

UN-So'CIA-BLE  NESS,  (  n.     State  of  being  unsocia- 

UN-SO-CIA-BIL'I-TY,     \      ble. 

UN-So'CIA-BLY,  adv.    Not  kindly. 
2.  With  reserve. 

UN-S5'CIAL,  a.  Not  adapted  to  society  ;  not  benefi- 
cial to  society,  Shaistone. 

UN-SOCK'ET,  V.  t.    To  loose  or  take  from  a  socket. 

Swift. 

UN-SOD'ER,  V.  t.     To  separate  what  is  sodered. 

UN-SOFT',  a.     Not  soft;  hard.     [J^Tut  used.]   Chaucer. 

UN-SOFT',  fl(/i?.     Not  witli  softness.     [Obs.]   Spenser. 

UN  SOF  r'EN  ED,  a.     Not  softened. 

UN-SOIL' ED,  a.    Not  soiled  ;  not  stained;  unpolluted. 

JJrydea. 
2.  Not  disgraced  ;  not  minted  ;  as  character. 

UN-SOL'AC-ED,  a.    Not  couiforted  or  consoled. 

UN-SOLD',  a.  Not  sold ;  not  transferred  for  a  con- 
sideration. 

UN-SoL'DIER-ED,  a.  Not  having  the  qualities  of  a 
soldier.     [A'ot  in  use.]  Beaum. 

UN-SoL'DIER-LTKE,  )  a.      [See    Soldier.]      Unbe- 

UN-SoL'DIER-LY,       \      coming  a  soldier.    Broome, 

UN-SOL'EMN,  d.     Not  sacred,  serious,  or  grave. 

T'aylor. 

UN-SO-LIC'IT-ED,  a.  Not  solicited  ;  not  requested  ; 
unasked.  Halifax. 

2.  Not  asked  for;  as,  an  unsolicited  favor. 

UN-SO-LIO'lT-ED-LY,  adv.  Without  being  earnestly 
requested. 

UN-SO-LIC'IT-OUS,  o.  Not  solicitous ;  not  anxious  ; 
not  very  desirous. 

UN-SOL'ID,  a.  Not  solid  ;  not  firm  ;  not  substantial ; 
as,  unsulid  arguments  or  reasoning ;  an  unsoUd  found- 
ation. 

2.  Fluid.  Locke. 

UN-SOLV'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  bo  solved  ;  inex- 
plicable. More. 

UN-SOLV'ED,  a.     Not  solved  ;  not  explained.   fVatt3. 

IJN-So'NA-BLE,  fl.   That  can  not  be  sounded.  [Obs.] 

UN-SON'SIE,  fl.     Unlucky;  not  fortunate.  [Scottish.] 

UN-SOOT',  for  Unsweet.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

UN-SO-PHlS'I'ie-A-TED,  a.  Not  adulterated  by 
mixture;  nut  counterfeit;  pure;  as,  unsophisticated 
drugs  :  uvsophisticntcd  arguments.  Locke. 

UN-S0R'R5VV-£D,  a.    Nut  lamented  ;  not  bewafied. 

Hooker, 

UN-SORT'ED,  a.  Not  separated  into  sorts;  not  dis- 
tributed according  to  kinds  or  classes  ;  ii^,unsorted 
types  ;  unsorted  ideas.  Watts. 

UN-SOUGHT',  (-sawt'O  a.  Not  sought ;  not  searciied 
for. 

2.  Had  without  searching;  as,  unsought  honor; 
unsought  ideas.  Locke. 

UN-S5UL',  V.  u  To  deprive  of  mind  or  understand- 
ing. Shelton. 

UN-SOUND',  fl.  Not  sound;  defective;  as,  unsoiatd 
timber. 

2.  Infirm  ;  sickly;  aa,  unsound  in  health  ;  an  un- 
sound constitution. 

3.  Not  orthodox  ;  defective  ;  as,  unsound  in  faith  ; 
unsound  doctrine.  Miltier. 

4.  Not  sound  in  character;  not  honest ;  not  faith- 
ful ;  not  to  be  trusted  ;  defective  ;  deceitful.    Shak. 

5.  Not  true  ;  not  solid  ;  not  real ;  not  substantial  j 
as,  unsound  pleasures  ;  unsound  delights.     Spenser. 

6.  Not  close  ;  not  compact ;  as,  ujisound  cl)eese. 

Mortimer. 

7.  Not  sincere  ;  not  ftiithftil :  as,  unsound  love. 

Gay. 

8.  Not  solid  ;  not  material.  Spenser, 


TONE,  BJJLL,  t^NITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUa  — €  as  K ;  0  aa  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TII  as  in  THIS. 

MM 


UNS 

Sl  Bmmeous ;  wrung  j  deceitful ;   auphislkat ;  as, : 
Mngound  arguments 

10.  Not  strung  ;  as,  unsomtd  ice. 

11.  Not  f:ist ;  not  culm  ;  as,  unsound  sleep. 

12.  Not  well  establisbed  ;  defective  ;  qupslionable  ; 
as,  unsound  civdiu  Hnmllton. 

UN-SOUND'ED,  o.    Not  sounded  j  not  tried  with  the 

lead. 
UN-SOUND'LV,  adv.    Not  with  soundness  j  as,  he 

reasons  unsoundly  ;  he  sleeps  unsoundly. 
UN-SOUND'NKSS,  ft.     Defectiveness i    as,  the  w»- 

woundness  of  timber. 
a.  Defectiveness  of  faith  ;  want  of  orthodoxy. 

3.  Corruptness  ;  want  of  solidity  ;  as,  the  wutfiMd- 
ittss  of  principles.  Ht^okxr, 

A.  Defectiveness  ;  as,  the  NiumMdiieM  of  fruit. 

5.  Infirmity;  weakness;  as  of  body  j  as,  the  kn- 
mnrndMess  of  the  body  or  constitution. 

UN-SOUR'£D,  «.    Not  made  sour.  Bacon. 

SL  Not  made  nioru«e  or  crabbed.  Drydm. 

UN-SOW £0,  >  «.    Not  sown  ;  not  sowed  ;  as,  unsowM 
UN-S6WN',    {     or  unsowtd  grounil.  Bacon, 

6.  Not  scattered  un  land  for  seed  ;  as,  seed  unsown. 
3.  Not  propagated  by  seed  scattered ;  as,  unsovn 

flowers,  Vmden, 

UN-SPAR'£D,  a.    Not  sparetl.  Mtiton. 

UN-£PAR'ING,  a.  Not  [tarsimonious  ;  liberal ;  profuse. 

5.  Not  merciful  or  forgiving.  MUton, 

UN-SPaR'IXG-LY,  adc.     In  abundan*-e;  lavishlv. 

UN-SPAR'I\(i-NESS,  M.  The  quality  of  being  lib- 
eral or  profuse.  Jtfi</i»r*/, 

UN-SPXRK'U.VG,  a.  Not  emitting  sparks  ;  not  glit- 
tering. H'tlson. 

UN-SPeAK',  v.  U  To  recant;  to  retract  what  has 
been  spoken.  Skak. 

UN-SPEAK'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  uttered  :  that 
can  not  be  expressed  ;  unutterable  ;  as,  unspadtabU 
grief  or  rago.    3  Cor.  xii. 


Joy 


I*  mad  toil  of  gknj.  —  1  Pel.  L 


UN-SPeAK'A-BLY,  orfr.  In  a  manner  or  degree  that 
can  not  be  expressed  :  inexpressibly  ;  unutterably. 

UN-i^l'KAK'lXtJ,  a.     Not  utterins  wurd^. 

UN-SPKCi-FI-£D,  (-spes'e-f ide,) «.  Not  specified; 
not  particuUriy  utenliuned.  Brtnen. 

UN-SPE'CIOCS,  (-spc'shus,)  a.  Not  qiectous ;  not 
plausible.  JbiaL  Rts. 

CTN-SPE'CIOrS-LY,  arfe.    Not  spccioosly. 

UN-SPEe'i;-LA-TlVE,  a.  Not  specuUUva  or  theo- 
retical. 

CJN-SP£D\«.   Not  performed  ;  not  dispatched.  [Ohs,] 

Oartk. 

GN-SPGNT',  c  Not  spent ;  not  used  or  wasted  ;  as, 
water  in  a  cistern  unspent, 

2.  Not  exhausted  ;  as,  strength  or  force  unspent. 

3.  Not  having  lost  its  force  or  impulse  ;  as,  au  un- 
nmt  ball. 

CTN-SPHP.RE',  r,  U     To  remove  from  iu  orb.     Skak. 
UN-SPIlKR'fD,  pp.     Removed  from  its  orb. 
UN-SPI'£D,  a.     Not  seatrhed  ;  not  explored.   Milton, 

2.  Not  seen  ;  not  discuvt-red.  TickeL 

DN-SPILT',«.    Nut  spilt;  not  shed. 

9.  Not  spoiled.     ['V(>(  in  «**.)  T^usscr. 

UN-SPIR'IT,  r.  t.    To  depress  in  spirits  ;  to  dispirit; 

to  dishearten.     {Little  iwerf.]    [The  word  used  is 

DiSPIKIT.l 

UN-SPIR'IT-ED,  pp.     Dispirited. 
UN-SPIR'lT-l^-AL,  a.  Not  spiritual ;  carnal ;  worldly. 

Swift. 
UN-PPIR'IT-y-AU-IZE,  r.  t    To  deprive  of  spihtu- 

alitv.  Siiuth. 

CrN-SPIR'IT-U-AL-TZ-ED,;»p.  Deprived  of  spirituality. 
CX  SPIR'IT-r-Ab-LY,  adt.     Worldly  ;  carniillv. 
UN-SPLIT',  a.     Not  split ;  as,  unsplU  wood  will  not 

season. 
tr^T-SPOlL'ED,  a.    Not  spoiled ;  not  corrupted  ;  not 

ruined  ;  not  rendered  useless*.  Pope. 

2.  Not  plundered  ;  not  pillaged. 
DN-SPOK'f;\,  a.    Not  spoken  or  uttered. 
CN-SP5RTS'MAN-LIKE,  a.    Not  like  a  sportnnan. 
UN-SPOTTED,  a.     Not  stained  ;  free  from  spot. 

2.  Free  from   moral  iftain;  unLiinted  with  guilt; 

unblemished  :  immaculate  ;  as,  unaputtcd  reputation. 
UN-SPOT'TED-NESS,  a.    State  of  being  free  from 

stain  or  guilt.  Feltkam. 

UN-SPREAD',  (ftpred'O  a.    Not  stretched  or  extend- 
ed ;  not  set  and  furnished  witti  provisions. 
UN-SQUAR'£D,  a.     Not  made  square ;  as,  unsqaared 

timber. 
2.  Not  regular;  not  furmed.  Skak, 

UN-SaVTRE',  r.  L    To  divest  of  the  title  or  privilege 

of  an  esquire.  SwifL 

UN-STA'BLE,  a.     [L.  iit,-*ifiilw.] 

1.  Not  stable  ;  not  fixed. 

2.  Not  steady  ;  inconstant ;  irresolute ;  wavering. 
Jofiie^  i. 

UN-STa'BLE-NESS,  n.     Instability. 

UN-STAID',  a.  Not  steady  ;  mutable  ;  not  settled  in 
judgment :  volatile  ;  fickle  ;  as,  unstaid  youth.  Skak, 

UN-STAID'NES.S,  n.     Unfixed  or  volatile  state  or  dis- 
position ;  mutability  ;  fickleness  ;  indiscretiun. 
2.  Uncertain  motion  ;  unsteadiness.  Sidney. 


UNS 

UN-STAI.N'ED,  a.    Not  stained  ;  not  dyed. 

2.  Not  polluted;   not  tarnished  j  not  dishonored; 
OS,  an  HuMiUHcd  character. 

UX-STAMP'A'D.  C-slamt'.)  a.  Nt.t  stamped  or  im- 
pressed. 

UN-STANCII'KD,  (-stSnchi',)  a.  Not  stanched;  not 
stnpped  ;  as  bkHMl. 

UN-8TATE',  V.  L     To  deprive  of  dignity.  Shak. 

UN-STATES'MAN-LIKE»  a.  Not  becoming  a  states- 
man. 

UN-STA'TION-ED.  «,    Not  stationed. 

UN-STAT'l^-TA-BLE,  o.  Contrary  to  statute;  not 
warranted  by  statute.  Swift 

UN-S'r.AY'£;D,  a.  Not  stayed ;  not  stopped  or  re- 
tarded. 

UN-STEAD'FAST,  (-sted'fast,)  a.      Not  fixed  ;  not 
standing  or  bein^  firm. 
2.  Not  flrtnlv  adhering  to  a  purpose. 

DN-STKAO'FAST-LY,  adv.     Not  steadfastly. 

UN  STEAD'FAST-NESS,  (-sted'fast-ncss,)  n.  Want 
of  steudfjuiiness  ;  instability  ;  incuuslancy. 

'/T.  James. 

UN-STEAD'I-£D,  (-sted'id,)  o.  Not  supiwrtcd  j  not 
kejil  from  shaking. 

UN-STE.AD'I-LV,  (-sled'e-le,)  adc.  Without  steadi- 
ness ;  in  a  wavering,  vacillating  manner. 

2.  Inconstantly  ;  in  a  fickle  mariner. 

3.  Not  in  the  same  manner  at  ditfercnt  times  ;  va- 
riously. Locke. 

UN-S'J'EAD'I-NESS,  (-sted'-,)  n.  Unstableness ;  in- 
ctmsiancy  ;  want  of  firmness  ;  irresolution  :  muta- 
bleness  of  opinion  or  purjiose.  Addison. 

2.  Frequent  change  of  place;  vacillation. 

UN-STEAD' V,  (sted'e,)  a.  Not  steady  ;  not  constant ; 
irresolute.  Denham. 

2.  Mutable;  variable;   changeable;   as,  unsteady 
winds. 

3.  Not  adhering  constantly  to  any  fixed  {dau  or 
business. 

UN-STEEP'£D,  (un-stecpt',)  0.  Not  steeped ;  not 
Soaked.  Bacon. 

UN-STIG'M.A-TTZ-KD,  a.   Not  marked  with  disgrace. 

UN-STIM'tT-LA-TED,  a.  Not  siinmlalcd  ;  not  excit- 
ed ;  as,  unstimulated  nature.  L.  Bercher. 

UN-STIM'y-LA-TING,  a.  Not  exciting  motion  or 
action. 

UN-STING',  ».  L    To  disarm  of  a  sling.  South. 

EIp^iU   dicaenatioo*  on  virtue  anil   vton  — will    not  un$ting 
caUmiiy.  J,  M,  Maaon. 

UN-STING' ED,  pp.     Deprived  of  lis  sting.     Pollok. 

UN-STINT'ED,  a.     Not  stinted  ;  not  limited.  Skelton. 

UN-STXR'R£D,  (-slurd',)  a.  Not  stirred;  not  agita- 
ted. Boyle. 

UX-PTTR'RING,  a.    Not  moving  ;  not  agitating. 

UN-STITCH',  p.  t    To  open  by  picking  out  stitches. 

Collier. 

tTN-STITCH'ED,  (-sticht',)  a.     Not  stitched. 

UN-STITCH'IXG,  ppr.  Opening  by  picking  out 
stitches, 

U\-STOOP'ING,  a.  Not  rtooping  ;  not  bending ;  not 
yit'ldiiiz  ;  as,  uastoiipintr  firmness.  Shak. 

U\-STOP',  r.  t    To  free  fmm  a  stopple,  as  a  bottle 
or  cask. 
2.  To  free  from  any  obstruction  ;  to  open.     Boyle, 

UN-STOP'PfiD,  C-stupl',)  pp.     Opened. 

2.  a.     Not  meeting  any  resistance.  Dnjden. 

UN-STOP'PING,  ppr.  Taking  out  a  stopper;  open- 
ing; freeing  from  obstruction. 

UN-STOR'i:D,  a.  Not  stored  ;  tiot  laid  up  in  store  ; 
niit  warehoused. 

2.  Not  supplied  with  stores ;  as,  a  fort  mistered 
with  provisions. 

UX-ST6'RI-£D,  pp.     Not  related  in  story. 

UX-STORM'£D,  a.  Not  assaulted;  not  taken  by  as- 
sault. Addison. 

UN-STRAIN'JED,  a.     Not  strained  ;  as,  unstrained  oil. 
2.  Easy;    not  forced;   natural;   as,  an  unstrained 
derivation.  Hakewlll. 

UN-STRa[T'£N-£D,  a.  Not  straitened  ;  not  con- 
tracted. 

UX-STRAT'I-FT-ED,  a.  Not  stratified  ;  not  formed 
or  being  in  strata  or  lavers.  Cleaveland. 

UN-STRE\GTH'£N-£b,  o.  Not  strengthened  ;  not 
supported  ;  not  assisted.  Hooker. 

UN-STRING',  K.  L  To  relax  tension  ;  to  loosen  ;  as, 
to  iutstriniT  the  nerves. 

2.  To  deprive  of  strings  ;  as,  to  unstring  a  harp. 

3.  To  loose  ;  to  untie. 

4.  To  lake  from  a  string  ;  as,  to  unstring  beads. 
UN-STRING'ING,  p;/r.   Depriving  of  strings  ;  loosing 

from  a  string. 

UN-STRUCK',  a.  Not  stnick  ;  not  impressed  ;  not 
affectf'd  ;  as,  unstruck  with  horror.  Philips. 

UN-STRUNG',  pp.  Relaxed  in  tension;  loosed;  un- 
tied ;  taken  fmm  a  string,  as  beads. 

UN-STUD'I-£D,  (-stud'id,)  a.  Not  studied  ;  not  pre- 
meditated. Dryden. 

2.  Not  labored  ;   easy ;  natural ;   as,  an  imstudied 
sivle. 

UN^TO'DI-OUS,  a.  Not  studious;  not  diligent  In 
studv.  Uwisht. 

UN-StUFF'£D,  C-stuft',)  a.  Not  stuffed  ;  not  filled  ; 
not  crowded.  Shak. 


UNS 

UN-STUNG',  ;>/;.     Not  stung. 

Ui\-HUIM>0'£l),  a.  Nut  subdued  ;  not  brought  Into 
subjection  ;  not  cimquered ;  as,  nations  or  passions 
unsubdued. 

UN-SUB'JECT,  fl.  Not  subject;  not  liable;  not  ob- 
noxious. 

UN  SUn-JECT'ED,  a.     Not  subjected  ;  not  subdued. 

UX-SUB'JU-GA-TED,  a.     Not  subjugated. 

UN-SiriJ-MlSS'IVE,  a.    Not  submissive  ;  disobedient. 

UN-SUB-MISS'IVE-LY,  adv.     Not  submissively. 

UN-SUB-MIT'TING,  a.  Nttt  submitting;  not  obse- 
quious ;  nr)t  readilv  yielding.  Thomson. 

UN-SUB-OR'DI-NA-TED,  a.  Not  subordinated  or 
reduced  to  subjection. 

UN-SUB-ORN'£D,  a.  Not  suborned  ;  not  procured 
by  secret  collusion.  Ash,     Hume. 

UN-SUB-PCRTB'ING,  a.     Not  subscribing.     Cowper. 

UN-SUB'SI-DIZ-£D,  a.  Not  engaged  in  another's 
service  by  receiving  subsidies. 

UN-SUB-STAN'TIAL,  (shal,)  a.  Not  substantial; 
not  solid.  Milton. 

2.  Not  real ;  not  having  substance.         Addison. 

UN-SUB-STAN'TIAL-IZ-£D,  a.  Not  made  substan- 
tial. 

UN-SUB-STAN'TIAL-LY,  adv.  Without  solidity  or 
substance. 

UN-SUB-VERT'ED,  a.  Not  ovcrtlirown  ;  not  entire- 
ly destroyed. 

UN-SUe-CEED'ED,  a.    Not  succeeded ;  not  followed. 

Milton. 

UN-SUC-CESS'FJJL,  a.  Not  successful ;  not  produ- 
cing the  desired  event;  not  fortunate.        Addison. 

UN-SU€-CESS'F1JL-LY,  adv.  Without  success  ;  with- 
out a  favorable  issue  ;  unfortunately.  South. 

UN-SUeCESS'FJJL-NESS,  n.  Want  of  success  or 
favorable  issue. 

UN-SUe-CESS'IVE,  a.  Not  proceeding  by  a  flux  nt 
|Kirts  or  by  regular  succession.  Ifalc, 

UN-SUCK'£D,  (un-sukt',)  a.  Not  having  the  breasts 
drawn.  MUton. 

UN-SUF'FER-A-BLE,  a.  Not  sufferablej  not  to  be 
endured  ;  iiitiderable. 

[Rut  the  word  now  used  is  Insuffekable.] 

UN-SUF'FEU-A-BLY,  ado.    So  as  not  to  be  endured. 
[For  lliis,  Insuffekably  is  chiefly  used.] 

UN-SUF'FER-ING,  a.    Not  suffering  ;  not  lulerating. 

Young. 

UN-SUF-FI"CIENCE,  (-fish'ens,)  n.    Inability  to  an- 
swer the  end  proposed. 
[For  this,  iNsrFFiciEtfcr  is  used.] 

UN-SUF-FI"CIEXT,  (-fish'ent,)  a.  Not  sufficient; 
inadequate. 

[For  this,  Iwsufficiekt  is  now  used.] 

UN-SIJG'AR-£D,  a.    Not  sweetened  with  sugar. 

Bacon. 

UN-SCIT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  suitable  ;  unfit;  not  adajrf- 
ed  ;  as,  timber  unsuitable  for  a  bridge. 

Q.  Unbecoming;  improper;  as,  a  dress  unsuitable 
for  a  clergyman  ;  unsuitable  returns  for  favors. 

UN-SCIT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Unfitness  ;  incongruity  , 
impropriety.  South. 

UN-SOIT'A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  unbecoming  or 
improper. 

2.  Incongruously  ;  as,  a  man  and  wife  unsuitably 
matched. 

UN-SulT'ED,  a.  Not  suited ;  not  fitted  ;  not  adapt- 
ed ;  not  accommodated. 

UN-SCIT'ING,  a.    Not  fitting  ;  not  becoming.     Shah 

UN-SUL'LI-£D,  a.     Not  sullied;  not  stained;  not 
tarnished. 
2.  Not  disgraced  ;  free  from  imputation  of  evil, 

UN-SUL'LI-£D-IA%  adv.     Without  being  sullied. 

UN-SUNG',  a.  Not  sung  j  not  celebrated  in  verse  ;  not 
recited  in  verse.  Addison. 

UN-SUN'N£D,  o.  Not  having  been  exposed  to  the 
sun.  Milton. 

UN-SU-PEU'FLU-OUS,  a.    Not  more  than  enough. 

Milton. 

UN-SUP-PLANT'ED,  a.  Not  supplanted  ;  not  over- 
thrown by  secret  means  or  stratagem. 

UN-SUP-PLT'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  supplied. 

UN-SUP- PLr'£D,  a.  fiot  supplied;  not  furnished 
with  things  necessary.  Dryden. 

UN-SUP-PORT'A-BLE,a.  That  can  not  be  supported  ; 
intolerable.     [But  Issuppoetable  is  generally  used.] 

UN-SUP-PoRT'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Insupportablcness. 
[The  hiiirr  w  r.hiipi  used.] 

UN-SUP-PoRT'A-liLY,  adv.  Insupporlably.  [  The 
latter  is  trenfiraHi/  used.] 

UN-SUP-PoRT'ED,  a.    Not  supported;  not  upheld; 

not  sustained.  Milton. 

9.  Not  countenanced  ;  not  assisted.  Brown. 

UN-SUP-PRESS'£D,(-sup-prest',)a.  Not  suppressed  ; 
not  suhilued  ;  not  extinguished 

UN-SUP'PU-RA-TIVE,  a.     Not  suppurating. 

UN-SUIIE',  (-shure',)  a.  [See  Sure.]  Not  fixed  :  not 
certain.  Pope. 

UN-SUR'6ie-AL,  a.  Not  in  a  surgical  manner;  not 
according  to  the  principles  and  rules  of  surgery. 

UN-SUR-MTS'EH,  a.     Not  surmised. 

UN-SUR-MOUNT'A  BLE,  fl.  That  can  not  be  sur- 
mou'iled  or  overcome  ;  insuperable.  Locke. 

UN-SUR-PXSS'£D,  (-sur-pAst',)  a.  Not  surpassed; 
not  exceeded. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  W^HAT.  — MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NoTE,  DOVE,  MCVE,  WQLF,  BQOK.— 


1316 


UNT 

UN-SUR-REN"DER-£D,  a.  Not  surrendered  ;  not 
yielded  to  oihors.  Story. 

UN  Si;S-CEl"Tl-BLE,a.  Not  susceptible  ;  nnt  capa- 
ble uf  admitting  or  receiving  ;  as,  a  hL-art  untujtcejiti- 
fr/eofiuipreasiuns  ;  a  substance  unsusceptible  of  clmn^e 
or  of  pornianent  colors, 

UX-SUS-CEP'TI-BLE-NESS,  )  n.    Want  of  sucepti- 

UN-SUS-CEI»-TI-BtL'I-TV,     \      hility. 

UX-SrS-CEP'TI-BLY,  ode.     Without  susceptibility. 

trN-SUS-PE€T',  for  Unsuspected,  is  not  in  use. 

UX-SUS-PE€T'ED,  a.  Not  suspected  ;  not  consid- 
ered as  likely  to  have  done  an  evil  act,  nr  to  liavc  a 
disposittdn  to  evil.  Swift.     Dryden. 

U.\-SUS-PE€T'ED-LY,  ado.  In  a  manner  to  avoid 
suspicion.  Pope. 

UX-S U S-PECT' I XG,  a.  Not  imagining  that  any  ill 
is  designed  ;  free  from  sustpicion.  Pope. 

UX-SUS-PEeT'rXG-LY,  adv.     Without  sus^picion. 

UN-SUS-PI"CIOUS,  (-sus-pish'us,)  a.      Having  no 
suspicion  ;  not  indulging  the  imagination  of  evil  in 
others  ;  as,  an  unsuspicioiu  youth. 
2.  Not  to  be  suspected  ;  as,  un^u^ictous  testimony. 

Mitford. 

UN-SUS-PI"CIOUS-LY,  adn.    Without  Biispif;ion. 

UN-SUS-TaIN'A-BLE,  a.  Not  sustainable  ;  that  can 
not  be  maintained  or  supported  ;  as,  unsustainable 
pain  ;  a  suit  in  law  Hngiutai/uible. 

UN-SUS-TaIN'£D,  a.  Not  sustained  ;  notsupported  ; 
not  seconded. 

UX-SUS  TAIX'IXG,  o.     Not  sustaining. 

UN-SWATHE^  r.  L  To  take  a  swathe  from  ;  to  re- 
lieve from  a  bandage.  .Addison. 

UX-SWA'f  H'£D,  pp.    Relieved  from  a  bandage. 

UN-SWA  V'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  swayed,  gov- 
erned, or  influenced  by  another.     [Ltttle  used.] 

SJiak. 

UN-SWAY' £:D,  (-swade^)  a.  Not  swayed  ;  not  wield- 
ed ;  as  a  scepter. 
2.  Not  biased  ;  not  controlled  or  influenced. 

UN-SWA  Y'ED-XESS,  n.  Steadiness  ;  state  of  being 
ungoverned  by  another.  Jfatc. 

UN-SWEaR',  v.  £.    To  recant  or  recall  an  oath. 

Spenser. 

UN-SWEAT',  (-swet',)  v.  «.  To  ease  or  cool  after  ex- 
ercise or  toil.  Milton. 

UN-SWEAT'ING,  (-swet'ing,)  o.    Not  sweating. 

Drtjden. 

UN-SWEET',  a.     Not  sweet     [LitiXe  used.] 

Spenser. 

UN-SWEPT',  a.  Not  cleaned  with  a  broom  ;  not 
swept ;  not  brushed.  S/tak. 

UN-SUS-PEXD'ED,  a.  Not  hung  up;  not  delayed; 
not  held  undetermined.  IVordsicortfL, 

UN-S WERV'IXG,  a.  Not  roving  j  not  deviating  from 
any  rule  or  standard. 

UN-SWERV'ING-LY,  adv.  In  a  firm,  undeviating 
manner. 

UN-SWORN',  a.  Not  sworn  ;  not  bound  by  an  oath  ; 
not  having  taken  an  oath;  as,  the  witness  is  un- 
mcom. 

UN-SVM-MET'Rie-AL,  a.  Wanting  s>mmetry  or 
due  proportion  of  parts. 

2.  In  botany,  unsymmetrical  flowers  are  Buch  as 
have  not  the  segments  of  the  calyx  and  corolla,  and 
the  sepals  and  jwtals,  and  also  the  stamens,  regular 
and  similar.  Lindley. 

UN-SYM-MET'RIC-AL-LY,  arfp.    Not  symmetrically, 

UX-SYM'PA-TlirZ-ING,  a.     Not  sympathizing. 

UN-SYM'PA-THIZ-rNG-LY,o(/r.  VVithout  sympathy. 

UN-SYS-TEM  AT'ie,         ia.     Not  systematic;    not 

UN-SYS-TEM-AT'ie-AL,  i  having  regular  order, 
d).stributton,  or  arrangement  of  parts.  .Ames. 

UN-SYS-TE.M-AT'ie-AL-LY,  adv.     Without  system. 

UN-SYS'TEM-A-TIZ-£D,  \  a.     Not  svslemized  ;  not 

UN-SYS'TEM-IZ-ED,  \  arranged  in  due  order; 
not  formed  into  system. 

UN-TACK',  V.  L  To  separate  what  is  tacked  ;  to  dis- 
join ;  to  loosen  what  is  fast.  Milton. 

UN-TAINT'ED,  a.  Not  rendered  impure  by  admix- 
ture ;  not  impregnated  with  foul  matter ;  as,  vn 
tainted  air, 

%  Not  sullied  ;  not  stained  ;  unblemished ;  as,  un- 
UdnUd  virtue  or  reputation. 

3.  Not  rendered  unsavory  by  putrescence ;  as,  un- 
tainied  meat. 

4.  Not  charged  with  a  crime  ;  not  accused  ;  as,  he 
lived  untainted.  Skak. 

UN-TAIXT'EI>-LY,    adv.      Without   spot;   without 

blemish  ;  without  imputation  of  crime. 
UN-TAINT'ED-NESS,  ti.    State  or  quality  of  being 

untainted  ;  purity.  Hall. 

UN-TAK'BN,   (tak'n,)   a.     Not  Uken  ;  not  seized  ; 
nut  apprehended  ;  as,  a  thief  untaken. 
3.  Not  reduced  ,  not  subdued ;  as,  unt^en  Troy. 

Pope. 
3.  Not  swallowed. 

Untaken  away  ,•  not  removed.    2  Cor.  Hi. 
Untkfn  up  ;  not  occupied  ;  not  filled.         Boyle. 
UN-TALK' KD  of;  not  talked  of;  not  made  the  sub- 
ject of  conversation. 
UN-TAM'A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  tamed  or  do- 
mesticated ;  that  can  not  be  reclaimed  from  a  wild 
itate,  Oreu}. 

2.  Not  to  be  subdued  or  reduced  to  control. 


UNT 

UX-TAM'A-BLY,  aclv.     Not  tamahly. 

UN-TAM'/JU,  a.     Not  rrclaimed  from  wildncss;  not 

dorrK'stirated  ;  not  mode  familiar  with  man  ;  as,  an 

untamed  beast. 

2.  Not  suhducd  ;  not  brought  under  control ;  as,  a 
turbulent,  untamed  mind.  Dryden. 

3.  Not  »«»l"ttncd  or  rendered  mild  by  culture  ;  as,  an 
untamtil  pcoph*.  Spenser. 

UN-TAX'GI-HLY,  arfr.     Intangibly. 
UN-TAN"GLE,  (tang'gl,)  c.  (.    To  disentangle;  to 

loose  from  tangles   or    intricacy ;  as,  to   untangle 

tliread. 

Unlansle  ihis  cruel  chain.  Prior. 

UN-TAN"GLKD,  (-ting'gid,)  pp.    Disentangled. 

UX-TAN"GMNG,  ppr.     Disentangling. 

UN-TXR'NISH./:D,  (-lilr'nisht,)  a.  Not  soil^-d  ;  not 
tarnished  ;  not  stained  ;  unblemished;  asjuntimiisked 
silk  :  untarnished  reputation. 

UX-TASK'/:i),  C-tiskt',)  a.     Not  tasked. 

UN-'i'AST'ED,  a.     Not  tasted;  not  tried  by  the  taste 
or  tongue. 
2.  Not  enjoyed  ;  as,  untasted  pleasures. 

UN-TASTE'FJjIi,  a.  Having  no  taste  ;  being  without 
taste. 

UN-TASTE'FyL-LY,  adv.  Without  taste  or  grace- 
fulness ;  in  bad  taste.  Br.  Rev, 

UN-TAST'ING,  a.  Not  tasting;  not  perceiving  by 
the  taste.  Smitk. 

UN-'i'AUGIIT',  (-tawt',)  a.   Not  taught  ;  not  instruct- 
ed ;  not  educated  ;  unlettered  ;  illiterate.    Dryden, 
2.  Unskilled;  new;  not  liaving  use  or  practice. 
A  tongue  untaugfu  to  plead  fur  favor.  SkaJe. 

UN-TAX'£D,  (-takst',)  a.    Not  taxed ;  not  charged 

with  taxes. 
2.  Not  accused. 
UN-TeACH',  r.  (. ;  pret.   and  pp.  Untaught.     To 

cause  to  forget  or  lose  what  has  been  taught. 

Experience  wtll  uttteach  tu.  Brown. 

UN-TkACH'A-BLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  taught  or 
instructed;  indocile.  Milton. 

UN-'I'kACH'A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  not 
readily  receiving  instruction  ;  inducility.  Scott. 

UX-TEE.MTXG,  a.     Not  producing  young;  barren. 

UN-TE.M'PERATE,  a.     Intemperate. 
[  7'Ap  lattrr  is  now  used.] 

UN-TEM'PER-£D,  a.  Not  tempered  ;  not  duly  mixed 
for  use  ;  not  durable  or  strong. 

UN-TE.\IPT'ED,  a.  Not  tempted  ;  not  tried  by  en- 
ticements or  persuasions;  not  invited  by  any  thing 
alluring. 

UN-TEMPT'ING,  a.  Not  tempting;  not  adapted  to 
tempt,  invite,  or  allure.  Bacon. 

UN-TEMPT'ING-LY,  adv.  Not  in  a  tempting  man- 
ner. 

UN-TEX'A-BLE,  a.  Not  tenable;  that  can  not  be 
held  in  possession  ;  as,  an  untenable  jiost  or  fort. 

Dnjden.     Clarendon. 
2.  That  can  not  be  maintained  or  supported  ;  not 
defensible  ;    as,  an    untenable    doctrine  ;    untenable 
ground  in  argument. 

UN-TEX'ANT-A-BLE,  a.  Not  fit  for  nn  occupant; 
not  in  suitable  repair  or  condition  for  a  tenant. 

UN-TEN'ANT-ED,  a.  Not  occupied  by  a  tenant ;  not 
inhabitetl.  Temple. 

UN-TEND'ED,  a.  Not  tended  ;  not  Iiaving  any  at- 
tendant. Thomson. 

UN- TEN'DER,  a.     Not  tender  ;  not  soft. 

2.  Wanting  sensibilitv  or  affection.  Shak. 

UX-TEXD'ER-/;D,  a.  Not  tendered  ;  not  offered  ;  as, 
vntendrred  m(mey  or  tribute.  Shak. 

UX-TEN'DER-LY,  adv.    Without  tenderness. 

UN-TENT',  V.  L  To  bring  out  of  a  tent.  {Little 
used,]  Shak. 

UN-TENT'ED,  a.  Not  tented  ;  not  having  a  tent  ap- 
plied. SA«A, 

UX-TERM'IN-A-TIXG,  a.     Not  limiting;  not  ending. 

UX-TER'RI-FI-KI),  (-re-flde,)  a.  Not  terrified  ;  not 
affrighlwt;  not  daunted.  Milton. 

UN-TEST'ED,  a.  .Not  tested;  not  tried  by  a  sTand- 
RcJ.  Adamses  Led. 

UN-THANK' £D,  (-thankl',)  a.  Not  thanked  ;  not  re- 
paid with  acknowledgments.  Dryden. 

2.  Not   received    with   thankfulness;   as,  an   wn- 
thankexl  reprieve.     [  Unusual.]  Dryden. 

UN-THANK'FJ;L,  o.    Not  thankful;  ungrateful ;  not 
making  acknowledgments  for  good  received. 
Tor  lie  U  kind  to  the  unlkant^ut  and  to  the  evil.  —  Luke  ri, 

UN-THANK'FJJL-LY,  adv.  Without  thanks;  with- 
out a  grateful  acknowledgment  of  favors.      BoyU. 

UN-THA\K'F!JL,-NE.SS,  n.  Neglect  or  omission  of 
acknowledgment  for  good  received  ;  want  of  a  sense 
of  kindness  or  benefits  ;  ingratitude. 

Imimxl^-rate  faTon  breed  Rrat  unlhank/ulTUMt,  and   aflprwsuxl 
h.vte.  Haj/uMrd. 

[See  Taeitus^s  .Sn-n.  iv.  18.] 

UN-THAW'JSD,  a.  Not  thawed;  not  melted  or  dis- 
solved"; as  ice  or  snow.  Pope. 

UN-THE-0-RE'l'']e,         (  a.     Not  depending  on  tho- 

UN-THE-O-RET'iC-AL,  i  ory  or  speculation;  not 
speculative,  Coleridge. 

UN-THINK',  r.  (.    To  dismiss  a  thought.  Shak. 


UNT 

IIN-THINK'ING,  a.      Not   thinking;    not   heedAU ; 

thoughtless;  inconsiderate;  a^,  uniAi"*in^  youth. 
2.  Not  indicating  thought  or  reflection;  as,  around, 

■unthiitkiiiir  face.  Pope. 

UN.'I'HINK'ING-LY,     adv.        Without    reflection; 

thoughtlessly. 
UN-THINK'IXG-NESS,  ji.     Want  of  thought  or  re- 
flection ;  habitual  thoughtlessness.  Halifax, 
UN-THOItN'Y,  a.    Not  thorny  ;  free  from  thorns. 

Brown, 
UN-THOUGHT'FfJL,  C-thawl'fuI,)  a.    ThoughlleMj 

heedless.  Coteley. 

UN-THOUGHT'  of;  not  thought  of;  not  regarded j 

not  heeded.  Shak. 

UN-THREAD',  (-thred',)  tj.  (.    To  draw  or  take  out 

a  thread  from  ;  as,  to  unthread  a  needle. 
2.  To  loose.  Milton, 

UN-THREAU'ED,  pp.    Deprived  of  a  thread. 
UN-THKEAD'ING,  ppr.     Depriving  of  a  thread. 
UN-THltEAT'i-rN-fJD,    (-thret'nd,)    a.      Not  threat- 

eneil  ;  luit  menaced.  K.  Charles. 

UX-THREAT'i^JN-lNG,  a.    Not  indicating  a  menace. 
UN'TIIRIFT,  n.    A  prodigal;   one  who  wastes  his 

estate  by  extravagance.  Dryilen. 

UN-TillllFT'I-LY,  of/u.    Without  frugality.     CoUier. 
UN-T1IRIFT'[-NESS,  n.     Waste  of  property  without 

necessity  (»r  use  ;  prodigality  ;  profusion.     Hayieard. 
UN-THRIFT'Y,  a.    Prodigal ;  lavish  ;  profuse  ;  sjjend- 

ing  property  without  nec^tisity  or  use.  Sidney. 

2.  Not  thriving  ;  not  gaining  property  ;  as,  an  un^ 
thrifty  farmer. 

3.  Not  gaining  flesh  ;  as,  an  unthrifty  ox. 

4.  Nol^viporous  in  gro^vlh,  as  a  plant. 
UN-THRIVING,  a.    Not  thriving  ;  not  prospering  in 

temporal  afl*air3  ;  not  gaining  property. 

UN-THROXE',  17.  t.    To  remove  from  a  throne,  or 
from  supreme  authority  ;  to  dethrone. 

UN-THRoN'£D,  pp.     Removed  from  a  throne;  de- 
posed. 

UN-THRONG'SD,  o.    Not  crowded  by  a  multitude. 

UN-TI'I)I-LY,  adv>     In  an  untidy  manner. 

UN-TI'DI-NESS,  71.    Want  of  tidiness  or  neatnera. 
2.  TJnseaso[iabIenes8. 

UN-TI'DY,  a.    Not  tidy  ;  not  seasonable  ;  not  ready. 
2.  Not  neatly  dressed  ;  not  in  good  order. 

UN-TIE',  V.  u    To  loosen,  as  a  knot;  to  disengage 
the  parts  that  form  a  knot.     Untie  the  knot. 

2.  To  unbind  ;  to  free  from  any  fastening  ;  as,  to 
untie  an  iron  chain.  tValler. 

3.  To  loosen  from  coils  or  convolution  ;  as,  snakes 
untied.  Pope. 

4.  To  loose  ;  to  separate  something  attaclied  ;  as, 
to  untie  the  tongue. 

5.  To  resolve  ;  to  unfold  ;  to  clear.  Watts, 
UN-TI'£D,  (-tide',)  pp.    Loosed,  as  a  knot ;  unbound ; 

separated  ;  resolved. 

2.  a.  Not  tied ;  not  bound  or  gathered  in  a  knot  j 
loose. 

3.  Not  fastened  with  a  knot. 

4.  Not  lield  by  any  tie  or  band. 

UN-TIL',  jn-cp.    [un  and  till.    Bee  Till.]    To;  used 
of  time. 

He  and  his  hona  were  pricsta  of  the  tribe  of  Dan,  untU  the  day 
of  llie  captivity.  —  Jmlffc*  xviii. 

2.  To;  used  of  objects.     [Obs.]  SpeTiser. 

3.  Preceding  a  sentence  or  clause,  to;  that  is,  to 
the  event  mentioned,  or  the  time  of  it ;  as,  until  this 
hour;  until  this  year. 

The  Kapler  shall  not  depart  from  Judah  —  urtlii  Shiloli  came,  — 
Gcii.  xlix. 

4.  To  the  point  or  place  of. 

In  open  proipccl  nothing  botuids  our  eye, 

UnlU  the  earth  •eeins  joined  umo  liic  altj.  Dryden. 

5.  To  the  degree  that. 

Thou   »hMt  push  Syria,  until   they  be  consumed.  — 2  Chron. 
xviii. 

JVote. —  Until  is  always  the  same  part  of  speech  in 
fact,  and  has  the  same  signification.  The  only  dif- 
ference i.s,  that  it  is  followed  sometimes  by  a  single 
word  denoting  lime,  and  in  other  cases  by  a  verb  de- 
noting an  event,  or  a  word  denoting  place  or  degree. 
The  sense  is  in  all  cases  to ;  and  till  may  be  used  as 
its  substitute,  and  in  modern  usage  it  is  most  com- 
mon. 
UN-TILE',  V.  t.    To  take  the  tiles  from  ;  to  uncover 

by  removing  tiles.  Sirift. 

UN-TIL' /:d,  pp.  or  a.    Ptripped  of  tiles  ;  not  tiled. 
UN-TIL'ING,  ppr.     Stripping  of  tUes. 
UN-TILL'1:D,  a.    Not  tilled  ;  not  cultivated. 

Mortimer. 
UN-TI.M'BER-£D,  a.    Not  furnished  with  timber. 

Shak. 
2.  Not  covered  with  timber-trees ;  as,  untimbered 
land.  .    . 

UN-TIME'LY,  a.    Happening  before  the  usual  time  j 
as,  untimely  frost. 

2.  Hapi>ening  before  the  natural  time  ;  premature; 
as,  untimthj  death  ;  untimeltf  fate.  Dryden. 

UN-'I'IME'LY,  adv.    Before  the  natural  time. 

What  U  untimely  done.  Shot. 

UN-TIXe'TTiR-iCD,  a.    Not  tinctured ;  not  tinged, 
stained,  mixed,  or  infected.  Qoldsmith. 


TCNE,  BULL,  i;Nn'E.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  as  K ;  0  aa  J ;  9  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


153 


I2i7 


UNT 

UN-TIN6'ED,  (-tiijd',)  o.  Not  tinged  ;  not  stntned  j 
not  dUculonitt;  aa,  water  tuttutgedj  wUingtd  benius 
of  light.  BoyU. 

2.  Ni>l  infected.  Swift. 
UN-Till  A  IILE,  a.    That  can  not  be  wearied  ;  inde- 

fMiaahle ;  iluwe.lriej.  S\ak. 

UK-TIR'.\-UUE-NESS,  ».    The  state  of  being  unlira- 

ble. 
ON-TTR'£D,  ■.    Not  tired ;  not  exhausted  bylabor. 

UN-TIE'INO,  a.    Not  becoming  tired  or  exhausted; 

as,  uHtirini^  patience. 
UN-TIR'ING-LY,  adr.     Indefaligably. 
UN-TTTH'ED,  o.    Not  subjected  to  tithes.      PMji. 
UN-TI'TL£D,  «.    llaving  no  title ;  as,  an  wOilM  ty- 

rant.  ^*«*- . 

UN'TO,  prep.     [Compound  of  hii,  not,  and  to.]     II  la 

used  instead  of  ti>,  but  it  is  not  in  oui  mother  ton^nie. 

Dor  is  it  used  in  po[H)lar  discourse  or  in  modem 

writings.    It  is  therefore  to  be  rejected,  as  obsolete 

and  not  legitimate. 
UN-TOLD',  0.    Not  told  ;  not  relau>d  ;  not  revealed. 
trailer.    I>rfi€M. 
S.  Not  numbered  ;  as,  inoney  umtsU. 
UN-TOMB',  (-toom',)e.  J.    To  di-^iuter.  l\Utr. 

UN-TOMB'£D,  (-toumd',)  pp.    Disinterred  ;  remoTeS 

from  a  tomb. 
UN-TOOTH'SOME,  a.    Not  pleasant  to  the  taste. 
UN-TOP.-.MEN"T'ED,  a.    Nut  put  in  |iain  ;  not  leased. 
UN-TOS3'£D,  (-tost',)  a.    Not  tossed. 
UN-TOUCH' A-BLE,  (-tuch'a-bl,)  a.  Not  to  be  touched. 

FtUiai:t, 
UN-TOUCH'ED,  (un-tucht',)  a.    Not  touched  ;  not 

reached  ;  not  hit.  Stephrns. 

S.  Not  moved ;  not  affected ;  as,  the  heart  ■»- 

ttutlud. 

3.  Not  meddled  with;   as,  books  untouched  for 

UN-TCWARD,  «.     Froward  ;  perverse  ;  reftactoi;  ; 
not  easily  guided  or  taught.    jSete  IL 
a.  Awkward  j  ungracefU ;  as,  mUawrd  words. 

Osedk. 
3.  Inconvenient;    troublesome;   tuunanageable ; 
as,  an  Matomtrrf  vow.  Hudihras. 

UN-t6'W.ARD-LY,  adv.  In  a  froward  or  perveiae 
manner  ;  perversely  ;  unjtainly.  T\liots»n. 

UN-TO'VYABD-LY,  a.  Awkward  ;  pervene  ;  fh>- 
ward.  Zaeka. 

UN-TO'\VARD-XESS,  it  Awkwardness;  IVowaid- 
nesa  ;  perverseness.  Bp.  JViUem, 

UN-TO\V'Ell-ED,  a.    Not  defended  by  U.wera. 

UN-TRACE' .\-ULE,  a.  TbU  can  not  be  traced  or  fol- 
lowed. SamllL 

UN-TRiC'£D,  (un-tnstc',)  a.  Not  trued ;  not  fol- 
lowed. 

2.  Not  marked  by  footsteps.  Dnkam, 

3.  Not  marked  out. 

UN-TRACK'ED,  (-tiakt',)  a.  Not  tracked ;  not 
marked  bv  fix>tstepe. 

2.  Xl<  followed  by  the  tracks. 
UN-TRACT'.V-BLE,  a.     [U  iiitracUiaU.\ 

I.  Not  tractable;  not  yielding  to  discipline;  stub- 
born ;  indocUe ;  ungovematile ;  as,  an  tuUraeiMe 
Bon.  Irrflrr. 

a.  Rough  ;  difficult.  MOtim. 

3.  Not  yielding  to  the  heat  or  to  the  hammer,  as 
as  ore. 

[I:«TRACTABLE  IS  moTc  cenciallv  used.] 
UN-TRACT' A-BLE-XESS,  n.     Refractoriness  ;  stub- 
bornness ;  unwillingness  to  be  governed,  controlled, 
or  manaced.  l^cJie. 

UN-TRAD'IXG,  a.    Not  engaged  in  commerce ;  as,  an 

umtrailinf  country  or  city. 
UN-Ta.AIX.tD,  a.    Not  trained;  not  disciplined  ;  not 
skiUful.  MiUa*. 

S.  Not  educated  ;  not  instructed. 


U;»il 


SSaX. 


3.  Irregular;  ungovernable;  as,  witratiK^  hope. 

HerberL 

UN-TRAM'MEL-I:D,  a.  Not  Uammeled ;  n.*  shack- 
led. UcritrL 

UX-TRAMTLED,  a.    Not  trod  upon. 

UN-TR.\.\S-FER'.\-BLE,  u.  That  can  not  be  trans- 
ferred or  passed  from  one  to  another ;  as,  power  or 
riltht  KntransferabU. 

UN-TRANS-FEB'RED,  a.  Not  transferred  ;  not  con- 
veyed or  assigned  to  another  ;  as,  titles  or  rights  im- 
tra»sfrrrtd. 

UN-TR.\NS-FORM'£D,  a.  Not  metamorphosed  ;  not 
transmuted. 

UN-TRAXS-LAT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  capable  of  being 
translated.  Gruy. 

UN-TRANS-LAT'ED,  a.  Not  translated  or  rendered 
into  another  laniniage. 

UN-TR.VXS'JU-GEA-TED,  a.    Not  transmigrated. 

UX-TRAXS-MIT'TED,  a.     Not  transmitted. 

UN-TRAXS-MCT'A-BLE,  o.  That  can  not  be  changed 
into  a  dilferent  substance. 

UX-TRANS-PAR'EXT,  a.  Not  transparent ;  not  di- 
aphanous ;  opaque  ;  not  permeable  by  light.  Boyle. 

UN-TR.W<S-PIR'£D,  a.  Not  having  escaped  from 
secrecy. 


UNT 

UN-TRANS-rCRT'AHLE,  o.  That  can  not  be  tmns- 
ported.  Ed.  Uev. 

UN-TRANS-POttT'ED,  o.     Not  transported. 

UN-TRAXS-PC»'KD,  (uii-tnins-i>5za',)  a.  Not  trans 
pOitt'il ;  ii:ivtng  the  natural  oriU'r.  Rambler. 

UN-TRAV'EL-i'.D,  a.  Nut  irnveled  ;  not  trodden  by 
pa^scncfrs  ;  as,  an  untraveled  forest. 

3.  Huviiif;  never  seen  fun-ign  countries ;  ns,  nn  un- 
trarfled  Knclisbman.  Jiddvion. 

UN-TRAV'ERS-t'D,  (-trav'erst,)  o.  Not  traversod ; 
not  passed  over. 

UN-TREAU',  (nn-tred'O  r.  L  To  tread  back  ;  to  go 
back  in  Iho  snine  steps.  Shak, 

UN-TREAS'UR-£D,  (un-trezh'urd.)  a.  Not  treas- 
ured ;  not  laid  up  ;  not  reposited.  Shak. 

UN-TREAT'A-BLE,  a.  Not  Ueatable  ;  not  practica- 
ble.    LXut  used.  ]  Decay  (jf  Piety. 

UN-TREM'HLING,  o.  Not  trembling  or  slnikhig  ; 
firm  ;  Pteadv.  Ji[mit<roiticry. 

UN-TREM'BLING-LY,  ado.  Without  trembling ; 
finulv. 

UN-TREXCH'iSD,  (-trcnsbt',)  a.  Not  cut  into  long 
hollows. 

UN-TRES'PASS-ING,  o.  Not  violating  another's 
right. 

UN-TRT'ED»«.    Not  tried;  not  attempted.    Mdton. 

2,  Not  yei  experienced  ;  as,  unfrirj  sutferiuf;?'. 

3.  Not  having  passed  trial ;  not  lienrd  and  deter- 
mined in  law.     The  cause  rcmaina  untried. 

UN-TRIM'M/:D,  a.    Not  triimued ;  not  pruned;  not 

dres-iied  ;  not  put  in  order. 
UN-TRIT'^-RA-TED,  o.    Not  reduced  to  powder  by 

rubbins  or  fhndine.  Joum.  Set. 

UN-TRI'UMPH-A-RLE,  a.    That  admits  no  triumph. 

[BarbaroiUy  and  not  used.]  Hadibraj. 

UN-TRI'UMPH-£D,   (-trl'umft,)  o.     Not  Uiumphed 

over. 
UN-TROD',  )  a.     Not  having  been  trod;    not 

UN-TROD'DJEJN,  J      passed  over  i  not  marked  by  tlie 

feoL  Milton.     Addison. 

UN-TROLL'£D,  a.    Not  bowled  ;  not  rolled  ahmg. 

Dryden. 
UN-TROUB'LED,  (un-trubnd,)  a.    Not  troubled  ;  not 

disturbed  by  care,  sorrow,  or  business ;   free  from 

trouble.  Shak. 

2.  Not  agitated;  not  rulHed  ;  not  confused  ;  free 
Dum  passion  ;  as.  on  untroubled  mind.  Millon. 

3.  Not  agitatea ;   not  moved ;    as,  an   unlnniblcd 
lake. 

4.  Not  disturbed   or  interrupted    in    the    natural 
course;  a»,  vyUroubled  nature.  Spenser. 

5.  Nut  foul  j  not  turbid;  clear;  as,  an  untruubUd 
stream. 

UN-TROUB'LED-NESS,  w.  Bute  of  being  free  from 
trouble  ;  unconcern.     \Js'et  ustd.^  Hammond. 

UN-TRC'E',  o.  Not  true  ;  false  ;  contrary  to  the  fact. 
The  story  is  untruB. 

2.  Nut  f;iithful  to  another  ;  not  fulfilling  the  duties 
of  a  husband,  wife,  vassal,  itc. ;  false  ;  disloyal. 

3.  InroMstant^  as  a  lover.  {Dryden. 
UN-TRO'LV,  iulo.    Not  truly ;  falsely ;  not  according 

to  reality. 

UN-TRUSS',  tj.  (.  To  untie  or  unfasten ;  to  loose 
fmm  a  truss  :  to  let  ouL  Dryden. 

UN-TRUSS'£D,  (Irusi',)  a.  Not  trussed ;  not  tied 
up. 

UN-TRUST' I-NESS,  n.  Unfaithfulness  in  the  dis- 
chriree  of  a  trust. 

UN-TRUST'WOR-TilY,  a.  Not  deserving  of  confi- 
denrp, 

UN-TRUST'Y,  a.  Not  trusty;  not  worthy  of  confi- 
dence ;  unfaithful. 

UN-TROTH',  n.    Contrariety  to  truth  ;  falsehood. 

2.  Want  of  veracity.  Sandy.i. 

3.  Treachery;  want  of  fidelity.     [0&*.]      Sluik. 

4.  False  assertion. 

No  uritrutA  c«n  po«*ItjlT  avail  llie  patroit  and  defender  Ion?. 

iio<3cer. 

UN-TROTH'FJJL,  a.    Wanting  in  vemcily. 
UN-TRCTH'Ftl'F^LY,  ado.     Not  truthfully  ;  falsely. 
UN-TR0TU'FJ;L-NESS,  »i,      want   of  veracity   or 

fidelity. 
UN-TUCK',  r.  t.    To  unf..Id  or  undo  a  tuck.     JJah. 
UN-TUCK'ER-JCD,  o.    Having  no  tucker;  as,  an  un~ 

tuckered  neck.  Addison. 

UN-TUM'HLED,  a.     Not  rolled  ;  not  rumpled. 
UN-TCN' A-BLE,  a.    Not  harmonious  ;  not  musical. 

Bucon. 

2.  Not  capable  of  making  music.  TatUr. 

3.  Not  capable  of  being  tuned  or  brought  to  the 
proper  pitch. 

UN-TCX'A-BI.E-NESS,  %.    Want  of  harmony. 
UX-TCN'A-BLY,  fldtJ.     Inharmoniously. 
UN-TONE',  V.  U    To  make  incapable  of  harmony. 

Untune  that  slriiif .  Shak. 

2.  To  disorder. 

Untuned  uid  Janin;  aetuM.  Sfutk. 

jyS-TtiS'EDf  fp.     Mode  incapable  of  producing  har- 

monv. 
UN-TUR'BAN-£D,  a.    Not  wearing  a  turban. 

Southey. 
UN-TrRN'£D,  a.    Not  turned.     lie  left  no  stone  uft- 
tunud. 


UNV 

UN-TO'TOR-ED,  o.     Uninstructed;  untaught  i  as, 

untuUired  infancy.  Prior. 

UN-TWTXE',  r.  (.    To  untwist.  WoIUt. 

2.  To  0|>en  ;  to  disentangle.  Bacon. 

3.  Tu  separate,  as  that  which  winds  or  clasps. 

UN-TWTN'£D,  jtp.     Untwisted  ;  disentangled. 

UN-TWIST',  r.  t.     To  separate  and  open,  as  threads 
twisted  ;  or  to  turn  back  that  wliich  is  twisted. 
2.  I'o  ojH^n  ;  todiseritanglo  ;  as  intricacy. 

UN-TWIST'EO,  pp.    Separated  j  opened. 

UN-'l'WIST'ING,  pnr.    Seiwralmg  ;  disentaneline. 

UN-TY'      See  Untie. 

UN-li'NI-FORM,  a.  Not  uniform  ;  wanting  uniform- 
ity,    [f.ittle  used.] 

UN-U-XIT'EI),  a.    Not  united.  Cudioorth. 

UN-UF-IIRAID'ING,  a.    Not  upbraiding. 

UN-UP-HELD',  a.    Not  upheld  ;  not  sustained. 

PoUok, 

UN-UP-LIFT'ED,  a.    Not  raised  up. 

UN-URG'KD,  (-urjd',)  o.  Not  urged;  not  pressed 
with  golicitation.  HAak. 

UN-l^S'tD,  (yuzd',)  a.  Not  put  to  use;  not  em- 
ployed. 

2.  That  has  never  been  used. 

3.  Not  accustomed ;   as,  hands  unused  to  labor  ; 
hearts  unujfrd  to  deceit. 

UN-l^SE'FJJL,  a.     Useless  ;  serving  no  good  purpose. 

P/iilip.'i. 

UN-IJS'IJ  AL,  C-yii'zhu-al,)  a.  Not  usual  ;  not  com- 
mon ;  rare  ;  as,  nn  u;iu.s'uu/. season  ;  a  person  of  unu- 
sual cracos  or  erudition. 

UN-i;s'lJ-AL-LY,  (-yu'zhu-al-le,)  adv.  Not  common- 
ly ;  not  frequently  ;  rarely.  This  summer,  1826,  has 
been  uHUsually  rainy. 

UN-IJS'IT-AL-NESS,  n.  Uncommonness ;  infrequen- 
cy  ;  rareness  of  occurrence.  Broome. 

UN-UT'TEK-A-HLE,  a.  That  can  not  be  uttered  or 
expressed  ;  ineflable ;  inexpressible  ;  as,  nnuiierable 
anguish  ;  vnulterahle  joy. 

UN-VA'Ua-TED,  a.     Not  made  vacant.       //.  Clay. 

UN-VAIL',  r.  t.  To  remove  a  vail  from  ;  to  uncover; 
to  disclose  to  view.     She  unrailed  her  face. 

UN-VAIL' /:i>.  o.     Stripped  of  a  vail  ;  disclosed. 

UN- VAIL  ING,  a.  Removing  a  vail  from  ;  uncover- 
ing ;  disclosing. 

UN-VAL'tJ-A-BLE,a.  Being almve  price;  invaluable. 
[Rut  Invaluable  is  the  word  now  used.] 

UN-VAL'tl-f^D,  (-val'yude,)  a.  Not  valued  ;  not 
prized  ;  neglected.  Skak. 

2.  Inestimable  ;  not  to  be  valued.  Skak. 

3.  Not  estimated  ;  not  having;  the  value  set. 
UN-VAN'aUlSH-A-BLE,  a.     1'hat  can  not  be  con- 
quered. Bp.  Kiasf. 

UN-VAN'aUISII-£D,  C-vank'wieht,)  a.  Ntit  con- 
quered ;  not  overcome.  Milton. 

UN-VA'RI-A-BLE,  a.  Not  variable;  not  changeable 
or  alterable.  [But  IftvAniABLs  ia  the  word  now 
used  J 

UN-Va  RI-f:D,  o.  Not  varied;  not  altered  ;  not  di- 
versified. 

UN-VA'UI-E-GA-TED,  a.  Not  variegated;  not  di- 
versified. 

UN-VXR'NISH-£D,  (-Vdr'nlsht,)  a.  Not  overlaid  with 
varnish. 

2.  Not  artificially  colored  or  adorned  ;  not  artfully 
embellished  ;  plain. 

I  will  a  round,  unoaTmuhei  Lale  delhrer.  Stiak. 

UN-VA'RY-ING,    o.      Not    altering;    not    liable    to 

change;    uniform.  Loeke. 

UN-VA'RY-Ii\G-LY,  adv.     Without  being  liable  to 

chance. 
UN-VEIL',  (-vale'.)     See  Ukvail. 
UN-VEIL'ED-LY,  odu.     Plainly;    without  disguise. 

[Littli-  itsrd.] 
UN-VE\'ER-A-BLE,  a.    Not  venerable  ;  not  worthy 

of  veneration.  Shak. 

UN-VE\'TLLA-TED,  o.    Not  fanned  by  the  wind; 

not  purified  by  a  free  current  of  air, 
UX-VER'DANT,  o.    Not  verdant ;  not  green  ;  having 

no  verdure.  Convreve 

UN-VER'1-TA-BLE,  a.    Not  true.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

Brown. 
UN-VERS'^D,  (-verst',)  a.    Not  skilled  ;  not  versed  ; 

unacquainted  ;  as,  unversed  in  spinning.  Bladcmore. 
UN-VEX'A'D,  (-vekst',)  a.    Not  vexed  ;  not  troubled  ; 

not  disturbed  or  irritated.  Dryden, 

UX-V1X'DI-€A-TED,  a.     Not  defended. 
UN-VT'O-LA-TED,  a.    Not  violated  ;  not  injured  ;  as, 

unviolated  honor. 

2.  Not  broken  ;  not  transgressed  ;  as,  laws  unvio- 
lated. 
UN-VIR'TU-OUS,   (-vurt'yu-us,)  a.     Not  virtuous  ; 

destitute  of  virtue.  Shak. 

UN-VIR'TU-OUS-LY,  ado.     Not  virtuously.      ' 
UN-VIS'ARD,  tJ.  (.     To  unmask.  MiU^n, 

UX-VIS'IT-ED,  0.     Not  visited  ;  not  resorted  to  ;  not 

frequented. 
UN-VI'TAL,  a.     Not  vital ;  not  affecting  life. 

Med.  Repos. 
UN-VI"TrA-TED,  j  ,  ^i,,,,j  .^^  ,  j  a.      Not  vitiated  ; 
UN-VI"CIA-TED,  j  '^"*"  •'  "•"''  j      not  corrupted. 

B.  JoaAOju 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MAEKNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQpK  • 

1213        ~  " 


UNW 

UN-VIT'RI-FI-£D,  a.  Not  vitrified;  not  converted 
into  cl^"*?. 

UN-VOL'A-TIL-IZ-ED,  a.     Not  volatilized,     Jiikln. 

UN- VOTE',  r.  t.  To  contravene  hy  vote  a  former 
vote :  to  annul  a  former  vote.  Burke. 

UN- voire II 'ED,  C-vnucht',)  a.     Not  fully  attested. 

UN-VOVV'£D,  a.  Not  consecrated  by  solemn  prom- 
ise. Hoo'iei\ 

UN- VOWEL-ED,  a,     Ilavins  no  vowels.     Skinner. 

UX-VOY'A6E-A-BLE,  a.  Not  to  be  navierited  or 
passed  over  on  a  fluid.     [J^ot  used.^  Milton, 

UN-VUL'GAR,  o.     Not  common.  B.  Jonson. 

UN-VUL'NER-A-BLE,  o.  Not  vulnerable;  that  can 
not  be  wounded.     [Invulnerable  is  mostly  used.] 

UN-WAIT'ED  on;  not  attended. 

UN-VVaK'£N  ED,  a.  Not  awakened;  not  roused 
from  sleep  or  stupidity. 

UN-WALL'£D,  a.  Nut  surrounded,  fortified,  or  sup- 
portefl'  bv  a  wall.  KnoUes. 

UN-WANT'ED,  a.     Not  wanted.  Mitfi/rd, 

UN-VVXrES',  adv.     Unexpectedly. 
[For  this,  Unawares  is  used.] 

UN-vVA'RI-LY,  ado.  Without  vigilance  and  cau- 
tion ;  heedlessly.  Digby. 

UN-WA'RI-NESS,  n.  Want  of  vigilance  ;  want  of 
caution  ;  carelessness  ;  lieedlessnesfi.        Spectator. 

UN-WAR'LIKE,  a.  [See  War.]  Not  fit  for  war; 
not  used  to  war  ;  not  military.  Waller. 

UN-WARM'ED,  a.     [See  Warm.]     Not  warmed. 
9.  Not  excited  ;  not  animated.  Addison. 

UN  WARN'ED,  a.  [See  Warn.]  Not  cautioned; 
not  previously  admonislied  of  danger.  Locke, 

UN-WARP',  V.  t.  [See  Waef.]  To  reduce  back 
what'is  warped.  Evelyn. 

U.V-WARP'£D,  (-worpt',)  a.  Not  warped  ;  not  bi- 
ased -not  turned  from  the  true  direction  ;   impartial. 

Thomson. 

UN-WARP'ING,  a.  Not  bending;  unyielding;  not 
deviating.  Dwi^ht. 

UN-WAR*RANT-A-BLE,  a.  Not  defensible;  not 
vindicable ;  not  justifiable ;  illegal;  unjust;  im- 
proper. South. 

UN-WAR'RANT-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Stale  of  being 
unwarrantable. 

UN-W.\R'RANT-A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  tbatcan 
not  be  justified.  IVake. 

UN'WAR'RANT-ED,  a.  Not  warranted ;  not  au- 
thorized. 

2.  Not  ascertained  ;  not  assured  or  certain. 

3.  Not  covenanted  to  be  good,  sound,  or  of  a  cer- 
tiin  quality;  as, an  utttBarranted  horse. 

UN-WA'RY,  a.  Not  vigilant  against  danger;  not 
cautious  ;  unguarded  ;  precipitate.  Locke.  X>ryden. 
2.  Une^pfcted.     [O&a.l 

UN-WASH'£D,  (-wosht',)  \  a.      Not    washed  ;    not 

UN  \V.>SIi'£N,  i        cleansed    by    water. 

.VaH.xv. 

UN-WAST'ED,  a.  Not  lost  by  extravagance  or  neg- 
ligence ;  not  lavished  away  ;  not  dissipated. 

2.  Not  consumed  by  time  or  violence. 

3.  Nut  lost  by  exhaustion,  evaporation,  or  other 
meansr 

UN-WAST'ING,  o.    Not  growing  less ;  not  decaying. 

Pope. 
UN-WAPT'ING-LY,  adv.    Without  wa.«te. 
UN-WaTCU'ED,  (-wotcht',)  a.     Not  guarded  with 

vigilance. 
UN-WATCIt'FTJL,  a.     Not  vigilant.  Scott. 

UN- WA'TER-£D,  a.    [See  Watf.b.]    Not  watered  ; 

dry.  "  Pope. 

UN-WA'VER-ING,  a.     Not  wavering  or  unstable; 

firm  ;  not  fluctuating. 
UN-WA'VER-ING-LY,  adv.    With  firm  conslancv. 
UN-WAY'ED,  (-wade',)  a.  Not  used  to  travel.    [Bad^ 

and  not  imed.]  Suckling. 

UN-WKAK'£N-ED,    a.     Not    weakened;    not    en- 
feebled. Boyle. 
UN-WEALTH'Y,  (un-welth'y,)  a.    Not  wealthy. 

Lnni^hiinte. 
UN-WP.AN'ED,  a.      Not  weaned;   not  withdrawn 

from  Ih*^  mother's  milk. 
UN-WEAF'ON-£D,  (un-wep'nd,)  a.      Not  furnished 

with  Wf-apons  or  onensive  arms.  Raieffh, 

UN-Wi?A'RI-A-BLE,  a.    That  can  not  be  wearied  ; 

indefriliirable.     [LiH/«  used.]  Hooker. 

UN-WE.\'RI-£D,  a.    Not  tired  ;  not  fatigued. 

Drydrn. 
2.  Indefatigable  ;  ronlinual ;  that  does  not  tire  or 
gink  under  fatigue  ;  as,  unwfaritd  perseverance. 

Rotrers. 
UN-WEA'RI-ED-LY,  odt?.    Without  tiring  or  sinking 

under  fatigue. 
UN-VVfiA'RI-£D-NES9,  n.    State  of  being  unwea- 
ried. Baxter, 
UN-VVP,A'RY,  (-wee'ro,)  a.    Not  weary  ;  not  tired. 
UN-WEA'RY,  V.  t    To  refresh  after  fatigue. 

Temple. 
UN-WkA'RY-ING,  a.    Not  making  weary. 
UN-WRAVF/,  V.  U    To  unfold ;   to  undo  what  has 

been  woven.  Sandy.t. 

U.V-WEAV'ING,    ppr.      Undoing   what    has    been 

woven. 
UN-WED',  a.     Unmarried.  Shak. 

UN-WED'DED,  a.    Unmarried;  icmaining  single. 


UNW 

UN-WKDGE'A-BLE,  (un-wcdj'a-bl,)  a.      Not  to  be 
split  with  wedges.     [Barbarotts^  and  jiot  used.'] 

Shak. 

UN-WEED'ED,  a.      Not    weeded;    not   cleared    of 
weeds.  Shak. 

UN-\VEEP'ED,  (-weept'.)    See  UrfWEPT, 

UN-WEET'ING,  a.    (See  Weet  and  Wit.]    Igno- 
rant;  unknowing.     [Ofts.]  Spenser. 

UN-WEET'ING-LY,  adv.    Ignorantly.     [Ob.i.] 

Spenser. 

UN-WEIGH'£D,(-wade',)a.   Not  weighed  ;  not  hav- 
ing the  weight  ascertained. 

Solomou  left  all  ttic  vessels  unteetghed.  —  t  Klngi  vii. 

2.  Not  deliberately  considered  and  examined  ;  as, 
to  leave  arguments  or  testimony  umceighed. 

3.  Not  considerate ;  negligent ;  as,words  unweighed. 

Pope. 
UN-WEIGII'ING,(-wa'ingO  a.  Inconsiderate ;  thought- 
less. Sliak. 
UN-WEL'€OME,  a.      Not  welcome  ;    not  grateful ; 
not    pleasing;     not   well   received;    as,  unwelcome 
news  ;    an  unwelcome  guest. 
UN-WEL'€OME-LY,  adc.   Not  in  a  welcome  manner. 
UN-WELL',  a.     Not  well ;    indisposed;    not  in  good 
health. 

[It  expresses  leas  than  Sick.] 
UN-vVELL'NES9,  n.   State  of  being  indisposed.  [J^ot 

in  vac]  Clicsterjield. 

UN- WEPT',  a.     Not  lamented;  not   mourned.     The 

protliL'ate  lives  despii^ed,  and  dies  unwept. 
UN-WET',  (7.     Not  wet  or  moist.  Dryden, 

UN-WUIP'P£D,  (-whipt',)  j  a.      Not    whipped;    not 
UN-WHIPT',  \     corrected  with  the  rod. 

Pope. 
UN-^VIIIS'PER-ED,  a.     Not  whispered. 
UN-WriOLE',  0.    [See  Whole.]     Not  sound  ;  infirm. 

[J^ot  in  use.] 
UN-WHOLE^SOME,  (-hol'sum,)  a.     Not  wholesome  ; 
unfavorable  to  health;  insalubrious;  as^  unwholesome 
air  or  food.  Bacoju 

2.  Pernicious  ;  as,  unwholesome  advice. 
UN-WIIOLE'SOME-NESS,  n.      Insalubrity;  state  or 
quality  of   being   injurious  or   noxious   to   health; 
as,  the  untrhole.'iomeness  of  g  climate. 
UN-WIELD'I-LY,  adv.    Heavily  ;  with  difficulty. 

Dryden. 
UN-WIRLD'I-NESS,  n.     Heaviness  ;  difficulty  of  be- 
ing moved  ;  as  tlie  unwieldiness  of  a  corpulent  body. 

Dunne. 
UN-WIKLD'Y,  a.     That  is   moved   with  difficulty; 
unmanageable;  bulky;  ponderous;   as,  an  unwieldy 
bulk  ;  an  unwieldy  mck. 
UN-WILL'£D,  a."  Not  willed;  not  produced  by  the 

will. 
UN-WILL'ING,  o.    Not  willing;  loath;  disinclined; 

rolitctant ;  as,  an  unwilimg  servant. 
UN-WILL'ING-LY,  adv.    Not  with  good  will;   not 

cheerfully  ;  rchictantly. 
UN-WILL'ING-NESS,n.    Loathness ;  disinclination; 

reluctance. 
U\-\VILT'ED,  a.    Not  wilted  ;  fresh. 
UN- WIND',  V.  t. ;  pret.  and  pp.  Unwocnd.      To  wind 
oJf;  to  loose   or  separate  what  is  wound  or  con- 
volved ;  as,  to  unwind  thread  or  a  ball. 
2.  To  disentangle.  Hooker. 

UN-WTND',  V.  i.     To  admit  evolution.        Mortimer. 
UN-WTND'ING,  a.    Not  winding. 

2.  ppr.     Winding  off. 
UN-WING'ED,  a.    Not  provided  with  wings. 
UN-WIP'£D,  f-wlpt', }  a.    Not  cleaned  by  rubbing. 

Shale. 
UN-WISE',  a.      Not  wise  j    not    choosing  the    beat 
means  for  the  end  ;  defective  in  wisdom  ;  as,  an  ub- 
■wtj'e  man  ;  unwise  kings. 

2.  Not  dictated  by  wisdom ;  not  adapted  to  the 
end  ;  ns,  unwise  measures, 
UN-WISE'LV,  adv.    Not  wisely;  not  prudently;  as, 

vniri-fflit  rigid  ;  unwiiehi  studious. 
UN  WISH',  r.  f.    To  wish  that  which  is  not  to  be. 

[A*^(  i»  use.]  Shak. 

UN-AVISII'ED,  (wisht',)  a.    Not  wished  ;  not  sought ; 

not  desired.  Pope. 

VSAVa^TjO,     Not  known,     [pbs.'j  Spenser. 

UN-WIT',  tj.  (.    To  deprive  of  understanding.    [JVo( 

in  u-'f.]  Shak. 

UN-WlTn-DRAW'ING,  a.    Not  withdrawing;  con- 

linnallv  libenili  Milton. 

UN-W1TH'ER-£D,  o.     Not  withered  or  faded. 
UN-Wi'f  H'EU-ING,  a.    Not  liable  to  wither  or  fade. 

Coir  per. 
UN-WrFH-STOQD',  a.     Not  opposed.  Phdips. 

UN-Wrr'NES[5.ED,  (-wil'nesi,)  a.     Not  witnessed; 

not  attcst'-d  bv  wilnespes  ;  wanting  testimony. 
UN-WIT'TI-LV,  ado.     Without  wit.  Coialey. 

UN-WIT'TING-LY,   adv.       Without    knowledge    or 
conpciousness ;    ignorantly  ;   as,   he   has  unwittingly 
injured  hiuiJielf,  or  his  neighbor. 
UN-WIT'TY,  a.    Not  witty  ;  destitute  of  wit. 

Shen»t.one. 
TTN-WTV'£T>,  a.  Having  no  wift;.  [JVot  used.]  Selden, 
UN-WOM'AN,  V.  L    To  deprive  of  the  qualities  of  a 

woman.  Sandys. 

UN  VVOM'AN-LY,  a.    Unbecoming  a  woman. 


UP 

UN-WONT',       I   .  ^„^-,  -   t  a.  Unaccustomed  ;  nn- 
UN-WONT'ED,  \  (-W"n<  »>         used  ;   not  made  fa- 
miliar by  practice ;  as,  a  child  unwonted  to  stran- 
gers ;  sea  calves  unwonted  to  fresh  water.        May. 

2.  Uncommon;  unusual;  infrequent;  rare;  as, 
an  unwonted  meteor ;  unwonWl  changes.      Dryden. 

UN-WONT'ED-LYjOf/o.  In  an  unaccustomed  man- 
ner. 

UN-WONT'ED-NESS,  n,    Uncommonness ;  rareness. 

Taylor. 

UN-WQQD'ED,  a.  Destitute  of  trees,  timber,  or 
wood  ;  not  producing  trees.  The  prairies  of  the  west 
are  unwoodeU. 

UN-WOO'ED,  a.     Not  wooed  ;  not  courted.      Shak. 

UN-WAKK'INO,  a.     Living  without  labor.      Locke. 

UX-WOIIK'.MAN-LTKE,  a.     Unskillful. 

U\-WOI£M)'LLNESS,  «.    State  of  being  unworldly. 

UX-W(5RLlJ'LY,(-wurld'le,)  a.     Not  worldly. 

UN- WORM' £D,  a.     Not  \vormed.     [JVot  usaL] 

Braum.  ^  Ft 

UX-WORN',  a.    Not  worn;  not  impaired.     Young, 

UN-WOR'RI-ED,  (-wur'rid,)  a.     Not  worried. 

UNVVOR'sniP-£D,  (-wur'shijit,)  a.  Not  worshiped  ; 
nr)t  adored.  Millon, 

UN-VVOR'SmP-ING,  a.  Not  worshiping  ;  habitually 
iipglfctini  the  worship  of  God.        J.  M.  Matthews. 

UN-VVOR'T III-LV,  (-wur'thc-le,)  adv.  [See  Wortht 
and  Worth.]  Not  according  to  desert;  without  due 
regard  to  merit ;  as,  to  treat  a  man  unworthily. 

UN-W0R'THI-NES3,  n.    Want  of  worth  or  merit. 

UN-WOR'TIIY,  (-wur'the,)  a.  Not  deserving;  fol- 
lowed by  of.  As  sinners,  we  are  utterly  unworthy  of 
the  divine  favor. 

9.  Not  deserving;  wanting  merit.  Receive  your 
wnirorf/i?/ ^on  into  favor.  One  great  evil  of  govem- 
.ment  is,"  that  unworthy  men  are  elected  'or  appointed 
to  fill  important  offices. 

3.  Unbecoming;  vile;  base;  "as,  unworthy  usage 
or  treatment.  Dryden. 

4.  Not  suitable  ;  inadequate.  This  opinion  is  un- 
wortJiy  of  its  author. 

UN-WOUND',  pp.  of  Unwind.  Wound  off;  untwist- 
ed, Mortimer. 

UN-WOUND'ED,  a.     Not  wounded  ;   not  hurl ;  not 

injured  in  body  ;  as,  unwounded  enemies.      Milton, 

2.  Not  hurt ;  not  offended  ;  as,  unwounded  ears. 

Pope. 

UN-WOUND'ING,  a.    Not  hurting. 

UN-Wf>VE',  prf(.  of  Unweave. 

UN-WOV'E.V,  a.    Not  woven. 

UN-WRAP',  (rap',)  v.  t.  To  open  what  is  wrapped 
or  folded. 

UN-WReATHE'  tJ.  t.    To  untwist  or  untwine. 

Boyle. 

UN-WRENCH'ED,  (-rencht',)  a.  Not  strained  ;  not 
distorted.  Cowper. 

UN-WRliVK'LE,  (rink'l,)  v.  t.  To  reduce  wrinkles  ;  to 
smooth.  Anacharsis. 

UN-WRINK'LED,  a.  Not  shrunk  into  furrows  and 
ridges, 

UN -WRTT'ING,  o.  Not  writing ;  not  assuming  the 
character  of  an  author  ;  as,  an  vnwriting  citizen. 

UN-WRIT'T£N,  (-rit'n,)  a.    Not  written  ;    not  re- 
duced to  writing ;  verbal. 
2.  Blank;  containing  no  writing.  South. 

Unwritten  doctrines^  in  religion,  are  such  as  have 
been  handed  down  by  word  of  mouth  ;  oral  or  tradi- 
tional doctrines. 

Unwritten  law.i,  are  such  as  have  been  delivered 
down  by  tradition  or  in  songs.  Such  were  the  laws 
of  the  early  nations  of  Euroiie. 

The  -unwrittrn  lato  (L.  Icz  non  scripta)  of  England 
and  of  the  United  States,  called  common  law^  is  such 
as  has  not  the  authority  of  statutes,  not  having  origi- 
nated fnim  any  legislative  act,  or  originating  from 
some  act  not  now  extant.  This  law  is  now  contained 
in  the  reports  of  judicial  decisions. 

UN-\VRONG'ED,  a.     Not  treated  unjustly. 

UN-WROUGHT',  (-rawt',)  a.  Not  labored ;  not 
mainifactnred  ;  not  reduced  to  due  form.     Dryden. 

U.\-WRUNG',  (-rung',)  a.     Not  pinched.  Shak. 

UN-VIkLD'ED,  (-yceld'ed,)  a.  Not  yielded;  not 
conceded  ;  not  given  up.  Dryden. 

UN-YIkLD'ING,  a.    Not  yielding  to  force  or  persua- 
sion ;  unbending;  unpliant ;  stiff;  firm;  obstinate. 
Med.  Repos. 
2.  Not  giving  place.  T^om.sun. 

UN-YIkLDTNG-LY,  adv.    Unbendingly  ;  obstinattly. 

UN-Y1ELD'ING-NES3,  n.    State  of  being  unyield- 

UN-Y6KE',  V.  t.    To  loose  from  a  yoke  ;  to  free  from 

a  yoke.  __   . 

Unyoke  the  rtcere.  Skai. 

2.  To  part ;  to  disjoin.  Shak. 
UN-VOK'ED,  C-yokt',)  pp.    Freed  from  the  yoke. 

a.  a.     Not  having  worn  the  yoke.  Dryden. 

3.  Licentious  ;  unrestniined,  Sluik. 
UN-YOK'ING,  ppr.    Freeing  from  the  yoke. 
UN-ZON'ED,  a.    Not  bound  with  a  girdle  ;  as,  an  un- 

itmed  bosom.  ^  ,     Prior. 

UP,  adv.     [Sax.  wp,  upp;  G.  auf;  D.  and  Dan.  opi 
Sw.  up.] 
I.  Aloft;  on  high. 

But  up  or  down.  Afi^**"- 


TONE,  BSiLL,  IJNITE AN"GER,  VfCIOUS.  — G  asK;  OasJ;  SasZ;  CHas  8H ;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


1310 


UPB 

2.  Out  uf  beil.     He  is  not  up,  SAdfc. 
X  Having  risen  from  a  seat. 

Sir  Roger  w%m  iip.  wUdtfoi*. 

4.  From  a  state  of  concealment  or  discumbiture. 

6.  Id  a  state  of  being  built. 

Cy  viUi  m;  irnL  SSudc. 

5,  Above  the  horizon.    The  sun  is  ii|f. 

7.  To  a  state  of  excitement.  He  was  wrought  vp 
toa  raf*. 

8.  To  a  state  of  advance  or  proficiency. 

T91  v«  kkTe  wrought  Dundnv  up  ta  tbis  lifgtre  of  Christwo 
bidffleiVDOe.  AtUrbttry. 

S.  In  a  state  of  elevation  or  exaltation. 

Ttnae  Ibat  vera  h^  krpt  others  low.  Sptnttr, 

10.  In  a  stale  of  climbing  or  ascending.  We  w»it 
19  to  the  city  or  town. 

11.  In  a  state  of  insurrection. 

Th«  gentle  ucbtiUiofi  of  Toik  h  up.  SMt. 

hij  mtvl  h  ttp  ia  mnoA,  Drj/Atn, 

23.  In  a  state  of  being  Increased  or  raised.  The 
river  is  up  -,  the  flood  is  hj».  Dryden, 

13.  In  a  Slate  of  approaching ;  as,  up  comes  a  fox. 
t'EstranfC 

lA.  In  ortler.     He  drew  up  his  ri'fnmenL 

15.  From  younger  to  elder  years;  as,  from  his 
youth  up. 

Up  «M  dmcn ;  from  one  place  to  another ;  here  and 
there. 

3.  Prom  one  state  or  position  to  another;  back- 
ward and  far\vard. 

Up  Co ;  to  an  equal  bight  with ;  as,  1^  Co  the  chin 
in  water. 

S.  To  a  degree  or  point  adequate.  Live  itp  to  the 
principles  RnTesised. 

Up  wUA;  raise  ;  lift;  as,  up  wUM  the  fist;  up  witM 
the  timber. 

Up  is  much  used  to  modify  the  actions  expressed 
by  verbe.  It  is  Ter>'  often  useful  aud  necessary,  very 
ctften  usel^. 

7^  leer  mp  ;  to  sustain. 

n  g»up;  to  ascend. 

T't  lift  mp ;  to  raise. 

nrtti^;  to  rise  from  bed  or  a  aeaL 

7>  wind  *p ;  to  bind  together. 

7>  Mm  up;  to  inflate ;  lo  distend  ;  to  inflame. 

TV  gr*m  up ;  to  grow  tu  matiirily. 

Vptlrmm;  from  the  niouih  toward  the  head  of  a 
itream  ;  against  the  stream  ;  hence,  up  is  in  a  direc- 
tkia  toward  the  bead  of  a  stream  or  river ;  as,  up  the 
coantry. 

Up  amtud ;  In  the  direction  fn^m  the  sea ;  opposed 
lOMim  jnpi^,that  is,  in  the  directiuu  of  the  ebbtide. 

{^  is  used  ellipcically  fur  gxt  up,  expressing  a  com- 
maod  or  exhortation. 

Up,  k«  M  be  V^ng.  —  Jodgn  six. 

UP,  prtp.  From  a  lower  to  a  higher  place.  Go  wp  the 
hill.  BocvK. 

Q'PAS,  a.  A  tree  common  In  the  forests  of  Java  and 
of  the  neighboring  isles,  tlie  vecretions  of  which  are 
poisonoas.  It  has  been  fAbnlou«tIy  reported  that  the 
atmaepbere  surrounding  it  is  deleterious. 

P.  Cue     Brandt. 

UP-BEXR',  F,  L;  prrt-UraoRc;  pp.  Uf-soaKK.  [up 
and  bear.    See  Beas.] 

1.  To  raise  aloA  ;  to  lift ;  to  elevate.  Milton, 

2.  To  sustain  aloft ;  to  mpport  in  an  elevated  sit- 
natioiL 

UpUimM  ihej  fly.  iVtpa. 

3.  To  support;  to  sustain.  Spirnjier. 
ITP-BTND',  r.  L    To  bind  up.  CoUUs, 
UP-BLOW',  e.  t     To  blow  up.     [A"tf(  used.]     Spensrr. 
UP-BRAID',  r.  L      [Sax,  up;sr^fdan^  to    reproach ; 

gtkT<mdmM^  to  n«a!«t,  to  dilate  or  extend,  to  draw,  as 
a  sword ;  hredan^  to  braid ;  Dan.  btbrejdery  to  up- 
braidO 

1.  To  cbarfe  with  som^'thing  wrong  or  disgrace- 
ful \  to  reproach  \  to  ca^  in  the  teeth  ;  fulluwed  by 
with  ot  far^  before  the  thing  imptited  \  as,  to  upbruid 
a  man  fir  his  folly  or  his  intemperance. 

Tetdoaet 
I^trold  m  with  oar  dkamk  SHaJt. 

He  iiplreM«l  tibno  mM  iMraobeBd:  — Mail  zvi 
[The  ase  of  ta  and  nf.  after  upbruidj  —  as,  to  «p- 
hrmd  a  man  q^  bis  gain  by  iniquity,  to  upbraid  ta  a 
man  bis  evil  practices,  —  has  been  lung  discontin- 
ued.] 

2.  To  reproach  ;  to  chide. 

God,  wbo  girech  ta  ail  men  Ebetslljr,  and  iqArmidt^  not.— 
Juoea  U 

3.  To  reprove  with  severity. 

Tbni  be  btpm  to  upirtxid  thv  citl->  wbenia  imM  of  hb  uigiAs 

woria  were  dooe.  —  .HaO.  xi. 

4.  To  bring  reproach  oru  JldSaoiu 

Bow  much  doth  th;  kiadoeM  tipbrwU  mj  vUkedacM  I    SUmtf. 

5.  To  treat  With  contempt.     \Ohs^  Spauer, 
UP-BRAID'ED,  pp.    Charped  with  something  wrong 

or  dii^eracefiil ;  reproached  ;  reproved. 
UP-BRAin'ER,  n.    One  who  upbraids  or  reprx>ves. 
UP-BRA!D'I\G,ppr.    Accusing;  casting  ia  the  teeth  ; 

reproaching ;  reproving. 


UPO 

UP-BRAlD'IXG,n.  A  charging  with  something  wrong 
or  disgraceful ;  the  act  of  reproaching  or  rcpruving. 

t  h^v  too  long  burntt 
Your  blunt  uiJ>raiilinf.  Shak. 

2.  Tlie  reproaches  or  accusations  of  conscience. 
UP-BRAIl)'l\'G-LYi  a</r.     In  an  upbraiding  manner. 
UP-BRAY',  for  UrBniio,  to  shame,  is  nut  in  use. 

Spenser. 
UP-BROUOHT',  (npbrawt',)  a.      Brought   up;    edu- 

enteit.     [JV'irf  in  utf.]  Speiiser. 

UP'CAST,  a.     Cast  up  ;  a  term  in  boieUn^. 

3.  Tliruwn  upward  ;  as,  with  upcast  eyes. 

Dnjdm, 

UP'exST,  M.     In  boiDliH^,  n  cast ;  a  throw.       Shak. 

UP-eOIL'£I),  0.     Jliidtf  into  a  coil.        H^vrdswortJL 

UP-eOIL'IXG,  a.     Winding  into  a  coil.       SouVtey. 

UP-DRAW,  V.  t.    To  draw  up.     [Aut  ta  use.] 

rp  DRAWN',  pp.     Drawn  up.  [AfUton. 

UP-FIIIL'ING,  a.    Filling  up. 

UP-FLUXG',  a.     Thn.wn  up. 

UP-GATH'ER,  r.  L    To  contract     [J^ot  in  use,] 

Spenstr, 

UP-GROW',  r.  i.    To  grow  up.    [AlrttaMS.] 

MiUon. 

UP'HAND.  a.    Lifted  by  the  hand.  Mozon. 

UP-IIiCAV'AL,  a.     A  heaving  or  lifting  up. 

rP-llP.AVE',  r,  (.     To  hcav.t  or  lift  up  from  beneath. 

UP-Ui?.\V'£D,  pp.  or  a.  Heaved  or  lifted  up  from 
beneath. 

UP-llitAV'ING,  ppr.     Heaving  or  lifting  up. 

UP-HELD',  preL  and  pp.  of  UeHOLo.  Sustained  ;  sup- 
ported. 

UP'HERS,  n.  pi.  In  architecturBj  a  name  given  to 
poles  used  in  scaffolding.  Brande, 

UP'HILL,  a.  DifTicult,  like  the  act  of  ascending  a 
hill :  as,  uphill  labor.  Clarissa. 

UP-IIOARD',  r.  L    To  hoard  up.     [Ji''ot  used.] 

Spenser,     Shak. 

UP-IIOLD',  V,  tt  preL  and  pp.  UFHCi.D.  [Upholden 
ia  obfcolete.] 

1.  To  lift  on  high  ;  to  elevate.  Dr^en. 
3.  To  support  \  (0  sustain  ;  to  keep  from  falling  or 

slipping. 

Booor  thaXi  upAoId  the  htimhle  In  ipUil.  —  Pror.  xslx. 

3.  To  keep  fVom  declension.  AUerbury. 

4.  To  support  in  any  slate.  Ralegh. 

5.  To  continue  ;  to  nmintiiin.  Hooker, 
&  To  keep  from  being  lost. 

F«iilcoiiljriilge, 
Id  apHe  of  apiVf  ftii>ne  upholds  ttie  day.  SfuJc, 

7.  To  continue  wilhuut  failing.  Holder, 

P.  To  continue  in  being.  Haketcill, 

UP-H6LD'ER,  a.  One  tiiat  upholds  ;  a  supporter  ;  a 
defender;  a  sustaiocr.  Swi^     Hale, 

S.  An  undertaker ;  one  who  provides  fur  funerals. 

Gatj. 

UP-HOL'STER-ER,  n.  [from  «p  and  hidd.]  One 
who  furnishes  houses  with  beds,  curtains,  and  the 
like.  Pope. 

UP-Hf)L'STER-Y,  m.  Furniture  supplied  by  upljol- 
sterera. 

UP'LAND,  n.  [up  and  tand.]  High  land  ;  ground  el- 
evated above  tlie  meadows  and  intervals  which  lie 
on  the  bankiii  of  rivers,  near  the  sea,  or  between 
hills;  land  which  is  generally  dry.  It  is  opposed  to 
Mkadovt,  M,«rsh,  Swamp,  Interval,  &c.  Uplands 
are  particularly  valuable  as  affording  pasture  fur 
sheep. 

UP'LA.VD,  a.  Higher  in  situation  ;  being  on  upland  ; 
as,  upland  inhabitants. 

2.  I'erTaJntiig  to  uplands  ;  na^upland  pasturage. 
UP-I.AND^ISH,  a.     Pertaining  to  uplands;  dwelling 

on  high  lands  or  mountains.  Chapman. 

UP-LAY',  r.  £.    To  lay  up ;  to  hoai^.     [JWe  in  ase.] 

Donne. 

UP-I<f.  AD',  r.  U    To  lead  upward.  MUton. 

UP-LED',  pp.    Led  upward. 

UP-LIFT',  F.  L  To  raise  algft ;  to  raise  ;  to  elevate  ; 
as,  to  ufdi/t  the  arm.  It  ia  chiefly  used  in  the  parti- 
ciple i  as,  upU/ted  eyes ;  uplifted  arms. 

Jfilton.     Swift. 

UP'LIFT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Raised  high;  lifted;  ele- 
vated. 

UP-LIFTTXG,  ppr.     Lifting  up;  elevating. 

UP-LOQK',  V.  t.    To  IfKJk  up.     [ A*»(  in  use.]     Shak. 

UP'M6sT,  o.     [up  and  most.]     Highest ;  topmost. 

Dryden. 
[fAttle  used.    We  generally  use  Uppermost.] 

UP-OX',pr^p.  [Sax.  uftin,  ufon,  or  ufe.  This  is  prob- 
ably vp  and  on;  the  Sax.  ufe  being  the  G.  auf,  up.] 
On.  Upon  has  the  sense  of  on,  and  might  perhaps 
be  wholly  dispensed  with. 

1.  Retiting  or  being  on  the  top  or  surface  ;  as,  be- 
ing tfpon  a  hill,  or  upon  a  rock  ;  upon  a  field  ;  upon  a 
table ;  upon  a  river  ;  upon  tlie  altar ;  upon  the  rftof. 
He  has  bis  coat  upon  his  back  ;  his  bat  is  upon  his 
bead. 

2.  In  a  sute  of  resting  or  dependence :  as,  upon 
this  condition  ;  he  will  contract  with  you  upon  these 
terms.  Upon  our  repentance  we  hope  to  be  for- 
g:iven. 

3.  Denoting  resting,  as  %  burden.  Impose  upon 
yourself  this  task. 


UPR 

4.  In  the  direction  or  pait  of;  as,  upon  the  right 
hand. 

5.  Relating  to.  They  are  uow  engaged  upon  tlie 
aflairs  of  the  ttank. 

6.  In  consideration  of;  as,  upon  the  whole  matter. 

Dryden. 

7.  Near  to  ;  as,  a  village  upon  the  Thames. 

8.  With,  or  having  received.  He  came  wpon  an 
hour's  warning. 

9.  On  the  occasion  of:  engaged  in  for  the  execu- 
tion of.     He  sent  the  officer  ii/»on  a  bold  enterprise. 

10.  In  ;  during  the  time  of;  us,  upon  the  seventh 
day  ;  upon  the  first  of  January. 

11.  Noting  security;  as,  to  borrow  money  upon 
lands,  or  upon  mortgage. 

12.  Noting  approach  or  attack. 

The  PliilwUnei  be  upon  Uiee,  Saimon.  —  JuJg*^  xtI, 

13.  Noting  exposure  or  incurring  some  danger  or 
loss.  You  do  this  upon  imn  uf  dcatii,  or  upon  the 
penalties  of  the  law. 

14.  At  the  lime  of;  on  occasion  of.  What  was 
their  comluct  upon  this  event? 

15.  By  inference  from,  or  pursuing  a  certain  sup- 
position. Upon  his  principles,  we  can  have  no  stable 
govern  ment. 

1«>.  Engaged  in.    WUnt  is  he  upon?  Locke. 

17.  Having  a  particular  manner.  The  horse  is  now 
ujwn  a  iKird  trot.  Dryden. 

18.  Restijigor  standing,  as  on  a  condition.  Ue  is 
put  up(i«  his  good  behavior. 

19.  Noting  means  of  subsistence  or  support.  Cat- 
tle live  upon  grass. 

20.  Noting  dependence  for  subsiiitence;  as,  pau- 
pers come  Kpon  the  parish  or  town. 

To  take  upon  ,•  to  assume. 

To  assume  upon  ;  in  late,  to  promise  ;  to  undertake. 

UP' PER,  a,     [ CO mp.  from   up.]     Higher   in    place;  aiv 

the  upprr  lip;    the  «pp(!r  side  of  a  thing.     An  upper 

story  is  a  higher  one ;  the  upper  story  is  the  highest. 

So  the  upper  deck  of  a  ship. 

2.  SujH'rior  in  rank  or  dignity  ;  as,  the  upper  house 
of  a  li-gisliitiiru. 

Upprr-works ;  in  a  «Aip,  the  parts  above  water 
when  the  ship  is  properly  balanced  for  a  voyage  ;  or 
that  part  which  is  above  the  main  wale.  Cue 

UP'PEIt-LEATH'ER,  (-leth'er.)  n.    The  leather  for 

the  vamps  and  quarters  of  shoes. 
UP-PEU-HANI)',  n.    Ascendency;  superiority. 
UP'PER-MOST,  a.  superl.     [upper  and  most.] 

1.  Highest  in  place  ;  as,  the  uppermost  seats. 

2.  Highest  in  power  or  authority. 

Whttterer  liictiort  happens  lo  be  uppermoeL  Sa^fL 

3.  Predominant ;  most  powerful.  Dryden. 
UP-PTL'KD,  a.     Piled  upward.                  WordsicortJu 
UP'PISH,  (i.     Proud;  arrogant.     [^  loto  iford.] 
UP-RAISE',  r.  (.    [up  and  rawe.]     Tu  raise  ;  to  lift  up 
UP-RAIS'^D,  pp.     Lifted  n p. 

UP-RAIS'ING,  n.    A  raising  or  elevation. 

ITP-ReAR',  e.  L  [up  and  rear.]  To  rear  up ;  to 
raise.  Gay. 

UPR  f.AR'KD,  pp.     Reared  up;  raised. 

UP'EIGHT,  (up'rtte,)  a,  [up  and  right  This  word 
is  marked  in  books  with  tlic  accent  on  the  first 
syllable.  But  It  is  frequently  pronounced  with  the 
accent  on  the  second,  and  the  accent  on  either  syl- 
lable of  its  derivatives  is  admissible.] 

1.  Erect ;  perpendicular  to  the  plane  of  the  hori- 
zon ;  as,  an  upright  tree  ;  an  upright  post.  Among 
mechanics,  plumb. 

2.  Erected;  pricked  up;  shooting  directly  from 
the  body. 

All  hftfe  IhHr  ear*  upright.  SpenMr. 

With  clmtlcriii^  leeih  and  brietlinj  hair  upright.         Dryden. 

3.  Honest ;  just ;  adhering  to  rectitude  in  all  social 
intercourse  ;  not  deviating  from  correct  moral  prin- 
ciples ;  as,  an  upright  man.     Job  i. 

4.  Conformable  to  moral  rectitude. 

Conscience  rewards  upright  condua  with  plftnsiip*. 

J.  M.  M<uon. 
UP'RIGHT,  n.      In  architecture,  a  representation    or 
draught  of  the  front  of  a  buildinff  ;  called  also  an 
ELiirATiON,  or  Ohthocraphv.     [Little  used.] 

Cvc-     OicilL 
2.  Something  standing  erect  or  perpendicular. 
UP-RrGHT'EOUri-LY,(-rrchus-,)(;(/c.   In  an  upright 

or  just  nmnni^r.  SlirJc. 

UP'RTGH  r-HEART'ED,  a.    Having  an  upright  heart. 
UP'RIGHT-LY,  adv.     In  a  direction  per|>endicu!ar  to 
the  plane  of  tlie  horizon  ;  in  an  erect  position. 

2.  Honestly  ;  with  strict  observance  of  rectitude; 
as,  to  live  uprightly.  Dryden, 

He  that  walkplh  uprightly  walketh  surely.  —  Ptof.  x. 

UP'RIGHT-NESS,  tu    Perpendicular  erection. 

WaUer. 
2.  Honesty ;    integrity    in    principle    or   practice ; 
conformity  to  rectitude  and  justice  in  social  dealings. 

The  truljr  upri'lil  nuin  u  iuAexibI«  in  his  uprightntu. 

AtUrbury. 

UP-RISE',  V.  i.;  pret.  Uprose;  pp.  UpRtsEN.  To  rise 
from  bed  or  from  a  seat. 

Uprose  the  virgin  with  lh»*  moniinf  light.  Pope. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T — MeTE,  PRfiY — PINE,  MARXNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WpLF,  BppK.— 


1220 


URA 

3.  To  ascend  abuve  the  horizon. 

UproM  the  sun.  Qtwlty, 

3.  To  ascend,  as  a  hill.     [06s.]  Shak. 

UP-RISE',  n.    A  rising  ;  appearance  above  the  hori- 

son.     rOfts.]  Shak. 

UP-RIS'lNG,ppr.    Rising;  ascending. 
UP-RIS'ING,  B,    The  act  of  rising. 

Thou    knoveat  my   down-sittio^  and    roine   uprUing.  —  P». 
exxxis. 

UP'RCAR,  n.  [D.  oproer;  G.  axifruhri  avf^  up,  and 
riijfcreit,  to  stir,  to  beat,  D,  roereny  Sw.  roVa,  upror. 
In  verse,  it  is  sometimes  accented  on  the  second 
syllable.] 

Great   tumult ;   violent  disturbance  and    noise ; 
bustle  and  clamor. 

The  J(?w»  who  beliered  not  —  Kt  all  llw  city  La  an  uproa/r, — 
Acu  xvii. 

Horror  thus  prcTailed, 
And  wiM  uprxtar,  Philipa, 

UP-ROAR',  V.  U    To  throw  into  confusion.    [JVot  in 

UP-RoAR'I-OUS,  a.  Making  a  great  noise  and  tu- 
mult. 

UP-R5AR'I-0US-LY,  ado.  With  great  noise  and 
tuniiilt. 

UP-RfiLL',  r.  t     [up  and  rolJ.]     To  roll  up.    MUton. 

Vy-RoUJED^pp.     Rolled  up. 

UPROOT',  r.  u  [up  and  root]  To  root  up;  to  tear 
up  by  the  roota  ;  as,  to  uproot  the  hills  or  trees. 

L>7^dejt, 

UP-ROOT'ED,  pp.    Tom  up  by  the  roots. 

UP-ROU8E',  (iip-rouz',)  r.  t  [up  and  rouse]  To 
rou-ie  from  sleep;  to  awake.  S/iak. 

UP-ROrS'^D,  pp.     Roused  from  sleep. 

UP-ROU8'ING,  ppr.     Rousing  from  sleep. 

UP-SET',  p.  r.  [up  and  srt.]  To  overturn  j  to  over- 
throw ;  to  overset ;  as  a  carriage. 

UP-SET',  n.  An  overturn;  an  overthrow;  as  of  a 
carriage. 

UP'SHOT,  n.  [vp  and  shot]  Finil  issue  j  conclu- 
sion ;  end  ;  as,  the  upshot  of  the  matter. 

Here  ia  the  uptkot  ami  ntuk  of  all.  Bttrntt. 

Upside  domit;   the  upper   pari   undermost.     As   a 
pAra^f,  this  denotes  in  confusion;  in  complete- dis- 
order. South. 
UP-SNATCH'IXG,  a.    Snatching  up;  seizing. 

./itherstone. 
UP'SPRIXG,  B.    [up  and  spring.]     An  upstart.     [JVot 

in  u-ie.)  SJiak. 

UP  SPRING',  p.  i.     To  spring  up.     [JVot  in  use.] 

SackviUe, 
UP-STAND',  v.u    To  be  erected.    [JVot  used.] 

Jilay. 
UP-STXRT',  V.  i.     [up  and  start.]    To  start  or  spring 

up  suddenly.  Dryden. 

UPSTART,  n.  One  that  suddenly  rises  from  low 
life  to  wealth,  power,  or  honor.  Spenser 

2.  Something  that  springs  up  suddenly. 

JiJUton,     Baeon, 
r.^P'PTXRT,  a.     Suddenly  raised.  Shak. 

UP-STAY',  0.  L     [up  and  stay.]     To  sustain  ;  to  sup- 
port. MiUun. 
UP-f?TXY' ING,  ppr.     Supporting. 
UP-SWARM',  p.  (.     [See  Swarm.]    To  raise  in  a 

swarm.     [JVot  in  k**.]  SItak. 

UPTAKE',  V.  t.     [up  and  take.]    To  take  into  the 

hand.     [J^ot  in  usf,.]  Spenser, 

UP-TEAR',  V.  L    [up  and  tear.]    To. tear  up. 

JUilton. 
UP-TRATN',  r.  t.    [up  and  train,]    To  train  up ;  to 

educate.     [A"o(  in  use.]  Spenser, 

UP-TURN',  V.  U  [up  and  turn.]  To  turn  up;  to 
throw  up  ;  as,  to  upturn  the  ground  in  plowing. 

Jifdton.     Pope, 
UP'WARD,  a.     [up  and  ward.  Sax.  veard,  L.  vrrsus.] 
Directed  to  a  higher  place  ;  as,  with  upward  eye; 
with  upward  speed.  Dnjden,     Prior, 

UP'WARO,  n.     The  top.     [JV.it  in  use..]  Shak. 

UP'WARD,  adv.    Toward  a  higher  place  ;  oppoe<ed  to 

DoWKWARO. 

Vpuard  I  Ii.1  my  eye.  WatU. 

2.  Toward  heaven  and  God. 


Lookin?  tnwiiid,  we  are  Amek  dumb;  loo\iing upward,  wvtpeaSt 
and  prevail.  Hooker. 

3.  Willi  respect  to  the  higher  part. 

Upitnrd  mAn, 
Downwarl  firti.  Milton. 

4.  More  than,  indefinitely.  Uptmrd  of  ten  years 
have  elapsed ;  upward  of  a  hundred  men  were 
presenL 

5.  Toward  the  source.    Trace  the  stream  upward. 

And  trace  (he  mtia^  upvard  to  their  iprin^.  Pop€. 

UP-WniRL'    (-hwurl',)  v.  L    [up  and  whirl.)    To 
rise  upward  in  a  whirl ;  to  whirl  upward.    Jfilfon, 

UP-WIIIRL',  V.  (.    To  raise  upward   in  a  whirling 
dirertion. 

UP-WTND',  p.  t,    [up  and  wind.]     To  wind  up. 

Spenser. 

U'RAN-GUM'MRR,  n.    Urnnite,  which  see. 

U-RA'NI-A,  n.    In  mytkoUiiry,  the  muse  of  astronomy. 

li'RAN-ITE,  n.    An  ore  of  uranium,  of  a  bright  green 


URG 

or  yellow  color,  and  foliated  like  mica.  The  green 
variety  consists  of  oxyd  of  uranium,  phosphoric  acid, 
and  copper,  and  is  called  Chalcolite  or  Copper 
URAMirE.  The  ytdlow  contains  lime  instead  of 
copper,  nnd  is  called  Lime  Urakite.  Dana. 

tJ-RAN-IT'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  .uranite,  or  resem- 
bling it. 

IJ-RA'\I-UM,  n.  [Gr.  ovpavos,  heaven,  or  a  planet  so 
called.] 

A  metal  discovered  in  1789  by  Klaproth,  in  the 
mineral  called  pitchhlende.  It  is  occasionally  found 
native  in  urau-ocher  and  uran-mica  ;  but  more  gen- 
erally it  is  obtained  from  pitchblende,  in  which  it  ex- 
ists with  iron,  copper,  lead,  and  sometimes  with 
arsenic,  cobalt,  and  zinc.  Uranium  is  of  a  reddish- 
brown  color,  lias  a  metallic  luster,  and  is  commonly 
obtained  in  a  crystalline  form.  It  suffers  no  change 
from  exposure  to  the  air  at  common  temperatures, 
but.when  heated  in  open  vessels,  it  absorbs  oxygen, 
and  is  converted  into  a  protoxyd.  Henry. 

U'RAN-MI'CA,  n.    Uranite,  which  see. 

U'RAN-O'CHER,  (  n      A  yellow,  earthy  incrustation, 

li'RAN-o'CHRE,  i  (Hipposed  to  be  the  oxyd  of  ura- 
nium, combined  with  carbonic  acid.  This  name  is 
also  applied  to  pitchblende,  which  see.  Dana. 

U-RAN-OG'RA-PJIY,  n.     [Gr.   ovf^avos  and  j^pa</>aj.] 
A  description  of  the  heavens. 

IJ-RAN-OL'O-GY,   n.      [Gr.    uvpavusj    heaven,   and 
Xoyas,  discourse.] 
A  discourse  or  treatise  on  the  heavens.   J^IUchill. 

IJ-RAN-OS'CO-PY,  n,      [Gr.  ovpavu^y  heaven,  and 
GKoiTEio,  to  view.] 
Contemplation  of  Ibe  heavenly  bodies. 

IJ'R.'V-NUS,  n.  [L.]  One  of  the  primary  planets.  It 
is  ar>out  1,800,000,000  miles  from  the  sun,  about 
35,000  miles  in  diameter,  and  its  period  of  revolution 
round  the  sun  is  nearly  84  of  our  years.  It  has  also 
been  called  Herschel  and  Geqrgiuu  Sidus. 

Brande, 

IJ-RX'O,  n.  The  native  name  of  a  sesquicarbonate  of 
soda  found  in  Mexico  and  South  America;  the  same 
with  Trosa,  Ure. 

IJ'RA'I'E,  n.    A  compound  of  uric  acid  and  a  base. 

UR'BA.\,  a.     [L.  MrbanuSy  froui  nrbs,  a  city.] 
Beli>nging  to  a  city  ;  as,  ai*  urban  population. 

UR-HA.\E',  a.    [See  above.] 

Civil ;  courteous  in  manne-s  ;  polite. 

UR-BAN'I-TY,  71.  [Fr.  urban Ue  i  L.  urbaniUis,  from 
urbs,  a  city.] 

1.  That  civility  or  courtesy  of  manners  which  is 
acquired  by  associating  with  well-bred  people;  po- 
liteness ;  jMilished  manners.  Drydrn.     Brown. 

2.  Facetiousness.  VKstrauge. 
UR'BAN-IZE,  V.  L    To  render  civil  and  courtetms  ; 

to  polish.  Howell, 

UR'CE-O-LATE,  a.     [L.  ureeolus^  urceiis^  a  pitcher] 
In  botany  and  conchology,  shaped   like  a  pitcher  ; 
swelling  out  like  a  pitcher,  as  respects  the  body,  and 
contracted  at  the  orifice ;  as  a  calyx  or  corol. 

Jdartyn,     Lee. 
UR'CIIIX,  n,     [\rm.  kenrcuchin  ,  1,.  erinaceus.] 
1.  A  name  given  to  the  hedgehog. 

3.  A  name  of  slight  anger  given  to  a  child  ;  as,  the 
tittle  urchin  cried. 

l^RE,  lu     Use;   practice.    [Obsolete,  but  retained  in 

Ini'BE.] 

l['RE-A,  n.  .\n  animal  substance  obtained  from 
urine.  It  is  crystalline,  trans^iarent,  and  colorless, 
and  (pf  a  pearly  luster.  It  has  the  furm  of  a  tetrahe- 
dral  prism.  It  is  composed  of  carbon,  hydrogen,  ni- 
trogen, and  oxygen,  and  is  a  salifiable  ba^e. 

tJ-Rl^'TER,  n.  [Gr.  ovpijruPi  from  ovptio.  See 
UniNE.] 

The  excretnr\'  duct  of  the  kidney,  a  tube  convey- 
ing the  urine  from  the  kidney  to  the  bladder.  There 
are  two  ureters,  one  on  each  side.    Coze.     Q_uincy. 

y-RE'THRA,  «.  [Gr.  ovpnOya^  from  ovpc(o.  See 
Uriwb.] 

The  canal  by  which  the  urine  is  conducted  from 
th'-  bladder  and  discharged.  Coze, 

IJ-Rr,'THRAL,  a.     Pertaining  tn  the  urethra. 

URGE,  p.  t,  [L.  urgeo.  This  oelongs  probably  to  the 
fiundy  of  Gr.  ft.oj<',  and  L.  arero.] 

1.  To  press  ;  to  push  ;  to  drive  ;  to  impel ;  to  apply 
force  to,  in  almost  any  manner. 

And  great  Achill<a  urge  tht-  Troj.^n  Ule.  tyrydtn. 

2.  To  press  the  mind  or  will ;  to  press  by  motives, 
argument.-;,  persuasion,  or  importunity. 

My  hroih-.r 
Did  urgt  mo  in  hia  acU  Shak. 

3.  To  provoke  ;  to  exasperate 

Urgt  not  my  fcther'a  ar.fcr.  Shak. 

4.  To  follow  close  ;  to  impc(. 

IMr  urgei  hrir,  like  wave  impf  ling  wste.  Pop*. 

5.  To  labor  vehemently  ;  tc  press  wilh  eagerness. 
Thr<nifh  the  thick  d-^acru  headlong  urged  hia  fliglit.  Pope, 
G.  To  press;  as,  to  urj^e  an  argument;  to  urge  a 

petition  ;  to  urge  the  necessity  of  a  rase. 

7.  'i'o  importune  ;  to  "solicit  earneytly.  He  urged 
his  son  to  withiira\v. 

8.  To  apply  forcibly  ^  as,  to  urn^e  an  ore  with  in- 
tense heat. 


USA 

URGE,  p.  i.    To  press  forward  ;  as,  he  strives  to  urge 

U)>ward. 
URG'KD,  pp.    Pressed  ;  impelled  ;  Importuned. 
URG'EX-CV,  n.    Pres.sure  ;  importunity  ;  earnest  so- 
licitation ;  as,  the  urgency  of  a  retiuest. 

2.  Pressure  of  necessity  ;  as,  the  urgency  of  want 
or  distress  ;  the  urgency  of  the  occasion. 
URG'ENT,  a.     Pressing  with  importunity.     Exod.  xli 
S.  Pressing  with  necessity;   violent;  vchemeDt; 
as,  an  urgent  case  or  occasion. 
URG'ENT-LY,arfp.    With  pressing  importunity  ;  vio- 
lently ;  vehemently  ;  forcibly. 
URG'ER,  M.    One  who  urges  ;  one  who  importunes. 
URGE'-WON-DER,  (-wun-dor,)  n.    A  sort  of  grain. 

J^Iortimer. 
URG'ING,  ppr.     Pressing  ;  driving  ;  impelling. 
2.  a.  Pressing  wilh  solicitations;  importunate. 

STlf-ie'^AL-iD,!"-     [Gr.  »".»..,  urine.] 

An  acid  contained  in  urine,  and  in  gouty  concre- 
tions. It  is  white,  tasteless,  and  inodorous.  It 
forms  salts,  which  arc  called  Urates  or  Lithates. 

t^'RIM,  (yu'rim,)  n.     'Ileb.  D'-TiM.] 

The  Urim  and  Thununim,  among  the  Israelites, 
signify  lights  and  perfections.  These  were  a  kind  of 
ornament  belonging  to  the  habit  of  the  high  priest, 
in  virtue  of  wliich  he  gave  oracular  answers  to  the 
people  ;  but  what  they  were  has  not  been  satisfacto- 
rily ascertained.  Cye. 

t^'UIN-AL,  n.     [Fr.  urinal;  L.  urinalis,  from  urina, 
urine.] 

1.  A  bottle  in  which  urine  is  kept  for  inspection. 

2.  A  vessel  for  containing  urine. 
IJ'RIN-A-RY,  a.     [from  unne.]     Pertaining  to  urine; 

as,  the  urinary  bladder  ;  urinary  calculi ;  urinary  ab- 
scesses. 

tJ'RIN-A-RY,        I  n.      In  agriculture,  a  reservoir  or 

l|-RIN  A'RI-UM,  i     place  for  the  reception  of  urine, 
&c.,  for  manure.  Cye. 

U'RIN-A-TIVE,  a.    Provoking  urine.  Bacuju 

IJ-RIN-A'TOR,  n.     [L.,  fr.im  urtno,  to  dive.] 

A  diver;  one  who  plunges  and  sinks  in  water  in 
search  of  something,  as  for  pearls.  Ray. 

ti'RINE,   (yu'rin,)  n.      [L.   urina;    Gr.    ovpovj   from 
uvpcoi  i  G.  ham,  kamen.] 

An  animal  fluid  or  liquor  secreted  bv  the  kidneys, 
whence  it  is  conveyed  into  the  bladder  by  the  ure- 
ters, and  through  the  urethra  discharged.  The  urine 
of  beasts  is  sometimes  called  Stale. 

U'RIN-ATE, }  V.  i.    [Supra.]    To  discbarge  urine. 

tj'RINE,  j  .      Bacon. 

li'RIN-OIJS,  a.    Pertaining  to  urine,  or  partaking  of 
its  qualities.  jjrbuthnot. 

IJ'RITH,  n.    The  flexible  rods  bound  around  liedges. 
[Provincial.]  Farm.  Encyc 

URN,  n.     [L.  uma,] 

1.  A  kind  of  vase  of  a  roundish  form,  largest  In 
the  middle  ;  used  as  an  ornament.  Cye 

2.  A  vessel  for  water. 

.1.  A  vessel  in  which  the  ashes  of  the  dead  were 
formerly  kept. 

4.  A  Roman  measure  for  liquids,  contaitiing  about 
three  gallons  and  a  half,  wine  measure.  It  was  half 
the  ainiihora,  and  four  times  the  congius.  Cye. 

URN'-SHAP-£D,  (urn'ahaple,)  a.    Having  the  shape 

of  an  urn. 
IJ-ROS'eO-PY,  7U     [Gr.  ovnov  and  aKETrro}.] 

The  judgment  of  diseases  by  inspection  of  urine. 

Brown. 
UR'RY,  n.    A  sort  of  blue  or  Mack  clay,  lying  near  a 

vein  of  coal.  JHortimer. 

UR'SA,  n.     [L.]    A  bear, 

Ursa  major;  the  Great  Bear,  one  of  the  most  con- 
spiaious  of  the  ntirthern  constellations,  situated 
near  the  jmle.  It  contains  the  stars  which  form  the 
Dipper.,  or  Charleses  ffain. 

Ursa  JUinar;  the  constellation  nearest  the  north 
p(jle.  It  contains  the  pole-star,  which  i*  situated  in 
the  extremity  of  the  tail.  Olinstcd. 

UR'SI-FORM,  a.     [U  wrsn,  bear,  and  form.] 

In  the  shape  of  a  bear. 
UR'SINE,  (ur'sin,)  a.     [L.  ursinus.] 

Pertaining  to  or  resembling  a  bear. 
UR'SU-LINE,  a.    Denoting  an  orderof  nuns,  so  called 
from  their  institutress,  St.  Ursula,  who  drvote  them- 
selves to  the  succor  of  poverty  and  sickness,  and 
the  education  of  the  young.    Used  also  as  a  noun. 

i;re,    r*   [i'-«"^-J 

1.  The  wild  bull. 

2.  In  natural  history,  the  trivial  or  specific  name  of 
the  species  of  Bos  or  Taurus,  to  which  the  common 
bull  or  ox  and  cow  belong.  In  iUs  wild  state,  it  for- 
merly inhabited  the  central  parts  of  Europe. 

US,  pron. ;  objective  case  of  We. 

Give  us  this  day  our  daily  bread.  Lord't  Prayer. 

U.  S. ;   an  abbreviation   for   United  States.     U.  S.  A., 
fnr  Unitrd  States  of  Jimcrica. 

I|'?:A-BLE,  a.     That  may  be  used. 

iJ'SAGE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  user,  to  use.     See  Use.] 

1.  Treatment;  an  action  or  series  of  actions  per- 
formed hv  one  person  toword  another,  or  which  di- 
rectly affect  him;   as,  good  usage;  ill  usage;  hard 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  as  K  j  G  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  3H ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

12^ 


law  su£c.-"ut. 


USK 

wM^e.  Gentle  wMge  will  ofton  effect  what  harsh 
u.-'o^  will  noL  The  elephant  may  be  governed  by 
11) ill!  itsa^'f. 

*.  Use,  or  lon|^-coQtinued  use ;  custom ;  practice. 
Uninterru|Aeit  usagt  fur  n  long  time,  or  inimemuriiil 
MMfs,  constitutes  prescription.  Custom  is  h  local 
u.*a^t;  pre-  i  )>eraonal  iMi^e.    In  language, 

•M^ia  li  1  uf  all  rules. 

■i  coafinoed  t^  um,  hng  «*ir>  >•  • 

3.  Maanen;  beharior.    r06».]  Spenser. 

12'SAC-ER,  fya'xi-jer.)  «.    [Fr.]    One  who  has  the 

use  of  any  thing  in  trust  for  another.    [A\>t  in  use,] 

Daniel 
tJ'SANCE,  (yu'zaus,)  n.    [Fr.]    Use  ;  proper  employ- 
inenL  SpeKstr. 

3.  ITsury  ;  Interest  paid  for  money.  Shaiu 

3.  In  ctfMinercc,  the  time  which,  by  usage  or  cus- 
tom, is  alloWfd  in  certain  countries  for  the  payment 
of  a  bill  of  exchange.  This  time  may  be  one,  two, 
or  three  months  aHer  the  date  of  the  bill,  according 
to  the  cui^tom  of  the  places  between  which  the  ex- 
cJinnpes  run.  Bvmvicr, 

IJSE,  (yuse,)  m,     [L.  u.fus:  ft,  uso:  Fr.  ns^  pi.] 

1.  The  act  of  handling  or  employing  m  any  man- 
ner, and  for  any  purpose,  but  especially  for  a  prttfita- 
ble  ptirpose ;  as,  the  use  of  a  pen  in  writing;  the 
»«  of  books  in  study  ;  the  use  of  a  spade  in  digging. 
I/se  is  of  livo  kindn  —  that  which  employs  a  thing 
without  dcstruying  it  or  its  form,  as  the  use  of  a  book 
or  of  a  farm;  or  it  is  the  employment  of  n  thing 
which  destroys  or  wastes  it,  as  the  use  of  bread  for 
provision  ;  the  use  of  water  for  turning  a  mill. 

2,  Emplo)'ment:  application  of  any  thing  to  a  pur- 
pose, good  or  bad.  It  is  our  duty  to  make  a  fnitliful 
use  of  our  oppoitunities  and  advantages  for  improve- 
menL 

Boohs  cut  Drrer  teMk  the  «•«  of  bookm. 


Sl  Usefulness ;  utility ;  adnintage ;  production  of 
benefiL  The  ralue  of  a  thing  is  to  be  estimated  by 
its  mse.    Bis  ftiendship  has  been  of  ast  to  me. 

*Ti*  MM  alotie  thu  naetitm  tspmm.  Pop*, 

4.  Need  of  emplo>-tnent,  or  occartoo  to  employ.    I 
have  no  further  use  for  this  book. 
&.  Power  of  receiving  adrantac&    [C^uuthoLI 

6.  Continued  practice  or  employment. 

SwvrCABM*  mift,  ftad  every  gimce, 

Wlucb  dme  uhI  hm  mc  wont  to  iMck  WiiBer. 

7.  CaiCoiB ;  eomrooa  occurrence. 

O  Casr,  Umm  tUnx*  M«  berood  kll  MM.    {trtmumL\    flfaft. 
&jDteresK;  the  premium  paid  for  tlte  poaemion 
ployment  of  borrowed  money.  SniCft, 

Inr,  the  ben*  fit  or  prollt  of  lands  and  teoe- 
C7*«  imports  a  tnist  and  confidence  reposed 
In  s^an  fhrthe  holding  of  lands.  Ue  to  wh«ae  ««« 
or  benefit  the  trust  is  intended,  shall  enjoy  the 
pmlits.  An  estate  is  granted  and  hmiled  to  A  for 
the  use  of  B. 

Statute  of  uses;  In  England,  the  StaU  27  Henry 
VIII.,  cap.  10,  which  transfers  uses  into  possession, 
or  which  unites  the  use  and  p^issession. 

Cestuy  ^e  use :  in  lar,  the  person  who  has  the  use 
of  lands  and  tenements. 

CoHtmffrnt  use,  in  law,    A  contingent  or  Fpringing 
is  where  the  use  is  stispended  on  a  future 


usu 

2.  To  be  wont. 

Fean  u*ett  to  be  rcpp-»enu-<l  In  an  Imaginai/  fiwhion.   Bacon. 

3.  To  frequent  i  to  inhabiL 

Where  Mover  foot  did  um,  Spenttr. 

US'ED,  (yazd,)  p».    Employed  ;  occupied  ;  treated. 

1^!<E'FJJL,  (yOse'rulO  a-  Producing  or  having  jiower 
to  pntduce  g(KJd  ;  beneficial ;  profitable  ;  hclpnil  to- 
ward advancing  any  purpose;  as,  veswis  and  instru- 
ments us^nl  in  a  family  ;  books  useful  for  improve- 
ment;  MA-f/«i  knowIfd|:r? ;  «*»•/«/ arts, 

IJBE'FI;L-LY,  u</p.  In  such  a  manner  as  to  produce 
or  advance  some  end;  as,  instruments  or  time  u£f- 
fultu  employed. 

ITSE'FfJL-.NE^S,  n  Conduciveness  to  some  end, 
proi>erly  to  some  valuable  end  ;  as,  the  iiMrfulness  of 
canal  navigation;  the  usefulness  of  machinery  in 
mannfactures, 

l^SE'LESS,  a.     Having  no  use  ;  unservicenltle  j  pro- 
ducing no  gi>od  end  ;  answering  no  valuable  purpose 
nut  advancing  the  end  proposed;  as,  a  u^c/rv"*  gar- 
m'*nt;  useiesf  pMy.  Oav. 

t^SE'I.ESS-LY,  arfe.  In  a  useless  manner;  without 
profit  or  advantage.  Locke. 

ITSE'I*E.SS-NESS,  B.  Unservireahlrncss  ;  unfitness 
forany  vahiable  purfwse,  or  for  the  purpose  intended  ; 
as,  the  uselessness  of  pleasure. 

CS'nK,  n.    One  who  uses,  treats,  or  occupies. 

tSH'EK,  n.  [Fr.  huissier,&  door-kee|M3r,  from  Auis, 
It.  useio,  a  door.] 

1.  Pruprrhjy  an  offirer  or  servant  who  has  the  care 
of  Uie  door  of  a  court,  hall,  cliamber,  or  the  like  ; 
hence,  an  officer  whose  business  is  to  introduce 
fiirangers,  or  to  walk  before  a  person  of  rank.  In 
the  king's  househoKl  there  are  four  gentlenicii-u^hers 
of  the  privy  chamber.  There  is  also  nn  uslur  of  the 
exchequer,  who  attends  the  bortms,  sheriffs,  juries, 
&c.     {En-^'ltind,]  Cyc. 

2.  An  under-teacher  or  assistant  to  the  preceptor 
of  a  school. 

USH'ER,  r.  e.  To  introduce,  as  a  forerunner  or  har- 
binger ;  to  forerun. 


UTM 


The  Man,  that  usher  f-rminz,  row. 
Tlie  Kumtn^r  wm  uthtrtJ  mto  tho  world  by  i 
bnh  the  frrat  fmtna  of  die  auUiar. 


RfiUon, 

letter,  ai-um^ 

Adiiiaon. 


use, 

cvenL 

ResuItiMe  use,  is  one  which,  being  limited  by  the 
deed,  expires  or  can  not  vest,  and  results  or  returns 
to  hira  who  raised  it,  after  such  expiration. 

SeamJary  or  skiftin^r  use^  is  that  which,  though  ex- 
ecuted, may  change  from  one  to  another  bv  circum- 
stances. Blackstonr. 

In  use;  in  employment;  as,  the  book  is  now  U 

a.  In  customary  practice  or  observance.  Such 
words,  rites,  and  ceremonies,  bare  long  been  in  use. 
i;«E,  O'fl"*)  "-  t  (Fr.  user ;  It.  usare ;  Sp.  usar  ;  L. 
Htor,  uswu  :  Gr.  t9<^.] 

1.  To  emf^oy  ;  to  handle,  hold,  occupy,  or  move, 
for  some  purpose ;  as,  to  use  a  pinw  ;  to  use  a  chair ; 
to  use  a  book  ;  to  mse  time.  Most  men  use  the  right 
hand  with  more  convenience  than  the  left,  and 
bene*  its  name,  rigkL 

9.  To  waste,  consum^  or  exhaust,  by  employment ; 
as,  to  use  flour  for  food;  to  ilm  beer  fur  drink;  to 
use  water  for  irrigation,  or  for  tumine  the  wlieel  of 
a  mill. 

3.  To  accuj^om  ;  to  habituate  ;  to  render  familiar 
by  practice  ;  as,  men  used  to  cold  and  hunger;  sol- 
diers it^et/ to  hardshipsand  danger.   Jiddison.  Sus^fL 

4.  To  treat ;  as,  to  use  one  well  or  ill ;  to  use  peo- 
ple with  kindness  and  civility  ;  to  iu«  a  beast  with 
cruelty. 

Cato  hat  lued  rue  tU.  Addison. 

5.  To  practice  castoraarily. 

Utt  hcMfMUlicy  mw  to  anolhrr.  —  I  Pet.  It. 
To  use  o»e'»  «^;  to  behave.    [  Obs.^  SAak. 

QlE,  v.L    To  be  accustomed  ;  to  practice  customarily. 

Tbey  MM  to  piMe  him  tbut  aball  be  ihnr  opuin  ea  a  «otw. 

Spenser. 


USirER-KT>.  rp-    Intrt^dnced. 
USII'KK-INti,  ypr.     Introducing,  as  n  foremnner. 
USH'KR-SIIIP,  «.     The  olfice  of  an  usher. 
US'aUE-BAUGH,    (us'kwe-baw,)     n.       [Xr. 


visgey 


H-nter,  anif  *«*'*>  life.] 

A  compound  distilled  spirit.    From  this  word,  by 
contraction,  we  have  Whiiet. 
USTION,  (usl'yun.)  «.    [Fr.  usCum;  L.  iLrtio,  from 
vro,  ustus,  to  burn.] 
The  act  of  burnine  ;  the  slate  of  being  burnt. 
UP-TO'RI-OUS,  a.    [Supra.]     Having  the  quality  of 

hum  in  p.  H^atts. 

US-TU-LATION,  n.     [L.  ustulatus.] 

1.  The  act  of  humine  or  searing.  Petty. 

2.  In  metallur^,  ustulation  is  liie  operation  of  ex- 
pftling  one  suh^tLince  from  onoiher  by  heat,  as  sul- 
phur and  arsenic  from  ores,  in  a  muffle. 

3.  In  pharmacy,  the  roasting  or  drying  of  moist 
substances  so  as  to  prepare  them  for  pulverizing; 
also,  the  burning  of  wine.  Cyc. 

tiS'U-AL,,  (yG'zhu-al,)  a.     [Fr.  usuel;  from  use.] 

Customary  ;  common  ;  frequent ;  such  as  occurs 
in  ordinary  practice  or  in  the  ordinary  course  of 
events.    Kniny  weather  is  not  usual  in  this  cliutate. 

CocwuItaUDu  with  omdei  wu  formerly  e.  thing  rerj  usual. 

Hooker. 
T7S'T2-AI#-LY,  adr.     Commonly  ;  customarily  ;  ordina- 
rily.    Men  usually  find  some  excuse  fc»r  their  vices. 
It  is  usually  as  cold  in  North  Ameri&a  in  the  fortieth 
degree  of  latitude,  as  it  is  in  the  west  of  Europe  in 
tlie  fiftieth. 
UST-ALr-NEPS,  n.    Commonness  ;  frequency. 
U-SU-€AP'T10.\,  n.    [L.   usus,  use,  and  capio,  to 
take.] 

In  the  eiril  late,  the  same  as  PaEscnrpTtoN  in  the 
common  law  ;  the  acquisition  of  the  title  or  riclil  to 
pniperty  by  the  uninterrupted  and  undispulid  pos- 
session of  it  for  a  certain  term  prescribed  by  Jaw. 
U'Sr-FRUCT,  B.     [L.  ususy  use,  and  fructus,  fruit.] 
In  taw,  the  right  of  enjoying  a  tiling  which  be- 
longs to  another,  and  of  deriving  from  it  all  the 
prufit  or  benefit  it  may  produce,  provided  it  be  with- 
t"it  alterine  the  substance  of  the  thing.       Bauricr. 
U-Sl'-FRUeT'lT-A  RY,  n.     A  person  who  has  the  use 
and  enjoyment  of  property  for  a  time,  without  hav- 
ine  the  title  or  projK'fty.  Johnsoju 

TjS'liRE,  r.  i.    To  practice  usury.    [J^''ot  m  use.) 

Skak. 
t;«'t;-RER,  Cya'zhu-rer,)  n.    [Pee  Usurt.]     Formerly, 
a  person  who  lent  money  and  took  interest  for  it 

2.  In  present  usag-e^one  who  lends  money  at  a  rate 
of  int*'rest  beyond  that  established  by  law. 
tJ-»0'RI-OU.S,   (yu-zfi're-U3,)   a.      Practicing   usury ; 
taking  exorbitant  interest  for  the  use  of  money  ;  as, 
a  usuriou.'!  |>erson. 

2.  Partaking  of  usury;    containing  usury;  as,  a 
usurious  contract,  which  by  statute  is  void. 
U-SC'RI-OUS-LY,  adir.     In  a  usurious  manner.  i 


li-SO'RI-OUS  NE8B,ji.  The  stale  or  quality  of  being 
usurious. 

T2-SUKI",  (yu-7.urp',)  v.  t.    [Ft.  usurper  ;  L.  usurpo.] 
To  seize  and  hold  in  possession  by  force  or  with- 
out right ;  as,  to  usurp  a  throne ;  to  usurp  the  pre- 
rogatives of  the  crown  ;  to  usurp  power.     To  usurp 
the  right  of  a  p^itron,  is  to  oust  or  dispossess  him. 

V~ic«  toiitrtjiiicf  usurpt  the  pliue  of  Tirtiu.  Denham, 

[Usurp  is  not  applied  to  common  dispossession  of 
private  property.] 

y-SURP-A'TIOi\,  n.  [Supra.]  The  act  of  seizing  or 
occupying  and  enjoying  the  power  or  property  of 
another  without  right;  as,  the(t*ur;>a/iwttof  athrone  ; 
the  ujiurpation  of  the  supreme  power.  Usurpation, 
in  a  peculiar  sense,  denotes  the  absolute  ou.sler  and 
dis[wjssossion  of  the  patron  of  n  churcli,  by  present- 
ing n  clerk  to  a  vacant  benefice,  who  is  thereupon 
admitted  and  instituted.  Cyc. 

IJ-SURP'A-TO-RY,  a.  Usurping;  marked  by  usurpa- 
tion. 

l^-SURP'KD,  (yu-zurpt',)  pp.  or  «.  Seized  or  occu- 
pied and  enjoyed  by  violence,  or  without  right. 

IJ-SURP'ER,  n.  One  who  seizes  or  occupies  the  pow- 
er or  property  of  another  without  right ;  as,  the 
usnrj}er  of  u  llirono,  of  power,  or  of  the  rights  of  a 
patron.  Shak.     Dryden.     Cyc. 

T^-SURP'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.  Seizing  or  occupying  the 
power  or  pro[>erIy  of  another  without  right. 

IJ-SURP'ING-LY,  adv.  liy  usurpation  ;  without  just 
ritrht  or  claim.  Skiik. 

ITS'l^-RY,  (yQ'zhu-re,)  n.  [Fr.  usure;  L.  twura,  from 
utor,  to  use.] 

1.  FormerU,  interest ;  or  a  premium  paid,  or  stipu- 
lated to  be  paid,  for  the  use  of  money. 

[Usury  formerly  denoted  any  legal  interest;  but  in 
tins  sense,  the  word  is  no  longer  in  use.] 

2.  In  prf.ffn(  w.vaff-?,  illegal  iitferei^t;  a  premium  or 
compi-n.«ation  iwiid,  or  slipulatod  to  be  paid,  for  tho 
use  of  money  borrowed  or  returned,  beyond  the  rate 
of  interest  established  by  law. 

3.  The  practice  of  taking  interest.     [OA^.]    Bacon. 
WSUS   LO'QUKJ^VI,   [L.J      The    Uitual  mode    of 


speak  in  SI. 
UT;  I       " 


the  first  note  in  Guido's  musical  scale  ;  now  usu- 
ally superseded  by  Do. 

IJ-TEN'SIL,  H.  [Fr.  uU:nsile.  This  seems  to  be  formed 
on  ilie  participle  of  the  L.  ut4rr.'^ 

An  instrument;  that  which  is  used  ;  particularly, 
an  instrument  or  vessel  used  in  a  kitchen,  or  in  do- 
mestic and  farming  business,      * 

TJ'TER-INE,  (yu'tur-in,)  a.  [Fr.  uterine  ;  L.  utcrinusy 
frtmi  «(cru5.] 

Pertaining  to  the  womb.  Uterine  brother  or  sister, 
is  one  born  of  the  same  mother,  but  by  a  ditlVrent 
father.  Cye. 

l^-TE-RO-CES-TA'TION,  n.  Gestation  in  the  womb 
from  conception  to  birth.  PritchanL 

IJ'TE-RUS,  n.     [L.]     The  womb. 

V'TILE,  (vu'til,)  n.    Prufitable  ;  useful 

UTI-LE  DUL'Cly  [L.j  The  useful  with  the  agree- 
able. 

IJ-TII^I-TA'RI-AN,  a.  Consisting  in  or  pertaining  to 
utility;  i>ert!ilning  to  utilitarianism. 

U-TIL-I-Ta'RI-AN,  n.  One  who  holds  the  doctrine 
of  utililari.inism. 

tJ-TIL-I-TA'RI-AN-r«M,  n.  The  doctrine  that  the 
greatest  happiness  (f  the  greatest  number  should  be 
the  end  and  aim  of  all  social  and  political  institu- 
tions. J.  Bcnlham, 

2.  The  term  has  also  been  applied  to  the  doctrine 
of  Hume,  that  utihty  is  the  sole  stand.ird  of  moral 
conduct ;  or  that  every  thing  is  right  which  appears 
to  be  useful,  irrespective  of  God's  decision  on  the 
subject  in  his  Word. 

3.  The  term  has  also  sometimes  been  applied  to 
the  doctrine  that  virtue  is  founded  in  utility  ;  or  that 
the  practice  of  virtue  is  enjoined  by  God  solely  on  the 
ground  of  its  tendency  to  promote  the  liighest  liappi- 
ness  of  the  universe, 

TT-TIL'I-TY,  Cyu-til'e-te,)  n.  [Fr.  utillti ;  L.  utiUtas, 
from  ufor,  to  use.] 

Usefulness;  production  of  pood  ;  profitableness  to 
somf;  valuable  end  ;  as,  tho  vtUity  of  manures  \\\Ktx\ 
land  ;  the  utility  of  the  sciences  ;  the  utility  of  medi- 
cines. 

U-Tir^I-7A'TION,n.  A  making  profitable  ;  a  gaining. 

t^'TIL-IZE,  r.  (.  [It.  uttUizare;  Sp.  utdiiar ;  from 
utile,  vlil,  useful.] 

1.  To  gain  profit ;  to  acquire.      Joum.  qf  Science, 

2.  To  turn  to  profitable  account  or  use. 
U'TIl^TT-KD,  pp.     Made  profitable, 
U'TIL-TZ-ING,p/;r.    Rendering  profitable  ;  gaining. 
U'Tt   POS-SI-DE'TIS,    [L.,    as   you    possess.]      In 

politics,  the  ba^is  or  principle  of  a  treaty  which  leaves 
belligerents  mutually  in  possession  of  what  they  have 
acquired  by  their  arms  during  the  war.        Brando. 
TJ'TIS,  n.     [Fr.  A«i(.] 

1.  An  ancient  law  term,  signifying  the  eighth  day 
after  any  festival ;  it  also  denotes  the  festival  itself. 

'J^oone. 
9.  Bristle;  stir.  ^  Skak. 

UT'MOST,  fl.  [Sax.  ntnupst.,  utmest;  ut,  out,  and 
mest,  most,  that  is.  to  the  outermost  point] 


FATE,  FAR,  FAU^,  WHAT — METE,  PRfiV.— nXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOI.F,  BQgK.- 


1222 


VAC 

1.  Extreme ;  being  at  the  fnrtlicst  jwint  or  ex- 
tremity ;  as,  the  utmost  limit  uf  North  America  ;  the 
wfT/iy»(  limits  of  the  laud  ;  the  lUmojit  cxicnl  uf  humun 
knowledge. 

2.  Being  in  the  greatest  or  highest  degree  ;  as,  the 
vimost  assiduity  ;  the  utmost  harmony ;  the  utmost 
misery  or  happiness  ;  the  utmost  peril.  Sfmk. 

UT'MOST,  M.  The  most  thiU  can  be  ;  the  greatest 
jwwer,  degree,  or  effort.  He  has  done  hi»  utmost. 
Try  your  lUiavst. 

I  will  be  (re« 
ErcD  to  Ibo  xttmoMt  as  I  pleuK  in  word*.  .STioit. 

IJ-TO'PI  A,  n.  A  term  invented  by  Sir  Thomas  More, 
[from  the  Gr.  ovtottix;,  no  place,]  and  applied  to  an 
imaginary  isle,  which  he  represents  as  enjoying  the 
greatest  perfection  in  politics,  laws,  &c.  The  word 
is  now  used  in  all  tlie  languages  of  EuroiM!,  to  sig- 
nify 3  state  of  ideal  perfection.  Braiuie. 

Ii-TO'P[-AN,  o.  [from  More's  Utopia.]  Ideal ;  chi- 
merical;  fanciful;  not  well  founded. 

ti-TCPI -AN-ISM,  n.  Chimerical  schemes  in  theory 
or  practice.  Chalmers. 

tJ'TRI-eLE,  (yii'tri-kl,)  Tt.  [L.  uiricuiiw,  a  little  bag  or 
boltte.] 

1.  A  little  bag  or  bladder  ;  a  little  cell ;  a  reservoir 
ID  plants  to  receive  the  sap.        Fottrcroy.    Marti/n. 

2.  A  capsule  of  one  cell,  and  containing  a  acditary 
seed,  often  very  thin  and  semi-transparent,  con- 
stanUy  destitute  of  valves,  and  falling  with  the  seed. 

0.£rtner.  Cyc.  Smith. 
tl-TRie'U  LAR,  a.     Containing  utricles;    furnished 

with  glandular  vessels  like  small  bags;  as  plants. 
UT'TER,  a.    [Sax.  ;  that  is,  outer.]    Situated  on  the 

outside  or  remote  from  iJie  center  Jililton. 


V 


IS  the  twenty-second  letter  of  the  English  alpha- 
bet, and  a  labial  articulation,  formed  by  the  junc- 
tion of  the  upper  teeth  with  the  lower  lip,  as  in  pro- 
nouncing ar,  ev^  oc,  vain.  It  is  not  a  close  articula- 
tion, hut  one  that  adn)it.sof  some  s^mnd.  It  is  nearly 
allied  to/,  being  funned  by  the  same  organs;  but 
V  is  vocal,  and  /  is  aspintte,  and  this  constitutes 
the  principal  difference  bi^tween  them.  V  and  u 
were  formerly  the  same  letter,  derived,  no  doubt, 
from  the  Oriental  cou  or  waw  ;  but  they  have  now  as 
distinct  uses  as  any  two  letters  in  the  alphabet,  and 
are  therefore  to  be  considered  as  diflereut  letters.  V 
has  one  sound  only,  as  in  very,  vote,  lavish. 

As  a  numeraly  V  stands  for  5.  With  a  dash  over 
it,  in  old  books,  V,  it  stands  for  5000. 

V.  R.,  among  /Ae  Romans^  stood  for  lift  roirasy  as 
you  desire ;  V.  C.  for  vir  eo/uularis ;  V.  G.  for  verbi 
gratia  ;  V.  1*.  for  videlicit. 

In  music  fur  instruments^  V.  stands  for  violin;  V. 
V.  for  violins. 
VA'CAX-CY,  n.     [L.  cacan*,  from  vacoy  to  be  empty  ; 
Fr.  vacance ;  It.  vacanza ;  Sp.  vacancia ;   \V.  gwag  ; 
Jleb.  p3,  to  empty.     Class  Bg,  No.  38.J 

1.  Empty  space  ;  vacuity. 

[In  this  sense.  Vacuity  is  now  generally  used.] 

Shah: 

2.  Chasm;  void  space  between  bodies  or  objects; 
as,  a  vacancy  between  two  beams  or  boards  in  a 
building;  a  varancy  between  two  buildings;  a  va- 
cancy between  words  in  a  writing.  IVatU. 

3.  The  stito  of  being  destitute  of  an  incumbent; 
want  of  Uie  regular  officer  to  olBciale  in  a  place. 
Hence, 

4.  The  office,  post,  or  benefice  which  is  destitute 
of  an  incumbent ;  as,  a  vacancy  in  a  parish;  vacan- 
cies in  the  treasury  or  war  olhce.  There  is  no  va- 
cancy on  the  bench  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

5.  Time  of  leisure;  freedom  from  employment; 
intermission  of  business. 

Tbose  lilil?  vacancitM  Trcrn  loiU  air  iwrpL.  DryiUn, 

6.  Listlessness  ;  emptiness  of  thought.     fVotton. 

7.  A  place  or  office  not  occupied,  or  destitute  of  a 
person  to  fill  it :  ai4,  a  vacancy  in  a  school. 

VA'CANT,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  vacatu.] 

1.  Empty  ;  not  filled  ;  void  of  every  substance  ex- 
cept air ;  as,  a  vacant  space  between  houses  :  vacant 
room.  Miltun. 

2.  Empty;  exhausted  of  air ;  as,  a  vacant  receiver. 

BoyU. 

3.  Free ;  unencumbered ;  unengaged  with  busi- 
ness or  care. 

PhUotophy  U  ih«  [nKrr^t  of  lho»e  only  who  are  vacant  Trom  Iho 
Kfftkin  ol  tilt  wudii.  Mure, 

4.  Not  filled  or  occupied  with  an  incumbent  or 
possessor  ;  as,  a  vacant  throne  ;  a  vacant  parish. 

5.  Being  unoccupied  with  business  ;  as,  vacant 
hours  ;  vacant  moments.  .Addison. 


VAC 

S.  Placed  or  being  beyond  any  compass  ;  out  of 

any  place  ;  as,  the  utter  deep.  Milton. 

3.  Extreme  ;  excessive  ;  utmost ;  as,  utter  darkness. 

4.  Complete  ;  total ;  final ;  as,  utter  ruin. 

5.  Peremptory ;  absolute ;  as,  an  utler  refusal  or 
denial. 

6.  Perfect ;  mere  ;  quite  ;  as,  utter  strangers. 
Utter  barrLiter  ;  one  recently  admitted  as  barrister, 

who  was  accustomed  to  plead  without  the  bar,  as 
distinguished  from  the  benchers,  who  were  permitted 
to  plead  within  the  bar.  Corcel. 

UT'TER,  V.  L  To  speak  ;  to  pronounce  ;  to  express  ; 
as,  to  utter  words  ;  to  utter  sounds.  Addison. 

2.  To  disclose;  to  discover;  to  divulge;  to  pub- 
lish. He  never  utters  a  syllable  of  what  I  suppose  to 
be  intended  as  a  secret. 

3.  To  sell ;  to  vend  ;  as,  to  vUer  wares. 
[This  is  obsolete,  unless  in  the  law  style.] 

4.  To  put  or  send  into  circulation  ;  to  put  off,  as 
currency,  or  cause  to  pass  in  commerce  ;  as,  to  utter 
coin  or  notes.  A  man  utters  a  false  note,  who  gives 
it  in  payment,  knowing  it  to  be  false. 

UT'TER-A-IILE,  a.  That  may  be  uttered,  pro- 
nounced, or  expressed. 

UT'TER-ANCE,  n.  The  act  of  uttering  words  ;  pro- 
nunciatitm  ;  manner  of  speaking  ;  as,  a  good  or  bad 
utterance. 


3.  Emission  from  the  mouth;  vocal  expression; 
as,  the  utterance  of  sounds. 

3.  [Fr.  outrance.]    Extremity  j  furthest  part.   [J^ot 
in  use.]  Shak. 

UT'TER-£D,  pp.    Spoken;  pronounced;   disclosed; 
published  ;  put  into  circulation. 


V. 


6.  Empty  of  thought  ;  thoughtless;  not  occupied 
with  study  or  reflection  ;  as,  a  vacant  mind. 

7.  Indicating  want  of  thought. 

The  duke  bad  a  plensant  ami  vacant  fac«.  Wollon. 

8.  In  lavo,  abandoned  ;  having  no  heir ;  as,  vacant 
effects  or  goods. 

•V^^'CANT-LY,  adv.    In  a  vacant  manner. 
Va'CATE,  v,  L     To  annul ;  to  make  void  ;  to  make 
of  no  authority  or  validity  ;  as,  to  cacau  a  commis- 
sion ;  to  vacate  a  charter. 

The  ncc*'ssiljr  of  obserTitig  tlie  Jewish  salibalh  wn>  vacated  by  the 
apoatulictil  hislhuliuti  uf  the  Loril'a  liay.  Neltun. 

2.  To  make  vacant ;  to  quit  possession  and  leave 
destitute.  It  was  resolved  by  parliament  that  James 
hud  vacated  the  throne  of  England. 

3.  To  defeat ;  to  put  an  end  to. 

He  vacate*  my  fpvengc,     [Utiueual.]  Drydtn. 

VA'CA-TED,  pp.    Annulled;  made  void  ;  made  va- 
cant. 
VA'f'S-TING,  ppr.    Making  void  ;  making  vacant 
VA-Ca'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  racatio.] 

1.  Tlie  act  of  making  void,  vacant,  or  of  no  valid- 
ity ;  as,  the  vacation  of  a  charter. 

2.  Intermission  of  judicial  proceedings  ;  the  space 
of  time  between  the  end  of  one  term  and  the  begin- 
ning of  the  next ;  non-term. 

3.  The  intermission  of  the  regular  studies  and  ex- 
ercises of  a  college  or  other  seminary,  when  the  stu- 
dents have  a  recess. 

4.  Intermission  of  a  stated  employment. 

5.  The  time  wlieii  a  see  or  other  spiritual  dignity 
is  vacant. 

During  ihe  vacation  of  a  bishopric,  the  dean  aod  chapler  ate 
giidnliaui  ot  the  iiiiritu.iliiit-s.  Cyc. 

6.  Leisure ;  freeditm  from  trouble  or  perplexity. 
[A"o«!  little  used.]  Bammond. 

VAe'CA-RY,  n.     [L.  vacca,  a  cow.] 

An  old  word  signifying  a  cow-house,  dairy-house, 
or  a  cow  pasture.  BaiUy.     Cyc. 

VAC'CIN-ATE,  (vak'sin-ate,)u.(.    [L.  vacca,  a  cow.] 
To  inoculate  with  the  cow-pox,  or  a  virus  taken 
from  cows,  called  vnecine  matter. 

Cow-puz  is  small-pvZy  modified  by  the  fact  of  its 
havinji  been  communicated  to  a  cow. 
VAC'CIN-A-TED,  pp.     Inoculated  with  tlie  cow-pox. 
VAC'CIN-A-TING,  ppr.     Inoculating  with  the  cow- 

p(»x. 
VAC-CIN-A'TION,  -n.    The  act,  art,  or  practice  of  in- 
oculating persons  with  the  cow-pox. 
VA€'CIN-A-TOR,  (  n.    One  who  inoculates  with  the 
VAC'CIN-IST,        \      cow-pox. 

VACCINE,  (-sin,)  a.   [L.  vaccinas,  from  raccn,  a  cow.] 
Pertaining  to  cows;  derived   from  cows;  as,  the 
vaccine  disease  or  cow-pox. 
VACH'ER-Y,  (vash'er-y,)  n.     [Fr.  vache,  a  co\v.] 
A  pen  or  inclosure  for  cows.  Flint. 


VAD 

UT'TER-ER,  n.      One  who  utters;   one  who  pro- 
nounccH. 
9.  One  who  divulges  or  discloses. 

3.  One  who  puts  into  circulation. 

4.  A  seller  ;  a  vender. 

UT'TER-ING,  ppr.  Pronouncing;  disclosing;  put- 
ting into  circulation  ;  selling. 

UT'TER-LY,  adv.  To  the  full  extent;  fully  ;  perfect- 
ly ;  totally;  as,  utterly  tired  ^  utterly  debased  ;  utterly 
lost  to  all  sense  of  shame ;  it  is  utterly  vain  ;  utterly 
out  of  my  power. 

UT'TER-MOST,  a.  [uUer  and  most.]  Extreme  ;  be- 
ing in  the  furthest,  greatest,  or  higucMt  degree  ;  aa, 
the  uttermost  extent  or  end  ;  the  uUermast  distress. 

UT'TER-MOST,  n.  The  greatest.  The  uttennxfst  we 
can  do  is  to  be  patient. 

To  tlte  uttermost ;  in  the  most  extensive  degree ; 
fully,     f/eb.  vii. 

l^'VE-OUf',  (yu've-ua,)  a.    [L.  uea,  a  grape.] 

1.  Resembling  a  grape.  Ray. 

2.  Tlie  uoeous  coat  of  the  eye,  or  uvea,  is  the  pos- 
terior lamina  of  the  iris  ;  so  called  by  the  ancients, 
because  in  the  animals  which  they  dissected,  it  re- 
sembles an  unripe  grape.  Parr, 

l^'VU-LA,  n-  [L.]  A  soft,  round,  spongy  body,  sus- 
pended from  the  palate  near  the  fonuniria  of  the 
nostrils,  over  the  glottis.  Wiseman. 

The  small  conical  body  projecting  from  the  middle 
of  the  soft  pjilate.  Cyc 

UX-0'RI-OUS,  a.     [L.  uxorius,  from  U2Mr,  wife.] 
Submissively  fond  of  a  wife.  Bacon. 

UX-0'RI-OUS-LY,  adv.  With  fond  or  servile  submis- 
sion to  a  wife.  Dryden. 

UX-0'RI-OUS-NESS,  n.  Connubial  dotage;  foolish 
fondness  for  a  wife.  More, 


VAC'IL-LAN-CY,  (vas'sil-lan-se,)  n.  [L.  vaciUans, 
from  vacillOf  to  waver,  Eng.  to  ica^^te,  from  the 
root  of  wag,  which  see.] 

A  state  of  wavering;  fluctuation  ;  inconstancy. 

More. 
VAC'IL-LANT,  a.    [Supra.]    Wavering;  fluctuating; 

unsteady.  Smellie. 

VAC'IL-LaTE,  r.  i.  [L.  vacmo  ,•  G.  leackeln  ;  Eng.  to 
vO'ffgl^t  1  dimiimlive  of  wa<T,     See  Wag.] 

1.  To  waver  ;  to  move  one  way  and  the  other  j  to 
reel  or  sUigger. 

2.  To  Hncttiate  in  mind  or  opinion ;  to  waver;  to 
be  unsteady  or  inconstant. 

VAC'IL-La-TING,  ppr.    Wavering;  reeling;  fluctu- 
ating. 
2.  a.  Unsteady  ;  inclined  to  fluctuate. 
VAC'IL-lM-TIi\G-LY,  adv.     Unsteadily. 
VAC-IL-La'TIO\,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  vacillatio.] 

1.  A  wavering  ;  a  moving  one  way  and  the  other; 
a  reeling  or  staggering. 

2.  Fluctuation  of  mind  ;  unsteadiness  ;  change 
from  one  object  to  another.  S,  Lee, 

VAC-TI-A'TION,  n.     [L.  uacuo.l 

The  act  of  emptying.     [Little  used.]     [See  Etacu- 

ATION.J 

VAC'lJ-IST,  n.  [from  vacuum.]  One  who  holds  to 
the  doctrine  of  a  vacuum  in  nature  ;  opposed  to  a 
Plenist.  Boyle. 

VA-CO'I-TY,  n.     [Ij.  vacuita^,  from  vacuus,] 

1.  Emptiness  ;  a  state  of  being  uniilled. 
HiiiigYir  U  such  a  slato  of  vacuity  as  to  require  a  fresh  supply, 

ArbiiUinot. 

2.  Space  unfilled  or  unoccupied,  or  occupied  with 
an  invisible  fluid  only. 

A  vacuity  ifl  inlenperacd  among  the  panklci  of  matter. 

Bentiey. 

3.  Emptiness  ;  void. 

God  only  cun  fill  every  vacuity  of  the  loul.  Rogert. 

4.  Inanity  ;  emptiness  ;  want  of  reality. 

OranvilU. 

5.  Vacuum,  which  see. 

VAC'tJ-OUS,  fl.     Empty  ;  unfilled  ;  void.       Milton. 

VA€'lI-OUS-NESS,  n.    The  slate  of  being  empty. 

Mounta^ue, 

VAG'tl-UM,  n.  [L.]  Space  empty  or  devoid  of  all 
matter  or  body.  Whether  there  is  such  a  thing  as 
an  absolute  vacuum  in  nature,  is  a  qm^stion  which 
has  been  much  controverted.  The  Peripatetics  as- 
sert that  nature  abhors  a  vacuurn. 

Torricellian  vacuum;  the  vacuum  produced  by  suf- 
ficiently filling  a  tube  with  mercury,  and  allowing  it 
to  descend  till  it  is  counterbalanced  by  the  wei{;ht  of 
the  atmosphere,  as  in  the  barometer  invented  by  Tor- 
ricelli. 

VaDE,  v.  i.     [h.  vado.] 

To  vanish  ;  to  pass  away.    [JV«i  in  use.]   Wbttcn. 

VA'DE-Mk'CUM,  n.    [U,  go  with  me.]    A  book  or 


TONE,  B^IJ',  tINITE.  — AN^GER,  VI"CI0U8.  — €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1223 


VAI 

oCht*r  ttiinft  that  a  person  curies  with  Itim  as  a  con- 
stant cnntpnnion  ;  a  manual. 
VATROUS.o.     [L.wt/(rr.J 

Cralty  ;  cunning.  Mart. 

VAG'A-BONU,  a.  [L.  ra^hwudua,  from  ragor,  to 
wanilcr;  from  the  rwA.  of  itag.'\ 

I.  >Vanilt>rin|C{  moving  from  place  to  place  with- 
out any  seU^  babitutiun  j  as,  a  vttg^tond  exile. 

Shak. 
S.  Wandering;  floating  about  without  any  certaio 
directiun  \  diivoi  to  and  (Vo. 

hSn  to  R  vafsAoMd  (U^  upon  the  atmun.  Aot. 

VAG'A-BOXD,  M.  [Supra.]  A  Tarrant;  one  who 
wanders  fn»m  town  to  town  or  place  to  place,  having 
no  certain  i]wellin»,  or  not  abtdinfc  in  it,  and  usually 
without  the  nreaiis  of  honnsl  livrlihuod.  By  the 
laws  of  England  and  uf  thf  llnit<  d  Slates,  rag^ikom^ 
art*  liable  to  he  takni  up  and  punished. 

VWXlRlvniV^M^''^   ».      A   tote    of    wandering 

VAG'A-BOND-TZE,  r.  C.  To  wander  aboat  in  idle- 
ness. 

VA-GATIY,  a-    [L.  vans,  wandering.] 

A  wandering  of  tlie  thoughts;  a  wild  fVeak;  a 
whim  j  a  whimsical  purpose. 

They  ch>ut«rd  Hbelr  mind*, 
FVw  off,  iDd  into  Mnnp-  vagmriM  felt.  MOton, 

VJ'6I-E\T,  a.     [I^  va^fns.^ 

Crving  like  a  child.     [.Vul  in  luc]  Jlvrt, 

VA-6f'XA,  a.     [U,  a  sheath.] 

1.  tn  aaatoMy,  the  canal  which  leads  from  the  ex- 
ternal orifice  to  the  utems  or  womb.  FoniytK 

2.  In  froCoxy,  the  leaf-stalk  of  those  plants  in 
which  it  becomes  thin  and  rolls  round  the  stem,  to 
which  it  then  forms  a  sheath.  Brande. 

V.\6'I-NAL,  (vaj'e-nal,)  «.  [L.  m^'iia,  a  sheath. 
See  Wxx^.] 

X.  Pertaining  to  a  »heath,  or  reeembling  a  sheath } 
as,  a  rajpmal  membrane. 
»2.-  iVrtaminc  to  the  raglna. 
VAO'I  NAXT,  i.     [L.  m/um.] 

In  botani/t  sheathing  ;  as,  a  v^gixmU  leaf,  one  in- 
▼eeting  the  Mem  or  branch  by  its  base,  which  has 
the  form  of  a  tube.  Mm-tipu 

VAC'I  XA-TED,  a.     In  hUamgt  sheathed  j  invested 
by  the  liibut:u  Kw  of  the  leaf;  as  a  ^em.     JUartfnt, 
V.AO-I-NO-PE.V'.VOL'S,  a.     [U  m^'iia  and  •emw.J 
Having  the  wing^  covered  with  a  hara  case  or 
slieath,  ns  9i»me  injects  ;  sheath-winged. 
VA'GOt'S,«.     [L.  ragiu  ;  Fr.  ro^K*.] 

U'nndering:  unsettled.     [LittU  mstd.]      jSgl^^ 
VAV.aANCV,  a.     [fromMrmC.]     A  aUte  (tf  wan- 
dering without  a  aKUeJ  borne.    Fkfrwta/,  tn  idle 
strollers  or  vagabonds,  b  punisbaUe  by  law. 
VA'GRAXT,  a.     [U  m/or.) 

1.  Wandering  from  place  to  place  without  any  set- 
tled habitation  j  as,  a  va^rr^nt  beggar. 

S.  Wandering  ;  unseUled  ;  moving  wtthoot  any 
certain  direction. 

That  bntaraua  Etamii  wjr— f  eouim  tooL  Pritr. 

V2'GRANT,«.    [Norm,  va^snmc] 

An  idle  wanderer ;  a  vaiabond  ;  one  who  strolls 
fh>m  place  to  place  i  a  sturdy  beg^r  ;  one  who  has 
no  settled  habitation,  or  who  does  nut  abide  in  it, 

Vafraatt  ukI  ooUawi  tiuil  oAeod  \hj  *kw.  Prior. 

VA'GRANT-LT,    «A^      lo  a  wandering,  unsettled 

manner. 
VXGlTE,  (vag,)  a.     [Pr.,  from  L.  ra^ns,  wandering.] 

1.  Wandering;  vagrant;  vAgal>ond  j  as,  rs^ac  ril- 
lains.     [/■  Ous  literal  sense^  not  mxtdJ]         Hazard. 

2.  Unsettled  ;  unfi\ed  ;  undetermined  ;  indefi- 
nite. He  appears  to  have  very  Kagiu  ideas  of  this 
subject. 

3.  Proceeding  from  no  known  authority;  flying; 
uncertain  ;  as,  a  r^gmt  report. 

VXIL,  «.  [Fr.  voiU  :  It.  reJo ;  L.  rtlum,  from  re/«,  to 
cover,  to  spread  over  :  Gaelic,  falaek,  a  vail.  It  is 
correctly  written  Vail,  fur  c,  in  Latin,  is  our  a.] 

1.  Any  kind  o(  cli>th  which  is  used  for  intercept- 
ing the  view  and  hiding  something  ;  as,  the  vaii  of 
the  temple  among  the  Israelites. 

5.  A  piece  of  thin  cIoUi  or  silk  stuff*,  used  by  fe- 
males to  hide  their  faces.  In  some  EaMem  countries, 
certain  classes  of  females  never  appear  abroad  witJi- 
out  vmU. 

3.  A  cover;  that  which  conceals;  as,  the  vtul  of 
oblivion. 

4.  In  froCmv,  the  n^embranous  covering  of  the  ger- 
men  In  the  Miisci  and  llep^uicc  ;  the  car}'pter.    Cyc. 

6.  Fails  ;  money  given  to  servants.  [JViiC  used  is 
Amtriea.]  JOrydtn. 

VAII-,  V.  L     [L.  vela.] 

To  cover ;  to  hide  from  the  sight ;    as,  to  vail  the 
face. 
VIIL,  V.  t     [Ft.  ors/er.l 

1.  ToleifalL 

Tbtj  stifflr  RfoKd  to  vaS  thrir  booneh.  Cbm>. 

[/  fie&M  aAoUy  oUoUte.] 

5.  To  let  fiiU ;  to  lower ;  as,  to  vail  the  top-saiL 

[obs.^ 

a  To  let  fall ;  to  sink.     [  Oft.*.  I  Shak. 


VAL 

VAIL,  p.  i.  To  yield  or  recede;  to  give  place;  to 
slutw  respect  by  yielding. 

Thy  coiiv«iiiciic«  must  waii  to  thy  ncl^bor't  Receidt7.    [Oba.] 

£butA. 

VAIL'ED,  ^p.  or  a.    Cbvered  ;  concealed. 
VAIL'Ett,  M.    One  wIk>  yields  from  respect.     [Obs,] 

Overbury. 
VAIL'ING,  j»pr.     Covering  ;  hiding  fhim  the  sight. 
VA1\,  0.     [Fr.  raia  ;  It.  vano  ;  L.  roaus ;  Gaelic,  /ann, 
weak  ;  faon^  void  ;  W.  ^ iraa ;  Sans,  vana ;  probably 
allied  to  Eng.  tran,  teanf,  voHt.] 

1.  Ent)rty ;  worthless ;  having  no  tubstanqe,  value, 
or  importance.    1  PeU  i. 

To  jroiir  wain  ruiawcr  will  you  Have  recoanA,  Blackmort, 

Kvrry  nian  witlkrUi  in  a  vain  sliow.  —  Ps.  xxxfx. 
Why  do  the  peopliif  iiiiag^iiR  a  vain  thirty  i  —  Pa.  H. 

9.  Fruitless ;  ineffectual.  All  attempts,  all  efl'orts 
were  twin. 

Vain  la  the  toree  of  man.  Drytttn. 

X  Proud  of  petty  thinga,  or  of  trifling  attainments  ; 
elated  with  a  high  opinion  of  one*s  own  nccuniplish~ 
niL-nts,  or  with  things  more  showy  thuti  valuable; 
conceited. 

The  minalrcU  played  on  erety  dda. 
Tain  at  their  art.  Drydsti. 

4.  Empty  ;  unreal ;  as,  a  roia  cbimcrB. 

5.  Showy ;  ostentatious. 

Load  aonM  vain  church  with  old  theatric  slat?.  Pope. 

6.  Light;  inconstant:  worthless.     Prov.  xit. 

7.  Empty;  unsatisfying.  The  pleasures  of  life 
are  rain. 

8.  False ;  deceitful ;  not  genuine ;  Bpurious. 
Jame3  i. 

9.  Not  efft'ctual ;  having  no  efficacy. 

Briii;  tio  iiiorr  txiin  oblatiotta.  —  la,  t. 

Tnvam;  to  no  purpose;  witliout  effect;  Ineffect- 
ual. 

In  9ain  do  they  woiahlp  me,  —  Matu  xv. 

To  take  the  name  of  Qod  in  vain ;  to  use  the  name 
of  God  with  levity  or  profaneness. 
VAIX-GL^'RI-OUS,  a.     {rain  and  glorum*,] 

1.  Vain  to  excess  of  one's  own  achievements ; 
elated  beyond  due  measure ;  boastful. 

Fwnf /oHoua  num.  Sptnttr. 

9.  Boastful;  proceeding  from  vanity. 

Airoguit  and  min;/oriuux  exptraabn.  Utile. 

VXIN-GLO'RI-OUS-LV,  ado.    With  empty  pride. 

Millon, 

VAIX-GLO'RV,  ».  [vain  and  ^ffry.]  Exclusive  van- 
ity excited  by  one's  own  performances ;  empty  pride  ; 
undue  eluion  of  mind. 

Hb  hath  fMtUnf  of  walngtory.  Bacon, 

Let  ooUiing  be  ttone'  Uuvtigta  ^rtfe  or  vainglory.  —  PhU.  iL 

VAIN'LV,  s^r.  Without efl%;ct;  to  no  purpose ;  inef- 
fectually j  in  vain. 

In  mtmk  compLunts  you  ooinfy  waste  your  breath.        Dryden. 

a.  Boastingly ;  with  vaunting;  proudly;  arro- 
gantly. 

Huniflity  beaehea  ut  not  to  thiok  vainly  nor  raunting-ly  of  our^ 
■elrea.  £fttatti/. 

3.  Idly  ;  foolishly. 

Nor  nainfy  hope  to  be  Invtilnenble.  MVlon. 

VAIX'XESS,  n.  The  state  pf  being  vain  ;  inefficacy  ; 
ineffeclualnesa  ;  as,  the  vainness  of  efforts. 

2.  Empty  pride  ;  vanity. 

VAIR,      i  a.    In  heraldry,  charged  with  vair  ;   varie- 

VAIE'Y,  t  gated  with  arpent  and  azure  colors,  when 
the  term  is  eatrv  proper ;  and  with  other  colors,  when 
it  is  pair  or  vairy  composed.  Todd. 

VAIR,  s.  A  kind  of  fur  [of  frequent  occurrence  in 
early  heraldry;  it  is  not  now  known  of  what  ani- 
mal' It  is  represented  by  litlle  bell-shajwd  pieces  al- 
ternately of  two  colors,  and  usually  white  and  blue. 
—  E.  H.  Barker.] 

VAI'VODE,  n.  [^clav.]  A  prince  of  the  Parian 
provinces  ;  sometimes  written  Waiwode,  for  this  is 
the  pronunciation. 

VAL'AN'CE,  n.  [Qu.  Fr.  avalant,  falling;  Norm. 
valannt,  descending.] 

A  piece  of  drapery  hanging  round  the  tester  and 
head  of  a  bed,  and  also  from  the  head  of  window- 
curtains.  Swtft, 

VAL'AXCE,  r.  L    To  decorate  with  hanging  fringes. 

Skak. 

VAL'AX-CKD,  (val'anst,)  pp.  Decorated  with  hong- 
inc  fringes. 

VALE,  n.  [Fr.  vaU ;  It.  raUe;  L.  valtis.  Qm.W. 
gwaeL  low,  and  Eng.  lo  fully  Fr.  avaler.] 

1.  A  tract  of  low  ground  or  of  land  between  hills  ; 
a  valley.  [  Vale  is  used  in  poetry,  and  valley  in  prose 
and  common  discourse.] 

In  those  fair  valtt,  by  nature  ibrmed  to  pleaae.  Harte, 

2.  A  litlle  trough  or  canal ;  as,  a  pump  vale  to  car- 
ry off*  the  water  from  a  ship's  pump. 

3.  Vales ;  money  given  to  servants,  [avaHs.]  [JVo( 
uaed  in  .America.] 

VALE  Die'TION,  n.     [L.  valedico;   vale,  farewell, 
and  duo,  to  say.] 
A  farewell ;  a  bidding  farewell. 


VAL 

VAT>-E-Die-TO'Rl-AN,  n.  The  student  of  a  college 
who  pnitiounc'ef4  the  valedictory  oration  at  the  an- 
nual c  (pnimenrement 

VAL-E-OI€'T()-UV,o.  Bidding  farewell;  as,  a  ra!- 
edictoT^  (iratiiiti. 

VAL-E-Uie'TO-UY,  n.  In  JJmerican  colUffes,  an  ora- 
tion or  address  npokeit  at  comuiencenit^nt,  hy  a  mem- 
ber of  tlie  class  which  receive  the  degree  of  bachi  lor 
of  arts,  and  take  their  leave  of  college  and  of  each 
other. 

VAL'EN-TTXE,  n.  A  sweetheart  or  choice  made  on 
Valentine*s  day.  tVotton. 

3.  A  letter  containing  professions  of  lox'e  or  affec- 
tion,  sent  by  one  young  person  lo  another  on  Valen- 
tine's day.  Burton. 

VAL'E-\VIINK'S-n:^Y,  n.  A  day  sacred  to  St.  Val- 
entine, the  I4ih  of  February.  It  was  n  very  old  n<j- 
tion,  alluded  lu  by  Hhaksppare,  that  on  this  day  birds 
begin  lo  cituple.  Hence,  perhaps,  nrosu  the  imstom 
of  sending  on  this  day  letters  containing  professions 
of  love  and  affection. 

VA-Li5'Rl-.\N,  Tu  A  plant  of  the  genus  Valeriana, 
of  many  S|)ecie3.  The  root  of  the  officinal  valerian 
(Valeriana  offieinalig)  has  a  strung  smell,  is  very  at- 
tractive to  cats  and  rats,  and  is  much  used  in  iftedi- 
cine.  P.  Cue. 

VAL'ET,  (val'et  or  vnl'la,)  n.  [Fr.;  formerly  writ- 
ten Vadlet,  Valect,  Vallet,  fee] 

1.  A  waiting  servant ;  a  servant  who  attends  on  a 
gentleman's  person.  . 

9.  In  the  manegey  a  kind  of  goad  or  stick  armed 
with  a  point  of  iron.  Cyr.. 

VJiL'ET  DE  CHAM' ERE,  (val'la  deshlm'br,)  [Fr.] 
A  body  servant  or  personal  attendant. 

VAL-E-TU  DI-NA'Rl-AN,  >   a.       [L.    valctxidinarius, 

VAL-E-TC'Dl-NA-RY,  \  from  valctudoy  from 
valeoy  to  be  well.] 

Sickly;  weak;  infirm;  seeking  to  recover 
health. 

VAL-E-TU-DI-NA'RI-AN, )  n.    A  person  of  a  weak, 

VAL-E-TO'Dl-NA-RY,  j  infirm,  or  sickly  con- 
stitution ;  one  who  is  seekmg  to  recover  healUi, 

Yaletudinariana  must  live  where  they  can  command  and  scold. 

Htuift. 

VAL-E-TU-DLNA'RI-AN-ISM,  n.  A  stale  of  feeble 
health  ;  infirmity.  Ch.  Spectator. 

VAL'HAV IJiy  71.  In  the  Scandinavian  mythoUtgy^  the 
palace  of  immortality,  inhabited  by  the  sontx  ot  he- 
roes slain  in  battle.  Brande. 

VAL'IANCE,  (val'yans,)  n.  Bravery;  valor.  [J^ot 
in  M.*r.]  Spenser. 

VAL'I.A.VT,  (val'yant,)  fl.  [Fr.  vaillanty  from  valvir^ 
L.  valro^  to  be  strong,] 

1.  Primarily^  strung;  vigorous  in  body  ;  as,  a  val- 
iant fencer.  Walton. 

2.  Brave  ;  courageous ;  intrepid  in  danger  ;  heroic  ; 
as,  a  valiant  soldier. 

Be  thou  valiant  Tor  me,  and  fight  the  Lord's  batUos.  —  1  Sam. 
xviii. 

3.  Performed  with  valor;  bravely  conducted  ;  he- 
roic ;  as,  a  caliaia  action  or  achievement ;  a  valUmt 
combat.  ^einon. 

VAL'IANT-LV,  adv.  Stoutly;  vigorously;  with  per- 
sonal strength. 

2.  Courageously  ;  bravely  ;  heroically. 
VAL'IANT-NESS,  n.     Stoutness  ;  strength. 

2.  Most  generally^  valor ;  bravery ;  intrepidity  in 
danger. 

AchiniPlPS,  having  won  the  top  of  the  walls,  by  (he  valiantneBa 
of  th<;  dt-rrudanls  was  forc«:d  to  retire,  KnoUei. 

VAL'ID,  a.  [Ft.  vatide  ;  L.  vaiidusy  from  valeo,  to  be 
strong.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  strain  or 
stretch.] 

1.  Having  sufficient  strength  or  force  ;  founded  In 
truth  ;  sound  ;  just ;  good  ;  that  can  be  supported  ; 
not  weak  or  defective  ;  as,  a  valid  reason  ;  a  valid 
argument;  a  ra^ui  objection. 

2.  Having  legal  strength  or  force;  efficacious; 
executed  with  the  proper  formalities;  that  can  not 
be  rightfully  overthrown  or  set  aside  ;  supportable  by 
law  or  right ;  as,  a  valid  deed  ;  a  valid  covenant ;  a 
valid  instrument  of  any  kind  ;  a  valid  claim  or  title  ; 
a  valid  marriage. 

3.  Strong;  powerful;  in  a  literal  sense;  as,  valid 
arms.     [JVot  in  iwc] 

VAL-ID-X'TION,  n.    The  act  of  giving  validity  to. 

Knotoles. 
VA-LID'I-TY,  n.     [Fr.  validity  ;  from  valid.] 

1.  Strength  or  force  to  convince  ;  justness  ;  sound- 
ness; as,  the  t)a/u/iey  of  an  argument  or  proof;  the 
validity  of  an  objection. 

2.  Legal  strength  or  force  ;  thai  quality  of  a  thing 
which  renders  it  supportable  in  law  or  equity;  ns, 
the  validity  of  a  will ;  the  validity  of  a  grant ;  the 
validity  of  a  claim  or  of  a  title.  Certain  forms  and 
solemnities  are  usually  requisite  lo  give  validity  to 
contracts  and  conveyances  of  rights. 

3.  Value.     [JVot  in  -use.]  Shal: 
VAL'ID-LY,  adv.     In   a  valid   manner;    In   such  a 

manner  or  degree  as  In  make  firm  or  to  convince. 
VAL'ID-NESS,  n.     Validity,  which  see. 
VAL'INCH,  n.    A  tube  for  drawing  liquors  from  a 

cask  by  the  bung-hole. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.^T.— METE,  PREY.— PL\E,  MAKtNE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


VAL 


VAN 


VA-USE',  (vn-lciM',)  n.  [Fr.]  A  small  leather  sack 
or  case,  openins  on  the  side,  for  containing  the 
clolh<s,  ic,  of  a  traveler. 

VAL-LA\'CY,  n.  [from  oalanee.']  A  large  wie  that 
shadi-s  the  face.  Dnjilen. 

VAL-LA'TION,  71.    [L.  mllatus,  from  laltum,  a  wall.] 

-T  .  .    "•'np'rt  or  entrenchiuenu  PTarton. 

^•^^lipy,"-!  pi.   V»Li.ir..      rPr.  viUUe:   L.  vaUU. 


See  ViLE.J 

1.  A  hollow  or  low  tract  of  land  between  hills  or 
mountains. 

2.  A  low,  extended  plain,  usually  alluvial  pene- 
tr»ted  or  iva.shed  by  a  river.  The  ralley  of  the  Con- 
necticut is  remarkable  for  its  fertility  and  beauty. 


Ye  roouiit.-tln«,  sink  ;  ye  valUyt,  rise : 
Prepare  the  t.oivi  hia  way. 


Waaa, 


3.  In  building,  the  gutter  or  Internal  angle  formed 
vJ,   !'"""='"■"''  sides  of  a  roof.  Bmad^ 

vai.  L,u.>l,  K.     [L.]    A  rampart,  ti«ncli,  or  wall. 
VAT  Kt\jr  a  A  Warton, 

ai        ■^'"'*'  "•    ^  species  of  acorn,  produced  in  the 
Morea  and  the  Levant,  and  used  by  tanners. 
„,.,-„  McCidloc/u 

y.\U  OK,  n.      [L.  rafor;   Fr.  cnJeur;  from  h.  vaUo,  to 
be  strong,  to  be  worth.] 

Strength  of  mind  in  regard  to  danger  ;  that  quality 
which  enables  a  man  to  encounter  danger  with  flrm- 
ness  j  personal  bravery  ;  courage  ;  intrepidity ;  prow- 


When  vaior  prejrs  on  reason, 
lloats  theswonllt  fighu  wild. 
For  contempt.itiou  lie  aiiij  po^or  formed. 


Shak, 


AD  VA-LO'RE.\f,  [L.]  In  eammfrce,  according  to 
the  value;  as,  an  a./  vaJi/rem  duty. 

VAL'OR-OUS,  a.  Brave;  courageous;  stout;  in- 
trepid ;  a-s,  a  valor&us  knight. 

VAL'OR-OUS-LV,  ado.  in  a  brave  manner  ;  heroic- 
ally. ' 

VAL'tJ-A-BLE,  a.     [Fr.  talable ;  from  valur.] 

1.  Having  value  or  worth  ;  having  some  good 
qualities  which  are  useful  and  esteemed  ;  precious  ; 
as,  a  taluabU  horse  ;  valuable  land  ;  a  caluabU  house. 

2.  Worthy  ;  estimable  ;  deserving  esteem ;  as,  a 
vnlaabte  friend  ;  a  valuable  companion. 

VAL-U-A'T10.\,  «.  [from  value,]  The  act  of  esti- 
m.iting  the  value  or  worth ;  the  act  of  selling  a 
price  ;  as,  the  Just  valuation  of  civil  and  religious 
pnvileges. 

2.  Apprizement ;  as,  a  valuation  of  lands  for  the 
purpose  of  taxation. 

3.  Value  set  upon  a  thing  ;  estimated  worth. 

So  alipht  a  vaiMUion,  Sliai. 

VAL-lJ-.t'TDR,  n.  One  who  sets  a  value;  an  ap- 
prizer. 

VAWVIE,  (val'yu,)  n.  [Fr.  valoir,  valu  :  from  L.  valor, 
from  vuleo,  to  be  worth  ;  It.  valore;  Sp.  valur.] 

1.  Worth  ;  that  property  or  those  properties  of  a 
thing  which  render  it  useful  or  estimable  ;  or  the  de- 
gree of  that  pmperty  or  of  such  properties.  The  real 
value  of  a  thing  is  its  uiihiv,  its  power  or  capacity  of 
procuring  or  producing  go<.d.  Hence,  the  real  or  in- 
(rinju:  value  of  iron  is  far  greater  than  that  of  gold. 
But  there  is,  in  many  things,  an  estimated  value,  de- 
pending on  opinion  or  fashion,  such  as  the  ra(ui!  of 
precious  stones.  The  value  of  land  depends  on  its 
fertility,  or  on  its  vicinity  to  a  market,  or  on  both. 

2.  Price;  the  rate  of  worth  set  upon  a  commodity, 
or  the  amount  for  which  a  thing  is  sold.  We  say 
the  value  of  a  thing  is  wli.at  it  will  bring  in  niarkeL   ' 

3.  Worth  ;  applied  to  persons. 
Ye  are  all  phyiicinoa  of  no  value.  —  Job  aill. 
Ye  are  of  njore  value  Uun  many  tparrowa.  —  MaU.  x. 

4.  High  rate. 

Ceaar  ia  well  ftcj]oainte(I  with  your  Tirloe, 

And  therefore  iota  thia  valu*  on  your  life.  AddUon. 

5.  Importance  ;  efficacy  in  producing  effects ;  as 
considerations  of  no  value. 

Before  erenu  ahall  have  decided  on  Uie  value  of  the  mensnrea. 

MaTthall. 

8.  Import  ;  precise  signiBcation  ;  as,  the  value  of  a 
word  or  phrase.  Milford. 

VAL'IJE,  (val'yu,)  t>.  L  To  estimate  the  worth  of  ;'to 
rate  at  a  certain  price ;  to  apprize  ;  as  to  value  lauds 
or  gfK)ds. 

2.  To  rate  at  a  high  price  ;  to  have  in  high  esteem  ; 
as,  a  valued  pxia  or  picture.  A  man  is  apt  to  value 
his  own  performances  at  too  liigli  a  rate  ;  he  is  even 
disposed  to  valut  himself  lor  his  huniihly. 

3.  To  esteem  ;  to  hold  in  respect  and  estimation ; 
as,  to  value  one  for  his  works  or  virtues. 

4.  To  take  account  of. 

The  mind  doth  value  erery  moment.  Daeon. 

5.  To  reckon  or  estimate  with  respect  to  number 
or  power. 

The  queen  ia  valued  lliirty  thouaand  atrong.  Shak. 

6   To  consider  with  respect  to  importance. 

The  liine  mu»l  take  it  ill, 
Bo  aliflitly  valuea  in  tiia  meMenirer.  SheJt, 
Neither  of  thnm  valued  Ujeif  proniiaea  according  to  the  rwlet'  of 
'"'""  "'  inffnly.                                                Clareiulan. 


7.  To  raise  to  estimation. 

Some  TCJue  Ihemielvei  to  their  country  by  JeiUoualea  to  tlie  crown. 
|.%Winu„.|  Tempi,. 

^t  a  T*;,?""  '"'  "'""h.    [JVlil  ih  use.]  Sluik. 

VAL'IJ-£D,  (val'yude,)  pp.  or  a.    Estimated  at  8  cer- 
tain rate  ;  apiirized  ;  esteemed. 
"^^^'''^^-I'ESS,  a.     Being  of  no  value  ;    having  no 

VAL'li-ER.n.  One  who  values;  an  apprizer;  one 
who  holds  in  esteem. 

VAL'lJ-ING,  ppr.  Setting  a  price  on  ;  estimating  the 
worth  of;  esteeming. 

VALV'ATE,  a.  [See  Valvi:.]  Having  or  resembling 
a  valve  ;  consisting  of  valves  ;  valvular. 

V.\LVE,  (valv,)  n.  [L.  vulva:,  folding  doors  ;  coincid- 
ing with  Volvo.] 

1.  A  folding  door. 

Swift  Itiruugh  the  valvee  the  viaoiiary  fitir 

Rei»i»ied.  p„^, 

2.  A  lid  or  cover  to  an  a|>erture,  so  formed  as  to 
open  a  communication  in  one  direction,  and  close  it 
m  the  otlier.  ■fhiis  the  valve  of  a  ci.nimoii  pump 
oiieiis  upward  to  admit  tiie  water,  and  closes  down- 
ward to  prevent  its  return. 

3.  Ill  anatmnti,  a  niemhranous  partition  within  the 
cavity  of  a  vessel,  which  opens  to  allow  the  pas.sage 
of  a  tluid  in  one  direction,  and  siiuts  to  prevent  its 
regurgitation.  "^    p^^ 

4.  In  botany,  a  name  given  to  the  pieces  into  which 
a  pericarp  naturally  separates  when  it  bursts  ;  also  to 
Biiiular  parts  in  other  organs,  as  the  anlher.  Brande. 

5.  One  of  the  pieces  or  divisions  in  bivalve  and 
miiltivalve  shells.  Ed.  Encm. 

y.ALV'fin,  a.     Having  valves  ;  composed  of  valves 

^'^f'Jrll',?'^'  \  "•    f  ''"'<=  ''"'^'' '  """  »<■  "'«  pieces 
V  At- V'l^Liti,  J     which  compose  the  outer  covering  of 

a  pericarp.  *• 

V.\LV'li-L.\R,  a.    Containing  valves.       » 

VAM'BUACE,n.  [Fr.  «»af-wf  ""■•  """^  ^'^^ 
In  plate  armor,  the  piece  which  protected  the  arm 

below  the  elbow.  Brande. 

VAMP,  n.    [W.  ffwam,  that  incloses,  or  goes  partly 

round.]  j         e        i       / 

The  upper  leather  of  a  shoe. 
VAMP,  V.  t.    To  piece  an  old  thing  with  a  new  part  • 
to  repair.  ' 

I  had  never  much  hope*  of  your  vamped  play.  SivifL 

VAMP'ED,  (vampt,)yp.    Pieced  ;  repaired. 

VA.MI  'Lit,  ;i.    One  who  pieces  au  old  thing  with 

soint'thing  new. 
V.vyP'J.\(;,  ppr.    Piecing  with  something  new. 
VA.M'PlRE,  n.     [G.  vampijr.] 

1.  In  mijllwlogy,  an  iiiiaginarv  demon,  which  was 
fabled  to  suck  the  blood  of  persons  durino  the  night 

2.  Ill  loBlofji,  the  Liiin,-can  trivial  orspi^ciiic  nnmt! 
of  Pteropiis  Edwardsii,  or  tlie  great  bat  of  Jladagas- 
car  ;  also,  the  popular  name  of  Phyllostoma  siKctrum 
or  the  Vampyre  bat  of  New  Spain  ;  also,  the  ptipular 
name  of  the  genus  of  bats  named  Vampyrus.  The 
Pliyllo.stoma  spectrum  lias  been  accused  of  causing 
the  death  of  men  and  brute  animals,  hy  sucking 
their  blood.  Tile  length  of  this  bat  is  about  six 
inches,  and  the  wound  which  it  makes  is  very  small 
It  can  hardly,  therefore,  do  serious  injury.  Tliere 
can  be  little  iloubt  that  the  ancient  falile  lias  crept 
into  the  works  of  stuiie  of  the  naturalists. 

VAM'PIR-ISM,  a.  The  actions  of  a  vampire;  the 
practice  of  blood-sucking  ;  figuratively,  the  practice 
of  extortion. 

VA.M'PLATE,  n.  A  round  plate  of  iron  on  a  lilting 
s|iear,  to  protect  the  hand.  Fo.tbroke. 

VA.V,  ji.  [The  radical  word  from  which  is  formeii  the 
Fr.  avanl,  avaiicer,  Eng.  advance,  atlvanUi^ie.  It  is 
from  the  root  of  L.  vcnio,  the  primary  sense  of  which 
is  to  pass.  ] 

I.  The  front  of  an  army  ;  or  the  front  line  or  fore- 
most division  of  a  fleet,  either  in  sailing  or  in  battle. 
9-  Among  fanners,  u  fan  for  winnowing  grain. 
[This  in  New  England  is  always  pronounced  Paw, 
which  see.  But  the  winnowing  maclUne  has  nearly 
superseded  the  use  of  it.] 

3.  In  mining,  tile  cleansing  of  ore  or  tin  stuff  by 
means  of  a  shovel.  (^j.^., 

4.  A  wing  with  which  the  air  is  beaten. 

He  wheeled  in  air,  and  Mrelched  hia  vani  in  vain.        Dryden. 

5.  In  England,  a  hirge,  light,  covered  wagon  for  the 
transportation  of  goods,  tc. 

VAN,  t>.  t.     [Fr,  Dauncr.] 

To  fan.    [JVol  in  use.]     [See  Fan.] 

y')^!'j7.^',*T™'     \  "■     *■  compound  of  vanadic  acid 

VA-NA'DI-.\TE,  i     and  a  base. 

VA-.N'AD'ie  ACID,  n.  A  com|)ound  of  vanadium 
and  oxygen  in  the  proportion  of  one  equivalent  of 
vanadium  and  three  of  oxygen.  Berielius 

VA-NAD'IN-ITE,  n.  The  mineral  vanadate  of  lead, 
occurring  in  yellowish  and  brownish  hexagonal  crys- 

-.V'f'  Dana. 

j',     ,'"''*'•  "•     f"""  f'''"i^u,  a  Scandinavian 
deity.] 

A  metal  discovered  by  Sefstriim  in   1830.    This 
metal  Ii.ts  a  while  color,  and  a  strong  metallic  luster 


VAN 


TONE.  ByLL,  UNITE— AJ<"GEH,  VI"CI0U8— €  a.  K ;  6  as  J ;  «  .«  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  m  THIS. 


154 


considerably  resembling  .liver,  hut  still  more  liko 
mi,lyhdenuin.  It  is  extremely  hrillle.  It  is  not  o. 
ydlzed  eilli.r  hy  air  or  water,  thoufh  by  continuous 
exposure  to  the  alino.phere,  its  luster  grows  weaker 
and  It  acquires  a  redilish  lint,  ' 

In  armies,  lighi-armed  soldiers  sent  before  armiei 
to  beat  the  road  upon  the  approach  of  an  enemy  : 
precursors,  q    '  * 

VAN'DAL  a  [It  signines  a  wanderer.]  The  n'ame 
of  one  of  the  most  barbarous  of  the  northern  na- 
lions  that  invaded  Rome  in  the  .'ilh  cenluri ,  notori- 
ous for  destroying  the  monuments  of  art  aiid  litera- 
ture.    Hence, 

2.  One  hostile  to  the  arts  and  literature  ;  one  who 
IS  Ignorant  and  barbarous. 
VAN  DAL'le,  ».    Pertaining  to  the  Vandals;  desig- 
nating the   south   shore  of  the    Baltic,  wh.  re  once 
ived  the  Vandals,  a  nation  of  ferocious  barbarians ; 
vsv'/"'  "•■'■"'^"""i  ""'e;  barbarous. 
VA.N  UAL-IS.M,  n.    Tlie  spirit  or  conduct  of  Vandals  ; 
ferocious  cruelty  ;  hostility  to  the  arts  and  litinilure. 
xr  A  V  nevi/T^i  Riiinsuti. 

1,  '  "•    ^   small,  round  covering  for  the 

neck,  worn  by  females,  as  seen  in  the  iKirlrails  of 
P"s;'"«  I™'""-'!  I'y  Vandyke  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I. 
d  1     "'  """'"■    ''''"'  •'"'"'"■>'  **'""'  '9>  extend- 

1.  A  plate  or  thin  slip  of  metal,  wood,  4;c.  placed 
on  a  spindle  al  the  top  of  a  spire,  for  the  piinwse  of 
showing,  by  us  turning  and  directi.m,  whidi  way  the 
wind  blows.  In  skips,  a  piece  of  bunting  is  used  for 
the  same  purpose. 

2,  The  thin,  membranous  part  or  web  of  a  feather 
on  tlie  side  of  llie  shaft,  P<Un 

VAN'FOSS,  n.     A  ditch  on  the  outside  of  the  coun- 
terscarp, f,   " 
VANG,  n.     The  vangs  of  a  ship  are  a  sort  of  braces  to 

VAA  -GUARD,   n.      [,.„„   and   guard.]      The  troops 

VA-i\IL  LA,  a.  A  genus  of  orchidaceous  phints,  na- 
tives of  tropical  America,  The  capsule  of  Vanilla 
aromatica  is  remarkable  for  its  fragrant  odor,  and  for 
Ihe  volatile,  odoriferous  oil  extracl(  d  from  it,  Asa 
medicine,  it  is  supposed  to  possess  jaiwers  analogous 
to  valerian,  while,  at  the  same  time,  it  ia  Ihr  more 
Rraleflil.  q^^_  " 

VAN'KSH, jj.  i.  [\_,.vanesro:  Fr.cvanouin  U.svauire; 
Irom  L.  vanus,  vain,  or  its  root ;  Eng.  to  wane.  The 
primary  sense  is,  to  withdraw  or  depart.] 

1,  To  disappear;  to  piLss  from  a  visible  to  an  in- 
visible state  ;  as,  vapor  vanukes  from  the  siglit  by  be- 
ing dissqiatcd.  Light  vaniskts  whin  Ihe  rays  of  the 
llluminaling  body  are  intercepted  ;  darkness  runUlus 
before  the  rising  sun. 

2.  To  disapiiear  ;  to  pass  beyond  the  limit  of  vision  ; 
as,  a  ship  t>u«.s*i^»  from  the  sight  of  siiectiitors  on 
land, 

a.  To  disappear;  to  pass  atvay  ;  to  be  annihilated 
or  lost.     How  cheering  is  the  well  founded  hope  of 
enjoying  delights  which  can  never  vanisK! 
VAN'ISH,  n.    A  sound  that  gradually  becomes  weak- 
er till  it  ceases.  Rush. 
VAN'ISH-iED,  (vali'isht,)  a.     Having   no   per.eptible 

existence,  ^  "^     f,,;^^_ 

VAN'ISH-ING,  p;ir.  Disappearing;  passing  from  the 
sight  or  possession  ;  de|ianiiig  forever, 

ranistling  line;  in  perspective,  the  interseclion  of 
the  parallel  of  any  original  plane  and  the  picture, 

yanislung  point:  the  point  to  Mliicli  all  parallel 
lines  in  Uie  same  plane  lend  in  the  representation, 

VA.\'Isn-MENT,  n.    A  vanishing,  q"»!^ 

VAN'i-TV,  n,  [Fr,  vanitii  L,  vanitas,  frtuii  vanus. 
vain.]  ' 

J.  Emptiness ;  want  of  substance  to  satisfy  da- 
sire ;  uncertainly;  inanity. 

Vanity  of  vanitiee,  »ailh  the  preacher ;  all  ia  woiily,  —  txclea,  i. 

2.  Fruitless  desire  or  endeavor. 

Vanity  p..i«-s«-lii  many  who  are  deairoua  to  know  Ujc  certaintr 
ol  lliinsi  to  come.  ^y.^^.  ' 

3.  Trilling  labor  that  produces  no  good.     Ralegh. 

4.  Emptiness  ;  untruth. 
Hen.  I  (iiity  well  allow  the  vanity  of  what  U  reported  in  Ihe  atorr 

of  Wal.injham.  '^  Duviee. 

5.  Empty  pleasure;  vain  pursuit;  idle  show  ;  un- 
substantial enjoyment. 

Sin  with  vanity  had  filled  tlie  worki  of  men.  Milton 

Tliiiik  not  when  woman',  tranaiont  brei.Ui  ia  Beil, 

1  h.it  all  h>  r  voniliea  at  once  are  dead ; 

Succeeding  vnniliee  ihe  aliil  regarda.  Pope. 

6.  Ostentation  ;  arrogance.  Ralegh. 

7.  Inflation  of  mind  upon  slight  grounds;  empty 
pride,  inspired  by  an  overweening  conceit  of  one's 
personal  attainments  or  decorations.  Fops  can  not 
be  cured  of  their  vanity. 

Vanity  ia  tlw,  foo.1  of  foola.  .SWft. 

No  man  lympjithiiea  with  the  aonowa  of  vonity.         Johnson. 

VAN'aUISH,  (vaiik'wish,)  v.  t.  [Fr,  rtrincre;  L, 
rinco;  It,  jiincCT-e;  Sp,  Diiieer;  probably  allied  to  L, 
riiicio,  to  bind,] 


1225 


VAP 

1.  To  conquer }  to  overcoine  ;  to  subdue  in  battle ; 
u  an  enemy. 

'   They  MiifuuJM  tbo  rcbeta  io  «I1  eocounten.  Oartndort. 

a.  To  defeat  in  any  contest ;  to  refute  In  argumenU 

^Uerbunf. 
VAN'QITISH,  (vank'wish,)  r.    A  disease  in  abeep,  in 

whicb  ther  pine  away. 
VAiN'UUISH-A-BLE,  a.    That  may  be  conquered. 

Oayton. 
VAX'aUISH-fTt),  fvank'wislit.)  yp.  or  o.    Overcome 

in  battle;  subitiird  ;  defeated. 
VAN'Ul'I:;J'H-ER,  n.     A  conqueror ;  a  victor.  MilUtn. 
VAN'UL*ISII-ING,  ppr.    Conquering  J  subduing;  de- 
feating ;  refuting. 
VAN'SIRE,  ».     In  tofftogy^  the  Mangusta  pilera,  a 
diciligrade*  carnivorous  mammal ;   a  smTill  qnndru- 
pra,  somewbal  rest>mbling  a  weasel^of  adee|>-bruwn 
color,  speckled  wiih  yellow,  the  tail  of  equal  size  it8  I 
whole  length ;  inhabiting  Madagaiiau'  and  the  Isle  of 
France. 
VANT,  p.  L     {Ft.  vamier,} 

To  boasL    [This  is  the  more  correct  oithograpliy. 
See  Vauwt.] 
VANTAGE. «.    [Sp.  ventaja:  from  the  root  of  L.  ve- 
si«.    See  Adtantagk  and  V^rt.] 
1.  Gain  ;  proliL    [Ots.] 

3.  Superiority ;  state  in  which  one  has  better  means 
of  action  or  defense  than  another. 

[This,  I  lH;lieve,  is  used  only  in  the  compound} 
Vaktaoic-Grou!*d.] 
3.  Opportunity;  convenience.     [Oft*.]        Shak. 
VAN'TA6E,  r.  (.     To  profit.     [A^ot  m  u-f?,] 
V.\X'TAGE-OROUXD,  n.      i?uperiorily  of   stale  or 
place  ;  the  place  or  condition  which  gives  one  an  ad- 
vnntaije  over  another. 
VANT'BRASS,  ■.     [Fr.  aranthms,} 

Armor  for  the  ann.     [0*«.J  Milton, 

V.\P'ID,  a.     (L.  capiAts,    The  radical  verb  is  not  in 

the  L^ia,  but  the  sense  most  be,  tn  pas*  or  fly  off.  to 

escape  ;  or  to  strike  down,  L.  vapulo.    It  Is  probably 

allied  to  mpor.] 

1.  Haring  lost  Its  life  and  spirit ;  dead  ;  spiritless ; 
flat ;  a«,  t^ipU  beer  ;  a  rapid  state  of  the  blood. 

3.  Dull :  unnnimnled. 
VAP'ID-LY.  adv.    In  a  ^Tipid  manner. 
VAP'ID-NESS,  >  n.    The  state  of  having  lost  its  life 
VA-PID'1-TV,   t     or  spirit ;  deadneas }  flatness ;  as, 
the  vepidness  of  ale  or  cider. 

2.  Dutlnees ;  want  of  life  or  spirK. 
VA'POEjii.     [I*  and  Sp.  rappf ;  VT.rapntri1t.rmpor«. 

It  is  probably  from  a  verb  signifying  to  depart,  to  fly 
oC] 

L  Jn  A gnurtl  stnse,  an  invisible,  elastic  fluid,  ren- 
dered aftiform  by  heat,  and  capable  vC  beinit  con- 
densed, or  brought  back  to  the  liquid  or  solid  state 
by  cold.  The  vapor  of  water  is  dulinguished  by  tlic 
naine  of  Btbam,  which  see. 

!L  A  visible  fluid  floatins  in  the  atmosphere.  All 
■obstaneefl  which  impair  the  transparency  of  the  at- 
HM^iberv,  as  smoke,  fi>*,  &.c.,  nr^  in  common  lan- 
guage called  vi^porir,  lhoti|:h  lh>  i^  tech- 
nically applied  only  to  an  iov  U-nsible 
substance,  as  in  No.  1 ;  fog,  .*^  ,<<r  con- 
densed, or  water  in  n  minute  siaie  ni  (uvisiuii.  Va- 
por risine,  into  the  higher  regions  of  the  atmo^^phere, 
and  condensed  m  large  vulumc:^,  iotiiu  clouds. 

Olmsted. 

3.  Substances  resembling  smoke,  which  sometimes 
fill  the  atmosphere,  particularly  in  America  during 
the  antnmn. 

<  Wind  ;  fl.itulcnce.  Baeim. 

5.  Mental  fume ;  vaiu  imagination  ;  unreal  fancy. 

Jfdtttmond, 

6.  Vfpvn ;  a  disease  of  nervous  debiliiy,  in  which 
a  variety  of  strange  images  float  in  the  bnin,  or  ap- 
pear as  if  visible.  Oence  hypochondriacal  aflections 
and  spleen  are  called  vapors. 

7.  Something  unsubstantial,  fleeting,  or  tran5itory. 

For  whal  !■  yvor  Ufc  f    h  b  rvro  »  Mtpor,  Tint  sippeBfcUi  fvi  ■ 
Buk  line,  »nd  ten  wmbeik  Kwsj.  —  J^um  iv. 

VA'POE,  ».  4.    [L.  t^psro.] 

1.  To  pass  ofl*  in  fumes,  or  a  moist,  floating  sub- 
stance ;  to  steam  i  to  be  exhaled  ;  to  evaporate. 
iln  thb  sense,  ETArosATK  is  generally  used.] 
.  To  emit  fumes. 

Dot  w  muck  M  ■*■—*' "g  WBber.    {IMtle 

3.  To  bully  ;  to  boost  or  vaunt  with  a  vain,  osten 
tatious  difl^y  of  worth  ;  to  hmg. 

{TTUs  i»  tJu  wtost  usual  sign^ficatioA  of  tke  word.] 
And  vbal  In  rbI  vmloe  *■  milin^, 
Sapfij  vitk  taporing  nod  txntm;.  Htidibr*M. 

VATOR, «.  t.  To  emit,  cast  ofT,  or  scatter  in  fumed 
or  steam ;  as,  to  z>apor  away  a  heated  fluid. 

AtxAhtr,  iifhing,  v^ora  brth  bk  kjuL  B,  Jonaon. 

VAP-O-RA-BIL'I-TV,  n.  The  quality  of  being  capa- 
ble of  vaporization.  Dispemsatorv. 

VAP'O-RA  BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  converted  mto 
vnpf-r  I'v  the  agency  of  caloric. 

V.\P'0-RaTE,  p.  I.     To  emit  vapor.     [See  Ev^ro- 

RATE.l  j 

VAP-O-RA'TION,  a.     [L.  vaporatio.]  \ 


»-ia.r 


VAR 

The  net  or  process  of  converting  into  vapor,  or  of 
passinc;  olf  in  vapor. 

VA'POR-BATII,  M.  fpa;;yrnnd  bath.]  The  applica- 
tion of  vapor  to  the  body  in  a  cluao  place  j  aUo,  Uie 
place  ilj$elf. 

S.  In  cAcmtsfry,  an  apparatus  fbr  heating  bodies  by 
the  vajMir  nf  water.  Cyc. 

VX'VOK-El),  a.    Moist ;  wet  with  vapors. 

2.  Splfnetic  ;  peevish.  Oreen. 

VA'POR-ER,  H.  A  btxister;  one  who  makes  a  vaunt- 
ing display  of  his  pri>wes9  or  worth  j  a  bragjiart. 

VAl'-O-RIK'ie,  o.     [L.  vapor  and  /octo,  to  nmke.] 
Foniiing  into  vapor;  converting  into  steam,  or  ex- 
pelling in  a  volatile  foriu,  as  fluids. 

VA'POU  I.\G,;jpr.  ituastlng;  vaunting  osteuUitious- 
ly  and  vainly. 

VX'POK-ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  b(»asting  manner 

VA'POR  ISU,  a.    Full  of  vapors. 

S.  Hypochondriac ;  splenetic ;  aflected  by  hyster- 
ics. 

VAP'O-RT-ZA-BLE,  a.  Capable  of  being  converted 
into  vaiwr. 

VAP-0-RI-ZA'TION,  n.  The  artificial  formation  of 
^■apor. 

VAP'OR-IZE,  r.  t  To  convert  into  vapor  by  the  ap- 
plicition  of  heat  or  nrtifirial  means. 

VAP'OR-IZE,  r.  ».     To  [»ass  off  in  vapor. 

VAP'OR-IZ-ED,  pp.     Exifclled  in  vn[K>r. 

VAP'OR-IZ-I\G,  ppr.     Convtrting  into  vapor. 

VA'POR-OU9,  a.     [Fr.  raporeiu.] 

1.  Full  of  vapors  or  exhalations ;  as,  the  vaporous 
air  of  valleys.  Derham* 

2.  Vaiu  ;  unreal ;  proceeding  fVom  the  vapors. 

Bacon. 

3.  Windy  ;  flatulent ;  as,  voperouj  food  is  the  most 
eastir  digested.  ^rbuthnvt. 

VA'P0R-0US-M:S3.  n.    State  of  being  full  of  vaptirs. 

VA'POR-\'f  a.     V«|»orou9  ;  full  of  vapors.       THoTiufon. 
3.  HypiHrlinndriac  ;  splenetic;  peevish.     Thvmnon. 

VAP-l^-LA'TION,  n.     [L.  rapuh.] 

The  act  of  beating  or  whipping.     [JVvt  in  nse.] 

VARE,  n.     [Sp.  rara.1 

A  wand  or  staflT  or  justice.     [^"01  in  use.]    IloweU. 

VAR'EG,  n.  The  French  name  for  ktlp  or  incinera- 
ted sea-weed  ;  wrack  ;  Fucus  vesiculosus.        Ure. 

VA'RI,  m.  In  to^logy,  tlie  Prosimia  catta,  a  quadru- 
manuus  mammal,  the  ring-tailed  lemur,  a  quuUniped 
having  '\X»  tail  marked  with  rings  \ii  black  and  white  ; 
a  native  of  Sladngascar.  The  vari  of  UulTon  is  the 
black  niaucauco,  Prosimia  nigra,  with  tlie  neck  beard- 
ed tike  a  rufl*.  Cj/c     Ed.  Kncye. 

VA'RI-A-BLE,  «.  [Fr.  Pee  Vabf.]  That  may  vary 
or  alter ;  capable  or  alteralion  in  any  manner ;  change- 
able ;  as,  rariabU  Winds  or  seasons  ;  variable  coliirs. 

2.  Susceptible  of  change  ;  liable  U^  change  ;  unlia- 
ble ;  fickle ;  unsteady ;  inconstant ;  as,  the  aflectiuns 
of  men  am  riwiabU ;  passions  are  variable. 

Hit  bout  1  know,  bow  8oria61«  and  vaiu  I  ATtiJon. 

3.  In  matMematics^  subject  to  continual  increase  or 
decrease;  in  opposition  to  Co :«sta:(T,  retaining  the 
same  value. 

VA'RI-A-BLE,  a.  In  mathematics,  a  quantity  which 
is  in  a  stale  of  continual  increa^^e  or  decrease.  The 
indefinitely  small  quantity  by  which  a  variable  is 
ci^ntinually  increased  or  diminished  is  called  its  d^f- 
frrcHtial^  and  the  metht>d  of  finding  these  quantities 
the  dijfrrential  calcatus.  Ilutton. 

VA'UI-.\-ni.E-NESS,  I  Ti.    Susceptibility  of  change; 

VA-RI-A-BIL'I-TV,  j  liableness  or  aptness  to  al- 
ter ;  changcableness  ;  as,  the  variabUmss  of  the 
w"  eat  her. 

2.  inconstancy;  fickleness; unsteadiness;  levity 
as,  the  rariablfne.'s  of  human  passions. 

VA'Ri-.\-BLV,  adc.  Changealtly  ;  with  alteration  ;  in 
an  inron^ant  or  fickle  manner. 

VA'RI-ANX'E,  n.  [See  Vart.]  In  law,  an  aIler.ition 
of  something  formerly  laid  in  a  writ ;  or  a  diffV-rence 
between  a  declaration  and  a  writ,  or  the  deed  on 
which  it  is  gmimded." 

2.  Any  altenition  or  change  of  condition. 

3.  Difference  that  jiroduces  dispute  or  controversy ; 
disagrernient ;  dissension  ;  discord.  A  mere  variance 
may  become  a  war.  Without  a  spirit  of  condescen- 
sion, there  will  be  an  evorlasiing  variance. 

At  variance;  in  di^greenicnt;  in  a  state  of  dtflier- 
encc  or  want  of  agrecujeiit. 

2.  In  a  stale  of  dis^en&ion  or  controversy  ;   in  a 
state  of  enmity. 
VA'RI-ANT,  a.     Different;  diverse.  Rawte. 

VA'RI-ATE,  V.  t.    To  alter;  to  make  different. 

King. 
Q.  To  var\*.     [J  bad  word.] 
VA-RI-A'TldX,    tt.      [Fr.,    from    L.  variaUo.      See 
Vart.I 

1.  Alteralion  ;  a  partial  change  in  the  form,  posi- 
tion, slate,  or  qualities  of  the  same  thing ;  as,  a  va- 
riatiun  of  color  in  different  lights  ;  a  variation  in  the 
size  of  a  plant  from  day  to  day ;  the  unceasing, 
though  slow,  variation  of  language  ;  a  variation  in  a 
soil  from  year  to  year.  Our  opinions  are  subject  to 
continual  varialicns. 

The  cMCitcct  oi  thiug>  uc  conceived  tiot  capable  of  uich  w-riaiJon. 

Locke. 


VAR 

2.  Difference  ;  change  from  one  to  another. 

Ill  Komi-  uthrr  pl>*cai  are  t>oni  more  fVrmiitei  than  malci ;  which, 
upou  thU  variation  a(  piuportion,  1  rccommetul  to  iht  curlouk. 

Qraunt. 

3.  In  fframmarf  change  of  termination  of  nouns 
and  adjectives,  constituting  what  is  called  ease,  ntiia- 
ber,  and  slender  i  as,  the  varifition  of  words. 

4.  Deviation;  as,  a  variation  of  a  transcript  from 
the  original.  Drydcn. 

5.  In  astronomy,  the  variation  of  the  moon  is  an  in- 
equality of  the  moon's  n)olion,  depending  on  the  an- 
gular distance  of  Ihc  moon  from  the  sun.    Brandt. 

(i.  In  geography  and  natjif^ation,  the  deviation  of 
the  magnetic  needle  from  lije  true  north  point ;  railed 
also  Dkilinatiow.  Cyc. 

The  vanatioa  of  the  needle  at  New  Haven,  in  1819, 
as  ascertained  from  tlie  mean  of  numerous  observa- 
tions made  by  Professor  Fisher,  was  4"  25'  25"  west ; 
and  from  that  time  to  1847  it  was  increasing  at  tlie 
rate  of  about  4'  annually.  Olmsted. 

7.  In  music,  the  different  manner  of  singing  or 
playing  the  Kiinic  air  or  tune,  by  subdividing  the 
ntttes  into  several  others  of  less  value,  or  by  addine 
graces,  yet  so  tluit  the  tune  itself  may  be  discovered 
Uirough  all  its  enibfllishments.  Cyc. 

Calculus  of  variations;  a  branch  of  mathematics  1 
who;*e  principal  object  is  to  solve  certain  classes  ol  I 
questions  respecting  maxima  and  minima,  which  can  i 
not  be  sotvi-'d  by  the  ordinary  processes  of  the  differ-  ' 
ential  calcuhis.  Bninde. 

VAR'I-€0-Cl':LE,  n.  [L.  rarix,  a  dilated  vein,  and 
Gr.  KJiXnt  a  tumor.  A  bad  term,  being  part  Greek 
and  part  Latin.  Cibsocex-e  is  the  correct  term,  and 
is  that  which  is  much  tin;  most  commonly  ust^d.] 

In  surjrrrrj,  a  varicose  enlargement  of  the  veins  of 
the  spermatic  cord;  or,  more  rarely,  a  like  enlarge- 
ment of  the  veins  of  the  scrotum.  Cyc. 

VAR'I-t'0.~^E,  i  a.       [L.   varicosus,  having    enlarged 

VAR'1-eOUS,  i      veins.] 

Prt'teruatu rally  enlarged,  or  permanently  dilated  ; 
applied  only  to  veins. 

Va'HI-ED,  (vii'rid,)  pp.  or  a.  from  Vary.  Altered; 
partially  changed ;  changed. 

VA'RI-AD-LV,  a^ic.     Diversely. 

VA'RI-E-GATK,  r.  (.  [It,  variegffiare;  from  L.  tjario, 
varius.     See  Vary.] 

To  diversify  in  external  appearance',  to  mark  with 
diffennt  colors  ;  as,  to  variegate  a  tloor  with  marble 
of  different  colors. 

The  shf  11*  &r«  filled  wiUi  a  white  apor,  which  variegaleM  and  Rd>1t 

to  ihc  brauty  tA'  ih^  Horn?.  M'oodirard. 

Ladies  liko  variegated  tulip*  sltow.  Popt, 

VA'RI-K-GA-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Diversified  Tn  colors  or 
external  appearance. 

yarirgaied  Icaitts,  in  botany^  are  such  as  are  irreg- 
ularly marked  with  white  or  ytllovv  spots.        Cyc. 

VA'KI-R-GA-TING,  ppr.    Diversifying  with  colors. 

VA-RI-E-GA'TION,  n.  Tlie  act  of  diversifying,  or 
slate  of  being  diversified,  by  dilferent  colors  ;  diver- 
sity of  ctdnrs. 

VA-RI'E-TV,  n.  [Fr.  varieti  ;  L.  varictas,  from  vario, 
to  vary.] 

1.  Intermixture  of  different  things,  or  of  things 
different  in  form  ;  or  a  succession  of  different  things. 

Varieli/  is  noltiinr  el»e  but  a  continued  novelty.  South. 

Tlio  varieti/  o(  colors  dependu  uu  the  coiiipoaiuon  of  lisht. 

J>iau)ton. 

2.  One  thing  of  many  which  constitute  variety. 
In  this  sense,  it  has  a  plural ;  as,  the  varieties  o(  a 
s()ecies. 

3.  Difference  ;  dissimilitude. 

Tbeni  ia  b  tMriety  in  the  temp(.-{f  of  good  mfn,         Atlerbury. 

4.  Variation  ;  deviation  ;  change  from  a  former 
state.  Ilalc, 

5.  Many  and  different  kinds.  The  shopkeeper 
has  a  great  variety  of  cottons  and  silks. 

He  wants  to  do  a  oaritty  of  gtnji\  things.  Law. 

6.  In  natural  history,  a  difference  not  p4;rmanent 
or  invariable,  but  occasioned  by  an  accidental  change ; 
as,  a  variety  of  any  species  of  plant. 

Naturalists  formerly  erred  very  much  in  supposing 
an  accidenml  variety  of  plants,  animals,  or  minerals, 
to  be  a  distinct  species.  Ray  has  established  a  good 
test  for  varieties  in  bcitany.  A  plant  is  distinct,  which 
propagates  itself  in  its  own  form  by  its  seed  ;  but 
when  the  difference  disappears  in  the  new  plant,  it 
is  only  a  variety.  Variety,  then,  is  a  difference  be- 
twctn  individuals,  not  permanent  nor  important; 
such  as  in  size,  fullness,  curling,  &c. 

7.  Different  sort ;  as,  varieties  of  soil  or  land. 
Va'RI-FORM,  a.     Having  different  shapes  or  forms. 
VA'RI-FORM-i=:D,  a.     Formed  with  different  shapes. 
VA'RI-FORM-ING,  ppr.     Making  of  diffennt  forms. 
YA'RI-O-LITE,  n.     [L.  varius  and  Gr.  XtOos,  stone.] 

A  kindof  porphyritic  rock,  in  which  the  imbedded 
substanres  are  imperfectly  crystallized,  or  are  rounded, 
giving  the  stone  a  spotted  appearance.  Cyc. 

VA'RI-O-LOID,  n.     [h.  variola,  mid  Gt.  eiSoi,  furm.] 
A  name  recently  given  to  a  particul-ir  variety  of 
the  sinall-pox. 
VA-RT'O-l-OUS,  a.    [L.  vartolo!,  from  rano,  to  di- 
versify.] 
Pertaining  to  or  designating  the  small~pox  ;  having 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PRfiY.  — PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.— 
__ 


VAR 

pita  or  sunken  impressions  like  those  of  the  small- 
pox. 

VA-RI-O'RUM^  [U]  Variorum  editions  of  the  classics 
are  tho^  containing  the  notes  of  various  cornnienta- 
torSf  cum  notis  varioi^m.  Brandt. 

VA'RI-OUS,  a.     [L.  varius,]     [Pee  Vaet.] 

1.  Different ;  several ;  manifuld  ;  as,  men  of  vari- 
ous names  and  carious  occupations. 

2.  Changeable  ;  uncertain  ;  untixcd. 

The  names  of  mixed  modes  — 1«  ?er7  aaricui  autl  doubtrnl. 

Lockt. 

3.  Unlike  each  other;  diverse.  Dryden, 

So  many  and  so  varioua  lawi  are  given.  Milton, 

4.  Variegated  ;  diversified.  Milton. 
VA'R[-OUS-LY,(k/p.  Indifferent  ways  j  with  change; 

with  diversity ;  as,  objects  variously  represented  ; 
flowers  rai-wusly  colored.  The  human  system  is  va- 
rioiuly  affected  by  different  medicines. 

VA'RIX,  n.  [L.]  An  uneven  and  permanent  dilata- 
tion of  a  veni. 

VAR'LET,  n.  [Old  Fr.  See  Valet.]  jJnclenUy,  a 
servant  or  footman.  'J'lL-iser 

2   A  scoundrel ;  a  rascal ;  as,  an  impudent  varlcL 

Addiiim, 

VAR'LET-RY,  n.  The  rabble;  the  crowd.  U\''otin 
use.']  Shak. 

VAR'rfrsn,  n.  [Yt.vernis;  Sp.  hamii ;  Port,  vcrnii ; 
It.  vcrnicE ;  LtOW  L.  vernix  ;  G.Jtrniss  ;  D.  vernis.1 

J.  A  thick,  viscid,  glossy  liquid,  consisting  of  a 
solution  of  resinous  matter,  laid  on  work  by  paint- 
ers and  others,  to  give  it  a  smooth,  hard  surface,  and 
a  beautiful  gloss.  Varnishes  are  made  of  different 
materials,  and  for  different  purposes.  Amber  var- 
nish is  made  of  amber,  lintsecd  oil,  litharge,  and 
turpentine.  Black  varnish,  for  japanning  wood  and 
leather,  is  made  by  mixing  lampblack  with  a  proper 
quantity  of  a  strong  solution  of  lac  in  spirit  of  wine. 

Cyc, 

5.  An  artificial  covering  to  give  a  fair  appearance 
to  any  act  or  conduct. 

VAR'NISH,  V.  t,     [Fr.  vemisscTy  vemir.] 

1.  To  lay  varnish  on  ;  to  cover  with  a  liquid,  for 
giving  any  thing  a  glossy  surface;  as,  to  varnish  a 
eideboard  or  table. 

2.  To  cover  with  something  that  gives  a  fair  ex- 
ternal appearance, 

Cloae  ambition,  vamtthed  o'er  wiib  seal.  Milton, 

3.  To  give  a  fair  external  appearance  in  words  ;  to 
give  a  fair  coloring  to ;  as,  to  varnish  errors  or  d&- 
formity. 

Caio'a  Toice  waa  oe'er  emplored 
To  clear  the  guilty,  and  to  oarnuA  cnmpi.  AJditon. 

And  bow  tUe  knee  to  pomp  Uiai  lovea  to  varnish  guilL      Byron. 

VAR'NISH-£D,  (V4r'nisht,)  pp.     Covered  with  var- 
nish ;  made  glossy. 
9.  Rendered  fair  in  external  appearance. 

VAR'NISII-ER,  n.  One  who  varnishes,  or  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  varnish. 

2.  One  who  disguises  or  palliates ;  one  who  gives 
a  fair  external  appearance.  Pope. 

VAR'NISII-ING, /(/jr.  Laying  on  varnish  ;  giving  a 
fair  external  appearance. 

VAR'\ISII4N(?,  n.    The  act  of  laying  on  varnish. 

VAR'M.SH-TREE,  n.  The  popular  English  name  of 
Rhus  vernicifera,  a  large  shrub,  or  small  tree,  of 
Japan,  nearly  resembling  the  North  American  Rhus 
vetienata,  or  swamp  sumac 

VART'A-BED,  n.  One  of  an  order  of  ecclesiastics  in 
the  .Armenian  church.  I'hey  differ  from  the  priests 
by  living  in  seclusion  and  in  celibacy.  They  also 
preach,  white  the  priests  do  not.  The  bishops  are  all 
taken  from  the  order  of  Vartabeds,  and  are  ordained 
by  them.  Coleman. 

VAR'VELS,  I  „     .     rp^  ^^,;i 

Silver  rings  about  the  legs  of  a  hawk,  on  which 
the  owner's  name  is  engraved.  Diet. 

VAR'VI-CITE,  a.     An  ore  of  manganese.      Brande. 

VA'RV,  r.  t.  [L.  vario:  Fr.  variert  Sp.  variar:  It. 
variare;  probably  allied   to  Eng.  r«fr,  Sp.  birar^  L. 

vertJ}^  Eth.  I  \Ci  bari^  whence  AnT*  l4l  to  alter- 
nate.    See  Class  Br,  No.  11,  and  No.  23.] 

1.  To  alter  in  form,  appearance,  substance,  or  po- 
fliiion  ;  to  make  different  by  a  partial  change  ;  as^  to 
vary  a  thing  in  dimensions-,  to  vary  its  properties, 
proportions,  or  nature ;  to  vary  the  posture  or  attitude 
of  a  thing  ;  to  vary  one's  dress. 

2.  To  change  to  sometliing  else. 

Goda,  that  dcvt  changv  their  itate, 

Vary  oft  ihelr  lote  and  hate.  Waller. 

We  are  to  sary  (he  ciistoR4a  according  lo  tlie  time  ami  conncry 
where  the  wcetK  of  aciiua  Ik>.  Dryden. 

3.  To  make  of  different  kinds. 

Uod  hnth  varUd  the  indinrvliona  of  men,  according  to  the  variety 
of  acUooa  to  be  pen'ormed.  Broiene, 

i.  To  diversify  ;  to  variegate. 

Goil  hnth  hrre 
Varied  hia  bounty  ao  with  new  delighu.  MUton, 

VA'RY,  V.  i.  To  alter  or  be  altered  in  any  manner; 
to  suffer  a  partial  change.  Colors  often  vary  when 
held  In  different  positions.  Customs  vary  from  one 
age  to  another,  until  they  are  entirely  changed.  I 


VAS 

2.  To  be  changeable  ;  to  alter ;  as,  the  varying 
hues  of  the  clouds  ;  the  varying  plumage  of  a  dove. 

3.  To  differ  or  be  different;  to  be  unlike.  The 
laws  of  different  countries  vary.  The  laws  of  France 
vary  from  those  of  England. 

4.  To  be  changed  ;  to  become  different.  The 
man  varies  in  his  opinions  ;  hia  opinions  vary  with 
the  times. 

5.  To  become  unlike  one's  self;  to  alter. 

He  varies  from  himaelf  no  teas.  Pope. 

(i.  To  deviate  ;  lo  depart ;  as,  to  vary  from  the 
law  ;  to  vary  from  the  rules  of  justice  or  reason. 

Locke. 

7.  To  alter  or  change  in  succession. 

Wliile  frar  and  (inger,  with  nllCTiiatr  grace, 

Paul  ill  her  breaat,  wid  oary  in  licr  feio;.  Addison. 

8.  To  disagree;  to  be  at  variance;  as,  men  rary 
in  opinion. 

VA'RY,  n.     Alteration;  change.  [JVotinvse.'^  Shalu 
Va'RV-ING, />/;r.     Altering;  changing;  deviating. 
VAS'eU-LAR,  a,     [L.  vasculam,  a  vessel,  from  vas, 
id.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  vessels  of  animal  or  vegetable 
bodies  ;  as,  the  vascular  functions. 

2.  Full  of  vessels  ;  consisting  of  animal  or  vege- 
table vessels,  as  arteries,  veins,  lacteals,  and  the  like ; 
as,  the  vascular  system.  Animal  flesh  is  all  vascular^ 
none  of  it  puronchymous.  Cyc. 

VAS-€U-LA'RKS,n.  pi.  Tlantswhich  have  stamens, 
pis'ils,  and  spiral  vessels,  and  bear  proiier  flowers. 

Lindley. 
VAS-y^U-LAR'I-TY,  n.    The  state  of  being  vascular. 

Med.  Rcpos. 
VAS-fU-LIF'ER-OUS,  a.     [L,  vaseulum  and  /cro,  to 
bear  J 

V  sculiferous  plants,  are  such  as  have  seed-vessels 
divided  into  cells.  Cyc. 

VASE,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  vas,  vasa,  a  vessel ;  It.  vaso.] 

1.  A  vessel  for  domestic  use,  or  for  use  in  tem- 
ples ;  as,  a  vase  for  sacrifice,  an  urn,  &c. 

2.  An  ancient  vessel  dug  out  of  the  ground  or 
from  rubbish,  and  kept  as  a  curiosity. 

3.  In  architecture^  an  ornament  of  sculpture,  placed 
on  socles  or  pedestals,  representing  the  vessels  of  the 
ancients,  as  incense-pots,  flower-pots,  &.c.  They 
usually  crown  or  finish  facades  or  frontispieces. 

Cyc 

4.  The  body  or  naked  ground  of  the  Corinthian 
and  Composite  capital;  called  also  the  Tambour  or 
Dat'M. 

5.  A mon^  florists ^  the  calyx  of  a  plant.         Oyc. 

6.  Among  goldsniitJiSj  the  middle  of  a  church  can- 
dlestick. Cyc. 

7.  A  solid  piece  of  ornamental  lAarhle.  Johnson. 
[Dotvn  lo  the  time  of  Walker,  this  word  was 

made  to  rhyme  with  base,  case,  &c.,  and  is  still  so 
pronounced,  lo  a*  great  extent,  in  the  United  Stales. 
In  England,  it  is  more  commonly  pronounced,  as 
Walker  gives  it,  vaze,  though  by  some  vdz,  and  by  a 
few  tmwt.  —  EdA 
VAS'SAL,  n.  [Fr.  vassal;  It.  vassallo;  Sp.  vasaUo ; 
VV.  ffie&s,  d  boy  or  youth,  a  page,  a  servant ;  gwas^Uj 
to  serve.] 

1.  A  feudatory  ;  a  tenant ;  one  who  holds  land  of 
a  superior,  and  who  vowa  fidelity  and  homage  lo 
him.  A  rear  vassal  is  one  who  holds  of  a  lord  wlio 
is  himself  a  vassal. 

2.  A  subject;  a  dependent.  Hooker. 

3.  A  servant.  Sha/c. 

4.  In  common  langvatre,  n  bondman  ;  n  political 
slave.  W^e  will  never  be  the  vassals  of  a  foreign 
prince. 

VAS'SAL,  V.  t.     To  subject  lo  control ;  to  enslave. 
VAS'SAL-A6E,  n,     [Fr.  vasselage;  Sp.  vasalage.] 

1.  The  state  of  being  a  vassal  or  feudatory. 

2.  Political  servitude  ;  dependence  ;  subjection  ; 
slavery.  The  Greeks  were  lung  held  in  vassalage  by 
the  Turks. 

VAS'SAL  KD,  pp.  or  a.  Enslaved;  subjected  to  ab- 
solute power  ;  as,  a  vassaled  land.  Trumbull. 

VAST,  a.  [L.  Pn.«e«j{  Fr.  vaste;  It  vasto.  The  pri- 
mary sense  of  the  root  must  be,  to  |iart  or  spread,  as 
this  is  C4innected  with  the  verb  to  waste.] 

1.  Being  of  great  extent;  very  spacious  or  large  ; 
a-*,  the  vast  (jcean  ;  a  vast  abyss  ;  the  vast  empire  of 
Russia  ;  Ihe  vast  plains  of  Syria;  the  vast  domains 
of  the  Almighty. 

2.  Huge  in  hulk  and  extent ;  as,  the  vast  moun- 
tains of  Asia  ;  the  vast  range  of  the  Andes. 

3.  Very  great  in  numbers  or  amount;  as,  a  vast 
army  ;  vast  numbers  or  multitudes  were  slain  ;  vast 
sums  of  money  have  been  expended  to  gratify  pride 
and  ambition. 

4.  Very  great  in  force;  mighty;  as,  vast  efforts; 
vast  labor. 

5.  Very  great  in  importance  ;  as,  a  subject  of  vast 
concern. 

VAST,  n.    An  empty  waste. 

Through  tiic  vast  of  heftven  it  soiindetl.  Milton. 

The  wttf^ry  natt.  Pope. 

VAS-TA'TION,  n.    [L.  vastMio,  from  vasto,  lo  waste.] 
A  laying  waste;  waste;  depopulation. 
[Dbvastatio:*  is  generally  used.] 


VAU 

VAS-TID'I-TY,    n.      Vastnesa;    immensity.      [J?9t 

English.]  Shak. 

VAST'I-TUDE,  Tt.    Vastnesa ;  immense  extent. 

Foster. 
VAST'LY,  flrfr.    Very  greatly;  to  a  great  extent  or 
degree ;  as,  a  space  va^^tly  extended.    Men  differ 
vastly  in  their  opinions  and  manners. 
VAST'^NESS,  n.    Great  extent;  immensity;  as,  the 
vastncss  of  the  ocean  or  of  space. 

2.  Immense  bulk  and  extent ;  as,  the  vastncss  of  a 
mountain. 

.'t.  Immense  magnitude  or  amount ;  as,  the  vastjust 
of  an  army,  or  of  the  sums  of  money  necessary  to 
support  iL 
4.  Immense  importance. 
VAST'Y,  a.    Being  of  great  extent ;  very  spacious. 

I  cnti  Ccill  Bpiritafnim  the  oastij  deep.     [Little  used.]       Shak. 

VAT,  n.     [D.  vat ;  Sax.  fat ;  G.  fass.] 

1.  A  large  vessel  or  cistern  for  holding  liquors  In 
an  immature  slate  ;  as,  vats  for  wine. 

Let  Iiim  produce  hi«  oats  and  tubu,  in  oppoiition  lo  heapa  of  arms 

and  stdiidarda.  Addieon. 

2.  A  square  box  or  cistern  in  which  hides  are  laid 
fur  steepmg  in  tan. 

3.  An  oil  measure  in  Holland  ;  also,  a  wine  meas- 
ure. 

4.  A  square,  hollow  place  on  the  back  of  a  cal- 
cining furnace,  where  tin-ore  is  laid  to  dry.      Cyc 

VAT'I-CAN,  71.     [U  votes.] 

In  Rome,  a  magnificent  palace  of  the  pope  on  the 
Vatican  hill,  adjoining  the  celebrated  church  of  St. 
Peter,  containing  vast  repositories  of  the  arts,  &c. 
From  its  being  the  pope's  residence,  we  have  the 
phrase,  the  thunders  of  Vie  Vatican,  meaning  the 
anathemas  or  denunciations  of  the  pope. 
VAT'I-CIDE,  71.  [L.  votes,  a  prophet,  and  cado.  to 
kill.]  * 

The  murderer  of  a  prophet.  Pope. 

VA-TIC'I-NAL,  (va-tis'e-nal,)  o.      [L.  vaticinor,  to 
prophesy.] 

Conlainmg  prophecy  JVdrton. 

VA-TIC'I-NATE,  v.  i.     [L.  vaticinor,  from  votes,  a 
prophet.] 
To  prophesy ;  to  foretell ;  to  practice  prediction. 

i Little  used.]  HowelL 

-TIC-I-NA'TION,  n.    Prediction  ;  prophecy. 

Bentley, 
VAUDE'VIL,(v6de'vil,)  71.    [Fr.]    A  song  common 
among  the  viilgar,  and  sung  about  the  streets.    A 
ballnd  ;  a  trivial  strain. 

In  the  French  tlicater,  a  vaudeville  is  a  piece  whose 
dialogue  is  intermingled  with  light  or  cnmic  songs. 
DicL  de  VAcad. 
VAULT,  n.    [Fr.voiite;  It  volta,  a  vault;  corto,  the 
fice,  visage,  and  a  vault,  L.  vultiis ;  a  derivative  of 
L.  voli:n,  valutas  ;  Sp.  voltear,  lo  turn,  to  tumble.] 

1.  A  continued  arch,  or  an  arched  roof.  Vaults 
are  of  various  kinds,  circular,  elliptical,  single, 
double,  cross,  diagonal,  Gothic,  &.c.  Cyc 

2.  A  cellar. 

To  banish  mts  that  haunt  our  vauU.  SwyfL 

3.  A  cave  or  cavern. 

The  gllciit  vaults  of  death,  unknown  to  light.  Sarxdys, 

A.  A  repository  for  the  dead.  Sliak. 

5.  In  the  manege,  the  leap  of  a  horse. 
VAULT,  V.  t.    To  arch  ;  to  form  with  a  vault ;  or  to 

cover  with  a  vault ;  as,  to  vault  a  passage  to  a  court. 
VAULT,!',  t.     \^p.  voltear;  It.  voltare  ;  Vr.  vautrcr.] 

1.  To  leap  ;  to  bound;  to  jump;  to  spring. 
Vaulting  omhilion,  which  o'erlcapa  itself.  Shak. 
Leaning  on  hia  lance,  he  vaultsd  un  a  tree.                  Dryden, 
Lucnn  vaulted  upi>ti  Pcgaiua  with  aW  ilw  heat  and  Intrepidity  of 

.    youth.  Addison. 

2.  To  tumble ;  lo  exhibit  feats  of  tumbling  or  leap- 
ing. 

VAULT'AfiE,  71.     Vaulted  work  ;  an  arched  cellar. 

PV«(  in  use.]  Shak, 

VAULT'ED,  pp.  or  a.      Arched;    concave;   as,   a 

vaulted  roof. 

2.  Covered  with  an  arch  or  vault. 

3.  a.  In  botany,  arched  like  the  roof  of  the  mouth, 
as  the  upper  lip  of  many  ringent  flowers.   Martyn. 

VAULT'ER,  n.     One  that  vaults;  a  leaper;  a  tum- 
bler. 
VAULT'ING,  ppr.    Arching;  covering  with  an  arctk. 
"9.  Leaping;  tumbling;  exhibiting  feats  of  leaping. 
VAULT'Y,  (z.     Arched;  concave.  [J^ot  in  use.]   Shak. 
VAUNT,  V.  i,     [Fr.  vanter;  It.  vantarsi,  from  vanio,  a 
boasting,  from  vano,  vain,  L.  nanus.    This  ought  to 
be  written  Vant.] 

To  boast;  to  make  a  vain  display  of  one'a  own 
worth,  attainments,  or  decorations  ;  to  talk  with 
vain  ostentation  ;  to  brag. 

Pride  —  prompla  a  man  to  vaunt  and  overvalue  whnt  he  ia. 

Gov.  of  the  Tongue, 

VAUNT,  tf.  t   To  boast  of;  to  make  a  vain  display  of. 

My  vanqiii«h'*r,  apoiled  of  hi»  vaunted  apoil.  MUton. 

Charity  vaunleOi  not  iUclf.  —  1  Cor.  xiii. 

VAUNT,  V.    Boast ;  B  vain  display  of  what  one  is,  or 
has,  or  baa  done ;  oatentatlon  from  vanity. 

llim  I  aeduced 
With  other  vaunts  and  other  promiaea.  Witton. 


TONE,  BULL,  tINITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CI0U9.  — €  as  K;  G  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


VEG 

VAUXT,  (vinl,)  n.     [Fr.  «r«jiL] 

The-  first  pnrt.     fAbt  ustd.]  Shak, 

VAUNT-€OU'RI-Ek,  (-koo're-er,)  n.  [Ft.  •tamt- 
Ctfiirrur.] 

A  i>recursor.  Shak. 

VXUNT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Vainly  boasted  of  or  dis- 
plnyt'tl. 

VAUNT'ER,  a.  A  Tain,  conceited  boaster;  a  brag- 
gnrt  :  A  m.\Q  given  to  vain  ostentation.         Spenser. 

Vxr.N  r'FJJL,  a.     Boastful ;  vainly  octentotiou*. 

VAUXT'IXG,  ppr.  Vainly  boasting j  ostentatiously 
8ettin<*  forth  what  one  'w  or  has. 

VAUN  PING,  a.     VaJo-^orious  boutinfr. 

VAUXT'I.\G-LV,  arfr.  BoutAiUy;  with  vain  osten- 
tation. Shak* 

VAUXT'-MCRE,  a.     [Pr.  araal-iiiiir.] 

A  r.dde  wall  ;  a  work  raised  in  froot  of  the  main 
wall.  Camden. 

VAUanE'LlX-ITE,  (v6ke'lin-lte,)  a.  Chromaie  of 
copper  and  lend,  treen,  of  various  shades.        Urt. 

VAV'.\-SOR,s,  {This  word,  in  old  bookn,  is  variously 
writtt-n,  VALTAioa,  V*t*»ocr,  Valvasous.  It  is 
said  to  be  front  roMeml.     But  qu.] 

Camden  holds  that  the  rawLsor  was  next  below  a 
baron.  I)u  (-^n^  maintains  tlmt  there  were  two 
sorts  of  vavnsora  ;  the  greater,  who  held  of  the 
klne,  such  as  bamns  and  counts ;  and  the  lesser, 
called  ra/ra^isi,  who  held  of  the  former.  The  dig- 
nity iT  rank  is  no  longer  in  use,  and  the  name  is 
known  onlv  in  bt>oks.  Cjfc 

VAV'A-SO-RY,  n.  The  quality  or  tenure  of  the  fee 
held  by  a  va\*a9or.  Cvc. 

VA'WARD.K.    [vmn  nad  ward.]   The  fore  part.  [  6a«.] 

Skak. 

V.  D.  M. ;  an  abbreviation  fiv  L.  v«rM  Dei  minister, 
mini'^ter  of  God*s  word. 

VRAL,  H.  [Pr.  CMM,  a  calf;  probably  contracted 
from  li.  rifrt/K*.]  * 

The  flf-sh  of  a  calf  killed  for  the  table. 

TECVTIO.N,  a.     [h.  rscti*,  from  reAo,  to  carry.] 
Tt)t<  act  of  rarrytng,  or  state  of  being  carried. 

VEC-TI-TA'TION.  m.     [I*  rselito.] 

A  carrying.     [JVW  ta  utt.]  JlrhntknsL 

VECn'OR,  a.    [L.,  from  reho,  to  carry.] 

la  oMtM'amamjff  commonly  called  RAott7t  ViCToa, 
which  see. 

VECH'l^RE,  a.    [L.  vectera,  from  vaU,  snpra.] 

A  carrying ;  carriage ;  conveyance  by  carrying. 
[lUtle  mstdS  Ba*nt. 

Ve'DA,  a.  The  gmerie  name  of  tha  (bar  oMesi  sa- 
cred books  of  th«  Htndooa,  viz.,  Rig,  Yi^st,  Saroan, 
and  Atbarvan,  wtaidi  were  cooaioerM  m  directly 
revealed  bv  Brahma.  Tbeaa  are  dtvided  into  four 
parts  or  vedas.  The  word  is  aometiroea  written  Vk- 
dam. Sir  W,  Jamta^     CaMrwois. 

VE-DF.TTE',  a.  [Fr.  wdritt  ;  It.  vmUtiM,  from  »M<fr«, 
l^  rf'es,  to  see  ] 

A  sentinel  on  horseback ;  a  dragocm  or  borarman 
stationed  on  the  outpnst  of  an  army,  to  watch  sh  en- 
erav  and  give  notice  of  danger. 

VEER,  r.  i.  f  Fr.  rirer ;  Sp.  Hrmr  ;  D.  riarwi ;  allied 
probably  to  u  raria  and  vartsb    6ae  WAaa  ] 

To  turn ;  to  change  diredloii ;  «a,  the  wind  rr«r« 
to  the  west  Of  north. 

AnH  u  he  ImlB,  the  falknrii>;  unrj  M«f-t.  Dty/tm. 

Atvl  tin  your  Mtnitf  bean  wnh  every  pie,      ItotvomMon. 

To  vter  and  Aoa/,  as  wind  ;  to  alter  iu  direction. 
VEER.  T.  U    To  turn  ;  to  direct  to  a  difler»*nt  course. 
To  veer  mtU ;  to  suffer  to  run  or  to  let  out  to  a 

greater  length  ;  as,  lo  rrer  out  a  mpe. 

Ta  eeer  away;  to  let  out  j  tn  slacken  and  let  nin  ; 

as,  lo  RMT  ««Mf  the  cable.    This  is  called  also  paf- 

iaf  tfai  the  cable. 

T«  eccr  csd  httnl ;  to  pull  tight  and  slackm  atter- 

irnlelv.  Trtlrn. 

VEER'.\-BLE,  a.      Changeable;    shiftini;.      [.Vof   in 

ase.  ]  Randvloh. 

VEERED,  (veerd,)^^    Turned;  changed  in  direc- 
tion    let  out. 
VEER'ING,  fpr     Turning;   lettmg  out  to  a  greater 

leneih. 
VEER'IXG-LV,  mdr.     Chanpingly  ;  thiftin-ly. 
VEO-F^TA-BIL'I-TY,  ■.     [from  resetabte.]     Vejreia- 

ble  nature  ;  tlie  quality  of  growth  without  sensation. 

Brown, 

VBG'E-TA-BLE,  a.    [Fr.,  from  vtgHer,  L.  vi/eo,  to 

grow.] 

1.  A  plant:  an  orjranized  body  destitute  of  sense 
and  vohintan,-  motion,  deriving  its  nourishment 
through  pores  on  its  onter  surface  or  vesseN,  in  most 
instances  adhering  to  some  othi'r  body,  as  the  enrth, 
and  in  leneral,  propagating  itself  by  seeds.  Some 
vegftable*  have  spontaneous  motion.  Vefctibles 
alon'"  have  the  power  of  deriving  nonrishment  from 
inorcanic  matter,  or  organic  matter  entirely  de- 
conipoaed. 

2.  In  a  more  limited  srn.*ey  vecetables  are  such 
plants  as  are  used  for  culinary  purposes  and  cnlti- 
vat'-d  in  gttrdens,  or  are  destined  for  feedin?  entile 
and  sheep.  Vepf tables,  fi.r  these  uses,  are  such  as 
are  of  a  more  soft  and  fleshy  substance  than  trees 
and  shrubs;  such  as  cabbage,  cauliHuwer,  turnips, 
poLitoes,  peas,  beans,  &.c. 


VEH 

VEG'E-T.A-BLE,  a.     Belonging  to  plants  ;  as,  a  ve^e- 
taM«  nature  ;  r^i'^faA// qualities  ;  vefretable  jmccs. 

3,  Consisting  of  plants ;  a.<),  the  vegetable  king- 
dom. 

3.  Having  the  nature  of  plants;  as,  a  vegetabU 
body. 

yegetable  marrow ;  the  fruit  of  n  species  of  gmird, 
Cucurbita  ovifera,  a  native  of  Persia.  It  ia  used  for 
cuhnary  pur[Ktse^,  and  is  named  from  the  peculiar 
tenderness  and  softness  of  its  flesh.     Farm.  Eiiei/c. 

Vegfiable  ivory;  a  clt>se-2r;»ined,  and  very  hard 
vegvtible  substance,  resembling  the  finest  ivory  in 
texture  and  color,  and  often  wrought  into  ornamental 
work.  It  is  the  prtwluct  of  a  species  of  palm,  the 
Phytelephas  macrocarita,  in  the  form  of  a  nut  called 
iToar  NcT,  often  as  large  as  a  hen's  egg.  Silliman. 

VE6'E-TAL,  a.    Having  p«»wer  to  cause  growth.     As 
a  noNM,  a  vegetable.    [A~ut  i'm  use.] 

VEG'E-TATE,  r.  L     [L.  vtgtto  ;  Fr.  vegeter  ;  from  L. 
ei>ro,  to  flourish.] 

To  sprout ;  to  genninate ;  to  grow  ;  as  plants  ;  lo 
grow  and  be  enlarged  by  nutriment  imbibed  from  the 
earth,  air,  or  water,  by  means  of  nnrts  and  leaves. 
Plants  Will  not  vtgetate  without  a  certain  degree  of 
heat ;  but  some  plants  rr^rtate  with  le^s  heat  than 
others.  Piilatiies  will  vr^etate  after  they  are  pared, 
provided  what  nre  called  the  eyes  or  chits  are  nut 
removed  or  injured. 


9cr  lift-  (Ussi.ilviDg'  vegeUUt  ngniu. 


Pope. 


VE6'E-TA-T1XG,  ppr.  Germinating;  sprouting; 
crowing  ;  a-i  plants. 

VEO-E  TA'TIOX,  a.  [Fr.]  The  process  of  prowing, 
as  plants,  by  means  of  nourishment  derived  from  the 
earth,  or  fnun  water  and  air,  and  received  through 
ro<)t:*  and  leaves.  Wo  observe  tlmt  vegetation  de- 
pends on  heat  and  on  certain  substances  which  con- 
stitute the  nutriment  of  plants.  Rapid  vegetation  is 
caused  by  increased  heat  and  a  rich  soil. 

4.  Vegetables  or  plants  in  general.  In  June,rfye- 
tation  in  our  climate  wears  a  l>eautiful  aspecL 

VegrtatioH  of  ^att^,  so  called,  consists  in  certain 
crystalline  concretions  formed  by  salts,  after  solution 
in  water,  when  set  in  the  air  for  evaporation.  These 
concretions  appear  round  the  surface  of  the  liquor, 
Rtlixed  to  the  fides  of  the  vessel. 

VE6'E-TA-TIVE.  a.     [Fr.  tw^^^.] 

1.  Growing,  or  having  the  power  of  growing,  as 
plants.  Ralegh, 

9.  Having  the  power  to  produce  growth  in  plants ; 
as,  the  vegetative  properties  of  soil.  Broome, 

VB6'E-TA-TIVE-XESS,  a.  The  quality  of  produ- 
cine  erowth. 

VlU;KTE',a.     [U  vegrtuM.] 

Vigorous  ;  active.     {UtUe  need,]  WaUis. 

VEG'E-TIVE,  fl.     [L.  vetseto^  vigeo.l 

Vecetable  ;  havmg  the  nature  of  plants  ;  as,  ve^«- 
tive  life.     [Littie  used.]  Tusser, 

VEG'E-TIVE,  n.    A  vegetable.     [JVot  in  «jw.] 

Sandys. 

VE6'E-TO-AX'I-MAL,  a.  Partaking  of  tlie  nature 
both  of  vegetable  and  animal  matter.  Vtirf to-animal 
matter^  is  a  term  formerly  applied  to  vegetable  gluten, 
which  is  found  in  the  seeds  of  certain  plants,  in  a 
state  of  unii^n  with  fecula  or  starch.  It  is  remarka- 
bly elastic,  and  when  dry,  senji-trnnsparent.  By  dis- 
tillation it  Rffi>rds,  like  animal  substances,  ammonia, 
and  an  empyreumalic  oil.  Cyc.     Fovreroif. 

VEO'E-TOUS,  a.  Vigorous;  livt-Iy ;  vecete.  (JVat 
in  use,]  B.  Jonson. 

VK'HE-MEXCE,   >  n.    [Fr.  rr Aemence ;  from   L.  rrAr- 

Ve'HE-MEX-CV,  i  mensy  from  ccAo,  to  corry,  that 
is,  to  nish  or  drive.] 

1.  Violence  ;  great  force  ;  properly^  force  derived 
from  velocity  ;  as,  the  vehemence  of  wind.  But  it  is 
applied  to  any  kind  of  forcible  action  ;  as,  to  sjieak 
with  vehemence. 

2.  Viol,  nt  ardor;  great  heat;  animated  fervor  ;  as, 
the  tehrmenee  of  love  cr  affection  ;  the  vehemence  of 
anger  or  other  passion. 

I  UrmUe  At  bi>  vehemtnct  of  V  taper-  Addi»on. 

Vf.'HE-MEXT,  fl.     [Fr.,  from  L.  vehemens.] 

1.  Violent;  acting  with  great  force  ;  funoua  ;  very 
forcible  ;  as,  a  rehement  wind  ;  a  vthemciu  torrent ;  a 
r^Aemrni  fire  or  heat. 

2.  Very  ardent;  very  eager  or  urcent ;  very  fer- 
vent ;  as,  n  vehement  affection  or  passion  ;  vehement 
desire;  r«Aemeiir  eloquence.  Milton. 

VR'HE-MEXT-LY,  adv.    With  great  force  and  vio- 
lence. 
2.  Urgently;  forcibly;  with  great  zeal  or  pathos. 

TiUoLton, 
Vf/HT-CLE,  (vE'he-kl,)  n.     IFr.  vehieule ;   I*  vehieu- 
lum,  from  reAo,  to  carry.] 

1.  That  in  which  any  thing  is  or  may  be  carried  ; 
any  kind  of  carriaer*  moving  on  laud,  cither  on 
wheels  or  ninners.  This  word  comprehends  coaches, 
chariots,  pigs,  sulkies,  wagons,  carts  of  every  kind, 
sleighs,  and  sleds.  7'hese  are  all  vehicles.  Hut  the 
word  is  more  Et'nera'ly  applied  to  wheel  carriages, 
and  rarely,  I  believe,  to  water  crafL 

2.  That  which  is  used  as  the  instrument  of  con- 
veyance.     Language  is  the  vehicle  which   conveys 


VEL 

ideas  to  others.     Letters  ore  vehicles  of  communica- 
tion. 

A  «impli*  Mvle  fonrw  the  beM  vthicU  of  Uicofla  to  •  nopnlar 
KurntlflV.  Wtn. 

3.  A  substance  in  which  medicine  is  taken. 

4.  A  menstruum  in  which  paints,  gums,  &c.,  are 
dissolved  and  prepared  for  use 

Vr.'Hl-CLKU,  fl.     Conveyed  in  a  vehicle.        Oreen. 

VE-HIC'lJ-LAR,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  vehicle. 

VEll'Mie,  a,  Vehmic  court-t  were  the  tribunals  of  a 
secret  «i»ciety  in  Germany  during  the  middle  ages, 
which  for  a  time  held  a  powerful  away  over  the  peo- 
ple bv  their  terrible  executions.  Brande. 

VfilL,'fvale,)  a.     [L.  velum.] 

1.  A  cover  ;  a  curtain  ;  someUiing  to  intercept  the 
view  and  hide  an  object. 

2.  A  cover;  a  disguise.  [See  Vail.  The  latter 
orthography  gives  the  Lutn  pronunciation  as  well  as 
the  English,  and  is  to  bo  preierred.] 

VfilL,  (vale,)  p.  t.    To  cover  with  a  veil ;  lo  conceal 

2.  To  invest ;  to  cover. 

3.  To  hide.     [See  Vail.] 

VBl.N,  n.  [Fr.  veiue  ;  L.  rc/ja,  from  the  root  of  venio. 
to  couie,to  pass.   The  sense  is,  a  passage,  a  conduit  J 

1.  A  vessel  in  animal  bodies,  which  receives  the 
blood  from  the  extreme  arteries,  and  returns  it  to  the 
heart.  The  veins  may  be  arranged  in  three  divis- 
ions. (I.)  Those  that  commence  from  the  capilla- 
ries all  over  the  bmly,  and  return  the  bbK)d  tt»  the 
heart.  (2.)  The  pulmonary  veins.  (3.)  The  veins 
of  tlie  vena  portie,  in  which  the  blood  that  has  circu- 
lated through  the  organs  of  digestion  is  conveyed  to 
the  liver.  Cyc. 

2.  In  plmitt,  a  tube,  or  an  assemblage  of  tubes, 
thmugh  which  the  sap  is  transmitted  along  the  leaves. 
The  term  is  more  pn>iM*rly  applied  to  the  finer  and 
more  complfx  nun  tfi  cat  ions,  which  interbranch  with 
each  other  like  net-work  ;  the  larger  and  more  di- 
rect assemblages  of  vessels  being  called  Risi  and 
Nerves.  Veins  are  also  found  in  the  calyx  and  corol 
of  flowers.  Cije, 

The  vessels  which  branch  or  variously  divide  over 
the  surface  of  leaves  are  called  Veins.       Martyn, 

3.  In  geolo'ry^  a  seam  of  any  substance,  more  or 
less  wide,  intersecting  a  rock  or  stratum,  and  not 
currespi>nding  with  the  stratification.     Dana.     Cyc 

4.  A  streak  or  wave  of  dilTerent  color,  appearing 
in  wood,  marble,  and  other  stones  ;  variegation. 

5.  A  cavity  or  fissure  in  the  earth  or  in  other  sub- 
stance. 

6.  Tendency  or  turn  of  mind  ;  a  particular  dispo- 
sition or  cast  of  genius ;  as,  a  rich  rein  of  wit  or 
humor ;  a  satirical  vein. 

Invoke  the  mu>n,  nnd  improT«  my  vein,  WaUxr. 

7.  Current. 

He  e«n  open  a  vein  of  irue  and  noble  thiukin^.  SuifL 

8.  Humor;  particular  temper.  Shak. 

9.  Strain  ;  quality  ;  as,  my  usual  vein.     Oldliam. 
V£lN'/;i*,  (vaud,)  a.     [from  vein.]      Full   of  veins; 

streaked  ;  variegated  ;  as,  veined  marble. 

2.  In   botany^  havi^  vessels  branching  over  the 
surface,  as  n  leaf. 
VglN'ING,  (van'ing,)  a.     Forming  veins. 
VfilN'LESS,  a.      In  botany^  having  no  veins;  as,  a 

veinlrss  leaf.  Barton. 

VBI''^'-^'1"^^'E,  Tf.      The   rock   or  mineral   material 

which  accoinpanica  or  incloses  ores  in  veins  ;  the 

cangue.  Ure. 

VfilN'Y,  (van'c,)  a.     Full  of  veins  ;  as,  veiny  maride. 

7'iuimson. 
VE-LIF'ER-OIIS,  a.    [L.  velum,  a  sail,  and  fcro^  to 
bear.] 
Bearing  or  carrying  sails.  Evelyn. 

VEL-I-TA'TION,  «.     [L.  velitatio.] 

A  dispute *or  contest ;  a  slight  skirmish.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Burton. 

VE-LIV'0-LANT,  a.     [L.  velum  and  volo.] 

Passing  under  full  sail. 
VELL,  n.     [Qu.  fell,  a  skin.] 

A  rennet  bag.     [Local.] 
VELL,  r.  U     [Uu.  fell,  a  skin.] 

To  cut  off  the  turf  or  sward  of  land.     [Local] 

Cyc 
VEI*-Lfi'I-TY,  n.    [Fr.  vcUeiii  :  from  L.  vcVe,  to  will.] 
A  term  by  which  the  schools  express  the  lowest 
degree  of  desire.  Locke. 

VEL'LI-CATE,  r- 1.  [L.  vetliro,  from  vello,  to  pull.  It 
may  be  from  the  riwt  of  pull.] 

To  twitch  ;  to  stimulate  ;  applied  to  the  muscles  and 
fbers  of  animals  ;  lo  cause  to  twitch  convulsively. 

Cve. 
VEL'LI-CA-TEn,  pp.    Twitched  or  caused  to  twitch. 
VEL'LI-CA-TlNG,ppr.     Twitching;  convulsing, 
VEL  L1-€a'T10\,  n.    The  act  of  twitching,  or  of 
causing  to  twitch. 

2.  A  twitching  or  convulsive  motion  of  a  muscular 
fiber. 
VEL'LI-CA-TIVE,  a.     Having  the  power  of  vellira- 

tirip,  plucking,  or  twitching. 
VEL'LUM,  n.     [Fr.  vetin.     It  coincides  with  fell^  D. 
vel,  skin  ;  probably  from  the  dkU  of  L.  vello.] 

A  finer  kind  of  parchment  or  skin,  rendered  clear 
and  while  fo'  w-itir.g. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PRg/.  — fLNE,  MAEXNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


1326 


VEN 

VEL'LU.M-Po5T,  71.  A  peculiar  sort  of  sujwrior 
writins-pjiiwr. 

VEL'LU.M-Y,  o.     Resembling  velhim. 

FK-LO'CF.,  (ya-16'ch5,i  [II.]     In  music,  quick. 

VE-LOC'I-PEDE,  n.  [L  vdoz,  swift,  and  pes,  foot] 
A  carriage  for  one  person,  having  two  wheel-s 
placed  one  before  the  other,  in  the  same  line,  and 
connected  by  a  beam,  on  wliich  Ihe  per^jon  sits 
astride,  and  propels  the  vehicle  by  striking  the  tips 
of  his  toes  aeainst  the  earth. 

VE-LOC'I-TY,  C-los'e-te,)  a.  [Fr.  velociti  {  L.  velocitas, 
from  veioz,  swift,  allied  to  volo,  to  fly.] 

1.  Swiftness  ;  celerity  ;  rapidity  ;  as,  the  velocity  of 
wind  ;  the  velocity  of  a  planet  or  comet  in  il:<  orbit  or 
course  }  the  velocity  of  a  cannon-ball ;  the  velucity  of 
light.  In  these  phrases,  velocity  is  more  penerally 
used  than  celerity.  We  apply  ceirritij  to  animals  ;  as, 
a  horse  or  an  ostrich  runs  with  celerity,  and  a  stream 
runs  witii  rapidity  or  velocity;  but  bodies  movinc  in 
the  air  or  in  ethereal  space  move  with  greater  or  less 
velocity,  not  ceierity.  This  usage  is  arbitrary,  and 
perhaps  not  universal. 

2.  In  philosophy,  velocity  is  th:it  affection  of  motion 
by  which  a  b<jdy  moves  over  a  certain  space  in  a  cer- 
tain time.  Velocity  is  in  direct  proportion  to  Ihe 
sp;tce  over  which  a  body  moves.  Velocity  is  ab.tolate 
or  relatire ;  absolute,  when  a  body  moves  over  a  cer- 
tain space  in  a  certain  time;  relative,  when  it  has 
respect  to  another  moving  body.  Velocity  is  also 
nnifortn  or  equal :  or  it  is  unequal,  that  is,  retarded  or 

VEL'URE,  n.    f  Fr.  velours.]  [accelerated. 

Velvet.     [Obs.]  Sftak, 

VEL'VET,  n.  [lu  veUuto;  Sp.  velludo ;  Fr.  vcUntrs ; 
L.  vellusy  hair,  nap.] 

A  rich,  silk  stuff,  covered  on  the  outside  with  a 
close,  short,  fine,  soft  shag  or  nap. 

Cotton  velvet;  an  Imitation  of  velvet,  made  of  cot- 
ton ;  also  called  velveteen. 

VEL'VET,  V.  t.    To  paint  velvet.  Peacham. 

VEL'VET,         \  0.    Made  of  velvet ;  or  soft  and  del- 

VEL'VET-ED,  \      icale,  like  velvet. 

VEL-VET-EE\',  n.  A  kind  of  cloth  made  of  cotton, 
in  imitation  of  velvet ;  cotton  velvet. 

VEL'VET-!\G,  n.     The  fine  shac  of  velvet.       Cyc 

VEL'VET-PAV-£D,  a.    Paved  with  velvet. 

VEL'VET-Y,  tt.  Made  of  velvet,  or  like  velvet ;  soft  ; 
smooth ;  delicate.  -  Med.  Rcpos. 

Ve'NAL,  a.     [L.  venay  avein.] 

Pertaining  to  a  vein  or  to  veins;  contained  in  the 
veins;  as,  verud  blood.  [3ce  Vekoui,  which  is  gen- 
erally used.] 

Ve'NAL,  a.     [L.  venaliiy  from  reneo,  lo  be  sold.] 

\.  Mercenary  ;  prostitute  ;  that  may  be  bought  or 
obtained  for  money  or  other  valuable  consideration  ; 
as,  a  rnial  muse  ;  venal  services. 

2.  That  may  be  sold  ;  set  to  sale  j  as,  all  offices  are 
vcnai  in  a  corrupt  government. 

3.  Purchased  ;  as,  a  venal  vote.  Junius. 
VE-NAL'I-TY,  n.     Mercenariness  ;  the  state  of  being 

influenced  by  money  ;  prostitution  of  talents,  offices, 
or  services,  for  money  or  reward  ;  as,  the  venality  of 
a  corrupt  court. 
VE-V'A  RY,  a.     [L.  venor,  to  hunt.] 

Ri-biting  to  hunting. 
VK  .NAT'ie,  (  a.      [L.   venaticus,   from   venor,  to 

VE  NAT'ie  AL,  i     hunt.] 

V*eA  in  hunting. 
VE-NA'TION,  n.     [L.  venatio,  from  venor,  to  hunt.] 

1.  The  aci  or  practice  of  hunting.  Brown. 

2.  The  state  of  being  hunted.  Brown. 

3.  In  botany,  the  manner  in  which  the  veins  of 
leaves  are  arranged.  Lindley. 

VEND,  V.  L  [L.  vendo;  Fr.  vendre;  It.  vendere;  Sp. 
vender.  ] 

To  set] ;  to  transfer  a  thing  and  the  exclusive  right 
of  possessing  it  to  another  person,  for  a  p'  cuniary 
equivalent;  as,  lo  vend  goods;  to  vend  meat  and 
vegetables  in  market.  Vending  differs  from  barter. 
We  vend  fnr  money  ;  we  barter  for  commodities. 
Vend  is  applicable  only  to  wares,  merchandise,  or 
other  small  articles,  not  to  lands  and  tenementti.  We 
never  say,  to  vend  a  farm,  a  lease,  or  a  bond,  a  right, 
or  a  horte. 

VE.ND'ED,  pp.  Sold  j  transferred  for  money  ;  as 
goods. 

VENDEE',  n.    The  person  to  whom  a  thing  is  sold. 

VEND'ER,  n.     [Fr.  vendenr.) 

A  seller  ;  one  who  transfers  the  exclusive  right  of 
pnssefising  a  thing,  either  his  own,  or  that  of  nnoth- 
er  as  liis  agenL  Auctioneers  are  the  vendert  of  goods 
for  other  men. 

VEND-I-RIL'I-TY,     in.    The  state  of  being  vendible 

VEND'I-BLE-.\ESS,  \      or  salable. 

VE.VD'I-BLE.o.    U  [vendibitis.] 

Halntde;  that  may  be  sold  ;  that  can  be  sold  ;  as, 
vendible  goods,  yendtble  differs  from  markeloble ;  the 
latter  signifies  proper  or  Jtt  fitr  market,  according  to 
the  latvs  or  customs  of  a  place.  Vendible  has  no 
referenre  to  such  legal  fitness. 

VENDIBLE,  n.  Something  to  be  sold  or  offered  for 
■ale.  Mitford. 

VEND'I-BI>V,  adv.    In  a  salable  manner. 

v'£i\-I,:-T.l'T!ON    n      ''L.  venditatioA 

A  boastful  display.     [J^ot  m  use.j  B.  jonson. 


VEN 

VEN-DI"TION,  (ven-diah'un,)  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ven- 
ditio.] 

The  act  of  selling  ;  sale. 

VEND'OR,  n.    A  vender  ;  a  seller. 

VEN-DCE',  n.     [Fr.  vendu,  sold.] 

Auction  ;  a  public  sale  of  any  thing  by  outcr>',  to 
the  hicheiit  bidder. 

VEN-DOE'-MAS'TER,  n.  One  who  is  authorized  to 
make  sale  of  any  property  to  the  highest  bidder,  by 
notification  and  public  outcry  ;  an  auctioneer. 

VE-NEER',  v.  t.  [G.famieren.  This  word  seems  lo 
be  from  the  root  of  furnish,  the  primary  sense  of 
which  is,  to  put  on] 

To  lay,  or  tix  firmly,  thin  leaves  of  a  fine  or  supe- 
rior w«»od  over  a  coarse  or  inferior  wood,  so  as  to 
give  the  latter  the  appearance  uf  u  solid  mass  of  the 
former.  Hebert. 

VE-NEER',  n.  A  thin  leaf  of  a  superior  wood  for 
overlaying  an  inferior  wood. 

VE-NEER'i:D,  pp.  Overlaid  with  a  thin  leaf  of  a  su- 
perior wood. 

VE-NEER'ING,  ppr.  Overlaying  with  a  thin  leaf  of 
a  superior  wood. 

VE-NEER'ING,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  overlaying  a 
coarse  or  inferior  wood  with  thin  leaves  of  superior 
wood  ;  the  covering  thus  laid  on. 

VEN'E-FICE,  (-fis,)  n.     [L.  venrficinm.'] 

The  practice  of  poisoning,     f  JVb(  in  use.'] 

VEN  E-FI"CIAL,  C-fish'al,)      (         „  \  ■       ^ 

VEN-E-FI"C10US,  (-fish'us,)  i  '^     i^*  ^^n^c'""*-] 
Acting  by  poison  ;  bewitching.     [UiUe  used.} 

Brown, 

VEN-E-FI"CIOUS-LY,  adv.  By  poison  or  witchcraft. 
[Litile  H.-»cd,]  Brown, 

VEN'EM-Otrs.    See  Ve:^omous. 

VEN'E-NATE,  v.L  [L.  veneno ;  venenuniy  poison  j  W. 
gicenmyn',  from  raging.] 

To  poison  ;  to  infect  with  poison.  Harvey. 

VEN-E-NA'TION,  n.    The  act  of  poisoning. 

2.  Poison  ;  venom.  Brown. 

VE-NkNE',        \  r„  , 

VEN'E-NOSE,  i  "•     i-^'-  ««"^*^"^-] 

Poisonou;^ ;  venomous.     [A*»(  used.)  Harvey. 

VEN-ER-A-BIL'I-TY,  n.  State  or  quality  of  being 
venerable.     [J^ot  used,]  More. 

VE.\'ER-A-BLE,  a.  [Fr.,  from  L,  vencrabilis,  from 
veneror,  to  honor,  to  worship.] 

1.  Worthy  of  veneration  or  reverence  ;  deserving 
of  himor  and  respect;  as,  a  venerable  magistrate  ;  a 
venerable  parent. 

2.  Rendered  sacred  by  religious  associations,  or 
being  consecrated  to  God  and  to  his  worship  ;  to  be 
regarded  with  awe  and  treated  with  reverence  i  as, 
the  venerable  walls  of  a  temple  or  church. 

The  pbw^  whTs  utintB  hnve  ■uffcrr'd  for  the  les^motiy  of  Chriit 
—  rendered  venerable  by  ilieir  di'ath.  Hooker, 

VEN'ER-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  venerable.  South. 

VEN'ER-A-BLY,  adr.  In  a  manner  to  excite  rever- 
ence. 

An  awful  pile  1   atiinda  vtntrably  g^rea.!.  AdxUton. 

VEN'ER-ATE,  v.  U     [Fr.  venrrer ;  L.  veneror,] 

To  regard  with  respect  and  reverence;  to  rev- 
erence; to  revere.  We  venerate  an  old,  faithful 
magistrate;  we  venerate  parents  and  elders;  we 
venerate  men  consecrated  to  sacred  oflices.  We 
venerate  old  age  or  gray  hairs.  We  venerateyOt  ought 
to  venerate,  the  gos)»el  and  its  precepts. 

And  M*^mi!<J  to  vcrtfnUc  the  tacre<l  shade.  Drydan. 

VEN'EIt-A-TED,  pp.  or  a.  Reverenced ;  treated  with 
honor  and  respecL 

VEN'EIl-A-TING,  ppr.     Regarding  with  reverence. 

VEN-ER-A'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  veneratio,] 

The  highest  denrce  of  respect  and  reverence  ;  re- 
spect mingled  with  some  degree  of  awe  ;  a  feeling  or 
sentiment  excited  by  the  dignity  and  superiority  of  a 
person,  or  by  the  sacrcdness  uf  his  character,  and 
with  regard  to  place,  by  its  consecration  to  sacred 
services. 

We  find  R  vcrrt  awe  nn'I  veneraAon  for  one  who  moTes  atwut 
us  in  R  re^uljT  and  illuatriout  cuurtc  of  virtue.    Addisun. 

VEN'ER-A-TOH,  n.  One  who  venerates  and  rever- 
ences. 

VE-Ni^'RE-AL,  a.  [Ij.  renereus,  from  Venus;  W. 
Owener,  fronT^rc^n,  while,  fair.     See  Venus.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  sexual  intercourse. 

2.  Connected  with  sexual  intercourse  ;  as,  a  vene- 
real disease  ;  venereal  virus  or  poison. 

3.  Adapted  to  the  cure  of  venereal  diseases  ;  as, 
venereal  medicines. 

4.  Adapted  lo  excite  venereal  desire  ;  aphrodisiac. 

Cyc. 

5.  Consisting  of  or  pertaining  to  copper,  formerly 
railed  by  chemists  VE^u».     [OA.*.]  Boyle. 

VE-Nk'RE-AN,  a.     Venereal.     [Awt  med.]     Howell 
VE-Nk'RE-OUS,  a,     [E.  venereus.] 

Lustful  ;  libidinous.  Derham. 

VEN'ER-OUS,  for  Venereoub.     [J^<>t  used.] 
VEN'ER-Y,  n.     [from  Venus,]     Sexual  intercourse. 

Contrntment,  without  the    pleasure  of    iBwful  vtntry,  \a  conti- 
..••■r,:^;    •)'' -(rilawfid.  chnstitv.  Grtto. 


VEN 

VEN'ER-Y,  n.  [Fr.  venerie;  from  L.  venor,  to  hunt, 
tlint  is,  to  drive  or  rush.! 

The  net  or  exercise  of  hunting  ;  the  sports  of  the 
chase. 

Beasts  of  venery  and  fishes.  Brovn. 

VEN-E-SE€'TI0N,  n,  [L.  vena,  vein,  and  seetio,  a 
cutting.] 

The  act  or  operation  of  opening  a  vein  for  letting 
blood;  blood-letting;  phlebotomy.    Cyc     H'iseman. 
VE-NS'TIAN,  a.    Belonging  to  Venice. 

Venetian  chalk;  a  white,  compact  talc  or  steatite, 
used  for  marking  on  cloth,  &.c.  Dana, 

Venetian  door;  a  door  having  long,  narroxv  win- 
dows on  the  sides. 

Venetian  window  f  one  consisting  of  a  main  win- 
dow with  a  long  and  narrow  window  on  each  side. 

Venetian  blind ;  a  blind  for  windows,  doors,  &,c., 
made  of  thin  slats  set  in  a  frame,  movable  on  end- 
pins,  and  so  disposed  as  to  overlap  each  when  close, 
and  to  show  a  series  of  o|)en  s()ace8  for  the  admis- 
sion of  air  and  light  when  in  the  other  position. 
VEN'EY,  n.  [Fr.  venez,  from  vniir,  to  come.] 
A  bout ;  a  thrust ;  a  hit ;  a  ttirn  at  fencing. 

Tlinre  veney§  for  a  dish  uf  stewed  prunes.     [Obs.]  S3uii. 

[Sometimes  spelt  Vc:<ew.] 
VENGE,  (venj,)  v.  t.     [Fr.  venfrcr.] 

To  avenge  ;  to  punish.  [JVol  in  u^e,]  [See  AvBiroE 
and  Rkvengk.I  Shak. 

VEN<^i;'A-BLE,  (venj'a-bl,)  a.  [from  venffc]  Re- 
vengeful ;  as,  vengeable  despite.     [JSTot  in  use.] 

Spenser. 
VENGE'ANCE,  (venj'ance,)  n.     [Fr.,  from  venger,  to 
revenge,  I*,  vindico.] 

Tlie  infliction  of  [lain  on  another,  in  return  for  an 
injury  or  offense.  Such  infliction,  when  it  proceeds 
fi-om  malice  or  mere  resentment,  and  is  not  neces- 
sary for  the  pur|X)sea  of  justice,  is  revenge,  und  a 
most  heinous  crime.  When  such  infliction  proceeds 
from  a  mere  love  of  justice,  and  the  necessity  of 
punishing  offenders  for  the  support  of  the  taws, 
it  is  vengeance^  and  is  warranlabPe  and  just.  In 
this  case,  vengeance  is  a  just  retribution,  recom- 
pense, or  punishment.  In  this  latter  sense  the 
word  is  used  in  Scripture,  and  frequently  ap* 
plied  to  the  punishments  inflicted  by  God  on  sin- 
ners. 

To  me  bflonp^jth  uenyeance  «nd  recoinp^ns^.  —  Deut,  xxzIL 
The  Lord  will  take  vengeance  ou  his  adversaries.  ^  Nahum  t. 

With  a  vengeance,  in  familiar  langvage,  signifies 
with  great  violence  or  vehemence  ;  as,  to  strike  one 
with  a  vengeance. 

Formerly,  what  a  vengeance,  was  a  phrase  used  for 
ahat  entphatical. 

But  what  a  vtvgtance  mnkes  thee  flir !  Hudibras. 

VENftE'FJ^IL,  (venj'ful,)  a.  Vindictive  ;  retributive  j 
as,  God's  vengeful  ire.  JiUlton, 

2.  Revengeful. 

VEN6E'FUL-LY,  atlv.     Vindictively. 

VENGE'MENT,  (venj'ment,)  n.  Avengementi  penal 
retribution. 

[AvEr«GEMENT  IS  generally  used.] 

VENG'ER,  n.     An  nvenger.    [JVot  in  use.\     Spenser. 

VE'JVT,  VFDT,  wet.  [L.]  I  came,  I  saw,  I 
conquered.  These  were  the  words  which  Cesar 
used  when  he  informed  the  Roman  senate  of  his 
vi<-tories  in  Gaul. 

Ve'NI-A-BLE,  a.  [See  Venial.]  Venial;  pardon- 
able.    {J^i't  in  use.]  Brown, 

VE'NI-A-BLY,  adv.  Pardonably;  excusably.  [JVo( 
vsed.]  Broum. 

VP/NI-AL,  a.  [It.  veniale;  Pp.  venial;  Fr.  venid; 
from  L.  rcnia,  pardon,  leave  to  depart,  from  the  root 
of  pcnm,  and  signifying  literally  a  going  or  passing.] 

1.  That  may  be  forgiven  ;  pardonable  ;  as,  a  venial 
fault  or  transgression.  The  reformed  churches 
hold  all  sins  to  be  venial,  through  the  merits  of  the 
Redeemer;  but  the  most  trifling  sins  not  to  be  venial, 
except  through  the  righteousness  and  atonement  of 
Christ, 

Venial  sin,  in  the  Roman  Catholic  church,  a  sin 
which  weakens,  but  does  not  wholly  destroy,  sancti- 
fying grace,  like  mortal  <ir  deadly  sins.  It  does  not, 
therefore,  exclude  from  absolution  and  communion, 
when  there  is  evidence  of  repentance. 

Brando.     F.ncyc.  ,^m, 

2.  In  familiar  language,  excusable  ;  that  may  be 
allowed  or  permitted  to  pass  without  censure;  as,  a 
venial  slip  or  fault. 

3.  Allowed. 

Perminine  hlni  the  whilfl 
Venial  discourse  uiililained.  Millon. 

Vf/NI-AL-LY,  adv.     Pardonablv. 

Vk'NI-AL-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  excusable  or  par- 
donable. 

VE-J^I'RK  F^'Cr-^S,  or  VE^rRE,  [L.]  In  law, 
ft  writ  or  precept  directed  to  the  sheriff,  requiring  him 
to  summon  twelve  men,  to  try  an  issue  between  [kir- 
ties.  It  is  also  a  writ  in  the  nature  of  the  summons 
to  cause  the  party  indicted  on  a  penal  statute  to  ap- 
pear. 

VEN'I-SON,  (ven'e-zn  or  ven'zn,)  n.     [Fr.  vrnajson, 
from  L.  venatio,  a  hunting,  from  vetior,  to  hunt.] 
The  flesh  of  edible  beasts  of  chase. 


TONE,  BULI^  IINITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;   S  as  Z  ;   CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1229 


VEN 

lu  Englnnil,the  word  is  more  especially  applied 
to  the  flesh  o(  deer,  bares,  and  certain  birds  called 
gikiTte.  Booth. 

U  is,  in  the  United  Stales,  applied  exclusively  lo 
the  flesh  of  the  deer  or  cervine  (tonus  of  nnininls. 
VEN'OM,  II,  [Fr.  tenim  ;  It.  reneno:  L.  vtmenum  ;  W. 
/wente^H.  It  appears  by  the  Welsh  word  and  its 
&ffinitie.<i,  that  the  primary  sense  is  raging,  furious; 
«»d  hence  it  ix  to  be  referred  to  the  root  of  I*,  cew^r, 
to  hunt,  u»  drive,  or  chase  ;  renio,  to  come.  See 
Vkwus,  &c.] 

1.  Poison ;  matter  fatal  or  injurious  to  lire.  Vm- 
«■  U  lenerally  used  to  express  noxious  matter  that  is 
applleo  externallv,  or  that  is  discharged  fmm  niiimals, 
fts  that  of  bites  and  stingsof  serpents,  scorpions,  &c  ; 
and  poUon^  to  express  substances  taken  into  the 
stomach.  C^ 

a.  Spite;  malice. 
VEN'OM,  r.  £.    To  poison  ;  to  Inf^  with  venom, 
[tirt/e  kW,  but  E:<VK?ioM  is  in  use  and  eleganL 
yfnom  may  be  elegantly  used  in  poetry.] 
VEN'OM-iTD,  p/».     Poiskined  ;  infected  with  poison. 
VE.N'OM-OL'S,  d.  Poi3«mou9  ;  noiious  lo  an)m:\l  life  ; 
as,  the  bite  of  a  ser[v'nl  may  be  veHomams,    The  sack 
U  the  base  of  tbe  rattiest iake*s  teeth  contains  ren- 
»mmu  matter. 

3.  NoxkHis ;  mischievous ;  malignant ;  as,  a  iwi- 
MMMu  pn>geny.  Brmciu 

a.  :2pitefiil ;  as,  a  tchmimu  writer. 
VEN'OM-OUS-LY,  ad«.    Poisonously;  malignantly; 

spilefuHv.  Drfdan, 

VEN'OM'OITS-NESS!,  a.  Poisonousness ;  nnxiou»- 
ness  to  animal  life. 

2.  .Malignity;  spitefulness. 
Vfi'NOUS,  «.     [U  reiio5ifcf,  from  rma,  a  vein.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  vein  or  to  veins  ;  contained  In 
veins  ;  as,  retumit  blood,  which  is  distinguistied  from 
arterial  blood  by  its  darker  color. 

2.  In  AoCdJty,  veined.  A  vtntus  tttff  has  vessels 
branching,  or  variously  divided,  over  iU  surface. 

VEXT,  a.  [Fr.  vemU,  Sp.  rm/o,  sale,  from  vnuirty  Sp. 
cesser  ;  ftom  tbe  ruot  of  L.  mie,  Eng.  wimd,  ^x, ; 
properiy,  a  passage.] 

1.  A  small  aperture ;  a  hole  or  pMsage  lorair  or 
other  fluid  to  escape  ;  as,  the  vent  of  a  cask. 

2.  The  opening  in  a  cannon  or  othtr  pipce  of  artil- 
lery, by  wbicb  fii«  is  communicated  to  the  charge. 

3.  Passace  (torn  secrecy  lo  notice ;  publkaiion. 

ITettea. 

4.  Tbe  act  of  opening.  fkiUp*, 
&  Bmiarios  ;  passage;  escape  ftnro  cooflnement ; 

M,  his  smothered  tma^ont  orge  for  Mat. 
&  Discharge ;  ntleimnce ;  means  of  dischaive. 

BmI  Bhp  grkf  bwa  dMwd  in  tMn, 
Wttow  3k  anri  rf  vonla. 

7.  Bale;  as,the  potfof  atboosandoopiesof  atrea- 
tbo.  Psye. 

6.  Oppofftantty  to  sell ;  demand. 

Thne  it  oe  wirt  far  utj  nauBodttf  ezcrpt  w^xL         T^mpia. 
9.  [Sp.  Mate]    .^Ji  inn  }  a  batting  place.    [JVot  in 

KM.] 

id.  to 

mrnL 

7*0  jftrs  seat  (•  ;  to  trnffex  to  esci^ ;  to  let  out  j  to 

pour  forth. 
VENT,  e.  L    To  let  out  at  a  small  aperture. 

2.  To  let  out ;  to  suffer  to  escape  from  confinement ; 
to  ntler;  to  pour  forth  j  as,  to  reiii  passion  or  com- 
plainL  ^ 

Thr  qoacB  of  hMvea  dkl  dm  faer  ftiry  vent,  Ihyitn. 

3.  To  utter ;  to  repott.    [Jfat  ktute]     Stepkems, 
A.  To  publish. 

Tbe  aecUttNt  (Sd  CvmtlT  enricb  thtrit  iDrmttona  hf  wfntitg  the 
wiM  WMorw  of  «fi*iM '  "  -     ' 

5.  To  sen. 

tdkl 


I  hkrdt,  the  place  for  tbe  discbarte  of  excre- 


{Nol  MMtf.]      Itaitgk, 


ifsocknte.    [NotimuM} 

ttalffh. 

[Instead  of  vea2,  in  the  latter  sense,  we  ose  Vaico.] 
VENT,  e.  i.    To  snuff.     [Ji'ut  i«  mm.]  Spensrr. 

VENT'A6E,  a,     A  small  hole.     [.Vot  im  use.]     Shak. 
VENT'AIL,  a.    [Fr.,  a  folding  door.]    That  part  of  a 
helmet  made  to  be  lifted  up;  the  part  intended  for 
the  admission  of  air,  or  for  breathing  j  the  visor  of  a 
VEN  "^^N'NA,  a.     [Sp.  reatoJia.]  [helmet. 

A  wmoow.     TAV  EmflUh.]  Dryden. 

VENT'ER,  a.    One  who  utters,  reports,  or  miblishes. 

VENT'ER,  a.  JL.]  In  anatomy^  the  abdomen,  or 
lower  belly  ;  u>rm<Tly  applied  to  any  large  cavity 
containing  viscera,  as  the  head,  tliorax,  and  abdo- 
men, called  the  three  venters.  Parr, 

2.  The  wott  b  }  and  hence,  mother.  A  has  a  son 
B  by  one  r«u-r,  and  a  daughter  C  by  another  veater ; 
children  by  different  venters.  Law  Language. 

3-  Tbe  iHilIy  of  a  muscle. 
VEN'TI-DU€T,  n.    ,'L^  ventus,  wma,  and  itaete*.  a 
canai :  It.  rascui0Cfi.j  ( 

In  building,  a  passage  for  wind  or  air ;  a  passage  or 
pipe  for  ventilating  apartments.  OwiU, 

VEN'TILATE,  r.  L  (L.  ventUo,  from  ventus,  wind  ; 
Fr.  veiOiieT.] 


VEN 

1.  To  fan  with  wind  ;  to  open  and  expose  to  the 
fKe  passage  of  air  or  wind  ;  as,  to  ventUaU  a  room  \ 
to  ventilate  a  cellar. 

3.  To  cause  the  air  to  pass  through  ;  as,  to  ventilate 

a  mine. 

3.  To  winnow  ;  lo  fan  ;  as,  lo  ventilate  wheat. 

A.  To  examine;    to  discuss;    that  is,  to  agitate; 

as,  to  veutilate  questions  of  policy.     [JVot  now  in  use.] 

VE\'TI-LA-TEl),  pp.    Exposed  lo  the  action  of  the 

Air;  fanned;  winnowed;  discussed. 
VE.V'TI-LA -TING,  ppr.     Exposing  lo  the  action  of 

wind  ;  fanning  ;  iliscussing. 
VEN  TI-LA'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L,  ventilatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  ventilating;  the  act  or  operation  of 
exposing  to  the  free  (lassage  of  air,  or  of  causing  the 
air  to  pass  tlirough  any  place,  for  the  purpose  of  ex- 
pelling impure  air  and  dissipating  any  thing  nox- 
ious. 

2.  The  act  of  fanning  or  winnowing,  for  llie  pur- 
pose of  separating  cliatf  and  dusL 

3.  Vent ;  utterance.     [A't**  i«  use.]  JVotton. 

4.  Refrigeration.     [JVwt  in  use.]  Harcey. 
VEN'TI-LA-TOR,  n.     A  contrivance  or  machine  for 

drawing  offor  cx|)elling  foul  or  stagnant  air  from  any 
close  place  or  apartment,  and  introducing  that  which 
is  fresh  and  pure.  Ventilators  are  of  very  diffurent 
constructions  and  sizes. 

VENT'ING,  Mr.    Letting  out;  uttering. 

VEN-T03'I-TY,   a.      [Fr.  vcntosiU;    from    L.  vento- 
«".] 
VVindincss;  flatulence.  Bacon. 

VEN'TRAL,  a.    [from  I.,  venter^  belly.] 
Belonging  to  the  belly. 

Tbe  rentral  Jins^  in  JIsAm,  are  placed  between  the 
anus  and  the  throat.  EiL  Kiicyc. 

VE.N'TRI-t  LE,(vea'tre-kl,)  n.  [L.  ventricuiusj  from 
venter^  belly.] 

In  a  eeneral  smse^  a  small  cavity  in  an  animal 
body.  It  is  applied  to  the  stomnch.  It  is  also  applit^d 
to  two  cavitit'S  of  the  heart,  which  propel  the  blood 
into  Ihe  nrteries.  The  word  is  also  applied  to  cavi- 
ties in  different  parts  of  the  brain.  Cye. 

VEN'TRI-COf^E,  (  a.      [I*,   ventricasus.   from   venter. 

VEN'TRI  eOUS,  i     belly-1 

In  naturol  history f  bellied  ;  distended  ;  swelling  out 
in  the  middle;  as,  a  ventrieous  perianth.     Martyn. 

VEN-TRie'lI-LAR,  o.    Pertaining  lo  ventricle. 

TuUy. 

VEN-TRIC'tJ-LOU.?,  o.  [Supra.]  Somewhat  dis- 
tended  in  the  middle. 

VEN-TRI-LO-eO'TION,  a.  A  speaking  after  the 
manner  of  a  ventriloquist. 

VE.\-TR!-LO'aUI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  ventrilo- 
quism. 

VEN-TRIL'O-anSM,  ^  n.      [h.    veHter,  belly,  and 

VE.\-TRIL'0-UUY,      i     loquor,  to  siK-ak.J 

The  act,  art,  or  practice  or  speaking  in  such  a  man- 
ner tltat  the  voice  appears  to  come,  not  from  the  per- 
son, but  from  some  distant  place,  as  from  the  oppo- 
site side  of  the  rtMnn,  from  the  cellar,  &.c. 

VEN-TRIL  O-UL'IST,  «,  One  who  speaks  in  such  a 
manner  that  his  voice  appears  to  come  from  some 
distant  place. 

Tbe  Ancient  sentrQopusU  teeiDed  to  wpeak  from  their  brllin. 

Sncyt:. 

VEN-TRIL'O-aUOUS,  a.  Speaking  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  make  the  sound  appear  to  come  from  a 
place  remote  from  the  speaker. 

VEN'TliRE.  (venl'yur,)  n.  [Fr.  aventvre ;  It.  and 
Sp.  venlara ;  from  L.  renio,  veittus^  venturasy  to 
come.] 

1.  A  hazard  ;  an  undertaking  of  chance  or  dan< 
ger;  the  risking  of  something  upon  an  event  whicli 
can  not  be  foreseen  with  tolerable  certainty. 

1,  in  lhi>  perUurw,  doul-lo  f-iina  p'lrsue.  Dryden, 

2.  Chance;  hap;  contingency;  luck;  an  event 
that  is  not  or  can  not  he  foreseen.  Bacon. 

3.  The  thing  put  lo  hazard  ;  pa^eularly,  some- 
thing sent  to  sea  in  trade. 

My  wnturti  are  not  in  one  boUom  trusted,  SJtaJt. 

Jit  a  venture :  at  hazard  ;  without  seeing  the  end 
or  mark  ;  or  without  foreseeing  the  issue. 

A  l>Ar^iii  aX  a  verauirt  m.-ulr.  Ifudibnu. 

A  CfiLam  [oan  Urvw  a  bov  at  a  venJurt.  —  1  King!  xxii. 

VEN'TI;RE,  r.  i.    To  dare;  to  have  courage  or  pre- 
sumption to  do,  undertake,  or  sav.    A  man  ventures 
to  miuint  a  ladder  ;    he  ventures  fnto  battle  ;  he  ven- 
tures to  assert  things  which  he  does  not  know. 
2.  To  run  a  hazard  or  risk. 

VThu  ^nigiOA  a  sltip  w  venture  on  Um  ku.  Dryden. 

To  venture  aU  Mo  dare  to  engage  in;   to  at- 

To  venture  on  or  upon :  )      tempt  without  any  certainty 
of  success.    It  is  rash  to  venib.re  upon  such  a  project 
And  wbea  I  venture  at  the  eoiaie  ityle.  WatUr, 

VEN'Tl^RE,  V.  t  To  expose  to  hazard  ;  to  nsk  ;  as, 
la  venture  one*s  person  in  a  balloon. 

2.  To  put  or  send  or^  a  venture  or  chance  ;  as,  to  j 
venture  z  Unrsn  to  Ihe  VVest  llitiies. 
VEN' rUR-/:D,  pp.    Pu:  :-  'h-i  h^izard  ;  risKed.  t 

VEN'TCR-ER,  Ti.  One  who  ventures,  or  puU  to  haz- 
ard. 


VER 

VEX'TIIRESOME.  (venl'yur-sum,)  a     Bold;   dar- 

ing  ;  iiitrrpul  ;  as,  a  venturesome  boy. 
VEN'TUKE-SOME-LV,  adv.    In  a  bold,  daring  man 

ner. 
VEN'TUR-ING,  ppr.    Putting  lo  hazard  ;  daring. 
VEN'Tl^R-ING,  a.    The  act  of  pulling  lo  risk  ;  ahaz- 

anling. 
VEN'T(;R-0US,  a.    Daring;  bold;   hardy;  fearless; 

intrepid;  adventurous;  as,  a  Denturouj  soldier 

With  venturous  una 
tie  plucked,  be  U*t«d,  MVlon. 

VEN'TlTR-OUS-LV.fldB.  Daringly;  fearlessly  ;  bold- 
ly- Bacon. 

VEN'TUR-OUS-NESS,  n.  Boldness;  hardiness; 
fearlessness;  intrepidity.  The  event  made  them  re- 
pent of  their  venturousness. 

VEN'UE,  /  TT  •  M  •        -. 

VXSNE      1  ^'     L      *"*""<* »'  Norm,  risne.] 

In  /aw,  a  neighborhood  or  near  place  ;  the  place 
where  an  action  is  laid.  In  certain  cases,  the  court 
has  power  to  change  the  venue.  Cyc. 

The  twelve  niPii  who  lire  to  tr^  llw  cttiuc,  must  Ik  of  Ihc  «im« 
vemie  wlitre  the  dciiiiitid  la  imide.  Blackrlone, 

VEN'tTR,  n.     Athrusu     [See  Venet.] 

VEN'll-LITE,  H.  Apelrified  shell  of  the  genua  Ve- 
nus.    [JVot  used.] 

VE'NUS,  n.  [L. ;  VV.  Gwencr^  from  gv>en^  while,  f.tir, 
Ihe  feminine  of  gwyn^  white,  fair,  that  affords  hap- 
piness ;  also  n-tcy/p,  rage,  violent  impulse  of  the  mind, 
lust,  smart;  frwyn&u,  to  whiten;  ^w«(,  wind,  L. 
ventus  ;  ffwynawg^  full  of  rage  ;  g-went^nn  open  coun- 
try ;  gwenu,  to  smite ;  gioenwyn,  poison,  h.  vcnntum^ 
Eng.  vfHom  :  gvjenwynaWy  to  poison,  to  fret  or  irritate. 
These  affinities  lead  to  the  true  origin  of  these  words. 
The  primary  sense  of  llie  root  is,  to  shoot  or  rush,  as 
light  or  wind.  From  light  is  derived  the  sense  of 
white,  fair,  Venus,  or  it  is  from  opening,  parting; 
and  front  rushing,  moving,  comes  winU^  and  the  sense 
of  raging,  fury,  whence  L.  vejienum^  poison,  that 
whicli  frets  or  causes  to  rage.  Thcie  words  all  coln- 
ci/tc  with  L.  venio,  which  signifies  lu  rush,  to  fall,  to 
happen  ;  rcnwr,  to  hunt,  &c.  The  Greeks  had  the 
same  idea  of  the  goddess  of  love,  viz.,  tliat  her  name 
signified  fairness,  whiteness,  and  licncethe  fable  that 
she  sprung  from  fruth,  whence  her  Greek  name 
Aytoojin,  from  a'Pfiog,  froth.  But  Venus  may  be 
from  lost  or  raging.] 

1.  In  myt/toloiryy  the  goddess  of  beauty  and  love; 
th;it  is,  beauty  or  love  deified  ;  Just  as  the  Gaelic  and 
Irish  diana,  swifXness,  impetuosity,  is  denominated 
the  goddess  of  hunting. 

2.  In  astronomy,  one  of  the  Jnfrrior  planets,  whose 
orbit  is  between  the  Kartli  and  .Mercury.  As  morn- 
ing star,  it  was  called  by  the  ancients  Lucifer;  as 
evening  star,  Hesperus.  Its  dist;ince  from  the  sun 
is  alHiut  08,000,000  of  miles  ;  its  diameter,  7700  miles  ; 
and  its  period  of  revolution  round  tlie  sun,  3*24  days. 

Olmsted. 

3.  In  the  old  chemistry,  a  name  given  to  copper. 

4.  In  conchology,  a  genus  of  bivalve  mollusks,  in- 
cluding the  common  clam. 

VE'NUS'S  eo.Mn,  n.  An  annual  plant  of  the  genus 
Scandix  ;  sheptierd^s  needle.  Lee. 

VE'NUS'S  FLY'-TRAP,  n.  A  plant,  Dionwa  mus- 
cipula.  It  seizes  and  holds  fast  insects  vviiich  brush 
against  its  leaves. 

VE'NUS'S  LOOK'ING-GI-APS,  n.  An  annual  plant 
of  the  genus  Campanula,  allied  to  the  bell-flower. 

VE'NUS'S  NA'VEL-WORT,  n.  A  phint  of  the 
genus  Oinphalodes  or  Cynoglossum,  so  named  from 
the  shape  of  its  weeds.  Loudon. 

VE-NUS'I",  a.     [L.  venustus.] 
Beautiful.     [JVotvsed.] 

VE-RA'CIOUS,  a.     [L.  verax,  from  veras,  true.] 

1.  Observant  of  truth  ;  habitually  disposed  to  speak 
tntlh. 

2.  True.     [LittJe  uted.]  Pinkerton. 
VE  RA'OIUUS-LY.  adv.     Tnithfullj'. 
VE-RAC'I-TY,  (ve-ras'e-te,)  n.     [It.  veracitd;  from  L. 

verax,  from  verus,  true.] 

1.  Habitual  observance  of  truth,  or  habitual  tnith  ; 
as,  a  man  of  veracity.  His  veracity  is  not  called  in 
question.  The  question  of  the  court  is,  whether  you 
know  the  witness  to  be  a  man  of  veracity.  We  rely 
on  history,  when  we  have  confidence  in  the  veracity 
and  industry  of  the  historian. 

*' The  reraciVy  of  facts,"  is  not  correct  language. 
Truth  is  applicable  lo  men  and  to  facts ;  veracity  to 
men  only,  or  to  sentient  beings. 

2.  Invariable  expression  of  truth;  as,  the  rrraci/y 
of  our  senses.  Karnes. 

VE-RAN'D.A,  n.  An  Oriental  word  denoting  a  kind 
of  open  portico,  formed  by  extending  a  sloping  roof 
beyond  Ihe  main  building.  Chalmers. 


VE-RA'TRINE,    ) 
VE:-RAT'RI-NA,  >  n.     [L.  veratrum. 
VE-RA'TRI-A,      ^ 


A  vegetable  alkaloid,  obtained  from  Asagrrea 
oificinali^,  3nd  called  Veratrine  from  a  mistake 
of  Ihe  analys'..  who  supposed  he  was  analyzing  the 
seeds  of  Veratrum  Sabadilla.  Although  culled 
veralrine,  it  is  not  knowa  to  be  contained  in  any 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PR£Y.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLt,  B(;^7K.- 


VER 

Bpecies  of  the  genus  veralruiii.  This  alkaloid  is  re- 
markable ftjr  its  sternutalory  pt>wer3.  Tally. 

VE-RA'TRUM,  n.  A  genus  of  plants  having  very 
pL>it!onous  qualities. 

VERB,  n.  [li.verbum;  Fr.  verbe;  Sp.  and  It.  verbo; 
lu/earb;  probably  from  the  root  of  L.fero.] 

1.  In  grammar^  a  part  of  si>eech  that  expresses 
action,  motion,  bein^,  i^ufierinEr,  or  a  rvqiiest  or  com- 
mand to  do  or  forbear  any  thing.  The  verb  atlirms, 
declares,  asks,  or  commands;  as,  I  write;  he  runs  i 
the  river  Jloics  ;  they  sleep ;  we  see  ;  they  are  deceived ; 
depart ;  ffo ;  come  ;  write ;  does  he  improve  ? 

When  the  action  expressed  by  a  verb  is  exerted  on 
an  object,  or  terminates  upon  it,  the  act  is  considered 
as  passing  to  that  object,  and  the  verb  is  called  tran- 
sitive ;  as,  I  read  Livy.  When  the  act  expressed  by 
the  verb  terminates  in  the  agent  or  subject,  the  verb 
is  called  intransitipe ;  as,  [  rurt ;  I  walk  ;  1  sleep. 

When  the  agent  and  object  change  j)laces,  and  the 
agent  is  considered  as  the  instrument  by  which  the 
object  is  affected,  the  verb  is  called  passive;  as, 
Goliath  icas  slain  by  David. 

2.  A  word.  South. 
VERB'AL,  a.     [Fr.  ;  L.  verbalis.l 

1.  Siwken ;  expressed  lo  the  ear  in  words  ;  not 
written  ;  as,  a  verbal  message  j  a  verbal  contract  j 
verbal  testimony. 

2.  Oral  i  uttered  by  the  mouth.  ^      Stiak. 

3.  Consisting  in  mere  words  ;  as,  a  verbal  reward. 

4.  Rfspecling  words  only  ;  as,  a  verbal  dispute. 

5.  Minutely  exact  in  words,  or  aliening  to  words 
only  ;  as,  a  verbal  critic. 

6.  Literal ;  having  word  answering  to  word ;  as, 
a  verbal  translation. 

7.  lu  ^ammarj  derived  from  a  verb ;  eis,  a  verbal 
noun. 

8.  Verbose;  abounding  with  words.  Shak. 
VERB'AL,  71.    In  ^ammar,  a  noun  derived   from  a 

verb.  Brands. 

VERB'AL-ISM,  n.     Something  expressed  orally. 
VERB-AL'I-TY,  n.     Mere  words  ;  bare  literal  expres- 

sitins.  Brown. 

VERB'AL-IZE,  v.  t     To  convert  into  a  verb. 
VERB'AL-LY,   ado.      In  words   spoken;    by   words 
uttered  orally.  South. 

2.  Word  for  word  j  as,  to  translate  verbally. 

Dryden. 
VER-Ba'TIM,  adv.  [L]  Word  for  word  ;  in  the 
same  words  ;  as,  to  tell  a  story  verbatim  as  another 
has  related  it. 
VER-Be'NA,  n.  Vervain  ;  a  genus  of  plants.  Two 
sorts  are  extensively  cultivated,  one  for  its  lenion- 
Ecentt'd  foliage,  and  the  other  for  the  great  beauty  of 
its  flowers.  Mead. 

VER'BEN-ATE,  v.  L    [L.  verbena,  vervain.] 

Strewed  with  vervain. 
VER'BE.V-A-TED,   j>p.      Strewed  or  sanctified   with 

vervain,  according  to  a  custom  of  the  ancients. 
VER'BEN-A-TING,ppr.     Strewing  with  vervain. 

Drake. 
VER'BER-ATE,  v.  U     [L.  verbero.l 

To  boat ;  to  strike.     [J^ot  in  u.*?-.] 
VER-BER-A'TION,  u.    A  beating  or  striking  blows. 

Jirbulhnol. 
2.  The  impulse  of  a  body,  which  causes  sound. 

Cye. 
VERB't-A6E,  n.     [Fr.]      Verbosiity  ;    use  of  many 
W(jrds  wiihoul  necessity;  superabundance  of  words. 
VER  BOSE',  a.     [L.  verbosus.] 

Abfuinding  in  words  ;  using  or  containing  more 
words   tlian   are   necessary ;    prolix ;    tedious    by   a 
multiplicity  of  words;  as,  a  verbose  speaker ;  a  ver- 
bo.-ie  argument. 
VER-B6riE'LY,  adv.     Wonlily. 
VEK-BO.S'[-TY,      I  n.   Emplovment  of  a  snperabund- 
VER-BOSE'NESS,  (        ance    of   words;   the    use  of 
more  words  than  are  necessary  ;  as,  the  verbosity  of  a 
speaker. 

2.   Suiwrabundance  of  words ;  prolixity  ;  as,  the 
verbosity  of  a  discourse  or  argument. 
VER'DAN'-CY,  b.    [See  Verda.st.J     Greenness. 

Abrrw. 
VER'DANT,   a.      [Fr.  verdoyant ;   L.   vtridarLf^   from 
viridity  from  rtreo,  to  be  green.     The  radical  sense 
of  the  verb  is,  to  grow  or  advance  with  strength,] 

1.  Green  ;  fresh  :  covered  with  growing  plants  or 
grass  ;  as,  verdant  fields ;  a  verdant  lawn. 

2.  Flourishing. 

VER'DANT-LY,  adv.     Freshly  ;  flourishinplv. 

VERU-AN-'naUE',(verd-an-teek',)«.  [Fr.]  Ancient 
green  ;  a  term  given  to  a  green  incrustaticin  on  an- 
cient coins,  brass  or  copper.  It  is  a  hydrated  dicar- 
bonalo  of  copper.  Turner. 

2.  A  moUled-green  serpentine  marble;  also,  a 
green  p(»rpliyry,  used  as  marble,  and  called  Oriental 
Vebi>-a^ti(il'e.  Dana. 

VER'UER-ER,  \  n.     [Fr.  verdier,  from  verd,  green  ;  or 

VER'DER-OR.  \       Low  L.  viriflarias.] 

An  officer  m  England,  who  has  the  charge  of  the 
king^s  fi>rest,  to  preserve  the  vert  and  venison,  keep 
the  assizes,  view,  receive  and  enroll  atlaclirnents 
and  presentments  of  all  manner  of  trespasses. 

Blach'itone. 

VER'DI€T,  n.     [L.  verum  dictum,  true  declaration.] 


VER 

1.  The  answer  of  a  jury  given  lo  the  court  con- 
cerning any  mailer  of  fact  in  any  cause,  civil  or 
criminal,  committed  to  their  trial  and  examination. 
In  criminal  causes,  the  jury  decide  the  law  as  well  as 
the  fact.  Verdicts  are  general  or  speciai ;  general^ 
when  they  decide  in  general  terms,  or  in  the  terms 
of  Ihe  general  issue,  as  no  wrong,  no  disseisin  ;  special, 
when  the  jury  And  and  state  the  facts  at  large,  and 
as  to  tlie  law,  pray  the  judgment  of  the  court. 

BlackMone. 

9.  Decisicm  ;  judgment;  opinion  pronounced;  as, 
to  be  condemned  by  the  verdict  of  the  public. 


VER'DI-GRtS,  (vur'de-grees,)  ji.  [Fr.  verd  and  gris ; 
green-gray.] 

Disacetate  of  copper.  In  an  impure  state,  it  is 
much  used  as  a  green  pigment.  In  a  pure  state,  it  is 
employed  in  medicine. 

VER'DI-TER,  n.    [verde-terre,  green  earth  ;  terrecerte.] 

A  fine  azure-blue  mineral.     It  is  a  hydrated  sub- 

8es<iuicarbonate  of  copper.    It  is  prepared  artificially, 

but  the  process  is  kept  secret.     It  is  sometimes  used 

as  a  pigment.  Thomas  Thomson. 

VER'DI-TrRE,  n.     The  faintest  and  palest  green. 

VERD'l|RE,  (verd'yur,)  n.     [Fr.  ;  from  L.  virco.] 

Green;  greenness;  freshness  of  vegetation ;  as, 
the  verdure  of  the  meadows  in  June  ;  the  verdure  of 
spring. 

VERD'UR-OUS,  a.  Covered  with  green;  clothed 
with  the  fresh  color  of  vegetables  ;  as,  verdurous  pas- 
lures.  Philips. 

VER'E-CUXD,  a.     [L.  verccundus.] 

Bashful  ;  mwlesu     [JVot  much  M^frf.]  Wntton. 

VER-E-eUNI>'I-TY,  «.  Bashfulne,<s  ;  modesty ; 
blushing.     rJVo£  in  much  use.'\ 

VERGE,  (verj,)  ?i.  [Fr.  j  It.  verga^  L.  virga,  a  rod, 
that  is,  a  Bhuut.] 

1.  A  rod,  or  something  in  the  form  of  a  rod  or 
stafl",  carried  as  an  emblem  of  authority  ;  the  mace 
of  a  dean.  Siotft. 

2.  The  stick  or  wand  with  which  persoss  are  ad- 
mitted tenants,  by  holding  it  in  the  hand,  and 
swearing  fealty  to  the  lord.  On  this  account,  such 
tenants  are  called  tenants  by  Oie  verge. 

Cyc     England. 

3.  In  /aw,  the  compass  or  extent  of  the  king's  court- 
within  which  is  hounded  the  jurisdiction  of  the  lord 
steward  of  ihe  king's  household  ;  so  called  from  the 
verge  or  staff  which  the  marshal  bears.  Cowel. 

4.  The  extreme  side  or  end  of  any  thing  which  has 
some  extent  of  length ;  the  brink  ;  edge  j  border ; 
margin. 

[This  seems  to  be  immediately  connected  with  the 
L.  verffo.] 

5.  Among  gardeners,  the  edge  or  outside  of  a 
border;  also,  a  slip  of  grass  adjoining  to  gravel- 
walks,  and  dividing  them  from  the  borders  in  the 
parterre- garden.  Cyc. 

6.  A  part  of  a  timepiece. 
VERGE,  iJ.  i.     [L.  verge] 

1.  To  tend  downward  ;  to  bend  ;  to  slope  ;  as,  a 
hill  verges  to  the  north. 

2.  To  tend  ;  to  incline  ;  to  approach. 

1  fini)  myK'lf  vtrging  lo  ihnt  period  uf  lile  wtiicli  U  to  )«  labor 
ajiii  totrow.  S'wift. 

VERG'ER,  Ti.  He  that  carries  the  mace  before  the 
bishop,  dean,  &c.  Fanjuhar.     Cyc. 

2.  An  olficcr  who  carries  a  white  wand  before  the 
justices  of  either  bench  in  England.  Cyc. 

3.  A  pew-opener  or  attendant  at  a  church. 
VERG'LNG,  ppr.     Bending  or  inclining  ;  tending. 
VEU'GOU-LEOSE,  n.     A  variety  of  pear  ;  contracted 

to  Vergaloo  ;  written  also  Veboalieu. 

VE-RNJ'IC-AL,  a.     \\^.  veridieus ;  wenw  and  dice] 
Telling  truth.     [V«t  used.] 

VER'I-FI-A-BLE,  a.  [from  verify.]  That  may  be 
Verified  ;  that  in.iy  ba  proved  or  confirmed  by  in- 
contestable evidence.  South. 

VER-I-Fl-CA'TION,  ti.  [Fr.  See  Vebify.]  The 
act  of  verifying  or  proving  to  be  true  ;  the  act  of 
confirming  or  esublishing  the  authenticity  of  any 
powers  granted,  or  of  any  transaction,  by  legal  or 
competent  evidence. 

VER'i-FI-i;D,  (ver'e-flde,)  pp.  Proved  ;  confirmed 
by  competent  evidence. 

VER'I-Fl-ER,  71.  One  that  proves  or  makes  appear 
to  be  true. 

VER'I-FV,  V.  t.  [Fr.  verifier;  L.  vtrtis,  true,  and 
faciu,  lo  make  ;  G.  wahr,  D.  waar,  W.  gwir,  pure, 
true,  eiher,  piirily  ;  gteiraw,  to  verify.] 

1.  To  prove  to  be  true  ;  to  confuin. 

Thi»  i«  uervitd  by  x  number  of  example*.  Bacon, 

2.  To  fulfill,  as  a  promise  ;  to  confirm  the  truth  of 
a  prediction  ;  to  show  to  be  true.  The  predictions 
of  this  Venerable  i»atriot  have  been  verified.  Oen, 
xlii.     I  Kings  viii. 

3.  To  confirm  or  establish  the  nulhenlicity  of  any 
thing  by  examination  or  cimipetent  evidence.  The 
first  act  of  the  house  of  representatives  is  to  verify 
Ihoir  powers,  by  exhibiting  their  credentials  to  a 
comnuttee  of  the  house,  or  other  proper  authority. 

United  States. 


VER 

VER'LFV-ING,  ppr.    Proving  to  be  true  ;  confirming ; 

establishing  as  authentic. 
VER'I-LY,  ado.     [from  very.]     In  truth  ;  in  fact;  cer- 
tainly. 

2.  Really  ;  tnily  ;  with  great  confidence.    It  was 
verily  thought  the  enterprise  would  succeed. 
VER-(-SIM'I-LAR,  a       [L.  verigimilis  ;   verus,   true, 
and  similL-i,  like.] 
Having  the  appearance  of  truth  ;  probable  ;  likely 

IVUiU. 
VER-I-SI-MIL'I-TUDE,  n.     [L.  veriHmilUado.] 

The  appearance  of  truth  ;  probability  ;  likelihood. 

Yeritimililud4   &nd   opinion    are   kii  euy  purcbaiT ;    t>ut   uu« 

knowled^  ii  dear  and  didicglu  UlanviUt. 

VER-I-SI-MIL'I-TY,  for  Vbbisimilituoe,  is  not  in 

use. 
VER'[-TA-BLE,  a.    [Fr.]    True ;  agreeable  to  fact. 

[LitUe  used.]  Shak. 

VER'I-TA-BLY,  adv.     In  a  true  manner.     [Obs.] 
VER'I-TY,  n.      [Fr.  vcrit6 ;   L.   Veritas,   from   veruSf 

true  ;  W.  gmret ;  Sans,  wartha.] 

1.  Truth  ;  consonance  of  a  statement,  proposition, 
or  other  thing  to  fact.     1  'Tim.  il. 

It  lA  a  propod'idoii  of  GtcriiEil  vtrity,  that  none  can  gorem  while 
lie  ia  ueBpiaed.  South. 

2.  A  true  assertion  or  tenet. 

By  i.hU  it  Bcema  Lo  be  a  oerity.  Oavut. 

3.  Moral  truth  ;  agreement  of  the  words  with  the 
thoughts.  Johnson. 

VER'JtJICE,  (-jvise,)  n.  [Fr.  verjus,  that  is,  verd  jtis, 
the  juice  of  green  fruits.] 

A  liquor  expressed  from  crab-apples,  sour  grapes, 

&c.,  used  in  sauces,  ragouts,  and    the   like.      It  is 

used  also  in  the  purification  of  wax  for  candles,  in 

poultices,  &.C.  Cyc, 

VER'MEIL.     See  Vcbmilio:*. 

VER-ME-OL'O-CIST,  n.     [Infra.]    One  who  treats 

of  vermes. 
VER-ME  OL'O-GY,  n.    [L.  vermes,  worms,  and  Gr. 
Aoj'Of,  discourse.] 

A  discimrse  or  treatise  on  vermes,  or  that  part  of 
natural  history  which  treats  of  vermes.     [JVw(  used.] 
[Helminthologv  is  the  legitimate  term.] 
VER'MeS,  n.  pi.     [L.]     Worms:   this  is  ibe  same 

word,  varied  in  orthography. 
VER-MI-CEI/Ll,  (verme-chel'ly  or  ver-me-sel'ty,)  n. 
[It.  vermiceUo,  a  little  worm,  L.  vermiculus,  from  ver- 
mis, a  worm.] 

In  cookery,  little  rolls  or  threads  of  paste,  or  a  com- 
position of  dour,  eggs,  sugar,  and  satfron  ;  used  in 
soups  and  pottages. 
VER-MI"(:;E0US,  (ver-mish'us,)  a.     [L.  vermes."] 

Pertaining  to  worms  ;  worinv. 
VER-Mt€'IT-LAR,  fl.    [L.  vcrm'iculus,  a  little  worm, 
from  vermis,  a  worm.] 

Pertaining  to  a  worm  ;  resembling  a  worm;  par- 
ticularly,  resembling  the  motlun  of  a  worm  ;  as,  the 
vermicular  motion  of  the  iulestines,  called  also  Pebi- 
8TALTIC.  Cyc 

Vermicular  itork.     See  Vebmiculated. 
VER-Mie'U-LATE,  v.  t.     [L.  vermicnlatus.] 

To  inlay  ;  to  form  work  by  inlaying  which  resem- 
bles the  motitm  or  the  tracks  of  worms. 
VER-MI€'IJ-La-TED,  ;);j.  or  o.    Formed  in  the  like- 
ness of  the  motion  of  a  worm. 

Vermieulatcd  work  ;  rustic  work  so  wrought  as  to 
have  the  apjwarance  of  having  been  eaten  into  or 
tracked  by  worm?.  Owilt. 

VER-Mie'Q-LA-TING,  ppr.  Forming  so  as  to  resem- 
ble Ihe  nu)tioii  of  a  worm. 
VER-Mie-IT-LA'TION,  ti.  The  act  or  operation  of 
moving  in  the  form  of  a  worm  ;  ccmtiiiuation  of  mo- 
tion fn.>m  one  part  to  another,  as  in  the  peristaltic 
motion  of  Ihe  intestines.  Hale. 

2.  The  act  of  forming  so  as  to  resemble  the  mo- 
tion of  a  worm. 
VERM'I-eULE,  n.     [L.  vcrmiculus.] 

A  little  worm  or  grub.  Derham. 

1.  Full  of  worms  or  grubs. 

2.  Resembling  worms. 

VERM'LFORM,  a.  [L.tJ«TTntj,  a  worm,  and /orma, 
form.] 

Having  the  form  or  shape  of  a  worm;  as,  the 
rermif'irm  process  of  the  cerebellum. 

VERM-IF'lf-GAL,  a.  Tending  to  prevent  or  destroy 
vermin,  or  to  exiiel  worms.  Lindley. 

VERM'I-FUGE,  iu  [L.  vermis,  a  worm,  and  fugo,  to 
expel.] 

A  medicine  or  substance  that  expels  worms  from 
animal  bodies;  an  anthelmintic. 

VER'MIL,  7(.     [Yt.  vermeil.]     Vermilion.     [Ouj.j 

Spciu-ier. 

VER-MIL'ION,  ^ver-mil'yun,)  n.  [Fr.  vermeil,  ver- 
milion: It.  vermiglione:  from  L.  vermiculus,  vermes ; 
a  name  sometimes  improperly  given  to  the  kormes. 
See  Crimson.] 

1.  A  bright-red  sulphuret  of  mercury,  consisting  of 
sixteen  parts  of  sulphur  ami  one  hundred  parts  of 
mercury.  It  is  sometimes  found  native,  of  a  red  or 
brown  color,  and  is  then  c;illed  Cikmabab.  It  ia 
used  as  a  pigment.  Dana. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VF'CIOUS €  as  K ;  6  aa  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


VER 

3.  "nw  cochineal,  a  small  insect  found  on  a  panic- 
tttari^nt 

[Improper  or  «lut«2cte.] 

3.  Any  beautiful  red  color.    In  blushing,  the  deli- 
cate clu-ek  t:i  cuvered  with  cermUion, 
VER-MIL'ION,  (ver-miryun,)  v.  L    To  dye  red  ;  to 

cover  with  a  delicate  red. 
VER-MIL'ION-£D,  pp.  or  a.    Dyed  or  tinged  with  a 

brisht  red. 
VERM'IX,  X.  ting,  and  pi ;  used  chiefly  in  the  plu- 
ral,    f  Fr.  and  IL  vermine :  from  L.  rermes^  worms.] 

1.  All  sorts  of  sni:ilt  animals  which  are  destructive 
to  grain  or  other  produce  ;  atl  noxious  tittle  uniuinls 
or  insects,  as  squirrels,  rats,  mice,  worms,  grubs, 
flies,  &.C. 

ThcK  arrwn  do  great.  in)urw«  In  tbff  Aekl.  Mordm^r. 

SL  Used  of  noxious  human  beings  in  contempt ;  as, 
baw  rermin.  Jftulibras, 

VERM'tN-.^TE,  p.  i.     [L.  rrnniiw.] 

To  breed  vermin. 
VERM-l.V-A'TIO.N,  n.    The  breeding  of  vermin, 

Dcrkam. 
3.  A  griping  of  the  bowels. 
VERM'IX-LY,  cdv,  or  a.     Like  Tannin;  of  tbe  na- 
ture of  venuin. 
VERM'IN-OUS,  a.    Tending  to  breed  venuin. 

Tbe  vtrwmotu  Htptmtion  of  tbe  baij.  Utrrtjf. 

VER-UIF'A-HOUS,  «.  [L.  vsm**,  wonnt,  and  jww, 
to  bear.] 

PriMlucing  worrosi  Brvum, 

VER-MIV'O-ROUS,  c  [L.  tMrae*,  worms,  and  vont, 
to  devour.] 

Devouring  worms;  feeding  on  worms,     frrmivo- 
roitJi  birds  are  very  useful  to  the  farmer. 
VER-NAe'l*-LAR,  a.     [L.  vfrnaculus^  born  in  one's 
house,  from  cerma,  a  servant.] 

1.  Native  ;  belonging  to  tiie  country*  of  one's  birth. 
English  is  our  rermaeuiar  language.  Vhe  vemaattmr 
Idioni  is  seldom  perfectly  acquired  by  fi>reigttens. 

S.  Native  ;  belonging  to  the  person  by  birth  or  na- 
tnra.  Mdner. 

A  FfnuCTtior  dUmiM  ii  one  which  prevails  in  a  par- 
ticular country  or  district ;  more  generally  called  E!i- 

DEMtC. 

VER  XAC'C-LAR-ISM,  «.     A  vernacular  idiom. 
VER-NA€'C-l^^R-LV,«iti>.    In  agreement  with  the 

vrrnacular  manner. 
VER  NA€'C-LOUS,«.     [Supra.]     Vernacular;  also, 

•coHing.     [  Oil*.]  Brwwn.     Jb«ju«r. 

VER'NAL,  a.    [L.  v«nu/ij,  fVom  ver,sprln9.] 

1.  Belonging  lo  tbe  sprtof ;  appeariag  la  tpiing ; 

Tm-mt  tomm  an  pMp»nrtl«cs  to  kotanoikl  bidta.    Aw^Itp. 
S.  Belosging  to  youth,  the  spring  of  life. 
FcnH<  Mgiui  the  signs  in  which  the  sun  appears 
in  the  spiing. 

Fermsl  tfrnUimx ;  the  equinox  in  spring  or  March  ; 
opposed  to  the  mmiumMal  «f  mimox,  in  Scfitcniber. 
VER'XANT,  a.     [L.  9mnmu;  cctim,  to  flourish.] 
Flourishing,  as  in  spring;  as,  Mmajil  flowero. 

MUUm, 
VER'NXTE,  e.  t.    To  become  yoang  again.    [AW  m 

Ibtc] 

VER-NXmoX,  n.     [U  renio.] 

In  botany^  the  disposition  of  the  nascent  leaves 
within  the  bud.  [It  is  called  also  Foliation  or 
Leafixg.]  Martin, 

VER'XIeR,  a.  [from  the  inventor.]  A  contrivance 
attached  to  the  gmdfiated  limb  of  an  instrument,  for 
tbe  purpose  of  meri'^iiriii^  aliquot  parts  of  the  small- 
est spaces  into  which  tlie  instrument  is  divided. 

VER-XIL'I-TV,  «.     [L.  rrmilis,  from  rfrno,  a  slaves] 
Servility  ;  fawning  behavior,  like  tlutt  of  a  slave. 
r.Vtft  w  use.}  Bailey. 

VE-ROX'I-€A,  m.     [ecra-t«ni,  tme  image.] 

1.  A  portrait  or  representation  of  the  face  of  oar 
Savior  on  handkerchiefs. 
'3.  In  ihiUn^^  a  genus  of  plants,  Speedwell. 
VER'Rt'-CCSE,  /a.     [  L.  ccrmco,  a  wait :  eemuonts, 
VER'RIJ-eOUS,  i      full  of  wartsO 

Warty ;  havmg  little  knobs  or  warts  on  the  sur- 
face :  a-"^,  a  vfmtcotts  capsule.  MarUfn. 
VER-RC'CU-LO^SE,    «.      Having    minute,   wart-like 

pri>miuences. 
VER-S-A-BIL'I-TT,     (  n.     [L.  vemi&ilu,  from  ecrsor, 
VERS'A-BLE-XESS,  \     to  lum.] 

Aptness  to  be  turned  n-und.     [AM  maed.']      Diet 
VERS'A-BLE,  a.  [Supra.]  That  may  be  turned.  [AU 

luadLl 
VERS'AL,  for  tr:(tTEas*u  [Abe  aae^  or  verg  ra/jrar.] 
VERS'AXT,  a.     Familiar. 

VERS'A-TILE,  (vers'a-til,)  a.  [L.  vergatilis,  from 
versvr,  to  turn.} 

1.  That  may  be  turned  round  ;  as,  a  versatile  boat 
CH*  spindle.  Haru. 

2  Liable  to  be  turned  in  opinion  ;  changeable;  va- 
riable ;  unsteady  ;  as,  a  man  of  rersattU  disposition. 

3.  Turning  with  ease  from  one  thing  lo  another; 
readily  applied  to  a  new  task,  or  to  various  subjects; 
as,  a  man  of  versatiU  genius;. 

4.  In  natitral  kutory,  capable  of  revolving ;  freely 


VER 

movable  ;  ns,  a  rersatilr  aiUlicr,  which  is  fixed  at  one 

point,  but  freelv  movable.  Lindletj. 

VERS'A  TILE-LY,  adv.     In  a  versatile  manner. 
VERS-A-TIL'I-TY,       (  n.    The  quality  of  being  vers- 
VERt^'A-TlLE -NESS,  i      ntile  ;  aptness  to  clinnge  ; 

reoiliness  to  be  turned  ;  variableness. 
2.  The  faculty  of  easily  turning  one's  mind  to  new 

tasks  or  subjects  ;  as,  the  versaiUitif  of  genius. 
VERSE,  (vers,)  n.     [L.  versus;  Fr.  vers{  from  L.  rer- 

tOy  to  lurn.] 

1.  In  poetryy  a  line  consisting  of  a  certain  number 
of  lung  and  short  syllables,  di8|>osed  according  lo  tite 
rrile^i  of  the  s|>ecies  of  poetry  which  the  author  in- 
tends lo  compose.  Verses  are  of  various  kinds,  as 
keiAmeter^  pentamelrr^  and  tetrameter^  &.C.,  nccordiug  to 
the  number  of  feel  in  each.  A  verse  of  twelve  syl- 
lables is  called  an  Mejandrian  or  MexandrtM,  Two 
or  more  verses  form  a  tilnnza  or  strophe. 

2.  Poetry ;  metrical  language. 

Virtuv  WAS  Uuj^tit  in  vctm.  Prior. 

Varat  enbtultri*  vinue,  Donnt. 

3.  A  short  division  of  any  composition,  particular- 
ly of  the  cliaptcrs  in  the  Scriptures.  The  author  of 
the  division  of  the  Old  Testament  into  verses  is  not 
ascertained.  I'he  New  Testament  was  divided  into 
versts  by  Robert  Stephens. 

4.  A  piece  of  poetry.  Pope. 

5.  A  portion  of  an  anthem  to  be  performed  by  a 
single  voice  to  each  jiarl. 

Blank  verse  i  poetry  in  wliich  the  lines  do  not  end 
in  rhymes. 

Heroic  verse  usually  consists  of  ten  syllable^;,  or,  in 
English,  of  five  accented  syllables,  constituting  five 
feet. 
VERSE,  h.  t.    To  tell  in  verse ;  to  relate  poetically. 

Pl»jiag  on  pipes  of  coni,  and  vraixf  love.  Shak. 

7>>  be  versfd,  [L.  versor;]  to  be  well  skilled  ;  to  be 
acquainted  with ;  ast  to  be  versed  in  history  or  in  ge- 
onieirv. 
VERS'All.  (versi,)  pp.    Skilled. 
VERS'KD  SINE.     See  Sine, 

VERSE'-HON'OR-IXG,  a     Doing  honor  to  poetry. 

Lamb. 
VERSE'.MAN.  (  a.    A  writer  of  verses ;  in  ludi- 

VERSE'MON"GER,  t      erous  language.  Prior. 

VERS'ER,  n.    A  ntaker  of  verses  \  a  versifier. 

B.  Jonson 
VERS'I-€LE,  (vers'e-kl,)  a.     [L.  versiculus.] 
A  little  verse. 

VERS'l-eOL-OR,  (kuMur,)  )        „      ■    t     i 

VERS'I-COL-OR-KD,  C-kuI-lurd.)  \  "•    t^  "«««««••] 

llavme  various  colors;  changeable  in  color. 
VER-Sie'l^LAR,  o.     Pertaining  to  verses  ;  designat- 
ing dit^tinc!  divisions  of  a  writing. 
VER-S1-FI-€A'T10X,  «.     [Fr  ,  from  versifier.] 

The  act,  art,  or  pmriice  of  composing  poetic  verse. 
Versification  is  the  result  of  art,  labor,  and  rule, 
rather  tlian  of  invention,  or  the  fire  of  genius.  It 
consists  in  adjui«ting  the  long  and  short  syllables, 
and  forming  feet  into  harmonious  measure.  Cyc. 
VERS'lFieA-TOR,  a.    A  versifier.      [LUlle  u^ed.] 


VER 


[See  Ver»ifier.J 

-£D,  (-tide,)  j^.  from  Veriift. 


VERS'I-FT-£D,  (-fide.)  pp.  from  Veriift.      Formed 
into  veri»e. 

VERS  1-FI-ER,  n.    One  who  makes  verses.    Not  ev- 
ery versijier  is  a  poet. 

2.  One  who  converts  into  verse  ;  or  one  who  ex- 
presses the  ideas  of  another  written  in  prose  ;  as,  Dr. 
Watts  was  a  versifier  of  the  Psalms. 

VERS'I-F?,  p.  t.    To  make  verses  « 

I'll  verbify  In  •pile,  und  do  my  but  Dryden. 

VERS'I-F?,  V.  L    To  relate  or  describe  in  verse 

I'll  verK/y  Uie  truUi.  Daniel. 

2.  To  turn  into  verse  ;  as,  to  versify  the  Psalms. 
VERS'I-F?-1XG,  ppr.     Converting  into  verse. 
VER'SIOX,  (ver'shun,)  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  versio.] 

1.  A  turning  ;  a  change  or  transformation  ;  as,  tbe 
version  of  air  into  water,     {Unusual.^  Bacon. 

2.  Change  of  direction  j  as,  the  va-sion  of  the 
beam-:  of  light.     [  Unusual.]  Bacon. 

3.  The  act  of  translating  ;  the  rendering  of  thoughts 
or  ideas,  expressed  in  one  language,  into  words  of 
like  signification  in  another  language.  How  long 
was  Pope  engaged  in  the  version  of  Humer  ? 

4.  Translation;  that  which  is  rendered  from  an- 
other language.  We  have  a  good  version  of  the 
Scriptures.  There  is  a  good  version  of  the  Penta- 
teuch in  the  Samaritan.  The  Septnngint  version  of 
the  Old  Testament  was  made  for  Uie  benefit  of  the 
Jews  in  Alexandria. 

VERST,  n.     A  Russian  measure  of  length  containing 
1106}  yards,  or  3500  feet;   about  two  thirds  of  an 
Enslish  mile. 
VElVSUSy  [L.]  Against  i  as,  John  Doe  versus  Richard 

Roe. 
VER-SCTE',  a.     Crafty  ;  wily. 
VERT,  n.     [Fr.  rerd,  green,  L.  viridis.'] 

L  In  the  forest  /aic.«,  every  thing  that  grows  and 
bears  a  green  leaf  within  the  forest.  To  preserve 
vert  and  venison  is  the  duty  of  the  verderer. 

l^ngland. 
2.  In  heraldry,  a  green  color. 


See  VEnTKBAA. 


VKRT'E-HER, 
VF.K'l'EHKK. 
VEKT'li-llRA,  n.;  pi.  Vertebrje.     [L.  vertebra,  ttoxa 

vcrto,  to  turn.] 
A  Joint  of  the  spine  or  back-bone  of  an  animal. 

VERT'E-HRAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  joints  of  the 
spine  or  back-bone. 

2.  Having  a  back  bone  or  spinal  jolnta ;  »»,verUbral 
animals. 

VERT'E-HRAL.  n.  An  animal  of  the  class  which 
have  a  back-bone. 

VEKT'E-lUl.^TE,  n.  An  animal  having  a  spine  with 
joints. 

VEUT'E-BRATE,       )         .t        _,  i.     .      i 

VEUT'K-HRA-TI^D,  \  '^     t^"  ^^rtebratus.] 

Having  a  back  bone,  or  vertebral  column,  contain- 
ing the  spinal  marrow,  as  an  animal  j  rh  man,  <pmd- 
rupeds,  birds,  amphibia,  ond  fishes.  Cuvirr. 

VERT'IMUIaTES,  i  n.  pi.     Vertebrated  animals,  in- 

VERT-E-KRA'TA,  \  eluding  mammals,  birds,  rep- 
tiles, and  fishes. 

VERT'K-IJRE.     See  Vertebra. 

VERT'EX,  iu  [L.,  from  verto,  to  turn  j  primarily,  a 
round  iHiini.] 

1.  The  crown  or  top  of  the  head.  Coxe. 

2.  The  top  of  a  hill  or  other  thing ;  the  point  of  a 
cone,  pyramid,  angle,  or  figure  ;  ttie  pole  of  a  glass, 
in  optics.  'I'he  vertex  of  a  curve  is  tiie  point  from 
which  tlrc  diameter  is  drawn,  or  tiie  intersection  of 
the  diameter  and  the  curve. 

3.  In  astronomy^  the  zenith  ;  the  point  of  the  heav- 
ens i)er[)cntncularly  over  the  head.  Cyc. 

VERT'I-CAL,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  vcrttx.] 

1.  Placed  or  being  in  the  zenith,  or  perpendicularly 
over  the  head.  The  sun  is  vertical  to  the  inhabitants 
within  the  tropics  at  certain  times  every  year. 

2.  Being  in  a  position  perpendicular  to  the  plane  of 
the  horizon. 

Vertical  leaves,  in  botany,  are  such  as  stand  so  erect 
that  neither  of  the  surfaces  can  be  culled  tlie  upper 
or  under. 

Vertical  anthers  are  such  as  terminate  the  fila- 
ments, and,  being  inserted  by  their  base,  stand  no 
less  upright  than  the  filaments  themselves.       Cyc. 

Vertical  angles;  in  geometry,  the  opposite  angles 
formed  by  two  insecting  straight  hnes.        Brandc 

Vertical  circle  :  in  astronomy,  a  great  circle  passing 
Uirough  the  zenith  and  the  undir.  The  meridian  of 
any  place  is  a  vertical  circle.  The  vertical  circles  are 
called  azimuth  circles.  Hutton. 

VerticM  line }  in  dialiriff,  a  line  perpendicular  ti»  the 
horizon  ;  in  conies,  a  right  lino  drawn  on  the  vertical 
plane,  and  passing  through  the  vortejc  of  llie  cone. 

Brande. 

Vertical  plane,  in  center,  is  a  plane  passing  through 
the  Vertex  of  a  cone,  and  through  its  axis. 

Prime  vertical ;  a  great  circle  of  the  sphere,   per- 
pendicular to  the  horizim,  and  passing  through  the 
zenith  and  the  east  and  west  point:i. 
VERT'I-€AL-LY,  adv.     In  the  zenith. 
VERT'I-CAL-NE-^S,  n.    The  state  of  being  in  the  ze- 
nithj  or  per|>eudicularly  over  the  head.    [Vertical- 
ITT  IS  ni>t  used.] 
VERT'I-OIL,  n.     [I..  verticiUus,  from  vertex,  supra.] 

In  botany,  a  little  whirl ;  a  mode  of  infioresccnce, 
in  which  the  dowers  surround  the  stem  in  a  kind  of 
ring.  Cyc. 

VERTICIL-LATE,  a.  [Supra.]  In  botany,  vertic- 
illate  fiowers  are  such  as  grow  in  a  whirl,  around 
the  stem  or  in  rings,  one  above  another,  at  each 
joint.  The  term  is  also  applied  in  this  sense  to  leaves 
and  branches.  Verticillate  plants  are  such  as  bear 
whirled  flowers,  Martyn.     Lee. 

VER-TIC'1-TY,  (-tis'e-te,)  n.  [from  vertex^  supra.] 
The  power  of  turning  ;  revolulton  ;  rotation.    Locke. 

3.  1'hat  property  of  the  loadstone  by  whiciiit  turns 
to  some  particular  point. 

The  Htlriiction  of  the  mngnel  wu  known  lon^  bcrorc  iti  vertidty. 

VER-T16'IN  OUS,  a,     [L.  vertiginosus.]  *""' 

1.  Turning  round  i  whirling;  rotary;  as,nvertig~ 
inous  motion.  Bentlry. 

2,  Giddy  ;  nfTected  with  vertigo.  Woodtoard. 
VER-TI6'IN-0US-LY,  ado.     With  a  whirling  or  gid- 
diness. 

VER-Tlfi'IN-OUS-NESS,  n.     Giddiness;  a  whirling, 

or  sense  of  whirling;  unsteadiness.  Taylirr, 

VERT'I-GO,  n.     [L.,  from  verto,  to  turn.] 

Giddiness;  dizziness  or  swimming  of  the  head; 
an  afiection  of  the  head,  in  which  objects  appear  to 
move  in  various  directions,  though  stationary,  and 
the  person  afiected  finds  it  difiicult  to  maintain  an 
erect  imsture. 

[This  word  is  also  pronounced  by  some  ver~tVgOf 
and  by  others  ver-tV go.] 
VER'VaIN,  »i.     A  plant;  the  popular  name  of  some 

species  of  the  genus  Verbena. 
VER'VaIX-MAL'L5VV,  n.    A  species  of  Mallow,  the 
VER'VELS,  n.  pL     [Fr.  verveUe.]     [Malva  ulcea.  Cyc. 

Labels  tied  to  a  hawk.  JiinsworUi. 

VER'Y,  a.     [Fr.  crai;  L.  verus ;  G.  wahr;  D.  icoor.] 
I'rue ;  real. 

Wln'iher  thou  be  my  very  ion  Etaa  or  not.  —  Gfin.  xxvli. 

He  ihii[  repcAieih  a  iitatt«T,  njpiirateth  wry  frieuds.  —  Pror.  «tU. 


FiTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH.^T MkTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK. — 


1232 


VES 


VES 


So  we  say,  in  rtry  deed,  in  Ihe  very  heavens,  this 
is  the  veT:j  man  we  want.  In  lliese  plirases,  vvri)  is 
emphalicat ;  but  its  signification  is  (rwe,  real, 

VER'Y,  adr.  As  an  adverb,  or  modifier  of  adjectives 
and  adverbs,  rery  denotes  in  a  great  degree,  an  emi- 
nent or  high  degree,  but  not  generally  the  higliest ; 
as,  a  very  great  mountain  ;  a  very  bright  sun  ;  a  very 
cold  day  ;  a  ffrp  pernicious  war ;  a  rery  benevolent 
disposition  ;  the  river  flows  cerv  rapidly. 

VES'I-CANT,  ».  [Infra.J  A  blistering  application  ; 
an  epispastic.  Binclciw. 

VES'ie.XTE,  r.  (.  [L.  vesica,  a  little  bLidder  ;  Gr. 
0e(r<f'j,  from  (T<i'(T(1w,  to  inflate.] 

To  blister  ;  to  raise  little  bladders,  or  separate  the 
cuticle  by  inflaming  the  skin.  Celsus  recommends 
to  vesicate  the  external  parts  of  wounds.     Wisematu 

VES'I  CA  TED,  pp.     Blistered. 

VES'ie.'iTING,  pfr.     Blistering. 

VES-I-Ca'TIO.N,  n.  The  process  of  raising  blisters  or 
httle  cuticular  bladders  on  the  skin. 

VESieA-TO-RY,  n.     [Fr.  vesimlaire.l 

A  blistering  application  or  plaster  ;  an  epispastic. 

VES'I-CLE,  (vcs'e-kl,)  n.     [L.  vesieida.      See  Veji- 

CATE.I 

1.  A  little  bladder,  or  a  portion  of  the  cuticle  sep- 
arated from  the  skin  and  filled  with  some  liunior. 

2.  Any  small,  membranous  cavity  in  animals  or 
vegetables.  The  lungs  consist  of  vesicles  admitting 
air.  ''"!'•     Cyc 

VE-Sie'lI-LAR,     j  a.     Pertaining  to   vesicles;    con- 
VE-f  ICU-L-OUS,  \     sisting  of  vesicles. 

a.  Hollow  ;  full  of  interstices.  Ckeyve. 

3.  Having  little  bladders  or  glands  on  the  surface, 
as  the  leaf  of  a  plant, 

VE-Sie'U-LATE,  a.     Bladderi' ;  full  of  hladdi-rs. 

VES'PER,  n.     [L.     This  word  and   Hisptnus  are 
probably  of  one  origin,  and  both  from  the  root  of 
vest,] 
The  evening  star  ;  Venus  ;  also,  the  evening. 

VES'PERS,n.  p/.  The  evening  song  or  evening  ser- 
vice in  the  Roman  Catholic  church. 

Sicilian  vespers ;  the  era  of  the  general  massacre 
of  the  French  in  Sicily,  on  Easter  evening,  1282,  at 
the  toll  of  the  bell  for  vesjiers. 

VES'PER-TI.\E,  a.     [L.  respertinus.     See  Vespeb.] 
Pertaining  to  the  evening  ;   happening  or  being  in 
the  evening. 

VES'PI-.\-RY,  II.  The  nest  or  habitation  of  wasps, 
htrmrtt^  &c. 

VES'SEL,  n.  [  It.  vaselh,  from  vaso,  a  vase  or  vessel ; 
Fr.  vaisseau ;  Sp.  ra.^ii'i ;  from  I^.  ra*,  vasis.  This 
word  is  probably  the  Eng.  vat,  in  a  different  dialect ; 
G./«.i>,  a  vat ;  grfdss,  a  vessel  ;  fassen,  to  hold  ;  al- 
lied probablv  to  ftiit.fa.iteH.  The  Sp.  vasija  is  from 
the  Latin  ;  but  the  Spanish  has  also  baiel,  a  general 
name  of  all  floating  buildings;  probably  of  Celtic 
origin.] 

1.  A  cask  or  utensil  proper  for  holding  liquors  and 
other  things,  as  a  tun,  a  pipe,  a  puncheon,  a  hogs- 
head, a  barrel,  a  firkin,  a  bottle,  a  kettle,  a  cup,  a 
dish,  &.C. 

9.  In  anatomy,  any  tube  or  canal,  in  which  the 
blood  and  other  humors  are  contained,  secreted,  or 
circulated,  as  the  arteries,  veins,  lymphatics,  sper- 
matics,  &c.  Q"^- 

3.  In  the  phy^iMfy  of  plants,  a  canal  or  tube  of 
very  small  bore,  in  which  the  sap  is  contained  and 
conveyed  ;  also,  a  bag  or  utricle,  filled  with  |Hilp,and 
serving  as  a  reservoir  for  sap;  also,  a  spinil  canal, 
usually  of  a  larger  liore.  Martyn.     Grew. 

4.  Any  structure  made  to  float  uiwin  the  water,  for 
pnrposes  of  commerce  or  war,  whether  impelled  by 
wind,  steam,  or  oars.  TfHen. 

5.  Something  conuining.  Milton. 
yessels  of  wrath,  in  Scripture,  tire  such  persons  as 

are  to  receive  the  full  effecu  of  God's  wrath  and  in- 
dignation, as  a  punishment  for  their  sins. 

Vessels  of  mercy,  are  persons  who  are  to  receive 
the  eflecta  of  God's  mercy,  or  future  happiness  and 


glory. 

Cltosm  vessels ;  ministers  of  the  gospel,  as  appoint- 
ed to  bear  the  glad   news  of  salvation  to  others ; 
called  also  earthen  vessels,  on  account  of  their  weak- 
ness and  frailty. 
VES'SEL,  v,  t.    To  put  into  a  vessel.    [JVol  m  use.] 

Bacon. 
VES'SETS,  11.    A  kind  of  cloth.    Qu. 
VES'Sie  NO.V,  n.     [U.  vesica.] 

A  soft  swelling  on  a  horse's  leg,  called  a  Wino- 
OAU-  Cy'- 

VEST,  n.    [Fr.  uMfe ;  It.  vesta  :  L.  vestis,  a  coat  or  gar- 
ment ;  vestio,  to  cover  or  clothe,  Goth,  vestyan ;  W. 

1.  An  outer  garment. 

OvpT  hit  liicl*!  armt 
A  miliury  M«l  of  purple  Hawed.  MUion. 

9.  A  waistcoat  or  body  garment  for  men,  without 
sleeves,  and  worn  under  the  coat. 

(This  word,  in  the  latter  sense,  has  passed  from 
Prance  info  the  United  Stales,  and  has  chiefly  taken 
the  place  of  VVautcoat.  In /^B^rfonrf,  on  the  con- 
trary, the  latter  word  is  the  only  one  in  common  use. 
-Ed.] 


VEST,  V.  t.    To  clothe ;  to  cover,  surround,  or  encom- 
pass closely. 

Willi  ether  oetUd^mi  a  purple  iky.  Dryden. 

2.  To  dress ;  to  clothe  with  a  long  garment ;  as, 
the  vritetl  priest.  Milton. 

3.  In  taw,  to  give  an  Immediate,  fixed  right  of 
present  or  future  enjoyiiienl ;  as,  an  estate  is  vested 
in  possession.  Bouvier. 

To  vest  Willi !  to  clothe  ;  to  furnish  with  ;  to  invest 
with  ;  as,  to  vest  a  man  with  authority  ;  to  vest  a 
court  with  power  to  try  cases  of  life  and  death  ;  to 
vest  one  with  the  right  of  seizing  slave  ships. 

Had  I  been  peered  aitfi  Ihc  moD&reh'a  power.  Prior. 

To  vest  in ;  to  put  in  possession  of ;  to  furnish  with  ; 

to  clothe  with.    The  supreme  executive  power  in 

England  is  vested  in  the  king;  in  the  United  St.ates, 

it  is  rested  in  the  president. 
2.  To  clothe  with  another  form ;  to  convert  into 

anotlier  substance  or  sijecies  of  property  ;  as,  to  vest 

money  in  goods ;  to  ve.it  money  iu  land  or  houses  ;  to 

vest  money  in  bank  stock,  or  in  six  per  cent,  stock  ; 

to  vest  all  one's  property  in  the  public  funds. 
VEST,  V.  u     To  come  or  descend  to ;  to  be  fixed  ;  to 

take  effect,  as  a  title  or  right.    Upon  the  death  of  the 

ancestor,  the  estate,  or  the  right  to  the  estate,  vests 

in  the  heir  at  law. 
VES'TA,  n.     [L.]     In  tni/tAotooT/,  the  virgin    goddess 

of  the  hearth  or  fire. 
2.  In  astronomy,  one  of  the  asteroids,  discovered 

by  Dr.  Olbers  in  1807. 
VEST'AL,  a.     [L.  vestalis,  from  Vesta,  the  goddess  of 

fire,  Gr.  Eoria.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  Vesta,  the  goddess  of  fire  among 
the  Romans,  and  a  virgin. 

2.  Pure  ;  cliaste.  Shale. 
VEST'AL,  71.    A  virgin  consecrated  to  Vest.a,  and  to 

the  service  of  watching  the  sacred  fire,  which  was 
to  lie  perpetually  kept  burning  upon  her  altar.  The 
Vettals  were  six  in  number,  and  tliey  made  a  vow  of 
perpetual  virginity. 

VEST'ED,  pp.     Clothed ;    covered  ;    closely  encom- 
passed. 

2.  a.  Fixed  ;  not  in  a  state  of  contingency  or  sus- 
pension ;  as,  vested  rights. 

Vciud  legacy ;  in  law,  a  legacy  the  right  to  which 
conunences  in  presenti,  and  does  not  depend  on  a 
contingency,  as  a  legticy  lo  one,  to  be  paid  when  he 
attains  to  twenty-one  years  of  age.  This  is  a  vesttd 
legacy,  and  if  the  legatee  dies  before  the  testator,  his 
representative  shall  receive  it.  Blartitove. 

Vetted  remainder,  is  where  the  estate  is  invariably 
fixed,  lo -remain  to  a  determined  pers<in,  at^er  the 
particular  estate  is  spent.  This  is  called  a  remainder 
executed,  by  which  a  present  interest  passes  to  the 
party,  though  to  be  enjoyed  in  future.     Blaclutoue, 

VEST'I-A-RY,  n.     A  wardrobe. 

VES-TIB'IJ-LAR,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  like  a  vestibule. 

VES'TI-BULE,  n.     [Fr. ;  L.  vest(bulum.] 

1.  The  imrch  or  entrance  into  a  house,  or  a  large 
open  Sluice  befi.re  the  door,  but  covered.  Vestibules 
for  magnificence  are  usually  between  llio  court  and 
garden. 

2.  A  little  antechamber  before  the  entrance  of  an 
ordinary  aiiartmeuL 

3.  An  apartment  in  large  buildings,  which  leads 
into  a  hall  or  suit  of  rooms  or  offices.  An  area  in 
which  a  magnificent  staircase  is  carried  up  is  soine- 
liinea  called  a  vestibule. 

4.  In  anatomy,  a  cavity  belonging  lo  the  labyrinth 
of  the  ear.  Oye. 

VES'TI-GATE.     See  Isvestioate. 

[ Vestioate  is  not  in  use.]  , 

VES'TIGE,  (ves'tij,)  n.  [Fr.  ;  L.  r«(ijTiuni.  This 
word  and  vestibule  show  that  some  verb  signifying 
to  tread,  from  which  they  are  derived,  is  lost] 

A  track  or  footstep ;  the  mark  of  the  foot  left  on  the 
earth ;  but  mostly  used  for  the  mark  or  remains  of 
something  else  ;  as,  the  vestiges  of  ancient  magniH- 
ceiice  in  Palmyra;  res/in-cs  of  former  population. 

VEST'ING,  ppr.  [from  vest.]  Clothing  ;  covering ; 
closely  encompassing  ;  descending  to  and  becom- 
ing pennanent,  as  a  right  or  title  ;  converting  into 
other  species  of  property,  as  money. 

VEST'ING,  n.     Cloth  for  vests ;  vest  patterns. 

United  Stales. 

VEST'MENT,  n.  [L.  vestimentum,  from  vestio,  to 
clothe  ;  Fr.  vStement.] 

A  covering  or  garment ;  some  part  of  clothing  or 
dress  ;  especially  some  part  of  outer  clothing  ;  but  it 
is  not  restricted  Ui  any  particular  garment. 

The  Kulplor  eoulO  not  ^ve  veilmsou  tuilable  to  Uie  qtwlity  of 
Uic  peiaotta  lvp^«»^.■nt^■d.  IJrydsn. 

VEST'RY.n.     [h.  vestiarium  ;  Ft.  ve.itiairr.] 

1.  A  room  appendant  to  a  church,  in  which  the 
sacerdotal  vestments  anil  sacred  utensils  are  kept, 
and  where  parochial  meetings  are  held. 

2.  In  the  church  of  Eni;land,  a  parocliial  assembly, 
so  called  because  held  in  a  vestry.  Clarendon 

3.  In  the  F.piscopal  church  of  tlit  United  Stales,  a 
committee  chosen  annually  by  the  parish,  who,  m 
conjunction  with  the  church-wardens,  manage  Us 
lem[ioril  concerns.  Crostoell. 


VEX 

VEST'RY-ei>ERK,  n.  [vegtry  and  clerk.]  An  officer 
chosen  hy  the  vestry,  who  kteps  the  parish  accdunUi 
and  biMiks.  ^  Cyc, 

VE.ST'KY-MAN,  ti.  In  the  Episcopal  church,  one  be- 
luni;ini!  tu  a  sulecl  iinnitKT  of  pertHinn  in  each  purixh, 
wlio  manage  lis  tunipural  concern?*.     [See  VEiTRT.I 

VEST'UKE,  (vust'yur,)  w.    [Fr.  viture.    See  Vinr.] 

1.  A  garment  j  a  robe. 

Their  polished  clteiu  eiitbroiilered  M«fur«  gncKd.  Papt. 

2.  Dress;  garnienu  in  general;  habit;  clothing; 
vestment ;  as,  the  vesture  of  priests, 

3.  Clothing  ;  covering. 

Rcick«,  pi¥cipic:-»,  and  j^ulf.,  nppareled  wilh  a  •<«(ur«  of  plaoti. 

Bentieu, 
And  eM  the  humlite  veaturta  of  the  plain.  Truinbult. 

4.  In  old  law  books,  the  corn  with  which  land  was 
covered  ;  an,  tlie  i^enture  of  an  acre, 

5.  In  oW  ftwoA*,  seisin  ,  possession.     [06.*.] 
VE-SO'VI-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Vesuvius,  a  volcano 

near  Naples. 
VE  SO'VI-AN,  n.     In  mineralogy,  the  same  with  Ido- 


CRASE,  which  see. 


VETC 


Dana. 


[Fr.  vesce:  It.  veceia;  L.  vieia;  Sp.  oeza; 
D.  wik^wikke,  vetcli.and  a  weight :  leikkea,  to  weigh  ; 
G.  «in:A;^,a  vetcli  ;  wicket,  a  roller  ;  wicAtiff,  wei-ihty  ; 
wicketn,  to  wind  np.  We  see  vetch  is  from  the  root 
of  weiirh,  wair,  icigirte^  and  signifies  a  little  r()Iler.] 

A  leguminous  plant  of  the  genus  Vieia.  It  is  a 
common  name  of  mwst  species  of  the  genus.  The 
name  is  aUo  applied,  witli  various  epitliels,  to  many 
other  leeumtnons  plants  of  diffrrenl  eenera  ;  a^,  the 
chicliling  vetch,  of  the  genus  Lathyrus  ;  the  horse- 
shoe vetch,  of  the  genu.'  liippocrepis;  the  milk  vetch, 
of  the  genus  Astragalus,  fee,  Lee. 

VETCH'LING,  n.  [from  veUh.]  In  botany,  &  name 
of  a  leguminous  plant,  the  LathyruH  aphaca,  expres- 
sive of  its  diminutive  size.  The  meadow  velchling 
is  a  wild  plant  common  in  meadows,  which  makes 
good  hav. 

VETCH' Y,  a.  Consisting  of  vetches  or  of  pea  straw  j 
as,  a  vetchy  bed.  Spenser. 

2.  Abounding  with  vetches. 

VET'ER-AN,  a.  [L.  veieraiius,  from  veiero,  to  grow 
old,  from  veins,  old.] 

Having  been  long  exercised  in  any  thing;  long 
practiced  or  experienced  ;  as,  a  veteran  officer  or  sol- 
dier ;  veteran  skill.  Thomson. 

VET'ER-AN,  n.  One  who  has  been  long  exercised  in 
any  service  or  art,  particularly  in  war ;  one  who  has 
grown  old  in  service,  and  has  liad  much  experience, 

Eniijfia  ih«t  pi^rwd  thr-  Toe'*  remotest  fines, 
The  IwrUy  veteran  with  leur*  raiigii*.  AaaiMtm, 

VET-ER-l-N'A'RI-AN,  -n.     [L.  vcterinarius.] 

One  skilled  in  the  diseases  of  cattle  or  domestic 
animal.-^.  Brown. 

VET'EH-I-NA-UY,  a.  {Supra.]  Pertainmg  to  the  art 
of  healing  or  treating  the  diseases  of  domestic  ani- 
mals, as  oxen,  horses,  sheep,  &c.  A  viterinary  col- 
lege was  established  in  England  in  1792,  at  St.  Pan- 
cras,  in  the  vicinity  of  London.  The  improvement 
of  the  veterivanj  art  is  of  great  importance  lo  the  ag- 
ricultural interest. 
VE''I'0.  Tfc. ;  pi.  Vetof.3,  (vC'tSze.)     [L.  retn,  1  forbid.] 

1.  The  power  possessed  by  the  executive  bnincn 
of  a  legislative  body,  as  a  king,  president,  governor, 
&c.,  to  negative  a  bill  which  has  passed  the  other 
brai/bhes  of  the  legislature.  Also,  the  act  of  exer- 
cising this  power.  Bouvier. 

2.  In  a  looser  sense,  any  authoritative  prohiiution. 
V^E'TO,  V.  t.    To  withhold  assent  to  a  bill  for  a  law, 

and  thus  prevent  its  enactment. 
Vk'TO-£D,  r-tode,)  pret.  and  pp,  of  Veto,  which  see. 
Vk'TO-ING,  ppr.     Withholding  assent  to  and   pre- 
venting the  enactment  of. 
VET-TU'BJi,  n.     An  Italian  four-wheeled  carriage. 
VET-TU-R^J^O,  V.     In  Itahi,  one  who  carries  travel- 
ers from  one  [ilace  to  amnher  in  a  vettura,  or  four- 
wheeled  carnage,  at  a  price  agreed  on. 
VEX,  V.  (.      L^  ^"^  '>   ^''-   ""*'' '      ■  ^'*"^°*'"  '    ^P" 
vcxar.]  ,       .,    , 

1.  To  irritate  ;  to  make  angry  by  little  provoca- 
tions ;  a  popular  use  of  the  word. 
9.  To  plague  ;  to  torment ;  to  harass  ;  to  afflict. 
TeivlhouHand  torment*  vex  my  hesit-  iVior. 

3.  To  disturb  ;  to  disquiet ;  to  agitate. 

White  curt  the  W(i»e«,  and  Uie  v*xtd  ocean  roan.  Popt. 

4.  To  trouble;  to  distress. 

I  will  also  vtx  the  henrta  of  many  people.  —  EkIc  xTxii. 

5.  To  persecute.    Acts  %\\. 

6.  To  stretch,  as  by  hooks.     [JVo(  in  iw«.I 

Dryden, 

VEX  r  i.    To  fret  i  to  be  teased  or  irritated. 

'  Chapman. 

VEX-A'TION,  n.     [Fr.,  from  L.  vejatio.] 

1.  The  act  of  irritating,  or  of  troubling,  disquiets 
ine,  and  harassing. 

2.  Htate  of  being  irritated  or  disturbed  in  mind. 


3.  Disquiet ;  agitation  ;  great  uneasiness. 
Puaiont  too  tiolenl  — nfTord  u»  i«jo(ion  and  pain. 

4.  The  cause  of  trouble  or  disquiet. 

Your  childwn  were  wration  to  your  youth. 


TtmpU. 


TONE,  BULL,  tINITE._AN"GEE.  VI"CIOUS.-€  as  K ;  G  as  J  ,  8  as  Z ;   CH_aa  SH  jjlljs  in  TllIS.^ 


155 


123a 


VIB 


5.  Afflktknu ;  great  tnmblea ;  aeveie  Judgments. 

Tte  Lovd  ahaU  «mil  oa  ihee  wninf ,  Mnttcm,  uul  retniks.  — 
Ueirt.  sxYlii. 

6.  A  harassing  by  law.  Bacon 

7.  A  dight,  tt'iising  trouble. 
VKX-A'TIOUiS,  (vtk-si'?hus,)    a.      Irritating ;    dis- 
turbing i>r  ugitating  to  the  mind  ;  causing  disquiet ; 
afflictive;  as,  a  vexations  coaltovotsy  ;  a,  ruatious 
neighbor. 

a  Distressing ;  harassing  ;  as,  vexatious  wars. 

SoudL 

3.  Full  of  trouble  and  disquieL 

Be  tefcl*  a  MJotiow  Ue-  Ditbif 

4.  Teasing ;  slightly  troublesome  ;  provoking. 

A  vexatious  suU^  in  taie^  is  one  commenced  fur  the 
purpose  of  pivine  trouble,  or  without  cause. 

VEX-A'TIOl  SLY,  adr.  In  a  manner  to  give  great 
trouble  or  disqtiirt. 

VBX-A'TIOL'S-NESS,  it.  The  quality  of  giving  great 
trouble  and  disquiet,  or  of  teasing  and  provultiug. 

VEX'£D,  (vixt.)  pp.  or  o.  'leased  ;  provoked  ;  irri- 
tated ;  troubled  ;  agitated  ;  disquieted ;  alflicted. 

VCX'ER,  n.    One  who  vexes,  irritalee,  or  titHiblos. 

A  flag  or  standard.  In  hotamif^  the  upper  petal  of 
apnpilionaceous  flower.  Martyn. 

VEX'IL-LA-RY,  n.    A  standard-bearer 
VEX'IL-LA-RY,«.    Pertaining  to  an  ensign  orstand- 

ard. 
VEX-IL-LA'TIOX,  k.    [\^  rrri/tetw.] 

A  company  of  troops  under  one  ensign. 
VEX'ING,  ppr.    Provoking;  irritating;  afflicting. 
VEXING  LV,  adv.    So  as  to  vex,  tease,  or  irritate. 

TaUfr. 
VI' A,  a.    [L.]    A  way.     Fia  Albany,  by  the  way  of 

AllHiny. 
VI'A-BLE,  a.    [Fr.  nV,  life,  from  L.  rir*,  to  live.] 
Capable  of  living,  as  a  new-born  infant  or  prema- 
ture child.  T.  Miittr. 
VT'A-DUer.  ».    [L.  ria,  way,  and  iuco,  to  lead. 
See  Duke.} 

A  structure  made  for  conveying  a  carriage  way 
from  one  road  to  another,  eitlier  by  perforation 
through  hills,  by  leveling  uneven  ground,  or  by  rais- 
ing mounds  or  arched  supports  across  rivers  or 
marshes.  Sandctf  em  Hmh-oads. 

VI'AL,  «.     [Ft.  viole  :  Gr.  ^ta\>j ;  L.  pkimU.] 

A  phial  i  a  small  bottle  of  thin  glaaa,  used  partic- 
ularly' by  apothecaries  and  druggists. 

Samad  (ookaaM  of  o9,w>d  pound  k  oo  Ui  bead.  —  1  S^m.  x. 
FMs  nf  Qed*s  wraCJh,  in  Seriptmrt,  are  the  execution 
of  his  wiath  upon  the  wicked  for  their  sins.    Rev. 
xvL 
VI'AL,  r.  L    To  put  in  a  vial.  Mittan. 

VI'AL-£l>,  pp.     Put  in  a  vial. 
VI'AL-ING,  ppr.    Inclosing  in  a  rial. 
VI' AND,  ■.    [Fr.  ttuUe ;  fiom  IL  maandc ;  L.  nM»- 
ffau,  vriM.  to  live.] 
Meal  dressed ;  food. 

TiamSm  of  Tarioos  kind>  aBan  the  bite.  Ai^. 


[A  u  MMd  chufiu  in  tk»plitrmL\ 
T'A-Rr  -  .  . 


VT'A-RY,  a.     Happening  in  roads. 

VI-.\T'ie,  tu     [L.  viaticum^  from  ria,  way.] 
Pertaining  to  a  journej'  or  to  trnvcltng. 

VT-AT'I-eUM,  n.  [L.  supra.]  Provisions  for  a  jour- 
ney. 

S.  Among  tJu  ancient  Romans^  an  allowance  to 
officers  who  were  sent  into  Ibe  provinces  to  exorcise 
any  office  or  perform  any  service,  al^o  to  the  officers 
and  soldiers  of  the  army.  Cyc 

3.  In  the  Roman  Cat^lie  cAurck,  the  communion  or 
eucharist  given  to  persons  in  their  last  moments. 

VT'BRATE,  r.  i.  [L.  rtfrro  ,-  It.  vibrarf.  This  word 
belongs  tu  the  root  of  Eng.  irabbU;  W.  firiAiair,  to 
wander,  to  move  in  a  circular  or  serpentine  direc- 
tion.] 

1.  To  swing  ;  to  oscillate  ;  to  move  one  M~ay  and 
the  other ;  to  play  to  and  fWi ;  as,  the  pendulum  of  a 
cluck  vibrat^s  more  or  less  rapidly,  as  it  is  shorter  or 
longer ;  the  chords  of  an  instrument  vibrate  when 
touched. 

3.  To  qolrer ;  as,  a  whisper  vibnttes  on  the  ear. 

•       Pifpe. 
3.  To  pass  from  one  state  to  another ;  as,  a  man 
vibr^cs  from  one  opinion  to  another. 
VIBRATE,  r.  t    To  brandish  ;  to  move  to  and  fro  i 
to  swing ;  as,  to  vibrate  a  sword  or  staff.    The  pen- 
dulum of  a  clock  vibrates  seconds. 

2.  To  cause  to  quiver. 

BnaU)  Toeanaed,  Oia  K  tttpuri  or  widalaMtl.  May  4HbRDtl7 
aOect  tkt  Boa,  aad  inpRaa  a  awtt,  nemnloua  nation. 

Bobbr. 
VT'BRA-TED,  pp.    Brandished  ;  moved  one  way  and 

tlie  other. 
VI'BRA-TILE,  (-til,)  a.   Adapted  to  or  used  in  vibrato- 
rj*  motion  ;  as,  the  vibratile  organs  of  certain  insects. 

Say. 
VT-BRA-TIL'I-TV,  n.     Disposition  to  preternatural 

vibration  or  motion.     [A"c(  much  used.]  Rush. 

VT'BRA-TING,  ppr.  Brandishing;  moving  to  and 
fro,  as  a  pendulum  or  musical  chord 


VIC 

VI-BRA'TION,  n.    [Fr.,  from  L.  vibro.] 

I.  The  act  of  brandishing;  the  act  uf  moving  rtr 
state  of  being  moved  oneway  and  the  other  m  quick 
succesisiun. 

"2.  In  rafehantcSy  a  regular,  reciprocal  motion  of  a 
body  suspended  ;  a  motion  consisting  of  continual 
reripixtc:itiona  or  returns;  as  of  tho  pendulum  uf  a 
time-keeper.  This  is  I'roquenlly  called  Oscillation. 
The  number  of  vibrations  in  a  given  time  depeiuis  on 
lliu  length  of  the  vibrating  body  ;  a  pendulum  three 
feel  long  makes  only  ten  ribrntions,  while  one  of  nine 
inches  makes  twenty.  The  vibrations  of  a  ptmdu- 
lum  are  souHnvhat  slower  at  or  near  tiie  etjuator  than 
in  remote  latitudes.  TJie  vibrations  of  a  pendulum 
are  isochronal,  whether  perfunued  in  larger  or  snialler 
arcs.  Ilutton. 

3.  In  pkysiesy  alternate  or  reciprocal  motion  ;  as, 
the  vibrations  of  the  nervous  fluid,  by  which  sensa- 
tion has  been  suppitst-d  to  be  priHluced,  by  impres- 
sious  of  external  objects  propagated  thus  to  the  brain. 

Cyc 
A.  In  mu.Tic,  the  motion  of  a  chord,  or  the  undu- 
lation of  any  body,  by  which  sound  is  produced. 
The  acutoness,  elevation,  and  gravity  <)f  sound,  de- 
pend on  the  length  of  the  chord  and  its  ten.'^ion. 
VI-BRA'TI-UX-eLE,  (-unk-l,j  n.    A  small  vibration. 

Chambers.     Cyc. 
\TBRA-TIVE,  a.     Th.^l  vibrates.  J^eteton. 

VI'BRA-TO-RY,  o.    Vibrating;  consisting  in  vibra- 
tion or  oscillation  ;  as,  a  vibratory  motion. 
S.  Causing  to  vibrate. 
VIG'AR,  n.     [Fr.  vicaire;  It.  ricario;  L.  ric^uj,  from 
vieiSf  a  tuni,  or  ils  nxiL] 

1.  In  a  gmcral  sense^  a  person  deputed  or  author- 
ized tu  perform  the  functions  of  another  ;  a  substi- 
tute in  office.  The  [Hipe  claims  to  be  vicar  of  Jesus 
Christ  on  earth,  lie  lias  under  him  a  grand  vicar, 
wlio  is  a  cardinal,  and  whose  jurisdiction  extends 
over  all  priesti,  regul.ir  and  secular. 

2.  In  the  canon  latt,  the  priest  of  a  parish,  the 
predial  tithes  of  which  are  Impropriated  or  appropri- 
ated, that  is,  belong  to  a  chapter  or  religious  house, 
or  to  a  layman,  who  receives  them,  and  only  allows 
the  vicar  the  smaller  tithes  or  a  salary.  Cyc. 

JfyostoiU  meer,  in  the  Roman  Catholic  cAurrA,  is  an 
officer  of  high  standing,  who  has  received  power 
IVom  the  pope  to  decide  in  certain  coses  without  in- 
strtictions.  Encyc.  Jim. 

VI€'AR-A6E,  a.  The  benefice  of  a  vicar.  A  vicar- 
age, by  endowment,  becomes  a  benefice  distinct  from 
the  parsonage.  Cyc. 

Vie'AR-CE.\'ER-AL.  n.  A  title  given  by  Ifenry 
VI!  I.  to  the  earl  of  Essex,  with  power  t(t  oversee  all 
the  clergy,  and  resulate  alt  church  affairs.  It  is  now 
tJie  title  of  an  othce,  which,  &&  well  as  that  of  offi- 
cial principal,  is  united  in  the  chancellor  uf  the  dio- 
case.  The  business  of  the  vicar-general  is  to  exer- 
cise jurisdiction  over  matters  purely  spiritual.  Cue 

VI-€A'RI-AL,  a.    [from  vicar.]    Pertaining  to  a  vicar  j 

smalt ;  as,  vicarial  tithes. 
•  VI-€A'RI-.\TE,  a.    Having  delegated  power,  as  vicar. 

Barrow. 

VT-€A'RI-ATE,  n.     A  delegated  office  or  power. 

VI-CA'RI-OUS,  o.     [L.  ricarius.]  [Lord  JSTortA. 

1.  Deputed  ;  delegated  ;  as,  vicarious  power  or  au- 
thority. 

2.  Acting  fur  another;  filling  the  place  of  another; 
as,  a  vicarious  agent  or  officer. 

3.  Substituted  in  the  place  of  another;  aa,  a  fica- 
ru^iu  sacrifice.  The  doctrine  of  rieartou^  punishment 
has  occasioned  much  controversy. 

VI-eA'Rl-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  the  place  of  another ;  by 
substitution.  Burke. 

Vie'AR-SHIP,  ji.  The  office  of  a  vicar;  the  ministry 
of  a  vicar. 

VICE,  R.  [Fr.  ticti  IL  vizio;  Sp.  vicio }  L.  vitium; 
\V.  ffvyd.] 

1.  Properly^  a  spot  or  defect ;  a  fault ;  a  blemish  ; 
as,  the  vices  of  a  politicnl  constitution.       Madison. 

2.  In  ethics^  any  voluntary  action  or  course  of  con- 
duct which  deviates  from  the  rules  of  moral  recti- 
tude, or  from  ti>e  plain  rules  of  propriety  ;  any  moral 
unfitness  of  conduct,  either  from  delect  of  duty  or 
from  the  transgression  of  known  principles  of  recti- 
tude. Vice  dilfera  from  crime  in  being  less  enor- 
mous. We  never  call  murder  or  robbery  a  vice;  but 
eveT>'  act  of  intemperance,  all  falsehood,  duplicity, 
deception,  lewdness,  and  the  like,  is  a  vice.  The 
excessive  indulgence  of  passions  and  appetites,  which 
in  themselves  are  innocent,  is  a  rice.  The  smoking 
of  tobacco  and  the  taking  of  sniitf  may,  in  certain 
cases,  be  innocent,  and  even  useful ;  but  these  prac- 
tices may  be  carried  to  such  an  excess  as  to  become 
vices.  This  word  is  also  used  to  denote  a  habit  of 
transgressing;  as,  a  life  uf  vice.  Vice  is  rarely  a  sol- 
itary invader;  it  usually  brings  with  it  a  frightful 
train  of  followers. 

3.  Depravity  or  corruption  of  manners  ;  as,  an  age 
of  vice 

When  MM  pirrAlb,  and  Iminons  nw n  bear  BUay, 

llie  poM  uf  buuur  i<  a  pr>aie  Btatioii.  Adiliton. 

4.  A  fault  or  bad  trick  in  a  horse, 

5.  In  the  old  Emdish  drama,  (the  mysteries,  &.c.,) 


VIC 

a  butlbon  wearing  a  cap  with  ass's  ears,  whose  office 
was  to  toriiieiit  and  belabor  another  bulToon  who 
reprenenttnl  the  devil.  P.  Cyc. 

G.  An  iron  press  with  a  screw,  for  holding  articles 
fast  when  filed,  &.c.     [This  would  more  properly  be 
written  Vise,  like  the  French  pi5,  a  screw.]    ■ 
7.  A  gripe  or  grasp.     [O&jf.]  Shak. 

VICE,  v,  t.  To  press  or  seme  vp  to  a  thing  by  a 
kind  of  violence.     [JVot  in  use.]     [See  Vibe.]  Shak. 

VICE  [L.  Bice,  in  the  turn  or  place]  is  used  in  compo- 
sition to  denote  one  ^iii  vieein  ff^-it,  who  acta  in  the 
place  of  another,  or  is  second  in  authority. 

VICE-AD'MI-RAL,  ti.  In  the  navy,  the  second  ofllicer 
in  command.  His  Hag  is  displayed  at  the  fore  top- 
gallant mast  head.  Mar.  Diet. 

9.  A  civil  officer,  in  Great  Britain,  appt>inted  by  the 
lords  commissioners  of  the  admiralty  for  exercising 
admiralty  jurisdiction  within  their  respective  dis- 
tricts. 

VICE-AD'.MI-RAL-TV,  n.  The  office  of  a  vice-ad- 
miral ;  a  vice-admiralty  court. 

VICE-A'OENT,  JI.  [rice  and  affeiU.]  One  who  acts 
in  the  place  of  anollier.  HookerZ 

VICE-CHAM'BER-LAIN,  (lin,)  n.  An  officer  in 
court  next  in  command  to  the  lurd-chamberlain. 

England. 

VICE-CHAN'CEIr-LOR,  rt.  An  officer  in  a  univer- 
sity, in  England,  a  distinguisiied  member,  who  is 
annually  elected  to  manage  the  affairs  in  the  absence 
of  tlio  chiincellor.  Cyc. 

ViCE-CON'CsUL,  71.  One  who  acts  in  Uie  place  of  a 
consul. 

VrC£D,  (vist,)  a.    Vicious;  corrupt.    ]Xot  in  use.] 

Shak, 

VICE-DOGE',  n.  A  counselor  at  Venice  who  repre- 
sents the  doge  when  sick  or  absent.  Ci/c. 

VICE-Gk'RE.\-CY,  n.  [See  Vicegbrent.]  The  of- 
fice of  a  vicegerent ;  agency  under  another  ;  deputed 
power  \_  lieutenancy.  South. 

VlCE-Gi:'RE\T,  n.  [h.  vicem  gerens^  acting  in  the 
place  of  antrther.] 

\  lieutenant;  a  vicar ;  an  officer  who  is  deputed 
by  a  superior  or  by  proper  auiliurity  to  exercise  the 
powers  of  anoUier.  Kings  are  sometimes  called 
God's  vicegerents.  It  is  to  be  wished  lliey  would  al- 
ways deserve  the  apiiellation. 

VTCE-Gi^'RENT,  a.  Having  or  exercising  delegated 
power ;  acting  by  substitution,  or  in  the  place  of  an- 
other. Mtlton. 

VICE-LEG'ATE,  n.  An  officer  employed  by  the  pope 
to  perforin  the  office  of  spiritual  and  temporal  gov- 
ernor in  certain  cities,  when  there  is  no  legate  or  car- 
dinal tocomniund  there.  Cyc. 

VIC'E-NA-KY,  a.     [L.  viccnarius.] 
Belonging  to  twenty. 

VICE-PRES'1-DEN-CY,  n.  The  office  of  vice-presi- 
dent. StMry. 

VICE-PRES'I-DENT,  n.  An  officer  next  in  rank  be- 
low a  president.  United  Stales. 

VICE-Re'GAL,  a.  Pertaining  to  a  viceroy  or  vice- 
rovalty. 

VICE'ROY.  n.     [Fr.  vieeroi.] 

The  governor  of  a  kingdom  or  country  who  rules 
in  the  name  of  the  king  with  regal  authority,  as  the 
king's  substitute.  Swift. 

VICE-ROY'AL-TY,  n.  The  dignity,  office,  or  juris- 
diction of  a  viceroy. 

VICE'ROY-SIIIP,  n.  The  dignity,  office,  or  jurisdic- 
tion of  a  viceroy. 

VICE-SUP-FRESS'ING,  a.  Adapted  to  suppress 
vice. 

VI'CE-TY,  n.    Nicety  ;  exactness.  B.  Jonson, 

\J^ot  in  use:  probably  a  mistake.] 

VI'CE  VEH'SA,  [L.]  The  terms  or  the  case  being 
reversed. 

VI"CIATE,  (vish'ate,)  v.  L  [L.  vitio.  This  verb  is 
usually  written  Vitiate  ;  but  as  vice^  from  L.  vitium, 
is  established,  it  would  be  well  to  write  the  verb 
ViciATE,  ns  we  write  Apfreciate  and  Depreciate, 
from  L.  pretium.] 

\.  To  injure  the  substance  or  properties  of  a  thing 
so  as  to  impair  its  value,  and  lessen  or  destroy  its  use  ; 
to  make  less  pure,  or  wliully  impure  ;  to  deprave,  in 
a  physical  or  vioral  sense ;  as,  to  victate  the  blood  ;  to 
viciate  taste  or  style  ;  to  viciate  murals. 

9.  To  render  defective,  and  thus  destroy  the  valid- 
ity of;  to  invididate  by  defect;  as,  io  viciate  a  deed 
or  bond. 

V1"CIA-TED,  (vish'a-ted,)  pp.  or  o.  Depraved  ;  im- 
paired in  substance  or  quality ;  rendered  defective 
and  void. 

VI"CIA-TING,  ppr.  Injuring  in  substance  or  proper- 
ties ;  rendering  defective;  making  void. 

VI"CI-A'T10N,  n.     Depravation;  corruption. 

VIC'IN-AGE,  n.  [from  L.  vicinia^  neighborhood  ;  t?i- 
ci»u.?,  near.] 

Neighborhood ;  the  place  or  places  adjoining  or 
near.  A  jury  must  be  of  the  vicinage,  or  body  of  the 
county. 

In  law,  common  because  of  vicinage  is  where  the 
inhabitants  of  two  townships  contiguous  to  each 
other  have  usually  intercominuned  with  one  anoth- 
er ;  the  beasts  of  one  straying  into  tlie  other'jf  fields 
without  molestation  from  either.  Blockstone. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— MeTE,  PRgV.— PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 
1234        ~~ 


VIC 

VIC'I-NAL,  (  a.    Near  J  ncigbboriog.    [LitUf  used.] 
VIC'IXE,      i  OlanviUe. 

VI-CIN'I-TY,  n.     [L.  vicmitas.] 

1.  Nearness  in  place  ;  as,  tho  vicinity  of  two  coun- 
try seats. 

2.  Neighborhood ;  as,  a  scat  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
metropol  is. 

3.  Neighboring  conntry.  Vegetables  producfid  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  city  are  daily  brought  to  market. 
I'hft  cicinitv  is  full  of  gardens. 

VI"CI-OS'I-TY,  n.  Depravity ;  corruption  of  man- 
ners. 

[But  VicioussKss  is  generally  used.] 
VI"CIOlTS,  (vish'us,)  a.     [Ft.  vicieiix  ;  L.  vitiosus.) 

1.  Dtfeetire ;  imperfect ;  as,  a  system  of  govern- 
ment vicious  and  unsound.  Harte. 

3.  Addicted  to  vice  ;  corrupt  in  principles  or  con- 
duct ;  depraved  ;  wicked  j  habitually  transgressing 
the  moral  law  ;  as,  a  riot^u^race  of  men  ;  vicioiu  pa- 
rents ;  vicious  children.  • 

3.  Corrupt ;  contniry  to  moral  principles  or  to  rec- 
titude; as,  rici'ous  examples  ;  vicious  conduct. 

4.  Corrupt,  in  a  physical  scitsei  foul ;  impure ;  insa- 
lubrious ;  as,  vicious  air. 

5.  Corrupt  J  not  genuine  or  pure;  as,  cictoiw  lan- 
guage ;  vicious  idioms. 

6.  Unruly  ;  refractory ;  not  well  tamed  or  broken  ; 
as,  a  vicious  horse.  Smai-t. 

VI"CIOLIS-LY,  adv.  Corniptly  ;  in  a  manner  con- 
trary to  rectitude,  moral  principles,  propriety,  or  pu- 
rity. 

2.  Faultitv  ;  not  correctly.  Burnet, 
VI"CIOL"S-NESS,  n.     Addicledness  to  vice  j  corrupt- 
ness of  moral  principles  or  practice;  habitual  viola- 
tion of  the  moral  law,  or  of  moral  duties ;  depravity 
in  principles  or  in  manners. 

What  maJcn  a  ^ overoor  ]axti.y  detjibed,  b  Hdou«ncf  •  and  HI 
rauniU,  Soulh. 

Q.  Unruliness  j  refractoriness ;  as  of  a  beast 

A''ew  England. 
VI-CIS'SI-TUDE,  n.      [L.  viassitudo ;   from  ricw,  a 
turn.] 

1.  Regular  change  or  succepsion  of  one  thing  to 
another  ;  as,  the  vicissitudes  of  day  and  night,  and  of 
winter  and  summer;  the  vicissitudes  of  the  seasons. 

2.  Change  ;  revolution  ;  as  in  human  affairs.  We 
are  exposed  lo  continual  vicissitudes  of  fortune. 

VI-CIS-tsI-TO'DI-NA-RY,  a.     Changing  in  succes- 
sion. Donne. 
VI-CON'TI-EL,  a.    [1^  vice-comitalia.   Pee  Viscoumt.] 
In  old  laiD  books,  pertaining  to  the  sheritf. 
Vicontiel  rff/it*,  are  certain  rents  for  which  the  sher- 
iff pays  a  rent  to  the  king. 

Vicontiel  lorita,  are  such  as  are  triable  in  the  coun- 
ty or  sheriff  court.  Ct/c. 
Vl-€ON'TI  ELa,  lupl  Things  belonging  to  the  sher- 
iff ;  particularly,  farms  for  which  the  sheriff  pays  rent 
to  the  kin^.                                                               Cyc. 
VI'€OUNT,  71.     [L.  vice-comes.] 

1.  In  laiD  books,  the  sheriff. 

2.  A  degree  of  nobility  next  below  a  count  or  earl. 
[See  VucouNT.]  Cyc. 

VICTIM,  Ti,     [L.  victima  ;  Ft.  victime.] 

1.  A  living  oeing  sacrificed  to  some  di?ity,  or  in  the 
•  performance  of  a  religious  rite  ;  usually,  some  beast 

slain  in  sacrifice ;  hut  human  beings  have  been  sinin 
by  some  nations,  for  the  purpose  of  appeasing  the 
wrath  or  conciliating  the  favor  of  some  deity. 

2.  A  person  or  thing  destroyed  ;  a  person  or  thing 
sacrificed  in  the  pursuit  of  an  object.  How  many 
persons  have  fallen  victims  to  jealousy,  to  lust,  lo 
ambition  l 

Vie'Tl.M-ATE,  r.  (.    To  sacrifice     [JVo(  in  use.] 

BuHokar. 

Vie'TIM-TZE,  B.  £.  To  make  a  victim  of;  to  sacri- 
fice or  destroy.     [A  cnnt,  bul  common,  worrf.] 

VICTOR,  71.  [L.,  from  vinco^  victns,  to  conquer,  or 
the  same  root.  A"  not  being  radical,  the  rout  is  vico 
or  viffo  ;  Sax.  wiV,  I'^iggy  war ;  wi^a,  a  warrior,  a  he~ 
ro,  a  victor;  wigan,  to  war,  to  fight.  The  primary 
genso  is,  to  urge,  drive,  or  strive  ;  hmce,  to  subdue.] 

1.  One  who  conquers  in  war ;  a  vanquisher ;  one 
who  defeats  an  enemy  in  battle.  Victor  differs  from 
conqueror.  We  apply  conqueror  to  one  who  subdues 
countries,  kinsdom^,  or  nations  ;  as,  Alexander  was 
the  conqueror  of  Asia  or  India,  or  of  many  nations,  or 
of  the  world.  In  such  pbra>*e3,  we  can  not  substi- 
tute victor.  But  we  use  victor  when  we  speak  of  one 
who  overcomes  a  [larticular  enemy,  or  in  a  particular 
battle  ;  as,  Cesar  was  victor  nt  Pharsalia.  The  duke 
of  Wellington  was  victor  at  Waterloo.  Victor,  then, 
13  not  fnllowed  by  ihe  possessive  case;  for  we  do  not 
say,  Alexander  was  the  victor  of  Darius,  though  we 
aay,  he  was  victor  at  Arbela.  Johnson. 

2.  One  who  vanquishes  another  in  private  combat 
or  contest ;  as,  a  victor  in  the  Olympic  games. 

3.  One  who  wins  or  gains  the  advantage. 

In  lovr,  ihe  viclort  from  tlif  vanquishij  fly  ; 

'Th'-j  fly  tliiU  wouud,  wid  they  punue  UitUdie.  Waller. 

4.  Master ;  lord. 

Th^i^,  vlnor  of  ht)  heiilth,  Wii  fortun'?,  friendi.  Pope. 

[Sol  uiual,  Hor  /e^Jtunate.] 

VI€'TOR-lSSS,  n.  A  female  who  vanquishes.  Spenser. 


VIE 

VI€-T0'RI-OUS,  a.     [Fr.  rictorieux.] 

1.  Having  conquered  in  battle  or  contest;  having 
overcome  an  enemy  or  antagonist ;  conquering ;  van- 
quishing ;  as,  a  victorious  general ;  victorious  troops  ; 
a  victorious  admiral  or  navy 

2.  That  produces  conquest ;  as,  a  victorious  day. 

Pope. 

3.  Emblematic  of  conquest ;  indicating  victory ; 
as,  brows  hound  with  victorious  wreaths.         Skak. 

Vie-TCUI-OUS-LY,  adv.  With  conquest ;  with  de- 
feat of  an  enemy  or  antagonist;  triumphantly;  as, 
grace  will  carry  us  victoriously  through  all  dlHiculties. 

Hammond. 

VI€-T0'RI-OUS-NESS,  ti.  The  slate  of  being  victo- 
rious. 

VICTO-RY,  n.  [L.  victoria^  from  vinco,  victus,  to  con- 
quer ;  Fr.  vicioire.] 

1.  Conquest ;  the  defeat  of  an  enemy  in  battle,  or 
of  an  antagonist  in  contest ;  a  gaining  of  the  superi- 
ority in  war  or  combat.  Victary  supposes  the  power 
of  an  enemy  or  antagonist  to  prove  inferior  to  that 
of  the  victor.  Fu-tjri/,  liowever,  depends  not  al- 
ways on  superior  skillor  valor  ;  it  is  often  gained  by 
the  fault  or  mistake  of  the  vanquished. 

Victory  muy  be  honorable  to  tlie  arms,  but  ahanieful  to  the  couii- 
BcU  of  «  nation.  JJolingbroke. 

2.  The  advantage  or  superiority  gained  over  spirit- 
ual enemies,  over  passions  and  appetites,  or  over 
temptations,  or  in  any  struggle  or  competition. 

VI€'TRES!S,  n.     A  female  that  conquers,  Shak. 

VICT'UAL.     See  Victuals 

VICT'UAL,  (vit'l,)  r.  (.    [from  mctualy  the  noun.] 

1,  To  supply  with  provisions  for  subsistence  ;  as, 
to  victual  an  army  ;  to  victual  a  garrison. 

2.  To  store  with  provisions ;  as,  to  victiuU  a  ship. 
VICT'UAL-£D,  (vit'ld,)  pp.      Supplied  with  provis- 
ions. 

VICT^UAL-ER,  (vil'ler,)  71,  One  who  furnishes  pro- 
visions. 

2.  One  who  keeps  a  house  of  entertainment. 

3.  A  provision-ship ;  a  ship  employed  to  carry  pro- 
visions for  other  ships,  or  for  supplying  troops  at  a 
distance. 

VICT'UAL-ING,  (vit'Iing,)  ppr.  Supplying  with  pro- 
visions. 

VICT'UAL-ING-HOUSE,  ji.  A  house  where  provis- 
ion is  made  for  strangers  to  eat. 

VICT'UALS,  (vit'tlz,)  n.  pi.  [Fr.  victuailles;  It  vetJo- 
rn^f/ia ;  Sp.  v'tualla;  from  L.  ■oictiis,  food,  from  the 
root  of  tJtro,  which  was  vigo  or  vico,  coinciding  with 
vigeo  i  Basque,  vicia,  life.  This  word  is  now  never 
used  in  the  singular.] 

Food  for  human  beings,  prepared  for  eating;  that 
which  supports  human  life;  provisions;  meat;  sus- 
tenance. We  never  apply  tiiis  word  to  that  on 
which  beasts  or  birds  feed,  and  we  apply  it  chiefly 
to  food  for  men  when  cooked  or  prepared  for  the  ta- 
ble. We  do  not  now  give  this  name  to  flesh,  corn, 
or  flour  in  a  crude  state  ;  but  we  say,  the  victuals  are 
well  cooked  or  dressed,  and  in  great  abundance. 
We  say,  a  man  eats  his  victuals  with  a  good  relish. 

Sucli  phrases  as,  to  buy  victuals  for  the  army  or 
navy,  to  lay  in  victuals  for  the  winter,  &.c.,  are  now 
obsolete.  We  say,  to  buy  provisions .;  yet  we  use  the 
verb,  to  victual  an  army  or  ship. 

Ff-DAME'y  n.  In  Frrnch  feudal  jurisprudence,  a  name 
given  ^o  a  class  of  officers  who  represented  the  bish- 
ops, and  who  subsequently  erected  tlieir  offices  into 
fiefs,  and  became  ftiudal  nobles.  Brande. 


Vi'DK,  [L.]     See, 

-DEL'I  ... 

o  wit ;  nanifly.     An  abhroviation  for  this  word 

[is  viz. 


VI 


I  CET,  adt\     [L.,  for  videre  lieet.] 


VTDE  UT  SV^PR.^,  [L.]    See  as  above. 
VID'U-AL,  a.     [L.  viduus,  deprived.] 

Beltinging  to  the  sfcite  of  a  widow.     [JV"<*(  used,] 
VI-DO'I-TY,  71.     [h.  viduitas.] 
Widowhood.     [Jfot  used.] 
VIE,  r.  t.    [Sax.  wtgan,  to  war,  to  contend,  that  is,  to 
strain,  to  urge,  to  press.     Pee  Victor.] 

To  strive  for  superiority  ;  to  contend  ;  lo  use  effort 
in  a  race,  contest,  competition,  rivalship,  or  strife. 
How  detishtful  it  is  to  see  children  vie  with  each 
other  in  diligence  and  in  duties  of  obedience  ! 

lu  a  trailing  oHtioti,  tlir^  youn^r  tons  in^  ^  pticcd  in  a  way  of 
lilc  to  cw  with  tl>e  btwi  t/  Uicir  faiiiily,  Additon. 

VIE,  tJ.  (.    To  show  or  practice  in  competition  ;  as,  to 
vie  power;  to  vie  cliaritiea.     [JVot  legitimate.] 
2.  To  urge  ;  to  press. 

Slip  him^  nttniit  my  nr-ck,  dnii  Viu  and  kisa 
Sh*;  vied  »o  fatl.     [Not  in  use.]  ShaJc. 

Vt-ELLE',  (ve-yel',)  n.  [Fr.]  A  stringed  instrument 
played  upon  with  a  wheel ;  a  hurdy-gurdy. 

Buchanan. 
VT  ET  XR'MIS,  [L.]    In  law,  with  force  and  arms  ; 

words  expressive  of  a  trespass.  Bouvier. 

VIEW,  (vu,)  o.  (.  [Fr.  vue,  from  voir,  to  see,  con- 
tracted from  L.  viaere,  Rubs,  vija.  Sans.  vid.  The  pri- 
mary sense  is,  to  reach  or  extend  to.] 

1.  To  survey  ;  to  examine  with  iFie  eye  ;  to  look 
on  with  attention,  or  for  the  purposo  of  exaniining  ; 
to  inspect ;  to  ox[iloro.  Vieto  differs  from  look,  see, 
and  behold,  in  expressing  more  particular  or  contin- 
ued attention  to  the  thing  which  is  the  object  of 


VIG 

sight.  We  ascended  .Mount  IlDlyuke,  and  vicwedlht 
charming  landscape  bt;Iuw.  We  viewed  %vith  delight 
the  rich  valleys  of  tho  Connecticut  about  the  town 
of  Northampton. 

tio  up  ftnit  iri/w  thfl  country.—  Joih.  vil, 
I  viewti  the  wall*  of  J«rus;Uem.  —  Neh.  vll. 

2.  To  see  ;  to  perceive  by  the  eye.  Pope, 

3,  To  survey  intellectually  ;  to  examine  with  the 
mental  eye  ;  to  consider.  View  the  subject  in  all  ita 
aspects. 

VIEW,  (vu,)  71.    Prospect ;  sight ;  reach  of  the  eye. 

Th«  walls  of  Pluto'i  palace  are  ia  vieio,  Dryden. 

2.  The  whole  extent  seen.  Vast  or  extensive 
views  present  themselves  to  the  eye. 

3.  Sight ;  power  of  seeing,  or  limit  of  eight.  Tho 
mountain  was  not  within  our  view. 

4.  Intellectual  or  menial  sight.  These  things  give 
us  a  just  view  of  the  designs  of  Providence. 

5.  Act  of  seeing.  The  facts  mentioned  were  veri- 
fied by  actual  view. 

().  Sight  ;  eye 

ObjocU  iic^f  ouc  vietB  an?  Ihoiiglit  ^:iUer  than  thoM  of  larger 
tv/j::,  tliiit  an  inure  ntinuK.'.  Lodct. 

7.  Survey  ;  inspection ;  examination  by  the  eye. 
The  assessors  took  a  view  of  the  premises. 

Surveying  aalurc  with  too  nice  a  view.  Drydtn. 

8.  Intellectual  survey  ;  mental  examination.  On 
a  just  vieio  of  all  the  arguments  in  the  case,  the  law 
appt^ars  to  be  clear. 

9.  Appearance  ;  show 

Grucet  — 
Which,  by  the  splendor  of  hir  w«» 
Dazzled,  b<  fun*  we  never  knew.  Woi/#r. 

10.  Display;  exhibition  to  the  sight  or  mind. 

To  give  a  right  iriew  ot  this  mistaken  pa«  of  liberty,      txkke. 

11.  Prospect  of  interest. 

No  mnn  •(.-(>  hiiiiwlf  about  any  thing,  but  upon  •ome  oinv  or 
other,  which  w-rvcs  him  for  a  reason.  Lockt, 

12.  Intention  ;  purpose  ;  design.  With  that  view 
he  began  the  expedition.  Witli  a  vino  to  commerce, 
he  passed  throuijh  Egypt. 

13.  Opinion;  manner  of  seeing  or  understanding. 
These  arc  my  views  of  the  policy  which  ought  to  M 
pursued. 

View  of  frankpledge;  in  /aw,  a  court  of  record, 
held  in  a  hundred,  lordship,  or  manor,  before  the 
steward  of  the  leet.  Blackstone. 

Point  of  vieio;  the  direction  in  which  a  thing  is  seen. 

VIEW'A'D,  (vude,)  pp.  Surveyed  ;  examined  by  tlie 
eye  ;  inspected  ;  considered. 

VIEWER,  (vu'er,)  n.  One  who  views,  surveys,  or 
examines. 

2.  In  JW?/j  England,  a  town  officer  whose  duty  ia 
to  inspect  something ;  as^  a  viewer  of  fences,  who 
inspects  them  to  determine  whether  they  are  suffi- 
cient in  law. 

VIEWING,  (vu'ing,)  ppr.  Surveying;  examining 
by  the  eye  or  by  the  mind  ;  inspecting  ;  exploring. 

VIEWING,  (vu'ing,)  n.  The  act  of  beholding  or  sur- 
veying. 

VIEWLESS,  (vuMess,)  a.  That  cnn  not  be  seen; 
not  being  perceivable  by  the  eye,  'nvisiblo ;  as, 
vieioless  winds.  SkaJc 


Swift  through  the  valves  the  visionary  fnir 
Rcpus»eil,  luiii  mewleaa  inixeil  with  common  air. 


Pope. 


VIEW'LY,  (vu'le,)  a.     Striking  to  the  view. 
VI-6ES-I-M  A'TION,  71.     [L.  vigesimvs,  twentieth. ' 
The  act  of  putting  to  death  every  twentieth  niaa 

Bailey. 

VIG'IL,  (vij'il,)  7t.     [L.  vigilia;  Fr.  vigile;  L.  vigil. 

waking,  wiitchful ;  vigilo,  to  watch.    This  is  formed 

on  the  root  of  Eug.  wake.  Sax.  wacan^  weean.    The 

primary  sense  is,  to  stir,  or  excite,  to  rouse,  to  agitate.] 

1.  Watch  ;  devotion  performed  in  the  customary 
hours  of  rest  or  sleep. 

So  ihcy  in  heaven  their  odes  and  vigift  t'lnwl.  Afl/ton, 

2.  In  church  affairs,  the  eve  or  evening  before  any 
feast,  the  ecclesiastical  day  bpginnin*g  at  six  o^clock 
in  the  evening,  and  continuing  till  the  same  hour 
the  following  evening;  hence,  a  religious  service 
performed  in  the  evening  preceding  a  holiday.     Cyc. 

3.  A  fast  observed  on  the  day  preceding  a  holiday  ; 
a  wake.  ^V* 

4.  Watch  ;  forbearance  of  sleep ;  as,  the  vigils  of 
the  card-table.  JSddison. 

Vigils  or  watehTttgt  #f    Bowers  ;  a  term  used   by 

LinniBUs  to  express  a  pccnliar  faculty  belonging  to 

the  flowers  of  certain  plants,  of  opening  and  closing 

their  pi-tals  at  certain  hours  of  the  day  Cyc 

VIO'I-LANCE,  Ti.  [Fr.,  from  L.  vigilana    See  Vioit-.] 

1.  Forbearance  of  sleep ;  a  state  of  being  awake. 

Parr 

2.  Watchfulness  ;  circumspection  ;  attention  of 
the  mind  in  discovering  and  guarding  against  dan- 
ger, or  providing  for  safety.  Vigilance  is  a  virtue  of 
prime  importance  in  a  general.  Tlie  vigilance  of  the 
dog  is  no  less  remarkable  than  his  fidelity. 

3.  Guard  ;  watch. 

In  at  this  givie  none  i»m 
The  vigUance  hen:  phicerl.     [UnutuaJ.]  Milton. 

VId'I-LAN-CY,  for  Vioilakce,  is  not  used. 


TCiNE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.— €  o«  K;  O  as  J;  S  aa  Z3  CII  as  611 ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1235 


VIL 

VIO'ULANT,  o.     [Fr.,  fmm  L.  n>i/<m*.] 

Wntcliful ;  circumspect ;  attentive  tu  discover  and 
avoid  danger,  ot  to  provide  for  safety. 

T*ke  your  plAc«^  at»l  br  vtritanL  Sfiak. 

Be  totKt,  be  Rfi^onJ.  —  I  ftrU  T. 

ViG'I-LAPn'-LY,  «Jr.  [Supra.]  Watchfully;  with 
attrition  to  danger  and  the  means  of  safety ;  cir- 
cumspectly. 

VI-CLX-TlVr-RATE,  m.     [L.  ri/tufi  and  viri.] 

A  lindy  of  officers  of  govennnent,  consisting  of 
twenty  men.  *  Murpkw. 

VIG-NETTE',  (cMUMSiiiy  pronotaued  vln'yet,)  «.  [Fr. 
vigiutiey  from  rigiu^  a  vine.] 

A  nnme  given  to  small  en^mved  embellishments 
with  which  booKs,  bank  note^,  &c.,  are  omninented. 
Such  embellishments  were  onginally  [viinted  on  the 
m:in;iusuf  manuscriirts,  usually  in  the  form  of  !»mall 
vines,  (riy«fU«*,)  whence  the  name.  Properly^  there- 
foret  a  vignM*  is  a  design  which  is  not  surrounded, 
like  ordinary  pictures,  with  a  border. 

VIG'OR,  «.  [I*.,  from  ri>e»,  to  be  brisk,  to  grow,  to 
be  strong  ;  allied  to  vitoy  viri^  to  live,  and  to  ti^ax. 
vifva,  to  carry  on  war,  and  to  mtAe.]  » 

1.  Active  strength  or  force  of  body  in  animals  j 
^ysical  force. 

The  vjfor  of  lUa  um  wm  oevrr  Tain.  />ryd!m. 

3.  Strength  of  mind  ;  intellectual  force  ;  enerio'. 
We  say,  a  man  possesses  ryor  of  mind  or  intellect. 

3.  Strength  or  force  in  animal  ur  vegetable  motion  ; 
as,  a  i^ant  grows  with  ri^r. 

4.  Strength  ;  energy  ;  efficacy. 

Id  the  fruitful  earth 
Hm  beams,  oDMtire  rlae,  iheiryigvr  fiad.  JkMliM. 

VIG'OR,  V.  t  To  invigorate.    [AW  in  «*«.]  FeWumu 
yiO-O-RO'SOj  [It-J  Id  miute,  with  energy. 
VIG'OR-OUS,  a.-  Full  of  physical  sireneih  or  active 

force  ;  strong ;  lusty  ;  as,  a  vi^mrvM  youth ;  a  vigor- 

OM  body. 

2.  Powerful ;  strong;  made  by  strength,  either  of 
body  or  mind  ;  as,  a  ri/«r«««  attack  ;  vigorous  exer- 
littns.    The  enemy  expects  a  vigmrmu  campaign. 

Tfat  brftnntnja  vt  toafedendea  have  been  njoreve  and   ■«■>• 


VIG'OR-OUS-LY,  Wv.  Whh  great  physical  force  oc 
nrength ;  forcibly;  with  active  exertioiis;  as,  to 
prosecute  an  enterpriae  rtVersaWy. 

VlG'0R-Ot"S-NES8,  «.  The  quality  of  being  vigor- 
ous or  possessed  of  arUve  strenfnh. 

[Ftgor  and  all  its  derivatives  imply  active  filrength, 
V  the  power  of  action  and  exertion,  in  distinction 
from  pusive  strength,  or  strength  to  endure.] 

VTLB,  &     (L.  viUt;   Ft.  and  Sp.  vil;   It  eife;   Gr. 

1.  Base ;  hmmi  ;  wmtMeM ;  daepicabi*. 

Tte  lBh>>*«iKs  aceovM  goM  a  site  lUng.  JitoL 

A  mmn  im  nJt  nlnral.  •—  Janet  i. 

WbrfHwe  aiv  wv  oottaied  m  bwanii  uad  rvpvled  as  tik  In  your 
■iffalf  —  Job  zvai. 

9.  Morally  base  or  impure ;  sinful ;  depraved  by 
sin ;'  wicked ;  hateful  in  the  sight  tif  God  and  of  good 
men.  The  sons  of  Eli  made  tlieiaaelves  rile.  1 
Smmu  iit 

Bchokl,  1  am  tOt;  what  ahaU  I  annrrr  f  —  Job  xL 

VTL'£D,  ■.  AbQsiTe;  acurrilous;  defamatory.  [JVW 
iM  V.I  Hafmard. 

VTUB'LT,  adv.  Basely ;  meanly ;  shamefully ;  as, 
Hector  viltif  dragged  nhtnil  the  wnlls  of  Tmy. 

2.  In  a  cowardly  manner.    2  Sami.  u       [Philips, 

Tbe  TolKkaa  viUf  jidOeiX  ibe  tovn.  SKak. 

VTLCXBSS,  «.     BftseoesB ;   meanness  ;   despicable- 


Draylon. 

degradation  by 


3.  Mor«l  baseness  or  depravity  , 
sin;  extreme  wickedness;   as,  the  rifnusj  of  man- 
kind. 

VTL'EST,  a.     Most  vile. 

VIb-l-Fl-t"A'TIOX,  a.    The   act  of  vilifjing  or  de- 
famine. 

VIL'I-FT-ED,  (vire-flde,)  pp,      [from  viliff.]      De- 
famed ;  traduced  :  debased. 

VIL'I-FI-ER,  «.    One  who  defames  or  traduces. 

VIL'I-F?,  e.  u     [from  vile,]    To  make  vile;  to  de- 
base ;  to  degrade. 

TliA  BlafaT\  fenag* 
Porvaok  Ibem,  «he«  UtrmtttTca  they  ti^^ti 
Tt,  «?nre  DBfo««nMd  apprtkr.  AfUon. 

3.  To  defame ;  to  traduce  ;  to  attempt  to  degrade 
by  slander. 

Mao;  pudoM  dapoae  as  Id  <1rptns  and  aH/w  the  iw rit  o(  one 

rmnf  m  Uk  emaan  cf  aankind.  AAHnn. 

[T'ki't  w  the  mmtt  imrW  atauv  ^thewrb.] 
VIL/I-FT-IXG,  ppr.  DebaMne;  defaming. 
VIL'I-PEND,  c.  L     [U  v>Iipemdo.] 

To  de)<pt9e.     [JVo(  in  u.v^.1 
VII>-I-PE.\D'EN-CY,  n.    Disesteem  ;  slight     [JTot  m 

use.] 
VII/I-TV,  n.    Vileness ;  baseness.     [.Xot  in  use.] 

KenneL 


VIL 

VILL,  n.     [L.  viUa  ;  Fr.  riW*.J 

A  village  ;  a  small  lollfc-tion  of  houses.       Hale. 
The  statute  of  Ext^ter,  14   Edward  L,  mentions 
*Htire-vHls,  demi-viiist  and  hamlets,  Ct/e. 

VIL'LA,  s.     [U  nUia  ;  Fr.  ville.] 

A  couuiry-scat ;  usually  one  for  the  residence  of  a 
wealthy  person. 
VIL'LAGE,  n.  [Fr.,  from  viUa.]  A  small  nssem- 
blnee  of  hniises,  less  than  a  town  or  city,  and  iu- 
hnhiied  chiefly  by  farmers  and  other  lalxiring  people. 
In  EHiTlaitdj  it  i»  said  that  n  rdla^t^is  distinguished 
from  a  town  by  the  want  of  n  market.  Cyc. 

In  the  United  SlaCe«,  no  such  distinction  exists,  and 
any  small  assemblage  of  houses  in  the  country  is 
called  a  vttta^ 
VIL'L.\-4^ER,  H.     An  inhabitant  of  a  village. 

Jililtnn. 
VIL'LA-GER-Y.  n.  A  district  of  villages.  Shak. 
VIL'LAI.\,«.  [Fr.  vitatn  ;  iLond  Sp.vinano;  Norm. 
vilaint.  According  to  the  Frenrh  orthtigraphy,  this 
wurd  is  formed  frt>m  vilr :  but  the  urtliogntphy  in 
other  languages  connects  this  w<»rd  with  riJ/,  vUlagCy 
and  this  is  probably  the  true  orifjin.] 

1.  In  feudal  iatc^  a  villain,  or  villein,  is  one  who 
holds  lands  by  a  base  or  servile  tenure,  or  in  vil- 
leaage.  Villains  were  of  two  sorts  :  villaimt  retrard- 
saT,  that  i^,  annexed  to  the  uiantir,  adacriptitii  gteba  ; 
or  villcijis  in  erosSt  that  is,  annexed  to  the  person  of 
their  lord,  and  transferable  from  one  to  another. 

Black.itone. 
9.  A  vile,  wicked  person  ;  a  man  extremely  de- 
prived, and  capable  or  gnilty  of  great  crimes.  We 
call  hy  the  name  of  rillitin  the  thief,  the  rohlwr,  the 
burgt.irian,  the  murderer,  the  incendiary,  the  rav- 
isher,  the  seducer,  the  cheat,  the  swindler,  6lc. 
Calm,  tluiikins  miSaint,  whom  no  faith  coulJ  fix.  Pope. 

VIL'LAIN-OUS,  fl.     [from  vitlain.]     Base  ;  very  vile. 
'2.  Wicked  :  extremely  depraved  ;  as,  a  vUtaimnui 
persim  or  wretch. 

3.  Proceeding  t>om  extreme  depravity ;  as,  a  vU- 
lammu  action. 

<  Sorry  ;  vile  ;  mischievous  ;  in  a  familiar  gense; 
as,  a  viUaiMeus  trick  of  the  eye.  Shak. 

VUl^imoms  judgment ;  in  old  laWytk  judgment  that 
casts  reproach  on  the  guilty  person. 
VIL'LALN  OUS-LY,    adv.      B:is,ly ;    with    extreme 

wickrdness  or  depravity. 
VIL'LAIX-OUS-\E.S8,  a       Baseness;  extreme  de- 
pravity. 
VIL'L.VlN-Y, ».     Extreme  depravity  ;  atrocious  wick- 
edness ;  as,  the  rUtainif  of  the  thief  or  the  robber ; 
the  vtUainy  of  the  seducer. 

Tbe  eominrmlAtwi)  li  oo(  in  Us  wh,  bat  in  Us  viUofny.    Shak. 

3.  A  crime;  an  action  of  deep  depravity.  [In  this 
sense,  the  word  has  a  plural.] 

Sudi  viUwimat  rofwed  Uonce  into  wrath.  Drydtn. 

VIVLAKIN,  a     A  lilUe  village.     [Jt  vord  used  by 
Oan.) 

V1L'LAN-.A6E,  n.    The  stale  of  a  villain  ;  base  ser 
vitude. 

3.  A  base  tenure  of  lands  ;  tenure  on  condition  of 
doing  the  meanest  services  f{*r  the  lord,  usually  writ- 
ten  VllXE?tAGE. 

3,  naseness;  infamy.     [See  ViLLAinr.] 
VIL'LAN-IZE,  r.  t    To  debase;  to  degrade;  to  de- 
lame  ;  to  revile.  • 


Wei*'  Tirtur  br  de»ornl,  a  noblv  name 
Could  iftrr  mllanix*  hi*  f«tlter'a  Unie. 
[Liult  ufed.] 


Dryden. 


VIL'LAN-IZ-ED,  pp.  Defamed ;  debased.  [LitOe 
iwfd.] 

VIL'LAN-TZ-ING,  ppr  Defaming;  debasing.  [Lit- 
tle used.] 

VIL'LAiVOUS,  a.     [from  villain.    It  is  desirable  that 
this  and   the  three  following  words  should  be  spirit 
with   i,  as  villatHoits,  itc,  as  given   above,  because 
thf  y  come  regularly  from  villtiin.] 
i.  Base  ;  very  vile. 

2.  Wicked;  extremely  depraved;  as,  a  viUanous 
person  or  wretch. 

3.  Proceeding  from  extreme  depravity;  ns,  a  viU 
lanous  action. 

4.  Stirrj- ;  vile  ;  mischievous  ;  in  a  famdiar  sevse  ; 
as,  a  viUjinoitj*  trick  of  the  eye.  Shak. 

Vdlanous  jtuLifmmi;  in  old  lawj  a  judgment  that 
casts  reproach  on  the  guilty  person. 

VIL'LA.N-OUS-LY,  adv.  Basely  ;  with  extreme 
tvickedness  or  depravity. 

VIL'LAX-OUS-AESS,  n.  Baseness;  extreme  de- 
pravity. 

VIL'LAN-Y,  n.  Extreme  depravity  ;  atrocious  wick- 
edness; 03,  the  viUany  of  the  thief  or  the  robber; 
the  villany  of  the  seducer. 

The  commeiidatiof)  u  not  in  his  wk,  but  in  hii  iHUata/.      S9iak. 

2.  A  crime  ;  an  action  of  deep  depravity.     In  this 
sense,  the  word  has  a  plural. 

Such  oiilames  routed  Horace  into  wrath.  Dryden. 

VIL-LAT'ie,  a.     [L.  viUatieu^.] 
Pertaining  to  a  village. 

Tam-,  vUttUie  fowl.  M'dtoK. 


VIN 

VIL'LE.V-AGR,  n.     [from  villain.]    A  tenureof  lands 

and  tenements  by  base  services.  Blackstone. 

VIL'LI,  n.  pi.     [I,.,  from  rUta.-i.] 

1.  In  anatomy^  fine,  small  fibers. 

2.  In  hoLinifj  ^ne  hairs  on  plants. 
VIL.'LOU:5,  a.     [L.  villusus^  from  viUusy  hair,  Eng. 

wool.] 

1.  Abouniling  with  fine  hairs  or  wooty  substance; 
nattpy  ;  shaggy  ;  rouph  ;  as.  a  villous  coat 

The  tiillouji  coat  of  the  stcmiach  and  intestines  is 
the  inner  mucous  nienibrann,  so  called  from  the  in- 
numerable villi  or  fnie  fibrils  with  which  its  internal 
surface  is  covered.  Cyc.     Parr. 

3.  In  botany,  covered  with  soft  hairs. 
VIM'IX-AL,  a.     [L.  viminalis.] 

Pertaining  to  twigs  ;  consisting  of  twigs;  produc- 
ing twics. 
VI-MIN'E-OUS,   a.       [L.    vimineus^    from    vimen,    a 
twig.} 

Made  of  twigs  or  shoots. 

In  the  hire'a  vimineout  dome.  Prior. 

VT-NA'CEOUS,  (vl-na'shus,)  a.     [L.  cinocfu*.] 

1.  Belonging  to  wine  or  grapes.  frhtte, 

2.  Of  (he  rnlor  of  wine. 
ri^rAl-QHETTB:',  n.    [Ft.]     A  small  box  of  silver, 

&c.,  with   perforations  on  the  top,  for  holding  aro- 
matic vinegar  contained  in  a  sponge,  and  used  like  a 
smellinif-botlle. 
VIN'CI-BLE,  a.      [from  L.  vinco^  to  conquer.    See 
Victor.] 

Comiuerable ;  that  may  be  overcome  or  sub- 
dued. 

He  not  vindbtt  in  spirit.  Hayward. 

VIN'CI-BLF^NESS, )  n.     The  capacity  of  being  con- 

VIN-CI-BIL'I-TY,     (      quered ;  conquerableness. 

Diet. 

VINC'TtniE,  w.     [I*  vinctura.] 
A  binding.     [Jvo(  in  use.] 

VIN€'IJ-LUM,  n.  [L.]  A  bond  of  union  ;  ;>aWicu- 
larbj,  in  mathematics,  a  straight  mark  placed  over 
several  members  of  a  com]HMifid  quantity,  which  are 
to  bej*uhjected  to  the  same  operation  Day. 

VIN-lJii'MI-AL,  a.  [1*.  vindemialisj  from  vitidcmiaf 
vintage  ;  vinra  and  demo.] 

Belonging  to  a  vintage  or  simpe  harvest. 

VI\-Ul~;'Ml-ATE,  r.  i.  [Supra.]  To  gather  the  vin- 
taae.  Evelyn. 

VIN-DE-MI-A'TION,  n.  The  operation  of  gathering 
grapes.  Badey. 

VIN-DI-GA-BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  quality  of  being  vin- 
dicable,  or  capable  of  support  or  justification. 

Junm.  of  Science. 

VIN'DI-CA-BLE,  a.  [Infra.]  That  may  be  vindi- 
cated, justified,  or  supported.  Dwight. 

ViN'DI-eATE,  I?.  U     \\u  vindico.] 

1.  To  defend  ;  to  justify  ;  to  support  or  maintain 
ns  true  or  correct,  against  denial,  censure,  or  objec- 
tions. 

When  the  respondent  denies  any  pmposjtion,  the  opponent  must 

vimlicnU  it.  WalU. 

Liitjfh  when'  we  mtwt,  be  candid  where  we  can  j 
But  vindicau  the  wnjs  or  God  to  man.  Pope. 

2.  To  assert ;  to  defend  with  success  ;  to  maintain  ; 
to  prove  tu  be  just  or  valid  ;  as,  to  vindicate  a  claim  or 
title. 

3.  To  defend  with  arms,  or  otherwise ;  as,  to  rin- 
dieate  our  rights. 

4.  To  avenge  ;  to  punish  ;  as,  a  war  to  vindicate  or 
punish  infidelity.  ,--  Bacon. 

God  i*  more  powerful  to  exact  eiibjeclion  and  to  vindicate  rebel- 
lion, PearBon. 

[Thv!  latter  use  is  entirely  obsolete.] 

VlN*DI-eA.TED,  pp.  Defended  ;  supported  ;  main- 
tained ;  proved  to  be  just  or  true. 

Vl.V'DI-eA-TlNG,p;^r.  Defending  ;  supporting  against 
denial,  censure,  charge,  or  itnpeachnient ;  proving  to 
be  true  or  just ;  dffending  bv  force. 

VK\-DI-€a'TIOaN,  n.     [IV ,  from  L.  vindico.] 

1.  The  defense  of  any  thing,  or  a  justification 
against  denial  or  censure,  or  against  objections  or 
accusation?;  as,  the  i'i«f/ic'itiri«  of  opinions  or  of  a 
creed  ;  the  vindication  of  the  Scriptures  against  the 
objections  and  cavils  of  infidels. 

2.  Tbe  act  of  supporting  by  proof  or  legal  process; 
the  proving  of  any  thing  to  be  just ;  as,  the  viudica- 
tton  of  a  title,  claim,  or  right. 

3.  Defense  by  force  or  otherwise  ;  as,  the  vindica- 
tion of  the  rights  cf  man  ;  the  vindication  of  our 
liberties  or  the  rights  of  ctinscience. 

VIiVDI-GA-'i'l  VE,  a.    Tending  to  vindicate. 
9.  Revengeful. 

[This  is  no\\fc  generally  VtrfotcxivE.] 
VI\'Dl-€A-TOR,  n.     One  who  vindicates;  one  wb» 

justifies  or  maintains  ;  one  who  defends.    Dryden. 
VL\'DI-C\-TO-RY,  a.    Punitory;  inflicting  punish- 
ment ;  avenging. 

The  afllictions  of  Job  were  not  vindicatory  punishments. 

BranAaa. 
2.  Tending  to  vindicate  ;  justificatory. 
VIN-DU;'TIVE,  a.     [Fr.  vindicatif.] 
Revengeful ;  given  to  revenge. 

I  nm  vituliciioc  enough  to  npel  force  by  force,  Dryden. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PR6Y.— PINE,  MARt.N'E,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BpOK.- 

1236  ^^ 


VIO 

VIN-Die'TIVE-LY,  adv.    By  way  of  revenge;   re- 

veiicefiilly. 
VK\-Die'TIVE-NESP,  n.    A  revengeful  temper. 

2.  Revengefuliiess. 
\^^'E,  n,     [C  vinea  ;   Ft.  vigite;  from  the  It.  ct/na, 

Sp.  vina,  a  vrneyard  ;  W.  jpotnien,  vine,  and  gwin^ 

wine.     See  Wine.] 

1.  A  woody,  climbing  plant,  that  produces  grapes, 
of  the  genus  Vitis,  and  of  a  great  number  of  varie- 
ties. 

2.  Tlie  lone,  slender  stem  of  any  plant,  that  trails 
on  the  ground,  or  climbs  and  supports  itself  by  wind- 
ing round  a  fixed  object,  or  by  seizingany  fixed  thing 
with  its  tendrils  or  claspers.  Thus  we  speak  of  the 
hop  rtne,  the  bean  vine,  the  vines  of  melons,  squashes, 
piimpkins.  and  other  cucurbitaceous  plants. 

VINE'-GLAD,  a.    Clad  or  covered  with  vines. 

ColeridffC 
VlS'EDj  a.    Having  leaves  like  those  of  the  vine. 

IVfiUon. 
VTNE'-DRE3S-ER,  n.     [nw  and  dresser.]     One  who 

dretises,  trims,  prunes,  and  cultivates  vines. 
VI.NE'-FRET-TER,   n.      [vine  and   freL]      A  small 

insect  that  injures  vines,  an  aphis  or  puceron. 
VIA''E-GAR,  n.     [Fr.  vin,  wine,  and  aigre,  sour.] 

1.  An  acid  liquor  obtained  from  wine,  cider,  beer, 
Ate,  by  the  acetous  fermentation.  Vinegar  may  dif- 
fer indefinitely  in  the  degree  of  its  acidity.  When 
highly  concentrated,  it  is  called  Radical  Vikegar. 
The  acid  of  vinegar  is  the  acetic. 

2.  Any  thing  really  or  metaphorically  sour.  [JV«( 
in  use,]  Shak. 

\X\E'-GRUB,  n,  [cine  and  grub.]  A  little  insect 
that  infests  vines ;  the  vine-frelter  or  puceron.  Cyc. 

VIM'ER,  R.    An  orderer  or  trimmer  of  vinea.  Huloet. 

VI'NER-Y,  «.  In  gardening,  an  erection  for  support- 
ing vines  and  exposing  them  to  artificial  heat,  con- 
sisting of  a  wall  with  stoves  and  flues. 

VINE'YARU,  (rin'yard,)  h.  [Sax.  uin«-f arri;  Ir. /on rr- 
koru    The  correct  orthography,  from  the  Saxon,  is 

ViSTARD.] 

A  plantation  of  vines  producing  grapes  ;  properly, 
an  inclnsure  or  yard  for  gniptj-vines. 
V[N'XEVV-£D,  a.     [Sax. /?/«(>.] 

Mulily  ;  musty.     [J^ot  in  use,]  JVeictmu 

VIN'XEW-A'D-NESe?,  n.    Mustinessi  moldiness. 

[J^t'ot  in  use.]  Barret. 

VINVVY,  a.     [Supra-l     Moldy  ;  musty.    [JVot  in  use.] 
VIN'0-LEX-C'Y,  It.    [L.  vinulentia^  from  vinuniy  wine.] 

Drunkenness.     [JVot  used.] 
VIN'O-LENT,  a.     Given  to  wine.     TAot  used.] 
VT-NOS'I-TY,  n.    Slate  or  quality  of  being  vinous. 

ScatU 
VI'XOUS,  a.     [Fr.  vineux,  from  L.  vinum,  wine.] 

Having  the  qualities  of  wine  ;  pertaining  to  wine  ; 
as,  a  vinous  taste  ;  a  vinotis  flavor;  vinous  fermenta- 
tion. 
VINT' AGE,  n.     [Fr.  vendange^  from  L.  vindemxa.] 

\.  The  produce  of  the  vine  fur  the  season.  The 
vintage  is  abundant. 

2.  The  time  of  gathering  the  crop  of  grapes. 

3.  The  wine  produced  by  the  crop  of  grapes  in  one 
^ason.  Cijc. 

VI\T'A-6ER,  Ti.     On"  that  gathers  the  vintage. 

VIXT'AGE-SPRIXG,  n.     A  wine-fuunt. 

VI.VT'NER,  n.  One  who  deals  in  wine;  a  wine- 
seller. 

VI.VT'RY,  ?t.    A  place  where  wine  is  sold. 

.Ainsworth, 

VI'NY,  a.    Belonging  to  vines;  producing  grapes. 
9.  Abounding  in  vines.  P.  Fletcher. 

VI'OL,  n.     [Fr.  viole  ;  It.  and  Sp.  viola  ;  Ir.  bud.] 

1.  A  stringed  musical  instrument,  of  the  same 
form  as  the  violin,  but  larger,  and  having  formerly 
fix  strings,  to  be  struck  with  a  bow.  Viols  are  of 
ditTerent  kinds.  The  largest  of  all  is  the  base  vitdt 
whose  tones  are  deep,  soft,  and  agreeable.  Tlie 
violin  now  takes  the  place  of  the  old  viol. 


Mo  fufier  air*  befit,  »iiil  »fift/T  BtrtFi^ 

Of  lut'-',  or  viol,  slill  mure  apt  for  rnouritful  Uilngt. 


Mitton. 


2.  Among  iteamen,  a  large  rope  sometimes  nfwd  in 
weighing  anchor  ;  al:<o  written  Vurou  Totten. 

VT'O-LA,  iL.    [It.]     A  larger  kind  of  violin  ;  a  tenor 

violin. 
VrO-L.\-BLE,  a.     [U  vxolabUis.     See  Violatb  ] 

That  mav  be  violated,  br(>ken,  or  injured. 
VT-O-LAXEOUS,  a.     [U  vuda,  a  violet.] 

Re^embliug  violets  m  color.  Eneyc. 

VrO-LATE,  u.  (.      [Fr.  vioUr  i  L.  violo  ;   It.  violare; 
Sp.  violtir.] 

1.  To  break  upon  in  a  violent  manner  ;  to  injure ; 
to  hurt ;  to  interrupt ;  to  disturb  ;  as,  to  violate  steep. 

Milton. 
Kindnraa  fnr  man,  and  piljr  fur  hJl  fnU, 
M'<y  ruix  with  bUm,  aiiO  yet  nut  violalt.  Dryden. 

2.  To  set  aside  tn  a  violent  manner  ;  to  break  ;  to 
infringe  ;  to  transgress  ;  as,  to  vinlatc  the  laws  of  the 
sUite,  or  the  ruleri  of  go(Hl  breeding;  to  violate  the 
dtvine  commands  ;  lo  oitdu'e  one's  vows  or  promises. 
Promises  and  commands  may  be  violated  negatively, 
by  non-observance. 

3.  To  injure  ;  to  do  violence  to. 

F(irt4d  u>  viotnu  the  aacrcd  fruit.  Miiton. 


VIO 

4.  To  treat  with  irreverence;  to  profane  j  as,  to 
violate  the  sanctity  of  a  holy  place. 

5.  To  ravish  ;  to  compress  by  force. 
VI'O-LA-TED,  pp.  or  a.      Injured  ;    broken  ;   trans- 
gressed ;  ravishetl. 

VT'0-LA-TI.\G,  ppr.  Injuring  :  infringing  ;  ravishing. 
VI-O-La'TION,  7(.    [Fr.]    The  act  of  violating  or  in- 
juring ;  interruption,  as  of  sleep  or  peace. 

2.  Infringement;  transgression;  non-observance; 
as,  the  violation  of  law  or  positive  command  ;  a  vio- 
lation of  covenants,  engagements,  and  promises;  a 
violation  of  vows. 

3.  Aft  of  irreverence ;  profanation  or  contemptu- 
ous treatment  of  sacred  things  ;  as,  ttie  vioUuion  of  a 
church. 

4.  Ravishment ;  rape. 

VT'O-La-TIVE,  a.    Violating,  or  tending  to  violate. 
VI'O-LA-TOR,  71.    One  who  violates,  injures,  inter- 
rupts or  disturbs  ;  as,  a  violator  of  rc(H>se. 

2.  One  who  infringes  or  transgresses  ;  aa^  a  violator 
of  law. 

3.  One  who  profanes  or  treats  with  irreverence ; 
as,  a  violator  of  sacred  things. 

4.  A  ravirtlier. 
VI'O-LENCE,  n.     [L.  violmtia.] 

1.  I'hysical  force  ;  strength  of  action  or  motion  ; 
as,  the  violence  of  a  storm  ;  the  violence  of  a  blow  or 
of  a  conflicL 

3.  Moral  force  ;  highly  excited  feeling ;  vehemence. 
The  critic  attacked  the  work  with  violence,  • 

Vou  nsk  with  viottnce.  Shak, 

3.  O^^trage  ;  unjust  force  ;  crimes  of  all  kinds. 

The  ^nnh  waa  filled  with  ^lenct.  —  Gen.  n. 
Do  violeJtcv  to  no  man.  —  Luke  iit 

4.  Highly-excited  action  ;  vehemence  ;  as,  the 
violence  of  the  disease. 

5.  Injury;  infringement.  Offer  no  violence  to  the 
laws,  or  to  the  rules  of  civility. 

6.  Ravishment;  rape. 

To  do  oiolaice  to  or  on  ;  to  attack  ;  to  murder. 

But,  as  it  sccins,  did  violence  on  henelf.  Shak. 

To  do  violence  to ;  to  outrage  ;  to  force ;  to  injure. 
He  does  violence  to  his  own  <»piniohs. 
VI'O-LENCE,  V.  t.     To  assault;  to  injure;   also,  to 
bring  by  violence.     [Little  used.] 

B.  Joason.     Feltham. 
VI'O-LENT,  a.     [Fr. ;  h.  violentus.] 

3.  Forcible  ;  moving  or  acting  with  physical 
strength;  urged  or  driven  with  force;  as,  a  violent 
wind  ;  a  violent  stream ;  a  violent  assault  or  blow  ;  a 
violent  conflict. 

2.  Vehement ;  outrageous ;  as,  a  violent  attack  on 
the  ministtT. 

3.  Produced  or  continued  by  ftrce  ;  not  spontane- 
ous or  natural. 

No  violent  itate  cau  be  perpetUAl,  Burnet. 

4.  Produced  by  violence  ;  not  natural ;  as,  a  violent 
death. 

5.  Acting  by  violence;  assailant;  not  authorized. 

Sorne  violeiit  liaiidi  were  l.iiil  on  Humptiry'*  life.  Shak, 

6.  F'ierce  ;  vehement ;  as,  a  violent  philippic ;  a 
violent  remonstrance. 

We  might  be  reckoned  fierce  and  violent.  Hooker, 

7.  Severe  ;  extreme  ;  as,  violent  pains. 
B.  Extorted  ;  not  voluntary. 

Vow»  made  in  pain  are  violent  and  roiil.  filillon. 

Violent  presumption^  in  law^  is  presumption  that 
arises  from  circumstances  which  necessarily  aiteiid 
such  facts.  Such  circumstances  being  proved,  the 
mind  infers  with  confidence  that  the  fact  lias  taken 
place,  and  this  confidence  is  a  violent  presumption^ 
which  amounts  to  proof. 
VI'O-LENT,  n.  An  assailant.  [^Tot  in  use.] 
VI'O-LE.NT,  B.  i.      To   urge   with  violence.       [A^( 

used.]  Fuller. 

VT'O-LEiNT-LY,  adv.  With  force;  forcibly;  vehe- 
mently ;  as,  the  wind  blows  violently. 

rurfeitnrea  muU  not  be  exacted  nolenlly.  Taylor. 

VT  O-LES'CEXT,  a.    Tending  to  a  violet  color. 

VT'O-LET,  n.  [Fr.  riolette  ;  It.  violttto  ;  L.  viola,]  A 
pliint  anil  flower  of  the  genus  Viola,  of  many  spe- 
cies. They  are  generally  low,  herbaceous  plants,  and 
the  flowers  of  many  of  the  s|>ecies  are  of  some  shade 
of  blue. 

VI'O-LET,  a.    Hark  bhie,  inclining  to  red. 

VI-O-LIN',  n.     [It.  violino  ;  Fr.  violon  ;  from  riot.] 
A  musical  in^'trument  with  four  strings,  played 
with  a  how  ;  a  fiddle;  one  of  the  most  perfect  and 
most  [luwerful  instruments  that  lias  been  invented. 

Cyc. 

VI-O-LIN'IST,  rt.  A  person  skilled  in  playing  on  a 
violin.  Farey, 

VT'O-LIST,  n,     A  player  on  the  viol.  Todd. 

Vt-0-LON-CEL'LIST,n.  One  who  plays  on  the  vio- 
loncello 

VX-O-LON-CEL'LO,  (ve-o  lon-chel'lo  or  ve-o-lon- 
sel'lo,)  71.  [ItJ  A  stringed  instrument  of  music; 
a  base  viol  of  four  string^:,  or  a  base  violin  with  long, 
large  strings,  giving  sounds  an  octave  tower  than  the 
tenor  violin.  Encyc.     P.  Cyc. 


VIR 

Vl'O-LO'J^Ey  71,  A  large  base  violin,  called  a  Dou- 
ble Babe,  Whose  strings  lie  an  octave  below  the 
violoncello.  Brande. 

VI'PER,  n.  [Ij.  viptrai  Fr  vipere  ;  W.  gwibcr^from 
gTvib,  a  qulcK  course,  a  driving,  flying,  or  serpentine 
motion,  a  wandering.] 

1.  A  European  serpent,  the  Vipera  Berus,  whose 
bite  is  venomous.    Two  harmless  snakes  are,  in  tbis 
-country,  ceUled  improperly  by  this  name. 

A  viper  came  out  of  the  lieat,  and  laalened  on  hii  haad.  —  Actt 

3.  A  i>t;rson  or  thing  mischievous  or  malignant. 

Shak. 
VI'PER-INE,  a.     [U  viperinus.] 

Pertaining  to  a  viper  or  to  vipers. 
VrPER-OLfS,  0.     [L.  vipereus.] 

Having  the  qualities  of  a  viper;  malignant ;  ven- 
omous ;  as,  a  viperous  tongue.  lAak. 
Vl'PER'S  BO'GLOSS,  n.      A   plant  of  the    genus 

Krhinrn.  ^ 

VI'PER'S  GRASS,n.  A  planlof  thegenusScorzonera. 
VI-RA-OIN'I-A.N,  u.     Having  the  qualities  of  a  virago. 
VT-RA-OIN'I-TV,  71.     The  qualities  of  a  virago. 
VI-RA'OO,  71.     [L,,  from  vir,  a  man.] 

1.  A  woman  of  extraordinary  stature,  strength,  and 
courage  ;  a  female  who  ha-s  tlie  robust  body  and  mas- 
culine mind  of  a  man  ;  a  female  warrior. 

To  arms  1  to  smtos  I   the  fierce  mrago  cnet.  Pope. 

2.  In  co77im'm  language^  a  bold,  impudent,  turbu- 
lent woman  ;  a  termagant. 

VXRE,  (veer,)  ji.     [Sp.  vira.] 

An  arrow,     [Oft*.]  Oovser. 

VIR'E-LAY,  71.     [Fr.  rirelai,  from  rtrcr,  to  turn.] 

An  ancient  trench  song  or  short  poem,  derived 
from  Provence,  of  a  peculiar  measure,  and  usually 
of  a  sportive  character.  The  modern  virelay  turns 
upon  two  sets  of  rhymes,  the  first  of  which  pre- 
vails throughout  the  piece,  and  the  other  occurs 
only  from  time  to  time,  lo  proiluce  variety. 

Diet,  de  PAcad,    Lanier. 
To  which  a  lady  lun;  a  lArelay,  Drydtn, 

VI'RENT,  a.    [L.  virens^  from  rtreo,  to  flourish,  or  be 

green.] 
Green  ;  verdant ;  fresh.  Brawn. 

VI-RES'CENT,  a.    Slightly  green ;  beginning  to  be 

green. 
VIR'GATE,  {nearly  vur'gate,)  a.     [L.  virga,  a  rod.] 
In  botany,  having  the  shape  of  a  rod  or  wand  ;  as, 

a  virgiiic  stem. 
VIR'GaTE,  71.    A  yardland.  Wartoiu 

VTKGE.     See  VEBaE. 
VIR  GIL'I-AN,  a.    Pertaining  to  Virgil,  the  Roman 

poet. 
2.  Resembling  the  style  of  Virgil.  Young. 

VTR'OIN,  {nearly  vur'jin,)  n.      [It.  virgine;   Sp.  vir- 

gcn  i  Fr.  vierge  :  L.  virgo.] 

1.  A  woman  who  has  had  no  carnal  knowledge  of 
man. 

2.  A  woman  not  a  mother.     [UnttsuaL]     Milton. 

3.  A  jierson  of  either  sex  who  has  nut  been  mar- 
ried.    1  Cor.  vii  2r>. 

4.  The  sign  Virgo.     [See  Viaao.]  Milt.oju 
VIR'CIN,  o.     Pure;  untouched  ;  as,  virgin  gold. 

JVoodtcard. 

2.  Fresh  ;  new  ;  unused  ;  as,  virgin  soil. 

BeUcnap. 

3.  Becoming  a  virgin;  maidenly;  modest;  indi- 
cating modesty  ;  as,  a  virgin  blush  ;  virgin  shame. 

4.  Pure;  chaste.  [Cowley. 
VIR'GIN,  V.  L     To  play  the  virgin  ;  a  cant  teord. 

Sbak. 

VIR'GIM-AL,  fl.  Pertaining  to  a  virgin;  maidenly; 
as,  virginal  chastity,  Hammond. 

VIR'GIN-AL,  JT.  A  keyed  instrument  of  one  string, 
jack  and  quill  to  each  note,  like  a  spinet,  Ijut  in 
shape  resembling  the  forte  piano;  out  of  use. 

Cyc.     Bacon. 

VIR'6IN-AL,  v.i.  To  p:it ;  to  strike  as  on  a  virginal. 
[A  cant  word.]  Shak, 

VIR  OIN'I-TY,  n.     [L.  virgvnitas.] 

Maidenhood;  the  state  of  having  had  no  carnal 
knowledge  of  man. 

VIPv'GIN'S  BOWER,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Clematis. 

VIR'Gl>,  n.  [L.]  A  sign  of  the  zodiac  which  the  sun 
enters  in  August ;  a  connellation  of  the  zodiac. 

VIR'GO-LECSE,  n.  [Ft.]  A  variety  of  pear  of  art 
excellent  quality;  with  us  pronounced  virgoloo,OT 
vergoluo.  [See  Vkrgoulbl'se,  the  correct  orthog- 
raphy.] 

VI-RI  D'l-TV,  71-     [L.  viriditas,  from  vireo^to  be  green.] 
Greenness;  verdure;  the  cokir  of  fresh  vegetables, 

Evelyn. 

VI'RILE,  (vT'ril,)  a.  [L.  virilis,  from  nir,  a  man,  Sax. 
wer;  Sans,  rira,  strong  ;  from  the  root  of  L.  vireo.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  a  man,  in  the  eminent  sense  of  the 
word,  (not  to  man,  in  tlie  sense  of  tlie  human  race  ;) 
belonging  lo  the  male  sex  ;  as,  virile  age. 

2.  Masculine  ;  not  puerile  or  feminine  i  as,  virila 
strength  or  vigor. 

VI-UII/I-TY,  71.     [Fr.  viriliti:  U  vtrilitas.] 

1.  Manhood  ;  the  stale  of  the  mate  sex,  which  baa 


TONE,  BULL,  IGNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — e  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH  ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

J237 


VIR 

arrived  to  ih«  mniuiity  itnd  sirenglli  of  a  man,  aud 
to  Ihe  power  of  procreation. 

2.  The  power  of  procrealion. 

3.  Characler  of  man.    [UnusnaL] 

VIR'TU,  m,  {lU  virtu.]  A  love  of  th«  fine  arts;  ■ 
t.i«te  for  curiosities.  Ckesterjitld. 

VIR'TU-AL.  (vun'yu-alO  «•  l^r,  virtuel;  nrora  vtr- 
tut.     See  ViaTPB.j 

1.  Potential  ;  bnvinK  the  power  of  actini;  or  of  in- 
vbible  efficacy  without  tite  mnlcrial  or  scu^iible  part. 

'Brvrj  kind  lh*l  li«f*, 
ronwDtnl  by  Us  wtrtmi  pttwvr,  uhI  warntMl.  MUton. 

Tifitihi  I  sn  ftCtUAl  ngr  tnmi  'mutukm  of  ihr  mind,  but  etxlf  th«t 
which  nwj  te  f&lbe»d  fnua  the  ouCwanl  actt.    SHUmg/lwtL 

9.  Beinf!  in  essence  or  efTert,  not  In  fhct ;  as,  th« 
vtrtmrnl  presence  of  a  man  in  his  agc-nt  or  substitute. 

FvUl^  focus;  in  opfif,-',  the  point  from  which  rays, 
baviBg  been  rendered  divergent  by  reflection  or  re- 
ftaetion,  appear  to  is^ie. 

Vtrimal  verify  :  in  jnethantrsy  the  velocity  Which  a 
body  hi  equilibrium  would  actually  acquire  during 
ihtr  tin»t  instant  of  its  motion  in  case  of  the  equilibri- 
um bt^ing  disturbed.  Brande* 

VIR-Tr-AL'I-TY,  n.     Efficacy.  fiiviri. 

VIR'TU-AL-LY,  a«h-.  In  efficacy  or  effect  only;  by 
means  of  some  virtue  or  mfluenc»^,  or  the  ihstru- 
rneiUnlity  of  sit>metbing  else.  Thus,  the  sun  is  rir- 
tmatly  on  earth  by  its  light  and  heaL  The  citizens  of 
an  riectivc  government  are  rirtnaUy  present  in  the 
legislature  by  their  representatives.  A  man  may  vir- 
tttattif  agree  to  a  proposition  by  silence  or  withholding 

objections.  .^ddisoiu      Cj/C 

VIR'TU-ATE,  r.  L  To  make  efficacious.  [JVot  ta 
use.]  Harvey. 

VIRTCE,  (vurt'yu,)  ».  [Fr.  vertu;  It.  rirtti ;  Sp. 
vtriudi  L.  virtus^  from  rirw,  or  its  root.  (See 
Worth.)  The  radital  sense  is  strength,  frtun  strain- 
ing, stretching,  extending.  This  is  the  primary  sense 
of  L.  rir,  a  man.     Class  Br.] 

I.  Strrnpth  :  that  substance  or  quality  of  physical 
bogles,  by  which  they  act  and  pnnluce  effects  on  oth- 
er bodies.  In  this  literal  and  pmper  sense^  we 
•peak  of  the  vu-tue  or  vxriues  of  plants  in  medicine, 
and  the  virtmes  of  dmgs.  In  dLCttctions  the  nrtuw 
of  plants  are  eitracted.  By  long  9t;uiding  in  Ibe  open 
air,  the  virtues  are  lust. 

•H.  Bravery ;  valor.  This  was  tbe  predominant 
■igoification  of  virtm*  among  the  Boroaaa. 

TiTMC  le  Aj  da^  •ftftw*.  Skak. 

iTida  saut  m  araWy  or  fuUe  ohsoiete.^ 
.  Moral  goodness ;  tite  practice  or  moral  duties 
mad  tbe  ab«taJuing  fmm  vice,  or  a  confidntiiy  of  life 
and  coRTrmtion  to  the  moral  law.  In  this  sense, 
vtrtiw  may  be,  and  in  many  instances  mM5t  be,  distin- 
guiaJied  fmm  r«<ui«]t.  Tbe  pnctiro  of  moral  duties 
merriy  from  uouves  of  conTenteace,  or  from  com- 
pulsion, or  from  regard  to  reputation,  is  vtrtxr^  as 
distinct  fmm  rWij.'ioM.  The  practice  of  moral  duties 
from  sincere  love  tu  Gtxl  and  his  laws,  is  rtrtac  and 
religioo.    In  tbis  eeitae  it  is  Inie, 

TlMtwtw«JyMk««arttelwlov.  P9fm. 

THm  m  oMmg  bat  rahtau/y  obnlifliiee  to  tnitih.      Dm^kL 

4.  A  particular  moral  excellence ;  as,  tbe  virtm* 
of  temperance,  of  chastity*,  of  charity. 

Rratvinher  kII  bk  wirtut»,  Additon, 

5.  Acting  power ;  sometbiog  efficacious. 

JmH,  knovior  that  itrin*  h«d  roue  otx  gf  him,  tuived. — 

&  Secret  agency ;  efficacy  without  visible  or  mate- 
rial action. 

8hr  OMTca  tl«  faodr  wUch  ibc  rtotb  fouem ; 

TcC  ao  put  loacbrth,  Imi  by  wirtmt'a  touch.  Datw, 

7.  Excellence ;  or  ttitt  which  constitutes  value  and 


T«i«iwp,  wtM  IbMchi  A*  wk  fnOB  and  wtrtm  of  ihrir  Ctbfe  tfas 

adekiog  Id  of  ■wi—cm.  B.  Jonaom, 

8.  One  of  the  orders  tit  the  celestial  hierarchy. 
Tluwm,  ditminniinut  pnMwdooH,  ktium,  powm.     JUttlpn. 

9l  Efficacy ;  power. 

He  tanl  Id  Invd  Uiioa^  Gi«««e  by  wirtm  sf  dw  f^bbv  vhkh 
pricttnd  bin)  nttpuoa  is  all  Uk  uxna.  Atbawon. 

Id.  Legal  efficacy  or  power ;  authority.  A  man 
administers  tbe  laws  by  virtue  of  a  commi<tsion. 

/■  etrtac ,-  in  consequence  j  by  the  ei&cacy  ur  au- 
thority. 

TtethpysSatl  Att^hi.puilr  JNrirtHCof  Ihspraodwof  God,  sod 
pull/  tn  sirtiM  uf  piet/.  AtUrbury, 

VlR'Tr *E-LES3,  (vurt'yu-,)  a.     Destitute  of  virtue. 
3:  Destitute  of  efficacy  or  operating  qualities. 

nrtueletf  tSK^m'attfi  til  i^t  hfj*»  mJ  chsniM.  f^ur/ar. 

VlR-TU-0'e>0,  a.  [IL]  A  man  skilled  in  the  fine 
arts,  p.irticularly  in  music  -,  or  a  man  skilled  in  an- 
tiquities, curiosities,  and  the  like. 

rtrCBOM  Ibe  lulnM  call  a  oma  who  lores  the  noble  utE,  snd  W 
«  cntk  ia  Uieai.  DryUn. 

VIR-TU-0'SO-SHIP,  m.    The  pursuits  of  a  virtuosa 

Hurd. 

VIR'TU-OUS,  (vurt'yn-us,)  a.  Morally  good  ;  acting 
in  conformity  to  tbe  moral  law  ;  practicing  the  mor- 


VIS 

al  duties,  and  abstaining  f^um  vice ;  as,  a  virtuous 
man. 

3.  Being  in  confonnitj-  to  the  moral  or  divine  law  j 
as,  a  virtuo%is  action  ;  a  virtuous  life. 

Tbe  mere  pprA>rmaiice  of  cirliMu*  auioiM  doe*  not  dennmiitnte 
an  ftjvtit  vinuout.  iVirt. 

3.  Chaste  ;  a;rphed  to  women. 

4.  Efficacious  by  inherent  qualities ;  as,  virtuous 
herbs  ;  virtuous  drugs.     [JVot  in  use.]        Chapman. 

i.  Having  great  or  jtowerful  properties  ;  a«,  virtu- 
ous steel  -f  a  virtuous  staff;  a  virtuous  ring.  [JVot  in 
tuc]  JUiiton.     Speitser, 

6.  Having  medicinal  qualities.    [JVbt  useiL] 

Bacon. 
VTR'TU-OUS-LY,  adv.    In  a  virtuous  manner;   in 
conformity  with  the  moral  law  or  with  duty  ;  as,  a 
life  virtuously  spent.  Deiiham. 

A  cttiM  9trtuou4ly  eduoueO.  Addiaon. 

VlR'TU-OUS-NES3,  n.  The  state  or  character  of 
being  virtuous.  Sprn.trr. 

VIR'IM.EXCE,   )  n.     [from  rirulmt.]     That   quality 

VIR'U-LEN-CV,  t  of  a  thing  which  renders  it  ex- 
tremely active  in  doing  injury;  acrimony;  malig- 
nancy ;  as,  the  virulenee  of  poison. 

2.  Acrimony  of  tpm[>er  ;  extreme  bitterness  or  ma- 
lignity ;  as,  tiie  virutmre  of  enmity  or  malice  ;  the 
viruienee  of  satire  ;  to  attack  a  man  with  virulence. 

Addison. 

VIR'U-LEXT,  a.  [h.  rirulentus,  from  virus,  [loison, 
that  is,  strengUi,  front  the  same  root  as  rir,  vireo. 
See  Vexom.] 

I.  Extremely  active  in  doing  injury  ;  very  poison- 
ous or  venomous.  No  poit«on  is  more  virulent  tlian 
that  of  some  species  of  serjients. 

Q.  Very  bitter  in  enmity  ;  malignant;  as,  ariruient 
Invective. 

VIR'IT-LEXT-LY,  adv.  AViih  malignant  activity; 
wiih  bitter  spite  or  sevrrity. 

VT'RL'S,  B.  [L.  gee  Virulent.]  Active  or  conta- 
eious  matter  of  an  ulcer,  pustule,  &c, ;  iwison. 

VIS,  n.  fU]  Force;  power;  as,  vis  rid?,  the  vital 
force.  The  ter(p,  however,  is  used  chiefly  in  me- 
chanics. 

VIS'AGE,  (vix'aj,)  n.  [Fr. ;  from  It.  visa^gio ;  from 
L.  risus,  rittro.  \ 

The  face  ;  the  countenance  or  look  of  a  person,  or 
of  other  animal;  chiefly  applied  to  human  beings; 
as,  a  wolfish  ruage,  Shak. 

LoT«  ami  branty  Mill  that  wiaag*  met.  Wailer. 

lib  tisagt  waa  ao  fnarrcd,  man  lEau  any  man.  —  It.  IN. 

VIS'A-C£D,  a.    Having  a  visage  or  countenance. 

MiUoju 
VIS'ARD,  a.    A  mask.    [See  Visoa.] 
VIS'ARD,  P.  c.    To  mask. 

VI?'A-VIS',  Cviz'a-v6',)  a.  [Fr.,  opposite,  face  to 
face.]  A  carriage  in  which  two  penons  sit  face  to 
face. 
VIS'CE-RA,  m;  pi.  of  Vise  us.  [L.]  The  bowels; 
the  contents  of  the  abdomen,  thorax,  and  cranium. 
In  its  most  general  srnse^  the  organs  contained  in 
any  cavity  of  the  body,  particularly  in  the  three 
venters,  the  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen. 

Cyc.     Parr. 
VIS'CE-RAL,  a.     [I.,  viscera.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  viscera. 

2.  Feeling;  having  sensibility.     [Unusual.] 

Reynolds. 
VIS'CER-ATE,  V.  L     [Supra.]      To  exenterate ;  to 
embowel  ;  to  deprive  of  the  entrails  or  viscera. 
[Eviscerate  is  generally  used.] 
VI8XID,  a.     [L.  riscidus:  riscus^  birdlime.] 

Glutinous;   sticky;  tenacious;   not  readily  sepa- 
rating ;   as,  turpentine,  tar,  gums,  &.c.,  are  more  or 
less  riicuL 
VIS-CID'I-TY,  a     Glutinousness ;    tenacity;    sticki- 
ness. 

5.  Glutinous  concretion.  Floyer. 
VIS-€OS'I-TY,       j  n.    Glutinousness  ;  tenacity  ;  vis- 
VIS'eOU.S-NE.SS,  S      cidity  ;  that  quality  of  soft  sub- 
stances which  makes  them  adhere  so  as  not  to  be 
easily  parted. 

VIS'COUNT,  (vi'kount,)  ».  [L.  viee-comes;  Fr. 
ricomfe.] 

1.  .An  officer  who  fonnerlv  supplied  the  place  of 
the  count  or  earl ;  the  sherifl*  of  the  county. 

2.  A  degree  or  title  of  nobility  next  in  rank  below 
an  earl.  CoWfL     Entrland. 

VrS'€OIJNT-ESS,  (vrkount-ess,)n.  The  lady  of  a 
viscount ;  a  peeress  of  the  fourth  order.    Johnson. 

VTSeOL'NT-PHIP,  (vl'kount-ship,)  (  n.     The  quality 

Vl3'€Ot'.\T-Y,  (vl  kount-y,)  j      and  office  of 

a  viscount.  Williams. 

VIS'GOUS,  a.  [Fr.  visq^kcaz;  from  L.  viscus,  bird- 
lime.] 

Glutinous ;  clammy  ;  sticky  ;  adhesive ;  tena- 
cious ;    as,  a  visfons  juice. 

VIS'eUS,n.;  pi.  Viscera.  [L.]  An  entrail,  oneof  the 
contents  of  Uie  cranium,  thorax,  or  abdomen 

VISE,  M.    [Fr.  vis,  a  screw.] 

An  engine  or  instrument  for  griping  and  holding 
things,  closed  by  a  screw  ;  used  by  ttrttficers. 

FI-SE',  (vee-za',)  [Fr.]     Literally,  seen  ;  an  indorse- 


VIS 

nient  made  by  tlie  police  officers  in  largo  towns  of 
Fnince,  Uetgiuiu,  &-C.,  on  the  back  of  a  passjHirt,  de- 
noting that  it  has  been  examined,  and  tliat  the  per- 
son wliu  bears  it  is  permitted  to  proceed  on  his  jour- 
ney. Hence,  travelers  speak  uf  getting  their  pass- 
!>orts  n'^aet/. 
SIl.'.VU,  n.  In  the  Hindoo  mythology^  the  name  of 
one  of  the  chief  deities  of  the  triinurti  or  triad.  He 
is  tlie  second  person  of  tliis  unity,  and  a  personifica- 
tion of  the  [treserving  powers.  Cyc.  Encyc. 
VI8-I-HIL'I-TY,  M.    [from  visible;  Fr.  visibility.] 

1.  The  slate  or  quality  of  being  perceivable  tn  the 
eye  ;  as,  the  visibility  of  minute  particles,  or  of  dis- 
tant objects. 

3.  The  state  of  being  discoverable  or  apparent ; 
conspicuousness ;  as,  the  perpetual  visibility  of  the 
church.  StiltiiieJieeU 

VIS'I-BLE,  a.    fFr.,  from  I,.  visibUis.] 

1.  Perceivable  by  the  eye  ;  that  can  be  seen  ;  as,  a 
vLnbte  atiiT  ;  the  Kmst  spot  is  visible  on  white  paper; 
the  line  dust  or  other  inattcr  in  air,  agitiited  by  heat, 
becomes  visible  ;  as  in  the  air  near  a  huated  stove,  or 
over  a  dry,  sandy  plain,  appearing  like  pellucid 
waves. 

virtue  made  vitit^e  in  outward  grace.  Young, 

2.  Discovered  to  the  eye  ;  ns,  visible  spirits.     Shak. 

3.  Ap[>arent ;  oj)en ;  conspicuous.  Factions  at 
court  became  more  visible.  Clarendon. 

Visible  church;  in  theology,  the  apparent  church  of 
Christ ;  the  whole  body  of  profesfsed  believers  in 
Christ,  as  contradistinguished  from  the  real  or  invisi- 
ble church,  consisting  of  sancti(it;d  persons. 

Visible  horizon ;  the  sensible  horizon.  [See  Hori- 
lorr.  No.  I.] 

VIS'I-BLE-NESS,  n.  State  or  quality  of  being  visi- 
ble ;  visibility. 

VIS'I-BLY,arfe.  In  a  manner  i)erceptible  to  the  eye, 
Tlie  day  is  visibly  governed  by  the  sun  ;  the  tides  are 
visibhi  poverued  by  the  motrti. 

VIS'I-GOTH,  71.  The  name  of  the  Western  Goths,  or 
that  branch  of  the  Gothic  tribes  which  seilled  In 
DacJa,  as  distinguished  from  the  Ostrogoths,  or  East- 
ern Goths,  who  had  their  seats  in  Puntus. 

Encyc.  Anu 

VlS-I-GOTH'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  the  Visiguilrs. 

VIS  LY-EH'TIJE,  n.  [I*]  1'he  resistance  of  matter 
to  change  as  respects  motion.  Thei  are  four  con- 
ditions under  winch  matter  resists  change  as  respects 
motion  ;  as,  1,  when  it  is  brouGlit  from  rest  to  mo- 
tion ;  2,  when  it  is  brought  from  motion  to  rest ; 
3,  when  the  direction  of  the  motion  is  changed; 
and,  4,  when  the  velocity  is  changed.  Vis  inertim 
and  inertia  are  not  siriclly  synonymous.  The  f()ruier 
implies  the  rcs-isw/icc  itself,  which  is  given,  while  the 
latter  implies  merely  the  property,  by  which  it  is 
given.  Gmvitation  is  always  exactly  proportioned 
to  inertia, 
2.  Inertness  ;  Inactivity. 

Vr'3lO\,  (vizh'un,)  n.  [I^'r.,  from  L.  visio,  from  vi- 
deo, visus.] 

1.  The  act  of  seeing  external  objects;  actual  sight. 

Faith  here  «  Hirncd  into  vision  ilicre.  Hammond. 

2.  The  faculty  of  seeing;  sight.  Vition  is  far 
more  perfect  and  acute  in  some  animals  than  in 
man. 

3.  Something  imagined  to  be  seen,  though  not  re- 
al ;  a  phantom  ;  a  specter. 

No  (Iremna,  but  vtsiona  slnin^e.  Sidney. 

4.  In  Scripture,  a  revelation  from  God  ;  an  appear- 
ance or  exhibition  of  something  supernaturally  pre- 
sented to  the  minds  of  the  prophets,  by  which  they 
were  informed  of  future  events.  Such  were  the 
visions  of  Isaiah,  of  Amos,  of  Ezekiel,  &.c. 

5.  Something  imaginary  ;  the  production  of  fancy. 

Locke, 

6.  Any  thing  which  is  the  object  of  sight. 

Thomson. 
VI"srON-.\Tv,  (vizh'un-,)  a.    Pertaining  to  a  vision. 
VrsiON-A-Rl-NESS,  n.    Tflequality  of  being  vision- 
ary. 
VI"SIOX-A-RY,  (vizh'un-,)  a.     [Fr.  visionnaire.] 

1.  Affdcted  by  plmutonjs ;  disposed  to  receive  im- 
pressions on  tlie  imagination. 

Or  lull  to  rcBi  the  vutorwiry  msid.  Pope. 

2.  Imaginary  ;  exi^^ting  in  imagination  only  ;  not 
real  ;  having  no  solid  foundation  ;  as,  a  visionary 
pro«|>ect ;  a  visionary  scheme  or  project. 

VI"SION-.^-RY,  n.  One  whose  imagination  ia  dis- 
turbed. 

2.  One  who  forms  impracticable  schemes  ;  one 
who  is  confident'of  success  in  a  project  which  oth- 
ers perceive  to  be  idle  and  fanciful. 

[VisioitisT,  in  a  like  sense,  is  not  used.] 
VI"SION-LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  visions. 

Mrs.  Butler. 
VIS'IT,  V.  t  [L.  vi.tito  ;  Fr.  visiter;  It.  visitare  :  from 
h.  visa,  to  go  to  see  ;  W.  gtoSst,  gieesta,  to  visit,  to 
go  about ;  g-irSst,  a  going,  a  visit ;  gwes,  that  is  go- 
ing or  moving,  VVe  see  the  sense  is,  to  go,  to  move 
to.] 

1.  To  go  or  come  to  see ;  to  attend.  The  phy- 
sician visits  his  patient  and  prescribes.     One  friend 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRgY.  — PIXE,  MARIXE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOIJ",  BQQK,— 
1^3         — 


VIS 

visits  another  from  respect  ur  affVclion.  Pniil  and 
Baniabas  rwrtfrf  the  churches  thev  h:id  planted,  to 
know  their  state  and  confirm  their' faith.  Men  visit 
England,  France,  ur  Italy  in  their  travels. 

2-  To  go  or  come  to  see  fur  inspection,  cxamina- 
tion,  correction  of  abuses,  &c. ;  as,  a  bishop  vi^ts 
his  diocfse  ;  a  superintendent  vLtits  those  persona  or 
works  which  are  under  his  care. 

3.  To  salute  with  a  present. 

S^msoD  mailed  hi>  wife  wiih  a,  kij.  — Jitdgt?B  xt. 

4.  To  go  to  and  to  use  ;  as,  to  visit  the  springs. 

5.  In  naval  qfairs,  to  enter  on  board  a  vessel  for 
the  purpose  of  ascertaining  her  character  without 
searching  her. 

To  visit  in  mercy ;  in  scriptural  laniruaffe,  to  be  pro- 
pitious ;  to  grant  nquests  ;  to  deliver  from  trouble  ; 
lo  support  and  comfort.  It  is  thus  God  visits  his  peo- 
ple.    Oen.  xx'i.     Zech.  x.     Luke  xii. 

To  visit  with  Vie  rod:  to  punish.     Ps.  Ixxxix. 

To  visit  in  lerath^  or  visit  iniquity  or  sins  ujwn ;  to 
chastise  j  to  bring  judgments  on  ;  to  afflict.    EzotL 

XX. 

To  visit  the  fatAerless  and  widow,  or  the  sick  and  im- 
pHsoned  ;  to  show  them  regard  and  pity,  and  relieve 
their  wants.     MaU.  xxv.    Jame^  i. 

VIS'IT,  V.  i.  To  keep  up  the  interchange  of  civilities 
and  salutations  ;  to  practice  going  to  see  others.  We 
ought  not  to  visit  for  pleasure  or  ceremony  on  the 
Sabbath. 

VIS'IT,  n.  The  act  of  going  to  see  another,  or  of 
calling  at  his  house  ;  a  wailing  on  ;  as,  a  visit  of  ci- 
vility or  respect ;  a  visit  of  ceremony  ;  a  short  rwii  ; 
a  long  visit  i  a  pleasant  visit. 

2.  The  act  of  going  to  see  ;  as,  a  visit  to  Saratoga 
or  to  Niagara. 

3.  A  going  to  see  or  attending  on  ;  as,  the  visit  of 
a  physician. 

4.  The  act  of  going  to  view  or  inspect  j  as,  the 
visit  of  a  trustee  or  inspector. 

VIS'IT-A-BLE,  a.  Liable  or  subject  to  be  visited. 
All  hospitals  in  England,  built  since  the  reforma- 
tion, are  visitable  by  the  king  or  lord  chancellor. 

VISTI'-ANT,  ».  One  that  goes  or  comes  to  see  an- 
other ,  one  who  is  a  guest  in  the  house  of  a  friend. 

When  lh<  visitant  comes  n^jln,  he  U  no  more  a  stranger.  South. 
VIS-IT-A'TION,  «.     [Fr.,  from  L.  visUo.] 

1.  The  act  of  visiting. 

Noihing  but  ppotx  anil  ffenUe  ntUadon.  Shak. 

2.  Object  of  visit 

O  flowen  I 
Mj  eAi\y  visi&ition  and  my  LuL     {Unusxial.)  Milton. 

3.  In  law,  the  act  of  a  superior  or  superintending 
officer,  who  visits  n  corporation,  college,  church',  or 
other  house,  to  examine  into  the  manner  in  which  it 
is  conducted,  and  see  that  its  laws  and  regulations 
are  duly  observed  and  executed.  In  England,  the 
visitation  of  the  diort-se  belongs  to  the  bishop  ;  pa- 
rochial visitation  belongs  peculiarly  to  the  archdea- 
cons. Qyc, 

4.  In  Scripture,  and  in  a  religious  sense^  the  send- 
ing of  afflictions  and  distresses  on  men  to  punish 
them  for  their  sins,  or  to  prove  them.  Hftnce  afflic- 
tions, calamitit's,  and  judgments  are  called  visitor- 
tions. 

Whsl  will  ye  do  in  Ihe  dny  of  vUiJa&on  7  —  Ii.  x. 

5.  Communication  of  divine  love  j  exhibition  of 
divine  goodness  and  merey.  Ilooktr. 

6.  In  nacal  affairs,  the  act  of  a  naval  commander 
who  visits  or  ent<;rs  on  board  of  a  vessel  belonging  to 
another  nation,  fur  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  her 
character  and  object,  but  without  claiming  or  exer- 
cising a  right  of  searctiing  the  vessel. 

7.  A  church  festival  in  honor  of  the  visit  of  the 
Virgin  Mary  to  Elizabeth,  celebrated  on  the  st-cond 
of  July.  Brandt. 

VIS'IT-ED, />p.  Waittd  on;  attended;  inspected; 
subjected  to  sufferings ;  favored  with  relief  or 
mercy. 

VIS'lT-IXG,  ppr.  Going  or  coming  to  see  ;  attending 
on,  as  a  physician;  iu^specting  officially;  afBicting; 
showing  mrTcy  to. 

2.  a.  Authorized  to  visit  and  inspect ;  as,  a  visit- 
ing conuiiittee. 

yiS'IT-I.Nli,  n.  The  act  of  going  to  aee  or  of  attend- 
ing ;  visitation. 

VIS'IT-OR.  n.     [Fr.  visUcHr.-] 

1.  One  who  comes  or  goes  to  see  another,  as  in 
civility  or  friendship. 

2.  A  superior,  or  person  authorized  to  visit  a  cor- 
poration or  any  institution,  f.r  the  purpose  of  seeing 
that  the  laws  and  regnl;iii<m3  are  observed,  or  that 
the  duties  and  conditions  prescril)^d  by  the  founder, 
or  by  law,  are  duly  performed  and  executed. 

The  king  li  the  visitor  of  all  lnj-  corporationa.  B'ackulone. 

VI»-IT-0'RI-AL,  a,  [from  visitor;  improperly  writ- 
ten ViirTATORiAL.]  Belonging  to  a  judicial  visitor  or 
superintendent. 

An  &rchilf  neon  hJU  ^itoriai  puwer  in  parisbea.  A^Vxffe. 

VT'SIVE,  a.     [from  L.  ri-AW.] 

rertainrng  to  the  prtwer  of  seeing  ;  formed  in  the 
act  of  seeing.     [Ay(  in  ust.'l  Brown. 


VIT 


VIT 


VtSNE,  (ve^n,)  n.     [Norm.,  from  L.  vieinia.] 

Noighliorhood.     [See  Vekuk.] 
VIS'NO-M V,  71.    [Atarbarous  contraction  of  phystosf 
nomy.] 

Face;  countenance.    [JVo(  in  m.«.]  Spenser. 

VIS'OR,  71.     [Fr.visiere;    It.    vistera ;   from    L.    visusy 
video;  written  also  Visaro,  Vi3\n,  Vizard.] 

1.  A  perforated  part  of  a  helmet.  Sidney. 

2.  A  Iiead-piece  or  mask  used  to  disfigure  and  dis- 
guise. 

My  weaker  f  oTcniment  aince  makea  you  jxjU  off  the  vttor. 

Sidney. 
SwamiB  of  kiiavei  ihe  vitor  quite  disgrace.  Young. 

VIS'OR-£D,    o.      Wearing  a  visor;    masked;    dis- 
,  eu'«ed.  Milton. 

VIS'TA,  71.    [It.,  sight ;  from  L.  visus,  vtdeo.] 

A  view  or  prospect  through  an  avenue,  as  between 
rows  of  trees  ;  hence,  the  trees  or  otlier  tilings  that 
form  the  avenue. 

The  finished  garden  to  the  view 

hs  oistaa  opcna  and  its  alteya  green.  TTtomton. 

VIS'lJ-AL,  (vizh'yu-al,)  a.      [Fr.   visuel ;  It.  visuale; 
from  L.  *ii-(w.] 

Pertaining  to  sijiht;  used  in  sight;  serving  as  the 
instrument  of  seeing;  as,  the  visual  nerve. 

Bacon.     Milton. 
The  air. 
Nowhere  ao  clear,  sharpened  his  viaual  ray.  Milton. 

Visual  angle i  in  opiias,  the  angle  under  which  an 
object  is  seen  ;  the  an-rle  ftirmed  at  the  eye  by  the 
rays  of  light  coming  from  the  extremities  of  the  ob- 
ject-. Bramle, 

VUual point;  in  perspective,  a  point  in  the  Jiorizon- 
tal  line  in  which  the  visual  rays  unite.  Gwilt. 

Visual  ray ;  a  line  of  light  supposed  to  come  from 
a  point  of  the  object  to  tJie  eye.  Qwilt. 

VIS'U-AL-TZE,  V.  t.     To  make  visual. 
VIS'U-AL-IZ-£D,  pp.     Rendered  visual.    Coleridge. 
VI'TAL,  a.     [L.  vitalis,  from  vita,  life.     This  must  be 
a  contraction  of  victa,  fur  vivo  forms  vizi,  victus:  Gr. 
(iins,  from  /hno),  contracted.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  life,  either  animal  or  vegetable; 
as,  vital  energies  ;  vital  (wwtrs. 

2.  Contributing  to  life ;  necessary  to  life  ;  as,  vital 
air ;  vital  blood. 

3.  Containing  life. 


Spirits  thai  Ii»e  thrDughout* 
ViltU  in  evrry  part. 
And  vilat  virtue  infused,  and  vital  wannlh. 


MVton. 
MUton. 

4.  Being  the  seat  of  life  ;  being  that  on  which  life 
depends. 

The  dart  flew  on,  and  pierced  a  vilal  part.  Pope, 

5.  Very  necessary;  highly  important;  essential. 
Religion  is  a  business  of  vitul  concern.  Peace  is  of 
vital  im[K)rtance  to  our  country. 

6.  So  disposed  as  to  live. 

Pylliagoraa  ami  H  ipp«icrat-«  aflimi  tlie  birth  of  the  aeveiilh  month 
tu  be  vital.     {LiUle  usAi.]  Brown. 

Vital  air ;  oxygen  gas,  which  ia  essential  to  ani- 
mal life. 

VI-TAL'I-TY,  71.  [from  vital.]  The  principle  of  ani- 
mation, or  of  life  ;  as,  the  vitality  of  vegetable  seeds 
or  of  ejrgs.  jiay, 

2.  The  act  of  living  ;  animation. 

VI-TAL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  in- 
fusing the  vital  principle.  C.  Caldwell. 

VI'TAL-TZE.  r.  (.     To  give  life  to.    Trans.  Pausanias. 
2.  To  furnish  with  tlie  vital  principle  ;  gis,vitaliied 
hlood.  Caldicdl. 

VI'TAL-IZ-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Supplied  witii  the  vital 
princifde. 

VI'TAL-TZ-ING,  ppr.  Furnishing  with  the  vital 
principle. 

Vl'TALLY,  ado.    In  such  a  manner  as  to  give  life. 

The  org-iinic  airiicHiro  of  hiuinn  bodii-t,  by  which  ihcy  are  fitted 
to  live  and  rnovp,  and  to  l»  vitally  iiirorni<>d  by  the  soul,  is 
Uiu  work  man  si  lip  of  a  moat  wise  and  bcntficeut  Makr'r. 

Denlletf. 

2.  EfiRcntially  ;  as,  vitally  important. 
VI'TAL*,  71.  p/.     Parts  of  animal   bodies  essential  to 
life,  such  as  the  viscera  dependent  upon  the  great 
sympathetic  nerve.  Prior. 

2.  The  part  essential  to  life,  or  to  a  sound  state. 

Corruption  of  manners  preys  upon  the  vitals  of  a 

slate. 

VIT'EL-LA-RY,  n.     [h.  ritfUus,  the  yelk  of  an  egg.] 

The  place  where  the  yelk  of  an  egg  swims  in  the 

white.     [Little  use/L]  "  Brown. 

VI"TISTE,  (vish'ite,)  v.  t.    [L.  vitio.    See  Vice  and 

ViCIATB.J 

1.  To  injure  the  substance  or  qualities  of  a  thing, 
so  as  to  impair  or  spoil  its  use  and  value.  Thus  we 
say,  luxury  vitiates  the  humors  of  the  body  ;  evil  ex- 
am|t|es  vitiate  the  morals  of  youth  ;  language  ia  vi- 
tiated by  foreign  idioms. 

Thia  uiidtatii)£'iiis:>ing  complalaancewiU  tnXiala  (he  taate  of  rcaden. 

Garth. 

2.  To  render  defective  ;  to  destroy  ;  as  the  validity 
or  binding  force  of  an  in;*trument  or  transaction. 
Any  undue  influonce  exerted  on  a  jury  vitiates  their 
verdict.     Fraud  vitiates  a  contract. 

VI"TU-TED,  (vish'a-ted,)  pp.  or  a.  Depraved  ;  ren- 
dered impure  ;  rendered  defective  and  void. 


Vr'TIA-TING,  ppr.  Depraving;  rendering  of  no  va- 
lidity. 

VI"TI-A'TION,  (vish-e-a'shun,)  ti.  The  act  of  vi- 
tiating ;  deprivation  ;  corrupiiou ;  as,  the  vitiation  of 


the  blood. 


Harvey. 


2.  A  rendering  invalid  ;  as,  the  vitiation  of  a  con- 
tract, 

VIT-I-LIT'I-GATE,  v.  t.     [L.  vitiosus  and  litigo.] 
To  contend  in  law  litigiously  or  caviluusly.     [JVct 
in  use.] 

VIT-I-LIT-I-GA'TION,  ti.  Cavilous  litigation.  [JVot 
»"  "■*'''•]  Huilibras. 

VI"TI-OS'I-Ty,  (vish-e-os'e-te,)  n.  A  corrupted 
state ;  depravation. 

VI"TIOUS,  ) 

VI"TIOrjS-LY,      J  See  Viciou.  and  its  derivatives. 

VI"TIOUS-NESS.  ) 

VlT'RE-0-E-LE€'TRie,  a.  Containing  or  exhibit- 
ing jwsitive  electricity,  or  that  which  is  excited  by 
nibbing  glass.  jjrg^ 

VIT'RE-OUS,  a.  [L.  vitreus,  from  vitrum,  glass  or 
woad  ;  VV.  gwydyr,  glass,  a  greenish-UIue  color.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  glass. 

2.  Consisting  of  glass;  as,  a  oifrcoiw  substance. 

3.  Resembling  glass  ;  as,  the  vitreous  humor  of  the 
eye,  so  called  from  its  resembling  melted  glass.  [See 
Humor.] 

VIT'RE-OUS-NESS,  ti.    The  quality  or  state  of  being 

vitreous;  resemblance  of  glass, 
VI-TRES'CEXCE,  n.     [from  L.  vitrum,  glass.] 

Glassmess,  or  the  quality  of  being  caimble  of  con- 
version into  glass  ;   susceptibility  of  being  formed 

into  class.  Kinran. 

VI-TRES'CENT,  a.    Capable  of  being  formed  into 

glass  ;  tending  to  become  glass. 
VI-TRES'Cr-BLE,  a.     That  can  be  vitrified.  Encttc. 
VIT-RI-FAC'TION,    n.     ;See   ViTRirr.]      The  act, 

process,   or  operation   of  converting   into   glass  by 

heat;  as,  the  vitrifactioa  of  sand.  Hint,  and  pebbles 

with  alkaline  salts. 
VIT'IU-FI-A-ULE,   a.      [from   vitrify.]      Capable    of 

being  converted  into  glass  by  heat  and  fusion.    Flint 

and  alkalies  are  vitrijtable. 
VI-TRIF'ie-A-ltLE,  for  ViTRirrABi.E.     [J^ot  used.] 
VrT'RI-KI-€ATE,  for  Vitrify.     hXot  u^ed.]     Bacon. 
VIT-Rl-Fr-CA'TION,  for  Vitbifactiox      [See  Vit- 

FiFAcTtoN,  which  is  generally  used.] 
VIT'RI-FI-KD,  pp.  or  a.     Converted  into  glass. 
VIT'RI-FOR.M,  a.     [L.  vitrum,  glass,  and  /arm.] 
Having  the  form  or  rosemblauce  of  glass. 

fourcroy. 
VIT'RI-Ff ,  V.  L       [L,  vitrum,   glass,   and  facio,   to 

make.] 
To  convert  into  glass  by  fusion  or  the  action  of 

heat ;  as,  to  vitrify  sand  and  alkaline  salts. 
VIT'RI-FV,  V.  i.    To  become  glass  ;  to  be  converted 

into  glass. 

Chemists  mak«  vrasels  of  animal  substaticca  calcined,  which  will 
not  vitrify  in  ttie  fire.  ArbuVijtot. 

VIT'RI-F?-INO,  ppr.    Converting  into  glass. 
VIT'RI-OL,  71.     [Fr.  vitriol :  It.  vUriuolo  ;  St»,  vitriolo  i 
from  L.  vUrum,  glass  ;  from  their  crystalline  form  or 
their  trauslucency.  or  perhaps  from  their  color.] 

A  soluble  sulphate  of  either  of  the  metals.  Cop- 
peras or  green  sulphate  of  iron  is  called  green  vitriol  ; 
a  red  sulphate  of  iron  is  red  vitriol,  or  vitriol  of  Mars ; 
sulphate  of  copper  has  a  blue  color,  and  is  called 
blue  vitriol;  a  white  sulphate  of  zinc  is  called  white 
vitriol :  a  sulphate  of  cobalt  is  cobalt  vitriol. 

Oil  of  vitritU  is  sulphuric  acid.  Dana. 

VIT'RI-O-LATE,  i-.  (.  To  convert  into  a  vitriol;  as 
irim  pyrites  by  the  absorption  of  oxygen,  which  re- 
duces the  iron  to  an  oxyd,  and  the  sulphur  to  sul- 
phuric acid.  Thus  the  sulphuret  of  iron,  when  vitri- 
olatedy  becomes  sulphurate  of  iron  or  green  vitriol. 
VIT'RI-O-LA-TED,  pp.    Converted  into  a  sulphate  or 

a  vitriol. 
VIT' RI-O-LA -TING,  jTpr.     Turning  into  a  sulphate 

or  a  vitriol. 
VIT-RI-O-LA'TION,  77.     The  act  or  process  of  con- 
verting into  a  sulphate  or  a  vitriol. 
VIT-RI-OL'ie,  a.     Pertaining  to  vitriol;  having  the 
qualities  of  vitriol,  or  obtained  from  vitriol. 

Vitriolic  acid,  \n  mudern  chemistry,   is  denominated 
sulphuric  acid,  the  base   of  it   being    sulphur  ;   one 
equivalent  of  sulphur  combined  with  three  equiva- 
lents of  oxygen. 
VIT'RI-OL-IZ-A-BLE,    a.     Capable   of  being   con- 
verted into  a  vitriol, 
VIT-RI-OL-I-ZA'TION.    See  ViraioLATiow. 
VIT'RI-OL-!ZE.     See  Vitriolatb. 
VIT'RI-OL-IZ-iCD.     Seo  Vitriolated. 
VIT'Rl-OL-IZ-ING.     See  Vitriolatino. 
VIT'U-LINE,  a.     [h.  vitulinus.] 

Beloncing  to  a  calf,  or  to  veal. 
VI-TO'PER-A-RLE,  a.     [See  Vitupbbate.]     Blame- 
worthy; censurable.     [JVotused.] 
VI-TO'PER-ATE,  v.  t     [L.  vitupcro.] 

To  blame  ;  to  censure. 
VI-TU-PER-A'TIUN,  Ti.     [L.  vituperatio.] 

Blame ;  censure. 
VI-TO'PER-A-TIVE,n.   Uttering  or  writing  censure; 
containing  censure.  Pope. 


TCNE,  BI;LL.  UNITE. -AN'^GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  as  K;  6  as  J;  «  as  Z;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

—  -___ 


VIV 

VT  TO'PEB-A-TIVE-LY,  ado.    With  viinpemtion. 
yf-k'A'CKj  (y^-vi'chk.)    In  musu^  brisk  and  livoly. 
VI-VA'CIOCS,  a,     [U  riroz,  fhim  oiro,  lo  live,] 

1.  Lively;  itctive  j  sprightly  iii  temper  or  conduct, 

Ifutcell. 
"i    Long  li\'ed.     [Atrt  in  use.]  Bentley. 

n.  Iluving  vigoruus  powera  of  life;  ns,  rivaciotis 
plantA.  J/nL  Repo'i. 

VI-VA'CIOUS-LY,  orfr.    With  vivacity,  life,  or  spirit. 
VI-VA'CIOUS-i\ES.S,  n.  Activity  ;  liveliness  ;  Rpright- 
Uness  of  tamper  or  behavior;  vivacity.        Drjfden. 
a.  Power  uf  living  ;  also,  long  life.     [AVt  in  use,] 
Brvien.     Boyle. 
VI-VAC'I-TY,ii.     [Fr.  rrracit^;  h.  vivaeiLis.] 

I.  Livelinei*s  ;  sprif^htliness  of  temper  or  btibavior; 
as,  a  Indy  of  K^^eal  cicacittf. 

^  Air  of  life  and  activity  ;  as,  etr«ci(y  of  counto- 
nance. 

3.  Life  ;  animatk>D  ;  spirits ;  as,  tbe  vtvaaty  of  a 
discourse. 

4.  Power  of  livins.     [AW  used.]  Boyls, 

5.  Longevity,     [A*!**  w  iu*f,]  firutm. 
VI'VA-RV,  n.     [L.  rirarjwm,  fn>m  rico,  lo  livc.l 

A  warren ;  a  place  for  keeping  living  aniuinlR,  as  a 
pondf  a  park,  tiic  CoteA 

ri'VAT  R£S-Pl7S'lJ'€Jt,  [U]     Long  live  the  re- 
public 


ri'yAT  REX,  TL.]     Long  live  the  kin?. 
FVVjiT  RE-OT'J^A,  [L.]     Long  live  ihe  qneen. 
VI*  VA  ytyCE,  [L.]     By  word  of  moulh  j  as,  to  vote 


VIVE,  m.    [Fr.  vif:  L.  vivus,] 

Lhrely  ;  forcible.    IMot  in  km,.]  Baanu 

yTVEy  (veev,)  [Fr.]     Long  live  ;  success  to  ;  as,  vire 
U  roif  long  live  the  king;  vice  la  bagaUUe,  success  to 
trifles  or  sport. 
VTVE'LY,  adv.     In  a  lively  manner.     \JVot  used,] 
VI'VEN-CY,  «.     [L.  mrfji.*.  t'n>m  riro.] 

Manner  of  su|>porting  life  or  vegetation.  [AVI  in 
USB,]  Breicm. 

VTVS9,  IK.    A  disease  of  brute  animnis,  particularly 
of  horves,  sealed  In  the  glands  under  the  ear,  where 
a  tumor  is  funned  wbicb  sometimes  ends  in  suppu- 
ration. Cyc 
VrV'I-AX-TTE,  n,    A  phosphate  of  Iron,  of  Tarioua 

blades  of  blue  and  green.  Pkiiltps. 

VJV'ID,  a.     [L.  rividiu,  from  Wm,  to  live.] 

Bright;  strong;  exhibiting  the  appearance  of  life 
or  fttthnen ;  as,  the  vivid  colors  of  the  rainbow }  the 
Tipid  green  of  auurtehinf  Tegetablen. 

AfH  wUcli  jwrantt,  whh  ftU  (he  wimi  ch&nm  of  paliMfaiir,  ibt 
K  oat  aoJ  auMMA  bra  4i«iu«.  Bp,  "  ' 


S.  Lively  ;  sprightly  ;  forming  brilliant  images,  or 
painting  in  lively  colrn ;  as,  a  vitid  imaginatioiu 
V1V'U>-LT,  mdth    With  lifo ;  with  strengUi. 

Sturtdw  etifrcu  •Srtt  •  warn  mmtk  nan  ibi^  dHm  fhiaa 
vrhidi  allrct  oaiy  hia  mind.  S^udL 

3.  ^Vith  brightness  ;  in  bright  colors.  Boyle, 

3.  In  glowing  colors  ;  witii  nnimnied  exhibition  to 
the  mind.  The  orator  cicidly  represented  the  mise- 
ries of  his  client. 

v1-\'!d'UTY;  ' !  "•    ^'^  »  stitrnglh  ;  sprightlineM 
3.  Strength  of  coloring  ;  brightnesa. 

YI-vIf'IC^AL,!"-    [L. -■■'i*'"-     Se«V.T.rt.] 

Giving  life  ;  reviving;  enlivening.  Bailey. 

VI-VIF'I-eATE.  c,  t     [L.  civifice;  ririw,  alive,  and 
/iut0,  to  make.] 

L  To  give  lire  to ;  to  animate.     [See  Vitift.] 

More, 

3.  In  cktwiislry,  to  recover  from  such  a  chiinge  of 

form  as  seems  to  destroy  the  es5enti.ai  qualities ;  or 

to  give  lo  natural  bodies  new  luster,  force,  and  vigor. 

[Aerc]     [See  Rktivs  and  Reduce,  tlic  terms  now 

VIV-I-FI-eXTION,  «.    The  act  of  giving  life ;  revi- 
val. Bacon. 

2.  .Among  cAmtistr,  Ibe  act  of  giving  new  luster, 
ftffce,  and  vigor ;  as,  the  rtni^fcafwm  of  mercury.  [See 
RsTrvtricATio^f,  which  is  more  used.]  Cyc. 

VlV'i-FlCA-TIVE,  c    Able  to  animate  or  give  life. 

Mvrt. 
VIV'I-Ff-£D,  pp.     Revived  ;  endued  with  life. 
VIV'I-FT,  r.  U     [Fr.  vicijier ;  L.  vtri/Ua ;  ririw,  alive, 


and  fiicio^  to  make.] 
~  1  life  : 


to  animate;  to  make  to  be 


To  endue  with 
living. 

SiOiog  on  ^gi  dotb  wiv^,  wK  aoortih, 

VIV'I-FV-ING,  ffr.  Enduing  with  Wte  ;  communi- 
cating life  to. 

VI-VIP'A-ROas,  «.  [L.  virus,  alive,  and  pario,  to 
bear.] 

1.  Producing  young  in  a  living  state,  as  all  mam- 
roifers,  as  distinguished  from  Otip&rous,  producing 

*  eggs,  as  fowls.  If  fowls  were  viviparous,  it  is  dif- 
cutt  to  see  how  tlie  female  would  tiy  during  preg- 
nancy. 

2.  In  fro£my,  producing  it?  offspring  alive,  either 
by  bulbs  instead  of  seeds,  or  by  the  seeds  themselves 
germinating  on  the  plant,  instead  of  falling,  as  they 
usually  do  ;  as,  a  viviparous  planL  Martin. 

VIV-I-SEe'TIOX,  a.     [L.  virus  and  seco.] 


voc 

The  dissection  of  an  nniiiuil  while  ntive,  fur  the 
pur[H)Se  of  making  some  |ihysiotoi;icnl  discovery. 
VIX'KN,  n.     [  Kizen  is  a  she-fox,  or  a  fox's  ciili.] 

A  froward,  turbulent,  qttarrt^lsouie  woman.     Shak. 
VIX'£N-LY,  u.    Having  Ihu  qualities  of  a  vixen. 

Barrow. 
VIZ.,  [a  contraction  of  viddieet.]     To  wit;   that  is, 

nainelv. 
VIZ'ARD.    SeeVisoa. 

VIZ'IER,  (via'yer,)  «.     [Ar,,  from   ,aj     vazarUy    to 

bear,  to  stistnin,  to  administer.    Sometimes  8[M:]t  Vis- 

lER  or  VlZGR.] 

A  councilor  of  state;  the  grand  vizier  is  the  chief 
minister  of  the  Turkish  empire.  Brande. 

VIZ'IEK-ATE,  n.     The  office  of  vizier. 

VIZ-1£'RI-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  or  issued  by  the  viz- 
ier, 

VO'CA-BLE,  R.     [L.  vocabulum;    It.  voeabolo.    See 
Voice.] 
A  word  ;  a  term  ;  a  name.  Asiat.  Res, 

VO-€AB'li-LA-RY,  n.  [Fr.  vocabulaire^  from  U  vo- 
ca^M/Njrf,  a  word.] 

A  list  or  collection  of  the  words  of  a  language,  ar- 
ranged in  alphabetical  order  and  explained  ;  a  dic- 
tionary' or  lexicon.  We  often  use  vocabulary  in  a 
sense  somewhat  different  from  that  of  dictionan/,  re- 
stricting tlie  signitication  to  the  list  of  words  ;  ns 
when  we  say,  the  vocabulary  of  Johnson  Is  more  full 
or  extensive  ttian  that  of  Eutick.  We  rarely  use  the 
word  as  synonymous  with  dictionarti;  hut  in  other 
countries  the  corresponding  word  is  so  used,  and  this 
may  be  so  used  in  English. 

VO-CAB'U-LIST,  n.  Tlio  writer  or  former  of  a  vo- 
cabulary ;  a  lexicographer  or  linguist.  Qliddon. 

VO'CAL,  a.     [Ft.,  from  L.  voculis.     See  Voice.] 

1.  Having  a  voice. 

To  hill  or  VAlley,  founUln  or  frcch  stmdr, 

MaiIc  voeai  Uy  my  ton^ .  Millon, 

2.  Uttered  or  modulated  hy  the  voice;  as,  vocal 
melody  ;  roc  a/  prayer ;  vocal  praise. 

Vocal  muxic  ;  music  made  hy  the  voice,  in  distinc- 
tion from  iH^ftrumeHtal  music  :  hence,  music  or  tunes 
set  to  words,  to  be  performed  by  the  human  voice. 

VO'CAL,  n.  Among  the  Ki'tnan  Catholics,  a  man  who 
has  a  right  to  vote  in  certain  elections.  Cyc 

VO-eAL'l€,  a.  Consisting  of  the  voice  or  vowel 
sounds. 

VO'CAL-IST,  M.  A  public  singer  distinguished  for  ex- 
cellence of  voice. 

VO-€AL'I-TY,  m.     [L.  voeati/as.] 

Uuality  of  being  ullertible  by  the  voice ;  as,  the 
vocality  of  the  letters.  Holder. 

VO'CAL-IZE,  r.  t.  To  form  into  voice  ;  to  make  vo- 
cal. 

Il  k  one  thing  to  rire  in^>ul«e  to  brvKlh  aloue,  Mid  ano(h<^  to 
vocaiin  UmI  uc«tb.  Hotdtr. 

VO'CAL-IZ-KD,  pp.    Made  vocal ;  formed  into  voice. 

Vfl'CAL-IZ-!NG,  ppr.    Forming  into  voice  or  sound. 

VO'€AL-LY,    ado.      With  voice  ;    with  an   audible 
swind. 
2,  In  words  ;  as.  to  express  desires  vocally.     Hale. 

VO-CA'TION,  II.  [Fr.,  from  L.  vocatio^  from  voco,  to 
call.     See  Voice.] 

L  Among  divines,  a  calling  by  the  will  of  God  ;  or 
the  bestowment  of  Uod*s  disiineuishing  grace  upon 
a  person  or  nation,  by  which  that  person  or  natitui  is 
put  in  the  way  of  siilvalion  ;  as,  the  vocation  of  the 
Jews  under  the  tdd  dispensation,  and  of  the  Gentiles 
under  the  gospel. 

2.  Summons  ;  coll ;  inducement. 

Whsl  can  be  ur^rd  for  them  who,  not  hainnj  the  vocation  of 
iwveny  lo  KnbUe,  out  of  men  wantooaeM  make  iheint^Uea 
niieulom  t  Dryden, 

3.  Designation  or  destination  to  a  particular  state 
or  profession. 

None  is  lo  rntfr  Ihe  eccledutic  or  moniutk  tute,  without  n  par. 
licul.ir  vocation.  Cyc. 

4.  Employment;  calling;  occupation;  trade-,  a 
word  that  includes  professitms  as  well  as  mechanical 
occupations.  Let  every  divine,  every  physician,  ev- 
er>'  lawyer,  and  every  mechanic,  be  faitiiful  and  dili- 
gent in  his  rocution. 

VOC'A-TIVE,  a.     [Fr.  vocaiif:  L.  voealivus,] 

Relating  to  calling  ;  denoting  that  case  of  the  noun 
in  which  a  person  is  addressed;  as,  the  vocative  case 
in  era m mar. 

VOe'A-'i'IVE,  n.  In  grammar,  the  fifth  case  or  state 
of  nouns  in  the  Latin  language  ;  or  the  case,  in  any 
language,  in  which  a  word  is  placed  when  the  per- 
son is  addressed  ;  as,  Domine,  O  Lord. 

VO-CIF'ER-ATE.  v.  i.     [L.  vocifero:  vox  and  fero,] 
To  cr\-  out  with  vehemence  ;  to  exclaim. 

VO-CIF'ER-ATE,  r.  t.    To  utter  with  a  loud  voice. 

VO-CIF'ER-A-TL\G,  ppr.  Crying  out  with  vehe- 
mence ;  utterine  with  a  loud  voice. 

VO-CIF-ER-a'TION',  n.  A  violent  outcry  ;  vehement 
utterance  of  the  voice.  ArbuthnoL 

VO-CIF'ER-OUS,  a.  Making  a  loud  outcry  ;  clamof 
ous  ;  noisy  ;  as,  vociferous  heralds.  Chapman. 

VO-CIF'ER-OUS-LY,  ado.  With  great  noise  in  call- 
ing, shouting,  &.C. 


vol 

VO-CIF'KR-OUS-NES.S,  «.     Clamorousness. 

VOGUE,  (vog,)  M.  [  Fr.  vo^fue^  a  rowing  ;  It.  voga,  a 
rowing,  mode,  fashion  ;  coirarc,  to  row  ;  8p.  ooga; 
vfl<^ar,  to  row.  This  word  bilongs  to  the  family  of 
Rgj  Wg.  (See  Wa(j  and  Way.)  The  sense  uf  voffue 
is  way,  or  the  going  of  the  world.] 

The  way  or  fashion  of  people  at  any  particular 
time;  tein|Hirary  mode,  custom,  or  practice  ;  popular 
reception  for  the  lime.  We  say,  n  particular  form  of 
dress  is  now  in  voirue;  an  amusing  writer  is  now  in 
vogue;  such  opinions  are  now  in  vogue.  The  phrase, 
the  vogue  of  the  world,  used  by  good  writers  formerly, 
is  nearly  or  quite  obsolete. 

Vk  mny  revive  the  otaotftctt  Word, 

And  Uiriish  Ihoce  that  now  ktc  most  lii  eofiM.      Roacommon, 

VOICE,  n.  [Fr.  voir.;  L.  vox;  It.  voce;  Sp.  voz ; 
Gaelic,  bagh,  a  word;  baigham,  to  s[>eak  to;  Ir. 
focal,  a  word  ;  Sans,  vach,  to  speak,  L.  voco.  The 
sense  of  the  verb  is,  lo  throw,  to  drive  out  sound  ; 
and  voice  is  that  which  is  driven  out  ] 

1.  Sound  or  audible  noise  uttered  by  the  mouth, 
either  of  human  beings  or  of  other  animals.  We  any, 
the  Voice  of  a  man  is  loud  or  clear;  Die  voice  of  a 
woman  is  soft  or  musical ;  the  voice  of  a  dog  is  loud 
or  harsh  ;  iUc  voice  of  a  bird  is  sweet  or  melodious. 
The  voice  of  human  beings  is  articulate;  that  of 
beasts,  inarticulate.  The  voices  of  men  are  differ- 
ent, and,  when  uttered  together,  are  often  dissonant, 

2.  Any  sound  made  by  the  breath  ;  as,  the  trum- 
pet's voice. 

3.  A  vole  ;  suffrage;  opinion  or  choice  expressed. 
Originally  voice  was  the  oral  utterance  of  choice,  but 
it  now  signilies  any  vote,  however  given. 

Some  laws  ordnin,  nikd  some  attend  the  cholco 

0(  holjf  ■eiittt<'it,  mul  elect  by  voict.  Dryden. 

1  have  no  wonls  ; 
My  voice  a  In  my  iwunl,  Shak. 

4.  Language;  words;  expression. 

I.et  us  call  on  God  iii  the  voict  of  his  church.  /Vlt 

5.  In  &ri;?Cur«,  command ;  precept. 

Ye  would  not  be  obcdiimt  to  Ihe  voice  of  llic  Lord  ^oitr  Ood.  — 
Dcul.  viiL 

6.  Sound. 

After  the  fin,  a  ilill,  smtiU  voice.  —  1  KInn  xlx. 
Catuit  thou  thunder  with  a  voice  like  Him?  —  Job  xl. 
The  floods  have  lifted  up  their  voice.  —  Ps.  xciii. 

7.  Language;  tone;  mode  of  expression. 

I  desire  to  be  present  with  you  now,  and  to  change  iny  voice.  — 
UjI.  W. 

8.  In  grammar,  a  particular  mode  of  inflecting  or 
conjugating  verbs  ;  as,  the  active  voice  ;  the  passive 
voice, 

VOICE,  V.  t.    To  rumor  ;  to  report. 

It  was  voiced  that  Uie  Viug  purposed  to  put  to  death  Blward 
Pl«iiUif»-ii'-t.     \Utlle  ueed.\  Shak. 

2.  To  fit  for  producing  the  proper  sounds  ;  to  regu- 
late the  tone  of;  as,  lo  voice  the  pipes  of  an  organ, 

Ed,  Encye. 

3.  To  vole. 

VOICE,  r.i.     To  clamor;  to  exclaim.    [OAs.l  Bacon, 

VOICED,  (voist,)  pp.    Fitted  to  produce  the  proper 
tones. 
2.  a.     Furnished  with  a  voice.  Denham. 

VOICE'LESS,  (vois'Icss,)  a.    Having  no  voice  or  vote. 

Coke. 

VOICING,  ppr.  Fitting  the  pipe  of  an  organ  for  pro- 
ducing its  proper  quality  of  tone. 

VOICING,  n.  The  act  of  giving  to  an  organ-pipe  ils 
proper  quality  of  lone. 

VOID,  a.  [Fr.  vuide;  II.  rofo  ;  L.  viduus ;  Sw.  tide  ; 
G.  and  Dan.  iJde,  waste,  which  seems  to  he  the  Eng. 
wide;  so  waste  and  vast  are  from  one  roftt.  It  coin- 
cides with  Gr.  litos,  and  the  root  of  L.  dividOy  Ar. 


4)0  frfuiiid,  to  separate.     Class  Bd,  No.  L     See  also 

No,  48.] 

1.  Empty;  vacant ;  not  occupied  with  any  visible 
matter ;  as,  a  void  space  or  place.     1  Kings  xxit. 

2.  Empty ;  without  inhabitants  or  furniture. 
Oen.  i. 

3.  Having  no  legal  or  binding  force;  null;  not 
efiectual  to  hind  parties,  or  to  convey  or  support  a 
right;  not  siitficienl  to  produce  its  effect.  Thus  a 
deed  not  duly  signed  and  sealed  is  void.  A  fraudu- 
lent contract  is  void,  or  may  be  rendered  void. 

My  word  shnll  not  rrtiirn  to  mc  void,  but  it  shall  aceoiupiish  that 

which  [  pl'^Kse.  —  la.  Iv. 
I  will  make  void  (he  counsel  of  Judafa  and  Jerusalem  in  tltis  pl^ce. 

—  Jer.  xix. 

4.  Free  ;  clear;  as,  a  conscience  void  of  offense. 
Acts  xxiv. 

5.  Destitute ;  aa,  void  of  learning  ;  void  of  reason 
or  common  sense. 

He  thai  is  void  of  wistlom  detplseth  his  neighbor.  —  Pruv,  xl. 

6.  Unstipplied;  vacant;  unoccupied;  having  no 
incumbent. 

Divers  offices  that  had  been  lon^  void.  Camden. 

7.  Unsubstantial ;  vain. 

Iiifeless  idol,  void  and  vain.  Pope. 

Void  space  ;  in  pkysies^t  a  vacuum. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — M£TE,  PRgY — PINE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK 


VOL 

To  make  void;  to  violau; ;  to  tran:^gre»s. 

Tbcjf  hnre  tnadt  void  thy  law. —  P».  a\x. 

9.  To  render  useless  or  of  no  effect,    Rom.  iv. 
VOID,  lu    An  empty  space  ;  a  vacuum. 

Priile,  where  wit  ^la,  steps  in  to  our  defense, 

Ami  fills  up  nil  ihe  mi^hly  xtoid  uf  sciiae.  Pope, 

TU'  iiUiaiutie  void,  TTtonuon. 

VOID,  F.  L    To  quit ;  to  leave. 

Bill  them  come  down, 
Or  void  tbc  aeld.  ShaJc. 

2.  To  emit ;  to  send  out ;  to  evacuate  j  as,  to  void 
excrementitious  matter  ;  to  void  worms. 

3.  To  Vacate  ;  to  annul ;  to  nullify ;  to  render  of 
no  validity  or  etfecL 

It  lu<1  become  a  practice  —  to  void  the  Kcurit;  given  foi  money 
bvnuwcd.  clarendon. 

4.  To  make  or  leave  vacant. 

VOID.  r.  t.    To  be  emitted  or  evacuated.     JVi.-ieman. 
VOID'A-ltLE,  a.  Tliat  may  be  annulled  or  made  void, 
or  that  may  be  adjudged  void,  invalid,  or  of  no  force. 

Such  ailmii  lb  (ration  is  not  Toid,  but  voidable  by  sentence. 

Aylije. 

2.  That  may  be  evacuated. 
VGID'AN'CE,  n.     The  act  of  emptying. 

2.  The  act  of  qecting  from  a  benefice  ;  ejection. 

3.  Vacancy  ;  want  of  an  incumbent.  Cye. 

4.  Evasion  ;  subterfuge.  Baeotu 
VOID'ED,  pp.     Thrust  out ;  evacuated. 

3.  a.     In  heraUtry,  [an  ordinary  is  said  to  be  voided^ 
when  the  inner  part  is  cut  away,  and  only  the  out- 
side strips  left—  /i  H.  Barker.] 
VOID'ER,  n.    A  basket  in  which  broken  meat  is  car- 
ried from  the  table.  CUavdand. 

2.  One  who  evacuates. 

3.  One  who  nullifies. 

4.  In  hn-atdry,  one  of  the  ordinaries,  who^e  figure 
is  much  like  that  of  the  flanch  or  Hasque. 

[This  woid  is  scarcely  recognized  in  the  nomen- 
clature of  heraldry. — E.  H.  Barker.} 

5.  In  a^icidturey  a  provincial  name  of  a  kind  of 
shallow  basket  of  open  work.  England. 

VOID'IXG,  ppr.     Ejecting  ;  evacuating. 

2.  Making  or  declaring  void,  or  of  no  force. 

3.  Quitting  ;  leaving. 

4.  a.  Receiving  what  is  ejected ;  as,  a  voiding 
lobby.  ■     Shak. 

VOID'.NESS,  n.    Emptiness;  vacuity;  destitution. 

2.  Nullity;  inefiicacy  ;  want  of  binding  force. 

3.  Want  of  substantiality.  JUkewiU. 
VOIR  D/RE'j  (vwor  deer',)  [Law  L.  verum  dicere.] 

In  late,  an  oath  administered  to  a  person  intended 
as  a  witness,  requiring  him  to  make  true  answers 
to  questions  as  to  preliminary  or  collateral  points, 
before  he  is  allowed  to  testify  as  to  the  main  point  at 
issue.  It  is  often  administered  to  such  as  are  sup- 
posed to  be  interested,  or  to  have  formed  opinions  to 
biiLS  the  mind.  Bouvier. 

VOI'TURE,  n.     [Fr.  id.;    It.  vcUura,  from  L.  vectus, 
veho.] 

Carriage,     [JVut  Englisk.]  Arbuthnot. 

VO-LA'CIOU-S,  a.     [L.  volot] 
Apt  or  fit  to  fly. 

VOL-AL'KA-LI,  (-arka-II  or  -le,)  n.    Volatile  alkali ; 
htj  contraction.  Kirwan,  GeoL 

VO'LANT,  a.     [Fr.,  flying,  from  voier^   L.  volo,  to 
fly.] 

1.  Flying;  passing  through  the  airj  as,  m/ant  au- 
tomata. fViUiins. 

2.  Nimble  ;  active  ;  as,  roUmt  touch.         MUton. 

3.  In  heraldry^  represented  as  flying  or  having  the 
wings  spread. 

VOL'A-TlhE,  a.     [Fr.,  from  L.  volatilis.  from  volo.  to 
fly.] 

1.  Flying;  passing  through  the  air  on  wings,  or  by 
the  buoyant  force  of  the  utaiosphere. 

2.  Having  the  power  to  fly;  as,  birds  are  volatile 
animals.  Ray.     Bacon. 

3  Capable  of  wasting  away,orofc;i.sily  passinginto 
the  aeriform  state.  Thus  substances  which  atlVct  the 
smell  with  pungent  or  fragrant  odurs,  as  musk,  harts- 
horn, and  essential  oils*,  are  called  vo!al Uc  miUsUuiccs, 
because  tliey  waste  away  on  exposure  to  the  ntnios- 
pheru.  Alcohol  and  ether  are  called  volatile  liquids 
for  a  similar  reason,  and  because  they  easily  pa^s  into 
the  state  of  vajior  on  the  application  of  heat.  On  the 
contrary,  gold  is  a/xei/ substance,  because  it  does  not 
suffer  waste,  even  %vht:n  exposed  to  the  heat  ttf  a 
furnace  ;  antl  oils  are  called  Jized  when  they  do  not 
evaporate  on  sim{)Ie  expij>:uri:  to  the  atmosphere* 

4.  Lively  ;  gay  ;  full  of  spirit ;  airy  ;  hence,  fickle  ; 
apt  tu  change  ;  as,  a  volatile  temper.  fVatts. 

You  are  m  siiUy  and  oolatiU  ns  ever.  SiD\/'t. 

Volatiln  alkali ;  an  old  name  of  ammonia. 
VOL'A-TILE,  n.    A  winged  animal.     [Little  used,] 

Brown. 
VOL'A-TILE-NESS,  \  „      .pr  ,:i.t;r.u  i 
VOUA-TIL'I-TY,       ("•     [^^•■^•ol^^ti.] 

1.  Disposition  to  exhale  or  evaporate;  the  quality 

of  being  capable  of  evajjoralion  ;  that  property  of  a 

■    subntance  whirh  disjwses  it  to  rise  and  float  in  the 

air,  and  thus  to  be  di;<sipated  ;  as,  the  rolatility  of 

fiaids.     Ether  is  remarkable  for  ita  volaldiiy.     Many 


VOL 

or  most  solid  bodies  are  susceptible  of  volatility  by 
the  action  of  intense  heal. 

By  the  spirit  of  a  plant,  we  iiiidcrsttnd  that  pure,  elaborated  oil, 
wliich,  by  reason  of  iu  extnme  voladlity,  extutk-i  aponUnu- 
ously,  and  in  whicb  tlio  odor  or  simHl  consists.    Arbutlinol. 

2.  Great  sprightiiness;  levity  ;  liveliness  ;  whence, 
mutability  of  mind  ;  fickleness  ;  as,  the  volaUlUy  of 
youth. 

VOL'A-TIL-IZ-A-fiLE,  a.    That  may  be  volatilized. 

VOL-A-TIL-I-ZA'TION,  n.  [from  volatilize.]  The 
actor  process  of  rendering  volatile,  or  rather  of  caus- 
ing to  rise  and  float  in  the  air.  Boyle. 

VOL'A-1'IL-IZE,  r.  (.     [Fr.  volatHi^er.] 

To  render  volatile  ;  to  cause  to  exhale  or  evapor- 
ate ;  to  cause  to  pass  off  in  vajwr  or  invisible  elllu- 
via,  and  to  rise  and  float  in  the  air.  « 

Tlie  water  — dissolving  the  oil,  and  volatilizing  it  by  the  action. 

Ntialon. 

VOL'A-TIL-IZ-KD,  pp.      Rendered  volatile;  caused 

to  rise  and  float  in  air. 

VOL'A-TlL-IZ-L\G,  ppr.  Rendering  volatile  ;  caus- 
ing to  rise  and  float  in  air. 

VOL-CAN'ie,  a.  [from  volcano.]  Pertaining  to  vol- 
canoes ;  as,  volcanic  heal. 

2.  Produced  by  a  volcano  ;  as,  volcavie  tufa. 

3.  Changed  or  affected  by  the  heat  of  a  volcano. 
VOL-€AN-IC'I-Ty,  (-is'e-te,)  71.     State  of  bein  gvol- 

canic  ;  volcanic  power.  Jfumboldt. 

VOL'CAN-IST,  n.  [fr(in\  volcano.]  One  versed  in 
the  history  and  phenomena  of  volcanoes. 

2.  One  who  believes  in  the  ellects  of  eruptions  of 
fire  in  the  formation  of  mountains. 

VOL-CAN'I-TY,  Ti.  The  state  of  being  volcanic,  or  of 
volcanic  origin. 

VOL-CAN-I-ZA'TION,  n.  [from  volcanizr.]  The 
process  of  undergoing  vulcanic  heat,  and  being  af- 
fected by  it. 

VOL'€  \N-IZE,  p.  t  To  subject  to  or  cause  to  under- 
go volcanic  heat,  and  to  be  affected  by  its  action. 

SpallaHzani. 

VOL'€AN-IZ-ED,  pp.     Affected  by  volcanic  heat 

VOL-€A'NO,  n.     [It,  from  Vulcan.] 

1.  In  geology,  an  opening  in  the  surface  of  the 
earth,  or  in  a  mountain,  from  which  smoke,  flumes, 
stones,  lava,  or  other  substances,  are  ejected.  Such 
are  seen  in  Etna  and  Vesuvius,  in  Sicily  and  Italy, 
and  Hecia,  in  Iceland.  It  is  vulgarly  called  a  burn- 
ijig  mountain. 

2.  The  mountain  that  ejects  fire,  smoke,  &c. 
V6LE,  n.    [Fr  ,  from  vuler,  to  fly.] 

A  deal  at  cards  that  draws  all  the  tricks.     Sieijt 
VO-LgE',  (vo-Iii',)  TU    [Fr.,  allying.]     A  rapid  flight 

of  notes  in  mtisic, 
VO'LER-Y,  n,     [Fr.  volerie,  from  volcr^  to  fly.] 

1.  A  flight  iif  birds.  Locke. 

2.  A  large  bird-cage  in  which  the  birds  have  roooi 
U)  fly.  Cyc. 

VOL-I-TA'TION,  n.    [L.  volito,  dim.  of  volo,  to  fly.] 
The  act  of  flying  ;  flight.  Brown. 

VO-LI"TION,  C-lish'un,)  ».  [L.  volitio,  from  volo,  to 
will.     See  Wiuu] 

I.  The  act  of  willing;  the  actofdolerminingchoicc, 
or  forming  a  purpose.    Tlicre  is  a  great  difference 
between  actual  volition  and  the  approbation  of  judg- 
ment. South. 
VoUHon  is  the  actual  exorcise  of  the  imw.»r  which  tho  mind  has 
of  considering  or  furbcaring  lo  cunsidc-r  au  idea.      Locke. 

9.  The  power  of  willing  or  determining. 
VOL'I-TIVE,  a.     Having  the  power  lo  will. 

Thz-y  itot  only  perfect  Ibc  intellectuai  fnciilty,  but  tlie  voVuioe. 

Hate. 

VOL'LEY,  n. ;  pi.  Vollevs.  [Fr.  volec,  a  flight,  from 
volrr,  to  fly,  L.  vnlo.] 

1.  A  flight  of  filiot ;  the  discharge  of  many  small 
arms  at  once.  Waller. 

2.  A  iturst  or  emission  of  many  things  at  once;  as, 
a  vollry  of  words.  SAojfc. 

But  nttlling  nuns/-nse  In  full  volteye  hrL'aksK  Pope. 

VOIj'LEY,  v.  t.     To  discharge  with  a  volley. 

VOL'LEY,  0.  i.    To  throw  out  or  discharge  at  once. 

Shak. 

VOL'LEY-i^D,  (vuriid,)  a.  [from  volley.]  Displod- 
ed  ;  distharg' d  with  a  sudden  burst ;  as,  volleyed 
thunder.  MUton.     Philips. 

V6LT,  n.  [Fr.  volte,  a  ring  ;  It  voUa,  a  turn  ;  from  L. 
volattt«,  volvo.] 

1.  A  round  or  circular  tread  ;  a  gait  of  two  treads 
made  by  a  horse  going  sideways  round  a  center. 

Far.  DicL 

2.  \\\feacing,  a  sudden  movement  or  leap  to  avoid 
a  thrust. 

VOVTA,  in  Italian  music,  signifies  that  the  part  is  to 
be  repeated  one,  two,  or  more  times. 

VOI^TA'ie,  a.  Pertaining  to  Volta,  llie  discoverer  of 
vottai?tm  ;  as,  tho  voltaic  pile. 

VoUmc  ajrparatus ;  the  apparatus  used  for  accumu- 
lating galvanic  electricity.  The  agent  itself  is  de- 
nominated galvanism,  after  its  discoverer,  Oalvani, 
while  the  instruments  used  for  exciting  and  arxumu- 
lating  it  are  called  voltaic,  in  honorof  Volta,  who  first 
contrived  this  kind  of  apparatus. 

yolLiic  pile ;  a  column  formed  by  successive  pairs 


VOL 


of  metallic  disks,  as  silver  and  zinc,  with  moistened 
cloth  between  every  two  contiguous  pairs. 

l^oltaie  electricity ;  the  kind  of  electricity  which  U 
ev(ilved  by  voltaic  apparatus. 

Voltaic  battery  ;  tho  larger  forms  of  voltaic  appara- 
tus, used  for  accunmlating  galvanic  electricity. 

VOL'TA-IS.M,  rt.     ffrom  Vulta,  an  Italian.] 

That  branch  of  electrical  science  which  has  its 
source  in  the  chemical  action  between  metals  and 
diflerent  liquids.  It  is  more  properly  called  Galvan- 
ism, from  Galvani,  who  first  proved  or  brought  into 
notice  its  remarkable  influence  on  animals. 

VOL-TAM'E-TER,  n.     [VoltaanA  pcrpov.] 

An  instrument  for  measuring  the  voltaic  electricity 
passin"  through  it. 

VOL'Tl,  [It]     In  7BIWW,  turn  over. 

VOL'TI-GEUR,  f-zhur,)  n.  A  light-horseman  or  dra- 
goon. In  the  army  of  the  United  States,  each  dra^ 
goon  or  horsciuan  Ijas  a  fiMjt-soIdier  attached  to  him, 
who,  in  case  of  necessity,  mounts  behind  on  the 
same  horse;  thus  prerienting,  whenever  they  meet 
the  enemy,  a  line  of  infantry  and  of  dragoons  in  the 
same  regiment  Critien^ea. 

VOVTt  SVPBl-TO,  [It.]    Turn  over  quickly. 

VO-LCBII^ATE,  I  a.    In  w-art/g/iin^,  avolubilate  stem 

VOL'lf-UILE,  (  is  one  that  climbs  by  winding  or 
twining  round  another  body.  Cwc 

VOL-I|-liIL'I-TV,  71.  [Fr.  volubiliti;  L.  volubUitas, 
from  volco,  to  roll.] 

1.  The  capacity  of  being  rolled ;  aptness  to  roll : 
a^i  the  volubility  of  a  bowl.  Watts. 

2.  The  act  of  rolling. 

By  irrrgidar  voluhiliiy.  Hooker. 

3.  Ready  motion  of  the  tongue  id  speaking ;  flu- 
ency of  speech. 

She  run  over  the  catalogue  of  dirersions  wiUi  inch  a  volidAiily 
of  tongue,  as  drew  a  gciiUc  repriioand  frorei  her  father. 

Flemala  Quixote. 

4.  Mutaliility  ;  liableuess  to  revolution  ;  as,  the 
volubility  of  human  nflairu.    [Unusual.]     VEstrange. 

VOL'U-BLE,  (vol'yu-bl,)  a.    \U  volubUis.] 

1.  Formed  so  as  to  roll  with  ease,  or  lo  be  easily 
set  in  motion  ;  apt  lo  roll ;  as,  voluble  particles  of 
matter.  Boyle. 

2.  Rolling  ;  liaving  quick  motion. 

Tliis  less  voluble  earth.  AJiUon. 

3.  Nimble ;  active ;  moving  with  ease  and  smooth- 
ness in  uttering  words  ;  fluent;  as,  a  flippant,  »oiu- 
ble  tongue. 

4.  Fluent ;  flowing  with  ease  and  smoothness ;  as, 
a  voluble  speech.  Shak. 

5.  Having  fluency  of  speech. 

Cossio,  a  knave  very  voluble.  Shak. 

VOL'l^-RLY,  ado.    In  a  rolling  or  fluent  manner. 

Hudibras. 
VOL'yME,  (vol'yum,)  71.    [Fr.,  from  L.  volumen,  a 
roll ;  volvo,  to  roll.    To  make  u  long,  in  this  word,  is 
palpably  wrong.] 

1.  Primarily,  a  roll,  as  the  ancients  wrote  on  long 
strips  of  bark,  parchment,  or  other  material,  which 
they  formed  into  roils  or  folds.  Of  such  volumes, 
Ptolemy's  library  in  Alexandria  contained  three  or 
seven  hundred  thousand. 

2.  A  roll  or  turn  ;  as  much  as  is  included  in  a  roll 
or  coil ;  as,  the  volume  of  a  serpent.  Drydcn, 

3.  Dimensions  ;  compass  ;  space  occupied  ;  as,  the 
vuluiae  of  an  elephant's  body  ;  a  volume  of  gas. 

Darwin.     Parke. 

4.  A  swelling  or  spherical  body 

The  undulating  lajlows  rolling  tlit-ir  silver  volwnea.       Irving. 

5.  A  book  ;  a  collection  of  sheets  of  paper,  usually 
pritilc{l  or  written  paper,  folded  and  bound,  or  cov- 
ered. A  book  consisting  of  sheets  once  folded  is 
called  a  folio,  or  a  folio  volume :  of  sheets  twice  fold- 
ed, a  fuarfo;  and  thus,  according  to  the  number  of 
leaves  in  a  sheet,  it  is  called  an  octavo  or  a  duodecimo. 
Tiie  Scriptures,  or  sacred  writings,  bound  in  a  single 
volume.,  are  called  the  Bible.  The  number  of  volumes 
in  tho  Royal  Library,  in  Rue  de  Richelieu,  at  Paris,  ii 
variously  estimated.  According  to  tlie  returns  in 
183G,  there  were  more  than  700,000  volumes. 

An  od<l  voluTiie  of  .1  set  of  books  bears  not  the  \al\if  of  its  pro* 
I^jriiuii  to  llio  set.  fVankUn. 

6.  In  mu.sic,  the  compass  of  a  voice  from  grave  to 
acute  ;  the  tone  or  power  of  voice.  Busby. 

VOL'UM-f:D,  (vol'yumd,)  a.  Having  the  form  of  a 
vohmie  or  roll  ;  as,  volumcd  mist.     Percy^s  Masque. 

VO-LO'MIN-OUS,  a.  Consi^iting  of  many  coils  or 
ctmiplications. 

The  serpent  rolled  volumlnoue  and  vast.  Milton. 

2.  Consisting  of  many  volumes  or  books.  The 
collections  of  Mnratori  and  of  the  Byzantine  history 
are  very  voluminous. 

3.  Having  written  much,  or  made  many  volumes  ; 
as,  a  voluminovs  writer. 

4.  Copious  ;  diffusive.  He  was  too  voluminous  in 
discourse.     [JVVif  in  use.] 

VO-LO'MIN-OUS-LY,  adv.  In  many  volumes  ;  very 
co))iously.  Oranville. 

VO-LO'MIN-OUS-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  bulky  or 
in  many  volumes. 


TONE,  BULL,  tINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS C  aa  K ;  G  as  J ;  8  as  Z ;  CII  as  SH;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


l^ 


1341 


VOL 


VOR 


VOL'lJ-MIST,  n.  On«  who  writes  a  volume ;  mx  aii- 
ihor.     ^V«l  M  «.«.]  MUton. 

VOL'CN-TA-RI-LY,  aJr.  [from  voluntary.]  Sjion- 
loneously  ;  of  oue'd  ovvu  will ;  without  being  moved, 
iudueuccd,  or  impt-Ued,  by  otiii^rs. 

Ttf  be  ac«n*>  M^wiav^  bi  our  own  deitroction,  b  KpsinM  God 


VOI/UN-TA-RI-NESS,  m.  The  slate  of  being  volun- 
tas' or  o|>tional. 
VOL'U.\-TA-RV,  a.  [Fr.  volontaire  :  L.  rotuntJirius, 
from  Tolumtoj,  will,  from  roio.  Voluntarif  is  applica 
bl«  only  to  bein^  that  have  wiU  ;  sptmUtMou*  is  ap- 
plicable to  physical  m>tsrs,  as  well  as  to  the  loiU  of  an 
agent.] 

1.  Actinp  by  choice  or  sptintnneously;  acting  with- 
oul  being  influenced  or  impelled  by  another. 

S.  Free,  or  havinR  power  to  act  by  choice  ;  not  be- 
ing under  re^raint  \  a^i,  man  is  a  wUiUary  agent 

Hooker, 
X  Proceeding  from  choice  or  fre«  will. 

Ttnl  fin  or  fuitt  pciuii*  exdusivrl/  to  votttntanf  action,  li  the 
true  priadfie  of  onbMlosjr.  -  H.  W.  Tartar. 

4.  Willing ;  acting  with  willingness. 

Kh  (HI  to  loM  «  wobMtmn/  fny.  Pof§. 

5.  Done  by  design ;  purposed  ;  intended.  If  a  man 
kills  another  by  lotiping  a  tree,  here  is  no  vWsaiary 
murder. 

6.  Done  freely,  or  of  chiticf  ;  procet^ding  fVom  free 
will.  He  went' tnloro/«i«arjf  exile;  he  made  h  vol- 
untary surrender. 

7.  Acting  of  hi9  own  accord;  spontaneous;  as, 
the  voluntary  dictates  o(  knowledge. 

8.  Subject  to  the  will ;  as,  Ihr  roluttVny  motions 
of  an  animal,  'i'hu^  the  motit>n  of  a  le^  t>r  an  arm 
U  volujuary^  but  the  motion  of  the  h^art  a  iMveluH- 


•t:-. 


Wuafory  escape^  in  /oip,  ifl  tho  escape  of  a  pris- 
oner by  the  tuprea^  consent  of  the  sheriff. 

FUmmHtry  JMrisdictitm^  is  that  which  >s  exerci<>ed 
In  doing  that  which  no  one  opposes ;  as  in  granting 
dispenmiioos,  &e. 

KWaatery  mJUUtvit  or  oath,  is  one  made  in  an  extra- 
Jadicial  matter. 

FolMxtary  waste^  is  that  which   is  commtltod  by 
positive  acts. 
VOL'UN-TA-RY,  «.    One  who  engn^res  in  any  affair 
of  his  own  fre«  will ;  a  volunteer.     [In  this  sense, 
VoLuntsaa  is  now  generally  ustnj.] 

S.  In  Miunc,  a  piece  played  by  a  musician,  oflt-n 
extempormrUy,  acoording  to  his  f:inry.  la  the 
Philosophical  Transactions,  we  have  a  method  of 
writing  rt^lmmtmnu  as  fiut  as  Ike  musician  (Kays  the 
notes.  This  is  by  a  cylinder  turning  under  tlte  keys 
of  tbeorfan.  Cyc 

X  A  eompnsttioa  for  the  04^n. 
VOUUN-TEER', «.     [Ft.  valomtairt.) 

A  ftntm  who  entfra  into  military  or  other  service 
of  hMomi  free  will.  In  iiulttary  affair*^  volunteera 
•oter  into  service  voluntarily,  but  when  in  eorvice; 
they  are  sutgeel  to  discipline  and  regulations  like 
other  soldiers.  Ttiey  somt-times  serve  graluitunaly, 
but  often  receive  a  compensation. 
VOL-U.VTEER',  a.    Entering   into  service  of  free 

will ;  a.0,  roluntftr  coiiipanies. 
VOL-UN-TEER',  v.  L  To  offer  or  bestow  voluntarily, 
or  without  S4>lk:itation  or  cumpuUinn  ;  as,  to  Vidun- 
tetr  one's  services. 
VOL-UN-TEER',  r.  i.  To  enter  into  any  aervfce  of 
<Hie*s  free  will,  without  sidicitatiun  or  compulsion 
He  voluMtrered  in  that  undertaking. 


[TTkw*  verbs  are  tn  rt*-ptelabU  tLSfA 


[L.  vslujrf*- 


VO-LrP'TU-A  RY,  (vo-hipi'yua 
mriasy  from  rolaptaj,  plea^^ure.] 

A  man  addicted  to  luxury  or  the  gratification  of 
the  ai^tite,  and  to  other  sensual  pleasures. 

JStierhury, 
VO-LUPTU-OUS,  (vo-lupt'yu-u5,)    a.      [Fr.    voUp 
tmtux :  L*.  v*tluptuosiu.,] 

Given  to  the  enjoyments  of  luxurj'  and  pleasure  ; 
indulging  to  excess  in  sensual  gratiAcalions. 

flo^ned  viih  pleoms  sod  wobtptmoits  life.  MUtom. 

VO-LUPT0H>US-LY,  ad*.    Loxurioasly;  with  free 
iadulceiice  of  sensual  pleasoies ;  aa,  lo  live  volvptu- 

VO-LUPn'UOUS-NESd,  a.    Luzariousneaa;  addict- 
edneaa  to  pleasure  or  sensual  gralifi cation. 

VTbera  oo  soJuj^momotm*!,  yet  aS  deCfliL.  Donnt. 

VOL-tJ-TA'TION,  n.    f  L.  volutatio^  from  ro/«io,  from 
volro,  Eng.  to  wcUaw.T 

A  wallowing  ;  a  rolling  of  the  body  cm  the  earth. 
[See  Waixow.} 
VO-LGTE'  M.    [Ft.  voUU;  IL  voUt*;  from  L.  voU- 
Cms,  volvo.] 

1.  In  arehUeeture,  a  kind  of  spiral  scroll,  used  in 
the  Ionic  and  Composite  capitals,  of  which  it  is  a 

frincipal  omamenL  The  number  of  voImIu  in  the 
onic  order  is  four  ;  in  the  Cumpogite,  eight.  There 
are  al.«o  eight  angular  volutes  in  the  Corinthian  cap- 
ital, accompanied   with  eight  smaller  ones,  called 

HCLtCK*.  Cyc 

S.  In  matitral  kuUrfy  a  name  given  to  the  mollusks 
of  the  gentu  Voluta.    They  have  spiral,  unilocular 


shells,  with  the  pillar  or  columella  plaited,  and  are 
prizfd  for  their  beauty  and  rarity.  P.  Cyc. 

VO-LCT'El>,  a.    Having  a  volute  or  spiral  scroll. 

VO-LO'TION,  n.     A  spiral  turn  or  wreath. 

VOL'Q-TITE,  n,  A  petrified  shell  of  the  genua 
Voluta.     [A*(*t  usfd.]  Jamcjiotu 

VOM'I-GA,  If.     [U]     An  abscess  in  the  lungs. 

VOM'ie-NUT,  a.  [L#.  vomica,  emetic,  and  aux,  a 
nut-] 

The  seed  of  the  Strychnos  nux  vomica,  a  medium- 
sized  tree  growing  in  various  pnru  of  India;  com- 
monly called  Ni'x  Vomica.  The  fruit  is  of  the  size 
of  a  small  orange',  and  of  the  same  color,  covered 
with  a  tough  rind,  and  filled  with  a  pulp,  in  which 
the  seeds  nre  imbediled.  Almost  all  parts  of  this 
tree  are  medicinal,  but  more  ettpeci.-illy  ttie  seeds. 
'I'hey  are  not  euittic,  however,  as  their  name  im- 
plies. The  snake-wood  di>es  not  belung  lo  this  tree, 
aa  some  have  asserted,  but  to  cjtrjchnus  cutubriua, 
another  species  of  the  same  genus. 

VOM'IT,  p.  i.  [\..vumo;  Ft.vomir;  iL  romiVe  ;  Sans. 
vamaihu.  Prtibahly  the  Gr.  tcctj  is  the  same  word, 
with  the  U»s3  of  lU^  first  letter.] 

To  eject  the  contenfs  of  the  stomach  by  the  nictuth. 
Some  nniiiials  vomit  with  ease,  as  cats  and  dogs  ;  but 
horses  do  not  vomiL  Cyc. 

VOM'IT,  c.  t.  To  throw  up  or  eject  from  the  stomach  ; 
to  discharge  from  the  sluniach  through  the  mouth. 
It  is  followed  often  by  up  tir  nut,  but  without  neces- 
sity, and  to  the  injury  i»f  the  language.  In  the  yel- 
low fever,  the  ptitieuts  often  vomit  dark-colored  mat- 
ter, like  cort'ee  grounds. 

Tlie  fiah  wnaiied  out  Jiiutth  upon  lh«  drj  IaikI —  Jonmh  9. 

2.  To  eject  witli  violence  from  any  hollow  place. 
Volcanoes  vomit  flames,  ashes,  stones,  and  liquid 
lava. 
VO.M'IT,  n.    The  matter  ejected  from  the  stomach. 

Sandyg. 
0.  That  which  excites  the  stomach  lo  discharge  its 
contents;  an  emetic. 

Black  womit;  a  copious  vomiting  of  dark-colored 
matter,  ifsembling  colfee  grounds ;  one  of  the  most 
fatal  attendants  of  the  yellow  f»ver. 
VO.M'IT  EI)  pp.     Ejected  from  the  stomach  ihroufih 
the  mouth,  or  from  any  deep  place  through  an  open- 
ing. 
VO.M'rr-I\G,  ppr.     DisrharginR  from   the   stomach 
thniugh  the  niuuth,  or  ejecting  from  any  deep  place. 
VOM'IT-I.VG,  R.     The  act  of  ejeclinc  the  conlenus  (»f 
the  stomach  through  the  mouih.     Vomiting  is  essen- 
tially an  Inverted  action  of  the  stomach  and  esitpli- 
agus.  Cyc. 

fl.  The  act  of  throwing  out  subrtances  with  vio- 
lence from  a  deep  hollow,  as  a  volcano,  &c. 
VO-Mt"TION,  (vo-mish'un,)  «.    The  act  or  power  of 
•  vomiting.  Qrno. 

VOM'I-TIVE,  a.     [Fr.  vomitif,] 

Causing  the  ejection  of  matter  from  the  stomach  ; 
emetic  Brovin. 

FO-J^PTO,  (vo-mS'lo,)  «.     [Sp.]     The  yellnw  fever 
In  its  worst  form,  when  it  is  usually  altunded  with 
the  black  vomit, 
VOM'I-TO-RV,  a.     [L.  romitoriuj.]     Procuring  vom- 
iting ;  caiuing  to  eject  from  the  stomach  ;  emetic 

Brorrn. 
VOMa-TORY,  n.    An  emetic  Harvey. 

3.  A  princii>al  do{>r  or  eutmnce  of  a  large  building, 
AS  of  an  aniphilheater.  Qibbon. 

VO-RA'CIOU.S,  (-shus,)  a.  [Fr.  and  It.  vorace;  L. 
voraz,  from  roro,  to  devour ;  Heb.  and  Ch.  ipa,  to 
clear  away,  to  consume  ;  Gr.  (iopa,  food.  Cla^s  Br, 
No.  6.1 

1.  Greedy  for  eating  ;  ravenous  ;  very  hungry  ;  as, 
a  voracious  man  or  appetite. 

2.  Rapacious  ;  eager  to  devour  ;  aa,  voracious  ani- 
mals. 

3.  Ready  to  swallow  up ;  as,  a  voracioua  gulf  or 
whirlpool. 

VO-RA'CIOUS-LY,  adv.    With  greedy  appetite  ;  rav- 

enoujily. 
VO-RS'CIOUS-NESS,  it.      Greediness   of  appetite  ; 

ravenousnen ;  eagerness  to  devour ;  rapaciousness. 
VO-RAC'I-TY,  (-rns'e-te,)  n.    Greediness  of  appetite  ; 

voraciousness. 

Creatun**,  bf  (beir  voraaty  pcmicioua,  luiTe  commonly  fewer 
jouog.  Dtrham. 

VO-RAC'I\-OUS,  a.     [L.  voraginosua^  rorago.^ 

Full  of  gulfs.  ScotL 

VOR'TEX,  »-  .■  pL  VoBTiCEi  or  Vortexes  [L.,  from 
vtrto,  ant.  rarto,  to  turn.] 

1.  A  whirlpool;  a  whirling  or  circular  motion  of 
water,  forming  a  kind  of  cavity  in  the  center  of  the 
circle,  and  in  some  instances  drawing  in  water  or 
absorbing  other  things. 

2.  A  whirling  of  the  air  ;  a  whirlwind.         Cyc. 

3.  In  the  Cartesian  system.,  a  collection  of  particles 
of  matter,  forming  an  ether  or  flui<I  endowed  with  a 
rapid  rutary  motion  aruund  an  axis.  By  means  of 
these  rorttce.i,  Descartes  attempted  to  account  for  the 
formniion  of  the  universe.  Brande. 

VOR'Tie.^Li,  a.     Whirling;  turning  ;  as,  a  voHieal 

motion.  JWicrtm.     Bentley. 

VOR'TI-CEL,  n.    The  name  of  certain  wheel-animal- 


vou 

cules.  which,  by  the  rapid  rotary  motion  of  the  organs 

round  the  mouth,  create  a  vortox  in  the  water,  and 

obtain  their  food.  Kirby. 

V0'TA-RE3S,  71,    A  female  devoted  to  any  service, 

worship,  or  state  of  life. 

No  roaary  Uii*  voUirtMi  needs.  Cieoefllanrf. 


VC'TARIST,  n.  [See  Votary.]  One  devoted  or 
given  up  to  any  person  or  thing,  to  any  service,  wor- 
ship, or  pursuit. 

1  ain  no  Idle  votantl.  Shak. 

[VoTAKT  is  now  used.] 
V6'TA  RY,  0.      [from  I4.   votusy  from   «oc«o.      See 
Vow.] 

Devoted  ;  promised  ;  consecrated  by  a  vow  or 
promise ;  consequent  on  a  vow. 

Vomry  muluiiun  ia  made  rquipollt^nt  lo  custom.  Baton. 

VO'TA-RY,  71.  One  devoted,  consecrated,  or  engaged 
by  a  vow  or  promise  ;  hence,  more  getieraUy,  one  de- 
vuted,  given,  or  addicted  to  some  particular  service, 
worship,  study,  or  state  of  life.  Every  goddess  of 
antiquity  had  her  votaries.  Every  pursuit  or  study 
has  now  its  votaries.  One  is  a  votary  to  inatliciiiat- 
ics,  another  is  a  votary  to  music,  and  alas!  a  great 
portion  of  tlie  world  are  votaries  of  sensual  pleas- 
ures. 

U  WHM  the  coWiieis  of  llie  votary,  not  the  prayer,  wliich  wna  In 

lilNlt.  f^U. 

VOTE,  n.  [It.  and  Pp.  roto  ;  L.  votunij  from  voveoj  to 
vow.     Votum  is  pro|H(rly  wish  or  will.] 

1.  Suffrage  ;  the  expression  of  a  wish,  desire, 
will,  preference,  or  choice,  in  regard  to  any  measure 
proposed,  in  which  the  person  voting  has  an  interest 
in  common  with  others,  either  in  electing  a  man  to 
otlice,  or  in  passing  laws,  rule.<),  regulations,  and  the 
like.  This  vole  or  expression  of  will  may  be  given 
by  holding  up  the  hand,  by  rising  mid  standing  up, 
by  the  voice,  {viva  voce,)  by  ballot,  by  a  ticket,  or 
otherwise.  All  these  modes  and  others  are  used. 
Hence, 

2.  That  by  which  will  or  preference  is  expressed 
in  elections,  or  in  deciding  pro[)osition8  ;  a  ballot ;  a 
ticket,  &c. ;  as,  a  written  vote. 

3.  Expression  of  will  by  a  majority  ;  legal  decis- 
ion by  some  expression  of*^  the  minds  of  a  number  ; 
as,  the  vute,  was  unanimous. 

4.  United  voice  in  public  prayer. 
VOTE,  V.  L    To  express  or  signify  the  mind,  will,  or 

preference,  either  viva  voce,  or  by  balhil,  &:c.,  in 
electing  men  to  otlice,  or  in  passing  laws,  rcgula- 
tionp,  and  the  like,  or  iu  deciding  on  any  projwsitiim 
in  which  one  Ims  an  interest  with  others.  In  elec- 
tions, men  are  Iwund  to  vote  for  the  best  mav  to  fill 
otlices,  according  lo  their  best  knowledge  and  lie- 
lief. 

To  vote  fur  a  duolUt,  ia  to  SMixt  in  the  proitration  of  ]ii>i<c<^,  niid 
iiidirL'cily  to  oiicounige  the  crime.  L.  Beecher. 

VOTE,  r.  t.  To  choose  by  suffrage  ;  to  elect  by  some 
expression  of  will ;  as,  the  citizens  roted  their  candi- 
date into  olfice  with  little  opposition. 

2.  To  enact  or  establish  by  vole  or  some  expres- 
sion of  will.  The  legislature  voted  the  resolution 
unanimously. 

3.  To  grant  by  vote  or  expression  of  will. 

PartinjiKiil  voted  them  a  huntlretl  thousand  pounds.        Siei/t. 

VOT'ED,  pp.  Expressed  by  vote  or  suffrage;  deter- 
mined. 

VOT'ER,  n.  One  who  has  a  legal  right  to  vote  or 
give  his  suffrage. 

VOT'ING,  ppr.  Expressing  the  mind,  will,  or  prefer- 
ence iu  election,  or  in  determining  questions  pro- 
posed ;  giving  a  vote  or  suffrage  ;  electing,  deciding, 
giving,  or  enacting  by  vote. 

VOT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  expressing  the  mind,  will, 
or  preference  by  vote  or  suffrage. 

VO'TIVE,  a.  [Fr.  votif ;  L.  vutivus,  from  votus, 
vowed.} 

Given  by  vow  ;  devoted  ;  as,  votire  offerings.  A 
votive  medal  is  one  struck  in  grateful  commemoration 
of  some  auspicious  event ;  a  votive  o^nng  ia  a  tab- 
let, picture,  &c.,  dedicated  in  consequence  of  tlie 
vow  of  a  worshiper. 

Venus,  lake  ray  votive  gUu.  Prior. 

VO'TIVE-LY,  adv.     By  vow. 

VOUCH,  r.  t.     [Norm,  voucher  i  L.  voco.     See  Voice.] 

1.  To  call  to  witness;  to  obtost. 
And  voudi  the  silent  riarsand  conscious  moon.  Drydtn. 

2.  To  declare  ;  to  affirm  ;  to  attest  j  to  warrant ;  lo 
maintain  by  affirmations. 

They  msLde  him  twhamfd  to  wouc/i  the  truth  of  the  relalioo,  and 
aflerwanl  to  credit  it.  AlUrhury. 

3.  To  warrant ;  to  confirm  ;  to  establish  proof. 

The  consifiUncy  of  the  diixuuiw;  —  vouchee  it  to  be  wortljy  ol  tl» 
great  apostle.  Locke. 

4.  In  lair,  to  call  into  court  to  warrant  and  defend, 
or  to  make  good  a  warranty  of  title. 

He  vouchee  the  lenaiil  in  uil,  who  vouchee  orer  the  common 
voucltt-e.  Btacketone. 

VOUCH,  r.  i.    To  bear  witness  ;  to  give  testimony  or 


FATE,  FAR,  F^LX.,  WH^T.  —  M£TE,  PRfiY.— PINE,  M.VRINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


w 

full  attestation.    I  can  not  voudi  for  the  truth  of  the 
report. 

ile  dccUre*  he  witi  not  belp-Te  Jwr,  Ult  (he  elector  of  Hanover 
shall  MTucft  for  the  truth  of  what  ahe  hu  lo  ■otemnlj  at- 
fimiod.  Swift, 

voire II,  «.    Warrant;  attestation.  Shak. 

VOVCIVED,  (voucht,)  pp.  Called  to  witness;  nf- 
firmcil  or  fiilly  attested  ;  called  into  court  to  make 
good  a  warranty. 

VOUCH-EE',  n.  In  /aw,  the  person  who  is  vouched 
or  called  into  court  to  suppwrt  or  make  good  his 
warranty  of  title  in  the  process  of  common  recovery. 

Blackstone. 

VOUCH'ER,  n.  One  who  givea  witness  or  full  attes- 
tation tu  any  thing. 

Tbe  frreat  writers  of  that  ag«  ttand  up  together  ai  voucheri  for 
each  olher'i  reputaliua.  Upeclalor. 

2.  In  tow,  the  act  of  calling  in  a  person  to  make 
good  his  warranty  of  title. 

3.  A  book,  paper,  or  document  which  serves  to 
vouch  the  truth  of  accounts,  or  to  confirm  and  estab- 
lish facts  of  any  kind.  The  merchant's  books  are  his 
vouchers  for  the  correctness  of  his  accounts.  Notes, 
bonds,  receipts,  and  other  writings,  are  used  as 
voucJier:i  in  proving  facts. 

VOUCH'ER, )  «.  In/aw, the  tenant  in  a  writ  of  rifrht ; 
VOUCU'OR,  \      one  who  cUls  in  another  to  establish 

his  wjirranty  of  title.    In  common  recoveries,  there 

may  be  a  single  voucher^  or  double  vouchers. 

Blackstont.   , 
VOUCH'ING,  ppr.    Calling  to  witness;  attesting  by 

afitimation  j    calling   in  to    maintain  warranty  of 

title. 
VOUCH-SAFE',  r.  L    \voueh  and  safe;  to  vouch  or 

answer  for  safety.] 

1.  To  permit  to  be  done  without  danger. 

2.  To  condescend  to  granL 

Shall  I  vouchsafe  your  worship  a  word  or  two  ?  Skak. 

It '»  not  Biiiil  by  tho  apostle  Uiat  GoJ  vouchsafed  to  the  henlhen 
the  tneauft  uf  tulvdlioii.  South, 

VOUCH-SAFE',  V.  u  To  condescend ;  to  deign  ;  to 
yield. 

Vouchea/e,  Illiittriona  Ormond,  to  behold 

Whit  power  the  cbums  of  beiiuiy  bad  of  old.  Dryden, 

VOUCH-SaF'£D,  C-saft',)  pp.  Granted  in  condescen- 
sion. 

VOUCH-SAFE'xMENT,  n.  Grant  in  condescension  ; 
as,  God's  greatest  communicated  vouchsafements. 

Boyle. 

VOUCII-SAF'ING,  ppr.  Condescending  to  grant ; 
deigning. 

rOUS'SO!R\  (voos'wor',)  n.  [Fr.]  A  wedse-like 
stone  forming  part  of  an  arch.  Qwilt, 

VOW,  n,  FFr.  vau  :  It.  voto  ;  L.  rofrim,  from  rorfo,  to 
vow  ;  prtjbably  a  contractetl  word.] 

1.  A  Hult-mn  promise  made  to  God,  or  by  a  pagan 
to  his  deity.  The  Roman  generals,  when  they  went 
to  war,  sometimes  made  a  vow  that  they  would  build 
a  temple  to  some  favorite  deity,  if  he  would  give 
them  victory.  A  vmo  is  a  promise  of  something  to 
be  given  or  dune  hereafter. 

A  person  is  ctmstiluled  a  religions  by  taking  three 
vovoif,  *)f  chastity,  of  poverty,  and  of  obedience. 
Among  the  IsraflUesy  the  toibs  of  children  were  not 
binding,  unless  rjtiified  by  the  express  or  tacit  con- 
sent of  their  father,    JWtm.  xxx. 

2.  A  solemn  promise  ;  as,  the  vows  of  unchangea- 
ble love  and  fidelity.  In  a  moral  and  religious  sense, 
VOIDS  are  promises  to  God,  as  they  appeal  to  God  to 
witness  their  sincerity,  and  the  violation  of  them  is 
a  most  heinous  offt-nse. 

VOW,  V,  t.     [Fr.  vouer  ;  U  rffveo.) 

1,  To  give,  consecrate,  or  dedicate  to  God  by  a  sol- 
emn promise.    When  Jacob  went  to  Alesopotamia, 


WIS  the  twenty  third  Utter  of  the  English  alnha- 
boL  It  tikos  its  written  form  and  its  name  fnim 
the  union  of  twd  rs,  this  being  the  form  of  the  Ro- 
man capital  tetter  which  we  call  U,  The  name, 
double  u,  being  given  to  it  from  its  form  or  conifio- 
sition,  and  not  fiom  its  sound,  ought  not  to  be  re- 
tained. Every  letter  should  be  named  from  its  sound, 
especially  the  vowels.  fV  is  properly  a  vowel,  a  sim- 
ple sound,  formed  by  o|)ening  the  month  with  a  close, 
circular  configuration  of  the  lip.^.  It  is  precisely  the 
ou  of  the  French,  and  the  «  of  (he  Spaniards,  Ital- 
ian^,  and  Germans.  With  the  other  vowels  it  forms 
diphthongs,  which  are  of  easy  pronunciation  ;  as  in 
vsitl,  tcatit,  will,  thoell;  pronounced  ooct,  ooant^  ooill^ 
dootlL  In  English,  it  is  always  followed  by  another 
vowel,  except  when  followed  by  A  or  r,  as  in  tcAfn, 
wrteki  but  this  case  is  an  exception  only  in  writing. 


w 

he  vowed  to  God  a  tenth  of  his  subRtance,  and  his 
own  future  devotion  to  his  service.     Gen.  xxviii. 

When  thou  voioetl  a  row,  dcfcr  not  to  paj  It.  —  Ecelea.  t. 
2.  To  devote.  Spenser, 

VOW,  V,  i.    To  make  vows  or  solemn  promises.    He 

that  vows,  must  be  careful  to  perform. 
VOW'£D,  pp.    Solemnly  promised  to  God ;  given  or 

consocrated  by  solemn  promise. 
VOW'EL,  TL    [L.  uoca/wf,  from  voco;  Fr.  voyelU;  It. 
voeale,] 

1.  In  grammar^  a  simple  sound  ;  a  soimd  uttered 
by  simply  opening  the  mouth  or  organs ;  aa  the  sound 
of  a,  «,  0. 

2.  The  letter  or  character  which  represents  a  sim- 
ple sound. 

VOWEL,  a.    Pertaining  to  a  vowel ;  vocal. 
VOW'EL-£D,  a.    Furnished  with  vowels. 
VOW'ER,  rt.     One  who  makes  a  vow. 
VOW'-FEL-LOVV,  71.    [vow  and  fellow.]    One  bound 

bv  the  same  vow.  [LitUeused.] 
VOWING,  ppr.  Making  a  vow. 
VOY'AGE,  n.    [Fr.,  from  vole,  or  the  same  root,  Eng. 

tcay,  tfax.  w<r^^  wcg.     See  Waq  and  Way.] 

1.  A  passing  by  sea  or  water  from  one  place,  port, 
or  country  to  another,  especially  a  passing  or  jour- 
ney by  water  to  a  distant  place  or  country.  Captain 
L.  iiiade  more  than  a  hundred  voyages  to  the  West 
Indies.  A  voyage  o\cr  Lake  Superior  is  like  a  roy- 
age  to  Bermuda. 

2.  The  practice  of  traveling.     [JVot  in  use.'] 

Bacon. 
VOY'AGE,  v.  L    To  sail  or  pass  by  water.        Pope, 
VOY'AGE,  V,  u    To  travel ;  to  pass  over. 
I  with  pain 
Voyaged  th'  unreal,  Taet,  unboutiilea  deep.  MUton, 

VOY'A-GER,  ?i.  One  who  sails  or  passes  by  sea  or 
water, 

A  private  voyager  I  poaa  the  main.  Pope, 

FOrA-GEUR'y(vw±'y-A-zhuT',)n.  [Fr.]  Literally,  a 
traveler ;  the  Canadian  name  of  a  class  of  men  em- 
ployed by  the  fur  companies,  &.c.,  in  transporting 
goods  by  the  rivers  and  across  the  land,  to  and  from 
the  remote  stati(>ns  at  the  north-west. 

VOY'OL,  n.  Among  seamen,  a  large  rope,  sometimes 
used  in  weighing  the  anchor;  also  written  Vioi- 

VOX,  n,     [L.]     A  voice.  [ToUen, 

Vox  populi ;  the  voice  of  the  people. 
yox  Dei  i  the  voice  of  God. 

VUL'CANj  n,  [L.  vulcanus.]  In  mylhology.the  god 
who  presided  over  the  working  of  metals.  The  hus- 
band of  Venus. 

VUL-CA'NI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Vulcan,  or  to  works 
in  iron,  &c.  Smart. 

As  an  ei)ithet,  in  geology,  the  same  as  Plutoniaw, 
which  see.  Smart. 

VUL'CAN-IST.     See  Volcahist. 

VUL-CA'NO.     See  Volcano. 

VUL'GAR,  a.  [Fr.  vulgaire  ;  It.  vulgare  ;  L.  vulgaris, 
frtim  vidgas,  the  common  people,  that  is,  the  crowd. 
Eng.foltc.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  the  common,  unlettered  people ; 
as,  vulgar  life. 

2.  Used  or  practiced  by  common  people  ;  as,  vulgar 

3.  Vernacular  j  national.  [sports. 

It  might  be  more  ua'.'ful  to  tl»e  Engliah  reader  to  write  in  our 
vulgar  litn^uage.  J>Ht. 

4.  Common  ;  used  by  all  clasaes  of  people  j  as,  the 
vulgar  version  of  the  Scriptures, 

5.  Public  ;  as,  vulgar  report. 

fi.  Mean;  rustic;  rude;  low;  nnrefined  j  as,  cui- 
^or  minds  ;  vulgar  manners. 
7.  Consisting  of  common  persons. 

In  rpadiitg  an  account  of  a  battle,  we  follow  the  hero  wilh  our 
whole  attention,  but  seldom  reOcct  on  the  vulgar  heapn  of 
alau^ter.  Hambitr, 


WAG 


w. 


and  not  in  pronunciation,  for  A  precedes  w  in  tilter- 
ance  ;  when  lieing  pronounced  Acoen.  In  Welsh,  w, 
which  is  sounded  as  in  English,  is  used  without  an- 
other vowel,  tvi  in  ftf>l,  n  foul  ;  dwn,  dun  ;  dwb,  mor- 
tar ;  ^n,  a  gurt  and  a  gown. 

It  18  not  inipn>bable  that  the  Romans  pronounced 
V  as  we  do  w,  for  their  volvo  is  our  wallow  ;  and  volo, 
velle,  is  the  English  will,  G.  wnllcn.  But  this  is  un- 
certain. The  German  v  has  the  sound  of  the  Eng- 
lish/, and  w  that  of  the  English  v. 

fV,  at  the  end  of  words,  is  often  silent  after  a  and 
0,  as  in  law,  saw,  low,  sow.  In  many  words  of  this 
kind,u)  represents  the  Saxon  g;  in  otJier  cases,  it 
helps  to  form  a  diphtlmne,  as  in  now,  vow,  new,  strew. 

Ah  Off  abbreviation,  W.  stands  for  reesti  W.  N. 
W.  for  west-north-west  i  W.  S.  W.  for  west-south- 
west, &.C. 


Vulgar  fractions;  in  arithmetic,  fractions  expressed 
by  a  numerator  and  denominator;  thus,  %. 
VUL'GAR,  n.    The  common  people. 

[It  has  Jio  plural  termination,  but  has  ofteH  a  plural 
verb.]  ^ 

Tbe  9u}gar  Imagine  th«  Pretender  to  haw  been  a  child  Impoaed 
on  the  itaxion.  St^L 

VUL'GAR-ISM,  n.    Crossness  of  manners;  vulgar- 
ity.    [Litaeused.] 
2.  A  vulgar  phrase  or  expression. 
f  This  is  the  usual  sense  of  the  word.] 

VUL-GAR'I-TY,   i  n.    Mean  condition  of  life ;  the 

VUL'GAR-NESS,  \  stale  of  the  lower  classes  of  so- 
ciety. Brown. 

2.  Crossness  or  clownishness  of  manners  or  lan- 
guage;  as,  vulgarity  of  behavior;  vulgarity  of  ex- 
pression or  language.  Dryden. 

VUL'GAR-rZE,  V.  u    To  make  vulgar.  Foster. 

VUL'GAR-IZ-KD,  pp.     Made  vulgar. 

VUL'GAR-IZ-L\G,  ppr.     Rendering  vulgar. 

VUL'GAR-LY,  adv.  Commonly ;  in  the  ordinary 
manner  among  the  common  people. 

Such  one  we  vulgarly  call  a  deaperale  person.         Hammond. 
2.  Meanly;  rudely;  clownishly. 

VUL'GATE,  n.  A  very  ancient  Latin  version  of  the 
Scriptures,  and  the  only  one  which  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic church  admits  to  be  authentic.  It  is  so  citlted 
from  its  common  use  in  tiie  Latin  church.        Cye. 

VUL'GATE,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  old  Latin  version 
of  the  Scriptures. 

VUL-NER-A  BIL'I-TY,  n.  The  slate  of  being  vul- 
nerable. 

VUL'NER-A-BLE,  o.  [Fr.,  from  L.  vulnero^  to  wound, 
from  vulnus,  a  wound.] 

1.  That  may  be  wounded  ;  susceptible  of  wounds 
or  external  injuries  ;  as,  a  vulnerable  body 

Achillea  waa  vulnerable  fn   his  heel;   and  there  witl  oerer  tm 
Wanting  h  P.tris  to  infix  the  dart.  DwigfU. 

2.  Liable  to  injury  ;  subject  to  be  alTected  injuri- 
ously ;  as,  a  vulnerable  reputation. 

VUL'NER-A-RY,  a.  [Fr.  vulncraire;  L.  vulnera- 
rius.] 

Useful  in  healing  wounds  ;  adapted  to  the  cure  of 
external  injuries;  as,  vulnerary  plants  or  jxttions. 

Cye. 
VUL'NER-A-RY,  n.    Any  plant,  drug,  or  composi- 
tion, useful  in  the  cure  of  wounds.     Certain  un- 
guents, balsams,  and  the  like,are  used  as  vuhieraries, 
VUL'NER-ATE,  v.  t.     [L.  rulnero.] 

To  wound  ;  to  hurt.     [JVot  in  use.]        OlanviUe. 
VUL-%'ER-A'TION,  n.    The  act  of  wounding.     [J^ot 

in  use.]  Pearson. 

VUL'PINE,  (vul'pin,)  a,  [L.  vulpiitus,  from  vulpes,  a 
fox.  Vulpes  is  our  English  itolf,  the  same  word  ap- 
plied to  a  different  animal.] 

Pertaining  to  the  fux  ;  cunning  ;  crafty  ;  artful. 
VUL'PIN-ITE,  n.     [from  fw/pi ho,  in  Italy.]     A  vari- 
ety of  Anhydrite,  containing  some  silica,  and  pre- 
senting a  grayish-white  color  and  high  luster. 

Dana. 
VUL'TIJRE,  (vult'yur,)  n.     [L.  vullur.] 

An  accipitrine  bird  of  the  genus  Vultur.     Vultures 
have  a  large  and  strong  beak,  the  nostrils  pierced 
transversely  to  its  base  ;  the  head  and  neck  without 
feathers  or  caruncles,  and  a  collar  of  long  feathers, 
or  of  down,  at  the  root  of  the  neck.     Proiier  vultures 
have  hitherto  been  found  only  on  the  eastern  conti- 
nent. Cuvier. 
VUL'TI^R-INE,  Cvull'yiir-in,)  a.     [L.  rulturinus.] 
Belonging  to  the  vulture  ;  having  the  qualities  of 
the  vtiltnre  ;  resembling  the  vulture  ;  rapacious. 
VUL'TtlR-ISH,  a.     Like  a  vulture. 
VUL'T^R-OUS,  o.     Like  a  vulture;  rapacious. 
VT'ING,  ppr.    Competing;  emulating. 


WAIl'BLE,  (wob'bl,)  v.  t.      1  W.  gwibiaw,  lo  wander, 
to  move  in  a  circular  form,] 

To  move  from  one  side  to  the  other ;  to  vacillate  ; 
as  a  turning  or  whirling  body.  So  it  is  said  a  top 
wabbles,  when  it  is  in  motion,  and  deviates  from  a 
perptMidicular  directum;  a  spindle  ira&frfe.*,  when  it 
moves  one  way  and  the  other.  A  millstone  in  rai>- 
tion,  if  not  well  balanced,  will  wabble. 

[Thit  word  is  applied  chiefiy  to  bodies  when  turning 
with  a  circular  motion,  and  it/  place  can  not  be  supplied 
by  any  other  word  in  the  language.  It  is  neither  low 
nor  barbarous.] 

WAR'BLE,  Ti.     A  hobbling,  unequal  motion. 

WAB'BLING,  jrpr.  or  a.    Having  an  irregular  motion, 
backward  and  forward. 

WACK'E, )  n.   A  rock  nearly  allied  to  basalt,  of  which 

WACK'Y,  i      it  may  be  regarded  as  a  more  soft  and 


TONE,  BOLL,  I;nITE.  — AN"GER,  VP'CIOUS €  as  K;  6  as  J ;  8  as  Z;  CH  aa  8H ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1343 


WAE 

earthy  variety.  lu  ctJor  is  a  greenish-gray,  browu, 
or  btack.  It  is  opaque,  yields  easily  to  the  knife,  and 
has  often  a  e^asy  feel.  LyelL     Cyc 

Ormf-Wirkt  is  a  name  given  to  certain  liani  saud- 
atooM,  or  grit-rocks,  and  the  a^sociatetl  strata  occur- 
ring b«low  the  coal  formation.  Dajia, 
W^D,  (wod,)  n.    [O.  ttaue  ;  Dan.  vaty  a  wad  ;  ttmt  is, 
a  mass  or  collection.] 

1.  A  little  mass  of  Eome  son  or  flexible  material, 
such  as  hay,  straw,  tow,  paper,  or  old  n^pe  yarn, 
used  for  stopping  the  charge  of  powder  in  a  gun  and 

Sressing  il  close  to  the  shoi,  or  for  keeping  the  i>ow- 
er  and  shot  close. 

a.  A  liule  mase,  tuft,  or  bundle,  as  of  hay  or  tow. 
W^D,     i  n.     In  mineraloey,  an  earthy  oiyd  of  man- 
W^DD,  \      ganese,  of  which  there  are  four  varieties  ; 
fibrous,  ochery,  pulverulent  ocher>',  and  dendritic^  In 
■oue  i^aces,  plumbago,  or  btack'lead,  is  called  wad 
otvmU:  Cyc 

WAIVDED,  a.    Formed  into  a  wad  or  mass. 
W^IKDIXG,  a.    [G.iMa^^] 

1.  A  wad  or  the  materials  for  wads  ;  any  pliable 
Bubstance  of  whkh  wads  may  be  made. 

SL  A  kind  of  soft  stuff  of  toas«  texture,  used  fur 
Btuffinr  garments ;  also,  sheets  of  carded  cotton  pre- 
pared for  the  same  purpose. 
WAI>'DLE,  (wod'dl,)  r,  i  [This  seems  to  be  a  dl- 
minative  fonned  on  the  root  of  wade.  L.  radc,  to  go ; 
G.  »a£«m,  to  wade ;  wmtsekeim.  to  waddle.] 

1.  To  move  one  way  and  the  other  in  walking ;  to 
deviate  to  one  side  and  the  other;  to  vacillate  ;  as, a 
child  leaddlej  when  he  begins  In  tvalk  ;  very  fat  peo- 
ple walk  with  a  kind  of  tccuidling  pace.  So  we  say, 
a  duck  or  a  goose  waddles, 
a.  To  walk  with  a  waddling  motion. 

Awl  hutllT  wadiCf  R>nh  to  e<wl.  Sm^ 

W.^D'DLER,  (wod'dler,)  %.    One  that  waddles. 

WAD'DLING,  ppr.  or  a.  Moving  from  side  to  side  in 
walkins. 

W^'DlIlNG-LY,  dJe.    With  a  vacillating  gait. 

EKdek. 

WADE,  r.  t.  [Sw.  vadm  :  D.  wooden ;  G.  lealm  ;  Dan. 
9odort  Fr.  gneer^  for  fiuder ,-  IL  guadmn  ;  8p.  vade- 
m  I  U.  vAife,  to  gx    Ud.  Heb.  13K,  «v«4,  Co  fo.} 

1.  To  walk  tnnraxb  may  substance  that  yields  to 
the  feet ;  as,  to  wodt  tbroagh  water ;  to  wade  through 
sand  or  snow.  To  wade  over  a  river,  to  to  walk 
tfaroogli  on  the  bottom.    Fowls  that  wade  have  long 

VTo  more  or  pass  with  diffiruUy  or  hibor ;  as, 
judyea  wmde  throagh  an  intricate  law  case.  It  is  not 
my  pnrpoae  to  wade  Uumigb  these  coatraversiaa. 

TV  Unr*!  adnfraUB  oaedKi  bM*«W  ihmigh  all  (hM  dUI- 
Aod  tmdm  thnngh  ftamei,  «ad  gnpee  hit  ««y.  Diyiem. 

WADE,  9.  C.  To  pB9i  by  walkinf  on  the  bottom  ;  as, 
to  wmde  a  river. 

[This  to  a  commoa  ezpreasioa,  but  elliptical  for,  to 
wile  tkrougk  a  river.] 
W^AD'ER,  «.    One  that  wndes.    An  order  of  birds 

that  wade  In  water  for  their  prey  are  called  waden, 
WAD'ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Walking  through  aBnbstance 

that  yields  to  the  feet,  as  lUroucU. water  or  sand. 
WAD'INf^-BIRD.    See  Wader. 
W^D'SETT,  N.    [Sax.  Vtfrf,  wed,  a  pledge.] 

In  Scettisk  lew,  a  kind  (^  {dedge  or  mortgage. 

SroMde. 
WAD'8ETT-ER, ».   One  who  holds  by  wadsett.  C^ 
WAD'V,  (wod'e,)  n.    [At.]    The  channel  of  a  water- 
course, which  is  dry  except  In  tlie  rainy  season. 

Robinson. 
WA'FER,  «.    [D.  w^rel;  G.  wafftl;  Dan.  vafd;  IJw. 
ve0a ;  Ross,  rmjdul :  Fr.  giinffre,] 

1.  A  thin  cake  or  leaf;  as,  a  wafn-  of  bread  given 
by  the  Roman  Catholics  in  tlie  eucharist. 

Q,  A  thin  leaf  of  paste,  or  a  composition  of  flour, 
the  white  of  eggs,  toinglass,  and  veast,  spread  over 
with  eum-waler  and  dried  ;  used  In  sealing  letters. 
WATER,  r.  (.    To  seal  or  close  with  a  wafer. 
WA'FER-ED,  pp.    Sealed  with  a  wafer. 
WAF'FLE.  fwnf 'fl,)  m.     [D.  wa/el,  G.  trafrl] 

A  liiin  c^ike  baked   hard   and  rolled,  or  a  soft  in- 
dented cake  baked  in  an  iron  utensil  on  coals, 
WAF'FLE-XRO.V,  (wof'fl  i-ura,)  m,    A  utensil  for 

baking  waffles. 
WAFT,  r.  L     [Ferbaps  from  wave;  if  eo,  it  belongs  to 
the  root  of  wa^.] 

1.  To  bear  tlirough  a  fluid  or  buoyant  medium  ;  to 
convey  through  water  or  air ;  as,  a  balloon  was  waft- 
ed over  the  channel. 

Spe«d  thp  tofL  inincoune  from  boqI  to  mniI, 

And  tan/t  A  ogb  from  Indiu  h>  ihe  pole.  Pop*. 

2.  To  convey,  as  ships^.  C^. 
a.  To  buoy  ;  to  cause  to  float ;  to  keep  from  sink- 
ing.                                                                  Brown. 

4.  To  beckon ;  to  give  notice  by  something  in  mo- 
tion.    [JVi?(  in  use.] 

[This  verb  is  regular.    But  tet^fl  was  formerly  used 
by  some  writers  for  wafted.) 
WAFT,  e.  i.    To  float ;  to  be  moved  or  to  pass  in  a 
buoyant  medium. 

Aaa  now  tfa*  abouta  m^  new  t>e  dtod^].  DryUn.      I 


WAO 

WAFT,  a.  A  floating  body  ;  also,  a  signal  displayed 
from  a  ship's  stern,  by  hoisting  an  ensign  furled  in  a 
roll  to  the  head  of  Ihe  statf.  Cyc 

WXFT'AdE,  n.  Conveyance  or  transportation  through 
a  buoyant  medium,  as  air  or  water.  Shak. 

WAFT'ED,  pp.  Borno  or  conveyed  through  air  or 
water. 

WAI-I'^ER,  n.     He  or  that  which  wafta;  a  passage- 
boat. 
2.  The  conductor  of  vessels  at  sea.    [^n  o!d  word.] 

WAFT'IXG,  ppr.  Carrying  through  a  buoyant  me- 
dium. 

WAFT'I.VG,  n.    A  bearing  or  floating  in  a  fluid. 

WAFT'liRE,  n.     The  act  of  waving.     [JVo(  in  M.se.] 

Shak. 

WAG,  V.  t  [Sax.  woffian  and  wtcgan ;  G.  bcwctfcn  ,-  D. 
Aevft^^A,  to  move,  to  stir ;  weegent  to  weiirh  ;  G.  loci- 
ireM^to weigh;  Sw.  rttf-a,  Dan.  vaier,  to  wag,  to  weigh. 
This  is  the  radix  of  tne  L.  vaciUoj  Eng.ficklcy  wagun^ 
waia,  way,  «aee,  waggle,  &c.] 

To  move  one  way  and  the  other  with  quick  turns ; 
to  move  a  little  way,  and  then  turn  the  other  way  ; 
as,  to  wag  the  head. 

£<rei7  oiie  Ibnt  r—nth  tli^rt-lty  >hall  be  nstuiikhts.!,  Kiid  wag  hu 
html.  —  Jer.  xvtii.    Mnlt.  xxvit. 

[J^ag  expresses  particularly  the  motion  of  the 
b»d  and  body  usea  in  butfoonery,  mirth,  derision, 
sport,  and  mockery.    It  is  applied  also  to  birds  and 
beasts  ;  as,  to  tca^r  the  tail.] 
WAG,  V.  L    To  be  quick  in  ludicrous  moiioix;  to  stir. 
Til  111^07  lu  h«]l,  wbrre  IkaaU  mag  aU.  Shak. 

Tnmbltf  and  sUut  at  vofging  of  a  straw.  S/mJc. 

2.  To  go ;  to  depart ;  to  pack  off. 

I  will  proToke  him  to  't,  or  let  him  teag,  Sftak, 

3.  To  be  moved  one  way  and  the  other. 

The  raty  licTe  wagged  ncVr  the  more.  ZVyrlpn. 

WAG,  a.  [from  the  verb.]  A  droll ;  a  man  full  of 
low  sport  and  humor;  a  ludicrous  fellow. 

We  wink  ftt  wegt,  when  ibey  ofSeod.  Dryien. 

TlK  OMUivrJor  never  pteadod  witbouC  a  ideea  of  piicltthread  In  liia 
Mml,  wltich  be  iiKd  to  twtat  aboui  hii  finger  all  the  while  lie 
wiu  ifwakine ;  tbe  wagt  uaed  to  call  it  Ute  thread  of  his  ai»- 
tonnt.  Addison. 

WAGE,  e.  L  [G.  wagn;  D.  waagen;  Sw,  vagOy  to 
\*enlure,  to  dare,  to  wage;  Fr.  gager.  {t>r  guager,  to 
lay  or  U;t ;  from  the  root  of  wag.  The  sense  is,  to 
ihrtiw,  to  lay  or  throw  down,  as  a  glove  or  gaunt- 
let,] 

1.  To  lay  ;  to  bet ;  to  throw  down,  as  a  pledge  ;  to 
stike  ;  to  put  at  hazard  on  the  event  of  a  contest. 
Thto  js  the  common  popular  sense  of  the  word  in 
New  England  ;  as,  to  wage  a  dollar ;  to  wage  a 
horse. 

2.  To  venttire ;  to  hazard. 

To  wnke  aod  aOff  a  dtaget  ptvfitlcM.  S^fk. 

3.  To  make ;  to  begin  ;  to  carry  on  ;  that  Is,  to  go 
forward,  or  ad\'ance  to  attack,  as  in  invasion  or  ag- 
gression ;  used  in  the  phrase  to  wage  war.  He  waged 
war  with  all  his  enemies. 

He  poadrml,  whkh  c^  all  bii  ions  witM  fit 

To  mygn,  Kod  woft  imtnortal  imt  with  wit.  Drydcn. 

4.  To  set  to  hire. 

Thou  miwt  wage 
Thy  woH(B  for  wenlih.     [Not  in  ii«.]  Spmir 

5b  To  take  to  hire  ;  to  hire  for  pay ;  to  employ  for 
wages;  as,  t.-^^«/ soldiers.  He  was  well  joatred  and 
rewarded.    [Fr.]     [Obs.]  Ralegh. 

To  wage  one^s  law  ;  to  give  security  to  make  one's 
law.  The  defendant  is  then  to  swear  that  he  owes 
nothing  to  the  plaintifl',  and  eleven  neiphbors,  called 
compurgators^  are  to  avow  ujwn  their  oaths  that  they 
believe  in  their  consciences  that  he  has  declared  the 
truth.     This  Is  called  wager  of  taw.         Blackstone. 

WA'G£D,  pp.  Laid  ;  deposited,  as  a  pledge  ;  made  or 
betrun,  as  war. 

WA'GER,  n.  Something  deposited,  laid,  or  hazarded, 
on  the  event  of  a  contest  or  some  unsettled  question  ; 
a  bet. 

IV»i'1'»  th^oe  pUm  tor  borMvnccfl,  Ibo  tcagert  may  l«  aa  the 

p-Tmm»  plpa»e.  Ttmpte. 

if  any  atbpiu  can  •t\ke  hi«  «ool  for  a  loager  a|faiiul  inch  an 

iaezhntiMible  disproportkin.  Btnlley. 

2.  Subject  on  which  bets  are  laid.  Sidney. 

3.  In  latp,  an  offer  to  make  oath  of  innocence  or 
non-indebtedness ;  or  the  act  of  making  oath,  to- 
gether with  the  oaths  of  eleven  compurgators,  to  for- 
tify Ihe  defendant's  oath. 

IVager  of  battle,  is  when  the  tenant  in  a  writ  of 
right  offers  to  prove  his  right  by  the  body  of  his 
champion,  and,  throwing  down  his  glove  as  a  gage 
or  pledge,  thus  wases  or  stipulates  battle  with  the 
champion  of  the  demandant,  who,  by  taking  up  Ihe 
glove,  accepts  the  challenge.  The  champions,  armed 
with  batons,  enter  the  list,  and,  fcikiiig  each  other  by 
the  hand,  each  swears  to  the  justice  of  the  cause  of 
the  parly  for  whom  he  appears  ;  tlfey  then  fight  till 
the  stars  appear,  and  if  the  chamaon  of  the  tenant 
can  defend  himself  till  that  time,  hit  cause  prevails. 

Blackstone. 

The  wager  of  battle,  which  lias  Irtng  been  in  dis- 
use, was  abolished  by  law  in  Bngtnnd  in  1820. 

trade. 


WAI 

WA'GER,  V.  t.  To  lay  ;  to  bet ;  to  hazard  on  the  is- 
sue of  a  contest,  or  on  some  question  that  is  to  be 
decided,  or  on  some  casualty.  Drydcn. 

WA'rtEK-KO,  pp.    Laid  ;  pledged  ;  as  a  bet. 

\VA'(!i;KU-KR,  n.    One  who  wages  or  lays  a  bet. 

WA'GEIMNG,  ppr.    Laying;  lietting. 

tfdgcring  policy;  in  eommercCf  a  policy  of  insur- 
ance, insuring  a  sum  of  money  when  no  pro[)erty  is 
at  hazard ;  as  a  policy  to  insure  money  on  a  ship 
when  no  property  is  on  board  ;  that  is,  insurance,  in- 
terest or  no  interest;  or  a  wagering  iH)Iicy  may  be  a 
policy  to  insure  property  which  is  already  insured. 
Such  policies,  in  England,  are,  by  stiitule  19  Geo, 
III.,  made  null  and  void. 

WA'GES,  71.  Plural  in  termination,  hut  singular  in 
signification.     [Fr.  ga^e,  /ra^c*.] 

1.  Hire;  reward;  thatwhich'is  paid  or  stipulated 
for  services  ;  but  chiefly  for  services  by  manual  liilKir, 
or  for  military  and  naval  services.  We  speak  of 
servant's  loages,  a  laborer's  iob^m,  or  soldier's  tcage^ ; 
but  we  never  apply  the  word  to  Ihe  rewards  given  to 
men  in  office,  whicli  are  called  /r*w  or  salary.  The 
word  is,  however,  sometimes  applied  to  the  compen- 
sation given  to  representatives  in  tlie  legislature. 

United  States. 
Tell  me,  what  sIiaII  ihy  tcngeg  be  ?  —  G^ii.  xxix. 
Bo  content  witli  jruur  vxiget.  —  Luke  iit. 

2.  Reward;  fruit;  recompense;  that  which  is 
given  or  received  in  return. 

The  wage*  of  sin  is  death.  —  Rom.  vi. 

WAG'GEL, )  n.    A  name  given  in  Cornwall  to  the 

WAG'EL,  \  young  of  the  great  black-backed  gull, 
Larus  marinus  ;  formerly  considered  a  dii?tinct  spe- 
cies, and  called  Lants  ntuvius.  Jardine. 

WAG'GER-Y,  n.  [from  irag.]  Mischievous  merri- 
ment; sportive  trick  or  gayety  ;  sarcasm  in  good  hu- 
mor ;  as,  the  waggery  of  a  schwil-boy.  Locke. 

WAG'GISH,  «.  Alischievous  in  sport;  roguish  in 
merriment  or  good  humor;  frolicsome;  as,  a  com- 
pany of  waggish  boys.  JJ'Kstrange. 

2.  Done,  made,  or  laid  in  waggery  or  for  sport ;  as, 
a  waggish  trick. 

WAG'GISII-LY,  adv.  In  a  waggish  manner;  in 
Kpori. 

WAG'GISILNESS,  n.  Mischievous  sport;  wanton 
merriment.  Bacon. 

WAG'GING,  ppr.  Moving  the  head  one  way  and  the 
other  with  quick  turns. 

W AG'GLE,  (wag'gl,)  v.  i,     [D.  waggelen ;  G.  wackdn ; 
L.  vaoillo^  dim.  of  icag.] 
To  waddle  ;  to  reel  or  move  from  side  to  side. 

Why  (io  you  go  noddiiijj  and  uxiggUtig  sol  L'Eatrange. 

WAG'GLE,  r.  (.  To  move  one  way  and  the  other; 
as,  a  bird  waggles  liis  tail. 

W.\G'ON,  n.  Td.  and  G.  wagen;  Sw.  vagn;  Sax, 
wagn,  wte-n;  W.  gnrain,  a  wagon,  wain,  or  sheath, 
L.  vagina^  the  latter  being  from  wag,  and  signifying 
a  passage  ;  Gaelic,  baighin,  a  wagon  ;  Malabar,  wag- 
a)iam  ;  Sans,  wahana.  The  old  orthography,  Wao- 
GoM,  seems  to  be  falling  into  disuse.    See  Wao.] 

1.  A  vehicle  moved  on  four  wiieels,  and  usually 
drawn  by  horses  ;  used  for  the  transportation  of 
lieavy  commodities.  In  America,  light  wagons  are 
used  for  the  conveyance  of  families,  and  for  carry- 
ing light  commodities  to  market,  particularly  a  vexy 
light  kind  dniwn  by  one  horse. 

2.  A  chariot.     [AV*£  in  use.]  denser. 
WAG'ON,  V.  t.    To  transport  in  a  wagon.    Goods  are 

wagoned  from  London  to  the  interior. 

WAG'ON,  r.  i.  To  practice  the  transportation  of 
goods  in  a  wagon.  The  man  wagons  between  Phil- 
adelphia and  Pittsburgh.' 

WAG'ON-AGE,  n.  Money  paid  for  carriage  in  a 
wagon. 

WAG'ON-JED,  pp.    Transported  in  wagons. 

WAG'ON-ER,  «.     One  who  conducts  a  wagon. 
9.  A  constellation,  Charles's  Wain. 

WAG'ON-ING,  ppr.    Transporting  in  a  wagon. 

WAG'ON-ING,  71.  The  business  of  transporting  in  a 
wagon. 

WAG'TAIL,  n.  [wag  and  tail]  A  small  bird  of  sev- 
eral species,  belonging  to  the  genus  Motaciila, 
(Linn.,)  and  named  from  the  incessant  motion  of.its 
long  tail. 

WA-IIA'BEE,  n.  A  follower  of  Abdel  Wahab,  a  re- 
former of  Mohammedanism,  about  1760.  His  doc- 
trines prevail  particularly  among  the  Bedouins,  and 
the  sect,  though  checked  in  its  influence,  extends  to 
most  parts  of  Arabia.  -  Brande. 

WAID,  a.     Crushed.     [J^otimtse.]  SftaJc 

WAIF,  n.     [JYorra.  wef,  wcif;  from  waive.] 

Goods  found,  of  which  the  owner  is  not  known. 
These  were  originally  such  goods  as  a  thief,  when 
ptirsued,  threw  away  to  prevent  being  apprehended. 
They  belong  to  the  king,  unless  the  owner  makes 
fresh  suit  of  the  felon,  takes  him,  and  brings  him  to 
justice.  Blackstone. 

WAIL,  r.  L     [\cei.v<rla;  It.  guaiolare;  Gaelic,  guUam 
or  uaill ;   W.   gtrylaio   and  wylaw ;   Arm.  goela^   to 
howl ;  Heb.  and  Ar.  S3N  oro/.] 
To  lament ;  to  moan  ;  to  bewail. 


Orif  n 


a  her  nlwent  lord  she  vxula. 


Pop*. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRfiY.  — PINE.  MARfNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  POVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BpQK. 
J24I 


WAl 

WAIL,  V.  u    To  weep  ;  lo  express  sorrow  audibly. 

Therefore  I  will  umiIZ  ami  howl.  —  Micah  i. 

WXILj  n.    Loud  weeping  ;  violent  Inmentatlon. 
WAfL'FJjL,  o.     Sorrowful ;  mournful.  Sfmk. 

WAIL'ING,  ppr.     Lamenting  with  audible  cries. 
WAIL'ING,  ju    Loud  cries  of  sorrow  j  d<iep  Innienta- 
liun. 

There  sSall  be  loailmf  anJ  jiiMliing  ot  toclh.  —  Mnlt.  xiiU 

WAIL'ING-LY,  adv.    In  a  wailing  manner 
WaIL'MEXT,  n.     Laraentatiun.  ITacket. 

WAltV,  n.     [Sax.  ictz«,  W.  ffwain;   contracted.     See 

Wagow.] 

1.  A  wagon ;  a  carriage  for  the  transportation  of 
good.-?  on  wheels 

2.  A  constellation,  Charles's  Wain 
WAIN'AGE,  n,     A  finding  of  carriages.   Jiinsworth. 
WaIN'-BoTE,  n.    Timber  for  wagons  or  carts. 

Kng.  Law. 
WaIN'-HOUSE,  rt.    A  house  or  shed  for  wagons  and 

cart.".     [Local.]  Cye. 

WaIN'-RoPE,  n.     A  rope  for  binding  a  load  on  a 

wagon  ;  a  cart-rope.  S/tali. 

VVAIN'SeOT,  n.     [D.  wa^cnschoL] 

In  budding,  a  wooden  lining  or  boarding  of  walls 
made  in  panels. 
WAIX'SeOT,  u.  L    To  line  with  boards  5  as,  to  wain- 
8cot  a  hall. 

Muae  tounds  betU;T  in  ch^mben  teainscoUd  than  hanged. 

Bacon. 

2.  To  line  with  different  materials. 

The  other  m  ^Bain»coted  with  looking- flaw.  Addison. 

WAIN'seOT-ED,  pp.    Lined  with  boards  or  panels. 

WAIN'SeOT-ING,  ppr.    Lining  with  boards, 

WAIR,  n.  A  piece  01  plank  two  yards  long,  and  a 
foot  broad.     \  I  know  not  where,  used.]  Smart 

WAIST,  n.  [W.  gvdbstr,  pressure,  squeeze,  the  wau't^ 
the  part  where  the  girdle  is  tied  ;  allied  to  squeeze.] 

1.  That  part  of  the  human  body  which  is  immedi- 
ately below  the  ribs  or  thorax  ;  or  the  small  i)art  of 
the  body  between  the  thorax  and  hips. 

a.  That  part  of  a  ship  which  is  between  the  quar- 
ter-deck and  forecastle.  But  in  many  ships  now 
built,  there  is  no  quarter-deck,  and  in  such  the  waist 
is  the  middle  part  of  the  ship. 

WAIST'BAND,  n.  The  band  or  upper  part  of  breeches, 
trowsers,  or  pantaloons,  which  encompasses  the 
waist. 

WAIST'CLOTHS,  n.  Coverings  of  canvas  or  tarpau- 
ling  for  the  hammocks,  stowed  on  the  gangways,  be- 
tween the  quarter-deck  and  the  forecastle. 

Jifar.  Uict. 

WAIST'CoAT,  n.  [irai*.(  and  coat.]  A  short  coat  or 
garment  for  men,  extending  no  lower  tlmn  the  hips, 
and  covering  the  waist  ;  a  vest.  This  under  gar- 
ment is  now  generally  called  in  America  a  Vest. 

WAIST'ER,  Ti.  In  ships,  vvaisters  are  men  who  are 
stationed  in  the  waist  in  working  the  ship. 

Mar.  DieL 

WAIT,  V.  i.  [Fr.  guettcr:  It.  gnatare;  W.  g-iccitiaw^ 
to  wait ;  ^aidy  attendance.  The  sense  is,  to  slop, 
or  to  contmuc.] 

1.  To  stay  or  rest  in  expectation  ;  to  stop  or  remain 
stationary,  till  the  arrival  of  some  person  or  event. 
Thus  we  say,  I  went  to  the  place  of  meeting,  and 
there  waited  an  hour  for  the  moderator  or  chairman. 
I  will  go  to  the  hotel,  and  there  waa  till  you  come. 
We  will  wait  for  the  mail. 

2.  To  stay  proceedings,  or  suspend  any  businefts, 
in  expectation  of  some  person,  event,  or  the  arrival 
of  some  hour.  The  court  was  obliged  to  wait  for  a 
witness. 

3.  To  rest  in  expectation  and  patience. 

All  ibe  dayi  c/  my  uppoinu^d  time  will  I  wotf,  till  mj  chaoje 
come. — Jub  xir. 

4.  To  stay  ;  not  to  depart. 

IluV-,  my  di^r  fother;  'Ui  no  time  to  wUL  Dryien. 

5.  To  stay;  to  continue  by  reason  of  hindrance. 

6.  To  lie  in  ambush,  as  an  enemy. 

Such  nmbuih  waiud  to  iiitcm-pt  ihy  way.  ^nlUm. 

To  wait  on  or  upon  :  to  attend,  as  a  servant ;  to  per- 
form menial  services  fur  ;  as,  to  wa'U  un  a  gentleman  ; 
lo  wait  OH  the  tnlile. 

7'o  loait  on ;  to  attend ;  to  go  to  see  ;  to  visit  on 
busint-s.s  or  f<»r  ceremony.  Tell  the  genllt^mnn  I  will 
wait  on  him  at  tt^n  o'clock. 

2.  'J"o  pay  servile  or  submissive  attendance 

3.  To  follow,  as  a  consequence;  as,  llio  ruin  that 
icaitjf  on  such  a  supine  tenipi-r. 


[Instead  of  this,  we  use  Await.] 
4.  To  "    ' 


To  look  watclifully. 

It  is  a  point  of  cnnninf  to   wait  on  him  witli  whom  you  pp^Ak 
wifcyoiffeye.    [Unusual. I  Bacon. 

5.  To  attend  to  ;  to  perform. 

Aaron  nod  bk  aona  ■hail  wotl  on  their  pnr-»t'i  otIiM.  —  Num.  in. 
vilL    Rom.  xiL 

6.  To  be  ready  to    serve  ;   to   obey.      Ps.  xxv. 
Prov.  XX. 

To  wait  at ;  to  attend  in  service  ;  to  perform  ser- 
vice at.     I  Cor.  \x. 

To  wait  for;  to  watch,  as  an  enemy.    Job  xv. 


WAK 

WAIT,  r.  f.  To  slay  for  ;  to  rest  or  remiiin  stationary 
in  expectation  of  llie  arrival  of. 

Aweri  with  the**  worda,  In  enmpa  [hpy  still  abidr, 

And  Kwil  with  loafing  eyci  Uwir  prouitaud  guide.        Dryd«n, 

[Elliptical  for  Wait  fob.] 

2.  I'o  attend  j  lo  accompany  with  submission  or 

n'^sjwct 

He  chow  R  Ihituinnd  home,  the  ftowpr  of  ilU 

His  warlike  troojia,  to  toait  iho  funenil.  Dryden. 

[This  use  is  not  justifiable^  but  by  poetical  license.] 

3.  To  attend  as  a  consequence  of  something. 

Such  doom  uwult  luxury.  PltiUpt. 

[JVotin  use.]     [In  this  sense,  we  use  Attend  or 
Attend  or*.] 
WAIT,  n.     Ambush.     As  a  nown,  this  word  is  used 
only  in  certain  phrases.     7*0  tie  in  wait^  is  to  lie  in 
ambush  ;  to  be  secreted  in  order  to  fall  by  surprise  on 
an  enemy  ;  hence,  ftg-aratiody,  to  lay  snares,  or  to 
make  insidious  attempts,  or  to  watch  for  the  purpose 
of  in.snaring.    Josh.  viii. 
In  wait  is  used  in  a  like  sense  by  l\Iilton. 
To  lav  Wfi(( ;  to  set  in  ami)ush.    Jer.  ix. 
WAIT' ED,  pp.     Stayed  for  ;  attended. 
WaIT'ER,  n.     One  who  waits  ;  an  attendant ;  a  ser- 
vant in  attendance. 

The  loailer*  stand  in  ranks ;  the  yfwmpn  cry, 

"  Make  room,"  aa  if  &  duke  wcie  pnwiiig  by.  Sui/L 

9.  A  server  or  salver  ;  a  vessel  on  which  tea  fur- 
niture, &.C..  is  carried. 

WAIT'IXG,  ppr.  or  a.     Staying  in  expectation. 

t^tiitinir  on;  attending;  accompanying;  serving. 
Waiting  for;  staying  for  the  arrival  of. 
JVaitiner  at ;  staying  or  attending  at  in  expectation 
or  in  service. 

In  waiting  ;  in  attendance. 

WAIT'ING,  n.  The  act  of  staying  in  expectation  ; 
attendance. 

WA  [T'ING-LY,  adv.     By  waiting. 

WAIT'ING-MaID,         in.    An  upper  servant  Who 

WAIT'ING-WO.M-AN,  (      attends  a  lady. 

[Waiting-Gentlewoman  is  sometimes,  though 
le?s  commonly,  used.] 

WAITS,  n.  pL     [Goth,  waht^,  watch.] 

These  were  formerly  minstrels  or  musical  watch- 
men, who  attended  on  great  men,  and  sounded  the 
watch  at  night.  They  have  now  degenerated  into 
itinerant  musicians,  wlio  give  notice  of  the  approach 
of  Christmas.  Fosbroke. 

W  AI VE,  rt.  A  woman  put  out  of  the  protection  of  the 
law.  Cyc. 

Wa  I  VE,  V.  t.  [from  waif.]  To  relinquish,  not  to  in- 
(iitt  un  or  claim.     [See  Vvave.] 

WaIV'£:D,  pp.     Relinquished,  as  a  claim. 

WAIVER,  n.  In  /aw,  the  act  of  waiving  or  not  in- 
sipting  on  some  ri"ht,  claim,  or  privilege. 

WAIVING,  ppr.     Relintjuishing,  as  a  claim. 

WAI'WODE,  n.  In  the  Turkish  empire,  the  governor 
of  a  small  province  or  town  ;  a  general.  Cyc. 

WAKE,  V.  i,  [Goth.  waJcan  ;  Sax.  wacan  ;  G.  wachen ; 
D.  waakcn,  wckkcn  ;  Sw.  vdckaj  up-vUcka  ;  Dan.  v(Bk- 
ker ;  L.  vigtl^  vigilo.  The  root  wok  is  allied  to  wag. 
Tlie  primary  sense  is,  to  stir,  to  rouse,  to  excite. 
The  transitive  verb,  in  Saxon,  is  written  ictzcan,  we- 
can  ;  but  both  are  from  one  root.] 

1.  To  be  awake  ;  to  continue  awahe ;  to  watch ; 
not  to  sleep.    Ps.  cxxvii. 

Thfl  fivdwr  aaketh  for  the  dnn^hter.  Ecclut. 

Though  wiadoin  wake$,  auaiiicion  slwpa.  MUlotx. 

I  MO  not  think  any  limi',  tooting  or  aleeping,  withoin  being 
aenaible  of  It.  Locke. 

2.  To  be  excited  or  roused  from  sleep  ;  to  awake  ; 
lo  be  awakened.     He  woAm  at  tlie  slightest  noise. 

3.  To  cease  to  sleep  ;  to  awake. 

4.  To  be  quick  ;  to  be  alive  or  active.       Dryden. 

5.  To  be  excited  from  a  torpid  state  ;  to  be  put  in 
motion.  The  dorniant  powers  of  nature  wake  from 
then-  frosty  slumbers. 

Gentle  ain  to  fan  the  earth  now  waked,  Miton. 

WAKE,  V.  U    To  rouse  from  sleep. 

The  aiigt;!  thai  talked  with  me,  came  again  and  wikcd  me.  — 
Zuch.  iT. 

9.  To  arouse ;  to  excite  ;  lo  put  in  motion  or  ac- 
tion. ,   ,  .. 

Pwpore  war,  wike  up  the  mishty  men.  —  Joel  m. 
[The  use  of  up  is  common,  but  nut  necessary.] 

To  ypake  the  sOul  \<y  tender  sirukoi  tit  art.  Popt. 

3.  To  bring  to  life  again,  as  if  from  tlie  sleep  of 
death. 

To  i^oiid  Ufo  • 

Waktd  In  the  renovation  trf  tiic  )«»t.  MUlon. 

\VAKE,n.  The  annual  wtmmemoratjon  of  the  dedica- 
tion of  a  church,  formerly  kept  by  watching  all 
night.  Drydcfu     King. 

2.  Vigils;  state  of  forbearing  sleep. 

Their  merry  toakti  and  paatimcs  keep.  Milton. 

3.  The  setting  up  of  persona  with  a  dead  body, 
usually  attended  with  drinking.  Ireland. 

4.  Act  of  waking.  Old  Song. 
Wake  of  a  ship;  the  track  it  leaves  in  the  water, 

formed  by  the  meeting  of  the  water,  which  rushes 


WAL 

from  each  side  to  fill  the  space  which  the  sliip  makes 

in  |>aHsing  through  it. 
'I'o  be  in  Oie  wake  nf  a  ahipy  ig  to  be  In  her  track  or 

in  a  line  with  h<T  keel. 
WAK'fJD,  (wakt,)  pp.    R^iused  from  sleep;   put  in 

action. 
WAKE'FJJL,  a.    Not  sleeping  ;  indisposed  to  sleep. 

DiM>-inbtiiig  alc<-p,  but  xtaicijul  witli  Uic  TrigbL  Dryden. 

9.  Watchful ;  vigilant. 
WAKE'FiJI-.-LY,  (w/o.  With  watching  or  sleeplessness 
WaKE'FI)L-NE.SS,  n.     lndis|>osition  to  sleep. 

2.  Forbearance  of  sleep;  want  of  sleep.     Bacon. 
WAK'Ai:N,(wuk'n,)u.i.     [This  seems  to  be  the  Saxon 
infinitive  retained.]    To  wake ;  to  cease  to  sleep  ;  to 
be  awakened. 

&irly  Tunius  an^ening  wiUi  the  tight.  Dryden. 

WAK'i^.'N,  (wak'n,)  u.  t.    To  excite  or  rouse  from 

sleep. 

Go,  iMLlren  Eve.  Milton, 

2.  To  excite  to  action  or  motion. 

Then  Hoitht'k  ami  Tyrlasua'  martial  muse 

Waketttd  ihe  world.  RMCommon. 

3.  To  excite  ;  lo  produce  ;  to  rouse  into  action. 

Thi-y  JHtroduce 
Their  encn'd  aon^,  and  waken  ragrtijn-ii  high.  Milton. 

WAK'f;N-Kn,  (wak'nd,);»p.  Roused  from  sleep;  ox- 
cited  into  action. 

WAK'£N-ER,  71.    One  who  rouses  from  sleep. 

Feitham. 

WAK'£N-ING,  ppr.  Rousing  from  sleep  or  stupidity ; 
calling  into  action. 

WAK'ER,  71.  One  who  walcbea ;  one  who  rouses 
from  sleep.  B.  Jonson. 

WAKE'-ROB-IN,  n.  A  plant;  Arum  maculatum,  of 
I^urope. 

WAK'ING,  ppr.    Being  awake  ;  not  sleeping. 

2.  Itousing  from  sleep;  exciting  into  motion  or 
action. 

JVaking  hours  ;  the  hours  when  one  is  awake. 

WAK'ING,  71.    The  period  of  being  awake.  Butler. 
2.  Watch.     [Obs.] 

WAL-DEN'SkS,  n.  pi.  A  sect  of  Christians  profess- 
ing substantially  Protestant  principles,  who  never 
submitted  to  the  Roman  Catholic  church.  They  re- 
side in  the  valleys  of  Piedmont. 

WaLE,  n.  [This  may  be  the  W.  gwtalen,  a  rod  or 
twig,  from  the  same  root.] 

1.  In  cloth,  a  ridge  or  streak  rising  above  the  rest. 
Wc  say,  cloth  is  wove  with  a  wait. 

2.  A  s^trcak  or  stripe;  the  mark  of  a  rod  or  whip 
on  animal  tlc.^h. 

Wales  of  a  ship ;  an  assemblage  of  strong  planks, 
extending  along  a  ship's  sides,  throughout  the  whole 
length,  at  different  hights,  and  serving  to  strengthen 
the  decks  and  form  the  curves.  They  are  distin- 
guished into  the  main  wale  and  the  channel  wale. 

Mar,  Diet. 

WALE,  V.  t.    To  mark  with  stripes.  Smart 

WAL'*:D,  a.     Marked  with  wales. 

WALK,  (w!iuk,)tJ.  i.  ['Sax.  wcalcan,\o  roll  or  revolve  ; 
wealcere^  a  fuller,  whence  the  name  Walker;  D. 
walken,  to  work  a  hat ;  G.  walkcn,  to  full,  to  felt  hats  ; 
walker^  a  fuller,  Sw.  rat/care ;  Dan.  vaUicr^  to  full  or 
mill  cloth;  rn/Arr,  a  fuller;  vatke,  b.  pad  or  stuffed 
rxill ;  G.  wallen,  to  stir,  to  be  agitated,  to  rove,  to 
travel,  to  wander.  From  the  same  root  are  Russ. 
valyu,  G.  wdlzen^  to  roll,  and  w'dlsck,  foreign,  Celtic, 
Welsh,  that  is,  wanderers.  The  primary  sense  is, 
simply,  to  move  or  press,  but  appropriately,  to  roll,  to 
press  by  rolling,  as  in  hatting,  and  this  is  the  origin 
of  walker^  for  the  practice  of  felting  hats  must  have 
preceded  that  of  fulling  cloth  in  mills.  Our  ances- 
tors appropriated  the  verb  to  moving  on  the  feet,  and 
the  word  is  peculiarly  expressive  of  that  rolling  or 
wagging  motion  which  marks  the  walk  of  clownish 
people.     Uu.  Ileb.  1^1.] 

1.  *I'o  move  slowly  on  the  feet;  to  step  slowly 
along ;  to  advance  by  steps  moderately  repeated  ;  as 
animals.  Walking,  in  men,  differs  from  running  only 
in  the  rapidity  and  length  of  the  steps  ;  but  in  quad- 
rupeila,  the  ^notion  or  order  of  the  feet  is  sometimes 
changed. 

At  the  end  of  tw-lve  moiilha,  ho  valked  ill  the  pn.lac«  of  the 

kingdom  of  Iliihyloii.  — Dan.  if. 
When  Peter  liad  come  down  out  of  the  ship,  he  tealked  on  the 

wut«r,  to  go  to  Jlbuc.  —  Matt.  xiv. 

9.  To  move  or  go  on  the  feet  for  exercise oramuse- 
nic-iif.  Iluiidrrds  of  students  daily  tca^A  on  Downing 
terrace,  in  Cambridge. 

3.  To  appear,  as  a  specter. 

The  »piriu  of  the  <letd 
May  uaik  a^in,  Shak. 

4.  To  act  on  any  occasion. 

Do  you  Uiitik  I'd  walk  in  any  plot  f    {Obt.}  B.  Jonton. 

5.  To  be  in  motion,  as  a  clamorous  tongue. 

Her  tongiie  did  walk 
In  foul  n-proach.     {Ob».\  Sptivr. 

6.  To  act  or  move  on  the  feet  in  sleep. 

When  waa  it  she  IokI  walked  7  Sfutk. 

[But  this  is  unusual.  When  we  speak  of  somnam- 
bulation,  we  say,  to  walk  in  steep.] 


TONE,  ByLL,  tlNITE— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  ClI  M  SU ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


1U45 


WAL 

7.  To  range ;  to  be  stirring. 

A*  Utr;  Mj  •plriti  do,  at  B^dnifhU    {UwtmmL}  Skak. 

&  To  move  off;  to  depart. 

M'hea  bpoontnftmh,  hewiUmakelhdreowtnodpunMiMi^. 
|NlBfCftf«Mt.l  SpmMT. 

9.  In  Srriittitrf,  io  live  and  net  or  behave;  to  pwr- 
«ie  fi  particular  couree  of  life, 

7^1  tt\tJk  K-itA  Ood;  to  live  in  ohedience  to  his  coin- 
nnn  I-.  mui  hftve  communion  witli  him.     Oen.  v. 

7'.'  ..-,  'i  (H  darknts.1 :  lo  live  in  Ipiorance,  error, 
auU  ^iii.  without  comfort.     1  John  \. 

T»  mitlk  in  the  lighx :  bi  live  in  the  pmrtice  of  reli- 
gion, and  to  enjuv  it:^  consol.ition^.     1  Jokm  i. 

To  ttiilk  bif  faitA:  to  live  in  }he  Arm  \nMvf  i>f  the 
go^pfl  and  its  pnunises,  and  to  rt:ly  on  Christ  for  sol- 
vation.   9  Or.  V. 

To  tmtk  MroH^'A  fA«  jSm;  to  be  exercised  with 
severe  artliotions.     Ao.  xliii. 

TV  icotk  tif>n-  tAeJtfsiM  ;  lo  Indulge  sensnal  appetites, 
and  to  live  in  sin.     Horn.  viii. 

TV  iPrt/t  ajier  the  Spirit ;  to  be  eoided  bv  the  coun- 
Mh  and  InAaenres  of  lb<?  Spirit  and  hy  the  wonl  of 
God,  and  to  live  a  life  of  huly  deportment.  Rom. 
viii. 

TV  tMik  im  tJuJUgk;  to  live  this  nntural  life,  which 
Is  »ibjt>ct  to  intlnnilt<-ii4  and  cnlauiilie^.    "2  Car,  x. 

Tow^UtM  ;  to  enter,  as  a  bouse.     fValk  ix,  f;cntle- 
men. 
WALK,  (wauk,)  r.  t.    To  pass  through  or  upon  j  as, 
to  iralk  the  !itr<-et^. 

[This  is  elliptical  for  to  tcalk  in  or  through  the 
Btreft-*.] 

9.  To  cause  lo  walk  or  strp  slowly  ;  to  lead,  drive, 
or  ride  with  a  slow  pace,  lie  found  Hit*  ruad  so  bud, 
be  was  oblifcrd  to  leu/i  hi?  hor^^e.  The  coacbiuan 
iMttfd  bis  htirses  from  Woodbridga  lo  Princeton. 
WALK,  (wauk.)  n.  The  act  of  walking;  the  act  of 
nuivinK  on  the  feet  with  a  t^U^w  pace. 

3.  The  act  of  walking  for  air  or  exerctae;  as,  a 
mominic  lealk  :  an  evening  tralk.  Pop«, 

3.  Manner  of  walkms ;  cait ;  rtep.  We  often 
know  a  person  in  a  disunt  R)>artinf  nt  by  hi«  iraUi. 

4.  Length  of  way  or  circuit  through  which  one 
walks ;  or  a  place  for  walkiit;  ;  n^,  a  li>nf;  walk ;  a 
abort  is«^  Tbe  gardens  of  the  Tuileries  and  of  tbe 
Luxembourg  are  ven*  pleasant  wkUis, 

5.  An  avenue  set  with  tret:^  M'dtem. 

6.  Way ;  road ;  lange ;  place  of  wandwinp. 

Ths  mtnmalaa  us  Us  «mA«.  Aom^. 

Tte  atanr  watt*  «lh>*e.  Drrim, 

7.  RcflcMi ;  space. 

a>  qpsBcd  s  bsdndkai  astt  fee  Mi  tnBr«atfc>a.  Pnpt. 

&  Coarse  of  life  or  pom'rt.  This  is  not  within 
the  watt  of  the  historian. 

9.  The  dowest  pace  of  a  horse,  ox,  or  other  qnad- 
niped. 

10.  A  0ah.     [A  mistake  for  Whklk.1    .ainsw^rik. 

11.  IniA*  99%tt  Imdits^  a  plantation  of  canes,  &c. 

A/wan2.V  rr.  Imd. 
A  sfterp    w«tt,  so  called,  is    high  and   dry   land 
where  sheep  are  pastured. 
WALK'A-BLE,  (wauk'a-bl,)  a.    Fit  to  be  walked  on. 

JAVf  maek  utfd.]  Swift, 

WiVLK'ER,  (wnuk'er,)  a.    One  who  walks. 
S.  In  our  moiher  t«mEije,  a  fuller. 

3.  In  lav,  a  forest  f>fficer  nppointi^d  to  walk  over  a 
certain  spac*r  fur  ins{>fctiun  ;  a  forester. 

4.  One  who  deportd  himself  in  a  particular  man- 
ner. 

5.  A  fulling-mill.     [.Vol  m  h««,  or  loeaL] 
WALK'IXG,  (wauk'ine,)  fpr.    Moving  on  the  legs 

with  a  flow  puce  ;  moving ;  ennducting  one's  self. 
WALK'r\G,(wniik'ing,)ii.  The  act  of  moving  on  the 

feet  with  a  ?low  p.^ce. 
WALK'LVfi-i^TAFF,  (  m.    A  staff  or  stick  carried  in 
WJiLK'LVG-STICK,  \       the    hand    for   support    or 

amusement  in  walking. 
WALK'-MILL,  (wauk'mill,)  a.    A  fulUng-inilL 

WALL,  a.  [U  rallmm:  P,ii.  «•«/;  D.  r«/;  G.  «r«//; 
Ir.  and  Gaelic,  holla  and  fat;  Kus^  ro/ :  W.  •!traL 
In  L.  v^Iks  is  a  «tuke  or  port,  and  probably  valUm 
was  originally  a  fence  of  -ink.  -_  .n  nali«ide  or  stock- 
ade ;  the  first  rude  fur*  mcivilized  men. 
Tbe  primary  sense  of  r  t,  or  that  which 
Is  set,  and  tbe  lalt- r  :  .  .  i-  sense  of  wo/J, 
whether  it  is  from  railugy  or  Ifoiu  •ome  otht  r  rooLl 

1.  A  work  or  ^ruciure  of  stone,  hrick,  or  other 
materials,  raised  to  some  hight,  and  intended  for  a 
defense  or  security.  WaUt  of  stone,  wiiii  or  without 
cement,  are  much  used  in  America  for  fences  on 
fu-ms;  leals  are  laid  as  the  foundations  of  honseti 
and  the  S4:-curity  of  cellars.  Walls  of  stone  or  brick 
form  tbe  eiterior  of  buildings,  and  they  are  often 
Taised  round  cities  and  forts  as  a  defense  against 
encuite!!. 

2.  ffaOsy  in  the  plural,  is  used  for  fortifications  in 
general ;  works  for  defense. 

I  n»b  oDdaunled  to  defead  the  (mlOi.  Dryien. 

3.  A  defense ;  means  of  security  or  protection. 
I  Sam.  XXV. 


WAL 

TV  take  the  vutt ;  to  take  the  upiwr  or  mot^t  hon- 
orable place. 

I  will  nkf  tin  matt  vt  mijr  man  or  luakl  of  MuiiUtgue'a.    Shak. 

WALL'-CRF.EP  KR,  n.  A  nniall  bird  of  the  genus 
Certhin,  Linn.,  which  frequents  rocks  and  walls, 
and  feeds  ou  insects  ;  the  spider-catcher. 

Kd.  Knci/c 

WALIZ-CRKSS,  a.  [teaU  and  ctva*.]  The  nanie  of 
plants  of  the  genus  Ambis.  They  grow  on  walls 
and  in  drj-,  stony  places.  P.  Cyc. 

-i.  A  pl:mt  of  the  genus  Turritis.  Lee. 

WALL'-EVK,  w.  [wall  and  rye,]  Tn  horses,  an  eye 
in  which  the  iris  is  of  n  very  light  gray  or  whitish 
color.  Hnoth. 

[Johnson  Ims  dpfined  trail-eye  to  be  **  n  disease  in 
the  cryslnlline  hiinvir  of  the  eve  ;  gtaucomn."  But 
glaucoma  is  not  a  disease  of  the  crystalline  humor, 
nor  i.«  H-all-nie  a  di.-^ease  nl  nil,  but  merely  a  nntuml 
blenii.«h.  TuUtj.  In  the  ^''orth  o/f>?/iiiirf,a8  llrock- 
elt  stalP.-*,.iH'rsons  are  said  lo  be  iPa/Z-ci/ed  when  the 
white  of  the  eye  is  very  Inrge  and  distorted,  or  on 
one  i^iiiie.  Richardson  df*rives  toalt  in  this  ca-sc,  and 
also  trhall,  trhatly,  ipkallit-eijetl,  from  the  Ancio-Sa.\t>ii 
AwWsit,  to  wither,  to  pine  away,  in  allusion  to  the 
fnded  ctdor  or  unnatural  appearance  of  such  eyes.  — 
Ed,] 

WALL'- ET  ED,  (-Ide,)  a.  In  horses,  having  an  eye  of 
a  very  licht  emy  or  whitish  color.  Booth. 

2.  Shakspciire,  in  using  tpnll-eyed  as  a  term  of  re- 
prt>arh,  as  *' jTo/i-ci/fd  rasie,**  a  *^^  walt-eycd  wretch," 
alludes  pnihabty  to  the  idea  of  unnatural  or  distorted 
vision.  [See  \Vall-Eve.]  It  is  an  eye  which  is 
utterly  aud  incunibly  perverted,  ao  eye  lliat  knows 
ni>  pity. 

WALI/-KLOW-ER.  a.  [leall  and  flower.]  A  plant 
of  the  genus  Cheiranlhus,  which  grows  in  old  walls, 
&c. ;  a  Biivk  gillytlower. 

WALL'-FROIT,  a.  [vail  and  fruit.]  Fniit  which, 
to  be  ri|>ened,  must  he  planted  against  a  wall. 

WALL'-KNOT,  n.  A  singlo  wall-knot  is  made  by  un- 
twisting the  ends  of  a  n>|>e,  and  making  a  bight  with 
the  first  strand  ;  then  [Ktssjug  the  second  over  the  end 
of  the  first,  and  the  third  over  the  end  of  the  second, 
and  through  the  bight  of  ^ic  hrst.  The  double  is  made 
by  ivL-isini*  the  ends,  siuuly,  close  underneath  the 
first  wale,  and  thnisiing  them  upward  through  the 
middle,  only  the  last  end  comes  up  under  two  bights. 

Cue 

WALI.'-LOUSE,  a,  [troU  and  Uiuse.]  An  insect  or 
small  bug.  jUnmrorlh. 

WALL'-MOSS,  R.  A  species  of  moss  growing  on 
walls. 

WALL-PE.\'Ny-WORT,  m.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
t?otyledon. 

WALL'-I'EP-PE&,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  !=icdum. 

WALL'-PIE,  a.    A  plant,  a  species  of  Asplenium. 

Jj;e. 

WALL'-.^in-£D,  a.  Having  sides  nearly  perpendicu- 
lar, as  a  shi(i. 

WALL'-^PRIXG,  IK.  A  springof  water  issuing  from 
stratilied  rocks. 

WALL'-WflRT,  a.  A  plant,  the  dwarf  elder  or  dnne- 
wort ;  Sambucus  Ehulus. 

W^LL,  r.  t.  To  inclose  with  a  wall  ;  as,  to  teall  a 
city. 

2.  To  defend  by  walls. 

Anit  terror  of  his  nuns  lh«t  imUU  us  ja 

Fruiit  (litn^'f.  Denham, 

X  To  fill  up  with  a  wall. 

WALL'£I),  pp.  or  a.  Inclosed  or  fortified  with  a 
wall. 

WALL'ER,  a.    One  who  builds  walls  in  the  country. 

Cyc. 

WAL'LER-ITE,  a.  A  mineral,  or  variety  of  clay, 
found  in  small  compact  masses  of  the  si7,e  of  a  nut, 
while  and  opaque,  oryellowi.■^ll  and  translucent.  [Ao( 
usrd.]  Clcavtland. 

WAL'LET,  (wol'let,)  n.  A  hag  fur  carrying  the  neces- 
saries for  a  Journey  or  march  ;  a  knapsack.  Also,  a 
pocket-book  or  place  for  keeping  money  about  one*B 
person. 

3.  Any  thing  protuberant  and  swagging  ;  as  wal- 
lets of  flesh.  Skak. 

WALL'ING,  ppr.  Inclosing  or  fortifying  with  a  wait. 
WALL'ING,  a.      WaJIs  in    general;    materials    for 

walls. 
W^L'LOP,   (wol'lop,)  r.  i.      [formed   on  G.  woi/en, 

^i.  iredtan,  to  boil  or  bubble  ;  D.  opv:allen  ;  Eng.  to 

welL     Pee  Well.] 

1.  To  boil  witli  a  continued  bubbling  or  heaving 
and  rolling  of  the  liquor,  with  noise.  Brockett. 

2.  To  move  in  a  rolling,  cumbersome  manner. 

Forby. 
WAL'LOP-tNG,  ppr.  or  a.     Boiling  with  a  heaving 

and  noj^se  ;  moving  in  a  cumbersome  manner. 
WAL'LoW,  (wol'l6,J  V.  i.     [Sax.  leeaJwian;  Sw.  vUff- 

va  i   Goth,  walugan;    G.  irahrn.     The  latter  is  the 

Eng.  ire/Icr,  but  of  the  same  family;  L.  tolvo ;  Sp. 

volrer  ;  Russ.  ra/yu,  baliayu.     This  verb  seems  to  be 

connected  with  welt,  tcalk,  tc] 
1.  To  roll  one's  body  on  the  earth,  in  mire,  or  on 

other  substance  ;  to  tumble  and  roll  in  water.   Swine 

waliow  in  the  mire. 


WAN 

2.  To  move  heavily  and  clumsily. 

P.irt  hugr  of  Inilk, 
WaVoteinf  xmwi^ltly,  cnpmiuiu  iu  their  gait, 
'iViiifi'M  t!tn  oc«>in.    [UnutuaU]  Milton. 

3.  To  live  in  fittli  or  gross  vice  ;  as,  man  wallow- 
ing in  his  native  impurity.  South. 

W^^L'LOW,  V.  t.    To  roll  one's  body. 

H'allou)  tli>-Mlf  in  tubv«.  —  Jer.  *L 

WAL'Lf^W,  n.     A  kind  of  rolling  walk. 

W^L'LOW-f:n,  pp     Rolled  in  the  mire. 

WAI,'J,riVV-ER,  n.    One  that  ndls  in  mire. 

2.  A  wheel  that  turns  the  trundle-head  in  a  mill. 

WAL'IiOW-lNG,  ppr.  Rolling  the  body  on  any 
thing. 

WALL'-PEL'H-TO-RY.n.  A  plant,  Panetaria  of- 
ncinalis,  growing  on  old  walls,  &.C.,  in  Euro[>«  ;  for- 
merly esteemed  medicinal.  P,  Cyc. 

WALI.'-PLATE,  n.  A  piece  of  timber  placed  hor- 
iV.ontnlly  u|Km  a  wall,  on  which  joists,  &c.,  rest. 

WA.LL'RfiE,  a.    An  herb,  Asplenium  ruta-muraria. 

Loudon. 

W.^L'NUT,  ?f.  [Vt.walnoot!  Sax.  M«fA,  foreign,  and 
hiiHtn,  nul.  The  Germans  call  it  wiU^tchc  nuss^  Welsh 
nut,  that  is,  foreign  or  Celtic  nut.] 

A  tree,  and  its  fruit,  of  the  genus  Jiiglans.  This 
genus  comprehends  six  species,  of  which  three  are 
natives  of  tlie  United  Slates,  viz.,  Juglans  nigra,  or 
black  walnut,  J.  cincrea,  or  butternut,  and  J.  Frax- 
inifolia  or  ashrlcaved  walnut.  Juglans  rcgia,  Per- 
sian walnut,  is  cultivated  in  America.  J.  pterocarpa 
grows  (tn  Mount  Caucasus,  and  J.  baccata  in  Jamai- 
ca and  Ilispanioia. 

In  America  there  are  several  species  of  Carya  or 
hickory  called  by  this  name. 

WAL'RdS,  «.  [G.  wall,  as  In  wal^fisehy  a  whale,  and 
TOM,  a  horse.] 

The  morse, sea-elephant,  sea-horse,  or  sea-cow, an 
amphibious,  carnivorous  mammal,  inhabiting  the  arc- 
tic seas.  It  is  the  Tricbecus  Kosmarus,  the  only  spe- 
cies of  its  genusi  It  surpasses  the  largest  ox  in  size, 
nliaining  to  the  length  of  twenty  feet.  It  is  covered 
with  short,  yellowish  hair.  It  is  sought  for  on  ac- 
count of  its  oil  and  tusks,  the  ivory  of  which,  though 
rough-grained,  is  employed  m  the  arts.  The  skin  is 
used  for  conch-braces.  The  seals  are  the  only  other 
amphibious  mammals  at  present  known.      Cuvier. 

WAL'TRON,  n.    Another  name  of  the  walrus. 

h'oodward. 

WALTZ,  n.  [Ger.  walzen.]  A  German  national 
daiu-e,  and  also  the  species  of  music  by  which  it  is 
accompanied. 

WALTZ,  r.  i.     To  dance  a  waltz. 

WALT/.'ER,  n.    A  person  who  waltzes. 

WAl-TZ'l\G,  n.    The  act  of  dancing  a  waltz. 

WAM'BLE,  (wom'bl,)  v.i  [D.  wemclen;  Dan.  vam- 
leri  Sw.  vamjas.] 

To  be  disturbed  with  nausea;  aa^Si wambling stom- 
ach.     [Fulirar.]  L'*  Estrange. 

W^M'BLE-eROP-PKD,  (-kropt,)  a.  Sick  at  the 
stomach.     [  Vulgar.] 

WA.M-PEE',  n.  A  tree  of  the  genus  Cookia,  and  its 
fruit.  7'hc  fruit  is  about  tlie  size  of  a  pigeon's  egg, 
grows  in  bundles,  and  is  much  esteemed  in  China. 

Loudon. 

WAM'PUM,  n.  Small  beads  made  of  different  colored 
siiells,used  by  the  North  American  Indians  as  mon- 
ey, and  also  wrought  into  bolt3,&c.,as  an  ornament. 

Trumbull. 

Wj^N,  a.  [Sax.  wan,  luann,  deficient ;  wanton^  to  fail, 
lo  wane  ;  tean,  pale,  that  is,  deficient  in  color  ;  allied 
probably  to  vain.  Q,u.  W.  gwan,  weak,  aud  gwyn^ 
white.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  withdraw  or  de- 
part.] 
Pale  ;  having  a  sickly  hue;  languid  of  look. 

SmI  to  •f\<"*l,  Ilia  viaiipe  pnle  ftiitl  toan.  Spenter, 

Why  to  p-le  anJ  aan,  fond  lover?  SuckHng. 

WAN,  for  Won  ;  prtL  of  Win.     [Obs.] 
W^ND,  (wond,)  n.     [D.  vaanii.] 

L  A  small  stick  ;  a  rod.  If  a  child  runs  away,  a 
few  strokes  of  a  wand  will  bring  him  hack. 

2.  A  staff  of  authority  ;  as,  a  silver  wand. 

Milton. 

3.  A  rod  used  by  conjurers  or  diviners. 

Pictu  bore  n  bucldrr  in  hia  hnnd  ; 

Hii  ulhLT  wa.ved  a  long  dirimng  loand.  DrytUn. 

WAN'DER,  c.  i.  [Sax.  waitdrian;  D.  wandrlen,  to 
walk;  G.  wandcln,  to  wander,  to  walk,  to  change, 
exchange,  or  transform  ;  Svv.  vandn,  to  turn  ;  rnndra, 
to  wander;  Dtlxx.  randier,  to  walk,  to  wander,  to 
trade  ;  vandel,  behavior,  deportment,  conversation  ; 
It.  andare,  Sp.  and  Port,  andar,  to  go ;  Sans,  andura, 
a  wanderer.] 

1.  To  rove  ;  to  ramble  here  and  there  without  any 
certain  course  or  object  in  view  ;  as,  to  wander  over 
the  fields;  lo  wander  about  tbe  town,  or  about  the 
country.  Men  may  sometimes  wander  for  amuse- 
ment or  exercise.  Persons  sometimes  wander  be- 
cause they  have  no  home  and  are  wretched,  and 
sometimes  because  ihcy  have  no  occupation. 

They  wandered  nbont  in  shpfp-sliina  nnd  ^oat-tkins.  — lieb.  xl. 
He  xoaudereth  abroad  for  bn-ad. —  Job  xt. 
He  was  vMTvI^-ing  in  ibe  fi'ld.  — Gen.  xxxvii. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT METE,  PBBY.  — PIXE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOV'E,  WOVE,  WpLF,  BQQK.- 

1246 


Drydtn. 
CJiiid. 


WAN 

a.  To  leave  home  :  to  depart ;  to  migrate. 

When  God  eatucd  me  to  wam/er  from  my  fiiiher'i  houM.  — 
Geo.  XX. 

3.  To  depart  from  the  subject  in  discussion  ;  as,  to 
wander  from  the  point. 

4.  In  a  moral  sen^e,  to  stray  ;  to  deviate  ;  to  depart 
from  duty  or  rectitude. 

0.  let  ni«  not  vandtr  from  thy  command  men  ta,  —  Pa.  cxix. 

5.  To  be  delirious  ;  not  to  be  under  the  guidance  of 
reason ;  as,  the  mind  toanders. 

W^N'DER,  V  *  To  travel  over  witliout  a  certain 
counje. 

WaivUring  many  &  feinouj  realm.     [Elliptical.]  Milton. 

W^N'DER-jED,  pp.    Rambled  ;  traveled  over  roviiig- 

ly  ;  deviated  from  duly. 
W.>N'I)ER-EU,  n.     A  rambler;  one  that  roves  j   one 

thai  ilevialfs  from  duty. 
WAN'DER-IXG,  ;j;?r.  or  a.    Roving;  rambling;   de- 
viating from  duty. 
WAN'UER-ING,  n.    Peregrination  ;  a  traveling  with 
out  a  settled  course. 

9.  Aberration;  mistaken  way  ;  deviation  from  rec- 
titude ;  oSf  a  wandering  from  duty. 

3.  A  roving  of  the  mind  or  thoughts  from  the  point 
or  business  in  which  ojie  ought  to  be  engaged. 

Lodie. 
A.  Tlie  roving  of  the  mind  in  a  dr-^am. 

5.  The  roving  of  the  mind  in  delirium. 

6.  Uncertaintv  ;  want  of  being  fixed.         Locke. 
WAN'DER-ING-LY,  adv.      In  a  wandering  or  un- 
steady nmnner.  Taylor. 

Wi^N-DER-OO',  n.  A  baboon  of  Ceylon  and  Mala- 
bar, the  Macaciis  silenus  of  Lacepede.  It  has  a  long 
beard  or  mane  of  a  grayish  or  whitish  color  sur- 
rounding the  face,  P.  Cyc.    Jard'me. 

W^ND'Y,  a.    Long  and  flexible,  like  a  wand. 

BrocketU 

WANE,  V.  i.  [Sax.  wonion,  to  ftul,  fall  off,  or  de- 
crease.] 

1.  To  be  diminished;  to  decrease;  particularly 
applied  to  the  illuminated  p;irt  of  the  moon.  We 
say,  the  moon  wane^^  tlial  Is,  the  visible  or  illumi- 
natt'd  part  decreases. 

Wanittg  muoiia  thvir  acttlcd  pcxioda  kepp.  AddUon. 

2.  To  decline  :  to  fail ;  to  sink  :  as.  the  waning  age 
of  life.  "    ^ 

Yoii  a-\w  but  aorrow  in  iu  twining  farm. 

LhihI  iLod  trule  vrei  will  wnx  utiil  uarw  togefhcr. 

WANE,  r.  L    To  cause  to  decrease.     [06^.] 

B.  Jonson. 
WANE,  «.    Decrease  of  the  illuminated  part  of  the 
moon  to  thn  eye  of  a  spectator. 

2.  Decline;  failure;  diminution;  decrease;  de- 
clension. 

Yoii  are  caat  upon  fin  agr  in  whleh  the  ehiirch  i*  in  iti  v<arte. 

South. 

WAN'ED,  pp.    Caused  to  decrease;  diminished. 
WANG,  n.    JSax.  wan^^  v^engy  wonff.} 
\.  The  jaw,  jaw-bone,  or    chccl 

twrrf,  or  t>uli*ar.] 

2.  The  latcht^t  of  a  shoe.    [Sax.  sceo-thwang^  slioe- 

fhong.l     [JVot  in  use.] 
WAN-GEE',  »,     A  species  of  tou?h,  flexible  cane,  im- 
ported from  China,  sometimes  called  the  Japan  Cane. 

McCulloch. 
WANG'-TOOTH,  n.     A  jaw-tooth.  Cyc. 

W..\\'II5PE,  n.    Want  of  hope.     [JVotv.^rd.] 
W.^\'HOR.\*,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  K^mpferia. 

Lee. 
WXS'ING, ppr.     Decreasinc;  failing;  declining. 
Wj^NK'LE,  (wonk'l,)  a.     Weak;  unstable;  not  to  be 

de|Hnded  on.  Grose, 

WaN'LV,  ado.    In  a  pnio  manner;  palely, 
W^N'N^D,  a.     Made  wan  or  pale.  Shak. 

W^N'NESS,  K.    Palenens  ;  a  salluw,  dead,  pule  ctd- 

or  ;  a:*,  the  teannesa  of  the  cheeks  after  a  fever. 
W^N'NISH,  a.     Sumewhat  wan  ;  of  a  pale  hue. 

Fairfax. 
WA^T,  (waunt,)  ».    ^Sax.  wan,  supra;  wanian^  to 

fail ;  Goth,  wa?!,  deficiency,  want.    This  seems  to  be 

primarily  a  participle  of  leanc] 

1.  Deficiency;  defect;  tlie  absence  of  that  which 
i«  necessary  or  useful  ;  as,  a  want  nf  power  or  knowl- 
edge for  any  purpose;  want  of  food  and  clothing. 
The  usant  of  money  is  a  common  icaiiL  2  Cor. 
viii.  ix. 

From  hariiif  wiali"*  in  coiiaoquence  cf  our  toanlt,  w  cifli*n  fwl 
wmtt  ill  cunjMfqui;(iCf  of  our  wultn.  Hainbier. 

2.  Need  ;  necessity  ;  the  eflWct  of  deficiency. 

Priile  fa  am  loud  n  beggnr  aa  uant,  ami  more  aaucy.     J^Yamklin, 

3.  Poverty;  penury;  indigence. 

NuUiitkf  ia  ao  hivnJ  Tor  ihoa^  who  abound  In  richea,  aa  to  eonc^irc 
hovr  otlvn  c«n  be  in  loatil.  Sieifl. 

4.  The  .^tate  of  not  having.  I  can  not  write  a  let- 
ter at  present  for  vant  of  time. 

5.  That  which  Is  not  possessed,  but  is  desired  or 
necetiHary  fr*r  use  or  pleasure. 

Hubiiiml  (Uf«rfliiili>u  bcCoiiie  aciual  wanlf.  PaJty. 

6.  A  mole.     [0*5.]  Heylin. 
WANT,  (waunt,)  t?.  (.    To  be  destitute;  to  be  de- 


ck-bone.     [LUde 


WAN 

flcieut  in  ;  not  to  have  ;  a  wot<1  c^  general  applica- 
tion ;  as,  lo  want  knowledge ;  to  icant  juilgment ;  to 
want  learning ;  lo  want  food  and  clothing ;  to  want 
money. 

2.  To  be  defective  or  deficient  in.  Timber  may 
want  strenpth  or  solidity  lo  answer  its  purpose. 

3.  To  fall  short;  not  lo  contain  or  have.  The 
sum  wants  a  dollar  of  the  amount  of  debt. 

Nor  think,  though  men  were  none, 

That  hfiiveii  would  want  apecuiora,  God  wonf  ptaiae.    MiUon. 

4.  To  be  without. 

The  unhappy  never  want  enemies.  Richardaon. 

5.  To  need  ;  to  have  occasion  for,  as  useful,  proper, 
or  requisite.  Our  manners  want  correction.  In  win- 
ter we  want  a  fire  ;  in  summer  we  want  co*iling 
breezes.  We  alt  want  more  public  spirit  and  more 
virtue. 

6.  To  wish  for;  to  desire.  Every  man  wants  a  lit- 
tle preeminence  over  his  neighbor.  Many  xcant  that 
which  they  can  not  obtain,  and  which,  if  tliey  could 
obtain,  would  certainly  ruin  them. 

Wlial  wanli  my  aoii  ?  Addison. 

WANT,  (waunt,)  p.  i.  To  be  deficient;  nut  to  be  suf- 
ncienL. 

At  in  bodiPB,  thus  in  soiila,  we  find 

Wli:vt  tmrUf  in  blood  aiiil  apiriu,  swellfd  with  wind.       Pope. 

2.  To  fail ;  to  be  deficient ;  to  bo  lacking. 

Nu  time  shall  find  me  wanting  to  my  mitli.  Dryden. 

3.  To  be  missed  ;  not  to  be  present.  Tiie  jury  was 
full,  wanting  one. 

4.  To  fall  short ;  to  be  lacking. 

Twelve,  leantinff  one,  he  slew.  Drydtn, 

WANT'AGE,  Tu     Deficiency;  that  which  is  wanting. 
WANT'ED,  pp.     Needed  ;  de-aired. 
WANT'ING,  ppr.     Needing;  lacking;  desiring. 

2.  a.  Absent;  deficient.  One  of  the  twelve  is 
wanting.  We  have  the  means,  but  the  application  is 
wanting. 

3.  8lack  ;  deficient.  I  shall  not  be  wanting  in  ex- 
ertion. 

WANT'LESS,  a.  Having  no  want ;  abundant ;  fruit- 
ful. Warner. 

WAN'TON,  a.  [W.  gwantan^  apt  to  run  off,  variable, 
fickle,  wanton  ,  gwantu^  to  thrust,  to  sever;  allied 
probably  to  wander.} 

1.  Wandering  or  roving  in  gayety  or  sport ;  sport- 
ive ;  frolicsome  ;  darting  aside,  or  one  way  and  tlie 
other.     JVantAfu  boys  kill  Hies  for  spurt. 

Nuto  a  wild  and  leanton  lierd.  SluiJc. 

2.  Moving  or  flying  loosely  ;  playing  in  the  wind. 

She 
Ht  UH.idorii'vl  evlden  treiws  wore 
Dislit-veled,  but  in  wanton  ringieU  waved.  Milton. 

3.  Wandering  from  moral  rectitude ;  licentioua ; 
dissolute;  indulging  in  sensuality  without  restraiut; 
as,  men  grown  wanton  by  pro8|M!rity.     Roscommon. 


4.  More  ap/tropriatehf,  deviating  from  the  rules  of 
chastity  ;  lewd  ;  lustful ;  lascivious  ;  libidinous. 


,  enemy  to  pence, 


'J'hiiii  art  frownpl  by  nature 

L:iacivioua,  leanton.  '       '  ShoJc. 

Ve  have   lived  in  pleaaure  on  the  enrth,  and  been  vanfon.  — 
JaiiK-a  ». 

5.  Disposed  to  unchastity  ;  indicating  wantonness. 
Isa.  lit. 

G.  Loose;  unrestrained;  running  to  excess, 
(low  doea  your  longTie  prow  aanton  in  h':r  pntiae  I    Addiion. 

7.  Luxuriant ;  overgrown. 

What  we  by  diiv  Itip  (tvcrgrown^ 
One  nig^ht  or  two  with  wanton  growiti  dendea, 
'I'endiii^  to  wild.  Milton. 

8.  Extravagant;  a.i,  wa«/oB  dress.  Milton. 

9.  Not  regular;  not  turned  ur  formed  with  regu- 
larity. 

Tlie  quaint  mtutes  in  tlie  wanton  ^reen.  Milton. 

WAN'TON,  n,    A  lewd  iierson  ;  a  lascivious  nmn  or 
woman.  SouUt.     Shak. 

2.  A  trifler  ;  an  insignificant  (luttcrer.  Shali. 

•      3.  A  word  of  slight  endearnient. 

Pence,  my  wanton.     [lAule  uted.]  B>  Jonton. 

WAN'TON,  r.  i.    To  rove  and  nimble  without  re- 
straint, rule,  or  limit ;  tu  revel ;  to  play  loosely. 


N:.t 


Milton. 
Anon. 


Wantonfd  aa  in  licr  prirne. 

Her  ^i^Iden  tresar'a  wanton  in  tlie  wind, 

2.  To  ramble  in  lewdness ;  to  play  lasciviously. 

Prior. 

3.  To  move  briskly  and  irregularlv. 
W^N'TON-ING,  ppr.     Roving;  fiyiiig  loosely  ;  play- 
ing without  restraint;  indul-;ing  m  licenliousne!<s. 

WA\'']*ON-IZE,  V.  i.    To  behave  wantonly.    [JVot 

in  uftf.] 
WAN'TON-LY,  ailr.    jMOftf}y  ;  without  regularity  or 

restniiiit ;  s;mrlively  ;  gayly  ;  playfully  ;  lasciviously. 
W^N'TON-NKiiS,  ji.     t^porlivenefts  ;  gayety  ;  frollc- 

someness ;  waggery. 

Ai  and  aa  ni^ht 
Only  for  leantannett.  Sftak. 


WAR 

2.  Licentiousness ;  negligence  of  restraint. 

The  tumiilu  Uireaw-ncd  to  abuse  all  acta  of  grace,  and  turn  them 
inlo  toanlonneta.  /c.  Ckarlea. 

3.  LasciviousnesB;  lewdness.    Aom.  xiii.   2  Prt.U. 
WANT'-WIT,  n.     [want  and  wiu]    One  deatitute  of 

wit  ort-ense;  a  fool.     [J^ot  m  much  xLne.]  Shak. 

WAN'TY,  n.     [D.  icant,  cordage,  tackling.     Ou.] 

A  liroad  strap  of  leather,  Uiied  for  binding  a  load 
upon  the  back  of  a  beast.     [ImcoL]  Tassrr. 

WAP'A-€UT,  n.  The  spotted  owl  of  Hudson's  Bay, 
Strix  Wapacuthu,  a  nocturnal  accipilrine  bird  of 
prey,  about  two  feet  long. 

WA'Pi;;D,  (wapt,)  a,  [from  the  root  of  L.  vapvlo,  to 
strike,  and  awhap^  mAu/j,  which  the  annmon  people 
in  New  England  use  and  pronounce  w!wp.] 

Dejected  ;  cast  down  ;  crubhed  by  misery.  [.\w( 
in  VAC.]  Shak. 

WAP'EN-TAKE, )  n.  [Sax.  warpm^tac  ;  but  il  ih  rather 

WAP'EN-TA€,  \  Gothic,  as  Ihis  diviMion  of  a 
county  was  peculiar  to  the  northern  counties;  wof- 
peuy  a  weapon,  and  tac,  tace,  touch  ;  Goth,  tekan. 
(See  ToL'cH.)  This  name  had  its  origin  in  a  custom 
of  tfiuching  lances  or  spears  when  the  hiindreder  or 
chief  entered  on  his  office.  "Cum  quis  uecipiebat 
pta:f.;cturam  wapenlachii,  die  sUttuto  in  loco  ubi 
consuoveranl  congregjiri,  omnes  majorea  nalu  contra 
euni  conveniebant,  et  di'Mcenilente  co  de  eipio  suo, 
omnes  asstirgebant  ei.  Ipst;  vero  ererta  lancea  sim, 
ab  omnibus  secundum  morem  fcedus  accipiebat  ; 
onmes  enim  quotquot  venissent  cum  lanceis  suis  jp- 
sius  hastam  tangebant,  et  ita  se  confiriualmnt  per 
contactuin  armorum,  pace  p;ilain  concessa.  fVtepnu 
enim  nrma  sonat ;  tac,  tactus  est  — hac  de  causa 
lotus  ilie  conventus  dicitur  fVapentacj  eo  quod  per 
tactum  armorum  suorum  ad  inviccm  corifrederati 
sunt."  LL.  Edward  Confessor,  33.      Wilkin^. 

Lye  seems  to  doubt  this  explanation  of  the  word 
wapentac,  because  the  word  tac  is  not  found  in  the 
Saxon.  He  seems  not  to  have  considered  that  the 
word  is  known  only  in  the  north  of  England,  where 
the  Gothic  dialects  prevailed  ;  and  surely  the  word 
must  have  been  under^ilood  in  the  age  of  Edward 
the  Confessor.] 

In  some  northern  counties  of  England,  a  division 
or  district,  an^iwering  t»(  the  Humdbed  or  Cantred 
in  other  counties.  Yorkshire  i«divided  into  wajten- 
takfs,  instead  of  hundreds.  The  name  was  first 
given  to  the  meeting,  supra. 

SiUlen.     Blackstoiie.     WUkins. 

WAP'IN-SClIAW,  n.  An  exhibition  of  arms,  accord- 
ing to  the  rank  of  the  individual,  made  at  certain 
seasons  in  each  district.  [Scottish.]  Jamieson.  ff.ScoU. 

WAP'I-TI,  n.  This  word  is  used  in  books  fi>r  the 
North  American  stag,  (Cervus  Canadensis.)  But  in 
America,  the  animal  is  incorrectly  called  Ki.k,  Tlic 
true  elk  is  the  Cervus  Alces,  often  called  Mookg. 

WAPP,  7i.  In  a  ship,  the  rope  with  which  the  shrouds 
are  set  taught  in  wale-knots.  Cye. 

WAP'PE,  n.  A  species  of  cur,  said  to  be  so  called 
from  his  voice.  His  only  use  is  to  alarm  the  family 
by  barking,  when  any  person  apjiroaches  the  house. 

Cye. 

WAP'PEN-ED,  a.  The  wappened  widow,  in  Timon 
of  Athens,  is  one  who,  though  her  charms  have 
been  enjoyed  by  another,  can  wed  again  because  she 
ha.s  gold.  Stt-cens. 

WAP'PER,  n.  A  fish  ;  a  name  given  by  some  to  the 
smaller  species  of  the  river  gudgeon.  Cyc. 

WAR,  (waur,)  n.  [Sax.  wirr,-  Fr.  guerre;  It.  Sp.  and 
I^ort.  guerra  ;  D.  warfen,  to  quarrel,  wrangle,  entan- 
gle ;  Dan.  virrer;  G.  verwirren,  to  perplex,  embroil, 
disiiirh.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  strive, 
stiiiggle,  urge,  drive,  or  to  turn,  lo  twist.] 

1.  A  conte.'<t  between  nations  or  slates,  carried  on 
by  force,  either  for  defense,  or  for  revenging  insults 
and  redres.sing  wrongs,  for  the  exti'usion  of  com- 
merce or  acquisition  of  territory,  or  for  obtaining  and 
esL'iblishing  the  superiority  and  dominion  of  one  over 
the  Cither.  These  objects  are  accomplished  by  the 
slaughter  or  capture  of  troops,  and  the  capture  and 
destruction  of  ships,  towns,  and  properly.  Among 
rude  nations,  war  is  often  waged  and  carried  on  for 
plunilur.  As  war  is  the  contest  of  nations  or  slates, 
it  always  implies  that  such  contest  is  authorized  by 
the  monarch  or  the  sovereign  power  of  the  nation. 
Wlien  war  is  commenced  by  attacking  a  nation  in 
peace,  il  is  culled  an  offensive  war,  and  such  attack 
is  a^gressiee.  When  war  is  undertaken  to  repel  in- 
vasion or  the  attacks  of  an  enemy,  it  is  called  defen- 
sive, iind  a  defensive  war  is  considered  as  justifiable. 
Very  few  of  (lie  wars  that  have  desolated  nations 
and  dehiged  the  earth  with  blood,  have  been  justifia- 
ble. Hap|»y  would  it  be  for  mankind,  if  tlie  preva- 
lence of  Christian  principles  might  ultimately  extin- 
guish the  spirit  of  war,  and  if  the  ambition  to  bo 
great,  miglit  yield  to  the  ambition  of  being  go^^d. 

Prepamliun  fur  war  ia  aometiiiica  the  b<-st  ai^curiiy  for  peace. 

Anon, 

Q.  In  poetical  language,  instnmients  of  war. 

Hia  complement  of  ator>.'a,  and  tolul  war.  Prior. 

3.  Poetically,  forces  ;  army. 

O'er  Uie  entbatUed  rankt  (he  wavea  return, 

And  orerwlielin  thr'ir  war.  Millon, 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS C  wsK;  0  as  J ;  8  «  Z  ;  CH  as  8H  ;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


1247 


WAR 

4.  Ttte  prolcssiun  of  anns  ;  art  of  war ;  as,  a  fierce 
man  v(  irnr.     Js.  it.      fVisdum. 

5.  Ilit^tilily  ;  statu  of  oppusition  ur  contest;  act  of 
opp>.isitiun.  Shak, 

6.  Eomity ;  dtspoRition  to  contention. 

Thr  vonii  of  Mi  movlh  won  amooUier  Umo  butter,  but  kor  wu 
io  hit  bran.  —  P*.  W. 

Ma»-^war;  in  naeal  ^^btrs,  a  natiomtl  ship  of 
large  wze,  armed  an<J  equipped  for  attack  or  ilo- 

Msi^  var :  a  crusade  ;  a  wnr  un<Iert.iken  to  deliver 
the  Holy  Lanil,  or  Judta,  fi-om  infidfls.  Theao  AWy 
Iters  wtre  carried  on  by  UKkH  unliolv  means. 
WAR,  r.  i.  To  make  wnr  ;  U\  invade  or  attack  a  na- 
^n  or  sUte  with  force  of  anna ;  to  carr>'  on  bostili- 
ties ;  or  to  be  in  a  state  of  contest  by  violeDce. 

U«  ta4ClMh  mjr  haoJa  to  mmr,  —  9  S^rn.  xsi. 

JlnJ  tbrr  Mmrrmt  «(«huc  ih«  Mt> liditli'-*  — Num.  xxxi. 

Why  ^WuU  1  Mr  wfthoul  Uk  «>tU  of  1>i>7  f  :s'A(i». 

3.  To  contend }  to  strive  viuk-nily  ;  to  be  in  a  suite 
of  uiHMMtioD. 

LmU  wUch  war  mgakm  the  waaL  —  1  PeL  fi. 
WARf  V.  L    To  make  war  up<.>n  ;  as,  to  rsr  the  Scot. 

3.  To  carry  on  a  contesL 

IVtl  iliou  nti^biMt  war  n  {ood  w«r&i*.  —  I  Tim.  (. 

WAR'-BkAT,         ia.    [war  aod  ftwtf.]     Worndoivn 

WAR'-neAT-KN,  (      in  war.  J.  Bariow. 

WAR'-BIi-REAV'tD,  a.     Ik-reaved  by  war. 

•  Howitt, 

WAR'BLE,  (wor'bl,)  r.  L  [Gr.  »irMn,  to  turn, 
whirl,  warble  ;  leirbcl,  a  whirl,  a  vortex  ;  virbeWein^ 
a  turuing-bone  (»r  j<»iiit,  L.  vertebra  ;  Dan.  kcirvler^ 
Eng.  to  lehirL  'I'hese  words  are  all  of  one  family  ; 
1*  vertOf  Eng.  Cfrr,  vnnit  *-C.| 

1.  To  quaver  a  sound  or  toe  voice  ;  to  modulate 
with  turns  or  variatiuas.  Certain  birds  are  remark- 
able for  learhlim^  their  songs. 

3.  To  cattse  to  quaver. 

Ind  UMCfa  tbe  wmrU»d  miiag, 

3l  To  nlK«r  muaically  ;  to  be  modulated. 

V  ^  br  riftrt  favokml  wkh  wmrhM  »wf. 

W^R'BLE,  p.  i.    To  be  quavered  or  modulated. 

Socb  MniM  ac'«r  wmrUt  ha  ifa*  KnoeC*!  Uunol.  Ooy. 

S.  To  be  nttered  mciodiomly ;  as,  wirMia/  lays. 

For  varMiy  mamt  ban  iowasd  cfceerif  inr. 
3l  To  siB^ 

Binfe  M  tbe  bewMlM  mtASoc. 

WAR'BLE,  a.    A  qtuTeriiif  modulation  oT  the  voice ; 

a  sons.  Orgy. 

W.\R'BL£D,  fp,     Qaarered;   modttlaiAd ;   nlteicd 

musicallv. 
WAR'BLER,  K.     A  slager;    a   Bongicer;    iu«d   9f 
iiris, 

lo  UMat  mnim  Uw  InilKnd  mmrVer$  woo.  7VM. 

S.  Tbe  common  name  of  a  genus  of  small  birds, 
(Sylvia.)  comprising  most  of  the  »raaU  woodland  song- 
sters of  Eiiro(>e  and  North  America.  Thev  feed  on 
insects,  and  are  very  lively  and  active.  The  l*lue- 
bird  is  arranged  by  some  as  a  species  of  the  pcenus. 
EiL  Enq/c,  mhoiu 
WAR'BLES,  (wor'blz,)  n.  In  farriery,  small,  h.ird 
tumors  on  the  backs  of  horses,  occasioned  by  tht^ 
beat  of  the  saddle  in  traveling,  or  by  Uu>  uneasiness  of 
ila  situation  ;  also,  small  luiiinr:^  produced  hy  the  lar- 
VBs  of  the  gaddy,  in  Uie  backs  of  horses,  cattle,  &.C. 

Cyc. 
WiVR'BLING,  ppr.      Q.uavering  the  voice;    modu- 
lating notes :  singing. 

2.  a.    FUled  with  musical  notes  ;  as,  the  trarUiag 

W'tade.  Trumbull, 

AR'RLIXG,  H.    The  act  of  sh-ikingor  nioduluLing 
nt>tes ;  sinking. 

WAR'BI.I.VG-LV,  adr.    In  a  warbling  manner. 

Wj^R'-CO  L'X-CI  L,  K.     A  ct>uncil  of  war. 

WARD,  in  amtpositioUj  as  in  UneanJ^  kometNtrd^  is  the 
Sax.  mtmrdy  from  the  root  of  L.  verto,  k.c  It  corre- 
flptttds  to  tbe  L.  remu.  ^ 

WARD,  (waurd,)  r.  (.  [?ax.  veariUat;  Sw.  rarda; 
tSaJx.  vmrger ;  probably  from  Sax.  variant  Kenan ; 
Goth.  wmnfOM  ;  D.  ieteren,  to  defend,  guard,  prevent  \ 
W.  /warn,  to  fend  ;  aJlted  lo  vnuy,  attare ;  Pr.  gar- 
diTf  for  gnarder^  It.  guardare,  9p.  g-ucrdar.  I'he  pri- 
maiy  aense  is,  to  repel,  to  keep  o^;  hence,  tu  t^»p ; 
hence,  to  defend  by  repelling  or  other  means.] 

1.  To  guard  \  to  keep  in  safety ;  to  watch. 

Wfane  t».Ve%  be  found  Cut  cbut,  tw)  Uvlsg  wLftit 
.       To  ward  the  »«iDe.  Sptrutr. 

[In  this  sense,  word  is  obsolete,  as  we  have  adojited 
tbe  French  of  the  same  word,  to  gvard.  We  now 
never  apfdy  ward  to  the  thing  lo  be  defAded,  but  al- 
ways to  the  thine  against  which  it  b  to  be  defended. 
We  isar<d  off  a  blow  or  dagger,  and  we  gwtrd  a  per- 
son or  place.] 

2.  To  defend  ;  to  protect. 
warded  Urn 

Shak. 


[  OA/j     [See  Ibe  remark,  supra.] 


WAR 

3.  To  fend  off;  to  repel  ;  to  turn  aside  any  thing 
mischievous  tliat  approaches. 

Now  wani*  a  railing  blow,  now  ttrilc-'t  ti^ln.  DtuiUl. 

Tlt«  piiiiiuxi  jAVirIm  toardid  <tjf  his  rafr>'-  Addison. 

it  UMtJucU  the  Kholar  in  Uw  Torious  nieihotb  of  varding  q/f  lbs 
force  of  u^rctioiu.  U'alU. 

[This  is  the  present  use  of  wjirrf.     To  word  uff  is 
nt>w  the  more  general  expression  j  nor  can  I,  with 
Johnson,  think  it  less  elegant.] 
WARD,  (waurd,)  r.  L    To  be  vigilant  j  to  keep  guard. 
[■i)ft*t.1 
3.  To  act  on  the  defensive  with  a  weapon. 

Bba  droT«  Um  Mimnffcr  to  uo  oilier  tluA,  tliui  to  loord  and  go 

buk.  Sidnt}/. 

And  DO  tlHdr  warding  Amu  li^ ht  buclH^n  ht»i,  Drydtn, 

WARD,  II.    Watch ;  act  of  guarding. 

SUU,  wbro  >be  ■left,  be  kept  lotl)  wntch  luitl  aard.    Spenaer. 

2.  Garrison;  troops  to  defend  a  fort;  as,  small 
itards  left  in  forts.     [JWt  in  use,]  Spenser. 

3.  Guard  made  by  a  weapon  in  fencing. 

Kor  want  of  ottier  uard, 
lift  UTled  up  hu  hxinil  hu  Trout  to  giinn].  Dn/dtn. 

4.  A  fortress  ;  a  strong  hold.  S/iak. 
A.  One  whoso  business  is  lo  guard,  watch,  and  de- 
fend ;  as,  ft  Hre-iruni, 

t>.  A  certain  district,  divjsiton,  or  quarter  of  a  town 
or  rity,  committed  to  an  aldermHii.  'inhere  are  twen- 
ty-six tpurds  in  -London. 

7.  Ciisioily }  confinement  under  guard.  Phnnioh 
put  his  butler  and  tuiker  in  yetanl.     Oni.  xl. 

8.  A  minor  or  person  under  the  care  of  n  guardian. 
Sec  Blacksttme^s  chapter  on  the  riglits  and  duties  of 
guardian  and  vard. 

9.  The  state  of  a  child  under  a  guardian. 

1  mtut  Rticuti  hia  nia)«atjr's  cominandt,  to  whom  I  un  now  la 
vard,  SSuik, 

10.  Guitrdinnship;  right  over  orphans. 

It  b  ineonTTiuml  in  iKUntt,  th-Uihe  uordiKiHl  iminrtngv*  of  nn. 
tktneu't  chililn-ii  thuuU  be  iu  Uw  dMiWMl  of  anjr  of  thoae 
Ionia.  SptHter. 

11.  The  division  of  a  forest. 
1^2.  The  division  of  a  hoi^pital. 

13.  A  pari  of  a  lock  which  corresponds  to  its  pro(>- 
erkey. 
W^RO'ED,  rp-    Guarded. 

IVard^d  ojfi  previ-ntrd  from  attacking  or  Injuring. 
W^UD'^N,  «.     A  keei>rT;  a  guardian. 

•i.  An  oilirer  who  keejts  or  guards  ;  a  keeper;  as, 
IIm*  nKtrdrn  of  the  Fleet  or  Fleet  priaotL 
3.  A  large  iR>ar. 

H^trden  of  iKe  cinque  ports  ;  in  Englandy  an  officer 
who  bx-«  the  juriisdiction  of  the  ciuquc  jHirts,  with 
salar>-  of  XllOOO  a  year.  Brandt, 

H'ur.lfH  if  a  eatlegCj  is  the  master  or  president, 
WARD'/:\  i?inp,  (  lu    Tbe  otiice  or  jurii>diction  of  a 
WARD'Ks-UY,      t      warden. 
WARD'ER,  N.    A  keeper ;  a  guard. 

The  tKinirra  of  the  gax».  Dn/d*n. 

3.  A  truncheon  by  which  an  officer  of  arms  forbade 
fight.  Skak. 

H'ardena  <ff  tke  Tower ;  officers  who  attend  state 
prisoners. 
WARD'IN<7,  ppr.  Guarding;  defending. 
WARD'-.MoTE,  fi.  [loard  and  Sax.  mote,  meeting.] 
In  London,  a  meeting  of  the  ward  ;  also,  a  court  of 
the  ward,  whose  province  is  lo  present  defaults  in 
raalters  relating  to  the  watch,  police,  &.c. 

P.  Cyc     Brande. 
WARD'ROBE,  «.     [icard  and  robe  ;  Fr.  garde-robe.] 
I.  A  rotun  ur  apaaracnt  where  clotlies  or  wearing 
apiKifrl  is  kepL 
ii.  A  portable  closet  fur  hanging  up  clolhes. 
3.  Wearing  apparel  in  general. 
WARD'ROOM,  «.      [ward  and  room.]       In  a  ship,ti 
nMim  over  the  gunroom,  where  the  lieuienants  and 
other  prinriiwl  officers  sleep  and  mess.    JiJ^r.  Diet. 
WAKD'SIIli',  n.     Guardiunaiiip  j  care  and  protection 
oi  a  ward. 

5.  Right  of  guardianship. 

Wardship  u  iuciileiit  to  teaure  ia  toc&gc.  Dlackttone. 

3.  Pupilage  ;  slate  of  being  under  a  guardian. 

K.  Charles. 
WARD'-STXFF,  n.    A  constable's  or   watchman's 

sVaff. 
WARE,  prrt.  of  Wmab.     [Obs.\    [It  is  now  written 

■Wore.] 
WARE,  a.     [Sax.  war;  Dan.  vtzr.     It  belongs  to  the 

root  t\(  ward.     We  never  use  ware  by  itself;  but  we 

use  it  in  awart,  beware,  and  in  wary.    It  was  formerly 

in  use.] 

1.  Being  in  expectation  of;  provided  against.  S 
7*iirt.  iv. 

2.  Wary;  cautious.  JilUton. 
WAKE,  V.  i.    To  Uike  heed  of. 

Tiiep  war*  a  rising  tfrnpcsl  on  Uc;  innJii.     [0&«,]  Dn/den. 

[We  now  use  Beware  as  a  single  word,  though 
in  fact  it  is  not.] 
W.^RE,  V.  L     In  seamajiahip.     See  Wbir,  No.  5. 
WARE,  n. ;  pL  Wakes.     [Sax.  ware;    D.  waarf   G. 
■waare  ;  Sw.  vara;  Dan.  rare.] 

Goods;  commodities;  merchandise;  usually  in  the 


WAR 

plural;  but  We  sny,  China  warr,  earthen  toore,  pot- 
ters' ware.  It  u  as  funuerly  used  in  the  singular,  and 
may  be  so  used  still. 

Let  tbo  dark  sbop  commend  the  war*.  CleaBeUind. 

Sea  ware;  a.  marine  plant,  a  species  of  Fucus. 

Lee. 
WARE'FJJL,  a.    [from  tear*,  wary.]     Wary;  watch- 
ful ;  rHiiiious.    JyVot  used,] 
VVARE'FUL-NESS,     n.       Wariness ;    cautiousness. 

[Ob..] 
\\  ARE'HOUSE,  n.     [ware  and  house.]    A  storehouse 

for  gO(Hls.  Addison, 

WARE'HOUSE,  (houz,)  r.  t.  To  deposit  or  secure 
ill  u  warehouse. 

2.  To  ptaco  in  the  warehouse  of  the  ffo"\'ernment 
or  custom-house  stores,  lo  be  kept  until  duties  are 
paid. 
WARK'HOliS-KD,  (houzd,)  pp.     Placed   in  a  store 

fur  saff  keeping. 
WARE'llOL'S-l.VG,  ppr.     Repositing  in  a  store  for 

safe  keeping. 
WARE'I104J«-ING,  tt.    Tlie  net  of  placing  goods  in 
a  warehouse,  or  in  a  cu.'ilom- house  store. 

tVarckoHsiH}^  tnjstem;  an  arruiigement  for  lodging 
iin|)orted  articles  in  llie  custom-house  stores,  without 
payment  of  duties,  until  they  are  taken  out  forliumo 
cnnsutnplion.  If  ruexiHirted,  they  are  not  cliiirged 
with  a  duty.  P.  Cyc. 

WARE'LESS,  o.    Unwary;  incautious,     [Ohs.} 

Spenser. 
Q.  Siiffered  unawares.     [Ohs.] 
WARE'LY,ai/o.    Cautiously.    [Obs\]    [See  Warily.] 
W|\R'FaRE,  ?i.     [war  and/ure,  Sax./«/fl»,  to  go.] 

1,  Wititury  service  ;  militaty  life;  war. 

The  riiiliaiiiict  g;iUiurcd  tlieir  armlca  fwr  var/art. —  I  Sara. 
xxviii. 

2.  Contest ;  struggle  with  spiritual  enemies. 

The  wenpoiis  of  our  var/art  are  not  cannd.  ~2  Cor.  x. 

WAR'FARE,  r.  i.  To  lead  a  military  life ;  to  carry 
on  continual  wars. 

Ill  tlutt  croUtiluus,  uar/aring  ngt.     [LiUlt  uted.]        Carjiden. 

WAR'FiriLD,  n.    Field  of  war  or  battle. 
WAR'IIA-ItLE,  o.     [war  ami  L.  habilis.] 

Fit  for  war.     [JVut  in  use.]  Spenser. 

WAR'WHOOP,  n.     [war  and   whoop.]     Tlio   savage 

yell  of  war ;  a  yell  uttered  on  eiiiering  into  bullle. 
WA'RI-LY,    adc.     [from    wary.]      Cautiously ;    with 
timorous  prudence  or  wise  foresight.    Great  enter- 
prises are  to  be  conducted  warily.    Change  of  laws 
sliould  be  warily  pri>ceeded  in.  Hooker. 

WAR'INE,  H.  A  species  of  monkey  of  Soulli  Amer- 
ica, belonging  to  the  group  uf  sapajous. 

Diet.  J^at.  Hist. 
WA'RI-NESS,  n.     Caution;   prudent  care  to  foresee 
and  guard  against  evil.    The  road  was  so  slippery, 
and   the  danger  so  great,  that  we  were  obliged  tu 
proceed  with  wariness. 

To  doUTiiiliii?  what  are  litUe  tliiu^  lu  religion,  great  warine»  ia 
10  be  UMxi.  Sprat. 

WAR'ING,  p;jr.    Turning  a  ship  by  her  stern  to  the 

wind. 
WAK'-IN-SOR'ANCE,  n.     Insurance  on  vessels  in 

time  of  war,  which  enhances  premiums.  Jfffr.rsoiu 
WARK,  n.     Work  ;  a  building.  Spenser. 

wa' 

pustd  fur  war  ;  as,  a  warlike  state. 

OtJ  Siwartl  with  ten  Uionaaiid  warliJce  men.  Shak. 

2.  Rlililary  ;  pertaining  to  war;  as,  warlike  toil. 

Milton. 

3.  Having  a  martial  appearance. 

4.  Having  the  appearance  of  war. 
WAR'LIKE-NESS,  n.    A  warlike  disposition  or  char- 
acter.    [LiltU  used,]  Safidys. 

WAR'LIaG,  n.  One  often  quarreled  witii ;  a  word 
coined,  perhaps,  lo  rhyme  with  darling.  [J>i'ot  in 
u.fp.l  Camden. 

WAR'LOCK,  i  n.     [IVier-loga,  in  Saxon,  signifies  per- 

W A R' I>UCK,  \  fiuious,  faUe  to  covenants.  Q,u.  Ice. 
vard-lookr.] 

A  male  witch  ;  a  wizard.  Dryden, 

[  This  word  is  not  in  use.] 

WARM,  (waurin,)  o.  [Goili.  D.  and  G.  warm;  Sax. 
wrarm  ;  Sw.  and  Dan.  varm  ;  Ant,  L.  fonnus.  This 
word  is  probably  a  derivative  from  the  root  of  L. 
ferveo,  whence  fermentuvi,  Eng.  barm.    See  Swarm.] 

1.  Having  heat  in  a  moderate  degree  ;  not  cold  ; 
as,  warm  bluod  ;  ajarm  milk.  The  flesh  of  living  an- 
imals is  warm,  if  their  blood  is  warm.  But  some  ani- 
mals have  nut  warm  blood. 

2.  Subject  lo  heat ;  having  prevalence  of  heat,  or 
little  or  no  winter;  as,  the  warm  climate  of  Egypt 

3.  Zealous ;  ardent ;  as,  tu  be  warm  in  Ihe  cause 
of  our  country  or  of  religion. 

Edcb  ^sarm  wich  springs  mutual  from  the  heart.  Popt. 

4.  Habitually  ardent  or  passionate;  keen;  irrita- 
ble ;  as,  a  warm  teuiper. 

5.  Easily  excited  or  provoked  j  irritable;  as,  warm 
passions. 

G.  Violent ;  furious ;  as,  a  warm  contest.  We 
shall  have  warm  work  to-day. 


fit  is  obsolete,  except  in  Bulwark.] 

R'LTKE,  a.     [war  and   Itke.]     Fit  for  war;   dis- 


FiTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.  — METE,  PRgY.  — PTXE,  MARtNE.  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE.  MOVE,  WpLP,  BQQK.— 


VM^ 


WAR 

7.  Uiisy  in  action ;  heated  in  action  j  ardent. 
warm  in  fl^lit. 

8.  Fancifiil ;  enthusiiistic ;  as,  a  varm  head. 

9.  Vigoruus ;  sprightly. 


Now  worm  in  youth,  now  withering  In  Ihy  bloom, 
Lou  in  K  coarcut's  ■olitary  gloom. 


Pope. 


10.  Warm  colors^  in  painting,  are  those  which  have 
yeltow  or  yellow-red  for  their  hasis,  and  are  opposed 
to  colli  colors,  which  are  bhie  and  iU  compounds. 

Jocelijiu 
W^RM,  V.  (.     [Sax.  teearmian  :  Goth.  waT-myan.] 

1.  To  communicate  a  moderate  degree  of  heat  to  ; 
as,  a  stove  wamvi  an  apartment ;  the  sun  in  summer 
warms  the  earth,  and  gives  life  to  vegetation. 

2.  To  make  engaged  or  earnest ;  to  interest ;  to 
engage  ;  to  excite  ardor  or  zeal  in  ;  as,  to  warm  the 
heart  with  love  or  zeal. 

1  fonuerly  learmed  my  head  with  reading  coiitravcrsiiO  wriiingi. 

Pope, 

WARM,  r.  i.  To  become  moderately  heated.  The 
earth  soon  warms  in  a  clear  day  in  summer. 

2.  To  become  ardent  or  animnted.  Tlie  speaker 
should  warm  as  he  proceeds  in  the  argument,  fur  as 
be  becomes  animated,  he  excites  more  interest  in  his 
audience. 

WAR.M'£D,  pp.  Moderately  heated  ;  made  ardent ; 
excited. 

WARM'-IIEART-ED,  a.  Noting  lively  interest  or 
arl'ection  ;  cordial  j  sincere  ;  hearty. 

WARM'ING,  ppr.  Slaking  moderately  hotj  making 
ardent  or  zealous. 

WARM'LVG-PAN,  m  [warm  and  pan.]  A  covered 
pan  with  a  long  handle,  for  warming  a  bed  with  ig- 
nited coals. 

WARM'ING-STGXE,  n.  [imrm  and  stone.]  A  stone 
dug  in  Cornwall,  which  retains  heat  a  great  white. 

Ray. 

WARM'LY,  adv.    With  gentle  heat.  Miltun. 

2.  Eagerly  ;  earnestly  ;  ardently  ;  as,  to  espouse 
warmlit  the  causs  of  Bible  societies. 

WARM'NESS,  /  n.     Gentle  heat;   as,  the  warmth  of 

WARMTH,        \      the  blood. 

2.  A  state  of  lively  and  excited  interest ;  zeal ; 
ardor  ;  fervor ;  as,  the  warmth  of  love  or  of  piety. 

3.  Earnestness ;  eagerness.  The  cause  of  the 
Greeks  has  been  espoused  with  warmth  by  all  parties 
in  free  countries. 

4.  Some  degree  of  anger  or  resentment;  excite- 
ment; animation  ;  as,  the  warmth  of  passion.  The 
preacher  declaimed  with  great  warmth  against  the 
vices  of  the  age, 

5.  Fancifulness  ;  enthusiasm;  as,  icarmM  of  head. 

Temple. 

6.  In  paintitt^,  that  glowin"  effect  which  arises 
from  the  use  of  warm  colors,  [see  Warm,]  and  also 
from  the  use  of  transparent  colors,  in  the  process  of 

W^lazing;  opposed  to  leaden  coldness.  Jocdyn. 

AR\,  (waum,)  v.  L  [J^ax.  warniam  Sw.  varna; 
G.  warneii :  formed  on  the  root  of  ware^  wary.  Sax. 
warian.  This  is  our  garnish^  as  used  in  law,  Norm. 
garnuher:  also  garner,  fur  guariier,  to  warn,  tu  ad- 
moni.'^h  or  give  nniice.J 

1.  To  give  notice  of  approaching  or  probable  dan- 
^r  or  evil,  that  it  may  be  avoidiul ;  to  caution  against 
any  thing  that  may  prove  injurious. 

Jiiliinu  iMima  Uk  Diuni^n  c!Ji.'r 

fif  Laiiatu'  ilnngi-r.  /)ryrf*n. 

BoinfT  varned  by  Goil  in  a  dream,  that  l\vj  khouM  not  n'tum  to 

II<rnxl,  Uiey  (le|aited  IiiUj  thdrowii  country  another  wa>. — 

M.IIL  ii. 

3.  To  caution  against  evil  practices.    1  Thesa.  v. 

3.  To  admonish  of  any  duty. 

Comi-lim  —  w;««  warned  from  Got!  by  a  holy  angrl  lo  tend  for 
Uiee.  — AcU  x. 

4.  To  inform  previously  ;  to  give  notice  to.  Shak. 

Wamtd  of  the  ensuing  fight.  Dn/den. 

5.  To  notify  by  authority  ;  to  summon  ;  as,  to 
worn  the  citizens  to  meet  on  a  certain  day  ;  to  warn 
luldiers  to  appear  on  parade. 

6.  To  ward  off.     [A*w(  in  use.]  Spensrr. 
WAR!^' El),  pp.     Cautioned  agamst  danger;  admon- 
ished of  approaching  evil ;  notified. 

WARN'ER,  n.     An  admnnisher. 

WAR\'L\G,  ppr.  Cautioning  against  danger;  ad- 
monishing; giving  notice  to;  summoning  to  meet  or 
appear. 

WARN'ING,  b.  Caution  against  danger,  or  against 
faults  or  evil  practices  which  incur  danger. 

Cou]<I  tearmng  make  the  world  more  ]a»t  or  wi*i>.       OryUn. 
Hear  tlir  w«nl  nt  my  mouth,  atiJ  give  them  vaming  fivta  me. 
—  Ruk.  Li. 

Q.  Previous  notice  :  as,  a  short  warning.    He  had  a 

month's  warning.  Dryden. 

WAR'-OF-FICE,  n.     An  office  in  which  the  military 

affairs  of  a  country  are  superintended  and  niana;;ed. 

WARP,  (waurp,)  n.     [Sax.  weurp  j  U  wtrp,  a  cast  or 

throw.     See  the  verb.] 

I.  In  manufactures^  the  threads  which  are  extended 
lengthwise  in  the  loom,  and  crossed  by  the  w<fof. 

3.  In  a  5Aip,  a  rope  employed  in  drawing,  towing, 
or  removing  a  ship  or  boat ;  a  towing-line. 

Mar.  Diet. 
3.  In  MgricuUurej  a  slimy  substance  deposited  on 


WAR 

land  by  marine  tides,  by  which  a  rich  alluvial  soil  is 
formed.     [Local.]  Luell. 

A.  In  cowa,  a  premature  casting  of  the  young.  [See 
the  verb.]  [Local.] 
WAUP,  v.  I.  [^ax.  weorpan,  wurpan^  wyrpan,  to  throw, 
to  return  ;  G.  werfen,  to  cast  or  throw,  to  wlielp  ;  D. 
werpen,  to  throw  or  fling,  to  whelp,  kitten,  or  litter  ; 
Dan.  v<Brper,  to  lay  eggs  ;  varper,  to  tow  ;  Sw.  v'drpa^ 
to  lay  eggs;  Ir.  and  Gaelic,/aram,  to  bend,  twist,  in- 
cline.] 

1.  To  turn,  twist,  or  be  twisted  out  of  a  straiitht 
direction  j  as,  a  board  warps  in  seasoning,  or  in  the 
heat  of  the  sun,  by  shrinking. 

They  damp  one  pipw  of  wood  to  the  end  of  another,  lo  kfwp  it 
from  cutitig  or  wording.  Moxqh. 

S.  To  turn  or  incline  from  a  straight,  true,  or  proper 
course  :  to  deviate. 


Thcrp's  our  committi'on. 
From  which  we  would  not  Iwvo  you  warp. 

Methiuka 
My  fuTor  ht^re  begin*  ti 


Shai. 

o  warp.  Shak. 

3.  To  fly  with  a  bending  or  waving  motiim ;  to 


The 


turn  and  wave,  like  a  flock  of  birds  or  insects, 
following  use  of  warp  is  inimitably  beautiful : 

Ar  whf-n  the  pot<'nt  rod 
Of  Ainrain'it  sou,  in  Ejjypl's  evjl  liay, 
Wnved  round  the  coiial,  up  called  a  pilchy  cloud 
Of  locusts,  xoarping  ow  the  eastern  wind.  MUlon. 

4.  To  slink ;  to  cast  the  young  prematurely ;  as 
cows. 

In  an  inclositr^,  nenr  a  dog-kennel,  eiffht  beifen  out  of  twenty 
VMrjied.     [Local.]  Cyc. 

WARP,  V.  L  To  turn  or  twist  out  of  shape,  or  out  of 
a  stniight  direction,  by  contraction.  Tlie  heat  of  the 
sun  warps  boards  and  timber. 

2.  To  turn  aside  from  the  true  direction  ;  lo  cause 
to  bend  or  incline  ;  to  pervert. 

Thia  first  urowed,  nor  folly  warped  my  mind.  DryJen. 

1  have  no  private  conuderatiuiu  to  varp  me  in  this  comrovenir. 

AddUon. 
Zeel.  to  a  degree  of  warmth  aHe  to  warp  the  lacrcil  rule  of  God'i 
word.  Locke. 

3.  In  senmen^s  Innrruage,  to  tow  or  move  with  a 
line  or  warp  attached  to  buoys,  to  anchors,  or  to 
other  ships,  &.c.,  by  which  means  a  ship  is  drawn 
usually  in  a  bending  course,  or  with  various  turns. 

4.  In  rural  economy^  to  cast  the  young  prematurely. 
[Local.] 

5.  In  aarieulture,  to  let  in  the  tide,  for  the  purpose 
of  fertili/.ing  the  ground  by  a  deposit  of  warp  or 
slimy  substance,  ff'arp  here  is  the  throw,  or  that 
which  is  cait  by  the  water.  [Local  in  Lincolnshire 
and  Yorkshire,  Eng.]  Cyc. 

6.  In  rope-making,  to  nin  the  yarn  off  the  w'nches 
into  hauls  to  be  tarred. 

To  warp  water,  in  SkaJ:speare,  for  freeze  it,  is  forced 
and  unusual ;  indeed,  it  is  n()t  Eni^Iish. 

WAKP'jED,  (worpt,)  pp.  Twisted  by  shrinking  or 
seasoning  ;  turned  out  of  the  true  direction  ;  per- 
verted ;  moved  with  a  warp;  enriched  with  vvarj)] 
as  land. 

WARP'ING,  ppr.  Turning  or  Ixvisting;  causing  to 
incline  ;  perverting;  moving  with  a  warp;  enriching 
with  warp,  as  land. 

WARP'ING-IIOOK,  «.  A  hook  used  by  rope-makers 
for  hanging  the  yarn  on,  when  wari)ing  into  hauls 
fur  tarring.  Cyc. 

WARP'Ii\G-P5ST,  n.  A  strong  post  used  in  warping 
rope  yarn.  Cyc. 

WAR'-PLOME,  n.    A  plume  worn  in  war. 

WAR'-PROOF,  n.  [war  n.i\6.  proof]  Valor  tried  by 
war. 

WAR'RANT,  fwor'rant,)  r.  t.  [Gaelic,  barantas,  a 
warrant  or  pledge  ;  barania,  a  warrantee  or  surety  ; 
W.  gwarat>tUy  to  warrant  or  guaranty  ;  gwarant,  war- 
rant, attt'station,  authority,  security;  said  to  be  from 
gv^ar,  smooth,  placid,  secure  ;  Norm,  garranty,  war- 
ranted, proved;  gurren,  (guarren,)  a  warren  i  Fr. 
garantir,  (guarantir,)  lo  warrant ;  garentic,  a  warren; 
It.  guarentire.  This  is  from  the  root  of  guard,  war' 
ren,  and  wary.  The  primary  sense  of  the  root  is,  to 
slop  or  h4>ld,  or  to  repi:!,  and  thus  guard  by  resisting 
danger  ;  as  we  say,  to  keep  off.  Hence  the  sense 
of  security.  The  VVclsh  sense  of  smooth,  placid,  is 
derivative,  either  from  security,  or  from  repressing. 
See  Gl'ahd  and  Gahrhos.] 

1.  To  authorize  ;  to  give  authority  or  powtr  to  do 
or  forbear  any  thing,  by  which  the  [>ersoii  authorized 
is  secured  or  saved  harmless  from  any  loss  or  damage 
by  the  act.  A  commission  warrants  an  ollicer  to  seize 
an  enemy.  We  are  not  warranted  to  resist  legitimate 
government,  except  in  extreme  cases. 
3.  To  maintain  ;  to  support  by  authority  or  proof. 


Reaaoa  vKtrranU  it,  and  wt-  may  lufely  rec«:ivc  it  as  true, 

3.  To  justify. 

True  fortitude  ia  aeen  in  grf-at  expioiti, 

That  JuBlico  uarranU,  anU  iliat  wiwiom  guides. 

4.  To  secure  ;  to  exempt ;  to  privilege. 

I'U  wsrranl  him  from  drowniog-. 
Ill  a  pl:icc 
h^m  XKtrranUd  Uian  tliia,  of  It-as  aecure, 
I  can  not  be. 


Anon. 


WAR 

5.  To  declare  with  nssurance. 

My  neck  i*  as  imoocU  aji  gilk,  I  varrant  ye.  L'EatruHgw. 

6.  In  law,  to  secure  to  a  grantee  an  estate  granted  ; 
to  assure. 

7  To  secure  to  a  purchaser  of  goods  the  title  to 
the  flame  ;■  or  to  indemnify  him  against  loss. 

8.  To  secure  to  a  purchaser  the  goitd  quality  oftbe 
goods  sold.     [See  Wabbai»tt.] 

9.  To  assure  that  a  thing  is  what  it  appears  to  be, 
whicli  implies  a  covenant  to  make  gwid  any  defect 
or  loss  incurred  by  it. 

WAR'RANT,  n.  An  act,  instrument,  or  obligation, 
by  which  one  person  authorizes  another  to  do  some- 
'  thing  which  he  has  not  otherwise  a  right  to  do ;  an 
act  or  instrument  investing  one  with  a  right  or  au- 
thority, and  thus  securing  him  from  loss  or  damage  ; 
a  word  of  general  application. 

2.  A  precept  authorizing  an  officer  to  seize  an  of- 
fender and  bring  him  to  justice.  A  general  warrant 
to  seize  suspected  persons  is  illegal. 

3.  Authority ;  pijwer  that  authorizes  or  Justiflca 
any  act.  Those  who  preach  the  gospel  have  the  war- 
rant of  Scripture.  We  have  the  warrant  of  natural 
right  to  do  what  the  Jaws  do  not  forbid  ;  but  civility 
and  propriety  may  sometimes  render  things  improper 
which  natural  right  warrants. 

4.  A  commission  tliat  gives  aulhoritv,  or  that  jus- 
tifies. 

5.  A  voucher;  that  which  attests  or  proves 

6.  Right;  legality. 

ThTc'a  tearrant  in  th;tl  theft 
VThich  steals  itself  when  there's  no  merry  left.     [Oba.]   Shak. 

7.  A  writing  which  authorizes  a  iwrsou  to  receive 
money  or  other  thing. 

fVarrant  of  attorney;  written  authority  given  by  s 
client  to  his  attorney,  to  a|)pear  for  him  in  court,  and 
to  suffer  judgment  to  pa.-<3  against  him  by  confession 
in  favor  of  some  specified  person.  Bouvier. 

Land-warrant ;  a  warrant  issued  at  tlie  local  land- 
oflices  of  the  United  States  to  purchasers  of  public 
lands,  on  the  surrender  of  which  nt  the  general  land- 
office  at  Washington,  they  receive  a  -conveyance 
from  the  gtivernment. 

Search-warrant ;  a  precept  authorizing  a  person  to 
enter  houses,  shops,  &c.,  to  search  for  a  criminal,  or 
for  stolen  or  smuggled  g^xuls. 

Warrant  officer  ;  an  officer  holdin;f  a  warrant  from 
the  navy-board,  such  a$  the  master,  surgeon,  purser, 
&.C.,  of  a  ship. 
W^R'RANT-A-BLE,  a.  Authorized  by  commission, 
precept,  or  right ;  justifiable  ;  defeijsil)le.  The  seiz- 
ure of  a  thief  is  always  warrantable  by  law  and  jus- 
tice.    Falsehood  is  never  warrantable. 

His  mcala  uru  cuttne  and  short,  his  employment  warrnntoble. 

South. 

W^R'RANT-A-BLE-NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  being 
justifiable.  Sidney. 

WAU'RAXT-A-BLY,  adv.  In  a  manner  that  may  be 
justified  ;  jusiirtably.  Wake. 

WAR'RANT-KO,  pp.  Autlmrized  ;  jiisiifi(?d  ;  secured  ; 
assured  by  rovi'nant  or  by  implied  ol)lij;:ition. 

WAR-RAN-TEE',  n.  The  person  to  whom  land  or 
other  thing  is  warmnted.  Ch.  Justice  Parsons. 

WAR'RANT-ER,  n.  One  who  gives  autliority  or 
legally  empowers. 

2.  One  who  assures,  or  covenants  to  assure;  one 
who  contracts  to  secure  another  in  a  right,  or  to 
make  good  any  defect  of  title  or  quality;  as,  the 
warranter  of  a  horse. 

WAR'RANT-ING,  ppr.     Authorizing;  empowering. 
2.  Assuring;  securing  to  another  a  right,  or  cov- 
enanting to  make  good  a  defect  of  title  in  lands,  or 
of  quality  in  goods. 

WAR'RAN-TISE,  n.  Aullwrity ;  security.  [JVot  in 
use.]  Shak. 

WAR-RANT-OR',  n.    One  who  warrants. 

WAR'RAN-TY,  n.  In  law,  a  promise  or  covenant  by 
deed,  made  by  the  bargainer  for  himself  and  his 
heirs,  to  warrant  or  secure  the  bargainee  and  his 
heirs  against  all  men  in  the  enjoyment  of  an  estate 
or  other  thing  granted.  Such  warranty  passes  from 
the  seller  to  the  buyer,  from  the  feoffor  to  tlie  feodee, 
and  from  the  releaser  to  the  releasee.  Warranty  is 
real,  when  annexed  to  lands  and  tenements  granted 
in  fee  or  for  life,  &.C.,  and  is  in  deed  or  in  law; 
and  personal,  when  it  respects  goods  sold  or  their 
quality. 

In  the  contract  of  insurances  there  are  also  certain 
warranties  whicli  induce  the  insurer  to  enter  into 
it,  as  that  the  vessel  is  seaworthy,  &c. 

In  common  recoveries,  a  fictitious  person  is  called 
to  warranty.  In  the  sale  of  goods  or  ptTSunat  prop- 
erty, the  seller  warrants  the  title;  for  warninly  ia 
express  or  implied.  If  a  man  sells  goods  which  are 
nut  his  own,  or  which  he  has  no  right  to  sell,  the 
purchaser  may  have  satisfaction  for  the  injury.  And 
if  the  sellerexpressly  warrants  the  goods  to  be  sound 
and  not  defective,  and  they  prove  to  he  otherwise,  he 
must  indenmify  the  purchaser.  But  the  warranty 
must  be  at  the  time  of  sate,  and  not  afterward.  In 
general,  there  is  no  implied  warranty  of  the  quality 
of  the  goods  sold.  Blackstone. 


TONE,  Bi;U.,  liNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  6  aa  J ;  8  aa  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


In7 


1249 


WAS 


ffuerrierM}  9[t.  giurrertt^  nerrtsdor.] 
I.  In  a  reiural  mum,  b  «Mdier ;  a  man  engaged  in 


S.  Authority  j  justificatory  mandate  or  precept. 

U  ttej  dfawbey  kn;  iimert,  that  b  iio  excuM  to  ui,  oor  givM  w 
■Ajr  worraii^  to  dw>»c;  bkevin.  KrttittMU. 

[In  this  wnM,  WAEmART  la  now  used.] 
3.  Security. 

Tbo  •tamp  waa  k  warranty  of  llie  puUtc.  LoAt, 

W^R'RAN-TY,  r.  t.    To  warrant ;  to  guaranty. 
W^R'RAV,  v.U     [Fr.  gucrroyer,  from  ^nwrre.] 

To  make  war  upon.    [  Obs.\  ^eiuer, 

WARRE,  (wor.)  a.    [Sax-  iftfrra,  for  imtjo.] 

Wonte.     •'0*4.]  Spenser. 

W^R'REN,  (wor'ren,)  n.  [from  the  root  of  wtar^  an 
incloiied  place ;  Fr.  gareHne ;  D.  vaaninde ;  (lOtb. 
tfffryan.  Sax.  «>ana»,  to  defend.  See  Guard,  Wa»- 
HAST,  anil  Wart.] 

1.  A  piece  of  ground  appropriated  to  the  breeding 
and  preservation  of  rabbits. 

2.  In  /oiOf  a  franchise  or  j^acc  privileged  by  pre- 
scription or  grant  fh>m  the  king,  for  keeping  beasts 
and  fowls.  The  warreM  is  the  next  franchise  in  de- 
cree to  the  park  ;  and  a  forest,  which  is  the  highest 
in  dignity,  comprehends  a  chojse,  a  park,  and  a  free 
warren.  Cyc, 

3.  A  place  for  keeping  fi^h  In  a  river.  Cjfc 
W^R'REN-ER,  a.    The  keeper  of  a  warren. 

W^\R'RI-.\N"GLE,  C-ang'gl,)  a.     A  hawk. 

JiinstDorUL 
WAR'RIOR,  (wjir'yur,)  a.    [from  var ;  Fr. 

military  life. 
S.  KiimkatieMlbf,  a  brave  man ;  a  good  soldier. 
WAR'RIOR-E33,  m.     A  female  warrior.        Spen-ser. 
WART,  a.     [Sai.  veaH;   D,  lerat;    G.  varze;    Sw. 

vorta;  L.  verruca;  Fr.  pcttu^.] 

1.  A  firm,  arid,  tinrsli,  insensible  extutierance  of 
the  common  iuteguincuts  ;  found  chiefly  on  the 
bands.  Oood. 

S.  In  kcrmff  warts  are  spongy  excrescences  on  the 
binder  pasterns,  which  suppurate.  Cjfc, 

3.  .\  sessile  gUnd  or  protuberance  on  trees. 

LiiuiUy. 
WART'ED,  0.    In  (otaay,  hanng  Utile  knobs  on  the 

surface  ;  verrucose  ;  as,  a  te*ruJ  capsule.  JUartyn, 
WART' LESS,  a.     Having  no  warU 
WAR'-TORCH,  a.    The  torch  that  kindles  war. 
WART'WORT,  «.    A  jdanl  of  tJie  genus  Euphorbia, 
which  b  studded  with  hard,  warty  knobs;  alM>,  a 
plant  uf  the  genus  Ucliotropiuin,  and  another  of  the 
genus  Lapsana.  €$£•    /•r^. 

WART'Y,  0.  Having  warts;  full  of  warts;  over- 
grown with  w.irts  ;  a«,  a  warty  leaf.  Lm, 

2.  Of  the  naturuU*  warts. 
W.\R'-WAST-ED,  a.    Wasted  by  war.     Coitndgt, 
WAR'WHOOP,  n.    The  Indian  yeU  in  war.    [See 

VCABHOor.J 

WAR-WORN,  a.  [»ar  and  irwra.]  Worn  with  mil- 
itary service  ;  as,  a  war-wam  coat ;  aimr-isMii  soldier. 

WA'RY,  0.  [Sax.  ictfr;  Ice.  ror.  See  Wark  and 
Warm.] 

Cautious  of  danger ;  carefully  watching  and  guard- 
ing against  decejition,  artifices,  and  dangers  ;  scru- 
paloua';  timorously  prudont.  Old  men  are  usually 
more  iMrythan  the  young.  It  is  incumbent  on  a 
general  in  war  to  be  always  irary. 

WAS,  ovoz,)  the  past  tense  of  the  substantive  verb; 
l^x.  ire^ait ;  Gi^th.  trr.4in ;  L.  esse^  for  ces.ie,  to  be,  to 
exist,  whence  Eng.  u,  in  the  present  leus<:,  and  was, 
in  the  past ;  as,  I  teas ;  be  asos. 

WASH,  (wosh,)  e.  t  [Sax.  wmsemik »  G.  womJUm  ,*  D. 
weoMsektm,] 

1.  To  cleanse  by  ablution,  or  by  rubbing  in 
water ;  as,  to  mutk  the  hands  ot  the  body  ;  to  wash 
garmenta. 

2.  To  wet;  to  fall  on  and  moisten;  as,  the  rain 
vojAet  the  flowers  or  plants. 

3.  To  overflow.    The  tides  vMsk  the  meadows. 

4.  To  overflow  or  dash  against;  to  cover  with 
water ;  as,  the  waves  wash  the  strand  or  ahure ;  the 
■ea  iMsttes  the  rocks  on  the  shore  or  beach. 

5.  To  scrub  in  water ;  as,  to  muA  a  deck  or  a  floor. 
&  To  separate  extraneous  matter  from  ;    as,  to 

vosfc  ore ;  to  wtuk  graiiu 

7.  In  wal<r<olsr  paimtitLgy  to  spread  or  float  colors 
thinly  over  bread  masses  or  spaces  of  a  picture. 
Thus  work  is«as4«rfwitfa  a  pole  red  to  imitate  brick, 
&c  Joeeit/tu 

8.  To  mb  over  with  some  liquid  substance  ;  as,  to 
wasJk  trees  for  removing  insects  or  diseases. 

9.  To  sqneexe  and  cleanse  in  water ;  as,  to  aoosA 
wool.  So  sheep  are  said  to  be  ira«Aa/,  when  they  are 
immersed  in  water  and  their  wool  squeezed,  by 
which  means  it  is  cleansed. 

10.  To  cleanse  by  a  current  of  water ;  as,  showers 
wa^  the  stTt  ets. 

11.  To  overlay  with  a  thin  coat  of  metal ;  as,  steel 
loasked  with  silver. 

12.  To  purify  from  the  pollution  of  sin. 

Bitt  7e  art  imuktd,  but  ye  are  sanctified.  —  I  Cor.  ri. 

7*0  wash  a  Aip ;  to  bring  all  her  guns  to  one  side 
to  make  ber  heel,  and  then  to  wash  and  scrape  her 
side. 


WAS 

W^SH,  (wosh,)  tt.  t.    To  perform  the  act  of  ablution. 

\t'a»h  in  Jordan  msna  time*.  —  S  Kiiiif*  f. 
[EUiptieal.] 

2.  To  perform  the  business  of  cleansing  clothes  In 
water. 

She  CAD  tttuh  Knd  scour.  ■ST'o*. 

Ta  wash  off;  in  eulico  printiHg^  to  soak  and  rinse 
printed  calicoes,  to  tltssulvuand  remove  the  gum  and 
jrtiste.  Cyc. 

W^SH,  (wosh,)  n.  AlluviiU  matter;  substances  col- 
lected and  dcinisitcd  by  water;  as,  the  wasA  of  a  river. 

2.  A  bog ;  a  ninrsh ;  a  fen. 

3.  A  cosmetic  ;  as,  a  wash  for  the  face,  to  help  the 
coni|ilexion. 

4.  A  lotion  ;  a  medical  liquid  preparation  for  ex- 
ternal application. 

5.  A  superficial  slain  or  color.  CvUicr. 

6.  W:iste  liquor  of  a  kitchen  for  hogs. 

7.  The  act  of  washing  the  clothes  of  a  family  ;  or 
the  whole  quantity  washed  at  once.  There  is  a 
great  tru-t^,  or  a  small  itash. 

8.  With  duiiilrrs,  the  fermented  wort  from  which 
the  spirit  is  extracte4l.  In  the  distillery  of  malt,  the 
wash  is  made  by  mixing  the  water  hot,  with  tlie 
malt  ground  into  meal.  Ure. 

9.  The  shallow  part  of  a  river,  or  arm  of  the  sea  ; 
as,  the  Wiishfji  in  Lincolnshire.  Cije. 

10.  The  blade  of  an  oar;  the  thin  port  which 
enters  tlie  water,  and  by  whose  impulse  the  boat  is 
moved 

11.  A  color  spread  or  floated  tliinly  over  broad 
masses  or  spaces  of  a  picture. 

l*i  A  substance  laid  on  boards  or  other  work  for 
beauty  or  preservation. 

13.  A  lliin  coal  of  metal. 

14.  In  the  Wftrf  /HJif.f,  a  mixture  of  dunder,  mo- 
lasses, water,  and  scummings,  fur  distillation. 

Edwards's  W>ot  Indies. 

W^SII'-BALL,  a.  [wa^h  and  balL]  A  ball  of  soap, 
to  be  used  in  washing  the  hands  or  face. 

W\Sn'-BOARD,M.  [iCiwAand  iooriL]  A  broad,  thin 
plank,  fired  occasionolly  on  the  lop  of  a  boat  or 
other  small  ve&s«:Ps  side,  to  prevent  the  sea  from 
breaking  over;  also,  a  piece  of  plank  on  the  sill  of 
a  lower  deck  port,  for  the  same  pur[)ose.    Mar,  Did. 

2.  .\  btuud  in  a  room,  next  to  the  floor. 
W.\SU'£1>,  (wosht,)  pp.      Cleansed   in  water;  pu- 
rified. 

%  Overflowed  ;  dashed  ngainst  with  water. 

3.  Covered  over  with  a  lliln  coat,  as  of  metal. 
W^SII'ER,  H.    One  who  washes. 

2.  All  iron  ring  between  the  nave  of  a  wheel  and 

the  linchpin. 
3    A  piece  of  iron,  leather,  fcc,  at  the  base  or  head 

of  a  screw,  to  prt- vent  the  surfaces  from  being  in- 

jiiied,t)r  to  render  the  junction  tigtiU  Brande. 

W^SH'ER-WO.M-AN,   «.     A   woman    that   washes 

clothes  for  others,  or  for  hire. 
W.J.S1I'ING,  ppr.    Cleansing  with  water;  purifying; 

overflowing ;  overspreading. 
W.ASH'lMi,   H.    The  act  of  cleansing  with  water; 

ablution.     Hcb.  ix. 
a.  A  wash  ;  or  the  cluthes  washed. 
WA.^iri.XG-MA-ClltNE',   (wosh'iugma-sheen',)   n. 

.\  machine  f«tr  washing  clothes. 
WA311'-LEAT1I-ER,  (-leth-er,)   a.      The    same    as 

Shammt  :  a  preparation  of  leather  which  will  bear 

to  be  washed. 
W/iSH'-POT,   n.      A  vessel  in  which    any  thing  is 

washed.  Cowlnj. 

W^VSH'-TUB,  n.  A  tub  in  which  clothes  are  washed. 
Wj^SII'Y,  (wosh'e,)  a.     [from  wasA.]    Watery  ;  damp; 

soft  ;  as,  the  wa.ihy  ooze.  Milton, 

2.  Weak;  not  solid.  fVutton. 

3.  Weak  ;  not  firm  or  hardy  ;  liable  to  sweat  pro- 
fusely with  labor ;  as,  a  waahtf  horse.  [A"«o  Eng- 
lund.] 

WASP,  (wosp,)  n.  [Sax.  tctssp  or  w<rps;  D.  wtsp  ;  G. 
vt-!pe  ;  h.  ve.<pa ;  Jrr.  guepe;  Sp.  acujm;  Port,  bespa.] 
In  ratainology,lht:  popular  name  of  certain  hymen- 
opLerous  insecu  of  the  genus  Vespa.  The  mouth  is 
horny  ;  the  up[>er  wings  plicated  ,  the  abdomen  joined 
to  tiie  thorax  by  a  thread-like  pedicle,  and  the  sting 
concealed.  Wa-*[>s  construct  combs,  and  rear  their 
young  in  the  cells.    The  sting  is  painful.       Cyc 

WASP'-BITE,  «.     Tlje  bite  of  a  wasp. 

WASP'ISH,  (woap'ish,)  a.  Snappish;  petulant  ;  ir- 
ritable; irascible;  quick  to  resent  any  trifling  af- 
front. 

M'lch  do  1  luff'T,  miich,  to  k»rp  in  peice 

Tlia  Jrolou*,  waapuh,  wrutig-ti-iitd,  rliyrnin^  nice.  Pope. 

Q.  Having  a  very  slender  waist,  like  a  wasp. 

W.^SP'ISH-LY,  aJr.  Petulantly;  in  a  snappish  man- 
ner. 

WASP'ISH-NESS,  Ti.  Petulance  ;  irascibility ;  snap- 
pi-'hness. 

WAS'SAIL,  (wos'sil,)  n.  [Sax.  wms-hail^  health  be  to 
you.] 

1.  A  liquor  made  of  apples,  sugar,  and  ale,  for- 
merly much  used  by  English  guod-fellows.    Johnsori. 

2.  A  drunken  bout.  Shak. 

3.  A  merry  song.  ^Sinsworth. 
\^Tkis  word  is  unknown  in  ^merica.'\ 


WAS 

WAS'SAIL,  (woe'8U,)».  u    To  hold  a  merry,  drinking 

meeting. 
WAS'S AIL-BOWL,  n.    A  bowl  for  holding  wassail. 
\VAS'SAIL-€UP,  (wos'sel-kup,)  9.     A  cup  In  which 

wassail  was  carried  to  the  company.  Cije. 

WAS'SA1L-I:R,  n.     A  toper  ;  a  drunkard.     MUton. 
WAST,  (wust,)  past  u-nso  of  the  subsUintive  verb,  in 

tiie  second  person  ;  as,  Uiou  wasi. 
WASTE,  t).  f.     [Sax.  lowtan,  awestan;  G.  venD\)stm; 

I).  verwoeMen  ;  L.  vaato  ;   It.  guastare ;  Sp.  and  Port. 

ga^tar,  for  guanUxr;   Fr.  gdter;  Arm.  goa-sta.     The 

W.  gwasgai-u,  to  scatter,  seems  to  be  compimnd.  The 

primary  sense  is,  probably,  to  scatter,  to  spread.  Class 

iiz.  No.  2,1 

1.  To  diminisli  by  gradual  dissipation  or  loss. 
Thus,  disease  wastes  the  patient ;  sorrows  waste  the 
8treii|ill)  and  spirits. 

2.  To  cause  to  be  lost ;  to  destroy  by  scattering  or 
by  injury.  Thus,  cattle  waste  their  fodder  when  fed 
in  the  open  field. 

3.  To  expend  without  necessity  or  use  ;  to  destroy 
wantctnly  or  luxuriously  ;  to  squander  ;  to  cause  to 
be  lost  through  wantonness  or  negligence.  Careless 
people  iPOA-tfl  their  fuel,  their  ftwd,  or  their  property. 
Children  waste  their  inheritance. 

And  uKuUd  hia  Mbstaiice  with  rioiuua  liTinir.  —  LuVe  xr. 

4.  To  destroy  in  enmity  ;  to  desolate  ;  as,  to  wasUt 
an  enemy's  country. 

5.  To  suITlt  to  be  lost  unnecessarily ;  or  to  throw 
away  ;  as,  to  waste  the  blood  and  treasure  of  a  na- 

6.  To  destroy  by  violence.  [lion. 

The  Tiber 
Iiuulu  our  widU,  and  wulei  our  fruicful  ^ruiiiiJ*.       Dryden. 

7.  To  impair  strength  gradually. 

Nuw  yecttdng  yean  my  former  itnutgth  confounda.      Broome. 

8.  To  lose  In  Idleness  or  misery  ;  to  wear  out. 

Here  cuikdciitned 
To  tBOtit  elemnl  daya  in  wen  and  pata.  Milton, 

9.  To  spend  ;  to  consume. 

O,  were  1  al)Ie 
To  vxuU  it  all  myacir,  anil  Iciive  yuu  none  I  MUtan. 

10.  In  law,  to  damage,  impair,  or  injure,  as  an  es- 
tate, voluntarily,  or  by  suttering  the  buildings, 
fence.i-  &.c.,  to  go  to  decay.     [See  the  noun.] 

U.  To  exhauot;  to  be  consumed  by  time  or  mor- 
tality. 

Till  your  carcaawt  be  vaated  \a  the  wIMernesi.  — Num.  xW. 

12.  To  scatter  and  lose  for  want  of  use  or  of  occu- 
piers. 

Full  many  n  flower  is  bom  to  Wusti  unaecn, 

And  toasle  ita  aweetneat  on  the  dissert  air.  Oray, 

WASTE,  c.t.  To  dwindle  ;  to  be  diminished  ;  to  lose 
bulk  or  substauce  gradually  ;  as,  the  body  wastes  in 
sickness. 

The  barrel  of  meal  almll  not  vxute.  —  1  KingB  xvii. 

2.  To  be  diminished  or  lost  by  slow  dissipation, 
consumption,  or  evaporation  ;  as,  water  wastes  by 
evaporation  ;  fuel  wastes  in  combustion. 

3.  To  be  consumed  by  time  or  mortality. 

But  man  dicth,  iind  vxiaUlh  away.  —  Jot  xiv, 
WASTE,  a.     Destroyed  ;  ruined. 

TIte  Suphi  leavoi  nil  toatU  in  hii  retreat.  Milton. 

2.  Desolate  ;  uncultivated  ;  as,  a  waste  country  ;  a 
waste,  howling  wilderness.     Deul.  xxxii. 

3.  I)estitute  ;  stripped  ;  as,  lands  laid  waste. 

4.  Superfluous  ;  lust  for  want  of  occupiers. 

And  atranglcd  widi  hor  toasu  fertility.  Milton. 

5.  Worthless  ;  that  which  is  rejected,  or  used  only 
for  mean  purposes  ;  as,  iraste  wood. 

6.  That  of  which  no  account  is  taken,  or  of  wliich 
no  value  is  found  ;  as,  waste  paper. 

7.  Uncultivated  ;  untilled  ;  unproductive. 

There  is  yet  much  toaste  land  in  England.  Cyc. 

Laid  waste:  desolated;  ruined. 
WASTE,  n.     The  act  of  squaiulering  ;  the  dissipation 
of  properly  through  wantonness,  ambition,  extrava- 
gance, luxury,  or  negligence. 

For  all  thia  uxuu  of  weriUli,  and  lou  of  blood.  MUton. 

2.  Consumption  ;  loss;  useless  expense;  any  loss 
or  destruction  which  is  neither  necessary  nor  promo- 
live  of  a  good  end  ;  a  loss  for  which  there  is  no 
equivalent ;  as,  a  waste  of  goods  or  money  ;  a  waste 
of  time  ;  a  waste  of  labor  ;  a  waste  of  words. 

Little  loaatet  in  great  ealnblishmenta,  constantly  oMnrrtiip:,  may 
dell-nt  the  energiea  of  a  mighty  capital.  L.  Betcher. 

3.  A  desolate  or  uncultivated  country.  The  plains 
of  Arabia  are  mostly  a  wide  waste. 

4.  Land  untilled,  though  capable  of  tillage;  as,  the 
wastes  in  England. 

5.  Ground,  space,  or  place  unoccupied ;  as,  the 
ethereal  waste. 

In  t)ie  dt:ad  toaxle  and  middle  of  the  nighU  Sltai. 

6.  Region  ruined  and  deserted. 

All  the  leafy  mition  sinks  at  last, 

And  Vulcan  ridca  in  triumph  o'er  the  VKUle.  DryUn. 

7.  Mischief;  destruction. 

He  will  (lever,  I  tliiiik,  in  the  way  of  aaaU,  altcmpl  us  «jrf>in. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WUAT MeTE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARME,  BIR1> — N5TE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

__ 


WAT 

8.  In  Zaw,  spoil,  destruction,  or  injury  done  to 
houses,  woods,  fences,  lands,  &c.,  by  a  tenant  fur 
life  or  for  years,  to  the  prejudice  of  the  heir,  or  of 
him  in  reversion  or  remainder.  Waste  is  votuittary^ 
as  by  pulling  down  buildings;  or  permissive ^aa  by 
suffering  them  to  fall  for  want  of  necessary  repairs. 
Whatever  does  a  lastiug  duuiaye  to  the  freehold,  is 
a  icaste.  Bluckstone. 

WASTE'-BOOK,  n.  Among  merehanti^  a  book  in 
which  rough  entries  of  transactions  are  made,  pre- 
vious to  their  being  carried  into  the  journal. 

WAST'ED,  pp.  Expended  without  necessity  or  use  ; 
lost  through  negligence  ;  ecjuandered. 

3.  Diminished  ;      dissipated  ;      evaporated  ;     ex- 
hausted. 
3.  Desolated  ;  ruined  ;  destroyed. 

WaSTE'FJJL,  a.  Lavish  ;  prodigal ;  expending  prop- 
erty, or  that  which  is  valuable,  without  necessity  or 
use  ;  applied  to  persons. 

2.  Destructive  to  property  ;  ruinous  ;  as,  toasi^ul 
practices  or  negligence  ;  Vfastcfal  expenses. 

3.  Desolate:  unoccupied:  uutilled :  uncultivated. 

Id  wildemeaa  and  wOMteff^  ileserts  Krayed.  Sptnaer, 

WaSTE'F(JL-LY,  adv.  In  a  lavish  manner;  with 
prodigality  ;  in  useless  expenses  or  consumption. 

Her  lAvich  hand  ia  wuU/uily  profufie.  Dryden. 

WASTE'FpI^NESS,    n.      Lavishness  ;    prodijiality  ; 

the  act  or  practice  of  expending  wiiat  is  valuable, 

without  necessity  or  use. 
WaSTE'-GaTE,  b.    a  gate  to  let  the  water  of  a  pond 

pass  off  when  it  is  not  wanted.  Cj/c 

WAS'TEL,  (wos'tel,)  n,     A  particular  sort  of  bread  ; 

fine  bread  or  cake.  Lowth,     Cyc, 

WASTE'NESS,  n.    A  desolate  state  ;  solitude. 

That  day  ia  a  day  of  wrtih,  a  day  of  troutile  and  dulresa,  a  day 
of  uxuUmaa,  —  Zeph.  L 

WASTE'-PIPE,  7u    A  pipe  for  conveying  off  waste 

water,  &.C. 
WaST'ER,  n.    One  who  wastes  ;  one  who  squanders 
properly;  one  who  consumes  extravagantly  or  with- 
out use. 

He  also  that  m  slothful  in  his  work^  U  brother  to  him  who  b  a 

preat  wiwter.  —  ProT,  >viii. 
Sconcn  are  grcUi  wcuUrt  of  cundlci.  Sa^ft, 

2.  A  kind  of  cudgel.  Beaum. 

WASTE'THRIFT,  n.  [icasU  and  thrift]  A  spend- 
thrift. Beaum. 
WASTE'-WeIR,  n.  An  overfjill  or  wier  for  the  su- 
perfluous water  of  a  canal.  Cije, 
WAST'ING,  ppr.  Lavishing  prodigally  ;  expending 
or  consuming  without  use  ;  diminisliing  by  slow  dis- 
sipation ;  desolating;  laying  waste. 

WoMting  and  relentlesi  war  h:is  madr  niva^i^a,  wiih  btii  few  and 
tiiort  iiitprmiuiona,  fwm  ihe  dayg  of  the  tyrant  Niinn*il  down 
to  the  Nimro'l  of  our  own  agi;.  J.  Lyman. 

2.  a.  Diminishing  by  dissipation  or  by  great  de- 
struction ;  as,  a  wasting  disease. 

WAST'REIj,  n.  A  slate  of  waste  or  common.  [Lo- 
cal.i 

WAST'REL,      )   Tt.      Waste  substances ;   any   thing 

WAST'0-REL,  (       cast  away  as   bad.      [Local.] 

Cyc 

WAT,  (wot,)  n,  A  Siamese  term  for  a  sacred  place, 
within  which  are  pagodas,  monasteries,  id<<H,  tanks, 
&C.  Malcom. 

WaTCII,    (wotch,)   n.      [Sax.    teofcea,    from    ir<ccan, 
vtxecan^  to  wake;  Sw,  vacJit  or  roA'f,  watch,  guard  ; 
vackta,  to  rtateh :  Dan.  ra^U     It  is  from  the  same 
root  as  wake^  which  see.] 
L  Forbearance  of  sleep. 

3.  Attendance  without  ^leep. 

All  the  lon^  oigbt  thfir  mournful  watch  they  kwp.     Adtliton, 

3.  Attention  ;  close  observation.  Keep  watch  of 
the  suspected  man. 

4.  Guard ;  vigilance  for  keeping  or  protecting 
against  danger. 

He  kept  both  i^atch  and  war],  Spenatr, 

5.  A  watchman  or  watchmen  ;  men  set  for  a  guard, 
either  one  person  or  mure,  set  to  espy  the  approach 
of  an  enemy  or  other  danger,  and  to  give  an  alarm 
or  notice  of  such  danger;  a  sentinel ;  a  guard.  He 
kept  a  watch  at  the  gate.  Bacoru 

Ve  hare  a  vatdi ;  go  your  way,  nutke  It  ai  sun  m  ye  can.  — 
Mall.  zxriL 

6.  Among  seamen^  a  certain  number  of  men  who 
attend  together  to  the  working  of  the  ship.  When 
there  are  but  two  divisions  of  this  kind,  they  are  said 
to  take  it  watch  and  watch.  Totten. 

7.  The  place  where  a  guard  is  kept. 

adn  tiim 

Shak. 

8.  Post  or  office  of  a  watchman. 

As  I  did  atand  my  watch  upon  loe  hi!i,  Sliok, 

9.  A  period  of  the  night,  in  which  one  person  or 
one  set  of  persons  stand  as  sentinels  ;  or  tlie  time 
from  one  relief  of  scntinsls  to  another.  This  period, 
among  the  Israelites,  seems  to  have  been  originally 
four  hours,  but  was  afterward  three  liours,  and  there 
were  four  watches  during  the  night.  Hence  we  read 


H«  upbraidi  Ingo,  tli.i 
Brave  nie  upon  the  walch. 


WAT 

in  Scripture  of  the  morning  watch,  and  of  the  sec- 
ond, third,  and  fourth  watch;  the  evening  watch 
commencing  at  six  o'clock,  the  second  at  nine,  the 
third  at  twelve,  and  the  fourth  at  three  in  tlie  morn- 
ing.    Ezod.  xiv.    Matt.  xiv.    Luke  xii. 

10.  A  small  timepiece  or  chronometer,  to  be  car- 
ried in  the  pocket  or  about  the  person,  in  wliich  the 
machinery  is  moved  by  a  spring. 

n.  At  ara,  the  space  of  time  during  which  one  set 
or  division  of  the  offjcers  and  crew  remain  on  deck 
to  perform  the  necessary  duties.  This  is  different  in 
different  nations,  Cyc. 

To  be  on  the  watch;  to  be  looking  steadily  for  some 
event. 
WATCH,  (wotch,)  V.  i.  [Sax.w«cian,tc<Tcan  ;&w.viicka, 
upvdcka  ;  Dan.  vakkcr  ;  G.  wackni :  Russ.  vetchayu.] 

1.  To  be  awake  ;  to  be  or  continue  without  sleep. 

I  hivo  two  nights  teafcfted  with  yoii.  Shak, 

2.  To  be  attentive;  to  look  with  attention  or  stead- 
iness.    fVatch  and  see  when  the  man  passes. 

3.  To  hiok  with  expectation. 

My  »oul  urnifdi  fur  the  Lotd  more  than  they  that  watck  for  the 
iiiuri)in|f,  —  Pa.  cxxx, 

4.  To  keep  guard  ;  to  act  as  sentinel ;  to  look  for 
danger. 

He  gnre  aignal  to  the  minister  tint  tealehed.  Milton, 

5.  To  be  attentive  ;  to  be  vigilant  in  preparation 
for  an  event  or  trial,  the  time  of  whose  arrival  is  un- 
certain. 

Watch,  tlicrvforr  ;  for  ye  know  tiol  what  hour  your  tiord  doth 
come.  —  Matt.  xxir. 

6.  To  be  insidiously  attentive;  as,  to  watch  for  an 
opporttinity  to  injure  another. 

7.  To  attend  on  the  sick  during  the  night ;  as,  to 
watch  with  a  man  in  a  fever. 

To  watch  ovrr;  to  be  cautiously  observant  of;  to 
inspect,  superintend,  and  guard  from  error  and  dan- 
ger.   It  is  our  duty  constantly  to  watch  over  our  own 
conduct  and  that  of  our  children. 
WATCH,  V.  t.    To  guard  ;  to  have  in  keeping. 

Flaming  ministers  watch  and  tend  iheir  ch:irge.  iV/iiion. 

2.  To  observe  in  ambush  ;  to  lie  in  wait  for. 

Saul  also  rent  meaaengers  to  Davld'a  house  to  aalch  him,  and  to 
slay  him.  —  1  Sam.  xix. 

3.  To  tend  ;  to  guard. 

Paris  viaiched  the  flocka  in  the  groves  of  Ma.  Broome. 

A.  To  observe  in  order  to  detect  or  prevent,  or  for 
some   particular  purpose  ;   as,  to  watch  a  suspected 
person  ;  to  watch  the  progress  of  a  bill  in  the  legisla- 
ture. 
WATCH'KD,  (wotchl,)pp.    Guarded;  observed  with 

steady  vigilance. 
W^TCH'ER,  (wotch'er,)  n.    one  who  sits  up  or  con- 
tinues awake  ;  particularly,  one  who  attends  ujion 
the  sick  during  the  nighL 

2.  A  diligent  observer  ;  as,  an  attentive  watcher  of 
the  works  of  nature.     [JVot  in  use]  Mtre. 

WATCH'ET,  (wotch'-,)  a.    [Sax.  waeed^  weak.j 
Pale  or  light  blue. 

Who  Btar«'9  in  Germany  at  watchet  cyea  t  Dryden. 

{Notinuse.\ 

WATCH'FpL,  n.  Vigilant ;  attentive  ;  careful  to  ob- 
serve ;  observant ;  cautious.  It  has  of  before  the 
thing  to  be  regulated  ;  as,  to  be  watchful  o/ one's  be- 
havior ;  and  oifainH  before  the  thing  to  be  avoided  ; 
as,  to  be  watcliful  against  the  growth  of  vicious  habiu. 
Locke.     Law, 

WATCII'FJJL-LY,  a^/c.  Vigilantly  ;  heedfully  ;  with 
careful  observation  of  the  approach  of  evil,  or  atten- 
tion to  dntv.  Boyle. 

WATCIl'FfJUNESS,  n.  Vigilance ;  heedfulness; 
heed  ;  suspicious  attention  ;  careful  and  diligent  ob- 
servation for  the  purpose  of  preventing  or  escaping 
danger,  or  of  avoiding  mistakes  and  misconduct. 

2.  Wakefulness ;  indisposition  or  inability  to 
sleep. 

Waichfutrttta — often  precedes  too  great  sleeplneaa.  Arhuthjiot. 

WATCH'-GLASS,  n,  {watch  and  fflasa.]  In  skips^  a 
half-hour  ghiss,  used  to  measure  the  time  of  a  watch 
on  deck. 

2.  A  concavo-convex  glass  for  covering  the  face  or 
dial  of  a  watch. 

WATCH'-HOUt*E,  n.  [watch  and  house.]  A  house 
in  which  a  watch  or  guard  is  placed.  Oay. 

WATCH'IXG,  p/jr.  lieing awake  ;  guarding;  attend- 
ing the  sick  ;  carefully  observing. 

WATCH'LNG,  n.     Wakefulness  ;  inability  to  sleep. 

Wiseman. 

WATCH'-LTGHT,  (wotch'llte,)  n.  [icaicA  and  light.] 
A  candle  with  a  rush  wick.  Addison. 

WATCH'MAK-ER,  n,  [wntch  and  rndter.]  One 
whose  occupation  is  to  make  and  repair  watches. 

W^TCH'MAN,  n.  One  set  for  a  guard  in  an  armed 
place,  especially  by  night;  a  sentinel. 

2.  One  who  guards  the  streets  of  u  city  or  a  large 
building  by  night. 

A  watchman's  rattle,  is  an  instrument  having  at  the 
end  of  a  handle  a  revolving  arm,  which,  by  the  ac- 
tion of  a  strong  spring  upon  cogs,  produces,  when  in 
motion,  a  loud,  harsh,  rattling  sound. 


WAT 

To  spring  a  rattle^  is  to  put  this  instrument  in  mo- 
tion for  the  sake  of  culling  in  the  aid  of  other  watcli- 
mci). 

W-^TCH'TGW-ER,  n.  [watch  and  totcw.]  A  lower 
on  which  a  sentinel  is  placed  to  watch  for  enemies 
or  the  approach  of  danger.  Bacon. 

WATCH'WORD,  (wotch'wurd,)  n.  [watch  and  ycord.] 
The  word  given  to  sentinels,  and  to  such  as  have  oc- 
casion to  visit  the  guards,  used  as  a  signal  by  which 
a  friend  is  known  from  an  enemy,  or  a  person  who 
has  a  right  to  pass  the  watch,  from  one  who  haa 
not. 

WA'TER,  (^vau'ter,)  n.  [Hax,  W(XttTjWa3;  D.  water; 
G.  wasser ;  Dan.  vater;  Sw.  vatten;  Goth,  wato  ; 
Kwss.  voda.  This  maybe  fron^  the  root  of  tcef,  Gr. 
{icrij^,  Sans.  udam.  In  Ar.  W(uli  signifies  a  stream, 
or  tlie  channel  where  water  flows  in  winter,  but 
which  is  dry  in  summer;  o  thing  common  on  the 
plains  of  S^ria  and  Arabia.] 

1.  A  fluid,  the  most  abundant  and  most  necessary 
for  living  beings  of  any  in  nature,  except  air.  Water, 
when  pure,  is  colorless,  destitute  of  taste  and  smell, 
ponderous,  transparent,  and  in  a  very  small  degree 
compressible.  It  is  re(H)sited  in  the  earth  in  inexhaus- 
tible quantities,  where  it  is  preserved  fresh  and  cool, 
nnd  from  which  it  issues  in  springs,  which  form 
streams  and  rivers.  But  the  great  reservoirs  of  wa- 
ter on  the  globe  are  the  ocean,  seas,  and  lakes,  which 
cover  more  than  three  fiflhs  of  its  surface,  nnd  from 
which  it  is  raised  by  evaporation,  and  uniting  with 
the  air  in  the  state  of  vapttr,  is  wafted  over  the  earth, 
ready  to  be  precipitated  in  the  form  of  rain,  snow,  or 
hail. 

Water,  by  the  abstraction  or  loss  of  heat,  becomes 
solid,  or,  in  other  words,  is  converted  into  ice  or  snow  ; 
and  by  heat  it  is  converted  into  steam,  an  elas- 
tic vapor,  one  of  the  most  jHJWerful  agents  in  nature. 
AVaier  is  a  compound  of  oxygen  and  hydrogen  ;  two 
volumes  or  mcastires  of  hydrogen  gas,  and  one  of 
oxygen  gas.  The  proportion  of  the  ingredients  in 
weight,  is  88.9  parts  of  o.xygcn  to  11. 1  of  hydrogen. 

Berzdius. 

9.  The  ocean ;  a  sea;  a  lake;  a  river;  any  great 
collection  of  water;  as  in  the  phrases,  to  go  by 
water^  to  IraveF  by  water. 

3.  Urine  ;  the  animal  liquor  secreted  by  the  kidneys 
and  discharged  from  the  bladder. 

4.  The  color  or  luster  of  a  diamond  or  pearl,  some- 
times, perhaps,  of  other  precious  stones;  as,  a  dia- 
mond of  the  first  water,  tliat  is,  perfectly  pure  and 
transparent.  Hence  tlio  figurative  phrase,  a  man  or 
a  genius  of  the  ,first  water,  that  is,  of  the  first  excel- 
lence. 

5.  fVater  is  a  name  given  to  several  liquid  sub- 
stances or  humors  in  animal  bodies  ;  as,  tiie  water  of 
the  pericardium,  of  dropsy,  &.C.  Cyc 

Water  of  cnjstalliiation  ;  the  water  forming  a  con- 
stituent of  many  salts,  so  called  because  considered 
essential  to  their  crystallization.  The  term  is  going 
out  of  use.  Dana, 

JSIineral  waters  are  those  waters  which  are  bo  im- 
pregnated with  foreign  ingredients,  such  as  gaseous, 
sulphureous,  and  saline  substances,  as  to  give  them 
medicinal,  or  at  least  sensible  properties.  Most  nat- 
ural waters  contain  more  or  less  of  these  foreign 
substances,  but  the  proportion  is  generally  too  minute 
to  affect  the  senses.  Olmsted, 

To  hold  water;  to  be  sound  or  tight.  [Obsolete  or 
ri'/""r.l  L*  Estrange. 

WA'TER-BAIL'IFF,  n.  An  officer  of  the  customs, 
in  England,  for  searching  ships. 

WA'TER-BEaR-ER,  n.  [water  and  hearer.]  In  09- 
tronumy^  a  sign  of  the  zodiac,  called  also  A^t/^aius, 
from  L.  aijvn,  water. 

WA'TER-bEAT-£N,  a.  Beaten  by  water  or  the 
waves. 

WA'TER-BEL'LOWS,  v.  [water  and  bellows.]  A 
liinchine  for  blowing  air  into  a  furnace,  by  means  of 
a  column  of  water  "falling  through  a  vertical  tube. 

WA'TER-B6RNE,  fl.  Home  by  the  water  ;  floated; 
having  water  sutiicient  to  float ;  as,  ships  watrr-bomc 
by  the  flowing  tide.  Smollett. 

WA'TER-eAL'A-MINT,Ti.  [water  ^nA  caXaminU]  A 
species  of  mint  or  Mentha.  Cyc 

WA'TER-CAR'RIAGE,  n.  [water  and  carriage.] 
'I'ransportation  or  conveyance  by  water,  or  the 
means  of  transporting  by  water. 

2.  A  vessel  or  boat.     [J^ut  in  use]        Arbathnot, 
WA'TER-GART,  n.     [water  um\  cart.]     A  cart  bear- 
ing a  large  cask  of  water,  which  is  conveyed  into  a 
cylinder  full  of  holes,  by  means  of  which  the  water 
is  sprinkled  upon  the  ground. 

WA'TER-CEM'ENT,  n.  A  cement  made  of  a  pecul- 
iar kind  of  lime,  which  hardens  beneath  water. 

WA'TER-C1R'€L/:D,  (-sur'kld,)  )  a.   Surrounded  by 

WA'TEIl-GTRD'LED,  (-gur'did,)  \      water.     Scott. 

WA'TER-CLOCK,  «.  [water  and  clock.]  The  clep- 
sydra ;  an  instrument  or  machine  serving  to  meas- 
ure time  by  the  fall  of  a  certain  quantity  of  water. 

Encyc. 

WA^TER-€LOS'ET,  n.    A  closet  for  easing  nature, 
liaving  a  contrivance  for  carrying  off  the  disicharges 
by  a  sircnm  of  water  through  a  waste-pipe  below. 
2.  In  steamboats,  a  privy. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  IINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"Cl6US €  as  K i  6  as  J;  8  as  Zj  CH  as  8H;  TH  as  in  THIS. 

1251 


WA'TER-eOL-OR,  (  kuMur,)  w.  [tPoter  and  eotirr.'\ 
Vvater-coUvs,  in  paiatimff  or  UmMing^,  tire  colors  niixpa 
with  giiinwater,  and  made  up  into  smnll  rnki-s. 
Water-colors  are  so  colled  iu  distinction  fntni  oil- 
color:*.  f^tcifc 

WA'TF.R-eOURSE,  «.  [water  arnl  course.]  A  stream 
6(  water  ;  a  river  or  bntuk.     I.<a.  xliv. 

2.  A  channel  or  canal  for  the  conveyance  of  water, 
particularly  in  draining  lands. 

WA'TEK-eRXPr,  M.  Vessels  and  boats  plying  on 
water. 

WA'TER-CRESS,  h.  [teater  and  crrss.)  A  fmni!, 
c'rveping  plant  givwing  in  w.itery  places;  applied 
parttcuhirlv  t^^  the  Xasiurtinm  ulficiiinle  a  |»lant  of  an 
nfn^^'uble  rtavor,  much  cultivated  in  Europe  as  a  rel- 
ish for  breakfast.  lAtuJon. 

WA'TER-eROWFOQT,  m,  [irtUer  nnd  crottifoot.]  A 
|ilant,  the  Ranuncului  aquatili^,  on  which  cows  are 
mid  to  be  fond  of  feeding.  Cve. 

WA'TER-DRAIN,  a.  A  drain  or  channel  for  water 
to  run  off. 

WATER-DRAIN' A6E,  n.  The  draining  off  of 
water. 

W^V'TER-DROP,  M.  [water  &nd  drop.]  A  drop  of 
water.  SkaJu 

WA'TER-DROP'WORT,  n.  A  plant  of  the  gonus 
<£nanihe.  Lee, 

WA'TER-EL'E-PIIANT,  h.  A  name  given  to  the 
liippopotainuit. 

WA'TER-EX'GIXE,  n.  [water  and  engine.}  An 
e'ngine  to  raise  water ;  or  an  engine  moved  by 
water. 

WATER-FALL,  "•  [water  and  /«//.]  A  fall  or  per- 
pendicular ilescent  of  the  water  of  a  river  or  stream, 
or  a  descent  nearly  perpendicular  ;  a  cascade  ;  a  cat- 
aract. But  the  word  is  generally  ui^d  of  the  fall  of 
•  sman  river  or  rivulet.  It  is  particularly  used  to  cx- 
presB  a  cascade  in  a  garden,  or  an  artificial  de5cent 
of  water,  designed  as  an  ornament.  C'jc 

WATER-FLAG,  «.  [water  and  JUt£.]  Water  tiowcr- 
de^iice,  a  ■'[xH-i.  s  of  Irij". 

W.\TER- FLOOD,  (-flud.)  w.  [water  nnd  JUed,]  A 
(i'o*td  of  water;  an  inundation. 

WA'TER-FLT,  n,  [water  and  Jly.]  An  insect  that 
is  seen  on  the  water. 

WATER-FOWL,  a.     [iMl*r  and /irL]     A  bin!  that 

I       frequents  the  water,  or  live*  abiMit  rivers,  lakes,  or 

I       on  nr  near  tJte  9«m ;  an  aquatic  fowl.    Of  aquatic 

'      fowls,  some  aro  waders,  or  furnished  with  tone  legs  ; 

others  aiv  swimmers,  and  ore  furnished  with  webbed 

feet. 

WATER-FOX,  ».  [watfr  and  /«.]  A  name  given 
to  the  carp,  on  account  of  its  cunning.         ft^a£aM. 

WATER-FLR'ROW,  a.  [watrr  and  fttrrow.]  In 
a^Hcultarey  a  deep  fiirrvw  made  for  conducting  water 
from  the  rround  and  keeping  it  drj*. 

WATER-FLK'RCW,  r.  t.  To  i>low  or  open  water- 
('lirrows. 


WATER-GACE,     >  n.    [watar  and  foft*)     An  In- 

WATER-GUACE,  (  stmment  for  rocaniriug  or  as- 
certaining the  depth  or  quantity  of  water. 

WATER-GALL,  n.  A  cavity  made  in  the  eailh  by 
a  torrent  or'  water. 

2.  An  appearance  In  the  rainbow.  Stevene. 

WATER-6ER-MAX'DER,  n,  A  plant  of  the  genni 
i'encrium.  Cyc 

WA  TEK-GILD-ING,  ».  The  RJlding  of  metallic 
surfaces  by  covering  them  with  n  tliin  coating  of 
amalsnin  of  gold  and  then  volatilizing  ttie  mercury 
by  heat  Bramte. 

WATER-GOD,  a.  [water  and  gpd.}  A  deity  Uial 
presides  over  the  water. 

WATER-GRC'EL,  n.  [water  and  erud.\  A  liquid 
food,  compos^-d  of  water  and  a  smaTl  portion  uf  meal 
or  other  farinaceous  ioihstance  b"»it.''d. 

WATER-H.AlR'GRXSS,  n.  A  species  of  gra»s,  the 
Aira  aquattca.  Cec 

WATER-IIAM'MER,  a.  A  column  of  water  "in  a 
vacuum,  which  nut  t>eing  Kuuported  as  in  the  air, 
falls  against  the  end  nf  the  vessH  with  a  peculiar 
noise.  It  may  be  formed  by  corking  a  vt^ssel  of 
water  while  it  is  boiline.  The  vapor  condensing  as 
it  cools,  a  \'acuum  is  formed. 

WATER-HEMP-AG'RI-MO-XY,  M.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Bidens.  Lee. 

WATER-HEX,  a.  [water  and  *««.]  A  w at. -r  fowl 
oY  the  genus  Galltnula  of  Latham,  closely  allied  to 
the  Rails,  and  named  from  its  quaint  resemblance  to 

,  U>e  common  domestic  fowl ;  also  caUed  GALLir^rtE. 
Several  species  of  this  genus,  and  also  the  Soree,  or 
common  Rail  of  America,  are  called  GAia.i:«t.'i.E9  or 
W*ter-!1e!«9.  Js^uttalL 

WATER-HOG,  a.  [water  and  hog.]  A  quadniped 
of  S^uitli  Anitnca,  the  Hydrocha'nis  rainbara,  a  ro- 
dent mammal,  inhabiting  the  shores  of  the  ctezA  riv- 
ers of  South  America.  Its  length  is  about  three  feeU 
Naturalisu  consider  it  as  nearly  allied  to  tJie  cjbaya 
or  gyinea-pifr. 

WATER-LASH-ED,  (laaht,)  a.  Lashed  by  the 
water. 

WATER-LAU'REL,a.    [water  and  laurel.]    A  plant. 

WATER-LeAF,  n.  [rcatrr  and  Im/.]  An  American 
plant  of  the  genus  Ilydrophyllum.  Lee. 

WaTER-LESS,  o.    Destitute  of  water.  Tooke. 


WA'TER-LEV'EL,  o.  [water  and  level.]  The  level 
ftfrm^d  bv  the  surface  of  stilt  water. 

WA'TER-i-.lL'Y,  It.  [wafer  and  lilp.]  The  commfm 
liame  uf  the  aquatic  plants  of  the  genera  Nymphofa 
and  Xuphur,  distinguished  for  their  beautiful  flow- 
ers and  large,  floating  leaves.  P.  Cye. 

WATER-LIXE,  n.  [wtter  and  line.]  A  horizontal 
Itiie  supposed  to  be  drawn  about  a  ship^s  Ixttom,  ut 
the  surface  of  the  water.  This  is  higher  or  lower, 
according  to  the  depth  of  water  necessary  to  float 
her.  Mar.  Diet*     Ci/c. 

WA'TER-LOG-G£D,  a.  [water  and  log.]  Lying 
like  a  log  on  the  water.  A  ship  is  said  to  bo  watcr- 
lo/t^ed^  when,  by  leaking  and  receiving  a  great  quan- 
tity nf  water  into  her  hold,  she  has  hecunie  so  heavy 
as  not  to  be  manageable  by  the  helm,  and  to  be  at 
the  mercy  of  the  waves.  Brande. 

WA'TER-MAX,  a.  [water  and  man.]  A  boatman  ;  a 
(erryman  ;  a  man  who  manages  water-craft.    Gay 

WATER-MXRK,  a.  [water  and  mark.]  The  mark 
or  limit  of  the  rise  of  a  rtix>d.  Drudrn. 

WA'TER-MEL'OX,  N.  [wairr  and  mtlon,]  A  plant 
aiid  its  fruit,  of  the  genus  Cucurhita  or  Cucumis, 
(C.  citrultus.)  This  plant  requires  a  warm  climate 
to  bring  it  to  perfection.  It  also  requires  a  dry, 
sandy,  warm  soil,  and  will  not  gmw  well  in  any 
other.  The  fruit  abounds  with  a  sweetish  liquor  re- 
semliling  water  in  color,  and  the  jiulp  is  remarkably 
rich  and  delicious. 

WA'TEU-AHLL,  n,  [water  and  mill]  A  mill  whose 
liiachinery  is  moved  by  water,  and  thus  distinguished 
from  a  wind-mill. 

WA'TER-MIXT.     See  Water-Calamint. 

WA'TEK-XEUT,  a.  [?ca/pr  and  newt.]  An  animal 
oV  the  lizard  tribe,  (Lacurta  aqualica  of  LinniBUS.) 

VV4TER-0R'DE-AL,  a-  [waterwud  ordeal.]  A  ju- 
dicial trial  of  persons  accused  of  crimes,  by  means 
of  water  :  formerly  in  use  among  illiterate  and  super- 
stitious nations. 

WATER-OL''S£L.  a-  [(cafer  and  oustU]  A  bird  al- 
lied to  the  ihru>lies,  tlie  Cinctus  aquaticus,  found  in 
Eurui>e  and  parts  uf  Asia.  It  frequents  streams  of 
water.  P.  Cyc 

The  watcrKWsel  is  the  turdus  cinctus  of  Latham. 
Ed.  Eneye, 

WATER-PXR?*'XEP,  n.  [toater  and  par:snep.]  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Sium.  Lre. 

WA'TER-PLAXT,  «.  A  plant  that  grows  in  water  ; 
an  aquatic  plant. 

WA'TER-PO'A,  «.  A  valuable  species  of  grass,  the 
i\ta  aquaticn,  which  is  cultivated  in  England  for  fod- 
der. Loudoiu 

WATER-POISE,  II.  [water  and  poijfe.]  A  hydrom- 
eter, or  instrument  for  ascertaining  the  specific  grav- 
ity of  different  liquids.  Francis. 

WATER-POT,  n.  [water  and  poL]  A  vessel  for 
holding  or  conveying  water,  or  fiH-  sprinkling  water 
on  tl  th  in  hiearhing,  or  ou  plants,  &,c. 

WATER-PROOF,  a.  [water  and  proof.]  Impervious 
to  water ;  so  firm  and  com|tact  as  not  to  admit  wa- 
ter ;  as,  ica/er-pron/ cloth,  leather,  or  felt. 

WATER-R.\D'ISH,  «.     [water  and  radish.] 

*  A  species  of  Si^iymhriuni.  Lee. 

WATER-RAIL,  a.  [waUr  and  rail.]  A  wading  bird 
of  the  genus  Ratliis. 

WA'TER-RAM,  a.  A  machine  by  which  water  is 
raised  much  above  its  level  by  the  momentum  of  a 
laruer  stream  than  the  one  which  is  raised.    Francis. 

WATER-RAT,  a.  [water  and  rat.l  An  animal  of 
tiie  genus  .Arvicola  (Mus,  Linn.,)  which  lives  iu  the 
banks  of  streams  or  lakes. 

WATER-R0CK-£D,  (rokt,)  a.  Rocked  by  the 
waves. 

WA'TER-ROCK'ET,  n.    [water  and  rockeL^    A  spe- 
cies of  Sisymbrium.  Johnson. 
2.  A  kind  of  firework  tol>edischarged  in  the  water. 

WATER-ROT,  r.  t.  [itmter  and  rut.]  To  rot  by 
sleeping  in  water;  as,  to  water-rot  hemp  or  flai. 

WATER-UOT-TED,  pp.  Rotted  by  being  steeped  in 
water. 

WATER-ROT-TIXG,  ppr.     Rotting  in  water. 

WATER-SaIL,  n.  [water  and  sail.]  A  small  sail 
lised  under  a  studding  sail  or  driver  boom. 

Mar.  Diet. 

WATER-SAP'PHIRE,(-sarfIreor-sarfer,)  n.  lolite, 
a  kind  nf  blue  precious  stone. 

WA'TER-SeOR'PI-OX,  n.     [water  and  srorpion.] 
"a  name  given  to  aquatic,  hemipterous  insects  of 
the  family   Xepidff  (genus  Nepa,  Linn.)  from  their 
fore  leg-i  being  somewhat  similar  to  those  of  the  scor- 
pion.    They  feed  on  other  aquatic  insects. 

Partington. 

WATER-SHED,  «.  A  mnge  of  high  land  that  casts 
tlie  wat'rr  in  drff,;rent  directions.  Rnbinsoiu 

WA'TF-R-SnOOT,  n.  [water  and  skooU]  A  sprig  or 
eliftot  from  the  root  or  slock  of  a  tree.     [Local.] 

WATER-SXAKE,  «.  [water  and  snake.]  A  snake 
tliat  frequents  the  water. 

WA'TER-SoAK,c.(,  [water  and  soak.]  ToBoakorfill 
the  interstices  with  water. 

WA  TER-POAK-£D,  (-sokt,)  pp.  or  a.  Soaked,  or 
liaving  its  interstices  filled  with  water;  as^  water- 
soaked  wood  ;  a  wnter-soaked  hat. 

WATER-SOL'DIER,  (sol'jer,)  n.    An  aquatic  plant 


of  the  genus  Stratiotes,  with  long,  fword-like  leaves, 
and  flowers  resembling  plumes  of  white  feathers. 

Ijoudon. 

WATER-SPAN'IEL,  (-span'yel,)  n.  [water  and 
trpaniel.]     A  dog  so  called.  Sidney. 

WA'TER-SPOUT,  n.  A  remarkable  natural  phenom- 
enon usually  observed  over  the  sea,  but  sometimes 
over  the  land.  It  usually  consists  of  a  dense,  black 
cloud,  depending  from  the  sky  in  a  conical  furm  to- 
ward tlie  earth.  Sometimes  it  unites  with  a  corre- 
sponding portion  ascending  from  below,  thus  forming 
a  continuous  column  from  the  surface  of  the  earth  to 
the  cloud.  It  often  discharges  great  quantifies  of 
water,  whence  its  name.  Olmsted. 

WA'TER-STAND'IXG,  a.  Wet  with  water;  as, 
a  wot er -Stan din ir  eye.  Cyc.     Shak. 

WA'TER-TA'BI.E,  n.  [water  and  table.]  In  ar- 
chitecture, a  strong,  coarse  molding,  or  other  projec- 
tion, in  the  wall  of  a  building,  to  throw  off  the  water. 

Buohanan. 

WA'TER-TATH,  v.  In  England,  a  species  of  coarse 
grass  growing  in  wet  grounds,  and  supposed  to  be 
injurious  to  sheep.  Cye. 

WA'']'ER-THEll-MOM'E-TER,  n.  An  instrument 
t'or  ascertaining  the  precise  degree  of  cold  at  which 
water  attains  its  maximum  density.  I'his  is  about 
40'  of  Fahrenheit ;  and  from  that  point  down  to  33", 
or  the  freezing  jKiint,  it  ex|)ands.  Water  thus  forms 
a  remarkable  exception  to  the  general  law  of  expan- 
sion by  heat  and  contraction  by  cold.  Olmsted. 

WA'TER-TIGHT,  (-tUe,)a.  [water  nnd  ti^kt.]  So 
tiglit  as  to  n-lain  or  not  to  admit  water.     tVhewrll. 

WA'TER-TKE'FOIL,  n.  A  j)laut,  Menyantlies  tri- 
fuiiata. 

WA'TER-VI'O-LET,  n.  [icater  and  violet.]  An 
aquatic  plant  of  the  genus  llottonia.    Miller.     Lee. 

WATER-WAY,  n.  [water  and  way,]  In  a  ship's 
deekj  a  piece  of  limber,  forming  a  channel  for  con- 
ducting water  to  the  scuppers. 

WA'TER-WHEEL,  n.     [water  and  wheel.]     A  wheel 
moved  by  water. 
2.  An  engine  for  raising  water  in  large  quantities. 

WA'TER-WIL'LOW,  n.  [waUr  and  wdlow.]  A 
plant.  Ainsworth. 

WA'TER-WINGS,  n.  pi.  Walts  erected  on  the  hanks 
of  rivers,  next  to  bridges,  to  secure  iJie  foundation 
frtmi  the  action  of  the  current.  Francis. 

WA'TKK-WITH,  n.     [water  and  with.]     A  plant 

Derham. 

WATER-WORK,  (-wurk,)  n.  [water  and  work.] 
Water-works  are  hydraulic  mncnines  or  engines, 
particularly  such  as  form  artificial  fountains,  spouts, 
and  the  like. 

WA'TER-WORX,  a.     Worn  by  the  force  of  water. 

WATER-WORT,  n.  An  aquatic  plant  of  the  genus 
Elatine.  Lee. 

W^'TER,  (wau'ter,)  r.  (.  To  irrigate;  to  overflow 
with  water,  or  to  wet  with  water  ;  as,  to  water  land. 
Showers  water  tho  earth. 

2.  To  supply  with  water.  The  hilly  lands  of  New 
England  are  remarkably  well  watered  with  rivers  and 
riviiU'ts. 

.1.  To  supply  with  water  for  drink;  as,  to  water 
cattle  and  horses. 

4.  To  diversify  ;  to  wet  and  calender;  to  give  a 
wavy  appearance  to  ;  as,  to  water  silk. 

WA'TER,  (wau'ter,)  v.  i.  To  shed  water  or  liquid 
matter.     His  eyes  began  to  water. 

2.  To  get  or  take  in  water.  The  ship  put  into  port 
to  ir liter. 

The  mouth  renters  ;  a  phrase  denoting  that  a  person 
has  a  longing  desire. 

WATER-AGE,  n.  Money  paid  for  transportation  by 
water. 

WA'TER-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Overspread  or  sprinkled  with 
water;  made  wet;  supplied  with  water;  made  lus- 
trous by  being  wet  and  calendered. 

WA'TER-ER,  n.     One  who  waters.  Carew. 

WA'TER-1-XESS,  n.  [from  watery.]  Moisture  ;  hu- 
midity ;  a  state  of  abounding  with  water.  Jirbnthnot. 

WA'TER-IXG,  ppr.  Overflowing;  sprinkling ()r  wet- 
ting with  water;  supplying  with  water;  giving  wa- 
ter for  drink  ;  giving  a  wavy  appearance  to. 

WATER-ING,  Tu    The  act  of  overflowing  or  sprink- 
ling with  water  ;  the  act  of  supplying  with  water  for 
drink  or  other  purposes  ;  the  act  of  wetting  and  atl- 
endering  for  giving  luster  to,  as  cloth. 
2.  The  place  where  water  Is  supplied. 

WATER-LVG-PLACE,  n.  A  place  where  water  may 
be  obtained,  as  for  a  ship,  for  cattle,  Ace. 

2.  A  place  to  which  people  resort  for  mineral  wa- 
ter, or  for  the  use  of  water  in  some  way  or  othr-r. 

WATER-IXG-TROUGH,  (-trauf,)  n.  A  trough  in 
which  cattle  and  horses  drink. 

WATER-ISH,    o.      Resembling   water;    thin,  as  a 

liquor.  Dryden, 

2.  Moist;  somewhat  watery ;  as,  waterish  Uind. 

Hale. 

WATER-ISH-NESS,  b.  Thinness,  as  of  a  liquor  ;  re- 
semblance to  water. 

WaJ£ri»hnett,  which  it  like  the  Mruaity  of  our  blood.    Floytr, 

WATER-LESS,  a.     Destitute  of  water.      Mitford. 
WATER-MEAS'l[RE,  (-mezh'ur,)  n.      A  measure 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT METE,  PR£Y.— PINE,  MARKXE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

12^ 


WAV 

for  articles   brought   by  water,  aa  coals,  oysters,  &,c. 
This  bushel  is  Iarj:er  than  the  VVinchesler  measure. 
\VA'TER-Y,  a.     Resembling  water  ;  thin  or  transpa- 
rent j  as  a  liquid  ;  ns,  isatery  humors. 

The  wily  aDd  vxiUry  part*  of  the  element.  Arhulhnot. 

9.  Tasteless  ;  insipid ;  vapid  j  spiritless  ;  as,  wa- 
tery turnips.  Philips. 

3.  Wet ;  abounding  with  water  j  as,  vDotery  land  \ 
toatrry  eyes.  Prior. 

4.  Tertaining  to  water;  as,  the  watery  god. 

Dryden. 

5.  Consisting  of  water ;  as,  a  rcatery  desert. 

MUtotu 
VVAT'TLE,  (wot'tl,)  n.      [Sax.  leatel,  a  twig ;   allied 
perhaps  to  withe,  I*  vitis,  that  is,  a  shoot.] 

1.  Properly^  a  twig  or  ttcxible  rod  ;  and  hence,  a 
hurdle  made  of  such  rods. 

3.  The  fleshy  excrescence  that  grows  under  the 
throat  of  a  cock  or  turkey,  or  a  like  substince  on  a 
fi'ih.  Cijc.      fValton. 

3.  A  rod  laid  on  a  roof  to  support  the  thatch. 
VVAT'TLE,  p.  L    To  bind  with  twigs. 

2.  To  twist  or  interweave  twigs  one  with  anoth- 
er ;  to  plat ;  to  form  a  kind  of  net-work  with  flexible 
bnmches  ;  as,  to  wattle  a  hedge.  Mortimer. 

WAT'TLED,  pp.     Bound  or  interwoven  with  twigs. 

\VAT'TLI.\G,  ppr.     Interweaving  witli  twigs. 

WAUL,  V.  L     To  cry  as  a  cat. 

WAUL'ING,  ppr.     Crying  as  a  cat 

Wa  VE,  n.  [Sax.  wcj,  a'ajT)  3  wave,  a  way  ;  both  the 
sntne  word,  and  tx>th  coinciding  with  the  root  of 
wag,  wagon,  vacillate,  weigk,  &.c.  The  sense  is,  ago- 
ing, a  moving,  appropriately  a  moving  one  way  and 
the  other  ;  G.  woge  ,*  Sw.  vag ;  Ir.  buaice  "* 

1.  A  moving  swell  or  volume  of  water;  vsualhfy 
a  swell  raised  and  driven  by  wind.  A  pebble  tlirown 
into  still  water  produces  waves,  which  form  concen- 
tric circles,  receding  from  the  point  where  tlie  pebble 
fell.  But  traves  are  geneniUy  rai>ied  and  driven  by 
wind,  and  the  word  comprehends  any  moving  swell 
on  the  surface  of  water,  from  the  smallest  ripple  to 
the  billows  of  a  tempest. 

The  loaoe  behitid  impel*  the  wave  before.  Pope. 

2.  tJnevenncss;  inequality  of  surface.    J^ewton, 

3.  The  line  or  streak  of  luster  on  cluth  watered  and 
calendered. 

WAVE,  r.  L  [Sax.  wajian;  probably  a  corrupt  or- 
thography.] 

1.  To  play  loosely  ;  to  move  like  a  wave,  one  way 
and  the  other  ;  to  float ;  to  undulate. 

IHi  purple  rob-«  teaved  careless  to  the  winds,  TVumAuH. 

2.  To  be  moved,  as  a  signal.  B.  Jonson, 

3.  To  fluctuate ;  to  waver ;  to  be  in  an  unsettled 
stale.     [Obs.] 

WAVE,  r.  (.  [See  Water.]  To  raise  into  inequali- 
ties of  surface.  Shak. 

2.  To  move  one  way  and  the  other  ;  to  brandish  ; 
as,  to  wave  the  hand  ;  to  wave  a  sword. 

Milton.     Drtjden. 

3.  To  waft ;  to  remove  any  thing  floating. 

Brown. 
A.  To  beckon  ;  to  direct  by  a  waft  or  waving  mo- 
tion. Skak. 
WAVE,  r.  (.    [Norm,  weyvrr,  to  wave  or  waive;  waif- 
««,  waived  ;  wrfs,  weiff,  waifs.] 

1.  To  put  oflT;  to  ca-st  off";  to  cast  away  ;  to  reject ; 
as,  to  wave  goods  itfilen  ;  usually  written  Waiv£. 

2.  To  quit ;  to  depart  from. 

He  reiolved  not  to  wave  hU  wny.  Wolton. 

3.  To  put  ttfT;  to  put  aside  for  the  present,  or  to 
omit  to  pursue  ;  as,  to  wave  a  motion.  lie  otfered  to 
ware  the  subject. 

[  This  is  the  umial  sense."^ 

4.  To  relinquish,  as  a  right,  claim,  or  privilege. 
rCeneTBlIy  written  Waive.] 

WA  V'£D,  pp.  Moved  one  way  and  the  other  ;  bran- 
di5«hed. 

2.  Put  off*;  omitted. 

3.  a.  In  heraldry,  indented. 

4.  Variegated  in  luster  ;  as,  warrd  silk. 

5.  In  natural  histiiry,  having  on  the  margin  a  suc- 
cession of  arched  segnients  or  incisions.     IfumMp. 

WAVE'LESS,  a.      Free  from  waves;   undisturbed; 

unagit.ited  ;  as,  the  warelets  sea. 
WAVE'-LTKE,  <i.     Resembling  a  wave  ;  undulating. 
WA'VEL-LITE,  n,     [from  fVavel,  the  discov^  rer.] 
A    phosphate   of   alumina,    occurring   usually   in 

hemispherical  concretions,  consisting  of  tine,  radiated 

fibers;  and  rarely  in  distinct  crystals  secondaries  to 

a  rhombic  prism.  Dana. 

WAVE'-I.OAP,  n.      [wave  and   loo/.]      A  h.af  for  a 

wave-ofl't-rinff. 
WAVE'-OF'FER-l\G,  n.      An    offering   made   with 

waving    toward    the  fi.mr  cardinal  jKiiniB.     A'u/n. 

xviii. 
WA'VER,   V.  i.      [Sax.   wafian;    Dan.    itviever,   from 

vtrrrr,  to  weave,  that  is,  to  nmve  one  way  and  the 

olherj 

1.  To  play  or  move  to  and  fro  ;  to  move  one  way 
and  the  other.  Boyle. 

2.  To  fluctuate;   to  be  unsettled   in  opinion;  to 


WAY 

vacillate  ;  to  be  undetermined  ;  as,  to  waver  in  opin- 
ion ;  to  waver  in  faith. 

Ijel  m  hold  fast  the  pruffMion  of  our  faith  vithout  aaotrinr,  — 
Heb,  X. 

3.  To  totter;  to  reel ;  to  be  in  danger  of  falling. 

Holy  day. 
WA'VER,  71.    A  name  given  to  a  sapling  or  young 

timber-tree  in  England.     \Local.] 
Wa'VBR-ER,  n.     One  wlio  wavers  ;  one  who  is  un- 
settled in  doctrine,  faith,  or  opinion. 
WA'VER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.     Fluctuating;    being    in 

doubt;  undetermined. 
WA'VER  ING-LY,  adv.     In  a  fluctuating,  doubtful 

manner, 
WA'VER-ING-NESS,  n.     State  or  quality  of  being 

wavering.  Mountague. 

VVaVE'SON,  t?.    a  name  given  to  goods  which,  after 

shipwreck,  appear  floating  on  the"  sea.         Buuvier. 
WaVE'-SUB-JECT'ED,  a.    Subject  to  be  overflowed. 

Oold,smith, 
WAVE'-WORN,  a.    {wave  and  worn.]    Worn  by  the 

waves. 

The  ihore  that  o*er  hia  wawwom  bAsia  bowed,  Sha3c. 

WAVING,  ppr.  or  a.    Moving  as  a  wave  ;  playing  to 

and  fro;  brandishing. 
WAV'IJRE,  n.    The  act  of  waving  or  putting  off'. 

R.  Peel. 
WA^VY,   a.       [from   wave.]       Rising  or  swelling  in 

waves  ;  full  of  waves  ;  as,  the  wavy  sea.     Chapman. 

2.  Playing  to  and  fro  ;  undulating. 

I*et  hor  glad  viilleys  Biiiile  with  wairy  com.  Prior. 

3.  LFndulating  on  the  border  or  on  the  surface  ;  a 
botanical  use. 

WAWES  or  WAES,  (wawz,)  for  Waves.    [J^otin 

ii^e.] 
WAa,  7F.     [Sax.  w«z,  WftT  ,•  G.  wachs  ;  D.  wasch;  Sw. 

vox  ;  Rtiss.  vaksa  ;  L.  vitcits,  vLscitm.] 

1.  A  thick,  viscid,  tenacious  substance,  excreted 
by  bees  from  their  bodies,  and  employed  in  the  con- 
struction of  their  cells;  usually  called  Bees' Wax. 
Its  native  color  is  yellow,  but  it  is  bleached  for  can- 
dles, &c. 

2.  A  thick,  tenacious  substance  excreted  in  the 
oar. 

3.  A  substance  secreted  by  certain  plants,  forming 
a  silvery  powder  on  the  leaves  and  fruit,  as  in  the 
wax-palm  and  wax-myrtle.  Cyc. 

4.  A  substance  used  in  sealing  letters  ;  called  Seal- 
irTG-WAX  or  Spamish-Wax.  This  is  a  composition 
of  lac  and  resin,  colored  with  some  pigment.  Cyc. 

5.  A  thick  substance  used  by  shoemakers  for  rub- 
bing their  thread. 

H'ax,  mineral.     See  Ozocehite. 

WAX,  V.  t.  To  smear  or  rub  with  wax  ;  as,  to  wax  a 
thread  or  a  table. 

WAX,  V.  i. ;  pret.  Waxed  ;  pp.  Waxed  or  WAXEr». 
[trax.  wcaxan;  G.  wacftsen ;  Sw.  vaxa;  allied  proba- 
bly t()  L.  augeq,  aazi,  Gr.  acfu,  and  av^ro.] 

i.  To  increase  in  size  ;  to  grow  ;  to  become  larger  ; 
as,  the  wazing  and  the  waning  moon.        IlakewUU 

2.  To  pass  from  one  state  to  anotlier  ;  to  become  ; 
as,  to  war-  strong  ;  to  wax  warm  or  cold  ;  to  wax  fee- 
ble ;  (o  wax  hot ;  to  wax  old  ;  to  wax  worse  and 
worse.  Scripture 

WAX'-CAN-DLE,  n.     [wax  and  candle.] 
A  candle  made  of  wax. 

WAX'-CHAND-LER,  w,  [wax  and  chandler.]  A 
maker  of  wax-candles. 

WAX'£D,  (waksi,)  pp.  Smeared  or  rubbed  with 
wax. 

WAX'£N,  a.     Made  of  wax  ;  as,  waxen  cells. 

J\fi!to  '1. 
2.  Resembling  wax.  Kd.  Encye. 

WAX'-EN'l),        ;  n.     A  thread  pointed  with  a  bristle 

W.AX'/^O-END,  i  and  covered  with  shoemaker's 
wax;  used  in  sewing  shoes.  Brockets. 

WAX'IN'G,  ppr.  Growing;  increasing;  becoming; 
smearinc  with  wax. 

WAX'-MOTH.  71.    The  ?»ee-moth,  which  see. 

WAX'-MVR-TLE,  n.  The  Myricacerifern,  a  shrub  of 
Nurih  America  -.  also  called  (^andleberbv-Tbee  and 
Bavherrv,  the  berries  of  which  are  covered  with  a 
greenish  wax,  called  myrtle-wax  or  baybcrry  tallow. 

Bigelow. 

WAX'-PAI.M,  (-p;im,)  ».  A  species  of  palm,  the 
Ceroxylon  andicola,  a  native  of  the  Andes,  the  stem 
of  which  is  covered  with  a  secretitm,  consisting  of 
two  thirds  resin  and  one  third  wax, 

BoTtpland.     Vavqiirlin. 

WAX' WING,  n.  A  bird  of  the  genus  Bonibycilla, 
abciut  six  or  eight  inches  long.  There  are  several 
beautiful  species  so  named,  bixatise  most  of  them 
have  small,  oval,  horny  appendages  on  the  seconda- 
ries of  the  wings,  uf  the  culur  of  red  seating  wax. 
P.  Ctjc.     Jardine, 

WAX'-WORK,  (-wurk,)  n.  Figures  formed  of  wax, 
in  imitation  of  real  beings. 

WAX'Y,  a.  Soft  like  wax  ;  resembling  wax  ;  viscid  ; 
adhesive. 

WAY,  n.  [Sax.  w<sg,  weg;  G.  and  D.  wfg:  Dan.  vej ; 
Sw.  rag  :  I,,  and  It.  via  ;  Fr.  vote  ;  coinciding  m  ori- 
gin with  wag,  weigh,  wagon,  cogue,  Alc] 


WAY 

1.  Literally,  a  passing  ;  hence,  a  passage  ;  the  plac» 
of  passing ;  hence,  a  road  of  any  kind  ;  a  highway  , 
a  private  road  ;  a  lane  ;  a  street ;  any  place  for  the 
passing  of  men,  cattle,  or  other  animals;  a  word  q/ 
very  comprehensive  sign^cation. 

2.  Length  of  space  ;  as,  a  great  way ;  a  little  way. 

3.  Course  ;  direction  of  motion  or  travel.  What 
way  did  he  take .'  Which  way  shall  I  go  ?  Keep  in 
the  way  of  truth  and  knowledge. 

Murk  wti»l  way  I  make.  ShaJc. 

4.  Passage ;  room  for  passing.  Make  way  for  the 
jury. 

5.  Course  or  regular  course. 

AqiI  let  eternal  Jiiatice  talce  the  way.  Dryden. 

6.  Tendj^ncy  to  any  meaning  or  act. 

Thire  is  rwUiin'  in  t)ie  word*  that  aouiida  that  toay.    AtUrbury. 

7.  Sphere  of  observation. 

The  general  offlccni  and  the  public  mmi«ci»  that  fell  In  mj  way. 

8.  Manner  of  doing  any  thing  ;  method;  means  of 
doing.  Seek  the  best  way  of  learning,  and  pursue  it. 

By  no!)le  inayt  we  conqm-w*  will  prepare.  Dryden. 

9.  Method  ;  scheme  of  management. 

Wh.1t  impioiia  toaya  my  wishft  took.  Prior. 

10.  Manner  of  thinking  or  behavior;  particular 
turn  of  opinion  ;  determination  or  humor.  Let  him 
have  his  way,  when  that  will  not  injure  him,  or  any 
other  person.  But  multitudes  of  children  are  ruined 
by  being  permitted  to  have  their  way. 

11.  Manner;  mode.  In  no  way  dtws  this  matter 
belong  to  me.  We  admire  a  person's  way  of  express- 
ing his  ideas. 

12.  Method ;  manner  of  practice.  Find,  if  you 
can,  the  easiest  way  to  live. 

H.ivjiig  lost  the  tony  of  nobleness.  Sidney. 

13.  Method  or  plan  of  life  and  conduct.  Instruct 
your  children  in  the  right  way. 

Her  wnyg  are  wayt  of  pleaaaiiCn<;u,  and  aU  bcr  path*  are  pence. 

Prow.  iii. 
All  flfdh  had  corrupted  hb  wny.  —  Gen.  vi. 

14.  Course  ;  process  of  things,  good  or  bad.  Things 
are  in  a  prosperous  way. 

15.  Right  method  to  act  or  know. 

We  are  quite  out  of  the  we^.  Locke, 

16.  General  scheme  of  acting. 

Men  who  gfo  oni  of  thff  way  to  hint  tree  ihliipi,  mu«  be  g:'ii1ty  at 
abfunlity  or  niili-ncsa.  C7aru«a. 

17  Sect ;  denomination  of  a  particular  faith,  creed, 
or  worship,    ^cts  xix.  23. 

Id.  fVay  !  among  seamen,  progress  ;  as,  a  ship  has 
way. 

19.  Way.*,  pi. ;  the  timbers  on  which  a  ship  is 
launched. 

To  make  way;  to  gi»e  room  for  passing ;  or  to  make 
a  vacancy 

To  give  way ;  to  recede ;  to  make  room  ;  or  to 
yield  ;  to  concede  the  place  or  opinion  to  another. 

To  make  one^s  way  ;  to  advance  in  life  by  efibrts  ;  to 
advanre  successfully. 

By  the  way  ;  en  passant ;  as  we  proceed  ;  a  plinose 
introducing  something  in  discourse  not  immediately 
connected  with  the  subject. 

T'a  go  one^s  way,  or  to  came  one'e  way;  to  go  or  come 
along.  Shak, 

To  go  the  way  of  all  the  earth ;  to  die. 

//( the  way  ;  a  phrase  noting  obstruction.  What  is 
there  m  tiic  way  of  your  success? 

In  Scripture,  the  ways  of  God  are  his  providential 
government  or  his  works.     Rom.  xi.    Job  xl. 

irai/ and  ways  are  used  in  certain  phrases  in  the 
sense  of  wise.  He  is  no  ways  a  match  for  his  antag- 
onist. 

'Tis  no  may  the  Interest  e»en  of  the  piU'elhood,  Pope. 

To  be  under  way ;  in  seamen's  language,  to  be  in 
motion,  as  when  a  ship  begins  to  move.  So  a  siiip 
is  said  to  have  headway,  when  she  moves  forward  in 
her  course,  and  stcrnway,  when  she  is  driven  ast«rn. 
She  is  said  also  to  gather  way,  or  to  lose  way.  Lee- 
way is  a  movement  of  a  ship  aside  of  her  course,  or 
to  the  leeward. 

Milky  way;  in  astronorny,  the  galaxy  ;  a  broad,  lu- 
minous belt  or  space  in  the  lieavens  supposed  to  be 
occasioned  by  the  blended  liglit  of  an  immense  num- 
ber of  stars. 

Covert  way ;  in  fortification,  a  passage  covered  frora 
the  enemy's  fire. 

Ways  and  means;  in  legislation,  means  for  raising 
money  ;  resources  for  revenue. 

JVay-going  crop,  amtmg  farmers,  is  the  crop  which 
is  taken  from  the  ground  the  year  the  tenant  leaves 
the  farm.  England.     Cyc. 

WAY'-nAG'GAGE.  n.    The  baggage  or  luggage  of  a 

way-passenger  on  a  railroad,  &.c. 
WAY'-UILL,  n,     A  list  of  passengers  in  a  public  ve- 
hicle. United  States. 
WAY'-RREAD,  (bred  )n,    A  name  given  to  the  herb 

plantain,  (Plantago  major.)  Loudon. 

WAYTAR-ER,  n.     [way  and  fare.  Sax.  faran,  to  go.] 

A  traveler  ;  a  passenger.  Carew. 


TONE,  BI;LL,  ignite.  — AN"GER,  V1"CI0US €  as  K;  C  as  J  ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SII ;  Til  as  in  THIS. 


1253 


WEA 

WAV'FAR-ING,  d.  [Supra.]  Traveling;  passing; 
beine  on  a  journev.    Judges/  xix. 

\VAY'FAR-L\0-T&EE,  n.  A  shrub,  a  species  of  Vi- 
burnum. C»/t". 

WAYLAID,  p;».  Watched  in  the  wuy.  [See  U'at- 
lat.} 

WAY'LAY,  r.  L  [way  and  lay.]  To  watch  insid- 
iously in  the  way,  with  a  view  lo  seize,  roh,  or  slay  ; 
to  b^t  in  ambush;  as,  to  vaytajf  n  tmvclor. 

Milton.     Drydem. 
Itm  tJkw  word  thert  is  little  difftrtnee  of  accent  A 

WAY'LAY-ER,  n.  One  who  wnila  for  anoiher  in 
ambush,  with  a  view  to  scire,  rob,  or  slay  him. 

WAY'-LkAVE,  «.  A  provincial  t«rm  fur  Uie  ground 
pnrchasi'd  for  a  wagon -way  between  coal-pits  and  a 
river.     [Local.]  Ctfc 

W^AY'LESS,  a.  Having  no  road  or  path;  pathless  ; 
imckleiis.  Drtttftom, 

WAY'-MAK-EB,  m.  One  who  makes  a  way  ;  a  pre- 
ciirwr.  Bacan, 

WAY'-.MXRK,  n.  [vwy  and  wuu*.}  A  mark  tu  guide 
in  travelini{.    Jer,  xxxi. 

WAY'MENT,  c.  i.    [Sax.  im,  woe.) 

To  lament     [J^'ot  in  ust.]  Spfnsrr. 

WAY'-PANE,  n.  A  slip  loft  for  cartage  in  watered 
land.     [Local.]  Cyr. 

WAY'-PXs'SE\-CER,  «.  A  pa?:?en{ter  on  a  rrtilnmd 
or  in  a  stage-coacb,  taken  up  at  ciouie  inlermedtate 
place  between  the  principal  stopping-places. 

WAY'-THIS-TLE,  (this-l,)  n.  A  Uoubiesome  plant 
or  perennial  weed.  Cffc. 

WAY' WARD,  a.  [«Miy  and  tosrcL]  Proward ;  i*eev- 
ish;  perverse  ;  liking  hia  own  way. 

H'ayward  bmiAjr  dtxh  noc  i^ncj  mor?.  FYur/ax. 

WAY'-WJVRD-£N,  n.   In  local  njojre,  the  surveyor  of 

a  road. 
WiY'WARI>-LV,  ade,    Frowaidly  j  perversely. 

Sidmtff. 
WAY'W.\RD-XESS,  m.    FrDwardness;  pcrvenfeneaa. 

H'otton. 
WAY^\7S-ER,  a.    An  instniment  for  measuring  tlie 
dbUnce  which  one  has  traveled  on  the  road  ;  called 

abO  PlKAMDULATOB,  and  PoUuHKTKK  Or  p£DOMa- 

Tia-  Csfc 

WAY'WODE,  /  It.     [Slav.  vofnSy  war,  and  rorftt,  to 

WAI'WODE,  i     lead.] 

A  name  originally  given  to  military  cnmmnnders 
in  TmrkMis  Slarooie  coanlrivs,  and  afterward  to  gov- 
ernors of  towns  or  pforinces.  It  was  aaauroed  for  a 
tine  by  Um  rulers  of  Moldavia  and  Wallacbia,  who 
are  now  called  Hosroo*a-<,  and  has  aUo  been  eiven 
to  «oroe  inferiiv  Turkish  odicers.  P.  Cgre. 

WAY'WODE-SIIIP,  %.  The  produce  or  jurisdiction 
of  a  wavwode.  Eton. 

WAY'W6b,\,  «.    Wearied  by  traveling. 

Wft,|rra«. ,-  ^  of  I ;  or  rather  a  different  word,  denot- 
ing tiK  person  speaking  and  anutber  or  others  with 
bim.  /  and  Jok»  the  speaker  calls  wc,  or  /  and  Joka 
and  TlhMMJ ;  or  /  and  many  others.   In  tJte  objective 


"Si' 


tt  is  used  lo  express  men  in  gcnenl,  including 
tbe^teaker. 

rive  BTCB  too  oA,  funflkr  with  ber  iM>-, 

Wt  Am  codarv,  ttant  pky,  Ura  CTsbnee.  Popt, 

WfiAK,  (week,)  a.  [Sax.  waae,  waee;  G.  wocA, 
tekwmck  t  D.  tiedb;  Dan.  r««^,  CF'*  ^w.  rat.  I'he 
primary  sense  of  the  root  is,  to  yield,  fail,  give  way, 
recede,  or  to  be  soft.] 

I.  Irving  little  physical  strength  ;  feeble.  Chil- 
dren are  born  weak ;  men  are  rendered  weak  by  dis- 
ease. 

3,  Infirm;  not  healthy;  as,  a  «edt  constitution. 

3.  Not  able  to  bear  a  great  weigitt ;  as,  a  weak 
bridge ;  wemk  timber. 

4.  Not  strong  ;  not  compact ;  easily  broken  :  as,  a 
w»ak  ^ip ,  a  wcai;  ro^ 

5.  Not  able  to  resuct  a  violent  attack ;  a^^,  a  weak 

6.  Soft  ;  pliant ;  not  stiff.  [fortn-ss. 

7.  Ijt>w  ;  small ;  feeble  ;  as,  a  west  voice. 

8.  Feeble  of  mind  ;  wanting  spirit ;  wanting  vi^ 
rf*  nnderstanding  ;  as,  a  wedk  prince  ;  a  w«ak  magis- 
trate. 

To  thbtk  rwtrf  tUnr  ^Gqmuble,  It  ft  [maf  <rf  «  wtak  mfanl  aod 
CAptiou*  trmper.  SstiTJc. 

9.  Not  much  imprecated  with  ingredients,  or  with 
things  that  excite  action,  or  with  stimulating  and 
OfmrKihing  substances;  as.  weak  bruth  ;  weak  lea; 
wtak  toddy  ;  a  weak  solution  ;  a  weak  decoction.^ 

10.  Not  politically  powerful ;  as,  a  weak  nation  or 
state. 

II.  Not  having  force  of  authority  or  energy ;  as,  a 
weak  government. 

12.  Not  having  moml  force  or  power  to  convince  ; 
not  well  supported  by  truth  or  reason  ;  as,  a  weak  ar- 
gumenL 

13.  Not  well  supported  by  argument ;  as,  weak  rea- 
soning. 

14.  Unfortified;  accessible;  impressible;  as,  the 
■eat  side  of  a  person. 

15.  Not  having  full  conviction  or  confidence ;  as, 
wtmk  in  faiih. 

16.  fFeak  UHd,  is  land  of  a  lieht,  thin  soil      Cyc 
[/Adtere  never  used  in,  AVw  England.] 


WEA 

WP.AK,  o.  (.     To  ninkf  weak.     [J^ot  uaed.] 
\VkAK,  o.  I.    To  become  weak.     [Aw(  ^^^\ 

Chanerr. 
WeAK'KX,  (week'n,)  c.  U    [Sax.  wacan^  Xo  languish, 
lo  vncillate.J 

1.  To  lessen  the  strength  of.  or  to  deprive  of 
strength  ;  to  debilitJite  ;  to  enfeeble  ;  as,  to  weaken 
the  body  ;  to  weaken  the  mind  ;  to  we*iken  the  hands 
of  the  maRistrale  ;  to  weaken  the  force  of  an  objection 
or  an  arcumt>nt. 

2.  To  reduce  in  strenplh  or  spirit ;  as,  to  weaken 
It-a  ;  to  irrakcn  any  suliittnn  or  decoctinn. 

WfeAK'i-JX-i^'D,  p;».  Debilitated;  enfeebled;  reduced 
in  strcHiith. 

Wf'.AK'/':N-RR,  n.    He  or  that  which  weakens. 

WKAK'f.'N-ING,  ppr.  Drbilitating;  enfeebling;  re- 
ducing the  strength  or  vicorof  any  thing. 

2.  a.     Iluving  llh^  quality  of  reducing  strength. 
Wf.AK'-EY-/:D,  (-id*-,)  H.     Having  we;ik  eves. 
WP.AK'-HEAI>  ED,  a.     Hnvine  a  weak  inlelUct. 
WkAK'-HEXUT-ED,  o.    Having  little  counigc  ;  dis- 
pirited. 

WkAK'I.ING.  «.     A  feeble  creature.  Shak. 

VVkAK'LY,  ojic.  Feebly  ;  with  little  physical  strength  ; 
faintly  :  not  forcibly  ;  as,  a  fortress  weakly  defended, 
a.  Witli  want  of  elficacy. 

Was  {^(gtite^  foilh  so  teeakhf  ar^nlei]  above  ?  Dryden. 

3.  With  feebleness  of  mind  or  intellect;  indis- 
creetly ;  injuriously. 

Bcnralh  iipttiuleJ  Jtistic*  iteakty  full.  Dryden. 

A.  Timorously  ;  with  little  courage  or  fortitude. 
WeAK'LY,  o.    '  Not  strong  of  constitution  ;  intirm  ; 
as,  a  weaklg  woman  ;  a  man  of  a  weakly  constitution. 

RaUirh. 
WkAK'NESS,  n.    Want  of  physical  strength  ;  want 
of  force  or  vigor;  feebleness;  as,  the  weakness  of  a 
child  ;  the  weakueji^  of  an  invalid  ;  the  weakness  of  a 
wall  or  bridge,  or  of  thread  or  cordage. 

2.  Want  of  sprightliness. 

Soft,  wiiboot  wtatn£ti ;  withoul  glaring,  gay.  Pope. 

3.  Want  of  steadiness. 

Bjr  ftKh  a  reriew,  we  aball  dbeem  and  strongthcn  our  veak- 
fiMM».  itogtrg. 

4.  Infirmity  ;  unbcalthiness  ;  as,  weakness  of  con- 
stitution. Trmjile. 

3.  Want  of  moral  force  or  efTcct  upon  the  mind  ; 
as,  the  wcoknejis  of  evidence  ;  the  weakness  of  argu- 
ments. 

G.  Want  of  judgment ;  feebleness  of  mind  ;  fool- 
ishness. 

AH  wlek«ii(u*«  U  wM^««t.  Milton. 

7.  Defect ;  failing  ;  fault ;  wUh  a  pluraL 

Mui;  Ul*t  fleaann  In  apmcliRg  atvmul  the  weaknfMes  of  an 
exaltod  cbajacter.  Speclaiar. 

WF.AK'STDB,  a.  r«M«k  and  tide.]  Foible;  defi- 
cience  ;  fniline  ;  innrmitv.  Temple, 

WF,AK'-SI(;HT-EI>,  a.     Having  weak  sight. 

WSAK'-SriR'IT-ED,  a.    Having  weak  spirits. 

W£AL,  a.  [Sax.  wela;  G.  wohl;  Dan.  vel;  from  the 
same  root  as  trW/,  Sw.  rdl ;  L.  valeo^  to  be  strunc,  to 
araily  lo  preraiL  The  primary  sense  of  weal  is 
strtrfteth,  BOimdness,  from  the  senijc  of  straining, 
stn^ching,  or  advancing.] 

1.  A  stMiud  Ktate  of  a  person  or  thing;  a  state 
which  is  prosp<-rous,  or  at  lea.st  not  unfortunate,  nut 
declining  ;  prosperity  ;  hapiiness. 

At  «'<*  loTp  lite  tMoJ  of  our  v»U  ami  boriiea.  Bacon, 

TttG  ttieal  or  woe  iu  ttiM  U  plitccl.  Milton. 

Bo  we  say,  the  public  weal,  the  general  weal^  the 
weed  of  the  nation  or  state.  B.  Trumbidl. 

2.  Republic  ;  state  ;  public  interest. 

[But  we  now  use  CoMMutwEALTH,  In  the  sense 

of  state,] 
WkAL,  n.    The  mark  of  a  striiw.    [See  Wale.] 
WEALD,  WALD,   WALT,  WOLD,  in   Saxon   and 

other  Teutonic  dialects,  sienifies  a  wood  or  forest. 

It  is  fiiund  in  names, as  in  Walt-mam,  wood-house; 

cnrruplly  pronounced  Wal-tham. 
WKALD'iriX,  0.    A  term  applied  in  England  to  cer- 
tain strata  of  the  upper  part  of  the  oblitic  series. 

Mantdl. 
WeALS'MAN,  n.     [weal  and  man.]     A  name  given 

fneerindy  to  a  ixilitician.  Shak. 

WEALTH,    (wclth,)    n.      [fVum   weal;    Sax.  weltga^ 

weij-a^  rich.] 

1.  Prosperity;  external  happiness.    [Obs.] 

2.  Riches;  large  poasessii>n3  of  money,  poods,  or 
hnd  ;  that  abundance  of  worldly  estate  which  ex- 
ceedsi  lb:  esLite  of  the  greater  part  of  the  commu- 
nity; affluence;  opulence. 

EacIi  fliT  r>'w  teraiOi  without  llipir  care  provklea.        Drydtn, 

WEALTH'-GIV-LVG,  a.    Yicldine  wealth. 

WEALTll'I-ER,  a.  comp.     Slore  wealthy.      Borrow. 

WEALTH'I-LY,  (welth'e-leo  adv.     Richly.     Sliak, 

WEALTH'I-NESS,  n.  Stale  of  being  wealthy  ;  rich- 
n  jsj". 

WEALTH'Y,  (welth'e,)  a.  Rich,  having  large  pos- 
sessions in  lands,  goods,  money,  or  securities,  or 
largerihan  the  generality  of  men  ;  opulent;  affluent. 
As  wealth  is  a  comparative  thing,  a  man  may  be 
weaWtg  in  one  place,  and  not  so  in  anotticr.     A  man 


WEA 

_ »  .    .      ■    -  ..  I  —  ■ 

may  bo  detuned  wraltky  in  a  village,  who  Would  not 
be  so  coui^iilered  in  Lonilon. 
WiiAN,  (ween,)  p.  t.  [finx.  weiian,  ffewasnan,  to  ac- 
custom; fmm  the  runt  uf  wo ne,  wont;  ^rumnian,  to 
dehiy  ;  D.  wcnan,  t\fwcnan  ;  G.eHtte'dhnin;  Bw.vUnja. 
See  Wont.] 

1.  To  accustom  and  reconcile,  as  a  child  or  other 
young  animal,  to  a  waul  or  deprivation  of  the 
bn-aj^t. 

And  ihc  chilli  ffWw  and  waa  tMonerf.  — Gen.  xxl. 

2.  To  detach  or  alienate,  as  the  affections,  from 
any  object  of  desire  ;  to  recimcile  to  the  want  or  loss 
of  any  thing ;  as,  to  wean  the  heart  from  temporal 
enjoyments. 

W1':AS''KD,  jip.  or  a.  Accustomed  or  reconciled  to 
the  want  of  the  breast  or  other  object  of  desire. 

WkA.X'EL,       I  n.     A  child  or  other  animal   newly 

Wf.AN'LING,  (      weaned.  JlfiUoH. 

WEAN'INtJ,  ;j/)r.  Accustoming  or  reconciling,  as  a 
young  child  or  olh^-r  animal,  to  a  want  uf  the  breast ; 
reconciling  to  the  want  of  any  object  of  desire. 

WEAP'ON,(wep'n,)  n.  [Sax.  wiryin,  wr;»n  ;  D.  and  G. 
wa/ien  :  Dan.  vaaben  ;  Sw.  vapen.  This  word  seems 
to  be  from  some  root  signifying  to  strike,  L.  vapuio, 
our  vnli;ar  wftapy  awkap.] 

1.  Any  inHiruuient  of  off-'nse  ;  any  thing  used  or 
designed  to  be  used  in  destroying  or  annoying  an  en- 
emy. The  weapons  of  rude  nations  are  clubs,  stones, 
and  bows  and  arrows.  Modern  weapons  o(  war  are 
swords,  muskets,  pistols,  cannon,  and  the  like. 

2.  An  instrument  for  contest,  or  for  combating 
enemies. 

Tlie  tDenjMjns  of  our  warfare  are  not  camal.  —  2  Cor.  x. 

3.  An  instrument  of  defense. 

4.  iyeapon.-i^  in  batanij,  arms  ;  thorns,  prickles,  and 
stings,  with  which  plants  arc  furnished  for  defense  ; 
enumerated  among  llie /uZo-ca  by  Linmcus. 

Martyn, 
WEAP'ON-KD,  (wep'nri,)  a.    Armed  ;  furnished  with 

wi-a|>on«  or  arms  i  equipped.  Ilayward, 

WEAP' ON-LESS,  a.    Unarmed;  having  no  weapon. 

Milton.  • 

WE.'VP'ON-S.XLVE,   (-slv,)  n.     [weapon  and  salve,] 

A  saivc  which   was  supposed  Ut  cure  the  wound, 

by  being  applied  to  the  weapon  that  made  it.    [Obs.] 

Boyle. 
WEAR,  (ware,)  v.  L  ;   i>ret.  Wore  ;    pp.  Worn.     [W. 
ffwariaWyUififcnd  or  consume;  Sax.  iceran,  trcrian, 
to  curry,  to  wear,  as  arms  or  dollies.] 

1.  To  wasi/!  or  impair  by  rubbing  or  attritirin  ;  lo 
lessen  or  diminish  by  lime,  use,  or  insinimenls.  A 
current  of  water  often  wears  a  channel  in  limuctone. 

2.  Tu  carry  appendant  to  the  body,  as  clothes  or 
weapons ;  as,  to  wear  a  coat  or  a  robe ;  lo  wear  a 
BWttrd  ;  to  wear  a  crown. 

On  hT  whiw  Lreaet  n  •p.>rt!inj  crosa  the  irore.  Pojte. 

3.  To  have  or  exhibit  an  appearance  ;  to  bear ;  as, 
she  wears  a  smile  on  her  countenance. 

4.  To  affect  hy  degrees. 

Trials  wear  ua  into  a  Ukiiig  of  what  poaattly,  hi  the  firel  eway, 
duitlenacil  lu.  L^ke. 

To  wear  away:  to  consume;  to  impair,  diminish, 
Or  destroy,  by  gradual  ailrition  or  decay.     I>rij'len, 

To  wear  off;  to  diminish  by  attrition  or  slow  de- 
cay. South. 

To  wear  out;  to  consume,  to  render  useless  by  at- 
trition or  decay  ;  as,  to  wear  out  a  coat  or  a  bofik. 

5.  To  consume  tediously ;  as,  to  wear  out  life  in 
idle  projects. 

3.  To  harass ;  to  lire. 

He  shall  u>car  out  the  aaiiita  of  the  Most  High.  —  Dan.  vij. 

4.  To  waste  the  strength  of;  as,  an  old  man  worn 
out  in  the  service  of  his  country. 

5.  In  naviffation^  to  wear  (originally  veer)  is  to  put 
the  ship  on  the  other  tack,  by  turning  her  round, 
stern  toward  the  wind.  J^ar.  Diet. 

WEAR,  (ware,)  v.  i.  To  be  wasted  ;  to  be  diminished 
by  allrilion,  by  use,  or  by  time. 

Thou  wilt  surely  wear  away. —  Ex.  xviil. 

S.  To  be  tediously  spent. 

Thus  wore  out  Di^bt.  JliUton. 

3.  To  be  consumed  by  slow  degrees.  It  is  belter 
to  wear  out  than  to  rust  out. 

To  wear  off;  to  pass  away  by  degrees.    Tlie  follies 
of  youth  wear  oj?"  with  age. 
WEAR,  ^ware,)  n.    The  act  of  wearing;  diminution 
by  friction  ;  as,  the  wear  and  tear  of  a  garment. 
2.  The  thing  worn. 

Wear  and  tear}  the  loss  by  wearing,  as  of  machin- 
ery in  use. 
Wear,  (weer,)  n.     [Sax  wmr^wer;  from  the  root  of 
wffriVtn,  to  hold,  defend,  protect ;  D.  waaren  or  wccren; 
often  writt;_'n  wier.     See  WAnaEN  and  Guard.] 

1.  A  dam  in  a  river  to  stop  and  raise  the  water, 
for  conducting  it  to  a  mill,  f.r  taking  fish,  Atc. 

2.  A  fence  of  slakes  or  twigs  set  in  a  stream  for 
catching  fish. 

[This  word  is  also  spell  Weir  or  Wieb.] 
WEaR'A-P.LE,  a.     That  can  be  worn.  Sieift 

WEARD,  Sax.,  a  warden,  in  names,  denotes  watch- 


FaTE,  FAR,  FALL,  WH^T.— MeTE   PR^Y PIiNE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK — 

__ 


WE  A 

fulness  or  cure ;  but  it  must  not  be  confounded  with 
ward  in  toward. 

WEAR'ER,  H.     [from  wrar.]    One  who  wears  or  car- 
ries ad  appendant  to  the  body  ;  aa/tbe  wearer  of  a 
cloak}  a  sword,  or  a  crown. 
2.  That  which  wastes  or  diminishes. 

VVr.A'RI-£D,  (we'rid,)  pp.  or  a.     Tired  ;  fatigued. 

Wf.A^RI-LV,  tub}.    In  a  tired  or  wearv  manner. 

WkA'UI-XESP,  n.  [from  weary.]  The  state  of  be- 
ing weary  or  tired ;  that  lassitude  or  exhaustion  of 
strength  which  is  induced  hy  labor;  fatigue. 

Wiih  ioearinett  and  wme  opprcBWMi.  Drydtiu 

S.  Lassittide  ;  uneasiness  proceeding  from  contin- 
ued waiting,  disappointed  expectation,  or  exhausted 
patience,  or  from  other  cause. 
WEaR'ING,  ppr.     Bearing  on  or  appendant  to  the 
I>erson  ;  diminishing  by  friction;  consuming. 

2.  0.    Denoting  what  is  worn ;    as,  wearing-  ap- 
parel. 
WEaR'IXG,  w.    Clothes;  garments.    [Obs.]    S/idfc. 
WEaR'ISH,  a.     Boggy;  watery.     \JVut  in  use.] 

2.  Weak  ;  washy.     [JVot  in  u,*c.j  Carew. 

WkA'RI-SOME,  (we're-suni,)a.  [from  weary.]  Caus- 
ing weariness  ;  tiresome;  tedious;  fatiguing;  as,  a 
wearisome  march  ;  a  wearisome  day's  work. 

Weariaomx  iiighta  are  ajipoinicd  to  me,  — Job  vii. 

WEA'RI-SOME-LY,  adv.  Tediously  ;  so  as  to  cause 
weariness.  Ralegh. 

WeA'RI-1?0ME-NESS,7i.  The  quality  of  exhausting 
strength  or  patience  ;  tiresomeness  ;  tediousness;  as, 
the  wearisomeness  of  toil,  or  of  waiting  long  in  anx- 
ious expectation.  ^ 

WeA'RY,  (we're,)  a.  [Sax.  werig;  allied  perhaps  to 
wear.] 

1.  Having  the  strength  much  exhausted  by  toil  or 
violent  exertion  ;  tired  ;  fatigued. 

[It  should  be  observed,  however,  that  this  word 
expresses  less  than  Tibed,  particularly  when  applied 
to  a  beast ;  as,  a  tired  horse.  It  is  followed  by  of 
before  the  cause  of  fatigue  ;  as,  to  be  weary  of  march- 
ing; to  be  weary  of  reaping;  to  be  weary  of 
•  study. 

2.  Having  the  patience  exhausted,  or  the  mind 
yielding  to  discouragement.  He  was  weary  of  asking 
for  redress. 

3.  Causing weaiiness;  tiresome;  as, a weortf way ; 
a  weary  life.  Spenser,     Shak. 

WeA'RY,  r.  (.  [from  the  adjective.]  To  reduce  or 
exhau!*t  the  physical  strength  of  the  body  ;  to  tire ; 
to  fatigue  ;  as,  to  weary  one's  self  with  labor  or  trav- 
eling. 

Tbe  people  thall  veary  tliemielvei  for  tery  vanity.  — Hab.  II. 

2.  To  make  impatient  of  continuance. 

1  stay  too  long  by  tbee  ;  I  teeary  llice.  Shak. 

3.  To  harass  by  any  thing  irksome;  as,  to  be 
wearied  of  waiting  for  the  arrival  of  the  poi^t. 

To  wearti  out:  to  subdue  or  exhaust  by  fatigue. 
\VEA'RY-L\G,  ppr.    Exhausting  the  strength  of  the 

body  ;  fatiguing.  ^ 
Wk A'SAXl),  /  H.       [Sax.    wasend^  wa.iend;    perhaps 
We'SAND,     \      from   the  root  of  tcAcezc,  and  Goth. 

ffTi'/,  Dan.  aandty  breath.] 
I'he  windpipt!  or  trachea  ;  the  canal  through  which 

aj^r  fasses  to  and  from  the  lungs. 
WeA'SKL,  J  Ti.     [Sax.  wesle;  Dan.  rp,vfi;   G.  vie^el; 
WKE'SEL,  \      D.  weezel.    I  know  not  the  meaning  of 

this  name.     In  G.  wiese  is  a  meadow.] 

A  small  quadruped  of  the  genus  Mnatela,  which 

Uvea  under  the  roots  of  trees,  or  in  other  holes,  and 

feeds  on  small  birds,  but  particularly  on  mice.     It 

has  a  long,  slender  body,  and  short  legs.    A  weasel 

that  frequents  bams  and   corn  houses,  frees  them 

from  rats  and  mice,  and  is  sometimt:s  deemed  a  very 

useful  inmate. 
WEA'S£L-eOOT,n.   The  red-headed  smew,  or  Mer- 

gus  mimitns.  Cyc. 

\Vi"cA'S£L-FAC-ED,(-fislc,)a.    Having  a  thin,  sharp 

face,  like  a  wcatiel.    [Spelled,  alsK),  Weezel  and 

\Vk\zz^.] 
WEATH'ER,   (wetfi'er,)  n.     [Pax.  wedrr,  wttder^  or 

wether  ;  G.  wettrr  ;  D.  weder  or  weer  ;  Dan.  vejr  ;  Sw. 

vHUer ;  Sans,  widara,  a  storm.     The  primary  sense  of 

thi^  word  is  air,  wind,  or  atmosphere;  probably  the 

Or.  atOqn,  whence  ether.] 
Properlyy  the  air ;  hence, 

1.  The  state  of  the  air  or  atmosphere  with  respect 
to  heal  or  cold,  wetness  or  dryness,  csUm  or  storm, 
clearness  or  clnudinesf",  or  any  other  melcorulogical 
phenomena;  as,  warm  weather;  cold  weather:  wet 
wniOier ;  dry  Wi-athcr-,  calm  weather;  tem|)estuous 
weather  v^ij  weather ;  cloudy  tccaiAcr ;  hvizy  wcaUier ; 
and  the  like. 

2.  Change  of  the  state  of  the  air.  Bacon. 

3.  Storm  ;  tempest,  Dryden. 

[  Theie.  last  si^iijications  are  not  now  in  itse,  unless 
Ay  a  poetic  license.] 

Stress  of  weather i  violent  winds;  force  of  tem- 
pests. 
WEATH'ER,  (wetr/cr,)  c.  (.    To  air;  to  expose  to 
the  air,     [Rarrhj  u-icd.]  Spender.      7'usser. 

2.  In  seamcn-s  lavgiuigey  to  sail  to  the  windward  of 


WEA 

something  else  ;   as,  to  weatiier  a  cape ;   to  weather 
another  ship.    As  this  is  often  difficult,  hence, 

3.  To  bear  up  against  and  resist,  though  with 
difficulty  ;  as,  to  weather  the  storm.  Hah. 

To  weather  a  point ;  to  gain  or  accomplish  it  against 
opposition.  Addvion. 

To  weather  out ;  to  encounter  successfully,  though 
with  difficulty  ;  as,  to  weather  out  a  storm. 

Wenthpr  is  used  with  Several  words,  either  as  an 
adjective,  or  aw  funning  part  of  a  compound  word. 

WEATH'ER-KEAT'EN,(weth'er-bcct'n,)a.  Beaten 
or  hanissed  hy  the  weather.  Milton.     Brande. 

WEATH'ER-niT,  n.  A  turn  of  the  cable  about  the 
end  of  the  winrllass,  without  the  knight-heads. 

WEATH'KR-BOAKD,  n.  That  side  of  a  ship  which 
is  toward  the  wind ;  the  windward  side.  So,  in 
other  words,  weather  signifies  toward  the  wind  or 
windward  ;  as  in  weather-^ow ,  wrat/icr-b races,  wentk- 
er-gage,  weather-WdSy  went/ier-quarter,  weaUier- 
shrouds,  weather-side,  irca/Acr-sliore,  &c. 

9.  A  board  forming  a  close  junction  between  the 
shingling  of  a  roof  nnd  the  side  of  the  building  be- 
neath, usually  at  the  ends  where  there  is  no  cornice. 

WEATH'ER-BOARD,  v.  U  To  nail  boards  lapping 
one  over  another,  in  order  to  exclude  rain,  snow,&c. 

Gw'Ut. 

WEATH'ER-BOARD-ING,  n.  Tlie  act  of  nailing  up 
boards  lapping  one  over  another;  or  the  boards  them- 
selves. 

WEATH'ER-BOARDS,  n.  pi.  Pieces  of  planks 
placed  in  the  ports  of  a  ship,  when  laid  up  in  ordi- 
nary. J\lar.  Diet. 

WEATH'ER-BOUND,  a.     Delayed  hy  bad  weather. 

WEATH'ER-CLOTHS,  n.  pi.  Long  pieces  of  canvas 
or  tariKiuling  used  to  preserve  the  hammocks  from 
injury  by  the  weather  when  stowed,  or  to  defend 
persons  from  the  wind  and  spray.  Mar.  Diet. 

WEATH'ER-€OCK,  n.  [weather  and  cock.]  A  vane 
or  weather-vane  ;  something  originally  in  the  shape 
of  a  cock,  placed  on  the  top  of  a  spire,  which,  by 
turning,  shows  the  direction  of  the  wind. 

2.  Any  thing  or  person  that  turns  easily  and  fre- 
quently ;  a  fickle,  inconstant  person.  Dryden. 

WEATH'ER-DRrV-f;N,  (weth'er-driv-n-,)  n.  [weath- 
er and  driven.]  Driven  by  winds  or  storms  ;  forced 
by  stress  of  weather.  Carew. 

WEATH'ER-FEND,  v.  t  \weaiAer  and  fend.]  To 
shelter. 

WEATH'ER-GALL,  n.  A  secondary  rainbow,  said 
to  be  a  sign  of  bad  weather.     [JVurtk  cf  England.] 

WEATH'ER-GAGE,  n.  [iceather  and  gage.]  A  ship 
is  said  to  have  the  weather-gage  of  another,  when 
she  is  at  the  windward  of  her,  and  tfauii  has  the  ad- 
vantage. 

Hence,  in  Hudibras^ 

To  VMT,  and  lack,  nnd  steer  a  cniiM 
A^inKt  the  toeather-gage  vf  laws, 

denotes  to  evade  sheer  force  by  dextrous  shifts. 

WEATH'ER-GLX.SS,  n.  [weather  and  glass.]  An 
instrument  to  Indicate  the  statu  of  the  atmos|)here. 
This  word  includes  the  barometer,  thermometer, 
hygrometer,  manometer,  and  anemometer. 

Hutton, 

WEATH'ER-IIELM,  n.  [weather  and  helm.]  A  ship 
is  said  ttt  carry  a  watthcr-hclm,  when  she  is  inclined 
to  come  ton  near  the  wind.  Mar.  Did. 

WEATH'ER-ING,  ;i.  In  geology,  the  action  of  the 
elements  on  a  rock  in  altering  its  color,  texture,  or 
composition,  or  in  rounding  ojf  its  edges.       Dana. 

WEATH'ER-MOST,  a.  [weather  and  most]  Being 
furthest  to  the  windward". 

WE.VFH'ER-PROOF,  a.  [weatlier  a!id  proof]  Proof 
a"aiost  rough  weather. 

WEATirER-ROLL,H.  [weatherand  roll.]  The  roll 
of  a  ship  to  the  windward  ;  opposed  to  Lce-Lurch. 

WEATH'ER-SPY,  «.  [weather  and  spy.]  A  star- 
gazer  ;  one  that  foretells  the  weatiier.    [Little  used.] 

Donne. 

WEATH'ER-TIDE,  n.  [weather  and  tide.]  The  tide 
which  sets  against  the  lee-side  of  a  ship,  impelling 
her  to  the  windward.  Mar.  Diet. 

WEATH'KU-TI.N'T-ED,  a.    Tinted  by  the  weather. 

WEATIl'ER-WISE,  a.  [weather  and  wise.]  Skillful 
in  foreseeing  the  changes  or  state  of  the  weather. 

WEATH'ER-WIS-ER,  u.  Something  that  foreshows 
the  weather.     [JVot  used.]  Derham. 

WEATH'ER-£D,p/».  Passed  to  the  windward  ;  passed 
with  difficulty. 

2.  a.  In  mineralogy,  a  term  applied  to  a  specimen, 
when  the  surface  is  altered  in  colur,  texture,  or  com- 
pijsilion,  or  the  edges  arc  rounded  off  by  expo.sure  to 
the  elements.  Dana. 

WEA'fH'EK-lNG,  ppr.  Passing  or  sailing  to  the 
windward  ;  passing  with  difficulty. 

WkAVE,  (wcev,)  r.  t. ;  pret.  Wove;  pp.  Woven, 
Wove.  The  regular  furm,  Weaved,  is  rarely  or 
never  used.  [Sax. wf/iin,-  iLwehen;  {y.wecven;  Sw. 
vdfva;  Dan.  vaver;  Pers.  baftan;  Gr.  v<paoi.] 

1,  To  unite  threads  of  any  kind  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  form  cloth.  This  is  done  liy  crossing  the 
threads  by  means  of  a  uhutlle.  The  modes  of  weav- 
ing, and  tlie  kinds  of  texture,  are  varimis.  The 
threads  first  laid   in  length  are  called  the  Wabp  ; 


WED 

those  which  cross  them  in  the  direction    of  the 
breadth  ore  called  the  Wekt  or  Wour. 

2.  To  unite  any  thing  flexible  ;  as,  to  weave  twigs. 

3.  To  unite  by  intermixture  or  clo.su  cunnectitm  ; 
as,  a  form  of  religion  woven  into  the  civil  govern 
menL  Jiddison, 

4.  To  interpose  ;  to  insert. 

This  weavet  itaclf  perforce  into  my  buainem.  Shak, 

WSAVE,  v.  u    To  practice  weaving  ;  to  work  with  a 
loom. 

Weaver,  71.    Ono  who  weaves  ;  one  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  weave. 

2.  The  conmion  name  of  the  genns  Ploceiis,  of 
several  species,  passerine  birds,  natives  of  Africa 
and  the  East  Indies;  bo  called  becau.se  they  con- 
struct curious  and  olten  [tensile  nests,  by  interweav- 
ing twigs  and  liUens.  Kd,  Kncye. 

WeAV'ER-FISH,  m.    a  fish   of  the  perch   family. 
[See  Weeveb.] 

Weaving,  p;?r     Forming  cloth  hy  intermixture  of 
threads. 

Weaving,  n.    The  act  or  art  of  forming  cloth  in  a 
loom,  by  the  union  or  inttrrtexture  of  threads. 
2.  The  task  or  work  to  be  done  in  making  cloth. 

WeA'Z£N,  (wS'zn,)  a.     Tliin  ;   sharp;   as,  a  weazen 
face.  DieJcens. 

WEB,  Ti.     [Sax.  web;  Sw.  vdf.     Sec  Weave.] 

1.  Texture  of  threads ;  plexus  ;  any  thing  woven. 
Penelope  devised  a  web  to  deceive  her  wooers. 

Spenser, 

2.  Locally,  a  piece  of  linen  cloth. 

England.     Ireland. 

3.  A  dusky  film  that  forms  over  the  eye  and  hin- 
ders the  siglit ;  suffusion.  Shak, 

4.  Some  part  of  a  sword.  Qu.  net-work  of  the 
handle  or  hilt.  Shak.     Fairfax. 

5.  In  ship-building,  the  thin  partition  on  the  inside 
of  tlie  rim  and  between  the  spokes  of  a  sheave. 

Cye, 

6.  In  ornitholoiry,  the  membrane  which  unices  the 
toes  of  many  water-fowls. 

S/nder^s  web ;  a  plexris  of  very  delicate  threads  or 

filaments  which  a  spider  spins  from  its  bowels,  and 

which  serves  as  a  net  to  catch  fiies  or  other  insects 

for  its  food. 

fVflt  of  a  coulter,  is  the  thin,  sharp  part. 
WEB'Ki^D,  (webd.)  a.     [from  web.]     Having  the  toes 

united  by  a  ntembrane,  or  web;  as,  the  webbed  feet 

of  atiiiatic  fowls. 
WEB'lilNG,  n.     A  strong  fabric  of  hs^nip,  two  orthree 

inches  wide,  made  for  supiKirting  tlie  seats  of  stufled 

chairs.  Sofas,  &c. 
WEB'-F9QT-ED,  a.  [web  nnd  foot.]    Having  webbed 

feet ;    p;iJmipcd.      A  goose  or   duck  is  a  web-footed 

fowl. 
WED,  V.  t.     [Sax.  weddian,  to  covenant ;  to  promise  ; 

to  marry  ;    Sw.  vAlja  ;    Dan.  vcddtr,  to  wager;  W. 

gwezn  ;    L.  vadur,  to  give   bail,  or  fundus,  a  league  ; 

probably  both  are  of  one  family.] 

1.  To  marry  ;  to  take  for  husband  or  for  wife. 

Since  (In?  day 
I  Buw  thee  flrBl,  and  wedded  Uim.  Allllon. 

2.  To  join  in  marriage. 

And  Adam,  wtdded  to  nnolhcr  Eve, 

Sh.ii!  livt;  with  hvT.  Milton. 

3.  To  unite  closely  in  afl^ction;  to  attach  firmly. 
We  are  apt  to  be  wedded  to  our  own  customs  and 
opinions. 

Men  are  wedded  to  their  Uwl«.  T^lotson. 

4.  To  unite  forever. 

Thou  art  xcetldid  to  calamity.  Shak. 

5.  To  espouse  ;  to  take  part  with. 

T}»ey  w*W«d  hi«  c:ui»e.     [0b8.\  Oarendon. 

WED,  r.  ».    To  marry  ;  to  contract  matrimcmy. 

When»hatlli«rf7  Shak. 

WED,  Tt.    A  pledge. 

WED'DED,  pp.  or  a.     Married  ;  closely  attached. 

WED'DLN'G,  ;jpr.    Marrying;  uniting  with  in  matrv- 
mony. 

WED'DING,  n.    Marriage  ;  nuptials;  nuptial  ceremo- 
ny; nuptial  festivities. 

l*t  her  lieauty  lie  her  wedding  dower.  Shak. 

WED'DrNG-eLr)TnES,  n.      'wedding  and   clothes.] 

Garments  for  a  bride  or  a  bridegroom,  to  be  worn  at 

marriage. 
WED'DIXG-DAY,  n.    [wedding  and  day.]    The  day 

of  marriage. 
WED'DING-FeAST,    ti.      [wedding  nnd  feast.]      A 

feast  or  entertainment  prepared  for  the  guests  at  a 

wedding. 
WEDGE,  (wej,)  n.      [Sax.  wecg,   wa-cgi    Dan.  veg; 

Sw.viggi  D.  wig.     This  word   signifies  a  mass,  a 


lump.] 
1.  Ar 


i  mass  of  metal ;  as,  a  wedge  of  gold  or  silver. 
Josh.  vii. 

9.  A  piece  of  metal,  particularly  iron,  thick  at  one 
end  and  sloping  to  a  Diin  edge  at  the  other,  used  in 
splitting  wood,  rocks,  &c.  This  is  one  of  the  five 
mechanical  powers.  A  like  pi*:ce  of  wood  is  by 
some  persons  called  a  wedge,  or  a  glut. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"OEK,  VI"CIOU8.  — €  as  K ;  6  as  J ;  S  as  Z ,  CH  as  BH  j  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1255 


WEE 

S.  In  ^wMMCry.  a  sulid  of  Avo  sides,  vix.,  a  rectan- 
gular boae,  two  rhoraboidal  sides  uieeting  in  an  edge^ 
and  two  truinfl:ular  ends.  I>aif, 

4.  Somethin*  in  tUo  form  of  a  wedge.  Smne- 
times  bodies  of  troops  are  drawn  up  in  the  form  of  a 

WEDOE,  (wej,)  v.  L  To  cleave  with  a  wedge ;  to 
rive.    [LatU  used.] 

fi.  To  drire  as  a  wedge  ia  driren ;  to  crowd  or 
eonipresa  closely.  .  We  were  wtdg«d  in  by  the 
crowd. 

3.  To  force,  as  a  wedge  forces  its  way ;  as,  to 
wtd^  one*s  wav.  JiiU»H. 

4.  To  fasten  with  a  wedge  or  with  w*edges  ;  as,  to 
weo^  on  a  seythe  ;  to  tMdJet  ia  a  rail  or  a  piece  of 

5.  To  Ox  in  the  manDer  of  a  wedge.  [timber. 

Wtdfwd  IB  dK  tacky  >bMJi,  wid  atictef  »«.  Dyim. 

WED0'/:D,  (wejdO  jip.  Split  with  a  wedge;  (kst- 
ened  with  a  wedge  ^  cltuely  compressed. 

W£IX^E'-^HXP-£D,  (wej'sbaptO  a.  [»edft  and 
skaae,]  Having  the  shape  of  a  wedge ;  cuneiform. 
A  wt>df*~skaiffd  leaf  is  broad  and  truncate  nt  the 
summit,  and  tnpertng  down  to  the  base.        SmitM. 

\VED0'WOQI>-\V.^RE,  m.  ffix»m  the  name  of  the 
invenUM-.j  A  kind  of  sc-mi-vitrified  pottery,  without 
much  superticial  i^aze,  but  cn^iablo  of  receiving  Ml 
kinds  of  colors  by  means  of  nirtallic  oxyds  and 
ochers.  Admirable  imitations  of  Etruscan  and  ntlter 
vivses  have  been  ext'cuted  in  this  ware.  t/r*. 

WEDO  l.\G,;»pr.  Cleaving  with  awedge;  fastening 
with  WfdKes;  conipressiing  cUisely. 

\VEU'LOCK»  a.     [Uu.   wed  and  iec*,  or  Sax.  loe,  a 

Marriage  -,  matrimony.  jSddutn, 

WED'LOCK.  r.  u  To  marry.  [LioJtussd,]  MilUm. 
WED'LOOK-KD,  (wed'lokt,)  pp.  United  in  mar- 
riage. [LUtie  us€d.]  jmUra. 
WED.N'Eii'DAV,  (wenz'de.)  a.  [Sax.  Wodaudmgt 
Woden^i  day ;  Sw. .  ChUmtihtf  or  OuadAg ;  ftom 
ITodia  or  Orfial  a  deity  or  chief  among  toe  north- 
ern nalioos  of  Europe.] 

The  foorth  day  of  the  week  ;  the  next  day  after 
Tuwday. 
WEE,  «.     [Contracted  from  G.  wmt/.] 
Smnll ;  little.     [AU  U  ksc] 

WmfR-ELM'.  i  *•    ^  'P^'"  *''"  *'"■  ^'"^ 

WEED,  a.     [Sax.  vrod,] 

1.  The  general  name  of  any  plant  that  te  lueless 
or  troublesitme.  The  word,  therefore,  has  no  defi- 
nite application  to  any  particular  plant  or  species  of 
plants ;  but  whatever  ptenu  grow  among  eom, 
grass,  or  in  hedges,  and  which  are  eitfier  of  oo  use 
to  man  or  injurious  to  crops,  are  denominated  wttds. 
St.  Any  kind  of  unprofiuhle  substanoe  asKWg  Ofes 
In  mines,  as  mundic  or  marcasito.  [L»e*t.] 
WEED,  a.  [Sax.  ■««<  Mwds,  a  vestment,  any  gar- 
ment, tliiU  which  is  pal  oo.J 

1.  /Vsperly,  a  garment,  as  In  Bpeoser,  but  now 
used  only  In  the  pluml,  witds,  for  the  mourning  ap- 
puel  of  a  female ;  as,  a  widow's  weeds.       Mtitum. 
9.  An  upper  garment     [O^]  Oitiptmu*. 

WEED,  e.  f.     [Sax.  teeedian  :  D.  weadca.] 

1.  To  free  from  noxious  plants  j  as,  to  «>«ed  com  or 
onions  \  to  wted  a  garden. 

S.  To  take  away,  as  nuxioas  plants  ;  as,  to  ip«ed  a 
writing  of  invectives 

3.  To  free  from  any  thing  hurtful  or  offensive ;  as, 
to  »«ed  a  kingdom  of  bad  subjects, 

4.  To  root  out  vice  ;  as,  to  leted  the  hearts  of  the  ' 
young.  Locks.    ^Acham. 

WEED'ED,  pp.  Freed  from  weeds  or  whatever  is 
noxioii'*. 

WEED'ER,  a.  One  that  weeds  or  ftees  from  any 
thing  noxious. 

WEED'ER-Y,  a.  Weeds  coDectWely  ;  a  place  fUll  of 
weeds  or  fur  the  growth  of  weed*. 

WEED'-GROW.V,  a.     Overgrown  with  weeds. 

WEED'-HQOK.  }  n,     [tr^td  and  k^ok.]      A  hook 

WEED  I.\G-*H09K,  i  uid  for  cutting  away  or  ei- 
tirpnting  weeiia.  Tusjmt. 

WEED'ING,  ppr.  Freeing  from  weeds  or  whatever 
is  noxiiHis  to  growth. 

WEED'I.NG,  R.  The  operation  of  freeing  from  nox- 
ifius  weed.4,  as  a  cnip.  Cvc 

WEED'IXG-CHISEL,  a.  A  tool  with  a  divided 
chisel  point,  for  cutting  the  roots  uf  large  weeds  with- 
in the  ground.  Cge. 

WEED'IXG-FOR'CEPS, }  n.       An    instrument     for 

WEED'IXG-TliNGS,  j  Uking  up  some  sorts  of 
plants  in  weedins. 

WEED'ING-FORK,  a,  A  strong. Uiree-pronged  fork, 
used  in  clearinz  iiround  of  weeds. 

WEED'IXG-RUIM,  ».  An  implement  somewhallike 
the  frame  of  a  wheel-barrow,  used  for  tearing  up 
weeds  on  summer  fallows,  &.c  ;  used  in  Kent,  Eng- 
land. Cyc, 

WEED'LESS,  a.    Free  from  weeds  or  noxiouf  ninlter. 

Dryden. 

WEEDT,  a.  Cunsieiing  of  weeds ;  as,  iree^y  tro- 
phies. Siutk. 

5.  Abounding  with  weeds  ;  as,  weedy  grounds  }  a 
weeify -garden  ;  weedy  com. 


WEI 

WEEK,  n.  [Bax.  wrec ;  D.  iceeft ;  G.  lOocAs ;  Dan.  ugt ; 
Sw.  vftkfu] 

1.  The  space  of  seven  ditys. 

1  Inu  twice  in  Uw  wttk.  —  Luke  xruU 
3.  In  Seripturey  a  prophetic  week,  is  a  week  of 
years,  or  seven  years.     Dan.  ix. 
WEEK'-DAV,  N.     \tDefk  and  day.]    Any  day  of  the 

week  except  the  Subbath.  Pope, 

WEEK'LY,  a.  Coming,  happening,  or  done  once  a 
week  ;  hehdoniadury  ,  at",  a  irerkly  payment  of  bills  ; 
a  Keekiy  gazette  ;  a  leeekty  allowance. 

Dnjden.     Sitift, 
WEEK'LV,  ode.    Once  a  week  ;  by  hebdomadal  pe- 
riods ;  as,  each  perfiiruis  service  weekly.       Ayliffe. 
WEEL,  a.     [See  Wxuu    Sax.  icaly  from  lewiWan,  to 
boil.] 
A  whirlpool.     T.Vol  in  ii.«f,l 
WEEL.,      /  N.     A  kind  of  iwiggen  trap  or  snare  for 
WEEL'Y,  \      fish.  Carew. 

WEEX,  r.  i.     [Sax.  wenan^  to  think,  suppose,  or  hope, 
and  lo  tPMuu    The  sense  is,  to  set,  fix,  or  liuld  in  Uie 
mind  ;  G.  tHlAn^n,  to  imagine  ;  D.  waantfi*] 
To  think  ;  to  imagine  ;  lo  fancy. 

Spenser,    Milton. 
[Obsolete^  except  in  burlesque,'] 
WEE.X'ING,  ppr.    Thinking;  imagining.     [Oha.] 
VVEEI*,  c.  i.  ,•  pret,  and  pp.  Wept.  Weeped,  I  believe, 
is  never  ust^d.     [Sax.   wepan;    evidently  the    same 
wonl  as  vkoop.    (See  VVhoup.)    The  primary  sense 
is,  to  cry  out.] 

1.  To'  express  sorrow,  grief,  or  anguish  by  outcry. 
This  is  tlie  original  sense.  Itut  in  present  usace^  to 
manifest  and  express  grief  by  outcry  or  by  shedding 
tears. 

Tbey  »II  tpl  Kwe,  knd  fell  on  Paul*!  neck,  and  Mned  him.  — 

AcUsx. 
Pbocwa  wma  rardj  wttn  to  WMp  or  lo  Uugh.  Afi(/brd. 

ft,  To  shed  tears  ttova  any  passion.    Persons  somo- 
times  weep  for  joy. 
3.  To  lament ;  to  complain.    JWm.  xi. 
WEEP,  r.  L    To  lament  \  to  bewail ;  to  bemoan. 
W«,  wwtdering,  gr 
Tkroagh  Jtmut  wutts,  mmI  iMirp  e«di  oUkt^  woe.        Popt. 

3.  To  ahed  moisture ;  as,  to  weep  tears  of  joy. 

GiovM  wboM  lid)  WM  wept  ockmu*  gun  and  balm.  Mtton. 

3.  To  drop  ;  as,  the  veeping  amber.  Pope, 

4.  To  abound  with  wet ;  as,  weeping  grounds. 

Murtimrr. 
WEEP'ED,  (weept,)  pp.    Lamented ;  bewailed  i  shed 

tears. 
WEEP'ER,  n.  One  who  weepa ;  one  who  sheds  tears. 

Dryden. 
9.  A  white  border  on  the  sleeve  of  a  mourning 

coat.  Johnson. 

X  A  species  of  monkey,  of  the  sapajou  group, 
found  in  Guiana,  the  Ccbiis  .Apelliu 

Jardine,     P.  Ci/c. 

WEEP'ING,  ppr.  or  a.    T^mcnling;  shedding  tears. 

WEEP'ING,  p.     Lamentiiion. 

WEEP'ING-LY,  adc.     In  a  weeping  manner. 

WEEP'LNG-KOCK,  h.  [iree;»  and  rock.]  A  porous 
rock  fn>m  which  water  gradually  issuis. 

WEEP'IN'G-SPUING,  n.  A  spring  that  slowly  dis- 
cliar&es  water. 

WEEP'I.VG-WIL'LOW,  w.  A  species  of  willow 
whose  branches  grow  very  long  and  slender,  and 
bans  down  nearly  in  a  perpendicular  direction. 

WEER'ISH,  a.  Insipid;  weak;  washy;  surly.  [JVwt 
til  wre.]  J3schain. 

WEE'SEL;  the  more  proper  spelling  of  Weasel. 

WEET,  V.  t ;  pret  Wot.    [Sax,  vUan;  D.  iceeten  ;  Sw. 
veta;  G.  wissen;  Russ,  vida^u;  all'vd  j>robably  to  L. 
vidroy  Gr.  fi?a:  ] 
To  know.     [06.*.] 

WEET'LESS,  a.     Unknowing-     [Obs.'\ 

WEE'VER,  a.  A  kind  of  fish  belonging  to  the  perch 
family,  a  species  of  I'rachinus,  of  which  about  four 
specit-s  are  well  known.  They  inflict  wounds  with 
the  spines  of  their  first  dorsal  fin,  which  are  much 
dreadtrd.    Tlieir  flesh  is  esteemed. 

WEE'V/L,  B.     [Sax.  v>pfi:  G.  wibcL] 

A  small  insect  of  the  beetle  tribe,  with  a  long 
snout.  It  is  destructive  to  maiiy  buds  and  fruits, 
and  aUo  to  magazines  of  grain.  E.  C  Hcrrick. 

WEE'V/I^Y,  a.     Inft-sted  with  weevils. 

WEE'Z/TL,  a.  Thin  ;  sharp  j  as,  a  iccexel  face.  [Lo- 
cal.]    [See  Wk*«ci-J  Smart. 

WF,FT,  old  preL  of  Wate.  Spenser. 

WEFT,  n.  [from  weave,}  The  woof  of  clolli ;  the 
threads  that  cross  the  warp  from  selvedge  to  selv- 
edge. 

2.  A  web  :  a  thing  woven.  Cye. 
WEFT,  n.     A  thing  waved,  waived,  or  cast  away. 

[A'ot  itjted.]     [See  Waik.] 

WEFT'AGE,  n.    Texture.     [J^ot  used.]  Grew. 

WEIGH,  (wa,)  T.  U  [Sax.  Wi^jf,  jrc^^,  a  balance  ;  wtB- 
gan,  to  weigh,  to  bear,  to  c;irry,  L.  veho ;  D.  weegen^ 
wikken;  G.  wd<ren  ;  Sw.  vd^a;  Dan.  eejer,  to  weigh; 

Russ.  vaga^  a   balance ;    Ambaric,   C\  I  T,    awaki^ 
weight.     See  Wag.] 
1.  To  examine  by  the  balance ;  to  ascertain  the 


WEI 

weight,  that  is,  the  force  with  which  a  thing  tends 
to  the  center  of  gravity  ;  as,  to  wcigk  sugar  ;  to  weigh 
gold. 

9.  To  be  equivalent  to  in  weight;  that  Is,  accord- 
ing to  the  Saxon  sent:<e  of  the  verb,  to  lift  tu  an  equi- 
poise a  weight  on  the  other  uide  of  the  fulcrum. 
Thus,  when  a  body  balances  a  weight  of  twenty- 
eight  pounds  avoirdupois,  it  lifts  or  Dears  it,  and  is 
said  to  weigh  so  much.  It  weighs  u  quarter  of  u  tmn- 
dred. 

3.  To  raise  ;  to  lift ;  ng  an  anchor  from  the  ground, 
or  any  other  body ;  as,  to  weigh  anchor  :  lo  weigh  un 
old  hulk. 

4.  To  pay,  allot,  or  take  by  weight. 

They  totigked  fur  my  price  thirty  pkcet  of  allver.  —  Zecb.  xU 

5.  To  ponder  in  the  mind  ;  to  consider  or  examine 
for  the  piirpo!:^;  of  forming  an  opinion  or  conting  to  a 
conclusion ;  as,  to  weigh  the  advantages  aud  uisad- 
vanlages  of  a  scheme. 

Rejprd  not  who  it  'a  whicii  ■|toaIn<lh,  but  veigh  only  what  ia 
apukrn.  /looker. 

6.  To  compare  by  the  scales. 

Ut^re  In  i>ic«  bKlmiee  trutii  with  gulU  iliA  veight.  Po/tt. 

7.  To  regard ;  to  consider  as  worthy  of  notice. 

I  ueigh  not  you.  iSJiak. 

To  weigh  down  ;  to  overbalance. 
Q.  To  oppress  with  weight ;  to  depress. 
WE'fill,  (wa,)  V.  i.     To  have  weight;  as,  to  weigh 
ligliter  or  heavier.  Brown. 

2.  To  bo  considered  as  important ;  to  have  weight 
in  the  intellectual  balance.  Thiii  ar{!ument  irii^rAj 
Willi  the  considerate  part  of  the  comniunily. 

3.  To  bear  heavily  ;  to  press  hard. 
Cl^'nnse  the  alutTWl  tiosom  o(  that  perilous  atulT, 

Which  wtigh*  upon  th«  hcurt.  Shnle, 

To  weigh  dojon;  to  sink  by  its  own  weight. 
WEIGH,  (wa,)  n.     A  certain  quantity.     [See  WEr.] 
WEIGII'A-HLE,  a.     That  may  be  weighed. 
WEIGH'AGE,  n.    A  duty  or  toll   paid  fur  weighing 

nien'handise.  Bvuvier. 

WE1GH'£D,  (wade,)  pp.     Examined  by  the  scales^ 
having  the  iij^eight  ascertained. 
Q.  Coiwidered. 

3.  a.  Experienced  ;  as,  a  young  man  not  weighed 
in  .'itate  aflalrs.     [JVuC  in  u.««.]  Bacon. 

WEIGII'Ell,  (waV^r,)  n.    One  who  weighs. 

9.  An  nflicer  wliose  duty  is  to  vveigli  commodities. 
WEI*>ll'l^'G,  (vvu'ing,)  ppr.     Examining  by  scales; 

con:<iiiering. 
W£1GH'I\G,  n.    The  act  of  ascertaining  weight. 
9.  As  much  as  ia  weighed  at  once  ;  as,  u  weighing 
of  beef. 
WfiIGII'ING-€A6E,  n.     A  cage  in  which  small  liv- 
ing animals  may  be  conveniently  weighed.       Cyc. 
WEIGH'ING-aoUSE,  ?i.     A  building  furnished  with 
a  dock  and  other  conveniences  for  weighing  coui- 
motlities  and  ascertaining  llie  tunnnge  of  boats  to  be 
used  on  a  canal.  Cijc 

WEIfiH'ING-MA-CFn\E',(wa'ing-ma-sheen',)/i.    A 
machine  for  weighing  lieavy  bodies,  and  particularly 
wheel-carriages,  at  turnpike  gates.    [Knglanti.]     Cyc, 
2.  A  machine  for  weighing  cattle,  &.c, 
WEIGHT,  (wate,)  «.     [Sax.  wihli  Sw.  cigt;  Ger.  ge- 
wicht.     See  Weigh.] 

1.  The  quantity  of  a  body  ascertained  by  the  bal- 
ance j  tliat  pro|)erty  of  bodies  by  which  they  tend 
toward  the  center  of  the  eartli  in  a  line  perpendicu- 
lar to  its  tiurfuce  ;  gravity. 

In  a  strictly  ph'dosuphicat  sense,  weight  is  the  mra/ture 
of  the  ftrrce  of  gravity,  and  not  gravity  itself;  but 
the  above  is  the  [wpular  use.  The  weight  of  a  body 
ia  in  direct  proportion  lo  its  quantity  of  matter. 

2.  A  mass  of  iron,  lead,  brass,  or  other  metal,  to 
be  used  for  ascertaining  the  weight  of  other  bodies; 
as,  a  weight  of  an  ounce,  a  pound,  a  quarter  of  a 
liundrcd,  ice.  T\\e  weights  of  nations  are  diflx'rent, 
except  those  of  England  and  the  United  States,  which 
are  tlic  same. 

3.  A  standard  of  weight;  as,  troy  weight;  apothe- 
caries' weighty  &,c. 

4.  In  rncchaHics,  thnt  which  receives  motion;  op- 
posed to  the  power  which  gives  motion. 

5.  A  ponderous  mass  ;  something  heavy. 

A  mnn  lenpa  bc^tier  with  ueighlM  in  hit  b.iQ<la.  Bacon, 

G.  Pressure  ;  burden  ;  as,  the  iceiVfti  of  grief ;  weight 
of  care  ;  wei-rht  uf  biisijiess  ;  7ceiglU  of  govern mt-i it. 

7.  Importance  ;  power  ;  influence  ;  efficacy  ;  con- 
sequence ;  moment;  iinprcssivencss ;  as,  an  argu- 
ment of  great  weiglu  :  a  eonsideratifm  of  vast  weight. 
The  dignity  of  a  man's  character  adds  weight  to  his 
word^. 
WEIGIIT'I-LY,(w5te'-,)fl(fc.    Heavily;  pondcrou.sly. 

2.  With    force    or    inipressiveness  ;    with    moral 
power. 
WEIGHT'I-NESS,  (wate'-,)n.  Ponderousness ;  gravi- 
ty ;  heaviness. 

2.  Solidity;  force;  impressiveness  ;  power  uf  con- 
vincing ;  as,  the  wcightiness  of  an  argument. 

Locke. 

3.  Importance.  JIayward. 


F.\TE,  FXR,  FALL,  AVH^T.  — METE,  PREY.— PINE,  MARfNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.— 


WEL 

WgrGHT'LESS,  (wale'leas,)  o.  Huviiig  no  vvciKlit ;  < 
lislit.  Drydeii. 

W'EIGHT'Y,  (wat'e,)a-  Having  great  weight ;  heavy  j 
punderous  ;  as,  a  weig/Uy  budy. 

S.  Important;  forcible;  niuinentou.s  ;  ndupted  to 
turn  the  balance  in  the  mind,  or  to  convince ;  as, 
weighty  reasons  ;  weighty  mutters  ;  tceigfUy  consider- 
aliona  or  arguments.  Shak. 

3.  Rigorous  j  severe  ;  as,  our  weightier  judgment. 
[VVo£  in  u^e.]  Shak. 

WeIR,  n.     [Sax.  Kter^  wer  ;  D.  tcaaren^  or  teeert:n.] 

1.  A  dam  in  a  river,  to  stop  and  raise  the  water 
for  conducting   it  to  a   mill,  fur  taking  fi^h,  <^c. 

2.  A  fence  of  stakes  or  twigs  set  in  a  stream  for 
tnkmg  fish.     [See  also  Wear.] 

W£!1U),  (weerd,)  v.     A  spell  or  charm.       ff.  SeutL 

VVkIRI),  o.     Skilled  in  witchcraft.     [J^Tot  ia  use.] 

Sluik. 

VVfilVE,  for  Waive.     [J^ot  in  use.]  Oower. 

WEL'A-WaY  ;  an  exclamation  expressive  of  grief  or 
sorrow,  equivalent  to  Alas.  It  is  a  coni|K>und  of 
Sax.  wa,  woe,  and  !«,  oh.  The  original  is  ioa-/«,  which 
is  doubtless  the  origin  of  our  common  exclamation, 
O  /a,  and  to  this  ic/i,  woe,  is  added.  The  true  <)rthog- 
raphy  would  be  Walawa.  Bui  the  word  is,  I  be- 
lieve, wholly  obsolete, 

WEL'eOME,  (wel'kum,)  a.  [Sav.  wH-cuma  :  well  and 
come;  that  is,  your  coming  is  pleasing  to  me.] 

}.  Received  with  gladness  j  admitted  willingly  to 
the  house,  entertainment,  and  company;  as,  a  wel- 
come guest. 

2.  Producing  gladness  in  iu  reception  ;  grateful ; 
pleasing;  as,  a  welcome  present  y  welctrme  news. 

3.  Free  to  have  or  eujuy  gratuitously.  You  are 
welcome  to  the  use  of  n»y  library. 

To  bid  welcome  ;  to  receive  with  'professions  of 
kindness.  Bacon. 

WEL'€OME  is  used  elliptically  for  you  are  welcome. 

Welcome,  great  monarch,  to  your  own.  Dryden. 

WEL'eOME-TO-OUR-HOUSE,  n.     An  herb. 
WEL'COME,  n.    Salutation  of  a  new  comer. 

Welcome  CTcr  imil««.  Shak. 

2.  Kind  reception  of  a  guest  or  new  comer.  We 
entered  the  house  and  found  a  ready  welcome. 

Truth  finiia  an  entranc«  and  a  teelcome  too.  Soulh. 

WEL'COME,  r.  L     [Sa.t.  wilcumian.] 

To  salute  a  new  comer  with  kindness;  or  to  re- 
ceive and  entertain  hospitably,  gratuitously,  and 
cheerfully, 

Th«>  we  Mlut*  lh-'»e  with  onr  early  aong, 

Anil  welcome  thee,  and  wish  tliee  long.  Mittoju 

WEI.'€OM-ED,  (wel'kurad,)  pp.  Received  with 
gladness  and  kindness. 

WEL'GOME-LY,  adv.    In  a  welcome  manner. 

Brown. 

WEL'€X5ME-NE3S,  n.  Gratefulness  ;  agrecahleness  ; 
kind  Tccfi\AUm.  Boyle, 

WEL'€OM-ER,  n.  One  who  salutes  or  receives  kind- 
•y  a  new  comer.  Shak. 

WEL'eOM-ING,  ppr.  Saluting  or  receiving  with 
kindness  a  new  comer  or  guest. 

WELD,  i  n,     A  plant  used  by  dyers  to  give  a  yellow 

WOLD,  I  color,  and  sometimes  called  Dteb's  Weed. 
It  is  much  cultivated  in  Kent  for  the  London  dyers. 
It  is  naturalized  in  some  parts  of  Connecticut.  It  is 
the  Reseda  Lutoola  of  the  botanists.  Cyc. 

WELD,  r.  t.     To  wield.     [06*.l  Spenser. 

WELD,  V.  U  [Sw.  vdlla^  to  weld  ;  G.  wellen,  to  join  ; 
D.  welleuy  to  well,  to  spring,  to  soder.] 

To  unite  or  hammer  into  firm  union,  as  two  pieces 
of  iron,  when  heated  ahnosl  to  fusion.  Ure. 

WELD'ED,pp.  Forged  or  beat  into  union  in  an  in- 
tense heat. 

WELD'ER,  n.    One  who  welds  iron. 

2.  A  manager  ;  an  actual  occupant.     [JSTot  in  use.] 

Swift. 

WELD'ING,  ppr.    Uniting  in  an  intense  heat. 

WELD'IiVG,  n.  The  act  or  process  of  uniting  iron  by 
intense  heat. 

WELD'ING-HkAT,  n.  The  heat  necessary  for  weld- 
ing iron  bars. 

WEL'FARE,  n.  [well  and /arc,  a  good  going;  G. 
wohl/ohrt:  D.  wcloaart ;  Sw.  valfart ;  Dan.  velfierd.] 

1,  Exemption  from  misfortune,  sickness,  calamity, 
or  evil ;  the  enjoyment  of  lii;alth  and  tJie  common 
blessings  of  life;  prosj>erity  ;  hafipiness;  applied  to 
persons. 

2.  Exemption  from  any  unusuai  evil  or  calamity ; 
the  enjoyment  of  peace  and  prosperity,  or  the  ordi- 
nary blessings  of  society  and  civil  government;  ap- 
plied to  states. 

WELK,  r.  i.  fG.  and  D.  welken,  to  wither,  to  fade,  to 
decay  ;  primarily,  to  shrink  or  contract,  a«  things  in 
drying,  whence  the  Saxon  wcole^  a  whilk  or  wlielk, 
a  shell ;  from  its  wrinkles.] 

To  decline  ;  to  fade  ;  to  decay  ;  to  fall. 

When  ruddy  Phabus  'gini  to  toelk  iii  wt^st.     [Obt.]    S}>enter. 

WELK,  V.  t.    To  contract ;  to  shorten. 

Now  aad  winter  vulked  hath  the  day,  Spenaer. 

[This  word  is  obsolete.  But  its  signification  has 
kerdttfore  be*n  misunderstood,] 


WEL 

WELK'/'.T),  (welkt,)  pp.  or  a.  Contracted  into  wrin- 
kles or  ridges. 

iJuriis  iceHced  and  waved  like  th-!  enrid»cd  ica,  Sliak. 

WEL'KIN,  n.    [Sax.  wolc^  wolceuy  a  cloud,  the  air, 
ether,  the  vault  of  heaven  ;  G.  wolhe,  a  cloud,     Qu. 
Sax.  wealena,  to  roll,  to  fnM.J 
The  visible  regions  of  the  air  ;  the  vault  of  heaven. 

Chaucer.    Milton. 
[This  it  obaulete,  unless  in  poeenj.] 
Welkitt  eye,  in  Slmkspeare,  is  interpreted  by  John- 
son, a  blue  eye,  from  welkin,  the  sky  ;  by  Todd,  a 
rolling  eye,  from  Sax.  wealcau,  to  mil ;  and  by  Entick, 
a  languishing  eye.     (See  Welk.)     It  is  obsolete,  at 
least  in  New  England. 
WELK'ING,  p/T.    Fading;  declining;  contracting. 
WELL,  71.     [Sax.  well,  a  spring  or  fountain  :  wellan^  to 
well,  to  boil  or  bubble,  to  spring,  to  rise  ;  D.  wel,  wef- 
len,  id. ;  G.  quelle,  i\  spring  ;  qaellen,  to  spring,  tu  is- 
sue fortn,  to  ;:usli,  to  well,  to  swell ;  walteh,  to  swell. 
In  G.  wetle  is  a  wave.     On  this  word  I  supjKJse  swell 
to  be  formed.] 

1,  A  spring;  a  fountain;  the  issuing  of  water 
from  the  earth. 

Bi'gin,  then,  sisters  of  the  Ricrt'd  letll.  Alilton. 

[In  this  sense,  obsolete.] 

9.  A  pit  or  cylindrical  hole,  sunk  perpniidicularly 
into  the  earth  to  such  a  depih  as  to  reach  a  supjily  of 
water,  and  walled  with  Ktone  to  prevent  the  eartli 
from  caving  in. 

3.  In  ships,  an  incln^ure  in  the  middle  of  a  ship*s 
bold,  around  the  pumps  from  the  bottom  to  the  lower 
deck,  to  preserve  them  fn.ni  damage.      Mar.  Diet. 

4.  in  a  fishing  vessel,  i\n  apartment  in  the  middle 
of  the  hold,  made  tight  at  the  sides,  but  having  holes 
perforated  in  the  bottom  to  let  in  fresh  water  for  the 
preservation  of  fish  while  they  are  transported  to 
market.  Mur.  Diet. 

5.  In  the  military  art,  a  hole  or  excavation  in  the 
earth,  in  mining,  from  which  run  branches  or  gal- 
leries. Cyc. 

WELL,  tj.  i.     [Sax.  weUan.) 

To  spring ;  to  issue  forth,  as  water  from  the  earth. 
[Little  used.]  Spenser.     Dnidcii. 

WTilLL,  V,  U     To  pour  forth.     [  Obs.]  Spenser. 

WELL,  a.  [Sax.  wel  or  well;  G.  wold;  D.  wel;  Sw. 
vdl :  Dan.  vel ;  W.  gwell,  better  ;  gieclLi,  to  make 
better,  to  mend,  to  improve  ;  Arm.  gvdiaat;  L.  valeo, 
to  be  strong;  Gr.  6A05,  whole,  and  nvXt,),  to  be 
well ;  Sans,  bala,  ball,  strength.  The  primary  sense 
of  vikeo  is,  to  strain,  stretch,  whence  to  advance,  to 
prevail,  to  gain,  according  to  our  vulgar  phrase,  to 
^«(  aAcarf,  which  coincities  with  prosper,  Gr.  TTfjoot- 
po).  I  do  not  find  well  used  in  other  languages  as 
an  adjective,  but  it  is  so  used  in  English.  See 
Weal.] 

1.  IJeing  in  health  ;  having  a  sound  body,  with  a 
regular  performance  of  the  naturaj  and  piro(itr  func- 
tions of  all  the  organs  ;  applied  to  animals  ;  as,  a  well 
man  ;  the  {>atient  has  recovered,  and  is  perfectly 
weU. 

While  you  are  atll,  you  may  do  much  good.  TVylor. 

!■  your  fattier  well?  —lien.  zUU. 

2.  Fortunate;  convenient;  advantageous;  happy. 
II  is  well  for  UB  that  we  are  sequestered  so  far  from 
the  rest  of  the  world. 

It  wai  toelt  with  lu  in  Egypt.  —  Num.  xi. 

3.  Being  in  favor. 

He  waa  aell  with  Henry  the  Fourth.  Dryden. 

WELL,  orfr.  In  a  proper  manner;  justly;  rightly; 
not  ill  or  wickedly      James  ii. 

II  thou  iloett  not  veil,  tin  lieth  at  the  door.  — Geu.  ir, 

2.  Skillfully;  with  due  art;  as,  the  work  is  veU 
done  ;  lie  writes  well ;  he  rides  well ;  the  plot  is  veil 
laid,  and  welt  executed. 

3.  Sufficiently  ;  abundantly. 

Lot— beheld  atl  the  plain  of  Jurdan,  thai  It  wai  ietll  watered 
every  where.  —  Lii-n.  xiii. 

4.  Very  much  ;  to  a  degree  that  gives  pleasure.  I 
liked  the  entertainment  well, 

5.  Favorably  ;  with  praise. 

All  Uie  world  speak*  well  of  you.  Pope. 

6.  Conveniently  ;  suitably  ;  advantageously  This 
ts  nil  the  mind  can  well  contain.  I  can  not  well  at- 
tend the  meeting. 

7  'l"o  a  sufficient  degree  ;  perfectly.  I  know  not 
well  how  to  execute  this  task. 

8.  Thoroughly ;  fully.  Let  the  cloth  be  well 
cleansed.    Let  the  steel  be  well  polished. 

She  look^lh  well  tu  the  waya  of  her  hoiwchold.  —  Pro*,  xxxi. 

9.  Fully  ;  adequately. 

We  are  well  aUe  to  overcome  ll.  —  Num.  xiii. 

10.  Far;  as,  to  be  well  advanced  in  life. 

.^s  well  as:  together  with  ;  not  less  than  ;  one  as 
much  as  the  other ;  as,  a  sickness  long  as  well  as  se- 
vere. Ijondnn  is  the  largest  city  in  Europe,  a^  well  as 
the  {)rincipal  banking  city. 

JVell  enough  ;  in  a  moderate  degree  ;  so  as  to  give 
satisfaction,  or  so  as  to  require  no  alteration. 

fVell  is  him,  seems  to  be  elliptical  for  well  is  to  Aim. 


WEL 

To  be  well  off;  to  be  in  a  good  condition,  especially 
as  to  propi:rty. 

Well  is  sometimes  used  elliptically  for  it  is  well, 
and  as  an  expression  of  satixfaction  with  tvhat  has 
been  ^aid  or  done  ;  and  sometimes  it  is  merely  ex- 
pletive. Well,  the  work  is  dune.  Well,  let  us  go. 
Well,  well,  t>e  it  so. 

Well  is  prefixed  to  many  words,  expressing  what 
is   right,  fit,   laudable,   or  not  defective  ;    as,   xreU- 
afl'ccled  ;  iceM-designed  ;  weU-directed  ;  u«U-ordered  ; 
well-ii}TX\\eA\  ;    well- iMt^ixnt ;    tcfU-mindcd  ;     toc/^sea- 
soned  ;  wfll-ini'ivxl. 
WELL'A-DaY,  alas,  Johnson  Eupposes  to  be  a  cor- 
ruption of  Wei-awav,  which  see.  Shak,     Oav. 
WELl^AC  COU'TKR-A-D, )  a.     Fully  furnished  with 
WELL-Ae'COU'TRAD,      \      arms  or  dress. 
WELI^AI)-JUST'£;D,  a.     Rightly  adjusted. 
WELI^.^LM'£D,  a.     Rightly  aimed. 
WELI^AN'eU'OR -ED,  a.     Safely  moored;  well  et- 

fibli-hed.  Mien, 

WELL-AP-POI\T'ED,    a.       Fully   furnished    and 

equipped  ;  as,  a  well-appoinie^l  army. 
WELI^AU-THE\'TI€-A-TED,   a.      Supported    by 

good  authority. 
VVELL-UAL'A.\C-Jr:D,  (-baKanst,)  a.     Rightly  bal- 
anced. 
WELL'iJr:-r\G,  n.     [well  and  being.]    Welfare  ;  hap- 
piii<*s.s  ;    prosjierity  ;    as,   virtue    is   essential   to   the 
wrH-beiiig  of  m*n  or  of  society. 
WELL'-HE-LOV'^D,  (-be-luvd' or -luv'ed,)  a.  Great- 
ly beloved.     Mark  xii. 
WELL'-HORX,  a.    [well  and  born.]    Born  of  a  noble 
or  respectable  family  ;  iu>t  of  mean  birth, 

Wall»r.     Dryden. 
WELL'-BRED,  a.     [well  and  bred.]     Educated    to 

[Milished  manners  ;  polite.  Roscommon. 

WELL'-UUILT,  a.     Built  in  a  substantial  manner. 
WELI^eO-M  rLEX'IO.\-/:D,  a.    Having  a  good  com- 
plexion. 
WELL-eON-DI"TION-i:D,  (-dish'und,)  a.    Being  in 

a  good  state,  • 

WELL-€0UCII'J:D,  (kouchl',)  a.    Couched  in  prop- 
er terms. 
WELL-DE-FIN'i^D,  a.     Truly  defined. 
WELL-DE  SCRIIVAD,  a.    Truly  described. 
WELL-DI>VlS'i':D,  fl.     Rightly  devised. 
WKLI^l)l-Gt:::JT'ED,  a.     Fully  dige-^ted. 
WELI^DrS-CER\'/:D,  a.     RighUy  discerned. 
WELL-DIS-PoS'i'D,  a.     Rightly  disposed. 
WELL'-DO-ER,  H.    One  wljo  performs  his  moral  and 

scKial  duties. 
WELL'-DO-ING,  n.    A  doing  well;  performance  of 

duties. 
WELI-.-DONE',  exc/a?ff.    [well  ui\A  done.]    A  word  of 

praise;  bravely;  nobly  ;  in  a  right  manner. 
WELL'-DRAIN,   n.      [well  and   drain.]     A   drain  or 
vent  fur  water,  somewiiat  like  a  well  or  pit,  serving 
to  discharge  the  water  of  wet  land.  Cyc. 

WELL'-DRAIN,  v.  t.  I'o  drain  land  by  means  of 
wells  or  pits,  which  receive  the  water,  and  from 
which  it  is  discharged  bv  machinery.  Cyc. 

WELL'-DUAWN,  a.     Truly  dniwn. 
WELL-DKEr?S'KD,  (-drest',)  a.  Handsomely  dressed. 
WELL-ED' U-CA-TED,  a.     Having  a  good  educa- 

ti(m. 
WELL-ES-TAB'LISH-£D,  (-lisht,)  a.    Firmly  estab- 

lif^bed. 
WELL'F.^RE  is  now  written  Welfabb. 
WELl^FA'VOR-KD,  a.     Handsome;   well   formed; 

beautiful ;  pleasing  to  the  eve.     Qen.  xxix 
WELL-FLA'VOlt-A'D,  a.     Having  a  high  flavor 
WELL-Ff>lt.M'A'D»  a.     Formed  well. 
WELL-FOUND'ED,  a.     Founded  on  good  and  valid 

reasons,  or  cm  strong  probabilities. 
WELL-GROUND'ED,  a.     [well  and  ground.]     Wel! 

founded  ;  having  a  solid  foundation. 
WELL'-HEAD,   (wel'hed,)   n.     [well  and   head.]     A 

source,  spring,  or  fountain.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

WELL'-IlOLE,   «.      lii   tt  flight  of  stairs,   the  open 

space  in  the  middle,  beyond  the  ends  of  the  stairs. 

Gwilt. 
2.  A  cavity  which  receives  a    counterbalancing 
weight  in  certain  mechanical  contrivances,  and  also 
for  other  purposes.  Buchanan, 

WELL-IUJS'BAND-ED,  a      Husbanded  properiy. 
WELI*-lN-FOR.M'KD,  a.     Correctly  informed. 
WELL-LN-STRUCT'ED,   a.      Rightly  or    fully    in- 
structed. 
WELL-IN-TEND'ED,  a.     Intended  for  a  good  pur- 

pa^ic,  or  with  upright  mi>Tives. 
WELL-IN-TEN'TION-£D.  a.      Having  upright  in- 
tentions or  [  ar[Kise.  Milner. 
WELL'-KNC  A'N,  a.     Fullv  known. 
WELL-MAN  NER-£D,  a.  [well  and  manner.]    Polite  ; 

well-bred  ;  complaisant.  Dryden. 

WELL'-MkAN-ER,  n.    [welland  mean.]    One  whose 

intention  is  good.  Dryden, 

WELL'-MkAN-ING,  a.     Having  a  good  intention. 

Killingbeck. 
WELL'-MEANT,  (-ment.)  a.     Rightly  intended. 
WELL-MET',  ezclam.     A  term  of  salutation  denoting 

joy  at  meeting. 
WELL-MIXD'ED,  a.      [well  and  mind.]     Well  dis- 
posed ;  having  a  good  mind. 


TONE,  BJ/LL,  IINITE AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  S  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


158 


1257 


WEN 

WELI--MOR'AL-IZ-i;U,  a.  Regulated  by  gcwd  morals. 

JUUtirr. 
WELL'-NX-TUE-«D,  a.     [hmU  and  mUurtd.]     Goiid 

nalured ;  kind.  Vnnlm. 

WELL'-NIGII,    (uir.       [rrfj   and    nigh.]      Almost ; 

nearly. 
WELI^QU'DER-ED,  a.     RighUy  ordered. 
WELI^P.IINT'ED,  c.     Painted  well. 
WELi-POL'I-CI-£D,  (-pol'e-aidj  a.     Having  a  good 

policy. 
WELL-POL'ISH-EIJ,  a.    Iliahly  p.<li.<hed. 
W£LL'-RE.\D,  (-red,)  a.    Uarlng  eitenBin  raiding. 
WELLr-REO'li-lA-TED,  a.      Having  good   regtila- 

tions. 
WELL'-ROOM,  m.    [kiB  and  mm.]    In  a  toat,  a 
place  in  the  IxtUom  where  the  water  Is  collected, 
and  whence  it  is  tbtuwn  out  with  a  scoop. 
WELL'-SET,  a.     Having  good  symmetry  of  parts. 
WELL'-SET-TL£D,  a.      Fully  settled  j    well  uiar- 

ried. 
\VELL'-SINK-ER,  n.    One  who  ilips  wells. 
WELL'-SPED,  a.    Having  good  success. 
WELL'-SPENT,  a.      [wtU   and    jpe«/.J      Spent    or 
passed  in  virtue  i   as,  a  ittUsptitt  life  j  vellspatt 
davs.  Popf. 

WELL'-SPOK -EiV,  a.  [lern  and  tftclc]  Speaking 
well ;  speaking  with  fitness  or  graca ;  or  speaking 
kindly. 

9.  Spoken  with  propriety  ;  aa,  wdt^potsa  words. 

VTELL'-SPRIXG,  k.     [rrlt  and  sprinf.]     A  source  of 

continual  siipplv.     Pror.  \vi. 
WEI.Lr-ST(5Rf:i),  o.     Flillv  stored. 
WELL'-SWEEP.     See  Swicr. 
\VELI^TEMTER-1:D,  a.    Having  a  giwd  temper. 
VVELL,-TIM'/;D,  «.    Done  at  a  proper  time. 
WELL-TRAl\'i:D,  a.    Correctly  trained. 
\V£1X.-TRI<£D,  a.    Having  t>ee'n  fully  triMl. 

SMUsy. 
WELL'-WA-TER,  a.    [irea  and  icairr.]    The  water 
that  flows  int'^  a  well  fixtm  subterraneous  springs; 
water  ilravn  I'mra  a  well. 
WELL-WILI.'ER,  a.     [lodt  and  n'O.)     One  who 

means  kindly.  Sulitfy.     Hwykfr. 

WEIX-WISU',  a.    [k<U  and  triak.]    A  wUh  of  hap- 
piness. JiUum. 
WEIX-WI.^U'ER,  a.    [Supra.]    One  who  wiahea  the 

good  of  aniKher.  .Mdimi. 

WELSH,  a.    [Sax.  isaHisr,  from  wflk,  a  foraigner ; 
wtattiam,  to  wander;   G.  waUck,  faretgn,   strange, 
Celtic,  WeU ,-  WaUtke  frmtkt,  Itie  lialiu  language, 
that  is,  foreign  or  Celtic.] 
Pertaining  to  Uw  VImkk  nalion. 
WELSH,  a.    The  langaage  of  Wales  or  of  the  Welsh. 
S.  The  general  name  of  the  Inhabitants  of  Wales. 
Ihe  wurd  sipniaea  tbreigoen  ov  wandereis,  and  was 
given  to  this  people  by  other  aalions,  pnibaUjr  be- 
cause they  caioe  4^«n  aome  disbint  countiy.    The 
Wclsii  call  tbemaalTea  Cumn,  in  the  plural,  and  a 
WeMunaa  Cfm;  and  'their   country    Cymn,    of 
which  the  adjective  is  Cymrtig,  and  the  n.ime  of 
their  lanf;ua4;e,  Cviarae.^.    They  ate  supposed  to  be 
from  the  dnbri  of  Jutland.  Oieea. 

WELSH-RAB'BIT,    a.      [ptoperly    WeUh   rart^iL] 
Cheese  melted  into  a  mass,  and  usually  spread  over 
slices  of  toasted  brca.I. 
WELT,  a.     [W.  gxcaU,  fmm  ipcaj,  n  fence,  a  Kofl,- 
ffiEoliaWf  to  inclose  ;  iriraUu,  to  hem.    See  Walu] 

A  small   cord  covered  Willi  clulh  and  sewed  on 
aearas  or  borders  to  strengthen  them. 
WELT,  c.  L    To  furnish  w  ith  a  well  j  to  sew  a  well 

on  a  seam  or  border. 
WELT'ED,  pp.  or  a.    Fumishins  with  a  welt. 
WEL'TBR,  «.    i.      [Sai.  »w/(s« :     tfw.    ralira;    G. 
vaiin ;   DaiL  cellar ,-  allied  probably  to  walUra,  L. 
Mlate.] 

To  roll,  as  the  body  of  an  animal ;  but  usually,  to 
roll  or  wallow  in  some  foul  matter ;  as,  to  w-c/rer  in 
blood  or  in  filth.  Dryiln. 

WEL'TER-IX<:,  ppr.     Rolling;    wallowing;    as    in 

tnire,  blood,  or  other  flllhy  matter. 
WEM,  a.    [Sai.]   A  sp^  ;  a  scar.   [04*.]  Brertxatd. 
WEM,  e.  L    [Sax.  maiua.] 

To  corrupt.     [  (Mil] 
WES,  a.     [Sal.  mm*;  D.  awa,'   Ann.  gaamatn,  a 
wart.] 

An  encysted  tumor  which  ia  movable,  pulpy,  luid 
often  elastic  to  the  touch. 
WENCH,  a.     [Saz.  aieads.    Qo.  G.  loeitiV,  little.] 

1.  A  young  woman.    [LiuU  asoL] 

S44ney.    Donne.. 
a.  A  young  woman  of  ill  Ame.  Priar. 

3,  In  .djoA-tca,  a  block  or  colored  female  servant ; 
a  ne^ess. 
WEXCH,  r.  i.-  To  frequent  the  company  of  women 

of  III  fame.  Addiion. 

WE.VCH'ER,  a.     A  lewd  man.  Grna. 

WE.VCH'IXG,  ppr.    Frequenting  women  of  ill  fame. 
WEND,  r.  £.     [Sax.  ven^aa.l 
L  To  go ;  to  pasB  to  or  from. 

2.  To  turn  round.  [Oil.]  [Wekd  and  Wi.-tn  are 
from  the  same  root.] 

WEN'.N'EL.  a.     A  weanel."  [Sec  Whhel.]     [0»s.] 

;?-f  i'!^','-^'*'  I  "•     f™"  *'^]     Having  the  nature  of 
WEX'.NV,      j      a  wen. 


WET 

WKNT,  prfi.  of  the  verb  Wend.  We  now  arrange 
trait  in  grainmar  tis  the  preicnl  of  ^^u,  but  in  origin  it 
\x:\s  no  connection  willi  it. 

WEPT,  yrct.  and  pp.  ul"  Wkep. 

Wbrii  hr  b»<l  come  ncur.  he  bdicM  tbc  eitr.  uid  tMpI  ovvr  iL  — 
l.uk«  xix.  ■^ 

WERGt(pron.  VA*,  which,  when  prolonged,  becomes 
nfcrr.)  This  U  used  as  the  imperfect  lense  plural  of 
be  ;  we  wfrr,  you  ttere^  they  »«■* ;  and  in  some  other 
tensi-i;.  It  is  the  Danish  verb  Cdrer,  to  be,  to  exist, 
8w.  rant,  and  in  origin  has  no  connection  with  be., 
nur  with  itiu.  It  is  united  witli  bCj  to  supply  xU 
want  (ff  tensed,  aa  v>ent  Is  with  go. 

Wr.RE,  n.     A  dam.     [See  Wear.] 

W^KE'UILD,  n.  [Sax.  te>£T,  man,  and  the  estimated 
value  of  a  man,  and  gild.,  gelly  money.] 

Formerly,  the  price  of  a  man's  head  ;  a  compensa- 
tion |Kiid  fur  a  man  hilled,  partly  to  the  kinii  for  Etie 
loss  of  a  subject,  and  partly  to  the  lord  of  the  va.ssal, 
and  partly  to  the  next  of  kin.  It  wu^  |uiid  by  the 
murderer.  Black.-itone. 

W*ER-Nf:UI-AN,  a.  Pertaining  to  Werner,  the  Gor- 
man mineralogist  and  geologist  w  ho  arranged  uiin- 
emU  in  classes,  &c.,  according  to  their  e.\ternal  cltar- 
acters,  and  advocated  the  tl)eory  that  the  strata  of 
the  earth's  crust  were  formed  by  depositions  from 
water. 

WER'iNER-XTE,  n.  The  same  with  Scaholite, 
which  see.  Dana. 

WERT,  the  second  person  singular  of  the  subjunctive 
inipiTfecl  tense  of  be.    [See  Were.J 

WERTH,  WORTH,  in  names,  signincs  a  farm,  court, 
or  village,  from  Sax.  veorthift.  i.ye   Diet. 

WFVSIL.  for  WEA9ASD.     [A«l  in  vse,] 

WESXEV*-A\,  a.    Pertaining  to  Wesleyanism. 

WES'l.EY-AN,  n.  One  who  adopts  tho  principles  of 
We:»leyanisnt. 

WEri'LEV-AN-ISM,  ».  Arminian  Methodism;  the 
sytitem  of  doctrines  and  church  pt>lily  inculcated  by 
John  We«ley.  .  • 

WEs^T,  N.  [Sax.  itfM;  D.  and  G.  vest;  Dan.  vest; 
Hw.  restrr;  Fr.  ouest.  This  word  pmbably  dignities 
decline  or  fall,  or  departure  ;  as  in  L.  occidms^  and 
iu  ttliwr  cases.  In  ek-nients  it  coincides  with  teaste.] 
1.  tu  strictne.<«,  that  point  of  the  horizon  midway 
between  the  north  and  t^outh  jioiutii,  on  the  side, 
where  the  heavenly  bodies  set;  opfntsed  to  East, 
wliich  is  the  corrcsftonding  point  on  tlie  side  where 
Ihey  rie!o.  In  a  lei's  strict  sen^c^  the  region  of  Ihe 
hemisphere  near  this  point.  Thus  we  say,  a  star 
sets  in  tho  wcgt,  a  meteor  appears  In  tlie  icfut,  a  cloud 
rises  in  ilw  waL 

S.  A  couDlr)'  situated  in  a  region  toward  the  sun- 
vetting,  with  respect  to  another.  Thus,  in  the  t^nitcd 
States,  the  inhabitants  of  tlie  Aitnnlic  States  speak 
of  the  inhabiuiiit^  of  C>hio,  Kentucky,  or  Missouri, 
nnd  adi  thcni  people  of  the  tcest ;  and  furnierly,  ilie 
empire  of  Runio  was  called  Ihe  empire  of  the  H'cst, 
in  oppositiun  to  tho  empire  of  the  iwuf,  the  seat  of 
which  was  Constantinople. 

WEST,  a.  Being  in  a  line  toward  the  point  in  the 
horizon  miiiway  between  the  north  and  south  points, 
on  the  side  where  the  sun  sets  ;  or,  in  a  looser  sense, 
being  in  the  regiim  near  the  line  of  direction  toward 
that  point,  eittier  on  the  earth  or  in  the  heavens     * 

Tlii»  sball  be  your  loeal  WM-t. —  Num.  xxkiv, 

3.  Coming  or  moving  from  the  west  or  western 
repion  ;  as,  a  ieest  wind. 

WEST,  adv.  To  the  western  region :  at  the  west- 
ward ;  more  westward  ;  as,  Ireland  lies  icejt  of 
England. 

WEST,  r.  u  To  pass  to  the  west  j  to  set,  as  the  sun. 
[Aot  m  ««.]  Cf'fiueer. 

WEST'ER-I.NG,  a.    Passing  to  the  west.    [I  beliete 


[Jb 
JfUt 


not  note  used.]  JdUton. 

WEST'ER-LY,  o.    Being  toward  the  west ;  situated 
in  the  western  region  ;  as,  the  viesterly  parts  of  Eng- 
land. Oraunt. 
2.  Movinc  from  the  westward  ;  as,  a  westerly  wind. 

WEST'ER-LV,  adc.     Tending,  going  or  moving  to- 
wnrd  the  west ;  as,  a  man  traveling  icestcrty. 

WESTERN,  a.    [wtwi  and  Sax.  arn,  place.] 

1.  Ueing  in  the  west,  or  in  the  region  nearly  in  the 
direction  of  west;  being  in  that  quarter  where  the 
eun  sets  ;  as,  the  tcestem  shore  of  Fmnce;  the  toest- 
ern  ocean. 

2.  Gloving  in  a  line  to  the  part  where  the  sun  sets  j 
a^,  the  ship  makes  a  western  course. 

WEST^IXG,  n.    Space  or  distance  westward  ;  or  de- 

porttire  westward;  £is,  the  westing  and  southing  of  a 

ship. 
WEST'WARDjfirfp.   [Sax.  westjceard ;  west  and  weard^ 

L.  versus.] 
Toward  the  west;  as,  to  ride  or  sail  westward. 
WE3T'WARD-LY,  adv.    In  a  direction  toward  the 

west ;  as,  to  pass  wesficardly. 
WET,  a.    [Sax.  wtst ;  Sw.  rctfa,  Dan.  rccde,  moisture, 

Gr.  i^cTOi ;  X*.  udus.] 

1.  Containing  water;  a«,  wet  land,  or  a  wet  cloth  ; 
or  having  water  or  other  liquid  upon  the  surface  ;  as, 
a  wet  tablp.  JVct  implies  more  water  or  liquid  tlian 
Moist  or  Hcmio.         ~ 

2.  Rainy  ;  as,  wet  weatlipr ;  a  wet  season 


WHA 

WET,  n.    Water  or  wetness  ;  moisture  or  humidity  in 

considerable  deErec.     Wear  tiiiclt  shoes  or  pattens  to 

keep  your  feet  from  the  wet. 
2.  Rainy  weather  ;  foggy  or  misty  weather.   Sw(/l 
WET,  V.  t.  i   preU  and  pp.  Wet.     But   \Vettku   is 

soinetimcti    used.      [Sux.  watan ;   Sw.  vtUai    Dan. 

VJ-der.] 

1.  To  nil  or  moisten  with  water  or  other  liquid  ;  to 
sprinkle  or  lnmieclale;  to  cause  to  have  water  or 
other  lluid  adherent  to  the  surface  -,  to  dip  or  soak  in 
litpior  i  aSj  to  wet  a  sponge ;  to  wet  the  hands  ;  to  wet 
cloth 

Wet  the  tblntjr  enith  wIUi  taUiag  •howcn.  A/t/bm. 

2.  To  moisten  with  drink.  Wallan. 
WETH'ER,  n.    [Sax.  wether  or  weddcr.   In  Dan,  vceder 

is  a  ram.j 
A  ram  castrated. 
WET'N'ESS,  II.  The  state  of  being  wet,  either  by 
being  soaked  or  tilled  with  liquor,  or  by  having  a 
liquid  adherent  to  the  surface;  as,  the  wetness  of 
land  ;  the  irctiiess  of  a  cloth.  It  implies  more  water 
or  licpiid  than  Humidness  or  Moisture. 

2.  A  watery  or  nioi.st  state  of  the  atmosphere;  a 

stale  of  being  rainy,  foggy,  or  misty  ;  as,  the  wetness 

of  weather  or  tho  season. 

WET'-NURSE,  71.     A  nurse  who  suckles  a  child,  op- 

jKised  to  a  Dsv  Nurse,  who  brings  uptiitldn^n  by  hand. 

WKT'TlSil,  a.    Somewhat  wet ;  moist;  humid. 

WEX,  V.  t.  or  t.     To  grow  ;  to  wa.x.     [J^ot  to  be  used.] 

[See  Wax.] 
WEV,  fw^O  "■     [fi^m  weigh.]     A  certain  quantity. 
in  England^  a  weigh  of  wool  is  C,\  tods,  or  182  lbs. ; 
a  weigh  of  butter  or  cheese  varies  fro:ii  2  to  3  cwl. ; 
a  weigh  uf  corn  or  salt  is  40  bushels  ;  a  weigh  of  oats 
or  barh'V,  48  bushels,  &c.  MeCuUoch.     Cyc. 

W£'ZAND,  ftir  Weasand.     [See  the  latter.] 

J^otc. —  In  words  beginning  with  wA,  the  letter  A, 
or  aspirate,  when  hotii  Itrlters  are  pronutuiced,  pre- 
cedes the  sound  of  w.  'J'hus  irAu/,  trAc/i,  are  pro- 
nounced /tiro/,  hwcn.  So  tiiey  were  written  by  our 
oncestors,  and  so  they  ought  to  be  written  siill,  as 
they  are  by  the  Danes  and  Swedes. 
WHACK,  (hwak,)  v.  u  To  strike.  This  is  probably 
the  primary  word  on  which  is  formed  thwack.  [See 
TwiT.l  IVhaek  is  a  vulgar  word. 
WHALE,  (hwale,)  n.  [Sax.  Aica?,  hwtel;  G.  walljisch., 
from  walletty  to  stir,  agitate,  or  rove;  D.  walvisch  ; 
Sw.  and  Dan.  hral.  'i'his  animal  is  named  from 
roundness,  or  from  rolling;  for  in  Dan.  bralt  is 
arched  or  vaulted ;  hcmllerj  to  arth  or  vault,  D. 
welvtn*] 

The  general  name  of  on  order  of  animals  inhabit- 
ing the  ocean,  arranged  in  zoology  under  the  name 
of  Crtc  or  Cetacete,  and  belonging  to  the  class  Mam- 
malia^ in  the  Linniean  system.  I'hc  Greenland 
whale  is  of  the  genus  Balxna.  When  fully  grown, 
it  is  from  fifty  to  sixty-five  or  seventy  feet  in  length, 
nnd  from  thirty  to  forty  feet  iu  its  greatest  circum- 
ference. The  whale  furnishes  us  with  oil,  whale- 
bone, &c.  [See  Cach-\i,ot.] 
WllALE'-llOAT,  n,     A  long,  narrow  boat,  sharp  at 

both  ends,  used  by  whalemen. 
WIIALE'BoNF,,  n.     [whale  and  bone.]     Afirm, elastic 
Hurjst;ince,  taken  from  the  upper  jaw  of  the  whale, 
used  as  a  stiffening  in  stays,  fans,  screens,  &,c. 
WllALE'-FISH-ER-Y,  n.    The  fishery  or  occupation 

of  taking  whales. 
WHA  I<E'M AN,  11.    A  man  employed   in  the  whale- 
fishery. 
WHAL'ER,n.    Aship  employed  in  the  whale-fishery. 
WHAL'ING,  n.     The  business  of  taking  whales. 
WHALtj,  )  n.      A  greenish- white  state  of  the  eyes. 
WHAUL,  (      [See  Wall-Eye.] 
WIIALL'Y,  a.     Having  greenish-white  eyes.     [See 

Wali^Eve.] 
WHAME,  n.    A  speciesof  fly,  Tabanus,the  burrel  fly, 

that  annoys  horses. 
WHANG,  iL     rsar.  thwang-^ 

A  leather  tliong.     [JVy(  in  «*«.] 
WHANG,  V.  t.     To  beat.     [Jvot  in  iwc,  or  local.] 

Grose. 
WH.\P, ».     A  blow.     [Vulgar.]     [See  Awhap.] 
WH.\P'PER,  (hwop'per,)n.     Something  uncommonly 
large  of  the   kind.     So  thumper   is   connected  with 
thumpy  to  strike  with  a  heavy  blow ;  applied  partic- 
ularly to  a  bold  lie.      [Vulgar.] 
WHARF,  (hworf,)  n.     [Sax.  htearf,  hwcnrf ;  n.werf; 
Dan.  verf;  Russ.  vorph.      In   M.  wervcn  signifies  to 
raise  or  levy.    In  the  plural.  Wharfs  and  Wharves 
are  both  used.] 

A  perpendicular  bank  or  mound  of  timber  or  stone 
and  earth,  raised  on  the  shore  of  a  harbor,  river, 
canal,  &.c.,  or  extending  some  distance  into  the 
water,  for  the  convenience  of  lading  and  unlading 
ships  and  other  vessels.  The  two  longest  wharfs  in 
New  Englaud,  are  at  Boston  and  tx  New  Haven. 
The  latter  is  much  the  longest,  extending  into  the 
harbor  about  three  quarters  of  a  mile. 
WHARF,  I?,  u  To  guard  or  secure  by  a  wharf  or  firm 
wail  of  timber  or  stone;  as,  the  western  bank  of  the 
Connecticut  is  wharfed  at  Ilartford,  to  prevent  the 
river  from  wearing  away  the  land. 
WHARF'AGE,  71.    The  fee  or  duty  paid  for  the  priv- 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — METE,  PRgY — PINE,  MARlfNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 


WHE 

ilei^  of  usin^  a  wharf  for  loading  or  unloading  goods, 
timber,  wood,  &lc. 

WHARF'ING,  n.     Wharfs  in  general. 

WHARF'IN-GER,  n.  A  man  who  has  the  care  of  a 
wliarf,  or  the  proprietor  of  a  wharf. 

WHAT,  (h wot,)  pronoun  relative  or  substitute,  [Sax. 
kic'tet ;  Goth,  vaiht ;  D.  wat ;  G.  icaa :  Dan.  and  S\v. 
krad  i  Scot,  q^thal ;  L.  quod,  quid.  The  Sax.  Aw<8/, 
Awot,  signifies  brisk,  lively,  vigorous  ;  which  shows 
that  this  pronoun  is  the  same  word  as  icight,  a  living 
being,  from  the  root  of  the  L.  iflro,  for  visro.  (See 
WioHT.)  The  Gothic  h  represents  the  llatin  c  in 
vietusA 

1.  That  which.  Say  vshat  you  will,  is  the  same  as 
say  Oiat  which  you  will. 

2.  Which  part.  Consider  what  is  due  to  nature, 
and  vhat  to  art  or  labor. 

3.  What  is  the  substitute  for  a  sentt-nce  or  clause 
of  a  sentence.  •'  I  tell  thee  urAu/,  corporal,  I  could 
tear  her."  Here  wfiat  relates  to  the  last  clause,  '^I 
could  tear  her ;  "  this  is  what  I  tell  you. 

4.  What  is  used  as  an  adjective,  of  botli  genders, 
often  in  specifying  sorts  or  particulars.  See  vshat 
colors  this  silk  exhibits.  I  know  what  qualities  you 
desire  in  a  friend  j  that  is,  I  know  the  qualities  which 
yon  desire. 

5.  What  19  much  used  in  asking  questions.  What 
sort  of  character  is  this.'  What  poem  is  this.'  What 
man  is  this  we  see  coming  ? 

6.  What  time ;  at  the  time  or  on  the  day  when. 

What  tit7i£  [he  morn  myslcriou*  Tisiona  brings.  Pope. 

7.  To  how  great  a  degree. 

WTuU  partial  jiKlffrt  are  our  lore  and  lute  I  Dryden. 

8.  Whatever. 

Whether  11  WAS  VH^  shortnesi  of  hb  foresight,  the  atretiffth  of  hii 
will —  uT  ichai  it  was.  Bacon. 

9.  Some  part,  or  some.  "  The  year  before,  he  had 
so  used  the  matter,  that  trhat  by  force,  what  by  policy, 
he  had  taken  from  the  Christians  above  thirty  cas- 
tles;" that  is,  he  had  taken  above  thirty  castles,  a 
part  or  some  by  force,  a  part  or  some  by  policy  ;  or 
what  may  be  interpreted  partly.  KnoUes. 

Sometimes  what  has  no  verb  to  govern  it,  and  it 
must  be  considered  as  adverbially  used,  *'  What 
with  carrying  apples  and  fuel,  he  finds  himself  in  a 
hurry  ;  '*  that  is,  partly,  in  part. 

10.  What  is  sometimes  u&d  elliptically  for  what  is 
this  ?  or  how  is  this  1 

What  I  coulJ  ye  not  watch  with  me  one  hoorf  —  Matt.  xxtI. 

11.  What  is  used  interrogatively  and  elliptically,  as 
equivalent  to  what  will  be  the  consfquence  1  What 
will  follow  7  as  iti  the  phrase,  what  if  I  undertake  this 
businefis  myself? 

What  though;  that  is,  grant  this  or  that ;  allow  it  to 
be  »o. 

What  ho ;  an  exclamation  of  calling. 
WHAT,  (hwot,)  n.    Fare  j  things;  matter.      [JVot  in 

«.?*»,]  Spenser. 

WHATEVER,  pron.  [what  and  ever.]  Being  this 
or  that ;  being  of  one  nature  or  another:  being  one 
thing  or  another ;  any  thing  that  may  be.  fVhmt^ver 
h  read,  let  it  be  read  with  attention.  Whatever 
measure  may  be  adopted,  let  it  be  with  due  caution. 
Whateter  you  do,  let  it  be  done  with  prudence. 
2.  All  that ;  the  whole  that ;  all  parliculara  that 

At  oii«e  Cirrw  (orlh  w)AcI*p«-  eiwju.  Atlllon. 

WII..\T-SO-EV'ER,  o.,  compound  of  what,  so.  and 
evfr,  has  the  sense  of  whaifcrr,  and  is  less  us!.d  than 
the  latter.  Indeed,  it  is  nearly  obsolete.  Whatsaj  in 
a  like  sense,  is  entirely  obsolete. 

WllfiAL,  n.     A  pustule.     [See  WkilJ 

WHkAT,  (hweet,)  n,  [Sax.  htctstei  Goth,  hwit;  Ice. 
hveitmu ;  G.  weilzen  ;  Sw.  hvete ;  Dan.  hvede  ;  D.  weit. 
Qu.  Ueb.  rilDn ;  Syr.  id.] 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Triticum,  and  the  seed  of  Ibe 
plant,  which  furnishes  a  \vhite  flour  for  bread,  and, 
next  to  rice,  is  the  grain  miwt  generally  used  by  the 
human  race.  Of  this  grain  the  varieties  are  numer- 
ou!«,  as  red  wheat,  white  wheat,  bald  wheat,  bearded 
wh  "at,  winter  wheal,  summer  wheat,  &.c. 

WHkAT'-BIKD,  n.    A  bird  that  feeds  on  wheat. 

yir/rinia, 

WIIkAT'-EAR,«.  Asmall  bird, common  in  Europe, 
the  Saxicola  (Motacilla,  Linn.)  cenanihe  of  Bech- 
stein:  called  also  White-Tah,  and  Kallow-Finch. 
It  IS  allied  to  the  stonechal  and  whinchat.  P.  Cye. 

VVHP.A'i'tW,  (hweet'n,)  a.  Made  of  wheal;  as, 
wheaten  bread.  ArbtithaoU     Pope, 

WHSAT'-FL?,  n,  A  name  given  to  several  insects 
injurious  to  wheat  It  includes  the  Hessian  fly, 
wheat-moth,  &c.  K.  C.  Uerrick, 

WHkAT'-MOTH.  71.  An  insect  whose  grubs  devour 
the  grains  of  wheat,  chiefly  after  it  is  harvested; 
probably  the  same  as  the  Angournois  moth. 

ICC,  Herrick. 

WHEAT'-PLUM,  n,    A  sort  of  plum. 

WHEE'DhE,  (hwee'dl,)  v,  U    [Qm.  Gr.  yoJTMOw,  or 

To  flatter ;  to  entice  by  soft  words 

To  Wrn  the  onhidtj  art  of  whttdling  f:.o!«.  Dryden. 

WHEE'DLE,  V.  i.    To  flatter ;  to  coax. 


WHE 

WHEE'DLED,  pp.     Flattered;  enticed;  coaxed. 
WHEE'ULING,   ppr.      Flattering;    enticing  by   soft 

wordfl. 
WHEE'DLTNG,  n.    The  act  of  flattering  or  enticing. 
WHEEI,,  n.     [Sax.  hiceol,  hweohl,  htceogl,  hweogui ;  D. 

wid ;  Sw.  hiul.    This  seems  to  have  Wff  or  H^  for 

its  elements.     See  Syr.  and  Ar.  No.  16,  17,  Class 

Cg.] 

1.  A  circular  frame  of  wood,  iron,  or  other  metil, 
consisting  of  a  nave  or  huh,  into  which  are  insertetl 
spokes  which  sustain  a  rim  or  felly ;  the  whole  turn- 
ing on  an  axis.  The  name  is  also  given  to  a  solid 
circular  or  round  piece  of  wood  or  metal,  whicli  re- 
volves on  an  axis.  The  wheel  and  axle  constiiule 
one  (tf  the  mechanical  powers.     [See  Axis,  No.  4.J 

2.  A  circular  body.  S.'iak. 

3.  A  carriage  that  moves  on  wheels.  Pope. 

4.  An  instrument  for  torturing  criminals;  as,  an 
examination  made  by  the  rack  and  the  wheel. 

AddUoTU 

5.  A  machine  for  spinning  thread  of  various 
kinds. 

6.  Rotation;  revolution;  turn;  as,  the  vicissitude 
and  wheel  of  things.  South. 

7.  A  turning  about ;  a  compass. 

He  throws  bis  flight  in  muny  an  airy  wheel,  Milton. 

8.  In  pottery,  a  round  board  turned  by  a  lathe  in  a 
horizontal  position,  on  which  the*clay  is  shaped  by 
the  hand. 

9.  A  circular  frame  havins  handles  on  the  periph- 
er>',  and  connected  by  the  tiller-ropes  with  the  rud- 
der, used  for  steering  a  ship. 

WHEEL'-AN-I-MAL,  I  n.     One  of  a  class  of 

WHEEL'-AN-I-MAL'€ULE,  (  animalcules,  with 
arms  for  taking  their  prey  resembling  wheels;  a  ro- 
tifer. Brandt, 

WHEEL'-BAR-RoW,  v,  [wheel  and  harrvw.'l  A 
frame  with  a  box,  supported  by  one  wheel,  and 
rolled  by  a  single  man. 

WHEEL'-BoAT,  n.  [wheel  and  boat.]  A  boat  with 
wheels,  to  be  used  either  on  water  or  upon  inclined 
planes  or  railwavs. 

WHEEL'-eAR-KIAfiE,  n.  [whed  and  carriage.']  A 
carriage  moved  on  wheels 

WHEEL'-RaCE,  n.  The  place  in  which  a  water- 
wheel  is  fixed.  Francis. 

WHEEL'-SHAP-£D,  (hweel'shapte,)  a.  [tched  and 
shape.]  In  botany,  rotate;  monopetalous,  expanding 
into  a  flat  border  at  top,  with  scarcely  any  tube  ;  as, 
a  wlteelshaped  corol.  Smith. 

WHEEL' WRIGHT,(hweel'rIte,)rt,  [wheel  rxwAwright.] 
A  man  whose  occupation  is  to  make  wheels  and 
wheel-carriages,  as  carts  and  wagons. 

WHEEL,  r.  t  To  convey  on  wheels;  as,  to  whed  a 
load  nf  hay  or  wood. 

2.  To  put  into  a  rotary  motion ;  to  cause  to  turn 
round  Milton. 

WHEEL,  V.  i.    To  turn  on  an  axis.  Bentley, 

2.  To  turn  ;  to  move  round  ;  as,  a  body  of  troojw 
whed  to  the  right  or  left. 

3.  To  fetch  a  compass. 

Then  wheeling  down  the  iit?ep  of  heaven  ho  Rie«.  Pope, 

4.  To  roll  forward. 

Tliiinder 
-    M'lit  wheel  on  the  earth,  dcTourlng  whtre  it  rolU.        Milton. 

WHEEL' £D,   pp.      Conveyed  on  wheels;   turned; 

rolled  round. 
WHEEL'ER,  n.    A  maker  of  wheels.     [Qhs.'] 
WHEEL'ING,  ppr.     Conveying  on   wheels  or  in  a 

wheel-carriage;  turning. 
WHEEI/ING,'n.     The  act  of  conveying  on  wheels. 

2.  The  act  of  passing  tm  wheels,  or  convenience 
for  passing  on  wheels,  Wf.  say,  it  is  good  wheding, 
or  bad  wheeling,  according  to  the  state  of  the  roads. 

3.  A  turning  or  circular  movement  of  troops  em- 
bo<lied. 

WUEEL'Y,  a.    Circular;  suitable  to  rotation. 

Philips. 
WHEEZE,  u.  i.  [Sax.  hweosan;  Arm.  chueza;  8\v. 
he/f,  hoarse;  Dan.  hv<Bscr ;  Svv.  hrdsa^  to  hiss,  to 
whiz  ;  Dan.  hcaesj  a  whi.dling.  fVheeze,  whiz,  and 
probably  wki-^per,  are  of  one  family,  and  accord  with 
the  root  of  the  L.  Jistula.] 

To  breathe  hard  and  with  an  audible  sound,  as 
nefftona  aflectcd  with  asthma.  Dryden.     Swifh 

WHEEZ'ING,  ppr.      Rreathing  with  difliculty  and 

noise. 
WHEEZ'ING,  n.   The  act  of  breathing  with  difficulty 

and  noise. 
WHELK,  (hwelk,)  B.     A  wrinkle  ;  inequality  on  the 
surface  ;  protuberance  ;  a  pustule.    [See  Wklk  and 
Weal.] 

a.  A  mollusk,  the  Buccinnm  nndatum,  having  a 
shell  univalvular,  spiral,  and  gibbous,  with  an  oval 
aperture  ending  in  a  short  canal  or  gutter.  Whelks 
are  much  used  for  food  in  England. 

LinneFus.     P.  Cyc. 
WHELK'Y,  a.    Protuberant;  embossed;  rounded. 

Spetiser, 
WHELM,  r.  t.     [Sax.  aJiwyl/an;  Goth,  hulyan;   Ice. 
wilma  or  h witma.^ 

1.  To  cover  with  water  or  other  fluid  ;  to  cover  by 
immersion  in  something  that  3nvelops  on  all  sides; 


WHE 

as,  to  whelm  a  pcrs(-n  or  a  company  in  ttie  seas ;  to 
whelm  a  caravan  in  sand  or  dust. 

9.  To  cover  completely ;  to  immerse  deeply ;   to 
overburden  ;  as,  to  whdm  one  in  sorrows. 
3.  To  throw  over  so  as  to  cover.     [JVot  used.] 

Mortimer, 
WHELM'£D,  pp.    Covered,  as  by  being  plunged  or 

imtnersed. 
WHELM'ING,  ppr.    Covering,  as  by  immersion. 
WHELP,  n.     [Dan.  hvalp;  Sw.  ealp;  D.  welp.    This 
word  coincides  in  elements  with  wolf,  L.  vufpcs.] 

I.  The  young  of  the  canine  species,  and  ui  sev- 
eral other  beasts  of  prey;  a  puppy  ;  a  cub;  as,  a 
bear  robbed  of  her  wfulps  ;  lion's  whelps, 
Q,  A  son  ;  in  contempt.  Shak. 

3.  A  young  man  ;  in  contempt.  Jiddison» 

WHELP,  V.  i.  To  bring  forth  young,  as  the  female  of 
the  canine  species  and  some  other  beasts  of  prey. 

Boyle. 
WHEN,  adv.     [Goth,  hwan;  Sax.  hwanne;  G.  toann ; 
D.  wanneer;  L.  quando  ;  Gaelic,  euinne.] 

1.  At  the  time.  We  were  present  what  General 
La  Fayette  embarked  at  Havre  for  New  York. 

^r.  w. 

2.  Alvihalixme-yintcrrogalivehj, 

When  shall  Uicae  Ihiugi  be  ?  —  Malt,  xx  W. 

3.  Which  lime. 

I  wrj  adopted  heir  by  his  content  j 

SiiiCfi  v>hen,  h'u  oatli  is  broke.  iSAoJt. 

4.  After  the  time  that  When  the  act  is  passed, 
the  public  will  be  satisfied. 

5.  At  what  time 

Kings  may 
Take  their  advantage  ioken  and  how  they  Ii*L  Darnel. 

When  asi  at  the  time  when  ;  what  time.     [O&f.] 

When  aa  scicred  liglit  began  to  dawn.  JUUbm, 

WHENCE,  adv.     [i^ax.  hwanon.] 

1.  From  what  place. 

Whence  aud  what  art  thon  t  Milton. 

2.  From  what  source.  Whence  shall  wo  derive 
hope  ?     Whence  comes  this  honor  ? 

Whence  liatb  this  man  this  wisdom  I  —  Matt.  xiii. 

3.  From  which  premises,  principles,  or  facts.  These 
facts  or  principles  are  admitted,  whence  it  follows  that 
judgment  must  be  entered  for  the  plaintiff". 

4.  How ;  by  what  way  or  means.    Mark  xii. 

5.  la  general,  from  which  person,  cause,  place, 
principle,  or  circumstance. 

From  whence  may  be  considered  as  tautological, 
from  being  implied  in  whence;  but  the  use  is  well 
authorized,  and  in  some  cases  the  use  of  it  seems  to 
give  force  or  beauty  to  the  phrase.  We  ascended 
the  mountain,  from  whence  we  took  a  view  of  the 
beautiful  plains  beluw. 

Of  whence  is  not  now  used. 
WHENCE-SO-EV'ER,  adv.     [whence,  so,  and  ex^er.] 
From  what  place  soever ;  from  what  cause  or  source 
soever. 

Any  Wen,  whenceaoever  we  hive  lU  lioda, 

WHENCE-EV'EK.     See  Whensoever. 

WHEN-EV'ER,  adv.  [when  and  ever.]  At  whatever 
time.  Whenever  you  come,  you  will  be  kindly  re- 
ceived. 

WHEN-.'^O-EV'ER,  a.  [when,  so,  and  ever.]  At  what 
time  soever  ;  at  whatever  time.  Locke. 

WHERE,  (hware,)  adv,  [Sax.  Aawr ;  Goth.  A«Jar,Sw. 
hvar ;  D.  waar.] 

1.  At  which  place  or  places. 

She  visited  tlie  place  where  flret  slic  was  so  hoppy.        SSAiay. 
lu  all  pUic^-M  where  I  n-oord  my  name,  I  will  come  to  thee  and  I 
will  bicsa  lliee.  — Ex.  xx. 

2.  At  or  '"  what  place. 

Adam,  where  art  thou  ?  — Geu.  UI. 

3.  At  the  place  in  which. 

HTiere  T  thonjhl  the  n-mnnnt  of  my  tige 

Should  hiivu  breii  chemhi:d  by  her  childlike  duty,  ShaJt. 

4.  Whither ;  to  what  place,  or  from  what  place. 
Whrre  are  you  going  ?     Where  are  you  from  .' 

[These  uses  of  where  are  common,  and  tlia  first 
can  not  be  condemned  as  vulgar.J 

^ny  where  ;  in  any  place.  I  sought  the  man,  but 
could  not  find  him  any  where. 

JVote. —  Where  seems  to  have  been  originally  a 
noun,  and  was  so  used  by  Sjienser.  "  He  shall  find 
no  whcte  safe  to  him."  In  this  sense,  it  is  obsolete  ; 
yet  it  implies  place,  its  original  signification. 
WHBRE-A-COUT',  comp.  [where  and  about,]  Near 
what  place.     Whereabout  did  you  meet  your  friend  I 

2.  Near  which  place.  Shak. 

3.  Concerning  which. 

The  object  whereabout  lliey  arc  conTcnant.  Hooker, 

[Whereabouts  is  also  used.] 
WHBRE-AS',  (hware-az',)  comp.      [where  and  as,] 
When  in  fact  or  truth  j  implying  opposition  to  some- 
thing that  precedes. 

Are  not  those  found  to  be  thn  freatest  zr-alots,  who  are  most 
notoriuusly  fj^noniiitf  whereat  true  wai  should  always 
b^gin  with  true  knowledge.  SpraL 

2.  The  thing  being  so  that ;  considering  that  things 
are  so  ;  implying  an  admission  of  facts,  sometimes 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS — C  aa  K;  6  as  J;  8  as  Z;  CH  as  8H;  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


1259 


WHE 

fulluweii  by  a  diderrnt  .statement,  and  somftimcs  by 
infrrenct's  or  something  consequent,  as  in  the  law 
■tyle,  where  a  preamble  intruduces  a  law. 

Wktnma  wxn  kk  feoenlljr  csuv*  at  povrnjr.  Bacon, 

3L  Whereat ;  al  which  place.    [Ofr.f.l      ^enstr. 

4.  But  on  the  contrary.     [See  No.  1.]     frooJwanL 
WIieRE-AT',  MM^.     [ttkertABdaL]    At  which. 

WhenM  he  wiu  no  le«  wgrj  tMd  ufauoed  llua  dr«roui  to 
obey  Z?liiiRn«.  £idiwy. 

5.  At  what ;  ixUrrontictIv,  fWkertat  are  you  of- 
fended ? 

VVH£R£-BT',  comp,     [wher*  and  fry.]    By  which. 

Twj  uke  niT  life, 
Wbra  yen  ck>  Uk«  ite  maum  MMrtAy  1  H*«.  Shai. 

S.  By  what ;  utCcm/stirc^ 

IWfvAy  «teU  I  ksov  tUi  ?  —  I^kw  L 
WHERE'FORE,  imiyw    [«*«r«  and  >-.}    For  which 
reason. 

mttrtf^rt,  bj  Otfir  fruita  yt  dwil  know  than.  —  Mall.  tU. 

S.  Why  i  fur  what  reason. 

Wktr^ort  dkl«  Ibou  duubt  r  —  hUtt.  xlv. 

WHBRE-IN'',  "Btp.  [where  und  in.]  In  which;  in 
winch  tbin^,  time,  respect,  book,  &c.  This  is  the 
tiling;  ttkerrim  you  have  erred. 

2.  In  whaL 

Yh  yt  nj,  ITXfrwjn  lure  w«  wenfM  bfm  F  —  Mai.  I. 

WHERE-IN-TO\    cmmf,      [when   and    imto.]      Into 

which.     fOfrj.)  Bacon. 

WHgRE'AESS,  R.    Ubiety;  imperfect  locality. 

A  potut  bAth  no  dimciMOfW,  but  ooljr  «  wkertitMt,  and  it  next 
to  nothing.  Onm. 

r  T%u  »«rtf  is  net  lusd^  mer  Au  it  ttiiy  intdUgibU  tig- 
nification.'] 
WHERE-OF',  coM^    [«A«r«  and  V"*]    Of  which.    We 
are  not  guilty  uf  tlie  crime  wkereiff  we  are  accuivd. 

a.  Of  wbaL  trkaratf  waa  thia  house  built.' 
[Oks.] 

How  tiM  »«fU,  when  mmI  mltm^/ cnmttd.  AS/km. 

WHERE<0\',  cv«^.  [»*«r»aad0ii.]  On  which;  as, 
the  gnvunil  Kkercon  we  tread. 

3.  On  WhaL  Wkertvn  do  we  st.ind  ?  [Ofr.«.] 
WFIgRK'SO,  Mwp.  [Ofr*.]  See  Whbre>okteb. 
WHERE  r^O-EV'ER,  r>«^    [»**«,  «e,  and  «•«•.]    In 

what  pince  soever;  in  whatever  place,  or  in  any 
place  in<lefinitely.  Seize  the  thief,  wktrtmnm'  hie 
Diay  be  fmind. 

fWHEBETER  is  the  preferable  word.) 

WHERE'THROUGH,  ihroagh  which,  is  not  in  nse. 

WIlER£-TO\  cMip.    [vAen  and  C«.]    To  which. 

Whtrtia  ««  tun  already  attabaNL  —  Pbil.  U. 

3.  To  wh.1t ;  to  What  end.    [tjttU  mm^I 
WI!ERE-U\-TO',    adp.      The  same  as  Wukkkto. 

WUBRE-UP-ON',  comf.    Upon  which. 

The  UfwvmuBa  mutttied  and  aeot  lo  Emcz,  wItKnumn  ht  eaiae 
Uutbrr.  GtarcMten. 

WHEREVER,  MM^  [wker*  and  «oer.]  At  whatever 
place. 

Hr  un  not  but  lore  virtup,  «tAtfr«Mr  h  ia.  ^tttoriwry. 

WHERE-WITH',  ««Pip.  {whert  and  iPiM.]  With 
which. 

Tb^  lore  vAcmtiA  thoti  ha«  lorod  me.  —  John  xvtt. 
S.  With  what ;  imterrogatiodf. 

^^kerewia^  shall  I  •»«  Iwwl  ?  —  Jiicl«r«  Tt 

WnERE-WITH-AL'.  u»mp.     [?ee  Withal.]    [wAwe, 

iritfc,  and  oU.]     The  same  as  Whesbwith. 
WHER'RET,  r,  U     [R.  virren.     Uu.]  ^ 

To  hurry ;  to  trouble  ;  to  tea:!>e ;  to  give  a  box  on 
the  ear. 

[Linn,  nnd  not  Uir4  in  Ameriem.'] 
WHER'RET,  a.    A  box  on  the  ear.    [AW  omw.] 

Bcanm.  ^  F%. 
WHER'RY,  n.     [A  different  orthography  of  Fsbrt, 
formed  with  a  strong  breathing,  like  wkUtUy  from  thi^ 
root  of  L.  _fistula.] 

1.  A  shallow,  lleht  boat,  built  ver>*  sharp  at  both 
ends,  for  fast  rowing  or  sailing,  especially  on  tide 
rivers.  Hfhtrt. 

The  term  has  also  been  applied  to  some  decked 
vessels  used  in  fi^^hing,  in  diflirent  parts  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland.  .Har.  Diet. 

a.  A  liquor  made  from  the  pulp  of  crabs,  after  the 
verjuice  isexpressed  ;  sometimes  called  Chab-Wher- 
RT.  [LoeaL} 
WHET,  (hwet,)  r.  t:  prtt.  and  -pp.  Whetted  or 
Whkt.  [?ax.  kierttan:  Sw.  *ca.*.««:  Dan.  kcas. 
sharp  ;  krrjUtr,  to  whet ;  D.  v^ttten  i  G.  mftzen.] 

1.  To  rub  fur  the  purpose  of  sliarpenin*:,  as  an 
edge-tool ;  to  sharpen  by  attrition  ;  as,  to  wAh  a 
scythe  or  an  ax. 

2.  To  provoke ;  to  excite  ;  to  stimulate ;  as,  to  wlut 
the  appetite. 

3.  'i'o  provoke  ;  to  make  angry  or  acrimonious. 

Sio«»  CasMua  Aim  did  whtt  me  against  Onr. 

I  haw  not  ale     .  Shnk. 

To  wkft  on,  01  eha  foneard ;  to  urge  on  ;  to  insti- 
gale.     [JVo(  usedy  nor  proper.]  Shak, 


WHI 

WIIET,  ft.     The  act  of  sli.-irpenin^r  by  friction. 

■i.  Something;  ilmt  provokes  or  Ktimulutes  the  ap- 
petite :  as,  sijis,  drains,  and  tehrts.  SpecUitor. 
WMETII'EK,  pronoun  or  substUute.  [Sax.  htrxrtAcr. 
This  word  st-rms  to  be  connected  with  lohat  and  the 
h.  utfTy  the  lailer  not  being  aspirated.  The  sense 
seems  to  be  wkaty  or  wA/cA  of  twoj  referring  either 
lo  persons  or  lo  sentences.] 
I.  Which  of  two. 

HTtttktr  at  tbem  twain  did  the  will  of  hb  fellier  f  —  M»tt.  xxl. 

nere,w*«Un-  is  a  substitute  for  one  *j/"/iPo,nnd  sig- 
nifies MAicA ;  wAicA  of  the  two ;  but  in  this  sense  it  is 
obsolete. 

9.  Which  of  two  alternatives,  expressed  by  a  sen- 
tence or  the  clause  of  a  sentence,  and  followed  by 
ST.  "  Resolve  wAeCAer  you  will  go  or  not ;  "  tlml  is, 
you  will  go  or  not  go ;  resolve  tcAtcA. 

JV*o(«.  —  In  the  latter  use,  which  is  now  most  com- 
mon, whether  is  called  an  adverb.  This  is  a  misfike. 
It  is  the  same  jwirt  of  speech  as  in  the  former  exam- 
ple. The  only  lirterence  is,  that  in  the  furmer  ex- 
ample it  represents  or  refers  to  a  noun,  and  in  the 
latter  lo  n  sentence  or  clause. 

WHETIl'ER-lNG,n.  The  retention  of  the  afterbirth 
in  cows.  Qardnrr. 

WHET'SToNE,  ».  \rthet  and  ,stone.]  A  stone  used 
for  shnrpenini;  edged  indtruntents  by  friction. 

WHRT'^Tfi.NK-SLATE,  >  n.     Novaculilc,  a  variety 

WHET'-SLaTE;  j     of  sl:iie  used  for  sh.irp- 

eninfi  instnimunts  of  iron.  The  light-green  colored 
variety  from  the  Levant  is  ihe  miwt  viiluable,  and  is 
called  Howestone.  It  should  lie  kept  in  u  damp 
place,  Ihitt  it  may  not  become  too  dry  and  h.trd. 

WHET'TED,  ;»p.  Rubbed  for  sharpening;  sharp- 
ened ;  provoked  ;  stinmlatcd. 

WHET'TER,  n.  He  or  that  which  whets  or  sharp- 
ens. 

WHET'TLNG,  ppr.  Rubbing  for  the  purpose  of  mak- 
ing sharp;  9har[>ening;  provoking;  inciting;  stim- 
ulating. 

WHEW'ER,  a.  Anotlier  name  of  Uie  widgeon,  [io- 
m/.] 

WHEV,  (hwa,)  n.     [Sax.  *ip<c^ ;  D.  wei  or  huL] 

The  aeruni  or  walerj-  part  of  milk,  separated  from 
the  more  Uiick  or  co:tgulnble  iKirl,  pjirticularty  in  the 
process  of  making  cheese.  In  this  process,  llie  thick 
mrt  b  railed  ntrd^  and  the  thin  part  whey. 

WHBV'EY,  (wha'e,)  a.  Partaking  of  whey  ;  resem- 
bling whey.  Bacon. 

WHBy'ISH,  a.    Having  the  qualities  of  whey. 

Philipa. 

WHBV'-TUB,  n,  A  tub  in  which  whey  suinds  for 
yielding  cream,  &c  Ci/c 

WHICH,  pron.  [If  this  is  from  the  Faxon  Awiic  or 
kttuU^  it  is  from  the  Gothic  htceleik^^  which  coincides 
with  the  Latin  t/valu:  D.  weUi^  G.  welchey  vrlcher, 
Dan.  htrilken^  kttilket^  fiw,  htcilken.  This  is  the  prob- 
able origin  u(  the  word,  and  its  true  sense  is  that  of 
the  l«atin  qHt^^  qualis,  ifuieHnque.  In  these  senses  It 
occurs  in  all  Saxon  lH>oks.  Its  proper  use  was  as  a 
pronoun  of  interrogation,  "  Hwjlc  man  is  of  eow  ?  " 
what  man  is  there  of  you?  Matt,  vii.  9.  "  Hwylc 
is  uiin  modor?"  who  is  my  mother.'  Afark  ii'i.  33. 
Its  use  tor  M-An,  .Saxon  hwa,  as  in  Ihe  Lord's  pmyer, 
"  Our  Father  icAicA  art  in  heaven,"  is  nn  impropt^r 
application  of  the  word.  In  iLs  original  sense  it  is 
used  for  all  genders;  as,  wAreA  man,  irAtrA  woman, 
«AicA  tiling?  As  an  interrogative  we  still  use  it  in 
this  manner.  Its  use  for  itko  was  of  long  continu- 
ance, but  is  happily  discontinued ;  and  our  present 
practice  accord?!  with  its  original  use  in  the  Saxon.] 
I.  A  pronoun  or  word  of  interrogation  in  all  gen- 
ders ;  as,  vhich  man  is  it?  ipAicA  woman  was  it? 
trAtcA  is  the  house  ? 

'2.  In  reference  to  things,  or  in  the  neuter  gender, 
it  IS  a  relative  referring  to  sonieiliJng  beft)re  men- 
tioned ;  as,  "  God  rested  en  Ihe  seventh  day  from  alt 
his  work  ipAicA  he  had  made."  Gen.  ii.  2.  In  some 
phra*es,  the  relative  may  precede  the  noun  to  which 
it  refers. 

3.  If'AicA,  like  other  pronnuns,  may  be  used  as  a 
sub^itute  for  an  ther  word  or  fur  a  sentence.  "  We 
are  bound  to  obey  all  the  divine  commands,  which 
we  can  not  do  withotit  divine  aid."  Here  which  is  a 
substitute  for  obey  ail  the  divine  commands.  The  man 
was  said  to  be  innocejtt,  which  he  was  nut.  Here 
icAicA  is  a  substitute  for  iiinncent.  . 

4.  That  which ;  those  which ;  as,  take  tcAicA  you 
will. 

T^Ac  irAif  A,  hy  the  jrhich,  &c.,  are  obsolete. 
WHICH-EV'ER,         i  pron.     Whether  one  or  the  oth- 
WHir'H-MO-EV'ER,  j      er.    fVhUhcBer  road  you  take, 

it  will  conduct  you  tu  town. 
WHIFF,  n.    fW.  fw/,  a  wlrifT  or  puff,  a  hiss;  ^wifiaiu, 
to  whiff,  and  fwa/,  a  quick  gust.1 

1.  A  sudden  expulsion  of  air  from  the  moulh  ;  a 
puff;  as,  the  loA^f  of  a  suiuker. 

And  ceaavos  hia  ulii^i  with  impertinent  Jokra.  Pojt. 

9.  In  ickthyotoaijj  a  flat-fish  of  the  tiirbot  group. 
Rhombus  mepisioma.  Jardiue^a  JVuf.  /,iA. 

WHIFF,  r.  L     To   puff;  to   throw  out  in  whiffs;  to  , 

consume  in  whiffs. 
WHIF'FLE,  (whiffl,)  v.  u    [D.  weifeUn,  to  waver; 


WHI 

jirco?cN,  to  hover.  This  accords  in  sense  with  G. 
iwryWn,  to  doubt,  which  would  seem  to  be  from 
iwri,  two,  or  its  riKjt.  The  G.  has  also  .schweifen,  to  rove 
or  wander,  wtiicti  seems  to  be  allied  lo  sitcrp  The 
D.  has  also  ttPiiffelrny  to  doubt,  from  (ipcc,  two,  or  its 
rtH»t ;  Sw.  tciJ!*;,  Dan.  trivlrr,  from  the  root  of  tipo. 
Yet  tehij}le  seems  lo  be  directly  from  wAyf] 

To  start,  shift,  and  turn  ;  to  change  from  one  opin- 
ion or  Course  tti  ani>tlier ;  to  use  evasions  ;  to  pre> 
varicate  ;  to  be  fickle  and  unsteady. 

A  pfnoa  of  tehijlfiig  and  iin^l^ixdy  turn  of  mind,  can  not  kwp 
cluM  to  K  iwUil  uf  a  eonUvvrn/.  WalU, 

WHIF'FLE,  r.  L    To  disperse  with  a  puff;  to  scatter. 

More. 

WHIF'FLE,  n.    ^ncienthjj^  fife  or  small  flute. 

WHIF'FLE-TRKE,  t  n.    The  bar  to  which  the  traces 

WIIIP'PLE-TKEF.,  i  of  a  carriage  are  fastened  for 
draught. 

WHIF'FLER,  n.  One  who  whiffles  or  frequently 
clmnges  his  opinion  or  course ;  one  who  uses  shifts 
and  evasions  in  argument. 

S.  A  harbinger  ;  an  officer  who  went  before  pro- 
cessions lo  clear  the  way  by  blowing  the  horn  or 
trunqHtt.  Tooiie.     Shak. 

3.  A  young  man  who  goes  before  a  company  in 
London  on  occasions  of  public  s<tlemnity.  Cyc. 

WHIF'FLLN'G, /»y>r.  Shilting  and  turning;  prevari- 
cating ;  shulMing. 

WHIF'FLLVG,  n.     Prevarication. 

WHIG,  (hwig,)  n.     [Sax.  htrag.     See  Whey.] 

Acidulated  whey,  soinelimcs  mixed  with  butter- 
milk and  sweet  herbs;  used  as  a  cooling  beverage. 
[Local.] 

WlUG,  «.  [Ash,  in  liis  Dictionary,  informs  us  that 
this  word  is  from  whiirjram,  a  term  used  in  Scotland 
in  driving  horses  ;  whitrtramoryOiie  who  drives  horses. 
In  Hi-lS,  a  party  of  these  people  marched  to  Edin- 
burgh to  oppose  the  king  and  the  duke  of  Hamilton  ; 
and  hence  the  name  of  irAi^r  was  given  to  the  party 
opjM»sed  to  the  court.] 

One  of  a  jioliticjU  party  whkh  had  its  origin  in 
England  in  the  seventeenth  century,  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  I.  or  II.,  when  great  contests  existed  resjMiCt- 
ing  the  royal  prerogatives  and  the  rights  of  the  peo- 
ple. ThtHW  who  sup|H)rted  the  king  in  his  high 
claims  were  called  taria,  and  the  advocates  of  \K*]t- 
ular  rights  were  called  whigs.  During  the  revolu- 
tion in  the  United  Strftes,  the  friends  and  sup|»orters 
of  the  war  and  the  principles  of  the  revolution  were 
culled  whigSj  and  those  who  opposed  tliein  were 
called  toricd  and  royalists. 

Wbrrf,  ihrn,  when  torici  Bcirce  pel  clenr, 

Sbnll  ichigt  and  congreiaes  appror  \  M^Pingal, 

WHIG,  a.    Pertaining  to  or  composed  of  whigs. 

WHIG'GAR-CHY,  n.    Government  by  whigsi  [Cant] 

Swijt. 

WHIG'GER-Y,  n.    The  principles  of  a  whig. 

WinG'<iISH,  a.  Pertaining  to  wliigs ;  |>artaking  of 
the  i)rinriples  of  whigs.  Swift. 

WllUi'GlSM,  n.    The  principles  of  a  whig.     Swijl. 

WHILE,  (hwile,)  n.  [Sax.  Auji^e;  Goih.hweila;  G. 
■mcd;  I),  wyli  time,  while  ;  Dan.  hvilc,  Sw.  kvila^  re- 
pose ;  W.  fwy/,  a  turn,  Ir./y(/.     See  the  verb.] 

Time;  space  of  time,  or  continued  duratiun.  He. 
was  some  ithile  in  this  country.  One  while  we 
thought  him  innocent. 

Wurih  while;  worth  the  time  which  it  requires; 
worth  the  time  and  pains ;  hence,  worth  the  ex- 
pense. It  is  not  always  worth  while  for  a  man  lo  pros- 
ecute for  smalt  debts. 

WHILE,  adv.     During  the  time  that.     fFAi/e  I  write, 

2.  As  long  as.  [you  sleep. 
Vac  your  memory,  and  you  will  a^nsibly  exprripnce  a  gradual 

iniprovi'inent,  tehile  you  talic  cire  not  to  overload  il.    WatU. 

3.  .^t  the  same  time  that  Pope. 
WHILE,  V.  u    [W.  gmylaw,  to  turn,  to  run  a  course, 

to  bustle;  Eth.  vUUfI  waala^  to  pass  the  time,  to 
spend  the  day  or  life,  to  remain  ;  Amhnric,  id. ;  Dan. 
Ari/er,  Sw.  hvila,  to  rest  or  repose  ;  Ir.fuUUm,  to  stay, 
to  rest,  lo  tarry  ;  G.  weilen,  venceilen^  to  abide,  to 
stay ;  D.  verwylen,  id.  Uu.  tlie  identity  of  these 
words.] 

To  while  away,  as  time,  in  English,  is  to  loiter  ;  or, 
more  generally,  to  cause  time  to  pass  away  pleasant- 
ly, without  irksoniencps  ;  as,  we  while  away  time  in 
anmsements  or  diversions. 

Let  IIS  vshile  aieay  thii  Itia.  Pope. 

WHTLF,,  V.  i.     To  loiter.  Speetatnr. 

WHIL'ERE,  adv.     [while  and   ere.]     A   little   while 

nco.     [Obs.] 
WHIL'LNG.  ppr.    Loitering;  passing  time  agreeably, 

wilhoul  impatience  or  tedioiisiiess. 
WHILK,  n.    A  kind  of  shell,  or  shell  fish       [See 

Whelk.] 
WHI'LO-M,  adv.     [Sax.  hwilon.] 

Formerly;  oiire  ;  of  old.     [Ofi-f.]  Spcnsrr. 

WHILST,   adv.     The   same   as    While,   which   see. 

[Whiles  is  not  used,] 
WHLM,  71.     [Ice.  hwima  ;  W.  ^wim,  a  brisk  motion,  a 

turn  ;  ^wiiniaw,  to  move  round  briskly;  Sp.  jutnierfl, 

a  whim,  a  wild  fancy,  a  scuffle.] 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — M£TE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARLVE,  BIRD.— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  VVpLF,  BQOK. 

1260  ~~ 


WHI 

1.  Properly,  a  suiidcn  turn  or  start  of  the  mind  ; 
a  freak  ;  a  fiiitcy  ;  a  capricious  notion.  Wu  sny, 
every   man  has  his  whiiHs.    {iica  Freak  and  Ca.- 

FBICS.j 

All  ihe  auporBuoua  vhtmt  rcLile.  <^^ 

9.  A  low  wit ;  a  cant  word.  .Addison, 

3.  A  machine  worked  by  horses  for  raising  water 
from  the  bottom  of  mines. 
WHIM'BREL,  71,    A  bird  closely  allied  to  the  curlew, 

and  re^enihhng  it  in  its  ap|)eanince  and  habits. 
WHIM'PER,  r.  i.     [G.  rcimmtrn.] 

To  cry  with  a  low,  whining,  broken  voice  ;  as,  a 
child  tehimpn-n.  Locke. 

WHIM'PER-LNG,  ppr.    Crjing  with  a  low,  broken 

voice. 
WHIM'PER-ING,  n.     [Supra.]    Alow,  muttering  cry. 
WIIIM'PLKI),  a.     [A  word  used  by  Shakspeare,  per- 
ha|>s  a  mistake  fur  Whimpered.] 
Distorted  with  crying. 
WHIM'SEY,  (hwim'ze,)  n,    [from  whim.]     A  whim  ; 
a  freak ;  a  capricious  notion  j  as,  the  whiinscys  of 
poeta. 

Mod's  rolltra,  tohimteyg,  and  Inconstancy.  Su)\^ 

WHIM'SI-GAL,  a.  Full  of  whims  j  freakish ;  having 
odd  fancies  ;  capricious. 

Mj  rt'-igttbon  call  me  tehuruical,  AddUon. 

WHI>rSI-eAULY,  ode.     [Supra.]     In  a  whimsical 

matrner ;  freakishlv. 
WMIM'St-CAL-XESS,  )  iu     [Supra.]     Freakishness ; 
VVHIM-SI-eAL'I-TY,  j     whimsical  disposition  i  odd 

temper. 
WHIN,  «.     [In  W.  f  icya  is  a  weed  ;  L.  Genista  spino- 

ga.\ 
Gorse  ;  furze  ;  a  plant  of  the  genus  Ulex. 

Tugser.     Lee. 
WHIN'-AX,  %.     \yr.h\n  and  ax.]     An  instrument  used 

for  extirpating  whin  from  land  Cyt. 

P.  Cyc. 
WHIN'CHAT,  fi.    A  small  singing-bird,- a  siiecius  of 

warbler,   the   Saxicola  ruhelra,   (Mutacilla   rubetra, 

T.inn.)     It  is  common  in  Europe.    Jardine.     P.  Cyc. 
WMTXE,  (hwlne,)  v.  t.     [Sax.  wanutn  and  cwanian: 

Goth.  hwainoH. ;  Dan.  Artncr,  to  whine,  and  to  ic/tin- 

»i/,  as  a  horse  ;  SW.  hrirta,  to  squeal  or  squeak  ;  W. 

a^ioyn,  to  complain  ;  L.  kinHio,  and  qu.  gannio.] 
To  express  murmurs  by  a  plaintive  cry  j  to  moan 

with  a  puerile  noise  ;  to  murmur  meanly. 

They  cnnv;  —  wiih  k  whining  accent  craving  lilxny.     Siftneu, 
I'hrn,  if  we  ithina,  louk  pale.  ShaJe. 

Wni\R,  n.  A  plaintive  tone;  the  nnsal  puerile  tone 
of  mr*an  complaint ;  mean  or  affected  complaint. 

Wni.V'ER,  n.     One  who  whines.  [Rutre, 

WHI.V'I.N'G,  ppr.  or  a.  Expressing  murmurs  by  a 
m'-:in,  planilive  tone  or  cant. 

Wni\'IXG-LY,  adu.    In  a  whining  manner. 

WHIN'N'Y,  r.  i.     [L,  kinnto  :  from  the  root  of  toAirtf.] 
To  utter  the  f<ound  of  a  horse  ;  to  neigh. 

WHIN'NY,  a.    Abounding  in  whins. 

WmX'0(;K.  n.     [G.  w'HiV,  small.] 

The  small  pig  of  a  litter.  JV.  England. 

W'llIN'-STO.NE,  n.  [tcAia  anil  st.-ne;  Scot,  qithijn- 
aUme  1 

Whm-gtone,  or  wAiii,  is^  provincial  name  given  to 
basaltic  rock-;,  and  applied  by  miners  to  any  kind  of 
dark-colored  and  hard,  unstratified  ri>ck,  which  re- 
rials  III''  (Hiinl  of  the  pick.  Veins  of  dark  basalt  or 
gn-tn-^tone  are  frequently  enlled  wkin-dykas.     Cyc. 

VVIII.N'VARD,  n.     A  sword  ;  iit  contempt.     JUdibras. 

WHIP,  (hwip,)  p.  f.  [i^ax.  hteeopaa,  to  whip,  and  to 
weep^  that  is,  to  whoop,  or  hoop  ;  D.  wippen,  to  t^hake, 
to  move,  or  wag,  to  give  the  strappado  ;  zweepen,  to 
whip  V  Dan.  tipper,  to  swing  ;  \V.  ^tcipiaw,  lo  move 
briskly,  to  whip;  ^tcipy  a  quick  flirt  or  turn.  The 
sen.-te  is  well  exprt■^3ed  by  the  Welsh,  and  we  say,  a 
man  whips  round  a  corner,  when  running  he  sudden- 
ly turns.  It  seems  to  be  allied  to  wipe,  and  sweep, 
ind  L.  vapitio,  and  implies  a  sweeping  throw  or 
thnisl.] 

1.  To  strike  with  a  lash  or  sweeping  cord  ;  as,  to 
whip  a  horse. 

2.  To  sew  slightly.  Goy, 

3.  To  drive  with  lashes  ;  as,  tn  whip  a  top. 

4.  To  punish  with  the  whip;  as,  to  whip  a  vn- 
grant ;  to  whip  one  thirty-nino  lashes ;  to  whip  a  per- 
verse boy. 

WhcH  (t  falar  qtiAntilir^,  wu  whipped  rI  Jcttool.         Drydsn. 

5.  To  lash  with  sarcasm. 

They  voul>I  whip  me  with  tSrir  fine  wlu.  Shok, 

(^  To  strike  ;  to  tbrash  ;  to  beat  out,  as  grain,  by 
striking  ;  as,  to  whip  wheat.  Cyc 

[J^Tot  in  uie  in  the  United  State^s.] 

Po  whip  ttbuut^  or  round ;  to  wrap;  to  in  wrap  ;  as, 
to  whip  a  line  round  a  rod.  Jiloion. 

To  whip  about ;  to  draw  nimbly  ;  To  snatch  j  as,  to 
whip  out  a  sword  or  rapier  from  its  sheath. 

't'o  whip  from  ;  lo  take  away  suddenly. 

To  whip  into;  to  thrust  in  with  a  quick  motion. 
He  whipped  his  hand  into  his  pocket. 

To  whip  up:  to  seize  or  take  up  with  a  quick  mo- 
tion. She  whipped  up  the  child  and  ran  off.  Among 
«,  to  hoist  with  a  whip  or  small  tackle. 


WHI 

WHIP,  V,  i.  To  move  nimbly  ;  to  start  suddenly  and 
run,  or  to  tuni  and  run  ;  as,  the  boy  whipped  away  in 
on  instant ;  he  whipped  round  the  corner  ;  he  whipped 
into  the  house,  and  was  out  of  sight  in  a  moment. 

WHIP,  n.     [Sax.  hweop.] 

1.  An  instrumL-nt  for  driving  horses  or  other  teams, 
or  for  correction,  consisting  of  a  lash  tied  to  a  handle 
or  rod. 

2.  A  coachman,  or  driver  of  a  carriage  ;  as,  a  good 
whip.  B.  D^Isracli. 

3.  In  .tkips,  a  small  tackle  witli  a  single  rope,  used 
to  hoist  li^ht  bodies.  '  Mar.  DicL 

IVhip  and  spur  i  with  the  utmost  h.aste. 

WHIP'-eORD,  n.  [whip  and  cord.]  A  kind  of  hard 
twisted  or  braided  cord,  of  which  lashes  have  some- 
times been  made.  Dryden. 

WHIP'-GRXFT,  V.  t.  [whip  and  gr^fl.]  To  graft  by 
cutting  the  cion  and  stock  in  a  slo^jing  direction,  so 
as  to  tit  each  other,  and  by  inserting  a  tongue  on  the 
cion  into  a  slit  in  the  stuck. 

WHIP'-GRAFT  IXG,  n.  The  act  or  practice  of  graft- 
ing by  cutting  the  cion  and  stock  willi  a  slope,  to  fit 
each  other,  &.c.  Encyc. 

WHIP'-HAND,  7i.  [whip  ^tmX  hand.]  Advantage  over  j 
as,  he  has  the  whip-hand  of  iier.  Oryden. 

WHIP'-LASH,  n.  [whip  and  lash.]  The  lash  of  a 
whip.  TtLsser. 

WHIPPED,  (hwipt,)  pp.  Struck  with  a  whip;  pun- 
ished ;  inwrapped  ;  sewed  slightly. 

WHIP'PER,  n.  One  who  whips;  particularly,  an  of- 
ficer who  mflicts  the  penalty  of  legal  wliipping. 

WHIP'PER-IN,  n.  Among  huntsmen,  one  who  keeps 
the  hounds  from  wandering,  and  whips  tliein  in,  if 
necessary,  to  the  line  of  chase.     Hence, 

2.  In  thJe  British  house  of  commons,  one  who  enforces 
party  discipline  among  tlie  supporters  of  the  minis- 
try, and  urges  their  attendance  on  all  questions  of 
ini|x»rtance  to  the  government. 

WHIP'PER-SNAP'PER,  71.  A  diminutive,  insignifi- 
cant ptTson.  Brockett. 

WHIP'PING,  ppr.  Striking  with  a  whip;  punishing 
with  a  whip;  inwrapping. 

WHIP'PIXG,  n.  The  act  of  striking  with  a  whip,  or 
of  punishing,  the  state  of  being  whipped. 

WniP'PING-PoST,  n.  [whipping  and  post.]  A  post 
lo  which  offenders  are  tied  when  whipped. 

WillP'PLE-TREE,  ti.  [whip  and  tree;  but  qu.  is  it 
not  wkiffie-trce  ?] 

The  bar  to  which  the  traces  or  tugs  of  a  harness 
are  fastened,  end  by  which  a  carriage,  a  plow,  a 
harrow,  or  i»lher  implement,  is  drawn.  Forby. 

WHIP'PC-WIL,  71.  The  popular  name  of  an  Ameri- 
can bird,  allied  to  the  nighthawk  and  nightjar,  so 
called  from  its  note  or  the  sounds  of  its  voice  ;  a  spe- 
cies of  ('aprimulgus.     [Not  Whip-poor-Will.] 

WniP'SAW,  71.  [ichip  and  saw.]  A  saw  usually  set 
in  a  frame,  for  dividing  timber  lengthwise,  and  com- 
monlv  workfd  by  two  jiersons. 

WHlP''STXFF,n.  [ioA(>and  staff.]  In  sAips,  a  bar  by 
which  the  rudder  is  turned.  In  small  vessels,  this 
is  called  the  Tiller. 

WHIP'STER.  TI.     A  nimble  fellow.  Prior. 

WHIP'STITCH.c.  t.  [whip  and  i^tiUh.]  In  agricul- 
ture, to  half-plow  or  to  rafter  land.  This  word,  I  be- 
lieve, is  not  usud  in  America.  The  practice  of  whip- 
stitching resembles  what  is  called  iu  America  ridg- 
ing. 

WHIP'-STOCK,  71.  [whip  and  stock.]  The  rod  or 
stall*  to  which  the  lash  of  a  whip  is  fa-^tened. 

WlllPT,  pp.  of  Whip;   sonieliiiSes  used  for  Whipped, 

WHIR,  Hiwur,)  o.  i.  To  whirl  round  with  ooisej  to 
rtv  with  noise. 

WHIR,  p.  (.     Tohurrj*. 

WHIRL,  (hwurl,)  r.  t.  [^n\.  hwyrfan ;  D.  werrelen; 
G.  wirbeln,  lo  whirl,  to  witrble ;  Dan.  hvirceler,  iiw. 
hfirjla,  to  whirl,  Dan.  hvirvelbcen^  whirl-bone,  verte- 
bra ;  hnirrelsoe,  whirl-sea,  a  whirl[KHil ;  Sw.  hvirfcel, 
Ico.  whirla,  a  whirl.  We  see  that  whirl  and  warble 
are  dialectical  forms  of  the  same  word,  and  both 
probably  from  the  root  of  L.  vert¥  and  Eng.  veer.] 
To  turn  round  rapidly  ;  to  turn  with  velocity. 

He  wliirlt  his  »woril  Rronml  witliout  il'-Uy.  Dryden. 

WHIRL,  17.  i.  To  he  turned  round  rapidly  ;  to  move 
round  with  velocity  ;  as,  the  whirling  spindles  of  a 
cotton  machine  or  wheels  of  a  coach. 

The  wooden  engine  flirt  anil  vihirlt  «,boul.  Dryden. 

2.  To  move  hastily. 

But  whirled  nwny  to  ihun  hia  hateful  ■I;ht.  Dryden. 

WHIRL,  71.     [G.  wirbel;  Dan.  hvirccL] 

1.  A  turning  with  rapidity  or  velocity  ;  rapid  rota- 
lion  or  circumvohition  ;  quirk  gyration  ;  as,  the  whirl 
of  a  top  ;  the  whirl  of  a  wiit-cI ;  the  whirl  of  time  ; 
the  -whirls  of  fancy.  CreerX     Pope, 

2.  Any  thingthat  moves  or  is  turned  with  velocity, 
particularly  on  an  axis  or  pivot. 

3.  A  hook  used  in  twisting. 

4.  In  botany  and  cnnrliolngy.     Pec  WHoni., 
WHIKL'-BAT,  71.    [whirl  and  bat.]    Any  thing  moved 

with  *  whir!  as  preparatory  for  a  blow,  or  to  aug- 
ment the  force  of  it.  Poets  use  it  for  the  ancient 
cestus. 


Tlie  whirl-bat  and  the  repd  oee  ■hull  be 
Ii(-»crvi'd  fur  0«ir. 


Drydtr 


Win 

WHTRL'-BLXSST,  re.    {whirl  and  blasU]    A  whirling 

bla.-*t  of  wind.  Enlidt. 

WHIRL'-HONE,  71.    [whirl  and  hone.]    The  patella j 

the  cap  of  the  knee  ;  llie  knee-pan.        Jiinswortk. 

WHTRL'£D,  pp.     Turned  round  with  velocity. 

WHIRL'I-GIG,  n.  [whirl  and  gig.]  A  toy  which 
children  spin  or  wliul  round.  Johnson. 

9.  In  military  antiiiudies,  an  instrument  for  punish- 
ing petty  offenders,  as  sutlers,  brawling  women,  ice, ; 
a  kind  of  wooden  cage  turning  on  a  pivot,  in  which  the 
offender  was  whirled  round  with  great  velocity.  Cyc, 

WHIRL'ING,  ppr.  Turning  or  moving  round  with 
velocity. 

WHIRL'IXG-TA-BLE,  71,  A  machine  contrived  for 
representing  several  phenomena  of  centrifugal  force, 
bv  giving  bodies  a  rapid  rotation.  Brandt. 

WHIRL'PIT,  n.     A  whirlpooL     [Awi  used.] 

WHIRL'POOL,  TL  [whirl  and  pool]  An  eddy  of 
water;  a  vortex  or  gulf  where  the  water  moves 
round  in  a  circle.  In  some  cases,  a  whirl[KK)l  druwa 
things  to  its  center  and  absorbs  them,  as  is  the  case 
with  Ihe  Marlstrtmi  off  the  coast  of  Norway, 

WHIRL'WIM),  71.  [whirl  and  wind.]  A  violent 
wind  moving  iu  a  circle  round  its  axis. 

WIIIR'RING,  71,  The  sound  of  partridge's  or  pheas- 
ant's wings. 

JVote. —  fVhir  is  used  by  the  common  people  in 
New  England  in  an  adverbial  manner,  lo  express  the 
rapid  flight  or  the  sound  of  any  thing  thrown.  [See 
Whir.] 

WHISK,  M.     [G.  and  D.  wisch,  a  wisp.] 

1.  A  small  bunch  of  grass,  straw,  hair,  or  the  like, 
used  for  a  brush  ;  hence,  a  brush  or  small  besom. 

2.  Parttff  a  woman's  dress  ;  a  kind  of  tippet.  Chil/L 

3.  A  small  culinary  instrument  for  whisking  or  rap- 
idly agitating  certain  articles,  as  the  whites  of  eggs, 
&.C.  Boyle. 

WHISK,  V.  L    To  sweep,  brush,  or  agitate  with  a 
light,  rapid  motion. 
2.  To  move  with  a  quick,  sweeping  motion. 

Iliidibras, 

WHISK,  V.  i.    To  move  nimbly  and  witli  velocity. 

Purchas. 

WinSK'ER,  n.  [{torn  whisk.]  Ijong  hair  growing  on 
the  human  cheek.  Pope 

WHISK^ER-A'D,  a.  Formed  into  whiskers;  furnished 
with  whiskers. 

WIIIv-^K'ET,  7(.     A  hasKei      [Local.] 

WIHSK'ING,  ppr.  llrur^hing;  sweeping  along  ;  mov- 
ing with  velocity  along  the  surface. 

WHIS'KY,  71.  [Ir.  uisgi,  water,  whence  usquebaugh; 
W.  wy.-<g,  a  stream.] 

1.  A  spirit  distilled  Iroin  grain.  In  the  north  of 
England,  the  name  is  given  to  the  spirit  drawn  from 
barley.  In  the  United  States,  whisky  is  gunerally 
distilled  from  wheat,  rye,  or  mai/,e. 

2.  A  light  carriage  biiill  fur  rapid  motion.  Rich.  Diet. 
WHIS'PER,  tJ.  i.     [Sax.  hwisprian;  Dan.  hviskcr ;  Sw. 

hciska,  to  buzz,  lo  whisper;  G.  Jlispcrn;  allied  to 
whistle^  wheeze,  and  L.  Jistnla.  The  word  seems,  by 
its  sound,  to  be  an  onomatopy,  as  It  expresses  a  sibi- 
lant sound  or  breathing.] 

1.  'J'o  speak  with  a  low,  hissing  or  sibilant  voice. 
It  is  ill  manners  lu  whisper  in  company. 

The  hollow,  tehisjterins  '""fic^e.  Thwittitn. 

2.  To  speak  with  suspiciim  or  timorous  caution. 

3.  To  jilol  secretly  ;  to  devise  mischief. 

All  ih.it  huto  nic  wJitMjier  lonuther  .i^lnul  me.  —  Pa.  xU. 

WHIS'PEU,  V.  t.  To  address  in  a  low  voice.  He 
whispers  lUe  man  in  the  edi. 

[Uul  this  is  elliptical  for  whispers  to.] 
9.  To  utter  in  a  low,  sibilant  voice.     He  whispered 
a  word  in  my  ear. 

3.  To  pronipt  secretly  ;  as,  he  came  to  whisper 
Wolst-y.  ,  Shak. 

WHIS'PER,  71.  A  low,  soft,  sibilant  voice  ;  or  words 
uttered  with  such  a  voice. 

Th'?  whit]ter  c-.m  not  give  r  tone.  Bteon. 

Suti  lehitjiert  thruu^li  ih'  twaemljly  went,  Dryden. 

2.  A  cautious  or  timorous  speech. 

3.  A  hissing  or  buK'/.ing  sound. 

WHIS'PKR  KD,  pp.     Uttered  in  a  low  voice  ;  utlcred 

with  suspicion  or  caution. 
WHIS'PEK-KR,  n.     One  who  whispers. 

2.  A  tattler  ;  one  who  tells  secrets  ;  a  conveyer  of 
intelligence  secretly.  Bacon, 

3.  A  backbiter  ;  one  who  slanders  secretly.  Prov, 
xvi. 

WHIS'PER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Speaking  in  a  low  voice  ; 
telling  secretly  ;  backbiting. 

A   whispering  gallery,   or  dome,  is  one  in  which 
whispers  or  feeble  sounds  are  conveyed  lo  a  greater 
distance  than  under  ordinary  circumstances.  Brande. 
WHIS'PER-ING,  n.    The  act  of  speaking  with  a  low 
voice  ;   the   telling   of  tales  and  exciting  of  suijpi- 
cions  ;  a  backbitmg. 
WHIS'PER-ING-IjY,  adv.     In  alow  voice. 
WHIST,  a.     [Cfirn.  huist^  silence.] 

Sik-nt;  mute;  still;  not  speaking;  not  making  a 
noise. 

Thi^  windi  with  wondT  tcftwt, 

Smoothly  the  wnt^irt  kiucU.  J^filtan. 

[This  adjective,  like  some  others,  always  follows 


TONE,  B(;LL,  UNITE.— AN"GER,  V!"CI0US.  — C  as  K  j  0  as  J  ;  S  as  Z  ;  CH  as  SII;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1261 


WHI 

t 

1(3  niiiin.     We  never  say,  rAist  wind ;  but  the  wind 

hkut  is  used  for  be  sileuL     n'kist^  whi^t^  that  is^  be 
silfHt  or  stiU. 
WHIST,  »,    A  jrame  at  canls^  so  called  because  it  re- 
quires «ilence  or  close  atlentiou.    ll  is  not,  in  Amer- 
ica«  pronounced  whisk. 
WHIST,  r.  «.    To  hiish  or  silence.  a»«n«r 

WHIS'TLE,  (hwis'l,)  f.  i.    [Sax.  kwistlan  ;  Sw.  Aew- 
tia ;  Dan.  kcitLler  i  h.  ^itula,  a  wbi£>tle  j  allied  to 

IBhitptr,] 

I.  To  utter  a  kind  of  musical  sound,  by  pressing 
the  breath  through  a  small  orifice  fonued  by  contract- 
ing the  lips. 


Wkutlxi  oVr  ib«  furTu»-cil  Uitd. 


MCta 


9.  To  make  a  sound  with  a  small  wind  instrument. 
3.  To  sound  shrill,  or  like  a  pipe. 

Tbr  wQtl  vimJi  ^utlte,  and  the  bilU>vs  nur.  Pvpt. 

WHIS'TLE,  e.  t.     To  form,  utter,  or  modulate  by 

whistling ;  as,  to  lekistU  a  tune  or  air. 
3.  To  call  by  a  whistle  j  as,  lie  toJtistied  back  hia 

doc. 
WHIS'TLE,  a.    [Sax.  tutisOe  ;  L.  jt*taia,] 

1.  A  «mall  wind  instrument.  Baam. 

2.  Tho  sound  ntnde  by  a  smnll  wind  instniment. 

3.  Sound  mnde  hy  pressing  the  hrefilh  through  a 
small  oritice  of  the  tips. 

4.  The  numlh  ;  the  orcAn  of  whistling.     [  Kui^or.] 

5.  A  small  pipe,  used  by  a  boatswain  to  summon 
tlie  sailors  to  their  duty  ;  the  boatswain^s  call. 

.Var.  Dut. 

6.  The  shrill  sr>und  of  winds  passing  among  trees 
or  throuc'i  crevicfs,  itc 

7.  A  call,  such  as  sportsmen  use  to  their  dogs. 
WHIS'TLKO,  (hwis'ld,)  ;v.    Si»unded  with  a  pipe; 

littered  in  a  whistle. 
WIIIS'TLE-FISH,  n,    A  local  name  of  a  Bpecies  of 
the  cod  family,  the   Mofella  tricirrvta,  called  the 

THBCX-BKAItDED  RoCKUMG  or  Sea-LoACH. 

JarUine's  yaL  Lib, 

WHIS'TLER,  «.    One  who  wh'wiles. 

WHIS'TLING,  jrpr.  or  a.  Uttering  a  musical  sound 
through  a  small  ohtice  of  the  li^M  ;  sounding  with  a 
pipe;  making  a  shrill  sound,  as  wind. 

WIIIS'Tl-ING-LY,  adr.     In  a  whistling  manner. 

WIIIS'TMXG,  «.    A  shrill  sound  of  the  lips  or  wind. 

WHI.^r'LY,  adr.     SUently. 

WHIT,  n.  [?ax.  leUU,  a  creature,  nim  a  thing,  some- 
tJiing,  any  thing.  This  is  probably  from  Itw  root  of 
L.  vieOy  victim,] 

A  point ;  a  jot :  the  smallest  part  or  particle  imag- 
inable. It  is  use<l  withtiut  a  pn-|)u6itioa.  He  U  not 
^wkd  the  wiser  for  experience. 

ll  dor*  aot  IDS  *  mkil  d'tapleue.  (hwUf. 

The  regular  construction  would  be  fry  a  whit,  or  in 
n  whiL     In  these  phrases,  a  rAit  may  be  interpreted 
hy  in  the  Ifoft,  i*  tie  smmVeM  de^rre, 
WHITE,  (hwlte,)«.    [Sax.  AwtC  ,- Sw.  Arit ;  Dan.*r»rf; 
D.  wit;  <;.  r<i-'«.] 

I.  Betng  of  the  cUor  of  pure  «now  j  snowy  ;  not 
dark  :  as,  ithitr.  paper  ;  a  vkite  skin. 

a.  Pale  ;  drstittiie  of  color  in  the  cheeks,  or  of  the 
tinse  of  blood  color  ;  as,  white  with  fear. 

3.  Having  the  color  of  purity  ;  pure ;  dean ;  free 
from  spt>t ;  as,  tr>Aifr-robed  innocence. 

4.  Gmj ;  as,  white  hair  j  a  venerable  man,  vAite 
with  age. 

5.  Pure;  nnbleroished 

No  wkittr  pagv  IhAii  AdtfiMU^  nowloL  Pop*. 

6.  In  «  scfTtm/  Maw,  purified  from  sin ;  sancti- 
fied.    Ps.  li. 

WHTTE'-RAIT,  a.  [wkiit  and  bait]  A  very  small, 
delwate  fi*h  *'f  the  herring  kind,  the  Cliipea  alha. 

WnrrE'-BEAM  a.  The  common  beam-tree  of  Eng- 
land. P.  ClK, 

WHITE'-BEXR,  a.  [leAite  and  A«ir.]  The  bear  ihnt 
inhabits  the  polar  regions,  a  large,  fierce  quadruped, 
of  a  white  color. 

WHITE'-nOY,  «.  A  name  given,  in  Ireland,  to  cer- 
tain disturbers  of  tlie  peace  by  night ;  ao  called  from 
the  c.JiT  of  th'-ir  cIotht«. 

WHITE -BRAXT,  a.  [wJt-ie  and  brant]  A  species 
of  the  g>v>se  kind,  the  Anser  hyperboreus.        Cyc 

WHTTE'-CAM'PI-OX,   ».     [xkiie  and   eamptem.]      A 
fras:iy  looking  plant,  Silene  stellata. 
Tmlh.    Loudon.  . 

WHTTE'-CEN'TAU-RY',    n.      An  annual  weed    in 
woods  and  other  places,  the  Centaurea  alba.    It  is 
said  to  fonn  the  basis  of  the  famous  Portland  powder 
•  for  the  eouL  Ci^ 

WnTTE'-eL6'VER,  a.  A  small  species  of  perennial 
clo%-er,  bearing  white  flowers.  It  furnishes  excellent 
food  fur  cattle  and  horses,  as  well  as  for  the  honey- 
bee. 

WHITE'-eOP  PER,  n.  An  alloy  of  copper,  nickel, 
and  Kinc,  sometimes  with  a  little  iron;  Gcnnan  sil- 
ver, Ure. 

WHTTE'-CROP,  n.  A  term  applied  in  England  to 
crops  of  grain  which  lose  their  green  color  or  be- 
come while  in  ripening,  as  wheat,  rj-e,  barley,  and 
oats. 


WHI 

WHirE'-DXR'NEL.,  n,  A  prolific  uiid  troublesome 
Weed  crowing  among  corn.  Cvc. 

WilTTE'-KAU,  I  M.  Abird,the  fallow-finch  or  wlieat- 

WIITTE'-TAII.,  i      ear. 

WIUTE'-FACE,    i  n.   A  white  mark  in  the  forehead 

W^illTE'-IU.AZE,  i  of  a  horse,  descending  almost 
to  the  nttse.  Cyc, 

WHITE'-FILM,  n.  Awhile  film  growing  over  the 
eves  of  sheep  and  causins  blindness.  Ct/c 

WIIITE'-FISH,  n.  A  small  fish,  the  Clupea  Menha- 
den, caught  in  immense  quantities,  and  used  for  uia- 
nunng  laud  on  the  sotithern  border  of  Connecticut, 
along  the  Sound. 

3.  A  fi^h  of  the  salmon  family,  belonging  to  the. 
genus  Coregonus,  found  in  the  lakes  of  Xortl)  Amer- 
ica. Storer 

WHITE'-F<X>T,  ».  A  white  mark  on  the  foot  of  a 
horse,  between  tlie  ftltock  ami  the  cothn.         Cw. 

VVHITE'-HORSE'-FISH,  ».  In  icklhtjohjrtf,  the  Raia 
aspera  nostras  of  Willoughby,  and  the  Raia  fiillonica 
of  Linmeiis.  It  has  a  rou^'h,  spiny  back,  and  on  the 
tail  are  three  rows  of  strong  spines.  It  grows  to  the 
size  of  the  sikate.  Cye. 

WHITE'-LAND,  n.  .\  name  which  the  English  give 
to  a  lough,  clayey  soil,  of  a  whitish  hue  when  dry, 
but  blacki.'^h  after  rain.  Cvc. 

WHITE'-LEAD.  (hwlte'led,)  n.  A  carbonate  of  lead, 
much  used  in  iiaintitig.  It  is  prepared  hy  exposing 
sheets  of  lead  to  the  fuine-s  of  an  acid,  usually  vine- 
gar, and  suspending  them  in  the  air  until  the  surface 
becomes  incrusted  will)  a  white  coal,  which  is  the 
sulistance  in  question.  Ohnsted^ 

WHITE'-LI.M-£I),  a.  Whitewashed,  or  plastered 
with  lime. 

WHITE'-I.I\E,  a.  Among  prinfers,  a  void  ppnce, 
hniader  than  usual,  \t:ft  between  lines.  Cyc. 

WlirrE'-LI  V'ER-tD,  (L    [white  and  lieer.]    Having 
a  pale  look  ;  ferhle  ;  cowardly. 
3.  Envimis ;  malicious. 

W!UTE'-MAN"GA-i\ESE',n.  An  ore  of  manganese; 
carl>onale  of  manganese. 

WHrrE'-MEAT,  n.  [ipAi(e  and  mraf.]  Meats  made 
nf  milk,  huiter,  cheese,  eggs,  and  the  like.    Spmser. 

WlirrE'-POP'LAR,  a.  A  tree  of  the  iwplar  kind, 
sometimes  called  the  AnEtE-TKEe ;  Populus  alba. 
It  is  one  of  the  largest  of  European  trees. 

WHITE'-POP'PY,  a.  A  »[ieries  of  poppy,  sometimes 
cutlivated  for  the  opium  which  is  obtained  from  its 
juice  by  evaporutton  ;  Papaver  somniferum. 

WHITE-POT,  a.  [wkiie  and  pot.]  A  kind  of  food 
made  of  milk,  cream,  eggs,  sugar,  &c.,  bakfd  in  a 

WHITE'-PRF^CIP'ITATE,  a.  A  compound  of  am- 
monia and  corrosive  sublimate.  It  is  a  white,  in- 
soluble |)ow*der,  much  useil  in  medicine  as  nn  exter- 
nal application.  It  is  sometimes  called  White  Calx 
OF  Mkkcubv. 

WIIITE'-PY-RITE*,  a,  [whUe  and  pyrUcs;  Fr.  aul- 
/itrt  btanc] 

A  sutphuret  of  iron,  of  a  p:i]e  bronze-yellow  color,, 
occurring  in  prismatic  cr^■stah.  Dana. 

WHITE'-RE.NT,  n.  [while  and  rniU]  In  Devon  and 
CornwaUy  a  rent  or  duty  of  eij;ht  pence,  payable 
yearly  by  ever>"  tinner  to  the  duke  of  Cornwall,  as 
lord  of  the  soil.  C^c 

WHITE'-SALT,  a.  Salt  dried  and  calcined;  decrep- 
itated saiti 

WHITE'STER,  a.    Ableachrr;  a  whilstrr. 

WHITE'STo.NE,  n.  A  grauile  abounding  In  white 
fflds[tar.  Brand'., 

WHirE'-SWELL'IXG,  a.  {irhlte  and  sv:emnir.-]  A 
term  applied  ti*  a  striirnous  iitllarnination  of  Die  syno- 
vial membra  lie  3  of  the  knee-joint,  and  also  to  a  stru- 
mous intlaniinatiun  of  the  cancellar  texture  of  the 
end  of  the  bone  forming  the  knee-joint.  The  term 
is  also  vulgarly  applied  to  a  lingering  chronic  tuniur, 
of  almost  any  kind.  Talbj. 

WMITE'-TArL,  a,  A  bird,  the  wbite-ear,  a  species, 
of  Motacilla. 

WIirrE'-TllonX,  a.  a  species  of  thorn,  called  also 
H  iWTHoR:t,  of  the  genus  Crntiepus. 

WIIITE'TmtGAT,  n.  A  small  singing-bird  that  fre- 
quents gardens  and  hedges,  Sylvia  cinerea,  (Motacil- 
la s^lvia,  Linn.)     It  is  common  in  Eitmpe.      P.  Cyc. 

WHTTE'-VIT'RI-OL,  a.    Sulphate  of  zinc.    Brandt. 

Wnri'E'WASH,  (hwlle'wosh,)  n.  [white  and  wash.] 
A  wash  or  liquid  compositiim  for  whitening  some- 
thing ;  a  wash  fur  makins  the  skin  fair. 

3.  A  composition  of  lime  and  water,  or  of  whiting, 
si/e,  and  water,  used  fur  whitening  tlic  plaster  of 

WHTTE'WASH,  r.  f.  To  cover  with  a  white  liquid 
coiniKisition,  as  with  lime  and  water,  &c. 

2.  To  make  while  ;  to  give  a  fair  external  appear- 
anre, 

WIirTE'WASII-iH),  C-wosht,)  pp.  or  a.  Covered  or 
overspread  with  a  white  liquid  composition. 

WHITE'W^SH-ER,  n.  One  who  whitewashes  the 
walls  or  plastering  of  apartments. 

WIIITE'W.^SH-IXG,  ppr.  Overspreading  or  wash- 
ing with  a  white  liquid  composition. 

V^^^ITE'WA-TER,  ».  a  disease  of  sheep,  of  a  dan- 
gerous kind.  Cjfc 

WHTTE'-WAX,  a.    Bleached  wax. 


WHI 

WniTE'-VV^INE,  n.  Any  wine  of  a  clear,  tmnspar- 
enl  cidor,  bordering  on  white,  as  Mudt-ira,  Sherry, 
Listum,  ^c. ;  op()osed  to  wine  of  a  deep-red  color, 
as  Port  and  Burgundy. 

WHTTE'WpQD,  «.  A  species  of  timber-lrre  growing 
iu  North  America,  the  Liriodendron,  or  tulip  tree. 

Mease. 
The  name  of  certain  species  of  Bignonia.     Lee. 

WHITE,  n.  One  of  the  natural  colors  of  bodies,  but 
not  strictly  a  color,  for  it  is  said  to  be  a  composition 
of  alt  the  colors  ;  destitution  of  all  stain  or  obscurity 
on  the  surface  ;  whiteness.  We  say,  bleached  cloth 
is  of  a  good  white ;  attired  in  a  robe  of  white. 

2.  A  white  spot  or  thing;  the  mark  at  which  an 
arrow  is  shot.  Drifden. 

White  of  the  eye;  that  part  of  the  ball  of  the  eye 
surrounding  the  iris  or  colored  part.  It  owes  its 
whiteness  to  the  tunica  albuainca  or  adnata,  a  [wirtial 
covering  of  the  fore  part  of  the  eyo,  formed  by  the 
expansion  of  the  tendons  of  the  nmscles  which 
move  the  eyeball.  Parr 

White  of  an  es?<  Ibe  albumen,  or  pellucid  viscous 
fluid,  which  surrounds  the  vitellus  or  yelk.    Parr. 

An  analogous  part  in  the  seeds  of  plants  is  called 
the  albumen  or  white.  It  is  a  farinaceous,  fleshy,  or 
homy  substance,  which  makes  up  the  chief  bulk  of 
some  seeds,  as  in  grasses,  corn,  palms,  and  lilies, 
never  rising  out  of  the  cround  nor  performing  the 
ofllce  of  leaves,  hut  destined  solely  to  nourish  the 
germinating  embryo,  till  its  roots  can  perform  their 
office.    It  is  the  ]>erispermium  of  Jussieii. 

Gartner.     Smith. 
[Sec  also  Spa:«ish-White  and  Flake-White.] 

WHITE,  V.  t.  To  make  white;  to  whiten  ;  to  white- 
w.ash  ;  as,  whited  sejiutchers.     Mark  \x.    Matt,  xxlii. 

WIIIT'ED,  pp.  or  a.     Made  white  ;  whitened. 

WUITE'LY,  adv.  Coming  near  to  white.   [JVut  used.] 

Shak. 

WHrr'£X,  (hwlt'n,)  v.  t.  To  make  white  ;  to  bleach  ; 
lo  blanch  ;  as,  to  whiten  cloth. 

WHIT'EN,  V.  i.  To  grow  white  ;  to  turn  or  become 
white.  The  hair  ic/ti/fiu  with  age;  the  sea  whitens 
with  foam  ;  the  trees  in  spring  whiten  with  blossoms. 

WHir'/;X  tit,  p/>.     Made  white;  bleached. 

WniT'jyX-ER,  n..  One  who  bleaches  or  makes  while, 

WIIITE'XESS,  n.  The  slate  of  being  while  ;  while 
color,  or  freedom  from  any  darkness  or  obscurity  on 
the  surface. 

2.  Paleness;  want  of  a  sanguineous  tinge  in  the 
face.  Shtih. 

3.  Purity  ;  cleanness  ;  freedom  from  stain  or  blem- 
ish. Drydcn. 

WniT'KR,a.  comp.    More  white. 
WHITES,  n.    Tlie  fluor  atlms,  a  disease  of  females. 
Willi  'EST,  a.  supcrl.     Most  white. 
WHITH'ER,  adc.     [Sax.  htPiider.] 

1.  To  what  place;  interrogatively.  H'/ti^'icr  gnest 
thou ' 

U'Ai/Aer  away  Bofjst?  Shak. 

2.  To  what  place  ;  abjiotutf.Uj. 

1  stmyed,  t  knew  not  whither.  Alilton. 

3.  To  which  place  ;  relatively. 

WfiMer,  when  u!  llicy  camr,  lli^y  fell  at  wortli.         Sjxnser. 

4.  To  what  point  or  degree. 
.5.  Whithersotver. 

WHITII-ER-SO-EV'ER,  adv.     [whither  and   soever.] 

To   whatever   place.      I   will   go  whithersoever  you 

lead. 
WHIT'ING,  n.     [fiom  white.]    A  sea-fish,  allied  to  the 

cod,  the  Merlangiis  vulgaris  of  Cuvier,  and  vahied 

on  account  of  its  delicacy  and  lightness  as  an  article 

of  food.  P.  Cyc. 

2.  Ground  chalk,  carefully  cleaned  from  all  stony 

matter;  Spanish  while.  Brands. 

WniT'lSH,  a.      [from  white.]      Somewhat    white; 

while  in  a  moderate  degree.  Boyle. 

WHlT'ISH-NESS,  n.    [Supra.]    The  quality  of  be- 

inc  somewhat  white.  Btryle. 

WIHT'LEATH-EK,  (hwil'leth-cr,)  n.  Leather  dressed 

with  alum,  salt,  &.C.,  remarkable  for  its  pliability  and 

toughness, 
2.  A  name  popularly  given  to  a  broad,  tough, 

white  ligament  on  the  neck  of  quadrupeds,  which 

PUpjKirts  the  weight  of  the  head.  TtiJly. 

WIIIT'LOW,  n.    [Sax.  h2mt,  white,  and  low,  a  flame. 

Paronychia,  nosological ly.] 

1.  An  inflammation  commonly  terminating  in  sup- 
puration, and  seated  about  the  root  of  the  nail  of  a 
finger,  or  in  the  periosteum,  or  in  the  bone  of  the  last 
joint.  It  is  sometimes  applied  also  to  an  infiaiTima- 
tion  of  a  tendon  of  a  finger.  The  nosological  term, 
Paronychia,  was  originally  confined  to  the  first  ap- 
plication, viz.,  to  a  suppurative  inflammation  at  the 
root  of  the  nail,  which  is  its  etymological  import; 
but  its  application  is  now  as  much  extended  as  the 
popular  term  whitlow.  TuUy. 

2.  In  sheep,  tlie  ^vhitlow  is  a  disease  of  the  feet,  of 
an  inflammatory  kind.  It  occurs  round  the  hoof, 
where  an  acrid  matter  is  collected,  which  ought  to 
be  discharged.  Ci/c 

WHIT'LoW-GRASS,  n.  Mountain  knot-grass,  a  spe- 
cies of  Illecebrum,  (/.  paronychia.)  Cyc. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.  — MeTE,  PRBY.— PLVE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 


1262 


WHO 

2.  A  name|ivento  certaiu  herbaceous  plants  of  (be 
genus  Dmba.  Loudon. 

The  ru€-teaved  whiUoiD-gTass  is  a  species  of  Saxif- 
ra*ra.     •  Lee. 

WHIT'SOUR,  71.    A  sort  of  apple. 
WHIT'STER,  n.     A  whitener  ;  a  bleacher.     [Obs.] 
WHI'I''SUL,  M.    A   provincial    name  of  milk,  sour 

milk,  cheese,  curds,  and  butler.  Carew. 

WHIT'SU.V,  a.    Observed  at  Whitsuntide.       Shak, 

WHIT'SUN-TIDE,  i  "*  1"""^  Sunday,  and  tide.] 
The  seventh  Sunday  after  Easter;  a  festival  of 
the  church  in  commemoration  of  the  descent  of  the 
Holy  Spirit  on  the  day  of  Pentecost ;  so  called,  it  is 
paid,  because,  in  the  primitive  church,  those  wlio  had 
been  newly  baptized  appeared  at  church  between 
Easter  and  Pentecost  in  white  garments. 

Johnson.  Chic. 
WHIT'TEN-TREE,  n.  A  sort  of  tree.  Mnswor't/u 
WHIT'TLE,  (hwit'ti,)  n.     [Sax.  hicUel^  hwitlc] 

1.  A  small  pocket- knife. 

[In  this  setisCj  I  believe,  the  word  is  not  used  in  Amer- 
ica.] 

2.  A  white  dress  for  a  woman  ;  a  double  blanket 
worn  by  west  countrywomen,  in  England,  over  the 
shoulders,  like  a  cloak.  Diet. 

UVot  used  in  the  United  Stateji.] 

WHIT'TLE,  r.  L  To  pare  or  cut  off  the  surface  of  a 
thing  with  a  small  knife.  Some  persons  have  a 
habit  o(  wMttliH^,tind  are  rarely  seen  without  a  pen- 
knife in  their  hands  for  that  purpose. 

[This  is,  /believe,  the  only  us6  of  this  word  in  JVcw 
England.] 
2.  To  edee  ;  to  sharpen.     [A'ot  in  use.]     HakewiU. 

WHIT'l'Lf.D,  pp.     Cut  with  a  small  knife. 

WHIT'TLIXG,  ppr.     Cutting  with  a  small  knife. 

WHIT'V-BKOVV'X,  a.  Of  a  color  between  white 
and  brown.     I  Local  in  England.]  P''SS^- 

WHIZ,  r.  K  [It  seems  to  be  allied  to  huts.]  To  make 
a  humming  or  hissing  sound,  like  an  arrow  or  boll 
flying  through  the  air. 

It  flcwf,  and  iohizxing  cut  (he  liquid  way.  Dryden. 

WHIZ,  n.    A  hissing  sound. 

WHIZ'ZI.VG,  ppr,  or  a.    Making  or  denoting  a  hum- 

mmg  or  hi«.-flny  sound. 
WHIZ'ZIXG-LY,  ode.    With  a  whizzing  sound. 

WHO,  {hoo,)  pron.  relative.  [Sax.hwa;  D.  wie  ;  h.qui; 
Ft.  que:  ll.  cAi:  Pp.  quien  ;  It.  cia ;  Russ.  koi ;  Pers. 
kL  H^o  is  undoubtedly  a  contracted  word  in  Eng- 
lish, as  in  Latin.    See  What  and  Wight.] 

1.  H'ho  is  a  pronoun  relative,  always  referring  to 
persons.  It  forms  irkvse  in  the  genitive  or  possessive 
case,  answering  to  the  L.  cujas,  and  whom  in  Die  ob- 
jective or  arciisative  case.  fVho,  whvse  and  whom, 
are  in  both  numbers.  Thus  we  say,  the  man  or 
woman  who  wtm  with  us;  the  men  or  women  uAo 
were  with  us  ;  the  men  or  women  -whom  we  saw. 

2.  Which  of  many.  Are  you  satisfied  who  did  the 
mischief.' 

3.  It  is  much  used  in  asking  guestinns  ;  as,  Who 
am  I  ?  Who  art  thou  i  Who  is  this  ?  Who  are  these  ? 
In  this  case,  the  purpose  is  to  ol)Li.in  the  name  or  des- 
ignation of  the  person  or  rbaracter. 

4.  It  haa  sometimes  a  dii^junciive  sense. 

Thfp*  tJirtii  irlPat  of  kinys,  an  1  who  .lajMre  ; 

Who  Ull,  vho  Tisf*,  tc/io  inuinpli,  10AO  ilu  iiioan.         Drydtn. 

5.  Whose  is  of  all  genders.     Whose  book  is  this  ,' 

The  qicailon  whose  soluiiun  I  r>^qni^^.  Drytlen, 

Jis  who  should  say,  elliptically  for  as  one  who  should 
gay.  Collier, 

WHOEVER,  pron.  {who  and  rver.]  Anyone  with- 
out exception  ;  any  pers»m  whatever.  'I'he  person 
who  trt'spa-jses^hall  be  punished,  whoererhf^.  m.iy  be. 

WHoLE,  (hole,)  a.  [In  8ax.  walg,  onwaig,  is  whole, 
sound,  entire.  In  I),  heel,  gcheel,  has  a  like  sense, 
from  the  riH>t  of  heal ;  G.hcil;  Bw.  hel;  Dan.  heel: 
W.  all  or  holl ;  Gr.  6A';(,  ovX-yg ;  Ir.  uile.  This  seems 
to  be  connected  with  heal,  hale.  Of  this,  the  deriva- 
tive wholesome  is  evidence.  See  Class  GI,  No.  19,31, 
35.] 

!.  All;  total;  containing  the  total  amount  or  num- 
ber, or  the  entire  thing  ;  ns,lhe  wAofe  earth  ;  the  whole 
world  ;  the  wltole  solar  system  ;  tlie  whole  army  ;  the 
vhole  nation. 

S.  Complete  ;  entire  ;  not  defective  or  imperfect ; 
as,  a  whole  orange  ;  the  egg  is  whole  ;  the  vessel  is 
whole, 

3.  Unimpaired  ;  unbroken  ;  uninjured. 

My  lif'i  U  yet,  uhoU  \n  me.  —  3  Sam.  i. 

4.  Sound  ;  not  h<irl  or  sick. 

ItiPj  UiaE  xre  leho'i  iveiJ  not  a  phyaicUn.  — -  Matt.  ix. 

5.  Restored  to  health  and  soundness  ;  sound ; 
well. 

Thy  fiJlh  halh  nwil"  tV"  reAo?e.  —  Mirk  r. 
Uu  tuad  W!u  nMturcd  whole. —  Mark  lii. 

WHOLE,  n.  .  The  entire  thing  ;  the  entire  or  total  as- 
semblage of  partA.  The  whole  of  n-liglon  \i  contained 
in  the  shtirt  precept,  "  Love  God  with  all  your  heart, 
and  your  neighbor  as  yourself." 

Fnr  Gixt  itiid  kr«>p  hi*  C'lntmuKtinenU,  for  ihU  !•  the  tthoU  dutj 
of  miin.  —  Kccli*.  xii. 

3.  A  system  ;  a  regular  combination  of  parts.   Pope. 


WHO 

WHOLE' l!OOF-.fn),  (hooftO  d.  Having  an  undi- 
vided hnt.f. 

WHOLE'NE.SS,  n.  Entireness  ;  totality  j  the  state  of 
being  wUyle,  entire,  or  sound. 

WHOLE'SaLE,  j(.     [whole  and  sale.'}     Sale  of  goods 
by  liie  piece  or  large  quantity,  as  distinguished  from 
Retail.      Some  traders  scU  either  by  wliolesale  or 
retail. 
2.  The  whole  mass. 

Some,  from  vaiiiiy  or  envy,  despise  a  valuable  book,  and  lhr»w 
conh'Ript  u^ioii  it  by  wholesale.  Wails. 

WnOLE'SSLE,  a.  [Supra.]  Buying  and  selling  by 
the  piece  or  quantity  ;  as,  a  whulesale  merchant. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  trade  by  the  piece  or  quantity  j 
as,  the  wholesale  price. 
WHOLE'HOME,  (hole'sum,)  a.     [whole  and  some;  G. 
hctlsaiH.] 

i.  Tending  to  promote  health  ;  favoring  health  ; 
salubrious;  us,  ichulesome  air  or  diet;  a  wholesome 
climate. 

2.  Sound  ;  contributing  to  the  health  of  the  mind  ; 
favorable  to  morals,  religion,  or  [}rosiierity  ;  as, 
wholesome  advice  ;  wholesome  doctrines  ;  wholesome 
truths. 

3.  Useful ;  salutary  ;  conducive  to  public  happi- 
ness, virtue,  or  peace  ;  as,  a  wholesome  law. 

4.  That  utters  sound  words, 

A  uiholesome  tongue  ta  a  Iree  or  life,  —  Prov.  xv. 

5.  Kindly;  pleasing;  as,  a  wholesome  answer. 

Shak. 

WnOLE'SOME-LY,  adv.  In  a  wholesome  or  salutary 
manner ;   salubriously. 

WHOLE'SOME>NESS,  n.  The  quality  of  contribu- 
ting to  health ;  salubrity  ;  m,  the  wholcsoinencss  of 
air  or  diet. 

2.  Salutariness  ;  conduciveness  to  tlie  health  of  the 
mind  or  of  the  body  politic  j  as,  the  wholesomeness  of 
doctrines  or  laws. 

WUOL'LY,  adv.    Entirely  ;  completely  ;  perfectly 

Nur  wholly  overcome,  nor  wholly  jicltl.  Dryden, 

S.  Totally  ;  in  all  the  parts  or  kinds. 

Tbiry  employed  Uiemsclres  aholly  in  domestic  life.      Aidieon. 

WHOM,  (hoom,)  pron.  The  objective  of  who,  coin- 
ciding with  the  L.  qucm  and  quanu 

Whom  have  I  iu  hLMven  biil  iliee?  —  Pk,  Ixxiii. 

WnOM-SO-EV'ER,  pron.  [whom  and  soever.]  Any 
person  without  exception. 

WnOO'BUU,  for  HuBHLH.     [^Tot  in  use.]  Sftak. 

WHOOP,  (hoop,)  K.  [This  is  the  same  as  Hoop,  but 
aspirated  ;  Goth,  wopyan,  to  whoop,  to  call ;  Sax. 
hjceopan,  to  we-ep,  and  to  whip.  The  st^nse  is,  to  drive 
out  the  voice.] 

1.  A  shout  of  pursuit.  .Addison. 

2.  A  shout  of  war;  a  particular  cry  of  troops  when 
they  nish  to  the  attack.  The  Indians  of  America 
are  remarkable  for  their  war  whoop. 

3.  The  bird  called  Hoopoe  or  Ufupa. 
WHOOP,  L-.  i     To  shout  witli  a  particular  voice. 

Shak. 

WHOOP,  V.  t.    To  insult  with  shouts.  Dryden. 

WHOOP'lNG-eOUGH.     See  Hoopinc-Couch. 

WHOOT,  (hoot,)  r.  i.     See  Hoot 

WHOP,  n.  '[The  vulgar  pronunciation  ol  whop,  or 
awhap.] 

A  Huddru  fall,  or  the  suddenness  of  striking  in  a 
fall. 

WHOP'PER,  Ti.     Any  thing  uncommonly  large;   ap- 
plied particularly  to  a  monstrous  lie.  F:,rby. 
[Sometimrs  heard  in  ./America.] 

WHORE,  (liore,)  n.  [W.  buran,  from  hvriaw,  to  hire  ; 
Aur,  that  which  is  fixed  or  set,  hire,  wages  ;  Sax.  kor- 
ewen,  hore-woman  ;  Sw.  hora,  hor-kana;  Dan.  hore, 
hore-kone  t  G.  hure ;  U.  hv(;r,  Hore  would  be  more 
accordant  with  the  etymology  of  the  word.] 

A  woman  who  practices  unlawful  counuercc  with 
men,  particularly  one  that  does  it  for  hire  ;  a  harlot ; 
n  cotirtodan  ;  a  C(tncubine  ;  a  prostitute. 

WHORE,  r.  i.  [Supra.]  To  have  unlawful  sexual 
commerce  ;  to  practice  lewdness. 

WHOKE,  V.  t.  To  corrupt  by  lewd  intercourse. 
[LitjJe  used.]  Congrcve, 

WIIoRE'DOM,  (hflre'dum,)  n.  Lewdness ;  fornica- 
tion ;  practice  of  unlawful  ct)mmerce  with  the  other 
sex.  It  is  applied  to  either  sex,  and  to  any  kind  of 
illicit  commerce. 

2.  In  Scripture,  idolatry ;  the  desertion  of  the 
worship  of  tliu  true  God  for  the  worship  of  idols. 

Prophets. 

WHORE'MAS-TER,  n.  [Supra.]  One  who  prac- 
tic'-8  hrwdness. 

WHORE'MAS-TER-LY,  a.  Having  the  character  of 
a  whnreniaster.  Shak. 

WHORE'MO\"GER,  n.  The  same  as  Whoeemab- 
TBn. 

WlitlUE'SOIV,  fhSre'sun,)  n.  A  bastard;  a  word 
u.ied.  ifp»eralhj  in  cuntnnpt.  Shak. 

WHOR'ISn,  a.  Lewd;  unchaste;  addicted  to  uulavv- 
ful  sf'xual  pleasures  ;  incontinent. 

VVHOR'ISH-LV,  adv.     In  a  lewd  manner. 

WH*5R'I.SH-.\ESS,  n.  The  practice  of  lewdness  ;  the 
character  of  a  lewd  woman.  Hale. 


vvic 

WHORL,  (hwurl,)  n.  In  botany,  an  arrangement  of  a 
number  of  leaves  or  flowers  around  a  stem,  in  the 
same  plane  with  each  other.  Lindley. 

2.  In  conchttlogy,  a  volution  or  turn  of  the  spire  of 
a  univalve.  Humble. 

WHORLEn,  (hvvurld,)  a.    Furnished  with  whorls. 

WHORT,  (hwurt,)  n.  The  fruit  of  the  wliortleberry  ; 
or  the  slirub. 

WHOR'TLE-BER-Ry,    n.        [Sax.    heort-berg,    hart- 
berry.    The  Germans  call  it  htidel-beere,  lit-atliberry.] 
A  planter  shrub  and  its  fruit,  of  the  genus  Vac- 
cinium,  called  more  commonly  Huckleuehhy,  and 
mur;h  esteemed  fur  food. 

WHOSE,  (hooz,)  pron.  The  possessive  or  genitive 
case  of  \\  HO  or  Which  ;  applied  to  persims  or  things. 
We  say,  the  person  whose  merits  are  known  ;  the 
garment  whose  color  is  admired. 

WUOSE-SO-EV'ER,  pron.  [whose  and  soever.]  Of 
any  person  whatever.    John  xx. 

WHO'SO,  (hoo'so,)  pron.  Any  person  whatever.  [Obs.] 

WHO-SO-EV'ER,  pron.  [who,  ^a, and  ever.]'  Any  one; 
any  person  whatever. 

Whosoever  will,  let  him  take  of  ihe  water  of  life  freely.  —  Rbt. 

xxii. 

WH  UR,  V.  i.  To  pronounce  the  letter  r  with  too  much 

force. 
WHUR,  n.    The  sound  of  a  body  moving  through  the 

air  with  velocity-     [See  Whir.] 
WHURT,    n.      A    whortleberry    or   bilberry.      [See 

Whobt.] 
WHV,  adv.     [Sax.  hwi,  and  for  hwi,  or  for  hirig,  for 

why.     liwi,  whig,  coincides  in  elements  with  which. 

&o  pourquoi,  \n   French,  is  tiie  same;  pour  and  L. 

guul,  quod;   for  what.    The  original  phrase  is  for 

what,  for  why.] 

1.  For  wliat  cause  or  reason,  interrogatively 

Turn  ye,  turn  ye,  for  why  will  ye  die  ?  —  Jer.  xxvii. 

2.  For  which  reason  or  cause,  relatively. 

No  ground  of  enmity, 
Why  he  ihould  mean  me  ill,  Milton. 

3.  For  what  reason  or  cause  ;  for  which  ;  rela- 
tively. 

Turn  th?  ditcoune  ;  I  bare  a  reason  uhy 

I  wuuld  not  have  yuu  apcAk  to  leiiderly.  Drydtn. 

4.  It  is  used  sometime:;  emphatically,  or  rather  as 
an  eipletive. 

If  her  chill  hcnrt  t  cam  nor  mote, 

UTiy,  I'll  enjoy  tlie  vtsiv  love.  Ck>iaUy. 

WHT'XOT,  n.  A  cant  word  for  violent  and  peremp- 
tory procetJure.  Haaibras. 

WI,  from  the  Gothic  weiha,  mignifies  hohj.  It  is  found 
in  some  names,  as  in  IVtbert,  holy-brij:ht.  or  bright- 
hol> ,  eiiiinunt  for  sanctity  ;  Dan.  vier,  to  consecrate, 
Sw.  iuVfz, 

Wie,  WICK,  a  termination,  denotes  jurisdiction,  as 
in  bailiwick.  Its  primary  sense  is  a  village  or  man- 
sion, L.  vicus.  Sax.  wic  or  wye ;  hence  it  occurs  in 
Berwick,  Harwich,  J^urwich,  Ulc  It  signifies  also  a 
bay  or  a  castle.  Oibson. 

WICK,  n.  [Sax.  wcoc ;  bw.  veke,  a  wick  or  match; 
Ir.  baair..     Q,u.  from  twisting.] 

A  number  of  threads  of  cotton,  or  some  similar  sub- 
stance, loosely  twisted  into  a  string,  round  which 
wax  or  tallow  is  ap[>lied  by  means  of  melting  and  run- 
ning in  a  molfl,  and  thus  forming  a  candle  or  torch. 

WICK'ED,  a.  rSw.  vika,  to  decline,  to  err,  to  devi- 
ate, also  to  fold  ;  Sax.  wican,  to  recede,  to  slide,  to 
fall  away ;  wicelian,  to  vncillate,  to  stumble.  It 
seems  to  be  connected  in  origin  with  wag,  and  Sai. 
wieca,  witch.  The  primary  sense  is,  to  wind  and 
turn,  or  to  depart,  to  fall  a\v:y.] 

1.  Evil  in  principle  or  practice  ;  deviating  from  the 
divine  law  ;  addicted  to  vice ;  sinful ;  immoral. 
This  is  a  word  of  comprehensive  signification,  ex- 
tending to  every  thing  that  is  contrary  to  the  moral 
law,  and  both  to  persons  and  actions.  We  say,  a 
wicked  man,  a  wiched  i\eci\,  wicked  ways,  wicked 
lives,  a  wicked  heart,  wicked  designs,  wicked  works. 

No  man  was  evrr  wicked  without  secret  discontent.    Hainbler. 

2.  A  word  of  slight  blame;  as,  the  wicked  urchin. 

3.  Cursed  ;  baneful ;  perniciuus  ;  as,ieicked  words, 
words  pernicious  in  their  eifects.     [Obs.] 

[This  last'  signification  may  throw  some  light  on 
tlie  Word  witch.'} 

Tlie  wicked  ;  m  Scripture,  persons  who  live  in  sin  ; 
transgressors  of  the  divine  law  ;  all  who  are  unrec- 
nnriled  to  God,  nnsanctified,  ()r  impenitent. 
WICK'ED-LV,  adv.  In  a  manner  or  with  motives 
and  designs  contrary  to  the  divine  law  ;  viciously  j 
corruptly  ;  immorally. 

All  ihni  do  wickedJy  shall  be  stubtile.  —  Mai.  tr. 

I  luivc  ^imcd.  uiiil  1  hiwc  done  wickedly.  —  2  Sam.  xxiv. 

WICK'EU-NESS,  n.  Departure  from  the  rules  of  the 
divine  law;  evil  disposition  or  practices;  iinnmrali- 
ty ;  crime ;  sin  ;  sinfulness ;  corrupt  nmnners. 
Wickedness  genera,  y  signifies  evil  practices. 

What  wickednete  \a  th     .hat  b  done  among  you  ?  —  Jud(fr«  xx. 
But  wickedness  exp'esses  also  the  corrupt  disposi- 
tions of  the  heart. 


Their  inwarfi  pnrt  »  very  xnckednese.  —  P«.  ▼, 
111  h'-nr',  yc  work  wicke'lneat.—  P«.  Ivlii. 


TCNE.  BI;LL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER.  VI"CI0US C  as  K :  0  aa  J ;  a  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


WID 


WICK'EX 
WICK'EN-TREE, 


H.   The  SorbuB  aticup;trift,  moDn- 
tain-n-^h,  or  ronii-Iree.      I^e. 


I  WID'OW-WAIL, 
Ciiconiiii. 


WIL 

lu  botany^  n  plant  uf  the  genutt 
Lee. 


WIOK'ER,  o.     [Dan.  n>«,  probablv  conlractetl  fmm  I  WIO'l'II,  «.     [from  rcxdt;  G.  wftte;  D.  wydtr] 
rti-fN.  TheE»c.t«"..',0.  :»«j/.D.'t/fvi',arepr..bnbly  Brea<Uh ;  w.tlem'ss;   the  vxivul  of  a  ilimK  from 

furmPiJ  on  the  simiJe  word  iriV,  froiii  the  wot  of  L.       side  to  side  ;  as,  tho  umlth  of  cloUi  j  the  mdtA  of  a 


vigeoy  to  grow.    The  word  3i{:nifit'S  n  shoot,  j 

Made  of  twiga  or  osiers ;  as,  a  Ktckcr  basket ;  a 
wirker  chatr.  Spensrr.     Pracham. 

WICK'ET,  «.     [Fr.z^ichrt:  \y,^tce<t,&  lilUe  door, 
from  "^iriff-,  a  narrow  place,  a  coroer.j 
1.  A  small  gate  or  door. 

The  widctt,  otbea  opened,  knew  Uw  kef.  Drfdan. 

Q.  A  small  gate  by  which  the  chamber  of  canal 
locks  is  f  mpCied. 

3.  A  bar  w  nwl  used  in  playing  crickeL 
Wie'LIF-ITE,       \  n,  A  follower  of  Wiclif,  the  Eng- 
WICK'UFFITE,  i      lish  reformer. 
WIDE,  «.     [SojL  wid^  wid9i  O.  wi/d;  G.  v»«Ui  8w. 


and  Dan.  vid ;  Sans.  vMi,  breadth 


Ar.Jo  hadJmj  to 
Ir.  frodk,  &.C 


separate  ;  allied  to  Mt^  4ipa^,  teUotc, 
See  Cla.^  Bd,  No.  1.] 

1.  Broad  ;  having  a  great  or  considerable  distance 
or  extent  between  the  sides;  opposed  to  Narrow; 
IS,  tpiiie  cloth  :  B  teid*  table  ;  a  tride  highway  ;  a 
wide  bed  ;  a  rirf/  hall  or  entr>-.  In  Ihii  use,  itiiie  is 
disiin<.:ui:^hed  from  tong^  which  refers  to  the  extent 
or  distance  betw*een  the  eitd^. 

2.  Bnvid ;  having  a  great  ejctent  each  way  ;  a?,  a 
veide  plain  ;  the  »*i<  ocean. 

3.  Remote  ;  distant.  This  position  is  vcn,' tru/^  from 
the  truth.  Hammoud. 

A.  Broad  to  a  certain  degree  ;  as,  three  feet  widt. 
^VTDE,  adc.    At  a  distance  \  far.    His  fame  was  spread 

WidB, 

9.  Wttb  great  extent ;  used  chiefly  in  composition  ; 
«B,  K^e«kirted  meads  ;  wirfe-waving  swords  ;  wida- 
wa^inr  i>e«!il.-nce  ;  witfe-sprending  evil. 

WTDE'-ltRANCH -ED,  (brincht,)  a.  Uartng  spread- 
ing branches. 

WThE'-r^rREAn.  f-spred,)  s.    Extending  far. 

WTDE'-SPREAD-IXU,  a.  Spreading  to  m  groal  extent 
or  distance. 

WIUE'LY,  aJr.  With  great  extent  each  way.  The 
go«{>el  was  vidrif  disseminated  by  the  apostle*.^ 

2.  Verj'  much  ;  to  a  great  distance  ;  far.  We  dif- 
fer ittdrly  in  opinion. 

Win'KN,  r.  t.  1\)  make  wide  or  wider ;  to  extend  in 
breadth  ;  as,  to  ttidem  a  field  ;  to  widm  a  breach. 

j^'olf. —  In  jtmerie*,  females  say,  to  ittde»  a  stock- 
ing. 

WID'EX,  ».  i.  To  grow  wide  or  wider  i  to  enlarge ; 
to  extend  ttselC 

AdJ  nthi«  Mfrn,  and  hng  kiiW  c^xtOKl.  Popt. 

WTD'EN-ED,  pf.    Made  wide  or  wider ;  extended  In 

breadth. 
WTDE'NESS,  a.    Breadtli ;  width;  great  extent  be- 
twe«>n  the  sides ;  as,  the  widtmess  of  a  room. 

9.  Large  extent  in  all  directions ;  as,  Uie  itidtneu 
of  the  sea  or  ocean. 
WTD'KN-ING,  ppr.    Extending  the  distance  between 

the  sid'^^  ;  enlarsin^  in  all  directions. 
WIIVOEON,  (wij'an,)  «.  A  water-fowl  of  the  duck 
group,  btIon?ing  Xo  the  genus  Mareca  of  Stephens. 
The  European  species  is  the  Mareca  Penelope,  the 
.\merican  tlie  >!.  Americana.  TUe  widci-ons  feed 
on  grasses  or  vegetables,  sumewhat  in  the  manner 
of  geei*.  J^^ttclL     Jardime. 

WID'OW,  m.  rSax.  leidev ;  G.  teitiite ;  D.  weduwe; 
Dan.  rii/Ke ;  L.  vidua ;  Fr.  re«re ;  It.  tedoca ;  Sp. 
rtK^ ;  Sans.  viJAara  ;  Riiss.  ci^ra  ,-  from  the  root 
(^  Kidff  rcid.    See  Wick.] 

A  woman  who  has  lost  her  husband  by  death. 
ItHikt  ii. 

mdffv's  dttmUr,  in  London,  the  apparel  and  fur- 
niture of  the  bed-chamber  of  the  widow  of  a  freeman, 
to  which  she  is  entitled.  Cjfc, 

WIDTjW,  r.  L  To  bereave  of  a  husband  ;  bnl  rarely 
used  except  in  the  participle.  Drydm, 

a.  To  endow  with  a  widow's  right.    [UmmsuaL] 

3.  To  strip  of  any  thing  good-  Siak, 

Th^  nrfoKwi  mIc  in  mouminy.  DryUn. 

WID'OW-BENCH,  «.    [widtne  and  bmeh.)    In  Sussfz, 
that  share  which  a  widow  is  allowed  of  her  hus- 
band's estate,  besides  her  jointure.  Cye. 
WID'5W-f:D,  pp.  or  a.     Bereaved  of  a  bnsband  by 
death. 
2.  Deprived  of  sonw  good  ;  stripped. 
Ticei  of  UirCr  chriTcled  fruiu 
An  nil  III  nil  if.                                                       Pki^. 

WID'OW-ER,  a.  A  man  who  has  lost  his  wife  by 
death. 

WID'OW-HOpD,  n.     The  state  of  being  a  widow. 
2.  E-*Ulte"settIcd  on  a  widow,  [^'ot  in  use.]   SAak. 

WID'OW-HUNT-ER,  n.  [victw  and  hunter.]  One 
who  seeks  or  courts  widows  i  r  a  jointure  or  fortune. 

.^ddiaetu 

WID'CW-ING,  ppr.  Bereav.og  of  a  husband  j  de- 
priving; stripping. 

WID'OW-MaK-ER,  «.  [  ndow  and  main-.]  One 
who  makes  widows  by  destroying  lives.  Shak. 


d(K»r.  Dryden. 

WIRLI),  (weeld,)r.  L  [Sax.  wealdau^  vatdan  i  Goth. 
ga-waldan^  to  govern  ;  wuW,  power,  dominion  ;  Dan. 
vaidty  ptiwer  ;  gectiU,  force,  authority ;  Sw.  vdlde, 
power;  allied  to  I.,  ta/fo,  Enp.  wWi.  TJie  primary 
sense  of  jwwer  and  strength  is,  to  stretch  or  strain. 
This  seems  to  be  the  Riis^.  rladyu,  to  rule,  and  waUl 
or  vUd,  in  names,  ns  Waldnnir,  yiademir.] 

1.  To  use  with  full  coiinnand  or  [Hmer,  as  a  thing 
not  too  heavy  for  the  holder ;  to  manage ;  as,  to 
widd  a  sword  ;  to  teidd  the  scepter. 

put  vJrM  thrir  urn*,  pnit  ctttb  the  foKnilnf  tteed.        Mitton. 

9.  To  use  or  employ  with  the  band. 

Mothhtg'  but  Utr  inRuracfi  of  •  cirtloed  power  could  induce  n 
snT«g«  to  meid  a  iiiule.  •$.  ^'.  timiUi. 

3.  To  handle  ;  in  an  ironical  sense. 

Bur  Hunpimn  wi^fUl,  »ill  ih>iij  ili*  Biiffvt  irf*W?  ^u)k. 

To  leitld  the  scepter;  to  govern  with  supreme  com- 

m:ind. 
WIP.LD'ED,  pp.    Used  with  command  ;  managed. 
WIkLo'ING,  ppr.    Using  with  power  ;  mannjiiug. 
WIkLIVLESS   a.     Unmanageable.  Spensrr. 

Wlf,LU'Y,«.    That  may  be  wielded  ;  manageable. 
WI'ER-Y,  a.     [from   icirf.J     Made   of  wire;   having 

the  properties  of  wire.    It  would  be  better  written 

WlRT. 

2.  [Sax.  ic«r,  a  pool.]  Wet;  marshy.  [JVot  in 
use.]  SAoft, 

WIFE,  m.:  pi.  Wivss.  [Sax.  v\fi  D.  vyf:  G.  vcib, 
Woman.] 

1.  The  l.iwful  consort  of  a  man  ;  a  woman  who  is 
united  to  a  man  in  the  lawful  bonds  of  wedlock; 
the  correlative  of  Husband. 

Thp  hwlMind  of  oiw  w^.  —  1  Tim.  Ul. 

Let  trmy  ooe  of  jou  iii  p«rticiil«r  to  lore  hh  wifr  eren  fw  hlm- 

»^,  «ih1  let  UM  w</<  K«  that  the  nveRDCC  iter  UuaUuid.  — 

Eph.v. 

2.  A  woman  of  low  employment ;  ns,  strawberry 

wir*s.     [Ai»*  in  use.]  Shak, 

\\7FE'HQQD,  a.    State  and  character  of  a  wife. 

Be^um.  ^  FL 

WTFE'LESS,  a.    Without  a  wife  j  unmarried. 

Ckaucer. 

WIG,  in  Saxon,  signifies  tear.  It  is  found  in  some 
names. 

WIG,  n.  [G.  v*rfk^  wig,  and  vecl-buttrr,  roll  butter. 
It  wonld  seem  tliat  the  sense  is  a  roll  or  twist  inter- 
woven.] 

1.  A  covering  for  the  head,  consisting  of  hair  in- 
terwoven or  united  by  a  kind  of  network,  formerly 
much  Worn  bv  men. 
a.  A  sort  of  cake.     [06a]  ^inmcarth. 

WIG'GiCD,  a.    Having  the  head  covered  with  a  wig, 

WIC'EON.    See  Widoeoj*. 

WIGHT,  (wnc,)  n.  [Sax.  iciAf,  G.  WcA/,  a  living  be- 
ing, Goth.  WQiht:  L.  rirfKm,  from  vioo,  to  live,  origi- 
nally rigo  or  pica,  and  probably  allied  to  vineo. 
This,  in  the  Celtic  form,  would  be  quic  or  qusig,  Eng. 
fwicA,  alive  ;  and  hence  L.  qui^  quat^  quid,  quod^  con- 
tracted fmm  quie^  qutced,  quoted  i  Scot,  q^ihat.  The 
letter  A,  in  the  Gothic  and  Saittish,  representing  the 
c  of  the  Latin,  proves  the  word  to  be  thus  con- 
tracted.] 

A  being  ;  a  person.  It  is  obsolete,  except  in  irony 
or  burlesque.    [See  Auuht.] 

Tie  vAght  uf  all  the  world  who  loved  Ibee  best.  Drydtn. 

WaCHT,  (wlte,)  a.     [Sax.  hvsieU] 

Swift;  nimble.     [Ohs.]  Spenser, 

[This  seems  to  be  a  dinloctical  form  of  CiricK.] 
WIGHT'LY,  oJe.    Swiftly  ;  nimbly.    [Obs.] 

inpenser. 
WIG'W.\M,  a.  .An  Indian  cabin  or  hut,  so  called  in 
America.  It  is  sotnetinies  written  Weekwam. 
Mackenzie  writes  the  Knisteneaux  word  wigitaum, 
and  the  Algonquin  tri-fuiieaum.  Q.uer>',  is  this  the 
h.viciLs7  Vic,  in  Rnman,  was  pronounced  wic  or 
veek.  Tliept;  words  may  liave  been  derived  from 
one  primitive  root- 
\\7Ln,  a.  [Sax.  viid ;  D.  and  G.  vUd ;  Sw.  and  Dan. 
vild;  W.  gwylU;  ctmnected  with  Sax.  rrfolfi,  a  trav- 
eler, foreigner,  or  pilgrim  ;  G.  irdl^eh,  Celtic,  Welsh  ; 
traWfM,  to  rove,  Sw.  villa,  f'drvilla.  This  sense  is 
obvious.] 

I.  Roving;  wandering;  inhabiting  the  forest  or 
open  field  ;  hence,  not  tamed  or  dume.sticated  ;  as,  a 
vild  biwir  ;  a  wdd  ox  ;  a  leild  cat ;  a  icild  bee. 

il.  Gr^Aving  without  culture;  as,  vnld  parsnep ; 
vild  cherr^' ;  vtiUi  Ian«y.  JVUd  rice,  a  palatable  and 
nutritious  food,  grows  sponlaneoiis;ty  in  the  lakes  and 
ponds  of  the  North  West  territory.  J.  Morse. 

a.  Desert  j  not  inhabited  ;  as,  a  wUd  forest. 

JHUton. 

4.  Savage;  uncivilized;  not  refined  by  culture; 
as,  the  wild  natives  of  Africa  or  America. 

5.  Turbulent;  tempestuous;  irregular;  as,  a  »iW 
tumulL 

Tlie  joitd  winds  howl.  Adduon, 


WIL 

6.  Licentious;  ungoverned;  as,  uiZJ  passions. 

Valor  grown  wild  by  pride.  Prior. 

7.  Inconstant ;  mutable  ;  fickle.  ^ 

In  Die  rullnf  pawiun,  lh<-re  (ilone 
The  m!d  are  coiuum,  and  Ute  cumilng  known.        '   J'opt. 

8.  Inordinate;  loose. 

A  fop  well  drewed,  extretVEigunl,  and  wild.  Dryden. 

9.  Uncouth  ;  loose. 

Whftt  ure  Ihne 
So  wUhcivd,  and  to  mtd  in  their  altlrc  t  Shak. 

10.  Irregular ;  disorderly  ;  done  without  plan  or 
order  ;  as,  to  make  v>ild  work.  Milton. 

11.  Not  well  digestcil  ;  nut  framed  according  to 
the  ordinary  rules  of  reason  ;  not  being  within  llie 
limits  of  priibable  practicability  ;  imaginary  ,  fanci- 
ful ;  as,  a  tnild  project  or  scheme  ;  wild  speculalioufi. 

10.  Ex{>osed  to  the  wind  and  sea;  as,  a  wild  road- 
Blend.  Mar.  Diet, 

13.  Made  or  found  in  the  forest ;  as,  wild  honey. 

tyUd  is  prefixed  to  the  nann-s  of  many  plaiil-s,  to 
ditttinguish  them  from  such  of  the  name  as  arc  cul- 
tivated in  gardens,  as  wild  basil,  wild  parsitep,  wild 
carrot,  wild  olive,  &.c. 
WILD,  n.  A  desert ;  an  uninhabited  and  uncultivated 
tract  or  region  ;  a  forest  or  sandy  desert ;  as,  the 
wilils  of  America;  the  wilds  of  Africa;  the  sandy 
witiLi  of  Arabia. 

Tln-n  Llb^R  finit,  of  all  her  moisture  dnincd, 

Beciinc  It  Uinxn  wu8te,  K  uUd  of  sand.  Additon. 

WILD'-BCAR,  n.  An  animal  of  the  hog  kind,  (Siw- 
erofa,  Linmeus,)  from  which  the  domesticated 
swine  are  descended.  Wild  boars  have  their  lair  in 
solitary  places  in  the  depths  of  forests,  and  were 
furmerlv  held  in  high  estimation  as  beasts  of  chaste. 

WTi.D'-lJORN,  a.     Horn  in  a  wild  state.      [P.  Cijc. 

WILD'-CAT,  n.     The  cat  which  is  supposed  to  be 
the  original  stock  of  tlie  domestic  cut.    It  is  said  to 
exist  still  in  Europe. 
2.  In  j^mtrica,  the  Felis  rufa. 

WTLD'-CirEll'UY,  n.  A  largo  American  tree,  the 
Cerastis  Virginiana,  bearing  a  small  astringent  fruit 
resembling  a  cherry.  The  wood  is  much  nseil  for 
cabinet-work,  being  of  a  light  red  color,  and  a  com- 
pact texture.  Browne^s  Sylca  Jimr.r. 

WII.D'-E^-£D,  (-Ide,)  a.  Having  eyes  appearing 
wild. 

WILD'FIRE,  n.  {wild  and  Jire.l  A  composition  of 
Intlamuiuble  materials. 

BrimsLoiie,  pitch,  loil/lftre,  burn  easily,  And  &re  hard  to  qiipneh. 

Bacon. 

2.  A  disease  of  sheep,  attended  with  inflammation 
of  the  skin  ;  a  kind  of  erysipelas.  Cjfc. 

WILD'-FOVVL,  ?^     [wild  and  fuwl.]    Fowls  of  the 

forest,  or  untamed. 
WILD'-GOOSE,  n.  [wild  and  ^oose.)  An  aquatic 
fowl,  of  the  genus  Anser,  a  bird  of  passage.  These 
geese  fly  to  the  south  in  autumn,  and  return  to  the 
north  in  the  spring.  The  term  wild-goose  is  promis- 
cuously applied  to  various  species  of  the  goose  kind 
found  wild  in  Britain.  The  wild-goose  of  Nortii 
America  is  the  Anser  Canadensis. 

Jardine.    J^uitaU. 
Wild-goose  chase;  the  pursuit  of  something  as  un- 
lik4^ly  to  be  caught  as  the  wild-goose.  Slink. 

WILD'-IION-EY,   (-hun-ne,)   w.      [wild  and   honey.] 
Honey  that  Is  found  in  the  forest,  iu  hollow  trees  or 
anxmg  rocks. 
WILD'ING,  n,     A  wild  crab-apple.  Spenser. 

9.  A  young  tree  that  is  wild,  or  growing  without 
cultivation,  Scott. 

WILD'-LAND,  n.  [wild  and  land.]  Land  not  culti- 
vated, or  in  a  state  tliat  renders  i^nfit  for  cultiva- 
tion. 

2.  In -America,  forest;  land  not  settled  and  culti- 
vated. 
WiLD'-SERV-ICE,  n.     A  plant  Miller. 

The  wild-service  is  a  tree  of  the  genus  Crataegus, 
(C.  torminalis.)  Lee. 

WILD'ER,  a.     More  wild. 
WIL'DER,  V.  t     [Dan.  vilder,  from  riW,  wild.] 

To  lose  or  cause  to  lose  the  way  or  track  ;  to  puz- 
zle with  mazes  or  difficulties  ;  to  bewilder. 

Long  lost  and  wildtred  in  the  ni^Te^of  fale.  Pope. 

WIL'DER-KD,  pp.    Lost  in  a  jmlhless  tract ;  puzzled. 

WIL'DEU-ING,  ppr.     Puxzling. 

WIL'DEU-NESS,  n.  [from  wild.]  A  desert;  a  tract 
of  land  or  region  uncultivated  and  uninhabited  by 
hutnan  beings,  whether  a  forest  or  a  wide,  barren 
plain.  In  the  United  States,  it  is  applied  only  to  a 
forest.  In  Scripture,  it  is  applied  frequently  to  the 
deserts  of  Arabia.  The  Israelites  waudcred  in  the 
wilderness  forty  years. 

2.  The  ocean. 

Th ;  watery  viUdemeaa  yields  no  supply.  Walltr, 

3.  A  state  of  disorder.     [J^'ot  in  iise.]        Milton. 

4.  A  wood  in  a  garden  resemblinj^a  forest. 
WILD'EST,  a.     Most  wild. 
WILD'-IN'DI-GO,  n.     A  plant,   Baptisia    tinctoria, 

growing  in  the  woods,  with  a  yellow  flower,  yield- 
ing a  small  quantitv  of  indigo. 
WILD'ING,  n.     A  wUd,  sour  apple.  Mortimer. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.-M£TE,  PREY.-PINE,  MARXNE,  BIRD. -NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BOQK.- 

T2e4  ~^  ~~ 


WIL 

\VTI,D'I>V,  adv.     Without  ciillivation  More. 

2.  Without  tamfness. 

3.  With  disorder;  with  perturbation  or  distrac- 
tion ;  with  a  tierce  or  roving  look  ;  as,  to  start  wUdltj 
from  one's  seat;  to  stare  wildly, 

4.  Without  attention  ;  heedlessly.  SAoft. 

5.  Capriciously  ;  irrationally  ;  extravagantly. 
Who  U  th^n  fo  wildly  sceptical  aa  lo  qir-siion  whether  th«  auii 

wilt  rise  in  the  eau  1  WUkina, 

6.  Irregularly. 

Pbe,  vUdly  wnnton,  wean  hy  niglil  nway 

The  sign  of  nil  our  lahoradone  by  day,  DryrUn, 

WILD'NESS.  R.  Rudeness ;  rough,  uncullivale<I  stale ; 
as,  tlie  teildness  of  a  forest  or  heath.  Prior. 

2.  Inordinate  disposition  to  rove  j  irregularity  of 
manners  ;  as,  the  tcildness  of  youth.  Shak. 

3.  Savageness  ;  brutality.  Sidney. 

4.  Savage  state  ;  rudeness. 

5.  ITncultivated  state  ;  as,  the  icildness  of  land. 

6.  A  wandering;  irregularity. 

DeUrium  in  but  a  short  wiidneit  of  tlie  InutgiDatioi).        WoUm. 

7.  Alienation  of  mind.  Shak, 

8.  Stats  of  being  untamed. 

9.  The  quality  of  being  undisciplined,  or  not  sub- 
jected to  method  or  rules. 

la  U«re  any  danger  Uial  Uiia  discipline  will  tamp  too  mtieh  the 
fiery  spirit,  the  enchaiiiinB-  wUdn€ia,  and  mivgnificcnt  irrc^u- 
Uiiiy  of  die  oralor'a  g*:uiu«  ?  Win. 

WILD  OATS,  n.  p/.  A  tall,  oat-like  kind  of  soft 
grass  j  the  IIolcus  avenaceus. 

To  sow  one's  wild  oil/-?,  is  to  pass  through  a  season 
of  wild  and  thoughtless  dissipation;  cotmnonbi  ap- 
plied to  youth.  UaUiwell. 

WILDS,  n.  Among  yarmPTJ,  the  part  of  a  plow  by 
which  it  is  drami.     {Local.] 

WILE,  n.    [SaT.  w'de  ;  Ice.  wul:  W.fel,  fine,  subtile.] 
A  trick  or  stratagem  practiced  for  insnaring  or  de- 
ception ;  a  sty,  insidious  artifice. 

I'Uat  JK  nay  be  able  to  sCaod  afaiost  the  vAUt  of  the  devil,  — 
Epfa.  vi. 

WTLE,  B.  L    To  deceive  ;  to  beguile.    [Little  used.] 

Spf!ttser. 

Wl'LI-Y,  adv.  [from  wiltj.]  By  stratagem  ;  with  in- 
sidious art.    Josh.  ix. 

WT'LI-NESS,  n.     [from  icily  ]     Cunning  ;  guile. 

WILK,     I  n,     [G.  welkcjij  lo  wither,  or  cause  to  with- 

WHILK,  \     er.J 

A  species  nf  mollnsk.     [See  Whelk.] 

WILL,  n.  [Sax.  iPiUa :  Goth,  wilja  ;  U.  wi7,  or  wille  ; 
G.  loille  ;  Sw.  rilje  ;  Dan.  vUlie  ;  W.  ffvyll ;  Ir.  ail ; 
Gr.  l^ivXfj^  counsel  ;  Slav.  roUa.     See  the  verb.] 

I.  That  faculty  of  the  mind  by  which  we  deter- 
mine either  to  do  or  forbear  an  action;  the  faculty 
which  is  exercised  in  deciding,  among  two  or  more 
objtTis,  which  we  shall  embrace  or  pursue.  The 
win  is  directed  or  influenced  by  the  judgment.  The 
understanding  or  reason  compares  ditfyrcnt  objects, 
which  operate  as  motives  ;  the  judgment  determines 
which  is  preferable,  and  the  will  decides  which  tu 
pursue.  In  other  words,  we  reason  with  respect  to 
the  value  or  imiwrtance  of  things  ;  we  then  jud^e 
which  is  to  be  preferred;  and  we  vrill  to  t,nke  tlie 
most  valuable.  These  are  but  different  operations  of 
the  mind,  mml,  or  intttlectual  part  of  man.  Great 
disputes  have  existed  respecting  the  freedom  of  tlie 

[  Will  la  often  quite  a  din*erent  thing  from  denire.'] 


A  power  OTer  a  i 
mil. 


ji'i  suhaistpncc  amoiiiiU  tu  a  power  orrr  his 
Fedemlitt,  Hamitlon. 


2.  Choice ;  determination.  It  is  my  will  to  proee- 
cute  the  trespasser. 

3.  Choice  ;  discretion  ;  pleasure. 

Go,  Iheo,  the  g^iilty  al  (hy  leili  chaaiw?.  Pope. 

4.  Command  ;  direction. 

Our  pmyert  ihoiild  he  according  to  the  itUl  of  God.         Laa. 

5.  Disposition;  inclination;  desire..  **What  is 
your  U)illy  sir?  "  In  this  phrase,  the  word  may  also 
signify  determination,  especially  when  addressed  to 
a  superior. 

6.  Power;  arbitrary  disposal. 

Deliver  me  not  orrt  lo  die  teill  of  my  enemW.—  Pn.  xxrii. 

7.  Divine  determination ;  moral  purpose  or  coun- 
sel. 

Tliy  uill  he  done.  Lord'*  Prayer. 

8.  TeFlamrnt;  the  disposition  of  a  man's  estate, 
to  take  effect  after  his  death.  Wills  are  vritien  or 
nuneupativey  that  is,  verbal.  BlacU.-tanr. 

Ooodtrili:  favor;  kindness.  Shali. 

2.  Right  intention.     Pkd.  i. 

tu  wUl ;  enmity  ;  unfriendliness.  It  expresses  less 
than  malice. 

To  have  r'Ti«V  triU :  to  obtain  whitt  is  desired. 

Jit  will.  To  hold  an  estate  at  the  will  of  another, 
is  to  enjoy  the  possession  nt  his  pleanure,  and  be 
liable  lo  be  ousted  at  any  time  by  the  Icj^sor  or  pro- 
prietor. 

WiW-ic^-a-iciip;  Jack-with-a-Iantem  ;  ignis  falu- 
us ;  a  luminous  appearance  sumetimea  seen  in  the 
air  over  moist  ground,  eujiiKised  to  proceed  from  hy- 
drogen gas. 


WlL 

WILL,  V.  t.  [Sax.  willan  ;  Goth,  wihjan  ;  D.  willcn ;  G. 
woUen;  Sw.  vUja  ;  Dan.  ville;  L.  cofo,  veUe;  Gr.  ^"ti- 
Xofiut;  Fr.voutoir;  It.  volere.  The  sense  is,  to  set, 
or  to  set  forward,  to  stretch  forward.  The  sense  is 
well  expressed  by  the  L.  propono.] 

1.  To  determine  ;  to  decide  in  the  mind  that  some- 
thing shall  be  done  or  forborne,  implying  power  to 
carry  the  purpose  into  efiect.  In  this  manner,  God 
ifi7trf  whatever  comes  to  pass.  So  in  the  style  of 
princes  i  "  we  will  that  execution  be  done." 

A  niHT)  that  sils  Mill  i>  said  tu  be  at  liberty,  bocAute  he  can  walk 
if  ho  toilU  it.  Locke.     • 

2.  To  command  ;  to  direct. 

'Tis  yours,  O  qii«-ii  I   to  nAll 
The  work  wUidk  dutj  bills  me  to  fuirill,  Dryden. 

3.  To  be  inclined  or  resolved  to  have. 

Theiv,  tbcrr,  Hort^nsio,  xeUl  you  any  wrfe?  Sfiok. 

4.  To  wish  ;  to  desire.     What  will  you .' 

5.  To  dispose  of  estate  and  effects  by  testament. 

6.  It  is  sometimes  equivalent  to  may  be.  Let  the 
circumstances  be  what  they  icUl;  tJiat  is,  any  cir- 
cumstances, of  whatever  n^ure. 

7.  Wiil  ia  used  as  an  auxiliary  verb,  and  a  sign  of 
the  future  tense.  When  an  auxiliary  verb,  the  past 
tense  is  would.  It  has  ditierent  significations  in  dif- 
ferent persons. 

1.  /  will  go,  is  a  present  promise  to  go  ;  and  with 
an  emphasis  on  will,  it  expre^^ses  determination. 

2.  ThoH  will  go,  you  will  go,  express  foretelling  ; 
simply  stating  an  event  that  is  to  come. 

3.  //e  will  go,  is  also  a  foretelling.  The  use  ofwill 
in  the  plural  is  the  same.  fJ^c  irt//,  promises;  ye  will, 
thaj  will-t  foretell. 

WILL'ED,  p;i.    Determined  ;  resolved  ;  desired. 

2.  Disposed  of  by  will  or  testament. 
WIL'LEM-ITE,  V.    A  mineral  of  resinous  luster  and 

yrlhiwisli  color.    It  is  a  silicate  of  zinc. 
W'fLL'ER,  w.    One  who  wills. 

WlLL'FyL,  a.      [will  and  fall.]     Governed    by  tltc 
will  without  yielding  to  reason;  obstinate;  stub- 
born ;  perverse ;  inflexible ;  as,  a  vilffnl  man. 
2.  Stubborn  ;  refractorj' ;  as,  a  wiilfnt  horse. 
WILL'FJJL-LY,  adv.     Obstinately  ;  stubbornly. 
2.  By  design  ;  with  set  purpose. 

If  wc  «iii  mltfuUy  aft/r  thai  we  have  rec«ivwl  the  knowlftlwo  of 
til"*  truth,  tlicre  reinaincth  uo  more  aicrilice  for  alii». — 
Htb.  X. 

WILL'FJJL-NESS,  n.  Obstinacy  ;  stubbornness  ; 
pcrverseness. 

Stnt  of  presumption  tire  ouch  as  procwsl  firom  pritle,  niro^nce, 
wUl/altiees,  and  huu^htincsB  of  men's  hearts.       Perkim. 

WILL'ING,  ppr.    Determining  ;  resolving  ;  desiring. 

2.  Disposing  of  by  will. 
WILL'ING,  a.     [Sw.  and  Dan.  vilUs.] 

\.  Free  to  do  or  grant;  having  the  mind  inclined  ; 
disposed  ;  not  averse.  Let  every  man  give,  who  is 
able  and  willing. 

2.  Pleased  ;  desirous. 

Friix,  vitUng  to  show  llic  Jews  a  pleasure.  —  Acts  xxiv. 

3.  Ready ;  prompt. 

He  stoope<I  with  weary  winga  aoil  uilUng  feet.  MiUon. 

4.  Chosen  ;  received  of  choice  or  without  rehic- 
tance  ;  as,  to  be  held  in  willing  chains. 

5',  Sjwntaneous. 

No  apouts  of  I'lood  run  wilting  from  a  tree.  Dryden. 

fi.  Consenting,  JtfiTton. 

WILL'ING-HEART-ED,  a.     Well-disposed;  having 

a  free  heart.    Krod.  xxxv. 
WILL'ING-LY,  arfr.    With  free  will;  without  rehic- 
Innce ;  cheerfully. 
2.  By  one's  own  choice 

The  C'jniHtinn  of  Iti^t  people  is  not  so  much  lo  be  ciivied  ns  some 
wo>iia  teUlingly  rcprr^nt  il.  Ad'iiaon. 

WILL'*NG-NESS,  n.  Free  choice  or  consent  of  the 
will  ;  freediim  trom  reluctance  ;  readiness  of  the 
mind  to  do  or  forbear. 

Sweet  is  the  lore  tJul  eoiiies  with  wiUirgnen.  />ryrfen. 

WIL'LCW,  n.  [Pax.  weli{r :  D.  wUge;  W.  gwial^ 
twigs  ;  also,  hehg^  L.  salix.j 

A  tree  of  the  genus  Sniix.  There  are  many  spe- 
cies of  willow,  the  while,  the  black,  the  purple  or 
rij^,  the  sallow,  the  broad  1.  a vcd  willow,  tc,  A 
species  called  the  weeping  wtUow,  has  long  and  slen- 
der branches  whicli  droop  and  hang  downward,  the 
Salyx  Babyli)nica. 

WIL'I-OW-i;D,  a.     Abounding  with  willow?.  Collins. 

WIL'LOW-GALL,  ii.  A  protuberance  on  the  leaves 
of  wiIlow-<,  "  Cyc. 

WII/LOW-IIERU,  7t.  The  purple  loosestrife,  a  plant 
of  tilt:  genus  Lythrum  ;  also,  the  yellow  loosestrife, 
of  the  genus  Lysimachia;  also,  llic  French  willow,  of 
the  genus  Epilobiuni.  i-f^c.     Ctjc. 

WIL'LOW-ISH,  a.    Like  the  color  of  the  willow. 

WaUon. 

WIL'LOW-TUFT-ED,  a.    Tufted  with  willows. 

OotdsmitJt. 

WII/LOW-WEED,  «.  A  weed  growing  on  wet, 
light  lands,  with  a  seed  like  buckwheat ;  the  Polyg- 
onum Inpathifolium.  Q/*^- 

WIL'LOW-WORT,  n.     A  plant.  Miller. 


WIN 

WII/LOW-V,  a.     Abounding  with  willows.    Gray. 
Wrr/SOME,  a.     Obstinate;  stubborn. 
WILT,  V.  i.    [C.  and  V.  wdkeii^  to  fade,  that  is,  to 
shrink  or  wittidraw.] 

To  begin  to  wither  ;  to  lose  freshness  and  become 
flaccid,  as  a  plant  wtien  exposed  to  great  heat  in  a 
dry  day,  or  when  first  separated  from  its  root. 

This  is  a  legitimate  word,  for  which  there  is  no 
substitute  in  llie  language.  It  is  not  synonymous 
with  WiTHEK,  as  it  expresses  only  the  beginning  of 
withering.  A  wilted  plant  often  revives  and  becomes 
fc  fresh  ;  not  so  a  withered  plant.  It  U  often  u^ed  in 
the  United  States,  and  in  various  parts  of  England. 

liolloway. 
WILT,  V.  L    To  cause  to  begin  to  wither;  to  make 
flaccid  i  as  a  green  plant. 

2.  To  cause  to  languish  ;  to  depress  or  destroy  the 
vigor  and  energy  of. 

DeipoiB  have  Kilud  the  h'lmau  nice  Into  sIoOi  anJ  hnlxillty. 

UmglU. 

WILT'ED,  pp.  or  a.  Having  become  flaccid  and  lost 
its  freshness,  as  a  plant. 

WILT'ING,  ppr.    Beginning  to  fade  or  wither. 

WI'LY,  a.  [uam  wUe.]  Cunning;  sly;  using  craft 
or  stratagem  to  accomplish  a  purpose;  mischievously 
nrtftil ;  subtle  ;  as,  a  wily  adversary. 

WLM'BLE,  (wiui'bl,)  n.  [W.  guimblll,  a  gimlet; 
^wimiaw,  to  move  round  briskly.     See  Whim.] 

An  instrument  for  boring  holes,  turned  by  a  han- 
dle. 

WLM'BLE,  a.     Active ;  nimble.     [Obs.]         Spenser. 

Wni'BUEL,  n.    A  bird  of  the  cutWw  kind.     [See 

WlIIMBREL.]  ClfC. 

WIM'PLE,  (wim^l,)  n.     [G.  wimpel^  a  pendant ;  Dan. 

vimpel ;  W.  tricpinpyl,  a  vati^  u  wimple;  Fr.  guimpe^ 

a  neck  handkerchief.] 

A  hood  or  vail.     [Oftj*.]     fs.  iii. 
WIM'PLE,  V,  t.    To  draw  down,  as  a  vail.    [Obs.] 
WIN,   r.  c;   prrt.  and  pp.  Wow.      (Sax.  tommzit,  lo 

labor,  to  toil,  to  gain  by  labor,  to  win ;  D.  winnea ;  G. 

gcieinncni  Sw.  vinna.] 

1.  To  gain  by  success  in  competition  or  contest ; 
as,  to  win  the  prize  in  a  game;  to  tetn  money ;  to 
win  a  battle,  or  to  uiiii  a  country.  Battles  are  won  by 
superior  strength  or  skill. 

Who  tlius  Bhiill  Cfttiaan  win.  MUton. 

2.  To  gain  by  solicitation  or  courtship. 

3.  To  obtain  ;  to  allure  to  kindness  or  compliance. 
Thy  virtue  won  me.     Win  your  enemy  by  kindness. 

4.  To  gain  by  jtersuasion  or  influence  ;  ns,  an  ora- 
tor wins  his  audience  by  argument.  The  advocate 
has  won  the  jury. 

AntI  Mammon  viins  hii  way,  wtiere  soruphs  might  despnir. 

Byron.; 

WIN,  V.  i    To  gain  the  victory. 

Nor  is  It  anight  but  Just 
Thut  he,  who  in  debute  of  truth  h«ih  loon, 
Bhoiild  ujin  ui  urnia,  MUlon. 

To  win  upon;  to  gain  favor  or  influence;  as,  to 
trill  upo7i  the  heart  or  aft'ections.  Dryden. 

2.  To  gain  ground. 

Thu  r;ih!)le  will  In  lime  win  upon  jwwcr.  Stiai. 

To  win  ofi  to  be  conqueror.  Shak. 

WINCE,  V.  i.  [Vt.guincher^  to  twist;  irtiingoisy  crook- 
edness ;  W.  ffwintr  i  gwingaw,  to  wriggle,  to  wince.] 

1.  To  shrink,  as  from  a  bb»w  or  fnirn  pain ;  to 
start  back. 

I  will  not  stir  tier  trfnce.  Shak. 

2.  To  kick  or  flounce  when  uneasy,  or  impatient 
of  a  rider  ;  an,  a  horse  winces.  Iludibras. 

WIN'CER,  n.    One  that  winces,  shrinks,  or  kicks. 

WLNCH,  «.     [Pax.  wince  ;  Fr.  guinchcr,  to  twist.] 

The  crank  or  handle  by  which  the  axis  of  ma- 
chines is  turninl,  aa  in  the  grindstone,  &:c.  Also,  an 
instrument  with  which  to  turn  or  strain  something' 
forcibly.  This  term  h:js  also  been  popularly  applied 
to  the  windlass. 

WINCH,  V.  i.  To  wince;  In  shrink  ;  to  kick  with 
impatience  or  uneasiness.  [This  is  a  more  correct 
ortliojir.iphy  than  Wirici:.] 

WIN'CHEri-TER-lUiSH'EL,  n.  The  original  Eng- 
lish standard  ntea-tiro  r.f  capacity,  established  by 
Henry  VII.,  and  urdered  Ui  ]tc.  kept  in  the  town-hall 
of  Winclicster.  It  contains  2ir»0  cubic  inches,  and 
is  the  one  generally  used  in  the  United  States. 

WIN(v'H'ING,  (  jipr.      Flinching  j  shrinking;  kick- 

WIN'CIXG,     \       ins. 

WIN'CO-PIPE,  n.  The  vulgar  name  of  a  little  flower, 
Uiat,  when  it  oikmis  in  tlic  niorning,  bodes  a  fair  day. 

Bacon, 
This  is  probably  the  Anagallls  arvensis,  often 
called  the  Poor  Man's  Uarometer,  one  of  the  flora 
horologicie,  opening  its  flowers  regularly  in  the 
morning,  and  cbwing  them  toward  night,  except 
when  tliere  is  much  moisture  in  the  atmosphere, 
when  it  remains  shut.  Tally.    London. 

WIND,  Ti.  [Sax.  7fmrf;  P.  and  G.  wi/frf;  Sw.  and  Dan. 
rind;  W.  ^niyynt ;  L.  r^Mii.-'i  It.  vento;  Sp.  viento ; 
Fr.  vent.  This  word  accords  with  L.  venio^  ventum, 
and  the  Teutonic  wcndam^  Eng.  went.  The  primary 
sense  is,  to  move,  flow,  rush,  or  drive  along.] 

1.  Air  in  motion  with  any  degree  of  velocity,  in- 
definitely; a  current  of  air.    When  the  air  moves 


TCNE,  BIJLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  «  aa  Z;  CH  as  BH;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


159 


1065 


WIN 

moderatAy,  we  call  it  a  light  wind,  or  a  brcez© ; 
when  with  more  velocity,  we  call  it  a  frfsh  breeze ; 
and  when  with  violence,  we  call  it  a  gale,  storm,  or 
tempest.  The  word  Galx  is  used  by  tlie  poets  fur  a 
moderate  breeze,  but  seamen  use  it  as  equivalent  to 
Stokm. 

Winds  are  denominated  from  the  point  of  compass 
ftora  which  they  blow  ;  as,  a  north  wind  ;  an  east 
wind  i  a  tQtUk  wind ;  a  totst  wmd  j  a  south-ve^tt 
wind.fcc 

i  Tlu  fimt  wtMb ;  the  cardinal  points  of  the  heav- 
ena. 

-  Mind*,  O  bfMlh,  utd  breiabs  upon  tbMc 

Thb  MUM  of  the  word  seems  to  have  bad  its  ort- 
ffin  with  the  Orientals  as  it  was  the  practice  of  the 
Hebrews  to  |;ive  to  each  of  the  four  cardinal  poinu 
the  name  of  ipimd. 

3.  Direction  of  the  wind  from  other  points  of  the 
OMBpaBB  than  the  cardinal,  or  any  point  of  compass  ; 
w,  a  compasB  of  eight  loimds,     [  06«.]  ifi^tin. 

4.  foealh ;  power  of  respiration. 
Mmfwkmd 

5.  Air  in  motion  from  any  force  or  action  ;  as,  the 
tnad  of  a  cannon-ball ;  the  leind  of  a  bellows. 

&  Breath  modulated  by  the  organs  or  by  an  instru- 
»u 

s  wMV  vatiMn  IB  tMir  iiBda 

r,  and  nme  fiir  bcoatUaf  ihimL         DryitiL. 

7.  Air  impregnated  with  scent 

A  pMk  of  Aog-hatk  had  him  In  tbe  wtnd.  SKaJt. 

&  Any  thing  insignificant  or  light  as  wind. 

TUnk  Dot  viih  wbid  or  wuj  threat*  to  aw«.  MUton. 

9.  Flatulence ;  air  generated  in  the  stomach  and 
boweU;  as,  to  be  trt>uhled  with  iriitJ. 

10.  The  name  given  to  a  disease  of  sheep,  in  which 
the  intestines  arv  distended  with  air,  or  rather  affect- 
ed with  a  violent  inflnmnuition.  It  occurs  imme- 
diately after  shearing.  Oyc 

i3lsm  lA«  wind ;  decaying  ;  declining  *,  in  a  state  of 
decay ;  aa,  be  went  4a«0a  Us  load.    f  JVW  a^ed.] 

VEs&wge. 

7^  tats  or  A«r«  As  mad ;  to  gain  or  have  the  ad- 
VUktage.  Bacon. 


but  U>ag  euoufh  to  w,y  my  pnyen,  I  would 


n  UkM  wi»djj^  U  gH  ifuU ;  to  be  divulged  ;  to  b^ 

I  public    The  atory  gmt  wimd^  or  toU  vuuL 
ht  tm  wimd**  sy* ;  in  mamm**  laajfiM/*,  Coward  the 


direct  point  from  which  the  wind  blowa. 

BttmiHm  wnd  mmd  loaUr  i  denoting  that  part  of  a 
Bbi|^  aide  or  botton  which  is  frequently  brought 
above  water  by  the  rolling  of  the  ship,  or  fluctuation 
of  tbe  water*a  nrftce. 

TV  carry  tk»  wimd.  in  tte  ««m/«,  is  when  a  horse 
toaaea  hia  aoaa  as  bJ^  aa  his  earsL 

CfiuUmt  or  iMTomMl  wmd ;  a  wind  that  blows  con- 
stantly from  one  point  of  the  compass,  as  the  tradr- 
wind  of  the  tropics. 

Sk^fttMf,  r«riahU,  fv  frratie  winds,  are  such  as  are 
ctaangeaUe,  now  blowing  from  one  fMtint,  and  now 
ftom  another,  and  then  cea-^ing  altncother. 

Statad,  or  perutdual  wind;  a  wind  that  con^unlly 
rptums  at  a  certain  time,  and  blows  atefldily  from 
one  point  ft^r  a  certain  time.  Such  are  the  monsoons 
in  India,  and  land  and  sea  breezes. 

TVads  wind.     See  in  its  place. 

[tin  poetry-,  vind  often  rhymes  with  find;  but  the 
eommon  pronuocuiion  is  with  i  short,  and  so  let  it 
continue.] 
WIND.  r.  U ;  pret  and  pp.  Wou.tD.     [Sax.  windoa  :  G. 
and  D.  wnUra,-  from  wimd,  or  the  same  root.] 

1.  To  blow  ;  to  sound  by  blowing. 

Hlwf  t>^  ahriU  S.<».  Pap», 

[Tlie  present  notion  of  winding  a  horn  is  not  so 
much  that  o^*  filling  it  with  wind  as  of  giving  a  pro- 
longed and  varied  sound,  like  that  described  by  Mil- 
ton when  speaking  of  **a  wia^tn^  bout  of  linked 
rweetness."  SmarL] 

2.  To  turn  ;  to  move,  or  cause  to  turn. 

To  turn  utd  mmd  m  fkrrr  Peg^wu.  Skak. 

Z.  To  torn  round  some  fixed  object ;  to  bind,  or  to 
fttfm  into  a  ball  fur  coil  by  turning  :  as,  to  wind  thread 
on  a  spool ;  to  wind  thread  into  a  ball ;  to  wind  a  rope 
into  a  coil. 

4.  To  introduce  by  Insinuation.  Tbe  child  wtndj 
nimaelf  into  my  affections. 

Thej  W«e  Bids  uu  mad  dextafeka  to  wbid  la  mttk  thiox*  iniu 
diKcane.  Goo.  o/lMs  7bn(iM. 

5.  To  change ;  to  Taiy. 

Won  OUT  Ifffatatuw  vcoled  in  fW  priose,  be  «ri^  mm  uui 
'urn  our  cooMitKtioa  at  hii  ptoMuiv.  AMuoit. 

6.  7\>  enlwist ;  to  infold  ;  to  encircle.  Skak, 
71>  wiiid  off;    to  unwind. 

7\t  wind  »mt ;  to  extricate.  Corfadon. 

TV  wind  up ;  to  bring  to  a  small  compass,  as  a  ball 
of  thread.  Locke. 

S.  To  bring  to  a  conclusion  or  settlement;  as,  to 
wind  vp  one*3  affairs. 

3.  To  put  in  a  slate  of  reuovated  or  continued  mo- 
tion. 

Fftie  Kcined  to  wutd  him  up  for  founeore  yev*.  Drydtn. 


WIN 

n  wind  tip  a  elocky  is  to  wind  the  cord  by  which 
tbe  weights  ore  suspended  round  an  axis  or  pin. 

To  wind  up  a  watch,  is  to  wind  itie  spring  round  its 
axis  or  pin. 

4.  To  raise  by  degrees. 

Thua  Utry  wound  «p  lib  temper  to  ft  pitch.  Aantntry. 

5.  To  straiten,  as  a  string  ;  to  put  in  tune. 

nind  up  the  ■Isckened  striiigi  of  thy  lute.  Wailtr. 

6.  To  put  in  order  for  regular  action.  Skak. 
WIND,  r.  t    To  nose ;  to  perceive  or  follow  by  the 

scent ;  as,  hounds  wind  an  animal. 

3.  To  ventilate ;  to  exjiose  to  ttie  wind;  to  win- 
now. 

3.  To  drive  [a  horse]  hard,  so  as  to  render  scant 
of  wind  ;  also,  to  rest  [a  horse,]  in  order  to  recover 
wind.  Smart. 

To  wind  a  skipt  &r.,  is  to  turn  it  end  for  end,  so 
that  the  wind  strikes  it  on  the  opposite  side. 
WIND,  c.  i.    To  turn  ;  to  change. 

So  iwift  your  Jud^meitla  turn  und  tcind.  Drydtn. 

9.  To  turn  around  something  ;  as,  vines  wind 
around  a  pole. 

3.  To  have  a  circular  direction  :  as,  windinsf  stairs. 

4.  To  crook ;  to  bend.  The  road  winds  in  various 
places. 

5.  To  move  round  ;  as,  a  hare  pursued  turns  and 
wmdf. 

To  Ktmd  out ;  to  be  extricated  ;  to  escape. 

Loof  Ubufin^  amlenie*lb,  ere  they  could  iMnei 

Owl  of  kuch  praoQ.  Milton, 

WlND'.^fiE,  B.     [Sp.  vientOf  wind,  windage.] 

The  difference  between  the  diameter  of  the  bore 
of  a  gun  or  other  piece  and  that  of  a  ball  or  shell. 

Cvc. 

WIND'BOITND,  «.  [wind  and  bound.]  Prevented 
from  sailing  by  a  contrary  wind.  Mar.  DicL 

WIND'-DRI-KD,  (-dride,)  a.     Dried  in  the  wind. 

WIND'-DROP-SY,  n.  [wind  and  dropsy.]  A  swell- 
ing of  the  belly  from  wind  in  the  intestines ;  tympa- 
nites. Coze. 

WIND'-EGG,  n.     [wind  and  cg^.]     An  addle  egg. 

WIND'ER,  a.    One  who  winds. 

WIND'ER,  V.  (.  To  fbn  ;  to  clean  grain  with  a  fan. 
[LocatA 

WIND'ER-MEB,  n.  A  bird  of  tbe  genus  Lams,  or 
gull  kind.  Cue. 

WiND'FALL.  a.     [wind  and  faU.]     Fruit  blown  off 
the  tree  by  wind. 
2.  An  unexpected  legacy,  or  other  gain. 

WIND'FALL-£N,  (-fawln,)  «.  Blown  down  by  the 
wind.  Draytan, 

WIND'-FLOW-ER,  n.  [wwd  and  jCmoct.J  A  plant, 
the  anemone. 

WIND'-FUR  XACE,  a.  [wind  and  fumaec\  A  fur- 
nace in  which  the  air  is  supplied  by  an  artificial  cur- 
rent, as  from  a  bellows. 

WINU'-GAGE,  B.  [leiad  and  ga^e.]  An  instnmient 
f«r  ascertaining  the  velocity  and  force  of  wind. 

WIND'-GALL,  n.  [wind  and  gaU.]  A  soft  tumor 
on  the  fetlock  joints  of  a  horse. 

WI\U'-GL*N,  n.  An  air-gun  \  a  gun  discharged  by 
the  force  of  compressed  air. 

WIND'-HATCH,  n.  [wind  and  hatch.]  In  mininrr, 
the  opening  i>r  place  where  the  ore  is  taken  out  of 
the  earth.  Cyc. 

WL\D^-HOV-ER,  (-huv-er,)  n.  [wind  and  hocfr.]  A 
species  of  hawk  ;  called  al.so  the  SxAifrtKL,  but  more 
Uim.olly  the  Kestbeu  Cyc.    Jardinc 

WIND'I-NESS,  n.  [from  windy.]  The  state  of  be- 
ing windy  or  tempestuous  j  as,  the  windiness  of  the 
weather  or  season. 

2.  Fullness  of  wind  ;  flatulence.  I/arrey. 

3.  Tendency  to  generate  wind  j  as,  the  windiness 
of  vegetables. 

4.  Tumor-  pufliness. 

WISD'ISG,  ppr.    Turning;  binding  about ;  bending. 
2.  a.  Rf  nding ;  twisting  from  a  direct  tine  or  an 
even  surface. 

V\^ND'I^'G,  «.     a  turn  or  turning  ;  a  bend  ;  flexure  ; 
mcniider  :  as,  the  windings  of  a  road  or  stream. 
2.  .\  call  by  the  l>oatswain's  whistle. 

U^^D'I^G-E^-6INE,  n.  Au  engine  employed  in 
mining,  to  draw  up  buckets  from  a  deep  pit.     Cyc. 

WTND'IXG-LY,  ado*  In  a  winding  or  circuitous 
form.  • 

WIXD'ING-SHEET,  a.  [winding  and  shf.eL]  A 
sheet  in  which  a  corpse  is  wrapped.  Bacon. 

WIND'ING-TACK'LE,  (tak'l,)  n.  [windinfr  and 
tacklr.]  A  tackle  consisting  of  one  fixed  triple  block, 
and  one  double  or  triple  movable  block.  Diet. 

WIND'-iN'STRU-MENT,  «.  An  instrument  of  mu- 
sic played  by  wind,  chiefly  by  the  breath,  &s  a  flute, 
a  clarionet,  &.C.  Cyc. 

WIXD'L.\CE,  I  f.  i.    To  go  warily  to  work  ;  to  act 

WIND'LASS,  \      indirectly.  Hammond 

WIXD'LASS,  n.  [wind  and  lace.  Uu.]  A  machine 
for  raising  weights,  consisting  of  a  cylinder  or  roller 
of  timber,  moving  on  its  axis,  and  turned  by  a  crank, 
lever,  or  similar  means,  with  a  rope  or  chain  attached 
to  the  weight. 

2.  A  handle  by  which  any  thing  is  turned.  [JVut 
in  use,]  Shak, 


A  blind 


WIN 

WIN'DLE,  n.    A  spindle;  a  kind  of  reel. 

WIN'DLE-STRAW.  n.  A  reed  ;  a  stalk  of  grass. 
fJVoriA  of  Knffland.] 

WlND'LEf^S,  a.  Having  no  wind;  wanting  wind; 
out  of  breath.     [JVot  in  use.]  Fairfax. 

WIND'-MILL,  «.  [wind  and  mUL]  A  mill  turned 
by  the  wind.  Mortimer. 

WIN'DOW,  n.  [Dan.  vindue ;  Pp.  rentana,  from  the 
same  root  as  venta,  sale,  rent  of  goods.  The  word 
ill  Spanish  signifies  also  n  nostril,  that  is,  a  passage. 
Ventaja  is  advantage  ;  ventalla,  a  valve,  and  ventailty 
a  fan;  ventear^  to  blow.  Hence  we  see  that  uenf,  L. 
vendoyttind^  fanyiimX  tun,  Fr-atiant,  are  all  of  one  fam- 
ily. So  is  also  the  \j.  fenestra,  Fr-fcnfitre,  D.  vensteTf 
G.  fcHstcr,  Ir.  Jineog.  The  vulgar  pronunciation  is 
windor,  as  if  from  the  Welsh  greyntdor,  wind-door.l 

1.  An  opening  in  the  wall  of  a  building  for  the  ad- 
mission of  light,  and  of  air  when  necessary.  I'his 
0(K-ning  has  a  frame  on  the  sides,  in  which  are  set 
movable  sashes,  cuiitaiuing  panes  of  glass.  In  the 
United  States,  the  sashes  arc  made  to  rise  and  fall, 
for  the  admission  or  exclusion  of  uir.  In  France, 
windows  are  shut  with  frames  or  sashes  that  open 
and  shut  vertically,  like  the  leaves  of  a  f^ddlng  door 

2.  An  aiKirtnru  or  opening. 

A  windott  ahult  ihuu  nt.ike  to  the  ark.  —  Oien.  ri. 

3.  The  frame  or  otlier  thing  that  covers  tbe  aper 

ture. 

4.  An  aperture ;  or  rather  the  clouds  or  water- 
spouts. 

The  urindowi  of  heaven  were  opened.  — Gfn.  vil. 

5.  Lattice  or  casement ;  or  the  net-work  of  wire 
used  before  the  invention  of  glass.     Judges  v. 

6.  Lines  crossing  each  other. 

Till  he  hKK  vnndou»  od  his  breiul  and  butler.  King, 

WIN'DOW,  V.  t    To  furnish  with' windows. 

fVotton,     Pope. 

2.  To  place  at  a  window.     [Unusval.]  Shak. 

X  To  break  into  openings.     [Unusual.]        Sfuik, 

WIN'DOW-BLTND,  n.     [window  and  blind. 

to  intercept  the  light  of^a  window.     Ver 

doit~bliniLi  are  now  iniich  used  in  the  United  States. 
WlN'DflW-KD,  pp.     Furnished  with  windows. 
WIN'DOW-FRaME,  n.     [windjw  and  frame.]     The 

frame  of  a  window  which  rocei^us  and  holds  the 

sashes. 
WIN'DOW-GLXSS,  H.     [window  and  glass.]     Panes 

of  glass  for  windows. 
WIN'DOW-SASH,  «.     [window  an(\  sash,]    The  sash 

or  light  frame  in  which  panes  of  glass  are  set  for 

windows. 
WIN'DOW-Y,  a.      Having  little  crossings  like  the 

sashes  of  a  window.  Donne. 

WIND'PIPE,  n.     [wind  and  pipr.]      The  passage  for 

thi>  breath  to  and  from  the  lungs;  the  trachea. 
WIND'-PUMP,  7t.    [wind  and  pump.]    A  pump  moved 

by  wind,  useful  in  draining  lands.  Cyc. 

WIND'-RODE,  n.     A  term  used  by  seamen  to  signify 

a  ship  when  riding  with  wind  and  tide  op|M)scd  to 

each  other,  driven  to  the  leeward  of  her  anchor. 
WIND'ROW,  (win'ro,)  n.     [wind  and  row.]     A  row 

or  line  of  hay  raked  together  for  the  purpose  of  being 

rolled  into  cocks  or  heaps. 

[  This  is  the  only  use  of  Uie  word  in  JWwj  England.] 

2.  The  green  border  of  a  field,  dug  up  in  order  to 
carry  the  earth  on  other  land  to  mend  it.   [Eng,]Cyc. 

3.  A  row  of  peats  set  up  for  drying  ;  or  a  row  of 
pieces  of  turf,  sod,  or  sward,  cut  in  paring  and  burn- 
ing.    [Erttr.]  Cyc. 

WIND'-Si^IL,  n.  [wind  and  *fli7.]  .\  wide  tube  or 
funnel  of  canvas,  used  to  convey  a  stream  of  air  into 
the  lower  apartments  of  a  ship.  Mar.  Diet, 

WIND'SEED,  n.    A  plant  of  the  genus  Arctotis.     Lee. 

WIND'SHOCK,  n.  [wind  and  shock.]  A  sort  of  bruise 
or  shiver  in  a  tree.  Cyc. 

WIND'-TIGHT,  C-tlte,)  a.  [wind  and  tighL]  So 
light  as  to  prevent  the  passing  of  wind.  Hall. 

WIXD'WARD,  n.  [wind  and  ward.]  The  point  from 
which  the  wind  blows  ;  as,  to  ply  to  the  windward. 

WIND'WARI),  a,  [wind  and  ward.]  Being  on  the 
side  toward  the  point  from  which  the  wind  blows  ; 
as,  the  windward  shrouds. 

WIND'WARD,  flrfr.    Toward  the  wind. 

To  lay  an  anchor  at  the  windward;  to  adopt  previous 
measures  for  success  or  security. 

WIND'Y,  a.  Consisting  of  wiridj  as,  a  windy  tem- 
pest. S/utk. 

2.  Next  the  wind  ;  as,  the  windy  side.  Skak. 

3.  Tempestuous;  boisterous;  as,  w/nJi/ weather. 

4.  Puffy  ;  flatulent ;  abounding  with  wind. 

.^rbuthnot, 

5.  Empty  ;  airy  ;  as,  windy  joy.  Milton. 
\\^NE,   n,     [Sax.   lein  ;   G.    tcein;   D.   wifn  ;   Sw.   and 

Dan.  via  ;  W.  g^win  ;  Russ.  vino ;  L.  viiium  :  It.  and 
Sp.  vino;  Fr.  vin;  Ir.fion;  Gr.  otvoi ;  Eolic,  Fckco^; 

Eth.  yUj^l  wine;  Ileb.  PV  This  Oriental  word 
seems  to  be  connected  with  pp',a  fountain,  and  n^}?, 
anah,  to  thrust,  to  press,  or  press  out.] 

1.  The  fermented  juice  of  grapes  ;  as,  the  wine  of 
the  Madeira  grape  ;  the  wine  of  Burgundy  or  Oporto. 

2.  The  juice  of  certain  fruits,  prepared  with  sugar. 


FATE.  FAB,  FALL,  WHAT.— M£TE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BOQK.- 


WIN 

sometimes  with   spirits,   Ate;    aa,  currant   vine; 
gooseberrj'  leine. 

3.  latoxication. 

Noah  Awoke  from  hi*  inne. —  Gen.  is. 

4.  Drinking. 

Thf  y  thai  tarry  \oag  M  the  wins.  —  ProT.  xxMi, 
CoTH  and  wine,  in  Scripture,  are  put  for  all  kinds  of 

necessaries  for  subsistence.     Ps. 
Bread  and  wine^  in  the  I,irrd'*s  supper^  are  symbols 

of  the  boilv  and  blood  of  Clirist. 
WIXE'-BIi^BER,  71.    One  wiio  drinks  much  wine ; 

a  great  drinker.     Pi-ov.  xs'ii'i. 
^^^NE'-eASK,  n.     [tti»e  and  cask.]    A  cask  in  wliich 

wine  is  or  has  been  kept. 
W^NE'-GLASS,  n.     [wiite  and  glass.]    A  small  glass 

in  which  wine  is  ^i^nk. 
W7NE'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  wine  ;  as,  wineU^s  life. 

Swift. 
WTNE'-MEAS-URE,  (-mezh'ur,)  n.     [See  Measure.] 

The  measure  by  which  wines  and  other  spirits  are 

sold,  smaller  than  beer  measure. 
WINE'-MER-CUANT,  n.    A  merchant  who  deals  In 

wines. 
WINE'-PRESS,  ji,    [TBine  and  press.]     A  place  where 

g^rapes  are  pressed. 
WlXE'-SToNE,  w.     The  deposit  of  crude  tartar,  or 

areal,  on  the  interior  of  wine-casks.  l/re. 

WING,  «.     [Sax.  fffktcing;  Sw.  and  Dan.  rin^e.    The 

word  signifies  the  side,  end,  or  extremity.] 

1.  The  limb  of  a  fowl  by  which  it  dies,  and  under 
which  it  protects  its  young.  Jn  a  few  species  of 
fowls,  the  wings  do  not  enable  them  to  dy  ;  as  is  the 
case  with  the  dodo,  ostrich,  great  auk,  and  pen- 
guin ;  but  in  the  two  former,  the  wings  assist  the 
fowls  in  runnin£[. 

2.  Figurattceltjy  care  or  protection. 

3.  The  limb  of  an  insect  by  which  it  flies. 

4.  In  botany,  [L.  ala,]  a  leaf-like  appendage. 
WiKca,  pi,  [h.  flte,]  the  two  lateral  petals  of  a 
papilionaceous  flower,  which  stand  opposite  to  each 
other,  and  immediately  before  the  ve.\illum,  and 
which  usually  Iwve  the  carina  between  them. 

Tallif. 

5.  Flight;  passage  by  the  wing;  as,  to  be  on  the 
,  wing ;  to  take  wing. 

6.  Means  of  flying ;  acceleration.  Fear  adds 
wings  to  flight. 

7.  Motive  or  incitement  of  flight 

Thea  fiery  ex  pwliUon  be  my  ving.  Shak. 

8.  The  flank  or  extreme  body  or  port  of  an  army. 

pryden. 

9.  Any  side  piece.  Mortimer. 

10.  In  gardenings  a  side-shoot.  Cyc. 

11.  In  architecture^  a  side  building,  less  than  the 
main  edifice. 

12.  In  f&rtijieationy  the  longer  sides  of  horn-works, 
crown-works,  &.c.  Ci/c. 

13.  In  aJUet,  the  ships  on  the  extremities,  when 
ranged  in  a  lino,  or  when  forming  the  two  sides  of  a 
triangle. 

14.  In  a  ship,  the  wings  are  those  parts  of  the  hold 
and  orlop  deck  which  are  nearest  the  sides. 

15.  In  Scripture,  protection  ;  generally  in  the  plu- 
ral.    Ps.  Ixiit.    />.  xix. 

On  the  wings  qftJu  wind;  with  the  utmost  velocity. 
Ps.  xviii. 
WIN'G,  r.  L    To  furnish  with  wings  ;  to  enable  lo  fly 
OT  to  move  with  celerity. 

Who  beKYca  oltl  oc«an,  uid  who  vingw  the  itorms.  Popt, 

3.  To  supply  with  side  bodies^  as,  on  either  side 
well  winged.  Shak. 

3.  To  transport  by  flight. 

I,  Kn  old  turtle, 
Will  toing  me  lo  •ome  wittiTnl  bough.  Shak. 

Edgt  tbe  kreu  iwurj,  &nd  wing  th'  unerrin;  bnH.     TnimiiiUL 

To  winir  a  flight ;  to  exert  the  power  of  flving. 
WING'-GASE,     i  n.    The  case  or  shell  which  covers 
WING'-yilELL,  i     the  wings  of  coleopterous  insects, 

as  the  beetle,  ice.  Booth. 

WING'^D,  pp.    Furnished  with  wings;  transported 

by  flying. 
WING-€OV'ER-ING,    (-kuv'cr-,)   a.      Covering  the 

WJEgS, 

2.  a.  Having  wings  ;  as,  a  winged  fowl.     Oen.  i. 

3.  Swifl ;  rapid  ;  as,  with  winged  haste.       Shak. 

4.  Wounded  ;  hurt. 

5.  In  botany^  \Alatus.  Alate  is  the  term  almost 
always  used,]  furnished  with  a  K-af-Iike  append- 
age. When  st»*ni»  are  winged,  the  leaf  like  ap- 
pendage is  commonly  attached  longitudinally  to  two 
opposite  sides.  When  fruit.i  are  winged,  the  leaf 
like  appendage  may  be  attached  to  one  side  only,  or 
to  two  sides,  or  it  may  surround  the  frniL       TuUy. 

6.  In  heraldry,  represented  with  wings,  or  having 
wings  of  a  different  color  from  the  body. 

7.  Fanned  with  wings;  swarming  with  birds. 

Milt/m. 
WI.\G'f:D-PP.A,  n.     A  plant.  Mtller. 

WINO'-FpOT-ED,  a.  [wing  and  foot.}  Having 
wings  attached  ti»  the  feet ;  as,  wing-footed  Mercury  ; 
hence,  swifl ;  moving  with  rapidity;  fleet. 

Drayton. 


WIN 

WING'LESS,  a.  Having  no  wings ;  not  able  to  as- 
cend or  fly. 

WING'LET,  71.    A  little  wing. 

WING'-SHELI..    See  Wiso-Cass. 

WING'Y,  a.    Having  wings ;  rapid  ;  as,  wingy  speed. 

.Mddison. 

WINK,  V.  i.  [Sax.  wincian  ;  D.  wenken ;  G.  winkm ; 
Sw.  vinka;  Dan.  vinker;  W.  gwing,  a  wink  ;  gwin- 
gaw,  to  wriggle,  to  wink,  lo  wince.  fVink  and 
wince  are  radically  one  word.] 

1.  To  shut  the  eyes  quickly ;  to  close  the  eyelids 
with  a  quick  motion. 

Tbey  are  not  UiikI,  but  they  vnnk.  TVlottwu 

3.  To  close  and  open  the  eyelids  quickly. 

3.  To  give  a  hint  by  a  motion  of  the  eyelids. 

Mini  nt  the  lixMrnan  to  leiivc  liim  uilhuiit  a.  plate.  Sw\/L 

4.  To  close  the  eyelids  and  exclude  the  light. 

Or  urink  nj  eowanla  and  afrtiid.  Prior. 

5.  To  be  dim  ;  as,  a  winking  light.  Drydcn. 
To  wink  at ;  to  connive  at ;  to  seem  not  to  see  ;  to 

tolerate;    to  overlook,    as  something   not  perft^ctly 
agreeable  ;  as,  to  wink  at  faults.  Roscommon. 

WINK,  n.  The  act  of  closing  the  eyelids  quickly  I 
lay  awake  and  could  n«>t  sleep  a  wink. 

t  could  edipae  and  cloud  tliem  with  it  vink.  Donne. 

%  A  hint  given  by  shutting  the  eye  with  a  signifi- 
cant cast.  Swift. 
WINK'ER,  n.     One  who  winks.  Pope. 
9.  A  horse's  blinder.                                        BooVi. 
WINK'ING,  p/»r.    Shutting  the  eyes  quickly;  shut- 
ting and  opening  the  eyelids  quickly  ;  hinting  by 
closing  the  eve;   conniving  at;  overlooking. 
WINK'ING-LY,  adv.    With  the  eye  almost  closed. 

Peacham. 
WIN'NER,  n.    [from  win.]     One  who  gains  by  suc- 
cess in  competition  or  contest. 
WIN'NING,  ppr.     [from  win.]    Gaining  by  success  in 
competition  or  contest. 

2.  a.  Attracting;  adapted  to  gain  favor;  charm- 
ing ;  a!),  a  winning  address. 

WIN'NING,  n.    The  sum  won  or  gained  oy  success 

in  competition  or  contest. 
WIN'NING-LY,  adc.    In  a  winning  manner. 
WIN'NOW,  V.  t     [L.  eeanno,  from  vannus,  a  fan  ;    D. 

and  G.  wannen  ;  from  the  root  o{  fan  and  wind.    The 

Sax.  has  windwian,  to  wind.] 

1.  To  separate  and  drive  off  the  chafl^  from  grain 
by  means  of  wind.  Grain  is  winnowed  by  n  fan,  or 
by  a  machine,  or  by  pouring  it  out  of  a  vessel  in  a 
current  of  air. 

2.  T.»  fan  ;  to  beat  as  with  wings.  Milton. 

3.  To  examine ;  to  sift  for  the  purpose  of  sepa- 
rating falsehood  from  truth. 

Winnow  wcJI  IhU  ihoiighL  Dryden. 

4.  To  separate,  as  the  bad  from  the  good.     Shak. 
WIN'NOW,  V.  i*    To  separate  chaflT  from  corn. 

H'innoto  not  with  oyery  wind.  Ecclua. 

WIN'NOW-£D,  pp.      Separated  from  the  chaff"  by 

wind  ;  sifted  ;  examined. 
WIN'.VOW-ER,  H.     One  who  winnows. 
WIN'NOW-ING,  «.    The  act  of  separating  from  chaflf 

by  wind. 
WIN'NOW-ING,  ppr.    SeiMimting  from  the  chafl'  by 

wind  :  examining. 
WIN'SOME,  (win'sura,)  a,    Cheerftil ;  merry. 
WIN'TER,  n.    [Sax.  G.  D.  Sw.  and  Dan. ;  from  wmrf, 

or  its  root ;  Goth,  wintrus.] 

1.  The  cold  season  of  the  year.  Astronomically 
considered,  winter  commences  in  northern  latitudes 
when  the  sun  enters  Capricorn,  nr  at  the  solstice 
about  the  2lst  of  December,  and  ends  at  the  equinox 
in  March  ;  but  in  ordinary  discourse,  the  three  win- 
ter months  are  December,  January,  and  February. 
Our  Saxon  ancestors  reckoned  the  years  by  winters  ; 
as,  ten  winters:  thirty  winters.  In  tropical  climates, 
the  rainy  season  takes  the  place  of  winter.  In  the 
temperate  and  frigid  climates,  there  is  one  winter 
only  in  the  year. 

2.  The  part  of  a  printing  press  which  sustains  the 
carriage. 

WIN'TER,  F.  i.  To  pass  the  winter.  He  wintered  in 
Italy.     Cattle  winttr  well  on  gt>od  fodder. 

WIN'TER,  V.  t.  To  feed  or  manage  during  the  win- 
ter. To  winter  young  cattle  on  straw,  is  not  profita- 
ble.    Delicate  plants  must  be  wintered  under  cover. 

WIN'TER-AP'PLE,  (-ap'pljn.  [winter  and  apple.] 
An  apple  that  keeps  well  in  winter. 

WIN'TER-BXR'LEY,  n.  [winter  and  barley.]  A 
kind  of  barifv  which  is  sowed  in  autumn. 

WIN'TER-BkAT-£N,  o.  [winter  and  beat.]  Har- 
assed hv  the  severe  weather  of  winter.       Spenser. 

WIN'TE'a-BER'RY,  n.  [winter  and  berry.]  Alow 
shrub  of  the  genus  Prinos.  I„iadon.     Lre. 

WIN'TER-BLOOM,  n.  [winter  anii  bloom.]  A  plant 
of  ihe  genus  Azalea.  Lee. 

WIN'TER-CHER'RY,  ii.  [winter  and  chernj.]  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Physalis,  and  its  fruit,  which  is  of 
the  size  of  a  cherry.  Lee.    Miller. 

WIN'TER-CIT'RON,  n.  [winter  and  citron.]  A  sort 
of  pear. 


WIR 

WIN'TER-CRESS,  n.  [winter  and  crest.]  A  plant 
of  the  genus  Erysimum. 

W1N'TER-€R0P,  n.  [winter  and  crop.]  A  crop 
which  will  bear  the  wint**r,  or  which  may  be  con- 
Vf^rted  into  fodder  during  the  winter.  Oyc 

WIN'TER-FAL'I.OW,  n.  [winter  and  fallow.] 
Ground  that  is  fallowed  in  winter. 

WIN'TER-GAR'D£N,  n.  [winter  and  garden.]  An 
ornamental  garden  for  winter. 

WiN'TEK-GREEN,  n.  [winter  and  green.]  A  plant 
of  the  genus  I'yrula,  useful  as  a  vulnerary.  Also,  a 
name  of  plants  of  the  genera  Chlmaphila  and  Gaul- 
theria.  Winter-green  is  used  as  a  tonic  and  astrin- 
gent. Cyc 

WIN'TER-KILL,  V.  t,  [winter  and  kiU.]  To  kill  by 
means  of  the  weather  in  winter;  as,  to  winter-kiU 
whf^at  or  clover.  America. 

WIN'TER-KlLL-fiD,  pp.  Killed  by  the  winter,  as 
grain. 

WIN'TER-KILL-ING,  ppr.  Killing  by  the  weather 
in  winter. 

WIN'TER-LODGK,  ;  n,      [winter  and    lodge.] 

WIN'TER-LODG'MENT,  J  In  botany,  the  hyber- 
nacle  of  a  plant,  which  protects  the  embryo  or  future 
shtHit  from  injuries  during  the  winter.  It  is  either  a 
bud  or  a  hulh.  Encyc 

WIN'TER-PESR,  Tu  [winter  and  pear.]  Any  pear 
that  keeps  well  in  winter. 

WlN'TER-aUAR'TERS,  ti.  pi  [winter  and  quarters.] 
The  quarters  of  an  army  during  the  winter;  a  win- 
ter residence  or  station. 

WIN'TER-RIG, ».  (.  [winter  and  rig.]  To  fallow 
or  till  in  winter.     [LocaL] 

WIN'TER-SOL'STICE,  (sol'stis,)  n.  [winter  and 
solstice.]  The  solstice  of  the  winter,  which  takes 
place  when  tlie  sun  enters  Capricorn,  December 
21st. 

WIN'TEU-£D,  pp.  or  a.  Kept  through  the  winter  j 
lived  through  the  winter. 

WIN'TER-ING,  ppr.  Passing  the  winter ;  keeping 
in  winter. 

WIN'TER-LY.a.  Such  as  is  suitable  to  winter.  [Lit- 
tie  u.->ed.]  Shak. 

WIN'TER- Y,  a.  SuiUble  to  winter ;  brumal ;  hy- 
emal ;  cold  ;  stormy,  Dryden, 

WI'NY,  a.  [from  wine.]  Having  the  taste  or  quali- 
ties of  wine.  Bacon. 

WINZE,  n.  In  mininsr^  a  small  shaft  sunk  from  one 
level  lo  another  for  the  purpose  of  ventilation. 

fVtiAcif. 

WTPE,r.  t.     [Sax.  wipian.] 

1.  To  rub  with  something  soft  for  cleaning;  to 
clean  by  rubbing;  as,  to  wipe  tho  hands  or  face  with 
a  towel.    Luke  vii. 

2.  To  strike  off  gently. 

Some  iiatunil  lcar«  Uiey  dropped,  btil  wiped  ihem  loon.    Mitton. 

3.  To  cleanse  from  evil  practices  or  abuses;  to 
overturn  and  destroy  what  is  foul  and  hateful. 

1  will  wipt  Jeriiealem  a»  a  niuti  wipelh  a  di*h,  —  2  Kin^  ixl. 

4.  To  cheat ;  to  defraud.  Spenser. 
To  wipe  away ;    to  cleanse  by  nibbing  or  tersion  ; 

as,  to  wipe  awny  a  stain  or  reproach. 

To  wipe  off;  to  clear  away.  Wipe  off  this  foul 
stain  ;  wipe  off  the  dnsL 

To  wipe  out;  to  efface  ;  to  obliterate.     WipB  out  tho 
blot. 
WIPE,  71.  The  act  of  rubbing  for  the  purpose  of  clean- 
ing. 

2.  A  blow  ;  a  stroke. 

3.  A  gibe  ;  a  jeer  ;  a  severe  sarcasm.  Swift. 

4.  A  bird.     [Sw.  vipa,  the  lapwing.]   Ainsworth. 
WIP'ED,  (wipt,)  pp.    Rubbed   for  cleaning  ;  cleaned 

by  rubbing;  cleared  away;  effaced. 
WIP'ER,  n.     One  who  wipes. 

2.  The  instrument  used  for  wiping. 

3.  In  mills,  apiece  generally  projecting  from  a  hori- 
zontal axle,  for  the  purpose  of  raising  stampers  or 
heavy  pistons,  and  leaving  them  to  fall  by  their  own 
weight.  Brande. 

WIP'ING,  ppr.    Rubbing  with  a  cloth  or  other  soft 

thing  for  cleaning  ;  clearing  away  ;  effacing. 
WIRE,  n.     fSw.  vir  ;  Ice.  loijr.] 

A  thread  of  metal ;  any  metallic  aubstance  drawn 

to  an  even  thread. 
Wire,  v.  l    To  hind  with  wire  ;  to  apply  wU-e  to,  as 

in  bottling  liquors. 
WIRE'DRAW,   r.  L     [wire  and  draw.]     To  draw  a 

metal  into  wire,  which  is  done  by  drawing  it  through 

a  hole  in  a  plate  of  steel. 

2.  To  draw  into  length.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  To  draw  by  art  or  violence. 

My  >enae  haa  been  wiredrawn  into  blaaph'^my.  Dryden. 

4.  To  draw  or  spin  out  to  great  length  and  tenuity, 
as,  to  wiredraw  an  argument. 

WIRE'DRAW-ER,  n.     One  who  draws  metal  into 

wire.  Locke. 

WIRE'DRAW-ING,  ppr.      Drawing   a    metal    into 

wire. 
2.  Drawing  to  a  great  length  or  fineness. 
WIRE' DRAWN,  pp.    Drawn  into  wire;  drawn  out 

to  great  rengih  or  fineness. 
WIRE'GAUZE,  n.    A  texture  of  finely  Interwotren 

wire,  resembling  gauze. 


TONE,  BULL,  IJNITE.— AN"GER.  VI"CIOUS.  — €  as  K;  6  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


12()7 


WIS 


WIS 


WIRE'-GRilTE,  «.  [toir«  and  gnU^]  A  grate  or 
conUivance  of  One  wire  work  to  keep  insecU  out  of 
vinerie?,  hatliousc3,  itc.  Cyc 

WTRE'-IIKEL,  N.  [wire  and  htel]  A  defect  and 
di^easp  in  the  f*et  of  a  liorse  or  othiT  beast.     Cyc 

WIRK'-PWI'L'KRi  »*  *^'n»  «''**  1*"^'=*  ***«  \vire8,a»!  of 
a  puppet ;  lieuce,oue  wliooperates  by  secret  means-, 
an  intriguer. 

VA^RK'-PJJLL'IXC;,  «,  The  act  of  pulling  ibe  wires, 
as  i>f  a  puppet;  Ucnce,  secn-t  influence  or  manage- 
ment; intrigue.  ,  ,      ^ 

WIRE'-WOIUl,  (wnrm.)  «.  [»irr  and  iponn.!  A 
name  given  to  tbe  larva  of  various  beetles,  IVwu 
their  slt'iiJerui'ss  and  uncommon  hardnt«s.  They 
destroy  ibe  nx»ts  of  plaiitn. 

2.  T*  be  Anieriian  wire  worm  ia  a  speci*^  of  lams, 
with  numertuis  feet.  £.  C  Uerrick. 

WIRT,  a.    Made  of  wire  ;  like  win?. 

WIS,  r.  f.. ■;»«/.  Wist.     [C  wisstm;   D.wetUM;  Dan. 

vider;  Sw.  vela.    This  is  the  Sax.  w«e«ii,  to  smL] 

To  think  ;  tu  suppose;  to  imagine.     [06*.] 


WIS'DOM,  (wiz'duro,)  n.  [Soi.  id.;  lewe  and  dam; 
G.  vcwAnC,  (tfueJkooif ; )  D.  icysAeid ;  Sw.  visdom  and 
viiM;  Dan.  vu^^n  or  eiisdtmt.  (9ee  Wise.)  f*^- 
^M,  ft  seem<i.  is  from  the  Gotliic  dialecul 

I.  T'  :' *  "-'  or  exercise  of  knowledfo  ;  the 
cboii '  end>i,  and  of  the  best  means  to 

accoiiv  Thi<  is  wisdom  io  a«£,<|fccf,  or 

praettce.  u  \Mstiuiii  is  lu  be  considered  as  a/ac«/fy 
of  the  mind,  it  is  the  faculty  of  discerning  or  judg- 
ing what  is  most  just,  proper,  and  useful ;  and  if  it 
is  to  be  considered  as  an  acquirement,  it  is  ihe  knowl- 
edge and  use  of  what  is  best,  mtwt  jiisl,  most  proper, 
most  conducive  to  prosperit>"  or  hnppiness.  Wisdom 
in  tbe  first  sense,  or  tinutiaU  tcisdam,  is  nearly  sy- 
nonymous with  Discretion.  It  diflfers  somewhat 
from  Prudknck  in  ihis  respect ;  snufsNc*  ia  the  ex- 
ercise of  sound  Judgment  in  avoiding  evils ;  wisJam 
is  tha  exercise  of  sound  Judgment  either  In  avoiding 
erOs  or  attempting  good.  Prudence,  then,  is  a  spe- 
cies, of  which  mtditm  is  the  genus. 

WUoa  gained  by  »ppfinwe  k  at  bofOta^M  nJue.    SeaO. 

It  h  tefwd  tint  our  n>kn  wiU  ma  with  difnltr  aad  witdom; 
ttet  they  will  jiM  vrrrr  tUoS^  to  tmaoa,  and  nfaw  ertrj 
lUftc  IO  brer.  Amr&. 

3.  In  SeriptMrt,  human  learning  j  erudition ; 
knowledge  (^  axis  and  sciences. 

BloM  «M  tmntd  !■  aa  Ike  wfaJiw  of  the  Eerpduft.  ~ 
ACM  vft. 

3.  Qnickneas  of  intcDect ;  rendlneas  of  apprcben- 
aioB ;  dezterirf  In  exeeation  ;  as,  the  wMam  of  B»- 
xaleeland  AboUab.     Etad.  xmjA. 

4.  Nataral  instinct  and  sagacity.    Joh  xxzix. 

5.  In  Seripturt  tMe^Uff,  wisdom  ts  true  religion  ; 
godliness ;  pietr ;  tbe  knowledga  and  fear  of  God, 
and  aincere  and  unifnrm  obedience  to  his  commands. 
This  is  the  wisdom  which  is  from  above.  Ps.  xc 
Jah  xxviii. 

6.  Profitable  words  or  dtkctrme.     Ps.  xixvii. 
TkewiMitm  ^  Uw  iMrU  ,-  mere  human  eradlllon  ; 

or  Ibe  carnal  poUcr  of  men,  their  tx^t^  and  artifices 
in  pnunoctng  their  temporal  interests ;  called  also 
jCuUy  ieM««.     1  Cer.  It.     3  Cor.  \. 

Tk*  wisdom  p/  wards;  artificial  or  affected  elo- 
quence ;  or  learning  displayed  in  teaching.  1 
Cor.  L  ii. 
WT9E,  a.  [Sax.  wisy  wise;  G.  wtise;  D.  wys;  Sw. 
rw  ,•  Dan.  nw;  Sax.  wUsan^  G.  wUsen,  to  know; 
Sans.ri(f.  This,  in  Dutch,  is  iMc^ea,  to  know,  which 
is  the  Goth.  wUan,  Sax.  iriCdtt,  Bng.  to  wit,  perhaps 
Gr.  ttS^oh  So  that  wise,  wit,  weet,  wot,  are  all  from 
one  root,  or  dialectical  forms  of  the  aame  word  \  It. 
/oia,feas,  knowledge  ;  W.  ffwys^  f^f-^  Sans,  wutjoy 
intelligence.  In  general,  tlie  radical  sense  of  Jbtote 
is  to  reach  or  to  bold,  from  cxienpiun,  stretcliinp.  In 
this  case,  rt  may  be  to  show,  to  disclose,  fr^ira  a  like 
senaej  for  in  Sw.  rUr  V--  -■  —.  C  irwca,  D. 
wyfsii,  is  to  show.    Inilii-  rMMm, which 

seems  to  be  connected  v*-  .  mrty  coincide 

In  origlB  with  wide.  W.,/...,  .mrniive,  eager,  ia 
from  reaching  fonvard.] 

1.  Prvj^tfy  having  knowledge  ;  hence,  haxing 
tlie  power  of  discerning  and  judging  correctly,  or  of 
discriminating  between  what  ts  true  and  what  is 
felse ;  between  what  is  fit  and  proper  and  what  is 
improper  j  as,  a  wise  prince  ;  a  Kt^e  magistrate.  Sol- 
omon was  deemed  the  wisest  man.  But  a  man  may 
be  gpeeulatietiif  and  not  practicaily  wise.     Hence, 

%  Discreet  and  judicious  in  the  use  or  application 
of  knowledge  ;  choosing  laudable  ends,  and  the  best 
means  to  nccomplU^h  them.  This  is  to  be  practicaily 
wise.     Oen.  xli. 

3.  SkiUfnl ;  dextnna. 

Thej  u«  nit*  to  do  erO,  but  to  do  good  th*7  have  no  bMmkdgr. 
—  3tr.  t». 

4.  Learned ;  knowing ;  as,  the  Hue  and  the  un- 
wise.    Ritm.  L 

5.  Skilled  in  arts,  science,  philosophy,  or  m  magic 
and  divination.    3  Sam.  \iv. 

6.  Godly  ;  pious.     Prov.  xiii. 

Tbe  Hoi;  SciwturM,  wlucii  an  rUc  to  nwUra  the*  vue  to  mItv 

lion.  — STiio.  ui. 


7.  Skilled  in  bidden  arts  ;  a  senst  aatnewkat  inmical  i 
d»,  the  wise  woman  of  Brainford.  Shak. 

8.  Dictated  or  guided  by  wisdom ;  containing 
wisdom;  judicious i  well  adapted  to  produce  good 
ellects:  appticabU  to  tMinffs;  us,  a  wise  saying;  a 
wise  scheme  or  plan  ;  wise  conduct  ur  management ; 
a  wise  detenniuattiin. 

9.  Becoming  a  wise  man  ;  grave ;  discreet ;  as, 
wise  deportment.  MiUon. 

\^^SK,  n.     [Sax.  iri.«  ;    G.  wrise ;    D.  wys ,-    Sw.  vis ; 
Dan.  riw;  Fr.  ^ise  ;  lu  guisa  :  Arm.  ^t*'.] 
Manner;  way  of  being  or  acting. 

Tilt*  i^n?  >l)e  dn{i  in  moal  comnuunling  wim,  .%/ivy. 

In  fitu-M  ui*#.  SptMtr. 

In  the  foregoing  form  this  word  is  obstdete.  The 
use  of  it  is  now  very  limited.  It  ia  common  in  the 
following  phrases. 

1.  lu  a«y  wise. 

If  he  (h.-»t  ».iueiifled  the  field  will  in  onjr  hjm  redwm  il.  —  Ltt. 
xxvii. 

Kn-t  uet  thyself  in  an^  mM.  —  Pi.  xxxvil, 

Q.  Omtkiswise. 

On  ifcU  wim  je  aluli  U«m  Um  cluktmt  of  hnci.  —  Num.  r\. 

3.  /n  no  wise. 

He  ■hftll  in  wt  uiM  low  hh  fcwud.  —  Matt.  x. 
It  is  used  in  composition,  aa  in  Ukaetsey  otherwise, 
lengthwise.  Sec.  Ily  misiJike,  ways  is  often  used  for 
II ;  as,  lengthways  for  tengthwist. 
WI8E'A-€RE,  (wlae'a-ker,)  b.  [G.  w«*f,  wise,  and 
sagen,  to  say,  G.  wtissager,  a  foreteller.  The  proper 
English  word  would  be  Wise-Sater.] 

One  who  makes  pretensions  to  great  wisdom ; 
hence,  in  contempt,  a  simpleton  ;  a  dunce. 
WT«H'-IIEAKT-KD,    a.     [wise    and    hain.'\     Wise; 

knowing;  skillful,    tlzod.  xxviii. 
WISE'LING,  M.     One  who  pretends  to  be  wise. 

Z^onne. 
WISE'LY,  adv.     Pnidently  ;  Judiciously ;  discreetly; 
with  wi^om.    Proc.  xvi.  xxi. 
a.  CraHily  ;  with  art  or  stratagem. 

Let  lu  tle«l  iMff.V  with  \ivem.  —  Ex.  1. 

WiaE'NESS,  n.    Wisdom.     [O&a]  Spenser. 

WTSE'-SAY-ER,  a.  [G.  iceiw,  wise, and so^e/t,  tosay, 
to  tell ;  wcMM^rer*  a  foreteller.] 

1.  A  foreteller;  one  who  is  noted  for  prediaing 
tbe  weather. 

Q.  One  who  makes  pretensions  to  great  wisdom ; 
bence,  in  conUm^  a  simpleton  ;  a  dunce. 

WISH,  r.  i.  [Sax.  w'vcan  i  Cimbric,  oska.  In  all  the 
other  Teutonic  and  Gothic  dialects,  the  correspond- 
ing word  Is  written  with  n;  D.  wenscJicn;  G.  wrin- 
sckeni  Dan.  Hiisktr ;  Sw.  bnska.  This  is  probably 
the  same  word.] 

1.  To  have  a  desire,  or  strong  desire,  either  for 
what  is  or  is  not  supposed  to  be  obtainable.  It  usu- 
ally expresses  less  tlian  Lo:<«  ;  but  sometimes  It  de- 
notes to  long  or  wish  earnestly.  We  ofteti  wish  for 
what  is  not  obtainable. 

Tbdi  b  u  good  xn  xTgunMnt  ma  nn  xntiqi'My  could  wnk  for. 

ArbulhiuA. 
Tlry  !■**  mow  th-^n  hexrt  couM  icwA. —  P».  Ixxiii. 
I  muk  ■lM>»e  all  tbiiiff*  lh«  ihoo  mnywl  pivuprr.  —  3  Jolm  2. 
Tliej  cut  four  xndion  out  at  Uk  Actn,  sud  wuhed  lur  Uie  dnf . 
—  Aecixxvii. 

2.  To  be  disposed  or  inclined  ;  as,  to  wish  well  to 
anoCher*8  affairs.  Addison. 

3.  It  sometimes  partaken  of  hope  or  fear.  I  wish 
the  event  may  prove  fortunate,  or  less  t^amitoua 
than  we  apprehend, 

WISH,  V.  U    To  desire.    I  wish  your  prosperity. 

Let  tVm  b>f  driTca  backwwd,  xnd  pot  to  riiuM,  Uud  ydsK  me 
CTil.  — P«.  xl. 

2.  To  long  for;  to  desire  eagerly  or  ardently.  It 
has  this  sense  when  expressed  with  emphasis. 

3.  To  recommend  by  wishing. 

I  vould  not  mA  ihem  to  a  fairer  death.  Shak. 

4.  To  imprecate :  as,  to  wish  curses  on  an  enemy. 

Shak. 

5.  To  aak  ;  to  express  desire.  Clarendon, 
WISH,   n.      Desire;    sometimes    eager    dtaire        Job 

xxxiii 

2.  Desire  expressed  Pitpe. 

Blbtcml  be  UiT  Tongue 
For  tuch  a  msh.  Sftak. 

3.  Thing  desired.    He  has  his  wiik. 

The  rfWof^nce  betwe«i  vUk  and  de«r«  •wm«  to  b^,  tliif  detire 
M  dhrcted  to  what  is  obtainable,  and  a  wish  inay  bf  tliwcted 
to  what  ia  obbuiiabie  or  out.  JOurtti. 

WISH'fH),  (wisht,)  pp.     Desired,  or  ardently  desired. 
WISH'ER,  n.    One  who  desires  ;  one  who  expresses 

a  wish.  Shak, 

WISH'FUL,  a.    Having  desire,  or  ardent  desire. 

2.  Showing  desire  ;  as,  wishful  eyes. 

3.  Desirable;  excitins  wishes.   [Bad.]   Ckapman. 
WISirrCL-LY,  ads.    With  desire  or  ardent  desire. 

2.  With  the  show  of  desiring. 
WISH'ING,  ppr.    Desiring. 
WISH'LY,  adr.    According  to  desire 
WISK'ET,  n.     A  basket.  Ainsworlh. 

\VISP,  n.    [Dan.  visk,  a  wisp,  a  whisk ;  visker,  to 
wfaisk,  to  rub  or  wipe  ;  G.  and  D.  loiscA.] 


WIT 

A  small  bundle  of  straw  or  otticr  like  substance  ; 
as,  a  iDup  of  straw  ;  a  wisp  of  hay  ;  a  wisp  of  herbs. 
Shuk.     Bacon. 
WIST,  pret.  of  Wis.     [ Obs.] 

WIST'FIJL,  n.  [from  wist.  The  sense  is,  stretching 
or  reaching  toward.]  Full  of  thoughts  ;  unrneKt ; 
attentive. 

Why  —  doat  Ibou  ao  uiaf/M  aeem  F  Gay. 

WIST'FIJL-LY,  adv.    Attentively  ;  earnestly. 

liudibras, 

WIS'TIT,  n.  The  striated  monkey,  a  small,  South 
American  monkey,  with  sliiirp  claws  and  squirrel- 
like  habits  ;  the  ouistiti  of  Bufibn,  llapules  Jacchua 
of  llliger.  Cuvier. 

WIST'LY,  aJr.     Earnestly.     [06*.]  Shak. 

WIS'TON-WISH,  n.  A  rodent  quadruped  of  Amer- 
ica, tlie  prairie-dog,  which  see.  Pike. 

WIT,  V.  i.  [Sax.  wilan,  Goth,  witan,  D.  weclen,  G. 
tots^rn,  to  know  ;  Sans.  vid.     See  Wise.] 

To  know.  This  verb  is  used  only  in  the  infini- 
tive, to  wit,  namely,  that  ia  to  say.  [L.  videlicet,  i.  e. 
videre  /icff.] 

WIT,  n.  [Sax.  wil  or  go-wit ;  G.  tciti ,'  Dan.  vid.  See 
the  verb  and  Wise.] 

1.  /Vtffinri/i/,  the  intellect;  the  understanding  or 
mental  powers. 

Will  puu  in  practice  what  the  leit  deviieth.  DavUt. 

For  teit  onil  puwcr  their  laii  eDdcavon  bend 

T'  ouuhiiie  each  other.  Drydm. 

2.  The  association  of  ideas  in  a  manner  natural, 
but  unusunl  and  striking,  so  as  lo  produce  surprise 
joined  with  pleasure.     Wit  i«  delined 

What  oft  waa  tUoiighl,  bm  n«Vr  W  welt  expr(»Me.1,  Popt. 

Wil  conBi»t»  ill  itwcmliliii^,  ami  putting  KiK>'Lh''r  wiih  quick oeia, 
itleai  in  wliicli  dtn  b«  found  re«<>iitt)luiice  and  ctnigrijUy,  l)y 
n  tiiclk  to  uijkc  up  plcuaaol  picturca  uid  aeiveablo  vi»iont  in 
the  fancy.  Locke. 

Wil  conaiata  chiefly  In  Joining  thlni^  by  distant  and  luncilul 
relatloDa,  which  aurpriiio  \u  bcoauae  ihey  are  iiiipxpccted. 

Kamet. 

Wit  la  a  propri'-ty  of  (lionglita  and  worila ;  or,  In  otlii-r  lerioa, 
tiioufhta  imd  word*  elegunlly  adapted  lo  the  auliject. 

Dryd«n. 

3.  The  faculty  of  associating  ideas  In  a  new  and 
unexpected  manner. 

4.  A  man  of  genius;  as,  the  ago  of  Addison 
abounded  with  wits. 

A  ml  hcraelf,  Amelia  wetia  a  vnL  Young. 

5.  A  man  of  fancy  or  wit. 

Intcmpcrnte  wila  will  iparo  neither  friend  nor  foe.  L'Ettrangt. 

6.  Sense ;  judgment. 

He  wanu  not  vnt  the  danger  to  decline.  Dryden. 

7.  Faculty  of  the  mind.  Shak. 
ft.   fVits,  in  (Aep/ura/;soundnesB  of  mind;  intellect 

not  disordered  ;  sound  mind.  No  man  in  his  iritj 
would  venture  on  such  an  expedition.  Have  you  lost 
your  iriLi  ?     Is  he  out  of  his  icifs  ? 

9.  Power  of  invention;  contrivance;  ingenuity. 
He  was  at  his  wits*  end.  Hooker. 

WITCH,  n.     [Sax.  toieca.     See  Wicked.] 

1.  A  woniiin  who,  by  compact  with  tlie  devil, 
practices  sorcery  or  enchantment. 

2.  A  woman  who  is  given  to  unlawful  arts. 

3.  [sax.  wic]    A  winding,  sinuous  bank.     [Obs.] 

Spejmer. 

4.  A  piece  of  conical  paper  which  is  placed  In  a 
vessel  of  lard,  and,  being  lighted,  answers  the  pur- 
pose of  a  taper,     [du.  wicft.]     [Local.] 

WITCH,  V.  L    To  bewitch  ;  to  fascinate  ;  to  enchant. 

I'll  teilch  sweet  hidiea  with  my  wonis  and  loukv.  Shak. 

WITCH'€RXFT,  n.    [witdt  and  crajl.]    The  prac- 
tices  of   witches ;    sorcery;    enchantments ;   inter- 
course with  the  devil.  Bacon, 
2.  Tower  more  than  natural. 


He  hath  a  vnUhcra/t 
Over  the  king  in  'a  long^ue. 


Shak. 


WITCH'i:D,  (wilcht.)  pp.     Bewitched  ;  fascinated. 
WITCII'-ELM,  V.    A  kind  of  elm,  the  Ulmus  mon- 

tana,  properly  Wych-Ei.m.  iMwlon. 

WITCH'ER-Y,  n.    Sorcery;  enchantment.    Milton. 

2.  Fascination. 

WITCn'-HA-Z£L,  n.  The  Uamnmelis  virpinica,  a 
nhrub  which  flowers  in  autumn,  when  its  leaves  are 
falling.  ^'C-     Bigelow. 

3.  The  name  has  sometimes  been  given  to  the 
witch  elm  or  wych-elm,  the  Ulmus  inouUna. 

WITCH'IXG,  a.  Suited  to  enchantment  or  witch- 
craft ;  as,  the  witchinsr  time  of  night.  Shak. 

WITCII'ING,  ppr.    Fascinating;  enchanting. 

WIT'-€RACK-ER,  n.  [icit  and  cracl:er.]  One  who 
breaks  jests  ;  a  joker.     [JVot  in  u.s«.l  Shak. 

WIT'-CRAFT,  Tt.  [icit  and  cra/t-J  Contrivance; 
invention.     [Obs.]  Camden. 

\\^TE,  r.  (.     [Sax.  witan  ;  the  root  of  twit.] 

To  reproach  ;  to  blame.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

WITE,  n.     Blame  ;  reproach.     [Obs.] 

WITE'LESS,  a.     Blameless.     [Obs.]  Spenser. 

WIT'E-NA-GE-MOTE',  n.  [Sax.  witan,  to  know, 
and  gemot,  a  meeting,  a  council.] 

A  meeting  of  wise  men  ;  the  national  council  or 
legislature  of  England,  in  the  days  of  the  Saxons, 
itefore  the  conqtieiiL 

WITH,  prejK    [Sax.  with,  near,  or  against ;   Goth,  ga- 


F;ITE,  far,  F^IX,  WII^T.— mete,  PK£V.  — PTNE,  MARtNE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQQK. 


WIT 

tcitfum^  lo  join.  The  primary  seiiso  is,  to  press,  or 
to  mf  pi,  to  unite;  hence,  in  cuinposUiun,  it  denotes 
opposition,  as  in  vn'Uhjitand  and  wiUtdTav>i  hence 
against,  Sai.  wither^  G.  reider.] 

1.  By,  noting  cause,  instrument,  or  means.  We 
are  distressed  with  p;»in  ;  we  are  uh'vated  with  joy. 
With  study  men  become  li*arned  and  respectable. 
Fire  is  extinguished  with  water. 

2.  On  the  side  of;  noting  friendship  or  favor. 

Pear  uot,  for  I  am  vnlh  Ihee.  — Geii.  xxvf. 

3.  In  opposition  to  ;  in  com|»etition  or  contest ;  as, 
to  struggle  wiih  adversity  The  cliampions  fought 
vUh  each  other  an  hour.  He  wilt  lie  with  any  man 
living. 

4.  Noting  comiKirison.  The  fact  you  mention 
compares  well  with  another  I  have  witnessoil. 

5.  In  company.  The  gentlemen  traveled  with  me 
from  Boston  to  Philadelphia. 

6.  In  the  society  of.  There  is  no  living  with  such 
neighbors. 

7.  In  connection,  or  in  appendage.  He  gnve  me 
the  Bible,  and  with  it  the  warmest  expressions  uf  af- 
fection. 

8.  In  mutual  dealing  or  intercourse. 

I  will  buy  viA  jou,  aril  vith  yuu.  ShaJt. 

9.  Noting  confidence.  I  will  trust  you  with  the  se- 
cret. 

10.  In  partnership.  He  shares  the  profits  with  the 
other  partners.  I  will  share  with  you  the  pleasures 
and  the  pnins. 

11.  Noting  connection. 

Nor  twiM  oiir  ror(iioe>  vnth  Tour  linkiiis  TaU.  Dryden. 

13.  Immediately  after. 

With  tiiis  be  pointed  to  bb  faca.  Drydei%, 

13.  Among.    I  led  the  assembly  vnth  the  last. 

Tragpdjr  waa  onsinaltj,  mA  tite  ancienu,  a  piece  of  religious 
woraliip.  Rymer. 

14.  Upon. 

Such  ar^ments  had  ioTtneible  force  uiih  Uioae  pajfnn  philoao- 
plien.  Adduon, 

15.  In  consent,  noting  parity  of  state. 

S'-c !   where  on  earth  ihe  flowery  ^ lorio  lie, 

WiOi  her  Ihej  flourished,  and  wUA  her  ihey  die.  Pope. 

With  and  by  are  closely  allied  in  many  of  their 
uses,  and  it  is  not  easy  to  lay  down  a  rule  by  which 
their  uses  may  be  distinguished.  It  is  observed  by 
Johnson  that  with  seems  rather  to  dt-note  an  instru- 
ment, and  by  a  cause  ;  as,  he  killed  an  enemy  with 
a  sword,  but  he  died  by  an  arrow.  But  this  rule  is 
not  always  observed. 

With,  in  composition,  signifies  sometimes  opposi- 
tion, privation  ;  or  separation,  de|>arture. 
WITH-AL',  (with-aul',)  ade.     [aith  and  all.]     With 
the  rest ;   together  with  3    likewise ;   at  the  same 
time. 


If  yoa  chooae  thai,  then  1  am  your*  vnVial. 
How  modest  in  exception,  and  tuiAal 
How  terrible  in  coiiilani  reioluUon  I 


Shak. 
S?kat. 


2.  It  is  sometimes  used  for  with.    But  the  word  is 
not  elegant,  nor  much  used. 

WITH'AM-rrE,  n.     A   variety   of  epidote,  of  a  red 

or  yellow  color,  found  in  Scotland.  Dana. 

WITHDRAW',  V.  L  [with  and  drate.]  To  take 
away  what  has  been  enjoyed  ;  to  take  from.  [Wit/i 
here  has  the  sense  of  coiitrar-y ;  to  withdraw  is  to 
draw  the  contrary  way.     See  With.] 

It  ii  impQttible  thM  God  »liouM  uiOidrata  hia  preaenc^  From  an; 
Uiiiig.  HooktT. 

We  say,  to  withdraw  capital  from  a  bank  or  stock 
in  trade  ;  to  withdraw  aid  or  assistance. 

3.  To  take  back  ;  to  recall  or  retract ;  as,  to  with- 
draw charges. 

3.  To  recall ;  to  cause  to  retire  or  leave ;  to  call 
back  or  away.  France  has  withdrawn  her  troops 
from  Spain. 
WITH-DRAW',  p.  I.  To  retire  ;  to  retreat ;  to  quit  a 
company  or  place.  We  withdrew  from  the  company 
at  ten  o'clock. 


She  from  h<?r  huaband  foC  teithdrtta. 


MUton. 


WITHDRAWING,  ppr.    Taking  back;    recalling; 

retiring 
WIT(M>RAW'ING-ROOM,  n     A  room  bohmd  an- 

lahcr  room  for  retirement ;  a  drawing-room. 

Mortimer. 
WITH-DR  AW'MENT,  ?  n.    The  act  of  withdrawing  ; 
WITHDRAWAL,        J     the  act  of  toking  back  ;  a 
recalling.  Ch.  Obs, 

Tlieir  vUhdravmitM  from  the  BritUh  and  Foreign  Bible  Society, 
would  lend  lo  paralyze  their  exertions.  iAmeon. 

WITHDRAWN',  p/.  of  Withdraw.  Recalled  ;  taken 

hack. 
WITHE,  (with,)  n.   [^a.%.  withig ;  Sw. vidja;  G.weide, 

B  willow  ;  L.  vitis^  vitex-l 

1.  A  willow  twig. 

2.  A  band  consisting  ot  a  twig,  or  twigs  twisted. 

K.  Charles. 
WITH'KD,  (witht,)  a.    Bound  with  a  withe. 
WITH'ER,  V.  i.     [W.  (pBiz^  dried,  withered  ;  eiciioni, 
to  wiUier;  Sax.  gewiiherod,  withered  ;  It.  fothadh.] 


WIT 

1.  To  fade  ;  to  lose  its  native  freshness  ;  to  become 
sapless ;  to  diy. 

It  shull  wither  in  all  tb<  leaves  of  her  vpring.  —  Eaek.  xrit. 

2.  To  waste  ;  to  pine  away  ;  as  auimal  bodies  ; 
as,  a  jriUiered  hand.    Matt,  xii. 

3.  To  lose  or  want  animal  moisture. 

Now  warm  in  lore,  now  withering  in  the  grare.  Dryden. 

WITH'ER, P.  (.  To  cause  lo  fade  and  become  dry; 
as,  the  sun  withercth  the  grass.    James  i. 

2.  To  cause  to  shrink,  wrinkle,  and  decay,  for 
want  of  animal  nmisture. 

Atfe  can  not  laithtr  her.  Shak. 

WITH'ER-BAND,  w.  [withers  and  band.]  A  pieceof 
iron  laid  iin.Ier  a  saddle  near  a  horse's  withers,  to 
slreiigihen  the  bow.  Far.  Diet. 

WITH'ER-KU,  pp.  or  a.     Failed  ;  dried  ;  shrunk. 

WITI1'ER-£D-NESS,  iu  The  state  of  being  with- 
ered. 

WITH'ER-ING,  ppr.     Fading;  becoming  dry. 

WITH'Eflt-ING-LV,  adv.  In  a  manner  tending  to 
wither,  or  cause  to  shrink. 

WITH'ER-ITE,  ji.  In  viinrralogijy  a  native  carbonate 
of  barjta  first  discovered  by  Dr.  Withering.  It  is 
while,  pray,  or  yellow.  Ure,     Cyc. 

WITH'ER-XAM,  tu  [Sax.  wiiAer,  against,  and  iiaman, 
to  take.] 

In  lawy  a  second  or  reciprocal  writ  or  distress  in 
lieu  of  a  first  distress  which  iias  been  eloigned  ;  re- 
prisal. Blackstone. 

WITH'ERS,  n,  [This  seems  to  signify  a  joining, 
from  the  root  oiwith.] 

The  juncture  of  the  shoulder-bones  of  a  horse,  at 
the  bottom  of  the  neck.  Far.  DicL 

WITH'ER-WRUNG,  (rung,)  a.  Injured  or  hurt  in 
the  witliers,  as  a  horse.  Cyc. 

WITH-HELD',  preL  and  pjr.  of  Withhold. 

WITH'HOLD',  V.  U;  prcU  and  pp.  Withheld,  [with 
and  hold.] 

1.  To  hold  back ;  to  restrain  ;  to  keep  from  ac- 
tion. 

Uldihold  —  yoiir  hasty  hand.  Spenser. 

If  our  p.-ucioju  may  be  wiltiheld.  KeiUeieeU. 

9.  To  retain  ;  to  keep  back  ;  not  to  grant ;  as,  to 
withhold  assent  to  a  proposition.  The  sun  does  not 
withhold  his  light. 

WITH-HoLD'£N,7)p.  The  old  participle  of  With- 
hold ;  now  obsolete.     We  use  Withheld. 

WlTIMIoLD'ER,  w.     One  that  withholds. 

WITH-HoLD'l\G,;»pr.  Holding  back;  restraining; 
retaining  ;  not  granting. 

WITH-HOLD'MENT,  11.     Act  of  withholding. 

WITH-I\',  prep.     [Sax.  withinnan.] 

1.  in  ihe  inner  part ;  as,  the  space  within  tlie  walls 
of  a  house;  a  man  contented  and  happy  within  him- 
self. TtUotson. 

2.  In  the  limits  or  compass  of;  not  beyond  ;  used 
of  place  and  time.  The  object  is  within  my  sight ; 
within  (he  knowledge  of  the  pr^.sent  generation  ;  with- 
in, a  month  or  a  year. 

3.  Nut  reaching  to  any  thing  external. 

Wert  every  action  concludod  within  itself.  Locke. 

A.  In  the  compass  of;  not  longer  ago  than. 

Wtlhin  these  five  boun  llnstin^  lived 

Lulainled.  Shak. 

5.  Not  later  than  ;    as,  within  five  days  from  this 
time,  it  will  be  fair  weather. 
G.  In  the  reach  of. 

Both  h*  and  she  are  still  within  .njr  powtr.  Dryden, 

7.  Not  exceeding.  Keep  your  expenses  within 
your  income. 

8.  In  the  heart  or  confidencr,  of.    [Irulegant.] 

9.  In  the  house;  in  any  inclosure.  South. 
WITHIN',  ado.    In  the  inner  pirt ;  inwardly  ;  inter- 
nally. 

The  wound  fcsten  viUiin.  Carea. 

2.  In  the  mind. 

II U  from  within  thy  reason  must  prevent.  Dryden, 

WITH-IX'PTDE,  arfD.     [within  and  side.]    In  the  in- 
ner parts,     [Bad,]  Sharp. 
WITH-OUT',  prep.     [Sax.  withutan  ;  with  and  out.] 

1.  Not  with  ;  as,  without  success. 

2.  In  a  stale  of  destitution  o  absence  from. 

There  Is  no  living  with  thee  nor  Miliout  thee.  ThUer, 

3.  In  a  stale  of  not  having,  rj  of  destitution.  How 
many  live  all  their  life  without  virtue,  and  witfiout 
peace  of  conscience  ! 

4.  Beyond  ;  not  within. 

Eternity,  bc/ore  the  world  and  afler,  is  aithout  our  rearh. 

gurnet. 

5.  Supposing  the  negation  or  omission  ol. 

mihout  the  si'pamiion  of  the  two  inonnrcluea,  the  most  advnn- 
ta^cous  terms  from  the  French  aiusi  end  in  our  destruction. 
Additon, 

6.  Independent  of ;  not  by  the  use  of.     Men  like 

to  live  without  labor. 

Wise  men  will  du  It  wJlAouf  .■  law.  Bacon. 

7.  On  the  outside  of;  as,  withotU  the  gale  ;  wUhout 
doors. 

8.  With  exemption  from.  That  event  can  not 
happen  without  great  damage  to  our  interests. 


WIT 

9.  Unless  ;  except. 

WiVtdut,  when  it  precedes  a  sentence  or  member 
of  a  sentence,  has  oeen  called  a  conjunction.  This 
is  a  mistake.  "You  will  not  enjoy  UvaWU,  without 
you  use  much  exercise."  In  this  sentence,  without 
is  a  preposition  still,  but  followed  by  a  member  of  a 
sentence,  instpad  of  a  single  noun.  It  has  no  prop- 
erty of  a  connective  or  conjunction,  and  does  not 
fall  within  the  definitijn.  You  will  notenjoy  health, 
this  fact  following  being  removed,  or  not  taking 
place  ;  you  use  exercise.  This  use  o(  without  in  nearly 
superseded  by  unless  and  ezeept^  among  good  writers 
and  s|>cakers ;  but  U  common  in  populai  discourse 
or  parlance. 
WITHOUT',  adv.    Not  on  the  inside  ;  not  wimin. 

TIk  sc  were  fmin  without  the  gtoviag  miseries.  Milton, 

2.  Out  of  doors. 

3.  Externally;  not  in  tbe  mind. 

Willioul  were  figliUtiga,  witUo  were  f<:«rs.  —2  Gwr.  vil. 

WITH-OUT'^N,  for  Withoutak,  the  Saxon  word, 
is  obsolete.  Spenser. 

WiTH-STAND',  v.  t  [with  and  stand.  .See  Stanu.] 
To  oppose  ;  lo  resist,  either  with  physical  or  inonil 
force  ;  as,  to  witli^tand  the  attack  of  truops  ;  to  with- 
stand elotjuence  or  argumeuts. 

When  Peter  was  come  to  Antiuch,  I  vAlhttood  him  to  hi*  Cice. 
Gal.  ii. 

WITH  STAND'ER,  n.  One  Uiat  opposes  ;  nn  oppfw 
n<nl ;  a  resisting  power.  Rale<rh. 

WITH  STAND'ING,  ppr.  Opposing;  making  resist- 
ance. 

WITHSTOOD',  pp.     Opposed  ;  resUted. 

WITH'-VI.NK,  I  n,    A  local  name  forthecouch  grass. 

WITH'-WINE,  i  Cue. 

WITH'WIND,  n.    A  plant    [L.  conmlvulus.] 

WITH'Y,  n.     [Sax.  icithiir.] 

1.  A  large  si>ecies  of  willow.  Cyc 

2.  A  withe.  Cook's  Voyage. 
WITH'Y,  a.    Made  of  withes;  tike  a  withe  ;  flexible 

and  tough, 

WIT'LESS,  a.  {wit  and  less.]  Destitute  of  wit  or 
understanding  ;  inconsiderate  ;  wanting  thought ; 
as,  a  witless  swain  ;  witless  youth.  Philips. 

2.  Indiscreet ;   not    under  the  guidance  o.  judg- 
ment ;  as,  witless  bravery.  Skak. 

WIT'LESS-LY,  orfe  Without  the  exercise  of  judg- 
ment. 

WIT'LESS-NESS.  n.    Want  of  judgment.     Sandys. 

WIT'LING,  n.  [dim.  from  wit.]  A  person  who  has 
little  wit  or  understanding;  a  pretender  lo  wit  or 
smartness. 

A  beau  and  witling  perislwd  la  the  throng.  Pope. 

WIT'NESS,  n.     [Sax.  witnesse,  from  witan^  to  know,] 

1.  Testimony  ;  attestation  of  a  fact  or  event. 

If  1  bear  witneta  of  myself,  my  wUneaa  is  not  tnie.  — John  t. 

2.  That  which  furnishes  evidence  or  proof. 


3.  A  person  who  knows  or  sees  any  thing;  one 
personally  present;  as,  he  was  witness;  he  was  an 
eyo-witness.     1  Pet.  v. 

[j'pon  my  looking  round,  I  was  tritneie  to  appearances  which 
filled  me  wiih  mclanchoty  and  regret.    Rob.  Hall,  2,  349. 

4.  One  who  sees  the  execution  of  an  instrument, 
and  subscribes  it  for  the  purpose  of  confirming  its 
authenticity  by  his  testimony. 

.').  One  who  gives  testimony  ;  as,  the  witnesses  in 
court  agreed  in  all  essential  facts. 

With  a  witness ;  efieclually  ;  to  a  great  degree ; 
with  great  force,  so  as  to  leave  some  mark  as  a  tes- 
timony behind.  He  struck  vnth  a  witness.  [JVbt 
elesant.] 
WIT'NESS,  0.  t.  To  see  or  know  by  personal  pres- 
ence. I  witnessed  the  ceremonies  in  New  York,  with 
which  the  ratification  of  the  constitution  was  cele- 
brated in  1788.  JV.  W. 
Everv  one  has  wUneseed  the  effects  of  the  voltaic  fluid. 

Good,  Led,  x. 
Gcneml  Washington  did  not  live   lo  wilneew  the  rrsiomiion  of 

peace.  Mar  thai  I, 

This  is  but  a  faint  sketch  of  the  incalculable  calumttiea  and  hor- 
rors we  must  exmct,  should  w«  Rver  witnett  the  triumphs 
of  motlrrn  iiifidelily,  Rob.  Hall. 

We  have   witneiaed  all  the  varieties  molded    !o  such  a  perfect 

accommcKhuion.  Bridg,  Trea&ee, 

AnfU,  that  make  thy  church  their  care, 
Shall  witiieei  my  d'.'votiun  ih'-re.  WatU,  Pi.  138. 

We  have  lived  to  utlnes*  that  surprising  pamdox. 

Hannah  Mora. 

2,  To  attest ;  to  give  testimony  to ;  to  testify  to 
something. 

Behold  huw  many  things  they  witnesi  against  Ihee.  —  Mark  xt. 

3.  To  see  the  execution  of  nn  instrument,  and 
subscribe  it  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  its  authen- 
ticity ;  as,  to  witness  a  bond  or  a  deed. 

In  the  imperaiioe  mode,  see,  in  evidence  (»r  proof; 
as,  witness  the  habeas  corpus,  the  independence  of 
judges,  Slc.  i^mesy  429. 

WIT'NESS,  V.  i.    To  bear  testimony. 

The  men  of  Bi-lial  witjteited  against  bim,  even  against  Naboth. 
~  I  Kiugs  xxi. 


TONE,  BI/LL,  qNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  aa  K ;  0  as  J ;  «  as  2 ;  CH  as  SH  j  TH  aa  in  THIS. 


1269 


WOE 


a.  To  give  evidenca. 

Tba  wbow  of  ibMr  couoleiunn 


dodi  mtmtt  agKinM  tbem.- 


WIT'NESS-ED,  (wit'nertO  pp.    Seen  in  perstm  ;  les- 

Ufi«d ;  subscribed  by  persons  present  j   ss,  a  deed 

witnts.tfi  bv  iwo  per^ins. 
W'lT'N'K^S-'lNG,  p/w.     Seeing  in  jwrson  j  bearing  tes- 

lirnonv  :  civtns  evidence. 
WrT'-iiNAP-PKR,  m.     [tcU  and  snap.]     One  who  nf- 

(fcts  retmrtee.     f.W  in  u-ic]  Shttk. 

WIT'-JiTXRV-KU,  tf.      Barren   of  wit;    ilesliluie  of 

Ceniilti.  Kraminer, 

WITTED,  a.    Having  wit  or  undersunding  ;  as,  a 

qutck-ip(tf<^  boy. 
WIT'TI-Cl!«>l,  m,     [from  irit.}     A  sentence  or  phrase 

which  is  Mrtectcdiy  wiity ;  a  low  kind  of  wiL 


quality   of 


quality 
Sptnse 


Ht  m  fiitl  of  cunerptkMiK,  pau**>  "I  ryifnm^  and  wUtititmm  ;  all 
whkit  Are  beluw  the  tllxiuV  oC  hcnuc  vrnr.         ^Uduon. 

WITTILY,  «^  [ftwn  wic]  With  wit;  with  a 
delicate  turn  or  phrase,  or  with  an  ingenious  n^^oci- 
atkm  of  ideas.  Sidmqf. 

9:  Ingeniously  ;  runningly ;  artfully 

Wbo  hk  ova  hEum  •»  wiuUg  coaxmrm. 

WIT'Tl-N'BSS,  K.      [fhMD  mtty;]      Tha 

beine  witty. 
WIT'TINtJ^LY,  oJr.     [Se«  Wit.]    Knowingly  ;  with 

knowleoge ;  by  design. 

He  kMOwiog);  and  mtbngly  bnnijM  erfl  bilo  tiie  world.    Alort. 

WIT'TOU  ».     rSttJC.,  froni  witam^  to  know.] 

A  man  who  knows  his  wife's  iiiAdelity  and  sub- 
mits to  it ;  a  tame  cuckold.  Skak. 
WIT'TOL-LY,  srfr.     Like  a  tame  cuckold.       S*aJt. 
WIT'TY.  a.     (frv.in  wiL]     Possessed  of  wit;  full  of 
wit ;  as,  a  wiUf  poeL 
3.  Judtcious ;  ingeniotis  ;  invenllre. 
3.  Sarcastic  ;  full  of  taunts. 


wrmVALI^  «.    A  bird,  the  foldea  orioto ;  also,  tlw 


great  ftpiVfted  woodpecker. 
WIT'-WORM,  (wunn,)  a.    [wU  and 

fn^n  on  wiL     [.V**  im  t^-] 
WTVE,  r.  i.     [from  r«/(f.]     To  marry. 
WIVE,  r.  L    To  match  to  a  wife. 

9.  To  take  for  a  wife.     [A'ut  i*  m 
WTVB'UQQD,  a.     Behavior  becoming  a  wife.     [O^.] 

Spemser, 


WIV 


l]    One  that 
B,  Jomjon. 

[JVMta  VM.] 

Sftok. 

^]  Skak. 


[It  shnald  be  WtranooD.] 
rE'l.esS,  a.     Not  having  a  wife. 


[It  should  be  WiFiLEjt,] 
WIVB'LY,  «.     Pertaining  to  a  wife. 


[It  should  be  WiPELT.] 
^\1V'KR,      t    n.    A  kind  of  benldic  dracnn. 


Sidaey. 


THyaaa 
A  conjurer  ;    an  en- 


CaUuu. 
Milum. 


WiV'ERX, 
WTVE»,  pi.  rf  Wirt. 
WIZ'ARD,  a.      [fmin  wit*.] 
chanlrr  i  a  sorcerer.    Ltm.  xx 

Thi  wHy  wixmr^  mmt  bs  auight. 

WIZ'ARD, «.    Encluuitfns;  ctaarming. 
%.  Haunted  by  urtearda. 

WIZ'£N',  p.  u     [Sax.  wismimn,  weotmiM*.] 
-  To  wither  ;  to  dry.    [IseaL] 

WO  AD,  a.  [Sax.  wad  or  wud;  G.  woid,  wtid;  D. 
veedsj  Fr.  pudei  It.  ffuado.     Qii.  icffd.] 

A  plant  Of  the  genus  Isatis,  formerly  cuUrrated  for 
dte  use  of  dyers,  but  now  chiefly  superseded  by  in- 
digo. 7'be  woad  blue  i9  a  ver>'  deep  blue,  and  is  the 
base  of  many  other  colors  or  shades  of  color.  ^Vond 
is  first  bruised  in  a  mill,  and  then  made  into  balls. 
It  eivwa  wild  in  France,  and  along  the  coasts  of  the 
Baltic  Cyc 

WO.\D'-M[LL,  a.  A  mill  for  bruising  and  preparing 
woad. 

WJVDEN,  a.  An  Anglo-Saxon  deity,  supposed  to 
correspond  to  Mercury  of  the  ancients,  from  whom 
Wednesday  derives  its  name.  Braade. 

WOE,  n.     [Sax.  ««;  L.  p«,-  Gr.  ovai ;  W.  /muf  G. 
wek  ;  D.  vee ;  8w.  m.] 
L  Grief;  aomw  ;  miaer}- ;  a  heavy  calamity. 


TV7  ncp  oKh  otker's  ■••.  iNip*. 

9.  Acurae. 

Cka  tarn  be  *  wot  or  cone  In  kH  tke  ttatm  tl  Tcagi— ee  fqoftl 
ID  ihe  ailtfiiiir  of  midk  a  prxccicc  i  SotUh. 

3.  PfM  is  uaed  in  denunciation,  and  in  exclama- 
ionaof 


Wot  ')■  roe ;  for  I  im  oodooe.  —  I*.  tL 

This  is  properly  the  Saxon  dative,  "  awe  is  to  me." 
"  tToe  icortk  the  day."    This  is  also  the  dative ; 
woe  be  to  the  day  ;  Sax.  sarUaa,  weoriXan,  or  iryr 
CAsa,  to  be,  to  become. 

ffo€  is  a  noun,  and  if  nsed  as  an  adj^-ctive,  it  is 
improperly  used.  **  Woe  to  you  that  are  rich." 
*•  Wtio  that  man  by  whom  the  offense  coraeth  i " 
that  is,  misery,  calamity,  be  or  will  be  to  him. 
W0E'-nEM3O\E,(-pawn,)  a.  {war,  he,  and  gone.] 
Overwhelmed  with  woe  ;  immersed  in  grief  and  sor- 
row. 

8*  — ■  btgoim  w«a  he  with  pains  trf  tore.  /btr/bj. 


WOM 

WOE'FJJL,  I  0.    Sorrowful:  distreased  with  grief  or 
WO'FJJL,     i      calamity ;  afflicted. 

How  Tcanj  wo</W  widowi  icA  lo  bow 

To  aad  dHfrac*  1  Danltl. 

9.  Sorrowful  ;  moumfViI  ;  full  of  distress ;  as, 
worfut  day.    *frr,  xvii. 

3.  Brineing  calamity,  distress,  or  affliction  ;  as,  a 
w«ffttl  event ;  wofful  want. 

4.  Wretched;  paltry. 

What  wo^hJ  Muff  (hit  madrigsl  would  be  I  Pope. 

WOE'FyL-LY,  I  aJp.     Sorrowfully;    mournfully;   in 
WO'F(,'lr-I.Y,     \     a  distressing  manner. 

2.  Wretchedly  ;  extremely  ;  as,  ho  will  be  wo^Uy 
deceiveil. 

WO'*F^L-n'esI,^*  i  "•     »»'^^^  i  calamity. 

WOE'-,SllAK-f;X   a.    Shaken  by  woe. 

WOE'SOME,  (wa'surn,)  a.     Woeful.     [JVwf  in  use^] 

Langhome. 

WOFT,  for  Waft.     LVof  in  iwe.]  Shak. 

WOLD,  in  Saxim,  is  the  same  as  Wald  and  Wkald,  a 
wotwl,  sometimes,  (lerhnps,  a  lawn  or  plain.  Wald 
stgnilies, also,  {tower, dominion,  from  Km/Jan,  to  rule. 
These  words  occur  in  names. 

WQLF,  (wulf,)  n.  [Sax.  wulf;  G.  and  D.  wolf;  Sw. 
%lfi  \h\n.  ulr :  Riis,*!.  vttlk  ;  L.  ru/pM,  a  fox,  the 
same  word  ditTcrently  applied.    The  Gr.  is  uAwirr/f.] 

1.  An  animal  of  the  eenus  Canis,  a  beast  of  prey 
that  kills  sheep  and  other  small  domestic  animals ; 
called  sometimes  the  Wild  Dog.  The  wolf  is  crafty, 
greedy,  and  ravenous. 

3.  A  small  whito  worm  or  maggot,  which  infests 
granaries.  Cyc 

3.  An  eating  ulcer.  Brown. 

WQLF'-DOG,  H.     A  dog  of  a  large  breed,  kept  to 

guard  sheep.  TSekel. 

2.  .\  dog  supposed  to  be  bred  between  a  dog  and 
a  wtilf.  Johnson. 

WQLF'-FISH,  a.  A  ftsb,  the  Anarrhicbas  lupus  of 
Linn£U!<;  a  fierce,  vor«cious  fish  of  the  northern 
seas.  This  fi<jh  iacmlled  also  Sba-C*t,  Cat-Fish, 
and  Sea-Wolf.  Ja^ine^s  ^at.  Lib. 

WQLF'ISH,  a.  Like  a  wolf;  having  the  qualities  or 
form  of  a  wolf;  as,  a  wo^/Uk  visage ;  wo(^ak  designs. 

Shak. 

WQLF'ISH-LY,  adp.     In  a  wolfish  manner.    Borrow. 

WQLF'-NET,  a.  A  kind  of  net  used  in  fishing, 
which  takes  great  numbers.  Cyc. 

WOL'FRAM,  a.  In  mimerahsif^  an  we  of  tungsten. 
Its  color  is  generally  a  brownish  or  grayish  black. 
It  occurs  massive  and  cr>'stallixcd,  and  in  concen- 
tric, lamellar  concretions.  C^ 

WQLF*S'-BaNE,  a.    A  poisonous  plant  of  the  genus 
Aconitum  ;  aconite. 
9.  The  winter  aconite,  or  Uelleborus  byemalis. 

I^e. 

WpLF*S'-CL^W,  n.  A  eryptogamous  plant  of  the  ge- 
nus Lyco)M>dium,  or  clubmoss  kind.  Lee. 

WOLF'S'-MILK,  a.     An  herb.  .^insworth. 

WQLF*S'-PeACH.  a.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Sola- 
num,  (Lycopersicum  esculentum ;)  the  tomato  or 
love-ap[>le. 

WOL'LAS-TOXrTE,  n.  [from  Dr.  froUafft4m.]  A 
variety  of  inhnlnr  spar.  Dana. 

VVQL-VER-K.NE',  j  a.     A  carnivorous  mammal,  the 

WyL-VER-tNE',  (  Gulo  Luscus,  a  quadruped  in- 
habiting the  coasts  of  the  Arctic  Sea.  It  is  some- 
times called  Qcick-Hatch,  and  Hudsok's-Bat 
Beau. 

WOU-VER-tXE',  n.  A  cant  term  given  to  an  inhab- 
itant of  Michigan. 

\VOL'VISH,  o.     M»re  properly  Wolfish,  which  see. 

W6.M'A.\,  n. ;  ;»i.  Women.  [A  compound  v(  womb 
and  man.  It  is  the  same  word  as  l^  ftiinina ;  the 
Latins  writing  /  for  ».  The  plural,  as  written, 
seems  lo  be  womb-men.  But  we  prontMince  it  wimen, 
and  so  it  ought  to  he  written,  for  it  is  from  the  Saxon 
wtfmany  wife-man. 1 

L  The  female  of  the  human  race,  grown  to  adult 
years. 

Aod  tfar  rib,  vhich  Hm  Lord  God  had  Ukrn  from  the  man,  made 
br  a  woman.  — Uen.  ii. 

Womtn  an  aoft,  ntilit,  pilitui,  mid  fl/>xibl«.  Shak. 

Vit  tab  emj  ilajr  teomert  p»^ruh  wiih  infnin;,  by  having  bein 
too  wSling  Ut  lel  their  beautjr  to  ahow.  HanMer. 

I  luce  vtmrrrvd  among  all  Doiiona  thtU  the  womtn  oniameiit 
UiroiaelKa  more  than  the  men;  that  wherever  fuiind,  ibej 
an  the  rnno  kind,  civil,  oblifin^,  humane,  teniler  bein^, 
iocfiued  lo  be  g^y  and  cheerful,  umor^ua  aiid  modnt. 

3.  A  female  attendant  or  servant  Shak. 
WOM'AN,  F.  £.  To  make  pliant.  Shak. 
WOM'A.\-EO,  a.      Accompanied  or  united  with    a 

woman.     [J^ot  niied,]  Shak. 

WOM'AN-HaT-ER,  n.  [woman  and  hater.]  One 
wbo  has  an  aversion  to  the  female  sex.       .Swift. 

WOM'AN-HQQD,  n.  [wo7nan  and  hood.]  The  state, 
character,  or  collective  qualities  of  a  woman. 

Spenxer. 

WOM'AX-rZE,  tJ.  U  To  make  effeminate.  [J^Tot 
used.] 

WOM'A\-ISH,  B.  Suitable  to  a  woman  ;  having  the 
qualities  of  a  woman  ;  feminine;  as,  womanish  hab- 
its ;  woTiuuiisk  tears ;  a  woinanisk  voice. 

Dryden.     Shak. 


WON 

WOM'AN-KIND,  n.  [woman  and  kind.]  The  female 
sex  i  the  race  of  females  of  the  human  kind. 

Addi$<m, 

WOM'AN-LTKE,  a.    Like  a  woman. 

WO>rAN-LY,  o.  Becoming  a  woman;  feminine; 
as,  womanly  behavior.  ArbuthnoU 

A  bhiililnf ,  aotnaniy  dlacoverinf  fr«c«.  Donm. 

WOM'AN-LY,  adv.    In  the  manner  of  a  woman. 
WOMB,  (woom,)  n.    [Snx.wamb;  Goth.  war/iAa ;  Sw. 

vdtnli;    Dan.  «om;    Scot,  wame;    Q.  wampcj  belly,  a 

dewlap  ;  D.  warn.] 

1.  '1  he  utertis  of  a  female;  that  part  where  the 
young  of  an  animal  is  couceived  and  nourished  till 
Its  birth.  Cyc. 

2.  The  place  where  any  thing  is  produced. 

The  womb  uf  earth  the  gvaM  leed  receirea.  Drydtn. 

3.  Any  large  or  deep  cavity,  .Addison. 
JVomb   of  the  momtnff;    in   Scripture,  the  clouds, 

which  distil!  dew  ;  supposed  to  he  emblematic  of 
the  church  bringing  forth  multitudes  to  Christ. 
Ps.  ex. 

WOMB,  e.  L  To  incJoee ;  to  breed  in  secret.  [AM  in 
u.»r.l  Shak. 

WOM'BAT,  n.  A  marsupiate  mammal,  the  Phas- 
colomys  Wombat,  of  the  opossum  family.  It  is 
about  the  size  of  the  badger.  It  inhabits  New  Hol- 
land. 

WOMB'y,  (woom'y,)  a.     Capacious.     [JVt>(  in  use.] 

Shak. 

WOM'EN,  (wim'en,)  n.;  pi.  of  Woman.  But  it  Is 
supposed  the  word  we  pronounce  is  from  Sax.  w\f- 
man,  and  therefore  should  be  written  Wimen. 

WON,  (wun,)  prct.  and  pp.  of  Win  ;  as,  victories  won. 

WON,  (wun,)   jr.  i.      [Sax.   wuniant   G.  wohnen  ;  D. 

WONE,  )     wooncHj  to  dwell,  to  continue  ;  Ir. 

ftmaim.] 

To  dwell ;  to  abide.  [06*.]  Its  participle  is  re- 
tained in  wont,  that  is,  waned.  MiUon. 

WON,  (wun,)  n.     A  dwelling.     [O65.]  Spenser. 

WON'DER,  (wun'der,)  n.  [Sax.  wunder;  G.  wunder; 
D.  wonder;  Sw.  and  Dan.  under;  qu.  Gr.  ^mvw,  to 
show  ;  and  hence  a  sight ;  or  from  the  root  of  Sp. 
espanto,  a  panic] 

1.  That  emotion  which  is  excited  by  novelty,  or 
the  presentation  to  the  sight  or  mind  of  something 
new,  unusual,  strange,  great,  extraordinary,  or  not 
well  understood  ;  .soinelhing  that  arrests  the  at- 
tention by  its  novelty,  grandeur,  or  inexplicable- 
ness.  Wonder  expresses  less  than  astonishment^  and 
much  less  than  amazement.  It  differs  from  admi- 
ration in  not  being  necessarily  accompanied  with 
love,  esteem,  or  approbation,  nor  directed  to  persons. 
But  wonder  sometimes  is  nearly  allied  to  astonish- 
ment, and  the  exact  extent  of  tlie  meaning  of  such 
words  can  hardly  be  graduated. 

They  were  filled  with  wondtr  and  amatenien;.  —  Acis  iii. 
Wontltr  is  the  effect  of  novelty  upon  ignorance.  Johnton. 

9.  Cause  of  wonder  ;  that  which  excites  surprise ; 
a  strange  thing  ;  a  prodigy. 

To  tr;  thing!  oft,  and  never  to  give  over,  doth  wondtrt. 

Bacon. 
I  am  tLB  a  wonder  to  many.  —  Pa.  Ixxl. 

3.  Any  thing  mentioned  with  surprise. 

Babj'lob,  the  wortdtr  of  all  ton^uea.  AlUton. 

4.  A  miracle.     Ezod.  iii. 

Wonders  of  the  world.  The  seven  wonders  of  the 
world  were  the  Egyptian  pyramids,  the  mausoleum 
erected  by  Artemisia,  the  temple  of  Diana  nt  Eplie- 
stis,  the  walls  and  hanging  gardens  of  Babylon,  the 
Colossus  at  Rhodes,  the  statue  of  Jupiter  Olympius, 
and  the  Pharos  or  watchtowcrof  Alexandria. 
WON'DER,  (wun'der,)  v.  i.  [Sax.  wundrian.} 
To  be  affected  by  surprise  or  admiration. 

J  could  not  sulliclentlj  wondtr  at  the  intrepidity  of  theae  diminu- 
tive nnortals.  5'tot/l. 
We  c«ase  to  wondtr  at  what  we  undentand.              Jokjiton, 

WON'DER-ER,  n.     One  who  wonders. 
W0\'1)ER-FJJL,   a.      Adapted  to  excite  wonder  or 

a<lmiration  ;  exciting  surprise  ;  strange  ;  astonishing. 

Job  xlij. 
W0\'DER-FUL-LY,  adv.     In   a  manner  to  excite 

wonder  or  surprise. 

I  will  pTkitQ  ihee,  for  I  am  fearfully  and  wondtrfuUy  made. — 
Pi.  cxxxix. 

WON'DER-FpL-NESS,  n.  The  stateor  quality  of  be- 
ing wonderful.  Sidney. 

WON'DER-ING,  ppr.  or  a.  Indulging  or  feeling  won- 
der.    Gen.  xxiv.     Luke  xxiv. 

WON'DER-ING-LY,  adc.     In  a  wondering  manner. 

WON'DER-MENT,  n.  Surprise ;  astonishment ;  a 
wondf-rfiil  appearance.     [f'ui^ar.J 

WON'DER-STRUCK,a.  [ictrnrffr  and  xrrucfcj  Struck 
with  wonder,  admimtion,  and  surprise.       Dryden. 

WON'DER-WORK'ING,  (-wurk'ing,)  a.  Doing  won- 
ders or  surprising  things. 

WON'DROUS,  a.  Admirable;  marvelous;  such  as 
may  excite  surprise  and  astonishment ;  strange. 

That  I  mtty  publish  with  the  voice  of  thank  (giving,  and  icU  of  all 
thy  tooiulroui  wurk*.  —  Pi.  xxvi, 

WON'DROUS,  adv.  In  a  wonderful  or  surprising  de- 
gree ;  as,  a  place  wondrous  deep ;  you  are  wondroiu 


FATE,  FXR,  FALL,  WHAT — METE,  PRfiY.  — PINE,  MARfNE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 

1270 


A  T«»riy  •olcmii  feast  ihe  vonl  to  malt*-. 

Wherewith  he  wont  lo  soar  so  high.     [06e.]  Waiter. 


WOO 

fair;  vondrous  fond  of  peace.  These  phrases  of 
Cowley,  Dryden,  and  Pope,  are  admissihle  only  in 
the  udicrotis  and  burlesque  style. 

WOX'DROUS-LV,  adv.  In  a  strange  or  wonderful 
manner  or  degree. 

Chloe  complaiiii,  and  toondrously  's  a^^ricTei.].        danvilit, 

WON'*T,  a  conlraction  of  woll  not,  that  is,  will  not. 

WONT,  (wunt,)  a.  [  Wont  is  strictly  the  participle  pas- 
sive of  won,  vDone ;  Sax.  vunian,  to  dwell,  to  remain, 
to  endure,  to  exist,  to  consist ;  G.  wohnen^  D.  wooneii. 
But  the  D.  has  itennen,  Sw.  vania,  Dan.  vcrnnrr,  to 
accustom;  tT.fanaim^  to  remain.  In  English,  the 
verb  is  obsolete  ;  but  we  retain  the  participle  in  use, 
and  form  it  into  a  verb.     See  the  verb.] 

Accustomed  ;  habituated  ;  using  or  doing  custom- 
arily. 

if  the  or  werp  vont  lo  push  wilh  hi«  hom.  — Ex.  xxl. 
Tltey  were  wont  to  sp<>ak  in  old  time,  siiyiii|r. — 2  Sam.  xz. 
See  Malt,  xxrit.  15.     Luke  xxii.  39. 

WONT,  (wunt,)  71.    Custom  ;  habit ;  use.    [  Obs.] 

Sidnry.     Hooker. 
WONT,  (wunt,)  V.  i.    To  be  accustomed  or  liabitu- 
ated  ;  to  he  used. 

WONT'ED,  (wunt'ed,)pp.  ore     Accustomed;  used. 
A^tn  his  KOJtttd  weapon  proTed,  Spenter. 

2.  Accustomed  ;  made  familiar  by  use. 

She  wiu  vonted  to  the  place,  and  would  not  remove. 

L'Ettranga, 

WONT'ED-XESS,  (wunt'ed-,)  n.  The  stale  of  being 
accustomed.  -ffi",?  Ckartes. 

WONT'LESS,  (wunt'less,)  a.  Unaccustomed  ;  un- 
used,    [Obs.]  SpfHgfr. 

WOO,  V.  L     [Sax.  woffnn,  whence  awoffod,  wooed.] 

1.  To  court ;  to  solicit  in  love. 

My  proud  rival  teooft 
Another  partner  to  ha  throne  and  b.d.  Philips. 

Eacli,  like  the  Gnxian  ani»l,  wooe« 
The  iiiiafre  he  himself  has  wrought.  Prior. 

2.  To  court  solicitously  ;  to  invite  with  importunity. 

Th>^,  chantreu,  oft  the  woods  among, 

I  ipoo  to  hear  thy  even  song.  MVton. 

WOO,  r.  i.     To  court ;  to  make  love.  Dryden. 

W90I>,  a.     [Sax.  wod.] 

-Mad;  furious.     [ObsJ]  Spenser. 

WpQD.  «.     [Sax.  wadfl,  wudu  ;  D.  woud  ;  W.  ^yz.] 

i.  A  large  and  thick  collection  of  trees  ;  a  forest 

Lieht  thickens,  and  the  crovr 
Makes  wing  lo  the  rtiokj  wood.  Sfuii, 

2.  The  substance  of  trees  ;  the  hard  substance 
which  composes  the  body  of  a  tree  and  its  branches, 
and  which  is  covered  by  the  bark. 

3.  Trees  cut  or  sawed  for  the  fire.  Jfood  is  yet 
the  principal  fuel  in  the  United  States. 

4.  Timber;  trees  cut  for  architectural  purposes. 
.5.  An  idol.     Hab.  ii. 

WOOD,  V.  i.    To  supply  or  get  supplies  of  wood. 

WOOD'-A-NEM'O-NE,  n.  A  plant,  Anemone  nemo- 
ros'a.     [See  A:«emo[*£.] 

WOOD'-ANT,  n,  [wood  and  «m(.]  A  larjie  ant  living 
in  society  in  woods  and  forests,  and  ron-^Irnrtiiig 
larire  nests,  E.  C.  Ilrrrick. 

,  WOpD'-ASH-ES,  M.  pi.     [wood  and  allies.]     The  re- 
mains of  burnt  wot>d  or  plants. 

[This  word  is  used  in  England  to  distinguish 
these  ashes  from  the  remains  of  coal.  In  the  United 
States,  where  wood  chiefly  is  burnt,  the  people  usu- 
ally say  simply  ashes.  But  as  coal  becomes  mure 
used,  the  English  di:»tinction  will  be  necessary.] 

WOQD'BI.VIl,  I   n.      A   name    given   to   the    honey- 

W^)QU'BINE,  I  suckle,  a  species  of  Caprifoiinm 
or  liOniccra.  I.ee. 

WOOD'-BOUND,  a.  [wood  and  bound.]  Encum- 
bered with  tall,  wiwdy  hedgr*rows. 

WQQD'CIIAT,  n.  A  species  of  butcher-bIrd  or 
shrike,  Lanius  rufus.  Jardine. 

WQQD'CHVCK,  n.  [wood  and  Tersian  cftaJk,  a  hog. 
See  CHt'K.] 

In  AVw  Enirland^  the  popular  name  of  a  rodent 
mammal,  a  species  of  the  M.irm<>t  tribe  of  animals, 
the  Arctouiys  monax.  The  ground  htig.  It  burrows 
and  is  dormant  in  winter. 

WOOO'CMOIR,  (kwire,)  n.    Songsters  in  a  wood. 

\V(X*t>'-COAL,  n.  [wood  and  coal.]  Charcoal ;  also, 
liEtiit<*  or  brown  coal. 

WQQD'COCK,  n.  {wood  and  cock.]  A  bird  of  the 
genus  Scolopax  of  Linnsiis,  allied  to  Ihe  sni|>es,  hut 
with  a  more  robust  bill.  Two  species  are  known  by 
this  name,  and  these  nre  widely  distributed.  Their 
flesh  is  esteemed  a  delicacy.  J^attaU.     Jardine. 

WOQD'eOCK  SHELL,  n.  A  name  given  by  Eng- 
lish naturalists  to  the  shells  of  certain  ingllusks  of 
the  genus  .Murex,  which  have  a  very  King  lube  with 
or  withtmt  spines.  Reeys  Cyc.     P.  Cyc. 

WOQD'-CR.^FT,  n.  Skill  and  practice  in  shooting 
nnd  other  sports  in  Ihe  woods. 

WOOD'-Cirr,  n.    An  engraving  on  wood. 

WO()D'~eUT-TER.  n.     A  person  who  cuts  wood. 

w6()D'-en T-TIXO,  a.     Cutting  wood. 

WQ<)D'-eUT-TlNG,  n-  The  act  or  employment  of 
cutting  woo4. 


WOO 

WQOD'-DRINK,  n.     [wood  and  drink.]     A  decoctiou 
or  infusion  of  medicmal  woods. 

WOOD'-ECH'O,  (-ek'o,)  n.     An  echo  from  the  wood. 

W00D'EI),  a.     Su|)plied  or  covered  with  wood:  a«, 
kind  wooiitd  and  watered.  j9rbuUi7Wt. 

WOOD'/;X,  a.      [from  wood.]      Made  of  wood  ;  con- 
sisting of  wood  ;  as,  a  woodon  box ;  a  wooden  leg ;  a 
wooden  horse. 
2.  Clumsy  ;  awkward. 


WOQD'-EN-GRaV'ING,  n.  Xylography;  the  act  or 
art  of  engraving  on  wood,  or  of  cutting  figures  of 
natural  objects  on  wood.  Cyc. 

9.  .An  engraving  on  wood. 

WOOD'-FKKT-TER,  n.  [wood  and  fret.]  An  insect 
or  worm  that  eats  wood.  Ainsworth. 

WQOD'-HOLE,  n.  [wood  and  hoU.I  A  place  where 
wood  is  laid  up.  Philips. 

WOpD'-HOUSE,  n,  [wood  and  house.]  A  liouse  or 
shed  in  which  wood  is  deposited  and  sheltered  from 
the  weather.  United  States. 

WQQD'ING,  ppr.    Getting  or  supplying  with  wood. 

fVashinfftMn. 

WQQD'-LAND,  n.  [wood  and  land.]  Land  covered 
with  wood,  or  land  oti  which  trees  are  suffered  to 
grow,  either  for  fuel  or  timber.  America. 

2.  In  England^  a  soil  which,  from  its  humidity  and 
color,  resembles  the  soil  in  woods.  Cyc. 

WOOD'LXRK,  n.  [wood  nnd  lark.']  A  bird,  a  species 
of  "lurk,  the  Alauda  arborea,  which,  like  the  sky- 
lark, utters  its  notes  wltile  on  the  wing. 

Jardine^s  ^''at.  Lib. 

WOOD'-LAY-ER,  n.  [wood  and  layer.]  A  young 
oiik  or  other  timber-plant,  laid  down  in  a  hedge 
among  the  white  thorn  or  other  plants  used  in 
hedges.  Cyc. 

WOOD'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  wood.  Mitford. 

w66D'LESS-NESS,  n.  State  of  being  destitute  of 
vi'ood. 

WOOD'-LOCK,  n.  [wood  and  lock.]  In  ship-buUdlttg , 
a'p'iece  of  elm,  close  fitted  and  sheathed  with  cop- 
per, in  the  throating  or  score  of  the  pintle,  to  keep 
the  rudder  from  rising.  Cyc. 

WOQD'-LOUSE,  H.  [wood  and  lou.te.]  An  insect, 
the  millep*'d.  Diet.  JVat,  Hiit. 

WOOD'MAN,  n.  [wood  and  man.]  A  forest  officer, 
appointed  to  take  care  of  the  king's  wootl. 

England. 
9.  A  sportsman  ;  a  hunter.  Milton.     Pope. 

3.  One  who  cuts  doiyn  trees. 
WOOD'-MEIL,  n.     A  coarse,  hairy  stuff  made  of  Ice- 
land wool,  used  to  line  the  ports  of  ships  of  war. 

Cue. 

WOOD'-MITE,  n.  [wood  and  mite.]  A  small  insect 
found  in  old  wood. 

WQOI)'-MON"(;ER,  (-mung'ger,)  n.  [wood^nd  mon- 
ger.]    A  woiid-seller. 

WOQD'-.MOTE,  B.  [rpood  and  mote.]  In  England, 
the  ancient  name  of  the  forest  court ;  now  the  court 
of  allachnient.  Cyc 

WOQD'XESS,  n.    Anger;  madness;  rage.     [Oba.] 

Fisher. 

WOpD'-NIGIIT'SH.^DE,  71.  A  plant,  Solanum  Dul- 
rat'narn  ;  woody  nightshade. 

WQOD'-NOTE,  n.     [wood  and  note.]     Wild  music. 

Or  »w>''ic»(  Shak«|vam,  fancy's  child, 

Wari^le  his  native  woad-noUs  wild.  Milton, 

WOOD'-XYMPH,  (nimf,)  n.  [wood  and  nymph.]  A 
fabled  goddesH  of  the  wtxtds  ;  a  dryad. 

The  wood-nymjiht  decked  with  ilaiaifs  trim  Milton. 

WOOD'-OF'FER-IXG,  n.  Wood  burnt  on  the  altar. 
JVVA.  X. 

W9pD'-0-PAL,  «.  A  striped  variety  of  coarse  opal, 
having  some  resemblance  to  wood.  Dana. 

WQOD'I'ECK-ER,  n.  [leuud  and  peck,]  A  name  of 
nunierous  species  of  scansoriul  birds,  of  the  genus 
Picus,  which  have  strong  bills,  and  peck  holes  in  the 
wood  or  bark  of  trees,  in  pursuit  of  insects. 

WOQD'-PI(>'EOX,<-pid'jun,)  n.  [wood  and  pigeon.] 
'The  rine-dove,  (Columba  paliimbus.)      FM.  Eneyc. 

WQOri'-PC'CE-ROX,  n.  [wood  and  pueerov.]  A 
small  insect  of  a  grayish  color,  having  two  hollow 
horns  on  the  hinder  \\axX  of  its  body.  It  resembles 
the  puceron  of  the  alder,  but  it  penetrates  into  the 
Wfiod.  Cyc. 

WpQD'REEVE,  Ti.  [woorf  and  reene.]  In  England, 
the  steward  or  overseer  of  a  wood. 

WQQU'-ROCK,  n.     A  compact  variety  of  asbestos. 

Dana. 

WQOD'-UOOF,  \  n.     [wood  and  ro«/orrii^]     A  plant 

VV06l)'-RUFF,  \      of  the  genus  A^ikiruta.  Loudon. 

W()0'*'-*'^^*^E,  n.  [wood  nixA  .•'age.]  A  plant  found 
ill  wtwds,  Ttucrium  scorodonia,  having  the  smell  of 
garlic.  Loudon. 

WQQU'-SARE.  n.    A  kind  of  froth  seen  on  herbs. 

Bacon. 

WOQD'-SCREW,  n.  The  ordinary  screw  made  of 
iron,  fur  uniting  pieces  of  wood. 

WOOD'-SkUE,  n.  The  time  when  there  is  no  sap  in 
a  tree.  Tusser. 

WOQD'-SIIOCK.  n.  The  wejack,  a  quadruped  of 
the  weastil  kintl  in  North  Atnerica.    It  is  the  Mus- 


woo 

tela  Canadensis  of  Linnxus,  a  digitigrade  carnivo- 
rous mammal,  sometimes  called  I'EKAn,  Otcmock, 
FisiiEB  Weasel,  etc.  It  Is  found  from  Pennsylva- 
nia to  the  Great  Slave  Lake,  and  across  the  conti- 
nent to  the  shores  of  the  Pacific. 

WQQD'-SOOT,  n.  [wood  and  soot.]  Scot  from  burnt 
wood,  which  has  been  found  useful  as  a  manure. 

Cyc 

WpQD'-SOR-REL.  v.  [icood  nnd  sorrrl]  A  plant 
of  the  genus  Oxalis,  having  an  acid  taste.         Lee. 

WQQD'-SPri'E,  n.  [iruod  and  »pife.]  A  name  given 
in  some  parts  of  England  l<i  the  green  woodp(;cker. 

WOQD'-STfjXK,  n.  A  striped  variety  of  horn-sume, 
somewhat  resembling  wood  in  appearance.    Dana, 

WQQO'-TIN,  m.  a  nodular  variety  of  o.xyd  of  tin, 
of  a  brown  color,  found  in  Cornwall.  Brande, 

WQOD'WARD,  n.  [wood  and  ward.]  An  officer  of 
the'  forest,  whose  duty  is  to  gtiard  ilie  woods.  [Eng- 
hiitd.]  Cyc. 

WOOD'-WASII,       )  71       Name.*!  applied    to    dyer*s 

W66l)'-WAX,         {       brfHtm,  or   dyer's  weed,  Ge- 

WOOn'-WAX-TCN,)       nisia  tincttjria.    Cyc.    Booth. 

WQOD'WORK,  n.  Thill  part  of  any  structure 
which  is  wrought  of  wood. 

WQQD'WOUM,  (-W)irnt,)  ti.  [wood  and  worTn.]  A 
worm  that  is  bred  in  wood.  .Johmon. 

WQQD'Y,  a.  [from  wood.]  Abounding  with  wood  , 
as,  woody  land;  a  woody  region. 

Secret  sliidea 
Of  teoody  Ida's  inmost  ^nivc,  MUlon. 

2.  Consisting  of  wood  ;  ligneous;  as,  the  woody 
p-nrts  of  plants. 

3.  Pertaining  to  woods  ;  sylvan  ;  as,  woody  nymphs. 

Spenser. 
Woody  fiber  consists  of  slender,  membranous  tubes 
tapering  at  each  end.  on  the  tissue  of  wood. 

WOOD'Y-XTGHT'SnAni:,  n.  A  plant;  bittersweet; 
S'ofanum  Dulraninra ;  originally  from  Europe,  but 
naturalized  in  North  America. 

WOO'EK,  71.  [from  woo,]  One  who  courts,  or  so- 
licits in  love.  Bacon. 

WOOF,  71.  [Sax.  wcjty  from  we/an,  to  weave ;  Sw. 
Titf;  Gr.  vtp-u] 

1.  The  threads  that  cross  the  warp  in  weaving ; 
the  weft.  Btieon. 

2.  Texture  ;  cloth  ;  as,  a  pall  of  softest  woof. 

Pope. 

WOOF'Y,  a.  Having  a  close  texture:  dense;  as,  a 
woofy  cloud.  Miss  J.  BiiUlie. 

WOf^'ING,  ppr.  [from  woo.]  Courting  ;  soliciting 
in  love.  ■* 

WOO'IXG-X^Y,  adv.  Enticingly;  with  persuasive- 
ness ;  so  as  to  invite  to  stay.  Shak. 

WOpL,  71.  [Sax.  wul;  G.  woUe:  D.  wol;  Sw.  vU: 
I)an.  wW;  Russ.  ro?na;  Rasqiie,  «/f(i.  Qu.  Gr. 'juAus, 
soft  ;  tovX  'f ,  down  ;  or  L.  vellus,  from  vello^  to  pull 
off.] 

1.  That  soft  species  of  hair  which  grows  on  sheep 
and  some  other  animals,  which  in  fineness  some- 
times approaches  to  fur.  The  word  generally  signi- 
fies the  deecy  ctiat  of  the  sheep,  which  constitutes  a 
most  essential  material  of  clothing  in  all  cold  and 
temperate  climates. 

2.  Short,  thick  hair. 

3.  In  botany,  a  sort  of  pubescence,  or  a  clothing  of 
dense,  curling  hairs  on  the  surface  of  certain  plants. 

Mtirtyn. 

WOpL'-BAIX,  71.  A  ball  or  mass  of  wool  found  in 
tfie"  stomach  of  sheep.  Cyc. 

WOOL'-COMB-ER,  (kom'er,)  n.  One  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  conib  wool. 

WOOLD,  V.  L     [D.  woelen,  hewoelrn  ;  G.  W'-A/cn.] 

To  wind,  particularly  t(»  wind  a  rope  round  a  mast 
or  yard,  when  made  of  two  or  n)ore  pieces,  at  the 
place  where  they  are  fished,  for  confining  and  su(h 
porting  them.  -Mar.  Diet, 

WOOLO'ED,  pp.  Bound  fast  with  ropes;  wound 
round.  " 

WOOLD'ER,  71.    A  stick  used  in  woolding. 

Mar.  Diet. 

WOOLD'IXG,  ppr.  Binding  ftist  with  ropes  ;  wind- 
ing round. 

WOOLD'ING,  n.     The  act  of  winding,  as  a  rope 
round  a  mast. 
2.  The  rope  used  for  binding  masts  nnd  spars. 

WOOI/-DRTV-ER,  ti.  [wool  and  driver.]  One  who 
bins  wool  and  carries  it  to  market. 

WOOL'FN,  a.     Made  of  wool ;   consisting  of  wool 
as,  wouen  cloth. 
2.  Pertaining  to  wool  ;  as,  woolen  manufactures. 

WOOL'EN,  n.     Cloth  made  of  wool.  Pope. 

w66L'EN-DRA-PEU,  71.  One  who  deals  in  woolen 
goods. 

WOOL'FEL,  71.     [7Dool  and/f?,  L.  pellii.] 

'  A  skin  with  the  word  ;  a  skin  from  which  the 
wool  has  not  been  sheared  or  pulled.  Duvies. 

WpQL'-GATH-ER-IXG,  a.  or  n.  A  term  applied  to  a 
vagrant  or  idle  exercise  of  the  imagiunlion,  oClen 
leading  lo  a  neglect  of  present  objects.        Burton. 

WQQL'-GROW-ER,  n.  [wool  and  grow.]  A  i>erson 
wlio  raises  sheep  for  the  production  of  wool. 

WOOL'-GROW-IXG.  a.     Producing  sheep  and  wool. 

W(X>1^'I-XESS,  n.  [from  woolly.]  The  slate  of  be- 
ing  woolly. 


TONE,  BpLL,  tINITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.  — C  as  K  ;  6  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  as  SH ;  TH  as  In  THIS. 


WOR 


WOR 


WOR 


WpyL'LY,  «.  Coii8t»iins  of  wool ;  as,  a  vovlly  cov- 
■ring  ;  a  WMPtfy  rteece.  Drpiiem. 

9.  Re^emblin*  wool ;  as,  woeOm  hair.  Skak, 

3.  Cloibed  wiih  wool ;  a«,  woef/y  breeders.  Skak, 

4.  lu  bounty^  cluifaed  with  a  pubescence  resembling 
wool.  Martyn, 

VVOQL'LY-PAS'TI-NUM,  n.  A  name  given  m  tlie 
fiasl  Judies  to  a  species  uf  red  orpiuient  or  arsenic 

Cwc. 

WQQL'PACK,  n.  [wool  and  pack.]  A  pack  or  bag 
of  wool. 

5.  Any  thing  bulky  without  weight.  CleavetanJ, 
WQ9L'SACK,  K.     [wool  and  sack.]    A  sack  or  bag  of 

wool. 

S.  The  sent  of  the  lord  chancellor  of  England  In 
tlie  bouse  of  lords,  being  a  large,  square  bag  uf  wool, 
without  back  or  amis,  covered  with  red  cloth. 

Brande. 

WQQL'-STA-PLE,  m.  [woU  and  staple.]  A  city  or 
town  where  wool  used  to  be  brought  to  the  king'« 
mple  for  sale. 

WQQL'-STA-PLEH,  n.    One  who  deals  in  wool. 

WQQL'-TRADE,  ■,  [vaol  and  tradt.]  The  trade  in 
wooL 

WgOL'WARD,  orfr.    In  wool. 

To  gm  wooboarj,  was  to  wear  woolen  next  tbo 
tkin,  as  apenanM.  Toone,     Skak. 

WppLMVI.N'D-ER,  m.  [leool  and  wbuL]  A  nenmn 
enpkqred  to  wind  or  make  up  wool  iuto  bundles  to 
be  packed  for  sale.  Cvc 

WOOP,  m.     A  bird. 

WOO.**,  n.    A  plant ;  a  sea  weed. 

WOOTZ,  n.  Indian  8te«l,  a  metallic  substance  im- 
ported from  Uie  East  Indies ;  valued  as  the  material 
of  edge-tools.  It  bas  in  combination  a  minute  por- 
tion of  alumine  and  silica.  WAO^s  ManuaL 

WORD,  (wurd,)  a.  [Sax.  vorrf  or  vyrJ  .-  G.  itoH  ;  D. 
waerd ,- Dan.  and  Sw.or4;  Sans.  loartAA.  Thi:^  word 
is  probably  the  participle  of  a  root  in  Br^  and  radi- 
cally the  same  as  L.  verbnm  ;  Ir.  abairim^  to  speak. 
A  inord  is  that  which  is  uttered  or  thrown  oul] 

].  An  articulAte  or  vocal  sound,  or  a  combination 
of  Bitlculale  and  voc^il  sounds,  uttered  by  the  human 
Toice,  and  by  custom  einressing  an  idea  or  ideas  ;  a 
single  compunent  part  of  human  speech  or  language. 
Thus  a  in  English  is  a  word  ;  but  few  words  consist 
of  one  letter  only.  Moat  wonb  consist  of  two  or 
more  letter^  as  /»,  da^  *kaUy  called  mamamfllMta^  or 
of  two  or  more  sj-llables,  as  kgrnar,  gitadtuat,  mwtim- 

a.  The  lener  or  letters,  writtea  or  printed,  whicb 
rawveenl  a  aonnd  or  CO 
3.  A  alKMt  discoarae. 


linaUoo  of  eoaiuia. 


odasfc  yew  WOT^^  a  ■■«!  or  n 


4.  Talk ;  dinoone. 

WhTriwiiUakBl^heUflrMr^y  Skak, 

Be  ^f  MfA  OTwre.  Dryrim. 

5.  XHspute :   verbal  contention ;  as,  aorae  wardt 
grew  between  us. 

6.  Language ;    living    speech ;    oral    expreaakm. 
Hm  raemage  was  delivered  by  word  uf  mouth. 

7    Prooiae.    He  guve  me  his  leord  he  would  pay 
me. 

Obey  Ihjr  puroti ;  keep  tliy  word  JimU/.  Skak. 

8.  Signal ;  order ;  command. 

Give  the  word  ifanMxfa.  Skak. 

9.  Account;  tidings;   message.    Bring  me  word 
what  is  the  issue  of  the  contest. 

10.  Declaration  ;  purpose  expressed. 

I  know  yoa  bntve,  tnd  take  jo*  u  your  word.  Drydtn. 

11.  Declaration;  affirmation. 

I  riBriw  oot  Ifae  rmdcr  iboaU  ukr  nty  word.  Drydtn. 

tS.  Tbe  BcripCnre  ;  divine  revelation,  or  any  part 
of  k.    This  is  called  the  word  of  God. 
IX  Christ.    John  i. 
14.  A  motto ;  a  short  sentence ;  a  pioverb. 

Spnwer. 

A  g&04war4i  Gonoiendation  ;. favorable  accounL 

AjmI  g*n  Ibe  hmntifm  fetiow  a  goad  monL  fiopt. 

fm  ««rd ;  in  decloratioB  only. 

Let  M  MM  love  in  worrf  only,  dHUkt  In  toagve  ;  but  In  deed  wul 
is  mtk.  —  1  Jobs  S. 
WORD,  (word,)  r.  i    To  dispute.     [UMo  usfdJ] 

UKstraagt. 
WORD,  (wurd,)  B.  I.    To  express  in  words.    Take 
care  to  ward  ideas  with  propriety. 

Tto  »tnlagy  &r  Uie  kin;  w  tbe  nme,  but  wordad  with  fTnU«r 
deirreaee  to  Unt  gre^  priuOF.  Adduon. 

WORD'-€ATCH-ER,  n     One  who  cavils  at  word^. 

Fape. 
WORD'ED,  pp.     Expressed  in  words. 
^VnR^'ER.  n.     .K  speaker.     [Xot  in  useJ    fTbitlotk. 
\VfSRI>'l-LY,  adr.     In  a  vfirbose  or  wordy  manner. 
WOKI)'I-\ESS,  H.     [from  wordy  ]    The  stateorqual- 

itv  (if  abounding  with  words.  .ArA. 

W6RD'IXG,  ^/rr.     Expressing  in  words. 
WORD'IXG,  M.   J'he  act  of  expressing  in  words. 
2.  The   manner  of  expressing    in   words.      T*he 
wording  of  the  ideas  is  very  judicious. 
WORD'fSH,  a.    Respecting  words.    [A"o«  used,] 

Siaary. 


WORD'ISH-XESS,  H.     Manner  of  wording.     [JVot 

usrU.  ] 
VVORD'LESS,  fl.    Not  using  words;   not  speaking; 

silent.  Shak. 

WORD'V,  f  wurd'e,)  a.    Using  many  words  ;  verbose  ; 

as,  a  wordy  speaker;  a  wordy  unitor.  Spectator. 

3.  Containing  many  words  ;  full  of  words. 

We  need  not  Uvbh  houn  in  wonly  p4iioi.ti.  PkiHpa. 

WfiRE,  prH.  of  Wear.  He  wore  gloves. 
WORK,  pret.  of  Ware.  They  wore  ship. 
WORK,  (wurk,)  v.  i.  ,•  preL  and    pp.  Wobkrd   or 

WaouGHT.     [Sax.  wtorean^   wircarij   wyrean ;   Goth. 

waurkyan;  D.  werkon  ;  G.  wirkrit ;  Sw.  virka,  verka  ; 

Dan.  rirker;  Gr.  cp^it^A^at.] 

I.  In  a  ffrHeral  aense^  to  move,  or  to  move  one  way 
and  the  other ;  to  perform ;  as  in  popular  language 
it  is  said,  a  mill  or  machine  works  well. 

9.  To  lalK>r  ;  to  be  occupied  in  performing  manual 
labor,  whether  severe  or  oiodenttc.  One  n)an  works 
belter  than  another  ;  one  man  works  hard  ;  another 
works  lazily. 

3.  1*0  be'  in  action  or  motion ;  as,  the  v«rking  of 
tbe  heart.  Skak. 

4.  To  act ;  to  carr>'  nn  operations. 

Our  Niter  part  mnalna 
To  work  In  done  iXttiga.  Mlton. 

5.  To  operate ;  to  carry  on  business  ;  to  be  cus- 
tomarily engaged  or  employed  in.  Some  work  in  the 
mines,  others  in  the  loom,  others  at  the  anvil. 

Tho7  OhU  work  in  fine  flax.  —  U.  xix. 

6.  To  ferment ;  as,  unfermented  liquors  work  vio- 
lently in  hot  weather. 

7.  To  operate ;  to  produce  effects  by  action  or  in- 
fluence. 

All  tilings  teork  lof^tixn  for  good  to  them  that  1ot«  God.  — 

Koin,   •r'm. 

Tb'M  M  vTouf  At  iipoo  the  child,  ib»t  anerwanl  be  deatpid  lo  be 

uujl.i.  Lockt. 

^8,  To  obtiin  by  diligence.     [Little  used,]     Shak. 

9.  To  act  or  operate  ou  the  stomach  and  bowels, 
lu  a  cathartic 

10.  To  labor ;  to  strain ;  to  move  heavily ;  as,  n 
ibip  works  in  a  tempest. 

II.  To  be  tossed  or  agitated. 

Coafoanl  with  workimg  Mndt  kq4  nOlng  w»t«s.        Adititon. 

19.  To  enter  by  working  ;  as,  lo  work  into  the 
earth. 

To  work  on;  to  act  on  ;  to  influence. 
To  work  up  ;  to  make  wqy . 

Body  ahdl  m;>  to  ([lirH  work.  MUton. 

TV  w«rk  to  winditard :  among  Momfli,  to  sail  or  ply 
acainst  the  wind  ;  to  beat.  Mar.  Diet, 

WORK,  (wiirk,)  e.  L    To  move ;  to  stir  and  mix  ;  as 
lo  work  mortar. 

2.  To  funn  by  labor  ;  to  mold,  shn[>e,  or  manufac- 
ture ;  as,  to  work  wood  or  iron  into  a  fitrm  deHired, 
or  into  a  utensil ;  to  work  couon  or  wool  into  cloth. 

3.  To  bring  into  any  stale  by  action.  A  foul  stream, 
or  new  wine  or  cider,  works  \\3e\f  clear. 

4.  To  influence  by  acting  upon ;  lo  manage ;  lo 
lead. 

jind  work  your  royal  father  to  liia  ni!r».  Philip*. 

&.  To  make  by  action,  labor,  or  violence.  A  stream 
works  a  passage  or  a  new  channel. 

Siilelon»  he  worbt  bi*  way,  MUton. 

6.  To  produce  by  action,  labur,  or  exertion. 

We  nii^  work  any  effect  —  only  by  tlie  oniiy  of  nature. 

Bacon. 
Each  hertt  be  knew,  that  workt  or  food  or  III.  Ilaru. 

7.  To  embroider ;  as,  to  work  muslin. 

8.  To  direct  the  movements  of,  by  adapting  the 
sails  to  the  wind  ;  as,  to  work  a  ship. 

9.  To  put  to  lal>or  ;  to  exert. 

Wort  e»eiy  nerve.  Addison. 

10.  To  cause  to  ferment,  as  liquor. 

To  wo^k  out ;  to  effect  by  labor  and  exertion. 

KV*  out    your  own   aalratiua   wiib   fear   and   Irembiinj?.  — 
Pliil.  IL 

2.  To  erase  ;  to  efface.     [.AT?/  used.] 

3,  To  solve,  as  a  problem. 

To  work  up  ;  to  raise  ;  to  excite ;  as,  to  work  vp  the 
passions  to  rage. 

Tli^  tun,  that  rulU  bii  chariot  o'er  their  heada, 

Work*  up  iiK>re  fire  and  ©olor  in  their  clteeka.  A/ldUon. 

5.  To  expend  in  any  work,  as  materials.  They 
have  worked  up  all  tlic  stock. 

To  work  double  tides  ;  in  the  language  of  seamen^  to 
perform  the  labor  of  three  days  in  two  ;  a  phrase 
takm  from  the  practice  of  icorkinff  by  the  jught  tide  as 
w/lt  tu  by  the  day. 

To  Work  into :  to  make  way,  or  to  insinuate  j  as,  lo 
work  one':*  self  into  favor  or  confidence. 

To  work  a  passage;   among  seamen,  to   pay  for  a 
passage  by  doing  duty  on  btmrd  of  the  lihip. 
WORK,   fwurk,)  n.     [Sax.  weorc;    U.  and   G.  werk; 
Dan.  and  Sw.  verk  ;  Gr.  tpyoy.] 

1.  Latwr  ;  employment ;  exertion  of  strength  ;  par- 
ticularly in  man,  manual  labor, 

2.  Slate  of  labor  ;  as,  to  be  at  work, 

3.  Awkward  performance.  What  »(»rA:  you  make  ! 


4.  That  which  is  made  or  done  ;  as,  good  work^  or 
bad  work.  Milton. 

5.  Embroidery ;  flowers  or  flguros  wrought  with 
tbe  needle. 

6.  Any  fabric  or  manufacture. 

7.  'J'he  matter  on  which  one  is  at  work.  In  rising, 
she  dn>p|>ed  her  work. 

8.  Action  ;  deed  ;  feat ;  achievement  ;  as,  the 
works  of  bloody  Mars.  Popt. 

9.  Operation. 

As  to  llic  eomnoailion  or  dlBBolution  of  mixed  bodica,  which  la  tho 
cbirf  work  of  eleiiieiitfl.  Oigby, 

10.  Effect ;  that  which  proceeds  from  agency. 

Fancy 
Wild  wort  prnduce*  oft,  and  most  In  drcama.  MUton. 

11.  Management;  treatment.  Shak. 

12.  Tliat  which  is  produced  by  mental  labor j  a 
compositi(m  ;  a  book  ;  ns,  the  work^-  of  Addison. 

13.  IVorks,  in  t/te  plural;  walls,  trenches,  and  the 
like,  made  for  fortifications. 

14.  In  OteMo^t^  inora.1  duties,  or  external  perform- 
ances, as  distinct  fh>m  grace. 

To  set  to  work^    i  to  employ  ;  to  engage  in  any  busl- 
To  set  on  work ;  \      noes.  Jlookcr. 

WORK'A-BLE,  (wurk'a-bl,)  a.  Capable  of  being 
worked,  as  a  metal.  Ure. 

Q,  That  can  be  worked,  or  that  is  worth  working  ; 
as,  a  workable  mine.  Hitchcock.     Conybeare. 

WORK'-BAG,  n.   A  lady's  reticule,  or  bag  for  holding 

work. 
WORK'-DXY,  ji.    SeeWupKiNG-DAY. 
WORK'>;n,  (wurkl,)  pp.  Moved  ;  labored  ;  performed  ; 

managed  ;  fermented. 
WOUK'ER,  n.     One  that  works  ;  one  ilmt  performs, 
WORK'-FEL-T.OW,  n.      One  engaged   in  the  sumo 

work  witli  another.     Rom.  xvi, 
WORK'-rOLK,  n.    Persons  that  Ubor.     [Obs.] 

Beaum.  4"  Fl. 
WORK'-IIOUSE,  I  n,     A  house  where  any  man- 

WORIv'ING-IIOtJSE,  (      ufacture  is  carried  on. 

9.  Qeneraily,  a  house  in  which  idle  and  vicious 
persons  are  confined  to  labor. 
WORK'ING,  (wurk'ing,)  ppr.  or  a.    Moving,  oiwrat- 

ing  ;  laboring  ;  fermenting. 
WORK'ING,  n.     Motion  ;  the  act  of  laboring.      Shak. 

2.  Fermentation.  Bacon. 
X  Movement ;  operation  ;  as,  the  worAinfl'*  of  fancy. 

WORK'ING-Djy,  V.  [work  and  day.]  A  day  on 
which  work  is  performed,  as  distinguislied  from  the 
Sabbath,  festivals,  &.c. 

a.  a.  Plodding;  hard-working;  ns,  this  working- 
day  world.  Shall. 

WORK'MAN,  n.  [work  and  man.]  Any  man  em- 
ployed in  labor,  whether  in  tillage  or  manufactures. 

a.  By  way  of  eminence,  a  skillful  artificer  or  la- 
borer, 

WORK'MAN-LIKE,  (wurk'-,)  a. 
formed 

WORK'MAN-LY,  (wurk'-,)  a. 
formed. 

WORK'MAN-LY,  (wurk'-,)  adv. 
ncr  ;  in  a  maimer  becoming  a  worknmn.      Tusser. 

WOKK'MAN-SHIP,  (wurk'-,)  n.  Manufacture  ;  some- 
thing made,  particularly  by  manual  labor.  Exod. 
xx\i. 

9.  That  which  is  effected,  made,  or  produced 
Eph.  ii. 

3.  The  skill  of  a  workman;  or  the  execution  or 
mnnner  of  making  any  thing.  Tiie  workmanship  of 
this  cloth  is  admirable. 

4.  The  art  of  working.  Wood-ward. 
WORK'-MAS-TER,  (wurk'-,)  n.     [work  and  master.] 

work.  Spenser, 

[work  nixA  shop.]     A  shop 
wliere  anv  manufacture  is  carried  on. 

WORK'-TA-BLE,  (wurk'-,)  n.  A  small  table,  con- 
taining drawers  and  other  conveniences  for  ladies 
in  respect  to  their  needlework. 

WORK'-WOM-AN,  (wurk'-,)  n.  A  woman  who  per- 
forms any  work,  or  one  skilled  in  needlework, 

SpeTiser. 

WORK'Y-DAY,  n.  [Corrupted  from  working -dan.]  A 
day  not  the  .Sabbath.  Shak. 

WORLD,  (wurld,)  n.  [Sax.  weorold,  teonild  ;  D. 
waereld;  Sw,  verld.  This  seems  to  be  a  compound 
word,  and  probably  is  named  from  roundness,  the 
vault,  but  this  is  not  certain.] 

1.  'i'he  universe  ;  the  wliole  system  of  created 
globes  or  vast  bodies  of  matter. 

2.  The  earth ;  the  terraqueous  globe ;  sometimes 
called  the  lowerworld. 

3.  The  heavens  ;  as  when  we  speak  of  the  heav- 
enly world,  or  upper  world. 

4.  System  of  beings  ;  or  the  orbs  which  occupy 
space,  and  all  the  beings  which  inhabit  them, 
Heb.  xi. 

God  —  hath  In  tb^^ae  last  day*  raolcn  to  ua  by  hii  Son,  whom  he 
h^ih  icjipomteil  heir  oi  all  tnin|;i ;  by  whom  aUo  he  iniutc  the 
world*.  —  Heb.  i. 

There  m^y  be  othor  worldM,  where  the  InbnUcanta  hare  never 
violated  their  aUc^iuic<r  to  their  Alinigbty  Suveirigti. 

W.  B.  i^frague. 

5.  Present  state  of  existence ;  as,  while  we  are  In 
the  world. 


.  Skillful;  well  per- 
Skillful ;  well  per- 
In  a  skillful  man- 


The  jK^rfurmer  of  any  wor 
WORK'.SIIOP,  (wurk',)  n. 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WHAT — METE,  PREY.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.- 

~      1272  "  ■  ~ 


WOR 

(5.  A  secuLir  life.  By  the  tearlti  we  sometimes  un- 
derstand the  tliiiifis  of  this  world,  its  pleasures  and 
interests.  A  preat  part  of  ninnkjnd  are  more  anx- 
ious to  enjoy  the  toorlti  ttiau  to  secure  divine  favur. 

7.  Public  lite  or  society ;  as,  banished  from  the 
Korld.  Siiak. 

6.  Business  or  trouble  of  life. 

FroiD  this  WOT f(f- wearied  fle*h.  Shak. 

9.  A  great  multitude  or  quantity ;  as,  a  world  of 
business  ;  a  world  of  charms.  Milton. 

10.  Mankind;  people  in  general;  in  an  indefinite 
sense.    Let  the  world  see  your  fortitude. 

Wboss  disposition  all  the  toorld  well  knows.  .  Sliak. 

11.  Course  of  life.  He  begins  the  world  with  little 
property,  but  with  many  friends. 

12.  Universal  empire. 


Thi«  thro'igh  the  East  jiwi  vengeance  burled, 
Aiid  lost  poor  Aiilony  the  teorla. 


Friar. 


13.  The  customs  and  manners  of  men  ;  the  prac- 
tice of  life.  A  knowledge  of  the  world  is  necessary 
for  a  man  of  business  ■,  it  is  essential  to  politeness. 

14.  All  the  world  contains. 

Had  1  a  thousand  vK>rld»,  I  would  giva  them  ali  for  one  year 
more  to  devote  to  GoJ.  Lau>. 

15.  The  principal  nations  or  countries  of  the  earth. 
Alexander  conquered  the  wt/rld. 

16.  The  Roman  empire.  Scripture. 

17.  A  large  tract  of  country  ;  a  wide  compass  of 
things. 

J  mu.«t  descry  oew  leorlda.  CotoUy. 

18.  The  inhabitants  of  the  earth ;  the  whole  hu- 
man mce.    John  iii. 

19.  The  carnal  state  or  corruption  of  the  earth  ;  as, 
the  present  evil  world;  the  course  of  Uus  wurld, 
OaL  i.     Kph.  ii. 

20.  The  ungodly  part  of  the  world. 

I  pray  not  for  the  world,  but  for  ihem  Uial  tiioii  hael  given  nne. 
—  John  xvii. 

21.  Time  ;  as  in  the  phrase,  world  without  end. 

22.  A  collection  of  wonders.     fJVof  ia  v.-'e.] 

In  the  world;  in  possibility.  All  the  precaution  in 
the  world  would  not  save  him. 

For  all  the  world ;  exactly.     [Little  used.]    Sidney. 
2.  Fur  anv  consideration. 
W5RLD'-HX"KD-I;\-£D,  fwurld'hArd-nd,)  a.     Hard- 
ened by  the  love  of  worltlly  things. 
WGRLD'LI  NE.-?S,n.     [from  wcn-U]     A  predominant 
passion  fur  obtaining  the  good  things  of  this  life ; 
cnvctousness  ^  oddictedncss  to  gain  and  temporal 
enjoyments. 
WOULD'LING,  n.    A  person  whose  soul  is  pet  upon 
gaining  tempomi  possessions;  one  devuted  to  this 
world  and  its  enjoyments. 

If  wc  cousi.!?r  Ih^  expectation!  of  futurity,  the  tcoHdling  jfivt* 
up  Uw  iirgumciit.  Rogcrt. 

WORLD'LY,  (wurld'le,)  a.  Secular;  temporal;  per- 
taining ti>  this  world  or  life,  in  conlnulistinction  to 
the  life  to  come  :  as,  wordlij  pleasures  ;  worldly  af- 
fairs ;  Wvrldly  estate  ;  worldly  honor  j  worldly  lusts. 
Tit.  ii. 

2.  Devoted  to  this  life  and  its  enjoyments  ;  bent 
on  gain  ;  as,  a  warUiiy  man  ;  a  worldly  mind. 

3.  Human  ;  common  ;  belonging  to  the  world  ;  as, 
teorlilhi  actions;  worldly  maxims. 

WORLb'LV,  ode.    With  rululion  to  this  life. 

8iiL*i!rUng  worUUy  stronff  and  taorUVy  wis* 

Vy  biioply  ii-erlE.  "  Milton. 

WORLD'LY-MT.VD-ED,  a.  Drvotrd  tu  the  acquisi- 
tion of  propertv  and  to  temporal  enjoyments. 

WORI-O'LY-MiND-ED-NESS.  n,     A  predominating 
luve  and  pursuit  of  this  world'K  goods,  to  the  exclu- 
sion of  piety  and  attention  to  5'prritual  concerns. 
2.  State  of  being  worldly-minded. 

WORM,  (wurm,)  n,  [Sax.  wyrm  ;  G.  idurm  :  D.  worm  ; 
Ihm.  nrm  ;  Sw.  id.,  a  serpent.  This  %vord  is  prolmbly 
named  from  a  winding  motion,  and  the  r(X)t  of 
giDiinn.] 

1.  In  common  usaire^  any  small,  creeping  animal,  or 
reptile,  either  entir.Iy  without  feet,  or  with  very 
Bhort  one;*,  including  a  great  variety  of  aninmls  of 
different  cla.s^es  and  orders,  viz,,  certain  small  ser- 
pf-nw,  as  the  hiind-worm  or  8lnw-w«rin  ;  the  larvaf 
uf  insects,  viz.,  grnhs,  caterpillars,  and  mnccots,  as 
the  wood-wririn,  canker-worm,  silk-worm,  (the  larva 
of  o  moth,  (PAnZtma,)  which  spins  tin-  filaments  of 
which  silk  is  made,)  the  grub  that  injnrrs  corn, 
gras?,  &.C,,  the  worms  that  breed  in  putrid  desli,  the 
bots  in  the  stomach  of  horses,  and  many  others  ; 
certain  wingless  insects,  as  the  glow-worm  ;  the  in- 
testinal worms,  or  sirch  as  breed  in  the  cavities  and 
organs  of  living  animals,  as  the  ta|te-vvurm.  the 
round-wnrm,  the  tluke,  &c. ;  and  numerous  animals 
found  in  the  earth,  and  in  water,  particularly  in  the 
Btra,  as  the  earth-worm  or  lambricus,  the  hair-worm 
or  tftn-diujty  the  teredo^  or  Wf»rm  that  bores  into  the 
bottom  of  ships,  &c.  fVorms^  in  the  plural,  in  rem 
mon  usage.  Is  used  for  intestinal  worms,  or  those 
which  breed  in  thestoniarh  and  bowels,  particularly 
the  round  and  thread  worms,  (nncarideii  and  oiyu- 
rides,)  which  are  often  found  there  in  great  numbers  ; 
as  we  say.  a  child  has  worms. 


WOK 

2.  In  xoijlvfry^  the  term  Vermes  or  wnrms  has  been 
applied  to  different  divisions  of  invertclirul  animals, 
by  dilferent  naturalists.  Linnaius's  class  of  Vermes 
includes  the  fol]t>wing  orders,  viz.,  Intcstina^  in- 
cluding the  proper  intestinal  worms,  the  earth-worm, 
the  hair-worm,  the  tcredoy  and  some  other  marine 
worms  ;  MoUasca,  including  ttio  slug,  and  numerous 
soft  animals  inhabiting  the  water,  particularly  the 
sea;  Tcstacea,  including  all  tlie  proper  shell-fish; 
ZoSphyta,  or  compound  animals,  including  corals, 
polypt-s,  and  sponges  ;  and  Infusoria,  or  simple 
microscopic  animalcules.  His  character  of  the  class 
is,  spiracles  obscure,  jaws  various,  organs  of  sense 
usually  tentacula,  no  brain,  ears,  nor  -nostrils,  limbs 
wanting,  frequently  hermaphrodite.  This  class  in- 
cludes all  the  invtTtcbral  animals,  except  the  insects 
and  Crustacea.  The  term  Vermis  has  been  since 
greatly  limited,  particularly  by  the  French  natural- 
ists. Lamarck  c(»nlined  it  to  the  intestinal  worms, 
and  some  others,  whoso  organization  is  equally 
simple.  'J'he  character  of  his  class  is,  suboviparous, 
body  soft,  highly  reproductive,  undergo  no  metamor- 
phosis ;  no  eyes,  nor  articulated  limbs,  nor  radiated 
disposition  of  internal  organs.  Liniueus.     Cyc. 

3.  Remorse ;  that  which  incessantly  gnaws  the 
conscience  ;  that  which  torments. 

Wh(;re  their  worm  dieth  not.  —  Mark  ix. 

4.  A  '..eing  debased  and  despised. 

1  Kill  n  toorm,  and  no  man.  —  Ps.  xxil. 

5.  A  spiral  Instrument  or  iron  screw,  used  for 
drawing  wads  and  cartridges  from  cannon  or  smalt 
arms. 

6.  Something  spiral,  vermiculated,  or  resembling 
a  worm,  as  the  threads  of  a  screw.  Moxon. 

7.  In  chrmistry  and  distilleries,  a  spiral  metallic 
pipe  placed  in  a  tub  of  water,  through  which  the 
vapor  passes  in  distillation,  and  in  which  it  is  cooled 
and  condens  d.    It  is  called  also  aSERPENTiwE. 

8.  A  small  worm-tike  part  situated  beneath  a  dog's 
tongue.  Cyc. 

WORM,  (^^'""''"1)  P-  i-  To  work  slowly,  gradually, 
and  secretly. 

Wli'-fi  dehutni  iind  frcltinff  jiinlousy 

Did  xBom  and  work  wltluii  you  more  und  moii:, 

Your  color  f.ided.  Herbert. 

WORM,  (wurm,)  v,  t.  To  expel  or  underimjiie  by 
slow  and  secret  means. 

They  fiud  tliemsclvca  toormed  out  of  all  power.  Swift.- 

2.  To  cut  something,  called  a  worm,  from  under 
tlie  tongue  of  a  dog.  Cyc. 

3.  To  draw  the  wad  or  cartridge  from  a  guu ;  to 
clean  by  the  worm. 

4.  To  wind  a  rope  spirally  round  a  cable,  between 
the  strands ;  or  to  wind  a  smaller  rope  with  spun 
yarn.  Mar.  Diet 

To  worm  one*s  self  into ;  to  enter  gradually  by  arts 
and  insinuations  ;  as,  to  worm  one's  self  into  favor. 

WORM'-kAT-£N,  (wurm'ect-n,)  a.  [worm  and  eat] 
Gnawed  by  worms;  as,  worm-eaten  boards,  planks, 
or  limber. 

2.  Old  ;  worthless.  Ralegh. 

WORM'jEll,  pp.     Cleared  by  a  worm  or  screw. 

WORM'-FENOE.Tt.  A  zigzag  fence,  made  by  placing 
the  ends  of  the  rails  upon  each  other;  sometimes 
called  a  Stake  Fence. 

WORM'-GRXSS,  n.  A  plant  of  the  genua  Spigelia, 
usimI  as  a  vermifuge. 

WOUM'-HoLE,  71.  A  hole  made  by  the  gnawing  of  a 
worm. 

WOitM'LN'G,  Cvvurm'ing)H.  The  act  or  operation  of  cut- 
ting a  worm-like  ligamt-nt  from  under  a  dog's  tongue. 

WOHM'IXG,  ppr.  Knieriug  by  insinuation  :  drawing, 
as  3  cartrid<:e  ;  clearing,  as  a  gun;  cutting  out  the 
worm  from  umler  a  dog's  tongue. 

WOKM'-LIKE,  a.  Resembling  a  worm  ;  spiral;  vcr- 
micutiir. 

WOKM'-POW  DER,  n.  A  powder  used  for  expelling 
worms  from  the  sttniKirh  and  intestines. 

WORM'-SEED,  Tt.  A  seed  which  has  the  property  of 
expelling  Worms  from  the  stomach,  bowels,  and  in- 
testines. It  Is  said  to  be  brought  from  Persia,  and  to 
be  the  produce  of  a  species  of  Artemisia.  Cyc. 

9.  A  plant  of  tlie  genus  Chenopodium.  l^ee. 
WOKM'-TINe-T[|RK,  w.     A  tincture  prepared  from 

tarth-worms  dried,  pulverized, and  mixed  with  oil  of 
tartar,  spirit  of  wine,  saff"ron,  and  castor.  Cyc. 

WORM'WQQIJ,  ».     [Hax.  wermod;  G.  wcrmutk.] 

A  plant,  the  Arti-misia  Absinthium.  It  has  a  bit- 
ter, nauseous  taste ;  but  it  is  stomachic  and  corrob- 
uranl.  Cyc. 

Tree-wormwood ;  a  species  of  Artemisia,  witli  woody 
stalks.  Cyc. 

WORM'Y,  (wurm'e,)a.    Containing  a  worm ;  abound- 
ing witli  worms. 
2.  Earthy ;  groveling. 

WORN,  pp.  of  Wear  ;  as,  a  garment  long  worn. 

WoRN'-OUT,  pp.  or  a.     Consumed  or  rendered  use- 

*    less  bv  wearing. 

WOR'iNIL,  71.  A  maggot  that  infests  the  backs  of 
cows.  Derham. 

WOR'RAli,  n.  An  animal  of  the  lizard  kind,  about 
four  feet  long  and  eight  inches  broad,  with  a  forked 


WOR 

tongue.  It  feeds  on  flies,  and  is  harmless.  Il  it 
found  in  EgypL  Poeodu.     Cyc. 

WOR'RI-£D,  (wur'rid,)pp.  [from  worry.]  Harassed; 
fatigued. 

WOR'RI-ER,  n.  [from  worry.]  One  tliat  worries  or 
harasses. 

WOR'RV,  (wur're,)  v.  L  [Sax.  werig^  malign,  vexa- 
tious ;  werigan,  werian,  to  disturb,  to  tease,  to  hara«s, 
to  weary ;  or  Dan.  uroe,  trouble,  Sw.  oro.  The  sense 
of  tearing  does  not  properly  belong  to  this  word.  It 
may  have  that  sense  as  secondary.] 

1.  To  tease  ;  to  trouble ;  to  harass  with  imjwrtu- 
nily,  or  with  care  and  anxiety.  Persona  are  often 
Worried  with  care  and  solicitude. 

Let  tliem  rail, 

And  then  itorry  one  anoUier  ai  Itieir  pleasure  Jtovn. 

Worry  Itim  out  itll  hu  given  his  Conaenl.  StB\ft. 

A  cliurch  worritd  with  reformation.  South. 

2.  To  fatigue ;  to  harass  with  labor ;  a  popular 
sense  vf  the  word. 

3.  To  harass  by  pursuit  and  barking;  as,  dogs 
worry  sheep. 

4.  To  tear ;  to  mangle  with  the  teeth. 

5.  To  vex  ;  to  persecute  brutally. 
WOR'RY-ING,  ppr.    Teasing;  troubling;  harassing; 

fatiguing  ;  tearing. 

WOR'RY-ING-LY,  adv.    Teasingly  ;  harassingly. 

WORSE,  (wurse.)  o.  [Sax.  wiBrse^  wyrse  ;  Dan.  verre, 
Sw.  vdrre.  This  adjective  has  the  signittcation  of 
the  comparative  degree,  and  as  bad  has  no  compara- 
tive and  superlative,  worse  and  worst  are  used  in  lieu 
of  them,  although  radically  they  have  no  relation  to 
bad.] 

1.  More  evil ;  more  had  or  ill ;  more  depraved  and 
corrupt ;  ttt  a  moral  sense, 

Kvil  men  and  seducers  »li.-iH  wax  worse  and  t»orte.  —  2  Tim.  iil. 

There  are  men  wlio  ser.m  to  believe  they  are  out  Lud   while 

oiiollier  caii  be  found  worae.  Rambler. 

2.  In  a  physical  sense,  in  regard  to  health,  more 

sick. 

Slio  waa  nolliiug  bcttervd,  but  rather  grew  worat,  —  Marit  r, 

3.  More  had  ;  less  perfect  or  good.  This  carriage 
is  worse  for  wear. 

The  worse;  the  loss  ;  tlie  disadvantage. 

Jud jh  was  put  to  t/ie  «>ors€  before  ismel.  —  2  Kings  xiv. 

2.  Something  less  good.  Tliink  not  the  worse  of 
him  for  his  enterprise. 

WORSE,  adv     In  a  manner  more  evil  or  bad 

We  will  deal  VKtrse  oith  llice  than  with  tliem.  — Gen.  xix. 

WORSE,  to  put  to  disadvanuige,  is  not  in  use.    [See 

Worst.]  Miltviu 

WOR.'^'A'.V,  V.  t.     To  worse.     [JVot  in  use.]     Milton. 
WORS'ER,  for  Worse,  is  a  vulgar  word,  and  not  used 

in  good  writing  or  speaking. 
WOIi'SHlP,  (wur'ship,)  71.     [Sax.  weorthscypc;  worth 

and  ship ;  the  state  of  worth  or  worthiness.     See 

Worth.] 
1.  Excellence    of    character;     dignity;     worth; 

worthiness. 

Elfin,  l>orn  of  noble  »tnte, 
And  muckle  uoriHp  \u  his  native  land.  Sjten$er. 

In  this  sense,  the  word  is  nearly  or  quite  obsolete  ; 
but  hence, 

9.  A  title  of  honor,  used  in  addresses  to  certain 
magistrates  and  others  of  respectable  character. 

My  fadicr  di!»ires  your  worthip't  company.  ShaJc. 

3.  A  term  of  ironical  respect.  Pope. 

4.  Chiefly  and  eminently,  the  act  of  paying  divine 
honors  to  the  Supreme  Being  ;  or  the  reverence  and 
homage  paid  to  him  in  religious  exercises,  consisting 
in  adoration,  confession,  prayer,  thanksgiving,  and 
the  like. 

Tlic  teorghip  of  God  i<  nri  eminent  part  of  religion.     T^oUon. 
Prayer  is  a  chief  part  ut  reli^oua  uorMhip.  Tutotttm. 

5.  The  homage  paid  to  idols  or  false  gods  by  pa- 
gans ;  as,  the  worship  of  Isis. 

6.  Honor;  respect;  civil  deference. 

'i'hen  sbiiU  thou  liave  worthip  In  the  presence  of  them  that  lit  at 
nieiit  with  thee.  —  Luke  xlv. 

7.  Idolatry  of  lovers  ;  obsequious  or  submissive  re- 
spect. Shak. 

WoR'SlIIP,  (wur'ship,)  r.  t  To  adore;  to  pay  divine 
honors  to;  to  reverence  with  supreme  respect  and 
veneration. 

Thou  shnlt  vorship  no  otlier  God.  —  Ex.  xxxiv. 

Aduic  and  vxmhtp  (Jud  lUpreme.  MUian. 

9.  To  resiwcl ;  to  honor ;  to  treat  with  civil  rever- 
ence. 

Nor  toorghiped  with  a  waxen  epitsxph.  Shak. 

3.  To  honor  with  extravagant  love  and  extreme 
submission,  as  a  lover. 

With  landed  knees  I  daily  teorahip  her.  Cbrvu. 

WOR'SHIP,  V.  i.    To  perform  acts  of  adoration. 
9.  To  perform  religious  service. 

Our  futliers  trorshiped  in  this  mountain.  — John  tv. 

WOR'SHIP-KD,  (wur'shipt,)  pp.  A^Iored ;  treated 
with  ilivine  honors  ;    treated  with  civil  respect. 

WOR'SHIP-ER,  w.  One  who  worships;  one  who 
pavs  divine  honors  to  any  being  ;  one  who  adores. 

South. 


TCN%  BIJLL,  tINITE.  —  AN"GER,  VI"CIOUe €  as  K ;  G  as  J  ;  8  as  Z ;  CH  aa  6H ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


160 


1273 


WOR 

\VOR'f>HIP-KUU  «•      Claiminp   n>5|)vct;    worliiy  of 
honor  fiuin  its  churncliT  or  dignity. 

Thiaa  wonhtfifiti  Mcieijr.  SSaJt. 

9.  A  term  of  reaped,  sometimes  ironirolly. 
WORSHIP  FyU-LY,**!!.     ReBpocifiilly.  Shak. 

WOR'^HIP-IXG,  p7»r.     Adoring;  p-iyinp  divine  hon- 
ors to;  treatiniE  nith  supreme  reverence;  treating 
with  extreme  submissiitn. 
WORST,  (wursi,)  a.    [gvprrl  of  Wome.  which  see.] 
1.  Most  bad  ;   loojd  evil ;  in  a  tiun-al  settse ;  as,  the 
iMrrt  man  ;  the  wont  sinner. 

9.  Most  severe  nr  dangerous ;  most  difficult  to 
beal ;  ss,  the  worH  disease. 

3.  Most  afflictive,  pernfcioas,  or  calamitous;    ax, 
the  worjt  evil  that  can  bclkll  a  state  ur  an  individual. 
WORST,  a.    The  most  evil  stale  ;  in  m  m»r*l  9*mm, 
3.  The  mofll  severe  or  agftavatod  state  i  the  higbt ; 
as,  the  disease  is  at  the  worA. 

3.  The  most  calamitous  state.     Be  armed  against 
the  worsL 
WORST,  (wurst,)  e.  t    To  jtit  tlie  advantage  over  In 
contest;  to  defeat ;  to  overtlmiw.     It  is  madness  to 
contend  when  we  are  sure  to  be  Vhtrstrd, 
WOR:n"ED,  (wurst'eil,)  pp.     Defeated  ;  overthrown, 
WpRST'EU,  (wtjsi'cd.)  n.    [The  origin  of  this  woni 
is  uncertain,     li  is  Uifually  (tupfhtsed  to  take  its  name 
frtmi  a  town  in  Knplaml  or  in  Flander:*.] 

Yam  made  of  wo»»l  dmwn  out  into  long  filaments 
bf  [Hissing  it,  when  oilL-d,  through  heaU-d  conihs.  It 
Is  used  for  stockings  and  various  other  fine  faltrirs. 

Ure, 
WQRST'ED,  a.      Conidsting  of  worsted ;    made   of 

worsted  yarn;  as,  teorgud  stockings. 
WORT,  (wurt,)  «.      [Sax.  uyrt;    O.  wtri :    Sw.  ort; 
Dan.  urt :  Kr.  tvrt,  rerd ;  from  the  root  of  L.  rireo,  to 
gn>w  ;  viridis,  green.] 

I.  A  plant ;  an  hert ;  now  itwd  rliiefly  or  whol- 
ly in  compounds;  as  in  m»^wrt,' tiefrteort,  gplet»- 

9.  A  plant  of  the  cabbage  kind. 
3.  New  beer  uniunneni4.-d,or  in  the  act  of  ferment- 
alton  ;  the  sweet  infusion  of  malt.      Bae^m*     Cyc 
WORTH,  (wurth,)  a  tc-rmiuotion,  sifnifiM  a  ikrm  or 

court  :  as,  io  B^ordsworiJL 
WORTH,  (wurth,)  r.  i.     [Sax.  wtordtm^  tn  be.] 

This  verb  is  now  used  only  in  the  phrases,  woe 
worth  the  day,  woe  «ot<A  the  man.  A:c.,  In  which  the 
verb  is  in  the  impemlive  mode,  and  the  noun  In  the 
dative  ;  woe  he  to  the  day, 
WORTH,  (wurth,)  a.  [Sax.  wfotk^  wsrtl,  wwrik  ;  G. 
wfrtk  ;  D.  WAorde  ;  S  w.  ottrW :  Dan.  cwrrf ;  W^  gwerik ; 
L.  rirf  lu,  from  the  root  of  rirto.  The  primar)-  sense 
b  strength.] 

1.  Value ;  that  quality  of  a  thing  w  bich  renders  it 
useful,  or  which  will  produce  an  equivalent  good  in 
soiDs  other  thing.  The  wcrtk  of  a  day*s  labor  may 
be  estimated  in  money,  or  in  wIwaL  The  w»rth  of 
labor  Is  settled  between  the  hirer  and  the  hired.  The 
wsrfA  of  commodities  is  usually  the  price  they  will 
bring  in  market;  but  yrice  is  not  always  worth. 

9:  Value  of  roenial  qualities;  excellence;  virtue; 
mseftdaess ;  as,  a  man  or  magistrate  of  great  losrbk. 

Am  mm  bnt  As.  vte  la  tku  toan  *lki  dwdl, 
C«aUkfK>vRKltwiri^,or  BartfcOcKribBaowvtL       WmOor. 
AD  worth  riniiili  in  daiof  ggotl,  mmI  b  tlM  dininririnn  bjr  wtdeh 
kisdnw.  DmtghL 

2.  Importance ;  valuable  qualities ;  mntied  to 
thinsrs;  as,  these  things  have  since  lost  their  worth. 

WORTH,  (wurtb,)  a.  Equal  in  value  to.  Silver  is 
scarce  KvrfA  the  labor  of  di^ng  and  refining.  In 
one  countr>',  a  da> 's  tabor  ts  «srtA  a  dullar ;  in  an- 
other, the  same  labor  is  not  worth  flfty  centi.  It  is 
worth  while  to  consider  a  subject  well  before  we 
cone  toadecisJon. 


Uyoormifammtm  pn 


■TfclkiB,  tfaey  an  woHk  eocb- 


(-gu 

&  DsMrring  of;  m  s  good  or  hmd  oomm.  hmt 
sU^  MM  «  good  gense.  The  castle  Is  loerU  defend- 
fair 

To  tHn  b  mortL  amNtinn.  Ifaoagh  ia  IkD. 
TIM  inJmiMkvi.  nfc  Mr*  pmn*^. 

3.  Equal  ia  pnsirwlons  to ;  having  estate  to  the 
value  of.  Host  men  are  estimated  by  their  neigh- 
bors to  be  worth  more  than  th^  are.  A  man  worth  a 
hundred  thousand  dollars  in  the  UnKed  States  is 
called  rich  ;  but  not  so  tn  London  or  Paris. 

fforikitti  ^htood  ;  an  exfwession  in  law,  denoting 
the  preference  of  sons  to  daughters  in  the  descent  of 
estates. 
WORTHI-ER,  a.  eomp.    Blore  worthy. 
WORTHI-EST,  a.  suptrt.     Most  worthy.      Borrow. 
WORTHI-LV,  (war'the-le,)  adr.    In  a  manner  suited 
to;  as,  to  walk  worthiif  of  our  extraction.     [Bad.] 

Ray. 
a.  Deservedly ;  according  to  merit. 
Yoa  wor^ilg  nicMrd  aot  oidr  to  Om  booofs  of  losr  «neM«n, 

bat  ■!■>  to  iheir  TiniK«.  Dryien, 

3.  lastly  ;  not  without  cause. 

1  afirm  that  «oine  may  rerj  worthi!^  Jcarrvc  to  be  ksled. 

SouA. 

WORTHI-XESS,  (wur'the-ness.J  n.      Desert ;  merit 

The  prajm  vhich  our  Savior  made  vere  for  hta  om  worthi- 
mu  accepwd.  Hooker. 


WOU 

2.  Kxcellencc;  dignity  ;  virtue. 

Who  u  aiiiv  hi*  liaUi  a  aoul,  tinh*« 

U  •(«,  ami  )(m1)C^-,  and  fullow  imTifttricM  7  Donnx. 

3.  Worth  ;  quality  or  state  of  deserving.      Sidney. 
WORTH'LESS,  a.     Having  no  value;  as,  a  worthless 

garment ;  a  worthlogg  ship. 

2.  Having  no  value  of  character  or  no  virtue  ;  ns, 
a  woTihitoa  man  or  woman. 

3.  Having  no  dignity  or  excellence  ;  as,  a  tcorthUss 
magistrate. 

\VOK'ril'LKSS-LV,  adv.    In  a  worthless  manner. 
WORTM'LESS-NESS,  B.     Want  of  value;   want  of 
useftil  qualities  ;  as,  the  vcorVde^Hesa  of  an  old  ^r- 
menl,  or  of  barren  land. 

2.  Want  of  excellence  or  dignity ;  as,  the  worth- 
UssntJita  of  a  person. 
WOR'THY,  (wur'the,)  a.     [G.  wurdigi  D.  waardig  ; 
Sw.  rOrdig^ 

I.  Deserving ;  such  as  merits  ;  having  worth  or  ex- 
cellence ;  equivalent ;  with  of  before  the  thing  de- 
served.   She  has  married  a  man  worthy  of  her. 
Thou  art  worthy  t^f  the  away.  Shak. 

I  amiMt  worli^r  ()/' the  loaK  of  all  the  metcioa.— Gen.  xxxU. 

S.  Possessing  worth  nr  excellence  of  qualities ; 
virtuous ;  estimable ;  as,  a  worthy  citizen  ;  a  wurUiy 
magistmte. 

MUton. 
Davitt. 


IlnppJrr  thmi  mnjrM  l»,  vorthUr  ci»>t  not  be. 
Thn  worthy  iitiotl  ahould  worthy  Uiiii^  einbruce. 


3.  Suitable;  having  qualities  suited  lo  ;  either  in  a 
good  or  bad  sense ;  equal  in  value ;  as,  flowers  worthy 
of  paradise. 

4.  Suilubte  U\  any  thing  bad. 

Thp  mereilrM  Mactlotmld, 
Worthy  to  L«  a  n^bcl.  Shak. 

5.  Deserving  of  ill ;  as,  things  tporthy  of  strii>es. 
Luke  xii. 

WORTHY,  (wur'tlic,)  n.  A  man  nf  eminent  worth  ; 
a  man  distinguished  lor  usi-fiil  and  estiuinhle  quali- 
ties ;  a  man  of  valrr :  a  word  much  used  in  the  plural : 
as,  the  worthitj  of  the  church;  political  worthies j 
military  worthies.  iMt/day.    JfUton. 

WORTH  Y,  { wur' the,)  r.  (.    To  render  worthy  ;  to  ex- 
alt.    [A"ot  U  u.te.]  Shak. 
WOT,  r.  i.     [Originally  Wat;  the  preterit  of  Hax. 
wittfM,  to  know,  formerly  used  also  in  the  present 
tenv-1 

To  know  ;  to  be  aware.     [06aJ  Spetuter. 

WQULD,  (W9vd,)pret  of  WiLu     [G.  woUnt ;  U  volo.] 

Would  is  used  a«  an  auxiliary  verb  in  ronditionnl 
forms  of  speech.  "  I  would  go  if  I  could,"  This 
form  of  expression  denotes  will  or  rejolutioii^  under  a 
condition  or  (supposition. 

V(Mi  trottld  go,  I  denote  simply  an  event  under  a 

He  trouJd  go,     {      cnnditiuii  ur  supposition. 

I'be  condition  implied  in  vould  ii*  not  always  ex- 
pressed. "  By  pleasiure  and  pain  I  would  be  under- 
sttNxl  to  mean  what  delights  or  molests  us  ;  "  that  in, 
if  it  should  be  asked  what  I  mean  by  pteastiro  and 
pnin,  I  would  thus  explain  what  I  wje<h  to  have  tm- 
drrstood.  In  this  form  of  e.ipressinii,  which  is  very 
ciinimon,  there  seems  tu  he  an  implied  allusion  to  nii 
inquiry,  or  to  tlie  supposition  uf  suuiethiiig  nut  ex- 
pressed. 

Would  has  the  sense  of  tela-h  or  pray,  particularly 
in  the  phrases  "  leould  to  God,"  *^  would  God  we  liad 
died  ill  Egj'pl,"  '*  I  would  that  you  knew  what  con- 
flict 1  have  ; "  that  is,  I  could  wish  such  a  tlii?ip,  if 
the  wish  could  avail.  Here  also  there  is  un  iniptied 
auiditiun. 

Would  is  used  also  for  teish  to  do^  or  io  have.    What 
wouldjft  thou  ?     What  would  he  ? 
WpULD'LNG,  (wjid'ding,)  a.    Motion  of  desire.    [JVof 

in  a5*.]  Hammond. 

WOUND,  (wound  or  woond,)  n.  [Sax.  wund ;  D.  wond ; 
G.  wunde:  W.gwanitf  to  thrust,  to  stab.] 

1.  A  breach  of  the  skin  and  flesh  of  an  animal,  or 
of  the  bark  and  wood  of  a  tree,  or  of  the  bark  and 
substance  of  other  plants,  caused  by  violence  or  ex- 
ternal force.  The  <:elf-healing  p»»wer  of  living  beings, 

■  animal  or  vegetable,  by  which  the  parts  separated  in 
wounds  tend  to  unite  and  become  sound,  is  a  remark- 
able proof  of  divine  benevolence  and  wisdom. 

2.  Injur)'}  hurt;  as,  a  wound  given  to  credit  or 
reputation. 

[Walker  condemns  the  pronunciation  woond  as  a 
**  capricious  novelty."  It  is  certainly  opposed  to  an 
important  principle  of  our  language,  viz.,  that  words 
in  ou,  of  Saxon  origin,  retain  the  regular  Saxon  sound 
of  mr,  as  sound,  ground^  found,  &.C.,  while  words  de- 
rived from  the  French  have  the  sound  of  ou  in  that 
language,  as  soup,  ^oup,  4tc.  It  is  very  undesirable 
tn  break  in  upon  this  rule,  though  woond  is  undoubt- 
edly the  fashionable  pronunciation.  —  Ed.] 
WOUND,  (wound  or  woond,)  v.  u  To  hurt  by  vio- 
lence ;  as,  to  wound  the  head  or  the  arm  ;  to  wound  a 
tree. 

He  vaa  wounds  for  our  tranigrcaaioas.  — ti.  lliU 

WOUND,  pret.  and  pp.  of  Wi;<d. 
WOUNDED,  pp.     Hurt;  injured. 
WOUND'ER,  n.     One  that  wounds. 
WOUND'ING,  ppr.     Hurting;  injuring. 
WOUND'ING,  71,     Hurt;  injury.     Gen.  iv. 


WRA 

VVOUNU'LKSS,  a.     Free  from  hurt  or  injury. 

WOUND' WORT, «.  The  name  of  several  plants;  one 
a  species  of  AchiUett;  another  of  the  genus  Staehys 
or  Hedgencltle  ;  another  a  species  of  Laserpitium ; 
another  a  siwcles  of  Solidago  ;  and  anotlier  a  species 
of  Senecio.  Ovc 

WOUND'Y,  a.     Excessive.     [Vulftar.]  Gay. 

WOVE,  pret,  of  VVeavb,  sometimes  the  participle. 

WOV'IJN,  up.  or  a.  from  \Vki.te. 

WOX,  W0X'>:N,  for  Waxed.     [.V»(  used.] 
Mote.  —  W  before  r  is  always  silent. 

WRACK,  (rak,)  n.  [See  Wreck.]  A  name  given  to 
n  marine  plant,  out  of  which  kelp  is  made,  and 
which  is  also  of  great  utility  as  a  manure.  It  is 
sometimes  called  Sea-Wrack  or  Sea-Wbeck,  and 
Ska-Oak  and  Sea-Tanole.  It  is  the  Fucus  vesicu- 
losus  of  Linnaeus,  a  plant  found  on  rocks  left  dry  at 
low  water.  'I'he  stalk  runs  along  the  middle  of  the 
leaf,  ami  is  terminated  by  watery  bladders.  Cye. 
'I'he  iTo.is-vfrack  Is  of  the  genus  Zustera.  Lee. 
tVrack.  and  to  wrack     See  Wreck. 

WRA(?K'FUIi,  0.     Ruinous  ;  deslruclive. 

WR.^lX'-IloLT.     See  Wrknq-Holt. 

WRAITH,  n.  An  apiiarition  of  a  person  in  his  exact 
likeness,  scon  before  death  or  a  little  after.  [Scot- 
tish.] Jainieson. 

WRAN"GT<E,  (rang'gl,)  e.  I.    [from  the  root  of  ict-iV, 
Sw.  vriitiga;  lltul  is,  to  wring,  to  twist,  to  struggle, 
to  contend  ;  or  it  is  from  the  nitit  of  ring-,  to  sound.] 
To  dispute  angrily  ;  to  quarrel  peevishly  and  nois- 
ily ;  to  brawl  ;  to  altercate. 

For  a  Kun  of  kingvlwna  you  fhoul.l  arangU.  Shak, 

Uo  did  not  kiiuw  what  itwtu  to  terangle  on  iiidi^Tcrenl  noinO. 

Addieon. 

WRAN"GLE,  (rang'gl,)  v.u  To  involve  in  conten 
tioh.     [Little  used^  Sanderson. 

WHAN''GLE,  (rang^gl,)  «.  An  angry  dispute  ;  a  noisy 
<l"»rril.  StrifL 

\VRAN"(;LER,  (rang'gter,)  n.  An  nngrx  disputant ; 
one  who  disputes  with  heat  or  peevishness;  as,  a 
noisy,  coutcniious  wrunffler.  Watts. 

Senior  wrantrler  :  in  the  iinir(r<ntti  of  Cambridire^  the 
student  who  jmsses  Ihe  best  examination  in  the  sen- 
ote-housc.  Then  follow  the  second,  third,  tc,  wran- 
fflers. 

WRAN"GLE-SOME,  (rang'gl-sum,)  a.  Contentious  : 
quarrelsome.  Moore. 

WUAN"*;LING,  ppr.  or  a.  Disputing  or  contending 
angrily. 

\VRAN''GLING,  n.    The  act  of  disputing  angrily. 

WRAP,  (rap,)  v.  Uipret.  and  pp.  Wrapped  or  Wrapt 

1.  To  wind  or  fold  together.    John  xx. 

a.  To  Involve;  to  cover  by  winding  something 
round  ;  oftrn  with  up  ;  as,  to  wrap  up  a  child  in  its 
blanket ;  icrop  the  body  well  with  flannel  in  winter. 

I,  urapt  ill  mfat 
or  miilniffht  vapor,  gliile  ubaciire.  Amton. 

3.  To  involve  ;  to  hide  ;  as,  truth  wrapt  in  tales. 

4.  To  comjirise  ;  to  contain. 

l,coiUinp'«  young'  wif*^,  In  whom  all  liia  hnppinrM  wai  ■wrapped 
up,  (lied  ill  a  few  dayt  after  the  denlb  of  ht-r  daughter. 

Addison. 

5.  To  involve  totally. 

Tilings  ffli'cted  on  in  groci  and  tram 
wrapped  in  iinpeoct ruble  obacurity 

6.  To  inclose. 

7.  To  snatch  up;  to  Irant-pnrt.  [This  is  an  error; 
the  true  siwlling  is  Rap  or  Rapt,  from  the  verb  ?-a- 
pio.l 

WRAP'PAOE,  n.     That  which  wraps. 
WRAP'P^D,  (rapt,);  ,„        ^      r,i  ^     •     .       ^ 

WRAI'T  IPP-    Wound  ;  folded  ;  mclosed. 

WU A  P'PER,  n.    One  that  wraps. 

2.  That  in  which  any  tiling  is  wrapjwd  or  in- 
closed. 

3.  A  loose  garment ;  applied  sometimes  to  a  lady's 
undress,  and  somelimns  to  a  loose  overcoat, 

WRAP'PING,  7)7>r.  Winding;  folding;  involving; 
inchtsing. 

2.  a.  Used  or  designed  for  wrapping  or  covering  ; 
as,  wrappinff  pa[»er. 

WRAP'RAS-CAL,  n.  An  old  cant  term  for  a  coarse 
Upp»-r  coat.  Smart. 

WRASSE,  n.  The  English  name  of  a  number  of  fish- 
es inhabiting  the  rocky  parts  of  the  coast,  and  be- 
longing to  the  family  Labridie,  (genus  Labrus,  Linn.) 
They  are  prickly-spined,  hard-boned  fishes,  with  nb- 
K»ng,  scaly  bodies,  and  a  single  dorsal  fin.  Many  of 
them  prewnt  vivid  colors.  p.  Cyc. 

WRATH,  (rath,)  n.     \Snx.  ttraih,  wrtEth ;  S\v.  and  D. 
vrede;  \V.  irad^  of  which  L.  ira  is  a  contraction  ;  Ar. 
-    if 

.»,)  eralJia ;  Gr.  i/jcOw,  to  provoke.    Class  Rd, No. 


t\y,  are  thoujlit  to  be 
~Locke. 


36.] 

1.  Violent  anger  ;  vehement  exasperation  j 
nation  ;  as,  the  wrath  of  Achilles. 


indig- 


Whpn  Ihe  vrriUh  of  Kin^  AliMucnis  wn«  appeased.  —  Ealh.  fj. 
O  Lord  —  ill  trrath  renu-inbirr  ni'^rcy.  —  H.ib.  iii. 

2.  The  effects  of  ancer.     Prov.  xxvii. 

3.  The  just  punishment  of  an  offense  or  crime. 
Rom.  xiii. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  WHAT.— METE,  PRBV.  — PINE,  MARINE,  BIRD— NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQQK.— 
]074  


WRE 

OotPs  iprathj  in  Scripture,  is  his  holy  and  just  in- 
dignation a!;ainst  sin.    Rom.  i. 

WRXTH'FJJL,  (rith'-O  a.  Very  nnpry  j  greatly  in- 
censed.   The  king  was  very  wrathful. 

2.  Springing   from   wrath,   or  expressing    it;  as, 
■wrathful  passions;  n  wrathful  countenance. 

VS'RATII'FIJL-LV,  adv.     With  violent  anger.     Shak. 

WRXTH'FlJLr-NESS,  n.     Vehement  anger. 

WRATn'l-LV,  adc.     V^ery  angrily. 

WRATH'LESS,  a.     Free  from  anger.  JTailer 

\VR.\TH'Y,  a.     Very  angry  ;  a  colloquial  word, 

VVRAWL,  (rawl,)  r.  t.     [Sw.  crd/a,  to  bawl.1 

To  cry  as  a  cat.     [A~ut  in  use.]  Spenser. 

WRk.YK,  (reek,)  r.  L  [Sax.  irrtccon,  itrceccan;  D. 
wreeken;  G.rdcken;  perhaps  allied  to  break.  The 
sense  is,  to  drive  ot  cbrow,  to  dash  with  violence. 


Sec  At. 


-.  *.>.    Class  Rg,  No.  32,  and  No.  48.] 


1.  To  execute;  to  inflict;  to  burl  or  drive;  as,  to 
icreak  vengeance  on  an  enemy. 

On  me  lei  Death  wreak  all  hia  ra^.  MUtan. 

2.  To  revenge. 

Coux  vreaJt  hi«  lot«,  whom  boollew  ye  complain.       Fhtrfas. 
Another's  wron^  to  wtak  upon  thyajlf.  Spenser. 

[Thi-^  fatter  sense  is  nearly  or  quite  obsolete.] 
W^'Rf.AK,  fnr  Reck,  to  care,  is  a  mistake.  Shak. 

WRk.\K,  n.    Revenge;  vengeance;  furious  [wssion. 

[Obf.  1  Shak.     Spen^-trr. 

WTtRAK'FlJL,  a.    Revengeful;  angry.  Shak. 

WRk.AK'LKSS,  a,     Unrevengeful ;  weak.        Shak, 
WREATH,   (reelli,)   n.      [Sax.   wnetAj  wreoth.      See 

Wbithb.] 

1.  Something  twisted  or  curled;   as,  a  wreath  of 
flowers.     Hence, 

2.  A  garland  ;  a  chaplet. 


Nor  wear  ha  brows  rictoriotu  wretUhM, 


Anon. 


1 


WRk.\THE,  b.  (.  ,•  pret.  Wreathed  ;  pp.  Wreathed, 
Wreathe  w. 

1.  To  twist ;  If  convolve  ;  to  wind  one  about  an- 
other ;  as,  to  wreathe  a  garland  of  rtowers. 

2.  To  interwiave;  to  entwine;  as,  chains  of 
mrathed  work. 

3.  To  encircle,  as  a  garland. 

The  R(.wcr»  that  wrealhe  the  Bparhling  bowl.  Prior^ 

4.  To  encircle  as  with  a  garland  ;  to  dress  in  a  gar- 
land. 

AntI  with  Oij  winding  Uj  tgreatiua  her  lance.  Ihyden. 

WRkATHE,  p.  i.  To  be  interwoven  or  entwined  ; 
a-4.  a  bnwer  of  wrrathing  trees.  Druden, 

WRkAFH'/CD,  (reelhd,)  pp.  or  a.  Twisted;  en- 
twined ;   interwoven. 

WReATH'ING,  ppr.  Twisting;  entwining;  encir- 
rline. 

WRk  ATH'LESS,  a.    Destitute  of  a  wreath. 

VVRkAT  H'Y,  (ree'the,)  a.  Twiatod  ;  curled;  spiral; 
as,  a  wreatky  spire. 

WRECK,  (rek,)  n.  [Dan.  vra^^  a  wreck,  ahipttyreck; 
Sw.  vrak,  refuse;  »ax.  tW(Ec,  wnecea,  an  exile,  a 
WTPtch  ;  U.  wrak,  brrikcii,  a  wreck.  This  word  stg- 
ntfios  prnperly  that  which  is  cast,  driven,  or  dashed, 
or  tlKtt  which  is  broken.] 

1.  Destruction  ;  properly,  the  destruction  of  a  ship 
or  vessel  on  the  shore,    ftence, 

2.  The  ruins  of  a  ship  stranded  ;  a  ship  dashed 
against  rocks  or  land,  and  broken,  or  otlterwise  ren- 
dered useless,  hy  violence  and  fracture. 

3.  In  /air,  gooils,  &c.,  which,  after  a  shipwreck, 
are  cast  upon  the  land  by  the  sea.  Buuvicr, 

4.  Dissolution  by  violence  ;  ruin  ;  destruction. 

1'h«  teredc  of  matter  and  the  cnuh  of  worlds.  Addltan, 

5.  The  remains  of  any  thing  ruined ;  dead  weeds 
and  grass. 

6.  In  metaVur^y,  the  vessel  in  which  ores  are 
washed  the  third  time. 

7.  Wreck,  for  Wreak,  Is  less  proper.  [See  also 
Racr.I 

WRECK,  0.  t.     [Sw.  vrWia,  to  throw  away.] 

1.  To  strand  ;  to  drive  ag;iinst  the  stiure,  or  dash 
at^inst  rocks,  and  break  or  destroy.    The  ship  Dia- 
mond of  New  York  was  wrecked  on  a  rock  in  Cardi- 
gan Bay,  on  the  coast  of  Wales, 
a.  To  ruin  ;  as,  lliey  wreck  tlieir  own  fortunes. 
.1.  Wreck,  for  Wreak,  is  improi»T.  Shak. 

WRECK,  r.  i.     To  suffer  wreck  or  ruin.         Milton. 

VVRECK'f^D,  (rekt.)  pp.  Dashrd  against  the  shore  or 
on  rt^tcks  ;  Ktnindt-d  and  ruined. 

WREOK'ER,  H.     One  who  seeks  the  wrecks  of  ships. 

\Vin:CK'FIJL,  a.     Causing  wreck. 

^V'REi'K'INV;,  ppr.  Stranding;  running  on  rocks  or 
on  shore ;  ruitiing. 

WRECK'-MXS-TER,  n.  A  person  appointed  by  law 
tr»  take  charge  of  goods,  &.C.,  thrown  on  shore  after 
A  Khipwnck. 

WREN,  (rcn,)  n.     [Sw.  wreniia;  Ir.  drcan.] 

One  of  a  group  of  stnnll  iiisessorial  birds.  Wrens 
ficd  on  insects,  &c,,  and  are  often  very  familiar 
with  man.  According  to  CiivierV  arrangement,  the 
common  wrens  are  of  the  gfniis  Troglodytes  ;  the 
guld-crcsted  wreni<  of  the  genus  ReguliH.     P.  Cye. 


WRE 

WRENCH,  (rench,)  v.  t.  [G.  verrcnken;  D.  verwrin- 
gen.     See  Wrino.     Qu.  It.  freanc.] 

1.  To  pull  with  a  twist ;  to  wrest,  twist,  or  force 
by  violence ;  as,  to  wrench  a  sword  from  another's 
hand. 

2.  To  strain  ;  to  Bprain  ;  to  distort. 

You  wrenched  your  foot  Bgalnat  ft  stone.  Sunft. 

WRENCH,  (rench,)  n.  A  violent  twist,  or  a  pull  with 
twisting. 

2.  A  sprain  ;  an  injury  by  twisting;  as  in  a  joint. 

Locke. 

3.  An  instrument  for  screwing  or  unscrewing 
iron  work. 

4.  Means  of  compulsion.     [A'wt  used.)        Bacon. 

5.  In  £A6 ;j/uraZ,  sl'jights  ;  subttlties.     [Obs.] 

Chaucer. 
WRENCH'£D,  (rencht,)  pp.     Pulled  with  a  twist; 

spmined. 
WRENCH'ING,  ppr.    Pulling  with  a  twist ;  wresting 

violently  ;  spraining. 
WREST,  (rest,)  v.  t.     [Sax.  wra:.itan ;   G.   reissm,   to 

wrest,  to  snatch  or  pull,  to  burst,  to  tear;   Dan. 

vrister.     Q,u.  L.  restii,  a  rope.l 

1.  To  twist  or  extort  by  violence  ;  to  pull  or  force 
from  by  violent  wringing  or  twisting;  as,  to  wrest 
an  instrument  from  another's  hands. 

2.  To  take  or  force  from  hy  violence.  The  enemy 
made  a  great  effort,  and  wrested  the  victory  from 
our  hands. 

But  f.ite  haa  wrcaled  the  coiif'^saiou  from  me.  Addison. 

3.  To  distort ;  to  turn  from  truth  or  twist  from  its 
natural  meaning  by  violence  ;  to  pervert. 

WreH  once  the  law  to  your  aiithoriljr.  Shak. 

ThoM  shall  not  wrest  the  )ii'tgTnent  of  the  poor.  —  Kx.  xxiii. 
Which  Hkj  that  are  iiidi'atn'-d  a»d  iinsliihle  icrest,  na  Ihoy  do 

also  Uie  oUier  scni>tures,  to  ibeir  own  destriiciiaii. — 8  Pet. 

iii. 

WREST,  (rest,)  n.  Distortion  ;  violent  pullin  i  and 
twisting;  perversion.  Hooker, 

2.  Active  or  moving  power.  [JVo(  used.]   Spenser. 

3.  An  instrument  to  tuno. 

WREST'ED,  Pi*.    Pulled  with  twisting;   distorted; 

p(ir  verted. 
WREST'ER,  n.    One  who  wrests  or  perverts, 
WREST'ING,  ppr.    Pulling  with  a  twist ;  distorting  ; 

f>er  verting. 
WRES'TLE,  (res'I,)  v.  i.    [Sax.  ler/Bstlian  or  wraxlian  ; 

D.  worstelen.     If  wraxlian  is  the   true   orthography, 

this  word  belongs  to  Class  Rg;  otherwise  it  is  from 

wre,^t.] 

1.  To  strive  with  arms  extcntled,  as  two  men,  who 
seize  each  other  hy  the  collar  and  arms,  each  endeav- 
oring to  throw  the  other  by  tripping  up  his  heels  and 
twitching  him  off  his  center. 

Another,  by  a  f'dl  In  vrresUing,  started  the  end  of  the  clavicle 
Irom  the  sternum.  Wisenuin. 

2.  To  struggle ;  to  strive  ;  to  contend. 

We  \erettle  not  a  jninst  flesh  and  blow!.  —  Eph.  vl. 

WRES'TLER,  n.    One  who  wrestles  ;  or  one  who  is 

skillful  in  wrestling. 
WRES'TLING,  ppr.     Striving  to  throw  ;  contending. 
WRES'TLING,  n.     Strife  ;  struggle  ;  contention. 
WRETCH,  (retch,)   n.      [Sax.   wripcea,   one   who    is 

driven  ;  an  exile.    See  Wreck,  and  p-(jJ,  Class  Rg, 

No.  48.] 

1.  A  miserable  person ;  one  sunk  in  the  deepest 
distress  ;  as,  a  forU»rn  wretch, 

2.  A  worthless  mortal ;  as,  a  contemptible  wretch. 

3.  A  person  sunk  in  vice  ;  as,  n  profligate  wretch, 

4.  It  is  sometimes  used  by  way  of  slight  or  iron- 
ical pity  or  contempt. 

Poor  wretch  was  nerer  frighted  so.  Drayton, 

5.  It  IB  sometimes  used  to  express  tenderness ;  as 
we  say,  poor  thing. 

WRETCII'ED,  a.  Very  miserable  ;  si'nk  into  deep 
atfliction  or  distress,  either  from  want,  anxiety,  or 
grief.  ^     , 

The  wreU:hed  find  no  friemis.  Dryden. 

2.  Calamitous;  very  afflicting;  as,  the  wretched 
condition  of  slaves  in  Algiers. 

3.  Worthless;  paltry;  very  poor  or  mean;  as,  a 
wretched  (K>em  ;  a  wretched  cabin. 

4.  Despicable  ;  hatefully  vile  and  contemptible. 
He  was  puiltv  of  wretched  ingratitude. 

WRETCII'ED  LY,  atlv.  Most  miserably  ;  very  poor- 
ly.   The  prisoners  were  wretchedly  lodged. 

2.  Unhappily ;  as,  two  wars  wretchedly  entered 
ypon.  Clarendon. 

3.  Meanly;  despicably;  as,  a  discourse  torctcA«ay 
delivered. 

WRETCH'ED-NESS,  ti.  Extreme  misery  orunhappi- 
ness,  either  from  want  or  sorrow  ;  as,  the  wreuhed- 
ness  of  iKior  mendicants. 

We  hire,  with  the  f-pling,  lost  the  Tery  memory  of  ""'ch  v>retek- 

eflnesa  n*  our  ft-rrfittfitTS  endured.  Ralegh. 

The  prodigil  L.roiis;hl  nothing  to  his  father  but  hU  r.t^s  iind 

wrelchednee$.  Dmghl. 

2.  Meanness;  despfcableness  ;  KS,ihQ-a>retchedness 
of  a  performanct^ 
WRETCII'LESS,  for  Reckless,        ) 
WRF/rCH'LBSS-NESS,  for  Reck- >  are  improper 

LESS^ESS,  ) 


WRI 

WRIG,  for  Wrioole.     [JV*o(  in  use.] 
VVRIG'GLE,  (rig'gl,)  v.  i.     fW.  rhuglaw,  to  move 
briskly  ;  D.  wrigselen  or  wrUdten.] 
To  move  the  body  to  and  fru  with  short  motions. 

Both  he  and  his  sucM'sson  would  often  vHggt§  in  their  seata,  u 
lung  as  the  cushion  lusu-d.  SwifL 

WRIG'GLE,  (rig'gl,)  V,  t.  To  put  into  a  quick,  re- 
ciprocating motion  ;  to  introduce  by  a  shihing  mo- 
tion. 

Wriggling  his  body  to  recover 

Hiti  soat,  and  cast  liis  rieht  leg  over.  ttudtbrOM, 

WRIG'GLER,  B.     One  who  wriggles. 

WRIG'GLING,  ppr.  or  a.  Moving  the  body  one  way 
and  the  other  with  quick  turns. 

WRIGHT,  (rite,)  n.  [Sax.  wryhta;  from  the  root  of 
work.] 

An  artificer;  one  whose  occupation  is  some  kind 
of  mechanical  business;  a  workman;  a  manufac- 
turer. This  word  is  now  chiefly  used  in  compounds, 
as  in  shipwricrht,  wheelwright. 

WRINti,  (ring,)  v.  t.;  preL  and  pp.  Wbisoed  and 
Wru.no.  The  latter  is  chiefly  ufcd.  [Sax.  tcrm^an  ; 
G.  ringen  ;  D.  wringr.n  ;  Dan.  vrtcngrr  i  Sw.  vritnga ; 
Dan.  ringer.    The  sense  is,  to  strain.] 

1.  To  twist ;  to  Uirn  and  strain  with  violence  ;  as, 
to  wring  clothes  in  washing. 

2.  To  Ptjueeze  ;  to  press  ;  to  force  by  twisting  ;  as, 
to  wring  water  out  of  a  wet  garment. 

3.  To  writhe  ;  as,  to  wring  the  body  in  pain. 

4.  To  pinch. 

The  kin*  began  to  find  wliere  his  shoe  did  taring  hiro. 

[Obs.]  Bacon. 

It  be  bad  not  been  too  mnch  ericTed  and  wrung  by  an  uneasy 

and  strait  fortune.     [Obe.]  dartndon. 

5.  To  distress  ,  to  press  with  pain. 

Didst  thou  laatc  but  h  ilf  the  ffriefs 
That  wring  my  sotil,  thou  couldst  nut  lUk  Lhna  oddly. 

Addison, 

6.  To  distort ;  to  pervert. 

How  dare  these  men  thus  vring  tlip  Scriptures?       WliilgifU. 

7.  To  persecute  with  e.\tortion. 

Th-sse   mTchant  adventurers  hare    been   often   wronged  and 
wringed  to  the  quick.  llayioard. 

8.  To  bend  or  strain  out  of  its  position  ;  as,  to 
wring  a  mast.  Mar.  Diet. 

To  vyring  off;  to  force  off  or  separate  by  wringing ; 
as,  to  wring  offXhe  head  of  a  fowl. 

To  wring  out ;  to  force   out ;  to  squeeze   out  by 
twisting  ;  as,  to  wring  out  dew  or  water.    Judges  vi. 
2.  To  free  from  a  liquor  by  wringing ;  as,  to  wring 
out  clothes. 

To  taring  from  ;  to  force  from  by  violence  ;  to  ex- 
tort;  as,  revenues  wrung  from  the  poor ;  to  wring 
from  one  his  rights  ;  to  icring  a  secret /rom  one. 

WRING, r.  i.     To  writhe  ;  to  twist ;  as  with  anguish. 

Sftak. 

WRING,  n.     Action  of  anguish.  HalL 

WRING'-B^I/r,  ".  [wrins  and  bolt.]  A  bolt  used 
by  sliipwrit;ht:i,  tobend  and  secure  the  planks  against 
the  timbers  till  thuy  are  fa.-*tcned  by  bolts,  spikes,  and 
tree-nails.  -War.  Diet. 

WRING'ED,  (ringdO  PP-  Twisted;  pressed;  dis- 
tressed ;  extorted. 

WRING'ER,  71.  One  who  wrings;  one  that  forces 
water  out  of  any  thing  by  wringing. 

WRING'ING,  ppr.     Twisting;  writhing;  extorting. 

WRING'ING-WET,  a.  So  wet  as  to  require  wring- 
ing, or  that  water  may  be  wrung  out. 

WRING'-STA  VES,  n.  pi.  Strong  bars  of  wood  used 
in  applying  wring-bolts.  Mar.  Diet, 

WRINK'LE,  (rink'I,)  n.  [Sax.  wrincle;  Sw.  rynka; 
Dan.  rynke.  This  coincides  with  ring,  a  circle. 
The  Dutch  write  this  word  krinkle,  and  kring  is 
ring.  The  G.  rumel  is  probably  of  the  same  family, 
formed  on  Rg ;  Ir.  rang.  If  n  is  casual,  the  root 
coincides  with  L.  ruga^  a  wrinkle,  and  W.  rAyf ,  a 
furrow.] 

1.  A  small  ridge  or  prominence,  or  a  furrow, 
formed  by  the  shrinking  or  contraction  of  any 
fimof)lh  substance  ;  corrugation  ;  a  crease ;  as, 
wrinkles  in  tile  face  or  skin. 

2.  A  Add  or  rumple  in  cloth. 

3.  Roughness;  uncvenness. 

Nor  the  U-aat  toriitklc  to  deform  the  sky.  Dryden. 

WRINK'LE,  (rink'1,1  v.  t.  [Sax.  wrinclian;  Sw. 
rynka:  Dan.  rynker.] 

1.  To  contract  into  furrows  and  prominences  ;  to 
corrugate  ;  as,  to  wrinkle  the  skin ;  to  wrinkle  the 
brow. 

Her  wrinkled  fonn  in  black  and  white  arrayed.  Pope. 

2.  To  make  rough  or  uneven. 

A  ki-pti  north  wind,  blowing  dry, 

Writik!ed  the  low  of  d-lngc,  us  deciyed.  MUUm. 

WRINK'LE,  t).  u    To  shrink  into  furrows  and  ridges. 
WRINK'LKD,  (rink'ld,)  pp.  or  a.    Contracted   into 

ridges  and  furrows. 
WRINK'LING,  ppr.      Shrinking;    contractmg    into 

furrows  and  ridges. 
WRIST,   (rist,)   n.     [Pax.  wrU't ;    aUied   probably   to 

wrest  and  wrestle  ;  that  is,  a  twist  or  junction.] 
1.  The  joint  by  which  the  hand  is  united  to  the 

arm. 


TONE,  BJJLL,  UNITE.- AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS.-e  asKiOaaJiSaaZ;  CH  asSH;  TH  aa  In  THIS. 


1275 


WRI 

3.  In  c*«  «MMf«,  tbe  khdU  writt  U  that  of  the 
cavmJier>s  loft  hud.  Cyr. 

WRIST'LET,  H.  An  elnstlc  band  worn  by  ladies 
around  the  wrist,  to   confine   the  upper  port  of  a 

WRIST'BAND»  m.  [icrist  and  baniL]  That  band  or 
[Hirt  of  a  shirt  sleeve  which  covers  tne  wrist. 

WRIT,  (rit,)  M.  [from  icrUe.]  That  which  i«  written. 
In  this  sense,  »rit  is  particularly  applied  to  the 
Scriptures,  or  books  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament  ; 
M,  ooly  m-it ;  sacred  wrU. 

2.  In  /dip,  a  precept  issued  (Vom  the  proper  au- 
thority to  the  sheriff,  his  deputy,  or  other  subonlinaie 
otficer,  cumntnndmg  him  to  perform  some  act,  as  to 
summon  a  defenJant  into  court  to  answer,  and  the 
like. 

la  EmgUatdf  writs  are  issued  fVom  some  court  un- 
der wuli  In  JMU  ^f  tJu  VitUtd  Stat«.f,  writs  are 
)«saed  by  any  liBglfl  judge  or  justice  uf  the  peace, 
in  tbe  name  and  by  the  authority  of  the  State. 

In  MMU  ^  tit4  UmUd  Stated,  the  writ,  in  a  civil 
suit,  contains  both  the  summon<t  and  the  plaintiff's 
declaratioD  or  cause  of  action  set  furth  ut  large,  auil 
a  writ  is  either  a  summons  or  an  attachment. 

Writs  are  arigimMl  ot  judicial.  An  original  writ,  in 
England,  is  issued  fh>m  the  btKh  court  uf  chancer}'. 
A  juAidal  writ  Is  iasued  by  order  of  a  court  upon  a 
special  occasion,  during  the  pendency  of  Itie  suit. 

Writs  are  of  various  kiiuts ;  as,  writs  of  a.«^tie, 
writs  ofcmpiasy  writs  of  dt^triHffos,  &.C  Sh*tk. 

3.  A  legal  instrument.  Skak. 
WRIT,  ^et.  of  Write,  U  not  now  used.    [See  Write 

and  V\  KoTs.l 
WRITE,  (rtle.J  r.  (. ;  prti.  Weote  ;  pp.  Writ,  Wbit- 
TE?t.     [Sax.  vritatty  awritan^  gneritam    Ice.  rifii; 
Goth.  vriLty  a  letter.    The  sense  is,  to  scape,  to 
scratch,  to  nib  ;  probably  fttmi  the  root  of  grate,  and 

1.  To  form  by  a  pen  on  paper  or  other  material,  or 
by  a  paver  on  wood  or  stone  ;  as,  to  writt  the  clinr- 
actsrs  called  Ictleis ;  to  mriu  figures.  We  vrite 
chanctars  on  paper  with  pen  and  ink  ;  we  write  them 
on  Moiw  with  a  graving  tool. 

3.  To  exprus  by  forming  letters  and  words  on 
paper  or  bums  ;  as,  to  writ*  a  deed  ;  to  writt  a  bill 
of  dlTorceroenL  The  ten  commandments  were 
whtUm  with  the  finger  of  God  on  tables  of  atooo. 
Ex»d.  xxit 

3.  To  engrave.     [See  the  preceding  definition.] 

4.  ^o  impress  durably.     H'rils  useful  truths  on  the 

5.  To  conipoae  or  produce,  as  an  author.      [iR-art. 

6.  To  copy  ;  to  transcribe. 

7.  To  commnnicale  by  letter. 

t  eboap  to  wrilt  tbe  Utlnr  1  (hmt  iMt  nnk 
To  bcr  1  loTcd.  frior. 

WRTTC,  (rfte,}r.  j.  To  perform  the  act  of  forming 
cbaraeters,  letters,  or  figures,  as  represenla tires  of 
soand;!  or  ideas.    Learn  to  wnu  when  yoang. 

9.  To  be  employed  as  a  clerk  or  an  amanuensis. 
A  writes  for  B.     D  wiles  la  one  of  the  public  oQlces. 

3.  To  play  the  author ;  as,  be  tbinlu,  be  spoaka, 
be  writes,  he  sin^. 

4.  To  recite  or  relate  in  books.  Joseplutt  w$4t»  of 
the  wars  of  tbe  Jews. 

5.  To  send  letters^ 

Bo  wnH  for  kQ  the  Jcwi  cooeeming  their  fnedaau     Eedr%t. 

6.  To  call  oneM  self  j  to  be  entitled ;  to  use  tlie 
style  oC 

TImm  wfa*  benn  to  vr 
•teme  to  Mto. 

7.  To  compose;  to  ftame  or  combine  ideas  and 
express  thsra  in  words. 

TVr  OB  «rtli  «p  t*  ibe  dlg^  ud  chuMier  «f  iWr  Kothon. 


,  bat  Utoafht  it  DO 

Ma. 


WRTT'ER,  Crlt'er,)  a.    One  who  writes  or  has  written. 
3.  .\n  author. 
3.  A  clerk  or  amanuensis. 

tfrUer  to  UU  mgntt ;  one  of  a  class  of  lawyers  in 
Scotland,  answering  to  tbe  highest  cla^  of  attorneys 
in  England.  Brande. 

Writer  ^tke  taDies ;  an  officer  of  the  exchequer  of 
England ;  a  clerk  to  the  auditor  of  the  receipt,  who 
writes  upon  the  t^lies  the  whole  of  the  tellers'  bills. 

Cfc, 
WRITHE,  (rnlie,)  e.  t      (Sax.  writkam;  Sw.   vrida; 
Dan.  rrider.] 
1.  To  twist  i  to  distort. 

Ite  OKWth  As  mriAiL  DryUn. 

3.  To  twist  with  violence  j  as,  to  wnUu  the  body. 


WRO 

3.  To  wrest :  to  distort ;  to  torture  ;  as,  to  wriOie 
wonls.     [  Obs.j  Hooker. 

WIimiE,  r.  i.  To  twist;  to  bo  distorted  ;  as,  to 
writJie  with  af^uny.  .Addison, 

WRTTirf.n,  (ruhil.)  pp.    Twisted  ;  distorted. 

WRri'il'lXG,  ppr.    Twisting;  distorting. 

WRlTll'LE,  (rilh'l,)  p.  t  [from  irrUhe.]  To  wrin- 
kle.    [JVot  in  use.]  Spenser. 

WRIT'lNt;,  ppr.  Forming,  as  characters,  with  a 
pen,  style,  or  graver. 

3.  a.  Used  or  intended  fur  writing ;  as,  writing 
paper. 

WRrr'ING,  n.  The  act  or  art  of  forminR  letters  and 
chamcttrs  im  i>np<'r,  W(hm(,  stone,  or  other  mnteriiil, 
for  the  pttriKise  of  recording  the  ideas  which  chanic- 
ters  and  words  express,  ur  of  coininunicaling  them 
toothers  I'y  visible  signs.  We  hardly  know  which 
to  admire  most,  the  ingenuity  or  the  utility  of  the  art 
of  writing. 

3.  Any  thing  written  or  expressed  in  letters; 
hence,  any  legal  insiniment,  as  a  deed,  a  receipt,  a 
tiond,  an  agreement,  &.c. 

3.  A  book  ;  any  written  composition ;  a  pamphlet ; 
as,  the  vritin^s  lA'  Addison. 

4.  An  inscription.    John  xix, 

5.  Writings,  pi. ;  conveyances  of  lands  ;  deeds}  or 
any  official  papers. 

WRrr'l.XG-BWK,  n,     A  book  for  practice  in  pen- 

mnn<4hip. 
WRFl'lNG-MAS-TER,  n.    One  who  teaches  the  art 

of  penmanship. 
WRIT'ING-SCUOOL,  n.    A  school  for  instruction  in 

pt-iimaiiship. 
IVRIT'TEN.  pp.  or  a.     Expressed  In  letters. 

Written  laws ;  statutes  :   laws  enacted    by  the  su- 

fircme  power  and  recorded  ;  as  contradistinguished 
rom  Hnwritten  or  common  law. 
Wl*  'Z'ZLED,  for  Writhled.     [Ab(  in  use.]   Spenser. 
WR  VK£N,  for  Weeakbd.     [Abt  in  use.]     Spenser. 
WRONG,  (rongj)  s.     fSw.  vrang;  Dan.  vrang;  proiv 
criy  liie  participle  oi  wrings  Biv.  vrdnga^  Dan.  rnrn- 
/er.J    Litrmlltf,  wrung,  twisted,  or  turned   from  a 
sUaight  line  or  even  suifhce.     Hence, 

1.  Not  phrsicalfy  right ;  not  fit  or  tnttnble ;  not 
amropriate  fur  use  ;  as,  the  wrong  side  of  a  garment. 
\ou  hold  the  b<K>k  the  wrong  end  uppermost.  There 
may  be  something  wrong  in  the  construction  of  a 
walrh  or  an  edifice. 

9.  Not  morally  right ;  that  deviates  from  the  line 
of  recUmde  prescribed  by  God  ;  net  ']\\nX  or  equita- 
ble ;  not  right  or  proper  ;  not  legal ;  erroneous  j  as, 
^  wrong  practice;  wrong  ideas;  a  wrong  course  of 
lift;  wrmtg  measures;  wrong  inclinntiuns  and  de- 
sires; a  wrong  application  of  talents;  wrong  judg- 
nienL    Hob.  i. 

3.  Erroneous  ;  not  nccording  to  truth ;  as,  a  wrong 
statenienL 
WRONG,  (nmg,)  n.  Whatever  deviates  from  moral 
rt^titude  ;  any  injury  done  to  another  ;  a  trcspa.-ss  ;  a 
violation  of  right-  Wrongs  are  private  or  public.  Pti- 
vote  wrongs  are  civil  injuries,  immedinlily  affecting 
individuals;  public  wrongs  ar;^  crimes  and  misde- 
meanors which  otfect  the  community.    BUickstone. 

8uk1  nfcl  to  AlnhftBi,  My  vrang  \x  oa  ihee.  — Gan.  xvl, 
rriesd.  t  do  ibco  do  taring.  —  M.iti.  xx. 

Th0  oUigBtioQ  to  mIrcM  a  wrong,  is  ai  least  u  Undltiff  ns  that 
of  pajTUig  R  deU.  E.  JSvtreU. 

WRONG,  (rong,)  adv.  Not  rightly ;  amiss ;  morally 
ill ;  enoneoualy. 

Tea  eensiire  wrong  for  ooe  Uiot  writes  amiss.  Popt. 

WRONG,  (rong,)  e.  U  To  injure;  to  treat  with  in- 
justice ;  to  deprive  of  some  right,  or  to  withhold  some 
act  of  justice  from.  We  wrong  a  man  when  we  de- 
fraud him,  and  when  we  trespass  on  his  property. 
We  wrong  a  man  when  we  neglect  to  pay  him  his 
due.     Phdemon  18. 

2.  I'o  do  injustice  to  by  imputation  ;  to  impute  evil 
unjustly.  If  you  suppose  me  capable  of  a  base  act, 
you  wrong  me. 

WRONG'-DO-ER,  a.    One  who  injures  another  or 
does  wrong. 
2-  In  taw,  one  who  commits  a  tort  or  trespass. 

Bouvier. 

WRO\G'-DO-ING,  n.    Evil  or  wicked  act  or  action. 

WRONG'irD,  pp.    Treated  unjustly;  injured. 

WRONG'ER,  u.    One  who  injures  another. 

WRONG'Fl,*L,  a.  Injurious  ;  unjust ;  as,  a  wrongful 
taking  of  pro[»erty  ;  wrongful  dealing. 

WRONG'FJJL-LY,  adv.  Unjustly  ;  in  a  manner  con- 
trary to  the  morut  taw  or  to  justice ;  as,  to  accuse 
one  wrongfully  i  to  suffer  wrongfully 


WYV 

WRONG'llEAn,  (rong'hed,)  n.  A  person  of  a  per- 
verse understanding. 

WUOiNG'lIEAU-ED,  a.  [wrong  and  ktad.]  Wrong 
in  opinion  or  principle;  having  a  perverse  uiider- 
stnndinff ;  perverse. 

WRONG'IIEAD-ED-NESS,  n,  Perverseness  j  erro- 
neousness. 

WRONG'ING,  ppr.  Injuring;  treating  with  injua- 
tice. 

WRONG'LESS-LY,  adv.  Without  injury  to  any  one. 
[^rot■nsed.\  Stditey. 

WKONG'IiY,  arfr.  In  a  wrong  mnnncr;  unjustly; 
amiss.     He  judges  wrongly  of  my  motives. 

WRONG'NESS,  71,    Wnmg  disposition;  error.  Butler. 

WRONG'-TIM-ED,  a.    Done  at  an  improper  time. 

WROTE,  prct.  of  Wbite.      He  icrote  n.  letter  yester- 
day,    Herodotus  wrote  his  hif^tory  more   than  two 
thousand  years  ago. 
JVctp.  —  Wrote  is  not  now  used  as  the  participle. 

WROTH,    (rawth,)   a.      [Sax.    wrtelh,    wrath.      See 
Wrath.] 
Very  angry  ;  much  exasperated. 

Call)  wiu  rery  vrolft,  mul  hi*  countciinncc  fell,  —  Gen.  i». 
I  was  wroth  with  my  ixh>iiIci.  —  Is.  xlvii. 

r^n  exr.fllent  word,  arid  not  obsolete  ] 
WROUGHT,  (rawt,)  pret.  and  pp.  or  a.  from  Wubb. 
[Sax.  worltte,  tlio  pret.  and  pp.   of  wircan,  lecorc.ui, 
to  work.] 

1.  Worked  ;  formed  by  work  or  labor. 

2.  Etl'ected ;  performed. 

Sbe  hRth  wrought  n  |^ood  work  upon  inc.  —  MutL  xxrf. 

3.  Effected  ;  produced.  He  wrought  tlie  public 
safety.    A  great  change  was  wrought  in  his  mind. 

Thio  wrought  the  grcalesl  coiifusbu  in  tlie  unbelieving;  Jews. 

Adduon. 

4.  U^ed  in  labor. 

The  elikps  of  th.-\t  cilj'  sliall  Ulte  &  hcifiT  th«l  hath  not  been 
wrought  with. —  bcui.  xxi. 

5.  Worked  ;  driven  ;  us,  infecllun  wrought  out  of 
the  body.     [JV'ot  used.]  Bacon, 

6.  Actuated. 

Vain  Mur4l,  by  his  own  rashness  wrought.  DrycUn. 

7.  Worked  ;  used ;  labored  in.    The  mine  is  etill 

8.  Formed  ;  litted.  wroughL 
Ue  Uiat  hMh  vroughi  o»  Tor  the  seir-same  thing  is  Ood.  —  3 

Cor.  T. 

9.  Guided;  managed.     [JVotused.]  Milton, 

10.  Agitated  ;  disturbed. 

Mj  (lull  biuin  was  wrought 
With  ihiji^Ti  (uTgoi.  Sfiok. 

Wrought  iron;  iron  deprived  of  its  carbon,  usually 
by  the  process  called  puddUng,  which  see.  Wrought 
iron  is  totif;h,  flexible,  malleable,  and  ductile. 

Wrought  on  or  upon ;    influenced  ;  prevailed  on. 
.  His  mind  was  wrought  upon  by  divine  grace. 

Wrought  to  or  up  to;   excited;    inflamed.    Their 
minds  were  wrought  up  to  a  violent  passicm.     She 
was  wrought  up  to  the  tenderest  emotions  of  pity. 
WRUNG,  (ning,)  pret.  and  pp.  of  Wbiwo. 
WRV,  (rl,)  a.     [Goth,  wraicwa,  or  Dan.  vrier,  to  twist, 
contracted  from  vrider,  Eng.  lo  writhe.] 

\.  Twisted  ;  turned  to  one  side  ;  distorted  ;  as,  a 
wry  neck  ;  )l  wry  mouth. 

a.  Deviating  "from  the  right  direction  ;  as,  wry 
word.-», 

3.  Wrested  ;  perverted  ;  as,  to  put  a  wry  sense  on 
an  author's  words.  Jitterbury. 

WRV,  V.  i.'  To  he  writhed  or  distorted.     [JVot  used.] 
WRV.  r.  t.     To  distort  ;  to  wrest     [JVoi  used.] 
WR-?'NECK,  n.    [wnj  nnii  neck.]   A  twisted  or  distort- 
ed neck  :  a  deformity  in  which  the  neck  is  drawn 
to  one  side,  and  at  the  same  time  somewhat  forward. 

Cyc. 

2.  A  disease  of  the  spasmodic  kind  in  sheep,  in 
whicli  the  head  is  drawn  to  one  side.  Cyc. 

3.  In  ornithology,  a  small  bird  of  the  eastern  con- 
tinent, resembling  the  woodpeckers,  the  Yiinx  tor- 
quiUa  ;  so  called  l^rtun  the  singular  manner  in  which, 
when  surprised,  it  turns  its  head  over  its   shoulders. 

Ed.  Kneye. 

WR?'NECK-f:D,  (rl'nekt,)  a.  Having  a  distorted  neck. 

WRS'NESS,  n.    The  state  of  being  wry  or  distorted. 

Jirlountague. 

WYCH'-EI-.M,  n.  A  variety  of  the  elm,  «»r  a  peculiar 
species,  (Ulmiis  montana,)  which  is  said  by  some  to 
be  only  a  variety  of  Ulinus  campe^lris,  a  native  of 
Eiirrtpe.  Cyc. 

WTND,  tu    A  narrow  lane  or  alley.     [ScoUish.] 

WY'VERN,  Ti.  A  kind  of  flying  serpent,  somelimes 
represented  in  coats  of  arms.  Buchanan, 


FATE,  FAR,  PALL,  WHAT.— MftTE,  PRSY.  — FINE,  MARTNB,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BQOK-- 


J276 


YAN 


YAR 


YAW 


X. 


XTIIE  twenly -fourth  letter  of  the  Knglisli  alpha- 
)  but,  is  borruwed  from  the  Gryek.  In  tlie  middle 
and  at  the  end  of  words,  it  has  the  sound  of  ks^  as 
in  wnx,  lax,  luxury.  At  the  beginning  of  a  word,  it 
has  precisely  tJie  sound  of  i.  It  is  used  as  an  initial 
in  a  few  words  borrowed  from  the  Greek. 

As  a  numeral,  X  stands  fur  10.  It  represents  one 
V,  which  stands  for  5,  placed  on  the  top  of  another. 
When  laid  horizoDtally,  thus,  X  ,  it  stands  for  1000  ; 
and  with  a  dash  over  it,  thus,  X",  it  stands  for  10,000. 
As  an  abbreviation,  X.  stands  for  CArwt,  as  in  Xn. 
Chru'tian^  Xra.   Ckristmas. 

XAN'THie,  a.    [Gr.  ^avBoi,  yellow.] 
Tending  toward  a  yellow  color. 

XAN'THie  ACID,  n.  An  acid  consisting  of  bisul- 
pburet  of  carbon,  water,  and  oiyd  of  ethyl  or  tuher. 

Qraham. 

XAN'THI€  OX'YD,  n.  A  brown  substance  compos- 
ing a  urinary  calculus.  Qraham, 

XAN'TIIID,  (zan'thid,)  n.  A  term  applied  to  a  sui>- 
posed  compound  of  zanthogcn  with  some  basitiable  or 
acidifiable  element, 

XAX'Tin.VE,  (-thin,)  n.  The  yellow  dyeing  matter 
contained  in  madder.  Ure. 

XAN'TIIO-GEN,  (zan'tho-jen.)  n.  [Gr.  fflrOo?,  yel- 
low, and  jEi-i-uf.',  to  generate,  from  the  yellow  color 
of  its  compounds.] 

A  supposed  basifying  and  acidifyin;;  conipound 
principle,  considered  to  lie  analogous  to  cyanogen, 
and  believed  to  consist  of  sulplmr  anil  carbtm, 
which,  with  certain  metals,  forms  santliids,  aud 


with  hydrogen  forms  xanthohydric  acid,  analogous 
to  cyanoliydric  acid.  Tlio  above  views,  how<wer, 
in  regard  to  these  comiMiunds,  arc  not  considered  as 
well  establislied. 

Xii'DEC,  (7,ii'hcl(,)  71.  A  small,  thrtte-tnasted  vessel, 
used  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  With  a  fair  wind, 
in  gooii  weather,  it  carries  two  large  sfjuare  sails; 
when  close  hauled,  it  carries  large  lateen  sails. 

Mar.  Diet. 

XE-NOD'0-€Fiy,  (ze-nod'o-fce,)  n.     [Gr.  (evi^oxia.] 
Reception  of  strangers,-  hospitality.      Coekeram. 

XEN'0-TIME,  n.     [Gr.  ^ei'.g,  a  stranger.] 

A   native  phosphate  of  yttria,  having  a  yellowish- 
brown  Cdlnr.  Dana. 

XE-KO-€OI^LYR'I-UM,  n.     [Gr.    f^.ooj,    dry,    and 

KoX^VfltiiV.] 

A  dry  collyrium  or  eye-salve.  Coxe. 

XE-Ro'UkS,' n.     Any  tumor   attended    with    dry- 
ness. 
XE-RO-.MT^RU.M,  «.       [Gr.  ^j^p.j,   dry,  and  ftvpov^ 
ointment.] 

A  drv  ointment.  Coxe. 

XE-ROPH'A-GY,  (ze-rofa  je,)  71.  [Gr.  f/jpws,  dry, 
and  <pny''',  to  eat.j 

The  eating  of  dry  meats,  a  sort  of  fast  among  the 
primitive  Christians. 
XE-ROPH'THAL-MY,  (zc-rof'thal-mc,)  n.  [Gr.  Inpou 
dry,  and  ntpOaXfita.] 

A  dry,  red  soreness  or  itching  of  the  eyes,  without 
swelling  or  a  discharge  of  humors. 
XE-R0'Te8,  (zo-ro'tez,)  n.    A  dry  habit  or  disposi- 
tion 


XIPH'I-AS,  (zife-as,)  71.    [Gr.,  from  J'^wf,  a  sword.] 
1.  The  swonl-fish.     In  natural  kt-itory,  the  name 
of  a  genus  of  (ishes,  to  which  the  Xiphias  Gladtua, 
or  common  sword-fish,  belongs. 
9.  A  cornet  shaped  like  a  sword. 
XIPII'OID,  (ziroid,)  fl.     [Gr.  ^^«f,  a  sword,  and 
eif^'K,  likeness,  i.  e.,  sword-Iike.l 

Tlie  xiplwid  or  m-iifurm  cartilarre,  is  a  small  carti- 
lage placed  at  the  bottom  of  the  breast-lHtne. 

Cye.     Coze. 
XV'LTTE,  n.     [Gr.  ^vUv,  wood.] 

A    liquid  which  exists  in  commercial   p>roxync 
spirit.  Oraham. 

XY-LO-RAL'SA-MUM,  71,    The  wood  of  the  t>al3am- 

tree. 
XY-LO-GRAPH'ie,  a.    Belonging  to  xylography,' or 

wood-engraving. 
XY-LOG'RA-PliY,    (zMog'ra-fe,)    71.       [Gr.     (l.^ov, 
wcKid,  and  }onipi.>,  to  engrave.] 

Wood-engraving  ;  the  act  or  art  of  cutting  figures 
in  wiH)d,  in  representation  of  natural  objects, 
XY-LOPH'A-GOUS,  a.    [Gr.  JvAoi/,  wood,  and  day  w. 
to  eat.] 
Eating  or  feeding  on  wood. 

XYST,  (Zist,)  i  rr^        r  1 

XYS"r0S,  (zis'-,)  i  "•     tGr.  ^vcroi.] 

In  ancient  architecture,  a  long  and  open,  or  some- 
times covered,  court,  with   porticos,  for  athletic  ex- 
ercises, as  wrestling,  running,  &.c.  Brande. 
XYS'TER,  (zis'ler,)  n.     'Gr.  ^varpov^  from  (ww,  to 
scrape.] 
A  surgeon's  instrument  for  scraping  bones. 


Y. 


YTIIE  twenty-fifth  letter  of  the  English  alphabet, 
)  is  taken  from  the  Greek  v.  At  the  beginning  of 
words,  it  is  called  an  articulation  or  consonant,  and 
with  some  propriety,  perhaps,  as  it  brings  ilie  root  of 
the  tongue  in  close  contact  with  the  lower  part  of  the 
palate,  and  nearly  in  the  position  to  which  the  close  g 
brings  it.  Hence  it  has  happened  that  in  a  great  num- 
ber of  words,  g  has  been  changed  into  jf,  as  the  Sax. 
gear  into  year,  geomian  into  yeant,  gyllan  into  yell, 
gealew  into  yellow. 

In  the  middle  and  at  the  end  of  words,  y  is  pre- 
cisely the  same  as  i.  It  is  sounded  as  t  long,  when 
accented,  aa  in  dffy,  rely ;  and  as  1  short,  when  un- 
accenUrd.  as  in  vanity^  glory,  synonymous.  This  lat- 
ter souna  is  a  vowel.  At  the  beginning  of  words,  y 
answers  to  the  German  and  Dutch  _;. 

Y,  as  a  numeral,  stands  for  150,  and  with  a  dash 
over  it,  Y,  for  150,000. 

YACHT,  (yot,)  n.  [D.  ja-r* ;  G.  jacht,  from  jagetu  It 
u  originally  a  boat  drawn  by  horses.] 

A  light  and  elegantly  furnished  vessel,  used  either 
for  private  parties  of  pleasure,  or  as  a  vessel  of  state 
to  convey  princes,  &c.,  from  one  place  to  another. 

YACHT'ER,  n.    One  engaged  in  sailing  a  yacht. 

YACHT'IN'G,  (yot'ing,)  n.  Sailing  on  pleasure  ex- 
cursions in  a  ynchL 

YA'GER,  (yaw'ger,)  n,  [G.  jdgcr,  from  jagen,  to 
chase.] 

One  belonging  to  a  body  of  light  infantry  armed 
with  rifles.  Brande. 

YA'HOO,  71.  A  name  given  by  Swift,  in  one  of  his 
imaginary  voyages,  to  a  race  of  brutes  having  the 
form  and  all  the  degrading  passions  of  man.  They 
are  set  in  rnntra.st  witli  the  Huuyknhnns,  or  horses 
endowed  with  reason,  and  the  whole  is  designed  as 

'  a  satire  on  our  race. 

YAK,  71.  A  niminant  mammal  of  the  bovine  tribe, 
the  Bos  Poephagus,  or  Bison  Poepbagus ;  a  species 
of  ox,  with  rylindric  homi  curving  outward,  long, 
pendent  hair,  and  villous,  horse-like  tail  ;  the  grunt- 
ing ox  of  Pennant.    Tliis  ox  is  found  in  Thibet.  Cyc, 

YAM,  n.  A  large,  esculent  tuber  or  root  of  various 
climbing  plants,  of  tlie  genus  Dioscorea,  growing  in 
tropical  climates,  and  forming,  when  roosted  or 
boiled,  a  wholesome,  palatable,  and  nutritious  food. 
The  yarn  sometimes  grows  to  the  length  of  three 
feet,  and  weighs  thirty  pounds.  lAtndmu 

YAN'KEE,  (yank'e,)  71.  [A  cornijrt  pronunciation  of 
the  word  Englisk  by  the  native  Indians  of  America, 
or  more  probably  of  the  French  word  .Anglais.] 

IlaJietcclder, 


The  popular  name  for  the  citizens  of  New  Eng- 
land, but  applied,  among  foreigners,  to  all  the  inhab- 
itants of  the  United  States  indiscriminately. 
YAN'0-EITE,  71.    A  mineral,  called  also' AxirtiTr, 

who^e  crystals  resemble  an  ax.  Ure. 

YAP,  to  bark,  is  not  a  legitimate  word. 
Ya'PON  or  YA'PON,  71.    The  cassine  or  South  Sen 
tea. 

Tlie  Ilex  Cassine  or  youpon,  is  a  shrub  growing  in 
the  Southern  States,  used  as  a  tea  and  a  medicine. 

JShase, 
YARD,  n.     [Sax.  geard,  gcrd,  gyrd,  a  rod,  that  is,  a 
shoot.] 

1.  A  measure  of  three  feet  or  thirty-six  inclies.  It 
is  just  seven  nintlis  of  the  Paris  ell. 

2.  [Sax.  gyrdaiiy  to  inclose  j  Dan.  gierde,  a  hedge, 
an  inelosure  ;  gierder,  to  hedge  in,  Sw.  gdrda.]  An 
inclosure  ;  usually,  a  small,  inclosed  place  in  front  of 
or  around  a  house  or  barn.  The  yard  in  front  of  a 
Imuse  is  called  a  Counr,  and  sometimes  a  Court- 
Yard.  In  the  United  States,  a  small  yard  is  fenced 
round  a  barn  for  confining  cattle,  and  called  Bariv- 
Yard  or  Cow-Yard. 

3.  In  ships,  a  long,  slender  piece  of  timber,  nearly 
cylindrical,  suspended  upon  the  mast,  by  which  a 
flail  is  extended. 

Yard  of  land ;  in  old  books,  a  certain  quantity  of 
land,  but  diflerent  in  dillbrent  counties.  In  some 
counties  it  was  15  acres,  in  others  20  or  24,  and 
even  40 
Dock-yard ;  a  place  where  ships  are  laid  up. 
Prison-yard  ;  primarily,  an  inclosure  about  a  prison, 
or  attached  to  it.  Hence  liberty  of  the  yard,  is  a  lib- 
erty granted  to  persons  imprisoned  for  debt,  of  walk- 
ing in  the  yard,  or  within  any  other  limits  prescribed 
by  law,  on  thwir  giving  bond  not  to  go  beyond  those 
limits.  United  States. 

YARD,  V.  t    To  confine  cattle  to  the  yard;   as,  to 
yard  cows.     [.>?  farmer*^  vord.] 

YARD'-ARM,  n.     {yard  and  arm.]     Either  half  of  a 
ship's  yard,  from  the  center  or  mast  to  the  end. 

Ships  are  said  to  be  yard-arm  and  yard-nrm,  when 
so  near  as  to  ti)Uch,  or  interlock  their  yards. 

YARU'-LAND,  n.  See  Yard  of  LA.to,  under  Yard. 

YARU'STICK,  71.      [yard  and  stick.]    A  stick  three 
feet  in  length,  used  as  a  measure  of  cloth,  &.c. 

YARD'WAND,  71.    [yard  and  wand.]    A  measure  of 
a  yard  ;  now  Yardstick. 

YARE,  a.     [Sax.  gearw,  prepared;   from   the   root  of 
gear.    See  Eaoer.] 

Ready  ;  dextrous  ;  eager.     [  Obs.]  Shak. 


YARE'LY,ntZD.  Readily  ;  dextrously  ;  skillfully.  [Obs.] 

Shak. 
YARN,  71.     [Sax.  gearn;  G.  Ice.  and  Sw.  gam;  D. 
garcn.] 

1.  Spun  wool ;  woolen  thread ;   but  it  is  applied 
also  to  other  sptjcies  of  thread,  as  to  cotton  and  linen. 

2.  In  rope-making,  one  of  the  threads  of  which  a 
rope  is  composed.     It  is  spun  frtun  hemp. 

3.  Among  sramen,  a  story  spun  out  by  a  sailor  for 
the  amusement  of  his  conipanions,  [Low.]    Marryat. 

YARR,  V.  u     [Low   L.  hirrio  ;  Celtic,  garyW.  garw, 
rough.] 

To  growl  or  snarl,  as  a  dog.     [J^ot  in  use.] 

Jiinsicortk. 
YAR'Rrsif*,  a.  Having  a  rough,  dry  taste.  [Local.] 
YAR'ROW,  T(.     [Sax.  gcarwe  ;  fiiu  yaro]    • 

A  plant  of  the  genus  Achillea;   the  milfoil,  or 
plant  of  a  thousand  leaves. 
YAT'A-GHAN,  71.    A  long,  Turkish  dagger.     [See 

Ataghaiv.1 
YATE,  71.     A  gate.  Spenser. 

[Still  used  in  the  north  of  England.] 
YAULP,  I  V.  i.    To  yelp;  to  cry  out  like  a  child. 
YAUP,     j  Jamieson.     BrockeU. 

[Scottish,  and  sometimes  used  in  Jimerictu] 
YAW,  r.  i.    To  rise  in   blisters,  breaking   in  white 
froth,  as  cane-juice  in  the  sugar-works.    [Uu.  yew. 
See  Yew.]  West  Indies. 

9.  In  napi»flfto7i,  to  steer  wild,  or  out  of  the  line 
of  her  course,  as  a  ship.  Mar.  Diet. 

YAWL,  71.    A  small  ship's  boat,  usually  rowed  by  four 

or  six  oars. 
YAWL,  V.  i.       To  cry  out  like  a  dog;  usually  prO' 

vounccd  yowl.     [See  Yell.] 
YAWN,  ii.  i.      [Sax.  gconan,  gynian;  G.  g'dhnen;   W. 
agenu !  Gr.  xad/oj.] 

1.  To  gape;  to  oscitate  ;  to  have  the  mouth  open 
iirvoluntorily  through  drowsiness  or  dullness. 


The  Inzy,  yniening  dron*". 

AnJ  while  ti\>vve  lie  mpendi  his  breMh, 

The  yaioning  itudienco  nod  Ixnealh. 


ShaJc. 


9.  To  open  wide  ;  as,  wide  yaions  the  gulf  below. 

3.  To  express  desire  by  yawning  ;  as,  to  yawn  for 
fat  livings.  Hooker. 

YAWN,  71.    A  gaping;  an  involuntary  opening  of  the 
mouth  from  drowsiness  ;  oscitatinn. 

One  peraon  yawning  In  comp-iny  will  produce  n  ipontaneoui 
yaton  in  nil  prrarnL  N.  CKipman. 

9.  An  opening  wide.  Addison. 

YAWN'AD,  pp.    Gaped;  opened  wide. 


TONE,  BULL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CJOUS €  as  K;  0  aa  J ;  8  as  Z ;  Cil  as  SHj  TH  as  in  THIS. 


1277 


YEA 

YAWN'INO,  ffr.  or  a.    Gapinc  ;  opening  wide. 
2.  «.     Sl»r|ty  ;  druvvsy  ;  dtill.  SbdL 

YAWN'INtS,  «.    The  «i  of  (raping  or  opening  wide. 

YAWN'IXG-LV,  mdo.    In  a  yawning  ojannrr. 

Irvvtft 

TiV^VS,  K.    [African  ««»,  a  raspberry.] 

A  diaeaae  called  Djr  Good  Rubula,  from  raftiu,  a 
nspberry.  It  la  characterixed  by  cutnnvons  ninwr*, 
nummMifl  and  eucoesslve  ;  gradually  iitcrpa»inp  rnun 
specki  to  the  size  of  a  ia^)bcrr>' ;  one,  at  lencth, 
growing  larger  than  the  rrst ;  rore  n  fungous  excres- 
cence i  fever  «liglit,  and  probably  irriuiive  nuTt-Iy. 
U  ia  ciUDnionly  suiipa^ed  to  be  contAgious,  and  lo  oc- 
cur but  onr«  during  lifp;  but  hutb  of  these  pninu 
are  duuUful.  It  iii  soiut^ttnics  called  FaAMsouiA,  a 
borhantus  nan»e  derived  fium  the  French  /rumhoua^ 
a  rambeny.  There  are  two  varieties  of  this  disease, 
whkh  dilfer  considerably  ;  the  one  occurrinit  in  Af- 
rica, the  other  in  America.  It  is  scarcdy  known  in 
Europe.  Oeorf. 

Y-€LAn',  (e-klnd',);ip.  Clad.  [Thb  word  and  the 
fiillowlag  retain  tlw  jr,  which  is  the  remains  of  ilie 
^xon  gt  prefixed  to  verb«.  But  it  is  obsolete,  ex- 
cept in  poetr)',  and  perhaps  In  burlesque  only.] 

T'ei£P'£D,  (e-klopt'O  fjt,  of  Sax.  «s<fmisa,  ctoea, 
tocalL  [See  YcLAD.]  Called  ;  naaed.  It  is  obso- 
lete, exc^  in  buriei>quo. 

Y-DRAtK,  re-drad',)  ^     Dreaded.    [Oks.]      Sptnttr, 

Y£.£r«a.    [:?ax.  r*-] 

The  iKMniaatire  plural  of  the  second  person,  of 
which  (Asa  is  the  9ingulnr.  But  tlie  two  words  have 
no  radical  connrrtiun.  Ye  is  now  u«ed  only  in  the 
sacied  and  sulcinn  style.  Incouioioa  discourse  and 
writinf,  ysa  Is  exclusively  used. 

Sna  ft  u«  WMbed.  but  |»  ue  tameOStd.  —  I  Cor.  *t. 

YEA,  CyS  er  ya,}  sde.  [Sax.  ^sa,  tfMt:  G.  D.  and 
JHn.  M ;  i*w.  iota.  In  con«enL  Qu.  G.  ^^otca,  lo  af- 
finn.     CtaMCg,  .\ti.25,aai 

1.  Yes ;  a  word  ihnt  expresses  afliniiation  or  as- 
seuL  Will  you  go?  Km.  It  Kimrtiroes  introduces  a 
subject,  with  the  sense  of  indeed,  verily,  truly,  it 
is  so. 

r««,  katt  God  mU,  Y*  AmB  wC  art  <f  cm;  uw  is  iW  gu» 


LctTssri 


viMtiaa  btyH,|(Bs;  mljt,  tmf.  —  Man.  v. 


%  It  someliBiee  enforces  the  sense  of  soaMthiag 
preeading ;  sot  only  mx,  but  mora. 

T^um  I  ^  f  i)ilw,  fm,»niwm  w>bI».  — PWI.  L 

3L  In  Swiplars,  It  Is  used  to  deooce  oeitalBty,  eon- 
•faceacy,  harsMwy,  aad  slabiUqr. 

AHWfiyiiiirfO«diaM»MSf,M^Wfc— ana— .^ 

rin  Ibis  nse,  the  word  mar  be  eoasidsred  a  aaon.] 
Tss  is  used  rarHy  except  fa  the  sacred  and  solemn 
style.     [See  Yaa.] 

ge\d;J'^  •^«°-  [<*^]  *~-^- 

Y£AN',  r.  t.     I  Sax.  Maisa.] 

Tu  !  TMi::  forthyoung,asa|oators6eep;  tolamb. 

yeendjMt.    Brought  foffth. 
">•;,  a.     The  young  of  ahe^;    a  lamlk 

TbAR,  a.  Sax.  ftmr;  G.  jahr;  D.  jsar;  Sw.  er: 
Dan.  mmr ;  bans.  jmkr^M ;  prubably  a  course  or  circle  ; 
the  root  gmr.  gtr^  sienifytng  to  run.] 

I.  The  space  or  period  nf  time  in  which  the  sun 
moves  through  the  twelve  signs  of  the  ecliptic,  or 
whoie  eirde,  aad  letHroa  lo  the  same  point.  This  is 
the  solar  year,  and  the  year  in  the  strict  and  proper 
seise  of  the  word.  It  b  called  abo  the  tn^ical  or  eciui- 
■octial  year.  Thb  period  cofapcebeads  what  are  called 
Ibe  twelve  calendar  mnotfas,  or  3(3  days.  5  boutm, 
4B  mlnvtea,  and  47  7-10  seconds.  BiA  at  mpmttr 
mmfty  the  year  coasists  of  365  days,  and  every 
fbwth  year  of  3G6 ;  a  day  being  added  lo  Ffebruary 
OB  that  year,  on  account  of  the  exceas  above  365 

S.  The  time  in  whkh  anf  planet  eompletea  a  rev- 
olHiii»n  ;  as,  the  year  of  Jupiter  or  of  Satunw 

X  The  time  ia  which  the  fixed  tfara  make  a  rev- 
olutioo  is  called  the  Gbsat  Ya*.a. 

4.  rswv,  m  the  plural,  is  sometimes  equivalent  to 
ace  or  old  age ;  as,  a  maa  in  yeers. 

la  f  ipa/ar  faa^aa^fe,  jF'«r  b  often  used  fbr  jresrs. 
The  horse  Is  ten  ensreU. 

SUmretiym-;  the  time  in  which  the  sun, depart- 
ing from  any  Sxed  star,  letnms  to  the  aame.  This 
is  365  dajra,  6  boon,  9  minutes,  and  9  ft-IO  accoods. 

Jtwgmmhttieml  ytmr :  the  Ume  that  elapses  fmra  the 
■nn^  leaving  iu apogee  or  pengee,  till  it  returns  to  it ; 
wUek  is  365  days,  6  hours,  1-1  minaiea,  neartv. 

OM  yiBTi  Ike  year  which  any  natkm  liaa  coa- 
trtved  for  the  computation  of  time. 

Busextile  or  Ic^  yssr,*  the  year  eanristiagof  366 
days. 

Xim-  fssr,  consirti  of  12  lunar  moolbs. 

Lamar  tttrtmtmit*!  fear,  consists  of  1*2  lunar  synod- 
ical  moiHlis,  or  354  days,  8  hours,  48  minutes,  36 


YEL 

CiMKaisa  htaor  |wir,  consists  of  13  lunar  civil 
months,  or  354  days. 

EmMimmie  or  iatsmi/ary  iHsar  ftiitr^  consists  of  13 
lunar  civil  months,  and  contattis  384  days. 

yaltaa  year,  estnblishud  by  Julius  Cesar,  consists  of 
365  days,  6  hour*. 

Ortfm-Umyr..  '   "  m  year  corrected, and  Is 

the  year  now  _  :  in  Eumpe.     Frcm  the 

difference  liciu  l  the  Julian  year  ari-xcs 

the  distinction  oi  uu\  mm  .New  :5iyle.     [See  Stvi^, 
No.  lij 

SabhatU  yer,  among  tie  fsraelUes^  was  every 
seventh  year,  when  their  land  was  siiflbreil  to  lie 
untilled.  Ctte.     Encye, 

The  cirii  or  Ufal  ywr,  In  Knff/awrf,  iVtrinerly  cnm- 
raeiiced  on  tlie  ^25tit  day  of  March.  This  prariice 
cnntiiiti<-d  throughout  the  Rritlsh  duminiuns  till  the 
vear  17.^ 
YeAR'-llOOK,  n.  [year  and  book,]  A  honk  con- 
taining annii.il  repoits  of  cases  adjudgul  in  the 
CdiirLs  of  Knglnnd. 
Y£AK'£D,  o.    Cuatainiog  years.    [A>£  in  u$t,] 

&  Jmwea. 
Y£AR'LING,  a.     A  young  beast  one  year  old,  or  In 

the  second  year  of  his  age. 
YJSAIl'LIXG,  a.     lleing  a  year  old;  as,  a  yserlta^ 

heifer. 
TftAB'LY,  s.    Annual ;  hap^ienlng,  accruing,  or  com- 
ing every  yrar  ;  as^  a  yeurlff  rent  or  income. 
9.  Lasting  a  yr.ir ;  as,  a  yfaWy  planL 
X  Coniprtrho tiding  n  year  ;  a«,  llie  yearly  circuit  or 
revolution  of  thr  earth. 
Y£AR'LY,«^r.   Annu.^lly;  once  a  year  j  asjbleaaings 

■eaWir  bestowed. 
YE.'^RN,  (yern,)  r.  i.  [Sax.  gwraisa, ^wnsa,  jf|rniaa, 
Mmisa,  to  desire  ;  lo  jeeni ;  Sw.^ems,  willingly  i 
Dan.  gitm*^  G.  f*rn^  D.  gaamt.  The  sense  is,  to 
sCrsM,  or  sUelch  forward.  \Ve  have  ssnuuC  (him  the 
same  root.] 

1.  To  be  strained  ;  to  be  pained  or  distressed ;  lo 
suffer. 

FWhtiff.  be  b  (Vwl. 
Aad  we  BMMi  3iaMni  thmliHC.  Oak. 

S.  l7tfiulty,to  long ;  lo  feel  an  earnest  desire ;  that 
Is,  litrrally,  to  bavu  a  desire  or  inclination  stretching 
toward  the  ot^fect  or  end.    1  Stags  iiL 

lMn*awd»  taHli,  W  Wi kos^ dkt  yMr«  opoa  hb hfoUMr. — 

Tmt  ■isbif'i  baut  wmnt*  WMud  ytm.  Ad£aom. 

Aaadwi,  II II  iiMl  fc>  cwnWnl, 
■pshs  bad  Um  hsigwga  oT  bb  yaanimg  muL  P^&. 

YB.ARIf,  (yeraO  «.  I.    To  pain  ;  to  grieve ;  to  vex. 

»c  hMNsti  iw  k,  Umu  It  wooU 
Tava  yser  bnrt  to  w»  k.  &mk. 

k  yMHM  ■■  Mt  r  MB  my  gBRMob  wear.    \Okm,\      Simk. 

YEAR\'PDL,s.     Uoumful;  dbtressing,    [06s.] 

YEARN'ING,  ^pr.  or  a.  Longing;  having  longing 
desire. 

YE.\RN'IXG, 
nesis,  or  nity. 

YEARN'IXG-LY,  adv.    With  yearning. 

YRAST,  (yeesc,)  a.  [Sax.  guty  yeast,  a  gnest,  also  a 
■torm ;  ysc,  a  storm ;  G.  f^tveAC,  yMM>  and  ir^sC,  a 
guggt,  fiUeAwi,  to  foam  or  froth  ;  D.  ri^  yeast ;  git- 
tai,  U>  ferment.  7*his  coincides  with  gat  and  gkosC 
The  primary  sen^e  of  the  noun  a  wind,  spirit,  flatu- 
lence, or  froth,  from  rushing ;  Ch.  DDJ,  to  inflate. 
Cbiss  Gs,  So,  18.] 

1.  Barm  :  the  foam,  froth,  or  flower,  of  beer  or 
other  liquor  in  femicntation  ;  any  preparation  used 
for  raising  dough  fur  bread  or  cakes,  and  making  it 
light  and  pufly. 

2.  Spjme  or  foam  of  water.  [Aet  ta  um.]  Shnk. 
YEAST' Y,  «.  Fmthy  ;  foamy  ;  spumy  ;  like  yeasu 
YELK,  a.     rSax.  f  ss/ne,  yellow  ;  G.  geU^  yellow.  Bee 

Gold  and  Vbixow.] 

Tb«  ydkiw  part  of  an  egg ;  the  vJtellns.    It  Is 
■omecimea  written  and  pronoanced  Yols,  but  Yels 
Ysttisa 


Strong  emotiottf  of  desire,  tender- 


is  the  proper  word. 


I  corruption. 


TELf ^  e.  t.     [Sax.  ^isO^a,  nUaa ;  U  e'dUa ;  Sw. 
/ttffs,  to  ring.    It  agrees,  in  dements  with  Call.] 

To  cry  out  whh  a  hideous  noise ;  to  cry  or  scream 
as  with  agony  or  horror.  Savages  y«U  laost  fright- 
fa  lly  when  they  are  rushing  to  the  first  onset  of 


Nflt  llM  DigM  n*ea,  IM  aUO  deMtty  y^ls.  Sperutr. 

YELL,  a.    A  shaip,  loud,  hideous  outcry 

TiMk' hUrooi  ildlf       -> 
Smd  tW  <tut  wefhiii.  Phi!^. 

YELL'^CD,  pf.    Uttered  hideous  cries ;  shrieked. 

YELL'ING,  f^.  or  a.     Uttering  hideous  otttcries; 
shriekini;;  as,  yeffia^  monsters.  JiliUaa. 

YELL'ING,  a.    The  act  of  screaming  hideously. 

YEL'  L6W,  a.  [Sax-  gtaUw,  yellow  i^gr^dU,  gall ;  G. 
gelb  i  D.  /set :  Dan.  gutd :  Sw.  garni,  gnL  Hence 
gold,  Dan.  gmld.  The  Fr.  Jawne  is  the  same  word, 
ccHitraded  mim,yaKiai!,  as  it  is  written  in  the  Nor- 
man ;  It.  giaUof  Buss,  jfikmu^  to  become  yellow; 
iebsi>,  yellow  ;  L.  galbanuA,  Qlu.  ^rr»a.  The  n>ot 
w  tlie  Celtic  galf  gfsl,  brigfaL  (See  G<:ld.)  Class 
Gl,  Na  7.1 
eing  uf  a 


Being 


briglit  color;  of  the  color  of  gold. 

ATnotoa. 


YES 

■— "■    -  » 

YEL'LOVV,  a.  A  bright  golden  color,  reflecting  tho 
most  light  of  any,  nl^er  wiilte.  It  is  oiiu  of  the  sim- 
ple or  wimltivfl  colors. 

Y1:L' LOW-BIRD,  M.  A  small  singing-bird  of  the 
genus  Cnrduelts  of  Brisson,  common  ia  the  United 
t^tate>■.  It  is  the  FririeiHa  iristis  of  Linnsus.  The 
ffiiiiimcr  dress  of  the  male  is  of  a  lemon  yellow,  with 
the  wing!i,  taiU  and  fore  part  of  the  head  black.  The 
female  and  the  male,  during  Iha  winter,  are  of  a 
lifiiwn  olive  color.  ft^tUoru 

YKL'Lf^W-IU.OS'SOM  .EDjO.  Furnished  oradomed 
with  vrllnw  flowers.  OoUtsmitk. 

YKL'Lir>\V-BOV,  ».     A  gold  coin.     [Vuigar.] 

YKL'I.OW-EAUTH,  (nrlh,)  a  A  yellowish  clay, 
cc'lnred  hv  iron.  Ure, 

YEL'LOW-FE'VER,  a.  A  malignant  febrile  disease 
of  warm  climates,  which  is  often  attended  with  yel- 
lowness of  the  skin,  of  some  shade  between  lemon- 
yf'tlow  niid  thu  deepest  orange-yellow,  and  often  also 
with  whfil  is  cnlleti  black-vomit. 

YEL'Lf>\V-«OLD»,  It.     A  flower.  B.  Jowton, 

YEL'LAVV-IUIR-Fn,  a.     Having  yellow  hair. 

YEL'LOW-IIAM-MER,  a.  A  European  bird  of  the 
genus  Embert/.a  ;  nl-so  called  the  YELLow-BunTino. 
Its  princifKil  colon  are  shades  of  gamboge,  yellow, 
and  brown.  ^  Jardine. 

YKL'LO\V-r?H,  a.  Somewhat  yellow;  as,  am  be  i  is 
of  n  v^iiowLih  color.  Wowheard, 

YEL'l.fiW-I.'^n-XESS,  a.  The  quality  of  being  some- 
what vrlluw.  BojfU, 

YEL'L6\V-.NESS,  «.  The  quality  of  being  yefiow; 
as,  the  yrUowaess  of  an  orange. 

3.  Jealousy.     {JVot  in  mie.]  SJutJu 

YEL'LOWS,  n.  A  disease  of  the  bile  in  horses,  cat- 
tle, and  sheep,  causing  yellownesti  of  eyes. 

Q.  A  disease  of  peach-trees  in  the  United  States, 
causing  them  to  prutluce  abortive,  yellow  sprouts  on 
the  trunk  aud  limbs,  and  soon  destroying  them. 

Prof.  E.  /PM. 

YEL'LOW-THROAT,  a.  A  small  North  American 
singing-bird,  of  the  genus  Sylvia,  a  species  of  war- 
bler. Pu^ady'j  Mass.  Rep. 

YELP,  p.  C  [Sax.  ^va/poa,  to  bray;  Dan.  gylper^  to 
cntak.J 

To  bark,  as  a  beogle-bound  aftn*  bis  prey,  or  as 
other  dogs. 

YF.LP'INOjppr.     Barking  in  a  particular  manner. 

Y£'MTE,  n.  A  mineral  of  a  black  or  brownish-black 
color  and  sub-metallic  luster,  inclining  to  resinous, 
occurring  massive  and  in  prismatic  crystals.  It  con- 
sists of  oxyd  of  iron,  lime,  and  silica,  and  is  nrop- 
eriy  an  ore  of  iron.  It  was  first  obtained  at  Eltw, 
and  was  called  Jei*itc,  in  commemoration  of  the 
battle  of  Jena.  It  is  also  called  Liktsitb,  from  its 
d  iscoverer.  Dana. 

YEO'MAX.  (yO'man,)  n.  [Sax.  gemane^  common,  Sw. 
gtmcn^  Dnn.  gfmeen.     S€^  Commo:t.] 

1.  A  conjnmn  man,  or  one  of  the  plebeian^,  of  the 
first  or  most  n^speciahle  claw* ;  a  freeholder  ;  a  man 
free  born.  A  yeoman  in  Enclaiid  is  considered  as 
next  in  order  to  the  gentry.  The  word  is  little  used 
in  tho  United  States,  unless  as  a  title  in  law  pro- 
ceedings and  instrttments,  designating  occupation, 
and  this  only  in  particular  States.  But  YxoMA^ar 
is  sometimes  used. 

2.  An  cpfficer  In  the  king's  household,  of  a  middle 
rank  between  a  gentleman  and  a  grocmi.  England. 

3.  In  shijUyan  inferior  officer  under  the  boatswain, 
gunner,  or  carpenters,  charged  with  the  stowage, 
account,  and  distributiou  of  the  stores. 

Mar.  Diet. 

4.  yesmea  qf  tAe  guard,  are  a  body-guard  of  the 
English  sovereign,  consisting  of  100  men,  armed 
with  partisans,  and  habited  in  the  costume  of  the 
IGth  ceiitiir\.  P.  Cyc 

YEfl'MAN-lJTKE,  (yO'man-,)  a.    Like  yeomen. 
YEo'MAN-l.Y,  a.     Pertaining  to  a  yeoman. 
YEO'MAN-RY,  (y6'man-re,)  a.     The  collective  body 

of  yeomen  or  freeholders.     I'bus  the  common  people 

in  America  are  called  the  yeomanry. 
YERK,  c.  L    [Tills  seems  to  be  Uie  Hcb.  and  Ch.  p^>, 

Eth.  vU4  I    vuroitiT,  to  spit,  that  ia,  to  thrust  out.   It 
is  the  some  as  Jcre.     Class  Rs,  Nn.  35.] 

To  throw  or  thrust  with  a  sudden,  smart  spring; 
as,  horses  verk  their  heels.  Far.  Diet, 

YERK,  a-    A  sudden  ot  quick  thrust  or  motion. 

YERK'ING,  ppr.    7'brusting  with  a  quick  spring. 

YERN.     Sec  YBAB.-f. 

YER'-NUT,  (  a.    An  earth-nut ;  a  pignut. 

YA  R'-N  UT,  \  WiihraJuoM. 

YES,  ado.     [Sax.  giseJ] 

A  word  which  expresses  affinnation  or  consent ; 
opposed  to  No  ;  as,  are  you  married,  madam  .'    Yes. 

It  ia  used,  like  Yea,  to  enforce,  by  repetition  or  ad- 
dition, something  which  precedes.  You  have  done 
all  this ;  yer,  you  have  done  more. 

Yea,  70a  despue  U>e  man  to  boolu  confiaed.  Pop*. 

[^Valker's  pronunciation  of  this  word  as  yt*  is  now 
considered  Tulgnr,  and  no  polite  speaker,  as  Jamie- 
son  remarks,  would  so  pronounce  it  on  bis  author- 

YEST.    See  Yeait. 


FATE,  FAR,  FALL,  \VH.^T.  —  M  ETE,  PREY.  — FINE,  MARINE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WQLF,  BgQK.  — 


YIE 

YK:3''1'KK,  a.    [G.  gestem;  D.  gbitcren;  Sax.  gystem; 
It.  hr^teraus.] 

Last ;  last  past ;  next  before  ihe  present ;  as,  yes- 
ter  9un.  Drijdm. 

J^ote,  —  This  iH  seldom  used  except  in  the  com- 
pounds wbicii  fulluw. 
YES^TER-DaY,   n.      [Sax,    gyrstan-dag,   gyrsterlnic 
dag.     See  Yester.] 

1.  The  day  last  past;  the  day  next  before  tlie 
presenL 

All  our  yeiUrdaya  hnre  lighted  fouls 

The  WKf  to  diMiy  death.  SfuUe. 

VTe  lire  but  of  yMitrdaj/,  and  know  nothing.  — Ji>b  Tiii. 

2.  Yesterday  is  used  generally  without  a  preposi- 
tion ;  as,  I  went  to  town  yesterday.  Yeatfrday  we 
received  letters  from  our  friends.  In  this  case,  a 
preposition  \s  understood  ;  as,  on  yesferdayy  or  durtu^ 
yesterday.  The  word  may  be  considered  us  adverb- 
ially n:«ed. 

YES'TERN,  n.     Relating  to  the  day  last  past. 
YES'TER-MGHT,(-nite,)n.    [y ester  Avx^ii  nighu]  The 
lafit  night. 

2.  It  is  used  without  a  preposition.  My  brother 
arrivi'd  yesternight ;  where  on  or  diirittjr  js  under- 
stoiul,  but  it  may  be  considered  asj  adverbially  used. 

YE-ST'Y.     See  Yeasty. 

YET,  cojtj.    [Sax.  get^  gyt ;  Or.  f  ri ,-  W.  etio.    It  seems 

to  l»e  from  the  root  of  the  verb  get.] 
Nevertheless  ;  uot  withstanding  ;  nowever.   I  come 

to  you  in  the  spirit  of  pt-ace  ;  yet  you  will  not  receive 

me. 

Yet  I  aay  to  tou,  tlmt  Solomon,  In  oil  bis  g^loiy,  was  not  arrayed 
like  oiu;  of  lltne.  —  &I:tU.  vi. 

YET,  adv.     Beside  ;  over  and  above     There  is  one 
reason  yet  further  to  be  alleged. 

3.  Still ;  the  state  remaining  the  same. 


3.  At  this  time  ;  so  soon.    Is  it  time  to  gof    Not 

yet. 

4.  At  least ;  at  all. 

A  miui   tbnt  would   fonn  a  compiruon   betweea  Q,uintnitin*« 
di-cl«mutiona,  U  yet  th'-y  an;  (^diitlilianV  Baier. 

5.  It  is  prefixed  to  Words  denoting  extension  of 
time  or  coutinuanc«>. 

A  "itUe  lot)  j<T ;  yet  n  IHtle  longer.  Drydtn. 

6.  Still ;  in  a  new  degree.  The  crime  becomes 
yet  tracker  by  the  pretense  of  piety. 

7  Even  ;  af^er  all ;  a  kind  of  empbotical  addition 
to  a  negative. 

M^■n  iriav  r.nt  too  rufaly  brii'-ve  the  confcMioiu  of  witchf^,  nor 
yet  i^  evi>)cuce  iiUiiiuBl  tiicm.  Btuoti, 

8.  Hitherto.  You  have  yet  done  nothing;  you 
have  as  yet  done  less  than  was  expected. 

YEV'A'.N,  for  Givk:*,  is  nut  in  use.  '        Spenser. 

YEW,  (yu,)  n.  fSax.  iw :  W.  yw  or  ywenf  G.  eibe  or 
eibeubaum  ;  D.  utenboom  ;  Fr.  tf.] 

An  evergreen  tree  of  the  genus  Taxus,  allied  to 
the  pines,  valued  for  its  wood  or  timber.  The  yew 
frequently  orcurs  in  Uritish  churchyards. 

YEW,  p.  i.  To  rise,  a^^  scum  on  the  brine  in  boiling 
at  the  salt  works.     [See  Yaw.1  Cijc. 

YEVV'EN,  (yu'en,)  a.     Made  of  yew.  Jlabberd. 

YEX,  n.     [Sax.  g^foc-ta.     See  Hiccough.] 
A  hiccough.    [Liitle  ttsed.] 

YEX,  r.  u    Tu  hiccough. 

YEZ'I-DEES,  It.  pt.  A  small  nation  bordering  on 
the  Euphrates,  whose  religion  is  said  to  be  a  mixture 
of  the  worship  of  the  devil,  with  some  of  the  doc- 
trines uf  the  Magi,  ^Mubamoiedans,  and  Chriiftians. 

P.  Cite. 

Y-FiiRE',  (e-fCrt',)  ado.     Together.     [JVV(  in  iwp.] 

Spenser. 

YIELD,  (yeeld,)  r.  t  [Sax.  giehlan ^ gildan^  gylilan^  to 
reniler,  to  pay.  Rut  the  word  seems  to  be  directly 
from  the  W.  giUHaie^  to  produce,  to  yield,  to  concede, 
to  contributt\     The  aen.ne  is  obviou;*.] 

1.  To  produce,  a^t  land,  stock,  or  funds ;  to  give 
in  return  for  labor,  or  as  profit.  I^nds  yieid  not 
more  than  three  per  cent,  annually  ;  houses  yield 
four  or  Ave  \»r  rent.  Maize,  on  good  land^  yiddslwo 
or  thrfe  hundred  fold. 

2.  To  produce,  In  general.  Most  vegetable  juices 
field  a  salt. 

3.  To  afford ;  to  exhibtL  The  flowers  in  spring' 
yUld  a  beautiful  sight. 

4.  To  allow  ;  to  concede  ;  to  admit  to  be  true ;  as, 
to  ytW(i  the  puint  in  debate.    We  yield  that  there  is  a 

r;od. 

5.  To  give,  M  claimed  of  right ;  as,  to  yield  due 
honors  ;  to  yield  due  praise. 

6.  To  permit  J  to  grant. 

I.iff!  b  biit  air, 
Ttial  yklda  a  paa»ge  to  the  whirling  iword.  Dryrtgn, 

7.  To  emit ;  to  give  up.  To  yield  the  breath,  is  to 
expire. 

8.  To  resign;  to  give  up;  sometimes  with  up  or 
over ;  as,  to  yield  up  their  own  opinions.  We  yield 
the  place  to  our  superiors.  I 

9.  To  surrender  ;  sometimes  with  up  ;  as,  to  yield  : 
a  fortress  to  the  enemy  ;  or  to  yield  up  a  fortress.         I 


YON 

YIELD,  «.  i.    To  give  up  the  contest ;  to  submit. 

He  saw  the  titindng  Gn-n;iti8  yUld.  Drydxn. 

2.  To  comply  with  ;  as,  I  yielded  to  his  request. 

3.  To  give  way  ;  not  to  oppose.  We  readily  yield 
to  Ihe  current  of  opinion  ;  we  yield  to  the  customs 
and  fashions. 

4.  To  cive  place,  as  inferior  in  rank  or  excellence. 
They  will  yield  to  us  in  nothing. 

TfU  me  ill  what  more  h.ippy  Reliii 

The  thialle  springs,  to  which  the  lily  yitUU  7  Pope. 

YIELD,  n.  Amount  yielded  ;  product ;  applied  par- 
ticularly to  producu  resulting  from  growth  or  culti- 
vation. 

YIELD' A-BLE-NESS,  n.  Disposition  to  comply.  [A 
had  word,  and  not  used.'\ 

YIicLD'ANCE,  n.  Act  of  producing;  concession. 
[.Vi-(  used.]  Hall. 

YIkLO'EI),  jrp.  Produced;  afforded;  conceded;  al- 
lowtrd  ;  resigned  ;  surrendered. 

YIkLD'ER,  n.     One  who  yields. 

YIeLD'ING,  p/»r.  Producing;  atfording;  conceding; 
resigning;  surrendering;  allowing. 

2.  a.  Inclined  to  give  way  or  comply;  flexible; 
accommodating ;  as,  a  yielding  temper. 

YIkLD'IN'G,  n.  Act  of  producing;  act  of  surrender- 
ing ;  siihiniKsiun.  Sliuk. 

YIkLD'ING-LY,  adt>.     With  compliance. 

YIeLD'LVG-NESS,  n.  Disposition  Ui  comply  ;  quali- 
ty of  yielding.  Paley, 

Yo'JAN,  71.  In  the  East  Indies,  a  measure  or  distance 
of  five  miles'.  ji.-!iat.  Re^. 

YOKE,  n.  [Sax.  geoc  or  ioc;  D  juk  ;  G.jucJi ;  Sw.  ok  ; 
Sans,  yuga  or  yvj ;  Pers.  yngk,  yoo ;  W.  jau ;  Fr. 
Jong;  it.  giogo;  t'p.  yasro ;  L.  jugum ;  Gr.  Cfvyos  ; 
Slav.  Russ,  igo  ;  Ch.  Syr.  and  Ar.  Jir  mg,  to  join,  L. 
jungo,  Gr.  ^vyuu).] 

1.  A  piece  of  timber,  hollowed  or  made  curving 
near  each  end,  and  filled  with  bows  for  receiving  the 
necks  of  oxen;  by  wliich  means  two  are  connected 
for  drawing. 

2.  A  frame  of  wood  fitted  to  a  person's  shoulders 
for  carrying  a  pail,  &c..  suspended  on  each  side. 

3.  A  mark  of  servitude  ;  slavery  ;  bondage. 

Our  country  siiika  bcm^utli  tlic  yokt.  SkaJt. 

4.  A  chain  ;  a  link  ;  a  bond  of  connection  ;  as,  the 
yoke  of  marriage.  Drydeiu 

5.  A  couple  ;  a  pair  ;  as,  a  yokeo^oxen. 

6.  Service. 

My  yoke  is  eiuy,  —  Matt.  xi. 

7.  A  frame  at  right  angles  to  the  head  of  a  boat's 
rudder,  from  the  end  of  whicli  are  lines  by  which  the 
btint  is  steered.  Totten. 

YoKE,  e.  t.  To  put  a  yoke  on  ;  to  join  in  a  yoke  ;  as, 
to  yoke  oxen,  or  a  pair  of  oxen. 

2.  Tu  couple  ;  to  join  with  another. 

CaiuitiSf  you  are  yoked  with  a  lainh.  Shak. 

3.  To  enslave ;  to  bring  into  bondage.  Skak. 

4.  To  restrain  ;  to  confine.  Libertines  like  not  to 
be  yoked  in  marriage 

The  wonia  and  promises  that  yoke 

The  Conqueror,  are  tjuickly  bruke.  Hudibras. 

YOK'KD,  (ySkt,)  pp.     Confined   in   a  yoke;   joined; 

coupled. 
YOKE'-ELM,  n.     A  tree. 

YfiKE'-FElrLOW,  j  K.  [ijoke  nnd  fellow  or  mate.]  An 
YOKE'MATE,  \     associate  or  companion. 

2.  A  mate  ;  a  fellow.  Spectator. 

Y6K'ING,p/»r.    Putting  n  yoke  on  ;  joining;  eoupling. 
YOLD,  for  \  lELDCD.     [•'Vut  ifi  use.]  Spenser. 

Y5LK,  «.     The  yelk  of  an  egg.     [See  Yelk.]^ 

2,  The  unctuotis  secretion  from  the  skin  of  sheep, 
consisting  of  a  peculiar  potash  soap,  which  renders 
the  pile  soA  and  pliable.  Ure, 

3.  The  rittdlus,  a  part  of  the  seed  of  plants,  so 
named  by  Garrlner,  from  its  supposed  analogy  to  the 
yelk  of  an  egg.  It  is  chnracteri/.ed  as  very  finnly 
and  inseparably  connected  with  the  emliryo,  yet 
never  rising  out  of  th';  integuments  of  the  seed  in 
germinatiun,  but  absorlied,  like  the  albumeny  (see 
White  and  Purisperm,}  for  the  nourishment  of  the 
embryo.  When  the  allmnien  is  present,  it  is  always 
situated  between  it  and  the  embryo.  In  tlie  grasses 
it  forms  a  scale  between  the  embryo  and  albumen. 
It  is  considered  by  Smith  as  a  subterraneous  cotyle- 
don. Cyc.     Stniih. 

YON,  -i  a.  [Sax.  geond.   This  seems  to  be  formed 

YOND,         >      from  gan,  to  go,  or  its  root,  and  signi- 

YON'DER,  }      fies  properly  jrouc;  or  it  is  from  geonan, 

to  ojicn  ;  whence  distant.   The  G.  jener,  and  D,  gins, 

ginder,  may  be   the   same   word,  or  from  the  same 

root.] 

Being  at  a  distance  within  view. 

Vonfter  tiii'n  arc  loo  many  for  an  embassy.  Bacon. 

KpiuI  thy  li't  in  yon  celrsti:«I  aign.  MUlon. 

Yon  fiowcty  itrton,  yoruUr  alleys  gre*'n.  MUIoh, 

YON,  ^  adv.    At  a  distance  within  view.  When 

YOND,         >      we  use  this  word,  we  iiften   point  the 
YON'DER,  }     hand  or  direct  the  eye  to  the  place  or 
object. 

Kim  and  ciiicrit,  willi  thefl  bring 

Him  that  yon  sonra  on  gulden  wing.  Milton. 

■"     •  ulJinff.  Arbathnot.      I 


YOU 

YOND,  a.    Mad  ;  furious,  or  alienated  in  mind  ;  that 
is,  ^u»c,  wandering ;  and   allied    to   the   preceding 

[  Oh. 


y6 


oh.i.] 

NK'ER,  ( 


YoTvUr  an?  two  applcwuinen  icul 


St*eneer. 
(yunk'er,)  n.    A  young  fellow. 

fValler  S'olt. 

YORE,  adv.  [Sax.  geara.  It  prolmbly  signifies  past, 
gtme,  from  the  root  of  year.] 

Long.     [  Ob.i.]  Spenser. 

Of  yore  ;  of  old  time  ;  long  ago ;  as,  in  times  or 
days  of  yore. 

But  Satan  now  b  wber  than  of  yore.  Pop*. 

YOO,  (yu,) pron.  [Sax.  eow,  iu,  inch:  G.  evck;  Arm. 
c/tuj/;  D.  ^rii  or  ifu,  thou.  You  has  been  considered 
as  tn  the  plural  only,  and  is  so  treated  in  the  Saxon 
grammar.  Hut  fmm  the  Belgrc  dialect,  it  appears 
to  be  in  the  singular  as  well  as  the  plural,  and  our 
universal  (Kipular  hsage,  in  applying  it  to  a  Kinglo 
p«^r8on  with  a  verb  in  the  sinjrular  number,  is  cor- 
rect.    Yourself  is  in  the  singular  number.} 

1.  'I'bc  pnmoun  of  the  second  (MTstin,  in  the  nomi- 
native or  oltjective  case.  In  familiar  language,  it  is 
applied  to  an  individual,  as  t/iou  is  in  Ihe  solemn 
fttyle.  In  the  plural,  it  is  used  in  the  solemn  style  in 
tlie  objective  case. 

In  vain  yau  u-U  yotir  pnninir  torer, 

You  wL)h  fiir  winds  iii:iy  waft  liint  nvr.  Prior, 

He  that  di^-apiartJi  you,    '(■•piselh  mr.  —  j.nkft  X. 

2.  You  is  used,  like  on  in  French,  for  any  one. 
This  at  a  distance  looks  like  a  mck  ;  but  as  you  ap- 
proach it,  you  see  a  liiile  cabin. 

YOUNG,  (yuug,)  a.  [Sax.  ioug,  geongf  G.  fung ;  D. 
jongi  Sw.  ami  Dan.  ang;  Arm.  ijaounc^;  W.ieuauc: 
Sans,  yuipana ;  L.  juvenut.  <iu.  Ch.  Syr.  Heb.  and 
Sam.  py^,  to  suck,  or  Goth,  yuggs,  young.  The 
Welsh  makes  the  word  a  compound,  and  the  origin 
is  not  evident.] 

1.  Not  h.aving  been  long  born;  being  in  the  first 
part  of  life ;  not  old  ;  used  of  animals ;  as,  a  young 
child  ;  a  young  man  ;  a  young  fawn. 

2.  Being  in  the  first  part  of  growth;  aHj^young 
plant ;  a  yuuug  tree. 

3.  Ignorant ;  weak ;  or  rather,  having  little  expe- 
rience. 

Conn.',  cIiIlt  brother,  thou'rl  too  yaang  in  this.  SheOt. 

YOUNG,  (yung,)  n.  The  offspring  of  animals,  either 
a  single  animal,  or  ofi'fipring  collectively.  I'he  cow 
will  take  care  of  her  young,  as  will  the  hen.  An- 
mv,\U  make  provision  for  their  young. 

YOUN"GER,  (yuug'ger,)  a.  comp.  Not  so  old  as  an- 
other. A  person  of  ninety  years  old  is  younger  than 
one  of  a  hundred,  though  certainly  not  a  young  man, 
nor  in  the  first  [>art  of  life. 

YOUN"GEST,  (yung'gest,)  a.  supcrl.  Having  the 
least  age.  There  are  Uiree  persons  living,  the  young- 
est of  whom  is  ninety  years  old. 

YOUNG'ISH,  (yuog'ish,)  a.    Somewhat  young. 

Tatler. 

YOUNG'LING,  (yung'ling,)  n.     [Sax.  geongUng.] 
Any  animal  in  ttie  first  part  of  life.  Drydcn. 

YOUNG'LY,  (yung'le,)  adv.     Early  in  life.         Shak. 
2.  Ignornntly  ;  weakly.     [Little  used.] 

YOUNG'STER,  (yuug'ster,)  ti.  A  young  person  ;  a 
lad.     [^  colloquial  Kord.]  Skak. 

YOUNGTII,  fur  Youth,  is  not  in  use.  Spenser. 

YOUNK'EU,  n.  Among  seamen,  a  stripling  in  the 
service. 

YOCR,  (yure,)  a.  pronoun,  [from  you;  Sax.  eower;  G. 
euer.\ 

1.  Bclonpinp  to  you  ;  equally  applicable  to  both  num- 
bers ;  as,  your  father ;  your  lieart ;  your  prince  ;  your 
subjects. 

2.  It  is  used  indefinitely. 

Your  inedaliM  and  your  critic  arc  much  nearer  irlated  than  the 
world  iniiigine.  Additon. 

3.  Yours  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  a  noun  in  the 
nominative  or  objective.  This  book  is  yours.  I  have 
no  i»en  ;  give  me  yours.  My  sword  and  yours  are 
kin.  Shak. 

YO0R-.*^ELF',  proju  ;  pi.  Yourselves,  [your  and  self  ] 
A  word  added  to  yti«,  to  express  distinction  emphat- 
ically between  you  and  other  persons.  This  work 
you  must  do  yourself;  or  you  yourseff  must  do  it ; 
that  is,  you  and  no  other  {lerson. 
Sumeiimes  it  is  used  wilhont  you. 

A11"W  olietliiMico,  if  youtetloet  aiie  ol<i.  Shak. 

It  is  used   as   the  reciprocal  pronoun.     You  love 
only  yourself  i  you  have  brought  this  calamity  on 
yourselves  ;  be  but  yourselves. 
YOOTH,  (yQtli,)  n.     \i>jxx.  iugnth,  iugoth,  iogoth^  geo- 
gaOi:  Goih.  yuggs  ;  G.  jugend  ;  l^.jougd,] 

1.  The  jhirt  of  life  that  succeeds  to  childhood.  In 
a  general  sense,  youth  denotes  the  whole  early  part  of 
life,  from  infancy  to  manhood  ;  but  it  is  not  unusual 
to  diviiie  the  stages  of  life  into  infancy,  childhood, 
youth,  and  manhood.  In  this  sense,  the  word  can 
have  no  pluml. 

Tliose  who  pjiss  their   youth  in  vice,  are  Justly  condemned  to 
spend  their  age  in  lolly.  Jiamhier. 

2.  A  young  man.    In  this  sense,  it  has  a  plural. 

Seven  youlhe  from  Athens  yearly  wnl.  Dryden, 

3.  A  young  person,  male  or  female. 


TONE,  BpLL,  UNITE.  — AN"GER,  VI"CIOUS €  as  K ;  0  as  J ;  «  as  Z ;  CH  aa  SH ;  TH  as  in  THIS. 


ZEA 

4.  Young  persons,  collectively. 

h  h  St  to  youA  to  remd  the  bnt  autbon  fine  B.  /ofuon. 

YOOTH'FJJL, «.    Young  ;  as,  two  yoKt^W  knights. 

9.  Peitalning  to  the  early  port  of  life ;  as,  yout^iU 
days ;  i/imtJ^ful  age. 

3.  Suitable  to  the  first  part  of  life;  as,  youU^id 
thougtiis ;  fout^ut  sport*. 

4.  Fn-sh  ;  vigorous  ;  as  in  youth.  Btntlcf/, 
YOCTII'FllULY,  adv.     In  a  youUifuI  manner, 
VOCTflFrLr-NESS,  n.    Fullness  of  youth. 
YOOTH'LY,  a.     Young;  early  in  life.     [06*.] 

Spenser. 
YOOTH'Y,  «.     Young.     [Bad,  Md  not  used,] 

Spectator. 
Y-PIGIIT'.  (e-pIte'O  a.  Fixed,  thai  is,  pitched.  [06^.] 

'  Speustr. 

YT'TRI-A.  n.    [So  called  from  lUeriy,  a  quarry  in 
Sweden.  J 
A  metallic  oiyd.     (t  has  the  appeantnc«  of  a  fine* 


ZrnE  last  letter  of  tlic  EiiKli>h  al|>1tubct,  is  a  siMhtnt 
9  articulation,  and  is  rnertly  a  vt»cal  s.  It  bears 
the  same  n'Intiun  to  *  as  c  does  to  /.  With  lis  it  hus 
not  a  t^ompotllld  ^ound,  nor  is  it  a  doulilc  consonant, 
as  in  the  Italian  and  (ierman.  U  is  a^  simple  in  its 
sound  as  s. 

As  m  miaura/,  Z  stands  for  9000,  and  with  a  dash 
over  it,  Z,  for  3,000,000.    It  is  pronounced  i«& 

ZA'BA-rSM.     8m>  Sabianish. 

ZAt*'€HO,  M.  Tfae  lowest  part  of  the  pedestal  of  a 
column. 

ZAF'FER,  a.  Impure  oxyd  of  cobalt.  The  residuum 
of  cobalt,  after  the  Kutphur,  arsenic,  nnrl  nilirr  vola- 
tile matters  have  been  (.■Tp<^-llt-d  by  calcination  ;  si> 
that  it  is  a  gray  or  dark-gray  tayd  of  cobalt,  mixed 
with  a  portion  of  silex.  Ctrr. 

ZAM'BO,  a.  The  child  of  a  mulano  snd  a  negro, 
also  somcUmes  of  an  Indian  and  a  negro. 

HmmMM. 

ZA'MI-A,  n.  A  genus  of  plants,  poasessing  nearly 
equal  affinities  with  palms  and  tree-ferns,  and  bear- 
ing heads  of  flowers  like  fine  cones.  P.  Cyc 

ZX'MITB,  a.    A  (bssll  plant  of  the  genua  Zaraia. 

BrmmdA, 

ZA'NY,  «.    [It.  tcmn,  a  buffoon.] 

A  merry-aiidrew  ;  a  bulfuon.  Pope. 

ZA'XY,  r.  (.    To  mimic.  Bmkm.  ^  FL 

ZX'\Y-ISM,  a.    The  state  or  character  of  a  fiiny. 

ZAPH'A-RA,  a.  A  mineral  used  by  potters  to  pro- 
duce a  sky-cobtr  in  their  wares. 

ZAP'OTE,  a.  In  Mexico,  the  ci-nerat  name  of  fruits 
which  are  roundi^^h  and  contnin  a  hard  stone. 

ZAR'NICH,  (zir'nik,)  n.  (See  .^Haasic]  A  name 
applied  to  the  native  siilphureta  of  arsenic,  randa- 
nich  M"  realgar,  and  orpunent.  Rres^g  Cyc 

ZAX,  a.    An  instrument  fur  cutting  Folate. 

ZA'i'jiT^  n.  A  Burman  caravansary,  or  resting-place 
for  travelers. 

Z£'A,  a.  In  Mrturoi  kisUny,  the  gtrneric  nnme  of 
maize.  Two  species  only  of  Zea  are  known,  viz., 
Zea  Mays  and  Zen  t.'aragua.  The  firmer  U  comniOK 
Indian  cuni ;  the  latiar  is  quite  didereut  as  n:«i>ccts 
the  enr  and  seeds. 

ZfiAL,  (xeel,)  n.    f Gr.  CiXoc ;  L.  xW«.] 

PasawnalA  ardor  in  the  pursuit  of  any  thing.  Ex- 
eaauve  utU  any  rise  le  enthusiasm.  In  c-neral,  leai 
It  ■»  eagerness  of  desire  to  accomplish  or  obtain 
some  object,  and  it  maybe  manifesietl  eitht-r  in  favur 
of  any  person  ot  thing,  or  in  opptMitiun  tu  it,  and  in 
a  good  or  bad  cause. 

Mml,  Che  ttfid  ooodacw  «r  ike  wfll.  Drytm. 

Thty  hu«  ■  wmtttGdtd,  boi  bm  aaeonllng  to  kiMtwIedgo.— 


A.  *mt  (ag  Etorty  fa  Movttnes  mo  em 
liule  au«  wtet  i 


MS  Ml  tmrawtm  to  whrnt.  with 


Zf.AVi.GSS,  a.    Wanting  xeal.  Hammond. 

ZEAL'OT,  (zel'nt,)  *.  One  who  eneages  warmly 
in  any  cause,  and  pursues  his  of>ject  with  earnea-t- 
ness  and  ardor.  It  is  generally  u^-d  in  disprai^w,  or 
apfdied  to  one  whose  ardor  is  intemperate  and  cen- 
surable. The  fiiry  of  idiots  was  one  cause  of  the 
destnirtion  of  Jerusalem.  K.  Charles. 

ZEA-LOT'ie-AI*,  a.    Ardently  zenlnus.    [LitiU  luiw/.l 

ZEAL'OUS,  (»-!'u8,)  a.  Warmly  engaged  or  ardent 
in  the  pursmt  of  an  object. 

Beinj  tt^a  nred  himielf,  be  may  be  xmtoat  in  the  Kilv:i(loa  of 
»»^  Laa. 

ZEAL'OUS-LY,  (zel'usJe,)  adv.  With  passionate  ar- 
dor ;  with  eagerness. 


ZED 

white  powder,  without  taste  or  smell.  It  Is  insolu- 
ble in  walerj  and  dt>es  not  nlfect  Vfgi'tablt;  blut>s.  It 
combines  with  acids,  and  forms  luilts.  lin  metallic 
base  is  yttrium.  It  was  discovt-red  in  17U-1,  by  Pro- 
fessor Gad»lin.  in  a  mineral  found  at  Vttcrby.  'I'he 
metal  of  which  it  is  an  oxyd  wnii  firj*t  obtniiied  by 
^Voeblt-r  in  1&28.  Cijc.     Urc.     Davy. 

\"r'TIll-OUS,  a.  Pertatnint:  to  vitria ;  containing  yt- 
iria  ;  as,  the  yUr'ious  oxyd  of  columbiuni.    Cleaveland. 

YT'TRI-UM,  M.  The  mt  tallic  base  of  yitria.  It  was 
first  obtained  pure  in  IS-JS,  by  Woehler.  Us  tfxlure 
is  scaly.  Its  color  grayish-black,  and  il^  luster  perfect- 
ly metallic  Its  oxyd,  cnttrd  Vttria,  was  discovered 
in  ITiM,  by  Pntfessor  Guduliu,  in  u  mineral  found  at 
Vtterbv,  in  Swedm. 

YT'TKO-Cic'RITE,  a.  A  mineral  occurring  verj- 
sparin);ly  at  Finbo  and  Brodbo,  near  Falilun,  imbed- 
ded in  quartz.  \u  color  is  viotct-blue,  inclining  to 
gray  and  white.  It  is  sometimes  white.  It  consists 
of  Huorid  of  calcium,  fluorid  of  yttrium,  and  tluorid 
of  cerium. 


YT'TR«)-eO-LaM'niTE,  I  a.     An  ore  of  cohimblum 

VT'TRO-TAN'TA-LITE,  \  and  yttrium  found  in 
Sweden.  It  occurs  of  yellow,  brown,  und  black  col- 
ors.  Dana. 

YUCK,  r.  f.    To  itch.    [I.nral']  Qrose. 

WVY^,  n.  Russia  k-aluur,  prepared  from  ox-lndoy  in 
a  peculiar  manner.  Tooke. 

YUG,  j  n.     In  tlie  myOioloi^y  of  /nJia,  an  age  ;  one  of 

YU(t,  \  the  aces  into  which  the  Hindoos  divide  the 
duration  or  existence  of  the  world. 

YC'LAN,  ft.  A  beautiful  flowering  tree  of  China; 
the  Mat,'nnlia  yulan,  a  tree  of  yo  or  40  feet  in  its  na- 
tive country,  but,  in  European  gardens,  of  not  more 
than  12  feet.  Omsier. 

YOLR,  »i.  [Sax.  ivle,geohoI,  /tehiil,  ffeol;  Arm.  ffouel, 
gouil,  a  feiwl ;  W.  gwyl,  a  holiday.]' 

The  name  anciontiy  given  to  Chrbitmas,  or  the 
feast  of  the  n:itiviiy  of  our  Savior. 

YUX,  K.    A  hiccough.     [JVol  used.] 

YUX,  V.  I    Tu  hiccough.     [Obs.] 


z. 


ZEAI/OUS-NESS,  (zel'us-ncss,)  n.  The  quality  of 
being  zealous  ;  zeal. 

Zk'I1R.\,  n.  A  pachydermatous  mammal,  the  Equus 
Zebra,  a  qundru[Kd  of  Southern  Africa,  nearly  as 
laree  as  n  horst?,  white,  with  numerous  brownish- 
black  bands,  of  greater  or  less  inteni-ityi  and  ligJiter 
down  the  inidille  of  each  baud.  It  is  one  of  the  six 
siK^ies  which  constitute  tlio  genus  to  which  the  horse 
belongs. 

ZE'BU,  n.  A  rnminant  mammal  of  the  bovid  tribe, 
the  Taurus  Indicus  or  Ilos  Indicus  of  the  naturuliiits. 
Tliis  b<»vine  i]uadriiptrd  varies  in  size,  from  a  large 
nia-stiif-deg  lo  a  full-grown  European  bull.  It  is  or- 
dinarily furnislu*il  willi  a  fatty  excrescence  or  hump 
on  the  »btiul(ler.-«,  u  hich  has  been  said  sometimes  to 
reach  the  weight  of  fifty  pounds.  It  is  found  exten- 
sively in  India  and  also  in  Northern  Africa.  It  ii; 
ofien  called  the  I^fpiAN  Ui:ll  or  Ox  and  Cow. 

Z£'€IIIN,  (ze'kin,)  n.  [It,  letchiHo.]  An  Italian  goM 
coin  ;  usually  written  Seqriw,  which  see.  If  named 
from  Zrcha,  the  place  where  minted,  tliis  is  the  cor- 
rect orthography. 

ZECH'STkIX,  h.  [Ger.]  A  magnesian  limestone, 
inferior  in  relative  position  to  the  lias.         Brande. 

ZED,  a.     A  name  of  the  letter  Z.  Shak. 

ZED'O-A-RY,  s.  A  medicinal  root,  belonging  lo  Cur- 
cuma Zedonria,  a  plant  growing  in  the  East  Indies, 
whose  leave:*  resemble  those  of  ginger,  only  they 
are  longer  nnd  broader.  It  come:*  in  oblong  pieces, 
about  the  thickness  of  the  Utile  tinger,  and  two  or 
three  inches  in  lencth.    It  ic  a  warm  stomachic.    Cyc 

ZR'IN,  n.  The  glutf^n  of  maize  ;  a  substance  of  a  yel- 
lowish color,  mtft,  insijiid,  and  elastic,  procured  from 
the  seeds  of  the  Zea  Maya,  or  Indian  corn.  It  is  said 
to  difier  essentially  from  the  gluten  of  wheat. 

Qorham. 

ZEM-IN-DAR',  «.  [from  zrm,  z/*mm,land.]  In  India, 
a  feU(hitor>'  or  hindholder  under  the  government,  with 
tlie  right  of  underletting  the  land  and  certain  other 
privileges,  leading  to  much  oppression.        Malcom. 

ZEM'IN-DA-RY,  h.  The  jtirisdictiou  of  a  zemin- 
dar. 

ZEND,  a.  A  language  that  formerly  prevailed  in 
Persia. 

ZE\D'A-VES-TA,  a.  A  sacred  book  of  the  Gucbers 
or  Parsees,  ascribed  to  Zoroaster,  and  reverenced 
as  a  bibltr,  or  sole  rule  of  fiiitli  and  practice.  It  is 
often  called  Zcito,  by  contraction. 

ZR'MTH,  n.  [Ft.;  It.  lenit;  Sp.  zenit  or  eeiiit.  I 
have  not  found  the  oriental  original.] 

That  point  in  the  visible  celestial  hemisphere 
which  is  vertical  to  the  spectator,  and  from  which  a 
direct  perpendicular  line  passing  through  the  s|wc- 
bilor,  and  extended,  would  proceed  to  the  center  of 
the  earth.     It  is  opposed  to  Nadir. 

Zk'NITII-SE€T'OR,  n.  An  astronomical  instru- 
ment for  measuring  wiih  great  accuracy  the  dis- 
tances from  the  zenith  of  stars  which  pass  near 
that  point.  Brande, 

Zic'O-LITE,  a.  [Gr.  j£w,  to  boll,  to  foam,  and  A(0«f, 
stone.] 

A  mineral  species  in  the  early  works  on  mineral- 
ogy, but  now  subdivided  into  several,  both  on  chem- 
ical and  cr>'stallographic  grounds.  Some  of  them 
are  Stilbitc,  Natruiite,  Apophyllile,  Scolecite,  Lau- 
monite.  The  term  is  now  used  to  designate  a  family 
including  these  and  other  hydrous  silicates  of  alumina, 
tDttk  some  of  the  earths  or  aliiii lies.  These  spe<  ies  are 
most  abundant  in  the  cavities  of  ainygdatuids,  ba- 
salts, and  lavan,  though  occasionally  found  in  granite 
or  gneiss.  They  are  always  subsequent  in  origin  to 
the  formation  of  the  containing  rock.  Dana. 


ZE-0-I.lT'I€,  a.    Pertaining  to  zeolite  ;  consisting  of 
zeolite,  or  resembling  it. 

ZE-O-LIT'I-FORM,  a.     Having  the  form  of  zeolite. 

ZEPii'YR,  (zef 'er,)  n.     [L.  uphyrus  ;  Gr.  ^upvfios.} 
The  west  wind  ;   ami  poetically,  any  soft,  mild, 
gentle  breeze.     The  poets  personify  Zephyrus,  and 
make  hint  the  mofit  mild  and  gentle  of  all  the  sylvan 
deities.  Cyc, 


MiUl  HI  when  Zephyrut  on  Flora  breathet. 


MUlon. 


ZEPH'Y-RUS,  «.    [L.]    Tlie  west  wind  or  zephyr. 

Spenser, 

ZER'DA,n.  [African.]  A  canine  quadruped  of  Africa, 
with  large  ears,  belonging  to  the  genus  Megalotis  of 
Illiger.  It  I>ear8  nome  resemblance  to  ttie  fox  and 
jackai,  but  is  smaller.  C.  /^  ISmitJi, 

ZP/RO,  n.  [It.]  Cipher;  nothing.  The  point  of  a 
thermoineler  from  which  it  is  graduated.  Zero,  in 
the  thermometers  of  Celsius  and  Reaumur,  is  at  tlio 
point  at  which  water  congeals.  The  zero  of  Fahren- 
heit's thermometer  is  fixed  at  the  iioint  ut  which  the 
mercury  stands  when  iniinersed  in  a  mixture  of 
snow  and  common  salt.  In  Wedgwood's  pyrome- 
ter, the  zero  corresponds  with  1^11"  on  Fahrenheit's 
scale. 

ZEST,  n.    [Pers.  .Sj*i\  listan,  lo  peel.  Class  Sd.] 

1.  A  piece  of  orange  or  lemon  peel,  used  lo  give 
flavor  to  liquor  ;  or  the  fine,  thin  oil  that  spurts  out  of 
it  when  squeezed  ;  also,  tlie  woody,  thick  skin  quar- 
tering the  kernel  of  a  wahiuU  Cyc. 

2.  Relish  ;  something  that  gives  a  pleasant  taste; 
or  the  taste  itself. 

ZEST,  V.  t.  To  give  a  relish  or  flavor  to ;  to  highten 
taste  or  relish. 

9.  To  cut  the  peel  of  an  orange  or  lemon  from  top 
to  bottom  into  thin  slips;  or  to  siiueeze  the  peel  (pver 
the  surfaci'  of  any  thing.  Cyc, 

Ze'TA,7u  A  Greek  letter,  ^  or  ^,  corresponding  to 
our  2. 

2,  A  little  closet  or  chamber,  with  pipes  running 
along  the  wnll:^,  to  convey  into  it  fresh  air,  or  w:trm 
vapor,  from  below.  Cyc 

ZE-TET'ie,  a.     [Gr.  J^r/rcM,  to  seek.] 

That  seeks  ;  that  proceeds  by  inquiry.  The  letetic 
method,  in  mathematics,  is  that  used  in  investigation, 
or  the  solution  of  problems.     [Rare.]  Iluttoa. 

ZE-Tie'lJ-hA,  n.    A  small  withdrawing  room. 

ZEOG'MA,  (zug'ma,)  tu  [Gr.  Z,£vyiAa,  from  (cvyvvoj, 
to  join.     See  Yoke.] 

A  figure  in  grammar  by  which  an  adjective  or 
verb  whicli  agrees  with  a  nearer  word,  is,  by  way  of 
supplement,  referred  ali<o  to  another  more  remote. 
Thus,  in  Virgil, '*  Hie  illius  arma,  h.\c  currusfuit;" 
where  fait,  which  agrees  directly  with  currus,  is  re- 
ferred also  to  arma.  Cyc. 

ZIB'ET,  n.  [See  Civet.]  A  digitiprade  carnivorous 
mammal,  the  ViverraZibetha.  This  is  a  small  quad- 
ruped, somewhat  resembling  the  weasel.  It  inhabits 
both  India  and  Africa.  It  is  distinct  from  the  civet, 
though  nearly  allied  to  it. 

ZIG'ZAG,  a.     Having  short  turns. 

ZIG'ZAG,  71,  Something  that  has  short  turns  or 
ani,'le3. 

2.  In  architecture^  a  molding  running  in  a  zigzag 
line.  Ozf.  Qlusa 

ZIG'ZAG,  V.  U    To  form  with  short  tnrns. 

ZIG'ZAG-GT-JD,  pp.     Ftirmed  with  short  turns. 

ZIG'ZAG-GIXG,  ppr.     Forming  with  short  turns. 

ZI.M'ENT    WA'J'ER,  or  COPTER   WA'TER,  is  a 


FATE,  PAR,  FALL,  WHAT — MeTE,  PRgY.  — PINE,  MARtxVE,  BIRD.  — NOTE,  DOVE,  MOVE,  WOLF,  BQ^IC.- 
I2tt0  ~ 


J 


ZON 

name  given  to  water  Tound  In  copper  mines;  water 
Imin-ecnated  wjlh  cupper. 

ZT'MOME,  n.     Ste  Ztmome. 

ZINC,  ».  [G.Sw.  and  Dan.  tink.  The  tpellinsZifVE, 
In  accordance  witb  the  German,  Swedish,  and  Da- 
nish, would  be  preferaMe,  ] 

A  metal  of  ft  brilliant  white  colur,  with  a  ahailo  of 
blue,  and  appearing  aa  if  composed  of  plati;ii  ndher- 
inf  logetber.  It  is  not  brittle,  but  less  mallcniilc  than 
copper,  lead,  or  tin.  When  lieatud,  however,  it  in 
mnllenhle,  and  may  be  rolled  into  plates.  Cyc. 

ZINCK-rP'ER-OU8,  ( *»•    t"«  and  U/ero.] 

Containing  or  affording  zinc ;  aa,  UHctferouii  ore. 
Joum.  of  Science. 
ZIN€'ODE,  n.    The  positive  polo  of  a  galvanic  bat- 
tery. Oraham. 
ZINC'OUS,  a.    Pertaining  to  zinc,  or  to  the  positive 

pule  of  a  galvanic  battery.  praJuun. 

ZlXeK'Y,  a.  Pertaining  to  xlnc,  or  having  lu  a|>- 
pearuice. 

Batam  ffferrcace  wkb  adda,  wnM  not,  though  toliAl*  UwrHn,  u 

to  the  ciftdry  put.  Kirwan. 

The  sjndy  am  «n  »id  to  be  frajer  (ban  othrr  om. 

Kinoan, 

ZINK'EN-TTE,  n.     [from  M.  Zinken.} 

A  steel-gray  ore  of' antimony  and  lead.       Dana. 

ZI'ON,  II.     A  hill  in  Jenisialem,  which,  aAer  the  cap- 
ture of  that  city,  became  Uie  royal  residence  of  Da- 
vid and  bis  successors.    Hence, 
9,  The  tbeocmcy,  or  cburcb  of  God.  Kiito. 

ZIR'CON,  N.  A  mineral  containing  the  earth  zir- 
conia  and  sUica,  occurring  In  square  prisms  with 
pyramidal  terminations  of  a  brown  or  gray  colur, 
occasionally  red,  and  often  nearly  transparent.  Jlya- 
einth  is  the  red  variety.  Dana. 

ZI&-6Q'NI-A,  n.  An  oxyd  ol  the  metal  liTamium^ 
discovered  by  Klaproth,  in  the  year  1789,  in  the 
ztrcmi  of  Ceylon,  and  subsequently  in  the  hyacinth 
of  Expaily  In  France.  It  resembles  alumine  in  ap- 
pearance. It  is  so  bard  as  to  scratch  glass.  When 
pure,  it  is  a  white  powder. 

ZiR'€0-NTTE,  a.    A  variety  of  the  zircon. 

ZIR-e6'NI-UM,  n.  The  metallic  basii  of  zirconia. 
Berzelius  Arst  obtained  zirronium  in  1834  ;  but  Davy 
bad  previously  rendered  itj  existence  quite  probable. 
It  is  commonly  obtained  in  the  funii  of  a  black  pow- 
der,    lu  metallic  characti:r  ix  qnextioned  by  some. 

ZIZ'EF>,  a.  A  rfKleni  mammal,  the  Arctomys  Citillim. 
It  is  found  m  RuKxia  and  Germany,  and  alfw  in  Awia. 
It  is  the  Sl'imk,  often  called  the  Kaslem  Mabmot. 
It  in  a  small  quadruped. 

ZO€'CO,         . 

ZCCLK,        }h    fltvtecoto;  firom  L.soeau,asodi.] 

zo€'eo-r^, ) 

A  Kicie,  which  see. 
ZO'DI-AC,  a.    [Pr.  todia^us;  It.  and  Bp.  lodiata;  L. 
todiaau  ;  Gr.  ^'••<!iu<r{t(,  from  ^r.iov,  an  animal.] 

1.  A  broad  circle  in  the  lienvenii,  ujntaining  the 
twelve  ffignv  through  which  the  sun  pnsses  in  its 
annual  course.  The  center  of  this  belt  Is  the  eclip- 
tic, which  in  the  path  of  the  sun.  It  intersect!  the 
equator  at  an  angle  of  abfmt  twenty-*bree  degrees  and 
twenty-eight  minutes.  This  is  called  iu  obHauiiy. 
'Z  A  girdle.  Milton. 

ZO-D7'AC'AL,  a.    Pertaining  to  the  zodiac. 

Zodiacal  light ;  a  luminous  track,  of  an  elonf^ted, 
triangular  figure,  lying  nearly  in  the  ecliptic,  its 
base  being  on  the  hnrtzon,  and  its  apex  at  varying 
altitudes.  In  the  evening,  aJler  twilight,  it  is  in  this 
latHnde  moM  consplcutwa  frofn  January  to  April, 
and  In  the  morning,  before  dawn,  from  8e|iiemhf-r  to 
December.  Iu  nature  la  unknown.  H  C  Herriek. 
ZO'HAR.  n.     [HebJ     A  Jewbb   book  of  cabalKic 

commentaries  on  scripture.  Bramde. 

ZOIS'TTR,  II,    [from  Von  JWi,  IU  discoverer.! 

A  gmy)*h  variety  of  Epidote.  Z>aiu. 

ZO.VE,  ».     [U  zvnai  Gr.  i,'uvn'] 
I.  A  girdle. 

Ad  *Tnbf(iiit'i*d  M«m  •urrwuniU  b^  waiM.  DryUn. 

3.  In  ffeofrajthy,  a  division  of  the  earth,  with  re- 
spect tn  the  temperature  uf  different  laiiiudce.  The 
TJttM't  are  Ave  ;  the  torrid  zone,  extending  from  trop- 
ic to  tropic  4tr  SG',  or  S7  SB',  on  each  side  of  the 
aquatf<r  ;  two  temperate  or  variable  zones,  situnted 


zoo 

between  the  tropics  and  polar  circles,  and  two  fHgld 
zones,  Niiunted  between  the  polar  circles  and  the 
poles. 

3.  In  natural  history^  a  band  or  stripe  running 
round  any  object.  Gardner. 

4.  Circuit;  circumference.  MilUm, 
Ciliary  lone;  In  ano^omv,  the  black  impression  of 

the  ciliary  prucoMes  uti  the  vitrenuH  humor  of  the 
eye.  Cye. 

7.0N'EU,  a.    Wenrlnc  a  zone.  Pope. 

Q.  Having  zoned  or  concentric  bands. 

ZONIVLKHH,  a.     Not  having  n  zone. 

ZON'NAR,  n.  A  belt  or  girdle,  which  the  Christians 
and  Jews  in  the  I^?vnnt  arc  ulittged  to  wear,  to  dis- 
tinpili'h  them  from  the  Muhamincdans.  Cye. 

ZO-OG'RA-PHKR,  n.  [flee  ZoiiuR*rHr.]  One  who 
de«crilH-s  animiiln,  their  forms,  and  habiu. 

ZO-O-GRAFH'IC-AL,  a.  Pertaining  to  the  descrip- 
tion of  animalH. 

ZO-OG'RA-PIiy,    n.      [Gr.    ^touv,    an    animal,  and 
ypa^btf  to  de)4crii>e.] 
A  description  of  animals,  their  forms,  and  habits. 

iBut  7,oiU.of}t  is  generally  used.] 
-OL'A-TRY,  n.     [Gr.  0'>"»'  ana  Xarpeia.] 
Tlif  worhhfp  of  animals. 
ZO'O'IJTE,  n.      [Gr.  ^oi'ic,  an  animal,  and   \i0oi, 
stone. } 

An  animal  substance  petrified  or  fossil.  [A'ot  in 
tut.  ]  Morin. 

ZO-O-LOG'ie-AL,  o.     [from  toUlogy.]     Pertaining  to 

zuiflogy.  or  the  science  vf  animals. 
ZO-O-LOO'ie-AL-LY,  ado.    According  to  the  princi- 
ples of  zoUlo^,  ■  iMwrence. 
Z0-0L'0-GI8T,  a.    [from  i^lcn*)    One  who  is  well 
versed  in  the  natural  blatory  of  animals,  ot  who  de- 
scribes animus. 
ZO-OL'O-OY,  n.    [Qt.  J^kiiv,  an  animal,  and  Aoyor, 
discourse.] 

That  part  of  natural  history  which  treats  of  the 

structure,  habits,  classification,   and   habitations  of 

all    animals,   from    man  to  the  lowest  of   all   the 

ZO-OX'ie,  a.    [Gr.  j^oiQf,  an  animal  J  [tribes. 

PerUining  to  animals  ;  obtained  from  animal  lub- 

sUnces. 

ZO-O.N'0-MY,  n.    [Gr.  ^t.nr,  an  animal,  and  foftafy 

law.] 

The  laws  of  animal  life,  or  the  science  which 
treats  of  the  phenomena  pf  animal  life,  their  causes 
and  relations.  Darwin. 

ZO-<lPH'A-GAN,  n.  [Gr,  ^wjy,  an  animal,  and  ipayui, 
to  eat.] 

An  animal  that  feeds  on  animal  food ;  a  carnivo- 
rous quadruped. 
ZO-OPiI'A-GOUS,  (zo-oCa-gus,)  a.   [Gr.  J^wo¥f  an  ani- 
mal, and  ^a)'Ci),  tu  eat.] 
Feeding  on  animals.  Kirby. 

ZO'O-PHTTE.    See  ZoHrHrxE. 

ZOO  PHOR'I€,  o.  [Gr.  ^w/f,  an  animal,  and  0i/)ew, 
to  bear.] 

The  zoitphoric  column  Is  one  which  supports  the 
figure  of  an  animal. 
ZO-OPn'O-RUS,  n.  [Piipra.]  In  ancintt  arektU^nrt^ 
the  same  with  the  Fbikze  in  mnUern  architecture  :  a 
part  between  the  arcliilrnve  and  lornlre  j  so  called 
frnm  the  figures  of  nnimais  carved  njMin  It.  DieU 
Ztt'O-PirVTE,  n.  [Gr.  ^'jjc,  an  niiimal, and  ^urtw,  a 
plant.] 

A  general  term,  applied  to  shnFile  polyps,  and  com- 
pound individuals  consiKting  of  many  \KAy\n  united 
together,  as  in  mtsit  corals.  They  nfl'-n  branch  like 
vegeutloo,  and  llic  poIyr>s  re«;itible  (lotvers  in  fortii. 
The  term  formerly  lnelud(?d  tii»<mgis  and  corallines, 
in  addition  to  the  alMtVf.  Dana. 

ZO-O-PIIVT'ie,  a.     Firtnining  to  z<rflphytes. 
ZO-0-PI!?-TO-hOC'ie-AL,  a.       Pertaining  to  zo»- 

z5-?!-pii?-TOI.'O^Y,  n-     {iMphyUt  and  Or.  A-iyof, 

rititcourse.] 
The  niitunil  history  of  zoiiphytes,        Kd.  Eneye, 
Zf)-<J  TO.M'ICAL,  a.'   Pertaining  l*i  zoBtomy. 
ZO-OT'O-MIHT,  a.     [See  ZoaTOMT.]     One  who  dis- 

socrs  the  bodies  of  animals ;  a  comparative  anato- 

mi"t. 
Z'>-OT'0-MY,  a.    [Or.  {wov,  an  animal,  and  rc/jfca, 

toeuL] 


ZYT 

The  anatomy  of  all  animals  ;  the  dissection  of  all 
animals  for  the  piir[K>se  of  discovering  their  struc' 
turc,  the  functions  of  ttieir  several  paru,  ice  Zatit- 
omy  is  dividi-d  iiit^i  anikropotomyt  or  the  anatomy  of 
man  ;  orniihotumy,  or  the  anatomy  of  birds ;  Uhthy<^ 
omy,  or  the  anuUiiny  of  fishes,  Jcc.  The  anatomy  of 
brute  animals,  and  more  especially  quodrufwds,  Is 

called  COHPARATITI  ArfATOMT. 

ZOR'IL*.  n.  A  fetid  animal,  a  mere  variety  of  the 
Memptiitis  Americana,  or  skunk,  found  in  Houih 
America.  [In  Bp.  lorro  Is  a  fox,  and  loriUo  tliu 
whelp  of  a  fox.]  Cyf: 

ZOUNDS,  n.  An  exclamation  contracted  from  '*  (iod*s 
wounds  ;"  formerly  used  lu  an  oath,  and  un  expres- 
sion of  anger  or  wonder.  Smart. 
ZUF'PO-LO,  II.     [It.  lufota^  from  tvfotare^  to  hiw  or 
whistle,  L.  ntfflo.)  \ 
A  liule  flute  or  flageolet,  ospeelalty  that  which  is   | 
used  to  teach  birds.                                         BiLshy. 
ZC'MATE-     SeeZTMATE. 
ZO'Mie.     See  Ztmic  Acid. 

ZU-MO-LOG'ie-AL,  a.    [See  ZuMOLOor.]    Pertain- 
ing to  zumology. 
[This  word  vhuuld  be  written  Ztmolooical.] 
ZU-M0L'0-6IST,  n.    One  who  is  skilled  in  the  fer- 
mentation of  liquors. 

[This  word  sltould  be  written  ZrMot.ooiiT.1 
ZIJ-MOL'O  OY,  n.     [Gr.  ntfir),  ferment,  from  ^v/iow, 
to  ferment,  and  Aoy^uf,  discourse.] 

A  treatise  on  the  frrmenlntion  of  liquors,  or  the 
doctrine  of  formenlatiun.  Cye. 

[Thin  word  should  be  written  ZvMOLcar.] 
ZU-MOM'E-TER,       (  n.      [Gr.   (ir/iwajf,  fermenta- 
ZtZ-MO-SIM'E-TER,  I       tion,  or  ^u/m,  ferment,  and 
fitTftcui,  to  measure.] 

An  instnimcnt  proposed  by  Swammerdam  for  as- 
certaining the  degree  of  fermentatiun  occasioned  by 
the  mixture  of  different  liquids,  and  the  degree  of 
heat  which  they  acquire  in  fermentation.  Cye, 

[TheKe  should  he  written  ZrHusiUETea  and  Zr- 

MOMCTKn.} 

ZUR'LITE,  n.  A  nejtiy-discovered  Vesuvlan  min- 
eral, vvhortc  primitive  form  is  a  rube,  or,  according 
to  some  authors,  a  rectangular  prism. 

Joum.  of  Science. 
ZYGO'D  ACT  Yh'W,     (  o.    [Gr.  Cwvo^..,  to  join,  and 
ZYG-O-DAC'TYL-OUS,  \     haxrvU^  a  finger.] 

Having  the  toes  disfmsed  In  pairs  j  distinguishing 
an  order  of  bird*)  which  have  the  feel  furnislied  with 
two  toes  before  and  two  behind,  as  the  parrot,  wood- 
peek<^r,  Slc.  Partington.     Ed.  Kncye. 

ZYG-O-MAT'ie,  a.     [Gr.  Ccwj-Mfl,  ajuinlng.] 

Perlniiiing  to  n  bone  of  the  head,  called  also  o» 
jugal^^  or  rlieck-bone,  or  to  the  bony  arch  under 
whleh  the  temporal  muscle  passes.  The  term  ly- 
goma  in  applied  both  to  the  bono  and  the  arch. 

Cye 
Zijgomalie  arek.    See  ZrnoMATic. 
T.ygomatic  bane  ;  the  chr>«*k-lHine. 
Zygomatic  muscles  i  two  muscles  of  the  face,  wblcb 
rise  from  the  zygomatic  bune,  ond  are  inserted  Into 
the  corner  of  the  mouth. 

Zygomatic  proecaaes ;  the  processes  of  the  temporal 
nnd'clieek-bones,  which  unite  to  form  the  zygomatic 
arch. 

Zygomatic  ruiure  ;  the  suture  which  Joins  the  zyg- 
omatic processes  of  the  temporal  and  cheek  bones. 

Parr. 
ZT'MATE,  \  n.    A  supposed  compound  of  the  imagl- 
ZO'MATE,  1      nary  tymic  acid  with  a  base.    As  there 
is  no  such  acid,  there  can  be  no  such  salL 

A  supposed  peculiar  acid  obtained  by  the  acetoiu 
fermentation  of  vegeUble  substances.  No  such  pe- 
culiar acid  exisU.   • 

One  of  the  supposed  proximate  principles  of  the 

f')\iU-n  of  wheat.    It  is  a  tough  substance.  Insoluble 
n  alcohol.     There  are  douhU  as  resperU  the  exist- 
ence of  iwfaoTB«,  as  a  truly  distinct  subsunca. 
ZT-TIIEP'HA-RY,  a.    A  brewery,  or  brew-house. 
ZT'TIIUM,  n.     [Gr.  Ceo,  to  boll.] 

A  beverags ;  a  liquor  made  from  ^nalt  and  wheat. 


TftNE,  BDLL,  IJNITE.  — AN"OER,  VI"CIOUR— C  u  K;  0  as  J ;  «  as  Zj  CH  as  8H ;  TH  as  In  Tlllfl. 


Kit 


1S8I 


TABLES 


OF 


SCRIPTURE    NAMES, 


GREEK   AND   LATIN    PROPER   NAMES, 


MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES; 


DESIGNED 


TO  EXHIBIT  THE  PRONUNCIATION  OE  EACH; 
WITH  RULES,  ETC.; 


PHEPARBD    FOR 


WEBSTER'S    LARGER   DICTIONARY   OF   THE    ENGLISH    LANGUAGE, 

UNDER  THE   DIRECTION   OF 

N.    r  OUTER, 

PKOPE8S0B   IN   YALE  COLLBOR. 


SPRINGFIELD,  MASS. 
PUBLISHED  BY  GEORGE  AND  CHARLES  MERRIAM, 

CORNER    OF    MAIN    AND    STATE    STREETS. 

1857. 


EnTKKSO  ACOOKDnra  TO  Act  OF  Conqresb,  in  thb  Year  1847, 

Bt  GEORGE  AND  CHARLES  MERRIAM, 

In  the  Clekk's  Opfice  of  the  District  Court  of  MAKSAouirarm 


P  R  E  ¥  A  C  E 


The  publishers  of  Webster's  larger  English  Dictionary,  desiring  to  append  to  it  tabl«s  prepared  expressly 
for  their  edition,  which  should  exhibit  the  correct  pronunciation  of  Scriptural,  Classical,  and  Modern  Geographi- 
cal Names,  requested  the  subscriber  to  undertake  the  direction  of  the  work.  This  service  has  been  performed 
in  the  following  manner  :  — 

The  list  of  Scriptural  Names  added  by  Taylor  to  his  edition  of  Calmet's  "  Dictionary  of  the  Bible,"  has 
been  carefully  collated  with  that  prepared  by  Walker.  In  those  cases  in  which  the  pronunciation  of  Walker 
differs  from  Taylor's,  Walker's  method  has  been  subjoined,  or  substituted  in  its  place.  The  methods  of  Walker 
and  of  Taylor  generally  coincide,  and  the  authority  of  Taylor  has  been  preferred  to  that  of  Walker  in  those 
instances  only  in  which  Walker's  is  opposed  by  the  best  and  the  established  usage.  The  words  omitted  by 
Taylor  have  been  added  from  Walker,  and  the  table,  iu  the  number  of  names  and  in  their  pronunciation,  is 
substantially  the  same  with  that  which  usually  accompanies  Walker's  "  Key." 

The  table  of  Greek  and  Latin  Proper  Names  contains  all  the  classical  names  which  are  found  in  Walker's 
table,  together  with  such  as  are  furnished  in  addition  by  Trollope,  in  his  edition  of  Walker's  "Key,"  and  by- 
Thomas  Swinburne  Carr,  in  his  "Classical  Pronunciation  of  Proper  Names."  A  few  have  also  been  taken  from 
Pauly's  "  Encyclopedia  of  Classical  Antiquities,"  and  from  Freund's  "  Dictionary  of  the  Latin  Language." 

This  table  has  been  revised  by  Professor  Thacher,  of  Yale  College.  In  conducting  this  revision,  he  found 
it  necessary  to  correct  numerous  errors,  especially  in  the  division  of  words  into  syllables,  which,  from  errors  of 
the  press,  a  confusion  of  principles,  and  a  want  of  care  in  the  application  of  the  rules,  have  been  accumulated 
in  other  published  tables  of  Proper  Names.  It  will  be  seen,  on  noticing  the  changes  which  have  been  intro- 
duced, that  the  aim  has  been  to  remove  all  inconsistencies  in  the  application  of  the  rufes  of  pronunciation 
which  have  been  adopted  by  Walker  in  common  with  many  others. 

A  few  errors  of  accent  have  also  been  corrected,  as  more  recent  investigations  have  ascertained  the  quan- 
tity of  some  words,  which  earlier  lexicographers,  guided  only  by  the  general  rules  of  quantity,  had  given  errone- 
ously. 

The  pronunciation  of  these  names  is  in  all  cases  determined  by  the  place  of  the  accent,  and  by  the  forms 
of  the  syllables  wbich  the  accent  determines.  To  attempt  to  indicate  to  the  English  ear  the  sounds  of  the 
vowels  by  marks  which  in  classical  usage  are  employed  to  indicate  their  quantity,  would  only  lead  to  con- 
fusion, and  cannot  fail  to  be  especially  disadvantageous  to  students  of  the  languages.  The  classical  table  is 
accompanied  by  a  few  rules,  designed  to  guide  the  scholar  in  settling  those  questions  of  pronunciation  which 
are  not  answered  in  the  table  itself  These  rules  do  not  disagree  with  those  adopted  in  Walker's  "Key;"  but, 
m  connection  with  the  table,  will  guide  to  that  pronunciation  which  is  in  vogue  at  the  University  of  Oxford 
and  other  learned  schools.  It  is  believed  that  these  few  rules  will  be  found  to  be  more  convenient  and  useful 
than  the   corresponding   ones   in   Walker's  "  Key." 

1385  ~ 


PREFACE. 


The  same  preference  will  be  given,  it  is  belicTed,  to  the  rules  abridged  from  Walker,  which  accompany  the 
Scripture   Proper   Names. 

The  Modern  Geographical  Names  were  mostly  selected  from  Black's  ■"General  Atlas,"  (Edinburgh,  1846,)  as 
being  the  latest  and  best  authority.  The  design  of  the  compiler  was,  primarily,  to  present  the  names  of  the 
countries,  provinces,  important  towiis,  rivers,  &c.,  on  the  continent  of  Europe  and  Spanish  America,  and  to 
indicate  their  pronunciation  as  perfectly  as  this  can  be  represented  by  English  sounds.  As  these  names  fre- 
quently occur  in  books  of  all  kinds,  and  occasion  great  perplexity  to  the  reader  and  public  speaker,  and  as 
their  pronunciation  is  conformed  to  that  of  the  languages  to  which  they  belong,  it  was  thought  advisable  to 
prq>are  a  c<^ious  list  of  words  of  this  character,  and  to  give  them  the  chief  place  in  the  table.  When  these 
words  have  been  Anglicized,  the  Anglicized  has  been  subjoined  to  the  native  pronunciation. 

To  these  European  names  many  others  have  been  added  of  places  in  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States, 
in  respect  to  the  pronunciation  of  which,  it  was  thought,  information  would  be  esteemed  of  any  value,  or 
could  be  given  with  any  exactness.  In  a  few  instances,  a  provincial,  and  what  will  be  thought  by  some  an 
improper,  method  has  been  given.  It  was  thought,  however,  to  be  impossible  and  useless  to  attempt  to  fur- 
nish a  complete  list  of  English  and  American  names,  with  their  pronunciation.  The  pronunciation  of  the  great 
majority  of  these  names  is  familiar  to  all,  and  is  never  sought  for  in  a  dictionary,  while  that  of  a  very  large 
number  can  hardly  be  considered  as  fixed. 

A  "few  names  of  places  in  other  and  ruder  countries  are  given.  There  are  two  reasons,  however,  why  it 
was  not  thought  expedient  to  swell  the  list  with  names  of  this  character.  They  are,  in  most  cases,  the  result 
of  an  effort  to  represent  native  sounds  by  English  spelling.  If  this  representation  is  imperfect,  it. is  of  little 
authority,  and  is  liable  to  constant  changes.  If  it  is  perfect,  or  nearly  so,  the  pronunciation  is  indicated  by 
the  name  itself 

The  catalogue  of  European  names  was  prepared  by  a  gentleman  familiar  with  the  countries  and  the  lan- 
guages in  which  the  names  occur;  and  it  is  believed  that  the  pronunciation  and  the  accent  are  as  well  reprfr- 
sented  as  the  nature  of  the  work  and  the  means  at  hand  would  allow.  No  pains  have  been  spared  to  render 
this  table  as  complete  and  convenient  as  any  within  reach  of  the  public. 

N.   PORTER. 

T4LI    COLLEGF       O^CVl    10.    1847 


1286 


PRONOUNCING   VOCABULARY 


OF 


SCRIPTURE    PROPER   NAMES. 


1887 


RULES 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES 

[ABRIDGED    FROM    WALKER'S    K  K  V.  ] 


1.  Is  the  pronunciation  of  the  letters  of  the  Hebrew  proper 
names,  we  find  nearly  the  same  rules  prevail  as  in  those  of  Greek 
and  Latin.  Where  the  vowels  end  a  syllable  with  the  accent  on 
it,  they  have  their  long,  open  sound  ;  as,  JfailxU,  Je'hu,  Si'rach, 
Go'shen,  and  Tv'hal. 

2.  When  a  consonant  ends  the  syllable,  the  preceding  vowel  is 
short;  as,  Sam'u-el,  Lem'u-d,  Sim'e-on,  Sol'o-mon,  Siic'cotk,  Syn'a- 
gogue. 

3.  Every  final  i  forming  a  distinct  syllable,  though  unnccented, 
has  the  long,  open  sound  ;  as,  .i'i,  .1-ris'a-i. 

4.  Every  unaccented  i  ending  a  syllable  not  final,  is  pronounced 
like  e  ;  as,  Ji'ri-el,  .Wdi-tL,  pronounced  A're-cl,  M'de-el. 

5.  The  rowels  at  are  sometimes  pronounced  in  one  syllable,  and 
sometimes  in  two ;  as,  Beit-ai'ak,  Hu'shai,  Hu'rai,  &x;. ;  or,  as 
Sham'ma-i,  Shask'a-i,  Ber-a-i'ak,  &c.,  following  in  these,  as  in 
most  Hebrew  proper  names,  the  pronunciation  of  the  Septuagint 
version  of  th<  oible. 

6.  Ck  is  pr>  ttjunced  like  k;  as,  Cktmosh,  Enoch,  &e.,  pronounced 
Kemosh,  Enok,  &c.  Chrrubim  and  Rachel  seem  to  be  perfectly 
Anglicized,  as  the  ch  in  these  words  is  always  beard  as  in  the  Eng- 
lish words  cherr,  child,  riehes,  &c.  The  same  may  be  observed 
of  Cherub,  signifying  an  order  of  angels ;  but  when  it  means  a  city 
of  the  Babylonish  empire,  it  ought  to  be  pronounced  Ke'rub. 

7.  Almost  the  only  difference  in  the  pronunciation  of  the  He- 
brew and  the  Greek  and  Latin  proper  names,  is  in  the  sound  of 
the  g  before  e  and  i.  In  the  last  two  languages,  this  consonant  is 
always  soft  before  these  vowel^ ;  as,  Gtllius,  Gippius,  &c.,  pro- 
nounced JeJIius,  Jipptus,  &c. ;  anc^  in  the  first,  it  is  hard ;  as,  Gcro, 
Gerizim,  Gideon,  Gilgal,  Megiddo,  ale.  This  difference  is  without 
foundation  in  etymology  ;  for  both  g  and  r  were  always  hard  in  the 
Greek  and  Latin  languajjes,  as  well  as  in  the  Hebrew ;  but  the 
latter  language  being  8~>.died  so  much  less  than  the  Greek  and 
Ijatin,  it  has  not  tindery  tte  that  change  which  familiarity  is  sure 
to  produce  in  all  languages.  The  solemn  distance  of  this  language 
has  not  been  able,  however,  to  keep  the  letter  e  from  sliding  into  5 
before  e  and  i,  in  the  same  manner  as  in  the  Greek  and  Latin. 
Thus,  though  Gehazi,  Gideon,  &c.,  have  the  g  hard,  Cedrom,  Ce- 
dron,  Cisai,  and  Cittern,  have  the  e  soft,  as  if  written  Sedrnm,  Se- 
dron,  &C.  The  same  may  be  observed  of  Igeubarim,  Igeal,  JVagge, 
Shage,  Pagiel,  with  the  g  hard  ;  and  Ocidelus,  Oeina,  and  Phara- 
eion,  with  the  r  soft,  like  .«. 

8.  Gentiles,  as  they  are  called,  ending  in  ines  and  ites,  as  Philis- 
tine.*,  Hivites,  Hittitea,  &c.,  being  Anglicized  in  the  translation  of 
the  Bible,  are  pronounced  like  formatives  of  our  own  ;  as,  Philistine, 
Whitfieldites,  Jacobites,  &c. 

9.  The  unaccented  termination  ah,  so  frequent  in  Hebrew  proper 
names,  ought  to  be  pronounced  like  the  a  in  father.  The  a  in  this 
termination,  however,  frequently  falls  into  the  indistinct  sound 
heard  in  the  final  a  in  .Ifrica,  .Xtnn,  &c. ;  nor  can  we  easily  per- 
ceive anv  distinction  in  this  respect  between  Elijah  and  Elisfia  ; 
but  the  final  A  preserves  the  other  vowels  open,  as  Colhozeh,  Ski- 
loh,  &c.,  pronounced  Colhozee,  Shilo,  &c.  The  diphthong  ci  is 
always  pronounced  like  ee ;  thus  Sa-mei'us  is  pronounced  as  if 
written   Ha-mee'us.     But  if  the  accent  be  on  the  ah,  then   the   a 

-ought  to  be  pronounced  like  the  «  in  father  ;  as,  Tah'e-rn,  Tuh'pe- 
nes,  &c. 

10.  It  may  be  remarked,  that  there  are  several  Hebrew  proper 
names,  which,  by  passing  through  the  Greek  of  the  Jfew  Testa- 
ment, have  conformed  to  the  Greek  pronunciation  ;  such  as  J^cel- 
dama,  Genezareth,  Bethphage,  &c.,  pronounced  .1-srl>da-ma,  Jc- 
Tuz^a-reth,  Beth'pha-je,  &c.  This  is,  in  my  opinion,  more  agreeable 
to  the  general  analogy  of  pronouncing  these  Hebrew-Greek  words 
than  preserving  the  c  and  g  hard. 


Ridta  for  the  (^uaiitity  of  the  VoioeU. 

11.  In  dissyllables,  with  but  one  middle  consonant,  the  first  vowel 
is  accented  and  pronounced  long ;  as,  Ki'rah,  Ms'loch.  The  same 
analogy  is  observed  in  the  penultimate  of  polysyllables;  as,  Bal- 
thd'sar. 

12.  When  the  accent  is  on  the  antepenultimate  syllable,  the 
vowel  is  always  short,  except  when  followed  by  two  vowels  ;  thus, 
Jr.-hos'a-phat.  The  secondary  accent  has  the  same  shortening 
power  when  the  primary  accent  is  on  the  third  and  the  secondary 
on  the  first  syllable  ;  as,  Olh-o-nl'as. 

Rules  for  placing  the  Accent  on  Hebrew  Proper  JVames. 

13.  The  accent  of  Hebrew  words  cannot  be  better  regulated  than 
by  the  laws  of  the  Greek  language.  By  tliis  it  is  not  intended  that 
every  word  which  is  Greecized  in  the  Septuagint  should  be  ac- 
cented exactly  according  to  the  Greek  rule  of  accentuation.  For 
many  words,  that  are  purely  Greek,  do,  when  they  are  Anglicized, 
receive  the  Latin  accentuation,  instead  of  retaining  the  Greek. 
Wnen  the  Hebrew  word  has  been  Groscized  into  the  same  number 
of  syllables,  we  prefer  the  Latin  accentuation  to  what  may  be  called 
our  own.  Thus  we  accent  Cathua  on  the  penult,  since  it  comes  to 
us  through  the  Greek  Ku^'^vu,  and  because  the  Latins  would  have 
placed  the  accent  on  this  syllable,  and  notwithstanding  that  the  Eng- 
lish ear  would  be  better  pleased  wilh  the  antepenultimate  accent. 
But  when  the  Hebrew  word  does  not  contain  the  same  number  of 
syllables  as  the  same  word  in  the  Greek, —  as  Mes'o-bah,  AJiaoifiiu, 
Id'u-el,  'l}avi,lu(,  —  it  comes  under  our  own  analogy,  and  we  place 
the  accent  on  the  antepenultimate. 

14.  Ae  we  never  accent  a  proper  name  from  the  Greek  on  the 
last  syllable,  so,  if  the  Greek  word  be  accented  on  any  other  sylla- 
ble, we  seldom  pay  any  regard  to  it,  unless  it  coincide  with  the 
Latin  accent.  Thus  the  word  Ged-e'rah  is  accented  on  the  penulti- 
mate, because  it  is  Grtecized  by  /"uJi;oa,  though  it  is  accented  on 
the  antepenultimate,  and  this  because  the  penultimate  is  long,  and 
the  long  penultimate  in  Latin  always  has  the  accent. 

1.5.  All  words  ending  in  ias  and  iah  have  the  accent  on  the  i, 
without  any  foundation  in  the  analogy  of  Greek  and  Latin  pro- 
nunciation, except  the  very  vague  reason  that  the  Greek  word  has 
the  accent  on  this  syllable.  This  reason  is  called  vague,  because 
the  Greek  accent  has  no  influence  on  words  in  ael,  iel,  ial,  &.c. ; 
as,  IoQai',X.  '^fliii'iX,  FeilaX,  x.  t.  X.  Hence  the  impropriety  of  pro- 
nouncing Messias  with  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable.  It  is  the 
broad,  diphthongal  sound  of  the  English  i,  with  the  accent  on  it, 
which  makes  the  word  sound  so  much  better  in  English  than  it 
does  in  French,  or  even  in  the  true  ancient  Greek  pronunciation. 

16.  The  termination  aim.  seems  to  attract  the  accent  on  the  a 
only  in  words  of  more  than  three  syllables  ;  as  E'phraivi,  Miz'- 
raim,  have  the  accent  on  the  antepenultimate,  but  Hurona'im, 
Ramatha'im,  &c.,  on  the  penultimate.  This  is  the  general  rule  ; 
but  if  the  Greek  word  have  the  penultimate  long,  the  accent  ought 
to  he  on  that  syllable;  as,  Pkarva'ivi,  */>u',»or/_u,  &c. 

17.  KemucI,  Jemucl,  XemucI,  and  other  words  of  the  same  form, 
havinsr  the  same  number  of  syllables  as  the  Greek  words  into 
which  they  arc  translated,  ought  to  have  the  accent  on  the  pennl- 
tiniate,  as  that  syllable  is  long  in  Greek  ;  but  Emanuel,  Samuel, 
Lemuel,  are  irrecoverably  accented  on  the  antepenultimate,  and 
follow  the  analogy  of  llie  English  accentuation. 

18.  It  is  plain  from  these  observations,  tiiat  the  Hebrew  accent 
is  regulated  by  a  sort  of  compromise  between  this  ancient  language 
and  our  own  ;  and  the  best  we  can  do  is  to  form  a  kind  of  com- 
pound ratio  of  Hebrew,  Greek,  Latin,  and  English,  and  to  let  each 
of  these  prevail  as  usage  has  permitted  them. 


PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY 


SCRIPTURE    PROPER    NAMES, 


The  basis  of  the  following  Vocabulary  is  that  of  Taylor,  in 
"  Calmet's  Dictionary  of  the  Bible."  To  this  have  been  added 
several  hundred  names  from  Walker.  In  the  cases  in  which  the 
pronunciation   of  Walker  differs   from    that   of  Taylor,   that   of 


Wallier  is  added  or  substituted  in  its  place.  The  pronunciation 
of  Walker  is  not  always  to  be  preferred,  nor  is  it  followed  in  ac- 
tual usage  by  the  best  authorities.  The  notation  of  the  vowel 
sounds  may  be  consulted  below.  —  Ed. 


A. 


Aalab 

a'a4itr 

Aaron 

S'ron 

Abacue 

Ab'or-eue 

A bad ah 

db'a-dah 

Abaddon 

a-bdd'don 

Abadiaa 

db-a-dl'as 

Abafflba 

a-hdg'ihdh. 

Abal 

5'bal 

Abana 

dh'a-nah 

Abarim 

db'a-rim 

A  baron 

db'a-ron 

Abba 

db'bah 

Abda 

db'dah 

Abdias 

db-dl'as 

Abdiel 

db'di-el 

Abednego 

abed' no-go 

Abel 

a'bd 

Abel  Maim 

&'hd  ma'im 

AIxjI  Mebolatli 

a'bd  me-hS'la'Ji 

Abesan 

db'bc-.ian 

Ahez 

a'bez 

Abiah 

a-bl'ah 

Abialbon 

a-bt-dt'bna 

Abiasaph 

a^bl'a-saf 

AbiaUior 

a-bVa-thar 

Abib 

a' bib 

Abidah 

a-hVdah 

Abidan 

dh'i-ilan 

Abiel 

db't-et  or  o-M'ci 

Abiezer 

db-i-t'irr 

Abiezrite 

db-i-ez'rite 

Abigail 

db'i-galt  or  db'i-gdl 

Abihail 

dh'i-halt 

Abihu 

a-hJ'hu 

Abihud 

a-bl'hud 

Abijah 

a-bl'ja/i 
a-bVjam 

Abijam 

Abilene 

db-bUe'na 

Abimael 

db^bt-ma'd 

Abimeloch 

ab-im'ine  Uk 

Abinadab 

a^in'a-dab 

Abinoam 

ab-in'no-am 

Abiram 

a-bVram 

Abi«el 

ab-i~gS>i 

Abishng 

db'b'i-shasr  or  a-bVshag 

Abi)«hai 

db'bi~sh&'i 

AbiHhahar 

db'b'i-shA'har 

Ahii^haJom 

db-b-i-sh&'lom. 

Abishua 

dbbi^ha'ak 

AbUhnr 

db'i-shur 

Abiaum 

db't'jtum 

Abiul 

db'i-uU 

Abitub 

db'i-tub 

Abiud 

db'i-ud  or  a-bVud 

Abner 

db'ner 

Abram 

d'bram 

Absalom 

do'aa-lom 

Abtibus 

a-bQ'buM 

Acaron 

dk'a'fon 

Acatan 

dk'a-tan 

Accad 

dk'kad 

Aceldama 

a-cd'da^mah 

Achaia 

a-kfi'vaJi 

Achaichus 

a-kS't-kus 

Ac  ban 

d'kan 

Achiacharua 

dA-AMft'iWTt# 

Aggeua 

dg-gl'us 

Achim 

a' kirn 

Agnottitabor 

d^-noth^t&'bor 

Acliimelech 
Achior 

a-kim'Uek 
a'ki-or 

Agrippa 
Agur 

a-grip'pah 
a'ifur 

Achiram 

a-kVram 

Ahab 

a'hab 

Acbi^h 

a'kish 

Aharah 

ahdr'ah 

Achitob 

dk'i~tob 

Abaral 

a-hdr'al 

Achitopliel 

a-kit'o-fd 

Abasai 

a-hda'a-i 

Achmctha 

ak-mU'thah 

Ahasbai 

a-kds'ba~i 

Achor 

a'kor 

Ahasuerus 

a-hds-ii-i'rus 

Acfasoh 

dk'isah 

Ahava 

a-h&'vak 

Achshaph 

dk'shaf 

Ahaz 

a'haz 

Achzib 

dk'zib 

Ahaza! 

a-hdz'a-i 

Acipba 

ds'-i~/fih 

Ahaziah 

a-ha-iVah 

Acitho 

ds'i-tko 

Ahban 

Wi'ban 

Acua 

a-ka'a 

Ahi 

a'hl 

Adadah 

dd'a-dah 

Ahiab 

a-hVah 

Adadezer 

dd-dd-e'zer 

Ahiam 

a-hVam 

Adadrimmon 

dd-dd^m'mon 

Abiezer 

a-hl-e'zer 

Adaiah 

dd-a-Vah 

Ahihiid 

a-hVud 

Adalia 

dd-n-lVa 

Ahijah 

a-hVjah 
O'hrkam 

Adam 

dd'am 

Aliikam 

Adamah 

dd'a-mah 

Ahitud 

a-hVlud 

Adami 

dd'a^mi 

Ahiinaaz 

a-him'a-di 

Adasa 

dd'a-sa 

Ahiman 

a-hi'jnan 

Adatha 

dd'a-lha 

Ahimclech 

a-him'me-lek 

Adbecl 

dd-bt'd 

Ahiraoth 

a'hi-moth  or  a-kl'moth 

Addi 

dd'dl 

Abinadab 

a-hin'a-dab 

Ader 

a'dcr 

Abinoam 

a-kin'o-am 

Adicl 

dd'i-d  or  H'dt-tl 

Ahio 

a-hVo 

Adida 

dd'i-da 

Ahira 

ahVrah 

Adina 

a-dl'nah 

Ahiram 

a-hVram 

Aditha 

dd'i-tha 

Ahiramitea 

a'hVram-ites 

Adithaim 

dd^i-tkH'im 

Ahisamach 

a-his'a-^mdk 

Adlai 

dd^a'i  or  dd'lori 

Abishahur 

{  a-hi-sha'hur  or  a-hV- 

Admah 

dd'mah 

1      Bha-hur 

Admatha 

dd'mortka 

Ahisham 

arhVsham 

Adonai 

dd'o-na 

Abishar 

a-hl'shar 

Adonias 

dd-o-nV(u 

Abitob 

a-hVtob 

Adoiiibcsek 

a-don'i-bS'zek 

Ahitophel 

a-hit'o-fd 

Ad  on  ij  ah 

dd-o-nVjah 
dd-o-nVkam 

Abitub 

a~hi'tub 

Adonikam 

Ahlah 

bJi'lah 

Adoniram 

dd-o-nVram 

Ablai 

dh'ta 

Adonis 

a-d6'nis 

Ahoah 

a-k5'afi 

Adonizcdck 

a-don'i-ze'dck 

Abohite 

a-hO'liite 

Adora 

a-dO'ra 

Aholah 

a-ha'lah 

Adnraim 

drf-o-rfl'im 

Aholbah 

a-hul'bah 

Adnram 

a-dO'ram 

Aholiab 

a-hO'li-ab 

Adrammclech 

dd-rdm'me-Iek 

Abolibah 

a-hol'i-hah 

Adramyttium 
Adria 

dd-ra'jnit't'i-wn 
a'dri-ah 

Abotibainah 

j  a-fiC'ti'bd'mafi  or  a-ko 
\      lib'a-mah 

Adriel 

a'dri-d 

Ahiimai 

a-hiX'ma-i 

Adiicl 

a~dii'd 

Abuzam 

a-htt'zam 

Adullam 

a-dul'lam 

Abuzzab 

a-huz'zah 

Aduinmiin 

a-dum'mim 

Ai 

&'i 

Acdias 

a-e-dVas 

Aioh 

a-l'ah' 

JEneas 

e-nS'as 

Aiath 

a-Vatk 

^Ethiopia 

e-Oit-O'p-i-a 

Aijah 

a-Viah 

Ai^aba 

v*^ 

Aijaleth  Bhahur 

dd'jarleVi^h&'hur 

Agabiis 

AIn 

a'in 

Agag 

Aioth 

a-l'oth 

Agngite 

H'g-ag'ite 

Airua 

a-l'rus 

Agarenea 

dg-a-renes' 

Ajah 

Q.'jah 

dd'ja-lon 

dk'^kub 

Agate 

dg'aU 

Ajalon 

A  gee 

dg'b-e 

Akkub 

Akrabbim 
AJanimelech 

Alamoth 

Alema 

Alemcth 

Alexandria 

Aliab 

Allan 

AUelujah  \ 

Alionbachuth 

Almodad 

Almondiblathaim 

Almiig 

AInatlian 

Aluth 

Alplia 

AlpheuB 

Altaneiis 

Allaschith 

Altekon 

Alvah 

A  lush 

Amadathua 

Amal 

A  maid  a 

Amalek 

Amalekitca 

Auianah 

Amariah 

Amasa 

Amasai 

Aroashai 

Amasbiah 

Amathcis 

Amalhia 

Amaziah 

Amen 

Amethyst 

Ami 

Aminadab 

Amizabad 

Atnittai 

Animah 

Ammi 

Ammidioi 

Amriiiel 

Ammishaddai 

Aminihud 

Animizabad 

Ammonites 

Ammonitess 

Amok 

Amorites 

Amos 

Amphipolia 

Amplias 

Amramites 

Amraphel 

Anizi 

Anab 

Anah 

Anaharatb 

Anaiah 

Anak 


dk~rdb'bim 
a-ldm'mo-Uk 

dffa-moth 

dl'e-ma 

dVe-meth 

dl-ex-dn' dr'i-a 

a-lVah. 

a-Wan 

al-le-m' yak  or  oWfrJO- 

jah 
dVlon'bak'uth 
al-mS'dad 

dl'mon'dib-la-thU'im 
dl'mug 
dVnaAhan 
a'loth 
dl'faJi 
al-ft'us 

aUida'kUh 

dt't&^on 

dl'vah 

a'liuh 

a-mdd'a-tkua 

Q.'mal 

a-mdl'dah 

dm'a-lfk 

dm'a'lek-ites 

a-m&'nah  or  dia'a-nah 

dni-a-rt'oh 

a-mfl'sflA  or  dm'asaJi 

arn^-s&'i  or  a-mds'a-i 

dm-a.-3hQ.'i 

dm-^shVah 

dm-a-thS'ia 

dm'a-thia 

dm-a-zVah 

d'men 

dm'e-thist 

&'mi 

Or-min'a-dab 

a~mii'a-bad 

a-mil'td  or  a-mU-t&'i 

drn'mah 

dm'ml 

am-mid'i-oy 

dm' mi-el 

dm-mi-shdd' da-i 

dm'm'i-hud 

dm-miz' a-bdd 

dm'mon-ites 

dm-mon-l'tess 

&'mok 

drn'O'Tites 

H'moz  or  i'mos 

dm-Jip' o-lis 

dm'pti'^i* 

dm'ram-iUa 

dm'ra-fd 

dm' il 

di'nab 

&'nah 

dn-a-hU'raik 

dn~a-\'ah 

a'nak 


"T^ 


FatejfUTy  bdu  —  JtfSer,  help.^Plnejmafine,  —  JVTite.—  T<ine,rtnite.~i  Mj}  Zh  ns  sJu 


1389 


• 

PRONUNCIATION   OF   SCRIPTURE   PROPER   NAMES. 

Anakima 

da'a^au 

Artaxeriea 

Or-Uz-m'a 

Azur 

a'zur 

Bebemolb 

»8'*Ma«a 

Anammelech 

a-mim'mt-lik 

Artemas 

Hr'tt^Mt 

Aznrun 

di'u-ran 

Bckab 

be'kah 

Ananl 

da-d'aa 

Anibolh 

dr'ni-Mk 

Azymilos 

dz't-mitM 

Bi'la 

bt'lah 

Ananiah 

4n-a-*l'ak 

Arumah 

a-ra'mak 

Azzur 

dz'iur 

Bflemtia 

bH'e^mue 

Ananiaa 

tint-nVat 

Arvaditea 

ar'vtul-itts 

llelgai 

bH'ga-i 

bVli-al  or  be-Wal 

Ananiel 

»«4a'l'-<i 

Asa 

a'saS 

Belial 

Analh 

A'aaU 

Asadiaa 

i»-a-iVu 

Ilelinaim 

biVma^m 

Anathema 

a^dtk'muJt 

.\aabel 

ii'r-tt 

B. 

Delshazzar 

biUkdz'ar                       1   1 

Anutbuth 

dn'a-Uutk 

Aaaiah 

rU«4'aJk 

Bulteshazzar 

bel-U-shdz'ar                  , 

Andronicus 

t  aH-dn>-»Vku»  or  a»- 

Asana 

dVo-aa 

Benaiaii 

btn.a<yah 

dri,n"(-kiu 

Asaph 

«'«lf 

Benanimi 

btn-dm'ml                        , ,, 

Anem 

d'am 

Aaara 

da'a-ra 

Baal 

M'al 

Bcneberak 

birt-ib'e^ak                     ,  \ 

Anes 

a'a« 

Aaatml 

dM-ri'e/  or  asdrlMl 

Baalab 

hd'al-ak 

Benejaakaji 

AaMh 

a'ltetlk 

Asanstah 

it-a^'taJi 

Baolalb 

ba'al-cth 

Benhadad 

kbht^ka'dadotbiK'ha- 

Aaetbotbits 

I  a^iUt'o-tkiU  or  da'oJk- 

Asbaxarelh 

as-idi'<t-na 

Baal  Ilamon 

ba'al  Mm'oK 

dad                                    1 

1      ff^ite 

Aacalon 

t^luUm 

Baal  llanau 

b&'al  bdn'an 

Beuhail 

btn^a'a 

Aniam 

a-Nl^aai 

Aaebia 

da-a-ti'a                  • 

Baali 

ba'al-t  or  ha'al-t 

Benhanan 

ben-ha'nan 

Antilibanua 

1  dn-rt-iift^mt  or  mni- 

Aaenatta 

d^MUlk 

Baalim 

ba'al-im 

Beninu 

bfa-l'na  or  Wa'i-nO 

1        li-U'KUJ 

Aaerar 

a^'rttr 

Baalia 

ba'al-is 

Benjamin 

b^ti'ja-nin 
ben\ja-mUe 

AnUoch 

dn'Ct-ok 

Aahabiah 

tsk.»M'mk 

Baansh 

ba-a'nah  or  frd'a-Tia 

Benjamite 

Anliochia 

i^a't-tit 

Asbael 

d^kMi 

Baanan 

ba'a-nan 

Beno 

bS'no 

Aaiiocbiu 

aa-a'»4M 

Aahan 

a>dm 

Baanath 

ba^'nath  or  ba'a-nath 

Benuiti 

bin-o'nl  or  be-Hl'iil 

Andpai 

ila'n-pu 

Ashbea 

itk'it^ 

Baaniaa 

ba-a-nVas 

Belilli 

ben-^'i                               j 

AnUpftter 

ii»-«-;ia'UT 

Ashchenaz 

dst'ibHUI 

Baara 

ba-a'rah  or  ba'a-^ah 

Oenzoheth 

bin-:6'htth 

AntipUria 

(  da-n-pd'trii  or  dm-tif> 

Ashdoihitea 

dsk'Mk^tm 

Baaseiah 

ba~a~sl'ah 

Bura 

be'rah 

\      a-Cru 

Asbean 

Baashata 

baSUhah  or  ba'a-thoA 

Beracbab 

ber-a'kah  or  ber'a-kah 

Antipha 

da'dh/U 

Aaber 

tsk'tr 

Babel 

bS'btl 

Berachiab 

bir-a-kVah 

Antolhijah 

diMo-eU'iaJk 

Asblott 

dttl-aHk 

Babylon 

bib'i-ltm 

Beraiah 

ft^r-rt-i'oA 

AntoUlitA 

tn'iDlk-itt 

Ashon 

d'Moa 

Babylonians 

biib-i4e'Hi-alu 

Berea     • 

&fr-r2'o 

Anub 

a'nmt 

Ashpenaz 

dsh'pe-nat 

BaM 

ba'kah 

Bered 

hfred 

Apanea 

m-fiVltM 
d/a-rd'tai 

Ashriel 

dsh'Ti-ti 

Bncchurus 

bdk-M'nu 

Berl 

bl'rl 

Apharaim 

Ashtaroth 

dsh'la-rotk 

Bacbrites 

bik'ritts 

Beriah 

bc-rl'ah 

Ashtemoth 

isk'te-motk 

Bachutb  Alton 

bdk'ua  dl'lm 

Berites 

be'ritee 

Aphanilea 

cfdr'tUa 

Ashterathitea 

dsh-tfr'ra-lAitfj 

Bagoas 

ba-^B'as 

Berilh 

bi'rith 

Aptaek 

a'fck 

Ashuath 

a-^M'tttlk 

Bagni 

bdg'o-i 

Beriiice 

beT'jiVee  or  bfr'nke 

Aptaekah 

a^'kak 

Ashur 

dsh'ur 

Balmrumlte 

ba-ha' rum-itt 

Berodach 

bc-rO'dak 

Apherema 

a/n^MW 

Ashurim 

a-shn'rim 

nahiirim 

ba-fifi'rim 

Berothai 

be-rb'Iha  or  birl|>^ha-\ 

Apberra 

afir'n 

Asburitea 

dsh'itr-iUi 

Bajith 

bdd'jith  or  ba'jitA 

Bcrotbalb 

be^H'tJlatJi 

Aphiah 

a-/I'«* 

Asibial 

as-iMi(U 

Bakbakker 

bdk-bdk'ker 

Beryl 

bfr'rU 

Apbra 

4/'na 

Aakelon 

Bakbuk 

biik'biUc 

Bcrzeliis 

ber.zl'laa 

ApbsM 

4r«« 

Asmadai 

di'au^d 

Bakbukiah 

bik^uk-Vah 

Besal 

M'»a 

Apocaljrpas 

^pdk'rtvS 

Aamarelh 

d^iaa-Ma 

Balaam 

ba'lam 

Besndeiah 

b^s-o-di'ah 

Apocnrplia 

Aamoneana 

Baladaa 

bdl-a'da»  or  Mi's  dm 

Betab 

bl'tak 

Apollooia 

df^tUi'tfl^ 

Asnapper 

a.-»d,',«r 

Balak 

ba'lak 

Beten 

bl'itii 

Apolloa 

ifri'l— 

Aaochia 

Balamo 

bdVa-mo 

Bethubara 

bet/t'db'a-rah 

Apolljron 

4r»-a»or'«^'a*'" 

Aapaite 

d^jM-UaJk 

Balanus 

biVa-nun 

Bethanath 

b^th'a-nath 

Appaitn 
Apphia 

Aariel 

u/dr'iHnia 

Bttlthasar 
Bamotb 

bal-Uia'sar 
ia'mof* 

Belhanoth 
Bethany 

brth'tt-noth 

beth'a-nt                                , 

Apphus 

*,>>-i-y»'nial 

AsaalimoUl 

attdl'i-mttk 

Banaiu 

ban-a-l'aa 

Betharabah 

Appii  Foram 

Aasaniaa 

ds-»a-nVa» 

BanI 

ba'nl 

Betbarain 

bHh'a-ram 

Aquila 

Aaaideana 

is-ti-M'au 

Banuaa 

bdn'ii-as 

Betharbel 

bilh-dribtl 

An 

d'n* 

Alair 

ttinr 

Barabbaa 

ba-rdb'bas 

Bethaven 

brlh-a'ven 

Arab 

d'nt 

Aawa 

*4'tM 

Barachel 

bdr'a-ket 

Bethazmaveth 

btth-dz'ma^etk 

Arabah 

dWra-Mk 

Aaayrte 

t-nr't-a 

Bniacbiab 

bdr-a-ki'ah 

Bethbaalmeun 

bfth-ba'al-ml'm 

AnbatUne 

Aatans 

dHar'U 

Bonik 

ba'rak 

Bclhliarah 

btth'ba'rah 

Arabia 

a-r<'»lf-« 

Aaapphn 

«-na'fa^taa 

Barcenor 

bOr-cl'nor 

Uethbusi 

bHh'ba-si 

And 

d'rnd 

AflrncritUfl 

Barbti  mites 

bUr-kit'mUa 

Belhlilrei 

bMi-bir'e-i 

Andita 

a'rotf^ 

Aud 

d'lad 

Bariali 

ba-rVaK 

Betbdagon 

bHh^da'  gon 

Anh 

a'n* 

Atarjatia 

^<ar'ga-tu 

Barjesus 

bdr-il'sus 

Bethdiblatbaiin 

biUi-dib-la-lka'int 

Aram 

d'rdai 

AtaruUl 

dl't-mk 

Barjonah 

bdr-jo'nah 

Bethel 

bHh'rl 

AramilMa 

^rdat-rtaa 

Atliack 

B'Uiak 

Barodis 

ba^B'dis 

Betbemek 

bHK-e'mck 

Annt 

dr'a-rat 

Altaalata 

dUHi-l'a 

Baiaabaa 

bitr'ta-baa 

Bethesda 

( billi-es'dah  iir  be-tki^. 
\      dah 

Anniuh 

Athalnh 

dt*«^'a* 

Bartacus 

bdr'la-tiie 

Arbah 

^Uk 

AthariM 

itX^-ri'tu 

Bartholomow 

bdr-Viid'o^mew 

Betheze) 

bhh-e'zd 

AiImUiIU 

Ib'talMU 

Athens 

dlM'txt 

Bartinieus 

1  bdr-ft-ml'ui  or  bitr 

Bethgader 

STth-ga'der 

AriMttia 

aivMftu 

Athenobiua 

tdi-t^S'U-mi 

I      ttrn'^^us 

Bethgamnl 

b^tJt-ga'mul 

Arbile 

lir'tiU 

Atblai 

dth'lt 

Barnch 

ba'ruk 

Bethhaccenm 

betk-ltdk'ce-rm 

Arbonai 

ilr-iJ'u-i 

Attal 

dt'ta 

Biirzillai 

bmr-zU'la-i 

Bethharan 

bith'h&'rati 

Archelaua 

iir-t(-;<'iu 

Attaliah 

it-ttt^'ah 

Bascaina 

bdj'ka-ma 

Bethhoglah 

bHh-hoff'lah 
beUv-kS'Tim 

Arcbeatnlua 

lliaM't«H<»« 

Attharalea 

lU-tMr'a-tu 

Bashan 

ba'shan 

Bethhorun 

AretieTUea 

dr'tr-vito 

Augia 

au'l'M 

Bashematb 

bdsh'e-^math 

Bethjesimoth 

bHh-j^s' 3i-molh 

Archl 

dr'II 

Augustus 

au-/pu'tu» 

Baomalh 

bds'maOi 

Bcthlebaoth 

brt/i-lib'a-oth 

Archiatarottl 

DrvM-dt'a-roU 

Auranttis 

au-ra-ml'tis 

Bastai 

bds'ta-i 

Bethlehem 

biMle-hem 

Archippud 

arJkv'ru 

Auranua 

au-r&'nus 

Batane 

bdl'a-ne 

Betblomon 

brl/i-lii  mon 

Arehites 

ilr'Utw 

Auteua 

au-tl'ua  or  aa'to-Kf 

Balhaloth 

bdth'aAoOi 

Betbmaacab 

brlk-mS'it-kak 

Arctorua 

Krt-M'ru 

Ava 

d'coA 

Balhrabbim 

bdlh-rdb'bim 

Bethmarcabutb 

betti^mdr'ka-both 

Arali 

*T*'n 

Avaraa 

dr'a-roa 

Bathsbebah 

j  bdlh-thl'bah  or  JdtA'- 

Hcthmeon 

bHli^mS'on 

AieUtaa 

a-ri'Uto 

Aven 

a'D<a 

i      she-bah 

Bethnimrah 

bilh-nim'rah 

AnopMiK 

wp't-pu 

Avima 

a'ciflu 

Bathshua 

bdUt'ahu-a 

Bethoron 

betti-O'ron 

Atritb 

a'viti 

Bavai 

bdc'a-i  or  (a-v2't 

Bethpalet 

bfth-pa'la 

Ai«pi«iu 

Azaelus 

d-.-a-l'lua 

Bcallah 

be-a^l'ah 

Bethpazzer 

bith-pdz'zer 

Azaliah 

di-n-d'o* 

Bealotb 

be-a'toth  or  bl'a-U>Ch 

Bethpeor 

bith-pl'or 

Ana 

a'm 

Azaphion 

Bean 

bl'an 

Bethphage 

beth-fa'^e  or  beth'fage 
bilh-ft'la  or  bilh'fe-let 

Araoa 

t^ri'tu 

Azan 

di'o-ra 

Bebai 

bib'a-i 

Bethphelet 

Ai^ 

t^iti 

Azarcel 

dz-a-H'tt  or  at  a<Te-d 

Becher 

be'ker 

Bethrabab 

(  beUi-ra'bah  or  beth'ra- 

AtMai 

Azariata 

di-a-rVak 

Bechoratb 

be-kn'rath 

bah 

Aridatla 

a-nCa-Oat 

Aiariaa 

dz-a-Tl'as 

Bechtiletb 

bek'ti-Jah 

Bethrehob 

bith^S'hob  or  btth're- 

Arieh 

a-ri'dk 

Azaz 

a'laz 

Bedaiab 

bid-a~l'ak 

hob 

Ariel 

d'n-el 

Azazel 

a.ia'iel 

Bed  ad 

bi'dad 

Bethrapha 

b/th'ra-fa  or  bith^a'/a 

Arimatba* 

dWI-au-tU'a 

Azaziab 

dz-a-zl'ah 

Bedan 

bl'dan 

Betbsaida 

1.  blUhsa' dah  or  bith^a'u 

Arioeh 

dVJ-ok 

Azbazareth 

dz-bizia^rOk 

Beetiada 

be-H-Va-dah 

1     dd 

Aliaai 

a-rif'a-i 

Azekab 

a-zl'kak 

Beelsarus 

be-el'sa-rxis 

Bethshean 

bith-shl'an 

Arislarchuj 

ar^a-tdr'ihu 

Azem 

a'zm 

Beeltethmus 

be-el-tM'mua 

Betbshemesh 

j  beth-ske'mesh  or  bith'- 

Ari^tiihi  litis 

j  ar-ii^o-M'bu  or  ar-i< 

Azepburith 

dS'Ze-fa'rM 

Beelzebub 

bc-fl'ze-bub 

\      she-mesh 

<u  i^kvuu  I  ua 

)      Ui'u-iKt 

Azetaa 

d-ze'Uu 

Beer 

bl'er 

Bethnhemite 

beth'she-inite 

AnnaerddoQ 

Ib^^ina-ffed'diM 

Azgad 

iz'gad 

Beera 

be-l'rah 

Betbshittab 

beth-shit'tah 

Armenia 

Or-me'nl-t 

Aziel 

a'zl-el 

Beerelim 

be-er'e-lim  or  be-er-i'lim 

Bcthsimos 

1  bith-al'mos  or  bilh'si- 

Armisfaadai 

ar-«ii-j»4i'a-4 

Aziza 

a-iVzah 

Been 

be-e'rl 

\      mos 

Armoni 
Amepher 

ar-mB'nl 

Hr-nl'/er  or  DriM^ 

Azmareth 
Azor 

dt'ma-^eiA 
a'zor 

Beerlahalrol 

(  bl'er-la-ha'riry  or  be'cr- 
(      ta-ha'i-roy 

Bethsura 
Betbtappua 

beth-afl'ra 
bith-tip'pu-ah 

ArtxJi 

a-r»'<n  or  oHiwii 

Azotua 

a-iO'liu 

Beeroth 

be-l'roth 

Betbuel 

beth-^'el  or  bt^M'el 

Aroer 

a-rS'tr 

Azriel 

dz'ri-tl 

Beersbeba 

(  bl'er-sWbah  or  bc-er'- 

Bethul 

bl'Uiul 

Arpband 

dr/diW 

Azrikam 

az-rl'kam  or  di'rt-fcam 

i      akr-bah 

Bethulia 

beth-ti-Wa 

Arsacea 

Ik^M-eu 

Azubab 

az-if'bah  or  a-zH'bah 

Beeshterab 

be-ith'u-rah 

Betolius 

be-tO'tt-us 

k 

n 

te,f<ir,  tdL  — 

MIU,  help  —  Plan,  marine. 

—  Jnte.—  TSt)U,  ^iu.  —  ^  atji  Ih  aa  t 

h. 

I 

PRONUNCIATION   OF   SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 

■ 

B^tomestham 

Clmmathalar 

kiir-a-dth'oriar 

Eglab 

ig-lak 

BeUinim 

bH'o-nim 

Characa 

kdr'a-ka 

D. 

EglaUn 

ir-li'im  or  Ig'ia-im 

Beulab 

WfaA  or  t6-Jt'Uik 

Charashim 

kdr'ashim 

Ehl 

Bezai 

H'zai 

Charea 

ka're-a 

Ekrebel 

tt're^d 

Bezaleel 

btz^a-le'd  or  bez-iVed 

Charran 

Urfran 

Dababeh 

ddb'a-reh 

Ekron 

e'kron  or  ik'ron 

Bezek 

bl'zti 

Chaseba 

kds'e-ba 

Dabbaslieth 

ddb'ba-sheth 

Ekronites 

ek'ron-ites 

Bialu 

tfVa-tas 

Chebar 

ke'bar 

Daberath 

ddb'e-raUi 

Eladah 

tl-S'dak  or  ll'adak 

Bichri 

bik'rl 

Cbederlaomer 

kfd-er40r^'mer 

Dabria 

da'bri-a 

Elnh 

e'lak 

Bigthana 

big'tha-na 

Cbelal 

kS'lal 

Dacobi 

da-eo'bi 

ElamitcB 

I'lam-itea 

Bigvai 

bir-va'i 

Chelcias 

kel'sht-cs  or  kft'ci-aa 

Daddeus 

dad-de'iu 

Elasah 

il-a'aah  or  ft'a-^ah 

Bileatu 

btl'e-am 

Chelleh 

kH'leh 

Dagon 

dB'gon 

Elbetbel 

tltiVi'tl 

Bilgai 

bil-si'i 
bin'e-^ 

Chelubai 

ke-m'ba 

Daisan 

dH'san 

Elcia 

U'ct-a 

ll 

Binea 

Cbelubar 

ke4a'bar 

Daluiah 

ddf-a-I'oA 

Kldaah 

tl-di'aK  or  il'du-idt 

Binnui 

bin'uM-i 

Cbemarims 

khn'a-rims 

Dalilah 

ddl'i4ah 

Elead 

VlMd 

Biraairith 

bir-za'mtk  a  bir'iltmti 

Chemosh 

kS'mosh 

Dalmanutha 

ddl-ma-nu'tJiah 

Elcalch 

iU-i'Uh  or  e-lrS'lrk       1 

Bilhiah 

bM-l'oA 

Chenaanah 

kc~n&'a-nah 

Dalmatia 

ddl-mS'jihi-a 

Kleasah 

U-e-a'aah  or  e-Wa-wh     ' ' 

Bithron 

bM'ron 

Cheuant 

ken'a-ni 

Dalphon 

ddl'/on 

Eleazar 

il-e-&'zar  or  e4e-tt'zar 

Bithvnia 

bi-tUn'i-a 

Chennniah 

kin-a-nl'ah 

Damaris 

ddm'a-Tis 

Eleazurua 

t-U-a-zU'rva 

Bizjottiiab 

bii'jo-thi'ah 

Cbepharhaam- 

I  ki'far-hardm'o-nS. 

Damascenes 

ddm-^seens' 

Elelohe 

U-il'o-lta  or  iU-li'ke 

Bizjottajall 

bii-joth'jah 

monai 

Damascus 

\  da-mds'kiLs  or  da^m'ds'- 

Eleph 

fltf 

Boanerges 

bo-a-n^gn 

Cbephirah 

kif-Vrah 

i      kus 

Eleutherua 

e-Uu'tJu^rua 

Sous 

bo'az 

Cheran 

ke'ran 

Danitcs 

tfdn'itr^ 

Eleuzai 

d^ai-za'i 

BochetT] 

bok'er-ru 

Chereas 

tS'rc^M 

Danjaan 

dau-i&'an 
ddn'o'bratk 

Elhaj-nan 

H-hU'nan 

Bochim 

bs'kim 

Cherethims 

ker'eth-ims 

Danobrath 

Eli 

e'li 

Boaor 

bo'zor 

Cherethites 

ker'eth-Ues  . 

Dara 

dd'rah 

Eliab 

e-tVab 

Bozez 

bS'zez 

Cherith 

ke'rith 

Darda 

diir'dah 

Bliada 

t-Wa-dnh 

Bozrah 

boz'rah 

Cherub  (a  city) 

kS'rub 

Darian    . 

dd'r'i-an 

Eliadun 

e-Wa-dun 

Brigandine 

briff'an-dine 
buk'ki 

Chenib  (a  spirit; 

chtr'ub 

Darius 

da-rl'vs 

Eliab 

e-tt'ah 

Bukki 

Cherubim 

chrHu-bim 

Darken 

ddr'kon 

Bliahba 

t-nlak^h 

Bui 

bul  (as  duU) 

Chesalon 

kes'a-lon 

Dathan 

da' than 

Eliaka 

t-li'a-kaJt 

Bunah 

bfi'nak 

Chesed 

ka'sed 

Dathemah 

ddth'e-mah 

Eliakim 

e-H'o-kin 

Bunni 

»ui.'nl 

Chesullolh 

ke-sul'loth 

Debir 

df'bcr 

Kliali 

e-lVa-U 

Buzi 

*fi':I 

Chezib 

kS'zib 

Deborah 

de'bo-rah  or  deb'o-rah 

Eliam 

e-tl'am 

Buzita 

buz'iu 

Chi  don 

ki'don 

DecaiH>li 

de-kdp'o-li 

Elias 

lyil'as 

Chileab 

kil'e-ab 

Decapolis 

de-kap'o-liM 

Eliasapli 

eJi'iMo/ 

Chilion 

kU't~on  or  ki-ll'on 

Dedan 

dS'd^in 

Eliasbib 

»fl'iwAi* 

Chilmad 

kit'mad 

Dedanim 

dfd-&'nim  or  rfrd'a-nim 

EIrasis 

f^l'a-aia 

c. 

Ctiimham 

kirn' ham 

Dehavitea 

(  dS'ha-viies  or  de-hH'- 

Eliathah 

e-tVa-Oak 

Chinnereth 

kin'er-eth 

\      vitta 

Kliazar 

e-li-S'zar 

Chios 

kVos 

Dekar 

dS'kar 

Elidad 

e-tl'dad 

Cabul 

ka'bul 

Chialeu 

kis'l-a 

Delaiah 

de-la-Vah 

Eliel 

I'ti-el 

Cadea 

ks'da 

Chislon 

kis'lon 

Delilah 

deVi-lah 

Elienai 

e-IWna-i 

Cesar 

ct'zar 

Chisloth 

kis'loth 

Demas 

dS'mas 

Eliezer 

e-li-Czer 

Caiaphaj 

ka'n-fat 

Chisloth  Tabor 

kis'lotk  ti^bor 

Demetrius 

de-in&'tri-us 

Ehhorepb 

U-t-M'Ttf 

Cain 

kain 

Chittim 

chit'tim  or  kit'tim 

Derive 

der'be 

Elibu 

c-ll'ha 

Cain  an 

ka'nan  or  ka-l'nan 

Chiuu 

k}'un 

Deuel 

de-y-'el  or  de-il'el 

Elijah 

e-Wjah 

t-Wkak  or  iVi-kah 

Cairites 

kal'riUt 

Chloe 

kl5'e 

Deuteronomy 

deu-ter-on'o-m'i 

Elika 

Calah 

ka'lah 

Chorashan 

ko-r&'shan 

Diana 

dl-i'nah 

Elimelech 

e-iim'e~iek 

Calamolaltig 

kal-a-^nuil'a4us 

Chorazin 

ko^a' zm 

Diblaim 

dib-la'im  or  dib'la-im 

Elim 

Him 

Calamus 

kdl'a-^mug 

Chmameus 

kos-a^m&'ua 

Diblath 

dib'lath 

Elicenai 

el-i-l'nIU  or  e-U-l'na4 

Calcol 

kdl'kol 

Chozeba 

ko-zS'bah 

Dibon 

dl'bon 

Elionus 

6-U^'7MB 

Caldees 

kdl-den' 

Chronicles 

k-ron'i-kUs 

Dibri 

dib'rl 

Elipbul 

il'i-fal 

Caleb 

ka'Ub 

Chrysolite 

kris'o-iUe 

Dibzahab 

dib'%a-hab 

Elipbaleh 

e-lifa-ldi 

Calitas 

kdl'Uia 

Chrysoprasus 

kris-op'ra-stu 

Didrachm 

dVdram 

Eliphalet 

t-lifa-Ut 

Calneb 

kdl'neh 

Chub 

knb 

Didymus 

did'i-mus 

Eliphaz 

um-faz  or  t^Vfaz 

Calvary 

kdVrn-Tt 

Chusa 

ka'sah 

Dilean 

dVle-an  at  dii'e-an. 

ElisKus 

il-t-eas'iu 

Cambjfsaj 
Camon 

Um-bl'atz 
ka'mon 

Chushan  Risha- 
thaiiu 

1  kush'an  rUh-a-tha'im 

Dimon 
Dimonah 

dVmon 
di-mo'nah 

Eliseus 
Elisba 

ll-i-aVui 
e-lVakah 

Cana 

ks'nah 

Cilicia 

cil-ish'i-a 

Dinaitcs 

dl'na-it€s 

Elishama 

e-lish'a-^ah 

' 

Canaan 

kd'nan. 

Cinnereth 

cin'ner-eth 

Dinhalmli 

din-hd'bak 

Klishaphal 

e-lish'a.fat 

Canaanltes 

(  kd'nan-iUs  or  kdn'an- 

Cirama 

cir'a-ma 

Dionyaius 

dy-o-nish  i-iis 

Klisbeba 

e-iisk't-bah 

}      iits 

Cisai 

cis'sSi-i 

Diotrephea 

(  di-ot're-fez  or  di-ot-ri' 

Elisliua 

il-l-shil'iik 

Canaanitish 

ka-nan-Vtish 

Citherus 

citk'e-rU3 

fez 

Elisimus 

e-Jis'i-mm 

Candace 

kan-da'ce  or  kdn'diKe 

Clauda 

klaic'dah 

Dishan 

dVehan 

Eliu 

e-ll'ii 

Canneh 

kdn'ttrh 

Claudia 

klaw'di-a 

Dizahab 

dh'xa-hab 

Eliud 

e-lVud 

Canticles 

kdn'ftkiU 

Claudius 

klmo'di'us 

Dodai 

do-da'i  or  dod'a-i 

EHzapban 

e^liz'a-fan 

Capernaum 

ka-per'na-um 

Cleasa 

klt^'sa 

Dodanim 

do-da'nim  or  dod'a-nim 

Elizur 

e-ll'zur 

el-ks'nah  or  itka-juilt 

Capharsalama 

kdf-ar-sdl'a-mah 

Clement 

m'ment  or  Idhn'ent 

Dod  avail 

do-da'vah  or  dod'a-vah 

Elkanah 

Caphenalha 

kafhi'a-tha 

Cleophaa 

kWo-fas 

Dodo 

dd'do 

Elkosbila 

el'ko-skUa 

Caphira 

ka-fl'rah 

Cloe 

kld'e 

Doeg 

da'eg 
dofnah 

Ellasar 

il-ld'aar  or  U'lH  aar 

Caphtor 

kdflor 

Cnidua 

■nVdus 

Dophkah 

Elmodam 

rl-md'dam  or  H'mo-dam 

Caphlorim 

kdfU>^im 

Colhozeh 

kol-M'zeh 

Dorcas 

dor'kaa 

Elnaam 

iVna-am 

Cappadocia 

kdp-pa-di'sh(-a 

Collius 

kot'ti-us 

Dor3'menes 

do-rim' e-nes 

EInatban 

Carabasion 

kdr-ii-ba'zl-m 

Colosse 

ko-los'se 

Dosithcus 

do'Si-th&'us 

Eoi 

el'o-itl 

Carbuncle 

kdr'buTirkd 

Colossians 

ko-losh.''i-ans 

Doth  aim 

do-tbd'im  or  dS'iha-im 

Elon 

t'loti 

Carcbamis 

kdr'ka-mis 

Conaniah 

kthna-nVeik 

Dothan 

dO'than 

Elon  Bethhanan 

S'lon  beth'ka-nan 

Carchemish 

kdi^kf-muh 

Coniah 

ko-nVah 

Drachma 

drdk'mah 

Elonites 

t'lon-iUa 

Careab 

ka-rS'ah 

Corbe 

kor'be 

Drusilla 

drii-sil'lah 

Elotb 

I'loth 

Carkas 

kdr'kas 

Core 

kO're 

Duinali 

dii'mak 

Elpaal 

il-fi'al  or  iVpO'^a 
el'pS'let  or  el'pa-iet 

Carmel 

kdr'inel 

Cooa 

kO'os 

Dura 

dQ'rah 

Elpalet 

Carmelite 

kdrimfl-Ue 

Corinth 

kd'rinth  or  kor'inth 

Elparan 

rl-pS'ran  or  it'pa~ran 

Carmelitess 

kdr'm^l-i-Uaa 

Corinthians 

ko^ntA'i-ans 

Eltekeh 

it-te'kck  or  el  te^leh 

Canni 

kdr'ml 

Comeliua 

kor^e'n-ua 

E. 

Eltekon 

Wtf-kon 

Car?ilm 

kitr'na-im 

Cosam 

kO'tam 

Ellolad 

fl-lS'lad  or  iVto-Ud 

Carsbena 

kar-thl'na 

Cozbi 

koi'bi  or  koi'bi 

EIul 

e'lul 

Caaiphia 

1  kdi-ti-fl'ah  or  ka-i^t- 

kds-lft'im 

Crescens 
Crete 

kret'cms 
krlte 

E&IfAl 

J'a-ruM 

Eluzai 
Elymais 

e-m'za-i 
eW-ma'ij 

Casluim 

Cretes 

kretes 

Ebal 

Ibal 

Elymas 

iV'i-maa  or  t-H'mas 

Csssia 

kdsh'i-a 

Cretians 

kr^'shi-ans 

Ebed  Melech 

I  I'bal  ml'Uk  or  e-bed'- 

Elzabad 

H'za-bad 

Calhuath 

ka-tJiiVath 

Crispus 

kris'pus 

\      me-hk 

Elzapban 

el-za'/an  or  eVza-fan 

Odron 

cl'dron  or  ke'dron 

Cubit 

kil'bU 

Ebenezer 

ib-nt-e'zcr 

Emalcuel 

t^mai-ka'el 

Ceilan 

el'lan  or  cl'lan 

Cush 

kush 

Eber 

I'ber 

Emanuel 

e-mdn'^-^ 

Celemia 

ee-le-mVa 

Cunhan  Risha- 

1  kiuh'an  rwh-n-thS' im  or 

Ebiaflaph 

e-bVa-saf 

Emims 

e'mima 

Ceochrea 

cen-krl'ah 

tfaaim 

1      k^'shan  rish^-tka'im 

Ebropah 

eb^O'nak  or  e-irO'nah 

Emmaus 

em-^a'ua  or  im'ma-us 

Ceiidebeus 

cn-de-bS'us 

Cusht 

ku3h'i 

Ecanus 

e-ks'nus 

Emmor 

em'mor 

Cephas 

ee'fojt 

Cuthah 

kuth'ah 

Ecbatana 

ek-bdt'a-na 

Enam 

e'nam 

Ccsarea 

ern-a^Z'ah 

Cutheans 

kH'Oie-ans 

Ecclcsiastes 

ek-kU-ze-ds'Us 

Eneas 

fi-ni'aa  or  Vn&-as 

Chadins 

k/i'iti-aa 

Cyprus 

cy'pras 

EcclCNiasticus 

tkMe-ze-is'ti-kut 

Eneglaim 

in-eg-l&'im 

Chalcedony 

kdl'ee-ilo-ntj 

Cyrene 

aj-rS'ne 

Edar 

I'dar 

Eneuiessar 

in-^mea'sar 

Chalcol 

kdl'kol 

Cyrenius 

cy-re'n'i-us 

Eden 

e'dm 

Eneniaa 

a-nl'ni-ca 

Chaldea 

kal-de'ah 

Cyrus 

ctj'rus 

Ediaa 

tm-ia 

Engannim 

en-gdn'nim 

Chamellon 

ka-mS'li-on 

Edom 

t'dom 

Engedi 

en-gi'dl  or  in'gt-dl 
en-Md'dah 

Clinni'S 

kO'nei 

Edomites 

e'dom-iies 

Enhaddah 

Cbannuneas 

han-nu^S'as 

Edrei 

id're-i 

Enhakkore 

en-hdk'ko~rt 

Fa 

(e, /dr,  bdU  —  MStCy  kelp.—  PlMt  martne. 

— JV3(«.—  TQne 

TinUe.  —  g  at}!  ih  as 

ah. 

12»l 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   SCRIPTURE   PROPER   NAMES. 

Enhazor 

•»-»«'t<>r 

Gabbatha 

gdb'ba-thah 

Gitlllea 

gWtiles 

Ilareph 

ha'ref 

Enmishpat 

e»-midt'ptt 

Gabrias 

ga'bri-as 

Gizonite 

gVzo-nite 

Hriri'tli 

ha'reth 

Enoch 

t'%ok 

Gabriel 

gH'trl-d 

Gnidus 

nl'dm 

Harhaiah 

kHr-ha^VoA 

Enrimmon 

ln-rn'Mn 

Gndara 

gdd'a-ra 

Goatb 

gi'atk 

Ilarhata 

kttr-h&'tahoThHr'ha-taA 

Euroget 

1  i»~M~mMk  or  Ai'ate- 

Gadnrenes 

gid-a-rtens' 

Golan 

gi'Um 

flarjni 

ha'rim 

Enshcmesh 

Gnildes 

gid'da 

Golgotha 

gofgotk-ak 

Hamephor 

hiir-nS'fer  or  hUr'ne-fer 

j     muk 

Gaddi 

gid'df 

Goliah 

go-ti'ah 

Ilarod 

ha'roJ. 

Gntappuall 

m-«i}>')HUU 

GaddJel 

gid'dt^ 

Gomer 

gH'mrr 

Haroeh 

Urfoeh 

Epapbms 

iplcfnis 

Gadi 

ga'ii 

Gomorrah 

g&^mor'raA 

Harorite 

k&'ro-rita 

Epaphroditua 

»ififTihii'tiu 

Gadites 

gid'itts 

Gopher 

gS'fer 

Harofihcth 

hdr'osheth 

Epenetus 

t-pt-nVtusoxe-pin'Htu 

Gains 

gi'yuM 
gdl't-dad 

Goslien 

gd'skcn 

Ilarslia 

kdr'ahah 

Ephah 

GaJadad 

Gollioniel 

go-thon'i-el 

I la ruin 

h&'rum 

Ephai 

I'fa. 

Galal 

ga'UU 

Gozau 

gO'zan 

Hani  Til  a  ph 

ha-ril'maf 

Ephes  Dammim 

Vfa  iim'mim 

Galalla 

ga-la'sht-a 

Grecia 

grS'.ihl-a 

Marupliile 

hor-r^'Jite 

Ephesians 

t-/t'th1-ms 

G:)lbaimm 

gdl'ba-num 

Greece 

grSSce 

Hani}; 

hU'ruz 

Ephesus 

ifff-^nu 

Galetd 

gdl'i>-td 

Gudgodah 

gud'go-dah 

HasaJiah 

kdza-dl'ah 

Epblal 

ifUil 

Galjpila 

gdVga-Ut 

Guui 

gH'nl 

Hasenuah 

hdz-e-nfi'ah 

Epbod 

ffoi 

Galileans 

gai-U-U'ant 

Gunites 

gH'nites 

Hajiliabiah 

hdsh-a-bl'ah 

Efthpbatlia 

irfii-thak 

GaUlee 

gdVtUct 

Gurbaal 

gur-ba'al 

Ilashabnah 

hdah-db'nah 

Ephrahu 

ifra4m  or  l'ft*im 

GaUio 

gdi'tt-o 

Hashahniah 

hdsh-<ib-iiVah 

Ephraimites 

I'fia-m-itM 

Garasel 

gdm'a-el 

Hashbadana 

hdsh-bdd' a-nah 

Epbratati 

ffra-tak 

Gamaliel 

ga-mll'U-tl 

H. 

Has  hem 

h&'shan 

Ephrath 

ifratk 

Gattimadims 

gim'minlmt 

Hashmonab 

lidsh^mO'juih 

Ephralhites 

JfTOtk'iXes 

Gamul 

ga'mul 

Ila^hiib 

hd^h'ub 

Ephron 

I'fron 

Garcb 

gi'rek 

IlasiiihubHli 

hdsh  ^'ba^ 

Epicureans 

cp-tiAit^-ms 

Garizim 

gdr't-iim 

IlAAnASHTARI 

hO-a-Msh'ta-rl 

Has!  mm 

lidsh'um 

Eran 

t'rm 

Gasltmu 

gd;ih'Meie 

Habaiah 

ha-ba'yah 

Ha-shtipha 

ha-shil'fah 

Eraaites 

t'ri»-iU3 

Gatam 

ga'tam 

Iliibniikuk 

hWaknk  or  ha-ldk'v.k 

Hassfinaali 

hassc-Jia'ah 

Eiastus 

Mia-aa 

Galhbephor 

gdtA-hP'fer 

Hnbaziniah 

hait-a-z't-nVah 

Ha.siipha 

has-fl'fah  or  ka-sU'fa/i 

Erech 

I'rdt 

Gatfarimuion 

^dtM-rim'mon 

Habergeon 

ha-ber'ge-on 

Halac  h 

ha'lak 

Eniaa 

£z-ii'yas  or  e-xd'yw 

I'Mr  hii'dm 

Gaza 

ga'mh 

Habor 

ha'bor 

Hat  hath 

hS'thath 

Esar  Uaddon 

Gazabar 

gis'a-iar 

Hactmliah 

h,lk-a-n'ah 

Hatita 

hdt'l-tah 

Esau 

I'sate 

Gazara 

gn-t&'ra 

llachelah 

hdk'e-lah 

HaltaavaJi 

hat'td.' a-vah 

Esdrelon 

a-drl'ton 

GazathiiGS 

ga'zaH-ita 

Hacliinoni 

hak-mQ'nl  or  hdk'mo^i 

Hattipha 

hdt'ti-fah  or  haUVfah 

Esebon 

ia'e-Imn 

Gazera 

ga-zi'ra 

Hadad 

Ka'dad 

Hauran 

haw' ran 

Eaebrias 

e-se'bri-^s 

Gazez 

g&'zfz 

Hadadezer 

hdd-ad-e'zer 

Havilah 

hdv^i-lah 

Eaek 

«'«* 

Gazites 

gdl'Uti 

Hndad  Rimmon 

ba'ddd  rim'mon 

Havoth  Jair 

ha'voth  ja'ir 

Estabaal 

tsh-ta'id  or  «*'ia-<il 

Gazzaiu 

gdz'zitm 

Hadar 

lia'dar 

HazacI 

hdz'a-el  or  ha-zd'el 

E^hcol 

»4'M 

Gebal 

gt'bal 

Uadarezer 

hdd-a-rS'zcr 

Hazaiah 

ha-za'yah 

Esbean 

f^*6-ttn  or  e'ih^4iH 

Giber 

gf'ber 

Iladashah 

i  had~a';ihah  or  hdd'a- 

Hazar  Hatticon 

ha'zar  hdt'ti-kon 

Esbkalon 

itk'ka-toH 

Gebiin 

gC'bim 

1      shah 

Hazaroth 

ha-za'roth 

Esbtsol 

itk'Uml 

Ge<laliah 

fiW-a^'oA 

Hadaasah 

ka-Jdj'sak 

Hazel  Elponi 

h&'id  el^)5'n-i 

Estatauliles 

i^'UatMta 

Geder 

gl'da- 

HadaltiUl 

ha-ddl'tah 

Hazerim 

haz-S'rim  or  ha-z5'rim 

Esbtemoa 

KdUim't-tk 

Gederah 

g^l'rnh 

Had  id 

k&'did 

Hazeroth 

haz-S'roth  or  Ita-zS'roth 

Eshtamotli 

(sk'U^utk 

Gt.>demtbite 

gK^e'ntiriti 

Hadlai 

hdd'la-i 

Hazezon 

hdz'e-zon 

EsU 

it'll 

Gederite 

gid'Mitt 

Hadorani 

ha-d^'ram 

Haziel 

h&'zi-el 

EsaMchnli 

it-ma-ICl'aX 

Gederoth 

gt-dt'rotk 

Hadrach 

ka'drak 

Hazor 

ha'zor 

Baon 

MS'n 

gi-der-ctA-a'm 

Hagab 

hH'gab 
hdpa-bah 

Haztibah 

Mz'^-bah 

Esrom 

Urtm 

Gebazi 

gc-ka'zl 

Hagabah 

Heber 

hS'ber 

Eneao 

atmtny  or  u~sS'nes 

GelUoth 

gil'l-lcUl 

Uagal 

kd^'a-i 

Heberites 

hS'ber-itcs 

&lliaal 

i^km-dt 

Genulll 

f^»u'a 

Ilagar 

ka'gar 

Hebron 

hS'bron 

EMlmr 

UUr 

Gemariah 

fim^li'ak 

Hagarcnes 

1  hdg'a-rems'  or  ha-^a- 

Hfbronites 

he'bron-ites 

Etsm 

Vtam 

Genesarettl 

r»*U'a^rtlk 

1      Teens' 

Hegai 

he-g&'i  or  htfr'a-i 
he'lah 

Etbaaim 

M'XUM 

Genesis 

Hagariles 

ka'gar-ites 

Hege 

Eltabaal 

itXM'al  or  <a'to-ai 

Gcnezar 

gt-Kl'zar 

Haggai 

kdg'ga-i 

Helah 

Ether 

t'lttr 

Gcnneus 

gin'me-ut  or  gtina'ut 

Uaggeri 

hdg'ge-rX 

hdg^gi 

Helchiah 

kiUVah 

Ethiopia 

HAt-i'fla 

Gentiles 

gn'tUa 

Haggi 

Heldai 

hH'da-i 

Ethnan 

ilk'im 

Genubalb 

gfn'u-iali  OTgl'nu-i(Uh 

Haggish 

hAggVah 

Helcb 

he'lei 

Euasibtts 

^^yi-hu 

Gera 

gl'rck 

Haggites 

hdg'gitea 

Uelekitcs 

hS'lek-ites 

Eubulus 

t-M'Iu 

Gerasa 

gtr'a-Mk 

Uaggith 

kdfr'gith 

Heleph 

he'tef 

Eunatban 

^'ua-tMan 

Gergaaenes 

ga■.g^^ml^ 

Hal 

k&'i 

Helkai 

hH'kori 

Eunice 

%-mtst  or  \'inM 

Gergashi 

ger'ga~M 

Hakkatan 

kdk'ki^-tan 

Helkath  Hazzu- 

\  klVkath  Adi'v-nm 

Euodias 

vs'<n-« 

Gergashiles 

ger' gashites 

Hakkoz 

hak'koi 

rim 

Eupbratea 

X:fra'te, 

Genzim 

ger'rr-iim 

Hakupha 

kak-ti'fah  or  ha-iifi'fah 

Hclkiaa 

heUkVas 

Eupolemus 

»-fora  wmf 

Gemeans 

Halac 

ha'lak 

Hclon 

he' Ion 

Euroclydoo 

^■Tok'UHl^n 

Gerrinians 

gH-'rin-i-aru 

Hali 

kfi'li 

I{enian 

he'man 

Eutycbua 

%'U-lna 

Gersbom 

gtr'shom 

Hallelujah 

hal-Ie-ln'yah  or  -jak 

Hena 

he'naA 

E»B 

Ivi 

Geshem 

gi'shaa 

Halloesh 

halAO'esh 

Henadad 

hen'a-dad 

Evi 

I'll 

Geshuri 

gesh'n-rl 

Haman 

hS'man 

Henoch 

hS'nok 

Evil  Merodacb 

e'ril  MU-rt'iaJt 

Geshurites 

rish'u-rites 

Hamath 

hd'math 

Hepher 

hS'fer 

Exodus 

ex'o~diu 

Gether 

gl'ther 

Uamathite 

hdm'alk-ite 

Hepherites 

hS'fer-ites 

Ezar 

e'lar 

Gethoiias 

geth-o-W  as 

Hamath  Zobab 

ha'math  zO'bah 

Hcphzibuh 

hefii-bah 

Elbal 

n'ba-* 

Gethsemane 

getAseiH'a-nt 

Hamelcth 

hdm'e4eth 

Hires 

he'res 

Ezechiaa 

iz-t-tVat 

Geuel 

ge-%'d 

Hamital 

Mm'i-tal 

Elcrmas 

her'maa 

Ezelcias 

izt-kVaa 

Gezer 

gl'ztr 

Hammedatba 

ham~med'a-lhah 

Hermea 

her'mes 

EMliiel 

l-:f'ki-€l 

Geze  rites 

gl'zer-ites 

Hamtnetech 

kAm'me-lek 

Hermogenes 

fier-mog'e-nes 

Eze4 

I'lCl 

Giah 

ii'ah 

Haminoluketh 

{ftdm-md'le-keth  or  ham- 

Hermonites 

her'vwn-ites 

Ezerias 

iz-t-ri'm 

Gibbah 

gib'bah 

\      mol'e-keth 

Herod 

hir'rod 

Eziaa 

t-iVai 

Gibbethon 

gib'be-tkon 

Hamonah 

hdm-0'nah  oth&m'o-nah 

Herodians 

he-r^'di-ana 

Ezion 

e-iVon  or  e'zi-cm 

Gibes 

gil>'<t^A 

Hamongog 

hS'mon-^og 

Herodias 

hc-rd'di-as 

EziooGebo 

t'zl-m  gi'ia- 

Gibealb 

gib't-dUi 

Hamothdor 

hd.' moUt-dor 

Herod  ion 

he~rO'tti-on 

Eziahits 

ii'ra-kiU 

Gibcon 

gib'e-on 

Hareiiel 

hfi-mfl'el 

Hesed 

hVsed 

Ezriel 

cft'rt-d 

Gibeonites 

gib' e-onrAtes 

Hamtil 

h&'mul 

Heshbon 

hesh'bon 

£zxoiUtea 

ii'rvR'iUt 

Giblites 

gib'lUa 

Hamutal 

kQ-mu'tal 

Hezcki 

hiz'e-kl 

GiddalU 

gidrdil'tt 

Hanameel 

kS-ndjn'e-el 

Hezekiah 

Mi-c-kVah 

Giddel 

gid'dd 

Han  an 

h&'nan 

Hezion 

kS'zi-on 

F. 

Gideon 
Gideoni 

gid'e-on 
gid-oS'M 

Hananecl 

I  ka-n&n'e-d  or  Ad»'7ian- 

Hezir 
Hezrai 

hi'zer 
hez'ra-i 

Gidom 

gt'dom 

Hanani 

ha-nd.'iil 

Hezron 

hez'ron 

Gier 

gVer 

Hananiah 

han-a-nVah 

Hez  ran  ilea 

hei'ron-ilM 

PlLH 

/Wir 

Gibon 

gi'lim 

Hanes 

h&'ncz 

Hiddai 

kid'dd-i 

Festlis 

/Vtu 

Gilalai 

gil-a-l&'  or  gil'a-I& 

Haniel 

k&'ni-al 

Hiddekcl 

hid'de-kel 

FortuDotus 

/ar^MK'tat 

Gilboa 

gU-60'aA  or  gU'bo-^ih 

Hannathon 

hdn'iia-thon 

Hiel 

hl'd 

GUead 

gti'e-ad 

Hanniel 

hdn'ni-el 

JiierapoHs 

hl-cr'rdp'o4is 

Gileadite 

gil'e-ad-ite 

Hanoch 

ha'nok 

Hiereel 

hJ-h-'^el 

GUgal 

gU'gal 

Hanochites 

hG.'nok-ites 

Hi  ere  moth 

hl-er'e-moih 

G. 

Gilota 

gVla  _ 

Hanun 

ha'nun 

Hierielua 

hl-er-ri-S'iua 

Gilonite 

gj'h-nita 

llapharaim 

haf-a-rd.'im 

Hiermas 

hi^ir'mas 

Gimzo 

gim'zo 

Hara 

ha' rah 

HiggaloQ 

hiff-g&'yon 
hVlm 

GUL 

ga'ai 

Ginath 

gl'natk 

Haradah 

kdr'a-dah 

Hilen 

Gaash 

ga'a3k 

Ginnetfao 

gin'ne-tJio 

Haraiab 

hAr-a-Vah 

Hilkiah 

Hl-kl'ah 

Oaha 

gi'lHL 

Girgas  bites 

grr'ga^kites 
gir'ga-sUi 

Hararite 

hU'ror^te 

Hirah 

hl'rah 

Gabael 

gAb'a-d 

Girgasite 

Harbonah 

(  hdr-bd'nah  or  hitr'bo- 

Hiram 

hVram 

Gabbai 

gdb'ba  or  gdb'bo-i 

Gillaim 

git-ta'im  or  git'ta-im 

(      nah 

Hircanua 

hir-ka'nvs 



Fc 

Ut,fitr,  hdt.— 

MIU,  kelp.— Pine,  marine 

,  —  jniU TOnt 

,  tinite.  —  g  asji  ch  as 

sh. 

1292 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   SCKIPTURE   PROPER  NAMES. 

Hitlites 

hit'tites 

I  suite  3 

is'-U'itrs 
iUtU-i 

Ja^JL't 

j'Vsi-d 

JcHher 

jl'gher 

Ilivjtes 

hVcttes 

Ithai 

Jason 

jd'non 

Jeshimon 

jf9h''i-7ium 

Hizkijoh 

hi  -kl'jah 

Ithamar 

ith'a-mar 

J an per 

jd^'per 

JesliJuhai 

je-skish'a4 

Hobab 

ki'bab 

Ithiel 

ith'-t-ei 

Jasubus 

ja-sil'biLf 

Jushohaiah 

JMh-o-ha-VaX 

Hodaiah 

bod-a-Vah 

Ithream 

UA're-am 

Jathniel 

jdth'ni-d 

JeHhua 

jesh'u~ah 

Hudaviab 

hod-a-vVah 

Ith  rites 

itk'rites 

Jaltir 

jdt'ter 

Jcshui 

jtllh'Ur^ 

Hodevab 

ho-de'vah 

Ittah  Kazin 

il'taii  ka'iin 

J  a  van 

ja'can 

Jeshurun 

jish'ur-run 

Hodiah 

ho-dl'ah 

Iltai 

it'ta~i 

Jazer 

ja'zer 

Jesiah 

je-sVah 

Ilodijah 

ko-dl'JoA 

Itnrea 

it-u^S'oA 

Jaztel 

jH'zi-d 

Jesimiel 

jes-im'm'1-d                    • 

Hofilah 

hos'lah 
hol-o-fer'nes 

Ivah 

I'vah 

Jearim 

jS'a-rim 

Jesse 

jig'se 
je^'tt-a 

Holufemes 

Izehar 

iz'e-kar 

Jeaterai 

jc-dt'e-rH 

Jcsua 

Hulon 

h&'hn 

Izhar 

iz'har 

Jeberecbiah 

jcb-er-re-kVah 

Jesui 

jis'ii4 

Horn  am 

ka'iiiam 

Izharite 

iz'har-iU 

Jebus 

jS'bua 

Jesua 

5«'*M 

Hophni 

lu>fni 

Izratiiah 

iz-ra-hVah 

Jebusi 

je-Mi'si 

Jelher 

jl'tJia- 

Hoiihra 

hofroA 

Izrahite 

iz'ra-hile 

Jebusites 

i^b'iL-sites 

Jethlab 

jeVi'lah 
Ji'thro 

Horam 

hd'ram 

Izraiah 

iz-ra-l'afl 

Jecamiah 

jfk-a-ml'ah 

Jethro 

Horhugidgad 

kfrr-ra~gid' gad 

Izreel               • 

iz're-el 

Jecoliah 

jrk-o-lVak 

Jetur 

je'tur 

Hori 

Wrl 

Izrites 

iz'ritet 

Jeconiah 

jik-a-nVah 

JeucI 

jS>^•d 

Horims 

ha' rims 

Jedaiah 

jc~d5.'yah 

jid-i-a'd 

Jcush 

je'v^h 

Horites 

hO'riteji 

Jediael 

Jeuz 

je'uz 

Uoronaitn 

hoT-o-nd'im 

Jcdidiab 

jed-i-^iVah 

Jezaniah 

jH-a~nVah 

Horonites 

hor'ro-nitfs 

J. 

Jediel 

jid'i-d  or  jS'di-cl 

Jezebel 

jiz'e-bd 

Hosah 

hd'sah 

Jeduthun 

\jed■^'lhttnoTjed''^l.■' 

Jezelus 

je~ze'lus 

Husannah 

ho-zdn'nah 

l      thnn 

Jezer 

jS'zer 

Hosea 

ho-ze'ah 

Jaavaet 

jS'a-kan 

Jeezer 

je-e'ier 

Jezerites 

je'ier-iUs 

Hosbaiah 

hosk-a-Vah 

Jaakobab 

j&.dk'o-bah 

Jegar  Sahadutha  jl'gar  sa-ko'^a'tkah 

Jeziah 

je-ti'ah 

Hoshama 

hosk'a-mah 

Jaala 

ja-aHah 

Jebalelccl 

{je-/idl'e-leel  or  ie-hU'lU 

Jeziel 

ji'i'i'd 

Hoshea 

ha-she'a 

Jaalam 

ja-U'lam 

i      te-el 

Jozliah 

jei-lVah 

Hothain 

hQ'tkam 

Jaanni 

jn-a'na 

Jehalelel 

je^hdl'e-lel 

Jezoar 

jH'o-ar 

Hothir 

ho'tkir 

Jaareoragim 

ja-ar-e-or'a-gim 

Jebaziel 

jc-hdz'i'el  or  je-ka'zX-el 

Jczrahiah 

jez-ra-hVah 

Hiipham 

hii'fam 

Jaasania 

ja~4s^-HVah 

Jehdeiah 

jM-rfl'uA 

Jezrot;! 

jrz're-d 

Huphamites 

hfi'fam-ile$ 

Jaasau 

ja-Q.'smo  oTJU'a-saie 

Jeheiel 

je-kVd 

Jczreelite 

jiz're-d-ite 

Hurai 

hnira 

Jaastiel 

ja-S'si-el 

Jehezekel 

jf^hez'6-kd 

Jezreelitesa 

jn'ro-d-utess 

Huahah 

ha'shah 

Jaazah 

jS-S'zah 

Jehiah 

jehVah 

Jidlaph 

jid'laf 

Hushai 

hfi'ska 

Jaazaniah 

ja-dz-za-nl'ah 

Jehiel 

je-hVd 

Jipht^ih 

jiftah 

Husham 

kfl'sham 

Jaaziah 

ja-a-zJ'ah 

Jehieli 

jc~hVe-li 

Jiphthahel 

jifthah'd 

Hu.shathile 

hii'shatA-ite 

Jaaziel 

ja-a'zi-d 

Jehishai 

je-hLih'a-i 

Jireth 

jVYrtA 

Hushubali 

hH-skn'baA 

Jabal 

ja'bal 

Jehiskiah 

je-hU-kVah 

Jonb 

jd'ab 

Huzolh 

ha'zoth 

Jabesh 

ja'besh 

Jehoadah 

jc-h5  'a^dah 

Joah 

jo'ah 

Hydaspea 

ky-dds'pes 

Jabcz 

ja'bei 

Jehuaddan 

je-ho-dd'dan 

Joabaz 

jo-d'haz  or  jQ'a~hA% 

Hyena 

hy-S'nah 

Jabin 

jd'bin 

Jchoahaz 

je-kS'a-haz 

J  wtkim 

^O'a-kim 

jo-dn'nah 

Hymeneua 

hij~meu-£'u» 

Jabneel" 

jdb'ne-el 

Jehoasb 

jf.-h5'ash 

Joanna 

Jachan 

ja'kan 

Jcbohanan 

ije-ko  hd'nan  or  je-h6'- 

Joash 

jo' ash 

Jactiin 

jH'km 

\      ha  nan 

Joatham 

jo-d'tbam  or  jd'a-tham 

I. 

Jacbinitea 

ja'kiit-itea 

Jehoiachin 

jr.~hoy'  a-kin 

Joazabdua 

jo-a-zdb'diis 

Jacinth 

ja'sinth 

Jeboiada 

jC'hoy'a-dah 

Job 

jUbe 

Jacobus 

jd-k^'bas 

Jehoiakim 

je'koy'a-kim 

Johab 

jO'bah 

Jada 

ja'dah 

Jeboiarib 

je-hoy' a-^rib 

Jocbebed 

juk'e-bed 

Ibleau 

ib'Ie-am 

Jadaii        ^ 

ja-da.'u 
jad-dn'ah 

Jehonadab 

jc-hon'a~dab 

Joed 

jO'ed 

Ibneiab 

ib-nVaJi 

Jaddua 

Jebonathan 

je-hon'a-tkan. 

Joel 

ja'd 

Ibnijah 

ib-nl'jah 

J  ad  on 

jd'don 

Jehor.im 

je-hQ'ram 

Joelah 

jo-e'lah 

Ichabod 

ik'a-bod 

Jael 

ja'el 

Jehoshabeath 

je-hashdb' e-ath 

Joezer 

jo-e'zer 

Iconium 

i-kO'n'i-um 

Jagur 

ja'iTur 

Jehoshaphat 

je-kosh' a-fai 

Jogbeah 

jog-be' ah  orjog'be-ah 

Idalah 

i-d&'tah  or  id'a-l^L 

Jahaleel 

ja-h&'le-el 

Jebosheba 

jc'hosh' e-baft 

Jogli 

jo^'li 
jQ^hah 

Idalaa 

id'a-lan 

Jahalelel 

ja-hdVe-lel 

Jchoshua 

je-hosh'%~ah 

Joha 

Iddo 

id'do 

Jahaz 

ja'haz 

Jehovah 

je-kS'vah 

Johanan 

jo-hd'nan 

Iduel 

id'xt-a 

Jaha/A 

ja-h&'zah 

Jehozabad 

je-hoz'a-bad 

John 

jon 

Idumsa 

id'U-mS'ah 

Jahazael 

ja-haz-Oi'd 

Jehozadak 

je-Jioz'a-dak 

Joiadah 

joy'a-dah 

Id  u  means 

id-^u^mS'ans 

Jabaziah 

ja-ha-zVah 

Jebu 

ji'ka 

Joiakim 

joy'a-kim 

Igal 

Vffot 

Jahn/iel 

ja-kdz'i-el 

Jehubbah 

je-hub'bah 

Joiarib 

joy'a-rib 

Igdaliah 

iv-iloM'ah 

Jahdai 

jah-dd'i  or  jdh'da-i 

Jehucal 

jr-hfi'kal  or  ji'hu-kal 

Jokdeam 

jok-di'am  orjok'de-am 

Igeabarim 

is-e-db' a-rim 
t^-S'al  or  ig'e-id 
Vim 

Jahdiel 

jdh'di-d 

Jehndi 

je-hii'dl 

Jnkim 

jS'kim 

Igeal 

Jahdo 

jdh'do 

Jehudijah 

je-hu-<iVjaA 

Jokmeam 

jok-^mS'am  or  jok'me-am 

lim 

Jableelites 

jdh'le-el-ites 

Jehush 

jS'kiisk 

Jokneam 

jok'ne-am 

Ijon 

Vjon 

Via 

Jahliel 

jdh'li-et 

Jeicl 

je-Vd 

Jokshan 

juk'skan 

ll'di 

Jahmai 

jdh-ma'i  or  ydk'7oa-i 

Jecabzeel 

je-kdb'ip-d 

Joktheel 

jok'thed  or  jok'lhc-el 

Illyriciim 

ii-bjr'f-kum 

Jahzeelites 

jah' ze-el-ites 

Jekamcam 

jek-a-mS'am 

Jonadab 

jott'a-dab 

Imtnaniiel 

im-rndtt'if-ci 

Jahzerah 

jdh'ze-raA 

Jekamiah 

jek-a-mV  (ik 

Jonah 

j6'nah 

Iphcdeiah 

tf-e-dt'ah 

Jali/.iel 

jdh'zi-el 

Jekuthiul 

jc~kii'(Jii-d 

Jonan 

jQ'iian 

Ira 

Vrah 

Jair 

j&'er 

Jemima 

je-inVmah  or  j em' i-mah 

Jonathan 

jon'a-tkan 

I  ram 
Iry 

Vram 

I'm 

Jairites 
Jainis 

jd'i-ritea 
j&'i-rus 

Jemuel 
Jeplithah 

jhn'u-d  orjcm-H'cl 
jtfthah 

Jonath  Elim  Re- 

cbochim 

I  jO'nath  E'lim  re-kS'kim 

Irijah 

i^ri'jah 

Jaknn 

ja'kan 

Jephnnneh 

je-fun'nch 

Joppa 

jop'paJk 

Irnahash 

ir-n&'hask  or  ir'norhiurh 

Jukkim 

jdk'kim 

Jerah 

je'raA 

Jorah 

jG'rak 

Irpeel 

ir-pS'el 

Jalnn 

ja'lon 

Jerahmeol 

{jer-ah^e'el  or  je-r'dA'- 

Jurai 

jU'ra-i 

trshemcsb 

ir-ahs'mtah 

Jainbres 

jdm'brez 

1      me-el 

Juram 

jG'ram 

Iru 

I'rit 

Jambri 

jdm'brl 

Jerah  meelitoa 

jf.-rah' mc-el-ites 

Joribaa 

jttr'i-bas 

Isaac 

V-uik 

Jam  in 

jd'min 

Jerechus 

jfr'e-kus 

Jorkoam 

jor-kd'am  OT  jor'ko-am 

Isaiah 

ir-ii'yah 

Jaminites 

j3'min-ites 

Jered 

^S'red 
jer'c-md, 

Josabad 

jos'a-bad 

Iscah 

u'cdh 

Jatnlech 

jdm'lek 

Jerema! 

Josaphat 

jos'a-fat 

Isicariot 

is-kir'rt-ct 

JaiTinaan 

jdm'na-an 

Jeremiah 

jfr-e-ml'ah 

Joaaphiaa 

joa-a-fVas 

Isdael 

U'da-el 

Jamnia 

jdm'n'i-a 

J  ere  moth 

jrr'e-motk 

Jose 

j5',e 

Uhbi  Benob 

uh'bl  hVnob  or  wi-H'- 
bf-nob 

Jam  n  ilea 

Janna 

jdiii'nites 
jdn'na/i 

Jeriah 
Jeribai 

je-rVah 
yr'i-hO. 

Josedech 

Jose  el 

jos'e-dck 
j6'se~d 

Ishboshcth 

ish-bS'uhet'i  or  ish'bo- 

Jannes 

Jdn'nez 

Jericho 

jer''i-ko 

Joses 

jS'sez 

aheth 

Januah 

jii-nH'ah 

Jeriel 

JR-T%'d  or  jS'ri-d 

Josbabad 

joaS'a-bad 

[••hi 

r.ji 

Janiim 

jd'num 

Jerijah 

jtr-rVjah 

Joshaii 

ja'shah 

Isliiah 

w*I'aA 

Japheth 

jd'feth 

Jerioth 

jer'i^tk 

Joslia|>hat 

josk'a-fat 

Ishijah 

i-shl'joA 

Japhiah 

ja-fVah 

Jeroboam 

jer-ab6'am 

Joshaviah 

josh-a-^cVah 

Islimael 

Uh'ma-el 

Japhlet 

jAflct 

Jerodon 

jir'o-tfon 

Joshbekashah 

josh-bek' a-shaJi 

Ishmaelites 

uh'ma-tl-ites 

Japlileti 

j^-ie'a  or  ji^te-a 

Jcrobam 

jer-0'katn  or  jer'o-havi 

Joshua 

josh'u-a 

Ishmaiah 

i  isk  m&'yah  or  ish-ma- 

Japho 
Jarah 

i&'/o 
ja'rah 

Jenibbaa! 

jc-Tiib-ha'al  or  je-rub'- 
ba-dl 

Josiah 
Josiaa 

jWJ'oA 
josl'as 

Ishmerai 

wA'me-rfl 

Jareb 

j&'rcb 

Jerubpsheth 

je-rub-esk'  dh  or  je-rub'- 

Josibiah 

jos-e-bVah 

Ixbod 

I'alud 

Jaresiah 

jdr-e-fiVah 

c^s'ArtA 

Josiphiah 

joa-e-fl'ah 

Isliuab 

Uh'^-ah 

Jaroah 

ja^d'ah 

Jeniel 

jc^Vd 

Jostpbus 

Jo-sVfus 

liithual 

uA'^-a 

Jasael 

jda'a-el 

Jerusalem 

JR-rfi'tia-lem 
jii-ru'shak 

Jotbatha 

jot'ba-thah 

iHtnachiah 

is-ma-kVah 

J  as  hem 

jB.'sh.em 

Jerusha 

Jotham 

jQ'tham 

Inmaiali 

u^ia-l'tA 

JaMher 

jS'slter 

Jetiaiah 

jt-sd'yah 

Jozabnd 

joi'a^bad 

Israel 

it'ra-tl 

Jashnbeam 

ia-jikfi'be-am 

ja'shiib  or  idsk'ub 
ija'xkiL-bl  Is'krm  or 
)     jdfih'u-bi  IS'hcm 

Jesbaiah 

jesh-aA'ah 

Jozachar 

joz'a-kar 

Israelites 

is'ra-el-itct 

u'sorkar 

is-taUkVnu 

Jashub 

Jesbanah 

jesh'd'nah 

Jpzadak 

joz'a-dak 

Issacbar 
Utalcunis 

Jashubi  Lehcm 

Jt-shart'lah 
Je.sbebeab 

jr^h-ar' 6-iah 
jesh-eb'e-ab 

Jnbal 
Jucal 

jfi'bal 
jfl'kal 

Isiii 

vm 

Jashubltea 

jd.ih'ub-ites 

Jeshebeah 

jesh-eb't-ak 

Judsa 

jfl-de'ah 

Fa 

£fl, /dr,  bdL^Mete,  help, —  Pine,  marine 

—  J\rote.  —  Tane 

,  ■tf.nite.  —  g  08  j;   Zh  as 

jC 

sh. 

1293 


PRONUNCIATION   OF  SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 

Judah 

ja'dok 

Lebnnab 

hb'a-nak 

Mahlah 

vidh'lah 

Mellicu 

ynfl'Vi-k^ 

Judilii 

ja'dUk 

Lebanon 

lib'a.non 

Mahli 

m'dh'tl 

Memphis 

mem'Jui 

m»-m^'kan                      ^ 

Julia 

ja'ti-t 

Lebautb 

le-ta'otk  or  tWa-elk 

Mnhlites 

mhhnUf4 

Meimican 

JillUS 

/O'tt-M 

Lebbeus 

lfA-M'«» 

Ma!)  Ion 

miUi'lon 

Menahem 

min'a-hem 

Junis 

5«>*«er 

Lebonah 

UM'nak 

Mahul 

ma'hol 

Menan 

mS'nan 

Jupiter 

Lechah 

U'kak 

Maianeas 

Mene 

mB' Jte 

Jusbabtaeshed 

Lehabim 

te-ka'bim  or  »'*a-»nii 

Makas 

inS'kaa 

Menothai 

inin'o-tka 

• 

Lehi 

U'kl 

Makht'Ioth 

mdk-he'htk 

Meonenem 

me-on'&-netn 

Lemuel 

f^>^ 

Makkrdah 

mdk-ke'doA 

Mephaath 

me-fa'ath  or  m^a-atk 

K. 

Le-ihcm 

li'skm 

Malachi 

mdl'a-kl 

Mephibosheth 

mt^M'(Hiheth 
me'rab 

Letuahim 

le-ta'tUm 

Malchain 

mdl'katn 

Merab 

Leummiin 

le-um'mim 

Malchiah 

mdl-kVah 

Meraiali 

mo-ro-l'oA 

Levi 

ll'vi 

Matchtel 

mdl'k'i-et 

Meraioth 

m»^S'yoth 
me-rd'ri  or  m^'o-H 

K^Btaii, 

WJ'tivW 

Leviathan 

It^VaMutn 

Malchielites 

mAVkitl-xtes 

Mernri 

Kades 

ka'itrt 

LevHes 

U'vitrs 

Malchijah 

mal^kVjah 

Merarites 

mer'a-ritet 

Kadesh  Bamea 

ka'iltjlt  tdr'iu-a 

LeviticiM 

Ir-vWi-hu 

Malchirain 

mal'kl'rqm 
mal-k\-<Jh'ah 

Meratbaim 

mer-<i'tha'im 

Kadiniel 

kdd'mi-tl 

Libni 

lik'nl 

Malcliishuah 

Mercurius 

mer-kU'ri-ua 

Kadmonitea 

kiJ'mo»-iUt 

Libnites 

lik'nitrs 

Malcliom 

mdl'kom 

Mered 

mi'red 

Kallai 

kil'U^ 

Lign-aloea 

line-4i'ots 

Malchus 

mdl'kvs 

Meremotb 

mir' re-moth 

•Kanah 

ka'»aX 

Ligure 

Wrun 
Uk'ki 

Maleleel 

mdUe^U'd 

Meres 

mE'rez 

Kareah 

ka-rl'ak 

Likhi 

Mallothi 

mdVto^i 

Meribah 

mir'-i'bah 

Karkaa 

kdr-ka' ok  or  kHr'ka^k 

LInUB 

n'aiM 

Molluch 

wdl'luk 

Meribbaal 

mer-'i-bd'al  or  me-rib'' 

Karnaira 

kiir^a'im  or  Jtar'iw~m 

bt-im'mJ 

Mainaias 

ma-m&'yas 

boriU 

Karta 

kOr/Uk 

Lodebai 

Ui-M'iar  or  Iml'^iiu- 

Mamuitanahnus 

mdm'ni-ta-nd'mus 

Merodachbala- 

Kedemah 

kii'e-mak 

Ix)ia 

M'i» 

Main  re 

ntdm're 

dan 

me  rO'dak'bdl'ordan 

Kpdeuiolh 

kiJ'i-mMk 

Lo  Ruhamah 

la  ru-ha'mak 

Ma  mucus 

tna-mil^kiis 

Merom 

ml'rom 

Keder 

tl'drr 

Lotan 

US' Ian 

Manaen 

ma-na'en 

Meronothite 

me-ron'o^hite 

Ki^hi-laUlah 

k'-krl'a-tkck 

Lothasubua 

liith-a-^'bus 

Manahath 

mdn'a-hath 

Meroz 

mS'roi 

Keilah 

kVlak 

Liibim 

Whim 

Manaheni 

ndn'a-hem 

Mesech 

mS'sek 

Krlaiah 

kr-la'ytk 

Lucas 

hVkaa 

Manaht'thites 

ma-ndh' eth'iteg 

Mcsha 

me' shah 

Kcliu 

ktVl-tak 

Lucifer 

M'clfir 

Manasseaa 

mdn-tui-sS' as 

Meshech 

me'shek 

Kelkathhaxurim 

keVkalk,ka-ia'rim 

Luciua 

ia'»«-lM 

Manasseh 

ma-nds'seh 

MeshelemJah 

mish-el-e-mVah 

Kemuel 

tVn'y-e<  or  kt-wtUd 

Lybia 

li»'M* 

Manassitpa 

ma-nds'sites 

Meshezabeel 

mesh-ez'a-be-ei 

Kenah 

kl'nak 

Lycaonia 

lyJU-«'aK-a 

Manhanaim 

mdn-ha-n&'iM 

Meshilamith 

(  mesh-il'la-mith  or  mish^ 

Kenaz 

kl'MZ 

Lycca 

Uk'kak 

Manna 

vtdn'nah 

j      iU&'mith 

Keiiiles 

ke'nitcs  or  k^n'iUs 

Lvdda 

Ui'dak 

Manoah 

ma-nO'ah 

Meshobab 

me-shO'bab 

Kennizzitps 

k^H'Htz-zitej 

Lydia 

tii'1-a 

Maoch 

mG'ok 

Meshuliam 

me-shvl'tam 

Keren  Happuch 

ktr'en  k,if'p>Us 

Lysauiaa 

ltsVM.a3 

Maon 

ma' on 

Mesobah 

mis'O'bah 

Keriotli 

t-T'VH«* 

Lyaiaa 

liak't-t 

Maonites 

ma'on-ites 

Mesobaite 

J  m^s~o-ba'ite  or  wif  j'(n 

Kerua 

ke'rot 

Lyaua 

IWtm 

Marah 

ma'rah 

}      ba-Ue 

Kelumh 

kt^'rtk 

Maralah 

mdr'a-iah 

Mesopotamia 

mis-o-^o-ta'm'i-a 

Kezia 

kt-tVak 

Maranatha 

(  mdr'iin-Q'thah  or  mdr 

Messiah 

messVah 

Kezis 

kt'ih 

I      a-ndth'a 

Mcterus 

me-tS'rus 

Klbrolh  Hatuo- 

^kVntkkM-ta't^tk 

M. 

Marcus 

mUr'kus 

Metheg  Amraah 

mB'theg  dm'mah 

vah 

Mardocbeus 

miir-do-kS'u3 

Methredath 

miih're-dath 

Kihi.-um 

kik-ia'im  or  kiVsM-im 

Mareshah 

{  mdr'B-ahah  or  ma-rS' 

Methusael 

vie-tkn'sa-el 

Kidron 

Md'rra  or  U'dnm 

j      sha 

Methusalah 

me-UiU'sa-lah 

Kinab 

kl'mak 

Maicathi 

VMwUf*^ 

Martsa 

ma-rVsah  or  mdr''{-sa 

Meunim 

mc-u'nim 
mez'a-kah 

Kirbaraselll 

kir-kir'm-oflk 

Maacbab 

ma-A*lMM  or  md'a-kak 

Marsena 

mctr^e'iMh 

Mezahab 

Ktrbaresfa 

(  kirka'rak  or  kirika- 

Haachathitei 

ma^ikfa-tAUea 

Martena 

miir'tf-na 

Mianim 

mir-Q'nim 

rcsk 

Maadai 

ma-U'^A  or  ma^-M'i 

Maaa 

mH'sah 

Mibhar 

mib'har 

Kiriatbaim 

ki^^-aa'im 

Maadiab 

mM-<fl'«A 

Maacha 

fud^'kU 

Mica 

mVkah 

Kiridh 

kit'i-otk 

Maai 

fM-A'l 

MoMloth 

mds'^ioth 

Micatah 

mi'kS'yah 

Kirjath  Aim 

krr'jalk  i'im 
krrTMk  arikak 
krr'jalk  a'rim 
krr'jatk  a'rl-Mt 
kfriUlk  ka'ti 
krr^jatk  kA'ulk 
krr'jatk  jl't-Hm 
ka-'jatk  <d»'wub 
irr>U  U'ftT 

Maaleta  Aerabbim  m»-a'Uk  ak-rdi'Um 

Mashal 

tna'slud 

Mich  a 

mVkah 

KirjaUl  Arba 

Maanai 

Md'o-fH! 

Mafirekah 

mAs'T&-kah 

Michael 

mVka-d 

Kirjath  Arim 

Maarath 

mor^'mik 

M^Lssah 

mds'sah 

Michaiah 

mi-k&'yah 

Kirjath  Arius 

Maaseiah 

mm-^^'ak 

Massios 

mas-aVas 

Mich  mash 

mik'mash 

Kirjath  Baal 

Musiai 

«(MI-«I'A 

Matred 

m&'tred 

Michmethah 

mik'me-thah 

Kirjath  Huz»lh 

Maalb 

ma'aU 

Matri 

tn&'trl 

Michri 

mik'rl 

Kirjath  Jcahm 

Maaz 

Md'dZ 

Maltanali 

mdt'ta-nah 

Mic)»tam 

mik'tam 

Kirjath  Sannab 

Maaziah 

ma~m-zVak 

Mattaniah 

mdt~ta-nVaA 

Midian 

mid'i-an 

Kiijalta  Sepber 

Mabdai 

mab'ila-i 

Mattattia 

mdt'ta-tJuih 

Midianites 

mid''i-an-itea 

KiiJii 

kisi'i 

Macalon 

mak'a-Um 

Mattathiaa 

vtatta-tJtl'tu 

MigdaJel 

mig' da-Id 

Ktshioo 

luVlf-OB 

Maccabcoi 

mak-ka^'us 

Maltenal 

mat-te-n&'i 

Migron 

mig'ron 

Kiihon 

kVskon 

Maceabeea 

Malthat 

mdt'that 

Mijamin 

mVja-min  or  mij'a-miit 

Kiuoo 

kiVrvn 

Macedonia 

ma3~«^^ii'i^i-€ 

MaUhew 

ntdth'tkn 

Mikloth 

mik'loth 

Koa 

ki'ak 

Machbana 

mdic^a'M 

MatUiias 

mdth'l'as 

Mikneiah 

mik-nl'ah 

Kobatb 

kS'kalk 

Machbena 

m4k^'n^ 

Mattithiah 

mdt-titk-Vak 

Milalai 

mil-a-la'i 

KobalbHei 

kfUtk-Uet 

Machbenai 

mdk'h^-na 

Mazitias 

mdi-i-tVas 

Milcah 

miVkak 

Kulaiab 

bU-a-l'ak 

JfachbeloUl 

nuJ^JU'lotM 

MazKaroth 

m&z'ja^otk 

Milelum 

mi-le'tum 

Korah 

kS'rak 

Machi 

ma'ki 

Meah 

mi'ah 

Miletus 

mi-Wtas 

Korahitea 

kS'raA-ila 

Machir 

mS'kir 

Meant 

me-H'ni 

Miniamin 

min-nl'a-min 

Koiatbitea 

kO'ratk-Ue3 

Machiritrs 

m&'kir-itta 

Mearah 

me-S'rah 

Miniii 

min'nl 

Kon 

ki're 

Machnadebai 

mak-na~dl'b& 

Mebunai 

nMt-ftfl'jifl 

Miphkad 

mifkad 

Kortlite 

kar'kiU 

Machpelah 

mak-pe'lah 

Mechcrath 

mek'e-reuA 

Miriam 

mir'i-am 

ir-.h.i.K 

ktik-a'yak 

Madai 

m4d'a-i 

MechcraUiU 

mek' e-raUi-itt 

Mirmah 

mer'mah 

Madiabun 

vui-dl'a-*mn 

Medad 

inB'dad 

Misgab 

mis'gaA 
ml'sh&'d 

Madiab 

ma-dl'ak 

Medal  ah 

vied'a-lah 

Mishaei 

Madian 

mA'tn-m 

Medebah 

mM'e-bah 

Mishal 

ml'akal 

L. 

Madmannah 

mtutmdu'iutk 

Medes 

mUds 

Misham 

mVsham 

Madmenah 

nad-ma'mUL 

Media 

mS'dj-a 

Misheal 

mi'sM'al 

Madun 

ma'don 

Median 

ml'di-an 

Mishma 

misk'mah 

LaAD&H 

M'awbi 

Maedala 

mig^da-Um 

Meed  a 

me-S'da 

Misbmannab 

mish-mdn'nah 

Ludao 

la-a'JaM  ur  la'a-Jan 

Mngdalt?n 

muirida4m 

Megiddo 

mt>-gid'dQ 

Misbraites 

misk'ra-ites 

Lalui 

IS'bn 

Magdalune 

Megiddon 

me-sid'don 
me^a'li 

Mispereth 

mis'VE'reth 
n  mis'rfhfotA  m&'im 

Labatna 

/a-M'aaJk  or  tiVa-nak 

Mn^diel 

mag^'tl  or  mig'd»^ 
mAg'pi-ash 

Mehali 

Misrephotb  Main 

Lactaish 

la'kitk 

Magog 

Mehetabel 

me-ki't'a-bel 

Mithredath 

mith'te-datk 

Laciuius 

la-ka'tau 

Magur  Missiliib 

Mehida 

me-ht'dah 

Mitylene 

mit-t-le'ne 

Lael 

Wit 

Ma^piush 

Mehir 

ml'hcr 

Mizraim 

miz-^a'im  or  miz'roAm 

Labad 

la'kmd 

Mabalab 

ma-ha'lah  or  nH'harlak 

MehulathiLe 

me-hoV  ath-ite 

Mizar 

mi'zar 

Labairoi 

te^'roy 

Mabalaleel 

(  ma-hdVtt-led  or  ma-kH'- 

Mehijjael 

v>e-kft'ja-el 
me-hf/man   - 

Mnaaon 

nB.'san 

LabmaD 

loi'aua 

}      la-led 

Mehuman 

Moabites 

DtO'ab-ite3 

Labmi 

IdA'nl 

Mabali 

na-A&'n 

Mehunim 

jne-hft' nim 

Moadiah 

mo-a-dVah 

Laiah 

M'M 

Mahanaim 

ma-lia-nS'in 

Mejarkon 

me-jdr' kon 

Moladah 

mol'a-dah 

Tjikiim 

irkm 

Mabanehdan 

ma-ka' neh-dan 

Mekonal) 

m6-k6'nah  or  mek'o-w.h 

Molech 

md'lek 

Lunecb 

la'sMt 

Mabanem 

i  ma-ha'nan  or  mH'ha- 

Melntiab 

nel-a-tVah 

Molid 

mO'lid 

lAodicea 

ta-od-i-cfak 

\      Item 

Melrtii 

mel'ki 

Moloch 

mO'lok 

Laodiceana 

lli-od  infant 

MabanU 

tna-kdr'a-i 

Melchiah 

inet-k%'ah 

Moosiaa 

mo-o-sVas 

Lapidotb 

Up'i-doA 

Mabalb 

ma'fuiUi 

Melctaiel 

mrl'ki-d 

Moras  hite 

m5'rask-ite 

t.asea 

ta-sVak 

Mahavites 

mH'ha-pites 

Melchisedek 

md-kiz' ze-dfJt 

Morastbite 

vio-rds'thite 

Lashab 

li'shah 

Mabazioth 

i  ma^hdz't-oth  or  jpa-M'- 

Melchishua 

inel-ki-shu' a 

Mordecai 

mor'der-kO. 

Lasharon 

la-shs'rcm 

i       zi-,>th 

Melea 

me-ls'ah, 

Moreh 

m5'reh 

Lazarus 
Leah 

Idz'a-rus 
ll'ak 

Maher  shalal 
ha^hbaz 

j  mfi'AfT  shdl'al  hdsk'haz 

Melech 

Melita 

mS'leJi 

me-ti'tah  or  miVi4a 

Moresheth  Gath 

;  mS'resh-eth  gath  or 
1      mor'esh-eih  gath 

FB 

ttyfdr,  hiL—MCtc,  kelp.  — Pint,  marine. 

—  JV7ite,~T0.ne 

■qnite, — ^  as  j;  Ih  aa  i 

A. 

i'294 


PRONUNCIATION   OF  SCRIPTURE   PROPER  NAMES. 


Moriah 
Mosallam 
Moserab 
Moees 
^losoroth 
MosuUamon 
Mozah 
Muppim 
Musbi 
Muahites 
Muthlabben 
Myra 
Mysia 


mo-rl'ah 

mystr'ah  or  mosl'rok 

mXi'un 

mi>-3or'otA  or  nuhsU'roth 

mO'ioA 

mup'pim 

ma'shl 

mU'shUea 

muthAdb'im 

tnl'rah 

mtsA'i-a 


N. 


Naak 

Naamah 

Xaaman 

Naamalhites 

Naarah 

Naarai 

Naaran 

Naashon 

Naalhus 

Nabal 

Nabarias 

Nabatheans 

Nabat  bites 

Nabotb 

Nacbon 

Nacbor 

Nadab 

Nadabatba 

Nagge 

Nababi 

Nabal  iel 

Nahatlal 

Nahalol 

Naham 

Nahamani 

Nabani 

Nabasb 

Nabbi 

Nabor 

Naidufl 

Nairn 

NaiB 

Naioth 

Nanea 

.VaumI 

Naphisb 

Naphisi 

Napbthali 

Napbtuim 

Narcissui 

Nasor 

Nalhan 

Nathannel 

Niitbanias 

Xatban  Melech 

NauRi 

Nave 

Nazareno 

Nazareth 

Nazarita 

Neah 

Neapolia 

Neariah 

Ncbat 

Nebaioth 

Nebajotb 

Neballat 

Nebat 

Nebo 

Nebuchadnezzar 

Nebuchadrezzar 

Nebuchasban 

Nebucbodonoflor 

Nebuzaradan 
i    Vechoh 
I    Ner^Klan 
,    Nedabiah 
'    Nfcmias 
I    Neginoth 

Nrhelamilo 

Nehemiah 
I    Nchiim 

Ntfbiishtah 

Neiel 

Npkeb 

Nekoda 

Nemuel 
Nemuclites 
NephcK 
NepbiaheHim 

Nepbtbonh 

Nephtiiim 

Nephusim 
Nereuii 


L 


nA'am 

%0.'a-^mah  or  na-A'mah 

fia'a-man  or  na-S'vian. 

na'a~nui-4hites 

nH'a-rah 

n&'a-rd 

nS'a-^aa 

ita-dsh'on 

n&'a-thus 

nd'bal 

nAb-a-rVas 

na-ba-ths'ana 

n&'bath-iUs 

nS'both 

n&'kon 

nS'kor 

n&'dab 

na-ddb'a-tha 

nde'gee 

n^ha-bi 

na-h&'ti-el 

na-hdl'lal 

n&'ha-tol 

nH'kam 

na-Adrn'o-nS 

na-hdr'ori 

nd'hash 

ndk'bl 

nd'hor 

n&'i-dus 

na'rm 

nS'in 

na'yoth 

na-ni'a 

na-O'm'i  or  nfl'tMOi 

na'Jbh 

ndfi-sl 

ndfthortl 

ndftu-im 

ndr-cis'siLs 

nH'sor 

n&'than 

Tia-thdn' a~el 

nH'tkan  mS'lek 

n&'um 

nd've 

jidz-a-rSne' 

ndi'a-reth 

ndi'a-riU 

nS'ah 

ne-dp'po-lis 

ne-n-ri'ak 

Tu-bd'i  or  nib'a~i 

m-bd'yoth 

ne~b&'joth 

ne-bdl'lai 

nS' bat 

nl'bo 

mb'if-kad-nH'iar 

ncb-^-kad-rez'  lar 

neb-^~kds' ban 

neb-it-kod-on'o-sor 

neb-i(-zdr'a-dan 

nl'ko 

ne-k6  'dan 

ned-a-bVaX 

iu~t-viVajt 

nig'i^ttotk 

n^il'a^mite 

ne-he-ml'ah 

nl'hum 

n»-hush' lah 

ni'kfb 

ne-kO'dah 

nem-ii'el 

nenf^'d-Uea 

Kl'ftg 

nr-ji-rih'0-stjn 

nef-thU'ah  or  nifVuhok 

nrph'tit-im 

nC'/A'sim 

ni're-u9 


Ncrgal  Sbarezer 

Neri 

Neriab 

Nero 

Netbaneel 

Nethaniah 

Netbinima 

Netophalhites 

Neziah 

Nezib 

Nicanor 

NicodemtiB 

Nirolaitaua 

NicoIoB 

Nicopolia 

Nimrab 

Nimshi 

Nineveb 

Ninevites 

Nisan 

Niaroch 

Noadiah 

Noab 

Noe 

Nobah 

Nogah 

Noph 

Nophah 

Notophab 

Nyinphaa 


Obadiah 

Obal 

Obed  Edom 

OWl 

Obotb 

Ocbiel 

Ocidelus 

Octna 

Ocran 

Oded 

Odollam 

Odonarkes 

Otamus 

Olymphaa 

Omaerus 

Omar 

Omega 

Omri 

On  am 

Onesimua 

Onesiphorua 

Oniaa 

Ono 

Onyas 

Onycha 

Onyi 

Ophcl 

Ophir 

Ophni 

Ophrah 

Oreb 

Orion 

Orphiih 

Onbcisiaa 

Osaiaa 

Oseas 

Osee 

Ophea 

Otbni 

Othniel 

Ozem 

Oai&ii 

Oziel 

Ozni 

Oznites 

Ozora 


nir'gal  nha-ri'zer 

ne'rl 

ne-H'aA 

ni'ro 

ne-thdn'e-el 

Tteth~a-nl'ah 

veth'in-ijns 

ne-tofa-thUcs 

ne-zfak 

ve'zib 

ni-kd'nor 

nik-o~dS'muM 

nik-~o-lS''i-ta7u 

nik'o-las 

nl~kop'o-lis 

nim'rdh 

nim'shl 

nin'e-veh 

jiiu'e-vites 

nl'san 

nis'rok 

no-ah-dl'ah 

na'ah 

nO'e 

n^'bah 

nS'goK 

noff 

nO'fah 

no~tO'fah 

nim'fas 


0. 


t^-ba-dl'ah  or  ob-a-dl'ah 

S'bal 

O'bed  i'dom 

G'bil 

O'both 

S'ki-el 

os-i-dS'lut 

os'i-na 

ok' ran 

O'ded 

o-dol'lam 

od-on-itr'kes 

oVa-mus 

o-lim'fas 

om-a-&'rus 

6'mar 

Q'lne-ga  or  o-mS'ga 

om'ri 

6'itam 

(hitfs's'i-mua 

on-e^if  o-TUS 

o-nl'as 

6'no 

o-vy'as 

o-ny'kah  or  on't-kah 

S'nix 

S'fct 

a  [fir 

ofrah 

O'rtb 

o-rVon 

or'fak 

Qr-thosVaji 

o-zd'yas 

o-zS'as 

O'zee 

O'ske-ah 

oth'nl 

oth'nH-el 

5'zem 

o-zl'as 

&'zi-d 

oi'nl 

oz'niiea 

o-tO'ra 


Paarai 

p&'a-rH 

Padan  Anim 

pJl'ilan  H'ram 

PBclon 

pS'don 

Pneicl 

pH'^'i-el  or  p&'gt-el 
pa'halh  m6'ab 

Pnhatli  Moal) 

Piii 

pH'i 

Palal 

pi'Ul 

Palestina 

pcl~es-tl'7uih 

Palestine 

pAVea-am 

Pallu 

piVia 

Palluites 

pdVlu-iles 

Paltl 

pdl'tl 

Paltiel 

pilll'et  or  pit'a-tl 

Pamphylia 

pam-fiVi-a 

Papbos 

Paradise 

Paran 

Parmashta 

Parmenaa 

Parnach 

Parosh 

Parshandatba 

Parthiana 

Paruah 

Parvaim 

Pasnch 

Pasdammim 

Paseah 

Pasbur 

Passover 

Pa  tarn 

Patcoll 

Pat  be  u  a 

Paihros 

Patbrusim 

Patrobas 

Pan 

Pedahel 

Podahzur 

Pedaiah 

Pekuh 

Pekabiab 

Pekod 

Pclaiah 

Pelaliah 

Pelatiah 

Peleg 

Peleth 

Pelethites 

Pelonite 

Peniel 

Peninnah 

Pen  ni  nab 

Pentapolis 

Pentateuch 

Pentecost 

Penuel 

Peor 

Perazim 

Perez  Uzzah 

Perga 

Pergamos 

Perida 

Perizzites 

Persia 

Perudab 

Pelhahiah 

Pethor 

Pethuel 

Peulthai 

PhaldaiuB 

Phalec 

Phalti 

Phaltiel 

Plianuel 

Pharaob 

Pbarduh  Ilophra 

Pbarathoni 

Pharez 

Pliarezites 

Pharisees 

I'll  a  rp  liar 

Pharzites 

Phast-ah 

Phebe 

Pbenice 

Phenicia 

Phibeaeth 

Pbicol 

Philadelphia 

Phi  larches 

Philemon 

Philetus 

Philip 

Philippi 

Phi  1 1st  ia 

Philistim 

Philistines 

Philologus 

Phiiometer 

Phinehaa 

Pliison 

Pblegon 

Phrygia 

Phubah 

Phud 

Pburah 

Phut 

Phypellua 

Phylacteries 

Pi  hah  i  roth 

Pilato 

Pildasb 

Piletha 

Piltai 

Pinon 

Piram 


pd'fos 

pdr'a-dise 
pd'ran 
pdr-rndsk'tah 
pitr'me~na3 
p'dr'nak 
pd'rosh 

pdr-shdn'da-thah 
p'da-'tk'i-aits 
pdr'y.'ah 
pdr-vd'im 
p&'sak 
pa-1-ddm'man 
pa-sS'ah 
pdsli'ur 
pass'O'Ver 
pdl'a-rah 
pa-tS'o-li 
pa-OtS'us 
pd'tkros 
pdthr^rd'sim 

pnt^O'bas  or  pdt'ro-has 
pd'hH 
pid'a-kel 

ped-dh' zur  or  ped'ah~zur 
ped'd'yak 
pi'kah 
pek-a-hl'ah 
pS'kod 
pel-a-Vah 
pel-a-WaA 
pel-a-tl'ah 
pS'leg 
pS'leth 
pS'leth-itt9 
pil'o-nite 
p€-nVel 
pe~nin'nah 
pen'  ni-nah 
peti'tdp'o-Us 
pen'ta-tuke 
penn'te-kiists 
pen-t^'el  oT  pe-n&'cl 
pS'or 
pir'a-zim 
pS'rez  uz'zah 
per'gak 
per'  ga-mos 
pe-r\'dah 
per'iz-zitr.3 
ptr'sh'i-a 
per-ii'dah 
petk-a-hl'ah 
pS'thor 

pfth-if'el  or  pi'th^'d 
pe-uVthd 
fal-dd'yiis 
fd'lek 
fdl'il 
fdVti-cl 

/an-if'ei  or  fa-nU'el 
fd'ro 

fd'ro  hofrak 
i/ar-a-thO'n'i  or  far-dth'- 
}      o-ni 
fd'rez 
fd'rez-ites 
fdr''i-seeB 
fdr'fdr 
fdr'tites 
fa-sS'ah 
fS'be 

fe-ni'ee  orfS'aice 
fe-nish'i-a 
Jib'e-seth 
fi'k.'l 

JU-a-deVfi-a 
fi-ldr'kes 
ji-tS'mon 

fi-Wtll3 

Jil'lip 

Jii-lip'pl 

JiU'is'ti:^ 

fil4i8'tim 

JU-lin'tina 

Jil-loV  o-gU8 

JU'O-miher 

Jin'jie-as 

fVson 

fieg'on  or  fis'gon 

fridj'i-a 

fii'bah 

fud 

ffi'rah 

/id  (as  nut) 

fy-giVlus 

fy-ldk'tg-reez 

pl-ha-hVroth 

pt'Jat 

pil'dash 

pil'e-thah 

pil'td 

pl'non 

pVram 


Piratbon 

Pirathonite 

PiHgtih 

Pisidiah 

Pison 

Pithon 

Pleiades 

Pocherelb 

Pollux 

Pontius 

Pornlha 

Portius  Fcwtus 

Putijibar 

Potiplusra 

Prisca 
Priscilla 
Prochorua 
Ptolcincua 

Piiah 

Publius 

Piidens 

PuhitfS 

Pnl 

Punites 

Punon 

Put 

Puteoli 

Putiel 


Ra.amah 

Raamiah 

Raain:'f?s 

Kabbah 

Rabbi 

Rabboni 

Rabsaces 

Rabsaris 

Rabsbakob 

Raca 

Rarhal 

Rachel 

Raddai 

Ragau 

Rages 

Ragua 

Ragucl 

Rnhab 

Rakem 

Rakkath 

Rakkon 

Ramah 

Ramathaim 

Ra  math  em 

Rantatbite 

Ramath  Lehi 


pir^a  than 

pir'a-  Ihon-iU 

pii'gah, 

pi  Bid'i-a 

pl'son 

pVthon 

plVa  dH 

pok'fi-redt 

pol'lux 

pon'ak'i'ua 

por'a-Oiah 

pOT*lthus  fist  113 

pot'i-far 

ipot-v-ft'rah  or  po-tVf&- 
rah 
pru'knh 
pria-sU'lah 
prok'o-rus 

pil'ah 

pubTt-ua 

pG'detta 

pQ'hitea 

pill  (as  dull) 

pfi'nitea 

pfi'nan 

pat  (as  nut) 

pft-«'o4i 

pu'Vi-tl 


E. 


rd'a^mah 

ra-a-mVah 

ra-dm'ses 

rdh'bah 

rdb'bl 

rdb-bO'nt 

rdb'sa-eea 

rdb'sa-ria 

Tdb'aha-keh 

rd'kah 

rd'kal 

rd'ckel 

rdd'da-i 

rd'gaw 

rd'eea 

rdpt^-ah 

ri^' It-el  or  ra-gn'd 

rd'hab 

rd'kcm 

rdk'kath 

rdk'kon 

rd'mah 

ra-math-d'im 

rdm'a-them 

rO.'maih-ite 

rd'mnth  le'kl 


Ramath  Mispeb    rd'jnath  mis'peh 
Rameses  ra-mS'sea 


Raines  is 

rdm'ti-aia 

Ramotb 

rd'motfi 

Ramiah 

ra~ml'ah 

Raphael 

rd'fa-el 

Raphah 

rd'fah 

Raphaim 

rdph'a4m 

Rnphu 

rfl'/a 

Rathumus 

rdth'a^mua 

Reaiah 

re-0'i-ah  or  re-a-Vah 

Reba 

re'bah 

Rebckab 

rtybek'ah 

Rechab 

rg'kab 

Rechabites 

rS'kah-iUa 

Rechah 

ri'kah 

Reelaiab 

rt-el-d'ya\ 

Reelias 

rt-d-Vaa 

Reesaias 

re^id'yaa 

Regem 

rS'gem  or  rf'gem 

Regem  Melck 

(  re'gcm  mS'ltk  or 
\      re'gem  mi'ltk 

Rehabioh 

re-ha~bVah 

Re  hob 

ri'hoh 

Rehoboam 

re-hu-bO'am 

Reh obotb 

rS'ho-botk  or  re-M'both 

Rehuin 

re'kum 

Rei 

re'i 

Reklm 

rS'kim 

Remaliab 

rfm^'Wak 

Remelh 

rS'meth 

Reramon  Melboaprem'mon  7neth'd'ar 


Reniphan 

Raphael 

Rephaiah 

Rephaiin 

Rephidim 

Reaen 

Reu 

Reuben 

Reuel 

Reumnh 


rhn'fan 

re' fa-el 

re'fa'yah  or  ref-a-Vak 

re-fd'im 

re.^Jid'im  or  r^'i-dim 

rS'aen 

rt'tt 

rH'bfn 

re-^'d 

rO'mah 


Fdte^fdr^  bdU^Mtte,  kflp.  —  Plnet  martne.  —  A^(«.  —  Tflne,  linite.  —  i  aajt  2A  as  *A. 


1295 


1                                                               PRONUNCIATION   OF   SCRIPTURE   PROPER   NAMES. 

I;  .-eph 

rl'itf 

Scvthopolitnns 

sitk-o-pol'i-taHd 

Sht'inaiab 

ah^m-a-1'oh 

Sinim 

sVaim 

K,  .  la 

rMl'iiA 

Seba 

<<"^<It 

Shemariah 

ahfm-d-rl'ah 

Siniles 

ain'iua 

licUM 

rt'i»m 

Sebal 

st'iat 

Shcnwbcr 

S  akem-E'ber  or  skim'a- 

Sion 

«!'«• 

RheKiuiD 

rt'gt-^tm 

Secacah 

,e-ka' kM  or  tik'a-kaJk 

i      irr 

Siphmolh 

aif'molh 

i£an 

rl'%h 

Sechenias 

sek-f'Hl'iu 

Sliemida 

ahe-ml'dak 

Sippai 

aip'pa                            t 

Rhoda 

rt'dak 

Sechu 

,l'ka 

Sbcniinilh 

akfm'i-HM 

Sirach 

aVrak 

RhodM 

rSilz 

Secundus 

ie-ku»'dut 

Sbeuiir 

ahf'mer 

Sirion 

air't-on 

Rhodociu 

twl'ii-kus 

Sedeclaa 

tU-t-cVat 

Shcmirarnoth 

ske-mir'a-moth 

Siaamal 

ata-dm'a-i 

Ribai 

ri'Ja 

Segub 

,l'fut 

Shtintuel 

akftnu-el  or  Bkc-mQ'el 

Siseia 

aia'e-rah 

Rtinmon  Pares 

rin'num  pi'rtl 

Seir 

,1'Jr 

Shrnazar 

ahe-na'-uir 

SisinnuB 

aishi'nca 

Hiplntb 
RojEelim 

rl'/alh 

Selrath 

tf'ir-atk 

Shcnir 

ehe'mr 

Sivnn 

al'vdn 

rt>-:rg'tim 

Selah 

tC'tiA 

Shi-plmliah 

shtf-n-a'dh 

Smyrna 

amir'ndh 

Ruhcah 
Roimus 

ra'gak 
rA'wMU 

S<'la    llammnb 
LekoUi 

\wla\kim'tiuihtt'ktA 

Shrpbi 
Shepbiiphan 

aU'fl 
shrfa'faH 

Sochoh 
Sodi 

ai'ko 
ai'tl 

RomamU  Exer 

ro-aUa'ti  Cur 

Soled 

rf'W 

Sherah 

ahl'rdk 

Sodom 

aod'om 

Ritriis 

rfl'/M 

Selfmins 

«r/-»-taI'M 

Slterebiah 

shfre-bVak 

Soduma 

aod'o-ma 

\    Ruhaiiiah 

Sdeucta 

se~lit'sh'i.a 

Shcresh 

sh^'rcsh 

Sodomites 

aod'om-iua 

Rusticud 

nuTi-iu 

Scniacttiab 

slm^n-kVah 

Sherezer 

ahe-re'irr 

Solomon 

Bol'o-mon 

Ruth 

r><a 

Seniaiab 

stm-a-VaX 

Sbeshnch 

ahliakak 

So  pater 

aop'o-ter 

Semei 

»fl»*C-i 

Sheshai 

ahl'aka 

Sophereth 

acfe'nlk  or  anf^reOt 
aB'Ttk 

Scmellcus 

se-mrl'U.us 

Shesban 

akl'skam 

Sorck 

Senaata 

se-ma'ak  nr  sin't^A 

Sbc^bbazzar 

akhk-bdi'zar 

Sosthenes 

aoa'ta-nea  or  aoa'Ou-'lua 

s. 

Scuir 

aS'Htr 

SlieMior 

ahl'lhar 

Sotai 

sH'ta-i 

S«nnachettb 

neit-ndk'e-hb 

Slicthar  Boznal 

stif'fftar  boz'7:d-% 

Siachya 

aia'kCa  or  ata'kia 

S«nua 

3^»'li-aM 

Shibbolelb 

ahib'bo-ltlk 

Stucte 

atdk'U 

Seurim 

•e-a'r.M 

S'hicnm 

akVkron 

Stephanas 

attf'a-naa 

8U<CTH4RI 

n^aktlLt'Hl 

Sephar 

Shiycaion 

aUu'-na'yon 

Suah 

aH'ak 

ei«bit>4ii 

mk-a'alK  or  siVa-otk 

Stiphanid 

t?Jiibon 

shVbon 

Subai 

ail'bd-i 

Sibatiis 

tib'a-tta 

Sepliarvaim 

grf-tlr-ra'im 

Shillur  Libnah 

shVhor  Ub'nah 

Succoth  Renoth 

suk'koth  bS'noth 

Bablnttaeua 

Kib-ta-tki'ut 

SepUarvites 

sf'far-vites 

Sliiihim 

aki'Tkim 

Suchaatbites 

auk'a-a-tkitea 

eWlbeiu 

wt-M'ai 

Sephela 

trffc-lah  or  ttffl'Uxk 

Sbilcmilea 

skil'teTn-Uca 

Sudlas 

sfi'di-aa 

SiMettS 

—i-iU'mt 

S«rah 

rf'ro* 

Shilhi 

akU'ki 

Sukkiima 

mk'ki-ima 

Sahdi 

tWil 

S«-raiah 

Sfr~a-l'ah 

Shiloab 

ahUi'dk 

Susa 

aa'sak 

Saheans 

m^'miu 

St^nijibim 

eir^ra-fim 

Shiloh 

akl'lo 

SuBunchitcs 

aH'aan-hiifa 

SaMfCbah 

MVu-kak 

Serrd 

ti'rnt 

Shiloiii 

ahUS'nl 

Susannah 

au-adn'nak 

Bacar 

tVkah 

Sergius 

sfr'gf.iu 

Sbilunitps 

akUa'Hitra 

Susi 

ait'sl 

Saekbat 

mtftul 

Sbtuk 

sf'rur 

Shilshah 

akWakah 

Sycamine 

sik'a-mina 

Sadamiaa 

tod^^ml'mi 

Setber 

st'Utfr 

Shimea 

akim-e'dk  or  akbd'e-ah 

Syccne 

ai-aS'ju 

Saddeus 

tU^l'ut 

Shaabibbia 

tha-al  di'tta 

ShimL'alh 

akim'e-atk 

Sychar 

al'kar 

8adducee« 

tW*m-elx 

Shaalbim 

tia-dl'bM 

Sliiinealhilos 

ahim'e-dtk-ita 

Syelus 

aU'liu 

Sadoc 

ta'^ok 

Shaalbtinila 

,\«-<H'icm-ia 

Sliiiuet 

akim'e4 

Syene 

ai-e'ne 

Sahadutha 

«a~»»ia'(te/l 

Shaapb 

tha'nf 

Shimeon 

akim'a^m 

S)-nlicbe 
Sj'fncuae 

ain't  Ike 

Salah 

•a'lak 

Shaatatm 

ska-u-rB'im 

Shimi 

akVna 

air'a-kuae 

Salamit 

s4l'm-mis 

Shaashpax 

sha-tUk'  jrat 

Shiinitea 

akim'itet 

Syria 

air'i-a 

Sillasadai 

sil-t-tdd'a-i 

Shabhelhal 

MSaibM'a-i 

Shimon 

iM'iRim 

Syrion 

sir't-on 

Salathkl 

ta-la'M-el 

Shacbia 

tiak.l'ak 

Sbimmth 

akim'ratk 

Syrophenicia 

al^ro-ft^iah'^-c 

Salcah 

sil'luiX 

Shaddai 

tUd'da-i 

Shimri 

akim'ri 

Sakm             , 
Sallai 

sa'ttm 

Shadrach 

tka'irak 

Sbiinronites 

ahim'ron-ites 

MI'Ul 

Sbace 
Shanaclmalh 

tka-Ui'l-mMtk 

Shlittiiliai 

akim'aka 

SaDiUDQa 

oMa'auM 

Shinab 

akViuik 

T. 

Salmoni 

md-mVM 

Sbalam 

tha'Um 

Shinar 

akt'tur 

SakHDe 

•^Wmt 

Shaliaha 

.kdl'^hfkaJ, 

Shiphi 

akVfl 

SuHd 

tm't-H 

Sballecbetb 

Shiphrah 

ahif'rdh 

a.— i— 

tm-ma'f^t 

Shalhini 

tkal'Imm 

Shiphtan 

akif'tan 

Taanac  Shiloh 

ta-B'ndk  shl'hh 

Samara 

»»-ma'ri-m 

Sbalmai 

tJuWmaoritiPwu^l 

Sliislia 

akl'skdh 

Tabbaoth 

tdh'ba-oth 

Samaritan 

M-aHlr'l-Ua 

Shabnanezer 

SliiHhak 

akVakdk 

Tabeal 

ta-ba'dl 

^mt**n 

tim'»-tMt 

Shamariab 

lUm-a-rVaJi 

Shilrai 

akil'ra 

Tabeel 

ta'betl 

Sameiua 

«Mrf'wU 

Shamfar 

tkdm'gar 

Shiza 

akVzdk 

Tabellius 

ta-bfl'ti-ua 

SuuarNate 

adii'rar  1'tt 

Shamir 

•M'mn- 

Shoa 

akc'iih 

Taberah 

ta-bl'rah  or  tdt'e-nh 

b!SZ 

Mm'Uk 

Shauunai 

aidia'au-i 

Shoab 

akO'ab 

Tabitba 

tdb't-lkah 

Samoa 

«'■»• 

Shammua 

akam-mfi'ak 

Sliobab 

akS'bab 

'J'abor 

ta'bor 

SamoUmeia 

tim^^tra'ilH-* 

Shainiihcrai 

$Um.jkt-ra'i 

Sbobach     ■ 

ahi'bak 

Tabrimon 

tdb'r'i-mon 

t*mf'a*-ma 

Sbaphan 

tka'fijm 

Shobal 

ahS'bdl 

Taclimoiiite 

tdk'mo-nile 

Bamml 

Shaptiat 

tka'fat 

Shobai 

aho-ba'i  or  eJiS'ba-i 

Tahan 

ta'han 

Panatmftnint 

aaa  a  biji'M-nta 

Shaphtr 

tka'fir 

Shochob 

ahd'kob 

I'abapanes 

ta-hdp'a-nSa 

Sanaaib 

Jda'a-nt 

Sharai 

aka-r&'i  or  shdr'a-i 

Slioco 

tha'ko 

Tahaphanes 

ta-haf'a-nla 

Baahallal 

jKt-MI'Iat 

Sharaim 

sha-ra'm 

ShDphach 

aliD'fak 

Tahpenes 

t'dh'pe-nca 

( tam-Wirim  at  <ila'i«- 

SlMirar 

gk&W'ir 

Shiiplian 

ahO'/an 

Tabrea 

tdh'TC-ah 

Sanbedrim 

j     dna 

Sharczrr 

vha-re'ier 

ShuMbaiinIm 

ahn-shdTi'nim 

Tahtim  Ilodshi 

tak'tim  hod'skl 

Sansannah 

MMda'aa* 

Sbarrttaim 

tlidr'ina-im 

Shua 

ahn'ah 

Talitha  cumi 

M'e-Uiah  kH'mt 

Sapb 

«V 

Sharon 

aka'ron  or  shdr'on 

SiHial 

ahO'al 

Talmai 

tdl'ma 

Skpkatiai 

tif-a-a'mt 

ShanmilA 

tka'ron-iu 

Shubael 

shu'ba-rl 

Tamar 

ta'mar 

Sapliir 

tif'fr 

Sbanihen 

tta-ril'krn 

SJiuliamitea 

ekiVham-iUa 

Tammuz 

tdm'mui 

SappUia 
aa|i|*ira 

tit-fVrtk 

Sha.Hhal 

Mkith'tM 

Shubites 

ahu'kitts 

Tanach 

ta'nak 

TlrfrM 

Sha-thak 

iha'^kak 

Stmlamite 

aha'lam-iu 

Tanbumeth 

j  tan-ka'mctk  or  tdn'ftu 

sSS^ 

Mr.*M— 

Shaul 

ska'ml 

Sbumatliitea 

akfi' matk-itca 

j      metk 

Sarah 

ta'rak 

Shaulites 

lia'ttl-Uel 

Sbunamite 

ahn'nam-iu 

Taphath 

ta'falh 

Sarai 

ta'ra 

Sbaiuba 

ala-a'jika 

Sfmnem 

akn'nam 

Tappuah 

Idp'pu-ah 

Saraiah 

lir-a-Vtk 

Sbareh 

tkS'vri 

Shuni 

aka'nl 

Tarah 

la'rah 

Saraias 

»a-n-Va* 

Sheal 

akl'al 

ShtinitL's 

akfi'niua 

Taralah 

tdr'd-lak 

Saramael 

(M^ai's^ 

Shealliel 

»he-dftl-el 

Shupiiiim 

aha'fdm 

Tarea 

td're-dk 

Sararoel 

•dr'a-«l 

SbDoriah 

thr-a^Vak 

Sliuslian  Bduth 

ahit'uhan  I'dutk 

■I'arpelites 

idr'pel-ites 

Saraph 
SaichedoDua 

la'nff 

Shear  Jaoliub 

shi'drja'shub 

Shuthalitea 

ahiVthal-itta 

Tarshish 

tdr'shisk 

Mr4cf^»-iuu 

Shrbah 

Sbutbiilah 

ahil'Uu-Ui 

TarshisI 

tarshVai 

'   SardiDe 

rtr'imt 

Shebam 

tkl'bdm 

Sia 

aVah 

'i'alnai 

tdt'na-i 

Sardis 

«dr'i<u 

Shebaninh 

ahib-a-nVak 

Siaha 

ai-a'kah 

Tebah 

te'bak 

:    Sardilea 

«dr'<<cUf 

Shebarini 

akfb'a-rim 

SibbKchai 

aib'ba-ka 

Tebaliah 

tib-a-tl'ah 

Sarditu 

ttr'U-ui 

Sheber 

lU'ta- 

SibboUlh 

aib'bo-letk 

Tebcth 

tl'beth 

Sardonyx 

tHr-M'nU  or  tilr'iini-u 

Shebnah 

ihib'ndX 

Sibraim 

aib-ra'im  or  aU/'ra-im 

Tehaphnebes 

tehdfne-kea 

Sarea     - 

ta'n-m 

Shebuel 

,Xib'^-tl 

Sichem 

aVkcm 

Tehinnah 

te-kin'naX 

1    Sal«pU 

M-r^UA 

Sheraniab 

sAfk-d-Ml'ak 

Sidon 

aVdon 

Tekel 

tS'kd 

'   Sarcoa 

al'r^ 

Shechera 

a\ekem 

Sieionoth 

ai^S^'o-notk 

Tekoah 

U.kH'ak 

SarM 

Sbechinih 

ahfk'i-nak  or  ahe4:V!uA 

Siiion 

aVhod 

Tekoiles 

te-kd'ilca 

Sarutbi 

M-r«'eM 

Shedeiir 

aKid'fur 

Silas 

aVlaa 

Telabid 

ttt-a'bib  or  tet'a-bib 

Sarsekim 

aar-tt'kim 

Shehariah 

ahc-ha-rVak 

Siluah 

aWn-ah 

Telah 

tl'lak 

Saracta 

ta'ruk 

ShJ-laniles 

akf'Ua-ited 

Siluaa 

ait'o-aa 

Telabim 

ie-la'in 

Satan 

ta'tan 

Sbelemiah 

aM-t-mVak. 

Siloe 

ail'o-e 

Telassar 

tt-lda'aar 

SatbrabazDes 

MitA^ra-td:'net 

Sheleph 

alU'lff 

Sills 

aU'lnh 

Telera 

Wlrm 

Batbrabouzanei 

MtA-ra^^ou-z&'iu$ 

Staelash 

ahl'ltjk 

Silvanua 

aii'Va'mta 

Telharesha 

ta-hd-rl'sha 

Saul 

mact 

Shelomi 

aht  Id'ml 

Simalcue 

ai-mat-eH'e 

Tdlharsa 

tdhdr'sak 

Sa  varan 

sav'a-ran 

Shelomoth 

skil'a-moth 

Simeon 

aim'e-on 

Telmelah 

td-mi'lah  or  tiVme^ah 

Savias 

Ma'ei-aa 

Shelumiel 

altr-Ifi'iH'l-el 

Sinieonitea 

aim' e-on-itea 

Tema 

te'mah 

Ban 

H'rah 

Shemaah 

ahem'a-ak 

Simon 

ai'moii 

Teman 

U'liian 

Beylbiana 

tiiJl't-aiu 

Shemah 

aJil'mah 

Sinai 

aVna  or  sVtut-t 

Teniani 

tim'a-nl 

Fii 

U,  fir,  bit.  —  MIU,  kelp.  —  Fine,  marliiB 

—  JVuK.—  Tane 

liniie.  —  g  aa  j  ;   ch  as 

>A. 

1296 


PRONUNCIATION   OF  SCRIPTURE  PROPER  NAMES. 


Temanites 

Terah 

Teraphim 

Teresh 

Tertius 

Tertullus 

Tetrarch 

Thaddeus 

Thamnatha 

Thara 

Thecoe 

Thelasser 

ITielersas 

Theocaniu 

TheodotUB 

Tbeophilus 

Tliermeletb 

Tbes-ialonica 

Theudas 

I'himnatbah 

Thomoi 

Thniseas 

Thyalira 

Tiberias 

Tibni 

Tidal 

Tikvah 

Tilon 

Timet  ua 

Timeus 

Timna 

Timnah 

Timnaihah 

Tirnnatb  Heres 

Timon 

Timotbeus 

Tiphsah 

Ttras 

Ti  rat  bites 

Tirhakah 

Tirhanah 

Tiria 

Tirshatha 

Tisbbite 

Titus 

Tizite 

Toah 

Toanab 

Tobiah     • 

Tobias 

Tobiel 

Tobijah 

Tochen 

Togannah 

Totm 

Toi 

Tola 

Tolad 

Tolbanea 

Tolmai 

Tdphel 

Topbet 

TmchonitiB 

Trogy  Ilium 

Trophimus 


K'man-ites 

te'rah 

trr'n-Jim 

Wresh 

ter'sht-us 

terAul'lua 

tH'rdrk  or  tS'trdrk 

thad-dS'us 

thdm'na-tha 

tka'rah 

tAc-A-5'e 

tA^lds'str 

the-ler'sas 

the-ok'a-nus 

the-od'o-tus 

Iher'me-Uth 

thes-a-lo-nVkah 

thu'das 

thim-n&'thah 

thom'o-i 

thrasi'as 

Vii-a-ti'rah 

ti-bi'r'i-as 

Ub'nl 

tVdal 

tik'vak 

tl'lon 

ti~mS'lus 

ti-mS'iu 

tim'nd 

tim'ndh 

tim'na-thah 

tim'nath  kl'rts 

tl'mon 

ti-^md'th'i-ua 

tif'sah 

iVraa 

tt'ratfi-ites 

ttr'h&'kah 

lir-hd'jiah 

tir''i-a 

tir' sha-thitr 

tish'biU 

tl'tus 

tVzUe  • 

tO'ak 

to'a-nah 

to-bVak 

to-bVa» 

tO'bi~el 

tc-bl'jah 

to' ken 

io-sdr'maJi 

iS'kn 

t5'i 

t5'lak 

to' lad 

tol'ba-ne$ 

iol'mlt 

tS'fel 

tO'fet 

trdk-onl'tia 

tro-giVle-um 

tro/'i-Tntu 


Tryphena 

Tr>'phosa 

Tubal  Cain 

Tubieni 

Tychicus 

Tyrannua 

Tyre 

Tyrua 


UCAL 

Uel 
Ulai 
Ulam 

una 

Ummah 

Unni 

Upharsin 

Uphaz 

Urbane 

Uri 

Uriah 

Uriel 

Uri  j  ah 

Urim 

Uthai 

Uzai 

UzaJ 

Uzzah 

Uzzeh  Sherah 

Uzzi 

Uzziah 

Uzziel 

Uzzielitea 


iri-fi'nah 
trl-fO'sah 
ta'bal  kUn 
tu~bVe  ni 
tik'i-kas 
ty-rAn'nua 
t\r 
iVrua 


U. 


H'el 

^'lOr-i 

%'lam 

id'lah 

um'mak 

un'ni 

■i^'fdr'sin 

%'fai 

UT'bornt 

^'rl 

\f.'ri-el 

\'Tim 

if'za-t 
^'^aX 

ttz'zoA 

uz'ien  akt'rak 
uz'zl 
ui-ii'ah 

ui-zVel 
uz-il' U-ilat 


Vajbiatra 

Ta^ia'a4luA 

Vaniah 

va-nl'ah 

Vashni 

riUA'nl 

Vashti 

vdah'a 

Vophsl 

vof'H 

Xaivthicqi 

Xeneas 

Xerolyb« 

Xerophagia 

Xystus 


idn'thv^cua 

%g'ne-as 
le-ToV'i-be 
le-ro-ph&'Jt-t 
tu'tau 


Zelntna 

ze-lS'tlt 

Z. 

Z«lzah 

zel'zaJt 

Z(!niaraim 

zfm-a^a'im 

Zeiuarjte 

ztm'a-riU 

Zeinirah 

ztt-mVraJi 

ZAAtTAtM 

la-a^S'im 

Zenan 

zl'ntm 

Zaanan 

z&'a-nan 

Zen  as 

zS'ntu 

Zaanannim 

la-a-ndn'nim 

Zeorim 

zt-or'im 

Zaavan 

li'a-van 

Zephaiiiah 

zef-a-nVah 

Zabad 

li'bad 

Zeiihath 

ze'fiM 

Zabadsana 

xab-a-de'aru 

Zephathah 

zi/'a-Uuilt 

Zabad  aiaa 

tab-^L-dH'ytu 

Zephon 

ll'fm 

Zabbai 

tdb'ba 

Zeplioiiites 

tifon-itet 

Zabdeua 

wb-dt'iu 

Zerah 

zl'rah 

Zabdi 

tib'dl 

Zerahiab 

zir-a-Wdh 

Zabdiel 

tdb'di-el 

Zi;raia 

zir~a-\'a 

Zabina 

tdb-bX'nak  or  ui-bl'naA 

Zereda 

zir'e-dah 

Zabulon 

lab'u-lon 

Zeredatha 

ze^fd'tt-Uutk 

Zaccai 

lik'ka-i 

Zerereth 

ie-r*'«IA 

Zaccbeua 

lak-kl'ua 

Zeresh 

zl'rah 

Zaccu 

lak'ku 

Zeror 

zi'rar 

Zachariab 

lik-a-rVah 

Zeniah 

u-ra'ah 

Zacher 

zS'ktr 

Zerubbabe. 

ze-rub'ba-bel 

Zadok 

li'dok 

Zeruiah 

zff^u-l'ah 

Zabara 

z&'ham 

Zerviaii 

zer-rVah 

Zair 

id'ir 

Zetliam 

ze'Uuim 

Zataph 

li'laf 

Zctho 

zl'tho 

Zalmonah 

lal-m^'nah 

Zia 

zVali 

Zalmunnah 

icil-mun'nak 

Ziba 

zl'baJt 

Zamzuminima 

lum-zum'mims 

ZIbeon 

zib'e-on 

Zanuab 

zan-Q'ak 

Zibiata 

zib-VaH 

Zaphnath 
Paaneah 

1  zt^f'nathpa-a-ne'ah 

Zibion 
Zithri 

lii'rl 

Zaphon 

za'fin 

Zidkijah 

zid-kl'M 

Znracea 

zA?a-ces 

Zidon 

liVoil 

Zarah 

zd'rah 

Zidoniana 

zi-dO'nl-OJU 

Zamiaa 

zar~a-Vas 

Ziba 

zVkak 

Zarenb 

za-rl'ah 

Zlnhai 

zWthi 

Zarcatbites 

z&'re-atK-Uti 

Zimri 

im'rl 

Zared 

za'red 

Zins 

zVnah 

Zarephath 

zdrie-fath 

Ziph 

'if 

Zaretan 

zdr'e-tan 

Ziphah 

zVfah 

Zaretb  Shahar 

za'reth  gha'har 

Ziptlion 

zif't-m 

Zarhiles 

zUr'hUu 

Ziphiten 

zif'iUt 

Zartanali 

zir-ta'Mlk 

Ziphron 

z(f'ron 

Zathui 

zalhm 

Zipporah 

zip-pO'raA 

Zatthu 

zdt'tha 

Zithri 

zUh'rl 

7.n?.n 

z&'zah 

Ziza 

il'zah 

Zebadiah 

zeb-a-dl'ah 

Zoan 

zS'ax 

Zebah 

zl'bah 

Zoar 

zO'ar 

Zebaim 

ze-b&'im 

Zobeba 

zo-be'bah         1 

Zebedee 

lib'bd-dee 

Zuheleth 

zS'ht-Utk 

Zebina 

zc-bVntih 

Znnaraa 

zim'atiu 

Zeboim 

ze-bO'im 

Zophah 

li'foK 

Zetiuda 

zt-ba'dah 

Zophai 

zi'fa 

Zebtil 

ze'bul  (aa  duO) 

Zuphim 

zd'JIm 

Zebu  Ion 

zeb!u-tun 

Zorah 

iSVoA 

Zebulonites 

zeb'u-Ura-ites 

Zorathitea 

zb'ralh-ita 

Zechariah 

zek-<z^\'ah 

Zoreah 

io-r{'a* 

Zedah 

ze'dak 

Zoritea 

zO'rilu 

Zedekiah 

zed-e-kVah 

Zorobabel 

io~rob'a-bd 

Zeeb 

zl'cb 

Zuar 

zH'ar 

Zelah 

zS'lah        * 

Zuriel 

za'rt-tl 

Zeltrk 

zl'ltJc 

Zuri  Shaddal 

Ifl'rl  akdd'oA 

Zelopbebad 

u-ls'fe-lud 

Zuzinw 

tfl'znu 

163 


FliU,far,  bdU  —  MtU,  hilp.  —  Ptiu,  nurlTiu.  —  A^te. —  rOite,  ^niie.  —  g  aa  j(  U  u  <*■ 


1297 


PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY 


OP 


GREEK  AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 


1299 


RULES 


PRONOUNCING  THE  VOWELS  AND  CONSONANTS 


GEEEK   AND   LATIN   PROPER  NAMES 


It  will  be  perceived  by  a  glance  at  the  following  table,  that  the 
indicated  accentuation  of  the  words,  and  their  separation  into  sylla- 
bles, prevent  the  necessity  of  inserting  any  thing  here  to  guide  to  a 
correct  pronunciation,  except  the  rales  for  the  sounds  of  the  row- 
els and  consonants. 

In  settling  the  place  of  the  primary  accent,  wnich  is  the  first 
and  most  important  point  m  the  pronanciation  of  a  word,  the 
aim,  of  coarse,  has  been  to  follow  the  ancient  and  simple  rules, 
which  direct,  that,  in  words  of  two  syllables,  the  penult  be  ac- 
cented, and  in  words  of  more  than  two  syllables,  that  the  penult  be 
accented  if  long  in  quantity,  if  not,  the  antepenult.  The  words 
have  been  divided  into  syllables,  in  accordance  with  the  commonly 
received  rules  on  that  subject.  The  rules  that  follow  have  been 
derived,  in  the  main,  from  Walker.  Sometimes  the  language  of 
Grant,  or  some  other  grammarian,  has  been  preferred. 

Rtila  for  the  Vomda^  (t  r\  fX  ( 

1 .  Any  vowel  at  the  end  of  an  accented  syllable,  and  «,  o,  and  u, 
at  the  end  of  an  unaccented  syllable,  have  the  long  English  sound  ; 
a»,  Ca'to,  Ctfcrops,  Di'du,  So'lon,  Cu'ma,  Mt-lWsa,  Mo-los'sus, 
Tit-liH'gi ;  in  which  words  the  6nal  vowels  of  the  first  syllables 
have  the  same  sound  as  the  corresponding  vowels  in  the  first  syl- 
lables of  the  English  words  pa'per,  ce'dar,  si'Unt,  co'lon,  du'ty. 

2.  A,  ending  an  unaccented  syllable,  has  the  sound  of «  infa'lheT  ; 
as,  Ga-bi'na,  .l-Te'ne,  pronounced  Gah-bi'na,  .ih-re'ne. 

3.  /,'ending  a  final  syllable,  or  preceding  an  accented  vowel, 
has  the  long  sound  ;  as,  I-u'li. 

In  all  other  cases,  i,  ending  an  unaccented  syllable,  is  pronounced 
like  t ;  as,  f a'ii-i,  Uo-ra'li-i,  pronounced  Fa'be-i,  Ho-ra'te-i. 

4.  Y  is  pronounced  as  i  would  be  in  the  same  situation. 

5.  .£  and  a  are  pronounced  as  t  would  be  in  the  same  situation. 

6.  If  a  syllable  end  in  a  consonant,  the  vowel  has  the  short  Eng- 
.iah  aoand  ;    as,   Bal'biu,    Del'phi,  dm'na,  Mor'chtu,    TWcus,  in 


which  the  vowels  have  the  same  sounds  as  in  the  English  words 
man'ner^  sel'dom^din'ner,  scoffer^  mus'ter. 

Exception.  —  E,  in  final  es,  is  pronounced  as  in  the  familiar 
proper  name  Jin'des. 

Jitdes  far  the  Conaonanis. 

1.  C,  before  e,  t,  y,  a,  and  a,  is  pronounced  like  s  ;  before  a,  o, 
and  u,  and  before  consonants,  like  k  ;  as,  Ce'a,  Cic'c-ro,  Cy'prus, 
Ca'sar,  CoeHi-a,  Ca'to,  Co'cles,  Cu'ma. 

2.  G,  before  «,  i,  y,  a,  <r,  or  another  g  followed  by  e,  has  the 
sound  ofj;  before  a,  o,  and  u,  and  before  consonants  other  than  g, 
as  above  excepted,  the  hard  sound,  as  in  the  English  words  gave, 
gone ;  as,  Ge'lo,  Gi-ganUes,  Gy-gafus,  Ag'ger,  Ga'hi-i,  Gor^gi-as, 
Sa-gun'tiim. 

3.  Ch  has  the  sound  of  k,  except  when  preceding  a  mute  con- 
sonant at  the  beginning  of  a  word,  when  they  are  silent;  as, 
Clitko'ni-a,  pronounced  Tho'ni-a. 

4.  7,  9,  and  r,  before  ta,  ie,  it,  io,  iu,  and  eu,  preceded  immedi- 
ately by  the  accent,  in  Latin  words,  as  in  English,  change  into 
sk  and  zh.  But  when  the  accent  falls  on  the  first  of  the  vowels 
following,  the  consonant  docs  not  change  into  sk  or  zA,  but  pre- 
serves its  pure  sound  ;  as,  Mil-li'a-des,  &c.  T,  in  the  termination 
tion,  also  retains  its  original  sound  ,  as,  The-o-do'ti-on. 

5.  S  has,  in  general,  the  sound  of «  in  this. 

Final  «,  preceded  by  e,  or  a  liquid,  has  the  sound  of  z. 

6.  Initial  x  has  the  sound  of  z. 

7.  Initial  pA,  before  a  mute,  is  silent,  as,  Phthi'a,  pronounced 
7%t(a.  Initial  p,  before  «,  is  silent ;  as,  Psy'che,  pronounced  Sy'ke. 
Initial  p, before  f,  is  silent;  as,  Ptol-e-m^'us,  pronounced  Tol-e-mts'us. 

8.  At  the  beginning  of  Greek  words  we  frequently  find  the  un- 
combinable  consonants  mn,  tm,  &.C. ;  as,  Mne-mos'y-ne,  Tmo'lns,  &c. 
These  are  to  be  pronounced  with  the  first  consonant  mute,  as  if 
written  Jfe-moi'y-ne,  Mo'lus,  Sec. 


1300 


PRONOUNCING  VOCABULARY 


GREEK   AND   LATIN    PEOPER    NAMES, 


Thx  words  in  the  following  table  to  which  a  *  ia  prefixed  are 
taken  from  "The  Classical  Pronunciation  of  Proper  Names,"  &c., 
by  Thomas  Swinburne  Carr. 

Those  to  which  a  t  is  prefixed  are  such  as  TroUope  has  added 
to  his  edition  of  Walker's  Key. 

Those  marked  with  a  t  are  taken  from  Freund'i  "  Worterbuch 
der  lateinischen  Sprache." 

Those  marked  with  a  M  are  taken  from  Paoly's  "  Real-Encyclopa- 
die  der  classiscben  Alterthumswissenschafl." 


Those  to  which  no  mark  is  prefixed  are  found  in  the  list  usually 
published  with  Walker's  Key. 

It  will  be  observed,  by  any  who  may  compare  this  table  with 
those  of  Walker  and  Trollope,  that  many  changes  in  the  division 
of  words  for  pronunciation  have  been  introduced ;  but  it  is  be- 
lieved that  these  changes  are  all  required  by  a  consistent  applica- 
tion of  the  rules  of  classical  pronunciation,  as  they  are  generally 
received. 


A. 


A'ba,  a?i42  A'bjc 

Ab'a-a 

Ab'a-tia 

•A-bac'e-na 

Ab-a-ce'ne 

fA-ba'a 

Ab'n-^ 

•A-bag'a-ms 

fAb'a-la 

Ab'a-luB 

A-ba'na 

A-ban'tes 

Ab-an-li'a-des 

A-ban'ii-as 

A-ban'ti-das 

A-han'tis 

Ab-ar-ba're-a 

Ab'a-ri 

A-har'i-mon 

Ab'a-ris 

A-ba'ru9 

A 'baa 

A-ba'sa 

•Ab'a-sa 

Ab-R-«i'ti9 

Ab-as-se'na 

Ab-as-se'ni 

A-haa'fXis 

Ab'a  tn?. 

Ab^da-lon'i-rous 

Ab-de'ra 

Ab-de'ri-a 

Ab-de-ri'tes 

Ab-dp'rus 

A-be'a-las 

•A-be-a'ue 

A-bel'la 

tAb-*l-la'ni 

tAb-pl-li'num 

Ab^l-ll'nus 

•A-be'Iui 

fAb'e-Iui 

A -ben 'da 

•Ab-es-sa'lon 

Ab'ga-rus,  or  A-bag'a- 

ru9 
A'bi-a 
A'bi-i 
Ab'i-la 
A-bia'a-m 
A-bis'a  rts 
Ab-i-9on'teg 
•A-ble'nw 
A-ble'tes 
fAb'no  ba 
•Ab'no-bi 
A-bob'ri-ca 
Abri'btis 
A-bcFc'ri-lus 
Ab-o-la'ni 


A-boHus 

A-bon-i-tei'choa 

Ab-o-ra'ca 

♦Ab'o-ras 

Ab-o-rig'i-nes 

A-bor'raa 

*Ab'o-ti9 

Ah-ra-da'taa 

Ab-ra-da'tea 

•A-bra'ha-mus 

A-bren'ti-ua 

A-broc'o-maa 

Ab-ro-dUffi'tus 

j-A'bron 

A-bro'ni-ua 

A-bron'y-cu9 

Ab'ro-ta 

A-brot'o-num 

fA'brua 

A-br>'p'o-Iis 

Ab-«e'ua 

Ab-sin'ihi-i 

Ab'so-nia 

fAb-syr'ti-dea 

Ab-syr'toa 

Ab-Hyr'lua 

•Ab'u-Ia 

Ab-u-Ii'tes 

fA'bus 

Ab-y-de'nl 

Ab-y-de'nu» 

A  by'di 

A-by'doa 

A -by 'd  US 

Ab'y-la 

Ao'y-lon 

Ab*ys-si'ni 

Ab-ys-sin'i-a 

Ac-a-caJ'Its 

Ac-a-ce'si-um 

A-ca'cUua 

fAc'a-ciia 

Ac-ade'mi-a 

Ac-a-de'mua 

*A-cffin'i-tus 

Ac-a-lan'drus 

A-cal'le 

Ac-a-mar'chia 

Ac'a-maa 

A-camp'sia 

A-can'tha 

•A-can'ihi-ne 

A-can'ttaus 

Ac'a-ra 

A-ca'ri-a 

*Ac-ar-na'nes 

Ac-ar-na'ni-a 

A-car'naa 

A-cas'ta 

A-cas'tua 


Ac^-tban'tu8 

•Ac'a-ton  ' 

fAc'ca  Lau-ren'ti-a 

Ac'ci-a 

Ac'ci-Ia 

Ac'ci-ua 

fAc'co 

Ac'cu-a 

A'ce 

Ac-e-di'ci 

Ac'e-la 

*Ac'e-Ie 

tAc'e-Ium 

•A-ceph'a-li 

Ac-e-ra'tU8 

A-cer'baa 

Ac-€-ri'na 

A-cer'rtB 

Ac-er-sec'o-mea 

A'ces 

A-ce'ai-a 

Ac-e-si'nes 

Ac-e-si'nua 

A-ce'si-ua 

A-ces'ta 

A-ces'tea 

A-ces'ti-um 

A-cea-to-do'rus 

Ac-^s-tor'i-des 

A-ce'tes 

Ach-a-by'toa ' 

A-chffl'a 

A-che'i 

A-chiB'i-um 

'A-chiem'e-noa 

Ach-«-tne'ni-a 

Ach-«-men'i-des 

A-chte'ua 

A-cha'i-a 

♦A-cha'is 

Ach'a-ra 

Ach-a-ren'ses 

A-char'nas 

A-cha'tea 

Acb-€-lo'i-des 

Ach-e-Io'ri-um 

Ach-e-lo'ua 

*A-che'Iu8 

♦A-che'raa 

A-cher'dU8 

A-cher'i-mi 

•Ach'e-ro 

Ach'e-ron 

Ach-e-ron'ti-a 

Ach-e-ru'ai-a 

Ach-«-ru'Bi-aa 

A-che'tus 

•A-chi'las 

A-chil'Ias 

Act!  il-Ie'a 


A-chil-lei-en'sea 

•Ach-il-le'ia 

A-chil'Iea 

Ach-il-le'um 

A-cbil'leus 

•Ach-il-li'des 

A-chi'vi 

Ach-la-das'us 

•Ach'o-la 

Acho-la'i,  or  fAch-o- 

a'li 
Ach-o-Io'e 
•A-cho're-ua 
•A-cho'ma 
Ach-radi'iia 
♦Ach'ra-do9 
Ac-i-chn'ri-ua 
Ac-i-da'li-a 
Ac-i-da'sa 
•A-ci'Ia 
A-cil'i-a 
Ac-i-lig'e-na 
A-cil'i-ua 
A-c)l'Ia 
•Ac-in-di'nus,  and 

•A-cin'di-nua 
A'cis 
Ac'mon 
Ac-mon'i-dea 
•Ac-<B-me'Ue 
A-cffi'tes 
•Ac-o-Iy'ti 
A-co'nie 
♦Ac'o-tiffl 
A -con 'tea 
A-con'te-ua 
A-con'ti-ii9 
•Ac-on-tob'o-li 
A-con-to-bu'lua 
A-co'ris 
Ac'o-ru8 
A'cra 

Ac-ra-di'na 
A'cre 
A-cne'a 
A-ciieph'ni-a 
Ac-ra-gal-li'dffl 
Ac'ra-gas 
A-cra'tua 
fA'cri-ffl 
A'cri-as 
Ac-rl-doph^a-gi 
A-cri'oo 
A-cria'e-us 
Ac-ris-i-o'ne 
A-cris-i-o-ne'ua 
A-cria-i-o-D  i '  a-d  e  a 
fA-cria'i-aa 
A-cri'laa 
Ac-ro-a'Uion 


•A-cro'a-thoB 

•Ac-ro-ce-rau  'ni-a 

Ac-ro  -ce  -rau '  n  i-uin 

•Ac-ro-ce-re'lea 

*A-croc'o-me 

Ac-ro-co-ri  n '  thua 

*A-cro'ma 

A'cron 

•A-crop'a-thoa 

Ac-ro-pa'tos 

A-crop'o-lia 

*Ac-ro-re'a 

♦  Ac-ro- re 'i 

Ac'ro-ta 

A-crot'a-tus 

*Ac-ro-llio'i 

*Ac-ro-lho'on 

Ac-rotb'o-os 

♦Ac-ro-tlio'uin 

Ac'ti 

Ac-ue'a 

Ac-tte'on 

Ac-Us'as 

Ac'te 

Ac'ti-a 

Ac'tia 

Ac-tis'a-nea 

Ac'ti-um 

Ac'ti-us 

Ac'tor 

Ac-tor'i-dea 

Ac-lo'ria 

*Ac'to-ria 

tA-cii'le  o 

A-cu'phis 

A-cH-si-la'us 

A-cu'li-cu3 

*A-cy'ru9 

•Ac'y-tus 

A'da 

A-dae'iia 

Ad-a-man-tffi'a 

Ad'a-nias 

Ad-a-rnas'iua 

*A-da'inu3 

fAd'a-na 

A-das'pi-i 

Ad'a-tha 

Ad'de-pha'gj-a 

Ad'du-a 

A-del'phi-us 

A-de'roon 

♦A-deph'a-gus 

A'des,  or  Ha'dea 

Ad-gan-des'tri-ua 

Ad-her'bal 

Ad-her'bas 

•A-di-a-be'ne 

A-di-an'te 

A-dl-at'o-rii 


Ad-i-man'tua 
Ad-I-me'te 

Ad-me'ta 
Ad-me'tua 
•A-do'ne-ua^  or  ♦Ad 

o-ne'ua 
A-do'ni-a 
A-don'i-cu8 
A-do'nia 
Ad-ra-niyt'ti-um 
A-dni'na 
*A-dra'ne 
A-dra'mim 
A-dras'ta 
A-dras'ti-a,  wfAd- 

ras-ti'a 
♦Ad-ras-ti'i  Cam'pi 
*Ad-ras-ti'ne 
A-dras'tua 
*A-dre'ne 
A'dri-a 

A-dri-an-op'o-lis 
A-dri-n'num 
A-dri-a'nua 
A-d  ri -at'] -cum 
Ad-ri-itre'tum 
Ad-«-at'i-ci 
*A-du'la 
*A-du'Ia9 
*A-du'Ii3 
*Ad-u-li'ton 
A-dyr-nia-cbi'ds,  or 

*Ad-yr-mach'i-^l» 
JE'a. 

./E-a-ce'a 
ifl-ac'i-daa 
iK-ac'i-dea 
♦iE-a-ci'um 
M'a-cua 

jC-ie'a 
iB-a-me'ne 
i&an-te'um 
A3-an'ti-dea 

^•an'tis 

if:'a-tU9 

vEch-mac'o-ras 

Arlch'mia 

iK-dep'sura 

iE-dea'sa 

iE-dic'u-Ia 

*^d'i-la 

if:-di'les 

•.(E-di'Iia 

•iEd'i-liia 

.£-dip'su9 

iE'don 

•A-S-do'nis 

jEd'u-i,  or  Iled'u-i 

1301 


iE-el'Io,  or  A-el'lo 
.<E-€'ta,  or  t^-e'tes 

iE-e'ti-as 
iE'ga 

jE-g«'ae 

M-gm'on 
.iE-gaj'um 

/E-ga'Ie-OB 

jE-ga'le-um 

JE'gan 

jE-ga'tea 

iE-ge'as,  or  *M'ge-wt 

jE-ge'Ie-on 

*^-ge'li 

^-ge'ri-a 

iE-ges'ta 

jE-ge'ua 

iE-gi'a-le 

./E-gi-a'le-us 

iE-gi-a'Ii-a 

iE-gi'a-Ius 

•iE-gic'o-rea 

iE-gi'dcs 

.^^pi'la,  or  *j:g'i-Ia 

vE-gil'i-a 

*Ai^'i-]\ps 

M-g\m'\-us 

iE{I-i-mo'rusi,  er 

*.^-gim'o-rus 
♦.^gim'u-rua 
iE-gi'na 
iEg-i-ne'la 
JE^-i-ne'tea 
^^ffi'o-chua 
*M'p-on 
^-gi'pan,  or  *J^g'i- 

pan 
•ACg-i-pa'nes 
^-gi'ru 
iE-gir-o-ea'sa 
JE'gia 
iE-giij'Lhiia 
jE-gi'tura 
.^'gi-um 
iEg'le 
iEg'lea 
iEg-If'tea 
iEg'lo-ge 
vE- gob' 0-1  lis 
^-goc'e-roa 
iE'gon 
♦.iE-go'ne 
*jEg-o-np'a 
*jE-go'ne9 
JEg-o-sn'g9 
iE[;-o9-pot'a-moa 
iE-gos'ihe-na 


PRONUNCIATION   OF 

GREEK   AND   LATIN   PROPER  NAMES. 

iE'gus 

i£-ttaal'i-d«a 

Ag-grau»'mea 

tAI'ba  Lon'ga 

A-Ie'ttim 

A'lus,  or  Al'u-U8 

A-min'i-u8 

JE'ej 

«iEtlMi-li'a 

Ag-gri'iie 

Al'ba  Syl'vi-ua 

Al-eu-a'dffi 

A-ly-ttt'tea 

A-min'o-cIea 

•^y-It 

*iE-tha'll-€a 

tAgg-ihyI'lua 

jAl-ba'ai,  or  Al-ben'- 

•A-leii'a-doB 

Al'y-ba 

Am-t-se'na 

iEg-y^>a'n«• 

•iB-Uii'ces 

Ag'i-4e 

aes 

A-le'u8 

•Al-y-bi'da 

fAm-i-si'a 
A-itiis'i-aa 

ifi-gyp'sui 

•iEtfa'i-cus 

aV* 

AI-ba'Dl-a 

*A'le-ua 

A!-y-cffi'a 

tifi-ftyp'ia 

fiEthi'on 

Al-bn'nua 

A'lex 

Al-y-cie'us 

A-mis'sas 

iK-g>p'ti-l 

♦.E-lhi'D-pea 

Ag-Ia'i-a 

tAI'hi-a  Te-ren'ti-a 

A-lox-a-me'nua 

tAl'y-mon,  or  'A-ly'- 

A-mi'sum,  or  A-mi'- 

iE-gj-p'ti-um 

iE-Uii-o'pi-a 

Ag-la-o-ni'ce 

Al-bi'cl 

Al-ex-anMfr 

mon 

sua 

.iE-K>p'tua 

.Sth'li-us 

Agla'o-pe 

Al-bi-e'lB 

Al-ex-an'dra 

•A-ly'pu8 

Am-i-ter'num 

^'li-a 

^'ihon 

•Ag-la'o-pea 

fAI-bi-gnu'num 

•Al-ei-aii'dri-a,  (a 

A-lya'sua 

Am-i-tlia'on,  or  Am-y- 
iha'on 

4£-li-a'nu3 

iE'thra 

Ag-la-o-phte'na 

Al-bi  In 

woman) 

Al-yx-oth'o  fl 

•.Cl'i-noj 

^-ihu'sa 

Ag-IaVption 

Al-hi-nivva'nu8 

•Al-€x-an-dri'a,  (a 

*Al-y-ze'a 

Am-ma'lo 

iE'lMi9,  axJ  i£'li-a 

^'ti-a 

Ag-)a-08'the-nea 

Al-biii-te-me'li-am 

dty) 

A-mad'o-ci 

Am-mi-a'nu8 

«£-lu'ni3 

iE'li-on,  or  £-«'U-on 

Ag-lau'roa 

Al-bi'nus 

Al-ex-an'dri-dca 

A-mad'o-cus 

fAm-mo-chog'toa 

t'£-ma'iiii-a 

•i*^ti-o-ne'a 

Ag-la'us 

Al'bi-on 

Al-ex-an-dh'na 

Ani'a-ge 

Aui'mou,  or  Ham'- 

.£-aiil  i-a 

•i&li'tea 

•Ag'Ia-ua 

•Al-bi  Vnea 

AI-«x-an^rop'o-Ii8 

Aiii-al-thn'a 

mon               «v 

i1Sm-i)-i-a'nus 

iG'tl-us 

fAI'bis 

Al-cx-a'nor 

Am-al-the'um 

Am-mo^ni-a 

.^-lUil'MIX 

•A-e'li-ui 

Ag'no 

AI'bMis 

Al-ex-ar'chu9 

Am'a-na,  or  jAra'a- 

Am-mo'ni-i 

iEiD-nes'tua 

iEt'na 

Ag-nod'i-c« 

AI-bu-cUMa 

A-lex'as 

nug 

Am-mo'ni-ua 

iC'tnon 

•.«uoai 

Ag'non 

Arbu-la 

A-lex'l-a       . 

f  A-iiinn'du9 

Am-mo'tbe-a 

^ni'o-na 

.£-(o'll-a 

•Ag-no-ni'a 

•Al-bu'na 

Al-ex-ic'a-cua 

*A-man'i-cie 

*Am-nem'o-ne9 

ir*iE-mo'na 

i&io'tas 

Ag-non'Mea 
•Ag-no'tea 

Al-bu'ne-a 

Al-ex-i'nUH 

A-mati'teg,  or  Am-an- 

Am'ni-ag 

i&nio'ni-a 

fjEx 

AJ-bur'nu8 

A-tex'i-o 

ti'ni 

Ani-ni'pus 

.t&mon'i-dei 

•A-^xVn© 

*Ag-noih'e-ta 

Al'biis  Pa'gua 

fA-lex'i-on 

A-ma'nug,  or  fO-ma'- 

♦Am-ni'tes 

♦.Em'onis 

A'fer 

Ag-o-na'll^,  add 

Al-bu'li-us 

Al-ex-ip'pua 

nii9 

Am-ffl-bie'us 

^'inns 

A-fra'ni-a 

A-eo'ni-a 
A-go'nes 
Ag^o-nis 
•A-go'nis 

•Al-ca;n'e-tus 

Al-ex-ir'a-ea 

A-mar'a-cua 

Am-o-me'in9 

i£-niyl'i-a 

A-fni'ni-as 

Al-ce'ua 

AI-ex-ir'ho-« 

A-mar'di 

*Am-om-phar'e-tua 

iEm-v!-l-a'nu9 

Afri-c* 

Al-cnra'e-nea 

A-lexMa 

A-mar'tu9 

A'inor 

A:-ra>rM 

Af-ri-ca'nus 

Al-can'der 

A-Iex'on 

Am-a-ryI'lis 

A-mor'g03 

JB-myl'i-us 

APri-cura 

A-go'ni-u8 

Al-caii'dre 

Al-fa-ler'na 

Am-a-ryn'ce-U8 

A-mor'gos 

iE-na'ri-a 

•Afri-cua 

*A-go'nu8 
•AgVra 

Al-ca'nor 

Al-fe'nua 

tAm-a-ryn-thi'a 

Ain'pe-lu9 

t.«-na'sUig 

•Ag'a-bus 

Al-cath'o-e 

Argi-dum 

Ain-fl-ryn'lhu9 

Am-pe-lu'si-a 

.*-ne'a,  or  fiB-ne'ha 

•A-g«c'ly-tu« 

Ag-o-rac'ri-tua 

Al-cath'o-ua 

•Al-go'num 

fAm-a-rys'i-a 

Am-phe'a 

iK-ne'a-d« 

A-ga-gri-a'DB 

Ag-o^tt'a 

Al'ce 

A-lt-ac'nion 

A'mas 

Am-phi-a-la'ua 

^-ne'a-des 

Ag-alaa'sM 

Ag-o-ra'nis 

Al-co'nor 

A-li-nr'tiim 

•Am-a-ee'a 

♦Am-phi'a-Iu9 

vE-ne'as 

A-pU'U 

Ag-o-ran'o-mi 
-•Ag-o-rtr'sua 

Al-ces'ie  or  Al-cea'lia 

A-li-ar'tU9 

Am-a-se'nuB 

Am-phi'a-nax 

/E-ne'i-a 

•Ag'ft-roo 

Al'ce-tas 

Al'i-cl9 

A-rna'si-a 

fAin-phi-a-ra'i-dea 

.«-ne'j-d«i 

*Ag-a-nie'de 

A'gra 

Al'chi-ilaa 

A-li-e'nu9 

A-rna'sis 

Am-pJii-a-ra'u8 

*.E-ne-i'des 

Ag-a-me'des 

fA-gm'a 

Al-chim'a-chiis 

Arife,  or  tA-li'fa 

A-mas'tria 

*Am-pbi-ar-a-e'um 

.•E-ne'is,  and  *M'ao-iB 

Ag-a-tncm'non 

A-BTs'i,  m-  fA-gren'- 
Ag'ra-faa               [sea 

AI-ci-bi'a-dC8 

AI-i-IiE'l 

A-nias'iras 

Ani-phi-cle'a 

^^-neA-i-de'mus 

Ag-a-meni-no'ni-ns 

•Al-ci'da; 

Al-t-men'tiia 

A-ma'la 

Am-phic'ra-tea 

i£-ne'si-(ia 

Ag  a-me'ior 

A-grau'le 

Al-ciil'a-maa 

*A-lim'e-nu8 

Am-n-tlie'a 

Am-phic'ty-on 

/C-ne'iu!! 

A-gann'ma-l« 

A-grau'li-a 

Al-ci-da-me'a 

A-Un'dffi 

tAin-a-ihe'i 

fAm-pbic-ly'o-nea 

iE'ni-a 

Ag-Ain-ne«'lor 
*Ag'a-inus 

A-grau'loa 

Al<t-4)aiii'i-da8 

AI-iD-do'i-a 

Am'a-thus,  or  •A-ma'- 

Am-pbid'a-niua 

-fl-ni'a-cut 

A-grau-o-ni'UB 

Al-cid'a-miia 

•A-Ii'phs! 

thU9 

*Am-phid'o-li 

Ag-a-nip'po 

A-gri-a^nea 

•Al-ci-da'mua 

•Al-i-pha'nua 

A-max-ara-pe'U9 

Am-phi-dro'mi-a 

*Ag-a-nip-|io'tu 

A-gric'o-la 

Al-ci'daa 

Al-l-phe'ri-a.  or  •Al-i- 

•A-inax-an-ti'a 

Am-phi-Re'ni-a,  or 

iE-ni'<w:hi 

A-«in'xa-ga 

Ag-ri-gcn'lum 

AI-ci'dc« 

phe'ra 

A-niax'i-a 

Am-phi-ge-ni'a 

iEno-bar'bua 

•A^a-P- 

A-grin'imm 

Al-cid'i-ce 

•Al-i-phe'nis 

Am-ax-i'ta 

Ani-phil'u-cl)ua 

iGnVcles 

Ax-A-pe'nor 
•Ag-fl^pe'ou 
fA'gar 

•A-gri'o-<ioa 

•Al-cid'o-cua 

Al-ir-ro'thi-ua 

•Ain-ax-o'bi-i 

Am-phil'y-tna 

jB'nos 

A-gri-o'ni-a 

Al-cim'e-de 

•Al-Uon'ti-a 

An)-a-7.e'ne9,  or 

Am-phiin'a-chua 

f  nuiD 

A-fri'o-ptts 

Al-cim'e-don 

•A-Ii'sum 

tMaz'e-nea 

Am-pbini'e-don 

t-£'nus 

Ag-a-re'nl 

A-gri'o-pe 

Al-cini'e-naa 

Alle'di-ua 

tA-ina'zon 

Ani-phin'o-me 

.*-ny'ni 

Ag-a.rte'la 

•A-pri-oph'a-ti 

•Al-cim'o-ua 

Al'Ii-a 

A-maz'o-nea 

Ani-phin'o-mua 

.fi-olj-a 

A-gav'MaM 

A-grip'pa 

Arci-mu8 

AI-li-e'no8 

Am-a-zo'ni-a 

Am-phi'on 

■(E-O'IMB 

*A<fa'ao 

•Ag-np-pe'uin 

AI-cin'o« 

•Al-li'fB} 

*Am-a-zon'i-cus 

•Am-phip'a-gua 

iK-ol'Mla 

A-cw'sa 

Ag-rip-pi'na 

Al'ci-nor 

AMob'ro-gea 

Aiii-a-zon'i-deg 

Am-phip'o-les 

iE-ol't-d« 

A-gat'tbe-nea 

A-gha'o-pe 

Al-cin'o-U8 

AMo-bry'gea 

Am-a-zo'ni-um 

Ani-pbi|>'ti-lis 

iE'a-Iia 

A-gu'lbus 

A'gn-us 
AjPrtHlai 
A'gnm 

•Al'ci-nua 

♦AI-lo  phy'lua 

Am-a-zo'ni-U9 

Am-phip'y-roa 

.«'o-llM 

A-na'tn>-ptius 

Al-ci-o'ne-ii8 

Al-lot'ri-gea 

Ani-bar'ri 

Am-phi-re'tua 

•.«-o'tics 

Ag'a-Um 

Al'cUphron 

Al-tu'ti-na 

♦Ani-bur-va'leg  Hos'- 

Am-phir'o-e 

jK^'ra 

A-gro'laa 

Al-cip'pe 

•Al-me'no 

ti-ffi 

Am 'phis 

vE-pa'li-us 

Ag-atb-or'chi-du 

A-groC'»-n 

Al-<ip'pua 

fAl'mo 

Ani-bar-va'Ii-a 

*Am-phi'sa 

.«pe'a 

Ag-ath-aHchi-des 

fA-gyi'e-ua  • 

Al'cis 

fAl'mon 

*Am-bii'tae 

Am-phis-bffi'na 

iEp'u-lo 

Ag-atii-ar'chiu 
*Ag'a-thi  Dmm'o  uis 

A-g)I'e-ua 

Al-ciih'o-e 

•Al-mo'pea 

Arii'be-nug 

Am-phis'sa 

A-gyl'la 

Alc-miB'on 

•Al-my-ro'do 

Am-bi-a-li'le9 

Am-phis-se'ne 

^p'y-tus 

•Ag-a-ll»i'a 

Ag-yl-lffi'ua 

Alc-mx-on'i-ds 

A-Io'a 

Am-biVnum 

Am-phis'sus 

jE-qtia'na 

A'ga'ihi-fla 

A-cjr'Mim,  aa^ 
A-g>T'i-ua 

Alc'maii 

fA-Io'as,  or  f A-lo'ia 

Ain-bi-a-ti'nun 

Am-phis'ihe-nca 

^■qiii 

*Ag-a-ihi'Dua 
A/a-tho 

Alc-me'na 

Al-o-e'u9 

*Am-bi-bar'©-ti 

Am-phis-ti'dea 

-■E-quic'o-Ii 

A-gyr'les 

fAI'con 

•A-lo'e-ua 

*Am-bi'cu8 

Am-phis'tra-tu8 

j^kj-ui-me'li-um 

Ag-a-iho-cle'a 

A-gy'rua 

*AI'co-ne 

AI-o-i'diB,  or  Al-o-i'- 

Am-bi-ga'tU8 

*Am-phi'su9 

^'ri-as 

A-gath'o-cles 

A-haHa 

Al-cy'o-na 

dea 

fAm-bi-o'rix,  or  Ara- 

Am-phit'e-a 

.■Er'o-pe 

Ag'a-thon 

Ai-do^ne-ua 

Al-cy'o-ne 

A-lo'ne,  or  fA-lo'na 

bi'o-rix 

*Am-phi-tlie-a'tram 

•A-er'o-pe 

Ac-a-tht>ny'mus 

•A-i'la 

Al-cy-o'ne-U9 

*A-Io'ni9 

Am'bla-da 

Am-phith'e-mia 

jEt'o-dus 
•A-e^rt-pO* 

*Ag-a-tliiin'y-iiius 

A-im'y-Jus 

Al-des'cus 

Al'o-pe 

Am-bra'ci-a 

Am-phiUi'o-e 

•A-gaih'o-pua 

At'us  Lo-cu'ti-ua 

Al-du'a-bia 

♦A-Inp'(Ma 

Am-bra'ci-UB 

Am-phi-tri'te 

•-Ks'a-ftw 

A  g-^-thos'the-nea 

A'jax 

A'le-a 

A-lop'e-ce 

Am'bri 

Am-phit'rj'-on 

^^'a-ciw 

Ag-a-thyr'nuia 

Al-a-ban'da 

A-le'baa 

A-Iop'e-cea 

•Am-bro'dax 

Am-phit-ry-o-ni'a-deg 

•.fi-sa'ge-a 

Ap-a-thyr'si 

fAI-a-ban'di,  OT-tAl-a- 

A-le'bi-on 

*A-lop-e-con-ne'aua 

Am-bro'nea 

Am'phi-tus 

j£-sa'[Hi9 

fAg-a-thy'rua 

ban-dbii'iiea 

A-lec'to 

A-Io'pi-ug                    • 

Am-bro'si-a 

*Am-phi'ii8 

iE'sar,  ffr  £-9iL'nu 

A-eau'i 

*AI-a-baD'di-caa 

A-lec'tor 

•A-lo'rua 

Am-bro'si-ua 

Am-phol'e-ni8 

*iE-6a'nis,  Mrf  .£•'•- 

Aga'va 

Al'a-bua 

A-lec' try-on 

A'l09 

Am-liry'on 

Am-phry'sua 

nu 

A-ga'vus 

A-Ie'a 

A-lec'tus 

A-Io'tia 

Am-bryg'siia 

*Am'py-cu9 

i&'chi-nes 

*Ag-bQt'a-Da 

A-la;'i 

•A-ie'i 

Al-pe'nua 

tAin-bu-ba'jffl 

Amp'sa-ga 

-£«'chi-ron 

Ag-d«'tis 

A-ls'sa 

A-Ie'i-U9  Cam  pua 

Al'peg 

Am-bul'li 

Amp'ga-gaa 

JU'chn-on 

A-go^j'na 

tA-lte'sua 

AJ-e-man'ni 

Al-pbe'a 

♦Am'bu-li 

♦Ain-pyc'i-des 

^Es-chy-li'des 

•Ag-frJa'daa 

A-la^'ua 

•Al-e-ma'nus 

Al-phe'i-a 

Am'e-le9 

Am-pys'i-dea 

iEs'cby-lus 

A^tslaatus 

Al-a-go'nl-a 

A-Ie'mon 

Al-phe'nor 

Am-e-na'n»8 

Am'pyx 

-£f»-cu-la'pi-4U 

Ag~e^'ua 

A-la'la 

Al-e-mon'i-dea 

Al-phe'nua 

Am-e-ni'dea 

Am-sanc'tus 

.£-se'pu4 

•Af-e-le'a 

Ai-al-coro'e-ns 

Al-e-mu'si 

AI-phe-8i-b(B'a 

A-men'o-clea 

A-rau'li-us 

j'I-««r'ni-a 

•Afi'e-I« 

A-laMi-a,  or  fAl'a^is 

A'lens 

Al-phe-ai-bce'ua 

♦Am-e-no'phia 

A-my'cIa 

.*-«i'on 

A-gen'a-tha 

Al-a-ma'nes 

A'le-on 

Al-phe'ua 

A-me'rJ-a 

♦Ajn'y-cliB 

^'son 

Ag-en-di'cum 

ITAI-a-ma'ni,  trr  AI  a 

♦A-le'ris 

Al-phi'on 

A-mes'tra-tua 

ITA-my'clEB 

.£-soD  Mes 

A-ge'nor 

inan'ni 

tA-le'sa  or  fA-loB'sa 

At'phi-ua 

A-mes'lria 

fAm-y-clffi'u8 

Ag-e-nor'i-dea 

Al-e-man'nf,  or  TTAI 

A-le'ae 

Al-pi'nus 

♦A-mi-a'nua 

♦A-my'cIas 

JRso'jMi 

Ag-e-ri'nus 

le-Qian'ni 

A-le'si-a,  or  A-lei'i-a 

Al'pia 

Am-i-clffi'ua 

*Am-y-cli'des 

-fis'tri-a 

Ag-e-aan'der 

A-la'ni 

A-le'8i  am 

•Al-po'nua 

A-nii'clag 

Am'y-cu9 

iEs'u-a 

A-ge'siaa 

Al'a-rea 

•A-Ie'«ua 

Al'ai-um 

A-inic'taa 

Am'y-don 

t^B^'u-Ia 

•A-ge*-i-da'mua 

Ala-ri'cue 

A-le'tes 

Al'aiis 

A-mi'da 

Am-y-mo'ne 

•-'Ea'u-Ia 

A-gea-i-la'uR 

Al-a-ro'dW 

A-Ie'thes 

Al-tbs'a 

A-mil'car 

A-myn'taa 

.t-ey'e-tea 

Ag'«-«ip'o-lia 

A-las'lor 

A-le'ihi-a 

Al-lhem'e-nea 

Am't-loa 

A-myn-ti-a'nuB 

•.E-sy'me 

Ag-e-ais'tra-ia 

•A-laa'to-re« 

A-Iet'i-da3 

•Al -the' pua 

A-mim'o-ne,  or 

A-myn'tor 

*^3-yni-oe't« 

Ag-«'8i:i'tra-tU9 

tA-lau'ds 

*A-le'ti9 

Al-ti'num 

A-niyra'o-ne 

•Am-y-ri'cua  Cam^- 

jE*-yo»-ne'te« 

•A-ge'lor 

tAI'a-xon 

tAI-e-tri-na'tea 

Al'tia 

A-min'e-a,  or  Am- 

pil9 

.iE-svm'nus 

♦A-ge'ttia 

•A-Ia'zon 

JAl-e-tri-nen'ses 

tAl'lug 

min'e-a 

A-my'na 

•^.th'a-le 

*Ag-ge'nua; 

*Al-a-zo^De8 

A-le'tri-um 

A-lun'ti-um 

A-min'i-aa 

A-myr'i-aa 

1302 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   GREEK   AND   LATIN   PROPER  NAMES. 

Ara'y-nis 

An-drara'y-Ies 

An-tben-lc'ri-a 

A-o'ti 

A-4IUJI'i-U9 

Arc-ti'nu8 

A-ri-c'ua 

A-mys'lis 

An-dre'as 

An-lbe'ua 

•A-o'us 

A-quil'li-a 

Arc-topb'y-Iax 

A-ri-am'nC8 

A.m-y-tha'on 

•An'dre-aa 

An-thi'a 

A-pa'I-ts 

Aq'ui-lo 

Arc'tos 

A-ri-a'ni,  or  A-ri-e'ni 

tAm-y-tha-o'ni-UB 

*An'dre-U8 

An-tbi'as,  or  *An'tbi- 

A- pa 'ma 

Aq-ui-Io'ni-a 

Arc-lo'u8 

A-ri-an'tas 

Am'y-tis 

•An-dre'mon 

as 

A -pa' me 

•A-qui'nas 

Arc-tu'rua 

*A-ri-a-ra-the'a 

•A-nab'a-sis 

•An'dri-a 

*An'tbt-na 

Ap-a-me'a,  or  Ap-a- 

A-quin'i  us 

Ar'da-luN 

A-ri-a-ra'lbes 

*A-nab'a-te 

An'dri-clua 

An'thi-uni 

mi'a 

A-qui'niim 

Ar  da'ni-a 

*A-ri-as'nie-uui 

|An-a-ce'i-a 

An'drion 

An'thi-ua 

•Ap-a-me'ne 

Aq-ui-ta'ni-a 

Ar-dax-a'nua 

Ar-ib-bx'u8 

An'a^es,  or  fA-nac'- 

An-dris'«Hs 

An'tho 

A-par'ni 

*Aq-ui-tan'i-cuB 

Ar'de-a 

*Ar'i-boa 

le« 

An-dro'bi-u8 

An-tho'res 

Ap-a-lu'ri-a 

*Aq'ui-tes 

Ar-de-a'tes 

A-ric'i-a 

An-a-char'sis 

An-dro-cle'a 

An-thra'ci-a 

A-pe-aii'roa 

A'ra 

Ar-de -ric'ta 

Ar-i-ci'na 

A-na'ci-um,  or  *An-a- 

fAn-dro'cIes 

An-lhro-pi'nti8 

*A-p*i-li-o'te8 

Ar-a-bar'che8 

Ar-di-K'i 

Ar-i-ds'ns 

ci'uiD 

An'dro-cles 

*  A  n  -111  ro-po-  mor-ph  i'  - 

A-pel'la 

•Ar'a-be3 

Ar-dis'ciia 

A-ri-e'nia 

•An-a-cle'tua 

An-dro-cIi'de8 

tx 

A-pfl'Ics 

A-ra'bi-a 

*Ar'do-ne 

♦A-ri'e-ti8 

A-na'cre-on 

An-<lro'clU3 

An-thro-poph'a-gi 

*Ap  fl-le'u8 

A-rab'i-cua 

Ar-do'ne-a 

Ar-i-giB'um 

An-ac-to'ri-a,  or  An- 

An-dro-cy'des 

An-thyl'la 

A-pel'li-con 

Ar'a-bis,  or  Ar'bia 

tAr-tlu'a 

*Ar-ig-no'tu8 

ac-to'ri-um 

An-drod'a-inus 

An-ti-a-ni'ra 

Ap-cn-ni'nu8 

A'rabs,  or  Ar'a-bu8 

Ar-du-en'na 

A-ri'i 

tAn-ac-to'ri-e 

fAn-dro'dus 

Aii'ii-aa 

A'per 

A-rac'ca,  or  A-rec'- 

Ar-du-i'ne 

Ar'i-ma 

*A-nac'to-rum 

An-dro'ge-os 

*An-ti-bac-chi'U8 

*A[>-e-ran-ti'a 

ca 

Ar-dy-en'sea 

Ar-i-mas'pi 

An-a-dy-om'e-ne 

An-dro'ge-u9 

♦An-tic'a-iiis 

Ap-e-ro'pi-a 

A-rach'ne 

Ar'dya 

Ar-i-niaH'pi-aa 

A-nag'ni-a 

An-drog'y-nae 

*An-tic':i-to 

Ap'e-sns,  f  Ap'e-sas, 

♦Ar-ach-ne'a 

A're 

Ar-i-mas'tba 

An-a-gy-ron'tum 

•An-drt)g'y-nu8 

♦An-ticb'tho-iiea 

or  f  Ap'ti-aan-tes 

Ar-a-cbo'si-a 

A -re 'a 

*Ar-i-ma-tbe'a 

•A-nag'y-ras 

An-drom'a-che 

♦An-lic-i-no'lid 

Apb'u-<:a 

Ar-a-cho'ta;,  or  Ar-a- 

A-re-ac'i-dffi 

Ar-i-ma'zea 

An-a-i'lis 

An-dro  ma-chi'dse 

An-ti-cle'a 

*Apb'a-ce 

cho'ti 

A-re'as 

Ar't-mi 

tAn-a-ni'as 

An-drom'a-cbu8 

An'ti-des 

A-pbae'a 

A-rac'thi-as 

*A.re'gon 

A-rim'i-num 

An'a-phe 

An-drom'a-daa 

An-ti-cli'dea 

A'pbar 

Ar-a-cil'lum 

A-reg'(>-nis 

A-rim'i-niis 

An-a-phlys'tus 

An-droni'e-da 

An-lic'ra-gua 

Apb-a-re'tus 

Ar-a-co'si-i 

*Ar'«-Jas 

Ar-ini-pltui'i 

tA-na'pi-u8 

*An-drom'e-dea 

An-tic'ra-tes 

A  ph -a -re' us 
*A-pba're-U8 

Ar-a-cyn'tbu8 

Ar-e-ia'tiim 

Ar'i-ntua 

A-na'pus 

An'dron 

An-tic'y-ra 

Ar'a-dua 

*Ar-e-la'tU3 

♦Ar'i-nes 

•A-nar'gy-ri 

An-dro-ni'cu8 

An-tid'o-mus 

A'pbas 

A'rffi 

A-rel'Ii-us 

A-ri-o-bar-aa'ne8 

A-nar'tes 

An-dro  ph'a-gi 

An-dro-pom'pus 

An-tid'o-liis 

A-pbel'Ias 

*Ar-a-phi'a 

Ar-e-mor'i-ca 

A-ri-o-uiaii'dcs 

A'nas 

An-lig'e-ne9 

Apb'e-sas 

A'rar 

fA-re'na,  or  tA-re'niE 

A-ri-o-mar'diis 

•A-nath'e-ma 

An'dros 

An-ti-gen'i-daa 

Aph'e-tffi 

*Ar'a-ria 

•A-re'ne 

A-ri-(t-un;'dt;!* 

A-nat'o-le 

An-dros'lhe-nea 

•An-ti-ge-ni'daa 

*A-phe'tor 

Ar'a-rus 

A-ren'a-cnm 

A-ri'on 

A-nau'chi-daa 

An-dro'ti-on 

An-tig'o-na 

Aph'i-das,  or  *A-phi'- 

*Ar-a-te'u8 

A-re-o-pa-gi'tw 

A-ri-o-vi«'iii8 

A-nau'ni3 

An-e-Ion'tia 

An-tig'o-ne 

das 

Ar-a-tbyr'e-a 

A-re-op'a-gna 

*Ar-i-pi'tbe« 

A-nau'sifl 

An-e-moHi-a 

JAn-ti-go-ne'a 

A-phid'na 

A-ra'tuB 

*A-re'o8 

A'ris 

A'nax 

An-e-mo'sa 

An-ti-go'ni-a 

A-pbid'ntis 

*A-rau'ri-cu8 

fA'res 

A-ris'Ua 

An-ax-ag'o-raa 

An-e-ras'tus 

*An-ti-go-ni'a 

*Apb-ne'um 

*A-ra'vu8 

A-res't» 

Ar-Js-Ueri'c-tu8 

An-ai-an'der 

•A-ne'tor 

An-tig'a-nu9 

Apb-ffi-be'tua 

*Ar-ax-€'nu3 

A-res'lha-nas 

Ar-in-Ia-'uni 

An-ai-an'dri-dea 

An-fin'o-mu«,  or  fAm- 

An-til'co 

A-pbri'cea 

A-rax'e3 

A -res 'tor 

Ar-is-ta;'u3 

An-ax-ar'chus 

phin'o-mus 

An-ti-lib'a-nus 

♦Apb-ro-dis'e-U8 

Ar-ba'ces,  or  Ar'ba- 

Ar-es-tor'i-dcB 

Ar-is-tiig'o-niii 

An-ai-ar'e-te 

*An'ga-ri 

An-til'o-chua 

Apb-ro-dis'i-a 

ces 

Ar'e-ta 

Ar-iH-tan'dtT 

An-ai-e'nor 

An-geUi-a 

An-tim'a-chu8 

fApb-ro-dis'i-as 

Ar-be'la,  or  Ar'be-la 

Ar-e-ta;'ns 

Ar-is-lan'Uru3 

A-nax'i-as 

An-ge'li-on 

An-tini'e-nea 

Aph-ro-di'snni 

♦Ar-be'lua 

Ar-e-ta'les 

Ar-is-tar'the 

An-ax-ib'i-a 

An'ge-lua 

fAn-tin'o-e 

Apb-ro-di'te,  or  *Aph- 

Ar'bia 

Ar-€-iaph'i-la 

Ar-is-lar'chiis 

An-az-ic'ra-tes 

An-gi'tes 

•An-tin-o-e'a 

ro-di'la 

Ar-bo-ca'Ia 

♦Ar'e-iaa 

A-ri8-ta-za'nt:8 

fAn-ax-id'a-muB,  or 

tAng'li 

An-ti-niB'i-a 

1  Apb-ro-d  i-top'o-I  ia 

*Ar-bo'na 

A-re'te 

A-ris'te-ai 

TT*A-nax-i-da'mu3 

tAn-gli'a 

An-ti-nop'o-lis 

A-phy'te,  or  f  A-pby'- 

Ar-bus'cu-Ia 

*Ar'e-te 

A-ris'te-rffi 

A-naz'i-las,  or  A-nax- 

An'gru8 

An-lin'o-us 

ti8 

♦Ar'ca-dea 

A-re'tes 

A-ris'te-ua 

i-Ia'us 

An-gra-it'i-a 

An-ti-o'chi-a,  or  *An- 

A 'pi -a 

Ar-ca'di-a 

*Ar'e-thon 

A-rifi'ibe-iics 

An-az-il'i-des 

A'ni-a 

ti-CM:hi'a 

A-pi-a'nus 

Ar-ca'di-us 

Ar-e-thii'sa 

A-ris'tbus 

A-nax-i-man'der 

An-i-ce'tua 

An-ti'o-chifl 

Ap-i-ca'ta 

Arca'num 

tAr-€-ti'ni 

Ar-is-ti'bris 

An-ax-im'e-nea 

A-nic'i-a 

An-ti'o-cbus 

A-pic'i-ua 

Ar'cas 

Ar-e-ti'num 

Ar-i8-Ii'di!8 

An-az-ip'olia 

A-nic'i-um 

*An-ti'o-po 

A-pid'a-nus 

tAr'ce 

Ar'e-tiis 

Ar-is-tit'bis 

An-ax-if>'pui 

A-nic'i-u8  Gal'lus 

An-ti'o-pe 

•A-pid'o-nes 

Ar'ce-na 

*A-re'lu8 

Ar-is-tip'ims 

An-az-ir'rhu-e 

•A-ni'gros 

An-ti-o'ru8 

Ap'i-na,  or  tA'pi-nffi 

Ar'cens 

A're-U3 

A-ris'ti-U3 

A-nax'Ja 

An'i-grua 

tAn-ti-pa'ro8 

A-pi'o-la,  orfA-pi'o-lffi 

♦Ar-ces'i-las 

Ar-ga:'u3 

tA-ris'tOj  or  A-ris'- 

A-nax'o 

A'ni-o,  A'ni-en 

•An-tip'a-ros 

A'pi-on 

Ar-ces-i-la'os 

Ar'^a-lus 

ton 

An-€«'ua 

*An'i-8ua 

An-tip'a-ter 

A'pis 

Ar-ce'si-ua 

*Ar-gan-tho'na 

A-ri«-to-bu'la 

An-ca-li'lefl 

An-i-tor'gi8 

An-ti-pa'tri-a 

A-pit'i-ua 

Ar-cbffi'a 

*Ar-gan-ib(»-Di'um 

A-ri3-tu-bii'Iii8 

An-ca'ri-u8 

A'ni-us 

*An-li-pa-tri'a 

*A-poc'o-pa 

Ar-chffi'a-nax 

Ar-gatb'o-na 

A-ris-to-cle'tt 

•An-cha'res 

An'na 

An-ti-pjit'ri-daa 

*Ap-o-do'ti 

Ar-chs-at'i-daa 

Ar-ga-ibo'ni^us 

A-ris'to-cles 

An-cha'h-a 

tAn'na  Com-ne'na 

An-tip'a-tri8 

A-pol-U-na'rea 

Ar-chag'a4hud 

Ar'ge 

A-ria-lo-cli'des 

An-ciia'ri-us 

An-ni-a'nus 

An-liph'a-ncs 

A-pol-Ii-na'ria 

Ar  cban'der 

Ar-ge'a 

Ar-is-l(»c'rii-U'fl 

•An-cha'tea 

An'ni-bal 

An-tiph'a-tes 

Ap-ol-lin'e-ua 

A  r-cb  an'dros 

Ar-ge-n'thoB 

Ar-is-to'crc-im 

An-^hern'o-lua 

An'ni-bi 

An-tiph'i-lu8 

Ap-tiMin'i-dea 

Ar'cbe 

Ar-gen'num 

Ar-is-toc'ri-tiia 

An-che-ai'tea 

An-nic'e-ris 

An'li-phon 

A-pol'li-nis 

*Ar-cbcd'i-cu8 

Ar'ges 

*A-ris-tci-(la'ina 

An-cbes'mua 

♦An-ni-cho'ri 

An-tiph'o-nus 

A-pol'lo 

Ar-cheg'e-tes 

Ar-ges'tra-tus 

A-ris-tmit:'tnti3 

An-chi'a-la,  or  An- 

fAn'ni-us  Scap'u-la 

An'ti-phus 

Ap-ol-Ioc'ra-tes 

Ar-che-Ia'us 

Ar-ge'us 

Ar-is-tog'e-iiL-8 

chi'a-ie 

*A-no'lus 

*An-tip'cv-de3 

A-poI-lo-do'rua 

Ar-cbem'a-chii3 

Ar'gi 

A-ris-logi'toii 

♦An-chi-a-!i'a 

An'non,  or  Han'no 

An-ti-p<B'nus 

Ap-ol-lo'ni-a 

Ar-cbem'o-ru3,  or 

Ar-gi'a 

A-ris-tu-lii'us 

An-chi'a-luB 

♦An'o-nu8 

An*tip'o-Ua 

A-pol-lo-ni'a-dea 

O-pIiel'tes 

Ar'gi-as 

Ar-is-t(ini'a-cbe 

An-chi-ruoMiHia 

An-o-pffi'a 

*An-tir'rhi-uni 

Ap-ol-lo'ni-as 

Ar-chep'o-Ii3 

Ar-gi-le'tum 

Ar-is-tuni'a-4:liu8 

An-chin'(>-« 

An'ser 

*An-tir'rho-do8 

Ap-ol-Ion'i-des 

Ar-chep-tol'e-mu3 

Ar-gjl'i-ns 

A-ria^lo-nic'dcs 

tAn-chi'aa 

An-si-ba'ri-a 

An-tis'aa 

Ap-oMo'ni-U8 

Ar-cbes'tra-tua 

Ar-gil'lu3 

Ar  is-ioni'e-nes 

fAn-cbi'se 

An-tai'a 

An-tis'tbe-nes 

A  p-ol-)opb  'a-nea 
*A-poI'ly-on 

Ar-cbe-ti'mus 

Ar'gi-liis 

A-ris-to-nau'ue 

An-cbi'ees 

An-tffi'as 

An-tia'ti-na 

Ar-che'ti-us 

*Ar-gi'niis 

A-ris-to-ni'cu3 

An-chis'i-a 

tAn-tBB-op'o-lis 

An-titb'e-ua 

A-po-my-i'oa 

Ar'cbi-a 

Ar-gi-nn'8« 

Ar-is-lon'i-de« 

An-chi-si'a-dea 

An-Ue'uB 

An'ti-um 

A-po-ni-a'na 

Ar'cbi-aa 

Ar-gi'o-pe 

*Ar-i3-lon'o-us 

An'cho-e 

An-iag'o-raa 

An-tom'e-nea 

A-po'ni-U8 

Ar-chi-bi'a-des 

Ar-gi-pbon'tea 

A-ris'to-nus 

tAncb'o-ra 

An-tal'ci-das 

An-lo'ni-a 

Ap'o-nns 

Ar-cbib'i-us 

Ar-gip'pi-i 

Ar-is-ton'y-nma 

An-cbu'ru8 

An-tan'der 

An-io'ni-i 

Ap-ofl-tro'phi-a 

*Ar-cbid'a-maa 

*Ar-gitb'e-a 

Ar-is-toph'a-ne« 

An-ci'Ie 

An~tan'droa 

An-to-ni'na 

Ap-o-the-o'sis 

Ar-chi-da'mi-a 

Ar-gi'va 

A-ri*^-to-pIii-li'de3 

An'con,  or  An-co'na 

*An-te'a 

An-to-ni'nu8 

Ap-pi'a-des 

*Ar-chi-da-mi'a 

Ar-gi'vi 

A-ris'to-idion 

An'cus  Mar'ti-us 

An-tei'ua 

An-to-ni-ctp'cHlis 

Ap-pi-a'niiH 

Ar-cbi-da'mus,  or  Ar- 

*Ar-gi'vu8 

*A-rt8-io-pby'li 

An-cy'Ie 

An-teni'ns 

An-to'ni-ua 

Ap'pi-a  Vi'a 

cbid'a-mu8 

Ar'gi-ua 

^-ris'tor 

tAn-cy'ra 

An-tc'nor 

An-tor'i-dea 

Ap'pt-i  Fo'rum 

Ar'cbi-das 

Ar'go 

Ar-is-ior'i-dea 

An-cy'rae 

An-le-nor'i-dea 

A-nu'hia 

Ap'pi-iia 

Ar-cbi-de'mua 

*Ar-go'da 

Ar-is-tot'e-les 

•An-cy'ron 

An-ter-bro'gi-ug 

Aiix'i-U9 

Ap'pu-la 

A'pri-es,  or  A'pri-us 

Ar-cbi-de'u3 

Ar-gol'i-cus 

A-ri8-to-ti'inii8 

An 'da 

An'te-roa 

Anx'ur 

Ar-chid'i-um 

Ar'go-lia 

Ar-is-tox'e-nua 

*Aii-dah'a'lia 

♦An'te-ruH 

*Anx'u-rU8 

Ap-Bin'tbi-i 

Ar-chi-gal'lu3 

Ar'gon 

A-ris'tii3 

An-dab'a-Ue 

An-ttie'a 

An'y-ta 

Ap'si-nU9 
fAp'sus 

Ar-chig'e-nes 

Ar-go-nau'lffi 

Ar-is-tyl'ltis 

♦An-da'na 

An'the-as,  or  f  An- 

An'y-tus 

Ar-chil'o-cbus 

Ar'gos 

A'ri-iis,  (the  heretic) 

An-da'ni-a 

tbe'as 

An-za'be 

Ap'te-ra 

Ar-cbi-me'des 

Ar-go'u3 

♦A-ri'us,  or  At'i-aa 

'  An-de-ca'vi-4 

An-lhe'don 

lA-ob'ri-ca,  or 

Ap-u-le'i-a 

Ar-chi'nus 

Ar'gua 

♦A-ri'u3 

*An-de-ga'viim 

An -the' la 

fA-hob'ri-ca 

Ap  u-Ie'i-UB 

Ar-chi-pel'a-gU3 

Ar-gyn'nia 

*A-ri'i 

•An-de'ra 

An'the-mis 

A-oI'Ii-ua     - 

A-pii'li-a 

Ar-chip'o-Iis 

tAr-gyn'nu3 

*Ar'me-ne 

An'des,  or  f  AD-de- 

An'the-mon 

A 'on 

*Ap'u-his 

Ar-cbip'pe 

Ar-gy'ra 

Ar'mo-nea 

ea'o-nes 

An'the-mus 

A'o-nea 

An-u-scid'a-mus 
*Ap'y-ri 

Ar-cbip'pU3 

Ar-gy-ras'pi-dea 

Ar-mc'ni-a 

An-doc'i-des 

An-lhe-mu'si-a 

tA-o'ni-a 

Ar-cbi'tia 

Ar'gy-re 

Ar-mpii-ta'ri-U3 

An-dom'a-tia 

An-Uie'no 

JA-on'i-dea 

A-qiia'ri-us 

Ar'chon 

Ar-gyr'i-pa 

Ar-mil'la-tii9 

An-drffi'inon 

An-thcr'miis 

A-o'ria 

*Aq'ui-la 

Ar-chon'tes 

*Ar-gy-ri'pa 

Ar-mi-Ius'tri-ura 

An-dra-ga'tbi-ua 

*An-the'rua 

A-or'nos,  or  tA-or''nia 

Aq-ui-Ia'ri-a 

Ar'cby-lu9 

*Ar-gy-rop'o-U8 

Ar-min'i-us 

An-drag'a-lhua 

An'ihea 

tA-or'si 

Aq-ui-le'i-a,  or  fAq- 

Ar-chy'taa 

A'ri-a 

Ar-mor'i-cffi 

Aa-drag'o-ras 

Ao-lhes-pho'ri-a 

*A-o'ru8 

ui-le'gi-a 

*Ar-cit'e-nens 

A-ri-ad'ne 

♦Ar-mor'i-cu8 

1303 


PRONUNCIATION  OF 

GREEK   AND  LATIN   PROPER  NAMES. 

•Ac'DW-Mia 

A-ru'ci,  ar  tA-rac'ci 

A9-<e-ru'ai-ua 

At'ro-poa 

Av^en-ti'nua 

Bal'buB 

Bau'll 

Ar'na 

A-ru'e-ria 

As-tin'o-roe 

Al'la 

A-ver'nu8,  or  A-ver'- 

•Bal-ce'a 

Ba'vi-ua 

Ar'nl 

A'nins 

As-ti'o-clma 

•Al-tac'o-r« 

na 

Ba-Ie-a'rea 

»Bnv'o-ta 

tAr-ni-vn'sIa 

A-run'ti-u9 

Aa'lo-ini 

•Aim-li'a 

A-ves'ta 

Bn-le'tua 

Baz-a-trn'tea 

Ar-Du'bi-us 

•Ar-u-pi'mim 

Aa-lne'a 

Al-la'Ii« 

A-vid-i-e'nua 

•Balis-be'ga 

Ba-za'ri-a 

Ar'nu* 

Ar-u-pi'nua 

Aa-tne'ua 

At'u-liis 

A-vid'i-ua  Caa'ai-ua 

Ba-lis'la 

•Be-a'trix 

Ar-w* 

Ar-ver'ni 

As'tu 

AHar'rna 

A-vi-e'llua 

Bu'li-UB 

Be'bi-iis 

•Ar-M 

Ar-vir'a-gua 

As'tur 

fAt-teg'u-a 

•A-vi'tus 

Bnl-lon'o-U 

Be-bri'a-cum 

AHo-iBa 

Ar-vis'i-uiu,  or  Ar-Ti'- 

As'lii-ra 

At-te'i-ua  Cap'i-to 

A'vi-um 

Bal-ven'ti-ua 

Bcb'ry-ce 

>A-n>'iBa 

aus 

Aa'lu-res 

Al'tcs 

Ax'e-nua 

•Bal'y-ra 

Beb'ry-cea,  tni  Be- 

*A-raai'«-ta 

A-ry-an'dea 

•As-urri-ciia 

Al'lhia 

Ax-i'o-chua 

Bal'y-ras 

biyc'i-i 

fA-foin'Mam 

Ar'y-lw 

Aa-t>  'a-ga 

At'li-ca 

Ax-i'on 

*Bam-by'c« 

Be-bryc'i-a 

•AHmb 

Ar-yp-ue'ua 

Aa-ty'a-fttia 

At'li-cua 

Ax-i-o-ni'cua 

*Ba-n)u'rs 

*Bc-chi'rca 

•Ar«-l(i'rM 

tA-i}i'a-tt 

Aa4y'a-lus 

Al-li-da'lea 

•Ai-i-«'t« 

Bnni'U-ru'a 

"•Be-chi'ri 

•A-i«l'i»-l« 

A-«an'drr 

Aa-tyVnax 

Al'tila 

Ai-1-o'te-a 

•Ba-nl-u'bB 

•Bel'a-tea 

Ar'pa-ui 

As-ba-me'a 

•Aa-ly-cm-te'a 

Al-til'i-ua 

Ax-i-o'the-a 

Ban'ti-a> 

Bel-e-mi'na 

Ar'pi 

A3-bt^'I«,  or  Aa-bya'- 

Aa-ty-cra'li-a 

At-ti'naa 

fAx'ia 

Ban'tl-ua 

•Bel'e-nua 

•Ar'pi-na* 

la: 

As-tyd'a-maa 

Al'ti-ua  Pe-lig'nua 

Ax'i-U8 

Baph'y-rua 

Bel-€-phan't« 

Ar-pi'num 

As'bo-lus 

Aa-ly-da-mi'a 

At-u-ttt'i-cl 

•Ax'o-na 

Bap'tK 

Bel'e-8ia 

•Ar'quUua 

•As-bo'nia 

A«'ly-lus 

At'u-bi 

•Ax-o'ncs,  (a  people} 

•Bar'a-do 

Bel'gai 

•Ar-n-t»'na 

•Aa-by'Je 

A»-tym-«-du'8a 

•Al'u-rua 

•Ax'o-ues,  (Jailrts) 
Ax'ur,  and  Anx'ur 

Ba-riE'i 

Bel'gi-ca 

•Ar-ra-chi'on 

Aa-cal'a-phoa 

A»-lyn'(wne 

A-ty'a-dae 

Bar'a-thrura 

Bel'gi-uin 

At-m'i 

As'ca-lon 

AiMyn'o-mi 

A'lya 

Ax 'us 

Bar'ba-ri 

Bel'gi-U9 

•Arre'rhi 

Aa-cn'ni-a 

Astyn'o-ua 

•Au-cha'lffl 

•A-zam'o-ra 

ftir-ba'ri-a 

•Bc'li-aa 

Ar-rha-bB'us 

A»-CA'nMia 

Aa4y'o-clie,  ar  Aa-ty- 

•Au-de'ra 

A'zan 

•Bar-ba'tus 

JBe-li'dcs,  »tiij>  (mala 

AHri-i 

•Aa'che^ua 

■M-hi'a 

Au-fe'i-a  A'qua 

•A-ia'ni 

Bar-bos'tbe-nea 

dese.  of  htXiu) 

Ar-h-«'nus 

•A»<be'um 

Aa^y-ps^e'a 

Au-fi-de'na 

•A-ie'ca 

Barbyth'a-ce 

JBe'lis,  pi.  Bel'l-des, 

Ar-ri-u*,  «•  A'ltui 

AMi'i 

As-lyph'i-lua 

Au  .fld'i-a 

•A-zi'dea 

Bar'ca 

(/cth.  desc.  of  Belus) 

Ar-mn'i^us 

A»<Ie'pl-« 

tAs^y'^l 

Au-fid'i-ua 

•A-ii'lia 

Bar-c«B'i,  or  Bar-ci'- 

Be-lis'a-ma 

Ar-tt'bea 

•AMle-ni'm 
Aa^Ja-pFa-dea 

•Aa'ty-ron 

Au'fi-dua 

A-zi'ria 

tai 

Bel-i-sa'ri-ua 

Ai'n-CM,  •T  Ams'- 

Aa-ty'ron 

Au'ga 

Az'o-nax 

Bar'ce 

Bel-is-ti'da 

eei 

A»-<-Ie-pt-o-tlt»'nia 

As'y-cliia 

Au'ge,  aa^  Au-ge'a 

A-zo'nia 

Bar'cha 

Bel'i-W! 

Ar-«'ct-a 

Aft<)e-pi-o-do'tU9 

A-sy'lns 

Au'ga-rua 

A-ao'iua 

•Bar'ci-no 

♦Bel-lag'i-nea 

Ar«ae'i-4a 

•.\a-cle-pi-ad'o-tua 

A-syl'lufl 

Au'ge-« 

•Bar-ci'nua 

Bel-ler'o-phon 

Ar-«aiB'fr-tBM 

Aa-cle'p^us 

•A-syn'cri-tua 

•Au-gi'aa 

Bar-d«'i 

Bel-le'rils 

Ar-Mm'»Us 

As<le-la'rv-oii 

A-ub'u-liia 

Au'gi-as,  aiui  Au'g»- 

♦Bar-da'nea 

*Bel'le-rii9 

Ar-iBiiM>4a'lii 

Aa'clus 

At-a-bv'ria 

as 

B. 

Bar'di 

Bel-li-e'nua 

•Ai^»«u»'a-lm 

Aa-co-li-a 

•A-lob'y-ria 

Au'gi-lai 

tBar-di'ne 
Bar-dyl'lia 
Ba-re'a 

Bel-lo'na 

Ar-M'm* 

Aa-co'ni-ua  t«'b»« 

At-a-by-h'ca 

Ati-gi'nua 

Bcl-lo-no'ri-i 

Ai^'oi^ 

Aa'cra 

At'a-ce 

Au'gu-rea 

Bel-lov'a-ci 

AiHK'iia 

Aa'cu-lum 

tAI'a-ua 

Au-gua'U 

BA-BfL'l-Ui 

»Ba'ro-a 

*Bol-Io-o-va'cum 

Ar'na 

Aa'dra-M 

Ai-a-lan'ta 

Au-giu-U'U-a 

Bab'i-IU9 

Ba're-aa  8o-ra'DuB 

Bet-lo-ve'sua 

•Ar-»'» 

•A'aMt 

•At-s-ly'da 

Au-gua-ti'nua 

Bnb'y-lon 

Ba'rcB 

Bc'lon 

At*.!-. 

A  sel'li-o 

At-a-ran'tea 

•Au-gus-uvniMn'e- 

Bab-y-l„'nl-a 

•Bar'go-se 

♦Bel'phc-gor 

Ar-et-ds'ua 

•A-se'u8 

Alar'be-thia 

luni 

Bab-y-lo'ni-1 

Bnr-gu'si-i 

Be'luB 

Ar-8tD'tKe 

A'si-a 

A-Ur'pMia 

A*i-gu8'tu-Iaa 

Ba-byr'Ha 

Ba-ri'ne 

*Beni-bi'na 

f.Kt-mi'Ua 

•A-ai-ai'e-nea 
A-ai-al'i-cua 

A-tar'ne-a 

Au-gua'tua 
AuJea'M 

Ba-byt'a-ce 

•Bar'i-sna 

Be-na'cua 

Ar-u-ba'DBl 

Ataa,  amd  A'Uiaa 

Baca^m'aua 

Ba-ris'sca 

•Bendi-di'a 

fAr-a-te-o'iiM,  ar 

•A-ai-a-fctc* 

A'tax 

Au-le'taa 

Bac'chai 

Ba'ri-um 

Ben-did'i-um 

tAr-um'e-ao 

A-al'laa 

A 'la 

An'lia 

•Bac-cha'nal 

Bar'nu-UB 

Ben'dia 

Ar-u-ln'lus 

•A-ai'loa 

A-<el'la 

•Au-l<xre'M 

Bac-rha-na'li-a 

Bar-Bi'lie,  and  Bar-ie'- 

Ben-e-did'i-um 

Ar'u-bri,  rr  Ar-ta- 

Aa'i-iw,  ar  Aa'1-Be 
A>4-u>ri« 

Ai'c-na 

Au'lon 

Bac-chan'tea 

ne 

Ben-e-ven'tum 

bri'ta 

At-c-oo4na'rua 

Au-lo'nMu 

•Bac-che'ia 

Bar-2a-en't©a 

Ben-tba-stc'y-me 

Ar-U-cc'as 

A»-4-n»'rwM 

•A-ter'ga-iia 

Au'Iua 

•Bac-che'ua 

Bar-za'nea 

Be-pvl-i-ta'nu9 

Ar-ta-ca'nm 

A<'i-D« 

Ath-a-ma'nca 

Au'roa 

Bac'cbi 

»Ba-se'ra 

Ber'bi-c«       •» 

Ar'iMe 

A-ain'i-UB  Gal'liia 

Ath'a-maa 

Au-re'li-« 

Bac-chi'a-da 

Bas-i-le'a 

Ber-e-cyn'thi-a 

Ar-tM«'a* 

A'al  qa 

AUl-a-man4i'a-dea 

Au-re-li-a'nua 

•Bac-chi'daa 

•Bas-i-li'a 

fBer  e-cyn'lhua 

Ar-ia'oi-a 

Aa-Da'ua 

Ath-a-na'ai-ua 

Au-re'li-ua 

Bac'chi-dca 

Bas-i-li'diB 

Ber-e-ni'ce 

Ar-ICI 

A-ao'phia 

•A-than'a-U 

Au~re'o-lua 

Bac'chis,  or  fBa'lua 

Bas-i-li'dea 

Ber-e-ni'cia 

•Ar-u-ge'n* 

A-ao'pt^ 

Ath'a-nia 

Au-ri'ga 

Bac'chi-um 

•Bas-i-li'i 

*Ber'gi-ne 

Ar-U('e-ima,  artAr- 

Aa«j>l'a^a« 

A'lhe-aa 

Aurin'i-a 

•Bac-chi'ura 

Ba-sil-i-<v-pot'a-mos, 

Ber'gi-on 

uc-i-cei^ 

A-ai/pia 

A-ihe'na 

Aii-ro'ra 

•Bac-chi'ua,  {ttetncat) 

or  •Ba-8iM-o-pot'a- 

Ber-giu'ta-ni 

Ar-ta-gar'aea 

A-ao'pua 

A-tbe'ma 

Au-nin'ci 

Bac'chi-ua 

muB 

*Ber'go-mum 

Ar-ta'nca 

•Aa-pal^-thi'a 

Atb-e-nv'a 

Aii-run-cu-le'i-ua 

Bac'chua 

Bas'i-li8 

Be'ris,  and  Ba'ria 

*Ar-la'o-zua 

A8-pam'(-Uirea 

Atb-e-ns'um 

Aus^bi'aa 

Bac-chyl'i-dea 
•Ba-ce'lua 

Ba-sil'i-lls,  (0  person) 

Ber'nii-lls 

•Ar-«a-p<i'na» 

.\s-pa-ni'gi-uin 

Atb-«-nc'uB 

Aus'ci 

*Ba8-i-li'us,  {a  river) 

Ber'o-« 

Ar-la-pber'nea 

Aa-pa'ai-a 

Ath-«-nac'o-na 
Alb-r-na'ia 

Au'ser,  or  Au'ae-ria 

Ba-ce'nia 

Bas'Mus 

Be-rca'a 

AMa'tus 

Aa-pa-ai'ma 

Au'b«8 

Ba'cia 

Bus'sa; 

Ber-o-ni'ce 

Ar-la-Taa'dn 

Aa-pa'ai-ua 

A-the'ni-on 

Ad'aon 

*Bac'o-nia 

Bas-sa'ni-a 

Be-ro'sii9 

Ar-Ul'a,  ar  Ar-tax'l- 

Aa-paa'laa 

A-then'o-clea 

•Au'ao-naa 

Bac'tra            » 

Bas-sa'rc-us 

Ber-rbce'a 

aa 

•A»-pa-the'sla 

A-ihan-o-do'roa 

Au-ao'ni-a 

Bac'lri,  and  Bac-tri-a'- 

tBas-sar'l-dea 

»Be-r>b'ra-ceB 

tAr-ux'a-na 

As-pa-lhi'nes 

A'Uie-oa 

•An-aon'Ma 

ni 

Ba-s'na-riB 

Ber'y-tug 

•Ar-iu-aa's^ 

Aa-pan'dus 

Aib'e-aia 

Au-ao'ni-ua 

Bac-tri-a'na,  or  Bac'- 

Bas'sua  Au-fid'i-ua 

♦Be-ry'luB 

Ar-lu'»tt 

*.\a-plja]Hi'la«  Lm'- 

•Aita'nio-nmn 

Aua'pi-cea 

tri-a 

Bas-tur'niG,  and  Baa- 

*Bes'a-ra 

Ar-tax-arz'ea 

cua 

A'tbos 

*Au!<-la-ge'Da 

Bac'ttoa 

ter'nffi 

•Bes'a-ro 

Ar-Ui'lHU 

As'pia 

*A-Iho'ila 

Aiis'ter 

tBa-cun'U-ua 
bad'a-ca 

Baa'ti-a 

Be-sid'i-ie 

Ar-tt-yc'laa 

Aa-pla'doo 

•A-tbrul'la 

Aiis-te'si-on 

Ba'la 

Be-sip'po 

Ar4a-jni1> 

Aa-po-ra'DO* 

A-lhyni'bra 

Au-ta-ni'tia 

Ba'di-a 

*Bat-a-no'chuB 

Bes'si 

Ar-ta-nilaa 

A^aa 

•Atb'y-raa 

Au-to-i>u'lua,  or  At-a- 

•Bad-1-cho'ra 

Ba-ta'vi 

Bcs'sua 

*Ar't»««a 

Aa-aa-Wooa 

A'ti-a 

bu^ua 

Ba'di-iis 

tBa-ta'vi-a 

Bes'ti-a 

AM«m-ba'ica 

Aa-aar'a-coa 

A-tU'i-a 

•Au-loc'a-nea 

Bad-U'hcn'ne 

•Ba-to'vuB,  or  Bat'a- 

•Bes-yn-ge'ti 

Ar-teOKMo'nu 

•Aa-ae'i» 

A-<il'i-n« 

AU'toch'tho-nea 

Baj'bi-ua 

VU8 

*Be-tar'mo-nea 

Ar'tMDla 

AMe-ri'ni 

A-til'la 

Au'toclea 

»Ba!-5o'la 

Ba'Ihos 

tBel'a-si 

Ar-ta-raial-a 

•Aa-ae'aua 

A-ti'na 

Au-toc'ra-tea 

•Ba-tho'ron 

Bath'y-clea 

*Be-thii'ron 

Ar-to-mia'i-ara 

fAa^o'nia 

A-ti'naa 

Au-to-cre'ne 

BK'lia 

Ba-lhyl'lus 

•Bel'i-ra 

Ar-ie-mi'a 

A.'wa 

A-«in'l-a 

•Au-lol'e-inaa 

Bs'lon 

Ba-tl'a,  or  Ba'tt-a 

Be'tis 

Ar'te-OMn 

•.\«-aii-e'nu 

At-lan'tea 

Au-toI'o-Ie 

*Bag-a-da'o-nea 

Ba-ti-a'tus 

Be-lu'ri-a 

tAr-te-mo'u 

.\»-syr'i-a 

At-lan-ti'a-daa 

*Au-lol'o-Iea 

♦Ba-ge'8U8 

•Ba-ti-e'a 

Bi'a 

Ar-4e'na 

Aa'u 

At-Ian'ti-dea 

Au-tol'y-cua 

Ba-g)8'ta-me 

Ba-ti'na,  and  Ban-ti'- 

Bi-a'nor 

fAa-taVo-nu 

Al'laa 

Au-tom'a-to 

♦Ba-giM'ta-na 

iia 

Bi'aa 

Ar-lim'pa-aa 

Aa-U-OB'nl 

•At'mo-ni 

Au-lom'e-don 

Ba-gi8'ta-nes 

»Bat'i-na 

Bi-hac'u-lu9 

tAi-to-bar-za'naa,  tr 

Aa'ta-caa 

A-loa'aa 

Au-to-me-du'sa 

Ba-go'as,  and  Ba-go'- 

Ba'tis 

Bib'a-ga 

tAr-Io-bar'u-iiea 

•A^la^e'lii 

At'ra-cea 

Au-tnm'e-nea 

saa 

Ba'to 

Bib'li-a,  and  Bil'li-a 

Ar-tncta'mcs 

Aa'la-p> 

Aura-myt'li-mn 

Amoni'o-li 

Bag-o-da'rea 

Ba'um 

tKib'li-na 

Ar-to'na 

Aa'la-pua 

At'ra-pea 

Au-lon'o-e 

Ba-goph'a-nea 

Bat-ra-cho-my-o-ma'- 

Bib-]i'na                        • 

Ar-lo'ni-iM 

AiMar'te 

A'trax 

♦Au-ton'ous 

*Ba-go'aa 

chi-a 

Bib'lis,  orBi'blis 

Ar-U>n'tea 

•AMel'e-ba 

Al-re-ba'liB 

Au-toph-ra-da'tea 

Bag'rada 

*Bat'ra-chUfl 

Bib'lus,  or  Bi'blua 

•-\r-4<>-tro'gna 

Aa'ier 

At-re-ba'tea 

*Au-tri'cuni 

Bai'e 

*Bal'ta-rUB 

Bi-brac'tc 

Ar-lox'a-re« 

As-te'rt-a 

A-tre'ni 

Au-trig'o-nea 

Ba'la 

Bat-ti'a-dea 

Rib'u-lUB 

Ar-lu'ri-iis 

A»-te'ri-on,  ar  Aa-te'- 

A'tre-ua 

fAu-tu'ra 

Ba-!a'cniB 

Bat'tis 

Gi'cea 

Ar-ly'iies 

ri-ua 

A-lri'de 

Aux-e'si-a 

Bal-a-na'gna 

Bat'tus 

Bi'ccin 

Ar-lyn'i-« 

•.\3'le-ria 

A-tri'dea 

*Atix'i-mon 

Ba-la'nua 

Bat'u-luin 

Bi-cor'nl-gM 

Ar-ivfl'to-na 

As-te-ro'di-a 

A-tro'ni-ua 

Av-a-ri'cum 

Ba-la'ri 

Bat'u-lus 

Bi-cor'nia 

Ar'u-as 

A»-ler-o-p?'aa 

Al-ro-pa-te'n« 

*A-var'i-cua 

•Bal'a-rus 

Ba-tyl'lu» 

*Bi-e'phl 

Ar-va'lea,  cr  fAm-bai- 

As-ter'o-pe,  ar  aAa-tej- 

At-n>pa'ci-a 

*Av'a-8e8 

Bal-bil'lua 

Bail 'bo 

Bi-for'mUi 

Ta'lea 

o-pffi'a 

•A-trop'a-taa 

A-vel'la 

Bal-bi'nua 

Bau'cia 

Bi'frona 

i:<04 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   GREEK   AND   LATIN   PROPER   NAMES. 


Bil'bi  lia 

Bi-ma'ter 

Biii'gi-uin 

Bi'on 

•Bi-o-ne'u« 

Uir'rhus 

Bi-sal'ts 

Bi-sal'tes 

Bi-sal'tis 

Bi-Dan'the 

Bis' ton 

*Bia'lo-ne« 

tBis-to'ni-« 

Bis'to-nis 

*Bis-to'nu 

Bi'thufl 

BUh'y-« 

Bi-Uiyn'i-« 

*Bi-ihy'Dl 

Bit't-«8 

Bi'ton 

Bit-u-i'tus 

B)-tun'tum 

*Bi-tu'ri-cum 

♦Bi-tu'ri-gea 

*Bit'u-rix 

Biz'i-a 

*Bi-zo'ne 

Rl«'na 

BIiB'si-i 

Rlx^eus 

Blan-ile-no'na 

Blan-du'si-a 

Bla:«-to-pIi(£-ni'ces 

♦Ble'my-ffi 

BIem'iny-€8 

Ble-ni'na 

BIJt'i-us 

Blu'ct-um 

f  Bo-ad -i-ce'a 

Bo-a-dic'e-a 

Bu's,  and  Bo'e-a 

Bo-a'gri-ii8 

*Bol>-o-ne'a 

Bo-ca'li-as 

Boc'car 

Boc'cho-ria 

B«>c'cbu« 

Bo-du-ai*-na'tiis 

Bo-du'ni 

Bob -be' is 

Bce'bi-a 

*Bo-e-dro'mi-a 

BoB-or-o-bis'tas 

BflB-o-tar'chas 

•BoB-o'ti 

Bat-o'ti-a 

Boe-o'tii9 

Bo-e'tlii-u9 

•Bo-e'Uiua 

Bo'e-tua 

B0V-U8 

Ko'gea 

Bo'gud 

Bo'gua 

BoM-i 

fio-joc'a-laa 

Bo'la 

Bui' be 

*Bol-be'na 

Bol-bi-ti'num 

Bol'gi-ua 

BtHli'na 

Bol-i-ne'ua 

Bo-lia'sua 

Bol-la'nua 

BuMua 

Bo-mi-en'sM 

BfMnil'car 

Buin-o-ni'c« 

Bo-no'nt-a 

Bo-no'm-tu 

*B<M)a'u-n 

Bo-oftea 

Bo-o'tiu,  or  Bot-o'tus 

Bu're-a 

Bo-re'a-dea 

Bo're^a 

Bo-re-as'mi 

•Bo-re 'on 

Bo're-ui 

Bor'gea 

Bor-go'dl 

*BO'ri'nua 

Bor'nos 

Bor-atp'pa 

Bo'rua 

Bo-rya'the-nea 

Boa'p)io-rua,  or  *Boa'- 

po-nifl 
•Boa-tre'DUa 
*Bo-tra'dua 
Bot'ti-a 
Bol-ti-e'ia 
Bo-vi-a'aum 


Bo-vil'iffi 

♦Brac'a-ra 

•Brac-ca'ti 

Bracli-ma'nes 

•Brach-iiia'ni 

Bre'si-a 

Bran-chi'a-dea 

Rran'chi-dffi 

tBran'cIius 

Bran-chyl'li-dea 

Bra'si-ffi 

Bras'i-daa 

Brns-i-de'i-a 

tBras'i-Iaa 

Bran 're 

Brau'ron 

Bren'ni,  and  Breu'ni 

*Bren'ni-cua 

Breri'nua 

Bren'Uie 

Bres'ci-a 

Bret'ti-i 

Bri-a're-ua 

Bri'as 

Bri-gan'tes 

Briy-an-ti'ims 

fBri-gan'ti-uiii 

tBri-les'uua 

Bri'mo 

fBri'iia 

Bri-se'ia 

Bri'sca 

Bri-se'ua 

Bri-taii'ni 

Bri-tan'ni-a 

Bri-tan'ni-cua 

Brit-o-mar'lis 

Brit-o-ma'rua 

Brii'u-nes 

*Brit'o-nes,  or  Bri-to' 

nea 
Brix-el'Iura 
Brii'i-a 
*Brix'i-no 
Bri'zo 

Broc-11-be'lua 
Bro'mi-us  ^ 

Bro'mus 
fBron'gua 
Bron'tea 
Brun~ti'nu8 
Bro'ie-aa 
Bro'the-ua 
Bnic'te-ri 
Bni-ma'li-a 
Briin-du'iti-um 
Bni-tid'i-us 
Bru'li-i,  or  JBrut'ti-i 
Bru'tu-lua 
Bru'tua 
Bry'as 
Bry-ax'ia 
Bry'ce 
Bry'gea 
Bry'gi 
*Brys'e-a 
*Brys'e-ffl 
*Bry-fie'jE 
Bu-ba-ce'ne 
Bu-ba'ces 
Bu'ba-ris 
Bu-bas-ti'a-cua 
fBu-bas'lis 
Bu'ba-sua 
Bu'bon 
Bu-cepb'a-Ia 
Bu-ceph'a-Iua 
♦Bu'che-ta 
Bu-col'i-ca 
Bu-col'i-cum 
Bu-co'Ii-on 
Bu'co-lua 
*Bu-de'a 
♦Bu-de'um 
Bu'di-i,  or  Bu-di'ni 
♦Bu-do'ria 
Bu-do'rum 
•Bu'ge-nes 
Bu'lis 
Bui  la'ti-ua 
•Biil-Ii'o-nea 
Bu'ne-a 
•Bu-ni'ma 
*Bii-no-me'a 
Bu'nua 
Bu'pa-lua 
Bu'pba-gua 
Bu-pho'ni-a 
Bu-pra'ai-ura 
Bu'ra  or  tBu'ria 
Bu-ra'i-cus 
*Bur-dig'a-la 
Bur'rhua 
Bur'sa 
Bur'ai-a 
I  Bu'aa 

__ 


Bii-ai'rls 

Bu'ia 

Hu'te-o 

Bii'tes 

*Bii'tho-e 

Ru-ihro'tum 

|Bu-thro'lu8 

Hu-tiivr'e-ua 

Bu-io'a 

*Bu'to-nes 

Bu-tor'i-dea 

Bu'tos 

Bu -tun 'turn 

Bu'tus 

*Bu'zy-ges 

Bu-zy'gt's 

Byb-le^i-a,  and  By- 

bas'si-a 
Byh'li-a 
Byh'li-i 
•By'blis 
Byl-li'o-nea 
Byr'rhua 
Byr'sa 
By-za'ci-nm 
Byz-ati-ti'a-cua 
*By-zaii'ti-on 
By-zan'ti-uin 
By'zas 
By-ze'nua 
Byz'e-rea 
•By-ze'rea 
By^zea 
Byz'i-a 


C. 


Ca-iu'thui 

Cab'a-dea 

fCab'a-la 

Cab'a-leB 

•Ca-ba'li-i 

Cab-a-li'nus 

*Ca-ba'li9 

*Ca-bal'la-ca 

Cab~aI-Ii'i)Uin 

*Cab-al-Ii'DU3 

Ca-bal'li-o 

Ca-bar'ni 

Ca-bar'nos 

Ca-baa'sua 

*Ca-be'le8 

♦Ca-be'sua 

Ca-bi'ra 

Ca-bi'ri 

Ca-bir'i-a 

Ca-bu'ra 

Cab'u-rus 

Ca'ca 

Cach'a-Ies 

*Cac-tMla:m'o-nc8 

Ca'cua 

Ca-cu'this 

Ca-cyp'a-ris 

Ca'di 

Cad -me 'a 

Cad-me'is 

Cad'nma 

Ca'dra 

*Cad're-tna 

Ca-du'ce-ua 

Ca-dur'ci 

Ca-dus'ci 

*Ca-du'8i 

Cad'y-Ua 

Cai'a 

CsB-ce'll-ua 

Cie'ci-aa 

Cffi-cil'i-a 

Cie-cil-i-a'nua 

Cffl-cil'i-i 

Cie-cil'i-ua 

C«c'i-lua 

Cse-ci'na  Tm'cua 

Ciec'u-buin 

♦C»c'ii-bu8 

Ciec'ii-lus 

Cs-dic'i-ua 

•C»d'i-cu8 

Cffi'li-a 

*Cffil'i-nuB 

Cffi'li-ua 

Ctem'a-ro 

Cffi'ne,  or  tCs-UOp'O' 

lis 
Cffi'ne-ua 
*Ca-ni'de8 
Cien'i'dcs 
Cte-ni'na 
Coe'nia 
Cie-not'ro-p» 
Ciu'pi-o 


Cw-ra'tus 

Cttf'rc,  or  Cai'rea 

Cffir'e-«i 

♦Caer'i  tea 

Caj'aar 

Cies-a-re'a 

•Cffi-sa're-ua 

C»-sa'ri-on 

C»-aa-ro-d  11  'n  u  m 

tC(e.s-a-roui'gU8 

C»-se'na 

Cae-seti'ni-ua 

CBc'si-a 

CtE'si-us 

Cie'so 

Cip-so'ni-a 

Cee-ao'ni-us 

CsBt'o-brix 

Ctet'u-lum 

Cffi'yx 

Ca-pa'co 

Ca-i-ci'iiua 

Ca-i'cu8 

Ca-i-e'ta 

*Ca'i-plias 

Ca'i-us,  and  Ca'i-a 

*Ca-je'ta 

Cal'a-ber 

Ca-lix'bri-a 

Cal'a-brus 

Cal-ii-gur-rit'a-ni 

tCal-a-gur-ri-ta'ni 

*CaI-a-gu'ris 

Ca-lag'u-tid 

Cal'a-ia 

Cat'a-inia 

Cal-a-ini'sffi 

Cal'a-ino9 

Cal'a-mus 

Ca-la'iiua 

Cal'a-on 

*Ca-Iaph'a-te8 

Cal'a-ris 

*Ca-la'rui 

*CaI'a-tes 

Cai-a-tha'na 

Ca-la'tbi-OQ 

Cal'a-thus 

Ca-la'li-a 

Ca-la'li-iB 

*Ca-lau're-a 

Cal-au-re'a,  and  Cal- 

au-ri'a 
Ca-la'vi-i 
Ca-la'vi  U3 
Cal'bis 
tCal-ca'giis 
Cal'ce 
Cal'cbaa 
Cal-chc-do'ni-a 
Cal-chin'i-a 
CaI'dus  CE'Ii-ua 
Ca'lo,  Ca'lis,  or  |Ca- 

te'nuiii 
*Cn-led'o-ne8 
Cal-e-<Io'iii-a 
|Ca-len'tuin 
Ca-le'nus 
*Ca-ie'rua 
Ca'les 
Ca-Ie'si-U8 
Ca-ie'tffi 
•Cal'e-li 
•Cal'e-tor 
•Ca-le'tor 
Ca'lex 
Ca-li-ad'ne 
Cal-i-ce'ni 
Ca-lid'i-ua 
Ca-lig'u-la 
fCa-lip'e-dea 
Cal'i-pus 
Ca'liit 

Cal-lss'chnia 
Cal-la'i-ci 
*CaI  la'i-nua 
Cal'laa 
Cal-ta-le'bua 
fCal'Ie 
CaMe'ni 
Cal-le-te'ri-a 
Cal'li-a 
Cal-li'a-dea 
*Cal-li-a-ni'ra 
•Cal-li'a-ruB 
Cal'Ii-aa 
CaHib'i-ua 
Cal-li-ce'rua 
CaMicb'o-rua 
Cal'li-clea 
Cnl-li-co-lo'na 
•Cfll-li-co-Io'ne 
Cal-lic'ra-tes 
Calli-crat'i-daa 
•Cal-li-dam'a-tea 
Cal-lid'i-ua 


Cal-lid'ro-mua 

Cal-li-ge'tua 

♦Cal-Ii-gi'lua 

Cal-lim^a-cbua 

Cai-lira'e-<lon 

Cal-lim'e-Iea 

*Cal-li-ni'cus 

CaMi'nus 

♦Cal-li-o-do'ma 

*CaI-li'o-pas 

CaI-li'o-|>e 

Cal-U-pa-ti'ra 

Cal'li-phon 

Cal'Ii-pbron 

Cal-lip'i-dffl 

Cal-lip'o-lia 

Cal'Ii-pua,  or  tCa-iip'- 

pUB 

Cal-lip'y-gea,  or  *CaI- 

i-py'gea 
Cal-lir'Iio-e 
Cal-Hs'te 
Cal-li»-te'i-a,  or  *Cul- 

lia-ti'a 
Cal-lis'the-nes 
Cal-lis'to 
Cal-Iis-io-ni'cus 
Cal  iirf'tra-tU3 
Cal-lix'e-na 
Cal-lix'e-nu3 
CaMon 
*Cal'o-pu3 
Ca'Iur 
Cal'pe 
*Cal'pe-tU9 
Cal-phur'ni-a 
Cal-phur'ni-ua 
Cal-pur'ni-a 
Cal-u-aid'i-ua 
Cal-u'si-um 
CaI'vi-a 
Cal-vi'na 
*CaI-vi'niia 
Cal-vis'i-iia 
tCaI'vua 

Cal'y-be,  or  fCa-by'le 
Cal-y-cad'ima 
Cal'y-ce 
Ca-lyd'i-ura 
Ca-Iyd'na 
Cal'y-don 
Cal-y-do'nis 
Cal-y-do'ni-ua 
Ca-lym'ne 
Ca-lyii'da 
Ca-lyp'so 
fC  a- n  I  a-Io-d  u '  nu  m 
Ca-nian'ti-um 
fCa-niar'a-cuin 
Cam-a-ri'na 
*Cam-a-ri't!B 
Cum-bau'lea 
Cam'bes 
Cam'bre 
Caiii-bu'ni-i 
Caiii-by'ses 
Cam-e-la'ni 
Cam-e-li'tffl 
Cain'e-ra 
*Cum-e-ra'cura 
Cain-e-ri'num,  and 

Ca-nier'ti-uiu 
Caiu-e-ri'nU3 
Ca-nier'tea 
Ca-mil'Ia 
Ca-mil'li,  and  Ca-mil'- 

IBB 

Ca-mil'Ius 

Ca-mi'ro 

Ca-mi'rus,  and  Ca-mi' 
ra 

Cam-is-sa'rea 

Cam 'ma 

Ca-mffi'niE 

Cam-pa'na  Lex 

Cam-pa'ni-a 

♦Caiu-pa'nua 

Cam-pas'pe,  or  fPan 
caa'te 

Cam'pe 

*Caiii'pe-sus 

Camp'sa 

Cam'pus  Mar'ti-us 

Cam-u-lo-gi'uua 

Ca'na 

Can'a-ce 

Can'a-che 

Can'a-chua 

Ca'nas 

fCa-na'ri-a 

Ca-na'ri-i 

Can'a-thus 

Can'da-ce 
.  Can-da'vi-a 
I  Can-dau'lea 
I  *Can-di'o-ni 


Can-di'o-po 

Ca'nena 

Can-f-pbo'ri-a 

Caii'e-tbuiii 

CJa-nic-u-la'res  Ui'ea 

Ca-nid'i-a 

Ca-iiid'i-UB 

Ca-iiiii-c-fa'tca 

Ca-iiin'i-us 

Ca-niti'ti-us 

Ca'ni-us 

Can'nse 

*Ca-no'bU8 

Ca-nop'i-cum 

Ca-no'pna 

*Can't;i-bt;r 

Can'ta-bra 

Caii'lji-bri 

Can  ta'bri-a 

Can-ta'bri-iB 

♦Can-lha-rul'e  thron 

Can'tba-run 

*Caii-llii;'la 

Cun'thua 

Can'ti-uin 

Can-u-Ki'i-a 

Can-u-)e'i-us 

Ca-nu'li-a 

Ca-nu'si-um 

Ca-nu'si-ua 

Ca-nu'ti-us 

Ca-pa'ne-us 

Ca-pel'Ia 

Ca-pe'na 

Ca-pe'naa 

Ca-pe'ni 

Ca'per 

Ca-pe'tti3 

*Cap'e-tus 

Ca-pba're-UH 

♦Ca-phe'ria 

*Ca-phy'a! 

*Capb'y-e 

Ca'pi-o 

fCa-pia'sa 

Cap-is-ae'ne 

Cap'i-to 

Ca|M-to-li'nu8 

Cap-i-to'li-din 

*Cap-nub'a-tiB 

*Cap-pad'o-ces 

Cap-pa-do'ci-a 

Cap'pa-dox 

Ca-pra'ri-u 

Ca'pre-ffi 

Cap-ri-cor'nua 

Cap-ri-fic-i-a'lia 

Ca-pri'nia 

Ca-prip'e-dea 

Ca'pri-as 

Ca'pri-us 

Cap-ro-ti'na 

Ca'prua 

Cap'iiu 

Cap'sa-ge 

Cap'u-a 

Ca'pya 

Ca'pya  Sil'vi-ua 

tCar 

Car-a-bac'tra 

Car'a-bia 

Car-a-cal'la 

Ca-rac'a-tea 

Ca-rac'ta-cua 

Ca'rae 

Ca-ra;'u8 

Car'a-lis 

*Car-a-ma'lu9 

fCa-ram'bri 

*Ca-raii'to-nua 

Car'a-nus 

Ca-rau'tii-us 

Car 'bo 

•Car- bo' nea 

*Car'bu-la 

Car-cbe'don 

Car-ci'nua 

*Car'ci-nua 

Car-da'ces 

♦Car-da-me'ne 

Car-darn'y-le 

♦Car-de'sua 

Car'di-a 

*Car'du-iB 

Car-du'chi 

*Car^y'tua 

Ca'rea 

Car'eaa 

*Ca-re'su9 

Ca-rcs'sua 

Car-fin'i-a 

Ca'ri-a 

Ca'ri-aa 

Ca-ri'a-t© 

fCa-ril'la 

Cu-ri'na 

l305~ 


Ca-ri'ne 

Cur'l-ne 

Ca-ri'nua 

*Ca-ri'on 

Ca-ria'aa-nam 

Ca-ris'ium 

*Car-ma'ni 

Car-ma'ni-a 

Car-ma'nor 

Car'nie 

Car-me'Iua 

Car-men'la,  and  Car- 
man'lia 

Car-men-ta'lca 

Car-men-ta'lia 

Car'nii-dea 

Car'na,  and  CarnJin'- 
e-B 

Car-na'si-ua 

Car-nc'a-dea 

Car-ne'i-a 

tCar'ne-UB 

Car'ni-on 

*Car'no-n«a 

Car'nuB 

Car-nu'tea 

♦Car-nu'tum 

*Car-08-ce'pi 

Car-pa'si-a,  uud  Car- 
pa'xi-uni 

♦Car 'pa -lea 

Car'pa-tliua 

♦Car-pc'i-a 

Car'pi-a 

*Carpi'a 

Car'i»j4 

Car'po 

Car-poph'o-ra 

Car-popb'o-rui* 

Car'ra;,  and  Car'rba: 

Car-ri-na'tea 

Car-ru'ca 

Car-se'o-li 

Car-ta'li-aa 

*Car'ta-re 

Car-te'i-a 

♦Car'ie  nufl 

Car-tlia:'a 

Car-thag-i-ni-cn'sea 

Car-tha'go 

♦Car-tba'lo 

Car'tba-aia 

•Car-tbe'u 

Car-vil'i-u8 

Ca'rus 

Ca'ry-a 

•Ca'ry-ffl 

Ca-ry-a'tffl 

ICa-ry-ai'i  des,  pL 

Ca-ry-a'ti3 

♦Ca-ry'o-nea 

♦Car-ys-ie'ua 

Ca-rys'ti-us 

Ca-rys'tiis 

Ca'ry-um 

*Ca-8a'le 

Cas'ca 

Caa-ccl'li-na 

Caa-i-!i'num 

Ca-ai'na,  or  Ca-si'- 
num 

•Cas'i-na 

Ca'ai-U8 

*Ca8'me-na 

Cas'me-na; 

Cas-mil'la 

Cas-pe'ri-a 

Cas-per'u-la 

Cas-pi-a'na 

Cas'pi-i 

•Cas-pi'ra 

Caa'pi-nm  Ma'ru 

Caa-saii-da'ne 

Cas-san'der 

Caa-san'dra 

JCas-san-dre'a 

♦Cas-saii-dri'a 

Caa-aan'dri-a 

Ca»'si-a 

fCas-a  i-o-d  o'  nis 

Caa-al'o-pe,  or  Caa  ai- 
o-pe'a 

•Caa-ait'e-ra 

Caa-ai-ter'i-des 

Caa'st-ua 

Cas-8i-ve-lau'nu9 

•Cas-au'pe 

Caa-ao'tis 

Cas-tab'a-Ia 

Cas'ta-bus 

Ca»-ta'li-a,  or  Caa  ta'- 
li-us  Fons 

♦Cas'ia-Iia 

Caa-ta'ne-a 

tCaB-the'nea 

Caa-ti-a-ni'ra 


PRONUNCIATION   OF 

GREEK   AND   LATIN   PROPER  NAMES. 

•Cu-to^ua 

Cel'e-m 

Cor-ci'na,  or  Cer-cin'- 

Cha-nm'ui,  and  Cha- 

Chi'mn         ^ 

Cin'cl-a 

Cle-on'y-miw 

Ou'tor  and  Pollux 

Ce!'e-mim 

na 

ma'vi 

Chit'o-ne 

Ciii-cin-na'tus 

•Cle'o-paa 

*Caa'to-ns,  fL 

Cele-us 

Cer-cin'i-um 

Clia'iie 

•Chi-lo'ne 

Ciii'ci-us 

Cle-op'a-ter 

Cas4ra'a-us 

Cel'mua 

Cer'ci-U8 

Cha'on 

tChii'ri-um 
Chlo'e 

Cin'e-as 

Cle-op'a  tra 

•Cu'tri-ciu 

Ccl'o-n« 

Ccr-co'pes 

Cha'o-nes 

Ci-ne'si-as 

Cle-op'a-tris 

Ciu'lu-lo 

Ccl'sua 

Ccr'cops 

Cba-o'iii-a,  and  CbaK»- 

Chlo're-u8 

Cin'e-tlion 

Cle-opb'a-nca 

•CaUa-ba'no* 

Celt* 

Cer'cy-on,  or  Cer-cy'- 

ni'tia 

Chlo'ria 

Cin'ga 

Cle-o-pbnn'lhUB 

•Cat-a-clo'lhea 

♦Ccrii-ber 

o-nea 

Cba'oa 

Chlo'rus 

Cin-cct'o-rix 

Cle'o-phea 

Cal-a-du'pa 

•CtUi-be'rea 

•Cer-cy'on 

*Char-ao-roo'ba 

Clui-a-ri'na 

tCin'gii-Ia-nl 

Cle-oph'o-Ius 

•Cat-a-du'pi 

Cel-ti-be'ri 

*Cer-cyph'a4« 
Cer-cyW  or  Oor-cy'- 

*Char-a-€o'nia 

Cho-aa'pes 

Ciii'gii  lura 

Cle'o-phon 

*Cat-a-ke-kaa'nw  iM 

Cel'li-ca 

Char'a-4lra 

•Cho'a-trsB 

Cin-i-a'Ui 

Cle-o-phy'lus 

Cai-a-men'ta-lea 

Cel'ti-ci 

ra 

Char'a-dros 

Cho'bua 

Ci-nith'i-1 

Cle-o-pniii'pus 

Cat'a-na 

Cel-tU'lus 

*Ccr-do'u9 

fCha-ra'drus 

Cbmr'a-des 

Cin'na 

Cte-up-toI'e-rau8 

•Ca-ta'(Haea 

•Cel-lo-gara-ta 

Cer-dyl'i-tun 

•Char'a-drus 

•Choo're-« 

Cin'na-<ion 

Cle'o-pua 

Cu-a-o'Di-a 

Cel-lo'ri-i 

Ce-re-a'li-a 

Cha-ne'a-das 

Choer'i-lua 

Cin'na-nms 

Cle-o'ra 

*Ca-ta|>b'i7-«M 

Cel-to8'cy-lUi« 

Co'rea 

Cbar-aii-tla'i 

*Chol-on-ti'chu8 

Cin-ni'a-na 

Cle-oa'tra-lus 

Cat-a-nc'u 

tCe'ma 

Ce-rtia'sua 

Cha'rax 

Chon'ni-das 

Cini'i-a 

Cle-ox'e-nus 

Cat-a-iac'taa 

Cem'me-nuB 

Cer'e-ts 

Olm-rai'ea,  atul  Cha- 

•Cbo-nii'phJs 

Ci'nypa,  arid  Cin'y 

Clep'sy-dra 
Cle'ri 

•Ca-lai'rhy-tm 

HCeuV-bum,  cr  Gen' 

*Ce-re'tea 

rnx'ua 

*Cho-m'gu3 

phua 

Cat'e-nra 

Ce-ri-a'Us 

CJia'rea 

Cho-ras'ini 

Cin'y-ras 

Cles'i-doa 

Ca-Uw'a 

a-bum 

Ce'ri-i 

Char'i-clea 

Cho-rin'e-us 

Ci'os 

Cle'la 

Cath'arl 

Ce-ns'um 

tCe-ril'li 

Char-i-cti'des 

Cbo-nB'bus 

•Ci-pe'ms 

*Clct-a-bo'ni 

Ca'ti-a 

Cen'chr<.*-« 

Ct^■^i^lum 

Cbar'i-clo 

Chor-oin-na:'i 

Cip'pua 

Clib'a-nus 

Ca-ti-e'na 

Ceu'chre-is 

Ce-rin'tbufl 

Char-i-de'mUB 

*Chor'o-ne 

*C\T-cm'\im 

C!i-de'mu3 

Ca-ti-e'nua 

Cea'chre-iis 

•Cer'Mes 

L'har'i-la 

Chod'ro-ea 

Cir'ce 

fCIi'max 

Cat-i-li'ni 

•Cen-chftj'ua 

Cer-nia'iiiu 

Char-i-la'us,  and  Cha- 

Ch  re' lues 

Cir-cen'ses  Lu'di 

Clini'e-nua 

tCa-lil'i-as 
Cartil'lt 

Cen'cbri-us 

Cer'ne 

ril'lus 

Chrem'e-tca 

Cir'ci-ua 

CJi'naa 

Ce-oea'po-lis 

OFnea- 

Cha-ri'iii,  and  Ca-ri'- 

Cbrea^i-}>hon 

Cir'cus 

Clin'i-^a 

Ca-UI'lus,  «■  Cat'HlH 

Ce-neai-um 

Ceron 

iii 

Chres-phon'tes 

Ci'ris 

Cli-nip'pi-dcs 

Ca-ii'na,  «r  •Cat'i-Ba 

Ce'ne-U9 

Cor-o-paa'se-daa 
Ce-fos'sua 

Cha'ria 

Chres'tus 

Cir-rffi'a-tum 

Cli'iius 

Ca'd-«s 

Cen-imac'ai 

Cha-ris'i-a 

Chro'mi-a 

Cir'rha,  and  Cyr'rha 
Cir'lha,  and  Cir'ta 

CU'o 

Cal-iii 

Ce-ni'na 

Cer'pbe-rea 

Char'i-tea 

Chro'ini-oa 

Cli-siih'e-ra 

Ca'to 

•Ce-ni'nes 

fCer-re-la'ni 

Char'i-toti 

Chro'inia 

Cia-al-pi'na  Gal'li-a 

Clis'the-nes 

Ca'tre-us 

Cen-A-ma'iu 

Cer-rha'i 

tChar'ma-das 

Chro'ini-us 

Cis'pa 

Cli'UE 

Cat'u 

Ce'non 

Cer-Bo-blep'lea 

Char'mt*,  and  Car'me 

Chro'iii-us 

Cis'sa 

Cli-tar'chua 

Cal'ti 

Cen-ao're* 

Or'ti-nia 

Clinr'nii-d:L3 

Cbro'uoa 

Cis'ae-ia 

Cli'le 

Cat-u4Ha'na 

Cen-9t>-ri'niui 

Cer-to'ni-um 

Cliar'mi-des 

Chry'a-sua 

Cia-se'us 

Cli-tcr'ni-a 

Ca-tuI'Iua 

Cen'sus 

Cer-va'ri-ua 

('har-mi'nua 

Chry'sa,  and  Chry'se 

Cia'ai-a 

Clit-o-de'iniis 

Cat'u-lua 

Cen-U^n-'tus 

♦CeKvi-ua 

Chnr-ini'o-ne 

Chrya'a-ine 

Cia'ai-iB 

Cli-tom'a-ciiuM 

tCa4u  ri-gej 

Cen-tau'ri 

t*Ce-nr'coa 
Ce-r>'c'i-us 

CbaKmis 

Chry-san'laa 

Cia'ai-deg 

Cli-lon'y-nuis 
Clit'ophon 

Cau'ca-sus 

•On-Uti'ri-cu» 

Char-nios'y-na 

Chiy-san'tbi-u9 

Cis-scBs'aa 

•Ca-u'd 

Cen-tau'nia 

Cer-y-mi'ca 

Char'mo-tas 

Chry-san'tia 

fCia-ao-eii'su 

Cli'Uir 

Cau'con 

*CeD-tim'a-i)u« 

•Ccr-y-ne'a 

Char'mua 

Chry-aa'or 

Cia'sua 

Cli-to'ri-a 

•Cau  co'nea 

Ceo-tob'ri-ca 

Ccr-y-ni'lea 

Cha'ron 

*Chrya'a-or 

Cis-su'sa 

Cti-tum'nus 

Cau'co-nea 

Cen'to-res 

Cfr-MlMi-ua 

Cha-n^n'das 

Cbr>-8-a-o're-ufl 

Cis-le'niE 

Cli'tua 

Cau'di,  <ad  Cau'di- 

Cen-lor'l-pa,  or  fCao- 

Ce-een'ni-u 

Char-o-ne'a 

Chry-aa'o-ria 

*Cis-lhe'ne 

*Clo-a'ca 

nm 

tu'ri-pa 

Cea'tMu 

Cbn-ro'nt-uin 

Cbry'aaa 

*Ci8to-bo'ci 

Clo-a-ci'(i3 

•Cau-di'nus 

•Cen-iu'ri-pe 

Ccs-tri'na 

Cha'rops,  and  Chnr'o- 

♦Cho-aaa'pl-dea 

Ci-thoiiron 

Clo-an'thiis 

Cau-lo'ni-a 

CVn-iri'l«a 

Ces-tri'niu 

pes 

Chry-ae'ia 

Cith-a-ris'la 

Clo'di-a 

tCaa'ui-i 

tCen-tro'nea 

•Ce-le'i 

•Char'o-pna 

Chry-stjr'inus 

♦Ci-the'las 

Cto'di-ns 

t^au'ni-ua 

Cen-(ro'ni-us 

Ce'tea 

Cba-r>b'dia 

♦Cbrvs'e^uB 

•Cith'e-ron 

Cloe'li-a 

Catt'niu 

Ccn-lum'vi-ri 

Ce-ibe'eua 

•Cbal'ra-mi» 

Chry^ses 

Cit'i-uin 

Cloj'Ii-ffl 

Cau'ru 

Cen4u'ri-a 

Ce'li-i 

Chau'bi,  and  Chau'cl 

Chry-sip'po 

Ci'us 

Clffi'li-uei 

Cau'nu 

Ce'cH,  and  Co'a 

Ca'ti-UB 

Cbau'lu 

Chry-sip'pua 

Ci-vi'lia 

Clo'naa 

C.i'ua 

Ceph'a-t.T4 

Ce'lo 

Chau'ma 

Cbry'ais 

Ciz'y-cum,  or  fCyz'i- 

CIon'di-cu3 

tpiT'a-rea 
Cav-a-ril'laa 

Cepb-a-lo'di-uD 

Ce'us,  cjuf  C«'ua 

•Chav'o-neB 

Chryfl-o-aa'pi-des 

cus 

Clo'ni-a 

Ce-nhal'leo 

Ce'yi 

*Clia-y'ci 

*Chry-aoc'e-ro9 

Cla'de-U9 

C!o'ni-us 

Car-»-ri'nu« 

Oph-a-le'na,  amd 

•Cbn-be'ma 

•Cha-zc'ne 

*Chrys'o-cher 

Cla'nea 

Clo'iho 

Ca'n-i 

Cba'bcs 

tChe'a 

Chvy-aug'o-niis 

Cla'nid 

Clu-a-ci'na 

Ca-y'ci,  or  Cbaa'cl 

^eph-al-le'ni 

Cha-bi'nu9 

Che'lB 

Chrya-o-Ia'ua 

Clft'ni-us,  or  fCIa'nis 

Clu-en'ti-us 

C*-y'cu» 

Ceph'a-lo 

tCbabo'rua 

Cbe'lfS 

•Cbiys-o-lo'nis 

•Cla-ra'uua 

Chi'pc-a,  and  Clyp'&-ii 

0»-y>'l«r,  er  Ca-ys'- 

Ceph-a-lfB'difl,  mm* 

Chs'bri-a 

Chel-i-do'ni-« 

tCbry-Bon'di-um 

Cla'rus,  or  |Cla'ros 

Chi'si-a 

tnu 

Ceph-a-lu'di-uin 

Cha'bri-as 

Chel-i-do'ni-« 

Chry-sop'o-lia 

Clas-tid'i-um 

Clu-si'ni  Fon'tes 

•Cax'«a 

Ceph'a-lon 

•Cha'br>-i9 

C  he-lid 'o-oia 

Cbry-sor'rho-K,  or 

Chiu'di-a 

Clii-si'o-Ium 

Ce'a,  Ce'oa,  *r  Coa 

Ceph-a-toi'u-mi 

Ch«-an'i-l« 

•Che-lid-o-ni'aum 

Cbry-aor'rho-aa 

Clau'di-ffi  A'quffl 

Clu'ai-uia 

Oe'a-da 

Cepb'a-lua 

•Chw're-a 

Chel'o-no 

♦Chry-aos'to-nma 

Clau-di-a'nua 

Clii'si-na 

tCeTa 

Ce-pbu'nea 

Chaj're-aa 

Cheronis 

♦Cbry-sotli'e-inis 

CIau-di-op'o-li9 

Chi'vi-a 

Ceb-al-li'nna 

Chier'«-de'mua 

('lit*l-o-iioph'a-gt 

Chryx'ua 

CInu'di-us 

Clu'vi-us  Ru'fus 

Ceb-a-ren'tiefl 

Co'ph»-us 

Chaj-re'inon 

Chcl-y-du'ri-a 

Chtbo'ni-a 

Clan's  us 

Clym'e-ne 

Ce'bes 

Ce-phls'i^ 

CbsrVphon 

Cliein'niia 

Chtho'ni-us 

Cla-vi-e'nus 

*Clyra-e-ne'i-de8 

CeOiren 

Ce|rt»-i-6i'a-dei! 

Cha^res'tra-ta 

Che'na 

♦Cbihon-i>-phy'lo 

Ciav'i-ger 

CIym'e-nu9 

Ce-brB'ni-a 

Ce-phis-Mo'rus 

Cbic-rin'tbua 

Che'nffl 

*Ci-a-g)'si 

Cla-zom'e-na!,  and 

Cly-son'y-mus 

*Ce-bn'ni3 

Cc-plii»'i-on 

Gha'-rip'pua 

Che'ni-on 

fCib'a-Iic 

Cla-zom'e-na 

Cly-son-y-mu  'aa 

Ce-bri'o-nes 

Oph-i-sod'o-JU8 

Cba'ro 

Cl)e'ni-us 

Cib-a-n'tia 

Cle'a-daa 

Clyt-em-nes'tra 

tCe-braa 
CM'Ma* 

Ce-phi'siis,  «r  Ce- 

Charr-o-ne'a,  and 

*Chc'o-pe9 

•Ci-bo'liia        , 

•Cle-ffif'e-ta 

CIyl'i-8,  or  Clyt'i-e 

phis'stia 

Cher-rt>-ne'a 

Che'ops,  and  Che-os' 

Cib'y-ra 

Cle-an'der 

Clyt'i-us 

C»«U'i-a* 

Ce'ptiren 

Cba-lat'on 

pes 

Cic'e-ro 

Cte-an'dri-das 

Cly'tu3 

Cec'i-iia 

Ce'p*-o,  or  fCs'pi-o 

CLal-cie'a 

Cbe'phren 

fCich'y-ris 

Cle-an'thes 

Cna-ca'di-um 

C«'piH>n 

Chal'ce-a 

Ch  c  r-e-moc '  ra-tea 

Cic'o-nea 

Cle-ar'chua 

Cnac'a-lia 

Ca-eio'oa 

Cer'a-ca 

*Cbal-r^^a 

Che-rts'o-pliua 

Ci-cu'ta 

Cle-ar'i-dea 

*Cnac'a-lua 

0«n>'|ii-a 

Ce-fac'a-te« 

Chal-ce'don,  mxd  Cltal- 

Clicr'o-phoH 

♦Cic-y-ne'tbua 

Cle'mena 

Cna'gi-a 

Co^BTop'i-da 

Cfr^am'bua 

co-do'ni-A 

Che- r' si -as 

*Ciri-cea 

Cle'o 

Cne'miis 

•C«:'roiii» 

Cer-a-mi'rua 

*Chal-cet'o-rea 

Cber-sid'a-niaa 

Cilic'i-a,  and  Ci-lia'sa 

Cle'o-bis 

Cne'ua,  or  Cnne'ua 

Ce'cropa 

Ce-fli'mi-uin 

Chal«wle'ne 

Cher'si-pho 

Ci'lii 

Cle-o-bu'Ia 

Cni-din'i-um 

•Oe-crypb-a-le'a 

Cer'a^mus 

Chal-ci-den'«es 

fCher'si-phron 

Cil'la 

Cle-ob-u-Ii'na 

Cni'dua,  or  Gni'dua 

Ce'doD 

Ce'raa 

Chal-cid'e-us 

•Cher-so'im 

Cillea 

Cle-o-bu'Iua 

Cno'pua 

•CeKire'a 

Cer'a-nis 

Chal-cid'i-ca 

Cber-so-nc'sua,  or 

CJl'Ius 

Clb-o-cha'rea 

Cnos'si-a 

C<wlr6-a'li« 

Cer'a-ta 

Cbal-cid'i-cus 

Cher-ro-nc'aus 

Cil'ni-ua 

Cle-o-cha'ri-a 

fCnos'sua 

Ce-dra'aM 

•Ce-ra'lhns 

*Chal-ci^B'cua 

Che-rus'ci 

Ci'lo 

Cle-o-dffl'ua 

Cno'sus 

S^"- 

•Ce-ra'ton 

Chal-ci'a-pe 

Chid  nffi'i 

Cim'ber 

Cle-od'a-mus 

Co-a-ma'ni 

Ce-ra'tu9 

Chal'cis 

•Chi-do'rus 

Cim-be'ri-iia 

Cle-o-de'mu3 

Co-as'trK,  and  Co-nc'- 

Cd'a-don 

Ce-raa'ni-a 

•Chains 'les 

ChiM-ar'chus 

Cim'bri 

Cle-o-do'ra 

tra 

Cet'a^us 

Ce-rau'ni-i 

Cbal-ci'tis 

Chil'i-us,  and  Chil'e- 

Cim'brj-cura 

Cle-o-dox'a 

Cob'a-res 

Cfr4a;'n»,  or  fCe^C- 

Ce-rau'DU8 

Cbal 'co-don 

UB 

♦Cim'bri -CU3 

Cte-og'e-nes 

Coc'a-lu3 

ne 

Ce-rau'si-U9 

Chal'con 

Chi'Io 

Cim'i-ntis 

Cle-o-Ia'us 

Coc-ce'i-us 

Ce-he'no 

fCer'ba-lus 

Chal'cus 

Chi-lo'nis 

Cim-me'ri-i 

Cle-om'a-chus 

Coc-cyg'i-UB 

•Ce'le-« 

Cer-be'ri-on 

Chal-de'a 

Chi-mffi'ra 

Oim'me-ria 

Cle-o-man'tea 

Co'clt.s 

Ce-Ie'i-a,  atid  Ce'la 

Cer'be-rus 

Cba]-d»'i 

Chim'a-ni3 

*Cim-me'ri-um 

Cle-om'bro-tUB 

*Coc'li4e8 

Cel^-la'tes 

Cer'ca-pbus 

Cha-lea'ira 

♦Chim'e-ra 

Ci-mo'Iia,  and  Ci-no'- 

Cle-o-me'dea 

Coc'ti-s,  and  Cot'tl-B 

Ce-len'dne,  C*-len'- 

Cer-ca-so'mm 

*Chal'e-tos 

Chi-me'ri-um 

lia 

Cle-om'e-nea 

Co-cy'tU8 

dris,  aitd  Ce-len'd«- 

Cer-c«'ia 

Cbal-o-ni'tis 

Chi-om'a-ra 

Ci-monus 

Cle'on 

tCo-da'ima  Si'nua 

ria 

Cer-ce'ne 

Chal'y-bea,  and  Cal'y- 

Chi'on 

Ci'mon 

Cle-o'na,  and  Cle'o-na 

Co-dofn'a-nus 

Ce-le'oe-us 

Cer-cea'les 

bea 

Chi'o-ne 

Ci-nie'ihon,  or  Ci-ne'- 

Cle-o'ne 

Cod'ri-dae 

Ce-Ien'na,  or  Ce-ls'- 

•Cer'ce-4» 

tChal'y-bon 

Cbi-on'e-dca 

thon 

Cle-o-ni'ca 

Co-drop' o-lia 

na 

Cer'ewlea 

Chal-y-bo-ni'lif 

Cbi'o-nis 

*Cin'a-ra 

ClcH>ni'cus 

Co'drus 

C«'ler 

Cer'eM 

•Cba'Iyba 

Cbi'oa 

Ci-nar'a-daa 

Cle-on'nia 

C(B-cil'i-uB 

l.'U)6 


PRONUNCIATION   OF 

GREEK   AND   LATIN   PROPER  NAMES. 

— 1 

Cffi'la 

Con-si-li'num 

•Co-ry'cus 

Cre'la 

Cur'ti-a 

Cy'nuB 

Da-mi  p'pua 

Cffi-Ial'e-lffi 

Con'stans 

Cor'y-don 

Cre't»-U8 

Cur-til'lua 

Cvp-a-ris'sl,  or  Cyi>-a- 

Da 'mis 

tCffi'le 

Con-stan'ti-a 

Cor'y-la,  or  Cor-y-le'- 

Cro'te 

Cur'ti-u8 

ris'ai-a 

{Dam-no'ni-i,  or 

C<Bl-e-93T'i-«,  and 

•Con-Stan -ti 'a,  (a  city) 

ura 

Cre'te-a 

Cu-ru'li8 

Cyp-a-ris'auB 

tDum-no'ni-i 

Cosl-o-ayr'i-a 

CoQ-8tan-ti'na 

Co-rym'bi-fer 

Cre'tea 

Cus-ae'l 

Cyph'a-ra 

Dam'no-rix 

C(B']i-a 

Con-Stan -tt-nop'o-l  is 

Cor'yna 

Cre'te-ufl 

tCu'suB 

Cyp-ri-a'nu8 

Cy'pniB 

*Cyp-8e'la 

Da' mo 

C(El-i-ob'ri-ga 

Con-stan-ti'nua 

Cor-y-ne'ta,  or  Cor-y- 

Cre'thc-ia 

Cu-til'i-um 

Dara'o-clea 

Cffi'Ii-us 

Con-stan'ti-us 

ne'tea 

Cre'the-us 

Cy-am-o-so'ruB 

Da-moc'ra-tei 

CcB'lus 

tCon'su-lea 

Cor-y-pha'si-tim 

•Cre-thi'dea 

Cy'a-ne 

Cy|>4cKi-des 

Ua  moc'ri-ta 

Coe'nus 

Con 'sua 

fCor'y-phe 

•Cre'lhon 

Cy-a'ne-JB 
*Cy-a'ne-e,  or  Cy-a'- 

Cyp'se-luB 

Da-moc*ri-tuB 

CcEr'ft-niu 

Con-syg'na 

•Co-ry'tha 

Creth'o-na 

Cy-rau'iiis 

*Da-raom'e-les 

Co'es 

Con-ta-des'dus 

Cor-y-then'ses 

Cret'i-cU8 

ne-a 

Cy're 

Da'mon 

*C(Es'y-ra 

•Con-to-po-n'a 

Cor'y-tbus 

Cre-u'sa 

Cy-a'ne-u8 

Cyr-e-na'i-ca 

•Dam-o-ni'cua 

Ccb'ub 

Con-tu'bi-a 

Co-ry'tua 

Cre-u'siB 

Cy-a-nip'pe 

Cyr-«-na'i-ci 

DamH>phan'iu3 

Cog'a-mus 

•Co'nus  Con-coI'o-ru8 

Cos 

Cri'a-suB 

Cy-a-nip'pu8 

Cy-re'ne 
•Cy-res'clia-ta 

Da-moph'i-la 

Cog-i-du'nus 
CoOii-bus 

•Con've-nee 

Co'sa,  Cos'sa,  Co'sa 

Cri-nip'pua 

Cy-a-rax'es,  or  Cy- 

Da-mopb'i-]ua 

Co'on 

Cos-co'ni-(i8 

Cri'uia 

ax'a-res 

Cy-ri'a-des 

Dam'o-phon 

Co'hors 

Co'oa,  Cos,  Ce'a,  and 

Co-si  n'gas' 

Cri-ni'Hus,  or  Cri-mi'- 

*Cyb'a-le 

Cy-riI'lua 

Da-raoa'tra-tua 

*Col-aH:e'a 

Co 

Co'sis 

BUB 

Cy-be'be 

*Cy-be'la,  and  Cyb'e- 

Cy-ri'nu8 

Da-mox'e-nus 

Co-Iffi'nns 

Co'pffl 

Cos'mus 

Cri'no 

Cyr'ne 

Da-myr'i-oa 

•Co-Ian 'co-rum 

*Cop'a-is 

Cos'se-a 

•Cri-o'a 

la 

Cyr'nuB 

Da'na 

Co-iax'a-ia 

Co'phas 

Cos'sUB 

Cri'son 

Cyb'e-Ie 

•Cy-ro-pre-di'a 

Oan'a-e 

Co-Iax'es 

Co-phon'tis 

Co8-su'ti-i 

Cris-pi'na 

Cyb'o-lus 

Cyr-ra;'i 

lian'a4 

Col'chi 

Co'pi-a 

*Cos-to-bo'ci 

Cris-pi'tius 

Cyb'i-ra 

Cyr'rha-dae 

Da-na'i-d«iB 

Col'chifl,  and  Col'chos 

Co-pil'lus 

Cos-to-bffi'i 

Crit'a-la 

fCy-bifl'tri-a 

Cyr'rhP8 

Dan'a-Ia 

Co-!eii'da 

Co-po'ni-ua 

Co-sy'ra 

tCri-the'ia 

Cy-ce'si-um 

fCyr-rhes'ti-ca 

Dan'a-ua 

Co'Ii-as 

Cop'ra-tes 

Co'tos,  or  Cot'tea 

Cri-tho'te 

Cych're-us 

Cyr'rhns 

Dun'da-ri,  or  Dan- 

CoMa'ti-a 

Co'pre-u3 

Co'thon 

Crit'i-as 

•Cyc'ia-des 

Cyr-rj-a'na 

dar'i-ds 

Col-Ia-ti'nus 

Cop'tus,  or  Cop'tos 

Co-tho'ne-a 

C'ri'lo 

•Cy-clob'o-ni3 

fCy-rop'o-lia 

Dun'don 

Col-!i'na 

♦Cot-i-nu'sa 

Cril-o-bu'Iiis 

*Cy-cIo-pa!-di'a 

Cyr-si'lus 

Da-nu'bi-u8 

Col-Iu'ci-a 

Cor-a-ce'si-um,  or 

Cot'i-so 

ICrit-o-do'mus 

Cy-clo'pes 

•Cyr'sl-lua 

Da't>-chus 

Co'Io 

Cor-a-cen'si-um 

Col'ta 

Crit-og-ii!i'tu8 

*Cyc-lo-pe'ua 

*Cyr-to'na 

*Da'o-nc8 

Co-lo'nBB 

Cor-a-co-na'sus 

Cot'ti-iE  Al'pes 

Crit-o-ia'us 

Cyc'nuB 

Cy'rua 

Daph'nie 

Co-lo'ne 

*Cor-a-co-ne'aua 

Cot-to'nia 

*Cri'ii-Me-to'pon 

Cy'da 

Cy'la 

•Daph-ne'ua 

tCo-Io'nt-a 

Co-ral'e-lffl 

Cot'tus 

Cri'us 

fOy'das 

Cy-ta;'ia 

Daph'ne 

Ca-lo'nos 

•Co-ra'U 

Co-ty-ie'um 

Cro-bi'a-lus 

Cyd'i-aa 

Cy-the'ra 

Dapb-ne-pho'ri-a 

Col'o-phon 

Co-ral'li 

•Co-ty-a-i'on 

Crob'y-zi 

•Cyd'i-mos 

Cyth-e-rac'a,  or  Cytb- 

Daph'nia 

Co-los'se,  and  Co-los'- 

Co-ra'nus 

Cot-y-liE'us 

Croc'a-Ie 

Cy-dip'pe 

e-re'a 

Daph'nus 

8is 

Co'raa 

Co-ty!'i-ua 

Cro'ce-a; 

Cyd'nuB 

Cytb'e-ri3 

Dar'a-ba 

Co-Ios'flU9 

Co'rajc 

Uo-ty'o-ra 

•Croc-o-dinon 

Cy'don 

•Cy-the'ris 

•Dar'a-bes 

tCo-Io'tes 

Co-rax'i 

•Co-ty'o-rua 

Croc-o-di-lop'o-lis 

*Cyd-o-ne'a 

Cy-the're-us 

tDar-an-ta'si-a 

Col'pe 

Cor'be-us 

Co'tya 

Cro'cus 

*Cy-do'nes 

Cy-ihe'ri-us 

Da 'raps 

•Col-the'ne 

Cor'bis  and  fOr'su-a 

•Co-ty'to 

•Croc-y-le'a 

*Cyd-o-ne'ua 

Cy-the'ron 

Dar'da-ni 

fCoI-u-bni'ri-a 

Cor'bu-lo 

Co-tyt'to 

CrcB'sua 

Cy-do'ni-a 

Cy-the'nm 

Dar-da'ni-a 

Co^Ium'ba 

*Cor'co-ba 

Cra'gua 

Cro-i'tea 

•Cy-do'ni-U3 

Cylh'e-rus 

Dar-dan'i-des 

Col-u-mel'Ia 

•Cor'co-ras 

Cram-bu'sa 

Cro'mi 

Cyd'ra-ra 

Cytli'nos 

Dar'da-nia 

jCo-lum'nffi  Her'ca-IiB 

Cor-cy'ra 

•Cram'bu-tia 

tCro-mi'tia 

*Cy-dre'lus 

Cy-tin'e-um 

Dar'da-nufl 

Co-Iu'thus 

Cor'du-ba 

•Cran'a-e 

Croni'my-on 

Cyd-ro-Ja'u3 

Cyt-is-so'rua 

•Da-re'i-um 

Co-Iyt'lu3 

Cor-du-e'ne 

Cran'a-i 

Crom'na 

Cyg'nua 

*Cy-to'ri-us 

Da'roa 

Com-a-ge'na 

•Cor-dy'la 

Cran'a-pes 

Cro'mua 

Cyi'a-bus 

Cy-lo'rus 

Da-re'tis 

Com-a-ge'ni 

Co're 

Cran'a-us 

Cro'ni-a 

tCyl-bi-a'ni 

Cyz-i-ce'ni 

*Da-re'U8,  or  Da-ri'ua 

Co-ma' na 

Co-res 'sua 

Cra'ne 

Cron'i-dea 

Cyl'i-cea 

Cyz'i-cum 

Da-ri'a 

Ctwina'iii-a 

Cor'e-sus 

•Cra-ne'a 

Cro'ni-ura 

Cy-lin'dua 

Cyz'i-cus 

Da-ri'ar-ve« 

ICo-ma're-a 

•Co-re 'sua 

Cra-ne'um 

Cro'phi 

Cyl-lab'a-ri3 

•Da-ri'cua 

Com'a-ri 

Cor'e-las 

Cra'ni-i 

Cro&-8iB'a 

Cyl'la-ru8 

Da-ri'UB 

Com'a-rua 

Cor-fin'i-ura 

Cra'non,  or  Cran'non 

•Crot'a-Ie 

Cyl'Ien 

Daa'con 

Co-mas'tus 

Co'ri-a                 ■• 

Cran'Uir 

Crot'a-Iu3 

Cyl-le'ne 

D. 

•Das-cy-Ie'iim 

•Co-ma'ta 

*Co-ri'a 

♦Crap'a-Ihus 

Cro'ton 

Cyl-le-ne'i-U9 

*Das-cy-li'tia 

Corn-ba'bUB 

Co-rin'e-ura 

tCras'si-pes 

Cro-to'na 

*Cy]-le-ne'us 

Das'cy-lus 

Com 'be 

Co^an'na 

Craa^it'i-UB 

fCrot-o-ni'a-tae 

Cyl-lyr'i-i 

Da'se-a 

Com'bi 

Co-rin'nua 

Cras'sua 

*Cro-to-ni-a'lffl 

Cy'lon 

Da'^.,  or  Da'h* 

Da'si-us 

Com-bre'a 

Co-rin'thus 

Cras-ti'nus 

Crut-o-ni'a-tis 

*OyI-o-ni'um 

Da'ci,  or  Da'cie 

Daa-aar'e-ts,  or  Das- 

Com'bu-iis 

Co-ri-o-la'nu8 

1T*Cra3'ti-nu3 

Cro-to'pi-as 

Cy'ma,  or  Cy'mie 

Ua'ci-a 

aa-ri'tffi 

•Co-me'd8B 

Co-ri'o-li,  and  Co-ri- 

Crat'a-is 

Cro-to'pus 

*Oy-me'Iua 

tDa'ci-us 

Das-sa-re'ui,  or  Das- 

Co^ne'tea 

ol'Ia 

Cra-tffi'us 

|CrD'tu3 

*Cym'i-nus 

Dac'ty-li 

sa-rit'i-I 

Com'e-tho 

Co-ris'sua 

Cru'ter 

Cru'noa 

Cy-mod'o-ce 

Dad'i-cBB 

Dal'a-mea 

Co-min'i-ua 

•Co-ri'tha 

Crat'e-rus 

Cru'aia 

Cy-mod-o-ce'a 

*Da-du'chus 

Dat-a-pher'nea 

Co-rait'i-a, 

Cor'i-luB      . 

Cra'tes 

Crus-tu-me'rl 

Cy-nxod-o-ce'as 

Dffid'a-la 

Da'tia 

Co' mi -us 

Cor'ma-sa 

Crat-ea-i-cle'a 

•Crus-tu'me-ri 

Cy'me,  or  Cy'mo 

*Dffid-a-lc'a 

Da'tos,  or  Da'ton 

•Com-ma~ge'nua 

Cor'mus 

Crat-*-«ip'o-li8 

Crus-tu-me'ri-a,  or 

•Cy-mo'lua,  or  Ci- 

Dffi-da'li-on 

Dau'Jia 

Com'mo-dua 

Cor-ne'li-a 

Crat-€-sip'pi-das 

Crus-tu-nie'ri-um 

mo'lus 

Dwd'a-lus 

Dau'ni 

Cu'mon 

Cor-ne'Ii-i 

fCra'tc-us 

Crus-tu-mi'ninn 

Cym-o-po-li'a 

Dffi'mon 

Dau'ni-a 

Com-pi-ti'li-a 

Cor-nic'u-Ium 

Cra-te'vaa 

Cni3-tu'mi-um,  Crua- 

Cy-raoth'o-e 

•DtBm'o-nea 

Dau'nus 

•Com-phi'tum 

Cor-ni-fic'i-us 

Cra'lhis 

tu'nuH,   and  Crus- 

Cyn-iE-gi'rus 

•D^m'o-num 

Dau'ri-fer,  or  Dau'ri- 

Comp'sa-tus 

Cor'ni-ger 

Cra-ti'nus 

tur-ne'ni-ua 

Cy-nffi'lbi-ura 

Da'i 

863 

Com-pu'sa 

Cor-nu'tu9 

Cra-tip'pus 

Cry'nis 

Cy-na'ne 

Da'i-cles 

Dav'a-ra 

fCo'mum 
Co'mus 

Co-r(E'bu9 

Crat'y-lus 
Crau'si-ffl 

•Cryp-te'a 
Cte'a-tus 

Cy-na'pea 

tDa'i-des 

*Deb'o-nia 

Co-ro'na 

Cyn'a-ra 

Da'i-di3 

•Dec-a-du'chi 

Con'ca-ni 

Cor-o-ne'a 

Crau'sia 

Ctein'e-no 

Cy-nax'a 

Da-im'a-rhua 

•De-cap'o-lis 

Con-cord  i-« 

fCo-ro'ni-a 

Cra-ux'i-daa 

Cte'nos 

Cyn'e-aa 

Da-im'e-nes 

De-ceb'a-lu8 

Coa'da-lus 

•Cor-o-ni'des 

Crem'e-ra 

Cte'si-as 

*Cy-neg'e-tm 

Da'i-phron 

♦Dec-e-le'a 

Con'da-to 

Co-ro'nis 

Crem'i-des 

Cte-sib'i-ufl 

•Cyn-e-gi'rus, 

Da-i'ra 

De-ce'le-um 

1T*Con-da'te 

Co-ron'ta 

Crcm'ma 

CteB'i-cIes 

Cy-ne'si-i,  or  Cyn'e- 

Dal'di-a  . 

•Dec-e-li'cum 

tCon-di-vjc'num 

Coro'nua 

*Cre'my-on 

Cte-ail'o-chua 

tx 

•DaI'ma-tffi 

Dec'e-Iu9 

Con-do-cha'tea 

*Co-ro'pe 

Crem'my-on,  or 

Ctea'i-phon 

*Cy-ne'tffl 

Dal-ma'ti-a 

De-cem'vi-ri 

Con-dru'si 

Cor-rha'gi-um 

Crom'my-on 

Cte-sip'pua 

*Cyn-e-te'a 

Dal-ma'ti-us 

De-ce'ti-a 

Con-dyl'i-a 

•Cor-se'a 

Crem'ni,  or  Crem'noa 

Ctim'e-ne 

Cyn-e-thua'sa 

fDal'mi-um 

•De-ci-a'tuin 

•Con-dy'lu8 

Cor'si 

Cre-mo'na 

•Cu'cu-fas 

Cyn'i-a 

Dam-a-ge'tU8 

De-cid'i-us  Sax'a 

Co'ne 

Cor'si-a 

Cre-mu'li-us 

Cu'Ia-ro 

Cyn'i-ci 

Dam'a-Iis 

•Dec'i-mus 

Con-e-to-dn'nuB,  and 

Cor'si-ca 

•Cre-na'cua 

Cu'ma,  or  Cu'rare 

*Cyn'i-cus 

*Da-mar'e-tua 

De-cin'e-u9 

fCot-ii-a'tua 

Cor'so-te 

Cre'on 

Cu-nax'a 

Cy-nis'ca 

Da'nias 

Dn'ci-ua 

Cun-fu'ci-in 

tCor-su'ra 

Cre-on-tt'a-dea 

*Cu-ni'na 

Cy'no 

Dam-as-ce'na 

*Dec'u-ma 

Con-ge'dus 

fCor-to'na 

Cre-opb'i-Ina 

Cu-pa'vo 

Cyn-o-ceph'a-Ie 

•Dam-as  ce'ne 

*Dec-u-ma'tea 

tCo-ni'a-ci 
Co'ni-i 

CoT-to'naj 

*Cre-o-phy'lu9 

Cu-pen'tua 

Cyn-o-ccph'a-Ii 

Da-mas'ci-us 

De-cu'ri-o 

•Cor-ty'na 

*Cre-o-po'lu3 

Cu-pi'do 

Cyn-o-phon'tis 

Da-mas'cua 

Ded-i-tam'enes 

fCo-nim'bri-ca 

Cor-un-ca'nu9 

Cre-pe'ri-U3 

Cu-pi-en'oi  us 

•Cy-nop'o-lis 

*Da-ma'si-a 

De-ic'o^in 

Cnn-i-BaI'tu» 

Co'rua 

*Creph-a-ge-ne'tus 

Cu'res 

Cy-nor'taa 

Dam-a-sic'thon 

De-id-a-mi'a 

Co-nis'ci 

Cor-vi'nua 

Crea 

Cu-re'tes 

Cy-nor'ti-on 

Dam-a-sip'piia 

1T*De-il'e-on 

Con-ni'daa 

Cor-y-ban'tea 

Cre'ea,  or  Cres'sa 

Cii-re'tia 

Cy'nos 

Dam-a-sis'ira-tu9 

De-iI'o-chii3 

Co'non 

Cor'y-baa 

fCres'saa 

Cu'ri-a 

Cyn-o-sar'geg 

*l>am-a-si-lby'miis 

De-im'a-cliU9 

•Co-no' pe 

Cor-y-baa'aa 

Cre'si-us 

Cu-ri-a'ti-i 

Cyn-os-se'ma 

Ditm-a-8ith'y-nu3 

•Pe-i'o-ces 

•Con-o-pe'um 

Cor'y-bui 

Cres-phon'tcs 

Cu'ri-o 

Cyn-o-Bu'ra 

*Dam-a-ei'ton 

De-i'o-chua 

•Co-no' pc-um 

Co-ryc'i-a 

Cres'si-ua 

•Cu-ri-o'nes 

Cyn'thi-a 

Da-mas'tes 

I)e-i'o-ne 

Con-fl«n'ies 

Co-ryc'i-des 

Cres'ton 

Cu-ri-o-flol'i-tffl 

Cyn'Uii-ua 

*Dam'a-Bua 

Du-i-o'ne-us 

Con-sen'ti-a 

Co-ryc'i-U8 

•Crea-to'ne 

Cu'ri-um 

Cyn'thus 

♦Da'me-as 

De-i-o-pe'i-a 

CoD-eid'i-ua 

Cor'y-cua 

Cre'sua 

Cu'ri-us  Den-ta'tuB 

Cyn-uren'sea 

Da'mi-a 

•De-i-ot'a-rua 

_ 

1307 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   GREEK   AND   LATIN   PROPER   NAMES. 


I>. -ipli'ilA 

D;-iith'i»-be 

Df-iph'ii-ljus 

De'i-phon 

De-i-phon'te* 

De-ip'y-Ie 

De-ip'y-Ius 

De-ip'y-nis 

DcJ-a-ni'm 

*D«J'o-c«i 

De-jot 'a-n» 

Del 'don 

Do'li-a      - 

De-li'8-de« 

De'lUim 

De'll-U8 

Del-nra'tl-ijB 

Del-mi  n'i-um 

De^oa 

Del 'phi 

Del'phi-rus 

Del-phiii'i-a 

Dd-phin'i-um 

Del'phus 

Del-phy'ne 

Del'ta 

•DeMo'lon 

Dem'a-des 

Da-niEn'e-tus 

De-ma^o-nu 

Dem-«-ni'ta 

Dem-a-ra'tos 

De-mar'chas 

Dem-a-r»'U 

Dem-a-iii'te 

tDe-BM'tri-a 

•De-me'ter 

Dfr-me'tri-A 

De-me'tri-a-i 

De-mc'tri-Ud 

De'mo 

Dem-o-a-nfts'H 

Dem-o-ce'dM 

D*-moch'a-ffM 

Dem'o-clM 

De-moc'it-cm 

Dfr<iiioc'ni-tes 

De-atoc'rl-Uu 

De-mod 'i-ce 

D»-iood'o-ciis 

*Dem*o-do'nis 

De-mo'le-oo 

Dfr-mole-iM 

De'mon 


De-mo'iuut 

Deo-cMii'ca, 

Dem-OHii'ciu 

Dea-o-phftii'Uu 

Dfr-mopli'l-hu 

Dem'o-pboa 

De-moph'o-CMl 

De-iDrp'o-lia 

l)e'tnu« 

De-mas 'lhe-n«a 

De-roos'tra-lui 

*De-ini)'chtu 

Dero'y-Ius 

•Den-9e-I«'t« 

De-od'n-tiu 

De-o't9 

tDeKbe 

Der'bi-cefl 

ITDer'bi-ces 

*Dcr-bi'cM 

Der'ce 

•Der-ce'bi-i 

Der-cen'nus 

Der'ce-to,  •r  Der'c*- 

til 
Per-cylli-dM 
Drr-cyl'lus 
•Der'cy-los 
Der'cy-nus 
Der-««'i 
tDer-tbo'na 
De-ra-ai-«'i 
*Des'po-ta 
•De^i'dn-lm 
Dea-caHi-on 
Deu-ce'li-us 
Deu'da-rix 
•Deu-ri'o  pus 
•Dev'o-na 
Dei-am'e-ne 
Dez-am'e-nna 
Dex-ip'pus 
Dex-ilh'e-a 
Dez'i-us 
Di'a 

Di-«c-<H>e'na 
•Di-a-cre'* 
•Di'a-cris 
Di-ac-tor'i-des 
*Di-a-du'nie-nus 


Di-a-d  u -m  e-n  i-a' n  us 
Di-»'u8 
Di'a-gon,  or  Di'a- 

jjum 
tpi-a-gon'das 
Oi-ae'o-ras 
Di-a'lis 
Di-al'lus 

Di-a-maa-ti-go'sis 
Di-a'na 
Di-an'a-sa 
tDi-a'ni-um 
•Di-«ph'a-ne« 
Di-a'si-a 
■tDib'i-o 
Di-c«j'a 

•Di-ce-ar-che'us 
•Di-r«-ar-chi'a 
Di  cie'us 
Di'pe 

Dic-e-nr'chus 
Di-ce'nt^ii3 
Dic'o-inai 
Dic'r* 
DiC'tam'nunii  or  Die- 

tyn'na 
Dic-la'tor 
Dic-lid-i-en'ses 
Dic-lvii'na 
Dic'tys 
Did't-oa 
Di'do 
Did'y-ma 
Did-y-iiia:'ua 
Did-y-ma'un 
Did'y-me 
Did'y-mum 
Did'y-mus 
Di-en'e-ce8 
Di-es'pi-ter 
*Di-ge'iia 
Di-gea'ti-a 
•Di-ge'ri 
Dig'ma 
•Di-i-po-U'a 
Di'i 

Di-roas'ims 
Di-oar'chus 
•Din'dy-raa 
*Din-dy-ine'n« 
Din'dy-mus 
Dtn'i^ 
Din'i-as 
Din'i-che 
Di-noch'a-rea 
Dt-noc  'ra-ies 
Di-nod'o-chiia 
•Din-o-ge-ii'a 
Di-miro-chu» 
Di-nom'e-nes 
DVmm 

Di-noa'tn-ttH 

*Di-o-aes-«  re'a 

Di'Oxle'a 

Di'o-des 

Di-f>-cle-li'a'ntu 

Oi-o-du'ma 

Di-o'e-tas 

Di-og'e-nes 

Di-o-ge'ni-a 

Di-og'e-nus 

Di-og-ne'tu9 

*Di-o-me'a 

Di-o-me'da 

•Di-om-e-de'a 

♦Di-om-e-de'« 

Di-o-mf 'des 

Di-o-rae'don 

*Di-o'mu8 

Di'on 

Di-o-n«'« 

Di-o'ne 

•Di-on-y-«e'us 

Di-o-nys'i-a  . 
;  Di-o-ny-si'a-des 
1  Dt-o-nys'i-as 

Di-o-nys'i-dcs 
I  Di-o-nys-i-o-do'nis 
\  Di-o-nys'i-on 
I  Di-o-ny-sjp'o-lia 
i  Di-o-nys'Uos 
:  •Di-o-ny'sus 
I  Di-c^h'a-nes 
I  Di-o^an'iua 
[  Di-o-pc'nus 
:  •Di-o-pi'les,  or  •Di-o- 
pi'tbea 

Di-opVUs 

Di-o'res 

Di-o-ryc'tus 

Di-o»-cor'i-des 

*Di-09'co-niru 

I)i-os'co-nis 

Di-os-cu'ri 

Di-o«'pa-ge 


Di-os'|Hvlia 

Di-o-ti'me 

Di-o-ti'iima 

Di-oi're-phea 

Di-ox-ip'pe 

Di-ox-ip'pus 

Di-pffi'ie 

Diph'i-los 

Dipli'i-his 

Di-phor'i-daa 

•Diph'r)-jes 

Di-p(B'ne 

fDip'o-lis 

Dip'sas 

•Dip'y-lum 

Di'nr 

Dir'ce 

Dir-ren'na 

Dir'phi-a 

tDir-i>hy'i-a 

Dis-cor'di-a 

•Dia'co-rum 

•Dis'o-nE 

Ditli-y-ram'bua 

•nit-i-o'iiea 

Dit'ta-iii 

tDi'um 

Div-t-ti'a-CHS 

tDiv-o-du'rum 

•Div'ivna 

Di'vus  Fid'i-U8 

Di-ylMtia 

•Di-»'raa 

Do-be'res 

*Di>-be'n« 

•Doc'i-lis 

•Doc-i-me'um 

•Doc'i-iuaa 

Do'rle-a 

Do-do'na 

Dod-o-nie'Da 

Do-do'ne 

Do-don't-des 

•Do'i-i 

Dol-a-bcri.i 

Dol-i-cha'on 

Dol'i-clie 

•Dol'i-choa 

•Do-li'on 

•Do-li'o-nea 

*Do-li'o-nia 

Doli  u» 

Diil-CKine'na 

*Dol-o-ine'na 

Do'lon 

Do-lon'ci 

Dul'o-pea 

Do  Vphi-on 

Do-lo'pl-a 

•Dol-<vp4'oB 

Do' lops 

•Dom-i-du'ca 

Doro-i-du'ciu 

Do-inin'i-ca 

Do-tnit'i-« 

Do-mit-i-a'nua 

Do-mi -til 'la 

Do-init'i-us 

♦Dom-not'i-num 

*Doni-not'i-iin9 

Dn-na'tus 

Dun-i-la'us 

Do-nri'ca 

Do-ny'«i 

D<>-rac'le 

*Dor-ce'a 

Di>'re9 

fDo'ri 

•Dor'i-ca 

Dor'i-cua 

•Dor'i-das 

Do-ri-en'ses 

tDo-ri-e'u» 

Dor'i-tar 

Dor-i4a'us 

Do'ri-on 

Do'ris 

Do-ris'cua 

Do'ri-um 

Do'ri-ua 

*Do-roa'(o-luin 

Do-rM'to-nim 

Dor-aen'nus 

Dor'ao 

Do'nii 

Do>r>-'a-mjfl 

Do-r>'rIu3 

Dor-y-Ie'um,  or  Dor- 

y-le'ua 
Dor'y-laj 
Dor-y-ta'aa 
•Do-r>*ph'o-ri 
Da-r>'s  sua 
Doa'ci 

tDo-si^-daa 
Do-si 'a-des 


•Do-sitli'e-us 

Do-se'iius 

t  Do 'son 

Dot'a-das 

Do'to 

Do'ms 

Dox-an'der 

TIDrac'a-non,  or  Dme'- 

o-non 
Draca'nus 
•Drac'a-nua 
Dra'co 

Dra-ron'li-des 
•Drac'o-num 
Dra'cus 
•Dra-bo'nus 
Dran'ces 
Dran-|:i-a'na 
Dran-gl'Da 
Dm 'pes 
Drep'a-na,  or  Drep'a- 

niim 
Drim'a-chiis 
•Dri-od'o-nea 
Dri-op'i-dea 
Dri'oa 
Dro'i 

•Dro-marh'e-lus 
Dn>-miB'u8 
Drop'i-ci 
Dro'pi-on 
Uru-en'ti-ua,  or  Dru- 

eD'li-a 
•Drii-ge'ri 
Dni'ee-ri 
Dru'i-d» 
Dni-8il'la  Liv'i-a 
Dru'so 
Dru'sus 
Dry'a-des 
Dry-an-ti'a-dcs,  or 

Dry-an'ti-tles 
*Dry-an-ti'des 
Dry-nia:'a 
Diy'mo 
•Drj'-mo'dcs 
Drj-'inus 
•Dn-nttin'e-tum 
Dn,-^o-pe 
Dry-o-pe'i-a 
Dry'o-pea 
Diy'o-pis,  or  Dry-op'i- 

da 
Dry'opi 
Dryp'e-tia 
tDu^bia 
fDu'bris 
Du-ce'li-u8 
Du-il'li-a 
Du-il'li-ua  Ne'poa 
Du-lirh'i-um 
•Du-lop'i»-lis 
Dum'no-rtx 
Dii'nax 
•Du'ra-mis 
Du-ra'ti-ua 
•Du'ra-to 
Du'ri-us 

•Du  -ro-cor'to-ru  m 
Du-ro'ni-a 
Du-um'vi-ri 
Dy-a-gon'das 
Dy-ar-den'sea 
Dy'mm 
Dj'-mje'i 
Dy'raas 
Dym'nua 
Dy-nani'e-ne 
•Dy-naa'te 
Dy'raa 
Dy-ras'pes 
tUy'ria 

•Dy-ra'chi-um 
Dy-»au'Iea 
Dys-ci-ne'tus 
Dy-so'nim 
•Dy-so'ms 
Dy»-pon'ti-i 


E. 


E'A-NIt 

E-«'nus 

E-ar'i-nus 

E-a'sMim 

Eb'do-me 

*Eb'o-da 

fE'bon 

tEb'o-ra 

E-bor'a-cum 

TTEb-o-ra'cum 

•Eb'o-rara 


♦Kli-ro-i'cea 

tK-bu'd;e 

*Eh'u-ra 

•Eb'u-ro 

Elt-u-ro'nc9 

•Eb  u-ro-vi'ces 

Eb'u-sus 

Ec-a-me'da 

Ec-bat'a-na 

Ec-e-chir'i-n,  or  Es-e- 

kir'i-a 
tE-ce'tra 
•E^:ho'« 
E-<;h*'c'ni-tes,  or 

E-kek'ra-tca 
•Ech'e-das 
Ech-e-ila'inf-a 
1T*Ech-e-da-mi'a  s. 
E-chttl'a  tua 
E-chel'ta 
Ech'c-his 
E-chem'bro-tu8 
E-che'mon 
Ecii'e-iiuis 
Ech-e-ne'iis 
Erh'e-phnm 
E-rliep'o-Iia 
*Ech-e-pi)'Ius 
E-clies'tra-tus 
•Ech'e-tia 
•Ech'e-lra 
♦Ech'e-tus 
E-chev-e-then'ses 
E-cbid'na 
Ech-i-do'nis 
E-chin'a-dea 
E-rlii'non 
E-chi'niis 
Erh-i-nus'sa 
E-rhi'on 
E-chi-on'i-<Ie8 
E-chi-o'ni-ua 
*E'chi-u8 
♦E'cho 
tEc-no'mo9 
B-des'sa,  or  E-de'aa 
Edis'aa 
E'don 
•E-do'ne« 
*Eil'o-ne8 
E-do'ni 
•E-du'aa 
E-dyl'i-u8 
E-eHi-on 
*E-ga'le-oa 
F^gel'f-duB 
E-ge'ri-a 
E-ges-a-re'lua 
Eg-e-si'nu8 
E-gea'la 
*E-ge'ta 
Eg-na'ti-a 
Eg-na'ti-ua 
E-i'on 
E-i'o  nfs 
E-i-o'ne-us,  or  E-jo'- 

ne-tis 
*E-i-ze'lu9 
El-a-boii'taa 
E-lE'a 
E-ls'us 

*E-I«-u-li'chua 
EUa-ga-ba'lus,  or  El- 

a-gab'a  lus 
*E-la'i8 
El-a-i'tea 
E-la'i-na 
El-a-phe-bo'Ii-a 
El-a-phi-s'a 
Et'a-phiig 
EI-ap-to'ni-u8 
E-la'ra 
El-a-le'a 

E-lu'tU9 

•El'a-tus 

E-la'vei 

E'le-a 

E-Ie-a'tei 

E-lec'lra 

E-lec'tra 

E-lec'tri-des 

E-lec'lry-on 

•El-e-gi'a 

E-Ie'i 

El-e-le'ua 

E'le-on 

E-le-on'tiim 

♦El-e-phan'ti-ne 

El-e-phan'ti9 

El-e-phantoph'a-gi 

♦EI-e-phan-to-the'nE 

El-e-phe'nor 

EI-e-po'ru9 

*EI-eu-chi'a 

E'le-us 

El-eu-sin't-a 


•El-eu-si'nu8 

E-U'u'*ii8 

E  luii'ther 

E-len'the-riB 

El-4*u-the'ri-a 

E-hni-tlier-o-cil'i-ces 

•E-leu-llie-ro-Ia-co'nes 

•E-lcu'tlie-ru8 

E-leu'tho 

tE-Ieti'the-roa 

E-lic'i-tis 

£-li-en'sis,  or  £-li'a- 

ca 
Et-i-me'a 
El-i-pha'si-i 
E'lis 
•E-Ii'sa 
E-lis'aa 
E-lis'siis 
*E-lo'ne 
EI-!o'pi-a 
E-Io'rus 
E'los 
EI-|)e'nor 
El-pi-iii'ce 
El-u-i'na 
El'y-cea 
El-y-ina'is 
El'y-ini 
El'y-mus 
El'y-ru3 
*EI'y-sa 
E-Iys'i-um 
E-ina'thi-a 
E-ma'ihi-on 
Em'ha-tum 
Em-bo-li'ma 
E-mer'i-ta 

E-nies'sa,  or  E-inis'sa 
E-ino'da,  or  E-mo'dus 
*E-ino'di 
Ein-pcd'o-cles 
•Eni'pe-dus 
Em  pe-ra'mus 
Em-pci'c]u8 
Em-po'ri-a 
fEm-po'ri-K 
Em-pii'sa 
*Em-pyr'i-nm 
*E-iiff8'i-mu8 
En-Cfl'a-du8 
♦En-chaj'ie-ffi 
En 'de-is 
En-de'ra 
*En-de'rnm 
En-dym'i-on 
E-ne'ti 
•En'e-li 
♦En-gon'a-sia 
En-gy'um 
E-ni-en'ses 
E-ni-o'pe-Hs 
E-ni'pe-n8 
E-nis'pe 
En'na 
En'ni-a 
En'ni-iis 
En'no-mns 
En-no3-i-g^'U8 
En'o-pe 
E'nops 
E'nos 

En-o-sic'thon 
E-nnt-o-cte'tiB 
En-tel'Ia 
En-tel'liis 
E-ny-a'U-U8 
E-ny  'o 
E'o-ne 
E'oa 

E-0'U9 

*E-pffin'e-*u8 
E-pa'gris 
E-pam-i-nnn'das 
*Ep-an-te'li-i 

E-paph-ro-di'tus 

Ep'a-phus 

Ep-as-nac'lU9 

E-peb'o-lu9 

E-pe'i 

*Ep-e-tri'mi 

E-pe'iis 

*E-phe'bi 

Eph'e-su8 

Eph'e-UB 

Eph-i-al'tea 

Eph  'o-ri 

Eph'o-ni9 

*Eph'ra-ta 

Eph'y-ra 

*Eph'y-re 

♦Ep-i-ca'ru8 

Ep-i-ciis'te 

Ep-i-ccr'i-des 

Ep-i'Cha'i-des 

E-pich'a-ris 


Ep-i-char'mus 

Ep'i-cles 

Ep-i-cli'des 

*Ep-ic-ne-mid'i-l 

E-pic'ra-tefl 

♦Ep|-i-cre'ne 

Ep-ic-le'tua 

•Ep-i-cu-re'i 

Ep-i-cu'rus 

E-pic'y-des 

♦Ep-i-cy-di'des 

•Ep-i-dam-ne'u» 

E[>-i-dam'nii8 

Ep-i-daph'ne 

E-pi'dati'ri-a 

Ep-i-dau'nis 

fE-pid'i-um 

E-pid'i-u8 

Ep-t-do't» 

*E-pid'o-tu9 

E-pig'e-nea 

E-pig'e-UB 

E-jiig'o-ni 

f'-pig'o-nu9 

tEp-i-gra'ne-a 

E-pi'i,  or  E-pe'i 

E-piI'a-ri9 

Ep-i-niel'i-de9 

E-pim'e-nes 

Ep-i-men'i-des 

Ep-i-mif'the-ua 

Ep-i-n)e't)iis 

E-pi'o-chu9 

E-pl'o-ne 

tEp-i-ptm'ne-a 

tEp-i-pha-ne'a 

T*Ep-i-plia-ni'a 

£-pipli'a-nes 

Ep-i-pha'ni-u8 

fE-pip'o-lffl 

E  pi'rus 

tE-pis-co-pi'um 

E-pis'tro-pbu8 

E-pit'a-des 

*E|)-i-lIie'raa 

♦Ep'i-tos 

E'pi  iiin 

Ep'o-na 

*E-pon'y-mu8 

•E-pti'pe 

E-pu'pe-iis 

Ep-o-red'o-rix 

Ep'u-lo 

E-pyt'i-des 

Ep'y-tus 

E^-ua-ju9'ta 

E-quic'o-!u8 

*E-quir'i-a 

♦Eq'ni-tt's 

Eq-iio-l;i'ti-cum 

Er'a-con 

E-i»e'a 

Er-a  de'niia 

•Er-a-si'nua 

Er-a-Fip'pu8 

Er-a-sis'tra-tus 

Er'a-to 

Er-a-tos'the-nes 

Er-a-toa'tra-tua 

E-ra'tii8 

Er-bes'sua 

fEr-chi'a 

Er'e-bU9 

*Er-ech-the'um 

E-recb'the-«H 

*Er-ech4hi'd» 

E-rech'thi-de8 

E-rem'bi 

E-re'mu8 

Er-i'-ne'a 

E-res'fla 

E-re'suB 

♦Er'e-sua,  or  E-res'sui 

E-re'tri-a 

E-re'tum 

Er-en-lha'li-on 

Er'ga-ne 

*Er-gaii'i-ca 

Er-geii'na 

Er'gi-as 

Er-gi'nua 

Er-gin'nii8 

Er-i-bffl'a 

*Er-i-bo'tes 

•Er-i-ca'tes 

•Er-i-ce'a 

Er-i-ce'tes 

E-rich'tho 

Er-ich-tho'ni-u8 

Er-i-cin'i-um 

Er-i-cu'sa 

E-rid'a-nus 

*Er-ip-du'pU8 

E-rig'o-ne 

fE-rip-o-ne'i-qa 

£-rig^o-nu8 


130b 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   GREEK  AND   LATIN   PROPER   NAMES. 


Er-i-try'u* 

E-ril'lus 

E-riii'des 

•E-rin'e-oa 

E-rin'na 

E  rin'nys 

E-ri'o-pis 

E-riph'a-nis 

E-riph'i-ddS 

Ef-i-phy'lo 

E'ris 

Er-i-sich'thoa 

Er'i-thus 

E-rii'o 

E-ro'chus 

E-ro'pua,  and  JEt'o- 

pas 
E'ro3 

E-ros'ira-tua 
•E-ro'ti-a 
Er-ru'ca 
Er'se 
Erx'i-ad 
tE-ry'a-lufl 
E-ryb'i-iim 
Er-y-ci'na 
Er-y-man'ihia 
Er-y-nian'lhus 
Er'y-ma3 
E^rym'na 
E-rym'iie-u« 
Er'y-miis 
*Er-ys-the'a 
Er-y-the'a 
•Er-y-thi'a 
Er-y-thi'ni 
tEr-y-tliE'um 
Er'y-tlira 
*E-ryih-ra-bo'Ius 
Er'y-thrse 
Er'y-thras 
E-ryth'ri-on 
E-iyth'nw 
E'ryx 
E-ryx'o 
E-5er'nU9 
£s-quil'i-fe,  and  Es- 

qui-li'nu3 
Es-sed'o-nes 
Es'se-nea 
Es'su-i 
tE3-ii-s-o'tU 
E»-ti-ai'a 
Es'u-la 
E-te-ar'chu8 
E-le'o-cIea 
E-te'o-clus 
Et-e-o-cre'liB 
E-te'o-ne3 
E-te-o'tiK-us 
E-te-o-ni'cus 
*B-le-o'nus 
E-te'si-a 
E-tha'li-on 
E-Uie'le-nin 
»E-the'hi8 
E-tht-'mon 
Eth'fvda 
E'ti-aa 
E'tJs 

E-tni'ri-a 
fE-tnis'ci 
El'v-lus 
Eu'ba-^es 
Eu-ba'las 
Eu'bi-us 
Eti-ba'a 
Eii-b(t'i-cui 
Eu'bo-te 
Eii'bo-tes 
Eii'bu'le 
Eii-bu'li-dcs 
Eu-bu'lua 
Eu-ce'rui 
Eii-che'nor 
Eu'rhi-des 
Eii-cli'des 
Eii'clus 
Eu'cra-ta 
Eu'cra-ies 
Eu'cri-tua 
Euc  te'mon 
Euc-tre'si-i 
Eu>dse'mon 
Eii-dam'Maa 
Eu'da-miiB,  0r  ♦Eu- 

da'mua 
Eu-de'mu9 
Eu-d(i'ci-a 
Ku-doc'i-mui 
Eii-do'ra 
Eu-do'rua 
Eti-dox'i-a 
Einlox'iia 
*Eri-«I-gft'R 
Eu-e-mer'i-daa 


•Eii-es'pe-ris 

Eu-ga'ne-i 

Eii-ge'ni-a 

tEn-ge'tii-mn 

Eu-ge'ni-U8 

E«'ge-on 

*Eii-gi'a 

Eu-hem'e-rua 

*Eu'hy-dra 

Eu'hy-drum 

Eu'hy-ua 

Eu-lim'e-ne 

Eu-ma'chi-us 

Eu-mffi'us 

*Eu-ina'ra9 

*Eu-ine'ce9 

Eii-me'des 

E»-m«^'li3 

|Eu-me'hi3,     (son    of 

Admetus) 
Eu'me-lua 
Eu'me-nes 

Eu-me'iii-a,  (a  female) 
*Eu-nie-ni'a,  (a  city) 
Eu-meii'i-dea 
Eu-me-nid'i  a 
Eu-me'ni-u3 
Eu-mol'pe 
Eu-mol'pi-dm 
Eu-mol'pus 
Eu-mon'i-des 
*Eii'ne-o3 
Eu-nie'us 
Eii-na'pi-ua 
*Eu-ni'ce 
*Eu-no'mi-a 
Eu'no-mus 
*Eu-nu'chua 
Eu'nu^ 
*Eu'o-du9 
tEu-on'y-mos 
Eu'o-ras 
Eu-pa'gi-um 
Eu-pal'a-mon 
*Eu-pal'a-mos 
Eu-pal'a-mus 
Eu' pa-tor 
Eu-pa-to'ri-a 
*Eu-pat'o-ri3 
Eti-pei'thea 
Eu'pha-«s 
Eu-phan'tus 
Eu-phe'me 
Eu-phe'mua 

Eu-phor'bua 

Eu-pho'ri-on 

fEii-phra'nor 

Eu-phra'tes 

Eu'phron 

Eu-phros'y-ne 
*Eu-pi'the8 

Eu-plK'a,  or  Eu-ploe'a 

Eu'po-IJa 

*Eu-po'Ius 

Eu-poni'pu9 

Eu-ri-a-nas'sa 

Eu-rip'i-dea 

Eu-ri'pus 

*Eu-rt>-aq'ui-Io 

*Eu-roc'ly-don 

Eu-ro'miia 

*Eu-ron'o-tU9 

Eu-ro'pa 

Eu-ro-pae'us 

Eii'rops 

*Eii-ro'pu9 

Eu-ro'iaa 

Eu-ro'to 

*Eu-ro'ua 

Eu'rus 

Eu-ry'a-le 

Eu-ry'a-lua 

Eu-ryb'a-tc9 

Eu-r>b'i-a 

Eu-ry-bi'a-dea 

Eu-r>b'i-U9 

•Eu-ryb'(>-lu9 

Eti-ry-cle'a 

Eu'ry-cles 

Eu-ry-clj'dea 

Eii-ryc'ra-tes 

Eu-ry-crat'i-das 

Eu-ryd'a-mas 

Eu-ryd'a-me 

Eii-ry-dam'i-daa 

Eu-ryd'i-ce 

•Eii-ry-e'lua 

Eu-ry-pa'ni-» 

♦Eu-ryl'e-on 

Eu-ryl'o-chu9 

Eu-rym'a-chus 

Eu-rym'e-de 

Eu-rym'e-don 

Eu-rym'e-nea 

Eii-r3'n'o-me 

Eu-ryn'o-mu9 


Eu-ry'o-ne 

Eii'r>'-pon 

*Eii-ry-pon'ti-d» 

Eu-ryp'y-Ie 

Eu-ryp'y-lu9 

Eu-rys'the-nes 

Eii-ry  s-lhen  'i-dte 

Eu-rys'the-U9 

Eii'ry-te 

Eu-ryt'e-B 

Eit-r>-t'e-Ie 

tEii-ry-tIie'mi9 

Eu-ryth'i-on,  and  Eu- 

ryt'i-on 
Eu'ry-tia 
Eii'ry-tua 
*Eu'se-be8 

*Eu-ge'bi-a,  (a  woman) 
•En-se-bi'a,  (a  city 
near  Mt.  Taurus) 
Eu-se'bi-iis 
*En-scm'a-ta 
Eu'se-piia 
Eu-st-i'thj-us 
Eti-sto'li-a 
Eu-8to'li-us 
Eti-laj'a 
Eii-tel'MaB 
Eii-ter'pe 
En-iha'li-a 
Eii-tha'li-iia 
*Eu-the'nie 
Eu-lhycVa-te9 
Eu-thyde'mus 
Eii-thy'mua 
♦Eu-thyn'o-u9 
Eu-trap'e-lu9 
*Eu-tre'sia 
Eu-tro'pi-a 
En-tro'pi-us 
Eii'ty-chea 
Eii-tycli'i-do 
Eu-lych'i-dea 
*Eu'ty-chU9 
Eiix-an'thi-ua 
Eiix'e-nns 
Eiix-i'nus  Pon'tua 
*Eux-ip'pe 
*Eux-yu'the-tU8 
E-vad'no 
Ev'a-gea 
*Ev'a-gon 
E-vag'o-nw 
E-vag'ore 
E'van 
E-van'der 
E-van'ge-ln9 
Ev-an-jtor'i-des 
E-van'tbea 
E-var'clma 
K'vas 
E'vax 
E-vel'thon 
E-vem'e-ru9 
*E-ve'nor 
E-ve'nua 
Ev-e-phe'nus 
Ev'e-rea 
E-ver'ge-t» 
E-ver'ge-tea 
tEv-es-per'i  dea 
E-vip'pe 
E-vip'pit8 
Ex-a'di-tu 
Ex-x'thea 
Ex-ag'o-ntis 
*Ex-om'R-tiB 
Ex-om'n-trffi 
*£x-quil'i-a 


F. 


tFA-BA'm-A 

Fab'a-ris 

Fa'hi-a 

Fa-bi-a'iii 

Fa'bi-i 

Fa'bi-ua 

Fab-ra-te'ri-a 

Fa-bric'i-uB 

Fa-biil'la 

fFa-cel'i-na 

*Fac-e-li'na 

Fa'dii9 

FJEs'n-lffi 

Fal-cid'i-a 

tFa-Ie'ri-a 

Fa-le'ri-t 

Fal-c-ri'na 

Fa-ler'nuB 

Fa-Iis'ci 

Falis'cua 


Fa'ma 

Fnn'ni-« 

Fan'ni-i 

Fan'ni  U9 

Far'fa-ru9 

♦Far'si-na 

Fas'ce-lis 

Fas-ccl'li-na 

*Fa-tic'a-nua 

Fau-cu'la 

Fau'la 

Faii'na 

Fan  na'li-a 

Faii'ni 

Fati'niia 

Faus'la 

Faiis-ti'na 

*Faus-li'nu8 

Faus'ti-tas 

Fnua'tu-lua 

Faus'iiis 

Fa-ven'ti-a 

Fa-ve'ri-a 

Fa'vo 

tFav-o-ri'iiu8 

Feb'ru-a 

Fe-ci-a'!ea 

Fel'gi-naa 

♦Fe-lic'i-taa 

*Fel'si-na 

Feii-es-tel'la 

fFen'ni 

Fe-ra'li-a 

Fer-cn-ti^mim 

Fe-ren'tuni,  or  fFo- 

ren'tum 
Fe-re'tri-us 

Fe-ro'ni-a 

Fes-cen'ni-a 
♦Fes-cen-ni'nu9 

tFes'cu-lso 

Fea'tua 

Fi-bre'nu9 

Fi-ciri'ne-a 

Fi-de'na,  or  Fi-de'nsB 

t*Fid-e-na'tea 

Fi-den'ti-a 

*Fid-en-ti'na9 

Fi'dea 

Fi-dic'u-Ji8 

Fim'bri-a 

Fir'ini-ti9 

Fis-cel'lus 

Flac'ciis 

Fla-cel'li-a 

Fla-cil'Ia 

Flan^il'Ia  ^Mi-a 

*Flani'i-ries 

Fla-min'i-a 

Fla-miii'i-us,  or  Flum- 
i-ni'nua 

Fla'vi-a 

Fla-vi-a'imm 

*FIa-vt'na 

Fla-viii'i-a 

Fla-vi-ob'ri-ga 

Fla'vi-iis 

*Fla-vo'na 

Flo'ra 

Flo-ra'li-a 

*Flo-ra'Ii9 

fFlo-reii'ti-a 

Flo-ri-a'nu3 

Flo'riia 

Flii-o'ni-a 

Fo'li-a 

*Fon-ta'nti9 

Fon-te'i-a 

Fon-le'i-u8  Cap'i-to 

For'tni-iE 

Fiir-ml-a'num 

Fur'nax 

For-tu'na 

For'u-li 

Fo'rum  Ap'pi-i 

Fran'ci 

Fre-gel'Ia 

Fre-ge'ne 

Fren-ta'ni 

Frig'i-dus 

Fris'i  i 

Fron'ti-niift 

*Fron-li'nua 

Fron'to 

Fru'sl-no 

Fu-ci'na 

Fu-ci'mia 

t*Fu'ci-niis 

Fu-fid'i  118 

Fii'fius  Gem'i-nus 

tFii-ga'ii-a 

Ful-pi-na'te9 

Fiil-gi'nua 

Fiil'li-num,  and   Ful- 
Fiii'vi-a  fgi'num 

Ful'vi-ua 


Fun-da'nua 

Fun'di 

Fu'ri-a 

Fu'ri-ffl 

Fu'ri-1 

Fu-ri'na 

Fu-ri'na 

Pu'ri-u8 

Fur'ni-U8 

Fua'cua 

*Fua-ci'na 

Fu'si-a 

Fu'si-us 


G. 


Gab'a-les 

♦Gab'a  lua 
*Gab'a-rus 
♦Gab'a-za 
Ga-be'ne,  and  Ga-bi 

e'ne 
Ga-bi-e'nua 
Ga'bi-i 
Ga-bi'na 
Ga-bin'i-a 
Ga-bin-i-a'nua 
Ga-bin'i-U8 
*Ga-bi'nu9 
*Gad'a-ra 

Ga'des,  and  }Ga-di'ra 
Gad-i-ta'nua 
GEe-sa't« 
*Gae-tu'li 
Gs-lu'li-a 
Gffi-tu'li-cu9 
Ga-la'bri-i 
Gal-ac-toph'a-gi 
Ga-lffi'sua 
Ga-lan'this 
Gal'a-ta 
Gal'a-ta 

Gal-a-t£e'a,  and  Gala- 
thK^a 

*Gal-a-te'a 

Ga-Ia'ti-a 

Ga-lax'i-a 

Gal'ba 

♦Gal'bu-la- 

Ga-le'nua 

Ga-Ie'o-lw 

*Ga-Je-o't« 

Ga-Ie'ri-a 

Ga-le'ri-us 

Ga-!e'sus 

Gal-i-las'a 

Ga-liii-thi-a'di-a 

Gal'ti 

Gal'li-a 

Gal-l!-ca'nu3 

*Gal-lic'i-nu9 

*GaI'li-cu3 

Gal-li-e'nua 

Gal-li-na'ri-a 

Gal-Iip'o-lia 

*Gal-n'ta 

Gal-Io-gne'ci-a 

Gal-Io'iii-us 

Gal'liia 

Ga-niax'ua 

*Garn-bre'mn 

Ga-me'ti-a 

Gan-da-ri'tiB 

Gan'ga-ma  * 

Gan-gar'i-da 

*Gan-gar'i-de9 

Gaii'gea 

*Gaii-ge'tis 

Gan-nas'cii9 

Gan-y-me'de 

Gati-y-me'dea 

*Ga-nei'i-cum 

Gar-a-man'tea 

Gar-a-man'tis 

Gar'a-maa 

Gar'a-ta9 

Ga-re'a-tffl 

Ga-re-alh'y-ra 

Gar-ga'iiU9 

Gar-ga'phi-a 

Gar'ga-ra 

*Gar-gar'i-dBB 

Gar'ga-ria 

tGar'ga-ni9 

t*Gar-get'tua 

Gar-git'li-us 

Ga-ril'i-ua 

*Ga -ri'tea 

Ga-rum'na 

Gas'tron  • 

*Ga'the-ffl 

Ga-tho'a-tas 


t*Gau-ga-me'Ia 

Gau'lus,  or  Gau'le-on 

*Gau-ra'nu8 

Gau'rua 

Ga'ua,  or  Ga'oa 

*Ga-zo'ru9 

Ge  ben'na 

♦Ge-dro'ai 

Ge-dro'si-a 

Ge-ga'ni-i 

Ge'Ia 

Ge-la'nor 

Gl'lia 

Gel'li  aa 

Gel'li-ua 

Ge'ln,  or  Cc'Ion 

*Gnl'o-i 

t*Ge-I<i'i 

Gel'o-nea,  or  Ge-lo'ni 

G«'l08 

*Gem'i-ni 
Ge-min'i-ua 

Gein'i-nua 

*Ge-mi'nu8 

Ge-iia'bum 

Ge-iiati'ni 

♦Ge-ne'les 

Ge-ne'va 

*Gen'e-va 

IfGe-tii/va,  or  TtGe 

na'va 
Ge-ni'sus 
Ge'ni-U3 
*Gen-na'i-de8 
*Ge-no'iii 
Gen'se-ric 
Gcn'ti-us 
Gen'u-a 
Ge.rni'ci-iis 
TTGe-nti'ruB 
Ge-nu'sua 
J*Gen'u-8U9 
Ge-nu'ti-a 
♦Gen'y-siis 
♦Ge-om'o-ri 
Ge-or'gi-ca 
Ge-phy'ra 
Ge-phyr'»-i 
*Geph-y-ne'i 

*Ge-phy'rc8 

♦Geph-y-ro'te 

*Gep'i-die 

Gc-r£Bs'ius 

♦Ger-a-ne'a 

Ge-ra'ni-a 

Ge-ran'thras 

*Ger'a-8a 

*Ge  re'a 

Ge-res'ti-cus 

Ger'gi-thuni 

Ger-go'bi-a 

Ge'ri-on 

Ger  ma'ni-a 

*Gcr-man-i-cl'a 

Ger-man'i-cui 

Ger-nia'ni-i 

*Ger-ma'nuB 

*Gi^r-on-ie'uB 

Ge-ron'thriE 

Ger'rhae 

Ge'riis,  and  Ger'rhus 

Ge'ry-on,  and  Ge-ry'- 
o-nes 

*Ge-siih'o-U3 

Ges'sa-ta6 

|Ges-so-ri'a  cum 

Ges'soa 

Ges'sus 

Ge'Ia 

Ge'lffl 

*Ge-thos'y-ne 

*Getli  eem'a-tii 

*Get'i-cua 

Ge-tu'li-a 

Gi-gan'tPS 

*Gig-an-te'u8 

Gi-gar'ium 

Gi'gis 

*Gi-go'nu8 

Gil'do 

Gil'lo 

Gin-da'nea 

Gin'dea 

Gin'ge 

Gin-gu'nura 

Gip'pi-U8 

Gis'co 

Gla-di-a-to'ri-i  Lu'di 

*Gian-do-me'rum 

Gla'ni9 

Gla'niim 

Glapb'y-re,  and 
Glaph'y-ra 

Glaph'y-rua 

Glaii'ce 

Glau'ci-a 

1309" 


GInu-cip'pe 

Glau-crp'puB 

Glau'cun 

G1au-con'o-m« 

Glau-co'pia 

Glau'cua 

Glau'ti-aa 

GU'con 

GliB^saa 

Glyc'e-ra 

GIy-«e'ri-ura 

Gly'con 

Gtym'pea 

Gna'ti-a 

Gni'diis 

Gnos'ai-a,  or  Gnos'sU 

Gnos'sua 

Gob-a-njt'i-o 

Go' bar 

Gob'a-rea 

Gn'bry-as 

Gol'gi 

♦Goni'o-ra 

Gorn'phi 

Gu-na'taa 

Go-ni'a-dea 

Go-nip'pus   • 

Gon'iii 

Go-nces'sa 

Go-nus'sa 

Gor-di-a'nus 

*Gor-di-e'um 

*Gor-d  j-u-co'mon 

Gor'di-uin 

Gor'di-UB 

*Gor-di-u-ti'chu8 

Gor-ga'suB 

Gor'ge 

Gor'gi-aa 

Gor'go 

Gor'go-nea 

•Gor-go/ne-us 

Gor-go'ni-a 

Gor-go'ni-U8 

Gor-goph'o-ne 

Gor-goph 'o-ra 

*Gor-go'pia 

Gor'gus 

Gor-gylh'i-on 

Gor'tii-tB 

Gor'tyn,  Gor'tys,  or 

Gorty'na 
Gor-lyn'i-a 
♦Go-iho'nea 
ITGo'thi 
Got'lhi 
Grac'chuB 
Gra-di'vu8 

Gra^'ci 

Grffi'ci-a 

Grffi'ci-a  Mog'na 

Grae-ci'nua 

*Gra!-co8'ta-aiB 

Graj'cua 

Gra'i-n9 

*Gra-ju'ge-na 

Gra-iii'cua 

Gra'ni-us 

♦Gra-te'a;  In'au-Is 

Gra'li-iE 

Gra-ii-a'nua 

Gra-tid'i-a 

Gra'ti-on 

Gra'ti-u3 

Gra'vi-i 

Gra-vis'cs 

Gra'vi-ua 

Gre-go'ri-UB 

Grin'nea 

♦Gro-ne'a 

Gros'phua 

Grjl'lua 

Gry-iie'ura 

Gry-ne'UB 

Gry-ni'um 

*Gy'a-ra 

Gy'a-rua,  and  Gy'a-ro8 

Gy'aa 

Gy-gne'ua 

Gy'ge 

Gy'gea,  or  Gy'ea 

♦Gyl-a-ce'a 

Gy-lip'pU8 

Gyin-na'si-a 

Gyrn-na'ai-um 

Gyn-ne'ai-aj 

Gym'ne-tea 

•Gym-ne'tes 

♦Gym  no-pai-di'a 

Gym-nos-o-phis'ta 

Gy-na;'ce-aa 

Gy-niK-co-thffi'naa 

Gyn'ded 

*Gyr-to'na 

Gy-the'um 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  GREEK  AND  LATIN   PROPER  NAMES. 


II. 


FIa'sm 

II  H-d  ri-a-n  op'o-lis 

llA-ttri-A^nua 

Ha-dri-at'i-cum 

•Ilad-y4«'um 

Hc'mon 

Me-ino'ni-& 

*Hcm'o-Dia 

Hc'mus 

Ha'ges 

Ha(-naf'o-n 

Hax'no 

Ila-lc'stu,  Mnd  Ila-le' 

BUS 

Hal'A-U 

Hnl-cy'o-no 

tHu-len'lum 

t*Hal'e-sa 

tlla-le'M 

Ha-le'si-us 

*IIa-le'su8 

Ha'Ii^    * 

Ha-Ii-ac'mon 

*Ha-l)-ac'e-tiu 

Ila-U-ar'tua 

*  Hal-i-car-nas 'se-u9 
H  al-i-car-nas'sus 
Ha-lic'y-e 
Ha-li'e-is 
Ha-lim'e-de 
Hal-ir-rho'ii-tis 
Hal-i-^lier'sus 
•Ha-li'um 
Ha'l»-ua 
Httl4-zo'Des 

*  Bal-ino'oec 
Bal'mus 
Hal-my-deft'sus 
*Hal'my-ria 
*Hal-roy-ro'tM 
•Ha^o'a 
Ba4oc'ra-tes 
Ua-lo'De 
Hal-on-ne'sus 
Ua-lo'ti-A 
Halo'lus 
Ha'lus 
Ba-ly-c'iui 
Ha-ly-at'te« 
tUa-lv'ciu 
Ha'lyB 
Ha-lyz'i-a 
Ham-a-drj-'a-des 
*lla-iiiad'n~-«s 
*llain-ar-to'lu3 
Ha-max'i-a 
*Ha-inax'i-ta0 
•Ham-ax-o'bM 
Ha-mU'rar 
Ha-mil'Uis 
Ham'mnn 
Han'ui-bal 
Har'ca-lo 
Uar-ma-te'Ii-a 
Har'ma-tris 
•Hnr'ma-ms 
•Har-mt'ii-o-pu'Ius 
Har-mu'di-uj 
Har-mo'Di-« 
Har-mon'i-dea 
•Har-mos'y-ni 
*Har'iDO-UHi 
*Har-p«'gi-a 
*Har-paf  i-des 
Hxr*pm-pu 
Har-pal'i-ce 
Har-fiali-OD 
Har'pa-JDa 
Uar-pal'y-«« 
Har-pal'j'-cas 
Har'pa-aa 
Har'pa-sua 
Har-poc'ia-te« 
•llar-py'ha 
Har-py'i-« 
fHar'u-des 
•Ha-ru'dea 
Ha-nu'pex 
•Has-by't« 
Bas'dru-bal 
Ha-le'ri-us 
Raus'ta-nes 

*  He-au-ton-U-iDO-ni'- 

me-no3 
Heb'do-le 
•Heb'do-me 
He'be 
He-be'sus 
•Heb'ri-nu9 
•He-br&m'a-gnm 
*He-broin'a-nua 


He'brus 

♦He-bu'dcs 

Hec'a-le 

Ileca-le'si-a 

Uec-a>nie'd« 

tHec'a-ts 

Hec-«-Ue'U8 

Hec'a-te 

Hec-a-tfr'si-a 

tHec'a-to 

n  ec -a-4onj-bo' i-o 

H  t'C-a-tom -pho' n  i-a 

Hec-a-lom'po-li3 

Hec-a-lom'py-ltw 

♦  Hec-a-loin  py-lus 

*Hec-a-toi)-nc'si 

•Hec-ie'nB 

Hec'tor 

HM^u-ba 

•Hec'y^a 

Iled'i-la 

fHfd-o-iuB'um 

*Hfd'u-es 

Hfd'u-i 

*H©d'y-lus 

He-dyni'e-IeS 

He-gtl'ivctius 

He-ge'iDon 

Heg-e-si'a-nai 

Hf~g;e'si-a8 

Heg-e-«(n'a-U8 

Heg-«-si'niis 

Heg-e-«ip'p<>9 

Hcg-e-sip'y-Ie 

Heg-e-sis'lra-ma 

Heg-e-«yp'e-le 

Hce-e-tur'i'dea 

Hel'e-na 

*liel-e-ni'u8 

Ile-)e'nur 

Hel'e-niis 

•He'Ie-on 

Ue-ler'ni  Lu'cus 

fHe'les,  or  flU'les 

♦Ue'ii-a 

He-li'a-de« 

He-ll-as't« 

Hel-i-ca'oa 

Hel'i-ce 

Hel'i-con 

HeUi-^o-ni'a-de« 

Hfl-i-co'nis 

•llel-i-nie'na 

*lleri-aius 

Ile-li-o-do'nts 

Hr-li-o-gab'a-lus 

•  He-!i-o-pi- ba'I  U8 

He-I(-<»p'(.>-lia 

He-lis'^on 

•Ile-Ii'um 

He'ljus 

tie-lix'us 

•Hel'la-da 

HeMan'i-ce 

Hei-l.in'i-4-ds 

Mel-la- MIX' 'm-tes 

♦HeMa-iiiHl'i-CiB 

Heriaj 

llel'le 

Hcl'len 

Hel-le'nes 

Hel-le-'i'pon'tua 

•Hel'KwjK's 

Hel-li)'pi-a 

HcMo'ti-a 

He-lo'ri« 

He-Io'nim,  and 

He-lo'rus 
Helos 

He-lo'te,  and  He-lo'Us 
Helum 
Uel-ve'ti-a 
Hel-ve'ti-i 
•Hel-ve'tum 
Hel'vWa 
tHel-vid'i-o 
Bel'Ti-i 
tHel-\il'lum 
Bel-vi'na 
Hel'n-u»  Cin'na 
Hel'y-niiis 
Be-ma'tlii-on 
•Hem-e-ros-co-pi'um 
♦He-niir'y-ncs 
He-mith'e-a 
•He-mo'dus 
He'mon 
*He-mo'na 
Ue'mus 
Hen'e-U 
He-ni'o-chi 
•He-ni-o-chi'a 
He-phss'ti-a 
•Heph-«9-ti'a 


(Heph-»s-ii'a-dea 

Ht*-phjes'ii-i 

lle-phffis'ti-o 

He-phft's'ti-o» 

Ilep-tR-piiu'iio8 

Hep-tap'o-lis 

•Hep-lnp'o-rua 

Hep-tap'y-lus 

•Hop-ia-yd'a-ta 

He'ra 

Her-a-cle'a 

Ber-a-cle'i-a 

♦Her'a-clea 

lle-rac'le-um 

Ile-rac-le-o'lea 

Hcr~a-cli'dte 

Her-a-cli'dea 

Her-a-cli'dia 

ller-a-cli'lua 

He-rac'li-U8 

•Her-a-cli'ua 

He-ne'a 

Hr-ne'um 

•Her-be'sus 

Her-bes'su8 

tHcr-bi'la 

HtT-ce'i-HS 

*Her-<e'u8 

ller-ru-la'ne-um 

*Hpr-cu-la'ne-ua 

Her'cu-lea 

Her-cu'le-um 

Her-cu'le-ud 

Her-cy'oa 

Hrr-cyii'i-a 

*IIer-cyn'i-U8 

Mer-du'ni-a 

Her-dit'ni-u8 

lle're-a 

•He-re'n 

Be-ren'oi-us  Sfr-ne'- 

ci-o 
He're-us 
llc-n)'lu8 
lier'i-lus 
»He-ri'u9,oi«i*He'ri- 

us 
Her'ma-chua 
Bf-r'iiMB 
Bar-mc'a 
HtT-nias'um 
Her-mag'o-ms 
tHer  man'di-ca 
Hrr-inan-tlu'ri 
ller-ni.in'iii 
Ber-niapb-ro-diHu8 
fHer'mns 
Her~ma-tbe'D& 
Her- me 'as 
Her-me'i-aa 
Her'mes 
Her-iue-«i'a-nax 
Her-nii'as 
Her'fnin'i-tia 
Her-mt'o-nc 
♦Her-mi'o-nea 
Her-mi-o'ni-B 
Iler-nii-on'i-cus  Si'nus 
•Her-nii'o-nis 
Her-mip'pus 
•Her-ma-cop'i-d» 
Her-moc'ra-tes 
Her-mo-do'rus 
Her-mog'e-nea 
Ber-mo-ta'ns 
•Her-ino'nax 
♦Her-*non'do-ri 
tHcr-mop't>-Iis 
Her-mo-li'mus 
Iler'iiiun-du'ri 
Ker'mus 
Her'ni-ci 
He'ro 
He-ro'dcs 
He-ro-di-a'nus 
Herud'i-cus 
•Her-o-di'um 
He-rod 'o-tu3 
*Her~o-du'lua 
Her'o-#s 
t*He-m'ea 
He-ro'ia 
He'ron 
He-ropli'i-la 
*He-ropb'i-le 
He-roph'i-his 
He-ros'tra-tus 
Her' pa 
Her'se 
Her-sil'i-a, 
Her'tha,  and  Hcr'U 
Her'u-Ii 
*Her'u-lua 
He-es^us 
He-si 'o-du8 
He-si 'o-Do 


♦He-si'o-ni'8 

Iles-ptr'ii-a 

Hes-pt'r'i-ilcs 

Hes'pe-ris 

fHes-pe-ri'tia 

Hes'pe-rua 

lies'!  i-a 

tMes-ti'a 

Hes-ii-ie'a 

•Hea-ti-o'nes 

Hc'sii«i 

He-syth'i-a  . 

Ho-sych'i-ua 

He-lric'u-lum 

He-lni'ri-a 

Heu-rip'pa 

Hex-ap'y-liim 

tM)-ar'bas,  or  I  ar'bas 

Hi-ber'ni-a.  and  Hy- 
ber'ni-a 

♦Hi-be'rua 

Hi-bhI'dea 

Hic-e~ta'on 

1I*Hic'e-tas 

lli-enip'sal 

"I»HiV-m,  (a»  is/uiw/) 

1I*Hi-e'ra,  or  I-te'ra,  (o 

person) 
1f*Hi-e-ni-co'ine 

Hi-e-rap'o-lia 

Hi'e-roi 

♦Ili'e-ri 

*Hi-er'i-chu8 

Hi'e-ro 

Hi-*^ro-ce'pi-a 

•Mi-e-ro-ce'pis 

Hi-er'o-cles 

•Hi-e-ro-rtBs-a-re'a 

•Hi-e-n»-dii'li 

Ht-e-ro-dii'ltnn 

•Ili-e-ro-ke'rjx 

tHi-er-oiii-iie'mon 

•Hi-er-om-nein'o-iies 

Hi-e-ro-iie'sos 

Hi-eron'i-ca  (Lex) 

•Hj-e-ro-ni'ce 

Hi-er-o-ni'ces 

Hi-e-roii'i-cus 

Hi-e-ron'y-mua 

Hl-e-roph'i-liis 

Hi-e-ro-sut'y-iua 

*nj-gi'nus 

HiR-na'ti-a  Vi'a 

Hi-la'ri-a 

Hi-la'ri-ii8 

*Hi-innii-top'(Mlca 

Hi  niel'la 

Hiin'e-ra 

Hi-mil'co 

Hip-pag'o-niB 

*H)[vp!ig're-tu8 

Hip-pal'ci-mus 

Hip'pa-lua 

Hip-par'chi-a 

Hip-par'chua 

Hii>-pa-ri'niia 

Hip-pa'ri-on 

•Hip'pa-ria 

Hip'pa-sua 

Hip'pe-UB 

Hip'pi 

Mip'pi-a 

Hip'piHia 

Ilip'pia 

Hip' pi- us 

Hip'po 

Hi[»-pob'o-le8 

•Hip-[)ob'o-mm 

Ilip-pob'o-tus 

Ilip-po-cen-tau'ri 

•Hip-po-co'me 

Hi(>-poc'rt-on 

H  ip-po-co-rj'8 'tea 

tHijApoc'ra-te 

Hip-poc'ra-lca 

Hip-po-cra'li-a 

Hip-po-cre'ne 

Hip-pod 'a-mas 

Hip-pod 'a-me^?trf  Hip- 

po-da-mi'a 
Htp-pod'a-mus 
Hip-pod'i-ce 
*Hip-po-do'ru« 
Hip-pud'ro-mus 
Hip'|M>-Ia 
Hip-p«l'o-chua 
HIp-poI'y-te 
Hip-pol'y-tus 
Hip-pom'a-chua 
Hip-pom'e-don 
f  H  i  p-pom-e  -d  u  'sa 
Hip-pom'e-ne 
Hip-pom'e-nes 
Hip-po-mol'gi 
Hip'pon,  and  Hip'po 
Hip-po'iia 


t*Hip-p<»'nax 
Hip-po-ni'ii-iua 
*Hip  po-iii'ciia 
Hii»-[K)'ni-um 

IIip-|KI||'o-US 

*Hip-popb'a-gi 
Hip-pup'o-dea 
Hip-pos'ira-tus 
Hip-pot'a-dea 
Hip'pu-tas,  or  Hlp'po- 

tes 
Hip"polh'o-€ 
Hip-poth'o-on 
Hip-puth-o-on'tis 
Hip  |)otli'o-u3 
Hip  po'ti-on 
*Hip-pt>-ioi'a-t» 
Hip-pu'ria 
*Hip-pu'rU3 
Hip'pus 
Hip'^ji-des 
Hi'ra 
Hir-pi'nl 
Ilir-pi'iiiis 
Hir'tt-a  (Lex) 
Hir'ti  ua  Aii'lus 
Hir'ttia 
His'bon 
fHis'pa-lis 
His-pa'ni-a 
♦Hia-pn'ima 
Hia-pel'luin 
Ilis'po 
Hia-pul'Ia 
His-ta!i'|)es 
His'tor  Pa-cu'vi-ua 
His-ti-a?'a 
Hi»-ti-s'u-tia 
Hi9-ti-«'us 
Hia'tri-a 
Ho'di-ua 
*nol-mi'uin 
Hol'o-cron 
•Honi-e-re'ua 
•Ho-mer'i-dffl 
f  H  o-ine-ro-m  aa 'tlx 
•llo-nie-ro-mas-ti'ges 
Ho-me'rua 
•Ho-mi'Iffl 
Hoin'it-le 
Ho-niu'le-a 
Hom-o-lip'pus 
Hom-o-lu'i-dea 
Ho-inon-a-den'acs 
•Hoin-o-ti'mi 
fHo'nor 
Ho-no'ri-us 
♦  Ho-ple'tea 
Hu'ra 
Ho-rac'i-tn 
Ho'ra 

Hor-a-pol'lo 
tHo-ra'ti-a 
Ho-ra'ti-ua 
Hor'ci-aa 
•Ho-ri'zon 
Hor-mia'daa 
Hor-ra'tua 
tHor'ta 
Hor-ten'sl-a 
Hor-ten'si-ua 
Hur-ti'riiim 
Hor-to'na 
Ho'nis 
Hiis-til'i-a 
Hoa-til'i-ua 
Hun-ne-ri'cua 
fHun'ni,  or  Hun-ni'Sr 

dea 
Hy-a-cin'lhi-a 
Hy-a-cin'lims 
Hy'a-des 
Hy-ag'nia 
Hv'a-Ia 
*Hy'a-le 
*Hy-a-me'a 
*Hy-am-pe'a 
Hy-ani'po-lia 
Hy-an'ihea 
Hy-an'tia 
*Hy-a-pe'a 
Hy-ar'bi-ia 
*Hy-ar-bi'ta 
Hy'oa 
♦Hvb'e-la 
Hy'bla 
Hy-bre'aa,  or  Hyb're- 

as 
Hy-bri'a-nes 
Hyc'ca-ra 
Hy'da,  and  Hy'de 
Hyd'a-ra 
Hy-dar'nea 
Hv-das'pea 
Hy'dra 
Hy-dra'mi-a 


Hyd-ra-o'te8 

♦Myii're-a 

*Hy-dre'la 

Hy-droch'o-U9 

Hy-dro-pho'ri-e 

Hy'drus 

Hy-dru'aa 

Hy'e-la 

•Hy'e-Ie 

Hy-emp'«al 

IIy-et'tu8 

♦Hy-ge'a 

Hy-ge'i-a 

Hy-gi'a-na 

Hy-gi'nu8 

Hy'la 

Hy-Iac'i-dea 

Fly -lac 'tor 

Hy'lffl 

♦Hy-le'a 

Hy-Iffi'ua 

Hy'laa 

Hy'lai 

Hyl'i-aa 

Hyl-la'i-cu8 

Hyl'liis 

Hy-lon'o-tno 

Hy-loph'a-gi 

tlyin-e-nic'us,  and 

Hy'men 
Hy-met'tUB 
*Hy-o'ue 
Hy-pae'pa 
Hy-pre'si-a 
Hyp'a-iiis 
Hyp-a-ri'nu* 
*Hyp'a-la 
Hy-pa'tea 
Hyp'a-tha 
•Hj-p'a-tua 
Hy-pe'nor 
Hyp-e-ra'on 
♦Hy-per'ba-tus 
Hy-per'bi-iia 
Hyp-er-bo're-i 
Hy-pc're-a,  and  Hy 

IKj'ri-a 
!Iyp-e-re'si-a 
*Hyp-e-ri'a 
Hy-[«!r'i-des 
Hy-pe-ri'on 
Hy[He-ri'on 
Hyp-erni-nes'tra 
Hy-iter'o-chu8 
Hyp-er-nch'i-des 
Hy-phBB'ua 
*Hypli-an-te'on 
•Hyp-o-thc'biB 
*Hyp-o-ilie'ca9 
Hyp'sa 
Hyp-se'a 
♦Hyp-ae'Ia 
Hyp-ae'nor 
Hyp-ae'ua 
Hyp-si  cra-te'a 
Hypsic'ra-tea 
Hyi>-sip'y-le 
Hyr-ca'iii-a 
Hyr-ca'num  Ma're 
Hyr-ca'nua 
Hyr'i-a 
*H3r'i-e 
Hy-ri'e-ua,  and  Hyr'e- 

Ufl 

Hyr-mi'na  * 

*Hyr-mi'ne 
Hyr'ne-to,  and  Hyr'ne- 

iho 
Hyr-nith'i-um 
Hyr'la-cus 
Hy»'i-a 
Hys'pa 

Hya'sus,  imd  Hys'si 
Hys-tas'nes 
Hys-li-e'ua 


1. 


I'a 

I-ac'chU8 

I-a'der 

I-a-le'mua 

*I-al'me-na8 

I-al'y-aus 

I-am'be 

J-am'bli-cus 

I-am'e-nu8 

I-am'i-dte 

I-a-ni'ra 

I-an'ihe 

I-an'ihe-a 

*l-an-lhe'a 


•I-a'o-nea 

I-ap-e-mii'i-des 

I-a-pel'i-des 

tl-ap  e-ti-on'i-des 

I-ap'e-lu8 

I-a'pia 

•I-ap'*-de8 

fl-n-pyd'i-a 

*I-a-py'gea 

I-a-pyg'i-a 

I-a'pyx 

I-ar'baa 

•I-nr-bi'ta 

I-ar'chas,    and    Jar' 

chas 
I-ar'da-n«a 
I-as'i-dea 

I-a'si-on,  and  I-a'8i  us 
*l-a'8ia 
I'a-sus 

*I-nx^m'a-lai 
tl  ajc'ar-tea 
I-be'ri 
I-be'ri-a 
♦I-ber'i-cu8 
I-be'rus 
I'bi 
I'bia 
Ib'y-cU9 
I-ca'ri-a 
I  ca'ri-u8 
Ic'a-nia 
Ic'ci-ua 
Ic'e-los 
*Ic'e-lus 
I-ce'ni 
Ic'e-taa 
Ich'na 

*Ich-nob'a-lea 
Iclt-nu'aa 
Ich-o-iiu'phia 
Ich-thy-oph'a-gi 
tch'thys 
I-cil'l-ua 
Ic'i-ua 
tl-co'ni-uni 
I'coa 
Ic-ti'niia 
flc-u-lis'iua 
I'da 
I-dae'a 
I-dic'iia 

tl-da'lis,  or  *Id'a-li8 
Id'a-liia 
Id-an-thyr'sus 
I-dar'nea 
I'daa 
Id'e-a 
*I-de'ra 
I-des'sa 
tl'de;t 

fl-dis-ta-vi'aua 
Id'mon 
I-d(im'e-ne 
I-dom-e-ne'ua,  or 

tI-dom'e-neu8 
I-do'tlie-a 
I-dri^e-U9 
I-du'be-da 

I-du'me,and  Id-u-me'a 
I-dy'a 
I-dy'i-a 
I-e'tSB 
Ig'e-ni 
Ig-na'ti-ua 
*Ig-ne'tes 
fl-gu'vi-um 
Il-a-i'ra 
Il'ba 

♦H-e-a'tea 
H-e-ca'o-nes,  and  l\-« 

ca-o-nen'ses 
I-Ier'da 
*n-er-ge'tc9 
H'i-a,  or  Rhe'a 
I-li'a-ci  Lu'di 
I-li'a-cus 
I-li'a-des 
IFi-aa 
fll-i-en'ses 
Il'i-on 
1-li'o-ne 
H-i-o'ne-U8,  or  |I-li'o- 

neua 
I-lis'sua 
I-lith-y-i'a,  or  *H-thy'- 

i-a 
ri'i-iiin,  or  n'i-on 
•H-lib'a-nu8 
n-lib'e-ria 
H-lip'u-la 
H-li-tur'gia 
Il-Iyr'i-ciim,  Il'Iy-ris, 

and  Il-lyr'i-a 
Il-lyr'i-cus  8i'nU8 


1310 


PRONUNCIATION  OF 

GULKK   AND   LATIN   PROPER  NAMES. 

n-lyr'i-u8 

l-sar'chus 

Jor-nnn'dea 

Lai'nas 

T^p-i-thffi'um 

I-^m'u-res 

Li-bet  h'ri-des 

H'u-a 

I-sati'ri-a 

Ju-se'phii:^,  Ifla'vi-U8 

Laj'ne-us 

Lap'i-tho 

Le-mu'ri-a,  and 

Lib'i-ci.wLi-be'cH 

I'lus 

I-saii'ri-cus 

Jo-vi-a'nus 

La''|J;i  Mag'na 

Lap'i-thus 

Ltrn-u-ra'ii-a 

Lib-i-ti'na 

*ll-ur-ge'a 

I-snu'ru9 

*Jo-vi'nu8 

La-er'tea 

l*a'ra,  or  La-ran'da 

Le-nB;'u9 

Li'bo 

I-lyr'giii 

Is-che'ni-a 

*Jo'za 

*La-or-li'a-de8 

La-rcn'ti-a,  and 

Li-n'tu-lua 

Li'bon 

I-inan-u-«n'tl-iu 

Is-cho-Ia'us 

Ju'ba 

La-er'ti-u8,  Di-og'&- 

Lau-rcn'ti-a 

I^'o 

*Li-bon'o-tU8 

♦l-nia'on 

•Is-cbom'a-che 

Jn-dffi'a 

nes 

I>a'rea 

♦Le-ob'o-tes 

Lib-o-phcB-ni'cci 

tm'n-us 

la-chop'o-Iis 

Ju-ga'lifl 

*La;s-try'gon 

Lar'ga 

Le-o-ra'di-a 

Li'bri 

Iin'ba-rua 

*Is-chy'ra3 

Ju-gan'tea 

L»-stryg'o-ne8 

Lar'gtis 

♦Le-ocli'a-rea 

Libs 

Iin-brac'i-dea 

Is-com'a-chus 

Ju-ga'ri-U8 

Ue'ta 

La-ri'dea 

I<e-o-co'ri-<)n 

Li-biir'na 

Im-bras'i-dea 

Is-de-gerMea 

Ju-gur'tha 

Lffi-to'ri-a  (Lex) 

La-ri'iia 

Le-oc'ra-tca 

Li-bur'ni-a 

Im'bra-su3 

*I-se'a 

Ju'Ii-a 

LjB'ma 

La-ri'num 

Le-od'a-mna 

Li-btir'ni-des 

Iin'bre-us 

*I-6e'pua 

Ju4i'a-dea 

Lffi'vi 

La-ris'9a 

Le-od'o-cua 

Li-bur'num  Ma're 

Im'bri-ua 

Is'i-a 

Ju-li-a'nus 

La;-vi'nua 

La  ris'sus 

Le-og'o-raa 

Li-btir'nua 

im-briv'i-um 

•I-ei'a-ci 

Ju'li-i 

La-ga'ri-a 

La'ri-ua 

Le'on 

Lib'y-a 

Iin'bros 

*I-si'a-ciis 

*Jii-li-o-ho'na 

*La-ge'u9 

Lar'noa                *          ' 

Le-o'na 

Lib'y-cum  Ma're 

*Iin'o-la 

Is-i-do'ru3 

Ju-li-o-ma'gus 

La'gi-a 

La-ro'ni-a 

Le-o-na'tiis 

lAh'y-ciXH^and 

In'a-chi 

['sis 

Ju-Ii-op'o-lia 

Lag'i-des 

fLarsTo-lum'ni-na 

*Le-on'i-<la 

Li-bys'tia 

f-na'cbi-a 

♦Is-ma-e'Ia 

Ju'lis 

*La-gin'i-a,  (in  Carta) 

Lar'ti-us,  Fla'vi-ua 

Le-on'i-da9 

Li'bya 

I-iiach'Ms 

Is'ma-ru3,aiu2Is'iaa-ra 

Ju'li-us  Cffi'sar 

♦Lag-i-ni'a,(m  Bithyvr 

Lar-lo-Itet'a-ni 

*Le-<in'ti-chua 

Lt4,ys'8a 

I-nach'i-dea 

Is-me'ne 

Ju'ni-a 

ia) 

Lar'vB! 

Le-on'ti-iim,  and 

♦Lib-ys-si'nua 

[-Tia'chi-iim 

Is-me'ni-as 

Ju'no 

La'gus 

La-rym'na 

Le-<in-ti'ni 

Lic'a-tea 

In'a-cbua 

Is-men'i-dea 

Ju-no-na'Ii-a 

La-gii'sa 

La-rys'i-um 

♦Le-on-to-ceph'n-Ie 

LiVha 

[-nam'a-mei 

Is-nie'nus 

Jii-no'nea 

La-gy'ra 

Laa'fii-a 

Le-on-to-ceph'a-lu8 

"^Lich'a-dea 

I-nar'i-nae 

I-soc'm-tea 

Ju-ni»'ni-a 

La-i'n-dea 

Las'siis,  or  La'eus 

Le-on'ton,  or 

tLi-cha'dc« 

Li'chaa 

Iii'a-ru3 

Is'sa 

Ju-tio'nis 

La'i-aa 

Las'the-nes 

Le-on-inp'o-Iia 

In-ci-U'tus 

Is'se 

Ju'pi-ter 

La'ia 

Las-the-ni'a 

Le-on-tycli'i-dea 

Li'chea 

In-da-thyr'sus 

*Is-se'don 

♦Ju'ra 

La'i-us 

Lat'a-giis 

♦Le-c'ph'o-ra 

Li-cin'i-a 

In'di-a 

*l8-8ed'o-ne8 

Jus-ii'nua 

Lal'a-ge 
La-las'sis 

Lilt  e-ra'mi9  Plau'tua 

*Le'o-p))ri>n 

Li-cin'i-ua 

fhi-dib'i-lia 

Is'sus 

Jn-tur'na 

La-to'ri-iim 

*Le-op'ro-pes 

*Lic'i-nua 

*In'di-cu8 

*Is-tiev'o-nes 

Ju-ve-na'Iia 

Lam'a-chua 

*Lath'u-ru3 

♦Le-o-prcu'i-des 

Li-ci'nua 

In-dtg'e-tea 

Is'ter,  and  Is'tnia 

Jn-ven'tas 

La-nial'ninn 

La-ti-a'lis 

Le'oa 

Li-cyin'ni-ua 

*ln-dj-ge'tea,  (^apeopU) 

Isth'ini-a 

Juver'na,  or 

*Lain-be'ca 

La-ii-a'ris 

Le-os'the-nes 

Li'de 

In-dig'e-ti 

Isth'mi-us 

Hi-ber'ni-a 

Lam-bra'ni 

La-li'ni 

Le-o4ycb'i-des 

Li-ga'ri-ua 

In'dua 

Isth'miia 

Latii'brus 

La-iin'i-u8 

IjC-pbyrM-uni 

Li-ge'a 

*In-gEv'(>-ne8 

l9-ti-s'o-tia 

La'ini-a 

La-ti'nua 

Lep'i-da 

Li'g^r 

♦In-iie'sa 

*l&-to'ne 

La-mi'a-cum  Bcl'Ium 

La'ti-mn 

Lep'i-dus 

Li'ger,  or  Lig'e-ria 

I'no 

Is'tri-a 

L. 

La'ini-ie 

La'ti-U9 

Le-p)'iius 

Lig'o-raa 

I-no'a 

Is-trop'o-Iia 

La'mi-as  ^-li'ua 

Lat'mus 

Le-pon'ti-i 

Lig'u-rea 

I-no'paa 

I'sus 

La-nii'ru9 

La-lo'i-« 

Le'pre-os 

Li-gu'ri-a 

I -no' res 

*It'a-Ii 

Lani'pe-do 

fLa-to'bi-us 

Le'pri-um 

Lig-u-ri'nu0 

I-iio'us 

1-ta'Ii-a 

La  an'dek 

*Lani-pe'ti-n,(a/c»iaZe) 

tLa-tob'ri-gi 
La -to' is 

Lep'ti-nea 

Li'gUB 

In'su-bres 

I-tal'i-ca 

La-ar'chus 

*L:ini-po-ti'ii,  (a  city) 

Lep'lis 

tLi-gus'ti-cum  Ma're 

fln-su'bri-s 

I-tal'i-cua 

I^ab'a-ris 

*Lain-pe-ii'mn 

*Lat'o-i3 

Le'ri-a 

Lig'y-ea 

tln-ta-ine'U-um 
ln-la-pher'ne9 

It'a-Iua 

*Lab'a-rua 

Latn'pe-to,  and 

La-to'na 

Le-ri'iia 

Li-gyr'gum 

I-tar'gria 

Lab'da 

*Lain-pe'do 

La-top'o-lia 

Jjcr'na 

Li-lu;'a 

Iii-te-ram'na 

It'e-a 

tLab-dac'i-des 

*Lain'pe-lus 

*Lat-o-re'a 

Le'ro 

Lil-y-bs'am 

In-ter-ca'ti-a 

I-tem'a-Iea 

Lab'da-cus 

*Lani-pe'us,  Lam-pl'a 

La-to'u9 

Le'ros 

♦Lii'y-be 

In'u-us 

Ith'a-ca 

Lali'da-Ion 

Lam'pon,  Laiii'i>os,  or 

La'tre-ua 

*Les-bo-ni'cu8 

Li-ms'a 

I-ny'cus 

tIth-a-ce'si-B 
I-thob'a-Ius 

La'be-o 

Lam'pud 

fLa-tu'ini-ffl,  or 

Les'bos 

Li-me'ni-a 

I'o 

La-be'ri-us 

Lam-po-iie'a, 

■f  La-to'ini-ie 

*Les-bo'us 

♦Li-me'ra 

I-ob'a-teE^and  Ju-ba'tea 

I-tho'me 

*La-be'ru8 

l«im-po'ni-a,  and 

fLaii-da'mi-a 

Les'bu9,  or  Les'bos 

Lim'na: 

I'o-bes 

Ith-o-ina'i-a 

La-bi'ci 

Lam-po'ni-uiu 

Laii-du'ni-a 

Les'cbea 

Lim-nB:'um 

I-o-Ia'i-a 

*Iih-o-ma'taa 

La-bi'cum 

Lam  po'ni-us 

Lau-fel'la 

Les-tryg'o-nes 

Lini-na-tid'j-a 

I'o-las,  or  I-o-la'ua 

tl-thom'a-tea 

*La-bi'cua 

Lnni-prid'i-us   ^'li-ua 

Laii'ra 

*Les'u-ra 

J.irn-ni'a-ce 

[-ol'chos 

M-lho'me 

La-bi-e'nuB 

Lam'pro-clca 

ILau-re'a-ciini 

Le-ta'niirn 

♦Liin-ni'a-dea 

I'o-le 

I-lho'mus 

Lab-i-ne'tus 

Laiii'prua 

Lau-ren-ta'H-a 

Le-tha>'us 

Lim-ni-o't« 

♦I-o'lum 

*I-tho'ne 

La-bo'bi-ti8 

Lamp'sa-cus,  and 

Lau-ren'les  A'gri 

LeMhe 

Lim-no'ni-a 

I 'on 

•Itli-u-re'i 

La-bob 'ri-gi 

Lamp'sa-cUum 

Lau-ren'ti-a 

Le'tus 

*Lim-no-re'a 

I-o'ne 

Itli-y-phaJ'lu9 
I-to'ni-a 

*Lab-o-ri'ni 

Lamp-te'ri-a 

Lau-ren-ti'ni 

Leu'ca 

Li 'men 

I-o'nes 

*La-bo'ia3 

Lam'pU8 

Lau-ren'ti-ua 

*Leii-ca'di-a 

*Li-njo'ne 

I-o'ni-a 

I-to'nus 

La-bra'de-ua 

La'mua 

Lau-ren'tum 

Leu-ca'ui 

Li-mo'num 

•l-on'i-cu8 

*It'o-nim 

tLii'bron 

*Lain'y-ra 

*Lau-re'o-Iua 

Leu'caa 

Li-my'ra 

I-o'pas 

tit'u-na 
It-u-ras'a 

*La-by'caa 

*Lam'y-ros 

Lau'ri-on,  or  Lau-ri'on 

Leu-ca'si-on 

-.in-ca'si-l 

I'o-pe,  and  Jop'pa 

Lai)-y-rin'lhus 

Lam'y-rtis 

Lau'ron 

Leu-caji'pis 

*Lin'dt-ua 

I'o-phon 

I-tu'rum 

La-cjc'na 

La-nas'sa 

tLa'uH 

La'us  Pom-pe'i-a 

Leu-ca'tea 

tLin'duni 

*I-o'pia 

Il'y-Iua 

Lac-e-dK'mon 

Lan'ce-a 

Leu'ce 

Lin'dtia 

I'oa 

It-y-rjE'i 

*Lac-e-diE-mon'i  cua 

*Lan-ce'a 

Lau'sus 

Leu'ci 

Lin'go-nea 

•I-o-taph'a-U 

I'tys 

Lac-e-da-ino'ni-i,  or 

I-an'ci-a 

Lau'ti-uni 

Leu-cip'p« 

*Lin-gon'i-cus 

Ip'e-pse 

*I-u-Ie'us 

Lac-e-da;iu'o-ne9 

Laii'di 

La-ver'na 

Leu-cip'pi-des 

Lin4er'na  Pa'Ius 

Iph-i-a-naa'sa 

•I-u-li'a-cum 

fLac-e  de-mo'ui-ua 

I>nii'gr-a 

tLa-ver'ni-um 
La-vi-a'iia 

Leu-cip'pus 

Lin-ter'iium 

Iph'i-clus,  (wiph'i-clea 

I-u'lua 

La-cer'ta 

*Lan-gi'a 

*Leu-co-gL*'i 

Li'nug 

I  phic'ra-tea 

Ii-ib'a-taj 

|Lac-e-ta'ni-a 

Lan-gu-bar'di 

La-vin'i-a 

Leu 'co-la 

Li'odea 

*[ph-i-cral'i-de8 

I.x-i'on 

Lach'a-rea 

La-nu'vi-um 

La-vin'i-ura,  or 

Leu 'con 

Lip'a-ra 

*fpb-i-da-mi'a 

*Ix-i-o'ne-U8 

La'chea 

La-o-bo'taa,  or  Lab'o- 

La-vi'nuin 

Leu-co'ne 

*Lip'a-re 

I-phid'a-mu9 

Ix-i-on'i-des 

Lach'e-sis 

ta9 

*Laz'a-rua 

Leii-co'nes 

*Lip-a-re'U3 

Tph-i-de-mi'a 

Lac'i-daa 

La-oc'o-on 

Le'a-des 

*Leu-con'i-cu9 

Lip'a-rifl 

Iph-i-ge  ni'a 

tLac'i-dea 

La-od'o-nias 

Le-ffi'i 

Leu-con 'o-e 

Liph'lum 

fph-i-me-di'a 

La-cin'i-a 

t*La-od-a-iiii'a 

Le-K'na 

*Leu-ctin'o-tU8 

Lip-o-do'nia 

I-phim'e-(lon 

J. 

La-cin-i-en'sia 

La-o-da'ini-a 

Le-an'der 

Leu-cop'e-tra 

Li-quen'li-a 

Iph-i-me-du'sa 

La-cin'i-niji 

La-od'i-ce 

lie-an'dre 

*Leu-co-pbry'ne 

Lir-r.ffi'us 

l-pliiii'o-« 

Lac'moQ 

La-od-i-ce'a 

Le-an'dri-aa 

Leu'co-phrys 

Li-ri'o-pe 

[•phin'o-us 

La'co 

La-od-i-ce'ne 

*Le-an'dri-u3 

Leu-cop'o-lia 

Li'ris 

I'pbts 

•Ja-co'bui 

La-cob' ri-ga 

La-od'o-cIiii3 

Le-ar'clm9 

Levi 'cos 

Li-sin'i-aa 

Iphil'i-on 

♦Jad'e-ra 

*La-co'nes,  p^ 

La-og'o-nu9 

Leb-a-de'a 

Leu-co'si-a 

Lis'fiun 

Iph'i-tua 

*Jam'ni-a,or*Jain-ni'a 

Lar<;o'ni-a,  and 

La-og'o-ms 

*Leb-a-di'a 

*Leu-cos'y-ri 

Lis'sus 

Iph'thi-me 

Ja-nJc'u-lum 

La-con'i-ca 

La-og'o-re 

Leb'e-d  11  ?),«/■  Leb'e-dos 

Leu-co-»yr'i-i 

Lis'ta 

I|)-se'a 

•Ja-no'ca 

Lac'ra-tos 

La-o-mti-di'a 

Le-be'iia 

Lcii-coth'o-e,  or 

Lit'a-bnira 

tip'sua 

I'ra 

Ja'nti!< 

Lac 'ri  ties 

La-om'e-don 

Lc-bin'thos,  and 

Leu-co'the-a 

Lit'a-na 

Ja-pet'i-dea 

Lac-tan'ti-ua 

*La-om-e-don-te'ii9 

Le- by  n't  boa 

Leuc'tra 

Li-tav'i-cu8 

*lra'ii 

Jap'e-tus 

Lac'ler 

La-oin-e-dnn-li'n-du; 

Le-cliK'um 

Ltuc'irum 

I^i-ler'nuin 

•Ir-a-phi-o'tea 

Jar'chas 

Lac'y-dea 

*La-oni-e-don-ti'a-dca 

Lee' turn 

Leu'cus 

Litii-o-bo'Ii-a 

Ir-e-nce'ua 

Ja'aon 

iJLac'y-dea 
*La-cy'des 

*La-om-e-don'ii-u3 

Lec'y-thua 

Leu-cy-a'ni-as 

Li'thrus 

l-re'ne 

*Jaz'y-Kei 

*La-on'i-cus 

Le'da 

Leu-tych'i-des 

Li-thu'bi-um 

I-re'aoB 

Jen'i-fiua 

Lac'y-dua 

La-on'o-nie 

I^e-dae'a 

Le-va'na 

Li-tu'bi-um 

I'ria 

Je'ra 

La'das 

La-on-o-mo'ne 

Le'dus 

Le-vi'rms 

Lil-y-er'saa 
Liv'i-a  Dru-sil'la 

I'rus 

Uer'ne 
Je-ro'miis,  and 

La'do 

La-oth'o-e 

Le'gi-o 

Lex-o'vi-i 

•I-sa'cua 

La'dija 

La'o-U9 

I^'i-tua 

*Lib'a-nfti 

Li-vil'la 

li'R-daa 

Je-ron'y-inus 

tLad-o-ce'a 

Lap'a-thns 

Le'lapa 

Li-ba'ni-us 

Liv-i-ne'i-ua 

Liv'i-us 

I-ic'a 

Je-m'sa-lem 

La' don 

♦La-pe'thua 

Lel't'-gos 

LJb'a-nus 

I-me'us 

*Je'BU3 

*La-e'a 

Lapli'ri-a 

Le'lex 

Lib-eu  ti'na 

tLix'us 

iK'a-mua 

Jo-ba'tes 

La;  Maps 

*La-phy'ra 

Le-nian'nus 

Li'ber 

Lo'bon 
L(i'ce-UB 

I-Mii'der    ■ 

Jo-cas'ta 

L»'li-a 

La-phys'ti-um 

*Le-ina'nus 

Lib'e-ra 

I-ra'pia 

I'lar,  and  la'a-ra 

Jop'pa 
Jur-da'nei 

LfP-li-a'nns 
L;b'Imi3 

La-pid'e-i 
La-pid'e-ua 

Lem'nos              • 
Le-mo'vi-i 

Lib-e-ra'H-a 
Li-ber'tn9 

Lo'cha 
*Lo-cha'giii 

I'aar,  an(f  I-b«'u8 

•Jor'da-naa 

I<e'na}  and  Lene'na 

Lap'i-Uie 

*Lem-o-vi'ce8 

Li-be'thm 

Lu'chi-aa 

—■ 

1311 

PRONUNCIATION   OF   GREEK   AND   LATIN   PROPER   NAMES. 

•Loc'o-aus 

•Ly-ci'ii9,  (£p*rA.) 
•Lyc'i-U8,  adj. 

Ma-chie'ni 

Mam-er-ti'ni 

Mar'rea 

Me-don'li-ns 

Mem'phia 

Lo'cri 

•Mn-ch;iff'e-ni 
Mii-clian'i-daa 

♦Mam-er-ti'nu9 

•Mar-ru'bi-l 

•M.sdo'rea 

•Mem-pbJ'tea 

Lo'  crts 

•Lyc'o-a 

Ma-mit'i-a  (Lex) 

Mar-ru-ci'iii 

Med-u-a'na 

Mem-phi'tia 

Lo-cus'Ui 

Lyc-o-me'dea 

Ma-c)ia'oii 

Ma-mil'i-i 

Mar-m'vi-um,  <rr  Mar- 

♦Med'u-li 

Me'na,  or  Me'nea 

Lo-cu'ti-ufl 

Ly'con 

•Ma-cha'a-nea 

Ma-mil'l-ua 

ru'bi-um 

•Me-duI'li^ 

Me-iia!'cas 

*Lo-gi'um 

Ly-co'ne 

•Ly-co'pea 

Lyc'o-pnron 

•.Ma-rhe'rua 

Mam-me'a 

Mars 

Med-uI-Ii'na 

Me-na)'ri  das 

Lol'li-a  Pnu4*'M 

Ma'cra 

Mam>ine'a 

Mar-s«'us 

Me'dus 

Men-a  Mp'po 

Lol-li-a'uus 

Ma-cri-a'nuB 

•Mam-mo'naa 

Mar'sa-la 

Me-du'aa 

Men-a-lip'pua 

I<ul'ti-U9 

Ly-cop'o-Iia 

lA--CO'pU9 

fLyc-o-re'a 

Mn-cri'nua 

*Ma-mu-ri-a'uua 

Mar'se 

Me-gab'i-zl 

Me-nan'der 

Lon-di'niim 

•Mac'ri-tua 

Ma-mu'ri-us 

Mar'si 

•Meg-n-by'id 
Mog-a-by'zua 

*Men-un-dre'u8 

Lon-ga-re'nus 

Ma'cro 

Ma-mur'ra 

War-«ig'ni 
*Mara'pi-ter 

*Men'a-pi 

Lon-gim'a-Dua 

tLyc-o-re'us 

Ma-cro'bUi 

•Ma-na*'thon 

Meg'a-clea 

Me-na'pi-i 

Lon-gKnus 

Ly-co'ri-aa 

Ma-cro'bi-ut 

Ma-nas'ta-bal 

Mar-ay 'a-ba 
•Mar'sy-aa 

Me-gac'li-dea 

Men'a-pia 

Lon-go-bar'di 

Ly-co'ria 

Mac'ro-cliir 

Man-ci'nus 

Me-gffi'ra 

Me'naa 

*Lon-^'ne 

Ly-cor'inaa                     , 

Mn-cro'nes 

Man-da'ne 

Mar'iha 

Me-ga'le 

Men -c  he 'res 

Lon'gu-la 

Ly-cor'laa 

•Mac-ron-ti'chus 

Man-da'nca 

Mar'li-a 

Me-ga'Ie-aa 

Men'dea 

LoQ-euii'ti  cm 

•Ly-coa'Uic-na 

*  M  ac-rop-o-go' nea 

Man -de 'la 

Mar-li-a'lla 

Meg-a-le'ai-a 

Me-ne'clea 

Lyc-o-au'n 

•Ly-co'tas 

•Mac-ry-ne'a 
Mac-lo'ri-um 

Man-do'ni-ua 

Mar-ti-a'nua 

Me-ga'li-n 

Men-e-cli'des 

Maii'dro-cles 

•Mar-iig'e-na 

Meg-a-)op'olia 

*Men-e-co'IU8 

LoKy-mK 

•Lyc-o-te'a 

Mnc-u-lu'nua 

Mati-dr(x:^li-das 

Mur-ti'na 

Meg-n-me'de 

Me-nec'ra-tea 

l^Iis,  or  Lo'tos 

Lyc'tua 

fMa -dau'ra 
Madeii'tea 

Man'dntn 

Mar-tin-i-a'nu3 

Meg-a-ni'ra 

Men-e-de'muB 

La4opU'a-gi 

Ly-cur'fl-des 

Man-du'bM 

Mar'ii-us 

Meg-n-pen'thea 

Me-neg'e-iaa 

Lo'ug,  or  A'o-ua 

♦Lyc-ur-gi'dea 

Ma-de'tes 

Mun-du-brn'ti-iis 

Ma-riil'lua 

Meg'a-ra 

Meii-e-lu'i-a 

*Lox'i-aa 

Ly-euHgua 

•Ma-dre'ni 

tMan  dii'ria 

Maa-ai-ayri-i 

♦Meg'a-reuB,  or  Me- 
ga're-ua 

*Men-e-la-i'a 

Lu'm 

Ly'cua 

tMad-u-at'e-ni 
Ma'dy-es 

•Man'e-roa 

*Mas-ce'zel 

Men-e-lu'us 

Lu'c* 

Ly'de 

Ma'nea 

•Mas'cli-on 

♦Meg-a-ro'us,  o*// 
Meg'a-ris 

Me-ne'ni-ua  A-grip'pa 

Lu'ca~gU9 

Lyd'i-a 

MiF-an'der 

•Man'e-tho 

*Mu8-i-pt'ton 

Men'e-phron 

Lu-ca'ni 

Lyd'i-os 

Me-an'dri-a 

Mft-ne'ttio 

Mas-i-nis'sa 

Me-gar'stia 

Me'nea 

Lu-ca'ni-a 

Lyd'i-ua 

Mie-ce'nas 

iMa'ni-a 

Mas'aa 

Me-gas'tlie-nea 

Men-es-the'l  Por'tus 

*Lu-can'i-cus 

Ly'dua 

Mai'di 

Ma-nil'i-a  (Lex) 

Maa'sa-ga 

*Meg-a-li'clma 

Me-nes'the-ua, 

Lu-ca'ni-us 

Lyg'da-mia,  ar  Lyg' 

•Ma'-dob-i-lhy'ni 

Ma-iiil'i-us 

Maa-sag'e-tiB 
Map-sa'na 

Me'gea 

Mnes'the-ua,  or 

Lu-ca'nus 

da-niua 

Mx'li-us 

Man'i-mi 

Me-gil'la 

Me-nes'te-ua 

I^a-ca'ri-a,  «r  Lo-ce'- 

Lyg'i-i 

Mteni-ac-<e'ri-a 

Man'li-a  (Lex) 

Mas-sa'ui 

Me-gis'ta 

Me-nes'thi-us 

rt* 

tLyg-o-dea'ma 

Mrn'a-dea 

Man'li-ua  Tor-qua'ttis 

Mas'si-^^iis 

Me  gis'ti-a 

Men'e-taa 

Luc-ce'i-iiB 

Ly'giia 

Mipn'a-Ia 

Man'nus 

Mas-sil'i-a 

fMe-gis'ti-aa 

Me-nip'pa 

Lu'ce-rea 

Ly-mi'r« 

•Lym'!-re 

Ly^max 

Mrn'a-Iua 

Man-sue'tua 

Miis-sy'Ia 

Me-lffi'niB 

Me-ni|)'pi-dea 

Lu-c«'ri-k 

Mas'ni-ua 

•Mante'uin 

•Mas  sy'Ii 

*Mel-am-i>e'a 

Me-nip'pus 

tLu-ce'ri^a 
Lu-ce'ti-ua 

•Mnn-o-bc/rm 

Man-ii-ne'a 

♦Mos-sjI'i-a 

Me-lam'pU8 

Me'ni-us 

Lyn-ces'ta 

*Mie-nom'e-iia 

Man-ii-ne'ua 

•Ma-i-syl'i-u8 

Mel  am-py'gea 

Men'nis 

L«'ci-a 

Lyn-crt'lea 

Ms'non 

Man'ti-us 

•Maa-tram'e-la 

*Mel-am-[»>''gii8 

Mc-nod'o-tua 

Lii-ci-a'nua 

Lyn-cea'ti-ua 

Mtt'nita 

Man'to 

Ma-gtt'ri-us 

Me'Iu,  Puiii-po'ni-ua 

Me-noj'ce-us 

Lu'ci-fer 

Lvn-c«'us 

Mc-o'ni-a 

Man'tu-a 

♦Mathi'on 

tMel-nn-cha''tea 

Me -n  OB 'tea 

Lu-ciri-aa 

■ffiyn'ceua 

*Mx'o-nea 

Mar-a-can'da 

Ma'lho 

Mel-nn-chlm'ni 

*Men-tc-ti'a-de8 

Lu-cU'la 

Lyn-ci'dea 

Ma!-on'i-d» 

Mar'a-tha 

Ma-ti-e'ni 

Me-Ian'ctirua 

Me-n(8'U-ua 

Lu-«i'na 

Lyo'ctis,  Lrn-cc'ua, 

Ms-on'i-dea 

MaHa-ihon 

Ma-ti'nua 

Mel'a-ne 

Me'non 

*Lu-ci'o-lua 

or  Lynx 

M8:'o-nia 

Mnr'a-tlioa 

Ma-lis'co 

*Mel'a-ne8 

Me-nuph'Mus 

Lu'ci-us 

Lyr'e* 

Mrpo'UB 

•Mar'a-ihus 

Ma-tra'ti-a 

Mel'ii-iieiitt 

Men'ta,  or  Min'tlie 

La-crc'ii-a 

Lyr-ca!'tta 

•Me-ol'i-«us 

Mar-cel'la 

•Ma'tre-aa 

Me-ln'ne-u-1 

Men'tes 

Lu<ret'i-Iia 

LvT-ce'a 

•Me-ol'i-dea 

Mar-cel-li'nua,  Ain- 

•Mnl'rt>-na,(a  river) 

•Me-Ia'ni-a 

Men-tis'aa 

La -ere 'ti  us 

•Lyr-ci'ua 

Me-o'tia  Pa'lns 

mi-a'nuB 

Ma-tro'na 

Me-lan'i-dii 

Men 'to 

IjU^cri'mim 

Lyr'cua 

Mx'si-a  Syl'va 

Mar-eel 'lua 

MHt-ro-na'li-a 

Me-la'ni-an 

Men'tor 

Lrfi-cri'niis 

•Lyr'i-ce 

•Ma'-ao'li 

Mar'ci-a 

Mat-ti'a-ci 

Mel-a-nip'pe 

*Men'to-iys 

Luc-ta'ti-ui 

Lyr-nes'sua 

*M»t'o-na 

Mar-ci-a'na 

•Ma-Ui'ce-UB 

Mel-a-nip'pi-dea 

Me-nyl'lua 

iM-cul'le-a 

•Lyr'o-pe 
Ly-san'der 

BIc'vi-a 

Mar-ci-a-nop'o-lia 

Ma-m'la 

Mel-a-nip'pus 

*Me-phi'tis 

tUi<«ru  Uor'ti 
tu-currus 

M«'vi-U8 

Mar-ci-a'ijus 

*Mai<u-ti'aua 

Mel-a-iiu'pua 

Me'ni 

Ly-ann'dra 

Ma'gaa 

•Mar'ci-oii 

Mau'h 

Mel  a-nos'y-ri 

Me'ra,  or  Mte'ra 

Lu'cu-fuo 

Ly-«a'ni-at 

•Mng-doMtu 

•Mar-ci'la 

♦Mau'ri-cus 

MeUnn'thi-i 

♦Mer-ce-di'nua 

Lii'cus 

lJ'«, 

Ma-fel'ta 

Mar'ci-U9  Sa-bi'nus 

Mait-ri-la'ni-a 

•Me-tan'thi-on 

Mer-cu'ri-ua 

Luc-du'Dum 
I^^na 

Ly-ai'a-dea 

Ma«'e-l» 
Ma^gi 
•Ma^gi-a 
Ma'gHua 
Sfag^na  Gm'cf « 

•Mar-com'n-ni 

Mau'rua 

Me-lan'thi-u8 

Me-ri'o-nes 

Lya-i-a-nas'sa 

Mar-co-maii'ni 

fMaii-ni'ai-a 

Me-lan'tlio 

Mer'me-roB 

Ui'pa 

Ly<«l'a-Dax 

•  Mar-cam 'c-rea 

Mau-ru'si-i 

Me-lan'thu8 

Mer'me-rus 

Lu-peKcal 

Lya'Ua 

Mar'cua 

*Mau-ao~le'um 

Me'laa 

Merm'na-da) 

Lu-per-ca1l-« 

Lya'ictea 

Mar'di 

•Mau-so'li 

*Mel-com'a-n! 

*Mer' mo-das 

Ui-per'ci 

Ly-aid'i-ee 

Mag-nen'ti-ufl 

Mar'di-a 

Maii-so'iua 

Me-le-a'ger 

Mer'o-e 

t4i-pcr'cui 

Ly-sim'a-che 

Mag'nea 

•Mar'do-nea 

Ma'vors 

*Me-le'a-ger 

Mer'o-pe 

La'pi-as.  or  Ut'pi-« 
*Lu-pcMlu'auin 

Lys-i-ma'chi-a 

Mag-ae'si-a 

Mar-do' ni-ua 

Ma-vor'ti-a 

Me-Ie-ag'ri-dea 

*Mer'o-pi8 

t»Ly-8ira-a-chi'a 
Lys-i-mach'i-dea 

•Mag-ne'tea 

Mar'dus 

Max-en'ti-ua 

Mel-e-saii'der 

Me'rops 

Lu'pus 

Ma'go 

•Ma're-a,  or  Ma-re-o'- 

•Max-e'riB 

Me'lea 

Me'roa 

Lu-si-u'ni-« 

Ly-sim'a-chus 

Ma'gon 

tia 

Max-i-mil-i-a'na 

Mel'e-S6 

Mer'u-la,  Cor-ne'li-ua 

•Lu-ai-ta'aua 

Lya-i-tne'li-a 

Mag-on-ti'a-caiii 

•Ma-Te-ot'i-cua 

Max-im-i-a'ima 

Mel-e-aig'e-nea,  or 

Me-sab'a-les 

La-ao'nea 

•Lya-i-me-Ii'a 

iMa'guA 

*Mar-ga-ri'ta 

Max-t-mi'uua 

Mel-e-sig'e-na 

Me-sa'bi-us 

Ltt«'tri-cua 

Ly-sin'o-e 

Maher^bal 

Mar-gin'i-a,  and  Mar- 

Mai'i-mu8 

•Mel'e-te 

Me-sa'pi-a 

Lu-u'ti-ut 

Ly-sip'pe 

Ma'i-a 

gi-a'ni-a 

Maz'a-ca 

Me'li-a 

Me-sau'bi-U8 

Lu-te'ri-us 

Ly-stp'pua 

*Mai-u'ma 

Mar-gi'tes 

♦Maz'a-cea 

*Me-Iib'o-cu9 

Me-sem'bri-a 

Lu-te'ti-a 

Ly'sia 

*Mai'u-maa 

Ma'ri-a  (Lex) 

Ma-za'cea 

tMel-i-bffi'a 
Mel-i-bcB'u3 

Me-se'ne 

iMAofn-oa 

Ly-sis'tra  tiis 

Mrt-jes'iaa 

•Ma-ri'a 

Ma-7.«'iia 

*Me-sob'o-a 

Ly-tt'tta 

•Ly«-i-thi'de8 

Mn-jor'ca 

Ma-ri'a-ba 

Ma-za'rea 

"TVIel-i-cer'la 

Mes-o-nie'des 

Ly'baa 
•Ly^M'tua 

Ly-aitta'o-uj 

Ma-jo-ri-a'nu« 

Ma-ri-am'ne 

*Maz'a-rea 

*Mel'i-clni8 

Mea  i>-po-ta'mi-a 

Ly'so 

t-Mak'a-reas 

Ma-ri-a'n«  Fos'ss 

Maz'e-ras 

♦Me'Ii-e 

*Mes-sab'a-t» 

IOflry»,*-LH*i'« 

tLys'tim 

•Mal'a-ca,  or  Mal'a- 

•Ma-ri-aiiHly'ni 

Ma-zi'ces,a7id  Ma-zy'- 

Mel-i-gii'iiis 

Mes-sa'la 

Lyc'a-baa 

Ly-Ut'a 

Gha 

Ma-ri-an-dy'nuiii 

pea 

Me-Ii'na 

Mea-aa-li'na  Va-le'ri-a 

Lye-a-be'tot 

•Lyi-e'a 

*Mnl-sch-be'1ua 

Ma-ri-a'nua 

*Me'a-rus 

♦Mel'i-nua 

Mes-sa-ti'nus,  M.  Va- 

Ly-ca:'a 

Ly-za'u«i 

Sla'la  For-ui'ua 

Ma-ri'ca 

Me-c«'na3,(w  Me-cce'- 

Me-li'sa 

le'ri-us 

Ly-cc^im 

*Mal'chi-on 

Ma-ri'ci 

nas 

*Mel'i-se 

Mea-sa'na 

Ly-cc'as 

Ma-le'a^  or  *Ma'le« 

Mar'i-cua 

♦Mec-ce-na'tea,  (pi.) 

Me-Iia'aa 

Mt's-sa'pi-a 

Ly-cain'bei 

*Lyc-aiii-be'iia 

•Ma-le'ha 

Ma-ri'na 

Me-cha'ne-UB 

Mc-lis'aus 

*Me9-8il'pU8 

M. 

•Ma-le'oa 

Ma-ri'nus 

Me-cis'te-ua 

Mel'i-ta,  or  Mel'i-te 

Mes'su-tia 

Ly-ca'on 

tMal-6-v«n'tuai 

Ma'ri-on 

Mec'ri-da 

*MeI-i-te'na 

Mes'se 

Lyc-a^nMi 

Mal'ho.OT-Ma'tho 

Ma'ris 

Me-de'a 

Mel-i-te'ne 

Mes-se'ia 

*Ly-c«'o-oeB 

Ma'li-a 

Ma-ria'aa 

»Me'de-on 

*Mel'i-to 

Mea-se'ne,  or  Mes-ae'- 

Ly'cas 

SU'cja 

Ma'li-i 

Mar'i-iua 

Me-des-i-caa'te 

Mel'i-tua 

na 

Ly-cas'te 

Ma'car 

Ma'lia 

Mar-ri'ta  (Lex) 

Me'di-a 

Me'li-us 

Mes-se'ni-a 

Ly-caa'tum 

•Mac-a-re'ia 

Mal'le-a,  or  Halli-a 

*Ma-rit'i-ma 

Me'di-aa 

Mcl-ix-an'drua 

•Me8't>-a 

Ly-cas'tus 

Ma-ca're-H» 

Mal'li-us 

Ma'ri-us 

Med'i-cus 

fMel'la  An-n»'u« 

♦Mea-Bo'gia 

Ly'ce 

Ma-ca'ri-a 

♦Mal-Ioph'o-ra 

Mar'ma-cus 

Me-di-o-la'num 

Me-lobVaia 

Mes'tor 

*Lyc'e-M 

Mac'a-rbi 

tMaMcHplto'ra 

Mar-ma-re  ii'ses 

*Me-di'o-lum 

Me' Ion 

Me-su'la 

Ly'cea 

*Mac'a-ron 

Mal'loa 

Mar-mar' i-ca 

Me-di-o-ma-tri'cea,  or 

Me'loa 

Mel'a-bus 

Ly-ce'um 

*Ly-ce'iia 

*Ma-car'ta-tiu 

•Ma-lo'dea 

Mar-mar'idffi 

Me-di-o-raa-tri'ci 

Mel'pi-a 

Met-a-git'ni-a 

Ma<ced'nus 

Mal'lhi-niid 

Mar-ma'ri-on 

*Me'di-on 

Mel-iKim'e-ne 

*Met'a-gon 

Lycb-ni'dea 

Mac'e-do 

♦Mal-thi'nus 

Ma'ro 

Me-di-ox'u-mi 

Me-mac'e-ni 

*Met-a-rnor-pho'<5l9 

Lycb-ni'dua 

Mac-e-do'nI-a 

♦Ma-lu'ca 

Miir-<vbu'du-i 

Med  i-tri'na 

Mem'mi-a  Sul-pit'i-a 

Mct-a-ni'ra 

Lyc'i-a 

Mac-e-don'i-cua 

Mal-va'na 

Ma'ron 

Me-do'a-cu!t,  or  Me- 

Mem'mi-us 

*Met-a-pon-ti'ni 

Lyc'i-das 

Ma-Ml'la 

Ma-In•^l3 

Mar-o-ne'a 

du'a-cua 

Mem'non 

Met-a-pon'tiim 

l^y-cirn'oa 

Ma'ctr  M^my\'UxM 

Sla-iner'ciia 

Mar-[)e'si-a 

Med-o-bith'y-nl 

*Mem'no-nea 

Met-a-pon'tua 

Ly-cim'ni-* 

*Ma-<:e'riB 

Ma-mer'lhes 

Mar-jh-s'sa 

Me-dob'ri-ga 

*Mem-n&-ni'um 

Me-ta(i'ni8 

Ly-cia'cua 

*Mac'e-tffi 

Mam-er-ii'na 

Mar-t>e'sua 

Me'don 

•Mem-no'ni-ua 

♦Me-U'lia 

1313 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   GREEK   AND   LATIN   PROPER  NAMES. 

Me-lel'!a 

Mtih-ri  da'iis 

Mos'cha 

My-ro'nua 

•Ne-an-dri'a 

•Nic'e-a 

N<ir'tt-a 

Me-tel'li 

Mitli-ro-bar-za'nea 

Mop'chi 

Myr'rha 

Ne-an'thes 

Nic-e-pho'ri-um 

*N  ua-o-co-Dii 'am 

♦Me-temp-ay-cho'sia 

Mii-y-le'ne 

Mos'chi-on 

*Myr'rlii-niia 

•Ne-ap'a-pho8 
Ne-ap'o-li8 

Nic-e-pho'ri-UB 

•Noi'o-ra 

*Met-e-re'a 

Mit-y-le'ns 

*  Mo9-c  ho-pu  'I  ua 

Myr'si-his 

Ni-ceph'o-nia 

No'tliua 

•Meth'a-na 

Mi'tya 

Mos'chua 

Myr'si-nu8 

Ne-ar'chua 

Ni'ccr 

N(i-tt'uin 

Me-thar'nia 

Mi-wB'i 

Mo-sel'la 

Myr'sua 

Ne-bro'dea 

*Ni-cer'a-tus 

Nu'tua 

Me-thi'on 

Mna-sal'cea 

Mo'ses 

Myr'ta-Ie 

Ne-bropb'o-noa 

*i\lc'e-r<»8 

N<^va'ri-e 

Me-tho'ili-us 

*Mna'ae-aa 

Mo-sych'Iua 

Myr'te-a 

*Ne-bropli'o-nu8 

Ni-ce'ta« 

No-va'lu« 

Me-tho'ne 

Mnas'i-cles 

Mos-y-nte'ci 

Myr'ti-lus 

*Neb'u-la 

N'ic-e-te'ri-a 

*Nov-*'in-|Ki'pi 

♦Metli'o-ra 

Mnn-sip'pi-dag 

*Ma-«y'ni 

Myr'tis 

Nc'chos 

Nic'i-a 

*Nov-eni'jKJp'ii-tia 

Me-thyd'ri-um 

Mna-fiip'pus 

Mo-tlio'no 

Myr-to'iim  Ma're 

•Ne-crop'o-Iia 

Nic'i-aa 

•NfHvein'ai-lcs 

Me-ihym'na 

Mna-sith'e-ua 

*Mo-ti-€'ni 

Myr-tun'ti-uin 

Nec-ta-ne'buH,  and 

Ni-cip'pe 

*Nov'e-rnB 

Me-ti-a-du'sa 

Mna'son 

Mo-iy'a 

Myr-tu'sa 

Nec-tan'a-liia 

Ni-cip'pUB 

|No-ve'«i-tim 

Me-lil'i-a  Lex 

t-Mna-ey'lua 
Mna-syr'i-um 

•Mo'y-sea 

My-scel'lu8 

♦Nec-ti-be'rea 

Ni'co 

No-vi-o-du'iiuiii 

Me-til'i-i 

Mu-ci-n'nna 

Mya'i-a 

Ne-cys'i-a 

*Nic-o-bu'hif 

Nttvi-om'a  gmii 

♦Me-ti'lis 

*Mne-mi'um 

Mu'ci-ua 

My-fio-ma-ced'o-nes 

Ne'is 

Ni-coch'n-reH 

No-vi-oin'a-gurt 

Me-iil'i-us 

Mne'mon 

Mu'criE 

My'aon 

*Ne-i'tffi 

Nic'o-cles 

fNo'vi-um 

Me-ii'o-chua 

Mne-mos'y-ne 

Mul'ci-ber 

My  s 'tea 

Ne'le-iia 

Ni-roc'ra-t(^« 

No'vi-ua  Pria'cua 

Me'ti-on 

Mne-sar'chu3 

Mil  lu'cha 

Myth'e  cna 

*Ne-li'de8 

Ni-co'cre-on 

*N()v-o-co'rniini 

Me'Iis 

*Mnes-i-bu'lua 

Mul'vi-U8  PollB 

Myt-i-le'ne 

Ne'lo 

•Nic-o-da'miia 

*No-voiii'a  Kua 

Me-tis'cuB 

Mne-sid'a-nuis 

Mnm'nii-us 

My'ua 

Ne-mffi'a,  {gnvifJi) 

NicH>-du'i»ua 

Nox 

Me'ti'Us 

•Mnes-i-da'imis,  or 

Mu-na'ti-U3 

*Ne-me'a,  or  Ne'ine-a, 

Nic-o-do'rua 

Nu-ce'ri-a 

Me-toe'ci-a 

*Mnes-i-de'mu3 

Mun'da 

(Umn) 

Ni-cod'ro-inu8 

Nn-llb'u-nca 

Me'ton 

Mnes-i-la'ua 

Mu-ni'tus 

Ne-nie-si-a'nU8 

Nic-o-la'us 

Nii'nia  Mar'ti-iiH 

Met'o-pe 

Mne-sim'a-che 

Mu-nycli'i-41 

N. 

Ni'in'e-sis 

•Ni-co'Ic-08 

Nu'ina  Poni-pil'i-us 

•Me-to'pe 

Mne-sjni'a-chua 

Mu-nych'i-ffl 

Ne-nie'si-ua 

Ni-com'a-cha 

Nu-nia'na 

•Met'o-rea 

•Mne-sith'e-iis 

Mu-ra;'iia 

Nem'e-tee 

Ni-<um'u-c)Mia 

Nu-man'ti-a 

Me'tra 

Mnes'ter 

Mur'cua 

Ne-me'ua 

Nic-o-me'des 

Nii-nianti'na 

t-Met-ra-gyr'te 

Mnes'the-ua 

Mu-re'tua 
Mur-gan'li-a 

Nar-ar-za'nes 

Nem-o-ra'li-a 

t*Nic-o-iiie-di'a 
Nic-o-ine'di-a 

♦Nu-nian'li'nu8 

♦Me-tro'a 

Mnes'ti-a 

Nab-a-th»'a 

Ne-nios'sus 

Nu-nia'iiuM  Ueiu'u-lus 

Me-tro'bi-ua 

Mnes'tra 

*Mur-ra'nu« 

*Nab'a-tbe8 

Ne-o-bu'le 

Ni'con 

Nu'me-nen 

Met'ro-cles 

Mne'vja 

Mur-rhe'nua 

Na'bia 

Ne-o-cffis-a-re'a 

Ni-co'ni-a 

Nu-ine'ni-a,  or  Ne-o- 

Met-ro-do'ru8 

Mo-a-pher'nea 

Mur'ti-a 

*Nac'o-Ie 

Ne-ocii'a-bia 

Ni-coph'a-nea 

ntu'ui-a 

Me-troph'a-iies 

*AIo-cor'e-ta 

Mus 

*Nac'o-ne 

Ne'o-cles 

Nic'o-phron 

Nn-me'nt-U3 

Me-trop'o-lia 

Mo-des'tua 

Mu'sa  An-to'ni-ua 

Na-dag'a-ra 

*Ne-o-cli'de8 

Ni-cop'o-lis 

fNu-me'ri-ii 

Met'ti-us 

Mo'di-a 

Mu'saj 

Nffi'ui-a 

*Ne-o-co'rus 

Ni-cos'tra-ta 

Nu-uie-ri-a'nua 

JMet'tus  Cur'ti-us 

*Mod'o-nua 

Mu-sffi'us 

*Nie'vi-a 

Ne-og'e-nes 

Ni-cos'tra-tua 

Nu-me'ri-u8 

tMe-tu'lum 
Me-va'ni-a 

Mffi'ci-a 

♦Mu-sag'e-lea 

Nffi'vi-us 

*Ne-oai'a-giia 

Nic-o-te'Ie-a 

*Nii-iiiic'i-u8 

Mffi'nua 

•Mu-ee'a 

N(BV'o-lU8 

*Ne-o-me'ni-a 

•Nic-o-te-le'a 

Nu-nii'cu8 

Me'vi-us 

Moe'di 

•Mu-ae'um 

•Na-ge'ri 

Ne-om'o-ris 

Ni-cot'«-lea 

Nu'ini-da 

Me-zen'ti-u3 

McB'on 

Mu-ao'ni-ua  Ru'fua 

Na-har'va-li 

Ne'on 

Ni'ger 

*Nu'ini-d« 

•Mi-a-co'rua 

McE-on'i-des 

Mus-te'la 

Na-i'a-dea 

Ne-  on-ti'chos 

Ni-gid'i-uf  Fig'ii-!ua 

Nii-niid'i'a 

•Mic-co-troVu8 

Moe'ra 

tMu'ta 
Mu-thuI'lua 

fNai'a-dea 

*Ne-on-ti'cl)U8 

•Ni-gre'tt-s 

Nu-mid'i-ii8 

Mt-ce'a 

Moe-rag'e-tea 

*Na'i-a8 

*Ne'o-phron 

Ni-gri'tffi 

tNu-Riia'tro 

•Mi-ce'Iai 

Moe'ris 

Mu'ti-a 

*Na'i-cu8 

Ne-op-ioi'e-inii8 

*Ni-Ia'inon 

Nu 'mi-tor 

Mi-cip'^a 

M(E'si-a 

fMu-ti'ca 

Na'ia 

Ne'o-ris 

Nil'e-ua 

Nu  nii-to'ri-UR 

*Mic'i-ie 

*Mo-gun'ti^i 

Mu-til'i-a 

fNa-is'sus,  or  Nea'sus 

*Ne-o'the-u3 

*Ni-li'a-cua 

Nu  'ii)u'ni-u3 

Mi-cy'thus 
*Mid-a-i'oii 

Mo-gy'ni 

Mu'ti-na 

•Nam-ne'tes 

Ne'pe 

*Ni-lo'tia 

Nun-co're-«s 

Mo-Ie'i-a 

Mu-ti'na 

Na-pffi'ffi 

*Nep'e-te 

Ni'liia 

Nun'di-na 

Mi'daa 

*Mo-Ii'a 

Mu-ti'nea 

•Na-p..'iE 

Ne-pha'li-a 

♦Nin'i-ve 

Nur'sai 

Mid'e-tt 

tMo-Ii'un 
Mo-Ii'o-ne 

Mu-ti'nu8 

Na-pa'ffI 

Neph'e-le,  •Neph-e- 

Nin'i-aa     . 

Nur'sci-a 

Mid-e'a 

Mu'li-us 

•Na-pe'gua 

le'ia 

Nin'ni-ua 

Nur'si-a 

•Mi'esza 

Mo'lo 

Mu-tu'nus 

Naph'i-lua 

Nepli-e-fi'tea 

*Nin'o-e 

Nu'tri-a 

Mi-la'ni-on 

Mo-loB'is 

Mu-tua'cae 

Nar 

Ne'phus 

Ni'nua 

Nyc-te'ia 

Mi-le'si-i 

Mo-lor'cbua 

fMu-ze'ria 
My-a'grus,  or  My'o- 

Nar'bn 

Ne'pi-a 

Nin'y-aa 

tNyc-le'li-a 

Mi-le'si-uM 

Mo-los'si 

•Nar-bo'na 

Ne'pos 

Ni'o-bfi 

Nyc-te'li-U8 

Mi-Ie'ti-n 

Mo-los'si-a,    or    Mo- 

des 

Nar-bo-nen'sia 

Ne-po-ti-a'nu8 

Ni~pha>'uB 

Nyc'te-ua 

Mi-Ie't)-iiin 

los'sia 

Myc'a-Ie 

Nar-cffi'ua 

Nep'tbys 

Ni-pha'te8 

*\yc'ti-1u8                      i 

MMe'tua 

Mo-los'siis 

Myc-a-tes'aus 

tNar-ce'a 
Nar-cis'sua 

Nep-tu'ni-a 

Ni'phe 

Nyc-tini'e-no 

Mil'l-as 

MoUpe'di-a 

My-ce'um 

*Nep-lu-ni'ne 

Nir'e-ua 

Nyc'ii-miia 

MU'i-cfiua 

Mol'pus 

Myc-e-ri'nu8 

Nar'ga-ra 

Nep-tii'ni-um 

Ni'sa 

Nym-bffi'um 

Mi-Ii'nua 

Mo'lUH 

Myc-i-ber'ua 

Na-ris'ci 

Nep-tu'ni-U3 

Nl-sffi'a 

Nym'phte 

MiM-o'ni-a 

•Mol-y-cre'um 

Myc'i-lhus 

Nar'ni-a,  or  Nar'na 

Nep-tu'nus 

Ni-sffi'e 

Nym-pha^'mn 

•Mil-iz-i-ge'rls 

♦Mo-lyc'ri-a 

My 'con 

Nar'ses 

Ne-re'i-dea 

Ni-se'i-a 

Nyin-ptia*'u8 

Mi'Io 

Mo-lyc'ri-on 

Myc'o-no,  or  jMyc'o- 

Nar-the'cis 

*Ne-re'is,  or  *Ne'rc-is 

Nis'i-bia 

Nyiii-phid'i-U8 

MMo'ni-ua 

•Mo-Iy'rus 

nos 

Na-ryc'i-a 

Ne-re'i-us 

*Ni-so'po 

Nyiii'phis 

Mil-ti'a-des 

Mo-mem'phia 

My 'don 

*Nas'a-mon 

Ne're-us 

Ni'sua 

Nym-pho-do'rii3 

Mit'to 

Mo'mua 

My-ec'pho-ria 

Nas-a-nio'nea 

fNe-ri-e'ne 

Ni-ay'roa 

Nym-pbo-lep'tes 

Mirvj-ua 

Mo'na 

My-e'nua 

Nas'ci-o,  or  Na'li-o 

Ne-ri'ne 

*Ni-8y'rUB 
Ni-te'lls 

*Nym  phom'a-nea 

Mil'y-as 

♦Mon'a-chi 

*Mye'a-lo 

MygMon 

•Na-8i'ca 

Ner'i-pbtis 

Nyni'phon 

Mi-mal'lu-nes 

*iMon-a-chi'um 

Na-sid-i-e'nua 

*Ne-ri'tiE 

•Nit-i-ob'rl-gea 

Nyp'si-U3 

Mi 'mas 

Mo-nie'aea 

*Myg'da-ne8 

Na-eid'i-UB 

Ner'i-toa 

Ni-to'cria 

Ny'sa,  or  Nys't^a 

•Mirn-ne'dua 

♦Mo-ne'aea 

Myg-do'ni-a 

Na'so 

Ne'ri-us 

Nit'ri-a 

Ny-BiB'ua 

Mtm-ncr'mua 

Mo-ne'sua 

Myg'do-nua 

Nas'aus,  or  Na'aua 

Ne'ro 

fNi-va'ri-a 

Ny'sas 

Min'ci-ua 

Mo-ne'la 

tMyg-do'nus 

Naa'u-a 

Ne-ro'ni-a 

No'as 

•Ny-se'uin 

Min'da-rua 

•Mon'i-ca 

My-i'a-gni3 

Na-ta'Ii-a 

Ner-to-brig'i-a 

Noc'num 

Ny-ae'i-uni 

Mi-ne'i-dea 

Mon'i-ma 

My-laa'aa 

Na-ta'lia 

Ner'u-lum 

Noc-li-ln'co 

Ny-»i'a-dt;s 

Mi-ner'va 

Mon'i-mua 

My'lo,  or  My'Iaa 

Nafta 

Ner'va  Coc-cu'i-ua 

*No-di'n(i(j 

Nys'i-ffi  Por'tic 

Min-er-va'li-a 

*Mcn-o-<lac'ly-lua 

My'les 

Nnu'bo  Ins 

Ner'vi-i 

*No-*;'nion 

•Nys'i-as 

Min'i-o 

Mon'(v-dua 

My-lit'ta 

Nau'clee 

Ne-sffi'a 

No'la 

•Ny-flig'e-na 

Mia-nc'i 

Mo-noe  cua 

•Myn'd'»-ne8 

Nau 'era-tea 

*Ne-si'de8 

*Ni>-la'iius 

Ny-6i'ros 

Mi-niVa 

Mo-nu'Ie-ua 

Myn'dna 

Nau'cra-tis 

Ne-sim'a-chua 

Noni'a-dea 

tNys'i-us 

Mi-no' ia 

•Mon'o-mua 

My'nea 

•Nau-cy'dea 

Ne-si-o^pe 

No'miE 

Nya'sa 

Mi'iioa 

Mo-noph'a-ge 

Myn'i-ffi 

Nau'lo-cliua 

Ne'sis 

Noin-«n-ta'nus 

Min-<»-tau'ru8 

Mo  noph'i-lua 

*My'o-ne8 

Nau-pac'tUB,  or  Nau- 

Ne-so'pe 

No-meii'iura 

M  in 'the 

*Mo-nos'ce-n 

♦My-o-ne'auB 

pac'ium 

*Nes'pe-tos 

No'mi-i 

Min-tur'n» 

♦Mo-no-the-li'ue 

My-o'nl-a 

Nau'pli-a 

*Nes-so'nis 

•No-mi 'on 

0. 

Mi-nu'ti-a 

Mon-ta'nua 

tMy'ra 
*Myr'a-ce8 

Nau-pli'a-des 

Nes'sus 

No'mi-us 

Mi-nu'ti-ua  Au-KU-ri'- 

Mon'y-chua 

Nau'pli-U8 

Nes'lo-claa 

•No-moph'y-tax 

nua 

Mon'y-nma 
Mo'phia       . 

*Myr'ge-tai 

tNau-por'luB 
Nau'ra 

Nes'tor 

•No-moih'e-tre 

Min'y-e 

*My-ri'ca 

*Neg-tor'i^e8 

•Non-a-cri'nua 

*0-a'hi-oi« 

Min'y-aa 

Mop'si-um 

•My-ri'co 

Nau-aic'a-a 

Nes-to'ri-uB 

*Non'a-cria 

O-ar'sea 

Min'y-cua 

Mop-so'pi-a 

My-ri'cus 

•Nau-sic'a-e 

Nes'tus,  or  Nea'sua 

No-na'cria 

O'a-ruB 

Mi-ny'iHi 

•Mop'ao-pua 

My-ri'na 

Nau'si-clea 

Ne'tum 

INo-na'cria 

No'ni-Tis 

•O'a-sea 

Min'y-tua 

•Mou-sti-ea'ti-a 
Mop'aiia 

J*My-ri'nua,  (EpitJu  qf 

Nau-sim'e-nea 

Ne'u-ri 

O'a-sis 

Mir'a-cea 

ApolU) 

•Nftu-ai-ni'cua 

Ni-ciE'a 

Non'ni-ua 

O-ax'ea 

•MiB'c©-f» 

Mor-gan'ti-um 

*Myr'i-nu8,  (a  muM) 

Nau-9itli'o-e 

•Ni-cajn'e-tU8 

Nun'nua 

0-ax'u8 

Mi-se'num 

•Mor-ge'tea 

Myr'icB 

Naii-sith'o-U0 

Ni-cag'o-raa 

tNo'nus 

No'pi-a»  OT  Ci-no'pi-« 

*Ob'o-da 

Mi-ne'nus 

•Mor-i-me'ne 

•Myr-i-on'y-ms 

Nau'tea 

Ni-cnn'der 

•Ob'ii-mo 

•Mis-ge'lea 

Mor'i-ni 

*Myr-Ie'a 

Na'va 

Ni-ca'nor 

No'ra 

•Ob'se-quenB 

Mi-dith'e-us 

Mor-i'tas'gua 

Myr-mec'i-doB 

Na'vl-us  Ac'ti-U8 

Ni-car'chUB 

No'rai 

Ob-ul-tro'ni-ua 

tMilh-ra-cen'a«s 
Mith-ra-da't£s 

Mo'ri-ua 

*Myr-me'ci-um 

Nax'os 

*Ni-car'e-te 

Nor'ba 

O-ca'le-a,  or  0-<a'Ii-a 

Mur'pfic-tts 
Mors 

Myr-mid'o-nea 

Ne-ffl'ra 

Nic-ar-lhi'dea 

Nor-ba'niia 

0-ce'a-na 

Mi'ihraa 

My 'run 

Ne-i»'thu8 

Ni-ca'tor 

•No-ric'i-i 

0-ce-an'l-dea,  and 

Mi-thfR'nea 

Mo'rya 

My-ro-nl-a'nua 

Ne-al'ces 

♦Ni-tat'o-ris 

Nor'i-cum 

O-ce-a-nit'i-dea 

MiUi-ri  da'tea 

Mo'aa 

My-ron'l-dea 

Nf^<al'i-ceB 

Ni'ce 

NoMhip'puB 

•O-ce-an-i'lia 

--— — ■ 

fill 

IC5 


VM^ 


PRONUNCIATION   OF 

GREEK    AND   LATIN   PROPER  NAMES. 

O-ce'a-nua 

Ol-chin'i-mn 

•O-pi'iiia  Spo'li-a 

Or'p)ie-ua,  or  Or' 
pneua 

*P»-a'ne9 

*Pa-neg'y-ris 

•Par'rlia-flis 

0<e'ia 

O-le'a-ros,  tr  Ol'i-roa 

•O-pim-i-a'nua 

•P»-dar'e-tus 

*I»rin'e-Iu8 

Par-rha'al-us 

•0-»'li« 

CMe'a-truoi 

O  pira'i-ua 

•Or'phl-tua 

Vm'diuB 

*P!Ui'e-intis,  (river) 

Par-lha-mis'i-fis 

0-crl'IU9 

O'len 

O'pia 

Or-aed'i-ce 

Pffi-ma'ni 

*Pu-tie'rau8,  (man) 

Par-tha'on 

•Oc'e-lum 

•OI'e-no« 

•Op-is-lhoc'o-niB 

Or-ae'ia 

P»'on 

Pan'e-nus,  or  Fa-ne'- 

Par-the'ni-a 

O'cha 

Ol'e-niu,  ar    Ol'e- 

Op'i-ler 

Or-siriu9 

P«'a-nea 

nus 

Par-lhe'ni-ee,  and  Par- 

•0-che'ni-u» 

num 

0[>-i-ler-gi'nl 

Or-sil'o-chU9 

Pte-o'ni-a 

Pan-gie'us 

the'ni-i 

O-cbe'si-iM 

0-l»-o'ru8 

O-pi't08 

Or-si'nea 

P»-on'i-de9 

*Pan-hel-le'nea 

Par-tlie'nt-as 

•Och'io-na 

•Ore-ni« 

•Op'o-ia 

Or-aip'pua 

•Pas'o-plffi 

•Pa 'n  i-a 

•Par-then 'i-ce 

O'cbiu 

Ol'ia-sys 
Ol-i-gyr'tis 

•0-po'pe-ua 
•O-por'i-nua 

Or'u-lua 

Pfc'os 

Pa-ni'a-sls 

Par-the'ni-on 

•Oth-y-io'nm 

Or-the'a 

Pbb'sos 

•Pan-i-ge'ris 
Pa-ni-o'nl-mn 

Par-the'nl-u8 

Oc'nus 

O-lin'i-as 

Op'pi-a 

Or-thag'a-niB 

Pes'tum 

Par'the-non 

•O-co'Imii 

O-lin'lhua 

Op-pi-a'nii9 

Or'tlia 

Pffi-to'vi-um 

Pa'ni-us 

Par-then-o-pa;'u8 

•O-cTic'a-Ia 

•Ol-i-si'po,  •Ol-i-aip'- 
pi»,  vr  •0-ly9'8i-|X> 

Op-pid'i-ua 

Or'thi-a 

PK'tUB  CiB-cin'na 

Pan-no'nt-a 

Par-then'o-pe 

O-cric'u-hmi 

Op'pi-ua 

•Or-tho'ala 

•Pa-ga'ni 

•Pan'no-nea 

Par'thi-a 

O-crid'i-on 

OI-Uin'Bi 

to  pa 

Or'thraa 

Pag'a-sw,  or  Pag'a-aa 

Pan-oin-ph»'us 

tPar-tlii'ni 

Par-thy-e'ne 

O-cris'i-a 

•O-li'ion 

Op-u'iua 

•Or-to'na 

Pag'n-3Us 

Pan'i>-pe,  or  Pun-o- 

Oc-u-cU'U-us 

Ol'li-ui 

Op'ti-mua 
•O-pun'ti-a 

Or-tyg'i-« 

tPa'gr'B 
Pa'gus 

pe'a 

•Pa-ry'a-dres 

Oc-ia'ri-a 

OUov'i^a 

Or-tyg'i-ua 

♦Pa-no'pe-a) 

Pa-rys'a-des 

Oc-Ut-Yi-*' xuu 

Ol'nji-a 

O'pus 

O'rua 

Pa-la'ci-um,  or  Pa-la'- 

Pan'u-pes 

Par-y-wi'tia 

Oc-ta'vi'iu 

Ol'mi-ui 

O'ra 

O-ry-an'der 

ti-ura 

Pa-no'pe-U8 

Pa-aar'ga-da 

tOc-to-ge'a 
Oc-iol'o-phiim 

•Ol-ini'ua 

0*rac'u-lum 

O-ry'ua 

Pa-Iie'a 

Pa-no' pi-on 

♦Pn-sar'ga-ds 

*OI-mo'nea 

O-ra'a 

O'ryi 

Pa-lBP-np'o-!is 

*l*rtn'o-pi8 

Pa'se-a» 

O-cy'a-lin 

Ol-o-phyx'iia 

Or'a-aua 

tO-aa'ct9 

•Pa  liEb'y-bluB 

Pa-nup'o-lis 

Pas'i-cles 

0<jrp'e-te 

•Ol'o-rua 

Or-beliu 

Os^:ho-pho'ri-a 

Pa-loi'moa,  or  fPoI'e- 

tPa-nop'ies 
Pa-nor'mus 

Pa-sic'ra-tes 

O-ijrr'o-e 

•Ol-jm-pe'ne 

Or-bil'Mla 

08'ci 

tnon 

♦Paa-i-pe'da 

Od-e-na'tua 

0-lym'|ie-um 

Or-bo'na 

Oa'ci-u« 

Pa-le'mon 

Piin'sa 

Pa-si  ph'a-e 

0-des'8U9 

O-lym'pi-a 

Or'ca-dea 

Oa'cua 

Pa-ltep'a-|)bo8 

•Pnn-tffin'e-tus 

*Pa-siph'i-Io 

•O-de'um 

*Ol-ym-pi'a-de8 
CMy'm'pi-aa 

Or-cha'lia 

tO'ai 

*Pa-lippli-ar-8a'lu8 

*Pan-tan'a-llms 
•Pan-ta'gi-a 

Pa-siih'e-a 

O-di'nus 

Or'cha-mus 

O-ain'l-ua 

Pa-lteph'a-tu8 

•Pa-siih'o-e 

O^i'tes 

•O-lym'pi-coa 

•Or-chi»-te'ne 

O-ai'ria 

Pa-lffip'o-lis 

Pnn-tng-nos'lus 

Pa-sit 'i-gr  la 

•O-do'a-Mr 

•O-lym-pi-e'um 
0-Iyin-p)-o-do'rU9 

Or-cham'e-nu9,  or  Or- 

0-9is'ml-i 

Pa-lat^'te 

Pan  ta'gy-as 

Pjis'sa-rtm 

Od-iva'cct 

chom'e-nuiii 

Oa'pha-gua 

Pal-iDs-ti'na 

Piin-tu'Ie-t>n 

•Pas-se-ri'nu8 

•<Mo'ca 

•0-lym-pi-o-ni'ce» 

•Or-chom'e-noa 

Os-rho-e'ne 

Pal-ffis-ii'nus 

Pan  tau'clms 

Paa-si-c'nua 

Od-o-man'U 

O-ly'ni'pi-us 

•Or-ci'nua 

Oa'aa 

♦Pa-lKl'y-rua 

Pan'le-us 

Pafi'aus 

Od'o-nea 

0-ly[u'pU9 

Or'cua 

Oa-te-o'dea 

Pal-a-nie'des 

Pan-the'a 

•Pat'a-go 

Od'ry-MB 

Ol-ym-pu'sa 

Or-cyn'i-a 

Oa'U-a 

Pa-lan'ti-a 

Pan'tl>e-on,  or  *Pan- 

•Pat'a-Iua 

O-dys'se-a 

O-lyn'lhua 

Or-d'es'aua 

•Oa-ti-o'naa 

Pa-lan'ti-um 

Ihe'on 

Pat'a-ra 

•Od-yMo'a 

O-ly'raa 

•Or-do-vi'cea 

Oa-tu'ri-ua 

PHl-a-ti'nus 

Pan'tlie-us,  or  Pan'- 

*Pat-a-vi'nua 

•Od-y»«>'<lB 

O-ly'xon 

O-re'a-dea 

Oa-tnj-ci'na 

♦Pa-le'a 

thU9 

Pa-ta'vi-um 

(£-a('a-nia,  uU  (E'a- 

O-ma'ri-ua 

O'n-aa 

Oa-uog'o-thi 

Pa'le-is,  or  Pa^s 

Pan-thi-ca-pic'um 

•Pa-te'rw 

fr 

Om'bl 

•O'ra^ 

Oa-y-man'dy^ia 
•Ot'a-CM 

Pa'les 

Pan'tlii-des 

Pa-ter'cu-lus 

•CE'a-piM 

Om'bri 

•Or-e-ait'io-pbua 

Piil-fii'Ti-iia  Su'ra 

Pnn-lho'i-dea 

Pii-tiz'i-thea 

CE-an'lhe,aa^(E-u'- 

•Om'bri-ei 

O-m'lm 

Ot-a-cil'i-ua 

♦Pa-Iib'o-Uira 

*Pan'iho-»a 

•Pat-i-zi'thes 

thi-a 

•Om'bri^ 

O-rea'tea 

O-U'nea 

•Pa-li'ce 

Pan-tic'a-pC9 

Pat'moa 

•<E-an-Oie'a 

•Ombro'Dea 

O-rea'UMiia 

Oth'ma-nis 

Pa-li'ci,  or  Pn-Iis'ci 

Pan-til'i-iis 

Pii'trie 

CE'ax 

Oin'o-l« 

Or-cMi'de 

O'lho,  M.  Sol'vi-ua 

Pa-lil'i-a 

*Pan-t«U'a-bna 

Pa'lro 

CE-bali-a 

Om-oidia'gi-a 

•Or-aMt'dea,  aa<< 

•0-lbro'n»i9 

♦Pa-li'lia 

Pa-ny'a-sis 

•Pat'ro-baa 

(EVa-laa 

•Om'iila-ce 
Om'pbaO* 

•O-tM'U-dna 

•O-lhry'a-dea 

♦Pa-lin'dro-mo8 

Pa-ny'a-tius 

Pa-tro'ctea 

OBVa-raa 

Orea-tUOa 

Otb-ry-o'nama 

Pal-i-nu'rus 

Pa-pa;'u8 

Pa-tru'ch 

•CB-bo'taa 

Om'nba-lo* 
tOm'phia 
O-nJe'um,  or  O-tt'ne- 

Or'e-U 

O'thrva 

Pal -i -SCO' rum,  or  Pal- 

Pa-jiha'goa 

Pat-ro-cli'dea 

(Rtta'U-t 

Or-e-ta'ni 

•O-Uirya'i-ua 

t-co'nim 

Pa 'phi -a 

Pa-tro'cliia 

OS'de-iH 

Or-e4il'i-B 

O'ire-ua 

fPa-Ii-u'rus 

*Pa'phi-iis 

•Pat^ro-clua 

OUli'des 

um 

0-i«'um 

O-Ircs'da 

♦Pal-iac'o-pn» 

•Paph'la-gon 

Pa'tron 

CEc-u-mc'nf-ua 

♦On'a-ger 

•O're-ua 

•Ot-r)n-ti'de9 

Pal'la-des 

Paph-la-go'ni-a 
Pa'plioa 

Pat'ro-ua,  or  ♦Pa-lrt>'- 

(Ed-i-po'dl-a 

O-na'nu 

Or'aa,  ar  Or'gaa 
•Opja-na 

•Ol-lo-roc'o-rw 

pQlla'di-um 

II  a 

•(Ed+po-di'on 

O-nas'Umua 

O'tua 

Pal-lii'di-ns 

Pa'phud 

Pa-tul'ci-u3 

(Kd'i-pua 

O-oa'Ua 

Or-fea'aum 

O'lya 

PaMiin-te'uin 

Pa-pi-a'nus 

Pau'la 

(E'me 

•OB-ce'am 

OT-(M'(wiX 

0-vidM-ua 

Pal-Ian'ti-aa 

Pa'pi-aa 

Pau-li'na 

CB-san'Uiea 

On-^hea'tua 

Or'at-a 
O-nb'a-aaa 

O-vin'i-a(Lei) 

Pal-Ian 'ti-des 

Pa-pin-i-a'nU9 

Pau-U'ntia 

(E'ne 

•On'chcx 

O-vin'i-ua 

Pal-lan'ti-on 

Pa-pi  n'j-us 

Pau'lus  ^-myl'i-ua 

<E'ne-a 

O-ne'i-on 

•Or'i-coa 

Ox-al'tea,  and  •Oi'a- 

Pal 'las 

Pa-pir'i-a 

Pau-aa'ni-aa 

•CE-ne-o'iM! 

Oa-K-m'n-tiu 

Or'i-cum,  or  Or'i-cua 

trea 

Pal-le'no 

Pa-pir'i-us 

Pau'ai-aa 

(£'ne-as 

O-nea'i-inua 

0'ri-en9 

Ox-a'threa 

Pal'iiia 

Pap'pus 

*Pau-8i-U'pon 

CB-ni'dea 

On-e-«ip'pua 

Or'i-gen 

•Oi-i'iB 

tPal'mo 

Pii-pyr'i-ii8 

Pa'vor 

CEn'M 

0-lig'9i-il9 

*0-ri({'e-n68 

Ol-id'a-tCB 

Pal-ini'Boa 

Par-a-bys'ton 

Pax 

(E-nouiVuK 

OD-«-lor'i-de8 

0-ri'go 

Ox'i-mea 

Pal-my'ra 

*Par-a-chel-o-i'tffi 

Pai'os 

CE'Don 

O'ni-nm 

•O-ri'na 

Ox-i'o-na 

*PaI'pe-tus 

•Par-a-cli'tu8,  or  Par- 

Pe'as 

CE-nc/na 

*0-ni'on 

O-ri'nua 

Ox'ua 

Palphu'ri'US 

a-cle'tua 

Pe-da'ci-a 

CE-no'ne 

*0-ni'um 

O-ri-ob'a-tea 

Ox-y'a-rea 

tPal-iim-bi'num 

•Pa-rac'ly-tua 

Pe-dce'ua 

<E-no'pi-a 

On'o-ba 

O-ri'on 

Ox-y-ca'nua 

Pam'me-nes 

Par-a-di'sus 

Pe-da'ni 

CE-nop'i-dea 

•OD-o-cho'nu9 

0-ria'su9 

Ox-yd'ra-CB 

Pam'mon 

Pa-rjet'a-ciB 

Pe-da'ni-ua 

CE-Do'pt-on 

On-o-mac*ri-tH8 

Or-i-™l'la  LW  i-a 

Ox'y-lua 

Pain 'pa 

*Par-ae-to'ni-i 

fPed'a-sa 

tME-no'tri 

On-o-ninr'chtu 

0-ri'lK 

»Oi-y-ne'B 

Pam'phi-lus 

Par-ffl-to'ni-um 

Ped'a-sus 

(B-no'tri-a 

On-o-mas-loKi-dea 

•O-rith'i-aa 

*Oi-y-o'p*tm 

Pam'phoa 

Par'a-Ii 

Pe-di'a-dis 

(£~no'lTtta 

On-o-maa'QiB 

O-rilh-y-i'a 

Ox-yn'thea 

Pam'phy-la 

*Par-a-Ii-pom'- 

Pe-di-a'niia 

GB-ou'sa 

On'o-pbaa,  ar  On'u- 

•Or-i-Uiy'oa 

Ox-yp'o-ruB 

Pam-phvt'i-a 

e-na 

Pe'di-aa 

CE'o-nua 

pbia 

O-rit'i-aa 

Ox-y-ryn-chi'lK 

•Pam-pliy'lia 

Par'a-)us 

Pe'di-us  BIk'sus 

(£r'<v« 

On-o-aan'der 

O-ri-un'dua 

Ox-y-rjn'chua 

Pan 

•Par-a-po-la'mi-a 

Pe'do 

•(B«y'lll« 

^O-nuc'na-IJiug 

•O-ny'thea 

apa'li-a 

»0-ri'ua 

O-zi'nea 

Pan-a-ce'a 

Pa- ra' 8  i-a 

Pe'dum 

OE'ta 

Or'me-Dua 

Oi'o-lK,  or  Oz'o-li 

*Pan'a-cra 

Pa-ra'si-us 

tPe'g* 

Pe-eas'i-des 

P»fg^a-sia 

CEl'y-lna,  »  (Bi'jr- 

•Or'me-noa 

Pa-nae't!-u«* 

Par'cffi 

lura 

•O-pel'i-eiu 

Or'ne-a 

Pan'a-rea 

•Par'e-dri 

O-rellna 

Oi>l>e'as 

*Or'n»« 

•Pa-nar'e-tus 

Pa-re  n-ta'l  i-a 

Peg'a-sus 

O'a 

O-phe'laa 

Or'ne-ua 

P. 

Pan  a-ris'te 

•Pa-re  t'ro-nea 

•Pe-la'gi-ua 

Og-dol'a-pis 

0-ph(^rica 

*Or-ne'ua 

Pan-aih-€-nffi'a 

Pa'ria 

Pel'a-gon 

Og-do'nis 

0-phen'9ia 

Or-ni'lbon 

Pan-ctiae'a,  Pan-che'a, 

Pa-ria'a-des 

•Pe-lag'o-nea 

•Og'e-Doa 

O'phi-a 

Or'ni-tua 

or  Pan-cha'i-a 

Pa-riB'W 

Pft-Iar'ge 

fO-glo'.. 

O-phi'a^es 

Or-nos'pa-dea 

Fa-ca-ti-a'kui 

•Pan'che-a 

Par'i-sus 

Pe-las'gi 

Oi'mi-ua 

O'pbi-aa 

Or-nyt'i-on 

Pac'ci-ua 

•Pan-cra'ti-um 

Pa'ri-um 

Pe-!as'gi-a,  or  jPe-las- 

Og'<>« 
•O-p/a 

•O-phi-o'dea 

tOr-o^n'da 

Pa'ches 

Pan 'da 

«Pa'ri-u8 

gi-o'tis 

*0-phi-og'e-nea 

•Ot'o-ba 

Pa-chi'nua 

Pan'da-ma 

Par' ma 

Pe-Ias'gua 

O-phi'on 

O-ro'bi-a 

•Pa-chy'nua 

Pan-da 'ri-a 

•Par'me-nas 

•Pel 'a- tea 

•O-phi'o-nes 

O-ro'bi-i 

Pa-co'ni-us 

Pan'da-ru8 

Par-men'i-dea 

•Pe-le'cea 

O-pfai-o'De-ua 

•Orio-bia 

Pac'o-ru3 

tPan-da-ta'ri-a 

Par-me'ni-o 

•Pe-len'do-nea 

^J&"- 

tO'phia 

O-n'dea 

•Pac'ti-a 

Pan'da-tes 

•Par'ine-no 

PeI-e-thro'nt-1 

*Oph  i-te'a 

O-ra'tea 

Pac-to'Ius 

tPan-de'rai-a 

•Par-na'aua 

•Pe-Iet'ro-ne« 

0-ic1e-iu 

•O-phi'tea 

O-rom'e-doD 

Pac'ty-as 

Pan-de'mua 

Par-nas'iua 

Pe'le-uB 

O-il'MW 

•0-pbi-u'chM9 

O-ron'tas 

Pac'ty-es 

tPan-di'a 

Par' n  63 

Pe-li'a-dea 

O-i-li'dea 

O'phi-ua 

O-ron'lea 

Pa-cu'vi-as 

♦Pan-di'on 

Par-nes'sua 

Pe'li-aa 

Ol'a-ni! 

O-phi-u'sa 

•Or-«i-te'ut 

Pa-de'l 

•Pan-di'o-nis 

Par'ni 

Pe-li'dea 

O-ta'nu. 

*0-phlo'nM 

Or-o-pher'nea 

*Pa-de'i 

♦Pan-do-chi^um 

Pa'ron 

Pe-lig'ni 

Ol  ba,  or  Ol'bua 

•Oph-ry-ne'um 

0-ro'pU9 

Pad'u-a 

Pan-do'ra 

•Par-o-pam'i-a 

Pe-lig'nue 

•Ul-beOua 

Op'i-ti 

•Or'o-sa 

Pa'dus 

Pan-do'si-a 

Par-o-re'i-a 

Pel-i-niB'um 

Ol'bi-a 

O-pig'e-na 

0-ro'9i-u9 

Pa-du'sa 

Pan'dru-soa 

Pa'ros 

Pul-i-nffi'ua 

Ol'bi-iu 

O-pil'i-ua 

♦O-ioa'pe-da 

Paj'an 

•Pa'ne-as 

Par-rha'si-a 

Pe'li-on 

i:u4 


PRONUNCIATION  OF 

GREEK   AND  LATIN  PROPER  NAMES. 

Pe'li-um 

Per-ran'thcs 

♦Phan'o-iis 

Phil-e-tce'rua 

Phoe-nic'i-a 

Pi'e-lus 

Plei'a-dei,  or  Ple4'a- 

Pel'la 

Per-rhffi'bi-a 

Phan-ta'si-a 

Phi-le'taa 

*Phoe-ni'ce8 

Pi'e-ra 

dea 

Pel-ta'n» 

Per'sa,  or  Per-se'ia 

Pha'nua 

Phi-le'ti-u8 

Ph(B-nic'e-ufl 

Pi-e'ria 

♦Ple'i-aa 

Pel-le'ne 

Per'sas 

Plia'on 

Phil'i-das 

PhcB-nic'i-des 

Pi-er'i-des 

Plei'o-ne 

•PelVpe 

Per-Bffi'ua 

Pha'ra 

Phil'i-des 

Phffi-ni'cus 

Pi'e-ris 

Plem-myr'i-um 

Pel-o-pe'a,  or  Pel-o- 

Per-se'e 

Pha-rac'i-des 

Phi-Iin'na 

Phojn-i-cu'sa 

Pi'e-ni8 

Plem'ne-u8 

pi'a 

Per-seph'o-ne 

Pha'ra,  or  Phe'riB 

Phi-Ii'nus 

PhcE-nia'sa 

Pi'e-taa 

fPIeu-mo'ai-i 

Pel-o-pe'i-a 

Per-sep'o4i8 

*Phar'a-o 

Phi-lip'pe-i 

Phffi'nix 

Pi'gres 

Plen-ra'tUB 

*PeI-ope'u8 

Per'sea 

Pha-ras'ma-nea 

*Phil-ip-p6'u8 
Phi-lip'pi 

♦Phoe'te-um 

*Pi-la'tus 

Pleu'ron 

Pe-lop'i-daa 

Per'ae-ua 

Pha'rax 

Pho!'o-e 

«Pi-Ie'8U8 

Plex-au're 

*Pe-lo'pi-u3 

Per'si-a 

♦Phar-beMus 

Phi-lip'pi-des 

Pho'lus 

♦Pi-lo'rus 

Plex-ip'pus 

Pel-o-pon-ne'sua 

Per'sia 

*Phar-ce'don 

Phil-ip-pop'o-Iia 

•Pho-mo'thia 

Pi-lum'nu8 

Plin'i-us 

Pe'Iopa 

Per'si-us  Flac'cus 

Pha'ris 

Phi-tip'pua 

Phor'bas 

Pim'pla 

Plin  thi'ne 

Pe'lor 

Per'ti-nax 

*Pha'ri-us 

Phi-Iis'cus 

Phor'cuB,  or  Phor'cya 

*Pim-ple'a 

♦Plin'thi-ne 

Pelo'ri-a 

Pe-ru'si-a 

Phar-me-cu'sa 

*Phil-i3-ti'de8 

*Phor-cy'nis 

Pirn -pie' i-<Ie8,  or 

Plis-lar'chug 

Pe-lo'mm,  ir  Pe-lo'- 

*Per-u-si'nus 

Phar-na-ba'zus 

*PhMi8'ti-o 

Phor'mi-o 

tPim-ple'a-dea 

Pliri'tha-nua 

rus 

Pes-cen'ni-ua 

Phar-na'ce 

Phi-Iis'ti-on 

Phor'mia 

Pira-pra'na 

Plis'the-nes 

Pe-lu'si-ura 

Pes-si'nua 

Phar-na'ce-a 

Phi-lis'tua 

Pho-ro'nc-ua 

Pin'a-re 

Plis-ti'nus 

Pe-na'tes 

*Pet'a-le 

Phar-na'ces 

Phil'Io 

*Phor-o-ne'u»,  adj. 

Pi~na'ri-us 

Plia-to'a-nax,  or  Pli*- 

Pen-da'li-um 

Pe-ta'Ii-a 

♦Phar-na'ci-a 

Phi'lo 

*Phor-o-ni'daj 

•Piii'a-rus 

to'nax 

Pe-ne'i-a,  or  Pe'ne-is 

Pet'a-Iua 

Phar-na-pa'lea 

fPhil-o-bm-o'tus 

Pho-ro'nia 

Pin'da-rua 

Plis-to-ni'cc8 

Pe-ne^is,  [SehiUer  and 

Pe-te'li-a 

Phar-nas'pes 

Phi-loch'o-ru8 

Pho-ro'ni-um 

Pin'da-sua 

♦P!is-to-ni'cu» 

Faeciolati.] 

Pet-e-li'n«9 

Phar'nua 

Phil'o-cles 

♦Phos'pho-rus 

Pin  de-nis'sus 

Plo'tte 

*Pe-ne'i-u3 

*Pe't6-on 

Ptia'roa 

Phi-loc'ra-tea 

Pho-ti'nu9 

Pin'dua 

♦Flothe'a 

*Pe-ne'le-ua 

Pe'te-us 

Phar-sa'Ii-a 

Piiil-oc-te'tea 

Pho'ti-us 

fPin'gus 

Plo-ti'na 

Pe-ne'li-ua 

Pe-til'i-a 

*Phar-sa'ius 

Phil-o-cy'prus 

Phox'ua 

Pin'na 

Plot-i-nop'o-lia 

Pe-nel'o-pe 

Pe-ti]'i-i 

Phar'te 

Phil-o-da-mc'a 

Phra-a'tea 

Pin'tiii-aa 

Plo-li'niia 

Pe'ne-us,  or  Pe-ne'us 

Pe-til'i-us 

Pha'rus 

Phil-o-de'mu3 

Phra-at'i-ces 

tPi'o-ne 

Plo'ti-U8 

Pen'i-daa 

Pet-o-si'ris 

Pha-ru'si-i,  or  Phau- 

Phi-lod'i-ce 

Phra-da'tes 

Pi-o'ni-a 

Plu-tar'chus 

Pen-tap'o-lia 

Pe'tra 

ru'si-i 

*Phil-o-du'lua 

tPhra-gan'die 

•Pi'o-nis 

Plu'ti-a 

*Pen-tap'y-lon 

Pe-trse'a 

Phar'y-bus 

Pliil-o-la'ua 

Phra  ha'tes 

Pi-rffi'us,  or  Pi-ra;'e- 

Plu'to 

*Pen-ta'thlum 

Pc-tre-i'us 

Pha-ryc'a-don 

Phi-Iol'o-gus 

Phru  nic'a-tes 

ua 

Plu-to'ni-unk 

•Pen-te-dac'ty-Ion 

Pe-tri'num 

Phar'y-ge 

Phi-iom'a-che 

Phra-or'tes 

Pi-re'ne 

Ptu'tua 

♦Pen'te-le 

Pe-tro'ni-a 

♦Phas-a-e'lia 

Phi-loni'bro-tus 

Phras'i-clca 

•Pi-ri'cua 

Plu'vi-ua 

tPen-tel'i-cua 

Pe-tro'ni-u3 

Pha-se'lia 

Phil-o-me'di-a 

Phras'i-mus 

Pi-rith'o-ua 

Plyn-te'ri-a 

Pen-the-ai-le'a 

Pet'ti-us 

Pha-si-a'na 

Pijil-o-me'du3 

Plira'si-U9 

*Pi-ro'mis 

♦Pneb'e-bia 

Pen'the-iis 

Peu'ce 

Pha'si-aa 

Phil-o-me'Ia 

Phrat-a-pher'nea 

Pi'rus 

PniR'e-ua 

*Pen-llii'dea 

*Peu-ced'a-no8 

Pha'sis 

Phil-o-me'lua 

*Phre-ge'iia 

fPi-rus'ta 

tPnyx 
Po-blic'i-ua 

Pen'thi-lus 

Peu-ces'tea 

Fhas'sus 

*Phil-o-me'tor 

Phri-a-pa'ti-us 

Pi'sa 

Pen 'thy -I  us 

Peu-ce'ti-a 

Pfaau'da 

♦Phil-o-mu'sua 

*Phric'i-on 

Pi'siB 

♦Pod-a-Ie'a 

Pep-a-re'lhos 

♦Peu-<:e'ti4 

Phav-o-ri'nua 

Phi'lon 

Phrix'ua 

Pi-sa;'ua 

Pod-a-lir'i-u8 

Pe-phre'do 

Peu-ci'ni 

Pha-yl'lus 

Phi-lon'i-des 

Phron'i-ma 

Pi-san'der 

Po-dar'co 

Pe-rEB'a 

Peu-co-la'ua 

Phe'a,  or  Phe'i-a 

Phil'o-nia 

Phron'tis 

*Pi-sa'nu8 

Po-dar'cea 

Per-a-sip'pu3 

Pex-o-do'rus 

Phe-ca'dum 

Phi-lon'o-e 

♦Phni-gun-di'o-nea 

Pi-sa'tea,  or  Pi-sai'i 

Po-da're« 

•Per'a-tua 

Phffi'a 

*Phe-ge'a 

Phi-ton'o-me 

Phru'ri 

Pi-sau'nia 

Po-dar'ge 

Per-co'pe 

*Phffi-a'cea 

Phe'ge-U3,  or  Phle'ge- 

Phi-lon'o-mua 

Phry'ges 

Pi-se'nor 

^o-dar'gua 

*Per-co'si-a 

PhEE-a'ci-a 

ua 

Phii'o-nus 

Phryg'i-a 

Pis'e-us 

Poe'aa 

Per-co'si-us 

Phae'ax 

Phel'li-a 

Plii-lop'a-tor 

*Phryg'i-u3 

Pis'i-as 

Po3c'i-Ie 

Pcr-co'te 

Phaed'i  mus 

Phel'lo-e 

tPhi-lo'phi-on 

Phry'ne 

♦Pis'i-dffl 

*Pcem'e-nia 

Per  dic'cas 

Phje'don 

Phel'lus 

Phil'o-phron 

Phryn'i-cu3 

Pi-sid'i-a 

Poe'ni 

Per'dix 

PhiE'dra 

♦Phe'mi-« 

Phil-o-poe'men 

Phry'nis 

Pi-sid'i-ce 

♦Poen'i-cua 

Pe-reo'na 

Phae'dri-a 

Phe'mi-us 

♦Phi-lop'o-nua 

Phry'no 

Pi'sia 

Poe'on 

Pe-ren'nia 

Phs'drus 

Phe-mon'o-e 

♦Phil-o-ro'miig 

*Phryx'e-ua 

Pis-!s-trat'i-diB 

Pce-o'ni-a 

Pe're-U9,  or  Pe'reus 

Phied'y-ma 

*Phen-e-be'this 

*Phil-o-steph'a-nu8 

Phryx'ua 

Pis-is-trat'i-des 

PoB'ua 

Per'ga 
*Per-ga'me-ua 

Phee-mon'o-e 

Phe-ne'um 

Phi-los'tra-tua 

Phthi'a 

Pi-sis'lra-tua 

Po'gon 

*Phae-nag'o-re 

Phe-ne'us,  (a  man) 

Phi-lo'taa 

Phthi-o'tii 

Pi'so.  [♦Pi-6o'nea,  pL] 
Pi-so'nis 

Po'la 

Per'tia-mua 

*Phae-nar'e-te 

*Phe'ne-U8,  (a  lake) 

Phi-Iot'e-ra 

Phy'a 

Pol-e-m  o-cra '  ti -a 

♦Per'ga-ae 

Phasn-a-re'te 

Phe'rffi 

*Phi-lo'the-a 

♦Phy-a'cea 

Pis'si-rus 

Pol'e-mon 

Per'ge 

Phffi'ni-aa 

Plie-rffi'ug 

*Phil-o-the'ru8 

Phy'cus 

Pis 'tor 

Po-le'nor 

Per'gus 

Pe-ri-an'der 

Phren'na 

Phe-rau'Ies 

♦Phil-o-ti'mus 

*Phyg'e-la 

Pi'sus 

Po'li-as 

Phxn'nis 

Phe-re'clus 

Phi-lo'tis 

Phyl'a-ce 

Pi-suth'iies 

|Po-li-«i'a 
*Po-li-e'ura 

Pt-ri-ar'chus 

♦PiiaBn-o-me'ria 

Phe-rec'ra-te9 

Phi-Iox'e-nua 

♦Piiyl-a-ce'us 

Pit'a-ne 

Per-i-b(B'a 

PhEe-oc'o-mea 

*Pher-e-cy'a-dffl 

Phi-lyl'li-us 

Phyl'a-cus 

*Pi-the'con  Col'pos 

*Po'li-eus 

*Pe-rib'o-lU9 

Phaes'a-na 

Pher-e-cy'des 

Phil'y-ra 

Phy-lar'chua 

Pith-e-cu'sa 

Po-li-or-ce'tea 

Po-lis'ma 

Po-lis'tra-tua 

*Pol-i-te'a 

Po-Ii'tes 

Per-i-bu'mi-us 

PhiEa'tum 

Pher-en-da'tea 

Phil'y-rea 

Phy'ias 

♦Pith-e-cu'sa; 

Per'i-clea 

*Pha'e-thon 

Pher-e-ni'ce 

Phi-Iyr'i-des 

Phy'le 

Pith'e-us 

Per-i-clyni'e-nus 
Pe-rid'i-a 

*Pha-e-thon-le'ua 
•Pha-e-thon'ti-ua 

tPhe  reph'a-te 
P  he 'res 

*Phi-ne'um 
Phin'e-us,    Phi-ne'- 

Phyl'e-is 
Phy-le'us 

Pi'tho 
Pith-o-la'us 

•Per-i-di'a 

Pha'e-ton 

Phe-re'ti-as 

ua,    adj. 
♦Phi-ni'des 

*Phy-li'des 

Pi-tbo'Ie-on 

Pol-i-to'ri-um 

PoMen'ti-a 
Pol-lin'e-a 
Pol'li-o 
PoI'lis 

Pol'Ii-us  Fe'Iix 
PoI-Iu'ti-a 
Pol 'lux 
fPoI'tia 

Po'luB 

Po-lus'ca 

Po-ly-ffi-mon'i-dea 

Po-ly-ffii'nus 

♦Po-ly-a-ra'tus 

Po-ly-ar'chua 

*Pol-y-be'tea 

Po-Iyb'i-daa 

Po-Iyb'i-ua,  or  Pol'y- 

bus 
Pol-y-bCE'a 
Pol-y-bcE'tes 
Pol-y-bo'tes 
♦Po-lyb'o-lum 
♦Pol'y-bus 
Pol-y-ca'on 
Pol-y-car'pu8 
Pol-y-cas'te 
Po-lych'a-res 
Pol-y-cle'a 
Pol'y-cles 
Pol-y-cle'tus 
Po-Iyc'ra-tes 
Pol-v-cre'ta,  or  Pol-y- 

crVta 
Po-lyc'ri-tu8 
Po-lyc'tor 
Pol-y-da;'mon 
Po-lyd'a-mas 

Pe-ri-e-ge'tea 

Pha-e-lon-ti'a-des 

Pher-e-ti'ma 

Phyl'i-ra 

Pi 'then 

Pe-ri-e'rea 

Plia-«-tu'sa 

Pher'i-num 

Phin'ta 

Phyl'la 

Pi 'thy  8 

Pe-rig'e-nea 
Pe-rig'o-ne 
Per-i-la'us 

Phffi'ua 

fPhe-ri'num 

Phiu'ti^ 

PhvMa'li-a 

Pil'ta-cua 

Pha-ge'si-a 
*Pha'i-nu8 

Phe'ron 
Phi'a-le 

Phin'ti-as 
PhIa 

Phjl-le'i-ua 
Phyl'Iia 

Pit'the-a 
Pit-the'is 

Pcr-i-le'ua 

tPhal-a-cri'ne 
Pha'lae 

Phi-a'li-a,  or  Phi-ga'- 

Phleg'e-Iaa 

Phyl'Ii-ua 

Pit-lhe'us 

Pe-ril'la 

li-a 

Phleg'e-thon 
Phle/gi-as 

Phyl-lod'o-ce 

Pit-u-a'ni-U8 

»Pe-ril'li-us 

Pha-lffi'cua 

Phi'a-lu3 

PhyI'loa 

Pil-u-la'iii 

Pe-ril'Iua 

Pha-lffi'si-a 

*Phi-ce'on 

Phle'gon 

Phyl'lua 

Pil-y-ffi'a 

Per-i-me'de 
Per-i-roe'la 

Pha-lan'thus 
♦Pha-la'ra 

Phic'o-re3 
Phid'i-aa 

Phle'gra 

Phle'gy-a,  Phle'gy-iB 

Phy-rom'a-chua 
Phya-cel'la 

Pit  y-as'sus 
Pit-y-o-ne'aus 

*Per-i-n)e'le 

Phal'a-ris 

Phid'i-le 

Phle'gy-as 

Phya'co-a 

fPit'y-ns 

Pit-y-u'sa 

Pla-cen'ti-a 

Pla-cid-e-i-a'nus 

Pla-cid'i-a 

Pla-cid'i-us 

Pla-na'si-a 

Plan-ci'na 

Pian'cus 

Pia-tJE'n 

Phi-tte'ee 

♦Plai'a-ge 

♦Plat-a-mo'dca 

Pla-ta'ni-us 

♦  Plat'a-nua 

♦Pla-ie'a 

♦Pla-te'ffi 

Pla'to 

*Pla-ton'i-ci 

Plau'ti-a  (Lox) 

Plau-ti-a'nus 

Plau-til'la 

P!au'ti-ua 

Plau'tus 

tPla'vis 

♦Pleb-ia-ci'tuni 

•Per-i-mel'i-des 

Pc-rin'thus 
i   Per-i-|>a-tet'i-ci 

♦Pe-rip'a-tuB 

Pe-riph'a-nea 

Per'i-phas 

Pe-riph'a-tus 

Per-i-phe'mus 

♦Per-i-phe'iea 

Per-i-pho-re'taa 

Pe-rii'a-dea 

*Pe-ri8'te-re 
!    Pe-ris'the-nes 
1    ♦Per-i-aty'Ium 

*Peris'ly-lum 

Pe-rit'a-nua 

Per'i-taa 

Per-i-lo'ni-um 

Per-mea'sua 

Pe'ro,  or  fPe^i^'ne 

Per'o-e 

Per 'o- la 

Per-pen'na 

Per-pe-re'ne 

Per-pho-re'tua 

Phal'a-rua 

*Pha-la'ru8 

Phal'ci-don 

Pha'le-aa 

Pha-le're-U8 

Phi-dip'pi-des 

Phi-dit'i-a 

♦Phi-do'laa 

Phi'don 

Phid'y-le 

Phli'as 

Phli-a'ai-a 

Phli'ua 

PhlCE'US 

*PhIo'gi-u8 

Phys'con 

Phya'coa 
Phyii'cus 

*Phys-i-og-no'mou 
Phy-tal'i-des 

Pha-le'ria 
Pha-Io'ris 
Pha-le'ron,  or  Phal'e- 

rum 
Pha-le'nis 
Pha'li-as 
Phal'li-ca 
•Pha-lo're 
Pha-lyB'i-na 
♦Pham-e-no'phia 
*Pha-na'cea 
Pha-nffi'ua 
♦Pha-nag'o-ra 
Phan-a-rw'a 
Pha'naa 
*Pha-na'tea 
Pha'nea 
♦Pha'ni-um 
Phan'o-cloB 
Phan-o-de'mua 

♦Phig-a-Ie'a 

Phi-ga'le-i 

Phi'Ia 

Phil-a-del'phi-a 

♦PhiUa-flel-phi'a 

Phil-a-del'phua 

Phi'laj 

Phi-lffi'ni 

Phi-lte'ua 

*Phi-la'mon 

Phi-Iam'mon 

Phi-lar'chii-s 

*Phi-lar'e-tu3 

*Phi-lar'gy-ru9 

*Pliil'e-as 

Phi-le'mon 

Phi-le'ne 

Phi-le'ria 

Phil'e-roa 

Phi-Ie'si-ua 

Pho-be'tor 

tPho'boa 

JPho-cce'a 

•Pho-ca'i-cua 

*Phoc'a-ia 

Pho-cen'ses,  and 

Pboc'i-ci 
Pho-cil'i-dea 
Pho'ci-on 
Pho'cis 
Pho'ciia 
Pho-cyl'i-defl 
Phffi'be 
fPhcR-be'uni 
♦Phffi-be'ua 
PhcEb'i-das 
Phc8-big'a-na 
Phce'bus 
Phoe'mos 
Phffi-ni'cc,  or 

Phyt'a-lua 

♦Phy-te'uni 

Phy'ton 

Phyx'i-«m 

Pi'a,  or  Pi-a'Ii-a 

Pi'a-su3 

Pi-ce'ni 

Pi-cen'ti-a 

Pic-en-ti'ni 

Pi-ce'num 

Pi'cra 

Pic'ta),  or  Pic'ti 

Pic-ta'vi,  or  Pic'to-nea 

Pic-ta'vi-ura 

♦Pic'to-nea 

Pic'tor 

Pi'cus 

Pi-do'rna 

Pid'y-tea 

♦Pi-dy'tes 

1313 


1     - 

PRONUNCIATION  OP   GREEK   AND 

LATIN   PROPER 

NAMES. 

Pol  y-d.iin'na 

Po'si-o 

Pron'o-e 

P>'-le'ne 

Uuin-til'la 

Rbo'de 

Sa-bi'na 

Pol-y-dec'tM 

tPos  si-do' ni-u  HI 

Proii'o-mu8 

IVI'e-iis 
•Pvl'i-U9 

Uuin-til'tua 

Rho'di-a 

Sa-bi'ni 

P»>I-y-deu-ce'a 

P(Hi-thtrini-a 

Proii'o-iis 

Q,uin'ti-U9 

*Rho'di-l 

Sa-bin-i-a'nua 

Pol-y-do'ra 

Pos-4hii'mi-u8 

Pron'u-t* 

P)i'le-on 

Uuin'tus,  or  Quinc'ti- 

Rhod-o-gy'ne,  or 

Ha~bt'ims  Au'luf 

Pol-y-ilo'nM 

♦Post'hu-inus 

Pro-per'ti-ua 

Py'lo 

us 

Rbod-o-gu'ne 

•Sa-bi'ra 

Pi4-y-gi'toD 

Pos-tu'mi-us 

*Pro-phe'ta 

PyM(« 

Cluin'tuB  Cur'ti-UB 

Rbod'o-pe,  or  Rho- 

Sa'bts 

Pu-lyg'i-UB 

Posi-V(»r'ta 

Pm-pcet'i-de» 

Pv'lus 
*Pvm'a-tua 

Q.uir-i-na'lj-a 

do'pia 
Rbo'du9 

*Sa-bo'ci 

PiJ-yg-no'tns 

Pu-(am'i-des 

Pro-pon'tia 

Uuir-i-na'lis 

♦Sa-bo'iba 

Po-ly(s't»-nu9 

Pol'a-mon 

Prop-y-Ie'a 

Py'ra 

Uui-rt'nus 

RhtB'bus 

Sab'ra-cfB 

PivJy-hym'ni-a,  ot  Po- 

•Pot'a-mus 

Pros-chys'ti-ufl 

Py-rac'mon 

Uui-ri'U'a 

Rhn'cua 

Sab'nita 

ly  tn'ni-a 

Po-thi'nu« 

♦Profre-lc'ni 

Py-rac'mo9 

Rhfle-ie'uin 

Sa-bri'na 

Pit-ly-itl'i-us 

Pu'thoa 

•Pro-sd'y-tua 

Py-nech'mes 

Rhte'tiis 

Sab'u-ra 

•Po-ly-i'dus 

Pol-i-daj'a 

Pro-ser'pi-na 

•Py-rie'eus,  or  Py-rce'- 

*Rhom-bi'tea 

Sab-u-ra'nua 

Pul-y-la'us 

Po-ti'na 

*Proso'pis 

U9 

R. 

Rlio-sa'ces 

Sa'bua 

P»>-lyin'e  nes 

Po-iit'i-us 

tPrcwHi-pi'tea 

•Py-ram'i-des 

Rhu'ftis 

Sac'n-daa 

P»>l-y-ine'de 

•Pot-iii'a-dea 

Prus-opi'tia 

Pyr'a-mus 

Rhox-u'na,  or  Rox-a'- 

Sa'ca! 

Pi^-Iyiu'e-doa 

Poi'ni-« 

Prosy  III 'na 

•Pyr'a-sus 

na 

*Sac-a-pe'ne 

Pi.l  y-ine'Ia 

Prac'ti-um 

Pro-la  g'o-ras 

•Py-re'i-cu8 

RA-nta't-ua 

Rliqx-a'ni 

Sa'cer 

Piil-yni-nes'lM 

Pne'ci-a 

ProiB-gor'i-des 

Pyr-e-iia;'i 

Ra-cil'i-a 

Rhu-te'iii,  and  Ru- 

•Sacb-a-Ii'liB 

Pul-ym-nes'tor 

Prc^este 

Pro'le-i  Co-him'nio 

Pyr-e-nte'ua 

Ra!-sa'ces 

the'ui 

Sach«a-li'tes 

Pol-y-ni'cea 

•Pnen-es^'ni 

Pro-tes-i-la'iis 

Pv-re'ne 

Ra-mi'sea 

Rhyn'da-cu8 

Sa-cra'ni 

Pw-lynVe 

Prc'»oa 

Pnj'Kvus 

*Py-re'tuB 

Ram'nea 

Rliyn'thon 

Sa-cni'lor 

Pul'y-iiii4 

Pnw'U 

Pro'lhtMja 

*P)r'e-tua 

Ran'da 

Rhy'pBB 

Sa-cmt'i-vir 

Pitl-y-pe'inon 

Pras'tor 

Prolh-o-e'nor 

Pyr'gi 

*Ra-pha'ue-!B 

•Rhyt'i-«a 

*Sac'ro-ne 

Po^y-pt■^'chon 

Pne-to'ri-iis 

Proili'o-ua 

Pyr'gi-on 

Ra'po 

•Ric'i-mer 

Sad'a-lea 

Pol-y-phe'mus 

Pfw-tu'ti-um 

Pro'to 

Pyr'go 

Ra-sci|)'o-tla 

•Rin-gi-be'ri 

Sa'dua 

Pol-y-phon'les 

•Prain'ni-uiD,  or 

Prol-o-pe-ne'a 

Pyr-gol'»-Je8 

♦Ra-tu'me-iia 

Ri-phffi'i 

Sa^ly-a'tea 

Pol'y-phrvn 

Pram-ni'uiu,  aJj 

Pro-tog'e-nes 

Pyr'gus 

Rau-ra'ci,  or  Rau-ri'ci 

Ri-pl)e'u9 

♦SiBg-i-me'ru8 

Pol-y-ps'tefl 

tPra'si-i 

Prol-o-ge-ni'a 

Py-rip'po 

Ra-ven'na 

*Riq-ue-be'lua 

♦SiBt'a-bea 

•Pol'y-ren 

•Pras'i-nu9 

Pr>Jl-o-me  di'a 

Pv'ro 

•Rav-en-na'tes 

*RU'a-m(E 

tSag-a-las'aua 

•Pol-y-steph'a-ims 

Pnit'i-naa 

Prol-o-me-du'sa 

tfyr'o-des 

Rav'o-la 

Rix-aiii'a-rffi 

Sag'a-na 

Po-lys'tr^-tiis 

Prax-ag'o-rM 

*Pro-U)t'y-pon 

*Pyr'o-eis 

Re-a'ie 

Ro-bi'go,  or  Ru-bi'go 

Sag'a-ria 

Pol-y-lech'nua 

Prix'i-aa 

•Prot-r>--pe'a 

'P>r-o-ge'ri 

Re-dic'ii-Ius 

Rod-e-ri'cus 

Sa-git'ta 

•Po-ly'tes 

•Prax-i-lMi'lua 

Proi'e-nus 

Pyr'o-is 

Red'o-nes 

Ro'ma 

Sa-gun'tuni,  or  Sa- 

PoI-y-U-me'tiia 

Prax-id'a-maa 

Pm-den'li-«8 

Py-ro'ni-a 

Re-gil'liE 

Ro-ma'ni 

gnn'tua 

•Pol-y-ti'mua 

Prax-id'i-ce 

Prura'ni-dea 

•Py-ro-pbleg'e-ihon 

Re-giMi-a'nus 

Ro-ma'nua 

*Sag-un-ti'nu8 

Po-lyi'i-on 

Prax'i-Ia 

Pru'sa 

Pyr'rha 

Re-gil'lU9 

Ko-niil'i-ua 

Sa'is 

Po-Iyi'ro-pua 

Pnu-iph'a-nes 

Pni-8C'U8 

Pyr'rhi-as 

*Re-gi'na 

Roiii'u-la 

•Sa-i'tffl 

Po-lyx'e-na 

Prax'ia 

Pru'»i-a8 

Pyr'rhi-ca 

fRe-gi'num 

Ro-mu'li-dffl 

Sa'la 

Pt»-lyx'e-nus 

Prax-it'e-lpa 

•Prym-ne'si-a 

Pyr'rhi-cus 

Reg'u-lua 

Roii)'u-!ua 

*Sa-la'ci-a 

Po-Iyx'o 

Prai-tth'e-« 

Pr>-m'iio 

P>*r'rhi-d« 

Rfi'mi 

Ko'intis 

Sal'a-con 

Pol-y-jte'liis 

tPre'li-ns 

Pr)l'a-ne8 

Pyr'rho 

Reni'u-liis 

Roa'ci-us 

*Sul-a-gi'aa 

Poin-*x-«'ihre9 

•Pres-byt-e-ri'um. 

Pr>-t-«-tie'iim 

Pvr'rbu9 

Re  mu'ri-a 

Ro-i^ilMa-nua 

Sal-a-min'i-a 

Po-me'li-a,  »r  Po-inc*- 

(dfwueile  far  prieM) 

Pnl'a-iirs 

•t»yr'ri-cha 

Re'mua 

Ro'si-us 

Sal 'a- mis 

ti-i 

•Pnj«-by-te'ri-um, 

Psam'a-UiP 

Pys'te 

Rtt'sris 

Ro-tom'a-gus 

SaUn-mi'na 

Pom-e-ti'na 

{stKtrdotal  onUr) 

Paam'a-th«ts 

*Py*lhirn'e-t«s 

tRe-ti'na 

Rox-a'na 

tSa-Iam'ti-ca 
sa~la'pi-a,  or  Sa-la'- 

Po-mo'na 

Prf-ii'ge-nes 

Pftam-me-m'tHs 

Pv-ih;»g'o-ra9 

Re-u-dig'ni 

Rox-o-la'ni 

Porn-pe'i-.T 

Pri-s-Bs'pea 

Psam  met'i-clius 

•hylh-R-g<vrt>'i 

tRba 

Ru-bel'li-us 

pi-as 

Pom-pe-i-a'nus 

Prt-atn'Mea 

PMni'mis 

*Py-lhan'ge-lui 

•Rhabdu'chi 

Ru'bl 

Sal'a-ra 

Pom-pc'i-i,  ffr  Pom- 

Pri'a^Ofl 

Paa'phia 

Pyih-a-ra'tU8 

•Rha-ce'lu9 

Ru'bi-con 

tSa-!ar'i-ca 

pe'i-uin 

Pri^'pw 

Pn'pfao 

Pyth'e-aa 

Rha'ci-a 

Rii  bi-e'nus  Lap'pa 

Rii-bi'go 

Sa-las'ci 

Pom-pe-i-opVlii 

PriVoe 

•p9e-bo'a 

Py'Ihpfl 

Rha'ci-u9 

Sa-le'i-ua 

PDm-pi:'t-its 

Pri'ma 

Pse'cas 

Pvth'e-ua 

*Rha-co'te8 

Ru'bra  Sax'a 

Sa-le'ni 

Pom'pe-kiOt  «r  Am- 

•Prim-HiiTut 

•P«e-ne'ru9 

PvUi'i-a 

Rha-cu'tra 

*Ru-bre'nus 

Sal  en-ti'ni 

p.sJo'ia 

•Pri'o-la 

•P*cu-d.M:e'Ii8 

Pylb'i-aa 

Rhad-a'man'ihU9 

Ru'brj-ua 

Sa-ler'num 

Pom-piri-a 

Pn'on 

*Paeu-df»-nian-li'a 

P'vih'i-on 

Rhad-a-mis'tua 

RiiMi-s 

Sal-ga'ne-us,  or  Sai- 
ga'ne-a 

PM»-pil'Mi«  Na'nia 

•Pri-(>-no'lii» 

•P»eii-<Ii>»'U>-ma 

•Pythi-o-ni'ce 

•Khad'i-ne 

Ru'fjR 

Pon-pi'lus 

•Pris-ci-a'nus 

•Pait'U-ce 

•Pyih-)-o-ni'cea 

Rha'di-ua 

Kuf-fi'nu9 

tSa'li-a 

Pom-pisVua 

Pris-cil'la 

•Psit'ia-cns 

Pyth'i-um 

*Rh«9'e-na 

Rufftia 

*Sa-li-a'ria 

Pom-po'ni-a 

Pris'ciia 

Pw'phb 

Pyth'i-ua 

Rhie'te-um 

Ru-fil'Ius 

Pa'li-i 

Pum-po'ni-ua 

PrM'iia 

Psy'cbe 

Py'iho 

Rhaj'ti,  or  Rffl'ti 

Ru-t1'nu9 

Sal-i-na'tor 

PDia-ptvsi-a'noi 

Pri-vrr'nnm 

*p0y-c  btt-man -le'uin 
Psy'cbnia 

Pv-thoch'a-ria 

Rhffi'ti-a 

♦Rn'fi-us 

Sa'li-U9 

Pitmp-ti'na 

Pfi-ver'ntts 

P>ih'o-cIe8 

*Rlm-ge'a 

Ru'fus 

Sal-Ius'ti-ua 

Pomp^ti'oe 

Pro'ba 

PxyPl) 

*Pyth-o-dt!Mu8 

*Rha-me'lna 

Ru'ci-i 
*Ru'mi-na 

SaI'ma-cis 

PotQp-tt'DUS 

Pro'bus,  M. 

•Psvr-ta-Ii'a 

Pyth-o-do'riia 

Rham-nen'sea 

Sa!-mo'ne 

Pom'pns 

Pro'cas 

•Pte'Ie-os 

Pytho-la'ua 

RItam'nes 

Ru'mi-nua 

Sal-mo'ne-ua 

Pon'ti-a 

Proch'o-rus 

Pte'le-iim 

Py'ihon 

Rham-si-ni'tus 

Rtin-ci'na 

♦SnI-mo'nis 

Pon'tt-cum  Ma're 

Proch'y  ta 

♦Pter'e-Ias 

•Py-thft'n*»8 

Rham'nua 

Ru-pit'i-us 

Sal' m  us 

Pon'ti-cu* 

Pitwil'i-ua 

PiiT-e-la'ua 

Pyth-oni'ce 

*Rham-nu'si-a 

*Ru3'ci-no 

Sal-my-dea'sua 

Pon-ii'na 

Pr.>-cil'la 

Pte'ri-a 

•Py-thon'i-ci 

Rha'nis 

Rus'ci-U9 

Sa'Io 

Pon-ri'nus 

Pro-fil'lus 

•Pie'ri-on 

♦Pyth-o-ni'cua 

♦Rba-phe'a 

Rus-co'ni-a 

Sa-lo'me 

Pun'ti-ua 

Pro'cle-a 

•Pio-chi'um 

Pvih-o-nis'sa 

•Rhap-so'di 

Ru-sel'lffl 

•Sal'o-mon 

•P  in-to-po-ri'a 

Pm'cles 

Ptot-e-dtr'ina 

Pyt'na 

♦Rha'ri-us 

Riis'pi-na 

Sa'lon 

Pon'ius 

PruK-li'da 

Pu>l-e-mte'iini 

Pyl'ta-Iu8 
•Pyx-ag'a-lhua 

Rha'rua 

Rus'ti-ciis 

Sa-lo'na,    or    Sa-!o'- 

Pxn'tiis  Ea-ii'nus 

Proc'ne 

PtoI-e-me'u8 

*Rhas-cu'po-lia 

Rn-te'ni 

ns 

Po-p  Ti-us  Lte'nas 

Proc-(.n-nc'sus 

Ptol-e-ma'ia 

Rhas-cu'po-ria 

*Ru-lhe'ni 

*Sal-o-ne'a 

Po-plic'o-la 

Pro- CO' pi-US 

Ptol  'y-cu8 

*Rha-to'ua 

Rii'ti-ta 

Sal-o-ui'na 

Pofv-pic'a  Sa-bi'nm 

Pro'cris 

I*io'u9 

Rhe'a 

Ru'ti-Ius 

Sal-o-ni'nu9 

P"»p-pr'iis 

Pm-<TUs'tea 

Piib-lic'i-a  (Lci) 

Q. 

Rhc'bas,  or  Rhe'bus 

Ru-til'i-ua  Ru^fus 

Sa-lo'ni-U8 

PofMt-k)'Di~a 

Proc'u-l« 

Pub-lic'i-ua 

Rhed'o-nea 

Ru'lu-ba 

*Sal-pi'nas 

•Por'a-ta 

Proc-u-|r'i-iis 

Pub-Itc'o-Ia 

Rhe'gi-iim 

Rii'tu-bu9 

Sal'pia 

Por*ci-* 

•Proc-u-li'na 

Pub'Ii-U8 

Rhe-gus'ci 

Ru'tu-Ii 

*Sal-tu-a'rea 

Pof'ci-uii 

Pmc'ii-Ius 

•Pii-di'ca 

Qua-deb'na 

Rhe'mi 

Ru'tu-ps 

Rii-tu-pi'nuB 

Sal'vi-an 

•Por-do-'«e-lc'ne 

Pro'cy-on 

Pul-che'ri-a 

Uua'dt 

Rhe'ne 

Sal-vid-i-e'nu8 

Po-rcd'o-rax 

Pn»d'i-cus 

Piil'rhnim 

*Qua-dra'la 

*Rhe-ne'a 

Sal'vi-ua 

Po-ri'M 

♦Prod'm-miis 

fPul'lUfl 

Q.ita-dra'tu9 

Rhe'ni 

*Sa'Iy-es 
Sa-ma'ri-a 

Por-o-se-le'no 

•Pro'e-dri 

Pu'ni-cum  Bel'lum 

Q.uad'ri-frons,  or 

Rhe'nus 

Por-phyr'i-on 

Pro-er'na 

,Pll'pi-U8 

auad'ri-ccpa 

Rhc-o-mi'tres 

S. 

*Sam-a-ri'a 

Por-phyr'i-us 

Pr»ei'i-dea 

Pu-pi-e'nu9 

(iniEs-to'res 

Rhe'sua 

♦Sam-a-ri'ta 

•  Por-p  h  y -rog-en-n  l'- 

Proi'tas 

Pup 'pi-US 

Oiia'ri 

Rhet'i-co 

*Sam'a-t8B 

tus 

Prog'ne 

Pu-te'o-li 

Q,ua'ri-U9 

R  be-to  g'e-nea 

Sam-bu'Ioa 

Por'ri-ma 

Pro-la'us 

Py-a-nep'si-a 

(iuer'cens 

Rhe-u'nua 

Sa'ba 

fSain'bua 

Por-aen'na,  or  Por'ae- 

Prom'a-chtis 

Pytl'na 

Uui-e'tun 

Rhex-e'nor 

Sab'a-cbus,  or  Sab'a- 

Sa'me,  or  Sa'moa 

na 

Pro-mat  h'i-daa 

Pyg'e-Ia 

(iuinc-ti-a'nu8 

Rhex-ib'i-ua 

con 

*Sa-me'ni 

Por'li-a,  attd  Por'ti-as 

Pro-ma'thi-oQ 

Pyg-mjE't 

Q.uinc-til'i-a 

Rhi-a'nu9 

Sa'bs 

Sa'tni-a 

Port'mos 

Prom'e-doa 

tPyg-ms'nn 

auinc'ti-us,  T. 

Rhid'a-go 

tSa-bffl'i 

*Sa'mi-u9 

Por-tum-nali-a 

Prom-c-nie'a 

Pyd-ma'li-on 

tQuin'da 

Rhi-moi'a-cles 

Sa-ba'ta 

Sam-ni'tE 

Por-tum'nti3 

Prxv-me'the-i 

Pyl'a-des 

Q,uin-de-ccm'vt-ri 

*Rhi-noc-o-lu'ra 

tSa-ba'tha 

Sam-ni'tea 

•Por-tu'nus 

Po'rus 

♦Po-sid'e-on 

Pro- me 'I  he-US 

Py'Ia 

Q4]in-qua'tn-a 

Rhi'on 

*Sab'a-lb» 

Sam'ni-um 

Pro-me'lbis,  and 

Py-Iffim'e-ne8 

*Q.uin'qua-tru3 

Rhi'pha,  or  Rhi'phe 

fSa-ba'tra 

tSam-o-cho-ni'tea 

Prom-e-ihi'dea 

Py-Iag^>-^B 

Q.uin-quen-naMes 

Rhi-phie'i 

Sa-ba'zi-ua 

*Sa-mon'i-ciia 

Po-si'des 
Poa-i-de'um 

Prom'e-thus 

P\--Iag'o-ra8 

•Q-uin-quev'i-ri 

Rlii-pba'us 

Sab 'baa 

Sa-mo'ni-um 

Prom'u-tus 

Py-la'on 

•Uuin-t.l'i-a 

Rhi'um 

Ba-bel'la 

Sa'moa 

Po-si'don 

Pro-nap'i-dea 

P\'-Jar'ga 

Cluin-til-i-a'nus 

*Rho-be'a 

Sa-bel'li 

Sa-mos'a-ta 

Pos-i-do'ni-a 

•Prona'um 

Py-tar'tea 

•auin-ti'lis 

*Rhod'a-lu8 

tSa-beI'lua 

Sam-o-thra'ce,  or 

Pos-i-do'ni-u3 

Pro'nax 

P>'la8 

auin-til'i  us  Va'nifi 

Rtaod'a-nuB 

*.Sa-bid'i-u8 

Bam-o-thra'ci-a 

iJlQ 

PRONUNCIATION   OF   GREEK   AND   LATIN   PROPER  NAMES. 

! 

1 

•Sam-o-thra'ces 

Sa'vo,  or  Sa-vo'na 

Seg'ni 

8e'ti-a 

Sjpli'nos 

Sos'tbo-ncB 

StflBch'a-dea 

Sn'mtis 

Sa'vua 

Se-gob'rt-ga 

Seu'llies 

Si-pon'tum,  or  Si'pus 

Soa'tra-ttia 

Sto'i-ci 

*Sa-myl'i-a 

•Sax'o-nes 

Seg'o-nax 

Se-ve'ra 

Sip'y-Ium,  andBip'y- 

•Sos'xe-tra 

*Sf«'i<u8 

Sa'na 

Saz'i-clies 

8e-gon'li-a,  or  Se- 

Sc-ve-rl-a'nua 

lU3 

Sol'a-deB 

Slra'lM) 

San'a-os 

Swe'a 

gun'ti-a 

Se-ve'ni8 

tSir'bo 

So'tcr 

Stra-lar'chaa 

San-c  ho-n  i'a-thon 

Scie'va 

8eg-on-ti'a-cl 

tSe'vo 

•Sir-bo'nis 

*8o-te'res 

♦Stra-le'gua 

Stm-d»'ce 

Scatv'o-Ia 

8e-go'vi-a 

Sex'li-a 

*Si-red'o-ne» 

So-te'ri-a 

Stra'io,  or  atra'ton 

•San-da-li-o'tis 

Scal'pi-um 

Se-gun'ti-um 

Sex-til 'i-a 

Si-re' nea 

So-ter'i-cuB 

Stral'o-cle9 

Bnti-fla'ti-um 

Sca-nmn'der 

8e-gu-si-a'ni 

*Sex-ti'lis 

Si'ri3 

So'ihia 

•Stral-o-cli'a 

San'ila-iit9 

Sea-man 'dri-UB 

tSe-gii'si-o 
Sf-ja'nu8  ^'li-Uf 

Sex-til 'i-u8 

Sir'i-iia 

tSo-li-a'tes 
8o'li-on 

Strat-o-ni'ce 

Snn'da-nus 

Scan-da'ri-a 

Sex'ti-U8 

Sir'mi-nm 

•Stra-ton-i-ce'a 

San-dt'on 

*Scan-de'a 

*Se-i-sach-ihi'a 

Stix'tua 

•Si-ro'mua 

•So-ti'ra 

Stmt  o-ni'cua 

*San-do'ces 

Scan-di-na'vi-a 

Se'i-ns  Siia'^bo 

Si-bi'ni 

*Sir-o-pffi'o-ne8 

So'ii-u9 

♦Stro-go'Ia 

San-dro-cot'tug 

Scan-til'la 

*Scl-do'mti3 

♦Sib'o-tes 

♦Sia'a-pon 

So'ua 

Stron'iry-le 

San'ga-la 

Scap-tes'y-le 

8e-leni'nua 

Si-bur'li-ua 

Si-aam'nea 

*Sox'o-t« 

Strt)ph'!i-de8 

S«n-ga'ri-us,  or  San'- 

Scap'ii-a 

Se-le'ne 

Si-byl'lffl 

Sis'a-plio 

So7,'o-men 

Stro'phi-iia 

^-ris 

Scap'tj-»s 

Sel-eti-ce'na,  or  Se- 

*Sib-yI.li'nua 

*Sis'a-ra 

*S(>-zoni'e-nus 

•Stru-llii'a 

San-guin'Uua 

9cap'u-Ia 

leu'cia 

Si'ca 

tSis-ci'a 

Spa'co 

Siru-thoph'a-gi 

San-nyr'i-oo 

Scar'di-i 

8e-leu'ci-a 

Si-cam'bri,  or  Sy- 

Sis'e-nea 

•Spal'e-lhni 

Stru'thua 

San'ti>n68,  and  San^ 

•Scar-phe'a 

*Sel-eu-ci'a 

gann'bri 

Si-sen 'na 

♦Spar-ga-pi'thes 

Stry'ma 

to-n;B 

Scar-phi'a,  or  Scar'phe 

gcau'rua 

Se-leu'ci-dffl 

Si-ca'ni 

Sia-i-gam'bia,  or  Sia- 

Spar'ta 

Strym'no 

♦San-ton 'i-cus 

Se-Ieu'cin 

Si-ca'ni-a 

y-gani'bia 

S[>ar'Ia-cus 

Slry'mon 

•Sa-o'ce 

Sced'a-su9 

*Se-lcii-co-be'lM9 

*Si-ca'nu3 

Si9-0-CO^'tU8 

Sjiar'iffi.  or  Spar'ti 
Spar-ta'^ni,  or  Spar-ti- 

•Sirym'o-nfa 

•Sa-oc'o-raa 

Scel-e-ra'tua 

Se-leu'cus 

*Sic'a-nu8 

Sis'y-phUB 

•Slye'i-UB 

Styg'ne 

Sa'on 

*Sce-ni'tas 

Sel'ge 

Sic'e-lis,  or  Si  eel' i- 

Si  tal'cca 

a'tie 

•Sa-«'tes 

Sche'di  a,  or  Ske'di-a 

Se-lim'nuB 

des 

*Si-the'ni 

*Spar-ta'nU9 

♦Siy-lob'a-lea 

Sa-p«'i,  or  Sa-phe'i 

Sche'di-us 

Se-li'nuna,  or  Pe-li'- 

•SiHje'mus,  and  Si- 

Silli'ni-dt!8 

Spar-ti-a'nus 

Stym-pha'li-a,  or 

*Sapli'a-ni9 

8che'ri-a 

nua 

ce'ma 

Si'tbon 

♦Spar-to'lus 

Stym-pha'lia 

fSap-i-re'ne 

•Schffi-ne'ia 

♦Se'Ii-na 

*Si-ce'nu3 

*Silh'o-ne8 

*apat'n-Ie 

♦Stym'pba-Hf 

*Sa-pi're8 

SchoB'ne-us 

Sel-la'si-a 

Si-chaj'u8 

*Sitb'o-nis 

Spe'rhi-a 

Stym-pha'lua 

Sa'por 

Schce'nu9f  or  Sche'no 

Sel-le'ia 

Si-cil'i-a 

Si-tlio'iii-a 

Spfn'di-iia 

Siy'ra 

Sa-po'rea 

*Sci-op'o-de9 

Sel'li 

8i-cin'i-us  Den-ta'tua 

Sit'i-ua 

Spen'don 

Sty'rua 

Pap'pho 

Sci'alhis,  or  Bi'a-thia 

Se-lym'bri-a 

8i-ci'nus 

Sii'o-nea 

*Sper-cIii'a 

Styx 

*Sap-pho'ug 

Sci'a-thoa 

Seni'e-Ie 

•Sic'D-ria 

♦Sit-te-bc'ria 

Spcr-clii'ua 

♦Su-a'da 

Sap'ti-ne 

Sci'dros 

*Sem-cn-ti'nus 

Sic'o-rua 

*Siz'y-ge8 

Sper-ma-topli 'a-gi 

•Suag'e-la 

Par-a-ce'ne 

Scil'liia 

*Se-mid'e-i 

Sic'u-Ii 

tSma-rag'dua 

Sme'nua 

Sjicn-Pip'pus 

fSu-a'na 
Su-ar-do'nes 

*Sar-a-ce'ni 

Sci'nia 

Sem-i-ger-ma'ni 

*Sic'u-lu8 

Sphac-te'ri-ffl 

Pa-rac'o-ri 

Scin'thi 

Sem-i-eiin'tU8 
Se-mir'a-niia 

Sic'y-on 

Smer'dis 

*Sphe-ce'a 

*Sub-al-pi'nu8 

*t*ar-a-nie'ne 

Sci-o'ne 

Sic-y-o'ni-a 

Smi'lax 

Sphe'nia 

Sii-lMi'tri-i 

Pa-ran'ges 

Sci-pi'a-dn 

Sem'no-nea 

*Sid-a-ce'ne 

Smi'IiB 

Sphinx 

*Sub'Ia-cuin 

Sar-n-pa'ni 

*8ci-pi'a-dea 

*Sem-no'the-i 

Si'de 

Smin-dyrM-dca 

Spho'dri-as 

Su-blic'j-oa 

Sar'a-pus 

Scip'j-o 
Sclera 

Se-nio'nea 

•Si-de'le 

Smin'tlie-us 

Spbm-(iid'i-um 

tSub-mon-to'ri-um 

Sar'a-sa 

Sein-o-sanc'tua 

*Si-de'ne 

Smyr'na 

Spi-cii'lna 

Su'bo-U 

Sa-ras'pa-des 

Sci-ra'di-um 

Sem-pro'ni-a 

Si-de'ro 

So-a'na 

Hpin'tha-rus 

*Su-bu'ra 

*8a-rn.'vii8 

Sci'ras 

Sem-pro'ni-us 

Sid-i-ci'num 

8o-an'da 

Spin'ther 

Su-bur'ra 

^or-d  a-  n  a-pa ']  ua 

Sci'ron 

Se-niu'ri-um 

Si'don 

So-a'ne» 

Spi'o 

Su'cro 

*Sar-de'iie 

*Sci-ron'i-de3 

Se'na 

*Si-do'nea 

Soc'ra-tes 

S  pi-lam 'c-nea 

*Su-dc'li 

Sar'di 

Sci'ruB 

*Se-na'tor 

♦Sid'o-nis,  or  Si-do'nia 

*Sod'o-riia 

Spi-lhob'a-tea 

*Su-e'bus 

Sar'di-ca 

•Scol'o-ti 

Se-na'tus 

Si-do 'ni-ua 

Sce'mi-aa 

Spith-ri-da'tea 

Su-«3'sa 

Sar-din'i-a 

Sco'lua 

Sen'na,  or  Se'na 

Si'ga 

Sog-di-a'na 

Spo  le'ti-uni 

*Su-es-sa'nua 

Sar'dis,  or  Sar'dea 

Scorn 'brua 

8en'e-ca 

Si-gffi'um,  or  Sf-ge'um 

Sog-di-a'nuB 

*Spo-le'trim 

*Su  es-si-o'nea 

*8ar'do-ne9 

Sco'pas 

tSe'ni-a 
Sen'o-nes 

Si^'ni-a 

*Po-la'nus 

S|ior'ades 

Sues'so-nes,  or  JSu- 

Par-don 'i^:u8 

*Scop'e-Ios 

*Sig-ni'nus 

*SoI'«:-nus 

Spu-ri'na 

es^o'nea 

*Sar'do-nyx 

Sco'pi-ura 

*Se-no'ne8 

Sig-o-ves'su3 

tSo-Ii'miis 

Spu'ri-ua 

Sue-to 'ni-ua 

•Sar-don'a-tria 
•Sar-do'as 

Scor-dia'ci,  and  Scor- 

8en'ti-u3 

Sig'u-niE,  Si-gy'ni,  or 
Si-gyn'n» 

♦So-li'nus 

Sta-be'ri-U8 

Sue'vi 

dis'cs 

•Se'pi-as 

*SoI-le'um 

Sta'bi-» 

t*Su-e'vi 
Sue'vi-ua 

Rnr'dua 

Sco-ti'nus 

tSe'pi-ua 

Si'la,  or  Sy'la 

Sol'o-e,  or  So'li 

*Stab'ti-lum 

Sa-ri-as'ter 

Sco4U8'sa 

*Se-pla'si-a 

•Sila'i 

So-lce'ia 

Sta-gi'ra 

♦Sue'vua,  or  JSo-«'- 

*Sar'ma-tB 

Scri-bo'ni-a 

*Sep-tcm'pe-da 

Si-Ia'na  Ju'l)-a 

So'Ion 

Sta'i-iis 

Tua 

Sar-ma'ti-a 

Scri-bo-ni-a'nu8 

*Sep-tem'lri-o 

Si-la'nus 

8o-Io'ni-um 

*Stani'e-ne 

Suf-fe'nus 

Sar-men'tua 

Scri-bo'ni-us 

Sep-le'ri-on 

Sil'a-ru8 

So'ius 

Staph 'y-lua 

*Suf-fe'tes 

Sar'ni-U8 

♦Scyl'a-ce 

Sep-tim'i-ua 

Si-le'ni 

fSoI'va 

Sta-snn'der 

Suf-fe'ti-ua,  or   Sa- 

Pa'run 

Scyl-a-ce'ura 

Sep-ti-mu-le'i-u8 

Si-le'nua 

*Sol-y-ge'a 

Sla-aii'e-ua 

fe 'ti-u  a 

Pa  ron'i-cua  Si'mia 

Scy'lax 

Sep'y-ra 

Sil-i-cen'ae 

SoI'v-nia,  and  Sol'y- 

tSia-tfi'uua 
Sta-liri-a 

Sui'daa 

*Sa-ro'nis 

Scyl'la 

Seq'ua-na 

Sii'i  us  I-tal'i-cu» 

miE 

♦Su'i-das 

Par-pe'don 

ScyMie'um 

Seq'ua-ni 

Sit'phi-um 

*Sot'y-mi 

Sia-til'i-ua 

♦Su-il-la're8 

fSar'ra 

Scyt'li^s 

*Se-qnan'i-cu8 

tSil'pi-a 
Sil-va'nus 

Som'niia 

Stai'i-nffi 

Su-il'i-ua 

*Sar-ra'nu3 

Scyl'Iis 

Se-quin'i-ua 

Son'chia 

Sla-ti'ra 

Su-i'o-nes 

•Sar'ni-pia 

Scyl'tns 

*Se-ra'pe3 

*Si-man'ge-Iu» 

Son-li'a-tea 

Sta'ti-U8 

Sul'chi 

Sar-ras'tea 

Scy-lu'rua 

*Ser-a-pe'uin 

Sim-briv'i-ua,  or  Siin- 

Sop'a-ter 

Sta-se'as 

Sul'ci-na 

fSafs 

Scyp'pi-um 

Se-ra'pi-o 

bru'vi-ua 

So'phiix 

Sla-sic'ra-tes 

fSuI'ga 

Sar'si-na 

Scy'ras 

*Se-ni'pi-on  ■ 

*8i-ine'na 

So-phe'ne 

Sta'ior 

Sul'moj  or  Sul'mo-ns 

Sar-aan'da 

*Scy-ri'a-de9 

Se-ra'pia 

ai-me'thua,  or  Sv- 

*So-phffin'e-tua 

*Sieg'a-nos 

Sul-pit'i-a 

Sa'son 

Scy'ros 

Se'res 

me'lhiia 

*So'i)hi-a 

Stel-la'tes 

Sul-pil'i-ua,  or  Sul- 

•Sas'o-nes 

tScyr'pi-um 

Scr-bo'nia 

Sim'i-lifi 

Sopli'o-clea 

Stel'li-o 

pic'i-ua 

•Sas'i-na 

♦Scyl'a-Ie 

Se-re'nn 

Sim'i-lis 

Sonh-o-nis'ba 
So'ptiron 

Ste'na 

Sum-ma'nua 

•Sat-a-py'ts 

Scy'tliffl 

Se-re-ni-a'nua 

Sim'nii-as 

Pten-o-bce'a 

Su'ni-ci 

•Sai'a-naa 

•Scy-the'ni 

Se-re'nu3 

Si'mo 

*Soph'ro-na 

Ste-noc'ra-lea 

Ru'ni-des 

8a4a»'pe9 

Scy'thes,  or  Scy'tha 

Ser-ges'tu8 

♦Sim'o-eia 

So-phro'ni-a 

Sten'tor 

Su'ni-um 

ea'li-K 

Pcylh'i-a 

Ser'pi-a 

Sim'o-ia 

So-phron'i-cu8 

*Sten'to-ri9 

*Su-od'o-na 

Sat-i-bar-za'nea 

Scylh'i-des 

Ser-pi'o-Iua 

Sim-o-is'i-u8 

Sopti-ro-niii'ciia 

*Sien-y-cle'roa 

8ii-o-ve  li»'i-ril'i-a 

8a-trc'u-la,  and  Sa- 

Scy-thi'nua 

Ser'gi-ua 

8i'mon 

*So-phro'ni-us 

Pteph'a-na 

Su'pe-nim  Ma're 

lic'u-lus 

Scy'lhon 

*Ser'i-cu8 

Si-mon'i-dea 

So-phros'y-ne 

Stt'ph'a-niiB 

Su'ra  ^myl'i-ua 

Fa'iis 

Scy-thop'o-Iia 

Se-ri'phua 

SiRi-plic'i-us 

*So-pi'lhe8 

Ster'o-pe 

Su-re'na 

•Sa-ira'i-dK 

Re-baa 'la 

Ser'my-Ia 

8iin'u-lua 

Sop'o-lia 

Sler'opes 

*Su-re'nas 

*Pai-ra-pe'a 

*Seb-a84e'a 

Se'ron 

Si'mus 

So'ra 

Ster-sich'o-rus 

fSu'ri-um 

8at-ra-pe'ni 

*Seb-as-te'n! 

Ser-ra'niia 

Sim'y-ra 

fSinMa) 

St>-rac'te»,  and  So- 

Ster-tin'i-ua 

Sur-ren'lura 

•Sat 'ra -pes 

Se-baa'ti-a 

*Ser-re'um 

me 'te 

Ste-ang'o-ras 

Su'rua 

Sa-tri'ciim 

♦Seb-aa-top'o-ha 

Ser-to'ri-U8 

Sin'di 

So-ra'nu3 

♦Ste-sich'o-rua 

Su'sa 

Sa-trop'a-cea 

♦Seb'c-da 

Ser-vie'H9 

*Si-ne'ra 

*9or'di-ce 

Stes-i-cle'a 

Su'sa-na 

Sat'u-ra 

Seb-en-ny'tua 

Ser-vi-a'nu8 

Sin-gie'i 

So'rex 

fStes-i-Ie'ua 

Sii-sa'ri-on 

Sat-u-re'i-um,  or  Ba- 

♦Pe-lMj'lhia 

Ser-vil'i-a 

*Sin-gii-lo'ne8 

So-rit'i-a 

Slea-i-le'us 

Sn-si-a'na,  or  Su'ato 

tu'rcHim 

•Se-bfi'toa 

Ser-vil-i-a'nua 

fSin'gua 

So'a'-a  Gal'la 

Ste-sim'bro-tua 

ISu'thul 

8at-u-re't-iis 

Se-be'lua 

Ser-vil'i-us 

Si'nia 

So-aib'i-us 

•Slhen-e-la'i-das 

Su'tri-um 

Bal-ur-na'li-a 

Se-bu-si-a'ni,  or  8e~ 

Ser'vi-us  TulMi-u8 

Sin'na-c«s 

Soa'i-clea 

Sthen'e-le 

Sy-a'gm3 

8a-tur'ni-a 

gii-Fi-a'ni 

♦Ses-a-me'ni 

Sin'na-cha 

So-aic'ra-tea 

Sthen'e-liia 

Syb'a-ris 

Sat-urni'nni 

•Sec'e-la 

•Sea'a-muin 

Sin'o-e 

So-aig'e-nos 

Slhe'nis 

Syb-a-ri'ta 

Ba-ttir'ni-ua 

8ec-la'nu« 

Ses'a-ra 

Si'non 

So'ai-i 

Sthe'no 

*Syb'e-rua 

Sa-iur'niu 

•Se-dig'i-tna 

»Ses-a-re'thus 

Si-no'pe 

Soa'ilua 

Sthen-o-bcB'a 

*Syb'o-ta 

Sal^i-nim 

Sed'i-ta'ni,  or  Sed-«n- 

*Se8-o-oa'tris,  or  8©- 

Si-no'pe-ua 

So-sip'a-ter 

Stil'be,  or  Stil'bi-a 

Pyb'o-taa 

Sai'y-ri 

ta'ni 

flos'tris 

Sin'o-rix 

*So-sip'o-li8 

Stil'i-cho 

Sy-cin'nua 

Sal'y-nii 

8e-du'ni 

Ses'ti'Ua 

tSin-ti'ce 
Sin'li-i 

So'i^is 

Stil'po 

Sy'e-dra 

Saii-r^'i-us  Tro'fiui 

Sedu'»i-i 

Sea'toa,  or  Sea'tna 

So-sia'tra-tua 

Slini'i-con 

Sy'e-ne 

8au-rom'a-Ue 

Se-gea'ta 

8e-8u'vi-i 

Sin-u-ea'aa 

*So-sith'e-m 

Stiph'i-his 

Sy  e-ne'ai-ua 

Sau'rua 

8e-gefl'tea 

Set'a-bis 

*Sin  u-ea-aa'ntia 

So'ai-ua 

•Sii-ri't!c 

Sy-e-ni'tes 
*Sy-en'ne-siB 

j     Bav'e-ra 

tSc-ge'ti-a 

Se'thon 

*Si-o'pe 

tSos'pi-U 

Stt>-b;E'U3 

1 

■J 

I3I7 


PRONUNCIATION   OP   GREEK   AND   LATIN   PROPER  NAMES. 


•8v-Ie'uin 

Sy]'e-us 

•Sy-li'o-ne« 

Syl'U 

Syl'Ua 

Syl'o-M 

Syl'o-aon 

Syl-va'nui 

Syl'vi* 

ByVvUm 

Sy'ma,  «r  Sy'me 

•Syin'bo-la 

•tfym  bo-lo'rum 

Sym'bo-Ium 

Syin'ma-chus 

Syin-|ilef;'a-<le« 

•Sympl«'ga« 

Sy'iuus 

Syn-cel'luB 

8vn'{[e-lu8 

•SynV-tlri 

•Syn-c-phe'bi 

Py-ne'5i-*is 

•Syn'ha-Iua 

•Syn'na-da 

Pyn-uR-lax'U 

Syn'nas 

Svn'nia 

•&yn'no-o« 

*Syn'(>-diu 

Py-no'pa 

Syn'ijr-cbe 

Sy-phK'um 

Sy'pliax 

8yr'»<e9 

Syr-tt-oysi-4 

Syr-a-cu'sB 

Byr'i-a 

Sy'rinx 

*S]rr'ina-le 

•SjT-ne'iho 

•8yr-o-ciI'(<e9 

8yr-o-ph(e'aix 

^iKt-pbas-ni'ces 

Sy'rot 

Syr'le* 

ey'ru» 

8y»4-g«in'Ws 

8y«%-Bu 

Sy'tbas 


TA-AC'TBi 

•T*ib'a-nti« 

*Tn-b.-'ni 

fTa'bor 

Tab'ra-ca 

tTo-bu'da 

Tn-bur'nus 

tTn-ca'pe 

•Tac-a-pho'ris 

tl'ac-a-iu'a 

Tnc-fa-ri'nas 

Ta~chatnp'so 

•Tacb'ivri 

Ta'cbw,  wTa'chw 

Tac'i-ta 

Tac'Hlus 

•Tac'o-Ia 

Tc'di-a 

•TasdiTe-ra 

•Tcn'a-fiM 

Tsn'a-nM 

Tc'ni<a« 

•TaVpa 

Ta'gea 

Ta-po'nt-u8 

Ta'i^a 

Tft-la'ei-us 

Tal'a-us 

Ta-la'y-ra 

Tal'e-tum 

Tal-«lu Vi-ua 

Ta'Ins 

Tam'a-rus 

Ta-ma'se-a 

•Tam'e-sis 

Ta-me'sia 

Ta'mos 

Tam' pi-US 

Tam'y-^*" 

Tam'y-ris 

Taa'a-gra 

•Tan-a-gre'as,  #r 

•Tan-a-gre'us 
Taii^a-gru«j  or  Tan'm 

ger 
Tao'a-ifl 


Tan'a-<iiiil 

Ta-ne'lum 

fTa'nis 

Tan-tal'i-dea 

T»n'la-1us 

Ta-nu'ai-us  Ger'nai- 

nus 
•Ta-o'ca,  Ta-o'ci 
Ta'phi-ie 
•Ta'pbi-I 
Ta'phius,  or  TVplil- 

as'aus 
•Tap'o-ri 
•Tap-o-si'ria 
Ta-prob'a-ne 
Tap'sus 
Tap'y-ri 
Tar'u-nia 
Ta'ras 
Ta-fas'co 
Tnrax-ip'pus 
Tar-bcl'li 
•Tar-beini-cus 
T^r  ehe'ti-us 
•Tar'chia 
Tar'chon 

•Tar-c  hoiv-dira'o-tu« 
•Tar-en-li'nus 
Ta-ren'tum,  or  T»- 

ren'tus 
•Tar-i-che'a 
•Ta-rich'e-a 
Tar'naj 
Tar'pa 
Tar-pe'i-a 
Tar-pe'i-ua 
Tar-quin'i-« 
Tar-qtiin'i-i 
Tar-quin'i-U9 
Tar-quii'i-us 
Tar'qui-tus 
Tar-ra  ci'na 
Tar'ra-co 
Tar-ra'li-u« 
Tar'sa 
Tar'ai-ui 

Tar'aus,  ar  Tar'aos 
*Tar-Ur'l-aua 
Tar'U-nia 
•Tar-«c'«iua 
I'ar-tea'sua 
Ta-mn'li-ua 
tTa'ma 
tJar-Tia'i-iini 
Ta»-|p^'U-tu 
•Tas'aUo 
Ta'ti-an 
Ta-Ci-en'sea 
♦Ta'li-i 
Ta'ti-ua 
Tat'ia 
•Tau-chi'ra 
Tau-Ian'li-l 
Tau'nus 
Tau-ra'ni-« 
Tau-rao'tea 
Tau'ri 
•Tau  ri'a 
Tau'ri-ca  Cher-M-ne' 

8113 

Tau'ri-ca 

Tau-ri'ni 

Tau-ris'ci 

Tau'ri-um 

•Tau'ri- U9 

•Tau-Tob'oloj 

•Tau'ro-ia 

•Tau  -rom'e-nos 

Tau-ro-min 'i-um 

*Tau-ro-po-li'a 

•Tau-rop'o-lus 

•Tau-ru'bu-le 

Tau'ru3 

Tax'Ua 

♦Tax'i-li 

Tax'i-lus,  w  Tax'i-tw 

Tax-i-inai] 'oi-ltn 

Ta-yg'e-te,  #r  Ta-y- 

ge'ta 
Ta-yg'e^as,  •r  Ta- 

yg'c-ta 
Te-a'num 
Te'a-rua 
Te-a'le-a,  •Te-a'te,  «• 

Te-ge'a-te 
JTe'cbes 
Tecb-mes'sa 
Tech'na-tis 
Tee'ta-mos 
Tec-tos'a-ges,  or  Tec- 

tofl'a-ge 
♦Tec'io-sax 
Te'ge-a,  or  To-gte'R 
•Te-ge-a'iea 
Teg'u-ia 
Tep'y-ra 


Te'i-oa 

Te'i-um 

•Te'i-ua 

tTe'la 

Tel'a-inon 

Tel-a-inu-ni'a-daa 

Tel-cbi'rtfls 

Tel-cbin'i-a 

Tel-chiu'i-us 

Tel'chia 

Te'ie-a 

•Tel'e-ba 

Te-It'b'o-«,  or  Te-leb'- 

o-cs 
Tel-c-bc/i-dM 
Te-!e'clc8,  or  T&4«' 

clus 
Tel  e^Ii'des 
Te-leg'o-mi3 
Te-lem'a-chus 
Tel'e-mus 
Tel-isphas'aa 
Tel'e-pbus 
Te-le'si-a 
Te-les'i-claa 
Te-les'i-clea 
Te-le-«il'la 
Tel-e-*iin'i-cua 
Tel-e-si'nua 
Tel-eniip'pus 
Te-les'pbo-nus 
Te^-e-stag'o-raa 
Te-les'taa 
Te-lea'tea 
Te4e8'io 
Tel'e-lhua 
Te-le-ihu'sa 
Te-Ieu'ri-as 
tTe-U-u'le 
Te-k'u'tt-as 
•Tcl'i-nua 
Tel-le'ne 
TelMea 
Tel'li-aa 
Tel'Ua 
Tel'liia 
•Tel'me-ra 
Tel-mes'suj,  or  !>!• 

mis'aus 
TeHon 
Tel-tbu'aa 
Te'lye 
Te-ma'ihe-a 
•Teni'bri-ura 
•Tem-e-ni'a 
Teni-«-ni'tes 
Te-rac'ni-uin 
•Teni'e  noa 
Tem'fr-nua 
Tem-e-ha'da 
Tem'e-saf  or  Tam'e-M 
*l>oi'l-«ua 
•Tem-mHcea 
Tem'nea 
Tein'noa 
Tem'pe 
•Tem'pe!-* 
•Tench-ie'ri 
fTe'ne-a 
•Te-ne'» 
Ten'e-doa 
•Ten'e-fna 
Te'nea 
Ten'e-si« 
•Te-ne'um 
Ten'nea 
Te'ntw 

Ten'ty-ni,  (m  Rffypt) 
Ten-ty'ni,  or  •Tera- 

py'ra,  (m  Thrmc€) 
Te'os  or  Te'i-oa 
Te-re'dan 
Te-rcn'ti-a 
Te-ren-ti-a'niia 
Te-ren'ti-us  Fub'li-iui 
Te-ren'luB 
Te're-u« 
*Ter-geni'i-DUB 
Ter-ges'te,  amd  Tct- 

gea'Ium 
Tf'ri-as 
Tcr-i-ba'WiS 
Te-rid'a-e 
Tcr-i-da'lea 
Ter'i-giim 
*Te-ri'na 
Ter-men'ti-a 
*Ter'me-ra 
Ter'rae-nia 
Ter-me'sus 
Ter-mi-na'li-a 
Ter-mi-na'Iia 
Ter'ini-nus 
Ter'mi-sus,  or  Ter- 

mes'sua 


Ter-pan'der 

lVr[i~«ich'i>-re 

Teri>-sic'ra-te 

Ter'ra 

Ter-m-ci'na 

Ter-ra-«id'i-u8 

Ter'ti-a 

Ter'tMis 

Ter-tiil-li-a'uttfl 

Te'tliya 

•Tut-ra-co'nium 

♦Tei-ra-go'nis 

Te-irap'o-Iid 

Tet'ri-cus 

Teu'cer 

•Teu-chi'ra 

Teu'uri 

Teu'cri-a 

Teuc'te-ri 

•Teu-me'sos 

Teii-rnrs'sus 

•Tcii-o'chia 

Teu'ta 

Tcu-ta'tni-Aa,  or  Teu'- 
tft-mia 

Teu'la-mus 

Teu'tos,  or  Ten4a'te9 

Teu'lhras 

•Tcu-thro'n© 

TeTi-toiii'a-tits 

Te»'Ca-ni,  and  Teu'io- 
nes 

•Teu-toii'i-€US 

Tba-ben'na 

•Tbnc'co-na 

Tha'is 

Tha'la 

Thnl'a-me.  or  Tiwl'a- 
mm 

•Tha-las'si-o 

Tha-Ias'ai-U8 

Tha'les 

Tha-lea'tri-a,  or  Tha- 
ler'tr  is 

Tha-le'tea 

•Tha-Ie'ua 

Tha-li'a 

•Tha'li-us 

fl'hal'lo 

Tbal'pUis 

tTham'u-da 

Tham'y-fns 

Thnm'y-ris 

•Than'a-tua 

Thap'i»a-cn8 

Tbar-Ee'li-a 

•Thnr-pih'u-Ius 

Tba-ri'a-dca 

Tha'rupa 

Tha'si-us,  or  Thra'ai- 

U9 

Tba'soa 
Tha'sus 
•Tliau-ma'ci-a 
Th^u-innn'ti-a«,  and 

Thau '  man 'tirt 
Thau'nia« 
Thau-ma'«j-ua 
Tbe'a 

•The-DP-te'tiia 
The-ag'e-nea 
The-a'gL'S 
Tbe-a'no 
The-a'ntim 
The-ar'i-daa 
The-ar'ims 
The-a-te'lcs 
The'be 
Theb'a-ie 
•Tbe-ba'nua 
The'be 

•Thep-a-nu'aa 
The'i-a 
The'i-aa 
•Thel-a-i'ra 
Thel-e-phas'sa 
*Tbel-e-ei'nu8 
•Thel'i-ne 
Thel-pu'sa 
Thel-xi'on 
Thel-xi'o-pe 
Tbem'e-nu8 
The-me'si-on 
Tbe'mia 
The-inis'cy^« 
Tbtm'i-Bon 
The-mis'ta 
Tbe-mis'li-u8 
The-mis'to-clea 
Them-i-slog'e-nea 
The-o-ele'a 
The'o-cle8 
Tbe'(xlu3 
The-o-cl  V  m 'e-DUB 
•The-oc'ly-tua 
The-oc'ri-tus 


Tbf-od'a-rmiii,  or  Thi- 

od 'a- 111  as 
*TlM>-o-da'inu8 
*Tho-od'a-lu8 
The-o-dec'lc8 
tThe-o-do'Dia 
The-o-do'ra 
Tbe-o-do-re'tuH 
•The-o-do-ri'cua 
Tbe-o-do-ri'lUB 
Tbe-o-do'rus 
The-o-do'si-ua 
The-o(]'o-ta 
The-o-do'li-on 
Tbe-od'o-l»9 
•The-o-dii'lu8 
•The-o-gi'ton 
Tbe-og-ne'lea 
The-og'nis 
The-*)m-nes'tua 
The'on 

The'on  O-clie'ma 
•The-o'nas,  and  •The- 

o-ni'cu8 
The-on'i>-e 
The'o-pe 
The-oph'a-ne 
Tho-o[>b'a-iie9 
The-o  plia'ni-a 
»The-op|j-a-ni'a 
•The-oph'i-la 
Thf-opli'i-lus 
The-o-phras'tua 
The-o-phy-Iac'niB 
TtlP-o-pol'e-emis 
The-o-pom'pus 
*TheH^p'ro-pu8 
*'rbc-o'ri8 
The-o 'ri-U8 
The-o-ti'nnt9 
The-ox'e-oa 
Tbe-ox-e'ni-« 
The-ox-e'ui-ufl 
Tbe'ra 
Tbe-rain'bug 
The-rnin'e-nf8 
Thc-rap'ne,  or  Te- 

rap'ne 
The'ras 
•The-rid'a-maa 
Thf-rini'a-cbua 
*Ther'i-nu8 
The-rip'pi-daa 
Ther'i-ias 
Tber'ma 
Tlier-mo'don 
Ther-mop'y-Iffl 
tl'her'mum 
TbeHnms 
The-rod'a-moa 
Tbe'ron 
Ther-pan'dcr 
Ther-aan'der 
Ther-sil'o-chus 
Thrr-sip'piiB 
Ther-si'tes 
Thts-toi'lea 
•The-se'a 
The-se'i-dB 
The-ae'iB 
*The-9e'uin 
The'ee-ns,  The'aeua 
The-si'diE 
The-si'des 
♦Thes-nioph'o-ra 
Tbes-nio-pho'ri-a 
Thes-moth'e-lie 
♦Thea'o-a 
•Thes-pe'a 
Thes-pi'a 
Thes-pi'a-dffi 
Thea-pi'a-des 
Thes'pi-a; 
Thes'pis 
Tbea'pi-us,  or  Thea'li- 

U8 

♦Thes-pro'ti 

Tbes-pro'ti-a 

Thes-pro'ms 

Thes-sa'li-a 

ThcB-sa'li-on 

Thes-sa-Ii'o-teg 

Tbes-sa-Io-ni'ca 

Tbes'sa-lus 

Thea'ta-lus 

Thes'ie 

Thes'ti-a 

Thes-ti'a-dffi,  and 

Thes-ti'a-dea 
Thes'ti-aa 
»Thes-ti-di'um 
Thes'ti-ua 
Thea'ior 
Thes'iy-Hs 
*The»'ty-lu8 
The'tis 


•Theu'do-tua 

Theu'iia,  or  Tcu'lhla 

Thi'a 

*Tbi-al-lo'la 

Tbi'BS 

Tliiin'bron 

Thi-od'a-maa 

t'1'hir-mld'i-B 

Tbis'be 

Tbls'i-aa 

Tbis'o-a 

*Tbo-an-te'u« 

Tho-an'ti-um 

Tbo'aa 

Tho'e 

Tho'ltis 

Thom'y-ria 

Thon 

Tlm'nis 

*Tho-ru'tes 

'i'ho'on 

Tho'o-sa 

Th(»-o'teH 

Tbo-ra'ni-U8 

Tho'rnx 

Tbo'ri-a  (Lex) 

Th»>r'nax 

Thor'sua 

fl'both 

Tbo'iii 

Thra'ce 

'I'bra'cea 

Thra'cl-a 

Thrnc'i-doB 

Thra'cis 

Thra'se-aa 

Thra-sid'e-UB 

Thrn'si-ua 

Thra'so 

Thms-y-bii'lus 

Thras-y-dre'u8 

Thra-pyl'Iiia 

Thra-sym'a-cbua 

Thras-y-me'dea 

•Thras-v'-me'nua 

Tlire-ic'^j-UB 

Tlire-ia'sa 

Th  rep-si  p'pas 

Tbri-aiii'bus 

Thro'ni4iiii 

Thry'nn 

Thry'us 

Thu-cyd'i-dei 

Tbu-is'io 

Tbu'Ie 

Tliu'ri-ff,  orThu'ri- 

Ulll 

t*'l'hu-ri'mi8 

Thus'ci-a 

Thy 'a 

Thy'a-dea 

*Thy-a-n)i'a 

Thy'a-mi8 

Thy'ana 

Thy-a-ti'ra 

Thy-bar'ni 

Tby-es'ti 

Thy-es'le8 

*Thy-es-te'us 

*Thy'i-aa 

Thym'bra 

Thym-brBD'ua 

•Tiiyin'bri-a 

Thym'bris 

Tbyni'bnm 

Thym'e-le 

Thy-mi'a-thia 

Thy-moch'a-rea 

Tby-mte'tes 

Thv-od'a-maa 

Thy-o'ne 

Thy-o'ne-us 

Thy'otea 

Thy 're 

Thyr'e-a 

*Tiiyr-e-a'ti8 

Thyr'e-ua 

*'J'hyr'i-des 

Thyr'i-on 

Tliyr-Bag'e-tiG 

*Thyr-sag'e-te3 

Thya'sos 

Tby'ua 

♦Ti-a'ra 

Ti'a-sa 

Tib-a-re'ni 

Ti-be'ri-aa 

Tib-e-ri'nua 

Tib'e-ria 

Ti-be'ri-UB 

•Ti-be'nis 

Ti-be'sia 

•Tib-i-se'nua 

•Tib'u-la 

Ti-buI'lua 

Ti'biir 


*Ttb-ur-ti'nu9 

Ti-bur'ti-ufl 

Ti-bur'tuB 

fTi'chia 

Tich'i-u9 

Tic'i-da 

Ti-ci'iiua,  (a  river) 

»Tic'i-nu3,  (a  man) 

Tid'i-U9 

Ti-es'sa 

t*Ti-fa'ta 

Ti-fer'num 

Tig'a-gis 

Tig-vl-li'nua 

Ti-gei'li-ua 

Ti-gra'nes 

Tig-ran-o-ccr'ta 

Ti'grfs 

Ti'gris 

Tig-u-ri'ni 

Til-a-taj'i 

fTil-a-vemp'tus 

tl'il-phua'sua 

Ti-iiiffi'a 

•Ti-m»n'e-lu8 

Ti-mffi'ua 

Ti-mag'e-ne« 

*Tim-a-ge'ioB 

Ti-niag'o-raa 

Ti-maii'dra 

Ti-man'dri-dea 

*Ti-ii)an'ge-lu8 

Ti-man'lhea 

Ti-mar'cbua 

Tini-a-re'ta 

Ti-ma'si-on 

Tim-a-sith'c-ua 

Ti-ina'vu8 

*Tini'e-as 

Tt-nie'si-U8 

Ti-niocb'a-ria 

Tim-o-cle'a 

*Tim'o-cIe8 

Ti-nioc'ra-tea 

Ti-niu'cre-on 

Tiiii-o-de'niuB 

Tim-o-la'ns 

Ti-ijio'le-on 

Ti-nio'lus 

Ti-tnom'a-chu« 

Ti'mcm 

*Ti-mo'n!ix 

Ti-moph'a-iies 

Ti-nio'lhe-Uti 

Ti-mox'e-nu8 

Tin'gia 

tTin"i-a 

Tl'pha 

Ti'phya 

Tipb'y-sa 

Ti-re'si-as 

Tir-i-ba'ses 

Tir-i-da'tes 

Ti'riB 

Ti'ro 

Ti-ryn'lhi-a 

Ti-ryn'(hu3 

Ti-s»'um 

Ti-sag'o-raa 

Ti-sam'e-neB 

*Ti-sam'e-nu8 

Ti-san'drua 

Ti-sar'chua 

tTia'dra 

Ti-si'a-rua 

Tis'i-aa 

*Ti-sim'a-nea 

Ti-slph'o-iie 

Ti-si))(i'o-n»8 

♦Tis'o-bis 

tTis'sa 

Ti&-Bnin'e-nns 

Tia-sa-pher'nea 

Ti-tie'a 

Ti'ian,  or  Ti-ta'nu8 

Tit 'an  a 

Ti-ia'nes 

♦Tit-a-ne'us 

Ti-ia'ni-a 

Ti-tan'i-dea 

tT(-la'iius,  (a  giant) 

tTit'a-nu3,  (a  rever) 

Tit-a- re 'si-US 

Tii-a-re'sus 

Tii'e-nus 

Tith-e-nid'i-a 

Ti-iho'nu8 

•TMho're-a 

Ti-thraua'tca 

Tit'i-a 

Tit-i-a'na 

Tit-i-a'nu8 

•Tifi-es 

Til'i-i 

Ti-tin'i-U3 

Tit'i-us 


1313 


PRONUNCIATION   OF   GREEK    AND   LATIN   PROPER   NAMES. 


l*i-tor'n>us 

*Tit-tlio'um 

Ti-tu'ri-ua 

Ti'tua 

Tit'y-rus 

Til'y-»ia 

Tlc-pol'e-mua 

Tma'rua 

Tnio'lua 

•Toch'a-ri 

To-ga'ta 

fTo-le'tum 

*Tol-is-io'bU 

ToI'mi-dea 

•Tol'o-phon 

To-lo'sa 

To-Ium'nu9 

ToMua 

Tcwnte'um 

Tom'a-ma 

Tom'i-sa 

*To-mi't« 

•Tom'o-ri,  or  •To- 

mu'ri 
To'mos,  or  To'miB 
Toin'y-ri9 
*Ton-do'ta 
To'ne-a 
Ti.n-Bil'Il-us 
*To-iii'a 
Tt>-pa'zo9 
*To-pa'zu8 
Top'i-ris,  or  Top'nis 
*Tor'e-tK 
Tor'i-ni 
To-ro'ne 
Tor-qua'ta 
Tor-qua'tua 
Tor'lor 
To'rus 
Tor'y-ne 
•To-ry'ne 
Tox-:i-rid'i-a 
Tox'e-ua 
Tox-ic'ra-te 
*Toi'i-Ii 
♦To-yg'e-ni 
Tra'be-a 
Trach'a-luB 
Tra'chas 
♦Tra-che'a 
Tra-cliin'i-a 
Trach-tvni'lia 
*Tra-gCD'di-a 
Tra'gus 

Traj-a-nop'o-Iis 
Tra-ja'iiiis 

Tral'les 

*Trans-al-pi'niis 

♦Trans-pa -da'iitis 

Trana-tib-er-i'na 

♦Trans-tib-e-ri'nua 

*Trap'e  za 

♦Trap'p-zon 

Tra-pe'zua 

*Trap'e-ziis 

•Tra-plie'a 

*Tni8-i-nie'nu8 

Tra-sul'ltia 

tTre'ba 

Tre-ba'li-UH 

Tre-bet-li-a'nui 

Tre-bel-li-e'nus 

Tre-bera  ua 

Tre'bi-a 

Tre'bi-us 

Tre-bo'ni-a  (Lex) 

Tre-bo'ni-u» 

Treb'u-Ia 

Tre'rua 

•Trea'vi-ri 

Trev'e-ri 

Tri-aM-a 

Tri-a'ri-ua 

Tri-bai'li 

Trib'o-ci 

Tri-bu'ni 

tTri-cas'nes 

Tric-ast-ti'iii 

Tric'cB 

•Tricb'i-naa 

•Tri-cho'nia 

Tri-cla'ri-a 

*Trlc-o-lo'iii 

*Tri-cor'y-tliu9 

♦Tri-cra'na 

Tri-cre'na 

fTri-den'tum 

*Tri-e're« 

Trt-e-ler'i-«a 

•Tri-e-te'ria 

Trif-o-li'nua 

tTfi-gcm'i-na 

•Tri-go'num 


*'i'ri-go'mia 

Tri-na'cri-a,  or  Trin'a- 

*Tri-iie'ine-is         [cris 

Trin-o-ban'tes 

Tri-oc'a-Ia,  or  Tri'o-cla 

♦Tri'o-dus 

♦Tri-o'nea 

Tri'o-pas,  or  Tri'opa 

•Tri-o-pe'i-us 

Tri-phil'lis 

Tri-philus 

Tri-phyl'i-a 

•Tri-phy'Iia 

*Trip'o-di 

Trip'o-lis 

Trip-tol'e-mua 

Triq'ue-tra 

Tris-me-gis'tua 

*Tri-te'a 

Trit'i-a 

Trit-o-ge-ni'a 

Tri'ton 

Tri-to'nea 

Tri-to'nis 

*Tri-to'nu9 

Tri-um'vi-ri 

Tri-ven'tum 

Triv'i-a 

Triv'i-»  An'trum 

Triv'i-ffi  Lu'cus 

Tri-vi'cum 

Tro'a-dea 

Tro'aa 

Troch'a-ri 

Troch'o-ia 

TrtE-ze'ne 

Trog'i-Ius 

Trog-Iod'y-tffi 

*Trog-lo(i'y-te3 

Tro'gua  Pora-pe'i-iia 

Tro'ja 

Tro'i-his 

♦Tro-ju'ge-nffi 

Trom-en-ti'na 

Troph'i-oiu3 

Tro-pho'ni-u3 

Tros 

•Tros'su-U 

Tros'su-Iura 

Trot'i-lum 

Tru-en'tum,  or  Tru- 

en-ti'num 
*  Try  g-o-d  IE  m'o-nes 
Trjph'e-rua 
Tryph-i-o-do'rua 
Try'phon 
Try-pho'sa 
Tii'be-ro 
Tiic'ci-a 
*Tiic-cil'o-ra 
Tu'ci-a 

Tu'der,  or  Tu-der'ti-a 
Tu'dri 

Tu-gi'ni,  or  Tu-ge'ni 
Tu-gu-ri'nua 
Tu-is'lo 
Tu-lin'gi 
TuI'la 
Tul'li-a 
•Tul-li-a'num 
Tul-li'o-la 
TuI'li-us 

Tul'lus  Hos-til'i-ua 
Tu-ne'ta,  or  Tu'nia 
Tun'gri 
Tu-nrni-ua 
Tur'bo 
Tur-de-ta'ni 
♦Tur'duJi 
Tu-re'aia 
•Tu-rl-a'ao 
Tu'ri-iis 
Tur'nua 
Tu'ro-nes 
Tu'ro-ni,  (a  people  of 

Oaul) 
•Tu-ro'ni,  (a  people  of 

Qermany) 
Tur'pi-o 
Tu-rul'li-iia 
Tiis-ca'ni-a,  and 

Tiis'ci-a 
Tus'ci 

Tua-cu-Ia'num 
Tus'cu-lum 
Tus'cus 
Tu'ia 
*Tu-ta'rnis 
*Tu'tho-a 
Tu'ti-a 
Tii-ii-ca'nm 
Tu'tl-cum 
•Tu-tu-li'na 
Ty'a-n« 


Ty-a'ne-us,  or  Ty-a- 

Ty-a-ni'tifl        [nie'ua 

Ty'bria 

Ty'bur 

Ty'che 

Tych'i-cus 

Tych'i-ua 

Ty'de 

Tyd'e-U8 

Ty-di'dea 


Ty-e'nia 

tTy'loa 

Tyni'ber 

Ty-mo'lus 

Tym-pa'ni-a 

Tym-pbffi't 

Tyn-dar'i-dea 

Tyn'da-ris 

Tyn'da-rua 

Tyn'ni-chus 

Ty-phffi'us,  or  Ty'- 

phon 
•Ty-pho'e-ua 
*Typii-(>-e'ua 
*Ty-pho'ni8 
*Tyr-an-gi'lm 
tTy-raii'ni-on 
Ty-ran'nns 
Ty'ras,  or  Ty'ra 
Ty'rea 
Tyr-i-da'tea 
Tyr'i-i 
Ty-ri'o-lea 
♦Tyr'i-ua 
Ty'ro 

Ty-rog'ly-phua 
Ty'roa 
Tyr-rhe'i-dffi, 

Tyr-rbe'i-dea 
Tyr-rhe'ni 
Tyr-rhe'num 
Tyr-rhe'nua 
Tyr'rhe-us 
Tyr-rhi'dffl 
*Tyr-se'ta 
Tyr'sia 
Tyr-tas'ua 
Ty'rus,  or  Ty'ion 
Tys'i-aa 
*'rzac'o-nes 


U. 


U'bi-i 

U-cal'e-gon 

U'cu-bia 

U'fcns 

U-fen-ti'na 

Ul-pi-a'iitis 

U'lu-brffi 

U-Iys'sea 

Uni'ber 

Um'bra 

*Ura-bre'nu8 

Um'bri-a 

Um-hrig'i-ua 

Um'bro 

Un'ca 

Un'chaa 

Un-de-cem'vi-ri 

U-nel'li 

Unx'i-a 

tU'pia 

*Up-sa'Iura 

*U-ra'ca 

•U-ra'gua 

U-ra'ni-a 

U-ra'ni-i,  cr  U-ri'i 

U'ra-nua 

Ur-bic'u-a 

Ur'bi-cua 

*U-rc'um 

*Ur'ge-nuin 

U'ri-a 

*U-ri'on 

U'ri-tea 

Ur-aid'i-ua 

•Ur-si'nua 

Ua-ca'na 

♦Ua'ce-num 

U-8ip'e-tea,orU-aip'l-ci 

Ua'p'-i 

Ua-ti'ca 

tUa'U-caa 

U'ti-ca 

♦Ux'a-ma 

tUx-an'tia 

Ux-el-lo-du'num 

Ux'i-i 

Ux-ia'a-ma 

U'zi-ta,  or  tU-zi'la 


tVAc'cA 

Vac-cffi'l 

Va-cu'na 

*Va-dav'e-ro 

*Vad-i-mo'nia 

Va'ga 

Vag-e-dm'aa 

Va-ge!'li-UH 

Va-g«'ni 

*Va-ge'sua 

•Va'ha-lia 

*Va-i'cu8 

Va'la 

•Val-a-mi'rua 

Va'lena 

Va-len'ti-a 

Va-leii-iin-i-a'nua 

*VaI-e»-ii'nu8 

Va-le'ri-a 

Va-Ie-ri-a'nus 

Va-le'ri-us 

Val'e-rua 

Val'pi-U8 

*Vril-Ieb'a-na 

*Van'da-Ii 

Van-da'li-i 

Van-gi'o-iiea 

Van'ni-us 

Va-ra'nea 

Vur-da;'i 

Va'ri-a 

*Var'i-cus 

Va-ri'ui,  or  Va-ris'ti 

Va'ri-ua 

Var'ro 

Va'rua 

♦Va-sa'tffl 

t*Vas'co-ne8 

Vat-i-ca'uua 

Va-ti-e'nua 

Va-tin'i-ua 

*Va-tre'nu8 

*Ve-chi're8 

Vec'ti-ua 

•Vec-io'nea 

Ve'di-us  Pol'li-o 

Ve-ge'ti-U8 

Ve'i-a 

Ve-i-a'nua 

Ve-i-en'lcs 

Ve-i-en'lo 

Ve'i-i 

Vej'o-via 

Ve-la'bnjin 

Ve-!a'crum 

\'e-l;i'iji-ii3 

*Vei'e-da 

Ve'li-a 

*Ve-lib'o-ri 

Vel'i-ca 

Ve-Ii'iia 

Ve-li'nuin 

Ve-li-o-cas'si 

Vel-i-ter'na,  Ve-li'trs, 

or  *VcI'i-triB 
♦Vel'i-tpa 
tVe-li'trtc 
Vel'la-ri 
VfJ'ic-(ia 
VeMe'i-us  Pa-ter'cu- 

lus 
Ve-na'frmn 
*Veii'e-da; 
Ven'e-di 
Ven'e-li 
Vun'e-li 
Ve-ne'ti-a 
Vfii'e-tua 
Ve-iiil'i-a 
•Veii-no'nes 
Ve-no'nea 
Ve-iio'iii-U9 
Ven-tid'i-u9 
Ven'ti 

Ven-u-Ie'i-U8 
|Ve-nu'lua 
*Ven'u-lua 
Ve'nua 
Ve-nu'ai-a,  or  Vo-riu'- 

ai-um 
*Vc-pi'cii8 
Ve-ni'gri 
Ve-ra'ni-a 
Ve-ra'ni-ua 
Ver-big'e-nus 
Ver-ccl'lffi 
Vcr-cin-gel'o-nx 
Ve-re'na 
•Ve-re'tura 


Ver-gas-i-Iau'nua 

Ver-gel'lus 

Ver-gil'i-a 

Ver-gil'i-K 

Ver-gin'i-ua 

Ver'gi-uin 

*Ver-gob're-tus 

Ver'i-laa 

Ver-o-doc'li-u9 

Ver-o-raan'du-i 

Ve-ro'na 

Ve-r(yne8 

Vgr-o-ni'ca 

Ver-re-gi'num 

Ver'rea 

Ver'ri-tua 

Ver'ri-ua 

Ver-ru'go 

*Ver'ia-gU9 

Ver'ti-co 

Ver-ti-cor'di-a 

Ver-tia'ciia 

Ver-tum'nus 

Ver-u-la'nua 

Ve'rus 

*Ve9'a-g«8 

Ves'bi-us,  or  Ve-au'- 

bi-«s 
Vee-ci-a'num 
Ves-cu-la'ri-ua 
*Ve-8e'vu3 
Ves-pa-si-a'nua 
Ves'e-ria 
Ve-se'vi-us,  and  Ve- 

ae'vua 
Ves'ta 
Ves-ta'lea 
Ves-ta'It-a 
*Ves-la'li3 
Ves-lic'i-ua 
Ves-til'i-ua 
Ves-til'la 
Ves-ti'ni 
Ves-ti'nua 
Vea'u-lus 
Ve-su'vi-ua 
*Ves'vi-U8 
Vet'ti-U3 
Vet-to'nes,  or  *  Ve-to'- 

nea 
Vet-u-lo^ni-a 
Ve-tu'ri-a 
Ve-tu'ri-ua 
Ve'tua 
Vi-a'drua 
*Vi-a'iia 
Vi-bld'i-a 
Vt-bid'i-ua 
Vih'i-ua 
*Vib-iH3'ne3 
Vi'bo 

Vib-u-le'nua 
Vi-bul'li-u3 
Vi'ca  Fo'ta 
Vi-cel'li-ua 
Vi-cen'ta,  or  Vi-ce'- 

ti-a 
Vic'tor 
Vic-to'ri-a 
Vic-to-ri'na 
Vjc-tc)-ri'nu8 
Vic-to'ri-U3 
Vic-tmn'vi-ffi 
Vi-en'na 
Vil'li-a  (Lex) 
Vil'li-U3 
Vim-i-na'lia 
Vin-cen'ti-ua 
Vin'cJHia 
Vin-da'li-us 
Vin-<lel'i-ci 
Vin-de-mi-a'tor 
*Vin-dem'i-tor 
Vin'dex  Ju'li-ua 
Vin-dic'i^ta 
Vin-do-nis'sa 
Vi-nic'i-ua 
Vi-nid'i-ua 
Vin'i-us 
Vin'ni-us 
Vip-sa'ni-a 
*Vi-ru'go 
Vir'bi-us 
*Vir-du'ma-ru9 
Vir-gil'i-us 
Vir-gin'i-a 
Vir-gin'i-«a 
Vir-i-a'thu3 
Vir-i-dom'a-rua 
l*Vir-i-pIa'ca 
Vir'ro 
Vir'tuB 
Vi-ael'li-UB 
Vi-sel'lua 


tVii'tu-la 

Vi-9iir'Lna 

Vi-tel'li'-a 

Vi-tel'li-UB 

Vit'i-a 

•Vi-tia'a-tor 

Vit'ri-ciia 

Vi-tru'vi-UB 

Vit'u-la 

Vo-co'tii-a(Lex) 

Vo-co'ni-ii3 

Vo-con'ti-a 

Vog'e-aiia 

Vol-a-din'i-ua 

Vo-la'iia 

Vo-Ian'dum 

Vol-a-ter'ra 

VoI'ck,  or  Vol'gffl 

•Vol'e-Btia 

Vo-Iog'e-aea 

Vo-log'e-8U8 

Vol'scena 

VoJ'aci,  or  Vol'ci 

Vul-aiD'i-um 

Vol-lin'i-a 

fVo-Iuni'na,  and  Vo- 

liim'nus 
Vo-lmii'nie  Fa'num 
Vo-Ium'ni-a 
Vo-Ium'ni  ua 
Vo-lum'iiua 
Vo-lup'tas,  and  Vo- 

lu'pi-a 
Vol-u-se'mis 
Vo-Iu~si-a'nua 
Vo-lu'ai-us 

Vol'u-8U3 

Vo'lux 

Vo-ma'nua 

Vo-no'nea 

Vo-pls'cua 

Vo-ra'nua 

t*Vo8'e-gus,  or  •¥(>- 

ae'gua 
Vo-ti-e'nus 
Vul-ca-na'li-a 
Vul-ca'iit 
Vul-ca'ni-ua 
Vul-ca'rma 
Vulca'ii-iia 
Vul-si'num 
Viil'so 
tVuI'iiir 
Vul-tu-re'i-UB 
Vul-tur'num 
Viil-tur'nua 
fVul-lur'li-ua 


X. 


Xan'thb 

Xan'thi 

Xan'tlii-a 

*Xan'thi-aa 

Xan'tlii-ca 

Xan-tbjp'pe 

Xan-tliip'pua 

Xaii'thc) 

*Xan-tbo-pu'la8 

Xan'thua 

Xan'ti-rlea 

Xan-iip'|»e 

Xan-tip'puB 

Xe-nag'ft-raa 

Xe-nar'cbua 

tXen'a-lea 

Xeii'e-lus 

Xe'ne-U9 

Xp-ni'a-d(i8 

Xe'ni-ua 

Xen-o-cle'a 

Xen'o-clea 

Xen-o-cli'dea 

Xe-noc'ra-tes 

Xe-iiod'a-inu8 

*Xfin-o-dJi'inii3,  or 

Xen-o-de'mua 
Xe-nod'i-ce 
Xe-nod'o  elms 
Xen-o-do'ru8 
fXe-iiod'o-lea 
Xe-nod'o-tii8 
Xe-noph'a-iies 
Xe-no|»h'i-lU8 
X*'n'o-plion 
Xen-o-phon-ti'ua 
Xen-o-pi-thi'a 
*Xer-o-lib'y-a 
*Xerx-*'no 
Xerx'es 


Xeux'ea 

♦Xi-ine'ne 

*Xi-phe'no 

Xu'tbua 

Xy'cbUB 

Xyn'i-aa 

Xyn-o-ich'i-a 

*Xyp'e-te 

♦Xys'ti-ci 


Z. 


Za-ba^tus 
Zah  di-ce'ne 
Za-bir^na 

Zab'u-lu3 

*Zac't>-ru8 

Za-cyn'tbua 

Za-grffi'ua 

Za'grua 

Zul'a4ea 

Za-leu'cus 

Za'ma,  or  Zag'ma 

Za'me-is 

Za-inolx'ia 

Zan'cle 

Zan'llie-nea 

Zan'tbi-cleB 

Za'nx 

Zar-bi-c'nti8 

*Zar-do'cea 

*Zar'e-t® 

Za-rUas'pea 

♦Zar-man'O-cbe'gaa 

Za'tbea 

♦Za-ve'cea 

Ze-bi'na 

♦Ze-i-tft'um 

Ze'la,  or  Ze'Ii-a 

*Ze-le'a 

Ze'Iea 

Ze-lot'y-pe 

Ze'liis 

Ze'no 

Ze-no'bi-a 

fZe-no'bi-i 

Zciii'o-clea 

Zen-o-cli'df8 

Zfcn-o-do'ru3 

Zen-o-do'ti-a 

Ze-nod'o-tu9 

Ze-nopb'a-nes 

*Zen-o-po-si'don 

Ze-noth'e-mia 

Ze-pbyr'i-um 

Zeph'y-rum 

Zepb'y-riis 

Ze-ryn'thus 

Ze'thes,  or  Ze'tus 

Zeu-gi-ta'na 

Zeug'uia 

Ze'ua 

Zeux-id'a-miis 

*Zeux-i-da'mu3 

Zeux'i-daa 

Zeux-ip'pe 

Zeux'ia 

Zenx'o 

Zi-gj'ra 

*Zi-e'la 

Zil'i-a.  or  Ze'lia 

Zi-ma'ra 

Zi-niy'ri 

Zi-ob'e-ria 

Zi-pe'tea 

Zi'tha 

Zmil'a-cea 

*Zo-di'a-cu3 

Zo'i-lua 

Zo-ip'pu8 

*Zo-i-ie'um 

Zu'na 

Zon'a-raa 

Zopli'o-ru8 

Zo-pyr'i-o 

Zo-pyr'i-on 

Zop'y-riis 

Zor-o-as'ter 

Zor-o-as-tre'ua 

Zos'i-mus 

Zos'i-ne 

Zo^  te'ri-a 

Zo-thraua'tea 

Zy-gan'lcs 

Zyg'e-na 

Zyg'i-a 

*Zyg'i-i 

Zy-gom'e-la 

Zy-gop'o-lia 

Zy-gh't» 


inii^ 


r 


PRONOUNCING  YOGABULARY 


or 


MODEKN   GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


-J'^•\•^•^/^•^/^i^^;^J'w_ 


Entkrkd,  according  to  Act  of  Congroi,  \u  the  year  1855, 

Br  OEOEGE  AND  CHARLES  MERRIiir, 

In  the  Clerk'i  Office  of  ths  DUtrict  Court  of  MuiachuMtta. 


166  ^ 1321 


BRIEF  RULES 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  EUROPEAN  LANGUAGES. 


FRENCH. 

1.     VoWBLS. 

J},  ah,  long  and  short,  (marked  a.) 

ai,  as  e  in  there,  when  followed  by  «,  re,  r*,  ts,  s,  and  when  it 
has  the  circumflex,  thus,  of,  (i.) 
When  in  the  middle  or  at  the  end  of  words,  it  has  the  sound 
of  the  open  acute  i,  («.) 
an  has  the  sound  of  S,  (?) 
JB  has  three  sounds  :  — 
i  as  the  English  to  wel  o  in  fate,  (e.) 
i  and  i  are  similar  to  the  e  in  there,  (t.) 
E,  not  accented,  is  either, 

(1.)  open  acute,  as  «  in  the  English  words  met,  eib,  when  it 
is  followed,  in  the  same  syllable,  by  a  consonant  that  is 
pronounced,  or  when  the  following  syllable  begins  with 

(2.)  guttural,  and  like  e  in  her  at  the  end  of  monosyllables, 
or  the  first  syllable  of  polysyllables,  (*;)  or, 

(3.)  is  entirely  mute  at  the  end  of  polysyllables.  It  is  like 
the  second  e  in  there,  and  generally  serves  to  length- 
en or  open  the  preceding  vowel.  In  other  places, 
wnere  it  is  more  perceptible,  it  is  like  the  e  in  battery 
or  over ;  and  even  then  the  French  suppress  it  as  often 
as  they  can,  esj>ecially  when  the  preceding  or  follow  ing 
syllable  has  a  full  sound.  —  Rem.  Es,  not  accented,  in 
polysyllables,  is  silent. 
Ei  has  the  sound  of  <  in  there,  (tu.) 
Eu  has  three  sounds .  — 

(1.)  long  and  close.  This  sound  has  no  standard  in  Eng- 
lish, but  it  may  be  obtained  by  pressing  the  lips  a  little 
forward,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  leave  to  the  breath  a 
narrower  passage  than  for  the  «  in  over,  and  by  dwell- 
ing longer  upon  it,  (&•) 

(2.)    short,  somewhat  more  open  than  e  in  over,  (e!(i.) 

(3.)  long  and  open,  by  opening  the  lips  somewhat  wider 
and  in  a  more  circular  form  than  for  the  e  in  oeer,  and 
by  protracting  the  sound,  (ei.) 
/ia  long,    as   in    the    English  word   marine,  and   short,  as  in 

fig,  ('.  ?•) 
0  has  three  sounds  :  — 

(1.)    long  and  open,  as  in  the  English  word  rObe,  (a.) 
(2.)    short,  as  in  rob,  (o.). 
(3.)   long  and  broad,  (o.) 
oi  a«  wa. 

tm  has  two  sounds,  —  long,  as  in  mood;  short,  as  in  good, 
(oo.) 
Phas  two  sounds, — long,  as  in  rus,  (4;)  short,  as  in  but,  (».) 
There  is  no  standard  for  these  sounds  in  English.     To  form  the 
first,  observe  the  situation  of  the  tongue  in  pronouncing  the  Eng- 
lish letter  a.     It  widens  itself  into  the  cheeks,  so  that  it  touches 
the  lirst  grinders.     When  the  tongue  is  in  this  situation,  advance 
both  lips  a  little  forward,  shutting  them  at  the  same  time  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  leave  a  narrow,  oval  passage  to  the  breath.     This 
movement  will  lightly  press  the  tongue  between  the  grmders,  and 
its  tip  against  the  fore  teeth  of  the  inferior  jaw,  and  thus  let  the 
breath  pass,  which  is  necessary  to  emit  the  sound  of  the  French  «. 
The  short  sound  is  formed  by  dwelling  less  upon  it. 

"  13^ 


2.   Consonants. 

Division  or  Syllables.  —  When  syllables  in  any  word  are 
separated  by  a  single  or  compound  consonant,  that  consonant  is  to 
be  spelled  and  articulated  with  the  following  vowel,  and  not  with 
the  preceding  one.  By  several  consonants  which  cannot  form  a 
compound  consonant,  the  first  must  be  spelled  with  the  preceding, 
and  the  remainder  with  the  succeeding,  simple  or  compound  vowel. 

Compound  consonants  are  the  following  :  —  bl,  br,  ch,  cl,  chr,  cr, 
dr,  fi,  fr,  gl,  gn,  gr,  it,  and  ill,  (when  liquid,)  ph,  phi,  phr,  pi,  pr, 
rh,  sc,  sg,  si,  sm,  sn,  sp,  st,  sr,  th,  thl,  tr,  tl,  vr. 

The  French  syllables  are  divided  into  masculine  and  feminine 
syllables,  the  latter  being  those  that  contain  e  mute. 

General  Rule. —  Every  masculine  syllable  before  another 
masculine  syllable  is  short,  so  that  the  accent  lies  upon  the  last 
syllable  that  is  pronounced. 

B  has  the  same  aound  as  in  English. 
Chas, 

(1.)    the  sound  of  English  /[before  a,  o,  u, and  before  con- 
sonants ; 
(2.)    the  souad  of  hard  *  before  e,  i,  y,  and  before  the  hard 
vowels,  a,  0,  u,  when  with  a  cedilla,  (f.) 
«,  before  q  and  c,  and  after  a  nasal  sound,  is  always  silenC 
eh  has  the  sound  of  sh,  and  followed  by  a  consonant,  it  is  like  k. 
At  the  end,  it  sounds  like  k. 
D  is  like  English  d.     It  is  sounded  at  the  end  of  words,  unless 

followed  by  *  or  preceded  by  r  or  n. 
f  is  like  English/. 
G  has  two  sounds :  — 

(1.)    the  sound  of  ^  in  go,  before  a,  o,  u. 
(2.)    the  sound  of  s  in  pleasure  before  e,  i,  y. 
The  hard  g  is  rendered  soft  before  a,  o,  u,  by  inserting  the 
letter  e  between  g  and  a,  o,  u.     The  e  after  the  g  is  then 
not  to  be  sounded,  but  is  considered  as  a  mark  to  show 
that  the  g  must  be  pronounced  soft. 
The  soft  g,  on  the  other  hand,  is  rendered  hard  before 
e,  t,  y,  by  writing  tlie  letter  u  between  g  and  e,  i,  y. 
Therefore  the  u  that  is  immediately  after  the  g  must 
not  be  sounded,  but  is  to  be  considered  as  a  sign  that  g 
must  be  articulated  hard. 
gn  is  pronounced  like  ni  in  onion,  minion,    (final  gne,   repre- 
sented in  tlie  table  ny.) 
Final  g  is  silent  except  in  the  noun  bourg,  and  in  nouns  ter- 
minating in  berg,  where  it  has  the  sound  of  k. 
His  either  aspirated  or  silent 

Remark.  —  When  A  is  deemed  aspirate,  it  only  communicates  to 
the  vowel  the  properties  of  a  consonant ;  that  is  to  say,  when  the 
preceding  word  ends  with  a  vowel,  that  vowel  is  never  suppressed  ; 
if  it  ends  with  a  consonant,  that  consonant  is  never  connected  with 
the  vowel  that  follows. 

J  has  always  the  sound  of  z  in  azure,  or  s  in  pleasure. 
L  has  two  sounds :  — 

(1.)    It  is  like  the  English  I. 

(2.)    It  is  liquid,  like  I  in  brilliant. 

'     N.  B.  —  The  modern  pronunciation,  however,  lets  the  I  entirely 
disappear,  and  substitutes  a  long  i  sound  ({,  It)  for  it. 
Exception.  —  All  nouns  in  Tille  are  not  liquid. 


BRIEF  RULES  FOR  THE  PRONUNCIATION  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  EUROPEAN  LANGUAGES. 


II,  ill,  preceded  by  another  vowel,  are  always  liquid,  in  which 
case,  il,  ill,  are  compound  consonants,  the  i  being  con- 
sidered as  a  mere  sign  to  make  the  I  liquid  ;  therefore 
the  i  must  not  be  combined  with  the  preceding  vowel, 
which  preserves  its  natural  sound. 

jjf'  >  when  not  nasal,  are  like  the  English  m,  n. 

m,  n,  preceded  in  the  same  syllable  by  a  vowel,  are  always 
nasal,  unless  followed  by  a  syllable  that  begins  with  a 
vowel  or  A  mute,  in  which  case,  m  and  n  resume  their 
natural  sound. 

Nasal  Sodkd.  —  An  exact  standard  for  the  nasal  sound  is  not 
to  be  found  in  the  English  pronunciation.  However,  something 
like  it  is  found  in  the  sound  of  en  in  encore.  But  if,  in  pronoun- 
cing these  sounds,  the  tongue  should  once  touch  the  roof  of  the 
mouth,  the  French  nasal  sound  would  be  ruined. 

There  are  four  nasal  sounds  :  — 


em,  am 
en,  an 


'A' 


>  ong,  01  Sng. 


im,' 
in, 
aim,  — , 

ain,  >ang.  nn,  ^  eung. 

eim, 

ein, 
o-in, 

P  is  like  the  same  letter  in  the  English  language. 

Q,  except  in  a  few  words,  is  always  followed  by  u,  and  these  two 

letters  together  have  the  sound  of  English  k  in  king. 
R  is  much  more    rolled  than  the  English  r.     At  the  end  of  a 
word  it  is  always  pronounced,  when  preceded  by  a,  i, 
o,  It,  tf,  and  their  compounds 
r,  preceded  by  «  in  polysyllables,  is  silent,  and  in  this  case  the 
«  has  the  acute  sound  5.     In  monosyllables,  the  r  is 
pronounced,  and  tlie  e  has  a  more  open  sound,  resem- 
bling i. 
rk  is  like  r. 
5  has  two  sounds  :  — 

(1.)    the  soft  of  rose,  please,  between  two  vowelfl  and  fol- 
lowing b. 
(2.)    the  hard  sound  of  sister,  in  the  beginning,  and  in  the 
middle  of  a  word,  when  preceded  or  followed  by  a  con- 
sonant. 
Final  s  is  silent,  with  a  few  exceptions. 
T  has  two  sounds  :  — 

(1.)    soft,  like  c  in  cedar,  civil,  in  the  syllable  tion,  unless 

preceded  by  s  or  x,  in  which  case  the  t  is  hard. 
(2.)    hard,  like  t  in  tit,  in  all  other  cases 
<A  has  the  single  sound  oft  hard. 
t,  St,  ct,  final,  are  silent. 
y  is  like  English  v. 

X,  (1.)  is  like  gs  in  all  words  beginning  in  x  or  ex,  followed  by 
a  vowel  or  the  letter  A. 
(2.)  like  k  in  words  beginning  in  exce,  exci,  exs. 
(3.)  like  ss,  in  Mx,  Aix  la  Chapelle,  Jluxerre,  Mxonne,  Brux- 

elles,  Luxeuil,  and  some  few  others. 
(4.)  like  ks  in  all  other  cases. 
Final  x  is  silent. 
Z  is  like  z  in  zone. 

Final  z  is  silent.  « 

Y  is  like  single  French  i,  but  like  double  t  between  two  vowels. 


ITALIAN. 
1.   Vowels. 

A  is  sounded  as  ah  in  English,  (d.) 
E  has  two  sounds  :  — 

(1.)  the  open,  as  in  the  English  word  fair,  (e  and  c.) 

(2.)  close,  as  in  the  word  pain,  (e.) 
/  is  sounded  like  ee  in  English. 
0  has  two  sounds  :  — 

(1.)  the  open  o;  (2.)  the  close  0. 
U  is  sounded  like  00. 

N.  B.  — When  these  vowels  are  at  the  end  of  words,  marked 
with  an  accent,  they  have  a  quick  and  sharp  sound. 


2.    Consonants. 

B  is  like  the  same  letter  in  English. 

C  is  like  k  before  a,  o,  u.     Followed  by  the  rowels  e,  i,  H  is  pro- 
nounced like  eh  in  the  words  cherry,  chilly.  ' 
ec  followed  by  e,  t,  is  pronoimced  like  tck  in  the  English  word 

■match, 
cid,  ci6,  ciu,  are  pronounced  cha,  cho,  ehoo. 
eh,  followed  by  e,  i,  is  pronounced  like  English  k. 
D  and  F  are  like  the  English  d  and/. 

C  is  like  the  English  g  in  go,  when  followed  by  a,  o,  u.     Fol- 
lowed by  the  vowels  e,  i,  it  is  like  j  in  English,  or  like 
g  in  the  words  gem,  ginger, 
gg,  followed  by  e,  i,  is  pronounced  like  dg  in  the  English  word 

lodge, 
gh,  followed  by  e,  i,  has  the  sound  o{  g  in  go. 
gl,  followed  by  i,  and  in  all  words  in  which  i  is  followed  by 
another  vowel,  is  pronounced  like  II  in  brilliant. 
But  in  all  words  in  which  gl  is  followed  by  a  consonant, 
it  is  pronounced  like  gl  in  glimmer, 
gn,  followed  by  a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  is  somewhat  like  the  English  ni  in 

onion,  minion, 
gid,  gid,  giu,  are  pronounced  like  ja,jo,joo. 
gua,  guc,  gui,  are  like  gwa,  gicei,  gwee,  in  language,  languei, 
languid. 
H  has  no  sound.     It  is  only  used  to  denote  the  hard  sound  of  the 

consonants  c,  g,  before  the  vowels  e,  i. 
J  is  considered  a  vowel.     It.  is  used  instead  of  ii  at  the  end  of 
words,  and  sounds  like  ce  in  the  English  word  fee,  each 
e  being  distinctly  pronounced. 
L,  M,  JV,  and  P,  are  like  the  corresponding  English  letters. 
Q.    Qud,  qui,  qui,  qu6,  are  pronounced  like  qua,  que,  qui,  quo,  in 
the  English  words  quality,  question,  quibble,  quote  ;  the 
vowels  a,  e,  i,  o,  adhering  to  their  proper  pronunciation, 
as  stated  above. 
R,  in  the  beginning  of  words,  or  in  the  middle  when  it  begins  a 
syllable,  is  like  r  in  the  words  ruin,  marine.     At  the  end 
of  words,  or  when   it  ends  a  syllable,  or  preceded  by 
another  consonant,  or  doubled,  it  has  a  rolling  sound. 
S,  in  the  beginning  of  words,  preceded  or  followed  by  another 
consonant,  or  when  doubled,  is  pronounced  sharp,  like 
sister.     Between  two  vowels,  and  in  the  last  syllable  of 
■  all  substantive  and  adjective  nouns  that  end  in  ese,  uso, 
usa,  it  is  pronounced  like  *  in  the  English  word  rose. 
In  the  last  syllable  of  all  adjective  nouns  in  oso,  osa,  s 
preserves  its  sharp  sound. 
sc,  followed  by  e,  i,  is  pronounced  like  sh  in  shell, 
sch,  followed  by  e,  i,  is  pronounced  like  sk. 
scid,  scid,  sciii,  are  like  sha,  sho,  shoo. 
T  is  always  hard,  and 
Flike  the  English  r. 

IV  and  X  are  not  found  in  the  Italian  alphabet. 
Z.     General  Rule.  —  In  the  beginning  of  words,  or  when  sin- 
gle, it  is  like  ds  in  the  English  word  Windsor.     When  preceded  by 
a  consonant,  or  when  followed  by  two  vowels,  or  when  doubled, 
it  is  pronounced  sharp,  like  ts  in  the  word  benefits. 

Remark.  — Italian  words  are  pronounced  exactly  as  they  are 
written,  there  being  no  silent  letter,  except  A.  Every  vowel  al- 
ways preserves  its  proper  sound,  independently  of  the  consonants 
which  accompany  it. 


SPANISH. 
1.   Vowels. 

jl.     This  letter  is  pronounced  as  ah  in  English,  (a.) 

E  is  pronounced  as  a  in  the  alphabet  in  English,  (?,)  except  be- 
fore n,  r,  s,  z,  in  which  case  it  is  more  open,  as  in  the 
English  word  care. 

I  is  pronounced  as  e  in  English.  It  is  long  when  under  the 
acute  accent,  (t.) 

0  is  generally  pronounced  as  in  English.  It  is,  however,  neces- 
sary to  observe,  that  it  is  sometimes. open,  (o,)  sometimes 
close,  (0,)  and  sometimes  long,  (a.) 

It  is  open  in  words  of  one  syllable,  when  it  is  not  im- 
mediately followed  by  another  vowel,  and  before  n  and 
r  at  the  end  of  a  syllable  ;  at  the  end  of  a  word,  when  it 
is  accented.  It  is  long  whenever  it  is  immediately  fol- 
lowed by  another  vowel. 


1323 


BRIEF  RULES  FOR  THE  PRONUNCIATION   OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  EUROPEAN   LANGUAGEa 


U  is  pronounced  oo. 

N.  B.  —  From  this  rule  must  be  excepted  the  syllables  gue,  gui, 
fiw,  ^<,  in  which  the  u  is  not  sounded,  unless  the  u  has  two  dots 
over  it,  (u.> 

Y.   This  letter  is  sometimes  a  vowel  and  sometimes  a  consonant. 
It  is  a  vowel  when  it   is  preceded  by  another  vowel, 
making  with  it  a  diphthong;  and  then 
ay  and  ey  are  like  i,  (I;) 
oy  and  vy,  like  oi. 

In  almost  every  other  case,  it  is  a  consonant. 

2.    C0N8ONAJJTS. 

B,  in  the  beginning  of  a  word,  is  always  pronounced  as  in  Eng- 
lish. In  the  middle  of  a  word,  between  two  vowels,  b 
is  sodened  into  nearly  a  r. 

C  has  the  sound  of  (A  in  English,  as  in  the  word  pith,  before  e 
and  i ;  and  the  sound  of  k  before  a,  o,  u. 
Formerly  the  c  with  the  cedilla  (f)  was  used  to  soften 
the  c  before  a,  o,  «.     The  letter  i,  however,  has  now 
been  substituted  for  it. 
Double  cc,  followed  by  e,  i.     The  first  e  is  bard,  the  second 

soft. 
ek.     These  two  letters  are  pronoQnced  as  in  English  in  the 
word  cheek. 

D  is  pronounced,  in  the  beginning  of  a  word,  as  in  English  ;  but 
when  the  d  is  between  two  vowels,  it  is  as  soft  as  the 
th  in  the  words  though,  the.  It  is  pronounced  lisping  at 
the  end  of  a  word. 

Fis  pronounced  as  in  English. 

G  is  pronounced  as  in  Lnglish  before  a,  o,  u.     It  is  guttural  be- 
fore e,  i,  (^.)     Before  n,  it  has  the  English  pronuncia- 
tion. 
For  the  syllables  rue,  ni,  gee  the  vowel  U. 

H  is  mute,  and  only  lightly  aspirated  before  ««.     The  letter  h 
has   been   retained  in   many    words,   though    not    pro- 
nounced, and  in  several  it  has  taken  the   place  of  tlie 
letter  /,  formerly  used. 
th.   The  Academy  suppresses  A  after/,  and  instead  ofpA  useef. 

J  is  guttural  before  all  the  vowels,  (^,  ik.) 

L  is  pronounced  as  in  English. 

IL    When  II  occurs  in  a  word,  it  is  liquid,  and  pronounced  as 
in  the  words  brilliant,  seraglio,  IVilliam. 

Jf  and  JVare  pronounced  as  in  English. 

n,  having  this  mark,  (',  ii,)  which  the  Spaniards  call  n  with 
tilde,  (tll'de,)  has  the  same  sound  as  n  in  onion,  minion. 

P  and  Q  are  pronounced  as  in  English. 

As  to  the  syllables  que,  qui,  look  for  the  vowel  U. 

N.  B.  —  Q  is  changed  into  c  in  all  words  where  it  is  followed  by 
ua,  uo,  ue,  ui,  (the  u  in  the  latter  two  preserving  its  natural 
sound.) 

R,  in  the  beginning  and  middle  of  words,  is  pronounced  a  little 
stronger  than  in  English  ;  but  double  r  is  much  stronger 
than  the  English  rr. 

S  is  always  pronounced  hard,  like  double  s,  even  between  two 
vowels. 

2* is  always  hard. 

V.  The  Spaniards  often  confound  the  sound  of  this  letter  with 
that  of  i ;  but  the  Academy  disapproves  of  it,  and  rec- 
ommends that  it  should  be  pronounced  as  in  English. 

X  is  pronounced  as  *  when  followed  by  a  consonant ;  and  it  is 
lightly  sounded  s  when  followed  by  ce,  ci.  It  is  pro- 
nounced like  ks  between  two  vowels.  In  a  few  words 
ending  in  z,  it  is  guttural. 

N.  B.  —  X  was  formerly  used  as  a  guttural,  (unless  the  following 
Towel  had  the  circumflex  accent ;)  but  j  is  now  used  instead  before 
rs,  a,  «,  and  g  before  e  and  i. 

Z  is  only  used  now  before  a,  o,  v,  and  is  pronounced  like  the  c 
before  e  and  i.  It  is  always  pronounced  lisping  after 
a  vowel. 


The  pronunciation  of  Spanish  by  the  Mexicans  is  different  from 
that  by  the  Spaniards  :  — 

(1.)    They  pronounce  the  liquid  U  like  the  modem  French  pro- 
nunciation long  ee. 
(2.)   They  pronounce  6  and  r  interchangeably. 
(3.)    They  substitute,  in  general,  the  s  sound  for  the  th  sound. 

1324  "  " 


PORTUGUESE. 

1.    Vowels. 

The  vowels  are  the  same  as  in  the  Spanish  language. 

Ao,  the  o  having  a  deep  sound,  nearly  00,  is  somewhat  like  oung. 

2.    Consonants. 

The   consonants,  with   the   following  exceptions,  are  like  the 
English :  — 

C.    t  is  like  the  same  French  letter. 

eh  is  like  English  sh. 
G  is  like  the  French  g. 
H  is  always  silent,  and  serves  only,  when  immediately  preceded 

by  I  or  n,  to  make  these  letters  liquid. 
J  is  like  the  corresponding  French  letter. 
Jtf  and  JV  are  like  the  same  English  letters,  but  have  sometimes 

a  nasal  sound. 
Q  is  like  the  French,  being  always  accompanied  by  a  silent  u. 
R  is  like  the  Spanish,  rolling. 
X  is  like  English  sh. 


GERMAN. 

1.    VoweCs. 

A  has  two  sounds  :  — 

(1.)    long,  (a,)  as  in  the  English  word  half. 
(2.)    short,  (fl,)  which  has  no  corresponding  sound  in  English. 
ae,  or  0..  (1.)  long,  as  the  sound  between  name  and  care;  (2.) 

short,  nearly  like  «  in  the  word  rent. 
ai  and  ay  sound  broader  than  the  English  i  in  kite. 
au  approaches  the  sound  of  the  English  ou  in  our,  loud, 
aeu  or  du  has  nearly  the  same  sound  as  the  English  oi. 
E  has  three  sounds  ;  — 

(1.)  long;  Ist,  the  close  or  acute  sound  (5),  the  French  e 
fermi.     2d,   the  open  sound,   (6,)  the  e  ouvcrt  of  the 
French. 
(2.)  short,  (e,)  nearly  like  e  in  the  word  help. 
(3.)  obscure  in  all  unaccented  syllables,  like  a  in  the  Eng- 
lish word  sofa,  except  before  liquids,  where  it  sounds 
like  e  in  the  last  syllable  of  the  word  heaven, 
ei,  or  ey,  are  like  «'  \nfne,  kind. 
eu  is  similar  to  oi,  oy,  in  boil,  toil,  joint. 
I  has  two  sounds  :  — 

(1.)    long,  as  in  mete,  (t.) 
(2.)    short,  nearly  as  t  in  pin.  Jig,  (;.) 
if  is  like  long  i,  (I.) 
O  is,  (I.)  long,  as  in  bone,  (S;)  (2.)  short,  (0,)  as  in  got. 
oe,  a.  (1.)  long,  French  ^;  {2.)  short,  French  eu. 
oi,  oy,  are  like  the  English  oi,  oy. 
U  has  two  sounds :  — 

(1.)  long,  {00,)  as  in  to,  do,  more,  prove. 
(2.)  short,  (00,)  resembling  u  in  bull,  full,  bushel, 
ue,  fl.  (1.)  long'French  il;    (2.)  short  French  i. 
N.  B.  —  jla,  00,  ee,  are  pronounced  as  a  single  long  a,  o,  e. 

2.   Consonants. 

B  is  like  the  English  b.  But  when  it  ends  a  syllable,  or  stands  next 
to  the  final  consonant  or  consonants,  not  being  liquids, 
or  the  consonant  b,  it  approximates  to  the  sound  of  p, 

C  before  a,  0,  u,  au,  and  before  a  consonant,  is  pronounced  like  k. 
Before  the  other  vowels,  with  a  few  exceptions,  it  is  like /J. 

D  is  like  the  English  d.  But  at  the  end  of  a  syllable,  it  approxi- 
mates to  the  sound  of  t. 

Fis  like  English/. 

G,  in  the  beginning  of  a  syllable,  is  always  like  g  in  the  English 
word  go.  After  a,  o,  u,  e,  i,  a,  0^  11, 1,  r,  it  ha»a  peculiar 
lingual  sound,  somewhat  softer  than  the  guttural  ch. 
(See  Ch.) 
When  preceded  by  n,  g  (except  in  derivative  and  com- 
pound words)  has  the  sound  of  a  gentle  k. 

H,  in  the  beginning  of  a  word  or  syllable,  is  aspirated,  as  in  the 
English  words  have,  hold.  Between  two  vowels,  the 
aspiration  is  less  strong,  and  sometimes  hardly  per- 
ceptible. At  any  other  place  than  in  the  beginning  of 
a  word  or  a  syllable,  h  is  mute,  and  indicates  then  the 
length  of  the  preceding  vowel.  * 

th  is  pronounced  as  a  single  t. 


BRIEF  RULES  FOR  THE  PRONUNCIATION   OP  THE  PRINCIPAL  EUROPEAN  LANGUAGES. 


J  is  pronounced  as  y,  and  always  followed  by  a  vowel. 

K  is  like  English  k. 

L,  M,  JV,  and  P,  are  like  the  corresponding  English  letters. 

Q  is  always  joined  with  it.  It  has  the  sound  kw,  but  is  uttered 
shorter  than  in  English. 

R  is  sounded  stronger  than  in  English. 

S  is  always  like  z,  except  before  a  consonant  and  at  the  end  of  a 
word  or  syllable,  where  it  is  pronounced  sharp.  It  is 
also  pronounced  like  z  between  two  vowels  and  after  a 
liquid. 

T  is  like  English  t.  Before  t  and  a  following  vowel,  t  is  pro- 
nounced like  ts.  But  when  s  precedes  t,  t  keeps  its 
proper  sound. 

V\a  always  like/. 

W  is  like  v.     The  w  in  final  ov>  is  always  silent. 

X  is  like  ks. 

Z  is  like  ta. 

3.   Compound  Consonants. 

Ch  Is  always  guttural  when  preceded  by  a  vowel,  or  a  vowel  and 
a  liquid.  CA,  in  the  beginning  of  a  word,  followed  by 
a,  o,  u,  or  a  consonant,  is  like  k. 

Chs,  in  primitive  words,  is  like  ks. 

Sch,  in  primitive  words,  is  like  sk. 

Gn  and  Kn.     Both  the  g  and  k  are  hard. 

Ph  is.  like  /. 

Sz  is  like  hissing  s. 

Tz  doubles  the  sound  of  i. 

Spelling.  —  When  two  vowels  are  divided  by  a  single  or  com- 
pound consonant,  that  consonant  is  spelled  and  articulated  with  the 
second  vowel ;  by  more  than  one  consonant,  all  but  the  last  single 
or  compound  consonant  belong  to  the  first  vowel. 


DUTCH. 

1.   Vowels. 
A  has  two  sounds,  like  the  German  a. 
'  >  are  pronounced  like  long  a. 

E  has  the  three  sounds  of  the  German  e. 

ee  is  like  long  open  c. 
/  has  the  two  German  i  sounds. 

ie  is  like  the  German  ie. 
O  has  the  two  German  o  sounds. 

00  is  'ong  0. 

oe  is  pronounced  as  oo. 
V  has  the  two  French  u  sounds. 

ui  resembles  the  English  oi  in  hoy, 
Y,  or  sometimes  spelt  t;,  is  equivalent  to  the  German  ei,  ey,  or 
the  EnglUh  long  t  sound. 

2.    Consonants. 

The  consonants  are  the  same  as  the  German,  except  the  follow-^ 
ing  ones  :  — 

G  is  always  strong  guttural,  unless  spelt  gk.,  which  is  like  g  in 
the  English  word  go,  or  at  the  end  of  a  word  preceded  by  n. 

Sch  is  not  pronounced  as  sh,  but  as  sk. 


SWEDISH. 

There  are  nine  vowels,  o,  e,  t,  o,  it,  y,  S.,  a,  («,)  0,  {a ;)  and  it  is 
to  be  remarked,  that  they  arc  never  found  compound. 

1.    Vowels. 
A  is  like  the  German  a. 
a  is  long  o,  (*.) 

a  (a)  is  like  the  German  a,  (<b.) 
E  has  two  different  pronunciations  :  — 

(1.)  long,  (the  close  and  acute  sound  of  the  German  «,  —  «,) 
in-the  beginning  of  words,  where  e  makes  a  syllable  by 
itself,  and  at  the  end  of  a  syllable  or  a  word,  as  also  in 
oil  syllables  that  have  the  tonic  accent,  and  in  all 
words  terminating  in  het. 
(2.)  like  a,  or  German  e  short,  when  it  precedes  the  conso- 
nants/, /,  m,  n,  r,  s. 


I  is  like  the  German  i, 

O.  (1.)   0  is  like  a  deep  oq,  in  the  beginning  of  words,  when  it 

is  a  syllable  by  itself,  and  at  the  end  of  a  syllable  or  a 

word. 
(2.)  It  is  like  a  long  o,  when  it  is  immediately  followed  by 

one  of  the  consonants  /,  l,  m,  n,  r,  »,  t,  and  before 

double  consonants. 
(E  (a)  is  like  the  corresponding  German  letter. 
U  has  almost  always  a  sound  like  that  of  t-oq  combined. 
Y  is  like  the  French  u. 

2.    Consonants. 

The  consonants  are  the  same  as  the  English,  with  the  following 
modifications  :  — 

G, 'before  a,  o,  w,  «,  is  always  hard,  as  in  the  English  word  go^ 

and  also  before  c,  when  it  is  pronounced  like  ae- 

Before  i,  y,    «,  a,  and  before  the  close  and  acute  c,  it  is 

like  the  English  y ;  but  the  s  retains  its  hard  sound 

when  the  acute  e  terminates  the  syllable.     See  J. 

gjOy  gju^  has,  in  common  pronunciation,  the  sound  of  yo,  voo. 

H  is  always  aspirated,  except  before  v  and  j,  where  it  is  silent, 

and  in  cA,  which  is  pronounced  like  k. 
J 19  like  the  English  y.     In  all  those  words  where  j  is  changed 

into  g,  that  g  has  a  very  slight  guttural  sound. 
K  is  hard  before  a,  o,  u,  ^,  and  e,  (having  the  sound  of  ce,)  and 
before  e  acute,  terminating  the  syllable  or  word, 
/c,  before  the  vowels  i,  y,  a:,  a,  and  e  acute,  is  pronounced  aa 
if  there  were  Swedish  j  between  k  and  the  vowel. 
In  common  pronunciation,  k  before  the  mentioned  vowels, 
and  kj  before  a,  o,  v.,  S,  sound  like  English  eh. 
L,  beginning  a  word,  and  followed  by  y,  is  almost  silent,  the  y  alone 

being  pronounced,  with  a  slight  liquid  sound  before  it. 
S  is  like  English  s.     When  followed  by  k,  it  is  like  sk  English, 
in  all  those  cases  where  k  has  its  hard  sound  ;  but  like 
sh  (or  French  ch,  or   German  sch)  when  k  is  followed 
by  i,  y,  <b,  <e,  and  e  acute,  or  when  followed  by  j  and 
any  of  the  hard  vowels. 
Tis  always  hard. 
tj,  followed  by  a  vowel,  has,  in  common  language,  a  sound 
like  English  c/i,  but  much  softer;  stj,   followed   by  a 
vowel,  Uke  sh. 


DANISH. 
I.   Vowels. 

The  Danish  language  has  eight  vowels  :  —  a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  y,  a,  (ar,) 
^,  (a.)  There  is  but  one  combined  vowel  that  changes  pronuncia- 
tion. The  doubling  of  the  other  vowels,  which  hardly  takes  place 
except  with  c,  z,  k,  indicates  only  the  length  of  the  syllable. 

The  diphthongs  are  ai,  ei,  oi,  (pi,  ((C!,)  av,  eu,  ou,  ui.    These  make 
two  distinct  sounds,  pronounced  by  a  single  emission  of  the  voice. 
.4  has  the  two  sounds  of  German  o,  (a.) 

aa  is  pronounced  long  0,  (a ;)  ae  (a)  is  like  the  corresponding 

German  ae. 
ai  is  similar  to  the  German  ai,  (I ;)  au  is  like  the  German  au, 
E  has  the  three  German  sounds  :  — 

e  is  mute  after  a  vowel,  which  it  then  lengthens; 

(1.)  at  the  end  of  substantives  terminating  in  «,  when  they 

derive  from  the  Latin  ia  ; 
(2.)  at  the  end  of  the  infinitive  of  verbs  after  a  vowel,'  (« 
being  the  proper  termination  of  the  infinitive  of  all  verbs  ;) 
(3.)  at  the  end  of  adjectives  that  terminate  in  a  vowel,  under 

the  inflection ; 
(4.)  in  the  middle  of  some  words,  after  a  long  vowel,  to  dis- 
tinguish two  words,  which  without  the  e  would  have  the 
same  orthography,  though  the  vowels  have  a  different 
length  in  pronunciation. 
ee.   The  vowels  e,  i,  «,  are  doubled  in  the  middle  of  mono 
syllables,  to  indicate  the  «,  t,  a,  long,  except  before  the 
consonants  b,  d,  g,  v,  p. 
ei  is  like  the  German  ei. 
eu  is  like  the  German  eu. 
I  ia  like  the  German  i. 

a.    See  ee. 
O  is  like  the  German  o. 
oi,  (jti,  or  tEi,  resemble  the  English  oi. 
oe  (if)  is  like  the  German  oe. 
ou  is  like  the  English  ou. 

1335 


BRIEF  RULES  FOR  THE  PRONUNCIATION  OP  THE  PRINCIPAL  EUROPEAN  LANGUAGEa 


V  is  like  the  German  «. 
«<  resembles  u  French. 

V  is  like  French  u. 

2.    Consonants. 

The  consonants  are  like  the  English,  with  the  following  excep- 
tions :  — 

D  is  not  sounded  after  a  consonant ;  and  this  omission  is  ob- 
served  ercn    when,  by  addition,  the  d  passes  into  the 
following  syllable. 
After  a  von-el,  d  is  pronounced  like  th. 
G  is  pronounced  slightly  guttural  after  a  vowel,   and  when  it 
terminates  the  syllable. 
Preceded    by  n,  it  gives  a  certain  nasal  sound  to  the  n, 
without  the  g  being  distinctly  pronounced. 
H  is  always  aspirate,  and  only  mute  before  v  and^. 
J  is  tike  tlie  English  y. 
S  is  hke  the  German  r. 

V  is  sometimes  found  after  a,  in  which  cases  it  takes  the  place  of 

the  vowel  u,  and  combines  with  the  preceding  vowel. 
if  is  actually  no  Danish  consonant,   but   borrowed    from  the 
German  language,  and  is  only  employed  in  words  bor- 
rowed from  tliis  language.     It  lias  the  sound  of  e. 


Zs  is  like  the  French  j. 

Y  is  almost  always  a  consonant.  (See  dy,gy,  ty.)  Immediatelv 
preceded  by  I  and  n,  it  serves  to  make  these  letters 
liquid,  corresponding  to  the  Spanish  U,  n,  as  in  bril- 
liant,  onion. 


NORWEGIAN. 


The  written  language  being  the  same  as  the  Danish,  the  Nor- 
wegian pronunciation  differs  chiefly  from  the  Danish  in  the  fol- 
lowing instances :  — 

D  is  always  like  the  English  d. 

G  is  always  hard. 

0  is  like  the  same  Swedish  vowel. 


HUNGARIAN. 
1.    Vowels. 


Jl  accented  (d)  has  always  the  long  a  sonnd  in  father,  (d  ;)  un- 
accented, has  the  French  short  o  sound. 

£  accented  (i)  resembles  the  e  indicated  in  the  following  list 
by  e ;  unaccented,  it  has  the  German  short  sound  in 
htlp. 

I  has  the  two  German  t  sounds. 

O  accented  (d)  has  a  long  and  deep  o  sound,  (d ;)  unaccent£d, 
has  the  two  sounds  of  mom,  lot. 
a  (0)  has  the  two  sounds  of  the  corresponding  German  letter. 

2/ accented  (u)  has  the  deep  and  full  sound  of  the  Swedish  let- 
ter o;  unaccented,  like  English  oo. 
uc,  or  fl,  has  the  two  sounds  of  the  German,  we,  (fl.) 

Y,  when  a  vowel,  has  the  sound  of  the  Hungarian  t. 

2.    Consonants. 

The  consonants  are  like  the  English,  with  the   following  ex- 
ceptions :  — 
C  is  always  joined  with  some  other  consonant. 
•  cs  is  like  ck. 
cz  is  like  ts. 
D  is  like  English  d.     Followed  by  j  or  y,  is  like  d  and  a  gentle 
aspiration,    nearly    like   the  Italian  gg  followed  by    a 
vowel. 
G  is  always  hard,  like  g  in  the  English  word  go. 
gk  is  like  a  simple  g. 
g,  followed  by  j  or  y,  is  like  dj,  dy. 
H  is  always  aspirate. 

J  is  like  English  e,  unless  preceded  by  <i,^,  t.    (See  tliese  letters.) 
R  is  like  the  German  r. 
S  is  like  English  sk. 

sz  is  like  s$. 
T  and  th  are  always  hard. 
ts  is  like  the  English  ch. 
tz  is  like  ts. 

tj  and  ly  is  like  t  followed  by  a  gentle  aspiration,  nearly  like 
the  Italian  cc  followed  by  a  vowel,  though  the  pro- 
nunciation does  not  sound  as  sharp. 

1396 


POLISH. 

1.   Vowels. 

^  has  the  two  sounds  of  the  German  a. 

£  accented  (i)  has  the  German  long  <b  sound ;  unaccented,  the 

German  short  e  sound. 
/  corresponds  to  the  German  t. 
0  accented  is  like  English  oo ;  unaccented,  like  long  o,  (a.) 

V  is  like  the  German  u. 

Y  is  like  the  German  short  t 

2.    Consonants. 

B  is  always  hard. 
C  is  like  the  German  c. 
ch  like  the  German  ch. 
ez  like  the  English  ch, 
2?,  F,  and  G,  are  always  hard. 
H  is  always  aspirate, 
y  is  like  the  German  j. 
Jif,  £.,  M,  JV,  P,  like  the  corresponding  English  letters ;  but  n 

accented  (n')  is  like  the  Spanish  n. 
R  is  like  the  German  r. 

S  is  always  sharp.     S  accented  (s')  has  a  sound  of  s  mixed  with 
German  j. 
sc,  both  accented,  (»'«',)  resembles  sts. 
sz  is  like  English  sh. 
T\a  always  hard, 
ff  is  like  the  German  to. 

Z  is  like  English  z.  Z,  with  a  point  over  it,  (2,)  is  like  French 
jj  and  z  with  an  accent,  (j',)  which  has  no  exact 
equivalent  in  English,  resembles  somewhat  the  z. 


WELSH. 

The  consonants  are  divided  into  mutes  and  semivowels,  and 
again  into  labials,  dentals,  and  palatals. 

The  vowels  are  of  two  kinds  — the  immutable  and  the  mutable. 

The  mutable  vowels  are,  a,  e,  0,  w ;  the  vowels  that  suffer  no 
change,  i,  «,  y. 

The  consonants,  under  the  class  of  mutes,  are  b,  p,  c,  g,  d,  t. 

The  semivowels  are  vocal  and  aspirated. 

Vocal  semivowels,  z,  x,  I,  m,  n,  r;  and  the  aspirates,  f,  ng,  ngh, 
f,  h,  tL 

L,  m,  n,  r,  are  also  distinguished  by  the  name  ol  liquids. 

The  consonants  may  be  thus  classed  :  — 

Labials.  Dentals.  Palatals. 

b,  V,  f,  m,  p,  mh.  |  d,  z,  n,  t,  th,  nh,  s.  |  c,  ?,  ngh,  g,  ng,  h,  11,  1,  r 

There  are  various  combinations  of  the  vowels  in  the  Welsh, 
forming  diphthongs,  triphthongs,  and  others,  to  the  extent,  in  some 
cases,  of  six  coming  together. 

All  the  vowels  preserve  their  own  primitive  sounds  under  every 
circumstance  of  combination,  without  any  deviation.  So,  there- 
fore, whatever  number  come  together,  the  sounds  to  be  expressed 
are  those  of  all  such  combined  vowels,  but  rapidly  passed  over. 
There  are  instances  of  six  vowels  coming  together,  requiring  so 
many  quick  inflections  of  the  voice  to  express  them. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  common  combinations  of  the 
vowels :  — 


ay 


eo 
eu 
ew 


ey 


iw 


>y 

oa 
oe 
oi 
ou 


ua 
ue 
no 
uw 


uy 
wa 
we 
wi 
wo 


aea  aia  aua 
aeo  aie  aue 
aew    aio     auo 


awa  awy  eia 
awe  eai  eio 
awo     eaw    eua 


euo 
ewa 
ewi 


ewy  lau 
iae  law 
iai       iei 


wy 
ya 
yo 

yo 

yw 

ieu  wae  wei 
oea  wai  wiw 
oia    waw  wyw 


BRIEI'  RULES  FOR  THE  PRONUNCIATION  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL  EUROPEAN  LANGUAGES. 


1.   Vowels. 

A,  (1.)  short  or  open  a,  in  man,  bar,  as,  glass. 

(2.)  long,  or  d,  is  the  same  sound  extended,  as  in  care,  dare. 
E,  (1.)  short,  as  in  men,  bed,  fervent. 

(2.)  long,  or  S,  as  the  French  S,  as  in  mSme. 
I,  (1.)  long,  as  in  street,  keep 
(2.)  short,  as  in  king,  sing. 
O,  (1.)  long,  or  d,  as  in  the  words  note,  bone,  gone. 

(2.)  short,  as  in  go,  no,  got,  not,  lot,  from. 
U  has  the  sound  of  English  u  in  busy,  and  of  i  as  in  sin,  thin,  live. 
If,  (1.)  is  sounded  as  oo  in  good,  hood;  and  as  u  in  the  word  full. 

(2.)  long,  or  io,  has  the  sound  ofoo  in  mood,  rood. 
Y,  (1.)  has  the  sound  of  u,  as  in  the  words  run,  turn,  and  oft  as 
\n  first. 

(2.)  long,  or  §,  is  sounded  like  the  English  y  in  Sunday,  and 
is  like  the  Welsh  «,  or  less  open  than  the  y  short. 

2.   Consonants. 

The  names  of  the  consonants  were  anciently  formed  by  sounding 
the  vowel  t  after  all  of>them  ;  but  in  the  present  popular  mode,  the 
following  are  exceptions  to  that  rule,  and  they  begin  their  sounds 
with  e,  c,  f,  z,  T,f,  g,  ng,  ngh,  h,  II,  I,  m,  n,  r,  s. 

The  sounds  of  the  consonants,  like  the  vowels,  are  preserved  in- 
variably in  all  their  combinations.  The  sounds  of  the  letters  must 
be  considered  as  the  perfect  standard  of  the  pronunciation  of  the 
Welsh  language. 

(a.)    Labial  Sounds. 

The  letters  b,  », /,  m,  p,  have  the  same  sound  as  in  English. 

The  mutation  of  the  p,  denoted  by  mh,  is  a  kind  of  aspirated  m, 
whose  power  may  be  found  by  uniting  the  sound  of  m,  in  the  word 
am,  to  A,  in  the  word  here,  by  a  quick  pronunciation  of  the  phrase 
I  am  here. 

(b.)    Dental  Sounds. 

The  d,  n,  s,  are  the  same  as  the  corresponding  English  letters. 

The  z,  which  is  a  mutation  of  d,  has  the  soft  or  flat  sound  of  th, 
as  in  the  words  thus,  neither. 

The  (  has  the  sound  of  English  t  m  not,  ten,  to,  but  does  not 
take  the  sound  of  j  in  any  case. 

The  th,  which  is  a  mutation  of  t,  has  always  the  sharp  and  hard 
sound  of  English  th,  in  the  words  thank,  both,  nothing. 

The  nh,  another  mutation  of  t,  is  a  sort  of  aspirated  n,  whose 
power  is  perceivable  in  the  word  inherent. 

( c.)    Palatal  Sounds. 

The  A,  I,  n,  r,  are  similar  to  the  same  English  letters. 

The  c  is  always  sounded  like  English  k. 

The  f,  (or  ch,)  being  a  mutation  of  c,  is  a  sound  which  has  no 
standard  in  English,  but  is  the  same  as  the  ch  of  the  German,  or 
the  ^  ol*  the  Greek. 

It  is  produced  by  the  contact  of  the  tongue  and  the  palate  about 
the  eighth  of  an  inch  farther  back  than  when  k  is  expressed. 

The  ngh  is  another  modification  of  c,  the  power  of  which  may  be 
made  out  in  the  word  JVottingham,  by  suspending  the  breath  on 
the  letter  i,  instead  of  the  proper  division  of  the  word. 

The  g  is  always  like  the  English  hard  g,  as  in  go,  give,  again, 

'«^.  P'g- 

The  II  is  a  sound  peculiar  to  the  Welsh;  but  the  Spanish  II 
approaches  very  near  to  it.  The  sound  is  produced  by  touching 
the  palate  with  the  tongue,  about  an  eighth  of  an  inch  farther  back 
than  when  2  is  articulated. 


The  accentuation  of  all  words  is  known  by  one  general  rule; 
that  is,  such  as  consist  of  several  syllables  have  the  accent  on 
the  penultima,  and  upon  every  second  syllable  backwards.  The 
same  principle  is  applied  to  several  monosyllables  coming  together, 
by  accenting  every  second  word  to  the  last  but  one  inclusively. 


GAELIC. 
The  Gaelic  language  has  five  vowels  and  thirteen  consonants 

I.    Vowels. 

^  is  sounded  as  in  the  English  words  hall,  halt ;  but  before  dh 
and  gh,  it  has  often  the  aound  of  the  diphthong  ao. 

E  represents  two  different  sounds  :  — 

(1.)  that  of  the  Greek  i,  or  ea  in  the  English  word  bear 
(2.)  that  of  o  in  care. 

I  is  like  ee  in  English. 

0  has  the  different  sounds  of  bone,  mom,  lot. 

f/  is  like  00  in  moon,  fool. 

The  vowels  are  divided  into  broad,  a,  o,  u,  and  small,  e,  i. 

In  a  word  of  two  or  more  syllables,  if  the  former  ends  with  a 
broad  vowel,  the  next  syllable  must  begin  with  a  broad  vowel ;  if 
with  a  small  vowel,  with  a  small,  though  these  inserted  vowels 
are  never  pronounced.  But  in  compound  words,  this  rule  may 
often  be  properly  dispensed  with. 

All  the  vowels  are  either  long  or  short.  When  long,  they  are 
generally  accented. 

In  all  the  syllables  of  polysyllables,  except  the  first,  the  vowel* 
have  a  short  and  obscure  sound,  as  in  the  English  words  sun, 
bird,  mother ;  and  the  broad,  and  sometimes  the  small,  are  used 
for  one  another. 

There  are  thirteen  diphthongs,  which  are  either  proper  or  im- 
proper. 

Jlo  and  eu  are  improper,  representing  simple  sounds  ;  the  former 
of  which  is  only  .itlainable  by  the  ear  ;  the  latter  is  like  that  of  the 
Greek  f,  (epsilon.)  All  the  other  diphthongs  are  proper,  the 
sound  of  each  of  the  vowels  being  more  or  less  heard.  In  te,  ui,  ei, 
oi,  io,  ia,  ua,  ui,  the  last  vowel,  and  in  ia,  to,  in,  the  first  vowel,  is 
but  faintly  sounded. 

There  are  five  triphthongs,  aoi,  eoi,  iai,  iui,  uai.  They  are  pro- 
nounced like  the  diphthongs  ao,  eo,  ia,  iu,  ua,  with  the  addition 
of  a  short  t.  They  are  all  long,  and  never  occur  but  in  mono- 
syllables, or  the  first  syllable  of  polysyllables. 

2.   Consonants. 

The  consonants  are,  b,  c,  d,f,  g,  h,  I,  m,  n,  p,  r,  s,  t. 
Consonants  are  mutable  or  immutable. 

Mutable  are  such  as,  by  having  an  A  subjoined  to  them,  either 
alter  or  lose  their  usual  sound,  viz.,  h,  c,  d,f,  g,  m,  p,  s,  t. 

Immutable  are  such  as  are  never  aspirated,  or  have  an  h  sub- 
joined to  them,  viz.,  the  liquids  (,  n,  r. 

After  a  short  vowel  or  diphthong,  the  consonants  are  generally 
pronounced  as  when  written  double  in  English. 

A  consonant  standing  alone  is  sounded  as  if  it  were  the  initial 
letter  of  the  following  word,  if  jt  begins  with  a  vowel,  or  as  the 
final  letter  of  the  preceding  word,  if  it  ends  with  a'vowel. 

Bh  and  mh  have  the  sound  of  v  in  English.     Mh,  in  the  middle 
or  end  of  polysyllables,  is  either  silent  or  stands  for  a 
gentle  aspiration. 
C  is   always  sounded  as  English  k.     Ch  has   the  sound  of  the 

Greek  ;k,  or  of  ^A  in  lough,  as  the  Irish  pronounce  it. 
Dh  and  gh,  in  the  beginning  of  words,  are  commonly  sounded 
like  the  English  consonant  y.     In  the  middle  or  end  of 
words,  they   are  often  silent,  or   have  the  sound  of  a 
Fh  is  silent.  [faint  aspiration. 

G  is  always  sounded  as  in  the  English  words  get,  good. 
Ph  has  the  sound  of  English  /. 

S,  before  or  after  a  broad  vowel  in  the  same  syllable,  is  as  in 
English.       But    when    immediately   before    or   afler   a 
small  vowel,  it  has  the  sound  o{' sh.     S,  in  the  beginning 
of  words,  when  preceded   by  the   article  with  t  inter- 
vening, is  silent. 
Sh  and  th,  in  the  beginning  of  words,  have  the  sound  of  A  atone 
Th,    after    a   long    vowel,    diphthong,  or  triphthong,    is    nearly 
silent ;  but  after  a  short  vowel  or  diphthong,  it  has  the 
force  of  a  rapid  aspiration. 
The  immutable  consonants  /,  n,  r,  when  initials  of  words,  not 
connected  with  others  in  a  sentence,  have  a  soft  double  sound,  to 
be  learned  only  by  the  ear.     But  whenever  the  order  of  construc- 
tion requires  that  the  mutable  consonants  should  be  aspirated,  the 
immutable  lose  their  double  sound,  and  are  pronounced  nearly  as 
in  English. 

When  the  consonants  I,  n,  r,  have  their  double  sound  in  the 
middle  or  end  of  words,  they  are  written  double. 

1327 


OBSERVATIONS    ON    THE    TABLE 


Is  the  preparation  of  the  following  table,  the  compiler  has  aimed 
at  the  utmost  possible  simplicity.  For  this  reason,  be  has  employed 
in  his  key  as  small  9  number  of  English  sounds  as  was  possible, 
and  has  preferred  to  refer  roost  of  the  sounds  In  the  several  Ian- 
gaages  to  their  nearest  English  equivalents,  rather  than  to  intro- 
duce a  separate  notation  and  key  for  each  language  To  do  the 
last,  would  have  been  to  destroy  the  simplicity,  and,  in  a  great 
measure,  to  defeat  the  object,  of  the  table,  which  was  designed 
for  easy  reference,  by  all  classes  of  readers.  It  will  be  sufficient, 
once  for  all,  to  observe,  that  certain  sounds  in  several  of  tlie  lan- 
guages of  Europe  can  be  but  imperfectly  represented  by  the  Eng- 
lish letters  and  syllables  which  are  given  as  their  equivalents. 
The  Swedish  u  is  represented  by  the  English  00  or  the  French  u. 
The  Danish  g  final,  not  preceded  by  n,  corresponds  nearly  to  the 
English  h  guttural.  The  Dutch  ui,  uy,  is  represented  by  the 
English  oi.     In  the  German,  a  is  indicated  by  the  English  a  in 


far;  g  and  ch  are  marked  as  gutturals;  0,  a,  and  <1,  ue,  corre- 
spond to  the  French  eu  and  u  ;  ai  is  indicated  by  i  long ;  eu  by  the 
English  oi.  The  Polish  z  has  no  corresponding  English  sound. 
The  Spanish  g  soft  and  j  differ  from  the  German  ch  guttural  in 
being  pronounced  also  from  the  palate.  In  the  French,  u  has  no 
corresponding  English  sound ;  ew  Is  nearly  like  the  u  in  the  Eng- 
lish spur ;  m  and  n  nasal  are  indicated  by  ng,  but  the  sound  of  g 
should  not  be  heard  in  the  pronunciation;  I  mouilU  final  is  in- 
dicated by  ly,  gne  final  by  ny;  in  both  these  cases,  the  sound  of  y 
consonant  being  added  to  that  of  the  I  and  n,  as  in  brilliant  and 
mignonette;  oi  Is  also  expl-essed  by  v>a,  a  being  sounded  as  la  far, 
except  oin,  in  which  a  Is  sounded  as  in  bat.  In  all  names  not 
English,  ch  at  the  end  of  syllables  not  guttural  is  tch. 


The  several  countries  are  indicated  by  the  following  abbrevia- 
tions :  — 


Af. .Africa. 

As. Aita. 

Aoali. Aaattlaa  Dominions. 

Autr.  At.  ...  .  Anatnlasia. 

^jjijjj^  (  Soutti  Auitnlia  and  New 

I     Sooth  VValefc 

Bnx. BrazO.        ^ 

Can. Cauda. 

Cb. China. 

D«Q. DeDinaik. 

East.  IiL Eaatctn  Islaaaa. 

U- KfTpt 

Eo(. En^and. 

Ft. FraBC«, 

Ger. Gennany. 

Gr. .  Greecs. 

Hind. llindoslaii. 

Ind East  Indies.' 

Ir. Ireland. 

It. Italy. 

Jap. Japan. 

Hex, Hezieo. 

N.  Ahl North  America- 

u^w  (  Netherlands,  Holland  and 

f     Belfinm. 


N.  S. Nova  Scotia. 

C  New  Zealand,  Western 
K.  Zeal ^      Australia,  Van  Dle- 

C      men's  Land. 

Pal Palestine. 

p  I  Peninsula,    Spain    and 

I       PortugaL 
p^  I  Persia,   Cabool,  Beloo- 

*  *     *  '  '        (      cbiatan,  Bolihara. 

PMt. Pomigal. 

Pruu. Prussia. 

E. Russian  Empire. 

o    .  (  South  and  Central 

t       America. 

Scot. Scotland. 

&.  IsL Sandwich  Islands. 

C  Scandinavian  Pentnsu- 
Sc  Pen -s      la,      Sweden      and. 

'      Norway. 

Sic Sicily. 

See  IsL Society  Islands. 

Sp. Spain. 

Swltz. Switzerland. 

Syr.  ......;•  Syria. 


•p  (  Turkey,   ^Vsiatlc   and 

t       European. 

U.  B. United  States. 

W.  Ind West  Indies. 

b bay. 

e. cape. 

ee.  cy. county. 

dUtr. dislricL 

dep. departmenL 

fi. furt. 

g. gulf. 

A. harbor. 

i*L island. 

I. lake. 

mias.  sta. missionary  station. 

vit. mountain. 

pr. province. 

ft. pott  end  point. 

r. ,.  .  .  river. 

at,  .........  strait. 

(. tower. 

wiL valley. 


1338 


PRONOUNCING  VOCABULAllY 


MODERN    GEOGRAPHICAL    NAMES. 


Aa,  (Switz.)  r. 

Aachen,   (flerm. ;  fr.  Ait-  ) 

la-Chapelle.)  \ 

Aakirkebye,  (Denm.) 
AaHx>rg,  (Denm.)  AlbtirgVkm, 
AalsL    "^t^Alost, 
Aaraodt.(Norw.) 
Aar,  (Switz.)  r. 
Aarati,  (Swilz.) 
Aarburg,  (Switz.) 
Aargau,  das,  ot   |  •  (Switz.) 
AargoTia,  '    tajA. 

Aarbiiri.s,  (Denm.) 
Aarlanderveen,  (Neth.) 
Aarwangen,  (Switz.) 
Abach,  (Bav.)#^dudiaeurn. 
Abaco,  orLucaya/Baham.  \ 

I-l.)  i 

Abftite,  (Braz.")  r. 
Abakan,  (l^) 
AbalEansk,(R.) 
Abancay,(Peni.) 
Abanilta,  (!Sp.) 

Abaiijvi^r,  (II.) 
Abba-Santa,  (Sard.)  Aequo.  \ 

Santa.  \ 

AbbeviUe,(Fr.)  Abatis  Villa. 
Ahbiateprasso,  (N.  It.) 
Abcnsl^rp,  (Bav.)  Abatina. 
AberbrotiiocK,  or  >  ,a„  ^ 
Arbroath,  \  ^^"^'^ 

Aberdeen,  (Sc.) 
Abergavenny,  (Eng.) 
Abia  de  la  Obispalia,  (3p.) 
Abo,  (Finl.) 
Abohuus,  (Finl.) 
Aboukir,  or  Abukir,  (Cg-) ) 

Ginopus.  \ 

Abranlea,  (Port.) 
Abreiro,  (Port.) 
Ahrojn^,  (Mex.)  rocks. 
AbruUio«,  (Itraz.)  rocks. 
-  Abnizzo,  (furmer  div.  of     ) 

Kapl.)  ! 

Abnizzo  Ctteriore,(XapI.)<i's(« 
Abiia,  (Braz.)  r. 
Abukir.     See  Aboukir. 
Acajiiila,  ((tiiaL) 
Arapiilco,  (Mex.) 
Acara,  (Braz.)  r. 
AcJiray,  (Braz.)  mts. 
Accadia,  (Napl.) 
Acerenza,(NapU)  AcheroMm. 
Acenio,  (.Napl.) 
Acerra,  (Napl.) 
Achajnias,  (Columb.) 
Arliniini,  (Kg.) 
Arhliiba,  (KOr. 


Act,ffr         '/a:-\ 
Aci  Eeale,  S  ^      ^^ 
Aconcagua,  (Chile,)  nolc.  vo. 
Acora,  (Peru.) 
Azores,  or  Azores. 

Acquapendente,  I^    Acula, 
Acquaviva,  (Napl.) 
Acqui,  (Sard.)    Aqua. 


ah 

d'chen 

B-kir'ke-bit 

Sl'borg 

Uhlit 

6'tnodt 

iihr 

ahr'ou 

ahr'b^^rg 

dds  dhr'goH 

'dhr-gG'v'i-a 

dhr'hQQS 

Wir'Htit-dh-'Vihn' 

ahr^v'dn."  geti 

(i'biich 

H'bd-ko 

d-hQi't^' 

d-bd'kdn' 

a^d-kdnsk' 

abdn-ka^-{ 

d'bd-n'il'ya 

d-bd-^fi^'i-vdhr' 

db'bd^dn'ta 

Ub'v'ile 

WbVd'tt'griia'so 

'd'hifiis-birf;' 

ab'Cr-broUi' ock 

ar'broath 

ab-cr-deen' 

ab-er-ga'ny 

d'bPa  di  Id  O'biS'pa-rCa 

0'bQ^^Q.l' 

d-b^kirA' 
d-brdn'tts 
ii'brii''f'rQQ 
d-brO'SkGa 

d-br^^t'so 

.  ti-br<fft'so  ch'i't^-r't-0'rg, 
d-bQ^d' 

tir-kd-cho^t'la 
d-kd'P^Ql'ha 
it-kd-ra' 
ti-kd-rtti 

bkkd'din 

d'Cfii-rtnd'iin 

a-chcr'no 

a^kir'ra 

a^hd'g^fdi 

dfli-m'tme' 

dch-t^f'ba 

d'ch'i 

d'ch't  rt-d'ls 

d-kOn-kd'ffif^-a 

d-kQ'ra 

d-aO'rts 

Hk'  k^^d-ptn-dsn'  fi 

Wc'kQ^d-^Vva 

iik'kgpt 


A. 


Acre,  (Ryr.)  Akka,  St  Jean  t 

d* Acre.  Acea or  PtolemaU.  ) 

Acs,  (ii.) 

Aclopan,  (Mex.) 

Aculeo,  (Chile.) 

Ailaguesa,  (Sp.) 

Adaja,  (Sp.) 

Adda,(N.  It.)   Addua 

Adegheni,  (Neth.) 

Adelfors,  (Sw.) 

AdeUberg,  (III.) 

Aderno,  (Sic.) 

Aderebadi,  (Boh.) 

Adige,  (N.  lu  ;  g.  Etsch.)    ) 

r.    Athfsis.  \ 

Adlerberg,  (Germ.)  mt. 
Adour,  (Fr.)  r.    Atums. 
Adra,  (Sp.)    Abdera. 
Adria,  (Lomb.)     Hatria, 
Adriatic    Sea,   (It.)    Mare) 

Adriatico.  \ 

Aeroeskjobing,  (Denm.) 
Acischot,  (Belg.) 
Aerirycke,  (Belg.) 
Aorzeele,  (Belg.) 
^tna.  See  Etna. 
Afragola,  (Napl.) 
Agde,  (Fr.) 

Agen,  (Fr.)    Agiimum. 
Ag6noi3,  (Fr.)  oldpr. 
Agger,  (Denm.)  con. 
Aggeriihuns,  (pr.  Norw.) 
Agincourt,  or  Azincourt,(Fr.) 
Aglie,  (Pied.) 
Agmondesham,  (Eng.) 
Agnadetlo,  (Lomb.) 
Agnano,  (Napl.)  I. 
Agno,  (Switz.)  c. 
Agnona,  (Napl.) 
Agogna,  (It.)r. 
Agognato,  (Sard.) 
Agoeta,  or  Augusta,  (Sic.) 
Agout,  (Pr.)  r. 
Agran),  or  Zagrab,  (Austr.) 
Agramtinl,  (t-'ii.) 
Agreda,  (Sp.) 
Agropoli,  (Napl.) 
Agua,  Volcan  de,  (C.  A.) 
Agitadilla,  (Puerto  Rico.) 
Aguamare,  (Braz.)  r,    . 
Agua«  CalJentes,  (Mex.) 
Agiiayo,  (Mex.) 
Agiieda,  (Sp.)  r. 
Agtieira,  (Port.) 
Aguilar,  (Sp.) 
Agtiilar  de  Campo,  (Sp.) 
.'Lgiiilar  de  la  Fmntera,  (Sp.) 
AguUiaM,  Cabo,  {.\Q  e. 
Ahlen,  (Pa.) 
Ahireld,  (Han.) 
Ahun,  (Fr.)    Agednnum. 
AhuB,  (Sw.) 

Aidone,  (Sic.) 
Aigle,  (Switz.) 
Aignebelle,  (Sav.) 
Aigiieblanche,  (Pied.) 
Aipiieperse,  (Fr.)  Aqua        ) 
Spursa.  \ 


•dkr 

dhtsh 

dk-a'pda 

d-kQi^li'o 

d'dd-ge't-a 

d-dd'dha 

tifl'da 

'd'di-gem 

d'dH~f,jr3' 

d' dels 'berg' 

a-der-nS' 

d'dera-bdch' 

d'd:i~<he 

Ud'lh-bir^' 

d-d^ 

U'dra 

d'dr'i-a 

ad'ri-at'ic  sea 

Hre'^s-k'i-^  '(kt!V.)bing 

ithrs'ShOt 

dhrl'rt-ke. 

dAr'ii'l£ 

d-frWgG'la 

dgd 

d-gang 

d-ge-niDd' 

dg'ger 

dg'girs-h^s' 

d-gdng-k(f^-' 

dl'ijs 

am'er-sham 

an-yd'drl'U) 

Un-yd'HO 

dn'yo 

dn-yO'na 

d~gOn'ya 

ti-gOn-yd't£ 

d'gOs'ta 

d-g<?if' 

d'grdm 

d-gr'dr-mQ(}nt' 

d'gre-da 

d-grO'pS-n        ^^ 

v6l-kdn'de  d'gf^^a 

d-gffQ-d-dil'ya 

d-g<fQ-d-tnd-rt' 

d'g(}^ds  kd-ri'sn'tps 

d-g^if-d'i'o 

d'ge-da 

d-gd'i-ra 

d-gi-ldhr' 

d-g'i-ldhr'  dt  kdm'po 

a-gi-ldhr'  dt  Id  frGn-tr'ra 

kiPbo  d~gQ^Vy'ds 

dh'len 

dJU'feldt 

d-^ng' 

O'hus 

d^t'dO'tti 

&gl 

ag-bfV 

dg-bldngsh' 
dg-p^rze' 


Aignes-Morte»,(Fr.)  Aqiue  ) 
Mortua;.  \ 

Aigiics-Vives,  (Fr.)  Aqita    i 
Viva.  \ 

Aiguille  d'Argeiitiire,  ( 

I      (Alps,)  in.  \ 

Aiguille  du  G^ant,  (Alps,)  mt. 
Aigiiitlon,  (Fr.) 
Aiuie,  (Sard.)    Axima. 
Aimouiiers,  (Fr.) 
Ain,  (Fr.)  r.     Danu^. 
Ainsa,  (Sp.) 

Aire,  (Fr.)     Fictit  .hiUus. 
Airola,  (Na])l.) 
Airolo,  (Switz.) 
Aisne,  (Fr.)  drp. 
Aix,  (Fr.)    Agaa  Stxt'us. 
Aix,  (Sard.)  Aquas  Oratiana. 
Aix-la-Chapelle.  SeeAaeken. 
Ajaccio,  (Cora.) 

Ajello,  (Napl.) 
Ajofrin,  (Sp.) 
Akerman,  (U.)     Tyras. 
Akka.     See  Acre. 
Ala,  (AiiEtr.) 
Alaga,  (Sp.)  r. 
Alagoas,  dop,  (Braz.) 
Alagon,  (Sp.) 
Alais,  (Fr.) 

Alajuela,  (Costa  Rica,  C.  A.) 
Alamos,  or  Real  de  los  .Ala-  J 
nios,  (Mex.)  \ 

Aland  Isles,  (R.) 
Alajio,  (Lomli.) 
Alarcon,  (Sp.) 


Alaasio,  (Sard.) 
(k) 


Alatri,  (It.) 
Alava,  (Sp.) 
Alb,  die  Ratihc  or  Schwil-  i 
bische,  (Wiirf.)  tnts.  \ 

Alba,  (Pied.)  Alba  Pompe'ui. 
Alhacete,  or  Albaceite,  (Sp.) 
I  Alba  de  Tonnes,  (Sp.) 

I  Alban,S(.  (Fr.) 
Albanches,  (Sp.) 
Albania.     See  Ailont. 
Albano,  (It.) 
.Alhares.  (Sp.) 
Albarracin,  (Sp.) 
Albayda,  (Sp.) 
Albegna,  (Tusr.)  r.    Albinia. 
Albemarle.     See  Aunialt'. 
Albendorf,  (Pr.) 
Albenga,  (Sard.)    Albium    ) 
Ingvanuin.  \ 

Alberche,  (Sn.)  r. 
Alberiqtie,  (bp.) 
Albert.     See  Labrit. 
Albi,  or  Alby,  (Fr.)    Albiga. 
Albino,  (N.  It.) 
Albizola,  (Sard.) 
Albocacer,  (Sp.) 
Albon,  (Fr.) 
Alboran,  (Sji.)  isL 
Albuera,  la,  (Sp.) 
Albueira,  (Port.) 


Hg-v'ive' 

H-gu-'ily  ddr-gdng-ti-irtf 
d-gU'Vy'  dS  gi'dng' 
0-gQ<}-iy6ng' 

Urnc 

dng 

d-'in'sa 
fire 

d-'i-rS'lo 

Bne 

dee 

ah 

dce-ld-shn-pn' 

d^i-ydt'cho 

d-'i-vfi'io 

d-dhS-frin' 

iik'y^r-mdn 

dk'ka 

ijh'la 

ti'ld-ga 

dBsd-lfi-gd'ds 

n-ld-T^J 

d-td-SliQif-i'la 

rf-dV  rfe  JOs  d'la-mOs 

C'ldnd 

d-la'no 

d-ldr-kOn' 

d -Ids' si -o 

u-la'trt 

d'ld-va 

di  rou'hs  shei'b't'Ske  dlb 
dl'ba  ^ 

dJ'bd-thf'te,  ai'bit4hi'i-tt 
dl'ba  di  tOr'mis 

Mng-t-dl-bdng' 

dl-bdti'ches 

dlbd'no 

dl-bd'rrs 

ill -bdr-rd-th'in' 

dl-hd'i-da 

dl-bsn'ya 

dlh^drl' 

dl'biH-dQrf 

dl-bin'ga 

dl-ber'che 
iil-bi-ri'k£ 
dib£hr 

di'bi 

dlbi'no 

dl-bid~sa'la 
til-iO-kd'tAir 
ill-bo  ng' 
al-b6-rdn' 
Id  dl-bQ^-i'ra 
td-b^^-d't-ra 


tPllte^fitr,fttUyWh^.,bdt. — Jl/Jfe,  pr{y,  hilp^  thSre,  h'&r.  —  Pine,  mflrYne,  btrd^fi^.  —  JVOie,  dSve,m(ive,WQlfybQifkj  iQrd. — 7yine,bull,itnite.  —  oi.boy;  em,  house. 
-A-,  ji  =K«,'*   hst  —Ft.  ^  long,  eu,  short,  nearly  aa  in  spur.-^dgy  Ig,  »y,  liquid.  —  .^a"^ffr.  —  g,  cA,  guttural;  g  ar  -  ■ — ' -  " — '   *'-     -       "^  *--— 


vbe;  ii.  short,  bit. 


<  une,ouii,ifnitc.  —  oi.ooy;  em,  nouse. —  Fr.ft  long, 
pleasure.  — r  final,  Fr.  re.—  C,  between  v  and  /. 


167 


1329 


PRONUNCIATION   OF  MODERN   GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Altufen,«r  Albuieira,(S|>. ) 
Pon.)  J 

Albula,  (Sn-ill.)  pass. 
Albuqueniue,  i  ,g    v 
Alburquenjue,  i  ^   ' 
AlbuKat,  (Fr.) 
Akacar  do  Sal,  (Pon.)  Sa- ) 

Alcacarquirir,  (Fes.) 
Alcafa  lie  ChUbert,  i  .a_  \  1 
MezU  de  Chiven,    j  '■°'^'  ( 
Alcala  de  lo«  Gazules,  (Sp.) 
Alcala  de  Ouadayra,  (Sp.) 
Alcala  de  ileoares,  (Sp.) 
Alcala  la  Real,  (Sp.) 
Alcala  del  Rio,  (Sp.) 
Alcanio,  (Sic) 
Alcantiede,  (Pon.) 
Alcaoices.  (Sp.) 
.Mcanii,  (Sp.) 
Alcanlara,  (Sp.)  JVbri*        | 


Aleaoiaiilla,  (Sp.)  « 

Alcara  delta  Friddi,  (Sic.) 
Alcana,  (Sp.) 

.Mcaadele,  (Sp.) 

.\lrazar,  (Sji.) 

.\lcazar  de  San  Juan,  (Sp.) 

Alcester,  (Eng.) 

Alciia,  (Sp.)    SmlaHemlM. 

Aloobafa,  (Fan.) 

Aliwbi9car,(Sp.)iU. 

Aleocer,  (Sp.) 

Akolea,  (Sp.) 

Afcwn,  (Sp.) 

Aleoroctaes,  (Sp.) 

AkouUm,  (Pon.) 

Akudia,  (Sp.) 

.MeudU  de  GauUx,  (Sp.)    | 

Alcnescar,  (Sp.) 
Aldea  Ga]le«a,  (Pon.) 
Aldw  Naen,  (Sp.) 
AMMVi^(Sp.) 
Aldev  Altai.    Sh  Caxm. 
AUwnqr.    Sh  Aorigny. 


AVwria,  (Sp.)      , 
AleipqtMr,  (fMt., 


AlaaiUjo,dn>n.)rr. 

Aleppo,  (Tar.)  CUl|ii*aand 

Aleaundria,  (Pied.) 
Atesaudria  delta  Paglia,     t 
(Sard.)  I 

Aleanno,  (NapL) 
AUaaio,(Tnr.) 
AleU^  (Ft.) 
Atexandtonk,  (R.) 
.\lexaBdlowa,  (PoL) 
AlfiMoB,  (Ene.) 
Aleyor,  (MiBOCt*.) 
Al&io,  (Sp.) 
Alfajaln,  (Port.) 
Alibn,  (Fr.)  nude. 

Algaiinejo,  (Sp.) 

^SSre:icpon.)p'-     \ 

Alfeciras,  (Sp.) 
Aliec    See  Alpm. 
Algena,(N.Afr.  ;/r.Al|(«rie.) 
Alxezair.    See  JUfim. 

'^^U^^  } 

Al«ieis,(N.Afr.  i/r.  AI-     \ 
ger,  T  Algexiir.)  I 

AlipHO,(Po«) 
AlilaiDa,  (Sp.) 
Albambra,  ^p.) 
Albaadra,  (Port.) 
ADituemaa,  (Barb.) 

Aliaco,  (Bp.) 

Altcanle,  (Sp.)    Lt^»htm. 

Alicata,  or  Licaia,  (Sic.)     j 

Lfaae.  i 

Alicuri,(Sic.)  mL 
Alin«siB,(Sw.] 
Alise.Saime-Reine,  (Fr.)     I 

Alestum,  ] 

Aljamilla,  (Sp.)  mts. 
AU'lbalota,  (Port.) 
A(jucen,  (Sp.)  r. 
AlXmaar.  (Neth.) 
Allan,  (Fr.) 
Allanches,  (Fr.) 
Allariz,  (Sp.) 


ra 

ai'tw-litr'kt 
ai-H-Mk' 

m-ka'tr-iff-tia 

al^d'sHr-kl-VIr' 
at-Jta^la'  ds  cXta-htrt', 
(e*»-ejr(') 

m-ka-ld'  it  t<ii^<i-tS%-n 
iUJctt-ld'  di  i-nO^Tis 

la-iui-W  la  n^' 
»I-Iul4if  d^  tV» 
iti'kit-wu 
ai^iUM-fa'df 
mJuiiifi'thct 

al-kwt'ta-rt 

U-kUx'ta-fiTfa 
alkdtrt  d^'U  frti'tt 
U-kd^ratk' 
m^kd^ff^ic'll 
m-ta'Uutr  ^ 

a^ka'tkor  ic  a^  tk^^^uit' 
Ifs'ltr         ^ 
altkVra    • 

m-ke-ha'm 

iU4;8-tt<'Ur 

al-klS-llirr' 

alks-it'd 

Ht-kB'ra 

m-ki-rtt'tkf 

m-ki^iv-fi^i' 

tt-kfV'*'-' 

la^a'u  fatU'ga 
ai-dt'*  ><««-i'M 

VMt'a  cir^da 
ui^iit  aeiiii 

tWder-meif 
a-  t-/r('« 
a-Umf.ktr' 

dlOMf-tHllg' 

d4tr'f !  »•  i-Uf'p* 

i-ltssdx'iirri 
Ii4tt-4dm'drr<l  dtfla  fOI'- 

a.^-eil'u 
IMca'al^ 

d-lift-tllm'dnrtt 

lt4(k-tdM-drt'tt 

offtTAon 

a-lc-ftkr' 

Ul-fd'ro 

aifa-fd'ut 
ai-gdi-yt'U 

ai-fd-rHis'flu 

m-fdr'rt 

U-ft-tkl'Tdi 

dl-eki-td/ir 

ai-ft'n 
al-gt'n 

al-gien^ 

al-fl'ttt 
t-ld'ma 
U-ldm'km 
Ul-fdm'dm 

b-li-a'go 

ii4i'kdn'ti 

d^t-kd'ta 

H-tt-k^'tt 
bfUitg.ttkt' 

U-tite'sdHgt-riltt 

dl^kd-mil'ya 

al-gt^-bd-rSta 

al-fktf-lijill' 

alk'mdiar' 

dl-tdng' 

aUdmfA' 

at-ydritk' 


AlleRrp,  (Fr.) 
Allemagne.     Stc  Germaiiy. 
Allonilorf,  (VV.  Ger.) 
.Mler,  (Ger.)  r. 
.\llevarJ,  (Fr.) 
Alln,  (It.)  r. 
Allior,  (Fr.)  r.    Elavef. 
.Mliiige,  (Denrn.) 
.MIones,  (Sp.)  r. 
.\lniadB,  (Purt.) 
Almadeii,  (Sp.) 
Almagell,  (Switz.)  pas^ 
Almagro,  (Sp.) 
Almansa,  (S|).) 
Almaraz,  (Sp.) 
Alm4s(ll.) 
.Vlinazau,  (Sp.) 

.\lmeida,  (Port.) 
Aluteirtm,  (Port.) 
Almoixtal,  (Port.) 
Alnieja*,  (Mox.)  prom, 
.\lmelo,  (S'elh.) 
.Almcnara,  (Sii.) 
.\tmeria,  (Sp.)    Murgis. 
.\lniisjia,  (Palm.) 
.\lnn>di'VBr,  (Port.) 
.\lniiMlovar  del  (.'ampo,  (Sp.) 
Almodovar  del  Piiiar,  (Sp.) 
.\lnumarid,  (Sp.) 
AInionacid  de  Zorita,  (Sp.) 
Almondsbiirj-,  (Eng.) 
.\In»onle,  (S;».) 
.\lmtiilecar,  (Sji.)     S«i. 
.\lnwirJi,  er.\liiewick,(Bng.) 
Aliira,  (Sp.) 
Aloat,  or.\alst,  (Oelg.) 
.\lotepiMm«>,  (GiiftL) 
,\lpe  dt  Sitcrisit),  (It.)  mL 
Alpedrinha,(PMn.) 
Alpeii.    See  Alps. 

Alpoa,  Buaes,  (Fr.)  dtp. 

Alpn,  Hante^  (Fr.)  dtp. 

Alpee,  lea,  mis.    See  Alps. 

.\lpaacli,  (Siviii.) 

Alpa,  (f.  Alix-n  ;  fi.  tea       j 

Alpesw)   mts.  Atpes.         { 
.\lpuente,  (Sp.) 
.Alpigarras,  la.«,  (Sp.)  mt,  reg. 
Alnsl(«d,  (Ens.) 
Alnce,  {fr.  I'Alsace  ;  g.     j 

Elsaa».)  pr.  AL-sUa.  ) 

.^laen,  (Dentn.)  lat. 
.\l36  Fejir  Vimiegye,  (H.)  i 
AM  Kubln,(H.) 
.\lsler,  (Denm.)  r. 

AltaV,  (Up.  As.)  mti. 
Altaniura,  (Napl.) 
Altdorf,  (Swiu.) 
Altea,  (So.) 
.\Uena.  (W.) 
.-Mlentirucb,  (Man.) 
.\ltenbtire,  (Ger.) 
AlteDbiirg,(H. ;  k. Magyar,  j 
0%-ir.)  ( 

.Mlen^ard,  (Norw.) 
.\ltenlipim,  (Bad.) 
.Mienkirclien,  (Pr.) 
AllenHtein,  (Sax.)  Msde, 
Alter  do  Chio,  (Port.) 
All  Gradi.<ka,  (.\uslr.) 
Altililllll,  (Bav.)  r. 
AKona,  (Dentn.) 
.Mtorl,  (Switz.) 
.^Iirutine,  (Bav.) 
.Altranmadl,  (Pr.) 
AltMihi,  (H.) 
.\ltslatlen,  (Snita.) 
Allyn,  (R.)  /. 
Alvaraao,  (.Mex.)  r. 
.\lvarez,  (Cuba.) 
.\lvaro,  (S*p.) 
Alvincz.  (Trans.) 
AlTor,  (Port.) 
Alzano  .Mae^ore,  (Lomb.) 
Alzonne,  (Ft.) 
An.a|er,„./,0^,^,    j 

Amai.  (6w.) 
Amalti,  (XapL) 
Amambay,  (Para.)  r. 

Amand,  St.,  (Fr.) 
Ajnand-left-Eaux,St.,(Fr.)  j 
Amand»polis.  ) 

Amaniea,  (Napl.) 
Amarante,  (Port.) 
Amaro,  Santo,  (Braz.) 
Amatique  Bay,  (C.  A.) 


al'lrn-^Qrff 

al'Ur 

tU-vOr' 

tii'lin"ffi 

til-yO'ncJi 

til-ma' da 

iU-rnddgnf 

ta'md-gft> 

tU-md'rro 

tt-mtin'ga 

al-md-rdlA' 

tii-mdh^h' 

at-mdUtitn' 

tiJ'ms'ehds 

iOl'mt-lo 

dl-mt-nd'ra 

dl-m'fs'sa 

dl-mQ^tiO'vdr 

dl-mH-dd' vdr  dil  kHm'po 

di-wS-rfa'pdr  dil  pi-ndr' 

Iti-Jt'tind-thid' 

al-mS-nd-thid'  rfj  tkO-rVpi 

amf--t'ber-rtf 

ai-mGn'tf 

dl-m^n-yt'kSr 

an'nik 

U-lO'ra 

itl'Ost 

ti-la'tf'pr'ki  ^ 

at' Pi  di  gpQt-ckt'$i-o 

al-pe-drtn'ya 

dl'p7n 

bdS'idlp 

kOte-i-tUp 

h-z-alp 
dip'nd^h 

afpa 

dl-p^^n'li 

Ids  al'PQ^hOr'rUM 

ats'ford 

Idlsdhs' 

itl'zfK 
aUkl^'fnry^vnhrmiid'- 

tU->shO'  k^^tn' 

dU'thr 

dl'tPl 

dl'td~mqa*ra 

dWdqrf 

Ul'ii-na 
iU'teR-bijqrg' 

dl'thi-g&re' 

dJ'te'i-hlmef 

at'trn-k'ir'fhM 

iH'ten:ttin€'      ^ 

dl-tSre   doQ  ekd'Q^g 

tdi'  ^d'dis' ka 

iHt'mUhl 

iU't5-na 

tii'torf 

dW'^l'ting 

iilt'rdnk&dt' 

dU'zOhl 

mCsUt'ten 

'dl-':dr-rd'do 

til'vd-rSfk 

dl-vd-rS' 

dl-vinW 

cUr6re' 

md-sd'no  n^U'gO'ri 

dl-z5ne' 

d'md-ger 

d'mdk 

O'mSle 

d-mdl'/i 

d-mdm'bd''i 

sdng-t'd-mitng' 

sdng-t-d-mdng'  Is-i-d 

d-mdn-tfi'a 

d-md-rda'te 

sdn'to  d-ma'ro 

a-md-ti'lie 


Aniatitnii,  (C.  A.)  L 
Amatncc,  (Wapl.) 
Atiinzun,  (8.  A. ;  m.  Ma-  i 

ranon,  Obellanu.)  r.         ' 
Amb»tiL     See  Hambato. 
Ainliclakta.  (Tur.) 
Ainlierjr,  (Bav.) 
Anibort,  (rr.) 
Ainbleteiiw,  (Fr.) 
Aniboise,  (Fr.) 
Anibras,  (j'yr.)  castt«, 
Ainhreribur>\  (Enp.) 
Aiiibmtfio,  ^an,  (\.  tt.) 
Artielaml,  (Netti.)  isU 
Amelia,  (It.)   Jimfria, 
Ainer.     StMs  Fidalgo. 
Ainezquela,  (Sp.) 
Amieira,  (Port.) 
Amienfi,  f  Fr.)    JimbUnum. 
Ainirabaa,  (Per.) 
Amirante,  (Ind.  Oc. ;  port, 

lllias  do  Atiiiraiitc.)  iaU, 
Aiiilwcti,  ;\Vale3.) 
Aiimu,  (t'r.) 

Amour,  St.,  (Fr.) 
Anipfiiig,  (Bav.) 
Aiiiitlepiiis,  (Fr.) 
Amplhill,  (Kiig.) 
Ampiidia,  (Sp.) 
Amstcg,  (tfwitz.) 
Amstel,  (Neth.)  r. 
Aiiiotel,  Nieuvver,  (Neth.) 
.\msiel,  Ouder,  (Netli.) 
Am»ielveeii,  (Netti.) 

Amsterdam,  (Neth.) 

Arnsietlon,  (Ait&tr.) 
Aniusoo,  (t^p.) 
Anarapri,  (Napl.) 
Anadyr,  (11.)  r. 
Anagiit,  (II.) 
Anahiiac,  (Mex.)  fittf* 
Anceni:^,  (Fr.) 
AncomarcJi,  (Bol.) 
.^ncona,  (It) 
Ancy  le-Franc,  (Fr.) 


Andaltina,  (Sp. ;  eng.  An-   j 
dalu^ia.)  ane.  die.  \ 

Andelle,  (Fr.)  r. 
Andelut,(Fr.) 

Andelys,  les,  (Pr.J 
Andeiutes,  (Belg.) 
Andpriecht,  (Beig.) 
Andorinati,  (Switz.) 
Axnlvru'dcU,{l*t,)Anliinmacttm. 
Andes,  (At)  mts.   Cordille-   j 
ms  de  losJinde.1.  \ 

Andorra,  (bet.  Fr.  and  Sp.)  v. 
Andouitle,  (Fr.) 

Andr*,  St.,(Fr.) 
Andretia,  (Napl.) 
Aiidria,  (Napl.) 
Andruszow,  (li.) 
Aridiijar,(Sri.)  Forum  Jaliurn. 
Anduze,  (Fr.) 
Anet,(Fr.) 
An^'ara,  (As.  R.)  r. 
Aiifrelo,  San,  fit.) 
Anpera,  (L(»mb.) 
Anperano,  (Lomb.) 
An^ermann,  (Sw.)  r. 
Angermannlaiid,  (Sw.)  pr.  | 

Angermunde,  (Pr.) 
Angers,  (Fr.)     Juliomagua. 
.■Vnsliian,  (Tusc.)  dist. 
Anyitiila,  (Napl.) 
Angoisse,(Fr.) 
Angola,  (Gtiin.) 
Angostura,  (Venez.) 
Augouleme,  (Fr.)  Inculisma. 
Angoumois,  1%  (Fr.)  old  pr. 
.Anguilla,  (Antil.)  isl. 
Anhalt-Bernburg,(Ger.)ducJk. 
Anhalt-Dessau,  (Ger.)  duck. 
Anhalt-K^llien,  (Ger.)  duch. 
Anholt,  (Denm.)  isL 
Aniane,  (Fr.) 
Aniba,  (Braz.)  r. 
Anio.     See  Teverone. 
Anjou,  (Fr.)oW  pr. 
Ank!am,(Pr.) 
Ankora,  (Madag.) 
Anna,  Santa.  (.S.  A.) 
Annabcrg,  (Sax.) 
Anuaburg,  (Fr.) 
Annapu,  (Braz.)  r. 

Anne,  Ste.,  (L.  Can.) 
Annecy,  (Sard.) 


d-md'ti-tdn' 
d-md-tri'cAs 
am'a-zon 

dm-bd'tij    ^ 

dm-bC'ld'ki-a 

dm'bfrg 

Hn^-birt* 

UngbUi^l^ 

ttng-buitize' 

daPbrda 

amei*ber~ry 

adn  dm-brQd'ga 

a'  tne^dnd' 

Hmc'^i-a 

d'mir 

U-mttk-kt^ta 

fl-m'i-fl'Y-ra 

d-mi-ting* 

d-m'irt'd-bddt^ 

am'i-rait'ta 

am'loofh 

d-tnf<i' 

sdng-t-d-!ni}^r* 

timp'fing 

dHifpI-pu-i' 

an'tiU      ^ 

dm-p(tQ' d'i-a 

dm'.iteg' 

dms'trl 

ni'ver  'dins't&l 

ou'der  dms'til 

dms'til-v&ha' 

dm' sttr-ddm' }  e.  dm'stir- 

ddm' 
dms'tet-tirt 
dntf^'ko 
d'nd-ka'prt 
dnddqijT' 
d'Hdn'ji't 

Und-gQo^f 

dn_^a-iir 
dn'kO-mdr'ka 
da-kO'na 
Ung-si'ia  frdng 

dn-dd-lQQ'th'i'a 

dtts-deV 

dHgd'la' 

(i^-dngd'U* 

dug-den' 

dn'd^r-le/'hti 

dn'Uer-viat' 

dii'dir-ndilJ 


an'des 

dn-  ddr'ra 
dng-d<}<}ly* 

sdng-t-dng-dr^ 

dn-drtl'ta 

iin'dr'i-a 

dit-drQQ'skof 

dn-dq<}'  ckdr 

dng-diilt* 

dn-gd'ra 
sdn  dnd'gz~lo 
dnd-ge'ra 
dnd'g^-ra'no 
6n"grr-mdn 

5n."  ger-vidn-ldnd' 

Uii"ger-miin'd£ 

dng-gt' 

dn-^t'd'r'i 

dnd'gVtd-la 

dng-gwds' 

dn-gO'la 

dn-gO.t-t^t^'ra 

dng-gqi}-iSme' 

ldng'g(}<}-mvDd' 

dn-giVya 

dn'hdlt-bem'b(><fr^ 

dn'kcdt-des'soa 

dn-kdlt-ktfu'ten 

dn'hnlt 

'd-n'i-dne' 

d-ni-bd' 

d'ni^ 
'dng-s<j<)' 
dn' kldm 
dn-kO'ra 
adn'ta  dn'na 
dn'nd-ber^ 
dn'nd-b^rS* 
dn-nd-pr'^' 

advg't-dn 
dii'Si' 


flUejfdr,fgUy  vA?^  b4L—Miteyprfy,kHpytMrejk^.  —  PltUymartneybfrd^fig.  —  A*3(e,dffc«,mSoe,  irp//,  tp^ft,  tord.—  TitMy  bully  ^nite,  —  oi,hoy;  outhouse,  —  Fr.  ft  long, 


1330 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Annecy  le  Vwux,  (Sard.) 
Annevoye,  (Belg.) 

Anneyron,  (Ft-) 
Annonay,  (Fr  ) 
Annone,  (Pied.) 
Annweiler,  (Bav.) 
Anover  de  1  ajo,  (9p.) 
Anspaclif  (Ger. ;  f-.Ansbacb.) 
Anstnitber,  (ScJ 
Antequera,  (^p.)  JSnti^uaria. 

Antenieux,  (Fr.) 
Antibes^  ( Fr. )    JlntipolU. 
Antignana,  ([11.) 

Anti^a,  (W.  Ind.)  isU 
Antioco,  (.Mediter.)  isL 
Amioquia,  Santa  Fede,(N.  ) 
Greii.  S.  A.)  j 

Antisana,  (Ecuad.)  vote. 
Antioche  I'ertuis,  (Fr.)  chan. 
Antivari,  (Tur.) 

Antoine,  St.,  (Fr.) 

Antonio,  San,  (Cuba.)  c. 

Aniraigues,  (F'r.) 

Antrain,  (Fr.) 

Antwerp,  (Belg.  ;fiem.ADt-  ) 
werpen  ;  fr.  Anvers.)        { 

Anzasca,  Val  d*,  (Pied.) 

AnziD,  (Fr.) 

Anzo,  Porto  d',  (It.) 

Aosta,  (Pied.)  .dugusta  ) 
Pratoria.  \ 

Apatzingan,  (Mex.) 

Apennines,  {it.  Appenni-^ 
no ;  fr.  Appennines  ;  g.  I 
Appcnninen,  Apcnninua  | 
Mons.)  mts.  J 

Apenrade,  (Denm.) 

Appalacbicola,  (Ga.)  r. 

Appenzell,  (Switz.)  cant. 

Apt,  (Fr.) 

Apulia,orPticlia,(S.It.)aTu:.jw 

Apure,  (Culonib.)  r. 

Apuriinac,  (Peru.)  r, 

Aquila,  (Napl.) 

Aquileja,  (N.  It.) 
Aquino,  (Napl.)    Jiquinnm 
Arabat,  (R.) 
Arabo.    See  RaaJt. 
Aracai,  (Braz.)r, 
Aracati,  (Braz.) 
Arad,  (H.;  ^.  Arad.) 
Aragon,  (Sp.)pr. 
Aragona,  (Sic.) 
Aragua-Ouazi.    See  PUat- ) 
mayo»  \ 

Araguay,  (Braz.)  r, 
Araguaya,  (Braz.)  r. 
AragUes  del  Puerto,  (Sp.) 
Aral,  (As.)  I. 
Aranda  de  Duero,  (Sp.) 

Aranjuez,  (Sp.)    Arajovia. 
AranyoB  M&r6lli,  (II.) 
Anuiyos  Megues,  (H.) 
Arapiles,  (Sp,)  eaves. 
Araucania,  (S.  A.)  territory. 
Arauca,  (S.  A.)  r. 

Arauco,  (Chile.) 

Arbenau,  (Hob.) 

Arboca,  (Sw.) 

Arboie,  (Fr.} 

Arbon,  (Switz.)  Arbor  Fdiz. 

Arborea,  (Sard.)  pr. 

Arbod,  (Sp.) 

Arc,  (Sard.)  r. 

Arcangein,  (It.) 

Arcachon.Bassin  d',  (Fr.) 

Archangel,  (R.) 

Archangelsk,  (R.)  ( 

Arrhena,  (Sp.) 
Archidona,  (.^'p.) 
Arcja  8ur  Aube,  (Fr.) 
Areola,  (Pied.) 
Arcole,  (N.  It.) 
Arcona,  (Pr.)  prom.isl.^\i^trx. 
Arcos  de  la  Fruntera,  (Sp.) 
Amiell,  (Fr.) 
Ardaclia,(Sp.)r. 
Ardnles,  (Sji.) 
Ardi;rhc,  (Fr.)  drp. 
Ardennes  Forest,  (Europe ; 

f.  Ardennen.)  SytvaAr- 

auenna. 
Ardennes,  (Fr.)  dcp, 
Ardila,  (Hp.)  r. 
Ardoye,  (Bolg.) 


Hn-vwd' 

Un-nd-'i-rOttg' 

it-nG-na' 

'dn-nd'ne 

iln'vl-ler 

dn-yO'Vpre'  rff  td'eho 

dns'pak^  ajts'bdSk 

aii'sUr 

dn-tz-kz'ra 

tng-ter-r'i-A' 

bng-tibe' 

^-tin-yd'na 

itK'i'i' gfjQ-a  i  e.dn-ti'ga 

dn-ti-Q'ko 

sdn'td  fe  d£  'dn^i-0-k'i' a 
dn-t'i-sd'na  ,^ 

dnff-ti-5sh'  psr-tit-i' 
dn-ti-va'fi 

td  ng-t-dng-tindne' 
s'dn  'dn-i6'n't-o 
dng-trSg' 
d'lg-trdng' 
dnt'werp,  dnt'ver-pen, 

dng-vtrt' 
v'dl-dand-sds'ka 
'dng-idng' 
pOr'tC  -dand'so 
a-ds'ta 
d-pdt-s'in' gdn 

dp' en-nljts' ,  dp-pen  n'i' no ^ 
U-p en-nine'^  Uppcn-n'i'- 
nin 

d'pen-rd'ds 
dp-pa-lach-i-ho'la 
'dp' pin-tsiV 

d-p^'li-a 
d-p^Q-re' 
d-poQ-ri'mdk 
d'kiD't-la 

d-kw't-Ie'i-tja 
d-kw'i'no 
d^rd-bat' 
Wrdbo 

d-rd-kd-Vi 

drad 

d~rd-g5n';  e.  dr'a-gon 

d'rd'gQ'na 

it-rd'gg^-a-gQ^a'tJti 
ii~rd'g<}^-a''i 
it-rd-gg^-d'ya 
U-rd-g^Q-is'  del  pg^^^r'to 
a-rd/'  ^ 

d-ran'da  dr  d(^^'ro 

d'riin-i-Osh  mdfirdkt 

df^'dn-i'Ush  mQd-ydsh 

d-^d-p'i'lis 

a-rd-pp-fcd'tti-d 

d-rd'fj<^ka 

'd-ra'^Q-ko 

dr'ht-iuu 

drM<i'SO- 

dr-bted' 

dr-boag' 

dr-bS-re'a 

'dr'b&a 

drk 

ar-kdnd' ^i-Io 

bdif-sdng'  ddr-k'd-shOng' 

dr-fhdn'' gel  i  e.  ar-kan' gel 

dr-ckdH"gtUk ;  c.  ar-kaa'- 

geUk 
Hr-che'na 
Hr-eh'i-dO'na 
dr-s'i'  sur  Qbe 
Hr-kG'la 
dr-kO'k 
dr-kS'na 

dr'kOs  de  Id  frOn-te'ra 
dr-ki^ly' 
itr-da'eha 
dr-da'lf9 
itr^igh' 

dr-dsn' 
dr-di'lti 
Ur-dw<x' 


Ardres,  (Fr.) 
Arendfil,  (Norw.) 
Arenshurg,  (R.) 
Arequipa,  (Peru.)  vole 


Ares,  jSp.) 
Arevalo,  (^p.) 
Arezzo,  (Tunc.)    Arretium. 
Argaitola,  (Cors.) 
Arganda  del  Rey,  (Spw) 
Arganil,  (Port.) 
Argentan,  (Fr.) 
Argentnro.  (It.)  m. 
Argentenil,  (Fr.) 
Argentine  Republic.    Seo   ^ 

Plata,      {gp.  Kepublica    > 

Arftentina.)  > 

Argenloii  sur  Creuse,  (Fr.)  ) 

Argentomagus.  \ 

Argonne,  (Fr.)  one.  pr. 
ArgotStoIi,  (Cephai.) 
Arguilbe,  (Fr.) 
Argyle,  (Sc.) 
Ariano,  ( J^apl.) 
Arica,  (Peru.) 
Ari^ge,  (Fr.)  dep. 
.\rinhos,  (Braz.)  r, 
Arjona,  (Sp.) 

Arkansas,  or  (  ^.t  o  .  ..       ( 
Arkansaw,    j  (U.  S.)  7-.       j 
Arlanzon,  (Sp.)  r. 
Ariberg,  (Tyr.)  mt. 
Aries,  (  Fr.)  Arclas^  or  AreUite. 
Arlon,  (Belg.)    Orotannum  i 

Vicus.  i 

Arma,  Santiago  do,  (N.       3 

Gran.  S.  A.)  \ 

Armagh,  (Ir.) 
Annapiiac,  (Fr.)  territory. 
Arrnaii^on,  (Fr.)  r. 
Annernerstadt,  (Trans. ;      ) 

k.  Szamos  tijvAr.  ) 

Armentieres,  (Fr.) 
Arinuijen.    See  Amcmityden, 
Arnac-Pompadour,  (Fr.) 
Arnas,  (Sw.) 
Arnav-lc-duc, 
Amcdillo,  (Sp.) 
Arnedo,  (Sp.) 

Aniemuyden,  or  Armui-     \ 
:jen,  (A'eth.)  ( 

Anihcin,  (Neth.) 
Arno,  (Tusc.)  r.    Amus. 
Amsberg,  (Pr.) 
Arnstadt,  (C.  Germ.) 
Aroche,  C^^p.)    Aracci  Veins. 
Arokszillis,  (11.) 
Arolsrn,(\V.  f^^erm.) 
Arona,  (Sard.) 
Aropcsa,    Seo  Coehabamba. 

Arpaia,  (Xnpl.) 

Arpnjon,  (l-r. ;  formerly       ) 

Chaired.)  \ 

Arpino,  (\apl.)     Arpinum. 
Arqua,  (N.  It.)     Anjauta. 
Arques,  (Fr.) 
Arras,  (Fr.)    JVemetacum. 
Arreskov  Sec,  (Denm.)  I. 
ArrouKjfFr.) 

Arroyo  ae  la  Cliina,  (Plata.) 
Arroyo  del  Pucrco,  (Sp.) 
Arsamas,  (R.) 
Arscbot,  (liclg.) 
Artois,  (Fi.) 
Arvica.     See  Osearsta± 
Arzignano,  (Ix)nib.) 
Aschach,  (Auetr.) 
Aschaffenburg,  (Bav.) 
Ascherslebon,  (Pr.) 
AKchsche,  or  Asscbe,  (Xcth.) 
Aflciano,  (Tubc.) 
Ascoii,  (It.)  Asculiim  Pice-  ) 

num.  ) 

Aeele,  (Sw.) 
A»iago,  (Lc!mb.) 
Asuiara,  (Sard.)  idl. 
Asolo,  (Lomb.) 
.\sone,  (C.  IL)    Asona. 
Asow,  (U.) 

A:p^";G™.,i(Au..r.)     I 

i\«sche.    See  Asehsche. 
Assens,  (Denra.) 
Assisi,  (It.) 

Asaiiay,  (Ecnad.) 
Aeti,  (I'ied.)    Asta  Pompeii, 
Aatorga,  (Sp.)    Aaturica      ) 
August  t.  \ 

Astrachan,  Astrakhan,  (R.) 
Afitura,  (It.) 
.Asturias,  (Sp.)  dw. 
Asuncion,  (Parag.) 


drdr 

c'ren-ddl' 

d'rens-hQ<}Tg' 

d-ri-kt'pa 

d-rts' 

d-re'vd-lo 

d-^et'so 

dr-gd-'i-G'la      « 

dr-gdJi'da  d^l  r^'i 

iir-gd-nW 

iir-gung-tiing' 

drd-gin-ta'rQ 

dr-gang-t^ly' 


re~p<j<j'bti-ka  dr-ehen-li'na 

dr-gdng-iOjig'  s^rkri^ie 

dr-gGn' 

dr-g5a-tO'ti 

dr-gil'p 

ar-glle' 

d-r'i-a'na 

U-fi'ka 

d-ri-^gtf 

dfin'yOs 

dr-ckd'na 

dr-kan'sas 

dr'kansaw' 

dr4an-thoH' 

drl'berg 

arli  e.  drlz 


dr-ldng' 

sdn  t'i-a'go  d^  dr'ma 

ar-ma' 

dr-mdn-ydk' 

iiT-mdng-sGng' 

dr-vis'  n'i-rr-stddt' 

dr-mdng-t'i-Srt' 

dr'moi-en 

dr-ndk'p5n^-pd-4<!<ir' 

dr'nS.s 

tir-ni'lg-diik 

Hr-nt-dil'  yo 

dr-ne'do 

Ur'nc-moi'den 

dm' hem 

dr'no 

dms'berg 

dm' stddt 

d-rH'che 

d-roU-sdhlAdhsK 

d'rol-ien 

d-rh'na 

d-rd-pe' sa 

tir-pa'i-d 

dr-pd-gOng' 

dr-p'i'no 

dr'kwd 

drk 

dr-r'ds';  e.  dr'ras 

dr'Ttv-kdce-zii' 

Ur-nif' 

ctr-r6'yo  de  Id  ch'i'na 

dr-rO'yo  del  p^g-^r'ko 

dr-zd-mas' 

drs'tfwt 

dr-twa' 

dr-v'i'ka 

drd-s'in-yd'no 

d'shdrh 

d-sh  tiffen-br^rg' 

dsh'tm-Wbiia 

ds'chs 

d-sha'no 

ds'kO'li 

o'ze-t£ 

d-s'i-a'go 

ti-si-nd'ra 

d'so-lo 

d-s(/'v§ 

grOs  ds'pern 

ds'chi 

ds'srns 

ds-ai'a'i 

ds-s^^d'i 

ds'Li 

ds-tOr'f^a 

Us-trd'dh'dn' ;  c.  aa-tra-kan' 

ds-t^Q'ra 

d-sQQii-tfi't-On' 


A»z<Sd, 

Atabazo,  (S.  A.)  r. 
Atacania,  (Bol.)  pr. 
Atacames,  (Ecuad.) 
Atanjauja.    See  Jauja. 
Atares,  (Sp.) 

Atemo,  (Napl.)   Atemus. 
Ath.  (Belg.) 
Atlilone,  (Ir.) 
Alicnza,(Sp.) 

Atitan,  or  Santiago,  (C.  A.) ) 
dislr.  j 

Atlixco,  (Mex.) 
Atocba,(Bniz.)  L 
Atrato,  (S.  A.  N.  Gren.)  r. 
Atri,(.\apl.)     Hadria. 
Attigny,  (Fr.)    Attiniacum. 
Attinghaueen,  (Switz.) 
Aubagne,  (Fr.)    Albania. 
Aube,  (Fr.)  dep, 
Aubel,  (Belg.) 
AubenaH,  (Fr.) 
Aubertin,  (Fr.) 
Auberterre,  (Fr.) 
Aubigny,  (Fr.) 
Aubonne,  (Switz.) 

Aubin,St.,  (Fr.) 

Aubusson,  (Fr.) 

Aucb,  (Fr.)   Augusta,  AuscL 

Auchtergaven,  (Sr.) 

Auchtermuchti,  ^Sc.) 

Au^oi»,  (Sav.) 

,Audc,  (Fr.)  r.     Atax. 

Andeiiarde.orOudenaerdo,  > 

(Belg.)  i 

Audincourt,  (Ft.) 
Anerbach,  (Germ.) 
Auertilwrg,  or  i  (Austr.)        J 
Auers[>erg,       \  Arupiuvu    \ 
AuersiAdt,  (Pr.) 
Auge,  Vallee  d',  (Fr.)  pr. 
Augwburg,  (Bav.)    Augus-  ) 

ta  Fiiidelicorum.  | 

Augusta.     See  Agosta, 
Augustenburg,  (Denm.) 
Augustowo,  (Pol.)  pr. 
Auhausen,  (Bav.) 
Aulnny,  (Fr.) 
Aulne,  (Fr.)  r. 
Aumale,  (Fr. ;  formerly        i 

Albemarle.)  { 

Aunis,  (Fr.)  oldpr, 
Auray,  (Fr.) 
Auriac,  (Fr.) 
Aurich,(Han.) 
Aurigny,  (Fr. ;  e.  Alder-     ) 

ncy.)  is).  \ 

Aurillac,  (Fr.) 
Auroiizo,  (N.  It.) 
Aupchowitz,  (Bell.) 
Au.schwitz,  or  Oewiccin,     \ 

(Austr.  Gal.)  j 

Auscna,  (Sp.)  mt. 
Auspitz,  (Slor.) 
Aussep,  (Austr.) 
Aupsepp,  or  Aussig,  (Austr.) 
Austerlitz,  (Mor. ;  vwr.        i 

Slawkow.)  j 

Austria,  Archduchy,  (g.       i 

Erzherzoglhuni  Oester-     > 

rcich.)  ) 

Austria,  Empire,  (g:  Kai- 

sertiium     Oexterrcieh  ; 

fr.  Empire  d'Autrichc.) 
Auteuil,  (Fr.) 
Autriche,  Empire  d\    Sec  ) 

Austria.  \ 

Autun,  (Fr.)  Bibracte,Au-  \ 

giislodunum.  \ 

Auvergne,  (Fr.)  old  pr. 
Auxene.,  (Fr.)  Antissiodorum. 
Auxonnc,  (Fr.) 
Auxy-lo-Chiteau,  (Fr.) 
Availles  Limousin,  (Fr.) 
Avallon,  (Fr.)    Abailo, 
Avaliparaiia,  (Braz.)  r. 
Aveiras  de  Cima,  (Port.) 
Avetro,  (Port.) 
Avella,(\npl.) 
Avellino,  (Napl.)  Abeliinum. 
Avenay,  (Fr.) 
Avenches,  or  VViflicburg,     > 

(Switz.)    Aventicum.        \ 
Avercest,  (Nelh.) 
Averno,  (S'apl.)  U    Avemus. 
Avert<a,  (Napl.) 
Avesnes,  (Fr.) 
Avestad,  (Sw.) 
Aveyron,  (Fr.)  r. 
Aviano,  (N.  It.) 
Avicula,  (Switz.)  rrt. 


•h;    I 

ic.)     ) 


ds-sQd' 

d-id'bd'eho 

d-td^kd'ma 
d-tdrkd'msa 

d-tifn-eha^(^^ha 
a-«a-r£#' 

'd~tir'ns  , 

die 

atk'lone' 
d-li-eii'iha 

d^itim' 

dt-ti»'ko 

d-ta'sha 

it-trd'to 

ti'tri 

d-rin~tfl' 

dt'ling-hou'ien 

S-baiiy' 

Sbe 

GbiV 

6bt-ndkz' 

C-ber-ldng- 

Che-tere' 

D-b'in-y'i' 

O-bOn' 

sdn^-t-H-hdng* 
C-bus-sOng' 

(i^-h-ter-gav'n 
ffik-ter-MUch'ti 
Q-stod' 

Cde 

Ode-ndrd' 

O-ddng-kf^ijr' 
oxi'ir-back' 
ou'  ers-bi:rg* 
ou'  ers-prrg' 
ou'er-stSdl' 
Vdl-l^'d&gt 

ougs'b<^g ;  e.  f^kgafburg 

cU'g(^s'tirn-b<j^£' 

ou-g^s-lO'vo 

ou'hou-xin' 

6-na' 

6m 

Handle' 

C-n'ts' 
O-rd' 
dri-dk' 
ou'rtch 

O-ri-n^yi' 

6-ri-ydIi' 

d'f^rOnd'so 

ou'shO-vits 

ou'shwita 

d-t^^-st'na 

ous'pita 

ous' ;  J 

ous'sig^  ou$'gyg 

ou'ster-litt'i  e.  nht'ter-Uti' 

aus'tri-a 


aus'tri-a 

C-UHlly' 

dng-p'ire'  dO-ir'ishf 

6-t^ng' 

v-sire' 

O-ndn' 

6'Si'li-akd-l6' 

d-valy'  li-mt^iiiu^ 

d-vd'l5ng' 

d-vd'ti-pd-rd-nd' 

d-tS't-rdi  dt  si'ma 

d-v&'i-ro 

d-vtl'la 

d-cel-Wno 

ave-ii&* 

d-vdngsh' 

d'ver-ist' 

d-v£r'no 

d'Ver'sa 

d-vkne' 

d've-stdhd 

U-vd-rGng' 

d-T'i'd'no 

d-v'i'k^if'la 


vde;  it  short,  Wt(.  —  Fr.  (Along,  ff&Bhorl,  nearly  as  in  *ptt^.  —  rfy,'y,  Tiy,  liquid.  — -««'>«■.— #,«A,  guttural;  g- aa  »  in  pJM*ure.  —  r  final,  Fr.  «.  —  C,  between  v  and/. 


PRONUNCIATION   OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


AvigUann,  (Napl.) 
Aricnon,  (Fr.)    JioaM. 
ATinoniMt,  (Fr.) 
ATUk,(Sp.)rr. 
ATilea,  (Spb)  r. 
Avio,  (Tyr.) 
Avte,  (Fort.)    wtMauM. 
ATi«s  (Fr.t 

AtIooi,  «■  Vahma  Albc-     j 
nU.    .9ii<cii.  \ 

AtoU,  (8<c) 
AviaiKliM,  (Fr.)    Ahrmtcx. 

Awatacbiaafc^a,  (S.)  wd. 

Aul,  (Nath.) 

Ay,  (Pr.) 

Ayacucho,  (Peni.)  dfp. 

Ayamonle,  (3p.) 

.\yIloii,  (Sp.) 
AymaTille,  (Sard.) 
Ayora,  (Sp.) 
Axambitja,  (Port.) 
Azajnbiuein,  (Puit.) 

Anttio,  (Fort) 
Axinoouit.    Sm  Agincourt 
Acone,  (fH.  Afoi«a.) 


a-elfe-yH'iia 
«-eJii-f»-ii{' 

tt-rfu' 


Axna«a,(SD.) 
Aznrara,  iPot.) 
Axzano,  Caatel  d>,  (IL) 


a 

a-aijl-«1i<c' 
tt-jr«'r« 

a'i«ref ,  •-sarai' 
a-Ofv-dV* 


B. 


BuADXon,  rnir.) 
Bab  el  Mandol,  (Ar.)  tt 
Babenbauaaa,  (Bav.) 


hHkb-it-mOu'da 


BaUacora,  (Max.)  »«-»»-J<^Wr« 

Bibolna,  (H.)  iJU'Mi-M 

BaeaUr,  (C.  h.  Yucatan.)       ba.kHrUt' 
Baccarat,  (Pr.)  Ht-tH^il' 

Baechiglione.  (N.  II.)  r.  htt-^U^'ai 

Bacharach,(Pr.)  BaetkiJln.  kdHhH^iikl 
Bacl>eUeria,U,(Fr.)  Utti^tUl^* 

Bacbargebin,  (AiuL)  aUn 
Bacbmut,  (S.) 
Bacblscbisanii,  (R.) 
Bacquerille,  (Fr.) 
B4c«,  «r  Bit^  (IL) 
Bad-a.bga',  <  (Sp.)    P«<     j 
Badaio>i     i    AitpuU.     \ 
BaJalwia,  (Sp.) 
BadM>,(G«.)  Auty: 
Blidan,(G«r.  Swia.) 
BadM-Bada|n,(Bad.)  Cin-j 

Badenwaiter,  (BaiL) 

Badia,  (N.  It) 

Badia  CabtTena,  (N.  IL) 

Badia  San  Sabradorc,  (Tusc)  hd-i^'a  ada  M^a-M'rt 
Baelao,  (B«Ig.)  ^<U'f^a 

Baena,  (6^)  CojCra  PiaMmo.  &<f-{'aa 
Baarum,  (Norv.) 
Baeza,  ^p.)  BmIu. 
Bafla,  (Tur.)    Pcpku. 
Bavaria,  or  Baabaria,  (Sic.) 
Baidad,  (TurJ 
Bainara,  (Napl.) 
Bacnarea,  (Port.)  jf. 
Bagntoea-de-Uiclion,  (Fr.) 
Bagnirea-en-Bigorre,  (Fr.)  i 
jffnaiuia  Vtctu.  \ 

Ba|tn«3-ie-Chahl»,  (Fr.) 

Bainidrlla  Portp|la,(Pbtt.}a(.  MaV  <<f  <<  rir-rtUta 
~  Mn'yImSr'b* 


M«*-alff('        ^ 

tauk 
tarda-flMk' 

td'in-ta'din 
Ufirn-tVUr 


bi'r^tjm 

hUfU 

ba-gU-r'i'a^  hd~gs-ri'a 

Mf'HUi  e.bag'iUi 

bOa-yit-rt't 
ban^ytrfit-lt-tkStlg' 

blllt-ftrt'dJlg-*t-t»r' 

ta*f'U-»kiU' 
.  Uta'at 


Bafni  Morba,  (Tusc.) 
BaimaUa  VUla,  (II) 
BafBolaa,  (Fr.) 
Bainoio,  (Sard.) 
Bagnols,  (Fr.)    Btltu. 
Bagolino,  (\.  It.) 
Babama,  (\V.  Ind.)  Ms. 
Babia,  (Braz.) 
BabiadaTodoaoaSanteo,   i 

(Braz.)  i 

Babia  Nuera,  (a  A.)  b. 
Babia  Blanca,  (Braz.) 
Babia  Honda,  (Cuba.) 
Baiem.    Ste  Bavaria. 
Baikal,  (R.)  nu. 
BaiUeul,  (Fr.) 
Baimocz,  (H.) 
Baindt,  (VViin.) 
BauM,  (Fr.) 
Baireuik,  (Bar.) 
Baiae,  (Pr.) 
Baja,  (IJ.) 
Bajada  de  Santa  Fe,(Plaia,) 

iwir  called  Parana. 


Ma-M  Bl'la  tUU 

tdx-yMe' 

ban-fO'la 

ba-fi-tl'tu 

bilJui-ml^i  e.  te4a'au 

W-fa 

bd-T*  df  ta'd^f^  p^ 

bit-Tt  mif^ea 
biria  bUx'ka 
bH-Va  SnOa 
bVrm 
bd^t-iia' 

hd-'i*m6U 

blMlt 

biMf 

bl'nit 

bait 

bd'ifa 

bH^ka'da  de  aibit'u  /( 


Bakabdnya,  (H.  ;ff.  Pukaniu)  bd-kd-bdn'ya 


M-iSn'ijiT-WiWl' 
b'li-la-gir' 
bal<hil<i'ra 
ta/.l-Hi*' 

ba^d-alirf 

bi-laksh'  fMl'ri 
bd-tdaffa  iylir'viltt 


Italofiiier,  (Sp.) 
Balaklawa,  (K.) 
Balaruc,(I'r.) 
Balascbew,  (II.) 
Bttli^  r4lva,  ('I'raiw. ;  g. 
Blascndurf.) 

Bala^n  tivann.itli,  (H.)  

Bnlalon,(l^.; jr-Plalltn See.) L  ba'ttl-UI» 

Baldisscro  di  ll.>leIIo,  (Pied.)  bdl-iHt-tt'n  tU  rt^et'tt 

Baldo,  (Liiiiil).)  m.  bdl'iio 

B&Ip.     Hff  Bit-sel.  bale 

Balearic  l8iand-<.    BaUart*.     bal-e-tn-'ik 

Balcma,  (dwitz.)  bd-tn^na' 

Baliie,  (.Max. :  sp.  Ballra.)      ha-lut',  blUl'tha 

Balkan,  ('i'ur.)  iNftf.    Jlumus.  ba2-l-tin' 


bal'Un-ttaJt' 
bdl-rtea' 


Ballenstadt,  (lifinji.) 

Balleroi,  (Fr.)  vu.-iuu 

Ballun,  (Fr.) 

Bally.<iib.C'liatb.  Sm  Dublin. 

Balnie,  Col  de,  (Alpa,)  ». 

Balstlial,(Swilz.) 

Baltea,  (Sard.)  r. 

BalUn  Soa,  (».  Ost  See,  or 

Baiti^cbes  Meer.)    .Vara 

BaUicMfi. 
Balliniorr,  (V.  S.) 
Barnbcrf*,  Q B.iv.) 
Bainian,  (Ai'fban.) 
Baialbufar,  (isl.  Majon  a.) 
Banat, da.s,.)r  Die  Banater 


bd-ling' 

im  d»  balm 

bdU'toM 

bul't^a 

bal'tt-skrs  mrhr ;  bal'tik 


b^t'Ci-mOre 

bdm'btTg 

ba'mi-dJin 

bdn'ydX-bfi^fdr' 

dda  bd-nat',  dt  bd-^ia'lir 

gren'tst 
bdn'dd  S^i-smdV 

bd»-yi'rUs 

Id  frita-yf 'Oa 

bmn'ffor 

bdng'gor 

bamf 

ban'ySi 

ndd)  bdlut'ya 

bahn'ia  fiX'aXA 

bdng-yd-tl^sHr-msrt 

bdHg-y^-tt'dft-dpr 

bdnu 

bd-pOme' 

bdr 

bd-rdii'd 

bd-Td-nHf 

bd~rdn'ta 

bd-ra'ni^ 

bttr-bfi'ku'ds 

bat-bds'tro 

bdr  *j-r'('a(Mf«-niOffd-^£''- 

U 
bar-bt-r^'no-ii-vUtd^'td 

bdrh-if^' 

bdr-srV  loQa 

bJr-thf-tii'na:e.bar-c»-io'na 

bdr-Vti-tQ-M' Ul 

bdrs-loH-nsf' 

bar-thi'aa 

barf  gA  tit 

bare 

bdr'dU 

bd-rdng-lbng' 

bd-rr'u 

bdr-flAr' 

bdr-ff^'Sinsk' 

bd'rt 

bd-r't-giit'so 

bdr-li-ddk' 

bar-ltt'ta 

bar'ftitH 

bdr-rtd-^l' 
bar~ki-3'i~mr'ta 
biir-rO'  ^^ 

io  Xegro,  (Braz.)    bdr'ra  d<}Q  r'i-^  n&'gr^ 

Barragon,  (Bue.  Ay.)  road,      bUr-rii-gOn' 

Barrigis,  (  Fr. )  bdr-rfst' 

Bani^^egra,(S.A.Urug.)  r.  bdr-r'i'ga  nf'gra 

Barrois,  (Fr.)  oW  div.  bdr-rtoa' 

Bars,  (H.)  bunh 

Bar«ir-Aube,  (Fr.)    Sar-  j 
rum  ad  Albvlanu  t 

Bar-8ur-0raain.     See  Bar-  J 


Cronle,(ll  )  i/i-(. 
Banda  Oneutal.     ^^r  L'ni-  } 

gu«y.  ( 

Baiieraii,  (Sp.) 
Bafieza,  la,  (."^ji.) 
BangiT,  (!'.  S.) 
Bangor,  (Wales.) 
BanlT,  (Sc.) 
Bantfti,  (Sp.) 
fi4nya,  Nag}-,  (II. ;  g.  Neu-  j 

etadt.)  I 

Binya  Fel-o.  (11.;  g.  Un-  j 

garifcb-Neu-itadl.)  J 

Banyuti^sur-.Mer,  (Fr.) 

Banyulia-doe-A!)prr9, 
Bam,  (Bav.) 

Bapaiime,  (Pr.)    BapalmeL 
Bar,  (R.) 
Baiacoa,  (Cuba.) 
Baranow,  (.\u6tr,  GaL) 
Baranta,  (il.)  c. 
Baianya,  ( U.)  c 
Barbaroaa,  (N.  Gren.) 
Barbaatro,  rSp.) 
Barb«riiK>-(ii'Mugello,         J 

(Tuae.)  i 

BarberinoHli-Vald'Elaa,     I 

(Tuac.)  i 

Barhezreux.(Fr.) 
Barcellos,  (Port.) 
Barcelona,  (Sp.)     Barcino. 
Barceloneta,  (Venei.) 
Barcelonnette,  (Fr.) 
Barcena,  (Sp.) 
Barczyn,  (Pr.  P.) 
Baid,  (Pied.) 
Bardis,  (L'p.  Eg.) 
Barcnton,  (Fr.) 
Barete,  (S'apl.) 
Barfleur,  (Fr.) 
Bargusinsk,  (B.) 
Ban,  (Napl.)     Barium. 
Barigazzo,  (Mod.) 
Barina.4.    See  Varinaa. 
Bar  le^dur,  «r  Bar-sur-Or-   i 

nain,  (Fr.)  ! 

Barletta,  (.Napl.)    Bar^lun. 
Banncn,  (Pr.) 
Barnaul,  (W.  Sib.) 
Barquisiuieto,  (Venez.) 
Barraux,  (Fr.) 
Barra  do  Ri 


Basento,0r  fiasiento,(Napl.)  r.  ba^tn'to,  bd-st-cn'to 

Bai^iffnana,  (Sard.)  frit^'tn-^a'aa 

"!„"»: '^'""'•^''-     i  »»-•'**«''« 

Basle.     See  Kanel.  bale  ;  «.  baU 
Hnnque  Provinces,  (Sp.)       i 
Fascongadns.                      \ 

nasra,  (not  Bassorn,)  (Tur.)  bd'itra 

Bas-Rlim,  (Fr.)  dep.  ba-riug 

Bassano,  (K.  It.)  bds-s'a'no 

Bosses-Alpes,  (Fr.)  dtp.  bdg-t~dlp 

Bassest&d,  or  Bcssastudir,  bds-ts-stUd 

Bassora.     Sci  Basra.  bOt-sO'ra 

Bass.  Terre,  (Isl.  Su  Chris-  i  .  „,  ,.„ 

Bisstia,  la,  (Cors.)  la  bUs'ti-a 

Bastngue,  (Liuem.)  bds-tSny' 
Balallia,  (Port.) 


bdrsur-Sbe 


le-duc. 
Bar-6ur-Sfiine,  (Fr.)    Carrum 

ad  Setntanum. 
Bartfa,  (H. ;  g.  Bartfeld.) 
Basel.  (?;niiz.i  fr.  Basle,  \ 

or  Bale.)  ] 

Ba^lland8chaftj(Switz.)  can.  b'a'z^l-ldnd' shaft 


bUr-sSr-dr-ndng^ 

b'dr-siir-sette 
bdH'fa,  bdrt'fildt 
bd'zH 


bd-tal'ya 
ba-ta't't-a 
bd-tc'Us 
bd'tin-b^^g* 


Britavia,  (Java.) 
Bateles,  (S.  A.)  r. 
Batenburp,  (Nelh.) 
Bath,  (Ei)[!.)     jSqua  Sulis. 

Bilignojles-Monceaux,  (Fr.)  bd^in-yOWmOng-ti' 

Baton  Ilouge,  (U.  S.  K.  A.  \  .„  ...  ^„„. 

Bali'.     See  Baw. 

Baltaglia.  (N.  It.)  hd-tdrya 

Batiiw,  (Belg.)  bdt-tis'    „ 

Batuecas,  las,  (Sp.)  r.  Ida  bd-t^Q-e'hUa 

Baturin,  (R.)  bd-t<}^'rina 

Bauco,  (It.)     Covillae.  b'd-q<}'ko 

Bauclmniinsdorf,  orBavims-  \  .„..  .,„^.  j„.rr 

dorff,(Pr.)  i  ^oud'mitnsdzTf' 

Baug6,  (Fr.)  bO-H'         ^^ 

Baugd  le  Vieil,  (Fr.)  fto-ffj'  W  »■*-«-?/ 

Baumannshbhle,  (Ger.)  cave,  botPmdns-hA'le 

Baumeti-les-I)ame8,  (Fr.)  bOmc-h-ddma 

Baunacli,  (I)av.)  bou'nach 

Batinisdorir,  or  Baud-  )  ,         /j    /• 

mannsdoiir,  (Pr.)  \  ^oums'dQrf 

BauUcn,  or  lUidissin,  (Sax.)  bout'seiK 

Bavaria,  (<r.  Baiem,)  king.  \  ,        ,  . 

Bavaria  VinddiciL  \  *•'»-««'"-* 

Baxada,  (Plata,  S.  A.)  bd-chd'da 

Baxai>,  (K  AC)  proiiu  bd-skds 

Baxio,  (Mcx.)  bd-ckt'o 

Bayersdorf,  (Trans.)  bVirs-dgrf 

Bayoux,  (Fr.)    Bajocasscs.  bd-'i-^' 

Bnyleii,  (Sp.)  ba-i'lf"-' 

Bayona,  (Sp.)  bd-i-^'na. 

Bayonne,  (Fr.)  Copurdum.  bd-'i-Gne 

Baza,  (8p.}    Basti.  ba'tka 

Bazadois,  (Fr.)  old  div.  ftd-id-rftoit' 

Bazas,  (Fr.)     Fasata:.  bd-tds' 

Baztan,  (Sp.)  r.  baUi-tdn* 

„.         ,r>   ^    »j  i  be-dm'.    After  Duvivler, 

Beaucaire,  ( Fr. )  bO -kdrt.' 

Beauce,  (Fr.)  dist    Belsia.  bSs 

Beauges,  les,  (Sard.)  disL  ti  bd0e 
Beauchamp,  Rooting,  (Eng.)  roo'tmg  b'i'chum 

Beaufort,  (Eng.)  b^Q'furt 

Beaufort,  (Sav.)  b5-f5re' 

Beaiipeiicy,  (Ft.)  bO-^dng-aV 

Beaiyolaifl,  (Fr.)  disU  bo-gO-l&' 

Beaumont,  (Fr.)  bd-mOngf 

Beaune,  (Fr.)  bane 

Beauprfe,  (Pac.  Oc  )  ish.  bO-pr^* 

Beaupr^au,  (Fr.)  bQ-pr^-a' 

Bcauvais^  (Fr.)    BellovacL  63-ca' 

Brauvaisis,  (Fr.)  old  dist,  bO-vS-a'i' 

Bee,  l6,  (Fr.)  W  bf.k 

Bcckstein,  or  Boekstein,      i  ft,;jtf~.y„* 

(Aii.4tr.)  ) 

Becskerek,  Nagy  and  Kis.  v'ddy,  kiskf  bitsh'kc-rtfi 

Becse.     See  Racz.  bn'sliQ 

Befczwa.  (Mor.)  r.  betth'va 
Bedarriiies,  (Fr.)     BilurrittB.  be-ddr-r'idt* 

bfi'ddr-ri-^' 

btdret'lo 

Bccrrn, Gross,  (Pr.)  grOs'b^'rin     . 

Bifort-  (Fr.)  be-fOre' 

Bciertbeini,  (Bad.)  bVert-hlmtf 

Beira,  OT-Beyra,  (Port.)pr.  bd'i-ra  ^ 

Bcja,  (Port.)     Pax  Julia.  bd'ga 

Bejar,  (Pp.)  bechdhr 

Bek68,(H.)c  b^-krsh 

B6k6svir,  (II.)  bekishvdhr' 

Bela  B&nya.     See  Dillti.  be'la  bdhn'ya 

Belchatow,  (Pol.)  btl-cka'wf 

Belchite,  (Sp.)  biUki'ts 

Belem,  (Port.)  b^-ldng'^ 

Belenyes,  (H.)  bfi-len't-ish 

Belesme,  (Fr.)  be-lime 

Beleard,  (Pr.)  bU'gdrdt 

Belgien.    See  Belgium.  biVg'i-en 

Belgiojoso,  (Lomb.)  beld-gb-'i-b' ao 

Belpum,  Belgique,  (f.  Bel-  j  f^^j^^iy.  «.  beVje-um 


Itedarrieux,(Fr.) 
Bedretlo,  (Svvitz.) 


FmM,fdr,f^ii)kqL,b^L—MetA,prt9ihilp,thh-e,Kiir.^Plne,marineybV^^fig.  —.y5tetdSre,miive,wt^f,bg^^lQrd.'-Tiine^  bully  tmite.'-oi,  boy ;  oUyhouae.  —  Fx  ft  long, 


13J2 


PRONUNCIATION   OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


1  Wei8-  > 
Jrieca.     J 


Belgrade,  (Servia.)    S7«; 
dunum.  Griecbisch^ 
Keabiirg.     ^tba  Qrisca. 

Belici,  (!^»c)  r.     Typsa. 

Bellac,  (Fr.) 

Bellaiio,  (Lorab.) 

Belle  Alliance,  la,  (Belg.) 

Belle  Defence.  Sec  Jean  do  j 
Losne.  ) 

Belle -Fontaine,  (Snilz.) 

Bellegarde,  Pont  de,  f  Fr.) 

BelleUle-en-Mer,  (Fr.) 

Belleville,  (Fr.) 

Belley,  (Fr.)     BelUcium. 


Bellcnz,  or 
Bellinzona,  o. 


(Switz.) 


Uellimo,  (N.  It.)    Bellunum, 
Belob&nva,  (11.) 
Belueil,'(Belg.) 
Beluje  Osero,  (R.) 
Betorado,  (Sp.) 
Belp,  (Swiiz.) 
Belso  Szoluok,  (Trans.)  «. 
Belt,  Lille,  Store,  (Deam.)  sL 
Belvedere,  (Ii.) 
Belver,  (Port) 
Be»iyce,(Pol.) 
Bembibre,  (Sp.) 
BeniGca,  (Port.) 
Benabra,  (Sp.) 
Benamexi,  (3 p.) 
Benasal,  (Sp.) 
Benavente,  (Sp.) 
Ben  CleuEli,  (Sc.)  viL 
Bender.  (K.) 

Bene,  (Sard.)  Augusta  Bar  ) 
giennoram,  ) 

Benedicibeuem,  (Bav.) 
Benest,  (Fr.) 

Uenevento,  (S.  It.)     Bene-  i 
ventunu  ) 

Benguela,  (Guinea.) 
Benicarlo,  (Sp.) 
Benikowa,  (rl.)  cave. 
Bentheiin,  (N.  Oer.)  dUtr. 
Beraiui,  ;Boh.)  Beraanumy ) 
Veroaas,  \ 

Berbice,(S.  A.) 
Berchte?<gaden ,  (Bav. ) 
Bercbtoldsdorf,  Perclitolds- 1 
dorf.    Bertholdsdorf,    or  > 
Petersdorf^  (Austr.)  J 

Bercy,  (Fr.) 

Berdyczew,  (R.) 

Bereg  Szisz,  (H.) 

Beresina,  or  Berezina,  (R.)r. 

"-  rezow,(R.) 
(Z,  (Pr.)  duchy. 
liiania,  (As.)     Pergamus. 

liorgauio,  (Lomb.)  Bergo-   i 
mum.  ) 

Bergen,  (Norw.) 

Bergen-op-den  Zoom,(^eth.) 

Bergcrac,  (Fr.) 

Berghen.     See  Mons. 

Bergovacs,  (Bulgaria.) 

Hergiies,  (Fr.) 

Bergiiti,  (Swilz.) 

Iterleburg,  (VVeslph.  Germ.) 

Berlin,  (Pr.) 

Bermeja,(Sp.)  vUs. 

Bermeo,  (Sp.) 

Bermudas,  or  Somcrs  IsIcji,  ) 
(Atl.  Uc  )  S 

Bern,(Swiiz.)     Berne. 

Bernardino,  St  Bernhar-     j 
din.  mt.  ) 

Beniau,  (Pr.) 

Bernay,  (Fr.) 
I  Bemburg,  (Ger.) 

Vr-rneck,  (Bav.) 

rnhani,  St.,  (Alps;  g.    \ 
>t.Bernhard.)Hii.  ^o«*   ^ 

BernJiardin,  (Switz.)  mt. 
Bemina,  (Swilz.)  mt. 
Berthoud,  (Switz.)    Burg-  ) 

dorf.  S 

Bertbelsdorf.  (Sax.) 
Hertinoro,  (Pont.  8l.) 
Berteich,  rPr.) 
Benbold.'taorC     See  Borch-  > 

tnldsdorC  \ 

Berliulo,  (Lomb.) 
Berzava,  (H.)  r, 
Beriniki,(Pol.) 
Berwick,  (Gng.) 
Besalii,  (Sp.) 

Bettan^un,  (Fr.)     Fwoniw. 
Besnytf,  f  H.) 

Bewastadir,  (Ic.)  Bessestad. 
Bcsse,  (Fr.) 


bil'grdd 

b^-tt'chX 
betook' 

btl-ld'no  ,^ 

la  bil  alr^i-dng^ 

bil'di-fdngs' 

bel'fdng-tdnc' 

pong  de  bfl-gdrde' 

bel-iWdng-msre 

bft-cile' 

bej-la' 

bel'ihits 

bet-tind-sd' nd,  no 

bif-l<i^'no 

bt-la-bahn'yd 

bel-eHly' 

b'i-^'lQ-yt  6'se-ro 

be.-l5-ra'do 

belp 

bel-sMh'  s5l-n6k 

lil'le,  stS're  belt 

bcl-oe-de're 

bel'VSre' 

bH-shi'tss 

b^m-bi'brQ 

bdng-f'i'kd 

be-na'brd 

be-na-mt'eh'i 

be-na'sdl 

be-nd-ven'te 

ben-klQQ 

ben'der 

be'ne 

be'ne-dikt'  boi'  ira 
b^-net 

be-ne-ven'to 

ben-ge'ld 
bi-ni-kdr-lo' 

be-Hi~kd'v'd 
beiit'klme 

frg-roiirt' 

bsr'b'is 
berSk'tia-g'd'din 

bergk'tQlds-dQrf 

b£r-aV 
biT'dil'shef 

bS-rigsdfis 

ftg-rg'sY-nti 

bfr-yo'iof 

berg 

bcr'  g'd-m'd 

ber'gd-mo 

ber'gen 

brr'gen-dp-dinC'ZOme 

birg-rdk' 

ber'gen 

ber-gO-vdtsk' 

berg 

bt^r-gitn' 

bir'U-bqi}rg' 

ber-tinc';  e.  ber'lia 

bir-me'chd 

bsr-m^'o 

ber-my'dat 

bern 

ber-nar-di' na 

ber'nau 
ber-nU' 
bern'bQ^rg 
bern'ik 

tdnkt  bem'h'dtrdt 

brr~n'dr-ddng' 
ber-ni'nd 

ber-t^Q' 

bir'tela-dorf 
birfinO'ro 
ber'tJcke 

ber't&lds-dqrf 

btr-n-O'lo 

ber'sd-vit 

berah-n'i'ki 

ber'rik 

bi-8d-l(;(f' 

b^-id-ig-siing 

beah-ni-<^' 

bvs'Md-Bld'dir 

bta 


Besztertzc  B&iiya.     See 

Neusohl. 
Betagsiowii,  (Ir.) 
Betanzos,  (Sp.)     Flacium 

Brigantium. 
Beleta,  (Sp.) 
Bdthune,  (Fr.) 
Bctuwe,  (Neth.)  isl 
Beulelsbacb,  (Wiirt.) 
Bcnzcville,  (Fr.) 
Bevcland,  iiVelb.)  distr. 
Bevem,  (Bele.) 
Beverwyk,  (Neth.) 
Bex  Vieux,  (Switz.) 
B6z6nas,  (Fr.) 
Beziers,  (Fr.) 

Biala,  (Pol.) 

Bialaczow,  (Pol.) 
Bialystok,  (R.) 
Biancaviila,  (Sic  ) 
Biar,  (Sp  ) 

BiBsca,  (Swilz.) 

Biberach,  (Wurt  ) 

Bibench.     See  Bieberich 

Biccoca,  (Mailand  ) 

Bicitte,  (Fr.) 

Bidassoa,  iSp.)  r- 

Bidfchow,  (Boll.) 

Biebricli,orBiboricJi,(W.Ger )  bi'be-rich 

Biccz,  (Gal.)  b\-tt£h 

Biel,  or  Bieiine,  (Switz.)  bile 

Biela.     See  Weiszwastier.         b't-t'ld 
Bielefeld,  (Pr.)  bt'l^-feldt 

Bielilz,  (Sil.)  bi'lils^ 

Bieloe  More.    Or  WkiU  Sea.    bi-^lO-^  md'ri 
Biclsk,  (R.  Pol )  bi-glsk 

Bienne,  or  Bid.  bi'en'_ 

Biervliet,  (Neth  )  bire'vtite 

Bie»-Bosch,  {Neth,';  I. 
Bigorre,  (Fr.)  old  diatr. 
BUiacz,  (Tur ) 
Bilbao,  (Sp.) 
Bilgorai,  (Pol.) 
Biliarsk,  (R.) 
Biliii,  (Bub.) 
Binche,  (IJolg.) 
Bingen,  iGer.) 
Biobio,  (.Chile.)  r. 
Bjymeborg,  (Finl.) 


bis-tert-ai  bdhn'ya 
bet'tyS'town 

b^-tdn'thOa 

bi-te'td 

bi-tiine^ 

bi-tft've 

boi'tfU'b'dSh' 

btijlze-vile' 

be'ie-landt 

br'vem 

bi'ver-vike 

beka  v'i'dk' 

bt-ie-naa' 

bs-ziri' 

bCa'ld 

hUd-ldt' shGf 

bi'd-lUiftdk' 

'hPin'kd-viVm 
b'i-ahr' 

bi-ds'kd 
b'i'be-rach 
bi'be-rich 
bik'Wkd 
bisHr' 
bi~dds-aO'd 
id'shO 


bis~bGach 
bi'gQre' 
b'i-hatsh 
btl-bd'o  ^ 
btl'g6'ra-i 

b'i-li-arsk' 

bi-line' 

bdngsh 

bin'' gin 

bt'G-b'i-o 

h'i-?^r'ne-bg^rg 


Birkenfeld,  (N  Gcr.)  prinetp.  bir'ken-fvldt' 
niriiiinghain,  (Kiig.)  '    '  '    '^ 

Bimbauni,  (Pr  Poi. ;  p. 

Miedzychod  ) 
BIrnbaumerwaid,  or  Julian 

Alps,  (.■\ii?tr.) 
BIron,  (Fr ) 
Birr,  iSwiiz.) 
IJirrc?horn,  (Pr.) 
Birs,  (Switz.)  r. 
Bi^iaccia,  (Xapl.) 
Bisacquino,  or  Busacchino, 

(Sic.) 
Bisaniberg,  (Anstr.)  mt, 
Riscara,  (Alg) 
Biscari,  (Sic.) 
Biscay,  t^p. ;  ap.  Vizcaya, 

or  Biscay  a. 
Bi.-cay,  (/r.  Golfe  de  Gas- 

cogne.)  bay.    Jjquitani- 

cus  Sinus. 
Bisceglia,  (Nap!  ) 
BiHcbdorf.     See  Puspcky. 
Bischofewerda,  (Pr.) 
BiKignano,  (Xapl.)    Besidia 
Bisirzyca,  (Pol  )  r. 
Bilbiirg,  (Pr.)  Bade  Ficus. 
Bitche,  (Fr.) 
Bitono,  (Napl.) 
Bitonto,  (Xapl.)  BUuntum. 
Biitrrfeld,  (Pr.) 
Biviere,  (Sic.)  /. 
Bivio.     See  Stalla. 


bir' miiig-ham 
birn'bovm 

bim'bou^mir-viUdt' 

bi-rOng' 

Hr 

bir' res-born' 

birs 

bi'Sdt'chd 

b'i-sdk-k'i'no 

bi'zdm-berg* 

b'iii-ka'rd 

bis'ka-r'i 

b'iakd'j/it 


-\ 


b'i'ShtVyd 

bisk'dorf 

bV  slmfs-ver' dd 

b'i'iin-ya'no 

b'iitr-sh'i'tid 

bit'b<}grg 

b'itsh 

b'i-tO'no 

b'i'tbn'to 

bit' ler-ftldt' 

bi-v'i-i!r^ 

bt'vi-o 

b-Qld-yd 


Bjelaj'a,  or  Bjtrloi,  (R.) 

Bjolgorod,  or  Bjclogorod,  (R.)  bi-rV gq-rod^hi-i'la-i 

Bjeioi.     Sm  Bjclaya.  b'i-e'lO-i 

Bjclosersk,  tU.)  Ui-s-lO-aersk' 

Bjelow,  (R.)  fi-e-lgf' 

Black  Forest,  {g.  Schwarz- )  ^^^^^  ^„^,^ 

wald.)  S  -^ 

BIaisoi3,(Fr.')  dir,  bla-zo-d' 

Blamoiif,  (Fr.)  bld-mons' 

Blanc,  Mont,  fSav.)  mt.  mQng-bldng 

Blaiikcnburg,  i Genu.)  ducky.  btdn"keji-b^Qr^ 

RIamjiiilla,  iS,  .^.i  inL  bldn-kiVyd 

Blasendorf.    See  Balds  Fiilva.  bla'zen-dorf 

Blaszki,  (Pol.)  ' 

Blatnitza,  (II.)  castl\ 


bldsh'la' 
blat'nU-sd 


Maye,  (Fr.)    Bl^via. 
Blegno,  (Switz.)  r. 
Bleiberg,  ( Aii»tr.} 
Blcicberode,  (Pr.) 
Bleking.     See  Carlscrona. 
Bl^neau,  (Fr.) 
Blenlieini,  (Bav.)    See        ) 
Blindlieini.  \ 

Blidah,  or  Blida,  (Alg.) 
Blindbetin,  (e.  Blenheim.) 
Blocmendaal,  (Xctb.) 
Biockst}erg,  der,  (Germ.)  mt. 
Blockzyl,  (.Xelli.) 

BIois,  (Fr.) 
Blonibcrg,  i  Bad.) 
Bionic,  (Pol.) 
Blucber.    See  BUdench. 
Bluincnsicin,  (Swilz  ) 
Bobia,  (Guin.  Afr.)  iaL 
Bobbio,  (Sard.) 
Bobruysk,(R.) 
Bocage,  le,  (Fr.)  old  dtstr. 
Bocca  di  Bonifacio,  (Cora.)  at 
Bocca-di-FaIco,  (Sic.) 
Hocca  rie  Dragos,  (Trln.)  at. 
Bocca  de  Boccara,  (III.) 
Bocchetta,  (,\pen.  it.)  mt. 

Bochnia,  (Austr.  Pol.) 
B6cza,  (H.) 
Bodega,  (Upp.  C'al.) 
Hodcn  See.    German  See, ) 
Lake  of  Conntance.  j 

Bodinann,  (Bad.)    Bodami ) 

Castrum.  \ 

Bodoe,  (Xorw.) 
Bodonal,  (Sp.) 
Bodianowo,  (Pol.) 
Boekstein,  or  Beckstein. 
Bugenberg,  (Bav.) 
Bogenhauscn,  ( Bav.) 
Bogense,  (Denni.) 
B<igho,  (Sard.) 
Boguduchow,  (R.) 
Bogoe,  (Dcnm.)  isL 
Bogorodsk,  (R.) 
Bogoslowsk,  (R.) 
Bogota,  (S.  A.  N.  Grcn.) 
Bohemia,  (Austr.)  g.  ) 

Bcihmen.  ) 

Bohemian  Forest,  (Austr. ;  ) 

g.  Bohmerwaltl.  J 

Btihmisch-Brod,  (Boh.) 
Boiius,  (Sw.)  castle. 
Boiti-Ie-Duc,  (Neth.)    See 

Ilertogenboech ;  den- 
Bosch. 
Boitzenburg,  (N.  Genu.) 
Bojador,  (Afr.)  pro7B. 
Bojaiio,  {Xapl.)     Covianum. 
Bojoletschi,  (Wallachia.) 
Bolbcc,  (Fr.) 
Bolchow,  (R.) 
Bolestawiec,  (Pol.) 
BolgAcs,  (Trans) 
Bolgar,  (R  ) 
Bolgheri,  iTusc.) 
Bolivia,  (S.  A.)  state. 
Bolleno,  (Fr.) 

BoHullos  del  Condado,  (Sp.) 
Bologna,  (Pont.  St.)    Felsi- ) 

Tia,  BononiG,  \ 

Bolsas,  (Mex.)  r. 
Bolscberetsk,  (R.) 
Bolsena,  (Pont  St)     KoI-   j 

sinium.  S 

Bolson  de  Mapimi,  (Mex.)  i 

Durango.  disL  \ 

BoUward,  (Xclh.) 
Bolzano,  or  Botzen. 
Bombay,  (Br.  Ind.)  port,     j 

Bonibahta.  { 

Bom  Fini,  (Braz.) 
Bommel,  (NeUi  )   See  Zalt  ) 

Bommel.  i 

Boramelwaard,  (X'cth.)  isL 
Bona,  (Alg.) 
Bon-Aire,  (VV.Ind.)    Sec    ) 

Buen  Ayro.  S 

Bonavcnliira,  (S.  A.)  Bue- 

navenmra.  ( 

Bondeno,  {N.  ft.)     Padinum. 
Bonbonime,  Col  du,  (Gra-  t 

ian  Alps.)  i 

Bonifacio,  (Cors.) 
Bonilla,  (Sp.) 
Bonillo,  (Sp.) 
Bonn,  (Pr.)     Bona. 
Bonnetable,  (Fr  ) 
Bonneval,  (Fr.) 
Bonneville,' Sav.)BonnopoIis. 
Bontaggio,  (Sard.)  r. 


bia 

blcn'yo 

btVberg 

ICt'chr-TO'di 

bli'king 

bii-iia' 

blen'im 

bti-dd' 
btindt'Mme 
bl^Q'miH-ddhV 
d*r  btoks'berg 
bhk-z'tle 

blfa' 

blQjn'berJf 

blOn'yi 

blit'iher 

bl^^'men-stJn^ 

bu'bi-d 

bOb'bi^ 

bO'br^^'ii.iik 

Ve  bu-kage' 

buk'ka  di  bO-ni-fd'eho 

bok'ka-di-fal'ko 
buk'ka  di  dra'gOs 
bvk'ka  di  bOk-kd-rd 
bSk-ktt'td 

bceh'n^ 
bo' tad 
bO-dt'gU 
be'din-iii 

bOd'mdn 
bS-dA 
bO-dS-niU' 
b0d-shd-n6'vo 

b^k'sllne 

bo'  gen-birS' 

bO'gen-hou'zin 

bu'gen-i^ 

bul'yo 

bO-gO-d^^'chaf 

bO-g^ 

bq-go-rSdsk' 

bq~gos-lCfsk* 

bO-gO-td' 

b^'miit 

b^'mer-vdtdt' 

b^' mish-brOdt' 
bO-h<}(}3 

bO-a'l^-ddk' 

boiV  sen-bqifrf 

bQ-gd-dOre' 

bO-ya'no 

bO-ye-let' sh'i 

boUek' 

bOl'ckof     ^ 

bl^U84d'v'i~£ta 

bot-gdtah' 

bOl-gdre' 

boi~gi'fi 

bO-li'ri-d ;  e.  bo~liv'i-a 

bO-lcne' 

bOl-y^^i'yOa  dil  kOn-dU'do 

bO-lOn'yd 

bQl'sda 

bOl-ahi-reUk' 

bOl-ai'nd 

bOl-sOn'  rfj  md-pVm't 

bOls'vdrd 
bdl-sd'no 

bung-bd-Vd 

bQngf'ing 

bSm'mel 

bOrn'mit-vdhrd' 

bo'nd 

bOn-Hre' 

bO-nd'Vin-i^'rd 

bOn-de'no 

kot  dh  bonr-nOm' 

b0-7t'1-fd'cko 

bO-n'il'yd 

bo-n'il'yo 

bun 

bOii-tdhV 

bOn-vaV 

bon-v'ile' 

bOn-tdd'sho 


vtu;  a  short,  HL-Fr.A  long,  ^  iihort,  nearly  n%  in  apur.-dy,  hj,  ny,  hqmd. -Jin"  ger. -g,  eh,  guttural;  #aa  a  in  pleasure- r  final,  Fr.  re-v,  between  v  and/ 


1333 


PRONUNCIATION   OF  MODERN   GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Btwtn,  t.NVUi<) 
Bopliugen,  ,\VUn.} 
Bogpudy  w  Boppart,  (Pr.)  j 

BoJSTtSw!) 

Borcene.     Sen  Burtscheid. 
Ri>rctietto,  (It.) 
Bi>nle»ux.(Fr.)  BurdigaU. 
j  Uonlel:us  Fr.)<f/i^r. 
B.>nJeslH>lin,  (^Deniit.) 
Btirdighera,  (Sard.) 
BorgertiLiut,    Xt-tlu) 
Borffaoliii^  iSw.) 
Borgia,    .Napl.) 
Boi^  Forte,    Lomb.) 
Borgo  San  DjIii«iz£o,  (Pied.) 
Borgo  Soil  LortMiXii,  (Tusc.) 
Borga  Sesia,  (Sard.) 
Borgn  Pnind,  (7>ii»s.) 
Boi^maneTu,  (Pied.) 
Borfo  San  lX)iiitui,  (\.  It.) 
Borgu  Sail  St- p.^k'ns  (Tusc) 
Boriiiage,  (Belg.)</ij(t. 
BortSAuslcbsk,    U.) 
Burissow,  (R.) 
Iturkulo,  (NeUi.) 
Bi*rkuni,    tiaii.)  isL 
Boruiida,   Sanl.;  r. 
Bonnii),  (L4iuiib. ;  g.  Wonns.) 
Bornanj,   Sav.) 
Borne.  (Neih.) 
Borneo,  i^mmttve  namtj  Pulo- ) 
Kalamantin.)  i^L  \ 

Bwntaolm,  (Oenm.)  ist. 
BomliJvedo,  (Deiiiu.) 

BlHllO;^,  (S(».) 

Bonxtinfv,    K.) 
Bofuei  Jen  >,  (H.) 
fi.»ruwsk,  (R.) 
Bomiwstuvvueas,  (Sc;  emu-  ) 
mmmig.  Bonejs.)  \ 

Bursa»(ll.) 
Borsdurl^.Jdax.) 
Bormd,  »r  Bursdiod,  (H. ;    j 

Bomek,  (Trmiu.) 
Burszczow,  (GaL) 
Bort,  (Fr,) 

Boruca,  (Uuat.)  prewu 
Bon,  .Safd.) 

Bosch,  den,  ur  Bob-le-Duc. 
Boacti,  ( Pied.) 
BoMon-itK,  (AInr.) 
Bosque,  el,    Sp.)  ioL 
Buetan.  el,  iTur.)     Comamm. 
Bjsz'tnnenj,.  H.)  Sfell»*>'-> 
d^ke  TowoA.  I 

Brt-iny  Bay,(\.  lloL) 
Biihiiia,  Cill  uf.  vr  i 

B  tiii^ka  Wikeii,  (.Sw.)        j 
B.>IaI.>g»,  (Braz.) 

Bjtao.    PorL) 

B  )tiiM-£any,  (  WaMacbia.) 

n.it7^n,  (Tyr. :  iL  Bolzano.)  j 

Pa  Its  DruH.  \ 

Bjiic«,  (Fr.) 
BiMichain,  (Fr.) 
B  mches-dii-Rhone,  (Fr.)  d^ 
B-ttichet,  Ic,  (Fr.) 
BvHidry,   Switz.)     Amdri*. 
BuuffiiHilx,  (Belg.) 
Bougain^ilte,  ;S.  A.)  ftoy. 
Bouillante,  (Guad.) 
Bouille,  la,  ^Fr.) 
Bouillon,  (Belg.)  duek^ 
Boutn,  '  Ft.)  i^ 
Bwlay,  (Fr.) 
BouK>^ne-3ur~Mer,  [Fr.)      ) 

O  g^riaemmi.  | 

Boulogne,  (Fr.) 
Btwlunnaig,  (Fr.)  dist, 
BourbiD,  (Fr.) 
B.«irt»rtn,  ile,    cattft,  1793- ) 

I8V-?,  iledp  la  Reinion.)  i 
BoiirtKin  I'Arrhaniba'id,  Fr.) 
Bjurtun  L'lncy,  (Fr.) 
BourttLtn- Vendee,  or  Napo- 

leon-Vcildee  ;    formerly^ 

La  Ruche  sur  Y(»ii,(Fr.) 
Bourbonnai.%  -Fr.)  dUu 
Bourbonne-Ies-Baiiis,  iFr.) 

Aqum  BoTTonit, 
Bourb'HiIe,  la,    Fr.> 
B(Mirdeloi^,    Fr.    ofd  disL 
Bourboiirg  Ville,  (Fr.) 
B'lurganeiif,  (Fr.) 
Bf>urg-en-Bre;«e.  (Rr.) 
Boui^  »ir  Gironde,  (Pr.) 
Bourg  la  Reine.  (Fr.) 


■•)> 


Hmt 

hif't^rit,  hsp'pltrt 

Ursct' 

»ar-*f('K> 

bOr-UO'.  or  bor'do 

Unt-li' 

b^dis-holm' 

bUr-il-gtr^ 

iird'gtt 

biir'gvfiir'ti 

Hr'fo  Mil  dat-wtUt'M 

bir'f  sa*  la^rcnd'tt 

bSr'ftftxii 

bOr'fm  pr^^d 

hUr-fi-mit'ni'ni 

bar' fa  sda  di-nH'iia 

bOr'fo  fUm  ai-pQVkra 

ba-rl-niige' 

bi-rl3~si-rlibak' 

blris~aaf' 

bUr-kS-l* 

bSr-mViH 

tSr'mT-. 

btir-uiiMg' 

AAr-HC'o,  or  b«r*n»-« 

hom'kQlm 

borx-k^viU 

bbr'nit 

iS-ra-dI'mm 

bt-rOtk-ft-mA 

»Sr'<U 
bfr^dtrf 

Ur-au 

Mrsttt 

Unk'UUw 

bin 

bb-rnfka 

bt',a 

dcubftlk 

bii'k* 

bSt'kl-riu' 

tl  bS^ti 

ilbl'aukm 

bo''a-m!f  fray 

bSt'f^-kd  ft'kH 

ba-ld-fB'gtt 

bs-ta^ffmf 

bit-lB-dUI*f' 

bSt'tix 

*W-«t' 

bfftk-di-rSutf 

btf-dri' 

bwj*ng-vlU 

bf^i-ylbU' 

Ulb^ 

bff-l-fBHg' 

b^^ng* 

»«H^aA' 
^^vr-h6Mg*;  e.  boor'bmt 

h^^-hOn^  Idr-Mtm^-bS' 
k^f^-bSng'  laxg-aV 

h^^T-bUng'  Kdng-dff 

hifffr-bH-ni* 
bf^jr-bSn'li-Jiing 

b^lfrd-la' 

bffijr-gd-HAif' 

btf^g'Sur-^'i-rOngd' 
bg^g  Vi  vine 


Buiirg,  Grand,  or  Marigut, 

(Fr.  J     Antilles. 
Bourg,le,  Switz.;  j^.Burgtlial) 
Bourses,  (Fr.)     Avaricunu 
Bourget,  ^Fr.) 
Bourgogiie,  (Fr. ;  e.  Bur-     ) 

gund^v.)  pr.  \ 

BDiirgDin^  i.Fr.)     Bergunivm. 
Bourg  Sanit  Maurice,  (Sav.) 
Bourgueil,  (Fr.)    Burgotium. 
Buurtange,  iNeth.) 
Boussac,  (Fr.) 
Botutti^res,  (Fr.) 
Bou«»u,  (Belg.) 
Bouvigne?,  iBclg.) 
Bouvines,  or  Bovines,  (Fr.) 
B4iuxviller,  (Fr. ;  g.  Buclis-  \ 

wilier.)  i 

Buvines.     St*  Bouvinee. 
B4ivimi,  (Napl.)     V^inwau 
Btixmeor,  (Nelh.) 
Boxtel,  ^Neth.) 
Boynca,  (N.  Gran.) 
Buzzolo,  ( Lorab.) 
Bra,  (Pied.) 

Braband,  Noord,  (Netb.)  pr. 
Braband,  Zuid,  (Netli.)  pr. 
Dracciano,  (II)  dud^y. 
Brackenhetni,  ( Wiin.) 
Oradaw,  or  Bratzlaf. 
Bradano,;NaplO  r.  Bradanus. 
Bradsberg,  (Xorw.)  pr. 
Bradstou-p.    See  Broadstair^. 
Bragii,  (Port.)     Braccara     \ 

Jiugmsta.  ) 

Bragan^a,  (Port.) 
Brvgemaes,  (Norw.) 
Braxlla,  (Lomb.)  doisUr. 
Bralieatnd,  (Finl.) 
Brai.  (Switz.)/! 
Braila,  or  Brailow,(Tur.) 
Braine-le-C'omte,  (BDlg.) 
Brakel,  Neder,  (Belg.) 
BruQois,  (Swiiz.) 
Bnunstedt,  i  Denm.) 
Brmncaleone,  (XapL) 
Brmnco,  Rio,  (Braz.) 
Brandano,  (iNapl.)  r. 
Bnuideis,'<Boti.) 
Brandenburg,  ( Pr.)  pr. 
Brandbof,  ( Austr.) 
Branna,  (Boh.) 
BrantoDie,  { Fr.) 
Braa  D*or,  (Ca.  Br.)  bay. 
Bras»o.     See  Kroo^tadl. 
BratzlaT,  (R.  P. ;  p.  Braclaw.) 
Oraubacti,  fGeriii.) 
Braiuiaii,  (Autttr.  j  b.  Bru-  ) 

mow.)     BrundtmuM,         \ 
Braunfelfl,  (Pr.) 
Brai]nsl>rrE,  (Pr.) 
Braunschweig,  (Germ.;  «.  ) 

Brunswick.)  \ 

Brauiisdorr,  (Sax.) 
Bray  8ur  Seine,  (Fr.) 
Brazoria,  (Tex.) 
Bracoe  de  Diue,  (Tex.) 
Brazza,  (Datni.)  isL 
Brcche-du- Roland,  (Pyr.)     \ 

d^le.  \ 

Brecht.fBelg.) 
Breda,  (Neih.) 
Bredon,  (Fr.) 
Bregaglia,  Val,  (Snitt.) 
Bregan^on,  (Fr.j  UL 
Bregenz,  (Austr.)  Brigantia. 
Breplit»,  (Sard.) 
Breisach,  All,  (Bad.) 
Breisgau,  (Genu.)  old  dip. 
Broitenfcid,  (Sax.) 
Rrejo,  (Braz.) 
Bremen,    Germ.) 
Bremerhafen,  <  Germ.) ' 
BremervOnle,  (Han.) 
Bremgarlen,  'Switz.) 
Brcnditz,  (.Mor.) 
BrendoU,  (Lomb.) 
Brenetd,  les,   Switz.) 
Brcnne,  la,  (Fr.)  dtaL 
Brenner,  (Tyr.J  «t    JHom  ) 

Pyrieevs.  \ 

Brcno,  (Lomb.) 
Brenla,  (Tyr.  Lomb.)  r.       / 

Jifctioaetts  Jilajor.  ) 

Brentiinico,  (Tyr.) 
Brewella,    N.It.)  BrixeTum. 
Brescia,  i  Lomb.) 
Brescon,  'Fr.l  ift. 
Breslau,    Pr.  SiL) 
Bresles,    Fr.) 
Bresnice,  or  Brzesnitz, 
Bressanone.    See  Crixcn. 


j    grdHg  b^^g 


lif  bforg 

bifgr-gOny' 

bif^-gO-dng' 
bififr  sdng  mO^'t^ 
b^ifr-gAh' 
bgvr^d»''gfi 
bi/if^siik' 

bgif-ctny* 

bg^clne' 

b^vf-h' 
bd-vtne^ 

bOtu^mert 

bOks'tH 

bO-yd'kd 

bbt'sH-lo 

brd 

nSrdt  brU'bdndt 

loidt  brd'bUndt 

briU-ehd' no 

■brdk'krnhlme' 

brdts'l^f 

brd-da'no 

brdfts'berg 

brad'stowe 

brd'gd 

bm-giiMfsa 

brd' gtr-ndj^ 

brorpd 

brd'ht-stdd' 

br& 

brd-i'id,  brd-'i'tOo 

brUne-le-kOngt' 

nt'der  brd'kel 

brd-mO-d' 

brdm'stedt 

brdn  kd-li-S'Hi 

ri'pp  brdM'k^ 

brdn-dd'no 

brdnd'ls 

brdn'dfn-bQ^g' 

brdndt'haf 

brdfi'nd 

brdng-tHm^ 

brd-dOre' 

brdshd' 

brdt-Jldf 

broil' bdik 

brou'nou 
broun'ftU 
brouTia'berg 
broun'shtofg 

brouns'dorf 

br&'Sur-sSne 
brd-thO-i't-a 
brd'thOs  dt  di-Oa' 
brdt'nd 

brish-du-rb-tdng' 

bredht 

bri_'<la' 

brf-dOng' 

vUl  brt-g'dl'y'd 

br't-gdngsOng' 

bri'^rnta 

breVyo 

Ult  brViUdk 

brJs'gou 

brVtrH-fildt' 

brt'go 

bri'men 

br£'mrr-k'd'ffn 

br6*  mer-fvhr'  de 

brtm  'gdr-trn 

bren'dits 

bren'dO-ia 

Is  ftrp-nj' 

Id  brfn 

bren'ner 

bre'no 

bren'td 
bren-t5-n'i' ko 

breshtVld 

bre'shd 

brfs-kqi}' 

bri-s'lou 

brlU 

bres'n'it-f<t 

bres-sd-nG'm 


Breroe,  (Fr.)  disL 

nre$<i>iuire,  (Fr.) 

Brest,  (Fr.)     Brestum. 

Br6tagiie,(Fr.; «.  Brittany.) 
old  prov. 

Breteuil,(Fr.) 

Brptisny,  (Fr.) 

Brezo,  ( H.) 

Hre/.ny6  B&.nya,  or  Bries, 

Brevine,  la,  (Swiiz.) 

Brtan^on,  (Fr.)   Brigantium, 

Hrinncuntiais,  (Fr.J  old  dUtr. 

Hriansk,  (U) 

Briimza,  i  Lonib.) 

Briare,  (Fr.)     Brivodurum. 

Bribiesca,  (SpO 

Bricherasko,  (Sard.) 

Bridlington,  or  Brctling-  ^ 
ton,  (Eiig.  ;  commonly  > 
Burlington.)  > 

Brie,  (Fr.)  olddistr. 

Brie-Comte-Roliert,  (Fr.) 

Btioff,  (Pr.Sil..  Switz.) 

Briel,  or  Brietle,  (Noth.) 

Brienne-le-f'liatoau,  ( Fr.) 

Brienne-le-Chaielet,  (Fr.)  c. 

Hrienz,  (Switz.) 

Brietzen.     See  Wrietzen. 

Bries,  or  BHsen,  (H. ;  h.      j 

Brieux,  St.,  (Fr^) 

Brioy,  (Fr.) 

Brighton,  formerly  Bright-  i 

hctiiistone.  \ 

Bri(>nano,  (l<omb.) 
Brignoles,  (Fr.) 
Brihurga,  (Sp.) 
Hrindii«i,(NapI.)BruTrdiutum. 
Brioiuie,  (Fr.)     Brionia. 
Brionnois,  f  Fr.)  olddu^tr. 
Brtoude,  (Fr.)     Brivata. 
Brisacli,  Neuf,  (Fr.) 
Brisuega,  (Sp.) 
Britany.     See  Br£tagne. 
Brives,  (Fr.) 

Brives-Ia-Gaillarde,  (Fr.) 
Brivieska,  (Sp.) 
Brivio,  (Lonib.) 
Brixen,  (Tyr.  It.)  Bressanone, 
Broad^tairs,  (Eng. ;  for-       j 

merly  Bradstowe.)  \ 

Brock,  (Pol.) 

Brocken.  orBrock8berg,(Pr.) 
Brod,  (Slav.)    J\Iarsonia. 
BriHfy,  (Anstr.  Gal.) 
Broek,  (Neth.) 
Broglie,  (Fr.) 
Brombcrg,  (Pr.  P.  j  p.  Byd-  j 

goszcz.)  J 

Brrtnisebro,  (Swod.) 
Brondolo,  (N.  II.) 
Bronte,  (Sic.) 
Broof.     See  Szaszvaros. 
Brotteanx,  les,  (Fr.) 
lirou,  (Fr.) 
ltrough,(Eng.) 
Bruuage,  (Fr.) 
Broye,  (Switz.)  r. 
Brozas,  (Sp.) 
Broughslni,  (Eng.)    Brovo-  ) 

niacum.  ) 

Bnica.  la,  (Sic.) 
Brurhsal,  (W.  Germ.) 
IJruck,  ( Aurtir.)  Murttpontum. 
IJriickenou,  (Bav.) 
Briidano,  (Nnpl.)  r. 
Brudzewo,  fPol.) 
ilruges,  ( Belg.  ifiem.  Brugge.) 
ftriigg,  or  Bruck,  (Switz.) 
Brugge.     See  Bruges, 
llruggen,  (Switz.) 
Brugnato,  (Sard.) 
Bruhl,  f  Pr.) 

Bruniath,  (Fr.)  Bracomagus. 
Brumow.     See  Braunau. 
Brdndel,  (Boh.) 
Bnmiquel,  f  Fr.) 
Brunn,  (iVIor.) 
Bninn-am-Gebirpe,  (Austr.) 
Brunnen,  (Switz.) 
Brunswick.     See  Braun-      i 

prhweig.  \ 

Brnntrut.     See  Porcntruy. 
Brusau,  (Mor.) 
Bnisficl.     See  Urtncelles. 
BrrisfJels.     See  Bruxellet^. 
Brux,  (Boh.) 
Bruxclles,  (Belg. ;  d,  Brus-  ) 

sel  \  e.  Brusi^eis.)  \ 

Bruz,  (Fr.) 
Brzefid,  (Pol.) 


brt*     .^ 

brisd 

\    br^'tdMy' 

brU-tdiily' 

bri-tin-yV 

brt-ao  ^ 

breg-nt-9'  bdAn'y'd 

Id  bri^-v'ine' 

bri'dng'SOng' 

bfi-dng-si-nSi' 

bri-dnsk' 

bri'dnd'sd 

br'i-dre' 

bri-bi-ss'kd 

brfkt-rds'ko 

bur'ling-ton 

bri 

bri-cOngt-rO-bsr* 

brig 

hriUy  bri-sV 

bri'CH'lg-shdtO' 

br'i-en'l'i-shdt-l^' 

bfi~ints' 

br'it'aen 

br'iSy  br'i'zen 

sdng  br'i-^' 
bri-a' 

brl'ton 

brin-yd'Tto 

br'in-yOle' 

bri-gQQ-e'gd 

brill' di-ai 

bri -One' 

bri-S-na' 

br'i-Qi}d' 

ndHf  brt-sdk' 

br'i-sg^i'gd 

brit'ta-ny 

bri  re  ^_^ 

bfive-ld-gd-'i-ydrd' 

br'i-v'i-ta'kd 

bfi'v'i-o 

br'ik'aen 

broad'ataira 

brOtsk 

brok'ken,  broks'berg 

brohd 

brO'di 

br^^k 

brOl-yi' 

brom'berg 

br^m'se-bro 

brOn'dO-h 

brdii'te 

brdks 

li  brOt-ta' 

broff 
brqQ-'dgc' 
brS^d' 
bro'Utds 

br^(}me 

Id  brp'kd 

brQifck'idhl 

brg^k 

brhk'ke-vou 

brQQ-dd'no 

br<}ijd-ie'vo 

brit^e ;  e,  bru'jez 

br<}<}g,  bvQ^ik 

br^g'ge 

britg'gen 

br^^n-yd'to 

briile 

brU-vid' 

brg^'mqv 

briin'del 

brit-ni-k£t' 

briin 

br^tQTt  ■  dm-gf-bir' gs 

brggn'nen 

bruns'wik 

brtfqn'tr^t 

bAi'zou 

br^s'ael' 

brua'ads 

brilks 

brit-a&l' 


&rft 
brshestsy 


f^^y  fdr,  fsU^  K*^,  bdL — Miu^  prey,  kelp,  tUSrt,  kOr.  —  Pine,  marine,  bird,  fig.  —  JVZte,  dSve,  miSve,  wolf.,  bg^k,  lord.  —  7^n«,  bull,  ignite.  —  oi,  boy ;  ou,  house.  —  Fr.  ft  long. 


PRONUNCIATION   OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Br/.e&6  Litevvski,  (ft.) 
lir^e-^ko,  (Gal.) 
Brzesiiica,  (^"1*) 
Brzezyn,  iPol.) 
Brzuzow,  «.C*al.} 
Bu,  (Fr.) 
Bunli,  (<iuin.) 
Buarco8,  (Port.) 
nubeitdorf,  (Switz.) 
Buccari,  (Croatia.; 
Buccheri,  (Sic.) 
Buccliianico,  (NapL) 
Buccino,  (Napl.) 
Bucella.',,Port.) 
Bucli,  >  Fr.)  old  distr. 
Biicliberg,  (Austr.) 
fluclihorn,  or  Friederlclis-  i 

tiafen,  \ 

Buchkogel,  (Austr.)  md. 
Bucholwitz^  (Mor.) 
Buchtariiiin^kaja,  (R.) 
Huchswiller,  or  BouxvUIer. 
Buczazc,  (Austr.  Gal.) 
BiiLkeburg,  (\.  Genu.) 
Biitlaf  or  Ot'eii,  ([). ;  stav.    } 

Biidin.)  \ 

Buda-Ke:5zi,  (H.) 
Budenitz,  (Boh. ;  b.  Bude-  ) 

nice.)  ) 

Btiderich,  or  BIucher,(?r.} 
BtSdestieiiit,  (Germ.) 
Budimir,  (H.) 
Budiu.     See  Buda. 
Budin,  (Boll.) 
Budiiigen,  tGerm.) 
Btidisstii.     See  Bautzen. 
Biidoa,  (111.) 

Budos-Heg.v,  (Traos.)  mt, 
Biidweis,  (Boh.) 
Budian6H',  (Gal.) 
Buena-Vista,  (Mex.  Conf.) 
Bueii  Ayro,  or  Bon  Air,       } 

(D.VV.lnd.)  i 

Buenaventura,  or  Bonaven- 1 

tura,  ( 

Buenos  Ayres,  (S.  A;)         J 
Buenos  Jardines,  los,  (Au-  I 

slral.)  isl.  \ 

Buen  Retiro,  el,  (Sp.)  castle. 
Bnet,  le,(Sav.)o»w  of  the  Alps. 
Buffalora,  (N.  It.) 
Buffon,  (Fr.) 
Bug,  ^R.]  r. 
Bugey,  (Fr.)  oldter. 
Biihl,  (W.Germ.) 
Biunsk.  (R.) 
Duironfjsde,  (Fr.) 

Buis,  le,  (Fr.) 

Biiiten^Iui.4,  or  Neumanns-  | 

dorf,  (Neth.)  \ 

Buitenzorg,  fJava.) 
Bnjalance,  (Hp.) 
Biikowina,  ( Austr.)  old  distr. 
Bulgaria.     Madia  li\ferior. 
Buiras,  fSp.)  - 

Bulle.  (Switz.) 
BuSol,  (^p.) 
Bunzlau,(Gcrm.) 
Buoncunvento,  (Tusc) 
Buquira,  (Braz.;  mL 
Buragan- (Culomb.)  mt. 
Buren,  '  Netti.) 
Bur«,  (Pr.) 
Burgau,  (Bav.) 
Burgberg.  See  Ditro  Varhely. 
Burgd.jff,   Switz.;  Fr.        | 

Berttioud.)  ) 

Burg«rliaut,  (N'eth.) 
Burghauticn,  Bav.j 
Bfirglen,  (.Swilz.) 
Burjro,  (Sp.) 
Burgos,  (i^p.) 
Bdrg^tcln,  (BoIkI 
Burgfflcinl'urt.     See  Steiiifurt. 
finrgthal,  or  Le  Bourg, 
Burguote,  (f*p.) 
Burgu  ndy  ,orBourgogne,(  Fr.) 
Birrj.iaot.  (f?i».) 
Burkersdnrf,  (Pr.) 
Btir.«tyn,(Giil.) 
Burf»cheid,  or  Burcette,  (Pr.) 
Burzeniri,  (Pul.) 
Busncchino.   See  Bisacquino. 
BUHaro,"'Pnrt.) 
BuKca,  (Pied.) 
BuMkcnid,  (Norw.) 
Buwit.     See  BuzoL 
BufMang,  (Fr.) 
Bdiueruch,  (^3n-ltz.) 
Bu0»oliiio,  (Sard.) 
ButMcbowitz,  (Mor.) 


hrfhestsy  ti-tivs'ki 

brshe^i'ko 

brahes-tm'sii 

brshe-zint' 

brsho'zdo 

bH 

bgo-a'ti 

b^i}-ar'k^QS 

bQ<f'ben-doTf* 

bg^k'ke'r'i 

bQQk'k^-d-n'i'ko 

hqifk-chVno 

b^Q-sel'lds 

bUk  ~ 

b^i^ch'berg 

bQQch'korn 

h<}<}ck'k!i-gel 

bg^'chol-vits' 

b(}<}ch-tdr-niins'k'd-y'd 

bgQks'vil-ler 

bQQt'shiUsh 

bhk'ke-b(}Qr0 

bQtf'dd 

bqQ'd'd  kess'i 

bg^'dd-nitSj  h^^-ae-n'it-s$ 

bd.' de-rich 

bit'des-'hiine' 

btj^d^i-m'ir' 

b^Q'dine 

bQ<}-iint' 

b(}Q'din"gin 

b^fq-dis' sine 

bQQ-dd'd 

hkt-d^sh-hedif 

b<^*dl'w\s 

h<i<}d-shd'nQqf 

b^if-e'nd  v'is't'd 

bQQ-^n'  d'i-re 

bQ<;^e-nii-ven-U}Q'rd 

bQQ-i'nds  d't-ris  f «. ho'nos 
U'ris 

lOs  bQQs'nas  chdr-ii'nis 

el  b<}<)-en'  ri-t'i'ro 

le  b(t-e' 

bqfy-f'd-Wr'd 

bh.-fong' 

bQghg 

bti-g&' 

bUle 

b^Q-'insk' 

bit't-rons-fup 

l^  b€v 

boi'ten-slois' 

boi'lin-zorg 
bQQ-cli'd'ldn'the 

bulfra'ria 

bQol'y'ds 

bQijl'U 

bQ^n'yul 

b^QTits'lou 

bQij-un-kOn-ven'to 

b^fQ-k'i'rd 

bq^-rd-gdii' 

bh'reti 

bQtjrg 

bQQr'ffOU 

b^rg'berg 


bf}(}rg'dorf 

biir'  ger-haut 
bo^rg'  hou'  zen 
bur§'leti 
bQi^r'go 
bQf^r'g&s 
biirg'-tliie 
b()(jrg'  attiie'fqQTt 
bQijrg'taU 

bur^gUJidy 

bifQr-chd-sOt' 

bt^qr'kers-dQrf' 

boor  h' tin 

bQQrt'shidt 

bQQT-gk^'n'in 

b^Q-aOk-kVno 

b(}<^ad'ki)q 

bqtfa'kd 

bfQg'ki-r^^d 

bQQ-36t' 

bftS'Sdiig' 
Mts'ae-rdf'h 
bQQs-35-U'no 
bQfjt' 3h&-rit4' 


BiHlisholz,  (Svviiz.) 
Butzow,  (N.  Germ.) 
Iluxtt-hude,  (llan.) 
Buzancais,  (Fr.) 
BuziAs,  (II.) 
Biizol,  or  Bnsot,  (Sp.) 
Bydgoszcz,  (Pr.  Pol.  j  g, 

Bromberg.) 
Bydzovv,  (Boh.) 
Bzura,  (Pol.)  r 


bnt^t'tis-hOUs' 

biit'tso 

b^ka't^-hQ^'di 

b^zdng-sH' 

bQQ-s'i  -dlisk' 

bf}Q-lhot' 

b'id'  gQshtsh 

b'id'shov 


C. 


Cabaceiro,  (Af.)  peniTts, 

Cabanes,  (Sp.) 

Cabc^a  de  Montachique,      > 

(Port.)  mts.  i 

Cabe^o  do  Vide,  (Port.) 
Cabcza  Belloza,  (Sp.) 

Cabeza  del  Buey,  (Sp.) 
Cabezas  de  San  Juan,  (Sp.) 
Cahezon,  (E^p.) 
Cabo  Aguja,  (Peru,)  prom. 
Cabo  Agulhas,  f  At.)  prom. 
Cabo  Ballena,  (Peru,)  prom. 
Cabo  Bojador,  (Salmr.)  prom. 
Cabo  Cainarou,(Guat.)  prom. 
Cabo  Carvoeiro,  (Port.)  prom. 
Cabo  Catoche,  ( Mex.)  prom. 
Cabo  Cervera,  (Sp.)  ;«-om. 
Cabo  Chirinal,  (Peru,)  prom. 

Cabo  Creus,  (Sj).)  prortu 
Cabo  Delgadu,  ( Af.)  prom. 
Cabo  Deseado,  (PAlag.) prom. 
Cabo  do  Anibro.   See  Cabo  i 

Natal.  S 

Cabo  Espichel,  (Port.)  prom. 
Cabo  Friu,  (Braz.)  prom, 
Cabo  Galera,  (Peru,)  prom. 
Cabo  Gallinas,  (S.  A.)  prom, 
Calw  Gardafui,  (Af.)  prom. 
CaboGovernador,;  Ver.)prom. 
Calx*  Higuer,  {S\i.)  prom. 
Cabi)  .Mac)iicliaco,(Sp.) prom. 
Cabo  iMatabrig,  (Peru,)  prom. 
Cabo  Martin,  (Sp.)  prom. 
Cabo  Mendocino,  (Mex.)     i 

prom.  ) 

Cabo  Natal,  or  Cabo  do        , 

Anibro,  (Madag.)  prom.    \ 
Cabo  Noinbre  do  Josiis,        i 

(Tier,  del  Fue.)  prom.       \ 
Cabo  Orfui,  (.\f.)  prom. 
Cabo  Ortesal,  (Sp.)  prom. 
Cabo  Pulrion,  (^\y.)  prom. 
Cabo  Ciuiian,  {Vein,)  prom. 
Cabo  San  Nicolas,  (Peru,)  t 

prom.  I 

Cabo  Sao  Rogue,  (Braz.) 
Cabo  Sao  Vicente,  (Port.)    j 

prom.  ) 

Cabo  Tibiiron,  (Hay ft,)  prom. 
Cabo  Torel,  (Peru,)  prum. 
Cabo  Tulural,  (Peru,)  prom. 
Cabfi  Trafalgar,  (Sp.)  prom. 
Cabra,  (Sp.)    .Mgabruuu 
Cabri^res,  (Fr.) 
Ca^apaba,  (Br.) 
Caccaino,  (Sic.) 
Caceres,  (Sp.)  Ctistra  Cacilia. 
Cachen,  (Seiie(;ninhia.) 
Cacliintayo,  (Bol.) 
Cachoeira,  (Braz.) 
Cadagun,  (S[).)  r. 
Cadaval,  (Port.) 
Cad6ac,  (Fr.) 
Cadenet,  (Fr.) 
Cadereita,  (tiueretaro,  Mex.) 
Cadillac,  (Fr.) 
Cadiz,  (Sp.)      Oades. 
Cadore,  Pieve  di,  (Lomb.) 
Cadzand,  (Neth.)  isL 
Caen,  (Fr.)     Cadomum, 
Cagayan,  (Isle  Luzon,) ;»r. 
Cagll,  (It.) 
Cagliari,  (Sard.)     Calaris. 

Cagua,  (Venfiz.) 

Cabile,  or  Villaiiova  da       \ 

Rainlia,  (Peru,) 
Cahors,  (Fr.)    Vivona, 
Cain),  (Kg.) 
Cairo,  (P'f'd.)     Corium. 
Cajano,  Poggia  a,  rTuwc) 
Calabo^o,  (Vetiez.) 
Calabria,  (part  of  Napl.) 

Uruttium. 


kU-ba-s&'i-ro 
kd-bd'nes 

kd-bi's'd  (le  mijjtg'td-sh'i'ki 

kd-bp'si}<}  tfe  vi'de 
kd-be'Utd  bd-yO'thd 

kd-bt'tha  del  b^g-e't  ^ 
kd-be'thds  de  sdii  Sh^a-dn' 
kd-be-thCn' 
hd'bo  d-g(^<f'ch'd 
kd'bQQ  d-gQi}l'ijd3 
hd'bo  bdl-yt'n'd 
kd'b(i(}  bo'gd-dur' 
kd'bo  kd'md-run' 

kd'bQQ  Adr-rptt-fi'rf-rp? 
kd'bo  kd-tO'che 
kd'bo  ther-vs'rd 
kd'bo  ch'i-r'i-ndl' 
kd'bo  kre'^Qs 
ka'bo  dtl'ga'do 
kd'bo  de-se-d'do 

k'd'b(}^  d^Q  dng'brq^ 

kd'bqi}  es-p'i-sheV 
ka' bQQ  fr'i' i}<f 
kd'bo  gd4e'rd 
kd'bo  gal-y'i'nds 
kd'bo  gdr-dd'fgQ''i 
kd'bo  go-ver-nd'dor' 
kd'bo  i-gv' 
kd'bo  md-ck'i-chd'ko 
kd'bo  md-ld-br'ig' 
kd'bo  mdr-t'ia' 

kd'bo  m^ji'dO-tJti'no 
kd'bQQ  nd-tdl' 

kd'bo  n5m'bre  dg  dhe-s<}^s' 

kd'bo  5r-f<i(}''i 
ka'bo  vr-tt'gdl 
kd'bo  pQQl-son' 
kd'bo  ki'ldix' 

kd'bo  sdn  ni-kO-l'ds' 

ka'bQQ  sd'^Qng  rS'ge 

kd'bQQ  sd'^iijng  v'i'sen'te 

kd'bo  t'f-bQi^rdn' 

kd'bo  tO-rel' 

ka'bo  tO-tO-rdl' 

trd-fdl-gdr' ;  e.  tra-fal'gar 

ka'hr'd 

kd-bri-ire' 

kd-sd-pd'bd 

kdk-kd-mo' 

kd'Uie-res 

kd-she'QQ 

kd-ch'i-md'yo 

k'd-sh^<f -A't-rd 

kd-dd-g^.^n' 

kd-dd-val' 

kd-de-dkf 

kdd-nt'  ^^ 

kd-de-rg'i-ta 

kd-tfiydk' 

kad'ii ;  t>p.  kd'tTUh 

p'i-t've  di  kd'dO'rs 

kddt'idndt 

kdng 

kd-gd-ydn' 

kdi'v'i 

kdl'ijd-ri 

kd'gQif-a 

kd-i-te' 

kd-Ore' 

ar.  kd'h'i~rdj  k'd''i^o 

kd'i-ro   I    ,_^ 

put'so.  'd  ka-'i-d'no 

kd'l'd-bO'so 

kU-ld'br-i-d 


Calabria  Citeriore,(Napl.)pr. 
Calahorra,  (Sp.)    Calagurris. 
CalaiSj(Fr.) 
Calaisis,  (Fr.)  distr, 
Calanca,  (Bwitz.)  v. 
CalaccilKitta.     See  Calata-    i 

scibelha.  { 

Calata  Bellalaj  (Sic.)  mt, 
Calatafimi,  (Sic.) 
Calata  Girone,  or  Caltagi-   j 

rone,  (Sic.)  ) 

Calatanazur,  (Sp.) 
Calata  Scibetta,  or  Calasci-  j 

beita,  I 

Calatayud,  (Sp.) 
Calatrava,  la  Vieja.     Ore-  ) 

tutn,  or  Orea.  ) 

Calatro,  (Napl.) 
Calaya,  (Mex.) 
Calchagiia,  (Chile,)  pr. 
Calci,  (Tu.sc.) 
Caldas  da  Uainha,  (Port.) 
Caldas  de  Gerez,  (Port.) 
Caldas  de  Sao  Miguel,  (Port) 
Caldas  del  Key,  (Sp.) 
Caldas  de  Moiibuy,  (Sp.) 
CaldeiratJ,  Serra  de,  (Port.)  J 

Caldera,  (Peru  Conf.) 
Caldiero,  (It.  Lomb.) 
Cali,  (S.  A.  N.  Gren.) 
Call  mo,  (TjT.) 
Calitri,  (Napl.) 
Calken,  (Belg.) 
Callao,  (Peni.) 
Calle,  la,  (Alger.) 
Calliano,  ( Tyr.) 
Calniar,  or  KaUnar,  (Sw 
Calniila,  (Mes.)pr. 
Calofaro,  (Sic.)     whirlpooL  ) 

Charijbdis.  i 

Caltagi'rone.    See  Calatagi- 1 

rone.  J 

Caltanisetta,  (Sic.) 
Caluso,  (Pied.) 
Calvados,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Caivano,  (Tusc.)  mt. 
Calvi,  (Cors.)  Calvium. 
Calw,  (VViirt.) 
Calzada,  ^Sp.) 

Camajore,  (C.  It.) 
Cainaldoli,  {Tunc.)  for.  cloist, 
Caniargue,  la,  (Fr.)  isl. 
Carnariiiag,  (Sp.) 
Camarone^,  (Patag.)  r. 
Cambrai,  or  Cambray,(Fr.)  ) 

Camamcum.  ) 

Cambresis,  (Fr.)  old  div. 
Canibrils,  (Sp.) 
Camera  do  Lobos,  (Mad.) 
Camerata,  (Sic.) 
Canierino,  (It.)     Camerinum. 
Camerones,  (Guin.)  r. 
Caineta,  (Braz.) 
Caniinha,  (Port.) 
Camogli,  (Sard.) 
Campagna  di  Roma,  (It.)     ) 

old  pr.     Liidum.  ) 

Campagna  Felice,  {former  } 

Campania.)  ) 

Canipan,  (Fr.) 
Campana,  la,  (Sp.) 
Campbelltown,  (9c.) 

Campbiel,  (Pyr.)  peak. 
Canipec-he,S.  Francisco  de,  ) 

(C.  A.  Yucatan.)  ) 

Cauiperdown,  ( Neth.  j  dut.  j 

Camperduin.)  ) 

Campidoglio,  (/»?rmwCap- ) 

itolium.)  i 

Campillo  de  Arenas,  (Sp.) 
Campinas,  (Braz.) 
Campobasso,  (Napl.) 
Canipo  del  Cadore,  (Lomli.) 
Cam{)0  de  Villarica,  (Port.)  i 

plain.  ) 

Cainpo  Formic,  (N.  It.) 
Campo  Mayor,  (Port.) 
Caini>os  Paresis,  (Braz.)      ) 

plain.  ) 

Campo  Santo,  (Modena.) 
Campredon,  (Sp.) 
Canmcim,  (Braz.)  r. 

Canada,  (N.  A.) 

Canal  de  la  C6te  d'Or,  (Fr.) 
Canal  do  I'Est,  du  Centre,  i 

(Fr.)  i 

Canal  des  Landea,  (Fr.) 
Canal  du  Midi,  (Fr.) 
Canary,  (sp.  Conarias.)        ) 

Fortunate  Insula.  isL        ) 


kd-ld'brf-d  cKi'ti-r'i-^'r^ 

ka-ld'Or'rd 

kal'u ;  (r.  kd'Ui 

kd-ia-W 

ka-lau'ka 

kd-tdshi-bit'ta 

kd-la'td  b£l-ld'tit 
kd-la'tafi'm't 

kd-ld'td  dg'1-rO'ni 

kd-ld'ld-ndtfiOr' 

kd-ld'td  shtbit'til 

kd-ldtd-y^Qd' 

kd'ld-trd'vd,  Id  vi-i'fhd 

kd'ld-lro 

ha-la'y'd     .^ 

kal-cba'g^^-d 

kal'chi 

kal'dos  dd  rd-'in'hd 

kid'dan  dz  ^e-rtJ 

kdl'dds  dt  na'^^ng  ta'i'gsji' 
kal'ddt  drl  rpi      ^ 
kal'dus  di  vibn-bt^^'t 

str'rd  lit  kdl'ilit-i-ra'g^ng 

kdl-ds'rd 

kal-di-e'ro 

kd  ti'  ' 

kd  ti-d'no 

kd-lt'tri 

kal'ken 

kal-ya'o 

Id  kal 

kul-l'i-d'no 

kal' mar 

kal-m'i'id 

kd-lo'fd-ro 

kdltd-dg'i-rO'i>§ 

kdl-td-ni-stt-td 
kd-lf^'so 
kdl-vd-dOa' 
kdt-ra'no 

kat'v'i 

kalv 

kal-thd'dd 

kd-md-Pi're 

kd-mdld5-rt 

Id  kd~vtdrg' 

kd-vid-r'iii^y'ds 

kd-md^ii'n§3 

kdng-br&' 

k'dng-bre-iV 

kdm-br'ils' 

kd-me'rd  de  iG'bOs 

kd-m£-rd'td 

kdme-fi'no 

kd-me-ro'nea 

kd-me-td' 

ka-m'in'yd 

kd-moi'yi 

kdm-pdn'yd  di  rH'md 

kdm-pdn'yd  fe-tt'eki 
kdng -pang' 
lit  kam-pa'nd 
kameltown 
kdng-bi^^V 

Ban  frdtt-th'ts'ko  di  kdm- 
pe'che 

kdm'per-doin' 

kdm-pt  dUVyo 

kdm-p'il'yo  dt  \i-rt'n'ds 
kdm-p'i'uas 
kdtn'pd-bds'so 
kam'po  dtl  ka-dQ'n 

kdng'p^Q  d£  rtl-ld-r'i'kii 

kdm'pnftr'm'i-o 
kang'pfii}  via-yOre' 

kaiig'p^^a  pd-r&'sh'is 

kdm'po  I'dn'to 
kam-prg-dbn' 
kd-m^^-stng' 
can'ada  :  sp.  kd-vd'dd  and 

kd-nd-da' 
kd-naV  de  Id  kCte'dur^ 

kd-n'dV  d'd.  li-st'{dii  edngtr) 

kd'VdV  SS  Idvgd' 
kd-nal'  du  m't-dt' 

kd-nd'ri-ds 


rft.  ,  i  .hort.  Jit  -Pr.  A  long,  A  abort,  nearly  a.  in  yu--  -  iV, '».  "V.  '"mW-  -  -^""g""-  -  J'  '*'  g""""'  i  g  "  '  "  P'"^"'  '  '^  «"'"■  ^'^  ""■ "  "'  '^"^°°"  '  '""  ^- 


1335 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Canar>'  Utmid,  (Sp.  Gran.)  t 
Canaria.  } 

Cafiaveril  de  Leon,  r.  Sp. 

Cancale,  (Fr.) 

Caiidelaria,  (S.  A.  PI.  Cout) 

Candia.     See  Crere, 

Canelon,  (PL  (.'unC) 

Can«a,  (Candia.) 

Cailele  de  la^j  Torres,  (Sp.) 

CaSeTe  la  lieAl,-(£^p.) 

Canfcas  de  Oais,  (Sp.) 

Cansucii,  (Braz.) 

Canha,  (^Horl.) 

Catiioani,  (Sic.) 

CaTiig.Mi,  (Fr.)  n. 

Csnimt,  (lU) 

Cauiie,  (Napl.)     CaiuM. 

Cannej,  (Fr.) 
CaunstadtjCWUrt.) 
CaHMel  Trocadero,  (8p.)  isL 
Caaoffl,  (N'apl-) 
C*ni*3j(:i,  (C.  It.) 
Cantitl,  (Fr.)  tUp. 
Oantinhede,  (Port.) 
Cautiani,  (It.) 
Caniai'ieja,  (Sp.) 
Cnutazari,  (Napl.) 
Caiiz.t,  (Lxnb.) 
Ciiileleti,  (Fr.) 
Ca[»arola,  (Ponl.  8l) 
Cx;t  de  Bjane  Esperance,    i 
(S^  Ar)  prom.  \ 

Cap  de  li  lIj9(ie,Raz  Blan-  ) 
child,  (Fr.)  prom.  ] 

C\ppt,  (;5witz.) 
Cap  H  iVhon,  (A>niifW^Cap  ) 
Fraii^ii^,  llayti.)  { 

Capitanati,  (N.ipl.)  prov. 
Capis,  (Piiilippine^) 
Cap  la  R  iche,  (ilayu.)  prom. 
Cap<i  O.ita  Fiamua,  t 

^  Cors.)  prom.  * 

Capodi  Boito,  (Sic) 


Capo  di  Leuka,  (Napl.) 
Capj  di  Ponte,  (Lomb.) 
Caps  d'Utriri,  ( Au:«t.)  JE/uf« 
Cap>  .M  nite  ArgenUro,        I 

F""a-(lt)  I 

Cap^j  Pis«ara,  (3if.)  proau 
Capj  PdJoru,  (Sic.)  promt 
Capo  San  Angetu,  Malea,    i 

(Tut.)  prom.  ( 

Capo  Teulada,  (Sard.) 
Cap3Vt.Capia,Cap<is,(Napl. 
Capo  Vie^ce,  (II)  prom. 
Capp^l,  (SwriiB.) 

Capnt        -    : 

Cipn 

C.ipn.  Caprt*. 

Cap  Riz  de  Cjiuarton,         ) 

(Fr.)  prom.  j 

Cap  Sicie,  (Fr.)  ^rom. 
CapTaillaal,  (Fr.)  prtm, 
Capua.     S-«  Capova. 
Caprsm,  (Fr.) 
Caq'ieta,  (Braz.)  r. 
Carabmcltel,  (Sp.)  aut'e. 
Caracares.     Ste  Ybera. 
Ciraca',  or  Caraccas,  ( 

(Venez.  S.  A.)  j 

Caramanico,  (Napt) 
Cara9»>n,  (Culuinb.)  «L 
Caravaeaj  (Sp.) 
Cararanij,  (Lomb.) 
Caraveflas,  «">,„_,.        ( 
Caravelbaa,      \  (**"^^        j 
Carballo,  (Sp.) 
CartK>nara,  (Sard.)  caps. 
Carcaci,  (Sic.) 
Carcaixenle,  (Spk,)  0r  ) 

Carcajenle.  j 

Careasone,  (Pr.)    C*rcaM. 
Carcden,  (Sp.) 
Cirden,  (Pr.) 
Cardenas,  f3p.) 
Card  ma,  (Sp.) 
Cardoner,  O^p.)  r. 
Caregiji,  (Tuac.) 
Careiinac,  (Fr.) 
Carfasnana,  (Sfod.) 
Carliaii,(Pr.)    Fm-o-oiuam. 
Cariacii,  (Venez.) 
Carignan,  (Fr.) 
Carisnano,  (Piei) 
CariBena,  (Sp.) 
Carini,  (Sic.) 
Carinola,  (Xapl.) 
Carinlhia.     See  Kamthen. 
Carla-le-Cmle.  (Fr.) 
Carlisle,  (Eng.) 
Carloe,  San,  (Venez.) 


kdH-yij-Pi-rHl'  di  t^-dn' 
liOMf-kiilii' 

kdx'iti-ii 

ta-nc-lliH' 

kdiii'U 

kix-fc'tc  ii  Ua  Or'rtt 

ka.-yt'li  Id  rs-al' 

kOJi'gttj  J[  S'nit 

kan'fU 
ka-ml-tmfa 

kit-nVna 

kttx'nt 

kin 

koH'ttaJt 

k(U'fS  dtt  trOJM^n 

kdnd'sa 

/td-aOj'sil 

ktOif-Ul' 

kdM^-tdM-yf'dg 

kdm  ti-a'ao 

kaH-td-rt-{'fha 

kdH-tad-Mt'ra 

kdiut'm 

ktUgt-Uk' 

kd-f<t-rC'U 

kdf  dt  Mm  f-rt-raxfti 

klip  MU  if  (rtii  Ulbt£. 

»»*•) 
kd-pt' 
kdf  d-l-a-imgi ,  UlpfiilKf- 

td' 

ka-fi-a-ntfin 

ka'ptA 
kdp  Id  rHik' 

kd'pa  kd'ld  fiit^HTra 
kd'p.  di  bi-t'o 
ki'pa  dt  tt'v^ka 


kJpa  dl  ia'ii  It 
M>j  dUtrl  d 

kdp.  wtl^' tt  Ib'-dfpi-Ufro 

kd'pt  pdt'sd-T. 

kd'pa  pt-iU'ro 

ka/p.  tarn  du'dgt-to  (aO- 

kitp.  it-tt-nt'da 

ikd'ptiM,  kd'pi-d 
*<Ck  rl-CJ-tt'cks 
kdrlpH^ 

kdpro^a 

ka-prt'at 
ht'prt 

kdprdidH  ka-mHr-ttltf' 

kdpzt-ti' 

kdpldl-fdnf' 

ktt'p^^-it 

kdp~ctm' 

kdkt-td' 

kd-ra-idn-tttV 

ka-rdkd'Ttt 

kd-rdkdi 

kd-rd-md'nik. 

kdrdasiiL' 

kdrd.td'kd 

kd-rd-Bdt*  £. 

kdrd-rlt'Ut 

kd-rd-r{l'i/dt 

hdr-bdl'yo 

kdr  ta-md'ra 

kar'kd<k% 

kdr-kdl-lhiv'H 

kdr-kd-etl'UM 

kdr-k<t-rtl'YB4 

kdr  kdi-sllHt' 

kdr-tke-lfx' 

kdr'dr* 

kar'dg-ndi 

kdr-da'nd 

kdr-di-nsr' 

ka-ret'gi 

kd-rf-nak' 

kdr-fdxyitna 

Jrd-rS' 

Idrld'ko 

kd-r'la-ydn^ 

kd-r'iit-yd'ito 

kd-r'in-y^  Kd 

kdrl'nf 

kd-rl-nC'la 

kttrld'HkBitgt 

kdr'lUt 

sdn  kdr'ldt 


Cftrlota,  la,  (SpO 
Carlowilz,  t.\uatf.) 
Carlsbad,  (Doh.) 
CarUcrona,  or  Bleking, 

(fciwed.)  pr. 
Carlsdal,  (Swed.)  b. 
Carliilianin,  (Swed.) 
Carlsnihe,  (Bad.) 
Carlslad,  (Swcd.)  pr. 
CaruiniiiHtla,  (Sani.) 
Canncsiiix,  (Fr.) 
Carmen,  (Gulfof  r«l.)  .».'. 
Camion,  el,  or  Paiagiioci',  / 

( Uuciius  Ayres.)  \ 

Carnioua,  (Sp.)    Carmn. 
Cariiac,  (Fr.) 
Camiola.     Srr  Krain, 
Caniline,  or  New  Pliilip-     \ 

pine.4,    Up.  <.:atv.'tiim!«,     > 

Nliovas  Filiphia-*.)  L^U.   ) 
Canily  Fejer\'gr.  Sri  Karls-  I 

burn.  i 

Cariinin,  (Pic.) 
Cartira,  (venez.) 
Carpane,  or  Curpanedo,     ) 

(N.  It.)  ! 

OHrjiatliian,  or  Krd|iack8,    \ 

( Eur.;  4f.  die  Karpathen.)  > 

mts.  J 

Carpentras,  (Fr  )    C^r^en- > 

ti/raetc  ) 

Carpi,  (."».  It.) 
Carpino,  ((^ilab.)  m. 
Carrara,  (It  ) 
Carrick  on  Snir,  (Ir.) 
Carrie,  (Hied  ) 
Carrion,  (J'p.) 
Cartagena,  (Sp.)  CdrUugo  I 

.\ura.  { 

Canapi,  (llosq.  Ca  C.  A.)  r 
Cartama,  (Sp.) 
Canun,  (Sp.) 
Canipano,  (Vcnct.) 
(  an'oeiro,  (Porl.) 
Casaceia,  (SwiB.  ;  g.  Ka-  j 

atscli.)  { 

Caaale,  (Pied.) 
Casal  Mag|:iiire,  ^  I^orab.) 
Caaalniiovn,  (Napl.) 
CuamiceiulB,  (Xapl.) 
Ciuar,  el,  de  i  aceres,  (S^i.) 
CaaanUxuielu,  (^'p.) 

Ciueaoa,  (Port) 

Caadaoo,  San,  (lei  Bagni,  ) 

(Tu«-.)  j 

Cverta,    Napl.) 
C4.<1bw,  or  Cza<law,  ) 

(D<4u  ;  g.  Torluvlau.)      ) 
Ca«>li,  ( .Napl.) 
Caspe,  (.^p.) 
Ca«piaji  fell.  Mare  Ht;rca-  | 


111  karle'ta 

karU'liadt 

kdrykre'tM 

kdrWdaU' 

kHrlf-kman' 

kdrWrov'ki 

karVatdd 

kdr-mdn-yS'M 

ktir-mo' 

kar-mtn.' 

kOr-nUi'na 

kdr-Hdk' 

karaio'ld 

ka-ri-U'ads,  H^^t'tUs 
fH-a-pt'Hds 

kd-ralt/  ft-yt^vllkr' 

kU-rt-nt'd 
kd-rS'rd 

k'dr-pWnti  klir^it^'do 


Cuaano,  (.Vapl.) 

Caosaro,  (Sic.) 

Caaael,  or  Kas^l,  (Genu.) 

Casaela. 
CaaFiouo,  Monte,  (Xapl.) 


Caasiqtiinri,  (S.  .A.)  r. 
CasAK,  (Fr.) 

Castagncto,  (Tusc.)  castle, 
Castanuela,  (.Mcx.) 
Casfeggio,  (Pied.) 
Caslel  Bidiignese,  (It.) 
Canlel  Franco,  \  Lonil).) 
Csiitc-I  a  .Mare,  pr  Ca.stetla. 

mare  de  Slabia,  (Xnpl.) 
Castel  Gandollo,  (II.) 
CaflelBiielfo,  {.V.  It.) 
Cafitellamonte,  (Pied.) 
Caslellaniip,  (Fr.) 
CiuTel  l-eone,  (Lomix) 
Caiitelli  Branro,  (Port.) 
Ca^tell'^in  de  la  Plana, 

(Sp.)    Castaiia. 
CK.<tellone,  (XapL) 
Ca£telniuEcliio,  (III.) 
Caslelnaii,  (Fr.) 
Cnstelnauilary,  (Fr.)    Sc$- 

lomaintx. 
Ca.'ilelntio^-o,  (It.) 
Caetelntiovo  di  Garfagna- 

na,  (.Mod.) 
Ca-Cel  Sardo,  (Sard.) 
Cartel  Sarrasin,  (Fr.) 
Cajtf  Ivetere,  (Napl.) 
Ca.=teivelran(-,  (Sic.) 
Ca.«tigli..ne,  (It.) 
Ca^tiglione  delle  Sliriere, 

(Ix^-inli.) 


karpa'tkian 

kar^pVxS-trVl 

kar'p-i 

kdr-pVno 

kdr-rd'rd 

kar'riek  on  skoore 

kttr-rikf 

kdr^lSn,' 

kdr^a-lhc'na 

kdr-Ufgo 

kdr'ta-mU 

kdr^QQ'^ka 

kd-r^i^-pU'ma 

ttir.v6-&'i-r^0 

kit.tm'tkd,  kdtauh' 

kU-ed'li 

kd-jrOt'  rndt-gU'rc 

kd~sdt'  ti^^o'co 

kdsa-mtt'cU-ld 

[l  ka-sdr'  dt  kd'thi-ris 

kit-adr'd-bi-Kt'ld 

ka>-ka'is 

to*  kd-skd'na  dpi  blbl'^ 

kd-atr'td 

chdhe'ldf 

ka-ei'tt 

kda'pt 

laa'pian 

kds-sd'no 
kds'sd'ro 

kdsUH 

i»GH't£  kds-t'i'no 

kds-si-ki-d' ri 

kas~si' 

kdsMiH-rjt'io 

kds-tU-u^-i'ld 

kdstet'go 

kd-steV  ba-lSn-yi'ss 

kd-stel*  frdn'ko 

kd-slel'  d  md'ri,  kitstfl-ld- 

ma're  rfj  std'b'l-d 
kd-sliV' gdn-dWfo 
kd-slel-mfil'  fo 
kd-ltl'ld-mlln'tl 
l:dst(I'taii' 
kd-i^el'  lc-3'ffg 
ka-gtei'lfji^brdn'k^ 

kd-stet-yQu  de  Id  pld'tid 
kd'Sle!'lif'ne 
kd-stel-jii^<^!s'l:'f.o 
kd-M  no' 

kd'jitel-nd-dd-r'i' 
kd-steVn^Q-6'vo 
kd'Slet'nQt}-S-vo  di  g'dr- 

fan-yd'tl'd 
kd'trtil'  sdr'tlo 
kd-titeU  sd-rd-sdng' 
kd-^let  vr'le~r£ 
kd-stet-ve-trd'no 
kd-st'il-y5'ni 
kd'Sfit-ijC'ns  d^l-Ii  sVi^v't- 

e'n 


Oautile,  or  t  (Sjj.)  formerly 
t-'a^tilla,      I      kingdom. 
Caiitilla  la  Nueva,  (Sp.) 

old  pr. 
Castilla  la  Vioja,  (Sp.)  eld 

pr. 
Castillo  de  Ucles,  (Sp.) 

former  cloister. 
CoKtillon,  (Fr.) 
,  (Fr.) 


Costres, 

Castro,  (It.)  Cojtremonium. 
Kueuo  del  Kio,  (Sp.) 
Caatnipiovaniii,  iSic.)  Eiinn. 
Castrojeria,  (Sp.) 
Cuslro  Mariin,  (Port.) 
Castro  I'rdinles,  (Sp.) 
CaslroviUtiri,  (Xapl.) 
Ciiplro  Vircyna,  (Peru.) 
Caliilina,  St'a,  (Upp.  Cal.)  UL 
(?ataloliiu,  «r  i  .«  .  .    , .        I 
L-ataluaa,         (S|'-)"Wfr.  j 
Catainnrca,  (IM.  ConI'.)  drp, 
Catania,  (Sic.)    Cufutiu. 
Catnnzam,  (Napl.) 
Cateaii,  lo,  or  CateaiifCba-  j 
teaii)  Caiiihresifi,  (Fr.)      i 
Catelet,  lo,  (Fr.)  old  pr. 
I'aterina,  Sta.,  (Sic.) 
Catocache,  (Colilnib.)  mU 
Catoclie,  (Alex.)  prom. 
Catorce,  or  La  Piiri^inia  ) 
Concepcion  de   Alanio;^  > 
de  Catorce,  (Mox.)  ) 

Oattiijo,  (Lomb.)  castle. 
Cattaro,  (Ualni.) 
Catlfgal,  (N.  Sea,)  iiil. 
Cutlolica,  (II.) 

Cauca,  (S.  A.  N.  Or«n.)  r. 
Caudebec,  (Fr.) 
Cauderan,  (Fr.) 
Caiimont,  (Fr.) 
Cannes,  (Fr.) 
CaiiKKBde,  (Fr.) 
Cauterets,  (Fr.) 
Cam,  Piija  de,  (Fr.)  dUt. 
Cava,  (Napl.) 
Cavado,  (Port.)r. 
Cavaillon,  (Fr.) 
Cavarzerc,  {L.omh.) 
Cavile,  (Isl.  Lnzon.) 
Cavo,  .Monte,  (It.)  m. 
Caxaninrca,  (Pern.) 
Caxaniarquilla,  (Peru.) 
Caxatambo,  (Peru.) 
Caiiaa,  (Peru  j/ormerly  Al-  ) 
deas  Alias.)  ) 

Caxoeira,  (Braz.) 
Cayaiiibe,j'Colimib.)  mt. 
Caynpo,  (Braz.)  r. 
Cayenne,  (Fr.  Qui.) 
Cayte,  (Braz.) 
Cazalla  de  la  Sierra,  (Sp.) 
Caz^res,  (Fr.) 
Cazoria,  (Sp.)  « 

Ceara,  (Braz.)  pr. 
Cebolla,  or  Cevolla,  (Sp.) 
Cebu,  (Philippines.) 
Cecillaiio,  (It.) 
Cecina,  (Tusc.) 
Cefala,  (Sic.) 
Cefalonia,  or  Ceplialonia,    } 

(lOHi   Isl.H.)  ) 

Cel'alonta  Piccola, (Ion.  Isls.) 
Cefalu,  (Sic.)     Cepha'udium. 
Cega,  (Sp.)  r. 
Ceilao.     See  Ceylon. 
Celnno,  (Napl.) 
Celanova,  (Sp.) 
Celaya.    See  Zelaya. 
Cellauiare,  (Napl.) 
Celle,  or  Zell,  (Han.) 
Cellerfold.     Srr  Zellerfcld. 
Ceneda,  (Lomb.) 
Cenere,  (.Mod.)  mt, 
Cenia,  (.Sp.) 

Ceuis,  (Sav. ;  it.  Ceniso.)  mt. 
Cenlallo,  (Pied.) 
Cento,  (Pom.  Si.) 
Centorl)i,  (Sir.)     Cejituripi. 
Ceperka,  (Boll.)  U 
Cc|ilialenia,  or  Cefalonia. 
Ceranii,  (Sic.) 
Orano,  (Pied.) 
Ceralio,  or  Creazzo,  (It.) 
Cerdagne,  la,  (blur.  ;  sp.       I 
Cerdana,)  old  div.  ) 

C«r«,  St.,  (Fr.) 
Cereiontaine,  (Belg.) 


j    kdstU'ya 

I    kd-etWyd  Id  n^^'cil 

j    kd-sCil'ydlavi^t'lkll 

t    kdstil'yo  dt  tV-klpi' 

kd'Sti-yUng 

kd.Hr 

kd'slro 

kd'stre  dil  r'i'o 

kd'strO-dgC-rdn'n'i 

ki-strO-ihfrls' 

kd' strij^md-rine' 

kd'stro  Q^r.d'i-alta 

kd-strO-viria-r'i 

kd'stio  v't-rt'l-nd 
sa»  t'd  kd-ta-U'tLa 


kata-lf^n'ya 

kd-ia-mitr'ka 

kd-td'ai-a 

kd.tdnd-sd'ro 

W  kd-to\shd-to')kdiig-iTil- 

u kmit' ' 

sdn'm  kd-tt^Vna 

kH-tO-kW  cht 

kd-tO'cht 

Id  pQ^-r'ts's^,ma  kdn-tksp- 

tlii-Qn'  dt    d'ld-mQs  dt 

ka-U>r'Uii 

kdt-td'r^> 

kdl'td-ro 

kdt'tt-gdl 

kdt-to'li-kd 

kd'^^d 

kude-btk' 

k6de-rdng* 

k9-m6ng^ 

kSlM 

kOs-s'ddet 

ka-tr^ 

pPt  da  ka 
kd'od 
ka-vd'dfQ 
kd-vd-l-yOng' 

kd-vdrd'se-rg 

kd^v'i'te 

mOn'tt  kd'vo 

kd'Ckd-mdi-'k'd 

kd'Cha-mdr-kil'yd 

kd^chU-tdm'bo 

kd-eki'ds 

kd-sht^Q-a't-rU 

kd-ydm'be 

kd-yd-pu' 

k£i-tn' 

kd-i-tt' 

ka-thdl'yd  dt  Id  sl-er'ra 

kd-zlre' 

kd-t/iOr'lU 

8t-d-rd' 

the-bol'yd 

tht-bQ^y 

cht-ch'ilr-ld'no 

cht'ch'i-nd 

ckt-Jd-ldi 

chtfd-lS-ni'd 

eht-fd-lS-ni'a  ptk'kS-la 

che-fd-lgQ' 

the'  gd 

sWi-ld'ti^ng 

ehe-ld'no 

tkt-ld-nO'rd 

tht-ld'ijd 

cbtl-ldmd'rt 

tsel'Uj  tsel 

tsel' ler-fildt' 

che-ne'tld 

clte'ne-re 

tltt'n'i-'d 

se-nia';  it.  che-n'i'aa 

cben-tdl'la 

ckeit'to 

chen-tfir'b'i 

che-ptr'kd 


ckt-rU'm'i 
cht-rd'no 
cke-rd'tt-o 

Id  ser-ddny' ,  ther-ddii'rd 

sdng  se-re' 
tire  fong-t&ne 


*"«.  fdr,  .ffU,  Kkift,  hit.  —  Mitt,  prty,  kilp,  tktre,  **r.  —  Plite,  marine,  bird,  fig.  —JVZte,  dine,  mive,  iCQlf,  b<)fk,  lord.  —  Tane,  b]iU,  t/nite.  —  oi,  toy ;  oJi,house,  —  Fr.'ft  long, 
1336  "  '  ~" 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Ceresole,  (Pied.) 
Ceret,  (Fr.) 
Cerigiiula,  la,  (Napl.) 
Cerigo,  C'""-  '^'^•> 
Ccrigolto,  (Ion.  IsU.) 
C6risy,  (Fr.) 
Cerlior.    See  Erlach. 
Cernihon,  f  .Mor.) 
Certy  Kostelec,  iBuh.) 


ag'rg' 

lii  ehi-rin-y5'id 

ch^-ri'gQ 

ch^~r'i'g6t' to 

se-ri-zV 

aer-ti-&' 

chir-nd'hS~rii 

eher-nu  k6a'tt-lits 


Cerrajon  de  MurU8,(Sp.;ints.  tktr-Ta-ckon'  d^  tn^ttis 

Cerreto,  (Napl.)  cher-re'to 

Cerro  de  Axusco,  f  Mex.^  mU.  Vfj-'ro  de-a-chqifs'ko 


Cenro  de  la  Giganta,  ( Mex. ; 

mts. 
Cerro  de  Buen  Tiempo, 

(N.  \.)mU 
Cerro  Gorda,  (C.  A.)  wit. 

fla'enu. 


Vter'ro  d^  Id  ck'i  gdn'tU 
thei-'ro  di  J^^u'tt-fim'po 
Xh?r'ro  nor'd'd 


Cerro  Gorda  de  Pasco,(Pern.)  thtr'ro  frUr'd'd  de  pds'ko 
la  Aztil,  (Lima,)      ther'ro  gor'dd  d-Uujqi' 


Vitr'ro  p^-ld'do 

cher-t'uV  do 

Id  cfter-tO's'd 

cher-vd'ro 

tlter-v^'rd 

eher-'vs'te-r'i 

cher-ve'tr'i 

cker'v'i-'d 
cher-v'in-yd'n^ 

ittOng  str-vdng' 

che-gi'nd  ,_^ 
ckt'a'i,  ch^'s'i-o 
che-to'itU 

se-tin'ye 
cket-tt'nit 

iAg'p^-ta 

le  se-cen' 

clie'v'i'O 
the-vOl'yd 

ce-lon'  or  ce-iSne' 

«£-zd-ii-«' 

sltd-bla' 

shd-bti' 
ehd-kd'o 
chd-kd-bQif' ko 
chd-chd-po' yds 
shd-s'ijig' 

el  grdn'chd'ko 

did' gres  or  skd'grSd 

chd-gQQ-d-rd'mds 
Id  shOse'di'^' 
chdl'ko 
shd-lOne' 

'    8hd4ling'  s^r  mitm 


Cerro  Gord: 

Cerro  Pelado,  (Mex.)  "»*• 
Certaldo,  (Tusc.) 
Certosa,  la,  (Lomb.) 
Cervajo,  (N!ipl.)r. 
Cervem,  (8p.) 
Cerveteri,  or  j  (C.  It) 
Cenretri,        J   Oere. 
Cervia,  (Pont  Sl) 
Corvignano,  (Napl.) 
Cervin,  Mont,  (Alps  ;  it. 

Monte  Silvio  j  g.  Mat- 

terhorn.) 
Cesam,  (Sic.) 
Cesena,  (C.  It.) 
Cesi,  or  (Josio,  (IL) 
Cetotia,  (Tii5c.) 
Cetto,  (Fr.) 

Cettigne.     See  Czettin. 
Cettina,  (Dalm.)  r. 
Ceuta,  (^p.  Marokko.) 
Cevenne.-»,  les,  (Fr.)  mt: 

CebenniB  ^Monies. 
Cevio,  (Swiiz.) 
Cevolta.     Sc  Cebolla- 
Ceylon,  'port  Ceilao,)  isL 

T^pr  bana. 
Cezalller,  (Fr.)  mt. 
Chablaid,  (Sav. ;  it.  Ecia- 

blese,  or  Ciableee.)  pr. 
Chabli;*,  (Ff.) 
Chacao,  (S.  A.) 
Chafahiito,  (Chile,) 
Chachapuyas,  (Peru.) 
Cliaciin,  (Port.) 
Chacu,  el  Gran,  (S.  A.) 

wide  regio'i. 
Cha^rc^i,  (C.  A.) 
CbaEuaramas,  (Trin.) 
Chal-'e  Dieg,  la,  (Fr.) 
Chaico,  (Mex.) 
Chalonnc,  (Pr.) 
ChftIonf»-stir-!Mnrne,  (Fr.) 

Catalaantim. 
Chalon8.sur-Sadne,  (Fr.)     |    shii-Wng' sHr  sSne 

Chalosse.jPr.)  oM  di>.  sM-Ws' 
Chaliu,  (Fr.)   CasL- um  LuciL  shd-lb' 

Chama,  (S.  A.)  r.  chd-md' 

Cliamalii^'in,  (Oii.-it.)  r.  cAd.maJ^(i-rA5n' 

Cbainao,  St.,  ( Fr.)  aing  .iM-iiui' 

Chambertin,  (Pr.)  slidngbrr-Ung' 

Chamber)-,  (saril. ;  it  ) 

8cianit«  ri,  er  (iam-  >    ahang-bt-rV 

ben.)  Camprridcmn.  ) 

Chanilxm,  (Fr.)  shdng-bSvg' 

Clmmb.inl,  (Fr.)  aliaagliOre' 

ChamonJ,  Si.,  (Fr.)  «<'«A'  'hd-mSng' 

Clllmmini,  (Hard.)  skd-mijii-nV 
Champaeiio,  (Fr.)  oldprov.      thdng-ydm' 

Cbanip  de  Mars,  (Paris.)  shdng  d'e  mdn' 

Champeii,  (Fr.)  shdng-pd.' 

I  Champisnv,  (Fr.)  akdng-plH-rfl' 

rhaiiiixaiir,  (Fr.)  dirt.  thdng-jHrc' 

I  lumpterrier,  (Fr.)  shdng-lir-si-t' 

rharnptof^,  (Fr.)  thmg-tS-te' 

Chamawi,  (Port.)  shd-mfi/g'l.d 

Chancajr,  (Pern,)  JIT.  ckdii-kd'i 

Chanceaiii,  (Fr.)  >hdng-ai' 

Chanchacnavo,  (9.  A.)  r.  chdn-ckd^mii' yo 

Chantilly,  (Fr.)  shdng-li-yi' 

Chanza,  (Port.)  r.  shdng' sd 

Cbio  de  Cofire,  (P.>rt.)  shd'tpitg  ift  kO'se 

Chapada,  (Mfa-/..)  Tn(i.  ghd-pd'dd 

Chapala,  (Mex.)  (.  ehd-pd'm 

Chapiiltopec,  (Me'_)  chd-pool-te-ptk' 

Charcaii,  or  Santa  Maria  j    tdrt'td  md-rt'U  di-ldi- 

de  la<  ClLirt-a'',  (.Mej^)  (       chdr'kds 

Charento,(Fr.)  ((dp.  shd-rdngt' 
Charcnte-tnferieure,(Fr.)diji.  ehd-rdngt'  ing-Ji^iStr' 

Charenton,  (Fr.)  shd-r'dng-ang' 

Ctaaritt,  la,  (Fr.)  ia  ihd-ri-ti' 


CUarkow,  (R.)  chdr'kof 

Ctiarleiiioiit,  (Fr.)  shdrl-mOng' 

Cliarlenii,orCliarleroy,(Belg.)  shdri-ro'd 
Cliarleville,  (Fr.;  in  Uit  ret-  i    .larZ-rf/e' 
olution  called  Libreville.)  (  " 

Charlotte  Auialie,  fW.  Inii.)   shdr-lsie'  d-md-W 
Charlottenbrunii,  (Pr.)  ahdr-lQl' trn-ir^u' 

ClKiriotteiiburg,  (Pr.)  iJidr-lSt' lsin-b<f^fg' 

Cburiney,  (Switz.  j  g.  Gut- 
in  i(?.) 
Charolais,  Canal  du,  (Fr.) 
(/harulais,  (Fr.)  old  dtc, 
Charolles,  (Fr.) 
Chartres,  (Fr.)    Autricum. 


aluir-ma' 

kd-ndi'  du  shi-rH-W 

ahd-rS-ta.' 

sha-rOl' 

shdrlr 


Chanreuiie,  la  Grande,  (Fr.)   Id  gran gd  shdr-trdtize* 


Cliasseral,  (Swilz.)  r/i£. 
Chanscrun,  (.-^wil/,.)  iiu 
Cliaileau-liiiant,  (Fr.) 
Chkteaii  Cambresitf,  (Fr.)  > 
See  Cuteau  Cambrems.      \ 
CliTiteau  Chinon,  (Fr.) 

Chilean  dii  I^oir,  (Fr.) 
Chaieaudiin,  (Fr.) 
Chateau  Gi.nlior,  (Fr.) 
Chateau  Haul  P.rion,  (Fr.) 
Chateau  Lafitto,  (Fr.) 
Chateau  Latour,  (Fr.) 
Chateau  Lin,  (Fi.) 
Chateau  Margaux,  (Fr.) 

Chateau  Mcillant,  '  Fr.) 


ahaas-ral' 

nhads-rOng' 

altd-tO'bri-dttgl 

eha-ts'  kitng-lri-zi' 

slid-ta'  alil-nSng' 

a'jd-ti'  rfft  ifdre 
shd-t5'  d^ng' 
ahd-t6'  gO'ig-t'i-s' 
shd-ti'  O'bri-Ong' 
shd-ta'  Id  fW 
altd-ti'  Id-tffr' 
ahd-t^'  Idng' 
ahd-lQ'  mdr-gtf' 

slid  16'  riie-'i-v'dtiff' 


Ohateauneuf de  Randon,(Fr.)  shd-ti-nt&f  de  rdng-do-ng' 


Chateau  Regnaull,  <ir  Re 

naud,  (Fr.) 
Chateanroux,  (Fr.) 
Chateau  Halin.s,  (Fr.) 
Chateau  'rhicm-,  (Fr.) 
Chatoict,  (Dclg.) 
Chatellcranit,  (Fr.) 


aAd-15'  r£-?io' 

shd-to-riiQ' 
shd-li'  sd-ldng'. 
slid-a'  ti-er-r'l' 
aluUe-le' 
s!id-Ul-rS' 


Ch'.tel  Saint  Denyd,  (S«  itz.)  ahd-tiladng  didn't' 


Chltenay,  (Fr.) 
CUatillon  surl'Indlo,  (Fr.) 


thdl  -ii«' 
skd-Ci-yCng'  t,ur  Idrtgdr' 
shd-fi-ySn^'  silr  lo'dng' 
shd-ti~ySag'  sur  mdrn 
shd-£i-y5ng'  sur  sone 
shd-ti-y5ng'  sur  s&uc 
sk'd-ti-ying'  sur  satir' 
shdtr' 


sh6dc-i-5g' 

alid-JSttg-tSne' 

shU-di-Sre' 
skO-mOng'  ^^ 

sk5-mon<f'  sitr  lO'dre 


CliltiUim  sur  Lning,  (Fr) 
Chatillon  sur  Marne,  (Fr.) 
Chaiillttn  Kur  Saonc,  (Fr.) 
Chaiillon  sur  Seine,  (Fr.) 
Chltillon  sur  Sivre,  (Ff.) 
Chairoii.  Sec  Arpajon. 
ChaudeM  Aiguos,  ^Fr  )  Ca- 

Icntes  Aijtta. 
Cbandfontitino,  or  \  ,p_i„  \ 
Chaufontaine,        1  l°"^'B-' 
Chaudiire,  (Can.)  I. 
Chauniont,  (Fr.) 
Chaumont  .-^ur  Loire,  (Fr.) 
Chaux  do  Fond-i,  In,  (Switz.)  Id  s/id-d'i-fSng' 
rhaux  du  Milieu,  (Swit-^.)      sh5  dii  m'i-ti-A' 
Ch:ivc.^,  (Port.)  Atiuis  FUivitc. 
Chaves,  or  Villa  tlo  Ecua-  t 

dor,  (Braz.)  ( 

Checiuy,  (Pol.) 
Cherx),  (Chile.) 
ChellKi,  (Fr.)     CeUa:. 
Chelin,  (Pol.) 
Chelva,  (Sp.) 
Cheinnil/.,  (Sax.) 
Chone  Houeeries,  (Switz.) 
Chenit,  le,  (Switz.)  jir. 
Chenonce.iux,  (Fr.) 
Cher,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Cliera.<r(i,  (Pied.) 
Cherbours!,  (Fr.) 
I'heriiion,  (Jiiva.) 
(.'herson,  (U.)  gov. 
Cherta,  (Sp.) 
Chertsey,  (Eng.) 
Clieval  Blanr,  (Sn-itz.)  mt. 
Clievreupe,  (Fr.) 
i;hiaiia,  (It.)  r. 
Chianciano,  (Tii.-^.) 
Chiapa,  or  huti  Cbiaiias,      ) 

(Mex.)  sIMr.  S 

Chiiraninnte,  (Sic  ) 
Chinri,  (l.oinIp.) 
Chi!is,«i,  1  Switz.) 
Chiavari,  (Sard.) 
Chiavaseo.     S#eChivasso. 


skd'vea 
skd'vis 

cltdng-tsV  lii 

cki'ko 

shiV 

ehibn' 

chet'vd 

vkfm'nits 

sliSite  bi^^ge-r'i' 

le  skt-nt' 

ski*-n(}/tg-s6' 

tihSre 

kr-rd-'ko 

sh£r£-b<jQrff' 

ahe-ri'bOiJ 

ck^r-adii' 

ckfr'Cd 

dtir'sy 

sh'e'rdl'  bVdng 

shU-rr^ze' 

kf-d'na 

kt~dn-ehd'  tto 

clii-d'pdj  Ida  ch'i-'d'pds 

k'i-drd-inun'le 

ki-d'rt 

k'i-db'so 

k't-d'vd-r'i 

kt-d-vda'ko 


Chiavenna,(Iionib.)C/«oenno  k'i-d-rcn'n'd 

Chirhen,  (S.  A.  Yuc.)  

Chichibacoa,  (Colunib.) 
Ctiirhy, 
Chirlana,  (Sp.) 
Chienli,(0.  It.) 
Chiori,  (Pied.)    Carta. 
Cliiesa,  (Tvr.)     Cluaius. 
Chicti,  Civ'ita  dl,  (Napl.) 

Teate. 
Chihuihua,  (Mex.) 

Chilapa,  (Mci.)  r. 
Chiica,  (Peru.) 


cht^dlfn' 

cht-chi-bd-kO'd 

ski-ski' 

ch'i-kld'iia 

ki-en'ti 

ki-c'r-l 

ki-e'sd 

cKi-vi-fd'  ii  lU-t'Ci 

cA'/-<>()-a'9(i-tt,  or  cKi- 

elQ-d'gW-d 
cki-ld'pU 
ehil'kd 


Chilecito,  (PI.  Conf.) 
Chile,  or  Chili,  (8.  A.) 
Chilian,  (Chile,)  dial. 
Chiloe,  (S.  A.)  Ul. 
Chitpanzingo,  (Mex.) 
Chiltepec,  (.Mex.)  r. 


eki-lt-tht'to 

ckt'li,  chi'li  i  e.  chVn 

ck'il-yan' 

ck'tWti  or  dii-ld-i' 
di'il-pdn-th'in'go 

ektl-tt-pik' 


L'hiinaltenango,  (GuaL)  pr.  chi-mdl-ti-niin' go 

Chiinay,  (Belg.)  sht-viti' 

Chiinlio,  (Ecuad.  S.  A.)  ch'im'bo 

ChiinboraHSO,  or  l  (S.  A.)     I  ih'im-bQ-rds'so 

Chiniborazu,        \     mt.       }  ckim-bQ-rd'tJio 

Chiinova,  (Gr.)  ■  ki-mS'cH 

Chiiiuinpas,  (Mex.)  chi-udm'pda 

Chinanucga,  (Guat.)  dii-ndn-de' g'd 

Chincliay,  or      }  .n       \  ,  t  ch'in-ckd'i 

Chinchaycocha,  (  ('  ""''>  '■  ]  Mn-chfi-kH'chU 

CInni-hilla,  (Sp.)  ekin-cliil'yd 

ChilK-hon,  (Sp.)  ckin-ckOn' 

Cliincborro,  el,  (Yuc.)  reef.  £'  ihin-ehir'ro 

Chincu,  (S.  As.)  ial.  chin'ko 

Chine,  la,  (Can.)  Id  sKlne 

Chinendega,  (Nicar.)  cM-Vfu-di'gU 

Chinon,  (Fr.)  shi-nlmg' 

Chioggia,  coiimonty  Chioz-  )  lifiifin   kT^t'sd 

za,  (N.  It.)  f'aasaClodid.  (  * 

Chipicani,  Ncvado  de,  ve-rd'do  di  M-pt-k»'nH 

(Bol.)  mt  1      ■ 

Chippenham,  (F.ng.)  cUp'num 

Chiquiniula,  (Oual.)pr.  c/ii-AY-wfc'W 

Chiquilos,  (Colunib  )  stute.  c'li-ki'lSs 

Chiriiii.l,  lit.  A.)  pro  r.  chi-ri-ndV 

Chirripo,  (Cohla  Rica,  1  ch'ir-r'i'po 

i\  A.)  vote.  i 

Chisaino.  (Candia.)  ki-sd'mo 

Chiti,  (Cypru!.)     Citlnm.  M^i 

Chiuma,  (Sp.)  cAt-fo'ma 

Chiu.™,  la,  (Sard.)  Id  ki^^^'sU 

Chiusa,  (Tyr. ;  g.  Ktausen.)  k'i-^f'sd 

Chiusi,  (Tusr.)  kt-n'si 

Chiva,  (Sp.)  cAi'ca 

"^"(s'^Airr' '^'"'""™™'      i  '*'"«-'»' 

'^VS")''^*'''''""^"'      i  *'"«''»» 

Chivatu,  (S.  A.)  r.  cM-rd-t^ 

Chlumec,  (Boh.)  Ihlff'mits 

Chmiclnik,  (R.  T,.l)  ckmi-eVnik 

Choco,  (N.  Gran.)  Drop.  cko-ku'^ 

Chodziesz,  (Posen.)  chCd'i't-^sh 

Choez,  (Pol.)  cUtak 

Olmi.^y  sur  Seine,  or  Le       )  sl,i^.:V  sir  sllne 

Rot,  (Fr.)  S 

Cholet,  or  Chollet,  (Fr  )  skd-le' 

Cholula,  (Mex.)  chO-lff/'ld 

Cholmogory,  (R.)  thal-mo-gS'rl 

Chonos,  (Chile,)  ist.  cha'nSs 
Choonialarie, 

Chorillos,  (Pern.)  chd-ril'yes 

Chorrera,  (N.  Gran.)  c/iSr-rjVa 

Chotibor,  (Boh.)  ckit'ye-bqrsk 

Chots,  (ll.)»/t.  c-/»ot.<A 

Chotusitz,  or  )  ,n„h  >  (  ckO'l^o-aita 

Chotusice,      i  '•"°"-'  (  rho'tvt-si-tse 

Cholyn,  (R.)  ckn-tf^' 

Christiaiiia,  (Xorw-.)  '  kri-sti-d'R'i-d 

Chri.stiania  Fjord,  (Norw.)  /  krt-sli^d'ni-d  /T-irti 

bay.     •  i 

Christianopcl,  (Sw.)  kri-stt^-nS'pil 

Christians,  (Xonv.)  dial.  krV sti-dlms' 

Chi.sttansand,  (Norw.)  kri'atidn-'zdndl' 

Christiansfeld,  (Denni.)  krV sfi-dns-fildl' 

Chrisliansoe,  (Denm.)  isl.  kri' sCi-dxs-^' 

Chri.stian.-<t;id,  (Sw.)  kri-ati-dnstsd' 

Chri-^tiansled,  (S.  Crcix,      j  kri-saOn-stid' 

W.  Ind.)  1  ^ 

Christiaiisund,  (Niirw.)  tri'»!-(-<in-»ccii<i' 

CUristinehamn,  (Sw.)  krt-.sti'ne-hdm,.' 

ChristinesUdt,  (U.  Finl.)  kri-sti'ne-stddl' 

„  .   .  ckroo'dvae 
Chrudjni,  (Boh.)  ^ , 

Chrzan6w,  (Pol.1  rkrsha'iivtf 

Chnchivara.     See  Cbivara.  c/i(n>-c/iMia-ra' 
Chncnilo,  or  Chiiquito,(Bol.)  chf^-kfo'i-to 

Chuquibaniha,  (Peru,)  mt.  ckff-kibdm'ba 

Chuqui.-aca,  (Bol.)  pr.  cki.'fkl-ad'ka 

Chuquito,  or  Chucuito,  c*t9'4l-(« 

Clnir,  (Swii/,.  ;.fr.  Colre.)  j  /^^^ 

Curia  RluBiorwn.  i 

Chumbusco,  eli<i(i-r(i(H'(ii)s'ko 

Chvvalynsk,  (R.)  ikvdh'aisk' 

Ciablese.     See  Chablals.  ckd-ble'se 

Ciamberi.     See  Chamhdrj-.  cMm-i£-rK' 

Cianriana,  or  San  Antonio, )  chaii-ckd'na 

(Sic.)  i 

Ciara,  (Braz.)  pr.  ai-d-rd! 

Cibao,  (Haiti,)  m'.  tht-bd'o 

Cicriano,  (Napl.)  cKtt-chd  no 

Cidaco.<i,  (Sp.)  r.  tki-dd'kSs 


«a. ,-  ii  .hort,  Mt—  Fr.  O,  long,  *  »lion,  nearly  .a  in  spur.-dy,  ly,  ny,  MqM.-An"ger.-g,  ch,  guttural;  g  a»  »  in  pleasure.-r  finanFr^-C,  between  .  «nd£j 


168 


1837 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Cidadoa  de  Rei>.  Sm  Natal. 
CidUna,  i>f  C£idlina,(Boh.)  r. 

CiechamSw,  (Pol.) 

Ciecl):uiowi«x,  (R.) 

Ciempoziiclos,  (Sp.) 

CienfuefEi^,  (Cubs.) 

Ciruento^f  C^iu) 
Cijliino,  (Pied.) 
Cilly.Cilli,  or  ZiIli,(AusU.)  j 

ClaHdim  CtUia.  \ 

Cima  d'Asta,  i  ,t-_  .  ^, 
Ciiiw  di  L.ig(.rfi,  )  <  'J^-'  "^ 
Cimi  di  Vernins,  (Tusf.)  int 
Ctmbh^lianiM,  (S\v.)    Cun-  { 

irormm  Partus.  \ 

Citnino,  (Ptint.  St.)  mt. 
Ciinitile,  (.NapL) 
Cimooe,  (Moo.)  mL 
Cinaloa^  »r  Sinaloa,  (Mez.  { 

Cant)  dtf.  ) 

Cin«3i,  ($ic.) 

Cinjcoli,  (C.  It.)     CimgMlum. 
Cinq-M.irs,  (Fr.) 
Cinlefibelle,  (Kr.) 
CinM,  (t^ont.)  m/. 
Cinira,  (Pon.) 
Cidlat.  la,  or  Ciouut,  (Fr.)  j 

CUMartsIc  \ 

Cirence-«ter,  (Ejig.)  Cprimimwu 
Ciro,  (.\ap!.) 

Cisolnt.  (Fr.) 
Cisplatina,  (S.  A.) 
C»ceaux,  cr  Citenitz,  (Fr.) 
Ciun,  (N.  Gmn.) 
Citlaltepetl,  ( Mcx. )  mt. 
Citladella,  (Loiq'.i.) 
Citii  di  Caitello,  (It.)    TV  j 

Cint  delU  Piev«,  (PxnL  Sl) 
Clni  Nttova,  (.Malta.) 
Cini  Veccbia,  «-  .N'oubile,  > 

(Main.)  i 

Ciildid  de  Felipe. (Chile.) 
Ciiadad  d«  la  Uaciu,  (S.     I 

Gran.)  i 

Ciudad  de  \a  Cai>a«,  (Clii-  I 

ap.is.  Hex.  ConC)  } 

Ciudad  de  Serena,  (Chile.) 
Ciudad  Real,  ('p  ) 
Ciudad  Rodrigu,  (Sp.) 
Cividate,  ( I L  )      FeraM  JmUo. 
Ci»idale  del  Pri  ili,  (Lomb.) 
Ci»illi  "  It. 

Cirili  It.) 

CiTil,.  .■  .     .1.) 

Cirita  Lin;ni,  ;c.  IL) 

Civita  S.int  Annlo.  (.S'npl.) 

CiTitaVocrhia,  (C  |L)C»- 

tmm  CtiUtt  and  Traj^Mut 

CiTitalla  del  Tronto,  (Napl.) 

Ciirrajr,  (Fr.) 

Clairvaux,  (Fr.)  Clara  FuUii. 

CUin3Cy,(Pr.) 

Clar'ence,  (Gr. ;  fr.  Klar-  \ 

entza.)  I 

Claren*,  (Snritz.) 
Clermnnt  en  .Argonne, (Fr. ) 
Clemi3nt  ea  Oeain*oi<ir*.(Fr.) 
Clermoiil-Ferraiid,  (Fr.) 

j9mgiutaMemttum.  Cia- 

ma  Moos. 
Owmml-Lod^re,  (Fr.) 
Clenuoatni-t,  (Pr  )  dvt. 
Clennont-Tonnerre,  ;Pac.   i 

Oc.)  u/.  I 

Clery,  ( Pr  )   Claruirum. 
,Cleve»,  Cleve,  or  Kleve,      | 

(Pr.  i/r.  Clevea.)  j 

Clichy-la  Gamnne,  (Fr.) 
Cliwa,  (Dalm  ) 
Climlhal,  er  KUnthal,         ( 

(Switl.)  L  1 

Cloud,  St,  fFr.) 
Cliiny,  er  Clueny,  (Fr.) 
Clueone.  (Sard.)'r.      Ctuso. 
Co»,  (Pon.)  r.      Cain. 
CoahiitU,  Cohahiiila,  or 

ColUfuiU,  (Mea.  ConC) 


tlii-ila'dSs  rfj  rj-K# 
(olfd'Cl-nil 

bij.JJkd-iiS'eitit 

Ut-s't/lii 

ckit-^a'RO 
iM'tt 

thVmli.jlds'111 
oW'««  tl  la-gt-rl1 
dil'mit  H  vir-nVlM 
tlm'trlt^kamn' 

ctt-allf'ae 
cXl-ait'tt4t 

(11-»i>.<£'il 

dW-»{'»l 

cMn'fi-tt 

liift-fdMe 

>ia't/'ii 

tU'eUr 

sl-13' 
<«t  (iV.J 
titt-Uil-lr.ffI' 
ekit-t4l-/^(d 
ckit:a'  di  kd-jtt!'l» 
Ml  la'  dci'lit  pt-t't 
ckitJaf  »v<>.0'r« 
tVlf.<a'rf*'tl-d, 

a0-/O''6i-/f 
t*(.(><> .JaJ'  difc-tl'pt 

tM.fr-^a^'  ■/(  (d  iU'<U 

rtt-fv^d/T  4  Ida  Jca'ada 

tii-ff-dUd'  dt  »{-r{'«« 
M-ij^-ddJ'  rf-aP 
Ukj.^i^xy'  ru.drVjo 
c\t-rt-ilii'le  ,^ 

M»c<-<iii'(£  dtifrt'<!f^i 
dtt-Ttin'iia 
cii-rl  td'  kd-ittUd'tia 
tkt-tHdf  df^a'lt 
cAi  c(-U'  ld-rt«>a 

et'<-r<«t'  tdm^-aiU'gt-U 

chltl-ta'  Tck'kl-d 

tki-ci-tcl'IU  dit  (riSx'to 

«<  rrd' 

I/dr-ru' 

Udau-fl' 

tlar'enc* 

« 
J^a'rraa 

klltrr-m6ng  da  dr-fUn^ 
klire-mt*^  dng.^-vi'ii' 

kl£r.  -miag-ffr-rdng 

k'Srr-m- n^.iSdaM' 
klUre-mSHff'ta' 

tta  tminf-IOn-nlrtf 

Ui-rr 

klt'rl,  kUot 

ktl  shl'Id-fU-rHtu 
Ui..'^ 

Uin'ldlo 

*imff-kl^ 
H<>-*V 

ki'd 


Coban,  (Ouat) 
Cobenzlber;,  ( Austr.)  mt. 
Cobiji,  or  l,a  *lar,  (Bol.) 
Coblentz.  (Pr.;  f.  UrMenz  ;  » 
A-Cobtenre-)CoR/fti<at<».  i 
Cobu.     See  Colorado. 
Cobiint,  (C.  Germ.) 
Cochabamba,  or  Oroiiesa,    t 

(Bot.)  i 


kO-ban' 

kS'bhitd-bir^ 

kO-bi'ckd 

kSb'linti,  kS-blUnfft' 

kS-b^' 

kd'bijijrg 

kQ-eha-bdm' bd 


Co-hino,  (LemiKxi.) 
Codig(iro>  (It.)    A>roM«. 
Codinas  do  San  Felice,  (Sp.) 
Codognu,  (Lomb.) 
Coevorden,  (Nelli.) 
CogRiola,  (Ptcd.) 
Cogiiano,  (.\apl.)  CosUinuM. 
Cognac,  ( !>  r. )    Ciinacum, 
Cogoleio,  (Sard.) 
CohahuiI»,ffr  Oohaguila. 

Sfe  Coahuila. 
Coimbra,  (Pon.)  Conimbriga. 

Coin.     Set  Cliiir. 

Col  de  Balmc,  (Sav.)  mt. 

Col  du  Brtnl)itmme,(Gralan  ) 

Aliv»,)  mt.  \ 

Col  de  Frnetre,  (Alps,)  mf. 
Col  do  Ferret,  (Sivit/..i  mt. 
Col  du  Geaiil,  (Alps,)  mL 
Col  de  )a  Seigne,  (l?av.)  mt 
ColdeTtfiiae.cMariuAlps,)  ( 

mt.  ) 

Colberg,  or  Kolborg,  (Pr.) 
Colchag.iH,  (('hilo,)  pr. 
Coldiu,  or  Kolditz,  (Sax.) 
Coligiiv,  (^Pr.) 
Colima,  (^Iex.  ConC)  fer. 
CoIIares,  (Port.) 
Collctorto,  (X«pl.) 
Citllin.  (B«di.) 
Cullio,  (Uomb.) 
Collioure^  (Fr.) 
Collogne,  ;S«-it7„) 
Collticcio,  fN:ip1.) 
Colniar,  (Fr.)     tnl'mibnrin. 
Colinira,  ( Fr. )    CoHis  Martn. 
Cotmenar,  (S(\.) 
Culmenar  de  Orcja,  (Sp.^ 
Colmennr  dc  )a  SieiT«,  (Sp.) 
Colinennr  Viejo,  (S|i.) 
Coin,  (Knff.t  r. 
CoInbnKtk,    Fns.) 
Colorr-i.     Sff  Kolocsa. 
Colosna,  (N.  II.) 
Coloeiie,  (Pr.  Rorm.  Ki^lit.)  | 

A^tjipinn  C^fonia,  J 

Coloffim,  (L'tinb.) 
Colombcy,  (Fr.) 
Colombia,  or  Colrtinbia,       / 

(S.  Am.)  rr?i«iu  \ 

Colonibjer,    Swilz.) 
C*ilomlw,»rC<»liinibo,CCcyI.) 
Colotticra,  (Si>.) 
Culona  di  Biiriano,  (Tiir'^.) 
Culonia  do  Santi-'»inio  8,i-  \ 

crantento,  (Uruguay,  6.  > 

A.)  S 

Colorado,  er  Cobu,  (S.  A.)  r. 
Colurado,  (Texas,  i  r. 
CiditRibta.     Sft  (^nlt.nibia. 
Cotuinbo.     Set  Colombo. 
Coiumbrptes,  (Sp.)  taL 
Comarctilo,(tt.) 
Comayagua,  (Hondu.  C.  A.) 
Combtn,  (Suit;.)  i»L 
Comb«>urg  (Fr.) 
Coinbraillcs,  (Fr.)(»Urf(P. 
Coiuinge.^,  (Fr.)  old  dixt. 
Comtno,  ( Mediter.)    isL 
Coinitta,  (Dalui.) 
Comiso,  (Sic.) 
Comitan,  or  Coniitlan,Cbt.  \ 

apas,  (.Mex.)  ) 

Commorry,  (Fr.) 
Commines.  (Bcla.) 
Com  t,  Ln»o  di,  (Lomb.)      i 

Larius  Laeus.  ) 

Como,  (Ijiimb.)  ComK«. 
Coninrn.     Ste  Komor:i. 
Citfiipii-gne,  (Ff.J   Campen- ) 

dium.  ) 

Compostela,  .Santiago  dc,    ) 

(^l>.)  i 

CompO'lella  \alt'u:o,  (Mex.) 
Coinptal  d'Avignoii,  (Fr.)   { 

aid  die.  \ 

Comut  VenaLtin,  (Fr.)  oU  I 

div.  S 

Concameau,  (Fr.) 
Concet^»o  dUiainarca,(Braz.) 

Concentaina,  (8p.) 
Concepcion.     See  Villa  Real. 
Concepcion,  (Chile,)  drp. 
Cunrhaeua,  (San  Salv.  C.    } 
A.)  voU.  i 

Conchofi,  (MeT.)  r. 
Conchncop,  (Peru,)  dist. 
Concise.  (Switz.) 
Concordia  di  Q,ua,  (N.  It.) 
Condi,  (Fr.) 
Cond6  surNoireau,  (Fr.) 
Condeixa  a  Velha,  (Port.) 


kO'kt-no 

kli-di-ffO'r» 

kS-dt'fias  d^  sUn  fi-tt'tke 

k6-ii0n'tto 

kQii'iOr'iien 

kOt'gO-ta 

kOl-tjii'no 

k&n-yak' 

k^int'bra 

kalire 

kOl  da  bH'me 

kOl  dS  bHu-Sme' 

kdl  dr  fCnitf 
kdl  dfi  fer'n' 
kOt  di  jff-dMjf' 
kit  de  la  s&H^ 

kal  d^  tdnsd 

kal'hrr^     ^ 

kof-eha'jT^^-U 

kSi'ditt 

kO-ttn-tfV 

kO  li'ntH 

k5l4a'ris 

kO!-Jetar'to 

kOI-hne' 

kGVli-o 

kO  li-f^re' 

kSl'lOnp' 

kOf-mar* 

ktil-atdr' 

kSl-mi-ndr' 

kSlnti-nar'  rf«  d-r^Phlt 

iai-pij-nar'  di  Id  t,f-er'rii 

kUt-me-nar'  d^  v't-i'She 

kOae 

kSnr'br^fk 

kO-lS'c'iii 

ka-lOH'ifii 

kS-lone,  fr.  kS-lSityf 

kS-lSa'ift 
ko-lOng-bA' 

kS-tSm'bi-H 

kH-tCn^-bi-r' 

kd'ICm'bo 

kO-ld'nd  di  b^^^'i'd'ao 

kd-l^Ht-H  dQ9  »drt-n*-jr'/- 
ni(9  ua-kra-m^n't^f 

i5-/»I-rd'(/# 
ku-lo-ra'do 
kO'i^m'bi-U 
kJ'l^^m'bo 
}iO~lti^m'bri't^$ 
ku-mak'ki  o  ,_^ 
kO-md'f  a'gg^ii 
kOii^-ltditsr' 

kojtff-br^r' 

kZn^-braly' 

kO-md»gsk' 

kO'tn'i'ne 

ko'ini-sd 

ko'mi-aH 

kB-mf'tdn\  kS-m'it-Idn' 

kOm-mir-sii' 
kum-mine' 


Id'ffii  di  kO'mo 

k'i'mo 
ku'tn-irn 

kung'}>i-dny' 

sdn-t'i'd' go  dc  kOm-pos- 

ie'ld 
k5m-p0s~tel'y'd 

kOng-td'  dd'V'in-yUng' 

kbng-td'  vit-na-zdng* 

k6ng-l:dr-n6' 
kCn'Si'i-sd'o  di-td^m'dr'k'd 

k5n-thin'td'i-n'd 

k5n-tJttp-th'i-Sn' 
kon-thep-th'i'Qn' 
kOn-chd'  g^^d 

kSn'chOs 
k5n-ehf}(}'kSs 
kdng-s'iie' 
kOa-kOr'diU  di  kwU 

kong'de'  _^ 

kOng-de'  sS.r  nH-d^rd' 

kSn-d&'i-xhd  dvel'ud 


Condom,  (Fr.) 
Condumoi^,  (Fr.)/tfr»i«r  diit, 
Conegliauo,  (N.  It.) 
Couttdns,  (Sard.) 
Conlblenis,  (Fr.) 
Con^re.xos, (Puerto  Rico.) 
Com,  or  Cuiieo,  (Sard.) 
Conit,  (Sp.) 

Conqiicl,  le.  (Fr.)  CoHqur/itas. 
Connianco,  lake  of,(S\viiz. 
g.  Buileii:5ee.)     BrignnU- 

IIILS  LiCliS. 

Constance,  (Bnd. ,  g.  Can-  | 

stanz,)   CQu.-iiaHta.  \ 

Const;tnlina,  (Sp.) 
C'tustautiue,  (Alger.)    Cirta. 
Constaiiitinoplc,  (Turkey.)  \ 

Sianib(tul,('iMi-tanliiiieti,  > 

Coiistantinop  Hi,  ) 

Constilucion,  la,  (Chile,)  isl. 
Consuogra,(  Sp. )  Consaburus. 
Conlliey,  (Switz.) 
Conlt,  or  Conty,  (Fr.) 
Contrexvillo,  (Fr.) 
CouvoriJano,  (\apl.) 
Ctmza,  (Napl.)     Conipsa. 
Copan,  (Guat.  C.  A.) 
Copenhagen,  (Denni. ;  dan.  ) 

Kjjbenhavn.)  \ 

Coportino,  (Xapl.) 
Copet,  or  Coppet,  (Switz.) 
Copiapn,  (Chile,)  vole. 
Cuf)|tcl.     S-e  Copet. 
Ciiquinibo,  (Chile,)  dep. 
Coraco,  (Napl.)  r. 
Corato,  (Xapl.) 
Corazon,  (C>.lunih.)  mt 
Curbarh,i>rKorbach,(flerm.) 
Corbeil,  (Fr.) 
Corbie.  (Fr.) 
Corbiirca,  (Switz, ;  g.  Kor-  / 

bcr>.)  \ 

Corcobada,  (P.Uag.)  vole.  mt. 
Corcubiim,  (Sp.) 
Cordeviile,  (Liunh.)  r. 
Cordillera  de  Maraeuy,        j 

(Parap.)  nit.i.  \ 

Cordilleras  de  los  Andea.     / 

Srt  Andes.  \ 

Corduba,  or  Cordova,  (Sp.j  i 

fr.  Cordue.)     Curduba.      j 
Cordoncr,  (Sp.)  r. 
Cord(mBn,laTourde,(Fr.)  ) 

li^hthoiue.  \ 

Corea,  (As.)  penitis. 
Corella,  (Sp.) 
Coreniin,  (Guiana;  e.  Co-  i 

rantine,)  r.  ) 

Corfu,  (Ion.  Isl.)     Carcyra. 
Corguaie,  (111.) 
Coria,  (Sp.)     Caurium. 
Corisliano,  (Xapl.) 
Corinth,  (Gr.)     CorfntAu-. 
Corio,  (Sard.) 
Corlcone,  (Sic.) 

Cormajor,  or  Connayeur,  { 
(Pied.)  \ 

Curneto,  (C.  It.) 

Comia,  (Tusc.)  r. 

Comigliano,  (Sard.) 

Conumoui-ilornenberg,  I 
(Fr.)  i 

Corno,  -Mi'nie,  (It.) 

Comouuillas,  (Fr.)  old  dUt. 

Coro,  ( Venez.  S,  A.) 

Corogiio.     See  CoruHa. 

Corona,  (.\.  It.) 

Corral  de  .-Mmaguer,  (Sp.) 

C(^;rregci,  (Tn-c.)  caMe. 

rorrpguio,  (X.  It.) 

Correse,  (C.  It.) 

Corrize,  (Fr.)  dp. 

Corrientps,  (PI.  Ctnf.)  dep. 

Corse.     See  Corsica. 

Corseiil,  .  Fr.)  Fauum  ) 
Martts.  \ 

Con'ia,  (III.) 

Corsica,  (Fr.i  14. 

Corsico,  (Lomb.) 

Corner,  or  Kor^^.'r,  (Denm.) 

Cortaillod,  (Switz.) 

Corte,  (Cursira,) 

Corte  fllapgiorc,  (Par.) 

Cortemiglio,  (Sard.) 

Cortes  de  la  Frontera,  } 

(Sp. ;  fr.  Corse,)  i 

Cortona,  (Tusc.)    Cc^jtiim, 

Coruche,(Port.) 

CoruHa,  la,  (Sp. ;  e.  Conin-  ) 
na  ;  fr.  Cornene.)  .^dro-  > 
bicam,  Coronium.  ) 

Co.sala,  (Mex.) 


kOa.i-dQag' 

kOng'dO-ma' 

kO-iiel'ya'no 

kiinv.jlaug' 

kung'jXt-langi 

kOn-gr^'chOs 

kd-nt' 

ka  jiiV 

le  kCug-ki' 

kOn'^tdiU* 


con'ttance 

kSn-stUn-fi'jia 
kSn-Uan-ti-ni' 

kunstan-t'i-ni'i' ;  Eng. 

con  .stau'ti-no'ple 

Id  k0ti-sti-li}f-th'i'6n' 

kCn-st^^-i'gr'U 

kOng  td' 

k5»g-ii' 

kavfflr-vite' 

kOn-vsr-gd'no 

kdud'^d 

kO-pdn' 

ko-pert'ha'gm 

kO-pir-ti'  no 

kd-pi' 

ku-pi-d'po,  or  kO-p'i-it-pS' 

A-3-pe' 

kO'kim'bo 

kS-rd'chg 

kS-ra'to 

kG-rU'tliOn' 

kqr'bdfh 

kor'hehjf 

kor-bi' 

kOr-fi-Sre' 

kor-kO-bd'd'd 
kOr-k^o-bi-Hn' 
kSr-de'vO'li 
kHr-diUje'ra  (kSr-dil'jfi- 

rd)  ds  m'd-rd-l:d''t 
kSr-dit-in'rd.1  (kCr-dil'yt- 

rds)  t/i  Ids  dn'des 
k0r'd5-bd.  kOr'dS-v'd.  kOr- 

dh' 
kSr-dS-nerc' 

Id  t^QT  di  k5r-d<}<}''dng' 

kQ-re'd 
kS-rtl'tjd 

kO-r^n-tine' 

kSrfQi}' 

kHrn-vd'le 

k&'ri-d 

k5-rit'}id'no 

kor'inih 

kO'ri-o 

kSr-le-0'v§ 

kHr-ma-i-brf' . 

k5r-md-!iS.re' 

k5r-»^'to 

kdr'tii-U 

kSr-n'il-yd'no 

kOr-n'i'  mdiig-Br-nUng- 

berg' 
w6n't£  kdr'tio 
kOr-vQ<^'dly' 
kO-rG' 
kb-rUny' 
k5-r5'ird 

kdr-raV  de  dlviit-g^re' 
k5r-rel'  g'i 
kGr-rit'go 
kDr-re's( 
kOr-r&ze' 
k&r-riiji't^s 
kSrie 

k6r-zm' 

kSr'si-d 
kSr'g'tkd 
k6r'ji't-ho 
kqr-s^r' 

kdr-td-i-0' 

kbr'te 

kbr'te  mdt-gS'rs 

kOr-te-vi'il'yo 

kdr'tcs  de  ldfr6nte'rU 

kSr-ta'n'd 
kqQ-r<)<}' ahs. 

Id  k!i'r<}</n'y'd 

kQ-sd-ld' 


'^W*.  /dr, /gW,  vkqx^  bdL  —  Miu,  prty^  kilp^  tWre,  hJir.  —  Pine, mar^nej  Mrd,  fig.—J\rsUy  ddve^ mifve,  wplf^  b^t^k^  l^d.  —  TUne,  byll,  ifniu.  —  oi,  boy ;  ou,  house.  —  Fr.  6  long, 
1338 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Coscile,  (Napl.i  »*.    Subaru, 
C^isfeid,  or  K-'jsield,  (Pr.) 
C*58li»,  or  Koslin,  (Cr.) 
Cosenza,  fNa[>L)     CoscHtia* 
Cosel,  (w  Kisei,  (Tr.) 
Cosne,  (Fr.)    Conda'e, 
Cossonay,  (Switz.) 
Costa  Ri<^a,  (C.  A.)  state, 
Co^Kttfilione,  V  Sard. ) 
Cote  d'Or,  (Ft.)  dfp. 
Cutentin,  (Vr.)  dut.    Con-  ) 
t^.antinus.  \ 

Cote-Roiie,  (Fr) 
C610SL  Andre,  la,  (Fr.) 
Cotes-du-Nord   (FtJi  dep. 
Cttthen.     Sfe  K'ithen. 
Cotignac  ''Fr.) 
Cotignola,  (Pont.  Sl) 
Cotocnctie.  f.Andcs.S.  A.)  mi. 
Cotopaxi,  (E^uad  S.  A.)  ro(c. 
Cntrone,  (\api  )     Co^rotuu 
Cottbiis,  or  Kottbus,  (Pr  ) 
Cotuy»  (Hivli.) 
Courhfts,  (Fr.) 
Coucy  l«  Chateaiif  (Pr.) 
Coudes-Monlpeyroiix,  (Fr.) 

Coulommiera,  (frO. 
CcMirbcvoie^  (Fr.) 
Courland,  or  Kurlaiid,  (R.) 
Cournnii,  (Fr  ) 
Couronnc,  la,  (Fr.) 
CtmrpiDrro,  (Fr.) 
Cour*,  'Fr.) 
Co-irte  Oreillp,  (Fr.) 
Coiirtenay,  (Pr.) 
Coiirtisols,  (Fr.) 
Coiirtni,  or  Cotirtrav,         l 

(Belg.  ;/r;.'i.  Kortyk.)       j 
Coussac-Bonneval,  (Fr.) 
Coutincns.  (Fr.)    CnnstanUa. 
Coutras,  (Fr.)   Cortcraie, 
(future,  la,  (Fr.) 
CcHivot,    S\Vil7,.J 
Couvin,  (Belg.  1 
Coviliia,  fP.>rt.) 
CoTolo,  (lYrol,) 
Coyba,  ((i'lnlpinali,)  isL 
Cracow,  (.^iii^tr.  Pol. ;  i 

Kraka;i,  pol.  Kralt6w. 

Craeovia, 
Crann,  (Fr.) 
Craponne,  (Fr.) 
~      ■    (.\..pV)r. 


castle. 


kO'shi-ls 

kma-linc 
kH-srnd' s'd 
k^'zel 
kOjie 

kO'.itdri'kit 
kS'Stil-yO'ns 
kOte  do  re 

kH-tdng-tdng' 

kOie-rS-ti'     ^.-.^ 

id  A0'«  sdng-t-dng-dr^ 

kdte  du  nore' 

ktfy'ten 

kO-tin-ydk' 

kO-t'tn-pO'ld 

kd't5-kd'che 

kO-tO-p'd'chi 

kO-trS'n^ 

k5t'bi?^ 

kH-tn'i 

kg^sh 

k^Q-si'  id  shd-tS' 

Ap(»rfe  -mOng-pd-^i^' 

k^tyr'landt 
ki^Qr-nQjiff' 
Id  fc^^-rOne' 

k(i^'Pi-ire' 

k^Qre 

kggrt  5-rsly' 

ki^^rt-nd' 

k^,r-ti^>Ot' 

kg^r-trd' 

k^Qx-sdk'bone-v'dl* 

k^f}~tttnffs' 

kff~trds' 

Id  kQ(f-tiire' 

ko^-rc' 

k^^vdiff' 

kd-vit'ifd 

k0'c6-lo 

kfi-bd 
kra'kow 


CrathU. 


Crati 

Crato,  ( Port. ) 

Craii,  la,  (Fr)p?ai/t.  Lap-) 
idtBi  Campu  \ 

Creancoj),  (Fr  ) 
Croazxo.     Sr.e  Ceratio. 
Crecy,  or  ('rcssy,  (Fr.) 
Crofcld,  (Pr.) 
Crema,  (Loinb.) 

Crcraieux,  (Fr.) 
CreiiHina,  ( Loinb.) 
Cropy,  or  Crc*<py  (Fr.) 
Cresconlino,  (Said.) 
Crespy.     See  Cropy. 
Crcssy.     See  Crery. 
Crete,  (Tiir.  ;  ruia.  Can-      \ 

dia;  lark.  Kiridi.)  uL       S 
Crcu.'e,  In,  ,Fr.)  dep. 
CreiixdiiVpni,CJiiraMl3.)pft. 
Crptizot,  ie,  (Fr.) 
Crevalcorc,  OT-Crevalcuorc,  | 

(PorLSl.)  i 

Crevillente,  (Sp.) 

Crime'fir(K  ;  rvs.  Krim.)  1 
peniHg,  Taartca  Cherso-  > 
nesus.  ) 

Crimmit/'schaii,  (Sax.) 

Crj(|ueb<puf,  (Fr.) 

(-'rtta'iia,  (.AiL-ir. ;  c-  Kroa-  i 
ticn  ;  A.  llorvdihOrszAg.)  \ 

Crocc  FioBclii,  (Sarti.) 

Croisir,  !e,(Fr.) 
Croix-Ron!»se,  la,  (Fr.) 
CronbcrR,  or  Cruncnbcrg,    > 
(Gorm.)  ^ 

Cronstadt,  or  Kmnstadt,  'R 
Cro«cn,  or  Krof<son,  (R.) 
Ci-aitolo,  (It.)  r. 

Crottiy,  Ie,  (Fr.) 
Croy.  (Fr.) 
Crozon,  (Fr.) 
Cnicc.-*,  (.V.  Gran.) 
Cnivb'^kc,  (Bolg.) 

c-ibt,  (II.) 

C-^4k4ny,(!I.) 
<;>akv;ir,  (II.) 
C^Uukuz.     See  Schfilt. 


krdhng 
krd-pOne' 
kra'tt 
krd'to 

IdkrO 

kre-dntrs' 

kre-di'so 

krd-si' 

kr^'feldt 

kr^'md 

kre-mi^' 

kr£-mO'nd 

krC'pi' 

krcshin-ti' HO 

kre-pi' 

kr\-si' 

Crete 

la  krdbze 
krt^  dii  vdng 
U  krtfh-iO' 
kri-vdl-kO'rij  kr^-vdl- 

A-^ip-fl'rj ' 
kri-vit-'j^n'ts 

kri~me'a 

kriia'inits-ahou' 
krik-bSif 

cro  a-tia 
krO'cki  ffla'ki 
la  krO^dzW 
Id  krOd'rQijsa' 
krOne  (krO' nen)' b&g 

)  krOne'^tddt 

krQ^i'stn 
krOs'lO-lo 

Ic  krO-t&^d' 
krfd' 
krO'iBng' 
kr^Q'tfiis 

kru-i'b£k 

chdh'bd 
chdh'kdhny' 


Sac  Marin,  WMar-( 
Sac  Robert,  > tin.)  J 
Sac  Royal,  )  bay,     i 


Cfan4d,(H.) 

Csengcr,  (H.) 

Csepel,  (H.) 

Cseriia,  (H.)  r. 

Cservenicza,  (H.) 

Csclnck,  (H  ) 

Csiklowa,  (H.) 

Csik  .Somlyo,  (Trans.) 

Csik  S/.ek,  (TrantJ. ;  g.       f 

Tschikcr  Stiiiil.)  j 

Csik  tfzeredn,  (Trails.) 
Csongiid    (H.) 
Csonia,  (il.) 
Ctiarnavaca,  or  Cuemava-  i 

ra,  (Mex.)  j 

Cuba,  (VV.  Ind.)  uL 
Cubacao,  (Braz.) 

Cubapiia,  (Vencz.  S.  A.)  is!. 
Ciiblizc,  (Fr.) 
Cuccaro,  (Sard.) 
Cuchivara.    See  Purus. 
Cucllar,  (Sp.) 

Ciien^a,  (S|>.) 
riieniavaca,(Mex.) 
Cueva  do  Veni,  (^?p.) 
Cuiaba.     Sfe  ('uyaba. 
Ciiiseaiix,  (Fr.) 
Cnicallan,  or  Q,uicatlan,     i 
(Mex.)  i 

Cuiseo,  (.Mex.) 
Cuja,  (Peru,)  r. 
Cujoacan,  (Mcx.) 
Cul  de  Sac  Marin,  )plar- 
Ctil  do 
Cul  do  Sac 
Culebra,  (Guat.) 
Culiacan,  (.Mex.) 
Cullera,  (Sp.)     S,icro. 
Cully,  (Swiiz.) 
Culm,  fPr.) 
Cuma,  (S.  It.) 
Cumana,  (V'oitez.  S.  A.) 
Cumatiacoa,  (Veiiez.  S.  A.) 
Ciima'nia,  or  Kumaina, 
Great  ajid  Liltio,  (II. ;  h. 
Kuns4g,  Napy,  Kia  i  g. 
Cnmanien.)  aut. 
Cumbro,  la,  (Chile,)  pass. 
CunibredoMu]hacen,(Bp.);f^'. 
CundinarnarcR,  (N.  Gran.    I 
S.  A.)  dep,  \ 

Cuneo,  or  Coni, 
Cunlia,  (Braz.) 
CuniiersJorf,  {Vr.) 
Curatjao,  fCarib.  Seaj  e.     ) 
Curaqoa.)  i*/.  ) 

Curiaco,  (Columbia,) 
Curiel,  (Sp.) 

Curischc  Hatr,(Balt.  Pr.) /a^-. 
Curitlba,  (Braz.) 
Curtatone,  (Lonib.) 
Curuche,  (Port.) 
Curuguatay,  (Para?.) 
Curzola,  (Daim.)  (*/.    Cor- ) 
cijra  JSTigra.  ) 

Cusset,  (Fr.) 
Custozza,(Lomb.) 
Cuatrin,  or  Kudlrin,  (Pr.) 
Cuxhaven,  (Gcnn.) 
Cuvio,  (Ijonib.)  dist. 
Cuyaba,  or  Cuiaba,  (Braz.) 
Cuzco,  (Pcni,)  dep. 
Czaba,  (M.) 
Czariiikow,  (Posen.) 
Czarnowo,  (Pol.) 
Czarlona,  (Pol.)  L 
Czlslaw.     Sre  Cislaw 
CzeRt6d,(^n.) 
Czeir'ih.  (Mor.) 
Czeuipin,  (Poscn.) 
Czcrna,  (H.)  r. 
Czernelz,  (VVallach.) 
Czeniicicwo,  (I'osen.) 
Czerrn»\vicr,  (Gal.) 
Czersk,  (Pol.) 
Czerwu'isk,  (Pol.) 
Cz^^tochnwa,  (Pol.) 
Czcltin,  or  Ccltipno,  (Alban. 
Czidhna,  or  Cidlina, 
Czortkow,  (Ga!.) 
Czudnow,  (R.) 
Czyszewo,  (Pol.) 


cbahk'vdhr 
chdl'tO-kOs 


chd-ndJtd' 

chtn-gir 

ckz-pehl' 

ch^r'nd 

chtr-ni-v'it' aU 

chit'nck' 

dii'klO'pd 

diHu/kOm'li-o 

chtk'sehk 

ehik  s^'re-dd 
eiiOn-grtihd' 
ckOr'nd 

k^^-'dr-nd-vd'k'd 

»\i.  kg<}'bd 
k^>^ba-kd'f^ 

k(t-bUie' 
kQQk'kd-ro 

kri}-chi-vd'rd 
kr^-il'ydr 

kfQ-er-Hd-vd'kd 
Acp-e'rd  rfj  vc'rd 
kci^.-i-d-ba' 
ku-t-iO' 
k^Q-t-Udt-ldn' 

ktj^'t-st'o 
/.^^'i-fid 

kQQ-chO-d-kdn' 

kH  de  sdk  md-rdng' 

k(i  dif  sdJc  rO-berr.' 

kit  df*  sdk  rwd-ydl' 

k^Q-l^'brd 

k^Q-li-d-kdn' 

ko^l-ye'rd 

kh-l{'' 

koflm 

k^y^'md 

kt}i^md-nit' 

k^ij-jnd-nd-kO' d 


k^m'd'n'i-en 

Id  krmn'bri 

kf^ctn'brs  dg  wi9p-ia-(/i£n' 

ktj^n-di-nd-mdr'kd 

kQQ'n(0  . 

k^i}n'iid 

kf}Qn' nirS'dorf 

A-(ip'rd  5d'o,  ku'ra-so' 

kij^ri-d'k^ 

kgo-ri-el' 
k<j<}'ri'she  hdf 
kQQ-r'i-ti'bd 
k^^fjr-td-t&'ne 
A' p()-r(>(> '*■/({ 
kuO-rgi}-g^g-'drtd''i 

kQfjrd-sO'Vd 

kflS'St' 

k^'f-stdt'sd 

kd-.-tr'tne' 

kQfJis'hd'fin 

kij^'oi'O 

k^^jd-bd' 

kQijs'ko 

Ud'bd 

chdr-nt'k^qf 

chdr-nO'vo 

c/i-ir'tO'r'i-d 

t>tg-leM' 

ehim'p'ine 
tstr'nd 

chsr'nits 
chem-7jt-yt'r'> 
cker'JiOo'ysts 
ehersk 
chf^r'v'insk 
cftdng-stS-ShO'vU 
)  chet-t'ine' 
tsid'li-Tid 
chOrt'kQ^ 
chQrd'jtQof 
chi-shi'vo 


D. 


Dabrowicx,  (Pol.) 
Dncliau,  (Bav.) 
Oacliritoiii,  {None  Alps,) 

glaeter. 


dom-brO-v't'tsf 

dd'choa 


Dahmc,  (Pr.) 

Oiijubon,  or  Oaxabon,  ) 

(Hayti.)  i 

Dalarne      See  Datecarlta. 
Dalaroe,  (Sw.) 
Dalecarlia,  or  Dalarne,        } 
(Sw.)  proo.  (j 

Dal-elf,  r.  (Sw.) 
Dale»zyre,or  Dalizyca,(Pol.) 
Dalia.s,  (Sp.) 

Dalniatia,  (g.  Oalnuttien,)  i 
kingdom.  \ 

Dalmatow,  (R.) 
Ualszyca.     See  Dateszyce. 
Dainala,  (Gr.) 
DanilMicli,  (Fr.) 
Damgarten,  (Pr.) 
Damiano,  San,  (It.) 
Damiano  d'A^ili,  (Sard.) 
Danim,  (Pr.) 
Dainniiirttn,  (Fr) 
Dnuune,  (Rel^!.) 
DainmcrNche  See,  (Pr.)  }ake. 
Dampierre,  (Fr.) 
Damvillers,  (Fr.) 

Dancniarck,  { n*w....»ri,  S 

Daneniarck;  \  ^'^Deninark  j 
Dangpau,  (Fr.) 
Daniele,  San,  (N.  It.) 
Oanili.w,  (K.) 
Danilowa,  (R.)  cloister. 
Oilni.^clie  VVald,  dcr,  I 

(Denui.)  counlrij.  \ 

Uanneniiirie,  (Fr.) 
Dannemora,  (Sw.) 
Danneiiberf.',  (Man.) 
Daimcwiiz.     Su  JUterbok. 
Danulte,  (For. ;  g.  Donau,)  / 
(.     Daiiubtust  Ister.  \ 

Danl/.ir,  (Pr. ;  g.  Danzig  ;  I 
poL  Gdansk.)  S 

Dapiwf,  des,  (Swiiz)  mts. 
Darien,  (Columbia.) 
Dnrnistudl,  ( W.  Germ.) 
Daniac,  (Fr.) 
Dametal,  (Fr.) 
Daroca,  (Sp.) 
Darriv^r,  (Slav.) 
D.ischkuwka,  (R.) 
Daun,  (Pr  ) 

Dauphine,  Ie,  (Fr.)  oldproc. 
Daventry.  (Eng.) 
Davoli.jXapl.) 
D'Ax,{Dax.)    ^qua  Attgasia- 
Oaxabon.     See  Dajabon. 
D^bica,  (Gal.) 
D?bowiec,  (Gnl.) 

Ocltreczin,  ((I.) 

Dccazevillft,  (Fr  ) 

Decize,  (Fr.)     Decttia. 

Dfecjn,  (a-.  Tetsclien,  Boh,) 

D66^,  (Trans.) 

D6ga<jnac,  (Fr.) 

Degesby.     Sre  IjOwlsti. 

Dcpcendorf,  ^Bav.) 

Delden,  (Netb.) 

Deleinont,  (Switz. ;  g.         | 
Dclsberg.)  ) 

Delft,  (Netb.) 

Delftshaven,  (Neth.) 

Delfzyl,  (iVeili.) 

Deliceto,  (Xapl.) 

Dchlsch.  (Pr.) 

Delivrance,  (Australia,)  isL 

Delsberg.     Sec  Deleinont. 

Uemer,  (Relg.)  r. 

Demanowa,  or  Deinenyfal-  i 
va,(IJ.)  ! 

Dembe  Wieike,  (Pol.) 

Dcnibea,  (HabcRn.)  lake. 

Demetrio,  San,  (Napl.) 

Demetrovieze.     See  Mitro-  / 
v6eR.  i 

Demmin,  (Pr  ) 

Demona,  val  di,  or  i  old     ( 

Demona,  Val,  i  dw,    | 

Dcmonte,  (Sard.) 

Deniotica,  (Tur.) 

Denain,  (Fr.) 

Denbigh,  ^Wales.) 

Derider,  (uclg.)  r. 

Deiidernionde,  or  Termon-  i 
de,  (Ilelg.)  i 

Denekanip,  (Neth.) 

Denia,  (Sp.) 

Denis,  St.,  (Fr.) 

Denis  d'Anjou,  (Fr.) 

Denis  de  gastines,  (Pr.) 

Denis  en  Val,  (Fr.) 

Denis  sur  Loire,  (Fr.) 

Denis  de  P1II6,  (Fr.) 
Denis  d'Urqiies,  (Fr.) 


dd'mt 
dd^/idbOn' 

dd'ldrtif 
dd'ldr  A' 
dd-lt-kdr'ti-n 

ddl'Hf 

ad  it-sht'Ui 

dd'ha-f 

dal-nia'ghe-a 

ddl-ntd'iai  en 

ddl-ma'lQf 

ddl-aki'tfd 

dd-md-ld' 

ddne  bdk\  g.  diim.'bii£h 

datrpgar'tht 

sd-  dd  mi'd'na 

ton  dd  mt-a'no  ddt'U 

ddm 

edm-mdrtd»g* 

dafn'm( 

dam'mer-sk^-l^ 

dangp't'ire* 

ddng'V'i-ty^ 

dd'nc-mUrk' 

de'ti^-mdrk 

ddnggC 

sdn'ddnf'^'lf 

dii  nt'lyf 

ddn7'lO~ta 

dcr  di'nis/itvdldl' 

ddnr-mdrV 
ddn-nemQ^'rd 
ddn'ntn-berg' 
ddn'ne-vits' 

dan'ube 

aapt'iik;  g.  ddn'Ui^j 

gddnsk 
de  ddpe 
dd-r'x  en' 
ddrm'  stddt 
dar  ndk' 
ddrtt'tdl' 
ddrO'kd 
dd-r^i}-vdhr' 
tlasli  kqti'kd 
dintn 
UdSfi-ni' 
dain'try 
da'vb-ti 
ddks 

dd-<kd-bOn' 
detn-bVtsd 
drm  bOv'yits 
df'bre'ts'in 
dz-kdzf-v'il^ 
de-size' 
dydt-sH'tna 
dK-isk 
df  gdn-ydkf 
di'gfs-W 
des'gen-dQt^ 
del'den 

dtlt-m6ng' 

delft 

delfts'hd'Cin 

defft^le' 

de-Vt  ehi'to 

d'r'litsh 

deti-vrdngt* 

dels' berg 

ri^'mer  ^^ 

dr-md'nu'vd,  rfj-mcnjh/ltf'- 

'td 
drm'b^  lyy^l'k^ 
dem-be'd       _ 
sdn  de-mi'tr'i-o 

dem-m'tnc' 

val  di  f/g-md'ntt 

val  de-mG'nd 

dc  mSn't£ 

di-mO'tikd 

de-ndng' 

den'by 

din'der 

din'dir-mQn'ds 

di'nt-kdmp' 

4('ni-d 

sAng  rfc-ni'.-  e.  sent-dat'n* 

de-ni'  ddng'g^g' 

de-nV  dd  gdst'ine' 

d4-nV  dngvdl 

d'i-ni'  jfir  tO-dre' 

dH-ni'  d&Tn-t-yi'  (pV^yt') 
dV-ni   dOrke 


Hi.  ,■  i  .horl,  Kt.  -  Fr.  A\a^g,A  short,  nearly  « in  v«r.  _  iy,  hj,  vy,  liquid.  -  M'gcr.  -g,  M,  g«l.un.l ;  g  «s  .  In  rto.«.r,.  -  r  fn.l.  Fr.  «.  - 1;  between  ,  and  /■ 


1339 


PROIfUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Denmark,  (Dftn.  Dane-       / 
roarck,)  kUeiom.  \ 

Dennewiu,  (rr.) 
Denla  Gyenn,  (H.) 
Dent  de  Mnrcle,  (Switl.)  mt 
Denl-du-Midi,  (Switz.)  mL 
D«ptford,  (Bug.) 
Oerbend,  or  0«ibent,  (R.)  ) 

Dencske,  (n.j 
Oennbnnt,  (Pr.) 
Denis,  (Dalm.) 
OerpL    Sn  Dorpat. 
Denguadeio,  (Bol.)  r. 
Deaeabeudo, 

Deacooocida,  (Tucatau,)     I 
eqie.  ( 

0«aaigiiM,  (Fr.) 
0eaea(a2a,  (Pamgnnia,) 

D«9aaila,  «r  Dennde,  (W. 

Ind.) 
DeEenzane,  (Lamb.) 
Deeertaa,  las,  (All.  6.)  id. 
Deeirade.    &•  Deseada. 
Daa  Moines,  (Iowa,)  e. 
Desna,  (R.)  r. 
Deenn,  (n.  Germ.) 
Deateno,  (Braz.) 
DesvrB9,  (Fr.) 
Oetmold,  (X.  Genn.) 
Detioit,  (U.  S. ;  fr.  De- 
troit,) r. 
Oetlelbach,  (Bav.) 
Oeniagen,  (nav.) 
Denla,  (Fr.)r. 
Deusletnont,  (Pr.) 
Deuruf,  (-Vetli.) 
Detiticbem,  or  Doe\ 

(.Nellj.) 
Deiitsrhbrod,  (Boh.)    Stt 

Brod. 

DeuischendorC    Sm  Poptaii. 
Deubch- Krone,  (Pr.) 
Deutscblanil.     S^t  Germany. 
Deuts,  cr  Diiyla,  (Pr.) 
I>eai-Panis,  ( Bav. ;  g,        I 

Zweibrilckm.)  ( 

Ueiu.R«vn»,  (Fr.)  dtf. 
Din.  (Trasi  i  g.  Diem-    { 

ricb,  tr  ScUoolMfg.)       { 
Deva,  (Sp.) 
De%*ecser,  (R.) 
Deventer,  (\mJi  ) 
Devizes,  (Eiig.) 
DhawaU-gliery,  pr  Giver,  ^ 
DI]awaIagiri,(whilemoun-  > 

Iain,)  (peak  llimaliya,)  } 
Diablereis,  rStviu.)  ik 
DiakoTlr,  (!1.) 
Diamantinn,  (^Brax.) 
DIann,  (Nipl  ) 
Diarbckir,  (Aw.  Mtnoc) 
Didain,  (Xeth.) 
Didier-la^«auve,  SL  (Fr.) 
Didier,  8l  (Pr.) 
Didirr,  St.,  au  Mont  d'Or,  > 

(Fr.)  ! 

Didier,  3l,  de  ChaUronue,  ) 

(Fr.)  i 

Didier,  :$L,  9ur  Doulon,  (Fr.) 
Die,  (Fr.)  Ass  f'esMwricn. 
Di«,  St.  (Fr.)    SoKtum       ) 

Ondilam.  i 


drn'mark 

Mug  it  mtrU' 

irt'fitrd 
iir'bliuit 

der'H'ii 

irrft       „ 

rf£-ja-fj»-il-rfj'r» 

de-ttm-gMyo 

dt^ind-ta'm 
ld>  dt-sa^Ua 

de-moiti' 

dis'na 

des'sam 

dts'l^r^ 

dltf 

dit'mQldt 

dt-tnit',dtlrQe 
diftfl-iaek 

det>an"gi» 
dM 


vtichem. 


(Mm 
dA'tt-tkim 

doiUk'hriM 

dmit'tUn^mf 

dmak^rfwt 


Diedenboten.    Sa  Tliios- 
rille. 


Dieburg,  fC.  Genn.2 

"  OH 

Die?o,  San,  (Dp.  Cat) 
Die?)  Sarria,  (Meacanoe    ) 
iil.)  I 

Oiekirch,  (Belg.) 
Dieioel,  (C.  Germ.)  r. 
Diemnch.     Set  Deva. 
Diepenbek,  (Belg.) 
Dieppe,  (Fr.) 
Diesbacti,  Ober,  (Switi.) 
Diessenhofen,  (Switz.) 
Diest,  (Belg.) 
Dietikon,  (Stiritz.) 
Dietz,  (Na&iau.) 
Dieu,  (Fr.)  isL 
Diea-le-Fil,  (Fr.) 

Dieuze,  (Fr.)    Daan  Pagi. 
Dignano,  (IlL)  • 

Digne,  (Fr.)    Dhua. 
Dijon,  (Pr.)     Dimo. 
Dijonnais,  (Fr.)  old  die. 
Diiln,  DUIIu,  or  Bela-Ban-  ) 
ya,(H.)  I 

Dillenburg,  (Germ.) 
DiUingen,  (B.H-.) 


iM-a((r 

dera 
dt'tfAp 
dt'rfnUr 
dtrlu',  or  d^m'tti 

da-vd-iiu.^in'>i 

dl-d'mo 

dl-OT-ti-Kln' 

tl'dOm' 

Jdnir  dl^jtl-l'la-t^^itltf 

sing  di-ii-t'i  mSng  dSn 

tin'  dins'  A  tUL-la- 

rflHS' 
titig  it-tl-t/  •brdftUug' 

ting  di-f' 

dl'tWrg 

dl'ilni-kiiflt 
$a^~di-t'g9 
tP'go  gdr-OCfa 

ti'kink> 

tt'iiUl 

Hmc'rilk 

dt'pim^MIt' 

dTer' 

i'bir-iU'hSOl 

dis'stK-kd'/iM 

dikrt 

ii'a.ki» 

dlUt 

dlQf 

dl-A-l(>-/-i 

df^Aze' 

din-y'd'tu 

ditty 
di-eintri 
H-gi-ni! 
dit* 

dU'Un-bttrg' 
dil'Ujt"gen 


Dinabtirg.     See  DUnaburg.      di'nU-bif^g' 
Dirrnn,  (Fr.)  di-ndng* 

Dinaiit,  (Belg.)  ti-nHug' 

Diuara,  (Ualm.)  nt.  di'ttii'r'd 

DingelslUJt,  (Pr.)  din" gil^Kdt' 

Dingulting,  (Bav.)  '• 

Dinkeliibiilil,  (Bar.) 
Oiois,  (Fr.)  olilduL 
Dioi-liyBr,  (H.) 
Dies,  Nonibre  do,  (.Mex.) 
Dirillo,  (Sic.)r.     Jlckatti. 
Dlrnowiu,  (.Mor.) 
Uirschau,  (Pr.) 
Disentis,  or  Disiientisj 

(Swiu.) 
Dison,  (Belg  ) 
Di.«onti!t.     See  Diseittis. 
Diatritto  Foiieral,  (Mut.) 

rf«t 
Ditmarsrlt,  (Denm.)  die. 
Ditro-viirliely,  (U.  g.  j 

Burgborg.) 
Dixmude,  or  DLxnmrden, 

(Belg.) 
Dizier,  8t,  (Tr.) 
DIaschkon-itz,  (Boh. ;  boh. 

DIasknwIcc.) 
Dmitrovsk,  (R.) 
Dnieper,  (R.)  r.    Borya- 

tkenes. 
Dniester,  (A iiRtr.)  r.     Ty- 

1105,  DanastfT. 
DAbebl,  (Sax.) 
Dobelbad,  (Aiialr.) 
Duberan,     (  ,.,  «.„„  , 
Dohberan,  i  ('^-  °°™'-) 
Ddliliiip,  Obor,  (Aastr.) 
Doboka,  (Trans.) 
Dobrawa,  (Boh.)  r. 
Dobte,  (R.  Pol ) 
Dobrignn,  (III.) 
Dobrja,  i  Boh.) 
Dobrilska,  (Bob.) 
DobrzyA,  (Pol.) 
Dobizyce,  (Pr.  Pa.) 
Dobrigno,  (IlL) 
Dobechau,  (H.) 
Doccia,  (.Miidona,)  nt. 
Doce,  (Braz.)  r. 
Doediberg,  (Switz.) 
Doesbiirg,  (Neth.) 

Doeticbem.     Sm  Deiilicbein.  d^tl^fkim 
Dogado,  il,  (Austr.  It.)  »/  dS-ntl'da 

Dogliani,  (Sard.) 
Dognaczka,  (11.) 
Dokkiun,  (Neib.) 
Dokzy.     See  Hirschberg. 
Dol,  (Fr.) 
Dolrigno,  or  Dulcigno, 

(l\irkey.) 
Doldenhora,  fSwitz.)  mt. 
Dole,  la,  (Swilz.)  vtt. 
Dolgeliy,  (Wales.) 
Dolina,  (.Atislr.) 
Diillart,  (.\ftli.)  bay. 
Dolmalow,  (R.) 
Dolores,  (Mex.)  r. 
Domalain,  (Fr.) 


dia"g(il-/inr' 

din"keU~bool' 

ti-a' 

il-akih'dijAkr 

nSm^bre  di  di-is' 

di-ril'tt 

dir'nO-Cjts 

dir'akotl 

dl-ten-tla> 

dl-zbng' 
dls-ittint' 

dtj-trWto  ft-ifrlS' 

dit'miirsk 

dl  trS-rUhr'lQy 

dikd'mUfle^  dikji'tmi-den 

stittir  di-if-s' 
dliish'ka-rita :  dUlik'kO-ti- 

Lie 
drnVtr^vsk 

n'i'per,  or  dnyt'pir 

n'i'sirr^  or  dKy^atir 

d^'bHn 

dS'bit-badl> 

dO'St-rUkii' 

dob'bi-r'iVtn' 

ihir  deilb'Ung 

dS'bOJid 

du'brU  v'd 

du'br^ 

dO-br'in'i/o 

dSbrMtth 

da-br^^-M 

dSbr'thiin 

dsbr-ahiesi 

dS-brXn'yS 

dob'skou 

^Ifeka 

dB'ti 

dA'dt-bfrt 

dt^bdirg 


d!^l-ya'nl 
dsg^at»-ka 

dok-keim 

dQk'iH 

dOl 

dSl-ck'in'yo 

doVdfn-hom' 

id  dole 

dol-irrtb'ty 

dO-rt'nd 

dol'liirt 

dql-md'fnf 

dQ~tO'res 

db-md-tdntr' 


Domailice,  (Bob. ;  g.  Tans.)  dt-ndak'ti-Ut 
Donibcs,  (Fr.)  old  £v,  dbngb 


Dome  dii  Gouti,  (Sard.)  mi 
Donienica.     See  Dominica. 
Domfrat,  (Pr.) 
Domfroiit,  (Fr.) 
Doming'1,  San,  (Hayti.) 
Domingo,  San,  (formerly     i 
Isla  £.-ipanola,)  isL  ( 

Dominica,  itr  Domenica ; 


dbme  du  gfit)-t^ 

dfl-n»£-Ti'rAii 

dO-me-r'd' 

dUng-frOtig* 

sdn  do-m'in'go 

db-m'in'go 


Dminica.  or  Domenica ;     ^ 

(\V.  hid.  fr.  La  Dnuiu-  \   dS-mi-ni'kd,  db-mt-nVklt 

ique,)  iaL  ) 


Dominii  al  di  qua  del  Faro,  \ 
(Naiilea,)  (fir.  ( 

Dominique,  la.  See  Do-  J 
minica.  ) 

Domitz,  (\.  Germ.) 

Doromel,  (Neth.)  r. 

Domo  d'Ossola,  (Sard.) 

DiSnvS^,  (H.) 

Dompierre,  (Fr.) 

Domremy-la-Piirelle,  (Fr.) 

Don,  (R-)  r.     Tttnaia. 

Donau.     Sre  Danutm 


dS-mi'ni-i  dl  tti  kicd  dst 

fd'ro 

Id  dO-itii-n'ilJ 

d<T)  'tjii'.'s 

dom'inel 

dO'tnS  dCa'sbUX 

d^-m^sh 

dOng-p'i-ire' 

dOng-ri-mVld'pti-siV 

don 

db'tttrtt 


Donauesciiiti^en,  (S.  Gcmi.)    db'jtou-esk'in"^en 


Oonaustaiir,  (Bav.) 
DonauwOnh,  (Bav.) 
Doncllery,  (Fr.) 
Doncz,  (R.)r. 
Dongio,  (Switz  ) 
Dongola,  (Af.)  country. 
Donkow,  (E.) 
Donzy,  (Fr.) 
Doomik.     See  Toumay 


dS'rwti-attn{^ 

db'nou-v^rtf 

dSn^'Sha^V 

do-neU* 

dojtd'go 

dOng-gS'ld 

don-kof 

dOng-z'i' 

dOrc'n'ik 


Doorspyk,  (Netli.) 
Dor,  or  Dure.  ( Fr.)  ttit, 
Dora,  (N.  II.)  r.     Doria. 
Dora  Rallen,  (Sard.)  r. 
Dora  Ripern,  (.**ard.)  r. 
Dorat,  (i'r.) 
Dordogue,  la,  (Fr.)  dep. 
DordrecbL-  See  DurL 
Dore.     See  Dor. 
Dormagen,  (Pr.)     Uurno-   1 

magus.  { 

Dornach,  (Switz.) 
Uombim,  or  Donibiirn,       i 

(Tyrol.) 
Donio,  (Pied.) 
Dornstoiicn,  (VVUrt.)     Ta- ) 

rodunuin.  { 

Dnropobu.^rh,  (R.) 
Diiro-iiia,  (II.) 
Uor|)aI,  or  Derpt,  (R.) 
Dort,  or  Diirdreclit,  (Nctli.) 
Diirtiiiund,  (Pr.J 
Dojscia,  (Tusc.) 
Datjs,  (II.) 

Doual,  or  Douay,  (Fr.) 
Doiibs,  (Fr.)  r.     Dubie. 
Don6,  (Fr.) 
Docillen!',  (Fr.) 
nmir,  (Belg.) 
Doiirdan,  (Fr.) 
Donrnazac,  (Fr.) 
Don ro,  (Port.,  ep.  Dueto,   ( 

I'enins.)  r.  \ 

Doustre,  (Fr.)  r. 
Douzo,  (Fr.)  r. 
Dover,  strait  of.    (fr.  Pas- ) 

de-Calais.)  j 

Hover,  (Eng.  ;  fr.  Douvres.) 
Uovrplield,  (Norw.)  rata. 
Douvres.     Se  Diiver. 
Drachenf&Is,  (Pr.)  mL 
Drageschan,  (IV'allachia.)    j 

cloister.  I 

Dragoe,  (Denm.)  leL 
Bragonera,  (Sii.)  ui, 
Draguignan,  (Fr.) 
Daninien,  (\orw.) 
Drave,  or  Drau,  Drava,       ) 

(Austr.)  r.  j 

Dreiszigacker,  (Sax.) 
Drenthe,  (Neth.)pr. 
Dresden,  (Sax.) 
Dreui,  (Fr.) 
Drewenz,  (Driv^ca.) 
Driliiirg,  (Pr.) 
Driel,  (Nelli.) 
Drcrbak,  (Ni.rw.) 
Driihi>hi('i',  or  Drohobiez,    ) 

(Austr.  Pol.)  j 

Dmhyczin,  (R.) 
Droilwiiii,  (Eng.) 
Dr8pne,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Orouero,  (Piod.) 
Dnmnp,  (Fr.)  r. 
Orontheiui.    See  Trondhjcm. 
Drorandorl,  (Austr  ) 
Drottningholm,  (.Sw.)  castie. 
Dnv«;ca,  (Pol.  j  g.  Dre- 
wenz,) r. 
Orzewica,  (Pol.) 
Dr/.enow.    See  Tachau. 
Dsfliagatai,  or  Asian  i 

Tartary.  j 

Dschelwl  al  Tarik.     See      I 

Gibraltar.  j 

Diiliipza,  (Croat.) 
Duhliii,  (frl.)    Bally-ath-    ) 

rli.lth.      F.blaiia.  j 

Dubiiesary,  (IC.) 
DulKuvn,  (H.) 
Duhrovnik.     Sre  Ragusa. 
Dudiiigen,  (Switz.) 
Dudzei  le,  (Belg.) 
Dueiiac,  (Sp.) 
Ducro.     Sec  Dotiro. 
Duffel,  (Xcth.) 
Dumo,  (III.)     CasttUum       ) 

PiteinuTit.  ) 

Duisburg,  (Pr.) 
Duivcland,  (.\'etll.)  isl. 
Dukla,  (Austr.  P.) 
Dulce,  (S.  A.)  r 
Dulcigno.     Sre  Dolcignn, 
Dulczyn,  or  Tulczyn,  (R.) 
DUIln,  orDilln,  (II.)    Be-  ) 
la-Baitya,  \ 

Dulwicb,  (Kng.) 


ddre'spVto 

dOr 

dO'rd 

do'ra  bdl'tt-U 

dO'rd  r'i-p^'rd 

dO-rd' 

Id  dOr.dSny' 

dor'dreC-kt 

dire 

d^'tnd-gin 

dor'ndrh 

d^ru'birn  (bitrit) 

dOr'ito. 

dfiru'stet'teti 

dd-rd-gd-b^^ehf 

dA-rd.>A'md 

dqr'pdt 

dort 

dorl'm^^ndt 

do'slid 

da'Cish 

dQ^-W 

dQ</ 

dftt-i' 

d^tjl-tdttg' 

d^Qr 

dgtir-ddng* 

dtj^r-nd-l'dhf 

dU'rtfif 

dijQtr 
df^ze 

do'vcr 

do'ver 
d6'vr'e-fyelt 
dQ^er 
dra'd/ieii'fels' 

drd' ge-sh'dltn' 

dr'd'gifil 
drd-gb-ite'rd 
drd-^'iit-ydng' 
dratu'titat 

drd're,  dr.ia,  drd'vd 

drVaj-dk'kir 

dreii'te 

dres'din ;  e.  dres'den 

drdh 

drs'vents 

dr'l'bQ^rg 

drfle 

drb'bdk 

drb-M'bi-tsl  (biUsk) 

drb-h'its'skin 

droit'ick 

drome 

drd-ne'ro 

dvGne 

drqnt'hlme ;  e.  dront'im 

drb'rdn'ilorf 

drQl'itiitg-bolm' 

drvf^n^'tsU 

drske-vi'  ts'd 
drekeo'tiqf 

ds/id-gd-ta'i 

dshe'bal  dl  Id'rVt 

dQQ-bit-ad 

dub'Un 

dtjtj-bSs-.trl'r't 
d^t}'bb-vd 
dtftybrov' n'ik 
dh'din"  gen 
dtld-'zi'li 
d(jt}-en'yd3 
dt^e'ro 
diiffil 

dq^'i'no 

(di^'ts)  d'lis'bg^g 

doi'ie-landt' 

d/^'kld 

di^fl'the 

d^rl-eh'iti^yo 

dQ^l'clnne 

dttln 

dul'ich 


Dun  le  Roi,  (Fr.)  d^ng  n  rS-ii' 

DiSna,  Dvina,  or  Dwina,     I    jt,.^ 
(R.)r.      TurutittiS.  \    <"^ '"* 

DQnaburff,  or  Diiiaburg,  (R.)  dft'tid-b^org' 
Dunanjtiiide,  (R  )  dft'nd-tiitiii'di 


F3't,fdr,fgU,iek(}t,  bdL  —  Mitt,  prey,  kelp,  Ikire,  kHr.  —  Pine,  vuaHne,  bird,  fig.  —  JV51e,  dSve,  mUve,  wqlf,  bf^,  ZgrA  — rSTW,  butt,  vnUe.  —  oi,  boy ;  ou,  Aoiue.  —  Fr.  &  long. 


1340 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Dima  Veise,  [U.) 
DundeUkirclien,  (U. ;  A.      i 

F^6regyh4y.)  j 

Duni^res,  (Fr.) 
Dunkirk,  (Fr.;/r.  Dun-     j 

kerque.)  \ 

Durance,  la,  (Fr.)  r. 
Durango,  (Mex.)  dep. 
Duratun,  (Sp.)  r. 
Duravel,  (Fr.) 
Durazza,  (Alb.)  Dyrrkach-  ) 

Oilren,  or  Mark  Uuren,  J 
(Pr.)     Marcadurum.  \ 

Dunkheim,  (Bav.) 

DurUch,  (W.  Germ.) 

DiSrnberg,(Austr.) 

Durnik.    See  Keiucrz. 

Dilrreiiberg,  (Pr.) 

Dilrrenkrut,  or  Dumlcrut,  ) 
(AusiT.)  j 

Durrenstein,  ( Au3tr.) 

Ddsseldorf,  (Pr.) 

DuRweiler,  (Pr.) 

Duytz.    See  Deutz. 

Dux,  (Boh.) 

Dvina.     See  Duna. 

Dyle,  (Belg.)  r. 

Dwina.     See  Dvina. 

Dsualoaz^,  (Pol.) 


dQQ'ttd-V^t'shi 

dgqn'dils-kir'chin 

dii-n'i-dre' 

dun'kirkf  d^ng-k^rk' 

la  d^-rdngs' 
dgg-rati'ffo         ^ 
dQ<^'d.-iQn.' 
dii-rdr-ViV 

dgf^-rdi'sd 

dU'ren 

dfink'Alme 
dQ^r'ldch 
dflrn'birg 
dQQr'tiik 
dQfjr' Ten-berg' 

dUr'ren-kr^^f  d^m'kr^Qt 

dttr'rht-stlne 

dhs'sH-dqrf 

dQQt'vl-lir 

doits 

dQQks 

dvi' nd 

dVli 

dVi'nU 

dzyd-lO'sh 


E. 


Eaux-Bokhss,  les,  (Fr.) 

Eaux-Chaudes,  les,  (Fr.) 
Eauze,  ( Fr.)    Elusa. 
EbeUberg.     See  Ebersberg. 
Ebeluifi,  (Dcnm.) 
Eberbacti,  (Bad.) 
Ebersbach,  (Sax.) 
Ebersberg,  or  Ebelsberg,     ) 

(Austr.)  i 

Ebersdorf,  (Germ.) 
Ebesfalva,  or  £li:«abeth-      t 

sudt,  (Trans.)  ] 

Ebingen,  fWirt.) 
Eblern,  (Ausir.) 
Eboli,  ffr  Evoli,  (Napl.)       ) 
,  Eburi.  i 

Ebreuil,(Fr.) 
Ebro,  (Sp.)  r.    Iberus. 
£caus8ines,  (Belg.) 

Echelles,  les,  (Sard.) 
E<!ht,  (Belg.) 
Echternncli,  (Belg.) 
Ecija,  (Sp.)     ^stigis. 
EckernPirde,  (Deum.) 
Eckmfihl,  (Bav.) 
fecliise,  P,  (Fr.)  pass. 
ficliiae,  I'.     See  Sluis. 
Ccouen,  (Fr.) 
fccoun-Su-Cluentin,  (Fr.) 

Ecuador,  (S.  A.)  rep. 
Edam,  (Neth.) 
Edelstadt.     See  Zuckmantel. 
Edonknbcn,  (Bav.) 
Ed*:hmiadzin.    Sec  El5cl»-  j 

nnad-'iin.  ) 

Eeckeren,  (Belg.) 
Eeclofi,  (Bele.) 
Etfcrdine,  (.Vu-tr.) 
Ef!adi,(Mediter.)u/jr.  Ega-  j 

tei.  S 

Egedesminde,  (Greenland.) 
Egor,  (E.  Germ)  r. 
Ezer,  (Boh. ;  boh.  Bohclieb,) 
!;<ier.     See  Eriau. 
Ilzerbeay,  (Trains.;  g.  Er-  ) 

lenmarkl.)  ) 

F',;;ersund,  (Norw.) 
K!?ors/,eg.  fczala,  (H,) 
Eggetibt-rg,  (Styria,)  castle. 
Egidi-'tndf,  or  EgidsladL      ) 

See  Enyod.  i 

Egli^au,  (Switz.) 
Egmond-aan-zeo,  (Neth.) 
E.inach,  (Switz.) 

eTi'lles.,  (fr*) 
EtuHheim,  (Fr.) 
Ehnheirn.     See  Obemai. 

F-hnirieen,  (Wirt.) 
flhrnibreitsteiii,  (Pr  ) 
r^hronliaiiKen,  (.-\iistr  ) 
Eibrtii,  (.Sax.) 
BtbniiMCiltz,  or  Eiben- 

Bchitz,  (Mfir.) 
EUiHWHld,  (Aurtr.) 


/e-i-a  hdiu 

lS-z-0  shade 

5  IB 

i'bels-berg' 
i'bel-toft' 
i'btr-bdck' 
i'bi:rs-bdch' 

i'bers-ierg' 

^'hers-dorf 

i-htsh-fdl-z'd 

i'bin"gen 
ib'lern 

i'bd'ti 

S-br^ly' 

i'bro ;  e.  e'bro 

e-kos-s'ine' 

le-x  e  skeV 

icht 

ech'ter-n'dch' 

t'm-chd 

tk'h^rn-f^r'di 

ek'm^le 

li-klitzc' 

U'klUic' 

e  k*}(}-dng' 

e-k^^r'sdng-kdng-tdng' 

e-k(jQ-d'dor' 

k'dam 

i'dil-stddV 

i'den-k'j'ben 

edsh-mydd-iin.' 

i'kera 

ik'lo 

fffir-ding* 

t-'s'd'di 

e'ge-des-min'ds 
i'ffir ;  o.  eg'er 
S'ger 
£'ger 

e'gcr-btdy 

S' gi-r-iQ^dt' 

sa'ld  i'ger-srg 

rg'gtn-berg' 

i-g'i' dis-stddt' 

e'gids'-st'ddt' 

e-gli-iii' 

eq'mn  ndt^n-z$ 

dng'nddh 

t-grfily' 

e-S'is-hAng' 

ei'in'filme 

(•ii'  Hill"  gtn 

e'l'rert-brlte'slJne 

eh'rrri'hou'zin 

i'boa 

Vbin-shUts'  {shits) 

Vbis  vdldt' 


Eichliorn,  (Mor.) 
Eichsiadt,  (Bav.) 
Eider,  (Denm.)  r.    Eidora. 
Eiilrivuid,  (Nurw.) 
Eiger,  (Swiiz.)  mL 
Kilaujor  Preuszisch  Eilau, 

Eylau,  (Pr.) 
EHenburg,(Pr.) 
Kilsen,  (N.  Germ.) 
Eimbcck,  (Han.) 
Eiudliuveii,  (Metli.) 
EinOd,  (Austr.) 
Einsiedel,  (11.) 
Eiusiedeln,  (Switz.) 
Eisienach,  (C.  Germ.) 
Eisenarz.    See  Eiseners, 
Ei^enberg.    See  Vasv^r. 
Eisenberg.  (C.  Germ.) 
Ei.senbiirg.     See  Vas. 
Eisenerz,  or  Eisenarz,  (Styr.) 
Eisenklingen.  Sfr«  Esslingen. 
Eisenstadt.    Sec  Kis  Miriury. 
Eisernes  Thor,  (Danube,)   / 

whirlpool.  \ 

Eislebeii,  (Pr.) 

EI.TO,  (Port.) 
EkafCDiiodar,  (R.) 
Ekalerinoyrad,  (It) 
Ekaterinoslaw,  (R.) 
Ekesjo,  (Sw.) 
Elau.     See  Eulc. 
Elba,  (Tusc.)  isl.    Ilba. 
Elbe,  (Germ,  j  boh.  Labe,) ) 

r.    Albis.  \ 

Elberfeld,  (Pr.) 
Elbeuf,  or  Elbceuf,  (Fr.) 
Elbing.(Pr.) 
ElbtBuf.     See  Ellwuf. 
Elbogen, or  Olnbogen,  ) 

(Boh.;  bah.  LokeL)  \ 

Elche,  (Sp.)    nitcU 
Elchingen,  (Bav.) 
Elda,  (Sp.)    Addum. 
El  Doctor,  (Mex.) 
Elena,  Santa,  (Ecuador,S.  A.) 
Elena  di  ButtagUa,  (Lomb.) 
Elfdalen.  (Sw.) 
El  Ferrol,  (Sp.) 

Elfkarleby,  (Sw.)  j 

Elfsborg,  (Sw.) 
Eli3abethgrad,(R.) 
ElisaberhiHjl,  (R.)pr. 
ElisabethstadU    See  Ebes- ) 

falva.  I 

E116,  (Fr )  r. 
Ellezelles,  (Belg.) 
EUrich,  (Pr.) 
EUwangen,  (Wirt.) 
Elm,  (Switz.) 
Elmshorn,  or  Elveshom,     \ 

(Demn.)  J 

EInbcigen.     See  Elbogen. 
EIne,  (Fr.)    Illiberisj  Helena. 
Elorris,  (Sp.) 
Eloy,  St.,  (Fr.) 
El  Pardo,  (Sp.)  canUe. 
El  Rosario,  (Mox.) 
Elsass.     See  Alsace. 
Klsinore,  or  Etsiaeur.    See  ) 

Helsingbr.  \ 

Elajj,  (Sw.) 
Elster,  (Germ.)  r. 
Eltsch,  (H.  ;  h.  Jolfiva.) 
Elvas,  (Port) 
Elven,  (Fr.) 

Elveshom.     See  Elmshorn. 
Enibden.     Sec  Emden. 
Emboli,  (Turkey.) 
Embriin,(Fr.)   Ebrodunum. 
Emdeu,  or  Einbdon,  (llim.) 

Emilion,St.,  (Fr.) 
Emmeii,  (Switz.)  r. 
Eminendi:igen,  (Cad.) 
Emmerich,  (Pr.) 
Empire  d'Auteriche,     See  i 

Austria.  ) 

Emixili,  (Tunc.)    Empulum. 
Ems,  (Germ.)  r.    AmisuSf  ) 

Amasits.  \ 

Encarnation,  (Mex.) 
Encartaciones,  (Sp.) 
Eiicinn-Sola,  (Sp.) 
Eiigadin,  (Switz.)  r. 
Engelberg,  (Switz.) 
Engelhariszell,  or  Engels-  > 

zell,  (Au^'tr.)  j 

Encelhnlm,  (Sw.) 
Eniien,  (Bad.) 
Engliien,  (Belc) 
Enghien.    See  Montmorency. 


Ick'iutm 

Idh'stddt 

I'der 

Ids'vqUt 

Vger 

proi'sish  Vhiu 

Vlm-bq(irg' 

ll'iin 

ime'bik 

lnd'h6-ein 

Ine'^d 

Ine'U-dil 

Ine'z'i-deln 

Vzi-ndch 

I'zenh-ts' 

Vzen-berg' 

Vzen-berg' 

I'zen-b^Qrg' 

V  lin-iriit' 

l'zen'k!in"gen 

i'zen-stadt 

I'zer-nes  tOhr* 

Is'Wbin 


&''i-ah<)<} 

iji-kd-tf-r'i-n  D  -ddr' 

ye-kd-4f,-ri-n0  -grade' 

ye-kd-te-ri-nos-ldf 

^k'if-shi^ 

i'lou 

il'bd 

el'bi  ;  e.  elb 

el'ber-fildt' 
eUi*ttf 
eVbing 
tl-bt%f' 

el{tibi)'bd-gen. 

tVche 

el'chin"gen 

el'dd 

el-do  ktSr' 

sdH'id-^-le'n'd 

e'le-nd-di-bdt-tdl'yd 

"elfdd-Un 

Sl  fer-rol' 

ilfkdr'le-bilj  commonly 

elfs'bnrg 

ye-ti-sd-bet'  gr'dda' 
yt-ti-sd-bet-pOV 

£4i'zd-bet-stddt' 

el-lef 

el-zeV 

iVrich 

el'vdn"gen 

elm 

elms'hqm' 

iln'bO'geit 

eln 

£-ldr'r'l8 

sdng-t-e-lO-d' 

elpdr'do  ,^ 

el  rO-sd'r'i-o 

eVsdss 

cl'sin-ore' 

el'shdh. 
il'slrr 
eltsh 
el'vds 

ii'ves-horn' 

eii'b'drn 

em'bd-n 

dng-br^ng' 

em'den 

sd  n  ^-t-e-m'i-U-Ong* 

em' men 

em' men-din' 'gtn 

em'm^-riSh' 

dng-pire'dO-tr'ishe' 

em'pS-ti 

ems 

(n-kdr-nix-th'{~On' 

en-kdr-td-th'i-d'nQs 
en-th'i' n'd-so' Id 
rn"  (rdd'int' 
en."  gel-ber§' 
en"gel-h  drts-tsel't 

en"  gels-tseV 
en"  gH-halm' 


'f'i-Ang' 
>!'i-dng' 


Enguera,  (Sp.) 
Enkhuyiten,  or  Enktiui-      \ 

zen,  (Neth.)  { 

Enkj6pnig,  (Sw.) 
EnuiiiekiK,  (li.) 
Enn8,  or  Ens,  (Austr.)  r.     ) 

AneHiis.  \ 

En;^,  (Aut7-lr.)    Laurtacum. 
Eiiticliede,  (Neth.) 

Ensisheim,  (Fr.)  J 

Eufiival,  (Belg.) 
Eiilraigue:>>,  or  Ejitray-        > 

gue»,  (Fr.)  j 

Entragop,  (Sard.) 
Entrecasieaux,  (Fr.) 
Entre-I>eux-Mers,  (Fr.)        ) 

country.  \ 

Entre-Duuro-e-Minho.   See  i 

Mintio.  \ 

Eiiire  Rrofl,  (Plata  ConC,    > 

S.  A.)  dep.  j 

Enyed,  Enyed  Nag}-.     See  i 

Egidiri(Egids).siadt,  > 

Strasbiirg.  i 

Enz,  (Germ.)  r. 
Eiizersdorl,  (Austr.) 
Epaijinew,  (rr.) 
EiHjry,  (Fr) 

Eperie^,  (H. ;  A.  Preseova,) 
Epernay,  or  Espemay,  > 

(Fr.)     AqucB  Perennes,      \ 
Efwrnon,  (Fr.) 
Epinac,  (tr.) 
Epinal,  (Fr.) 
Epinay,  (Fr.) 
E|iomeo,  (Isclila,)  mt.  isU 
Eppiiigcn,  (Bad.) 
fc-rbach,  (Gertn.) 
Erhesu,  (I^omb.) 
Erbil,  (Turkey.) 
Erce,  (Fr.) 
Erd6ly  OrszAg.    See  Tran-  ) 

)<ylvari)a.  \ 

Ercai,  or  Erscseny,  (H.) 
Erd6d,  (H.) 
Erd  iszadn,  (II.) 
Erdre,  (Fr.)r. 
Erckli,  fNatolia.) 
Erenio,  V,  di  Camaldoli,      ) 

(Tu8c)  cloisUr.  \ 

Erturt,  or  Erfurtb,  (Pr.) 
Ericeira,  (Port.) 
Erin.     See  Ireland. 
Eriwan,  (R.)  pr. 
Erlach,  (Switz. ;  fir.  Cerlier.) 
Erlangen,  (Bav.) 
ErIau,  (H. ;  A.  Eger;  slav.  ) 

Jager.)  \ 

Erienbach,  (Bav.) 
Erlenmarkt.     See  Egerbegy. 
Ermelaiid,  (Pr.j  olddiv. 
Ermenonville,  (Fr.) 
Ermesloben,  (,Pr.) 
Ern6e,  (Fr.) 

Erquy,  Pointo  d',  (Fr.)  cape. 
Erack-iijvAr,  (H.)     See        > 

Neuhau.sel.  ) 

Erstein,  (Fr.) 
Ertvelde,  fBelg.) 
Erusiaii,  (R.)  r. 
Erzberg,  (Austr.)  distr. 
Erzgebirge,  (S.  Germ.)  mts. 
Escalona,  (Sp.) 
Escandon,  (Mex.) 
Esralron,  (Sp.) 
Escaut.     See  Scheldt 
Eschciibach,  (Switz.) 
E-schivege,  (Germ.) 
Escliwoilor,  (Pr.) 
Escobar,  or  Escovar,  (Sp.)  r. 
E-scondido,  (S.  A.)  harbun 
E^coriul  do  Abajo,  (Sp.) 
Escudo  do  Vcragua,  (S,  A.)  r. 
Escurial,  (Sp.) 
B>giieira,  (Port.) 
Esgueva,  (Sp.)  r. 
Esino,    It.)  r. 
Eskeljord,  (Iceland.) 
Eskikrim,  fR.) 
Eskil.-tuna,  (Sw.) 
E-'mnrclda,[Ecuador,S.A.)  r. 
E-padacinta,  (Port) 
E^palion,  (Fr.) 
Espalmad-ir,  (Sp.)  isL 
E^paly,  (Fr.) 
E-p-tna,  la.     See  Spain. 
Espannia,  isla,  now  San      ) 
Dominpo.  > 

Esparraguera,  (Sp.) 
Espomay.     See  Epcmay. 


pi'gi'rd 

ink  /toi-ien 

Chn'cbtA-ping 
i-n^n'ti-kis 


tns 

ins'ikt.-d%' 

any-itskdng' }  g^in'tft- 

hlme 
dng-s't-vdV 

dng-trSg' 

ang-trdg* 
aiigtr-kd'Sta* 

dngtr-4<fk-m£r§ 

i  n'trt-dii'r^t9-t^i*'VW 
Cn'trs-r'i'Os 

nddy-£n'y^ 

rnts 

ent'sers-dqrT 
ipany* 
ep-ri* 

S-ps'fi-tsk ;  g.  £-pi'ri-is 

e-per-n&' 

i'pSr-nOttg* 

i-p'i-n'dk' 

tpindl' 

S-pi-n&' 

e-pO-mn'o 

rp'pin"gin 

er^ouek 

Sr-bi'ao 

erfbtu 

trss 

£r-d£hly' Ohr-sHkg' 

tr'ch'i^  {r'chiny 

ir'd^d 

Cr' d^-s'drdd 

erdr 
t-r&'kti 

le'r^-mo  di  kd-mdl'dS'ti 

ir'fqifli. 

e-ri-s&'i-rd 
e'rin,  , 

£-r>-rdii' 
er'ldSh 

er'ldn"  gifK 
er'lou 

er'len-bdck' 

ir'lin-mdrkt' 
er'me-ldndt' 


long-i 
•s-Wb 


rr'mes-Wbin 

er-ne' 

pO-dngt  ddr-k'i 

er-skek-^^'i-vdhr' 

Sr-stdn' ;  g.  er'stliu 

erl'vel-de 

e-rQi^zi-dn,' 

irts'berg 

erls'ge-bir'gs 

es-kd-lO' ad 

is-kdn-dOtt' 

es-kd-tT5u' 

es-kd' 

esh'en-bdck' 

esk'vi-ge 

eak'tl-ler 

ss-ko-bdr'  (vdr') 

^.t-kOn-di'do 

is-ko-ri-^'  de  drbWeho 

es-kQQ'do  de  ve-rd'g^^-H 

es-kf}Q-ri-dl' 

es-gd'i-rd 

is-gs'^d 

£-sVno 

es'ke-fi,5re' 

is-k'i-kfim' 

es-kils-tQQ'nd 

ra-me-reVdd 

i-s-pd-dd-s'in' td 

es-pd-l'i-6ng' 

es-pal-mii-dSr' 

{s-pd-Ci' 

Id  £s-pdJt'yd 

■is'ld  es^dn-yO'lU 

es-pdr-rd-gt'rd 

e-per-nd' 


vUti  £  ahort,&ii/.—  Fr.  Along,  1^  short,  nearly  as  in  «pur.  —  rfy,/]/,m^,  liquid.— w«n'V^,  —  ^,aA,  guttural;  #  as  a  in  pleasure.  ~r  final,  Fr.  t•^^  — r,  between  v  and  /. 

-  jgj^^ 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Esp^ja,  (Sp.1 
E<pejo,(Sp.) 
&|iirhel,  (Poru)     Sm  Ca-  I 

ba  Espullel.  { 

E^piencs,  CBel?.) 
Kspiuluca,  Sarro  do,  ~         ) 

(BnuL)Mtib  dUia^  ) 

&^iM>ma,  (Pr.)  mts. 
Kspioosa  as  loa  Mouteros,  ) 

(Sp.)  \ 

Espmouae,  (Pr.)  mts. 
E^pirito  Santo,  .Braz.^  prw. 
E';>irilii  t^iiulu      Ste  Tampa. 
E-pl.isid?  fraiicoli,  ^^p.; 
E<pujt>uda,  (Puce) 

Eapnl,  St,  (Fc) 

Eisi,  (Ft.) 

Esd».-k,  EsjMS,  tr  Eazek,  ) 

(Austr.)    Jnpsja.  ( 

Es-oii,  (Pr.) 
EsvUng,  (Aiisttl 
Es^liuxrii.  /non  EueakliD-  { 

g8n,(Wun.)  \ 

£«)oiu»s,  (Fr)  r. 
E-tUca,  (Sp.)  eapc 
E'li^ol,  iPr.) 
E^uirss,  (Fr.  I     , 
E^Uinpca.     Se<  Ktnnipea. 
Enarac,  (Pr.)  cU  Jte 
Eiiivayi,  p.  Esurajer,      i 

tSnriu.i  g.  ticaolfi4->        { 
Esfe,  (LonibJ     Jllate. 
E^tcbin,  (3p-) 

Eilella,  8p^  StrUa»Bii  jilia. 
B^iapi,  (So.)    AitapiL 
Bnapar.  ^Sp) 
Bjtspoaa,  (Sp.) 
Bstsrilizy,    /  ,  n  v 
Eaisrtilzr,  (  *"  ' 
EiUionia,  or  Rairal, 
EiUilind,    R.)pr.  Sw  Rerel. 
E>iionas.     Su  iUcone. 
E«hI«.     Sn  Etdla. 
Eilunl,  (Pun  ) 
EAncItu  do  Gibraltar.    See  j 

(Strait  uT,  Gibraltar.         { 
EUfcila,  (a  A.)  r. 
EanaiBadun,  (Sp.  aod         ) 

Von)  prat,  \ 

Bftnaoa,  (Pnrt.) 
Boak.     &•  Eaaeck. 
Btatar^m      Sfe  Gran. 
Eiatergura  Vinncg)  e.   See  > 

Oraner  G^sfiaiin^cluft.     ( 
Eatorbazy.     See  Esterhazy. 
^tatle^  fPr.) 
^taio,  (rt.) 

Etamiies,  (Pr.)  farmtri)      j 
,Baamps».  \ 

■aptoa,  (Fr.) 
ilienne,  St..  EstKnm,  (Fr.) 

£tisnne,  St.,  da  Daigorry,  I 
(Fr.)  \ 

Etienae,  St.,  de  Lugdaris, ) 

(Fr)  I 

^tieima.  St.,  dc  Montluc,    J 

(Fr)  1 

^tiaone,  SL,  de  SL  Gaoirs,  j 

(Fr.)  i 

Etna,  or  XXiM.  (Sic  ;  A    ) 
,  Munte  Gibelfo.)     wlc      \ 
Etoile,  Estoilo,  (Pi ) 
eirelal,  (Fr.) 
Eliuria,  (It.)  amoltry 
Etach.     See  Adiffa. 
Etschmiadsia.    Sx  Edscb-  1 

niLid^in.  ) 

Eltonlieiia,  (Bad.) 
Enlingsn,  (Bad.) 
Eu,  (Fr.) 

Eufemia,  Santa,  (Napl.) 
Euganai,  .Monti,  (It.)  ku. 
Eule,  tr  Elau,  (Boh.) 
Eulengebir^,  'Sil.i  mu. 
Eupen,  (Pr. ,  fr.  .N'u:i.) 
Bure,  (Pr.)  r.     £iara. 
Eure^et-Loir,  (Fr.)  dcp. 
Eu^kirchen.  (Pr. ) 
Euon,    .N.  Genu.) 
Eraill,  (Fr.) 
Eve^ain,  (Eng.) 
Evian,  (S,iv.) 
Evolu     St€  Ebsli. 
Evora,  iPort.)     £4ora,         I 
,  LiberaUlas  Jalta.  \ 

Evran,  (Fr.) 
Evreur,  (Fr.)     Mcdiola-      j 

auia,  £&urapie«e.  ( 


la-pi'eka 

is-p'i-^ht^ 

ts-p\-ln' 

ap^r^  d^  e9-p'in~ya'»d 

j*-pTMi5Bie' 

C3-pt-n^^se' 
^K-pi'ri-Ui^  sUn't^ 
Cti-pVri-tt^  siiJi'tff 
C'-plw'fi'  "fe  fniu'ts-n 
is-pii^n'dd 

fst' 

afsik,i^stg 
is'sfn 
iu'Unff 

ist'ii*"gin 

ft-tSnif 

tAdHfpf 
ca-UtrtHlf 

f'ti 

I'-ts'pil 

ts-KpUr' 

titi-pt'ma 

as-du'm»^ 
VfUmtt 

Csti-rtl' 

tt^rt'tJU  dt  Ikl-trilUar' 

f'ttrgtm 

Ctdlif 
tttpl^ 

ti»g-i-i-n-tif 

aiMff-t-i-ti-in^  d^  ItO-gOr* 

tdng-t-s<l-in'  de  Ihg-dd- 

rf' 
tAng^t-t-fi-t*'  da  mOnr- 

Mimgts-n-ffl'  d»  ttmg 

giart/ 
tCna 
t-ta'-iOt/ 
ilr-ta' 
t-trffrt-a 
iljk 

iUk-n^ad-iUf 

it'iin"gtit 

A  ■       ..., 

aan'ta  i-t(>-Jt'«li-H 

wiOit'li  i-^Q-ga'itt-i 

et'lt 

ot'Um-gt'iir'gs 

ot'prm 

Are      ^ 

e&re  e  Uhiirt^ 

etr'kir'ckai 

ci-Tl'at' 

e-cv' 

e'sham 

e-D't-ibtg' 

t'ci-ti 

i-vrdng' 
{-ma' 


6vron,  (Fr.) 

Exea,  or  )  de  Ins  Caballe- 
Egoa,      i  ros,  (Sp.) 
Exolcr,  (Enn) 
Eiilr.-^  (Sard.) 
Eycuiireti,  (Fr.) 
Eyl.iii.    See  Eilau. 
EKCarmy,  (S|k) 


S-vrHHg' 

t^kt'a  di  Use  itd-tiU-y:'- 

rSa 
ex'r-Ur 
Cr-alle' 
a-r1~trt' 
I'hu  ^ 

ttX-{i3)-Ulr'rtl!% 


F. 


Faabobq,  (Denin.) 
Fuar^r.    Sm  E'&rCer. 
Fiibianice,  (Pol  ) 
Facliiniren,  fW.  Germ.) 
Fiicardiiis,  (Australia^)  isla. 
F.iciiiundsj.*,  i,Norw.)  lake. 
Faoniui,  (C.  It.)    FaagiUta. 
Faetana,  (IL) 
Fagnano,  ( It.) 
Fatitiin,  w  FaliiDt  (Sw.) 
Falirwasspr,  NeUj^P'-) 
F.-usaii.-^,  lie  tie*,  (Fr.  ;  sp.   t 

Isla  d(^  los  Faisaues.)       > 
F^jao,  (Port.) 
Falnba,  (Guinea.) 
FaUi^,  (Fr.) 
Falaiiiche,  f  M&llorca.) 
Fa'ccs,  (^;v) 
Falriuiara,  (Napl.) 
Falkeiiau,  (Btili.) 
Falaeiiberc,  (&w.) 
FaUeii^eitt,  vtMx.) 
FalKetistoincr-lluhle.(Wart) 
PftlkLinU  lijiaiids,  ifi.  Ma   / 

louiiKH,  fip.  Malvinait.)    ) 
Falk'Sftmc.  (Hw  ) 
Falsicr,  (Tienm  ;ijt  Falttna 
Falsiertx).  (m.v  ) 
Falteioiia.  ('ru<«c.) 
Falti,  »r  faliliitt,  (St  ra 

Kopparbergl&n,)  (^u.) 

prov. 
Falun,  or  Pafatun,  (Sw.) 
Famacttsta,  (Cyprus.) 
FaRUU>,  I  Fi  )  ^OHicM  Mai  us 
Fainatina,  (PI.  Coni)  r. 
Faineli^ai),  Villa  Nova  dc,  i 

(Port.)  i 

F.tnjeaux,(Fr.)  FaHKm.fovis. 
Fanu,  (C   It.)  Famum  For   i 

tmiiM.  \ 

Fanoe,  (Denin.)  isL 
Fao,  (Port.) 
FargoaUt  (Fr.) 
Farilbfio^  (Port.)  Ulrts. 
Faro,  Capo  di.    See  Galofara 
Faro  di  Messina,  (S.  Eu-     i 

n>[»e,)  straiL  \ 

rinVr,  Faarwr,  or  Ffi- 

n.«en»e,  tDcnin)     Faroe 

Fdcutna,  (III.) 
Fatra,  (II.)  m£«. 
Faucieiiy,  or  FaussJgny, 

(riard.) 
Faucilleit,  (Fr.)  mL  range, 
Faulhorn,  (:Switz.)  m. 
Fauquemont.    See  VaJkcn- 

burg. 
Fatisae  Riviere,  (La.  U.  3.) 
Faussigiiy.     See  Faucigny. 
Favara,  (Sic.) 
Favagnana,  (Mediler.)  uL 
Pavergea,  (Sard.) 
Faxoe,  (Denm.) 
Fayence,  (Fr.) 
F^ain)!,  (Fr.) 
Fehuiern,  Fehmoru.    See 

Foinern. 
PetirtKlIin,  (Pr.) 
Feigum  Fos,  ^Norw.)  faU. 

Fcira,  (Port.) 
Fei.-<triu,  f  Austr.) 
Ffjertcmpltirn.     See  Wei- 

r^cnkirrhen. 
Fejcr  Gyariuaih,  (H  ) 
Fcjcrcgjhiz.  SeeDuDdebi- 

kirchcn 
Fejervdr,  ?7.ekc».     See 

(Stulil)  Wciszenburg. 
Fejer  Vj.niieg)-e,  Also.  See 

I  IJiiter)  Weiszenbiirg. 
Fcjor  Varniepyo,  Felao.  See 

(Obcr)  Weiszenbui^ 
Feidkirch,  (Tyrol.) 


/dkr'^ir 

fabOl-nli'tai 
fa'  chin"  gen 
J'a^idr  lUng* 
fch' m<}on.d^iA* 
JH-iud'sa 

fuayii'Ho 
Ja't^QH 

itoi'fafir'vds-sir 

tie  de/dsoHg' 

ts  la  rff  Ids  / a-ts{t'n£3 
fa  sa  g^ng 
/aiat/ii 
falHie- 
fd'ld-nt'ehs 
fulth^ 
fal-kd-nd'rii 
Jdi'k^Hvuf 
fdtkfH-beri* 
fai'ken  stine' 
J'at  krn^ti'ner-h^'li 
falkloHd 

/at  ck^-ping' 
fill  sier 
Jitt'^tt'b^ 
/ixtttrO'nii 


/at^n 

J  a-ma  g^sHit 

/d  war 

fa  ma  tt'Hii 

vii'id  nO'oa  dsfU'm{-tt- 

sa'p^Mg 
fOngoii'^ 

fdno* 

fd'o^g 

f'd-ril-vit^Qitg 
kd'po  it  fd  ro 

f'd'ru  it  mitst'ad 

fdrc'  ifttiTyfare  dker^i 

fdsd'na 
fdtrd 

f^-silf 
joul'Marti 

fuke-mOng* 

Jo9s  ri'Vi-ergf 

fUs-^'in-^i* 

fd-ea'rd 

fd-cdn-yd'nd 

fdesr^'e' 

fdfc^'t^ 

fd-yaiiga' 

/n-kdng' 

fe'mera,  f^'md^^Q 

fere' b  el-tine' 

JWi-rU 
ft'striU 

ft  -yehr-tstrnp-iOm' 

ft-yehr'  dydr-mOU 
f^-yi-rt^'J-hdh^ 

Si-ktuh  fe-yihr-vdlir' 
al'sho  fi-yifir'  vd'ir'ms4' 

ye 

fal-^fkA  fe-i'^hr*  vdhr'ntid' 
fddi'hirvh 


Fcldsberg,  (Austr.) 
Felepyhiza,  (H.) 
Felice,  San,  (It.) 
Fehcunda,  (Lipari  Isl)  isL 
Felicion,  Su,  (Fr.) 
Felicudi,  (Sic,) 
FcliKzano,  (Pied.) 
Felletm,  (Fr.) 
Feliuer,  (Trans.) 
Felsfl  BAnya,  (H.  ;  g.  (Un-  / 

garisch)  aVeustadL)  V 

Feld5Di^,  (11) 
FoUri  heg>-,  (II.J  mtt. 
Fttltro,  (N   li.)     Fcitria. 
Feinorn,  Feiimern,  or  Fell-  | 

iiiirii,  (Ueiun.)  isL  ) 

Fcnosirelle,  (Pied.) 
Fenestreile.s,  (Surd.) 
Fer  A  Clieval,  (Sav  ) 
For,  ilo  do,  or  Forro, 
Fordinandca,  or  Grulinin      ; 

Island,  (Mediler)  \ 

F6re,  la,  (Fr) 

F^re  Chainpenoise,  la,  (Fr.) 
Ferenliiin,  (It.) 
Fcret,  (Fr.)  cape. 
Ferghana,  (Tarlary,)  diatr. 
Fcria,  (Sp.) 
Fcrlacli,  (Austr.) 
Fcriim,  (C  iL)     Firmum. 
Fernioelle,  (Sp.)     Ocel-     i 

lum  DurtL  ) 

Fernandez,  (Mcx.) 
Fernando,  San,  (Chile.) 
Fernando,  San,  ue  Aptire,  i 

( Venoz. )  I 

Fernando  de  Nornnha,         [ 

( Braz.)  uU  \ 

Fernando  Po,  (Gulf  of 

Gtiinea  ;  port.  Feniao  do 

Po,)  l*t 

Fernando  Veloso,  (E.  Afr.)  r. 
Fornan-Nunez,  (Sp.) 
Femao  do  Po,o»  Fernando Po, 
Feniey,  ot  Femex,  (Fr.) 
Fernit/,  (flyria  ) 
Fcronia,  (i^ard } 
Ferrandih&,  (Napl  ) 
1'crr.ir.i,  (It. ;    Forum  M-    I 

liein.  \ 

Feiietia,    Port)     Rarapia 

Fcrricie6,  (Fr  i 

Feirn,  (one  of  the  Canaiy 

Island*) ;  sp.  Hierro  ;  jr. 

ilo  de  Fer  ) 
Forrol      See  El  Ferrol. 
Ferte,  'a,  fliilon,  (Fr.) 
Feric,  la,  i*ou3  Jouarrc,  (Fr. 
Fcrte,  la,  sur  Aube,  (Fr.) 
Ferto  'I  av;u     See  Neusicdcl. 
Fenchlwaiigcn,  (Bav.) 
Fcuill6e,  In,  (Fr) 
Fours,  (Fr.)    Furum  ScffU-  ) 

stanoruiTu  \ 

Fianona,  (III.) 
Filna,  (Switz.)  peaft. 
Ficc-arul..,  (N.  It.) 
Fichiellwrg,  (Sax.) 
Ficlilel-Goinrge,  i  Bav.)  mt. 
Fidalr;o,  (Ruiss.  Ainer.)  harb. 
Ficrt»k\  (Tusc.)     Fesula. 
Figeac,  (Fr.) 
Figline,  (Napl.) 
Figucira,  (Port) 
Figueira  da  Foz,  (Port.) 
Figucira  do  Mondcgo,  i 

(Poru)  i 

Figiieiro  dos  Vinlios,  (Port.) 
Fi-ineiro  da  Granja,  (Port.) 
Figtieras,  (Sij.) 
Filadclfta,  (Napl.) 
Kile]inc,(  Pruss.,  po/.  Wulen.) 
Filcp  Sz4ll4-s,  (H.) 
Filipinas,  Nueva.«.     See       ) 

Caroline  li^lands.  t 

Filippo  d'Argiro,  San,         \ 

(Sic.)     ^gyrium.  \ 

Fille  Fjeld,  (Norw.)  mL 
Fila,  (VVurt.)  r. 
Firaet*.     See  FUmcs. 
Finale,  (N.  It.) 
Finana,  (Sp.) 
Findb:.',  (Norw.)w/. 
Fini-iere,  er  Finisterre,       ) 

{Fr.)rfrp.  \ 

Finne,  ^Pr.J  vit.  chain. 
Finster-Aarliorn,(Svvitz.)  mt 


feldts'birg 

fC-lfty-ha'sU 
tidn  fz-ll'cks 
f^-U-kQQn' dd 
edng  fiU'Si-An^ 
fi-li~kw'di 
fs-ttt-nd'no 
ftt-tdng 
fal-mzr 

ftl-sMii  ftaAn'ya 

filsh^  di-eiish 


fel.  h^  fcfidy 

fi'mern 

fe-nis-trtV 

/c-n^s-trct' 
fer  a  .•.h^-v'dV 
'He  de  f^r 

frrd'i-ndn-d£''d 

la  Jtire  ^ 

la  fire  shdngp-nO-'dzcf 

fe  ran-t'i'no 

f'i-Ti! 

Jcr-gd'nH 

Js'ri'd 

fer'lddh 

fir' mo 

fsr-mO'Sit'ys 

fer-ndn'd^th 
sdn  fcr-ndn'do 

3da  fir-ndn'do  d£  d  pp^-rg 
fcr~ndn'do  dg  n5-r0n'yit 

f^r-ndn'do  po 

fer~vdn'do  v^-Wso 
fcr-nan'iK^gn'y^th 

,  fer-va\^ng  d^^po 
fgr-  Hd' 
fer'nita 
fC-rO-ui  d 
ftr-rdndi'nH 
fer-rd'r'd 

fir  rPi-ra 
ftrri-iref 

ftr'ro 

ft^r~rOV 

Id  fcr-ls'  m'i-l9ug' 

Id  ferts'  SM  gQQ-hr' 

Id  f^r-ti'  sur  6b9 
ftr-t^  td-vd 
foi('hr'pdn"g^n 

Id  ftftk-t-ya'  i/m-yt') 
f^r 

fi-d-nO'nd 

fi'bi'd 

fikkd-rO'lo 

fick'tet-berg' 

fich'tel  gi-b^r'gi 

fi-ddl'go 

fi-S'sO-ti 

fi-gak' 

fil-yi'ni 

figPi-rit 

fi-gf)-rdddf5t 

fi-g&'i-ra  dgQ  mSng-d^- 

ftga'i-rgg  df/Qs  vin'y^Qs 

fig(^'i-r(tQ  dd  grdng'gd 

fi'ge'rds 

fi-m-dsl'fi-U 

fi-li'ne 

fi-kp  Jid/U-ldhsh 

ng^-e'vdj  fi-tf'pi'ndt 

sdn  fi-lip'po  ddrd-^i'ro 
fiVle  fjil' 

fits 

f'iine 

find'le 

fin-vd'jid 

Jui'd^ 

fi-nis-tSre' 

fin'mdrk  {mdr'keii) 

ftn'ns 

fiii'nter  dhr'horn 


Fdtc^  fdr., f{i!l, v^qt,  bdL — MSte,  P»*<y>  *^'p»  thSrey  k'ir.  —  Fine,  moT^fU,  h'ird^  fig,  —  A^(e,  (fffve,  mtfce,  w^lf,  ft^i^fc,  iQrd.  —  T^ne,  buUj  iptite,  —  oi,  boy ;  ou,  house,  —  Fr.  ft  Ion g, 
-—  _  __  ___ 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN   GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Firisterberg,  (Germ.)  mt. 
FinstermUnz,  (Tytol,)  pass. 
Finiterioch,  i,WUrt.)  cave. 
Flora,  (Tusc.)  m/. 
Fioreiizo,  San,  (Core.) 
Fioreozuola,  (S.  Il)  Fidentia, 
Firenze,  (Trisc  ;  e.  Flor-    > 

ence. )     Florentia.  \ 

Firming,  (Fr.) 
FischanieiiU,  (Austr. ;  for-  ) 

merhj  Fiscliamilnde.)        ( 
Fischbach,  (Sil.) 
Fi^hhausen,  (Pr.) 
FUmes,  or  Fimes,  (Fr.)       i 

Finej  Remorum,  \ 

Fitalia,  (Sic.)  distr. 
Fitero,  (Sp.) 

Fiumara  dt  Muro,  (NapL) 
Fiume,  ( Aiu'^tr. ;  cruat. 

Rika ;  g.  St.  Veit  ain 

Flaum.) 
Fiiime  di  Nisi,  (Sic.) 
Fiume-Freddo,  (Xapl.) 
Fiumicello,  (N.  It.) 
Fiumicinn,  (C.  It.) 
Fivizzano,  /ruse.) 
FIad:strand.     See  FreJe-       } 

rickahavn.  \ 

Flagstadce,  (Norw.)  isl. 
Flanders,  (Celg.  ;  g.  Flan-  \ 

deni ;  fr.  Flandre,)  pr,     \ 
Flatow,  ^W.  Pr. ;  puL  ZIo- ; 

to  wo. )  \ 

Flavigiiy,  jFr.) 
Flavy  le  .^lartel,  (Fr.) 
FI6che,  la,  (Fr.) 
FlekkeOord,  (Nonv.) 
Flensburg,  i,Denm.) 

F!c*?ingue.     See  Flushing. 
Fleurance,  (Fr.) 

Fletirier,  (Switz.) 
Ficunis,  Fleui>',  (Belff.) 
Fleury  mt  Andollo,  (Fr.) 
Flines  lez  Ii;ich,  (Fr.) 
FUnsberg.    Sll.j 
FJitsch,  or  Pless,  (111.) 
FliLscher-KlaiHe,  pa.is  i 

acrosi  the  Julian  Alos.       \ 
Flobecq,  {Bclg.j 
Flogny,  (Fr.) 
Flora.-,  (Fr.) 
Florence.     See  Firenze. 
Fls>renr,  St.,  (It. ;  cars.  San  ) 

Fioreiizo.)  \ 

Florent,  St.,  le  Vieil,  (Fr.) 
Florian,  St.,  (Austr.) 
E<i,..:«.         i  i-^iiburb  of  La  j 

Florida,  (U.  ri  ) 

Florida,  la,  (Sp.J  castle, 

FloriJti,    Sic; 

Flotic,  la,  (Fr.) 

Flour,  St..    Fr.) 

Fiaela  Berg,  (.Srtilz.)  mL 

Fliloleu,  or  Fluhlcn,  (Svvitz.) 

Fl>imenda-«a,  (Sard.j  r.         / 

Soephan.  ^ 

Fliisliine,  (Xeth.  ;  rf.  Vlis-  f 

singeii  ;  fr.  Fle^singtio.J    | 
Fluvia,  (Sp.)  r. 

Foczany,  (Wallarhla.) 
Fogara.-*,  i  Trans.)  distr. 
Fog-ia,  uN'iipl  ) 
Fogliano,  (Pont.  St.)  lake. 
Foiio,  (one  of  itie  Caf)e 

Verd  Islands,  .\(>s5a 

Senhor.i  da  Ltiz.) 
Fogstuen,  (\urw.) 
Fobr,  (Deiim.;  isL 
Poix,    Fr.) 

Foil  Comie  de,  (Fr.)  old  div. 
Foiano,  (lu) 

FoldenQord,  (Norw.)  hay. 
F.}|dvir,  (H.) 
Folembray,  (Fr.) 
Fol^t,  le,  (Fr.) 
Fuligno,  (C  It.)     Falffinium. 
Folkestone,  (£ng.)     Lapis  i 

PopuU. 
F.»llonica,  (Tusr.) 
FWr,  /I>eiim,)  Ld. 
Fond  deif  NejjreJ,  '  Hayli.) 
P'ondi,  (.\apl.)     Fundi. 
K.>n3era,  (Sp.) 
Konfaino,  (Fr.) 
Fontairiehleaii,  'Fr.) 
Funtaine  Fran^aise,  'Fr.l 
Fontaine  I'Ev&qne,  rBelg.) 
FontanaroHa,  (Napl.) 


ftn'ster~ber^ 

fia'iftt'r-miirtts' 

fin'sttr-luCh' 

fi-u'rd 

sail  fi-O-rend' 80 

f'i~0-  re»dsg(^  'lit 

f'i-rend'se 

fir-mdng' 

Jl'oha-mindt 
fi' skd^miXa' di 
fish'bdch 
fish' fiou' zen 
fime 

fi'td'H-a 

fi'te'ro 

fi-if^-md'r'd  dt  vk^q'to 

fi-<i<i'mt 

fi-g^'me  di  n'i's'i 

fi-^^' me  fed' do 

fi-Q^in'i-chel'lo 

f'i-Q<}-mi-ch'i'no 
f'i-vU-.id' no 

Jldd'strdnd 

jidg'stdd'^' 
Jlaii'df.rs,  fidn'dern^ 
fidugdr 

fid' to 

Jld-v'in,-\fi' 
fid-vi'  /if  mdr-t^l' 
Id  JUshe 
fiik'ke-fijOre' 
fiins'b<}(}r§ 
jlt^'sdng-g' 
jit^-rdngp 
fidii-rf^' 
JlSh-riis',  fii^-r'i' 
jivh-ri'  sur  ang-del' 
Jline  If  rdk 
jlias'btrg 
fiitsh 

fiit'shir  klou'zi 

Jlj-htk' 
Jion-yi' 
jlo-rdk' 
Jlor'etice 

sang  ftH-rdng' 

sang  fio-Tdng'  I'i  v'i-sly' 

idnkt  fiu' r'i-dhn 

fia'r'i-dn 
JlO-ri-a'nii 

Jlor'ida  ;  fip.flO-rVdH 
Id  JtO-ri'dd 
fio-ri'di-d 
Id  flute 
sang  fi^Qre 
fl\i'e-ld  berg' 
fiii-e'lenj  flU'Un 

fitpQ-men-dO'  s'd 

flush' ing 

fl^ff-v'i-d' 

fii-chdny' 

fu'gd-rdsh 

f^t^a 

ful-ya'no 

fS'go 

fog'at(j<}-en 

f^r 

f^-d'  ^ 

kOng-ti'  di  fS-d' 

fiPi-ti'no 

fol'dtn-fyCre' 

fAld-vd'ir' 

fd-ldng-bra' 

Id  fjl-ffO-d^ 

fo-lin'yo 

foke'aton  ^ 

fol-lr/ni-kU 

fdh'^r 

fuHg  de  nigr 

fon'di 

fOn-ss'ka 

fung-f&ne'  , 

fOntr-tQnr-hW 

fong-tSne'  fi-dng'S&ze' 

f5ngtane'  le-vike' 

fdn~td-nd-r5'  ad 


Fontarabia,  (Sp. ;  sp.  Fu-  / 
enterrabia.)  "  \ 

Fontcnay  le  Comte,  fFr.) 
Pontotiay  le  Peuiile,  (Fr.) 
Fontcnay  aiix  Iloses,  *.Fr.) 
Fontcnoy,  'Belg.) 
Fontevrjiilt,  (Fr.) 
Fontvieille,  (Fr.) 
Forbach,  (Bad.) 
Forcall,  (Sp.) 
Forcalqiiier,  (Fr.) 

Forcho  Caudine,  (Napl.)  ) 
passes.  J 

Forchtenaii,  (H.  ;  A.  Frak-  i 
n6ally;u)  j 

Forchon.stcin,  (H.)  castle. 

Forcbheim,  (Bav.) 

Forenza,  (Napl.)     Torentnm. 

Forez,  le,  (Fr.j  old  die. 

Forges  les  Eaux,  (Fr.) 
Foria,  (Isl.  lochia.) 
Forli,  (C.  It)     Fornvi  Liini. 
Forlim[K)poli,  (C.  It.)    Fo-  ) 

rum  Popilii.  if 

Furmontera,  ( Pityusian       i 

IsIh.)     FormeitU:ra.  ) 

Forniia,  (Pont.  St.) 
Formiche,  le,  di  Grosseto,    \ 

or  Formicole,  (Mediter.j  > 

isls.  ) 

FonnlKny,  'Fr.) 
Fornanza,  (H.) 
Fornella,  (Minorca.) 
Forno  di  Rivara,  (Pied.) 
Fornovo,  (N.  It.)     Forum    ) 

JtTovunt.  \ 

Fortaleza,  or  Villa  do  Tor-  j 

te,  or  Ceara,  (Braz.)         ) 
Fortanete,  (Sp.) 
Fortavenlura.     Sec  Fuer-     ) 

taventura.  \ 

Fort  Der^iix,  (Martinique.) 
Fort  Fran^aifl,  (Gold  Coast.) 
Fort  Garnier,  (.Martinique.) 
Fort  I^nis   ,  Fr.) 
Fortore,  (Napl.;  r. 
Fort  Pierre  Cliatel,   Fr.) 

Fort  Royal,  (Martinique  ) 

Fortuna,  (Sp.) 

Fossa  di  Navicelli,  (Tui^c.)  ) 

canal.  | 

Fossano,  (Sard.) 
Fossombrone,  (Pont.  St.) 
Fossum,  (Norw.) 
Foiheringay,  (Eng.) 
Fougeres,  (Fr.) 
FougeroUes,  (Fr.) 
Pourclie,  la.     Sec  La  Furca. 
Fourches,  les,  (Fr.)  mt 
Foussoret,  le,  (Fr.) 
Foveaux,  (New  Zealand,)  > 

strait.  ] 

Foz,  (Port) 
Frades,  (Sp.) 

Fraga,  (Sp  )     Oalllca  Flavia. 
Fraknuallya.  See  Purcl.tenau. 
Frain,  (Mor.) 
Frais  Piilt'S,  (Fr.)  spring. 
Fraraerica,  (Bolg.) 
FninimersbachjJBav.) 
Franijaise,  la,  (Fr.) 
Francavilla,  (Napl.) 

Franceses,  Porto  dos-,  (Braz.) 
Franche  t-onit^,  or  Haute-  i 

Bourgogne,  (Fr.)  ofdpr.    \ 
Francisco,  San,  (Calif.) 
Francaforte,  (Sic.) 
Fran^oi'*,  St,  (Guadeloupe.) 
Francoli,  (Sp.)  r. 
Franconia,  (Germ.  ;  g. 

Franken,  or  Franken 

land,)  old  div. 
Franeker,  (Neth.) 
FraiikeQ.     Ser.  Franconia. 
Frankenan,  (Bav.) 
Frankcnberg,  (Sax.) 
Frankenhausen,  (Germ.) 
Frankenland.  See  Franconia. 
Frankenstein,  (Sil.) 
Frankenthal,  (Bav.) 
Frankcnwald,  (Bav.)  chain  i 

of  ints.  ) 

Fr";;kf;;r',(-"'-o'i".(p'-) 

Frankfurt  am  Main,  iGerm.) 
Franzenshrun,  or  Fran-       ) 
zcn.-^bad,  (Bob.)  \ 

Franzensveste,  (Auetr.) 
Frascali,  (C.  It) 


en-     > 


/Hn-tdrd'bi'U 

fDngt-iid'  la  kOngt 
fungt-H&'  Id  p^pl' 
f&ngt-na'  0  rOze 
fongt-tilt-a' 
fiingt-crG' 
fOn^-vi-ily' 
far' back 
fQr-kdl' 
fUr-kat-ki-e' 

/vr'kQ  ka-^^-di'm  i  (r. 
fSrsk  ko-dine' 

fqrch' ti-nott 

fqr'dhen-atlne 
fqrvh'hlme 
fo-rend's'd 
IdJ^.re^ 

forge  /g-i-3 

fu-'i'u 

fCr-ti' 

fur-lim-pG  'p6  -ti 

f5r-men-te'rd 
fdr'mi-d 

'  le  fOr-mi'ke  {fur-m'i'k^- 

U)  di  grOs-se'to 
fUr-m'tn-yi' 
ftr-Hdt'sd 
fdr-nel'ifd 
Jtr'no  di  r'i-vd'r'd 

fSr-nO'vo 

fjr-td'ls'sU 
fOr-td-ne'ti 
for-td-ven-t^^'r'd 

fdre  dH-id.' 
fOre  frdng-sR' 
fore  gdr-n'i-e' 
fire  l(ji}-i' 
f^r-tG're 

fore  p'i-ere'  shd-i^V 
fare  rO^d'i/dl' 
for-fQQ'.  d 

fos'sd  di  nd-v't-ch^l'ti 
f^s-sd'iio 
fdS'sOm-brO've 
fos'sum 
fo'h'eringay 
fq^gSre' 
ff'oge-rdle 
Id  fy^rsh 
'?  f^QTSh 
I'd  fqi^sf-rs! 

fda 
frd'dta 

fra'  gd 

fruk~ndh-dJ-y'd 
frUc  _ 
fra  pit-V 
frdme-r'i' 
frdin'  inirs-bddh' 
Id  frdng-s&ze' 
frdn'kd-vtVVd 

Id  frdngs 

p5r'ti^^  dqcjs  frdngsfj s^s 

frd)>g.ih  kOng~te 

sp.  sdn  frdn-this'ko 
frdn-kdfoT't^  ^ 
sdng  frdnir-sO-h' 
frdn-ko-ti' 

fran-ko'ne-a 

frd'ni'ker 
frdn"km 
frdn"ken~ou' 
frdn"kin-ber^' 
frdn"ken-hou' zen 
frdn"khi-ld.ndt' 
frdn"hm-st\nef 
frdn"  ken-tide' 

frdn"ken^iildt' 

frUnkfij^rt  dn  der  5'der 
frdnk'f^i^l  dm  mine 
frdtit' srns'br^Qn'  {b'ddt') 
frdnt'sens-fes'tQ 
frdS'kd't'i 


Frascolari,  (Sic.)  r. 
Fraii>inetto,  (Pied.) 
Fraiu,  n\.) 

Fra.i,  tSwitz.)  mt  chain. 
Fraubrunncn,  (Switz.) 

Fans  BetUdii  y'lrginis. 
Frauenburg,  (Pr.) 
Frauenfeld,  (Switz.) 
Frauenslein,  (Sax.) 
FraUhUdt,  (R.  Pol.  ^  pol. 

VVscliowa.) 
Fredenf<b.irg.  (Denm.) 
Fredcricia,  (Denm.) 
FredeiirkHviirk,  (Denm.) 
Frcdorickaliauin,  or  llauii- 

na,  (Fint) 
Frederikberg,  (Donm.) 
Fredfrikslmrg,  iS\\edcn.) 
Frederik^bald,  or  Fred&- 

rik.sbail,  (Nurw.) 
FredcrikHltavn.    See  Flad- 

Ktrand. 
Frederikstad,  (.Norw.) 
Frederiksvaem,  (\urw.) 
Fregenal  de  la  Sierra,  (Sp.) 
Freilierg,  (Sax.) 
Freiburg.     See  Fribuurg. 
Freieawaldo,  (Pr.) 
Freising,  (Bav.) 
Frei^ladl,  or  FroysUdt, 

(Germ. ) 
FrcjiK^,  (Fr.)     Forum  Ju'ii. 
Fre^naj',  or  Frcuay  lo  Vi-   } 

comtr,  (Fi.)  J 

Fre.snaye,  la,  (Fr.) 
Fresneti,  t>r  b'rciivnj  (Fr.) 
Frosnillo,  (Mcx.) 
Fre-not  le  Grand,  (Fr.) 
Freteval,  (Fr.) 
Freudenstadt,  (U'lirl.) 
Kreudentbal,  (Austr.) 
Freybcrg,  (.Mor.) 
Freysiddtel,(II. ;  /t.Ca!?6cz,) 
Freywaldau,  or  Fne\valde,  ( 

(Au.str )  i 

Friaa,  (Sp.) 
Friaul.     Si'e  Fritili. 
Fribourg,  or  Freiburg,  | 

(Switz.)  cant,  and  tit       ) 
Frickihal,  (Swiiz.) 
Frieiilwrg,  (Auutr.) 
Friederk,  (Auf<tr.) 
Friedland,  (Pr.) 
Friedericb?hafrn,  or  Bitch-  ) 

born,  rWUn.)  j 

Frie.slana,  or  Vriesland,      i 

(Neth.)pr.  j 

Friesland,  Ost,  (Han.) 
Friewalde.    See  Freywaldau, 
Frigento,  (Xapl.) 
Frigid..,  (It)  r. 
Frio,  (Braz.)  cape. 
Frisclie  IlatT,  (Pr.)  lagoon. 
Friscbc  Nehrunp,  (Pr.) 
Frilzlar,  (Germ.) 
Fritzoe,  (Norw.) 
Friuli,  (N.  It ;  g.  Friaul,)  j 

old  prov.  ) 

Frohsdorf,  (Austr.) 
Prohse,  (Pr.) 
Fromista,  (Sj).) 
Fronleithen,  (Styria.) 
Fronsac,  (Fr.) 
Frontoira,  (Port.) 
Frontcra  de  Tabasco,  la,     ) 

(Mex.)  i 

Frontignac,  (Fr.) 
Frosiuone,  or  Frusinone,    ) 

(It)     Frttsino.  j 

Froyen,orFrujen,(Norw.)  \ 

isl.  \ 

Fruge-s,  (Fr.) 

Frusinone.     See  Frosinone. 
Frutigen,  (Switz.) 
Fuca,  or  Juan  de  Fuca,       i 

(Oregon,)  strait.  ) 

Fucino,  or  Celano,  Lago,     3 

(Napl.)     Locus  F acinus.  \ 
Fuego,  Volcano  de,  (Gua-  j 

temala,)  \ 

Fuencaliente,  (Sp.) 
Fuente  de  Uiguera,  (Sp.) 
Fuentc  de  Leon,  (Sp.) 
Fuente  Ovejuna,  (Sp.) 
Fuente  Rabia,  or  Fuenter-  ) 

rabia.    See  Futitarabia.     \ 
Fuentes  de  Don  Bermuda,  \ 

(Sp.)  i 

Fuentes  de  Onore,  f  Sp.) 
Fuerte  Roxas,  (S.  A.) 
Fuerte  San  Felilte  de  Ben-  ) 

gucia,  (coast  of  Congo.)  \ 


frdakO-la'ri 
frda-si  n^l'to 

frai'ld 
fro  a 

frou'br^^'nin 

frou' ea'b^^gf 

froa'  en-fHdv 
frou'  in-etlne' 

frou'slddt 

fri' drns-horg' 

frS-de-r'it'  uhd 
fre '  diriks-virk* 

frf'de-rika-hamn' 

frc'de-rik-her^' 
fri'di-rika-b^r^ ' 

fri'di-riks-hdl 

frfi'  d^-riks-houn' 

fri-'d(-rika-stdd' 

frd'df-riks-vSm' 

fre-ihs-nal'  d£  Id  ai-^rH 

frl'herg 

frl'b<;^Tg 

frVen-tal'ds 

frVzing 

frl'stddt 

frt-gta' 

frd-nH'  Id  vt-kOngt' 

Id  fr'd-n&' 
frtna 
fres-n'iVyo 
frd-nO'  Id  grdng 
frdte-vdV 
froidin-stddt' 
froi' den-t'dle' 
frl'bcri 

frVsiata 

frl'vdl'dou 
ffi'ds 
fri-oul' 
fri-bi}^ 

frik'tdle 
fridl'biri 
ffi'dik 
fridt'ldndt 

fri'de-richa-ha'fen 
vrWldndt 

qst  fris'ldndt 

fri'val-de 

ffid-gen'to 

frid'gi-do 

fri'vQ 

fri'ghi^  hdf 

fi-i'shg  n^h'nj^fng 

frits' Idr 

frits' dil 

fr'i'^Q-ti 

frOhz'dorf 

frGh'i£ 

frSmis'fd 

frSn'lJ-ten 

frOng-sdk' 

frbng-t&'i-rd 

Id  frOnte'rd  fn  tOrtitf'ko 

frSng't'in-ydk' 

frd-a'i-nO'ni 

froi' in 

frdge 

fn^^s'i-nd'n^ 
f r  <:-<}' fi -gen 

f^p'kd 

Id' go  foQ-eh'i'no 

vSl'kd'no  rfg  fy^s'go 

fQif-nt-kd-ti-en' te 
fQQ-en'te  de  i-ge'rd 
f(}<}~en'te  de  le-6n' 
fQQ-en'te  O-ee-Uhfjfj'nd 
fQ^-en'te  rd-bi'd 
fQ<f-en'ter-rd-hV'd 
fifOSn't^s  d£  dOn  ifr-m^'- 

dd 
fQQ-en'tes  de  fl-7iC'r| 
fifi^er'te  rO'chds 
fQ^^r'te  sdn  fi-Wbs  d^ 

ben-ge'ld 


vft« ;  a  Bbort,  bit.  ~-  Fr.  4ft  long,  A  short,  nearly  as  in  jpur.  —  dy^  /y,  ny,  liquid.  —  An"ger.  —  /,  M,  guttural ;  ^  as  «  In  pleasure,  —  r  final,  Fr.  re.  —  v,  between  v  and  /. 


PEONUNCIATION   OF  MODERN   GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Fueite  San  Juan  de  Ulloa, 

Fiierte  San  Miguel,  (S.  A.) 

Fiienevenlura,  or  Forte- 
vf  utura,  (one  of  Uie  Ca- 
naries.] 

Filhnen.    Sm  Fyen. 

Fttlda,  (Oerai.) 

Filiek,  (U.) 

FulspSiill^s,  (H.) 

Fulneck,  »r  Fuluik,  (Nonr.) 

Fumav,  (Fr.) 

Fiinirza,  (H.) 

Fiinchal,  (Madeira  ) 

Funnicthen,  (H. ;  *.  Pica,  I 
.r  Peu.)  i 

Furca,  la,  (Switz. )  fr.  Li  i 
Fourutie,)  m.  i 

Farad,  (H.) 

Fdred,  Tioa.  (H.) 

Furki,  (C.  lu)  pass.     Pttra  ) 
/MlAviaa.  t 

Fume^,  mr  V^eiirne,  (Belg.) 

FiSrslenail,  (Swill.) 

FiSMenfeW,  (Austr.) 

Furstennaldi",  (Pr.) 

Farth,  (B.1V.) 

FuMm,  (Napl.)  Utkt. 

Fusignaiiu,  (N.  iL) 

FOmn,  (Bav.) 

Puok,  (II.) 

Fnnr,  ar  Fuurland,  | 

(DMiin.)u<.  i 

Pazas-cranuath,  (H.) 

Fyen,  Fahiien,  (Denm.)      j 

Fveos-boved,  (Denm.)  erne, 
F'&xia,  Gje|)i5  or  KM,  (H.) 


f<X>-l"i  »d«  m\-ttl' 
/»-f'<«  r{a-<«'rt« 

ftwt'nek  (*ik) 

f^ma' 

ff^um'aU 
fttm-tIM 


filnfkfr'ikin 

fyvr'l* 
/ft™ 

/^r'alfMu 
fllr'tU»-fiUI> 
fitr' ttia-^il'df 

f%n 

fy^sd'ro 

f09-^tn~ijdfn9 

flu'sfit 

M-*<lk 

fytr,/nr'Uitd 

f&-:tdk-d)ilr-mlU 


G. 


G^B>aaiT,  (Fr.) 
Gabdaii,  (Bnli. ;  t.  Jablona.) 
Gabia,  (Braa.)  atf. 
Gibk>na,(Buta.^  t.Gablunka.) 
Gaboon,  (Guinea.)  imf. 
GibrU,  (Swiu.)  at. 
04«,(U.) 
dull  a,  (Croatia,)  r. 
Gadebuflch,  (.V.  Genn.)        > 
Dei  LmeA.1.  \ 

Gadur,  (Sii.)  mu. 
Gaaia,  (IL)     Curta. 
Gaibach.  (Bav.) 
Gail,  ([IL  ;  tin.  Silla,)r. 
Gagajran,  ( I'liilippiues.) 

eullac,  (Fr.) 

G.\ii.  (Swilz.) 

Gjisbers,  (_Bav.)  ad. 

Galacz,  ( .\lulilavia.) 

Galanlba,  (H.) 

GalapagtM,  lui,  (3.  Sea,)      I 

Ms.  i 

Galata,  (Cooataniinople,)    I 

tmtm*.  i 

Galali,  (Sic) 
Galen,  (Braz.)r. 
Galgocz.    Stt  FrerslidteL 
Galicia,  (Sp.)  eU  ynv.         ) 

Galicia,  (.Mlslr. ;  ^. Galizi-  i 

en  i  k.  Halicz,)  kttg'i.fm.  \ 
GaliU,  (.Mediler.)i<l.    Ca-   ( 

UUu.  \ 

Galiucb,  (R.) 
Gall,  Si.     Set  Sl  Gallem. 
Gallacallay,  (Chile,)  r. 
Oallarate,  (Lamb.) 
Galle,  Point  de,  (Ceylon.) 
Gallego,  (Sp.)  r. 
Galliano,  (N.  ll.) 
Gallinas,  (.V.  Gran.)  cttfi. 
Gallipoli,  (.\apl.)    OaZIfwIu. 
Galmier,  Su,  (Fr.) 
Galmis.     Htf  Cliormey. 
Galo&ro,  or  Capo  di  Faro, 

(Mesdina,)  vhirtpooL 

CiaryMii. 
Gomarge,  (Fr.) 
Gambia,  (.At)  r. 
Ganila  Karleby,  (Finl.) 
Gand.     ^e  GbeoL 
Gandia,  (Sp.) 
GangalandL     Ses  Castra. 
Ganges,  (Fr.) 
Gannat,  f  Pr.) 
Gap,  (Fr.)      yapineum. 
Garachico,  (Teneriife.) 


fO^tbr-re 

rd'M-« 

fd'HgiUt,  flU!tf*'klt 

ft'krit 
tdXu'k 
fikttk'ta 

gttiar 

gi-t'ta 

ft'kMk 

glU 

ga-rd-vHA' 

ea-i)<ik',  tdl-glie 

gU 

gli'brrt 

gd'laUk 

£i>-/(la'(d 
'<t  gd-td^^gOt;  e.  ^0^ 
t^a'gat 

gtna-u/ 

gd-Wtl 
fid-^s'rd 
gdl~gOU^ 

galuk'ia;  rp. gdrtl'tlit-a 
galitk'ia,  giUWH-in 

gdtl'lk 

gdfVtik 

sang  gdl      ^^     .   • 

gti-fU-kti-fiHt 

gdl4a-n^ti 

r»tmg  di  gdl 

gdl-)r'g' 

gat-ti-d'iu 

gaUt'mt;  wp.  gdl^VnUa 

gdl-ti'fS-n 

tdmf  gal-ai-^' 

gdl'mit 

gd-le'/U-ro 

gd-mdrgt' 

gam'bl-d 

gdm'ta  kdr'ls-tti 

gang 

gdn-di  d 

gdji-pd-ldri'di 

ginpg 
gdn-nd' 
gdp 
gd-rd-ch'i'ko 


Garain.     See  Gran. 

Garain  SaiillJe,  ( H. ;  g.       j 

Kibiiick.  I  { 

Gird,  li>,  (Fr.)  drp. 
Gard,  Pont  de,  (Fr.) 
Garda,  (N.  It.) 
Gardafui,  :  B.  Afr.)  prmt, 
Gardon,  (Fr.)  r. 
Garessio,  (Sanl.) 
Garfagnann,  (N.  Il)  dittr. 
Gargano,  (Naiil.)j><atiia,      ) 

Oar^aus.  \ 

Garigtiano,  (Xapl.)  r.    Iatu. 
Garlasco,  ^Pied.) 
Garka.    See  Gorchen. 
Garonne,  la,  (Fr.)  r.    Qu-  \ 


Garonne,  ILtute,  (Pr.)  dtp. 
Garrigiie,  (Fr.)  wC 
Gariubillas.  (Sp.) 
Gartempe,  (Fr.)  r. 
Gara,  (Pr.) 

Gatzirola,  (Switz.)  int. 
Gajcocne,  or  Gaiicony,        ) 

(Fr.)  old  prop.  t 

Gaapi,  (Lower  Can.)  distr. 
Gaitein,  or  Wildbad-Oa9-  ) 

tein,  (.Viistr.)  j 

Gaatuni,  (Gr.) 
Gala,  (Sp.) 
Galarita,  (3.  A.)  take. 

Gliinoia,  (Fr.)  old  div. 
Gal^rhina,  (R.) 
Gatteville,  (Pr.)  mlt. 
Gaudelis,  St.,  (Fr.) 
Gauaaon,  (Fr.) 
Garari,  (S.  A.)  r. 
Garamio,  (Fr.) 
Gaved'A»|ie,  (Fr.)r. 
Gave  de  Pan,  (Fr.)  r. 
Gavi,  (Sard.) 
Gavia,  (Said.) 
Gavian,  ( Port.) 
Geant,  Col  du,  (Pennine     j 
Alp<.)  i 

G^bice,  (Poscn.) 
Geertrurdenberg,  (.\eth.) 
Gwrt.4»ergen,  or  Oramullt,  ) 

Cede,  (riw.) 
Gcrteborg,  (Sw.)  prov. 
Geib,flL;  *.  Hibbe.rllyby.) 
6eierdb«rg,  (Bnv.)  ml. 
Geisenhetra,  (\V.  Germ.) 
Goiiier,  (Icvland,)  fprin^, 
Geldeflnnd,  Guclderl^iiid,    ) 
Gcldern,  (Netti.)  pr.         \ 
Gpldern,  (Pr. ;  fr.  Gueldern.) 
Gelcnnu,  or  Gclna'i,  (t*Kj.) 
Gelp6<z,  or  FreiMidti;), 
Gellheim,  (Genu.) 
Gelnliausen,  (C.  Genu.) 

Gemappe,  (Belg.) 
Geinhloux,  (Belt;.) 
Geinine,  Ste,  le  Robert,  (Fr.J 
Gemmi,  (Swiiz.)  aU. 
Geiiiona,  (Lotiib.^ 
Geiuunil,  or  Gmund,  i 

(Genn.)  i 

Gemunden,  cr  Gmfinden,    / 

(Genn.)  { 

Genargenta,  (Sard.)  mt.      J 

range.  \ 

Genani,  er  Gennaro,  } 

Monio,  (IL)  S 

GendringeD,  (N^th.) 
Geneinu>di>ii,  (Nelii.) 
Genes.     Ste  Genoa- 
Gene\'a,  (Switz. ;  fr.  Ge- 
■  neve  ;  i*-.  Genf ;  U.  Gi- 

nevra.) 
Geneve.     See  Geneva. 
Geneve,  Lac  de.    See  Gen-  ) 

fer  See.  J 

Genevese,  or  Genevois,        j 

(Sard.)  proo.  ) 

Genevieve,  Ste,  (Fr.) 
Genevi.»is.     See  Genevese. 
Geiievre,  (Ciitian  Alps,)  m. 
6«nC     See  Getieva. 
Genfer  See,  (Swilx. ;  Lac  ^ 

I^man,  Lacde  Geneve,  > 

Boden  See.)  ) 

(?en  gen  bach,  (Dad) 
Genfez,  St.,  (Fr.) 
G^nil,  or  Xeiiii,  (Sp.)  r. 
Genis,  Su,  (Sav.) 
Genis,  St„  La%'al,  (Fr.) 
Getilis  (Fr.) 
Gennaro.     See  Genarn. 
Genoa,  (II,  ;  it.  Genova  ;      ) 

fr.  G6nea  ;  go  Genua.)      ) 


gd'ratH 

ga'rdm  s^l'l^ 

U  gdhr 
pOKg  da  gU&r 
g<ir'da     ^ 
gitr-ddf^'i 
gcLr^dng* 
gU-r^ft' s'i-o 
gdr-fan-yd'nd 

gdr-gd'no 

gd-rti-yWno 

gdr-tda'ko 

gdr'ka 

Id  gd-rOne' 

dte  gdrSne' 

gdr-r'tg' 

gdr^rO-hWifds 

gdr-tdMgp 

gdrts 

gdrdst^'ld 

gd  -kiiny' 

gas'eony 

gds-pi' 

g'ds'Clne 

gdS'tQ^n'i 

gd'td 

gd-ta-ri-td' 

gd-tt-Hd^' 

gdt'ghi-ud 

g'dl-cUe' 

ifdng  ifi-d'dng' 

gSssUng' 

gd-vd'ri 

gd-odr-nV 

gde*  ddip 

gdce  dd  p3 

ga'vt 

gfi'cf-^i 

gU-vi-A'o^g 

kvl  dS.  gt'dng' 
g^m-b'it'^e 
^irt'troi'  dtH'her^ 
^trts'bif^gin 

»#/'■£ 

yifk-bQrg 

gib 

gV  en-berg' 

gVzen-hlm*' 

gVzir 

geV  drr-idndt\  get'dir- 

tdndt',  gei'dem 
gtideni 
gr'lc-n»ttj  gel'nou 

g^t'frjht-i' 

giVhiiO* 
g'la'fiQu'ieA 

ff'd'in'dp 

g(i'ig-hln(}' 

6dngl.  gem  Z?  rO-b^re' 

d:^  fin' mi 

dgi-mlt'n'd 

ge-m^nd' 

ge-miin'din 

dgi-ndrd-gSH-t<}<}' 
igtn'tgif) 

mOn'te  dg^dgin)-n'd-ro 


gen'drin"gen 
ge-Kimoi'den 
gine 

genc'va 

gH-neve' 

Idk  dX  ga-nSvs' 

dgi-ne-vi^si 
sdngt  ge-ne-vi-^ve' 
gSne-vO-d' 

dge-ve'vre^  (gH-nSor') 
getif  " 

gen'fhr-TM 

gfti"  geii-h'dch' 

sang  g^-n'i-e' 

chK-mV 

sdiig  g'e-nV 

sang  g^-ii'i'  Id-vdl' 

gdn^'-W 

d^t'^-nd'ro 

gea'ua 

dge'nO-vit 


Genoix,  St.,  (Belg.) 

Gentilly,  (Kr.) 
Genua.     6ee  Genoa. 

Geoire,  St.,  (Fr.) 

Geoffie,  St.,  do  Montaigu,    ) 

(!•>■)  i 

Gwjfce,  St  ,  d'Oleron,  (Fr.) 
Gcorkoit,  St.,  (Austr.) 
Georcin.     S(T  IVhildir,        j 

(Turk.)  arov.  ) 

Georgiewsk,  (R.)  gov. 
Gera,  (C.  Germ.) 
Gerace,  (N:ipl.)     Locru 
Gemnd-dn-Puy,  St.,  (Fr.) 
Gerardnier,  or  f!6roni6,  (Fr.) 
Gerbier-des  Jonrs,  (Co-        > 

vonnes,  Fr.)  int.  ) 

GereK.Serra  do,  (Port.)  mt.  i 

chairu  \ 

Gergal,  (.Siv) 
Gergenti.     See  Girgejili. 
GerycsnKirkl.     Se^  Sep^i      J 

Szciit  Gyorgj'.  \ 

Germain,  St.,  (Fr.)  forest.  I 

Germain,  St.,  do  Ui  Cou-     ) 

drp,  (Fr.)  j 

Germain,  St.,  en  Mon-         i 

tagiio,  (Fr.)  ' 

Germain,  Sl,  cur  Ay,  (Fr.) 
Gonnain,  St.,  en  Laye,  (Fr.) 
Gennan  Ocean.  Sre  Xi'jrdsee. 
Germany,  (Dout^chlaiid 

fr.  Allciaagnc.)     6er- 

mania. 
Germersfaeini,  (Hav.)     fi-  ) 

ciLi  JiUitis.  ) 

Germibach,  (W.  Genn.) 
Geru:*lieiin,  (Gi-rm.) 
GerolzhoC-n,  (Bav.) 
G^ronie.     Sr<  G^rardmer. 
Gerona,  (Sji.)     Ocrttnda. 
Gerri,  (e^|>.)    Jlcerris. 
Ger.-*,  le,  (Fr.)  dtp. 
Gerfiau,  (Swilr.,) 
Gertruidcnberir,  (Nettl.) 
Gervais,  St..  (Fr.) 
Ge,3ericlwee,  (Pr.)  lake. 
Gesira,  (Turkey,)  ;>r, 
Gespannsclmft.     S,e  Dorsod. 
Gcs^enav.     See  Saanen. 
Ge.^ualdo,  (.\ap!.) 
Getafo,  (Sp.) 
G^vaiidun,  (Fr.)  oldprov. 
Gex,  fFr.) 

Gewiso\vi:ce.     See  Jaispie. 
Ghcel,C»r]g.) 
Gholuwo,  (Cclc) 
Gliemme,  (I'ied.) 
Ghent,  (Bclg. ;  fr.  Gand-) 
GhisIaJn,  St.,  (Belg.) 
Giacomo,  San,  ( NapL) 
Giaronio,  San,  di  Lusiana,  \ 

(N.  II.)  i 

Gianlcolo,  (Uome,)  hilL 
Gianuti,  (I'usc.  Sea,)  isl. 
Giarratana,  (Sic.)    Cerata-  ) 

uwn.  ) 

Giarretta,  or  Simeto,  (Sic.)  i 

r.     Sim^tkii.^.  \ 

Giaveno,  (Pied.) 
Gibraleon,  (Sp.) 
Gibraltar,  (Sp. ;  ar.  Sche-   ) 

bcl  ai  Tarik.)     Calpe.      j 
Gibraltar,  {.tp.  Estrcclio  de  ( 

Gibraltar,)  straiL  \ 

Gibraltar,  San  Anlouio  de,  i 

(Venoz.)  j 

Gicjn.     See  Giti-cliin. 
GideJ,  (Sw.)  r. 
Giebichen)^tein,  (Pr.) 
Gien,  (Fr.) 
Gie^sen,  (Germ.) 
Gigantinii,  (Sard.)  mt 
Gigelii.     Set  Jijeli. 
GigitonhanJia,  (Braz.)  r. 
Giglto,  (Mediter.)  ioL  Igil-  } 

iiim.  ) 

Gignac,  (Fr.) 
Gisuela,  (Sp.)  r. 
aijon,  (Sp.) 
Gila,  (Califom.)  r. 
Gilboa,  (Palestine,)  lats. 
Gildas,  St.,  de  Ruid,  (Fr.) 
GiJdone,  (Xapl.) 
GilleH-les-Boucheries,  St.,    ) 

(Fr.)  ! 

Gilly,  (Belg.) 
Gilolo,  (Moluc.)  isls. 
Gimena,  or  Ximeua,  (Sp.) 
Gimont,  (Fr.) 


*dng  g^-nO'tif 

gdng-tti-yV  (til-yi') 
gi'ug^a^ 

sdnv  gO'dre'  • 

sdng  gOrge  di  mOng-tO- 

sdiig  gOrge  dole  rCng* 
xdnkt  gt-i^r'gin. 

gcor'gia 

ge-or'  gyitsk 

gfjrd 

dgt-rd'chi 

8Aiig'gi-r'dng'dS.-p(i'1 

gi-rdr-fap-e' 

gQr-b'i-§'de-gSng 

s^r'rU  de  ge-r^s^ 

eh{r-giU' 
dgird-gsn'Ci 

g£r'ged-mdtkt' 

germane' ;  fr.  gdng  gsr- 

■tndng' 
sdn^r  g£r-mdng  d'i  Id 

kf^qflr 
sdnif  g£r-mdng  dug 

mO  g-tdny' 
sdng  ger-jndng  gUr  S 
sdng  g£r-mdng  dng  W 
germtm 

gcr'many 


gir'mers-hlmc' 

gertL-t'bdSh 

girns'hlme 

et''''qltg-h6-fin 

ge-rO-m^' 

ciie-rO'nd 

ch^r'r'i 

U  girt 

ger'iou 

g^r-troi'din-hirg 

sang  ger-t)d' 

g^'zi-rick-i^ 

dshi-s'i'rd 

gt-gpdn'shdft 

gess'jid' 

dg^-SQ^-dl'do 

dh£-tU'fe 

gS.-vO-ddng' 

gess 

ye-v'i'shO-v'it-si 

gSte 

gz-l<i'vi 

gt'n'ms 

gi-nt 

sang  !r'i-ldng' 

adn  dgd'kO-mo 

sUn  dgd'kG'TJio  di  l^t^s'i- 

d'nd 
d^d-ni'kO-h 
dgd-nq^'t'i 

dgdr-rd-td'nd 

dgdr'rgt't'd 

dgd-c^'nu 
elii'bra-le'dn* 
cki-bral-tdr' 
gtb-ral'tar 

gib-ral'tar 

8'dn  dn-ld'n't-ii  dg  Shi-brdl- 

tdr' 
ylt'sh'ine 
y'i'de-Q 

g'i'bi-dkin-stlne 
gi^dng' 
g'ihs'sen 
dgi-gdnti'ttQ^ 
ifi-gel-li' 
gi'g'i'tCn-ydn'yd 

dg'il'yo 

g'in-ydk' 

cfii-gs'td 

cliUckon' 

cKi'id 

gil-bO-d' 

sdng  gil-dds  d'4  rft-t' 

dgH-diJ'ne 

sdng  g'il-le-h<}i}sh-rV 

g'i-i-ift',  g'il-y'i' 
dgi-lO'lo 
dhi-m^'nil 
gi-mSng^ 


Fau^fdr^fgUy  lektft,  bdL—MiU,pr£y,kelp,thdre^h^r.~PljUymar'ine,bXrdjfig.~J\rstejd5cefmSvejWQlAb^Qkylord.—  TilMybiiUyifni^  boyt  ou,  house.  — Fr.  d  long, 

1344  ""  ~~  ' 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Ginevrn.     See  Gebeva. 
GinonitZ)  (Boh.) 

Gioja,  (Napl.) 

Giojosa,  (Na;»l.) 
Giorgio,  ban,  (It.) 
Gi^iriiicOj  (Swii/.. ;  ff.  Imis.) 
Giiivaniit,  San,  (It.) 
Giovanni,  Saji,  iti  Croce,     > 

(Lunib.)  S 

Giovanni,  Ban,  ill  Fiore,     i 

(Napl.)  i 

Giovanni,  San,  in  Val         i 

d'Anio,  (Tus«'.)  J 

Giovcuazzo,  (Napl.)    JVa-  \ 

tioluju  \ 

Gir^enti,  or  Gergeiiti,(Sic.)  ) 

Aiirigen.tu.ni*  \ 

Girge,  (E?.) 
Girona,  (N.  Gran.) 
Girondo,  (Fr.)  dcp. 
Gi^w,  (Fr.) 
GIstebntc,  (Bolt.) 
Gitscliin,  (Boll.  ;  &.  Gidjiu) 
Giugliano,  (Nap!.) 
Giiiglietta,  Santa,  (Pied.) 
Giuglio,  San,  (It.)  isL 
Giurgewo,  (Turkey.) 
Giu^tino,  San,  (C.  It) 
Givot,  (Fr.) 
Givors,  (Fr.) 
Givry,  (Fr.) 
Gizeh,  (Eg.) 
Gladbach,  (Pr.) 
Gladova,  (bervia.) 
Glagowatz,  (II,) 
Claris.     See  Glarus. 
Glarnisch,  (Svyitz.)  m. 
Glarus,  (Switz.i  it.  Gla-     ) 

ris,)  cant.  \ 

Glata,  (Pr.  Si!. ;  si.  Kladsko.) 
Glatzer-gebirge,  (braiicli      ) 

Sudetic  mts.)  \ 

Gleicbenber^,  (Austr.) 
Glina,  (Croatia.) 
Glickner,  Gross,  (Noric      ) 

Alp^,  A*i8tr.)  \ 

Glo^au,  Gross,  (Pr.  Sil.) 
Glonimcn,  (Norw.)  r, 
Glon^,  (Bel-;.) 
Gloppen,  (Norw.) 
Glouce-itor,  (Eugl.)    Clevuia, 
Giowaczd'.v,  (Pol.) 
Gluchow,  (R.) 
Glucksburg,  (Oeam.) 
Gluckiitadr,  i  Denm  ) 
Gluro'*,  irrGlurenlz,  (Tyrol.) 
Glutfchkowa,  (R.) 
Giiiilnd,  trr  Gernund, 
Gmujiden,  or  Geraundcn, 
Gmtindcii  See.     See  Trattn. 
GnadeiJthal,  (S.  Afr.)  Mo-  i 

raciua  missionary  station.  ) 
Gne:WD,or  GniezDO,(Pr.Pol.) 
Gear,  Sl,  (Pr.) 
Goatemala.     See  Guatemala. 
Gobalu,  St.,  (Fr.) 
Goave,  (Ilayti.) 
Godeno.    See  Grigna  Hal-    i 

tentriooal.  \ 

Godmancbe^tcr,  (Eiig.) 
G6dlll%(H.) 
Gudtbaar,  (UrecnI.)  jnia-      > 

fl'on  seminary.  ) 

Goodcreede,  (Netb.) 
Goenong  Gocuter,(Java,)  voL 
Goes,  or  Ter-goea,  (Neth.) 
Goi.sern,  (.\iisir.) 
Golaucz,  (Posen.) 
Guldau,  (Sw'itz.) 
Goldberg,  (Pr.  Sil.) 
Gologa,  (Port.) 
Golfe  de  Ga.^cogi>e.     See     ) 

Biiway.  \ 

Golfo  Dulce,  (Guatemala.) 
G.3lDitz,  (fl.) 
GoJo,  (Curd.)  r. 
Goinora,  la,  (Canaries.) 
G6m'.r,  (H.) 
Gonaive.-i,  lea,  (Hayli.) 
Goiie*-ie,  (Fr.) 
Gonowitz,  (Austr.) 
Gonzaga,  (Lonib.) 
06ppingen,  (Wiiru) 
Gorchon,  (Pol.  Pr. ;  poL      > 

Garka.)  { 

Gor^onzola,  (Loinh.)  t/i-f/r. 
Gorinchcni.  See  Gorkuiu. 
Goritz,  or  G-Vz,  (III.  i  iL      i 

Gorizia.l  ) 

Gurkum,  Gorctim,  or  Go- 

rincheni,  (N'eth.) 
Gorlice,  (Gal.) 


d^i'jie'vrU 
ffi'  nd-Hits 

dgO'i-'d 

dgO-'i-d'sa 
SUH  dg5rd'go 
dgOr'iii-ko 
s'dn  dgO'Vdn'n'i 

sdn  dg5-vdn'n't  'in  krS'che 
s'dn  dgO'Vdjin'i  'in  fi^'r^ 

sdn  dffdvdn'n'i  in  viU 
dar'no 

dgS-ve-udt' so 

dgird-g^n'ti 

dgirdge 
cni-rd^nd 
^t-rdn^d' 
gt-sUr' 
y'is'teb-nits 
git' shine 
dg^gl-yd'no 
adn'td  dg^Ql-yft't'd 
sdn  dgQQl'yo 
dg^i^rd'  ge-vo 
sdn  d^g<fs-t'i'iio 

gi-v5re' 

g'i'Vr'i' 

dgVie 

glddt'bdch 

gld-do'vd 

gld'  ff5-vdt3 

gla'fis 

gldr'ttisk 

gld-rtis'j  gl'd'r<}(j3 

gVdta 

gldt'ser-ge-bir'g^ 

glJ'rkea-berg' 
gli'nd 

grOss  glehk'ner 

gr5ss  gld'gott 

glom'men 

ghns,  glSng 

glop'pi-n 

glos'tcr 

glU-vdl'  shqQf 

gl<}<f'chqv 

glhks'b^grg 

glUlc'stddt 

glQi^ns^  glQQ'rmts 

glqQsk'ho-vd 

gmiind 

gmiin'den 

gmiin'den  le 

gnd'deii-tUlo' 
gn^'zen,  gnyes'no 
idiOit  godr 
gO-d~te-md'ld 
sdng  go-bdng' 
gO-dve' 

g5-d^'no 

giim'centcr 
gt^'ddkl-lell 

gGdt'haro 

g^Q-de-ri'dg 
§<}<}'nong  g^^'tir 

goi'zern 

gQ'ldiitsh 

gQl'dou 

goldt'berg 

gd'le'gd 

gdlf  da  gds-kdmj' 

gCl'Jo  dnqVtke 

g  All' nits 

gU'lo 

Id  g5-mc'rH 

gifii'in^ir 

(J-  ffS-ndce' 

go-nes' 

g5'no-viits 

gind-sd'  g'd 

gAp'pia''gf.u 

gQr'fkin 

gdr-gond-sO'l'd 
gd'rin'cfiein 

gu'rits,  gO-rid'ai-U 

gdr'kvum 
gQr-lit'si 


Gi5rlitz,  (Pr.  Sil.) 

Gornaja,  (R.) 

tiorochowcz,  (R. ) 

Gorodez,  (R.) 

G('>rz.     See  Goritz. 

Goalar,  (Han.) 

Costing,  (Austr.) 

Gostynin,  (Pol.) 

Gota-elf,  (S\v.)  r. 

G<5ta-kanal,  (Sw.) 

Gtitaland,  (Sw. ;  e.  Goth- 
land ;/r.  Gotbie,)  old  die. 

GiStarike,  (Sea.)  oUi  die. 

Gotcborg,  (,S\v. :  e,  Gothen- 
burg ) 

G(itt;borgrf  Lan,  cr 

G^teborgs-  Bobu^-lan, 
(Sw.)  prov. 

Gotlia,  (C.  Germ.) 

Goihie.     See  GViielriniL 

Gothard,  St.,  or  Gcttburd,  > 
(Lepontino  Altju,)  mts.     \ 

Gottingcn,  (Han.) 

GottJand,  (Baltic,)  iel 

Gottlieben,  (Switz.) 

Goitorf,  or  Gottorp,  J 

(Denni.)  amt.  \ 

Gottska-Sandoe,  (Baltic,)  i^U 

Goiida,  or  Tergouw,  (Ncth.) 

Gourdon,  (Fr.) 

Gournay,  (Fr.) 

Guyana,  (Braz.) 

Goyaz,  or  Goyas,  (Br.)  prov. 

Goyra,  (Bra/.) 

Grabow,  (N.  G.) 

Crnbowiec,  (Pol.) 

Gracias  a  Dios,  (Guatemala,) 

Gra(ii.ska,  f  Austr.) 

Gradiska,  Nova,  (Au.str.) 

(Jradi-^ka,  Sztara,  (.\ujJtr.) 

Gradule,  la,  (Fr.)  vU, 

Graef,  or  Grave, 

Graienberg,  (Gcrni.) 

Graglia,  (Sard.) 

Gragnana,  (Napl.) 

Graham  Idluiid,  or  Ferdi-    ) 
nandea,  ) 

Gramatj  (Vr.) 

Grammicholc,  (Sit'.) 

Grammont,  (Belg. ;  fi.rm.      ) 
Gceradriborgcn.)  \ 

Gran,  (U.j  h.  Garaui,)  r. 

Gran,  (H.  j  A.  Esztergoni.)  ) 
Strigoniujfu  \ 

GraSa,  (Sp.) 

Granada,  (Sp.) 

Granada,  Nueva,  or  New    ) 
Granada,  (S.  A.)  state.      \ 

Graiiada,  (Sp.)     lUibfris. 

Granadilla,  (Sp.) 

Granatula,  (Sp.) 

Gran  Canaria.     See  Cana-  ) 
ry  Island-s.  \ 

Grandbourg  Salagnac,  (Fr.) 

Gnmd-chainp,  (Fr.) 

Grand  Galarguc.*,  (Fr.) 

Grand-lieu,  (Fr.)  lake. 
Grand-luce,  (Fr.) 
Grande-chartreuso,  la,(Fr.)  ) 

cleister.  \ 

Grande-rivi.ire,  (U.  S.) 
Giande-terro,  (Guadolouiic,) 
Grande  Verniejo,  (S.  A.)  r. 
Graudprd,  (Fr.) 
Grandson,  or  Grausun,         | 

(Swilz.) 
Gr^mor  Gcspann^chaft, 

(H. ;  h.  E.ztcrgom  "' 

niegye,)  c. 
Grangardc,  coin'iuuly 

Grance,  (Sw.)  \ 

Granitjia,  (Sic.)  yroin. 
Granjaj  la,  de  Torrchermo-  ) 

sa,  U<\i.)  S 

GranoIIer*<,  (Pp.) 
Gran  Para,  (IJraz.)  r. 
GranSa.ssod'Italia,(NapL)  | 

GraiiBcP,  (Pr.) 
Grauson.     See  Grandson. 
Granville, (Fr.)    Grannonum. 
GranzSziyeth,  (H. ;  A.  Szi-  i 

petbvir.)  \ 

Graslitz,  (Boh.) 
Grasse,  (I-  r.) 
Gratz,  (Styria  ;  sl.  Nie-       ) 

Dietzki  Gradetz.)  i 

Gratz,  (Pr. ;  pol.  Gretzlack.) 
Graubtlnden.     See  Grisonu. 
Graiidenz,  (Pr.) 
Grave,  or  Graef,  (Neth.) 
Grave,  la,  (Fr.) 


ft,         ) 
Viir-  V 


g^r'lits 

gQr'nd^d 

gO-rO'dkO-vits 

gO-rO-dits' 

g^rtJ 

gQs'ldr 

g^Ls'ting 

g&n-t'i'nin 

yt^td-ilf 

y^'tdkd-niUU 

y^'td^ldndt 

ydSk'td-T'i'ks 

ytfk'le-horg' 

yt^'tebargs  lihn 
y^'tebnrgs  bH'hiis  ISkn 

gd'td 
gO-ti' 

I'dnkt  gqt'h'drdt 

g^t'tin^'gvn 

got'tandt 

got'tubin 

gQt'torf(torp) 

gots'kd-sdnd'dit 

gou'dd 

gQiir-dGng' 

g^gr-Hd.' 

gQ-yd'n'd 

g5-yds' 

gO'i^d 

grd'bo 

grd-bU'vyitl 

grd't/ii-ds  d  di-Os' 

grd-iCish'kd 

Hii'vd  grd-dish'k'd 

sid'rd  trrd-dish' k'd 

Id  grd-dill' 

grdkf 

gri' fen-berg 

grdi'ijd 

grdn-ya'nd 

gra'ham 

grd-md' 
grdtn-ini-ki'le 

grdm-mOng* 

gr'dn 

gran 

grdn'y'd 
grd-nd'd'd 
jip^-e'ra  gr'd-n'd'd'd 

grd-nd'dd 

grd-nd-diVy'd 

grd-n'd-tQQ'ld 

gr'dii  k'dr^nd'r'i-'d 

grd»g~b<}Qr'  sd-Idn~y'dJi' 

gi'dng  skiing 

gr'dng  gd-ldrg' 

grdng  li-t^ 

grdng  Id-se' 

Id  grdngd  shUr-trdilze' 

grdnird-rt'-v'i-crc' 
grdii^d-tire 
grdn'de  veir-me'tho 
grdng-prt' 

grdng-sSng' 

gr'd'ner  ge-sp'dn' sdidft 

grdn-gdr'de^  grda'ge 

gr'd-n'i'tQ-ld 

la  grdu'ciid  <fg  tOr're-er- 

Vid'sd 
grd-ndl-yrrs' 
grdn  pd-rd' 

grdii  sds'so  di-td'li-d 
gr'dn' ze 
grdng-song' 
grdng-v'iU' 
grejUs  s'i'ggt 

gr'ds'lits 
grdss 

grSti 

gr&ts 

groti'b^m-den 
grou'  dents 
grd've,  grave 
Id  grdoe 


Gravolines,  (Fr.  j  g.  Grove- 

lingen.) 
Gravenliaag,  S',  (Neth. ; 

Hague,  La  llaye,  Ilaag.) 
Graves,  (Fr.) 
Gruvina,  (Napl.) 
Gray,  (Fr.) 

Graz,  or  Graz,  (Styria.) 
Qrmciuniy  Qreccia,  Gra- 

jacum. 
Grazaloma,  (Sp.) 
Greenland, (A.;  dan.Gr6n-  i 

land.)  \ 

Gregorio,  San,  (Napl.) 
Greifenberg,  (Sil.) 
Groibwaldc,  (Pr.) 
Greina,  la,  (Switz.)  mt. 
Grcilz,  (C  Gonn.) 
Grenaae,  (Dcnin.) 
Grenada,  (VV.  Ind.)  is!. 
Grenade,  (Fr.) 
Grenadines,  or  Grenadil-      i 

las,  (W.  Ind.)  isl.  i 

Grenchon,  (Switz.) 
Grenelle,  (Fr.) 
Grenoble,  (Fr.)   Grattanojt-  i 

olis.  \ 

Grcsivaudun,  (Fr.)  v. 
Gretzlack.    See  Gr&tz^ 
Grevolingon.    See  Gravulines. 
Greyors.     See  Gruyerort. 
Grez-en-Bouerc,  (Fr.) 
Grezzana,  (N.  It.) 
Griechisch  Weiszenburg.     \ 

See  Hclgrad.  j 

Gries,  (Leponiic  Alps,)  mt. 
Grierfbacb,  (Bad.) 
Grigna  Settentrional,  or       ) 

Godeno,  (l/tiub.)  m'.         ) 
Grignan,  (Fr.) 
Grigriol's,  (Fr.) 
Grigoui.     S:'e  Grisons. 
Grigorioiwl,  (R.) 
Grijotii,  (Tabasco,  M.)  r, 
Grimaud,  (Fr.)  giUf.  Gam- ) 

bracius  Sinus.  \ 

Grimbergben,  (Belg.) 
Grimtna,  (Sax.) 
Grim.-«i,  (Bornoso  Alps,)  mt. 
Grinagcr,  (Norw.) 
Grindelwatd,  (Switz.) 
Gripsbolni,  (Sw.) 
Grisignana,  (111.) 
Grislelianin,  (Sw.) 
Gris-nc/.,  (Fr.)  cape. 
Grisollos,  (Fr.) 
Grisons,  les,  (Switz. ;  ^. 

Graiihdnden  ;  it.  Gngo- 

ni,)  cant. 
Grita,  la,  (Venez.) 
Grocholice,  (Pol.) 
Grochow,  (R.  Pol.) 
Grodek,  (R.) 
Grodno,  (R.)  gov. 
Grodiisko,  (Pol.) 
Groicc,  (Pol.) 
Groniugon,  (Neth.) 
Gr5nland.     See  Greenland. 
Gros,  (Fr.)  cape. 
Gros  Morne,  (Islo  Bour-      ) 

bon,)  mt.  i 

Gross  Bceren,  (Pr.) 
Gropz  Glockuer,  (Noric  A.)  t 

mt.  S 

Gvoaz  GArschon,  (Pr.) 
Gn>fz  Jagemdorf,  (Pr.) 
Groez-McseriLsrh,  (Mor.) 
Grosz  Pechlarn,  (Austr.)     i 

Mrdape.  ) 

Grosz  Salza,  (Pr.) 
Grosz  Scheuern,  (Trans.) 
Groszenliein,  (Sax.) 
Grosz  Steffcls^orf.     See        ) 

Rima  Szombat.  ) 

(;ro.-:z  Rohrsdorf,  (Sax:) 
liroszniichel.     See  Nagy-     ) 

inichaly.  ) 

Gro^izwardein,  (H. ;  k.  Na-  > 

py  Virad.)  i 

Grbtta  di  Napoli,  (Napl.)     i 

cave.  ) 

Grottaniaro,  (II.) 
Grfitzinpon,  (Bad.) 
Grubenbagen,  (N.  Germ.)    ) 

old  distr.  \ 

Grudek,  (Austr.  Gal.) 
Grunberg,  (Pr.  Sil.) 
Gmnin^en,  (Wiirt.) 
Grurmanushdble,  (Pr.)  cave. 
Grulli,  (S^itz.) 
Gruy6res,  (Switz.;  g.  Gre- 

yers.) 
Griteig,  (Switz.) 


grdve-tiiuf 

sgrd'ven-hdg' 
gr'dve 

grdvi'nd 
grd 

grot  ,  gr&ta 

grd-thd-l^'md 
green' land 

sdn  grt-gp'r'i'O 

grVjen-birg 

grlfs'  vUl'ds 

Id  gri^''i-nd 

grUi 

gr^'nS 

gr^-nU'dd,  grpL-'d-da 

gr'€-ndde' 

grU-Hd-dine' y  gr^-nd-dil'- 

yds 
gr  hi' chin 
grd-n^l' 

gr'^-nObV 

grU-si-vO-ddng* 
gritt^tdk 

grs'v£-lia"gen 
gri'rrs 

gr^adng-bqg-Srtf 
gril-iid'nii 

gr'i'ckUh  vls'aenrb^^g 

gris 

gris'bdih 

grin'yd  snten^i-O-nm* 

gr'in-y'dng' 

gr'in-ydt' 

gri-gO'n'i 

gr'i-gO-r'i'S-pOl* 

gri-chO'td 

gr'i-mO' 

grim' ber' gin 

grim'md 

grim' til 

gr'i'H'd-^er 

gria'dti-vdldt 

grips' lidhn' 

gr'i-sin-yd'nd 

gr'isVkdmn 

gri'n£ 

gri-xHV 

h  gr'i-iOiig' 

Id  gri' Id 

grQ-chO-tit'si 

grO'rhtjQf 

gr^'dfk 

grud'no 

grlid-ahiis'ko 

grQ'yi-ts 

grS'mn"gen 

gr^H^Uiitd 

grS 

grS  m5m 

grdss  beh'rejf 

gross  glok'ner 

grdss  gehr'shin 
gr5si  yi'gern-dorf 
grOss  me'ze-ritsh 

gr5ss  pich'ldrn 

grOss  I'dlt'sd 
grOss  sfioi'tm 
grOs'si'ii-hlue 

grO.-is  st^/tU-dorf 

grSss  rdhra'dqrf 

gr5ss-mi' ShH 

gr6ss-vdr-dlne' 

grOt'ld  di  nd'pO-Ti 
grOt-td'ind're 

gri^t'sin"gi:a 

gr<}tf'bi'H-hd'grn 

grpif'dvk 
grim' b  erg 
grit' nin"  gen 
grithr'  m  dns-hdii'ls 
gritt'ti 

grii-i-yerc' 

gstlg 


tftUi  fisbort,WU,— Fr- (A  long,  tfii  short,  nearly  as  iuapur.—i/j/,/j/,  Hy,  liquid.— ^rt"5-er — ^,  «A,  guttural ;  g  an  $  in  pleasure.  — r  final,  Fr.  re.  —  v,  between  v  and  /. 


169 


1345 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Guacara,  (Venea,)  ^p^d-td'ra 

Giiaclitiiaiigis  (Me:i.)  gq^-<i<ki-iu^'go 

Giuchipe,  (PI  ConC)  r.         gff-i-dti-pt' 

Guad^oa,  (Sp.)  gtt-a-tl<t-fklh' 

Guadalaviar,  (Sp.)  gf^-d-dd-la'ci-iir 

Guailalaxara,  ar  Guada-  i        -"^  ,„  ...  .,..,  ^ 

lajara.(Sp:)  {    t99:a^U-:i-ikd'rd 

Guadalaian.    Sm  Xaliaco.  gff-udd-ld^ka'ir* 

Gnadalcaoat,  (Sp.)  ftf^afkanlU' 

Guadalcanar,  (Austral)  isL  fff-d-dS-tdndr' 

Guadalcazar,  (Potosi,)  atf.  ff^-Ml'kd'Mtr 

Gnadalrlr,  (Sp.)  r.  #tM-^-'l't 

Guadalimar,  (Sp.)  r.  f^f-il-id4t-mdr' 

Guadalii,  (Sp.)  gf^^a-MMk' 
Guadalquivir,  (Sp. ;  mr,       \        ^^ 

Wad^l-Krbir,)  r.     &t-  >  gf^-^t-tUU-kl-vir' 

Us.  )        ^ 

Guadalupe.    Sn  Guadcloupa.  gv^-^l^-kt'pt 

Guadalupe,  Siorra  d.,(Sp.)  j  ,^.^,^j,  ^  ggfa^ti^'ft 


Carprtant  Monies, 
Guadamur,  (Sp.) 
Guadarama,  ar  Guadarra- 

raa.  Sierra  de,  (Sp.) 
Guadasira,  (Sp.)  r. 
Guadasuar,  (.Sp.) 
Guadayra,  (S)k)  r. 

X''(w!T,:d°.')''.;;L"''''"'"' I  '^f^'^p' 

Guadianiar,  (Sp.)  r. 
Guadiana,  (Sp.)  r.    Anag. 
Guadiaro,  (Spt)  r. 
Guadiato,  (Sp.)  r. 
Gaadiela,  (Sp.)  r. 
Guadix,  (Sp. ;  or.  Wadi- 

A^tli.)    Aeei, 
Guadua^,  (Columb.) 
Gnajan,  (Tenrrid'e,)  aitx. 
Oualateiri,  (Peruv.  And.) 

V9U.  mt. 
Gualillas,  (Perur.  And.) 

pdss. 
Oaalbgo,  or  lluallafo,  (S. 

A)  r. 

Ouamacfauca    Set  Uiaa- 
marhuco. 


g^^-d-dd-m^^ 

H-tr'rd  it  gifidl^iary 
Tdtwid 

gvi^dd-tVra 

g^^d-dii  -a^^dr^ 

g^^d'dii'i-rd 


g^^d'^ti-'d-indr' 

g^a-dt-d'nlt 

gf^d'dt-d'ro 

gtf^d-ifi-a'u 

g^^-d-di-i'ld 
gf/^ttk' 

gt^a^d^m 

g^d-idtl'TlTl 

gtfk-tit'tdt 
ri^iO-fd-gt 

gft^d-ma-ti^'kt 
Guamanga.     Set  Huainanga.  fV^-^a^'a'/^ 
Guamanugin,  (Peni )  gw^-^d*  td'gff-a 

Ooanabacoa,  (Cuba.)  f  w^-ad-M^W'a 

Guanacaebe,  (PLCoaf.)      J    gf?d-»dJca'cki 

Guanahani,  tun  San  Sal-    j    .ooHl-aa-Wat 

vidor.  (        l^ 

Guanare,  (Venez.)  ^99-a-aa'rt 

GuanaMTi,  ( Mei.)  f  »^a  »i(~»{-iH' 

Guanaiuatn,  (Mux.)  slatr.  go^il-nd-tkff-d'tt 

Guancahainba,  (S.  .V,  Ec    j  g^^an'kdbdm'bd 
uad.>r.)                               i 

Gu«n^v«l'"-    SwHuan-  ff^d,'ka,,i-ti'kd 

Gunnchaco,  (Peru.)  g^^dM-ckdfkS 

Guanuco.     Set  Haanuco.  gQ^d-H^'ko 

Guapay,  (S.  A.)  r.  gi^d-pi^'i 

Guapore.     See  lleno!*.  gw H-pfi't 

Guarapari,  (Braz.)  ntf.  g^  d-rd  ^JM'V 

Guarapiche,  (Vcnex.)  r.  g^^d-rd-pVckf 

Guaratinfnieta,  (Braz.)  gvt-d-rd-ttng-gi-tdf 

6uaniaf<ii^  (Af.)  prvm.  g9^<^-dd'/9^t 

Guardamar,  (Sp.)  fv^iir-ifd^wuir' 

Guardia,  (NapL)  go^-^ir'ii-ii 

GuartSa,  (Sp.)  g^^-rtn'fU 

Guarico,  (S.  A-)  r.  ffwU-rt'k^ 

Giiarisainey,(Daran93,  Mex.)  ^v9-a-r)r-»d-iiitf'i 
Guarochin,  (Peru,;  distr.  g^^d-rii-chi'rV 

Goastalla,  (N.  It.)  g^i^itt-iiit'tii 

Guataica     Ser  Huatalco.        gQif-U-Ud'ka 
Guatavita,  (.N.  Gran.)  g^^d-td-vt'tii 

Guatemala,  Goitemala,  (S.  /        '>-^ 

A.^  state.  \    gV^-HM-mU'ld^ 

Guatemala,  la  Nueva,(GaaL)  td  noi^t'cd  ff^^-ts-md'Hi 
Guatemala,  la  Vieja,  (Guat.)  Id  vi-t'ekd  g^d-ti-miflii 
Guaiitlan,  (Mex.)  r.  g^fi^-lil-l^'  . 

Guatlan.    See  Huatlan.  g^dt-lun' 

Quatuico,  (Oaxaca,  Mex.)       gff^ii-UfVi'ko 
Guaura.     See  Uuaura.  fW-^^W-'"** 


I  Guaviori,  (S.  A.)  r. 
(jiinyama,  (Purlo  Rico.) 
Giiayaiia.     See  Guiana. 
Giiayanilla,  (Puriu  Kicu.) 
Guayaquil,  (Ecuador,)  dtp. 
Guayaleca^,  (S.  A.)  isls 
Guayiiio-*,  (Soiiura,  Mex.) 
Gtiayra,  la,  (Veuez.)  diatr. 

Guazn.    Sm  Vipiazu. 
Gubbio,  (C.  ft.)     Iguvium. 
Gulien,  (Pr.) 
Gudeti-aa,  (Denra.)  r. 
Guelderland.  &«  Gelderlaiid. 
Guetnen^e,  (Fr.) 
Guerande,  (Fr.) 
Guerche,  Ir,  (Fr.) 
Gu^ret,  (Fr.) 
Gdernica,  (t^p.) 

Guerner  Noir,  (U.  8.)  r. 

Guen-a,  (Sp.)  r. 

Guelaria,  (Sp.) 

Gufilielinii,  (Umib.)  m. 

Gfighngeit,  (W'Urt.) 

Guiana,  or  Giia^'ana,  (S.  \ 
A.  ;  fr.  La  Guyaiie,  La  > 
Guiane.)  7 

Guihray,  (Fr.) 

Guienne,  ( Fr.)  otd  prov. 

Guillestre,  (Fr.) 
GuillotiAre,  la,  (Fr.)  | 

GUimar,  (Sp.) 
Guimaraes,  (Port.) 

Guinea,  (Af. ;  fi:  Guines,)  ) 
former  c.  ) 

Guinpimp,  (Fr.) 
Guiptizcoa,  (Sp  )  prow. 

Guise.  (Fr.) 

Guitivis,  or  Santa  Cniz  de  j 

Mavo,  (Soiiura,)  m.  y 

Guitres,  (Fr.) 
Gumbtnnen,  (Pr.) 
Gdn«,  (II. ;  k.  K&sze^h.) 
Gilnzburg,  (Bav.) 
GurgMelli,  (N'apL) 
Guriew,  (R.) 
Ourkfeld,  or  Kersko,  (III.)  i 

J^oeiodumum.  \ 

Giiniicplbad,  (Swilz.) 
Gu.«tavia,  iSt.  Barlholo-      i 

mew,  \V.  Ind.)  ( 

Gfi^trow.  (X.  Germ.) 
Guyaba,  (Braz.)  pr. 
Guvane,  la.     Set  Guinna. 
Gvarmaih,  (11.) 
Gy'^ncyfis,  (H.) 
GyOr,  (H.  i  g.  Ranb.) 
Gy'rgy,  Szciit,  (^11.) 
Gy/Vrcvo,  Szcnl  MiklAa,        ^ 

(Trans.)  \ 

Gyi.ruk,  (H.) 
Gyorok  ez'-ill-lis,  (11.) 
Gyrenbad,  (Switz.) 

eisir- "'!(■"■""'•>! 

Gyfigy,  (H.) 

Oyula,(H.) 

Gyula  Fejcr^-Ar,  (Tr«na. ;  ( 
g.  KarUburg.)  i 


gff^d-v'i-d'r't 

giff-d-yd'md 

giifif'dyd'nd 

g(^^ -a  yd- nil' yd 

g^ii-d'tid-kW 

gf^-yd'tt'kds 

gQi^d'i-mds 

Id  gy^d't-rd 

gQ^t-d-s^' 

g^\'b'b^-o 

gifU'btn 

g^<}'drn-i^' 

grVdvr-ldndt 

gzkm~ns' 

gt-rdngd' 

TUgSr^ 

gt-r£' 

gVff-tr-ni'kd 

gCr-r'i'i'  nHUre' 
gtr'va 
gt-td'ri'd 
ff^^-yet'mo 

g^g'liii"{ren 

g^id'nd,  td  gi-dhn' 

gi-brS 
gi-tn' 

g'l-'t-itr\  gu'il-yHre' 

Id  fi-i-Q-t('ire\gity6-ri- 

erf,' 
gfif-i'mUr 
gt-md-rdngs' 

gdng-gdng' 
^*-p(>CtA'(pff9*')-*5-tf 

gl-Ct't'is 

gttr 

gt}^jm'bin-nhi 

giins 

gfiHs'b^^g 

gVprd-gittl'N 

g^'rt-tf 

g^^k'fildt 

gO^r'nigel-bd^h' 

g^s-td'vi-d 

giij'tra 
e<}<f-'d'bd 
Id  g't-dhn' 

liydr'ntdht 
dyeilH'fltfe^.tk 

i/y^r    ^^^ 
sent  dyeiirdtj 

dijt^r'dtjo  stnl  mfkHish 

dyO'rOk 

dyO'rUk  8^l-lt%sk 

gt'rrn-bddt 

g't'if;<^-lajif)<f 

g'is'Ci-fi<^ 

dyitdy 
dy(/^'iil 
di^'ld  fi-yehr-v'dkr 


H. 


Haao,  (Germ.) 

Ilaag      5m  Gravenhaag. 

Haarbui^     See  Harburg. 

Haardiecbirge,  (Ba*-.)  vw, 

Haarlem,  or  Haerlem,'  Nelh.) 

Haarlemmer-.Meer,  (Nelti.) 

Harsdunk.  (Belg.) 

Haba,  la,  (Sp.) 

Habana,  la,  (W.  Ind. ;  La  / 

Havana.)  j 

HabeUchwen,  (Pr.  Sil.) 
Habichtswald,  (Germ.)  m. 
Ilabsburg,  or  Hapsburg,       t 

(Swilz.)  ) 

Habsheim,  (Fr.) 
Hacha,  Rio  de  la,  (N. 

Gran.)  r. 
Hadtlel'ye,  (Denm.) 
Hadetn,  (Han.) 
Hadersdorr,  (Auittr) 


hdkg 
hWtg 

hdhr'b(j^§ 

h  dh  rdl'gs-bii^g^ 

hdhr'lem 

hdhr'lem-mer  mehr 

k'dru'dqnk 

Id  d'bd 

la  db'd'ud 

hd'bel-shv£rt' 
kd'bichU-vdJdt' 

h'dbs' bQtjrS 

kdbshlTne 

ri'o  de  Id  d'chd 


Haderxleben,  t  /rv.,«™  \       S 
lladerslev,   '  (  (Oenm.)       j 
lladlinz,  (II.) 
Ilnerliticke,  (lletg.) 
ilaerlrni.     See  lluiirlem. 
Htif1',<in>sze  and  KIt'ine,      t 

(Pr.)  lake.  ) 

Hair,  KuriKTho,  (Pr. ;  for-    \ 

lurrltf  Miiumiel,  or  Ru-    } 

sa,)  tukr.  ) 

llafnerzctl.     See  Obernzell. 
Hague.     See  H'Gravenhaag. 
Hague,  la,  (Fr.) 
Haida,  or  llcida,  (Boh.) 
Ilaldurk.     See  Hciiluke       > 

Town-*.  \ 

llntmburg.     See  Haiiiburg. 
lliiin,  Grussen,  (Germ.) 
Ilaina,  (Grrni.) 
Hiiinnut,  le,  or  Hainault,     "i 

(Belg. ;  ff.  Ileiint-pau  ;      > 

d.  Henegiiurvcn,)  itrov.    } 
llairitnir^,  or  Hiiinibiirg,      ) 

(Austr.)     Caruuntam.       ) 
Huinichen,  (Sax.) 
Hiiiti,  or  llaytt,  (San  Do-    > 

minen )     /IL^aniola,        ) 
[Jul,  (Bole.) 
Mala-*.  (H.) 
Halhrrstadt,  (Pr.) 
Ilnlbthtirm,  (li.  i  A.  Fel       \ 

Tnr.iny.)  \ 

llaleb,  (Syria.) 
Hnlicz.     See  Galicia. 
Ilalicz,  (Austr.  Gal.) 
Halis4rz,  (H.) 
HalU(Tvrc.l.) 
Halland,  (Sw.)  pr. 
Hallau,  (Switz.) 
Halle,  (Pr.) 
Ilallein,  (Austr.) 
Hailing  Skarven,  (Nonv.)  m. 
Hallweil,  (Switz.) 
Halmi,  (H.) 
Ilalnistad,  (Sw.) 
Ilalni^tad,  (Sw.)  pr. 
Ham,  (Fr.)     Hamum. 
HanibacI),  (Bav.) 
Ilamliala,  (Colombia.) 
llamb.ito,  or  Ainbatu,  (S,    i 
■   A.,  Ecuador.)  \ 

Hainbic,  (Fr.) 
Hamburg,  (Germ.) 
Ilaniein,  (Han.) 
Hamiaa.     See  Fredericks-   ) 

hamn.  ) 

Hanim,  (Pr.) 
Hammer,  (Nurw.) 
Hannnerlesi,  (Nurw.) 
Ilamnicrs  Si*,  (Denm.) 
Il.imont,CB(ly. , 
Han  Bur  Lease,  (Bolg.) 
Hanaii,  (Germ.)  pr. 
Iland.sthuJi-'hriin,  (Bad  ) 
Hanover,  e.  (  ,^-,  _„,  m,;„^  ( 
Hannover,    j  ("^^''•m.)**«f.  j 

Han.sestadte,  (Germ.) 
Ilaniisfalva,  (H.) 
llaparanda,  (Sw.) 
niip.-<t)iirg.     See  Habsburg. 
IIarbiir<;,  Haarhiirg,  (Han.) 
Ilarroiirt,  (Fr.) 
Hardanficr  Field,  (Norw  )  m. 
Hardangcr  Fjord,  (Norw.)  r. 
Hardcnberg,  (Neth.) 
Hardcrwyk.  (Nelli.) 
Hardiiiksvcld,  (Nclh.) 
Ilarllenr,  (Fr.)  llarfioricum. 
Haritigvtrcl,  (nioutli  of  the  \ 

M.ia5;,  Neth.)  ! 

Harlech,  (WalpB.) 
Harlew,  orGirlnu,  (M<ildav.) 
Harlingcn,  (Nctli.) 
Harniersbach,  (Bud.)  v. 
Haro,  (Sp.) 

Hdronisz^k,  (Trans.)  c. 
Haron6,  (Fr.) 
Hartcnntein,  (Sax.) 
Hartmanitz,  (Buji.) 
Hariz.     Ste  llarz. 
Harwirh,  (Eng.) 
Uarz,  or  Hartz,  (Germ.)  to.  } 

Silra  Uerryfiia.  ( 

Harzgerode,  (C.  Grrm.) 
Hasenmatl,  (Switz.)  ml. 
Haslach,  (Germ)  r. 
Hasliland,  or  llasH  im  } 

Weiszland,  (Switz.)  r. 
Ilat-selfelde,  (N.  Germ.) 
Ha.'jseit,  (Belg.) 
Hassgebirge,  (Bav.)  mts, 
Hassfnrt,  (Bav.) 
HastenbecK,  (Han.) 


hd'dfrs-le'bin(l£ve) 

hdd  hdji 

kdhr'le-bS-ki 
haJtr'Uui 

grQs'si,  klVn§y  hdff 

kff'ri-shi  k'(^ 

hqfner-tsH 

haif 

Idhitg 
hVdd 

hl-d<}(ik' 

hlme'bQ^g 
grGs'een  Alne' 
htna 

I'e  ba-nO' 
hlne'bi}Qrf 

ka'te ;  fr.  d-i-Ci' 

hdl 

hd-ldah 

hdVber-stddi' 

hdlb' t<;^<p-m 

hd'tib 
hd'titsk 

hd'tiisk 

hd'U-gii/ta' 

hdl 

hdl'ldnd 

hdVlou 

hdVlt 

hdl'tlne' 

hdl'linir  sk'dr'vin 

hdVvlle 

hdl-mi 

hdlm'Udd 

hdlm'stdd 

hang 

hdm'bdch 

tim-bd'tU 

dm-bd'to 

kdng-bV 

h'dm'bQQrS 

fid'metn 

kd'mi-n'd 

hdm 

hdm'mer 

hdm'mer-pat 

hdrn'mers  z^ 

dvibns' 

diiir  sur  less 

k'd'nou 

hUndt'shQQhs-hlme' 

han'over,  hdn-nO'fir 

hdn'i^-siad'te 

hd-nf^sh-fdl'vd 

hd-pd  rdii'dd 

hdp.>'hr^rg 

hare.' bof^r^ 

dr-Appr' 

h'ur'dan"gir  fijH 

hur'ddn"ger  fyOre 

hdr'drit'birg' 

har'der-vlke' 

hdr'dinas-veldt' 

hdr-fi^r' 

hd'ring-itiU 

hdr'leeh 

hdr'lfv 

kdr'lin"ghi 

hdr'mirs-bdck' 

d'ro 

kd'rqm-sekk 

d-rO-ne' 

h'ur'ten-sttne' 

hdit'md-nita 

hd''rts 

k'dr'rich 

kdhrt^ 

b'dhrts'ffi-rS'de 

hd' len-mdtV 

hds'ldvk 

hdu'li-lUiidt' 

hds'tt  im  vlss'lUnd 

hds'^el-fel'de 

hds'M'U 

h'ds  <'  ffe-bir'  gz 

hdss'fy^rt 

hds'ten-bik 


F&U,  fdr,  ftfU,  itkqt^  bdu  —  JifSUy  prtHi  help,  tlUre,  her.  —  Pine,  mortnfi,  b'ird,  fig.  —  Aou,  dowe,  mtf o«,  te^\  bt^^k^  lord.  —  TQne,  byUy  y.nite.  —  oi^  boy ;  ou,  house.  —  Fr.  &  long, 


1346 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Haterd.'),  (H.)  mts. 
Hath^z,  (fl.) 
Hattem,  (\elh.) 
Uattetitieiiu,  (Genu.) 
Hatliiigen,  (Pr.) 
Hatv^i,  (H.) 
Hatzeg,  (Trans.) 
Hatzteld,  (11. :  A.  Zsomboly.) 
Haiiborditi,  (Fr.) 
llaiikivesi,  (Finl.) 
UausberjEe,  (Pr.) 
Hansen,  (Germ.) 
Haii:^ruck,  (Au^itr.)  mts. 
Haute-Butirgogne.     See       ) 
Franche  Coring.  \ 

Haute  Combe,  (Sard.)  clout. 
Haiite-Liire,  (Sav.) 
Haiitefim,  (Fr.) 
Haiiterive,  (Fr.) 
Hauteville,  (Fr.) 

Haiitvillier3,  (Fr.) 
Haux,  (Belg.j 

Have,  le,  (Nov.  Scot.)  harb. 
Havel,  (\.  Germ.)  r. 
Havelbcrg,  (Pr.) 
Haverfordwest,  (Wales.) 
Havre,  le,  or  Havre  de  ) 

Grice,  (Fr.)  \ 

Hayaiige,  (Fr.) 
Haye,  la,  Descartes,  (Fr.) 
Haye,  la    See  S'Gravenhaag. 
Haynau,  or  Heinau,  (Pr.) 
Hayti,  (VV.  Ind.)    See  Haiti. 
Hazebrouk,  (Fr.) 
Hechingcn,  (S.  W.  Germ.) 
Hecho,  (S(k) 
Hechusoa,  (Mex.) 
Hecla,  or  Hefcla,  (Icel.)  vole 
Heddesdorf,  (Pr.) 
Hedemarken,  (Xorw.)  distr. 
Hedcmora,  (Sw.) 
Hedenfors,  (S\v.) 
Heemsiede,  ( Nelh.) 
Heer,  (Neih.) 
Hserde,  (Neth.) 

Heerenberg,  S',  (Neth.) 
Heerenveen,  (Neth.) 
Heerlen,  (Neth.) 

Hccsch,  (Nelh.) 
Heggbach,  (WUrt.) 
Hegyallya,  (H.)  distr. 
He<!ve^,  Mcz6,  (H.) 
Uesyk«>,  (H.  j  g.  Heiligen- 1 
stein.) 


Helleiistein,  (Wiirl.) 
Heida.     S^e  Haida. 
Heide,  or  Heydc,  (Denra.) 
Heidelbera,  (Bad.) 
Heidenbcim,  (Wiirt.) 
Heide^heim,  (Germ.) 
Huiduk,  (Trans.) 
Heilbrotm,  (WUrt.) 
Heiligenberg,  (Bad.)     ^ra  i 

FUxvia.  \ 

Hciliscnblut,  (Austr.) 
Heiligenhafeti,  (Denin.) 
Heiligeiikreutz,  (Aiistr.) 
Heiligenkrpiit/.,  (H. ;  h.       \ 

Nemct-Kcreztiir.)  \ 

Heiligerikrfiit/.,  (11.  ;  h.       \ 

Szenl  Kerezt. }  S 

Heiligenstadt,  (Pr.) 
Heiligeiistoin.     See  Hcgyk5. 
Heili:!kreuz,  (Tyrol.) 
Heibberg,  (Pr.) 
Hoinaii.     See  Haynau. 
Heinrich'^bad.     Ste  Herinau. 
Hekla.     See  Ilecla. 
Hekle-Fjold,  (Norvv.)  ml. 
Heldbtirg,  (Germ.) 
Helder,  (Neth.) 
Uelena,9t.,  (S.  AtI.Oc.)    \ 

isL  \ 

H6ldne,  Ste«  (Fr.) 
Heletia,  (Fr.) 
Helge-An,  (Sw.)  r. 
HoIgenSs,  (Denm.)  penins, 
Helgoland,  or  Hcligd'and,  i 

(North  Sea,    isl.  Hertha.  \ 
Hellcbck,  (Denm.) 
HellrndtMirn,  (Nrlh.) 
Hellevoe!.sliiya,or  Helvoot-  j 

sliij^,  (Neth.;  ) 

Hellin,  (S|i.t  llannm. 
Hclme,  rPr.)   r. 
netmpr^haiitien,  (Germ.) 
Hclni.'ilpv,  (Kng.) 
Hplm-<iHdt,  (C.  G«rm.) 
Moti^inglHirg,  (S\v.) 
Hclsingfors,  (Finl.) 


hd'tir-d^ 

hd-hoAs 

hdt'tem 

kat'ten-hluu^ 

hat' tin"  gen 

hdt'Vdfm 

hdt-sttg 

hdts'feldt 

6' bo  r -dans' 

liou' k'i-ve's't 

kous'ber'ge 

hon'ien 

hous'njijk 

Gte-b<}i}r-gOni^ 

dte-kOngb 

Gte-liiss 

Otc-fur' 

Ote-rive' 

dte-v'ile' 

O-v'i-'i^e'y  6-v'(l-ye' 

hS 

la  d-vii'nd 

ha-van'na 

I'^hitue 
hd'fH 
kd'/H-birg 
hdr'/Ord-wcst 

If*  hdvr^  hdor  di  gr'da 

d-i-ydngsh' 

id  h&dt-kdrt' 

ldh& 

hl'nou 

hd'te  ;  fr.  d-i-t'i' 

hdze-br^gk' 

he'chin"gen 

t'cho 

^-cho-s5'd 

he'kid,  hek'ld 

hed'  des'dorf 

fie'de-mdr'ken 

he-de-mij^'r'd 

he'den-fors' 

htkm'8ti-d£ 

hehr 

hsfir'de 

S'k^h'ren-birg 

heh'ren-vin&' 

hthr'Un 

hehs-ch 

he  g' back 

hftd-ydl'yd 

me-s^  hed-yssh 

hedy-k^ 

heV  len-stlne' 
hVda 
hVde 

hVdH-birg' 
hV  den-hlmc' 
hV  des'hime' 
hl'd<}(}k' 
hUt'bron 

hVti-gea-berg' 

hVti-gen-blQqt' 
hVti-gen-hd'fen 
hl'li-gen-kroits' 

hVti-gen-kroiU' 

hi '  ti-^en-kroits' 

hl'li-gin-stddt' 

hl'li-ffen-stlne' 

hi' If  ^-kr  aits' 

HMs'bfrg 

hl'nou 

hlne'  richa-bddt' 

he'kid 

hs'Ue-fyil' 

hildt'biiqrg 

hel'der 

he-Wnoy  hel'e-na 

adngt  i-l6ae' 

r-let' 

hePye-One 

ktl'gp-n3s 

hti'eO-Idndi^  h^Ti-gO- 

idndt' 
hrVle-bn 
hil'ltii'dOme' 

heVle-v^qisloiJ 

el-tin' 

Itel'mQ 

hil'mers-kou'zen 

heinjt'ley 

helm'/itddt 

hH'siitir-bqrg 

heViiing-fqra' 


Hettiingland^  (Sw.)  former ) 
diitr.  \ 

Helsing5r,  (Denm. ;  e.  El-  J 
sinore  or  Elsineur.)  J 

Helvetien.     See  Schweiz. 

Helvuel^luys.  See  Hello-  > 
voetsluys.  { 

Helvoort,  (Neth.) 

Henares,  (i^p.)  r. 

HenauU,  (Fr.)  r. 

ileneguuwen.     See  Hainaut. 

Hongelo,  (Neth.) 

lienger^berg,  (Bav.) 

Ilenneberg,  (Germ.) 

Hoiincbon,  (r  r.) 

Henuegau.    See  Hainaut. 

H6non,  (Fr.) 

Henri  Chapelle,  (Belg.) 

Henrichemoiit,  (Fr.) 

Henriquille,  (Cuba,)  lake. 

Heperjes.     Sec  Kperres. 

Ile|)i>enheim,  (Germ.) 

Ilerault,  (Fr.)  d^p. 

Ilerbeuniont,  (Bylg.) 

Herhier?",  leti,  /  Fr.) 
Hcrhigiiac,  ( Fr.) 
Herblat,  (Fr.) 
Herbiirii,  (C.  Germ.) 
Herdefce,  (Pr.) 
HerefonI,  (Eng.) 
Hcrencia,  (Sp.) 
Hericourt,  (Vr.) 
Herinnes,  (Bel^.) 
Hcri>au,  or  Heinrichsbad,  ) 
fSwiiz.)  i 

Herissun,  (Fr.) 

Herkenbosch,  (Xetli.) 
Henna nn-tadt,  (Boh.;  b.    •% 

Herzmannicptpcz,  Herz-  > 

man  Miestecz.)  f 

Hormannstadt,  (Trans.;      j 

Szeben  Szeke.)  ) 

Hermann^^tadt,  (Trans. ;      i 

h.  Nagy-Szeben.)  ( 

Hermiuge,  I',  (Fr.) 
Hcrmites,  les,  (Austral.)  wis. 
Hennonvilie,  (Fr.) 
Hernisdorf,  (Pr.) 
Hernad,  (H.  j  r. 
Hcrnance,  (Swiiz.) 
Hernani,  (Sp.) 
Hern(!isand,  or  Wester-         ) 

Nnrrland,  (S\v.)  prov,      J 
Herrenbaimigartcn,  (Auatr.J 
!Ierrenl)erg,  (WUrt.) 
Herrengrund,  (H. ;  h.  Ur-  ) 

volgy.)  i 

Herrcnhulh,  or  Hcrmhut. 
Herrera,  (Sp.) 
Horrera  de  Duero,  (3p.) 
Herrera  del  Duque,  (Sp.) 
Herrera  de  Rio  Pisuerga,     ) 

(Sp.) 
Herrera  de  Val  de  CaBas,    ) 

(Sp.)  i 

Hernials,  (Austr.) 
Herrnhut,  or  Herrenhuth,   ) 

(Sax.)  ! 

Herselt,  (Belg.) 
Hersfeld.     See  HirschfeM. 
Hers-tal,  or  Heristal,  (Belg.) 
Herstclle,  (Pr.)    lieristallum. 
Hertford,  iKng.) 
Hertsek.     See  Herzegowina. 
Herve,  fBelg.) 
Herxhcim,  (fBav.) 
Herzherg,  (Han.) 
Herzegowina,  or  Hcrtsek,    ) 

(Austr.  Turkey,)  pr.        \ 
Hcrzogenboscl).     Sec  Bois-  ) 

le-Duc.  i 

Herzogeiibuchsee,  (Svvitz.) 
Hcrzogenburg,  (Austr.)       i 

Diicum  Burgnm.  \ 

Herzogenralh,  (Pr. ;  fr,        \ 

Rolduc.)  \ 

Hesdin,  (Fr.) 
Hes.sen,  (Germ. ;  e.4Ieaae,)  ) 

countrtf.    Hcdsia.  ) 

Hessen-Cassel.    See  Kur-   i 

hessen  ;  c.  Hesse-Cassel.  ^ 

electorate.  ) 

Hessen  Darmstadt,(Gcrm.)  ) 

grand  duchy.  \ 

Hespon-Homburg,  (Germ.)  | 

landgraviate.  \ 

ilessen,  Nieder,  (Germ.)     ) 

prov.  \ 

Hessen,  Ober,  (Germ.)  prov. 
Het  Nieuwe  Uiep,  (Neth.)^ 
Hettstadt,  (Pr.) 
Hety,  (Nelb.) 


keV  sing-Uindt' 

hel' sing-dilr 

hiUv^'tai-tn 

hil'vf^eloW 

kel'€Ohrt 

i^-^d'ris 

S-nO' 

hz-ne-goii'vin(tn) 

hin"gs-lo 

hen'  'girs-birg' 

hen'ne-btrg' 

gn'bOng' 

hen'ne-gou' 

i-nOng' 

Hng-rV^hU-pd' 

Ung-rish-miing' 

^n-T'i-k'il'y^ 

he-ptr' yaah 

hep'pen-hlmt' 

he-ro' 

^r-b^-mSng' 

le-l-ir-bi-i' 

tr-b'in-ydk' 

£r-bl(i' 

her' born 

her'de-ke 

hbr'e'f^rd 

e-rin'th'i-d 

i-r'i-kQ^ 

t-fin' 

e-ris9' 
e-r'issOng' 
her' ken-bo  s-ch 

her'miin-st'ddt' 

her'mdn-stMt' 

her' mdn-st'ddi' 

Ifr-mi-t'dge' 

l{-z-er~m'ite' 

tr-inOng-vile' 

herrns'dqrf 

h§r-ned 

Sr-ndngs' 

er-nd'n'i 

her'n^-sUnd' 

her' ren-boum' gdr-ten 
her' r  en-berg' 

her'ren-grQQjidt,' 

her'rea-h^ift' 

{r-re'rd 

Sr-rg'rd  dr  d^-^'ro 
tr-rt'rd  d^l  dg^'ke      ,^ 
er-rg'rd  d£  r'i'o  pi-stj^-ir'- 

ir-ri'r'd  rfg  vUl  d£  k'dn'ydn 

hern'tils' 

hern'figgt 

her'aelt 

hers'feldt 

htre'si'dl 

here' .-t(l-le 

hifr'{hdr'}fdrd 

hert'srk 

her've 

hrrks'  Ulme 

hert^'berg 

hert'se-gO-vVnit 

her'zd-gin-bOa-dh 

hert'sd~gen-bQ^Ii-zc 

heri'  sO-gin-bi}i}rg' 

Mrt'sO-gen^'dJit' 

hts-ddng' 

hes'sen 

his'sen  kds'sel 

hes'sen  ddrm'st'ddt 
his'sen  hom'b<}<jrg 

n'i'der  hes'sen 

C'bi'r  hes'sen 
het  I'j'cn  dipc 
htt'stadt 
het-l 


Heuberg,  (Germ.i  mU 
Hcuchellwrg,  (WurL)  nUs. 
Heukelum,  (.Veih,) 
Heule,  (Belg.) 
Hemcheuer,  (Auetr.)  mts. 
Heusden,  (-Neih.) 
Heve,  la,  (Fr.)  cape.   CaU-  ( 

torutn  Promontorinm.         \ 
Hevert,  (H.)  c. 
Hoyduke,  or  Haiduck,  {W.;  i 

h.  B6szuniicny,)  tmons.    \ 
Heyst-op-den-Berg,  (Belg.) 
Hcytlmyzen,  (Neth.) 
Hiaqui,or  laciui,  (Me.x.)  r. 
Hiccin.     See  llulttichiu. 
Hidas,  (H.) 
Hicuhcim,  (Bav.) 
Hi^rett.    See  Hyercs. 
Hierro      See.  Ferro. 
Hietzing,  Maria,  (Austr.) 
Highlands,  (Sc.) 
Higiicra  de  Arjona,  (Sp.)j 
Higuera  la  Real,  (Sp.) 
Higuera,  Isia  de  la,  or  Itda  ) 

Crisiiiia,  (Sp.)  \ 

Hijar,  Ixar,  or  Hixafj  (Sp.) 

Hilairo,  St.,  (Fr.) 

HilairedeTalniont,  SU,  (Fr.) 
Hildburghauiten,  (C.  Genn.) 
Hilde^hcim,  (Han.) 
Hilleroed,  (Denm.) 
Hitpot:<toin,  (Bav.) 
Hilvarenbeek,  (Ncih.) 
Himalaya,  Himalay,  cr^     ) 

Himmaleli,  (A.s.)  mts.      \ 
Himmelkron,  (Bav.) 
Hindoloopen,  (Neth.) 
Hindoen,  (Ni.rw.)  isL 
Hiniosta,  or  Yniesta,  (Sp.)  ) 

Segestica.  \ 

Hinojarej*,  (Sp.) 
Hinojosa  del  Duque,  (Sp.) 

Hippolyle,  St.,  f  Fr.) 
Hirsrhau,  (Bav.) 
Hir?;chberp,  (Pr.) 
Hir.-chberu,  (B.ih. ;  b. 

Dukzy.) 
Hirschensprunp,  or  Hir- 

zensprung,  (Switz.) 
Hir:ichfeld.     See  Hertifeld. 
Hir^^chholm,  (Dcuni.) 
Hirsingue,  (Fr.) 
Hir^on,  ',Fr.) 
Hirzel,  (Switz.) 
Hirzensprung.     See  Hir- 

schen.sprung-  \ 

Hisingen,  (Sw. )  isl. 
Hitu,  or  Vtou,  (Braz  ) 
Hjarnoe,  (Denm.)  <sl. 
Hjelm,  (Denm.)  ial. 
Hjelmar,  (Sw.)  lake. 
HJoerring,  (Dcnni.) 
Hlaupetjn,  (Btdi.) 
Hlina,  (H.)  mU 
HIinsko,  (Boh.) 
Hluk,  (Mor.) 
Hoboken,(Bclg.) 
Hobroe,  (Denm.) 
Hocbfelden,  (Fr.) 
Hochgolling,  (Austr.)  mt. 
Hochheim,  (Germ.) 
Hochkirch,  (Sax.) 
Hochplatt,  I  Bav.)  mU 
Hoch^chwab,  (Austr.)  mU 
Hochsi,  (Germ.) 
Hochstadt,  (Bav.) 
Hocbstellen,  Grosz,  (Switz.) 
Hocliwald,  (W.  Germ.)  mU. 
Hochwang,  (Switz.)  mU 
Hodimont,  (Belg.) 
Hoegaerden.  See  Hougaerdc. 
Hof,(Bav.) 
Hofffeismar,  (Germ.) 
Hofweil,  (Switz.) 
Hogiie,  la,  (Fr.)  cape. 
H:".gy6sz,  (H.) 
Hohcnasperg,  'WUrt.) 
Hohcnbruck,  (Boh.;  6.         ) 

Trzebechowice.)  S 

Hohcnelbe,  (Boh.) 
Hohen  Ems,  (Tyrol.) 
Hnhonfriedberg,  fPr.) 
Hohenfurt,  (Boh.) 
Hohen  Hameln,  (Han.) 
Hohenheim,  (Wurt.) 
Ilohenlinden,  (Bav.) 
Hohenlohe,  (Germ.)  anc.     ) 

principal.  ) 

Hoheumauth,  (Bob. ;  b. 

Wysoky  Meyto.)  ) 

Hohenstaufen,  (WUrt) 


hoi'btrg 

hoi'.hel-bh-g 

ht^'ki-Ufilm 

hdu'ls,  hAl 

hot'shot'er 

h^as'den 

Id  hive 

hc-vesh 

he.y-duke' 

hlst-Op-dinrberg 

hlte'hoi'ien 

i-a'ki 

hitu' chins 

hi-ddsh 

hitt'hliae 

t-ire' 

t-tr'ro 

ma-r'i'd  h'it'aing 

hl'lands,  h'i'Uitids 

t-ge'rd  dc  ar-c/iU'iut 

'i'ge'ra  Id  rt^-dl' 

Hs'Vddtldi'gt'r^ 

t'chOr 

sdng-t-'i-mre* 

sdnrfTi  larc' de tdl-mOng* 

hild'biff^rg-hQu.'zia 

hil'dis-hlme 

h'U'ls-r^d 

hil'pOt-stlne 

hil'vd-ren-bSk^ 

h'i-md'id-ifd,  h't-md'td-tf 

hi-ma'is,  h'i-m'd-li' 
him'  mel-krQnc 
hin'de-lG'pcK 
hin'd^n 

'i-nO-chit'rts 
i-nO-fbO'sd  dtl  d^ks 

tfdng-t-'i-p  Q-tUc' 

hir'shoH 

hirsh'berg 

kirsh  berg 

hir' shrn-apr<}<pi^ 

hirsh'feldt 

hinth'hqlm 

•ir-sdnpg' 

'ir-sOng' 

hiri'sH 

hirt'sin  -sprgqng 

h'i'sin"gen 

■i-t4^i,' 

y'dr'n^ 

ytim 

yeVmdr 

y^r'ring 

Idoup'y  Si-tine 

hli'nd 

htins'fco 

hlQtfk 

hS'bS  ken 

hC-brO' 

hoch'frl'din 

hdrh' go  fling 

hbf'h'hlmc 

hoch'  kirSh 

hdch'pldt 

hiich'shvdb» 

htfkckst 

hOch'stddt 

grOss  hSch'stitrtin 

hSch'rdldt 

hdch'vang 

hO-dt-mdng* 

ho^'gdr-den 

hof 

hnf  gis-mdr 

hofvVe 

Vdhbg 

h^d-yehs 

h6'hen-'ds'ptrg 

hO'hdn-brQi^ 

h5'hen-H'bs 
ho' hen  ems 
hO'hen-frid'birg 
hO'hen-fijiyrt 
hO'hen  hd'mHn 
hO'hen-hlme' 
hO'hen  lin'den 

hO'hht-Whs 

ho'  hen-viout' 
ho'hen-stim'fen 


vke;  fisbort,  6it(.— Fr.  ^  long,  ffH  short,  nearly  as  in  «pur.  _  dy,  iy,  ny,  Uqnid.~.an"ger.—g,  ch,  guttural;  g  as  g  in  pleasure.  — r  final,  Fr.  re  —  f,  between  v  and/. 


PRONUNCIATION   OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Hohenslein,  (Sax.) 
Hohcniwiol,  (WUrt.) 
HDlionzierilz,  (S.  Gerni.) 
Holwnialleni-llfchingeii, 

(G«nil.')  priHrip. 

Hohonzol  Irrn  Si  ginim'ng- 

en,  (Oerni.)  priiuip, 
Holabniiin,  (Austr.) 
Holiir,(lcoL) 
Holbek,  or  Ilulbeck,  I 

(Denm.)  i 

Holfniiiif  fCuba.) 
Ilnlic,  or  llolilz,  (Boh.) 
lli>li.--,  (II.) 
Uolitz.     S^  Ilolic 
Holtr.,  (Boh.) 

Holland,  Noord,  (Neth.)  pr. 
HoILind.  Zilid,  (.NeUi.) 
Hollands- Die|i,  (.Veth.) 
Holle^chau,  (.\lor.) 
Holirel.l,  (0.^v.) 
Holniestrand,  (Xonv.) 
Holowriyn,  (H.) 
llob(tebro«,  (Dennl.) 
Uuistun,  (Denni.)  dmcMf.    t 

HDlaotia.  ] 

IIalzapp«l,  (Germ  ) 
.Holsniinden,  (Gorra.) 
Hnniberg,  (<^rm.) 
Homboiirg,  (Ft.) 
Honiburg,  (C.  G«rm.) 
liorabtirg  vor  der  HOfae,     > 

(C.  Gcmi.)  j 

Hoinmo,  (Belg.)  r. 
Hnnda,  (N.  Gran.) 
Hundi^hoten,  or  Hand-       > 

scDU,  (Fr.)  I 

Uondsholredyk,  (Neth.)     ( 

Hondura«,  (C.  A.)  ttati. 
Honlleiir,  (Fr.) 
HonjErio;    See  flunzary. 
Honiebare,  (Truw  ) 
Uonriec.Kirl,  (Fr.) 

Hooori,  Su,  (Fr.) 
Uooohoe,  9u.,  la  Char-      j 

doom,  (Fr.)  { 

nonorinc,  Ste.,  la  Guil-       j 

luiRle,  (Fr.)  ; 

Hoonibia,  (Sp.) 
Hoogn,  (.\etli.) 
Hoageve«n.  (Neth.) 
Hno»n7»nfi,  fN\>th.) 
II     -■    ■   .     ■'■■^i.) 
I  Bolg.) 

Uopn.vi,  1  .    .->anl.) 
Hctf:aid'owic«,  (Bob.) 
Horb,  (VVurt.) 
Horcajnda,  (Sp.) 
H.MTaja  de  Sajiiiaxo,  (8n.) 
BVdi",  (Pr.)        -••^"'•' 
Horifen.  (Srt-itT.) 
Horn,  (.\u.str.) 
Honi.-ichos,  (Sp.) 
Hom-.\fTan,  (Sw.)  lake. 
Homhausen,  (Pr.) 
Homija,  (Sp.) 
Horowice.  or  Horscbo-        ) 

witz,  (Boh.)  \ 

Uorschowitz.     See  Honko-  i 

wic  \ 

HoTiwn,  tfr  Hor.scn*,  (Danra) 
Harwlberg,  (C.  Garm.)  at. 
Ilorsensfjord,  ( Deuui.)  bmy. 
Horsl,  (.\elh.) 
Hiirten,  (.\.>r\v.) 
HorviUi  Orszi^     Su  Cro-  ) 

alia.  \ 

Hoizic,  (Boh.) 
Uorii>ivic,orUoiadwwilz,  ) 

(B..h.)  j 

H.»in,  (Boh.) 
Haetalnrh,  (Sp.) 
Hoszumezo,  (II.) 
Hoodan,  (Fr.) 
Houga,  (Fr.) 
Uoiicaerde,  or  Hoegaer-      ( 

den,  (Bel:.)  j 

Haagfoes,  (Now.)  falL 
Uoulm*,  (Fr.)  oU  dir. 
IMitsr,  (Pr.) 
Hoya,  (Haa.)  eo. 
Hoyerswerda.  (Sax.) 
Hradek,  or  Wiioachelbers,  ) 

(Pr.)  i 

Hradi.%h,  (Uor.) 
Hradisko,  (.\mir.)  nu. 
Urubieszon',  (Pol.) 
Hrlib,  (Boh.) 
Huahua,  (Peni.) 
naahuapan,  (Mex.) 


k&'ken-snno' 
kd'hen^toiW 
Wllril-tjt'riU 
*8'AfM-ts2J'(rnl  hi'lkin"- 

rfn 
ks'hhi-tsil'Unt  iii'md- 

riH"grn 
kO'la-br^n' 
kS'lar 

koVbtk 

Bl-Slne' 

k.yttls 

kftnsh 

kB'tfU 

kolU 

nikrdt  hiVldxit 

laid  k^l'IdMlt 

kot'ldidts-tlfpt 

kZl'U-!^U* 

kil'frUt 
kqtm'gtriiJiH 
kHSv'tsk^H 
kil'stftrH 

kil'stliu 

kolts'dp'pH 

kilWmin'din 

k^'berg 

knm'bi^rg 
kom'b^rgfUre  dir  hA'bi 

dma 

Su'dd 

bSitd^'cftd-trnj  kSnffds- 
kau' 

kan'ls~koV re-'Itke ;  com- 
monly kqtuis-ldhr^dlkt 

Bn-d^'rds 

kSniJU^r' 

kOnj-frt' 

ka'mii-Urg 

sdng-t-i-mBrs' 

siMgt  e-mS-rtat'  U  skOr- 

dDne'  ^ 

sdagt-i-nS-r'Ine'  fit  g1-1- 

yOme',  ctlr^Smtr 
inr^bt-^t 
kt'tt 

ka'is-ttmtf 
ki'gt-tltDdf 
bitlt'dt 
kSi'ttri'tin 
kSnu 
It-pt-tUt'^ 
kS-rdsh-dfi-ta-t 
k'irb 

irkd-fUfda 
er-ta'fki  it  tUit^-li'm 
kAr'dt 
kQr'grn 
Aom 

Sr-xil'fkSt 
kgrn-d'oOH 
korK'bou'tin 

er-nVekli 

krir'ahButt'itirUa) 

kor'tke-viu 

A(?r'sni(i^m*) 

kAr'-.H-birt' 

kfr'ifxitfjiire' 

Ajrrt 

ker'tfn 

kSr-rWu'  tr-adf 

kor'sjts 

kdr'skB-eiti 

kB'Unt 

Si-ldl-rik' 

kajo^^mu'at 

kft^iUg' 

kougfnsa^ 
k^<fm' 
kt^Ustir 
kot'a^  kJi'yd 
kui'rrt-cer'dii 

krd'dik 

krH'dish 
krd-ttia'ka 
krw^b'i'i'.-tkof 
krskrUb 


Huigocingo.  See  lltiejoctngo. 
Huallago.    See  Guallago, 
Htiftllanca,  (Peni.) 
lluamachuco,  or  Guama-    \ 

chuco,  (Peru.)  ( 

lluajnanga,  or  Guamanga,  i 

(Peru.)  i 

Uuamanlla,  (Mex.) 
Iluancavelica,  or  Uuanca-  j 

velioa,  (Peru.)  \ 

Hiianiqueo,  (Mex.) 
Huantayava,  (Peru,)  nU. 
Huanuco,  or  Guanuco,        I 

(Peru.)  ( 

Huaqui.     See  ^  agiii. 
lluaraK,  (Peru.) 
Iluari,  (Peru.) 
Huarte,  (Sp.) 
Huasco,  or  Gua^co,  i 

(Chile,)  r.  i 

Huatalcu,^-  GuntaIco,(Mcx.) 
Huatlan,  or  Guntlon,  (Mex.) 
Huaura,  or  Gu.iiira,  (Peru.) 
Iluavatera-*,  (S.  A.)  itU, 
Hubert,  Si,(BeIg.) 
lIubertsbMrg,  (Sax.) 
Ililckes\va<!en,  (Pr.) 
Iluddikavall,  (Sn.) 
Huojocingo,  or  ilufOocin-    I 

go,  (Mex.)  j 

lluelnia,  (Sp.) 

Huclva,  (Sp.)     Onaba, 
Huercalovora,  (Sp.) 
ilucrta  del  Rey,  (Sp^) 
lluerla  deValdacarabaBos,  ) 
(«!>•)  i 

UuoAca,  (Sp.)  0«ca,  Sleosca. 
Hiiewar,  (Sp.) 
Huete,  (Sp.) 
lluisne,  (Ft.)  r. 

Huisseau-snr-Maave,  (Fr.) 
Huiswn,  (Neth.) 
Huisiiin,  or  Huysum,  (Neth.) 
lluUt,  (Neth.) 
Ilultachin,  (Pr.  Sil.;  poL     ) 
llircin.)  \ 

Humpolec,  or  )  .D^i, .        ( 

Hundadorf,  (H.) 
Hungary,  ( Austr. ;  k.  mag- 

yar  Orszig  ;  g.  Ungam 

fr.  llongrio,)  kimgdi 

Pannomia. 
Huningue,  (Fr.  j  g,  Hd- 

ningen.)  ) 

Hanw,  (Neth.) 
Hunte,  (Han.)  r. 
Hunyad,  (Trans.)  c. 
Ilustiinec,  (Boh.) 
Husum,  (Denm.) 
Huszt,  (H.) 
IltSttenberg,  (Austr.) 
Ildltcn-Stelnach,  (Sax.) 
Huttweil,  (Sn-iu.) 

Huy,  (Belj.) 

Huysse,  (Belg.) 

Huysum, or  Huisum,(Nelh.) 

Hvaloe,  (Norw.)  isl. 

Hven,  or  Hwen,  (Denm.)  i*l. 

Hyabary,  or  Yavari,  (Braz.) 

Hy4re«,  or  Hiire."!,  (Fr.) 

Jirta^  Hieros.  \ 

Hyferes,  (Fr.)ieie*. 


1 


ff<f-'A-ehii-thiH' go 

g^i^-al-ytin'ktt 

g^^U-mdnt'td 
g^^-iin-kd-ci-ti'kd 
g^if-'d-nt'ki'o 
gifij-dn-id-yii'vii 

g<^d-n^g'ko 

g^-d'r'dXh 

g^i^d'ri 

gi^^r'ti 

g^^-ds'ko 

g^^d-tiU'ko 

g^t^-dt-Idn' 

gfc^-d-ffti-tiykds 

sdns  hft-bcre' 

A  C  C '  ^  (Tts-A(t(ir  J*' 

hhk'ke^i-rU'ffen 

h<f^d'dik.'i-riil' 

g^Q~t-fh  H-Oiin'go 

g^fi^rVm'd 

g^^l'^a 

gVlhCr-kd-15-re'r'd 

g^^tr'ta  dn  r^t 

gW^tr'td  di  vnl'di-ka-rH- 

bdn'yOa 
gQ^-es'kU 
gV^s'kar 
g^^ts 

hois'srn 
k<Alst 

k<^HdU'dsrf 
ku>i"garrif 

k(^n4ng-gj  Wmin"ge% 

k^f<^' si-nets 
A(ip':ppm 

hMSt 

MUHfn-herg 

hitVteR'StVndJSh 

hQi}t'vlU 

hm 

hoi'stf&m 

rU'lS. 

vi/in 

yd-rS-rC 


I. 


Iamtol,  or  Jampolj  (R.  PoL)  i-itm-p5l 

fbach,  (Switz.)  rbdeh 

Ibagiie,  or  Ibaque,  (N.  Gran.)  'i-bd'gt{ki) 

Ibarra,  (Ecuad.  8.  A.)  i-bdr'rd 

Ibarra  Zaigo,  (Sp.) 

ibayzabal,  (Sp.)  r. 

Ibera,  (PI.  Coiit) 

Ibi,  (Sp.) 

Ibim,  (Siv.) 

Ibrus  del  Rey,  ([Sp.) 

I^a,  San  Geroninio  de, 

(Peni.) 
Icco,  or  Vko,  (Braz.) 
Icliterehem,  (Bele.) 
Icoltnkil),  (Hebride:?.) 


'i-bdr'rd  Uidl'go 

•i-bd-i-tM'bdl 

'i'be'rd 

i'b'i 

'i'b'i-so  ,_, 

'i'bi6s  del  re'i 

s'dm.  che-r5'n'i-mf}  de  'i's'd 

ik-ku' 

ick'ttr-frim 
i-kom'kil 


Ida,  Napy,  (H.) 
Idaiilta-Nuva,  (Port.) 
Idarwald,  (Pr.)  mt.  chain. 
Idria,  (111.) 
Idro,  (S.  It.)  lake.    Edri- 

nua  Lacus.) 
Idstedl,  (Denm.) 
IdiJtein,  (Ueria.) 

losr,  (It.)    *«*«. 

iireiulir,  (Fr.) 

Itlbrtciu     See  Yvcrdiin. 

Iflnk.     Sre.  VVnllavbia. 

I^Ia,  or  Iglawa,  (ftior.)  r. 

Iglau,  (Mor.) 

Iglo.siati,  (Sard.) 

lgl<i>  J'- ;  g'  Neudorf.) 

Igny,  St.,  (Fr.) 

Igiiaiju,  (Braz.) 

Igua^u,  or  Ciiritiba,(Braz.)r. 

Igiialada,  (Sp.)    Jlqum  Lata, 

Igunlcja,  (Sp.) 

Iguana,  Sun  Antonio  de      i 

la,  (Mex.)  ! 

Iguape,  (Braz.) 
Iguara^u,  (Braz.) 

Igiiastjii.     See  Igtm^ii. 
Ihna,  (Pr.)r. 
Ikclen,  (Sw.)  mU 
Ikervir,  (H.) 
Ilaiiz,  (Switz.) 
Ildefonsti,  Ban,  or  La  ) 

Graiya,  (Sp.)  \ 

lie  A  Vache,  (Ilayti,)  penins. 
ileaux  Pintades,  (W.Af.)w/. 
lie  de  France,  (Fr.)  oldjtr. 
lie  d'Yeu.     See  Dieii. 
ilea  d'latstitut,  (AutstraK)  isl. 

Ilettes,  les  Grandes,  (Fr.) 
ile  Itoiirhon,  (K.  At.)  isi, 
Sledea  L6preux,(  Austral.)  is/. 
Sles  Basses,  (Aiisinil.)  isU. 
ilea  de  Contrari^tes,  | 

(Austral.)  i-ls.  \ 

lies  de  la  Trfisorerie,  i 

(Austral.)  isls.  \ 

lies  d'Entrecasleaux,  | 

(Austral.)  isls.  \ 

iles  Fran^aises,  (AuEtral.)  i 

ialf.  \ 

Ilezkaja  Sast^Iiita,  (R.) 
Ilozkoi  GonKlok,  (R.) 
Ilha  de  Priiicipe,(Guin.)  itls. 
Ilhn  del  Fuogo,  (Cape  Verd.) 
Ilha  do  Govcrnador,  > 

(Braz.)  isL  \ 

Ilhrt-Grande,  (Braz.)  wL 
Illiaa  de  Ainirantu.     See      i 

Aniiraute.  t 

Ilhas  de  Cabo  Verde,  i 

(Cape  Verd.)  J 

Ilhavo,  (Port.) 
lUieos,  Comarca  dos,  i 

(Braz.)  distr.  \ 

Ilin^a,  rr  Ilinissa,  (Ecuad. ) 

S.  A.)  j 

III,  (Fr.)  r. 

Illannn,  (Af.  Archipel.)  bay. 
Illau,  ni.  ;  h.  Illava.) 
Ille-et-Vilaine,  (Fr.)  dep. 
nier,  (S.  Genn.)  r. 
Illesca.>»,  (Sp.)     niueuris. 
Illicz,  Val  d'    (Swiiz.)  tJ. 
Illiuiaui,  (Itol.  Andes,)  mts. 

Illinois,  (U.S.)  j 

Illirien.     See  Illyria. 
Illnau,  (Switz.) 
Illocos,  (Luzon,)  pr. 
Illok,  (Slavonia.) 
tUora,  (Sp.) 
lUueca,  (Sp.) 
niyefAlva,  (Trans.) 
lllyria  ;  (^.  IHyrlen,)  king.  ) 
illtjricnm.  \ 

Ilm,  (Genn.)  r. 
limenau,  (C.  Genn.) 
I16w,  fPol.) 

Ilpize,  Sl,  (Fr.) 

Ilijtenbcrj;,  (Pr.) 
Imbe,  (Braz.)  r. 

Imier,  St.,  (Switz. ;  g.  St.    ) 
Immer)  \ 

Iniirrida,  (S.  A.)  r. 
Imola,  (('.  ft.)  ForamComelii. 
Imusciii,  (Dalm.) 
Inipby,  iFr.) 


nddtj  i'dd 
i-ddn'yd'nb'v'd 

'i'ddrvdidt 
t'dfi-d   ■ 

'i'dro 

id'stddi 
idt'stlne 

'iffdng-tTik' 

ife-Vdke 

Vgltiji-glU'vU 

i'glou 

'i-gte' si-Us 
•i-glS 

sdng-t-'in-yV 

'i-gQ^-d-avtf' 
'i-gQ(}-d-ltl'dd 
'i-g9<hd-lt'^kii 
sdn  dn-td'n'i-o  dg  I'd 

'i-gQ<?-d'nd 
'i-gQQ-d'p£ 
'ig<J9-d-rd'sg^ 

'i-gi!(f-Us-3^g' 

'i'nU 

Vke-len 

'i-ksr-vdhr' 

'i-ldnts' 

s'dn  H-de-fQn'so 

fie  d  vdshe 

'He  0  pdng-Cdilc' 

'He  d^  frdtign 

'ile  di-t^' 

'ile  dan g-AiH-ih' 

It  grdngd-z-i-lQi' 
'ile  b<i()r-bQi>g' 
'tie.  de  If-prt^' 
'He  bass 

'He  de  kdng-tr'd  r'i-cic,' 

He  d'd  I'd  tre-zG-r'g-ri' 

'ilt  ddngtr-kd-stS' 

He  fr'dng-s&zc' 
'i-lcWkii-yU.  s'dst-sh'i'td 
'i-lete'ku-'i  gd-rd-dOk' 
'H'yd  de  pr'tit's'i-pe 

'il'yd  diJ.  f<:<i't'gQ9 
'iVy'd  dp(>  g(^<;i-vcr-n'd-dOr' 
'i''yd-grdn'de 
'il'y'ds  df  'd-m'i-rdti'ie 

'iVy'ds  de  k'd'b^Q  vcr'de 
'il-y'd' v(}(} 

kQQ-vt'dr'kd  rffps  'it'yC'IQ^ 
'i-tin's'd^  i-ti-n'u'sd 

n 


'il-^jiin'ydn 
iVloi      ■ 


\on,  il-ld'vU 
ile-e-v'i-l&ae' 
iVlir 
'H-ifts'lciU 
TcU-dil-li-e' 
'H~y'i-ma'  ni 
il-li-nois'^ui') ;  fr.  'il-li- 

nG-d' 
il-li'ri-m 
il'nuu 
'il'VO'kds 
'il'kk 
'H-yu'rd 
'il-yQ<i-f' k'd 
'iUyt-fdJU'vd 
ULyr'ia 

ilm 

Wme-nov. 

Vlgif 

sang-t-'il-piie' 

il'ien-birg' 
'ing-be' 

sdng-t-'i-m't-e' y  t'dnkt  im'- 

mer 
'i-m'ir-ri'd'd 
'i'm5-ld 
'i-wus'k'i 
dng-fi' 


STite,  fitTy  ftdl^t  vkqt^  bdL  —  Mite,  prey^  kf^,  tkirc,  h^.  —  Pine,  aiarint,  bird,  fig,  —  JV3le,  dffce,  nwve,  anlf,  b^^k,  hrd.  —  TfXne^  btill,  ifnile.  —  oi,  boy ;  ou,  house,  —  Fr.  it  long, 


1343 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Imst,  (Tyrol.) 
Inagiia,  (Bnliatna  UI.) 
Iiica,  (Majorca.) 
Inchocajo,  (Peru,)  mL 
liicholfii,  (Sc.) 
Inchy-Itcaiitnuiif,  (Fr.) 
Inci^^a,  (I'ieil.) 
Iiidal^eir,  (Sw.)  r. 
ludio,  (Isthuiiis  uf  Pana-     ) 
Dia,)  r.  \ 

Iiidre,  (Fr.)  dep. 
IiidrB-et-Loire,  (Fr,)  den. 
Indret,  (Fr.)  uL 
Ines,Sajiia,(GiiIf  of  Calif.) ) 

Iiigelhcim,  (Germ.) 
Inpelmuiister,  (Belg.) 
liiyprniannland.     See  Ingria. 
hiKuistadi,  (Bav.) 
Iiigria,  or  Ingemiannland,  ) 

(R.)  prov.  \ 

Iiiliambane,  (E.Afr.)  country. 
Iiiliumirhn,  (,Braz.)r. 
Iim,  fC.  Europe,)  r.    <£««.?. 
Innichcn,  (Tyrol.)  As^mtum. 
Innsbruck,  or  fnnspruck,    ) 

(Tyrol.)     .^aipons.  \ 

Inowraclaw,  (Pr.  Pol.)  g.  \ 

Jung  Itrealau.)  \ 

Insara,  (R.) 
Inselsberg,  (Sax.)  mt, 
Insterburg,  (Pr.) 
Interlachen,  (Switz.) 
Intra,  (Pied.) 
Ipane  Gua^ii,  (Braz.)  r. 
Ipava,  (Venez.) 

fpoly,  or  Eypel,  (H.)  r. 

Ipoly  Bolyk,  (H) 

IpoU-  SAgh,  (H  ) 

I|is,  (Audtr.)     Pons  IsuUs. 

Ipeitz,  or  Vhbsilz,  (Auslr.) 

Ipswich,  (Eng.) 

Iquiqno,  (Peru.) 

Irosti,  (C.  A.)  vote* 

Irbit,  (R.) 

Irhiuk,  iR.) 

Iregh,  (II) 

Ireland,  Erin,  Jeme.    Hi- 

hernia. 
Irgi:*,  (R.)  r. 
Irkutsk,  (R.)  goo. 
Iremal,  (R.)  iiUs, 
Irmicl,  (R  )  mts. 
Iniw.     See  (Jiornico. 
Intdouer,  (Fr.) 
Imn,  (Sp.) 


iiJist 

'i-nd' g(it}'d 

'in'k'd 

'in-ckd-k'd'eho 

indk'hSme 

a  ag'sh'i'  bO-mdng' 

'ia-ck'i's'd 

\a'diihJs-rlo 

tn'iti-o 

dn^dr        ,^ 

dHi.'dr-e-lO-(ire' 

dng-dre' 

sun' Id  i-jtfji' 

in"grl-hJme' 
}it"gel-m^a'ster 
i  11 '  'ger-m  'dn'tHnd 

pi"  goUtdiU' 


Irvillac,  (Fr  ) 

Inab.i.  (.Sp.) 

Isabella,  i  Ilayti.) 

I.-ainal,(Vuralnn  ) 

Isar,  Is«r,  (Gcriu.)  r.     hara 

l-*aszog,  (H.) 

Iscliel,  (»•  L-fchl,  (Anstr.) 

lachia,  (Napl.j     ^naria.     \ 
Pithecusa.)  j 

I^liiga,  (R.) 

I.HrhiginHk,  (R.) 

lacbim,  (R,)  r. 

Ischitella,  (Napl.) 

Ij^cIiI,  or  I.-frala,  (Aiistr.) 

Ise-Fjord,  (penm.)  iiUet. 

iMgtiein,  (Belg.) 

Iiwnburg,  (Germ.)  rfwfr. 

Iscn,  Lago  d',  (N.  It.)   Im-  ) 
eus  S'-vittivt.  ^ 

(.■*6re,  (Sard.)  r.    Isura. 

Is6re,  (Fr.)  dep. 

Iserlolm,  (Pr.) 

I*emia,  (Napl.)    ^^ernia. 

l^Pt,  (R.)  r. 

^igny,  (Fr.) 

I^Ui,  (Sard.) 

l.^kaiidoria,  Skandcna,  Al-  ( 
cxan-lrlii,  (Eg.)  \ 

Isker,  (Bulg.j  r.     (Ems. 

liila  Cri:«iina.     See  lligiieni. 

Ma  del  Rey.  (Gulf  of  Pana.) 

I-ila  do  la  Calamidud,  (N.    > 
\V.  A.)  isl.  \ 

iKJa  dos  Pinos,  (Sp.  W.  Ind.) 

I«la  de  Ijcnn,  or  aan  Fer-    ( 
nando,  (Sp.)  \ 

Ifila  do  l»d  Pajarfiji,  (Aus- 
tral.) isL 

iBia  Mayor,  (Sp.)  Ul. 

Islas  Antila^*,  (W.  Ind.) 

Isle,  (Fr.)  r.     Jn.tuln. 

iKle-en-Di»dr>n,  1%  (Fr.) 

iBle-en-Jonrdiin,  l\  (Fr.) 

\Ati  Rfjii-we,  I',  (Cnw.) 

Ule,  P,  (Fr.) 


'in-ydng-b'd'ne 
'in-yi^fj-vii-ring' 
in 
in'ni-ehen 

}ns'brt^Qk{pr^gk) 

't-nd-vrdts'l'4f 
'in-sd'rd 
in' lets-berg' 
in  ster-bg^rg' 
in'Ur-ld'chin 
in'trii  ,_^ 

i-pii-nc'  gVQ-tirS^Q* 
i  pd'vd 

'i'pOltf,  I'pet 

rpDly  bdlyk 

't  pOly  shdhg 

ips 

ip'iita 

ip'sitch 

'i-ki'ke 

'i  Td-S^}(ji' 

Yr  bit' 

'ir-b'iisk' 

'i-^eg 

Ire'land 

'ir  g'i^ 

i-r§  mdl' 
'ir  m'i-eV 
ir'nis 
'i-rO-dQQ-^' 

'ir-vi-i-yiik' ,  HrJO'tU/dk' 

'i-sd'bd 

■i-sd-bet'yd 

'i'Sd-mdl' 

I'idr,  i'ler 

'i-shd-stg 

i'shUj  ishl 

is'ki-U 

i-sh'i-g'd' 
'i-sk't-ginsk' 
'i-sfiim' 
is-ki'tfVVd 
i-skl,  is  kd4H 

'i'se-gem. 
i'zen-bQgrg 

Id' go  H-se'o 

'i-i6re' 

i-zSre' 

'i'lfr-lGne' 

'iser'n'i-d 

'i-sf-l' 

'i-fi'in-y't' 

i'ni'ti 

'is-kdn-d£-r'i'd 

is'ker 

'Wl'd  kr'i-sfi'nU 

ta'Vd  del  re'i 

'ii'ld  de  Id  kd^d-m'i-ddd' 

is'ld  dOs  p'i'nas 

'Wid  di  le-Sn' 

'is'ld  de  Ids  ptt'ch'd-rCB 

'ij'id  md  ySr' 

'is'lds  dn-n'lds 

He 

tile-  dng-  dO-dSng' 

rtle-dng-gfUr-ddng' 

tile  r^qaa 

tile 


Isnj;iilti\vo,  (R.) 
I."<zny,  (VVurl.) 
Uuiifl,  (R.,  distr. 
Ii-nello,  (Sir.) 
Isola,  (Napl.) 
Isola  Bella,  (It.)  isl. 
Isida  della  Scal.i,  (N.  II.) 
Itiola  doi  Cauunici  dt  I'a-     ) 

lanza,  (It.)  isl.  \ 

Ibola  Grossa,  (.Adri.  Sea,)    / 

isL     Scardona,  \ 

f.^ola  Madre,  (It.)  isU 
Isola  dei  Pescatorij  (It)  liU 
laule  di  Lipari,  (Sic.j  uZ^. 
Isolc  di  Trcuiiti,  (Adri.       i 

Sea,)  ials.  \ 

Isonzo,  (ill.)  r.     Sontius. 
I^pica,  (Sic.)  V. 
Issingeaux,  (Fr.) 

iKsoire,  (Fr)     Jsswdurum. 

Issoudun,  ;Fr.) 

Issy,  (Fr.)' 

If^tlinm^i,  (N.  Gran.  S.  A.;   ) 

gp.  Istiuo  or  Panama  )      J 
Istrcw,  (Fr.) 

Istria,    ^  ,  A     .    ^  { 

Ibtrien,  \  C'^"^*'^->  i"^"*'**-     j 
Itabaianna,  (Braz.)  m. 
Iiahira,  (Braz.) 
I  lal)ira-de-Mata-Dontro,       ) 

(Braz.)  j 

Ilacolumi,  (Braz)  ttUs. 
Itaguahi,  (Braz.j 
Ilala,  (Sic.) 
Italy  ,  it.  Italia  ;p  Italicn  j  | 

fr  L*Italie.     Jtalia.  j 

Itamaraca,  (Braz.)  ist. 
Itaparica,  or  Taparica,        i 

(Braz.)  tsl.  \ 

Itapicuru,  (Braz.)  r. 
Itapua,  or  Ytapua,  (Parag  i 

Itata,  (Chile,)  r. 
Itenes,  or  Guapore,  (Bol      ) 
S.  A.)  r.  j 

Itinivini,  (Venez.)  r. 
Iton,  (Fr.)r 
Itri,  (Napl.) 
Itu,  (Braz.) 

Itza,  or  Peten,  (C.  A.)  lake. 
Itzehoe,  (Denm.) 
Tvahi,  or  Urahi,  (Braz  )  r, 
Ivanich,  (Croatia.) 

Ivany,  (H.) 

Iverduii.     Sec  Iflerten. 

Ivica  or  Iviza,  (Sp.)  isl.       ) 

KbiLitUi,  \ 

[V()y-Ie-Pr6,  (Fr.) 

Ivrea,  (Pic'd.)  ■  I'.paredia. 

Ivrj'-Ia-Bataiile,  (Fr.) 

Ivry-.stir-Scine,  (Fr.) 

Iwangorod,  (R.) 

Ixar.    See  Ilijar. 

Ixclles,  (Belg.) 

IzaIco,  (C.  A.)  vole. 

Iz6,  (Fr.) 

Izioux,  (Fr.) 

I^najiir,  (Sp.) 

Iznatoraf,  (Sp.)    Anatorgis. 

Iztaccihnatl,  (Mex.)  vole. 


'is-md'i'lii'Do 
i^'ni 
'is-mi-el' 
'iS'iiilHo 
'i'sO-ld 
t'^O-ld  btl'ld 
VsO'ld  d^l'lds-ka'ld 
H'so  Id  d^'i  kd-nO'ni-dii 
di  pd-ldnd'sd 

I'sO-ld  grGs'sU 
'i'fi54d  vid'dre 
i'sQ-ld  d§'i  pes-kd-to' fi 
-i'aO-le  di  ti'pdri 

Vsd-le  di  tr^'m't-Ci 

'i'sOnd'so 

'is'pi-kd 

'iS'Sdng-gQ' 

'i.-i-sO-dre' 

'iS'SQtf-dtfiing' 

'is-s'i' 

'ist'mo 

Hstr 

ist'ria 

is'tr'i-rn 

'i-td-bd-i  da'nU 

'i-td'bi'rd 

'i'td-bi'rd-de-md'td'd^n'- 

tr<i<} 
i-td-k^-lQQ-mi 
'i-td  g^Q-d-'i 
•i-td'ld 
it'aly,  i^tU'tt-dj  j-td'ti-cn, 

ti'td-li 
'i-ld-mdrd-kd' 
'i-tdpd-ri  k'd 
'i-td-p'i'k(}ii-r<i(}' 
'i-ld-pq<}'d 
'i'td'td 
'i-te-nea 

'i-t'i-n'i-vVn't 

'i-tOng' 

'i'tri 

'i-t(;Q' 

it'sd 

it'ss-hO' 

'ivd-i 

'i-vd-n'tdk 

'i-vdny 
'i-vtr-ddkng' 

TVi-sd,  'i'v'i-Ui'd 

'i-vu-d'l'd'pr^ 

'i-vre'd 

'i-vri'ld-fid-tdly' 

'i-vr'i'svr-ndne 

'i-vdn'go-rod 

'i'cUdr 

'ia-seV 

•i-tkkl'ko 

'i-ze' 

'i-ii-^' 

'is-nd'chdr 

'ith(;is)-ndriu-rdf' 

'ithCis)-tdk-8'i-gg^dtl' 


J. 


Jaalotvs,  (Fr.) 

Jaar,  or  Geer,  (Relg.)  r. 

Jabalon,  (Sp.)  r. 

Jabari,  (Peru.) 

Jabbeke,  (Belg.) 

Jabea,  (Sp.) 

Jabbma.     See  Gabdau. 

Jalilonnol  Crebct,  (R.)  mts.  ) 

See  Yablonnot  Crebct.       ) 
Jabloii6w,  ((Jal.) 
Jablunka,    i  (Austr.  Bil.)    ( 
Jablunkau,  \     pass.  { 

Jabugo,  (Sp.) 
Jaca,  Xaca,  (Sp,) 
Jacha,  (PI.  Conf.) 
Jaclawiec,  (Gal  ) 
Jacobtna,  (Braz.) 
Jacob,  St.,  (Switz.) 
Jaroue&-.^ur-Darnctal,  Su,  ) 

(Fr.)  i 

Jacqiicf-Cartier,  (Canada,)  r. 
Jadraqiie,  (Sp.) 
Jacn,  (Sp.) 


gd-lung' 

ydlir 

cbd-bd-l5n' 

chd-bd'ri 

ydb'be-ke  » 

chd'be'd 

yd'bld'nd 

yd-bl'jn-nO'i  ckre-btt' 

yd-blG'nQ^f 

yd-bl<}qn'kd(Jcou.) 

Bhd-bn<\'  go 

ehd'k'd 

chd'ehd  ^^ 

•tjdts-Vd'vyets 

gd-kO-b'i'nd 

idnkt  yd'kqb 

sdvg  gaJt-ftir^drn-tdl' 

gUkhdr-fi-t' 
chd-drd'ks  ) 

Shd-ett' 


J.'ien  de  Bracainoros,  (Ec-  )  ,.-,  ^,   ,    .    .  ,  ^^     ., 

uad.  8.  A.)  j  end-sn'  de  bra-kd-md' rda 

Jalnapatani,  (Ceylon.)  yafna~pa-tdm' 

Jager.    See  Erlau.  y^'ger 

Jagenidorf,( AuHir.j Kamow.)  yd'gem-dqrf 

Jagersdorf,  (Pr.j  yd' grrs-dorf 

Jager^prii-s,  (.peiiin.)  cmUe.  yS' grrs-^PtJui 


Jago,  San.     See  Santiago. 
Jago,  San,  di  Couipostella,  J 
(Sp.)  ' 


nan  cha  go 
eaii  cha' no  ti  kim-fHt-l^'. 
yd 


Jago,  San,  de  Chili,  (Chile.)    sim  Ihd'go  de  ehVti 


Jagua.     See  Xagu, 


ihd't 


Jagua,  BaJ)iadoJ'(Cuba,)  bay.  ba^ih  de  fbd'g^'^ 
Jaguarijw,  (Braz.)  edg^^dri'ps 

Jahde,  (N.  Germ.)  r.  yaVj 

Jaispic   Gcwidowize,  (Mor.)  yd^Uh'p'IU 


Jakut>i(,  (Hiber.) 
Jalapa,  or  Xalapa,  (Mex.) 
Jalisco.    SceXalinco. 
Jallais,  (Fr.) 

Jallieii,  (Fr.) 
Jalomniiza,  (Wallacli.)  r. 
Jabm,  Xalon,  (Sp.) 
Jalovka,  (R.  Pol.) 
Jahilorowsk,  (R.) 
Jamaica,  (Vv.  Ind.) 
Jamnitz,  (Mor.) 

Jampol.     See  lampol. 
Jfimitand,  (Sw.)  t/rxfr. 
Jamunda,  (Braz.)  r. 
Janduja,  (Sp.)  r. 
Jandulilla,  /Sp.)  r. 
Janiszck,  (R.) 
Jankan,  (Boh.) 
J&noshaza,  (U.) 
Janowiec,  (Pol.) 
Janowitz,  (Mor.) 
Japura,  (Braz.)  r.     See       ) 

Yapura.  j 

Jaquesila,  (Mex.) 
Jaquotinlionha, (Braz)  r. 
Jaraczewo,  (Pol.) 
Jarafuel,  (Sp.) 
Jaragua,  (Braz.)  mt, 
Jaraina.     See  Xaraina. 
Jaramillo,  (Sp.)  r. 
Jarandilla,  (Sp.) 
Jaransk,  (R.) 
Jarousk,  (R.) 

Jardin  del  Rey,  (Cuba,)  isl. 
Jardinrs,  los,  de  la  Reyna,  i 

(Cuba,)  is!s.  \ 

Jarl^berg  Laurwig,  i 

(Nfirw.)  rfisfr.  \ 

Jarniello,  (Port.) 
Jarm^ritz,  (Mor.) 
Janiac,  (Fr.) 
Jarocin,  (Posen.) 
Jaroszyn,  (Posen.) 

Jaromer,  (Boh.) 
Jaroslaw,  (Aiistr.  Pol.) 
Jascli.    See  Ya^sy. 
Jastrow,  (Pr.) 
Jassv.     See  Yassy, 
J5sz-Ber6ny,  (H.) 
J4sz6,  (H.) 
Jdsz  OrszAg,  Jazygien,        ) 

(II.)   dutr.  \ 

Jativa,  Xativa,  now  San      / 
Felipe,  (Sp.)  j 

Jauer,  (Pr.) 
Jauernick,  (Austr.  Sil.) 

Jauja.    See  Xauxa. 
Jaujn,  or  Atanjanja,  (Peru.) 
Jaujac,  (Fr.) 
Java,  (Sunda  Islg.) 
Javali  Nuevo,  (Sp.) 
Javali  Viejo,  (Sp.) 
Javary,  (Bniz.)  r. 
Javea,  (Sp.) 
JaworiSw,  (Gal.) 
Jazygien.     SceJ&s7.  OrszSg. 
Jean  Baptiste,  St     S^cJolm. 
Jean  Bonnefoud,  St.,  (Fr.) 
Jean  d'Acre,  St    See  Acre. 
Jean  d'Ang6iy,  St-,  (Fr.) 
Jean  de  Bouniay,  St.,  (Fr.) 
Jean  de  Losne,  or  Belle       i 
Defense,  (Fr.)  j 

Jean  de  Luz,  (Fr.) 

Jean  Pied-de-Port,  (Fr.) 
Jean  de  Mauricnne,  (Sav.) 
Jean,  Mont  St,  (Belg.) 
Jedrzciewo,  (Pol.) 
J^drzciow,  (r<il.) 
Jcdlersee,  (Austr.) 
Jejuy.     See  Xcxui. 
Jelabupa,  (R.) 
JelaUna,  (R.) 


yd-kfgtak' 

dhd-la'pd 
fha-ti.i'ko 
gd-l&J^ 

gdrti-^' 

yd'WiH-nit'sii 

dkalOn' 

yd-tQv'kd 

^U'lgg'tO-rovnk'         „ 

jama'ka  ;  sp.  ehd^a'ikd 

ydm'nita 

'i-dm'pal 

yimt'ldnd 

gd-mggng'dd 

chdn'Jgg-ld 

dhan  dvQ-ttl' yd 

yd-n'i'ahek 

ydn'kou. 

lah'nOsh'hd-s'd 

yd-nuv'yi'ta 

id'nd-rlts 

chd-pig'rd 

yd-p^Q-ra' 

fhd-kC'Si'ld 

gd-kt  fin-yon' yd 

yd-rat-nJte^vo 

chd^dfyg-rl' 

id-rd'trgg-d 

chd-ia'md 
chd'rd-m'il'yo 
chdrdn-dil'yd 
yd-rdnsk' 
yd^tnsk'  ^^ 

Chdr-diii'  (fd  re'i         ^^ 
los  cftar-di'nis  rfj  Id  Ti'i- 
nd 

ydrbs' berg-lour' v'ig 

gdr-meVlo 

ydr'm{-rits 

gdrndk^ 

yd-ro'ts'in 

yd-rOs'sk'in 

yd-r5' myersk 

yd-rOs-ldc' 

ydsh 

yds'tro 

I'dah'shi  ^,.-.,, 

ydhs-be-reAny 

ydJi-sOk 

ydhs  Or-sdkg 

chd't'i-vd 

you'er 

you'er-nik 

ckd'Q^-ckd 

Shd'  QQ-ckd 

gO-gdfc' 

ju'ra,  gd'vd  ,^ 

ck'dr-vd-ti'  ngg-i'vo 

ckd-vdlV  vfi'eho 

gd-vd-ri' 

chd-ve'd 

yd-vo'rgof 

yd-tsV  g'i-en 

sang  gang  bd-tist' 

sang  gang  bunc-fOng' 

sdng  gdiig  dakr 

sang  gang  ddng-ge-ti' 

sdng  g'dng  di  bggr'nA' 

gdng  da  lOne 
gang  dd  Itlie 
gang  p'i-£'da-p57-e 
gdng  d'c  mo-ri-rn' 
mung  sdng  gdng 
yengdr-sht^-ye'ro 
yen  sdr-sh  e '  y^Qj' 
yed'Ur-it' 
dhe-ch(}Q''i 
ys4d-bg<i'git 
yf-idt'md 


oO« ;  i  short,  bUt.  —  Fr.  ^  long,  ed  short,  nearly  as  in  spur,  —  dy,  ly,  vy^  liquid.  —  An"ger.  —  ^,  M,  guttural ;  ^  as  s  in  pleasure.  —  r  final,  Fr.  re.  —  f ,  between  v  and  / 


1349 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


J«lez,  (R.) 

Jeua,  (C.  iierni.) 
Jen.iUt  (;^\vil£.) 
Jentkaie.  (R  ) 
Jenil.    $f«  \enil. 
Jeni^iitk,  (R.)  »v. 
Jenotajewdk,  (R.) 
Jcoire,  Si.,  (Sbv.) 
Jequetiiihonba,  (Rrox.) 
Jerex.     &«  Xcrez. 
Jerex  de  la  Friinler.\.     See  f 
Xerez  de  la  Froiitera.       i 
Jenz(Xem)  de  Im  Cttnl-  i 

Jerica,  Xenca,  C^P-) 

Jerne.    Set  Ireland. 

Jerte,  Xerte,  (Sp.)  r. 

Jetumeiiha,  (Bras.) 

Jflrusaletu,  (PaltRjL  ;  ar.  El  i 
Kuds  «r  Kli.Hldes.)  in-  S 
araMlyma.  .£lta  O/owo. ) 

Jea,  (C.  IL) 

Jeocliovi'iu,  (Boh.) 
>  Jever.  (Ocriii.) 

Jueli,  (Alger. ;  fr.  Gigslli.) 

Jijona,  Xi-\nna,  (Sp.) 

Jiloc.1.     S««  XiUira. 

Jilun.     Sfe  Xtlon. 

Jiniena,  Xiiiiclia,  (Sp.) 

Jinca,  Xitica,  (Sp.)  r. 

Jingu.  Xtnjrii,  (BniK.) 

Jitomir,  Jvloiiiir,  ar  Z>'to-  t 
nilers,  (R.  Pol.)  1 

JoachiiiisUidl,  (Bob.) 

Joa(Mla-Fot,  Sao,  (Port.) 

Joio  du  Lampaa,  (Poft.) 

Joio,  8ao,  (Braz.) 
Jocbiaiilco,  (.Mel.)  late. 
Jockmock,  (Sw.) 
JodmEne,  (Belg.) 
JiieslrQeld,    Nurw.)  ML 
JoliuiDRslKid.or  Jubanoflft- 1 

bniBD,  (Bub.)  { 

Jaiuui»OMri«o«Udt,  (Sa>.) 
Jotaanniiberg,  (Naatau,       { 

Germ.)  ( 

John,  St.,  er  St.  JsaD  Bap- 1 

lisle,  (Can.)  ( 

Joia,  '.Texas.) 

Jnigny,  (Fr.)    Jjvixtecum. 
Joinville,  .Fr.) 
Jolsvi.     See  Kluch. 
J.'wk.'ipine,  (Sw.) 
Jonquiereti,  (Fr.) 
Jonsac,  (Fr.) 
JoraL     Sr«  Jura. 
Jorge.  San,  (.\zoi««.) 
Jorze,  S.,  dos  lUieot,  } 

(Brai.)  ! 

Joniuera,  (Sp.) 
Jorullo,  Junivo,  irr  Xurul- ) 

k>,  (M-s.)  iWc  i 

Jost>phsl.idl.   Boh.) 
Jo-lowilz.  (Boh.) 
Jo~-*elin,  (Fr.) 
Jo.«.«e-Ten-Noodo,  (Belg.) 
Jouin,  SL,  (Fr.) 
Joill,  (Swita.)  take. 
Joui,  Chateau  de,  (Fr.) 
Jouy,  (Fr.) 
Jm-eiiw,  (Fr.) 
J6iefow,jPi.l.) 
Ju-tn  de  Fura.     See  Piica. 
Juan  Fernandez,  er  Mas-    i 

a  Tierra,    Chile.)  u/.       ( 
Joan  de  Brac(>lQoro,  (Ec-    / 

mdor.)  i 

Juan.  San.     Sae  San  Juan. 
Jnaii  del  Rey,  (Mei.) 
JiibUin^,  (Fr.)    A'roditHMm. 
Jucar,  or  Xiicar,  'Sp.)  r. 
Jurhitan,  (Mex.) 
Judeobttre,  (.Auatr.)  fduMUm, 
Judenfllein,  (TvmL ) 
Jujuv,  (PI.  Con£) 
Joli,  (Peru.) 
Julian  .\lps.    See  Bimbau-  ) 

merwald.  \ 

Julianshaiib,  (GrecnI.) 
Julich,    Pr.-. /i-.  Juliers.) 
Julien,  Sl,  (Fr.) 
Julier,  Col  dii,  (Swiiis         I 

Alps,]  pae^  \ 

Julier^     S  e  Jillich. 
Jamba,  (Giiin.) 
Jumeaux,  (Fr.) 
Junietz,  (bele.) 
Jumieees,  (Fr.) 


skmitp 

yi''" 

ys'niile 

yt-nVkU-lt 

fhS-nii' 

yj-nY~.-S'».«* 

yi-Hi-ta'yeruk 

tang  sfQ-are* 

glM^lKj/ix'ya 

eke-rcth' 

fki-rttk'  ik  W  /Wa-fc'rd 

Ikt-rttk'  d|  tie  ka-m-ft'- 

rie 
f/k{'r'(-td 
jerme 
ektr'lt 
gCTt/f-mC*'l» 

jeru'saUm 

lf-{'«ir 
yffeU-V}U 

ys'vrr 

gi-gtin' 

Ikt-dki'ma 
iki-li'ka 

fkUi»' 

IM-mt'nd 

eHm'ka 

gt'g'ftt 

aM-a'm1rek 

yi-a'ekimi-UHe' 

sifiv^  ivf-a'fVHr  *i/Ss 

gW-'^'v^g  ^^  tdm'pds 

ea'ifHf  iK^'wt 
eki-fki-mtrk* 

yoVmak 

fA'gis^a^ 

yA.kllm'nU.MJt 

yt-kail'gf^g*»-etiHt 

yi-luWnie^ir/' 

jtkn 

IkPl^d 

gtUm-yV 

gtUngtitUf 

yStit-rd 

yAit'ekA-fi*g' 

f^ang-kl-tri/ 

^Omf-iat' 

gt-ra' 

eim  ikBr'lkt 

eifi</ng  gSr'gt  df^  Wyt- 

W 
fkSr^kt'rd 

Ikff-rp^ye,  Hff-rff/'ye 

yH'-.ekfeUHt 

yos'lO-tits 

gS*-tdHv' 

VO5'«e-l'1l-R0'd£ 

•i'g  iff-d'g' 

?C»    . 

ska  tti'  dif  gg^ 

gv^ft' 

lk(^-am'  <lj  /m'M 
ett^^^wt'  ftr-ndM'dftk^dee) 

ekfl^-Hn'  di  brd-kJ^-m/i'Hi 

fill  ik^-^ht'   ,^ 

fkff-iU'  dll  Tt't 

^u-blAng' 

iki/o'tdr 

ehtm-dtt-t'dM' 

y^t'den-ivfTg' 

y^'drm-ettne' 

eh^-fh^'t\  fk^^kw*'i 

JH'UOM 

yo^'n^iihne-kob' 

yii'liik 

eiMff  g^-ti-dig^ 

toi  da  g^^i-t! 

invng'id 
gi^1-t^ 


Jnmitia,  (Sp.) 

Jumillac,  (Fr.) 
Juiig-Oreslau.     Sre  luo-      I 

wrarlaw.  \ 

Jung  BiniKliM,  (Boh.) 
Juugfrnu.  (Swiu.)  mi. 
Junieu,  Sl.,(Fr.) 
Junquoira,  ^Forl.) 
Junqiiera  do  Ainbia,  (Sp.) 
Jupille,  (Belg.)    JobU  VilUt. 
Jupura,  (Bcuud.) 
Jura,  (Fr.  and  SwitK. ;  f,     i 

Leberberg ;  fr.  Jorat,)  mb.  ) 
Jura,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Jurua,  (BraE.)  r. 
Juruena,  (Braz.)  r. 
Jurumeiiha,  '  PurL) 
Jussey,  (Fr.) 
Just,  SI.,  (Fr.) 
Just,  St.,  en  Chevalet,  (Fr.) 
Justedals  Brae,  (Xtirw.)      i 

none  fitU.  \ 

Juiahy,  (Br*z.)  r. 
Jdterbogk,  or  Daimewilz,  ) 

(Pr.)  ) 

Jdlland,  (Denm. ;  d.  Jyl- 

land.)   QheraantsviS  Ciok- 

brica. 
Jutro3i}-n ,  ( Posen.) 
Juvignv,  (Fr.) 
Juvisy.  (Fr  ) 
Jylland.    See  Jutland. 
Jytoniir.    See  Jiiomir. 


fhp^mit'yd 

g(t-mi-i-yWtX  «r(-»at') 

y^^Hg'ttree' tim 

ywng-bQ^Hts' tou 
yovnf'fnju 
ednjr  gU-n'i.dHg' 

ffiffnff-ka'i.rd 
Ikffi-kc'rd  de  OtH-bi'd 
gb-ptW 
eh^f-p^'rd 

yw'rit 

gUrd' 
gfV-rQf-d' 
gftf-rtft-i'nd 
gff-rfif-incn' ijd 
g{te-iia' 

sdHg  ^ant 

edHg  gUjt  dug  3h^d4i' 
y^^'tS'ddhls'  brd 
g9V-td-'i' 
yii'ter-bok 

yUle'tdU'lt 

^ft-p>n-_v'l' 
git-r't-zi' 
ytH'Idn,  yUrldnd 
ek'l-tO' M'ireh 


K. 


KAADBif»  (Bob.) 
KaaQonl,  (Norw.) 
Kabarda,  i  R.'  pr. 
Kabreni,  (Ion.  Uls.) 
Kaczyka,  (Gal.) 
KadA,  iR.) 
Kadnifcow,(R.) 
Kadom,  {R.J 
Kne»s  (U.> 
Kahire,  At,  (Eg.) 
Kalila,  (C.  Gcriti.) 
Kalciihere,  (Auslr.) 
Kftleneeliirge,  (Aiirtr.  j         ) 

WienprwaldO  tnU.  S 

Kainardiirhe,  (Bulgaria.) 
Kainsk,  (R.) 
Kai«arieh,  (f*yria.) 
Kaiwrbergf  ar  Kaygerberg, ) 

(Fr'  i 

Kai^r  Ebersdorf,  f  Atistr.) 
KaisersLiiiiem,  (Bftv.) 
KaiMTsiiiarki.   Set  Kesmark. 
Kaifersiulil,  (Switz.)     f^  i 

rum  T^brriL  ) 

Kaiserstuhl,  (Rad.)  mtf. 
Kai^ersvvertli.  >  Pr.i 
Kalenber?,  (Han.)  prin. 
Kalgiijew,  fWliiio  Sea,)  ul. 
Kalisz,  or  Kali»(cb,  (Put ) 
Kalksburg,  (Aiistr.) 

Kallo.  Nap>-.  C") 
Kalluiidborc,  (Denm.) 
Kalmnr,  or  (aktiar,  (Sw. 
Kalocsa,  or  Colocza,  (H.' 
Kaltenbrunn,  (H.) 
Kaltern,  fTyrol.) 
Kaliiffa,  (R.) 
Kalnsz,  (Gal.) 
Kalw.-ir}-.  (Pul.) 
Kama,  (R.)  r. 
Kameite?.  PtKjnlsk-     See 
KammJec  I'l  d«Uki. 

Kamenttz,  S  *■  ' 

Kamennoi  Osrtrow,  (R.) 
Kaniensk,  (R.) 
Kameiiz,  (Sax.) 
Kanii^ka,  (Cat.) 
Kainioilc/.yk,  (Pol.) 
Kamiemca, /nal.) 
KainiitJec.  (R) 
Kaminiec  P.Mii.pki,  (Jl.) 
See  Kamenez  Podolsk. 
Karapen,  (Neih.) 
KamiUchin.  (R.) 
Kami'Dichinsk,  (R.) 
Katmischlow,  (R.) 
Kanazkaja,  (R.)  vole. 
Kandahar,  (Persia,)^* 
Kandern,  (Bad.) 
Kanguroo,  (Au-^tral.)  isL 


kd'diH 

ka'fnOre 

AdfrttrVd 

Ad-frre'rtt 

kd~chi'kd 

kd'ddk' 

kiid'niktjf 

kii-dom' 

kd-e-^h 

(U  kd'hi-rd 

kd'lii 

kii'Un^brri' 

kd'lfR-gi-bir'g^ 

kVndrA-eh^ 

ka'insk 

kl-^a-ri't/s 

kVier-berg  ^ 

kl'zfr  i'berg-drrrf 

kVzrrS'lou'tem 

kVirrs-mdrkt' 

kVxrr-stQ^V 

kl'zirg-Vfhrt' 

k'd'len-berg' 

kdl  frw'iO" 

kU'ti^h 

kdika'b^org 

nddtf  kal-la 

kiil'i^lind  bnrg' 

kiU'miir 

kii40-€ha 

kdi'trn-br^n' 

kfU'th-n 

kU-U^f'ffd 

kd'l^eh 

kdi-vH'ri 

ka'md 

I    kii-aii-nits'  pS-doUk' 

J    kd-me'nits 

kU'mfn-nO-i  0'str<jf 

/  d'menjsk 

kii'aifnt* 

kd-mi-Gn^'ka 

kditt-^t'TU'sh'ik 

kdm-yi'tiU'sd 

kd-jn'in'yets 

kd-m'in'yetM  pH-dols'l^i 

k'dm'pen 

kd-mh'sh'in 

kH-mk'  shinsk 

k'd-m^sh'Ujf 

kd'n(iti'kd~yit 

kdn'dd-bdhr 

kdn'dern 

kiin-gQQ-rQ<}' 


itL 


Knnlsa,  Napy,  (H.)  peak. 
Kaiijakt'W,  (Uial.) 
Kapnik-Kuiiyi-i,  ^IL) 
KaH»»^(>l-) 
Kap(>t<v4r,  (11.) 
Knp|>elii,  (beiirn.) 
Knpronrza,  (C'rualia  ;  g.      ) 

Kupreiiiitz.)  \ 

KapiH'ir,  (H.) 
Kara  Amid,  (Syria.) 
Karnktia,  (Austral.)  bay. 
Karansehes,  (H.) 
Karassuliasfir,  (R.) 
Karasu,  (Eur.,  Aa.) 
Karatschew,  (R.) 
Karbasara,  (Gr.) 
KarctiowUf  (Ptwen.) 
Kardszac,  (II.) 
Kard.szag-tij  SzAIlAs  (H.) 
Kargr.     See  Unruh^tadt. 
KargofKtt,  (R.) 
Kariieiie,  (<ir.) 
Knrkura,  (Sahara.) 
Karlliiirg.     Sre  Orcpszvir. 
Karleby,  (Manila,  (Finl.) 
Karlowitz,  or  L'arlnwilz,     ) 

(Aiistr.)  i 

Karlsbad,  ffr  Carlsbad, (B<ih.) 
Karl.-jbniim,  (.-Viisir.) 
Knrlsburg.     See  Gyula  Fc- ^ 

j6rvikr. 
Karlsburp,  or  CarI^bure, 

(Trans. ;  A.  Carol 

j6rvi!ir.)     jfpii/um. 
Karlsudt,  (.^iistr.) 
Karlsleiii,  (Boh.)  castle. 
Karnihrn,  (Auslr. ;  Carin-  i 

ihin,)  div.  < 

Kiroly,  Nitpy,  (H.)     See     \ 

Naey  Kiroly.  < 

Karpatbeii,  die.     See  Car-  i 

puillien.     tnLi  \ 

Kasan,  (R.)  gov. 
Kasalscli.     See  Casaccla. 
Kasctiati,  (M. ;  k.  Kassa.) 
Kascliiii,  (R.) 
Kbmirk,(H.)     See  Kin-     i 

lu&rk.  i 

Kassa.     See  Kaschau. 
Kassimon',  (R.) 
Kasvcrsk-Horn,  (Boh. ;  g.  i 

Bcrgreichenstein.)  ) 

Kastel,  ^Bav.) 
Katbnriiintierg,  (Boh.) 
Katteeat,  (Germ.  Oc.)  mlfL 
Katwvk-op-Rbijn,  (Neth.) 
Kal\vVk-<»j(-Zw,  (Neth.) 
Kaizl.ach,  >Pr.  Sil.) 
KatzencMenbogenf  (Germ.) 
Kaiib,  (Gemi.) 


ndtiy  kd-n'i'Shit 

kdn-yd'krf 

kap'Htk  bdha'yH 

ka-pol-nd 

kd-pqsh-vdAr 

kdp'jieln 

kd-prOnt'sU 

kii-pQQ-vdfir 

kd'rd  mikd 

kd-r'd'  k<;^'d 

kii-ran  shi-bish 

kii-  rds-s^if' bd-sdhr 

ka'rd-.sQQ 

kd-rdl-.shef' 

kdr-b'd-.td-rd' 

kdr-chO'rd 

kdrd'Sdgh    .^^ 

karii-.^dgh'QQ-i-s'dM-idhsh 

kdr'gi 

kdr-gO-pgl' 

kU-r'i-te'nQ 

kdr'kd-rd 

kdrl'b^i/rg 

gdm'ld  kdr'Jtbh' 

k'dr'ld-vits 

kUrh'bddt 
kdrb'brf^gn 


rW>ura,     > 
irulyFe-    > 


(Boh.) 


Kautjin, 

KatirscJiim, 

Kay,  (Pr.) 

Kaysorborg.    See  Kaiaerberg. 

Kuzrnilen,  (Pol.) 

KeczkemitfOr  Kotskem^t,  ) 

(".)  ! 

Kedoe,  (Java.) 
Kelil,  (Bad.) 
Kelcze,  (II.) 
Kellhciin,  (Bav.) 
Kcineiicze,  (H.) 
Keiiipeii,  (Pr.) 
Kcinpteii,  (Bav.)     Campo-  ) 
dnnum.  ) 

Kpn/in^cn,  (Bad.) 
Kerensk,  (R.) 
Kereszler  Bedrogh,  (H.) 
Kerka,  (Dalm.)  r. 
Kcrsko.     Sre  Gurkfeld. 
Kcrtscli,  (H.) 

Kesmark,  i  (H. ;  g.  Kai-      J 
Klsin^rk,  \     sersmurkl.)    ( 
Kot«.    See  Venden. 
Kesscliidorf,  (Sai.) 

Keszthely,  (H.) 

Kcthcly.     See  Mannersdorf. 
Ket.skcmet,  or  Kecskemet,  / 

(H.)  i 

Keii^chberg,  (Pr.) 
Koxholm,  (Finl.) 
KezdiVfiBirhely,  (Trans. ;  ) 
g.  NeumarkL)  \ 

Kiachta,  (R.) 
Kiel,  (Denm.) 

KielcP,  (Pol.) 
Kieldrecht,  (Belg.) 
Kiew,  (R.) 

KifThaiiHer,  (Germ.)  mt. 
Kimito,  (Finl.)  isl. 


kdrWbiiqrg 

karlt'bQ^rg 

kdrl'stddt 
kdrl'stlTU 

kem'ten 
ndily  kd-rQly 

di  kdr^'d'Un 

kd-sdii' 
kd'zntsh 
kdih'ou. 
kd'shin 

kahsh-mdhrk 

kdah-shd 
kds-s'i'mof 

kdu'versk'kortt 

kd'i'ttt 

kd-td-fi'nd-birg' 

kdCte-gdt 

ktit'vlke-oi>~r1ne 

kdt'nlke-op-zs 

kdt^'bdr-h 

kdt'sen-tl'len-bd'gin 

koub 

k5-^Qr'sh'ihm 

hour' shim 

AT 

kV  zi-r-brrg' 

kd-i'i'myersh 

ki'tsk-k£-mcht 

ke'd(}<} 

kite 

ktl'tse 

keVhJme 

kr-men-tse 

kem'prn 

khnp'ten 

khi'tsin"ge.a. 

ki^-rensk' 

kr-res'tir  bO-drUg 

kcr'kd 

k^rs'ko 

kirl^h 

krhsh-m'dhrk 

kes 

kes'  srli-dorf 

kest-hely 

ket-htly 

ketsh-ke-mekt' 

koish'berg 

krks'holm 

kehs-di'Vdh-akdhr-fi^ 

ki-deh'fd 

kile 

k'ile'drecht 
ki'rf 

kif'koi'zir 
ki'mi-to 


F&te,  fdr^  /gU,  tekift,  bdL  —  Mite,  prey,  kelp^  thire,  hifr.  —  Pine,  marijw,  frlrrf,  fig.  —JVTite,  rfdre,  mdve,  wp//,  ft^fc,  lord.  —  7^/ie,  6ii«,  tmiU.  —  oi,  boy ;  ou,  house.  —  Fr.  ft  long, 
1350  _____ 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Kinipina,  (VVali.) 
Kimpulaii?,  (Wall.) 
Kinbum,   Gurtii.) 
Kinzi^,  (Germ.)  r. 
Kirctidurf,  or  Kirclidraiif,    i 
(H. ;  A.  Szeiws-Vdrall)  a.)  \ 
Kirkciidbrii^hf,  (Sc.) 


k'im-pi'nd 

k'im'pO-ldnff 

kin'bQt^a 

kint'sig 

kirSh'dorf^  kirck'drouf 
kir-koo'bre 


Kirrlibeim  Bol:\nflfn,  (Bav.)  kirck'hlme  bO'ldn-den 

Kirchholm,  (Livonia.)  .----.i-/.--. 

Kiridj.     See  Crete. 

Kirilow,  (R.) 

Kirinsk,  (R.) 

Kirrweiler,  (Bav.) 

Kirsanow,  (R.) 

Ki3  Alm4!<,  (H.) 

Kischenew,  (R.) 

Kirt  Czenk,  (H.) 


kirch'holm 

ki-ri-di 

k'i-ri'lof 

k'i-rinsk' 

kir'vVler 

kir-s'd'nof 

kish  al~maAsh 

k'i-she-nef 

kish  tsfnk 

kish  kd'ldhn 

kish  keil-r^sh 


Ki.-i  Kalin,  (Trans.) 

Kis  K-iros,  (H.) 

Kis  Kunsdz, .;  H. ;  ff.  Klein- 

kiinmnren.) 
Kislewodsk,  (R.) 
Ki-iljar,  (R.) 
Ki-ilosawodsk,  (R.) 
Kis  M&rton,  (H. ;  g,  Eisen- 

staitL) 
Kissingen,  (Bav.) 

Kis  Szeben,  (H. ;  g.  Zeben.)  k'tsh'se-bin 
Ki3  Sz6k,  (Trans.)  kish  sekh 

Kis  Tabolcsin,  (H.) 
Kis  Varad.     See  VVardein. 
Kiszkowo,  (R.) 
Kitai;;orod»  (R.) 
Kiisee,  (H. ;  A.  K5pts6ny  ) 
Kjdbenhavn.    See  Copen-  i 

hagen.  \ 

Kjoege,  (Denm.) 
Kjoelen,  (Nor^v.)  mts. 
Kladsko.    See  Glatz. 
Kladraii,  (Bob.) 
Khgenfurt,  (Austr.)  Clan-  \ 

dia.  \ 

Klam  (Austr.) 
Klamm,  (Austr.)  pass. 
Klarentza,    Sie Clarence. 
Klattau,  (Boh.) 
Klatisen,  (Tyrol;  it.  Chi-    ) 

nsa.)  ) 

Ktaiisenbure,  (Trana, ;  A.   i 

Koloev&r.)  \ 

Kleczewo,  (Pol.) 
Kleczkow,  (R.  Pol.) 
Klein  Becskerek,  (H.) 
Klein  Kolisch,  (Trans.) 
KIcinkunianieu.     See  Kis    ; 

Kuns4§.  I 

Kleinschlalten.  SeeZalathna. 
Kleve.    See  Cleves. 
Kl<.bauk,  (Mor.) 
Klobucko,  (Pol.) 
Klodawa,  (Pol.) 
KI6nthal.     See  Clonthal. 
kWsterle,  (Boh.) 
Klo^ternenburj;,  (Austr.) 
Kliindcrt.  (\etb.) 
Kins.  (Swiiz.) 
Klntsclietskaja,  (R.) 
Knin,  (Dalm.) 
Kniphauson.  (N.  Germ.) 
Ktititelfeld,  (Austr.) 
Knyszyn,  (R.) 
Koblenz.     See  Cnblenz. 
Kabrin,  or  Kobryn,  (R.  Pol.)  ko'br'in 
K..bvlinf  fPoson.)  kli-bi'ttn 

Kociier,  (VVfirt.)  ko'cher 

K^*sfeld,  (Pr.)  k'^3\kf}<}3)fildt 

Ktwvorden,  (Neth.)  k<}(}'vQr-den 

K.ikel,  "r  Knkel,  (Trans.)  r.  ka'kH 


kish  k^Qhu-sdhg 

kui-le-nodsk' 
k'isl-ySrr' 
kis-ld  -s'd-vqdsk' 
k'ish  mdfir-ton 
kis'sin^g'en 


kish  td-bolt-shiikn 
kink  vdh-rdhd 
k'ish-ka '  vo 
ki-td'i-go-rod 
kit-ie 

kj/^bn'houn^  commonly 

ftfim'A'Aotttt 
ky^'ffi 
kut^'len 
k'Vdds'ko 
kid'drou 

kid' gfnf<}qirt 

kldm 

kldm 

kld-rent's'd 

kldt'tou 

ktou'zen 

klou'zen-b^Qrg' 

klH's/ie'vo 
kletsh'kqu 
ktine  b'tsh'ke-rek 
kllne  ko'l'ish 

klin'e  k^^-m'd'n'i-en 

klJne'shldt'tin 

kle'vs 

kl6'b<}(}k 

kl5-bgnts'ko 

klo-dd'vd 

klSin'me 

klSl'sttr-l^ 

kloh  'rtti'r-noi'bqqrl^ 

kl^n'dert 

klQQS 

kli;(}t~sh^fs'kd-y'd 

kn'ine 

knip'hm'zen 

knit'li-l-feUit' 

kn'i'gk'in 

kd'bUnia 


K.ila,  (R.) 
Kntaczyce,  (Gal.) 
Kollftn,  (R.) 
Kollierg.    See  Colberg. 
Kulbuszow,  (Gal.) 
Kulding,  (Denm.) 
Kolditz.     See  Colditz. 
Kulcntina,  (9er\'.) 
Kuhazin,  (R.) 
Koirn,  XcTi,  (Boh.) 
Kntlnm,  (Netb.) 
K'tln.     See  Cotui^ne. 
Kuiocsa.     See  Kalocsa. 
KnIomak,(R.) 
Kolfinnca,  (.Anxfr.  Gal.) 
Kdlofl,  (Trana.) 


kd'ld 

k5-ldt-shi'Ui 

kd-la'ain 

kqVberg 

kql-bQ^ahgf 

kol'ding 

k}Vdiis 

kh-Un-U'nH 

kG-ti'dt'sHn 

not  kO'Cin 

kol'tt&m 

k^ln 

kd-/5-ehd 

kd  16-mdk' 

ko-lo-m^'d 

kS  losh 


Ki.bisviir.     See  Klausenburg-  ko-l6sh-vdkr 

Kolyiua,  (R.)r. 

Knlywan.     Sfe  Revel. 

Koni&ridn.     See  Koniorn. 

Kumlrw,  (H.) 

Komorn.  or  Cnmnrn,  (H. ; 

A.  Ki>m4roni.) 
Koii|ir<ber0,  (Norw.^ 
Kongdieeo,  (Nurw.) 


kO-ti-md' 
kd  ti-vdfi' 
kS-mdh-rom 
kOm-lOah 

kO'mQrn 

kontrs'ber^ 
kong'stthn 


Konjfsvinspr,  (Nurw.) 
KonipciH.I,  (Pul.) 
Koniggraiz,  (Austr.) 
Koninrtbrrjf,  (Pr.)    Jllons    , 

Regius. 
Kontgslwrg,  (U.;  A.  Cj- 

Banya.) 
Kunigsogt;,  (Bi.h.) 
K6niKshuier,  (N.  Gonn.) 
Kunigsteiii,  (Sax.) 
Kunigswartli,  (Bob.) 
Konin,  (Pul.) 
Konitz,  (Pr.) 
Konskie,  i  P41I.) 
Kon.stiintinognrak,  (R.) 
Kopnnice,  (Poscii ;  g.  K6-   i 
penitz.)  ] 

Kopcsany,  (H.) 
Kopenitz.     Sec  Kopanice. 
Kflp'"?*  (Sw.) 
Kopreinil/,,  (.\ustr.  Croat. ;  i 
A.  Kaproiicza.)  \ 

Koptsiiiy,  (II. ;  g.  Kitsee.) 
Korbach.     .See  Corbach. 
Korbers.     See  Corbiires. 
Korczyn,  (Pol.) 
Korennaja  Puslina,  (R.) 
Koriczan,  (Mor.) 
K5rm(^sz  B4nya.    See  ) 

Kreinnirz.  { 

Kornenburg,  (Austr.) 
Kuros,  (H.) 
K5r6s.B4iiya,  (II.) 
K5r6s  VsksArbely,  (H. ;  g.   } 
Kreuz.)  '    "^      '  «    j 

Koroiojak,  (R.) 
Kors^r.     See  Corsoer. 
Korsun,  (R.) 
Korie  Argis,  (Serv.) 
Kortryk.     Sre  Courtrai. 
Kortshewa,  (R.) 

Ko6cian,  (Po^en.) 
Kose?,  (Pr.) 
Koselsk,  CR-) 
Kosfeld.     Sec  Ctlsfeld. 
K5elin.    See  C^slin. 
Kossowa,  (Scrv.) 
Kastelec,  (Hob.) 
Kostnitz,  lake.     See  Con-     ) 

stance. 
Kostroma,  (R.) 
KostrzyA,  (Pa=en.) 
Koszog.     See  Giins. 
Koszyco,  (Pol.) 
Kothburg.     See  S4rv4r. 
K6lhen,  or  C6then,  (C.        ) 

Germ.)  t 

Kotlin  O-strow,  er  Retusa-  t 

ri,  (R.)  isL  \ 

Kotroceny,  (Wall.) 
Kottbus.     See  Cuttbus. 
Kourtm,  (S.  A.)  r, 
Kovosd,  (H.) 

Kovno,  or  Kowno,  (R.  Pol.) 
Kozakow,  (Boh.) 

Kozienice,  (Pul.) 

Koztnin,  (Pr.  Pol.) 

Krahenlieinistatten,  (Sunb.) 

Kragervse,  (Norw.) 

Kraenjcwatz,  (Serv.) 

Kniin,  or  Carniola,  } 

(Au^ir.;  prnv.  ) 

Krajova,    f  ,^r  „  -, 
Krajowa,  (tw-iii.j  j 

Krakair.     See  Cracow. 
Krak6w.     See  Cracow. 
Krakowicc,  (Gal.) 
Kralingcn,  (Neth.) 
Kraluwa  llola,  (H. ;  g.       i 

K'Jiiig-bcrp,  /  mt.  \ 

Kralowice,  (Boh.) 
Kralowitz,  (Boh.) 
Krn[)acks.     See  Carpathi-  ) 

an.    nits.  ) 

Krasniczin,  (Pol.) 
Krasniewice,  (P<tl.) 
Krasnoborsk,  (R.) 
Krasnogorskaja  Krepost,     ) 

(R-)  i 

Krasnoi,  (R.) 
Krusnujarsk,  (R.) 

Krasnoje  Selo,  (R.) 
Krasnnkutsk,  (R.) 
Krasno|)ol,  (R.) 
Krasnosawarsk,  (R.) 
Krasno  Slobudsk,  (U.) 
Kra^no  Ulimsk,  (R.) 
Krasjnytilaw,  (Pul.) 
Kras.-6,  (H.) 
Krass<»wa,J^H,) 
Krasznn,  (Trans.) 
Knitzau,  (Boh.) 


(    f^Q 


kqtigs' ein" gir 
koa-ytts'  pitl 
kSk'  ni^'griU' 
kiUk'nigs-biri' 

k^'nigs-berg' 

kS'nigg-eg' 

k^'idg'itine 

k^'nigs-vUi-t' 

kO'a'tJi 

ku'nita 

kO  ttifk  'vi 

koH-stdn-a-mO-ffursk' 

kQ~pd-n'tt'  8fi 

kqpt-.fhdny 
k^'pe-nits 
eh^'ping 

ku'prl'uits 

.  k^pt-sheny 
knr'bUch 
kqr'bera 
kort'sh'in 

kO-ren-vd'y'd  pQ<}$' fi-nU 
kS'fii-shdn 

k^r-mdhs  b'dhn'yd 

kgr'nen-bQ^rg' 
ko-rdsh 
ktSh-r^sh  b'dhn'yd 

k^-rSsh  vdk-shdkr-hely 

kS-rS-taydk' 

kqr-i^r 

kqrs<}Qn' 

kor'te  dr'g'ish 

kqrt'rVce 

kort-she'vd 

kosk'tsy'dn 
kh'zH 
kO-sehk' 
'k^g'feldt 
kftiis-tine' 
kds'sS-vd 
kqs'te-lets 

kqst'nits 

kds-trd-md' 

kSstr'sh'iny 

kt^-sSff 

ka-shit'st 

kOte'bf^grg 

k^'ten 

kOt-tfn'  Ss'trqf 

kd-trd~sh£ny 

kot'bQQs 

Ac  (►- »■(??' 

k^-vSskd 

kov'no 

kQ'zd-knv 

kG-zye-n'i'Lie 

kot.<-m'tne' 

krS'ken-hime-stH'ten 

krd'  grr-^' 

krd-g^i<*-ye'vdl8 

krlne 

krd-yO'v'd 

krd'kou 
krd'kQqf 
krd-kh'vytts 
krd'litt"gen 

krd'l5-vd  hO'ld 

krd'lu-v'it'es 
krd'lO'Vits 

krd'p'dks 

kr'ds-n'it' sh'in 

kr'ds-nye-v'it' s^ 
krds-nG-borsk' 
krds-nS'gors'kd-yd  krt'~ 

post  ,^ 
krds'no-'t 
krds-n5-ydrsk' 

kr'ds' itO'ijs  $e-lS' 

Arit^-n  6 -ApftsA' 

krds-no-pdl' 

krds-nd-sd-vdrsk' 

krd.'f'no  sld'bqdsk' 

krds'no  ^Q-f'imsk' 

kros-»'is'l(tf 

kr'd.*h-shdh 

krdsh-shu-vd 

krds-nd 

kr'dt'tsou 


Krwin  jen^ieit  der  DoHau.      i 
See  Danube.  ( 

Krei^  diesseit  der  Donau.    / 
Sec  Doiiiiu.  { 

Krenienez,  (R.  Pol.) 

Krenicnti^cbug,  (R.) 

Krcmnitz,  (II. ;  A.  K5r-       ) 
nificz  Binya.)  { 

Krntns^  (Auistr.) 

Krcui»ier,  (.Mor. ;  Kro-        } 
ni6rjl)  j 

Krenisniunster,  (AuBtr.)     i 
eloitilcr,  \ 

Kreiilbf  (Bav.) 

KreutznRch,  or  Kreuz-        ) 
nach,(Pr.)  j 

Krouz.     See  KorCa  V&B&r-  > 
bely.  j 

Kricben.     Si-e  Krzywin. 

Krieblowitz,  (Pr.) 

Krini.     See  Crimea. 

Krimmler  Ache, !  An8tr.;/a//. 

Kr{^tinostad,(Finl.) 

KiiianoH*,  (Mor.) 

Krualien.     See  Croatia. 

Kroisbach.    See  R4kos. 

Kruj.-^enbrnnn,  'AiiKir.) 

Kruniferji.     See  Krcnt'^ior. 

Krnninit-nij,  (Neili.) 

KronioWw,  (Pul.) 

Krimacli,  (Bav.) 

Kri-nburp,  (Denm.) 

Kronstadf^  (Trans. ;  A.        J 
Brasso.)  \ 

Kronstndt.     Ser  Cronslndt. 

Kros.-en.    See  Crussen. 

Krossno,  (Austr.  Pol.) 

Krotoszvn,  or  Krt.tOHchin,  / 
(Pr.  Pol.) 

Kniniau,(Buh.) 

Kniszvvica,   )  ,»,  „„,  ,       \ 

Kmsclm-ilv'MtP'^'Pol-)      } 

Krj-niea,  (Gal.) 

Krzanuvv,  (Pul.) 

Krzeiriieniec,  (R.) 

Krzcpice,  (Pul.) 

Krzeszovvice,  (Cracow.) 

Krzna,  (Pul.) 

Krzyi6w,  (Pol.) 

Krzywin,  (Pul. ;  g.  Krieben.) 

Krzyii,  (Pul.)  e'oisUr. 

Knlian,  (R.)  r. 

Kubin,  (II.) 
KuffVtein,  (Tyrol.) 
Kuilenburg,  (Xeth.) 
Kukcl.     See  Kokel. 
Kula,  (H.) 

Kuleniborgh.     See  Kuilen-  / 
burg.  j 

Kulewtsdia,  (Bulg.) 
KulikofT,  (R.)  plain. 
Knlni,  (Boh.) 
Kuluibach,  (Bav.) 
Kulpa,  (Austr.  Croat.) 
Kumania,  (H.)  dw(r.    Sec  \ 
Cuniania.  \ 

Kumnier-'dorf,  (Pr.) 
Kungur,  (R.) 
Kun-IIe^'jes,  (II.) 
Kunow,  (Pol.) 
Kunsds,  Nagy,  Kis.     See     ) 
Cunianra.  j 

Kun  Szent  Mikl6>i,  (11.) 
Kiinzelsau,  (Wurt.) 
Kurc-zwecki,  (Pol.) 
Knrhesscn.    See  ilessen-    \ 
Cassel.  t 

Kurland.    S:e  Courland. 
Kur^k,  (R.) 
Kurzelow,  :PoI.) 
Kurziila,  (Dalni.)  isl. 
Kurikuwu,  (R.) 
Kusnezk,  '  R.) 
KQstrin.     See  Cilstrin. 
Kiisznacht,  (Switz.) 
Kutscliuk,  l^inardgo,  (Tnr.) 
Kutschkowo,  old  name  of    ) 
MoskwA.  \ 

Kntienberg,  (Boh.) 
Kwieciszewo,  (Posen.) 
Kyeholu),  (Denm.)  t^. 
Kyritz,  (Pr.) 


kris  yen'ilU  der  dC'nou 

krld  dtu'iUe  der  dH'nou 

kr^-mc-neU' 
kra  mfnt-gkgQg' 

krint'niU 

krima 

krim-i'ihr' 

krems'mitn'etir 

kroit 

kroite'n'dlh 

kroita 

kr'i'ben 

krt'bUi-TiU  , 

k  rim 

hrim'lrr  d'dh{ 

kris'ti-nt-stad' 

krsht' shd- »of 

krO-d'ts'i-rti 

kroii'bdfk 

kroi'  lea-brt^^n 

krQm'y^r-eh'ish 

kriivi' mi-ni 

krU-mO'  lii<if 

krU'niich 

krOne'bQrg 

krOnt'stddt 

krOne'stddt 

krqs'ein 

krqss'vo 

krG'tO'  ah'in 

krQ^'mou 

kr^qah-v'H' ad 

kn^f^h'zila 

kri-n'tt'isa 

kr.fha'  nqf 

krshi-mia'y^ta 

krahi-p'il'ae 

krah^-shu-v'ii' a^ 

krahnd 

krsli'i'l^<if 

kr/ih'i'v'in 

krifk'ii^h 

k^Q-bdu' 

kQi^b'ine' 

kfjijfsane 

koi'len-b^rg 

kf^'kel 

k^^'ld 

kQ^'lem-bqrg 

k^Q-levt'shd 

k(^<}'li~kqf 

A(>(i/m 

k(j(ilm'bdch 

k^^l'pd 

kama'aia 

kijijm'mers-dqrf 

kQQu"  g(}<}r 

kt^^hn-hid-ytsh 
kijQ'nof 

n'ddy  kitih  kq^hn-ahaJig 

k^-i;fhn  niHt  m'i-klOltah 

khnt'aela-ou' 

k^^rtah'Cita'k'i 

kf^'hes'sen 

kQQr'l'dndt 

k^f^rak 

kQ<}r-ske' Iqf 

k<}()Td-sS' Id. 

kif^a-kO'vo 

k^^a-netak' 

kii-str'ine' 

kMndlht     ^ 

kQQt'shi^fk  kd-'i-ndrd-.>h£ 

k<}Qtah-kt^-ro 
kQtjt'  ten-berg' 
kvyi-tai-sk^'vo 
kti'holm 
ki'rCts 


Laa,  (Austr.)  Vd 

Laadegaardsue,  (Nonv.)  pen,  ld'di-gOhr(d)a^' 
Laaland,  or  LoUand,  >    ,,,,^   , 


vfts;  £  short,  b^t.  —  Fr.  A  lung,  «u  short,  nearly  as  in  spur.  —  dy,  ly^  n^,  liquid. — i3n"ger.  —  g^  M,  guttural;  g ia  a  in  pieagure.  —  r  final,  Fr.  re,  —  €,  between  r  and  f. 


1351 


Labe.     Sf«  Elbe.  /<l'4j 

Liliisclmu,  (Pr.)  la'if-ihoa 
Labi*!)  n,  ur  LabUchin.  (Pr.)  W-ii'jAfii 

Labrador,  I  N..'t.)oMMs.    i  '•^'^^  f  port  l<i.«r«- 

(        ttore' 

Labride,  (Fr.)  Id-brHe' 

La  Brie,  (Fr.)  oU  /jroe.  U-br,' 

L.w*d.)gna,  (.\apl.)  /a-cAf-rfj«'j,a 

La  Orlnsa,  (Lomb.)  efcislcr.  la  eiir-IO'sa 

l-a  Charili,  (Fr.)    '  la  iJia-ri-lii' 

Lioheli,  (Swili.)  lii'Hin 

Lacise,  (Loinb.)  la-clti'si 

La  Cuucepciun,  (Chile.)  la  kuHth^-tXl-iH' 

La  C8t8  Sl  .\iidr«,  (Fr.)  la  kite  sinST^Hg-ire' 

Lactacunsa.    See  Tacunga.  liUi-ia-tooiP ed 

Udek,(Pol.)  hHg-^et 

Ladoiibur?,  (Bad.)  la'deit-Morf 

Uid.ea,  (R.)  (dX-,.  Mdi-gd 


PEOmTNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAFIIICAL  NAMES. 


la-Uriyites 
la'keiK 

la-tro'a 


fedrulles    China,)  isls. 
eken,  (IWi;.) 
La(oei,(Port.)  diukf. 
LadMirche,  (La.,  V.  S.) 
Lag<«,  (Port) 
Lago  liacora,  (Port.)  lake. 
l*!!o  Ma|!gior(s  (N.  It)      > 

Lake  of  Locama.    La-  }  Ut'n  mUt-rfre 

euj  rrrianus.  ) 

La2..i  Meriin.    Set  Mcrim.      Id-r3'd  me-rtiir> 
L.i«o„6sro,  (Sapl.)  /d'Jo-..<.'^.    '^ 

Lagm,  (Port)  Id'tpp*"  " 

La  Granja.     See  [rjefonw.      Id  VrOit'fliU 
Lasrona,  iTencriflb.)  (d-J-oj'na 

pguna  do  Madre,  (Teias.)     ;a-ir(,(,'«d  rf,  „«'./« 
Laeuiia  do  lo3  1  eriiiinos,     j    /d-»pv'«d  rfi  («j  ijr'ia/- 
,  (■"""•)  I       »3s 

Lagiiodla,  la,  (Colombia,)  )    ,^  . 

lake.  •'       W  <d-»v7-aY('yit 

I.-ihll,  (C.  Gerui.)  r.  ;aJ» 

LabohD,  (Sw.)  (d-»ol«' 

Lubaeh.    Sm  Laybach.  CI' bank 

I^ibilz.     See  Uibicza.  tl'InU 
Laislo,  L'Aiglo,  (Pr.)          )    „■ 

Jl:iuila.  \    "gt 

Laljnd.     &T!  LaaKiad.  /jj'tdmf 

La  .Mir.     See  Cobija.  Id-mar' 

[*»>^';b.(\»^u.)  lam'biiek 

Lamballo,  (Fr.)  Iiu,r-Ha' 

Laaibe«,  (Pr.)  U»r-bal' 

LamlHheim,  (Bav.)  JaiiiiJSiIi. 

Lanieg,.,  ^Purt)  «d-«ij',~ 

Lamia,  (tir)  WHrt'S" 

Lamooo,  (Ti«.A  r.  te-m'a. 

Lainpeda«,  j  (Modilerr.)    )  ,  ' 

Lampeduaa,     uL    PeUpt.  ]  ''«"-K<*I'(d«i>a 

Lamporrecchio  (T.iar.y  tam.,Sr.rek'kl-c 
Lanccrota,  or  Laazarule,     ) 

(Canahiis   iW  j  laac-rii'u,  /<la-tA{-rS'(ii 

Lanriana,  (.\apL)  .««i««uiii.  /a,-cia'«« 
Lancut,  ar  L.-uidshut  ) 

(.\iistr.)  j  IHm'ltfft 

Landau,  (Bav.)  fit.'*,. 

Land«k,  ( Pr.  Sil )  fa„, jrt,  !a»'J^t,i 

Lairiomeau   (Fr.)  /tf,jr-d^,8/    "* 

Landeroii,  (Swiii.)  idai-d^ih.^^ 

Landw,  los,  (Fr.)  rfq,.  fe /5.„rf    ^ 

Landiras,  (Fr  )  id«,-?,-ray 

Land.vy,  (tr.)  lii4-dl-vV 
Landrecies,  »r  Landrecy,    ) 

(Fr.)  j  IdHfdr^V 

Landsberg,  (Pr.)  lUM^tfrg 

Landshit    a<.  Lancut  /a,f,'»nf4 

Landskron,  (Boh.)  la«dls'krS,e' 

landskwna,  (sw.,  (d«A'tr4'«a 
Lanebourg.    &«  Lans  le     i 

Bourg,  (Sard.)  '  j  Id  nj-4(i(.r^ 

Langeac,  (Fr.)  IdMg-idk' 

Langeland,  (Deom.)  id.  Id," gi-toxd- 

Langenbrucken,  (Bad.)  ldu''/a,-l,riUi'k^ 

Langenb„rg,(\virt.)'  iZ'^iZlZi-^ 

Langensalza,  (Pr.)  lM"'tiu-o^ua 
Langenschwaitacli.     Set    1  ' 

Scbwalhach.  j  '"""^M-^ra/'Aaci 

Langi.au,(S«riiz.)  ;a-,^.« 

Langoe,  (.W.)  irf.  ,^.',.^ 

Langogue,  (Fr.)  UUir-rSni,' 

Langres  (f*r.)^Md„»a„,,^  j^J/    ""*^ 

L«ko.U,  Maria,  (S.,ria.)  ^:;^^^,«^ 

Lan.lebo,.Vg,  Llneboarg,     )  ''"-'■^'^r' 

(Sard.)  "'     !  lditg4ib<)nrg' 

La  Paz,  (BoL)  d^n.  ihImi. 


strand.  j    'dpVc-ran'dd 


Laprairie,  (Cau.) 
L'Archanibjiud,  (Fr.) 
Larett.i,  ;.Fp.) 
Lsrio,  (Ii.)  lake. 
Liiri:-sa,  ('I'urkoy.) 
i.ariiaJ;;(,  (Cypnis.) 
Ijiriuiho,  (t'ypruf*.) 


I.U  K^.da,  (.Sp.) 
I-a  RciUitire,  (Fr. 


S^^^^^^^^^^^^f^f^but-  M^te,  prt^.  Kelp,  thire,  k'^. 


I'd-prd-ri 

lar'Shdng-ba 

lil-ri^'do 

Id'rl-o 

lii-ri^Ua 

lar-Dd'kd 

lar-itd'ko 

Id  ru'dd 

:      T '  V-  ••/  Id  ri-Ci-trt' 

Lasingl.ill,  ;.Vustr.) /oU.  Id'-.iiig-fm' 

Las  Cabczas  de  San  Juan,  »    Ids  ha-bt'lhis  de  sOn  lko<h 
(bp.)  rat  j        in'  ^^ 

Las  Paliuas,  (Cannr\-,)  ial      Idspdl'mie 
I.a  Soiilerrainc,  (Fr.)  Id  sijo-lir-rane' 

Lasua,  or  Gaugalaudi,         )    ...  , 

(Tusc.)  j    ''l»'''-d 

Laiakich,  (Syria.)  mid-kVve 

Lotorcjia,  (H.)  r.  latSnJ'iu 

Latyczoiv,  (R.)  Id-ti'cltof 

Lanbacli,  (C.  Germ.)  lou'bdrii 

Laudiaiidi,  (Pr.)  huck'^iadt 

Laiidun,  (Fr.)  lO-difynir' 

Lauenlurg,  (Denra.)  d«c»».     Ion' fnMorS' 
Laufen  (Bav.)  /„„yv„ 

Laulenliurg,  (S«iU!.)  lou'fm-bom-e' 

L.iniM»„n,  (Bay.)  lou'in"eH> 

[.auis,  irr  Lugano,  (Snilz.)      lou'is 
Lauii,  (Boh.)  /„„,; 

Launceston,  (Eng.)  IoIuvsI'k 

Laup«n,  (Swilz  )  Hu'pen 

Laurent,  St.des  Uaina,(Fr.)  sdag  U-rdtig'  itbinr 
I-aurirocha,  (Peru,)  lake.         Id-of-rt-ka'did 
Laurvi?,  (Kcriv.)  low'tig 

Ljiusaiuio.  (Siviiz.)  lo-zdn' 

Lausili,  (Germ.  :  e.  Lilsa-  I    ,     ,  . 

tia,)  eld  die.     Lusatta.      j    '""'i'' 
LautMb<.«rg,  (Fr.)  IS'ter-bcor' 

LauicrhninnenUial,  )    ,    , 

(Swilz.)  r.  1    ""'ter-brgfn'nin.tUle 

I^utrm-,  (Fr.)  (5-Iret' 

Lavagna  (Sard.)  la-ran'ya 

!^"l.  (Fr.)  Ja  rW 

Lavalctia,  (Malta.)    See     j    ,„    ^  ,  .,  .. 
Valetu.  Id-vd-lit'm 

Lavaiir,  (Fr.)  Id-vSre' 

Lavaiu,  (Fr.)  (a.^,, 

Lavodan,  (Fr.)  Idve-dd„r' 

Lavollo,  (Napl.)    Labettum.     Id-rel'lo 
Laxas,  (('.  A.)  r.  la'fhde 

Laxonburg,  (Aualr.)  Idk' ein-ioart' 

Layliach,  or  Laibach,  (111. ;  )  * 

el.  Lublana  ;  it  Lubia-     5    Wbdch 
na. )     Amona.  ) 

La/zaro-dogli-.^nneni,  S.,  \    edn  Idf  sd-rB-ieVyVdr- 
(Venice,)  w/.  j       ^t„,  -  "   "^ 

Leapala.     See  Libau.  U-d-pd't-U 

Letadij,  (Gr.)  h-bd-di'a 

J*be(lian,  (R.)  Ifbe-ihdn' 

Lcberberc.    See  Jura.  li'b'er-bfre' 

Lebnja,  (Sp.)  l<4,r('Ma 

Lefce,  (Siapl.)    jUetium.  let'cJu 

r.cch,  (S.  Germ.)  r.  Ifik 

Lerhreld,  (Bav.)  piuH,  Uch'/iUt 

Lerk,  (.V.tli.)  r.  ;,;* 

Lccl.,ure,  (Fr.)  Itk-lftr' 

U-cino,  (ly.)  Ungt'skHO 

Uciya,  (Pol.)  lengl-Mi'Ud 

Ledesuia,  (Sp.)  fc-deyma 

L«let«li,  (Boh.)  /a'd^ta* 

Leer  (llan.)  (j,,^ 

LeeiJaai,  (Nelh.)  lehT'ddm 

Leouivardon,  (Nelh.)  hkf'iiv-idr.din 

Leganes,  (Sp.)  le-gU-nes' 

Lipcr,  St,  (Fr. )  sing  le'-ge' 

Leghorn,  (^('usci  it  Liver-)    ,    ,,         ,      . 

no;/r.  Livournc.)  j    ''rl^rn,  leg-korn' 

).egnaeo,  (Lonib.)  Un-yd'iro 

I.eEoano,  (Lonib.)  Irii-va'no 

Leibitz,  (11.)  Wi[^ 

Leibni!zerleld,(Auftr.)p/ait.  IW'nits-ir-fiUU. 
Leicester,  (Eng)  Ua'tir 

Leiden,  (Neth.  j  e.  Ley-      ) 
den.)    Lugdanum  Bala-  5   Wdea 
varant.  J 

Leine,  (Germ.)  r.  n'ne 

Leiiiingen,  (Pr.)  prin.  tl'nin"ghi 

I^ipnik.  or  Lipnit,  (Mor.)      ttpe'nik 
Lcipa,  (Boh.)  IVpa  ' 

Leip.sic,  )    g  j    lipe'gii 

Leipzig,  ( (.""^O  lipp.'uia 

Leiria,  (Port.)  h-i-rVd 

Loisnij,  (Sax.)  lu'nig 

Leilha,  or  Leyta  (.Anstr.)  r.    n'(d' 
I..eman,  Lac,   .'S-cGenferSee.  Idle  U-mdn^ 
Ij^mberg,  (Auslr.  Pol.  j  ».   ),.,,. 

Livon.)     /,™p„(ij.  j    i'^'l'irg 

Lemj!o.  (r.  Germ.)  /pmVo 

Lemvic,  (Denm.)  Ifm'vlg 

I^enczyc,  (Pol.)  lengl'ekiU 

Lens,     Fr.)  (cin^      ' 

Lentini,  (Sic)     Lemlium.        I'n-ti'ni 


lieoben,  (.4iigtr.) 
Irfobschuiz.  (Pr.  Sil.) 
Ijoogaiic,  (llayii.) 
Lenmiiister,  (Klig.) 
Loon,  (,Sp.)  (ltd  Utv. 

Loon,  Ntievo,  (Mox.)  dep. 
Leonard,  St.,  (Fr.) 
Leonardo,  San,  (Sp.) 
Leonberg,  (Wurt.) 
Leondari,  (Gr.) 
Leonteld,  (.\u8tr.) 
Leopoldsberg,  (Auslr.)  mt 
Leoiiold.staill,  (H. ;  A.  Le-  i 

opoldvAr.) 
Lopanto,  (Gr.) 
Lepel,  (R.) 
Lerici,  (Sard.) 
Lerida,  (Sp.)     llrrda. 
]^rin.'<,  (iMcditerr.)  isb. 
Lorma,  (Sp.) 

1.0  Rol.  See  Choisy. 
Lo.-*  Brenet.1,  (Swilz.) 
Lcschiiitz,  (Pr.  Sil.)  ,„„  „,„ 

Le.'^chkirclien.  See  f jogj'hiz.  Usk'k'ir'ckfn 
Lcsghistan,  (R.)  pr.  lis'gis-tdlin 

Lesignano  di  Bngni,  (Farm.)  le-sth-yd' no  ii  bdn'ili 
Lcsina,  (Dalm.)  Ul.     Pka-  »    ,  ,  .     „ 
rM-iniiiia.  j    '«'•"-"<* 

Loa  Sainlos,  (W.  Ind.)  isls.     It  sangl. 
Lessines,  (Belg. ;  d.  Lessen.)  les-stne' ,  lis'sen 
Les.'KW,  (Denni.)  isl,  '    '  ' 

Les  Trois  Ellions,  (Cottian  \ 

Lea  Trois  Salassos,  (Hour-  j 

bon,)  rati.  j 

Leszno.    See  Lissa. 
Lettowitz,  (Mor.) 
Lenca,  Capo  di,  (Napl.) 
I.«!icate,  (Fr.) 
Leuclitenber^,  (Bav.) 
Leuchlenstein,  vr  Vadutz,  ) 

(Germ.)  j 

Leuk,  (Switz.  ;>.  Louicho.)  loik,  tof-eske' 
Leu,  St,  Taverny,  (Pr.)  •-■■-  ''^  '-'  -~ 

Leullien,  (Pr.  Sil.) 
Leuimeritz.     See  Litonit-   ) 

rfce.)  j 

Lourschau,  (11.;  k.  Lolse.) 
Leuwen.     See  Louvain. 
Leuze,  (Belx.) 
Lcvanso,  (Jleditorr.)  isl.      ) 

Phurbanita.  \ 

i*vano,  (.Sard.) 
Lovanle,  (Sard.)  prov. 
Levantine,  Val,  (Switz. ;    ) 

It  Levanlina.)  ' 

Levanto,  (Sard.) 


li-B'bln 

IC-M'ehUta 

fr.  ItO-gdn'i  sp.  It-i-gWvi 

Irm'stcr 
It-Bni 

VQ^e'vo  li-On' 

sdng  tt-Q-ndhr' 

sdti  lei-ndr'do 

Is-Qn'berg 

IC-On-dd'rt 

li'on-feldl' 

le'b-polils-bfrg' 

lt'6-pQld-slddll 

le'6-pold-vaJtr' 

le'pdti-to 

Ic'pfl 

h'ri-cki 

Ig'r'i-dd 

le-rdng' 

ler'ma 

U  rd^a' 
Ie  br^-ve' 
lesk'nits 


l^s'tkl 

Is  trfk'l-tl'HDng' 

le  tro-d'  sd'Ids' 

lesh'jw 

let'tiS-vits 

ka'po  di  ;£-9p.fca 

/<«l-/.ii(c' 

lou'h'ti-n-berg' 

luich'thi-btiite' 


sdng  1^  td-ver-n'i' 
loi'tin 

lod'me-rits 
lok'skou 
leh'ven 
Mie 

h-vdn'so 

ls'vd-no_ 

le-vdn'ie  ;  fr.  le-v'dngt' 

vol  Ve-vaug-tine'   le-vdn- 

tViid 
le-vdn'to 


Levento,  or  Levenzo,  (Sard.)  le-vtn'Ui,  li-rind'so 


Lovroiix,  (Pr.) 
Lewenz,  (II.) 
Leyden.     See  Leiden. 
Leyto,  (Philippines,)  isl 
Leytlia.     Sec  Leitha. 
Lewat,  (R.)r. 
Lezay,  (Fr.) 

Lezuza,  (Sp.)     Libisosona. 
Liainone,  (Cors.)  r.     Cer-  j 

eidius. 
Liancourt,  (Fr.) 
Libau,  (Courlaiid  ;  Lcttth  ) 
LeapaVa.)  j 

Libawa.     See  Liebaii. 
Liberk.    See  Reidienberg. 
Libenad,  (Peru,)  dcp. 
Libetlien,  (H. ;  *.  Libcth-    ) 
Biiiya.)  1 

Libochowitz.  (Boll.) 
Liboschin,  (Boh.) 
Libourne,  (Fr.)     L,burmim. 
Libreville.    See  Cliarleville. 
Lichtenberg,  (Pr.)  prin. 
Lichtenvoorde,  (Neth.) 
Lichwin,  (R.) 
Licodia,  (Sic.) 
Licosa,  Puma  Hi,  (Napl.)     I 
cape,  \ 

Lidkaping,  (Sw.) 
Lieliau,  (Mor. ;  Libawa.) 
Liebenzell,  (Wurt.) 
Liechtenstein,  (Germ.)  prin. 
Liefkenshoek,  (Belg.) 
Lietland,  or  Livland,  Li-     ) 
vonia,  (R.)  ^00.  i 

Liige,  JBclg. ;  d.  Luyk  ;      j 
g.  Luttich.)  i 

Liegiiilz,  (Pr.  Sil.) 
Lioiiz,  (Tyrol.) 
Lierre,  or  Lier,  (Belg.) 
Lietor,  (Sp.) 


IH-vrtiof 
le'venls 
n'dal 

iF'i-tt 

ll'ld 

le.vdt' 

le-za' 

le-tkQij'tkd 

ti-d^no'n^ 

ti-dng-kQQr' 

I't'bou 

ti'bd-vd 

I'i'btrk 

ti-ber-tdU' 

ti'be-ten^  ti-bakt  bWm'yd 

ti-bi' cki-vita 

tl-bi-skin  ' 

li'hijQm' 

I'ibr-ij'jle' 

licli'ten-berg' 

luh'ti'n-vOkr'de 

lick'ij'in 

U-kO-di'd 

pr,fin'id  di  ti-Wsd 

tihd'chi^-ping 

t'i'bvu 

li'hen-tsei' 

tick'  trn-st^ne' 

W'f'kenS'ht^Qk' 

tikfldmlt 

e.  tidg  ;  tl-Sgef 

tig'nits 
I'iknts 
Vi-er'^  lire 
It-e'tor 


Ligni^res  la  Doucelle,  (Fr.)    tinyi-tre'  Id  doo-sH' 

Ligny,  (Belg.)  li„.yti 

Ligny  le  Cii3ltcl,  (Fr  )  lin-yV  la  sliU-tel' 


13fi2 


-  Pine,  marine,  bird,  fig.  -  Jnie,  dSve,  mllve,  vylf,  bffk,  lord.  -  Tune,  buV,  ynUe.  -  oi,  boyi  on.koHse.-Fr.  ft  long. 


PRONUNCIATION   OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Liimtjord,  or  l.yrntjori], 
(Deiini)  i'tht.  ' 

Lijs.     See  Lys. 

Liha,  (Aus»r.  Croat.) 

Lilienfelii,  ( Aiislr.) 

Lilla  LiiIcA  Elr.  (Sw.)  r. 

Lille,  or  Lisle,  (rr.  ,  Jlem.    , 
Ryssel  )  I 

Lillebomie,(Pr.)  Juliobona. 

Lima,  (Pom.) 

Lim.igne,  (Fr.)  ofd  div. 

Liinan,  {Black  Sea.)  bay. 

Umari,  (Chile,)  i*. ' 

Limhdiirg,  or  Liaiburg,         i 
(Neth.)  duchy.  \ 

Liiiienia,  (Cyprus.) 

Limoeiro,  fBraz.) 

Limoges,  (Fr.)    Lemovicum. 

Limoti,  {S.  Gran.)  bay. 

Limo^jn,  or  Limausiii,  lo,    i 
(Fr.)oWproc.  \ 

Limoiix,  (Fr.) 

Linajegiia.  (3\v.)  peali, 

Lmares,  (Sp.) 

Limlaii,  (Bav.) 

LinJo,  (Rhodes.)     Lindas. 

Linh.iro-J,  (Port.) 

Linkuping,  (Sw.) 

Linnich,  (Pr.) 

Liiio-sa,  (Mecliterr.)  isl.         1 
CEvasa.  \ 

Linth,  (Switz.)  r. 

Linz,  or  Limz,  ^Austr.)       i 
Lentia.  \ 

Lion,  (Mediterr.)  ^ttf. 

Lion  d'Angers,  le,  (F'r.) 

Lipari,(Mediter.)  Ld.  JEto-  \ 
lue  or  y^ulcanue  Insula.      \ 
Lipcso,  (II.) 
Lipct»k,  (R.) 
Lipnica,  (Gal.) 
Lipnik.     See  Leipnik. 
Lip<Scz,  (U.) 
Lipowiec,  {Vo\.) 
Lippa,  (II.) 
Lippo,  (Germ.)  r. 
Ltppe-Detraold,(Germ.)7'"n, 
Lippe-Schaumburp,  or         i 
tSrliaurnburg-Lippe,  > 

(Grrm.)pr(H.  J 

Lipp^tadt,  (Pr.) 
Liria,  (Sp.) 

Lisboa,  /,»,.,     „,.  .        t 
Lisbon,  if P"^»-)     O/m/^'-    j 
Li^iotix,  (Fr.)    Lexovium, 
\siAe.     See  Lille. 
Lissa,  (Pr. ;  poL  Leszno.) 
Liisa,  (Oalni.)  Ul.    Issa. 
Lii!tHOwiec,  (Gal.) 
Liszkowo,  (Pol.) 
Lithuania.     See  Litthaiien. 
Litoin^rice,  f  BoJi,  ;  ^.  ( 

Letitmeritz.)       '  j 

Liturale,  or  Illirisches  Kfls-  i 
tenland,  (Auatr.)  prov.     \ 
Litry,(  Fr.) 

Ltllhauen,  Lithuania,  i 

(Pol.)  frrand  dudttj.  \ 

Livamt,  (Fr.) 

Livenza,  (Aiistr.  IL)    Ia-    t 
i/urntia.  \ 

Livinerthal,  (Switz.)  p. 
Livland.  Sec  Lictfaiid. 
Livonia.  See  Li(>fland. 
Livorno.  Sec  Leghorn. 
Livoiime.  See  lieghorn. 
Livrado,  Sl,  (Fr.) 
LivTon,  (Fr.) 

Ljiisiie,  (Sw.)  r. 
Ljiiflnedal,  (Sw.) 
Ljutzun,  (R.  Pol.;  poL        i 
Lucyn.)  { 

Llag(j!tiera,  (Sp.) 
Llangollen,  (Wales.) 
Lianas,  (Sp.) 
Llanelly,  (Wales.) 
Llanes,  (Sp.) 
LlanoSf  (S.  A.)  plains, 
Llaugharn,  (WaleH.) 
Lterena,  (Sp.) 
Llivia,  (Sp.)    Julia  Lioia. 
Llohregat,  (Sp.)  r. 
LIumayor,  (.Majorca.) 
Lobaii,  (Aufitr.) 
Littiaii,  (Pr. ;  pol.  Liibawa.) 
Lohenstein,  (i\  Germ.) 
Lobkowic,  (Boh.) 


>    lihin'/i/Ore' 

lis 
h'kd 

li'Ct-en-fi'ldt' 
lil'lii  iQg'ls-O  elf 

'    We 

tile-bo  n' 
It'md 

Ti-mdnij' 
li-mdn' 
Vi-md  r'i' 

Idnff-bQQr'  ;  g.  lim'b<}(^g 

Ci'ini'ni-d 

li-m(!Q-&' i-TQq 

N-mQffe', 
ti-jHOn' 

IV  li-m5(mif^)-zdniT' 

ti-nd'ijeng'n'd 

I'i-nd'res 

lin'iioit. 

tin' do 

I'in-yd'rea 

lin' eh^-ping 

lin'nick 

ti-nS'sH  ~ 

lint 

lints 

ti-dn£r' 

I'd  ti-5ng'  ddng-ge 

lip'ariy  tl'pdfi 

tip'rks 

ti'pHak 

ttp-ni'Ud 

tip'ntk 

ti-pohls 

ti-pov'yets 

tip'p'd 

lip'pr 

Up'pe-dit'mqldt 

lip'pe-shoum'bg^g 

lip'sfddt 

fi'ri-d 

ti  -bd'd 

lis' bo  n 

ti-zi-dii' 

tile 

lijf'nil 

lis'sd 

tis-sGo'yrts 

tish-hO'vo 

Itthua'nia 

li-tom-yi-r  sh'i'tsQ 

litd-rd'h 
titrt' 
lit' toil' en 
ll  vdrS' 
ti-v^nd'sd 

tt-tV  aer  tale' 

tifc'ldtuit 

livo'nia 

ti-vdr'Mo 

ti-v<}qrn' 

sAHg-li-vrddc' 

li-vrUng' 

iijfls'ne,  yiis'nK 

hjits'ne-ddle'^  yUs'ne-diUe' 

hiQQl'ts<^gn 

I'j'd  tros-te'rd 

dn-^uUt'lcn 

tyd'Hd.1 

lanetlt'hj 

lyd'urs 

tyd'nOs 

Idrn 

lije-re'n'd 

hj't'v'i-'d 

TyO-brigiUf 

ly^Q-m'd-jflh^ 

iS'bou 

If^'bou 

iG'ben-stine' 

l^b'kQ-viia  j 


Ijobosiiz,  or  Xjobosycze,       i 

(■Boh.)  I 

Lobseiis,  (Pr.  Pol. ;  pol.       j 

t/obzenico.)  t 

Locana,  (N.  It.) 
Locarno,  (Switz.)  Utke.       \ 

See  Lago  Maggiore.  ] 

Loches,  (Fr.)    Lochia, 
Locle,  le,  (Switz.) 
LndSve,  (Fr.)    Luteva. 
Lodi,  (Lomb.) 
Lodi  Vecchio,  (Ivomb.)        j 

Laus  Pompcia.  \ 

Lodomirien,  (,\uslr.)  prov* 
Lodosa,  (Sp.) 
Locvesifin,  (Neth.) 
Lofoden,  (Norw.)  iala. 
L5feia,  (Sw.) 
Logodori,  (Sard.) 
Logrono,  {^p.) 
L<")gsti3r,  (Denni.) 
Loibel,  (Austr.)  mt. 

Loing,  (Fr.)  r.    Luna. 
Loir,  (Fr.)r. 
Ldir^t-Cher,  (Fr.)  d(^. 
Loire,  (Fr.)  r.    Ligcr. 
Loire,  Haute,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Loire -I  iu6ri  cure,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Loiret,  (Fr.)     Ligerula. 
LiOJ'i,  (Sp.) 
Lokeron,  (Bel?.) 
l-ioket     See  Elhogeii. 
l-<olland.    See  Lrtaland. 
Lombardia.     Set;  Lombardy. 
I<onibardy  ;  it.  Lonibardial  i 

l.rf>nil)e.s  (Fr.) 
Loninitz,  (Boh.) 
I.«insOold,  (Nor^v.)  mt. 
Lom?.a,  (Pol.) 
Lonato,  ( Lomb.) 
Loiic7.yn,  (Gai.) 
Lonrzyra,  (Pol.)  old  pr. 
Ix)ndari,  ((Jr.) 
Londcrzeel,  (Ncrh.) 
Long,  (Fr.)  r. 
Longrharap,  (Fr.)  r. 
Longlier,  (Lu.\enib.) 
Longo  Sardo,  (Sard.)  Tibula. 

Lon?nevilIe,  (Fr.) 
Ijongwy,  (Fr.) 
LonigO,  (Austr.  It.) 
Lontay  I'Abbaye,  (Fr.) 
Lons-ie  Sauliiier,  (Fr.)  Le- i 

diim  Snl/jriaia.  \ 

Loo,  (Bel-.) 
Lora  del  Rio,  (Sp.) 
Lnrca,  (Sp.) 
Lorch,  (Witrt.) 
Ijorenzo,  (E.  Af.)  r. 
Loreo,  (l.rtinib.) 
Loreto,  or  Loretto,  (C.  It.) 
Lorgues,  (Fr.) 
L'Orient,  (Fr.) 
IVirrach,  (Bad.) 
Lorraine,  (Fr. ;  g.  Loth-      i 

ringoM,)  oldpr.    Lotha-     > 

rinrria.  ) 

Loriire,  (Pol.) 
Lallan,  (Pr.  Sil.) 
Ijosoncz,  (H.) 
Los  Santcw,  (Sp.) 
La^sini,  (III. ;  g.  Luasin,)w.;. 
Lot,  (Fr.)  r.     Oltis. 
I^t-ct-Garoniie,  (Fr.)  drp. 
Lolhringen.     Sex  Ixirraine. 
Lolse.     See  Leiitscliau. 
Loiideac,  (Fr.) 
Loiidiin,(Fr.) 
Loudiinois,  (Pr.)  old  disir. 
Louei-he.    See  Letik. 
Liiugen,  (Xorw.)  r. 
Loughborough,  (Eug.) 
Loiih;in^,  (Fr.) 
Lnuis,  Sl,  (Canada,)  lake. 
Louie,  (Port.) 
Lourche»,  ( Fr.) 
Limrdos,  (Fr.)     Lapnrdujiu 
Loumai,  (Port.) 
Loiirinhao.  (Port.) 
Louvain,  (Belir.  ;  d.  Leu-    ) 

wen  ;  g.  lylwen.)  ) 

Louvecicnnes,  (Fr.) 
Loiiven,  (Norw.)  r. 
Loiiviors,  (Fr.) 
I.rf>uza,  (Port.) 
Lovas  Ber6ny,  (H.) 
Lovendegheni,  (Belg.) 


■    la'bSzita,l&'bii'iii'Ch£ 

iQb'zenBy  iGb'Zen'i'tso 

lO-kd'nd 

lO-kdr'no 

loksh 

liflOkl 
lO-deve' 

lO'di 

'    Wdi'o^k'k^o 

IS-dG-mt'r'i-en 

l5-d5'da 

li}^'  tje-silne 

l&-fo'din  ;  sw.  IqQ-f^g'din 

l^atd 

l5-g0-dt'ri 

lO-grSn'yo 

loi'bel 

iG-dng' 

TO'dre' 

lif-dT^ 

5te  l&'dre' 

lS'drc'dng-ts~r'i-ifhre' 

fa^re' 

I'j'Ckd 

lO'kp-riit 

lo'ket 

M'ldnd 

lOm-bdr-iti'd 

lom'bardy 

iQng-bes' 

lom'vitz 

iQins'jyel 

lOm'shd 

l5-nd'to 

lOnt'sh'in 

Idut-shi'ts'd 

lOn-dd'ri 

lon'der-zekl 

long 

lOng-sbdng' 

Ivmr.nli-P 

lun'isu  sdr'do 

lOng-g-v'iW 

lOng'vV 

lo-n'i'ao 

long'ia'  m-ba' 

lOng-td-sti-nt't* 

10 

I5'ra  del  ri'o 

iGr'kd 

torch 

Id-reng'zo 

lo-re'o 

l6-rl'tn,  lO-ret'to 

tOr-ge' 

lO-fi-dnv' 

l^r'rdeh 

lOr-rSne' 

l6-sVts£ 
los'lotL 
ib-.'iliOnts 
lOs  s'dn'lGs 
lOss'i'n'i 
lot,  10 

lO-e-  gd-rOn' 
lo'trin"  gin 
l^t'she 
l<}Q-dt-dk' 

l(}^~d<(itli}r'        ^ 

ltjiidiL-va'{nO'd') 

l{<j-eshe' 

lou'gin 

lufbS-rS 

lW~dng' 

srnt  l^<}'is,  sang  Iq^-'i' 

lO-le' 

togrsh 

tl}^d 

lO-ri-s'dl' 

l5-r'in-yd'gQiig 

lgg-r,dng' 

iQQve-s'i-en* 

lou'cen 

iQQ-v'i-e' 

lO'zH    ~       ^-^ 

lO'V'd^k  be-rehny 

lO'Sett'd^'gem 


Lovere,  (I^inb.) 

LOweii.     See  Luuvain. 

Lowicz,  (Pol.) 

Luwi::4a,  or  Dogetiby,  (Finl.) 

Loxa,  (S.  A.,  Ecuad.) 

Loyola,  (Sp.) 

Loysa,  (Puerto  Rico,)  r. 

Lozere,  (Fr.)  dep. 

Lozzolo,  (Bard.) 

Lu,  (Pied.) 

Luungu,  (Sp.) 

Lunrca,  (Sp.) 

Lubaczow,  (Austr.  Pol.) 

Luburiow,  (FoL) 

Lubawa.     See  L6bau. 

Liibeck,  (N.  Germ.) 

Lubicza,  (il, ;  p-.  Laibitz.) 

LuhiD  dcj  JojKhorclJt,  St.,   / 
(Fr.)  i 

Liiblana.     See  Lavbarb. 

Liibhiu,  (11. ;  h.  Liiblo) 

Ltihlin,  (Pol.) 

Luhto.     See  Lublaii. 

Lubrin,  (Sp.) 

Lucaya."   See  Abaco. 

Lucca,  (It.)  ducbp. 

Lucena,  (Sp.)    tXsana. 

Liicera,  (Napl.)     Luceria. 

Lucema,  (Sard.) 

Lucerne,  (Switz.  ;  g.  i 

WaldslStiersee,;  lake.        \ 

Lucerne,  (Switz.  j  g.  Lu-   / 
zerii.)  \ 

Lucieii-steig,  (Switz.)  pass. 

Litcignano,  (Tusc.) 

Luck,  (R.) 

Luckenwalde,  (Pr.) 

Lu^on,  (Fr.) 

Lucyn.     See  Ljutznn. 

Ludwigsbure,  (Wurt.) 

Ltldwi};^'ha^en,  (Bav.) 

Ludwigi^lust,  (N.  Geim.) 

Lugan,  (R.) 

Lugano,  (Switz.) 

Lugano,  (Switz.)  lake.  La   ) 
eus  Ccresiu-'t.  j 

Luganskoi  Sawed,  (R.) 
Lugo,  (Sp.) 

Lupo-s,  (H.) 
Luines,  (Fr.) 

Lujan,  or  Luxan,  (PI.  i 

Conf.)  r. 
Lukow,  (Pol.) 
Lulei,  (Sw.) 
Lumbrales,  (Sp.) 
Lumbezzane,  (Austr.  It.) 
Luininen,  (Helg.) 
Lund,  (Sw.) 
Lilneburg,  (Ilan.) 
Luiiel,  (Fr.) 
j  Luneville,  (Fr.) 
I  Luni,  (N.  It.)     Luna. 
!  Luitigiana,  (N.  It.)  distr. 
Lupata,  (S.  Af.)  mts. 
Luque,  (Sp.)    jS^taminor. 
Lure,  (Fr.) 

Lu^atia.    See  Lausitz. 
Lusignan,  Luzigniui,  (Fr.) 
Luaigny,  (Fr.) 
Lussac  le  Cliateaii,  (Fr.) 
Lussm.     See  Lossini. 
Lutomiersk,  ( R.  Pol.) 
Lutry,  (Switz.) 
Lut^ka,  (II.) 

Lutter-aiu-Bai'onberge,         i 
(Germ.)  J 

Lutternberg,  (Germ.) 
Ltltlicb.     See  Liege. 
Lutzelburg.   See  Luxemburg. 
Lutzou,  (Pr.) 
Luyk.    See  Li^ge. 
Lu.\un.     See  liUzan. 
Luxenilwurg,  (Belg.  and 

Neth.)  gruuU  duchy. 
Luxemburg,  (.\etii. ;  g. 

Liltzeiburg.) 
Lnxcuil,  (Fr.) 
Luzara,  (I^onib.) 
Luz  en  Uarreges,  (Fr.) 
Luzern.     See  Lucerne. 
Lu7,ignan.     See  Ltif^ignan. 
Luzon.    See  Manila. 
Lwow.     See  Lenilwrg. 
Lymfjord.     See  Liimtjord. 
Lyon,  (Fr.)    Lugdununu 

Lyonnats,  (Fr.)  oldprov. 
Lyons-la  Foret,  (Fr.) 
Lys,  (Belg. ;  d.  Lijs,)  r. 

Lyaicc,  (Gal.) 
Lyszkowo,  (Pol.) 


Ml'ven 

lO'viUh 

10  ci'zd 

Id'chU 

lO-yO'ld 

Ut'i-sa 

la-ih-e' 

lOt-^O'lo 

l\<t-dn'go 
l^g-dr'kd 
Igg-b'dl'ifhQV 
lt.ff  bdr'tQV 
t^g-lm'vd 
tit' bike 
Igg'bHsit 
I   sang  lU-bdng' di  gOngtM- 

\     n' 

Igg-bld'n'd 

Igg'blou 

Igg'btin 

UgblO 

iH-brin' 

tgg-kd'yd 

U,i.k'ka 

kg-the'nd 

iQg-^i'rd 

Igg-ch^r'iui 

lU-srm' 

litsem' 

l^Q'Ui-en-stJg' 

Igg-ch'in-yd' no 

IgghUk 

l^gk'krn-v'dl'dfi 

lii-eOng' 

Igg'Uin' 

hqd'vigs  bogrg' 

t^gd'rigs-ha'/rn 

{(.^'i'tfgs-lggst' 

Igv'gdn 

Igg-gd'no 

Igg-g'd'no 

h9  g'dits'kO-i  sit-vOd' 

tgfj'go 

Igg'gOjih 

lUine' 

Igg-chdit' 

IcQ'kqv 

Igg'le-O 

Iqam-br'd'les 

Iggm-bet-sk'ne 

i^in'men 

Iggnd 

lit'  ne-bgorff' 

Ki-nll'   ^ 

liine-vile' 

Igg'tti 

Ityg-n'i'dg'd'n'd 

iQg-p'd'td 

l<:g'ke 

litre 

lu-sa'she-a 

lii-zin-ijdng' 

lH-iini/i' 

Ids-nHk'  id  skd-tH' 

IgQs's'tiie 

Igg-tO-myer^k' 

lU-tri' 

iQVtsh'kU 

tggt'tir-dm-bd'rm-bet^gi 

Iggt'tem-berg' 

Idt'tick 

liit'sH-bQi^g' 

liihl'tsen 

loik 

Igg-ckdn.' 

liik-sdng-bg^ 

l^k'srm-hd^g 

hod-sd'rd 

till  dng  bdr-rSge* 

logt's^rii 

lH-zin-ydng' 

iQQ-thOn'  i  e.  loo-Zone' 

IvOv 

tihm'fyore 

ti-Ong' 

ii-On-nO.' 
ti-ang'ld-f6-r€' 

tills 

ti'syi-ts 
tisk-kO'vo 


fte  ;  £  short,  £u£.  —  Fr.  A  long,  ^  short,  nearly  as  in  <pvr. — dy,  Jy,  ny,  liquid.  — -tftt"^er.—^,  M,  guttural;  g- as  a  In  pfca4r«r«,  —  r  final,  Pr.  re.  —  C,  between  v  and/. 


170 


1353 


PRONUNCIATION   OF  MODERN   GEOGRAPUICAL  NAMES. 


M. 


Mxkt,  (Neth. ;  fr.  Menw,)  r.  mUU 
Maa»Ihclii,  or  MaestnrM,   ) 
(Xelh.)     TraJKUtmtd     }   mMt'lrilU 

Hscacu,(Bnx.}r. 
Macao,  (Pon.  Cliina.) 
Macapa,  iBraz.) 
Uacasca,  (D:tlm.) 
Maccala,  (Louib.) 


Maceiada,  /  /r<  it  \ 

Macenita,  \  '*-  "•' 

Macharavnya.  (Sp.) 

Machicliaco,  (s^pO  pr«M. 

Macinesso,  (It) 

MaccKba,  (Miir.) 

Mlcoo,  (Fr.)    Matau. 

MacooDuis,  .  Fr.)  M  dutr. 

Macun,  (Fhilipi>ine!>.) 

Maczieiowice,  Pol.) 

Had,  (H.) 

Hadatas,  (II.) 

Maddalena,  la,  (Sard.)  taL 

Maddaloni,  (.Vapl.) 

Madeira,  (.Ml.  Oc.)  iri. 

Madeira, or Cayari, (Braz.) r.  vHiflra 

Madonna  del  Monle,  (It.)        mH-dOm'Hii  dil  mSn't^ 

Madro  de  Dios,  (Patag.) 


mil-kd'o 

iHa-kd-p^ 

ma-kOs'ka 

mak-kdfid 

mi-ckt-rH'ila 

ma-ehf-U'ld 

nfa-fha-rid'vt-il'fa 

mU-ckt-Rlta'ka 

wa-cAi-ajs'je 

mii-tixr' 

imi-kOm-mA' 

vulk-ldn' 

miikd 

mn'tta  rdfk 
U  iit)kl.iiili'iili 
mdJ-dd-lO'ni 

ma-de'ra 


KiMS'i-rtt; 


mrdiiptL 
Mailrid,  (Sp  )    JfaaWa        j 

Carpetftnoritm,  S 

Madridejo^f,  (Sp.) 
Madrigal,  (:<p.) 
Maelar,  rSw.)  Uikr. 
Mapstrirhi.    St*  MaaauicliL 
Maestro,  (.\uitr.  It) 
Mafia,  (Pun.) 
Magadiiio,  (Swilz.) 

Mafidoio,  (E.  AC)  j 

M.piha^j  Mr  Mafellan, 

jtrait. 
Maplalnia,  (N.  Gnn.)  it- 

Magdebair,  (Fr.) 
MMdespninf:,  (Genu.) 


nt&'dri  ds  di-Ot* 

m'd-drtd?  ;  e.  madrid' 

md-^ri-dc'lk»i 
viddri-gde 
md'ldr 
ladki'trillU 
md-tj'tr* 
md'fra 
ma-gd  dt**» 
md-fd-d&'sk^  i 
dox'o 


B.WUgd~ 


mdfti-litnpf 
mat-dd-Vmli  I  e.  mugi*- 

mdfdtMvrl' ;  •.  maf'- 

uAmrg 
mSkf'dtsprf^mg' 
md-ge' 

md-fiitlVl»''<  ».wia-UPUtn 
mS'fiT-dk 
mdt'ga 


Map,  (Braz.) 

MaitelUn.    Sm  Ma^lbXes. 

Maieroe,  ( Norw.)  uL 

Mageia,  (Sirirz.)  r. 

Maiindanno.    Ste  Mindanao.  ma-Alit-M^illf* 

MaKliann,  (Ptml-  Si.)  aid'-yil'aa 

Magra,  (.V.  lu)  r.    Maen.       md'fril 

Masrar  Onzig.  »r  llangaiy.  iiaW  ydr  ekr-tdgi 

MaiyatOvir.     See  Alien-   ' 

^>ur(^ 
Mahun,  (Minorca.) 
Mihren.     .*^  Moravia. 
Mahn>tibi>rj;,  (III.) 
MiJirisches  Gebirge,  erGe- 

wnke,  (Mor.) 
Maichaii,    Krain,)  cdsUe. 


mdd-fdr  t-rakr 

nd'da'  ;  e.  ma-kont^ 
mik'ren 
mdk'rcn-birg^ 
lui'rl-skrt  /{  t.ir'f  {,  ^- 

zfii"ki 
mVehott 


.Maida,  (Napl.)  nd  iVii 

Maienthal.    Sa  Valma^gia.     mffnldJiT 
Hailand.    Sa  Milano.  mVldJidt 

Main,  .Mayn,  Maine,  i 

(Germ.)'  r.    .^Vaaaa.  ) 

Maina,  (Gr.) 
Maino,  lr,{TT.)  tld  f. 
Maine-ct-Lnira,  (Fr.)  dtp. 
Mainlenon,  (Fr.) 
Mainz.     Ste  .Mayenre. 
Maiwilhal.    Sii  Mimecn. 
Maizeni,  St.,  iFr.) 
Majorca,  (Mediterr. ;  up,      i 

Mallor.a.)  M.  t 

Makariew,  (R.) 
Maklar,  (II.) 
Makd,  (H.) 


ii>I«e  ;  e.  m&mt 
mPl-nd 
la  rndnt  ^ 
m&'it-f-ti-dr^ 

mfala ;  e.  laealt 
ni'i^-tiUe' 
aimg  md»~»Sng' 
mm-jor'ta 

md-kd'rt-ff 
mOJtldr 
wd-Uk' 
mii'kof 


Makonr,  (Pol.) 

Makoiviec,  (Pol.) 

Maladelta,  (Pyr.)  wu 

Mrtlaga,  (.Sp.)    MaUtca, 

Malaguette,  (fluin.) 

Malamocro,  (.\usir.  Ii.) 

.Malao,  (.\raki.i.) 

Malaspina,  (.Mediterr.)  uL 

MiLnunay,  (Fr.) 

Matborgelb,   Carinthia.) 

Malditnadn,  (?.  A.  Urag'tay.)  m'di-db-na'do 

Male^ierbe^,  (Fr.)  meit-irrbe' 

Halebera,  or  .Marghera,       )    _.,,      ,  „ 

(near  Venice.)  j    ^•^g'-'^H 

Maline^     Set  MecbUn, 

Mechelo. 


md-kii'eiirts 

wa'lU-dit'Ui 

mH'id-ffii .  e.  maV^ffa 

mu-td-^it' 

md'la-mCk'ka 

md-td'o 

m<i~iii*-f>i' u'd 

ma'fwr  gitr* 


m^-tiM* 


Mallen,  (8[i.) 
Malleschnu,  (Boh.) 
Mallorrn,  (Balearic  Xsls.) 

See  Majorca.  j 

MMma^n,  (Fr.) 
Malmidy,  (Pr.) 
Malm3,  (Sw.) 
Malo.  81 ,  (Fr.) 
Maloga,  (R.) 
Maloi  Archang«lsk,  (B.) 

Maloi  Jarodav*z»  (R.) 
MaloiiineSfOrFhikland  Ul- ) 

ands.  ) 

MalpUqiiet,  (Fr.) 
Mftis,  (Tvrol.) 

Malta,  (Mediterr.)  id.  Melita. 
MhivHFiaf  (Gr  )  ftrom* 
.MHlvina-s  or  Falkland  Isl-  } 

and^.  i 

Maiiianiniatw,  (Braz.)  r. 
Maiiiers,  (Fr.) 
Mammoia,  (XnpL) 
Mamorc»  (S.  A.)  r. 
Manabi,  (Ecuad.)  pr. 
ManaRtia,  {C.  A.  Nicflragua.) 
Manchn^  la,  (S[».)  old  pm. 
.Manrhii  Real,  (Pp.) 
SliiAche,  {Ft.)  dep. 
MaiuiHt,  (Norw.) 
M.-intle,  yr.,  (Fr.) 
Maiidn,  (Bniz.) 
.Manfredoiii.n,  (Napl.)  ffvtf.  ) 

Sinus  CVifl.-'.  1 

.MaitE^rlm,  (Br.)  Inke. 
Maitpiron,  (Madap.)  Maren. 
.Vanhriui.     See  Maiintieini. 
Mi»mca,(E.  AC) 
.Manila,  or  51anilla«  (Lu 

xtin,  Philippines.)  u2. 
Maniionwoc,  (U.  8.) 
MaiyartM,  (^PO 
.Maiined(.rr,  (SwiTz.) 
Mannermlorr,  or  .Matters-      ) 

dorf,(H,;  A.  Kethely.)       S 
Mniincriidorf,  vr  Menhnrs-  ( 

dorf,  (H. ;  A.  Menyhard.)  > 
Mannharbtbcrg,  (AubU.)      i 

mt.  ranxe.  \ 

Mannheim,  or  Manbeim,      / 

(Bad.)  i 

Manosqiie,  (Fr.) 
Manrasa,  (?p.) 
Mansilla  del  Paramo,  (Sp.) 
.Mani*,  Ic,  (Fr.)     Cfnomamia. 
Mansiira,  (Ek.) 
Manlefl-sur-Saine,  (Fr.) 

Manttqiieira,  (Br.)  mU, 
Manlova,  «■/,»,  v  \ 

Mnnina,         \  ^^^^  j 

Manzanares,  (Bp.) 
Man7.anillo,  (Mex.) 
Mnnzenilla,  (llayii,)  frcy. 
>lnpimi,  (Diirango,)  m. 
Mapiri,  (Bol.) 
MaptK^hu,  (Peru,)  distr. 
Maraca,  (Br.)  ul. 
Maracay,  (S.  A.  Vcnez.) 
Maracaybo,  (S.  A.  Venoi.) 
Alara^^gipef  (Br.) 
.M.trais,  (Fr.)  diu.  of  Vmdie, 
Marajrt,  (Br.)  id. 
Mnramcrik,  fPeni.) 
Maranhan,  Maranham,        \ 

(Braz.)  dq3.  S 

Marano,  (Napl.) 
Maranhon,  (Port.) 
Marannn,  (5.  A.)  r.     Set      ) 

.Amazon.  \ 

Mario,  (Port.)  mU,  ^ 

Maratea,  (Napl.) 
Mairavaca,  (S.  A.  Colom-     j 

bian  Guiana,)  m.  i 

Marawi,  (S.  A(.)  lake. 
Marbach,  (Wilrt.) 
Marbella,  (Sp.)     Saldttba. 
.Marburg,  rGerm.)    JMatti-   I 

um  or  Mattiacum.  \ 

Marc,  St.,  (flayli.) 
Marcaria,  (Lomb.) 
Marcellin,  St.,  (Fr.) 
March,  (.Vor.)r. 
Marrhe,  la,  fFr.)  oldjtrov. 
.Marche-en  Famine,  (Belg.) 
Marchena,  (Sp.) 
Marchfeld,  (AustT.) 
Marrhienncs,  (Fr.) 
Marciana,  (Elba.) 
Marciana,  (Br.) 
Marcieny,  (Fr.) 
Marrouf,  St.,  (Fr.)  isU 
Mirczal,  (H.) 


Miil-ytn' 
ntiil'li-shou' 

mm-yOr'kH 

mdl-mH-zSng* 

mdt-ms-di' 

mtU'mffd 

s^Hf  md-M' 

md-lO'gd 

md'la^i  dr-dkUn-ffehk' 

ma'lO-i  yd-rds-ld'viU 

mia-ptd-kt' 

mail 

mal'id ;  e.  mal'ta 

mdl-vd~g'i'd 

mdl-v'i'Hds 

md-  mUn-if^f-d-pi' 

md-mrre' 
tHdtn'wO-la 
md-mO-r^' 
wtd-nd'bi 

mH-nd'  trvif^ 
Id  mUn'cMd 
mitn'ckdrt-ld' 

mdn'tldfe 
Mn/  Mdn^-di' 

jndH-frs-dS'ni-d 

mdnff'gCL'  i-rd 
mdM-iTQ^rSn' 
mdn'klme 
md-nVkU 
I    m'd-nVld,  mii-nWya 

nan-e-ton-wok' 
mdR'chd'--rts' 
vtdn'nf-^Srp 
\    mdn'Herg-dgrf 
wat'tirg-dorf 

mdn' nirg-dqrf 
mdn'kdrU-birgi 

mdn'hlma 

md -nOsk' 

mdH-ri'sd 

wdH-ail'ifil  dil  pa'rd-mo 

/<*  mdn<r 

m'dn-siji)' r'd 

mante-nur-a&ne 

mda-ff'k&^i-r'a 

mUt't^-rd 

mdn't^f-ii 

mdtt-tkk-n'd'ria 

mdn-Oid-n'il'ifo 

mdn-tJie-ntVtfii 

m'd-p'i-mV 

m'd-p'i-ri' 

md-po'cho 

md-rd-kd' 

md-rd-k^t 

m'd-rd'kd't-ba 

md-rd-ffO'gi'pt 

md-rfi' 

fnd-rd'^o' 

na-rd-mt-r^k' 

mii-rdn-yd'i}gng 

mH-rd'no 
wd-rdu-yGn' 

md-rdn-yHu' 
md-rd'gi^g 

md-rd-te'd 

md-^d-rd'k'd 

md-rd'ci 
m'dr'bdch 

mdr-biVyd 
mdr'b<}QTg 

sdrtff  wdrk 

mdr-kd-ft'd 

sdng  mdr-tiel  Idng' 

mdrch 

Id  mUrj'h. 

m  drsh-dng-f'd-m'iiu' 

m'dr-cke'nd 

mdrck'feldl 

■mdr-sk't-en' 

mdr-chU'tid 

m.dr~s'id'nd 

mdr-s'iH'y'i' 

sditff  rrt'dr-k^of' 

•m'dltr-tsdl 


a,>  c 

a, >  sea,        < 


Mar  di  Marmara, 
Mar  di  Maniiura, 
,  Propontif 

Mare  Adriaiico.    See  Adri- 
atic f^ea.  \ 
Marercliia,  (C.  It.)  r 
Maremma,  t;t,  (\V.  Ind.) 
Marongo,  (Pied.) 
MureniieuJ,  (Fr.) 
Mareqtiette,  (Belg.) 
Marctiiiio,  (Sic.)  int. 
Mare,  or  Mar  Vermejo,        ) 

(Calif.)  gulf.  \ 

Margarim,  la,  (Venoz.)  isL 
Margaiix,  (Fr.) 
Margerido,  (Fr.)  ch-iin  ofrnts. 
Marghern.     See  Malghero. 
Mnrgonin,  (Pr.  Pol.) 
Margiierile,  Sie.,  (Cana.)  r. 
Mariabninn  uu  VValde,        ) 

(Aiistr.)  i 

Mariager,  (Denm.) 
Manage  rfjord,  (Denm.) 
Mariaklrch.     See  Marie       ) 

aiix  Minus,  j 

Maria  Mnggiore,  (Napl.) 
Maria.^,  las  Trcs,  (Xalisco,  I 

i  L  mf.  \ 

Maria-^chein,  (Boh.) 
Maria  Tlieresienwtadt,  (H.) 
Mariazell.  or  Zeil  Styria. 
Mnricri,  (Rr.) 

Marie,  Ste..  (Guadeloupe,) 
Marie -aux-Minea,  Ste.,         t 

(Fr. ;  f.  Mariakircli.)       ( 
Mariebo,  (Denm.) 
Mario  Galaiite,  (W.  Ind.)    { 

isL  \ 

Marienbad,  (Bob.) 
Marienbiirg,  (Pr.) 
Marienlysl,  ^Denm.)  casUe. 
Marienwerdcr,  (Pr.) 
Mariestad,  (Sw.) 
Matigliano,  (Napl.) 
Marignano,  (Lomb.) 
Marlgot.     Sre  Bonrg. 
Klarim,  (Br.)  r. 
Marin,  1q,  (Martin.)  vole 
Marlneo,  (Sic.) 
Maringiie^  (Pr.) 
Marinlia-Grjiiide,  (Port.) 
.Marinn,  fC.  It.)     BoviUm. 
Mariqiiita,  (Colomb.)  prov. 
Marittnna,  'Pont.  It.) 
Marilzn,  (Turk.)  r.     Hchrus. 
Mariupol,  (R. ) 
Marivella,  (Luzon,)  mt. 
Mark  Diiren.     See  Dfiron. 
Marly,  (Fr.) 
Marinande,  (Fr.) 
Mannirolo,  (Austr.  It.) 
Mamolejo,  (Sp.) 
Mannoutier,  (Fr.  j  g.  Mau-  j 

ermfinster.)  J 

Marne,  (Fr.)  r.     Matroncu 
Marne,  H.iute,  (Fr.)  rfep. 
Maromi,  (S.  A.)  r. 
Maruni,  ^uiana,)  r. 
Maro.",  (Trans.)  r. 
Maros  Szek,  (Trans.) 
Marostica,  (Au;-:tr.  It.) 
Maros  t'-Jvir  (Trans.) 
Maros  Visirnoly.  See  Neu-  ) 

markt.  ) 

Marqiiea,  (S.  Af.)  r. 
Marq'icsaH  de  Mendoza,       ) 

(Austral.)  ifls.  \ 

Mar  Rocbo,  [Roxo,]  (Calif.)  \ 

8-ulf  \ 

Marsac,  (Fr.) 
Marsaglia,  (Austr.  It.) 
Marsaf,  (Fr.) 

.Marsala,  (Sic)    Lilybaum. 
Mars-Diep,  (Neih.)  strait. 

Marseillan,  (Fr.)  j 

Marseille,  (Fr.)    Matisilia. 
Marrtico  Nunvo,  (Napl.) 
.Marsico  Veterc,  (Nipl.)        ) 
JihrlliHitm  Marsiemn,         \ 
Mar^trand,  (Sw.) 
Martel,  (Fr.) 
Marlenwlijk,  (Neth) 
Marten  See.     See  Morat. 
Martigne  Ferrhaud,  (Fr.) 
Martiany,  la  Ville,  (Switz. ;  j 
g.  Marliiiach.)    Martini-  > 
acum.  I 

jMartigues,  les,  (Fr.) 
•Martin,  St.,  (W.  Ind.)  Ul 
Martinach.     See  Martigny. 
.Martinestie,  (Wall.) 


mdr'm'd-rU 
wdr'mO-rd 

md'rt  d-drt-d'ti-ko 

nd~rek'ki-a 

Id  mdrfm'oid 

md-rsh'go 

wd-rfw' 

wdr-kel' 

md-Ti'ti-mo 

md're  F^r-me'eko 

la  mdr-ird-ri'td 
mar  gH' 
marge-r'itf^ 
margi'rd 
iH,ar-gO'iiin 
sdn^t  mdr-grtte' 

md-r'i'd-brgf^  im  vdVde 

md-r'i-d'g^r 
md-r'i-a'  giT'fijOrt 

md-rVti-kirdh' 
md-fi'd  mdt-gO'ri 
Ids  tres  nid-rVds 
mdr'i'  d-sMne' 
md-r'i'd  tf-r^' i'i-en-sUid% 
vidr'i'd-tsH' 
ma-ri-kd' 
sdngt  md-rV 

adngt  mfi~ri'fi-m'in6 

md' r'i-bo 

md-r'i'gd-tdngt' 

md-r'i' ni-bddt' 

md-r'i'  rn-b<j<)r^' 

vtd-r'i'  en-l^st' 

md  r'i'  en-oer' dir 

md  ri's^-stdd' 

wd-r'il-yd'uo 

md-r'in-ya'  no 

m'd-ft'-gO' 

md-r'ing' 

id  md-rdng' 

vtd-r'i-ni'o 

md-rdtiff-g' 

m  d-r'in'yd-grdng'  di 

md^r'i'no 

md-r'i -k't*td 

md-r'it' t'i-md 

md-rit'sd 

md-r'i~Qf!^SV 

wd-ri-veVyd 

mdrk  dU'ren 

mdr-l'i' 

mi^-mdngd' 

mdr-mi'  ro-lo 

mdr-md't^'cho 

mdr-m^Q-Vi-Q' 

mdrne 
Ste  mdrne 
mii-rS'm'i 
m'd-rH'n'i 
md-rOsk 
md-rOsli  sehk 
md-  rOs'ti-kd 

md-r5sh  (»p->-riiAr 

tnd-rOsh  vd-shdiir-h^if 

mdr-kea' 

mdr-ke'sds  de  msn-dO'lhii 

mUr-TB'cho 

mdr-sdk' 

mUr-sdl'  i/d 

mdr-s'al' 

mdr-.ia'ld 

mdra-d'ipe 

mdr'Sei-i/dng',  mdj--scl- 

ydns' 
mdr-sili/ ;  e.  mar-saiti' 

mdr'gi-kS  ngo-6'to 

mdr's'i-kd  vQ't^  re 

mdr'strdnd 
vidr-tiV 
mdr'tms  iltke' 
mdr'ten  ig 
mdr-t'tn-yi'  f^r-shfi' 

mdr-t'in-y'i'  Id  vile 

le  mdr-tihg' 
sans  mdr  tdng' 
mdr'ti-ndrk 
mdr-t'i  n^st'ye 


Fate^fdr^fffU,  icA^,  bat. —  Mete,  prey,  help  jthire,k^.  — Pine,  marine,  b'ird,  fig. -■~MZte,dSee,mif  ve^Wi^fbQ^k^  lord.— TiiM  boy;  ou,  house.— Fx.  &  long, 


4364 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Mitrtiiiique,  la,  (VV.  Ind. ;  j 
sp.  Martinica.)  isL  \ 

Martins>berg,  II. ;  A,  Szent  i 
Martonyinar.)  \ 

Martinswand,  (Tyrol.) 

Martorel,  (Sp.) 

Martoa-y-Fuensanta,  (?p.) 

M»rvao,  (Port.) 
Alorvcjols,  (Fr.) 
Alar  Vennejo.    See  Mare     ) 
Verniejo.  J 

Mar>'»uipot,  :Pol.) 
Mnrzamcni,  (Sic.)  isl. 
MasafiierOf  (Chile,)  isi. 
Masatk,  (R.) 
Masalqiiivir,  (Aleeria.) 
Alas  a  Ticrra.     See  Juan      • 
Fernandez.  J 

Mascali,  (Sic.) 

Mascara,  (Algeria.)  Victoria. 
Masniuri^tcr.  See  .Massevau. 
Masovia,  >  (Pul.)  former  \ 
Alascovien,  (  palatinate,  \ 
Massa  Ducaie,  or  Alassa  di  ) 
Carrara,  (It.)  J 

Alassaya,  (Gnat.) 
AlassGvaiix,  (Fr. ;  g.  Maa-  \ 
milnster.)  \ 

.Matacan,  (S.  A.)  r. 
Malachel,  (Sp.)  r. 
.Matagorda,  (Texas.) 
Matainoras,  or  Alatamoros,  ) 
(Tainaulipas,)  m.  \ 

M:itan/.ai>,  (Cuba.) 
Matapan,  (Greece,)  prom. 
Mataro,  (Sp.)     Huro. 
Alateo,  San,  fS.  A.,  Venez.) 
Maters,  (\apl.) 
Alato  G  rosso.    See  Matto. 
Alatoschkin,  strait. 
Aiaiscliin,  (Bul^.) 
Maiterhorn.     Ste  Cervin. 
Maitersdorf,  (H. ;  h.  Nagy  \ 
Martony.)  \ 

Mattersdorf.    See  Manners-  i 
dorf.  i 

Matto,  or  Alalo  Grosso,        J 
(Bra/..)  prov,  \ 

Matura,  (Ceylon.) 
AIaturin,/ori!i«r/y  Orinoco,  I 
(Venez.,  S.  A.)  dep.  j 

MaubeuEC,  (Fr.) 
Mauenui^nster.     See  Mar-  ) 
moiiiier.  ( 

Maiile,  (Chile,)  n 
Maul^on,  (Fr.) 

Maupertuis,  (Fr.) 
Maur,  St.,  (Fr.) 
Matiro,  Ste..  (Pr.) 
Maiiriac,  (Fr.) 
Maurice,  SL, (Canada.) 
Maurienne,  (Sard.) 
Maumn,  (Fr.) 
Mauteni,  (Austr.) 
Mau(liau:^en,  (Austr.) 
Maxen,  (Sax.) 
Mayaguez,  (Porto  Rico.) 
Mayence,  (Germ. ;  jj-.  / 

Aifainz.)    Moffuntiacum.    \ 
Mayenrie,  (Fr.)  drp. 
Mayn.    See  Main. 
Maypo,  (Clitle,)  r. 
Maypocho,  (Cliile,)  r. 
Mayrena  do  Alcor,  (Sp.) 
Mazalquivir.     Sfe  .Mcrs  el-  / 

Kebin.  \ 

Mazalterianen,  (C.  A.,  Glial.) 
Mazamet,  (Fr.) 
Mazatlan,  (Sinaloa,)  m. 


Id  mdr-ti-n'ikc' ^mdr-ti' 
Hi' fid ;  e.  mar-ti-Heek' 

mdr'tiHs-brrg' 

mdr't'ins-viiHdt' 
7nar-t5-rel'  ^_, 
vidr'tOs-i-fg^in-siin'td 


Mazzara,  (Sic.)    JLissara. 
Mazjuira,  Val  di,  (Sic)  aid  ( 

div.  \ 

Mearttn,  (Rraz.)  r, 
Moaux,  (Fr.)     /aitaunii  af-  } 

terwards  MfUIi,  \ 

Mecca,  (Arabin.) 
Mecheln.     See  .M;^litif^. 
Mechlin,  (Belg. ;  fr.  -Ma-     i 

line^.)  J 

Mcchnacan,  or  MichctacaD,  ) 

(M.  Conf.)  »tatp.  \ 

Merkleiibitrg-Srltuerin,       \ 

((iprui.)  grand  ducky.         \ 
Mecklenhu  rf{-Strelitz,  t 

(Gf^riii.)  grand  ducky.       \ 
Medcltin,  (Sp.i 
Medrmblik,  (NVlh.) 
Medewi,  (Sw.) 

Medic!*.    See  Meg>-e)t. 
Medina,  (.^rab  ;  ar.  Wedi-  / 
nct-en-.\ehi.)  ( 


mdr-vd'ff^ng 

mar've-ght' 

mdr-cij-'mi'eho 
md-ri-dm-pQl' 

mard-sa-mt'n't 
fttd-sd-fQt}~§Jro 
md-.sdik' 
md-sdl-ki-vir' 
vids  d  ti-ir'rd 

miti'kd'ti 

mds-kd'r'd 

mds-m^n'ster 

md-sO'vi-d 

mdd-k5'vi-in 

mds'.td  dQ^-kd'U,  di  kdr^ 

rd'rd 
vids-sd'yd 

mdS'VO' 

md-td-kdn' 
vidtd  ckel' 
md-td  gCr'Jd 

md-td-mO'rds{rda) 

md-tdn'thda 
md-td-p'dn' 
ma-td-rO' 
sdn  md-te'o 
md'te'rd 
ma'to  grUs'so 
md' tosh-kill 
mdt'shia 
vidl'ter  horn' 
rndt'ters-dgrf' 

m'dt'ttrs-dorf'      . 

mUVto  grOa'so 
md-t^Q'rd 
ma-(p(>-rY«' 
wO-b^ge' 
mou'rr-mUn  'ster 

mo-l£-Sng' 

rnO-per'tu-'i' 

sdng  mGhr 

sdngt  muhr 

mO-ri-ak' 

sdng  mO'fis' 

vio-ri-en' 

mS-rSftg' 

vtoii't''ra 

tnout'fiou'zen 

nidk'aen 

wd-yd-gsz^fftth) 

md-yda-js' 

md-yin' 

wine. 

■md'i-po 

md-i-pO'cho 

md-'ire'nd  de  dl-kOlir' 

vtd-thdl-ki-v'ir' 

md-thdl-tt-ndn'  go 
wd-zd-m^' 
md-thal-lnn' 
mat  aa'rd 

vdl  di  mdt-sd'rd 

mird-r'ing' 

mH 

wek-'kd 
miek'iin 

me?hCt/ie' 

michO-d'kdn' 

mik'Un  If^Qr^'  shve-r'iii' 

mik'l^n-bQtjrg'  str^'lits 

me-dil-lin' 

m^'dem-blik' 

me'de-tt 

mid-'i-sfi 

mi-df'n'd 


Medina  Celi,  (Sp.) 


Medina  del  Cam()o,  (Sp.) 


mt-di'nd  the'U 

,,_,„,  mt-dt'nd  d^l  kdm'po 

Medina  do  Pumar,  iSp.)  mt-di'nd  de  pO-mar' 

Aledina  del  Ria  Secco,  (Sp.)    me-di'na  dtt  rVO  s^k'ko 
Medinet-en-Nehi.    See  Ale- 
dina. 
Medina-Sidonia,  (Sp.) 
Meditermneaa,  sea.    Mare  ) 
Internum. 


m^-d'i-ntt-en-ne-hV 
mt'di'nd-s'i-  dQ'n'i-d 
mediterra' nean 


Medola,  (It.)  ms'dsld 

Aledun,  (R.)  me-ditn' 

Medynsk,  (R.)  vif^-dinsk' 

Aleenen.    ice  Menin.  mi'nen 

Aleesen.     See  Alessined.  nti'zen 

Megico.     See  Mexico.  tne'thi  ko 
Megy-es,  or  Aledies,  (Trans.)  mld^yeek 

Alehadia,  (H.)  nie-ha-di-d 
Mehun,  (Fr.) 


Meiaponte,  f  Braz.) 
Aleiland.    Sec  Alilano. 

Meillerie,  (Sard.) 

Meinau,  (Boden  See,)  ul. 

Alciningen,  (G.  Germ.) 

Alei.senheini,  (W.  Germ.) 

Meissen,  (Sax.) 

-Mejico,     Sre  Alpxiro. 

Melo,  (S.  A.,  L'ruguay.) 

Melclithal,  (Switz.j  v. 

Aleldal,  (Norw.) 

Meleda,  (Dahn.)  inl.  Jllelila. 

Aleldola,  (It.) 

Melfi,  (Napl.)    jfnjidus. 

Melga^n,  (Port.) 

Melila,   >  .,,  , 

Melina,i(*^'«"^*='> 

Melipilla,  (Chile.) 

AleHtopoI,  (R.) 

Melk,  or  M51k,  (Auslr.) 

Alellavi,  (Eg.) 

Alelle,  (Fr.) 

Mellrichstadt,  (Bav.) 

M61njk,  (Boh.) 

Mcloir  des  Oudcs,  St.,  (Fr.) 
Mcloria,(TyrrheuciuiSea,)  ) 

isl.  \ 

Meliin,  (Fr.)     Melodanma, 
Memlirilla,  (Sp.) 
Memel,  (Pr.) 
Meminingen,  (Bav.) 
.Mcnas  Albas.  (Sp.) 
Mcndavia,  (Sp,) 
Mende,  'Fr.) 
Alcndocino,  (Up.  Calit.)       ) 

cape.  \ 

Alendoza,  (PI.  Conf.)  drp. 
AIenhnr!«durf.     See  Alan-     ) 

ncrsdnrf.  ] 

M6iiehouM,  Ste.,  (Fr.) 
Alenes,  (H.) 
Alcnfricr,  (Sic.) 
Mengibar,  (Sp.) 
Alenorca.     See  Alinorca. 
Alenin,  (Betg.  ;  Jlem.  M«e-  > 

nen.)  ) 

MentlKtn,  'Sard.) 
Alcntone,  (It.) 
Ment^.    Ste  Mahiz. 
Men>  hard.    See  Alamtcrt.-   ) 

dorf.  i 

Meppel,  (NetlO 
Meqntnen/a,  (Sj).)    Octo-    t 

gc-isa.  \ 

Aloran,  (Tyrol.) 
{  -Merbes  le  Cliiteaii,  (Belg.) 
Alercadal,  (Minorrn.) 
Alercato  di  Sabotii,  (N'apl.) 
Alercato-Sarareno,  (II.) 
Aler  do  GIflce. 
Alcr^vilie,  (Fr.) 
Merghem.     See  .Merville. 
Mcrgcnthoim,  (Wfiri.) 
Alerida,  (Sp.)     Kmcrtta         ) 

JJugiiHta.  \ 

Merida  de  Yucatan,  (Me.\.) 
.Mcrlda  de  Triiiidj;d,  i 

(Colamb.)  j 

.Merini,  or  La^'oa  Alerini,      \ 

(Br.)  lake.  \ 

.Mcrmcniuu,  (La.,  U.  g.)  r. 
Alerscburg,  (iv.) 
Alers-el-Kcbin,  (Alyoria  ;     ) 

sp.  Mazalquivir.)  ( 

.Merlola,  (Port.) 


Merville,  or  Merghem,  (Fr.)    mtr-vtle' 


vis-^ng' 

vtd'i'd-pOii't^ 

mVldndt 

m £->'-»/« -r(',  mil~yi-fi' 

vil' noil 

viVnia"gin 

inVien-hJme' 

mis' sen 

vie'cki-ko 

me' to 

mHch'tdle 

mel'ddle 

ms'te-dd 

mel'do-ld 

mH'ft 

met-gd'so 
i    me-n'td 
/    in^-liVyd 

meCi-pH'yd 

7ne-t{-t6-pBl' 

melk 

m^l-ld'v'i 

mrl 

viel'rirk-stUdt' 

viyH'n'ihk 

sdng  m^-lo'dre'  d^-z-^Qde' 

me-lO'r'i-d 

m'd'l^ng';  e.  melun' 

mem-brtl'  yd 

mS'mH 

wem'mitt"g^n. 

mt'Hds  dl'hda 

msn-dd-vi'd 

m'dn^'d 

mni-dO~tk'i' n6 
vifn-dO'tha :  e.  mendo'za 
mht'hdrs-dorf 

mcfi-ne^-h 
mtn-fr'i'ch't 
WKn-ch'i'hur 
m£~nOr'kd 

m'^-ndng^ 

ntang-tOng' 
vi£n-tO'ni 
VI  hits 

vizny-kdrd 

mip'pH 
mc-k'i-ncn'thU 

mi'rdn 

vi^rb  I'd  nhd-tu' 

vier-kd'dal' 

mtr-ka'ta  di  sH-bS't'd 

vier-kd' io-sd-rd-cfit' 110 

mere  de  "Idfis 

we-r^'itW 

vier'gem 

mir'  g^itl-hlme' 

int'fi-dd 

me'r'i-dd  de  jp^  kd-tdn' 

mt'r'i-dd  rffi  trUni'ddd' 

mt-r'inij' 

mer-m'd'ig-f^' 
mer'z£-b^i}r§' 

vifm-il'ke-b'in 

mfir'iO-ld 


Alery-siir-Seinc,  (Fr.) 
Mescala,  fMcx.)  iJ. 
Mcsen,  (R.) 

AIe>;eritsrb,  Grosz,  (Mor.) 
Meserilz,  (Pr.  Pul.) 
Messejfma,  (Port.) 
Messina,  (Sic.)    Messana. 


vii'-ri'sur-sdM 
me-''kd'ld 

m^'zht 

gross  me'z£~ritsk 

me'ii-rfti 

mta-ss~gd'iid 

vits-8'i'nd 


MeBnina,  Faro  di,  (Sic.) 

strait. 
Messines,  (Belg. : /em. 

Meesen.) 
.Mesire,  (Austr.  IL) 
Met-t)'howsk,  (R.) 
Mcta,  (N.  Gran.,  S.  \.)  r. 
Melapa,  (C.  A.,  Guat.) 
Melauro,  (C  li.)    Mttaurus 
Mcrelino,  iM^a^an  Sea,)  isl. 
Metlernich,  (Pr.) 
Melz,  (Fr.)     Divodurum. 
Meudon,  (Fr.) 
Mculebeke,  (Belg.) 
Meurs,  or  Mfirn,  (Pr.) 
Meurthe,  (Fr.)  r. 
Meurthe,  (Fr.)d«p. 
Meuadorf,  (Sax.) 
Meuse,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Meu«j,(Fr.,eic.j(/.Maa«,)  ; 

r.    JiJosa.  \ 

Meuftnea,  (Fr.) 
Alexico,  Mejico,  Megico. 
Mexiitlan,  or  Tenochmtan,  ) 

(Mex.)  j 

Meymar,  (Fr.) 
Meyringen,  (Swilz.) 
M6ze,  (Fr.) 
Mezieres,  (Fr.) 
Mezin,  (Fr.) 
Mez-I  Ber6ny,  (II.) 
Jlcz.')  IJegyec,  (H.) 
MezA  K(5ve.-<l.  (H.) 
Mez6Tijr,  (II.) 
Miask,  (R.) 
Miava,  (fl.j 
Michael,  St.,  (Stjria.) 
Mtchailow,  (R.) 
Michailowsk,  (R.) 
jMichigan,  (U.S.) 
Michiliniackinac,  (V.  S.) 
Alicnoacan.    See  Aleclioacan. 
Micuipampa,  (Peru.) 
Aliddelhiirg,  /Neth.) 
Middclfart,'(Denin.) 
.Midi,  Pic  du,  (Pvren.) 
Alidi,  Dent  du,  (Alps.) 
Miechow,  (Pol.) 
Miedniki,  or  Wornie. 

Miedzychod,  or  Rimbauin. 

Mifdzyrzycz,  (Pol.) 

Aliclnik,(R.) 

Mieres,  San  Juan  de,  fSp.) 

iMie^,  < r  Silber  Bergstadl,    i 

(Boh.)  j 

Mijares,  (Sp.^  r. 
Mikloj^,  Szcnt,  (H.) 
•Mikulow.     See  Nikotsburg. 
Milanese,  (It.)  old  die. 
Alilano,  (li.  ;  p.  Milsn  :  ff. 

Maihotd  or  Mcilaiid.) 

Jifediotannui. 
Alilaz/.o,  (Sic.)    Mdtp. 
.Mildcn.     See  AIoMdon. 
Millian,  or  Alilhnud,  (Fr.)    i 

JEmiliiiuuyn.  \ 

Mille^inio,  (Sard.) 
.Milopotamo,  (Caudia.) 
Aliloslaw,  (Pr  Pol.) 
Milwankie,  (U.  S.) 
.Minas-Geraes,  (Braz)  pror. 
.Mincio,  (It.)  r.     Minenis. 
Mindanao,  ur  .Magindana^,  i 

(Philipp.)  i^!.  \ 

Minden,  (Pr.) 
Alindoro,  (Philipp  )  isL 
Mineo,  (Sic.)     Menu-. 
Mtnesui.i,  or  Alitmesota,       ) 

(•'•  s.)  ( 

Alinho,  or  Entro  Dnuroy-    ) 

Alinhu,  (Purl.)  prof.  \ 

Mijiho,  (Port.  ;  *p.  Alino,)    / 

r.     Minius.  i^ 

Aliniato,  San,  (Tusc.) 
Miniatello,  San,  (Tukc.) 
MiHo.     See  Minlio. 
Alinorca,  or  Alenorca,  ) 

(.Medilerr.)  isl.  j 

Minsk,  (R.) 
.Miiuicciano,  (It.) 
Aliniisinsk,  (R.) 
Mira,  (S.  A.,  Ecuad.)  r. 
Mirabel,  (Fr.) 
AliniljcMa,  (It.) 
Alir.'iuda  del  CasIaSar,  (S|i.) 
Miranda  do  Douro,  (^Porl.) 
Alirand:!  do  Corvo,  (Port.) 
Miranda  del  Rbro,  (Sp.) 
Miraiido,  (Fr.) 
Mirandelia,  (Port.) 
Mirandola,  la,  (It.) 


/d'rfl  di  m^-eVna 

m^s-^'ine' 

mcs'trg 

mEft'uh^ak' 

me'td 

wi-td'pd 

.  me-td-f^'ro 
m^-t(tt'no 
■mrt'tir-nUh 
mills 

Tmfii-dSng' 
viA'le-be-ki 
vi^rs 
vu'brte 
m^rte 

mAa'darf,  mai^dqrf 
m^ie 

m^ze 

mez'i-ko 

mcih'tii-ldH' 

vtA-miik' 
mVrin"ffin 

viize 

vii-i'i'ire' 

m^-zdng'    _._., 

ni£-:(®  be-r^hny 

mzzdii  hed-yzhak 

inz-z^  k^-v^akd 

vie-z^-tfjQr' 

mi-aatk' 

M'id'cd 

zdnkt  m'i'ehd-el 

vii'Chd'i-lqf 

mi-fhd'i-tnf^k 

mish'i-gan 

makin-au 

mi-chO'd'kdH' 

mi  ki^f^'ipam-pd 

vnd' dil-b6ir^ 

m]d' di'l-fdhrt' 

p'lk  dH  mi-di' 

ddntr  du  m'i'di' 

ir.ye'fkgf 

myed-Ht'k'i 

myetl~3'i-ikCd 

mifd  vgd-sir'ekUsh 

myel'nik 

sdn  cb^Q-dn'  dt  mi-i'ra 

mi  he 

mi-chd'ria 
sent  mi-ktOksk 


vr'i-krg'lqf 
mi-la-n^at 


mi-ld'no  ;  e.  miVan 

vi'ildttt'60 
mil' dill 

mil-yO\  mi-'i-yi' 

m'tt-le'si-mo 
mi-lo-pu'td-uto 
vi'i-lCa'Idv 
nid-trau'ke  ,^ 
^ni'nds  gi-rd'sa 
mind'cko 

wtn-dd-iid' 0 

VI  in' den 
vittt'dO'ro 

vi'i-vt.'o 

jiiineso'ta 
m'in'vi^^ 

m'itt'ii^g 

sdn  m'tn'i-d'to 
f^'dn  7n'i-H'i-U-ttl'to 
vi'in  'yo 

m'i-nor'kd 

m'infk 

mi-v^\t-ch'u'iio 

m'i-nqfi'Sinak' 

mi'rd 

w'i-rd-beV 

rni-ra-btt'ld 

mi-rdn  dd  (/{/  k'ds-tdn-ydr' 

m'i-rdng'dd  c/f?  dS'r^^ 

vti-rdng'tld  d^if  AOr'i'fff 

m'i-rdn'dd  d^l  i'bro 

vii-rangd' 

m'i'rang'dd'Vd 

id  m'i-rUn'dO-ld 


vtie;  fi  short,  bUt.  —  Fr.  ^  long,  ^  short,  nearly  aa  in  spur.  —  rfy,  ly^  ny^  liquid.  —  ^n"ger.  —  ^,  «A,  guttural ;  £-  as  «  in  plea-ture. —  r  final,  Fr.  re—  C,  between  v  and  /. 


13fi5 


PKONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Minbalus,  (Fr.J  «U  in. 

MiiBbeau,  (Pr.) 

Uincoun,  (»"r.) 

Mirepotx,  (Fr.) 

Hirgunxl,  (K.) 

Mi^antla,  ( Vera  Cniz,)  m. 

Mischirusch,  ^R.) 

Mis»ne,  (It )  prom.  Mtsenitm. 

Misitra.    See  .Mit^tnu 

MUkolc/.,  (H.) 

Misocco,  lowilz. ;  ff.  Mai-  i 
mxlhal ;  il.  Val  .Melsol-  \ 
sina^)  valley.  > 

Mbquas,  (Culomb.)  frov. 
Miarionee,  (S.  A.)  coitMry 
MiMMippi,  (U.  8.)  r. 
Miasolonghi,  or  Miseiuliin-   i 

ghi,  (Or.) 
Missouri,  (U.  8  ) 
Mistra,  or 

Mitau,  or . 

Milla,  (Oaxaca,)  m. 
Milrowicz,  (H.  ;  A.  Demo-  ( 
troTifze.)  { 

Mineliburg.     Sw  Pisino. 
Mimreida,  (Saj.) 
MimilzertlJhle,  (Slyr.)  car. 


mtrebiHa' 
mirt-by 

wlHrefS^a' 

tnlr'fO  rill 

mH-saHI'lii 

mtiihyrit  k 

uii'Se'nf 

mi'^^-tra 

mt:ill'ksUi 

mi-iBi'ko 


.  (U,  9  ) 

r  Mi^^itrft,  (Gr.)  prop. 

r  MitUu,(CourIandO 


Almecapan,  (Oasaca.) 

Mjfleen,  (Xorw.)  ^t^ 
Mjfie  Vand,  (Sotw.)  Uke. 
Mlawa,  (Pol.) 
Woa,  Sierra  de,  (Cuba,) 

Moanaliia,  (Sandw.  I»l.) 
Mobile.  (U.  8.) 
Macambiqiie.   See  Moxam- 

bique. 
Mo^auibo,  (E   Af.)  r. 
Mickem,  (Pr.) 
Alodane,  (Sard  ) 
Modena,  (It.)    Mmiinm, 
Modica,  (Sic. ;  »ar*eeiL 

Mohac)    Mwtfta. 
Modigltana,  (Tuec) 
Modlin,  (PoL) 
MSdItng,  (Austr.) 
ModrycE,  (Gal.) 
Alodiipio,  f  \a)il.] 
Miidutn,  (Xorw.) 
M'5en,  (Denni.)  isl, 
Moerbeek.  (Relg.) 
Moerdvk,  (S'ellu) 
Moergestcl,  (.N'eih.) 
Moesknton.     Ser  .Mouscroo. 
Uoerzeke,  (Betg.) 
Nogidor,  (Momct-o.) 
Mogadouro,  (Port.) 
Moigio,  (Austr.  It.) 


Min'kfs 
tnis' si;f-ytp' pe 

mfs'trii 

mVtOM,  mit'ttu 
mit'td 

wi'trd'Cits 

mit'trii  b^^g*  • 

mik^'mit  tjier  kA'li 
m'ick-fe-kii-piiH' 


mfAsva* 

wUd'vd 

si  {r'rii  dt  md'ii 

mo  bile' 
mO-sUn^  bt'ki 

md  «ttAr'»c« 

mAk'krrm 

Md-rftf'N^ 

md'dika 


Mofielnica,  (P»I.) 
Mopier,  (S|>.) 
Hobac.     Se«  .Modici. 
MobiOB,  0r  AtohAts.  (H.) 
MolMlntce.     Sm  Mfigl.tz. 
Ut^tlew,  (R.) 
Mohrungen,  (Prl 
Aloika,  ana  of  r.  Sewn. 
Mmnes,  tie  aiu,  (Fr.) 
Moinns,  (Ft) 

MoiBMc,  (Fr) 
HqiacaT,  (Sp.)    Meor^ts, 
Jic9«,  Moxos,  (Bui.)  pr. 
Mokartam,  (E«.)  mU. 
Makscbansk,  (R.) 
Uokuola,  (Sandw.  Ms.) 
Mela  di  GaeU,  (NapL) 


Moldau^  (Bob  )  r. 
Moldawa,  (Aiistr.  Ptil.)  r. 
Mole  de  St.  Nicola.^, 

{tUyii,)  pn/m. 
Molemn,  (i^ivilz.)  mt. 
Molfetta,  (Napl.)    Me^ta. 
Molina,  (SpJ 
Uoltae,  or  Sannio,  <XapL) 

prop      Sammtum. 
Mulise,  (NapL)    MeU, 
MA!k.     See  Melk. 
Mollwitz,  (Pr  Sil  ) 
Molokai,  (Sandw  Ms.) 
Mulokini,  (Sandw.  Is|s.) 
Woliicaa,  (S|»jce  Nk,  E. 

Irid- ,  Jr.  .Moliiqiies.) 
Momhafa,  Mombaza,  fZan" 
Mombacho,  (Guat.)  vnle     " 
AlotiipoT,('N.  Gran.)  pr. 
Monachonawa,  (R_) 
Monaco,  (Sard.  ;  /r  m„„,_ 

giies,)  prin.     PortKs  Mo 

nod. 


mi-dd-^ii'nii 

Wt9<tttH 

mAJ'ltm^ 
wS'Uritsk 

m6'ttif^ 
■uCtM 

mififr^pf.t't.'t 

HH^'krOne 

mS'gd-fUi'r^^ 
mOt'ffo 

md~^il-H'U'»d 

wA-Adik 
mS-kakuk 

mli'kel-mi'ti£ 

vtO-kt-hf 

m6'r9^H"gfn 

nSnt-kd 

Ve  S  mS'4tu' 

md^sHk* 

ma-fkakitr^ 
mS'dkSg 
mO^dt'tUm 
m5k-,tkiitigk' 

f    md'ld  di  gd-i'm 
moVdou 
niB/  ild'rd 

j    mSfe  dtf  »dng  ntk9-JU' 
rmole-sHng- 
mCt'fel'iii 
mO-tt'nd 

mAlk 
mCVeits 

viO  IS-ki'at 
j    iBeWfffl'4d» .  fr.  md-liike' 
\        e.  moluc'eas 
■  )  mdag^-ba'sd 

nom-bW  cho 

vtSm-pds' 

wtO-nd-ekO'ncl-vii 


^S'pdko 


Monaque,  (Guat.)  lake. 
Moiiasiir^  (Tunis.) 
Monbrillant,  (Han.)  eotitte. 
Monbuy,  (Sp.) 
MoncHgheri,  (Pied.) 
Alon^ao,  tPort.)  * 
Moii^aras,  (Port.) 
Moiuaya,  (Sp.)  mts. 
.Moncean.\,  (Fr.) 
.M«'»nili,  (Switz.)m. 
Monchiqiie,  Sena  de,  i 

(Port.)  i«f.  chain.  \ 

-Monda,  (Sp.)    Jfanda. 
Mond.iy,  (Parag.)  r. 
.Monde^io,  (Port.)  r. 
Muiidejar,  (Sp.) 
.Moiulidier.     Sre  Aloiitdi-      ) 

dier.  J 

.Mundim,  (Port.) 
.MondoStnio,  (Sj>.) 
.Mondovi,  (Pie<).) 
Mondragon,  (Sp.) 
.Moneins,  (Ft.) 
Monetnba^ia,  (Gr.) 
Monestier,  (Fr.) 

Monesiier  de  Brianoon,       ) 
(Fr)  i 

Motil'alcone,  (III.) 

.Moiiferntlo.     See  Moiirierrat 

Monfia,  (E.  Af.)  isl. 

.Monnanqiiin,  or  MontHun  i 
quin,  (Fr)  j 

Mniifort.     *V  .Montfnri. 

Mongatz.     Srr  .Muukacs. 

Monjiii,  (S[i.)  ra  llr. 

Mouniknidam,  (.\e(b.) 

■Monoinolnpo.  fAf.) 

Monon:ml)Ha,  {(J.  8.)  r. 

Monopoli,  (Napl.) 

i^lonovar,  (Sp. ) 

Moiircale,  (Sic.) 

Mona,  (Belg. ;  Jle«.  Bcr  J 
ceo.)  \ 

Montanto,  (Port) 
.Muiiselice,  (Aiistr.  It.) 
.Munsermt,  or  Mont^'rmt,    / 
(Sp.)m.  j 

Monlngnac,  (Fr.) 
Montagnana,  (An.-rtr.  It.) 
Montagne  de  Police,  (Alau-  ) 
ritia.  Af.)  m.uL  \ 

.Moiiiaiei],(Beli!.) 
.Moiitatban,  (Sp.) 
Montalcino,  (Tunc.) 
Moiitalcgre,  (Br.) 
Montalvao,  (Port.) 
.Moniafia  Real,  (S.  A.)  wits. 
.Monianar.1,  (I..niiib.) 
MontaSoIa,  (Sp) 
Moiitarpg,  (Fr.) 
.MonUuban,  (Fr.)     Mons      I 
^Ibnnus.  \ 

Montbarrt,  (Fr.) 
.Montbazon,  (Fr.)    Mora     \ 

.Mnnlbeliard,  or  MonThel-  \ 
Hard,  (Fr. ;  g.  Miim[wl-  } 
pard.)  > 

Mont  Blanc,  (Savoy,)  w. 

Montbrand,  (Pr.) 

Montbn><on,  (Fr.) 

.Moni  Chn'xA.  See  Monte  J 
Cenisio.  ( 

Mont  Cer\m,  (g.  Matter- 
horn.) 

Mont  Daunhin,  (Fr.) 

Mont  de-.MarsaM,  (Fr.) 

Monididier,  or  Momlidicr, 
(Fr.) 

Mont  d'Or,  (Fr.) 

Mont  il'Or  les  BainR,  (Fr) 

Monldnubleati,  (Fr) 

Mont  du  Midi.  (Sard.)  m. 

Montengiido,  fSp.) 

Mnntealeere,  (Sp.) 


mO-na'k^ 
mO-Hds-rtre' 
ViOng  bril  yiln^' 

mOnb^Q't 

mCn-kal-yi'r'i 

mGngsa'^gng 
vioitg  sd'rOs 

miing-^6' 
m^ndk 

if'rd  de  mOng  ski'ki 

mOn'd'd 

mGH'dii'i 
mQttff-dii'gfQ 

mCn-de'eUdr 

mdng  di'iTi-i' 

mOns-ding' 

mOH-dSH-y^'do 

wSn-d5-vi' 

mdn-dra-gOn' 

tnO-ndng' 

■tnO-n^ia  bd  si'd 

mO-HiS'tt-e' 

mO-Hgati-t'  lie  br'i-'dng- 

m6n-/dt  bG'iti 
inon-fer-ra'to 
tnlitt-fi'd 

mOR^-Jldng  kdi'g' 

til^iirrfSre' 

niOn'ifdta 

viSn-d/i^  V 

miin-ni-khi  ddm' 

md~n6-mO-tu'po 

iRonon's^ahe'la 

mO-itO'pO-ti 

m6iiO-vdhr' 

n9n-rcu'le 

mSngs 

mdng-sdn'lQif 
mOa-ai-ti'eke 

tnCn-i^r-rilt' 
fnSng-fdii'ydJi.' 
mSn-liin  ya'nH 
laun  g-tdny'  d'€  p^^ 

mSag-t&'gii' 
mUn-tiUbdn' 
mdn-m^Vno 

JHOll-td-l£'sTS 

m'yig-tdird'i}rn  y 
mSn-td/t'ijd  re'-dl' 
mSn-td-nd'rd 
vtdn-tdn-jG'td 
viQag-td'-gt' 

mUng-tO-b'dng' 

m^ngbUhr^ 

mO  ng-b'd-zHn  f 

mfing  be-ti^aJtr' 

mSttg  htdng 

vidnff-briiiij^' 
^n5ng-br'i-i5ntr' 

j    mong  se-n'i' 

I    mSng  ser-vdng' 

m6ntr  f/S-faiia-' 
vtOng-dtf-Tndr-adjtg' 
I    mung-di-di-i' 

mdn^'ddre 

mOng  ddre  U  bang 

mOngdQQ-blO' 

mdng  dii  mi'-di' 

mun'te-d-s<f<^'flo 

mSu'te-d'lt'gre 


Fife,  fdr.  fgU,  what,  bat.  _  MiU,  prey,  kelp,  mre,  her.  _ 


Monte  Argeniaro,  (It.)  prom.  mUn'te  dr^dgth-tU'ro 
Montebello   (Pied  )  -  '"  '   "■ 

-Monte  Caldicre.  '  lit.)  m. 
Monte-Casino,  (Xapl.) 
M(tnte-Catini.  (Tu?c.) 
Monteccino  Maggiure, 

(Austr  l(  ) 
-Monte  Ccntsjo,  (Alps ;  fr. 

Mont  C^nis,)  tb. 
Monte  Cerlwli  (Tusc.) 
Montech,  (Fr) 

Monte  Chiaro,  (Lomb.)  „.  „  ,„ 

Monte  CJirisli,(S  AEcnad.)  mUn'tekfuUi 
Monte  CirccIIo,  (It)  prom.       mdn'ts  chir  chel'lo 
Monte  Citorio,  (Rome,)  mt.     mdn'ie  c/ij  tS'ri~o 
Monte  Cuecio,  (Sic.)  mt.  won'ie  kcot'cfio 


mOn'te-bel'lo 
mOn'te  kdt-di  s'r^ 
mdn'te-kd-gf'jio 
mdii'te  kdti'nf 

I    mOn-tek'ki  0  m'dtgO'rS 
•    mdn'te  dt^-tii'si-o 

w6tt'te  eher'bd-ti 
.mdnrr  teb' 
mdn'te  k'i  d'ro 


Monieciirfulo.  (N.  It.) 
Monte  delU  Chimera, 

(Turk  )  inu, 
MonlP  (lella  Sibills,  (Alps', 

lt)»(. 
Monie  della  Vergme, 

(NapIO  mt. 
Monlelariinn,  (Napl.) 
MoniefiiUcone.  (It.) 
Monte-Fno,  (Sp.) 
Monte  Gibello.    See.  Etna. 


mOit'ti-ki}Q'kQfi-to 
mdn'ic  dtl'ld  ki  ne'rU 
mOn'le  d^l'ld  sibil'ld 

mOu'tz  dtl'ld  verd'gi-ns 
mOn  feffJr'k't-o 
niOn'ts/t'Ol  bH'iis 
mOn'isfrt'o 
tnftii'/f  dgi-hrVta 


Monte  di  San  Gitilhtno,  (Sir.)  mbu'ie  di  aiiii  dgQ^tid'no 
Moiilpglio,  .Montiglio,  (Sard,)  wOutH'yo 
Monrpjft,  (Sp.)  -     "'  • 

Monte  Legnono,  (Alps,)  wt. 
Monteleone,  (Napl.)     Hip-  , 

pomum.  I 

Moiit6lnuart,  (Fr.)    Mons  , 

.^dtmiirt,  I 

Mtmlellano,  (Sp.) 
Montelovez,  (Mex.) 
Monte  Mappiore,  (Sic.) 
Monteniigliano,  (Sard.  ^       , 

Jr.  Moniinehan.)  i 

.Monletnor  o  N<tvo,  (Port.) 
.Montemoro  Velho,  (Port.) 
Moi:lon(-tte,  (Sard.) 
Monto  Pincio,  (Rome,)  m, 
■Monte  Piilciano,  (Tusc.) 
Montcreau,  (Fr.) 

Monterey,  ( New  Leon,)  m. 
Monte  Rosa,  (Pennine         ( 
Alps,)  m.  j 

Monte  Rotondo,  (Cors.)  m. 
Monlet^a,  (Sp.) 

Monte  Sam'  Angelo,  (Napl.)  rnGn'tg  sdn-idnd' gt-lo 
-Monte  Santo,  (II.)  vi6n'te  sdn'tn 

Monte-farcliio,  (Napl.)  vtun'te-sdr'hTlt 

Monto  Silvio.     Sie  Cervin.       mOn'te  .ttf'vi  p 
Monto  Tewtaccio,  (Rome,)  m.  nidn'te  tes-tut'cho 
Montevarchi,  (Tnsc.)  tuOn'te-vdr'ki 

Monte  Video,  or  Banda        i    „-  ,.'    .^  .  , 

Oriental.  (L  PI.)  (    ^^^'it^t-di'o 

.Monte  Video,  (S.  A.,  Unig.)  mSn'.'i  v't  de'o ;  e.  v'i'd^o 

mUn'le  v'i'so 

mGnti'thd 


wQii-te'iho 
m&n'tt  len  yU'rt^ 

tn6n'tfi-l£  O'ns 

mGng-te  iividr' 
mCn  tfl  yd'no 
wdn-ie-lo'pet/i(r£3) 
mCti'te  mdtgo'r^ 

mdn'tem'tt  yd'no 

niGng  le  tnOr'  6  jiB'v^q 
infills  te-ju 6 r'  0  vil'y^f 
viGn'te-nSt'te 
mOn'tepml'.sho 
ni6n'  te-pQ{.l~chd'  no 
mdngtrS' 

mOii'ti-r^'i 

mSn't^  rfl'*a 

niOn'ff  rd-tOn^Jo 
v'6n-te'sd 


.Monte  Viao,  (Alps,)  m, 
Monteza,  (Sp.) 
Montferrat,  or  Monforrato, 

(1(.)  old  marquisatr. 
MontHanquin.    See  Mon- 

danquin. 
.\loiitf(M.rt,  (Nctli.) 
.Montforl,  or  Moiifort,  (Fr) 
Montfort  PAmaurv,  (Fr) 
Mont  Gen^vre.  (Fr)  vil. 
Moiithey,  fSwitz.) 
Montiel,  (Sp.) 
Montiglio.     See  Monteglio. 
Moniignar  le  Conito,  (Fr.) 
M(.ntijo,  el,  (Sp.) 
Montilla,  (S|).) 
Montivilliers,  (Fr.) 
Montjoie,  (Pr) 
Montlherie,  (Fr) 
Montlihre,  or  i  .j,^  ^ 
.Montlotiis,        \(^'-^ 
Montliiron,  (Fr) 
Monlmartre,  (Fr) 
Montniedy,  (Fr) 
Monlm^Iiao.     See  Monte- 

niigliaiio. 
iMontinirail,  (Fr.) 
Montmorency,  or  Enghien,  , 

(Fr) 

Monlinorillon,  (Fr)  j 

Montoire,  (Fr.) 

jMontolien,  (Fr) 
Montona,  (III  ) 
Monton.  (Sp.) 
Montpcllier,  (Fr) 
Montpensier,  (Fr  ) 
Mont  Pordu,  (Pyr.)  mt 
(Fr) 


imOng-fe-rdt* 
mSRg-fdng-kdng' 

movt.-f5rte 

viong-ffire 

mOng-fOre'  Id  md-ri' 
'    inOng  ge-nevr 

riiSiiff-td' 

m5ii-t'i-el' 

viGn-tit'yo 

mdna-fin-ydk'  lH  kSngt 

el  mOn-t'i'e/io 

iiidn-t'tl'yd 

m6nff-ti-vil~ye'(vVi-y£') 

mSng-gS-'d' 

mdng-le-r'i' 
i  mOng-l'tbr' 
I    mdng-lQ^'jf 

in5ng'lh,~s5ng' 

mdng-mdrtrf 

m5ng-m£'dt' 

t    m&ng-me-l'i-'dng' 

mOng-m'i-rdly' 
]    mQng-mG-rdng-sV 

7>ilintr-mO-ril-yOng'(m6' 
r'i  i  y5ng') 

mSng-to-dre' 

mBng-fG-Vuhi' 

mdn-tO'ttd 

mon-tS'ro 

m5ng-pet  U-^' 

mOng-pdng-bi-e' 

mdng-per  dit'  / 

mQng  pe-zd' 

monstrt'dl'  i  e.  motU-re- 
auV 

m5ng-trt*fUij'  surmere 

moiig-tr^t' 

mOng-ri-shdIir' 

mdng-str  rd' 


Mont()ezat 

Montreal,  (Can  ) 

Montreuil  siir  Mer,  (Fr) 
MontreiiA,  (Switz.) 
Monlrirhard,  (Fr) 
Montferrat.     See  Alonser- 

rat. 

-Mont  St.  Jean,  (Belg  )         '    mOng  sang  gang 
Mont  SI.  Michel,  (Fr)  m5iig  sang  inr-shel* 

Mont.s  Faiicilles,  (Fr)  mt.       niGngfdh  silp 
Mont  Tendre,  one  of  l/ie       f       ^ 

jEira  Mts.,  (Swiiz.)  \    ^^^^g-td»gdr 

Mont  Terrible,  (Fr)  old  dpp.  vion»r-ter  rtbl' 
.Mont  Tonnerre,  (Fr)  (*/(/    f 

ffq,  \    in57ig  tdnnSye' 


Mont  Ventonx,  fPr)  mt. 
Mont  Vigneniale,  (Fr) 


inOng  vtiMg-fQtf' 
mOitg  v'tny  male.' 


1356 


nne^marine,  bird,  fig.  -  m,te.  dSve,wilrc,  «,gy,  tgpt,  lord.  -Tftne,  butt,  ,mUe.  -  oi,  ic,,:  ..«,*«,«. -Fr.  ft  long, 


PRONUNCIATION   OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Moritviile,  (Fr.) 

Muiiza,  (Atistr.  Il)  Modatia. 

Monzatnbano,  (Austr.  It.) 

Monzon,  (Sp.) 

Moitk,  (Neth.) 

Moor,  (EI.) 

Moonlrecht,  (Neth.) 

Moorsele,  (Belg.) 

Moos,  (Norw.) 

Mora,  (Sp.) 

Mora,  (Sw.) 

Moral  de  Calatrava,  (Bp.) 

Morano,  (Napl.)    Maranum. 

Moral,  (Switz.;  g.  Marten  ( 

See.)  lake.  \ 

Moratalla,  (3p.) 
Morawa,  (Servia,)  r.  Mar-  ) 

g^s.  \ 

Moravia,  (Germ. ;  g,  Mfih-  \ 

reii.)  j 

Morbegno,  (Aftstr.  It.) 
Morbihan.  le,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Morclos,  Dent  do,  (Alp.       \ 

Switz.)  j 

Morea,  (Gr.)  penins.    Peh-  i 

ponnesus.  \ 

Moreira  de  Rev,  (Port) 
Morella,  (Sp.) 
Moret,  (Fr.) 
Moretta,  (Pied.) 

Moreuil,  (Fr.) 
Morez,  (Fr.) 
Morfontaine,  (Fr.) 
Morgarten,  (Switz.)  m. 
Morges,  (Switz. ;  g.  Morsen.) 
Moritz,  St.,  (Switz.) 
Morlacca,  (AusL  Croatia;    ) 

g.  Vellebith,)  dixtr.  \ 

Morlai,  (Fr.) 

Moron  de  la  Fronlera,  (Sp.) 
Morope,  (Pern.) 
Morru  do  Garatlao,  (Br)      \ 

mt.  \ 

Morro  de  Papagayo,  (Br)  mt. 
Mors,  (Deiiiu.)  isL 
MSrs.     See  Metir?-. 
Morschansk,  (R.) 
Morsen.     See  Morges. 

Mortagne,  (Fr.) 

Mortain,  (Fr.) 

Mortarn,  (Sard.) 

Mortefoiitaine,  (Fr.) 

Morvan,  (Fr.)  old  div. 

Mosciiai:^k.  (R.) 

Miiscow,  (R. ;  r.  Moskwa,  ) 

Kutschk'wn.)  \ 

Mo*idok,  (R.) 
Moselle,  la,  (Fr. ;  g.  Mo-     ) 

scl,}  r.     Mosfia.  ) 

Mosken&s<'e,  (Norw.)  isl 
Moskije,  (Norw.)  vtL 
Moekwa.     See  Moscow. 
Moe6cx.y  (II.) 

Mosony.    See  ^Vieselbllrg. 
Mo9orin,  (II.) 
Mrws,  (Norw.) 
MViftikirch,  (Bad.) 
M«>8t.i|e^,  (Sp.) 
Musiil,  ('I'urk.)  prtn). 
Moszyn,  (Pr.  Pol.) 
Motagiia,  (C  A.)  r. 
Motala,  (3\v.) 
Mnthe,  la,  Pension,  (Fr.) 
Moll ers-Tra vers,  (Switz.) 
Motilla,  la,  del  Palancar,      ) 

(Sp.)  i 

Motir,  (.Moluccas,)  ul. 
Molola,  or  i  -v.„i  \  i 

Mo.u>la,      \  i^^P'-^  ! 

Motril,  (Sp.) 
Moudun,  (Switz. ;  g.  Mil-    ) 

den.)    Jfinniilonuta-         \ 
Moule,  la,(Fr.) 
Moiilins,  (Fr.) 
Monlinti  en  Gilbert,  (Fr.) 
Monra,  (Port.) 

Monrao,  (Port.^ 
Monrgtieii.     See  Monaco. 
Moiiwron,  or  Moeskruon,    ) 

(Belg.)  i 

Moitstier*,  (Fr.) 
Mouiier,(Switz.;  jf.MiInster.) 
Mniitiers  en  Tarantai^e,       / 

(Sard.)  \ 

Moxos.     Sefi  Mojos. 
Mnyerivir,  (Fr.) 
Moyobamba,  (Pcni.) 
Mozambique.    See  Mo^nm-  ) 

biipie.  \ 

Mticlieno,  (Boh.) 
Mstislawl,  (R.) 


ladng-v'ile' 
mOnd'sd 

mOnd-adm-b'd'no 

mOn-ihon' 

vtuke 

mOkr 

mSre-drecht 

mOre'ie4i 

Viofui 

mO'rii 

md-rcU'  de  kd'id-trd'v'd 
md-rd'no 

m5-rd' 

md-rd-fdl'yit 

mS-rd'vd 

mora'via 

vtdr-ben'yo 
li  mOr-bi-dttg' 

ddng  dS  mOrkl 

mO-ri'd 

mO-r&'i-rd  rfg  rg'K 
Tuo-rel'ifd 
mO-re' 
mS-ret'td 

inH-rSith/ 

md-re' 

mdr-fdn^-tdne' 

mQre'{mor)gdr^in 

murge 

zdnktmO'rits 

mOr-ldk'kd 

m5r-!&' 

mS-rdn'  de  Id  fr&n-te'r'd 

vt5 -to' pe 

mur'rQ(}  rf(»{p  gd-rdf- 

fd'i^QVg 

mOr'rQ^  d£  pd-pd-gd'yQQ 

mors 

VI  ^rs 

mOr-shdiisk' 

msir'iea 

mOr-t'dny' 
mOr-tdnn' 
vivr-td'rd 
mOrte-fO  ng-tHne' 

mdr-Tdtig^ 
mG-shd^sk 

mos'ko 

■mds-dW 

Id  m5-t{i',  mO'zH 

mos'ke-nHse-ifiL' 

mosk'^' 
niOsk-Fd' 
mo-skOhtg 

in5-3h6r.y 

mO-zd-i'ine'y  ml^hC-r'in 

moss 

mt^s'k'frdh 

m5s'l54i8 

mO'skia  ,^ 
m5-td'gi}^d 
Tn<)<i'td-rd 

id  motc  fe.-yis.-ldRg' 
m  0  -ti'i'  Ird'tere' 

Id  mO  tiVyd  dilpd-Vdn-kdr' 

rnGfire' 

mO'tO'ld 

mOt'tOlit 

mo-trtt' 

mQ<}-d6ng' 

I'd  mQi}le 

iaq<j-ldHg' 

tHQ^f-ldng'  dng  g'il-b£rf/ 

mo'rd 

nid-rd'^<^ng 

m^gr  gi' 

m^ifs-krOng* 

m^Q-ti-e' 

mg^-ti-i' 

vtog-ti-t'  dug  Id-rdng- 

tdie' 
mQ'ehuB  ' 
mo-y'(ln.e'V'ik' 
jnd-yO-bdm'ba 

md-zdng'b'i'k£ 
msti-ldvl' 


Mszczoji6w,  (Pol.) 
Miiela  de  Ares,  (Sp.)  table 

land. 
Mupgia,  cm.) 
Mtiglitz,  (Mor. ;  morav. 

Mtibelnire.) 
Miignafjeld,  (Norw.)  mt. 
MiShlberg,  (Pr.) 
Muhld.prC,  (Bav.) 
Muhleiibacli,  (Trans. ;  A. 

Szisz  Sebe«.)  , 

Mublhausen,  (Pr  ) 
Miihlbeim,  (Pr.) 
Miihr.     AVc  i\Iur. 
Mulden,  or  Muyden,  (Nclli.) 
Muiravunside,  (Sc.) 
Mula,  (Sp.) 
Miilharen,  (Sp.)OT. 
Munchen,  (Bav. ;  e.  Munich.) 
Munrhengratz,  (Boh.) 
Munipelgard.     See  Mont-    ) 

b^ltard.  \ 

,Munden,  (Han.) 
Miinera,  (Sp.) 
.Mnnirh.     See  Mfinchen. 
Mimki^icri,  or  Muiik&t!i,         ) 

(H. ;  g.  Mongatz.)  \ 

Munsingen,  (Switz.) 
-Munsler,  (Pr.) 
Minister.     See  Morrtipr. 
Mfinsterihal,  (Switz.)  v. 
Muotta,  (Switz.) 
.Mur,  or  Nluhr,  (Austr.)  r. 
Muraceiro,  (Port.)  viL 

Murada!,  el  Puerto  de,  (Sp.) 
Murana, '  Au^^tr  li.)  Ul. 
Miiraschkina,  (R.) 
Murat,  (Fr.) 
.Muraio,  (Cors.) 
Muran,(Siyria.) 
Murcia,  (Sp.)  old  king, 
Murg,  (Bl.  For.)r. 
Mumni,  (R.) 

Murro  dc  Burrageiro,  ) 

(Port.)  mt.  ( 

Murten,  (Switz  ) 
.Murundava,  (Madag.) 
Mur^-iedri),  (Sp.)    Saguntum. 
Mu»chaii,  (Mor.) 
Mtiskau,  (Pr.) 
Musune,  (It.)  r. 
Miisselbruek,  (Neth.) 
Mus.-J(unclli,  (Sic.) 
Multcnswciler,  (WiSrt.) 
.Miittlioni,  (Switz.)  mt. 
Muyden.     Sec  Muiden. 
Murzzu.sichlag,  (Slyria.) 
Mydrechi,  (Xeth.) 
Myslenice,  (Gal.) 
Myslowitz,  (Pr.) 


vishtshO'nggf 

mgos'ld  rf{  a-rgs' 

mggt'gd 

miig'lits 

woQiig'  nd/yel' 

miiU'bh-g 

viitle'dorf 

mii'len-bdck' 

vtiile' hou' len 

mfile'/ilme 

mngre 

moi'df-n 

mor-an-aide 

mgg'ld 

mgg-fd-theit' 

mvn'^ki'n 

miin'  ch^n~grdts' 

mum'pel-gdrdt' 

viuti'den 

mgo-re'rd 

mu'itik 

mggn-kWitjth 

miin'zin"  gin 

mJin'.itf'r 

miin'strr 

inuii' Hti-r-lUle' 

m(;g-iit't'd 

viggre 

mgg-rd-sii"i'rgif 

el  pQtj--er't5  de  Tn^^-rfl-rfa/' 

mgg-rd'nd 

VI  g<^rd.-ih' k'i-tid 

mh-rii' 

mgg-rd'to 

mgg'rou 

inggr'thi-it 

mgcrg 

ingg'  rom  ^_^ 

mqqr'rgg  de  bi}gr-rd->g&''i- 

rrg 
virgr'ten 
vigQ-rggn-dd'od 
rnggr-vt-e'dro 
mggsk'ou 
mggs'koa 
rngg-sO'iie 
■m(<il»-'si'l-hr<}gk 
m^gs-sO-md'ti 
mggt'tens-tVler 
vi^gt  horn 
moi'den 

murts' tsQi}' sItVdg 
ml'drt-eht 
miS'le-n'it'sf! 
m'is'ib-viUf 


N. 


Naaldwtk,  (Ncih.) 
Naarden,  (Xeth.) 
Nab,  or  Nabe,  (Bav.)  r. 
Nabajoa,  (Up.  Calif.)  r. 
Nabal,  (Tunis.) 
Xabe.    See  Nali. 
Nabburg,  (Bav.) 
Nacbitshevaii,  (R.) 
.\acogdi"-lic>*,  i, Texas.) 
Xida:-,  (H.) 
NA:l;Lsd,  (Jl.) 
Xidudvar,  (II.) 
Naoleld,  (Switz.) 
Xafwequarn.  (Sw) 
Naii(>ra,  or  Najera,  (Sp.) 
.\ag<.c^,  (II.) 
Nagyag,  (Trans.) 
Nagy  Almdfl,  (11.) 
Sa^y  Aranyo^.     See  Reul- 

luare. 
Nagy  Banya,  (II.;  g.  Ncu 

starlt.) 
Nagy  Bccskcrck,  (II.) 

Nagy  Bic-^e,  (11.) 

Nagy  Enj  cd,  ,  H. ;  g.  Egid- 

sladl.) 
Nagy  Gy^r.     Sec  Raab. 
Nagy  Ida,  (11.) 
Nagy  Igninnd,  (H.) 
Nag)'  Kiruly.     See  K6roly. 
Nagy  KflKSs,  (H.) 


viUild'vlke 

ndhr'den 

itdhb 

vd-bd-?Wd 

nd-bdl 

nd'bi 

nab'bggrg 

na-rhit-sli^-vdn' 

vd-kO-dO'chis 

vdJi'dds.'i 

nWi-ddshd 

nd/id-ggd-vdr 

nd'fiU 

nd' vi-ktcitm, 

n'd'?ke-rd 

nd'ifdish 

n'diltj-'diih 
nddy  'dl-mdhsh 
n'ddy  drdn-yOsk 

n'difij  bdJm-y'd 
v'ddy  belsk'kQ-r^k 
nddy  bit-she 
n'd'Iy  &n-y^d 
vwiy  dy^r 
nddy  i  d'd 
nddy  ig-mdnd 
nd'ly  kdh-rOly 
nddy  k^h-r^h.ih 


Nagy  Michaly,  (H. ;  g.  j 
Groszniicbet.)  j 

Nagy  Wartony.  See  Mat-  j 
tersdort.  j 

Nagy  Pusiy6n,  (Trans.) 

Nagy  Sajo,  (Trans.) 

Nagy  Sarlo,  (H.) 

Nagi'Siros,  (I!.) 

Nagy  Szahilhna,  (II.) 
Nagy  Szcbeii.     See  Her-      j 
niannstadt.  \ 

Nagy  Szeiit  .Miklds,  (II.) 

Nagy  Szollos,  (II.) 
Nagy  Szonibat,  (II.) 
Nagy  Tapolcs4ii,  (II  ) 
Nagy  Virad.     See  GniHZ-     ) 

wardcin.  ] 

Nahe,  (Germ.)  r. 
Naix,  (Fr.) 
Najera.     See  Nagcra, 
Najenlla,  (Sp.)  r. 
Nakel,  or  Naklo,  (Pr.  Pol.) 
Nakskow,  (I>enm.) 
Nalon,  (Sp.  ]  t. 
Nanien.     See  Namtir. 
Nameszto,  (11  ) 
Naniie.si'lil   (M<ir.) 
Namslaii,  (Pr   Sil.l 
Naninr.  (Bflg.  ;  ficm   Na-    ) 

men,)  prov.  \ 

Namur,  (Brig.)   J^''amurcu.m. 
Niniis,  (H.) 
Nancy,  (Fr.) 
Nangis,  (Fr.) 
Naimo.stadi,  (Norw.) 
Nans,    Fr) 
Nantaiinc,  (Guat ) 
Nantairie,  (Fr  )  r. 
Nanterre,  (Fr.) 
Nantes,  (Fr )     O'ltdtnc- 

ni/m,  afterwards  Jv'amne- 

tes. 
Nanto,  (Lonib.) 
Nantua,  (Fr.) 
Naparima,  Anna  Parima, 

(Trin.) 
Naples.     See  Dominii  al  di 

qua  del  Faro.    Magna 

QrtBcia,  Campania. 
Naples,  (It. ;  It.  Najroli.)     ) 

ParthenopCj  JiTcapohs,         \ 
Naples,  Bay  of.     liaianus    | 

Napo,  (S.  A.,  Ecuad.)  r. 
Nain>ieon-Veiid^p.     See        ) 

Bourbon  Vendee.  \ 

Napdir.    See  Naples. 
Napj.h  dr  Malvasia,  (Gr.) 
Napoli  di  Rumania.     See     ) 

Nanplia.  t 

Narbdiiiie,  (Fr.)    JVar&o      i 

Mitrtius,  \ 

Nardo,  (Napl.) 
Narcnra,  (Dalni.) 
Narew,  (iV) 
Nami,  (It.)    A'arnia,  or      ) 

Naro.  (Sic.) 

Nartiva,  (R.)  r. 

Narr,  dcr  lluhe,  (Austr  )  mt. 

Narva,  (R.) 

Nasca,  (Peru.) 

Nascarn,  (Napl.)  r. 

Na.srelsk,  (Pul.) 

Naso,  (Sic.)    Agathyrnum. 

Nassari,  (Sic.) 

N.-issau,  (Genu.)  duchy. 

Na.-<stlial,  (Austr.)  ruWry. 

Nastiimui,  (Germ.) 

Natal,  (Br.  ;  forinirly  Ci-     i 

dados  de  Rcis.)  \ 

Natisone,  (Lomb.)  r. 
Natividad,  (Lo.  (;alif.)wZ. 
Natividade.  (Braz.) 
Nauder?,  (Tyrol.) 
Nauhcim,  (Germ) 
Naucampatepetl,  (Mcx.)  mts. 
Naumbiirg,  (Pr.) 
Naiiplia,  or  Na[>oli  di  Ro-    ) 

mania,  (Gr.)  \ 

Navalcarnero,  (Sp.) 
Navarino,  Navarin,  or  Ne-  i 

ocasiro,  (Gr.)  J 

Navarra,  f Sp.  i  fr.  Na-  i 

varre,)  prov.  \ 

Navarre,  Bas-^e,  (Fr.)  old  dtv. 
N  ivarreina,  (Fr.) 
Navas  de  Tola-^a,  (Sp.) 
Nnvatt  del  MadroBo,  (Sp.) 
Navas  del  Marqucz,  (Sp.) 


n'ddy  m'i'chaly 

nady  mdhr-tOny 
nddy  pAlsht-y^hn 
nady  ahU-yO 
natty  shdr-lo 
ndilij  shd-rdsh 
n'udy  »dlafit~nd 
nddy  se-ben 
nady  sent  mi-klQhth 
naity  g^l-li^ah 
nddy  sSm-bdt 
noi/y  td'poU-sh'dhn 
nady  vUh-rdd 
Hd'Ag 

na 

na'r.hi-rd 

nd-chi-rtl'yd 

nd'kil,  na'klo 

naks'ko 

nd-tOn' 

na'men 

nd-mes'to 

na'ini-esht  • 

nam  eluu 

■ad-miirt^ 

nd-mfire' 

niJi-ndhah 

nang-si' 

ndng-^' 

nwnestdidi' 

ndng 

ndH-ta''i-mz 

ndng't&ze' 

nang-tirc' 

ndngt 

ndn'to 

ndng-l&'d' 

nd-pd-r('mii 
na'plea 

na'plea 

nn'ptea 

nd'po 

nd-pd-lf-eng'  vdng-d^' 

nd'pd-ri 

na'pG'li  di  mal-vd-s'i'd 

nd'pv-ii  di  rO-md-ni'd 

ndr-bOn' 

ndr'do 

nd-ren't'd 

nd'ref 

ndr'n'i 

nd'ro 

nd-rd'r'd 

dvr  kQ'he  n'drr 

ndr'vd 

vd-i'kd 

nds'kd-ro 

nd'Zyi-Lsk 

na'so 

nda'-id-ri 

nd-s'-siin  ;  e.  nas'sau 

ndi'tdle 

nd'etetten 

nd-t'ul' 

viit'i-sO'ne 

nd-fi-Bi-ddd' 

na-Ci-vi-dU'ds 

nou'drrs 
non'hlme 

n'd-gg-kdm-pd-ti-petV 
noum'bggrg 

nau'pli  a 

nd-v'dl  kdr-ne'ro 

■nd-vd-ri'no{r'in'') 

ntf-rar'rtt,  n^vdr' 

bdhss  iid-tdr' 
nd-rdr  rang' 
na'roj  rfg  td-ld-sd' 
nd'vaa  del  md-dr5n'ya 
nd'vds  d§l  mar-keth' 


rile,-  &  short,  ft&.  —  Fr.  A  long,  dTi  short,  nearly  as  in  spur.  —  dy^  ly,  ny,  liquid. 9n."gcr, — /,  cA,  guttural;  4'  i^s  a  in  pleasure.  —  r  final,  Fr,  re— r,  between  v  and  / 


X357 


PRONUNCIATION   OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Navia,  (Sp.)  r. 

N^tvi^lio  Grande.  (IrO  carnal, 

NaviglioUel  O^lto,  (It.)       i 

canal.  } 

Navielio  di  Pavi;i.{lt.)  f«iai, 
Navi^lio  Mariisaiia,  (luj     i 

canal.  \ 

Navi«lio  di  Sonihia,  (It.)     i 

camaL  ) 

Nay,  (Pr.) 
Nauire,  St,  (Fr.) 
Neati.     &■«  Eu|M>i]. 
NebolhAlile,  or  Ncbelloch.  t 

I  Wflrt.)  firrri.  i 

Narkar,  or  Neikcr,  > 

(Germ.    r.  \ 

Ncckarthal,  (Wurt.) 
Neckarzimiiiern,  (Bad.) 
Necuire,  St..  (Fr.) 
N«la,  8,  Xir.'lit  df,  (Pp.) 
Nedenae*,  (Nonv.)  dutr. 
Nedwhmliel,  (nrla.) 
Nederlaii'lon,  K'>t>iiignjk     | 

Nrdridailov,  (R.) 
NeeJe,  (Xelh  ) 
Nprmbticn.  tPams.) 
Neerwinden,  or  Neenvin-    ) 

d*,(BeIg.)  i 

N«»2repclis5«,  (Pr.) 
Nehninp,  (Pr.) 
NeisM,  (Pr.) 
Noi\-a,  (\.  Gran.) 
N4maK:'>ll^,([|.) 
Nemtim,  (^L^imb.) 
Neineti,  (H.) 
Nemrr  Kcrr<xicr.     Sta        ) 

lleilisenkreiitr..  ) 

Nimec  Lipc*P,  (H.) 
Nimet  Oravtcz.i,  (H.) 
N^raet  l'j\-4r,  (H.) 
Neni.'t  3/Ji^^ka.(U.) 
Nemi,  (C.  It.)/ci«. 
Ncinixirs,  (Fr.) 
Nenador^  (Germ.^ 
Neociistro.     See  Nn\*nrtno. 
NefM,  (C.  Il)    ^ntftftr. 
NepMn'ick,  or  Se^k^muk,    \ 

(Boh.)  J 

Ncra,  (It )  r.    ATw. 
N6rac,  (Fr.) 
NerMboiru,  (Vrdn.) 

Nedkc,  (3w.)  ^p«.  j 

Neris,  ( Fr.)    .tffKtf  A'fm. 
Npris  le'  Bains  C^rO 
Neii»,  (Sp.) 
Nertiehinsk,  (R.) 

.\ort«chinsk  'I  Sawod,  (R.) 
Nervi,  (Sard.) 
N<MTfiano,  (Ijomb.) 
Ne^chin,  (R.) 
Ne-*le,  ( Fr.) 
Nertvea,  (Denm.) 

Ne«XTn6Iy,  (H. ;  y.  .Vf^mfiW.) 
NetherUnls  (fc^tir. ;  (/jttr*    i 

Nederljnd  ;  f^.  NieJor-     > 

lande;  /r.  P.iyrf  Ba  .)       ) 
Netoino,  (h.) 
Ne  iberg,  (Siyria.) 
Neubiiri!,  fBav.) 
Neii-Brandenburs,  (Genu.) 
NeudTf,  (Boh.) 
NeudTf,  (H. ;  A.  UK) 
Neuenbiire.     See  NeuldialeL 
Netienbiirgcr  So«. 
Neiifahrwasser,  fPr.) 
No'ifbh^el,  or  Xfiirh^tol, 

(Switz.  i  g.  Xejenburg  ) 

canton, 
N«"ircbltr1,  or  Lake  V%'er- 

dun,(S\v:t2, ;  g.  Neuen- 

biircer  S*^,)  UkK 
Neufchirel  en  Bray,  (Fr.) 
Nausedein,    Bub.; 
\eubati4,  f  no!i. ) 
Neubau^r,  /;!!.;  k.  Er-      \ 
Neuhiusl,    S     H'k-Ujvar.)  \ 
Xeailf)*,  (Pr.) 
Neunumikidorf,  or  Cuiien-  \ 

sluis.  \ 

Neumarkt,  (Bav.) 

Xeiimarkr,  (Triiut. :  L        \ 

MaPM  Vii4rholy  )  \ 

Neu  Puzig.   Sec  \Vci^znr&»-  / 

ser.  *      { 

Neurode,  (Pr.) 
Neosalz,  (Pr.Sil.) 
Neiisatz,  (U. :  A.  I'j  Videk.) 
Neu^iodel,  (H. ;  A.  Feno     \ 
Ta\-a,)  lake.  j 

Neusiedel-am-See,  (H.) 


na'vi-H 
fia-vif'jrO  grebi'di 

nU'CXl'yS  dil  O/'yd 

ntt-vVyO  mdr-tt-^a'nd 

n'd-Cil'j/5  di  sdn-tt-ii' 

r  d 

sd»fr  nU'iSre' 

H£fl' 

nrbrl'k^'ltifivk') 

nek'kHri^krr) 

ntk'kHr-liiie' 

M^k'kar-tiim'Mim 

ginf  Hfk-iSre' 

eiiH  Mi-kG-iits'  di  nf'dA 

■Hi' dc-n6.-if 

H^'dir-hra'kfl 

ka'mint'-rlkc  der  n^dgr* 

lan'd  fH 
ii(dri-ffa''i-tqv 
nf'dt 

n£i^'rim'diii(di) 

nf^r-pif-tiss' 
nfk'r^^ag 

ng't-rd 

ntkmH  kAl-i^tLfk 

nem'bro 

KfiA'tHf-fi 

ii£A-«£(  if -r(*-^er 

ll{A-n{l  np-ek^ 
ntk-mf  0-rii-vtt'sd 
■  ?A-Mfl  (>9-Y-raAr 

vf\  met  tiits-kd 

Hca'dor/ 
nt'6kiix'tr9 

mt-rdt^ 
nt'r*9-klme' 
mi'r'i-J:;  t  commoDljr 

nekr'ks 

it^ekd 
mirt'fkindk 
nrrt'skin*-kS^i  jd-rffd' 

wir-ci'ifaa 

nc'^kta 

mtU 

ui^'rtd 

ntk^rngkify  net'aUtU 

neik'e-  lands 

nai'btrg 
woi'k^^rfi 

nifi-hrdt  dcMrb^^g 
moi'tforf 
moi'dQrf 
iwl'r<»-AA(>r# 
TUtt'rii-ht^gir  t{ 
naifahr't'ds-air 

oA-skdMl' 


nA-skd'lei' 

wri' fTt-^^a^ 

atn'kauM 
■mm'hoa-zH 

nA'i-iji\  ncat-yV 
jtoi'mdtu-dQif' 
nai'miirkt 
noi'milrkt 

MM  p^'tsiff 

mai-rO'iis 
not'i'dltt 
noi'iiUs 

noi'zt-dH 

nci'z'i-di'I-am-zi' 


Neu.solil,  (H. ;  A-Bosaler-    | 

cze  BAiiya.)  i 

Neuitohl,  (H. ;  A.  ZAIyom.) 
Neuss,  (Pr.)    A'liw  (Nostra  ) 

or  ^'bcesinM.  \ 

Ncu:<utdt,  Ungarisch.     See  I 

Fcldi3  BiiivH.  { 

Xeitstadl.     ^"  Binya. 
Xetistadl.     See  .\apy-L4tiyn. 
iNeusladt.tGcnn.) 
Neitsiadt.     See  Villciieuvo. 
Noiistadtl  nil  dor  Wans,      ) 

(H.  ;  A.  Vaah  tJjbely.)      \ 
Noustellin,  (Pr.) 
Xeusirrlili,  (Gcnn.) 
Xeuleich,    Pr. :  pot.  Nitych.) 
Xpniit<ctirtn.  (Mor.) 
XViville,  (Fr.) 
Xouwied,  (Pr.) 
Xevi,  (K)r 
Novadii  de  Cbipicani,  ) 

(Vtil)  mt  i 

Nevado  da  Sorato,  (S.  A.)   ) 

nK.  \ 

Never?, (Fr.)  ^ortodunnm^  I 

JVicerNMM,  or  JVVtir/iuai.  J 
Xex*)a,  (Oenin.) 
Xeyra,w  Xeiva,  (S.  .V.,      ) 

X.  Gran.)  \ 

N'ia«ari,(IT.  S.)/«;tr. 
Nibe,  {pomn  ) 
Nicnndro,  S.,  (Napl.) 


nei'zOla 

noias 

QQn'ffU-rish  noi'stddt 

voVstUffl 
noi'stdit 
npi'ntadt 
noi'stddt 

noi'it&'itl  tin  dir  vOg* 

noi'strt-tine' 

nvi-stri'iil3 

voi'tlfh 

not' fit' shine 

ndk-viW 

noi'r'ihde 

nt-va'da  ds  chi-pt-ka'at 

nt-va'dii  di  a9^rit'ta 

ji?-rjre' 

niks'ii^ 

ns'i'V& 

n1Cnf)-aff'a-ra 

wf'As 

bHh  nf-kdn'dro 


Nicaragua^  (C.  A.)  state. 

Xicaatn»,  (N«i>I,) 

Nice,  (It. ;  it.  Xizza  ;  /r.     \ 

Nice)    Mca^a.  ) 

Xickolai,  (Pr.) 

.Viado,  San,  ( Adr.  Sea.)  ru/c 
Nicola--,  or  Ntcolaai^,  St.,     i 

(Belg.)  i 

Nictda-*,  St.,du  P.irt,  (Fr.) 
Ntcopoli,  (Turk.)    Jifh:opulit. 
Nicmia,  (Sir.) 
Nicoten,  (^.N'apl) 
Nicoya,  (0.  A.)  r. 
Nicbia,  (.^p.)    Etepta. 
Niebortw,(Pol.) 

Ntechirz,  fPo».) 
Niedrrlimi.  See  Ncthcrlaudii. 
Niedcmiendij,  (Pt.) 
Nienjen,  (R.  fol. ;  e.  .Me-    > 

niel,)  r.  \ 

Niemetzki-Gntdelz,  or  Gritz. 
Niemifott',  (R.) 
Xicintvhiiz,  (Boh.) 
XienburK,  (Han.) 
Nicrs(XeiJi.)r. 
Nier-'tfin,  (HeAsia.) 
.Vieuw  e  I>iep,  het,  (Netli.) 
Xieuwkerk,  (Xerh  ) 
Xicii\vpi»(.n,  (Belg.) 
Xi'jvre,  (Fr.)  drp. 
Xiiha!i,  ?Sarid\v.  I-l^.) 
Xijar-y-IIuebm,  (?^p.) 
Xijinesen.     See  Niniwegoii. 
Xikitn,  (R.) 
.Nikt'Nburg,  or  Mtkulo^v,     ) 

(Mor.)  ! 

Xiknl-ijev,  (R.) 
Xikol-k.  (R.) 
Xikopoli,  (B-iIk) 
Nimbtirc,  (Boh. ,  b,  Wicze-  j 

.Nitiias  or  Ni;$ntes,  (Fr.)       j 
JiTcmansHi.  ) 

Xi!np!.-<h,  (Pr.  Sit.) 

Xitnnccefu    See  Nijmegen. 

Xiort,  (Fr.) 

XiraKiia,  (H.  A.,  Vciiez  ) 

Xi?abat,  er  Nisavaja  Piii-   i 
Inn,  (R.)  i 

Xi  an,  (.lEsean  S«a,}  isL 
I  Xiiteini,  (Sic.) 

Xi.-begitrod,  or  Niahni  Nov-  i 
gon>d,  (li.)  i 

Xi-hni  Devilsk,  (U.) 

Xishni  K^ntTshatsk,  (R.) 

Nt>bni  I^inov,  (It.) 

Xi^hni  Neviansk,  (R.) 

Xishni  T,igil>k,  (R.) 

Nii-hni  Udinsk,  (R.) 

Xijsi,  (Sic.)  r. 

Xisida,  i  (NapL)  uL    JiTc-   J 

Nisila,  )      gis.  { 

X^ismes.     See  X'imeff. 

Niss.1,  (Prr^-.)    JsTalsi^ua. 

X'issiini-Fjord,  (Denni.)  inleL 

Xitvch,     Sec  Ncuteirh. 


n'i-kd-rd' tri}^ 
nt'kda'tro 

c  dad  fr.  ntha 

sd*  ni-kii-tO' 
sAng  m-kO-ld' 
zdidU  ny-kO-Jds' 
edng  Mi-kH-ld'  dS  pSre 
ni-kO'pii-ti 
ni-kC-st'd 
ni-JiC't:-rii 
n'i-ku'jfd 

nri'btd 

nt/ets' bn^rsh 
ni'der-ldndt' 
n'i'  der~men'  di§ 
nys'min;  cne'inen 
nye-ntrU-ki-grU'dUs 

nfimV  skits 

%'t' en-b<;^Tg' 

niAr* 

nikr'sflne 

kit  nih'vi  dipt 

liihv'kerk 

n'ihv'pOfirt 

ni-icr' 

tt'i-'i-hou' 

u'i-ehdr'i-^f^-i'bru 

TtVmi-gin 

ni'kt'td 

n't'kol  -b(}<jrg' 

n'i-kO  Vd'yrf 

vi-knUk' 

Hi-ku'puU 

ntm'b^frg 

n'tnie 

nimpttk 
■nlm'vi-gin 

ni-V7t'    ^ 

ni-s'd-b'di' i  n'i-sii-vd'yd 

pfis'iiin 
nVsd^i 

HI-  he'm'i  ^_^ 

n'i-she' Ji0-r0d\  uish'n'i-i 

nOc'eO-rbd 
ntJ'k'/t'i'i  di-c'itsk 
ii'isk'ii'i-t  kdmt-gh'dUk' 
iii.^h'ni-i  IS'mof 
iii.sh'ni-i  nc-c'i-Unsk' 
nish'n'i-t  td-g'ilsk' 
n'ijh'n'i-i  ift}-dinsk' 
Hi's'i 
iii'-idd{id) 

nfme 

■nis'^d 

n  is' so  r^m-fy5rc 

lit'fi'ch 


rrige.)  > 
ia.        J 


Niulu,  (Sandw.  Isls.) 

Nivelle,  (Fr.)  r. 

Nivelles,  (Bolg. ;  Jlem.  Xy-  j 

vel.)  \ 

Nivernoi.i,  le,  (Fr.)  old  pror. 
Xizza,  (Surd.)    JV'*e^. 
Nizza  delta  Pallia,  (Sard.) 
Njtirunda.  (Sw.)  r. 
Xcwlo,  (Aiistr.  It.) 
Xoicra,  i  It.;    J^ttceria  Ca-  \ 

mellarin.  ) 

Nocera  dc  P.ipani,  (Xapl.)  i 

ATntcwm  Jl'fulerni.  \ 

Noci,  (Xiipl.) 
Nopai-k,  (R.) 
Xogeiit  le  Uornard,  (Fr.) 

Nopetit  le  Roi,  (Fr.) 
Xtident  le  Roirtm,  (Fr.) 
Nocent  siir  Seine,  (Fr.) 
NdgrAd,  (H.) 

Nogiieira  du  Cabti,  (Port.) 
Noguera,  (9p.)  r. 
Xoirmont,  (Switz.)  mt 

Noirinoutiers,(Fr.)  w'. 

Nola,  (Xnpl.) 

Nol:iv,  (Fr.) 

Nollendorf,  (Boh.) 

Nimil're  do  bios,  (Duran-    ) 
go,)  m.  \ 

Noinhre  do  Jeeus,  (S.  A.)     i 
prom,  ) 

Nomeny,  (Fr.) 

Noiitron,  (Fr.) 

Noordwyk,  (Netb.) 

Nora,  (Sw.) 

Norcia,  (Ii.)     ^Tursia. 

Nord,  (Fr.)  drp. 

Nordhiiisen,  (Pr.) 

X<trrk'it)ing.(Sw.) 

Xonlliinil,  (Xorw.)  dUtr, 
I  \  riiliiigen,  (Bav.) 

Xiirdsee.  (f-  North  Sea,  or  ) 
Germiin  Ocean.)  i 

Nordsiraiiil.  (Doiim.)  isL 

Norge,  (e.  Norway  ;  g. 
Nor\.egen ;  »w.  Norrl, 
Af «  ^dom ,     JViirvegia, 

Noniianilie,  (Fr. ;  «.  Nor- 
mandy,) old  prov. 

Niirrige.     See  Noi^e. 

Norrielje,  (Sw.) 
Nurway.     See  Norge. 
Norweiren,     See  Norge. 
Noiisa  Senhora  da  Luz.  See  \ 

Fogo. 
Nos'^a  Henliora  de  la  Con- 

cepcion,  ■  Braz.) 
Nu<va  .Senhora  das  Nevas, 

( Braz.) 
Nnssa  Senhora  do  Dester-    i 

ro,  (Braz.)  ' 

Nossa  Senhora  do  Filar, 

(Braz.) 
Noetsa  Senhora  do  Rosario,  , 

(Corvo,)  isL 

Note^,  (Pr.  Pol.)  n 

Noto,  (Sic.) 

Noto,  Val  di,  (Sic.)  old  div. 

Ndtre  Danic  dc  .Mont,  (Fr.) 

Nouvion,  (Fr.) 

Nova  Bragantra,  (Port.)  r. 

Novaja  Ladoga,  (R.) 

Novaja  Senilj»,  (R.)  isls. 

N<)vara,  (Pied.)    JVorarm. 

Novelda,  (Sp.) 

Novellara,  (.>lodena.) 

Xoveniiasto.     See  W'ladis- 
lawow. 

Novi,  (Sard.) 

Noviia,  (Ciijnnib.) 

.Novgorod,  (R.) 
)  Novgorod  V  chkt,  (R.) 
j  Xo%'gori>d  Sever.sk,  (K.) 
I  Novgorod  Volynsk,jR.)  . 

Niivo  Choperskaja  ivro- 
pt-st,  fR.) 

Novodvynsk,  (R.) 

Novogrodek,  (K.) 

Novoi  Osknl,  fR.) 

Nowojo  lTs.li,(R.) 

Novo  Mirgorod,  (R.) 

Novo  Mo^kov.-k,  (R.) 

Novo  Paviov.-jkoi  cavod, 
(R.) 

Novosil,  (R.) 

NovoL>hcrka<k.  (R.) 

Nowogr6d,(Pol.) 

Nowydw6r,  (Pol.) 

Noyer-i,  (Fr.) 


n'i-ViV 

It  Ht-TJfr-na' 
n'tts'sa 

ntts'gddiVldpdl'yH 

nyHr^Qti'dd 

nO-a'ls 

nS-chi'rd 

Tifl-cAg'rd  di  pd-g'd'n't 

nO'eh'i 

nQ-sa'isk 

nO-gd»g'  l¥  b(r-n'dre' 

li^-gang'  lit  rS-a' 
nO-sdna'  lie  rO-trQtf' 
vQ-gdns'  sur  sSite 
nOh-srahd 

nO-ga"i-rd  d<f<}  kd'bf;q 
nti-gi'rci 
nO-dhr-mLn^' 

no-drc-mf}(}'l'i-i' 
no'ld 

nul'len-dgrf' 
nSm'brr  dj  di.Os' 

nOm'bri  di  S}\i-s^s' 

nSme-n't* 

nOng'trUng* 
nOhrd'vlke 

nbr'ck'd 

nOhr 

iiQnl-hon'zea 

vor'ch^-ping 

ngrd'land 

ni^rd' lin"  gen 

nord'zi 

nQr'strdnd 

nqr'gz 

nGr-mUng-^i'y  nor'mandg 
nQr'ri-i;i ',  commonly 

nnrUei'iji 

nor'wq^ 

fior'vi-gen 

n&s'sd  sen-y&'rH  dd  /??* 

n&n's'd.  s§n-vfi'rd  rfg  I'd 

kunOiep-tfLi-Gfi' 
nOs'sd  sen~ijQ'rd  dds  »{'- 

rdf 
nos'ji'd  sen-yO'rd  rfc9  ^C*- 

nOs'sd  bpi-yO'rd  d^^  pi- 
lar' 
nOs'sd  557i-y5'ra  d^^  rO- 

n6-tctsy 

v6'to 

Tdl  di  nO'to 

7i(J(r  ddme  dH  mdng 

ni,ia-v'i-Ona' 

nb'vd  brd-gdng'sd 

nO'vd-yd  la'dG~gd 

nfi'vd-yd  ziml'yd 

vO-vd'rd 

tro-vel'dd 

7tG-vil  Id'rd 

nO-vi-mgde'to 

n/i'v'i 

7iS-v'i't'd 

yi5v'gu-rdd 

ituv'g0-r6d  Ti'l'i'k'i 

vQd' gu-rOd  sC'Versk' 

TiOv' go-rGd  vd-l'insk' 

no'vO  clw-pira' kd'tj'd  kri'- 

pOst 
vQ-vDd'V'inal.' 
nO-vo-grC'dek 

7i&'vu-'i  os-kUl' 
nS'v5-ye  ^<}'ifu-ti 
vU'vS  m'tr'g5-r5d 
vO'rO  m'ds-kUvsk'  ^^ 
7iO'vlj  pdo' lOvs-kO-'i  sH- 

rOrf' 
jiO-v^-s'il' 
n5~v6t-sher-k'dsk' 
n0-v5'gri}f}d 
nQ-vid'vq<pr 
n3-d-ye' 


FSteyfiiTy fylly  vAot,  bdL — Mete,  prey,  kelp,  tAfre,  Ato*.  —  Pine,  v.ar^ne,  btrdy  fig.  —  JVTite,  dSve,  vtQve,  w^lf,  bQQk,  lord.  —  TUne,  buU,  ynite.  —  oi,  boy ;  ow,  hotise.  —  Fr.  ft  long, 
-  ^  . 


PKONUNCUTION  OF  MODERN  GEOGKAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Noyon,  (Fr.)    J^uviomagus  ( 

yeromanduorujn.  \ 

Nueces,  Rio  de  las,  (Texas.) 

NuestraSefi'^radc  hi  Asunf 
cion  de  Solola,  (Giiai.)     J 

Nnestra  Senora  dc  la  Vega,  ( 
(Sp.)  \ 

Nueva  Bilbao,  (Ch)Ie,)  haven. 

Miieva  Caceres,  (Manila.) 

Nueva  EspaHa. 

Nueva  Granada,  (9,  A. ;  / 
e.  Sew  Granada.)  ( 

Nueva  Sogovia,  (C.  A.,  j 
Nicanis.)  { 

Niievas  Grandes,  (Cuba.) 

Nueviias,  las,  (Cuba.) 

Nuevo  Leon,  (ftlex.)  prov. 
Nuevo  Alejico,  (Max.)  prov, 
Nuevo  Santauder,  (Mc2.)    | 

Niiils,  (Fr.) 
Niira,  (IL)  T. 

Nflrnherg,  (Bav.  ;  e.  Nu-  ) 
remberg.J  ) 

Nybore,  (Denm.) 
Nycarleby,  (Finl.) 
Nyeslad,  (Denm.) 

Nyir  B4tor,  (U.) 

Nyir  Egybdza,  (U.) 

Nyitra,  (H.) 
Nykiobing,  (Denm.) 
NyktSping,  (Sw.) 
Nymegen,  (NetlL  5  ^.  / 

Niinwegen.)  i 

Nyon,  (Switz.)  JVoviodunvm. 
Nyons.     Se    Nions. 
Nvslott,  or  Sa\volinna,(Finl.) 
Nystad,  (Finl.) 
Nyvel.     See  ^'evilles. 


n^-d-yOnff' 
ri'O  di  Ida  nQ<}-i'Uie3 
n^e-s'£ra  •en-ijO'rd  de  Id 
&-*9p»-£/ii-5n'  di  35-10'- 

la 

ng^s'trU  8in-yO'rd  dfi  Id 

v^gd 
no^'rU  bii-hd'o 
n^^Hg'rd  ka'Uie-res 
liQQ-i'vci  i^-pdn'ijd 
ntiQ-^'vd  grd-nd'd'd 

Wf^-e'v'd  aesU'v'i'it 

jiif^i'vds  ^dn'dis 

Ids  n^g-t-vi'tOs 

n^Q-e'vO  /f-5n' 
nQQ-t'cO  sdn-tdn^^ 

UQtf'rd 

niim'bir^ 

nd'borg 

nd'kdr'le'Mt 

nd'stad 

ny'ihr  bdh-tSr 

ny'ikr  tdy-lidh-z'd 

ny'i-trd 

nh-k^'(ky^')b}ng 

nil'ch^-ping 

nl'mS-g^ti 

n'i-Sn.ff' 

n'i'Ong' 
nil' slot 
nU'stdd 
nl'vH 


0. 


Oahv,  (Sandw.  lals.) 
Oaxaca.  Oajaca,  dep.  m. 
Ob,  (R.)  r. 
Obdorsk,  (R.) 
O  Becse,  (H.) 
Otiellana.     See  Amazon. 
Obernlp,  (Switz.)  pass. 
Ober  Allaich,  (Bav) 
Oberhiirg,  (Styria.) 
Oberhaus,  (Bav.) 
Oberhellven.  See  Udvarhely. 
Oberland,  das,  (Swilz.)  die. 
Obernai,  or  Ehnheim,  (Fr.) 
Obcmzcll,  or  Hafnerzcll,     t 

( Ausir.)  i 

Oberramstadt,  (Ileswia  ) 
Oberzeyring,  (Styria.) 
Obi(lo.s(PnrrO 
Obiloshnej,  .\t>gai*ik,  (R.) 
Obligado,  (PI.  Conf.) 
Obi.jan,  (K.) 
Ob'.rnik.  (Pr.  Pol.) 
Obra.  (Pr.  Pol.)  r. 
Obrzycko,  (Rosen.) 
Obvdo--,  (Braz.) 
Oraaa,  (Sp.) 
OrchiKbcilo,  (Aii«tr.  It.) 
Oceanira :  fr.  Oreanie. 
Ochaaavia,  (Sp.) 
Ofbansk,(R.) 
Ochota,  (R.)  r. 
OclicKnica,  (Gal.) 
Och<it8,  (R.) 
Ocker,  (Germ.)  r. 
Ocnsingr.,  (Chiapas,  Mex.)  m. 
Odeinira,  jPort.) 
Odenw,  (Denm.) 
Odenwald,  (Germ.)  mt.  reg. 
Oder,   Germ.)  r. 
Odernheim,  (Germ) 
Odcrwilz,  (Sax.) 
Odessa,  (R) 
Odiel,(Sp.)r. 
Od(»lanow,(Pr.  Pol.;  g.       j 

Adclnaii.)  \ 

Oedenbiirg,  (H. ;  A,  Sopro-  j 

ny.)     Sempronium.  y 

Oe*icnrod(»,  (.NVtIi.) 
Oetiringen,  (VVurl  ) 
Oeiras,  or  Oeyran,  (Port.) 
Oeland,  (Sw  ]  isl 


Sd'kQQ 
O'd-chd'kH 

Ob 

ob-dqrsk' 

Qk  bet'she 

6-bd-yd'nU 

O'ber-Ulp' 

S'b^r  df'liSh 

6'ber-bifQrg' 

D'bir-boiis' 

a'bir-hH'n  in 

da.<  G'brr-ldndt' 

6-ber-Md.' 

G'berntsel' 

d'brr-riim'stddt 

o'ber-tsl'ring 

G-hi'df^s    ,_.. 

C-bi-tQgfi'ni-ij  nOgU'isk 

Gb'Ti-gd'do 

o-bS-ydn' 

G-bqr'n'ik 

G-brd 

6-br shits' ko 

G-bi'drf^a 

o-l:dn'vd 

Ck'kt  G-biVlo 

o-ghe-au'c-ka^  G-se-d-m' 

G-chd-gd'r'i  'd 

G-ch'dnsk' 

G-i^hG'td 

G-rltOt-nit'sd 

0-ihotMk' 

qk'kir 

G'kG-ifin'go 

G-iltmi'rU 

0'ili-n't( 

G'di-nvdltU.' 

G'dtr 

6'  dern-hlme' 

G'der-vits' 

0  d^s'sd 

Odt  si' 

5  dG-Vd'nqf 

^'den-bQ<}r§' 

^^'den-rG'dg 

^'rin"gea 

G-fi-rds 

A'l'ditd 


Oeuingen,  (Bad.) 
Oels,  (Sil.) 
Oel.sniiz.  (Sax.) 
Oesel,  (R.)  i^l. 
Oestergotland,  (Sw.)  old  dio, 
Oesterreich,  Er/.herzog- 

thum,  Kaisertbum.    & 

Austria. 
Oettingei),  (Bav.) 
Oeyras.    See  Oeira.'^. 
Ofanto,  (Xapl.)  r.    .^njiduis, 
Ofpn,  or  Buda,  (H.) 
Offenhach,  (Germ.) 
Oifefibiirg,  (Trans.) 
6f\ver  Tcnieii,(Sw.) 
Oglio,  (Aiislr.  It.)  r. 
Ogiuin.      See  Oigiion. 
Ohancz,  (Sp.) 
Ohiau,    Fr.j 
Ohrdruff,  (Germ.) 
Oignon,  or  Oguon,  (Fr.)  r. 
Oi.^e,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Oise,  (Fr.)  r.    (Esia. 
Otsseau,  (Fr.) 
Ojapnc     See  Gyapor. 
Ojfn,  (Sp.) 

Ojoa  de  Giiadiana,  (Sp.)  lake, 
Oji«  de  iMoMiiel,  (Sp.)  lake. 
Oka,  (R.)  r. 

Olaszi.    Sf.e  Wallendorf. 
Oldenboorn,  (xVelh.) 
Oldeniirppk,  (Nclb.) 
Ohienhurg,  (Germ.)  grand  ) 

ducky.  ) 

Oidcndorf,  (Ileysia.) 
OldensworTh,  (Denm.) 
Oldenzaal,  (Netb.) 
Oldesloe,  (Denm.) 
Olfiggio.(lu) 
Oicnstt,  (R.) 

O16ron,  ( Fr. )  hi.     Ulmrus. 
Olesa,  (Sp  )     Rubrirata. 
Olesko,  (Austr.  Pol.) 
Olcsnira,  (P«*I.) 
Olevano,  (Napl.) 
OKmwI,  (R.) 
Olinda,  (Braz.) 
Olile,  (Sp.) 
Oliva,  (Pr.) 
Oliva,  (Sp.) 
Oliva  de  Jerez,  (Sp.) 
Olivcira  do  Bairro,  (Port.) 
Olivcira  do  Conde,  (Port.) 
Olivenza,  or  Oliven<;a,  (Sp.) 
Oiiveto,  (Napl.) 
Oliviopol,  iR.) 
OIkusz,  (Pol.) 
Ollena,  (Sp.) 
Ollioulee,  Vaux  d',  (Fr.)      ) 

dejile.  \ 

01m,  (Germ.) 
Olmedo,  (Sp.) 
Olmiltz,  (Mor.) 
Olona,  (Lomb.)  r. 
Olonez,  (R.) 
Oloron,  (Fr.)    Ilv.ro. 
Olul,  (Sp.) 
Olsztyn,  (Pol.) 
Oiviopol,  (R.) 
Olyta,  (R.) 
Olvera,  (Sp  )     (Upa. 
Omago.    Sve  Uinugo. 
Ornate,  (Pern,)  vnlc 
Ombrone,  (Tusc)  r.    Umbro. 

Omrr,  St.,  (Fr.) 
Ometcpp,  (C.  A.  Nicar.)  isl, 
Omna,  (Guat.)  hai-cn. 
0(n-k,  (R.) 
Oniskaja,  (R.) 
Oiiate,  (Sp.) 
Otida,  (Sp.) 
Ondowa,(H.) 
Onega,  (R.) 
Oneglia,  (Sard.) 
Onil,  (Sp.) 
Onod,  (H.) 
Oor^rhot,  (Neth.) 
Oosterhout,  (Neth.) 
Opatow,  (Pol.) 
OpotSno,  (Boh.) 
Opoczno,  (Pol.) 
0|K)rto,  or  Porto,  (Port.) 
Oposiira,  (Mex.)  r. 
Oppein,  (Sil. ;  slav.  Op-       j 
pnlie.)  ) 

OppeiiJieim,  (Germ.) 

Oppolie.     See  Oppein. 
Opijioe,  old  name  of  Chris*  j 
tiania.  \ 

Oran,  (Algeria.) 


^'nin"gen 

^ta'       . 
^la'nits 

mt'irl  ' 

^s'tir  gGl'ldttd 

erts'krr'tHQg-tqqmf  kl'iir- 
t^^m  ^iis' ter-rJch' 

^t'tin'^fn 

G-QpUrda 

G'fdH-to 

G'frn 

of'fen-bdCh 

offhi-biiQrg 

^'vir  Wr'ng-o 

Gl'yo 

Gn-yGng' 

S-d-7ietli' 

G'lou 

ohr'drQ^f 

G-'dn-jjOng' 

0-dze' 
G-dte' 
O-dssd' 
G-chd-pGke' 

G-chsji'  „ 

G'chvs  rfg  gi}t}-d'dt-ii'nd 

O'chGs  de  mGii'ti-el' 

O-ka' 

0 -Ids- si 

Ql'deri-bdme' 

ol'den-brQQk' 

qV  dhi-bQQr^ 

ql'den-dqrf 

qi' dens-vorif 

ol'den-zdhl' 

Ol'deS'lOh 

o-let.'go 

G-leusk' 

O-le-rGngf 

G-le'sd 

G-les'ko 

G'les-n'iV  ad 

G-l^'vd-nn 

Gl-go-pQV 

d-l'in'dd 

G-ti'te 

G-ti'vd 

G-li'vd 

G-iH'cd  rfg  Shsi'rtth{res) 

G~ti-rd''i'rd  (/p(t  bd-'ir'rgQ 
G-ti-ra'i-rd  dQQ  kOng^de 
G-ti'Ven'thd(sd) 
G-ti'Vt'to 
G-ti~vi-Q-puV 

Gl-ye-ri'd 
vO  d5l4i-Q^L' 

qim 

Gl-ms'^0 

oVmflts 

o-l5'iid 

0-lu'nfts 

0-lO-rOiig' 

G'lOt' 

Glsh'l'in 

Ol-vt-0-pGl' 

G-n'td 

Gl-'e'rd 

6~ma'go 

o-md-te' 

GmbrG'ni 

sdng-t'U-mtre' 

G-me-tr' pe 

G'JTiu'd 

Omsk 

Gms'kd-yd 

Gn-ya'tc 

On'dd 

Gn'dB-v'd 

O-ns'gd 

G-net'yH 

O-ii'tle' 

G-nOd 

Ghrs'chGt 

Gh'sttr-hout' 

G-pd'tof 

G-pqlsk'no 

d-potsh'iio 

6-pdr't(;^ 

G-pS'SQ^f' r'd 

ap'petn 

qp'pen-hlmtf 

Gp'pO-lye 

op'slGh 

G'r'dJin 


Orange.  (Fr.)    jiuranw, 

Oraiiienbuum,  (Gt-rm.) 

Oraiilmiburg,  (k.) 

(Jravicza,  (11.) 

Orb,  '  Bav.) 

Orbe,  (Swilz.)     Urba. 

Orbec,  (Fr.) 

Orbiiello,   Tusc)  lake. 

One,  (Sp.) 

Orcia,  (Tusc.) 

Orduua,  (Sp.) 

Orcbro,  (Sw.) 

Oreja,    So.) 

Orel,  (R.) 

Orellaua  la  Vieja,  (Sp.) 

6ropnind,  (Sw.) 

Orenburg,  (R.)  gov. 

Orenf*,  (Sp.)    Jiqua  Cali' 

dte  CdiHortim. 
6ro!<(ind.     Srt.  Sound. 
Organabo,  (Guiana,)  r. 

Orgao!*,  (Braz.)  m. 
Orgnz,  (Sp.)    jiUhaa, 
Oria,  (Sp.) 
Oriental  del  Uniguay,  (8.    i 

A.)  i 

Origiiela,  *»•>,«.  t 

Orihuela,        \  ^^^'^  j 

Orinoco,  (S.  A.)  r. 
Orinoco.     Sve  Maturin. 
Oriilon,  (Sp.)  r. 
Oriola,  (Purt.) 
Oristano,  (Sic.) 
Oristagiii,  (Sard.) 
Oriziiba,  (Vora  Cniz,  Mex.) 
Orjiva,  or  Orxib.1,  (Sp.) 
OHean.s(Fr.) 
Orl6anai.<,  (Fr.)  old  proo. 
Ortow,  (Pol.) 
Ortnaisieciiy,  (Sp.) 
Ormea,(Pied.) 
Ormu.",  (Pers.  Gulf,)  isl, 
Ornan-s  (Fr.) 
Orjie,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Oro[ie*ta,  (Bol.) 
Orosh4z:i,  (li.) 
Oroszlanyos,  (H.) 
Oruszviir,  (H. ;  g.  Karlbiirg.) 
Orolava,  la,  (Tunoriffe.) 
Orsaro,  (Parma,)  mt 
Orsieres,  (Swilz.) 
Or.sino,  (Switz.)  mt, 
Or-ova,(Aiietr.) 
Or.-<z4g,    Sec  llungarj'. 
Orta,  (Pied.)  lake.     Lacus   ) 

liortunus.  ) 

Orteler.     See  Oriler. 
Ortt'lsbiirg,  (Pr.) 
Ortliiz,  (Fr.) 
Order,  Orteler,  or  Orteles,  ) 

(Tvrul,)  m.  S 

Ortlcrss|iitze,  (Tyrol,) 

highest  mt.  ) 

f)rtnna  a  Mare,  (Napl.) 
Orumieh,  (Persia,)  lake. 
Oruro,  (Bui.) 
Orvigo,  (Sp.)  r. 
Orvieto,  (It.)     Herbantim^    ) 

Urbs  Fetus.  ] 

Orxiba.     See  Orjiva. 
Oscarstad,  or  Arvica,  (Sw.) 
Oschat/.,  (Sax.) 
O^eru,  Osscro,  ( Adr.  Sea,)  u^ 

Osiec,  (Pol.) 

Osicczno.     See  Storchncst 
Osinio,  (C  It.)    .^uzimutn. 
Oskfd  Staroi,  (R.) 
Osmolni,(Pol.) 
Osnabrilck,  (llan. ;  e.  On-    ) 
nabtir;:.)  { 

Osoppo,  (Lcnib.) 
Osorno,  (Chile,)  vole. 
Ossaia,  (Tusc) 
Oascro.    See  Osero. 
Ossicri,  (Sard.) 
Ossowiec,  (Pol.) 
Opsun,  (Fr.) 
Ossuna,  or  Osuna,  (Sp.) 
Osla.-;hkov,  (R.) 
Ostr-nde,  (Belg.) 
O-teno,  (Austr.  It.) 
Oslerby,  (Sw.) 
Osiemde,  (Han.) 
O.-ftfriesIand,  (Han.)  princip. 
Oslia,  (It.) 
Ostiglia,  (Austr.  It.) 
0.strug,  (R.) 
O.^trogol  hk,  (R.) 
Ostrolfka,  (Pol.) 
Osirovno,  (R.) 


d-rdng-ge' 

B-rd'N't-eii-boum' 

G-rd'  n't'i-n-bggrf 

G-rd-vtt'ad 

qrb 

Orbe 

Grbil^ 

Grbit^l'lo 

Gr'lht 

Grt'Jid 

Gr-d^^n'yd 

eh'rehrGk' 

G-rt'chd 

G^el' 

O-rel-yd'nH  la  V'i-i'ehit 

^'rc-irrf^nd' 

5'rin-b^^rg' 

0-r£n'es 

tfi/'re-zQ^nd 

Gr-g'd-na'bo 

Gr-ira'r(,nga 

Gr-giith' 

G'ri-'d 

G-rien-tUl'  d^  Q^^ 

g<}^d'i 
G-ri-gt'ld 
O-ri-ni-e'lH 
6-ri-vo'ko 
0-r'i-Hu'ka 
u-fin-yGti' 
5  rt-O'la 
a  fU-ta'no 
o-ris-idn'y'i 
0-ri'tha'h'd 
Gr  ehi-vil 
Gr-lt-ang' 
Or-le-d-nO,* 
Or'lov 

Ir'md'is^iSrgi 
Gr-vie''d 
Or-mOQ^ 
Or-ndng' 
ome 

G-rG'pe'sd 
G-runh-ha'  I'd 
v-ro.-f-ldit-^G 
5-ros-rUhr 
I'd  G-rO-td'vd 
Or-u'd'ro 
Gr-st-£re' 
Gr-sVno 
br'aito-t^d 
Grc-sdhg 

Gr'td 

or'te-ler 

or' tiU~bQ<frg* 

Or-t^t' 

qrt'lirt  Qr'ti-lia 

qrt' lera-spit' St 
or-tG'itd  d  rnH'r^ 
O-rnq-m'i'ik 
G-r<j<i'ro 
or-v'i'go 

Cr-vi-i'to 
Gr'chi-b'd 

os'kdr-stdd' 
0' skats 
O'se-ro 

d'zyfti 

G'lytLih'no 
G' si-mo 
os-kGV  st'd'rO 
os-mo'lm 

qs'}id-br(tlif 

G'sOp'po 
G-sOr'no 

GS'Sd''i-d 

Gs'se-ro 

Gs-si-e'r't 

Gs-sO'ry^ts 

os-s^ng' 

Gs-tdsh-kof 

vsi-en-de 

Ga-it'no 

os'trrbii 

os'te-rG'ile 

Gksi'frths'ldndt 

Gs'ti'd 

GstiVyd 

Gs'trdg' 

Gs-trd-gGtshk^ 

Gi  trG'l'Hg'kd 

Gs-trGo'no 


vkt ;  a  short,  b^t,  -  Fr.  A  long,  rfi  short,  nearly  as  in  apur.~dy,  ly,  ny,  liquid.  -jSn^'^-cr.  -  g,  M,  guttural ;  g  lut  «  in  pleasure.  -  r  final,  Fr.  re,  -  JJ,  between  v  and  /. 


1359 


PRONUNCIATIOX  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Ostixiw,  (PiitO 
Ostrowo,  (Pr.  Pill.) 
O^lnie^aovv      See  Srhlldbers- 
O^l  Se«,  rr  B)»ltk  Sea. 
Osliinl,  (.\apl.) 
O^wae-je,  '  .Niirw.)  isL 
O^iinn,  or  O^iinn,  (Sp.) 
Mwlerim,  (.\ii8ir.  Pul.)      | 

Sc*  .Atisrhwitz.  i 

OtalK-ilr,  Tahcile,  Taiti,      j 

(Sor,  IsK)  ( 

Olavahi,  (Vrnez.) 
OlranM,  (.\.i|>l.)  HfiritMam. 
Olriroli,  (C.  It.) 
Otsiukov,  ( R.) 

Omjino,  (.Nipl.) 
Ottenfleti,    Deiilil.) 
Oiirhr,  (Fr.    r.     Os«. 
Oiidilen,    Xorw.) 
Oiidenardf*.     S^t  .Viideflardc. 
Oudenbterh,  (Nclli.) 
Ondewalor,  (.Vnli.) 
Oue«aiit,  (Fr.)  uL 
Ounl.    Srr  Ural. 
0!lrr».  (Fr.>  r. 
Oiirrq,    Fr.)  r. 
O^ircm,  (P.irt.) 
OMriq;f,  (P.irt.) 
Ourhr,  ;8ol;.)  ♦•. 
Ouri  Frt'io.  (Bra7-  ;  far-      ( 
mrrli)  Vill.i  Itica.)  ) 

Illl^I,  (Prl  r. 

I  n  .1.1.1,  (  Pied.) 
t>var,  (Purl.) 

Ovtr,  (H. ;  f.  Allenbiirg.) 
Orerflikkrii,  (.Nplh.)  uL 
Ovwyssel,  (.\eih.)  j»rop. 
Over**.**!.     Stt  Vascr. 
Oridioiiol,  ( R.) 
Oviedts  (S|i.)     Oeetitm. 
Orifilio,  (Snrd.) 
Owinow,  (S.  \.)  f--mm, 
Owiucz.  (R.) 
Oir.<rd^(Ene.)    OttuM. 
OxnaaK  (S«it. ,  formirlf     j 
Oxennam.)  ) 

0)-a|>or,  or  Ojapoc,  (9.  A.) 
Oyarziin.    Sp.) 
Oxora,  (H.) 
Oxiirkow,(Pal.) 


Cs  tri'eo 
ostr-sJkfsk'^fV 

istrU'fiA 

a  (a  »5^-/Y,  titt-a 

eia-ra'li) 

i'tran-tK,  S-tribt'U 
t-lri'kO-tt 
it-tha'kof 

it  Id  ira'iu 

ou'iti-nar'de 
Qu'dfn-iqslii! 
ou'ds-eH'trr 

rtrt 

a-rdu"" 

e-rrke 

ffkrt 

a-ra'ild 

8-var' 

Bkrakr 

ffrr-JIdk'kfn 

S'vrr-ls'url 

S'vtr-hi'dit 

S  Ti  di-O-pSr 

iri-t'di 

8  pf/'y* 

i-Tl'aqt 

6'rrf^lsk 

Qx'fard 


ffd-fik' 

d-fdr-tk^m' 

t'zt-ra 


Paruax,  sr  Pacay*!  I 

(Biai.)  r.  ( 

nayet,  Swna  de,  (Bol.)  >■. 

Pacaralina,  Siena,  (9.  K.'i  m. 

Parosoiavn,  (3.  A.)  kmem. 

Pacaiidiirp.  la,  (Fr.) 

Pacaya,  (Glial.)  itlx. 

Pacem.  (Sir.) 

Pacerrtm,  ( Napl.) 

Pachacama,  (Pent.) 

Pacheco,  (Sji.) 

PachiiKS  (Sic)     PackfmnwL 

Parhilea,  (S.  A.)  r. 

Pacbiira,  (  Mpx.) 

Pachucica,  (Peni-)  r. 

Pacnra,  ( .v.  Gran.)  r, 

Pacy.sur-Eiire,  ( Pr.) 

Paderbom,    Pr.) 

Pademeira,  ( Port.) 

Padilla,  !.Mex.,  Tamanlipas.) 

Padora.  (IL;  c  Padua.)      I 
PaXMtium.  \ 

Padnm,  (Sp.)    frU  fUria. 

Padslow,  eamtpud  from      I 
Patuck-Swwe,  (Eng.)      \ 

Padua.     See  Padova. 

Padula,  (NapL) 

Paesana,  i  Said.) 
.  Pamnico,  (IL) 

Pajslia,  (IL)  r. 

BajHano,  (It.) 

Pa«liela,  (Nupl.) 

Pagny..iiir-.Moaelle,  (Fr.) 

Paso,  (Dalm.) 

Paihrco,  rPana.)  id. 

Painiblcur,  (Pr.) 

Faimpol,  (Fr.) 

Paimpnnl,  (Fr.) 

Paila,  (Peni.) 

Pajarp^,    Sfi.) 

Pajonai,  (Peru.) 

Pako«<!,  (Pr.  Pol.) 
Pakoed,  (H  ) 
Pakiicz,  (Slav.) 
Paka,  (H.) 


fd-ti'gdt,  pO-td'ya 

tl-tr'ni  dt  fd-ka'fkrt 

*Y  fr'rd  pd^X-d-rti-f^md 

pd-k4»-ma'vo 

la  fd-tSdi-ire' 

fd-ktt'fd 

pd'Cki'ko 

pd-chen'tro 

fi-eha-ka'ma 

fd-cktfkt 

pd'ki'mo 

fd<kt-t!'a 

fd-ckft'kd 

fd-tk^-kd'kt 

fd'ks-rd 

pd-tVjtir'Ar^ 

pa'drrborn 

p'd  drr-n&''i~rU 
pd-dll'fd 

pd'dS-vd 

pa-)lr«m' 

podfUenc 

pad'm-* 

pi^d^-id 

pd-^-td^nd 

pd'Sd'n't'ka 

pal'tid 

pal-yd'no 

pal-^e'ld 

p'dK-yi'gur-mi-t^ 

pa'  ire 

pd-1t'km 

pd'f-tAf 

pdntr-pdn^ 
pd'i-td 
pU-cbd'res 
pd-^kB-ndV 

pd'kSstsii 
pH-kaskJ 
pd-krdktt 
pdksk 


Paladni,  (Fr.)/aie. 
P.-tl  (te  Chataiicoii,  Su,         ) 
(Fr.)  i 

Palaciua,  los,(Sp.) 
Palafiirgel,  (i?|>.) 
Palajp>nia,  (Sic.) 
Palab,  l»,  (Pr.) 
Palais  Rnyal,    Paris.) 
Palamtie,    S)).) 
Palancia,  (S|>.)  r. 
Palaxzit-.Adnano,  (Sic.) 
Palazzo  degii  Utfici,  (Flor.) 
P.ilazziiuln,  (Sir.) 
Palcipa,  (Plata,)  Like. 

Palencia,  (^p.)     Palentia,    | 

Palcnqiie,  (Mox.,  Chiapna.) 

P.ilonzuela,  (Sp.) 
Palermo,  (Sic.)     Pdnnrmtis. 
P.iletrina,  (C.  It.)    PrxHesle. 
P.ili:\iio,  (I'.  II.) 
Paliniiro,  (Xapl.)  pronu 
Palisxe,  la,   Fr.) 
P.ilina,  (Sir.) 

Palina  \«ova,  (Alisfr.  It.) 
P.^linara,  (N.  It.)  inl. 
Palinaria.  (.N.  It.)  iX. 
Palinarola,  (N;ipl.) 
Palmas,  (.Sanl.)  pulf. 
Paliuas,  Us,  (Can.  Isls.) 
P.ilriierinho,  (Giiin.)  prom. 
P.ilo,  (Napl.) 
P.tlamar,  San  Aodrea  de,     J 


(Sp.) 
'aid 


P.-il<inia9,  (Sp.) 
PbLw,  (Sii.) 
Palma,  (II.) 

P.tmaka>Kan,  (.Madeira,)  uf. 
Pamanukan,  (Java.) 
Pambti,  (Bniz.) 
Pamirrs  (Fr.) 
Prtmlico,  (U.  SO  r. 
P»inpaj!na,  (laiizon,)  pror. 
Painpn-'f  (S.  A.)  p'air>.t. 
P.impelona.    See  Panipeltina. 
Pampelonne.  (Fr.) 
Pamppluna,  Pninploiia.  or  \ 

Pampelona,  i,Sp.)     />ani-> 

pflo.  / 

Pauipeinr,  (Margoeiila,)      > 

kaeen.  \ 

Pananin,  (N.  Gran.)     Sm    t 

Istltmtii*.  ) 

Panainoi,  (Pliilipp.) 
Panapapema,  (Brax.)r. 
Panah,  (Sir.)  ial. 
Panaris,  (Ltpnri  UU.)  UL    t 

H^rsint  Thermiiin.  S 

Panaro,  (N.  11.)  r.  Seulttnna. 

Panay,  (Philipp.) 
Pancalirri,  (Sard.) 
Paiiron"!',  (3p.) 
Panc:^va  or  PantJiova,  (H.) 
Pail  de  Guaijabon,(Cul)a,)  / 

Paneoa,  (PenrO  r. 
Pankdta,  \^\\.) 

Paiitnlaria,   )(Xapl.)i<L      ( 
Pantpllaria,  \      Cotsyrn,      \ 
Paniin,  (Fr.) 
Pmatitova.     Sre  Pancaova, 
Panuco,  (Mcx.,  Vera  Cruz.) 
Paola,  (Napl.)     PatOa. 
Papa.  (H.) 

Papagayo,  (C.  A.  Nicar.)     I 
vole.  ) 

Paiiasqii  iam,  ( Mex. ,  Durang. ) 
Pa|>enhure,  (Han.) 
Pai>oi)drerhi,  (\elh.) 
Pupiete,  (Otaiieite,)  kavm, ) 

PapiK-nhenn,  'Bar.) 
Paprovnik.     See  Ra^sa. 
Papua,  («.  New  Guinea,)  isls. 
Para,  (Braz.  ;  formtrly  Be-  I 

I  em.)  \ 

Para,  (Braz.)  prov. 
Paracatii,  (Braz.) 
Paracatti  do  Principe,  \ 

( Braz.)  \ 

P;traclet,  (Fr.) 
Paradas,  (Sp,) 
Paradia,  nr  .\ctpIekor  Pel-  j 

Paragna,  (Stilii  Arcblpel.)  isL 
Paniniacu.  Sre  Peniactiat^iL 
Parapnana,  (S.  A.  \eDez.)  j 

Parafftiay,  (3.  A.)  state. 
Parahiha,  Parahyha,  or        ) 
Paraiha,  (Braz.)  r.  \ 


pd.fadHt' 

sdtiff  pdl  di*  shU-ldng- 

sQng' 
lOs  pd-ld't/ii-5s 

fia-J'd-ffO-n'i'd 
a  pdi&' 

pd'ia'  rS^dyHP 

yd-ld-mds' 

pd'ldn'thitl 

pd  laf'sC-d-^iri-U'no 

pd'iUt'gO  iltl~y<}<J'fi'Ch'i 

pd-iat-sifcS'lo 
pdltki'pd 

pd-lin'lhi-di  e.  pa-len'- 

shr-a 
pd-lfH'ki 

pdtsr'mo 

pd'tiit-tr'i'nd 

pa-ti-il'no 

pd'ti-nQtyro 

Id  pd-tis' 

pal'md       .^ 

ptU'md  H^Q-ii'rii 

pal-md'rd 

pal-md'ritt 

pdl-mdrO'ld 

pul'md.H 

/d«  paVmWi 

pcJme-rin'j/if^ 

pd'lo 

sdH  dn-drcs'  de  pH-i6  mitr' 

pd-lo'mds 

pa'lu.* 

pa-lO'td 

pd-md'kdjt-aUn' 

pet-md-n^^-kitn' 

pdng'bf9 

pd-mi-i' 

pam'li-ko 

pdm-pdn'ytt 

pUtn'piU 

pdm'pc-tS'nH 

pdtiff-pif-iSn' 

pdm-pt-'Q^'nU 

pdm-plQ'nd 

pitm-pt-ld'Hii 

pdm-pi-tdr' 

pd-nd-rndf :  e.  paaana' 

piind-mO'a 
pd-a  d-pd-pt^'mU 
pd-aaVK 

pd-nd-rt'a 

pd-nd'ro 


pd-nU'i 
pan-lid  li-e'fi 
pdn-kSr'  ro 
pdn'chO'Vd 

pdn  de  g^^d-i-^bd-bSn' 

pdn-ffS'd 

pdu-ku'td 

pdn-td-ta'r'i-'d 

pdn-tel-la'r'i-U 

pdng-tAn-j' 

pdtt'chO-vd 

pd-n^f'ko 

pd'O-ld 

pa'pd 

pii  pd-g'd'yS 

pd-pdS'k'i-d'ro 
pd'prn-bi)qr§' 
pd'pht-drecht' 

pU-p'1-e't£ 

pdp'prn-hJv\e' 
pd-prur.'  n'ik 
pa'p(t<i'd 

p'd-rd' 

pd-rd' 

pd-rd-kd-tg^i' 
pd-ra-ka-t(,^'  rfV(i  pr'iR'a'i- 

pd-rd~l.'lc 
pdra'dds 

pdrwl'ld 

pd  r'd-gO'd 

pd-rd- gQQ'dSQ^ 

pd-rd  P'pp-a'na 

pd-rd- ^(}<}-d''i 

pd-rd'i'bd 


ParatbaduNorle,  (Braz.)pr. 

Paramaribo,  (Guiana.)         > 

Pnraiiicrn,  (Sp.)  table,  land. 

Paramo  de  Alharracin,  (S.  i 

A.)  mt.  chain.  \ 

Paramo  del  Assuay,  (S.     .  i 

A.)  mt.  chain.  \ 

Paraihu  du  Chisga,  (S.  A.)  j 

inf.  chain.  ) 

Paramo  dc  Guanacas^  (S.  | 

A.)  mt.  chain.  S 

Paramo  de  la  Snnmia[>az,  j 

(S.  A.)  vit.  chain.  \ 
Parana  Guhzu.  See  V^azu. 
Parana.     See  Rjc  Nepn». 

Parana.     Si-e  Cajada  do  ) 

Santa  Fe.  ) 
Paranagua,  (Braz.) 

Paranaliiba,  or  Paranahy-  ) 

lia,  (Braz.)  \ 
Parana  Miri,  ^Braz.)  r. 
Paray  le  ftronial,  (Fr.) 
Parct^j(Fr.) 

Parcliim,  or  Parctien,  (N.  ) 

Germ.)  i 
Pnrczow,  (Pul.) 
Pardao!>,  (Culomb.)  mt», 

Pardubilz,  (Bull. ;  b.  Pur-  i 

dubice.)  ) 
Parvczuw,  (Pol.) 

Pareriiia,  (Isle  of  Paros.)  \ 

Paredes  do  Nava,  (Sp.) 
Paredos  do  Sl^Uonza,  (Sp.) 
Parenzo,  (Itria.) 
Paria,  (S.  A.  Vcnoz.)  ffvtf. 
Parian,  (Manilii.) 
Parie»o  rEvfeque,  (Fr.) 
Parima,  Sierra,  (S.  A.)  mf*. 
Parinacuchns,  (Peru,)  lake. 
Parima.     Sve  Riu  Branco. 
Pari:",  (Fr.)     Lutrtia,  Pa7'isiu 
Pariza,  (Sp.) 
Pdrkiny,  (11.) 
Parma,  (II.)  duchy. 
Parn:thiba,  (Rraz.)  r. 
Parnicza,  (II.) 
Parobcni,  (Peru,)  r. 
Partann,  (Sic.) 
Partenico,  (Sic.) 
Parihenay,  (Fr.) 
Panubic,  (Boh.) 
Pam,  (Braz.j  r. 
Panichio,  (III.)  ist. 
Pasages,  (Sj).) 
Pascagoula,  (U.^.)r. 
Paschendacl,  (Belg.) 
Pasco,  or  Cerro  Pasco,  (Peru.) 
Pasctiam,  Pasqnaro,  i 

{Me.x.,  Mechoacan.)  \ 

Pas-de-Calais,  (Fr.)  tlep. 
P:ia-de-Calai8.     See  Duvre. 
Pasiaxa,  (S.  A.)  r. 
Pasitano,  (NapL) 
Paso  del  Noric,  (Mex.,         ) 

Chihuahua.)  \ 

Paspayn,  (Bol.;  r. 
Pasqui^lio,  (Lurca,)  mt 
Pa^uaro.     See  PaWuaro. 
Passaro,  (Sic.)  cape.     Pa-   ) 

ehynum  Promontorium.      \ 
Passarowitz,  (Serv.) 
Passau,  (Bav.)  Bataea  Castra. 
Pa.*8enano,  (Austr.  It.) 
Pas:?eyerthal,  (Tyrol.) 
Pa-signano,  (C.  It.) 
Pas.^  Caballo,  (Texas.) 
Pa.sBy,  (Fr.) 

Pasta^a,  (S.  A.,  Ecuad.)  r. 
Pastaco,  (Colomb.)  r. 
Pastaza,  (Colomb.)  r. 
Pasto,  (S.  A.) 
Pastrana,  (Sp.) 
Pasirt-n^o,  (Lomb.) 
PatagoneR.     See  Carmen. 
Palaciii,  (Serv.) 
Patay,  (Fr.) 

Patcrua  de  In  Ribicra,  (Sp.) 
I'aterno,  (Sic.)    Jlijbla  Major. 
Pritlvilca,  (Peru.) 
Patunc-i,  (Sp.) 
Patschk;ni,  (Pr.) 
Putii,    Sic) 

Paturk-Stowe.    See  Padalow. 
Paturage«,  (Belg.) 
Pan,  (Fr.)     Paluin. 
Paucarlambo,  (Peru.) 

Pauillac,  fFr.) 

Paul  de  Leon,  (Fr,) 

Pauxis,  (Braz.) 

Pavia,  (Austr.  It.)     Ticinum. 


pd-rd-i'ba  d<fQ  nUr'ta 
pd'rd-md-ri'bo  i  e.par'a- 

inar'e-bo 
pd-rd-mi'rd 
pd'rd-md  di  til-bdr-ril- 

thin' 

pd'rd-rtiS  dit  a»-«v^tf''i 
pd'rUmO  de  chia'gd 

pU'rd-inO  de  gijQ^d-nd'kUs 

pd'rd-mO  de  Id  sfpm'nui- 

pdth  ^ 

pd-rd-uU'  g<}9-d-siq' 
pd-r'd-nd' 

pd-rU-nW 

pd-rd-vd-gij^-h' 

pd  rd-nd-'i'bd 

pd-rd-nd'  m'i'r'i 
pd-rd'  te  iiiH-ni-dl' 
pdi-s^' 

pdr-chim(fhen) 

pdr'chof 
piir-da'Ct 
pdr'di;q-bits^  pdr-dQ^h'it'- 

pd-rdng'chqf 

pd-re'k'i-d 

pd-re'dis  de  nd'vU 

pd-re'de.f  de  si-g^g-in'thd 

pd-rtnd'so 

pd'ri-d 

pd-ri-dn' 

pd-rtn-yi'  Ig-rSke' 

s'i-er'r'd  pd-r'i'md 

pd-ri-nd-kO-chOs 

pd-ri'md 

pd-r'i' 

pd'r'i-thd 

pdJir-kdJiny 

pdr'iKd 

pdr-tid-V  b'd 

pdr-n'il'sd 

pd-rO-bs' n'i 

pUr-t  dn' 

pdrtt-nV  ko 

pdrt-nO.' 

pdr'tQ^bits 

pd'rQQ 

pUr-v'i'k't-o 

pd-sd'?hea 

pas-ka-gifQ'Ia 

pds'chen-ddhl 

p'ds'ko 

pds'kQQ-d-ro 

pd-dif-kd-l&' 
pd-de-kd-ld' 
pd-s'i-'d'chU 
pd-s'i-td'no 

pd'sS  d^l  n5r't£ 
p'ds-pd'i/d 
pds  k(}Q-'tl'yo 
pdit'k^Q-d-rd 

p'd$'$d-ro 

pds'  Bd-rH-viia' 

pds'sou 

p'ds-ne-r'i-d'no 

pds-sVer-VdhV 

pds-s'in-yd' no 

pds'sS  kd-bdl'yo 

p'ds-s'i' 

pds-Vd' tha[ad) 

p'ds-ld'ko 

pdstd'Uid 

pds'to 

pds-trd'nd 

pds-tren'go 

pd-td-gH'it^t 

pd'td-ts'in' 

pd-ta' 

pd-ter'nd  de  Id  r'i-h'i-s'r'd 

pd-ttr-nd' 

pd  ti-vil'kd 

pd'tO'nes 

pdtsh'kou. 

pdt't'i 

pad' stow 

pd-tit-rtige' 

pd-<j^kdr-t(ing'bQQ 
po-'i-ydJi'^  pal-ydk' 
pole  d'd  le-Ong' 
pd' <}i}-sh'ia 
pd-vi'd 


FaUj  fdr^  faUyWkgt,  bdL  —  JUtte,  prey^  hklp^  tJkfre,  A?r.  —  Pfnc,  marine^  htrd,  fig.  —  Mite,  dSve,  mifve^  leglf,  boi^k,  lord.  —Tfine,  6uC,  unite.  —  oi,  hoy ;  oUy  house.  — Fr.  ft  long, 


PRONUNCIATION   OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Pavilly,  (Fr.) 
Pavin,  (Fr.)  lake. 

Pawdinsk,  (R.) 
Pawdinskui  Kamen,  (higK- 

esl  potnLt  of  Ural.) 
PawIogrod,(R.) 
PawluwoSelo,  (R.) 
Payem,  (Switz. ;  g.  Peler- 

lingen.) 
Paysac,  (Fr.) 


Pays  Baji.    See  Netherlands.   ?*»'  bd/i 


pU'Vi-'i-yV J  pa-c'ti-yV 
pd-vAng' 

p'dc-diiisk' 

p{tv-diiiji'k6-'t  kU'men 

pHv'ld-ffrdd 
pdv'lO-vo  se-lR' 

p'dyern' 

p3-i-sdk' 


Pays  de  Vaud,  (Switz. 

g.  Waadland.)  j 

Paz,  la,  (Bol.) 
PecdoIi,(Pied.) 
Pecq,  le,j'Fr.) 
P63C,  or  PeU,    See  Funf-      ) 

kirchen.)  \ 

PicsvAr,  1 II.) 
Pedena,  (III. ;  g.  Biben.) 
Pederneira,  (Port) 
Pedraza,  (S.  A.  Venez.) 
Pedrillo,  (Cuba,)  mU 
Pedroche-i,  (Sp.) 
Pedro  de  Uardena,  (Sp.)      i 

cloister.  \ 

Pedro  Munoz,  (Sp.) 
Pedroneras,  las,  (Sp.) 
Pedroso,  el,  (Sp.) 
Pedroiix,  (Fr.)  mt. 
Pegau,  (Sax.) 

Pegnitz,  (Bav.)  r, 
Pego,(Sp.) 
Peisfcretscliam,  (Pr.) 
Pekel-Aa,  (Netb.) 
Pelago,  (Tusc.) 
Pelee,  (Maninique,)  mt, 
Pelestnna,  (N.  It.) 
Pilissanne,  (Fr.) 
PeHegrino,  San,  (Lomb.) 
Peloro,  (Sic.)  prma. 
Pelvoux  de  Vallouise,  (Fr.)  J 

m.  \ 

Peines,     See  Pesmes. 
Penfi  de  Francia,  (Sp.)         j 

part  of  Guadaraina  Mis.    ' 
PefiafieJ,  iSp.) 
PefiatJur,  (Sp.) 
PeSalara,  (Si>.)  peak, 
PeSalba,  (Sp.) 
Pctt,ilver,  (Sp.) 
Penamacor,  (Port.) 
PeBaranda-de-Bracamon-    ] 

te,(Sp.)  I 

PeBas,  (3.  A.  Patag.)  gulf. 
PeBas  de  San  Pedro,  (Sp.) 
Penhafiel,  (Port.) 
Penifhe,  (Port.) 
PeBiscola,  (Sp.) 
Pefion  de  Um  HaBos,  (Mex.) 
Penon  de  Velez,  (Sp.  Fes.) 
Peuschtna,  (R.)  r. 
Penscliinsk,  (R.) 
Peoaarula,  (Flor.) 
PenzinK,  (Aiieitr.) 
Peqiieni,  (.V.  Gran.)  r. 
Pe*iuigny,(Fr.) 
Peraleda  de  la  Mata,  (Sp.) 
Perat,  8l,  (Fr.) 
Perclie,  le,  (Fr.)  old  dw. 
PerchioldsdorC  See  Bercli- 

bildttdorf. 
Percy.  (Fr.) 
Perdido,  (N.  A.)  r. 
Perea,  (Braz.)  r. 
Fered,  (II.) 

Pereira  de  Siigio,  (Port.) 
Perigord,  le,  (Fr.)  old  div. 


PerigUP'ix,  (Fr.)     Veautma.    pe-ri-gt^' 


pd-'i'  d'(S  »3 

Id  path 
pet'cha-li 
li  pek 

pehtah 

pektsh'Viihr 
pe-de'n'd  ^^ 

pe-drU'tha 
p^-dr'iV  tjo 
pe-dru'ches 

pe'drS  de  kdr-d^n'yii 

pe'drd  m^Qn-yiJtk' (yli:f') 
Ids  pi-drOn-ye'rds 
el  pe  drO'so 
pif-drQif' 
pe'goti 

ping' nits 

pe'ffo 

pls'kret'sh'drn 

pS'kelWt. 

pe'l'd-^Q 

p'^-le' 

pe-ieo-tri'ttd 

pe-tis-sdn' 

s'dn  pel  le-gr'i'no 

pe-lQ'ro 

pel-tqi}'  d'i  vdl-lQi^'izz' 

pime 

pen'y'd  d^  frdn'Ot'i-'d 

psn-tjU-n-el' 

pin-y'd-JlQhr' 

pen-y'd-td'rd 

pen-y'dl'b'd 

pen-y'di-vere' 

p^nU-md-kdhr' 

pen^yd-rdn'dd  d£  br'dkd- 

mhn't^ 
pfn'ii'dj 

pt't'ydit  de  g'dn  pe'dro 
pvn-yd-f'i-^V 
pe-n'i'ah^ 
pen-7/is'kO-ld 
pen-yQn'  de  fOs  bdn'yUa 
pen  yOn'  de  vs'leth 
pen'sh'i-n'd 
pm-ehirtsk' 
pet'»a-ko'la 
pint' sing 
pl-ke'tii 
pe-k~in  y'V 

p^-rd-lt'd'd  di  Id  md'tU 
sAng  p'f'-rd' 
V^  persh 

perSk'  tglds-dnrf 

pir-/t'i' 

per'dido ;  pp.  per-di'do 

pp-re-'d' 

pp-rh't^d  lis  ^fjQs'd'o^ng 

li*  pe-r'i-ffDrc' 


Perejaslaw.  (Turk.) 
Perejaslawi,  (R.) 
Perokop,  fR.) 
P^re  la  Chaise,  (Paris.) 
Pereftlawl  Salp:^kni,  (R.) 
Pergine,  (Tyrol,) 
PeritP,  (Braz.)  r. 
Perlas,  Islas  de,  ((3iilf  of 

Panama.) 
Perlebcre,  (Pr.) 
Perm,  (R.) 
Pernamburo,  or  Cidade  do 

Recife,  (Br.)  proo, 
Pemau,  (ti. ;  r.  Peruov.) 
P*ronno,  (Fr.) 
Pero?a,  (Sard.)  valUy. 


Perole,  (Mftx.,Vera  Cruz,)m.  pr--r5'tc 


pd-rt-yd^-ldH' 

pt-rr_-kOpt' 

phc  Id  xhSie  ^_^ 

pe-re-i'ldrl'  gdU-^'kli-i 

pi^rd'gi-n^ 

pt-r'i-tr' 

U'ldSmdi  ptr'lda 

per'l^-beT^' 

perm 

pir-n'dm-b<}<f'ko 

pir'niutt  per'jtSf 

p^-r'tn' 

pe-ro'ad 


P6roiise,  (Sard.) 
Pcrprgiian,  (Fr.) 
Perqiiimaii!!,  (U.  S.)  co. 
Perretle,  (Sard.) 
Peraano,  (Nnpl.)  canile. 
Perth,  (Scot.) 


ye-TQq^e' 

per-pin-vdng' 

perquim  ans 

ptr-rii' 

p^r-sd'no 

perth 


Perluis,  (Fr.) 

Peru,  (S.  A.)     PeruviiL 

Peruagua^u,  Paragua^u,     j 
Perua^u,  fUraz.)  r.  j 

Perugia,  (0.  It.)     Perunia. 
Peruweicz,  (Bclg.) 
Pesaro,  (U.  It.)     Fisaurum. 
PescadiireM,  (.■\iistral.)  w/v. 
Pescara,  (\apl.)    Jiterntu. 


per-tH-i' 

pirQ<Mt-gQ9-fi^W't  VS.- 

p£-ro<}d'gd 

pi'ru-vtis 

pi'sd-ro 

Pis-kd-da'rfB 

pis-kii'rd 


Pcscbiera,  (Lttinb.)   Piscaria.  piH'k'i-t'r< 

Pescia,  (Tiisc.)  p^'uhd 

Pescina,  (Napl.)  ps-akVud 

Pesmee,  or  Femes,  (Fr.)  pinie 

Peslh,  (H.)  pesht;  e.  pest 

Pelapa,  (Goal.)  p^-td'p'd 

Pelen,  (C.  A.,  Guat.)  Uke.  pc-W^' 

Peter,  St.,  (Austr.)  zdnkt  pe'U^r 

Petertiiigeti.     See  Payarnc.  pe'tvr-iin" gen 

Petersburg,  |  q,     ,p  s  idnkt  p'^' lers-bQ^rg' 

Peterbiirg,   ^  ^^•'  ^^'^  idnJUpi'ter-bgQrg' 

Pelershof,  See  Bercbtoldsdorf.  p^'ters-knf 

Petersthal,  (Bad.)  pi'trrs-VOld 

Peterwardein,  (ILj  A.  Pe-  >  Vi'tir-vdr-,nne' 
tervArad.) 


.  Pe-  } 


ter-war'dine 
rdli'rad 
Pelil,  le,  fill  rle  Sac,  (Guaii.)  W  pl-a'  tft  «  sUk 


;  e.  pe'- 
Vt-'V- 


Petit-Canal,  (Gtia»i.)  isL 
Petit  Sacoiiliex,  (Switz.) 
Petralia,  (Sir.)    Solana,  So- 

pranii.) 
Petrikau,  or  Piotrk6wice, 

CP„1.) 
Petrikow,  (B.) 
Petriiila,  ( AiiPtr.  Croat.) 
Petronell,  (Ai^f^tr.)     Car- 

nuiitum. 
Petropawlowsk,  (K.) 
Petropawliiskajn,  (R.) 
Petrosawodt'k,  (U.) 
PetrovvHk,  (R.) 
?in.    See  Funfkirehcn. 
Petschersk,  (R.) 
Petsliora,  (R.) 
Pet.ivdrart,  (H.) 
Pettau,  (Austr.) 
Peltobano,  (Napl.) 
Peveragno,  (Pied.) 
Pevrat,  (Fr  ) 
Peyreaturtes,  (Fr.) 
Peyrih.'^,  (Fr.) 
PeielKis.  (Fr.)     PUdntB. 
Pozo  do  Kegtia,  (Port.) 


p'f-ti'kd-ndV 
p'^-tV  ad-kOn-tieks' 
pe-trU-n'd 

pe'tr'i-koH 

pe-trl-kqf 
pt-tf'i' ni-d. 

pe-trS-ud' 

pp-trS-pde'lqvsk 

pp-li-o-pdo' Iqs-kH-yd 

pt'tro-sdvSdsk' 

pi-lrovsk' 

pSldJh 

pet-ahsrsW 

p'elshlS'rd 

pfiktsh-vdll^rild 

ptt'tou 

pit-tO-bd'iin 

pS-v^-rdn'yo 

p&re-tHftc' 
pH-rdns' 
pi-ii-n'dhs' 
pt'iQQ  dfji}  re'gQtf-'d 


Peziiela  do  las  Torres,  (Sp.)    pe  lAf^-s'W  d£  Ids  tor'rt' 


Praffik.m,  or  Pfcffikon 
(Switz.) 

Pfiilibiilinfon,  (Bav.) 

Pfal/,,  (Uorm. ;  f.  Palati- 
nate.) old  div. 

PfelTera,  (Switz.) 

Pfoffikon.     S  c  praifikon. 

Pforing,  (Bav.) 

Pforzlieini,  (Bad.)    Porta 
Hr.rciniiF. 

Pfreimt,  (Bav.) 

Prulliiisoii,  (VVilrt.) 


vM'f't-km 

pfaf'feii-hO'fin 

pfdlt3 

pfO'rhig 

pfqrts'Mmc 

pfrlmt 
p/ifQVlin"ffen 


Pliilliert,  St., do  Bouainc,(Fr.)  >diiif  fit-ierc'  i)t  bf^llm' 
Pllilippeville,  (Belg.)  fi-llp-vilc' 

Philippine,  (.Vclh.)  fi-tipptnc' 

Philippslmrg,  (Bad.)  f'i'l;ps-ttg^S' 

Piacenza,  (N.  It.)    Placenlia.  pt-d-cktitd'sd 


Piadoiia,  (Austr.  It.) 
Piano-ilei  Oreci,  (Sic.) 
Pianola,  (.Mediterr.)  i«^ 

Ftanu.-fia. 
Piano  di  Sorrento.    Seo 

Piirrento. 
Piasocziio,  (Pol.) 
Piatck,  (Pol.) 
Piauhy,  (Braz.)  prov. 
Piavc,  (Austr.  It.)  r. 
Piazza,  (Sir.) 

Piazza  di  S.  Lucia,  (Napl.) 
Piazzola,    j-^„s,r.  It.) 
Piazzuola,  \  *■ 
Picaclio,  (I'ol(iml).)  int.. 
Picarilie,  la,(Fr.  ;  c.  Picar- 

dv,)  ctd  die. 
Pic'd'Almuradiel,  (Sp.)  mt 

Pic  del  Rey,  (Sp.)  mt. 

Pic  de  I'Eloile,  (Austral.)  isl.  ptk  da  Ir-ti-dW 

Pic  dea  .\rsines,  (Fr.)  mt.  p'ik  dt-zdr-sinc' 

Pic  du  Midi.     See  Midu  pik  di  mi-ii' 
Pichiniha,  (S.  A.,  Ecuad.)  j     .<.j,„„/£m 

vole.  ) 

Pichupichu,  (Peru,)mt.  pi-clum-pi^w 

Pico  de  Teydo,  (Tener.)  mt.  ptliU  rfj  le,'^t-de  „ 

Pico  do3  OruaOB,  (Braz.)  mt.  pi'k^D  di;(is  Hr-gd'iifngs 

Picnuigny,  (Fr.)  p-i-kln-yi' 

Pic  San  Jacynto,  (N.  A.)  m.  pik  sdn  gd-sinr'tiit 

Piedimontc  di  San  Germa-  (  pi-e-it-mOn'te  di  sdn 

no,  (Napl.)  i       dger-md'no       


]H-d.dc'nd 

p'i-d'  no-di!'i'grs,'  ch'i 

pi-a-nS'sd 

pid'nd  ft  sBr-rtn'to 

pyd-siUh'no 

pDSrtg'ttk 

pi-a-(>c-i' 

pi-tl've 

pi-dl'sd 

p't-di'sd  di  Fdn'td  ti^ekt'd 

p'i'dts  sa'(8Qi}-ti')ld 

p'i-kdi'bko 

Id  pi-kdr-ii' ;  e.  pik'ar-dij 

p'ik  ddl'mQf*-rd.di'el' 

pik  drj  r'^i 


Picduiont,    See  Fiemontc 
Piedra  Ulanca,  (La  PI.) 
Piedras,  (S.  A.  Venez.) 
Piedrahita,  (Sp.) 
Piemont.    Sr.e  Pieim  ute. 
Piemonte,  (N.  It. ;  t.  Pieil-  j 

moot,)  yrin.  \ 

Pienza,  (Tu8c.) 
Pierre  Ancise,  (Fr.) 
Pierre-Buflierro,  tX^-) 
Pierre  Cliaul,  (Fr.) 
Pierre  Haute,  (Y'r.) 
Pierre-Pertuis,  (Switz.)       j 

postage  ill  Jura  Mu.  \ 

Pierre,  St.,  (lei.  of  Slartin.) 
Piet^)Ie,  (Uinih.) 
Pietrain.ila,  (Tnsc.) 
Pietro  Moncorvino,  (.Vapl.) 
Pictrapcrzia,  (Sic.) 

Pietra-Roja,  (Napl.) 
Pietra,  Santa,  (Tusc.) 
Piuve  di  ('adore,  (Autlr.      ) 

II.)  i 

Pievo  del  Cairo,  (Sard.) 
Pieve  de  Viijo,  (Tyrol.) 
Pignana,  (Fr.) 
Pigncrol.  See  Pinerolo. 
Piguena,  (S.  A.)  r. 
Pijlstaert,  (Austral.)  isl. 
Pilar  do  Taypu,  (Braz.) 
Pilarea,  (Tierra  del  Fue-     j 

go,)  cape.  i 

Pil.ir,  (Fr.)  mt. 
Pilatuttberg,  (Switz.)  m. 
Pilconiayo,  or  Aragiia-Gita-  i 

zi,  (S.  A.)  r.  I 

Pilicn,  (Pol.) 
Pilis  C^aba,  (II.) 
Pillau,  (Pr.) 
Pilnilz,  (Sax.) 
Pilscn,  (Boh.) 
Pimena,  (Mex.)  distf. 
Pin,  le,  (Pr.) 
Pinare,  (Braz.)  r. 
Pinczow,  (Pol.) 
Pinega,  (R.)  r. 
Pinerolo,  (Sard.  ;/r.  Pigne-  \ 

rol.)  ' 

Pingon,  (Sard.)  castle. 
Pinhel,  (Port.) 
Piiios  Puenle,  (Sp.) 
Piombino,  (Tusc.) 
Piotrkowice.    See  Petrikau. 
Piove-di-Sacco,  (.\ustr.  It.) 
Pirano,  (Istria.) 
Pirmaaeiip,  (Bav.) 
Pima,  (Sax.) 
Pirnitz,  (Mor.) 
Pisa,  (Tusc.)    Plstr. 
Pisciotta,  (Napl.) 
Pisek,  (Boh.) 
Piski,  (Trans.) 

Pisiiio,  (111. ;  s.  Milterbnrg.)    pi-ti'no 
Pissevachc,(Swit/..)  Kotcr-  )      -f^.^-^^ 

fall.  ) 

Pislicci,  (Napl.) 
PistoJB,  (Tusc.)    Pistoria. 
Pislokow,  (Pol.) 
Pisucrga,  (Sp.)  r. 
Piteil,  (Sw.)  prov. 
Pitesti,  (Turk.) 
Pithiviers,  (Fr.) 
Pitsclieu,  (Pr.) 
Pitons  du  Uarbet,  ( Slartin.)  j 

vole.  I 

Piura,  (Pern.) 
Pizzigbottone,  (Lomb.) 
Pizzo,  (Napl.) 
Plara  do  Comtncrrio,  (Lis-  j 
bi.n.)  1 

Place  de  la  Charts,  (Paris.) 
Place  de  Heuri  Quatre,        j 

(P,iri!.)  I 

Place  dea  Vofges,  (Paris.) 

Place  Royaln,  (Paris.) 
Place  do  Vicloircs,  (Paris.) 
Place  de  Vcndfime,  (Palis.) 
Placencia.  or  Plasenria, 

(Sp.)    Ihbogrio,  Plaeeii 

till. 
Flainfuing,  (Fr.) 
Plan,  (Buh.) 
Planchcnoit,  (Belp.) 
Planitz,  'Boll.) 
Plasencia.    See  Placencia. 
Plaski,  (Austr.  Croat.) 
Pla.swilz,  (Pr.  Sil.) 
Plata,  La,  or  Araentine 

Confederation. 
Plata,  Rio  de  la,  (S.  A.) 


pced'mont 
pl-l'drd  btdn'ka 
p'i-i'dr<U 
p't-i-drd-VtiX 
p't.fi^lOng* 

p't-i-mOii'ts 

pi-Cnd'ad 
p'i.^re'  diig-e'iu' 
pi-ere'Miffi.eref 
p'i-lre'  ekd^rV 
pi-ire'  6te 

p'i-fre'  per-t(t-'i' 

edng  p'i-ire' 
pi^im-lC 
pt-t'trd-md'li 
p't-i'tia  mGn-kOr.t'('n9 
pi-t'triiperd'ii-a 

pl.t'lrd-rlPl-U' 
idx'ld  p'i-s'trU 

p'i't'r^  di  kit'dn'rs 

p'i-t'rt  del  kWi-ro 

P'i-e'vs  di  vVgo 

p'iii-i/ditg' 

p'ln-yc-rOl' 

pi-g'i'nd 

pVe'atdhrt 

p'i'ldr'  d^Q  iil't-p^ 

p't-ld'rts 

p't-ldte' 

p'i~la' iQQa-berg* 

p'tt-kS-md'tjo 
pi  ti'lfd 
pi-tiah  tshd-ha 
pft'lou 
pil'niis 
piVien 
p't^me'ri-d 
la  pdng 
p'i-nd-re' 
pin'ckqf 
pi-ne'gd 
'   p't-vi-rS'lo 

ping-gUng' 

p'in-ytV 

pVn'Ss  pij^tn'ti 

p'i-Om-b'i'vo 

pi'Gtr-ko'v't'tse 

pj.^'re-d'i-s'dk'ko 

p'i-rd'no 

pir'md-iene' 

pir'n'd 

pir'nita 

p'i'/id 

pi-shSl'td 

p'i'iek 

pish-k{ 


pts-m'cM 
pls-tfi-yd 
pis-tS'kQf 

pi-am-tr'gd 

pi'lt-a 

pi-lesk-Vi 

pi-a-Ti-e' 

pit'shen 

p'i-tO»g'  du  ftar-ftj' 

pV-fp'rd 

pii-st-gtt-te'iit 

p'it'so 

pVd'ad  dq^  hOm^mzr^A~^ 
pldhs  de  Id  shdir.lt' 
pldha  da  dng-rV  kdtj: 
pldhs  de  vSkge 
pldhs  rH^dydle' 
plahs  da  rik-ttiire' 
pldhs  da  vdng-dome' 

pld^lim'Uii-d 

plaiigfO-dng' 

pldii 

ptdiigsK-nO-H' 

pld'nits 

pld-spl'tiH-a 

ptdsh-kl 

plds'vits 

la  pld'fd 

I'll  di  U  pld'ta 


ctt. ;  i  abort,  »2(.  -  Fr.  A  long,  A  short,  nearly  aa  in  spur.-dy,  ly,  ny,  nqmd.-An"ger.-e,  ik,  guttural;  g 


171 


Plata,  Rio  de  la,  (S.  A.)  rioajia  pmi" 

as  «  in  pleasure.  — r  final,  Fr.  re.  —  C;  between  r  and  /.  | 
"~  '  1361 


PRONUNCIATION  OF   MODEllN   GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Plalani,  (Sic)  r 
PlalaniM,  (Cuba,)  r. 
Plateaux,  {tubU  lan^  im 

America  ) 
PlaIlen,(Boh.) 
Flaiieii  See.     See  Balaton. 
Plaueii.  (S.1I.) 
Pleine-Foiieeros,  (Fr.) 
Pleisnilz,  (H.) 
Fleiicia,  (Sp.) 
Plenogiio,  (Turk.) 
Plmciwo.    See  Plaaievr. 
Pleskow,  (R.) 
Plwse  (Pr.) 
Plws»,  le,  lea  Toun,  (Fr.)  j 

Cdttlt.  ) 

PkKzew,  (Pr.  PoL  i  g.  Ple»-  j 
cben.)  > 

Pleiirtuil,  (Fr.) 

Plinieiiburit.    Sm  Viangnd. 

Plock,  (Pol.) 

Ploen,  or  PI6n,  (Denio.} 

Plurruiel,  (Fr.) 

PInjgsl,  (Turk.) 

Plumb  lie  Cantal,  (Fr.)  *l. 

Plonibieres,  (Fr.) 

PI6n.     &e  Ploeu. 

Plouarel,  (Fr.) 

Plouigoeau,  (Fr.) 

Po,  (ll)r    Padus,  EridoHus. 

Po  di  Prim.iro,  iN.  lu)  r. 

Poboleda,  (Sp.) 

Pjd«brad,  (Boh.) 

Purf^oize,  (Gal ) 

Pndul,  (R.) 

Podiibna,  (R.) 

Podaha,  or  Podokk,  (R.  { 
PoL)*i>c.  i 

Poggio-Reale,  (Sic.) 

Piiglizza,  ( Dalin.)  diittr. 

PogoA.  (R.) 

FoictiMa.    See  Poiiien. 

Poictou.    See  Poilou. 

Poiot-jt-Piire,  la,  (Guad  ) 

Puint-dc-Galle.  (Ceylon.) 

Fointe  Escarpee,  (N.  HoL)  I 

frtm.  id.  \ 

Point  Saint  Mattbieu,  (Fr.)  I 
prQWt.  } 

Poir*,  (Fr.) 

Pobnr,  (Fr.) 

Poitiers,  Poiclim,  (Fr.)  j 
Z^ia«Kiiiii.  ) 

Poitou,  Poictou,  (Fr.)  olifr. 

PDJarevacii,  (Ser%'ia  ) 

Pokrzywnica,  (Put) 

Pol.  SL,  (Fr.) 

Pa|.de  Leon,  St.,  (Fr.) 

Pola,  (III  )     Piiuu  Jtilit 

Pataiid,(rW.  Ffllaka  i  /-  Po-  j 
Ian  ,/r.  La  Polofae,)  iuf .  ( 
INilaniee,  (Pol.) 

Puleaine,  (Auatr.  iL)  praa. 

Policastro,  (Napl) 

Poliika,  (Boh.) 

Polignac,  (Fr.) 

Polignauu,  (NapL) 

Poligny,  (Fr.) 

Polizii,  (Sic.) 

Polla,  (Napl.) 

FoUenza,  (Major.)  PalUxtuu 

Follina,  (Sic.)  r. 

Fbllino,  ( Apenn. ;  k.  Doiee  t 
Dormo.)  aeitJt.  { 

Folochic,  (C.  A.  Guai.)  r. 

Poloczk,  i  '■'°'' 
Piilopie,  la.     See  Poland. 
Polonka,  (R  Pol.) 
PjUka.     See  Puland. 
Fuluwa,  er  Pullawa,  (R.) 
Polleu,  St.,  (Austr.) 
Polvaccio,  (Modena.) 


pla'ta-nl 
fldta-nOl 

fld^ti' 

pldt'lfn 
flat'ten  z^ 

piaiufof-ienf 

ptta'itUi 

plin'M-a 

pU-nHt'jfO 

flesh' en 

pttsJit/' 

pUs'tt 

plArtiA' 
ptin'tfM-h^^rg* 
ploUk 
p/eQnf 

plS-yt^ 

plSMf  M  kaxi^tlW 

plamn-ilSn' 

piAM 

plff-a^rt' 

W?»-»»-!r»' 

pO 

pd  di  prf-mlrro 

pS-bSle'im 

p^d'yiirdd 

pod  gOr'nke 

pi  dol' 

p9-Mli'na 

pedo'lia,  po-d&UV 
pit'gli-rt^'lt 

psi-^ifta 

pd-gCtW 
pi^AI-s! 
pfd^v/  ^ 

idpi^ingFkrvr' 

yjQa/'-A-fdl' 
pi^gt'  {»*«r«' 
pfing'  tiAf  m^^uA' 
pfa-rf! 
p&^b.^' 


p^ita-rt'TlIf 

pttr^ktr-nit'ia 

•dngpil 

ting  pil^dt^t^ng' 

pS'ld 

po'land^  p9'Un 

pi-idn'yftj 

pi-ti^lllit'ln 

pSttUh'td 

pi-tin-ydk' 

ptf-tim-^d'no 

p»-tl».fV 

p«-lit'rt 

pSl'ld 

pal-im'eU 

pBl'ti-na 

piUt'nt,  diVcht  dSi'tno 

p6JB-chW 


Folzin,  (Pr.) 
Fomard,  (Fr.) 
Fomarico,  (Napl.) 
Pomba,  Viua  da,  (Braz.) 
Pombal,  (fori.) 
PomAfue,  (>iar5eille«,)  isL 
PontfreL     Se'  Ponierract. 
Pomeivnia.     See  Pommem. 
Pomigltano  d'.Arco,  (Napl.) 
Poniuiern,  (Pr. ;  e.  Fome- 

rania,)  proe, 
PiMnorzany,  (GaL) 
Pompadour,  (Fr.) 
Pompalar,  (W.  Ind.) 
Foodichery.   I  ,,t;„a\         ' 
Pbndicherh^,  i  '"'""'•J         , 
Fongo  de  Matisenche, 

(Braz.)  falL 


la  pS-lBnt' 

pj^unff-kd 

pUfsid 

pSt-td'rd,  p^^mtvU 

idmkt  pal'ten 

pit-wa'sko 

pol-blae' 

pB-mHrt' 

Tll'm  da  pdng'bli 

p6na-6dte' 

pd'mdg^ 

pom'fret 

pQat-f-ra'ns-€ 

pi^wM'iid'ni  idr'ka 

pQm'mirm 

pB-mBr-aUI'n'i 
pSng-pii-Jo^ 
pdm-pd-ttiT' 
ping-dt-jiki-rV ,  pon'de- 

tker're 
V^'^^'gW  ^t  mdng~ai^-i'- 

she 


Pons,  St.,  (Fr.) 
Pont  it  Moiis.<on,  (Fr.) 
Pont  .\mleiner,  rFr.) 
Pout  Cliiteau,  (Fr) 
Pont  de  Benuvoiain,  (Fr.) 
Pont  de  C«,  le,  (Fr.) 
Pont  de  Vaui,  fFr.) 
Pont  da  Gard,  (Remoul)ns, 

Fr.)  brtdge* 
Pont  Gibaud,  (Fr.) 
Pont  I'Abb*,  (Fr.) 
Pont  Royal,  (Paris,)  tndge, 

Pont  Sl  Esprit,  (Fr.) 
Pont  St.  Maxeuce,  (Fr.) 
P.  nt  Valain,  (Fr.) 
Poniac,  (Fr.) 
Punia  Uelgada,  (Azocea.) 
Pont  a  de  Palnieirinbo, 
Guin.) 


sdngpSng 
pUftgt  a  m^^»-s9ng' 
pOn^t  O-dif-titsre' 
pStiif  a/ld'ta'  ^.^ 
pOtig  lie  bH-vO-ii'Xdng 
le  pOiig  de  Si 
pOng  de  oQ 


P..ntaillier,  (Fr.) 
■       [Fr) 


Piiiitarlier,  ( 
Ponlcharia,  (Fr.) 
Pontrh.irtiain,  (U.  8.)  lake. 
Ptintchanrain,  (Fr.) 
Pontecor\'o,  (S.  iL)  FregeUa, 
Poiiteba,  (III.) 

Ponlt'frart,  vut^arhj  Poinfret. 
PonteKindolK',  (.Napl.) 
FontelunfEO,  (Liinib.) 
Potite  Vecchio,  (Core.)  Aaren. 
Pontevedra,  { Sp.)  PotisVetas 
Ponloviko,  i.\u9tr.  It.) 


I   pSng  dii  g'drt 
pSng  g't-bO' 

ping  rS-a-ydle* 

pOHg  sdng-t-is-prV 

pOng  sang  wOg-tdngse' 

ping  vd-laag' 

ping-tak' 

pin'td  dtl-gd'dd  _ 

ping'tu  di  pa/-m4-l-r»»'- 

pUngAd-'i^i' 

jting-tur-ii-i' 

pon' char-train* 


[eal 


Pontlueii,(Fr  )/tfrm«r«rtuiry. 

Ponlirelli,  (Napl.) 

Pontifical  States,  or  Stntes 
of  the  rhurrh  ;  iL  Slati 
Poiitilirii,  SUiio  della 
Chiesa. 

Pontin,  (Pr.) 

Pontine  Marsheji.    Ponqvti-  { 

Pontivi,  (Pr.) 
Ponioisc,  (Fr.) 
Ponirvmoli,  (Tusc.) 
Vopayaii,  (S.  A.  N.  Gran.) 
Popenngen,  (Bclg. ;  ^r.  Po-  j 

pcriiigue.)  ) 

Popiedzifiko,  (Pr.  Pol.  j  ff.   l 

Pudewitz.)  S 

PoptKatepetl,  (La  Puebta,)  | 

Popoli,  rN'apl.) 
Pnppi,  (Tusc.) 
Popnd,  (II.  i  f,  Deuischea-  j 

Porco,  (Bol.)  iju 
Porrhuw,  i,U.t 
Porcmia,  (Sp.)     OhtUcum, 
Pufdoiioiie,  (l.<onib.) 
Purcntniy,  (Switz. ;  g.         i 

Rninlnil.)  ) 

PorelsrUic,  (R.) 
Poreiti.  iN.  lu) 
Pontszto,  (H.) 
Pornic,  (Fr.) 
Porquen>Ues,  (Fr.)  iVifc 
Porsgrund,  (Norw.) 
Porlalegre,  (Port.) 
Port  au  Port,  (Npwf.)  bay. 
Port  an  Prince,  (llayii  j         } 

Port  R6publi<-ain.)  I 

Port  Bourbon,  (Isle  de         | 

France.)  \ 

Port  Castries,  (W.  Ind.) 
Fort  Dauphin,  (Madae.) 
Port  do  Pais,  (tlayti.) 
Portel,  (Port.) 
Purtela  do  Homer,  (Port.)    J 

inly.  \ 

Porlici,  (Xapl.) 

Port  Louis,  (Fr) 

Port  Malion,  (Sp.)    Partus  / 

MagonU.  \ 

Porto.     See  Oporto. 
Porto,  rll.)  Partus  Trajtotus. 
Porto  .Alegre,  (Port) 
Porto  Belio.    See  Puerto       ) 

Bello.  S 

Porto  d'Anzo,  (It  )  ^ntmm, 
Porto  do  Forclial,  (Braz  ) 
Porto-Ercole,  (Tusc.)  Btr- ) 

culit  Portus.  \ 

Porto  Farina,  (Tunis.) 
Porto- Fernijo,  (Elba.) 
Pt.n.i  Griiaro,  (Austr.  It.) 
Porto  MAgfjiore,  (.N'.  It.) 
Porto  .Maurizio,  (.N.lL) 
Porto  Pray:(,  (Santiago,)  isL 
Porro  Recanati,  (h.) 
Porto  Rico.    See  Puerto  Pvico. 


pa  Hg-^kHr-trdrng 

pdiJtt-kar'vo 

pdu-te'bil 

pom'fret 

ydn-tf-lUn-dOl'fo 

pun-te-l^l}n'f;o 

pOn'tc  vek'ki-o 

pOn-tS'Ve'Ur'a 

pOn-ti-v't' ko 

pOng-ti-A' 
pOn-ti-tshcl'ti 

pan-tif'i-lMl 

pBng-tdng' 

pon'tiiu 

pSuff-tt-vV 

pUng-tS-itte' 

piiH-trt'mO-ti 

pQ-pH-yttlt' 
pO-ptrrin" gin 
p^e-rduff-^ 

ptip-pt/ed-tis'Ju 

pH'pSJtit-tt-^ffi* 

pO'pd-n 
popfpt 

pQ'prUd 

pOr'ko 
pitr'ckgf 
pOr-kf^'nH 
pdr-dt-nO'ni 

pd-rfing-tr^'i' 

pdTetsk'yi 
pa-r(i'n 
pO-rOs'lo 
pur-aik' 
ptJr-ktf-rOle' 
pOra' ffT^fjnd 
pdr-td-i^' grS 
pQr-td-p6re 
por-t6-prAn^s'  f 
e.  port  o  prince 

pOre  hgijT'bOng* 

pQre  kds-tr'i' 
pare  dd'fdng^ 
pQre  di  pd 
por-tfi' 

pGr-U'lU  ds  0-mcre' 

pOr't'i-ch'i 

pore  Uy^V 

ma-hone' f  miir^n' 

pOr'tQQ 

pdr'to 

pSr't^Q  'd-ls'gr^ 

por'to  hd'lo 

pdr'td  ddnd'so 
pHr'tqQ  dQ<}  fdrshUle' 

pGr'lH-er'k&'U 
pCr'tO  fdr'i'nd 
pu  r'to-frr-rd-'i-o 
ptjr'ta  grrff^d'TO 
por'to  mai'gu'ri 

pSr'td  m'd-o^^'id's'i'O 
pOr'tO  prd'yd 
pOr'ta  re-kd-Jta'tt 
pur'to  r't'ko 


Porto  Rosega,  (111.) 
Porto  Sanlo,  (.Atl.  Oc.)  ial. 
Porto  Senuro,  (Braz.) 
Porto  Vecchio,  (Cors.) 
Fort  R^publicHin,  or  Port     ) 

au  Prince.  \ 

Port  Uoyal,  (Janinica.) 
Purl  Royal  ues  Champs,      ) 

(Versailles,)  clou/ter.  \ 

Portugal,  king.     Lusitania, 
Portugateto,  (?().) 
Port  Vallais,  (Swilz.)  » 

Partus  ValUsitr.,  \ 

Port  Vendre,  (Fr.)    Partus  | 

Veneris,  \ 

Posadas,  (Sp.) 
Posega,  (Austr.  Slav.) 
Poscharevacz,  (Servia.) 
Poschechon,  (R.) 
Po.«cliiavo,  (Switz. ;  g.         ) 

Puschlav.)  \ 

Poeen,  (Pr.  Pol. ;  poL  Poz-  > 

naA.)  S 

Posharovilz.     See  Passaro-  j 

witz.  { 

PoslUiKi,  (Napl.)  hiil. 
Posing,  (ll.) 
Posoiiy.     See  Preshurg. 
Possagno,  (Austr.  It.) 
POsty^n,  fll.l 
Potamo,  (Corfu.) 
Potenza,  (Napl.)    Potentia. 
Poll,  (R.) 

Potomac,     }  ,ij  a\-         S 
Potoivmac,  if^-®-^'^'         ( 
Potosi,  (Hoi.) 
PotscUincki.  (R.) 
Potsdam,  (Pr.) 
Pottendorf,  (Austr.) 
Pottenstein,  (Boh.) 
Pouanc^,  (Fr.) 
Poughkecp^ie,  (U.  8.) 

Pouillac,  (Fr.) 
Pouilly,  (Fr.) 
Pouliguen,  (Fr.) 
Pourijain,  St.,  (Fr.) 
Pouiec.     See  Punitz. 

Povoa  do  Varzim,  (Port.) 
Poza  de  la  S;il,  (Sp.j 
Poznaii.     Se-  Posen. 
Pozoblanco,  (Sp.) 

Pozuelo  del  Paramo,  (Sp  ) 
Pozuelo  de  Alarcon,  (Sp.) 
Pozzodi  tloto,  (Sic.) 
Pozzolo,  (Austr.  It.) 
Pozzuoh,  (Napl.)     See         ) 
Puzzuoli.  \ 

Pozzuolo,  (Napl.) 
Prabutha.     See  Riesenburg. 
Pra^ja  de  Figueira,  (Lisbon.) 

Prades,  (Fr.) 
Praga,  (Pol.) 

Prague,  (Boh. ;  g.  Prag.)     j 
Praga.  J 

Praslin,  (E.  Af.)  isL 
Pnuszka,  (Pol.) 
Praesloe.  (I)enm.) 
Prato,  (Tusc.) 
Pratoliiio,  (Florence,)  castle. 

Prata  de  MoulMon,  (Fr.) 
Praya,  (Terceira,)  ts/. 
Pr6chac,  (Fr.) 
Prcclieur,  le,  (iMartinique.) 
Pt6  dea  Mariniers,  (Switz.)  j 

ml.  i 

Predial,  (Trans.)  cloister. 
Predil,  (Alps.) 
Prcez,  (Deuni.) 
Preigiinc,  (Fr.) 
Prenzlau,  i  ,p,  \  \ 

Prcnzlow,  \  ''"■'  I 

Preobraschensk,  (R.) 
Presburg,  (II. ;  It.  Posony.)  ) 

Posoiuaitt.  ) 

Prerow,  (Boh. ;  g.  Prerau.) 

pf::;;ui,  5  («""■>      ! 

Prejisova.    See  Epcries. 
Pr6  SL  Didier,  (Sard.) 
Preuszen,     See  Prussia. 
Preuszisch  Eilau.    See  Eilaii. 
Prevesa,  (Turk.) 
Priego,  (Sp.) 
Prieurfi,  la,  (Fr.) 
Principato  Cileriore, 
Principato  Citra, 
Prmcipa to  Ultra, 
(NapL)  prov. 


pOr'tQ  rO'Jit'gU 

pOr'tQi}  san't^jQ 

par't(,.<j  i^S-i,'9j/rQ^ 

por'to  v£k'k'i-o 

pore  r^-pH-bti-kdng' 

pOre  rO-d-ydlc' 

pOre  rO-d-ydlc'  di  skiing 

pOr-t^^gdhl' ;  e.por'tHgat 
p6r-t^<^-gd-li'ti 

pOre  vdl^lA' 

pSre  vHndt 

j>5-sa'dii3 
pu'shi-gd 
pS-.ihii-ri'v'dt4 
po'shfi  ik&n' 

pOS'k'i-d'vo 
po'aen 

pH-shd-rH-vits 

p6-s'i-l'i'po 

p^'iing 
pQ-shOnu' 

pOs-san'yo 
pt'tiaht-y&nt 
pd  ta'mo 
po-tcnd'sd 
po'ti 

po-to'mak 

p5-tG-sV  ;  e.  po-to'ae 

pOt-shi-n^'k'i 

pqLt'ddm 

put  tcn-dorf 

put'  ttii-otlnb' 

pt,<}-ait]f-si' 

po-hip'ne 

pQQ^-yHk',  pQ^l-ydk' 

ptp-y-!/i',  pft'-V'i' 

pQ<^-li-g'dng' 

sdn^  p^n^rsdng' 

pov'ijets 

po'vQ^-d  d^Q  vUrs'ing' 

pb'lka  de  I'd  sal 

pots'  udny 

po'tltd'htdn'ko 

pO-UiQif-i'lii  dil  pd'r'a-mo 
pS-lh</Q-S'IO  di  d'ldr-kQn' 
p5t'so  di  gO'to 
pot-so' lo 

pOVs<i<}-5'H 

pdt-sQ<}-0'lo 
prdbQ(}'td         ^^ 
prd'sd  (/£  fi'g&'i-Tii 

prd'dha-tits 

prdJe 
prd'gd 

prag^  prdhS 

prd-ldngl 

prihh'kd 

prest'dh 

prd'lo 

prd-tO'Ti'no 

prd  da  mgg-'i(mQi}l)-yOng' 

prd'yd 

pre-shdk' 

la  pra-ah^r' 

pri  de  mdr-m'i-i 

pre-di-dl' 

prt-diV 

prata 

prtn-y'dk' 

pr  aits' Ion 

preiits'lO 

pri-  0  -b  rd'Shinak' 

pris'bijqrg 

prsht'roff,  pTi'rov 

pres'nita 

pres-so'vd 

pr^  sang  di-di-^* 

proia'sen 

prois'sish  Vlou 

pre'v£-sd 

pri-i'ffo 

Id  pri-dii-^i'  .^ 

pr'in-eh'i-p'd'tO  ck'i-te-r'i-o' ~ 
prin-dii-pa'to  ch'i'trd 
pr'in-cht-pd't6  pgl'trd 


*^t«»/dr,/jiX/,  vhat,  bdt.  —  Jfffle,  prty,  help,  thire,  k'Or.  —  Pine,  marine,  bfrd,  fig.  —  A^te,  d3ve,  mifve^  top^,  Bp^ft,  lord.  —  Tune,  bull,  unite.  —  oi,  boy ;  on,  houje.  —  Fr.  <i  \rn  r 
~~  13(52  ■" 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


I'ritzivalk,  (Pr.) 
Privas,  (Fr.) 
Privigye,  (H.) 
Prjbraiii,(Boli.)     Set  ) 

Przibram.  \ 

Flucida,  (Napl.)  tat    Pro-  I 

tjiifta.  \ 

Propiha,  (Braz.) 
Prosecco,  (Ml.) 
Prossnitz,  (Mor.) 
Provence,  la,  (Fr.)  oldprov. 
Proliwie,  (Boh.) 
Provins,  (Fr.) 
Pmm,  (Pr.) 
Prussia,  (Germ  ;  ^.  Preu-    j 

szen,}  king,  \ 

Prulh,  (E.  aniTurk.Jr. 
Priasznysz,  (Pol.) 
Priedliorz,  f  Pol  ) 
Pricm>  SI,  (Pol.) 
Przerrisl,  (Pol.) 
Priewo,  (Pr.  Pol.) 
Prieworsk,  (Gal.) 
Przibislaw,  (Boh.) 
Przibram.    See  PrJbranL 
Przypec,  (R.)  r 
PriynSw,  (Pul.) 
Priysucha,  (Pol.) 
Fsiloriti,  (Candia,)  peak,  isL 
Pskow,  or  Pleskow,  (R.) 
Ptolemais,  (SL  Jean  d'A-    ) 

ere,  Syria.)  ] 

Pucharay,  (Chile,)  distr. 
Pudeivilz.     See  Pupiedzisko. 
Pildlein,  (H.) 
Puebla,  la,  (Mci.)  dep. 

Pilebia,  la,  de  lo»  Angeles,  ) 
(.Me.x.)  i 

Puebla,  la,  de  Alcocer,  (^p.) 
Puebla,  la,  de  Argatizon,     t 

(SpO  \ 

Puebla  de  Ids  Infontes,  (Sp.) 
Puebla  de  Montalban,  (Sp.) 
Puebla  de  la  Paz,  (Mex.) 
Puebla  de  Sancho  Perez,     i 

(Sp.)  ! 

Puehta  Vieja  de  Tampico,  i 

(Hex.)  \ 

Pueblo  de  Constitucton,       i 

(Cbile.)  j 

Pueblo  Viojo,  ( Vera  Cruz,)  m. 
Paeote  de  Eume,  (Sp.) 
Puerco,  (Texas,)  r. 
Puerto  de  Santa  -Maria,  (Sp.) 
Puerto  Bpllo,  (S.  A.  N.  ) 

Gran.)     See  Porto  Bello.  j 
Puerto  Cabello,  )  fa  A.        ( 
Puerto  Cavello,  )  Venez.)    | 
Puerto  de  Espn5a,(TrinidO 
Puerto  de  la  Mar,  (Cabija.) 
Puerto  do  laa  Abulias,  (Sp.) 
Puerto  Marin,  (Sp.) 
Puerto  Real,  (Sp.) 
Puerto  Principe,  Santa  Ma-  ) 

ria  de,  (Cuba.)  \ 

Puerto  Kico.   See  Porto  Rico. 
Puerto  Viejo,  fS  A.  Ecuad.) 
Puglia.  *See  Apulia. 
Puigcerda,  or  Puicerda,  (Sp.) 
Pukancz,  (H. ;  A.  Uuku-      ; 

banya.)  ( 

PuJawy,  (Pol.) 
Pulkowa,  (K.)  mt. 
Pulo-Kalamantin.  SeeBox-) 

neo.  ) 

PuUnitz,  (Sax.) 
Piiltusk,  (Pol.) 
Punhele,  (Port.) 
Punitz,  (Pr.  Pol. ;  pol  i 

Povviec.)  \ 

Puno,  (S.  Pem,)  dep. 
Punta  Deljrnda,  (St.  -Mi-      ) 

giiel,)  iiL  \ 

Punta  de  Occoa,  (Cuba,)      ) 

prvm.  \ 

Punta  del  PeSon,  (Porio      i 

Rico,)  proTtu  \ 

Punta  de  Ptcdra,  (S.  A.       > 

Venez.)  \ 

Pnntales,  (Cadi?,,)  bay. 
Piintas  Arenas,  (C.  A.) 
Piirace,  (8.  A.  N.  Gran.)  vole, 
PiircJiena,  (Sp.) 
Purificacion,  (Umitnay.) 
Purmerend,  (Hol)und.) 


prits'vdil: 

pr'i-vd' 

pri'Vid-pg 

prshi'briini 

pr&'chi-d'd 

prd'p'i-d' 

prO-stk'ko 

pros-i'itfts 

Id  prG-vdiiga' 

prOHv~yi 

prO-vdng' 

pr^hm 

prush'e-a 

prQQt 

prshdsh'n'iih 

prsfieW  bQQrsh 

prsh^'misl 

prshe'rqsl 

prske'vo 

prshi'vorsk 

prshr  h'is-ldv 

prsh'i'br'dm 

pr  ski' pets 

prstCi'TQifO 

prsti'is^Q'chd 

pst'lO-ri'Ci 

pskOf,  pUs'kQf 

tol-e-ma'itt 

p^g-chd-kWi 

PQq' de-vita 

pQQd'ltne 

id  pQQ~e'bld 

Id  pQtf-e'bld  di  iSg  'dn'eki- 

tUpQ^^i'bla  d$  Ul-kG-thcr' 

VdpQQ-i'bid  d£dr-g'dn-thSn' 
p^Q-e'bld  de  lOs  'in-fdn'tes 
p<fQ-t'bld  de  vi6n-tf^-bdn' 
PQQ-t'bld  rf£  Id  path 

p<}(}-t'bld  de  sdu'chO  pi'- 
refh(res) 

PQQ  e'bld  vi-s'Shd  rfj  t'dm- 
p'i'ko 

p^Q-e'bJO  de  kSnst'i-tQQ- 

PQi}-e'bl5  ri-e'cho 
pQ^en'te  dt  g-cfrng 
PQQ-e/''  ko 
pqQ-er't^  d£  sdii'tiSmU-rt'd 

PQff-tr'tH  b^i'yO 

P9p-«r'(3  kd-bel' { v£l)}jo 
PQQ-er't5  d£  f-p'dn'yd 
pr;l}-n-'tQ  rff  id  mdr 
pr^er'tO  de  Ids  d'g'i-lds 
P^Q-er'tO  md'fin' 
PVQ-ir'l5  re-'ai  ^ 

sdii'td  md-r'i'd  rfg  PCf-g'''- 

t6  prin'tAi-pe 
ptiQ-er'lO  r'i'ko 

p^<,>-er'tO  v'i-i'eho 
pQi'l'tjd 

pifQ'i-ther-dd! 
p^Q'kditts 
pQQ-id'c'i 
pQffVkS-v'd 

pt}i}'l6  kd-ld'^ndn-tin' 

p<}f}l^nit3 
PqqV  t<}<}sk 
P^Qn-ye'tg 

poQ'nits 

PQQ*no 

PQQn'id  driffd'd'd 

PQ^n'tUds  Gk-kS'd 

p^<}n'td  dil  psn-yQn' 

PQon'td  de  p'i-^'drU 

pQQn-id'hs 
pQi^n'tds  d-rt'n'ds 
pf>i}-rd'the,  pi}Q-rd-Uis! 
pQ(yr-cki'nd 
p<}<?-ri-fi-Aii'm-On' 
p^r'mer-end 


Puni8,or  Cuchivara,  (S.      ) 

A     r.  j 

Pury  do  Torellas,  (ftlallor-   i 

ca,)  vit.  \ 

Puschlav.     See  Poschiavo. 
Pusiaim,  (Austr.  It) 
Pilsixiky,  (II. ;  g.  Bischdorf.) 
Pusierthal,  (Tyrol.)  diHr. 
Putbus,  (Pr.) 
Putcaux,  (Fr.) 
PiitiwI,  (R.) 
PiiUen,  (Nelh.) 
Putter.-ihoek,  (Netli.) 
Puiiiuiavo,  or  lea,  (S.  A.     ) 

Ecuad,)  r.  t 

Puy,  le,  (Fr.) 
PuylHurens,  (Fr.) 
Puymirol,  (Fr.) 
Puy-de-Dome,  (Fr.) 
Puy,  le.  de  Violent,  (Pyr.)  i 

mt.  \ 

Puy,  le,  en  Vclai,  (Fr.) 
Puzztioli,  (Napl.)    Puteoli 

See  Pozzuuli. 
Pyrenees,  mts.     Pyrcmci 

Miintes. 
Pyrenees  Orientales,  (Fr.) 

dep. 
Pyritz,  (Pr.) 
Pyrmom,  (C  Genu) 


p(}(}-rQ<ts' 

p^g-ri'  rfj  ti>-ril'y'da 

pQQSk'titV 

PQQ^-f't-'a'no 

pUsh-pO-ki 
pqq'  Mer-tdl(^ 

pit'ta- 

pti<}-tivV 
p^t'iin 
pifiit'lera-hgQk' 

P9Q-f<:^7na'yo 

id  pkh 

pii-i-lo-r'dfiff' 

pk'i-m'i-rU' 

pit  I'a'^dJime' 

i^  //Ci'  J^  v-t-5-ld7ig* 

le  /-M'  dng  vt-l&' 

p^qtst^^-0'ti 

pyr'c-nees' 

pY-rg-ng'  b-T'i-'dag-Wle' 
pi'rits 

pir'mQitt 


Q. 


QuACKETfORncR,  (Germ.) 
duacurafiua,  'Braz.)  m. 
Ctualgayoc,  (Peru,)  mining  ) 

pL  \ 

Clitai  le,  (Norvv.)  tsY. 
Qiiaquapheuoga,  (N.  A.)      ) 

large  mar^ih.  \ 

Q,naregnon,  (Bclg.) 
Quania(e)ro,  (Adr.  Sea,)     i 

Utiatre  Bras,  (Bnlg.) 
Q,iicbec,  (Cannda.) 
Uuedlinburg,  (Pr.) 
Onelpncrt,  (Corea,)  tsl. 
Cluelnz,  (Ptn(.) 
Qucniada,  (Zacatecas,  ) 

Mex.)  stale,  \ 

Qiientni,  St.,  (Fr.) 
Quentin,St.,  (Fr.)  jitigas- ) 

ta  yeromaitduorum.  \ 

Qiiercy,  le,  (Fr.)  old  distr. 
Ouerotaro,  (Mex.  Conf.) 
Querfiirt,  or  Ciuernfurt,       ) 

(Pr.  Sax.)  i 

Queriinba,  (E.  Af.)  ig'-t. 
(luerzola,  (It.  Modena.) 

Quesnoy,  le,  (Fr.) 
Ciuessatii,  (Fr.)  isl. 
Uiiezahenango,(C.  A.  Guftt.) 
auibdo,  (N.  Gran.) 
Uuiberon,  (Fr.j 
Qiiiratlan.     See  Cuicallun. 
Cliiiclip,  or  Santa  Cruz  del  i 

(liMche,  (Gual.)  J 

Quierzy,  (Fr.) 
Uuicto,  (III  )  r. 
Uui<^'vrain,  (Belc) 
Uurlabamha.     See  V'ilca-     ) 

batitha.  } 

aiiilaies,  (Atlas,  Af.) 
QuiI'man,  j;E.  Af.)  r. 
Qiiilinianci,  (E  Af.)  r. 
Quiiimane,  (Mozambique,  ) 

Af )  \ 

auiloa,  (E.  Af.) 
Quillan,  (Fr.) 

Quillebffiuf,  (Pr.) 
Ciuilloia,  (Cbile.) 
auiloa,  (E   Af.) 
Uiiiinpcr  Ccirentin,  (Fr.) 
Q.Miinporlay,  (Fr.) 
Qiiiuiper  .sur  Odet,  (Fr.) 
Qutndiu,  (Andes, N.  Gran.) 
Quinary,  (Fr.) 
Quiiitana,  (Sp.) 
Qtiintanar  de  la  Orden,  (Sp.) 
Q(iinze-Vingt»,  (Paris,)       > 
hospital.  ) 

Quirigiia,  (C.  A.  Gnat.) 
(iuirinale,  (Rome,)  htlL 
Quistello,  (Lomb.) 
Quito,  (S.  A.,  Ecuad.) 


ktcdli'kin-briick' 
kqf}-d-k<}(}~rd'  gfjo-d 
kQ^-di-gd-ySk' 
kwdl't^ 

k^Q-a-k^Q-d-fs-nO' ffd 
kii-'d-ren-ySng' 
kQij-dr-n  d'ru(  I'^'ro) 

kdtr  brd 

kipt'beck  T  fr.  k'^-bik' 

kited' lin-bi;qr^' 

kwH'piihrt 

ke4(iqs' 

k^-md'dd 

sang  kdng-tdng 

sang  kdng-tdng' ;  e.  saint 

quea'tiii 
if  ker-m'i' 
kr-re'td-ro 

kietTc'fcr.rt 

kr-r'im'bd 
ktcerd-s5'  id 
id  k^-nb-d' 
k£s~sdng' 
ke-thdl'ts-ndn'  go 
ktb'do 
kib-rOng' 
ki-kcd-idn' 

ki-cht' 

ki-er-fi' 
kwie'to 
k'i-e-vrdng' 

ki-ld-bdm'bd 

up  k'l-id'tes 
ki'ti-mdn^ 
k'f-Ti-mdug's'i 

k't-ri'md'ns 
kiWd  ^ 

k'il-ydng',  k'i-'i-ydng' 

ki^i-b^f,  my-biftif' 

kil-nG'td 

ki'ia-d 

kdng-pfr'  kO-rUng-tdng' 

kdng-pfr-lH' 

kdng  p(r'  nHr  b-df^ 

k'in-di-vQ 

kdag-gS' 

k'in-td'nd 

kin-td-ndr'  de  lU  3r-djn' 

kdngi-vdng' 

k'i-r'i' e^Q-il 
kv^i-ri-nd'ts 
kw'iS'tiVlo 
ki'to 


R. 


Raab,  (H.;  a.  Arabo.) 

Raah.     See  Gy6r. 

Raab,  (H. ;  ft.  Nagy-Gyor.)  i 

Arabona.  \ 

(iaati.^,  (Austr.) 
Rahastens,  (Fr.) 
Rabenstein,  (Styria.) 
Rjcdtniuto,  (Sic.) 
Raccortigi,  or  Kacoiiigi,       / 

tPied.)  \ 

Rachnvva.  (Bulg.) 
Raci^:&,  (Pol.) 
Raclawice,  (Pol.) 
Raconigi.     See  Raccoiiigi. 
Racow,  (Pol.) 
Rftcz,  or  B6c'e,  (H.)    See    ) 

RAlz  B6tse.  \ 

R4cz-Kovi,  (H.) 
Radc,  (Pr.) 
Radiceiia,  (Napl.) 
Radicofani,  (Tusc.)  vole,  m 
Radicosa.  (Tiisc.)  vole. 
Radna.     See  Rodna. 
Radom,  (Pol.) 
Radomsko,  (Pol  ) 
Radoszyce,  (Pul.) 
Radwany.  (H.) 
Radzrtow.  (Pol./ 
RadziwiWw,  (R.) 
Kadzyn,  iPtl.) 
Raffka,  (Pol  ) 
Raguf^a,  (Sic.) 
Ragu;ba,or  Raugia,(Dalni.; ) 

slar.  Diilirovnik  ,  turk*     > 

Paproviiik )  f 

Rain,  or  Rliain,  (Bav.) 
Rai.cnies,  (Fr.) 

Raiva,    Pol.) 
Rajecz,  (11.) 
Rahnianieli,  (Eg.) 
Rakoniiz,  (Boh.) 
R!lkos,(!l.;  «-.  Kroisbach.) 
Rakow,  (P(.|.) 
Rakowitz,  (.Moldavia,)  lake. 
Ranwlhao,  (Port,) 
RaiiiberviKiers,  (Fr.) 
Ranilwuillet,  (Fr.) 
Rainillies  (Brig.) 
Rnnila,  (Syria.) 
Rampano,  (Gr.) 
Raiicagua,  (Chile,)  old         i 

prov.      Triana.  \ 

Ranee,  (Fr.)  r. 
Randazzo,  (Sic.) 
Rander^,  (Denm.) 
Randernfiord,  (Donm.)  gulf. 
Rankwell,  (Tyrol.) 
Raou  i'Etape,  (Fr.) 
Rnpallo,  (Sard.) 
Rappah.-inudc,  (U.  S.)  r. 
Rappersrlnvcil,  (Switz.) 
Rappoifsweiler.    See  Ri-      \ 

bcnuville.  ( 

Itaqueta,  (Me.\.)  isl 
Rfisan,  (R.) 
Rasgrad,  (Bulg.) 
Raslud.     See  Rosetla. 
Raskow,  ( Pr.  Pol  ) 
Rastadr,  (Bad.) 
Rastcnhuig,  (Pr.) 
Ra.-:zkowo,  (Pr.  Pol.) 
Raszyn,  (Pol.) 

Ralhenow,  or  Rathenau,(Pr.) 
Raiihor.  (Pr  Sri.) 
Ratihor>.icz,  (Boh. 
Ratisbon,  ( Bav.;  g.  Regem 

burg.)    Iic(rinum,  Ca.^tra 

Hegina^  j^n^ufta  Ttbrrii. 
Ratmanow,  (Sib.)  u>(. 
Ratoneau,  (Fr.)  ieh 
Rattenberg,  (Tyrol.) 
Rdiz  B^isc.    Ste  Rdcz  P^cse. 
Rdlz-Boszflmieny,  (H.) 
Ratzebur,  (Pr.) 
Ratzeburg,  (Ocnm.) 
Raucotirt,  (Fr.) 
Raudnic.  or  I  ,„  . 
na..Hr,i»»      (  (Kon. 


ny-1 
tra\ 
rii.  } 


Raudnitz,     \ 


(Boh.) 


Rauenstein,  (Sax.) 
Raugia.     See  RagriNa. 
Rauhenstein,  (Aualr.) 
Rauneburg.     See  Ruinburg. 
Raitris^  (Austr.) 
Rausnitz,  (Mor.) 
Ravanusa,  (Sic) 


rdhh 
rdhb 

rdhb 

rdJtbs 

rd-bdn-tUng' 
rd'bin-stln^ 
ra-k'dl-m^ff'ta 

TdkkO-nid'^t 

rri't'hS-Vii 
rntji'yOngsk 

Ta-kld-v'H'sc 
ra-kO-n'id'g'i 

Tfl'tSOV 

r'dJits^  biht-shs 

r'dJttn' ksrV'i 

rd'ds 

rd-di-ch£'n'd 

rtid't-kG'fd-nt 

rii  ,ri  kd'nd 

r  ad' ltd 

rd'dQin 

ra-dOms'ko 

radC-^hit'^S 

rdd'Vdny 

rad-ii*'Uf<^ 

rdd-i'i-v'VlQqf 

rod'  liH 

rdf'kd 

rd-g(}^'a(i 

Td-g^Qsd 

rins 
rSme 

rd-^£ts 

riih-md-ni  y^ 

rd'kO-nits 

rdh'kSsk 

rd'knv 

rd'kG-vUs 

rd-mUiyd'^^ng'     ^ 

rdiig-b£,r-v'il'yi'(v'i-i-yi') 

rdng-bQo-i-i' (bf^l-ys') 

rd-m't-'t-y'i'  {m'il^'i') 

rdm'id 

r'dm-pd'no 

rdn-kd' gQ(f-^ 

rdngs 

rdn-ddVso 

ran'ders 

ran' ders-fyOre* 

rdnk'vel 

rd-Ong'  l^-tctpe' 

rd-pdi'lo 

rap-pa-han  'nok 

rdp'persh-vlle 

rdp'pglfs-vVlfr 

rd-ke'td 

rdzdn' 

rds'griid 

rd-Kk-ihd' 

rd^s'kQv,  rds'ko 

ra'sVdilt 

rds'ten-h^^g' 

r'ash-kO'co 

rd'shin 

rd7f-Hn(n<m) 

rd-t'i'bdre 

rd'ti-bdr-shits 

ra'tis-bon.' 

rdt'md'nqf 

ru'td-n6' 

r'dt'ten-berg' 

r'dhts  b^ht-sfie 
rdfUs-bt^s-s^r-Tnsny 
rdt' se-bQi}r' 
riii'se-b^grg' 

roud'jiita 
rou' en-stXntf 
rd-QQd'g'd 
rou'hen-stlne' 
rou' ne-b<}qrg' 
rou'ria 
roua'nits 
rd-vd-n^Q'sU 


©ft«;  fi  short,  &u(.  —  Fr.  rfl  long,  ^  short,  nearly  as  in  «pur.  —  rfy,  ;y,  ny,  liquid.  — ^»i"^cr.  —  ^,  «A,  guttural ;  gas  a  in  pleasure.  — r  fina.ijFr.  re.  — C,  between  v  and/ 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


RavMina,  (C.  It.) 
Ramuburg,  (WfirtO 
R*T«iwteIn,  (X«th.) 
B*w«,  (Pol.) 
lUwitsch,  «r  Rawicz,  IPt  ) 

PoL)  i 

Rijrgeni,  (Mot.) 
Rayitrid,  (Pol.) 
R«,  (Fr.)  irf. 
Real  de  Caiorze,  (Mex.)      t 

tHeer  mme.  \ 

Realejn,  (C.  A.  Nicar.) 
Kcauville.  (Fr.) 
Eetnis,  (Fr.) 
Racanati,  (C.  lu) 
Beeco,  (\.  Ii ) 
Rtchain,  (B«lg.) 
Bacberche.  Archipel  de  la, ) 

(Austral.)  ijrij.  i 

Rerlinire.(H.) 
V  — ■       nrsz.) 
N.  II.) 
rr.JAi/JkutfiiW) 

•■""'  ■"'••■  \ 

RMttnha,  (Pan.) 
Redniiz,  (Bav.)  r. 
Redon,  (Fr.) 
Redondela,  la,  (»p.) 
Redoodo,  (Poet.) 
Rees,  (Pr.) 
RegahDUI-s  (Sic) 
Hagen,  (aav.)  r. 
Re^eiisb:irg,  (Bav. ;  e.  Ra- 

tishoii.)  Refinum. 
Regen-'iisrs,  (Switz.) 
Ragenstorf,  (^witz.) 
RMgics  (Napl.)     Itirgiycm  j 

Ref ^,  (\.  It.)    Kke finm  j 

Regia,  (Cuba,) 
Regnta,  (Bav.)  r. 
Reicbelsfaeim,  (lle^*.  i 

Oamel.,  G.)  < 

Raicbanan,  (Bob. ;  t.  Baa- 

kenicgk}-.) 
ReiclMMwrh,  (Sn-iiz.)  r. 
Baiclienberg,  in-  Libcrk, 

(Boh.) 
Rdetaenball,  (Bar.) 
Raich«iMlein,  (Pr.) 
RakJisudi.  [Dob.) 
Raif.    Ste  Biva. 
Raims,  or  Rheims,  (Pr.) 

XAU'aCtffflOT'lfM. 

Rein,  (Siyria,)  eUiiUr, 
Ratnerx,  (Pr.  Sil. ;  hah. 

Duniik.) 
Rainoea,  or  Reynosa,  (Sp.) 
Raiaen,  (Pr.  PoL;  fk. 

Rydzpia.) 
Rajaa,  (Sp.) 

RamediOB,  (S.  A.  N.  Gran.) 
Ramieb,  (Natb.) 
Remiremoat,  (Fr.) 
Remo,  San,  (N.  It.) 
Rarooulins,  (Fr.) 
RemKheid,  (Pr.) 
Rem  lid,  (Germ.) 


rJt-Ktm'aa 

rlt'e<iwtlRe' 
ra'»« 

ril'ciV** 

rd-t'fferH 

rs 

r:.^'  ds  ka-Or'Utt 

rSfllt' 

i-£-M-««'(l( 
rtk'ko 

Iir-ik1-ptl'  a  m  rH-AsrA' 

reck'nitt 

rt-tf'/c 

Tt-k3-a'n 

r«-ds'a^ 

Id  Tfdtn-ilc'Ut 

nkt 

ri'gi» 

ri'  grus-pfrS' 
ri'gett-slsif* 

Tt'ffd 
rig'niU 

\    rVeklU-Umtf 


rVlki 

rVtkim-taik' 

rVlkin^tTt' 

rVfkin-laV 
Ti'ikim^aiuf 

e.raeau,*  Hngz 

rina 

rlne'frti 

rr-l-*ll'sa 

Tl'-Jn 

re'ekds 

ri'm'tfk 

tHH  re'mo 

rH-mi/ii-Ung' 

rm'a/tldl 

jrdn<r  T^-m'i' 


Reyes,  li«,  (S.  A.  N.  Gran.) 

Reyes,  &>n  Sebastian  do      | 

lus,  (S.  A.  Vcnez.)  \ 

Kevnasa,  or  Reinosa,  (Sp.) 
Reiliinyn,  (H.) 
Knt.  (Fr.) 
Ke/.eiide,  (Drai.) 
Rh.lill.     Str  Rain. 
Rlieede,  (Notli.) 
Rtieeiieii,  (Nelh.) 
Uhriiiis.     See  Reims. 
Rli<-in,(Gerni. :  e.  Kliiue;  > 
Jr.  Kbiil;  c/.UIliJn,)  r.     > 

fl*fiiu..  J 

Rliein,  Ober,  (Genn.)  old    \ 

iliv.  S 

Hhein,  L'utcr,  (Germ.)  M  t 

(/iC.  i 

Rheinaii,  (Switz.) 
Rheinberg,  iPr.) 
RhoinecJc,  tn-  Klieiiiegs,       ( 
(.SvYiir.)  i 

Rhrlnfclden,  (Switl.) 
Rhfimels,  (Pr.) 
HIicinEaii,  (Xassnu,  G.)  val. 

TMi.M-.h -n.  ftlrrm.   prop, 

■  ,Vr.) 

I  Kllij^^•)lt:rg,  or  Uiji)..bur^,   \ 
(NeUi.)  ) 

1  Rbin.    Sre  Rbeiii. 

Rhi..;  Haul,  i  ^^'■'  *'■        I 
Khtne.     Ste  Rlicin. 
Rliili  et  .Moselle,  (Fr.)  dfp. 
lihirtle/.,  (Fr.)    S«  Rodez. 
RhinaS/.ek,  (11.) 
Rhone,  (Fr.)  dej.: 
1  RhAne,  (Fr.)  r.     IVuxlaHUa. 
RliAne,  lloiirhcs  dti,  (Fr.) 
RhSn-Gebirse,  (O.  Germ.) 
Riachiiela,(Bu«nns  .\yra«,)  j 
hacen,  ' 

Rialejo,  (Gnat.)  m. 
Ribadavia,  (Sp.) 
Bibadmi,  (Sp.) 
Ribatua,^Port.) 
Ribe,  er  Ripen,  (Deum.) 

RibcaiivilU,     ^IV^fc. 

Riboauyilliers.^KXlr 
Rilwira  Gnin(l«,  (S.  Mi- 

Ribemoni,  (Fr.) 
Ribrrar,  (Fr.) 


rS'i-nii'a'd 
rshs-bWin-yU 

rS'nrn 


Remv,  St.,  (Ft.) 

Rena'ii,  (Relg. ;  Jlem.  Bonac.)  rf-ia'!  flem.  ringM 

Rencben,  (Bad.) 

Bandabarc,  (Denro.) 

Rann«4  (Fr.)    CvudmU. 

Rano,  (IL)  r. 

Bade,  la,  (Fr.) 

Bapa,  (Tiaja.) 

Raquena,  (Sp.)    Lokttum. 

Re^a,  (Xapl.) 

Besinar,  or  Roasinar, 

(Trans. ;  e.  Siidtardoil) 
Retbel,  (Fr.) 
Retimo,  or  Rettinto, 

(Crete.)  Rkkkfmtn. 
Betyczil,  (Trana.)  mL 
Retz,  er  RAtz,  ( Aualr.) 
Beulmare,  (Trana. ;  k.  Xa- 

gy-Aranyos.) 
R^onion,  lie  de  la.    Set 

Boulbon. 
Baiia,  (Sp.) 
Bauaz,  (Switz.)  r. 
Beusz-Greitz,  (C.  Germ.) 

prta. 
Reoax-Schleiu,  (C.  Germ.) 

yrijt. 
Reutlingen,  (Wiirt.) 
ReTel,  or  Reval.  (R. ;  Es- 

ttaonia,  EUtb  Talline  ;  r. 

Koiyvan,)  goc. 
Revel,  (Fr.) 
"«Tigny,  (Ft.) 


rrx'eken 

ritMk^frg  I  t.rtnit'htrf 

ren 

rr'no 

Id  rH-Ue' 

rrpsk 

rt-kt'ull 

re-iVHd 

rt-sk'i-mar 

rt-tel' 

rc'n-mo,  r£t'H-lW 

ri'Ci.tjibt 

rets 

rt'ffl-mitrt 

ilt  a  la  re-tl-nl-ing' 

re'n' 
roU 


I    roij-ffrlts 
[    rois-sktf-ts 


\- 


Ribniffc.    S«  iJaram  SzCRi'ia.  rib'nik 


^(^n'tir  rine 

r^'itnu 
rUc'b^r^ 

rInf'feViIfTt 

rlHe'ftrO-riut;i' 
rln.^'brrg 

ri/i« 

rAnjr 
bd  riu!; 
fl  rdng 
rlne 

rdk-na-sefik 

rdiie 

bf}^k  dii  rSn« 

rAne-ffe-bir'gi 

ri-dle^fko 
r'i-h'd'^a'pin 
ri-bd-ifi'o 
r1-bd't<^*a 
r'i'bSy  r'i'prn 

rir-W-pW-yc'(n¥0[-yc') 

rtbe-K9ng* 
r'ibe-riik' 


Riccia,  (Napl.) 
RiceH,  le9,(Fr.) 
Riche,  (Fr.) 
Ricl>eiieii,  (Fr.) 
Riclileiisweil,  or  Ricliters-  \ 

weil,  (Swilz.)  ( 

Ricla,  (Sp.)    J^Tertobriga. 
Ridoerkork,  (Neth.) 
Rie(l,(Aiigir.) 
Riej.'eraburp,  (Styria.) 
Riesia,  (Sax.) 
Rieeenburg,  (Pr. ;  pol.  Pra-  ) 

butha.)  \ 

Riesengebir^r,  (Germ.)  nt^* 
RieHi,  (Sic.) 
Rieli,  {V.  It)     Reate, 
Rieiix,(Fr.) 
Riez,  (Fr.)    Albimce, 


Riga,  (Livonia,  R.) 

Right,  (Swit?-)  nu 

Rignano,  (It.)  rin-va'po 

Rtjnsburg.    See  Rhijnsbour^  rins'bffhrg 


rit'diii 
l§  rise' 
rfsh 
ridk-ti-cli' 

rit*k'tfis(tiriiyvUa 

r'i'k'd 

r'i'dt;gr-kerk 

ride 

r'i'gcrs-b^grg' 

r'i'zd 

rViem  bgqrg' 

rt'iin-gs-btr'gi 
ri-t'st 

rOk' 

Ti-t' 

rVgil 

rt'gi 


rH-rtl' 
rH-rin-y'i* 


Rika.     See  Fitime. 

RimaSzers,  (II.) 

Rima  Szoiubat,  or  Groez      ) 

SteffcMorf,  (H.)  \ 

Rimatara,  (Austral.)  w/. 
Rimini,  (C.  It)    jSrhnimim. 
Rimnik,  (Wall.) 
Rinpebo,  (Xonv.) 
Ringkjdbing,  (Denm.) 
Ringkjobin;!- Fjord,  | 

(Denin.1  lagoon.  \ 

Ringsted,  (Denm.) 
Riobamba,  (S.  A.  Ecuad.) 
Rio  Bonito,  (Braz.) 
Rio  Branco,  or  Parima,        \ 

(Braz.)  r.  j 

Rio  Bravo  del  Norte,  or  Rio  J 

Grande,  (Mex.  and  Tex.)  ( 
Rio  Colorado  de  Texas,       i 

(N.A.)r.  { 

Rio  das  Morles,  (Braz.)  r. 


rVkd 
r'i'mdsftih 

r'i-md  sdm-bdt 

r'i'mii-t'd' r'd 

T't'm'i-n'i 

r^im'njk 

ring'kA{k'i-<^}-bi»g 
rinff'ki'eh(k(^  ')~bing 

fi^Sre' 
ring'sttd 
r'iS'bdm'bd 
ri'of}  bo-n't'tro 

r'i'^Q  br'dng'k^Q 

r'i'v  brd'v5  del  nGr'te 

r'i'O  kS-ld-rd'dO  de  te'dk'ds 
t'Vq^  dds  mCr'le.'* 


Rio  das  Velha?,  (Rrnz.)  r. 
Rio  de  Apiia  Aniarga, 

(Cubn,)r. 
Rio  do  Bogota,  (Venoz.)  n 
Rio  do  Coiitar*,  (Braz.)  ' 
Rio  de  Doiu  Luis,  (Braz.)  r. 

Rio  de  Jaiieyro,  (Braz.)        j 

Rio  de  la  AfK-en«ion,  ( Mex.)  r. 
Rio  de  la  llaclia,  (S.  A.  N.  \ 

Gran.)  j 

Rio  do  la  PaHion,  (C.  A.)*"- 
Kio  de  lati  Casas  Grandiif,    i 

(Mex.)  r.  \ 

Riode  lasConchan,  (Mex.)  r. 
Rio  de  la  Trinidad,  (Mex.)  r. 
Rio  de  to3  Brazil  de  Dios,  ) 
(Mex.)  r.  S 

Rio  de  tos  Cliiqnitos,  (Bol.)  r. 
Uio  del  Rpi  (Gtiinua,)  r, 
Rio  de  JNabajoa,  (Mex.)  r. 
Rio  do  Pao  Francisco,  ) 

(Rrftz.)_r.  i 

Kio  do  San  Louren^o,  ( 

(Braz.)  r.  \ 

Rio  do  Para,  (Braz.)  r. 
Rio  do8  Bocas,  (Braz  )  r. 
Rio  Grande.     See  Rio  Bra-  ) 
vo  del  Norte.  J 

Ri(>  Grande  de  los  Aposto-   i 
\c^.  (N.  A.)  r.  \ 

Rio  Grande  do  Norte,  i 

(Braz  )  pri'V.  ) 

Riu  Grande  do  Sul,  (Braz.) 
Rio  Giiajara,  (Braz.)  r. 

Rio  l^a,  (Braz.) 

Rioja,  la,  (Plata,)  dcp. 

Riom,  (Fr.) 

Kio  .Mayor,  (Port.) 

Rio  Mexicano,  (Mex.)  r. 

Rio  Negro,  or  Parana,  i 

(Braz.)  r.  \ 

Rionero,  (Napl.) 

Rions,  (Pr.) 

Riopar,  (Sp.) 

Rio  Pardo,  (Braz.)  r. 

Rio  Real,  (Braz.)  r. 

Rio  Salado  de  Apaches,       j 
(N.  A.)  r.  i 

Rio  Tercer,  (S.  A.)r. 

Rio  Tinto,  (Sp.)  r. 

Rio  Tololotlan,  (Mex.)  r. 

Kio  Vormejo,  (S.  A.)  r. 

Rio  Vermelho,  (Braz.)  r. 

Rio  Vinagre,  (N.  Gran)  r. 

Ripaclia,  or  Ripaille,  (Sav 

Ripoli,  (Sp.) 

Ripoll,  (Sp.) 

Ri(M>sto,  (Sic.) 

Riquier,  St.,  (Fr.) 

KJf|iiier-es-Plain8,  (Fr.) 

KIsano,  (Dalin.) 

Risdorf.     Sec  Ruskinocz, 

Riizebattel,  (N.  Germ.) 

Kiva,  <»r  Reir,  (Tyrol.) 

Riva-de-Sella,  (Sp.) 

Kiva  di  Chleti,  (^Sard.) 

Kivarolo,  fPied.) 

Kive-de-Gier,  (Fr.) 

Rivef,  (Fr.) 

Rivesaltes,  (Fr.) 

Riviera  di  Genoa,  (It) 

Riviera  di  Levaiite,  (It)  r. 

Riviere  Pilote.  (Fr.) 

Rivoli,  (Sard.) 

Rivolo,  (iModona.) 

Koa,  (Sp.) 

Roanne,  (Fr.)      Rodumna. 

Roatan,  (Gnat)  isl. 

Rfibel.  (\.  Germ.) 

Kobilante,  (Pird.) 

Kocaibensra,  (Tiihc.) 

ttocca-Bruna,  (Pied.) 

Rocca-d'An»tisa,  (Napl.) 

Rocca-d'Aspide,  (Napl.) 

Rocca  di  Pupa,  (It.) 

Rocca  Guglielma,  (IVapl.) 

Rocca  San  Felice,  (NapL) 

Roccalutnera,  (Sic.) 

Rorcclla,  la,  (Napl.) 

Rocchena,  (Napl.) 


I  Rio  das  Piranhas,  (Braz.)  r.    r'i'^Q  dds  p'i-r'dn' yds 


Roche,  la.     See  Boiirbon- 

Vcrid^e. 
Roche,  la,  Guyon,  (Fr.) 
Rorhebeaiicourt,  la,  (Fr.) 
Ro<*hechonart,  (Fr.) 
Rorhefort,  (Fr,) 
Rochefort  en  Ardennes, 

(Beig.) 
Rochefoucauld,  la,  (Fr.) 
Rocheile,  la,  (Fr.) 


tVq^  dds  vtVii'ds 

rVO  di  a'g^Q-d  U-mHt^g'd 

r'i'B  dfi  bd'SO-ld' 
rt'pO  di  kuns'fds 
r'i'QQ  di  iiOn^  t\t^'is' 
r'i'fjQ  di  gd-v&''i-r^t; ; 

e.  r'i'o  ja-iicf'ro 
rt'O  dt  Id  ttf-//icn  y<-5n' 

r'i'd  rf£  Id  d'chd 

r't'O  t!i  Id  pU-^i-aii' 

r'i'o  dt  ld>-  ku'sds  grdn'dUs 

r'i'O  de  Ids  kSn'chda 
r'i'o  dt  Id  tr-i-ni'dUtl' 
r'i'o  di  lOs  brd'UiOs  d£  di- 

Sa' 
ri'O  de  10.1  dii-kVaa 
r'i'o  del  rfi 
r'i'o  de  nd-bd-ShO''d 

I    rY'cp  de  sa'g^ngfriittg' 

\        ft'is'kQi}  _^ 

}    rV'fp  de  sii'c?"/  lO-rAitg'- 

;    «cc  ' 

r'i'i^Q  dQQjj'd-rd' 
Ti'rp  d<^Q8  bO'k'ds 

r'i'o  gr'dn'di 

1    r'i'(i  grdn'de  de  lOs  U-pBs'- 
\        tO-les 

[    r'i'^Q  grdng'de  dqQ  nOr'ti 

T'i'fyQ  gr'dng'de  d^Q  -y^p/ 

rt'fp  jfO(i-d-g*d-ra' 
p't'^Q  i'Sd' 

m  ri-a'eha 

r'i-ung' 

ti'<iQ  md-yOre' 

r'i'o  mr-ch'i'k'd'no 

(    r'i'QQ  Tte'gri^Q 

r'i-O-ni'ro 

r'i-ung' 
r'i-0  pdr' 
r'i'QQ  p'dr'df}Q 
r'i'^g  re'dl 

\    ri'O  sd-ld'dO  rff  H-pU-chis' 

r'i'o  ter-thtr' 
ri'O  tin'tn 
rt'O  tO-lO-lot-l'dn' 
ri'O  ver-me'Sho 
ri'QQ  >  er-viil'y(}Q 
r'i'o  v'i-nd'gre  ^ 
.)    ri-pdl'vd,  ri-pd''1'(jjbUy') 
rVpO-li 
r'i-pOV 
r'i-pOs'io 
sdng  rl-ki~e' 
r'i-it'i-^' e~pldng* 
r'i-3'd'no 
ris'dqrf 
rit'se-bfn'tel 
r'i'vd 

r'i'rd'de-sel'y'd 
r'i'v'ddi  ki~e'ti 
r'i-vd-rO'lo 
r'ire-dS-g'i-e' 
rive 

r'Tve-s'dlte' 

r'i-v'i-e'r'd  d't  dge'nG-'d 
r'i-v'i-e'rd  d^i  le-vUn'ts 
r't-c'i-ire'  p'i-loU' 
r'i'vOti 
r'i'vO-!o 
rO'd 
rO-an' 

rO-U-t'd?t' 
rdtt'bH 
rQ-b'i-ldn'ie 
rO'khl-bnt'  g'd 
rOk'kd  brQ^'n'd 
rok'k'd  ddin-f'i'sU 
rOk'kd  dtis-p'i'de 
rOk'kd  di  p'd'p'd 

rOh'Kd  fr(if}l'ifi-tVm'd 
rOk'kd  nan  fe-Ct'che 
rok'kd-lfo-me'rd 
I'd  rOt-cfieVId 
rOk'ket'td 

\    VdrOihe 

I'd  r5.:ke  vfi-'i-Ong' 
Id  rO.-h.e-bo-k(;i;r' 
rQslie-shi}Q-'drc' 
roske-fore' 

[    rOshc-fOre'  an  dr-den' 

Id  re.vAr*/Vp-Jfc5' 
Id  rO-shel' 


'^*<*.  fdrjfetl,  kA^,  bat,  —  Mete,  prey,  help,  th&re^  Agr.  —  P\ne,  marine^  bird,  fig.  —  JWI*,  ddve,  mSve,  w<}lf,  b^gk,  lord.  —  TUne,  bvU,  unite.  —  oi,  boy  f  ou,  kouse.  — Fr.  ft  long, 
1364  "  '        ~  ^ 


PRONUNCIATION   OF  MODBBN  GEOGBAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Rochomauro,  (fr-J 
Riicheiiielun,  (Fr.) 
K''<:lic-Puu:say,  la,  (Fr.) 

Riirbe  8\ir  Von,  (Fr.) 
Rocio,  (Lisbon.) 
Kocour,  (Uelg.) 
Rocroy,  (Fr.)  * 

U»(Iao,  (Port) 

Rude  le  Due,  or  Rolduc, 

(Duchy  of  Limlmry.) 
Roden.     See  Ruftim. 
fiodez,  or  Rhodes,  (Fr.) 

Se;roUanam, 
Rodna,  or  Radna,  (Trans. ; 

g.  Ruden.) 

Roedby,  (Denm.) 

Roer,  or  Ruhr,  (Neth.  and 

Germ.)  n 
Ri'termonde,  w  Ruremon- 

de,  (Neth.) 
Roeskilde,  r Denm.  j  g. 

Ruthschila.) 
Roffasen,  or  Roeozno,  (Pr. 

Pol.)  ^ 

Rogeondorf,  (Pr.) 
Rogliano,  (\ap!.) 
Rogoino,  (Pr.  Pol.) 
Rohan,  (Fr.)  old  dtv. 
Rohitsch,  (Styria.) 
Rohrau,  (Austr.) 
Roitzsch,  (Pr.) 

Rojano,  (NapJ.) 
Rokycan,  (Boh.) 
Rolduc     See  Rode  lo  Due 
RolIeghem,(Betg.) 
RolleboiBe,  (Fr.) 
Roma,  (It. ;  e.  Rome.) 
Romagna,  (C.  It.)  prov. 
Remain,  St,  (Fr.) 
Remain  .Motiiiprs,  (Switz.) 
Roman,  (Moldavia.) 
Romano,  (Lomb.) 
Romannv,  (R.) 
Romania,  (Fr.) 
Remao,  (Port.) 

RomilIy-sur-.Seine,  (Pr.) 
Rommedal,  (Norw.) 
Romont,  (Switz.) 
Romnraniin,  (Fr.) 
Romsdal,  iSorw.)  distr. 
Rena  Szek,  (fl  ) 
Roncesvalles,  (Sp. ;  fr. 

Ronre%'n'(X.) 
Roncht,  (III.) 
RonriL'li  >nf*,  (C.  tl.) 
Roncq,  (Fr.) 
Ronda,   S|i.) 
R^nno,  (Denrn.) 

Rorineburg.f  Sax.  Altenburg.)  rnn' nfbfj^g* 
Ronneby,  (Hw.)  roti'neb^ 

Ronso,  (Belg.)    See  Renaix.    rdngse 
Rooaobekc,  or  Rosbecq, 

(Belg.) 
Roozondael,  (Neth.) 


rGshe-me-l6ng* 
Id  rdskc-pQtf-id' 

rOshe  sur  i-Ong* 

rO-sV^if 

rO-kQ<}r' 

i-a-krO^U' 

rQ-dd'  fjfjng 

rOde  e^  diike 

rO'din 

rO'd^s' 

rod'nil 

r^d'bU ;  commonly  r<jSl'- 
bii 

rcpra 

r^i^r'mOn-de 

rtO'sAiV-rfg ;  commoiily 

r^'tfkil'ls 
rO'ffii'ztn 

rGff'  gin-dnrf^ 

rbUija'no 

rH- gosh' no 

rO'hUitg' 

rH'hitsk 

rOhr'ou 

roitsh 

rC't'd'no 

rd-k^^'tsdn 

rol-dftke' 

rol'le-gem 

r6l-bd-die' 

rO'md 

rG-iii'dn'y'd 

sang  ro-mdng' 

rO'indng'  mp^'(-g' 

rO-mdn' 

rQ-md'no 

rO-md'no/ 

rO-mdng' 

rH-md' Qi^ng 

rO-mi-i'(mn-y{')sur-sane 

r^m'me-ddte 

rO-mOtig' 

ro-m^-rdng-tdng' 

rnrtiM'diHe 

r'i-iia  se/ik 

rOrt-Uies-odl'tfes,  rGngs- 

ru' 
riiti'ki 

rUnchil-yO'ne 
rd/ik 
ron'dd 
r^n'nc 


Ropczyce,  (Oa!.) 
RuquB,  ta,(Fr.) 
Rmiuefurt,  (Fr.) 
Reqiievaire,  (Pr.) 
Rfiraa-s  (Nerw.) 
Rorschach,  (Switz.) 
Rosa,  Mente,  (.Alp?.) 


rti'ii-hi~kQ 

rOh'zen-d'dkl 

rQp-ch't'tsf; 


td  r5ke 

rvke-fore' 
rijke  vdre' 
reur'53 
r^jr'skd^h 
vidn'te  rO'sd 


ro  »as 
rS.-!-bpk* 
rds-kOf 
sangt  rOze 
ro-zO' 

rO'zfnott' 


Rosa,  Santa,  (S.  A.  N.  Gran.)  sdn'i'a  rQ'sd 

Rosa  Morada,  (.Mex.)  ro'sd  m6-rd'dd 

Roeaiio  de  Cucuta,  ( Venoz.)  rO-sa'ri-^  di  kQo-kco't'd 

Rosas,  (Sp.)     Rhoda. 

Rosbocq.     See  Rixtsebcke. 

Roscoff,  (Fr.) 

Rose,  Saintc,  (Guad.) 

Roseau,  (Dtiminic^,)  Ul. 

Rosonau,  (H. ;  A.  Roanyd- 

binya.) 
Rosenberg,  (Boh.  and  Fl.)         r!i' zi n-bfrg' 
Rosenheim,  (Bav.)  rO' irn-hlme' 

Rosetta,  (Eg.;  ar.  Raabid.)      rli-s^t'td 
Ro'igony,  (H.)  rOs-g^ny 

Rosi^re»  aux  Salineo,  (Fr.)      rd  zi  err'  0  adtine' 
Roeignaiio,  (Sard.)  r5~8tn^ti'd'no 

Roslawl,  (R.)  roa-'dcl' 

Rosmaninhal,  (Port)  roi-md-nin'y'di 

Rosny,  (Fr.)  r^-ni' 

Rnsny  sur-Scmo,  ( Fr.)  rb-ni' aTir-aQne 

Ri>sny6tijinyA.     S'e  Ronenau.  rQgk'ni-b.bhJin-yii 
Ros-'Hno,  (\ap!.) 
Rossobeck,  (Fiaridors.) 
Ro«'iiiar.     Sp.e  Restnar. 
Rmzbach,  (Pr.) 
Ros7,wein,  (Sax.) 
Ro-tersrhfit/™    Sea  Wladn-  ) 

la  wow.  \ 


riis  ad'no 

rq^'sp-hcke 

roskah'i-udr 

rqs'b'dck 

ro$*vine 

Tos'Ur-aktita' 


Rostock,  (W.  Geroi.) 
Rostov,  (R.) 
Rota,  iSp.) 
Rothonburg,  (Pr.) 
R()thenmann,  (Styria.) 
Rdthenihurm,  (Switz.) 
RoibentJiurmpatiz,  ( Trans.) 
Rothschild.     See  Roeskilde. 
Uotondu,  Monte,  (C'ur:^.) 
Kutterdum,  (NeUi.)    Rot     i 

erstiamuiru  I 

Ruttweil,  (Wurt.) 
Uottum,  (Neth.)  isL 
Rfitz.     See  Retz. 
Ruubaix,  (Fr.) 
Rouhion,  (Fr.)  r. 
Rouen,  (Fr.)    RotomagtiSj  l 

Rotoinum.  \ 

Rouerque,  (Fr.)  old  prov, 
Roiijiin,  (Fr.) 
Ruulers,  (Bolg.  ;  jicm.  \ 

Rousselacr.)  { 

Rousses,  tes,  (Fr.) 

Roussillon,  (Fr.)  old  prov^ 
Rovafa,  (Austr.  It.) 
Rovere  di  Vclln,  (Auslr.  It) 
Roveredo,  (Tyrol ;  g.  Ro-  > 

vereith.)  \ 

Rovigno,  or  Troviirno,  (111.) 
Rovigo,  (,\usir.  It.) 
Roville,  .Fr.) 
Rowno,  (R.  Pol.) 
Roxo,  (Senegiinibia,);)r(mi. 
Rove,  (Fr.) 
Roian,  (Pol.) 
Rozpraa,  (Pol.) 
Rubial,  (Sp.)  r. 
Riicupichincha,  (S.  A.)  vole 
Rud.iu,  (Pr.) 
RudelHtadr,  (Pr.) 
Rudesheiui,  (Germ,  Nassau.) 
Rudki-ihiiig,  (Demn.) 
Rudol.-^tndt,  (Germ.) 
U'leda  de  Medina,  (Sp.) 
Rueda  dc  Xulon,  Jalon,  (Sp.) 
Rueil,  (Fr.) 
Kiitrec,  (Fr.) 
Rugcn,  (Baltic,)  isL 
Kugles,  (Fr.) 

Ruhr,  (Germ.)  r.    See  Rocr, 
Kiiidora,  (Sp.)  lake. 
Ruisbroek.     See  Ruijsbroek. 
Ruivaes,  (Port.) 
Uumburg,  or  Rauneburg,     > 

(Boh.)  J 

Rumrgiiy,  (Fr.) 
Rumiily,  (Sard.) 
Riiiighen,  (R.) 
Rupelmonde,  (Uclg.) 
Ru(ipin,  (Pr.) 

Ruremonde.  See  Roermonde. 
Ruskinocz,  or  Risdorf,  (H.) 
Ruacsuk,  (Bulg.) 

RU8/,t,   (fl.) 
Rullicrglcn,  (Prof.) 
Riitigliano,  (Napl.) 
Ruvo,  (Napl.) 
Rybiiiok,  (R  ) 
RyczywoJ,  (Pr.  Pt-l.) 
Rydiyna.     Sre  Reison. 
Hynheck,  (Ncth.) 
Rynshiirg,    Scr.  Rhijnsburg. 
RyssrI.     See  Lille. 
Ityswyk,  (Neth.) 
Rz^czyca,  (R.) 
Rzesz6w,  (Austr.  Pol.) 


ros-i2f* 

ro'ta 

rO'Un-hQQrg' 

rO'ten-m'dn' 

rO'ten-lQ^rm' 

rO'len-tQQrm'jf'ds 

rdtc'.skildt 

mOn'te  rO-tOn'do 

rqi'tir-ddm'  ,•  e.  rot'ter' 

dam 
roi'i^lle 
rot't^m 
r'^U 
r^Q-ba' 
r(jQ'b'i-Ong' 

r<:Q~iXng' ;  e,  roo'en 

rq^-erk' 

r^Q'gdag^ 

r^n-t£re',  roua' s£-l'dltr 

le  r^ns 

rQ^s-si-i-0ng'(ail^j5ng') 

rb-va'td 

rO'Dg-rf  di  vd'lo 

r3-t'j-rf'rfo,  rS've-rlta 

rS-n'jn'yo 

rG'V'i'go 

rb-vile' 

rOv'no 

rO'sh(^Q 

rd-d' 

rH'shdn 

ro-f'pr.^.'id 

ri^q-b'i-dl' 

rQ<}-k<}f}-pi-cliin'chd 

r^Q'dou 

rifQ'delstddt' 

rh'des-hlme' 

riid'ki<it(kP(^)bing 

rQf}' dql-stddt 

r^Q-r'dd  de  me-di'nd 

rQ<}-i'ddds,  cftd'lOn' 

rtt-eTy' 

rfl-fek' 

rh'gea 

riigl 

rQ^-i^£'rd 

roiji'brijfk 

rij<j-i-vdngs' 

rc^^'Vi' b<^^rg 

rk-7tt'iii~yi'     ^^ 

rii-tn'il-yi'  (mi-i-yV) 

rQ<^n"gf'n 

rit-p^l-mtlngd' 

r(^t^p-pine' 

riire-mGngd' 

r^i}sh'k'i-nota 

n^Qsk-tsltQt^k 

TQQSi 

rug'len 
rQ^-Cil-yd'no 

r<}Q'i:o 
rit^binak' 

r'it-.ih'i'v<}<il 

rid-shi'nd 

rJnc'bSk 

Tln-i'b^rg 

r}j'sH 

rls'vlke 

r-'.'idiig-eh'i'tjs'd 

rskt'sllQrf 


s. 


Saal,  (Bav.) 
Saale,  (Germ.)  r. 
Saalleld,  (Saxe  Meinhigen. 
SaalTrldcn,  (Austr.) 
Saalrudntitor.   Sec  Salmtin- 

ster. 
Saano.     Sre  Parine. 
Saanen,  (Switz. ;  fr.  Ges- 

Kenay.) 
S;ujr,  (M(ir  ;  boh.VAkxt.) 
Saar.  Sarre,  (  Pr.  and  Fr.)  r. 
Saarburir,  (Pr.  \fr.  Sarrc- 

buurg.) 

SaarbnTck,      ^^**'Vr^;- 
Saarbrucken,;     l^^^^^^  ^ 

Saard'ini,  Zaardnni,  (.Ncth. 
Saiirgeunlnd,  (Pr. ;  //•, 
Sarrcgiiemincs.J 


zd!d 
id'lr 

tWiVfiUlt 
laVfil-den 

tijl'mim'^ti'r 


lithr'brf-k 
za/ir'btiili'kin 

adJir'ddm 

z'dhr'  g'd-mknd' 


Saar-Louii?,  f Rhen.  Pr) 
Saaz.     See  Zaie6. 
Sabacz,  (Scrv.) 
Sahara,  (liraz.) 
Sabbionetia,  (Lomb.) 
Sabia,  (E.  A(.) 
Sabina,  (Punt.  St.) 

Sabioncelio,  (Dahn.)  ial. 
Sables,  les,  d'Olunne,  (Fr.) 
Sabor,  (Port.)  j. 
Subrao,  (^Vs.  Arctiip.)  UL 

Ji'tfiiara.  I 

Salngal,  (Port.) 
.Si'ihyc,  (Dfuni.) 
Sacatotoluca,  (San  Salva-  , 
d,.r.  C.  A.)  I 

Saccila,  (Sp.) 

Sacedon,  (Sp.)  Tknnnida. 
Saclisen,  (e.  Saxony,)  king. 
Sachsen  Altenburg,  i 

(Germ.)  duchy. 
Saclisen  Coburg  Goiha, 

(Germ.)  duchy.  I 

Saclisen  MeMi)ii(nun)gen 
Miidburghaason,  (Germ.) 
duchy. 
Sachsen  Weimar  Eise- 
nach, (Germ.)  gr.  duchy.  J 
Sachsenburtr,  (III.) 
Sachjilen,  (Switz.) 
Sacile,  (Austr.  It) 
Sacramento,  (Calif) 
Sadao,  (Port.) 
Saeter,  (Sw.) 
Safita,  (Svria.) 
Sagan,  (Pr.  Sil.) 
Sagasuy,  (Braz.  Sea,)  gulf. 
Sagres,  (Port.) 
Sahagun,  (Sp.) 
Saillun,  (Switz.) 
Saima,  (R.,  lake. 
Saint  Achciil,  (Pr.) 
Saint  Aigirnn,  (Fr.) 
Saint  Aubin,  (Fr.) 
Saint  Bartheleiny,  (W.  Ind.) 
Saint  Brieu.x,  (Fr.) 
Saint  Claude,  (Fr.) 
Saint  Cloud,  (Fr.) 
Saint  Cyr,  (Fr.)  caatle. 
Saint  Denis,  Denys,  (Fr.) 
Saint  Diez,  (Fr.) 
Samt  Dizier,  (Fr.) 
Saintc  Lucie,  (W.  Ind.)  iat. 
Sainte  Marguerite,  (Fr.)  ul. 
Sainie  Marie  aux  MiueM,     i 
(Fr.)  t 

Saintc  P(51agie,(Paris,)prwtfH. 
Saintes,  (Fr.) 

Sainles,  Ics,  (\V.  Ind.)  ish. 
Sainte_,Suzaniie,  (Fr.) 
Saint  Etienno,  (Fr.) 
Sainte  Ursanne,  (Switz.) 
Saint  Eustac:he,  (VV.  Ind.) 
Saint  Plorent,  (Fr.) 
Saint  Florcntin,  (Fr.) 
Saint  Flour,  (Fr.) 
Saint  Gaudens,  (Fr.) 
Saint  Gerard,  (Belg.) 
Saint  Germain  rn  Laye,(Fr.) 
Saint  Gobin,  (Fr.) 
Saint  Helena,  (VV.  Af.)  i.fl. 
Saint  Hippolyle,  (Fr.) 
Saint  Jean  d'Acro,  (Syria) 
Saint  Jean  d'Aufjely,  (Fr.) 
Saint  Jean  d'Aulp>«,  (Sard.) 
Saint  Jean  de  Lo.'^iie,  (Fr.) 
Saint  Jean  de  Luz,  (Fr  ) 
Saint  Jean  de  Maurienne,  ( 
(Sard.)  i 

Saint  Jean  Pied-de-Port,     i 
(Fr.)  i 

Saint  Junicn,  (Fr.) 
Saint  Leonard,  (Fr.) 
Saint  Luce,  (Madag.)  bof/. 
Saint  Maixent,  (Pr.) 
Saint  Malo,  (Pr.) 
Saint  Marc,  (llayti.) 
Samt  IMarccIlui,  (I-'r.) 
Saint  Maurice,  (Sard.) 
Saint  Maximiii,  (Fr.) 
Saint  M6nehoijl(l,  (Pr.) 
Saint  Michel,  (Pr) 
Saint  Mihiel,  (Fr.) 
Saint  Nicolas,  (llayti,)        ) 
prom.  S 

Saint  Omer,rFr.) 
Saintonge,  (Fr.)  old  prov. 
.^aint  Oueu,  fPr.) 
Saint  Paul.  (Fr. ) 
Saint  Paul  de  Uh-n,  (Fr.) 
Saint  Pierre  d'.Mbiyny,        / 
(Sard.)  S 


sarc-lq^-i' 

liihia 

akdbdts 

ad-bA^d' 

adb-bi-a-mt'tii 

ad'bi-d 

ad-bt'nd 

a'd-bi-bn-ch^Vlo 
Zj  saJil  do-lOn' 
aa  bOre' 

ad- bra' (}(jng 

sa-b^^-gcil' 
ta'bU 

ad-kd-tc-kO-l^Q'lcd 

ad-thi'dd 

ad-thi-dUn,' 

B'dk'aen 

ad/i'»en  dl'ten-b^qrg' 

s'dk'sin  kO'b^^rg  gO'td 

aak'nen  in1'nin"{n^QH")- 
gen  hild'b^i^Tg-lujU^iin 

fdk^aen  vl'mdr  I'l£-^o^A' 

adk'aenb^^rg' 

saka'len 

aa-eht'ls 

sd-krd-men'to 

ad-dd'  <^<jng 

id'ter 

ad-f'i'i'd 

id'gdn     ^^ 

3d-ga-sg^''i 

set'  grea 

aa-'d-ff^Qn'    ^^ 

sal-yOng'^  sd-i-yQng' 

ad't-ma 

sdng-ta-xhtfhl' 

adng-tdn-ydng' 

sdng-tO-bdng' 

sdng  bdr-le-ie-mV 

adng  br'i-^' 

aang  klOde 

adng  kUtg 

sdng  sire 

sdng  di'H'i' 

sdng  di'z' 

sdng  di-i'i-^' 

adngt  Iti-sV 

sdngt  jnar-g'g-r'ite' 

adngt  md-rV  5  mYne' 

sAnirtpt'ld-g'i' 

sdngt 

(e  sdngt 

.sdngt  ;*fa-idn' 

sdng  it-ti-gn' 

sdngt  iir-zan' 

sdn-i  t^:->ta.ihc' 

sdtig  JlJ-rang' 

sdn^r  Jld-rdng-tdng* 

sdng  fl(^f}r 

sd-Hir  gd~ddng' 

sang  ^^-rahp 

sdng  ger-mdng'  'dng  W 

adng  gS-bdng° 

aaiHt  ltel'lr-»a^  he-le'na 

idng-t'ip-pO-ltte' 

^dug  gang  dakr 

.sdng  gang  (idiigsh-ti^ 

sang  gang  dope' 

i^dng  ^Ung  de  tone 

sdng  gang  dt  liis 

sdng  gdng  d'd  mO-r'i-in' 
sdng  g'dng  p'l^^^'di-pGre' 


sdng 

gfi-ni-dng' 
le-u-nU/tr' 

sdng 

sang 

IfiS 

san^r 

VI  Qk- -adng' 

sang 

nia-lu' 

sang 

mar 

sang 

niar-s£j-ldng' 

sang 

mu-rice' 

sainr 

ntak-si'Wdng' 

sdng 

ms-nd-fyrg' 

sang 

nnsbtl' 

sa  ng 

mi -til- it' 

sdng 

ni-kO-ld' 

sdng 

to -mere' 

«»;. 

tjngsh' 

aang 

tfQ-ang' 

.-.ang 

pule 

sang 

pHtc  da  leGng' 

sdng 

pi-ire'  ddl-bin^i* 

vt»  ;  S.  short,  bSt,  —  Fr.  A  long,  efi  short,  nearly  as  in  spur.  —  dy,  /y,  ny,  liquid.  —  An"ger.  — ^,  sh^  guttural ;  g  ^b  s  In  pleasure.  —  r  final,  Fr.  re.  —  r,  between  v  and  f. 


136^ 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


8aitil  Pierre  le  Mol^I^ers,(Fr^ 
^Aiiit  Pi*ns  de  Toniiniered,  / 

^Fr.J  ( 

Saiiil  U'lentin,  (Fr.) 
Saint  Remy,  (Fr.) 
Sainl  Sever,  (Fr.1 
sitaini  Trm,  vr  TrutJ«n.        ) 

(Nerh.)  t 

Ssiiii  Troi»As,  (Fr  ) 
Saint  Valery  en  Caux.  (FV.) 

SamtViQcent,,W.  Ind.)u<.  t 

Sftinl  Ya.     &c  Sauiia. 
S4in,  (H.)  r. 

9aj.»G5in5r.  (H.) 
Sjikari.  tTtirk.)r 
S»k.trn.  (Turk.) 
;^4krnira.  (R)  r. 
S.ila,  (Sw.) 

SiUdiiln,  (La  Plata,)  r. 
SaUdci,  (S.  A  )  r. 
SaUfJu  de  Arjuiia,  (Sp.)  r. 
Salap^ra,  (Albania  ) 
SaUma,  (C   A.) 
S.ilamanra,  C^pO  Sa/maaficd. 
^alarii  mca  de  liacaiar,         > 

[Met.  J  i 

SiUmis  (Gr  )  ijf. 
Salanche,  iS.vrd.) 
Salarde  Lil>n.  ,Sp.) 
Salaay-Goiiu-7.,  (PacOc) 
Saldafta,  (Sp  ) 
Saldanlia.(S.  Africa,]  bay. 
Sale,  (Barl).) 
Sale  di  T.in.Mia,  (N.  II.) 
Sateini,  (Sic  ) 

Salerno,  (Napl.)     SiUermmm. 
Salere,  (Swiiz.)  we. 
Saliceitii,  (Sard-) 
Salies(Fr.) 
Sahfiiac,  (Fr) 
Salina,  or  8;tlini,  (Medi-     | 

lerr)  ul.  ) 

Salinas  de  Anana,  (Sp.) 
Saline,  (Sic. , 
SaliiM,  (Fr.) 
Sallancltes,  mr  SaUeocbes,   I 

(Sard  )  t 

SaJlesIa  StMirce,(Fr.) 
Salient,  (S|i.) 
Salm  Die,  {Fr.)  casile. 
SalitiuriAter,  «r  Saalniiin-     ) 

ster,  ( lle^^  CasaeL)         \ 
SaK  (Aiistr-  It.) 
Saln)ircn:i,  (Spw) 
Salim,  (S|.  )  r. 
Sal.wi?,  (Fr.) 
Salima,  (l).ihn.) 
Salonic-u  Salonicbi.  S&lo-    ) 

nik,(Turk.}   Tlua*alomi-l 

em.  ) 

SalrtT,  (Sp.)  r. 
Salla  (IpI  Tuciiman,  (La      ) 

Pl:iia.)  ] 

Salteits  Bir,  (\iirw.)  r. 
Saltillis  (.Mex.  Conl.) 
Salio  Chicii,  (P.iraiE.)  faUs. 
SaliiMo,  (X.  ll. ;  jr.  Sn-      > 

luces.)  J 

Salvajtes,  (\V  AC)  tjb. 
Salvatierra,  ^Sp.) 
Salvatierra  de  Tormcs,  (Sjv) 
Salvore,  (111.) 

SalKa,0r  Salxacli,  (Austr.)  r 
Salabrunn,  (Pr.) 

Salzburg.  (Austr.)  j 

8al7.btirx.     SreSovir 
Salzkammei^l,  (Aitstr.) 

diitr. 
Salxiinieen,  (Saxe  Mei- 

ninsen.) 
Salzwedel,  (Pr.) 
Samara,  (R.) 
SaralKir,  (G.il  ) 
Sainlire,  [  Fr  )  r. 
Sainbre  et-Meuae,  (Pr.)  M 

Saiiier,  (Fr.) 

Samniariiio-     See  Sail  Ma- 
rino 

Sainntiniato,  or  San  Mini- 
ata  (Tusc.) 

Saninszin,  (Pr.  Pol  ;  g. 
Saumrdrliati  ) 

Samueiis,  (Sard.) 

Sainsoe,  (Caiteftat,)  t^ 

Saniotschau.    Sec  Sanios- 
zin 

Sanifer.     See  Szaraatyly. 

San,  (Atistr )  r. 

Sanabha.  (Sp  )  Juke. 

San  AntKtco,  (SsrJ.)  isL 


sing  p&ng  dt  tOm-mt-^rt' 

sduz  kdng'tdng^ 
sdng  r^-mt' 
iAtig  i*-P£re' 

Hnf  irOng 

s4ng  trO-pdte' 
sdHg  rti/f-ri'  dug  kit 
sing  rdifsftfa^;  e.  smnt 

Vincent 
s4mg-li-d^ 
*kd-po 

ska-yiy-gAkrmAr 
sa'kd-ri 
sa  ka  ri'U 
sUk-ma'rd 
lU'ld 

tU'la'do 

sH-la'dO  di  ar-ekH'nd 

»{t-lii'mti 
id-la-mdn'kd 
sd-Ja-miin'kd  dt  bd-kd- 

Idkr' 
td'ld-mis 
aa-ittmg*k' 
bd-ldhr'  de  Id'brd 

sal-ddn'vU 

tat^an'yd 

fdlf' 

8<i-iz'  di  tOr-Ui'nd 

sd  /{r'aff 

«d-/*cc' 

sdti-ekH'ta 

sdli' 

sd'tintfiiV 

sd4i'uii(mi) 

sd'ti'miU  ^  dM-yH'nii 

sU-li'ne 

sdUngf 

»d-idMg*k* 

Md'  Id  90fr«« 

tdim  dik 
tdt'mkn'ttir 

td-tO-hrtn'yH 
td-lim' 
td-tan^ 
ad-ia'nd 

td-lA-nVkdikO^  td-ld- 
nike' 

Md-19T^ 

sdt'td  itl  Hf^k^^nut*' 

ttii'Uti9-eif 
sal-ttt'yo 
gaVtO  cAf'k« 

sU'-vd'ges 

gtU-rd  tt-fr'rd 

9dt-eii'ti'ir*rii  rff  tfir^m^ 

siil-vii'rz 

zidt'ad.  idlt's'dfk 

xillts'krQ^ 

tHUs'bf^ii  e.M£i'(«attz') 

kmrg 
xdJts'hi;<frg 

tdiU'kdm'mir  g<:^ 

idlt'9l}^.n"grn 

ziilt^pf  del 

Mitmd'rU 

ttxm'hOr 

tiingbr^  m^'.9 

sUmtr* 

tdM-md-ri'm» 

s'dm-m1-u't-d'to 


hd-tnu-Ang' 

idm'zA 

zd*  inot-shtm* 

ztim'tt'r 
idn, 

sd-uU'br'(  H 
idH  djt  tVS-ko 


San  Berniirdo  de  Tarya,       | 

(I^PIula.)  S 

San  Bonifacio,  (Cors.)  hL 
San  C'artns  do  Monterey,     t 

(New  Calif.)  i 

Saiicerre,  (Fr ) 
San  CItristuval  de  la  Lagu-  t 

na,  (TenerifTe.)  \ 

San  Christovao,  (Rio  Ja-      i 

neiroOpa/acf.  ) 

Sancy,Pic  de,  (Fr.)/*. 
Sandec,  (G»l.) 
Sandersliiiusen,  (Hesse.) 
San  Diego,  (New  Calif.) 
Sandoe,  (Nunh  Sea,)  isl. 
Sandomir,  (Pol.,  pot.  Son-  j 

doniierz.)  ) 

Sandov(b)al  de  la  Reyna,    ( 

(SjK)  S 

Sail  Felice,  f  Punt  St.)  pa/ace. 
San  FoJi|>e  no  Oenguela,      j 

(\V.  coast  Af.J  S 

San  Felipe  de  Linaros,(Mex.) 
San  Fernando  de  Apure,      { 

(ColcMiib.)  i 

San  Francisco  de  Cam-       j 

peclic,  (Mex.)  ( 

San  Francisco  de  Quito,      i 

(Colonib.)  i 

Sangay,  (S  A.)  vole. 
San  Gennaro,  (Pont.  St.)  mt. 
Sanfiertiatiscn,  (Pr 
San  Gcrmano,  (Napl.) 
San  Geroninio  do  Vuste,      ) 

(Sp.)  ctoi.^rr.  S 

San  Giorgio  Mapgiore,         i 

(k- arV enicc,) doi^tcr^isl.  \ 
San  Giovanni  di  Tidticcio,  / 

(Naid.)  i 

San  Giuliano,  (Sic.)  mU 
Sanguiiera,  (Sp)  r 
San  Gonzalo,  (Biaz.)  haven, 

Sangilesa,  (Sp.) 
Sanguinelio,  (C  It.)  r. 
San  Jacinto,  (Mex.)  r. 
San  Jayme,  (Coloinb.) 

San  Joaquin  dc  Oraaguaa,  { 

(Coluinb.)  i 
San  Jtwe  del  Parral,  (Mot.) 
San  Jos^  de  Oruna,(TriniU.) 
San  Juan  Banlistn,(.Mex.) 

San  Juan  del  Alfaraclie,  i 

(Sp.)  i 

San  Juan  de  la  Frontera,  i 

(La  Plata.)  \ 

San  Junn  de  loa  Llanos,  ) 

(Cidoiub.)  i 

San  Juan  do  Nicaragua,  i 

(Gnat.)  i 

San  Juan  de  Uloa,  fMex.) 

San  Lazzarodegli  Anneni,  ) 
( Venice,)  isL  \ 

San  Leucio,  (NnpK) 

San  Lorenzo  el  Real,  (Sp.)  i 
buryiHg  place  of  the  Span-  / 
ifk  knign.  * 

San  Liicar  de  B<'trranieda,   ) 

(=?p-)  i 

San  Lucar  de  Giiadiana,  i 
(Sp.)  i 

San  I^icar  la  Ma>-or,  (Sp.) 
San  IJiis  de  la  Paz,  (Mex.) 
San  Lui-i  Poiosi.  (Mex.) 
San  .Marino,  (It.)  repubhe. 
San  Martin  del  CastaEar.    \ 
(Bp.)  i 

San  Michele,  (Austr.  It.) 
San  .Miguel  de  Tucunian,    ) 
1      rLa  Plata.)  \ 

I  San  Miguel  el  Grande,  (Mex.) 
I  San  Nicola,  (Napl.)  id. 
I  San  Nicola:!  del  Pticno,  (Sp.) 
I  San  .Nicdin  di  Skinari,         i 
(Zanle.)  \ 

Sannio      See  M<ilif*c. 
San  Pedro  de  BatopilnSj 

(Mex  ) 
San  Pedro  de  CardcHa, 

(Sp)  elot:^Ur. 
San  Pietro  Legnagn, 

(.■\usir.  It.) 
Sail  Uuirico,  (Tusc) 
San  Ruqne,  (Sp  ) 
San  R'.f^wri,  (N.Tpl.) 
San  Salvador,  (Gnat.)  proe. 
San  Salvador  de  Falaniche, ) 

(^:0  i 

S.in  Salvador  tie  Jnjiiy,  ,  f 
(La  Plain.)  \ 

San  Saivadfvdel  Bayanio,  \ 
(Cuba.)  ) 


sanbir-ndr'dO  detd-ri'Shd 

sdn  b&nifd'cka 

sdn  kdr'lOs  rfj  mUn-ts-ri't 

sdngssre' 

sun  krt-gtO'vtU  dt  id  Id- 
gw'nd  ^ 

sang  kristC-vd'^ttg 

P'ik  de  sdng-si' 
tdn'dtU 

idH'der.i-kou'ten 
sdn  di-z' go 
idn'dA 

tdn-dS'm^rt 

sdn-dO-vdl'  d£  Id  rpi-Hd 

sdn  ft-lt'cks 

sdn  /i-Wpi  di  bin-ge'ld 

sdn  Jfti'pt  ^i  ti-nd'rte 

s'dnftr-ndn'dbdi  fl-ppp-rj' 

adn  j'rdn-this'kS  di  kdm- 
pi'chi 

sdn  frdn-this'kS  di  kSUo 

sdn-gd''i 
sUn  dgin-n'a'ro 
zdn"  'Th-'kou'trn 
sdn  agsmtd'no 
sdn  che-rQ'ni-mS  di 
y^^'ti 

sdn  dgOr'dgQ  mdt-gU'ri 

sdndgO-vdn'n'i  di  ti-difQt'- 

sko 
sdn  d^^^id'no 
sdn-g6-ni'rd 
adn  gUn-sd'to 

«««  m^'«« 

sdn-ggn-Hst'to 

tdn  nd-4kim'to 

sdn  fhd'i-mi 

adn  ^kO^d-ktn'  di  Smd'' 

go^-ds 
adn  chU-si*  d^l  pur-r'dV 
sdn  fhS-st'  ds  H-r^^n'yU 
sdn  fkQ<}-dn'  bU-^Q'f'is'td 
sdn  fh^'dn'  tfti  dl-fa-rd'- 

cki 
sdn  fk^-dn'  di  Id  fr5n- 

(£'rd 

sdn  fkff^'dJt'  de  lOs  Ujd'n^H 
sdn  fkq^n'  di  n'tkd-rd'- 

sdn  fkQg-dn'  di  ^Q-la'd 
sdn  fdt'sd-ru  dil-y'dr-mi'ni 
sdn  li-(><^t'sko 

adn  l5-rrn'th6  el  r£-iU' 

sdn  l^if'kdr  di  bdr-rd-mf' ' 

da  „ 

sdn  ItjQ'kdr  de  g^tj-d-di- 

d'nd 
adn  tij^'kdr  Id  md-yGre' 
sdtt  Ir^'ia'  di  id  pUt/t(p'Ud) 
sdn  l^^'ig'  p5-t6-si' 
sdn  nd-r't'no 
sitH  mdr  tin'  dil  kda-t'dn- 

y'ur' 
sdn  mi-ke'le 
sun  mt-giV  di  t^Q-k^Q- 

m'dn' 
sdn  nti-stl'  t^  gr'dn'di 
sdn  nt-lctVl'a 
sdn  n'i-kQ-f'di'  d^l  p^o-ir'to 

J    sdn  ni-kU'la*  di^-iii-nd' r'i 

idn'n'i-o 

\    sUnpi'drOdebU-ia-pi'lds 

i    sdnpe'iirS  di  kdr  din' yd 

5    sUn  p'i-e'trO  lin-ydfga 

sdn  kv'i'r't-ko 

sail  ro'ke 

adn  rds-:id'ri 

sdn  sul-vd-dor* 
i   sdn  sd!-vd-do-H  de  f'd-ld' 
\        n'l'che 

sdn  sal-od-dUr'  de  chiyt}- 

sdn  f^'dl  vd-dOr'  dil  bd- 

y'J'mo 


San  Sebastian  de  los  Re-     i 

yes  (Sp.)  { 

San  Servolo,  (III.) 
San  Severiiio,  (Napl.) 
Sans-Souci,  (Pr.) 
Santa  Croce,  (Sic.)  prom. 
Santa  CriKe  in  Gerusalem-  ) 

me,  (church,  Rome)         \ 
Sania  Cru/.,  (Bra/)  castle. 
Santa  Cruz  de  la  Sierra,      ) 

(Bol.)  ( 

Santa  Dominica,  (Austral.)  \ 

ial.  \ 

Santa  Enfemia,  (Napl.) 

Snnia  Enlatia,  (Mex.) 
Santa  Fe  de  Uuguta,  } 

(Colonib.)  \ 

Snntn  Fe  de  Guanajiiain,     \ 
Sniita  Fe  de  Guanaxuato,    > 

(Mex.)  ^ 

S»uC  Acatha  della  Galli      ) 

lie,  (Napl  )  ) 

Santa  Lucia   (l^a  Plata.) 
Santa  Maria  de  Dnrien,       | 

(Coloinb )  i 

Santa  Maria  de  laa  Char-    ) 

ens,  (Mex  )  ) 

Santa  Maria  di  Leuca,         ) 

(Napl.)  i 

Santa  Maria  Maggtore,        i 

(Napl.)  i 

Santnuder,  (Sp.) 
Sam'  Angelo,  (Napl.) 
Sanlani,  (Mullorca.) 
Saul'  Anna  de  Tainauli 

pa^i, 
Santa  .Anna  de  Tamauli 

Sam'  Antioco,  (Sard.) 
Sanl'  Anionio  de  Bejar,       > 

(Mex)  i 

Saninrem,  (Port.) 
Santa  Ro^^a  de  Co:«i(]uira-    ( 

chi,  (Me.x  }  ( 

Santa  Ri>salia,  (Sic.) 
Santa  Trinidad,  (W   Ind.) 
Sanl*  Eroino,  (Nap!,)  castle. 
Santerre,  (Fr.) 
Santia,  or  Saint  Va,  (Sard.) 
Sanlingo  Atitan,  (Guat.) 
Santiago  ile  Caceni,  (Port.) 
Santiago  de  Cnlatrava,(Sp.) 
Saniiagu  de  Chile,  (Chile.) 
Santiago  de  la  Vegn,  (Jam.) 
Santiago  del  Esiero,  (La      i 

Plata,)  vrov.  S 

Santiago  de  las  Monlanas,  ) 

(Coloinb.)  i 

Santiago  de  los  Cavnlleros,  { 
Santiago  de  los  Caballeros,  > 

(Hayti.)  > 

Santiago  de  IJclcs,  (Sp.)      1 

cloister.  ) 

Santiago  de  Vera!Tna,(Guat.) 
Santibanez  do  Esgtieba.(Sp.) 
Baniillana,  (Sp.) 
Sunio  Domingo  de  la  Cat-    / 

zn.la,  (Sp.)  i 

Santo  Stefano,  (Meditcr.)  Ul. 
Santona,  fSp.) 
Sant(»s,  (Braz.) 
San  Vigilio,  (.Austr.  It.) 
San  Vito,  (Austr.  It.) 
Sao  Christuvao,(Braz.)c£i6i/e 
Sao  Foli|>c  do  Maraiiluo,     ) 

(Bntz.)  i 

Sio  Gonzalo,  (Braz  ) 

Sio  Joao  del  Rey,  (Braz.)    \    '^'<!1' 
I        re'") 

S^o  Joao  fie  Paraliyba, 

(Braz.) 
Sdo  Joao  do  Principe, 

(Braz.) 
Sao  Joao  i\e  Pesqueiia, 

(Port.) 

S5o  Jorge,  (AsEores.) 
Sao  Jozc,  (Braz.) 
Sao  Liouten^o,  (Bra/,.) 
Sao  Luiz  do  .Maranliao, 
(Btaz.) 

Sao  juliSo,  (Port.) 
Sao  .Martinho,  (Port.) 
Sao  Mijrnel,  (Azores.) 
Saone,  (Fr )  r. 
Saone-et-Loire   (Fi ) 


sdn  si'bds-Ci-dn'  dj  W«rfi'- 

!/fs 
sdn  sir'vU-lo 
sdn  si-vi-rt'no 
sang  nQtytf 
sdn°ta  krG'chi 
sau'ta  krO'clii  Vn  d^fi-r^f- 

sdliin'mi 
sdit'td  krgQB 

sdn'tU  krggth  di  lU  ai-tr'rU 

sdn'tit  dSmt-nt'kd 
sdn'td  e-Q^-fi'mi'd 
sdn'td  i'^^'ld'ti-d 
sdn'td  fi  di  bO-gO-td' 
sdn'td  fi  di  gtf^d-nd' 

ihg^-d'to 
sdn-td'gu-td  deVld  gdl-lt'- 

he 
sdn'td  If^'th'i  d 

sdn'tamd-ri'dde  dd-r'i-in* 

sdn'ta  md-rt'a  di  Ids 
char'kas 

sdn'td  md-Ti'a  di  li-^f^'kU 

sdn'td  md  I'l'd  mdtgO'ri 
sdn-tdn-det' 

sun-tand'  gi-lo 
sdn-tdn'y'i 

san-tdn'iid(sdn'td  dn-nd) 
di  tU  md'^-lt'pds 

sdn-tdn-t't'O-ko 

sdH'tdn-tO'ni-0  di  b^'chdr 

sdn-ta-rdng' 

idn'tu  iQ'sd  di  kO-s'i  k'i- 

rd'ch'i 
sdn'ta  rd-sU-Wd 
sau'ta  tri-ut-dad' 
sdn-ti'Ti-mo 
sdn  ff- tire' 
sun-t'i-d' 

sdn  ti-a'gO  U-ti-tdn' 
sUn-t't  d'^an  dg  kd-sdng' 
sdn-t'i  u'gG  dg  hd-la-trd'vU 
santt  it'gO  di  cfti'li 
sdn  ti  d'gQ  di  la  vc'gii 

sUn-ti-a'gO  d^l  fs-ti'ro 

sdn'ti-d'gS  d^  Ids  mUn- 
tan' yds 

sdn-ti  d'gd  di  lOs  kd-vdl- 
(bdl)  yi'tbs 

iUji-ti'd'gO  di  ^<f-klia' 

sdn'ti-d'go  de  te-rd'gQ^.-d 

sdn-ti -ban' yes  de  iS-gi'Oa 

sdn-ttlijii'jid 

sdn'tG  do  m'ln'gd  di  Id 

kal-tkd'dd 
sdn't5slt'fd-no 
san-ton'yU 
iUn'tij(}8 
sdn  vi-dgVli-o 
tun  vVto 

sd'^^ng  kris-tO-cd'QQng 
sd'Qfpig  ffl'i'pi  difff  md- 

rdn-yd'QQng 
sd'^^yiff  g5nff-sd'lo 
sd'ifi^nff  gif^-'u'g^jtg  del 

rii  ^ 

ad'QQmr  MV^-d'^^ng  di  pd- 

rd  i'bd 
sd'<i<}ng  g^tf-d'otfug  rfcc 

prttt's'i-pe 

ha'Qiing^<}-d'ii<}ng  fli 

pt-s-kW  t-rd 
aU^^ng'  gdr'gi 
sa'<jQng  gS  se' 
sd'ffQng  loraJtg'son 
sd'^Qng  /fp-'i^'  dnp  md- 

r'dn-y'd' i}^ng 
s'd'QQng  gn^-li  U'^gng 
sh'i}(^ng  mdr-tin' i/Q^ 
s&'^<;ng  m'i-giV 
sGha       ,^ 
sOlta-elO-dr^ 


Fate^/dr,  fgUy  what,  bdt.  —  Mlte^  prey,  kelp^  tkire^  hifr.  —  PTn*,  wiarYw,  bird,  fig.  —  JVTite,  dQce,  mSve,  w^f^  frpc*,  lord.  —  'Fiine,  bull,  unite.  —  oi,  boy ;  irtt,  kouse.  —  Fr.  ft  long, 
1366 


PRONUNCIATION   OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Saoiic,  Haute.  fFr.) 
Sao  Pedrc  d'Alcantara, 

(Braz.) 
Sao  Pedro  dc  Sul,  (Braz.) 
Saorgio,  tX.  It.) 
Sao  Sebastiao.  (Braz.)  isL 
Sao  Tomas.  (Gum.)  ui, 
■Sao  Vicente,  (Port.)  pr-ojiu 
Sapocai,  (S.  A.jr, 
Sapn,  (Napl.) 
Saraca,  (Braz.-  lake. 
Saracrita,  (Napl) 
Saragossa.  1  Sp.  j  ^.  Zara-   > 

goza. )  \ 

Saraisk,  fR.) 
Sarajewo,  (Bosnia.) 
Saransk,  (R.) 
Sarapiqtii,  (C.  A  ^  r- 
Sarapul,  (R.) 
Saratow,  (R.) 
Saratshik,  (R.) 
Sardegna,  la,  (Mediterr.;  e,  \ 

Sardinia;  ^  Sardinian  ,  > 

fr.  La  Sardalpne,)  isl.      J 
Sargiiemines.    See  Saarge-  { 

mdnd.  \ 

Sargans,  t'Switz.) 
Sarine,  (Svvhz. ,  g.  Saane,)r, 
Sarlat,  (Fr.) 

Sarlo,  Nagy,  (H.) 
Saniano,  (C.  it.) 
Samen,  (Switz.) 
Samico,  f  Aiistr.  It.)  distr. 
Samo,  (Napl.) 
Samowo,  (Fr  Pol.) 
Saronnn,  (Loinb.) 
S4ros,  fH.) 
S&ros  Parak,  (H.^ 
Sarrancolin,  (Fr.) 
Sarre.     See  Saar. 
Sarrebourg.    See  Saftrbttrs. 
Sarrebnick.     See  Suarbruck. 
Sarreguemines.     See  Sar- 
giiemines and  Saarge- 

m^nd. 
Sarre  Loui?.    Sci  Saar        > 

Lotim.  ) 

Sarrra,  (Sp.) 
Sarrion,  (Sp.) 
Sarsina,  (C.  II.) 
Sarieano,  (Tusr.) 
Sariene,  (Core.) 
Snrtiie,  (Fr)  r 
S4rv4r,  or  Knthburg,  (H.) 
S4rvicz,  (H  )  r. 
Sarzana,  (N.  It.) 
Sarzeaii,  (Fr.) 
Sarzedas,  (Port.) 
Satibacti,  {liad  ) 
Sas  de  Gand.   See  Sas  Van  ) 

Gent.  \ 

Sas^ari,  (Sard.) 
Sasso  Cinione,  (Tusc.)  mt. 
Saasuolo,  (Modena.) 
Sastago,  (Sp.) 
Sasv&r,  (H.) 
Sas  Van  Gent.    See  Sas  de  ) 

Gand.  ) 

Satalia,  (Turk.) 
S&tins,  (Swilz.)  mt. 
SAlorallya  Ujholy,  (H.) 
Sail.     Sef  Save. 
Satikeniczky.    See  Reiche-  ) 

nan.  i 

Saitlieii,  (Fr.) 
Sault  de  Saiuie  Marie,         i 

(Can.)  fall.  \ 

Saiimiir,  (Fr ) 
Saumnraiii,  (Fr.)  old  dintr, 
Saut  du  Rlionc,  (Fr.)  fall 
Sauterne,  (Fr.) 
6avana-la-.Mar,  (Elayti  ) 
Save,  (Fr.)  r. 
Savp,  (AiiKtr  ;  g.  Sau,)  r. 
Saveiiay,  (Fr  ) 
S«verdun,  (Fr) 
Saverne,  (Fr. ,  g.  Zabem.) 
Saviese,  (Switz  ) 
Savigliano,  (N.  It. ;  Jr.  8a- ) 

villtan.)  \ 

Bavignano,  (It.) 
Savigny  sons  Beaume.  (Fr) 
Savigny  tfur  Orge,  (Fr  ) 
Saviltian.    See  Savigliano. 
Savjo,  (it.)  r 
Savona,  (N,  It.) 
Savoy,  1  ( 

Savtii,    >  (It.)  ituchy.  } 

Savota,  f  ( 

Sawolinna.    See  NyslotL 


M'^Qng  pi'drQQ  d'ai-k'dn'- 
td-rd 

sd'<}Qjiff  pe'drQQ  rfpp  sqqI 

sd-ird'go 

s'd'<i<ing  s^'bHs-ti-d' Q(^g 

sd'QQng  tO-mds' 

sd\i}ng  v't-sfflft^ 

sU'pQ-kPi 

i'd'pr'i 

ad-rd-kd' 

s'd-rd-ch't' nd 

Sd-rd-gGs'sd 

sd-rd'isk 

sd-rd-ye'vo 

ed-rdnsk' 

sd-rd~pi-ki 

8d-rd'pQt}j 

sd-rd'tnff 

sd-rdt's/iik 

Id  sdr-den'yd^  »ar-tfin'e-fl, 

idr-di'n'i'^n,  liX  sdr- 

deny' 

sdrg-m'ine' 

zdrfgdns 

sd-r'ine' 

sdrfd' 

nddy  shdr-lS 

sdr~nd'no 

I'ar'nen 

edr'n'i-ko 

sdr'no 

sdr-n5  vo 

Bd-r5n'no 

ahd-rOsh  pii-tdk 

sdr-rdng-kO-idng^ 

sdr 

s'dr-bQor' 

edr-bAkf 

s'drg^mtntf   . 

sdr-lQQ-V 

a'dr'ri-'d 
sdrT't-On' 
8dr~s'i  nit 

sdr-t^'d-no 

sdr-ti'n£ 

sdrtc 

Khdhr-v'dhr 

shdhr-vits 

adr-tsd'n'd 

sdr-zS' 

sdr-ze'dds 

ids'bhch 

sds  dH  gdng 

Bds'sd-r'i 

sds' 30  ehi~mO'n£ 

8dS-S<fi^0  to 

sds'ta-ga 
sAdsh-vdhr 

sds  vdn  ekint 

sd-td-ti'd 

id' tins  ^ 

shd'to-rdl'yd  Qt^'i-h^ly' 

zou 

sou-ke-n'itsk'k'i 

sS-ti^tfil' 

SO  da  sdngt  md-rV 

sS-mftre' 

«3-Tnfi-r* 

sd  dh  rone 

sQ-ti'm' 

ad-vd'nd-itt-mdr' 

sdve 

gave 

ador-nd' 

ad-v^r-d^ng' 

sd-Dirn' 

ad-v'i-i'se 

sd-v'il-ydno 

ad-v'in-yd'no 

ad-v'in-yi'  sntf  b5me' 

ad-p'in-y'i'  sur  Srge,^ 

sd-o'il-ydng' ,  »'drv'i-i-dng' 

ad'v'i.o 

ad-vQ'nd 

sa'viry,  sa-voi'i  it.  ad- 

vPi-d 
ad'vU'lin' nd 


Saxe  AUenburg.  See  Sacb-  > 

sen.  \ 

Saxkioebing,  (Dcnm.) 
Saxony.     See  Saclisen. 
Saybusch.     See  Seiputsch. 
Sayn,  (Pr.) 
Sizawa,  (Boh.)  r. 
Scab,  (Nap!.) 
Scalca,  la,  (Napl.) 
Scardona,  (D.-ilm.) 
Scarpanto,  (near  Crete,)  isl 
Scarperia,  (Tusc.) 
Sceaux,  (Fr.) 
Srhaliacz.  (Turk.) 
Scliarhenihal,  (Switz.)  vail. 
Schadriusk,  (R.) 
Scliaf'jerg,  'Atistr.)  mt 
SchafThaijsen,  (Switz. ;  fr.  \ 

SflmflchiiijsG )  \ 

Scliaiidau.  (?a.x.) 
Schanzel,  (Hav  )  mU 
Scharditic,  (Austr  ) 
Scliarniiz,  (Tyrol.) 
Sdiassburg,  (Trans. ;  A.  Se-  / 

ge.-.vir.)  \ 

Schaitnibitrg-Lippe.    See     / 

Up|»e-Schauinbtirg.  \ 

Scheibenberg,  (Sax.) 
Sciieerb»>rn,  (Switz.)  mt, 
Schcibs,  (Austr.) 
Scneideck,  (Switz.)  mt 
Schpldt,  (Fr.  and  Neih. ;      ) 

d  Schelde  ,  fr.  Escaut.)    \ 
Sc'jelcstadt,  Scliellsiadt,     > 

Schclle<tadt,  (Fr.)  \ 

Schelleiibere,  (Bav  )  mt 
Scheilendorf.  (Pr.  Sil.) 
Scb^ninit/.     See  Selinecz    ) 

Banya  \ 

■ScUeyern.  (Biiv.) 
Scheveningen,  (Neth.) 
Schewardino,  (R.) 
Scliibo,  (Trans  ) 
Schiedam.  (NetlJ.) 
Scliierhng,  (Bav ) 
Schiermoirtgkoog,  (Neth.)    ) 

UU  \ 

Schisansk,  (R.) 
Schifferst.idt,  (Bav.) 
Schilda,iPr) 
Schildborg,  (Pr.  Pol.;  pol.   ) 

Ostrzeszow  )  \ 

Schintznacb,  (Switz.) 
Schio,  (It.) 
Schitoniir.  (R.) 
Sclikeuditz  (Pr ) 
Scliladiningj  rAustr.) 
Schlan. 'Doh. .  b.  Slany.) 
Schlaiigenhad,  f  Nassau,  G.) 
Sthleiden,  (Pr.) 
Scldeitz.  or  Si-hleiz  (Germ  ) 
Scblesieti,  (Germ. ,  e  Sile-  i 

sia,)  country.  \ 

Sclileswtg   (Denin.  J  f/a/i      j 

Slesvig,)  duchy  etc  \ 

Sclileusingon,  .  Pr ) 
Schliengi-n,  (Bad  ) 
Schloszberg     See  Deva. 
Scliliickbnau,  (Boii.) 
Schhlsselburg  (R.) 
Schmadribach  (Switz) 
Schmalkalden' (H   Casael.) 
Sciuniegel      See  Szmygiei. 
Schiniiliiitz,  [11  ;  A  Szo-     j 

molnok  )  S 

Schneeiterg.  (Sax.) 
Schiiceberg,  (Germ  ;  mU. 
Sclifipckoppe,  (Boh  )  m 
Schneptentltal   (Sax  ; 
Schickel,  (Austr  1  mt 
Scliokkeii,  '■Pr  Pol.,  poL    ) 

Skoke )  i 

Scli6nbrtinn,  (Austr.)  castle. 
Schftnebeck,  (Pr) 
Schonen.     Ser.  Skftne. 
Sch^inhof,  (Bnh.) 
Sch  'ngaii,  (Bav.) 
Srh6nhaii6en,  (Pr.) 
Schr.nlanke,  (Pr  Pol.) 
Snhoonboven,  (Neth.) 
Schorndorf  iWflrl.) 
RcJifmwen,  (Neth.) 
Schotlwloii,  (Atistr.) 
Schrattpnberg,(AuHtr.)  ca  tie. 
Schrecktiorn,  (Switz.)  m. 
Schriiom,  (Pr.  Pol.;  pot.      \ 

Szrem.)  ) 

SchtRchedrinsk,  (R.) 
Sclnitt,  (II.  ,  A.  Csnliokoz.) 
Schrtltpnhofen,  (Boh.) 
Scliwabarh,  (Bav.) 
Srh^vaben,  (Germ. ;  e.         ) 

Swabia  or  Suabia.)  \ 


al'ten-burg' 

zdx' k^{ki-dit)'bing 

saz'ini/ 

aVbqqsh 

line 

sak' zd-vd 

akd'ld 

id  skdAt'il 

skdr-dO'n'd 

akdr'pdn-to 

nkdr-pi  rf  d 

ssOk 

ahd-bdti 

shach' en-tdle' 

aha-ilr'insk' 

skdj ' btrg 

shqf-kou'zen,  shdf-f^qs- 

shdn'dou 
sheut'sil 
shir' ding 
akdr'nits 

shds'b<ji}rg 

shovin'  bq(}r§-lip  'p  j 

shV  ben-bi'r^' 
sherc'kqrji 
shlbs 
shVdek 

skelt,  s-chet'ds 

skile-stdd',  shil'l^-stdd' 

sluV  tin-berg' 
ahel'lm-doi^' 

shem'nits 

shl'ern 

s-che'vi-nin"gin 

she-vdr-d'i'no 

sh'i-bo 

s-ch'ih'ddm 

shire' ling 

s-c/i'ihr'mO-nig-k6hg* 
sh'i-gdn^k' 
shi/'fer-ntddl' 
shil'dd 

shildt'berg 

shints'ndrh 

sk'i'o 

sh'i-tO'vi'jre 

slikoi'dits 

sliidifwing 

shldn 

shian'  ■  jrni-bdd' 

shtl  den 

shlits 

this  ii-in 
shies' vig 

shlot' lin"  gin 
shtine'ghi 
sklos'brrg 
shl(j(}k' ke-nou 
shlits- sel-bQ^rg' 
shmd' dr'i'bdch' 
skmaVkdi-din 
shm'i'  gel 

ahm^l'nxts 

shng'berg    . 

shnt'bt'rg 

shtie'kop-pi 

shnep  fen-tdlef  * 

sh^k'ki* 

shqk'ken 

sh^n'brQQjt 

aki^i'ne-bt-k 

shfi'nin 

s/it^in'hnf 

shi^n'goii 

shf^in-hon'ien 

shf^n'l(in"ke 

s-chOkn'ho-ven 

shorn' dirrf 

s-rhou'vin 

shot'v'fne 

shr'dt' ten-bh-g 

shrik'h&rn 

shrim 

Kht.^he~dr'insk' 
shiit 

sh^t'tin-hG'fen 
skwd'bdch 

shtod'bin 


Scliwiichat,  pr  Schwechat,  ( 

(Austr  )  j 

Sdiwallmcli,  (Gerin.)    Sec  j 

LaiigrnMrliwalbach.  ) 

Schwallenbarli,  (Auiilr.) 
Schwantiherg.  i  Brh  ) 
Schwarzburg-Riid  diiadt,    / 

(Germ.)  prin.  \ 

Scnvvarzburg-Sondertiliau-  / 

sen,  (Germ.)  prtji.  \ 

Schwarzcnbacli,  (Bav.) 
Scliwarzenbcrg,  (Sax.) 
Schwarzkoftfletz,  (Boh.) 
Schwarzwald,  or  Blark 

Forest,  (Germ.)    Silva 

Jilareiana. 
Schwatz,or  Srhwaz,(TyroI  ) 
Schwecliat,    See  Scbwachat. 
.Schwedl,  (Pr. , 
Schweidnitz,  (Pr  J 
Scliwcint'urt,  (Bav  ) 
Schweiz.  i^f.  Switzerland,  i 

fr  La  Suififto  ,  it  La        > 

Svizzera.1  ) 

Schwerin,  (N  Germ.) 
Schwotzingeii,  (Bad.) 
Sthwytz.  or  Schwyz,  ) 

(Swiiz.)  i 

Schyiidel,  (Neth.) 
Bciablese.     See  Cliablals. 
Sciacca.  (Sic.) 
Sriaiiiberi.    See  Cliamb£ry. 
Sciirli,  (Sir.) 

Scilln,  or  Scijriio,  (Napl.) 
.Sciyliano,  (Napl  ) 
Sciily  I.'ibnids.     See  Sorlin-  ) 

giirp.  Its,  J 

Scio,  (JEgean  Sea,)  isL 
Sclafani,  (Pic.) 
Scordia,  (Sic.) 
Scrivia,  (Sard  ) 
Scuderi,wr  Sparvcrio,  ) 

(Sic  )  mt.  j 

Scurccila,  (N.ipl.) 
Scylla,  (Napl.) 
Seara,  (Braz.)    SeeCeara.  ) 

Ceara.  ) 

SehasliHnsberg,  (Boh.) 
Seben,  (fl. ;  A.  Szebeny  or  | 

Sebeny.)  j 

Selienio*,  (Dalm.) 
Sebes,  (H  ) 
Sebe.^ch,  (Pol.) 
Seccliia,  (It.)  r. 
Sechelles,  les,  (Ind  Oc.)  isls 
SechsliauK,  (.Austr.) 
Sechura,  (Peru,)  bay, 
Seculejo,  (Fr)  lake. 
S6dan,  (Fr.) 
Sedaiia,  (Sp.)r 
Sedano,  f  Sp.) 
Sedlitz,  (Boh  ;  b.  Sedlec.) 
Seehausen,  (Pr.) 
Seeland,  (Denra. ;  Zee-       | 

land,)  isl.  ! 

Seez,  or  Sez.  (Fr.) 
Segeberg,  (Deniii ) 
Segeeviir.     See  Schasabwrg. 
Segna,  (Croatia.) 
Segni,  fS.  It.) 
Segorve,  (Sp  ) 
Segovia,  (Sp.) 
Sogovia  la  Nucva,  (Gual.) 
Sdgiir,  (Fr.) 
Segura,  (Sp) 
Segnra  de  Leon,  (Sp.) 
Seiland,  (Norw.)  isL' 
Seille,  (Fr.)r. 
Seine,  (Fr.)  r. 
Seine-et-Marne,  (Fr  )  dep. 
Seine-Inferieure,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Seine-et-Oise,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Seiputsch,  Scybucch,  Say- 

liuf^h,  (Austr.  J  p. 

Zywiec.) 
Seitenstadien,  (Austr.) 
Selboe,  (Norw  ) 
Sele,  (Napl.)  r 
Setefkieh,  (ruins  of  Selcu- 

cia,  Natolia.) 
Selenginsk,  (R.) 
Sehgenstadt,  ^^H  Darmst.) 
Selle,  (Fr.)  r 
Selles  i^ur  Cher,  (Fr  ) 
Seilve,  (H.) 
Selters,  (Nassau,  G.) 
Sehnecz  B^nya,  or  Schem- 

nitz,  (H.) 
Selischau,  (Boll.) 
Semendria,  iServia.) 
Seminara,  (Na|)t.) 
Seriilianoigorod,  (part  of 

Moscow.) 


ikted'chftt 

nkuidlbdfh 

tha-'dl  lin  bd^h* 

akjrrin'  brrg 

ihjcdrfM'  bi^^rg-r^Q'dql' 

btwlt' 
ah  wwtJt'b^^  rg-i{tn'dirs- 

huu' ten 
ahwdrt' atn-bdlh 
akwdrt  aritbrrg*' 
ehicarls'  koa'l^'liU 

ahwdrts'vdldt 

fihwdtf 

shwicft^iU 

shirtdt 

ahvld'nits 

ahwlnefQ^ 

ahaJta 

thwe-r'in^ 

akuit'sin"gi% 

ahwita 

s-^hin'dH 

aUiX-bli'at 

shak'kd 

shdm  bi-rV 

sh-ih'li 

ahiVlQ,  ahH'ijo 

ah'iUyd'no 

aeil'hj  Vlaiida 

ah'i'o 

akid'fd-^'i 

skar-di'd 

skri'vt-d 

skcQ-de'r't 

skiji^r'kO-iii 

ehit'ld 

ai-d-rd' 

le-b'ds'  t'i-dns-birg* 

zi'ben^  sh^-beny 

se-be  n'i-ko 

slts-besh 

tS'besh 

srk'ki-d 

/g  ne-nbtl' 

zei'hons 

se-ch<}ii'rd 

sa-kii-tt-g5' 

ae-dartg^ 

se-daiv  yd 

se-da'no 

zcd'lits^  sed'lets 

zi'hvu'zen 

Zi'Vdnd' 

sehs 

zi'ge-birg 

ahe  gesk-vdhr 

sen' yd 

sen'y'i 

itgor've 

se-gO'e'i-d  ...„ 

se-gd'vi-d  Id  n^^i'vU 

sc-giire' 

se-eW^d 

sr-ir^tf'rd  di  li-Sn' 

zVland 

srlff 

sUne 

sdne-e-mdm 

sdne-dn  gfe-ri-^r* 

tdne- i-U'dze' 

il'pQQtsh 

zVtettstSd'ten 

zelb'A 
sf'te 

st-lefk't't 

ze-len-ffinsk' 

zeii'gen-stddt* 

sll~le' 

set  sSr  shere 

shtl-ye 

zel'tirs 

shel-mets  AoAn-yd 

zeU'.-!hnu 

9^-men'dri-ii 

ae-m'i'nd'rd 

zeml-yd-nd '  'i-g5-r6d 


vtu  t  fi  short,  bit,  —  Fr.  A  long,  e&  short,  nearly  as  in  spur.  —  rfy,  iy,  wy,  liquid.  —  .an"ger.  —  g,  «A,  guttural ;  ^  as  *  m  pleasure.  —  f  final,  Fr.  re.  —  v,  between  v  and  /. 

1367 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Semltn,  ( Aii^lr.  ;?laviMiia  ;  ( 
k.  Zinixk'V  )  \ 

'-    nny.  (hu\Pniboiirt,)r. 

I  uerins.  iA'istr.)  uit. 

!,iscii.   SrtiiB.; 

,ir.(Fr.) 

!  ir  en  Airxui*.  (Fr) 

.vrica,  i\a|iI.) 
.--.■iiiiem,  (I'll.  Guia.)  evmittrg- 
SeiielVe,  (Ilt'l!;. ' 
Senegal,  ( Africa,)  r. 
Seiict,  (Fr.) 

S(Misle.t,( part  ^  L«  Vahma.) 
S*llto,  Ju)  r. 
S«iuen,  (Xurw.)  is/. 
Senlis  (Fr.) 
iSeiioiiais,  (Fr.)  oM  Jistr. 
SeliJ,  (Fr.)     Jl;rrHdumm. 
Sentina,(Ptiill.  Si.)  SAHitium, 
SentU,  (Sw-iu.)  M. 
Sepea-V  aralya.  S«  Kirch-  j 

Sepe)',(Switi.) 
Sepiiio,  (.\aiil.) 
Sep*!  Szeiil  GjflrjT,  er        ) 
Gereesninrki,  (H.)  J 

Sepi  Fiiiiuinrs,  (Xelh.) 
Sequilln,  (^p.)  r. 
Serdiiii;,  (Bell!.) 
Soravexza.  ('i'ljsc.) 
Sorchio,  (I I.)  r. 
Serdiwsk,  (R.) 
Serecipe  del  Bey,  (Binz.)    j 

Serefno,  (Austr.  Il) 

Serem,  (Port.) 

Ser«ndib,  oiit  nam*  far  Off-  ) 

ua.  ) 

Sereth.     Ste  S)  reth. 
Seri^ueb,  (R.) 
Sergiewsk,  (K.) 
Sersio,  (Dalin.)  mt. 
Seriilo,  (Uraz.)  r. 
Sarin  baein,  (Brxx.) 
8«rio,  (Ailslr.  It.)  r. 
Sermido,  (.\u.^r.  IL) 
Seniiione,  (Ukinb.) 
Seron,  (8;i.) 
Serowic,  .Bull.) 
SerpuclMW,  (R.) 
Sena  d'Assuuipcan,  I 

(Braz.)  was.  \ 

Sacra  da  Acor,  (rt«i.)  mu. 
Sena  do  Aicuba.  (Pon.)  mis. 
Serrade  Alvazere,  (Purt.)   ( 

mu.  j 

Sana  da  Ainai«Uia,(Po<t.}  > 

mtt.  t 

S«rra  da  Arraliida,  (Fort.)  J 

art'.  I 

Sena  de  Cacli.tmbn,  > 

(Braz.)  alb.  ( 

Sena  de  Caldeiiio,  (Pon.)  j 

mts.  I 

Sena  de  Cliapada,  (Draz.)  ) 

mts.  \ 

Serra  de  Chazia,  (Port.)  mtj. 
Serra  de  C'iara,  (Braz.)  mis. 
Serra  de  Cincura,  (Braz.)    ) 

■"•  i 

Serra  de  Cintra,  (Port.)  aiL*. 
Serra  de  Gerez.  (Port.)  a>U. 
Serra  de  Guarduntia,  > 

(Port.)  mis.  \ 

Serra  de  Marii«),  (Piirt.)  mU. 
Serra  de  .M'unil.  (Port.)  mU. 
Serra  de  .Moiiclitqiie,  I 

(Port.)  mis.  \ 

Serra  de  .Muntezinlio,  > 

(Port.)«iti.  ( 

Serra  Narallietra,(Pon.)  mas. 
Sena  de  Noguetra,  (Purt.)  / 

mts.  \ 

Serra  de  Omho,  (Braz.)  aifs. 
Serra  de  Pria^a,  (Braz)  mis. 
Serra  di  Santo  ^lefajio,        t 

(Napl.j  \ 

Serra  dos  Chiquitos,  (Br.)    i 

mts  \ 

Serravalle,  (Tiisc.) 
Serriirea.(Swiiz.i 
Serm.    Ste  Villa  do  Principe. 
Senao,   >  (Braz.)  mad         I 
9eftam, )     ptaisL.  \ 

Servola,  (IIL) 
Sesia,  (-\.  It.) 
SeMola,  (Modena.) 
Seatri,  (N.  It.) 

Selenil  de  las  Bodegai,  (Sp.) 
SelUmo,  (It.) 


zim-tins* 

s^  mH-d' 

If  nt' mi-rittg* 

tfiM'pack 

^e-mure'  ^^ 

t-e-mkre*  Un  Os-sii-d' 

si-Hti-ri'kd 

sUntT 
sdtifUi' 

SdHZS 

sdM^'ti' 

si-pa' 

st'pi  HO 

sktpski  simi  4]f4kri0 

ss-kV'fe 

ei-rdvit'sH 

Mir'ki-if 

aer-4Qvsk' 

$t-rit^fd'Ang 
n'ri-o 

tr'p^hiif  ^ 

JCr'ra  di  dt  M'M 
etrfrd  d£  itl-vi 


*tr*rd  dt  a-mH-rsPtd 
ssr'ra  di  ttr-rtt'M-dtt 

jjr'ra  de  kM-df-i-rifi^jt 
atr'rii  d{  A'd-p'd'd'd 

str'rU  de  thS-zVH 
str'rU  d£  a'i-  d-r'df 

nr^rit  dt  *Yii^-*^9-rtf 

srr'rd  de  .<in*trd 
tir'ni  di  gi-rtg* 

grr'rd  rff  ^(>(>~dr-rf9^'yj| 

sgr'rd  dc  md-rU'c^ng 
scr'rd  dc  m6  mil' 

ser'rii  rf£  fSi'ffg'i'ki 

»p^rU  dt  mtiitg-tt-i'tn^9W 
srr'rd  di  nd  ra.'-jfd'i-rtt 
»er'r'd  de  nO-gS'i-r'd 

jfrr'ra  di  pri-d'sU 
ser'rd  dt  gitm'td  Mefti'nc 

str'm  d^^  »ki4fiU^^ 

strrd-vUl'it 
aerrt-irt' 

ser-tU*^mg 

sfr'titm 

ser-rU'la 

Mt'st'd 

ses'tS-ld 

aes'tri 

seteniV  d£  Ui$  bS^'gd* 

tet't'i-TMt 


Seu  da  Ur^el,  (SpO 
8eudre.  (Fr.)  r. 
Sevenaer,  (Noih.) 
Severioi).    See  SiwieiX. 

Sevilla,  (Sp. ;  e.  Seville.) 

Pivre  Nantiiise,  (Fr.)  r. 

S^vre  Nicrloiso,  (Fr.)  r. 

Sevres,  (Fr  ) 

Sevroii.     See  Deiix  Sevres. 

S«'yhii8t*h.     See  Seipiilsch. 

Bewastupi)!,  (H.) 

Pez.     Sre  Seez. 

Sezanne,  (Fr) 

Slakin,  (('aiiitia.] 

S'lleriogpiibosch.     Se* 
Bois  le  Due. 

Shrewsbtirj-,  (En^.) 

Sinc>llatid.     See  Sjelland. 

Sibill.i,  Monte  della, 
(A))enn.  It.) 

Sicatnino,  (Sic.) 

Sicciari,  (^ic.) 

Sicie,  (Fr.)  prinm, 

Sicicchow,  (Pul.) 

Sicily,  (IL  ;  U.  La  Sicilia.) 
StcituL. 

Siciilian.1,  (Sic.) 

Sider,  (Switz.  ;/r.  Sieire.) 

Siden,  (Candia,)  prom. 

Sidra,  Gulf  of,  (.Mediierr.) 

Si(>tK>hbtlrgeii.    See  Tran- 
sylvania. 

Sic'bengebirge,  (Fr.)  mds* 

Siedlec.  (Pol.) 

Siena,  (C.  !u}     Sona,  Seua 
Julia. 

Slenitica,  (Pol.) 

Sieradi, 

Sierdc 


i.  f  Pol.) 
.  (*V 
SierocJE,  (Pol.) 

Sierp^,  (P()l.) 
Sierra  .\carai,  (S.  A.; 
Sierra  Benncja,  (S|t.) 
Sierra  de  Aillo,  (8p.)  vits. 
Sierra  de  Alcaraz,  (^p.)       i 

wUs.  \ 

Siem  de  Albarracin,  (Sp.) ) 

mts.  \ 

Sierra  de  Aranrop,  (Sp.)  nls. 
Sierra  de  .Avila,  (Su.)  rut,*. 
Sit'rra  de  Aylloii,  (Pp  )  mt.t. 
Sierra  de  CordoUa.,  (S|).)  wi.». 
Sierra  de  lliignrceran,  (i»p.) 
Sierra  de  £^pndan,(Sp.)  mC^. 
Sierra  de  Gadnr,  (Sp.)  triLt. 
?1i  rra  de  Gnidas  (Sp.) 
Sierra  de  (■uaiIaltipc,(New  I 

Camilla.)  \ 

Sierra  de  las  Alptijams, 
Sierra  de  laa  Alpuxoitva, 

(Sp.)  mts. 
Sierra  de  lua  Grullaa, 

(Mex.)  mts. 
Sierra  de  la  Vinda,(Peru.) 
Sierra  del  L'at^lelloa,  (Sp.) 

mtt. 
Sierra  de  Irfixa,  (Sp.)  tnt. 
Sierra  de  Patedes,  (Sp.)  mts. 
Sierra  de  Penaloiia,  (Sp.)  mts. 
Sierra  de  Pardaos,  (Co- 

lonili.)  mt<. 
Sierra  tie  Vebenes,  (Sp.)  wts. 
Sierra  lae<ina,  (Cp.  Guin.) 
."^lerra  Morena;  (Sp.  1  m/.?. 
Sierra  Nevada,  (Sp.)  mts. 
Sierra  Paruina,  (Colomb.) 

mts. 
Sierra  Prieta,  (Hayti.)  mts. 
Sierra  Keynosa,  (Sp.)  mts. 
Sierra  L'ifupatna,(CoIouib.) 

mU. 
Sierre.     See  Sider. 
Sieve,  (Tusc.)  r. 
Sieversliaiisen,  (Han.) 
Siewierz,  (PoL) 
Sigmaringen,  (S.  Germ.) 
Sign,  (Dalni.) 
Sigiia,  (Tusc.) 
Signilskar,  (Fiiil.)  UgJU-      t 

house.  \ 

Sigtuna,  (Sw.) 
.^igiienza,  (Sp.) 
•Sisiier,  (Sp.) 
Sikl6£t,  i\i.) 
Silaro,  (ll.)r. 
Silberberg,  (Pr.  Sil.) 
Silber  Bergstadt.    Set  Miea. 
Sitdal.     See  SkellefteA. 
Silein,  (H.)     See  SiUein. 


zfi'vs-nttAr 
iS-vt'r't-en 
si-vfl'yd  I  e.  aet'iHet  se- 

vUte' 
sirr  HdHg'tHia* 
s^vr  nt-Gr'tHie' 
s^rr 

st-tds-tO-pOl' 
ss.hs 
si-idn' 
sfU'ki'U 

s^hei'tO-feH-hQS-ek 

shrllit' bu-ry 

syel'ldnd 

mOn'ttdtl'lda'i-bU'ld 

s'1-kii-mVno 
sH-cha'rU 
a't-sV 
tt-tii't'ehqf 

sis'si-ie.  Id  at-ekVti-U 

st-kg^-d'nd 

1-1'der 

s't'di-r'd 

s'i'drd 

z'i'bin-bdr'gen 

t'i'hin-gt-bir'gf 
vjid'lrts 

s'i-i'nU 

zptn-n'H'stl 

sye'rdiUy 

a'i-irk' 

eyi'rotsk 

aitrpUif 

at~sr'rd  a-kU-rU'l 
a'i-tr'rd  btr-m^'ehd 
s't-er'ra  t/s  d't'l'yH 
ai-tr'rd  de  Ul-Jid-r'dlh' 
(rda') 

a't-sr'rU  di  Utbdr-rii-tklni 

af-fr'rd  de  'dmS-rOs' 
s'i'fr'ra  Jf  d-vi'ld 
si-er'nt  rff  d  >/•  1/5)1 ' 
si  er'rd  di  kdj-'JUbd 
st-ir'rd  di  in-gdr-thi-rUa' 
f'i-ir'rd  rfg  ns-pU-ddn' 
s'i-cr'rd  rfj  ea-dOr' 
s'i-t/rd  di  grd'dOs 

a'i-tr'rii  di  gif^''d-dd-l<}g'pi 

ai-tr'rd  de  Ida  dl-p^- 
ehdr'rdM 

a'i-tr'rd  di  Ida  gr^VyUa 

a'i'tr'rd  di  Id  rin'dd 

a'i-ir'rd  del  kds-tel-yOn' 

s'i-er'rd  de  lO'cfid 
si-ir'rd  de  pd-ri'dts 
s'i-tr'rd  dt  pen-y'd-iH' sH 

8'i-ir'rii  di  pdr-dd'Os 

s'i-er'rd  de  yf'be-Tiis 
si-ir'rd  U-O'nii 
s'i-er'rd  md-re'itU 
ai-tr'rd  ni-v'd'dd 

s'i-ir'rd  pd-rd-'i'n'd 

s'i-ir'r'd  pr'i-i'td 
a'i-ir'rd  re-'i-nO'sd 

a'i-ir'rd  Qo-sc«j-pti'md 

s'i-ire' 

s'i-e'vi 

z'i'ftrs-kon'zin 

sye'vyersh 

z'ig'  md-Tia."  gen 

s'iny 

s'in'y'd 

sing' nil- sh£ref 

s'ig-t<iQ'nd 

si-g<><i-tn'tkii 

s'i-g^ere' 

shf-klonh 

s'i'lii-ro 

zil' brr-ber^' 

ziVber-brri'stddt 

zil'ddle 

z'i'line 


Silesia,  (Germ. ;  g.  Schle- 

fien  ;  pot.  SI^kk.) 
Sili^lria,  (BiilRaria.) 
Siljan,  (Sw.)  take. 
Silla,  (Colomb.)  mt. 

Sitl^  Ic  Guillaunie,  (Fr.)      | 

Si  I  lei  n.     See  Szobia. 
Siliery,  (Fr.) 
Sils,  (Switz.) 
Silver,  (Port.) 
Sitnancas,  (Sp.) 
Siinand,  Ml.) 
Simari,  (Napl.) 
Simbirsk,  (R.) 
Simel'i.     See  Giaretla. 
Sniiferopol,  (R.) 
Piniinering,  (.Austr.) 
Smiorietla,  Casa,  (Lumb.)  ) 

castle.  ) 

Simoiisthurm,  j  ,ii  ^ 
Simontornya,    ]  ^     "■'  } 

Siiiiplon,  (Switz.)  m. 
Siualua.     Sec  Cirialon. 
Sines,  (Port.) 
Sinigajjlia,  (C.  It.)     Seuo-    ) 

gallia.  \ 

Sin.slieitn,  (Bad.) 
Sion,  (Swiiz. ;  (f.  Sittcn.) 
Siragosi^a,  (Sio.)     Syracus. 
Sirino,  ^N.t[)I.)  mt. 
Sirninginll,  (Austr.)  falls. 
Sirucla,  (Sp.) 
Sisal.     See  Si/.al. 
Sisteron,  (Fr.) 
Si.stova,  ( I'urk.) 
Siia,  (R.) 
Siitard,  (Belg.) 
Sillen.     See  Sion. 
Sittieb,  (.\ustr.) 
Sivry,  (Belg.) 
Siwierz,  (Pol. ;  g,  Scveri-   J 

en,)  duchy.  ) 

Si/.al,  Sisal",  (Mcx.)  Aaeen. 
Sjetland,  Sinelland,  See-      i 

land,  Zfclarul,  (Denm.)  > 

ul.  > 

SjunVl,  (Sw.)  cloister. 
Skagebe,  (Uenni.) 
SkHgen,(I)enni.  ;£.  Skaw,)  i 

cap/:  ) 

(Skagerrack,  (arm  o/Gersn.  ( 

Oc.)  i 

Skaliiz,  (IMor.) 
Skalitz.     See  Szakolcza. 
Sknlniierz,  (Pol.) 
Skanderbnrg,  (Denm.) 
Skandc-ria.     See  Iskarrdcria. 
SkAne,  (Sw   ;  g.  Sclio-        ) 

nen,)  prov.     Scania.  ] 

Skara,  (Sw.) 
Skaw.     See  Skagen. 
Skcen.  or  Skien,  (Norw.) 
Skellefteil,  Svenska,  or       ) 

Sildal,  (Sw.)r.  j 

SkieL-jkinr.  (Denm.) 
Skierniewice,  (Pol.) 
Skive,  (Denin.) 
Skieno,XH.) 
Skofde,  (Sw.) 
Skoke.     See  Scliokken. 
Skopia,  (Turk.) 
Skufe,  (Bob.) 

Skwierzyna,  (Pr.  Pol.) 
Skyltie  Fos,  (Norw.)  falls. 
Stagelse,  (Denm.) 
Slany.     See  Schlan. 
Slatopol,  (R.) 
Slatust,  (R.) 
Slaiip,  (Mor.) 
Slavonia.     See  TiStor.-'z&g. 
Slavuta,  or  Slawatyce,  (IL  i 

Pol.)  i 

Stawrszyn,  (Pol.) 
Slawk6w,  (Pol.) 
Stawk6w.     See  Austerlitz. 
Sleavig,  (Denm.;  if. Scliles-  ) 

wig ;  e.  Sleswick,)  duchy.  \ 
Sliedrecht,  fNeth.) 
Slobiidsk,  (R.) 
SIobn6ia,  (Turk.) 
SlonJn,  (R.  Pol.) 
Slooten,  (Netli.) 
Stuck,  (R.) 
Sluczevo,  (Pol.) 
Sluis,  or  Sluyii,(Neth.;  /r.  ] 

I'Kcluse.)  ) 

SmSland,  (Sw.)  prirv. 
Smederewo,  (Servia.)    Se-  ) 

mertdria.  ) 

Smulen,  (Nnrw.)  isL 
Smolensk,  (R.) 


si-le'shc-a 

8itis'tri-i{ 

zil'ydn 

s'it'nd         „ 

s'il-k'  t'e  gt-t-Dme'(gil- 

yOme') 
lil-nne 
sit-yi-r'i' 
tils 
a'iVvis 
si-mdn'kda 
.I'i-mdnd 
s'i-nia'r'i 
sim-b'irsk' 
si -mi' to 
stni-fi-rO-pOl' 
zim'iHi-ring 

kd'ifd  si-mO-nit'tii 

sh't'tnun-tOm'yU 
sdngptOng' 
a'i'  n'd-lu'd 
si' lies 

s'i-n'i-gill'y'd 

Tins' h}me 

si-Qng' 

si-rd-gOa'sd 

si-ri'no 

lir'ning-fdl' 

si-rQ^lU 

s'i-sdt' 

s'i»t-rOng' 

sbish-tO'vH 

ai'td 

sit-tdhr' 

tit'ten 

lit' tick 

si-v'r'i' 

I'i-tyersh' 

aitiidl' 

■   syil'Vdn(^tiind) 

sh^-r^d 
ska'  gel'ii' 

skd'ghi 

ekd'  ger-rdk' 

skd'lits 
ska' tits 
skdt'myirsh 
skdn' dermborS* 
skdn-di-r'i' d 

skd'ni 

sk'd'rd 
skaw 
skency  sk'ine 

svens'kd,  shiVlif-ti-B' 

skijfU'ky^r 

skytrn-yi-v'it'ai 

sk'i've 

shkli'no 

skdhf'ds 

sko'ke 

sk5-pi'd 

sk^ijts/t 

skvi/er-sh'i'nii 

skfit'yi-fos 

sVd'gH-zi' 

sldtiy 

sldt6-pSl' 

^ld-tQ<^st' 

sfoup 

sla-vu'ne-a 

Wd-rp(.'(d,  $Vd^v'd'Ci-t8i 

sld-v'i'shin 

sI'dc'kQfJ' 

sl'dv'kQof 

shles't'ig,  sles'wick 

sl'i'drichi 

sl^-bodsk' 

slO-b'O-zi'd 

slO'n'tn 

sld-ihi 

sl(totsk 

sl^Qt-shi'vo 

slots 

sm5'ldnd 

sme-de-ri'vo 

sm^'len 
smG-lensk' 


FiUty  f'dr^fgUyWkqXj  bdt. ViU^  priy,  bilp^  tkire,  k'dr.  —  Pine,  iRfir'tne,  Alrr/,  fig.  —  J^U,  d5re,  mflue,  v^If,  bg^k.,  lord.  —  Tfine,  JwW,  unite.  —  oi,  boy ;  ou,  houss. — Fr.  ft  long, 

"  1368  ' 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Sjnorgoni.     See  S/Aitgoin. 
Sneeurtbergcn, (Capo  Good 

Sneek,  (Neth.) 
Siiiatyii,  or  Snyaiin, 

(Austr.  Pi.l.) 
Soave,  (Aiisir.  It) 
&il»6slaw,  (Bell.) 
Sub-.ia,  .Pol.) 
Sohral,  (Braz.) 
Siichaczew,  (Pol.) 
Sochoczyn,  (Pui.) 
S-.K'ub'js,  \t?j>.) 
Si>coniisco,  (C.  A.) 
Socoira,  or  Socotnra,  (Ind. 

Oc.)  isL    DiosevrUUs  /a 

sula. 
Socorro,  (S,  A.) 
Soctiellainos,  (3p^) 
Sflderfors,  (Siv.) 

S5derhanin,  (S\v.) 
S5derk.'.piiig,  (Sw.) 


smOr-gQ'jti 
an3'<}<)-h^r'gen 

snyd'tin 

aH'htjfs-Vdo 

x0~b6'td 

Sf^brdl' 

lo-chdt' shff 

z5-ckot' shin 

sD-ko'bos 

s5-kO-ng^s'ko 

sO-ko'trdj  sd-kC'tv-rU 

sS-kdr'ro 
sO-k^f'it'yti-nOa 

zifU'der-fora' 

i^'dir  hdtnn' 
zeti '  di-r-di^'plnff 


S-'Kicrinaiiiilaiui,  (Sw.)  prac.  K^'dtr-mdn'liind 

S'xiertelge,  (Sw.) 

Si.elM.rg,  (Uenni.) 

Soerabaja,  (Java.) 

S(»eroe,  or  &  roe,  (Denm.) 

Soe:^'t,  (Neth. ;  old  saz. 

S\\%SA\.)     Susatum. 
Soestdijk,  (Neth.) 
SognefieUI,  (Nonv.)  mts. 
Sitgnefjord,  (Nonv.)  eulf. 
Sohl,  (H.) 

Soigiiies,  (Belg.) 

Soissons,  (Fr.) 

Sokolka,  (K.PoI.) 

Sokc^w,  (Pol.) 

Rolan  de  Cabrai^,  (Sp.) 

Siilanto,  (Sic.) 

Soldau,  (Pr.) 

S-jIdin,  (Pr.) 

Solec,  (Pol.) 

St>iedad.  (N.Calif.) 

Soledor.     See  Solotburn. 

Sulesines,  (Pr.) 

Soleure,  (SwJlz. ;  g.  Solo-  J 

thum.)  \ 

Solfalara,  (Napl.)  valley. 
Solieny,  (Fr.) 
Sohkainsk,  (R.) 
Sfilimoes,  (Braz.)  r, 
Solingen,  (Pr.) 
Si.ller,  (Mallorca.) 
8otiiis,  (Genn.)  oU  pritt. 
Solms-BrauQfeLi,  (Germ.)    J 

prin,  j 

Boliiw,  Lich  and  Haben,      > 

(■Germ.)  prin,  \ 

8olin.s-Laiibach,(Germ.);)rin.  zolms-lou' bdch 


zA'der-ttl'y^ 
Zc^'bqrg 
ZQQ-rd-bd'ijd 
z^'rek 

zg^fLit'df.'ce 

zong'ne-fyrV 
zonir' ne-f^Qre' 
zOle 

s6^n-yV 

BS-'df-sQHg' 

sQ-kal'kd 

zO-kO'lnf 

s5-ldn'  de  kH'brds 

sO'liiU'to 

zoVdou 

zal-d'ine' 

zo'Uts 

sQ-U-ddd' 

sO-le-ddr' 

sSl^r' 

sOt-fd'tU'rit 

sS-tin-yV 

zG-Ci-kdmsk' 

sS-U-mOngs' 

iS-iin"  ffen 

sCl-yer' 

lolms 

Tolms-broun'ftU  ' 
lich,  hO'hen^  iglma 


iinj 


SoliiiS'Laiibach  Bnnith- 
R/5dflhcin)  oA^Arnfieiin 
(Genn.)  pnn 

SoliiisBanith-Wildenfols, 
(Germ.)  prin, 

Soliifra,  (Napl.) 

Solofnie,  (Fr.)  old  dUtr. 

Bololhiim,  (Sn-ilz. ;  com. 
dioL  Soledor,)  cant.  So 
loduruin.     See  Soleure. 

Solsttvina,  (Austr.  Gal.) 

Solsona,  (.Sp.) 

Solt,  (H. ;  xr-Sollh.) 

S6Ive.sberg,  Sfllvitsborp, 
(Sw.l 

Solwytschepodsk,  (R.) 

S«»mbrebro,  (W.  Iiid.) 

8omhrere!e,  (Max.) 

Somln,  (II.)  mt. 

Snnilyo.  (Tran-*.) 


zulms-toa'bdch-^d'rQQt- 
r^'dH'htme  and  drn'- 
hlmc 

zQlms-bd'rQi}t'VU'den-feU 

aO-ld'fi-d 

sH-lOity' 

z^'lQ-tqqrn' 

sdl-sCi-ri'nd 

sQi-so'nd 
sfiOlty  zifU 
zAl'vis-berg'j  t^Vvits- 

borg' 
sOl-  vit-she-godsk' 
s5m-bre'To 
86m-br%-ri't^ 
shom-iS 

sh5m'ti-h 


Sonters  U\es.    See  Bcrmndas.  som'era 
Sirtnma,  fit.)  sQm'md 

Sontma  ('ainpaKiia,  (Tx>nil).)    sGm'm'd  kUm-p'dn'yd 

Sonitnariva,  (Pied.)  -' '-'    ■•    ■ 

Soniiiie,  (Fr.)  dep.  and  r. 
SommeUdijk,  (Neth.) 
Sommon,  (Sw.)  lake. 
Somincrein,  (II.) 
Somrnerfcid,  (Pr.) 
Sommierp>*,  (Fr.) 
Somogy  Virmeeye,  (II.) 
Soinnrrostru,  (Sp.) 
Sommo  Sierra,  |  ,q    . 

Soncino, (Austr.  It.^ 
Si^nderlmrg,  or  Sonde rburg, 

(Uennt.) 
Sondcfiihanscn,  (C  Germ.) 
Sondrio,  f  Austr.  \\.)prQv. 
Sonora,  (Max.  Conf.)  dep. 
8on»4)nato.     See  Zonzonato. 
Sonthofen,  (Bav.) 


gCm-md-r'i'vd 

sQm 

iitm' mehf-dlkc' 

zirm'mra 

zom'ms-rJHe' 

zom'  mer-fi-ldtf 

g'>m-m'i-ire' 

s!t0-jn5dy  vdhr-mthd-yi 

s5-m5r'r9s'  tro 

gOm'mO  s'i-p-'rii 

sd-mS-ser'rd 

sijn'ch'i'no 

ii^n'(zgn')der-borg' 

{b(}qri>) 
zon'dera-hou't^n 
sGii'dfi-o 
aO-nO'rd 
sSa-gO-nd'te 
iQnt'hS'fen 


Soor,  (Boh.) 

Sopaczkin,  (Pol.)- 

S<iphia,  (Bulg. ;  bulg.  Tria 
ditiia.) 

Soprony.     See  Oedenbii  rg. 

Sora,  (Napl.) 

Sonita,  Novad(t  de,  (Bol.) 
prak  Hf  .Glides. 

Surelli,  (Mcditerr.)  rodcs. 
See  GaliLi. 

Soresina,  (Ixinib.) 

Soreze,  (Fr.) 

Sorgvliet,  (Neth.) 

Soria,  (Sp.)    JVumantia. 

Soristan,  or  Syria,  (.\sia.) 

Sorliiigiies,  \eH,Freitch  Hume 
for  Scillij  hlatids. 

Sorocaba,  ;Braz.) 

Soroe.     See  Soeroe. 

Soroo,  (Denm.) 

Sorraya,  (Purt.)  r. 

Sorrputo,  or  Piano  di  Sor- 
rento, (Napl.) 

Sortelha,  (Port.) 

Sortino,  (Sic.) 

Sos,  (Sp.) 

Sotara,  (N.  Gran.)  vole. 

Soiillo,  (Sp.) 

Sotloghcra,  (Belg.) 

Souabe.     See  Suabia. 

Sourisp,  (Fr.) 

SoulTritre,  la,  (Guad.)  vole. 

Souillac,  (Fr.) 

Sound,  Ihe,  (Denm.  and       j 

Sw. ;  sui.  Oeresund.)       \ 
Souza,  (P()rt.)  r. 
S6v4r,  or  Salzburg,  (II.) 
Spa,  (Belg.) 
Spaccafiirno,  (Sic.) 
Spain,  (sp.  Espanil.)    Ifis-  ) 

pania^  Iberia.  \ 

Spjilato,  or  Spalatro,(Dalm. 
Spandau    (Pr.) 
Spanish  Tcnvn,  (Jamaica.)  i 

See  Santiago  de  la  Vega,  i 
Spartcl,  (Barb.)  prom. 
Spartivento,  (It.)  prom. 
Sparverio,  or  Scuderi,  J 

(Sic.)   mt.  j 

S|jeelwyk,  (Java,)  fort. 
Spellii,  (C.  k.) 
Speszart,  (Bav.)  mta. 
Speyer,  (Bav.)    See  Spires.  \ 

Speyerbach,  (Bav.)  r. 
S|)ezia 


Spezzia, 


la,  (N.  it.) 


Spielberg,  (Mor.)  fortress. 
Spinazzcila,  (Napl.) 
Spirding,  (Pr.)  lake. 
Spires,  (Bav. ;  ^.  Sjwyer.) 
Splugen,  (Switz.)  mt. 
Spolelo,  (I(.)     Spnlctum. 
Spree,  (N.  Germ.)  r. 
Spremberg,  (Pr.) 
Sprottowa,  (P*d.) 
Squillaci,  (Napl.) 
Staalt^boygden,  (Norw.) 
Stabia,  (Napl.) 
Siabroek,  (Belg.) 
Stade,  f  llan.) 
Stiidterunrf.     See  Resinar. 
Stadthagcn,  (Germ.) 
Stadtlolm,  (Pr.) 
StaefRs.     See  Estavay^. 
Stairarda,  (Pied.) 
Stagno,  (Dalm.) 
Stahrenberg,  (Austr,)  ruiju. 
Stalla,  or  Bivio,  (Switz.) 
Stamboul,  Turkish  name  of  l 

Constantinople.  \ 

Stampace,  (Sard.) 
Stampfeti.  (II.) 
Stanis,  (Tyrol,)  cloister. 
Slanisiawnw,  (Austr.  Pol.) 
Stanitz.     See  Steinitz. 
Stannern,  (.Mor. ;  boh.  Sto-  } 

narzow.)  \ 

Stannowoi  Chrebct,  (R.)     > 

mf$.  \ 

Stanz,  (Switz.) 
Staraja  Russa,  (R.) 
Stara-sol,  (Gal.) 
Siargard,  (Pr.) 
^tarkenburg,  (C.  Germ.) 
Stami  Komitantinow,  (R.    > 

Pol  )  i 

Stnr(>p<tl,  (Pol.) 
Stary  Gitjn,  fBoh.) 
Stasz«jw,  (Pol.) 
State.snf  the  Church.    See  ) 

Pontitical  State-s. 


s5re 
lO-piUsk'kia 

I    zOft'd 
sho-prOny' 
sQ'rd 

I    n^-vd'da  de  sO-rU'td 

sOreVti 

sd're'S'i'nii 
sS-rSze' 
sorg'viite 
so'r'i-d 
ao-fis-tdhn' 
J    /g  aor-ldngg' 

sOrG-kd'bd 
Zf^'rifh 

2(5 'rdl 
sOr-rd'yd 
f    sOr'ren-to 

aSrteVyd 
adr-t'i'no 
sds 

aG'td'rd 
a6-t'il'  yo 
znt'te-gem 
SQQ-dbe' 
aQQ-rize' 
Id  aQ^fr'i-ere' 
aQn~i-yak\  s^ijl-yiVi* 
I    sound 

sQ'id 
shOh-vdJir 
spd 

spdk-kd-fSr'uo 
j    Spain 

)  spd'ld'tOj  apd'rd-trS 
sp'dii'doa 

span'ish  town 
apdr-teV 
spdr-t'i'ven'to 
■    apdr-ve'ri-o 

apefU'vIke 
apel'lo 
apes' sdrt 
spVir 
apVer-bdch 
Id  8ptt'si-d 

spile' berg 

sp'i-ndt' sQ-lA 

apir'ding 

spires 

apld'eren 

apO-le'to 

spre 

aprem'berg 

sprqt-tU'vd 

skie'il-ld'eh'i 

atOhls' boig-din 

BtU'bid 

atd'br^^h 

std'de 

sta.d'te.r-dorf* 

stddt'hd'gin 

st'ddt'lOne 

ataf'fis 

stdf-fdr'dS 

stdn'yo 

std'rhi-birg' 

stdl'Vd 

stdm'bQQl 

st'dm-p'd' che 
stdmp'fen 
stdms 

std-n'is  Id'vqf 
std'nits 

stdn'ntrn 

stdn-n0~v6''t  Shre-hit' 

atdnti 

std'rd-yd  r^gs'aU 

atdrd'sol 

star'gdrdt 

ntUr'ken^QQrg' 

std'rd^i  kOn-stdn-Ci'nof 

std-^O'pgl 
std-rtt-tiit'sh'ine 
std'shof  • 


Stati  Puitlincii.     See  Pon- 

t ideal  Hlalon. 
Stato  delta  Chicsa, 

Stat.j  Pallavinnn,(Piacenza.J  std'Oi  pal  Id  vicHi 


Satd'a  pCntlft'ehi-i 
stU'tO  dtt'ld  ki't'ad 


Staubbach,  (Switz.)  falls. 
Staufen,  (Bad.) 
StavanQurd,  (Nor^v.) 
Stavaugor,  iNurw.j 
Stavcren,  (Neth.) 
Stawiszyn,  (Pol.) 
Stawropol,  (R.) 
Ptecknic,  (Boh.) 
Stceiilwrgen,  (Nethv^ 
Steeiikcrke,  (Belg.) 


stoub'badh 
stoufrn 

sta-cdH'fyOre 

ata-v'dn"grr 

atd'tirin. 

etd'Vi'shin 

atd-vrO-poV 

stek'nita  ~ 

Mtfn'brr'g^n 

attae'kir'kg 

at^ne'olkt' 

ati'g£ 

atlne 


Sleenwyk,  (Neth.) 
Stege,  (l>enm.) 
Stein,  (Switz.) 
Stein-ani-Angcr,  (!I. ;  h. 

Szombathely.) 
Steiner  Alpo,  (Austr.) 
Steiufurt,  or  liurgBteinfurt, 

(Pr.) 
SieinhiiderMeer,  (N.  Germ.)  atlne' hqqd^r-mire' 
Stomilz,  Stanitz,  Zdonice, 

(Mur.) 
Sicllenbosch,  (Cape  Good 

Hope.) 
Siclvio,  (Tyrol ;  g.  Stilf- 

serjoch,)  paas. 


stltu'dm~dn"gtr 
atl'ner  dl'pg 
atlue'f^^rt 
I  afine'kQ^ 
ad'nita 

ateVUa-hfis-ek 

stil'v'i-o 

st'^-nd' 

st&nt-she'ro 

stsn'ddl 

siem'birg 

strrt'sing 

atit-tiiie" 

atri-ti'nerhdf' 

aiVir 

gtVir-ig> 

siVir-mdrk' 
sting-sh'i'lad 
ati'd 

sti-er'ne  ^'ir-n£ 
sti-ern'^ 
at'il-yd'no 
stiff  zer-yQlh 
atSb-n't'tsd 
stok'kdSk 
stok'hqlm 
stok'tsek 
Stolberg,  or  Stollherg,  (Sax.)  stZl'berg 
Stolbowa,  (R.)  stol-bQ^vd 

Slolkwyk,  (Neth.)  stotk'vlke' 

Stolpe,  (Pr.)  atol'pe 

Stolzenburg,  (Trans.)  castle.    styl'tAen-bQt^rg' 
Stolzenfels, (Pr.)  caatle.  stql'taen-fela' 

Stunarzow.     See  Stanner.        stO-ndr'zov 
Stopnica,  (Pol.)  stOp-n'i'tsd 

Sior,(Sw.  and  ^orv,'.)r.,  lake,  stdkr 
Stora  LuieA,  (Sw.)  r. 
Stora-Kopparberg  Lan.  See 

Falu. 
Storchnest,  (Pr.  Pol. ;  pot. 
Oaieczno.) 


Sienay,  (Fr.) 

Stenczcwo,  (Pr.  Pol.) 

Steruhil,  (Pr.) 

Sternberg,  (Buh.) 

Sterzing,  (Tjrol.) 

Stettin,  (Pr.) 

Stettiner-IIafl;  (Pr.; 

Sleyer,  (Austr.) 

Steyeregg,  (Austr.) 
Steyermark,  (Austr. ;  e. 

Styria.) 
St^iyca,  (Pol.) 
Stia,  (Tusc.) 

Stierne  Oeme,  (Norw.)  tsL 
Stiemoe,  (Norw.)  isl. 
Stigliano,  (Napl.) 
Stilfserjoch.     See  Stelvia 
Stobnira,  (Pol.) 
Stockach,  (S.  Germ.) 
Stockholm,  (Sw.) 
Stockzek,(Pol.) 


sto' id  iQQ'le-o 
stO'rd-kop'pdr-berg'  iSne 
storch'nest 


Storkow,  (Pr.) 

Storoe,  (Norw.)  ial. 

Stor-Sjo,  (Sw.)  lake. 

Stor-Uman,  (Sw.)  lake, 

Stownica,  (Pcd.) 

Stradolla,  (N.  It.) 

Strakonitz,  (Boll. ;  b.  Stra- 
conice.) 

Stralsund,  (Pr.) 

Strfingnas,  (Sw.) 

Strasbourg,(Fr. ;  ff.  Strasz- 
burg.)     Jirgentoratvm. 

Stra.szburg.     See  Enyed. 

Straszbiirg,  (Germ.) 

Straszgaug,  (Austr.) 

Straszvilz,  (>Ior.) 

Straubing,  (Bav.) 

Strehlrn,  (Pr.) 

Stretmsk,  (R.) 

Strctto,  or  Bocca  di  Boni- 
facio, (Cors.)  strait 

Striegau,  (Pr.) 
Stromboli,  or  Strongoli, 

(LipariJ  isl. 
Stn'imsoe,  (  ,m„„..  ^ 
Slrr.moe,  j(^^«"^-J 
Str^mstad,  (Sw.) 
Strongoli.    Sre  Stromboli. 
Slrtib[Kv?z,  1  Tyrol.) 
Stry,  (AuKtr.l  r. 
Sirjkdw,  (Pol.) 
Strzeluo,  (Pr.  Pol.) 
Strzezow,  (Gal.) 
Stubbekiobinp,  (Denm.) 
Stuhlwei.'jzenbun:.    See 

Sz6kes  Fej^rvAr. 
Stuhm,  (Pr.) 


stijr'ko 
stOhr'e^ 
stGhr'sk^ 
stQhr-Qt}' m'dn 
atijf-n'i' tsd 
strd-del'ld 

strd'kG-nits,  atrd'kS-n'i-taf 

strdle'zQ^nd' 
Strang' ndks 

'    strdhs-b^^',  strdha'bg^g 

stt-dks'bQ^g 

strdJis'bQ^irg 

str'djis'  gdng 

strdhs'Bits 

stron'bing 

stre'lrn 

stre-tittsk' 

stret'te,  bsk'kd  di  M-nV- 

fd'diQ 
str'i'gott. 

strSm'b5-fi 

str^ms'^t  str^m'^ 

str^m'stdd 

strSn'  ffO-tt 

stri)^b'pda 

stri 

str'i'k^J" 

strsbct'no 

strshe'zof  ^ 

stQifb'(bt)ki&'(k'i~A')bing 

stQQl'vls'sen'bgi^g' 


Sluttgard,  Stuttgart,  (Wflrt.)  st^ift' gUrdt,  stutt'gart 


Hk«;  £  short,  6£e.  —  Fr.  db  long,  ^ short,  nearly  as  in  jpar. — dy^ly,%yy  M^mA.— .An" gar. —g^  eA,  guttural;  ^  as  «  in  ptewiir«.  —  r  final,  Fr.  re.  — C,  between  v  and  /. 


17? 


1369 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Styr,  (A.  aaW  R.  Pi-I.)  r. 
Styria.     &<  Sieyemuik. 
SiLtbta.     See  tiwabia. 
Subiaci>,  (It.) 
Suchuezyn,  iPo\.) 
Suczan-a,  (Austr.)     Sm      } 

Suldcdawa.  \ 

SiSdrnie,  (North  S«»,)  id. 
Siltlenee.     5m  Zuidenea.    > 

yi^ca  Lacm.  \ 

Sudeten  Gobirg*,  (Cienn. ;  > 

t.  SuUotic  .VIountaius,)     { 
Soeca,  (Sp.) 
Sues,  (Eg.) 

Suhl,  or  Suhia,  (C.  Genn.) 
SuMM,  la.     S*t  Schweiz. 
Sulcdal,  (N'utw.) 
Siilia,  (Coloinh.) 
Sully,  (Fr.) 
Sulmoiia,  (.Vapl.) 
SulT.,  (Wart.) 
Sumatra,  (Sundl  Ida.)  Li. 
Suiidsvall,  (.-*»•.) 
Suraci,  (Pol.) 
8ur(iil,  (H.) 
Rurmalinsk,  (R.)  diMr, 
Sural,  (Trans.)  mt. 
Susa,  (Pied  ) 
Suedal,  (R.) 
Sutri,  (O.  It.) 
Sutscliawa,  or  Sucxawa,     ) 

(Ausu.)  \ 

Svanike,  (Denm.) 
SrartsjAlaodel,  (S«r.)  UU 
Sreaborg,  «■  Sweaboix,       ) 

(FinL)  ! 

Svendborg,  (Denm-) 
Sverige,  (e.  Sweden.) 
Svizxera,  la.     St*  Scliweix. 

""»'"*•  S     Souabe,)  iutr. 
Sweden,  (yw.  Svehjfe.) 
Swinamiuide,  tr  Sirieiw- 

mande,  (Pr.) 
Swinaaund,  (Norw.  and 

aw.)  nOtt. 
Switzerland,    Sm  Scbwelz. 
SwoRowice,  (OaL) 
Syretli,  Sereth,  (Gal.) 
Syria.     St*  Sori^tan. 
Sytmien.     Stt  Szerenk 


:.\ 


ttfn 
•tyr'a.a 

silif-iluitfshin 

-.tl'dtr-A' 
zU'iUr--.!' 

■«C?-f»' 

Id  strilu 
itv'll-ddte' 

<M-y>' 

*Wa>d'(ptt 

ijlflrauk 

awfr-mdMntV 

•W'ad 

tti'dlU 

fV'trX 

tra'«ir-t{ 

stilrt'tlkA-Bla'dH 

trt'd-hirg* 

gvfit'hqrg 

svfr'ft 

U  airin.Jt-rll 


Szabadbei^,  (H.) 
Siabadszilli!!,  (H.) 
Szabaiha,  ( H. ;  g.  Tbere-  ) 

siensladt)  v 

Szaboln,  (H.) 
Szadek,  (Pol.) 
Szakolcza,  «r  SfaUts,  (H.) 
Szalad.Tfl.) 
Siala,  (H.)  r. 
Szalatnya,  (H.) 
SzilUs,  (B.I 
Szalonu,  (H.) 
Szamatyly,i>r  Samler,  (Pr.  I 

PoL)  i 

Szambor,  (H.) 
Szamos,  (II.)  r. 
Szanioa  FaWa,  (H.) 
Szamoj  Ujvlr.    Sm  Anne-  i 

uierdtadL  t 

SzlnuS,  (H.) 
Saarogrod,  (R.) 
Szarvasi,  (H.) 
Szaaaka,  (H.) 
Sz^a  K«zd,  (II.) 
Szijz-Sebes,  (Trana. ;  g.     I 

.MdhlenlMch.)  | 

Szlazvira,  (Tiana. ;  #.       ) 

Btoos.)  ! 

Sxalbmir,  (H.) 
Szaibmar  N^meti,  (H.) 
Szczekticiny,  (P.J.) 
Sxczerbakowa,  (R.) 
Szczerxek,  (GaU) 
Szczetzyz,  (GaL) 
Szcxucz>-n,  (PiJ.) 
Szeben  Si*k,  (Tnos.) 
Szebeny.     Srt  Seben. 
Szeged,  cr  Szegedin,  (H.) 
SxegTir. 

Sz«kelybid,  (H.) 
Szikely  Keresztur,  (Trans.) 
Szekerembe.  (Ttjua.) 
Szekes  Fejervir,  er  Stolll-  ( 
weiszenbiirff.  ( 

Szekszird,  (H.) 
Szelicze,  (H.)  carern. 
SzendriS,  (H.) 
Slenta,  (B.)     Stt  Zenta. 
Szeni  Andrts,  (H.) 


smt'dtm 
nrmt(,nir)-mkt^di 

rvUt'tr-Iand 

nfi-tkS-ttt'tt 

si'rit 

sifr'e-^ 

tir'm'i-rn 

Md-iad-kidf 

Kl-*dil-tllkUWuk 

td-*a-ui 
td-autk 

tk^dHt 

tn-ui-ua 

td^d     ^ 
<ll-l<l-aY-« 

fdikuatk 

td-lim-a 

tiM-ma-fl'tt 

tHm-bdr 

sd-mijt  fmM 

ti-i»itk  ff^-rdkr 

sakn-ai 

ikd^rVgrfd 

«dr-pdjA 

tdi-kd 

tdlu-ktkU 

tdkt-tki-itAk 

sahs-edk^atk 

tdtt-mWkr 

tOJU-mdr  ni'm{~n 

alUtie-li-ut'ni 

sktfJkcr-bd-ka'rd 

aUa{r'<A(J.' 

thUkfr'tkiU 

st-bfn-!tikk 
'th'l 

t-ecd,  n-gf^ins' 

9tg-t'dKr 

H-ktUi*id 

te-kthf-ki-rtt^^^ 

te-kt-rim-b^ 

»£*£** /C-»{r-tiil*r 

ttk-tikrd 

tea-iireii 

ten-m 

teat  dn-driVuk 


Szentesi,  (11.) 

Szent  Cyflrgy,  (H.) 
£?zent-Kerezt.     5m  Heili-    | 

penkrouz.  1 

SzcMt  M4rtoiiy.     Stt  Mar- 

tiusberg. 
SzenI  Mikl6j,  (H.) 

Sr.oiit  IJjftlu,  (H.) 
Sze|)esvir,  (H. ;  g.  ZIfMer-  i 

haus.)  j 

Szeiies  Virallya,  (H. ;  g.    j 

Kirrhdorf.)  \ 

Szepes  Vlrmegye,  (H.) 
SurdalKlv,  (U.) 
SMted,  (H.) 

Szerednye,  (H.) 
Siereni,  or  Syrnilon,  (Slav.) 
8ierz)'ny,  (Gal.) 
Sxexard,  or  Szeksz&rd,  (H.) 
Sietupa,  ( Pol.)  r. 
Bxigelh.  (H.) 
SzigethGyftrgj-,  (H.1 
Szinellivar.     See  GriUiz       ) 

Siifeth.  j 

SzL-itowa,  (Turk.) 
Szivafz,  (11.) 
Szl^ak.     Sm  Stleeia. 
.SzlaUna,  (H.) 
Szliics,  (II.) 
Szluin,  (Cntatia.) 
Szniygiel,  (Pr.  Pol. ;  g.       i 

Schmiegel.)  ) 

Szoboszl<S,  (11.1 
Szobrancx,  (H.) 
SiSUfa,  Xagy,  (II.) 
Szolna,  or  Z^liia,  (II. ;  g.  ) 

Silleiii.)  i 

Szolnnk,  (II.) 
Szombatbely.    See  Stein-     | 

am-Anger.  \ 

Szointilnok.  Sre  Schniiilnitz. 
Szftny,  (H.) 
Sxargom,  w  Smorgoal,  (D.  | 

Sziem.     Stf  Sdiriin. 
Ssremk,  (Put.) 
Btioda,  (Pr.  Pnl.) 
Bnbin,  (Pr.  Pi.l.) 
Sznlmierzyce,  (Pr.  Pul.) 
Szurul,  (Carpathiana,)  mt. 
Sswarrara,  (Pol.)  r, 
Szydiow,  (Pol.) 
Sxydiowice,  j  ,p  ,  >  ) 


ssnt  iliffiirdy 
silU-ki-riSt 
sint  mdr-tSny 
tfnt  m't-klSsh 
jjnt  </!>-)-/ d-lff 
#j-p£»A-raAr 

et-pesh  vdhr-dl'yit 

st-ptnh  vdkr-m^y 

err-dd-hiti/ 

s't-rcd   ^ 

si-rtd-Hyt 

se-rim 

sher-sh't'n'i 

eiji-sdhrd 

ehi-sh^'pd 

ei-geht      — ^ 

s't-ffsht-dy^rdy 

el-gtht-vdkr 

shts'lB-td 

s't-vULi 

shlomk 

std'll-nH 

eti-Uhlsh 

shmt'gt-tt 

e»-Me-IBk 

ti-irdlUi 

nlUy  eAl-UIUh 

e9l-na 

aOl-tilSk 

sSm-bdtihIy 

eS-mOt-nHk 

s^uy 

eBr-gtm 

ekr'im 

skreiuk 

tkri'dd 

sk^-my£r-th'i'tss 

sff-rfdl 

shttdr-tJid'r'd 

tkid>lif 

tkld^t-rVut 

tkid-lS'ryiU 


T. 


Tabago,  (AustraL)  UU 
Tabara.     See  Tavara. 
Tabasco,  (Mex.  Con£}  drp. 
Tabemas,  (Sp.) 
Tabor,  (Boh.) 
Tacangna,  (Culumb.)  Idke. 
Tacazze,  orTakazze,  (A£)  r 
Tachau,  orTacliow,(Boh. ;  i 
b.  Drzewnow.)  j 

Tachti  Bostan,  (Persia,)      i 


Tacna,  (Peru.) 
Tacora,  (Bol.) 
Tacuba,  (Jlex.) 
Tacubaya,  (.Mcx.) 
Tafunpa,  or  Lactarjinga, 

(S.  A.  Ecuad.) 
Tafalla,  (S|«.)     Tubalia. 
Tafelfichle,  (Pr.)  m. 
Taganrog,  (K.) 
Tagai'o«t,  (.Morocco.) 
Tagliacozzo,  (Xapl.) 
Tagliamenlo,  (Auatr,  IL)  r. 
Taguari,(S.  A.)  r. 
Taheits,  Tahiti.     See  Ota-  j 

heile.  i 

Tailland,  Cap,  (Fr.)  jn-oni. 
T^illebourg,  (Fr.) 
Tain,  (Fr.) 
Taily,  (Austral.)  isl. 
Tajamulco,  (C.  A.  Gual.)    j 

vote  j 

Tajo,  (Sp.;  jwrt.  Tejo,)  r. 

Tagus.  i 

Tajowa,  (H.) 


tU'bd'ffo 
td'rd-rd 
td-bde'ko 
td-ber'nde 
td'bSr         _, 
td-kd-rV  gQ^d 
.  td-kdt-se' 

td'ekmina) 

tdck'ti  ba'sldne 

tilk'nd 
inks' rd 
td-k^'bd 
ta-kfU-ba'ijd 

td-k^^*gd 

ta-fdl'vd 

td'fil-filk'li 

td-gdn-rog' 

tU-gd-vHsl' 

tdl-yd-kOt'so 

tdl'T/d-men' to 

td-gfjij-d' ri 

td-kt'll 

kdp  ldl-ydng\i^-i-^jilng') 

tdty-bQ^'(td-i-bQgr') 

tang 

td't-a ;  e.  td'te 

td-cb'd~m(^l'ko 

td'cko 
tdyb'td 


Tajuii;i,  (Sp.)  r. 
I'akutu,  (Braz.)  r. 
Talarn,  (Sp.) 

I'alnrrubiaa,  (Sp.)     Lacipea. 
Tftlavera  de  la  llcyna,  (Sp.) 
Taiavera  la  Real,  (Sp.) 
Talavera  la  Vieclia,  (Sp.) 

Talcaliuano,  (Cllilo.) 
Talla,  (Tusc.) 
I'atlillo.     See  Rovel. 
Tallya,  (H.) 
Tnhiiats,  (Trans.) 
Tanian,  (R.)  ist 
TainaiiduH,  (Uraz.) 
Tantara,  (R.)  r. 
Tainara,  (Sp.) 
Tamaraca.  (Braz.)  ist. 
Taniaro,  (Napl.)  r. 
Twuaron,  (Sp.) 
Tainaszow,  (Pol.) 

Tain.iulipns.  (Mex.)  dfp. 
Taniboga,  (S|>.)  r. 
TamlHiw,  (R.) 
Tainbt*,  (.Sp.)  r.     Tuiuaris. 
Taitiega,  (Port)  r. 
Taniiagtia,  (Mex.)  lake. 
Tainina,  (Switz.)  r. 
Tampa,  or  Espirilu-Santo,  > 

{Me.x,)<bay.  \ 

Tampico,  or  Santa  Ana  de  i 

Taiuautipas,  (Mcx.)  \ 

Tanisweg,  (Austr.) 
Tamiicaraque,  (S.  A.)  mts. 
Taiia-Elf,  (Sraiid.)  r. 
Tanafjoru.  (Niirw.)  5Tj(^. 
Tanarc),  (Pied.)  r. 
Tancagua,  (Chile.) 
Tanger,  (Fez;  e.  Tan-        ) 

gier.)  j 

Tangermiiiide,  (Pr.) 
Tangtiragiia,  (S.  A.)  r. 
Tanii.     See  Than. 
Tannenberg,  (Pr.) 
Tanneverges,  (Sard.)  mt. 
Tanninges,  (Sard.) 
Tanrmina,  (t^ic.)     Tauro-   i 

ininium.  \ 

Taoa,  (Tcia.«,) 
Tapajos,  (Braz.)  r. 
Tapolcza,  (H.) 
Tapolcainy,  (II.) 
Tipoly,  or  T.lpl,  (H.) 
Taporica,  (Braz.)  ul. 
Tarariron,  (Sp.) 
Taranta,  (Napl.) 
Tarantalse,  j  ,5,.,^  ,  _„_  ( 
Taranlasa,    j  t*'"™-'  ?""• 
Taranto,  (Napl.)    Taren-    j 

turn.  I 

Tarascon,  (Fr.) 
Tara.sp,  (Switz.) 
Tarazona,  (Sp.)     Tiiriaso. 
Tarlie.",  (Fr.)     Tarba. 
Tarcza,  (H.)r. 
Tarczai,  (H.) 
Tarczyii,  (Pnl.) 
Tardetiois,  (Fr.)  old  dittr. 
Tardoire,  or  Tardou^re,      ) 

(Fr.)r.  i 

Targowica,   )  ,„  , 
Targowilze,  ( '"■'  | 

Tarifa,(Sp.)    Julia  Jam. 
Tarija,  (Bol.)  drp. 
Tarma,  (Peru.) 
Tarn,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Tarn-et-Oaronne,  (Pr.)  dep. 
Tariicigrnd,  (Pul.) 
Tarnnpol,  (Gal.) 
Tarii6\v,  (Austr.  Pol.) 
Tamowlec,  (Gal.) 
Tarnowilz,  (Pr.  SiL) 
Taro,  (It.)  r. 
Tarouca,  (Port.) 
Tarragona,  (Sp.)     Tarraco. 
Tarrega,  (Sp.) 
Tarsia,  (Napl.) 
Tartary,  or  Dschagatai,       ) 

(Asia.)  j 

Tarla-s,  (Fr.) 
Tarudant,  (Morocco.) 
Tarutino,  (R.) 
Tarvis,  (III.) 

Tatra,  (fl.  ( 'arpatliiaiis.)  mtn. 
Tauem,  (Austral.)  vit.  chain. 
Taufers,  (Tyrol.) 
Taulignan,  (Fr.) 
Taiinus,  (Germ.)  j»t.  chain. 
?au'i.  I  ^'Comailice.      j 

Tavaiine^,  (Switz.) 
Tavara,  or  Tabara,  (Sp.) 


td-fhQ^n'yii 

td-ldrn' 

td-ldr-rtj^'b'i-iis    ^ 
id-ld-vi'rd  dg  Id  r^-'i'n'd 
td'ld-vs'rd  Id  ri-dl' 
td-ld-vi'rdld  vi-i'chii 

t'dl-kd-gfji}-d'no 

tdl'ld 

tdl-U-ni 

tdl'yd 

tdl'vidtsk 

td'tndH' 

td'tnUn-d^^f-a' 

td-md'rd 

td'md-rd 

td-md-rd'kd 

tH'md-ro 

td-m'd-rOn' 

td-md'shQf 

tti-n}d-Q<}~l'i'pds 

tdni  bd'i^d 

tdm-bujf' 

tdm-bre 

td'Vii-d'  gi}Q~il 
ta'm'i-nd 

tdm'pd 

tdmpi'kO  di  tdmU^f^^-W- 

pdn 
tdm-i'veg 
td-mQQ-kd-r'd'ki 
fd'nd-vlf 
td'nd-fydre' 
td-nd'ro    ^^ 
tdn-kd'  f{fQ-d 
idnd'sfth- i  properly, 

tdnd'uhe :  e.  tan-jeer' 
tan"  fftr-miin'de 

tdn-g(f(i'rd'  g(i<}-d 

tdn 

tun'nen-her^' 
tdne-v^rsh' 
td-ndngsh' 

td-^r-rnVnU 

td'04 

td-pa-gon' 

td-pOl'tsd 
td-pGlt-shdhny 

tdh-pOly 
td-pG-r'i'kd 
tdrdn-kOn' 
id-rdn'Vd 
tdrdng'tate' 
td-rdn-ld'sd 
td'rdnto;  according  to 
Spadnfora,  id-rdJu'to 
td-rdjt-kdng' 
td-r'dsp' 
Vd-rd-ihQ' nd 
tdrb 
tdrt'sd 
tdrt'sdl 
tdrt'shin 
tdrd-n'a' 

tdr-dO'dre'idi^^ire') 

tdr-ffG-vit'sd 

t'dr-gQ-vit'  tit 

td-fi'fd 

td-ri'dhU 

tdr'mii 

tdm 

tdm-e-gd-rdn' 

tdr-nd^grGd 

tdr-nS'pOt 

tdr'n^Of 

tdr-nO' vyits 

tdr'nO-vits 

td'ro 

tdrO'kd 

tdr-rd-gH'nd 

t'dr're-ifd 

tdr'si-d 

tar'ta-ry 

tdr-tahs' 

t'd'r<}Q-ddnt 

td-r<}<}'t'i'no 

tUr'v'i.i 

ta'trd 

ton' em 

tuu'firs 

tO'lfn-yUng' 

tou'  n^Qft 

toua 

td-vdn' 
td'vd-r'd 


nu,/itr,/gU,  whqt,  b4t,~Mete, prty,  kelp,  tASre,  kifr.  —  />Im,  mm'ijUy  bird,  fig.  —  J^te,  dSve,  mUve,  w^(f,  b^Qk,  l^d.  - 


TUne^bvU, unite. ~oif  boy;  ou,  house,  —  Fr.  ii  Jong, 


137Q 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Tavastehus,  or  Tawas- 
thus,  (Finl.)  r. 

Tavigitnno,  (Cors.)  r. 

Tavira,  (Purl.) 

Tavolara,  (Sard.)  isL 

Tavora,  (Port.) 

Tawasiiiu^    .Sm  Tavaste- 
hus. 

Tawrow,  (R.) 

Tajcenbach,  (Austr ) 

Tavotiere,  (Napl.j  ptmn. 

Tchartori.sk.     See  Czjirto-   j 
r>'sk.  I 

Tcherkessia.     Sre  Circa^sia. 

Tcheniei/.,  (WjiII.) 

Tchenioviiz.     SfeCzenio-  , 
wit7..  I 

Teaiio,  (Napl.) 

Tebas-y-Teiianibia,  (Sp.) 

Tecpangiiateiiiala,  (Guat) 

Tefe,  (Ktaz.)  r. 

Tegernsee,  (Rav.) 

Teguantepec.     Ste  Te- 
liuantepec. 


td-oin-y'd'no 
td-v't'ra 

ta-v5la'ril 
tri'cO-rU 

I    t'd'vdst-h<fQs* 
Ido-roff' 
tak'6tn-bu?h* 

I    Uhdr-tOr  y'tsk 

tahtr  liii'6t  d 
tiher'neta 


tsker'iid  cits 


tt-d'iin 

tt'biis-'t  te-nd-rQ^'bt-ii 

t^Ji-pdn-fftfQ-dte-md'ld 

ttft' 


Tegiicigal()a,  fC.  A.  Hond.)     ti^QQ-t/tigdl'pd 

Tegiijo,  (Mex.) /uAe. 


Tehriacan,  (Mex.) 
Tehuantepec,  (Mex.) 
Tejo.     See  'J*.iji>. 
Tejas.     Sec  Texas. 
Tejuco,  (Braz) 
Telez,  iii.)lake. 

Telezkoje  Osoro,  (R.)  lake, 
Telica,  (Guat.)  vole 
Telschilz,  (Boh.) 
Temaraca,  (Braz.) 
Terabieqiie,  (Sp.) 
Temerin,  (H.J 
Temes.  (H.)  r. 
Teniesvir,  (H.) 
Teniiiikow,  (U.) 
Tempelburg,  (Vr.) 
Tenipio,  (Sara.) 


Teinpleuve,  (Belg.) 

Tendre,  (Jura,  Switz.) 

Teiierife,   /  (Canary  Isl- 

Teneriffe,  (     aiids.) 

Tenochtitlan.     See  Mexico. 

Teiilugal,  (Port.) 

Teolo,  (Austr.  it.) 

Tcotihtialcan,  (.Mex.) 

Tepeaca,  (Mex.) 

Tepic,  (Mex.) 

Tepl,  Tepel,  or  Tepla.  (Buh.)  trj>t,  tt'pel,  It'pld 

Teplice,  (B<th. ,  g  Teplit/..)    tt'ptx  t*£,  ttp'Uu 

Tephcze,  (H.)  tt^plitst 

Tephcze  Ki^,  (fl.     g.  Tep-  j    ffpti-Ut-kish 

htz,  or  Tfiplilz.J  S 

Teplitz.     See  Teplir/.e  Kis.      lep'lits 
Teramo,  (Napt.)  Inter'imne,    ti'rdmo 
Terceira,  (one  of  the  Azores.!  tir-sa  I'rd 


te-  gif^'cho 
te-gQ<i  d-kdn' 
te-g^diitipek' 

ie'S99 

te'i/tdi 

te-s/i<}^'ko 

tt-lits' 

t£-leta'kdt  d'a£-ro 

ti-rt'kd 

trVahUa 

te-md-rd'kd 

tem-ble'kfi 

te'in^-rine 

te-;ne^A 

te-me^i/t-vUhr 

tem'ni-kqff' 

tem'pel'bifi^g' 

tem'pi-o 

tdng'pt^ve' 

tdngdr 

te-ne-r'i'fe 

ten-er-fffp 

te-nOk-iit-idn' 

ten-tQQ'gdl 

te-d'lo 

tepi-d'lcix 
le-ptk' 


Tercero.  (PI.  (.*onf. )  r 
Terwboh,  (Natolia.) 
Terek,  (R.)  r 
TereepoI,(Pol.) 
Ter-Gues,  or  G(ie^. 
Terguuw,  or  Gttuda. 
Terignano,  (Con*.)  r. 
Terioli,  (Tyrol,)  rat-tle. 
Teriizzi,  (Napt.) 
Teriiiignon,  (Sard.; 
Teriiiiiii,  (Sic.)     ThenntB. 
Termoh,  (Napl.) 
Termonde.    See  Detider. 

nuifide. 
Temava.     See  Tyrnau 
Terneuse,  (Nelh.) 
Teriii,  (C  It.)     Intcramna, 
Ternova,  (Bulg  ) 
T*rouane.  (Pr.) 
Terracina,  (S.  H  )     ^uzar. 
Terra  del  Fueuo,  (S  A  ) 
Terra  di  Lavoro,  (Napl) 

prov,     Campanta. 
Terra  di  Otrann*,  (Napl.) 

prov. 
Terra  nova, 
Terra  Nuova, 


(&.C.) 


terth^'ro 

tt-ri'bati 

tt-rtk' 

It-rts'p2t 

ter-g9^ 

tfr-gouve 

te  rtn-yd'no 

tr-riO'U 

ttr-til'ii 

ter  mtn  yong' 

Ijr'iwi  Ml 

tt^r'tno  li 

i    tf- nidngU' 

ter  iiii'td 

tf'tt 
ter'nd-va 
t(  rg(f  antJ 
ter  rd  cfii'n'fi 
tir'ra  d((  fqi^-t'gO 
I    (jr'ra  di  td-vO'ro 

I   lir'rd  di  Q'trUn'to 
\    tir'rdnd'vQ 


Terra>«i,  (Sp )     Egara. 
Terra  Vecchia,  (Napl  > 
Toniel,  iSp.) 
I'enfchelling.  (Netli  J  id. 
Tcrvuren,  '  Help.) 
Tescan.  (Ecuad.) 
Teschen,  (Austr  Sil  ) 
Te«8in.    See  Tinno. 
TeHifiuo,  or  Ticino,  (It.)  r. 
Te"*taccio,  (Rome,)  mt. 
Tele  de  Rang,  (Sivttz.)inC 
Tete  Noir,  (Alpf,)  pass. 


itr  ra  i»99-a'oa 
ter  rd'sa  ^^ 
ttr'rd  Cfk'kt-d 

trrs-?hel'Ung 

tfrf^hm  ' 

trs-kdn' 

tegh'en 

leg-sine' ;  fr.  tes-adng' 

tis-si'no 

ffs-tdt'sko 

tete  de  rdng 

tlte-nti-dre' 


Tetachen,  (Bob.;  bok* 

D6fcjn.) 
Teturoa,  (Austral.)  iaL 
TeufetHDiauer,  (Bav.) 
Teufen,  (Swilz.) 
Teulada,  (Sard.)  cape, 
Teuioburger  Wald,  (N. 

Germ.)  mt.  range. 
Teutschbrod.     See  Brod. 
Tevere,  (It.;  g.  Tiber,)  r. 

Tybris. 
Teverone,  or  Anls,  (It.)  r. 
Texas,  (U.S.;  .■tp.  Tejas.) 
Texel.(Ncth.)  uf. 
Teynec,  (Boh.) 
Tezcuco,  (Alex.) 
Than,  or  Tann,  (Fr) 
Thann,  (Bav.) 


j   tii'skiit 

toi'feU-mou'ir 
toi'fin 
tpQi^la'dU 
I    Uti' td-bq^r' ger-v'dldt' 

toitsk'brSdt' 
j    '2 '»£■»■£ 
tj  C£-rO'ng 
tei'as 

t^s'srl  i  e.  Uz'd 
tz'i-nets 

t^tli-kQ^'koy  fia-kq<i^ko 
tang 
tail 


Thau,  Elangde,(Fr.)  lagoon,  i-tdiig'de-to 


Thaubate,  (Braz.) 

Thaya,  (Austr.)  r. 

Theben,  (H.) 

Theiss,!  heisz,  (H.)  r. 
Tibiscus. 

Thenisclie,  (Belg.) 

Theresianopel,  Maria,  (H. 
It.  Szabatka.) 

Theresienstadt,  (Austr  ; 
A.  Szabatha.) 

Theresiopolis,  ( 11.) 

Thernberg,  (Austr.) 

Tlierouanne,  (Fr.) 

Theux,  (Belg.) 

Thiel,  orTiel,  (Neth.) 

Thiele,  (Swilz.)  r. 

Thielt,  (Belg.) 

Thienen.     See  Tirlemont 

Tliierache,  (Fr.)  old  dio. 

Thierry,  Chateau,  (Fr.) 

Thiers,  (Fr.) 

Thionville,  (Fr. ;  g.  Die- 
den  hofen.) 

Thioux,  (Sard.j 

Thiverval,  (Fr.) 

Tholen,  (Neth.) 

Thoniar,  or  Toraar,  (Port.) 

Thomas,  St.,  (II,) 

Thoinery,  (Fr.l 


td'yd 
te'ben 

trmA  rue 
i    md-rt'd  tt-rt'zt-d-nd'pd 

I    tc  ri'u-tft-ntUdt' 

tsn'l't-O'pS-lia 
terii'berg 

(<A 

lile 

Cl'li 

tihll 

tt'nht 

shdlO'  ii-crl' 
ii-^rc' 

i    ti-bng-viW 

tin' 

t'i-v^r-oiil' 
lU'lfn 
tO-viUr' 
Idttbi  tO'mils 
tOme-r'i' 


Thonon',  (Sard.)  tS-ning' 

Thorda,  -1  (irrta,  or  Thoren-  /    „  ,^^  aWin-bqvrg' 
burg,  iTrans.)  \  '  ^^  * 

Thorigny,  or  Torigny,  (Fr.)    IBrinyi' 
Thonon,  C^r.)  r. 


t9-ri-5ng 

tQriie 

tdhrs'ltUl'lit 

tdlirs' lloun 

t^^dre' 

tt<l-rgil' 

three  riv'ers 


Thorn,  (Pr ) 

Thorslialla,  (Pw.) 

Thorshavn,  (l)enin.) 

Thouars,  (Fr.) 

Thou  roll! .  (Belg.) 

Three  Rivers,  (Can. ;  fr.     I 

Trois  Ilivieres.)  S 

Thruijen.  (Belg.) 
Thnin,  (llelg.) 
Thun,  (Swilz.) 
Thunoe,  ( Denin.)  tsL 
Tliiir,  (Swil7..)  r. 
Thurgaii,  (Switz. ; /r.  j 

Thurgovie.)    Thurgooia.  \ 
Thfitiiisen,  TJiiinngia,  ,uv,«"«fn,  :4u  m'je-a 

(Gemi.)  country-  \  &     '  j 

Thurmg^an  Forest, (Germ.;  j    ,u'rtn"gir  viiUt 


troi'en 
lU-ang* 
tn^ne 
t^Q'ntUt 

t^^r'^ou^  lUrg6-v'i' 


g  ThlJringcr  Wald.) 
Thiiriiau,  (Bav.) 
Thurocz,  (II  ) 
Tmgiiannco,  (Peru.) 
Tiber.     See  Tevere. 
Tibigi,  (Uraz.)r 
Tibiiron,  (llayti,);w(mi. 
Tlciiio,(Switz  1  g  aiid/r  ) 


Tessin.) 
Tlcimi,  or  Tessino,  (It)  r, 
Tieclr.i  Vieja,  (Sp.) 
Tietienbonn.  (Bad.) 
Tiel      See  Thiel. 
Ticmblo,  el,  (Sp.) 
Tiene,  (Auslr   11.) 
Tiennas,  (9p.)     Tlirrmic 


tgtfr'nou 
tQi}  rShls 

a  a  ffQQ-dnQQ'ko 
iVIirr 
ti-bi'gi 
tz-bftq-iQn' 

(t  eht'tto 

t'i-chi'na 

tt  f't/ra-cr-c't'Aa 

ti/if'/en-bon' 

lihl 

tt  ti-im'blo 

I'i  e'ns 

li  er'md^ 


Santo,  (N   Heb.) 
TIcrra  Bomba,  ((#  Co 

loinb.)  i^f. 
Tleria  del  Fiieec.  (S  A.) 

Sfc  Terra  delFuego.) 
Tlelar,  (Sp.)  r 
Tiete,(S  A.)r. 
Tigilak,  (R  ) 
Tihany.  (II.) 
Tihut7.a,(Tran.s.) 
Trjola,  (Sp.) 
Tijuco,  (Braz.)  I". 
Tilburg,  (Nelh.) 
Tillendorf,  (Pr.) 


S        pi'rt  ((ip  sdn'to 
>    tt-ir'rabdm'bd 

i    If  (r'rd  del  fn-t'l' 
fi  {  lur' 
title' 
tt  s'ttsk' 
ti'ltdny 
ffhot^t'^H 
ti'cti5-td 
t'i  ^99'f'O 
tU'bdhrg 
til'len-dorf 


Tlerra  Austral  del  E.'piritu  )    (i  fr'ro  aQo.'lrM'  det  £» 


Tilnil,  (Pr.) 
Timavo,  (111.)  r. 
Timok,  (Scrvia,)  r. 
Timor,  (Sunda  Isls.  E.  L) 
Tlinpanagoa,  (Mel.)  take. 
Tlnchebray,  (Fr.) 
Tindaro,  (Sic.)  cape. 
Tipitapa,(C.  A.)r 
Tirano,  (Austr.  It.) 
Tiraapol.  (R.) 
Tirepetio,  (.Mex.) 
Tirgowi.st,  (Turk.) 
Tirguschil,  (Wall.) 
Tirlcmont,  ( Belg. ;  jlan.      t 
Thienen.)  ( 

Tirol.     Sre  Terioli. 
Tirol,  or  Tyrol,  (Au»lr.  ;  it  J 
II  Tirolo.)  pror.  Rliatia.\ 
Tiaza,  (II.)  r      Sm  Tlieisz. 
Tisza  pared,  (H.) 
Tilel,  (H.) 

Tilicara,  (S.  A.)  take. 
Tito,  el,  (Napl.) 
Tilths,  (irnc  of  the  Swiss     ) 
Alps.)  ( 

Tivoli,  (C.  It.)     Tiiitr. 

Tjr.rn,  (8»-.)  Ul. 

TIalpu.xuhiia,  (Mex.) 

Tlap.T,  (Mex.) 

TIascala,  I  >m-»  \  \ 

Tlaxcala,     ^^^^^  j 

Toanoa,  (Aimlr.)  banen. 

I'dbapo,  (W   Ind.) 

Tiiliarra,  (Sp.) 

I'obilschau.    Set  Towatow. 

Tobol,  (R  ) 

Tobolsk,  (R.) 

Tolxxai.  (Sp.) 

Tocantlns,  (Braz.)  r. 

Tockenburg.     See  Toggell-  I 
burg.  1 

Tocuyo,  (V'enez.) 

Todi,  (C.  II.)     Tudtrtam. 

Todos.os-8anlos,  (Braz.) 

Todlendorf,  (Pr.) 

TO)!gpiiburg,  (Swilz.)  vat.   t 
Sre  Tockenburg.  \ 

Tokay,  (  ,.■  ,  j 

Tokai,  ('"■)  ) 

Tolcolano,  (Aiislr.  It.) 
Toledo,  (Sp.)     Taletam. 
Tolentino,  (C.  It.) 
Tolfa,  (It.) 
Tolkeniit,  (Pr.) 
Tolme/.zo,  (Austr.  II.) 
Toluiino,  (111.) 
Tolna,  or  Tolnau,  (II.) 
Tolocan,  nnioToluca, (iMe.x. 
Tolosa,  (Sp.)     Iturua. 
Tolii,  Santiago  de,  (Co-       j 

loinb.  N.  Gran.)  { 

Toluca.     See  Tolocan. 
Toniai,  (111.) 

Tomar,  i,r  Thoraar,  (Port.) 
Tomaszow,  (Pol.) 
Totnnvacas,  (Sp.) 
Tomelloso,  (Sp.) 
Tomsk,  (R.) 
Tonala,  (Mex.) 
Tondern,  (l)enni.) 
Tongres,  (Belg.) 
Tonnay.  (Fr.) 
Tonneins,  (Pr.) 
Toniicrre,  (Fr.) 
Tonuingen,  (Denni.) 
Topajoz,  (Braz.) 
Tilpl      S«T4poly 
Toplicza.  (11.) 
Tflplilz,  Toeplilz,  or  Tep- 

luz,  (Boh.) 
Tfiplitz,  or  Teplilz.    See 

Teplicze-Kis, 
Ti'polLon,  (II.) 
Torhiciiy,(Fr.) 
Torbole,  (Tyrol.) 
Torcollo,  (Venice.)  i»(. 
T<irci>i,  (Sic) 
Toriola,  (Dalin.)  hi. 
Torda.     See  Tliorda. 
Tordcsillas,  (Sp.) 
Torfou,  (Fr.) 
Totpau,  (Pr.) 
Torigny.    See  Thorigny. 
Torija,  (Sp.) 
Tc.ril.  el,  (Sp.) 
Torino,  (It  j  g-  Turin.) 

Jiuirusta  Taunnorum. 
Tormes,  (Sp  )  r. 
TorneA,  (Riiss   Finl  ) 
TotneJell,  (Sw  )  r 
Tornese,  (Gr.)  prom 
Toro  (Sp  ) 


til'lit 

I't-mefva 

Hinik' 

nmlire' 

t'tm-pd-nH^gSs 

tingilibrd' 

ttn-da'ro 

It  pi-td'pa 

t^t-rn'uo 

tt  rda-piV 

tt-rt-pt'li-H 

ttr'  gO-v't^H 

tir-gqiUhil 

ttrUmSng* 

ti-rSle' 

UrSW,  II  ti-ri'lo 

tlt'a'tl 

tii'sd  fit'rgti 

tt'lrl 

tltl-kd'kd 

Sl  ti'ta 

(i'o«  tt 

lydtLrn  ^^ 

Udl-ptt-fha'gvf^ 

tid'pii 

tidt-ku'lit 

IS  d-ni'd 

tH-ba'ge 

ta-biir'rd 

ti'bii'&kou. 

td-b'iU 

td-bQiik' 

t0~b6'so 

likdng  tings' 

tok' ken-bi}Qrg' 

tQ-k^'yo 

IS'di 

to'  df^-(}QS'Sdn't^ 

tS'len-durf 

tng'gen-bq^rgl 
to-kay' 
IS-kiPl 
tHI-kQ'ld'n^ 
tS-te'do 
tS-ltn-ti'no 
tol'/d 
tul'kt-mit 
tdt'iiitt'eo 
Ibt-mt'no 
tal'nd,  tol'ntt 
)  ti-ISkdn' 
tb-lO'ia 

sdn-ti-a'gd  de  iJi-t^ 

IS-lfn'kd 

tO-md't 

tb-mdhr' 

lH-md' ihtjf 

l5-md-td'kde 

t6-mtt-y0'to 

ionuk 

td-nd-ld' 

Iqn'dirH 

tSllgr 

tbiiS' 

tdn-ndng' 

t6n-nir? 

t^n'nin"gen 

IS  pd'gBi" 

OS^t 

tOp'tHsd 

I    t^p'lUs 
I    Mp'Iifj 

tH-pott-shdH 

tBr-btt-y't' 

tOr'bSle 

tir  ch^llti 

tOr-eJiis't 

tbr'kS-ld 

tSr'dd 

tbr  rit  itl'yds 

tSr-f(t' 

tttr'gBU 

IS-rin-yV 

a-ri'chd 

£(  <«.rll' 

[    W  ri'no 

fflr'm£5 
tbr'ne  0 
tOr'iie  S-rlf 
tSr  n^'nt 
tS'rc 


vUe :  i  ahort,  bit.-Fr.  ,&  long,  eft  short,  nearly  a,  in  .pur.-dy,  ty.  ny.  liquid.  - M'ger  -  j,  M,  guttural ,  g  as  «  in  pleasure.  -  r  final.  Pr.  re.  -  6.  between  r  and  /. 


1371 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


TOiOk  B«l«e,  (U.) 

ToronUI,  (II.) 

ToiuntD.  ( Up.  Can.  j  Ja^     I 

murif  York.)  ( 

Toropi,  (R.)  r. 
ToCDpei,  (K.) 
Toiquwaada,  (S|>.) 
Tocniha  de  Calauava,  (Sp.) 
Tomcilla,  (Sp.) 
Torre  del  Greco,  (Napl.) 
Tone  dell*  Annunziata,       > 

(Napl.)  i 

Tmi*  de  Moncorvo,  (Port.) 
Tone  di  Vindicari,  (Sir.) 
Tana  do  Bugio,  ( Purl.) 
TMtra  Jimeno,  Ximeix>,  (Sp.) 
TVxnIobatoa,  (Sp.) 
Tom  Mocha,  (Sp.) 
Toms  Vednu,  (Part) 
Tone  Viejo,  (Sp.) 
Torridal,  (.Norw.)  r. 
Torrijlia,  (Sard.) 
Tomjos.  (Sp.) 
Torscbok,  (R.) 
TotshUli,  (Sw.) 
Toitola,  (VV.  Ind.)  uL 
Tonona,  (Sard.) 
Tortorici,  (Sic) 
Tonoea,  (Sp.)    Drtom. 
ToTTue,  la,  (Turtle  Island, ) 

W.  Ind. ;  »ji.  Tortupi.)     ( 
TusCAna,  (It. ;  e.  Tuscany,)  j 

Toecanella,  (li.)     TtucaxM. 
Tosehlupskaja,  (R.)  r. 
Totonicapan,  (C.  A.,  Guat.) 
Tolofal,  (Chile,)  uL 
TAtomi^,  Toth  Ur.^iig,  «r  ) 
SlaToiua.  ( 

Tool,  (Fr.) 

Toukn,  (Fr.)    TMe  JTarfiaj. 
Toukxise,  (Fr.)    TMaaa. 
Tour,  la,  du  Pin,  (Fr.) 
Touraioe,  (Fr.)  tU  fm. 

Tourbillon,  (Sn-itz.)  mjCIt.  { 

Toaicoinf,  ( Fr.) 

Tour  d'Ajr.  (SwiO.)  atfa. 

TDuma;;,  ( Belg. ;  /km.         j 

Toome,  (Swilz.)  at 
Toumon,  (Fr.) 
Toumua,  (Fr.) 
Tour>,(Fr.)    C»t<m4m»m. 
Tour  Sailliirr,  (Switx.)  mt. 
Tourville,  (Fr.) 
Towicovr,  (.Mor. ;  t-  To-    ( 
biuehau.)  \ 

Toxowa,  (B.) 
Traclwaben^  (Pr.) 
TnCritar,  (Sp^)  cmft.  Pn-  \ 

WU*L  JtMOHU.  I 

Traina,  (Sic.) 
Ttani,  (XapL)     7\rrnKm. 
Tnuistevcre.  See  Tiasterere. 
Tratt^ylvania,  ;Eur. ;  ^.    ^ 

Siebenbtir^n  or  Trail*     ! 

sylvanien  i  A.  Erdely  Or-  f 

«»»«•)  J 

Trapani,  (Sic)    Drtpaium. 
Trappe,U,(Fr.) 
Trastevere,  or  Tranataren,  I 

{part  of  Rome.)  { 

Tfau,  (Dalm.) 
Traun,  or  Gmunden  See,     ? 

(Augtr.)(at«.   SeeTrouB.  j 
Trausnitz,  (Bar.) 
Trautenau,  ar  TnUitow,     ) 

(Boh.)  ! 

Travaglialo,  (.\U9)T.  It.) 
Ttavemfinde,  (.N.  Germ.) 
TraTelb.il,  (Denq>.) 
Traz  OS  Montes,  (Port.)  prvc. 
Trebia,  er  Ttehbta,  (IL)  r. 
Trebigno,  (Turk.) 
Ttebur,  «r  Tribur,(Genn.) ) 

TViiarimK.  { 

Trechteniirov,  (R.) 
Trtouier,  (Fr.) 
Treuam,  (Bad.)  r. 
Treminari,  (Sic) 
Tremia,  laole  di,  (.\dr.        I 

8ea,)ul>.  t 

Trsmola,  (Stritz.)  eo&y. 
TrinMUille,  (Fr.) 
Trencsen,  »  ,  „  ,  ( 

Trent.<«n.  (("•'  j 

TrenL     Sk  Trient. 
Treport,  le,  (Fr.) 
Tresero,  (.\ustr.  It.)  nO. 
Treuenbnelzen,  (Pr.) 
Treves,  (Pr.)    Sa  Trier 


a-rin-tdJU 
WJ-rj[a'(tf 

m-re'pn 

td-ri'fils 

tir-kt-mi'dd 

tir-raVba  dt  kd-ld-trV!va 

tBrrt-ttlil'sU 

tHr'rs  del  ffrt'ko 

tOr'ri  rfjWiW-a(»piMl-jV.tf- 

td 
t&r'ri  di  mOn^-k&r'T^ 
tSr'ridi  pia-iTi'kUn 
tOr'ri  dfv  tw'gi-W 
tOr'ri  fKi-mtno 
tir'rt-U-M-ten' 
tOr'ri  mO'ckd 
tdr'rss  vt'drds' 
tOr'rf  v'l-i'iiu 
tQr'rt'diiie 
tOr-r'it'ifd 
tir-ri'ikOa 
tir^liqk' 
tBrt-kil'ld 
tSr'ti-ld,  tSr-tt'td 
tdrti'md 
ar^S-r1'A^t 
(Sfvrs'ad 

Id  ttrtW,  tSr-l^'gU 

lAj-ta'ait 

tSs-tdntl'ld 
Ust-tfVfs'kd-fa 
lO-lll-nlta-pM 
tatirdT 

tikl-ir-idkf 
!«♦-»■*' 


ftV"     ^ 

Iffrki-imf' 
lffr-ia-i\M') 

Uf^r-MSmg* 

l»r 

ttvr  tUl-wtrt',  td-l-ftnf 

tftrtW 

tS'tUlshgt 

>jll''..<l-rd 
trti'lUn-terf' 
irl^/al-gilkr' i  e.  eni-yU'- 

tra-<'aa 

trd'Hi 

trdns-ti'ei-rt 

transil-ta'ne-a,  trlU'iil- 
vd'mt-in 

trd'fd-M 

Uitrdf 
Irdi-ti'vi-ri 
trd'^^  tnm 

trouynitd 

treu'ti'Mtm 

trd'Vdt- fd' to 

trii'rr-miin'di 

trii'rl-tdW 

trdks  9^  mOmg't^s 

trt'H-iL,  trili'lt-a 

trt-btM'^ 

trt'ittr 

Irelk-tt-m't'ref 
Irt-gi-t' 
Irl'iUm 
trt-mit-tt'ri 

VsOlt  di  trt'mt-a 

trg'tnO-ld 

trt-mftlil' 

trtKt-^kehn 

Imt 

ft  Iri-pSn' 

trt  sf'ro 

troi'hk-br'it'sen 

trSre 


Trei-ico,  (Napl.) 

Treviplio,  (Auiilr.  It.) 

1'revigiKt.     See  Ruvij^no. 

Trevismi,(Ill.) 

TreviBo,  (Sp.) 

Treviso,  or  Trevigi,  ( Aiutr. ) 

It.)  I 

Trcvmix,  (Fr.)     TVirio. 
Triaditsa.     See  Sophia. 
Triana,  (S|>.)  auturb  Stville. 
Tribur.     See  Tiebur. 
Tricarico,  (Napl.) 
Tticala,  or  Tnkain,  (Turk.) 
Triefels,(Bav.) 
Trient,  (Tyrol.)   TVufnifiim. 
Trier,  (Pr. ;  «.  Tnsves  ;  fr.  \ 

Trivea.;    Atguata  Trt-  > 

rirorum.  3 

Triest,  Trieste,  (.\ustr.,       j 

Illyrin.)     Tcrgcsle.  j 

Trigim,  (Napl.)r.   TViaaai  j 

Triguenie,  (8|U 
Trtkala.    Sm  Tricala. 
Trikkari,  (Gr.)  fortreta. 
Tnilo,  (S|i.) 
Trincontiniale,  or  Trinco-   ) 

male,  (Ce>-lon.)  \ 

Trinidad,  (Texne,)  r. 
Trinidad,  (W.  Ind.)  iA. 
Trino,  (Tied.) 
Tnostrow,  (R.)  W. 
Tripoli,  (Barb.  St.)    T\ripolu. 
Thpolitsa,  (Gr.) 
Tristan  d^.Acunha,  (W,       / 

coast  Afr.)  isls-  \ 

Trocadeio,  (Cadiz,  Sp.)foTtr. 
Ttocnow,  (Boh. ) 
Trois  Bilious,  (Sard.)  mt. 
TroisRivicnss,  (Caiu  ;  e.     I 

Three  Rivers.)  \ 

Tmia  Salames,  (Boiubon,)  j 

Mt.  uL  \ 

Troitsk,  (R.) 
Tniitskaja  Krepost,  (R.) 
Tioitskoi  Sergiew,  (R.)       I 

elwster.  \ 

Trollhiiti,  (Sw.)  caiMl. 
Tnja,  (Boll.)  eastlt. 
Tnimpetlc,  (Fr.)  castle. 
Tromaoe,  (Norw.) 


trf-r't'jfco 

tri-v'tt'yd 

trs~v'tn'yo 

trt-eiA'fO 

tri-vln'yo 

trt-o't'so 

tri-rld'gi 

trf-rp^' 

tri-d-att'id 

tri -a'aa 

trVbf</r 

tri-ia'ri-ko 

trl'kd4d 

tr'i'fils 

tri-eM' !  e.  Imtt 

W<r 

ttt-ist',  trt-f'tt 


Tnm,  St.,  (Belt) 
Ttondhjem,  (Norw. ;  g.      ) 
Dfonttaeini.)  { 

TiuMo,  ( 1 1.)  r.    Truentiiu. 
Tnipea,  (.NupL) 
Tnppau,  (Austr.  Sil.) 

Trpyea,  (Fr.)    .Aajputotoaa. 
T'tntenna,  (II.) 
Trebe<ih,(R.)r. 
Trubia,  (Sp.) 
Trubsllovsk,  (R.) 
Tniskawiec,  (Gal.) 
Trutnow.    See  Trautenau. 
Truiillo,  TnipUo,  or  Tni-  j 

jillo,  (Sp.)    TarrU  Julid.  \ 
Triemeszno,  (Pr.  Pol.) 
TSchaslau.    See  C^iaw. 
Tschiker  Siuhl.     Sm  Csik  ( 

Szik.  i 

Tschuiisowa,  (R.)  r. 
Tsepel,  (11.)  u(. 
Teheboksar,  (R.) 
Tsheljabinsk,  (R.) 
Tsbeidin,  (R.) 
T^herka.sk,  (R.) 
Tnhemigov,  (R.) 
Tshemojarbk,  (R.) 
Tslieskaja,  (R.)  gittf. 
Tshesme,  (R.) 
Tafaildir,  (Georg.  Turk.)  prof. 
Tsliufut  Kalcb,  (R.)  fortrcm. 
Tshupijpw,  (K.) 
Tsik  Szck.      See  Csik  Sz^k. 

Tubal,  (.\ustnil.)  id, 
Tubingen,  (Wurt.) 
Tucabaya,  (Mex.) 
Turuman,  (Plata  Conf.)  iep. 
Tiidela,  (Sp.)     Ttitela. 
Tuffer,  (Styria.) 

Tiiilerifr»,  lea,  (Paris.) 
Tula,  (R.) 
Tiilanciiigo,  (Mex.) 
Tulczyn.     See  Dulczyn. 
Tulija,  fMex.)  r. 
Tulle,  (Fr.) 
Tulpajesna,  (Sw.)  mt. 
Tiilin,  (Austr.) 
Turobez,  (S.  A.,  Ecnad.) 
Tiingaragiia,  (Pern.) 
TuugeOord,  (Norw.)  gnlf. 


Irin'jia 

tri-gt'rOs 

trVkii-ld 

trik'kdrt 

triVyo 

trtn-kB-nS-ma-le' 

trin-kO-md-ti' 

trt-ni-dUd' 

tri-ni-dad',  tr'uCi-iad! 

tri'no 

tr'i-qs'tr^f 

trVpO-ti 

trlfO-ttt-sd' 

tr'i&-tiln'  dd-kQ^'yd 

trd-kd-d^'ro 
trOts'nov 
trS^'  itl-U-ing' 
trf^d'  fi-ct-irtf 

tri^d'  lU-ldl' 
trfitjk 

Iri^ilj'kU-ya  krt'reet 
tri^it3-*S-i  tr'g^if 

trqUket'ld 
tn'fd 
trSng-ptV 
trqui'iA 
ti»g  trOng 

tron'yem 

trSlt'to 

trO-pe'd 

trsp'pou 

Irillh' 

Irst^R'nti 

tr^'bisk 

trtf'bt-d 

frp(w-AaD'*,ftir 
trpft'aOD 

tr^^ek'il'  yo 

trshi-mfsk'no 
tikds'tutl 

tak'i'kerst^^l 

tskfl^' eO'V'd 

tski-pel 

tski'bOk-ifiir' 

tskit-yd'biiuk 

tsktr-dtR' 

tektr-iitak' 

tskir-hi'gqf 

tnktr-nO-iJhr^ik' 

Uikea'k'd  y'd 

tshi^^me' 

IshiVdtre 

tsh<^'fQi}t  kd-leb' 

tik(fo-!^i;Q'yrf 

tatitk  ^rltk 

td^Pi 

i\i'bin"gen 

tQ^kii-ba'i'fi 

t^-kw-mdn' 

tQQ-de'ld 

tH/'/fr 

le  tiT-tl-ri' 

UiQ'ld 

tQ^-tdn-th'fn' go 

txtQl'chine 

tff-ti-ihS' 

tbl 

tQQUp'd'ying'na 

tt^.fine' 

Ifltfrn-btth' ,  t^^m-bes* 

tqqn-gfl-rU'  gqo-d 

'wa'Vs/y*"!' 


Tunftiiraffua,  )  (Eciiad.)      ( 
Tulifiuraliua,  )     vote,  ( 

Tuiija,  (Coloiub.) 

Tupisa,  (Bol.) 
Tuiiuai,  (Auslral.)  isL 
Turba^o,  (N.  Gran.) 
Tiirlieiitlinl,  (Switz.) 
Ttlrckheini,  (Fr.) 

TurcoiiiR,  (Fr.) 
Turia,  (Sp.)  r. 
Turin.    See  Torino,  or  Tu-  j 
rino.  \ 

Turiiio,  (Sard. ;  g,  Turin.) 
Turiimk,  (R.) 
Turis,  or  Turrls,  (Sp.) 
Tunihout,  (Dels.) 
Tuniovt^     S«  Tornovo. 
'I'liriScz,  (II.) 

Tiirilo  Island.     See  Tortue. 
Tuscany.     See  Toscana. 
Tu«7.yn,(Pol.) 
TiiKliiigen,  (Wilrt.) 
Tuxllii,(Mex.) 
Tuv,  (Sp.)  prot.    Tuda. 
Tyk.iizyii,  (Pol.) 
Tynicc,  (Gal.) 
Tyri  Fjoril,  (Norw.)  lake. 
Tvrimu,  or  Temava,  (II.) 
Tyn>l.     See  Tirol. 
TySniienica,  (Gal.) 
Tyszowyce,  (PoL) 


t(iffn'?Aa 
t^p'i'fil 

tQQr-bitg'so 
ttj(fr'ben-tdle' 
tbrk-lidug' ,  tbrk'Mme 

tur-kO'dng' 
IqQ'rt-d  / 

tQQ-r'tne' ;  e.  tu'rin 

t^Q-rVno 
tQ^-rinsk' 
t^Q'r'it,  tQifr'fia 
t^rn'hout 
t^^r-iiO'ro 

tur'tlc  Viand 

tns'ka-ny 

t^tf'shin 

tf^Qt'liti"gen 

tfffhl'lU 

fi-kqt'shin 
t'in'yrU 
ti'ri-fyOre' 
tir'nou 
li-rSW,  lyr'ol 

t'is-my£-nft'jid 
t'i'^hO-v'it'dS 


u. 


UalDA,  (Sp.)  L 
Ubrique,  (Sii.) 
Ucayale,  (Peru,)  r. 
Ucayari,(S.  A.)  r. 
(Iceda,  or  Uzeda,  (Sp.) 
Ucero,  (Sp.) 
Uckerniuciide,  (Pr.  Pom.) 

lIclM,  (Sp.) 

Uddevallli,  (Sw.) 
Udiiie,  (Auslr.  It.) 
Udinsk,  (U.) 
Udvarhuly,  (Trans. ;  g. 

Olterhcllyeii.) 
Udvarlioly  SiC-k,  (II.) 
lleberlinpen,  (Rheii.  Pr.) 
Uetliberg,  (.Mount  Albis, 

Switz.)  tfumntU. 
Ufa,  (H.) 

Ugijar,  or  Uxijar,  (Pp.) 
Uglitch,(R.) 
Ugocsa,  or  Ugotsa,  (II.) 
Uilenliage,  (Cape  Col.,  8. 
,Af.) 

Ujbiiiya,  (II.  i  g.  Koenigs- 
.  Iierg.) 

Ujepyli&z,  (Trans.  ;  g. 
,  Lesclikirchen.) 
Uj-Gradi..>lui,  (Slavonia.) 
6jhely,  Satorallia,  (II.) 
Ujo,  or  Uxo,  (Sp.) 

|}j-Viros,  (H.) 

6j-Vid«k,  (11. ;  g.  Neusatz.) 

Ukraine,  Ukniina,  tivto        ) 

Kleinriiszland.  ) 

Uleiborg,  or  Uula,  (FinL) 
Ulcfos,  (Norw.) 
Ullcrsilorf,  (Pr.) 
Uhu,  (Wurt.) 
Ulricehanin,  (Sw.) 
Umago,  or  OiuHgo,  (III.) 
Uman,  (R.) 
L'indl,  (Sw.) 
Uinlowic,  (Iloli.) 
Uncastillii,  (Sw.) 
Ungari^h  Allt'iibiirg,  (II.) 
Ungari.sch  Neustadt.     See    } 

lldnya.  J 

Ungarn.     Sec  Hungary. 
Ungvir,  (H.) 
Uniejnw.  (Pol.) 
Uniin,  (Pr.  We.«tpli  ) 
Unrulisladt,  (Pr.  Pol.;  *.     j 

Karge.)  ( 

Untcrsecn,  (Switz.) 
Unterwalden,  (Switz.) 

ulSaLi  (««■.)  ] 

Uracil,  (WfirtO 
ITraeiiay,  (sp.  Unigtiay.) 
Urak,  CR.)r. 
Ural,  or  Ourat,  (R,)  mU. 


p(»-t(i-«d'rl 

ftj'ker^mitn'di 

^Q-klis' 
iiqd'd^-viU'ld 

i}<i-(tinsk' 

Qijd-viir-hely 

QQd'Vdr-hely  sfJOt 
Wber-Un"gen 

Ut'l'i-berg' 

^<j-ffOt'Shd 
oi'tin-hd'gi 

^a-'i'b'dhn-yd 
<}(}-yfdy-hdhs 
1}Q-'i-ffrd-dish'kd 
shd-to-r'dVti-d  p^-'i-A^'y 

P(>-¥  vdh-rOsh 
Q^-'i-v'i-dehk 
ii'kraine^  QQ-krd-i'ud 
f<^'  Ic-S-borff* 
09 ''?-/"* 
t}^l'  Urs'dorff 

^^l  rit'se-kdmH' 

i}<}-m'd'  eo 
^-mdn' 

<^n-kds-iil'lo 
^^n'gd-rish  al'litt-b^rg' 

Qgn' gd-rUh  noi'stHdt 

(}(}ng-vdhr 
{•Qn-ye'yof 

^n'r^Q  stddt' 

^(rn'ter-iehn' 
^QTi'tfT-vdl'deH 
up' sal 
(}<yp'Zd'ld 

qo-Tfik: 
P^ra/',  u'ral 


f^^t  f'drj^,  wkqL,  hit.  —  Miu,  prey^  kelp,  thire,  kifr.  —  Pine,  maHMy  ilrrf,  fig.  —  JVTite,  dSve,  in»p«, »(.//,  ft^pJfe,  lord.— Tune,  buVy  unite.  —  ot,  boy ;  ou,  house.  —  Fr.  ft  Jong, 
1372         "  ~  '^^^''''''^^^^ 


PilONUNCIATION   OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Ur.ilsk,  (R.) 
Uralskoi  Gorodok,  (R.) 
Urhania,  (Pont  St.) 
Urbinfi,  (Pont.  St.) 
IJrcftl     See  Seu  tie  UrgeL 
Uri,  (Switz.) 
Urrola,  (Sp.)  r. 
Ursanne,  Samte,  (Switz. ;  i 
Su  Ur^itz.)  i 

Unigaay,  (S.  A.) 

Uni^iay,  Ura^iay,  or  \ 
Banda  Onentnl  (S.  A.)  > 
rf/i.  ) 

Ummea,  (Siv)  r. 

L'n' Wgy.     See  Herrengrund. 

Ur/^rtv,  (Pvil.) 

fscUutr.  (_U.) 

Uscz,  (I'r.  PoI.> 

UseJom,  CPr.  Pom.)  is?. 

(JBiMlUia.(Pi.  Conf.) 

(Jssel,(Fr.) 

Us3on,  (Fr.) 

n.-itica,  iSic.j  ts/. 

Ustjiig,  ^R.) 

Ustj'ig  Wcliki,  (R.) 
Usl  Kamenngnrsk,  (R.) 
Ust  Sussolsk,  (R.) 
Usiimasinia,  (C  A.)  r. 
Uliel,  (Sp.) 
Utrecht,  (Neth.) 
IJirera,  ^Sji.) 
Utjoki,  (R.) 
Uula.     Ser  Uleilborg. 
Uxijar,  or  U(!ijar,  (Sp.) 
IJxo.     See  Lfjo. 
Uzerche,  (Fr.) 
IJzeda.     See  Uceda. 
Uz6s,  (Fr.) 


QQ-ralsk'  ,^ 
^-rdWkH't  gd-rd-dok' 

qfjr-bi'no 
^r-ch^V 
Op'r>  i  e.  it'ra 

<}<^r-shni)s'dQff 

<}<ia-pdl-yd'td 
iisseV 

^<}s't'i-k'd 
(i<}st-y<}<}g' 

<iost-y(;Qg'  v^4i'k'i~i 

VQsty  kd'mi-nO-fforsk' 

if^dty  »fi3-s5tsk' 

W-ti'&l 

u'trf^ht^  u'trekt 

<}<}-tre'rd 

^otS'yO'k'i 

ijQ'tiQ-Vd 

Hi^chi'Ekdr 

^i}'eho 

fi-iersA' 

Pff-M{'rfd 


V. 


Vaals.     See  VaeK-i. 
VAc7«     Se«  W'ailzoiK 
Vad>lena,  or  Wad^lcna,      \ 

(Sw.)  i 

Vadulz,     SeF  Leiiclitenstcin. 
Vaels,  or  Vaals,  (Neth.) 
Vaerdal,  (Xorw.) 
Vaga,  (R.)  r. 

Vagh  Ujhely.  See  Neustfidd. 
Vaglio,  (Napl.) 
Vagney,  (Fr.) 
V&liroc,  (Nonv.)  hi. 
Vailly  Htir  Auuc,  (Fr.) 
Vaise,  (Fr.) 
Vai^oti,  (Fr )     Vasio. 
Vajda-Hunyad,  (Trans.) 
Val  deOliva,  (Sp  ) 
Val  Dem<>na,  or  i  (Sic.)       \ 
Val  di  Deniona,  \    old  div.  \ 
Val  di  Mazzara,  (Sic.)  old  ) 

die.  \ 

Val  Mclsol^tnn.     <S^  Mi-    ) 

BOCCO.  \ 

Valachie.     Sep  Walachia. 
Valais,  (Switz. ;  g.  Wal     j 
lii<,)  cant.  \ 

Vahingin,  (Switz.) 
Valanza^,  (Luzon.) 

Vnlhenoite,  (Fr.) 

Val  Bregaglin,  (Switz.)  rsall. 

Valcaunonica,  (Austr.  II.)    ( 

vaU.  S 

Vah;hiiisa.     See  Vaiicliiso. 
Valdagno,  (A'istr.  It  ) 
Val  d'Arnii,  (Tii^r.)  rail 
Val  di  Chiana,  (Tusc.)  caX. 
Valdp;)cna9,  (Sp.) 
Val.leradiiay,  (Sp.) 
Val  do  Ritz,  (Neufchatel,'.  { 

vftU.  j 

Valdivia,  (Chile,)  dep. 
Valdipra,  fSp.) 

Val  (li  Fieine,  (Tyrol  ) 
Valeggin,  (Au-tir   It.) 
Valeii^a,  (Bniz.) 
Valen^a  do  D-mrn,  (Pnrt.) 
Valen^a  do  Minho,  (Port.) 
Valenvay,  (Fr) 
Valence,  f  Fr.)     Vnfentia. 
Valencia,  (9p.)     Falentia    ) 

Rtietannrum.  \ 

Valenctana,  (.Mox.) 
Valenciennes,  (Fr.)     Va-    ) 

Untuma.  \ 


kQon-yUd 
Wi'ra 


€ethU 
vdAts 

CUd-3t£'Hd 

r'd'd<}f}ts 
v'dJils 
vdhr'd'dlc 
va'gd 

viig  QQ-'i-hely 
riu'yo 
vdn-y/l' 
vahr'^ 

vd-'i-y'i'(vdl'ij'i')  aur  time 

vSze 

vd-iOng' 

vd't-dd  fed 
f  d/  de  3- 
vrd  de'md-vd 
viil  di  dt'mO-nd 

viU  di  mcU  sd'rd, 

vdl  mel  sSl-s'i'nit 

vd-ld-sh'i' 
vd-ld' 

vd'ldav.^dng' 
vdlojvVi'an 
Td'b-nPdht  ' 
vdl  brp  gdt'yd 

rUl-k(i-nt5'n'i-kd 

vHl-k'i-Pi^'sd 
tdl-ddn'iftt 
Vdl  ddr'no 
vdl  di  ki  d'nd 
rdl-de  pt^'ydat  ,^ 
vdt-dr'  ra-d^^-d'i 

ViU  ds.  rr^s 

vdldi'Vi  d 

v'dt-di^'Td 

vdl  dt  ffz'ms 

vd-ltt'so 

vd-len'sd 

rd'l^n'sd  dpo  dO'rQff 

vd-ltn'sQ  f/p9  m'in'y(^Q 

va-ldng-s&' 

vd-lUiis's' 

vd'/(n'thi-di  e.  va-leu'- 

vd-ltn'Uii-d'nd 
vd-ldng-$i'm' 


Valentano,  (C.  lu) 

reatam. 
Vateniinuiti,  (Fr.)  former 

duchy. 

Vatenza,  (N.  It) 

Valenzuela,  (Sp.) 
Valerj',  Sl,  en  faux,  (Fr.) 
Valeita,  la,  (.Malta.) 
Vatguarnera,  (Sic) 
Valkeiibiirg,  (.Neth.  j/r. 
FauquemuriT.) 

Valladulid,  (Sp.)    Pintia. 

Valladolid  do  Mccboacan, 

(Mex.) 


*"     j   vd^in-ta'no 

i    vd-ldng-Ci-nl^-it'(nil') 

■  vd-litid'sd 

Vd-l^lt'tJilfQ-fi'ld 

sdag  vdle-ri'  dng  kO 
Id  vd-l^'td 
vai-gwar-n^'rd 

I    vdikeif-bt^rg' 


vidyH-tfO'lid'  i  e.  val'to' 
d,,4id'  _ 

vdl~yd-dO-lid'  de  mi-chO^d 
kdn'  ^ 

Valladciiid  la  Nueva.  (Gnat.)  vdl-yd-dGAid'  Id  itQtj-i'vd 


Valle  de  Ardalajis,  (So.) 
Vallede  Uxo,  (Sp.) 
Vallet,  (Fr) 

Valletta.     Sec  La  Valetta. 
Valloo,  (Nnrw.) 
Vallon,  (Fr) 
ValiiKiggia,  (Switz. ;  g. 

Maieiithal,)  dtstr. 
Valmy,  (Fr  ) 

Valogne,  (Fr.) 

Valois,  (Fr.)  old  distr. 
Valona,  (Turk.) 


tdl'ys  rfg  dr-dd-ld' eliis 
vdl'm  d^  <}Q'cko 

v'dl-ltt'td 

vdi'L-Tl 

vat-lGng' 

v'dlmdl'  gd 

vdl-ni'i' 

vd~lQny' 

Vd-lfy 

vd-lQ'nd 


vdl'pd-r'd-'i' 60  ;  e.  val-pa- 
rVso 


Valparaiso,  (Chile.)  | 

Valr6a«,  (Fr.) 

Valsugana,  (Tyrol,)  valL 

Valtetlina,  (Austr.)  distr. 

Val  Travers,  (Switz.) 

Valverde,  (Sp.) 

Valverde  del  Cainino,  (Sp.) 

Vilmos  Pecs,  Pels,  (H.) 

Vannos,  (Fr.)     Variorigum, 

Var,  (Fr.)  drp. 

Vdraii  Olaszi,  (H.) 

Varadcs,  (Fr ) 

Varapgin     See  Varazze. 

Vnrallo,  (N.  It.) 

Varan gertjorii,  iNorw  )  inUt.  vd'rdn"ger'fy5rG' 

Vanino,  (Napl.)  lagoon.       )      ..    ... 

aem).  °  \    ""-'■'''•"' 

Varasd.     Sec  Warasdin.  vd-r'dshd 

Varazze,  or  Var<'iggio,(Sard.)  vd-rdt'se 
Varherg,  (Sw.)  vdr'berg 

Vardiie,  (Norw.)  i.tl.  vdrd'~^ 

Varennes",  (Fr.)  vd-rni' 

Varenne;!  en  Argonne,  (Fr.)    vd~ren'  dn  dr-gun' 
Vareso,  (Limib.)  vd-rf'n^ 

Varliely,  (Trans.)  rdr-hdy 

Varignano,  (Potit.  St.)  vd-r'in-yd'na 

Varinas,  or  Barinas,(Venez.)  vd-r'i'nd^ 


vdlr^-ds' 

vdl-sQc-ffd'nd 

Vdl  tel'ti'nd 

vdl  trd-vfte' 

vdl-v^r'de 

vdl-i'pr'd^  del  kd~m't'no 

vdh-mdsk  p^hLsh 

vdn 

vdr 

v'dh-r'dd  0-lds-s'i 

vd-rd-dps' 

Vd-rdt'^o 

vd-ral'lo 


Vania,  (Bulp.) 
Varsovie.     Sec  Warsaw. 
Vas,  (II  ;  g.  Ei.^nburg.) 
Vasa,  (Fiiil.) 
VisArhely,  tW.) 
V&s4rhely,  or  Mams,  (II.) 
V4^&rhely,  Somlo,  (U.) 
Vassy,  (Fr ) 

Va-isto,  il,  (Napl.)     Jstonivm. 
Va.'^vi.r,  \H.\  g  Eisenburg.) 
Vaticano,  (Napl.)  cape. 
Vauclain,  le,  (Martin.) 
Vaucluse,(Fr.  ;i/.Valchiu-  j 

ea,)  dep.  j 

Vaucouleurs,  (Fr.) 
Vand,  Pays  de,  (Switz. ;     j 

g.  VVaadt,)  cant.  \ 

Vaugirard.  (Fr.) 

Vanlion,  (Switz.)  m. 

Vaux,  (Fr ) 

Vaxholm,or  Waxhr>lm,(Sw.)  vdk.-i'hnlm 

Vayda  nunynd,(Tran!i.) 

ca  tie. 
Veendain,  (Neth.) 
Veenendal,  (Neth.) 
Veenhuizen,  (Neth.) 
Veere,  (Neth.) 
Veglia,(Ill.)M^ 
Veile,  or  Weile,  (Denin.) 
Vejer,  or  Bejor  de  la  Fron- 

tera,  (Sp.) 
Velan,  (Switz.)  mt. 
Velay,  (Fr.)  old  prov. 
Veleta,  la,  (Sp.)  rnt. 
Velez  Blanco,  (S.  A.  N. 

Gran.) 

Velez  Malaga,  (Sp.)  Mcnoba.  ve-Ieth'  md'ld-gd 
Velez  Ruhio,  (Sp.)  ve  l^tk'  rQ^'b'{-o 

Veiicsna,  (H.)  ve-liUh-nd 

Velilla  de  San  Estehan,  (Sji.)    ve-hl'yd  de  sda  rs-ti'bdii 
Velino,  {C  It.)  mt.  ve-lVno 

Vellebith.     See  Morlacca.        frVh-bit 
Vellehilz,  (Austr.)  viLi.  frldfbita 

Velletri,  {S.  It.)     yclitra.        vel-le'tri 


vdr'tid 

vdr-sQ-vV 

vd.i/i     . 

rd'zd         ^ 

vd-shdhr-hely 

Pd-^ihuh>-~kety  ,_^ 

shum'lQ  vd-shahr-heli/ 

vd-s-sV 

il  vds'to  • 

v'd.-th-vdhr 

vd-ti-ka'vo 

l^  vG'kldng' 

vH-kliiie' 

vG-kQiyl^r' 

pd-'i'  d'g  w5' 

vl^-g'i-rdhr' 

vO-li-Ong' 

vO 


vd-'t-dd  hq<;n-y'dd 

tdhn'ddm 

vSk'nen-ddle'  ■ 

v6hn'koi'zeii 

vSk'r^ 

vrl'yd 

vVlz 

VP-chtr'  dt  Id  frda-te'rd 


vH-ldng' 

v'e-ld' 

Id  ve-le'ta 

ve-lttk'  b'dn'ko 


Venafro^  (Napl.) 
Venaidhin,  (Itj  oldco. 
Vendatana,  or  Vcntuliene 

(Kapl,) 
Vendee,  la,  (Fr.)  dep. 
Vciiden,  or  VVenden,  (R. ; 

Tit^ia.  Kess.) 
Vendouie^  (Fr)  vang-aome- 

Vendoiiiuis  {Y t.)  form.  prov.  ran"-dG'tnOa.^ 
Vetidrell,  (Sp.)     Palfartaiia.    ztn^drti' 


v^na'fro 
ve-nHs-iiAng' 

V(tt-ddtd'ri-d 

Id  vdng-di' 

vin'dea 

r'dng-tlOme',^ 


Vunedig.     Hce  Venice. 
Veneria  Rcale,  (.Sard.) 

Venezia.     See  Venice. 

Venezuela,  (S.  A.)  rep. 

Venice,  (ft. ;  it.  Vene/.ia  ; 

g.  Venedig)     Venetia. 
Veiilo,  or  Venloo,  (Neih.) 
Venosa,  (Napl.)     VeinisuL. 
Ventotena,  (Napl.)  m/. 


ve-ne'dig 
Vt-n£-/t'd  r^-d'tc 
»fi  wfd'»y-d 
vt  nciftvis'ld  i  e. 
zwe'la 

ven'ia 

r£-»fl'«a 
V£n-t6-ie'niS 


Veiitotiene.    See  Vendalaria.  ttat&tt-c'n£ 


Ventotix,  ;Fr)  m. 
Ventnari,  (C<dnnib.)  r. 
Vcnzone,  (AiiKtr.  It.) 
Vera,  (Sp.) 

Vera  Cruz,  (Mex.)  dep. 

Vera  Cruz  Nueva,  (Mex.)  _  ,,     .  .,  ,  __ 

Veragua,  Santiago  de,  (C.  A  )  »dn-tf-d'gd  rff  cc-rd'^^p  a 
Verau",  (N.  It.)  diMr.  «^.r«'7.n 


vdng-tifi/ 
vtn-i^<f-d'r'i 
v^nd-sd'MS 
vt'rd 

vc'rd-kr^ftA' ;  e.  ve'ra 
kruoat 


Vera  Paz,  (C.  A.)  prov. 
Vcrbicaro,  (Napl.) 
Vorcelli,  (N.  II.  j/r.  Vet 

ceil.)  F'ercelltr. 
Vcrdier,  le,  (Fr) 
Verdon,  (Fr)  r. 

Verilu,  (Sp.)  tr'-^vv 

Verdun,  (Fr)     Virodnvvvu     ver-dffhng' 
Verdun  sur  Garonne,  (Fr)      v^r-de^ng'  aSr  gd-rOn' 


ve-rd'no 
re'rd  park 
ter-b'i-kd'ro 
v^r-ckel'li^  C£r-5£/y' 

/^  vtr-di-i' 

ver-dOii^' 

vrr-dg^' 


Verdunois,  (Fr)  old  div. 
Vergada,  (Dalni.)  isl. 
Vergara,  (Sp.) 
Verin,  (Sp.) 
Vcrjica,  (Ualin.) 
Verniandois,  (Fr.)  old  div. 
Vernianttm,  (Fr) 
Vennejo,  (PI.  Conf.)  r. 
Vernielho,  (Braz.)  r. 
Verneuil,  (Fr) 
Vernon,  (F r) 
Verocze,  (Slav.  ;  g.  Wero-  J 

wiiz.) 
Veroii,  (Pont.  St.) 
Verolongo,  (Pied.) 
Vcnuia,  (.-Vusir  It.) 
Vcrnia,  (Sard.) 
Verruchio,  (Pont.  St.) 
Verrucolo,  (Tusc.) 

Versailles,  (Fr)  j 

Vcrriccz,  Werschitz,  (H.) 
Versoix,  (Swiiz.) 
Vertufi,  le:;,  (Fr) 
Verviers,  (Helg.) 
Vervins,  (Fr) 

\'erzuolo,  fSard.l 
Vesuvius,  (II.  J  iL  Vesu-     i 
vio,)  mt.  I 

Vcsoul,  (Fr) 
Verfzpreni,  or  Wespreni,     ) 

(".)  1 

Vetera,  (Pont.  St.)  r. 
Veume.     See  Furnes. 
Vevnv,  (Switz.;  g.  Vivis.) 
Vezeiay,  (Fr) 
Viadana,  (Anstr.  It.) 
Via  Mala,  (Switz.)  drfde. 
Viana  fPort.) 
Viana  do  Minlio,  (Port.) 
Vrafia,  (Sp.) 
Viarcg^i..,  (C.  It.) 
Viaro,  (III.)  kaven. 
Viatka,  (R.)  gor. 
Viborg.     See  VViIwrg. 
Vic,  (Fr) 

Vic  en  Bigorre,  (Fr) 
Vic  snr  Air^ne,  (Fr) 
Vic  leCnnite,  (Fr) 
Vicarello,  (C.  It.)     Vicns     ) 

Aarrlii.  \ 

Vicari,  (Sic) 
Vicente,  San,  (C.  A.) 
Vicenza,  (Aujitr  It)     Vi-    ) 

eentia.  \ 

Vich,  or  Vique,  (Sp.)   .^n-  i 

fioiia,  Vieus.  \ 

Vichada,  (N.  Gran.)r. 
Vicliy,  (Fr)     .a<rtia:  Calida. 
Vico,  (Napl.) 
Virfiv.iro,  (It.)     yaria. 
Vida-oa,  (Sp.) 


V£r'd(t-nO-d' 
vtr-gd'd'd 
vsr-gd'T'd 
Vfrin' 

ver-li'kd      ^ 

rsr-mdng-dS'd' 

vrr-mdng  tOng^ 

rer-me'cho 

T(r-mtl'yQQ 

rer-m&ly' 

v^r-ndHg' 

Vf-r^h-CfS 

T£'rC~l'i 

V£-ro-lon'go 

V£-rO'Rd 

ii£r-rfp'a 

rer-r^fj' k'i-o 

v^r-r<ig'ku-lo 

f  f  r-.«a-t',  v^r-s'ahy  ;  e. 

vcr-saiW 
Vir-skfta 

ver-sb-d' 

levfr-tk' 

ver-v'i-e' 

ver-vdng' 

vert-a^^-O'to 

ve-an^'ti'O 

v'^siji/ 

ves-prehm 

ve-tu'rd 

vettr'ti^ 

v'g-vSf 

v6ze-la' 

vi-d-dd'na 

T'i-d-md'ld 

v'i-d'nd 

v'i-d'tid  d^Q  m'in'yo^ 

v'i-dn'i  U 

v'j-a  rit'go 

Vi-d'ro 

x'i-dt'kd 

v't'bQrg 

tfk 

vik  dng  b't'ffSre 

t'ik  siir  Bne 

v'ik  le  kOngt 

vi-kd~rel'lo 

fi'kd-ri 

sdn  vi-Vint't^ 

v'i-chrnd'  sd 

v'iky  vVke 

Ti'Chd'dd 

v'i-shi' 

v'i'ko 

v'i-l.G-v'd'ro 

vi-dU'^a-U 


vHe;  &  short,  bSt.      Fr  ^  long,  mi  short,  nearly  as  in  apur.  —  dy,  ly^  ni/,  liquid.— .4«'V«'"- —^>  «*»  guttural;  ^  as  «  in  pifa«tre.  —  r  final,  Fr.  rr,— 5,  between  v  and  /. 


1S73 


PRONUNCIATION  OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Vidigueimt  (Port.) 
Vieille-Vigne,  (Fr.) 
Vieille  Rrioude,  (Pr.) 
Viejft  Guay&na,  (C«>lomb.) 

kavtn. 
Vienna,  (.\u»lr. ;  g.W'wa.) 

Vindobona. 
Vienne,  (Fr.)  r.     Fiftma. 
Viennp,  (Fr.)     FuMnm. 
Vicnne,  llaiile,  (Fr.)  Jrf. 
Vierlan.le,  (N.  0«nn.)         j 

smalt  tfrrttori/.  J 

Viersen,  (Pr.) 
Vierstin,  or  Vierron,  (Fr.) 
VierK*alds(idtenra«,  { 

(Swilx.)  Uke.  \ 

Viwti,  (Napl.)    jlfausOl. 
Vietri,  (Nnpl.) 
Viestice,  (II.)  from. 

Vitui  Conde,  (Fr.) 
Vigin,  k,  (Fr.) 
V.|!e..M,  (Fr.) 
Vigevana,  (Sard.)  prmc 

Vignein:ile,  (Fr.)  m. 
Vino,  (Sp.)     yico  ^aevntm. 
\tgnar,  (N.  II.) 
Viguera,  (Sp.) 

Vihiers{F'r.) 
Vilasoi,  (tl.) 
VlUine,  (Fr.)  r.     Utrits, 

Vilcabaniha,  Yucay,  or 

UililabaniKa,  (Ppni,)  r. 
Vilcannla,  (Pont,)  aiL 
Vilcomayo,  (S.  A.)  r. 

Vilia,  (R.  P.J.)  r. 

Villi,  or  Sant.i  .^larta,  del 

Prinripe,  («'uba.) 
Villa  Boin,  (P"n.) 
Villa  Cana«,  (So) 
Villa  Carillo,  (Siu) 
Vlllaraslin,  (S^) 
Villach,  (.\iiMr.) 
Villa  (-'idr...  (Sard.) 
Villarta.  (Sp.) 
Villa  da  Carhoelra  de  Pa- 

ragita^ti,  (Braa.) 
Villa  d:i  Prinma,  da  Bei- 

ra,  (Brai.) 
Villadares  (Sp.) 
Villa  do  Cainl'iene^,  'J'llile.)  ril'fli  <{  ka^^kt'ncs 


Villanova  da  Rninha,  (Purt.)  nit'ld  nB'vil  da  ra-in'jfS 


eY-f«' 
vt-en' 
tte  vl-tn' 

flkr'Ux'dt 

fikr'zrK 
vt{T-litMg'(ll>ng') 

fVa'viait-iUi'tir-Jt' 

Vl-t'tri 
vi-t'-ll'cki 

le  vt'^'dHg' 

ri-gf^e/ 
tid-gi'vd-H* 

rittii-mdU* 

ffl-fi'mt 
v%-rl'rll 

Tl Id- fish 
v'i-i&na' 

TllkU-Mm'bd 

rll-td'i'ld 

r'tl-kO-md'if» 

rriTd 

ril'fd,  sdit'td  mU-rl'd,  d{l 

frju'lk^n 
Til'ld  ke-i't' 
vii'vfi  ka'ndt 
Ttt'yd  ka  rtl'm 
ril'iid  kdj-aif 
rfl'dfk 
vV'Idekt'irt 
lll-fdfdd  _ 

vtl'ld  da  kd-im^-m  df 

rdrd  gv^d-tv' 
vll'ld  da  frlnti'id,  dd 

M']  r« 
rll^'ada'rss 


Villanova  da  Rainha, 

(Bra/.,  or  Cahete,) 
Villa  Nova  de  Cerveira, 

(Port.) 
Villa  Nova  de  Oliven^a, 

(Rraz.) 
Villa  Nova  de  Pottiniio, 

(Port.) 
Villanova  do  Principe, 

(BraE.) 
Villa  Nueva  de  Alcolea, 

(Sp.) 


vll'ld  xO'vd  dd  rdln'yd 

vtl'ld  Hi'vd  dt  »£i--t!a'i-ra 
v'it'ld  nO'vd  d{  ^ti-ving'- 

ad 
vll'ld  aS'ra  dt  pir-l1- 

md'^lfng 
v'U'ld  nO'vd  dc?  prtn's'i- 

Pi        ^ 
vfl'yd  R^v-<'t^^  ^  dl-kO- 

li'd 


(Fr.) 


Villa  Nueva  de  Gomez,  (Sp.)  vtVyd  nQ<i-t'vd  dj  gi'tnv 


Villa  Nueva  del  PardiUo, 


(Sp.) 
Villa  r" 


Villa  de  Til rico,  (Chile  ) 
Villa  de  L«on,  (Mei.) 
Villa  del  Fuerte,  (Me».) 
Villa  del  Principe,  (Cub*  ) 

Villa  del  Rev,  (Sp.) 
Villa  de  Sahara,  (Rrar.) 
Villa  de  San  Feli[ie  y  San- 

lia!^),  (Mex.) 
Villadiei".  (Sp.) 
Villa  do  Bi>in  Sucreaso, 

(Brar.  ) 
Villa  do  fonde,  (Pott.) 
Villa  do  Forte.    Sit  Furta- 

leza. 
Villa  do  Principe,  nott 

calUdSem,  (Braz.) 
Villafiinies,  (Sp.) 
Villa  Feliche,  (Sp.) 
Villafelia,  (Sp.) 
Villa-Flor,  (Port.) 
Villafmnca.  (Sp.) 
Vitlarranca  do  la  Marisina, 

fSp-) 

Vilurranca  de  lax  Abaju, 

(Sp-) 
VilLifranca  de  loe  Barros, 

(Sp) 
Villatranca  de  Panades, 

(Sp.) 
Villafrancade  Xils,(Pi>lt.; 

Villafranca  dl  Pienionle, 

(Sard.) 
Villarreclim,  (Sp.) 
Villafruela,  (Sp.| 
Villaearcia,  (S{».> 
Villahamiasa,  (Me>.) 
Villahoz,  (Sp.) 
Villajoyoea,  (Spk) 
Villalar,  (Sp.) 
Villa  Imperiale  del  Oiro 

Prelo,  (Brar.) 

Villalha  del  Acor  (Sp.) 
Villalnn,  (Sp.> 
VilMpando,  (Sp.) 
VillamaSan,  (Sp.) 
Villamartin,  (Sp.) 


rW'ird  di  k^^ri'ko 
vtl'tfd  di  If -dm' 

rtl'fd  dtl  fffir-tt 
ril'fd  dtl  i>rn'lklft 

vlffd  i/jj  ri^' 

ril'id  dl  tdbHrW 
)    vtl'fd  1*5  'dn  fl-tl'n  < 
\       sait  ft-a'fm 

v'il' Tfd-dt-i*  go 

iv'iVla  rffff  Mii^  owg-*C**- 

rWld  </(-(  kSog'de 
\    viVli  dfq  fCr'tt 

I    rtl'ld  df-Q  frin'tlft 

rtl  yd-fd'mfi 

rit'yil  fc  ft'cflf 

tit-'  d-ft  Its' 

V'll  lajlhrt' 

vil'ifd/rdm'kd 

Til'ydfrdH'ka  di  td  md- 

ris'md 
vil'fdfrdM'kd  dl  tiU  d- 

ki^'ekda 
vll'^d/rdm'kd  dt  lit  idr' 

Til 
v'tl'ifd-frdn'kd  dt  pd-md- 

dis" 
viVldfirOat'kd  di  tki'rd 

rlt'la/rdn'kddi  pi-t- 

mSti'ti 
vil'ydfrr'chRM 
vil'fd'fr^  I'td 
Til' fd-gdr  tkf'd 
vtl'yd  fr-M0'*tf 
Til'iia-k&tk  ^— V 
Tit'ifd  fko  d~'i-6'fd 
vil'^fl  lahr* 
rtl'iii  tm-pl-r'i-d'lt  drl 

fl-l'rpo  pre'trif 
vil-ydl'bii  drl  d-kSrt' 
rtliid-lSn' 
Til-ydl-piiii'do 
r  !/-i)a- '»drt -woji' 
ri/-i.'a-mar.fiR' 


Nue\*n  de  Ban  Juse, 

(Guat.) 
Vitlanuova  de  Mondovi, 

(It.) 
Villar,  (Sp.) 
Villa.Real,  (Sp.) 
Villa  Real,  or  Concepcion 

( Parau.  8.  A  ) 
Villa  Real  deCuyaha,(Brai.)  riCfa  rt-dl'  is  k^f-ydrtd' 

vV'la  rt-aC  dt  oO^QHg 


vtl'yd  a^t'ed  djlyar- 

dil'yo    „ 
v'il'yd  n^^t'vd  df  adn 

rY/'/d.i*9^'oa  dt  m5«- 

dO'rt 
rW-jakr' 
vtl'ydrr-^' 

v'il'yd  rt-dl' 


Vilre,  (Fr.) 
Vilr>'  le  Fran^ais,  or 
Vitry  8«r  Marne, 
Vitloria,  (Sic.) 
Vivara^  (Kapl.)  ;>/. 
Vivarais,  (Fr.)  old  distr. 
Vivero,  (Sp.) 
VIviH.     See  Vevay. 
Viviori*,  (Fr.) 
Vixcaya,  (Sp.)  proff. 
Vlaardiiigen,  (.\etll.) 
Vladimir,  (U.)  guv. 
Vlieland,  (Nelh.)  '4. 
Viissinpeti.     See  riusliing. 
Vogelsberp,  (Germ.)  in. 


de) 


Villa  Real  de  Sao  Antao 
Aranilha,  (Port.) 

Villarcjo  de  la  PeSuela,       ) 

(Sp.)  i 

Villarea  de  la  Reyna,  (Sp.) 
Villargrordo,  (S|i.) 
Villa  Rica,  (Dmz.) 


dng'td' Qi^ng  dt  d-rd- 
nil'yd 
v'il-y'd-ri'fM  dt  Id  pta- 

y(>(i-s''<i  ^ 

t>il-.»d'r£.»  de  Id  i-t'K-na 
v'it'Vdr-ffOr'do 
vil'id  rl'kd 
T'it'ya-rt'kd  dl  Id  Jtflit- 

Uitp-tht-in' 
Tit-Id  rin'yd  dd  kda-tdn- 

ydUrd  ^ 

v'ii-ld-r'iH'yd  dt  ad'^ng 

rH-md'^ng 
TV-yd-r^'bl-disB-kdn'i/ll 
rfllyda'kat 

Vtl'ld  vtl'yd  dl  rd-dd'i^Qng 
vtl'ld  rtr'dl  d^sfrdng'- 

et7'j(a.r».(AY-«'»a 
Til'tld-vt-thi-6'jid  dl  tf- 

dln' 
riI7a-rY-»8'.«a 
vtl'yU-ti-t'lhd 
eY/e-irt  A'  It  pS-eW 
r'l7e-/flr«' 

vtlt-frdngsk'  dif  rt^Q'trg' 

vtl-yl'Hd 

vtle-tid^ 

vih-nAf  dd-gdmg' 

Tile  nSf  dUg'-nS^d' 

vtl-'nA/U  rfk' 

Id  rt  Irt' 

fil'liitff-hoit'zen 

Ttl-yS'rt-d 

ril-miln-gtrdnd^ 


Villarica  de  laConcepcion,  j 

(Para)!.)  I 

Villarinha  da  Castanheira,  j 

(Port.)  i 

Villarinha  de  Sio  Roman,  I 

(Port.)  1 

Villanibia  de  OraHa,  (Sp.) 
Villatobas,  (Sp.) 
Villa  Veiha  de  Rodio,        j 

I  Port.)  I 

Villa  Verde  doe  Francos,     j 

(Port.)  i 

Villaviciosa,  (Sp.) 

Villaviciosa  de  Odon,  (Sp.)  j 

Villa- Vi^rwi,  (Port.) 
Villa- Vieja,  (C.  A.) 
Villedieii  lesPiwIen,  (Ft.) 
Villelhrt,    Fr.) 
Villefranche  de  Rouergiie,   | 

(Fr.)  ! 

Villena,  (Sp.) 
Villeneiive,  (Swids. ;  g.      I 

Ncustadt.)  j 

Villoneuve  d*Agen,  (Fr.) 
Villeneuve  d'Acenois,  (Fr.) 
Villenein-e  le  Roi,  (Fr.) 
Villetle,  la.  (Fr.) 
Villincliau'CTi,  (Pr.) 
Villoria,  (Sp  ) 
Viliiianpirand,  (Finl.  ^  /.      j 

Lapperandnr)  * 

Vilna,  or  Wilna,  (R.  Pol.) 

goc. 
Vilvoordcn,  (Belg.  ;/r.Vil- 

vorde.) 
Vimcrratc.  (.\uslr.  It.)  Ki- 

CH.«  Marlins 
Viinleira,  (Port.) 
Viinioso.  (Port.) 
Vimonliers,  (Fr.). 
Vinaroz,  (Sp.) 
Vin<;a,  (Fr.) 
Vincennesi,  (Fr.) 
Vincesa,  (Sji.)     Fixontiutn. 
Vinci,  '/Tnsc.) 
Vinhae!*,  (Port.) 
Vinliiiiietia,  or  Veiitiini- 

Itlia,  (Sard.)    AlHwnln- 

ttmtliHtn. 
Vique.     Sf«  Vich. 
Vire,  (Fr.)  r.     firia. 
Virgala  Mayor,  (Sp.) 
Vi»eii,(PorI.) 

Visnyo,  (II ) 

Vino,  Mnnte,  (.Mi>«,)  enniinit.  iitdn'teri'.-'o 

Viso  del  AlciT,  (Sp.) 

Vissegrid,  (II.  j  g.  Plinten 

burj! ) 
Vistula,  (Eiir. ;  pd.  Wis- 

la :  ^.  Weichsel,)  r. 
Viler1>",  (C.  IL)    Fjiium 

VoltuiHnie. 
Vilo,  San,  (Auslr.  It) 
Vitoria,  (Sp.) 


vil'nd 

vil'vur'den,  vil-tGrd' 

vt-mer-kd'tt 

rlt-mt  Pt-rd 

vt-vii-5'ty^ 

vt-fHSng-fi-i' 

vt-nd-rSlh' l^rBa') 

ving-oW 

rdHg-^tn' 

vtn-Oil'sd 

Tin'tli'l 

vtn~yU'is 

vtn(^riit)~ti-mtl't/d 

rt'ke 

vtre 

vtr-gd'ld  mU-ydre^ 

vtst'l^^ 

Ttsh-nt-S 


Ti'sO  del  dl-kSre' 
vt-shl'grdhd 

vts'tQ^ld 

vt-ttr'bo 

*an  vt'to 
vt-tS'ri-i 


vt-trl' 

vt-tri'  III  frdng-ti' 

vi-tri'  sHr  mdrn 

tiil-l«'r(-a 

uY-ra'ra 

rY-rd-ra' 

eY-c{'ro 

ft-ff 

vi-c'i-s' 

Vith  kd'yd 

vidfir'diH"gin 

vid  di-mir' 

vit'iiind 

fO' gels-berg' 


Vogesengrbirge.    See  VoBges.  vo-^r^'zin-gi^'bir'ffS 


Voghera,  (N.  II.) 
Vuigtlaiiil,  (:?ax.)  old  div, 

Voiron,  (Fr.) 
Volcan  de  Agtia,  (C.  A.) 
Volcan  de  Fiieco,  (C.  A.) 
Volcan  do  los  Gigaiite3,(S. 

A.)  vo!e. 
Volga,  (R.)r.    See  Wo  I  ga. 

Rha. 
Volhyiiin,  (R. ;  poL  Wo- 

lynsk,)  ifoa. 
Volnay,  (Fr.) 

Voli  gnes,  (Fr.) 

V.herra,  (C.  It.)     VeliirtB, 

V.iliiiriio,  (Napl.)  r.     Vui- 

turiius. 
Vnlvir,  (Fr.) 

Vorarllierp,  (Austr.)  distr. 
Vcir'spaiak,  (Trans.) 
Voscps,  les,  {Fait.  ;  g.  Vo- 

peseiigehirge,)  mts.    Voa- 

gesus  Mons. 
Vonga,  ((\in.) 
Vmihc,  la,  (Fr.)     Vtilta. 
VricMlaiul.     See  Frieslaiid. 
Viicsin,  (11.1 
Vukovir,  (H.) 


tO-g^'rd 
fohgt'liindt 
rO-'drUng'  ^^ 

vdlkdH'  di  d'g(}ff'd 
vGl-kdn'  de  A^Q-i'go 
vOl-kiift'  di  /O*  clti-giin'' 

vfiVg'd 

voUhyn'e-a 
vOl-nd' 

vSUp-'rU 

vol-tiji}*'' no 

fOre'drVbirff 
v^-r^.-ih'i)'dtdk 

It  V0g9 

vs'gd 

Id  vqqU 

vfis'ldnd 


w. 


v'dhdt 

vdlidl'ldnd 


Waapt.     See  Vaiid. 
Waadland.    See  Pays  de 

Viuid. 
Waas;,  (H.)r. 
VVa,il,  or  \V«pI,  (Xeth.)  r. 
\V;ialw)k,(\e!h.) 
Waal/.pri.     See  VVaitzen. 
Wachcnlieiin.  (Hav.) 
Wnrken,  f  Belg.) 
VVadowire,  (AuKtr.  Pol.) 
Wadi  Ash.     Sec  (Jiiadix. 
Wadstrna.     See  Vadsteua, 
VVadsoe,  (\orw.) 
Wael.     See  Waal. 
Wacretiheni,  (Belp.) 
Waerscli.xtf,  (Nclli.) 
Waps,  (Belg.)  distr. 
Wa^eningen,  (Nrlh.) 
Waghausel,  (Bad.) 
Wacram,  (Aiisir.) 
Wagrowiec,  (Pr.  Pol.) 
Wagsiadt.  (Auslr.) 
WahUladt.  (Pr.) 
Wahring,  (Aiis'tr.) 
Wathlingen,  ?  Wilrt.  ;  for- 

merhj  Wihelingen.) 
Waidhcifen,  (Ausir.) 
Waiizen,  o'- Waatzcn, 

(H. ;  h.  \&v7.) 
Walacliia,  or  Wallarhia, 

(E.  Eiir. ;  turk.  lflak;/r. 

Valacliie  ;  g  Wallachei. 
Walrheren,  (.N'eili.)  tJiL 
Walcoiirt,  (Belg.) 
Wald,  (Pwtlz.) 
Waldai,  (U.) 
Waldcck,  (Germ.)  pnn, 
Waldeck-Pyrmuiit,  j 

(Germ.)  phtu  j 

Waldenbury,  (Germ.) 
Waldlieim.(Sax.) 
Waid-ee,  (Wiirt.) 
Waid.-iatter  See,  or  Lake    i 

Lucerne.  ' 

Waldiirn,  (Bad  ) 
Walincourt,  (Fr.) 
Wallachei.     See  Walacliia. 
Wallachia.     See  Walachia, 
Waldfirf.  (Pax.) 

Wallendorf,  (H. ;  h.  Olaszi.)  vdVUn-dorf 
Wallenstadt,  (Hwitz.)  vdl'len  sfddt' 

WalIerstcin,(Bav.)  viU'Urstlne' 


vdhg 

vahl 

vdhl'vVce 

Vdht'a^a 

vdrk'  hi~h\m^ 

vak'kin 

vd-d5-vii'si 

va'di'dth 

vdd-at^'n'd 

vdds-ek 

vdfil 

vd're-gem 

rdltrn'rhOte 

va/u 

vd'ge-nin"ffin 

vdS'koi-zel 

vixgrdm 

vOng-grO'vy^ts 

rd^'stddt 

vdld'titddt 

vd'ring 

vWlin"gin 

vUntO-fen 

vlt'sin 

vBal-la'ke-a 

vnV  rhr^-ren, 
riil-ki^i^r' 
taldt  !_ 
val-d'd'i 
vai'dik 

rdl'  dek-pir'mont 

va!'dhi-bni}r§^ 
vald'ktmc 
vd.'d'i£ 
vdld'sti't-ter-ze' 

vdl'dUrti 

c'd  Idng-koqr* 

vdl-ldck-l' 

wahla'ke-a 

vdi'dorf 


nte,fdr,/ttU,  K*^,  bdt.  —  Meu,  prry,  kiJp,  there,  htr.  —  Pine,  narine,  bXrdy  fig.  —  XUte,  dSve,  vuSte,  wqI/,  bfi^k,  lord.  —  TUne,  bull,  ttniU.—oiy  boy;  ou,  house,  — Fr.  ft  long, 


PRONUNCIATION   OF  MODERN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES. 


Wallis,  (Switz, ;  jr.  ValaU.) 
Wailstadt,  (Bav.) 
WaUrode,  (Han.) 
Waltersdurf,  (Germ.) 
VVandre,  (Uelg.) 
Wandsbek,  (Denm.) 


Wanparoa,  (Austral,)  bay. 
VVarasdin,  (H. ;  A.  Vfirasd.) 
VVarberg,  (sw.) 


Warburg,  (Pr.) 
Wardeiii,  (jtusa 


See 


Grosz  VVardein. 
W'arriein,  Klein,  (H. ;  A. 

Kis  V'aracl.) 
Wardoe,  (Norw.) 
Wardoeiiiius,  (Norw.) 
VVarendorf,  (Pr.) 
Warmbnmn,  (Pr.  Sil.) 
Wiuneinuiido,  (N.  Germ.) 
Warnelon,  (Belfi.) 
Waruwiiz.     See  Ven'tcze. 
Warsaw,  (Pol.;  p.  War 

szawa ;  j^.  Warschau; 

fr.  Var.-iovie.) 
Warstein,  (Pr.) 
Waria,  ot  VV'artha,  (Pol.)  r. 
Wartenburs,  (Pr.) 
VVaspau.    See  Vosges. 
Wasselonnc,  (Fr.) 
Waswrbnrg,  (Bav.) 
Wa^ssigny,  (Fr.) 
Wasrtilt  0>tro\v,  {part  of     \ 

Petersburg.)  j 

Walerland,~(Neth.)  dtstr. 
Waterloo,  (Belg.) 
Waitignie-a,  (Fr.) 
Walirelos,  ^Fr.) 
Wavre.  (Belg.) 
Wawre,  (Pol.) 
W'axholin.    Set  Vaxholin. 
Wazeranies,  (Fr.) 
Wedilingen,  (Pr.) 
Wedel,  (Oenm.) 
\Vedneaibiir)',or  Wodens-    J 

Imry,  (Kng.)  J 

Weerdt,  or  Weert,  (Nelh.) 
Weerelo,  (Netli.) 
Weert.     See  Weerdt. 
Weggis,  (Switz.) 
W^grow,  (Pol.) 
Wchlau,  or  Welaii,  (Pr.) 
Wchran,  (Pr.) 
Weichsel.     See  Vistula. 
VWichselburg,  or  Weixel-   j 

burg,  (Austr.)  ] 

AVeicli8eluii5nde,  (Pr.) 
Weiden,  (Bav.) 
Weidlingpii,  (Austr.) 
Weikerslieiin,  (Wfirt.) 
Wfil,  dieStadt,  (WSrt) 
Weile,  or  Veile,  (Denm.) 
Weile-Fjord,  (Uenm.)  inleL 
Weilbacli,  (Germ.) 
Weilheun  an  der  Teck,       I 

(Wurt.)  ! 

V\eiinar,  (C.  Germ.) 
Weinheim,  (Bad.) 
Weinsberg,  (WurL) 
Wei[>ert,  or  Weypert,  (Boh.) 
Weiti/.enburg,  (Bav.) 
Weiitzeiiburg,  i^tuhl,  (H.  j 

A.  Fejervir,  Szekes.) 
Wei(«7.eiibiirg,Ober,(H.;  A.  j 

Fejer  Virmegj'e,  Felsfi.)  \ 
^VeJHzenburg,  Unter,  (H. :  i 

h.  FejerV4rmeg}'e,Awo.)  \ 
Weiszenfel^,  (Pr.) 
Weiszenstein,  (IL) 
Weiszeiikirchen,  (11. ;  h. 

Ft'jertemplom.) 
Wei>zwa.--8er,  or  Neu-P6- 

zig,  (Boh. ;  b.  Biela.) 
U'eixolburg.     See  Welch- 

selburg. 
Welau.     See  Welilau. 
Weliki  Lukt,  (R.) 
Weljamiiiow,  (R.) 
WeN,  (AuBtr.) 
Welten,  (Neth.) 
Wendel,  St.,  (Pr.) 
Wenden.     See  Venden. 
Wener,  (Pw.)  lake. 
Werrhni  Udinsk,  (R.) 
Werohoturie,  (R.) 
Werchuralsk,  {K.) 
Wcrdau,  (Sax.) 
Werden,  (Pr.) 
Weri,  (Pr.) 
Weruigerode,  (Pr.) 
Wernitz,  (Bav.)  r. 
Wentwiiz.     See  Vorficze. 
Werschitz,  \ 
Wersecz, 


vdl'lis 

rdl'btddt 

v'dWrQ'ds 

vdl'tt-rs-dorf 

vdug'dre' 

v'ands'bike 

vdH-ga-rO'U 

vd-rd-s/t'd'tn 

vdr'berff 

vdr'b<}^rg 

ffrOd  vdr-illne' 

JUlM«  vHr-dine' 
vdr'd^ 

Tdr'd^-kQQs' 

va'ren-dorf' 

vdTin'In-Qijn' 

vdr'ne-m^a'de 

vdr-n'gtong' 

vd'ru-vits 


■  See  Versecz. 


var'satp,  vHrshii'vdy  vUr^- 

shuu 

vdr'stine 
vdr'td 

riir'teii'bQfyrg' 
rds'aou 
Vd.^--t5a' 
vds'ser-bQnrg^' 
tds-s'tn-y'i'  ■«. 

vds-sVti  O'strof 

vd'ttr-ldnd' 

vd'ter-tS' ;  e.  wa'ter-loo' 

v'dt-i'in^'i' 

vdtr-tO' 

Vttvr 

vtm're 

viiks'Aolut 

vd-iem' 

Ted'din"gen 

vS'dH 

irenz'ba-rtf^  vulgarly 

tcetfffe'  bu-ry 
vikrdt 
vi're-lu' 
vHrdt 

Vi'lou 
vt'rou 
vlk'til 

vH-'zrl-bf}<}rg' 

vlk'ift-mdn'ds 

vJ'drn 

v1d'lin"gen 

vVkers-hlme' 

di  studt  vile 

vVls 

vJ'le'fi/Hre' 

vUe'bdcfi 

vlle'hlme  dn  der  tek 

vl'mdr 
tine'bJme 

vlns'bhr^ 

vVptrl 

vts'sin-bQ^rg' 

sti^l  vln' seH-b^(}rg' 

O'ber  vls'sht-bQfjrg' 

Qfjn'ttr  vla'stn-bQqrg' 
vis'  sin-feU 
tie*  a^H-sllne' 

vXa'nen-kir'  Shen 

vls'v'ds'ser 

vJk'ifl-bQ^rg' 

z^'lon 

Tt-li'ki  Iq^'ki 

vsl-yd-m't'nof 

veU 

vil'ten 

z'dnkt  ven'det 

vht'den 

vi'ner 

VirSh'n'i  i}<}-dintk' 

vrr-f-hQ-tQ^r'ye 

verdh-qq-rtildt' 

ver'dou 

vir'dat 

vM 

v^r'ni-ffS-rO'de 

vtr'nitu 

Vi'rO-viU 

vir'ehitt 


Werthcim,  (Bad.) 
Wesel,  (Pr.) 

Weser,  (Germ.)  r.    Vigurgis. 
Wesprini.    Sm  Vesz|)r6ni. 
Wesicraaieu,  (Norw.)  isls. 
Westerns,  (Sw.) 
Weslfjord,  (Norw.)  gulf. 
Westerloo,  (Belg.) 
Wester- Norrland.    See        \ 

HemLisand.  { 

Westcrvik,  (Sw.) 
Westerwald,  (Germ.)  mL  ch. 
West-Kapeileu,  (Belg.) 
Weslhiga,  (R.) 
Wesiphalou,  w  )  (Germ.)    ( 
Westphalia,        t     prov,      \ 
Weteren,  (Belg.) 
Wetter,  (Sw.)  lake. 
Weiierhorn,  (Switz.)  m. 
Wetzlar,  (Pr.) 
Weypert.    See  Welpert. 
Wexi6,  (Svv.) 
Wczep,  (Neth.) 
Wibelingen.  See  Waiblingen. 
Wiborg,  or  Viborg,  (Deiiin.) 
Wiborg,  or  Wy Ijorg,  ( Pinl. ;  \ 

f  Wdpuri.)        ~  i 

Wiczemilo%v.     See  Nimburg. 
Widawa,  (Pol.) 
Widdin,  (Turk.) 
Wieliczka,  (Austr.  Pol.) 
Wielun,  (Pol.) 
Wien.     See  Vienna. 
Wiener-Neustadt,  (Austr.) 
VViencrwald.    See  Kahlen-  ) 

gebirge.  j 

Wieprz,  (Pol.)  r. 
Wierlngen,  (Neth.) 
Wieruszew,  (Pol.) 
WiesbachUom,  (Genn.)  mt. 
Wiesbaden,  (Germ.) 
Wieselburg,  (IJ. ;  RIosony.) 
Wiesen,  (Germ.)  r. 
Wieslnch,  (Bad.) 
Wiflisburg.     See  Avenches. 
Wildbad,  (Wart.) 
Wildbad-Gastein.     Su        \ 

Gastein.  \ 

Wildhaus,  (Switz.) 
Wildspitzierner,  (Tyrol,)  mt. 
Wilduugen,  (Germ.) 
Wilensk,  or  Wilno, 
Wilhelmsbiirg,  (Germ.) 
Wilhelmsholie,  (Messe.) 
Wilkomirz,  (R.) 
Wilkowys/.ki,  (Pol.) 
Willanow,  (Pol.) 
Willebroek,  (Neth.) 
Wilmanstrand,  (Finl. ;  /.    > 

Lapperauda.)  \ 

Wihia.     See  Vilna. 
Wiluo.     See  Wilensk. 
Wiinpfen,  (Hesse  ) 
Wiiidala,  (Sw.)  lake. 
Wiiidisch,  (Switz.)     Vin-    ) 

doni-isa.  ) 

Windisch  Gratz,  (Austr.) 
Windisch  Matrey,  (Tyrol.) 
Winendael,  (NetJi.) 
Winkowa,  (R.) 
Wiuncnden,  (Wilrt.) 
Wiiischoten,  (Neth.) 
Wiuterbcrg,  (Boh.) 
VViuterswyk,  (Neth.) 
Wintertliur,  (^Switz.) 
Wipper,  or  VV  ilpper,  j 

fGcrin.)r.  S 

Wirtcuilrerg.  See  Wurtcm-  J 

berg.  j 

Wisby,  (Sw.) 
Wischeffljrod,  (R.) 
Wisla.    See  Vistula. 
Wislica,  (Pol.) 
Wismar,  (N.  Germ.) 
Wisniowiec,  (Pol.) 
Wiiisegrad,  (Turk.) 
Wissembourg,  (Fr.) 
Wisznirz,  (Gal.) 
Witebsk,  (R.) 
Witkowo,  (Pr.  Pol.) 
Witmarauni,  (Neth.) 

Wittenberg,  (Pr.) 

Wittenweiher,  (Bad.) 
Willingau.  (^Boh.) 

WittstcM-k,  (Vr.) 

Wladimir,  (R.) 

Wiadislawow,  (Pol. ;  for- 
merly Nove-Mia8to  j  g. 
Rosterschiilz.) 

Wlociawek,  (Pol.) 

Wif>dawa,  (Pol.) 

WJodzirnierz, 


rrArt'AIwie 
vVaH 
vi'ier 
r^^  prim 
ves'ter-O'lfn 
ves't^-rOie' 
V  est' f yore 
ves'ter-ta' 

vea'trr-iiqr'Vdnd 

ves'tvrvike' 

vifa'ti-r-vcddt' 

vest' kd-pH' leu 

vrst-lQii'  s'd 

vtst-fd'ten 

wrst'pka'U'a 

vi'tera 

vH'ter 

vet'  ter-kom' 

vttu'ldr 

vl'pert 

vek'sh^ 

vt-iepy  commonly  v^tsp 

vi'bt-lin"  gen 

v'i'bqrg 

v'i'bqrg 

w'it'Sht'mt-lQO 
vt-ddvd 

v'id-dine 

vye-litsh'hii 

vye'ltj^ 

vine 

vt'ner-noi'stddt 

v'i'ner-vdldV 

ryeprsh 

vt'rin"gen 

vye-r(^f)' shef 

vis'bdch-horn' 

v'ts'bd-dhi 

vi'zH-bQQr0' 

v't'ien 

V'is'lOck 

v'if'lis-bq()rg' 

vild'bdd 

rild'b  dd-gds  'tine 

vild'hous 

vild'spits-fer'n  er 

vil'd^Qn"gin 

v'i'Unsk 

viVhHms-hQfirg' 

vil'helins-/t<ih'k£ 

v'it'kd'Tn'irsh 

r'il-kO-v'ish'  k'i 

v'il-ld'nqf 

v'it'l^-brQQk 

vil' in'dn-strdnd' 

vil'nd 
v'il'no 
vim'pfen 
v'in-dd'ia 

vin'dish 

vin'dish  grdt.t 

vin'disk  md'trJ 

^i'nen-ddle' 

v'iti-kd'vd 

vin'nen-den 

vitts'chd-ten 

rin'ter-btrg' 

vin'ters-vlke' 

vin'tcr-t^ijr' 

vip'per 

vir'thn-herQ' ;  e.  loir'tcm- 

berg' 
vis'b^ 

vt-tk^'gO-rOd 
Vin'lH 
v-is-tit'sd 
vis'mdr 
v'is-ni-6' vy^ts 
v'i'sks-griid 
v'is-sdng-b<^' 
viifh'  n'iUih 
v'i-tebsk' 
v'it-kO'vo 
vii'mdr-s^m 
vit'ten-berg'  ;  e.  wU'ten- 

berg 
vit'ten-vVher 
vit'tin"gou 
viVstuk 
rld-d'i'in'ir 


vld-dis-ld'vqf 

vlG-tsld'veJt 
vlH-dd'vd 
vl5d-zi' my^rsh 


Wodcuebury.  See  WtsducB- J 
bury.  J 

Wocbbeliu,  (N.  Gcnn.) 

Wohliiu,  (Pr  ) 
V\'olanow,  (Piil.) 
Wolbdrz,  (Pol.) 
WolclK.w,  (R.)  r. 
Wolczyu,  (R.) 
VVohlenberg,  (Pr.) 
WoHeubuiIcI,  (Germ.) 
Wullersdijk,  (Neth.)  iaL 
Wolga.    See  Volga. 
WuIgaHt,  (Pr.) 
Wulkuwyhk,  (R.) 
Wollin,  (Pr.) 
Wolhiiirt'tarit,  (Pr.) 
Wob.gda.  (R.) 
Wt.lukoliniihk,  (R.) 

\Vul.;t--Iiok,  (R.)  r. 
WuUztyn,  (Pr.  Pi.l. ;  g.       ) 
WuUiein.)  ) 

Wi>Iyn!-k.     See  Volhynia. 
Wordiugborg,  (Deitiu.)        > 

Orthuntra.  \ 

Wurgl,  (Tyrol.) 

Workuni.    See  Woudrlchem. 

Wi.rujs,  (W.  Germ.)   Bor-  i 

betomagus,  ffomialia.        \ 
Worui».     See  Bnrmis. 
VVoriiie,  or  Mieduiki,  (R.) 
VVurone>li,  (R.) 
Worringen,  (Pr.)  Burvncum. 
Wurschack,  (Austr.; 
VVoskrescn^k,  ^R.)  fort. 
Wosiiesen^ik,  .R.) 
Woudrichem,  ur  Workum,  ) 

(Neth.)  j 

Woyuicz,  (Cai.) 
WoyiiiJi  w,  (Gal.) 
VVraclHwck,  (Pol.) 
Wresclien,  (Pr.  ;  pol.  i 

Wreszuio.)  ) 

VVrieizeii,  or  Brietzen,  (Pr.) 
Wticliowa      See  Fnuisiadt. 
Wiiien.     See  Filehne. 
Wunpchclburg,  or  Hradek,  ) 

(Pr.)  i 

Wnnt^idcl,  (Pr.) 
VVilpper.    See  Wipper. 
VVupuri.     See  Wiborg. 

Wdrtembcrg,(Genn.)&tit^.  J 


Wurzburg,  (Bav.)  ' 

Wusterliausen,  (Pr.) 
Wiilcgra,  (R.) 
Wijk  by  Duurstede,  (Neth.) 
Wijkel,  (Neih.) 
Wijnberg,  (Cajw  G.  Hope.) 
Wywhni  WoIoI^•chok,  (R.) 
Wyszkow,  (Pol.) 
Wyszogr6d,  (Pol.) 
Wyszynice,  (Pol.) 
Wytikon,  (Switz.) 


vdtib'bctiHe' 

zO'lou 

vO-iu'uQf 

v&t'b^^rsh 

vOl'Lhfff 

vbVdiin 

vqVdeii.bfrg' 

ViiVfrn-Mit'tel 

VQl'fira'dik^ 

vqVgd 

v^VgdMt 

vtjl'kO-visk' 

vql-tine ' 

vgl'Mire-ttUte* 

vO'tlig'dd 

vbldkH-ldmBV 

TdlatshGke' 

vfihh'titt^  vql'Mnt 
v6-iinsk' 
vftr'd}itg-bqrg' 
vArgi 

VQr'kt&im 

vorms ;  e.  vomu 

vomiJi 

vCrn'ye 

vd'rO'nrah 

vqr'rin"geR 

V^r'fikddh 

Vqn-kre-shiJik' 

vbi-Hi-eiubk' 

vou'dr'i-ihim 
vPiniUh 
v6-'i-7i'i'lQf 
%rdta-lafcft$ 

vreah'fHy  vrish'n'i-9 
vr'it'sen 

VHh&'vd 
vfQ'ten 

viin'ehel-bifQri' 

VQQn'ii-dil 

viip'prr 

vfi-p^Q-rt 

vitr' tem-birg' ;  e.  wur'- 

tem-berg' 
verts' bf^f^.rg'  J  e.  vurte'- 

bitrg 
v^<f' sUr-hou' len 
vh'te-grd 
vU-e  hi  dQ^stS-di 
vl'kel 
vine' berg 

vish'ni  vd-ldt-shSk^ 
vtsh'kQof 
v'i-shO' gr^ijd 
v'i-ghi-n'it' ss 
vVfi'kOn 


X. 


Xacua,  or  Jagua,  (S.  A.)  r. 
Xalapa.     See  Jalapa. 
Xalisco,  Jati^cOf  or  Guada- ) 
lnxara,(Mex.Conf.)«tat«.  { 
Xalou,  (Sp.)  r. 
Xamiltepec.  (Mex.) 
Xanten,  (Pr.) 

Xaraiua,  or  Jarama,  (Sp.)  r. 
Xarayes,  (Bot.)  lake, 

Xauxa,  or  Jauja,  (Peru.) 
Xejiiy,  (Parag.)  r. 
Xenil,  or  Genii,  (Sp.)  r. 
Xerez.     S^e  Jerez. 
Xerez,  or  Jerez  de  la  Pron- ) 

tera,  (Sp.)  j 

Xerez  de  los  Caballeros,      > 

(Sp.)  i 

Xerta,  (Sp.) 
Xertigny,  (Fr.) 
Xoxui,  or  Jejuy,  (S.  A.)  r. 
Xiadz,  (Pol.) 
Xiioco,  Jiloco,  (Sp.)  r. 
Xirotlan.     See  Zocotlan. 
Xdon,  Jilon,  (Sp.)r. 
Xiincna.    See  Gimena. 
Xintena  de  ta  Frontera,  (Sp.) 
Xingu,  (Braz.)  r. 
Xochimllco,  (iMex.) 
Xorullo,  Xurullo,  or  Jorul-  j 

lo,  (Mex.)  vole  ) 

Xucar,  Jucar,  (Sp.)  r. 


ekd'g^Q-'d 
fhd-ta'pd 

ahd-tis'kc 

ekdlOn' 

fhd-mil-te-pek' 

ksdn't^ 

chd-rd'md 

chii-rd'yes 

cha'<}<j-chd 
cbi-ch^Q'i 
f  he-nit' 
che-r§tA' 

chs-reth'  dt  Id  frSn-ts'rd 

eker^th'  di  iCa  kd-bdl-yt'- 

rSa 
cker'td 
gser-Cin-y'i' 
cAe-rApp'i 
ksbonds 
cki'lu'ko 
ehi-kdt-ldn' 
ch'i'lSn' 
ch'i-me'n'd 

ckt-me'tid  dt  Id  frUn-ti'rU 
sh'ing^Q' 
chQ-ch't-mil'ko 

ch5{£hq<i)-r<j<il'yo 

fhqq'kdr 


tfi«;  a  short,  frCi.  — Fr.  ^  long,  eft  short,  nearly  as  in  ajwr.  _  rfy,  /y,  ny,  liquid.— .tf/t'^^'CT-.  —  ^,  5A,  guttural;  jf  as  #  in  p;«wttre.  —  r  final,  Fr.  re.  —  f,  between  v  and  /. 


1375 


PRONUNCIATION   OF  MODEHN  GEOGHAFHICAL  NAMES. 


Y. 


Y,  mT,  (Xelh.)  gtif. 
Y«gu«,  (N.  GranO 
Yaguache,  (Eciiid.) 

Yiigiwr)', (Para«)  T. 
Y'agui,  0r  Hiiaqui,  ;Mex.)  r. 
YampanieSf  (BoL) 
Vapura,  Japura,  (S.  A.)  r. 
Yaqiii,  (Mex.)  r, 
Yas^ay*  9r  JassXf  ( MolJa- 

via ;  g.  Ja<rli.) 
Yavaii,  or  Hyabaiy, 
Ybera,  •r  CaVacaioJ,  (S. 

Ybaichalral,  (Sp.)  r. 
Yberg,(Sn'ilz.; 
YbicOy,  (3.  A)  r. 
Yeacod,  (Cuba.)  kaatEand. 
Yebenes  de  Sail  Juan,  (Sp. 
Ywla,  fSpi) 
Y«nikale,  (IL) 
Yei>es,  (Sp.)     /.^rmrm. 
Yerba-liiiena,  er  San 

Francisco,  (Call)*.) 
Y»res,  (Fr.)  r. 
Yeste,  (Sp.) 
Ysii.     Sr>  ile  d'Eu. 
Yffiiiiar,  (Fr.) 
Ygrandp,  (Fr.) 
Yguazu,  Gitaxu,  «p  Panuta 

Guaail,  (Brax.)  r. 
Ylo,  (Pcni.) 
Ylst,  (.\elh.) 
Yngaren,  (3\v.)  /at*. 
Yoone,  (Fr.)  r.     /ca«a«. 
York.     Set  Tormila. 
Ypane-Guazu,  (3.  A.)  r. 
Ypaciray,  (Parag.)  Imka, 
Yperle,  (Belg.ir. 
Yperen,  Yp«m,  (Belg. ;  fr. 

Ypns,) 
Yrieii,  Sl, 
Ytonde.  (Pr  ) 
Yaandijk,  (Neth.) 
Ynr,  (Belg.aju<Fr.)  r 
Yrty,  <Al»ria,)  r. 
Y«iai«,(6.l,.) 
Yaaal,  (Neib.)  r. 

Ymliiiaade,  (Nelb.)  uL 

YaMlslijD,  (NetlL) 
Yas«ng«aux,  «r  YssoiH 

g«aiu,  (Fr.) 
Ynad,  (Sw.)    />«& 
Yupua.    Sre  lupua. 
YUn,  (S.  A.)  r. 
Yncatan,  (C.  .\.)  <(a«. 
Yncay.     Sfe  Vilcabamba. 
Yupua,  «r  Japura,  (3.  A.)  r. 
Yiuto,(8p.)c»»r«i<. 

Yuuy,  (&  A)  r. 
YTerdun,  (Swiiz. ;  g.  If-    \ 
ImMltSm  NeufcMlel.  S 

Tralaiu.    Set  Ivetauz. 
YtsIoi,  (Fr.) 
Yrica.  ,Su  Iviza. 
Yvrt-l'£Ttaa^  (Fr.) 
YxMUBa,  (Fr.} 


kit  I 

yd'gft-a 

iH-g^'ckf 

yHftti 

yUm-iid-rii'tf 

yli-rw'rit 

ydsk'tkl 

V-*£Vd 

f  td'K-cAiil'rdl 

v{'6{-»ri  di  ajtii  dk<i94to' 

«'«d 

«-«(-*d'j£ 

ycr'ftd^f^'ad 

»'(• 
&«'fd-r» 

•Vd  aSm^-rtW' 
K-fd^id-rd^r 

Vfirm,  ^fr 

IVa-dUt' 
l':cr,  i-lpV 

Wiil 
U'lil-mUn'tlt,  1t-tl- 

Wtit-Mm^ 

«..d«.(ii(ilf)-e»' 

ft'afdd 

»-<d'rd 

|t«^td.4d«' 

»9?4rd'« 

Y-rjr.dAaf' 

Kw-W 

Y«-<o' 

V'r'(-ad(ai» 

l-Mfl{-rtta 

V-Uftr' 


z. 


Zaaitdau,  Zaardam.  ffr      >     ^  , ,;.       ...  .  ,.^ 

SaanJaii,  (NeUu)  |    ^^'ddm.xOkr'ddm 

Zabem.    Stt  Savenw.  Ui^hhn 


Znbiila,  (Tranc.) 
Znborovvu,  (Pr.  Pol.) 
Zacapa,  (U.  A.  Giiat.) 
Zacateca^,  (Mex.)  <<<!p. 
ZucAtena,  (s^p.) 
ZacatJn,  (N.  Gran.) 
Zacatiita,  (Mex.) 
Zarhtleveii,  (Neth.) 
Zaffarniio,  ifixc.) 
Zadaria,  (Sic.) 
Znfra.  (Sp.) 
Zajiorow,  (Pol.) 
/4fn^b.     Sre  Af^rain. 
Z.tewa,  (H.)  r. 
Zaimra,  fSp.) 
Zahna,  (Pr.j 
Zaklikow,  (Pol.) 
Zakunia,  (Gr.)  dUtr. 
Zakruczyii^  (Pi>l.) 
Z.iUinea,  (Sp.)    JnUpa, 

Klein^lilatteu.)  \ 

Zales7.c7.>  ky,  (Austr.  Pol.) 
ZakoscCi 

Z.-iJt-B»ininel.     Sr«  Bommel. 
Zauibr.iw,  (Pi.I.) 
Zaiiii>ra,  (Sp.)     OcelXudurum. 

Zanuie**,  (Pol.) 

Zandvliet,  i  NetJt.) 

Zancn,  Oost  and  U'e^t,        > 

(\eth.)  i 

ZaiiRara,  (Sp.)  r. 
Zanftiiebar,  (B.  Af.) 
Z.\Rieiii,vslf  (Pol.) 
Zapardiolf  {S\\,) 
Znpatosa,  (ti.  A.  N.  Gran.)  { 

lake.  \ 

^polilan.  (Mex.)  prom. 
Zani,(I>alm.)    Jbitorc 

(Sp.)     OCMDM  ^Nfiwta.  i 
Zar4nd,  (n.) 
ZantUn,  (Sp.) 
Zara  V'errliia,  (Dalm.) 
Zarcwo  K(ik>haMk,  (R.) 
Zarixvii,  (R.) 
Zarki*    Pol.) 
Zarskoje^elo,  (R.) 
Zarunia,  (S.  A.  EraaJor.) 
Zarza  ile  Alance,  (Sp.) 
Zarza  la  Mayor,  (ap.) 
Zarziiela,  (Sp.) 
Zaiffc,  or  Saax,  (Boll.) 
Zaior,  (Gal.) 
Zawatutv,  (Gal.) 
Zbara«x,  (.Viisir.  Pul.) 
Ztiiniw,  (Buh.) 

Zdiar.     Stt  Saar. 

Zdnnir^.     Sre  Sieinilz. 
ZJiiiiy,  (Pr.  Pnl.) 
Zealand,  (Nelli. ;  d.  Zee-     \ 

land,)  pnrr.  \ 

Zealand,  (Denm.)  ul     See  \ 

SJalland.  j 

Zelieny.     Sre  Sclien. 
Zelirlk,  (Bull.) 
Zeclavin,  (Sp.) 
Zcdel^bem,(Be1g.) 
Zcoland,  (Nctti.)  prvv. 
Zcil,  (Bav.) 

Zfi.-^.*Iinauer,  (Austr.)  distr. 
Zcwt,  (Xcth.) 
Zcitz,  (Pr.) 

Zctaya,  or  Celaya,  (Mox.) 
Zele,  (Belg.) 
ZelecUoiv,  (Pol.) 
ZelL     Se«CeIle. 
Zell.     Sre  .MariazcII. 
Zellerfel.1,  or  Ccllcrfeld,  (H.) 
Zcniplin,  (II.) 
Zcnta,  or  £>zenta,  (11.) 
ZertR>r,  (\.  Genu.) 
Zcrkow,  (Pr.  Pol.) 
Z^rmatt,  ^Switz.) 


sd-b6-r0'v6 

t/utkiipil' 

tha-ka-te'kds 

tAd-kaWnd 

thd  kdttu' 

tMii-kdtQ^'IH 

zacht'lt-ven 

d^ttf/U-rttfHO 

dsdffa  rVd 

Via'frd 

id-gO'rqf 

sdh-ffriihb 

sdii'v'i-vd 

tha-ii'rd 

Ua'nd 

sd'kWkqf 

sd-kO-nt'd 

sd'kriit'skin 

Uia  lUmt'd 

sUldt'nd 

sdlcsk-eki'kft 
ad-los'tt$ 
idU^um'mfl 
fdm'brqf 

Uid-mord 

sii'm.j.^Uil 
z'ditU'vtite 

Dhst^  v^^,  td'nen 

Uidyt'gdrU 
zdM-gti-b'dr' 
sdn-ifc'tu'ishl 
Oid-piir  iTt-tV 

tha-pum'su 
tkd-jtS'Ti-ldMf 

ds'd'rd 

tha-rd-ffS'tAd 

sd-rdhttd 

tkd-rd'ldn' 

dsd'rd  vtk'ki-a 

tsdrf'pokOkshd'isk 

t'd-rt'Mi* 

sUr'kt   ^ 

tsdrs'kO-ye  »t-^6' 

thd-r^lj'md 

VtUr'tkd  dt  d-ldu'ehi 

thdr'Oid  la  md-yur' 

thdr-thnf^'la 

shd-lHsk 

sd'tqr 

td-va'tn/ 

sbd'rd'^ 

abt'rof 

sdVdr 

ada'n'i-tst 

sdg^'n'i 

i'i'laad 

iVIoHd 

gr-b^ntt 

she-briVik 

the-Ud-tin* 

zi'del-if^m 

zf'Idnd 

UVe 

tsV  zH-mou' er 

tsiti 

thf~id'yd 

zc'le 

se-li'chQf 

Uel 

tsU 

UrVlir-fildt' 

sim-ptin  ;  g,  Isen^ttiu' 

stJi4d 

tserhat 

ser'knf 

tstr-mdt 


Zezcre,  (Pori.)  r. 
Zeveiiaar,  (Nelh.) 
Zevi-iibert-eii,  (Neth.) 

Zpierz,  (Pol.) 
Ziegenbaiii,  (Germ.) 
Zieleiizid,  (Pr.) 
Zicrikzee,  (Netl..) 
Zillerilial,  ('I'yrol,)  valley. 
Zilli.     See  <;illy. 
Ziniapai),  (Me.x.) 
Zimrto,  (S.  A.  N.  Graii.) 

Zimonv.     See  Semlin. 

Zips,  (U.) 

Zi|w<erhauii.     Ser  Szepefvdr. 

Zirkiiilz,  •  Austr.)  take. 

Zirl,  (^'yrol.) 

Zitlaliepetl,(Slcx.)  mt 

Zttt>niirz,  (R.) 

Zittaii,  (S.'LX.) 

Zlorziiw,  (Austr.  Pul.) 

Zluczewo,  (Poi.) 

Znieinogoiisk,  (R.) 

Znaim,  or  Znayui,  (Mor. ;  t 
m.  Zimgnio.)  ) 

Zuierhow,  (Pol.) 

Z.-anIi,  (Sard.) 

Zoar,  (Barb.)  prom, 

Ziicutlan,  or  Xicollnn,  (Mox.) 

Zulingoa,  (Swilz.) 

Zolkiew,  (Gal.) 

Zolynm,  (!!. ;  g.  Neii?obl  ) 

Zonibiir,  (H.)     ZomborinHin. 

Znni,  (Pr.)     Sunthium. 

Zon/.onaie,  or  Sonsoiiate,  ) 
(C.  A.)</.-^  i 

Znrgvliet,  (N'eth.) 

Zurita,  (Sp.) 

Zoiri,  (Fr.)r. 

Zorndiirf,  (Pr.) 

Zsamhek.  (11.) 

Zschoppau,  (Sax.) 

Zsolna.     See  Bzolna. 

Z:«oinboly.     Sre  Ilalzfeld. 

Ziiliiena,  (Pied.) 

Zurkiiiniitel,  (Auntr. ;  for- 
merly Kdelstadt.) 

Zuenxs,  (Sp.) 

Zng,  (Swilz.)  eant 

Zuclio,  (AuKtr.  It.) 

Ziiid  Bcveland.  (Ncth.)  inl 

ZuiiJersee,  vr  Zuydcrsce,  \ 
(i\pth.  i  g.  Sildersee,)  > 
g^ulf.  J 

Zuid  Voom,  (Neth.)  isL 

Zujar,  (Sp.)     Hatcr<L. 

Zulia,  (Venez.)  dep. 

ZuUichati,  /  ,p_  x  S 

Zuinchan,it*^'^-J  j 

Ztllpich,  (Pr.)     Tolbiaeum. 
Zumarraga,  (Sp.) 
Zfinii>aiico,  (.MeA.) 
Znnica,  (Sp.j 
Znrgcua,  (Sp.i 
Zuritli, Zurich,  (Switz.) cant. 
Zurzarh,  (Swilz.) 
Zusmar^hansen,  (Bav.) 
Zilipheii,  (Neth.) 
Ziivia,  (Sp.) 

Ziiyderzee.     See  Zuiderzee. 
Zuz,  (Switz.)     TutiuM. 
Zwart.-'lui.i,  (Neth.) 
Zwelbnlcken.     See  Deux-  ) 
Ponts.)  i 

ZwcttI,  (Austr.) 
Zwickau,  (Sax.) 
Zwiesimlten,  (Austr.) 
Zwitlau,  (Mor.) 
Zwolle,  (Neth.) 
Zuyndrecht,  (Belg.) 
Zydarzow,  (Gal.) 
Zydowo,  (Pr.  Pol.) 
Zytomirz.     See  Zitoniirz. 


t«-if-r£' 
t6'ven-dhr 

z^'vtn-bh-'  geni^geH) 

agijfruk 

Ui'i'grn-hlne' 

tji'i-thit'jiig 

I'l'rik-zs' 

UilUir-tdW 

Usil'H 

Uii-md-phti' 

tJii-m'i'ti' 

a'1-inOny 

tsips 

tsjp'srr-houa' 

t-^irk'Hits 

Ly'irl 

thit-ldlte-petV 

sh'1  tb'mtrsK 

Uil'tuu 

flut'shqf 

al^<,t-she'vo 

smt-'i-nii'gotisk' 

sv'd'im,  anC-'i-mo 

snyt'vbof 

d.-<0-dl'yi 

sD'dr 

t'iC-kGt-ldn' 

Ub' fin"  gen 

shvl'kUrff 

nO-h-Gm 
zOni'bOr 

thOn-t'io-nU'ti 

ViOri'tU 

Siirn 

tsijnt'ilgrf 

sAdm-bck 

ts/iop'pou 

shQl-nd 

shDin-bolif 

d.^^Q'bi-f'nil 

tg^^k'mdn'Ul 

xoid  biTi-lUnd 

ioi'dir~zi 

laid  vGhm 
thg^'chiir 
th(}^'ri~d 
ts^^l'lieh'ou 
tsiti' liCk-otl 
tsdl'puk 
t/i^{^-m'ar'rd-gii 
thqqm-ptla'  go 
that'll' y'i-gd 
t/i^^r-che'  nd 
zd'r'fk,  tiiU'riSh 
U(^Q7-'ts(irh 

ts^fs'm  drs-hou'zeji 

zUl'fen 
th^Q'v'i-d 
zot'der-iz' 
t.-io<U 
iwdrt'  slots 

tfvl-lrdk'kin 

ifncHl 

Isicik'kou 

tsw'i'xpdl'ten 

zvit'tou 

zjBol'le 

zjrJne'drrcht 

shi-ddt'shof 

s'i-dO'vo 

sh'i-tH'mirah 


Zywicr.,(Gal. ;  g.  Scybusch.)  sk'i'vyi-ts 


ra^,  far,  faU^  whgt^  bAL  —  Jftte,  prey,  kelp,  tktre^  kHr.  —  Pine,  marine,  b'Ird,  fig.  —  Mite,  dSve,  mdve,  wqI/,  bijpk^  Iqrd.  —T^ne,  bull,  unite.  —  oi,  boy ;  mi,  house. — Fr.  d  long. 


137;i 


II7/O.V  mtntltrr  of  Paff^!^,  14G0. 


-=^SS^    THE    OriXY    COMPI.ETE    EIVGUSH   DICTIOi^AKY.     ^^^==— 

webster's^^ij^xTIdictionary^ 

^g-  UNABRIDGED.  ,,^^ 


Containiugr  THREE  TIMES  the  luattei-  round  iii  any  other  Eng:lish  Dictionary  compiled  in  this 

country,  or  any  Abridgment  of  this  worU  :  a  GEOCKAPMICAl,  TABLE  of  12,000 

Names  ;  IL.L,tJSTKATIVE    QUOTA TIOIVS,  and  other  peculiarities  and 

advantages  found  in  no  other  it'ork, 

YET   IS  SOLD   AT   A  TRIFLINO  ADVANCE   ABOVE  THE    COST   OF  OTHER    AND    LIMITED    DICTIONARIES. 


OP 

STATE    SUPERINTENDENTS    OF    COMMON    SCHOOLS, 

AM) 

LITERARY    AND    EDUCATIONAL    JOURNALS. 


I.  MAINE. 

From  the  State  Superintendent* 

From  tlie  "Common  School  Advocate,"  ediied  by  the 
Stale  SiiporiiiIeii(lent,  Hoy.  W'u.  G.  CKusbr. 
"  In  preseniing  to  the  pnhlic  this  trcaiitiful  edition  of 
a  work  which  should  be  found  in  e^'ery  family  and 
school-room,  and  upon  tlie  tiible  of  every  man  of  biini- 
ne«8  and  of  letters,  the  publishera  have  rendered  a 
service  which  richly  entitles  them  to  the  rnnuiimda- 
tion  and  (•miiiiido  of  every  patron  and  friend  of  Amer- 
ican Icaniing  and  art." 


L 


n.  NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

From  tHe  Slate  Commissioner. 

From    Ho:«.    R.   S.    Rust,    Commissioner  of  Public 
SciiovLs  fbi  the  State  of  New  Hampshire. 

"ConcoBD,  N.  H.,  Jiuie  7,  ISSa 
**  Me  sins.  Mcbriam: 

*  •        •      "Command  my  wrvices  in  the  cir- 
ailatlon  of  tbe  best  Dictionary  uf  the  Enelish  Lan- 
piapc.  Youra,  &.C.,  R.  S.  RU.ST." 
From    the  Commibsio:«er    of   Common  Schoou    in 

Cheshire  County. 

"  Intending  positively  to  retire  from  public  life  at  the 

close  uf  the  present  school  year,  the  Comniisnioner 

•  *  inoHt  respectfully  reconinienda  to  the 
honorable  Legislature  of  New  Ilampaliirc,  now  to 
convene,  that  a  resolution  be  pawed  tu  this  effect: 


That  *  Wkbbter's  Dictiosabt,  (Unabridged,)*  be 
furnished,  at  public  e.'tpense,  to  every  School  District 
in  tlie  State,  to  Iw  carefully  kept  and  preserved  for  the 
benefit  both  of  teachers  and  pupils. 

"JOSEPH  PEKRY, 
"CommisA.  of  Common  SchoM  in  Cheshire  Co. 
"April  10,  1851," 

[The  otiier  County  Commissioners  express  similar 
views.] 

JWw  Hampshire  Board  of  Education.  —  Tlie  County 
C-omrnidsioners  of  Commotj  Srhouls,  organized  as  a 
Hoard  of  Education,  at  Cituotrd,  Wednesday,  Sept 
21,  1850,  recomiiiendcd  Websteii'*  Dictionabt 
UvARRincKD,  as  a  book  of  reference  to  bo  used  in 
DiJrtrict  8cho<il.s. 

"  The  volume  is,  in  fact,  the  teacher's  encyrlopopdia, 
as  well  as  lexicon,  fur  daily  reference.  Could  a  cnpy 
of  it  be  provided,  as  the  jJoruKineiit  property  of  evrnj 
district  »cAoo/,  the  effect,  as  regards  the  improvement 
of  instruction,  would  lie  deeply  and  extensively  fpit, 
in  ttie  increaiwd  skill  of  the  teacher,  and  the  hi;:lier 
attainments  of  his  jMi|iil,*,  in  tlic  moHt  important  part 
of  education — the  acquisition  of  an  adcpinio  kiiowl- 
cdgo  and  pn>[»er  use  of  our  own  language." — fViUiitm 
Rusadi   Estf.^  7'tiicJier  of  lUocutwiL. 


UL  VliEJIUNT. 

From  the  Statu  Superintendent. 

Professor  Eatos,  Stale  Superintendent  of  Public 
Schoobi  in  Vermont,  and  late  Governor  of  that  State, 
in  a  letter  under  date  of  October  9, 1850,  remarks  as 
futlowB :  — 

"  It  was  my  lot  to  l>e  present  and  preside,  about  four 
years  since,  at  a  State  meeting  of  our  County  Sui>erin- 
tendents,  —  then  the  ai»|K«iiitt'd  Board  for  recommend- 
ing IxMjkfi  for  Sc tuKtl  purposes,  —  when  I  had  the  grati- 
fication of  seeing  VYehster's  DicTioKABr  adopted  as 
the  Htt'indard  I)ictionar>'  for  Iho  nchtxtls  of  Vermont.  I 
wa*  gratified,  because  I  felt  iliat  this  work  was  worthy 
fo  be  a  standard^ — ttmt  it  nffordcd  a  safe  harbor  aOer 
long  t«tsstngs  \\\yoT\  a  sea  f»f  doubt  and  uncertainty, — 
a  secure  resting-place  fVoni  tlie  fluctuations  to  which 
our  language  had  been  long  subjected,  and  to  which, 
without  Itiis  work,  It  would  slitt,  as  much  as  ever,  be 
exposed." 


At  a  meeting  of  the  Teachers'  Association,  of  Vermont, 
held  at  Montpelier,  October  16, 1850,  the  following 
resolution  was  adopted:  — 

"  Rr.solvedj  That,  in  the  opinion  of  this  Association, 
the  placing  a  copy  of  Webster''s  Quarto  Dictionary  in 
each  of  our  Di.-trict  Schools  and  higher  literary  institu- 
tions, as  a  hook  of  reference,  Uith  for  teachers  and 
pupils,  would  bo  of  incalculable  benefit  to  the  cauf-e  of 
education,  by  the  influence  it  would  exert  in  creating 
habits  of  investigation  and  accuracy  as  to  the  use  of 
language,  as  well  as  by  placing  before  our  youth  an 
amount  of  inforniHiinn  which  can  be  found  in  no  otlier 
uninspired  volume." 


rV.  MASSACHTTSETTS. 

From   the   State    Sii]>eriutc]iilcnt. 

"  So  fjir  as  1  know,  there  is  a  unanimity  of  opinion 
that  Dr.  Webster's  is  tlie  be^'t  drji-ning  Dictionary'  in 
llje  English  language.  Whoever  may  choose  to  pur- 
chase the  Dictionary  of  other  Icxicdgraphers,  I  should 
earnestly  advise  to  purchaso  Mr.  VVcbfJtrr's  also  \  and  I 
assure  you  it  will  give  me  pleasure,  as  f;ir  as  I  have 
the  op[Kirtutilv  and  ahililv,  to  rrcommrnd  to  Students. 
and  ESPRciAIJ.V  AM.  THOSE  AVUO  ARE 
MAINLY  I)i:PK\l)Ei\T  C».\  SELF-CJtLTURE,  OR 
SEI.F-EDtH'A'I'HiN,  TO  KEEP  A  COPY  OF  THIS 
WORK  ItY  THEIR  SIDE,  AS  A  HAND-BOOK."  — 
Hon.  Horace  Mann,  late  Sfc'y  Board  of  Education  for 
Massachusetts. 
The  Committee   on  Education,  of  the  Massachusetts 

Legislature,  speak   of  the  work  in   the  following 

terms :  — 

"  Webster's  Dictionary  is  widely  and  favorably 
known  to  tlio  public,  not  only  in  tJiis  countrj',  but  in 
all  others  where  the  English  langitage  is  used.  As  a 
defining  dicti<mary,  its  superiority  over  all  others  is 
universally  admitted.  It  is,  indeed,  a  most  learned 
and  valuable  work,  reflecting  high  honor  upon  the  lit- 
erary character  of  our  country,  and  cost  the  author  the 
labor  atjd  research,  more  or  less  continuous,  of  sixty 
years  of  his  life.  It  has  received  the  highest  commen- 
dations from  persons  of  the  greatest  consideratiim  in 
this  country  and  in  England.  In  the  latter  it  has  been 
rcpnblishtd,  and  it  is,  at  tlie  present  time,  tJie  avowed 
basis  of  an  *  Imperial  Dictionary,'  in  the  course  of 


WEBSTER'S     UNABRIDGED     DICTIONARY. 


publication  in  fireat  Rrttain,  It  may  be  justly  rejanled, 
nut  only  &s  a  most  reliable  and  e.xatt  Uetining  ilictiun- 
ary,  biit  a  complete  encyclopiedia  of  the  technical  tenns 
of  science  and  tlie  arts." 

»*  Tbe  copious  list  of  Geographical  Namea  is  an  im- 
portant feature  of  this  ivorh  fur  schools,  and  i<  iti^flf 
WORTH  THE  COST  OF  THE  WHOLE  WOKK." 
^SeMovl  Commute*  vf  Framingham. 


a^  In  1850,  the  Legislature  of  MassachuMtts  passed 
ft  law,  ftiving,  at  ilie  exi»ense  of  the  State,  a  copy  ol 
Webster**  Unabridued  Dictionar>',  or  Wtwcertert  Pic 
thMiary,  at  lis  option,  to  each  S<h(»ol  District  thai 
would  provide  a  desk  for  its  safe  keepimj.  On  tbe  Isl 
instant,  one  year  fnun  the  time  tbe  law  took  elTecl,  of 
the  3700  Districts,  3035  had  taken  Webster,  and  105 
Worcester,  Irarinf  say  450  only  that  have  not  availed 
tbemsdrea  of  the  appn>priation.  A  irentleman,  who 
rifited  ttie  srlMRd^  of  llie  Slate  last  summer  and  au- 
tumn, ciKf)>enitiM|!  with  the  Board  of  E<Incation,  snys, 
**  No  measure  of  our  Legislature  was  more  |H>pular  or 
useful.  In  many  towiw,  tbe  Dictionary  [Webster':!] 
was  the  only  anttooriiativo  Jud£o  and  umpire  in  literary 
matters'*  &C. 


V.  RHODE  ISLAND. 

From  tlte  Cltjr  Supcrlnleiident. 
From  Paor.  8.  9.  Giuck*c,  recently  elected  Superin- 
tendent of  Public  SclKKtlit  f.ir  Prvividenca. 
"All  our  tearhers  Rbould  hare  acrei^t  to  a  work  of 
this  kind.  Tbev  need  to  r«m5ult  it  to  enable  tliein  to 
give  iheir  t"';''-'  c^t"*  i'l*'=»s  of  the  many  dttfirnU 
wtvds    whi   ':  "      '     :  'trly 

scientific  ■  -  -*■ 

of  riving  t}>  il 

and  other  n  !  •■  <»  """» 

tbe  very  hr  :  t  i^ct  kleas 

of  tlie  nwa;     . ;  utBe»  to 

llieir  knowic'lLM'  u  m  u  v  i.w"»-  ^nicc  to 

tbem  Uin>iiEh  hi'r.     But  >  •  f  '«ir  facber? 

are  not  able  tu  intjiart  ;..  i  pxaci  inf.>rm.v 

tion  with"Ut  arcra*  D>  ju-t  .-u-  "■   Ilr.  Wel>- 

ster's  Dicti.inary,  and  but  (i?w  h  i>  to  pr»>- 

vide   it   f'-r   tJiemaelveH.     The    '  -l»efially 

thfweof  ni—  ..-:..>  >  advan- 

tacet'fc*'!.  iiera  are 

critical  in  t:  ;i  acquire 

thesame.      1 ..- ..  .   i  ■  ,.. t  no  word 

occurrinp  in  ilien  :t  ende«\*orinR  to  un- 

dersLiiid  its  full  .>  i::i>ig,  if  the  means  of 

iu&nuattttQ  are  a^c^. ■  u.t.uu^* 


VL  CONITECTICTJT. 

"  The  fttmoUr^eal  deparunent  tliruw^fc  new  and 
Mrikinie  li^bi  on  the  liisior>'  of  lan^ruage.  The  veeahu- 
tmy  a  enlarse«l  by  the  addition  of  many  tbousand 
wtird*<,  compri-inE  the  technical  words  of  science  and 
the  arts  —  wor.l-  n^t  found  in  any  oilier  ditti'mary, 
and  many  of  liivm  the  W'.rd*  (i.>r  the  preri-e  me-ining 
of  which  the  ::«r,»  r.J  rcri-lrt  i^  most  frequently  at  aloes. 
The  eriSo^raphif  i.f  .-^vi  r.il  rlxsi-s  of  words,  instead  of 
fuilowin;  cumbrous  and  i.b-i<ilrie  ntixlos  i>f  spellini:,  is 
confunueil  to  ihe  pre-eii!  u>a:;e  i-f  Ute  l>e*t  wriicrs ; 
and  the  d^f»-*i*f's  have  a  charict'T  tif  discrimination, 
ccpi"!i-sne*(>,  p»-r?iM'"utty,  and  arrura.y,  nni  f>und,  we 
believe,  in  any  t>ther  dictionar>'  of  tlie  English  lan- 
guaee.** 

Jeremiah  Day,  S.  T.  0.,  LL.  D.,  Pres.  Vale  Cnllepe  ; 
Simeon  Baldwin,  late  Judee  of  the  Superior  Court ; 
David  Dagperi,  LI*  D.,  Po-C  Lau-,  Ynle  College,  and 
Judge   Superior  Court  ;    Benjamin  Sitliman,  M.  D., 


LI*.  D.,  Prof,  rhemi^mr,  Sec,  Yale  College;  Rev.  Na- 
thaniel W.  Taylor,  S.  T.  D.,  Prof.  Didactic  Theology, 
Yale  College;  James  L.  Kingsley,  A.  M.,  ProC  He- 
brew, Greek,  and  I*atin,  Yale  College  ;  Rev.  Leiuiard 
Bacon,  D.  D. ;  UeniM>ii  Olmsted,  Prt)C  Math,  and  NaU 
Philos.,  Yale  C.dlege. 

"  So  complete  as  to  be  a  substittilo  fur  all  other  dic- 
tionaries of  tlie  language." 

John  S.  Peters,  M.  D.,  Lieut.  Gov.,  and  Pres.  Med. 
Soc,,  Connectirul ;  Silas  Fuller,  M.  D. ;  Thomas  Hub- 
bard, M  D.,  Surg.  Prof.,  Yale  College;  Samuel  B. 
UVwlward,  M.  D. ;  William  Tnlly,  M.  D.,  Bot.  Mat 
Med,  and  Thera^u  I*rof.,  Yale  College;  Thtunas  Miner, 
M.  D. ;  J.  Knight,  M.  D.,  Annt.  and  Phys.  Pn.f.,  Yale 
College  ;  Eli  Ives,  M.  D.,  Aled.  Thoo.  and  Prac  Prof., 
Yale  College. 


Connecticut  School  Fnnd. 

0:^  The  capital  of  the  Fund,  Sept.  2,  ia49,  was 
$3,070 ,r)(e.T5,  Dividend  lo  each  srln.lar,  $1.50.  Nuut- 
bor  of  Scliool  Districts}  1049.  Children  between  4  and 
16  years  of  age,  9-2,i)5&. 


Vn.  NEW  YOKE. 

From  the  State  Superintendent. 

Frnni  ihr  Antmal  Report  of  How.  Christopher  .Mob- 

<.  IV  of  State,  and  Superintendent  itf  Pub- 

!  r  tbe  Slate,  presented  to  tlio  New  York 

i  1  Hillary,  It'^iO. 

"  In  n.iiiu  1  imn  With  the  subject  of  district  libraries, 
tlte  Sufieriniendent  ileems  it  his  duty  parriculnrty  to 
direct  tttc  attention  of  Ihe  trustees  and  inhabiunis  of 
the  i^veral  schtxd  districts  to  a  work  of  undoubted 
utitiry,  and  preeminently  of  a  national  character, 
wbicji  should  lind  a  place  in  evep'  library,  viz.:  Web- 
ster's Unabridged  Unarta  Dictionary,  ]>ubliHhed  by 
Mesairs.  G.  &.  C.  Mrrriam,  of  Springfield,  Massachu- 
wits.  As  a  standard  of  orthograptiy  and  orthoepy,  its 
claims  tn  geiifinil  ad.iption  have  t>cen  rec4igniy.e<l  by  tlie 
niiKil  eminent  scholars  aiid  statesmen  of  our  land  ;  and 
as  a  pur«ly  Auu-riran  \v<irk,  prepared  at  great  expense, 
and  emanating  fmni  a  source  entitled  to  the  highest 
cre«lit  and  re^'pecI,  it  commends  itself  strongly  tu  llie 
aili>p:M>n  of  imr  Sctt«M>l  Districts  generally." 
State  of  Now  York,  Secretary's  Oiiice,  Department  of 
Couunun  SchiKds. 

"At-BANT,  Dec  24,  1849. 
"McisM.  G.  &  C  MrmtTAM: 

•  *  *  "  Indeiiendcnlly  ofthe  great  merits 
of  til  is  truly  national  work  as  a  complete  expoi^'ition  of 
tile  Engti-h  language,  the  style  in  wtilrh  it  is  presented 
is  credtuhle  in  tlie  extreme  to  the  enteriirise  and  laste 
of  the  publishrrs,  aiid  liouirablc  to  the  country.  *  * 
Whatever  this  I»e|tariii»eni  can  do  to  place  it  williin 
Ihe  reach  «if  ihe  officer*  and  inhabitants  u(  the  several 
Sihool  Dii<tricts  of  tJio  State,  will  most  cheerfully  be 
dime. 

*'  If  the  use  of  my  name  can  be  of  any  ser\iee  what- 
ever in  furttiet  exTendinsr  the  knowledge  of  tlie  great 
acce^^ion  whi<  h  the  publiration  of  this  work  has  made 
to  our  national  literature,  and  of  ihe  high  appreciation 
with  which  il  is  rrgarded  by  the  friends  of  education 
generally,  you  are  at  iierfcci  liberty  to  add  it  to  the  list 
of  those  already  obtained  ;  and  any  thing  I  ran  do,  as 
the  edit<  r  of  an  educational  Jonniat,  to  promote  its 
cirrtilation,  will  W  mi»st  cheerittUy  jwrfonned. 

"  Ver>'  resiietifully,  your  obe<lient  serv'uit, 

"SAMUEL  S.  RANDALL, 
"  Drpt,  Sufl.  Com.  'chool--,  and  Kd,  JV.  Y.  Stale 
Dis'rict  Sehvvl  JouniaU^  * 

"  While  tJiis  Dictionary  is  tbe  most  complete  work 
of  the  kind  that  any  nation  ran  boast  of,  it  is  also  one 
of  tlie  clieaj»e?^t  luMiks  ever  printed  in  liiis  country."  — 
A".  Y.  SluU  DUtrict  ScAout  JourtiaL 

The    Standard    in    the    St.tte    Normal 
School. 

"  Rt^ilrrft.  iinnnimou.ihi.  Thai  Wehstf-r's  Quarto  Dic- 
tionary be  the  standard  in  thp  New  York  St^te  Nf^nnal 
Scb.Hd.  WM.  If.  CA.MPKELL,  CUrk  fjc  Com, 

"Albaxt,  March  12, 1650." 

Recommended   by   the   Ilc^enttt. 

At  a  meeting  of  \l.e  Regent:^,  held  at  the  Capitol, 
Alliany,  Febmary  14,  J850,— 

"  Kk^oicfd,  Hnnifimo'.alij^  That  llie  new  edition  of 
Web^-ter'i»  Dictionary'  in  Uuarto,  edited  by  Prut  Chaun- 


cey  A.  Coodricli,  and  published  by  G.  &  C.  Merriam. 
Springfield,  Mass.,  bo  recommended  to  be  purchasra 
fur  the  libraries  of  academies  under  the  visitation  of 
the  Regents.    [About  150  in  nunilwr.] 

"  A  true  copy,  T.  ROMEYN  BECK." 

From  Hon.  John  C  SpE?rciR,  formerly  Secretary  of 

State,  and  State  Superintomienl  of  Ctpm.  Scliinds. 
"  Aldaut,  June  18,  1851. 
"  Messrs.  G.  &  C.  Merriam. 

^^ Gentlemen:  After  the  testimony  to  the  extraordi- 
nary merit  of  Dr.  Webster's  Dictionary  of  the  English 
language,  which  has  been  iHinie  by  the  illustrious 
Statesmen,  Scholars,  and  Writers  of  tliis  country,  and 
by  the  most  competent  Judges  in  England,  it  seems 
almost  presumptuous  for  mo  to  express  an  opinion  (ui 
tbe  subject ;  but  as  your  [Kilite  note  of  the  ICth  insL 
seems  lo  invite  such  an  expression,  I  comply. 

"  More  than  l\veiity  years  ago  I  pntcured  the  Quarto 
edili(ui,  and  have  used  it  constantly  ever  since.  My 
pursuits  in  life  have  rendered  it  necessary  to  consult  it 
fre<pieiitly,  as  well  as  other  works  of  a  kindred  or 
similar  chararier,  jrarticularly  Dr.  Johnson's  Quarto, 
of  tlio  latest  and  liost  edition,  Richardson*s  Dictionary, 
Cnibbo's  Synonymes,  and  Hiprne  Tottkc's  Diversions  of 
Purley.  In  professioiial,  [Nilitiral,  and  literary  discus- 
sions, the  tuniing-polnt  of  tlie  argument  has  often  been 
the  exact  meaning  ofwonls'as  ascertained  not  only  fnmi 
their  use,  hut  from  their  derivation.  While  in  many 
cases,  perhaps  in  the  majority  of  them,  the  works  referred 
to  have  failed  to  give  the  desired  infonnation,  that  of 
Dr.  Webster  has  always  furni(<hed  precisely  what  has 
been  desired  ;  and  1  have  long  felt  individually  indebted 
tu  the  itlustrious  author  for  the  labor  and  time  he  has 
saved  me  by  his  unwearied  patience,  pnifound  learn- 
ing, and  unsurpassed  industry. 

"  It  is  unquestionably-  the  very  best  Dictionary  of  our 
langiiage  extant.  It  is  a  nickel  of  copiousness  and 
precision  ;  and  its  great  accuracy  in  tlio  definition  Hud 
derivation  of  wonls  gives  it  an  authority  that  no  other 
work  on  the  subject  possesses.  It  is  constantly  cited 
and  relied  on  in  our  Courts  of  Justice,  in  our  liOgisla- 
live  hollies,  and  in  public  discussiuiis,  as  entirely  con- 
clusive. 

"  It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  add  that  such  a  work  is 
a  treasure  which  cannot  lie  dis|>ensed  with  by  any  one 
who  would  thoroughly  understand  and  correctly  use 
his  mother  tongue.  It  stxiiild  be  in  every  school  in 
our  land,  thai  our  youth  may  not  be  ohlige<l,  as  I  have 
been,  to  unlearn  the  false  pninunciation,  the  unsound 
philology,  and  the  erroneous  definitions,  which  were 
taught  me  in  my  childhood. 

"  The  elegance  and  correctness  of  your  edition  —  so 
cheap  for  a  Nmk  of  its  size  —  one  third  of  what  I  gave 
for  iho  first  edition  —  are  alike  creditable  to  your  ta«te 
and  enterprise,  and  wortliy  of  the  great  work  which 
will  ever  stand  forth,  a  monument  of  the  science  and 
literature  of  our  country." 


(Signed,) 


liCgisIative  Provl»iion. 

^Iffy'  The  lygislaiure  of  New  York,  at  its  recent 
session,  made  provision  for  each  School  District  jda- 
cing  a  copy  of  Webster's  Unabridged  Dirtionary  in  its 
IJbrary,  and  on  the  tearlicr's  desk.  The  cities  of  New 
York,  Buflalo,  Utica,  Troy,  &c.,  had  previously  sup- 
plied their  own  t^chools. 


Vm  NEW.  JERSEY. 

From   the  State  Superintendent. 

"  In  the  exliiliition  ofthe  Ktymolofry  of  iJie  language, 
it  is  suj>erior  to  any  other  Dictionary." 

"The  Dejinitton.f  are  given  by  a  preciFc  and  full  t/c- 
scriptiojtj  and  not  by  a  loo^e  collection  of  terms  more  or 
less  synonymous." 

"The  f  ocffAw'^n/b-'tsljeen  judii'ioti.sly  enlnrged  by  the 
addiiiiin  of  all  the  words  in  actual  use,  that  arc  |iro[H-r- 
ly  Englif^h." 

'*  111  Oriitosrraphy  the  changes  proposed  by  Dr.  Web- 
ster, which  hnvo  not  been  sanrti«-ned  by  general  adop- 
tion, and  ivhjcli  seem  to  fie  too  violent  departures  from 
the  gcucrui  't'peliiiig,  have  been  judiciously  omitted. 


while  real  and  important  improTemcnts  have  been 
wisely  retained." 

"  In  PronuHciatian  the  scheme  of  notation  is  simple, 
and  in  rase^  which  demand  it,  ilie  words  are  respcUed. 
The  aim  has  been  to  give  the  actual  proniinciatiiin,  as 
practised  by  the  truly  educated  amonf;  the  Eiigtish  and 
American  people,  ascertained  by  actual  obriervation, 
inquirie-!),  and  correspondence.  The  artificial  and  af- 
fected pronunciation  is  avoided.  The  whole  subject 
has  been  elaborated  by  Professor  Goodrich,  whose  pro- 
fessional duty  it  has  been  to  train  public  speakers  for 
thirty  years." 

"  Tlie  Table  of  Scriptural  JAimes  has  been  carefully 
revised.  The  Classical  Table  has  received  large  au- 
ditions, and  haja  been  revised  and  corrected  in  some 
important  particulars,  in  wiiich  the  table  of  Walker  is 
deficient  and  erroneous." 

**  The  List  c^f  OtograpMcal  JVames  is  the  most  exten- 
sive tbat  we  have  seen  in  connection  with  any  English 
l)Jctionar\-,  annprisin?,  as  it  does,  1^2,000  to  13,000 
names.  The  pronunciation,  as  given  by  respelUng  the 
names  with  figured  vowels,  is  easily  indicated.  By 
means  of  the  table,  the  most  important  names,  espe- 
cially  those  of  the  continent  of  Europe,  can  be  correctly 
pronounced." 

"  ft  is  with  pleasure  that  we  greet  this  new  and 
valuable  contribntion  to  American  literature.  We  rec- 
ommend it  to  all  who  de-sjre  to  possess  THE  MOST 
COMPLETE,  ACCURATE,  AND  RELIABLE  DIC- 
TIONARY OF  THE  LANGUAGE. 

"THEODORE   F.  KING, 
"  Superintendent  q/"  Schools  in  Jftie  Jeney." 


IX.  OHIO. 

From  the  State  Superintendent. 

Fmm  Ho-t.  SamuelGallowat,  Secretary  of  Stale,  and 
8tiperiutendent  of  Common  .Schools  for  the  State  of 
Ohio. 

"Secrrktart  op  Statf.*»  Office,  J 
Columbus,  Ohio,  Jan.  2,  1850.  \ 
*^  Meanrg.  <?.  ^  C.  Merriam,  Springfield^  Mass.  t —  I 
hare  u!»ed,  exclusively,  within  the  last  year,  in  all  my 
investigations  and  in  all  cases  of  doubt  and  difficulty  in 
laiiguaL'p,  *  Wcl>ster's  Unabridged  Dirtionary,*  revised 
by  Pri'C  Goodrich,  and  I  can,  as  I  do,  conlially  recom- 
mend it  as  the  best  Dicti<mary  of  the  English  language 
extant  witli  wliifh  1  am  aciiuainled.  ll  will  bo  my 
pleasure  to  promote  a^*  fully  as  I  can  its  use  and  cir- 
culation. It  is  gratifying  to  me,  as  it  must  be  gratify- 
ing to  every  lover  of  English  literature,  (hat  a  work  bo 
pr«€mine,nt  in  merit  mid  so  indis[»ensal)le  to  our  wants, 
has  beenVurnishod.  RespeclfuIIv, 

"SAMUEL   GALLOWAY." 


X.  MICHIGAN. 

Aront  the  State  Saperlutendcut. 

From  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Ilos.  F.  W.  Shermah, 
.'^u[)erinlendrnt  of  Public  Instniciion;   presented  to 
the  Legislature  of  .Michigan,  Jan.  1,  1851. 
*'  \o  rea'^in  tie^d   he  a^'.'^igned  for  recommending  a 
return  to  the  elcmeniary  works  of  Dr.  Weln^tcr.     Al- 
though (lerhaps  subject  to  objecii<»n,  others  in  sunie  re- 
spects ar«  no  more  [H-rfert.     ReHides,  his  Dictinnary  is 
the  standard  (tf  our  language,  and  has  become  a  national 
treasure,  as  well  as  the  monument  of  hu*  industry  and 
gpriiu". 

"This  work  ha;<  bnen  adopted  as  the  standard  Dic- 
tionary in  the  sch«»*tl.4  and  cidlegosiif  most  of  the  States 
of  the  Union,  and  St.itf  nffirers  in  charge  of  the  system 
uid  subject  of  Ediiraii'in,  in  variout  Slates,  have  rec- 
ommended appropriations  for  its  purchase  by  the  Le- 
gislature.   Of  its  intrinsic  wonli,  nu  one  can  doubt,  and 


its  inestimable  value  as  a  iKXjk  of  reference,  in  each 
township  librdiy,  cannot  be  too  fully  appreciated.  The 
Legislature  of  Slassachu setts  have  made  provision  for 
furnishing  a  copy,  at  the  ex)>ense  of  the  Slate,  to  every 
schoi>l  district  who  desire  to  possess  it  In  short,  tlie 
great  ability  of  the  work,  its  wide-spread  reputation,  the 
copiousness  of  its  inforniation,  its  -exactness  and  full- 
ness in  definition  and  its  usefulness  in  all  respects,  in- 
dicate ii  as  the  great  *'  uninspired  "  book  of  the  English 
language,  and,  as  such,  demanding  at  the  hands  of  the 
constituted  authorities,  a  i>ennanent  place  in  the  ar- 
chives of  each  and  all  of  our  t^iwnships." 

[Similar  language  has  been  used  by  the  late  Super- 
intendent, Mr.  Mayhew,  Senator  Felch,  lion.  Lewis 
Cass,  &*.] 


XI.  ILLINOIS. 

From  the    State  Superintendent* 

From  Ho.T.  Datid  L.  Greoo,  Secretiry  of  State,  and 
Superintendent  of  Public  ScIuxpIs  for  tlie  State  of  Il- 
linois, Dec  5,  1850. 

"  I  have  long  regarded  Dr.  Webster's  Dictionary'  as 
by  far  the  liest  which  the  English  language  affords,  and 
I  most  fully  concur  in  the  commendations  bestowed 
upon  it,  both  in  Great  Britain  and  America.  It  is  truly 
cttmplcte,  accurate,  and  reliable  —  precise  in  its  defini- 
tions—  profoundly  learned  as  Ut  etymology  —  and  in 
orthography  and  pronunciation  conformable  to  tlie  best 
usage.  It  may  well  he  said  to  stand  without  a  rival  in 
the  annals  of  English  lexicography  " 
"The  merits  of  ihirf^work  are  alwve  all  praise.    It  is 

fironounced  by  all  competent  judges  lo  be  the  only  re- 
iable  Dictionary  of  the  languace.  Every /ai»(/y  should 
possess  it,  and  especially  shoul<l  it  lie  tt  pertnanenl  fix- 
ture of  every  aehool  in  the  land."  —  Illiiiuia  Jourtial  {(f 
Education.  June  1,  1850. 


xn.  IOWA. 

From  the    State  Superintendent. 

"  As  an  American,  1  am  proud  of  the  work.  It  is 
gratifying  to  see  thai  it  gives  such  universal  satisfac- 
tion. I  shall  recommend  it  as  the  standard  in  the  PUB- 
LIC SCIIOOl-S  of  ihis  Htate."—  Thamas  H.  Benton^ 
Jr.,  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  in  Iowa. 


xm.  mssouRL 


AVebster'a    Qnitrto   Hictlonary  for  the 
School    Koniu. 

Al  a  meeting  of  the  Roard  of  Public  instruction  of 
St.  Ix>uis,  March  1.1,  1819,— 

"  Re^olped^  That  a  co)py  of  Wob.-'ter's  IJuabriilged 
Quarto  Dictionary  be  placed  upon  tlie  desk  of  each 
leaclter  in  the  Grammar  department  of  the  St  Ixmis 
Public  Schotds,  as  a  b(x>k  of  reference  for  teachers  and 
pupils.** 


XIV,  PENNSYLVAKIA. 

From  Rev.  Dr.  Ely. 

"  Phjladilphia,  April  26.  1830. 
"  The  most  comprehensive,  learned,  accurate,  and 
vahiable  work  of  Uie  kind,  which  has  ever  been  pub- 
liabed  in  ttie  English  laiigiiai;e. 

"  EZRA  STILES  ELY." 


XV.  KENTUCKY. 

Kroni  Professor  Jtlatthews. 

"Transylvania  UniTEMiTT,    ) 
Lexington,  Ky.,  May  17,  1830,  ( 
"TTiebest  effort  hitherto  made  to  establish  the  or- 
thograiihy  and  pnmunrirttiun  of  the  language  on  their 
tnie  principles,  THOMAS  J.  iMATTMEWS. 

"  Prof-ssor  of  Mathematics  and  J),'aiural    Philosophy f 
IViin.  University." 


XVL  CANADA. 

"Wehster's   Qunrto    Dictionary    Un- 
nbriflged. 

*'  In  the  unanimous  judgment  of  the  leading  literary 

fr»s8  of  Great  nrituin  and  the  United  States,  Webster's 
lictionarj'  is  the  most  learned,  theinVifit  comprehensive, 
and  the  most  complete  work  of  the  kind  in  tlie  English 
language  ;  containing  all  lliat  is  excclleni  in  Dr.  Jolin- 
8ofi*s  great  work,  with  numerous  pbilological  correc- 
tions, more  conri-se  and  accurate  definitions,  in  many 
instances,  and  the  adilition  of  some  sixteen  thousand 
words — these  additions  c<tnsisiinp  for  the  most  pari  of 
terms  used  in  the  various  departments  of  science  and 
the  arts,  in  commerce,  manufactures,  merchandise,  and 
the  liberal  professions."  —  Jour,  qf  Kducatiun  for  Upper 
CunadOt  Toronto^  Jan.j  3849. 


^s^jpf9^ 


GREAT  BRITAIN. 

"  This  volume  mn.^t  find  its  way  into  all  our  public 
and  good  private  libraries,  (or  it  pmvidos  the  English 
student  with  a  mass  of  tlic  most  valuable  information, 
which  he  would  in  vain  seek  for  elsewhere."  — Zom- 
don  Literary   Qazette. 


5>]gli§i]  §f^i|5^lrD  3LexIcoglr^j)i)lj. 


DB..    'WSBSTS&'S    SEKXBS    OF    DI  C  TX  O  IT  ARXE  S. 

WEBSTER'S  QUARTO  DICTIONARY: 

THE  BNTIEE   WORK   nNABUIDOEI). 

PUBLISHED  BY  G.  &  C.  MERHIAM,  SPRINGFIELD,  MASS. 

WEBSTER'S  SCIIOOL~dIcTIONARIES; 

PUBLISHED   BY  MASON   BROTHERS.  23  PARK   ROW,  OPPOSITE   THE  ASTOR  HOUSE,  NEW  YORK. 

The  sales  of  this  Staudard  Dictionary  in  1852,  including  tlie  various  editions  for  Schools  aud  Colleges,  the  Quarto  Unabridged,  and  Octavo, 

"'■^^^■'  125,000   COPIES, 

and  since  then,  their  average  increase  has  been  nearly  One  lIuNnREu  per  cent. 

There  is  no  other  acknowleilged  standard  in  tliis  country  or  Great  BriUiin.  The  vast  proportion  of  the  Elementary  School  Books  in  use,  in  the 
United  States,  are  based  on  Webster ;  thus  securing  to  us  Ihj  inestimable  advantage  of  uniform  pronuncijition,  and  entirely  excluding  those  pro- 
vincialisms which  render  the  language  of  some  Counties  in  England  wholly  uulut<.'lligible  in  others. 

Tlie  publishers  have  the  gratification  of  presenting  the  work  in  all  the  various  forma  most  useful,  and  best  ad.ipted  to  the  wants  of  the  ooni- 
mnnity.  Couxges,  AcAncMiEs,  the  IIigiikr  Schools  and  Seuinaries,  our  Common  and  Primakv  Schools  as  well  as  Professional  and 
licsiMESB  men  of  the  countrv,  may  each  and  all  iKrc  find  a 

DICTIONARY, 

in  one  or.-uiollier  of  the  (allowing  forms  in  which  the  work  U  presented,  containing  every  thing  they  may  require,  aud   in  the  most  economical 
sliape. 


I.  THE  aUAETO  UNABEIDGED. 

In  Otte  Volume,  Crown  QtMito,  of  MS"?  pp. — Price  reduced  to  Six  Dollan ; 
Beia*  Bii  Akkrica^  DimoMART  of  tub  KtoUflH  LAMorAOC.  rontninin;  the 
whole  VDcnbuIarr  of  t)ie  tint  eititmn  in  two  volitnies  qiiartu;  the  entire  corrections 
ami  iiiiitnivenientj  of  the  werund  edition  in  two  volumes  royal  f>ctavo;  to  which  is 
ntefixctl  an  Inlmluctory  llisi^ttation  on  the  Origin,  History,  and  Connection  of  the 
l^n<nia''V»  of  \Vk.<tk1?(  Asia  and  tU'KOPK,  with  an  Kxptnnalion  of  the  Principles 
on  which  Languages  are  formed.  Br  XOAll  ^VKBSTER,  L.L  D.  AVie  EdiUffU, 
greatly  emtargcd  mnd  imyrvrtd.     By  t*sor.  UOODRICH.  or  Valk  Cdllbok. 

CKNKKAL  SVBJBCTS  Of   THIS  WORK. 

I.  Ktymel»gie*  of  Enicllsh  Words,  reduced  from  an  examination  and  comparison 
of  wonla  uf  curre9|iondin*  elements  in  tweuty  langtia«es  of  Asia  and  Europe. 

II.  The  true  Ordutfrmphf  of  Worda,  as  corrected  br  tbeir  Etymologies. 

III.  PrvnmMciativu  exhibited  and  mad*  obTioiu  by  the  divisiun  of  Words  into 
Syllables,  by  Accentuation,  by  markiag  the  soumb  of  the  accented  vowels,  when 
neceoarv,  or  bv  ^iteml  rules. 

IV.  Accuriiie  and  discriminating  Definitions  illustrated,  when  doubtful  or  obscure. 
by  examples  uf  their  use,  selected  from  respectable  authors,  or  by  familiar  phrases  of 
utidis^Hited  autliurity. 

lliis  work  is,  by  a  vast  majority  of  our  fellow-countrymen  of  all  classes,  acknow- 
ledged to  be  tlte  mo«t  coMfLicTK,  acccratk,  A^NO  RELIABLE  DtCTlONART  OF  TUB 
LuiGlAOK. 

II.  THE  UNIVERSITY  EDITION. 

550  pages.  Imperial  Duodecioto,  for  Collegi^,  Professional  and  Business  men; 
ctMitaming  between  60  and  a),OOU  words.    %\  75. 

"  It  is  the  first  ehararteristie  of  a  well-dressed  gentleman."  says  Trench  in  his  ad- 
mirable treaUse  ou  the  Stody  of  Words,  **  that  his  clothes  tit  hfui ;  they  are  not  too 
small  and  shrunken  here,  too  targe  and  looae  there.  Now,  it  is  precisely  such  a 
prime  characteristic  of  a  good  style,  that  the  words  fit  clo!!e  to  the  TUocanT8  : 
they  will  not  be  too  big  here,  hanging  like  a  giant's  robe  on  Uie  limbs  of  a  dwarf;  nor 
too  small  there,  as  a  buv's  nrmetits,  into  which  the  man  has  with  difficulty  and  ridi- 
cukMisly  thrust  bimsetf.  You  do  not  feet  in  one  place  that  tite  writer  means  more 
than  be  has  succeeded  in  saving ;  in  another  that  he  has  said  more  than  he  means ; 
or  in  a  third,  aoiDething  beside  what  his  intention  was  ;  and  all  this,  from  a  lack  uf 
deztmity  in  employing  the  instrument  of  lanvunee,  uf  precision  in  knowing  what 
words  would  be  the  exactest  correspondents  and  6tteit  exponents  of  his  thought." 

Fur  thoM  good  and  tubstantial  reasons,  the  UxivESfiiTV  Dictionary  »liould  be 
the  BAKO  SOOK  of  every  American  desiring  n  thorough  and  exact  knowledge  of  his 
mother  tongue. 

HL    THE  ACADEMIC  aUAETO. 

432  Pages.  Cap  Quarto.  $1  45.  Desiyned  for  tlie  Higher  Schools,  Academics,  and 
Colleges,  To  aid  the  pupil  in  understanding  the  structure  and  erammntical  relations 
of  our  language,  the  irregular  plurals  or  nouns  are  givcn^  with  the  preterites  and  per- 
fect participles  of  irregular  vcrla.  As  a  means  of  creating  an  interest  in  etymolugicai 
inquiries,  the  derivations  of  words  are  frequently  traced.     As  an  aid  to  pronunciation. 


in  connection  with  those  exact  and  comprehensive  tlefinilions.  for  which  Dr.  Webster's 
Dictionary  has  been  so  much  distinguished  :  with  Vocabularies  of  Greek,  I^ntiii.  Scrip- 
ture, end  Motlern  Geo^raphiral  niimes,  with  rule?  fur  the  pronuncintioii  prehxcd  to 
each.  Also  a  collection  of  Fnmilinr  Phrases,  Wiirds,  and  Proverbs,  frcini  the  Latin, 
French,  Italian,  Spanish,  and  Greek,  with  brief  definitions;  a  concise  account  of 
some  of  the  principal  Ilenthen  Deities,  Her<ic«t,  &c.,  and  an  extensive  list  of  Ahbrevin- 
ttons  with  theirexpianatiotis.  No  pains  have  been  spared  to  nmke  this  wt>rk  suited  to  the 
important  place  which  it  is  designed  to  occupy  in  the  Schools  and  Colleges  of  uur 
country. 

IV.    THE  HIGH  SCHOOL  EDITION. 

360  pages,  Medium  Duodecimo.     80  cents. 

The  Schoolmaster's  i^se  or  wokds  is  a  matter  of  the  gravest  consideration. 
His  wunis,  his  voice  and  tone,  his  pronunciation,  all  are  imitated  by  liis  pupils.  He, 
of  all  men,  therefore,  should  not  be  without  a  DictionaRV.  both  fur  himself  and  his 
pupils.  In  the  Uioh  School,  he  has  one  fitted  with  great  pnins  to  his  hand.  The 
|H>wer  of  saying  exactly  what  we  mean,  of  neither  more  nor  less  than  we  mean,  is  an 
elegant  mental  accompliahiiient.  Pcrba|i9  there  is  no  power  so  surely  indicative  ol 
high  and  accurate  training  of  the  intellectiia!  faculties.  But  it  is  also  much  more  than 
this:  it  has  a  mural  meaning  as  well.  It  is  nearly  allied  to  morality,  inasmuch  as 
it  is  nearly  connected  with  truthfulness.  Every  man  who  has  himself  in  any  decree  cared 
for  the  truth,  and  occupied  himself  in  seeking  it,  is  more  or  less  aware  how  much 
of  the  falsehood  in  the  world  passes  current  under  the  concealment  of  wbrds,  how 
many  strifes  find  much  of  their  fuel  in  words  carelessly  or  ignorantly  employed. 

Let  the  teacher  who  desires  and  would  deserve  the  love  and  gratitude  of  his  pupils 
impart  a  thorough  acquaintance  of  that  instrument,  by  which  all  knowledge  and 
thought  as  well  as  his  every  want,  is  made  known. 

V.    THE  PRIMARY  SCHOOL  EDITION. 

390  pages,  Square  16mo,  for  our  Common  Schools,  rontainiqg  10,000  mora 
words  than  Walker's  Dictionary.  45  cents. 
The  Schoolmaster  should  insist  on  thk  use  or  the  Dictionary  in  uia 
School.  It  is  the  only  way  in  which  preciaitm  and  accuracy  in  words  can  be  secur- 
ed, and  copiousness  and  facility  in  their  use  attained.  As  Professor  Purter  very 
justlv  remarKs,  ''It  requires  a  mature  mind  to  take  very  much  interest  in  a  dictionary 
of  its  own  accord."  Hence  the  necessity,  as  well  as  the  duty  of  a  gottd  teacher. 
"  Let  a  word  or  two,"  the  same  writer  renmrks,  "be  selected  as  the  lesson  of  the 
day.  Let  the  scholar  be  directed  to  prej-ore  to  give  ns  many  sentences  as  thtre  are  defi- 
nitions of  the  word,  in  each  of  which,  one  of  the  words  given  as  the  definition  shall 
he  prominent."  In  this  way,  this  important,  though  naturally  dry  and  dull  study,  can 
be  made  a  loving  ond  delightful  occupation.  That  the  community  are  everywhere 
owakening  to  the  importance  of  these  suggestions,  is'  evidenced  by  the  fcct  that 
nearly  one  hundred  thousand  copies  of  the  Primary  Dictionary  have  been  pub- 
lisbea  the  paat  year,  and  thus  far  the  demand  has  greatly  increased. 

VI.    THE  POCKET  EDITION. 

Diamond  32mo,  put  up  in  every  style  of  binding  for  pocket  and  every-day  use.  This 
work  gives  the  spelling  of  the  irregular  participles,  also  the  irregular  formed  plurals  of 
nouns  and  other  derivatives,  the  rules  for  the  correct  orthography  of  which  being  so 
the  words  are  carefullv  divided  into  svllables,  on  the  principles  adopted'  by  the  author  ;  perplexed  and  difficult  to  retain  in  the  memory,  that  persons  of  good  education  are  not 
as  the  result  of  his  latest  inquiries  into  the  subject.  The  Vocabulary  is  very  copious,  1  unfrcquently  betrayed  into  errors.  Price  37^,  50  and  Oi!i  ceota,  in  various  styles  oi 
more  so  than  any  similar  work.    It  contains  all  the  important  words  of  our  language,  |  binding. 

Some  of  the  ^caU-st  names  in  this  country  and  Great  Britain  are  earnest  in  their  recommendation  of  the  ahove  works.  ITave  teachers  suffi- 
ciently ct»nsidered  the  importance  of  having  a  good  Dictionary  of  some  sort,  in  the  hands  of  every  scholar?  Can  the  Reading  Lesson  be 
perfectly  ^ne  through  with,  unless  the  meauinjr  of  the  author  is  justly  appreciated  by  a  correct  understanding  of  the  words  he  employs  ?  or  the 
Parsing  Lesson,  without  a  similar  investigiition  ?  In  Mathematics,  must  not  the  terms  employed  be  exactly  understood  ?  and  so  of  almost 
every  exercise — the  Dictionakt  needs  to  be  constantly  consulted. 

liiberal  diacouata  made  for  quantitiea.  /O^ 


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